WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 DOLLARS. 
 
 THE ENTIRE WORK. UNABRIDGED, 
 
 IN ONE VOLUME, CROWN QUARTO, OF 1452 PAGES, 
 
 Containing all the mattej- of Dr. Webster's Original Work, his Improvements up to the time of his death, 
 and now thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged arid improved, by 
 
 PROFESSOR CHAUiNCEY A. GOODRICH, OF YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 G. & C. MERRIAM, SPRINGFIELD, MASS., 
 
 AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 I.\ the language of an eminent critic, " In i^s Definitions — the object for which nine tenths of our references to 
 such a work are made — it stands witiiout a rival in the annals of English lexicography." These definitions, without 
 abridgment or condensation, are only given in this Dr. Webster's large work, are not found in any mere 
 abridgment, or works on a more limited plan. It contains THREE TIMES the amShnt of matter found in any 
 other English Dictionary compiled in this country, or any abridgment of this work, yet is sold at a trifling advance 
 above the price of other and limited works. 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 The new edition of Webstku's Dictionary, in Crown Quarto, seems 
 to us desurrinn of general patronage, for the following reasons; — 
 
 It cont iinn the results of the labors of its distinguished author, who 
 devoted himself to the preparation of the original edition for thirty-five 
 yeari, and expended much of the twelve years following in revising and 
 improving it for a second edition. 
 _ To the labor of the author has been added that of Professor C. A. 
 GooDUicii, for nearly three years of constant attention, assisted by 
 several gentlemen distinguished in literature and the sciences. 
 I .Ml ttii- rrtults of the studv of the author, as published in the Original 
 ' 'iuarto, and the Uevised Edition in Uoyal Octavo, together 
 
 iMcri of ])t. Goodrich, arc now given to the public in one of 
 . u and most beautiful volumes ever issued from the American 
 
 pran. 
 
 In th» exhibition of the Etymology of the language, it is superior to 
 ' ■ n • itiarjr. There may be a difference of opinion in regard 
 of the views of the a<ithor as to particular words, yet 
 roots of the great body of English words, it is an in- 
 ■ ..h i .r..liipensable treasury of knowledge. The exhibition of 
 K 1 ,r. .1 words in other languages, we regard as a valuable accompani- 
 
 _ - ign 
 
 ■ ■ iu^tifird bv ample quotations from the best English 
 ' ■ 'It to words of technical and peculiar 
 ■ 11 h«-tily asHiinied from professed 
 illy scrutinized, and, in very many 
 lirertly by gontlcinen of the highest 
 ' ' of knowledge. 
 
 '1 ly enlarged by the addition of all 
 v Knglish. A siifricient number 
 ■■'•M lidded, while yet it is not 
 ■lit not to be admitted into 
 ; g'lod Kiigli,li 
 Dr. Wcbslrr, which have 
 I'l whiih seem to bo too 
 I.-, hnie been judici<m<kly' 
 I . , I'liivnts hare been wisely 
 
 1. the Khf m* of notation it (imnl», and -ia cikw^ which 
 ' ' ' " 'I'"''. Th« aim fiiu been to give th« 
 I l»y lh« truly educated anninn tlio 
 
 English and American people, ascertained by actual observation, inqui- 
 ries, and correspondence. The artificial and affected pronunciation is 
 av'oided. The whole subject has been elaborated by Professor Goodrich, 
 whose professional duty it has been to train public speakers for thirty 
 years. The variety of vowel sounds, which distinguishes the pronunci- 
 ation of the English from that of the continental languages, cannot be 
 accurately indicated by any figured key, without destroying its useful- 
 ness as a standard, and embarrassing, instead of guiding, the reader 
 As a guide to pronunciation, the Dictionary, in its present form, can be 
 easily consulted, and at the same time, is accurate and reliable in •'iving 
 a just exhibition of the language as pronounced by educated men 
 
 The Table of Scriptural Names has been carefuUv revised The 
 Classical Table has received large additions, and has 'been revised and 
 corrected in some important particulars, in which the table of Walker 
 IS deficient and erroneous. 
 
 The List of Geographical Names is the most extensive that we have 
 i9'',l^"/TAo''n'"" ^'^'^ V-^ English Dictionary, comprising, as it does, 
 12,000 to 13,000 names. Ihe pronunciation, as given by respelling the 
 names with figured vowels, is easily indicated. By means of the table 
 the most important names, especially those of the continent of Eiuoue' 
 can be correctly pronounced. , ' 
 
 It is with pleasure that we greet this new and valuable contribution t. 
 Ameriran literature. We recommend it to all who desire to possess 
 THE MO.ST COMPLETE, ACCURATE, AND RELIAI^E mc! 
 TIONAllY OF THE LANGUAGE. ivr,x.iAm.lL XFIL- 
 
 U;tT,S^ tor- I 
 
 A'„l thirty other members of the United States Senate. 
 
TESTIMONIALS CONTINUED. 
 
 Theodore Frelinohutsen, Chancellor of University of New York. 
 William H. Campbell, Editor N. Y. District School Journal. 
 Geokoe N. Buiogs, Governor of Massachusetts. 
 William B. Calhoun, Secretary of State of Massachusetts. 
 Richard S. Rust, Commissionei; of Common Schools in New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 Theodore F. Kino, Superintendent of Schools in New Jersey. 
 Robert C. Winthuop, Speaker of the U. S. House of Representative*. 
 Edmund Burke, Commissioner of Patents. 
 John Young, Governor of New York. 
 
 CilRlSToriiER Morgan, Secretary of State, and Superintendent of 
 
 Common Schools in New York. 
 Alvah Hunt, Treasurer of. New York. 
 Rev. Samuel H. Cox, D. D. 
 
 Lyman Beecher, D. D., President of Lane Seminary. 
 Calvin E. Stowe, D. D., Professor in " " 
 D. H. Allen, Professor in " " 
 
 Rev. Heman Humphrey, D. D., late President of Amherst College. 
 Rev. Ezra Keller, D. D., President of Wittenburg College, Ohio. 
 M. A. Uiehl, Professor in " " " 
 
 N. A. Sieger, Professor in ' " " " 
 
 Benjamin Larabee, D. D., President of Middlcbury College ; and other 
 
 distinguished gentlemen. 
 
 March, 1818. 
 
 It is the great work of an American citizen, accomplished after a life 
 of indefatigable study and labor, and deserves the public favor. 
 
 It is a truly national work, illustrating at once American learning 
 and American enterprise and art. 
 
 We rejoice that it bids fair to become the standard Dictionary to be 
 used by the numerous milliojis of people who are to inhabit the United 
 States. — Sidled by \0i Mc,.'bers of Congress. 
 
 Webster's Dictionary, the new edition, revised by Professor Goodrich, 
 and published by G. & C. Merriam, Springfield, Mass., the best Diction- 
 ary of the English language extant— an enduring monument of the 
 author's learnmg and industry, and an honor to our country, ought to 
 be found in every family. Will not the enlightened and liberal, in our 
 various religious societies, furnish their clergymen with a copy, as an 
 indispensable volume in their libraries ? Language, and the English 
 language, is the great instrument with which the ministers of the gospel 
 are enabled to do good. If language were better understood, sound 
 logic would more e.\tensively prevail. — Rev. T. H. Gallaitdet. 
 
 I have been in the habit of using Dr. Webster's Dictionary for several 
 years past, in preference to all others, because it far excels them all, so 
 f.ir as 1 know, in giving and defining scientific terms. — Pres. Hitchcock, 
 of Amherst College. 
 
 I have always considered Dr. Webster's work in lexicography as sur- 
 passed in fullness and accuracy by none in our language. — Mev. Dr. 
 IVayland, President of Brown University, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Webster's American Dictionary may now be recommended, -n-ithout 
 reserve or qualification, as the best extant. — President Olin, of the 
 Weslcyan University, December, 1847. 
 
 Web.ster's Dictionary. — The publishers of Webster's Unabridged 
 Dictionary, in Crown Quarto, received an order for twelve copies of tnat 
 wurk lately from Ceylon. Its fullness, precision, and accuracy, render 
 if an indispensable aid, not only to the student at home, but to the mis- 
 sionary abroad, as he opens the treasures of the English language to 
 the dark tnind of his heathen scholar, or molds to order and system the 
 ruder elements of his native tongue. The revised edition has already 
 been republished in England. — New York Tribune, August, 1848. 
 
 ■"■rfjrJ Brougham, in a recent conversation with an intelligent American 
 jler, remarked of this work, — "It has come to be a necessity to 
 every educated man." 
 
 The London Literary Gazette, of April 1st, speaks of it in the follow- 
 ing just terms : — 
 
 " The original edition of the American Dictionary is too well known 
 and appreciated in England to require us to dwell at length on its plan 
 and execution. In the present edition. Professor Goodrich has been 
 ably assisted by several eminent men, each distinguished in his own 
 sphere of inquiry ; and the result is in the highest degree satisfactory. 
 The work is a noble monument of erudition and indefatigable researcli ; 
 and the style and accuracy of its typography would do honor to the 
 press of any country in Europe. This volume must find its way into all 
 our public and good private libraries, for it provides the English student 
 with a mats of the most valuable information, which he would in vain 
 seek for elsewhere." 
 
 A Dictionary to Queen Victoria. — Messrs. O. & C. Merriam, 
 publishers of the new unabridged edition of Webster's Dictionary, have 
 prepared a very splendid copy of that work, designed as a present to her 
 majesty Queen Victoria. The volume was bound by J. B. Lippincott & 
 Co., of Philadelphia. The following is the letter of presentation: — 
 
 " To her Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain and Ire/and, this copy of 
 Webster's Quarto Dictionary is ottered by the Amcrjcan publishers, as a 
 product of Science and the Arts, from the republic wh^ch is proud to 
 call England her mother country. 
 
 "May your majesty long live to rejoice in the loyal and grateful 
 affection of the millions who inhabit your extended empire, and may the 
 messages and offerings from England to America, and from America to 
 England, be the offerings of peace and of mutual good will. 
 
 " May these countries, which are united by a common language, be 
 also one in the common purpose to make this language the bearer and 
 the symbol of the Civilization, the Science, the Freedom, and the Chris- 
 tianity which they shall together difiuse throughout the earth. 
 
 "GEORGE & CHARLES MERRIAM. ' 
 
 "Springfield, Massachusetts, U. S. A., ) 
 December, 1848." J 
 
 The Queen's Dictionary. — The Messrs. Merriam, some time since, 
 transmitted to Queen Victoria, through the hand of George Bancroft, 
 the American minister, a magnificently bound copy of their unabridged 
 edition of Webster's Dictionary. It was given to the queen, through 
 her husband. Prince Albert, and its receipt has been acknowledged by 
 the secretary of his royal highness. The acknowledgment is, of course, 
 directed to his excellency the American minister, and we have the 
 pleasure of presenting it to our readers. — Sjyringfield Republican. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honor to inform your excellency, that her majesty 
 the queen has accepted, with great pleasure, the copy of the last edition ' 
 of Webster's English Dictionary, which, according to the directions you 
 gave me, was laid by me before his royal highness Prince Albert, and 
 was presented afterwards by the prince to her majesty, on the part of 
 the publishers, Messrs. Merriam ; and I have been commanded to ex- 
 press to vour excellency, and to beg of you to transmit to Messrs. 
 Merriam, lier majesty's gracious thanks for this beautiful present, which 
 her majesty highly values, not only on account of the great merits of 
 the work itself, l5ut still more so as a sign of those feelings towards 
 her royal person on the part of a large portion of the Anglo-American 
 nation, which your excellency informed me it was intended to represent, 
 and which, after the political disunion which has taken place between 
 the United Kingdom and the United States, could not indeed have 
 found a more appropriate way of expressing themselves than the pres- 
 entation to her majesty of a work on the English language, which 
 directly refers to that powerful and indissoluble bond by which the two 
 cognate nations on the eastern and western side of the Atlantic will 
 forever remain united. Your excellency, as well as Messrs. Merriam, 
 will, no doubt, feel great pleasure in learning that her majesty has 
 placed the work, presented through your excellency, amongst the few 
 selected volumes which compose her own private library. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, sir, your excellency's faithful servant, 
 
 "C. MEYER, 
 "Secrt'iry to H. R. H. Prince Albert. 
 
 " Buckingham P.vlace, Ju7ie 20, 1849. 
 
 " His excellency the American minister." 
 
 Estractof a letter from Wm. H. Prescott, Esq., author of "Ferdinand 
 and Isabella," "Conquest of Mexico," &c., dated Boston, December 
 10, 1848. 
 
 Every scholar knows the value of a work, which, in addition to its 
 etymological learning, has done so much to enlarge our acquaintance 
 with the English vocabulary, both by the number of its words, and the 
 accuracy and extent of its definitions. These merits have been still 
 further enhanced by the editorial labors of Professor Goodricli, and you 
 have completed the whole by publishing the work in so beautiful a style, ; 
 and by bringing it at the same time within the convenient dimensions j 
 of a single quarto. I doubt not that your liberal enterprise will receive ' 
 the patronage from the public, to which it is well entitled. That it may | 
 do so is the sincere wish of 
 
 Your obliged friend and servant, : 
 WM. H. PRESCOTT. ' 
 
 Once possessed of a work so able, copious, and scientifically con- ! 
 structed as Webster's Quarto Dictionary, one discovers a hundred ] 
 benefits previously unthought of. Old -uses, and new uses, and dis- ' 
 uses and abuses, — old terms and new terms, and the history of the rise 
 and progress, of terms, together w^ith apt citations, pointed and spark- 
 ling, with other benefits I need not attempt to enumerate, combi 
 make him feel the work a desideratum — to lay it as a cor er s*<' lU 
 his library Or rather, since corner stones are net often disturbe a 
 janitor, a librarian, ever at his psst, ready to conTcrse on whatever topic 
 IS at hand. — Rev. Oiarles Beecher. , 
 
 July, 1840. 
 
 I 
 
Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 
 Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library 
 
I 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/americandictionaOOwebs_0 
 
AN 
 
 AMERICAN DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE WHOLE VOCABULARY OF THE FIRST EDITION IN TWO VOLUMES QUARTO; THE ENTIRE CORREC- 
 TIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE SECOND EDITION IN TWO VOLUMES ROYAL OCTAVO; 
 
 TO WHICH IS PREFIXED 
 
 AN INTRODUCTORY DISSERTATION 
 
 ON THE 
 
 ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CONNECTION, OF THE LANGUAGES OF WESTERN ASIA AND EUROPE, 
 
 WITH AN EXPLANATION 
 
 OF THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH LANGUAGES ARE FORMED. 
 
 BY NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., 
 
 Member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia; Felloio of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in MoAsachusettt ; 
 Member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Fellow of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries in Co- 
 penhagen ; Member of the Connecticut Historical Society ; Corresponding Member of the Historical Societies 
 in Massachusetts, New York, and Georgia ; of the Academy of Medicine in Philadel- 
 phia, and of the Columbian Institute in Washington ; and Honorary 
 Member of the Michigan Historical Society. 
 
 GENERAL SUBJECTS OF THIS WORK. 
 
 I. — ETYMOLOGIES OF ENGLISH WORDS, DEDUCED FROM AN EXAMINATION AND COMPARISON OP WORDS OF CORRESPONDING 
 
 ELEMENTS IN TWEiVTY LANGUAGES OF ASIA AND EUROPE. 
 II THE TRUE ORTHOGRAPHY OF WORDS, AS CORRECTED BY THEIR ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Ill PRONUNCIATION EXHIBITED AND MADE OBVIOUS BY THE DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, BY ACCENTUATIO.N, BY 
 
 MARKING THE SOUNDS OF THE ACCENTED VOWELS, WHEN NECESSARY, OR BY GENERAL RULES. 
 
 IV. — ACCURATE AND DISCRIMINATING DEFINITIONS, ILLUSTRATED, WHEN DOUBTFUL OR OBSCURE, BY EXAMPLES OF THEIR 
 USE, SELECTED FROM RESPECTABLE AUTHORS, OR BY FAMILIAR PHRASES OF UNDISPUTED AUTHORITY. 
 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED, 
 
 BY CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, 
 
 PROFESSOR IN YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 WITH PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF SCRIPTURE, CLASSICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY GEORGE AND CHARLES MERRIAM, 
 
 CORNER OF MAIN AND STATE STREETS. 
 1 8 54. 
 
W3 
 
 Enteked accobding to Act or Congeess, in the Year 1840, 
 By NOAH WESSTER, LL. D., 
 Ix THE Clerk's OrricE of the District Court of Connecticut. 
 
 Entered according to Act 
 By GEORGE AND 
 In the Clerk's Office' of the 
 
 OF Congress, in the Year 1847, 
 CHARLES IVIERRIAM, 
 District Court op Massachusetts. 
 
 raiNTicD By 
 
 CAIE, TlrrANT AMI COMPANY, 
 
 STEREOTYPED AT THE 
 BOSTON TYPttAND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. 
 
PREFACE TO THE llEVISED EDITION. 
 
 BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 The demand for Thk American Dictionary of the English Language lias increased so 
 rapidly within a few years past, that the publishers have felt the necessity of its being stereotyped, for ; 
 the greater convenience of the public, in a single quarto volume. In deciding ii])OU this measure, 
 they were desirous that the work should be thoroughly revised anew, and that each department 
 which it embraces, should be brought down, as far as possible, to the latest advances of science, 
 literature, and the arts, at the present day. With this view, it was placed in the hands of llev. 
 Chauncey a. Goodrich, Professor in Yale College, as one of the members of Dr. Webster's family, 
 in the expectation of his obtaining such additional aid as might be necessary for the accomplishment 
 of this design. The Editor has not acted, however, upon his own personal responsibility in 
 executing this trust. He has, from time to time, laid open the sheets to the inspection of the other 
 members of the family ; and no important alterations have been made, especially in any of the lead- 
 ing characteristics of the work, except with the concurrence, or at the request, of Dr. Webster's legal 
 representatives. In laying before the public an edition thus prepared, the fruit of nearly tbi'ee years < 
 of care and attention, the Editor will be expected to make some brief statement of the principles on 
 which he has conducted the revision, and the results of his labors as exhibited in the present volume. 
 
 This work was first published, in two quarto volumes, in the year 1828. At the expiration of j 
 twelve years, or in the year 1840, a second edition was published by the Author, in two royal octavo 
 volumes. Of this he thus speaks in the Advertisement prefixed : " The improvements in this 
 edition of the American Dictionary consist chiefly in the addition of several thousand words to the 
 vocabulary, the division of words into syllables, and the correction of definitions in several of the 
 sciences, which are made conformable to recent discoveries and classifications. For the latter 
 improvements, the Author is indebted chiefly to Professor Tully, of the Medical College in New 
 Haven. To these improvements may be added the introduction and explanation of many phrases 
 from foreign languages, frequently used by English authors, and in conversation ; and also of many 
 foreign terms used in books of music." In conducting this revision, Dr. Webster was aided in some 
 part of his labors by his son, William G. Webster, Esq., of New Haven ; who, also, at a subse- 
 quent period, prepared the revised Addenda, under the direction of his father. The later im- 
 provements of the Author, down to the period of his death, are here inserted under their proper 
 heads, from the manuscripts which he left. By these successive revisions, and the one which has 
 now been made, new matter, to the amount of more than three hundred pages, has been added to the 
 
 4 
 
IV 
 
 PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. 
 
 work ; all of which, by the use of a smaller type, and by careful compression, is now brought 
 within the compass of this volume. Of the course pursued in the revision, it will now be proper 
 briefly to speak. 
 
 In respect to the Etymologies, the Editor has not considered it as lying within his province, to 
 make any material alterations. In a very few cases of obvious necessity, some slight change has 
 been made. But the chief labor, in reference to this part of the work, has been bestowed on the 
 difiicult task of giving with accuracy the numerous words from Oriental and foreign languages, which 
 are used in tracing the origin of our own. 
 
 The chief value of a dictionary consists in its Definitions ; — in giving a clear, full, and accurate 
 exhibition of all the various shades of meaning which belong, by established usage, to the words of 
 a language. It is in this respect, especially, that Dr. Webster's Dictionary has been generally con- 
 sidered superior to every other, both of this country and of England. To this point, therefore, the 
 labors of the Editor have been mainly directed. No eff"orts have been spared to obtain the most 
 recent and valuable works, not only in lexicography, but in the various departments of science and 
 the arts embraced in the American Dictionary. As these subjects are in a state of continual progress, 
 every import£.^it word, in its various applications, has been diligently examined and compared with 
 the statements made on each topic, by the latest and most approved authorities. Smart's English 
 Dictionary, in the edition of 1846, has been carefully collated with this work, and also the unfinished 
 one, in a course of publication, by Gilbert, so far as the numbers have appeared. Reference has 
 likewise constantly been made to Richardson's Dictionary, — although this had been previously 
 examined by Dr. Webster, — and also to the Analytical Dictionary of Booth. Each of the articles 
 in Brande's Encyclopedia of Science, Literature, and Art, has been collated with the corresponding 
 portions of this Dictionary, as the starting-point, when necessary, of investigation in larger treatises. 
 The Penny Cyclopedia has been consulted at every step, especially in matters of science ; and the 
 Encyclopedia Americana (based on the German Conversations-Lexikon) has been relied upon, partic- 
 ularly on subjects of continental literature, philosophy, history, art, &c. In order to secure greater 
 accuracy, numerous special dictianaries, or vocabularies confined to some single department, have 
 also been collated with this work ; and the ablest treatises on important branches of science and 
 art have been diligently examined. In architecture, the chief reliance has been placed on the 
 Oxford Glossary of Architecture, (1845,) and the Encyclopedia of Architecture, (1842,) by Gwilt, 
 author of the articles on this subject in Brande's Encyclopedia. In agriculture, Johnson's Farmer's 
 Encyclopedia, (1844,) and Gardner's Farmer's Dictionary, (1846,) have been chiefly used. In 
 general antiquities, the large treatise of Fosbroke has been frequently consulted, while in classical 
 antiquities, the principal reliance has been placed on the recent dictionary of Smith, (1846,) as a 
 work of the highest authority. In respect to the antiquities of the church, the elaborate work of 
 Coleman (1841) has been frequently consulted; and Hook's Church Dictionary (1844) has been 
 collated throughout, with reference to the rites, ceremonies, vestments, &c., of the Church of 
 
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION, v 
 
 England, and also of the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. In botany, use has principally 
 been made of the writings of Lindley and Loudon. In natural history, Partington's British Cyclo- 
 ! pedia of Natural History, (1835-7,) and Jardine's Naturalist's Library, (1834-43,) have been much 
 j consulted, in connection with the articles on these subjects in the Penny Cyclopedia and similar 
 works. In geology, mineralogy, and some associated branches of natural history, Humble's Dic- 
 tionary of terms in these departments (1840) has been compared with this work throughout. In 
 respect to mercantile subjects, banking, coins, weights, measures, <S6c., McCuUoch's Commercial 
 Dictionary ( 1845) has been collated at every step, as the standard work on these subjects. In 
 manufactures and the arts, Dr. Ure's Dictionary of Manufactures, Arts, and Mines, with its Supple- 
 ment, (1845,) has been relied upon as of the highest authority. In engineering and mechanical 
 philosophy, Hebert's Engineer's and Mechanic's Cyclopedia (1842) has been carefully collated, 
 with a constant reference to the more popular and recent dictionaries of Francis, Grier, and 
 Buchanan, in the editions of 1846. In seamanship, the Dictionary of Marine Terms, in Lieutenant 
 Totten's Naval Text-Book, (1841,) has been taken as a guide. In military aflairs, the dictionary 
 of Campbell (1844) has been followed, in connection with the more extended articles contained in 
 Brande and the Penny Cyclopedia, on the kindred topics. In the fine arts, much use has been 
 made of the dictionary of Elmes. In domestic economy, the Encyclopedia of Webster and Parkes 
 on this subject (1844) has furnished many important statements, on a great variety of topics, 
 presented for the first time in a scientific form ; and to this has been added Cooley's Cyclopedia of 
 Practical R^sceipts, (1846,) as exhibiting much collateral information, in respect to the arts, manufac- 
 tures, and trades. Such, in general, are the authorities which have been relied on in this revision. 
 
 But it is obviously impossible for any one mind to embrace with accuracy all the various 
 departments of knowledge which are now brought within the compass of a dictionary. Hence arise 
 most of the errors and inconsistencies which abound in works of this kind. To avoid these as far 
 as possible, especially in matters of science, the Editor at first made an arrangement with Dr. James 
 G. Percival, who had rendered important assistance to Dr. Webster in the edition of 1828, to 
 take the entire charge of revising the scientific articles embraced in this work. This revision, 
 however, owing to causes beyond the control of either party, was extended to but little more than 
 two letters of the alphabet ; and the Editor then obtained the assistance of his associates in office, 
 and of other gentlemen in various professional employments. To these he would now return his 
 acknowledgments, for the aid they have afforded. The articles on law have been collated with 
 Blackstone and Bouvier's Law Dictionary, by the Hon. Elizur Goodrich, formerly Professor of 
 Law in Yale College, and the errors discovered, which were few in number, have been carefully 
 corrected. The departments of ecclesiastical history and ancient philosophy have been thoroughly 
 revised by the Rev. James Murdock, D. D., late Professor in the Andover Theological Seminary, 
 who has furnished, in many instances, new and valuable definitions. The terms in chemistry 
 have been submitted to Professor Silliman, of Yale College ; and whatever changes were requisite 
 
 B 
 
vi PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. 
 
 in the explanations, have been made under his direction. In the departments of botany, anatomy, 
 physiology, medicine, and some branches of natural history, Dr. Webster received assistance, in the 
 revision of 18,40, as mentioned above, from Dr. William Tully, late Professor in the Medical 
 Institution of Yale College. Still further aid has been received from the same source in the 
 present revision, and much of the accuracy of this work, in these branches, will be found owing 
 to the valuable assistance he has thus afforded. On topics connected with Oriental literature, aid 
 has frequently been obtained from Professor Gibbs, of Yale College. A part of the articles on 
 astronomy, meteorology, and natural philosophy, in the edition of 1828, passed under the revision 
 of Professor Olmsted, of Yale College. This revision has now been extended to all the articles 
 on these subjects throughout the work, and new definitions have been furnished in numerous 
 instances. The definitions in mathematics, after having been compared with those given in the 
 dictionaries of Hutton, or Barlow, have been submitted to Professor Stanley, of Yale College, and 
 the alterations have, in all cases, been made under his direction. In the sciences of geology and 
 mineralogy, a thorough revision of the whole volume has been made by James D. Dana, Esq., 
 Geologist and Mineralogist of the United States Exploring Expedition, and associate editor of the 
 American Journal of Science and Arts, to v/hom the Editor is likewise indebted for assistance on 
 various other subjects, Avhich has greatly enhanced the value of the work. In practical astronomy and 
 the science of entomology, aid has been frequently received from Edward C. Hekrick, Esq., Librarian 
 of Yale College. The articles on painting and the fine arts have, to a great extent, passed under 
 the inspection of Nathaniel Jocelyn, Esq., Painter, of New Haven, and new definitions have in 
 many cases been furnished. 
 
 A correspondence has likewise been carried on with literary friends in England, and especially 
 with one of the contributors to the Penny Cyclopedia, Avith a view to obtain information on certain 
 points, in respect to which nothing definite could be learned from any books within the reach of 
 the Editor. Extended lists of words have been transmitted for examination, and returned with 
 ample notes and explanations. Much obscurity has thus been removed in respect to the use of terms 
 which have a peculiar sense in England, especially some of frequent occurrence at the universities, in 
 the circles of trade, and in the familiar intercourse of life. To the friends who have given their 
 assistance in these various departments, the Editor would return his cordial thanks. Whatever im- 
 provement the work may have gained from this revision, in respect to clearness, accuracy, and fullness 
 of definition, will be found owing, in a groat degree, to the aid which they have thus afforded. 
 
 With regard to the insertion of new words, the Editor has felt much hesitation and embarrassment. 
 Some thousands have been added in the course of this revision, and the number might have been 
 swelled to many thousands more, without the slightest difficulty. There is, at the present day, 
 especially in England, a boldness of innovation on this subject, which amounts to absolute licen- 
 tiousness. A hasty introduction into our dictionaries, of new terms, under such circumstances, is 
 greatly to be deprecated. Our vocabulary is already encumbered with a multitude of words, which 
 
vii 
 
 have never formed a permanent part of Englisli literature, and it is a serious evil to add to 
 their number. Nothing, on the contrary, is so much needed as a tliorough expurgation of our 
 dictionaries in this respect, — the rejection of many thousands of words which may properly find 
 1 1 a place in the glossaries of antiquarians, as a curious exhibition of what has been proposed, but 
 never adopted, as a part of our language, but which, for that reason, can have no claim to stand 
 in a dictionary designed for general use. All words, indeed, which are necessary to an under- 
 standing of our great writers, such as Bacon, Spenser, Shakspearc, &c., ought, though now obsolete, 
 to be carefully retained ; and in the present revision a considerable number of this class have be«n 
 introduced for the first time. Other words have likewise been admitted to a limited extent, 
 namely, the familiar terms of common life in England, which have been much used of late by 
 popular writers in Great Britain. Many of these need to be explained for the benefit of readers in 
 this country; and, if marked as "familiar," "colloquial," or "low," according to their true char- 
 acter, they may be safely inserted in our dictionaries, and are entitled to a place there, as forming a 
 constituent part of our written and spoken language. One of the most difiicult questions on tliis 
 subject, relates to the introduction of technical and scientific terms. Most of our general diction- 
 aries are, at present, without any plan as to the extent and proportion in which such words 
 should be inserted ; nor can they ever be reduced to order until each department is revised by 
 j men of science who are intimately acquainted with the subjects, and who are competent to decide 
 , what terms ought to be admitted into a general dictionary, and what terms should be reserved for 
 I special dictionaries devoted to distinct branches of science. Something of this kind, on a limited 
 I scale, has been attempted in the progress of this revision. Lists of words have been obtained from 
 the gentlemen mentioned above, which might properly be inserted in this volume ; and very few 
 terms of this class have bedn admitted except under their direction. In accordance with their 
 advice, a small number have been excluded ; but in this respect the Editor has not felt at liberty 
 to carry out his views in their full extent. 
 
 In respect to Americaiiisms, properly so called, it is known to those who arc conversant with 
 the subject, that they are less nimierous than has been generally supposed. Most of those familiar 
 words, especially of our older states, which have been considered as peculiar to our country, were 
 brought by oiu: ancestors from Great Britain, and are still in constant use there as local terms. 
 The recent investigations of Forby, HoUoway, and Halliwell, have thrown much light on this 
 subject; and the names of these authors are, therefore, frequently placed under the words in question, 
 to indicate their origin and their present use in England. Notes have also been added to some 
 words which are peculiar to our country ; but their number is comparatively small. 
 
 In reference to Orthography, some important alterations have been made, but in strict confomi- 
 ity, it is believed, with the Author's principles on this subject. The changes in oiu orthography 
 recommended by Dr. Webster, are of two distinct kinds, and rest on very diflferent grounds. 
 These it may be proper for a moment to consider. His main principle was, that the tendencies of 
 
r 
 
 viii 
 
 our language to greater simplicity and broader analogies, ought to he watched atid cherished with 
 the utmost care. He felt, therefore, that whenever a movement toward wider analogies and more 
 general rules, had advanced so far as to leave but few exceptions to impede its progress, those 
 I exceptions ought to be set aside at once, and the analogy rendered complete. On this ground, he 
 !! rejected the ti from such words as favour, labour, Sec. Of these we have a large number, which 
 came to us, in most cases, from Latin terminations in or, through the Norman French, but encum- 
 bered with a silent ii, as in emperour, aulliour, editour, &oc. From this entire class, except about 
 twenty words, the u has been gradually dropped ; and in respect to these, scarcely any two persons 
 can be found, however strenuous for retaining it, who are in practice consistent with each other, 
 or with themselves, as to the words in which this letter is used. In fact, we have reached 
 a point where, unless we take Webster and the dictionaries which agree with him as our guide, 
 we have no standard on the subject ; for Johnson, Walker, and others, retain the u in numerous 
 
 e 
 
 words, into which no one would think of introducing it at the present day. Public convenience, 
 therefore, demands that we do at once what must ultimately be done. No one can believe that the 
 progress of our language will be arrested on this subject. The u will speedily be omitted in all 
 words of this class, unless, from the sacredness of its associations, it be retained in Saviour, which 
 may stand for a time as a solitary exception. Nor is it Dr. Webster who is the innovator in this 
 case, but the English mind, which has for two centuries been throwing off a useless encmnbrance, 
 j and moving steadily on toward greater simplicity in the structure of our language. Such, too, is the 
 j Case with certain terminations in re, pronounced like er ; as, centre, metre, 6oc. We have numerous 
 j words of this class derived from the French, all of which originally ended in re; as, cider, (cidre,) 
 chamber, (chambre,) &c. These have been gradually conformed to the English spelling and pronun- 
 ciation, till the number in re is reduced to not far from twenty words with their derivatives ; and in 
 respect to them also the process is still going on. Center is, to a considerable extent, the spelling 
 of the best mathematical writers. Meter is the word given by Walker in his Rhyming Dictionary, 
 from a sense of the gross inconsistency of attaching to this word and its derivative diameter a 
 different termination. Others are gradually undergoing the same change. Dr. Webster proposes, 
 therefore, to complete the analogy at once, and conform the spelling of the few that remain to the 
 general principles of our language. Acre, lucre, and massacre, present the only difficulty, from their 
 liability, if changed, to be mispronounced, and may therefore be suffered to stand as necessary 
 exceptions. Another departure from the principles of English orthography which Dr. Webster has 
 endeavored to correct, is one that was pointed out by Walker, in very emphatic terms, nearly fifty 
 years ago. The principle in question is this, — that, in adding to a word the formatives 
 (Sec, a single consonant (if one precedes) is doubled when the accent falls on the last syllable, as 
 in forgetting, beginning, «fcc., but is not doubled when the accent falls on any of the preceding syl- 
 lables, as in benefiting, gardening, &-c. Walker, in his fifth Aphorism, says, " Dr. Lowth justly re- 
 marks that an error frequently takes place in the words worshipping, counselling, &c., which, having 
 
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. 
 
 ix 
 
 the accent on the first syllable, ought to be written wo?-shiping, counseling: An ignorance of this 
 rule has led many to write bigotted for bigoted ; and from this spelling has frequently arisen a false 
 pronunciation. But no letter seems to be more frequently doubled improperly than /. Why we should 
 write libelling, levelling, revelling, and yet offering, suffering, reasoning, I am totally at a loss to 
 determine ; and unless I can give a better plea than any other letter of the alphabet for being doubled 
 in this situation, I must, in the style of Lucian in his trial of the letter T, declare for an expul- 
 sion." These were the deliberate and latest opinions of Walker. If he had taken the trouble to 
 carry them into his vocabulary, instead of relying on a mere remark of this kind for the correction 
 of the error, — if he had simply stated, under about forty verbs, how the participle should be 
 spelt, (for he did not give participles in his Dictionary,) and had altered six or eight words, 
 as worshipper into worshiper, traveller into traveler, Sec, the error would probably, by this 
 time, have been wholly eradicated from our orthography ; and Dr. Webster would have escaped 
 much ignorant vituperation, for following in the footsteps of Walker and of Lowth. Walker 
 also says in his Aphorisms, " Why should we not write dullness, fullness, skillful, willful, as 
 well as stiffness and gruffness 7 " The principles of our language plainly require us to do so ; 
 and Dr. Webster felt that the change might easily be made. The words which need to be reduced 
 to this analogy are only about eight in number, including installmeiit and inthrallment, which, if 
 spelt with a single are liable to be mispronounced, instalment, &,c. Again, the words expense, 
 license, recompense, which formerly had a c in the last syllable, have now taken an s, because the 
 latter consonant is the only one used in the derivatives ; as, expensive, &c. A similar change is 
 needed in only three words more to complete the analogy, namely, defense, offetise, and pretense ; 
 and these Dr. Webster has changed. It is sometimes asked, " Why not change fence also ? " 
 For the simple reason, that its derivatives are spelt with a c, as fenced, fencing ; and the word 
 therefore stands regularly with others of its own class. Finally, Dr. Webster proposes to drop 
 the u in mould and m.oult, because it has been dropped from gold, and all other words of the 
 same ending. — Such are the principal changes imder this head, introduced by Dr. Webster into his 
 Dictionary. In the present edition, the words are spelt in both ways, for the convenience of the 
 public, except in cases where this seemed to be unnecessary or was found to be inconvenient. 
 These changes, considering the difficulty that always belongs to such a subject, have met with far 
 more favor from the public, than was reasonably to be expected. Most of them have been exten- 
 sively adopted in our country. They are gaining ground daily, as the reasons by which they 
 are supported are more generally understood ; and it is confidently believed that, being founded 
 in established analogies, and intended merely to repress irregularities and remove petty exceptions, 
 they must ultimately prevail. 
 
 The other class of changes mentioned above rests on a different basis, — that of Etymologrj. 
 These will be estimated very differently, according to the acquaintance of diff"erent persons with 
 the languages from Avhich the words are derived. When Dr. Webster substituted bridegoom for 
 
X PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. 
 
 bridegroom^ fether iox feather, &c., the German critics highly applauded the change. They pre- 
 dicted its speedy and universal reception, because similar improvements, on a much broader scale, 
 had been easily made in their language. But Dr. Webster found the case to be widely different 
 among us. After an experiment of twelve years, he restored the old orthography to a considerable 
 number of such words. In the present edition, it is restored in respect to nearly all that remain, 
 from the full conviction, that, however desirable these changes may be, in themselves considered, 
 as they do not relate to the general analogies of the language, and can not be duly appreciated by 
 the body of tlie people, they will never be generally received.* 
 
 On the subject of Pronunciation, much labor has been bestowed in the progress of this revision. 
 A careful comparison has been made with the latest authorities, and wherever changes seemed 
 desirable, and could be made in consistency with the Author's principles, they have been here 
 introduced. The key to pronunciation has been somewhat enlarged, and placed at the bottom of 
 each page for greater ease of reference, and the pointed letters have been used to a still greater ex- 
 tent. Many thousand words have been re-spelled, and no efforts have been spared to render the work, 
 in all respects, a complete Pronouncing Dictionary. In the progress of these labors, the Editor 
 has been frequently struck with the wisdom of Dr. Webster in not attempting too much as to 
 marking the pronunciation. Most of the later orthoepists, as Knowles, Smart, &c., have made 
 their system of notation so extensive and complicated, and have aimed to exhibit so many nice 
 shades of distinction, as in many cases to perplex rather than aid. 
 
 The Publishers, being desirous to make this, in all respects, a complete work of reference, have 
 introduced, at the close of the volume, a list of Greek and Latin Proper Names, with their pronun- 
 ciation, prepared by Professor Thacher, of Yale College ; a list of Scripture Proper Names, pre- 
 pared by Professor Porter, of Yale College ; and a Pronouncing Vocabulary of Modern Geographical 
 Names, prepared also under the superintendence of Professor Porter. Of these a full account will 
 be found in the several prefaces by which they are accompanied. 
 
 In conclusion, the Editor would acknowledge his obligations to the gentlemen who have aided 
 him, for more than tAvo years, in these labors, — Mr. Samuel W. Barnum, M. A., of Yale College, and 
 William G. Webster, Esq., of New Haven. The intimate acquaintance of the latter with his 
 father's views, has made his counsel and cooperation of great value in the progress of this revision. 
 
 To the overseers of the mechanical execution of this work, at the Boston Type and Stereo- 
 type Foundry, the Editor would likewise make his acknowledgments for many valuable suggestions 
 during the progress of the revision, and for the watchful care and assiduity with which they have 
 performed the difficult task of giving accuracy to the details of this volume. 
 
 New Haven, September, 1847. 
 
 * For a more full and detailed account of Dr. WebHter'i orthography, as exhibited in this volume, see page Ixxxi. 
 
AUTHOR'S 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In the year 1783, just at the close of the Revolution, I published an elementary book for 
 facilitating the acquisition of our vernacular tongue, and for correcting a visions pronunciation, 
 which prevailed extensively among the common people of this country. Soon after the publication 
 of that work, I believe in the following year, that learned and respectable scholar, the Rev. Dr. 
 Goodrich, of Durham, one of the trustees of Yale College, suggested to me the propriety and 
 expediency of my compiling a Dictionary, which should complete a system for the instruction of 
 the citizens of this coulitry in the language. At that time, I could not indulge the thought, much 
 less the hope, of undertaking such a work ; as I was neither qualified by research, nor had I the 
 means of support, during the execution of the work, had I been disposed to undertake it. For 
 many years, therefore, though I considered such a work as very desirable, yet it appeared to me 
 impracticable ; as I was under the necessity of devoting my time to other occupations for obtaining 
 subsistence. 
 
 About thirty-five years ago, I began to think of attempting the compilation of a Dictionary. 
 I was induced to this undertaking, not more by the suggestion of friends, than by my own ex- 
 I perience of tlie want of such a work, while reading modern books of science. In this pursuit, 1 
 found almost insuperable difficulties, from the want of a dictionary, for explaining many new words, 
 which recent discoveries in the physical sciences had introduced into use. To remedy this defect 
 in part, I published my Compendious Dictionary in 1806 ; and soon after made preparations for 
 undertaking a larger work. 
 
 My original design did not extend to an investigation of the origin and progress of our lan- 
 guage, much less of other languages. I limited my views to the correcting of certain errors in 
 the best English dictionaries, and to the supplying of words in which they are deficient. But 
 after writing through two letters of the alphabet, I determined to change my plan. I found 
 myself embarrassed at every step, for want of a knowledge of the origin of words, which Johnson, 
 Bailey, Junius, Skinner, and some other authors, do not aff'ord the means of obtaining. Then, 
 laying aside my manuscripts, and all books treating of language, except lexicons and dictionaries, I 
 endeavored, by a diligent comparison of words having the same or cognate radical letters, in about 
 twenty languages, to obtain a more correct knowledge of the primary sense of original words, of 
 the affinities between the English and many other languages, and thus to enable myself to trace 
 words to their source. 
 
 I had not pursued this course more than three or four years, before I discovered that I had to 
 unlearn a great deal that I had spent years in learning, and that it was necessary for me to go 
 back to the first rudiments of a branch of erudition which I had before cultivated, as I had 
 supposed, with success. 
 
 I spent ten years in this comparison of radical words, and in forming a Synopsis of the principal 
 Words in twenty Languages, arranged in Classes under their primary Elements or Letters. The 
 result has been to open what are to me new views of language, and to unfold what appear to be 
 the genuine principles on which these languages are constructed. 
 
 After completing this Synopsis, I proceeded to correct what I had written of the Dictionary, 
 and to complete the remaining part of the work. But before I had finished it, I determined on 
 
xii 
 
 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 I 
 
 a voyage to Europe, with the view of obtaining some books and some assistance which I wanted ; 
 of learning the real state of the pronunciation of our language in England, as well as the general 
 state of philology in that country ; and of attempting to bring about some agreement or coincidence 
 of opinions, in regard to unsettled points in pronunciation and grammatical construction. In some 
 of these objects I failed ; in others, my designs were answered. 
 
 It is not only important, but in a degree necessary, that the people of this country 
 should have an American Dictionai-y of the English Language ; for, although the body of the 
 language is the same as in England, and it is desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet some 
 differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas ; and if the people of one country can 
 not preserve an identity of ideas, they can not retain an identity of language. Now, an identity 
 of ideas depends materially upon a sameness of things or objects with which the people of the two 
 countries are conversant. But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each other, can such 
 identity be found. Even physical objects must be different. But the principal differences between 
 the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different 
 laws, institutions, and customs. Thus the practice of hawking and hunting, the institution of 
 heraldry, and the feudal system of England originated terms which formed, and some of which 
 now form, a necessary part of the language of that country ; but, in the United States, many of 
 these terms are no part of our present language, — and they can not be, for the things which they 
 express do not exist in this country. They can be known to us only as obsolete or as foreign 
 words. On the other hand, the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise 
 to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England ; which can 
 not be explained by them, and which Avill not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from 
 ours. Thus the terms land-office; land-warrant; location of lajid ; consociation of churches ; regent 
 of a university ; intcndant of a city ; plantation, selectmen, senate, congress, court, assembly, escheat, 
 &,c., are either words not belonging to the language of England, or they are applied to things in 
 this country which do not exist in that. No person in this country will be satisfied with the 
 English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, &cc. ; for although these are 
 words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not 
 express in that country. With our present constitutions of government, escheat can never have 
 its feudal sense in the United States. 
 
 But this is not all. In many cases, the nature of our governments, and of our civil insti- 
 tutions, requires an appropriate language in the definition of words, even when the words express 
 the same thing as in England. Thus the English dictionaries inform us that a justice is one 
 deputed by the king to do riglit by way of judgment — he is a lord by his office — justices of 
 the peace are appointed by the king's commission — language which is inaccurate in respect to 
 this officer in the United States. So constitutionally is defined, by Chalmers, legally; but in this 
 country the distinction between constitution and law requires a different definition. In the United 
 States, a plantation is a very different thing from what it is in England. The word marshal, 
 in tills country, has one important application unknown in England, or in Europe. 
 
 A great number of words in our language require to be defined in a phraseology accommodated 
 to the condition and institutions of the people in these States, and the people of England must 
 look to an American Dictionary for a correct understanding of such terms. 
 
 The necessity, therefore, of a dictionary suited to the people of the United States is obvious; 
 and I should suppose that, this fact being admitted, there could be no difference of opinion as to 
 the time when such a work ought to be substituted for English dictionaries. 
 
 There are many other considerations of a public nature, which serve to justify this attempt to 
 furnish an American work whicli shall be a guide to the youth of the United States. Most of 
 these are too obvious to require illustration. 
 
 One consideration, however, which is dictated by my own feelings, but which, I trust, will meet 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE, 
 
 with approbation in correspondent feelings in my fellow-citizens, ought not to be passed in silence ; | 
 it is this: — "The chief glory of a nation," says Dr. Johnson, "arises from its authors." Witb 
 this opinion deeply impressed on my mind, I have the same ambition which actuated that great 
 man, Avhcn he expressed a wish to give celebrity to Baco.v, to Hookkr, to Milton, and to Bovlf.. 
 
 I do not indeed expect to add celebrity to the names of Franklin, Washington, Adams, Jay, 
 Madison, Marshall, Ramsay, Dwight, Smith, Trumbull, Hamilton, Belknap, Amks, Mason, Kent, 
 Hare, Silliman, Cleaveland, Walsh, Irving, and many other Americans distinguished by their 
 writings or by their science; but it is with pride and satisfaction that I can place them, as 
 authorities, on the same page with those of Boyle, Hooker, Milton, Dryden, Addison, Ray, 
 Milner, Cowper, Davy, Thomson, and Jameson. 
 
 A life devoted to reading and to an investigation of the origin and principles of our vernacular 
 language, and especially a particular examination of the best English writers, with a view to a 
 comparison of their style and phraseology with those of the best American writers, and with 
 our colloquial usage, enables me to affirm, with confidence, that the genuine English idiom 
 is as well preserved by the unmixed English of this country, as it is by the best English writers. 
 Examples to prove this fact Avill be found in the Introduciion to this work. It is true that 
 many of our writers have neglected to cultivate taste, and the embellishments of style ; but even 
 these have written the language in its genuine idiom. In this respect, Franklin and Washington, 
 whose language is their hereditary mother tongue, unsophisticated by modern grammar, present as 
 pure models of genuine English as Addison or Swift. But I may go further, and affirm, with 
 truth, that our country has produced some of the best models of composition. The style of 
 President Smith ; of the authors of the Federalist ; of Mr. Ames ; of Dr. Mason ; of Mr. Har- 
 per ; of Chancellor Kent ; [the prosej of Mr. Barlow ; of Dr. Channing ; of Washington Irving ; 
 of the legal decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States ; of the reports of legal decisions 
 in some of the pai-ticular states ; and many other writings ; in purity, in elegance, and in technical 
 precision, is equaled only by that of the best British authors, and surpassed by that of no English 
 compositions of a similar kind. 
 
 The United States commenced their existence under circumstances wlioUy novel and unex- 
 ampled in the history of nations. They commenced with civilization, with learning, with science, 
 with constitutions of free government, and with that best gift of God to man, the Christian | 
 religion. Their population is now equal to that of England ; in arts and sciences, our citizens are 
 very little behind the most enlightened people on earth ; in some respects, they have no superiors ; 
 and our language, within tAVo centuries, will be spoken by more people in this country than any 
 other language on earth, except the Chinese, in Asia ; and even that may not be an exception. 
 
 It has been my aim in this work, now offered to my fellow-citizens, to ascertain the true 
 principles of the language, in its orthography and structure ; to purify it from some palpable errors, 
 and reduce the number of its anomalies, thus giving it more regularity and consistency in its 
 forms, both of words and sentences ; and in this manner to furnish a standard of our vernacular 
 tongue, which we shall not be ashamed to bequeath to jive hundred millions of people, who are 
 destined to occupy, and I hope to adorn, the vast territory within our jurisdiction. j 
 
 If the language can be improved in regularity, so as to be more easily acquired by our own j 
 citizens and by foreigners, and thus be rendered a more useful instrument for the propagation of 
 science, arts, civilization, and Christianity ; — if it can be rescued from the mischievous influence 
 of sciolists, and that dabbling spirit of innovation, which is perpetually disturbing its settled usages 
 and filling it Avith anomalies; — if, in short, our vernacular language can be redeemed from corrup- 
 tions, and our philology and literature from degradation ; it would be a source of great satisfaction 
 to me to be one among the instruments of promoting these valuable objects. If this object can 
 not be effected, and my wishes and hopes are to be frustrated, my labor will be lost, and this 
 work must sink into oblivion. 
 
XIV 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT TO THE EDITION OF 1840. 
 
 This Dictionary, like all others of the kind, must be left, in some degree, imperfect ; for what 
 mdividual is competent to trace to their source, and define in all their various applications, pop- 
 ular, scientific, and technical, seventy or eighty thousand words ! It satisfies my mind that I have 
 done all that my health, my talents, and my pecuniary means, would enable me to accomplish. 
 I present it to my fellow-citizens, 'not with frigid indifi'erence, but with my ardent wishes for 
 their improvement and their happiness ; and for the continued increase of the wealth, the learning, 
 the moral and religious elevation of character, and the glory, of my country. 
 
 To that great and benevolent Being, who, during the preparation of this work, has sustained 
 a feeble constitution, amidst obstacles and toils, disappointments, infirmities, and depression ; who 
 has borne me and my manuscripts in safety across the Atlantic, and given me strength and reso- 
 lution to bring the work to a close, I would present the tribute of my most grateful acknowl- 
 edgments. And if the talent which he intrusted to my care, has not been put to the most 
 profitable use in his service, I hope it has not been " kept laid up in a napkin," and that any 
 misapplication of it may be graciously forgiven, 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER. 
 
 NEv,r Haven. 
 
 ADYEETISEMENT TO THE EDITION OP 1840. 
 
 The improvements in this edition of the American Dictionary consist chiefly in the addition 
 of several thousand words to the vocabulary, the division of words into syllables, and in the 
 correction of definitions in several of the sciences, which are made conformable to recent discov- 
 eries and classifications. For the latter improvements, the author is indebted chiefly to Professor 
 TuLLY, of the Medical College in New Haven. 
 
 To these improvements may be added the introduction and explanation of many phrases from 
 foreign languages, frequently used by English authors and in conversation ; and also of many 
 foreign terms used in books of music. 
 
MEMOIR OP THE AUTHOR. 
 
 BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 It is natural for ttiosc who mako frequent use of a work like 
 this, to desire some knowledge of the author's life, and especially 
 of that long course of intellectual labor, by which he contributed 
 so largely to the literary treasures of our language. To gratify 
 tliis desire is the object of tlie present Memoir. A brief outline 
 will be given of the leading occurrences of his life, with particu- 
 lar reference to the occasions which called forth the principal 
 productions of his pen. The materials of this sketch were 
 obtained from Dr. Webster himself, about ten years before iiis 
 death, and were first used in the preparation of a memoir inserted 
 in the "National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans," 
 in the year 1833. That memoir has been re-written, witli large 
 additions, and is now brouglit down to the period of the author's 
 death. 
 
 Noah Webstf.r was born in Hartford, Connecticut, about 
 three miles from ttie center of the city, on the IGth of October, 
 1758. His father was a respectable farmer and justice of the 
 peace, and was a descendant, in the fourth generation, of John 
 Webster, one of the first settlers of Hartford, who was a magis- 
 trate, or member of the colonial council from its first formation, 
 and, at a subsequent period, governor of Connecticut. His 
 mother was a descendant . of William Bradford, the second 
 governor of the Plymouth colony. The family was remarkable 
 for longevity. His fatlier died at the advanced age of nearly 
 ninety-two. He and one of his brothers lived considerably 
 beyond the age of eighty. His remaining brother died in his 
 eightieth year ; and of his two sisters, one was advanced beyond 
 seventy, and the other had nearly reached the same age, at the 
 period of their death. 
 
 Mr. Webster commenced the study of the classics, in the year 
 1772, under the instruction of the clergyman of the parish, the 
 Rev. Natlian Perkins, D. D., and in 1774 was admitted a member 
 of Yale College. The war of the revolution, commencing the 
 next year, interrupted the regular attendance of the students on 
 their usual exercises, and deprived them of no small part of the 
 advantages of a collegiate course of instruction. In his Junior 
 
 I year, when the western part of New England was thrown into 
 confusion by General Burgoyne's expedition from Canada, Mr. 
 Webster volunteered his services under the command of his 
 father, who was captain in the a/arm list, a body comprising those 
 
 i of the militia who were above forty-five years of age, and who 
 were called into the field only on pressing emergencies. In that 
 campaign, all the males of the family, four in number, were in 
 the army at the same time. Notwithstanding the interruption of 
 his studies by tliese causes, Mr. Webster graduated with rep- 
 utation in 1778. 
 
 The class to which he belonged produced an unusual num- 
 ber of men who were afterward distinguished in public life. 
 Am<»g these may be mentioned Joel Barlow, author of the 
 
 Columbiad, and minister of the United States to the court of 
 France ; Oliver Wolcott, secretary of the treasury of the United 
 States under the administration of Washington, and subsequently 
 governor of the State of Connecticut; Uriah Tracy, a distin- 
 guished member of the senate of the United States ; Stephen 
 Jacob, chief justice, and Noah Smith, associate judge, of the 
 Supreme Court of Veniiont ; Zcphaniah Swifl, chief justice, and 
 Ashur Miller, associate judge, of the Supreme Court of Con- 
 necticut ; besides a number of others who were either members 
 of Congress, or among the leaders of our great political parties, 
 at the commencement of the present century. 
 
 Thp period at which Mr. Webster entered upon life, was an 
 unpropitious one for a young man to be cast upon the world 
 without property. The country was impoverished by tlie war to 
 a degree of which it is difficult, at the present day, to form any 
 just conception ; there was no prospect of peace ; the issue of 
 tlie contest was felt, by the most sanguine, to be extremely 
 doubtful ; and the practice of the law, which Mr. Webster 
 intended to pursue, was in a great measure set aside by the 
 general calamity. It was under these circunistances that, on his 
 return from tlio Commencement when he graduated, his father gave 
 him an eight dollar bill of the Continental currency, (then worth 
 about four dollars in silver,) and told him that he must thence- 
 forth rely on his own exertions for support. As a means of 
 immediate subsistence, he resorted to the instruction of a school, 
 and, during the summer of 1779, resided at Hartford, Connecticut, 
 in the family of Mr., afterward Chief Justice, Ellsworth. An 
 intimate friendship was thus formed between these two gentlemen, 
 which was interrupted only by the death of the chief justice. 
 
 Not having the means of obtaining a regular education for the 
 bar, Mr. Webster, at the suggestion of a distinguished counselor 
 of his acquaintance, determined to pursue the study of the law in 
 the intervals of his regular employment, witliout the aid of an 
 instructor ; and, having presented himself for examination, at the 
 expiration of two years, was admitted to practice in the year 1781. 
 As he had no encouragement to open an office, in the existmg 
 state of the country, he resumed tlie business of instruction, and 
 taught a classical school, in 1782, at Goshen, in Orange o«unty. 
 New York. Here, in a desponding state of mind, created by the 
 unsettled condition of things at the close of the war, and the 
 gloomy prospects for business, he undertook an employment 
 which gave a complexion to his whole liiture life. This was the 
 compilation of books for the instruction of youth in schools. 
 Having prepared the first draught of an elementary treatise of 
 this kind, he made a journey to Philadelphia in the autumn of the j 
 same year, and, after exhibiting a specimen of the work to several 
 members of Congress, among whom was Mr. Madison, and to the 
 Rev. S. S. Smith, D. D., at that time a professor, and afterward 
 president, of the college at Princeton, he was encouraged by tlieir 
 
MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 approbation to prosecute his design. Accordingly, in the Avinter 
 following, he revised what he had written, and, leaving Goshen in 
 1783, he returned to Hartford, where he published his " Fiist Part 
 of a Grammatical Institute of the English Language.'''' The 
 second and third parts were published in the years immediately 
 following. Tiiese works, comprising a Spelling Book, an English 
 Grammar, and a compilation for reading, were the first books of 
 the kind published in the United States. They were gradually 
 introduced into most of the schools of our country ; and to so 
 great an extent lias the Spelling Book been used, that, during the 
 twenty years in which lie was employed in compiling his Ameri- 
 can Dictionary, the entire support of his family was derived from 
 the profits of this work, at a premium for copyright of less than 
 a cent a copy. About twenty-four millions of tliis book have 
 been published, down to the present year, 1847, in the different 
 forms which it assumed under the revision of the author; and its 
 popularity has gone on continually increasing. The demand for 
 some years past, has averaged about one million copies a year. 
 To its influence, probably, more than to any otlier cause, are we 
 indebted for that remarkable uniformity of pronunciation in our 
 country, which is so oilen spoken of witli surprise by English 
 travelers. 
 
 In entering thus early on his literary career, Mr. Webster did 
 not confine himself to the publication of his own works. At a 
 period when nothing had as yet been done to perpetuate the 
 memorials of our early history, he led the way in this important 
 branch of literary effort, by the publication of that highly valuable 
 and characteristic work, Governor Winthrop's Journal. Having 
 learnt that a manuscript copy was in possession of Governor 
 Trumbull, of Connecticut, he caused it to be transcribed, at his 
 own expense, by the governor's private secretary, and risked 
 more than the amount of his whole property in its publication. 
 The sale never remunerated him for the expenses thus incurred. 
 
 At the period of Mr. Webster's return to Hartford, in 1783, the 
 state was agitated by violent dissensions, on the subject of a grant 
 made by Congress to the army, of half pay for life, which was 
 afterward coinimited for a grant of full pay for five years beyond 
 their term of service. To this grant it was strongly objected, 
 that, if the army had suffered by the reduced value of the bills in 
 which they were paid, the country at large had sustained an 
 etjual loss by the depreciation of the currency, and by other 
 causes. So strong was the excitement on this subject, that public 
 meetings were held throughout the state, to prevent the laws of 
 Congress from being carried into effect; and at length a conven- 
 tion met at Middletown with the same design, at which two thirds 
 of the towns in Connecticut were represented. In this state of 
 things, Mr. Webster, though only twenty-five years of age, came 
 forward to vindicate the measures of Congress, and wrote a series 
 of papers on the subject, under the signature of Ho.vorius, which 
 were |»ublislied in the Connecticut Cotn-ant, and read extensively 
 throughout the state. The effect was great. At the next election, 
 in April, 1784, a large majority of the legislature were supporters 
 of Congress in their measures. So highly were Mr. Webster's 
 services appreciated on this occasion, that he received the thanks 
 of Governor Trumbull in person, and was publicly declared, by a 
 member of the council, to have " done more to allay popular 
 discontent, and support the authority of Congress at this crisis, 
 than any other man." 
 
 'J'hese occurrences in his native state, together with the distress 
 nnd stagnation ol busmess m the whole country, resulting from 
 the want of power in Congress to carry its measures into efl'ect, 
 
 and to secure to the people the benefits of a stable government, 
 convinced Mr. Webster, that the old confederation, after the 
 dangers of the war were past, was utterly inadequate to the ne- 
 cessities of the people. He therefore published a pamphlet, in 
 the winter of 1784-5, entitled " Sketches of American Policy," 
 in which, after treating of tlie general principles of government, 
 he endeavored to prove that it was absolutely necessary, for tlie 
 welfare and safety of the United States, to establish a new system 
 of government, which should act not on the states, but directly on 
 individuals, and vest in Congress full power to carnj its laws into 
 eject. Being on a journey to the Southern States, in May, 1785, 
 he went to Mount Vernon, and presented a copy of this pamphlet 
 to General Washington. It contained, the writer believes, the 
 first distinct proposal, made through the medium of the press, for 
 a new constitution of the United States. 
 
 One object of Mr. Webster's journey to the south was, to peti- 
 tion the state legislatures for the enactment of a law securing to 
 authors an exclusive right to the publication of their writings. 
 In this he succeeded to a considerable extent; and the public 
 attention was thus called to a provision for the support of Ameri- 
 can literature, which was rendered more efl'ectual by a general 
 copyright law, enacted by Congress soon after the formation of 
 our government. At a much later period, (in the years 1^30-31,) 
 Mr. Webster passed a winter at Washington, with tlie single 
 view of endeavoring to procure an alteration of the existing law, 
 which should extend the term of copyright, and thus give a more 
 ample reward to the labors of our artists and literary men. In 
 this design he succeeded ; and an act was passed more liberal in 
 its provisions than the former law, though less so than the laws of 
 some European governments on this subject. 
 
 On Jiis return from the south, Mr. Webster spent the summer 
 of 1785 at Baltimore, and employed his time in preparing a course 
 of lectures on the English language, which were delivered, during 
 the year 1786, in the principal Atlantic cities, and were published 
 in 1789, in an octavo volume, with the title of ^^Dissertations on 
 the English Language." 
 
 The year 1787 was spent by Mr. Webster at Philadelphia, as 
 superintendent of an Episcopal academy. The convention which 
 framed the present constitution of the United States were in 
 session at Philadelphia during a part of this year ; and when 
 their labors were closed, Mr. Webster was solicited by Mr. 
 Fitzsimrnons, one of the members, to give the aid of his pen in 
 recommending the new system of government to the people. He 
 accordingly wrote a pamphlet on this subject, entitled an "Ex- 
 amination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution." 
 
 In 1788, Mr. Webster attempted to establish a periodical in 
 New York, and for one year published the "Jlmerican Magazine," 
 which, however, failed of success; as did also an attempt to 
 combine the efliirts of other gentlemen in a similar undertaking. 
 The country was not yet prepared for such a work. 
 
 In ]78i>, when the prospects of business became more encour- 
 aging, after the adoption of the new constitution, Mr. Webster 
 settled himself at Hartford in the practice of the law. Here he 
 formed or renewed an acquaintance with a number df young men 
 just entering upon life, who were ardently devoted, like himself, 
 to liteniry pursuits. Among these may be mentioned his two 
 classmates, Barlow and Wolcott ; Trumbull, author of McFingal ; 
 Richard Alsop; Dr. Lemuel Hopkins; and, though soinowiiat 
 older, the Rev. Nathan Strong, pastor of the First Congregational 
 Church, who, in common with the three last mentioned, was highly 
 distinguished for the penetration of his intellect and the keenness 
 
MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 xvii 
 
 of his wit. Tiie incessant contact of such minds, at the forming 
 period of their proi^ress, had great influence on the literary habits 
 of them all, in after life. It gave them a solid and manly cast of 
 thougiit, a simplicity of taste, a directness of statement, a freedom 
 from all affectation and exuberance of imagery or diction, which 
 arc often best acquired by the salutary use of ridicule, in the 
 action and reaction on each other of keen and penetrating 
 minds. It had, likewise, a powerful influence on tlic social circles 
 in which they moved ; and the biographer of Governor Wolcott 
 has justly remarked, that at this time " few ci<ies in the Union 
 could boast of a more cultivated or intelligent society than Hart- 
 ford, whether men or women." 
 
 In tlio autumn of the same year, encouraged by the prospect of 
 increasing business, Mr. Webster married tiie daughter of 
 William Grecnleaf, Esq., of Boston, a lady of a highly cultivated 
 intellect, and of great elegance and grace of manners. His 
 friend Trumbull speaks of this event in one of his letters to 
 Wolcott, who was then at New York, in his characteristic vein of 
 humor. "Webster has returned, and brought with him a very 
 pretty wife. I wish him success ; but 1 doubt, in the present 
 decay of business in our profession, whether his profits will en- 
 able him to keep up the style he sets out with. I fear he will 
 breakfast upon Institutes, dine upon Dissertations, and go to bed 
 supperless." The result, however, was more favorable than it 
 appeared in the sportive anticipations of Trumbull. Mr. Webster 
 found his business profitable, and continually increasing, during 
 his residence of some years in the practice of the law at Hartford. 
 
 This employment he was induced to relinquish, in 1798, by an 
 interesting crisis in public afiairs. General Washington's cele- 
 brated proclamation of nculrnlity, rendered necessary by the 
 efforts of the French minister. Genet, to raise troops in our 
 country for the invasion of Louisiana, and to fit out privateers 
 against nations at peace with the United States, had called forth 
 tlie most bitter reproaches of the partisans of France ; and it was 
 even doubtful, for a time, whether the unbounded popularity of 
 the Father of his Country could repress the public eflerves- 
 cence in favor of embarking in the wars of the French revolution. 
 In this state of things, Mr. Webster was strongly solicited to give 
 the support of his pen to tlie measures of the administration, by 
 establishing a daily paper in the city of New York. Though 
 conscious of the sacrifice of personal ease which he was called 
 i upon to make, he was so strongly impressed with the dangers of 
 the crisis, and so entirely devoted to the principles of Washing- 
 I ton, that he did not hesitate to accede to the proposal. Removing 
 I his family to New York, in November, 171)3, he commenced a 
 i daily paper, under the title of the Minerva, and aflenvard a semi- 
 j weekly paper, with that of the Herald, names which were 
 subsequently changed to those of the Commercial Mvertiser, and 
 j J\' tc York Speclntor. This was the first example of a paper for 
 I the country, composed of the column? of a daily paper, without 
 recomposition — a practice which has now become very common. 
 I In addition to his labors as sole editor of these papers, Mr. 
 
 Webster published, in the year 1794, a pamphlet which had a 
 ! very extensive circulation, entitled " The Revolution in France^ 
 [ The publication of tlie treaty negotiated with Great Britain by 
 ]l Mr. Jay, in 1795, aroused an opposition to its ratification of so 
 j violent a nature, as to stagger for a time the firmness of Washing- 
 '•^ ton, and to threaten civil commotions. Mr. Webster, in common 
 1 with General Hamilton and some of the ablest men of the 
 country, came out in vindication of the treaty. Under the signa- 
 ture of CcRTius, he published a series of papers, which were 
 
 very extensively reprinted throughout tlie country, and afterward 
 collected by a bookseller of Philadelphia in a pamphlet form. 
 Of these, ten were contributed by himself, and two by Mr., 
 afterward Chancellor, Kent As an evidence of tJieir effect, it 
 may not be improper to state, tliat Mr. Rufus King expressed his 
 opinion to Mr. Jay, that the essays of Curtius had contributed 
 more tiian any other papers of the same kind, to allay the discontent 
 and opposition to the treaty ; assigning as a reason, that they were 
 peculiarly well adapted to the understanding of the pcoj)le at 
 large. 
 
 When Mr. Webster resided in New York, the yellow fever 
 prevailed at different times in most of our large Atlantic cities ; 
 and a controversy arose among the physicians of Philadelphia aiKl 
 New York, on the question whether it was introduced by in- 
 fection, or generated on the spot. The subject interested Mr. 
 Webster deeply, and led him into a laborious investigation of the 
 history of pestilential diseases at every period of the world. The 
 facts which he collected, with the inferences to which he was led, 
 were embodied in a work of two volumes, octavo, which, in 179!), 
 was published both in this country and in England. This work 
 has always been considered as a valuable repository of facts ; and 
 during the prevalence of the Asiatic cholera iii the year ]8.'{<J, the 
 theories of the author seemed to receive so much confirmation, 
 as to excite a more than ordinary interest in the worl;, both in 
 Europe and America. 
 
 During the wars which were excited by the French revolution, 
 the power assumed by the belligerents to blockade their enemies' 
 ports by proclamation, and the multiplied seizures of American 
 vessels bound to such ports, produced various discussions re- 
 specting the rights of neutral nations in time of war. These 
 discussions induced Mr. Webster to examine the subject histori- 
 cally ; and, in 1802, he published a treatise full of minute infor- 
 mation and able reasoning on the subject. A gentleman of 
 competent abilities, who said he had read all that he could find on 
 that subject, in the English, French, German, and Italian lan- 
 guages, declared that he considered this treatise as the best he 
 had seen. The same year, he also published " Historical A'otices 
 of the Origin and State of Banking Institidions and Insurance 
 Offices" which was republished in Philadelphia by one Humphrey, 
 without giving credit to the author; and a part of which, taken 
 from this reprint, was incorporated into the Philadelphia edition 
 of Rees's Cyclopedia. 
 
 At this time, Mr. Webster resided at New Haven, to which 
 place he had removed in the spring of 1798. For a short period 
 after his departure from New York, he wrote for the papers 
 mentioned above, which, although placed under the care of 
 another editor, continued for a time to be his property. He very 
 soon succeeded, however, in disposing of his interest in them, 
 and from that time devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits. 
 
 In the year 1807, Mr. Webster published ".^ Philosophical and 
 Practical Grammar of the English Language.'^ This was a highly 
 oriorinal work, the result of many years of diligent investigation. 
 The author's views may be gathered from the motto on the title 
 page, taken from Lord Bacon's Aphorisms, — " Antisthenes, being 
 asked what learning was most necessar\', replied, 'To unlearn 
 that which is naught. ' " He considered our English Grammars as 
 objectionable in one important respect, namely, that of being too 
 much conformed to tliose of the Latin and Greek languages in 
 their nomenclature and classification. True philosophy, he main- 
 tained, requires us to arrange things, and give them names, accord- 
 ing to their-real nature. But our language is rude and irregular, 
 
xviii 
 
 MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 in comparison with those of the ancients. It can not be reduced 
 to the same orderly system. The several parts of it can not be 
 brought under the same names and classifications. We need, 
 tlierefore, a nomenclature of our own, in some important particu- 
 lars. Thus the word pronoun properly denotes a substitute for a 
 noun. But, in many cases, words of this class are substitutes for 
 clauses, or parts of sentences, and not for single nouns. There 
 j are also other words, not ordinarily ranged among pronouns, wiiicli 
 act equally as substitutes, that is, perform the office of pronouns. 
 Mr. Webster, therefore, proposed to lay aside the word pronoun, 
 and apply the term substitute to tliis whole class, as describing 
 their true office. Otlier changes were proposed, of the same 
 nature, and for the same reasons. No one, who examines the 
 subject with attention, can doubt the advantages of Mr. Webster's 
 nomenclature, in itself considered. It enabled him to give an 
 analysis of sentences, and to explain constructions, in a manner in- 
 comparably superior to that of the ordinary systems. His intimate 
 i acquaintance with the sources of our language prepared him to 
 account, in tlie most satisfactory manner, for many puzzling forms 
 of expression. Still, the prejudice against a change of no- 
 menclature is so great, that this work has been far less known 
 than it ought to be. It contains much valuable matter found in no 
 otiier work, and is believed to be the most truly philosophical 
 Grammar which we have of the Englisli language. 
 
 After publishing his Grammar, Mr. Webster entered, in the same 
 year, (1807,) on the great work of his life, which he had contemplated 
 for a long period, — that of preparing a new and complete Dictionary 
 of the English language. As preliminary to this, he had pub- 
 lished, in 180G, a dictionary in the octavo form, containing a large 
 number of words not to be found in any similar work, with the 
 definitions corrected throughout, though necessarily expressed in 
 very brief terms. From this time, his reading was turned more 
 or less directly to this object A number of years were spent in 
 collecting words which had not been introduced into the English 
 ] dictionaries ; in discriminating with exactness the various senses 
 I of all tlie words in our language, and adding those significations 
 which they had recently received. Some estimate may be formed 
 of the labor bestowed on this part of the work, from the fact that 
 " The Jlmerican Dictionary of the English Language " contained, 
 in the first edition, twelve thousand words, and between thirty and 
 forty thousand definitions, which are not to be found in any pre- 
 ceding work. The number has been swelled, by subsequent 
 I additions, to about thirty thousand new words. Seventy years 
 had elapsed since the first publication of Johnson's Dictionary ; 
 and scarcely a single improvement had been attempted in the 
 various editions through which it had passed, or the numerous 
 j compilations to wliich it had given rise, except by the addition of 
 a few words to the vocabulary. Yet in thi-s period the English 
 mind was putting itself forth in every direction, witii an accuracy 
 of research and a fertility of invention whicli are witliout a par- 
 allel in any other stage of its history. A complete revolution had 
 j taken place in almost every branch of physical science; new 
 ! department had been created, new principles developed, new 
 j modes of classification and description adupted. The political 
 i changes which so signally marked that period, the excitement of 
 j fechng and conflict of opinion resuhing from the American and 
 Frcncli revolutions, and the numerous modifications which fol- 
 1 lowed in the institutions of society, had also Irfl a deep impress 
 j on the language of politics, law, and general literature. Under 
 these circumstances, to make a defining dictionary adapted to the 
 present state of our language, was to produce an entirely new 
 
 work ; and how well Mr. Webster executed tlie task, will appear 
 from tlie decision of men best qualified to judge, both in this 
 country and in Europe, who have declared tliat his improvements 
 upon Johnson, are even greater tlian Johnson himself made on 
 those who preceded him. Still more labor, however, was bestowed 
 on another part of the work, viz., the etymology of our leading 
 terms. In this subject, Mr. Webster had always felt a lively 
 interest, as presenting one of tlie most curious exhibitions of the 
 progress of the human mind. But it was not till he had advanced 
 considerably in tlie work as originally commenced, that he found 
 how indispensable a knowledge of the true derivation of words 
 is, to an exact development of their various meanings. At this 
 point, therefore, he suspended his labors on the defining part of 
 the Dictionary, and devoted a number of years to an inquiry into 
 the origin of our language, and its connection with those of other 
 countries. In tlie course of these researches, he examined the 
 vocabularies of twenty of tlie principal languages of the world, and 
 made a synopsis of the most important words in each ; arranging 
 them under the same radical letters, with a translation of their 
 significations, and references from one to another, when the 
 senses are the same or similar. He was thus enabled to discover 
 the real or probable affinities between the different languages, 
 and, in many instances, to discover the primaiy, physical idea of 
 an original word, from which the secondary senses have branched 
 fortli. Being thus furnished with a clew to guide him among tlie 
 numerous, and often apparently inconsistent, significations of our 
 most important words, he resumed his labors on the defining part 
 of the Dictionary, and was able to give order and consistency to 
 much that had before appeared confused and contradictory. The 
 results of his inquiries into the origin and filiation of languages, 
 were embodied in a work, about half the size of the American 
 Dictionary, entitled " A Synopsis of Words in Twenty Lan- 
 guages.'" This, owing to the expense of the undertaking, has not 
 yet been published ; though its principal results, so far as our 
 language is concerned, are briefly given in tracing the etymology 
 of our leading terms. 
 
 During the progress of these labors, Mr. Webster, finding his 
 resources inadequate to the support of his family at New Haven, 
 removed, in 1812, to Amherst, a pleasant country town within eight 
 miles of Northampton, Massachusetts. Here he entered, with his 
 characteristic ardor, into the literary and social interests of the 
 people among whom he was placed. His extensive library, which 
 was open to all, and liis elevated tone of thought and conversa- 
 tion, had naturally a powerful influence on the liabits and feelings 
 of a small and secluded population. It was owing, in part, prob- 
 ably, to his removal to this town, tiiat an academy was there 
 established, which is now among the most flourishing seminaries 
 of our land. A question having soon after arisen respecting the 
 removal of Williams College from a remote part of the state to 
 some more central position, Mr. Webster entered warmly into the 
 design of procuring its establishment at Amherst, as one of the 
 most beautiful and appropriate locations in New England. 
 Though the removal did not take place, so strong an interest on 
 the subject was awakened in Amherst and the neighboring towns, 
 that a now college was soon after founded there, in the establish- 
 ment of which Mr. Webster, as president of its first board of trus- 
 tees, had great influonce, both by his direct exertions to secure it 
 patronage, and iiy Ihe impulse which he had given to the cause of 
 education in that part of the state. 
 
 In 1822, Mr. Webster returned with liis family to New Haven, 
 and, in 1823, received the degree of LL. D. from Yale College. 
 
MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Having nearly completed his Dictionary, he resolved on a voyage 
 to Europe, with a view to perfect the work by consulting literary 
 men abroad, and by examining some standard authors, to which 
 he could not gain access in this country. He accordingly sailed 
 for Franco in June, 18'24, and spent two months at Paris in con- 
 sulting several rare works in tlic Bibliolluque du Roi, and tlien 
 wont to England, where he remained till May, 1825. He spent 
 about eight months at the University of Cambridge, where he had 
 free access to the public libraries; and there he fmishcd "The 
 American Dictionary." He afterward visited London, Oxford, 
 and some of tlio other principal cities of E^igliin'l) 'iid in June 
 returned to this country. This visit to England gave him an 
 opportunity to become ac(iuaintod witli literar}' men and literary 
 institutions in that country, and to learn the real state of the 
 English language there. 
 
 Soon after Dr. Webster returned to tliis country, the necessary 
 arrangements were made for the publication of the work. An 
 edition of twenty-five liundred copies was printed in this country, 
 at the close of 1828, which was followed by an edition of three 
 thousand in England, under tlie superintendence of V.. 11. Barker, 
 Esq., editor of the Tliesaurus Graca lAngua of Henry Stephens. 
 With the publication of the American Dictionary, at the age of 
 seventy, Dr. Webster considered the labors of his literary life as 
 brought, in a great measure, to a close. He revised a few of his 
 earlier works lor publication, and particularly liis Hlslori/ of the 
 United Stntes,^^ a book designed for the iiigher classes of schools, 
 fir youth who are acquiring a taste for history, and for men of 
 business who have not time to peruse larger treatises. 
 
 In 1840, Dr. Webster published a second edition of the Ameri- 
 can Dictionary, consisting of three tliousand copies, in two vol- 
 umes, royal octavo. The improvements consisted chiefly in the 
 addition of a number of thousand words to the vocabulary, the 
 correction of definitions in several of the sciences, in conformity 
 with later discoveries and classifications, and the introduction and 
 explanation of many phrases fl-om foreign languages, and of foreign 
 terms used in books of music. 
 
 In 1843, he published "A Collection of Papers on Political, 
 Literary, and Moral Subjects,'" in one volume, octavo. This was 
 composed chiefly of tracts and disquisitions, which had been pub- 
 lished at an earlier period of his life, either in the form of pam- 
 phlets, or of papers read before literary and philosophical societies, 
 and printed among tiieir Transactions. It contains iiis " Observa- 
 tions on the French Revolution," his Essay on the Rights of jVeu- 
 tral .Vntions,'" and the papers signed Ccrtius, in vindication of 
 Mr. Jay's treaty with Groat Britain. To tliese is added an elabo- 
 rate dissertation " On the supposed Change in the Temperature of 
 Winter" which was read before the Connecticut Academy of Arts 
 and Sciences, in the year 17i)L>. In this he controverts the opinion 
 which has generally prevailed, that the temperature of the winter 
 season, in northern latitudes, has suffered a material change, and 
 become warmer in modern than it was in ancient times. The 
 subject was one which required very great minuteness and extent 
 of historical research, and this pa[)or contains the result of a series 
 of investigations, which had been carried on, in conjunction with 
 the author's other pursuit-s, for a period of more than ten years. 
 Many of the facts which it presents are of a very curious and 
 striking nature. There is, probably, no other treatise which ex- 
 hibits the historical evidence on this subject with so much fullness 
 and accuracy. In addition to this, the volume contains a num- 
 ber of other papers of an interesting character, and tlie whole col- 
 lection forms a truly valuable record of the author's earlier labors. 
 
 xix 
 
 In tlius tiacing tlie principal events of Dr. Webster's lile, we 
 have reached the commencement of the year in which he died ; 
 and it may here be proper to pause for a inoineiit, and consider 
 some of tliose qualities and habits of mind, which prepared him for 
 this long course of public service and literary labor. The lead- 
 ing traits in tlie character of Dr. Webster were enterprise, self- 
 reliance, and indomitable perseverance. He was naturally of a 
 sanguine temperament; and the circumstances under which he 
 entered on the active duties of life, were eminently suited to 
 strongtlien the original tendencies of his nsiture. Our country 
 was just struggling into national existence. The public mind 
 was full of ardor, energy, and expectation. His early associates 
 were men of powerful intellect, who were engaged, to a great 
 extent, in laying the foundations of our government, and who 
 have stamped the impress of their genius on the institutions of 
 their country. As tlie advocate of the Federal Constitution, and 
 a strenuous supporter of Washington's administration, he was 
 brought into habits of the closest intimacy with Alexander Ham- 
 ilton, John Jay, Oliver Wolcott, Timothy Pickering, and the other' 
 great men on whom Washington relied for counsel and aid in 
 organizing the new government. The journal which he estab- 
 lished at New York was their organ of communication with the 
 public, in the great commercial emporium of the United States. 
 He was thus placed on terms of constant and confidential inter- 
 course with the leading members of the cabinet, and the prominent 
 supiiorters of Washington throughout the countr}'. While he had 
 their respect as a ready and energetic writer, he enjoyed their 
 counsel, imparted with the utmost freedom, as to the manner in 
 which he might best conduct the defense of their common princi- 
 ples. The natural result, especially on a mind constituted like 
 his, was the formation of all his habits of thought and action, into 
 a resemblance to theirs. Energy, self-reliance, fearlessness, the 
 resolute defense of whatever he thought right and useful, the 
 strong hope of ultimate success, — these became the great ele- 
 ments of his intellectual character. He carried them with him, at 
 a subsequent period, into all his literary pursuits, and they sus- 
 tained him under tlie pressure of difficulties which would have 
 crushed tlie spirit of almost any otiier man. 
 
 One of the habits which Dr. Webster formed in this early course 
 of training, was that of arranging all his acquired knowledge in 
 the most exact order, and keeping the elements of progressive 
 thought continually within his reach. Although his memory was 
 uncommonly quick and tenacious, he saw, as the editor of a daily 
 journal, how idle and unsafe it is, to rely on mere recollection for 
 the immense mass of materials which a public writer must have 
 ever at command. He learnt, therefore, to preserve documents of 
 all kinds with the utmost care. All that he had ever written, all 
 that had been written against him, every tiling that he met with 
 in newspapers or periodicals which seemed likely to be of use at 
 any future period, was carefully laid aside in its appropriate place, 
 and was ready at a moment's warning. He had also a particular 
 mark by which he denoted, in every work he read, all the new 
 words, or new senses of words, which came under his cbsorvation. 
 He filled the marcrin of his books with notes and conrunents con- 
 taining corrections of errors, a comparison of dates, or references 
 to corresponding passages in other works, until his whole library 
 became a kind of Index Rertim, to which he could refer at once 
 for every thing he had read. 
 
 Another habit which resulted in part from his early pursuits, 
 was that of carrj'ing on numerous and diversified employments at 
 the same time. To men of the present generation. Dr. Webster 
 
MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 is known chiefly as a learned philologist ; and the natural infer- 
 ence would be, that he spent his whole life among his books, and 
 chiefly in devotion to a single class of studies. The fact, how- 
 ever, was far otherwise. Though he was always a close student, — 
 reading, tliinking, and writing at every period of his life, — he never 
 witlidrew hinrself from the active employments of society. After 
 his first removal to New Haven, he was for a number of years one 
 of the aldermen of the city, and judge of one of the state courts. 
 He also Irequently represented that town in the legislature of 
 the state. During his residence at Amherst, he was called, 
 in repeated instances, to discharge similar duties, and spent a 
 part of several winters at Boston as a member of the General 
 Court. He entered with zeal into all the interests of the town 
 and county where he lived, its schools and academies, its agricul- 
 ture and mechanic arts, its advance in taste and refinement. He 
 gave freely of his time, his counsel, and the efforts of his pen, 
 when requested, in public addresses, or through the medium of 
 the press, for the promotion of every kind of social improvement. 
 Equally large and diversified was the range of his intellectual 
 pursuits. There was hardly any department of literature which 
 lie had not explored with lively interest, at some period of his life. 
 He wrote on a greater variety of topics than perhaps any other 
 author of the United States ; — on the foundations of government, 
 the laws of nations, the rights of neutrals, the science of banking, 
 the history of his country, the progress of diseases, and the varia- 
 tions of climate ; on agriculture, commerce, education, morals, 
 religion, and the great means of national advancement, in addition 
 to the principal theme of his life, philology and grammar. Such 
 was the activity of his mind, and the delight he found in new 
 acquisitions, that a change of employment was all the relief he 
 needed from the weariness of protracted study. The refreshment 
 which others seek in journeys, or the entire suspension of intellec- 
 tual effort, he found, during most of his life, in the stimulus 
 afforded by some new and exciting object of pursuit. Mental 
 exertion was the native element of his soul ; and it is not too 
 much to say, that another instance of such long-continued literary 
 toil, such steady, unfaltering industry, can hardly be found in the 
 annals of our country. 
 
 The last of those mental habits which v/ill now be traced, was 
 that of original investigation, of thorough and penetrating research. 
 The period at which Dr. Webster came forward in public life was 
 one, to an uncommon extent, in which every important subject 
 was discussed in its principles. It was a period when the founda- 
 tions of our civil polity were laid, and when such men as Hamilton, 
 Madison, and Jay, became "the expounders of the constitution," 
 and the advocates of the new government. All things conspired 
 to make the discussions of that day masterly exhibitions of rea- 
 soning and profound investigation, — the character of the men 
 I engaged, the conflict of great principles, and the weighty interests 
 I suspended on the issne. Dr. Webster for some years took a large 
 i share in these discussions, both in pamphlets and through the 
 j journal which he conducted. Tlio habits which he thus formed 
 j wont v/itii him into all the literary pursuits of his subsequent life. 
 They made him a bold, original thinker, — thorough in all his in- 
 vestigations, and fearless in proclaiming tlie results. He had no 
 deference for authority, except as snstnined by argument. He 
 was no copyist, no mere compiler. Every thing he wrote, from a 
 chapter in "The Prompter," to hia "Introduction to the American 
 Dictionary," bore the same impress of original thought, personal 
 observation, and independent inquiiy. 
 
 It is unnecessary to say how perfectly these habits were adapted 
 
 to prepare Dr. Webster for the leading employment of his life, 
 the production of the American Dictionary. Nothing but his 
 eager pursuit of every kind of knowledge, and nis exact system in 
 bringing all that he had ever read completely under his command, 
 could have enabled him to give jn his first edition more than 
 twelve thousand words and forty thousand definitions, which could 
 then be found in no other similar work. Nothing but his passion 
 for original investigation prevented him from building, like Todd, 
 on tlie foundation of Johnson, or arranging Home Tooke's etymol- 
 ogies, like Richardson, witli some additions and improvements, 
 under their proper l^ads in a dictionary. But, commencing with 
 the Diversions of Purley as the starting-point of his researches, 
 he was led by the character of his mind to widen continually the 
 field of his inquiries. He passed from the western languages to 
 the eastern, in tracing the affinities of his native tongue. He 
 established some of those great principles which have made ety- 
 mology a science, and led the way in that brilliant career of in- 
 vestigation, by which the German philologists are throwing so 
 clear a light on tiie origin and filiation of the principal languages 
 of the globe. But into these studies he would never have entered, 
 nor even thought of attempting such a work as an original diction- 
 ary of the English language, except under tlie impulse of those 
 other traits, — that sanguine temperament, that spirit of self-reli- 
 ance, that fearless determination to carry out every thing that he 
 thought useful and true, to its utmost limits, — which were spoken 
 of above, as forming the master principle of his character. It is 
 difficult to conceive, at the present day, how rash and hopeless 
 such an undertaking then appeared, on the part of any citizen of 
 the United States. It was much as though we should now hear 
 of a similar design by one of the settlers of New Holland. He 
 was assailed with a storm of ridicule at home and abroad ; and even 
 his best friends, while they admired his constancy, and were fully 
 convinced of liis erudition, had strong fears that he was engaged 
 in a fruitless eSbrt, — that he would never have justice done him, in 
 bringing his work before the world under such adverse circum- 
 stances. Nothing, plainly, but uncommon ardor, boldness, and 
 self-confidence, could have sustained him under the pressure of 
 these difficulties. But such qualities, it must be confessed, not- 
 withstanding all the support tliey aflbrd, arc not without their dis- 
 advantages. They oflcn lead to the adoption of hasty opinions, 
 especially in new and intricate inquiries. Of this Dr. Webster 
 was aware. He saw reason to change his views on many points, 
 as he widened the sphere of his knowledge. In such cases, he 
 retracted his former statements with the utmost frankness ; for lie 
 had not a particle of that pride of opinion which makes men so 
 often ashamed to confess an error, even when they have seen and 
 abandoned it. This ardor of mind is apt, also, to lead men into a 
 strength and confidence of statement which may wear at times 
 the aspect of dogmatism. If Dr. Webster should be thought by 
 any one to have erred in this respect, the error, it should be 
 remembered, was one of temperament, — the almost necessary 
 result of thnt bold, self-relying spirit, without which no man could 
 have undertaken, much loss have carried through, the Herculean 
 task of preparing the .\merican Dictionary. Those, however, 
 who knew liim best, can testify, that his strengtii of statement, 
 however great it might lie, was never llie result of arrogance or 
 presumption. He spoke from tlie mere frankness of his nature ; he 
 practiced no reserve ; he used none of tliat cautious phraseology 
 with which most men conceal their feelings, or guard against mis- 
 construction. He was an ardent lover of truth, and he spoke of | 
 the discoveries which he believed himself to have made, much as 
 
MEMOIR OF THE 
 
 he would have spoken of tlic san)e discoveries when made by 
 others. lie was aware that there must be many things in a booli 
 like this, especially on a science so imperfect in its development 
 as etymolog'y, which would not stand tlie test of time. But he 
 never doubted, even in the darkest seasons of discouragement and 
 obloquy, tliat he could at last produce such a work, that the world 
 " sliould not willingly let it die." The decision of the public verified 
 his anticipations, and freed iiim from the charge of presumption. 
 Three very large editions, at a high price, have already been 
 exhausted in this country and England. The demand is still 
 increasing on both sides of the Atlantic ; and the author might 
 well be gratified to learn, that a gentleman who asked, some years 
 since, at one of tlie principal bookselling establishments of London, 
 for the best English dictionary on thuir shelves, had this work 
 handed to him, with the remark, "That, sir, is tlie only real dic- 
 tionary which we have of our language, though it was prepared by 
 an American." 
 
 In his social habits, Dr. Webster was distinguished by dignified 
 ease, affability, and politeness. He was punctilious in his obser- 
 vance of all tJie nicer proprieties of life. There was nothing that 
 annoyed him more, or on which he remarked with greater keen- 
 ness, than any violation of the established rules of decorum, any 
 disposition to meddle with tlie concerns of others, or to encroach 
 on the sanctity of those rights and feelings, which, as they can not 
 be protected by law, must owe their security to delicacy of senti- 
 ment in an enlightened community. He had an uncommon degree 
 of refinement in all his thoughts and feelings. Never, in his most 
 sportive or unguarded moments, did any sentiment escape him 
 which waa coarse or vulgar. He had, in this respect, almost a 
 feminine purity of mind. It might be truly said of him, as was 
 remarked concerning one of his distinguished cotemporaries in 
 public life, that he was never known to utter an expression which 
 might not have been used with entire freedom in the most refined 
 female society. In his pecuniary transactions, he was acknowl- 
 edged by all to be not only just, but liberal. It was a principle with 
 him, for life, never to be in debt Every thing was paid for at the 
 time of purchase. In all his dealings and social intercourse, he was 
 remarkably direct, frank, and open. He had but one character, and 
 that was " known and read of all men." Whatever faults might be 
 imputed to him, no one ever suspected him of double dealing ; no 
 one ever thought he was capable of a mean or dishonorable action. 
 
 In the discharge of his domestic duties, Dr. Webster was 
 watchful, consistent, and firm. Though immersed in study, he 
 kept in his hands the entire control of his family arrangements, 
 down to the minutest particulars. Every thing was reduced to 
 exact system ; all moved on witli perfect regularity and order, for 
 method was tlie presiding principle of his life. In the government 
 of his children tliere was but one rule, and that was instantaneous 
 and entire obedience. This was insisted upon as right, — as, 
 in the nature of things, due by a child to a parent He did not 
 rest his claim on any explanations, or on showing that tlie thing 
 required was reasonable or beneficial. While he endeavored to 
 make it clear to his children that he sought their happiness in 
 whatever he required, he commanded as one having auihority, and 
 he enforced his commands to tlie utmost, as a duty which he owed 
 equally to bis children and to God, who had placed tliem under 
 his control. He felt that, on tliis subject, tliere had been a gradual 
 letting down of the tone of public sentiment, which waa much to 
 be deplored. Many, in breaking away from the sternness of 
 Puritan discipline, have gone to the opposite extreme. They 
 have virtually abandoned the exercise of parental authority, and 
 
 AUTHOR. xxi 
 
 endeavored to regulate the conduct of tlieir children by reasoning 
 and persuasion, — by the mere presentation of motives, and not 
 by the enforcement of commands. If such persons succeed, as 
 tliey rarely do, in preserving any thing like a comfortable state of 
 subordination in tlieir families, they fail at least in the accomplish- 
 ment of one great end for which their offspring were coiimiitted to 
 their care. They send forth their children into life, without any of 
 tliose habits of submission to lawful authority which are essential 
 to tlio character of a good citizen and a useful member of society. 
 In the intellectual training of his children, on the other hand, Dr. 
 Webster had much less of system and complicated machinery, 
 than many arc disposed to adopt His great principle was not to 
 overdo, — to let nature have free scope, and to leave the development 
 of the mind, within certain limits, to the operation of awakened 
 curiosity directed to its proper objects. He therefore threw open 
 his extensive library to his children at an early period of their 
 lives, and said, in tlie words of Cotton Mather, " Read, and you 
 will know." He felt that children should learn to acquire 
 knowledge by severe effort; that the prevailing disposition to 
 make every thing easy is unphilosophical and wrong ; that the 
 great object of early training is to form the mind into a capacity 
 of surmounting intellectual difficulties of any and every kind. In 
 his view, also, the young have much to learn in early life, tlie use 
 of which they can not then comprehend. They must learn it by 
 rote, particularly tlie spelling of so complicated a language as ours; 
 and all those systems which lead forward children no faster than 
 they can understand and apply every word they spell, he consid- 
 ered as radically erroneous. He wished, on tlie contrary, at this 
 early period of ready memory and limited comprehension, to store 
 tlie mind witli many things which would afterward be found of 
 indispensable use ; things which arc learnt witli tlie utmost reluc- 
 tance, or rather, in most cases, are not learnt at all, in the more 
 advanced stages of intellectual progress. He felt that tliere must 
 necessarily be much of drudgery in the formation of a thoroughly 
 educated mind. He thought it wise, therefore, to commence 
 those tasks which it involves, from the earliest period at which 
 the youthful intellect can endure them. Upon these principles 
 he constructed his Spelling Book, and other works for tlie use 
 of children. He designed to make them instructive, and not mere 
 books of amusement Whether his views were incorrect or unphil- 
 osophical, the public will judge. 
 
 In respect to religion. Dr. Webster was a firm believer, during 
 a large part of his life, in the great distinctive doctrines of our 
 Puritan ancestors, whose character he always regarded with the 
 highost veneration. There was a period, however, from tlie time 
 of his leaving college to the age of forty, when he had doubts as 
 to seme of those doctrines, and rested in a different system. Soon 
 after he graduated, being uncertain what business to attempt or 
 by what means he could obtain subsistence, he felt his mind 
 greatly perplexed, and almost overwiielmed with gloomy appre- 
 hensions. In this state, as he afterward informed a friend, he 
 read Johnson's Rambler with unusual interest ; and, in closing the 
 last volume, he made a firm resolution to pursue a course of virtue 
 through life, and to perform every moral and social duty with 
 scrupulous exactness. To this he added a settled belief in the 
 inspiration of the Scriptures and the governing providence of 
 God, connected with highly reverential views of the divine 
 character and perfections. Here he rested, placing his chief 
 reliance for salvation on a faithful discharge of all the relative 
 duties of life, though not to the entire exclusion of dependence on j 
 the merits of \lie Redeemer. In this state of mind he remained, 
 
 D 
 
xxii 
 
 MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 though with some misgiving and frec^uent fluctuations of 
 feeling, to tlie winter of 1807-8. At that time, there was a 
 season of general religious interest at New Haven, under the 
 ministry of the Rev. Moses Stuart, now a professor in the Andover 
 Tiieological Seminary. To this Dr. Webster's attention was first 
 directed, by observing an unusual degree of tenderness and so- 
 lemnity of feeling in all tlie adult members of his family. He 
 was thus led to reconsider his former views, and inquire, with an 
 earnestness which he had never felt before, into tlie nature of per- 
 sonal religion, and tlie true ground of man's acceptance with God. 
 He had now to decide not for himself only, but, to a certain 
 extent, for others, whose spiritual interests were committed to his 
 charge. Under a sense of this responsibility, he took up the 
 study of the Bible with painful solicitude. As he advanced, the 
 objections which he had formerly enteitained against tlie humbling 
 doctrines of the gospel, were wholly removed. He felt their truth 
 in his own experience. He felt tliat salvation must be wholly of 
 grace. He felt constrained, as he afterward told a friend, to cast 
 himself down before God, confess his sins, implore pardon through 
 the merits of the Redeemer, and there to make his vows of entire 
 obedience to the commands and devotion to the service of his 
 Maker. With his characteristic promptitude, he instantly made 
 known to his family the feelings which he entertained. He called 
 them together the next morning, and told them, with deep emotion, 
 that, while he had aimed at the faithful discharge of all his duties 
 as their parent and head, he had neglected one of the most impor- 
 tant, that of family prayer. After reading the Scriptures, he 
 led them, with deep solemnity, to the throne of grace, and from 
 that time continued the practice, with the liveliest interest, to the 
 period of his death. He made a public profession of religion in 
 April, 1808. His two oldest daughters united with him in the act, 
 and anotlier, only twelve years of age, was soon added to tiie 
 number. 
 
 In his religious feelings, Dr. Webster was remarkably equable 
 and cheerful. He had a very strong sense of the providence of 
 God, as extending to the minutest concerns of life. In this he 
 found a source of continual support and consolation, under the 
 severe labors and numerous trials which he had to endure. To the 
 same divine hand he habitually referred all his enjoyments ; and it 
 was known to his family, that he rarely, if ever, took the slightest re- 
 freshment, of any kind, even between meals, without a momentary 
 pause, and a silent tribute of tlianks to God as the giver. He 
 made the Scriptures his daily study. After the completion of his 
 Dictionary, especially, they were always lying' on his table, and 
 he probably read them more than all other books. He felt, from 
 that time, that the labors of his life were ended, and that little 
 else remained but to prepare for death. With a grateful sense 
 of past mercies, a cheering consciousness of present support, 
 and an animating hope of future blessedness, he waited witli 
 patience until his appointed change should come. 
 
 During the spring of Dr. Webster revised the Appendix 
 
 of his Dictionary, and added some hundreds of words. He com- 
 pleted the printing of it about the middle of May. It was the 
 closing act of his life. Ilia hand rested, in its last labors, on the 
 volume which he had commenced thirty-six years before. Witliin 
 a few days, in calling on a number of friends in different parts of 
 the town, he walked, during one afternoon, between two and 
 three miles. The day was chilly, and immediately after his 
 return, he was seized with faintncss and a severe oppression on 
 
 his lungs. An attack of peripneumony followed, which, though 
 not alarming at first, took a sudden turn after four or five days, 
 with fearful indications of a fatal result. It soon became 
 necessary to inform him that he was in imminent danger. He 
 received the communication with surprise, but with entire com- 
 posure. His health had been so good, and every bodily function 
 so perfect in its exercise, that he undoubtedly expected to live 
 some years longer. But though suddenly called, he was com- 
 pletely ready. He gave some characteristic directions as to the 
 disposal of his body after death. He spoke of his long life 
 as one of uniform enjoyment, because filled up at every stage 
 with active labors for some valuable end. He expressed hw entire 
 resignation to the will of God, and his unshaken trust in the 
 atoning blood of the Redeemer. It was an interesting coinci- 
 dence, that his former pasto^ the Rev. Mr. Stuai-t, who received 
 him to the church thirty-five years before, had just arrived at New 
 Haven on a visit to his friends. He called immediately ; and the 
 interview brought into affecting comparison the beginning and 
 the end of that long period of consecration to the service of 
 Christ. The same hopes which had cheered the vigor of man- 
 hood, were now shedding a softened light over the decay and 
 sufferings of age. " I know in whom I have believed,"" — such 
 was the solemn and affecting testimony which he gave to his 
 friend, while the hand of death was upon him, — "I knoio in whom 
 I have believed, and that He is able to keep that which I have 
 committed to him against that day." Thus, without one doubt, one 
 fear, he resigned his soul into the hands of his Maker, and died 
 on the 28th day of May, 1843, in the eighty-fi^h year of his age. 
 
 In his person, Dr. Webster was tall, and somewhat slender, 
 remarkably erect throughout life, and moving, even in his ad- 
 vanced years, with a light and elastic step. 
 
 Dr. Webster's widow survived him more than four years, and 
 died on the 25th day of June, 1847, in the eighty-second year of 
 her age. He had seven children who arrived at maturity, — one 
 son, William G. Webster, Esq., who resides at New Haven, and 
 six daughters. Of these, the oldest is married to the Hon. 
 William W. Ellsworth, of Hartford, late governor, and now judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Connecticut ; the second to the author 
 of this sketch ; the third, now deceased, was first married to 
 Edward Cobb, Esq., of Portland, Maine, and afterward to the 
 Rev. Professor Fowler, of Amherst, Mass. ; the fourth, also 
 deceased, was married to Horatio Southgate, Esq., of Portland, 
 Maine, and left at her death a daughter, who was adopted by Dr. 
 Webster, and is now married to Henry Trowbridge, Jun., Esq., 
 of New Haven; the fifth is married to the Rev. Henry Jones, of 
 Bridgeport, Conn. ; and the sixth remains unmarried, in the family 
 of her brotlier. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be said that the name of Noaii Web- 
 ster, from the wide circulation of some of his works, is known 
 familiarly to a greater number of the inhabitants of the United 
 States, than the name, probably, of any other individual except 
 the Father of his Country. Whatever influence he thus 
 acquired was used at all times to promote the best interests of 
 his fellow-men. His books, though read by millions, have made 
 no man worse. To multitudes they h.ive been of lasting benefit, 
 nor only by the course of early training they have furnished, but 
 by those precepts of wisdom and virtue with which almost every 
 page is stored. 
 
 August, 1847. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 Language or Speech is the utterance of articulate sounds or 
 voices, rendered significant by usage, for the expression and 
 communication of thoughts. 
 
 According to this definition, language belongs exclusively to 
 intellectual and intelligent beings, and, among terrestrial beings, 
 to man only ; for no animal on earth, except man, can pro- 
 nounce words. The word lang-uage is sometimes used in a more 
 comprehensive sense, and applied to the sounds by which irra- 
 tional animals express their feelings or affections; as to the 
 neighing of the horse, the lowing of the ox, the barking of the 
 dog, and to the cackling and chirping of fowls; for the sounds 
 uttered by these animals are perfectly understood by the re- 
 spective species. So also language is figuratively applied to the 
 signs by which deaf and dumb persons manifest their ideas ; for 
 these are instruments of communicating thoughts. 
 
 But language in its proper sense, as the medium of intercourse 
 between men, or rational beings, endowed with the faculty of 
 uttering articulate sounds, is the subject now to be considered. 
 
 Written language is the representation of significant sounds by 
 letters, or characters, single or combined in words, arranged in 
 due order, according to usage. 
 
 ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 We read in the Scriptures, that God, when he had created 
 man, " blessed them ; and said to them. Be fruitful and multi- 
 ply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion 
 over the fish of the sea," &c. God afterward planted a garden, 
 and placed in it the man he had made, with a command to keep 
 it, and to dress it; and he gave him a rule of moral conduct, in 
 permitting him to eat the fruit of every tree in the garden, except 
 one, the eating of which was prohibited. We further read, tliat 
 God brought to Adam the fowls and beasts he had made, and that 
 Adam gave them names ; and that when his female companion 
 was made, he gave her a name. After the eating of the for- 
 bidden fruit, it is stated tliat God addressed Adam and Eve, 
 reproving them for their disobedience, and pronouncing the pen- 
 alties which they had incurred. In the account of these trans- 
 actions, it is further related that Adam and Eve both replied to 
 their Maker, and excused their disobedience. 
 
 If we admit, what is the literal and obvious interpretation of 
 this narrative, that vocal sounds or words were used in these com- 
 munications between God and the progenitors of tlie human race, 
 it results that Adam was not only endowed with intellect for 
 understanding his Maker, or the signification of words, but was 
 furnished both with tlie faculty of speech and with speech itself, 
 or the knowledge and use of words as signs of ideas, and this 
 before the formation of the woman. Hence we ma3' infer that 
 language was bestowed on Adam, in the same manner as all his 
 other faculties and knowledge, by supernatural power; or, in 
 other words, was of divine origin : for, supposing Adam to have 
 had all the intellectual powers of any adult individual of the 
 species who has since lived, we can not admit as probable, or 
 even possible, that he should have invented and constructed even 
 a barren language, as soon as he was created, without super- 
 natural aid. It may indeed be doubted whether, without such 
 aid, men would ever have learned the use of the organs of 
 speech, so tar as to form a language. At anj' rate, the invention 
 of words and the construction of a language must have been by 
 a slow process, and must have required a much longer time than 
 
 * Celebrant, cariiiinibus aiitiqiiis, Tiiistoni'in dfuni terri editiim, tt (ilium 
 
 Mannum, originem genlis coiiditoresque. M.iiuio trt-.s lilios assignant. Dr.Vur. 
 
 Qerm. 2. 
 
 " In ancient songs they celebrate Tuisto, a god sprung from the earth, and his 
 
 that which passed between the creation of Adam and of Eve. It 
 is, therefore, probable, that language, as well as the faculty of 
 speech, was the immediate gift of God. We are not, howevi.'r, to 
 suppose the language of our first parents in paradise to have bei-n 
 copious, like most modern languages ; or the identical language 
 they used, to be now in existence. Many of the primitive radi- 
 cal words may and probably do exist in various languages; but 
 observation teaches that languages must improve and undergo 
 great changes as knowledge increases, and be subject to con- 
 tinual alterations, from other causes incident to men in society. 
 
 A Brief Account of the Origin and Progress of the 
 PRINCIPAL Languages, ancient and modern, that have 
 been spoken by Nations between the Ganges and 
 the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 We learn from the Scriptures tliat Noah, who, with his family, 
 was preserved from destruction by the Deluge, for tlie purpose 
 of re-peopling the earth, had three sons, Shem, Ham, and Ja- 
 pheth. This fact, a little obscured by tradition, was retained by 
 our rude German ancestors, to the age of Tacitus.* 
 
 Japheth was the eldest son; but Shem, the ancestor of the 
 Israelites and of the writers of the Scriptures, is named first in 
 order. 
 
 The descendants of Shem and Ham peopled all the great plain 
 situated north and west of the Persian Gulf, between that Gulf 
 and the Indian Ocean on the east, and the Arabic Gulf and the 
 Mediterranean Sea on the west, with the northern coast of 
 Africa; comprehending Assyria, Babylonia or Chaldea, Syria, 
 Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, and Libya. The principal languages or 
 dialects used b)' these descendants, arc known to us under the 
 names of Chaldee, or Chaldaic, which is called also Aramean, i 
 Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic, Ethiopic, Samaritan, and Coptic. Of 
 these, the Chaldee and Hebrew are no longer living languages, 
 but they have come down to us in books ; the Samaritan is prob- 
 ably extinct or lost in the modern languages of the country, but 
 the language survives in a copy of the Pentateuch; the Coptic is 
 nearly or quite extinct, and little of it remains; the Syriac, Ara- 
 bic, and Ethiopic are yet living languages, but they have suffered 
 and are continually suffering alterations, from which no living 
 language is exempt. 
 
 These languages, except the Coptic, being used by the de- 
 scendants of Shem, I call SItemitic, or .'Issyrian, in distinction 
 from the Japhetic. As the descendants of Japhetli peopled Asia 
 Minor, the northern parts of Asia, about the Euxine and Cas- 
 pian, and all Europe, their languages have, in the long period 
 that has elapsed since their dispersion, become very numerous. 
 
 All languages having sprung from one source, the original 
 words from which they have been formed must have been of 
 equal antiquity. That the Celtic and Teutonic languages in 
 Europe are, in this sense, as old as the Chaldee and Hebrew, is a 
 fact not only warranted by history and the common origin of 
 Japheth and Shem, but susceptible of proof from the identitj- of 
 many words yet existing in both stocks. But there is a marked 
 difference between the Shemitic and Japhetic languages; for 
 even when the radical words are unquestionably the same, the 
 modifications, or inflections and combinations which form the 
 compounds, are, for the most part, different. 
 
 As it has been made a question which of the Shemitic lan- 
 guages is the most ancient, and much has been written to prove 
 it to be the Hebrew, I will state briefly my opinion on what 
 appears to me to be one of the plainest questions in the history 
 of nations. We have for our certain guides, in determining this 
 
 son Mannus, [.Man,] the origin and founders of their nation. To Mannus they 
 assign tliree .vo;l<." 
 Noah is here called Man. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 question — 1st, The historical narrative of facts in tlie Book of 
 Genesis ; and 2d, The known and uniform progress of languages, 
 within the period of authentic profane history. 
 
 1. The Scripture informs us that, before the dispersion, the 
 whole earth was of one language and of one or the same speech ; 
 and that the descendants of Noah journeyed from the east, and 
 settled on the plain of Shinar, or in Chaldea. The language 
 used at that time, by the inhabitants of that plain, must then 
 have been the oldest or the primitive language of man. This 
 must have been the original Chaldee. 
 
 2. The Scripture informs us, that in consequence of the im- 
 pious attempts of the people to build a city, and a tower whose 
 top miglit reach to heaven, with a view to make themselves a 
 name and prevent their dispersion, God interposed and con- 
 founded their language, so that they could not understand each 
 other ; in consequence of which, they were dispersed " from 
 thence over the face of all the earth." 
 
 3. If the confusion of languages at Babel originated the differ- 
 ences which gave rise to the various languages of the families 
 which separated at the dispersion, then those several languages 
 are all of equal antiquity. Of these the Hebrew, as a distinct 
 language, was not one ; for the Hebrew nation was of posterior 
 origin. 
 
 4. All the words of the several great races of men, both in 
 Asia and Europe, which are vernacular in their several lan- 
 guages, and unequivocally the same, are of equal antiquity, as 
 they must h've been derived from the common Chaldee stock 
 which exis'ed before the dispersion. The words common to the 
 Syrians and Hebrews could not have been borrowed from the 
 Hebrew ; for the Hebrews originated from Heber and Abram, 
 several centuries after Syria and Egypt were populous countries. 
 This fact is attested by the Scripture history, which declares that 
 when Abram migrated from Chaldea, and came into Canaan or 
 Palestine, " the Canaanite was then in the land ; " and when he 
 returned from Egypt, " the Terizzite dwelt in the land." These 
 declarations, and the histor}' of Abimelech, and of the war of four 
 kings or chieftains with five, as also of the cities of Sodom and 
 Gomorrah, prove Syria to have been at that time well peopled. 
 The language of the inhabitants, then, must have been coeval 
 with the nation, and long anterior to the Hebrew as a distinct 
 dialect. It may be added, that in the early periods of the world, 
 when no books existed, nations, living remote or distinct, never 
 borrowed words from each other. One nation living in the midst 
 of another, as the Hebrews did among the Egyptians, may adopt 
 a single word, or a few words ; but a family of words thus adopted, 
 is an occurrence rarely or never known. The borrowing of words, 
 in modern times, is almost wholly from the use of books. 
 
 5. It is probable that some differences of language were pro- 
 duced by the confusion ; but neither that event nor any super- 
 natural event is necessary to account for the differences of dialect 
 or of languages now existing. The different modern languages 
 of the Gothic or Teutonic stock all originated in the natural 
 course of events ; and the differences are as great between them 
 as they are between the languages of the Shemitic stock. 
 
 6. Soon after two races of men of a common stock have sepa- 
 rated and placed themselves in distant countries, the language 
 of each begins to diverge from that of the other, by various 
 means. — 1. One tribe or nation will sufler one word to become 
 obsolete and be forgotten ; another will suffer the loss of another ; 
 sometimes a whole family of words will be lost; at other times, a 
 part only ; at other times, a single word only of a numerous fam- 
 ily will be retained by one nation, while another nation will re- 
 tain the whole. 2. The same word will be differently applied 
 by two distant races of men, and the difference will be so great 
 as to obscure the original affinity. 15. Words will b(" compounded 
 by two nations in a different manner, the same radical words 
 taking a different prefix or sudix, in different languages. Thus 
 wisdom in English is in German ireisheil, [wisehead, wis(!h()od,] 
 from wise, weis. The English mislead is in Danish forleder ':om 
 lend, teder. 4. The pronunciation and orthography of w- rds will 
 often be so much changed, tliat the same word in two languages 
 can not, witiiout difliculty, 1«; recognized as identical. No per- 
 son, without a considerable attention to the changes wliich letters 
 have suffered, wr)uld at once Buspect or believi; the English let 
 and the French laisse.r to be the same word. 
 
 7. As Abram migrated from Chaldt-a, he must have spoken 
 the Chaldee language ; and probably, at that time, the Syriac, 
 
 • VV«Uh cr.lt, a cover or iihfiltcr, a CHI ■■ criliivl, nn inhnbltant of the covert or 
 wood i etlti, to conceal, Lat. celo. In tiiiulic thir word ia r.mlt or ccilt. 'I'lio (Jelu 
 
 Arabic, and Egyptian, had not become so different, as to render 
 it impracticable for him to converse with the inhabitants of Pal- 
 estine and Egypt. But the language of Abram's descendants, 
 and that of the land of Shinar or the Chaldee, must, in the natu- 
 ral course of things, have begun to diverge soon after the separa- 
 tion ; and the changes in each language, being different, would, 
 in the course of a few centuries, form somewhat different lan- 
 guages. So in the days of Hezekiah, the Syriac and Hebrew 
 had become, in a degree, distinct languages. 2 Kings xviii. In 
 which of these languages the greatest number of alterations were 
 produced, we do not know ; but, from the general observations I 
 have made in my researches, it appears that the Chaldee dialect, 
 in the use of dental letters instead of sibilants, is much the most 
 general in the Celtic and Teutonic languages of Europe. Thus 
 the German only has a sibilant in wasser, when the other Teu- 
 tonic languages have a dental, icatcr. I think also that there are 
 far more words in the European languages which accord with the 
 Chaldee or Arabic, than there are words which accora with the 
 Hebrew. If this observation is well founded, the Hebrew must 
 have suffered the loss of more primitive words than the other 
 languages of the Shemitic family. This, however, is true, that 
 all of them have lost some words, and in some cases the Hebrew 
 retains what the others have lost. 
 
 8. The Hebrew Scriptures are, by many centuries, the most 
 ancient writings extant. Hence probably the strange inference, 
 that the Hebrew is the oldest language ; as if the inhabitants of 
 Chaldea and Syria had had no language for ages before the pro- 
 genitor of the Hebrews was born. 
 
 9. The vernacular words in the Celtic and Teutonic languages 
 of modern Europe, which are evidently the same words as still 
 exist in the Shemitic languages, are of the same antiquity ; being 
 a part of the common language which was used on the plain of 
 Shinar, before the dispersion. 
 
 The descendants of Japheth peopled the northern part of Asia, 
 and all Europe ; or, if some colonies from Egypt planted them- 
 selves in Greece at an early period, they or their descendants 
 must have been merged in the mass of Japhetic population. 
 Certain it is, that the Greek language is chiefly formed on the 
 same radical words as the Celtic and Teutonic languages. 
 
 The Japhetic tribes of men, whose descendants peopled the 
 south and west of Europe, were first established in the country 
 now called Persia, or, by the natives themselves, Iran. Of this 
 fact, the evidence now existing is decisive. The numerous words 
 found in the Greek, Latin, Gaelic, English, and the kindred 
 tongues, which are still used in Persia, prove, beyond all ques- 
 tion, that Persia must have been the residence of the people 
 whose descendants introduced into Europe the languages from 
 which the modern languages are derived. The fact proves fur- 
 ther, that a great body of the original Persians remained in their 
 own country, and their descendants constitute the mass of the 
 population at this day. 
 
 In the early stages of society, men dwelt or migrated in fami- 
 lies, tribes, or clans. The family of Abraham and Jacob in Asia, 
 and the clans of the Gaels in Scotland, exhibit to us the manner 
 in which societies and nations were originally formed. Tlie 
 descendants of a man settled around him, and formed a clan, or 
 tribe, of which the government was patriarchal. Such families 
 often migrated in a body, and often the personal characteristics 
 of the progenitor might be distinctly traced in his descendants 
 for many generations. In process of time, some of these families 
 became nations; more generally, by means of wars and migra- 
 tions, diflerent tribes became blended, and the distinction of 
 families was lost. 
 
 In rude ages, the families or tribes of men are named from 
 some characteristic of the people ; or, more generally, from the 
 ))lace of tiieir residence. The Greeks gave the name of Snjtliia 
 to the north of Europe and Asia, but the primitive inhabitants of 
 the we.st of Europe they called A iArm, Kelts, Celts, a word signi- 
 fying iroods meii." These were descendants from the same 
 ancestors as the Greeks and Romans themselves, but they liad 
 pushed their migrations into Gaul, S])ain, and Britain. The first 
 si'ttlers or occupiers of these countries were driven forward by 
 successive hordes, until they were checked by tile ocean ; there 
 they made their stand, and there we find their descendants at 
 this day. These may be considered as the descendants of the 
 earliest settlers or first inhabitants of the countries where they 
 are found. Among these are the inhabitants of France, south of 
 
 were oricHnnlly a tribe or nation inhabiting the nortb of Italy, or tlie titill more 
 northern territory. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXV 
 
 the Garonne, and those of the north of Spain, called by tlie Ro- 
 mans Aquitani and Cantabri, in more modern times Gascoigns, 
 Basques, and Cantabrians, who still retain their native language ; 
 and in Great Britain, the Gaels in Scotland, and the natives of 
 the north and west of Ireland, who also retain their primitive 
 language.* 
 
 The first inhabitants of the north and west of Europe, known 
 to the Greeks and Romans, to whom we are indebted for o>ir 
 earliest accounts of that region, were the Cimbri, wiio inhabited 
 the peninsula of Denmark, now called Jutland, and the tribes 
 which belonged to the Teutonic and Gothic races which w(>re 
 established in Germany and on both sides of the Baltic. Wliether 
 tribes of Celtic origin had overspread the latter countries before 
 the arrival of the Gothic and Teutonic races, and all Europe had 
 been inhabited by the Celts even to the borders of Sarmatia, has 
 been a question much disputed by historians and antiquaries. 
 The German and French writers generally contend that the 
 Celts inliabited all the nortli of Europe, as far at least as Sarma- 
 tia ; but some respectable English writers are of a ditterent opin- 
 ion. Now, it is agreed that the Welsh are descendants of tlie 
 Cimbri, inhabitants of .lutland ; and their language bears a strong 
 affinity to tlie Celtic languages which still e.xist — a fact that 
 * countenances the opinion of the German and French writers. 
 But the dispute is of little moment; the Celtic, Teutonic and 
 Gothic races being all of the Japhetic stock, migrating from Asia 
 through Asia Minor at different times, and pursuing different 
 courses westward. The first tribes probably sougiit the warm 
 climates along the north coast of the Mediterranean, and estab- 
 lished themselves in Greece and Italy. Others followed the 
 course of the Danabe and its subsidiary streams, till they fell 
 upon the rivers that conducted them to the Baltic. The first 
 inhabitants of Greece and Italy were probably of the Celtic race ; 
 but if they were, it is very evident that tribes of the Teutonic or 
 Gothic races invaded those countries before they were civilized, 
 and intermingled with the original inhabitants. The Pelasgi 
 may have been among the number. This is an inference which 
 I draw from the aflinities of the Greek and Latin languages with 
 those of Teutonic origin. The Teutonic and Gotliic races im- 
 pressed their language upon all the continent of Europe west of 
 the Vistula, and from that river to the Rhine, or rather to the 
 Seine, anterior to the conquest of Gaul by Julius Cesar. The 
 same races, invading and conquering the south of Europe, in the 
 fourth and fifth centuries, on the downfall of the Roman empire, 
 infused a portion of their language into the Italian and Spanish, 
 which is still distinguishable. 
 
 The ancient Sarmatia, including Poland and Russia, was prob- 
 ably peopled originally by races of men who passed into Europe 
 by the country north of the Euxine. Their original residence 
 was along the Rivers Kur and Araxes, or on the mountains be- 
 tween the Euxine and Caspian. The name of the Riiss or Rus- 
 sians is clearly recognized in the Roxolaiii of Pliny and Ptolemy, 
 and possibly the ancestors of this race may have entered Europe 
 by Asia Minor. That the Teutonic races, originally from Persia, 
 inhabited Asia Minor, and migrated westward by that course, is 
 evident from the names which they impressed on mountains, 
 rivers, and places. Such are the Cragns of Pliny, the Welsli and 
 English crag ;\ Perga in Pamphj'lifl, now burg or hergcn; Tliijm- 
 brcrk, tlie name of a small stream near the site of Troy, a word 
 in which we recocrnize the English brook; it was contracted by 
 the Greeks into Thijmbrius.X 
 
 It is admitted by all gentlemen acquainted with Oriental litera- 
 ture, that file Sanscrit, or ancient language of India, the parent 
 of all the dialects of that great peninsula, is radically the same 
 language or from the same stock as the Greek and Latin ; the 
 I affinities between them being remarkably clear and decisive. If 
 I so, the inhabitants of India and tlie (U^sceudants of the Celtic and 
 Teutonic nations are all of one family, and must have all migrated 
 
 * I purposely omit nil consideration of the difTerrnt familie.'i, tribes, or nations, 
 which first pi-oplcd Greece and Italy. In Greece we read of the tii'iun or 
 Ti ouni, the Hellenes, the .Vch.Tans, the Dorians, the ^1-^olians, the loninns, the 
 Helastii, k.c. ; in Italy, of the lllyrians, the Liburni, the Siculi, the Veneti or 
 Hcm-ii, the Iheri, Lijnrcs, Sicani, Etriisci, Insiibrrs, Sabini, Latini, Saniniles, 
 and many otluTs. But as these nations or their descendants pave the name of 
 Celts to the Umbri, or nations that dwelt in the north, in the less cultivnted 
 parts of Europe, and to the inhabitants of Gaul ; and as all the tribes, under 
 whatever denomination they were known, were branches of the cjeaX Japhetic 
 stock, I shall call them by that general name, ("ei.ts ; and under the general 
 name of Goths or Teutons, shall comprehend the various tril)es that inhabited 
 the north of Germany, and the countrj' north of the Baltic, or Scandinavia. 
 
 A late wtiter seems to consider the Teutonic races as the mXy ancestors of the 
 Greeks and Itomaiis. But from Celtic words still found in the Greek and Latin, 
 words not belonging to any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages, it is demon- 
 
 from one country after the separation of the nations of the She- 
 mitic stock from tliose of the Japhetic race.§ 
 I Whether that country was Persia, or Casliinir, or a country 
 ^ farther east, is a point not easily determined. One important 
 I inference results from this fact — that the white men of Europe, 
 I and the black or tawny men of India, are direct descendants 
 from a common ancestor. 
 
 Of tiie languages of Europe, the Greek was first improved and 
 refined, and next to that the Latin. The affinity between these 
 languages and those of the west and north of Europe is very 
 striking, and demonstrates their common origin. It is probable, 
 however, that there are some words in the Greek derived from 
 Africa, if Egyptian colonies were established in Greece, as his- 
 torians inform us. 
 
 The mndern Italian, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, are 
 composed chiefly of Latin words, much altered, however, both in 
 orthography and inflections. Perhaps nine tenths of all the words 
 now found in those languages are of Latin origin ; being intro- 
 duced by the Romans, who held Gaul in subjection five or six 
 centuries, and Spain much longer ; or being borrowed from Latin 
 authors since the revival of letters. Ail these languages, how- 
 ever, retain many words of Celtic origin; the primitive language 
 not having been entirely extirpated. In some ini-tances, the 
 same word has been transmitted through both channels, the Cel- 
 tic and the Latin, and is yet retained. Thus in French cider, 
 and in Italian cedere, is directlj' from the Latin ccdo ; while the 
 French cnngedicr and \iTd\vLn cnngedare are composed of the same 
 word, with a prefi.x, derived from the Celtic, and retained in the 
 Welsh i,'«f/«!0, to quit, to leave, [L. concedo.'] And this same verb 
 probably appears also in quit, a word common to th(- Teutonic 
 and to the Celtic languages. — See Conok, in the Dictionary. 
 
 It must be observed further, that the Spanish langtiage con- 
 tains some words of African origin, introduced by the Carthagin- 
 ians before the Roman conquest of Spain, or afterward by the 
 Moors, who for several centuries were masters of tliat country. 
 It contains also some words of Gothic origin, introduced by the 
 Goths, who conquered that country, at the downfall of the Ro- 
 man empire. The French also contains some words of Teutonic 
 origin, either from the Belgic tribes, who occupied the country 
 to the Seine at the time of Cesar's invasion, or from the Franks, 
 who established the dynasty of the Merovingian kings in the fifth 
 century, or from the Normans, who obtained possession of the 
 northern part of that kingdom in the tenth century, or from all ' 
 these sources. 
 
 Tlie German, Dutch or Belgic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, and 
 Swedish languages are of Teutonic or Gothic origin. || They 
 are all closely allied ; a great part of the words in them all being 
 the same or from the same roots, with different prefixes or affixes. 
 There is, however, a greater difference between the Danish and 
 Swedish, whicli are of the Gothic stock, and the German and 
 Dutch, which are of Teutonic origin, than between two lan- 
 guages of the same stock, as between the Danish and Swedish. 
 The Norwegian, Icelandic, and some of the languages or dialects 
 of Switzerland, belong to the same stock ; but of these I have no 
 particular knowledge. 
 
 The Basque or Cantabrian in Spain, the Gaelic in the nortfi 
 of Scotland, and the Hiberno-Celtic or native language of Ire- 
 land, are the purest remains of the ancient Celtic. From a com- 
 parison of a vocabulary of the Gaelic and liiberno-Celtic, I find 
 little or no difference between them ; and from a long and atten- 
 tive examination of this language, and of the languages of Teu- 
 tonic origin, I find less difference between them than most authors 
 have supposed to exist. 
 
 The Armoric or language of Brittany, in the north-west angle 
 of France, and tlie Cornish, in the south-west of England, are 
 also of Celtic origin. The Cornish is now extinct; but the Ar- 
 moric is a living language. 
 
 strabty certain that the primitive settlers in Greece and Italy belonged to the I 
 Celtic races. Thus the Greek /y.icivfw, Lat. brachium, the arm, is formed on the 
 Gaelic braish-t raiirfiy \V. brainy a word not found among the 'I'eutonic nations. 
 !?o the Welsh mociaWy to mock, is found in the Greek /i-.iva'.', and French mo~ 
 qiirr, to mock, and Ir. mogadh, a inocking ; hut not in any of the Gothic or Teu- 
 tonic languases. .Mnny similar facts prove that the Celtic races were among 
 the earlii^st inhabitants of Greece. 
 
 t Plin. 11. \. lib. .'■>, cap. 27. Ptrabo, lib. 7. 6, informs us that the Dalmatians 
 had the sincular practice of making a division of their fields every eighth year. 
 Hence perhaps the name, from dral, and moM or madhy country'. 
 
 X Clarke's Travels. 
 
 ft See the word Chuk, in the Diction.ary. 
 
 Il In strictness, the Swedish and Danish are of Gothic origin, and the German 
 i and Saxon, of Teutonic origin. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The English, as now spoken, is a language composed of. words 
 from several others. The basis of the language is Anglo-Saxon, 
 or, as I shall, for the sake of brevity, call it, Saxon, by which it 
 is closely allied to the languages of Teutonic and Gothic origin 
 on the continent. But it retains a great number of words from 
 the ancient languages of Britain, the Belgic or Lloegrian, and 
 the Cymraeg or Welsh, particularly from the latter, and some 
 from the Cornish. Cesar informs us, that before he invaded 
 Britain, Belgic colonies had occupied the southern coast of Eng- 
 land ; and the inhabitants of the interior, northern and western 
 parts, were the ancestors of the present Welsh, who call them- 
 selves Cymry, and their country Cymru, a name which indicates 
 their origin from the Cimbri, inhabitants of the modern Denmark, 
 or Cimbric Chersonese, now Jutland. 
 
 The modern Welsh contains many Latin words introduced by 
 the Romans, who had possession of Britain for five hundred years. 
 But the body of the language is probably their vernacular tongue. 
 It is more nearly allied to the languages of Celtic origin than to 
 those of the Teutonic and Gothic stock ; and of this British lan- 
 guage, the Cornish and Armoric are dialects. 
 
 It has been commonly supposed that the Britons were nearly 
 exterminated by the Saxons, and that the few that survived 
 escaped into the west of England, now Wales. It is true that 
 many took refuge in Wales, which their descendants still retain ; 
 but it can not be true that the other parts of England were 
 entirely depopulated. On the other hand, great numbers must 
 have escaped slaughter, and been intermixed with their Saxon 
 conquerors. The Welsh words, which now form no unimportant 
 part of the English language, afford decisive evidence of this fact. 
 It is probable, however, that these words were for a long time 
 used only by the common people, for few of them appear in the 
 early Saxon writers. 
 
 The English contains also many words introduced by the 
 Danes, who were for some time masters of England ; which words 
 are not found in the Saxon. These words prevail most in the 
 northern counties of England ; but many of them are incorpo- 
 rated into the body of the language. 
 
 After the Conquest, the Norman kings endeavored to extirpate 
 the English language, and substitute the Norman. For this pur- 
 pose, it was ordained that all law proceedings and records should 
 be in the Norman language ; and hence tlie early records and 
 I reports of law cases came to be written in Norman. But neither 
 ■ royal authority, nor the influence of courts, could change the 
 vernacular language. After an experiment of three hundred 
 I years, the law was repealed ; and since that period, the English 
 has been, for the most part, the official, as well as the common 
 language of the nation. A few Norman words, however, remain 
 in the English ; most of them in law language. 
 
 Since the Conquest, the I^nglish has not suffered any shock 
 from the intermi.xture of conquerors with the natives of England ; 
 but the language has undergone great alterations, by the disuse 
 of a large portion of Saxon words, and the introduction of words 
 from the Latin and Greek languages, with some French, Italian, 
 and Spanish words. These words have, in some instances, been 
 borrowed by authors directly from the Latin and Greek ; but 
 most of the Latin words have been received through the medium 
 of the French and Italian. For terms in the sciences, authors 
 have generally resorted to the Greek ; and from this source, as 
 discoveries in science demand new terms, the vocabulary of the 
 ErLglish language is receiving continual augmentation. We 
 have also a lew words from the German and Swedish, mostly 
 terms in mineralogy ; and commerce has introduced new com- 
 modities of foreign growth or manufacture, with their foreign 
 names, which now make a part of our language. Such are 
 camp/tor, amhrr, arsenic, and many others. 
 
 The English, then, is composed of, 
 
 1st, Sax')7i and Danish words of Teutonic and Gothic origin. 
 2d, Britisii or Welsh, Cornish and Armoric, which may be 
 ' considered as of Celtic origin. 
 
 3d, Norman, a mixture of French and Gothic. 
 4th, Latin, a language formed on the Celtic and Teutonic. 
 5th, French, chiefly Latin corrupted, but with a mixture of 
 Celtic. 
 
 I Gth, Greek, formed on the Celtic and Teutonic, with some 
 Coptic. 
 
 7th, A few words directly from the Italian, Spanish, German, 
 and other languages of the continent. 
 
 • Acrdriliiifc' lo Dr. Kdward", thi-rc 1h a rcmnrkniilo reHcmblniicp brtwcen the 
 Blicniltic langiiniiuH uiid tliu IMiihhrknncKW, or Muliegnn, on* of the native lan- 
 
 8th, A few foreign words, mtroduced by commerce, or by 
 political and literary intercourse. 
 
 Of these, the Saxon words constitute our mother tongue ; 
 being words which our ancestors brought with them from Asia. 
 The Danish and Welsh also are primitive words, and may be 
 considered as a part of our vernacular language. They are of 
 equal antiquity with the Chaldee and Syriac. 
 
 AFFINITY OF LANGUAGES. 
 
 On comparing the structure of the different languages of the 
 Shemitic and Japhetic stocks, we can not but be struck with the 
 fact, that although a great number of words consisting of the 
 same or of cognate letters, and conveying the same ideas, are 
 found in them all, yet in the inflections, and in the manner of 
 forming compounds and derivatives, there are remarkable differ- 
 ences between the two great families. In the modifications of 
 the verb, for expressing person, time, and mode, very little re- 
 semblance is observable between them. If we could prove that 
 the personal terminations of the verb, in the Japhetic languages, 
 were originally pronouns, expressive of the persons, we should 
 prove ait afiinity between the words of the two races in a most 
 important particular. Some attempts of this kind have been 
 made, but not with very satisfactory results.* 
 
 In the formation of nouns, we recognize a resemblance be- 
 tween the English termination th, in birth, trvth, drouth, [Saxon 
 drugothe,'\ warmth, &c., and the Shemitic t< rminations r"^ and 
 tn ; and the old plural termination en, retained in oxen, and the 
 Welsh plural ending ion, coincide nearly with the Arabic termi- 
 nation of the dual number an, and the regular masculine 
 
 plural termination on, as well as with the Chaldee, Hebrew, 
 
 and Syriac ^ in. And it is justly remarked by Mitford, that in 
 the variety of plural terminations of nouns, there is a striking 
 resemblance between the Arabic and the Welsh. There is one 
 instance, in the modern languages of Teutonic origin, in which 
 we find the Arabic nunnation : — this is the German and Dutch 
 hinncn, the Saxon binnan or binnon, signifying within, Hebrew 
 
 and Chaldee X''2, Ar. bin, without the mark of nunnation 
 when it signifies within; but when it signifies separation, space, 
 
 £> O- 
 
 interval, the original sense, it is written i^irii "ind pronounced, 
 with the nunnation, like the Teutonic word binnon. 
 
 One mode of forming nouns from verbs in the Shemitic lan- 
 guages is by prefixing m. I know of no instance of this manner 
 of formation in the Japhetic languages, except in some names 
 which are of Oriental origin. Mars is said to be from wnjc, but if 
 so, the word was undoubtedly formed in the East. So we find 
 Morpheus, the god of sleep, to be probably formed with the pre- 
 fix TO, from the Ethiopic M)i.<i- aorf, to rest, to fiill asleep; 
 whence we infer that Morpheus is sleep deified. t 
 
 But as many words in all the languages of Europe and Asia 
 are formed with prepositions, perhaps it may be found, on exami- 
 nation, that some of these prefixes may be common to the fami- 
 lies of both stocks, the Japhetic and the Shemitic. We find in 
 German gcmtdh, in Dutch gcmoed, from muth, moed, mind,moorf. 
 We find mad in Saxon is gemaad ; polish, the Latin polio, is in 
 Welsh caboli; mail, in Italian is both muglia and camaglia; belief 
 in Saxon is gclcaf, and in German glauhe. We find that in tiie 
 Shemitic languages, s!3?3 signifies to fill or be full, and We find 
 
 in the Arabic kamala, has the same signification. In 
 
 Syriac, ^^^«/, signifies to remove ; and kagal, signifies 
 
 to wander in mind, to be delirious. In Chaldee and Syriac, "1)31 
 is to wonder, precisely the Latin demiror, which is a compound 
 of de and iniror. 
 
 We find also that nations diilcr in the orthography of some in- 
 itial sounds, where the words are the same. Thus the Spanish has 
 
 gimges of New Kngland, In the iiso of tlm pronoiinii as prefixes and nflixes to 
 verbs. — Obacrvattons, ((C. p. 13. \ Liidolf, Col. 'Mli, 417. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xxvii 
 
 Ihimiir, Uorar, for the Latin clamo, ploro ; and the Welsh has 
 llainr, for the English floor, Uahi, a tall, lank person, coinciding 
 vi\\h flabby, llac for slack, and the like 
 
 ^s the prepositions and prefixes, in all languages, constitute an 
 important class of words, being used in composition to vary the 
 sense of other parts of speech, to an almost unlimited extent, it 
 may be useful to give them a particular consideration. 
 
 The simple prepositions are, for the most part, verbs or parti- 
 ciples, or derived from them ; when verbs, they are the radical or 
 primary word, sometimes varied in orthography by the addition 
 or alteration of a single vowel, or perhaps, in some cases, by the 
 loss of the initial consonant, or aspirate. Such are the Greek 
 naou, ntnt, xara ; the Latin core and per ; the English/or, which 
 retain their original consonants. The following, of, by, in, on, 
 un; the Latin ub, ad, pro, pra, re; the Greek «/io, em, nno, may 
 have lost the initial or final consonants ; of for hof ; in for kin ; 
 ab for hub ; pro for prod. In some words this loss can only be 
 conjectured ; in others, it is known or obvious. Thus tlie Eng- 
 lish by and be was originally big, as it is in the Saxon ; and the 
 Latin re is written also red, evidently a derivative of an Arabic 
 verb still existing; the Latin sub and super are formed probably 
 from the Greek i<no, intn, by the change of an aspirate into 
 or the Greek words have lost that letter. The English but in the 
 phrase "They are all here but one," is a participle; the Saxon 
 butan, or buton ; Dutch buitcn, from buiten, to rove. Among is the 
 Saxon gcmang the verb, or the participle of gcmcngan, to mingle. 
 
 In general, the primary sense of the preposition is moving, or 
 • moved. Thus to in English, and ad in Latin, primarily denote 
 advancing toward a place or object; as in the sentence, "We 
 are going to town." From, of, Lat. ab, Gr. u.-ro, denote motion 
 from a olace or object. The French prds is from the Italian 
 presso, and this is the Latin participle pressus, pressed ; hence it 
 denotes near, close. 
 
 In some instances prepositions are compounds, as the English 
 before ; that is, be or by fore, by the front ; and the French 
 auprcs, at or near. 
 
 Prepositions, from their frequent use, and from the ease with 
 which their primary signification is modified to express differ- 
 ences of position, motion, or relation, as occasions demand, have, 
 in many instances, a great variety of applications ; not, indeed, as 
 many as lexicographers sometimes assign to them, but several 
 different, and soiaetimes opposite significations ; as, for examples, 
 the English for, with, the Latin con, and the Greek naoa. For, 
 which is from the root of the Saxon faran, Greek nuotvouui, to 
 pass, denotes toicard, as in the phrase " A ship bound for Jamai- 
 ca ; " or it denotes in favor of, as, "This measure is /or the 
 public benefit;" or, "The present is /or a friend." But it de- 
 notes also opposition or negation, as in forbear, forgive, forbid. 
 
 With is a verb, but 'has rather the sense of a participle. It is 
 found in the Gothic with a prefix, ga-xcithan, to join or unite. 
 Its primary sense, then, is joined, close ; hence, in company ; as in 
 the sentences — "Go icjiii him," " Come Jci/Zi me." It has the 
 sense also of from, against, contrariety, opposition, a.s in withdraw, 
 withstand, without. In Saxon it had also the sense of toward, as 
 " jci'/A eorthan," toward the earth; also of for, denoting substitu- 
 tion or equivalent in exchange, as, " sylan with dmgcs weorce," to 
 give for a day's work; also of opposite, over against, as, '■' icith 
 tha s<e," opposite the sea. 
 
 Con, in Latin, generally signifies xeith, toward or to, denoting 
 closeness or union, approach, joint operation, and the like, as 
 in concurro, conjungo, congredior ; but it has also the sense of 
 against or opposition, as in contendo. 
 
 The Greek naoit is doubtless from the root of the English //jrc, 
 Saxon faran, to go, to pass. It signifies from, that is, departure 
 — also at, to, Latin ad; near, icith, beyond, and against. 
 
 To understand the cause of the different and apparently con- 
 trary significations, we are to attend to the primary sense. The 
 effect of passing to a place is nearness, at, presso, pris, and this 
 may be expressed by the participle, or, in a contracted form, by 
 the verb. The act of passing or moving toward a place, readily 
 gives the sense of such prepositions as to, and the Latin ad, and 
 this advance may be in favor or for the benefit of a person or 
 thing, the primary sense of which may perhaps be best expressed 
 by toward; "A present or a measure is toicard him." But 
 when the advance of one thing toward another is in enmity or 
 opposition, we express the sense by against ; and this sense is 
 especially expressed when the motion or approach is in front of a 
 , person, or intended to meet or counteract another motion. Hence 
 j the same word is often used to express both senses, the context 
 determining which signification is intended. Thus /or in Eng- j 
 
 lish, in the sentence, " lie that is not for us is against us," de- 
 notes in favor of. But in the phrase "/or all that," it denotes 
 opposition. " It rains ; but for all that, we will take a ride," that 
 is, in opposition to that, or notwithstanding the rain, we will 
 ride. 
 
 The Greek nana, among other senses, signifies beyond, that is, 
 past, and over, Hebrew ^,zV. 
 
 The prepositions which are used as distinct words, are called 
 separable prepositions, or more generally prepositions : — those 
 which are used only in composition, are called inseparable prep- 
 ositions. For the sake of brevity, I give to all words or single 
 letters, prcfi.xed to other words in composition, the general name 
 of prefixes. 
 
 One of the best modes of ascertaining the true sense of a prep- 
 osition, is, to examine its various uses in composition, and dis- 
 cover what effect it has in modifying the signification of the word 
 to which it is prefixed. 
 
 Prepositions, used in compounds, often suffer the loss or change 
 of a letter, for the sake of euphony, or the ease of pronunciation. 
 Thus ad in Latin becomes// in affero ; con becomes col in colligo ; 
 the Greek jiaiia loses a letter in nuoiifn, as does avri in many 
 words. 
 
 The following sketch of the principal prepositions and prefixes 
 in several languages of Europe, will exhibit some of the affinities 
 of these languages, and, in a degree, illustrate the uses of this 
 class of words. 
 
 SAXON AND GOTHIC. 
 
 J}nd, Saxon and Gothic, signifies against, opposite. This is 
 the Greek urn, and Latin ante, not borrowed from the Greek or 
 Latin, but a native word. Exiiiuples, andstandan, to stand 
 against, to resist ; andsicarian, ansicarian, to answer ; that is, to 
 speak again, against, or in return. 
 
 Amb, emb, ymb, usually cmb, Saxon, signifying about, around ; 
 coinciding with the Latin amb, and Greek utufi. Example, exnb- 
 faran, to go around, to walk about; embutait, about; emb, about, 
 and butan, without. See But. Ambekt, embcht, ymbeht, oflice, 
 duty ; whence we have embassador. This in Gothic is and- 
 bahtei ; and a bailiff, minister, or servant, is andbahts. The Ger- 
 mans have the word contracted in amt, charge, office, Dutch 
 ainpt, Danish ambt. ^jThe Gothic orthography gives rise to the 
 question, whether amb, emb, a.nd ain, Saxon and Gothic ajid, are 
 not radically the same word ; and it is very certain that the 
 Gothic and Saxon and is radically the same word as the Latin 
 in, Danish ind. So in Gothic, '■^ and wigans," in the ways, into 
 the highways, Luke xiv. 23; "n?trf liaimos," per vicos, through 
 the towns, Luke ix. 6. 
 
 This preposition, amb, is in Dutch om ; in German um ; in 
 Swedish and Danish om. 
 
 At is a Gothic preposition and prefix, coinciding with English 
 at, Latin ad. 
 
 Be, in Saxon, as a preposition and prefix, is always written be, 
 or big, answering to the English by, a preposition, and be in beset. 
 In Gothic, it is written it, by, and be, being contractions of big. 
 The primary and principal signification is near, close; as, " Stand 
 or sit by me." So in the word bystander. It is a prefi.x of ex- 
 tensive use in the Saxon, German, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish. 
 Its use in denoting instrumentality, may be from the sense of 
 nearness ; but more probably it is from passing, like per, through ; 
 or it denotes proceeding from, like of; as, " Salvation is of the 
 Lord." 
 
 For, in Saxon, as in English, is a preposition and prefix of ex- 
 tensive use. In Saxon, /or signifies a-going, from faran, to go, 
 to fare. It is radically the same word as fore, in the sense of in 
 front, before. Its primary sense is advancing; hence moving 
 toicard; hence the sense of in favor of, and that of opposition, or 
 negation. See the preceding remarks. 
 
 This word in German is fur, but, with this orthography, the 
 word is little used in composition. Yet the German has fnrbitte, 
 intercession, or praying fur ; furwort, intercession, recommenda- 
 tion, and a pronoun, [far-word ;'] and fiir-wahr, forsooth. 
 
 In the sense of fore, the German has ror, a wojd of extensive 
 use as a prefix. Thus in Saxon foreseen, to foresee, is in German 
 Torschen. The identity of these words will not be questioned. 
 But in German, as in Dutch, the preposition ver, which is the 
 English far, and Saxon fyr, is used in composition, in words in 
 which the Saxon and English have for. Thus forgifan, to for- 
 give, is in German vergcben, and in Dutch vergeecen — Saxon, 
 forgitan, to foTget; German vergessen ; Duich vergeeten. Hence 
 
xxviii 
 
 [NTRODUCTION. 
 
 we see that the Saxon for, fore, fyr, the English /or, /ore, /ar, 
 and the German /ir, tot, and ver, are from the same radix. 
 
 In Dutch, /or and /ore are represented by voor, and rer repre- 
 sents/or and /ar. 
 
 The Danish also unites /or and /ore, as does the Swedish. 
 The French has this word in pour, and the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese in ]>or. The latter signifies not only for, but thTOugh, as 
 in Portuguese, " Eu passarei yor Franqa," 1 will pass tlirouirh 
 France Here we see the sense of moving. In Spanish and 
 Portuguese, tliis word is written also para, as if from the Greek. 
 It is evidently the same word, probably received through a differ- 
 ent channel from that of por. Now, through is the exact sense 
 of the Latin per; and per is the Italian preposition answering to 
 for and por. But, what is more to the purpose, the Spanish, 
 Italian, and Portuguese word, equivalent to the English forgive, 
 is in Spanish perdonar, in Italian perdonare, and in Portuguese 
 perdoar ; and the French is pardonner. Here, then, we have 
 strong if not conclusive evidence, that for, pour, por, per, par, 
 and para, in different languages, are all from one stock, the 
 word being varied in dialect, or by the different families; just as 
 we have far, as well as the Saxon fijr, and the English forth, 
 further, from the same primitive word. We have the same word 
 in pursue and purchase, from the French pour. 
 
 The Greek has tkqui , and nana, probably from the same root, 
 as well as Trootvouai , ttoqoc. 
 
 Ga, in Gothic, which is ge in Saxon, is a prefix of very exten- 
 sive use. In Saxon, it is prefixed to a large portion of all the 
 verbs in the language. According to Lye, it has sometimes the 
 sense of the Latin cum; but in most words I can not discern any 
 effect of this prefix on the signification of the simple verb. It is 
 retained in the Danish and in some German and Dutch words, 
 especially in the participles of verbs, and in nouns formed from 
 them. But it is remarkable that, although the Saxon is our 
 mother tongue, we have not remaining in the language a single 
 instance of this prefi.x, with the original orthograph}'. The only 
 remains of it are in tiie contraction a, as in aicake, adrift, ashamed, 
 (fcc, from gev-eecan, atrtecan ; gcdriftin, adrifan ; gesceamian, 
 ascamian. The letter y prefixed to verbs and participles used by 
 Chaucer, as yhcricd, yhlcnt, yborc, ydight, and a few others, is the 
 remnant of the ge. The words yclad and ycleped are the last 
 English words used in which this letter appears. 
 
 It is possible that the first syllable of g(f$ern, from Latin gu- 
 herno, Greek xi-^i<nuv\ may be the same prefix ; or it may be the 
 Welsh prefix go, which occurs in goberu, to work, which the 
 Romans wrote operor. But I know not whether the first syllable 
 of govern is a prefix or not. 
 
 There is anotlier word vi'hich retains this prefix corrupted, or 
 its equivalent ; this is common, which v/e have received from the 
 Latin communis. This word in the Teutonic dialects is, Saxon 
 gcmane ; German gemein ; Dutch gemecn ; Danish gcmeen ; 
 Swedish gcmen. Now, if tliis is the Latin communis, — and of the 
 identity of the last component part of the word there can, I 
 think, be no doubt, — then the first part of the word is the Teu- 
 tonic ge altered to coin; or, what is more probable, com is the 
 equivalent of ge, or ge may be a contracted and corrupted form 
 of cum, com. In either case, we arrive at the conclusion that the 
 Teutonic ge and the Latin cum are equivalent in signification. 
 
 In is used in the Saxon and Gotiiic, as in modern English. 
 It is in German ein, Dutch and Svvi-dish in, Danish ind, Greek 
 ti; Latin in, French en. This is radically' the same word as on 
 and un, the German an, Dutch aan, and Welsh an. In its origi- 
 nal sense, it implies moving, advancing toward ; and hence its 
 use as a particle of negation or contrariety. " Eunt iti urbcm," 
 They are going to the city. " Hsec audio in te dici," I hoar these 
 things said against you. In modern military usage, 07i is used in 
 the same sense of advancing; " Tiie army is marciiing v7i Liege." 
 
 Mid, in Saxon, signifies icith. It is tlie Gothic mith, German 
 mil, Dutcl) nirde or met, and the Greek iitTu ; but not retained in 
 English. It seems to have the same origin as 7nid, middle, amidst. 
 In the Gothic it is used as a prefix. 
 
 Mis, a prefix, is tlie verb miss, to deviate. Jt is used in 
 Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish, in nearly the same 
 sense as in J^iiglish. Its racfical sense is to depart, or wander. 
 
 Of is a preposition and prelix of extensive use in tiie Saxon, 
 as in Englisii. It d(-notes, primarily, issuing or proceeding from ; 
 hence separation, departure, and distance : in the latter sense, it 
 is writt<.'n off. It is the Latin ab, writti-n by tlie early Romans 
 a/; tlie Greek una, the German ab, the Dutch af, Danish and 
 Swedish af. The Saxons often prefixed tliis word in cases wliere 
 we use it after the verb as a modifier ; as, of-drifan, to drive off; 
 
 as it is still used by the Germans, Dutch, Swedes, and Danes. 
 We retain it, as a prefix, in offset and offspring, Saxon of-spring. 
 As it denotes proceeding from, it is the proper sign of the genitive 
 case ; the case expressing production. ^ 
 
 Ofcr, English over, Gothic nfar, German ilher, Dutch over, 
 Danish ocfr, Swedish ofver, is a preposition and prefix, in all the 
 Teutonic and Gothic languages which I have examined ; and in 
 the same or similar senses. This seems to be the Greek J Trty, 
 from which the Latins formed super by converting the aspirate 
 of the Greek vowel into 5. This is probably the Hcb. Ch. Syr. 
 Ar. "^^"Si to pass, a passing, beyond. 
 
 On is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of very extensive use. 
 It is obviously a different orthography of in, and it is used for in 
 in the Saxon; as, " o» onginn," in the beginning. It has also the 
 sense we now give to on and upon, with other modifications of 
 signification. 
 
 In composition, on signifies into, or toward ; as, on-blnwan, to 
 blow in; onclifan, to adhere, to cleave to; and it is also a parti- 
 cle of negation, like un ; as, ojibindan,to unbind. This on is only 
 a different spelling of un, in Dutch on, German un, used as a 
 word of negation. The Gothic has un and und, in the like sense, 
 as tile Danish has un; the Dutch ont. In this sense, un answers 
 precisely to the Greek airi, and as this is sometimes written und 
 in Gotliic, as in is written ind in Danish, there can be little doubt 
 that in, on, un, uiri, are all from one stock. The original word 
 may have been han, hin, or hon; such loss of the first letter is 
 very common ; and inn, from the Ch. and Heb. n:n, presents us 
 with an example. See In and Inn, in the Dictionary. 
 
 The German has an, and the Dutch aan, in the sense of m 
 and on. 
 
 0th is a Saxon preposition and prefix, sometimes written ath 
 and ed, and answering nearly to the Latin ad and re; as in ofh- 
 witan, contracted, to twit, to throw in the teeth. It has also tlje 
 sense of from, or away, or against, as in othswerian, to abjure. 
 This preposition is obsolete, but we have the remains of it in 
 ttcit, and perhaps in a few other words. 
 
 Sam, samod, a prefix. See the Danish and Swedish, infra,. 
 
 To is a preposition and prefix, of extensive use in our mother 
 tongue. It occurs as a prefix in such words as to-bra:can, to 
 break ; to-beran, to bring or bear, [adferre.'] We retain it in to- 
 gether, Saxon togadere ; and in toward, Saxon toward, towardes ; 
 and in tomorrow, today, tonight. The Dutch write it toe, and the 
 Germans zu, and both nations use it extensively as a prefix. In 
 Gothic it is written du, as in du-ginnan, to gin, that is, to begin. 
 
 It would be gratifying to learn whether the Ethiopic "1^, which 
 is prefixed to many verbs, is not the remains of the same prep- 
 osition. 
 
 Un is a Saxon prefix, of extensive use as a privative or parti- 
 cle of negation. See On and In. 
 
 Under is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of considerable use in 
 the present English sense. The Germans write it unter, and the 
 Dutch onder, and use it in like manner. The Danes and Swedes 
 write it under, and use it in the same sense. 
 
 Up, uppe, is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of considerable use 
 in the present English sense. The Gothic has vf, in the sense 
 of the Latin sub. The Germans write it auf, and the Dutch op, 
 the Danes op, and the Swedes np, and all use it as a prefix. 
 
 Us, in Gothic, is a preposition and prefix. This is the German 
 aus, and equivalent to the Latin ex. It is the Saxon at, the Eng- 
 lish 0M<, Dutch uit, Swedish ut, and Danish ud, dialectically 
 varied. To this answers the Welsh ys, used in composition ; but 
 Tjs seems rather to be a change of the Latin er, for the Latin 
 erpcllo is written in Welsh yspeliaw, and cxlcndo is estyn. 
 
 Wither, in Saxon, from the root of icith, denotes against, or 
 opposition. It is a prefix in Saxon, ivritten in German wider, in 
 Dutch weder ; Danish and Swedish veder. It is obsolete, but 
 retained in the old law term withernam, a counter-taking or 
 distress. 
 
 In the German language, there are some prepositions and pre- 
 fixes not found in the Saxon; as, 
 Ent, denoting from, out, away. 
 Er, witlidut, out or to. Danish rr. 
 
 A'ach, projierly nigh, as in narhbar, neighbor ; but its most 
 common signilication in composition is after ; as in nachgehcn, to 
 go after. 'I'liis sense is easily deducible from its primary sense, 
 whicli is close, near, from urging, pressing, or following. In 
 Dutch, tills word is contracted to na, as in nahuur, neighbor ; 
 nagaan, to follow. The Russ has iia also, a prefix of extensive 
 use, and probably the same word. This fact suggests the ques- 
 
1 N Til O D 
 
 tion, whether tlie ancestors of these great families of men had not 
 their residence in the same or an adjoining territory. It deserves 
 also to be considered whether this na is not tiie Shemitic :> oc- 
 curring as a prefix to verbs. 
 
 Il'cg. is a preti.x used in the German and Dutch. It is the 
 Saxon, German, and Dutch ?<.■(•"■, way ; in tlio sense of mcaij, or 
 passinir from, from tiie verb, in Sa.\on wiesidn, iregiin, to carry, to 
 weigh, ICnglish to ;rrtif, the sense of which is to move or pass; as 
 German icr^Jullcn, to fall otf or away. 
 
 Zer, in German, denotes separation. 
 
 In the (lothic dialects, Danlsli and Swedi.sh, frn is used as a 
 prefi.\. This is the Scottish J'ni, I'^nglisli from, of wliicli it may 
 be a contraction. 
 
 Fnim in Swedish, and frem in Danisli, is also a prefi.'i. The 
 primary sense is to go, or proceed, and hence it denotes moving 
 to or toward, forth, &c., as in Danish f reiufijrcr, to bring forth ; 
 frciii/.alder, to call for. But in Danish, fremmcti is ;itran;re, 
 foreign, and it is probable that the English /Vow is from the s i me 
 root, with a difl'erent application. It may be from the same stock 
 as the Gothic fnim, origin, beginning, Latin primus, signifying 
 to shoot forth, to extend, to pass along. 
 
 Gieii, igivn, in Danish, and ii^en, in Swedish, is the English 
 guin in iigu'in, ngnhist. This is a jireli.x in both these Gothic 
 languages. It has the sense of the Latin re, as in igicnhommrr, 
 to come back, to return ; of against, as in igicnkahler, to counter- 
 mand, or recall ; of again, as gicnhinder, to bind again. This 
 may be the Latin con. 
 
 Mud, in Danish, and mot, emot, in Swedish, is a preposition, 
 signifying to, toward, against, contrary, for, by, -upon, out, etc. ; 
 as mod stadcn," toward the city; modstridcr, to resist; mod- 
 irift, an antidote ; modhor, a contrary wind ; modvind, the same. 
 This is the English vicet, in the Gothic orthography, motyan, to 
 meet, whence to moot. 
 
 O, in Swedish, is a negative or privative prefix, as in otidig, 
 immature, in English, 7^o^ tidy. It is probably a contracted 
 word. „ 
 
 Paa in Danish, pa, in Swedish, is a preposition and prefix, 
 signifying on, in, upon. Whether this is allied to be, by, and the 
 Russ. /)0, I shall not undertake to determine with confidence; 
 but it probably is the same, or from the same source. 
 
 Summan, signifying together, and from the root of assemble, is 
 a prefix of considerable use in both languages. It answers to 
 the Saxon sani, saniod, equivalent to the Latin con or cum. It 
 seems to bo allied to same and the Latin similis. 
 
 Til, both in Danish and Swedish, is a prefix, and in Danish, of 
 very extensive use. It is efjuivalent to the English to or toirard, 
 and signifies also at, in, on, by, and about, and in composition 
 often has the sense of back or re, as in tilbage, backward, that is, 
 to back; but ijenerally it retains the sense of to or onward; as in 
 tilbyder, to ofler, that is, to speak or order to; tildriver, to drive 
 on ; til giver, to allow, to pardon, that is, to give to, and hence to 
 give back, to remit. This is the English till, which we use in the 
 same sense as the Danes; but in English it alwaj's refers to time, 
 whereas in Danish and Swedish it refers to place. Thus we 
 can not say, " We are goinff till town ; " but we say, " Wait till 
 I come, till my arrival ; " literally, " Wait to I come, to my arri- 
 val ; " that is, to the time of arrival. The dirterence is not in the 
 sense of the preposition, but in its a|)j)Hcation. 
 
 The Scotcli retain the Danish and Swedish use of this word ; 
 no slight evidence of their origin. 
 
 U in Danish, the Swedish O, is a prefix, equivalent to in, and 
 is used as a privative or negative; as xnvaar, an unseasonable 
 year; uartig, uncivil. 
 
 RUSSIAN. 
 
 Vo, or re, signifies in, at. Ay, and may possibly Le from the 
 8arne root as the English be, by. lJut see Po. 
 
 Za is a prefix signifying /or, on account of, by reason of, after; 
 as in zaviduyu, to envy, from zid, visage ; viju, to see, Latin 
 video; zadirayu, from dcrii, to tear; zamirayu, to be astonished 
 or stupefied, from the root of Latin miror, and Russian mir, 
 peace ; miryu, to pacify, to reconcile ; mirnie, pacific ; zamirenie, 
 peace, pacification ; zamiriayu, to make peace ; Arm. miret, to hold, 
 to stop ; tlu- radical sense of wonder, astonishment, and of peace. 
 
 Ko, a preposition, signifying to, toward, for. 
 
 j\'a, a preposition and prefix, signifying on, upon, at, for, to, 
 seems to be the German nacli, Dutch na ; as in nagrada, rec- 
 ompense ; na, and the root of Latin gratia ; nasidaipi, to sit 
 down, &c. 
 
 ' _ 
 
 E 
 
 .Xa a preposition, sigrtifying above or upon. 1 
 O, .» [seposition, sii?nifying of or from, and for. \ 
 Ob', <i preposition and prefix, signifying to, on, against, about; \ 
 as, cbnemayu, In surround, to embrace; ob and Saxon ncman, to I 
 take. I 
 
 Ot ii a p.'-eposllion, signifying from, and it may be the English 
 out. 
 
 Po i'j a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying in, 
 by, njtrr. from, &c. ; as, podaipi, to give to; polagayu, to lay, to 
 exj)ern', employ, lay out; to tax or assess; to establish or fix; 
 to believe or su()pose ; pi> and lai/. This corresponds with Eng- 
 lish by, and the Latin has it in po.isideo, and a few other words. 
 [Saxon lii-,<itltin .] I'omen, remembrance, j<o and mens, mind. 
 
 Uad. .1 preposition, sigiiitying/or, or for the love of. 
 
 So, a prepositiju and prefix of extensive use, signifying with, 
 of, f rum ; and as a mark of comjjarison, it answers nearly to the 
 Eii^'l >li so or as. 
 
 i', with the sound of is a preposition and prefix of extensive 
 use. It signifies near, by, at, with, as ubcrayu, to put in order, to 
 adjust, lo cut, to reap, to mow, to dress, F'rench purer, Latin 
 paro ; u<f)da, satisfaction; ugudnei, good, useful, English good; 
 udol, a dale, from dol. 
 
 WELSH. 
 
 The prefixes in the Welsh language are numerous. The fol- 
 lowing are the principal. 
 
 Jim, about, encompassing; Saxon amb, Greek auijt. 
 An. See Saxon hi. 
 
 Cy, cyd, cyv, cym, implying union, and answering to cum, con, 
 and CO in Latin. Indeed cym, written also rj/p, seems to be the 
 Latin ram, and cy may be a contraction of it, like co in Latin. 
 Ca seems also to be a prefix, as in caboli, to polish, Latin /lolio. 
 
 Ci/n, cynt, former, first, as if allied to begin. 
 
 Di, negative and privative. 
 
 Dis, ne gative and precise. 
 
 Dy^ iterative. 
 
 E and ec, adversative. 
 
 Ed ar.d eit, denoting repetition, like re, Saxon ed, otii. 
 Es, sei)arating, like Latin ex. See Ys. 
 
 Go, extenuating, inchoative, approaching, going, denotes dim- 
 inution or a less degree, like the Latin sub ; as in gobrid, some- 
 what Jear. This seems to be from the root of English go. 
 
 Ila i, expressive of origination. 
 
 TJe '.,, n.artly, half. 
 
 0.7, ail. 
 
 lih 'g, before. 
 
 liky, over, excessive. 
 
 Tru, over, beyv>nd; Latin trans- 
 Try , tlirough. 
 
 Ym, mutual, reflective. . 
 
 Ys, Je-jOting troni, out of, separation, proceeding from, answer- 
 ing to Uie Latin ex ; as, yspellaw, to expel. So cs, Welsh, estyn, 
 to ex'.cnil. 
 
 ISIo ,t ' f these prepositions, when used as prefixes, are so dis- 
 tinct as f J be known to be prefixes. 
 
 Biu in some instances, the original preposition is so obscured 
 by a looS or change of letters, as not to be obvious, nor indeed 
 discovcible, wilnout resorting to an ancient orthography. Thus, 
 witlio'.t the aid of the Saxon orthography, we should probablj- 
 not be al)lo to detect the component parts of the English twit. 
 But in SaXon it is written edwitan and othwilan ; the preposition 
 or prelix oth, with wilan, to disallow, reproach, or cast in the 
 teet'.. 
 
 It h?.3 been above suggested to be possible, that in the Shemit- 
 ic laniTU!' 'es, the 3 !n triliteral roots ma^' be the same prefix as 
 the Russian na, the Dutch na, and the German nach. Let the 
 reader altend to ih.' following words. 
 
 ileorew 'CZ'., to look, to behold, to regard. The primary sense 
 oflou.i. .s, to reach, extend, or throw. 
 
 Cn , ».j look ; also to bud or sprout. 
 
 Ar. ^2,^ nabata, to spring, or issue as water; to flow out; to 
 
 devi.-!»^ or strike out ; to draw out. 
 
 If the first letter is a prefix, the Hebrew word would accord 
 with Lali'i video ; the Chaldee, with video and with bud, Spanish 
 botar, French bouton, bouter, to put, and English to pout, and 
 Fren'.li bout, end, from shooting, extending. 
 
XXX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ar. nabatha, to bud; to germinate. See Ch. supra. 
 
 Heb. ;a3 naval, to fall ; to sink down ; to wither ; to fall oft', as 
 leaves and flowers ; to act foolishly ; to disgrace. Derivative, 
 foolish ; a fool; it" ntfal, Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam., to fall. 
 
 Ch. b-: nahal, to make/ow/; to defile; that is, to throw or 
 put on. 
 
 Ar. Juo nrihala, to shoot, as an arrow ; to drive, as camels ; to 
 
 excel ; also to die ; that is, probably, to fall. 
 
 Can there be any question, tiiat fall, foul, a.nd fool are this very 
 word, without the first consonant.' The Arabic, without the first 
 consonant, agrees with Gr. fJu/./o, and the sense of falling, tlicn, 
 is to throw one's self down. 
 
 Heb. natar, to keep, guard, preserve, retain, observe. 
 
 Ch. to observe; to keep; to lay up. 
 
 Syr. and Sam. id. 
 
 Eth. h([\^ natar, to shine. 
 
 Ar.^jJ^ natara, to keep; to see ; to look ; to attend. 
 
 Remove the first letter, and this coincides with the Greek 
 
 No person will doubt whether i^^!] namal, to circumcise, is 
 •formed on mul. 
 
 Ch. "is; nasar, to cut; to saw. Syr. id. Lat. scrra, scrro. 
 
 Ar. tXAJ nafida, to fade, to vanish, to perish, to be empty, to 
 fail. 
 
 Heb. nQ3 nafach, to blow, to breathe. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. id. 
 from niD, puach, to blow. 
 
 If the Shemitic ; in these and similar words is a prefix or the 
 remains of a preposition, it coincides very closely with the Russ. 
 and Dutch na, and the latter we know to be a contraction of the 
 German narh. Now, the German nach is the English nigh; for 
 no person can doubt the identity of the German nachbar and the 
 English neighbor. 
 
 In the course of my investigations, I very early began to sus- 
 pect that b, /, J), c, g, and k, before I and r, are either casual 
 letters, introduced by peculiar modes of pronunciation, or tlie 
 remains of prepositions; most probably the latter. I had ad- 
 vanced far in my Dictionary, with increasing evidence of the 
 truth of this conjecture, before I had received Owen's Dictionary 
 of the Welsh language. An examination of this work has con- 
 firmed my suspicions, or rather changed them into certainty. 
 
 If we attend to. the manner of articulating the letters, and the 
 ease with which bl, br,ft,fr, pi, pr, cl, rr, gl, gr, are pronounced, 
 witliout an intervening vowel, even without a sheva, we shall 
 not be surprised that a preposition or prefix, like be, pe, pa, po, or 
 ge., should, in a rapid pronunciation, lose its vowel, and tlie con- 
 sonant coalesce closely witli the first letter of the princijjal word. 
 Thus blank, prank, might naturally be formed from bclank,perunh. 
 That these words are thus formed, I do not know ; but there is 
 nothing in the composition of the words to render it iinprobalile. 
 Certain it is, that a vast number of words are formed with these 
 prefixes, on other words, or the first consonant is a mere adven- 
 titious addition ; for they are used with or without the first con- 
 sonant. Take the following examples: — 
 
 Hibcrno-Ccltic, or Irish, brae or brack, the arm, is written also 
 raigh, Welsh brair, whence ji'ia/iuyr, brachium. Braigh, the 
 neck, Sax. hraca, Eng. rack, (Jr. i/ujris. Fraoch, heath, ling, 
 brake, L. erica. 
 
 * II liefori; I and r in Saxon corresponds to the Greek k, and Latin e, before tlie 
 same Icitera. 
 
 t I do not follow Owen to the last step of his analysis, as I am of opinion 
 that, in makini; nirmosyllahic wordf^ to be compound, he often errs. For ex- 
 anifile, he HiippoHcH broc, a ttiiiiiilt, to ht- from r/iof, a broken or rrmeh utterance ; 
 a (rriint or Kroan ; ana this, to be a compound of rftij, (^xi^ess, what is over or 
 beyond, and nr^ a fore.ible iitieriinre, a (;ro:ui. I beli<;ve r/wg to be a primitive 
 unconi|Miiinde(f word, coincidinc willi the KuElish Timjjh. 
 
 Owi-w HupiKiscH plail, a Hal thine, a filate, to be from llail, with py. /Jail he 
 explaini, what in given, a uifl, iiood Ihinus, and pij, what is inward or involved. 
 I have no doubt that the fir«t letter is a prefix in jilaii, but, b;>yond all i|uestioii, 
 Uail i« from the same root as lUd, breadth, coincidliii! with l.nl. latum both from 
 B common root liKnifying to extend. But I do not buliovo Uad or Ucd to bu cuni- 
 I (loiind word". 
 
 Oiill, a duke, f)wcn «nppo«e« to bo formed on Uf, over; which can not bo 
 
 Welsh llawr, Basque lurra, ^ng. floor. 
 Lilt. J'occ U.I, Kng. flocK or lock. 
 Sax. hrarran. Eng. to reach, in vomiting.* 
 Sax. hracod. Eng. ragged. 
 Ger. rocli. Eng. frock. 
 Dutch griuk, Ger. gluck. Eng. luck. 
 Greek, Eolic dialect, rinufiuv, for nuHor, a rose. 
 Latin clunis. Eng. loin, G. leride, W. dun, from llun. 
 Eng. cream, Ger. ruhm, Dutch room. 
 Sax. hlof, Polish chlieb, G. leib. Eng. loaf. 
 Sax. hladan. Eng. to lade or load, Russ. kladu, to lay. 
 Greek xXirm, Lat. cUiio, Sax. hlinian, hleonun, Russ. klonyu. 
 Eng. to lean. 
 
 Greek /.uyijvoc, Lat. lagenn. Eng. flagon. 
 Sax. hrysan. Eng. to rush. 
 French frajiper. Eng. to rap. 
 
 Sax. gcrted'on, to make ready ; in Chaucer, greith, to make 
 ready. Sax. hricd, quick; hrudian, to hasten; hrtednes. Eng. 
 readiness. 
 
 Spanish frisar, to curl or frizzle; rizar, the same. 
 
 Sa.x. ffcrtfa. Eng. reeve, G. graf, D graaf. 
 
 Lat. gl ijryrrliiza, from the Greek ; Eng. liquorice. 
 
 But in no language have we such decisive evidence of the 
 formation of words by prefixes, as in the Welsh. 
 
 Take the following instances, from a much greater number 
 that might be produced, from Owen's Welsh Dictionary. 
 
 Blanc, a colt, from llanc. 
 
 Blith, milk, from lith. 
 
 Blianl, fine linen, from Riant. 
 
 Plad, a flat piece or plate, from Had. 
 
 Pled, a principle of extension, from lied. 
 
 Pledren, a bladder, from picdyr, that distends, from lied. 
 
 Pleth, a braid, from llelh. Eng. plait 
 
 Plicciaw, to pluck, from llig. 
 
 Ploc, a block, from Hoc; plociaw, to block, to plug. 
 Phong, a plunge, from llwng, our vulgar lunge. 
 Glifth, a ghitton, from Uwth. 
 
 Glas, a blue color, verdancy, a green plat, whence Eng. glass, 
 from lias. 
 
 Glyd, gluten, glue, from llyd. 
 
 Claer, clear, from llacr. 
 
 Clav, sick, from llav. 
 
 Chcpa, a club, a knob, from llwb. 
 
 Clwt, a piece, a clout, from llied, llirt. 
 
 Cla7np, a mass, a lump. 
 
 Clawd, a thin board, from llatcd. 
 
 Cledyr, a board or shingle, wlience cledricy, lattice, from Ucd. 
 
 Bran, Eng. bran, from rlian ; rhanu, to rend. 
 
 Brid, a breaking out, from rhid. 
 
 BroQ, noise, tumult, a brock, from rhoc. 
 
 Broi;, froth, foam, anger, i;of i, to chafe or fret, from brirc, a 
 boiling or ferment, from rhwc, something rough, a grunt, Gr. 
 
 jiOIJ/O). 
 
 Bryd, what moves, impulse, mind, thought, from rkyd. 
 
 Brys, qa'ickness, brysiaic, to hasten, to shoot along, from rhys. 
 Eng. to rash, and crysiuw, to hasten, from rhys, to rush. [Here 
 is the same word rhys, with dift'erent prefixes, forming brysiuw 
 and crysiaic. Hence W. brysg. Eng. brisk.] 
 
 Graz, [pronounced gralh,] a step, a degree, from rhaz, Lat. 
 gradus, gradior. 
 
 Greg, a cackling, from rhrg. 
 
 Grcm, a crashing, gnash, a murmur, gremiaie, to crash or 
 gnash, from rhem. Hence Lat. freiiio, Gr. fJott/oi.t 
 
 We have some instances of similar words in our own language ; 
 such arc flag and lag ; flap and lap ; clump and lump. 
 
 There is another class of words which are probably formed witii 
 a prefix of a diiferent kind. 1 refer to words in which s precedes 
 
 true, unless the Latin ilur, iluco, are compounds. Dur, steel, he derives from 
 ur, extreme, over ; but doiiblU ss it is from the root of the Latin durus. 
 
 So /Mr, sif;nif\ inc what is coiititfuous, a state of readiness or prejiaration, a 
 pah; f. How, or'matcli, Owen makes a compound vf pii, and an pij, as above 
 explained, and ar, a word of various siliiiiliealions, on, vpun, surface, &r. Hut 
 there rnn be no doubt that par is from the root of the Latin puro, to prepare, 
 beins the Latin par, eipial ; tile rool of a numerous family of words not only in 
 the .laphelie laiiKUai'es of K.iiropi-, but in Ihe Slu uillic ianiiuaiies of Asia. It 
 certainly is not a Welsh compound, nor is t'.eri^ tlu' least evidence to induce a 
 i belief tfi;it il is not an UTiciuiipouniled word. Had Ilie learned author of the 
 j Welsh Diciioiiary e\lMidr-d his researi lies to a varii'ty of olher liiiii;uai;es. and 
 coinpareil the niiuiosyllabie roots in them with each other, I think he would 
 I have fiirnied a very difl'erent opinion as to their oricin. 1 am very well lon- 
 I vinci'd that many of thi' words wim li he supposes to he primitive or radical, tu-c 
 i contractions, such as r/iij, llr, Ihj, the last consonant being lost. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 n 
 
 another consonant, as scalp, skull, slip, sUdr., shiiraish, smolic, 
 sinnotli, speed, spire, spin, stiii^e, steep, stem, swell, spoilt. We 
 find thiit teiro, to cover, in Latin, is in Greek aitY"> ; t'l^ Latin 
 ftillo is in Greek oifuJi/o). Wo find nunajiV*? is written also 
 oiiK^iayctu? ; and it may be inquired whether tlie Knglish spin is 
 not from tlje same root as 771,1';. web or woof, nf,iii>r, a spindle, 
 TTiji iLW, to spin. Sprovt in Eniilisli is in Spani.sii hrola. 
 
 Wo find the Welsh iisliriir, (lie English .s-y^r/ff, is a compound of 
 ys, a prefix denoting issuing proceeding from, like the Lat. ex, 
 and brig, top, summit. 
 
 Ysgiir, a separate part, a share; ysgar, ysgaru, to divide; 
 ysgariaw, to separate, is composed of ys and car, according to 
 Owen ; but the real root appears distinctly in the Gr. xsi(iii>. 
 This is the Enirlish shear, shire. 
 
 Ysgrgiaic, to shiilie, hy laying hold of the throat, to shake 
 rouglily, is a coii>pound of ys and cegiaic, to choke, from ceg, the 
 mouth, an entrance, a choking. This may be the English shake ; 
 Sax. sera can. • 
 
 Ysgin, a robe made of skin ; ys and cin, a spread or covering. 
 
 Ysgodi, to shade : ysisnwd, a shade ; ys and caicd. 
 
 Ysgritb, wnat is drawn up or puckered, a scrip; ys and crah, 
 what shrinks. See Eng. cruh, enibbe.d. 
 
 Ysgravu, to scrape; ijs and crar, claws, from rhav. 
 
 Ysirrei:, a scream, a shriek, ysgrc<;iaic, to shriek, from crec, 
 a shriek, cret ian, to shriek, from creg, cryg, hoarse, rough, from 
 rhyg, rye, that is, rough ; the grain so named fro.m its roughness. 
 This is the English rough, Lat. raucus. Here we have the whole 
 process of formation, from the root of rough. We retain the 
 Welsh cre:ian, to shriek, in our common word to creak, and with 
 a formative prefix, we have shriek, and our vulgar screak. The 
 Latin ruga, a wrinkle, Eng. rug, shrug, are probably from the 
 same source. 
 
 Ysgrivenu, to write, Lat. scribo, from ysgriv, a writing, from 
 criv, a mark cut, a row of notches; criviaic, to cut, to grave; 
 from rhiv, something that divides. Hence scrirencr. 
 
 Ysguh, a sheaf or besom, ysgubatc, to sweep, Lat. scopte, from 
 cub, a collection, a heap, a cube. f 
 
 Y.igud, something that whirls ; ysgtidair, to whisk ox scud ; from 
 cud, celerity, flight; ysguth, ysgutlunp, the same. 
 
 Ysgwtb, a push ; ysgwthiuw, to push or thrust ; from g'cth, 
 gicthiaw, the same ; probably allied to Eng. shoot. The Welsh 
 has ysgythu, to jf.t or spout, from the same root. 
 
 Yslac, slack, loose ; ysluciaw, to slacken ; from llac, loose, slack, 
 llaciaw, to slacken, from lias, slack, slusaish ; allied to En''. 
 lag and slow. 
 
 Yslapidw, to slap, to flap, from yslah, what is lengthened or 
 distended, from llab, a flag, a strip, a stroke. Llahi, a tall, lank 
 person, a stripling, a looby, a lubber, is from the same root ; 
 llabiaw, to ship. 
 
 Ysled, a sled, from lied, saj-s Owen, which denotes breadth; 
 but it is probably from the root of slide, a word probably from tlie 
 same root as lied, that is, to extend, to stretch along. 
 
 Ysmot, a patch, a spot; ysmotiatc, to spot, to dapple, from 
 mod. Eng. mole. 
 
 Ysmwcinw, ysmygu, to dim with smoke, from mwg, smoke. 
 So smooth, from Welsh mwylh. 
 
 Yspait, spoil, from pail, farina, says Owen. I should say from 
 the root of palea, straw, refuse, that is, from the root of peel, to 
 strip. Yspciliota, to be pilfering. 
 
 Yspeliaw, to cjrpel, from pel, a ball, says Owen ; but this is the 
 Latin erpctlo, from pello. Ball may be from the same root. 
 
 Yspig, a spike, a spine; y.vpigaw, to spike; from pig, a sharp 
 point, a pike. Hence Eng. spigot. 
 
 Yspin, a spine, from pin, pen. 
 
 Ysgynu, to ascend, Lat. ascrndo, from cyn, first, chief, fore- 
 most. The radical sense is to shoot up. 
 
 Yslwi;, a slough, from lltcc, a collection of water, a lake. 
 
 Yspar, a spear, from par, a cause or principle of producing, the 
 germ or seed of a thing, a spear. This consists of the same ele- 
 ments as ber, a spit, and Eng. bar ; and in Italian bar is sbarra. 
 The primary sense is to shoot, thrust, drive. 
 
 Yspinc, a finch, from pine, gay, fine, brisk ; a sprig, a finch. 
 
 Ysplan, clear, bright; ysplana, to explain; from that is 
 
 parted off, a ray, a shoot, a planting, a plane; whence plant, a 
 child; E ng. a plant; plana, to shoot, as a plant. Hence splen- 
 dor, W. ysplander. 
 
 Ysporthi, to support, from porth, a bearing, a port, passage, &c. 
 Lat. porta, porta. 
 
 Ystac, a slack, a heap ; yslaca, a standard ; from tag, a state of 
 being stuffed or clogired. 
 
 Yslad, a state; ystadu, to slay; from lad, that spreads, a con- 
 tinuity. The primary sense is to set. 
 
 Ystain, that is spread; a stain; tin, Lat. stannum ; ystaeniaw, 
 to spread over, to stain ; ijstaenu, to tin, or cover with tin ; from 
 lucn, a spread, a layer. Qu. is tin from spreading? 
 
 Ystaail, a stool, from tawl, a cast or throw. The sense is to si t, 
 to throw down. Tatcl is the root oi deal. 
 
 Ystor, a store, that forms a bulk, from tor, a sw(;ll, a promi- 
 nence. 
 
 Ystorm,n. storm, from torm, that is stretched, but the sense is a 
 rushing. 
 
 Ystrym, a streain, from tnjm, compact, trim, that is, stretched, 
 straight, from extending. 
 
 Ystirmp, a, slump, from tirmp, a round mass, a tump. 
 
 Yswatiau\ to squat, from ysii-ad, a throw, or falling down, from 
 gwad, a denial; gwadu, to deny or disown. If this deductLon is 
 correct, the sense of denial is a throwing or thrusting back, a 
 rep(>lling. It is so in other words. 
 
 Ystcitiaw, to chirp, twitter, from ysicid, that makes a quick 
 turn. Qu. twitter. 
 
 In some of the foregoing words, it appears evident th.nt the 
 Welsh prefi.x ys is an alteration of the Latin ex, and the words in 
 which this is the case were probably borrowed from the Latin, 
 while the Roman armies had possension of England. Cut there 
 is a vast number of words, with this prefix, which are not of 
 Latin origin; and whether ys is a native prefix in the Welsh, 
 may be a question. One thing is certain, that .« before another 
 consonant, and coalescing with it, is, in a great number of words, 
 a prefix. 
 
 The modern Italian aflVirds abundant proof of the extensive use 
 of s, as the remains or representative of ez ; as, sballarc, to un- 
 pack, unbale; sbarbalo, beardless; sbattcre, tn abate; shrancarc, 
 to pluck off branches ; scarirare, to discharge ; scommodare, to 
 incommode ; scnncordia, discord ; srornare, to break the horns ; 
 scrostarc, to pull off the crust ; and a great number of others. 
 
 Now, if tlio same manner of forming words witli this prefix has 
 actually prevailed among the northern nations of Europe, we may 
 rationally suppose that many English words, and perhaps all of 
 this class, are thus formed. Thus scatter may be formed from a 
 root in Cd ; shape, from Cb, Cf, or Cp ; skill, from the root of Lat. 
 cat tea; slip, from the root of Lat. labor; smart, from the root of 
 Lat. aviarus, bitter, Heb. "iTa ; smite, from the root of Latin initio; 
 span, from the root of pan, to stretch ; spar, from the root of bar ; 
 speak, from the root of Lat. roco; speed, frouj a root in Pd, ])er- 
 haps I^at. peto; steal, from the root of Lat. lotto ; steep, from the 
 root of deep ; stretch, from the root of reach; sweep, from the root 
 of wipe ; swan, from lean, white ; swell, from the root of to xcell. 
 Sax. wellan, to boil, »S:c. That many English and other Teutonic 
 and Gothic words are thus formed, appears to be certain. 
 
 These facts being admitted, let us examine a little further. In 
 Russ. svadiba is a wedding. Is not this formed on the root of 
 wed, with * for a prefix Svara is a quarrel. Is not this formed 
 on the root of xary, variance, or of spar? Sicrlo is a borer; qu. 
 bore and vera; scerlicayu, to roll; qu. Lat. verto ; skora, furs, 
 peltry; qu. Fr. cuir ; skot, a beast; qu. cattle; skupaya, to pur- 
 chase in gross ; qu. cheap, Dan. kiobcn, and its root ; slabri, 
 weak; qu. ha.t. labor, lapsus ; stagayu, to fold; qu. lay, and plico ; 
 stivayn, to pour out liquors; qu. Lat. libo ; stupayu, to peel off 
 bark or skin; qu. Lat. liber; snimayu, to take away; qu. Sax. 
 neman, to take; snoca, new; qu. Lat. nocus ; snig, sneig, snow, 
 Fr. ncige. The Lat. niris is from this root, with g opened to v. 
 Russ. sptetayu, to plait, &c. 
 
 The Russ. prefix so occurs in a great number of words; 
 sobirayu, to collect or assemble, precisely the Heb. and Ch. 
 
 It now becomes an interesting question, to determine how far 
 any analogy exists between the languages of the Japhetic and 
 Shemitic families in regard to prefixes. For example, in the 
 Shemitic languages, S is a prefix of extensive use, corresponding 
 almost exactly with the English and Dutch by, the Saxon be, and 
 German bci. This preposition and prefix has several senses in 
 the Saxon which are now obsolete ; but its present prevailing 
 sense occurs in all the Shemitic languages. nT> S''lp rn~2, by 
 a strong east wind. Ex. xiv. 21. Compare the following defini- 
 tions of this preposition ; the Sax. from Lyc, and the Shemitic 
 from Castle. 
 
 Sax. de, e, ex, in, secus, ad, juxta, secundum, pro, per, super, 
 propter, circa. 
 
 Heb. Ch. Syr. in, e, ex, cum, propter, usque ad, adeo ut, ad, 
 super, per, contra, ante. 
 
xxxu 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Eth. in, per, pro, propter, cum, secundum, apud. 
 Ar. in, cum, projitcr, per, ad, erga. 
 
 In Numbers xiv. 34, it signifies according to, or after ; "■X.'O'K.'Z 
 D"^?:"", according to the number of days. This signification is 
 now perhaps obsolete in English, but was common in tlip r-^axon ; 
 as, " be Ills mcegnum," according to his strength ; pro rir'.jus sitis. 
 So " 4e tham iiuBstan," by the most, is now expressed b}-, rt tiie 
 most. 
 
 Now, it is remarkable that this word in Hebrew, Araoic, and 
 Persic, is the preposition used in onths, precisely' as it is '-i Eng- 
 lish. Gen. x.xii. 16, 'Z, By myself have 1 sworn. Araoic, bal- 
 
 lah, or by .Utah ; Persic, !Aiv> bechoda, or brtroda, by God, the 
 
 very words now used in English. The evidence, then, is de- 
 cisive, that the Sliemitic prefi.x Z is the Teutonic be, by, bci^ con- 
 tracted, and this Teutonic word is certainly a contraction of big, 
 which is used in the Saxon, especially in compound words, as in 
 bigspell, [by-speU,'] a fable ; bigstaiidan, to stand by. Th's prefix, 
 then, was in universal use by the original stock of mank'T.d, be- 
 fore the dispersion ; and this word alone is demonstrati', e proof 
 of the common origin of the Shemitic and Teutonic languages. 
 Now, it is equally certain that this Is the prefix b, and probably /;, 
 before / and r, in block, braisr/i, and a multitude of words in all 
 the modern languages; and, probably, the same letter is a prefix 
 in many Shemitic words. 
 
 . We know that be in the Saxon bedaUin, and Dutch bcr'-^elvn, is 
 a prefix, as the simple verb is found in all the Teutonic and 
 Gothic languages. The Hebrew and Chaldee ;";a corresponds 
 exactly, in elements and in signification, witli the Saxcn and 
 Dutch. Whether the first letter is a prefix in the latter lan- 
 guages, let the reader judife. See the word Dk.ii., whic'., when 
 traced, terminates in the Welsh tawl, a cast off, a throw ; separa- 
 tion ; taielu, to cast or throw otT, to separate. 
 
 In Chaldee, "l"!^ badar, signifies to scatter, to disperse. The 
 word has the same signification in the Syriac and Samarua'j. 
 
 In Ethiopic, the word, with A prefixed, signifies to wis'i, love, 
 
 dcsTre ; and with prefixed, to strive, to endeavor ; and w'thout 
 a prefix, strife, course, race. Both these significations a'e from 
 stretching, straining. 
 
 In Arabic, j'^^ badara, signifies genorallj' to hasten, to : un to ; 
 
 but bathara, signifies to disperse, to sow or scatter s^ed. 
 
 This verb is written in Hebrew "^Tli with precisely the same 
 signification. The Arabic, also, has the verb with this orthogra- 
 phy, signifying to sow, and also to beat or strike with a s«..c!i. 
 
 Now, in Syriac, >> dar, signifies to strive or struggle Here 
 
 we have the simple verb, xcitliout the prefix, with the senje of the 
 Ethiopic with a prefix. Supra. 
 
 We find also the Arabic tharra, the simple verb, signifies 
 to sprinkle. 
 
 We find in Chaldee ^""1"!, m~, and "'"11, the simple verb, signi- 
 
 5 — 
 
 fies to disperse ; in Syriac, the same. In Arabic ^ji tharaa, 
 
 signifies to sow, like the foregoing verb, and hence to prp'..reate. 
 Both this and the former verb signify also to whiten, as the hair 
 of the head ; as we say, to sprinkle with gray hairs. The Arabic 
 ?, 
 
 durau, signifies to drive, to impel, to repel, to contend, to 
 strive ; to shine, to sparkle. And here we have the literal signi- 
 fication of this whole class of verb.s ; to drive, urge, throw, cend ; 
 lience to scatter, to strive, to shoot as rays of light, procrea'xj, <Jcc. 
 
 The Ilebri-w corresponding verb is n",T or JHT, to scaf'.er, to 
 flow ; and the word with tlie like orthography occurs In Oh. Syr. 
 and Ar. This Is the Latin sero. And who can doubt tl.uf 2 is a 
 prefix in the verb "nS above mentioned ? 
 
 In Welsh, gubrru signifies to work, to operate ; gobrr. work, 
 operation ; formed by the prefix go ami Jicr ; go denoting progress 
 loward, approach ; and per rendered by Owen, that pervades, a 
 
 fruit, a pear ; but the real sense is to strain, to bring forth ; to 
 drive, thrust, urge, &c. 
 
 This word, in the Armorlc dialect, is written either gober or 
 ober ; in Latin upcrur, whence Eng. operate. The same word is 
 
 in the Ethiopic, gabcr, to make, to do; ATfl^ ogabar, to | 
 
 cause to be made ; 'T'Tfl^ tagabar, to work, operate, negotiate ; 
 
 gabar, a maker. 
 
 This is the Heb. and Ch. to be strong, to prevail, to estab- 
 lish ; and as a noun, a man; Ar. _5-J-^ jabara, to make strong, 
 to heal, as a broken bone ; to strengthen. 
 
 That this Shemitic word and the Welsh and Ethiopic are all 
 radically one, there can not be a question ; and the Welsh proves, 
 indisputably, that a'O is a prefix. This, then, is a word formed on 
 12 or SIj. The Heb. 1"~Xi strong, that is, strained, and a 
 
 wing, that is, a shoot, are from the same root ; and In .\rabic 
 
 abara, signifies to prick, to sting, and its derivatives, the extrem- 
 ity of a thing, a point, a needle, corresponding with the Welsh 
 bar, a summit, a tuft, a branch, a bar, and the Welsh ber, a pike, 
 a lance, a spit, a spear, Lnt. zeru; in Welsh, also, pur, a spear, 
 and per, a spit, are all doubtless of the same origin. 
 
 In S}-riac, r— *^ tsabar, signifies to make, to work or op"rate. 
 Is this the same root with a different prefix 
 
 The same word in Arabic, tsabara, signifies to be patient, 
 
 to bear, to sustain. 
 
 We observe, that in the Teutonic and Gothic languages, the 
 same word is used with different prefixes. Thus, in our mother 
 tongue, begin is written gynnan, the simple radical word, and 
 aginnan, beginnan, and oiigynnan ; and in the Gothic, diitrinnan, 
 which, in English, would be togin. 
 
 Should it appear, upon investigation, that verbs in the Assvri- 
 an languages have the same prefixes which occur in the European 
 languages, the fact will evidence more affinity between the lan- 
 guages of these two stocks than has yet been known to exist. 
 
 Let us now attend to the natural causes which may be sup- 
 posed to have obscured or destroyed the identity or resemblance 
 of languages which had a common origin. 
 
 The afiinit)- of words, in two or more different languages, is 
 known by identity of letters and identity of signification ; or by 
 letters of the same organ, and a signification obviously deducible 
 from the same sense. Letters of the same organ, as, for example, 
 b,f,p, and r, are so easily converted, the one into the other, and 
 the change is so frequent, that this circumstance seldom occasions 
 much obscurity. The changes of signification occasion more 
 difiiculty, not so much by necessity, as because this branch of 
 philology is less understood. 
 
 1. CHANGE OF CONSONANTS WHICH REPRESENT 
 THE ARTICULATIONS OF TIIE ORGANS OF 
 SPEECH. 
 
 Consonants are the stamina of words. They are convertible 
 and frequently converted into tlielr cognates. The English word 
 bear represents the Latin fcro and pario, and fcro Is the Greek 
 ijtiivK The Latin vcntus is triad in English; and habeo Is hare. 
 The Latin den.'!, in Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, Is land; and | 
 dance in English is in German tanz. \ \ 
 
 These changes are too familiar to require a multiplication of 
 examples. But there are others less common and obvious, which 
 are yet equally certain. Thus In the Gaelic or Hiberno-Celtic, 
 TO and mb are convertible with r; and in Welsh, vi and v are 
 changed, even In diffit-rerit cases of the same word. Thus, In Irish, j 
 the name of the hand Is written either lamh or lar, and In \Velsh 
 maen, a stone, Is written also rurn. The (Ireek (i Is always pro- j 
 nounced as the English r, as ^iw/.dtiai. Lat. rolo, English iriil, 
 German moll in ; and the sound oft the Greeks express by ^ifl. 
 
 In the Clialdee and Hebrew, one remarkable distinction is the j 
 use of a dental lifter In the former, where the latter has a sibi- ] 
 lant. As ri" cutk in Chaldee is wIS cash in Hebrew ; im, I 
 gold. In Clialdalc Is "ZTXi In Hebrew. The like change appears in | 
 llie modi'rn languages; for iraler, which In most of the nnrlhern ' 
 languages Is written with a dental, Is In German written trasser ; 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 and the Latin dens, W. dinit, Dutch tnnd, Swedish and Danish 
 tiind, is in German ziilin. The hke_ change is friMiuent in tlio 
 Greelt and Latin. <I>ijin ri«, in one dialect, is (/n«o(io>, in another; 
 and tlie Latins often changed t of the indicative present, or in- 
 finitive, into s in the preterit and participU' ; as, mittu, miltci c, 
 mini, viissiis. 
 
 L and r, thougli not considered as letters of the same organ, 
 are really such, and changed the one into the other. Thus the 
 Spaniards write blandir for hraudisli, and csculla for escort. The 
 Portuguese write hrundo for bland, and hr(i}u/iiciir, to whiten, for 
 liliiiich. The Greek has <; nuyt /./.itji' for the Latin fiagellmn. In 
 Europe, however, this change seems to he limited chiefly to two 
 or three nations on the coast of the Mediterranean. L is some- 
 times commutable with d. 
 
 We have a few instances of the change of or gli into /. 
 Thus roiiirh is pronounced Tiif, and Iroiigli, Iraiif. 
 
 The Russians often change the d of a noun into the sound of_^', 
 or the compound g, in the verb formed from that noun ; as, hid, 
 accord, harmony; Itiju, to accord or agree; ///-frf, damage, loss; 
 brrjn, to injure. 
 
 The Italians and Frencli liave also changed a dental into a 
 palatal letter, in many words; as, Italian riiggio, a ray, from Lat. 
 Ill d ills ; and ragiunc, reason, from ratio; Fi. viaiigcr, to eat, from 
 Lat. mando, or miindiico. 
 
 la the south of Europe, the Greek / has been changed, in 
 some instances, into the Italian or Spanish z, and then by the 
 French into 5. It seems that the Spanish z has, at some former 
 period, been pronounced as a guttural. Thus the Gr. (*<)u/io)v, 
 Lat. bracliium, the arm, is in Spanish hriizo, and the Spaniards 
 have the word from the Latin, or from the same source as the 
 Latin and Greek, the Celtic bniit^. This word britzo the French 
 clianged into bras, and from tiiat we have brace and embrace. A 
 similar change occurs in Durazzo, from Dijrracliium, and in the 
 Spanish luz, light. 
 
 The Teutonic nations often used h to express the power of the 
 (rreek x, and the Latin c; as, heart for xwH^ia, horn for cornu. 
 Hence we find that the Saxon hlinian, hleonian, or hhjnian, to 
 lean, is the Greek y.lni:^, Latin cliiio. The letter h is now 
 dropped, and we write the word lean. 
 
 In like manner, the Saxon hlid, which we now write lid, xs 
 from the same root as the Latin claudo, cludo, the Greek xXsiduo), 
 which is contracted into z/.tiw. And in this word we may notice 
 another fact, tha't the word signifies not onlj' to shut, but to praise 
 or celebrate ; proving that this word and the Latin plaudo are the 
 same, with different prefixes, as Unido ; and that tlie primary sense 
 is, to strain. This in Saxon appears in hlttd, loud, hlijdan, to cry 
 out. 
 
 In Latin,/ and h have been converted ; as, hordeum for fordeum ; 
 and the Spaniards now write k for/; <xs,hacer for the Latin facere; 
 kilo for Jilum; hcrir for ferire, &c. 
 
 The letters r and s are commutable. Thus iron in Gorman is 
 eisrn ; in D. ijzcr. 
 
 The letters 7t and s seem also to be commutable ; as in Latin 
 pono, ]>osui. 
 
 The letters I and r are convertible ; for the English colonel is 
 in Spanish and Portuguese coronel, and in Armoric coronal. 
 
 The cause of these dilferences is in the position of the organs 
 in the articulations; the position being nearly but not exactly 
 the same. 
 
 2. CHANGE OF VOWELS. 
 
 The change of vowels is so common, as to occasion no difficulty 
 in determining the sameness of words; indeed, little or no regard 
 is to be had to them, in ascertaining the origin and affinity of lan- 
 guages. In this opinion I accord with almost all writers on this 
 subject ; but I have to combat the oi)inion of that elegant scholar, 
 Sir William Jones, who protests against the licentiousness of cty- 
 mologists, not only in transposing letters, but in totally disregard- 
 ing the vowels, and who seems to admit the common orio-in of 
 words only when written with the same letters, and used in a 
 sense precisely the same.* 
 
 I am not at all surprised at tlie common prejudice existinor 
 against etymology. As the subject has been treated, it is justly 
 liable to all the objections urged against it. Hut it is obvious 
 that Sir W. Jones had given very little attention to tlie sub- 
 ject, and that some of its most common and obvious principles 
 had escaped his observation. His opinion, with regard to both 
 articulations and vowels, is unequivocally erroneous, as will 
 
 * Asiatic Researches, vol. 3, p. 489. 
 
 appear from tlie following list of words, taken from modern lan- 
 guages, ,uul respecting the identity ol' which, that geiitleniatt 
 himsell', if living, could not have the slightest doubt. 
 
 Engl ish . 
 draw, 
 dran 
 give, 
 foot, ) 
 feet, 5 
 hook, 
 day, 
 have. 
 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Cm ev'iiia n . 
 
 ^tretlisli. IjII tin 
 
 dragan, 
 
 trek ken, 
 
 tragen. 
 
 draga, traho. 
 
 ■c 
 gitan. 
 
 geeven, 
 
 ■ 
 
 genen. 
 
 •f 
 gii va. 
 
 fot, fet. 
 
 voet. 
 
 fuss. 
 
 Gr.Z"': 
 
 hoc 
 
 Inak 
 
 haken. 
 
 
 dug, dceg. 
 
 daag. 
 
 tag. 
 
 dag!^ 
 
 habban. 
 
 !iebl)en. 
 
 haben. 
 
 liatva, liabio. 
 
 [Fr. avoir 
 
 ; ai, as, a 
 
 , avons, avez 
 
 out.] 
 
 hieapan. 
 
 loiipen, 
 
 laufen. 
 
 hipa. 
 
 byrnan. 
 
 bra.-iden. 
 
 brennen. 
 
 briniia. 
 
 willan, 
 
 wilien. 
 
 wollen. 
 
 willja, volo, velle 
 
 Stan, 
 
 steen. 
 
 stein. 
 
 sten. 
 
 bred. 
 
 breed. 
 
 breit. 
 
 bred. 
 
 eortli. 
 
 aarde. 
 
 erde, 
 
 jord, Dan. lord. 
 
 hwa. 
 
 wie. 
 
 
 ho, Dan. livo. 
 
 secan. 
 
 zoeken. 
 
 suclien. 
 
 siikia, sequor. 
 
 bean, • 
 
 boon. 
 
 bohno. 
 
 bona, Dan. bonne 
 
 hvap, 
 burn, 
 will, 
 stone, 
 broad, 
 earth, 
 who, 
 seek, 
 bean. 
 
 Here arc scarcely two words written with the same letters in 
 two languages; and yet no man ever cnlled in question their 
 identity, on account of the difference of ortliograjjhy . The diver- 
 sity is equally great in almost all other words of tlie same origiiiul. 
 So in the same words we often find the vowel changed, as in th(; 
 Lat. facio, feci ; ago, egi ; slo,stcti; vello,vulsi. Nothing is more 
 certain than that tlie Welsh gwyz and the English wood are the 
 same word, although there is one lett<>r only common to them both. 
 It is pronounced gnoijtli, that is, g and loijlh ; as, guard for ward. 
 This prefixing of o- to words which in English begin with w, is 
 very common in Spanish and French. The word war in French 
 is guerre ; Sp. gtcerra. 
 
 3. CHANGE OR LOSS OF RADICAL LETTERS. 
 
 There are some words which, in certain languages, have 
 suffered a change of a radical letter; while in others it is wholly 
 lost. For example, icord, in Danish and Swedish, is ord : tcort, a 
 plant, is urt ; the Saxon gear, or gcr, English year, in Danish is 
 aar, in Swedish is ar, in Dutch /'/■/(/r, and in German J«Ar. 
 
 In the word yoke, and its affinities, we have a clear and deci- 
 sive example of changes in orthography. Yoke, the Latin ^/'i/o-um, 
 is from the Chaldee, S3'riac, and Arabic :}Tt zvg, to join, to couple ; 
 a word not found in the Hebrew. The Greeks retained the ori- 
 ginal letters in ivyo^, w.yow; the Latins changed the first letter to 
 i in jugiim, and inserted a casual n in jungo. From the Latin 
 the Italians formed giogo, a yoke, and giugnrre, to join; the 
 Spaniards, yi'go, a yoke, and juntiir, to join ; the French, joug, 
 a yoke, and joindrc, to join. In Saxon, yoke is geoc or toe; in 
 Dutch, j«/r; Gr.joch; S\v. ok. 
 
 One of the most general changes that words have undergone, 
 is the entire loss of the palatal letter g, when it is radical and 
 final in verbs, or the opening of that articulation to a vowel or 
 diphthong. We have examples in the English bow, from Saxon 
 bugan, to bend; buy, from bycgan ; brow, from brcg ; lay, from 
 lagan, or lecgan ; 'say, from sa:gan ; fair, from fxgcr ; flail, from 
 the German flegcl, Lat. Jlagellum ; French nicr, from Lat. nego, 
 netware. 
 
 The same or similar changes have taken place in all the modern 
 langu.ages of which I have any knowledge. 
 
 The loss and changes of radical letters in many Greek verbs 
 deserve particular notice. We find, in the Lexicons, nnuyna, 
 n'ju/oc, nouxiixij^, are referred to .Tiiunnvi, 7in,eiTf>, as the theme 
 or root; tu/hu, to ritaau^i V'^^'sS ' ^^"^^ '/"(.'f to ifnunnni. 
 
 This reference, so far as it operates as a direction to the student 
 where to find the verb to which the word belongs, and its expla- 
 nation, is useful and necessary. But if the student supposes that 
 these words are formed from the theme, so called, or the first per- 
 son of the indicative mode, present tense, ho is deceived. I am 
 confident no example can be found, in any language, of the pal- 
 atals •/ and y., formed from the dentals and sibilants t and o ; nor 
 is {ii,rrio, or any similar word, formed by the addition of the dental 
 to a verb ending in a vowel. The truth is, the last radical in 
 ittu) If !ost, in the indicative mode ; and in :TiHinni:\, .touttoi. it is 
 changed. The radical lest in ofw .s ■* or d ; the original word was 
 inita or otflu), and the derivative* ^t,xiiin, oijtooixi;, were formed 
 
xxxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 before the radical letter \7as dropped in the verb. No sooner is 
 the verb restored to its primitive form, than we recognize its con- 
 nection with the Irisli raid/mm, to speak ; Saxon ra':d, speech ; 
 rcBdiin, to read ; German rriirn, rede; Dutch ra/id, &c. 
 
 The original root of nijuriaa was TKjaym, nou/m, or nnaxui, and 
 from this wore formed nnuyi'a, ttquxtixo:, before the last radical 
 was clianged. No sooner is tlie original orthography restored, 
 thin we see this to be the Teutonic verb, German liriiiichcn, 
 Dutch ffeliruilicn, Danish hrugrr, Sw. hruka. Sax. brucan, to use, 
 to priictice., and hence the English broker. 
 
 The same remarks are applicable to tu/kb and rannu); tfnayua 
 and ifnunaui ; u'//.uy>] and ai'/.ttanui : /a(iuxn^Q and /u(><toaut, and 
 many other words of like formation. In all these cases, the last 
 radical letter is to be souglit in the deriviitivcs of the verb, and in 
 one of the past tenses, particularly in an aorist. This fact affords 
 no fi'cble evidence that in Greek, as in the Shemitic languages, 
 the preterit tense or an aorist was the radix of the verb. KnuLu^, 
 in Greek, is to cry like a crow or rook ; but tlie last radical is 
 changed from y, as, in the second aorist, it forms xnuyng. Now, 
 in Danish, crow is krage, in Ger. krdhe, in D. kraai, in Sw. 
 
 kriika ; a fact that demonstrates the last radical letter to be a pal- 
 atal, which in English is opened to o, in crow. 
 
 But it is not in the Greek language only that we are to seek 
 for the primitive radical letters, not in what is now called the 
 root of the verb, but in the derivatives. The fact is the same in 
 tlie Latin and in tlie English. The Latin fiirtus and Jitixi can 
 not be deduced frf n fluu ; but the orthography of these words 
 proves demonstrably 'hat the original root wasjiugo, or fluco. So, 
 in English, sight can not be deduced from sec, for no example 
 can be found of the letter g introduced to form the participles of 
 verbs. Sight, in Saxon gesieht, D. zigt, G. sicht, Dan. sigl, Sw. 
 siekt, is a participle ; but the verb in the infinitive, in Saxon is 
 seoii, gescon, Ger. sehen, D. zicn, Dan. seer, Sw. se ; in which 
 no palatal letter is found, from which g or ch can be deduced. 
 The truth, then, is, that the original verb was segan, or in Dutch 
 zegen ; the being lost, as it is in the French nier, from the 
 Lat. nego. 
 
 In the change of letters in the Greek verbs before mentioned, 
 the process seems to have been from y or z to and then to o and 
 T ; .Tjic/oi, nnu'iv), n'jannu), tiouxtu). This is certainly a process 
 which is natural and common. The Latin brachiuiii thus be- 
 came in Spanish hrazo, and then in French bras; and tlius in 
 the Italian, Mcritndria iias become Alessandria. 
 
 When the last radical of a Greek verb is a dental, it may not be 
 certain whether the original letter was d, or th, or t. We find the 
 Greek verb 0.7 «oi, to draw, forms its derivatives with a, nrraa^ia, 
 aiuatg ; and this is probably the Armoric sjtaza, from which we 
 have spay. So ifuju^.vi, i(nanic, and (/',""''';> are evidently of the 
 same family. It is not improbable that the original letter might 
 have a compound sound, or it might correspond nearly to the 
 
 Arabic Is or or the English dh or th, or ds, so as easily to 
 
 pass into d or into s. 
 
 It is equally ch>ar that many Greek words have lost an initial 
 consonant. The letter most generally lost is probably the Ori- 
 ental Hi tjut obviously the palatals y and x have, in many in- 
 stances, been dropped. There seems to be no question that the 
 Greek 6/oc is the English lekole, and perhaps «//. This in Welsh 
 is oil or holl, in Saxon al or gcall ; and tiiis is undoubtedly tlie 
 Shemitic ^3. So the Greek u/./.\:iii is tlie Welsli colli, to lose; 
 and fi/eoi may be the English coil, Ft. cucillir. 
 
 In like manner the Greek has, in many words, lost a labial 
 initial, answering to the English b, f, or v. Tlic Greek ti dut is 
 undoubtedly the Latin video ; tnyui is from the same root as work ; 
 i6i'i<; is from llie root of vid, in the Latin dirido, and iiidividuus, 
 
 that is, separate, and from the Arabic »Xj badda, to separate. 
 
 In many instances, the Latin retained or restored tlie lost let- 
 ter ; thus hamnxa for uiiu-u , hiirpitgo for a;i;ruyi; ; liarmonia for 
 U{>ii'iviit ; video for jiiJo). 
 
 If the marks of breathing, calh>d sjiiritus asper and spiriliis 
 h.nis, now prefixed to Greek words, were intended to represent 
 the h'tters lost, or to stand in the jdace of them, tln'y answer tliis 
 purpose very iiiipcrfi'Ctiy . Tlie spiritus asper may stand for a 
 palatal or guttural letter, but it docs not designate which letter, 
 the n, or the ~ ; much less does this or the other spiritus justly 
 rcpre.sent the labials, b, f, v, or ?o. Whenever the Latins wrote 
 li in the place of the (Jreek Hpiritiis, we may conclude that the 
 original letter was rii or a cognate letter ; and we may conclude 
 
 also that the » in video, and in divido, viduus, individuus, stands 
 for the original labial lost in t i^oi and t'uug. But there are many 
 words, I apprehend, in wiiich the lost letter is unknown, and in 
 which the loss can not be recovered by any marks prefixed to the 
 words. We may well suppose that hijmnus exhibits the correct 
 written form of rin u: ; but what is there in the Greek f(p>/ to lead 
 us to consider this word as the English woof, and »■<; i«o to be the 
 same as loeave ? Both the Greek words have the spiritus asper. 
 
 What proportion of Greek words have been contracted by the 
 loss of an initial or final consonant, can not, I apprehend, be de- 
 termined with any precision ; at least, not in the present state of 
 philological knowledge. It is probable the number of contracted 
 words amounts to one fourth of all the verbs, and it may be 
 more. 
 
 Similar contractions have taken place in all other languages ; 
 a circumstance that embarrasses the philologist and lexicographer 
 at every step of his researches, and which has led to innumer- 
 able mistakes in etymology. We know that the Swedish ar, 
 and Danish aar, a year, have lost the articulation g, and that the 
 English y in year is the representative of g, as J is in the Dutch 
 ;««T, and German jV;/tr ; for the g is found in our mother tongue ; 
 and in a multitude of words, one language will supply the means 
 of determining the real origin or true orthography, which can not 
 be ascertained by another. But doubtless many changes have 
 taken place, of which the evidence is uncertain ; the chain which 
 might conduct us to the original orthography being broken, and 
 no means now remain of repairing the loss. 
 
 In no language has the rejection or change of consonants 
 served so effectually to obscure the original words as in the 
 French. So extensive have been the changes of orthography 
 in that language, that, had not the early lexicographers indicated 
 the loss of letters by a mark, it would be impossible now to dis- 
 cover the original orthography, or to trace the connection of 
 words with other languages, in a large portion of them. And it 
 is with regret we observe the influence of the French practice 
 of suppressing consonants extending itself to other countries. 
 It is owing to the most servile obsequiousness of nations, that 
 Basil or Basiica, the elegant name of a town in Switzerland, has 
 been corrupted to Basle, and pronounced most barbarously Bale. 
 The Germans are pursuing a like course in suppressing the pala- 
 tal letters ; a most unfortunate circumstance for the strength of 
 the language. 
 
 The Italians also have a disposition to reject letters when they 
 interfere with their habits of pronunciation; and hence we see, 
 in their language, piano, written for piano ; Jiore for fiore ; jiocco 
 for jiocco ; a change that has removed a radical consonant, and 
 thus obscured, or rather destroyed, the affinity between the Italian 
 and the Latin words. 
 
 Another difierence of writing and pronouncing has been pro- 
 duced by the change of a sibilant letter into an aspirate ; or, e 
 converso, by the change of an aspirate into a sibilant. No person 
 doubts whether the Latin super is the Greek vmo ; or ouuXui is 
 similis; or uXg is sal, sail. The latter in Welsh is /tn/cn, Aa/. So 
 helyg, a willow, in Welsh, is in Latin saliz. The Greek inra is 
 the Latin scptem, English seven. This in Persic is °'' 
 haft, which approaches the Greek tnrit. It has been commonly 
 sujjposed that, in this case, the aspirate in Greek has been con- 
 verted into an s. There are, however, strong reasons for be- 
 lieving that the change has been the reverse, and that « has been 
 dropped, and its place supplied by an aspirate. The word seven 
 
 is, bcj'ond a question, the Shemitic ^^m, ^2'^, whence tlilTi 
 Eng. sabbath; and the Gaelic scan, old, whence Latin senex, in 
 
 Welsh hen, seems clearly to be the Ar. "tnna, to bo old. It 
 is then clear that in these words s is radical. It is probable, how- 
 ever, that the aspirate, in some cases, has been changed into s. 
 
 It deserves to be noticed that the radix of a word is sometimes 
 obscured, in Gre(>k and Latin, by the loss or change of a radical 
 letter in the nominative case. We find in Latin ncpos, in the 
 nominative, is nepolis in the genitive; hoaos, honoris, &.c. In 
 these changes, 1 suppose the letter restored in the oblicpie cases 
 to be the true radical letter. '\'\mit adaniinit has been deduced by 
 our etymologists from the Greek « negative and i\ifi--v, to sub- 
 due, oil the supposition that the stone was named from its hard- 
 ness. This is a good example of a great part of all etymological | 
 deductions; they are mere conjectures. It did not occur to the I 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxxv 
 
 inquirer tliat adamas, in the nominative, bocomes in the giMiitive 
 ndiniiaiilis ; that n is radical, and that this word can not be reg- 
 uhirly deduced from the Greek verb. Any person, by looking 
 into a Welsh dictionary, may sec the original word. 
 
 In some words, it is not easy to determine whether n before d 
 is casual or radical. In such words as the Latin /undo, to pour, 
 and tiindo, to beat, there is reason to tliink the ;t is casual, for tlie 
 preterit is formed without it, fiidi, tutudi. But in other words 
 71 before d seems to be radical, and the d casual ; as in fitndo, 
 fiaidiirc, to found. For this word coincides with the Irish bun, 
 foundation, and witii the Shemitic hanali, to build. So the 
 Y^\\g\\s\\ find is in Swedish finna, and in is in Danish ind. 
 
 Another fact, of considerable consequence, is tlie casual sound 
 of 71 given to i^, which produced the effect of doubling the y in 
 Greek, and of occasioning the insertion of n before ir in the Latin, 
 as also in the Teutonic and Gotliic languages. Thus we see the 
 Y is doubled in the Greek ayys/.Xui, and we know, in this case, 
 how tiie change originated ; ibr the original word is in the Gaelic 
 and Irish, agutla. So y is prefixed to another palatal or guttural 
 letter in uy/co, oy/o;, tyyi^m. 
 
 A similar nasal sound of g probably introduced the n before g 
 in lingo, to iicL: ; linquo, to leave. 
 
 We may be confident, in all cases, that n is not radical, when 
 it is dropped in the supine and participle, as in lictum, lirtux, 
 from litu/uo. When 71 is retained in the supine and participle, 
 there may be more reason for doubt ; but in this case, the ques- 
 tion may often joe determined by the corresponding word in 
 another language, or by some other word evidently of the same 
 family. Thus we can have little doubt that lingo and the Eng- 
 lish lick are the same word, or that the Lat. lingua and ligala are 
 of one family. 
 
 This casual insertion of ?i in words of this class must be care- 
 fully noticed by the etymologist, or ho will overlook the affinity 
 of words whicli are evidently the same. We have many words 
 in English which are written with n before a or a k, when the 
 ancient words in the Gothic and Teutonic languages, and some 
 of them in the modern Danish and Swedish, are written without 
 71. Thus in Gothic, is sigcwan; to think, \s thagkijan. It 
 
 is not improbable that the Gothic word was pronounced with the 
 sound of n or iig, as in English. So also in siggunn, to sing ; 
 Inggs, long. In a few instances we find the Swedes and Danes 
 have the word written in both ways, as tanhn, tanker, and lycka, 
 tiikker, to think. But, in general, the Germans, Danes, Swedes, 
 and Dutch, write %vords of this sort with iig. 
 
 To show how important it is to know the true original orthog- 
 raphy, I will mention one instance. In our mother tongue, the 
 word to dye, or color, is written deagan; the elements or radical 
 letters are dg. To determine whetlier this and the Latin tingo 
 are tlie same words, we must first know whether n in tingo is 
 radical or casual. This we can not know with certainty, by the 
 form of the word itself, for* the n is carried throu<rli all the tenses 
 and forms of the verb. But by looking into the Greek, we find 
 the word written with •/, if/ym; and this clearly proves the 
 alliance of the word with deagan. — See Dye, in tlie Dictionary. 
 
 We iiave many English words, in which a d has been inserted 
 before g, as in budge, budge, lodge, pledge, wedge. In all words, 
 I believe, of this chiss, the d is casual, and tiie g following is the 
 radical letter, as pledge, from tlie French plci<re ; wedge from the 
 Sa.xon icrcg. The practice of inserting d in words of this sort 
 sceins to have originated in the necessity of some mode of 
 preserving the English sound of g, which might otherwise be 
 sounded as the French g before c. And it is for tiiis reason 
 we still retain, and ought to retain, d in judge, abridge. In like 
 manner, the Teutonic c has been changed into the sound of ch, 
 as Sa.^. wdciun, wu:cian, to icake, to wutcli ; Sax. tliuc, thatch. 
 
 There are some nations which, in many words, pronounce and 
 write g before u or rc ; as in the" French guerre, for war ; guede, 
 for n-oad ; guetlcr,toT jcait ; in Welsh, ^ri/^rt/^ for icall ; gicain, for 
 tcain; g wared, for guard, which in English is ward, Sp. gutirdu. 
 In some instances, the u or w is dropped in modern writing, as in 
 tiie French garcnne, a tcarren ; gardf, for guard. This differ- 
 ence of orthography makes it difficult, in some cases, to ascertain 
 the true radical letters. 
 
 CHANGE OF SIGiNlFlCATION. 
 
 Another cause of obscurity in the affinity of languages, and 
 one tlial seems to have been mostly overlooked, is, the change of 
 the primary sense of the radical verb. In most cases, this cliange 
 
 consists in a slight deflection, or difference of application, which 
 has obtained among different families of the same stock. In 
 some cases, the literal sense is lost or olise.ured, and the figura- 
 tive only is retained. The first object, in such cases, is to find 
 tlie primary or literal sense, from which the various particular 
 applications may be easily deduced. Thus we find, in Latin, 
 Ulico, libct, or lubno, lubet, is rendered, to please, to like ; hibcns, 
 willing, glad, cheerful, pleased ; libenler, lubeiiter, willingly, 
 gladly, readilv. Wliat is the primary sense, the visilile or physi- 
 cal action, from which tin; idea of williu!; is taken ,■' 1 find, either 
 by knowing the radical sense of willing, ready, in other cases, or 
 by the predominant sense of the elements Lb, as in Lat. labor, to 
 slide, liber, free, tfcc, that the primary sense is to move, incline 
 or advance toward an ol)joct ; and hence the sense of willing, 
 ready, prompt. Now, this Latin ^vord is the English Iodc, Ger- 
 man lichen, liehe. "Lubet me ire," I /ore to go ; I am inclined 
 to go; I go with cheerfulness; but the affinity between lore and 
 luhco has been obscured by a slight diflerence of application, 
 among the Romans and the Teutonic nations. 
 
 Perhaps no person has suspected that the English words heat, 
 hate, a.nd hest in behest, a.ro all radically the same word. But this 
 is the fact. Sax. hatian, to heat, or be hot, and to hate ; ha lun, to 
 heat and to call ; hutan, to call, to order, to command ; j/e-hatan 
 or ge-hatun, to grow warm, to priunise, to vow ; Gothic gahuitun, 
 to call, to promise ; Dutch heelen, to heat, to name, to call, bid or 
 command; German heitzen, to heat; heisAcn, to call; hitxtn, to 
 heat, to hoist; Swedisli hetsa, to inflame, to provoke; Danish 
 heder, to heat, to be called. Behest we have from the German 
 or Swedish dialect. Heat coincides with the Latin testus, for 
 ha:stu.s, which is written with like tlie German. fJate coin- 
 cides with the Latin odi, osus, so written for hoili, hosns ; and as 
 the Teutonic h often represents the Latin r, as in horn, cornu, 
 the Danish orthography, heder, coincides witli the Latin cilo, to 
 call. Now, what is the radical sense Most obviously to stir, 
 agitate, rouse, raise, implying a driving or impulse ; and hence 
 in Latin cestno, to be hot, and to rage or storm ; hence to excite, 
 and hence the sense of the Latin cito, quickly, from stirring, 
 rousing to action. In this case, hatred, as well as heat, is violent 
 excitement. We find also in the Sa.xon and Gothic tlie sense of 
 vowing, that is, of driving out tlie voice, uttering, declaring, a 
 sense allied to calling and commanding ; and to tliis is allied the 
 sense of the Latin recito, to recite. 
 
 In English, befall signifies to fall on, to happen to ; in German, 
 the same word, he/alien., has the like signification. But in Saxon, 
 gefcnllan signifies to fall, to rush on ; while in German, gefallen 
 signifies to please, that is, to suit, to come to one's mind, to be 
 agreeable. The Danish gefalder has the same signification as the 
 German. 
 
 We find by the Saxon, that the Eno-llsh reck, to care, and 
 reckon, and the Latin rego, to rule, are all the same word, varied 
 in orthography and application. To find the primary sense of 
 reck, to care, we are then to examine the various derivative 
 .senses. And we need go no further tiuin to the Latin rectus ^fid 
 English right, the sense of which is straight, for this sense is 
 derived from straining, stretching. Care, then, is a straining of 
 the wind, a stretching toward an object, coinciding with the 
 primary sense of attention. The primary sense of reckon is to 
 strain out sounds, to sp'-ak, tell, relate ; a sense now disused. 
 
 The Saxon care, can , ctercian, to care, to cark, is connected in 
 origin with the Latin rurccr, a prison ; both from the sense of 
 straining, whence holding or restraint. 
 
 To prove how the primary general sense of a word may ramify 
 into different senses, by special appropriation of the word among 
 separate families of men proceeding from the same stock, let us 
 observe the different senses in which leap is used by the P^nglisli, 
 and by the nations on the continent. In English, to leap is simplj' 
 to spring ; as, to leap a yard ; to leap over a fence. But on the 
 continent it signifies to run. Now, it will be seen that this word, 
 as used by the Germans, can not always be translated by itself, 
 that is, by the same word, into Englisli. Take, for illustration, 
 the following passage from Luther's Version of the Scriptures ; 
 1 Sam. xvil. 17. — " Nliiim filr delne brilder dlese epha sangen, 
 und dlese zehen brod, und lauf ins heer zu delnen brudern ; " 
 "Take now for thy brethren an epha of tliis parched corn, and 
 these ten loaves, and leap to llie camp of thy brethren.' Leap, 
 instead of run, is good German, but bad English.* There are 
 two oilier words in this passage, of which a like remark may be 
 made. The German brod, loaves, is our bread, which admits of 
 
 * " He walks, he le-npii, be runs." — Cmtper. 
 
1 N T R O U U C T 1 O i\ 
 
 no plural; and suiigcn is our siiiircd, which we can not apply to 
 parched corn. 
 
 So, in some of the Teutonic languages, to wurp kittens or 
 puppies, to warp eggs, is correct language, though to our ears 
 very odd; but this is only a particular application of the primary 
 sense, to tliruic. We say, to Iwy ecrgs ; but to lay is to tliroic down. 
 
 By this comparison of the different uses and a])plicationb of a 
 word, we are able, in most cases, to detect its original significa- 
 tion. And it is by this means, I apprehend, that we may arrive at 
 a satisfactory explanation of the manner in which the same word 
 came to have ditferent and even opposite significations. 
 
 It is well known, for example, that the Hebrew word "^^a 
 barak, is rendered, in our version of the Scriptures, both to hirss 
 and to curse. The propriety of the latter rendering is contro- 
 verted by Parkhurst, who labors to prove, that in Kings and in 
 Job, where it is rendered to curse, it ouaht to be rendered to 
 bless; and he cites, as authorities, the ancient versions. It is 
 true, tliat in 1 Kings xxi. 10, 13, and in Job i. 11, and ii. 5, the 
 Su'venty have rendered the word hy fi/.ojt t.i, to bless; and other 
 ancient versions agree with the Septuagint. But let the word 
 be rendered by bless in the following passages : " Put forth thy 
 hand now, and touch his bone, and his flesh, and he will bless \.\\ec 
 to thy face." " Bless God and die." How very absurd does 
 such a translation appear ! It shows the immense importance of 
 understanding the true theor\' of language, and the primary sense 
 of radical words. Let us, then, endeavor to discover, if possible, 
 the source of the dlfiiculty in the case here mentioned. To be 
 enabled to arrive at the primary sense, let us examine the word 
 in the several lancruages, first of the Shemitic, and then of the 
 Japhetic stock. 
 
 Heb. to bless ; to salute, or wish a blessing to. 
 
 2. To curse ; to blaspheme. 
 
 3. To couch or bend the knee, to kneel. 
 Deriv. A blessing, and the knee. 
 
 Chaldee, "^"S, to bless ; to salute at meeting, and to bid fare- 
 well at parting. 
 
 2. To bend the knee. 
 
 3. To dig ; to plow ; to set slips of a vine or plant for propa- 
 gation. — Talm. and Rabbin. 
 
 Deriv. The knee ; a blessing ; a cursing ; a cion ; the young 
 of fowls. 
 
 Syriac, ^o^O, to fall on the knees ; to fill or bow down. 
 Judg. V. '■27. 
 
 2. To issue or proceed from. Matth. xv. 10. 
 
 3. To bless. 
 
 Samaritan, ij'^fi, to bless. 
 
 Ethiopic, n^Tl, to bless. D eriv. the knee. 
 
 Arabic, baralca, to bend the knee; to fall on tlie breast, 
 
 as a camel. 
 
 2. To be firm, or fixed. 
 
 3. To rain violently ; to pour forth rain, as the clouds. Gr. 
 
 fil>(/V>. 
 
 4. To detract from; to traduce; to riproach or pursue with 
 reproaches ; to revile. 
 
 5. To bless; to pray for a blessing on; to prosper; to be 
 blessed. 
 
 6. To hasten ; to rush, as on an enemy ; to assail. 
 
 Deriv. The breast; the basin of a fountain; a fishpond, or 
 receptacle of water, as in Heb. and Ch. ; also, increase ; abun- 
 dance ; constancy ; splendor ; a flash of light. 
 
 In the latter sense, usually from O^j Ilrb. and Ch. 
 
 barak. 
 
 The Arabic word supplies us with the certain means of deter- 
 mining the radical sense ; for among other significations, it has 
 the sense of pouring forth rain ; and this is precisely the (Jreek 
 jlijt/ui. The primary sense, then, is to send, throw, or drive, in a 
 tranHitive sense ; or in an intransitive sense, to rush, to break fi)rth. 
 
 To bless and to curse have the same radical sense, which is, to 
 ■end or pour out words, to driv(! or to strain out the voice, pre- 
 cisely as in the liatin iippe.llo, from pello, whence peal, as of 
 thunder or of a bell. The Itro senses spring from the apjiropria- 
 lion of loud words to express particular acts. This d(>i)entis on 
 usage, like all other particular applications of one general signi- 
 fication. The sense in Scripture is to utttjr words cither in a 
 
 good or bad sense ; to bless, to salute ; or to rail, to scold, to re- 
 ■jiroacli ; and this very word is probably the root of reproach, as it 
 certainly is of the Latin precor, used, like the Shemitic word, in 
 both senses, praying and cursing, or deprecating.* It is also the 
 same word as the English pray. It. pregare, L. precor, the same 
 as preach, D. prechcn, W. pregcthu. To the same family belong 
 the Gr. flna/ui, (l<>v/vy, (i(iv/uut(ui, to bray, to roar, to low, Lat. 
 ragio. Here we see that bray is the same word, applied to the 
 voice of the ass and to breaking in a mortar, and both are radi- 
 cally the same word as break. 
 
 The sense of kneeling, if radical, is to throw, and if fro^n the 
 noun, the sense of the noun is a throwing, a bending. 
 
 The Chaldee sense of digging, if radical, is from thrusting in 
 an instrument, or breaking the ground ; but perhaps it is a sense 
 derived from the name of a shoot or cion, ancPin reality, to set a 
 shoot, to plant. 
 
 The Sj-riac use of this word in Matth. xv. 10, is intransitive, 
 to issue, to shoot, or break forth. So in Arabic, to rush on, to 
 assault. The sense of firnmess in Arabic is from setting, throw- 
 ing down, as in kneeling ; and hence the sense of breast, the 
 fixed, firm part. 
 
 That this word has the sense both of blessing and of cursing, 
 or reproaching, we have demonstrative evidence in the Welsh 
 language. Rhtg, in Welsh, is "^^2, without the prefix. It signi- 
 fies a sending out ; utterance ; a gift or present ; a consigning ; 
 a ban, a curse or imprecation. Rhcgu, to give ; to consign ; to 
 curse. From rhtg is formed preg, a greeting, or salutation, [the 
 very Hebrew and Chaldee word,] pregeth, a sermon, a.nd pregcthu, 
 to preach. Here we have not only the origin of preach, but 
 another important fact, that preg, and of course is a com- 
 
 pound word, composed of a prefix, p or b, and rhig. But this is 
 not all ; the Welsh greg, a cackling, gregar, to cackle, is formed 
 with the prefix on this same rhtg. [Dan. krage, a crow.] 
 
 In Welsh, brcgu signifies to break; brtg, a breach, a rupture. 
 This Owen deduces from bar, but no doubt erroneously. It is 
 from rhcgu; and there is some reason to think tliut break is from 
 rather than from pi-; ; but probably both are from one radix, 
 with different prefixes. 
 
 We observe one prominent sense of the Arabic baraka, is 
 
 to rain violently ; to pour forth water, as clouds. This is pre- 
 cisely the Greek flni/w; a word found in all the Teutonic and 
 Gothic languages, but written either with or without its prefix. 
 
 Saxon, ragn or regn, rain; regnan, to rain. 
 
 Dutch, rcgen, rain ; regencn, beregencn, to rain upon. 
 
 German, regen, rain ; regncn, to rain ; bercgnen, to rain on. 
 
 Swedish, rcgna, to rain. 
 
 Danish, regn, rain ; regncr, to rain. 
 
 Saxon, racu, rain ; Cimbrlc, rakia, id. 
 
 Here we find that the English rain is from the same root as 
 the Welsh rheg, rhegu, and the Shemitic "j'lj- 
 
 Pursuing the inquiry further, we find that the Saxon reran, or 
 reccan, [W. rhegu,'] signifies to speak, to tell, to relate, to reckon, 
 the primary sense of which last is to speak or tell ; also to rule, 
 which shows this to be the Latin rrgo ; also to care, which is the 
 English reck. That this is the same word as rain, we know from 
 the Danish, in which language regncr signifies both to ram ;ind 
 to reckon, to tell, to count or compute. In the German, the words 
 are written a little differently ; rechnen, to reckon, and rcgitcn, to 
 rain. So in Dutch, reckencn and regcnen ; but this is a fact by 
 no means uncommon. 
 
 Here we find that the English reckon and reel;, and the Latin 
 rego, are the same word. The primary sense is to strain, to rcacb, 
 to stretch. Care, is a stretching of the mind, like attention, from 
 tiie Latin tendo, and restraint is the radical sense of governing. 
 Hence rectus, right, that is, straight, stretched. 
 
 Hence we lind that rain and the Latin regnum, reign, are radi- 
 cally the same word. 
 
 Now, in Saxon, racan, or nrran, is the English reach, to stretch 
 or extend, from the same root, and probably reek, Saxon reran, 
 reoc.an, to fume or smoke ; for this is to send ofl'. 
 
 I might have mentioned befi)re, tha.t the Chaldee n""'"l3, a cion 
 or brancli, is precisely the Celtic word for arm; Irish, braic, or 
 raigh ; Welsh brair ; whence the Greek .■iou/idu , Ihe Latin bra- 
 chiuin, whene(> l\w Spanish braxo, whence the Frencdi bras, 
 whence the English brace The arm is a shoot, a branch, and 
 
 • " Im|>robua urgct iralia preeibus." — Horace 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxxvii 
 
 branch is from this root or one of the family, n being casual; 
 brunch for brach. 
 
 Oil tliis word let it be further observed, or on p"i!3 or i^^D, if 
 radically different, are formed, with the prefix 5, the German 
 sprcchcn, to speak, sprache, speech ; Dutch spreetccn, spraalc ; 
 Swedish spraka, spralc ; Danish sproff, speecii ; and Swedisli 
 spricliu, to break; Danish sprekkrr. The same word with n cas- 
 ual is seen in spring, the breaking or opening of the winter; and 
 here we see tlie origin of the marine phrase, to sprinir a mast, 
 Danish springer, to burst, crack, or spring. This in Swedish is 
 written without n, spricka, to break, burst, split ; but a noun of 
 this family has n, springa, a crack, and spring, a spring, a 
 running. 
 
 Now let us attend to other Shemitic words consisting of cog- 
 nate elements. 
 
 Chaldet, "^IByjra/.-, to rub or scrape ; to rub out or tread out, as 
 grain from the ear or sheaf; Luiin frico, frio. 
 
 2. To collect and bind, as sheaves ; perhaps English, to rake. 
 
 3. To break or break down. 
 
 4. To question ; to doubt. In Saxon and Gothic, froegnan, 
 fragan, signifies to ask. 
 
 Deriv. I'roward ; perverse. Prov. ii. 12. So in English re- 
 fractorij. 
 
 This verb is not in the Hebrew ; but there are two derivativf<s, 
 one signifying the inner vail of the temple ; so called probably 
 from its use in breaking, that is, interrupting access, or separa- 
 tion, like ditiphragm in English. The other derivative is ren- 
 dered rigor, or cruelty ; that which strains, oppresses, breaks 
 down, or rakes, harasses. 
 
 With tliis verb coincides the Irish bracaim, to break, to harrow, 
 that is, to rake. 
 
 Syr. »0}.£), to rub; so rendered, Luke vi. 1. Lat. /rico. A 
 derivative signifies to comminute. 
 
 Deriv. Distortion ; winding ; twisting. Let this be noted. 
 
 At. jjJ^/flraAa, torub, Lat. /rjco. 
 
 2. To hate, as a husband or wife ; to be languid, or relaxed. 
 Deriv. La.xity ; frangibility ; friability. 
 
 Heb. p"l5, to break, burst, or rend ; to break off ; to separate. 
 Deriv. A breaking or parting of a road. 
 Ch. p-iD, to break. 
 
 2. To redeem; that is, to free, separate, or deliver. 
 
 3. To explain, as a doubtful question. 
 
 Deriv. One who ransoms or delivers ; a rupture ; the neck or 
 its juncture ; a joint of tiie fingers, &c. ; the ankle ; the joint of 
 a reed ; a chapter or section of a book ; explanation ; exposition. 
 pTlE, a rupture, coinciding with the English broke. 
 
 Syr. tO;^, to redeem. 
 
 2. To depart ; to remove ; to separate. 
 
 Deriv. A recess, or withdrawing; separation; liberation; 
 redemption ; safety ; vertebra. 
 
 Sam. The same as the Syriac verb. 
 
 Ar. "-^^ faraka, to separate ; to divide ; to withdraw ; to dis- 
 perse ; [qu. Lat. sparge;] to lay open; to disclose; to cast out; 
 to immerse. 
 
 Deriv. Separation ; distinction ; distance ; interval ; disper- 
 sion ; aurora, as we say, the break of day ; also, a garment reach- 
 ing to the middle of the thigh, c\\i. frock; also breech. 
 
 I have placed these two words together, because I am con- 
 vinced they are both of one family, or formed on the same radical 
 word. The latter coincides exactly with the Latin frango,fregi, 
 fractum; for n in frango is undoubtedly casual. Now, in Welsh, 
 bregu, to break, would seem to be directly connected with "I"13, 
 yet doubtless bregu is the English break, the German l/rechen, the 
 Dutch brecken, ifcc. In truth, the three words "^IS, "jl^i and 
 p~ir, are probably all from one primitive root, formed with dif- 
 ferent prefi.xes, or rather with llie same prefix, differently written ; 
 the different words bearing appropriate senses, among different 
 tribes of men. 
 
 We observe in the Chaldee word the sense of questionino-. 
 Perhaps this may be the Gothic fragan, to ask ; and if so, it coin- 
 cides with the Latin rogo, the latter without the prefix. In the 
 sense of break, we find, in the Greek, uiji vw, without a prefix 
 
 Most of the significations of these verbs are too obvious to 
 
 need illustration. But we find in the Syriac the sense of distor- 
 tion, a sense whicli at first appears to be remote from that of 
 breaking or bursting asunder. But thi.s is probably the primarv 
 sense, to strain, to stretch; a sense we retain in the phrase, to 
 break upon the wheel ; and by dropping the prefix, we have the 
 precise word in the verb, to rack. 
 
 Now, if this is the genuine sense, we find it gives the En^jlish 
 wreck and wrack, the Danish vrag, Sw. vrak, a wreck. In Saxon, 
 wrmcan, wrecan, is the English wreak; that is, to drive, or throw 
 on ; wracc, is an c.vile, a icrelch. In Dan. zragcr signifies to 
 reject; Sw. vraka, to throw away ; all implying a driving force ; 
 and that wreck is connected with break, is proliable for another 
 reason, that the Latin fractus, frango, forms a constituent part of 
 naufragium, the English shipwreck, which in Danish is simply 
 "rag. 
 
 Now, if straining, distortion, is one of the senses of this root, 
 the English wring, wrong, Danish xrang, Sw. vrang, may be 
 deduced from it, for undoubtedly n is not radical in these words. 
 The Dutcli has wringen ; but the German drops the first letter, and 
 has ringen, both to twist or wind, and to ring or sound ; the latter 
 sense from straining or throwing, as in other cases. Without v, 
 wring would be wrig, and wrong, wrog ; wranis, wra<r, Danish 
 vrag. 
 
 In Greek, /)»;yo5 is a blanket or coverlet, and connected with 
 ()»;yif Hi ; that is, a spread ; from stretching, or throwing over. 
 
 We find also among the Chaldee derivatives the sense of a 
 neck, and a joint. Now, we find this word in Irish, hraigfi, the 
 neck ; in Greek, without the prefix, (la/ig, the spine of the back'; 
 Saxon, kracca ; English, the rack, and, from the Greek, the rick- 
 ets, from distortion. ^ 
 
 Coinciding with the Greek hr^ywo', to break, we find in Welsh 
 rhwgaw, to rend ; and coinciding with (la/ia, a rock, a crair, 
 Welsh craig ; and connected with these, the Saxon hracod, Eng- 
 lish ragged, that is, broken ; evidently the participle of a verb of 
 this family. 
 
 Hence we find the senses of distortion and breaking connected 
 in this root, in a great variety of instances. 
 
 The Shemitic p13> to lighten, to shine or flash, is one of this 
 family. The sense is, to shoot or dart, to throw, as in all like 
 cases. And under this root the Arabic has tiie sense, to adorn, 
 as a female; to make brighter shining; which gives the Enn-lish 
 prank and prink, D. prugt, G. pracht. Prance is of the same 
 family, from leaping, starting, darting up. 
 
 In Greek, floux"?, short, stands in the Lexicons as a primary 
 word or root. But this is from the root of break, which is lost in 
 Greek, unless in ntjyrvui, without the prefix. From ^na-/i::, or 
 the root of this word, the French language has abregcr, to abridge ; 
 and what is less obvious, but equally certain, is, that from the 
 same root the Latin has brevis, by sinking the palatal letter, as 
 we do in iom, from bngan, and in lay, from lecgan ; so that a^rjrfn-e 
 and abbreviate, brief, are from one root. 
 
 It should have been before mentioned that the Latin refragor 
 signifies to resist, to strive against, to deny, whence refractory ; 
 a sense that demonstrates tlie primary sense to be, to strain, urge, 
 press; and refraction, in optics, is a breaking of the direct course 
 of rays of light by turning them ; a sense coinciding with that of 
 distortion. 
 
 We see, then, that one predominant sense of break, is, to strain, 
 to distort. Let us now examine some of the biliteral roots in rg 
 and rk, whicli, if b is a j)refix, must be the primary elements of 
 all the words above mentioned. 
 
 Ch. 33"! rag, regag, to desire, to long for. This is the Greek 
 oofyui, and English to reach; for desire is expressed by reaching 
 forward, stretching the mind toward the object. So in Latin* 
 appeto and cipeto, from pelo, to move toward. This coincides 
 nearly with the Latin rogo, to ask, and the Goth, fragnan. Sax. 
 fncgnan. 
 
 Syr. fc.^, to desire ; and with olaph prefixed, ..^i, to desire, 
 or long; also to wet, or moisten ; also j,^, to moisten — Latin 
 rigo, irrigo, to irrigate. 
 
 Deriv. Tender, sort., fresh, from moisture or greenness. Qu. 
 Lat. rccens, a derivative. 
 
 Here desire and irrigation are both from one root ; desire is a 
 reaching forward, and irrigation is a spreading of water. 
 
 This root, in Hebrew a^S, signifies to weave, or connect, as in 
 texture and net-work ; but the primary sense is to stretch or 
 strain. 
 
 r 
 
xxxviii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In Arabic, !:.ie same verb ^ ,\ siornifies to emit an afi^reeable 
 
 smell ; to breatlie fragrance ; radically, to throw or send out ; to 
 eject; a mere modification of the same sense. Tliis is the Latin 
 fragro, whence frairrant, with a prefix ; but according exactly 
 with the English retk. 
 
 ■^~S5 in Cli. Heb. Syr. and Sam., signifies to prolong, to extend. 
 In Ar. as in Heb. in Hiph. to delay, or retard ; that is, to draw 
 out in time. 
 
 >ai in Heb. has been differently interpreted ; indeed, it has 
 been rendered by wonis of directly contrary signification. The 
 more modern interpreters, saj's Castel], render it, to split, divide, 
 separate, or break ; the ancient interpreters rendered it, to stiflen, 
 to make rigid or rough, to wrinkle or corrugate. Castell and 
 Parkliurst, however, agree in rendering it, in some passages, to 
 quiet, stiil, allay. Jer. xlvii. 6, 1. 34. In Job vii. 5, our trans- 
 lators have rendered it hroi.en, "My skin is broken," [rough, or 
 rigid.] In Job xxvi. 12, it is rendered by divide, " He dividcth 
 the sea by his power." In Vanderhooght's Bible it is in this 
 place rendered by commovet, he agitates the sea. The Seventy 
 render it by xuTfTJuvoe, he stilled; and this is the sense which 
 Parkhurst gives it. 
 
 In Isaiah li. 15, and Jer. xxxi. 3-5, it is rendered in our version 
 by divide. " But I am the Lord thy God, that divided the sea, 
 whose waves roared." 
 
 In Vanderhooght's Bible it is rendered in Isaiah li. 15, " I am 
 Jehovah thy God, qui commovens mare, ut perstrepant fluctus 
 ejus." In Jer. xxxi. oo,^'' commovens mare, ut tumultuentur Huc- 
 tus " — agitating pr moving the sea, that the waves roar, or may 
 roar. The passage in Isaiah is rendered by the Seventy, on 6 
 
 "agitating the sea, and causing its waves to roar and resound." 
 In the French translation, the passage in Isaiah is, "qui fend la 
 mer, et ses flots bruient : " [I] v.'ho divide the sea, and the waves 
 roar. In Jeremiah the passage is, " qui agite la mer, et les flots 
 en bruient : " who agitates tiie sea, and therefore the waves roar. 
 In Italian, the passage in Isaiah is rendered, " one muovo il mare, 
 e le sue oiide romoreggiano." In Jeremiah, " che commuove il 
 mare, onde le sue onde romoreggiano:" v/ho moveth the sea, 
 wherefore its waves roar, or become tumultuous. 
 
 These diiferent renderings show the importance of under- 
 standing the literal or primary sense of words ; for whatever may 
 be the real sense in the passages above mentioned, it can not be 
 10 divide. If we are to give to vau in the following word its 
 usual sense of and, it is difficult to make sense of the word J'ai) 
 by translating it, he stillctk : He stillcUi the sea, and its waves are 
 tumultuous, or He stilieth the sea that the waves may roar or be 
 agitated ! This will not answer. Tlie more rational version 
 would be. He roughens the sea, and its waters roar; or lie drives, 
 impels it into agitation. In Ethiopic, the same word signifies to 
 coagulate, to freeze, to become rigid ; and this is undoubtedly Uie 
 Latin ri'n'eo, and with a prefix/ri^eo, and this signification is per- 
 haps allied to the Lat. rugo, to wrinkle; for, as a general rule, 
 the radical sense of wrinkle is to draw, as in contract, contraho, 
 and this seems to be the sense of rigeo. Both these words are 
 allied to rough, which is from breaking or wrinkling. This sense 
 would perhaps well suit the context in those two passages, as it 
 would also that in Job yii. 5 : My skin is rough. 
 
 Now, in Arabic, the general signification of is to return, to 
 repeat, to withdraw, which may be from drawing back ; a differ- 
 ent application of the original sense, to strain, stretch, or extend. 
 
 The root p"n in Chaldee signifies to spit, and this is probably 
 the Latin ructo, somewhat varied in application. The same verb 
 
 in Arabic rauka, signifies to drive off, to reject ; to shoot or 
 
 grow long, as teeth; to strain, purify or make clear, as wine; 
 precisely the English to rack; also, to spread, and to pour out. 
 Hebrew to empty, to draw out, to attenuate or make thin ; 
 and as a noun, spittle ; Syriac, to spit, to draw out, to attenuate ; 
 Samaritan, to pour out, to draw out, to extend ; Ethiopic, to be 
 fine, slender, or thin ; Arabic, to be soft, tender, thin. The verb 
 has a like signification, and is perhaps from the same original 
 root; Hi'brew, to Kpread, stretch, extend. But, says Ciistell, 
 
 all the ancient interpreters rendered the word, to ordain, estub- 
 liHh, make firm ; to strike, to beat, as pliites of metal. But tiie 
 sense ii to vtrctch, to spread, and the beating is only the means 
 
 of extending. Hence the firmament, which agrees well 
 
 with Lat. regio, an extent; in Hebrew, properly, an expanse. 
 And to reconcile the ancient and modern interpretations of this 
 word, let it be remembered that strength and Jinnness are usually 
 or always from stretching, tension. 
 
 Now let us hear Ainsworth on the word regio. " Regio a rego 
 quod priusquam provinciee fierent, regiones sub regibus erant 
 atque ab his regebantur." How much more natural is it to de- 
 duce regio from the primary sense of rego, which is to stretch, to 
 strain, to extend ! liegio is an extent, a word of indefinite signi- 
 fication. 
 
 In Chaldee and Arabic this verb signifies to mend, to repair, to 
 make whole ; from extending, spreading over, or making strong. 
 See the root 5", infra. 
 
 We observe that 331 and yj^Jl agree, in original signification, 
 with the English reach, on the root of which, or some of its deriv- 
 atives, was formed stretch. That "j"^' and pIS were formed 
 on any of the foregoing billteral roots, we may not be able to 
 affirm ; but it is certain from the Welsh, that the first conso.iant 
 of the triliteral root is a prefix, and it is certain from the Shemitic 
 languages, that the primary sense is the same in the biliteral and 
 triliteral roots, or that all the applications or particular significa- 
 tions may readily be deduced from one general signification. 
 
 To illustrate this subject more fully, let us attend to the various 
 applications of some other Shemitic words of extensive use. 
 
 Heb. 5*"13 bara, to create. This, by most lexicographers, is 
 given as the first signification, in all the Shemitic languages. 
 Parkhurst says, to create : to produce into being. Gen. i. 1. 
 
 y. To form by accretion or concretion of matter. Gen. i. 21. 
 
 3. In Hiph. to make fat; to fatten or batten. 1 Sam. ii. 29. 
 
 4. To do or perform something wonderful. Num. xvi. 30. 
 
 5. In Niph. to be renewed. In Kal. to renew, in a spiritual 
 sense. Ps. li. 12. 
 
 Castell says, 
 
 1. To create from nothing, or to produce something new or 
 excellent from another thing. Gen. i. Is. xlii. 5. 
 
 2. In Niph. to be renewed or re-created. Is. xlviii. 7. Ps. 
 cii. 19. 
 
 3. To cut off ; to take away ; to bear away, or remove ; also, to 
 select; to prepare. Josh. xvii. 15, 18. Ezek. xxiii. 47. 
 
 Gesenius says, 
 
 1. Strictly, to hew, to hew out. [Ar. to cut, to cut out, to 
 plane.] 
 
 2. To form; to make; to produce. Ar. \j~t. The order of 
 significations is, as in the Ar. galaka, to be smooth, to 
 make smooth. 2. To plane. 3. To form, make. Gen. i. 1, 
 21, 27. 
 
 1. Niph. passive of Kal. No. 2. Gen. ii. 4. 
 
 2. To be born. Ezek. xxi. 30 Ps. cii. 18. 
 
 Pi. the verb differently pointed; to hew, to cut down. 
 
 Josh. xvii. 15, 18. 
 
 2. To cut down with the sword ; to kill. Ezek. xxiii. 47. 
 
 3. To make fat. 1 Sam. ii. 29. 
 Thus far the Hebrew. 
 
 Chal. t^nn, to create. Gen. i. 1. 
 
 2. To cut off. Is. xl. 20. 
 
 3. To make fat ; to grow sound or strong. Talm. 
 Deriv. Fat ; whole ; sound ; strong. Castell. 
 Syr. j^O, to create. Gen. i. 1. Mark xiii. 19. 
 
 2. To remove to a distance; and Deriv. distance, distant. 
 
 Castell. 
 
 Sam. iVSS, to create. Gen. i. 22. Deut. iv. 32. Castell. 
 
 t — 
 
 Ar. to create. Job xxxviii. 7. [qu. 4 and 6.] 
 
 2. To be free, or guiltless, not obnoxious to punishment. 
 Num. V. 28, 31 ; and xxxii. 22. Rom. vii. 6. 
 
 3. To free; to absolve from a crime; to liberate; to dismiss ; 
 to justify. Ex. XX. 7. Num. xiv. 18. 
 
 4. To escape ; to forsake. 
 
 5. To recover from disease ; to be healed ; to restore to health. 
 Lev. xiii. J8. Josh. v. 8. Ma.tth. iv. 23 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 6. To cleanse; to free from impurities. 
 
 7. To abstain Croin. 
 
 Deriv. Creator; free; unobnoxious ; clean; empty. 
 
 Ar. to create. 
 
 2. To cut off ; to hew or pare. 
 
 3. To separate ; to distinguisli. 
 
 4. To make thin. 
 
 5. To oppose ; to strive ; to resist. 
 
 6. To provoke ; to boast, or make a parade. 
 
 7. To distribute ; to disperse. Castell. 
 According to Gesenius, the primary sense of the verb is to Acir, 
 
 to cat out, and thus to make smooth, and thus to create ; and he 
 deduces these senses in the same order as he does those of the 
 Arabic verb, which gives the word lilic. But there i.s no ground 
 for this opinion ; and doubtless the verb originated before the use 
 of edge tools. 
 
 The predominant senses of tliis word are, to separate, to free, 
 to remove ; as we see by tiie Arabic and Syriac. 
 
 Now, hewing is indeed separating, and we have the English 
 word //are from this root; but we must seek for a signification 
 which is more general than that of piiring, or we shall not be 
 able to account for the sense of njakiiig fat, sound, entire, and 
 strong, nor for that of l)eing born. 
 
 The truth undoubtedly is, tljis word is of the same family with 
 the English b</ir, the Latin piirio, and the radical sense is to 
 throw, to tlirust, to send, to ttrinc, to extnid ; hence to throw out, 
 to produce, as applied to the birth of children or of the world. 
 To throw or dricc is the primary sense of separation and division, 
 that is, to drive off. Tlie English word deal, when traced to its 
 root, presents the same fact. See Deal. To create is to produce 
 or bring forth, the same sense as that of birth, applied to a differ- 
 ent object. The sense of hewing and paring is from driving off, 
 separation. In Syriac, we observe the general application, in 
 removal, or departure to a distance. The sense of fattening is 
 derivative, and allied to that of healing or making whole, sound, 
 strong, in the Arabic ; that is, preparing, bringing to a good state, 
 or from tension, the usual primary sense of strength and power. 
 
 To obtain a more full and satisfactory view of this subject, let 
 us attend to the same word in the modern languages of Europe. 
 
 LATIN. 
 
 Paro, to prepare, tnake ready, procure, design, &c. The radi- 
 cal sense of paro is probably the same as in the Shemitic lan- 
 guages ; to produce, to bring forward. So also ready implies an 
 advancing, and so does promptness. But the various ways of 
 preparing a thing for use naturally give to the word, in process 
 of lime, a variety of particular significations; each of which re- 
 sults in bringing the thing to the state desired. The compounds 
 of paro are apparo, to prepare, to furnish, accouter or set out; 
 comparo, to prepare or procure, to make equal, to compare, to 
 join, to dress or make ready ; prieparo, to prepare ; rrparo, to re- 
 piir, to create anew, to regain, to compensate ; srpnro, to sepa- 
 rate. Let tiie Latin uses of this word be compared with the same 
 Hebrew word in Joshua xvii. 1.5, where it is rendered cut down. 
 " Ascend to the wood country and cut down for thyself; " Sep- 
 tuigint, fxxar*uiti>r ofarxu), clear for thyself. This is one njode of 
 preparation for use. In Ezek. xxi. 11), it is rendered choose ; 
 Septuagint, Siuraltig, appoint. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 
 Parare, to prepare ; to garnish ; to adorn ; to propose an occa- 
 sion ; to parry, or ward off, as a blow ; to defend ; to cover from 
 or slielter ; to repair; to teach a horse to stop, and in horseman- 
 ship, to stop; purata, a warding off, a garnishing; parato, pre- 
 pared, ready, prompt, warded off or parried, shielded, defended. 
 
 .'jpparare, to learn ; apparato, learned, prepared ; apparato, 
 preparation, garnishment. 
 
 Parer.chio, a preparation ; also equal, even [L. par ;] parecchiare, 
 to prepare; 7>rtr< "■"■tare, to make equal, to compare ; apparecchiare, 
 to prepare, to ornament or garnish, to set in order; appareggiare, 
 to put in competition, to match, to equal. 
 
 Comparare, to compare. 
 
 Dispurare, to forget ; disparare, spararc, to unfurnish, disgar- 
 nisli, to make unready, to disbowel, to separate, disjoin, unpair ; 
 to discharge, as artillery. 
 
 fwpararc, to learn. 
 
 Ilipararr, to repair, to restore to the first stall* ; to repair, or 
 resort to, or have a(;cess to; to piirry, or .vard oil"; riparo, repa- 
 ration, a fort, a bank, fence, mound, remedy, shelter. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 Parar, to prepare ; to stop, detain, prevent ; to end ; to 
 treat or use ill ; to stake at cards ; to point out the game, as 
 pointers. 
 
 Parada, a halt or stopping, end, pause ; a fold for cattle ; a 
 relay, as of horses ; a dam or bank ; a stake or bet ; a parade, or 
 a place where troops are assembled to exercise ; paradu, remiss, 
 careless, unemployed. 
 
 Par, a pair; a peer; afterbirth; the handle of a bell. 
 
 Jlpurar, to stretch out the hands or skirts of a garment for 
 receiving any thing ; to dig and heap earth round plants ; to close 
 the upper and hind quarter of a shoe to the sole ; to couple male 
 and female animals ; to dub, as a ship. 
 
 Jl/iarador, a sideboard, a dresser in a kitchen, a workshop, a 
 wardrobe ; aparuto, preparation, pomp, show. 
 
 .Qparear, to match ; to suit one thing to another, [pair.] 
 
 Aparejo, preparation, harness, sizing of a piece of linen or 
 board on which something is to be painted ; tackle, rigging em- 
 ployed on board of a ship. [.Ippurcl, parrel.] 
 
 Comparar, to compare. 
 
 Desparejar, to make unequal. 
 
 Di.iparar, to discharge, as fire-arms. 
 
 Jimparar, to shelter ; to protect. [Aragon, to sequester, as 
 goods.] 
 
 Emparedar, to confine or shut up. 
 
 Reparar, to repair ; to observe carefully, to consider ; to mend 
 or correct ; to suspend or detai.n ; to guard, defend, protect ; to 
 regain strength, or recover from sickness ; to right the helm. 
 
 Separar, to separate. 
 
 PORTUGUESE. 
 
 Parar, v. i. to stop, to cease to go forward ; to confine upon, to 
 meet at the end, to touch, to be bounded ; to tend, to drive at 
 something, to aim at, to come to; to imply, involve, or comprise : 
 " Nao posso parar com fome," I can not bear hunger. " Ninguem 
 pode aqui parar," Nobody can live or stay here. [Eng. bear.] 
 
 Parar, v. t. to stop, to hinder from proceeding ; to parry or 
 ward off; to turn or change with regard to inclination or morals ; 
 to lay or stake, as a wager. Parada, a stopping, or place of stoji- 
 ping ; a bet or wager. 
 
 Jimparar,, to protect, shelter, defend, abet. 
 
 Comparar, to compare ; comprar, to buy, to procure. 
 
 Jiparar, to pare, as an apple ; to mend or make a pen ; to 
 parry a blow. 
 
 Aparelhar, to prepare, to fit, to cut out or rough hew ; aparelho, 
 tackle in a ship I'or hoisting things. Eng. a. parrel. 
 
 Disparnr, to shoot, to discharge, as fire-arms. 
 
 /fe/;«r«r, to repair ; to 7<flr/-y in fencing ; to advert; to observe ; 
 to make amends ; to retrieve ; to recover ; to recruit ; to shelter; 
 rcparo, in fortification, defense. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 Parer, to deck, adorn, trim, set off, embellish ; to parry or ward 
 off. '■^ Parer des cuirs," to dress leather; ^'^ Parer le pied d'un 
 cheval," to pare a horse's hoof. 
 
 Parcr, v. i. to stop; paresse, idleness. 
 
 Pari, a lay, bet, or wager ; parier, to bet or lay a wager. 
 
 Appareil, preparation, furniture, train, retinue, [y,ng. apparel.] 
 Jipparaux, tackle, sails and rigging, [Eng. parrel.] 
 
 Pair, a peer, an equal ; paire, a pair ; uppurier, to pair, to match. 
 
 S' evi]iurer, to seize, to invade. 
 
 Reparcr, to repair. 
 
 Scparer, to separate. 
 
 ARMORIC. 
 
 Pnra, to dress, to trim, to stop, to parry, to pro ^are. 
 
 RUSSIAN. 
 
 Vherayri, to put in order, to adjust, to mow or reap, to cut, to 
 dress, as the hair. This word has the common prefix u. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PERSIC. 
 ^iXjyj poridan, to cut off. 
 
 WELSH. 
 
 Par, something contiguous, or that is in continuity ; a state of 
 readiness or preparedness ; a pair or couple ; a fellow, match. 
 Par, a cause ; the essence, germ, or seed of a thing ; a spear. 
 Para, to continue, to endure, to persevere. 
 Parad, a causing; parai, that causes to be. 
 Parawd, prepared, ready ; parodi, to prepare. 
 
 That all the foregoing words in the present European lan- 
 guages [and several others might have been added] are formed 
 from one stock or radix, coinciding with the Latin paro, is a fact 
 that admits of no question. The only doubt respecting the cor- 
 rectness of the whole preceding statement, is, whether the Latin 
 paro is radically the same as the Oriental ; and with regard 
 to this point, I should suppose the evidence to be convincing. 
 Indeed, there is good reason to believe that the Oriental verbs 
 '^"13, "IjH, and IS?, are all formed from one primitive radix. 
 Certain it is, that the English bear comprehends both the Latin 
 fero and pario, and the latter corresponds nearly with n"l5 and 
 
 Eth. <t4P fari, to bear. 
 
 But admitting only what is certain, that all the foregoing 
 European words are from one radix, we are then to seek for a 
 primary meaning from which may be deduced the following 
 significations; Lat. to prepare; Ital. to adorn, to parry, to stop, 
 to defend, to repair, to learn ; Span, to prepare, to stop, to lay or 
 stake as a wager, a pair or couple ; Port, to stop, to confine upon 
 or be contiguous, to drive or aim at, to parry, to pare; Fr. to 
 deck, to jmrry, to stop, to pare ; Arm. to dress, to prepare, to 
 parrif ; Russ. to adjust, to dress, to mow or reap; Welsh, pr.e- 
 paredness, contiguity, a pair, a cause, to continue or endure ; 
 and several other significations. 
 
 The various significations result from throwing, sending, driv- 
 ing. To separate or remove is to drive or force apart ; hence to 
 parry, and hence to defend. Separation implies extension, a 
 drawing out in length or time ; hence the Portuguese senses of 
 confining upon, reaching to the limit. This gives the sense of 
 par, equal, that is, of the same extent; and hence coming to, and 
 suiting, as in Latin convcnio. 
 
 Here let it be observed that, admitting the word par, equal, to 
 belong to this family, as in the Welsh, we have strong reason to 
 believe that the Shemitic n^H) to join, or fit together, to asso- 
 ciate, whence as a noun, an associate, is formed from the same 
 root, or ; for in the Saxon we find not only fera, but grfera, 
 a companion, fellow, or peer ; gefera answering precisely to the 
 Oriental word. 
 
 The sense of betting is from throwing down, as we say, to lay 
 a wager. The sense of stopping is from setting, fixing, or from 
 parrj'ing. The sense of adorning is from putting on, which is 
 from sending, or from extension, enlargement, as we say, to set 
 off, and hence it is allied to the sense of show, display, parade. 
 Preparation is from producing, bringing forward, or adjusting, 
 making right; and often implies advancing, like ready, prompt ; 
 and the latter word, prompt, from promo, to bring forth, affords a 
 good illustration of the words derived from paro. 
 
 The senses of cutting off, paring, and the like, require no 
 explanation. 
 
 The Italian disparare, and the Spanish and Portuguese dis- 
 parar, to discharge fire-arms, present the original sense of the 
 root, to send or drive. This sense gives that of tlie Welsh pAr, a 
 spear, as well as a cause, or tliat which impels. A spear is a 
 sho'jt, from tlii! sense of thrusting ; and our word spear is proba- 
 bly formed from tlie root of bar, and Welsh ber, a spit, a pike, 
 a lance, a spear, Lat. veru. Now, in Ciialdee, a bar is 
 from "zy, to pass ; a verb vviiich is probably of the same family 
 with ^<~^. It is furtlier to be observed that, in Italian, bar is 
 written both barra and sbarra. 
 
 It is observed above that is the English bear and the Latin 
 pario ; but pario would seem to be the Hebrew illS parah, to be 
 fruifCiil, to bear fruit, a|)plied to plants and animals. Rut tiiis 
 word Hcenis to denote producing in general, rather than the pro- 
 duction of children. However this may be, it is certain that bear 
 in Engliirfi, as well an in Saxon, expreBses the sense of both pario 
 
 and fero in Latin. The Latin fero, and the Greek tftoai, signify 
 both to carry and to produce, as young or fruit. Pario dots not. 
 So in the Gothic, bairan is to carry, gabairan is to carry and to 
 produce young. In German, fuhren is to carry, and gcbaren, to 
 bring forth, to bear a child. In Dutch, beuren is to lift ; voeren, 
 to carry ; and baaren, to bring forth, as children ; to bear, to be- 
 get, to cause. Danish, barer, to carry, to support, and to yield 
 or produce. Sw. bara, to carry ; barn, a son. Irish hcirim, to 
 bear or bring forth, and to tell or relate, like the Latin fero, 
 whence Fr. parler, to speak. 
 
 It appears, then, that the English bear, and the Saxon from 
 which we have received it, and the Gothic and the Danish cor- 
 responding words unite, in the same orthography, the senses 
 of two words of different orthography in other languages. I 
 have found other examples of a similar kind. There is, there- 
 fore, solid ground to believe that all these words are from one 
 primitive root ; the different modes of writing the word, and the 
 several appropriations, having originated in different families of 
 the great races of men, before languages were reduced to writing ; 
 and when they came to be written, each word was written 
 according to its usual pronunciation, and defined according to 
 its use in each family. And by the intermixture of tribes, two 
 or three derivatives of the same stock might have become a 
 part of the same national language. Unquestionably the Greek 
 (pspoi, and (foofio, are branches of the same stock. 
 
 We have, in the modern languages, decisive evidence that 
 different verbs may have, and in fact have, a common radix. 
 Thus, in English, list and lust are different modes of writing the 
 same word ; both are united in the other Teutonic dialects. So, 
 in Latin, libet and lubet ; and similar instances I have found in 
 almost every language which I have examined. 
 
 The Latin pareo, to appear, to come to light, if not a compound 
 word, may be of this family. Paries, a wall, if primarily a par- 
 tition wall, is of the same stock. Per belongs to this family, as 
 its signification is passing. The Sa.x. faran, to fare, Gr. no(>tvuiiai, 
 seems to be from one branch of this stock, probably "|33>. See 
 the word Pass, in the Dictionary, in the derivative senses of 
 which there are some resemblances to those of ^"13. 
 
 *li33 Jcafar. 
 
 This verb, says Lowth, means to cover, to cover sin, and so to 
 expiate ; and it is never used in the sense of breaking or dissolv- 
 ing a covenant, though that notion occurs so often in the Scrip- 
 tures ; nor can it be forced into this sense, but by a great deal of 
 far-fetched reasoning. See Isaiah xxviii. 18. Lowt/i on Isaiah, 
 Prelim. Diss. 
 
 ^53, saya Castell, "texuit, operuit, Anglice, to cover; per me- 
 tathesin, y.Qvnrv>, y.Qvtfrj, peculiariter bitumine, sive glutinosa 
 aliqua materia obduxit; picavit." Gen. vi. 14. 
 
 Parkhurst gives to this verb the sense of covering or over- 
 spreading, as primary, and deduces from it the Greek xnvn-zut, 
 and English cover and coffer. He, however, admits, that, in 
 Isaiah xxviii. 18, it signifies to annul, as a covenant. He also 
 considers the sense of atonement or expiation to be radically that 
 of covering. 
 
 Gesenius agrees with the English lexicographers, in assigning 
 to this verb the primary sense of covering or overlaying, as in 
 Gen. vi. 14. He admits that this word has the sense, in Isaiah 
 xxviii. 18, of blotting out, obliterating. But he gives to it the 
 sense of forgiving, in some passages, in which our version has 
 that of purging arnay. Ps. Ixv. 3, and Ixxix. !). In these pas- 
 sages, Castell renders the word, to be merciful or propitious. 
 
 In all these authors there is, I conceive, a radical mistake, in 
 supposing the primary sense to be to cover, and in the opinion 
 that this Hebrew word is the English verb to cover. A still 
 greater mistake is in the supposition of Castell and Parkhurst, 
 that this, by a metathesis, gives the Greek xiivtitu). 
 
 The English word cover comes to us through the French cou- 
 vrir, from the Italian coprire,ii contraction of the Latin r.o-opcrio, 
 whence co-opertus, Italian coprrlo, covered, Eng. covert.' The 
 Latin aperio is to open, and operio is to cover, both from pario or 
 one of the roots in Br, which has just been explained. The root 
 in these words is per or par, and the sens(( is varied by prefixes ; 
 perhaps ad-pario or ab-pario and ob-pario. Now, cover can have 
 
 • In this deiliirtinn of raver frnm the Lntin, I am supported by Lunier, the 
 Hhh'sl French Klyimilo(!i«t whoso works I have seen. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 xli 
 
 no connection with "133, unless this latter word is a compound, 
 with S for a prefix. This may be tlic fact, but the connection, 
 even in that case, is very remote. 
 
 Let us see if we can gain any light upon the subject of the 
 primary sense of from the cognate languages. 
 
 Chnldee, 153, to deny, to reject. Prov. xxx. 9. 
 
 2. To wipe ; " She eateth and wipeth her mouth." Prov. xxx. 
 20. 
 
 3. To wash or cleanse. Matth. xxvii. 24. Castell. 
 Syriac, • l^<'far^ to deny. Gen. xviii. 15. Luke xii. 9. 
 
 2. To wipe, to wipe away, to annul, to abolisli. Prov. xxx. 
 20. Is. xxviii. Iri. Castell. 
 
 .Arabic, kafara, to deny ; to disbelieve ; to be an infidel ; 
 
 to be impious; to blaspheme. Acts iii. 13, 14. 2 Pet. ii. 1, 5. 
 Judc 15. 
 
 2. To cover; to conceal. 
 
 3. To expiate ; to make expiation for one, and free him from 
 crime. Castell. 
 
 Now, the senses of the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, to dentj, to 
 reject, to annul, to wipe, loash, or to cleanse by these acts, can not 
 be deduced from covering. 
 
 In Hebrew, tlie word has the sense of covering, as the ark, with 
 bitumen or pitch, in Gen. vi. 14 ; that is, to smear, or paij over, 
 as our seamen now express it. But it should be considered that 
 tlie sense of covering is rarely or never primary ; it is usually 
 from the sense o£ putting on, which is from the sense of throwing 
 or pressing, or it is from overspreading, which is a spreading, 
 stretching, or throicing over ; hence the derivative senses of cov- 
 ering and hiding. These latter senses are sometimes derived 
 from others ; but these are the most general. And in this pas- 
 sage of Genesis, the literal sense is probably to put on, or to rub 
 or spread over, a sense which coincides with that of the Chaldee 
 and Syriac, Prov. xxx. 20, though differently applied; or what is 
 more probable, the verb, in Gen. vi. 14, is from the noun, which 
 is the name of the substance used ; as we should say, to pitch 
 with pitch. 
 
 The real original sense of this Shemitic verb is to remove, to 
 separate, by thrusting away or driving off. Hence its application, 
 in the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, to denial, the rejection of 
 God or truth. T« deny or reject is to thrust away. Hence from 
 the Arabic caffer, an infidel, one who denies and rejects the Mo- 
 hammedan religion ; hence Caffraria, the southern part of Africa, 
 the country of infidels ; so called by the followers of Mohammed, 
 just as the Christians gave the name of pagans to the inhabitants 
 of villages [yagus'] who rejected the Christian religion. 
 
 This signification explains the Hebrew uses of this word. 
 Its literal sense is applied to the cleansing or purification of 
 sacred things, as the altar. Lev. xvi. 18. In a spiritual sense, 
 to the purification of the soul, a type of the purification by the 
 blood of Christ ; hence it is rendered atonement, or expiation. 
 Hence, probably, the sense of appeasing, Gen. xxxii. 21, Prov. 
 xvi. 14, though this may be from removing or smoothing. 
 
 The sense of forgiveness is from thrusting away or giving back, 
 precijjely as in the modern languages ; Lat. remitto, to send back or 
 away ; forgive, to give back or away ; pardon, in French, Spanish, 
 and Italian, has a like sense, which is more clearly exhibited by 
 the Dutch vergecven, German vergeben; ver being the English 
 far, to give far, to give away; hence to reject, and remember no 
 more. The sense of give, and of the French donner, is nearly the 
 same as that of 122. To give is to send, to cause to pass; and 
 so of donner. 
 
 Now, it is a question of some moment, whether the opinion that 
 1ED is the same as the English cover, has not inclined lexicog- 
 raphers and commentators to render it by this word, in several 
 piissages, where the true sense is to forgive, or to purify by 
 cleansing from sin. 
 
 However this may be, the interpretation given above will fully 
 disprove Lowth's assertion, that this word is never used in the 
 sense of breaking or annulling a covenant. So confident is the 
 learned bishop on this point, that he ventures to call in question 
 the reading, Isaiah xxviii. 18, and to suppose the true word to 
 be ISr, from ns, to break. With respect to the reading, I shall 
 offer no opinion; but if the present reading is correct, I am 
 confident that no word in the Hebrew language is better fitted to 
 express the sense. Your covenant with death shall be rciped 
 away, abolished, or, as in the version, annulled. And so is the 
 rendering in the Syriac. 
 
 If 122 is a compound word, and the first letter a prefix, it may 
 
 be from the same root as the Arabic ^jJl£ gafara, whose signifi- 
 cation is to cover. But the primary sense is, to throw or put on. 
 It signifies, also, to forgive; but to forgive is to send back or 
 away, remitto, and not to cover. And I apprehend that for want 
 of knowing the primary sense of sucii verbs, the word cover has 
 been often substituted for forgive, in the translating of this verb. 
 
 kal or kol. 
 
 No. 1. Heb. ^"13, b2, to hold, to contain ; Sw. hdlla. bsis, to 
 hold, to sustain, to maintain, to comprehend. 
 
 Ch. bl2» to measure ; that is, to ascertain the contents, or to 
 stretch, and comprehend the whole. 
 
 Pah. To feed, to nourish. See );2^^. 
 
 Deriv. A measure ; also custom, rite, manner ; probably from 
 holding or continued practice. 
 
 Syr. In Aph. to measure. Deriv. A measure. 
 
 Eth. Tl®A, to follow; to go behind; Gr. axoXuv&tut ; that ist 
 to hold to, or to press after. 
 
 Deriv. The hinder part; the poop of a ship; behind. French cuZ. 
 
 No. 2. Heb. bjD, to finish ; to complete ; to make perfect. 
 Gr. xaioq. 
 
 b2, all; the whole; Gr. uXo:, Eng. all, by the loss of the first 
 letter; but in Welsh hall, or oil; and in Saxon a!, ail, and geall. 
 Ch. b22, to crown ; to adorn. 
 
 Pill. To perfect; to complete ; to comprehend ; to embrace. 
 Deriv. Comprehending; universality; a general rule, &c. 
 Syr. ^^o, to crown. Deriv. A crown; all; every one. 
 Sam. ZZiS, as the Chaldee. 
 
 Eth. nAA, the same ; also, to cover. 
 
 Ar. 3"^' kalla, to be weary or dull ; to be languid ; to tire ; 
 also, to crown ; to shine. Deriv. All ; dullness ; heaviness. 
 
 No. 3. Heb. Kb2, to hold; to restrain; to shut or confine; to 
 check; Gr. xuiXvui ; Sw. halla. 
 
 Deriv. A place of confinement ; Lat. caula. 
 
 Ch. S32, ni2, "^32, to hold ; to restrain ; also, to trust ; to con- 
 fide in, or rely on ; to hope. (See No. 6.) Also, to finish ; to 
 perfect ; also, to consume ; to cause to fail. 
 
 In Aph. To call; to cry out; to thunder; Gr. xn/.tw ; Lat. 
 calo ; W. galw ; Eng. to call; Lat. gallus, from crowing. 
 
 Syr. ^■5:>Xi, to hold ; to restrain ; to forbid ; to deny. 
 
 Deriv. all; a cork, bar, or bolt, 
 
 bam. to hold, or restrain. 
 
 Eth. TlA?^, to hold, restrain, or prohibit. 
 
 Deriv. Lat. alius ; a fellow, or companion. 
 
 Ar. NV^5 liala, to keep; to preserve; to turn the face toward 
 a thing and look repeatedly. So in English, to behold. Also, to 
 come to the end, as of life ; also, to feed, to devour food ; also, to ' 
 abound in pasture ; also, to hinder, or detain ; also, to look atten- 
 tively ; also, to sprout; also, to take upon a pledge, or upon 
 trust; supra, Chaldee. (See No. 6.) 
 
 No. 4. Heb. 0^2, to finish; to consume; to bring to naught;' 
 to waste ; to fail. (See No. 8.) 
 
 No. 5. Ch. b2it, to eat; to consume ; also, to take ; to hold ; to 
 contain. In Aph. to feed ; to give food ; also, to call ; to thunder ; 
 to roar, or bellow ; also, to publish ; to accuse ; to defame. 
 
 Heb. to eat; to consume. 
 
 Sam. ZiSA-, to eat. 
 
 Syr. to publish ; to divulge, as a crime ; to accuse. i 
 
 Eth. ATiA, to suffice ; as we say, it is well, Lat. valeo ; also, to 
 be or exist ; that is, to be held, or to be fixed or permanent, to 
 continue. 
 
 Ar. to eat ; to devour ; to corrode ; Lat. helluo. 
 
 No. 6. Ar. y '—' •^ wakala, to trust ; to commit to another in 
 confidence. (See No. 3.) 
 
xlii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Eth. (DT\t\ ioakal, with a prefix ; to trust, as above. 
 No. 7. Heb. to be able ; to prevail ; hut. call eo ; W.gallu; 
 Eng. could. 
 
 No. 8. Ch. to digest; to consume. (No. 5.) 
 
 Ar. JwCc, to collect; to tie ; to bind ; to unite ; also, to divide, 
 
 impel, or compel. This is the primary sense of the word, or 
 rather of this root ; to press; to strain; to urge, or impel; also, 
 to extend. These verbs are different modifications of one radix ; 
 and hence the English hold, call, holloto, heal, hale ; the Latin 
 calo, raulis, calleo, callus ; Greek xuXic, xaXuc, or xaliu? ; and a 
 multitude of words in all the modern languages of Europe. 
 
 The sense of holding, restraining, forbidding, hindering, and 
 keeping, are too obvious to need any explanation. They are 
 from straining. To this sense is nearly allied the sense of meas- 
 uring, or ascertaining what is held or contained. That which is 
 contained is all, the whole that is comprehended, from the sense 
 of extension. 
 
 The signification of finishing or perfecting seems in a good 
 sense, to be from that of soundness ; a sense which is from 
 stretching or strength. Or it may be from coming to the end, 
 like Jinish and achieve, or from sliuUing, closing. And the sense 
 of consuming, wasting, failing, may be from bringing to an end. 
 In Latin, to consume is to tahe all ; and possibly this may be the 
 sense of this verb. But the Arabic sense of failure would seem 
 rather to be from holding, stopping, or coming to an end. 
 
 The sense of eating may be from consuming, or taking apart ; 
 but from some of the derivatives of No. 5, I am inclined to think 
 the primary sense is to feed, to crowd, to stufl^ ; the primary sense 
 of the root applied to this particular act ; for under the Chaldee 
 root we find words which signify the nut of a species of oak, the 
 Gr. a/iui>c, and a collection or crowd of people, [Gr. oyXug,'] both 
 of which are from collecting or pressing together. 
 
 The sense of sfci«o- and looking is from rcacking or casting a.nA 
 striking, or from lioldiiig or fixing the eyes on. 
 
 The sense of trusting seems also to be that of holding to or 
 resting on. The English hold in behold is from this root. 
 
 The sense of calling, roaring, and thunder, is from impelling 
 the voice or sound ; a pressing, driving, or straining, applied to 
 sound ; like the Latin appello, from pello. Hence the sense of 
 publishing, accusing, and defaming. 
 
 The sense of sprouting, in the Arabic, is a shooting or pushing 
 out, as In other cases ; Lat. caulis. 
 
 The sense of ability, power, strength, in No. 7, is from strain- 
 ing, stretching, or holding, as in other words of the like sense. 
 Hence Lat. calleo, to be skilled, and to be hard, callus. 
 
 On this root is probably formed i^Oi a word differently 
 pointed in the Hebrew and Chaldee. This word signifies, in 
 Hebrew, to pervert, to err, to be foolish or infatuated, to act 
 foollsiily . 
 
 In Chaldee, to understand, know, or consider; to look or be- 
 hold ; to cause to understand ; Rabbinic, to be ignorant ; whence 
 its derivatives, knowledge, wisdom, ignorance. These different 
 significations may result from the different effects of the prefix 
 on the original verb. 
 
 In Syr. m (the same word) signifies to be foolish, or mad ; 
 to cause to know, or to give understanding; to observe; to 
 search or know thoroughly ; to ask or seek to understand ; to 
 discern or distinguish ; also to err, to sin, to be foolish or 
 perverse. 
 
 In Sarn. the same word signifies to look, and to be accustomed. 
 See Castell, col. 2.5^:5. 
 
 That b-" is formed on the same root with a different prefix, is 
 obvious and certain, from the correspondence of significations. 
 This word in Hebrew signifies to understand, or know ; to cause 
 to understand ; to be wise, or to act wisely ; corresponding with 
 the Ch. b-0 above ; and being a mere dialectical orthography of 
 the word. It signifies, also, to deprive, strip, bereave ; and to 
 waste, scatter, and destroy ; also, to cast, as fruit or offspring ; 
 also, to prosper. 
 
 Ch. to understand, and Ch. bb2S, to complete, to finish ; also, 
 to found, to lay the foundation. This ia bbS with V prefixed. 
 
 Syr. to found, to finish, to adorn. 
 
 Ar. y ^ ahakala, to bind under the belly ; to gird ; to 
 
 bind the feet; to fetter; to shackle; to form, or fashion; to be 
 dubious, obscure, and intricate ; to ajjrec, suit, or answer to ; to 
 
 be like ; to have a beautiful form ; to know, perceive, or comore- 
 hend ; to hesitate ; to be ignorant. Derivative, a shackle. See 
 Castell, col. 3750. 
 
 To this root Castell refers the English skill ; and it is certain 
 the words correspond both In elements and in sense. Now, in 
 the Gothic and Teutonic languages, the verbs corresponding to 
 these Shemitic verbs, signify, in Saxon, scijlan, to separate, to 
 distinguish ; Icelandic and Swedish, skilia, to divide, separate, 
 sever ; whence shield, that which separates, and hence defends ; 
 D. scheelen, to differ ; scliillcn, to peel, or pare ; whence scale and 
 shell. To this root our lexicographers refer skill. The prefix In 
 this word would seem to have the force of a negative, like L. ex. 
 Now, is it possible to suppose that these words can be formed 
 from a common root 
 
 The sense of sin and folly is probably from wandering, devi- 
 ating, as in delirium ; and this is only a modification of the pri- 
 mary sense of b-, to stretch or extend ; that is, departure, sepa- 
 ration. Or the C has, in these senses, the force of a negative. 
 
 The sense of knowing, understanding, is usually or always 
 from taking, holding, or extending to; as we sa\', 1 take your 
 meaning. In this application, these words would seem to be 
 directly from the Eth. and Ch. b~3, to be able ; the Latin calleo, 
 to be hard, and to know or be well skilled. That this word bHD 
 is from the same root as bb^i sb::, "b", we know by the Samari- 
 tan 2.^ii, which signifies all, and which is a mere dialectical 
 spelling of the Heb. and Ch. b-- 
 
 The sense of depriving and wasting, In the Hebrew, is from 
 separation, the sense of tlie Gothic and Teutonic words ; but It 
 is to be noticed that this sense seems to Imply throwing, as one 
 mode of parting, and this is also the direct act of founding, laying 
 the foundation. 
 
 When we turn our attention to the Arabic, new affinities are 
 disclosed. The first definition is, to bind, to gird, to shackle, and 
 hence the English word. The radical sense of bind is to strain, 
 the sense of hold. And here we arrive at the origin and primary 
 sense of shall, should; Saxon sccalan, to be obliged; that is, to 
 be bound or constrained. Hence we see why the words scale, 
 shell, and shall, are all written alike in Saxon, sccal ; for scale and 
 shell are from peeling, or covering, binding. , 
 
 From this verb the Saxon has scijld, a crime, or guilt, Lat. 
 scelus, and scyhl. a shield. The German has the same word In 
 schuld, guilt, culpability, debt: Dutch, schuld ; Danish skulde, 
 should, and scyld, a debt, a fault, a crime ; Svv. skuld, the same. 
 This word scyld, skuld, and srhuld. Is the English should, the 
 preterit of the verb shall; and It is the word used In the Saxon, 
 German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and 
 Swiss Lord's Prayer, to express what is rendered In English 
 debts ; forgive us our debts. Here we see the primary sense of 
 the word is to be held, or bound ; hence, liable. The English 
 word guilt may be from the same root, without a prefix ; but 
 whether it is or not, we observe the word expresses more than 
 the English word debt, trespass, or offense ; it comprehends the 
 sense of fault, or sin, with tliat of being held or liable to answer 
 6r to punishment. Debt, In the modern use of the word, implies ' 
 the latter, but not the former ; trespass and offense Imply tlu> sin, 
 but not the Hability to answer. We have no English word that 
 Includes both senses except guilt, and this seems to be hardly 
 adequate to express the full sense of scyld. 
 
 To account for the various significations of the same word, in 
 different languages, and often In the same language, it is neces- 
 sary to find the primary action expressed by the root; and in 
 compound words It Is necessary to observe or ascertain the differ- 
 ent effects produced on the original word by the prefixes. Thus 
 the verb inculpo, m Low Latin, slgnities to excuse; but some 
 modern writers use inculpate in a directly different sense ; that 
 is, to blame. 
 
 In like manner impartible has two different significations; that 
 may be imjiarted ; and in law, not partible, or divisible. Such is 
 the fact also with impassionnle. I am persuaded a vast number 
 of instances of similar diversities in the application of prefixes, 
 may be found in the Shemitic languages ; and this will account 
 for differences which otherwise seem utterly irreconcilable. 
 
 We find in our mother tongue, that the sami' word signifies to 
 heal and to conceal, Lat. celo ; Saxon h<e.l, health ; limlan, hclan, 
 to heal, to conceal ; ge-lutlan, iind gr.-hrlan, to heal, and to con- 
 ceal; Old ICiiirllsh hele. Hence we see that thi' Engl ' '' heal and 
 tiie Latin celo are the same word differently iipplii'd, but from a 
 common signification, wliicli Is, to make strong or fast, or to hold, 
 from the sense of pressing. Or perhaps the Latin cvlo may have 
 
INTROD 
 
 this sense of holding, restraining ; and heal may rather be from 
 making perfect. No. 2, supra. 
 
 \Ve aiuy now also see tlie radical sense of holy ; Saxon h(il and 
 ge-/ial, tchole, sound, safe; Italiir, holy; hatgian, to hallow. If 
 tliis word contains the sense of se])arntion, or driving oft', like 
 Latin saccr, as it may, it is from shutting, confining, or restrain- 
 ing intercourse. But I am inclined to believe the primary sense 
 of hotij is sound, entire, coinciding with tlie radical sense of heal. 
 
 CLOD, LAUDO, CLAUDO. 
 
 In Welsh, clod is praise, from Wod, a forcible utterance. This 
 is the English loud, and Lat. laudo, which, with a prefix, becomes 
 pliiudo. In Welsh, llodi signifies to reach out, to crave, from 
 tlie radical sense of Hod, to thrust out or extend ; but according 
 to Owen, llodi is from limed, whicli signifies a sliooting out, or a 
 going onward, productiveness, a lad; and as an adjective, tending 
 forward, craving, lewd; llodig, craving, brimming; llodineh, 
 lewdness. Now, beyond all question, these words are the Chal- 
 dee, Syriac, Hebrew, and Samaritan to beget; to bring 
 
 fortli ; to cause to be born ; and as a noun, a child of eitlier sex, 
 a lad. The Arabians and Ethiopians use van or wuw, where the 
 
 Hebrews use yod. Tlie Arabic corresponding word is wa- 
 
 ladtt, the Ethiopic walada, to beget, to bring forth. 
 
 But this is not all. In Greek, the verb y.?.tivt, a contraction 
 of xXuf-v', signifies to praise, to celebrate. Here we have pre- 
 cisely the Welsli Hod above, corresponding with the Latin laudo 
 and plaudo. But the same Greek word x\iiui. y.'/.tSuuK signifies to 
 shut or make fast. This is the Latin cludo, cluudo. The Saxons 
 used h for tlie Greek y. and the Latin c ; and with these words 
 accords the Saxon hlid, a cover; English, a lid; that which 
 shuts or makes fast. That these words are all from one root, is 
 a fact apparent beyond any reasonable doubt ; nor is there the 
 least difficulty in ascertaining the affinity, for the radical sense, 
 to reach forward, to thrust, to strain, solves the whole mystery. 
 To thrust, gives the sense of begetting and producing; to strain 
 or throw out the voice, gives the sense of praise ; and to thrust 
 or press together, gives the sense of closing and making fast. In 
 this manner, words, which at first view appear to have no con- 
 nection, will, when pursued through different languages, assimi- 
 late and unite, not only without forced analogies, but in defiance 
 of all preconceived opinions; and the reluctant mind is at last 
 compelled to admit their identity. 
 
 Tlicre is another set of words whose derivation from the same 
 root is very certain, though perhaps less obvious. These are the 
 Danish slutter, to shut, close, conclude, finish, determine ; sluttcr, 
 a key-keeper, a jailer; Swedish slutu, claudere, obserare, to shut, 
 or shut up, or end ; slott, a castle ; D. sleutel, a key ; slot, a lock, 
 a castle, a conclusion ; sluiten, to shut, lock, close, stop, con- 
 clude ; G. sriiloss, a lock ; sckliesse7i, to close, conclude, finish, 
 fetter, shackle ; schleuse, a sluice ; D. sluis, id. Eng. sluice, that 
 ^is, which shuts or fastens; Low Latin, exclusa. See Spehiian's 
 Glossary. These words are unequivocally formed from the root 
 of cluudo, clausi, by the prefix s, just as the Welsh yslac, slack, 
 loose, is formed on line, and yspeiliaw on yspuil, spoil, and this 
 on the root of peel. We observe all the Teutonic dialects use 
 the dental t, as the final radical, except the German. The Latins 
 use both the dental and a sibilant, cluudo, clausi, claiisus. 
 
 If the Danish lyd, sound, Sw. lyda, to sound, is the same word 
 as English loud, these words belong to this family. 
 
 CRADLE. 
 
 Another example. The English word cradle, Saxon cradel, is 
 in Welsh cryd, a rocking, a shaking, a cradle. In Welsh, the 
 verbs crydu, crydiuw, crydian, signify to shake, to tremble. 
 These correspond to the Irish crealhuin, to shake; Greek x<ia<5i<a), 
 to shake, to swing. The Welsh verbs are by Owen deduced 
 from rliyd, which signifies a moving. Now in Hebrew, 
 
 Chaldee, and Ethiopic, signifies to shake or tremble. The same 
 
 word in Arabic, tXc signifies to thunder ; to impress terror ; to 
 tremble ; to shake. This coincides with tlie Latin rudo, to roar, 
 to bray : and we know from the voice of the ass, that rougliness 
 or shaking is an ingredient in the sense of this word. We know 
 it also from rudis, one of the affinities of rudo. There is also in 
 
 UCTION. xliii 
 
 Arabic, ^\ „ which is repderrd to run iiilher and thither; to 
 move one way and the other; to tremble; to shake. In Hebrew 
 Tin signifies to tremble or shake, and to palpitate ; in Syriac 
 and Etii. to rub or scrapn. This connects the word directly with 
 cradle, through the Hebrew ; and through the Syriac, with the 
 Latin rudo. Here again we find the sense of roughness or 
 grating. Then turning to the Welsh, we find grydiatc, which 
 signifies to utter a rough sound ; to shout, whoop, or scream ; 
 grydwst, a murmur, from gryd, a shout, or wlioop, and this from 
 rityd, the word above mentioned ; so that crydu, to shake, whence 
 cradle, is from the same root as grydiaw, to shout, and this is the 
 Italian gridare ; Sp. and Vort. gritar ; Saxon grcedan ; Swedish 
 grata; Danish grander ; Dutch liryten ; German greiten. This 
 word in French is contracted, by the omission of the last radical, 
 into criir for cridcr ; wlience, probably, we have cry, W. cri. 
 Hence we find that the sense of cry is to utter a rough sound; 
 and this is connected with the braying of the ass, with shaking, 
 trembling, and with roaring, murmuring, and thunder. The 
 connection, in this example, is so marked as to preclude all hesi- 
 tation as to the identity of the words. 
 
 The Shemitic roots "iia, Cn, r~n, and all, in some of 
 
 the languages of that stock, coincide in sense and elements with 
 the English o-rrtJe, French gratter ; and if the first letter is a pre- 
 fix, they would seem to unite with the Latin rado. But this is a 
 point 1 would not undertake to determine. 
 
 One fact more. The Welsh cri, above mentioned, signifies a 
 cry; and as an adjective, rough, raw. Now, this coincides with 
 the Latin crudus, in sense ; and crudus with the Welsh cryd, 
 above mentioned. 
 
 The Dan. brysger. Eng. to breic, are probably connected with 
 break, with freckle, and with rough. So, under this root, the 
 Welsh grcdiaio, signifies to heat, scorch, parch ; whence greidyll, 
 a griddle, from gruid, that shoots in rays ; heat, ardency, from 
 gra, that shoots, or rises, as the nap or frieze of cloth. The latter 
 is probably a contracted word, of the same family, but not the 
 root, as Owen supposes. But the radical sense implies a shaking, 
 agitation, and roughness. 
 
 MEET, METE, MEASURE. 
 
 SATtoy. — Mmtan, to put, to place; Fr. mettrc. It. mettere, Sp. 
 and Port, meter, Lat. mi! to. 
 
 Malan, vietan, to find, to meet, or meet with ; to paint ; to 
 dream; to measure, to mete, Lat. victior, victor, Gr. iitrutv, ftt- 
 iMoi, Lat. mensus, with a casual n, that is, niesus, Fr. mesure. 
 
 J}metan, gevictan, to meet, to find, to measure. 
 
 Gemeting, gevietung, a meeting. 
 
 Gemet, gemete, fit, suitable. Eng. meet ; also, painted or por- 
 trayed. 
 
 Gemetegan, gemetian, to moderate; gemetlic, moderate, modest. 
 
 Mete, measure, mode, Lat. modius, modus. 
 
 Meter, measure in verse, meter [not metre.} 
 
 Metere, an inventor, a painter. 
 
 Ma:te, middling, [mcdiocris,] modest, moderate. 
 
 Mot, gemot, a meeting, a council. 
 
 Wiiewi-gemot, a council of wise men. 
 
 Motion, to meet, especially for debate. Eng. to moot. 
 
 Goth ic. — Motyan, gamotyan, to meet, to find. 
 
 Mota, a place for the receipt of toll or customs. 
 
 Dutch. — Ontmocten, to meet, to encounter. 
 
 Meeten, and loemecten, to measure. 
 
 Meeter, a measurer. 
 
 Gcmoeten, to meet ; gemoet, a meeting. 
 
 German. — Mass, measure, meter; 7nasse, moderation. 
 
 Mcsseri, vermesscn, to measure; messer, a measurer. 
 
 Gcmfiss, measure ; also, conformable, suitable ; Eng. meet, suit- 
 able ; German geniassigt, temperate, vwderale. 
 
 Swedish. — Mota, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. 
 [This is the sense of finding.'] 
 
 Mate, a meeting. ^ 
 
 Mot, and emot, toward, against; as in motsta, to stand against, 
 to resist. 
 
 MnOi, to measure; matt, measure, meter, mode. 
 Miittelig, moderate, middling, frugal, temperate. 
 Mntta, to be sufficient, to satisfy, to cloj'. 
 
 Da.msh. Moder, to meet, to convene ; mode or mode, a meet- 
 
 i^g i mod, contrary, opposite, against, to, toward, for, on, by, 
 
xliv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 aside, abreast, as in modsetter, to set against, to oppose'; mod- 
 
 sigrr, to saj- against, to contradict ; modviiid, a contrary wind. 
 Mued, nioden, ripe, mellow, matiire. [Qu. Lat. mitis.] 
 Mode, manner, fashion. [Probably from the Latin.] 
 Monde, measure, form, style of writing, way, mode, manner, 
 
 fashion. [This is the native Danish word corresponding to the 
 
 Lat. modus.] 
 
 Maadelig, moderate, temperate. 
 
 Mi£t, enough, sufficient ; matter, to satisfy, or sate, to glut. 
 
 From the same root are the G. 7iiit, D. met, mede, Sw. and Dan. 
 7ned, Gr. iiiru. signifying ioilk. 
 
 By the first signification of the Saxon mcetan, or metan, we find 
 that this word, which is the English vicet, is also the French 
 meltre, and Lat. mitto, the sense of which is to throw or send, to 
 put, to lay. Meet is only a modification of the same sense, to 
 come to, to fall, to reach, hence to find; as we say, to fall on. 
 
 The sense of painting or portraying is peculiar to the Saxon. 
 I am not confident that this sense is from finding ; but we ob- 
 serve that mttere is rendered an inventor and a painter. The 
 sense of paint, then, may be, to find out, to devise or contrive. 
 
 The sense of dreaming is also peculiar to the Saxon. The 
 sense may be to devise or imagine, or it ma}' be to rove, as in 
 some other words of like signification. If so, this sense will 
 accord with the Syriac ^ic, infra. 
 
 The other significations present no difficulty. To meet is to 
 come to, to reach in proceeding or in extending ; hence to find. 
 The primary sense of measure is to extend, to stretch to the full 
 length or size of a thing. 
 
 Meet, fit, suitable, like par, peer, pair, is from extending or 
 reaching to. So suit is from the Latin scquor, through the 
 French, to follov»r, to press or reach toward. See par, under KlHi 
 supra. 
 
 The English meet and mete appear to be from the Saxon dia- 
 lect, but moot from the Gothic. 
 
 Let it be remarked that the Saxon meet and mete are united in 
 the same orthography ; and in the Dutch the orthography is not 
 very different ; onlmoeteii, gemoeten, to meet, and vieeten, to 
 measure. Not so in the other languages. 
 
 In German, mass is measure, and messen, to measure ; but the 
 sense of meet does not occur. Yet that mass is the same word as 
 meet, fit, varied only in dialect, appears from this, that gemass, 
 with a prefix, is suitable, answering to the English inect. 
 
 The Swedish and Danish words follow the Gothic orthography; 
 Swedish mota, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. These 
 significations give the sense of finding, and are closely allied to 
 
 the senses of the Arabic verb <X.« madda, infra. 
 
 The Danish verb is moder, to meet ; but in both the Swedish 
 and Danish, the sense of measure is expressed by a different 
 
 orthography. Sw. mtlta, to measure ; matt, measure ; Dan. 
 maade, measure, mode. In these two languages we find also the 
 
 sense of sufficiency, and to satisfy. See infra, the Ar. and 
 Heb. and Ch. ffj:^. 
 
 But in these Gothic dialects, there is one application of meet- 
 ing, which deserves more particular notice. In Swedish, mot 
 and emot is a preposition of the same signification as the English 
 against. It is rendered toward, against. So in Danish, mod is 
 contrary, opposite, against, to, toward, bj', aside, abreast. This 
 preposition is the simple verb, without any addition of letters, 
 prefix or suffix. We lience learn that the sense of such prepo- 
 sitions is a meeting or coming to, which gives the sense of to or 
 toward ; but when one meets another in front, it gives the sense 
 of opposition, or contrary direction. This coming to or meeting 
 may be fir a friendly purposi', and hence in oner's favor, like for 
 in English. Thus in Danish, " Guds godhed mod os," God's 
 goodni'iis or merry tuirard us. In other cases, mod signifies 
 agninHt, and implies counteraction or opjiosition ; as modgifl, an 
 antidote ; modgang, adversity. So for, in English, signifies to- 
 ward, or in favor of; and also opposition and negation, as in 
 forbid. 
 
 In the Danish we find moed, moden, ripe, mature. We shall 
 Bee this Honnc in the Clialdce tttJ'O. The sense is, to reach, ex- 
 tend, or come to. 
 
 Thr Latin modus is from this root, and, by its orthography, it 
 seems to have been received from the Gothic race. The sense is 
 measure, limit, from extending, or comprehending. This, then, 
 
 becomes the radix of many words which express limitation or 
 restraint, as moderate, modest, modify ; a sense directly contrary 
 to that of the radical verb. 
 
 This leads us a step further. In Saxon, Gothic, and other 
 northern languages, mod, moed, signifies mind, courage, spirit, 
 anger, whence English moody. The primary sense is an ad- 
 vancing or rushing forward, which expresses mind, or intention ; 
 that is, a setting or stretching forward, and also spirit, anima- 
 tion, heat, and, lastly, anger. So the Latin animus gives rise to 
 animosity ; and the Greek /<fvo;, mind, signifies also strength, 
 force, vehemence, and anger. Mania is from the same radical 
 sense. 
 
 Let us now connect this root, or these roots, with the Shemitic 
 languages. 
 
 In Hebrew and Chaldee, n?3 signifies to measure ; "l?3, a 
 measure. This coincides with the Latin metior, and Gr. ^lETotw, 
 as well as with the Saxon, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, which 
 all write the word with a dental, but the German is mass. 
 
 In Syriac, mad, signifies to escape, to get free ; that is, to 
 
 depart, a modification of the sense of extending in the Arabic. 
 A derivative in Syriac signifies a duty, toll, or tribute ; and we 
 have seen in the Gothic, that mota is a toll-house. It may be 
 from measuring, that is, a portion, or perhaps income. 
 
 This word in Arabic, iX^o madda, signifies, 
 
 1. To stretch or extend, to draw out, to make or be long, to 
 delay or give time, to forbear, to bring forth. To extend is the 
 radical sense of measure. 
 
 2. To separate, or throw off" or out ; to secern, secrete, or dis- 
 charge. Hence to become matter or sanies, to produce pus, to 
 maturate. Here we have the origin of the word matter, in the 
 sense pus. It is an excretion, from throwing out, separating, 
 freeing, discharging. Here we have the setise of the Latin 
 mitto, emitto. 
 
 3. To assist, to supply. This sense is probably from coming 
 to, that is, to approach or visit. " I was sick, and ye visited me. 
 I was in prison, and ye came to me." Matth. xxv. 
 
 This application coincides with the English meet, but particu- 
 larly with the Swedish and Danish sense of the word. 
 
 4. To make thin, to attenuate ; probably from stretching. 
 Among the Arabic nouns formed under this root, we find a 
 
 measure, or modius, showing that this verb is the same as the 
 Chaldee and Hebrew ; we find also matter, or pus, and lenity. 
 Qu. Lat. mitis. 
 
 In Chaldee, !S'w?2 or n3>a signifies to come to, to happen, to 
 reach, [to meet,] to be ripe or mature, to cause to come, to bring 
 or produce. The first sense gives that of finding, and the latter 
 gives that of maturing, and we observe that matter, or pus, is 
 
 from the Arabic madda, and the sense of mature, from the 
 
 Chaldee Kt3?a meta. Yet in the use of maturate, from the Latin 
 maturo, we connect the words ; for to maturate is to ripen, and to n 
 generate matter. I 
 
 In Syriac, this verb signifies the same as the Chaldee, to 
 come to ; and also to be strong, to prevail ; that is, to strain or 
 stretch, the radical sense of power. 
 
 In Hebrew, S^2:?a has the sense of the foregoing verb in the 
 Chaldee ; to find, to come to, to happen. 
 
 In Chaldee, this verb signifies to find, and to be strong, to 
 prevail ; hence, both in Hebrew and Chaldee, to be sufficient. 
 Here we see the Danish and Swedish ma:tter, and viettta, to be 
 sufficient. This is also meet, dialectically varied. 
 
 In Syriac, also, this verb signifies to be strong or powerful; 
 also in Pah. to bring or press out, to defecate, which sense unites j 
 this word with the Heb. n^?3, to press, to squeeze. In Ethiopia, ; 
 this verb signifies to come, to happen, to cause to come, to bring ' 
 in, to bring forth. Now, it is evident that and the Chaldee 
 
 are dialectical forms of the same word ; the former coin- 
 ciding with the German mass in orthography, but with the other 
 languages in signification. 
 
 In Chaldee, >':r>3 signifies the middle, and, as a verb, to set in 
 the middle, to pass the middle ; in Syriac, to be divided in the 
 middle. Qu. Is not this a branch of the family of meet? 
 
 In Chaldee, "i^ist amad, to measure, is evidently from 173) with 
 a prefix or formative H. This word, in Syriac, signifies, like the 
 simple verb, to escape, to be liberated. In Pael, to liberate. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In Arabic, this verb iX-«i amida, signifies to be terminated, 
 
 to end ; whence the noun, an end, limit, termination, Latin inrtti ; 
 whicli, Ainsworth informs us, signifies, in a mclapliorical sense, a 
 limit. Till" fact is the reverse ; this is its ■primary and literal 
 sense, and that of a pillar and goal are particular appropriations 
 of that sense. ♦ 
 
 In Hebrew, signifies a cubit, a measure of length. 
 
 The same in the Rabbinic, from T^, with a prefix. 
 
 In Chaldee, this verb signifies to be contracted, to shrink. 
 
 Is not this sense from "tfz, measure, modus; a limit, or a 
 drawing ? 
 
 That the Sliemitic words, ~"!?3, ^»t3)2, and ■i':^, are words 
 of the same stock with meet, mete, Lat. metior, there can be no 
 doubt ; but it is not easy to understand why the different signifi- 
 cations of meeting and measuring should be united in one word, 
 ill tlie Saxon language, when they are expressed by very differ- 
 ent words in the Shemitic, and in most of the Teutonic languages. 
 We know, indeed, that in German a sibilant letter is ollen used, 
 iri words which are written with a dental in all the other kindred 
 languages. But in this case, the German mass, measure, must 
 coincide with as must the Swedish m/ita, and Dan. maadc, 
 and the Saxon metan, Dutch gemoeten, Goth, molijan, Sw. inota, 
 Dan. m/idcr, with the Chaldee Nw':, but not with the word Ki?3. 
 
 It may not be impossible nor improbable that all these words 
 are from one stock or radix, and that the different orthographies 
 and applications are dialectical changes of that root, introduced 
 among diflerent families or races of men, before languages were 
 reduced to writing. 
 
 In the Latin nunsus, from metior, the n is probably casual, the 
 original being mesus, as in the French mesure. I have reason 
 to tliink there are many instances of this insertion of n before d 
 and 
 
 From this exliibition of words and their significations, we may 
 fairly infer the common origin of the following words. Lat. 
 mitlo, French mcttre, English ineet, to come to, incct, fit, and 77icte, 
 to measure, Lat. metior, metor, Gr. uftour, i/troeoi, Lat. mensura, 
 Fr. mr.sure, Eng. measure, Lat. modus, mode, Sax. and Goth. 
 mod, mind, anger; whence moody. Eng. moot, Lat. maturus, ma- 
 ture, and Eng. mutter. 
 
 In Welsh, mtidu signifies to cause to proceed ; to send ; [Lat. 
 mitto to suffer to go off; to render productive; to become 
 beneficial ; and vind signifies what proceeds or goes forward, 
 hence what is good ; and mad, the adjective, signifies proceeding, 
 advancing, progressive, good or beneficial. This word, then, 
 affords a clear proof of the radical sense of good. We have like 
 evidence in the English better, best, and in prosperity, which is 
 from the Greek rrjoiK; toci, to advance. 
 
 In Welsh also we find niadrez, matter, pus ; madrii, to dissolve, 
 to putrefy, to become pus. Tliat these words are from the same 
 
 root as the Arabic supra, I think to be very obvious; and 
 
 •here we observe that the Welsh have one important sense de- 
 rived from the root, that of good, which occurs in none of the 
 other languages. But the primary sense is the same as that of 
 the other siirnificatious, to go forward, to advance ; hence to pro- 
 mote tiiterest or happiness. Here we have undeniable evidence 
 that the sense of good, Welsh mad, and the sense of matter, pus, 
 proceed from the same radix. 
 
 LEGO. 
 
 The Greek /.f/oi is rendered, to speak or say ; to tell, count, or 
 number; to gather, collect, or choose; to discourse; and to lie 
 down. This last definition shows that this word is the English 
 lie and lay ; and from this apiilication, doubtless, the Latins had 
 their lectus, a bod ; that is, a spread, a lay. 
 
 The Latin lego, the same verb, is rendered to gather ; to 
 choose; to read; to steal, or collect by stealing; and the phrase 
 legcrc Oram signifies to coast, to sail along a coast ; legcre vela, 
 is to furl the sails; legere halittim, to take breath; legerc littus, 
 to sail close to the shore ; legere viilites, to enlist or muster sol- 
 diers; legerc pugno, to strike, perhaps to lay on with the fist. 
 
 It would seem, at first view, that such various significations 
 can not proceed from one radi.x. But the fact that they do is 
 indubitable. The primary sense of the root must be to throw, 
 strain, or extend, which in this, as in almost all cases, gives the 
 
 sense of speaking. The sense of collecting, choosing, gathering, 
 is from tlirowmg, or drawing out, or separating by some such 
 act; or from throwing together. The sense of lying down is 
 probably from throwing one's self down. The sense of reading, 
 in Latin, is tlie same as that of speaking, in the Greek, unless it 
 may be from collecting, that is, separating the letters, and uniting 
 them in syllables and words; for in the primitive mode of writing, 
 diacritical points were not used. But probably the sense of 
 reading is the same as in speaking. 
 
 The phrases legere oram, legere littus, in Latin, may coincide 
 with that of our seamen, to stretch or lay along the shore or 
 coast, or to hug the land ; especially if tiiis v.'ord lay, in Sanscrit, 
 signifies to cling, as I have seen it stated in some author, but for 
 v.'hich I can not vouch. If this sense is attached to the word, it 
 proves it closely allied to the L. ligo, to bind. 
 
 That the sense of throwing, or driving, is contained in this 
 word, is certain from its derivatives. Thus, in Greek, a.To/eyoi 
 signifies to select, to collect ; and also to reject, to repudiate, and 
 to forbid; which imply throwing, thrusting awaj-. 
 
 Now, if throwing, sending, or driving, is the primary sense, 
 then the Latin lego, to read, and lego, legare, to send, arc radi- 
 cally the same word ; the inflections of the verb being varied, 
 arbitrarily, to designate the distinct applications, just as in pello, 
 appello, appcllerc, to drive, and appello, appellare, to call. 
 
 And here it may be worth a moment's consideration, whether 
 several words v. ith prefixes, such as slay, Jlog, and the Latin 
 plico, W. plygu, are not formed on the root of lay, that is, lag or 
 lak. The sense of slay. Sax. slagan, sltBan, is properly to strike, 
 to boat; hence, in Saxon, " slogan hcora wcdd," they sleic 
 their league, or contract; that is, they struck a bargain. It 
 signifies also^to throw, as to slag one into prison ; also, to fall ; to 
 set or lay. The sense of killing is derivative from that of strik- 
 ing, a striking down. 
 
 Flog, Litit.Jligo, signifies, primarily, to rush, drive, strike. Eng. 
 to lick ; and, if formed on the root of lay, is precisely the popular 
 phrase, to lay on. 
 
 If plico is formed with a prefix on lay or its root, it must have 
 been originally pelico, that is, belico, belay. Then, to fold would 
 be to lay on or close ; to lay one part to another. Now, this word 
 is the AVelsh plygu, to fold, which Owen makes to be a compound 
 of/)?/ and lly. The latter word must be a contraction of llyg. 
 
 We know that the word reply is from the French rcpliqiAr, the 
 Latin rcplico. Now, to reply is not to fold back, but to send 
 back, to throw back, as words, or an answer ; and this gives the 
 precise sense of lay, to throw, to send, which must be the sense 
 of the radical word. 
 
 It is no inconsiderable evidence of the truth of my conjecture, 
 that we constantly use the phrase to lay on, or lay to, as synony- 
 mous with ply, a word belonging to this family. To pledge, 
 another of this family, is to lay down, to deposit; and the pri- 
 mary sense of play, Saxon plcgan, Dan. leger, Sw. leka, is to 
 strike or drive. 
 
 In Welsh, llui~iaio signifies to throw, fling, cast, or dart ; to 
 pelt; to drift; from a darting, a flash, glance, or sudden 
 
 throw ; hence llured, lightning. Llug signifies, also, that breaks, 
 or begins to open ; a gleam, a breaking out in blotches ; the 
 plague. Lhcg signifies, also, that is apt to break out, that is 
 bright, a tumor, eruption. These words coincide with English 
 light, Lat. luceo ; the primary sense of which is to throw, shoot, 
 or dart ; and these words all contain the elements of flog and 
 
 In Welsh, Ih/ru signifies to fall flat, to lie exteirded, or to squat. 
 This is evidently allied to lay and lie. 
 
 These senses agree also with that of luck, to fall, or come sud- 
 denly ; that is, to rush or drive along. 
 
 In Russ. tlagayu is to lay, or put in ; equivalent to the German 
 einJegcn. 
 
 The Latin fluo is contracted from flugo ; and the radical sense 
 of flow is the same as that of light. So the river .9ar, in Europe, 
 is doubtless from the same source as the Oriental "ns, to shine, 
 whence air. And "in;, which, in Hebrew, signifies to flow as 
 water, as well as to shine, chiefly signifies, in Chaldee and Syriac, 
 to shine. 
 
 To show the great importance, or rather the absolute necessity, 
 of ascertaining the primary sense of words, in order to obtain 
 clear ideas of the sense of ancient authors, more particularly of 
 diflicult passages in dead languages, let the reader attend to the 
 following remarks. 
 
 In commenting on certain parts of Isaiah xxviii. Lowth ob- 
 
 I 
 
 G 
 
INTROD 
 
 UCTION. 
 
 serves, in his Preliminary Dissertation, the difficulty of'deter- 
 mining the meaning of r.TTi, in verse 15th. In our version, as 
 m others, it is rendered agreement ; but, says Lowth, "the word 
 means no such thing in any part of the Bible, except in the ]8tk 
 verse following ; nor can the lexicographers give any satisfactory 
 account of the word in tills sense." Yet he agrees with Vitrinrja, 
 that in these passages it must have this signification. Tlie dif- 
 ficulty, it seems, has arisen from not understanding the primary 
 sense of seeing, for the verb generally signifies to see ; and as a 
 noun the word signifies sight, vision ; and so it is rendered in the 
 Latin version annexed to Vanderliooght's Bible. The Seventy 
 render it by oi ii'i^zf;, a covenant or league ; and they are fol- 
 lowed by the moderns. " Nous avons intelligence avec le se- 
 pulchre : " French. " Noi habbiam fatta lega col sepulcro : " 
 Italian of Diodati. 
 
 Parkhurst understands the word to signify, to fasten, to settle, 
 and he cites 2 Sam. xx. 9, 'TXT, " Joab tool; Amasa by the beard." 
 Here the sense is obvious ; and from this and other passages, we 
 may infer with certainty, that the radical sense is to reach to, or 
 to seize, hold, or Jix. If the sense is to reach to, then it accords 
 with covenant, conveniens, coming to ; if the sense is to fix, or 
 fasten, then it agrees with league, Lat. ligo, and with pact, 
 pactum, from jinngo, to make fast; all from the sense of exten- 
 sion, stretching, straining. Hence the meaning of HtH, the 
 breast; that is, the firm, fixed, strong part. And if the English 
 gaze is the same word, which is not improbable, tiiis determines 
 the appropriate sense of seeing, in this word, to be to fix, or to 
 look or reach with the eye fixed. 
 
 But v/e have other and decisive evidence of the primary signi- 
 fication of this word in the obvious, undisputed meaning of tPiS*, 
 the same ^ord with a prefix, which signifies to catch, or laj' hold 
 on ; to seize ; hence behind, following, as if attached to ; and 
 hence drawing out in time, to delay. 
 
 Now, it is not improbable that the Arabic^Lr*. hauza, may be 
 
 a word of the same stock ; and this signifies, among other senses, 
 to collect, contract, or draw together, to accumulate, to have in- 
 tercourse or commerce with another. The latter sense would 
 give nearly the signification of the Hebrew word. 
 
 Lexicographers are oflen embarrassed to account for the differ- 
 ent signification of words that are evidently derived from the 
 same root. Thus, in Hebrew, "iTi" is rendered to sing; to look, 
 behold, or observe ; and to rule ; and its derivatives, a ruler, a 
 wall, the navel-string, a chain or necklace, »fec. How can a 
 word signify to rule, and to sing, and to look ? Nothing can be 
 more easy or natural. The sense is, in both cases, to stretch or 
 strain, to reach. To sing is to strain the voice ; to rule is to re- 
 strain men; and to see is to reach, or to hold in view. 
 
 In Latin, sero signifies to sow, to plant, to beget, to spread ; 
 conscro, to sow, and to close or join ; desero, to leave off", to de- 
 sert ; asscro, to plant by or near, and to assert, affirm, and pro- 
 nounce ; dissero, to discourse ; insero, to insert, to implant ; rcsero, 
 to unlock, to open, to disclose. Desero, to desert, Ainsworth 
 sayt;, iii; a compound of de and sero, " ut sit desertum quod non 
 seritur nec colitur." And dissero he supposes must be a meta- 
 pliorical use of the word. Now, on the principles I have un- 
 iblded, nothing is easier than an explanation of these words. 
 The sense of sero is to throw, to thrust ; its literal sense is ap|)lied 
 to sowing and planting ; consern is to thrust or drive togetlicr ; 
 desero is to throw from; assero is to throw in v.'ords, or to throw 
 out, as In ap/iellu; dissero is to tlirow words or arguments, witii 
 the sense of spreading, expatiating; insero is to throw or thrust 
 in ; rcsero is to throw or drive from, hence to unlock or open. 
 
 It is by resorting to tlx; primary idea of words, tliat we are 
 able to explain applications, apparently, or in fact, diverse and 
 even contrary. A very common example of this contrariety 
 occurs in Wi)rd« which signify to guard or defend. For instance, 
 tlie Latin arreo signifieu to drive oil", and to protect, secure, hold, 
 restrain, or keep irom departing or escaping ; two senses directly 
 oppoHite. This is extrenu'ly natural; for arceo Blgnifies to thrust 
 oH", repel, drive back ; and this act defends the person or object 
 attacked. (Jr if we 8U|)pose the sense of straining to be anterior 
 to that of repulsion, which is not improbable, tlien the act of 
 Btralning or holding produces both effects ; to repe l or stop what 
 advances to asHault, and protect what is irKlciK"d or :iss:iult('<l. 
 The words guard and warren present a Hiinihir application of the 
 primary idea; and all languages which 1 have examined furnish 
 a multitude of similar examples. 
 
 These examples illustrate the utility of extensive researches in 
 language; as all cognate languages throw light on each other; 
 one language often retaining the radical meaning of a word which 
 the others have lost. Who, for instance, that is acquainted only 
 with tlie English use of the verb to have, would suspect that this 
 word and happen are radically one, and that the primary sense is 
 to fall or rush, hence to fall on and seize.' Yet nothing is more 
 certain. In the Spanish language the senses of both verbs are 
 retained in halter ; and the Welsh hapiaw gives us the true origi- 
 nal signification. 
 
 In like manner the primary sense of venio, in Latin, can not be 
 certainly determined, without resorting to other words, and to 
 kindred languages. In Latin, the word signifies to come or 
 arrive ; but in Spanish, venida, from venir, the Latin venio, sig- 
 nifies not only a coming or arrival, but an attack in fencing. 
 Venio coincides in origin with the English ; SsiXon Jindan ; 
 German and Dutch finden, to find, to fall or light on ; Danish 
 finder; Swedish, firina, to find, to discover, to meet, to strike 
 against, [offendere.] The primary sense of venio, then, is not 
 merely to come or arrive, but to rush or move with a driving 
 force ; and this sense is applicable to coming or going. 
 
 That the primary sense is to fall or rush, we have evidence in 
 the Latin vcntus, and English wind, both from the root of this 
 verb. We have still further evidence in the word venom, which 
 in Welsh is giventcyn ; gwen, white, and givyn, rage, smart, 
 whence gicynt, wind. Venom is that which frets or excites a 
 raging pain. Hence we may infer that Latin venor, to hunt, to 
 chase, is of the same family ; and so is vcnia, leave, or leave to 
 depart, or a departure, a leaving, coinciding in signification with 
 leave. 
 
 The latter word, venia, proves another fact, that the primary 
 sense of zenio is, in general, to move in any direction, and that 
 the Latin sense, to come, is a particular appropriation of that 
 sense. 
 
 In ascertaining the primary sense of words, •it is ofteji useful or 
 necessary to recur to the derivatives. Tiius the Latin Itedo is 
 rendered to hurt ; but, by adverting to allido, elido, and collido, 
 we find that the original signification is to strike, hit, or 'dash 
 against. Hurt, then, is the secondary sense ; the effect of the 
 primary action expressed by the verb. 
 
 So the Latin rapio, to seize, does not give the sense of rapidus, 
 rapid ; but the sense of the latter proves the primary sense of 
 rapio to be to rush, and in its application, to rusli on and seize. 
 
 These examples will be sufficient to show how little the affini- 
 ties of language have been understood. Men have been generally 
 satisfied wltli a knowledge of the appropriate sense of words, 
 without examining from what visible or physical action, or pri- 
 mary sense, that particular application has been derived. Hence 
 the obscurity that still rests on the theory of language. It has 
 been supposed that each word, particularly each verb, has an 
 original specific sense, or application, distinct from every other 
 verb. We find, however, on a close examination and compari- 
 son of the same word in different languages, that the fact is 
 directly the reverse ; that a verb expressing some action, in a 
 general sense, gives rise to various appropriate senses, or partic- 
 ular applications. And in the course of m}' researches, I have 
 been struck with the similarity of manner in which different 
 nations have appropriated derivative and figurative senses. For 
 example, all nations, as far as my researches extend, agcfe in 
 expressing the sense justice and right by slraighlness ; and sin, 
 iniijuily, wrong, by a deviation from a straight line or course. 
 Ecpially remarkable is the simplicity of the analogies in language, 
 and the small number of radical significations; so small. Indeed, 
 that I am persuaded the primary sense of all the verbs in any 
 language may be expres.sod by thirty or forty words. 
 
 We can not, at this i)erlod of the world, determine, in all cases, 
 which words are primitive, and which are derivative ; nor whether 
 the verb or the noun is the original word. Mons. Oehelln, in his 
 .Mvnile I'ri/nitif, maintains that the noun is the root of all other 
 words. Never was a greater iiiistaUe. Tliat some nouns may 
 have l)een formed befiire the verbs with wlilch they are connected, 
 is possible ; but, ns languages are now constructed, It Is demon- 
 strably ci>rtaln, that the verb i« the radix or stock from which 
 have sprung most of the nouns, adjectives, and other parts of 
 speech belonging to each family. This is the result of all my 
 researclies into the origin of languages. We find, indeed, that 
 many modern verbs are formed on nouns; as, to practice from 
 practice ; but the noun is derived from a Greek verb. So we use 
 wrong an a verb, from the ndjectlve wrong; but the latter is pri- 
 marily a participle of the verb to wring. Indeed, a large part of 
 
INTRODUCTION. xlvii 
 
 all nouns were originally particles or adjectives, and the things 
 which they denote were named from their qualities. So jmrd, 
 pardus, is from T1S hrirad, hail ; and the animal so named from 
 his spots, as if sprinkled with hail, from the sense of separation or 
 scattering. Crape, the Fr. crfpe, is from cripcr, to crisp. Sight 
 signifies, primarily, seen ; it being tlie participle of sftoii, con- 
 tracted from sjVrtra. Draught is the participle of draw, that 
 which is drawn, or the act of drawing ; thought is the participle 
 of think. 
 
 As the verb is the principal radi-x of other words, and as the 
 proper province of this part of speccli is to express action, almost 
 all the modifications of the primary sense of the verb may be 
 comprehended in one word, to move. 
 
 Tlie principal varieties of motion or action may be expressed 
 by tlie following verbs. 
 
 1. To drive, throw, thrust, send, urge, press. 
 
 2. To set, fix, lay. But tliese are usually from thrusting, or 
 throwing down. 
 
 3. To strain, stretch, draw ; whence holding, binding, 
 strength, power, and often health. 
 
 4. To turn, wind, roll, wander. 
 
 5. To (low, to blow, to rush. 
 
 6. To open, part, split, separate, remove, scatter. See No. 16. 
 
 7. To swell, distend, expand, spread. 
 
 ti. To stir, shake, agitate, rouse, excite. 
 
 {). To shoot, as a plant ; to grow ; allied to No. 1. 
 
 10. To break, or burst; allied sometimes to No. 3. 
 
 11. To liil, rai.se, elevate ; allied to No. 9. 
 
 12. To flee, withdraw, escape ; to fly ; often allied to No. 1. 
 
 13. To rage; to burn ; allied to Nos. 7 and 8. 
 
 14. To fall ; to fail ; whence fading, dying, &c. 
 
 15. To approach, come, arrive, extend, reach. This is usually 
 the sense oi gaining. No. 34. 
 
 16. To go, walk, pass, advance ; allied to No. 6. 
 
 17. To seize, take, hold ; sometimes allied to No. 31. 
 
 18. To strike; to beat; allied to No. 1. 
 
 19. To swing; to vibrate. No. 29. 
 
 20. To lean ; to incline ; allied to the sense of wandering, or 
 departing. 
 
 21. To rub, scratch, scrape; often connected with driving, 
 and with roughness. 
 
 22. To swim ; to float. 
 
 23. To stop, cease, rest ; sometimes, at least, from straining, 
 holding, fastening. 
 
 24. To creep; to crawl; sometimes connected with scraping. 
 
 25. To peel, to strip, whence spoiling. 
 
 2G. To leap, to spring ; allied to Nos. 9 and 1. 
 
 27. To bring, bear, carry ; in some instances connected with 
 producing, throwing out. 
 
 28. To sweep. 
 
 29. To hang. No. 19. 
 
 30. To shrink, or contract; that is, to draw. See No. 3. 
 
 31. To run ; to rush forward ; allied to No. 1. 
 
 32. To put on or together ; to unite ; allied to Nos. 1 and 3. 
 
 33. To knit, to weave. 
 
 34. To gain, to win, to get. See No. 15. 
 
 These and a few more verbs express the literal sense of all the 
 primary roots. But it must be remarked that all the foregoing 
 significations are not distinct. So far from it, that the whole 
 may be brought under the signification of a very few words. 
 The English words to send, throw, thrust, strain, stretch, draw, 
 drire, urge, press, embrace the primary sense of a great part of 
 all the verbs in every language which I have examined. Indeed, 
 it must be so, for the verb is certainly the root of most words ; 
 and the verb expresses motion, which always implies the appli- 
 cation of force. 
 
 Even the verbs which signify to hold or stop, in most instances 
 at least, if not in all, denote, primarily, to strain or restrain by 
 exertion of force ; and to lie is, primarily, to throw down, to laj' 
 one's self down. So that intransitive verbs are rarely exceptions 
 to the general remark above made, that all verbs primarily ex- 
 press motion or exertion of force. The substantive verb has 
 more claims to be an exception than any other ; for this usually 
 denotes, 1 think, permanence or continued bemg ; but the pri- 
 mary sense of this verb may perhaps be to set or fix; and verbs 
 having this sense often express extension in time or duration. So 
 Tdiu), in Greek, is to stretch, but the same word teneo, in Latin, 
 is to hold ; hence continuance. 
 
 Let us now attend to the radical sense of some of the most 
 common verb^. 
 
 Speaking, calling, crying, praying, utterance of sounds, is usu- 
 ally from the sense of driving or straining. Thus, in Latin, 
 apprllo and compello, though of a different conjugation from pello, 
 depello, impello, are from the same root ; and although the Latin 
 Tcprllo does not signify to recall, yvi the corresponding word in 
 Italian, r«/;/)f//nr<;, and the French rappcler, signify to recall, and 
 hence the English repeal. Hence also peal, either of a bell or of 
 thunder. This is the Greek (la'O.m, and probalily tjo/./oi is from 
 tlie same root. Tlie sense of striking is found in the Greek verb, 
 and so it is in the Latin loquor, English clock. But in general, 
 sjjeaking, in all its modifications, is the straining, driving, or im- 
 pulse of sounds. Sometimes the sense coincides more exactly 
 with that of breaking or bursting 
 
 Singing is a driving or straining of the voice ; and we apply 
 strain to a passage of music, and to a course of speaking. 
 
 I am not confident that 1 can refer the sensation of hearing to 
 any visible action. Possibly it may sometimes be from striking, 
 hitting, touching. But we observe that hear is connected in 
 origin with ear, as the Latin audio is with the Greek oi c. vnoc, 
 the ear ; whence it appears probable that the verb to hear is 
 formed from the name of the ear, and the car is from some verb 
 which signifies to shoot or extend, for it signifies a limb. 
 
 The primary sense of seeing is commonly to extend to, to 
 reach ; as it were, to reach with the eye. Hence the use of he. 
 hold, for the radical sense of hold is to strain ; and hence its sig- 
 nification in beholden, held, bound, obligated. See the verb Skk, 
 in the Dictionary. 
 
 The sense of look may be somewhat different from that of see. 
 It appears, in some instances, to have for its primary signification, 
 to send, throw, cast ; that is, to send or cast the eye or sight. 
 
 The primary sense of feeling is to touch, hit, or strike ; and 
 probably this is the sense of taste. 
 
 Wonder and astonishment are usually expressed by some word 
 that signifies to stop or hold. Hence the Latin niiror, to wonder, 
 is the Armoric mirct, to stop, hold, hinder; coinciding with the 
 English moor, and Spanish amarrar, to moor, as a ship. 
 
 To begin is to come, or fall on ; to thrust on. ,We have a 
 familiar example in the Latin incipio, in and capio ; for capio is 
 primarily to fall or rush on and seize. See Begin, in the Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 Attempt is expressed by straining, stretching, as in Latin tento. 
 See Assay and Essay. 
 
 Power, strength, and the corresponding verb, to be able, are 
 usually expressed by straining, stretching, and this is the radical 
 sense of ruling or governing. Of this the Latin rego is an 
 example, which gives rectus, right, that is, stretched, straight. 
 
 Care, as has been stated, is usually from straining, that is, a 
 tension of the mind. 
 
 Thinking is expressed by setting. To think is to set or fix or 
 hold in the mind. It approaches to the sense of suppose, Latin 
 suppono. 
 
 And under this word, let us consider the various applications 
 of the Latin puto. The simple verb puto is rendered to prune, 
 lop, or dress, as vines ; that is, according to Ainsworth, putum, 
 i. e. purum reddo, purgo, by v/hich I understand him to mean, 
 that putum is either a change of purum, or used for it ; a most 
 improbable supposition, for the radical letters t and r are not com- 
 mutable. Puto is rendered, also, to make even, clear, adjust, or 
 cast up accounts; also to think or consider; to suppose; to de- 
 bate. Its compounds are amputo, to cut off", prune, amputate, to 
 remove ; computo, to compute, to reckon, to tliink or deem ; dis- 
 puto, to make clear, to adjust or settle, to dis/iute or debate, to 
 reason ; imputo, to impute, to ascribe or lay to, to place to ac- 
 count ; reputo, to consider, to revolve, to reckon up, to impute. 
 The Latin deputo signifies to think, judge or esteem, to account 
 or reckon, and to prune; but the Italian drputare, Spanish dij-u- 
 tar, and French deputer, from the Latin word, all signify to send. 
 How can the sense of think, and that of lop or prune, be deduced 
 from a common root or radical sense.' We find the solution of 
 this question in the verb to depute. The primary sense is to 
 throw, thrust, or send, or to set or lay, whicii is from throwinjr, 
 driving. To prune is to separate, remove, or drive off"; to force 
 off"; to think is a setting in the mind ; to compute is to throw or 
 put together, either in the mind or in numbers; to dispute is to 
 throw against or apart, like debate, to beat from ; to impute is to 
 throw or put to or on ; and to repute is to think or throw in the 
 mind repeatedly. To amputate is to separate by cutting round. 
 Puto, then, in Latin, is from the same root, probably, as the English 
 put, or the same word differentlj' applied ; and also the Dutch 
 pooten, to plant; poot, a paw, a twig or shoot, Gr. ifvioi, &-c. 
 
slviii INTROD 
 
 In attempting to discover the primary sense of words, vfe are 
 to carry our reflections back to the primitive state of mankind, 
 and consider Low rude men would effect their purposes, before 
 the invention or use of the instruments which the moderns em- 
 ploy. The English verb to cut, signifies, ordinarily, to separate 
 with an edged tool ; and we are apt to consider this as the chief 
 and original sense. But if so, how can cut, the stroke of a whip, 
 which is a legitimate sense of the v,'ord, be deduced from the act 
 of severing by an edged tool.' We have, in this popular use of 
 the word, a clew to guide us to the primary sense, which is, to 
 drive, urge, press ; and, applied to the arm, to strike. But we 
 have better evidence. In the popular practice of speaking in 
 New England, it is not uncommon to hear one person call to 
 another when running, and say. Cut on, cut on ; that is, hurry, 
 run faster, drive, pres^ on ; probably from striking a beast which 
 one rides on. This is the original sense of the word. Hence we 
 see tliat this verb is the Latin cado, to strike, to cut down, some- 
 what differently applied and cado, to fall, is only a modified 
 sense of the same root, and the compounds incido, to cut, and 
 incido, to fall on, are of one family. To cut is, therefore, prima- 
 rily, to strike, or drive : and to cut off, if applied to the severing 
 of bodies, before edged tools were used, was to force off, or to 
 strike off) hence the sense of separating in the phrase to cut off 
 a retreat or communication. 
 
 So the Latin furpo is the English carve, originally to separate 
 by plucking, pulling, seizing and tearing ; afterwards, by cutting. 
 
 Asking is usually expressed by the sense of pressing, urging. 
 ■We have a clear proof of this in the Latin peto and its com- 
 pounds. This verb signifies, primarily, to rush, to drive at, to 
 assault ; and this sense, in Dictionaries, ought to stand first in 
 the order of definitions. We have the force of the original in 
 the words impetus and impetuous. So the Latin rogo coincides 
 in elements with reach. 
 
 The act of understanding is expressed by reaching or taking, 
 holding, sustaining ; the sense of comprehend, and of understand. 
 We have a popular phrase which well expresses this sense, " I 
 take your meaning or your idea." So in German, begreifen, to 
 bcgripe, to apprehend. 
 
 Knmcing seems to have the same radical sense as under- 
 standing. 
 
 Pain, grief, distress, a.nd the like affections, are usually ex- 
 pressed by pressure or straining. Affliction is from striking. 
 
 Joy, mirth, and the like affections, are from the sense of rous- 
 ing, exciting, lively action. 
 
 Covering, and the like actions, are from spreading over or 
 cutting off, interruption. 
 
 Hiding is from covering or from v.'ithdrawing, departure ; or 
 concealment may be from withholding, restraining, suppressing, 
 or making fast, as in the Latin celo. 
 
 Heat usually implies excitement; but aa the effect of heat, as 
 well as of cold, is sometimes to contract, I think both are some- 
 times from the same radix. Thus cold and the Lat. caleo, to be 
 warm, and callus and calico, to be hard, have all the same ele- 
 mentary lettors, and I suppose them all to be from one root, the 
 sense of which is, to draw, strain, shrink, contract. I am the 
 more inclined to this opinion, for these words coincide with calico, 
 to be strong or able, to know; a sense that implies straining and 
 holding. 
 
 Hope is probably from reaching forward. We express strong 
 desire by longing, reaching toward. 
 
 Earnestness, boldness, daring, peril, promptness, readiness, will- 
 ingness, love, and favor, are expressed by advancing or inclining. 
 
 Light is often expressed by opening, or the shooting of rays, 
 radiation ; and probably, in many cases, the original word was 
 applied to the dawn of day in the morning. Whiteness is often 
 connected in origin with light. We have an instance of this in 
 the Latin canto, to shine and to be white. 
 
 And tliat the primary sense of this word is to shoot, to radiate, 
 that is, to throw out or off, we have evidence in the verb cano, to 
 sing, whence canto, the sense of which is retained in our popular 
 use otcanl; to cant a stone ; to cant over a cask; give the thing 
 a cant ; for all these words are from one stock. 
 
 The Latin virtus, the English irorth, is from the root of vireo, 
 to grow, that is, to stretch forward, to shoot; hence the original 
 senBe is strength, a sense we retain in its application to the 
 qualities of plants. Hence the Latin sense of virtus is bravery, 
 coinciding with the sense of boldness, a projecting forward. 
 
 Pride is from swelling or elevation, the primary sense of some 
 other words nearly allied to it. 
 
 fear is usually from shrinking or from shaking, trembling; 
 
 UCTION. 
 
 or sometimes, perhaps, from striking, a being struck, as with 
 surprise. 
 
 Holiness and sacredness are sometimes expressed by separation, 
 as from common things. The Teutonic word holy, however, 
 seems to be from the sense of soundness, entireness. 
 
 Faith and belief seem to imply a resting on, or a lea ving. It is 
 certain that the English belief is a compound of the prefix be and 
 leaf, leave, permission. To believe one, then, is to leave with 
 him, to rest or suffer to rest with him, and hence not to dispute, 
 contend, or deny. 
 
 Color may be from spreading over or putting on ; but in some 
 instances the primary sense is to dip. See Dye and Ti.nge. 
 
 Spots are from the sense o{ separating, or from sprinkling, dis- 
 persion. 
 
 The radical sense of making is to press, drive, or force. We 
 use make in its true literal sense, in the phrases, Jilake your horse 
 draw, Make your servant do what you wish. 
 
 Feeding is from the sense of pressing, crowding, stuffing ; that 
 is, from driving or thrusting. Eating seems to have a somewhat 
 different sense. 
 
 Drinking is from drawing, or from wetting, plunging. Drench 
 and drink are radically one word. 
 
 Anger, and the like violent passions, imply excitement, or 
 violent action. Hence their connection with burning or inflam- 
 mation, the usual sense of which is raging or violent commotion. 
 
 Agreement, harmony, are usually from meeting or union, or 
 from extending, reaching to. 
 
 Dtcelling, abiding, are from the sense of throwing or setting 
 down, or resting, or from stretching ; as we see by the Latin 
 continuo, from teneo, Gr. tsuoi, to e.xtend. 
 
 Guarding and defending are from roots that signify to stop, or 
 to cut off ; or, more generally, from the sense of driving off ; a 
 repelling or striking back. In some cases, perhaps, from holding. 
 
 Opposition is usually expressed by meeting, and hence the 
 prepositions which express opposition. Thus the Danish- prepo- 
 sition mod, Swedish mot or cmot, against, contrary, is the English 
 word to meet. 
 
 Words which express spirit, denote, primarily, breath, air, wind, 
 the radical sense of which is to flow, move, or rush. Hence the 
 connection between spirit and courage, animus, animosus ; hence 
 passion, animosity. So in Greek ifnivmc, frenzy, is from ij 
 the mind, or rather from its primary sense, a moving or rushing. 
 
 So in our mother tongue, mod is mind or spirit; whence mood, 
 in English, and Saxon modig, moody, angry. Hence mind in the 
 sense of purpose, its primary signification, is a setting forward, as 
 intention is from intendo, to stretch, to strain, the sense that 
 ought to stand first in a Dictionary. 
 
 Reproach, chiding, rebuke, are from the sense of scolding, or 
 throwing out words with violence. 
 
 Sin is generally from the sense of deviating, wandering, as is 
 the practice of lewdness. 
 
 Right, justice, equity, are from the sense of stretching, making 
 straight, or from laying, making smooth. 
 
 Falsehood is from falling, failing, or from deviation, wander- 
 ing, draicing aside. 
 
 The primary sense of strange and foreign, is distant, and from 
 some verb signifying to depart. Wild and fierce are from a like 
 sense". 
 
 Vain, vanity, wane, and kindred words, are from exhausting, 
 drawing out, or from departing, withdrawing, falling aicay. 
 
 Paleness is usually from failure, a departure of color. 
 
 Glory is from opening, expanding, display, or making clear. 
 
 Binding, making fast or close, is from pressure, or straining. 
 
 Writing is from scratching, engraving, the sense of all primi- 
 tive words which express this act. 
 
 A crowd, a mass, a wood, tfcc, are from collecting or pressing, 
 or some allied signification. 
 
 Vapor, steam, smoke, are usually from verbs which signify to 
 exhale or throw off. 
 
 Stepping seems to be from opening, expanding, stretching. 
 Thus passus in Latin is from pando, to open, but this agrees in 
 origin with pateo, and with the Greek Trarfu). Gradus, in Latin, 
 coincides with the Welsh rhawd, a way, and this, when traced to 
 its root, terminates in the Oriental Tl, mi, Chaldce, to open, 
 stretch or expand; in Syriac, ]>> rcda, to go, to pass. Walking 
 may be sometimes from a like source; but the word irn/Zi signi- 
 fies, primarily, to roll, press, work and full, as a hat, whence 
 walker signifies a fuller. 
 
 Softness and weakness are usually named from yielding, bend- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xlix 
 
 ing, withdrawing, as is relaxation. Softness, however, is some- 
 times connected with smoothness, and perhaps with moisture. 
 
 Sweetness seems to have for its primary sense, either softness 
 or smoothness. 
 
 Rniighness is from sharp points, wrinkling or breaking ; and 
 acidity is from sharpness or pungency, and nearly allied to 
 roughness. 
 
 Death is expressed by falling or departure ; life, by fixedness 
 or continuance, or from animation, excitement. 
 
 Selling is, prinjarily, a passing or transfer. Sellan, in Saxon, 
 signifies to give, as well as to sell. 
 
 A coast or border is usually the extreme point, from extending. 
 
 Lmc is from setting, establishing. 
 
 The primary sense of son, daughter, offspring, is usually a 
 shoot, or, as we say, issue. Hence, in Hebrew, ']'2 hen, signifies 
 both a son, a cion, a branch, and the young of other animals. 
 A son, says Parkhurst, is from nUD hiinah, to build ; and hence he 
 infers that a son is so called, because he builds up or continues 
 his father's house or family. But if so, how does the word apply 
 to a branch, or an arrow.' What do these build up.' The mis- 
 take of this autlior, and of others, proceeds from their not under- 
 standing tlie original meaning of the verb, Vifhich is iiot to erect, 
 or elevate, but to throw, to set, to found ; and this verb is probably 
 retained in our word found. A son is that wliich is thrown or 
 shot out ; a cion or branch is the same, an offset, one an offset of 
 the human body, tlie other of a plant, and an arro\^ is tiiat which 
 is shot or thrown. Hence, probably, the Hebrew "Ct* ebcn or 
 even, a stone, W. maen or vacn, that which is set, so named from 
 
 — e 
 
 its compactness or hardness. And in Arabic abana, signifies 
 to think, Lat. opinor, that is, to set in the mind. 
 
 Few and smull are senses often expressed by the same word. 
 Thus, although/c(o in English expresses merely a small number, 
 yet tlie same word in French, peu, and in the Italian, poco, sig- 
 nifies little in quantity, as well as /cjo in number. 
 
 Cause is from the sense of urging, prcssijig, impelling. Hence 
 it well expresses that which produces an effect; and hence it is 
 peculiarly expressive of that by which a man seeks to obtain a 
 claim in law. A cause in court is properly a pressing for right, 
 like action from, ago; and prosecution from the Latin sequor, 
 which is our word seek. Hence the Latin accuso, to accuse, to 
 tlirow upon, to press, or load with a charge. The Saxon sac.a, 
 contention, suit in law, is synonymous with cause, and from the 
 root of seek, sequor. It is tlie English sake. 
 
 The word thing is nearly synonymous with cause and sake. 
 See Thing, in the Dictionary. 
 
 The primary sense of time, luck, chance, fortune, is to fall, to 
 come, to arrive, to happen. Tide, time, and season, have a like 
 original sense. Tide, in Saxon, is tiine, not a flow of tlie sea, tiie 
 latter being a secondary and modern application of the word. 
 This primary signification of time will unfold to us what I for- 
 merly could not understand, and what I could find no person to 
 explain ; that is, why the Latin tcmpora should signify times and 
 the temples. It seems that tempura are the falls of the head. 
 Hence, also, we understand why tempest is naturally deduciblo 
 from tempus, as the primary sense is to fall, to rush. Hence 
 tempestirus, seasonable, that comes in good time. Season has a 
 like sense. 
 
 Hence, also, we are led to understand, what has seemed inex- 
 plicable, how the French heureui, lucky, happy, can be regu- 
 larly deduced from heure, an hour. We find tliat in Greek and 
 Latin the primary sense of hour is time, and time is a coming, a 
 falling, a happening, like tlie English luck, and hence the sense 
 of lucky ; hence fortunate and happy. The word fortunate is 
 precisely of the same character. 
 
 The primary sense of the Shemitic datar, or thavar, cor- 
 responds almost precisely with that of cause and thing in Ennflish ; 
 that is, to strain, urge, drive, fall, or rush. Hence it signifies to 
 speak, and in Ch. and Syr. to lead, to direct, to govern. As a 
 noun, it signifies a word, that which is uttered ; a thing, cause, or 
 matter; that is, that which happens or falls, like ercTit from evcnio ; 
 also a plague, or great calamity ; that is, that which falls or comes 
 on man or beast, like p'ague; a stroke or affliction, from strikinir. 
 And it may be observed, that if the first letter is a prefix answer- 
 ing to the Gothic du, Saxon and English to, in the Saxon to- 
 drifan, to drive, then the root "l^ coincides exactly with the 
 Welsh peri, to command, which is retained in composition in the 
 Lat. impero. Indeed, if the first syllabic of guherno is a prefix. 
 
 the root of this word may be the same. The object, however, 
 for which this word is here mentioned, is chiefly to show the 
 unifijrmity which men have observed in expressing their ideas; 
 making use of the same visible physical action to represent the 
 operations of the mind and moral ideas. 
 
 Silence, deafness, dumbness, are from stopping, holding, or 
 making fast. 
 
 IVar is from the sense of striving, driving, struggling. 
 Good is generally from enlarging, or advancing, like pros- 
 perous. 
 
 Evil is from wandering, departing, or sometimes from softness, 
 weakness, flowing or fluxibility, as is the cass witli the Latin 
 malum, from the Welsh mall. 
 
 The primary sense of the names of natural and material ob- 
 jects can not always be ascertained. The reasons are obvious. 
 Some of these names are detached branches of a family of words 
 which no longer form a part of our language; the verb and all 
 the derivatives, except a single name, being extinct, or found 
 only in some remote country. Others of these names have suf- 
 fered such changes of orthography, that it is difficult or impossible 
 to ascertain the primary or radical letters, and of course the 
 family to wliich they belong. Numerous examples of such words 
 occur in English, as in every other language. 
 
 But from such facts as have occurred to me in my researches, 
 I may venture to affirm with confidence, that most names of 
 natural objects are taken from some obvious quality or action, or 
 some supposed qualitv of the thing ; or from the particular action 
 or operation by which it is produced. Thus tumors are iiame^d 
 from pushing, or sicclling ; and redness, or red, seems, in some 
 instances at least, to be named from eruptions on the body. The 
 human body is named from shaping, that is, setting, fixing, or ex- 
 tending, and hence, sometimes, the general name of the human 
 race. The arm is a shoot, a push, as is the branch of a tree. 
 A board, a table, a floor, is from spreading, or expanding, ex- 
 tending. Skin and bark are from pcelinir, flrippini;, tVc. 
 
 The names of particular animals and plants can not always bo 
 traced to their source ; but, as far as 1 have been able to discover 
 their origin, I find animals to be generally named from some 
 striking characteristic of external appearance; from the voice, 
 from habits of life, or from their office. There is reason for 
 believing that the Greek c','iji"'*"e and Latin struthio, or ostrich, 
 is from the same root as tlie English strut, tin' strutter ; the 
 primary sense of which root is, to stretch, which explains all the 
 senses of the Greek and Latin words of this family. It is certain 
 that the croic is named from its cry, and the leopard from his 
 spots. 
 
 Thus plants were named from their qualities; some from their 
 form, others from their color, others from their effects, otiiers 
 from the place of their growth. The English root, Lat. radix, is 
 only a particular application of rod and raij, radius; that is, a 
 shoot. Spurge is, undoubtedly, from the root of the Latin purgo. 
 
 There is reason to think that many names of plants were 
 originally adjectives, expressing their qualities; or the name was 
 a compound, used for the same purpose, one part of which has 
 been dropped, and the other remaining as the name of the plant. 
 Thus pine, pinus, is from pin, pinna, pcnna ; fi)r in Welsh pin is 
 a pin and a pen or stj'le for writing, and pinbren is a pine-tree. 
 The tree, then, was named from its leaf. 
 
 Fir has a similar origin and signification. 
 
 It is probable, or rather certain, that some natural objects, »is 
 plants and minerals, received their names from their supposed 
 qualities ; as, in ages of ignorance and superstition, men ir.ight 
 ascribe effects to them, by mistake. The whole history of tiagic 
 and encliantmont leads us to this conclusion. 
 
 Minerals are, in iiianj' instances, named from their o><vious 
 qualities, as golil from its yellowness, and iron from its hardness. 
 The names can, in some cases, be traced to their original, as that 
 of gold and of the Latin ferr^m ; but many of them are not easily 
 ascertained. Indeed, the greatest part of the specific names of 
 animals, plants, and minerals, appear to be obscure. Some of 
 them appear to have no connection with any family of words in 
 our language, and many of them are derived to us from Asia, and 
 from roots which can be found only, if found at all, in the Asiatic 
 languages. 
 
 These observations and explanations will be sufficient to show 
 the importance of developing, as far as possible, the origin of 
 words, and of comparing the different uses of the same word in 
 different languages, in order to understand either the philosophy 
 of speech, or the real force and signification of words in their 
 practical application. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 If it should be found to be true, that many of the Shelnitic 
 verbs are formed with prefixes, like those of the European lan- 
 guages, this may lead to new illustrations of the original lan- 
 guages of the Scriptures. In order to determine this fact, it will 
 be useful to examine whether the Chaldee and Hebrew D is not 
 often a prefix answering to be in the Teutonic languages ; whether 
 3 and " are not prefixes answering to the ga and ge of the Gothic 
 and Teutonic ; whether ~, t:, and r, and T, a dialectical form of 
 t:, do not coincide with the Gothic du, the Saxon to, the Dutch 
 toe, and the German zii ; whether 3 does not answer to the Russ. 
 and Dutch na, the German nack ; and whether D and a do not 
 answer to s, sli, and sch in the modern English and German. 
 
 If many of the Sheinitic triliteral verbs are compound, it fol- 
 lows that the primary radix has not been detected. At any rate, 
 I have no hesitation in affirming, that the primary sense of man3' 
 of the roots in the Sheinitic languages, that sense which is almost 
 indispensable to an understanding of many obscure passages in 
 the Scriptures, has been hitherto overlooked or mistaken. In 
 order fully to comprehend many uses of the words, it will be 
 necessary to compare them with the uses of the words of the 
 same family in the modern languages ; and this comparison must 
 be far more e.xtensive than any hitherto made, and conducted on 
 principles which have not been before duly appreciated and 
 applied. 
 
 1 have introduced the foregoing comparative view of the 
 several significations of the same word in different languages, 
 not merel}' to illustrate the general principles of language, but 
 with a special reference to an explanation of the et3'mologies 
 which occur in this work. Should my Synopsis ever be pub- 
 lished, the learned inquirer might pursue the subject at his 
 pleasure. 
 
 The results of the foregoing remarks and illustrations may be 
 thus recapitulated. 
 
 1. The nations which now constitute the distinct families or 
 races of Japhcth and Shem, are descendants of the common fam- 
 ily which inhabited the plain of Shinar before the dispersion. 
 
 2. The families at the dispersion retained a large proportion of 
 the words which were in common use before that event, and the 
 same were conveyed to their posterity. In the course of time, 
 some of these words were dropped by one family or tribe, and 
 some by another, till very few of them are retained in their origi- 
 nal form and signification, by all the nations wliich have sprung 
 from the main stock. A few of them, however, are still found in 
 all or nearly all the languages which I have examined, bearing 
 nearly the same signification and easily recognized as identical. 
 
 3. Although few of the primitive words can now be recognized 
 as existing in aU the languages, yet as we better understand the 
 changes which have been made in the orthography and sig- 
 nification of the same radical words, the more atfinities are dis- 
 covered; and particularly, when we understand the primary 
 sense, we find this to unite words whose appropriate or custom- 
 ary significations appear to have no connection. 
 
 4. A great number of the primitive radical words are found in 
 compounds, formed in different languages, with different affixes 
 and prefixes, which obscure the affinity. Thus Veritas in Latin, 
 is wiihrlicit in German ; the first syllable in each is the same 
 word, the last different. In other instances, both difference of 
 orthography, of formation, and of application, concur to obscure 
 the ainnity of words. Thus the English word strong is in 
 Danish streng, signifying stern, severe, rigid, strict; and strcng- 
 licd [stronghood] is severity, rigor, strictness. Now, n in these 
 word.s is not radical ; remove this letter, and we have strog, streg, 
 which coincide with the Latin stringo, strictus ; and these words 
 are found to be from the same radix, which signifies to draw, to 
 strain, to stretch. 
 
 5'. It appears that b, p and / are often prefixes, either the 
 remains of prepositions, or casual additions to words, introduced 
 by peculiar modes of pronunciation, which prefixes now precede 
 conHonantg, with which they readily coah-sce in pronunciation, 
 as I and r, forining triliteral words on biliteral roots; as in blorii 
 from llor, or torh ; play, Saxon pirgan, from leg or Irlt, Swedish 
 lelia, Dan. legir ; JJoir, Jjal. JIao, from lug, or lur, which appears 
 in light, luj, lurro, and in lag, a river, retained in I.vgdunain. 
 
 G. It appears, also, that c or k and g are often prefixes before 
 the same conbonants, I and r, as in I.iat. clunis. Eng. loin; W. 
 riod, praise, from Hod, Latin laus, laudo ; Gerjuan glucli, English 
 luck; Lnl. gratia, W. rliad. 
 
 7. It appears, also, that s is a prefix in a vast number of words, 
 as in speed, spoil, swell, sweep ; and it is very evident that st are 
 prefixed to many words whose original, radical, initial consonant 
 was r, as in straight, strict, strong, stretch, from the root of right, 
 rectus, reach, and in stride, from the root of the Latin gradior, 
 W. rhaz. 
 
 If these inferences are just, as I am persuaded they are, it 
 follows that there is a more near resemblance and a much closer 
 affinity between the languages of Europe and of Western Asia, 
 than has hitherto been supposed to exist. It follows, also, that 
 some of the most important principles or rudiments of language 
 have hitherto escaped observation, and that philology is yet in its 
 inlancy. Should this prove, on further examination, to be the 
 state of philology, it is reserved for future investigators to ex- 
 amine the original languages of the Scriptures on new principles, 
 which may serve to illustrate some obscure and difficult passages, 
 not hitherto explained to the general satisfaction of critics and 
 commentators. 
 
 If any persons should be disposed to doubt or contradict these 
 facts, let them first consider that my conclusions are not hasty 
 opinions, formed on isolated facts ; but that they have been 
 forced upon me, in opposition to all my former habits of thinking, 
 by a series of successive proofs and accumulating evidence, 
 during a long course of investigation, in which 1 have compared 
 most of the radical words, in more than twenty languages, twice, 
 and some of them three times. 
 
 No part of my researches has given me more trouble or solici- 
 tude than that of arriving at the precise radical signification of 
 moral ideas; such, for example, as hope, love, favor, faith. Nor 
 has it been with much less labor that I have obtained a clear 
 knowledge of some of our physical actions. It is literally true 
 that I have sometimes had a word under consideration for two 
 or three years, before 1 could satisfy my own mind as to the pri- 
 mary signification. That I have succeeded at last, in every 
 instance, can hardly be supposed — yet, iii most cases', I am 
 perfectly satisfied with the results of my researches. 
 
 PROGRESS AND CHANGES OF THE ENGLISH 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 It has been already observed that the mother tongue of the 
 English is the Anglo-Saxon. The following are specimens of 
 that language as it was spoken or written in England before the 
 Norman conquest. The first is from the Saxon Chronicle. The 
 original is in one column, and the literal translation in the other. 
 The English words in Italics are Saxon words. The number of 
 these will show how large a proportion of the words is retained 
 in the present English. 
 
 An. DCCCXCI. Her for se 
 here east, and Earnulf C3'ning 
 gefeaht with thseni roede-here 
 ier tha scipu comon, mid East- 
 Francum, and Seaxum, and 
 Basgerum, and hine geflymde. 
 And thry Scottas cwomon to 
 JElirede cyninge on anum bate, 
 butan a'lcum gerethum, of lli- 
 bernia ; and thonon hi hi bestsr- 
 lon, forthon the hi woldon for 
 Godes lufan on eltheodinesse 
 bioii, hy ne rohton hwa-r. 
 
 Se bat wtps geworht of thrid- 
 dan healfre hyde, the hie on 
 foron, and hi namon mid him 
 that hie ha'fdon to seofon nih- 
 tuni mete, and tha comon hie 
 ymb seofon niht, to londe on 
 Corn wealuin, and foran tha sona 
 to A'At'ri'tle cyninge. 
 
 An. Sni. Here [this year] 
 fared the army cast, and Ear- 
 nulf, the king, fought irith the 
 cavalry [ride ixnny] ere the ships 
 come, with the £«.sV-Francs, and 
 Saxons, and Bavarians, and put 
 them to flight, .'iwrf three Scots 
 come to iElfred, the king, in a 
 [|07)] boat, witliout any roirrrs, 
 from Hibernia, and thence they 
 privately withdrew [bestole] be- 
 cause that the\' rrould,for God's 
 lore be [or live] in a state of 
 pilgrimage, they should not be 
 anxious — [reck, care] irhere. 
 
 The boat iras irrovsht of two 
 hides and a half [third half hide,] 
 in wliich they fared [came] and 
 they took wilh them that the^' 
 had for sercn nights meat, and 
 they come about the serejtth 
 night, to land in Cornwall, and 
 fared [went] soon to JEU'red, 
 the kiner. 
 
 The following specimen is from the Anglo-Saxon version of 
 Orouius, supposed to be made by King Alfred. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 li 
 
 Ohtliere srede his hlaforde, 
 ^Elfrcde kj'ninge, thx-t ho ealra 
 Nortli-inanna nortli inest bude. 
 Hi- cwiBth tliat he bude on thanu 
 hinde nortliewearduni with flia 
 west sie. III! s!cde theali thrct 
 tlia;t land sy swytlie north tiia- 
 non ; ac liit is eall west buton on 
 feawuin stowuin sticce inreluni 
 wiciath Finnns, on huntathe on 
 wiiitra, an<i on suniera on fis- 
 cothe be tiiero sa;. Ho s.Tde 
 tlia't lie let siiinum cyrre wolile 
 fiuKJiain hu lange thcct land 
 north right Iffisre. 
 
 Octhere told [said] his lord, 
 king Alfred, tluit he lived nurtk 
 most of all the north men. He 
 quoth that he dwelt in the [them] 
 land northward, opposite [witli] 
 the loest sea. He said tltovgh, 
 that that land is due north from 
 tlic7ice, and that it is all waste 
 except [hut] in a fcio places 
 [stows] where the Finns for the 
 most part dwell, for hunting in 
 icinter, and in summer for fish- 
 ing in that sea, [by the sea.] 
 He said that he, at soine time, 
 would find how long that land 
 lay right north. 
 
 Laws of Kinjr ilDthelbert. 
 
 Gif Cj-ninjr his leode to him 
 gehiitath, and heom men thoer 
 yfel gedo, 11 bote and cyning 
 L. scillinga. 
 
 Gif in Cyninges tune man] 
 nuinnan ofslcah, L. scill. ge- 
 bete. i 
 
 Gif on Eorles tune man man- 
 nan ofslealh, XII scil. gcbole. 
 
 Gif man tlione man ofslishth, 
 XX scil. <rebote. 
 
 Gj/thuman (of a sla;hth) XX 
 scil. Gif thuman na?gl of weor- 
 deth HI scil. gebete. Gif man 
 .scytofinger (of a slashtii,) VIII 
 scil. gebete. Gif man middle 
 linger (of a sla;hth,) IV scil. 
 gebete. Gif man gold-finger (of [s/i 
 a slnciUh,) VI scil. gebete. Gif 
 man thon litlan finger (of a 
 slrohth) XI scil. gebete. 
 
 If the King shall call [citel 
 his people to him, and any one 
 r?nrt7t] shall tiiere do evil, let 
 double compensation be made, 
 ajid fifty shillings to the King. 
 
 If in the Kiiig's totcn a man 
 slay a man, let him compensate 
 [booti with fifty shillings. 
 
 If in an Earl's town one man 
 slayeth another man, let him pay 
 twelve shillings for reparation. 
 
 If man [any one] slayeth any 
 man, let him compensate with 
 twenty shillings. 
 
 If the thumb shall be cut off, 
 twenty shillings. If the thumb 
 nail shall be cut off', three shil- 
 lings shall be the compensation. 
 // any one [off" slayeth, striketh 
 off",] cutteth off tlie fore finger, 
 oot finger,] let him compen- 
 sate wilh eight shillings, //"any 
 one cutteth off" the middle finger, 
 let him pay four shillings, if 
 any one cutteth off" the gold 
 finger, [ring finger,] let him pay 
 six shillinirs. If any one cut- 
 teth off" the little finger, let him 
 pay eleven shillings. 
 
 Laws of King Eadgar. 
 
 We Iwrath that bbIc cristen 
 man his beam to christendome 
 gcornlice wajnige and him pater 
 noster and credon tiece. 
 
 We Irerath that preost ne beo 
 hunta ne hafecere ne ta^flere ; 
 ac plegge on his bocum swa his 
 hade gebirath. 
 
 We order (or instruct) that 
 each Christian man earnestly 
 accustom [wean] his children to 
 Christianity, [Christendom,] and 
 leach him the Pater Noster and 
 Creed. 
 
 We direct that a priest be not 
 a hunter, nor hawker, nor a game- 
 ster ; but that he apply to his 
 books, as it becomes his order. 
 
 We observe by these extracts that rather more than half the 
 Saxon words have been lost, and now form no part of our 
 language.* 
 
 This language, with some words introduced by the Danes, 
 continued to be used by the English till the Norman conquest. 
 After that event, great numbers of Saxon words went into disuse, 
 not sudHnnl}', but gradually, and French and Latin words were 
 continually added to the language, till it began to assume its 
 present form, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Yet the 
 
 • Mr. Meidincer of Frankfort, in the Introduction to his Etyniolo^cal and 
 Comparative Dictionary of the Tciiio-Golhic l-anniazpi", notices this observa- 
 tiim of mine, re.«pectins the proportion of Saxon wonls which have been lost 
 and then .itatos the opinion of Mr. Turner, that more than fuur-fifiha of the 
 words in modern Enclisli are of Saxon oriain. This difference in tlie two state- 
 menu proceeds from a circumstance overlooked. Jly statement refers only to 
 
 writings of Gower and Chaucer can not now be fully understood 
 witiiout a glossarj'. 
 
 But it was not in the loss of native Saxon words and the acces- 
 sion of French and Latin words alone, that the change of our 
 language consisted. Most ini[)ortant alterations were ma<i(! in 
 the sounds of the vowels. It is |)robable, if not certain, that our 
 first vowel a had usually or always the broad sound, as we now 
 pronounce it in fall, or in some words perhaps the Italian sound, 
 as it is now called, and as we pronounce it in far. The sound of 
 c was probably nearly the same as it is in French and Italian, and 
 in the northern languages on the continent of Europe ; which is 
 nearly tliat of a in favor. The Saxim sound of i was probably 
 the same as it is still on the Continent, the sound of ee or long e. 
 The sound of m was that of our present oo, French ou, the sound 
 it still has in Italian, and in most countries on the European 
 continent. It is probable that the change of the sound of u 
 hap])ened in consequence of the |)revalence of the French pro- 
 nunciation after the conquest ; ior the present sound of u may be 
 considered as intermediate, between the full sound of oo, or 
 French ou, and the French sound of «. 
 
 These changes, and the various sounds given to the same 
 character, now serve to perplex foreigners, whetf learning Eng- 
 lish ; and tend, in no small degree, to retard or limit the ex- 
 tension of our language. This is an unfortunate circumstance, 
 not only in obstructing the progress of science, but of Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 The principal changes in the articulations are the use of k for 
 c, as in look for locian; the loss of A beiijre /, as in loaf from 
 hlaf, lot for hlot, lean for hlinian ; and the entire loss of the prefix 
 gc or ga, as in deal for ge-dielan, deem for gc-deman ; and of <o as 
 a prefix, as in to-hclpan, to help ; to-dailan, to deal. In no in- 
 stance do we feel more sensibly the change of sounds in the 
 vowels, than in that of i, which in French, Spanish, atid Italian, 
 is e long ; for in consequence of this, persons who are not ac- 
 quainted with these foreign languages, mispronounce such words 
 as marino, Messina, Lima, giving to i its Englislx sound, when in 
 fact the words are to be pronounced marctno, ,Messee7ia, Lecma. 
 
 In grammatical structure the language has suflTered consider- 
 able alterations. In our mother tongue, nouns were varied to 
 form cases, somewhat as in Latin. This declension of nouns has 
 entirely ceased, except in tlie possessive or genitive case, in which 
 an apostrophe before s has been substituted for the regular Saxon 
 termination es. Some of our pronouns retain their declensions, 
 somewhat varied. The plural termination in en has been dropped, 
 in a number of words, and the regular plural termination been 
 substituted, as houses for houscn. 
 
 In most cases, the Saxon termination of the infinitive mode of 
 verbs has been dropped, and for gifon we now write, to gice. 
 The variations of the verb, in the several persons, have been 
 materially changed. Thus for the Saxon — 
 
 Ic lufige, 
 Thu lufast, 
 He lufath ; 
 
 we now write - 
 
 I love. 
 
 Thou lovest. 
 
 He loveth or loves ; 
 
 We lufiath, 
 Ge lufiath. 
 Hi lufiath; 
 
 We love, 
 Ye love. 
 They love. 
 
 In the Saxon plural, however, we see the origin of the vulgar 
 practice still retained in some parts of England and of this coun- 
 try. We loves, they loves, which are contractions of lufiath. 
 
 In the substantive verb, our common people universally, and 
 most persons of better education, unless they have rejected their 
 traditionary language, retain the Gothic dialect, in the past 
 tense. 
 
 1 was. 
 Thou wast, 
 He was ; 
 
 We was. 
 Ye was. 
 They was. 
 
 However people may be ridiculed for this language, it is of 
 genuine origin, as old as the Saxon word were. In Gothic the 
 past tense runs thus — 
 
 the actual proportion of Paxon words retained in the vorabiilar>', which is prob- 
 ably less than half of the whole number of words in the lannuaec. Mr. Turner's 
 statement refers lo tlu' proportion of Paxim words actually ii-vl in our common 
 lansuaie, n hich is, doubtless, as preat as he represents it.' The words of Saxon 
 origin are the more necessary words ; such a.s are wanted in all the common 
 concerns of life; and therefore in use they comjxise the body of the language. 
 
lii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ik was, Weis wesum, 
 
 Tim wast, Yus wesutli. 
 
 Is was; Eis wesun.* 
 
 In the present tense of the substantive verb, our common 
 people use dre'f, as in this plirase : "he an't present." This is 
 evidently a contraction of the Swedish and Danish ar, er, present 
 indicative singular of the substantive verb vara or rarer, to be, 
 which we retain in are and ipcre. In Swedish, han ar, and in 
 Danish, han er, he is. Hence he er not or ar not, contracted into 
 ho dn't or en't. 
 
 These facts serve to show how far the Gothic dialect has been 
 infused into the English languacre. 
 
 It would be tedious, and to most readers uninteresting, to 
 recite all the changes in the forms of words or the structure of 
 sentences which have taken place since the Norman conquest. 
 Since the invention of printing, changes in the language have 
 been less rapid than before ; but no art nor effort can completely 
 arrest alterations in a living language. The distinguished writers 
 in the age of Queen Elizabeth improved the language, but could 
 not give it stability. Many words tlien in common use are now 
 obsolete, or have suffered a change of signification. In the period 
 between Queen Elizabeth and the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, the language was improved in grammar, orthography, 
 and style. The writers in tiie reign of Queen Anne and of 
 George I. brought the Ip^nguage nearly to perfection ; and if any 
 improvement has since been made, U is in the stylo or diction, by 
 a better selection of words, and the use of terms in science and 
 philosophy with more precision. 
 
 In regard to grammatical construction, the language, for half a 
 century past, has, in my apprehension, been suffering deteriora- 
 tion, at least as far as regards its written form. This change may 
 be attributed chiefly to the influence of the learned Bishop Lowth, 
 whose Grammar made its appearance nearly seventy years ago. 
 I refer particularly to his form of the verb, which was adjusted to 
 the practice of writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, instead of 
 the practice of authors in the age of William and Mary, Queen 
 Anne, and George I. Hence he gives for the form of the verb 
 in the subjunctive mode, after the words which express a con- 
 dition, if, tliouirli, &c., / love, tliou love, he love, observing in a 
 note, that in the subjunctive mode, the event being spoken of 
 under a condition or supposition, or in the form of a wish, and 
 th(>refore doubtful and contingent, the verb itself in the present, 
 and the auxiliary both of the present and past imperfect times, 
 often carry with them somewhat of a future sense ; as, " If he 
 come to-morrow, I may speak to him" — " If he should come, I 
 should speak to him." This is true; but for that very reason, 
 this form of the verb belongs to the future tense, or should be 
 arranged as such in Grammars. If he come, would be in Latin si 
 venerit, in the subjunctive future. 
 
 But the learned author has entirely overlooked the important 
 distinction between an event or fact, of uncertain existence in 
 the present time, and which is inentioned under the condition of 
 present existence, and a future contingent event. " If the mail 
 that has arrived contains a letter for me, I shall soon receive it," 
 is a phrase that refers to the present time, and expresses an un- 
 certainty in my rnind, respecting the fiict. " If the mail contain 
 a letter for me," refers to a future time, that is, " If the mail of 
 to-morrow contain [shall or should contain] a letter for me." 
 The first event, conditional or hypothetical, should be expressed 
 l)y tiie Indicative mode, and the latter by the subjunctive future. 
 The Saxon form of the verb, if he slay, if he go, is evidently a 
 contingent future, and is so used in the laws. 
 
 This distinction, one of the most im])ortant in the language, 
 has been so totally overlooked, that no provision has been made 
 for it in British Grammars; nor is the distinction expressed by 
 the form of tlip verb, as used by a great part of the l)est writers. 
 On tlie other hand, they continually use one form of the verb to 
 express both senses. The fact is the same in the common ver- 
 sion of the Scriptures. If he go, if he spcal;, sometimes express a 
 presf-nt conditional tense, and sometimes a contingent future. 
 In g<-neral this subjunctive form of the verb, in Scripture, ex- 
 preHses future time. " If he thus say, I have no delight in thee," 
 exprcHses a future contingent event. M Sam. xv. 2(). " If in- 
 iquity he in thine hand, put it far away," expresses a fact, under 
 a condition, in the present time. Job xi. 14. 
 
 ♦ Thin l« probably Ilin I.atin mm.. Tins Latins drojipcd the flmt articulation r, 
 Wliirli iiii"WiT« to our w. 
 
 Till- prcmrii tciwr, indicative mode, of the Latin verb, with the tJ restored, 
 would be written lhu«: — 
 
 In many instances the translators have deviated from the 
 original, in using the subjunctive form of the English verb to 
 express what in Greek is expressed in the indicative. Thus 
 Matthew iv.(J. £; vlu? tt rov Qcuv, If thou be [art] the son of God. 
 
 Ch. v. 29 and 30. Ei St 6 otf&aliiug aov a (hliog axardulitti ot. 
 If thy right e}'e offend [offendeth] thee ; Ei >, Seiia oov /tiq axav- 
 SaXiLti (It, If thy right hand offend [offendeth] thee. 
 
 So also in chapter xviii. 8 and 9. 
 
 Ch. xii. 26. El 6 2arurug rov Saravav exfluXXci, If Satan cast 
 [casteth] out Satan. 
 
 Ch. xix. 10. El ovrw; tsiv 1/ ania jov ur(^nwnov fura Ti;g yurai- 
 xog. If the case of the man be [is] so with his wife. 
 
 Ch. xxii. 45. Et ow JuftS xalu avrov KvQtot; If David then 
 call [calleth] him Lord. 
 
 2 Cor. iv. 16. El 6 eio> t^umv av&ovinog SiaifSfiQcrai, Though our 
 outward man perish [perishes, or is perishing.] 
 
 In all these passages, the English verb, in the subjunctive, 
 properly expresses a conditional, contingent, or hypothetical fu- 
 ture tense, contrary to the sense of the original, except in the last 
 passage cited, where the apostle evidently speaks of the perisliing 
 of the outward man as a fact admitted, which renders the transla- 
 tion still more improper. 
 
 Let us now attend to the following passages. 
 
 Matthew vii. 9. // ng i^iv i iimv uv&ootTzog, ov tay aiTi/ati 6 
 v'og avTov anror. Or what man is there of you, whom if his son 
 aslc [shall ask] bread, will he give him a stone 
 
 Kui euv t/6vv aIT^;(Tlj, If he ask [shall ask] a fish, will he give 
 him a serpent ? 
 
 Here the original tense is varied to express a future or hypo- 
 thetical event, yet the verb in English is in the same tense as in 
 the first class of examples; and what renders the version more 
 objectionable is, that the verb in the first clause does not corre- 
 spond with that in the second clause. There is no possible way 
 of making good English of the translation, but by supposing the 
 verb in the first clause, as,';, to be in the future tense. So it would 
 be in Latin, and so it is, " si petierit." If thy son shall ask (or 
 should ask) a fish, will he give (or would he give) him a serpent 
 
 This fault runs through the whole English version of the 
 Scriptures, and a distinction of tenses clearly marked in the 
 original languages, is generally neglected in the translation. 
 
 Now, the most unlettered man in this country would express 
 the sense in English with the same marked distinction of tenses 
 which appears in the Greek. If thou art the son of God ; if thy 
 right eye offends thee ; if the case of the man is such ; if David 
 calls him Lord ; or, if the sense is understood to be future and 
 contingent, if thy son shall ask bread, or if he should ask bread, 
 would be the uniform language of any of the common people of 
 our country. There would not, probably, be a single exception, 
 unless in the use of the substantive verb, which is often used in 
 the subjunctive form. And the most unlettered man would use 
 the corresponding verbs in the two clauses, if he shall ask, iritl 
 he give ; or, if he sliould ask, would he give. The use of the 
 verb, in all similar phrases, is perfectly well settled in this coun- 
 try, and perfectly uniform among the higher and lower classes of 
 men ; unless when the practice has been varied by the influence 
 of Grammars, in which the conjugation of the verb is according 
 to the antiquated practice of the age of Elizabeth. 
 
 1 Tim. V. 4. El 3s Tig /i,'ia itxiu i; txyoia f/f, If any widow 
 have [has] children or nephews. 
 
 Verse 8. Ei 3e tic tuiv iStwr xui iiaiisa Tun' oixfiwr ov Trooioti, 
 If any provide [providcth] not for his own, and especially for 
 those of his own house. 
 
 This subjunctive form of the verb, if he be ; if he have; if he 
 go; if he saij; if thou write ; wliethcr thou see; thongh he fall, 
 which was generally used by the writers of tlie sixteenth century, 
 was in a great measure discarded before the time of Addison. 
 Whether this change was in consequence of the prevalence of 
 colloquial usage over grammar rules, or because discerning men 
 perceived the impropriety and inconsistency of the language of 
 books, 1 pretend not to determine. Certain it is, that Locke, 
 Watts, Addison, I'ope, and other authors of tlie first distinction, 
 who adorned the close of the seventeenth and beginning of the 
 eighteenth century, generally used the Indicative mode to express 
 condition, uncertainty, and hypothesis In tiie present and past 
 tenses. Thus Locke writes — " If these two propositions arc by 
 
 Ego vpsum, I Nos vesumiia, [wa.s,] 
 
 Tu vca, Vos V(!stis, hvas,] 
 
 Illevest; I Illi viwuiii, [was.] 
 
INTRODUCTION. liii 
 
 nature imprinted." " If principles arc innate." " If an)' person 
 htilh never e.xainined this notion." " Whether that substance 
 tltinls or no." " If tlio soul doUi think in sleep." "If one 
 considers well these men's way of speaking." " If he does not 
 reflect." " Unless that notion produces a constant train of suc- 
 cessive ideas." "If your lordsliip Jiieiins." Such is the lan- 
 guage of Locke. 
 
 iNow, what is remarkable, the learned Dr. Lowth, the very 
 author who has, bv his Grammar, done much to sanction the 
 subjunctive form of the verb, in such cases, oflen uses the indica- 
 tive in his own writings. " If he docs not carefully attend to 
 this — if this pleasure arises from the shape of the composition 
 — if tliis is not firmly and well established." These verbs are in 
 contradiction of his own principles. On Isaiah, Prclivi. Diss. 
 
 Addison. " If the reader has a mind to see a father of the 
 same stamp." " If e.xercise throws otf all superfluities — if it 
 clears the vessels — if it dissipates a growing distemper." Such 
 is the language of Addison, the most elegant writer of the genu- 
 ine English idiom in the nation. 
 
 "If the thief is poor — if it obliges me to be conversant with 
 scenes of wretchedness." Wilberforce. 
 
 " If America is not to be conquered." Lord Chatham. 
 
 "If we are to be satisfied with assertions." " If it o'trcA- blind 
 confidence to any executive government." " If such an opinion 
 has gone forth." "If our conduct has been marked with vigor 
 and wisdom." Fox. 
 
 " If my bodily strength is equal to the task." " A negro, if he 
 worlis for himself and not for a master, will do double the work." 
 "If there is anj' aggravation of our guilt." "If their conduct 
 displays no true wisdom." "The honorable gentleman ma}', if 
 he chooses, have the journals read again." " Whether this is a 
 sufficient tie to unite them." " If this measure comes recom- 
 mended." " If there exists a country which contains the means 
 of protection." Pitt. 
 
 " If the prudence of reserve and decorum dictates silence." 
 " If an assembly is viciously or feebly composed." " If any 
 persons are to make good deficiencies." " If the King of the 
 French has really deserved these murderous attempts." " If this 
 representation of M. Necker was false." " Whether the system, 
 if it deserves the name." " The politician looks for a power that 
 our workmen call a purchase,-&nd ifhe finds the power." " If he 
 feels as men commonly feel." Burhe. 
 
 " If climate has such an effect on mankind." " If the effects 
 of climate arc casual." Coxe s Russ. 
 
 " If he finds his collection too small." "If he thinks his judg- 
 ment not suiiicicntly enlightened." " Whe.her it leads to truth." 
 " If he warns others against his own failings." This is generally 
 the language of Johnso7i.. 
 
 In regard to this distinguished author, I would observe that, 
 except the substantive verb, there is in his Rambler but a single 
 instance of the subjunctive form of the verb in conditional sen- 
 tences. In all other cases the use of the indicative is uniform. 
 
 Such also is the language of the most distinguished men in the 
 United States, particularly of those who wrote tiieir native lan- 
 guage as they received it from tradition, and before grammars 
 had made any impression on its genuine construction. 
 
 " The prince that acquires new territory, if he fimds it vacant." 
 " If we are industrious we shall never starve." " If one has 
 more corn than he can consume, and another has less." Such is 
 the language of Franklin. 
 
 "If any persons thus qualified are to be found." "If it is 
 thought proper." " If the Congress does not choose to point out 
 the particular regiment." " If I am rightly informed." "If the 
 army has not removed." " If a i)roposition has not been made." 
 Such is the language of Washington. 
 
 " If any philosopher pretends." " If he has food for the pres- 
 ent daj'." " If a revelation is not impossible." " Ifthe Christian 
 system contains a real communication to mankind." " If the 
 former of these facts opposes our reception of the miraculous 
 history of the gospel." " If the preceding reflections are just." 
 Such is the language of the late President Smith.* 
 
 " If any government deems the introduction of foreigners or 
 their merchandise injurious." " Unless he violates the law of 
 nations." " If a person has a settlement in a hostile country." 
 " If he resides in a belligerent countr)'." " If a foreign consul 
 carries on trade as a merchant." Such is the language of the 
 ex-Chancellor Kent. 
 
 * The substantive verb is often used in the subjunctive form by writers who 
 never use that form in any other verb. The reason doubtless is, that bt is pri- 
 
 But neither the authors here mentioned, nor most others, even 
 the most distinguished for erudition, are uniform and consistent 
 with tlieniselves in the use of the tenses. In one sentence we 
 find the indicative used, " If it is to be discovered only by the 
 experiment." " If other indications are to be found." In the 
 next sentence, " If to miscarry in an attempt be a proof of having 
 mistaken the direction of genius." Johnson. 
 
 "If the former he refined — if those virtues are accompanied 
 with equal abilities." Gibbon. 
 
 "If love reward him, or if vengeance strike." Cowper. 
 
 "Or if it docs not brand him to the last." Cowpen. 
 
 " If he is a pagan — if endeavors are used — ifthe person hath 
 a liberal education — if man be subject to these miseries." 
 
 Milner. 
 
 The following expressions occur in Pope's Preface to Homer's 
 Iliad, in the compass of thirteen lines. 
 
 " If he has given a regular catalogue of an army." 
 
 "If he has funeral games for Patroclus." 
 
 " If Ulysses visit the shades." 
 
 "If he be detained from his return." 
 
 " If Achilles be absent." 
 
 " If he gives his hero a suit of celestial armor." 
 
 I recollect one English author only, who has been careful to 
 avoid this inconsistency ; this is Gregory, who, in his Economy 
 of JYaturc, has uniforinlj' used the indicative form of the verb in 
 conditional sentences of this kind. 
 
 The like inconsistency occurs in almost all American writings. 
 " If moral disposition lie here." " If preference necessarily in- 
 volves the knowledge of obligation." " If the proposition <strue." 
 " If the proposition be confirmed." " If he refutes any thing." 
 
 In a pamphlet now before me, there are no less than fifty of 
 these inconsistencies in the compass of ninety pages ; and three 
 of them in 07ie sentence. 
 
 How, in this case, is a foreigner to understand the author and 
 how can such sentences be translated into another language 
 without a deviation from the original ? 
 
 The propriety of using the indicative form of the verb to ex- 
 press a present or past event conditionally, does not rest solely 
 on usage ; it is most correct upon principle. It is well known 
 that most of the words which are used to introduce a condition or 
 hypothesis, and called, most improperly, conjunctions, are verbs, 
 having not the least affinity to the class of words used to connect 
 sentences. If is the Saxon gif, give, having lost its first letter ; 
 if for the ancient gif. Though is also a verb now obsolete, 
 except in the imperative mode. Now let us analyze this con- 
 ditional tense of the verb. " If the man knoics his true interest, 
 he will avoid a quarrel." Here is an omission of the word that 
 after if. The true original phrase was, " If that the man knows 
 his true interest, he will avoid a quarrel" — that is, give that 
 [admit the fact which is expressed in the following clause,] the 
 man knows his true interest, then the consequence follows, he 
 will avoid a quarrel. That in this sentence is a relative or 
 demonstrative substitute for the following clause. This will 
 more plainly appear by transposing the clauses. " The man 
 knows his true interest; give that [admit that;] he will then 
 avoid a quarrel." Now, let the subjunctive form be used. "The 
 man know his true interest; give that; he will avoid a quarrel." 
 
 Here the impropriety of this form of the verb appears in a 
 strong light. It will appear more clearly by the use of other 
 words of equivalent signification. Grant the man knoic his true 
 interest, he will avoid a quarrel. Allow the man know his true 
 interest. Suppose the man know his true interest. We never 
 use the subjunctive form after the three last verbs which intro- 
 duce the condition. Though is sometimes followed by the in- 
 dicative ; sometimes by the subjunctive ; but it ought always to 
 be followed by the indicative, for it supposes the fact to be given ; 
 and so does admit, when used in hypothetical sentences. Admit 
 that the man knows his interest. We have then decisive proof 
 that the use of the indicative form of the verb after //, when it 
 expresses a conditional event in present time, is most correct; 
 indeed, it is the only correct form. This remark is equally appli- 
 cable to the past tense conditional. 
 
 The language of Addison, Johnson, and other distinguished 
 writers of the last century, in the use of the indicative, is, there- 
 fore, more correct than the language of the writers in the age of 
 Elizabeth ; and their practice is principally the common usage 
 of our country at this day. 
 
 marily the indicative a.< well as the subjunctive mode of that verb. / be, we ie, 
 as used in Scripture. So in German, Ich bin. 
 
 H 
 
hv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1 have, therefore, constructed a Grammar on this "usage ; 
 bringing down the standard of writing a century and a half later 
 than Bishop Lowth. 1 liave done this, _^rst, on the authority of 
 strict analogical principles, as above slated ; secondly, on the 
 authority of the best usage of that cluster of distinguished writers 
 who adorned the beginning of the last century ; and, thirdly, on 
 the authority of universal colloquial practice, which I consider as 
 the real and only genuine language. I repeat this remark, that 
 general and respectable usage in speaking, is the genuine or 
 legitimate language of a country, to which the written language 
 ouiiht to be conformed. Language is that which is uttered by 
 the tongue, and if men do not write the language as it is spoken 
 by the great body of respectable people, they do not write the 
 real language. Now, in colloquial usage, the subjunctive form 
 of the verb, in conditional sentences, is rarely used, and perhaps 
 never, except when the substantive verb is employed. Our stu- 
 dents are taught in school the subjunctive form, if thou hare, if 
 he come, &c., and some of them continue, in after life, to tcrite in 
 that manner ; but, in the course of more than forty years, I have 
 not known three men who have ventured to use that form of the 
 verb in conversaticn. We toil in school to learn a language 
 which we dare not introduce into conversation, but which the 
 force, of custom compels us to abandon. In this respect, the 
 present study of grammar is worse than useless. 
 
 This colloquial custom accords with other languages. The 
 French say and write s'il est, if he is. The Latins often used the 
 same form, "si quid est in me ingenii, judices;" but the use of 
 the Latin subjunctive depends on certain other words which pre- 
 cede ; as, " cum sit civis," as he is a citizen, or, since he is a 
 citizen ; and the present tense is often used to e.^press what we 
 express by an auxiliary. That the Greeks used the indicative to 
 express a conditional present tense, we have seen by citations 
 above. 
 
 By this arrangement of the verb, the indicative form after if 
 and other verbs introducing a condition or hypothesis, may be 
 used uniformly to express a fact or event under a condition or 
 supposition, either in the present or past tenses ; the speaker 
 being uncertain respecting the fact, or representing it as doubtful. 
 
 "If the man is honest, he will return what he has borrowed." 
 " If the ship has arrived, we shall be informed of it to-morrow." 
 "If the bill icas presented, it was doubtless paid." "If the law 
 has been passed, we are precluded from further opposition." 
 
 On the other hand, when it is intended to speak of a future 
 contingent event, I would always use the auxiliaries that are 
 proper for the purpose. " If it shall or should rain to-morrow, 
 we shall not ride to town." I would never use the subjunctive 
 form, // it rain, in prose ; and in poetry, only from necessity, as 
 an abridged phrase, for if it shall or should rain. In this manner 
 the distinction between the tenses, which are now constantly 
 confounded, may be preserved and made obvious, both to natives 
 and foreigners. 
 
 The effect of the study of Lowth's principles, which has been 
 greatly extended by the popularity of Murray's Grammar,* has 
 been to introduce or establish a form of the verb in writing, 
 which is obsolete in colloquial language ; to fill our books with a 
 confusion of tenses, and thus to keep the langu.age unsettled. 
 Nothing can be more perplexing to the student, than every 
 where to meet with discrepancies between rules and practice. 
 
 There is another erroneous manner of writing, common to the 
 best authors in the language, which seems to have escaped notice. 
 This is, to connect a verb in the past tense with a preceding one 
 in the same tense, when the latter verb is intended to express a 
 very different time from the former. Thus, " Then Manasseh 
 knew that the Lord, he icas God." 'J Chron. xxxiii. 1^5. 
 
 Tlie Latins, in tliis case, would probably have used the infini- 
 tive ; "Manasseh novit Jehovain Deum esse." In English we 
 ought to write and say, " Manasseh knew Jehovah to be God," or, 
 "Manasseh hnr.io that Jehovah he is God." In most similar 
 cases the us^ of the infinitive in Kngiish is as elegant as in L.itin. 
 But there are many cases where the infinitive can not be used. 
 We can not use it uller say ; " he said him to be a good man," is 
 not English ; thougli " he declared, or ujjinncd, or bdieeed him to 
 be a good man," is i legant. 
 
 In order to understand the impropriety of the common mode of 
 
 * I.indl>!y Murray, In tho Intrndiiclinn tn Iiin Rrnmmnr, acknowlc'dKcn, in 
 ccnrriil U'nn", lli.it "Ihu iiiillKirx to wliiim Ihi* grniiiiiiuticiil p.irt of this compi- 
 Intlon in |irinri|Killy indi lili'd for it.i iiiatrrinlH arr, Harris, Johnson, liowlli, 
 Prientlfy, Itnatlic, Hh(;ridan, Walker, and t'ootu." Hut on cxaminution it 
 sppcura that the grealcit portion of the grammatical part in from Lowtli, whose 
 
 using the latter verb, as in the example above cited, it Vnay be 
 remarked, that the present tense is that which is used to express 
 what exists at all times. Thus we say, God is or exists, when- 
 ever we speak of his permanent existence ; we saj-. Gold Is 
 yellow or ductile ; iron is a most valuable metal ; it is not con- 
 vertible into silver; plants and animals are very distinct living 
 beings. We do not say. Gold was yellow ; iron was a valuable 
 metal ; for we mean to express permanent qualities. Hence, in 
 the passage cited from Chronicles, the first verb knew, referring 
 to a fact past, is correct ; but the last, which is intended to express 
 the permanent being or character of God, should be in the infini- 
 tive or the indicative present tense. The following are examples 
 of correct language : " His master had taught him that happiness 
 consists in virtue." Anacharsis, ii. Vid. 
 
 " Sabellius, who openly taught that there is but one person in 
 the Godhead." Encyclopedia. 
 
 " Our Savior taught that eternal death is the proi)er punish- 
 ment of sin." Emmons. 
 
 But very different is the following : " Having believed for many 
 years, that water irns [is] an elastic fluid." The following would 
 be still better : " Having believed water to be an elastic fluid." 
 
 So the following: "We know not the use of the epidermis of 
 shells. Some authors have supposed that it secured [secures] the 
 shells from being covered with vermes." Edin. Encyc. 
 
 "It ?cus just remarked, that marine fossils did not [do not] 
 comprise vegetable remains." lb. 
 
 " If my readers will turn their thoughts back on their old 
 friends, they will find it difficult to call a single man to remem- 
 brance who appeared to know that life was short, [is short,] till 
 he was about to lose it." Rambler, JS'o. 71. 
 
 " They considered the body as a hydraulic machine, and the 
 fluids as passing through a series of chemical changes ; forgetting 
 that animation 2cas [is] its essential characteristic." Darwin. 
 
 " It was declared by Pompey, that if the Commonwealth was 
 [should be] violated, he could stamp witlj his foot and raise an 
 army out of the ground." Rambler, J\'o. 10. 
 
 In the foregoing sentence, the past tense is used for the future 
 contingent. 
 
 " It was affirmed in the last discourse, that much of the hon- 
 orable practice of the world rested [rests] on the substratum of 
 selfishness; that society jcas [is] held together, in the e.\ercise 
 of its relative virtues, mainly by the tie of reciprocal advantage ; 
 ^that a man's own interest bound [binds] him to all those average 
 equities which obtained [obtain] in the neighborhood around him ; 
 and in which if he proved [should prove] himself glaringly 
 deficient, he would be abandoned by the respect, and the con- 
 fidence, and the good-will of the people with wlioin he had [might 
 have, or should have] to do." Chalmer.i's Com. Dis. 4. 
 
 " In the last discourse, I observed that love constituted [con- 
 stitutes] the whole moral character of God." 
 
 Dicight's Theology. 
 
 " And he said. Nay, father Abraham ; but if one went [shall or 
 should go] to them from the dead, they will repent. And he 
 said to him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will 
 they be persuaded though one rose [shall or should rise] from the 
 dead." Luke xvi. 30, 31. 
 
 " Independent of parties in the national legislature itself, as 
 oflen as the ])eriod of discussion arrived, the state legislatures, 
 who will always be not only vigilant, but suspicious and jealous 
 guardians of the rights of the citizens, against encroachiiients 
 from the federal government, tcill constantly have their attention 
 awake to the conduct of the national rulers, and will be ready 
 enough, if any thing improper appears, to sound the alarm to the 
 people." 
 
 Let any man attempt to resolve the foregoing sentence, if he 
 can, or render it into another language. 
 
 " Cicero vindicated the truth, and inculcated the value of the 
 precept, that nothing loas [is] truly useful which teas [is] not 
 honest." 
 
 " He undertook to show that justice was [is] of perpetual 
 
 obligation. " 
 
 " The author concedes much of his argument, and admits that 
 tlie sea was [is] susceptible of dominion." [Better still, he 
 admits the sea to be susceptible of dominion.] 
 
 prinri|ili'a fiirni llio main strurlurc of Murrnv's compilation. Pome vnluahle 
 noti'." and ri marks nri' takrn iVoin I'rirsilcy's (iramniiir. 1 studied grammar in 
 tlie oriKinals louK before Murray's rom|)ilalion appeared, and, in citing aulhor- 
 ilicH, deem it proper to cite the originals. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Iv 
 
 " A nation would be condemned by the impartial voice of 
 mankind, if it voluntarily went [should po] to war, on a claim of 
 which it douhUtl [should doubt] the legality." 
 
 " The Supreme Court observed that they were not at liberty 
 to depart from the rule, whatever doubt might have been enter- 
 tained, if the case teas [had been] entirely new." 
 
 " He held that the law of nations prohibited [prohibits] the use 
 of poisoned arms." 
 
 " He insisted that the laws of war gave [give] no other power 
 over a captive than to keep him safely." 
 
 " The general principle on the subject is, that, if a commander 
 makes a compact with the enemy, and it be of such a nature that 
 the power to make it could be reasonably implied from the nature 
 of the trust, it icould be valid and binding, though he abused his 
 trust." Let any man translate this sentence into another language, 
 if lie can, without reducing the verbs to some consistency. 
 
 " Congress have declared by law, that the United States tcere 
 [arc] entitled to priority of payment over private creditors, in 
 cases of insolvency." 
 
 " The Supreme Court decided, that the acts of Congress, 
 giving that general priority to the United States, were [are] 
 constitutional." 
 
 " It was admitted that the government of the United States 
 7f«s [is] one of enumerated powers." 
 
 " From his past designs and administrations, we could never 
 argue at all to those which were future." [This is an odd com- 
 bination of words.] 
 
 " Jesus knowing that the Father had given all things into his 
 hands, and that he was corne from God and went to God." 
 John xiii. 3. 
 
 " Alexander dispatched Eumencs with three hundred horse to 
 two free cities — with assurance that if they submitted and re- 
 ceived him [should or would submit and receive] as a friend, no 
 evil should befall them." 
 
 " The apostle kncio that the present season icas [is] the only 
 time- allowed for this preparation." 
 
 " What would be the real effect of that overpowering evidence 
 which our adversaries required [should require] in a revelation, 
 it is difficult to foretell ." 
 
 " It could not otherwise have been known that the word had 
 [has] this meaning." 
 
 '* I told him if he went [should go] to-morrow, I would go with 
 him." 
 
 This fault occurs in our hearing every hour in the day. 
 
 A like fault prevails in other languages ; indeed, the English 
 may have been led into it by reading foreign authors. " Mais on 
 a remarquc avec raison, que I'espace conchoidal itait infini." 
 Lunier. It has been remarked with reason, that the conchoidal 
 space was [is] infinite. 
 
 But whatever maj' be the practice of other nations, there would 
 be no difficulty in correcting such improprieties in our own lan- 
 guage, if as much attention were given to the study of its true 
 principles, as is given to other subjects of literature and science. 
 But if, in this particular, there is a British or American author 
 who writes his vernacular language correctly, his writings have 
 not fallen under my inspection. 
 
 There is another fault very common among English writers, 
 though it is less frequent in the United States ; this is the con- 
 version of an intransitive verb into a passive one. It is sur- 
 prising that an error of this kind should have gained such an 
 established use, in some foreign languages, as to be incurable. 
 Barbarous nations niaj- indeed form languages; but it should be 
 the business of civilized men to purify their language from 
 barliiyisms. 
 
 In the transitive verb, there is an agent that performs some 
 action on an object, or in some way aftects it. When this verb 
 becomes passive, the agent and the object change places in the 
 sentence. Thus, John loccs Peter, is transitive, but Peter is 
 lored by John, is passive. In the intransitive verb the case is 
 different ; for the action is limited to the agent ; and when it is 
 stated that a thing is done, there is no agent by which it is done. 
 / perish, is intransitive ; lam perished, is the passive form ; but the 
 latter neither expresses nor implies an agent by which I perish. 
 
 This fault occurs frequently in the common version of the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 " Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in 
 whom old age was [had] perished." Job xxx. 2. 
 
 "Their memorial is [has] perished with them." Ps. ii. 6. 
 "The heathen are [have] perished out of this land." Pb. 
 X. 16. 
 
 " Israel is [has] fled before the Philistines." 1 Sam. iv. 17. 
 " David is [has] fled." 2 Sam. xix. S). 
 "The days icerc [had] not expired." 1 Sam. xviii. 26. 
 " And when the year iras [had] expired." 2 Chron. xxxvi. IC 
 " I only am [have] escaped alone to tell thee." Job i. 15. 
 "And it came to pass, when he was [had] returned." Luke 
 xix. 15. 
 
 Return is sometimes a transitive verb, and sometimes intran- 
 sitive. AVhen a sum of borrowed money is returned, the phrase 
 is correct, for this is the passive fojm of a transitive verb. But 
 when a man is returned, we may ask, who has returned him.' In 
 this case, the man returns by his own act, and he can not be said 
 to be returned. 
 
 " He found the empress was [had] departed." Core. 
 
 " They tcere [had] arrived within three days' journey of the 
 spice country." Gibbon, ch. i. note. 
 
 " Neither Charles nor Diocletian were [had] arrived at a very 
 advanced period of life." lb. ch. xiii. 
 
 " The posterity of so many gods and heroes was [had] fallen 
 into the most abject state." ch. ii. 
 
 " Silver was [had] grown more common." lb. 
 
 " He iras [had] risen from the dead, and was [had] just 
 ascended to heaven." Milnir, i. 20. 
 
 " Hearing that they were [had] arrived." lb. 21 1 . 
 
 " Claudius — vexed because his wife was [had] become a Chris- 
 tian." lb. 27 A. 
 
 " Does not the reader see how much we are [have] already 
 departed from Christian simplicity ? " lb. 299. 
 
 " My age is [has] departed." Isaiah xxxviii. 12. 
 
 " The man out of whom the demons were [had] departed." 
 Luke viii. 35. 
 
 " Workmen were [had] arrived to assist them." Mitford. 
 
 " A body of Athenian horse was [had] just arrived." lb. 
 
 This fault is common in Mitford's History of Greece. In the 
 writings of Roscoe, which are more elegant, it occurs, but less 
 frequently. 
 
 " The time limited for the reception of the cardinal was ex- 
 pired." Roscoe, Leo X. 
 
 " He inquired whether the report was true, that a legate 7fa* 
 arrived." lb. L. Med. 
 
 " The nation being [having] once more got into a course of 
 borrowing." Price on Liberty. 
 
 " When he was [had] retired to his tent." Core's Russ. 
 
 " He was [had] not yet arrived."' lb. 
 
 The intransitive verb grow is constantly used by the English 
 as a transitive verb; as, to groio wheat. This is never used in 
 the Northern States, unless by persons who have adopted it 
 recently from the English. 
 
 It seems almost incredible that such errors should continue, to 
 this time, to disfigure the language of the most distinguished 
 writers, and that they should escape animadversion. The prac- 
 tice has evidently been borrowed from the French or Italian; 
 but surely no lover of correctness can excuse such violation of 
 the best established principles in our language. 
 
 This fault occurs, in a few instances, in the writings of the best 
 American authors, as in the writings of Ames and Hamilton. It 
 is, however, very rare, either in books or colloquial usage. Even 
 our common people are remarkably accurate in using the auxil- 
 iary have with the participles of intransitive verbs. They always, 
 I believe, say, a ship has arrived, a plant has perished, the enemy 
 had fled, the price had fallen, the corn has or had grown, the time 
 has expired, the man has returned, the vessel had departed. 
 Such also is the language of our most eminent writers. 
 
 "The Generals Gates and Sullivan have both arrived." 
 
 IVashington s Letters. 
 
 "The Indians of the village had fled." B. Trumbull. 
 
 " Our Tom has grown a sturdy boy. ' Progress of Dullness. 
 
 " Our patriots have fallen." 
 
 Discourse of D. IFebster, Aug. ISQ6. 
 
 " Our commissary had not arrived." Ellicott. 
 
 The exceptions to this correct practice are chiefly in the use 
 of the participles of come and go. It is very common to hear the 
 expressions, he is come or is gone, in which case the participle 
 seems to take the character of an adjective ; although, in most 
 
 * On this us« of intransitive verbs, as. The ship vas departed, it may be asked, 
 Who departed it.' — The mail is arrittd. Who has arrived it.' — The tree i» 
 
 perished. Who has perished it.' — The enemy tciu^d. Whofledlbem.' — The 
 lime was ezpiretl. VVho expired it .' 
 
Ivi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 mftances, the regular form of expression, he has come, or has 
 gone, is to be preferred. So dead, originally a participle,. is used 
 only as an adjective; and deceased and departed are often used 
 in the like manner. We say, a deceased or departed friend ; but 
 it should be remarked that the original expression was, our friend 
 has deceased, or has departed this life ; and this phraseology, by 
 an easy but heedless transition, became is deceased, or is departed. 
 In general, however, the conversion of an intransitive verb or 
 form of expression into the passive form, is very rare among the 
 people of New England. 
 
 There is a grammatical error running through the writings of 
 so respectable a writer as Mitford, which ought not to be passed 
 unnoticed ; as it seems to be borrowed from the French language, 
 whose idioms are different from the English, but which the Eng- 
 lish are too apt to follow. This fault is, in using the preterit or 
 perfect tense, instead of the past tense indefinite, usually called, 
 most improperly, the imperfect. Take the following sentences 
 for examples : " The conduct of Pelopidas toward Arcadia and 
 its minister at the Persian court — has scarcely been the result of 
 mere caprice or resentment." The verb here ought to be icas. 
 
 " The oration [of Isocrates] has been [was] a favorite of Dio- 
 nysius of Halicarnassus." 
 
 This form of expressing the time would be good in French, but 
 is very bad in English. And it may be here remarked, that the 
 tense he laas, he arrived, he wrote, is not properly named imper- 
 fect. These verbs, and all verbs of this form, denote actions 
 finished or perfect; as, " In six days God created the heaven and 
 the earth." Imperfect or unfinished action is expressed in Eng- 
 lish in this manner — he vias reading, they were writing. The 
 error of calling the former tense imperfect, has probably pro- 
 ceeded from a servile adoption of the Latin names of the tenses, 
 without considering the ditierence of application. 
 
 There are some errors in all the English Grammars, that have 
 been derived to us from antiquity. Such is the arrangement of 
 that among the conjunctions, like the Greek on, and the Latin 
 ut. Kai uaxunia >, vi i:fuaaria, oTi tgai Tt?.tiuiaig Toig X(?.a?.ri^ftoig 
 avT\i nana Kv'jiov. And blessed is she who believed that there 
 shall be a performance of the things which were told her from 
 the Lord. Luke i. 45. In our version, on is rendered for, but 
 most erroneously. The true meaning and character of on will 
 best appear by a transposition of the clauses of the verse : 
 " There shall be a performance of the things told her from the 
 Lord ; blessed or happy is she who believed that." Here on, 
 that, appears to be what it really is, a relative or substitute for 
 the whole clause in Greek succeeding it. So in Luke xxii. 18. 
 Jtyo) -/uo iinr ,',ri on .11 1; TT/ci, I say to you that I will not 
 
 drink. 1 will not drink, I say to you that. It is the same in 
 Latin : " Dico enim vobis qiwd non bibam." Quod is hero a rela- 
 tive governed by dico, and referring to the following clause of 
 the sentence. 
 
 So also Matthew ix. 28. Hi^evtre oTi Svraiiai rovto noirjaat ; 
 Do ye believe that I am able to do this I am able to do this : 
 do ye believe that ? 
 
 This error runs throvigh all Grammars, Greek, Latin, French, 
 English, But how such an obvious fact, that the word that, 
 
 and its corresponding words in other languages, refer to the clause 
 of a sentence, should escape observation, age after age, it is not 
 easy to explain. How could it be supposed that a word is a con- 
 junction which does not join words or sentences That is used, 
 in the passages cited, not to unite two sentences, but to continue 
 the same sentence by an additional clause. 
 
 The riilative, when referring to a sentence or the clause of a 
 sentence, is not varied, for a variation of case is not wanted. 
 
 So notwithstanding and provided in English, and pourru que in 
 French, are called conjunctions, but most improperly, as they 
 are participles; and when called conjunctions, they always form, 
 with a word, clause, or sentence, the case absolute or independent. 
 Thus, " It rain.s, but notwithstanding that, [it rains,] I must go 
 to town." That fact (it rains) not opposing or preventing me, 
 that is, in opposition to that, I must go to town ; hoc non ob- 
 stante. 
 
 " I will ride, provided you will accompany me." That 18, I 
 will ridi-, tlu- fact, you will, accompany me, being provided. 
 
 Such is the structure of thcHe Hcntences. See my Philosophi- 
 cal and Practical Grammar." It is the same in French, pourvu 
 que, that being provided, que referring to the following clause. 
 
 There are other pointH in grammar equally faulty. Not only 
 in EngliHh grammar, but in the grammars of other languages, 
 
 * Now entitled An Improved Orammar. 
 
 men stumble at the threshold, and teach tlieir children to stumble. 
 In no language whatever can there be a part of speech properly 
 called an article. There is no word or class of words that falls 
 within the signification of article, a joint, or that can otherwise 
 than arbitrarily be brought under that denomination. The defin- 
 itive words called articles, are all adjectives or pronouns. When 
 they are used with nouns, they are adjectives, modifying the sig- 
 nification of the nouns, like other adjectives ; for this is their 
 proper office. When they stand alone, they are pronouns, or 
 substitutes for nouns. Thus hie, illc, ipse, in Latin, when used 
 with nouns expressed, are adjectives ; hie homo, this man ; ille 
 homo, that man. When they stand alone, hie, illc, they stand in 
 the place of nouns. The fact is the same in other languages. 
 
 The English the is an adjective, which, for distinction, I call a 
 definitive adjective, and for brevity, a, definitive, as it defines the 
 person or thing to which it refers, or rather designates a particu- 
 lar person or thing. But why this should be selected as the only 
 definitive in our language, is very strange ; when obviously this 
 and that are more exactly definitive, designating more precisely a 
 particular person or thing than the. These words, answer to the 
 Latin hie and ille, which were alwa3'3 used by the Romans, when 
 they had occasion to specify definite persons or thinos. 
 
 As to the English an or a, which is called in grammars the 
 indefinite article, there are two great mistakes. ./S being consid- 
 ered as the original word, it is said to become an before a vowel. 
 The fact is directly the reverse, jln is the original word, and 
 this is contracted to a by dropping the n before a consonant. 
 
 But an is merely the Saxon orthography of one, nn, units, an 
 adjective found in nearly all the languages of Europe, and ex- 
 pressing a single person or thing. It is merely a word of num- 
 ber, and no more an article than ticn, three, four, and every other 
 number in the language. Take the following examples. 
 
 Bring me an orange from the basket ; that is, any one of the 
 number. 
 
 Bring me two oranges from the basket^ that is, any ttco of the 
 number. 
 
 Bring me three oranges from the basket; that is, any three of 
 the number ; and so on to any number, ad infinitum. 
 
 When thus used, an, two, three, are all indefinite ; that is, they 
 are used with nouns which are indefinite, or expressing things 
 not particularly designated. But this is not owing to the essen- 
 tial character of the adjectives, an, one, two, three; for any of 
 them may be used with definite nouns; and an is continually 
 thus used. 
 
 " I will be an adversary to thine adversaries." 
 " The angel stood for an adversary against Balaam." 
 " Make this fellow return, lest in the battle he be an adversary 
 to us " 
 
 " Rezon — was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon." 
 
 " And he spake a parable to them to this eml." 
 
 " And there was a, widow in that city." 
 
 " And seeing the multitude, he went up into a mountain." 
 
 " I will be a God to thee and thy seed after thee." 
 
 "Thou art a God ready to pardon." 
 
 Now, let any of these phrases be tested by the common defini- 
 tion of an or a, " that it is used in a vague sense, to point out one 
 single thing of the kind; in other respects indeterminate." 
 
 Lowth. 
 
 " I will be an adversary to thine adversaries ; " that is, " I will 
 be any adversary, one of the kind, but vague or indeterminate." 
 
 " Rezon was an adversary to Israel ; " that is, in a vague sense, 
 any adversary, indeterminate. 
 
 " And he spake a parable to them ; " that is, any parable, inde- 
 terminate. 
 
 " Thou art a God ready to pardon ; " that is, any God, one of 
 the kind, in a vague sense, indeterminate ! 
 
 If it should be said, the noun is rendered determinate, by other 
 words in the sentence, and not by an or a, this may be and gen- 
 erally is true ; but this shows that an does not give to the noun 
 its character of definiteness or indefiniteness ; it always retiiins 
 its proper signification, which is one, and nothing more ; and it 
 ia used indiflerently before nouns definite or indefinite. 
 
 This mistake of the character of «h is found in other languages ; 
 but I was gratified to find u French (rrammar in Paris, recom- 
 mendiMi by the Institute, the author of which had discarded the 
 indefinite article. 
 
 In English, an or a. is, for the most part, entirely useless. 
 Used with a noun in the singular number, it serves no purpose, 
 except that which the form of the word in the singular number 
 is intended to answer. It exi)resse8 unity only, and this is the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ivii 
 
 province of the sinjriilar number. Were it not for habit, " Give 
 ine oranirc," would express the sense of "give me an orange," 
 witli precision and certainty. In this respect tiie Latin language 
 has the advantage over the English. But the use of such a short 
 word is not very inconvenient, and the usage can not be changed. 
 Other languages are subject to the same inconvenience ; even 
 the definite articles, or definitives, in Greek and in French, 
 are very often useless, and, were it not for usage, would be 
 improper. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 From the period of the first Sa.xon writings, our language has 
 been suffering changes in orthography. The first writers, having 
 no guide but the oar, followed each his own judgment or fancy; 
 and hence a great portion of Saxon words are written with differ- 
 ent letters, by dilleront authors ; most of them are written two 
 or three different ways, and some of them fifteen or twenty. To 
 this day the orthography of some classes of words is not entirely 
 settled ; and in others it is settled in a manner to confound the 
 learner, and mislead him into a false pronunciation. Nothing 
 can be more disreputable to the literary character of a nation, 
 than the history of English orthography, unless it is that of 
 orthoepy. 
 
 1. The Saxon diphthong «, which probably liad a specific and 
 uniform sound or combination of sounds, has been discarded, and 
 ea generally substituted in its place; as, hricth, breath. Now, ca 
 thus united have not a uniform sound, and of course they are no 
 certain guide to pronunciation. In some instances, where the 
 Sa.xon spelling was not uniform, the modern orthography follows 
 the most anomalous and difficult, instead of that which is regular. 
 Thus the Saxons wrote fietlicr and fether, more generally the 
 latter, and the moderns write feather. 
 
 2. The letter ff, in Saxon words, has, in many English words, 
 been sunk in pronunciation, and either wholly lost, or it is now 
 represented by y or ic. Thus dwir, or dag, has become day; gear 
 is year, hugnn is 4ojr, and/ff;«'cr \s fair. 
 
 3. The Saxons, who adopted the Roman alphabet, with a few 
 alterations, used c with its close sound like that of k. Thus lie, 
 like ; locian, to look. But afler the Norman conquest, c before 
 e, i, and y, took the sound of s; hence arose the necessity of 
 changing this letter in words and syllables, where it was neces- 
 sary to retain the sound of k before these vowels. Thus the 
 Saxon Hccan, pronounced originally liliean, becomes, with our 
 present sound of r before e, liscan ; and locian becomes losian. 
 To remedy this evil, our ancestors introduced k from the Greek, 
 writing it generally after c, as in lick, stick, though in some in- 
 stances omitting c, as in like and look. Hence, in all monosyl- 
 lables in whicli a syllable beginning with e or i is added to the 
 word, as in the past time and participles of verbs, we use /; in the 
 place of the Saxon c, as in licked, licking. 
 
 Our early writers attempted to extend this addition to words 
 introduced from the Latin and Greek, in which no such reason 
 exists for the use of k. Thus they wrote piiblick, musick, rheto- 
 rick. In these and similar words the Latins used c for the Greek 
 X ; as, musicus, for ^loroizo? ; and the early Enn-lish writers took 
 both letters, the Roman c and Greek x. This was absurd enough ; 
 but they never proceeded so far as to carry tiie absurdity through 
 the derivatives ; never wnlmg puhlickation,musickal, rhelorickal, 
 catholickism, skcptickism, stoickism. Afler a long struggle with 
 the force of authority, good sense has nearly banished this pe- 
 dantic orthography from use ; and all words of this kind now 
 appear, in most of our public acts and elegant writings, in their 
 proper simplicity ; puhlic, puliticution, music, musical. 
 
 4. In many words, formerly ending in ie, these letters have 
 been discarded from the singular number, and y substituted. 
 Thus rcmcdic, memoric, are now written remedy, memory. But, 
 what is very singular, the plural of these words retains the ie, 
 with the addition of s, as in remedies. This anomaly, however, 
 creates no great inconvenience, except that it has been ex- 
 tended by negligent writers to words ending in ey, as in attor- 
 nies. But words ending in ey properly make the plural by 
 simply taking s, as in surreys, attorneys. The same rule applies 
 to verbs when aji « is added, as in ronreys. 
 
 5. In a vast number of words the vowel e has been discarded 
 as useless ; as in eggs, for egges ; certain, for eertaine ; empress, for 
 empressc ; goodness, for goodnesse. This is an improvement, as 
 the e has no sound in modern pronunciation. But here again we 
 meet with a surprising inconsistency ; for the same reason which 
 justifies this omission, would justify and require the omission of 
 
 e final in motive, pensive, juvenile, genuine, sanguine, doctrine, 
 examine, determine, and a multitude of others. The introduction 
 of e, in most words of these classes, was at first wrong, as it 
 could not plead any authority in the originals; but the retaining 
 of it is unjustifiable, as the letter is not merely useless, but, in 
 very numerous classes of words it leads to a false pronunciation. 
 Many of the most respectable English authors, a ccntyry ago or 
 more, omitted e in such words as eiamin, dctermin,famin, ductil, 
 fcrtil, drjinit, &c. ; but these improvements were afterwards re- 
 jected, to the great injury of orthography. In like manner, a 
 final e is inserted in words of modern coinage, as in alumine, 
 salicine, chloride, oxyde, &.C., without the least necessity or 
 propriety. 
 
 6. A similar fate has attended the altemjit to anglicize the 
 orthography of another class of words, which we have received 
 from the French. At a very early period, the words chnmbre, 
 drsastre, desordre, char/re, mnjtstrc, tendrc, tigre, entre, jierre, 
 diamrtre, arbitre, 7iombre,a.wl others, were reduced to the English 
 form of spelling ; chamber, disaster, disorder, charter, monster, 
 tender, tiger, enter, fever, diameter, arbiter, number. At a later 
 period, Sir Isaac Newton, Camden, Selden, Milton, AVhitaker, 
 I'rideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bryant, and other authors of the first 
 character, attempted to carry tlirougli this reformation, writing 
 scepter, center, sepulcher. But this improvement was arrested, 
 and a few words of this class retain tiu ir French orthograph}' ; 
 such are metre, mitre, nitre, spectre, sceptre, theatre, sepulchre, 
 and sometimes centre. It is remarkable that a nation distin- 
 guished for erudition should thus reject improvements, and 
 retain anomalies, in opposition to all the convenience of uni- 
 formity. I am glad that so respectable a writer as Mitford has 
 discarded this innovation, and uniformly written center, scepter, 
 theater, sepulcher. In the present instance, want of uniformity 
 is not the only evil. The present orthography has introduced 
 an awkward mode of writing the derivatives, for example, cc«- 
 tred, sceptred, sepulchred ; whereas Milton and Pope wrote these 
 words as regular derivations of renter, scepter, sepulcher; thus, 
 " sceptcred king." So Coxe, in his Travels, " The principal wealth 
 of the church is centered in the monasteries." This is correct. 
 
 7. Soon after the revival of letters in Europe, English writers 
 began to borrow words from the French and Italian ; and usually 
 with some little alteration of the orthography. Thus they wrote 
 authour, embassadour, predecessour, aiicestour, surcessour ; using 
 our for the Latin termination or, and the French rur, and writ- 
 ing similar words in like manner, though not of Latin or French 
 original. What motive could induce them to writi? these words, 
 and crrour, honour, fuvoui', inferiour, &c.., in this manner, follow- 
 ing neither the Latin nor the French, 1 can not conceive. But 
 this orthography continued down to the seventeenth centur}', 
 when the u began to be rejected from certain words of this class, 
 and at the beginning of the last century, many of these words 
 were written, ancestor, author, error, &c., as they are now written. 
 But favor, honor, labor, candor, ardor, terror, vigor, inferior, su- 
 perior, and a few others, were written with u, and Johnson intro- 
 duced this orthography into his Dictionary. Nothing in language 
 is more mischievous than the mistakes of a great man. It is not 
 easy to understand why a man, whose professed object was to 
 reduce the language to some regularity, should write author with- 
 out u, and crrour and honour with it I That lie should write 
 labour with u, and laborious without it I Vigour with u, and 
 riisorous, invigorate, without it ! Inferiour, superiour, with i/, 
 but inferiority and superiority without it '. Strange as it is, this 
 inconsistency runs through his work, and his authority has been 
 the means of continuing it, among his admirers, to this aay. 
 
 In this country, most of our best writers have rejected the u 
 from ail words of this class, and reduced the whole to uniformity. 
 This is a desirable event; every rejection of an anomaly being a 
 valuable improvement, which sound judgment approves, and the 
 love of regularity will vindicate and maintain. 
 
 8. There is another class of words, the orthography of which 
 is not uniform nor fully settled — such as take the termination able 
 to form an adjective. Tiius Johnson writes proveable with e, but 
 approvabte and rcprovable without it. So moveable, but immov- 
 able and removable ; tameable, but blamable, censurable, desirable, 
 excusable ; saleable, but ratable. 
 
 With like inconsistency Walker and Chalmers write daub 
 with u, and bedaub with ir, deviating in this instance from John- 
 son. Chalmers writes abridgement and judgement with e, bul 
 acknowledgment without it. Walker writes these words without 
 c, but adds it to lodsement. I have reduced all words of this 
 kind, as far as possible, to uniformity. 
 
Iviii 
 
 INTROD 
 
 UCTION. 
 
 9. Johnson writes ocioedrif a/ ; ChaAmers, octoedral ; Sheridan. 
 Walker, and Jones, follow Johnson ; but Jones has octahedron, 
 which is not in the other Dictionaries. The Greek, in words of 
 this kind, is inconsistent, for oxrvt is changed, in compound words, 
 to oxTa. I have followed the Greek compounds, and have in- 
 serted h, which I consider as almost indispensable in the English 
 orthography ; as, octahedron. 
 
 10. Joh'nson introduced instructer, in the place of instructor, 
 in opposition to every authority which he has himself adduced to 
 exemplify his definitions — Denham, Milton, Roscommon, Locke, 
 Addison, Rogers, and the common version of the Scriptures. 
 But what is more singular, this orthography, instructer, is con- 
 trary to his own practice ; at least, in four editions of his Rambler 
 which I have examined, the word is uniformly written instructor. 
 The fact is the same with visitor. 
 
 This is a point of little importance in itself ; but when in- 
 structor had been from time immemorial the established orthog- 
 raphy, why unsettle the practice .'' I have in this word and in 
 visitor adhered to the old orthography. There is not a particle 
 of reason for altering instructor and visitor, which would not 
 apply to collector, cultivator, objector, projector, and a hundred 
 other words of similar termination. 
 
 11. Most of these and some other inconsistencies have been 
 of long continuance. But there are others of more recent date, 
 which admit of no apology, as they are changes from right to 
 wrong. Such is the change of the correct orthography of dc- 
 fcnsc, expense, offense, pretense, and recompense, by substituting c 
 for s, as in defence. This change was probably made or en- 
 couraged by printers, for the sake of avoiding the use of the old 
 long s ; but since this has been discarded, that reason no longer 
 exists. The orthography defense, &c., is justified, not only by 
 the Latin originals, but by the rule of uniformity ; for the deriv- 
 atives are always written with s — defensive, extensive, offensive, 
 pretension, Tecompensing. 
 
 12. No less improper was the change of sceptic into skeptic. 
 In favor of this innovation, it is alleged that the word is from the 
 Greek nxiTirtxog. True; but is not scene derived from the Greek 
 ozfjii;, and scepter from axtjTiTijor, and ascetic from u(ixijT(zo<:, and 
 ocean from vixiamc? Are not all these words in exact analogy 
 with each other, in their original orthography Were they not 
 formerly analogous in the English orthography Why violate 
 this analogy .'' Why introduce an anomaly .'' Such innovations, 
 by dividing opinions and introducing discrepancies in practice, in 
 classes of words of like formation, have a mischievous efiiect, by 
 keeping the language in perpetual fluctuation. But as usage 
 inclines to the use of A: in this class of words, I have adopted it. 
 
 13. In like manner, dispatch, which had from time immemorial 
 been written with i, was changed into despatch, on the wonderful 
 discovery that the word is derived from the French dcptclicr. 
 But why change one vowel and not the other If we must fol- 
 low the French, why not write despech, or dcpech ? And why 
 was this innovation limited to a single word.' Why not carry 
 the change through this whole class of words, and give us the 
 benefit of uniformity .■' Is not disaster from the French desastre? 
 Is not discharire from decharger f Is not disarm from desarmer 9 
 Is not disoheij from desoheir? Is not disohlige from dcsobliirer ? 
 Is not disorder from desordre? The prefix dis is more properly 
 English than de, though both are used with propriety. But dis- 
 patch was the established orthography ; why, then, disturb the 
 practice Why select a single word from the whole class, and 
 introduce a change which creates uncertainty where none had 
 existed for ages, without the smallest benefit to indemnify us for 
 the perplexity and discordance occasioned by the innovation.' 
 Now, li't it be observ(;d that Johnson iiiniself wrote dispatch; for 
 this orthography occurs twice under Send in his Dictionary, and 
 five times iiniler Speed. 
 
 It is gratifying to observe the stern good sense of the English 
 nation, presi iitlng a firm resistance to such innovations. Black- 
 stone, I'aley, (Joxe, Milncr, Scott, and Mitford, uniformly use the 
 old and gcnuiin' orthograjjhy of inslruclor, visitor, and dispatch. 
 
 J4. The OHiisMion ol' one / in liij'all, install, instiilhnent, recall, 
 inlhrall, «fcc., is by no means to be vindicated ; as by custom the 
 two letters // serve as a guide to the true pronunciation, that of 
 broad a or aw. According to the established rules of English 
 pronunciation, the letter a. in instalment would have the sound it 
 has in l/ulancc ; it is, llierefore, expedient to retain both letters in 
 all words of this class. 
 
 l^>. It is an established rule, in the English language, that 
 monoByllabic verbs ending in a single consonant, not preceded 
 by a long vowel, and other verbs ending in a single accented 
 
 consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double 
 the final consonant, in all the derivatives, which are formed by a 
 termination beginning with a vowel. Thus, fit, blot, bar, when 
 they take the terminations cd, eth, ing, are written fitted, fitteth, 
 fitting; blotted, blotteth, blotting ; barred, barreth, barring. Abet, 
 compel, form the like derivatives ; abetted, abetteth, abetting ; com- 
 pelled, compelleth, compelling. The reason of this rule is, that 
 without this duplication of the last consonant, the vowel of the 
 primitive word would, in the derivative, be naturally pronounced 
 wrong, that is, with its long sound ; filed, bloting, bared, competed. 
 Hence we see the reason why verbs, having the long sound of a 
 vowel, do not double the last consonant ; as, feared, repealed, 
 repeated. 
 
 The converse of this rule is, that verbs ending in a single con- 
 sonant, but having the accent on the first syllable, or on a syllable 
 preceding the last, ought nut to double the final consonant in the 
 derivatives. Thus, limit, labor, charter, clatter, pardon, deliver, 
 hinder, have for their derivatives limited, lahoreth, chartered, 
 clattered, pardoning, delivering, hinderest. But, strange as it may 
 seem, the rule is wholly neglected and violated in numerous words 
 of this class. Thus we observe, in all authors, biassing, bevel- 
 ling, levelled, travelled, cancelled, revelling, rivalling, worshipped, 
 worshipper, apparelled, enibotvelled, libelling, and many others, in 
 which the last consonant is doubled, in opposition to one of the 
 oldest and best established rules in the language. Perry, in his 
 Dictionary, lays down the rule for guidance, but has not been 
 careful, in all cases, to observe it. I have endeavored to reduce 
 these classes of words to a regular and uniform orthography. In 
 like manner, nouns formed from such verbs are written with a 
 single consonant, as jeweler, traveler, worshiper, for the purpose 
 of establishing a general rule, to which there may be no excep- 
 tion. What should we say to a man who should write audittor, 
 (ilterrer, barterrcr, banterrcr, gardenner, laborrcr ? Yet no good 
 reason can be assigned why the final consonant should not be 
 doubled in these words as well as in jeweller, traveller, enamcller. 
 The truth is, the syllable to be added to the original word is the 
 usual termination er or or, and nothing more. 
 
 Not less remarkable is the practice of doubling the last conso- 
 nant in equalled, equalling, but not in the verb equalize. And to 
 add to the inconsistency, the last consonant is sometimes doubled 
 in tranquillize, a word in exact analogy with equalize. [The I, 
 however, is properly doubled in crystallize and metallize, as if de- 
 rived from xQvoruif.titi) and i/tTu/xiiu), in which the I is doubled; 
 and for the sake of uniformity the double I is retained in the 
 other derivatives of xiwnTu?.Xog and fieru/.Xur. A few other words 
 have the / doubled on the ground of their derivation ; as, tran- 
 quillity, from tranquillitas ; chancellor, from cancellarius, &c.] 
 
 A singular instance of inattention to analogy or uniformity, 
 occurs in the formation of certain words from the Greek. Thus, 
 in anatomy, bronchotomy, cacophony, euphony, lithotomy, and 
 others, the final vowel of the Greek original is represented in 
 English by y, which makes a syllable. But in epitome, catas- 
 trophe, hyperbole, and many others, the final vowel of the Greek 
 is represented by e, which, in words of English origin, rarely or 
 never makes a syllable at the end of a word. The consequence 
 is, that the last two syllables are liable to be pronounced in one, 
 •tome, trophe, bole. Such a departure from analogy is very incon- 
 venient. Besides, if the letter y closed the words in the singular 
 number, the plural would be regularly formed by changing y 
 into ics. 
 
 A like fault is observable in the spelling of certain derivatives 
 ending in er. In barometer, hygrometer, thermometer, and nil 
 similar derivatives, the Greek fiixnuf gives meter, in English, 
 while in English books the word is written metre, like the French 
 word. Tlie French are consistent, for they write the word in 
 the same manner, both when single and in composition. Such 
 discrepancies in the English language are little honorable to 
 English philologists. 
 
 In the use of the prefixes en, em, in, im, there is not uniformity 
 nor settled usage. The French changed the Latin in into cn or 
 em, and English authors have adopti'd one or the other, without 
 regard to any settled rule. Johnson's Dictionary has done some- 
 tlimg toward reducing tlie number of discrepancies of this kind ; 
 but some changes have, since his time, been introduced. I have, 
 in most words, followed his orthography ; but, in a few instances, 
 have adopted the mor(! modern usage ; as, indorse and insure, with 
 their derivatives, according to prevailing mercantile p'—"lice. 
 
 In the use of the prefix un, many changes have taken place 
 witiiin the last century or two, and the use of in has been 
 substituted for un; as, inaccessible, for unncccssihle. The in- 
 
INTRODUCTION . 
 
 lix 
 
 quirer will observe that 1 have, under each word, noticed this 
 change. 
 
 In the use of the termination ize, the English books are all at 
 variance with each other ; and no lexicographer is consistent with 
 himself. Hence we every day see authorise and authorize^ upos- 
 tfitise and apostatize, temporise and temporize. As this termina- 
 tion from the Greek or Latin has a definite signification, to 
 make, I have adopted the rule to write it uniformly ize, when 
 it is from either of those languages ; as in legalize, to make legal. 
 The French write the termination ise, and this has led to the 
 English discrepancies. 
 
 In other cases, when the French ise does not proceed from the 
 Latin ize, 1 have retained the oriirinal orthography of words from 
 the French ; as in enterprise, advise, surprise. This is a distinc- 
 tion of some importance. 
 
 In many cases, when a false orthography has been long estab- 
 lished, I have noticed the fact, without making any alteration in 
 the common spelling. 
 
 In a few words 1 have followed Milton, Dryden, Pope, and 
 other authors of the Augustan age, who were more correct than 
 more modern writers ; as they followed the etymology, from 
 which later writers have deviated, sometimes by mistake in taking 
 the word from the P'rench, instead of the Sa.xon. 
 
 In a few instances, I have discarded English innovations, 
 which are evidently mere blunders. Such are comptroll er and 
 others, which convert the words into absolute nonsense. The 
 words disannul, unloose, and others, fall under the like condem- 
 nation. No lexicographer, knowing the proper origin of these 
 words, can be justified in giving support to such outrageous de- 
 viations from etymology. They are a reproach to the literature 
 of the nation. 
 
 The negligence of the English in giving currency to such 
 errors, hardly adwiits of an apology. Philology has indeed been 
 neglected during a century and a half; it is not cultivated, to any 
 extent, in the universities and schools ; or it is studied in very 
 superficial writers. Indeed, in etymology there is no accurate 
 scholarship, either in English or French writers. No author, 
 whose works have come under my observation, has explored the 
 wide field of my researches ; none has traced words to their pri- 
 mary source, and discovered the radical signification, with the 
 manner in which derivative senses have been drawn from the 
 radical signification, and moral ideas have been exjjressed by 
 words denoting physical action or properties. The discoveries 
 on this subject constitute an era in philology, and it is hoped 
 that the advantage gained will be pursued. 
 
 If men of adult years do not choose to examine the subject of 
 orthography, and correct their own practice, their children, learn- 
 ing the language as corrected, will become familiar with the true 
 orthography, and familiarity and habit will lend support to truth 
 and uniformity. 
 
 There are many words in the language containing superfluous 
 letters, especially in the terminating syllable. Thus, one * in 
 the syllables less and ncss, at the end of words, is useless ; one I 
 in gill, rill, sill, dull, one / in cliff, bluff, are superfluous ; but in 
 such words no alteration is made. 
 
 The rule for adding two consonants of a sort should be, to add 
 two letters to the original word, when they are both wanted in 
 the derivatives. Thus Jil would give the sound of Jill; but this 
 being a verb, the two letters are required in the past tense and 
 participles, filled, filling. So in the adjective stiff, Ihe second 
 letter is wanted in stiffen, otherwise a person would be apt to 
 pronounce the word sii-frn. 
 
 But in some words the terminating consonant is doubled, not 
 only witiiout necessity or use, but in opposition to propriety. 
 Plaintiff isthe French plainlif ; pontiff is the French pontifc ; and 
 no possible reason can be assigned for adding an / to the original 
 word, any more than for adding the same letter to 4rif/and relief. 
 And what is worse, the letter is doubled in pontiff, the original, 
 and then omitted in all the derivatives, pontificate, pontifical, ttc. 
 [in such words, however, the alteration has not been insisted on, 
 as the public do not seem prepared to unite in rejecting the 
 second /.] 
 
 In like manner, the vowel e is added to a multitude of words, 
 in which it is not pronounced, and is worse than useless, as it 
 often misleads the learner in the pronunciation. If the final e 
 were omitted \n jurenil, rolatil, the pronunciation could not be 
 mistaken ; but as the preceding vowel is sometimes long and 
 sometiilTes short in the terminating syllables ilc, ine, ite, the 
 final c serves only to perplex the learner. In such words, 
 however, no alteration is made. 
 
 In the terminating syllable ire, the final e is worse than useless, 
 as the i is always short, ie, and the addition of e contravenes the 
 general rule, that the vowel followed by a consonant, and e final, 
 is generally long, as in mate, viute, mute, dissipate. When I was 
 young, tli<" popular pronunciation of ire was ire, with the i long. 
 The general use of niy Spelling Book has nearl)' banished that 
 pronunciation, and the ortliograpliy is not altered. 
 
 Our modern writers seem to delight in this useless addition of 
 K final ; as they annex it to words without reason or authority. 
 This fault occurs frequently in words borrowed from foreign 
 languages, in which the letter is not found in the original lan- 
 guage. One would supi)ose that good taste alone ought to correct 
 this error. 
 
 With regard to words which recent discoveries have introduced 
 into the sciences, there may be some apology for difl"erences of 
 orthography, as writers have not established usage for a guide. 
 Hence we find oxijd is written also oxide and orijde ; oxygen and 
 hydrogen are written also oxigcnc, oxygene, anil hydrogens. Sul- 
 phate, nitrate, are written also sulplial, jiitrat. 
 
 In this case, what course is the lexicographer to pursue Shall 
 he adopt the method by which Walker attempts to settle pro- 
 nunciation, and cite authorities in favor of each mode of spelling.' 
 Then the result is, so many names appear on one side, and so 
 many on the other. But who, it may be asked, will undertake 
 to graduate the scale by which the weight of authorities is to be 
 determined.'' Numbers will not always decide questions of this 
 sort to the salitlaction of tlie public. 
 
 In this case 1 have determined to conform the orthography to 
 established English analogies; the only authority from which 
 there can be no legitimate appeal. Now, no rule in orthography 
 is better established, than that which we have adopted from the 
 Latin language, of representing the Greek upsilon by the letter 
 y. In the orthography of oxygen and hydrogen, from oSuc and 
 ri5cm, this rule has been observed; and why should oxyd be an 
 exception ? 
 
 With regard to sulphate, nitrate, and other names of that class 
 of compounds, I consider the final e as essential to the words, to 
 prevent a false pronunciation ; the vowel a having its first sound 
 as \n fate, tliough slightly pronounced. 
 
 The word usually written chemistry has undergone two or three 
 changes, according to fancy or to conjectural etymology. Men 
 have blundered about the plainest thing imaginable ; lor to de- 
 termine its true orthography, nothing was necessary but to open 
 an Arabic lexicon. The inhabitants of the south of liurope, who 
 introduced the word, doubtless knew its origin, and wVote it cor- 
 rectly, chimistry, with i, not with i/ or c ; and had the English been 
 contented to take it as they found it, the orthography would have 
 been correct and uniform. [This alteration has not, however, 
 been insisted on, as men of science have not as ye\. seemed ready 
 to adopt it.] 
 
 In introducing words from other languages, it is desirable that 
 the orthography should be conformed, as nearly as may be, to 
 established English analogies. For this reason, I have written 
 maneuver, reconnolter, as English words; and should prefer to 
 pronounce aiddecamp, as an English word, with English pro- 
 nunciation and a regular plural termination. So also rendczeous. 
 
 The word talc is ill-formed. The original word on the conti- 
 nent of Europe is talk or lalg ; and the change of /; into c is not 
 merely needless, but worse, for it precludes the use of the regular 
 adjective, tulcy. Hence we see the adjective used is talcose, an 
 awkward compound of a Teutonic word with a Latin termination. 
 This word would more properly be written talk ut taick, which 
 admit regular derivatives, talcky, talckiness. In like manner, 
 zinc, if written zink, would admit the regular adjective, zinky, as 
 written by Kirwan. 
 
 It is with no small regret that I see new terms formed, without 
 a due regard to regular English analogies. New terms are often 
 necessary, or at least very useful ; but they ought to be coined 
 according to the settled j)rinciples of the language. A neglect 
 of these principles is observable in the word systematize, which, 
 not being borrowed from the Greek, ought to follow the general 
 rule of English formation, in agreement with legalize, modernize, 
 cirilizc, animalizc, and others, and be written si/stcmize. This is 
 the more important, as the derivates syslemizing, systcmization, 
 are of more easy utterance than those of systematize, and particu- 
 larly the noun systeinatization. 
 
 On this head I would subjoin a remark or two on the mode of 
 writing Indian names of rivers, mountains, and places in America, 
 which we have adopted. 
 
 The French were the first Europeans who explored the country 
 
Ix 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, and, of course, 
 the first to commit to writing the Indian names which occurred 
 to them in their travels. In doing this, they attempted to express 
 tlie sounds in letters, according to the French manner of pro- 
 nunciation. Hence it happened that they wrote ch where we 
 should have written sli, had we first reduced those names to 
 writing. Thus we have Chenungu, Micliigan, and Mickillimacki- 
 nuc* in the French orthography. And as the French have no w 
 in llieir languajre, thej' cnuld not express the proper sound of the 
 first sj'Ilable of li'abiish, Wisconsin, IVucliita, otherwise than by 
 writing them Oiiahackc, Ouisconsin, Ouachita; and Missoori in 
 French is Missouri. All tliis is very proper for Frenchmen, for 
 the letters used express tlio true sounds of the words. But in 
 English, the letters used lead to a false pronunciation, and for 
 this reason should not be used in English compositions. It is to 
 be deeply regretted that our language is thus doomed to be a 
 heterogeneous medley of English and foreign languages; as the 
 same letters representing different sounds, in different languages, 
 serve to embarrass the reader who understands only his own. 
 
 The irregularities in the English orthography have always been 
 a subject of deep regret, and several attempts have been made to 
 banish them from the language. The first attempt of this kind 
 was made by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State to Queen 
 Elizabeth ; another was made by Dr. Gill, a celebrated master of 
 St. Paul's School, in London ; another by Charles Butler ; sev- 
 eral attempts were made in the reign of Charles I. ; an attempt 
 was made by Elphinstone, in the last centurj" ; and lastly, another 
 effort was made by Dr. Franklin. The latter gentleman com- 
 piled a Dictionary on his scheme of reform, and procured types 
 to be cast, which he offered to me, with a view to engage me to 
 prosecute his design. This offer I declined to accept ; for I was 
 then, and am still convinced, that the scheme of introducing new 
 characters into the language, is neither practicable nor expedi- 
 ent. Any attempt of this kind must certainly fail of success. 
 
 But that some scheme for expressing the distinct sounds of 
 our letters by visible marks, ougnt to be adopted, is a point about 
 which there ought to be, and 1 trust there can be, but one opin- 
 ion. That such a scheme is practicable as well as expedient, I 
 should presume to be equally evident. Such is the state of our 
 written language, that our own citizens never become masters of 
 orthoirraphy, without great difficulty and labor; and a great part 
 of them never learn to spell words with correctness. In addition 
 to this, the present orthography of some classes of words leads to 
 a false pronunciation. 
 
 In regard to the acquisition of our language by foreigners, the 
 evil of our irregular orthography is extensive, beyond what is 
 generally known or conceived. While the French and Italians 
 have had the wisdom and the policy to refine and improve their 
 respective languages, and render them almost the common lan- 
 guages of all well-bred people in Europe, the English language, 
 clotlied in a barbarous orthography, is never learned by a for- 
 eigner but from necessity ; and the most copious language in 
 Europe, embodying an uncommon mass of science and erudition, 
 is thus very limited in its usefulness. And to complete tiie mis- 
 chief, the progress of arts, science, and Christianity among the 
 heathen, and other rude or unevangelized nations, is most sen 
 
 * This word is, I believe, customarily pronounced JlTackinaw, and the original 
 may well be suffered to fall into disuse. 
 
 t VVc hear it said that a lexicoiirapher should adopt or follow the common 
 orthopraphy of words. 'I'liis i^ true when tlie orlliozrapliy accords with 
 etymology, aiu[ is settled or undisputi^d. Hut in the Enslish lan^'uai;e 
 thtre are many words wliose spelling is not settled; some whose sp.lling 
 is a deviation from estaUlislied analogies ; some whose spellmg presents 
 wrong component syllables or radical letters. In other words, whose origin 
 is known, authors ilill'er in tlie manner of writing tliem. Take tlie follow- 
 ing examples. 
 
 In Johnson's Dictionary we find blamable, blnmahhj, appeasable, approvahte, 
 tU-dirabU, ralahU, without the final e of the original word.^ ; but mlcablr, tiimc- 
 ttfr/r, with e ; prt/veablr, witlie; i.vprorable, rrprovable, without it; morrablc, with 
 e, but immovablr, Tcwocailr, without it. Daniel II. Barnes, in the Red liook, re- 
 marks, that in this class of wimi.!, Johnson's contradictions fdiscrepancics i are 
 ten on one side, and runr oti the other. W'e every day see the like discrepancies 
 in b(M)ks and the public prints. 
 
 Johnson has eugniHcr, rujrniHour, reco^nue, rreo^nisee, reci>?nwor, with .tj (but 
 cngnniibte and roirniiancr, with x,) anil the terminating syllabh^ sour and nor. 
 Walker has auihimzr., authorization ; but diiaiilhorinc. Johnson and Walki r 
 hiivi: cauteriir, cautrrilatw*, but epUomijc ; canoniie, familiariie, fertilize, with :, 
 but Johnson, muilrrnije. Walker, modernize; Johnson, syllo'^iie, but W'alki r, 
 ^jtlo^i.nr ; both have ertcmporizr, temporize, but cnnteotpori.ie, eifualine ; Walker 
 has umortiiir, but amortization, amortizement. Similar discrepaticies are Been in 
 ull our IxjokK and papers, 
 
 W'e every day see turprite and nurpriie : merchuntlLie, and merchandize; 
 eyf/uire and int/uire ; entrmt and intrant; rnaiLrr^ enHUrnnrr^ and ins-ure, in- 
 ruranee ; endorie. endorMfment, and indorse, indornrment ; ^i/^/" and yulph ; par- 
 tuan and parUian ; connection and conneiion ; chemint and chymut, both wrong ; 
 
 sibly retarded by the difficulties of mastering an irregular or- 
 thography. 
 
 The mode of ascertaining the proper pronunciation of words by 
 marks, points, and trifling alterations of the present characters, 
 seems to be the only one which can be reduced to practice. This 
 mode, resembling the use of points in the Hebrew, has been 
 adopted by some of the nations on the Continent ; and I have 
 pursued it, to a certain extent, in designating distinctions in the 
 sounds of letters, in this work. The scheme 1 have invented is 
 not considered as perfect ; but it will accomplish some important 
 purposes, by removing the most numerous classes of anomalies. 
 With this scheme, the visible characters of the language will pre- 
 sent to the ej'e of a reader the true sounds of words ; and the 
 scheme itself is so simple, that it may be learned in a few mo- 
 ments. To complete a scheme of this kind, a few other alterations 
 would be necessary, but such as would not materially change the 
 orthography, or occasion the least difficulty to the learner or 
 reader. 
 
 After these alterations, there would remain a few words whose 
 anomalies may be considered as incorrigible, such as know, gnaw, 
 rough, &,c., which may be collected into tables and easily learned ; 
 and all the other irregularities may be so classed under general 
 rules, as to be learned with very little labor. 
 
 The adoption of this or any other scheme for removing the 
 obstacles which the English orthography presents to learners of 
 the language, must depend on public opinion. The plan I have 
 adopted for representing the sounds of letters by marks and 
 points, in this work, is intended to answer two purposes. First, 
 to supersede the necessity of writing and printing the words a 
 second time, in an orthography adapted to express their pronun- 
 ciation. The latter method pursued by the English orthoepists, 
 as applicable to most words, is, I think, not only unnecessary, but 
 very inexpedient. The second purpose is, to exhibit to my fel- 
 low-citizens the outline of a scheme for removing the difficulties 
 of our irregular orthography, without the use of new. characters ; 
 a scheme simple, easy of acquisition, ajid sufficient to answer all 
 the more important purposes of a regular orthography. t 
 
 Note. — In the formation of the plural number of nouns end- 
 ing in ance, ancij ; enct, cncy ; the general rules are to be observed. 
 When the letter e terminates the word, the letter s only is to be 
 added; as in compliance, compliances ; but if the letter y termi- 
 nates the word, this letter is omitted, and ies are added; as in 
 discrepancy, discrepancies; dependency, dependencies. In some 
 cases, the same word is sometimes written with e, and sometimes 
 with y; in which cases the word admits of either form of the 
 plural termination. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 As our language has been derived from various sources, and 
 little or no systematic effort has been made to reduce the orthog- 
 raphy to any regularit}', the pronunciation of the language is 
 subject to numerous anomalies. Each of our vowels has several 
 different sounds ; and some of the consonants represent very 
 different articulations of the organs. That part of the language 
 which we have received from the Latin, is easily subjected to 
 
 hedge, pledge, but allege, and many others. What then, and where, is the 
 coniinon orthogiapliy 
 
 In our language, the unqualifipd rule of following the common orthography 
 call not have place, for in respect to many words there is no such thing. It is, 
 therefore, wrong in principle, for it would sanction mistaki s and tend to per- 
 peluate them ; it would preclude correctness and regularity. Suc h a rule would 
 iuue been as just in the age of Chaucer as it is now, and hail it heeii observed, 
 what would have been the present stale of Knglish oithograpliv ! 
 
 .Many of the anomalies in our language have originated in carelessness, or in 
 mistakes, respectinu llie origin of words. I'liilology, for a long series of years, 
 has bi'cn ino.st shamefully neglected. 
 
 Ill this condition of our language, I hold it to be the duty of n lexicoerapher 
 to ascertain, as far as it is practicable, the genuine orthography of Words, and 
 introduce that which is correct; parlicularl) when the true orthouraphy serves 
 to illustrate their sigiiiticatiiui. \\ hen this is known, men will be satisfied 
 Willi It, and tluctiiatinns of spelling will ri'ase. With a full conviction of the 
 value of truth and correctness in language, as in every other department of 
 literature, 1 have diligently sought for truth, and maiie it the guide of my 
 decisions. I call not consent to givi; couitti'iianc<' to errors, which obscure the 
 origin or pt r\'ert the signitication of ^vords, and be an iiistninient of corrupting 
 the purity and disiignring the beauty of the language. A due regard to the 
 jiiirily of the language, to the convenience of learners, whether citizens or for- 
 eigners, and to the usefulness of a language which is to be Ihe most cMeiisivc 
 on the globe, and the chief instrument nf civilizing and christianizing nations, 
 feeiiis lo demand, and surely jiislities, the labor of correcting the more enormous 
 aiiiMualies which deform it. One would suppose that these considerations, con- 
 eurring with the honor of our nation, would induce the lovers of literature to 
 make some concessions of private opinions for the accomplishment of these 
 desirable objects. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1X1 
 
 a few general rules of pronunciation. Tiie same is the fact witli 
 most of the derivatives from the Greek. Many words of French 
 origin retain tiieir French ortiiography, whieli leads to a very 
 erroneous pronunciation in English ; and a large portion of our 
 monosyllabic words of Saxon origin are extremely irregular both 
 in orthography and pronunciation. 
 
 If we can judge, with tolerable certaint)', from the versification 
 of Chaucer, the pronunciation of words must have been, in many 
 respects, different in his age from that of the present day ; par- 
 ticularly in making a distinct syllable of e final, and of tlie termi- 
 nation ed. But no effort was probably ever made to settle the 
 pronunciation of words till the last century. In England, which 
 was settled by various nations, there are numerous dialects or 
 diversities of language still retained by the great mass of the 
 population. 
 
 The first settlers of New England were almost all of English 
 origin, and, coming from different parts of England, they brought 
 with them some diversities of language. But in the infancy of 
 tlie settlements, the people lived in towns adjacent or near to 
 each other, for mutual aid and protection from the natives ; and 
 tlie male inhabitants of tlie first generation frequently assembled 
 for tiie purpose of worship or for government. By the influence 
 of tliese anil other causes, particularly by that of common schools, 
 the differences of language among our citizens have been gradu- 
 ally lost ; so tiiat in this part of the United Stp.tes, there can 
 hardly be said to exist a difference of dialect. 
 
 It is to be remarked, further, tliat the first ministers of the gos- 
 pel, who migrated to this country, had been educated at the 
 English universities, and brought with them all the learning 
 usually acquired in tliose institutions, and the English language 
 as it was then spoken. The influence of these men, who were 
 greatly venerated, probably had no small eflect in extinguishing 
 diflerences of speech. 
 
 Hence it has happened that the traditional pronunciation of the 
 language of well-educated peoi)le has been nearly the same, in 
 botli countries, to this day. Among the common people, whose 
 pronunciation in all countries is more or less corrupt, the diver- 
 sities in this country are far less numerous than in England. 
 
 About si.xty or seventy years ago, Thomas Sheridan, an Irish 
 gentleman, who had been the pupil of an intimate friend of Dean 
 Swift, attempted to reduce the pronunciation of English words to 
 some system, and to introduce it into popular use. His analysis 
 of the English vowels is very critical, and in this respect, there 
 has been little improvement by later writers, though I tliink none 
 of them are perfectly correct. But in the application of his prin- 
 ciples, he failed of his object. Either he was not well acquainted 
 with the best English pronunciation, or he had a disposition to 
 introduce into use some peculiarities which the English did not 
 relish. The principal objection made to his scheme is, that he 
 gives to s the sound of sh, in sudorific, superb, and other words 
 where s is followed by u long. These he pronounces shoodor- 
 ific, slwoptrb, skoupcrfluitij, &c. This pronunciation of 5, corre- 
 sponding to the Shemitic a, he probably learnt in Ireland, for in 
 tlie Irisli branch of the Celtic,* has often the sound of s/t. Thus 
 scan, old, is pronounced shciin. This pronunciation was no 
 sooner published, than condemned and rejected by the English. 
 
 Anotiier most extraordinary innovation of Sheridan was, his 
 rejection of the Italian sound of a, as in father, calm, ask, from 
 every word in the language. Thus his notation gives to a in bar 
 the same sound as in barren, barrel, bat; to a in father, pass, 
 mass, pant, the same sound as in fat, passion, massacre, pan, 
 fancy. Such a gross deviation from established English usage 
 was of course condemned and rejected. 
 
 In his pronunciation of ti and ci, before a vowel, as in par- 
 tiality, omniscience, Sheridan is more correct than Walker, as he 
 is in some other words ; such, for e.tample, as bench, tench, booh, 
 took, and others of the same classes. 
 
 Sheridan also contributed very much to propagate the change 
 of tu into cha, or tshu ; as in nalshur, cullshur, virtshue. This 
 innovation was vindicated on the supposed fact, that the letter u 
 has the sound of yu ; and natyur, cultyur, virtyite, in a rapid 
 enunciation, become natshur, dec. And to this day, this error 
 respecting the sound of u is received in England as truth. But 
 the fact is otherwise, and if not, it does not justify the practice ; 
 for in usage, u is short in nature, culture; so that on the princi- 
 ples of Siieridan himself, this letter can have no effect on the 
 preceding articulation. 
 
 Tiiis innovation, however, has prevailed to a considerable 
 extent, allhouffh Sheridan subjected the change of tH to no rules. 
 He is consistent in applying this change equally to tu, whether 
 
 the accent follows the t or not. If tu is to be changed to tshu, in 
 future and perpetual, it ought to undergo the same chatige in 
 futurity and perpetuity ; and Sheridan, in pronouncing tutor, 
 tutelage, tumult, as if written tshootor, tshootelaire, t.-:huontult, is 
 certainly consistent, tiiough wrong in fact. In other words, 
 however, Sheridan is inconsistent with himself; for he pro- 
 nounces viultitshood, Tcctitshood, scrrilshoud, while habitude, 
 beatitude, certitude, decrepitude, gratitude, &.C., retain the proper 
 sound of t. 
 
 Walker's rule for changing tu to chu only when the accent 
 precedes, is entirely arbitrary, and evidently made by him to suit 
 his own practice. It has, however, the good effect of reducing 
 the chus, and removing the outrageous anomalies of tsltuotor, 
 tshoomult, &c 
 
 There are many other words which Sheridan has marked for a 
 pronunciation, which is not according to good usage, and whic'h 
 the later orthoejiists have corrected. In general, however, it 
 may be asserted that his notation does not warrant a tenth part 
 as many deviations from the present respectable usage in Eng- 
 land, as Walker's; yet as his Dictionary was republished in tliis 
 country, it had no small effect in corrupting the pronunciation of 
 some classes of words, and the effects of its influence are not yet 
 extinct. What the precise effect of Sheridan's scheme of pro- 
 nunciation was in England, I am not able to determine. But I 
 have had information from the late venerable Dr. Joiinson, of 
 Stratford, and from the late Dr. Hubbard, of New Haven, who 
 were in England between the year 17(j5 and the revolution, that 
 about that period, the change of < into chu had not taken place, to 
 any extent. It began to prevail on the stage and among the' 
 younger barristers and members of parliament before Dr. Joiin- 
 son left England, just before the war with America; and Sheri- 
 dan's Dictionary, published soon after, undoubtedly contributed 
 to extend the innovation. This change presents a new obstacle 
 to the acquisition of a language, whose anomalies were before 
 frightfully formidable and perplexing. The favorers of innova- 
 tion seem not to reflect on the immense convenience of a correct 
 notation of sounds in a language, by its proper characters ; the 
 utility of uniformity and permanence in that notation ; and the 
 extensive evil of destroying or impairing the use of alphabetical 
 writing. The man who perverts or changes the established 
 sound of a single letter, especially of a consonant, does an injury 
 to that language, and to the community using it, which fifty men 
 of the same talents can never repair. 
 
 In a few years after the publication of Sheridan's Dictionary, 
 appeared Walker's, the author of which introduces the work to 
 the public with the following remarks on the labors of his pred- 
 ecessors. 
 
 " Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this 
 subject, is Mr. Elphinstone, who, in his Principles <if tiie English 
 Language, has reduced the chaos to a system, and laid the foun- 
 dation of a just and regular pronunciation. But this gentleman, 
 by treating his subject with an affected obscurity, and by absurdly 
 endeavoring to alter the whole orthography of tlie language, has 
 unfortunately lost his credit with the public, for the part of his 
 labors which entitles him to the highest praise." 
 
 " After him. Dr. Kenrick contributed a portion of improvement, 
 by his Rhetorical Dictionary; but he has rendered his Dictionary 
 extremely imperfect, by entirely omitting a great number of 
 words of doubtful and difficult pronunciation ; those very words 
 for which a Dictionary of this kind would naturally be con- 
 sulted." Let it be noted, that the same objection lies in full force 
 against Siieridan, Walker, and Jones. 
 
 " To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the 
 words into syllables, and placed figures over the vowels, as Dr. 
 Kenrick had done, but by spelling these syllables as they are pro- 
 nounced, seemed to complete the idea of a Pronouncing Diction- 
 ary, and to leave but little expectation of improvement, ft must 
 be confessed that his Dictionar)' is generally superior to every 
 thing that preceded it, and his method of conveying the sound of 
 words by spelling them as they are pronounced, is highly rational 
 and useful. But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numer- 
 ous instances 1 have given of impropriety, inconsistency, and 
 want of acquaintance with the analogies of the language, suf- 
 ficiently show how imperfect I think his Dictionary is, upon the 
 whole, and what ample room was lefl for attempting another, 
 that might better answer the purpose of a guide to pronun- 
 ciation." 
 
 "The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his 
 Elements of Ortlioepy, has shown a clearness of iiielliod, and an 
 extent of observation, which deserve the highest encomiums 
 
 I 
 
Ixii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 But he seems, on many occnsions* to have mistaken the best 
 usage, and to have paid too liltJe attention to the first principles 
 of pronunciation." 
 
 Soon after the publication of Walker's Dictionary, appeared 
 the Dictionary of Stephen Jones, wlio undertakes to correct the 
 errors of Sheridan and Walker. Tliis author objects to Sheridan, 
 that he has not introduced the Italian sound of n, [as in father,] 
 in a single instance, and that Walker has been too sparing in the 
 use of it. He objects that Sheridan has not, by any peculiar 
 marks, pointed out the sound of oi or oy, as in noise and cloij ; 
 and that Walker has given distinct marks of pronunciation to the 
 diphthong on, wliicli are terrific to tlie learner, and not well calcu- 
 lated to express the exact sound. He considers it as no trivial 
 error in Walker's sj'steni, that he uses the long e in place of the 
 short y, which gives to asperity, for example, the ludicrous sound 
 of asperectee. He notices also, as a fault in Walker's scheme, 
 that he makes no difference in the sound of oo in toot, tooth, and 
 in look J took. 
 
 Jn all these particulars, except that of oi and oy, I think every 
 man who understands genuine English, will accord with Jones. 
 From careful observation, while in England, 1 know that Jones's 
 notation is far more correct than that of Sheridan or Walker; 
 and, e.xcept in two or three classes of words, his pronunciation is 
 exactly that which I uniformly heard in England, and nearly the 
 same as that ot well-educated gentlemen in New England. 
 
 A few years after the appearance of Jones's Dictionary, Wil- 
 liam Perry published a Pronouncing Dictionarj', in which an 
 attempt is made to indicate tlie sounds of the letters by certain 
 arbitrary marks. In this work, the author has rejected most of 
 the peculiarities of Sheridan, Walker, and Jones, and given the 
 language nearly as it was spoken, before those authors undertook 
 to regulate the pronunciation. This author's manner of desig- 
 nating tlie sounds of the letters is too complex for convenience, 
 but his pronunciation is nearer to the actual usage in England, 
 than that of either of his predecessors before mentioned. His 
 orthography also is more correct, according to present usage, 
 than that of his predecessors. 
 
 Duri ig the year lSii8, appeared the Dictionarj- of R. S. Jame- 
 son, of Lincoln's Inn, intended to combing the merits of the most 
 popular Dictionaries, and to correct the false pronunciation of 
 Walker, whose notation in some classes of words he entirely 
 rejects. He condemns, as a slovenly enunciation, the sound 
 given to d, which, before i and u. Walker directs, in certain 
 words, to be pronounced like j. He rejects also his notation of 
 ch, or tsh, in congratulation, Jlatulent, natural, and all similar 
 words. He rejects also the affected pronunciation of Sheridan and 
 Walker, in such words as guide and L>7i(L Most of the other er- 
 rors of Walker he copies, as he does his antiquated orthography. 
 
 The English orthoepists have analyzed, and in general have 
 well defined or described, the sounds and appropriate uses of the 
 letters of the alphabet. Sheridan's analysis, which appeared a 
 few years before Walker's, is, for the most part, correct; but, in 
 describing the sounds of what may be called tlie diphthongal 
 vowel i, I think he has erred, in making it to consist of the 
 broad a or tiw and e. He admits, indeed, tliat the voice does not 
 rest on the sound air, but he contends that the mouth is opened 
 to the same degree of aperture, and is in the same position, as if 
 it were going to sound uk ; but before the voice can get a passage 
 to the lips, the under jaw is drawn up to the position for sounding 
 e. On this it is justly remarked by Walker, that aio and c are 
 precisely the component elements of the diphthong oi and oy. 
 If the aw is pronounced, 1 would add, then i and oy must be 
 pronounced exactl)' alike; and if«io is not pronounced, then it is 
 not a component part of the diphthongal vowel i. 
 
 Walker contends that this diphtliong i is composed of the 
 sound ^ the Italian a, as in father, and the sound of c. If so, he 
 must have given to <i a very different sound from that which we 
 are accustomed to give it. But this is a mistake ; that sound of 
 a is no more heard in i, than the sound of flic. Tiie sound of i in 
 fight, mind, timr, id!r, is not faircght, maiccjid, tarccm^ aicetllc ; 
 nor is it fleghl, iii/irnd, Kir.m, tir.dlc. Let any man utter the aw 
 or the Italian a before the e, and he will instantly perceive the 
 error, and reject both definitions, as leading to a false pronuncia- 
 tion. The truth is, the mouth, in uttering i, is not opened so 
 wide as in uttering aw or a ; the initial sound is not that of njo or 
 a; nor is it possible, by any characters we possess, to express 
 the true sound on paper. The initial sound is not formed so 
 deep in the throat as aw or 0. ; the position of the organs is 
 
 * /a many iiutancet, I luppoae the writer meani. 
 
 nearly', yet not exactly the same. The true sound can be learned 
 only bv the ear. 
 
 Equallj- inaccurate is the definition of the first sound of u, or 
 long u, which these writers allege to consist of the sounds of 
 e and oo, or you. It has this sound, indeed, in certain words, as in 
 unite, union, and others ; but this is a departure from the proper 
 sound of this character, as heard in cube, abuse, durable, human, 
 jury. These words are not pronounced kcouli, abcoose, dcoorable, 
 hcooman, jeoory. The eftort to introduce this aflected pronuncia- 
 tion is of most mischievous tendency. The sound of e is not 
 heard in the proper enunciation of the Englisli u, and for that 
 reason it should not be so stated on paper, nor named yu ; as the 
 error naturally leads to a corrupt pronunciation. Dr. Kenrick 
 remarks, that we might as well prefix y to the other vowels, as 
 to n, and pronounce them ya, ye, yi, yo. 
 
 But this is not the whole evil ; this analysis of u has led orthoe- 
 pists to give to our first or long u two distinct sounds, or rather 
 to make a diphthong and a vowel of this single letter. Thus 
 they make it a diphthong in almost all situations, except after r, 
 where they make it a vowel equivalent to oo, or the French on. 
 They represent ti as being equivalent to cic, that is, e and oo, in 
 cube, tube, duty, confusion, endure, pronounced kcinbe, tcirbc, 
 deiDty, confcicsion, cndcwre ; but in brute, fruit, rude, intrude, 
 ruby, they make u equivalent to oo ; thus, broote, froot, roode, 
 introode, rooby. 
 
 I know not where this affectation originated ; it first appeared 
 in Sheridan's Dictionary, but it is a most unfounded distinction, 
 and a most mischievous error. No such distinction was knov.'n 
 to Dr. Johnson ; he gives the long u but one sound, as in con- 
 fusion ; and no such distinction is observed among good speakers 
 generally, either in this country or in England. I was particu- 
 larly attentive to the public speakers in England, in regard to <. 
 tliis point, and was happy to find that very few of them made the i 
 distinction here mentioned. In that country, as in this, the long 
 u has a uniform sound after all the cojisonants. 
 
 The source of the error in this, as in another case to be men- 
 tioned hereafter, may be an inattention to the manner in which 
 the articulations affect the vowels which follow them. To 
 understand this, it will be necessary or useful to examine the 
 anatomical formation of articulate sounds. 
 
 " An articulate sound," says Lowtli, " is the sound of the 
 human voice, formed by the organs of speech. A vowel is a 
 simple articulate sound." 
 
 These definitions seem not to be sufficientlv accurate. Articu- 
 lation, in human speech, is the jointing, juncture, or closing of 
 the organs, which precedes and follows the vowels or open 
 sounds, and which partially or totally intercepts the voice. A 
 vowel or vocal sound is formed simply by opening the mouth. 
 Thus, in sounding a or o, the mouth is opened in a i)articular 
 manner, but without any articulation or closing of the organs. 
 In strictness, therefore, a simple vowel is 7iot an articulate sound, 
 as Lowtli supposes; and it is certain that many irrational ani- 
 mals, without the power of articulation, do utter vowel sounds 
 with great distinctness. 
 
 An articulate sound, then, is, properly, a sound preceded or 
 followed, or both, by an articulation or junction of the organs. 
 Thus ba, ah, and bad, are articulate sounds ; the vowel being 
 begun or closed, with a junction of the lips, interrupting tlie 
 voice, in ba and ab ; and in bad, the vocal sound being preceded 
 by one articulation and followed by another. The power of 
 articulation constitutes the great difference between men and 
 brutes; the latter, being unable to articulate, can utter only 
 vocal sounds. The imperfect articulations of the parrot and 
 some other animals, form no exception that deserves notice. 
 
 I give the name articulation to the act of joining the organs, 
 and to the character or letter which represents the junction. In 
 the latter sense, the word is equivalent to consonant ; and articu- 
 lation may be considered tiie preferable term, as it expresses the 
 fact of closing the organs. 
 
 Human speech, then, consists of vocal sounds separated and 
 modified by articulations of the organs. We open the mouth in 
 a particular manner, to utter a vowel ; we then close the organs, 
 interrupt that sound, and open the organs to utter a second 
 vowel; and continue this opening and closing, to the end of the 
 word. This process is carried on with surprising rapidity. 
 
 Now, in ])assiiig from an articulation, or close position, to an 
 open position for uttering a vowel, it happens often that a very 
 slight sound of e is uttered so as to be |)erce|)tible to the ear, 
 either before or nfler the utterance of the proper vowel. This is I 
 remarkably the case with the long vowels preceding r ; for such 
 
INTRODUCTION. Ixiii 
 
 IS Uie nature of that letter, tliat hiire, mirc, viorc, parent, iippa- 
 rail, &c., can not well be pronounceii witliout a sliglit sound of 
 c between the long vowel and the consonant. Thus the words 
 abuve named are pronounced nearly buer, mier, mocr, purrcnt, 
 appucrcnt; and horc, 7niie, approach toward two syllables drawn 
 very closely together. 
 
 A like case, tliough less obvious, occurs in uttering u, particu- 
 larl)' after the labial and palatal articulations. In passing from 
 the articulations cb, eg, em, ep, or pe, to the sound of ii, as in 
 mute and pure, we are apt, insensibly, to utter a sliglit sound of 
 e; and this utterance, which proceeds from the particular situa- 
 tion of the organs, has been mistaken for tin; iirst component 
 sound of the long or open Ji. The same cause has given rise to 
 th(! pronunciation of e before the vowel in such words as guide, 
 guard, kind, guise. This is precisely similar to the vulgar pro- 
 nunciation of cotr, goicn, eountij, town, &c., that is, keoiv, geoirn, 
 keounlij, teown — a pronunciation formerly common in New Eng- 
 land, and not yet wholly extinct. This vicious pronunciation, in 
 all words of this kind, whether countenanced by men of low life 
 or of fashionable life, ought to be carefully avoided ; as the slen- 
 der sound of e, in such cases, gives a feebleness to the words 
 utterly inconsistent with that full, open, and manl}' enunciation 
 which is essential to eloquence. 
 
 The genuine sound of u long, detached from the jnfluencc of 
 consonants, is the same in all tiie words above specified ; and the 
 reason why it has been made a distinct vowel after as in rude, 
 [rood,] is, that the organs arc open before the sound commences; 
 whereas, when it follows most of our consonants, the sound is 
 conunenced inimediatelv after an articulation, or close posit on of 
 the organs, as in mutable and infusion. For this reason, u has 
 more distinctly its long or open sound after labials and i)alatals, 
 than after r ; but this accidental circumstance should not be the 
 ground of radical distinctions, equivalent to the sounds of differ- 
 ent letters. 
 
 There is, in Walker's analysis of the alphabet, an error pecu- 
 liar to himself. Tliis is, in making a distinction between the 
 short i when it is followed by a consonant, and when it is not ; 
 as in ability. In this case, he calls the first i, in abil, short; but 
 the second he calls open, and equivalent to e in equal. (See 
 Principles 107, 544.) He also makes tlie unaccented y, at the 
 end of a syllable, precisely like the first sound of .c in me, meter. 
 Abilitii, then, written according to his principles, would be 
 abilettce. Never■^vas a grosser mistake. The, sound of i and i/ 
 in unaccented syllables, whether followed by an articulation or 
 not, is always the short sound of e long, that is, e shortened; the 
 same sound in quality or kind, but not in quantitj'. To prove 
 this fact, nothing is necessary but an attention to the manner in 
 which the words little and liny are pronounced, when they are 
 made emphatical by utterance. They are then pronounced leelle, 
 teeny; and this we hear every day, not only among children, 
 but often among adults. In this change of pronunciation, there 
 is nothing more than a prolongation of the sound of i, which, in 
 the syllables lit, tin, is short, in leette, teeny, is long. 
 
 In consequence of this mistake. Walker has uniformly made a 
 different notation of i when accented, and followed by a con- 
 sonant in the same syllable, and when it stands alone in the 
 syllable and unaccented. Thus to the first i in ability he assigns 
 a diflerent sound from that of the second ; and in article, he gives 
 to i the sound of e long, arteecle ; but in articular, articulate, he 
 gives it tiie short sound, tik. It is in consequence of this mis- 
 take, that he has throughout his Dictionary assigned to i and y 
 unaccented, and to y unaccented terminating words, the sound of 
 e long ; an error, which, it is ascertained by actual enumeration, 
 extends to more than eteren thousand vnwils or syllables ; an 
 error, wiiicli, if carried to the full extent of his principles, would 
 subvert all the rules of English versification. Jones and I'erry 
 have corrected this error in their notations, throughout the 
 language. 
 
 If it should be said that Walker did not intend to direct y, in 
 this case, to be pronounced as e long, but that his notation is in- 
 tended only to mark the quality of the sound, it maj' be replied, 
 he either intended the sound to be that of e long, according to his 
 e.xpress direction, or he did not. If he did, his notation is not 
 according to any good practice, either in England or the United 
 
 * From the fnct, which Walker relates of himself, <Vrin. 94 ,) that he made 
 a distinction between the sound of ee in fife and in me(t, until he had consulted 
 good speakers, and particuhirly .Mr. Garrick, who could find no diflVrence in the 
 sound, it might be inferred that his ear was not very accurate. Hut his mist.ike 
 evidently arose from not attending to the effect of the articulation in the latter 
 word, which stops the sound suddenly, but does not vary it. It is the same 
 
 States ; and by changing a short vowel into a long one, his nota- 
 tion would subvert the rules of metrical composition. If he did 
 not, his notation is ada])ted to mislead the learner, and it does 
 mislead learners, wherever his book is strictly followed. In 
 truth, this notation is generally condemned in England, and 
 universally rejected in practice.* 
 
 In the notation of sounds, there is a mistake and inconsistency 
 in most orthoepists, which deserves notice, not on account of 
 its practical importance so much, as to expose an error in syllab- 
 ication or the division of words into syllables, which has been 
 maintained bj- all writers in (ireat Britain, from time immemorial. 
 The rule is, that "a single consonant between two vow<-ls, must 
 he joined to the latter .syllable." According to this rule, lialiil, 
 baron, tenet, are to be divitled thus, liu-bit, ba-ron, te-nrt. 
 
 This rule is wholly arbitrary, and has for ages retarded and 
 rendered diliicult the acquisition of the language by children. 
 How is it possible that men of discernment should support a rule, 
 that in thousands of words makes it necessary to break a syllable, 
 detaching one of the letters essential to it, and giving it a place 
 in the ne.xt.' In the words above mentioned, hub, bar, ten, are 
 distinct syllables, which can not be divided without violence. 
 In many words, as in these, this syllable is the radix of tin- 
 word ; the other S3-Ilable being formative or adventitious. But 
 where this is not the case, convenience requires that syllables 
 should, if possible, be kept entire ; and in all cases, the division 
 of syllables should, as far as possible, be such as to lead the 
 learner to a just pronunciation. 
 
 As in our language the long and short vowels are not dis- 
 tinguished by differences of cli?racter, when we see a single 
 consonant between vowels, we <,an not determine, from the pre- 
 ceding vowel character, whether the sound is long or short. A 
 stranger to the language knows not whether to pronounce habit, 
 ha-bit or hab-it, till he is instructed in the customary pronuncia- 
 tion. It was probably to avoid this inconvenience, that our 
 ancestors wrote two consonants instead of one in a great number 
 of words, as in banner, dinner. In tiiis respect, however, there 
 is no uniformity in English ; as we have generally retained the 
 orthography of the languages from which we have received the 
 words, as in tutor, rigor, silent, and the like. 
 
 Now, it should be observed that although we often see the 
 consonant doubled, as in banner, yet no more than one articula- 
 tion, in these cases, is ever used in speaking. We close the 
 organs but once between the first and second syllable, nor is it 
 possible to use both the letters 7;, without pronouncing baa, then 
 intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs and closing 
 them a second time. Hence, in all cases, when the same conso- 
 nant is written twice between vowels, as in banner, dinner, bel- 
 ter, one of them only is represented by an articulation of the 
 organs; the other is useless, except that it prevents any mistake 
 as to the sound of the preceding vowel. 
 
 In the notation of most orthoepists, there is inconsistency, at 
 least, if not error. If they intend to express the true pronuncia- 
 tion by using the precise letters necessary for the purpose, they 
 all err. For instance, they write bar'run for bar'on, when one 
 articulation only is, or possibly can be, used ; so also ballance, 
 biggol, biggamy, mellon, mr.ttaphor, viellody. Tliis is not only use- 
 less, for tlie use of the accent after the consonant, as bar'on, baV- 
 tince, big'ot, mcl'on, <X:c., completely answers the purpose of 
 determining the pronunciation, but it is contradictory to their 
 own practice in a vast number of cases. Thus they write one 
 consonant only m civil, cirie, rivet ; and Walker writes hollonade, 
 doubling /, but kolony, kolonise, with a single /. This want of 
 system is observable in all the books which are offered to the 
 public as standards of orthoepy. 
 
 A still greater fault, because it may lead to innumerable prac- 
 tical errors, consists in the notation of unaccented syllables. In 
 this particular, there is error and discrepancy in the schemes of 
 the orthoepists, which shows the utter impossibility iif carrying 
 them into effect. The final y unaccented Walker makes to be 
 e long, as I have before observed; while Sheridan, Jones, and 
 Perry, make it equivalent to short i, or, at least, give it a short 
 sound, according to universal practice. Walker pronounces the 
 last vowel in natural and national, as a short; Sheridan, as e 
 short, nnturel ; Jones, as u short, nalurul. Sheridan's notation 
 
 mistake which he madi" in llie sound of i in the second syllable of ahility, which 
 he calls short, while the .sound of the second i and of t/ is that of lonR t. The 
 celebrily of \\ alkcr as a teacher of elocution, and his Key to the I'ronunciation 
 of .Xncient .Names, which, with a few exceptions, is a pood standard work, 
 have It'll many persons to put more confidence in his English Orthoepy, than a 
 close examination of its prinripio will support. 
 
Ixiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 may be a mistake, for he gives to nl in national, the sound of ul. 
 In the adjective deliberate, Walker and Jones give a in the last 
 syllable its proper long sound ; and Sheridan, the sound of e 
 short, deliberet. Dignitary is pronounced by Sheridan dignitery, 
 and Walker and Jones give to a its short sound, as in ut. The 
 terminating sj-llable ncss is pronounced by Walker and Jones 
 nes, by Sheridan nis ; as, blessednrs, blesscdnis. The same differ- 
 ence exists in their notation o{ less ; Sheridan pronouncing it 
 lis, as in blawetis, and Walker and Jones giving e its proper 
 sound. These differences, and many others, run through their 
 works, and appear in a large portion of all the words in the 
 language. 
 
 Now, it is probable that all these gentlemen pronounced these 
 words alike, or so nearly alike, that no difference would be noticed 
 by a bystander. The mischief of these notations is, that attempts 
 are made to express minute distinctions or shades of sounds, so 
 to speak, which can not be represented to the eye by characters. 
 A great part of the notations must, necessaril}', be inaccurate, 
 and for this reason, the notation of the vowels in unaccented 
 syllables should not be attempted. From a careful attention to 
 this subject, I am persuaded that all such notations are useless, 
 and many of them mischievous, as they lead to a wrong pronun- 
 ciation. In no case can tlie true pronunciation of words in a 
 language be accurately and completely expressed on paper ; it 
 can be caught only by the ear, and by practice. No attempt has 
 ever been made to mark the pronunciation of all the sounds, 
 in any other language ; and in our language it is worse than 
 useless. 
 
 .\s Walker's pronunciation l as been represented to the people 
 of this country as the standai i, I shall confine my remarks 
 chiefly to his work, with a view to ascertain its merits, and 
 correct any erroneous impressions which have been received 
 from such representations. 
 
 1. The first class of words which I shall mention, is that in 
 which a has what is called its Italian sound, as we pronounce it 
 in fatlicr, psalm, calm. From a hasty enumeration of words of 
 this class, I find there are two or three hundred in number, in 
 which Walker gives to a its short sound, as in fat, bat, fancy, 
 when, in fact, the most respectable usage in England, as well as 
 in the United States, gives that letter its Italian sound. This 
 error Jones and Perry have corrected. To be correct in this 
 class of words, we have only to retain the customary pronuncia- 
 tion of the Northern States. 
 
 2. The notation of the sound of oo by Walker is wrong in 
 most or all the words in which oo are followed by I;, and in some 
 others. Notwithstanding the distinction between the long and 
 short sound of oo is clear, and well established in a great number 
 of words, yet he assigns the short sound to eight words only, viz. 
 wool, wood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, and withstood. 
 (Prin. 307.) It seems inconceivable that a man, bred or resident 
 in London, should assign to oo in book, cook, took, and other like 
 words, the same sound as in cool, boom, boot, food. Jones and 
 Perry have corrected this notation, and given the pronunciation 
 according to good usage, and just according to our customary 
 pronunciation. While in England, I did not hear a single word 
 of this class pronounced according to Walker's notation. 
 
 3. To the letters c/t in bench, bunch, clinch, drench, inch, tench, 
 wrench, and many other words. Walker gives the French sound, 
 that is, the sound of sh, instead of ch ; as, bensh, insh, &c. It 
 would seem by this and other examples of wrong notation, that 
 the authi r had been accustomed to some local peculiarities, eitlier 
 in London, where all kinds of dialects are heard, or in some otlier 
 place. In this instance, he gives to these words a pronunciation 
 diflerent from that of other orthoepists, and one which I have 
 never hoard, eitlier in England or in this country. His notation 
 is palpably wrong, as our customary pronunciation is universally 
 correct. 
 
 4. It has been already remarked, that Walker's notation of the 
 sound of i and y short, in unaccented syllables, which he directs 
 to be pronounced like e long, in mc, viele, is contrary to all good 
 usage, and is rejected by every other orthoepist, except Jameson. 
 Walker admits i to be short, when followed by a consonant in 
 the same syllabic. Thus the first i in ability is short, but the 
 second i and the y are long e, ubitcetrc. Now, oljserve the con- 
 8e(|uciice. In the plural, abilities, according to his rule, must be 
 pronounced abilecteez ; but the word is never thus pronounced; 
 univerMally it ia pronounced abilitiz ; the last vowel sound is, in 
 practice, immediately followed by a consonant, and 'ny his own 
 rule, MiUHt be short. Then the result is, y in ability is long c, but 
 ie ill the plural, is short i. And for this change of sound, no 
 
 provision is made in Walker's scheme, nor in any other that 
 I have ever seen. 
 
 5. In the analysis of the sounds of our letters. Walker alleges 
 the diphthong ou, ow, to consist of the broad a or ate, and the i 
 Italian sound of u. According to his scheme, about, abound, 
 round, noie, tow, are to be pronounced abawvt, abaicund, rairu7iil, 
 natou, Tuwu. But who ever heard this pronunciation The fact | 
 is not so; the broad sound of a is not the initial sound of this 
 diphthong; it is not commenced as deep in the throat, or with 
 the same aperture, as aw ; it is a sound that can be learned only 
 by the ear. The pronunciation of this diphthong is uniform in 
 both countries. 
 
 6. In noting the sound of the unaccented vowels, and those 
 which have the secondary accent, there are mistakes without 
 number, in all the schemes which I have seen, and one continued 
 series of differences between the orthoepists. The following 
 is a specimen. 
 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Jones. 
 
 Deliverense, 
 
 Deliveranse, 
 
 Deliveranse. 
 
 Dignytery, 
 
 Dignetare, 
 
 Dignytary. 
 
 Anser, 
 
 Ansur, 
 
 Ansur. 
 
 Assembledzh, 
 
 Assembladje, 
 
 Asse mbladzhe. 
 
 Averaje, 
 
 Averaje, 
 
 A veredzh. 
 
 rrin, 
 
 Barren, 
 
 Barren. 
 
 P. nal. 
 
 Penal, 
 
 Penul. 
 
 Ponnens, 
 
 Pennanse, 
 
 Pennunse. 
 
 Pennytenshel, 
 
 Pennetenshal, 
 
 Pennytenshul. 
 
 Penny tensherry. 
 
 Pennetenshare, 
 
 Pennytenshary 
 
 Persunidzh, 
 
 Persunidje, 
 
 Persunedje. 
 
 Proksymet, 
 
 Proksemat, 
 
 Proksymet. 
 
 Proflyget, 
 Pennetrent, 
 
 Proflegat, 
 
 Proflyget. 
 
 Pennetrant, 
 
 Pennetrant. 
 
 Akkuzaturry, 
 
 Akkuzatore, 
 
 Akkuzatury. 
 
 Akkrymunny, 
 
 Akkremone, 
 
 Akkrymunny. 
 
 Allymunny, 
 
 Allemun«e, 
 
 Allymunny. 
 
 Seremunny, 
 
 Seremone, 
 
 Serymony. 
 
 I take no notice of the different letters by which these writers 
 express the same sound, one using e where another uses y, but of 
 the different sounds which they give to the vowels in the second, 
 third, or last syllable. Now, I appeal to any person who has a 
 tolerably correct ear, whether it is the sound of a that is uttered 
 by good speakers, or any speakers, in delireranre and dignitary. 
 Is it the sound of a that we hear in the last syllable of penance, j 
 penetrant, and assemblage ? Do we hear, in the last syllable of i 
 profligate, the short a, as in fat? So far from it, that a public - 
 speaker, who should utter the sound of a so that it should be | 
 distinctly recognized in any polite audience, would expose him- '■ 
 self to ridicule. The sound of the last vowel approaches to that | 
 of e or u, and the notation of Sheridan is nearest the truth. But 
 any notation is worse than useless ; for without it, there would 
 be no difference in customary pronunciation. 
 
 To show the utter impracticability of expressing the unac- j 
 cented vowels, in all cases, with precision, let the reader observe 
 Walker's notation of a in the word moderate, and its derivatives. 
 In the adjective and verb, the a is long, as in fate; in modertitely 
 and moderateness it is short, as in fat. This is certainly incorrect 
 notation ; no good speaker ever pronounces these words mnd- 
 erathi, moderutness. In addition to this, the a in the verb to 
 moderate, is more distinctly prono\uiced than it is in the adjective, 
 in which it has rather the sound of e short, modcret ; at least the 
 sound is more nearly tliat off than of a. And this distinction of 
 sound, between letters in tlie same word, when an adjective, and 
 when a verb, occurs in a multitude of cases — a distinction for 
 which no provision is made in any system of orthoepy that I 
 have seen, and one which must be left to the cognizance of the 
 ear alone. 
 
 There is another class of vowel sounds that comprises too 
 many inaccuracies to be overlooked. This is the class in which 
 the first syllable has an unaccented t, as in debate. In all words j 
 of this kind, Walker directs the leller e to have its long sound, as 
 in me, mete. Then, become, bedeck, begin^ debate, debar, declare, 
 elect, legitimate, mechanic, medicinal, memorial, necessity, peculiar, 
 petition, rebuke, recant, relate, secure, select, velocity, Ac, are to 
 be pTonou7iced beecome, beedeck, beegin, deebale, deebar, decclare, \ 
 relecl, leegitimute, mcechanlc, mecdieinal, mccmorial, neecessily, 
 pcecutiar, pcctition, reebuke, reecant, rcetale, seecure, seclect, vee 
 locily, &c. 
 
 Accordinir to this notation, the first vowel c in cril, even, and 
 in ccent, is to have the same sound, being all marked with the 
 
1 N T II O I) 
 
 IJ C Tl O N . 
 
 eaine figure. Now, lot inp ask, where a s])eakor can be found 
 who pronounces tliese words in this manner. Who ever lieard 
 of sucii a pronunciation Tiiis notation is erroneous and niis- 
 cliievous, as it is inconsistent witli the reguhir accent, whicli 
 carries tlie stress of voice forward to tlie next syllable, and must, 
 necessarily, leave the first vowel with the feeble sound of short i 
 or ij. This g/iort sound, and not the long one, as in even, is that 
 which we always hear in such words. 
 
 The like error occurs in Walker's notation of i in direct, di- 
 mhiisli, and many other words. Walker himself, under despatch, 
 calls the sound of e the short i; but under rule 107, says this 
 sound of z can not be properly said to be short, as it is not closed 
 by a consonant ; yet it has half its diphthongal sound, the sound 
 of c' .' This reason, that i or e is not short, because the sound is 
 not closed by a consonant, is entirely groundless, and contra- 
 dicted by the universal pronunciation of thousands of Knglish 
 words. To direct such words to be pronounced decreet, deemin- 
 ish, is inexcusable. This error corresponds with that specined 
 under No. 4, supra. 
 
 Thus there is neither uniformity nor consistency among the 
 orthoepists, in the notation of the unaccented vowels; and it is 
 hardly possible there should be, for many of the sounds are so 
 slight, in ordinary pronunciation, that it is almost impossible for 
 the ear to recognize the distinctions, and absolutely impossible to 
 express them on paper. In truth, as Dr. Ash remarks, in a dis- 
 sertation prefixed to his Dictionary, the sounds of the five vowels, 
 in unaccented, short, and insignificant syllables, are nearly coin- 
 cident; and it must be a nice ear that can distinguish the differ- 
 ence of sound in the concluding syllabic of altar, alter, manor, 
 murmur, siitijr. It is for this reason that the notation of such 
 vowels at all savors of hypercritical fastidiousness, and, by aiming 
 at too much nicety and exactness, tends only to generate doubts 
 and multiply differences of opinion. If the accent is laid on the 
 proper syllable, and the vowel of that syllable correctly pro- 
 nounced, the true pronunciation of the word will follow of 
 course ; at least the pronunciation is more likely to be right than 
 wrong, and no mistake will occur, which shall be an object of 
 notice. 
 
 Nor can I approve the practice of writing all words in differ- 
 ent characters, to express their pronunciation, as if their proper 
 letters were so many hieroglj'phics, requiring interpretation. A 
 great part ot English words have an orthography sufficiently reg- 
 ular, and so well" adapted to express the true pronunciation, that 
 a few general rules only are wanted as a guide to the learner. 
 
 7. Another error of notation, in most of the English books, is 
 that. of the vowel in the first syllable of circle, circumstance, and 
 many other words, the first syllable of which Sheridan first, and 
 aflerwards Walker and Jones, directed to be pronounced ser. 
 This pronunciation 1 have never heard either in England or in 
 this country. Perry's notation makes the syllable sur, according 
 to all the usage with which I am acquainted. 
 
 f. Another objection to the books offered as standards of 
 pronunciation, particularly to the Dictionaries of Sheridan and 
 Walker, is, that the rules are inconsistent, or the execution of 
 the work is inconsistent with the rules. Thus Walker lays it 
 down as a rule, (No. 357,) that c after the accent, and followed 
 by ea, ia, ie, io, or cons, takes the sound of sh, as in ocean, 
 social, Phocion, saponaceous, which are pronounced as if written 
 oslican, sosheal, Pliosheon, siiponashcous. But in the Dictionary, 
 the author departs from the rule, and directs these words to be 
 pronounced as if written oshun, soshal, saponashus. So also in 
 gracious, ancient, especial, provincial, tenacious, rapacious, and I 
 know not how many others, the author departs from his own 
 rule ; so that either his rule or his practice nmst be wrong. 
 
 And here it may be proper to notice a mistake of the author, 
 which has led to an erroneous notation in a great number of 
 words. The mistake is, that he assigns to c and I before the 
 vowels ea, ia, ie, co, and io, the sound of 5/1. Thus in ocean, he 
 considers c as pronounced like sh ; and in partial, he considers 
 the sound of sk as proceeding from / only. Now, the truth is, 
 that the sound oi sh, in these and in all similar cases, results from 
 the combination of c, t, or s, with the following vowel; that is, 
 from the rapid enunciation and blending of the two letters. 
 Then the sound of the first vowel being blended with e or t, it 
 ought not to be repeated, and form a distinct syllable. To make 
 three syllables of ocean, is to use the vowel « twice. In most 
 cases, all the orthoepists agree in pronouncing these combinations 
 correctly in dissyllables, and primitive words ; as, oshun, trrashus, 
 lenashus, parshal , suhstanshal, nashiin, relashun, prcshus, and the 
 like. But in a number of words that are primitive in our lan- 
 
 guage, Walker and Jones depart from this rule ; for although 
 they pronounce conscience in two syllables, conshrnse, yet they 
 pronounce nescience and prescience in l\trve, neshyettse, preshijense. 
 So also when they make tial one syllable in the priiiulive word, 
 they make two syllables of these letters in the derivatives; par- 
 tial is parshal, but partialitij is parshealitij. Thus one error has 
 led to another, and a large part cf all words of this kind are mis- 
 pronounced. Sheridan and Terry, in this respect, are consistent 
 and correct; making one syllable only of cia, cie, cio, tin, tio, 
 both in primitives and derivatives, throughout the language. A 
 single line of poetry ought to settle this point forever. 
 
 Erpatiale free oVr all this scene of man. Pope. 
 
 9. A remarkable instance of inconsistency occurs in the fol- 
 lowing words. .Armature, aperture, brevialurc, feature, &c., 
 Walker pronounces armatshure, apertsliure, breviatsliure, over- 
 tsliv.re; but forfeiture is forfcctijure, and judicature, lif^nturc, litr- 
 ratiire, miniature, nunciature, portraiture, prefecture, quadrature, 
 signature, are pronounced as here written. Can any reason be 
 possibly assigned for such inconsistency 
 
 10. Obedience and its family of words Walker pronounces 
 obcjecnce, obe.jeent, obrjeentlij ; but disobedience, disobedient, as 
 here written. Expedient is either as here written, or expcjeent ; 
 but expedience without the alternative. Why this inconsistency ? 
 
 11. Obdurate, obduracy, are marked to be pronounced obdurate 
 or objnrate, obduracy or objuracy ; but objurately, uiiiuriileness, 
 without an alternative. In these last words occurs another error ; 
 the a in the third syllable is made short, as if pronounced rat — a 
 deviation from all good usage. 
 
 This notation of obdurate is inconsistent, also, with tiiat of in- 
 durate, and with that oi' obdure — an inconsistency which appears 
 to have no plausible pretext. 
 
 The conversion of d intoj before i is rejected, I believe, in all 
 words, by Jones, Perry, and Jameson, and before u is rejected 
 by Perry and Jameson, and in many words by Jones. It is a de- 
 parture from orthography wholly inexcusable. 
 
 12. Walker (Principles, No. lays it down as a rule, that 
 when a is preceded by the gutturals hard g or c, [he should have 
 said palatals,] it is, in polite pronunciation, softened by the inter- 
 vention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are 
 pronounced like heard, heart, gheard, regheard. Now, it is re- 
 markable that in the vocabulary or dictionary, the author has 
 departed from his rule, for in not one of the foregoing words, 
 except guard, nor in a multitude of other words which fall within 
 the rule, has he directed this sound of e before the following 
 vowel. Had he conformed to his own rule, he must have per- 
 verted the pronunciation of car, carbuncle, care, carcass, cardinal, 
 cargo, garden, garter, discard, and a long list of other words, too 
 long to be here enumerated. The English orthoepists now con- 
 fine this prepositive sound of e to guard, guaranty, guardian, 
 guile, hind, and a few others. The probable origin of this fault 
 has been already assigned, in treating of the letter u. It is an 
 affected pronunciation, which Nares calls "a monster, peculiar to 
 the stage." Indeed, this slender sound of e before anotlier vowel, 
 is wholly incompatible with that manly enunciation which is 
 peculiarly suited to the genius of the language. Perry and 
 Jameson have rejected it. 
 
 13. In the first edition of Walker's Dictionary, the author, 
 under the word tripod, ohsPTvca, that "all words of two syllables, 
 with the accent on the first, and having one consonant between 
 two vowels, ought to have the vowel in the first syllable long." 
 But this was too rash, for such words as cem'ent, des'crt, preface, 
 pres'ent, prof it, rcb'el, trop'ic, and a multitude of others, stand, 
 in the author's book, in direct opposition to his own rule. In a 
 subsequent edition, the author, or some other person, has qualified 
 the rule by an exception in favor of settled usage. This excep- 
 tion destroys the value of the rule ; and indeed there is, and there 
 can be, no rule applicable to words of this class. The pronuncia- 
 tion of the first vowel can be known only by the usage. 
 
 14. The derivatives of nation and ratio Walker and Jones 
 pronounce nash'onal, rash'onal. If this should be defended on 
 the ground of the shortening power of the antepenultimate ac- 
 cent, then let me ask why we have not nosh'onal from notion, 
 decosh'onal from devotion, probash'oncr from probation, stash'on- 
 ari/ from station? Why make rules and not apply them ? Why 
 indulge such palpable inconsistencies and multiply anomalies.' 
 
 15. Possess is, by the English orthoepists, pronounced puzzrss ; 
 but why not, then, pronounce assess, assist, assassin, concession, 
 obsession, with the sound of: ? Can any good reason be assigned 
 for ta&king possess an exception to the pronunciation of this class 
 
Ixvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 of words? This utterance of sounds through the nose is always 
 disagreeable to the ear, and should be restricted to words in 
 which usage is established. Good taste should rather induce a 
 limitation than an extension of this practice. This remark 
 applies also to some words beginning with dis, in which Walker 
 goes beyond other orthocpists in giving to s this nasal sound. 
 
 16. Walker lavs it down as a fact, that u has the sound of e 
 and 00 or yu. This is true in many words, as in union, unilc, 
 unanimitij, &c. Hence, according to his principle, u in these 
 words is to be pronounced rjunion, yunttc, without the letter y 
 prefixed. Yet he writes these and similar words with y, yuniun, 
 which, upon his principles, would prefix yic to the sound of yu, 
 and the pronunciation would be yuyunitc, or cooyunite. But his 
 notation of this sound of u is not uniform ; for he writes disu/tioii 
 and disunite without jj, though it must be as proper in the com- 
 pound as in the simple word. The same inconsistency occurs 
 laetween use, written yusc, yuze, and disuse, disuze. 
 
 17. There is a fault in Walker's notation of o, when it has the 
 sound of ou, the French ou. In the Key, he marks o, when it 
 has this sound, with the figure 2, and gives move as an example. 
 Then, according to his Key, o alone, when thus marked, sounds 
 as 00. But in the Vocabulary, he thus marks both vowels in 
 book, look, boot, and all similar words. Then, according to his 
 notation, each of the vowels has the sound of oo, and booh, look, 
 are to be pronounced boo-ook, loo-ook. He certainly did not in- 
 tend this ; but such is precisely his direction, or the result of his 
 notation ; and a foreigner, without counter-direction, must be led 
 into this pronunciation. 
 
 The same fault occurs in his notation of ee, as in meet and seek. 
 
 18. Volume, Walker and Jones pronounce vohjume, but this i.s 
 not exactly correct. Will it be said that in volume the u is long.-" 
 This is not tiie fact; at least I never heard it thus pronounced 
 either in England or America; it is always short in common 
 usage, i. e., has the first sound of «, shortened. 
 
 19. Ink, uncle, concord, concourse, concubine, are pronounced 
 by Walker, ingk, tingkl, kongkord, konghorsc, kongkubine ; and 
 these odious vulgarisms are offered for our adoption. There can 
 be no apology for such attempts to corrupt our language. 
 
 20. It is known that the word imagery is, by Walker and the 
 other orthocpists, pronounced in four syllables ; the final e of the 
 primitive word being detached from it, and uttered with r, as a 
 distinct syllable. Why savagery has escaped the same fate, I do 
 not know. It is obvious that, in negligent practice, these words 
 have often been thus pronounced. But tlie most correct pro- 
 nunciation retains the original word entire in the derivative, the 
 slight sound of c before r no more constituting a syllable, than it 
 does in more and mire. Take the following examples: — 
 
 Of marble stone was cut 
 An altar carv'd with cunning imagery. Spenser. 
 
 When in those oratories might you see 
 
 Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery. Dryden. 
 
 Your gift shall two large goblets be 
 Of silver, wrought with curious imagery. Dryden. 
 
 What can thy imagery of sorrow mean.' Prior. 
 
 Pronounced in four syllables, imagery, in these lines, makes 
 a syllable too much, and injures the measure, and in the last 
 example utterly destroys it. The true pronunciation of Spenser, 
 Dryden, and Prior, is the same as it always has been in my ele- 
 mentary books. [Although the same remarks may be applicable 
 to such words as bravery, finery, knavery, scenery, slavery, &c., 
 it has been thought best to make a distinct syllable of the e and 
 r, to avoid misunderstanding as to the sound intended.] 
 
 21. Formerly the words puissance, puissant, had the accent 
 on the second syllable ; although the poets seem, in some in- 
 stances, to have blended the four first letters into one syllable. 
 But the modern change of the accent to the first syllable, is not 
 in accordance with English analogies, and it impairs the measure 
 of many lines of poetry, in which these words occur. In the 
 adverb jmissantly, it has a very bad effect. 
 
 The foregoing observations extend to whole classes of words, 
 in which the genuine pronunciation has been changed, unsettled, 
 and perverted. It would be inconsistent with the limited nature 
 of this Introduction, to enter into an examination of every par- 
 ticular word of disputable pronunciation. It seems to be inex- 
 pedient and useless to bestow, as Walker has done, half a page, 
 or a page, on a single word, in attempting to settle some trifling 
 point, or, in many cases, to settle a point that, in this country, 
 has never been disputed. 
 
 To give a brief statement of the errors, diversities, and contra- 
 dictions of the principal schemes of orthoepy which have been 
 offered to the public, within the last half century, two classes of 
 words only will be sufficient as specimens. 
 
 The following lists are not complete, but they comprehend the 
 greatest number of words in their respective classes. The dates 
 at the head of the columns, designate the year when the Dic- 
 tionaries in my possession were published, indicating nearly, but 
 not exactly, the origin of each scheme. In the orthography, I 
 have given the letters used by each author, in the syllable which 
 contains the difference of pronunciation ; in the others, I have 
 followed the common orthography. 
 
 Sheridan. 
 
 IValker. 
 
 Jones. 
 
 Perry. 
 
 Jameson. 
 
 1784. 
 
 1794. 
 
 1798. 
 
 1805. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Abbrcvyature, 
 
 Abbroveatshure, 
 
 Abbreviature, 
 
 Abbrev'iature, 
 
 Abbrcveature. 
 
 Accentuate, 
 
 Accentshuate, 
 
 Accentuate, 
 
 Accentuate, 
 
 Accentuate. 
 
 Accentuation, 
 
 Accentshuation, 
 
 Accentuation, 
 
 Accentuation, 
 
 Accentuation. 
 
 Actual, 
 
 Actsh ual, 
 
 Actual, 
 
 Actual, 
 
 Actual. 
 
 Actuate, «&c., 
 
 Actshiiate, 
 
 Actuate, 
 
 Actuate, 
 
 Actuate. 
 
 .\dniikstshur. 
 
 Admikstshure, 
 
 Admixture, 
 
 Admixture, 
 
 Admixture. 
 
 Adventuil, 
 
 Adventshual, 
 
 Adventual, 
 
 Adventual, 
 
 Adventual. 
 
 Ad ventshur. 
 
 Adventshure, 
 
 Adventure, 
 
 Adventure, 
 Agriculture, 
 
 Adventure. 
 
 Agriculture, 
 
 Agricultshure, 
 Apertsliure, 
 
 Agriculture, 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Aperture, 
 
 Aperture, 
 Architcctsliure, 
 
 Aperture, 
 
 Aperture. 
 
 Arkitoktshur, 
 
 Architoctshure, 
 
 Architecture, 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 Armature, 
 
 Armatshure, 
 
 Armature, 
 
 Armature. 
 
 
 Artuatc, 
 
 Artshuate, 
 
 Artuate, 
 
 
 
 Attaintsliur, 
 
 Attaintshure, 
 
 Attainture, 
 
 Attainture. 
 
 
 Aventshur, 
 
 A vcntsliure. 
 
 Aventure, 
 
 
 A vc^nture. 
 
 Befortun(>, 
 
 Befortshune, 
 
 Bel'ortune, 
 
 Befortuiio, 
 
 Be fortune. 
 
 Hountyus, 
 
 Bountoheous, 
 
 Bounteous, 
 
 Bounteous, 
 
 Bounteous. 
 
 ('alinture. 
 
 Calentshure, 
 
 Calentu re. 
 
 Calenture, 
 
 Calenture. 
 
 (capitulate. 
 
 (."apitulnte. 
 
 Ca])itulate, 
 
 Capitulate, 
 
 Capitulate. 
 
 Capsular, 
 
 ('apshular. 
 
 Ca|)sluilar, 
 
 Capsular, 
 
 Cajisular. 
 
 Captnliur, 
 
 Cajitslmre, 
 
 Ca[)tsliur, 
 Cartulary, 
 
 Captu re. 
 
 Capture. 
 
 Cartulary, 
 
 Cartshulary, 
 
 Cartulary, 
 
 Cartulary. 
 
 Celature, 
 
 Celatsh urc, 
 
 Celatshure, 
 
 Celature, 
 
 Celature. 
 
 CinclHliur, 
 
 Cinctshiire, 
 
 Cincture, 
 
 Cincture, 
 
 Cingkture. 
 
 ('lauHhur, 
 
 Clau/.liure, 
 
 Clauzhure, 
 
 Clauzhure, 
 
 Clauzhur. 
 
 CoinmonHurate, 
 
 Comiiicnshurate, 
 
 Conimensliuratc, 
 
 Commensurate, 
 
 Conimensurnti.' 
 
 Coininutiial, 
 
 ('omiiiutsliu.il, 
 
 Coinmutshual, 
 
 Comniutual, 
 
 Commutual. 
 
 Cornpactshur, 
 Compuatuhur, 
 
 Coin])actshiiri', 
 
 ('ompiictiirc. 
 
 Conipacture, 
 
 Coinpacture. 
 
 Compos tiihurc, 
 
 Compostshure, 
 
 Coniposturo. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 S/icridtiH. 
 
 Wnlher 
 
 JOJIPS. 
 
 PerTij. 
 
 Jameson. 
 
 1 / o4 . 
 
 1 TdJ 
 
 1 / :M . 
 
 I 4 Jo. 
 
 J oOo. 
 
 lH!i7. 
 
 Concrclsliur, 
 
 Ooncrctsh ure, 
 
 (Joncretsluire, 
 
 Concreture, 
 
 Concr<'ture. 
 
 
 Coufjratsliulate J 
 
 (Jongratulatc, 
 
 Con t^ratu late, 
 
 Congratulate. 
 
 Coiijt'ctshur, 
 
 Oon jectsliure, 
 
 (_/onj(»ctur, 
 
 Conjecture. 
 
 Conjecture. 
 
 Ooii j unctshurj 
 
 Oonj unctshur6j 
 
 (Jonjunctur, 
 Cvon natshural, 
 
 Conjuncture, 
 
 Conjunkture 
 
 OouiKiturul, 
 
 (Jon natshural J 
 
 Connatural, 
 
 Connatural. 
 
 (Joiistitucnt) 
 
 (Jonstitshucnt, 
 
 C/onstitucnt, 
 
 Constituent, 
 
 Constituent. 
 
 Constructshur, 
 
 (Jonstructsiiurc, 
 
 Con structure. 
 
 Constructure, 
 
 Constructure 
 
 (^oiitcxtshur^ 
 
 (-> on tc X tsh u re , 
 
 (Jontextshure, 
 
 Contexture, 
 
 Contexture. 
 
 (Jon vciilu;il, 
 
 Conventshual, 
 
 (Jon ventual, 
 
 Conventual, 
 
 Conventual. 
 
 (J u u t rn 3. t u r (1 1 
 
 Countcrnatshural, 
 
 CounternaturaJ, 
 
 Counternatural. 
 
 
 
 I.j^n »*t4;Mr»r\i'ia 
 
 
 Curtcheous, 
 
 vyourteous. 
 
 (Jrt*iit-sliur, 
 
 1 . rof c li 1 1 ri» 
 i I, loll u i l , 
 
 V_y 1 I. uLOllUltJ, 
 
 Creature, 
 
 
 Cullsliur, 
 
 (Jultshuro, 
 
 Culture, 
 
 Culture, 
 
 Culture. 
 
 Oebentsliuro, 
 
 Debenture, 
 
 Debenture, 
 
 Debenture. 
 
 
 Oococtshure, 
 
 Decocture, 
 
 Decocture, 
 
 Decocture. 
 
 1) fV' IltsllUTj 
 
 Oefeatshure, 
 
 Defeature, 
 
 Defeature. 
 
 
 Dcj t?c tsllur J 
 
 Dejectshure, 
 
 Dejecture, 
 
 Dejecture. 
 
 • 
 
 Dejecture. 
 
 Oc piirtsliurj 
 
 Dcpartshure, 
 
 Departshurc, 
 
 Departure, 
 
 Departure. 
 
 Dictatshur, 
 D iscotnfitsliurj 
 
 Dictatshure, 
 
 Dictature, 
 Discoinfity ure, 
 
 
 Dictature. 
 
 Disconifityure, 
 
 Uiscorntiture, 
 
 Discomfiture 
 
 T 1 it"r>r»ii T'tciiiio 
 
 Discourtshus, 
 
 Discourteous, 
 
 Discurcheous, 
 
 Discourteous 
 
 1 till T 1 1) rn 1 1 
 
 13 isnatsliuraiize, 
 
 Disnaturalize, 
 
 Disnaturalize, 
 
 Disnaturalize 
 
 JL) isiiiitsh iirt'd^ 
 
 Oisnatshured, 
 
 Disnatshured, 
 
 Disnatured. 
 
 
 D ivostsliUTj 
 
 Di vestshure, 
 
 Divestshure, 
 
 Divesture, 
 
 Divesture. 
 
 1 1 n 1 n c 
 XJ U U > XlOj 
 
 rjiIcClUal) 
 
 Duteous or Outsheous, 
 
 D uteous, 
 
 Duteous, 
 
 Duteous. 
 
 Effectshual, 
 
 Effectual, 
 
 Effectual, 
 
 JliUectual. 
 
 Linra.ptshur, 
 
 Enraptshure, 
 
 Enraptshure, 
 
 Enrapture, 
 
 Enrapture. 
 
 s t im r^' ^ 
 
 Estshuary , 
 
 Estuary, 
 Estuate, 
 
 Estuary, 
 
 Estuary. 
 
 r'jstuiitp, 
 
 Estshuate, 
 
 r^stuate, 
 
 Estuate. 
 
 1'^ vt^ntiinl, 
 
 Eventshual, 
 
 ventual, 
 
 Eventual, 
 
 Eventual. 
 
 lljXpOStuliltCj 
 
 Expostshulate, 
 
 Expostulate, 
 
 Expostulate, 
 
 Expostulate 
 
 Factsliurj 
 
 Factshure, 
 
 Facture, 
 
 Facture, 
 
 Facture. 
 
 Fastuous, 
 
 Fastshuous, 
 
 Fastshuous, 
 
 Fastuous. 
 
 
 I* oatsliiir. 
 
 Featshure, 
 
 Featshure, 
 
 Feature, 
 
 r eteyer. 
 
 r isLUia, 
 
 r istsnuia, 
 
 Fistshula, 
 
 Fistula, 
 
 Fistula. 
 
 h latul<?ncGj 
 
 Flatshulence, 
 
 Flatulen ce. 
 
 Flatulence, 
 
 Flatulence. 
 
 I latiiouSj 
 
 Flatsliuous, 
 
 Flatuous, 
 
 Flatuous. 
 
 
 I' luctuatc- 
 
 Fluctshuate, 
 
 Fluctuate, 
 
 Fluctuate, 
 
 r luctuate. 
 
 i* ortun6, 
 
 Fortshune, 
 
 Fortshune, 
 
 Fortune, 
 
 Fortune. 
 
 t ractshur, 
 
 Fractshure, 
 
 Fractshure, 
 
 Fracture, 
 
 Fracture. 
 
 Frucluous," 
 
 Fructshuous, 
 
 Fructuous, 
 
 Fructuous, 
 
 Fructuous. 
 
 I* UtsllUTj 
 
 Futshure, 
 
 Futshur, 
 
 Future, 
 
 Futyure. 
 
 Grarnitsllur, 
 
 (jarnitshure, 
 
 Garniture, 
 
 Garniture, 
 
 Garniture. 
 
 (jroslsliur, 
 
 Gestshure, 
 
 Gestshure, 
 
 Gesture, 
 
 Gesture. 
 
 GrratiilatG J 
 
 Crratshulate, 
 
 Gratulatc, 
 
 Gratulate, 
 
 Gratulate. 
 
 (jruttural J 
 
 Guttshural, 
 
 Oiif f nrni 
 Vjr U t L U r (1 1 , 
 
 Guttural, 
 
 cultural . 
 
 Ifnhitiiit 
 
 J. AclUILUiXl. 
 
 rl rtT"t itcillH* 
 1 11.' 1 (.ll^lllLblllirj 
 
 Plahitshual, 
 I^orticultshurc, 
 
 r-i iritfiii 1 
 JXitUIlUdl, 
 
 Habitual, 
 
 Habitual. 
 
 l-i r\»"tif*ii It 11 »*<» 
 
 X 1 uriiL' uiiure. 
 
 Horticulture 
 
 Horticulture. 
 
 ^^ortulan, 
 
 Hortshulan, 
 
 Hortulan, 
 
 Hortulan, 
 
 Hortulan. 
 
 1 llnatslinr^ 
 
 Illnatshure, 
 
 Illnatshure, 
 
 lUnature, 
 
 Illnatyur. 
 
 lnini6nsliur3.blG| 
 
 Ininienshurable, 
 
 I niniensh arable. 
 
 Inimenshurable, 
 
 Immcnsurablt 
 
 Impetuous, 
 
 Inipetshuous, 
 
 Impetshuous, 
 
 Impetuous, 
 
 Impetuous. 
 
 I niporlunatc J 
 
 
 I ni portsh u n ate , 
 
 Importunate, 
 
 Importunate. 
 
 I rupostsliUTi 
 
 1 nipostshure, 
 
 Impostshure, 
 
 Imposture, 
 
 Impostyur. 
 
 Incestuous^ 
 
 Incestshuous, 
 
 Incestshuous, 
 
 Incestuous, 
 
 Incestuous. 
 
 1 n do ntsliur* 
 
 Indentshure, 
 
 Indentshure, 
 InefFectshual, 
 
 Indenture, 
 
 Indentyur. 
 
 1 n (» frPf 1 1 n 1 
 lilt. ilL^LUillf 
 
 Ineffectshual, 
 
 Ineffectual, 
 
 Ineffectual. 
 
 1 lllu-LLltJ. Lt- J 
 
 Insculptshur, 
 
 1 nfatshuatc, 
 
 Infatuate, 
 Insculptshure, 
 
 Infatuate, 
 
 Infatuate. 
 
 Insculptshure, 
 
 Insculpture, 
 
 Insculptyur. 
 
 X lis lA 1 (11 . 
 
 Insh ular. 
 
 Insular, 
 
 Insular, 
 
 Insular. 
 
 I nsulatod ^ 
 
 Inshulatod, 
 
 Insulated, 
 
 Insulated, 
 
 Insulated. 
 
 Intellectual^ 
 
 Intellectshual, 
 
 Intcllectshual, 
 
 Intellectual, 
 
 Intellectual. 
 
 Jointshur, 
 
 Joinlshure, 
 
 Jointure, 
 
 Jointure, 
 
 Jointyur. 
 
 J u n ctshuTj 
 
 J unktshure, 
 
 Junctshure, 
 
 Juncture, 
 
 Junctyur. 
 
 Lectshur, 
 Leo^islatshur, 
 
 Lectshure, 
 
 Lectshure, 
 
 Lecture, 
 
 Lecty ur. 
 
 Eei^islatshurej 
 
 Legislature, 
 
 Legislature, 
 
 Legislatyur 
 
 JNlantua^ 
 
 iVlantshua, 
 INlan ufactshure^ 
 
 Mantua, 
 
 Mantua, 
 
 Mantua. 
 
 Alanufactshur, 
 
 Manufactshure, 
 
 Manufacture, 
 
 Manufactyur. 
 
 Maturate J 
 
 IVIatsh urate, 
 Mcnshurable, 
 
 Matshurate, 
 
 Maturate, 
 
 Maturate. 
 
 IVIeiisliurabley 
 
 Menshurable, 
 
 Mensurable, 
 
 Mensurable. 
 
 Meteor, 
 
 M isTortsliunj 
 
 Aleteor or Metsheor, 
 
 Meteor, 
 
 Meteor, 
 
 Meteor. 
 
 iVl itiiwirtvli M np 
 
 J>'AI91W1 LSIIUIK,, 
 
 ]VI isfortsh une, 
 
 M isfortune, 
 
 Alisfortune . 
 
 Mixtshur, 
 
 Mixtshure, 
 
 Mixtshure, 
 
 Mixture, 
 
 Mixtyur. 
 
 Moistshur, 
 
 Moistshure, 
 
 Moistshure, 
 
 Moisture, 
 
 Moistyur. 
 
 Morshur, 
 
 Morshure, 
 
 Morsliure, 
 
 Morshure. 
 
 Mutshual, 
 
 Mutshual, 
 
 Mutshual, 
 
 Mutual, 
 
 Mutual. 
 
 Natshur, 
 
 Natshure, 
 
 Natshur, 
 
 Natchure, 
 
 Nateyur. 
 
 Natshural, 
 
 Natshural, 
 
 Nattshural, 
 
 Natural, 
 
 Natural. 
 
Ixviii 
 
 INTRODUCTION . 
 
 Sheridan. 
 17ti4. 
 Noctshuary, 
 Nurtshur, 
 Overtshur, 
 Paintshur, 
 Pastsliur, 
 Peninshula, 
 Periostshum, 
 Perpetshual, 
 Perpetshuity, 
 Pictshur, 
 Piteous, 
 Plentshus, 
 Postshur, 
 Postshulate, 
 Presumptuous, 
 Projectshur, 
 Promptshur, 
 Punctshual, 
 Punctshur, 
 Pustshul, 
 Raptshur, 
 Recapittshulate, 
 Ritshnal, 
 Ruptshur, 
 Sanctshuary, 
 Satshurate, 
 Scriptshur, 
 Sculptshur, 
 Septshuagint, 
 Sittshuate, 
 Spirittshual, 
 Sportshul, 
 Stattshuary, 
 Stattshu, 
 Stattshur, 
 Stattshut, 
 Strictshur, 
 Structshur, 
 Suuiptshuous, 
 Shootshur, 
 Tarantshula, 
 Tempestuous, 
 Tenshur, 
 Textshuary, 
 Textshur, 
 Tinctshur, 
 Titshular, 
 Tortshur, 
 Tortshuous, 
 Tritshuration, 
 Tshoomultshuous, 
 Unctsliuous, 
 Unstattshutable, 
 Vestshur, 
 Ventsliur, 
 Veolentchelo, 
 Vertshu, 
 Vitshuline, 
 Voluptshuous, 
 Vultshur, 
 Waflshur, 
 
 Walker. 
 17i>4. 
 Noctshuary, 
 Nurtshure, 
 Overtshure, 
 Paintsliure, 
 Pastsliure, 
 Peninshula, 
 Periostshum, 
 Perpetshual, 
 Perpetuity, 
 Pictshure, 
 Pitcheous, 
 Plentshus, 
 Postshure, 
 Postshulate, 
 Prezumtshuous, 
 Projectshure, 
 Promptshure, 
 Punctshual, 
 Punctshure, 
 Pustshule, 
 Raptsliure, 
 Recapittshulate, 
 Ritshual, 
 Ruptshure, 
 Sanctshuary, 
 Satshurate, 
 Scriptshure, 
 Sculptshure, 
 Septshuagint, 
 Sittshuate, 
 Spirittshual, 
 Sportshule, 
 Stattshuary, 
 Stattshu, 
 Stattshure, 
 Stattshute, 
 Strictshure, 
 Structshure, 
 Sumptshuous, 
 Sutshure, 
 Tarantshula, 
 Tempestshuous, 
 Tenshure, 
 Textshuary, 
 Textshure, 
 Tinctshure, 
 Tittshular, 
 Tortshure, 
 Tortshuous, 
 Tritshuration, 
 Tuniultshuous, 
 Ungktshuous, 
 Unstattshutable, 
 Vcstshure, 
 Vcntshure, 
 Veolentshelo, 
 Vertshu, 
 Vitshuline, 
 Voluptshuous, 
 Vultshure, 
 VVaftshure, 
 
 Jones. 
 
 1798. 
 Noctuary, 
 Nurtshure, 
 Overture, 
 Paintshure, 
 Pastsliure, 
 Peninshula, 
 Periosteum, 
 Perpetshual, 
 Perpetuity, 
 Pictshur, 
 Piteous, 
 Plenteous, 
 Postshure, 
 Postshulate, 
 Prezumtshuous, 
 Projectshure, 
 Promptshure, 
 Punctual, 
 Punctshure, 
 Pustshule, 
 Raptshur, 
 Recapittshulate, 
 Ritshual, 
 Ruptshure, 
 Sanctuary, 
 Satshurate, 
 Scriptshure, 
 Sculptshure, 
 Septuagint, 
 Situate, 
 Spirittshual, 
 Sportshule. 
 Stattshuary, 
 Stattshu, 
 Stattshure, 
 Stattshute, 
 Strictshure, 
 Structshure, 
 Sumtshuous, 
 Sutshure, 
 Tarantshula, 
 Tempestshuous, 
 Tenshure, 
 Textshuary, 
 Textshure, 
 Tinctshure, 
 Titshular, 
 Tortshure, 
 Tortshuous, 
 Tritshuration, 
 Tumultsliuous, 
 Unctuous, 
 Unstattshutable, 
 Vestshure, 
 Ventshure, 
 Vcolonchelo, 
 Vertshu, 
 Vitshuline, 
 Voluptshuous, 
 Vultshure, 
 Waftshure, 
 
 Perry. 
 Iri05. 
 Noctuary, 
 Nurture, 
 Overture, 
 Painture. 
 Pasture, 
 Peninsula, 
 Periosteum, 
 Perpetual, 
 Perpetuity, 
 Picture, 
 Piteous, 
 Plenteous, 
 Posture, 
 Postulate, 
 Presumptuous, 
 Projecture, 
 Prompture, 
 Punctual, 
 Puncture, 
 PustJle, 
 Rapture, 
 Recapitulate, 
 Ritual, 
 Rupture, 
 Sanctuary, 
 Saturate, 
 Scripture, 
 Sculpture, 
 Septuagint, 
 Situate, 
 Spiritual, 
 
 Statuary, 
 
 Statu, 
 
 Stature, 
 
 Statute, 
 
 Stricture, 
 
 Structure, 
 
 Sumptuous, 
 
 Suture, 
 
 Tarantula, 
 
 Tempestuous, 
 
 Tenshur, 
 
 Textuary, 
 
 Texture, 
 
 Tincture, 
 
 Titular, 
 
 Torture, 
 
 Tortuous, 
 
 Triturate, 
 
 Tumultuous, 
 
 Unctuous, 
 
 Unstatutable. 
 
 Vesture, 
 
 Venture, 
 
 Violoncello, 
 
 Virtue, 
 
 Vituline. 
 
 Voluptuous, 
 
 Vulture, 
 
 Waflurc. 
 
 Jameson. 
 \&.>7. 
 Noctuary. 
 Nurtyur. 
 Overture. 
 
 Pastyur. 
 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Periosteum. 
 
 Perpetual. 
 
 Perpetuity. 
 
 Pictyur. 
 
 Piteous. 
 
 Plenteous. 
 
 Postyur. 
 
 Postulate. 
 
 Presumptuous. 
 
 Projecture. 
 
 Promptyur. 
 
 Pungtual. 
 
 Pungktyur. 
 
 Pustule. 
 
 Raptyur 
 
 Recapitulate. 
 
 Ritual. 
 
 Ruptyur. 
 
 Sangktuary. 
 
 Saturate. 
 
 Scriptyur. 
 
 Scuiptyur. 
 
 Septuagint. 
 
 Situate. 
 
 Spiritual. 
 
 Statuary. 
 
 Statu. 
 
 Statyur. 
 
 Statute. 
 
 Strictyur. 
 
 Structynr. 
 
 Sumptuous. 
 
 Suteyur. 
 
 Tarantula. 
 
 Tempestuous. 
 
 Tenshur. 
 
 Textuary. 
 
 Textyur. 
 
 Tingktyur. 
 
 Titular. 
 
 Tortyur. 
 
 Tortuous. 
 
 Trituration. 
 
 Tumultuous. 
 
 Ungktuous 
 
 Vestyur. 
 Ventyur. 
 Veolontsello. 
 Virtu. 
 
 Voluptuous. 
 Vultyur. 
 
 This ta1)le of words may, perhaps, be thought a burlesque on 
 English orthoepy. It certainly presents a phenomenon altogether 
 novel in the history of language. 
 
 Of these five authorities, the notation of Perry, with the ex- 
 ception of a few words ending in vrc, is most nearly accordant 
 to tlie present usage in England, as far as my observations, while 
 in that country, extended. That of Walker is by far the most 
 remote from that usage. From an actual enumeration of the 
 Byllablea in certain classes of words in which the vowel is errone- 
 ously pronounced, in Walker's scheme, I have ascertained that 
 the number amounts to more than ttoelve thousand, without 
 including B(*veral classes of unaccented syllables, which would 
 swell the niiiilber by some thousands. Of this whole number, I 
 did not, ivliilc in England, hear one vowel pronounced according 
 to Walker's notation. The zeal manifested in this country to 
 
 make his pronunciation a standard, is absolute infatuation, as, 
 if adopted in its full extent, it would introduce many differences 
 in the pronunciation of words in the two countries, in which 
 sameness now exists; and even the attempt, should it not be 
 successful, must multiply discordancies and distract opinions, 
 and thus place the desired uniformity at a greater distance than 
 ever. Fortunately, Walker's pronunciation has never been gen- 
 erally received in England, and where it has been received, we 
 see, by Jameson's Dictionary, that it is becoming unpopular and 
 obsolete. Walker's pronunciation of several classes of words 
 is also condemned by Jones and Knowles. 
 
 We observe in the following list, that the three first of these 
 orthoepists have no rule by which their pronunciation is regulated. 
 Mence the want of uniformity' in words of like orthography. 
 See bounteous, courteous, duteous, and plenteous. Why should 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 plentious bo reduced to two syllables, when hountc.ovs is pro- 
 nounced in three? And wliat reason can bo assigned for the 
 ditlerent notation of capitulate and recapitulate.? 
 
 A remarkable instance of inconsistency in Walker's notation, 
 occurs in words of more syllables tlian two, ending in turc. 
 Thus we find turc converted into cliure [tshure] in 
 
 Abbreviatshure. 
 
 Adinixtshure. 
 
 Adventshuro. 
 
 Agricultshure. 
 
 Aperlsluire. 
 
 Attaintsliure. 
 
 A venlshure. 
 
 Celatsliure. 
 
 Calentshure. 
 
 Conipactshure. 
 
 Conipostsliure. 
 
 Concretsluire. 
 
 Conjeclshure. 
 
 Conjunctsliuro. 
 
 Contextshure. 
 
 Debentshure. 
 
 Decoc tshure. 
 
 Defeatshure. 
 
 Dejoctshure. 
 
 Departsliure. 
 
 Dictatshuro. 
 
 Divcslshurc. 
 
 Impostshuro. 
 
 Indentshure. 
 
 Ovortshuro. 
 
 I'rojoctshure. 
 
 But in the following words the terminating syllable remains 
 unaltered. 
 
 IHiterature. Literature. Prelaturo. 
 
 Inti inporature. Miniature. Quadrature. 
 
 Investiture. Nunciature. Serrature. 
 
 Judicature. Nutriturc. Signature. 
 
 Ligature. Prefecture. Temperature. 
 
 Limature. 
 
 In this class of words, Sheridan and Jones are also inconsistent 
 with themselves, though not to the same extent as Walker. 
 Perry and Jameson retain, in all these words, the true orthog- 
 rapliy and pronunciation. In these words, also, Walker gives to 
 !/, in the last sj'Uablc, its first or long sound ; but this is an in- 
 accurate notation ; tlio sound is that of the long u, shortened, 
 at least so far as my observation extends, either in England or 
 the United States. 
 
 In the following classes of words, as pronounced by Walker, 
 there is either error or inconsistency, or both. 
 
 Assidjuous. 
 
 Commcdious or Commojeus. 
 Credjulous. 
 Dividual or Dividjual. 
 Fastidious or Fastidjeous. 
 Gradient or Grajcent. 
 Gradual or Gradjual. 
 Guardian or Guarjean. 
 Hideus or Hidjeous. 
 Immediacy or Immojoasy. 
 Incendiarv or Incenjeary. 
 Individual or Individjual. 
 Jngrejent [for hioredlont.] 
 Insidious or Insidjeus. 
 Intermedial or Intermejeal. 
 Invidious or Invidjeus. 
 Mediocrity or Mejoocrity. 
 Medium or Mejeum. 
 Melodious or Melojeus. 
 Meridian or Meridjean. 
 Modulate or Modjulate. 
 Nidjulation. 
 Nodjule. 
 
 Noctidyal or Noctidjeal. 
 
 Obejecnce. 
 Obejeent. 
 
 Obduracy or Objuracy. 
 
 Obdurate or Obj urate. 
 
 Occidjuus. 
 
 Odium or Ojeum. 
 
 Ojus or Ojeus. 
 
 Ordeal or Orjeal. 
 
 Penjulous. 
 
 Penjulum. 
 
 Predial or Prejeal. 
 
 Prelujeus. 
 
 Presidjeal. 
 
 Procejure. 
 
 Quotijean. 
 
 Radiate or Rajeate. 
 
 Radiant or Rajeant. 
 
 Radius or Rajeuis. 
 
 Reziiljual. 
 
 Sardius or Sarjeus. 
 
 Sedulous or Sedjulous. 
 
 Studious or Stujeus. 
 
 Tedious or Tejeus. 
 
 It would seem that, in a large part of these words, we may 
 take our choice, cither to retain the proper sound of d, or to 
 convert it into that of_;'. This choice certainly makes an odd 
 kind of standard. But why mediate should retain the sound of 
 (/, while iviviediacij and medium suffer a change ; or why radiate 
 should be given in the alternative, radiate or rajealc, while irra- 
 diate and irradiance arc not subjected to any change ; or why 
 obedience should be changed into obcjeence, and disobedience re- 
 main unchanged, 1 am not able to conjecture. 
 
 * Walker'fi Dictionary 1ms been tnunpctfil, in this country, as the standard of 
 orthoepy in F.ngliind. This i.s so far from the truth, that three later compilers 
 of pnmouncing dictionaries, living in London, have expressly condemned his 
 pronunciation in whole classes of words. 
 
 Walker's notation of a before s, in such words as lass, last, past, i;iving a the 
 short sound it has in fun, lack, is condemned by Jones, who calls it a mincinir, 
 modern affrctation. Walker's givinj to oo in look, took, and others, the same 
 soiuid a.s in tonik, tout, is condemned by the same author. Walker's givin;; to 
 the short i and ;( the sound of ee or Ions in such words as glonj, probity, 
 which, by his notation, are to be pronounced irloree, probtetee, Jones pronounces 
 to be ludicrous. This error extends to more than eleven thou-sanil s.\ llables. 
 
 Walker's change of the sound of d into that of j, in certain clas.scs of words, 
 
 K 
 
 These classes of words exhibit a specimen of the modern 
 ORTiioKPV, so called, of our language; it is indeed a brief and 
 imjjerfi'ct specimen, for 1 have ascertained by actual enumera- 
 tion, that a catalogue of all the differences of notation in these 
 authors, would comprehend about one third of all the words in 
 their vocabularies. Amidst this mass of errors and contradic- 
 tions, our consolation is, that the good sense of the English 
 nation, a learned and respectable people, is triumphing over the 
 follies and caprices of fashion, and frowning on this most mis- 
 chievous spirit of innovation." 
 
 In proportion as the importance of settled usages and of pre- 
 serving inviolate the i)roper sounds of letters, as the true and 
 only safe landmarks of pronunciation, shall be appreciated by an 
 enlightened people, just in that proportion will all attempts of 
 afiected speakers to innovate upon such established usages, be 
 reprobated and resisted. 
 
 The intentions of the men who have undertaken to give a 
 standard of pronunciation, have, uncpiestionably, been upright 
 and sincere ; but facts have proved that instead of good, they 
 have, on the whole, done harm; for instead of reducing the pro- 
 nunciation of words to uniformity, they have, to a considerable 
 extent, unsettled it, and multiplied difteronces. The whole 
 process of these attempts, from Sheridan's first publication, is 
 within my memory ; and I am confident that, whatever has been 
 the cftect of these attempts in Great Britain, the result of them, 
 in the United States, has been to multiply greatly the diversities 
 of pronunciation. And sudi is t)ie present state of the authori- 
 ties, offered as standards, that it is impossible, from books, to, 
 gain a correct knowledge of what is the general usage. If I had 
 no other means of knowing this general usage, than the English 
 books, I should be utterly unable to ascertain it, and should give 
 up the attempt as hopeless. t 
 
 Some of the difi'eronces of notation, in the several books, may 
 be rather apparent than real ; but with all due allowance for this 
 imperfection of the schemes, I am persuaded that there are ten 
 difl'erences among these orthoepists, where there is one in the 
 actual pronunciation of respectable people in England and the 
 United States ; and in most of them the notation, if strictly fol- 
 lowed, will lead to ten differences of pronunciation, where one 
 only now exists in the actual practice of the two countries. 
 
 This effect of multiplying doubts and diversities has resulted 
 from very obvious causes. 
 
 1. The limited acquaintance of orthoepists with the general 
 usage, and their taking the pronunciation of London, or some 
 dialect or local practice in that city, for the best usage. The 
 propagation of such a dialectical or peculiar practice would of 
 course disturb the uniformity of any other practice in other parts 
 of England or in this country. 
 
 2. "The difficulty, or rather impracticability, of representing 
 sounds, and nice distinctions of sound, on paper; especially in 
 unaccented syllables. 
 
 3. The partiality of authors for the practice of particular 
 speakers, either stage players or others, which would lead them 
 to denominate that the best practice which had been adopted by 
 their favorites. 
 
 4. A spirit of fastidious hypercriticism, which has led writers 
 to make minute distinctions, that are liable to be disputed, and 
 which tend only to perplex the inquirer, and generate uncertainty 
 or diversity, where no essential diflerence had previously ex- 
 isted in practice. This spirit is continually producing new books 
 and ni;w schemes of orthoepy, and every additional book serves 
 only to increase the difficulty of uniting opinions and establishing 
 uniformit}-. 
 
 This view of the subject is probably the most favorable that 
 can be presented. The real fact seems to bo this : these men 
 have taken for the standard what they were pleased to call the 
 best usaire, which, in many cases, is a local usage, or some favor- 
 ite peculiarity of particular speakers, at least if they have had 
 any authority at all ; or they have given the pronunciation which 
 
 is condemned by Jameson, lie remarks that \\'alker*s ailjulation for adulation; 
 compeiijeiim for compendium ; intrrrjcut for ingredient, if spoken with solemnity, 
 would be intolerable. He condemns, also, \N'alker's change of (u into tsh, in 
 such words as congrat.-ihulntion, ftntshnlent, vatshnral. This pronunciation, 
 Knowles, a still later compiler, declares to be absolute pedantry and eulganty, 
 
 t The multiplicity of books for instnictini us in our vernacular lancuage, is 
 an evil of no small maiinitudR. Kvery man has some peculiar notions which he 
 wishes to propagate, and there is scarcely any peculiarity or absurdity for which 
 some authority may not be found. 'J"he facility of book-making favors this dis- 
 position ; and while a chief qualification for authorship is a dextrous use of an 
 inverted pen, and a pair of scissors, we are not to expect relief from the evil. 
 
Ixx 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 happened to please their fancy, though not authorized by usage 
 In this manner they liave attempted to bend the common usage 
 to their particular fancies. 
 
 It has been in this manner, by presenting to tlie public local 
 or particular practice, or mere innovation, for a standard, instead 
 of general or national usage, that the authors above mentioned 
 have unsettled the pronunciation of many words, and multiplied 
 diversities of practice. These attempts to obtrude local usage on 
 the public, and bend to it the general or national usage, are the 
 boldest assumptions of authority in language that the history of 
 literature has ever e.xhibited. In England, however, these pre- 
 tensions to direct the pronunciation of the nation, have less effect 
 than they have in the United States, for this obvious reason, that 
 in England pronunciation is regulated almost e.xclusively by the 
 practice of the higher classes of society, and not by books; hence, 
 if books do not e.Khibit the customarj' pronunciation, tlie falsity 
 of notation is easilv detected, and the work which offers it is 
 neglected. But in this country, where the people resort chiefly 
 to books for rules of pronunciation, a false notation of sounds 
 operates as a deception, and misleads the inquirer. How long 
 the citizens of this country will submit to tlicse impositions, time 
 only can determine. 
 
 The English language, when pron lunced according to the 
 genuine composition of its words, is a nervous, masculine lan- 
 guao-e, well adapted to popular eloquence; and it is not improb- 
 able that there may be some connection between this manly 
 character of the language and the freedom of the British and 
 American constitutions. They may, perhaps, act and react upon 
 each other mutually, as cause and effect, and each contribute to 
 the preservation of the other. At the same time, the language 
 is by no means incapable of poetical sweetness and melody. 
 The attempts to refine upon the pronunciation, within the last 
 half century, have, in my opinion, added notliing to its smooth- 
 ness and sweetness, but have very much impaired its strength of 
 expression as well as its regularity. The attempts to banish the 
 Italian sound of «, and to introduce the sound of e before i and u, 
 as in Linii, guard, did]], &ic., ought to be resisted, as injurious to 
 I'le manly character of the genuine English pronunciation.* 
 
 In order to produce and preserve a tolerable degree of uni- 
 formity, and the genuine purity of our language, two things 
 appear to bo indispensable, viz., 
 
 1. To reject the practice of noting the sounds of the vowels in 
 the unaccented syllables. Let any man, in genteel society or in 
 public, pronounce the distinct sound of a in the last syllable of 
 important, or the distinct sound of e, in the terminations less and 
 ness, as in hopeless, happiness, and he would pass for a most in- 
 elegant speaker. Indeed, so different is tiie slight sound of a 
 great part of the unaccented vowels, in elegant pronunciation, 
 from that which is directed in books of orthoepy, tliat no man 
 can possibly acquire the nicer distinction of sounds, by means of 
 books ; distinctions which no characters yet invented can express. 
 Elegant pronunciation can be learned only by the ear. The 
 French and Italians, whose languages are so popular in Europe, 
 have never attempted to teach the sounds of their letters by a 
 system of notation embracing the finer sounds of tlie vowels. 
 
 2. To preserve Jiurity and uniformity in pronunciation, it is 
 necessary to banish from use all books which change the ortliog- 
 rapliy of words, to adapt the pronunciation to tlie fashion of the 
 day. The scheme now pursued is llie most misciiievous project 
 for corrupting the language that human ingenuity ever devised. 
 By removing the landmarks of language, all the fences which 
 can secure the purity and regularity of the language from un- 
 licensed depredations without end are demolished, the chief use 
 and value of alphabetical writing are destroyed, and every thing 
 is given to chance and to caprice. 
 
 In determining the pronunciation of words in this work, I Jiave 
 availed myself of the most respectable English autiiorities, as 
 well as of my own personal observations in both countries, and of 
 the observations of American gentlemen of erudition, who have 
 visited England. In selecting from a mass of contradictory 
 authorities, I may not, in all cases, have adopted the best pro- 
 nunciation ; but i have spared no pains to execute this part of 
 the work with fidelity. 
 
 In general, the rules I have prescribed to myself are these. 
 1. The usage of respectable people in England and the United 
 
 • The Frrnch InnKiiiiKe, by the loin or Impprreot ime of nrticiilationii, thniich 
 rpnderi-d iNuiy in iltlt-rancr, htiM hf-coinr; ho frrble in Hoiiiifl to Ite until for Itolrl, 
 iniprt-HHivt; cliHiticnrf, I'roni I ur Hfii-rirnt'nK whirli I }i;iV4^ witncK^icd in tliv 
 (^'lianiliur of l^rputien in I'lirtft, I Hlioiild Hupposf; thf orntor niUNt (l«>pi'nil ;UnioHt 
 intlrely on hit own animation and action fur auccem in popular Kpeuking, with 
 
 States, when identical in the two countries, settled and undis 
 puted. This rule comprehends most of the words in the lan- 
 guage. 2. When usage is unsettled or uncertain, I have adjusted 
 the pronunciation to the regular, established analogies of the 
 language, as far as these can be definitely ascertained ; having, 
 however, in accentuation, some regard to euphony, or the prosaic 
 melod}' wliich proceeds from a due succession of accented and 
 unaccented syllables. 
 
 There are some words, differently pronounced by respectable 
 people, in which no decisive reasons appear for preferring one 
 mode of pronouncing them to another ; either might be adopted, 
 without any injury to melody or analogy. I see no particular 
 reason why paVent should have its first vowel short, and mu'tron, 
 pa'tron, andpa'triot, tlie first vowel long. Much less do I approve 
 the reasons assigned for making the a short in mat'ronal , and not 
 in via'tronly, or short in pat'roual, and not in pa'troness. The 
 reasons assigned by Walker appear to me to be absolute trifling. 
 The rule of uniformity is paramount to every other, excepting 
 that of general, undisputed custom ; and when the practice is 
 unsettled, it seems to be the duty of the lexicographer to be 
 guided by that rule, for his authority may lead to tiie uniformity 
 desired. 
 
 In a few instances, the common usage of a great and respect- 
 able portion of the people of this country accords with the analo- 
 gies of the language, but not with the modern notation of English 
 orthoepists. In such cases, it seems expedient and proper to re- 
 tain our own usage. To renounce a practice confessedly regular, 
 for one confessedly anomalous, out of respect to foreign usage, 
 would hardly be consistent with the dignity of lexicography. 
 When we have principle on our side, let us adhere to it. The 
 time can not be distant, when the population of this vast country 
 will throw off their leading-strings, and walk in their own strength ; 
 and the more we can raise the credit and authority of principle 
 over the caprices of fasliion and innovation, the nearer we ap- 
 proach to uniformit}' and stability in practice. 
 
 It is difficult, if not impracticable, to reconcile the opinions of 
 a nation, in regard to every point, either of orthography or pro- 
 nunciation. Every attempt that has yet been made in regard to 
 the English language, has served only to increase the difficulty ; 
 and as a gentleman remarked to me in London, a convention of 
 learned men could not effect the object, for no two men would 
 think alike on the subject. 
 
 The language of a nation is the common property of the peo- 
 ple, and no individual has a right to make inroads upon its prin- 
 ciples. As it is the medium of communication between men, it 
 is important that the same written words and the same oral sounds 
 to express the same ideas, should be used by the whole nation. 
 When any man, therefore, attempts to change the established 
 orthograpliy or pronunciation, except to correct palpable errors 
 and produce uniformity, by recalling wanderers into the pale of 
 regular analogies, he offers an indignity to the nation. No local 
 practice, however respectable, will justify the attempt. There 
 is great dignit}', as well as propriety, in respecting the universal 
 and long-established usages of a nation. 
 
 With these views of the subject, I feel myself bound to reject 
 all modern innovations, whicli violate the established principles 
 and analogies of the language, and destroy or impair the value of 
 alphabetical writing. 1 have, therefore, endeavored to present to 
 my fellow-citizens tlie English language in its genuine purity, as 
 we have received the inheritance from our ancestors, without 
 removing a landmark. If the language is fatally destined to be 
 corrupted, I will not be an instrument of the mischief. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Irregular as is the orthography of the English language, and 
 unsettled or corrupt as is the pronunciation, tiiere is nothing 
 either in English or in any other language of which I liave any 
 knowledge, which exhibits so strikingly the low state of philol- 
 ogy, as the etymological deductions of words, or the history of 
 their origin, aHinltii-s, and primary signification. To enable the 
 young iiKpiirer to estimate the erudition, correctness, or negli- 
 gence of writers on this subject, and to awaken more attention to 
 this branch of learning, I will state briefly the results of iny 
 researches, and the opinions which I have been compelled to 
 
 littlo or no aid from the strcnsth and beauty of langunge. The InnRungo of 
 
 popular i-loqiicnci' ohotild be ntilluT lln- ii tliiuK cant of the slajji', nor the 
 
 iiiiiii iiiC iiHi'Otatiim of iliinilics, nor llir tiiihy l:\\k of llir niirsrry. .'^uc h \v;is nut 
 llu; l,ui(!ii;ii;e of l)einosllii iie» nor of Ciii io ; and such may never be the hill- 
 gunge of the Britiab Chatham and of the American Ames. 
 
INTRODUCTION. Ixxi 
 
 form on the merits of tlic principal treatises on this subject. 
 And if these opinions or tliis statement should be charged to 
 egotism, or my overweening confidence in the success of my 
 own investigations, my apology is, that I have suffered so much 
 myself by a misplaced confidence in the erudition of writers ; I 
 have so often embraced errors which it has cost me more labor to 
 unlearn than to learn ; that if I can prevent my fellow-citizens, 
 who have a taste for this study, from being subjected to the same 
 evils, I shall think the advantage obtained more than a balance 
 for any unmerited imputation. 
 
 The first example of etymology which 1 shall mention is that 
 of Josephus, the historian of the Jews, who informs his readers 
 that the first man " was called .idam, which, in the Hebrew 
 tongue, signifies one that is red, because he was formed out of 
 red earth compounded together; for of that kind is virgin and 
 true earth." Here is a mistake proceeding from a mere resem- 
 blance of words ; it being certain that Adam no more signifies 
 rrd. earth, than it does red cedar. This mistake is connected 
 witli another, that Adam was the proper name of the first man, 
 an individual ; whereas the word is the generic name of the 
 human species, and, like man in English, signifies form, shape, 
 image, expressing distinctively the characteristic eminence or 
 distinction of form of the human race. This fact explains the 
 use of the plural pronoun, in the account of the creation of the 
 species. " And God said. Let us make man in our image, after 
 our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the 
 sea," {Sec. Gen. i. 26. It is evident, also, that the words used in 
 relation to the species, the iviage, the likeness of God, have ref- 
 erence, not only to their intellectual and moral faculties, but 
 also to their external form ; and so the apostle interprets the 
 words, 1 Cor. xi. 7. Not that God has any bodily shape of 
 whicli man can be the image, but that man has a superior or 
 super-excellent form, corresponding to his intellectual powers, 
 and distinguishing him from all other animals. Now, the mis- 
 lake of Josephus has infected the Christian world for eighteen 
 hundred years, and the mistake, with erroneous inferences from 
 it, enters into the most recently published systems of theology. 
 
 Among the most celebrated authors of antiquity, who have 
 written on the subject of language, is Varro, who has lefl a 
 treatise De Lingua Lalina. On this author's learning, Cicero, 
 Quinctilian, and Augustine have bestowed the most unbounded 
 praises. He is pronounced to have been vir egregius ; eruditis- 
 siinas Romaiwrum ; peritissimus lingua? LatiniB et omnis anti- 
 quitatis, sine ulla dubitatione, doclissimus* He was, doubtless, 
 a man of uncommon erudition for the age in which he lived ; 
 and his etymological treatise may be consulted with advantage, 
 by persons who have knowledge enough of this subject to sepa- 
 rate the certain or probable from the improhable and conjectural. 
 But it is certain, from what remains of his treatise, that his 
 knowledge of the origin of words did not extend beyond the 
 most obvious facts and principles. Thus he deduces initium 
 from ineo ; exitus from exeo ; victoria from rinco. All this is 
 well ; and we have reason to think him correct, in deducing 
 Tellu.<!, fleece, from vellere, to pluck, as, doubtless, fleeces were 
 plucked from sheep, before the use of shears. And we have 
 reason to believe him when he informs us that imber was origi- 
 nally written himber ; that hircus was written by the Sabines 
 Jircus, and hmdus, fcdus. 
 
 Very difierent must be our opinion of the following ety- 
 mologies. 
 
 Pater, says Varro, is from patefacio ; ager cultxis is so called 
 
 * Of tlio full value of thf^-se enconiiuiiis we can Imrdly judge, as most of 
 Varro's writinjs Invo p;Tislicd, and some of tho.se which survive appear in a 
 mutilated form. But the greater his erudition, the more striking will appear 
 his ignorance of this subject. 
 
 t Thus far had I written, hefore I had rem this author's IIermts Sctthicus. 
 By this work I find the author agrees with me in regard to the identity and 
 common origin of many of the Gothic and Greek prepositions. Indeed, I h.id 
 supposed that proof of such an ohvious fact could hardly be necessary, in the 
 present state of philological knowledge. Some of these prepositions he has 
 illustrated with a good degree of accuracy ; although, should this work ever 
 fall into his lian<ls, I think he will be convinced that in one or two imimrtant 
 points, his explanations are defective. In regard to other prepositions, I am 
 satisfied the author has ventured upon unsafe ground ; at least his opinions 
 appear to me not to be well supported. 
 
 in respfct to his explanations of the names of the mythological deities, it ap- 
 pears to me the author, like all other authors whose works I have seen, wanders 
 in darkness. From all my researches into the origin of words, I have drawn 
 this conclusion, that the pigan deities are mostly the powers or supposed pow- 
 ers of nature, or imaginary beings supposed to preside over the various parts of 
 creation, or the qualities of men, dtified, that is, exalted and celebrated as super- 
 natural agents. There are few of tlie names of these deities which I pretend to 
 understand ; but there are a few of them that seem to be too obvious to be mis- 
 taken. Ji'o person, I think, can doubt that the Drijads are named from an 
 
 because in it seeds coalesce or unite with the earth ; referring 
 ager, perhaps, to the root of agger, or the Greek ayi ioa>. Campus, 
 he says, was so named because fruits were first gathered from 
 the open field, deducing the word from capio. Next to this were 
 the hills, cotles, so named colendo, from colo, because these were 
 cultivated next to the open plain. That land or field which ap- 
 peared to be the foundation of cattle and money, was called 
 fundus, or it was so called because it pours forth [fundat] annual 
 crops. He deduces cogitare from cogcndo ; concilium from cogi- 
 tatione ; cvra from burning cor, the heart; volo from voluntas, 
 and a volatu, a flying, because the mind flies instantly whither it 
 will. How low must have been the state of philology, when 
 such improbable conjectures as these could attract the enco- 
 miums before mentioned from Cicero and Quinctilian '. 
 
 The reader will find many things in Isidore and Priscian 
 worthy of his attention, though much of what their works con- 
 tain is now so familiar to scliolars of moderate attainments, as 
 scarcely to repay the labor of perusal, liut he who learns that 
 Isidore makes oratio, a compound of oris ratio; nomcn, a. con- 
 traction of notamen ; and that he derives verbum from rerberalo 
 acre, will hardly think it worth his labor to pursue his researches 
 into tliat author's works. Nor will he be disposed to relish Pris- 
 cian's deduction of litcra from tegilitera, because a letter affords 
 the means of reading, or from lituro, to obliterate, because the 
 ancients used to write on wax tables, and afterwards to obliterate 
 what they had written. 
 
 Vossius wrote a folio on the etymology of Latin words; but 
 from repeated examinations of his book, I am persuaded that 
 most of his deductions are far-fetched, conjectural, and fanciful ; 
 many of them are certainly erroneous. 
 
 Menage and Minshew I have not consulted ; chiefly because 
 from such extracts as I have seen, from their writings, I am 
 certain that little reliance can be placed on their opinions, 
 except in cases too plain to be mistaken. 
 
 Junius and Skinner, the authorities for most of Ihe etymologies 
 of Bailey and Johnson, are sufficiently correct in referring Eng- 
 lish words to the language from which they are immediately de- 
 rived, especially when the orthography is too plain to be mistaken. 
 They inform us, thiit father is from the Saxon f(nder, that drop is 
 from the Saxon droppan, that picket is from the French piquet, 
 aiid the like. So Johnson informs us that accent is from the 
 Latin accentus, and accept from the French accepter, Latin ac- 
 cipio. All this is well, but it can hardly be called etymology, or 
 the deduction of words from their originals. 
 
 Whiter, in his Etvmologicon Magnum, the first volume only 
 of which I have perused, began his work on a good plan, that of 
 bringing together words of the same or of cognate radical letters, 
 and in pursuance of his plan, he has collected many real affinities. 
 But he has destroyed the value of his work by mistaking the 
 radical sense of many words, and by confounding words of dif- 
 ferent elements. 
 
 Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Lan- 
 guage, has collected the affinities of words in that language, 
 particularly words of Gothic and Teutonic origin, with industry, 
 and probably with judgment, and a good degree of accuracy. In 
 some instances, I think, he has departed from correct principles 
 of etymology, and mistaken facts ; and he, as well as Whiter, falls 
 very short of truth in a most important particular, a clear under- 
 standing of the primary sense of words. Jamieson's Dictionary, 
 however, contains a valuable addition to our stock of etymo- 
 logical materials.! 
 
 oak or tree. Hence I infer that this name was applied to certain imaginary 
 beings inhabiting the forests. 
 iS'o person can doubt that JVereus, the deity of the sea, and the nereids, 
 
 nymphs of the sea, are named from the Oriental ins,^^.^, a river, from the 
 
 corresponding verb, to flow. No person doubts that Flora, the goddess of flow- 
 ers, is merely a flower deified. 
 
 Hence I infer that the true method of discovering the origin of the pagan 
 deities, is to find the meaning of their names. 
 
 Now, Diana is the goddess of hunting. What quality, then, ii most necessary 
 for a hunter.' What quality would rude men, destitute of the weapons which 
 we possess, most value n.^ useful in obtaining subsistence ? Doubtless courage 
 and swiftness. Thus we have substantial reiisons for believing that Diana is the 
 Celtic rian or dian, which signifies bold, strong, vehement, impetuous, the root 
 of Danube, Don, and other names of large rivers. 
 
 If we examine the name of Minerra, we shall find that the first syllable con- 
 tains the elements of manus, the hand, and of mind; and the last constituent 
 part of the word corresponds well with tlie German arbeit, D. arbeid, labor, work, 
 the last consonant being lost. Well, what are the characteristics of Miner%'a .' 
 Why, she is the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. The sense of ftcof, would 
 give one of her characteristics, and that of maniu and arbeit, the olbcr; but 
 which is the true word, I do not know. 
 
Ixxii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 To Home Tooke are we indebted for the first explanation of 
 certain indeclinable words, called conjunctions a.nd prepositions ; 
 and for this let him have all merited praise. But his researches 
 were very limited, and he has fallen into most material errors, 
 particularly in his second volume. I have made no use of his 
 writings in this work. 
 
 The Hermes of Harris, according to Dr. Lowth, " is the most 
 beautiful and perfect example of analysis that has been exhibited 
 since the days of Aristotle." This, in my opinion, is not the 
 character of the work, which, for the most part, consists of pas- 
 sages from the works of Aristotle, Ammonius, Apollonius, Pris- 
 cian, and other grammarians. It is little more than a collection 
 of the opinions of the ancient writers on philology, whose meta- 
 physical subtilties rather obscure than illustrate the subject. To 
 show how easily men may be misled by metaphysics, when 
 applied to the plainest subject imaginable, take the following 
 I example from the Hermes. 
 
 1 respects our primary perception, and denotes individuals as 
 
 iinknojfn ; the respects our secondary perception, and denotes 
 individuals as known." [This is nearly a literal translation of a 
 passage in Priscian, lib. 17.] 
 
 To illustrate the truth of this observation, the author gives the 
 following example : " There goes a beggar with a long beard; " 
 indicating that the man had not been seen before ; and, there- 
 fore, a denotes the primary perception. A week after, the man 
 returns, and I say, " There goes the beggar with the long beard ; " 
 the article the here indicating the secondary perception, that is, 
 that the man had been seen before. All this is very well. But 
 let us try the rule by other examples, and see whether it is uni- 
 versal, or whether it is the peculiar and proper office of an or a 
 to denote primary perception. 
 
 "The article a," sa3's Harris, "leaves the individual unascer- 
 tained" Let us examine this position. 
 
 " But Peter took him, saying. Stand up ; I myself also am a 
 man." Now, according to Harris, a here denotes the primary 
 perception, and the individual is unascertained. That is, this 
 man is one I have never seen before. 
 
 " He that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he 
 is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him." Whether a, in 
 this sentence, denotes first perception, I can not determine; but 
 sure I am the individual is not letl unascertained. 
 
 A. B. says to me, " I have lately dismissed an old servant, who 
 has lived with me for thirty years." Here an may present a 
 primary perception to the hearer, but not so to the speaker. To 
 both, the individual must be well ascertained. 
 
 It appears, then, that this definition of an or a is incorrect ; and 
 the pains of these metaphysical writers, who form such perfect 
 analyses of language, is little better than learned trifling. On 
 testing the real character of an or a by usage and facts, we find 
 it is merely the adjective one, in its Saxon orthography, and that 
 its sole use is to denote one, whether the individual is known or 
 unknown, definite or indefinite. 
 
 Again, Harris translates and adopts the definition which Aris- 
 totle has given of a conjunction. " An articulate sound or part 
 of speech devoid of signification by itself, but so formed as to 
 help signification, by making two or more significant sentences 
 to be one significant sentence." 
 
 This is so far from being true, that some of the conjunctions 
 are verbs, equivalent to join, unite, or add, in the imperative 
 mode. In like manner, the prepositions called inseparable, and 
 used as prefixes, are all significant per se, although, by custom, 
 they sometimes lose their appropriate use. For example, re, 
 which denotes repetition, has lost its use in recommend, which is 
 equivalent to commend, without the sense of repetition. But 
 still it has ordinarily an appropriate sense, which is perfectly 
 understood, even wlien first prefixed to a word. Let any person 
 prefix this word to pronounce for the first time, and direct a boy 
 fourteen years old to rcpronounce his oration, and he would per- 
 fectly well understand the direction. 
 
 Bryant, the author of " An Analysis of Ancient Mythology," 
 whose works I Hhould love to read, if I could have confidence in 
 his opinions, has given to the public a history of the Cuthites, or 
 descendants of Ham, a race of bold adventurers, who, as he sup- 
 
 Tin- two rirciimHtanceii which chiefly (listin(;iii<ih Ilrrmlts, are his lahor.i nnil 
 his club. W't never hear nf Ilrreuhs hut witli these nrcompaniments. Nitw, 
 the firsl Ryllahle or hi« niime is precisely tlie root of the iln^vM tn . iiv, rpj ik.i, 
 tlint ifl, toy or coK, which would give the sense of worl<, lahor. \\'hether the 
 Lint constituent nf^ the n.imc is xA-iot, or from that rool, I shall not pretend to 
 affirm. Indeed, I ofTer these explanations rather as probable, than as clearly 
 proved ; but tbey do appear to bo probablij well founded. Hercules, then, was a 
 
 poses, made expeditions by sea and land, introducing arts, found- 
 ing cities, and corrupting religion by the propagation of Sabian- 
 ism For proof of his opinions, he relies very much on etymology 
 and the signification of names. Two or three examples of his 
 deductions will be sufficient to show his manner of proof. Ham, 
 or Cham, signifying heat and the sun, he deduces from C>3n, to 
 be hot, to heat. So far he may be correct. But he goes on to 
 deduce from this root, also, as Castell had done before him, the 
 Greek xavua, heat, not considering that this is from y.aiw, to burn, 
 in which m is not radical ; but probably s is the radical consonant, 
 as this occurs in the derivatives. Kuiuu has no connection with 
 Ham. From Cam, or Cham, he then deduces the Latin camera, 
 Gr. xaiiana, an arched roof or vault, whence our chamber, though 
 it is not easy to discover the connection between this word and 
 heat ; and from the same root he deduces Camillus, Camilla, and 
 many other words, u'ithout any support for his opinions but a' 
 mere similarity of orthography in the first syllable. In all this 
 he is certainly wrong. 
 
 The Greek 0foc, God, he supposes, most unwarrantably, to be 
 formed from the Egyptian Thcuth, or Thoth, Mercury. 
 
 The sun he supposes to have been styled El-uc ; El [/]Aioc] 
 and 7/,c or och, a title of honor among the Babylonians. This 
 word, says Bryant, the Greeks changed into Xvyog, [a wolf,] and 
 hence the Latin lux, lucco. A strange conjecture this, not to 
 call it by a harsher name. Now, if Bryant had examined the 
 Teutonic dialects, and the Welsh, he would have seen his mis- 
 take ; for the Saxon leoht, liht, Dutch and German liclit, are 
 from the common root of the Welsh Ilug, a shooting or gleaming, 
 lluciaw, to throw. Hue, a darting or flashing, the root of luceo ; a 
 simple root, that can have no connection with El-uc. 
 
 Excepting Faber's work on the Cabiri, I have seen scarcely 
 a book in any language, which exhibits so little et3'mological 
 knowledge, with such a series of erroneous or fanciful deductions, 
 as Bryant's Analysis. Drummond's Origines abounds with ety- 
 mological deductions of a similar character. 
 
 Gebelin, a French writer, in His Monde Primitif, has bestowed 
 much labor in developing the origin and signification of words ; 
 but a large part of his labor has produced no valuable effect. His 
 whole system is founded on a mistake, that the noun is the root 
 of all other words. 
 
 Of all the writers on etymology, whose works I have read or 
 consulted, Spelman and Lluyd are almost the only ones in 
 whose deductions much confidence can be placed. I do not 
 name Camden, Hickes, Selden, and Gibson, as their etymo- 
 logical inquiries, though generally judiciously conducted, were 
 very limited. This is true, also, in some degree, of Spelman 
 and Lluyd ; but the researches of Spelman into the origin of 
 law terms, and words of the middle ages, have generally pro- 
 duced very satisfactory results. From the limited nature of the 
 designs of Spelman and Lluyd, errors may have occasionally 
 escaped them ; but they are few, and very pardonable. 
 
 I know of no work in any language, in which words have 
 been generally traced to their original signification, with even 
 tolerable correctness. In a few instances, this signification is 
 too obvious to be mistaken ; but in most instances, the ablest 
 etymologist is liable to be misled by first appearances, and the 
 want of extensive investigation. I have been often misled my- 
 self, by these means, and have been obliged to change my o))in- 
 ions, as I have advanced in my inquiries. He^ice the tendency 
 of my researches has been very much to increase inj' caution in 
 referring words to their originals ; and such, I am persuaded, 
 will be the result of all critical and judicious investigations into 
 the history and affinities of language. 
 
 A principal source of mistakes on this subject is a disregard 
 of the identity of the radical consonants, and a licentious blend- 
 ing and confounding of words, whose elementary letters are 7iot 
 commutuble. Another source of error is an tinwarrantable license 
 in prefixing or inserting letters, for the purpose of producing an 
 identity or resemblance of orthography ; a fault very justly op- 
 posed by Sir William Jones. 
 
 Tlie l(-arned Dr. Good, in his Book of Nature, Lecture IX. of 
 the second series, suggests it to be probable that both j"']'"- iind 
 father issued from the Hebrew source TDX. He then 
 
 name given to any hold, lieroic leader of a tribe of rude men, who was distin- 
 KUishi'it for his achievements as a warrior ; and this name mii.it have originated 
 in very early ajies, when chihs were the principal weapons of war, and instru- 
 mi^nts of defense. And hence, probably, the origin of the scepter, as a badge of 
 royalty. Now, it is worthy of remark, I hat the war club of rude nations, at this 
 day, especially of tho savage nations of the South Sea Isles, is uf the same shapo 
 OS tlic ancient scepter. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ixxiii 
 
 fearlessly ventures to aflirm, that tliere is scarcely a language or 
 dialect in the world, polished or barbarous, in whicii the same 
 idea is not expressed by the radical of one or the other of these 
 terms. True, the letter S< is found in most words of this signifi- 
 cation ;. altliough our knowledge of languages is too limited to 
 warrant such a broad assertion. But the attempt to deduce all 
 words signifying father I'rom the Hebrew, must certainly fail ; 
 for we know from history, that a great part of Asia and of Europe 
 was inhabited before the existence of the Hebrew nation. Be- 
 sides, a large portion of the European population have no word 
 (bi father, which can be rationally deduced from XS. The Welsh 
 tad, whence our daddy, the Gothic atta, Irish aithnir, Basque 
 aitii, and Laponnic atki, can not be formed from tlie Hebrew 
 word, the letter d and t not being coniniutable with b. One 
 would suppose that a learned [diysiologist could not fail to assign 
 the true cause of the similarity of words bearing the sense of 
 father and mother, among tlie nations of the earth. The truth is, 
 the sound of «, is very eas}', and probably the easiest for children, 
 being formed by simply opening the nioXith, without any exertion 
 of the organs to modulate tlie sound. So, also, the articulations 
 b, m, and d or t, being natural and easy, will generallj' enter 
 into the first words formed by children. The labials are formed 
 by simply closing the lips, and the dentals, by placing the tongue 
 against the root of tlie upper teeth ; the position which it naturally 
 occupies in a healthy child. From these circumstances, we may 
 fairly 'infer, a priori, t\\a.t such words as ah, aba, jiapa, tad, mamma, 
 must be the first words uttered by children. Indeed, were the 
 whole human race to lose tiieir present names for father, mother, 
 and nurse, similar names would be formed by a great portion of 
 mankind, without any communication between different nations. 
 
 The author further observes, that the generic terms for the 
 Deity are chiefly the three following — M or AUah, Thcus or Deus, 
 and God. " Besides these, there is scarcely a term of any kind, by 
 which the Deity is designated, in any part of the world, whether 
 among civilized or savage men. Yet these proceed from the 
 same common quarter of the globe." True; men, and of course 
 words, all came from a common quarter of the globe. But it so 
 happens, that these three terms must have originated among dif- 
 ferent families, or from different sources, for they are all formed 
 with different radicals, and can have had no connection with a 
 common radix. But it happens, also, that not one of these terms, 
 as far as I can Jearn, e.xists among the Slavonic nations, who 
 compose a large portion of all the population of Europe, and 
 whose name of God is Bog, a word radically distinct from all 
 wliich the author has mentioned. 
 
 The author proceeds to say, " that the more common etymon 
 for death, among all nations, is mor, mart, or mat." But if either 
 . of these terms for death is a native word among the great Gothic, 
 Teutonic, and Slavonic families, which constitute the half or two 
 fliirds of all the inhabitants of Europe, I have not been able to 
 find it. Besides, mor and mut are words radically distinct, and 
 thus originated in different families. 
 
 " Sir," says the author, " is, in our language, the common 
 title of respect ; and the same term is employed in the same sense 
 throughout eecry quarter of the globe. In the Sanscrit and Per- 
 sian, it means the organ of the head itself." He finds the word 
 in Arabia, Turkey, in Greek, among the Peruvians in South 
 America, in Germany, Holland, and tiie cor.tiguous countries. 
 In some of the languages of these countries I have found no such 
 word ; but if it exists, the author's inference, that the name of the 
 head gave rise to this term of respect, (for this is what I under- 
 stand him to mean,) is totally unfounded ; and equally fanciful 
 and unfounded is his supposition, that, by the loss of h from s/ier, 
 the pronoun licr, and the German herr, lord, are to be deduced 
 Ixom sir. In all this it is demonstrably certain there is no truth 
 or even semblance of reality. 
 
 Man the author deduces from the Hebrew nfZt to discern or 
 discriminate, a sense I do not find in the Lexicons ; and hence 
 he infers that the radical idea of man is that of a thinking or a 
 reasonable being. With this word he connects Menu, Menes, 
 Minos, and i<«ioc, mens, mind ; a sweeping inference, made at 
 random, from a similarity of orthography, without a distant con- 
 ception of the true primary meaning of either of these words. 
 But what is worse, he appears, if I do not mistake his meaning, 
 to connect with these words the tone, tanato, or tangi, of the 
 Sandwich Isles ; words which are formed with a radical initial 
 consonant, not convertible with m, and most certainly uncon- 
 nected with man. See the words Father, Man, and Sir, in the 
 Dictionary. 
 
 The author offers some other etymologies and affinities equally 
 remote from truth, and even from probability. 
 
 The governing principles of etymology are, first, the identity 
 of radical letters, or a coincidence of cognates, in difl'erent lan- 
 guages ; no aliinity being admissible, except among words whose 
 primary consonants are articulations of the same organs, as B, F, 
 M, P, V, and W; or as D, T, Th, and S ; or as G, C close, K, 
 and Q; R, L, and D. Some excejitions to this rule must be ad- 
 mitted, but not without collateral evidence of the change, or 
 some evidence that is too clear to be reasonably rejected. 
 
 Second. Words in different languages are not to be considered 
 as proceeding from the same radix, unless they have the same 
 signification, or one closely allied to it, or naturally deducible 
 from it. And on this point, much knowledge of the primary 
 sense of words, and of the manner m which collateral senses 
 have sprung from one radical idea, is necessary to secure the 
 inquirer from mistakes. A competent knowledge of this branch 
 of etymology can not be obtained Iroin any one, or from two or 
 three languages. It is almost literally true, that, in examining 
 more than twenty languages, I have found each language to 
 throw some light on cvcrij other. 
 
 That the reader may have more clear and distinct ideas of 
 what is intended by commutable letters, and the principles by 
 which etymological deductions are to be regulated, it may be 
 remarked that commutable or interchangeable letters are letters of 
 the same organs; that is, letters or articulations formed by the 
 same parts of the mouth. Thus, //, m, and p, arc formed immedi- 
 ately by the lips, the position of which is slightly varied to make 
 the distinction between these letters, /'and v are formed by the 
 lips, but with the aid of the upper teeth. Now, the difference of 
 the jointings of the organs to utter these letters is so small, that 
 it is easy for men, in utterance, to slide from one form into 
 another. 
 
 The following examples will illustrate this subject. 
 
 Labial Letters commuted for other Labials. 
 English bear, Lat. fcro, pario, G. (pto<u, ipootui, D. voeren, 
 G. fiihren. 
 
 Here is the same word written in different languages, with five 
 different initial letters. 
 
 German wahr, true, L. verus. 
 
 Celtic iamh, lav, the hand, Goth. lofa. 
 
 L. gubernu. Ft. gouvcrner. Eng. govern. 
 
 Dental Letters commuted for other Dentals. 
 Eng. dew, G. thau. 
 Eng. good, G. gut. 
 Eng. dare, Gr. ^uooeui. 
 Eng. day, G. tag.^^ 
 Eng. thank, D. dankcn. 
 Eng. brother, D. broeder. 
 
 Palatal Letters commuted for other Palatals. 
 Eng. call, W. galw, Gr. xaXtw. 
 Eng. get, It. cattare. 
 Greek /fifia, L. hiems, winter. 
 
 Dentals converted into Sibilants. 
 Eng. water, G. tcasser. 
 Lat. dens, a tooth, G. zahn. 
 Eng. let, Fr. laisser. 
 Ch. nr, Heb. Sl^. 
 Sax. tid, time, G. zeit. ' 
 
 Change of Linguals 
 Eng. escort, Sp. and Port, escolta. 
 Fr. blanc, while, Port, branco. 
 
 Change of F into //. 
 Sp. habla for L&t. fabula ; haz for fades, face ; hacer for fucio. 
 
 It is believed that n and s are sometimes convertible ; as in 
 Latin pono, posui, and also r and s, as in English iron, German 
 isen. 
 
 Letters formed by different organs are not commutable ; hence 
 we are not to admit a radical word beginning or ending with b, 
 f, or V, to be the same as a word beginning or ending with g, d, 
 t, r, or s; nor a word whose radical letters are tti, n, to be the 
 same as one whose elements are r, d, or s, t. If such words are 
 in any case the same, they must have suffered some anomalous 
 
Ixxiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 changes ; changes which are very unusual, and which are never 
 to be admitted without the clearest evidence. 
 
 When this work was in the press, I first obtained a sight of a 
 "History of the European Languages," by the late Dr. Alex- 
 ander Murray, professor of Oriental languages in the University 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 From a hasty perusal of the first volume, I find this learned 
 professor studied the European languages with much .attention 
 and profit. He has gone further into the origin and formiition of 
 languages, than any author whose works I have read ; and his 
 writings unfold many valuable principles and ficls. But he 
 formed a theory which he attempted to support, in my opinion, 
 with little success ; at least, on his principles, all the usual rules 
 of ctvmology are transgressed, and all distinction between words 
 of different radical letters is abandoned. According to his theory, 
 nine words are the foundations of language, viz., ag, wag, liioag, 
 bug, or bwog, [of which fag and pag are softer varieties,] dioag, 
 tincag, or ticng, gioig, or cwag, lag, and hlag, mag, nag, and 
 huag, rag, and Ura^, sicag. " By the help of these nine words and 
 tlirir compounds, all the European languages have been formed." 
 These are the author's words. 
 
 To make out his scheme, he joins ng, having, to wag, move, 
 and forms a diminutive, toagng, to move a little or often. With 
 ba, bear or bring, and la, hold, tcagaba signifies, literally, move- 
 bearing, and wagla is move-having. Then waguba contracted 
 into wabba, to wave, to weave, and ^tagla into wala, to turn. 
 From dag, to wet, bedew, comes damp ; from ccag, to chew, comes 
 champ ; fal, joined, wrought together, from fag, to work, to join ; 
 hwal and hal, to hold, and turn, from hicag ; bat from bagd or 
 bagt; bigt, a bite, from bigt ; bladder from blag ; modera, mother, 
 the producer, from magd, produced ; bottom from bogd, a stump, 
 root, or foundation; field from fagd ; earth, from airtha, acertha, 
 from acer, aker, ager ; field, an uncultivated plain, from fag, to 
 make to fall. 
 
 It seems that, in order to maintain his theory, it was necessary 
 to make it ap[)enr that formed a part of all original words, and 
 that this letter has, in modern words, been dropped. The author 
 then introduces this letter into words where it never had any 
 place, such as field, earth, bat, &c. The author's work presents 
 one of the most singular medleys of truth and error, of sound 
 observation and ^-isionary opinions, that has ever fallen under 
 my notice. 
 
 On the same 'principles he must have inserted the letter g in 
 bear, fero, pario, ; in bend, found, tame, du/nau), domo ; in 
 
 dream, loandcr, turn, &c. ; and supposed them to have been 
 originally beager, fegro, pagrio, S"l33, begnil, fougnd, tagme, 
 duyuaui, dogmo, dreagm, wagnder, tugrn, &c. 
 
 Now, on such a principle as this, we might deduce any word in 
 the language from any other word, or from any root that could be 
 imagined. In short, all such theories are the produce of wild 
 conjecture, and they serve no purpose but to confound the stu- 
 dent, and bring the study of etymology into contempt. 
 
 ACCENTUATION. 
 
 Accent is the more forcible utterance of a particular syllable 
 of a word, by which it is distinguished from the others. The 
 accented syllable of a word serves, therefore, as a kind of resting- 
 place or support of the voice, which passes over the unaccented 
 syllables with more rapidity and a less distinct utterance. 
 
 Accent is of two kinds, »r rather of two degrees of force — 
 primary and sneondary. Words of one syllable can have no 
 accent. Word.s of two syllables have the primary accent only. 
 Words of tliree and four syllables may have the primary and 
 secondary accent; but many of them have no secondary accent 
 that deserves notice ; such are dignity, enemy, annuity, fidelity. 
 In words of fonr, five, or more syllables, a secondary accent is 
 often etJKcntial to a clear, distinct articulation of the several syl- 
 lables. Thus hclerogrneous can not be well uttered without two 
 accented syllables ; the fourth syllable receiving the principal 
 stress of th(: voice, and the first clearly distinguished by more 
 forcible utterance than llie second, third, fifth, and sixth. 
 
 The accent of most English words has b(H'n long established ; 
 and, evidently, it liM been determined by the natural ease of 
 speaking, without the aid of rules or instruction. If any man 
 should ask, why we lay the accent of such words as elocution, 
 meditation, reJution, eongralalalion, on the last syllable except 
 one, the answer is, that such accentuation renders the pro- 
 nunciation morn easy to the organs of speech, and more agree- 
 
 able to the ear, than the accentuation of any other syllable. The 
 ease of speaking, and a kind of prosaic melody, resulting from a 
 due proportion of accented and unaccented syllables, which en- 
 ables the speaker to bound with ease from one accented syllable 
 to another, without omitting those which are unaccented, are the 
 two great principles by which the accentuation of words has 
 been regulated. And it is to be extremely regretted that these 
 principles should, in any instances, be neglected, or forced to 
 yield to arbitrary reasons of derivation, or to a pedantic affecta- 
 tion of foreign pronunciation. When we know that the great 
 mass of a nation naturally fall into a particular manner of pro- 
 nouncing a word, without any rule or instruction, we may rely 
 upon this tendency as a pretty certain indication that their ac- 
 centuation is according to the analogies of the language, by 
 which their habits of speaking have been formed ; and this ten- 
 dency can not be opposed without doing violence to those analo- 
 gies and to national habits. 
 
 Thus, formerly, the word horizon was universally accented on 
 the first syllable, and this accentuation was according to the 
 settled analogy of the language. But the early poets had a fancy 
 for conforming the English to the Greek pronunciation, and 
 accented the second syllable; the orthoepists followed them; 
 and now we have this forced, unnatural pronunciation of the 
 learned, in collision with the regular, analogous, popular pro- 
 nunciation. By this affectation of the Greek accent, the flowing 
 smoothness of the word is entirely lost. 
 
 In like manner, an imitation of the French pronunciation of 
 confesseur and successeur led the early poets to accent the Eng- 
 lish words on the first syllable, in violation of analogy and 
 euphony ; and some orthoepists affect to follow them ; but public 
 usage frowns on this affectation, and rejects their authority. 
 
 There are many words in the English language, indeed a large 
 part of the whole number, which can not be reduced under any 
 general rule of accentuation, as the exceptions to any rule formed 
 will be nearly as numerous as the words which the rule embraces. 
 And, in most instances, we shall find in the structure of the 
 words satisfactory reasons for the difference of pronunciation. 
 
 DISSYLLABLES. 
 
 No general rule can be given for the accentuation of words of 
 two syllables. It is, however, worth observing, that when the 
 same word is both a noun, or an adjective, anil a verb, it happens, 
 in many instances, that the noun or adjective has the accent on 
 the first syllable, and the verb on the last ; instances of which 
 we have in ab'sent, to absent' ; con' cert, to concert' ; ex'port, to 
 expdrt. The reason is, the preterit and participles of the verbs 
 require to have the same syllable accented as the verb ; but if 
 the first syllable of the preterit and participles were to be ac- 
 cented, it would be difficult to pronounce the words, as may be 
 perceived by attempting to pronounce ab'senting, con'certcd, con'- 
 ducted, with the accent on the first syllable. 
 
 In a few instances, the word has a different accent when a 
 noun, from that which it has when an adjective ; as Au'gust, 
 august' ; gallant', gal'lant. 
 
 TRISYLLABLES. 
 
 Words of three syllables, derived from dissyllables, usually 
 retain the accent of their primitives. Thus, 
 
 P6et, poetess; pleas' ant, pleas' antly; grdcious, grAciously ; re- 
 lite, related; poli'te, poli'lcst. 
 
 In like manner, words of four syllables, formed from dissylla- 
 bles, generally retain the accent of the primitives; as in coUecl'- 
 ible, Iroin collect', scr'ciceable, from ser'rice. 
 
 In all cases, the preterit and participles of verbs retain the 
 accent of the verbs. 
 
 Words ending in tion, sion, tian, ciaus, tious, cial, cian, tial, 
 tiate, ticnt, cicnt, have the accent on the syllable preceding that 
 termination ; as, motion. Christian, precious, erudition, pa- 
 tient, «fcc. 
 
 Words of more than two syllables, ending in ty, have, for the 
 most part, the accent on the antepenult; as, gratuity, propriety, 
 prosperity, insensibility. 
 
 Trisyllal)le3 ending in mcnt, for the most part, have the accent 
 on the first syllable ; as, complimtiil , detriment; but to this rule 
 ther<? are many exce])tions, and particularly nouns fc'.'.ied from 
 verbs; as, amendment, comma nil mint. 
 
 Words with the following terminations, have the accent on the 
 last syllable except two, or antepenult : — 
 
 I 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ixxv 
 
 — jluous ; as, super'JIuous, mellifluous. 
 
 — firoiis ; as, liucciferous, argentiferous. 
 
 — fluent ; as, circumfluent. 
 
 — cracy ; as, demuc'racy, tlieoc racy. 
 
 — gonal ; as, diug'onal, Itexag'oiuil. 
 
 — • csmog'ony, thcog'ony. 
 
 — machy ; as, logom'achy, tkeom'achy. 
 
 — loquy ; as, ob'loqvy, vcntril'oquy. 
 
 — matliy ; a.s, jiolyniUitlty. 
 
 — meter; as, barum'ctcr., hygrom'cter. 
 
 — nomy ; as, ccon'oiny, astron'omy. 
 
 — "oU ' as, /i/ii7o/'o«-(/, cosmol'ugy. 
 
 — piithy ; as, up'iilliy, antip'atlty. 
 
 •phony; as, eu'plinnij, sym' phony. 
 — parous; as, orip'urous, vivip'arous. 
 — scopy ; as, ticuteros'copy, acros'copy. 
 — strophe; as, upos'trnphe, catas'trophe. 
 — vomous; as, ignie'imous. 
 — vorouji ; as, carniv'orous, graminiv'orous. 
 — tomy ; as, unal'omy, lithot'omy. 
 — raplty ; as, geog'ruphy, orlhog'raphy. 
 
 Compound words, as book-case, ink-stand, pen-knife, note-book, 
 usuall)' have a sliglit accent, that is, one syllable is distinguished 
 by some stress of voice ; but as the otlier syllable is S!i;nificant 
 by itself, it is uttered with more distinctness than the sj'llables of 
 other words which are wholly unaccented. And in some words 
 there are two accents, one on each component part of the word, 
 which are barely distinguishable. Thus, in legislative, legislator, 
 legislature, the accent on the first syllable can hardly be dis- 
 tinguished from that on the third ; and if a speaker were to lay 
 the primary accent on the third syllable, his pronunciation would 
 hardly be noticed as a singularity. Indeed, there are some com- 
 pound words, in which there is so little distinction of accent, that 
 it is deemed unnecessary to mark either syllable or part of the 
 word as accented. 
 
 As to a great part of English words, their accent must be 
 learned from dictionaries, elementary books, or practice. There 
 is no method of classification, by which they can be brouglit 
 under a few simple general rules, to be easily retained by the 
 memory ; and attempts to effect this object must only burden the 
 memory, and perple.x the learner. 
 
 The differences in the accentuation of words, either in books 
 or in usage, are not very numerous. In this respect, the language 
 is tolerably well settled, e.Kcept in a few words. Among these 
 are acceptable, commendable, confessor, successor, receptacle, re- 
 ceptory, deceptory, refragable, dyspcpsy, which the orthoepists 
 incline to accent on the first syllable. But with regard to most 
 of these words, this accentuation is contrary to common usage, 
 and with regar<i to all of them, it ought to be rejected. The ease 
 of pronunciation requires the accent to be on the second syllable, 
 and no effort to remove it can ever succeed. 
 
 The words accessory, desultory, exemplary, and peremptory, 
 would all have the accent on the second syllable, were it not 
 very dilHcult, with this accent, to articulate the three last sylla- 
 bles of the derivatives, accessorily, desultorily, exemplarily, per- 
 emptorily. It is for this reason that the primary accent is laid 
 on the first syllable, and then a secondary accent on the third 
 enables tiie speaker to articulate distinctly, and with tolerable 
 ease, the last syllables. If the primary accent is laid on the sec- 
 ond syllable, there can be no secondary accent. Yet the natural 
 accent of the primitives being on the second syllable of the three 
 first, and the derivatives little used, we find good speakers often 
 lay the accent on the second syllable; nor is it ea.sy to chance 
 the practice. 
 
 This cirtumstance of regarding the pronunciation of derivative 
 words, in settling the accent, has been eitiier wholly overlooked, 
 or not sufficiently observed in practice. Hence the orthoepists 
 accent the second syllable of the verbs alternate, demonstrate, 
 contemplate, compensate, confiscate, expurgate. Notwithstand- 
 ing all authorities, however, such is the tendency to consult 
 ease and melody in utterance, that many respectable speakers 
 lay the accent of these and similar words on the first syllable. 
 The reason of this is obvious, although, perhaps, it never oc- 
 curs to the speakers themselves. It is, that when the accent 
 is laid on the second syllable, the two last syllables of the 
 participles altern'ating, demon'strating, compen'sated, &c., are 
 •ither pronounced with diliiculty, being wholly unaccented, or 
 they are disgustingly feeble. How very difficult it is to utter 
 distinctly the words alternating, demonstrating, &c., with the 
 
 accent on the second syllable; the organs being compelled to 
 change their position, and form lliree, four, five, or six articula- 
 tions in an instant, to utter the two last syllablrs I Hut place the 
 primary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary one on the 
 third, and the voice resting on these, the K|)eaker is enabled to 
 bound with ease from syllable to syllable, and utter the whole 
 word distinctly, without effort — al'tcrnating, diin'onstrating. 
 
 In compensate and conjiscale, the accent on the second svl- 
 lablo leaves the last syllable of the participle most miserably 
 weak. What a feeble line is this of I'ojie ! — 
 K:ich seciniiii! ill, cowpen' sated of course. 
 
 This evil is remedied by ])laoing the primary accent on the 
 first syllable, and a secondary one on the third; com'pensated ; 
 com'pensuting; confiscating ; cuiiflscated ; the full sound of 
 a giving due strength to the last syllables. 
 
 It is further to be observed that there are some words which, 
 in poetry and prose, must be differently accented, as the accent 
 has been transferred by usage from one syllable to another with- 
 in the two last centuries. Nares enumerates more than a hun- 
 dred words, whose accent has been thus changed since the age 
 of Shakspeare. Of this class of words are aspect, process, sojourn, 
 convex, contest, retinue, conrerse, the noun horizon, which Milton 
 accents on the second syllable, and acceptable, which he accents 
 on the first, as he docs attribute and contribute. But the accent 
 of all these words has been cliange<l ; the seven first have the 
 accent indisputably on the first syllable ; the two last, on the 
 second syllabh? ; and although some diftVrence of opinion may 
 e.xist as to the accentuation of horizon and acceptable, yet tlie 
 practice of accenting horizon on the first, and acceptable on the 
 second, is according to regular analogies. [In respect to horizon, 
 however, this is not here insisted on, as later usage is against 
 accenting the first syllable.] 
 
 OF JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY, 
 
 AND OF TIIE MANNER IN WHICH TIIE FOLLOWING 
 WORK IS EXECUTED. 
 
 Dr. Johnson was one of the greatest men that the English 
 nation has ever produced; and when the exhibition of truth 
 depended on his own gigantic ])owers of intellect, he seldom 
 erred. But in the compilation of his Dictionary, he manifested 
 a great defect of research, by means of which he often fell into 
 mistakes; and no errors are so dangerous as those of great men. 
 The authority created by the general excellence of their works, 
 gives a sanction to their very mistakes, and represses that spirit 
 of inquiry which would investigate the truth, and subvert the 
 errors of inferior men. It seems to be owing to this cause, 
 chiefly, that the most obvious mistakes of Johnson's Dictionary 
 have remained to this day uncorrected, and still continue to dis- 
 figure the improved editions of the work recently published. 
 
 In like manner, the opinions of this author, when wrong, have 
 a weight of authority that renders them extremely mischievous. 
 The sentiment contained in this single line. 
 
 Quid te eiempta jurat itpiiiit tte pluribus una? 
 
 is of this kind; that we are to make no corrections, because we 
 can not complete the reformation — a sentiment that sets itself in 
 direct opposition to all improvement in science, literature, and 
 morals; a sentiment, which, if it had been always an efficacious 
 principle of human conduct, would have condemned, not only 
 our language, but our manners and our knowledsre, to everlasting 
 rudeness. And hence, whenever a proposition is made to cor- 
 rect the orthography of our language, it is instantly repelled with 
 the opinion and ipse dixit of Johnson. Thus, while the nations 
 on the European continent have purified their languages, and 
 reduced the orthography to a good degree of regularity, our 
 enemies of reform contend most strenuously for retaining the 
 anomalies of the language, even to the very <ags and tatters of 
 barbarism. But, what is more extraordinary, the very persons 
 who thus struggle against the smallest improvement of the 
 orthography, are the most ready to innovate in the pronunciation, 
 and will, at any time, adopt a change that fashion may introduce, 
 though it may infringe the regularity of the language, multiply 
 anomalies, and increase the diliiculty of learning it. Nay, they 
 will not only innovate themselves, but will use their influence to 
 propagate the change, by deriding those who resist it, and who 
 
Ixxvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 strive to retain the resemblance between the written and spoken 
 language. 
 
 A considerable part of Johnson's Dictionary is, however, well 
 executed ; and when his definitions are correct, and his arrange- 
 ment judicious, it seems to be expedient to follow him. It 
 would be mere affectation or folly to alter what can not be 
 improved. 
 
 The principal faults in Johnson's Dictionary are, 
 
 1. The want of a great number of well-authorized words be- 
 longing to the language. This defect has been, in part, supplied 
 by Mason, but his supplemental list is still imperfect, even in 
 common words, and still more defective from the omission of 
 terms of science. 
 
 2. Another great fault, that remains uncorrected, is the manner 
 of noting the accented .sj'llable ; the accent being laid uniformly 
 on the vowel, whether it closes the syllable or not. Thus the 
 accent is laid on c in tt'nant as well as in tdacher, and llie in- 
 quirer can not know from the accent, whether the vowel is long 
 or short. It is surprising that such a notation should still be 
 retained in that work. 
 
 3. It is considered as a material fault, that, in some classes of 
 words, Johnson's orthography is either not correct upon princi- 
 ple, or not uniform in the class. Thus he writes heedlessly, with 
 ss, but ctirelcshj, with one s ; defence, with r, but defciisihlc, dc- 
 feiisiee, with s ; ri£rour, inferiour, with u, but rigorovs, inferiority, 
 without it ; publick, tiuthenticl;, with /.-, but publication, authenti- 
 cate, without it ; and so of many other words of the same classes. 
 
 4. The omission of the participles, or most of them, is no small 
 defect, as many of them, by use, have become proper adjectives, 
 and require distinct definitions. The additions of this kind in 
 this work are very numerous. It is also useful, both to natives 
 and foreigners, to be able, by opening a dictionary, to know when 
 the final consonant of a verb is doubled in the participle. 
 
 5. The want of due discrimination in the definitions of words 
 that are nearljf synonymous, or sometimes really synonymous, 
 at other times not, is a fault in all the dictionaries of our lan- 
 guage which I have seen. Permeate, says Johnson, signifies to 
 pass through; and Permeahle, such as may he passed through. 
 But we jniss through a door or gate ; although we do not permeate 
 it, or say that it is permeable. Obedience, says Johnson, is obse- 
 quiousness ; but this is rarely the present sense of the word; so 
 far from it, that obedience is always honorable, and obsequiojisness 
 usually implies meanness. Peculation, says Johnson, is robbery 
 of the public, theft of public money. But as robbery and theft are 
 now understood, it is neither. Inaccuracies of this kind are 
 very numerous. 
 
 6. There are in Johnson's Dictionary some palpable mistakes 
 in ortliography, such as comptroller, redoubt, and some others, 
 there being no such legitimate words in the language. In other 
 instances,ihe author mistook the true origin of words, and has 
 erred in tlie ortliography, as in chymislry and diocess. 
 
 7. The mistakes in etymology are numerous; and the whole 
 scheme of deducing words from their original is extremely 
 imperfect. 
 
 S. The manner of defining words in Johnson, as in all other 
 dictionaries, is susceptible of improvement. In a great part of 
 the more important words, and particularly verbs, lexicograpliors, 
 eitlier from negligence or want of knowledge, have iiiv<'rted 
 the true order, or liave disregarded all order, in the definitions. 
 There is a primary sense of every word, from whicii all the other 
 have proceeded ; and whenever tliis can be discovered, this sense 
 should stand first in order. Thus tlie primary sense of make is 
 to force or compel ; but this in Johnson's Dictionary is the fifteenth 
 definition ; and this sense of facio in Ainsworth, the nineteenth. 
 
 'J. One of the most objectionalile parts of Jolmson's Dictionary, 
 in my opinion, is tlie great nuiiil)er of passages cited from authors, 
 to r-xemplify his definitions. Most Knglish words are so famil- 
 iarly and perfectly niiderstopd, and the sense of them so littk- 
 lialile to b(? called in question, tliat they may be safely left to rest 
 on the autliority ol' tlie lexicograplii-r, without exam|)les. Who 
 needs extracts from three autiiors, Kiiolles, Milton, and Berkeley, 
 to prove or illustrate the literal meaning of hand? Who needs 
 extracts from Slialtsprare, ISacoti, South, and Dryden, to prove 
 hummer to be a legitimate Knglish word, and to signify an in- 
 atrunient for driving nails.' So, under household, we find seven 
 
 • There i», nmong nomc poelii of the present (l.iy, nn anectatinn of reviviiiK 
 the line of obnolctu wurdi Boinr of theiie may, prrhnpfi, he revived to ndviin- 
 tage ; but when llila priictico pruceedn so fiir a* to iiiukv a ijloDHary iiucessury 
 
 passages and nearly thirty lines employed to exemplify the plain 
 interpretation, a family living together. 
 
 In most cases, one example is sufficient to illustrate the mean- 
 ing of a word ; and this is not absolutely necessary, except in 
 cases where the signification is a deviation from the plain, literal 
 sense, a particular application of the term ; or in a case where the 
 sense of the word may be doubtful and of questionable authority. 
 Numerous citations serve to swell the size of a Dictionary, with- 
 out any adequate advantage. But this is not the onl}' objection 
 to Johnson's exemplifications. Many of the passages are taken 
 from authors now little read, or' not at all; whose style is now 
 antiquated, and by no means furnishing proper models for stu- 
 dents of the present age. 
 
 In the execution of this work, I have pursued a course some- 
 what different ; not, however, without fortifying my own opinion 
 with that of other gentlemen, in whose judgment I have con- 
 fidence. In many cases, where the sense of a word is plain and 
 indisputable, I have omitted to cite any authority. I have done 
 the same in many instances, where the sense of a word is wholly 
 obsolete, and the definition useful only to the antiquary. In 
 some instances, definitions are given without authority, merely 
 because I had neglected to note the author, or had lost the refer- 
 ence. In such cases, I must stand responsible for the correctness 
 of the definition. In all such cases, however, I have endeavored 
 to be faithful to the duty of a lexicographer ; and if, in any in- 
 stance, a mistake has escaped me, I shall be happy to have it 
 suggested, that it may be corrected. 
 
 In general, I have illustrated the significations of words, and 
 proved them to be legitimate, by a short passage from some 
 respectable author, often abridged from the whole passage cited 
 by Johnson. In many cases, I have given brief sentences of my 
 own ; using the phrases or sentences in which the word most 
 frequently occurs, and often presenting some important maxim 
 or sentiment in religion, morality, law, or civil policy. Under 
 words which occur in the Scriptures, I have often cited passages 
 from our common version, not only to illustrate the scriptural or 
 theological sense, but even f>he ordinary sighifications of the 
 words. These passages are short, plain, appropriate, and famil- 
 iar to most readers. In a few cases, where the sense of a word 
 is disputed, I have departed from the general plan, and cited a 
 number of authorities. 
 
 In the admission of words of recent origin into a Dictionary, 
 a le.xicographer has to encounter many difficulties ; as it is not 
 easy, in all cases, to determine whether a word is so far author- 
 ized as to be considered legitimate. Some writers indulge a 
 licentiousness in coining words, which good sense would wish to 
 repress. At the same time, it would not be judicious to reject all 
 new terms, as these are often necessary to express new ideas; 
 and the progress of improvement in arts and science would be 
 retarded by denying a place in dictionaries to terms given to 
 things newly discovered. But the lexicographer is not answer- 
 able for the bad use of the privilege of coining new words. It 
 seems to be his duty to insert and explain all words which are 
 used by respectable writers or speakers, whether the words are 
 destined to be received into general and permanent use or not. 
 The future use must depend on public taste, or the utility of the 
 words — circumstances which are not within the lexicographer's 
 control. 
 
 Lexicographers are sometimes censured for inserting in their 
 vocabularies vulgar words, and terms of art, known only to par- 
 ticular artisans. That this practice may be carried too far, is 
 admitted ; but it is to be remarked that, in general, vulgar words 
 are the oldest and best authorized words in language ; and their 
 use is as necessary to the classes of people who use them, as 
 elegant words are to the statesman and the poet. It may be 
 added, that such words arc often particularly useful to the lexi- 
 cographer, in furnishing him with the primary sense, which is no- 
 where to be found but in popular use. In tliis work I have not 
 gone (juite so far as Johnson lias done, in admitting vulgar words. 
 Some of them are too low to deserve notice. 
 
 The catalogue of obsolete words in Johnson has been consider- 
 ably augmented by Mason. I have, though somewhat reluc- 
 tantly, inserted nearly the whole catalogue, which, I presume, 
 amouirts to seven or eight, and perhaps to ten thousand words. 
 Most of these may be useful to the antiquary ; but to the great 
 mass of readers they are useless.* 
 
 to the iinderritaiidinc of a poem, it seems to he a violation of good taste. How 
 diirereiit in the siiii|ilu eh-gnncc of Dryden, Pope, Gray, Golilsmitli, and Cow 
 per ! 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ixxvii 
 
 I have also inserti'd many words wliicli are local in Enjrland ; 
 being retained from the different languages that have been 
 spokt>n in that country, but whicli are no more a part of our 
 present language in the United States, than so many Lapland 
 words. These, however, occur in books which treat of agricul- 
 ture and the arts — books which are occasionally read in this 
 country. 
 
 Law terms, which are no part of the proper language of the 
 United States, and never can be, as the things they express do 
 not exist in this country, are, however, retained, as it is necessary 
 that the gentlemen of the bar should understand them ; and it 
 will be time to dismiss them from books when they are obsolete 
 in practice. 
 
 As to Americanisms, so called, I have not been able to find 
 many words, in respectable use, which can be so denominated. 
 These I have admitted and noted as peculiar to this country. I 
 have fully ascertained that most of the new words charged to the 
 coinage of this country, were first used in England. 
 
 In exhibiting the origin and affinities of English words, I have 
 usually placed Jirst in order the corresponding word, in the lan- 
 guage from or through which we have received it ; then the cor- 
 responding words in the languages of the same family or race ; 
 then the corresponding word in the languages of other families. 
 Thus, for example, the word break we have from our Saxon 
 ancestors ; I therefore give the Saxon word first ; then the 
 same word in the other Teutonic and Gothic languages ; then 
 the Celtic words ; then the Latin ; and, lastly, the ilebrew, 
 Chaldaic, and Arabic. This order is not followed in every in- 
 stance, even of vernacular words, but it is the more general 
 course I have pursued. When there can be no rational doubt 
 respecting the radical identity of words, I have inserted them 
 without any expression of uncertainty. When there appears to 
 be any reason to question that identity, I have mentioned the 
 probability only of an affinity, or inserted a query, to invite fur- 
 ther investigation. Yet I am aware that many things, which in 
 m^' view are- not doubtful, will appear so to persons not versed 
 in this subject, and who do not at once see the chain of evidence 
 which has leil me to my inferences. For this there is no remedy 
 but further investigation. 
 
 In regard to words which have been introduced into the lan- 
 guage in modern days, 1 have generally referred them to the 
 language from which the English immediately received them. 
 A great part of thtse are from the Latin, through the French ; 
 sometimes, probably, through the Italian or Spanish. In some 
 instances, however, the order is reversed ; indeed, it can not 
 always be known from w^hich language the words have been 
 received, nor is it a matter of any consequence. 
 
 One circumstance, however, deserves to be particularly noticed — 
 that when I refer a vernacular word to the corresponding word in 
 one of the Shemitic languages, I would not have it understood 
 that the English word was derived or borrowed from that Oriental 
 word. For example, I have given the Shemitic as the verb 
 corresponding with the English break, that is, the same word in 
 those languages ; not intending by this that our ancestors bor- 
 rowed or received that word from the Chaldeans, Hebrews, or 
 other Shemitic aation. This is not the fact. It would be just as 
 correct for tlie compiler of a Chaldee or Hebrew Lexicon to 
 derive pTt from the English break or German brechen. So 
 when I deduce coin, through the French, Spanish, or Italian, 
 
 from the Arabic, • 1 «, I do not consider the word as borrowed 
 
 from the Arabic, but as proceeding from a common radix. With 
 regard to vermieiilar words, in any European language, such de- 
 duction is always incorrect. Yet errors of this kind abound in 
 every book I have seen, which treats of this subject. The truth 
 is, all vernacular words in the languages of Europe are as old as 
 the same words in Asia ; and when the same words are found in 
 the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, it is almost demonstrably 
 certain that these words were in use before the dispersion; the 
 nations of both families have them from the common stock, and 
 the words, like the families of men which used them, are to be 
 considered as of the same antiquity. 
 
 When, therefore, I state the words of another language as cor- 
 responding with vernacular words in the English, they are offered 
 as affinities, or the same word varied dialectically, perhaps, in 
 orthographv or signification, but words from the same root as the 
 English. Thus, under the word bright, I state the Saxon word, 
 and then the corresponding word in the Ethiopic, the participle 
 of a verb ; not that our ancestors borrowed the word from the 
 
 Ethiopians, b\it that the verb from which brii;ht was derived, 
 though lost in the Saxon, is still retained in the Ethiopic. This 
 fact i)roves that the ancestors of the Saxons once used the verb, 
 but sutfered it to go into disuse,' substituting shine, scinan, in its 
 place. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that British authors and travelers 
 admit into their writings foreign words, without conforming them, 
 in orthography, to regular English analogies. It is owing to this 
 disregard of the purity and regular form of orthography in Eng- 
 lish, that we arc perplexed with such words as burlesque, soup, 
 group, tour, corps, depot, suite, pacha, cn7iui, and many others. 
 In this respect, modern writers manifest less taste than the 
 writers of former centuries, who, when they borrowed foreign 
 words wrote them in conformity to English analogies. Tliis 
 practice of blending with the English many words of an orthog- 
 raph}: which in our language is anomalous, is very embarrassing 
 to readers who know only their vernacular tongue, and often 
 introduces an odious diffi^rence between the pronunciation of 
 different "classes of people — an evil more sensibly felt in this 
 country than in Great Britain, where differences of rank exist; 
 in short, it multiplies the irregularities of a language, already so 
 deformed by them as to render it nearly impracticable for our 
 own citizens ever to overcome the difficulties of its orthography — 
 irregularities which foreigners deem a reproach to the taste of a 
 literary nation. 
 
 Where is the good sense which should dictate a manly firmness 
 in preserving the regular analogies and purity of the language 
 Where is there a due attachment to unikormitv, which consti- 
 tutes the principal beauty and excellence of a language, and, 
 beyond all other means, facilitates its acquisition I would not 
 refuse to admit foreign wonls into the language, if necessary or 
 useful ; but I would treat them as our laws treat aliens ; I would 
 compel them to submit to tlic formalities of naturalization, before 
 they should be admitted to the rights of citizenship; I would con- 
 vert them into English words, or reject them. Nor would I per- 
 mit the same word to be written and pronounced in two different 
 ways, one English, the other French. The French suite in Eng- 
 lish is suit, wliether it signifies a set of clothes, or of apartments, 
 or of armor, or of attendants. 
 
 In the orthography of certain classes of words I have aimed at 
 uniformity ; but I have not proceeded so far in this desirable ref- 
 ormation of the common spelliner, as my own wishes and strict 
 propriety might dictate. Thus, if vicious, from the Latin vitium, 
 is written with c, the verb vitiate should regularly be written with 
 the same letter ; and we have |)recedents in the words' appreciate 
 and depreciate, from the Latin prctium. In like manner, expa- 
 tiate should be conformed to the orthography of spacious; exceed, 
 proceed, and succeed, should follow the analogy of concede, inter- 
 cede, and recede. These arc points of minor importance, but far 
 from being unimportant. 
 
 In writing the termination of such verbs as civilize, legalize, 
 modernize, there is a diversity which may be corrected without 
 inconvenience. We indeed have some of the verbs of this class 
 from the French, in which language iser is the termination ; hut 
 most of them we have borrowed directly from the Latin or Greek, 
 or perhaps from the Spanish or Italian, or they are of our own 
 coinage. As the termination ire is conformable to the Greek 
 original, as it has a definite meaning, and as it expresses the 
 true pronunciation in Engfish, it seems expedient to reduce the 
 whole class to a uniformity of orthography. 
 
 Enterprise, devise, comprise, revise, compromise, and surprise, 
 belong to a different class, and retain the orthography of their 
 originals. 
 
 There is a fact respecting the pronunciation of gn in cognizance 
 and recognizance, which seems to hove escaped observation ; this 
 is, that g was introduced to express a nasal sound, as in the French 
 gn, or Spanish H, but not for the purpose of being pronounced as 
 ff. It is probable that the Latins cliantred co7i, before nosco, into 
 cog, for this reason ; and it may be inferred, from the modern 
 pronunciation of these words, that the Greeks omitted or softened 
 the sound of y in yiyxurrxo) and yiyioiioi. However this may be, 
 the old pronunciation of the words was undoubtedly conusance, 
 or conizance, reconizance ; and hence, in the old writers on law, the 
 letter g was omitted. Indeed, there is a harshness in the pro- 
 nunciation of g in these words, that offends the organs both of 
 the speaker and hearer, and which well justifies the pronunciation 
 of the old lawyers — a pronunciation which we freq\iently hear at 
 this day among gentlemen of the bar. 
 
 Whether the Latins pronounced the letter g in such words as 
 benignus, condignxis, malignus, it is of no moment for us to deter- 
 
ixxviii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 mine. In our mode of writing benign, condign, malign, tlie 
 sound of g must be dropped ; but it is resumed in the derivatives, 
 benignitij, condignity, vialignity : so in design, designate ; resign, 
 resignation* 
 
 In noting the obsolete words, which amount to some thousands, 
 I may have committed mistakes; for words obsolete in one part 
 of the British dominions, or in some part of the United States, 
 I niav be words in common use in some other part of such domin- 
 ions not within my knov\'ledge. The rule I have generally ob- 
 served, has been to note as obsolete such words as 1 have not 
 heard in colloquial practice, and which I have not found in any 
 writer of the last century. The notation of such words as are 
 disused, may be of use to our own youth, and still more to for- 
 eigners who learn our language. 
 
 Under the head of etymology, in brackets, the reader will observe 
 references to another work, for a more full explanation or view of 
 the affinities of the words under which these references occur. 
 These are references to a S^'nopsis of the principal uncompounded 
 words in twenty languages — a work that is not published, and it 
 is uncertain whetlier it will ever be published. But if it should 
 be, these references will be useful to the philologist, and 1 thought 
 it expedient to insert them. 
 
 ENGLISH ALPHABET. 
 
 Language or speech consists of human voices or articulate 
 sounds, intended to communicate thoughts or ideas from one 
 person to another. 
 
 Articulate voices are those which are formed by closing and 
 opening the organs of speech — the lips, the tongue, tlie teeth, &c. 
 An articulation is a jointing or closing of the organs, as in pro- 
 nouncing ah, ed, op, un, at, eth, ag, eng. 
 
 Articulate sounds of the human voice are represented by letters 
 or characters written, painted, engraved, or printed. A letter, or 
 letters in combination, form syllables and words, which are the 
 symbols of ideas. 
 
 To letters, syllables, and words, are annexed certain sounds, 
 which, being uttered by the organs of sjjeecli, communicate ideas, 
 through the instrumentality of the ears. When letters and words 
 are written,, painted, engraved, or printed, they communicate 
 thoughts, through the instrumentality of the eyes. 
 
 In order to the communication of thoughts or opinions cor- 
 rectly, from one person to another, it is essential that both persons 
 sliould annex the same sounds to tlie same letters and words; or 
 that the letters and words used sliould be symbols of the same 
 thoughts to both persons. This identity of sounds and symb.ols 
 constitutes a particular language, the instrument of social inter- 
 course in a nation. 
 
 In the English language, the letters are twenty-six ; represent- 
 ing sovmds, simple or compound ; or modifying such sounds. 
 Letters are of two kinds, vowels and consonants. 
 Vowels are vocal sounds, uttered by opening the mouth or 
 organs of speech, without a contact of the parts of the mouth. 
 The sound of a perfect vowel may be prolonged at pleasure, with- 
 out altering the position of the organs. Such is the first or long 
 sound of a, c, o. 
 
 The vowels in the English are six — a, e, i, o, u, y. But i and 
 7/ are not always simple vowels; and y is sometimes used as a 
 consonant. These letters also represent different sounds — a cir- 
 cumstance which creates much difficulty in learning the language. 
 
 Tlie broadest or deepest vowel sound is that of a in fall, au in 
 avghl, aw in laic. This sound retpiires the largest opening of the 
 mouth. A less opening of the organs gives the sound of the Ital- 
 ian a, as in father, glass. One less deep gives tiie sound of the 
 short a, as in fat, cat, can. A still smaller opening gives the 
 Hound of a in fate, make; and a still smaller, gives the sound of e 
 in mete, feet. The first sound of o, as in note, is made by a circu- 
 lar posilion of the lips; and with a less circular opening of the 
 lips we utter the sound of oo in tool. 
 
 The first or long sound of t is compound, as in ■pine ; so is the 
 first sound of u in due, suit, tribunal. These sounds can not be 
 exactly expressed or described in writing. 
 
 The first or long sound of each vowel is exemplified in the 
 following words : — 
 
 a in make, name. o in note, hold. 
 
 e in vi-e, mete. u in duty, true. 
 
 i in j)ine, bind. y in dry, defy. 
 
 The short sound of each vowel may be exemplified in the fol- 
 lowing words : — 
 
 a in mat, ban. o in not, boss. 
 
 e in bet, men. v in dun, must. 
 
 i in bit, pin. y in pity, duty. 
 
 The vowel a has a third sound, called broad, as in ball, all, 
 walk. The same sound is expressed by au in taught, and by aw 
 in saw. This sound is shortened in what, quadrant, quality. Its 
 remaining sound is the Italian one mentioned above, as in father, 
 glass. 
 
 The vowel e has the sound of long a in a few words, as in prey, 
 survey, their. 
 
 The letter i retains its French sound, that of the English long e, 
 in some words which we have received from the French lan- 
 guage, as in pique, marine, viachine. 
 
 The vowel o, in a few words, has the sound of oo, the French 
 071, as in move, prove, lose. This sound of oo is shortened in 
 book, look. In a few words, o has the sound of u short, as in 
 dove, love. 
 
 The first sound of y, as in dry, is the same as that of i in pine ; 
 and its short sound in glory, pity, is the same as that of i in pin, 
 brisk. This short sound of i and j/ is, properly, the short sound 
 of e long. Hence little, when the first vowel is prolonged, be- 
 comes leetle. Hence beeji is pronounced bin. 
 
 The short e in let is nearly, but not precisely, the short sound 
 of a in late. 
 
 [Short e before r at the end of a word, and before r followed by 
 any consonant but itself in the middle of a word, verges toward 
 the sound of short u, as in her, fertile, in which e has not exactly 
 the same sound as in herring, ferry. Most persons, indeed, as 
 Smart remarks, run completely into the souml of short u, pro- 
 nouncing the first syllable of fnercy and of murder alike. Those 
 who are more delicate in their pronunciation, endeavor to avoid 
 this in accented syllables, retaining very slightly the sound of 
 short e, though it is difficult to do this, in some cases, without 
 running into the sound of a. These remarks apply also to the 
 sound of short i and y in the same circumstances, as in sir, circle, 
 mirth, &c. Smart remarks that, " even among the more refined 
 classes, sir, dirt, bird, are pronounced siir, durt, burd ; and, in- 
 deed, in all very common words, it would be somewhat affected to 
 insist on the delicacy refered to."] 
 
 The vowel u, in some words, has the sound of oo in book, as in 
 pull, full, put. 
 
 The letter u, in some words, is pronounced yu, in which case it 
 is anomalous, representing both a consonant and a vowel. This 
 pronunciation occurs in words which begin with u, forming a syl- 
 lable by itself ; as in unite, union, unanimous ; and before r, as in 
 failure, measure, insure, and in a few other cases. 
 
 Some English writers allege that the proper sound of u is yu. 
 This is a great mistake ; the true sound is nearljj eu, but these 
 letters do not express its exact sound. 
 
 The letter w has its form and its name from the union of two 
 v's, in old books; v being called yu. This name is ill chosen, and 
 not adapted to express its sound. This letter is, properly-, a 
 vowel, with the sound of oo, French on, but shortened in pro- 
 nunciation, as in dwell, pronounced dooel'. 
 
 That 70 is a vowel, is proved by the fact, that its sound, oo, may 
 be prolonged at pleasure, with the same position of the organs ; 
 and it has the same sound both in the middle and at the beginning 
 of a word ; as in dwell, well. Yet at the beginning of a word, it 
 is preceded by a, as a wall, a woolen garment, which has led 
 writers to number it among the consonants. 
 
 \V, before another vowel, forms a diplitliongal sound ; at least 
 this coinl>ination seems to deserve a pla<!e among diphthongs. It 
 corresponds exactly with u before a vowel, as in equal, equity, in- 
 iquity, antiquity, quote, question, persuade, in which w might be 
 substituted ibr H,as it is in the Dutch language. 
 
 In a few words, w is written before h, but pronounced after it, 
 as in when, witite, pronounced hooen, hooite. This absurdity has 
 proceeded from a change of the order of letters in the Saxon, in 
 which h preceded u ; tlius, hwen. Incite. 
 
 * Ttio Spanliih puHo in the Ijntin jnigntui nnd our word pmim, the D. pand, \» 
 Ihe Lalin pignut. So wu prunoimce impune, for impugit, French impugner, from 
 
I N T 11 <> D 
 
 Ixxix 
 
 Before r, as in icrench, icring, w is not pronounced. Before 
 the diphthong ou, as in tcound, w aids in forming a triplUliong. 
 
 Following o, to forms part of a diplithong, as in nuic, vow ; or is 
 mute, as in low, sloio, srioio. 
 
 Two vowels rapidly pronounced in one S3'llable, constitute a 
 diphthong; as oi in join ; oij in joy; oit in sound; and oic invoio. 
 
 Two vowels in succession, when one only is pronounced, do 
 not form a diplithong. In my books I follow Slieridan, and de- 
 nominate sucli-vowels a. digraph ; that i.s, double written. Such 
 are the following : ai, ay, au, aw, ea, ce, ei, cu, cw, cy, ie, ov, vi. 
 
 Consonants are the letters which represent the articulations of 
 the organs. The letters of this sort, in the Englisii language, are 
 the following, in large and small characters: B, b ; C, c ; D, d ; 
 F, f; G, g; H, h ; J, j ; K, k ; L, 1 ; M, m; N, n ; 1', p ; Q, q ; 
 R, r; S, s; T, t; V, v ; X, x; Z, z. 
 
 The articulations or jointings made by these letters, may be 
 learned from the following syllables : ab, ac, ad, of, ag, aj, a/,, 
 al, am, an, up, aq, ar, as, at, av, ax, az. Observe the point of 
 contact in the organs wiiich stops the sound. 
 
 The letters b,f, j>, m, v, represent the articulations of tlie lips, 
 and are called labials, or lip-letters. 
 
 The consonants d, t, I, n, and th, represent the jointings of the 
 tongue and the upper teeth, or gum in which the teeth are inserted. 
 For this reason, they are denominated dentals, or tooth-lcttcrs. 
 
 The consonants close c, close g, k, and q, represent the articu- 
 lations of the lower part of the tongue and upper part of the 
 mouth, or palate ; hence they are ctiWifX palatals, or palate-letters. 
 
 The consonants s and z represent the position of the end of the 
 tongue near the upper teeth ; and when pronounced, the breath 
 issues or is driven out between the tongue and teeth, with a hiss- 
 ing ; hence these letters are called sibilants, or hissiyig-letters. 
 The letter c before e, i, and y, is precisely equivalent to s. 
 
 The letter r is uttered with a jar or vibration of the end of the 
 tongue, near the upper teeth. 
 
 The letters j and x represent eqiCh two sounds ; those of j may 
 be expressed by dj, and those of z by ks. The consonant g before 
 e, I, and y, is, in many words, the exact equivalent of j. 
 
 The close articulations interrupt all distinct sound ; such are k, 
 p, and t, as in ak, ap, at. These are called mutes. B and d are 
 mutes, but less close. 
 
 C and g are c-lose articulations at the end of syllables, as in 
 public, rag. At the beginning of syllables, they are close before 
 a, o, and xi, as in can, cot, cud ; gap, go, gun. But before e, i, and 
 rj, c is equivalent to s, as in cedar, city, cycle; and g is sometimes 
 close, as in gift, and sometimes compound, as in general, ginger. 
 
 The consonants which represent articulations not close, are/i /, 
 m, n, r, s, c, z ; as in the syllables cf, el, em, en, er, cs, ec, ez. 
 
 H represents a breathing, and is denominated aspirate. 
 
 There are, in English, four articulations, for which there are no 
 single characters ; but they are represented by cli, sh, th, and ng. 
 
 The sound of r/t, as in church, cheer, may be represented by tsh. 
 
 The sound of sh occurs in shine, shall. It is precisely equiva- 
 lent to the French ch. 
 
 Th are aspirated in think, throne; but vocal in that, thou. 
 
 Walker, in explaining the letters of the alphabet, represents or 
 denominates the consonant b as flat, and p as sharp ; v as flat, and 
 / as sharp ; d as flat, and t as sharp ; th in thee, thou, as flat, and 
 til m think, as sharp. These epithets do not express the powers 
 of these consonants, nor the differences b«tween them. The true 
 representation of them is this : JS is a labial, representing a less 
 close articulation than which indicates a compression of the lips, 
 that instantly stops all sound. The articulation is the same. D 
 represents a less close articulation of the tongue and upper teeth 
 than /. T represents an articulation of the upper teeth and the 
 lower lip, with a breathing without sound ; v represents the same 
 articulation with sound. S represents a near articulation of the 
 end of the tongue and the upper teeth, with a breathing or hissing 
 without sound ; 2 represents the same articulation with a hissincr 
 sound. The same distinction exists between the articulation sli 
 as in fresh, and that of zh as in osier, fusion, delusion. 
 
 The sound of ng is simple, and occurs in sing, thing, in which 
 the articulation is not close. The same is also true of the parti- 
 ciples and verbals, as singing, singer. But there is anotlier class 
 of words, as anger, longer, in which the g goes to the subsequent 
 syllable, while, at the same time, the peculiar sound of ng is re- 
 tained on the preceding s\-llable. To indicate this, such words 
 are marked with a double accent, thus, nn"gcr, lon"gcr, denoting 
 that they are not to be pronounced either ant;-er, or an-ger, but 
 with the peculiar sound of ng followed hy g, as described above. 
 
 Yet there are not, in this case, tiro articulations, as some or- 
 thoiipists seem to suppose. The g directly succeeds the peculiar 
 sound of «^ without any new position of tlic organs, so that there 
 is only one articulation or jointii g between the syllables, though 
 that is a close one. 
 
 Ortho(!pists represent, that, in the combination nk, as in ink, 
 bank, n has the sound of ng. This is a mistake. The sound of 
 ng is nasal, the articulation being less close than 71/;:. If the n in 
 such words liad the sound of ng, then ink would have a nasal 
 sound, iug, preceding k; but this is not the fact; on the other 
 hand, the close articulation k slops all sound. Walker, then, in 
 representing bank, brink, as being pronounced bangk, bringk, en- 
 tirely mistakes the fact. 
 
 NoTK. — In this work, the diphthongs of foreign words, from 
 which anglicized words are derived, are very oflen rejected ; as in 
 economy, edematous, athencum, mancuccr, pean. The diphthongs 
 CE and (c are of diflicult formation in writing, and of no use in 
 English words. 
 
 RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION, 
 
 AND EXPLANATIONS OF THE MANNER OF DESIGNAT- 
 ING SOUNDS IN THIS WORK. 
 
 The first or long sound of the vowels is designated by a horizon- 
 tal mark over the vowel, thus, a, e, i, o, Q, y. This mark is not 
 necessary (though it is here used) in words and syllables ending 
 in e, after a single consonant, as in fate, mete, rite, note, mute, in 
 which the first vowel is long, and the final e is silent. So also it 
 is unnecessary in the last syllables of colonnade, fortitude, anti- 
 podc, suicide, proselyte, consecrate, and others of similar formation. 
 
 The first sound of a vowel is also indicated by the mark of 
 accent immediately after the vowel, as in fa'vor, cc'dar, vi'tal, 
 glo'ry, tru'ly, cy'cte. 
 
 The second or short sound of a single vovwl is indicated bv 
 one or more con.sonants terminating the word or syllable, as in 
 ban, band, pen, bend, pin, flint, not, plot, sun, must, cyst, withstand, 
 descend, rotund. 
 
 The short sound is also indicated by the mark of accent im- 
 mediately after a single consonant, as in sal'ary, en'ergy, infamy, 
 bot'any, hus'band, sym'bol. 
 
 The third or broad sound of a is designated by two points 
 under the vowel ; thus, ball, broad. But the necessity of these 
 points is superseded by a general rule, that, in most words in 
 which a is followed by Id, Ik, II, as in bald, balk, fall, the letter a 
 has its broad sound. [Still the a is generally used for greater 
 clearness.] 
 
 This broad sound occurs in the digraphs au and aio ; as in 
 taught, law. 
 
 When this broad a is shortened, the sound is indicated by a 
 single point under a ; as in \rhnt, r/uadrant. 
 
 The fourth or Italian sound of a is designated by two points 
 over the letter ; l\\ns, bftr, mfjst, filther. 
 
 The letter e having the sound of a long, has a mark under the 
 letter ; as in prey, convey. 
 
 The letter when it has the sound of e long, has two points 
 over the letter; thus,/«n«-i/c, marine. 
 
 The letters i and o, when they have the sound of u short, have 
 a curving mark ; thus, bird, dove. 
 
 The vowel o has, in a few words, the sound of 00, French ok, 
 which is indicated by two dots over the letter; thus, mflve, lOse. 
 This sound, when shortened, is designated by a point under each 
 of the vowels; thus, book, look; biish,full. 
 
 The two letters 00, without points, have the sound of the 
 French ou ; as in fool, room. 
 
 The digraphs ai, ay, always have the sound of the first or long 
 a, unless otherwise marked. 
 
 The digraphs ea, ee, ci, ie, always have the sound of the first or 
 long e, unless otherwise marked. 
 
 In all cases, when one vowel of a digraph is marked, that 
 vowel has the sound designated by the mark, and the other is 
 quiescent ; thus, upbraid, arrayed, deceit, siege, appear, course^ 
 jl6at, broad, vein, shOw. 
 
 By marking the vowel o, in the digraphs ou and otc, the 
 digraph is distinguished from the diphthong; thus, in sdurce, ou 
 are a digraph; but in sour they are a diphthong; and bOic, a 
 weapon, is distinguished from bow, to bend. I 
 
Ixxx INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Thus ou and ow, without a mark, are always diphthongs. 
 
 The digraphs eu, etc, and ui, have the sound of the first u; as 
 in feud, brcic, bruise. The writers who attempt to give u and ew, 
 afler r, the sound of oo, as in rude, brew, [rood, iroo,] encourage 
 an affected pronunciation. In all such words, u and etc have the 
 proper sound of u in duty, tumult, lucid, both in this country and 
 in the general usage in England. Some persons affect to pro- 
 nounce the letters e and ic distinctly, e and oo ; but this affectation 
 was condemned by Wallis, as early as the reign of Charles II. 
 
 The vowel i, in the termination ire, is always short; as in 
 motive, relative, pronounced motiv, rclativ. 
 
 The peculiar-articulation of the letter r renders it necessary to 
 utter a slight sound of e short between a vowel and that letter. 
 Thus, bare, mere, mire, more, mure, are pronounced bder, meer, 
 mier, moer, muer ; so in parent, apparent, pronounced nearly 
 pacrcnt, appacrciit. This necessity makes a slight variation in 
 the sound of a, but too inconsiderable to deserve a particular 
 mark of distinction. 
 
 The accented syllable is designated by this mark' at the end, 
 as in la'bor, glo'rij, ten'or, amend', det'rimcnt, icithdraw' , avoir', 
 destroy', renew'. 
 
 After syllables having two or more consonants followed by e 
 quiescent, or a diphthong, the accent has no effect upon the vow- 
 el, as in dislodge', rejoice'. 
 
 In many cases, the mark over the vowel might designate both the 
 sound of the vowel and the accented syllable, as in abrade, up- 
 braid, deduce, besiege; but the accent is uniformly marked.* 
 
 The letters cit, in v/ords from the French, are pronounced as 
 sh, and over the letter c is a mark ; thus, chaise, pronounced 
 shiyz. 
 
 The letters ce, ci, and ti, before a vowel, often blend into the 
 sound of sh. Thus, ocean, Phocion, motion, are pronounced 
 o'shun, Plin'shun, mo'shun. Hence, ceous, cious, tious, blend into 
 the syllable shus, as in cetaceous, gracious, factious, pronounced 
 ceta'shus, gra'shus, f(ic'sltas.\ 
 
 The termination sion, after a consonant, is pronounced shun; 
 concession is pronounced concesli' un. But after a vowel, it is 
 pronounced zhun; diffusion is pronounced diffu'zhun. 
 
 The termination tioii, in most words, is pronounced shun, after 
 a vowel or consonant ; nation, affection, are pronounced na'sliun, 
 uffec'shun. 
 
 In a few words, tian, tion, are pronounced chun ; as in Chris- 
 tian, bastion. Egyptian is an exception ; Egypshun. 
 
 The termination sier, when not under the accent, is pronounced 
 zhcr or zhur, as in o'sier, bra' sier ; but when under the accent, it 
 has the sound of seer, as in cuirassier' . 
 
 Wlien two accents occur after e or i, and before ci and ti, they 
 indicate that the preceding syllable ends with the pronunciation 
 of sh. Thus, pre"cious, vi"tiate, are pronounced ^>res/t'oas, visl:'- 
 ate; the ci and ti blending into tb.e sound ol' sh. 
 
 In such words as pronunciation, euphony seems to require that 
 cia sho lid be uttered in two syllables, pro-nun-ci-a'tion, to pre- 
 vent the repetition of the sound of sh ; pronunshasliun.\ 
 
 Dr. Ash remarks, that the different vowels, in unaccented syl- 
 lables, are pronounced alike, or nearly so. Thus, in the words 
 altar, alter, manner, manor, murmur, all the vowels of the last syl- 
 lables have nearly tlie same sound. Hence it is useless to mark the 
 unaccented vowels, their sounds being too obscure and indistinct 
 to be defined, or to be distinguislied by marks. The nice dis- 
 tinctions between them, if any exist, are to be acquired only by 
 usage and good taste. 
 
 The letters gh, in most English words, are quiescent. In the 
 following, they arc pronounced like /; cough, chough, dough, 
 enough, hough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough. 
 
 II after r is mutt;, as in rhetoric. 
 
 G and h before n are mute, as in gnaw, knave. 
 
 W before r is mute, as in wrest, xcrong. 
 
 In a few words, A afler w is pronounced before it, as in what, 
 wh ich. 
 
 Tn the termination en, c is usually mute, as in ^roken, [jro- 
 nounced hrnhn. 
 
 * It in iiaid by soine writer, that the accent neviT falls nn a vowel, biit nlwnya 
 on a con«onanl. This ia a Rreat niixtalte. The last ayllable of forener. ha.s the 
 accent on Ibc laat aylluble, and on the vowcIh which enil the xyllahle. In open, 
 the iccent ia on the flnt ayllahle, in which there in no consonant. 
 
 The final e is mute after /, in the following syllables : ble, clc, 
 die, fle, gle, kle, pic, tie, zle. 
 B after to is mute, as in dumb. 
 
 L is mute before k, as in walk; before m, as in calm; and 
 before /, as in half, calf. 
 
 JV is mute after jn, as in hymn. 
 
 Ph are always pronounced like/, as in philosophy; but they 
 are silent in phthisic, pronounced tizzic. 
 
 P is mute before s, as in psalm ; and before t, as in ptyalism, 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 In the terminating syllable of adjectives, ous, the letter o is 
 always silent. 
 
 The unaccented y, at the end of words, is short, like i in pin, 
 pit,- as in glory, probity. In the plural of such words, ies are 
 pronounced iz, as glories, pronounced gloriz. 
 
 But !/, in monosyllables, has its first sound, as in dry, my ; and 
 in verbs and plurals of nouns the same sound occurs in the in- 
 flections, as in fly, flies ; try, tries ; pronounced _^£ze, trlze. 
 
 In the termination /(/, the y has its first sound, as in fortify. So 
 also i in the last syllable of fortifies. 
 
 S has its proper sound after /, k, t, and th aspirate, as in 
 chiefs, caps, franks, pits, deaths. 
 
 S has tiie soiind of z after b, d, g, gh, I, m, n, r, s and z, v, 
 aw, ay, etc, ey, ow, oy, sh, ng, th vocal, ch, oe, ie, and after e fol- 
 lowed by c final ; as in robs, robes, races, rods, rides, rags, rages, 
 toils, dreams, sighs, rains, bars, waves, roses, passes, mazes, laws, 
 days, news, preys, vows, joys, brushes, sings, breathes, churches, 
 foes, flies. 
 
 S before m has the sound of r, as in spasm, baptism 
 The letter z, in Welsh words, is pronounced as the vocal th in 
 tliat, thou. 
 
 In many cases, a word, the better to express the pronunciation, 
 is written a second time, in the letters most proper for the pur- 
 pose. In this case, the pronunciation of the radical word is to 
 be observed in the derivatives, unless otherwise noted. Thus, 
 bright is written brite, to, show the pronunciation; and this 
 pronunciation is to be observed in its derivatives, brightness, 
 brightly. 
 
 The letter u, it has been remarked, has the sound of yu in 
 words in which this letter forms a syllable by itself, as in u-nit, 
 u-nanimous, u-biquity, usurp, and in some monosyllables, as in 
 use, pronounced yuse. 
 
 In extending this sound to u after d, as in gradual, credu- 
 lous. Walker has changed the sound of d to that of dj ; and 
 gradual becomes grudjual or grajual ; credulous is changed 
 to crcdjnlous or crejalous. But this pronunciation of Walker is 
 severely condemned by Jameson and Kiiowles. So also Walker's 
 butshctis for beauteous, plcntshus for plenteous, are condemned 
 and discarded. The same fate attends Walker's ingrejent for in- 
 gredient, and other words of a like orthography. 
 
 The present practice is to give to u the sound of yu, in such 
 words as nature, feature, rapture ; which are pronounced 7ia.t-yur, 
 feat-yur, rapt-yur. This practice seems to have been adopted 
 to avoid the common corruption of a change of t into tsh, as in 
 natshur — a pronunciation condemned by the latest orthot'pists. 
 
 But in words of more syllables than two, this pronunciation of 
 u as j/u, in the last syllable, as in caricature, literature, judicature, 
 is not to be commended. [Still, as the corruption referred to oc- 
 curs quite as frequently in wor(ls of this class as in those of two 
 syllables, it has been thought best to place them all on the same 
 footing, and to mark with the sound of u as heard in unite, all the 
 terminations in ure, with their derivatives.] 
 
 The termination ed, in the past tense and participles of verbs, 
 retains the vowel e, in this vocabulary, for showing the proper 
 orthography, especially to foreigners; but in the customary pro- 
 nunciation, this vowel is omitted, except afler d and t. Thus, 
 abandoned, delivered, charmed, are pronounced abandond, dc- 
 liverd, charmd. This rule extends to all cases, except to some 
 formal uses of particular words, or to occasional uses of some 
 words in verse. 
 
 After d and <, this termination ed is, from necessity, pronounced 
 as a distinct syllable ; as in abraded, hated. 
 
 t Tlio Kn^lish orfhoepisls allepe thai the letter c, in ciich words, has the 
 sound of .1/1. This is a mistake. The proniincialrc.n of sk, in such words, is the 
 cfrect of bli iwlinn the sound of c with the following vowel. This mistake has 
 niihled Walker and others into a multitude of errors. 
 
IXZXI 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER 
 
 AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 
 
 1. Terminations in our changed into or. — Such words a.s favor, 
 labor, &c., formerly ending in our, drop the u. One word, how- 
 ever, is here given in both ways, viz.. Savior, Saviour. 
 
 2. Terminations in ck changed into c. — Words of more than 
 one syllable, ending in ic or iac, which formerly ended in k, have 
 dropped the k, as in music, maniac, &c. Add to these almanac, 
 sandarac, limbec (from alembic) ; also havoc. The k is retained 
 (1) in a few derivatives, as colicky, trafficker, mimicking, &c., to 
 prevent an erroneous pronunciation ; (2) in all monosyllables, as 
 sick, stick, wreck. Sec, and hence in their compounds, as brain- 
 sick, candlestick, shipwreck, &c. ; (3) in all other terminations 
 except ic and iac, as in arrack, hammock, &c. 
 
 3. Terminations in re changed into Eu. — Such words as centre, 
 metre, theatre, &c., with their compounds, have the re changed into 
 er, as center, meter, theater, &c. Some hundreds of words, like 
 chamber, cider, diameter, «&c., have already undergone this change, 
 which is here extended to about twenty more, to complete the 
 analogy, jlcre, lucre, and massacre, are necessarily excepted, be- 
 cause the change would lead to an erroneous pronunciation. The 
 above words, however, are here given in both modes of spelling. 
 
 4. Words in ichich the final consonant is not doubled in adding 
 such for matives as i.ng, ed, er, &^c. — It is a rule extending to 
 many hundreds of cases, that, in adding to a word such formatives 
 as ing, ed, er, &c., a single consonant at the end of a word is 
 doubled when the accent falls on the last syllable, as in forgetting, 
 beginning, excelling ; but is not doubled when the accent falls onany 
 preceding syllable, as in benefiting, gardener, &c. This rule has 
 been violated in the case of about fifty words ending in I, whose 
 derivatives have had the I doubled, as traveller, &c. These words 
 are here restored to their true analogous spelling, as recommended 
 by Walker, Lowth, Perry, and others, as in traveling, canceled, 
 leveler, counselor, duelist, marvelous, &c. On the same principle, 
 woolen is spelled with a single I. It does not interfere with this 
 rule that chancellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as met- 
 alline, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, &c., have the I doubled, 
 since they come directly from the Latin cancellarius and metallum 
 (Greek ^haXXov), and the Greek xovaxaXXo^. The above rule is also 
 applied to the derivatives of worship and bias, making them wor- 
 shiping, worshiped, worshiper, biasing, biased. Bigoted has already 
 taken its true spelling with but one t, and such should be the spell- 
 ing oi carbureted, sulphureted, &c. 
 
 5. Distinction between verbs in ir.E and ise. — Verbs from the 
 Greek itw, and others formed in analogy with them, have the ter- 
 mination ize, as baptize, legalize, &c. Catechise and exorcise are 
 exceptions. Verbs, and also some nouns, derived directly from the 
 French, with a few from other sources, end in ise, as advertise, 
 advise, affranchise, amortise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, com- 
 promise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disfranchise, disguise, 
 divcrtise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, manumise, mer- 
 chandise, misprise (to mistake), premise, reprise (to take again), 
 revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. 
 
 6. Terminations in able. — Able, when incorporated into words 
 ending with silent e, cuts it off, as in blamable, except after c or g, 
 as in noticeable, changeable. 
 
 7. Compounds of words ending in ll. — Such compounds as 
 befall, miscall, install, forestall, inlhrall, enroll, retain the double I, 
 to prevent a false pronunciation, making the last vowel short, as 
 befal, enrol, &c. For the same reason, double I should be retained 
 in the nouns installment, inthrallment, thralldom, and enrollment. 
 
 8. Defense, Offense, and Pretense. — In these words, « is 
 
 substituted for c, because s is used in the derivatives, as defensive, 
 offensive, pretension. The words expense, recompense, and license, 
 have, on this ground, undergone the same alteration within com- 
 paratively a short period, and a change in the three mentioned above 
 would complete the analogy. These words are here given in both 
 forms of spelling. 
 
 9. Foretell, Distill, Instill, Fulfill. — These words retain 
 the II of their primitives, for it must be retained in the participles 
 and other derivatives, as foretelling, distiller, instilling, fulfilled, «&c. 
 In this case, it is only necessary to remember the rule, that the 
 spelling of the original words tell, still, fill, is retained in all the 
 derivatives. 
 
 10. Connection, Deflection, Inflection, Reflection. — 
 These follow the spelling of their verbs, connect, deflect, inflect, reflect. 
 
 11. Derivatives of Dull, Skill, Will, and Full. — These re- 
 tain the II, viz. dullness, fullness, skillful, icillful, to prevent the 
 inconvenience of exceptions to a general rule. Walker says, there 
 is no reason why we should not write dullness, fullness, skillfuh 
 and willful, as well as stifl'ncss, gruffness, and crossness. 
 
 12. Derivatives of Villain. — The derivatives of villain ought to 
 retain the i, as in villainous, villainy, &c. This is the case in all 
 similar words when the ain is not under tlie accent, as mountain- 
 ous from mountain, captaincy from captain, chieftaincy from chief- 
 tain, chaplaincy from chaplain, certainty from certain, &.C. Both 
 modes of spelling, however, are given in this volume. 
 
 13. Mould and Moult. — These words should be written mold 
 and molt, like gold, bold, fold, colt, &c., in which the u has been 
 dropped, or was never introduced ; but they are here given in both 
 ways. 
 
 14. Terms in chemistry. — The ortliography oxyd (from o;i;s) is 
 considered preferable to oxide, because in all other derivatives the 
 Greek u is represented by the English y, as in oxygen, hydrogen, 
 &c. In such terminations as chlorid, fluorid, ammid, &c., the 
 final e is not used, because they are formed in analogy with acid, 
 and the e is unnecessary, and might lead to the error of giving a 
 long sound to the preceding i. Such words as salicin, cerin, vera- 
 trin, &c., also omit the final c in most cases, because it is unneces- 
 sary, though it is retained in bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and 
 a very few others. The spelling of the last class of words has the 
 authority of Brande's Encyclopedia, the Penny Cyclopedia, and 
 some distinguished chemical works. 
 
 15. Woe. — This word takes the final e, like doe, foe, hoe, sloe, 
 toe, and all similar nouns of one syllable. The termination in o be- 
 longs, among monosyllables, to the other parts of speech, as go, so, 
 and to nouns of more than one syllable, as motto, potato, tomato, &,c. 
 
 16. Practice, as a verb. — This verb should be spelled like the 
 noun, with a c, as in notice, apprentice, and all similar words in 
 which the accent precedes the last syllable. The distinction of 
 spelling between the noun and verb belongs properly to words ac- 
 cented on the last s)'Ilable, as device, n., devise (pronounced de- 
 vize'), V. To apply the distinction here, and spell the verb practise, 
 tends to give it the same pronunciation (practize) as we often find 
 in uneducated persons ; but as this spelling, though in opposition 
 to the regular analogy, is more prevalent, the verb is here given 
 in both ways. 
 
 17. Drouth is given as spelled by Spenser, Bacon, &c., and as 
 still extensively pronounced ; and hight as spelled by Milton, and 
 derived from high. They are, however, placed under druusht and 
 height, the more ordinary spelling, though, on some accounts, the 
 old spelling is to be preferred. 
 
Ixxxil- 
 
 ALPHABETS. 
 
 HEBREW AXD 
 CHALDEE. 
 
 SAMARI- 
 TAN. 
 
 JVam&s. 
 
 ARABIC. 
 Final. 
 
 JilediaL 
 
 Initial. 
 
 Aleph 
 
 
 
 Elif 
 
 \ 
 
 L 
 
 L 
 
 \ 
 
 Beth 
 
 
 
 Be 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 Gimel 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Jim 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C Dal 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dalpth 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 ( Dhal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 n 
 
 
 He 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vau 
 
 1 
 
 
 Wau 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Zain 
 
 T 
 
 
 Ze 
 
 j 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 C Ha 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 Cheth 
 
 n 
 
 
 ( Kha 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C Ta 
 
 Is 
 
 k 
 
 k 
 
 is 
 
 X eiii 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 ( Tha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 Yod 
 
 
 m 
 
 Ye 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 Caph 
 
 
 a 
 
 Kef 
 
 
 i: 
 
 
 
 Lamed 
 
 
 I 
 
 Lam 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Mem 
 
 
 a 
 
 Mim 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 Nun 
 
 
 
 Nun 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Samech 
 
 D 
 
 
 wanting 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ain 
 
 
 
 C Ain 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 i Gain 
 
 i 
 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 Phe 
 
 CI D 
 
 a 
 
 Fe 
 
 (J 
 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 C Tsad 
 
 
 
 a. *A 
 
 ^ A5 
 
 Tzaddi 
 
 r - 
 
 
 ( Dhad 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to. 
 
 
 Koph 
 
 p 
 
 
 Kaf 
 
 6 
 
 
 'i. 
 
 'i 
 
 Resh 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Re 
 
 
 J- 
 
 J- 
 
 
 Sin 
 
 
 
 C Sin 
 
 
 (_r* 
 
 
 
 Shin 
 
 
 
 ( Shin 
 
 u- 
 
 (J** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C Te 
 
 
 1 «. 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 Thau 
 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 ( The 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 Olaph 
 
 Beth 
 
 Gomal 
 
 Dolath 
 
 He 
 
 Vau 
 
 Zain 
 
 Heth 
 
 Teth 
 
 Yud 
 
 Coph 
 Lomad 
 Mim 
 Nun 
 
 Semcath 
 
 Ee 
 
 Pe 
 
 Tsode 
 
 Kuph 
 Rish 
 
 Shin 
 Tau 
 
 SYRI,\a 
 Final. 
 
 i I 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 oi 
 a 
 V 
 
 4 
 
 MtdwX. InitiaL 
 
 I i 
 
 <5. ^ 
 
 ai 
 a 
 V 
 
 £1^ 
 X 
 
 The Arabic vowols are only three, viz. Fatha, a, e ; Kesra, "J o, i ; Dhamnia, J_ o, u. 
 
 The diacritical signs are Jesm ^ or quiescent Sheva ; Toshdid or Dagesh forte ; Hamza f_ placed over Elif when 
 Nunnation or double final vowels, ~ showing tliat they are to be pronounced an, en or in, on or un. 
 The Persians use the Arabic alphabet, with the addition of Pe, j ; Che, ; Ghaf, f ^ ; and Zhe,J. 
 
 OI 
 O 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 radical. 
 
ETHIOPIC ALPHABET. 
 
 
 A short. 
 
 U. 
 
 I. 
 
 A long. 
 
 E. 
 
 Y. 
 
 0. 
 
 Alph 
 
 
 (V u 
 
 A, i 
 
 A a 
 
 A. c 
 
 ?^ y 
 
 A 
 
 Bet 
 
 n ba 
 
 fV bu 
 
 
 n ba 
 
 « 1 
 
 a be 
 
 -n by 
 
 l)0 
 
 Geniel 
 
 
 T g" 
 
 1 g» 
 
 'J ga 
 
 'L ge 
 
 gy 
 
 go 
 
 Den 
 
 £ da 
 
 ^ du 
 
 Ji di 
 
 £ da 
 
 £ dc 
 
 ^ dy 
 
 ^ do 
 
 Hoi 
 
 U iia 
 
 If hu 
 
 hi 
 
 V ha 
 
 y he 
 
 
 IT ho 
 
 Waw 
 
 (D wa 
 
 (IX vvu 
 
 \vi 
 
 <p wa 
 
 we 
 
 wy 
 
 p wo 
 
 Zai 
 
 H za 
 
 zu 
 
 H, zi 
 
 H za 
 
 H, ze 
 
 71 zy 
 
 H zo 
 
 Haut 
 
 (]^ ha 
 
 rh- hu 
 
 fix hi 
 
 /t» ha 
 
 (h he 
 
 rh hy 
 
 rh ho 
 
 Hharm 
 
 ha 
 
 ■V hu 
 
 ^ hi 
 
 ha 
 
 •"i he 
 
 r\ hy 
 
 ho 
 
 Tait 
 
 m tha 
 
 n> thu 
 
 n\ tbi 
 
 rfi tha 
 
 ra the 
 
 ^ thy 
 
 (\\ tho 
 
 Yaman 
 
 p ya 
 
 F yu 
 
 R. yi 
 
 ya 
 
 ^ ye 
 
 ^ yy 
 
 p- yo 
 
 Quaf 
 
 n ka 
 
 r> ku 
 
 n. ki 
 
 n ka 
 
 n. ke 
 
 ^ ky 
 
 ^ ko 
 
 Lawi 
 
 A la 
 
 A- lu 
 
 A, li 
 
 A la 
 
 A. le 
 
 A ly 
 
 A- lo 
 
 Mai 
 
 (J^ ma 
 
 £7> mu 
 
 mi 
 
 <^ ma 
 
 me 
 
 ^ my 
 
 mo 
 
 "XT 1 
 
 jNahas 
 
 ^ na 
 
 V nu 
 
 \ ni 
 
 9 na 
 
 'i. ne 
 
 ^ ny 
 
 9" no 
 
 Saut 
 
 UJ sa 
 
 U> su 
 
 Ui, si 
 
 Ui sa 
 
 Ui se 
 
 sy 
 
 ip so 
 
 Ain 
 
 a 
 
 O u 
 
 
 Q, a 
 
 
 6 y 
 
 P 
 
 Af 
 
 fa 
 
 .< fu 
 
 
 < fa 
 
 < fe 
 
 4: fy 
 
 fo 
 
 Fait 
 
 ^ pa 
 
 ^ PU 
 
 K pi 
 
 pa 
 
 A. pe 
 
 ?i py 
 
 po 
 
 Psa 
 
 T pa 
 
 T pu 
 
 T pi 
 
 J pa 
 
 T pe 
 
 T py 
 
 T po 
 
 Zadai 
 
 8 za 
 
 ft^ zu 
 
 8. zi 
 
 8 za 
 
 a ze 
 
 8" zy 
 
 8 zo 
 
 Zappi 
 
 9 zza 
 
 9- zzu 
 
 q. zzi 
 
 q zza 
 
 zze 
 
 6 zzy 
 
 zzo 
 
 Kaf 
 
 ka 
 
 ^ ku 
 
 ^ ki 
 
 J ka 
 
 'fe ke 
 
 ^ ky 
 
 <P ko 
 
 Rees 
 
 /J ra 
 
 4, ru 
 
 & n 
 
 I, ra 
 
 L re 
 
 Q ry 
 
 C ro 
 
 Saat 
 
 f\ sa 
 
 iS, su 
 
 i\ si 
 
 1^ sa 
 
 i\ se- 
 
 n sy 
 
 iS so 
 
 Tawi 
 
 -^ ta 
 
 1: tu 
 
 t: ti 
 
 ^ ta 
 
 te 
 
 1^ ty 
 
 ^ to 
 
 Note. — In the foregoing alphabets, the order of the Arabic and Ethiopia letters is conformed to that of the Chaldee and 
 Hebrew. The reader will observe two or three defects, which are owing to the imperfection of the fonts of type. 
 
Ixxxiv 
 
 DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 *»* Compound words, which in ordinary writing have the parts separated by a 
 hyphen, are arranged, when numerous, directly after the word which forms their 
 first part. In many cases, however, especially when their number is small, they are 
 arrange d in their regular alphabetical order. If, then, a compound word is not found 
 in the first-mentioned place, it should be sought in its strictly alphabetical order. 
 
 *** At the end of some of the etymologies, there are references, (as, under llie 
 word Abate, "See Class Bd, No. 23, 33,") which point to corresponding parts in 
 the author's " Synopsis of Words in Twenty Languages " — a work which has not 
 yet been published. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 a. stands for adjective. 
 adn adverb. 
 
 comp. . . . comparative, or compound. 
 
 con conjunction, or connective. 
 
 exclam. . . exclamation, or interjection. 
 
 /. feminine. 
 
 m masculine. 
 
 n name, or noun. 
 
 obs. . . . obsolete. 
 pL plural. 
 
 pp participle passive, or perfect. 
 
 ppr participle present. 
 
 pret. 
 pron. 
 
 Am. 
 
 preposition. 
 
 Dan. . stands for 
 
 Danish. 
 
 Lat. or L. stands for 
 
 preterit tense. 
 
 D 
 
 Dutch, or Belgic. 
 
 
 pronoun, a. 
 superlative. 
 
 -E"S- 
 
 England, or English. 
 Ethiopic. 
 
 
 
 
 verb intransitive. 
 
 Fr 
 
 French. 
 
 
 verb transitive. 
 
 
 German. 
 
 
 America, or Ameri- 
 
 
 Gothic. 
 
 
 can. 
 
 6r. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 
 Arnioric. 
 
 
 Icelandic. 
 
 
 Chaldee. 
 
 
 Irish, or Gaelic. 
 
 
 Cornish. 
 
 
 Italian. 
 
 
 Latin. 
 
 Persic, or Persian. 
 Portuguese. 
 Russian. 
 Samaritan. 
 Sanscrit. 
 I Saxon, or Anglo- 
 Saxon. 
 Spanish. 
 Swedish. 
 Syriac. 
 Welsh. 
 
 KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 A, E, I, &c., / ■ ( mate, m«te, mite, 
 ' ' ' ' as in ' ' ' 
 
 long or open, ) ( mote, mute, aye. 
 
 A Italian, or AU, . . far. 
 
 A broad, AU or AW, fall. 
 
 A, what. 
 
 £ like long a prcy, there. 
 
 EE,^, or CE, ) 
 
 like long e, i 
 
 , meet, c<csura. 
 
 EW, or EU, like long u, as in new, feud. 
 
 I like long e, marine. 
 
 I like short u bird. 
 
 O, move. 
 
 like shoit u dove. 
 
 O, wolf. 
 
 6l or OY, Oil, boy. 
 
 OO, moon. 
 
 OO as in book. 
 
 OU or OW, about, town. 
 
 U, bull. 
 
 XI like yu unite. 
 
 e hard, or €H, like k, . . . cany. 
 
 C soft, ^ike s certain. 
 
 CH, niucA. 
 
 CU like sh maciine. 
 
 CK hard, like k, , . as in . . sick. 
 
 <5 soft, like j, ^em. 
 
 G hard ^ive. 
 
 S like 2, as, was. 
 
 S, west. 
 
 TH tAis. 
 
 TH, thin. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1. Improper Diphthonffs. — In these, the vowel which is sounded is 
 alone marked, as in di, ea, or ed, vu, &c. 
 
 2. Double Accent ("). — This is used in two cases : (1) "V^Tien, in such 
 words as an"ger, (pronounced ang'(jer,) the g is, as it were, drawn back 
 to the preceding syllable, forming with n the sound of ny, while it is also 
 retained with its proper hard sound in its own syllable. Thus the dis- 
 tinction is marked between such words as lon"ger, of greater length, 
 and long'er, one who longs. (2) When, in the case of e or i followed by 
 ci or ti, the sound of sh is drawn back to the precediiig syllable, as in 
 spe"cial, discre' tion, adiW'tion, vi"c>ous, (pronounced spesh'al, diskresh'- 
 vn, addish'un, rish'us.) The double accent is also used when the sound 
 of zh is drawn back, as in transi'tion, ri"sion, (pronounced tramizh'un, 
 vizh'un;) but this peculiarity is also indicated either by respcUing or by 
 the marked S. MTien the single accent (') and double accent (") both 
 occur on the same word, the former is to be considered the primary, and 
 the latter the secondary accent, as in cheese' mon"ger. 
 
 3. Vowch in Italics. — Vowels which are Italicized are not sounded, 
 as the a in metal ; the e in used, hazel, burden ; the i in evil, cous/n ; the 
 o in beckon, &c. Hence, the termination ed in participles and adjectives, 
 when the e is Italicized, though separated to the eye, does not to the 
 tar form a distinct syllable. Thus itsed is pronounced in one syllable. 
 
 4. Accented Syllables. — A^Tien an accented syllable ends in a conso- 
 nant, the vowel which it contains has its regular short or shut sound, 
 unless otherwise denoted according to the key. 
 
 5. Unaccented Syllables. — When an unaccented syllable ends in a 
 vowel other than e mute, this vowel has an obscure or faint sound, un- 
 less otherwise marked. The obscure a is usually the short Italian a, as 
 in America. The obscure e, i, and y, have the open sound of e shortened, 
 as in e^*ent, lab/al, duty; and hence, in rcspelling for pronunciation, the 
 e is used to denote these sounds. The obscure o and M have their regular 
 open sounds, but somewhat shortened, as in monopoly, si/perflwotis. 
 When the unaccented syllabic ends in a consonant, the vowel which it 
 contains, if single, has its regular short or shut sound, as in Assign, ex- 
 plain, furnish, connective, cali/mny ; but a in such words as monarcliy, cS:c., 
 nas the faint sound of the Italian a. In neither of these cases should 
 the sound of the other vowels (a, e, i, o, y) run into that of u in ti/b. 
 
 6. Terminations in ICE, lOE, ^c. — 'Wlien the i in such terminations as 
 ice, iije, He, ime, tjie, ise, ite, iie, is not marked with any distinctive char- 
 acter, it is to be considered short, as in malice, vestige, hostile, feminine, 
 4tc., pronounced mal'is, ves'tij, hos'til, fem'inin, &c. 
 
 7. Long A before R. — The long sound of a before r in the same syllable, 
 as heard in fare, pair, parent, bear, &e., is nearly the same as in fate ; or, 
 more exactlv, it begins with the latter sound, and ends with the faint sound 
 of e or o. In this case, however, tlie a should never be made a distinct 
 •yllablc, f'l'er, pay 'rent, \m\. fire, Ikc. So prayer, tliough spelled in two 
 •vUables, should be pronounced in one, as prnre. Hy many, however, 
 tne first part of thif compound sound it entirely omitted, and the a in 
 
 fare, &c., is pronounced like the a in fat, but much lengthened in quan- 
 tity. This, according to Smart and all the later orthoepists, as well as 
 Walker, is a departure from true English usage. 
 
 8. Italian A. — The sound of a in far, daunt, &c., and its sound in fast, 
 pant, &c., being radically the same, is represented by the same charac- 
 ter, tl. Yet, in words like fast, clasp, ask, pass, waft, path, pant, &c., the 
 sound is not so much prolonged as in far ; and in such words as dance, 
 advantage, it is shortened still more, and by some is changed into the 
 sound of a in fat. 
 
 9. Broad a. — The distinction between the broad a (a), or mo, and the 
 same sound shortened (9), as in what, is readily perceived. In some words, 
 however, as salt, cobalt, &c., the a is not so broad as in all, nor so short 
 as in what ; but, in respect to this nicer distinction, the e.ir must decide. 
 
 10. Short E before R. — The sound of short e before r at the end of a 
 word, or followed by another consonant than r, as in confer, perform, 
 herd, earth, &c., is nearly the same as that of short u before r; but 
 some, particularly in Bngland, attempt, in this case, to give the e its reg- 
 ular short sound, as heard in hen, herald, herring. The same remarks 
 may be made respecting ir, to which some attempt, in such words as 
 viVgin, niiVth, &c., to give the regular sound of short e and r. 
 
 11. Sho)-t o. — The shut sound of o before r in the same syllable, as in 
 nor, being unavoidably the same as that of a, is not marked with any 
 distinctive character. A sound intermediate in length between that of 
 a in all and of o in not is heard in such words as off, soft, song, cloth, 
 loss, frost, &c. Here, however, a drawl is carefully to be avoided. 
 
 12. Long v. — The long or open sound of n has been considered by 
 many as a diphthong composed of e, or y, and oo. Dr. Webster regarded 
 it, in most cases, as a peculiar vowel sound, nearly resembling; e and oo, 
 but so much closer as hardly to be diphthongal ; and considered the sound 
 as yoo only when it begins a syllable, or when it is hoard in certain 
 terminations, as in lire, &c. There is a strong tendency, wliich ought 
 to be carefully avoided, to change this sound into oo after d, t, I, n, and 
 s, as doo'ty for diV'ty, &c. ; but in avoiding this, as Smart remarks, the i< 
 must be kept very close, and not run into dyiity or dc-uty. Walker 
 sounds u like oo after r ; but even here, the best speakers, in Dr. Web- 
 ster's view, give a slight softening between the vowel and the consonant, 
 pronouncing rtidc in a less broad and open manner than rood, i. e., giving 
 the u its distinctive sound. 
 
 13. Rcspelling for Pronunciation. — (1) In respelling the French en, 
 on, &c., the letters ng are designed simply to mark the vowel as nasal, 
 and are not to be pronounced themselves. (2) The respelling of a word, 
 when a number of related words follow, applies to all of them down to 
 some other word which is respelled. (3) Compound words, which are 
 not respelled or otherwise marked, are to be pronounced like the simple 
 words of which they are composed; but of and icith at the end of com- 
 p()un<ls, like hereq/", hereiriVA, &c., have their final consonants sounded 
 as in dq^", smith. * 
 
AMERICAN DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 A AB ABA 
 
 A is the first letter of the alphabet in most of the 
 known languages of the earth ; in the Ethiopic, 
 however, it is the thirtpfiu/i, and in the Runic, the 
 teiM. It i:! naturally the first letter, because it 
 represents the first vocal sound naturally formed 
 by the human orpans ; being the sound uttered 
 with a mi re opening of the mouth without con- 
 straint, and without any effort to alter the natural 
 position or configuration of the lips. Hence this 
 letter is found in many words first uttered by in- 
 fants ; which words arc the names of the objects 
 with which infants are first concerned, as the 
 breast, and the parents. Hence in Hebrew DK am, 
 is mother, and ab, is father. In Chaldee and 
 Syriac, aMa is father ; in Arabic, ulia ; in Ethiopic, 
 abi ! in Malayan and Bengalese, buppa : in Welsh, 
 tad, whence we retain dad ; in Old Greek and in 
 Gothic, acta ; in Irish, aithair ; in Cantabrian, aita ; 
 in Lapponic, alki; In Abyssinian, abba; in Am- 
 haric, aba ; in Shilhic and Melindane, African 
 dialects, baba ; and papa is found in many nations. 
 Hence the Latin mamma, the breast, which is, in 
 popular use, the name of mother ; in Swedish, 
 amma is a nurse. This list might be greatly ex- 
 tended ; but these e.tamples prove A to be the first 
 natural vocal sound, and entitled to the first place 
 in alphabets. The Hebrew name of this letter, 
 aUph, signifies an oz or a leader. 
 
 A has, in English, four sounds ; the long or 
 slender, as in place, fate ; the broad, as in wall, 
 fall, which is shortened in squad, what; the open, or 
 Italian, as in /otArr, which is shortened in china; 
 and the short sound, as in faL Its primitive sound 
 was probably av>. A is also an abbreviation of the 
 Saxon an or nne, one, used before words beginning 
 with an articulation ; as, a table, instead of an 
 table, or one table. This is a modern change ; for 
 in Saxon on was used before cons<mant3 as well as 
 vowels : !is, on tid, a time, an sear, a year. [See 
 
 A N.I 
 
 This letter serves as a prefi-T to many English 
 words, as in asleej-, awake, afootj aground, arroing. 
 In some cases, this is a contraction of the Teutonic 
 ffe, as in asleep ; aware, from tlie Saxon geslapan, 
 to sleep, gewarian, to beware ; the Dutch geicaar. 
 Sometimes it is a corruption of the Saxon on ; as, 
 again, from ongean ; awake, from onwacian, to watch 
 or wake. Before participles, it may be a contrac- 
 tion of the Celtic ag, the sign of the p.irticiple of 
 the present tense ; as, ag-radh, saying ; a-saijing, 
 a-going. Or this may be a contraction of on, or, 
 what IS equally probable, it may have proceeded 
 from a mere accidental sound produced by negli- 
 gent utterance. In some words, a may be a con- 
 traction of at, of, in, to, or an. In some words of 
 Greek original, a is privative, giving to them a 
 negative sense, as in anonymous, from u and uxufio, 
 name. 
 
 Among the ancients, A was a numeral, denoting 
 500 ; and with a dash, a, 5000. In the Hebrew, 
 Syr., Ch., Sam., and Ar., it denotes one or unity. 
 In the Julian calendar, A is the first of the seven 
 dominical letters. 
 
 Among logicians. A, as an abbreviation, stands 
 for a universal aftirmative proposition. A asserts; 
 
 E denies. Thus in barbara, a, thrice repeated, de- 
 notes so many of the pro[)ositions to be universal. 
 
 The Romans used A to signify a negative or dis- 
 sent in giving their votes; A. standing' for antiquo, 
 I oppose or object to the proposed law. Opposed 
 to this letter were U. R., uti rogas, be it as you 
 desire — the words used to express assent to a 
 pro[>osition. These letters were marked on wooden 
 ballots, and each voter had an atiirmative and a 
 negative put into his hands, one of which, at 
 pleasure, he gave as his vote. — In criminal trials, 
 A. stood for absolve, 1 acquit ; C. for cundemno, I 
 condemn ; and N. L. for non liquet, it is not evi- 
 dent ; and the judges voted by biUlots thus marked. 
 — In inscriptions, A. stands for .Augustus; or for 
 ager, aiunt, aurum, argentum, &.C. 
 
 A. is also used for anno ; as in A. R., for anno 
 Domini, the year of our Lord ; and A. M., for a;iHo 
 mundi, the year of the world ; and also for ante, as in 
 A. M., for ante m/rru/iem, before noon; and for arti, 
 as in A. M., fox artiummagister, master of arts. With 
 the Romans, A. U. C. sto<»d for anno urbis eonditts, in 
 the year from the building of the city of Rome. 
 
 In algebra, a and the first letters of the alphabet 
 represent known quantities — the htst letters arc 
 sometimes used to repri'sent unknown quantities. 
 
 In music, .\ is the nominal of the sixth note in 
 the natural diatonic scale — called by Guido la. 
 It is also the name of one of the two natural 
 moods ; and it is the open note of the 2d string of 
 the violin, by which the other strings arc tuned 
 and regulati cl. 
 
 In pliannaaj, tl or aH, abbreviations of the Greek 
 ana, signify of each scparutettj, or that the tilings 
 mentioned should be taken in quantities of the 
 same weight or measure. 
 
 In chemistry, AAA stand for amalgama, or ainal- 
 gamation. 
 
 In commerce, A. stands for accepted, as in case of 
 a bill of exchange. Merchants also number their 
 books by the letters. A, li, C, instead of figures. 
 Public otlicers number their exhibits in the same 
 manner ; as the document A, or B. 
 
 Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the 
 Greek alphabet, are used in Scripture for the be- 
 ginning and etid — representative of Christ. 
 
 In mathematics, letters are used as representatives 
 of numbers, lines, angles, and quantities. In argu- 
 ments, letters are substituted for persons, in cases 
 siip[)osed, or stated for illustration ; as, A contracts 
 with B to deliver property to D. — In the English 
 phraseology, " a landlord has a hunilred a year," 
 " the sum amounted to ten dollars a m.an," a is 
 merely the adjective one, and this mode of expres- 
 sion is idiom.itic ; a hundred in a [one\ year ; ten 
 dollars to o [one] man. 
 
 A AM, n. [Ch. nON, or NON, a cubit, a measure 
 containing five or six palms.] .\ measure of 
 liquids among the Dutch, varj ing indill'erent cities 
 from 37 to 41 English wine gallons. 
 
 AA-RO\'I€, ( a. Pertaining to Aaron, the Jew- 
 
 A.\-RO.\'ie-AL, j ish high priest, or to the priest- 
 hood of which he was the head. Doddridge. 
 
 AB, in English names, is an abbreviation of Mbey 
 or Mbot ; as, Mton, Mbeij-tj>wn, or Mbot-luwn. 
 
 AB, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latin 
 preposition, as in abduct, is the Greek nm, and the 
 Eng. of, Ger. ab, D. af, Sw. Dan. af, written, in an- 
 cient Latin, af. It denotes from, separating or de- 
 parture. 
 
 AB ; the Hebrew name of father. [See Abb*.] 
 AB ; the eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, 
 and the fifth of Uie ecclesiastical year, answering 
 to a part of July, and a part of August. In the 
 Syriac calendar, jJ6 is the name of the last sum- 
 mer month. 
 
 AB'A-C A, n. A kind of flax in the Philippine Islands. 
 AB-A-(^IS'€US, n. In ancient arrhitfcture, the square 
 
 compartments of .Mosaic pavements. 
 AB'A-CIST, n. [from abacus.] 
 
 One that casts accounts ; a calculator. 
 A-B.\CK', adi>. [a and back, Sax. un bxc ; at, on, or 
 
 toward the b.ick. See Back.] 
 Toward the back ; on the back part; backward. 
 
 In seamen^s language, it signifies the situation of 
 
 the sails, wlien pressed back against the nia.st by 
 
 the wind. 
 
 Taken aback, is when the sails are carried back 
 suddenly by the wind. 
 
 iMid aback, is when the sails are purposely placed 
 in that situation to give the ship sternway. 
 
 Jifariner^s Diet, 
 AB'A-eOT, n. The cap of state, formerly used by 
 English kings, wrought into tne figure of two 
 crowns. 
 
 AB-.\CTOR, 7u [Latin, from abigo, ab and ago, to 
 drive.] 
 
 In law, one that feloniously drives away or 
 steals a herd or numbers of c.ittle at once, in dis- 
 tinction from one that steals a sheep or two. 
 AB'A-eUS, n. [L. abacus, any tiling flat, as a cup- 
 board, a bench, a slate, a table or board for games ; 
 Gr.oSal. Usually deduced from the Oriental, p2N 
 abak, dust, because the ancients used tables cov- 
 ered with dust for making figures and diagrams.] 
 
 1. Among tlie Komans, a cupboard or biiflet. 
 
 2. An instrument to facilitate operations in arith- 
 metic. On this are drawn lines ; a counter on the 
 lowest line is one: on the next, ten; on the third, 
 a hundred, &c. On the spaces, counters denote 
 half the number of the line above. Other schemes 
 are called by the same name. The name is also 
 given to a table of numbers cast up ; as, an abncut 
 of addition ; and, by analogy, to the art of num- 
 bering, as in Knighton's Chronicon. F.ncyc, 
 
 ;i. In aichitccturc, a table constituting the upper 
 member or crowning of a culiimn and its capital. 
 It is .square in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic or- 
 ders, but its sides are arched inward in the Co- 
 rinthian and Composite. The name is also given 
 to a concave molding on the capital of the Tus- 
 can pedestal, and to the plinth above the boultin 
 in the Tuscan and Doric ortlers. F.ncyc 
 
 4. A game among the Romans ; so called from 
 its being played on a board, somewhat in the 
 manner of chess. P. Cijc. 
 
 AB'.\-CUS HAR-.MO\'IC-US,n. The structure and 
 disposition of the keys of a musical instrument. 
 
 AB'.\-CUS MA'JOR, n. A trough used in mines to 
 wash ore in. Kucye. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, M.\RI.\E, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK TOXE, BU'LL, liNITE.— 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOU& — 6 as K ; C ii3 J ; S as Z ; CH as 3H ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
ABA 
 
 ABA 
 
 ABB 
 
 AB'A-eUS PY-THA-GOR'ie-US, 7!. The multipli- 
 cation table, invented by Pythagoras. 
 
 A-BAD'DON, K. [Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. 12H aJiad, to 
 be lost, or destroyed ; to perish.] 
 
 1. Ttie destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit. 
 Rev. ix. 
 
 a. 'I'lie bottomless pit. Milton. 
 
 A-BAFT', adv. or prep. [Sax. eft, or aft, again. Hence 
 efUr or itfler, after, subsequent ; Sax. mflan, behind 
 in place; to which word is prefixed — bfaJUin^ 
 behind — and tliis word is corrupted into abaft.'^ 
 
 A sea term, signifying in or at the hinder part 
 of a ship, or the parts wliich lie toward the stern ; 
 opposed to afore. Relatively, it denotes furVier 
 H/J, or toward the stern ; as, abaft the mainmast. 
 Maft. the beam, is in that arch of the horizon which 
 is between a line drawn at right angles with the 
 keel, and the point to which the stern is directed. 
 It i:- often contracted into aft Mar. Diet. 
 
 A-B.\I'SANCE. See Obeisance. 
 
 AB-aL'IE.\'-aTE, v. L [See Alienate, Auene.] 
 To transft r the title of property from one to anoth- 
 er ; a term of the civil law, rarely or never used in 
 common taw proceedings. 
 
 AB-AL'lEi\-A-TE0, pp. Transferred from one to 
 another. 
 
 AB-AL'IEN-A-TING, ppr. Transferring from one 
 to another. 
 
 AB-.\Ix-lEX-A'TION, n. The transferring of title 
 
 to property. . [See Alienation.] 
 A-B.\i\'DO.\, V. L [Ft. abandonner ; Sp. and Port. 
 
 abandonar; It. abbandonare ; said to be from baji 
 
 and donner, to give over to the ban or proscription ; 
 
 or from a or ab and bandum, a flag or ensign.] 
 
 1. 'I'o forsake entirely ; as, to abandon a hopeless 
 enterprise. 
 
 Woe to OiAl jeneratioD by which tlie testimony of God shall 
 be aijandojted. Dr. Mason. 
 
 2. To renounce and forsake ; to leave with a 
 view never to return ; to desert as lost or desper- 
 ate ; as, to abandon a country ; to abandon a cause 
 or party. 
 
 3. To give up or resign without control, as when 
 a person yields himself, without restraint, to a 
 propensity ; as, to abandon one's self to intem- 
 perance. Abandoned oner and abandoned of are 
 obsolete. 
 
 4. To resign ; to yield, relinquish, or give over 
 entirely. 
 
 Verus ahaixdoned the carea of empire to his wiser col- 
 league. Gibion. 
 
 5. In commerce, to relinquish to insurers all 
 claim to a sliip or goods insured, as a preliminary 
 toward recovering for a total loss. Park. 
 
 A-B.\N'DON, n. One wlio totally forsakes or de- 
 serts. [ Ob.i.] 
 9. A relinquishment. [JW*? 7wc/^.] Karnes. 
 A-BAN'D0N-£D, pp. Wholly forsaken or deserted. 
 2. a. Given up, as to a vice : hence, extremely 
 wicked, or sinning without restraint ; irreclaima- 
 bly wicked. 
 
 A-BAN-DON-EE', n. In law, one to whom any 
 
 thinir is alinndoned. 
 A-UAN'I)( ).\ Kli, ;i. One who abandons. 
 A-BA V'DU.N'-I.N'G, ppr. Forsaking or deserting 
 
 wholly ; renouncing ; yielding one's self without 
 
 restraint. 
 
 A-B.\N'UON-ING, n. A forsaking; total desertion. 
 
 When lhn» the helm of Justice ia alxvniloned, a universal abavr 
 dotting of a]] other posu will succeed. Burke. 
 
 A-B.\N'DO.\-.ME.\T, n. A total desertion ; a state 
 of being forsaken. 
 
 2. In commerce, the relinquishing to underwri- 
 ters all the property saved from loss by shipwreck, 
 capture, or other peril stated in the policy. 7'liis 
 abandonment must be made before the insured can 
 demand indemnification for a total loss. Park. 
 
 A-B.\.\'DU.M, lu In old law, any thing forfeited or 
 ctinli^'i-atcd. 
 
 AB-A\-.\I"TION, (-an-nisb'un,) n. [Low T.al.] 
 
 A banishment for one or two years for man- 
 slaughter. [JVo( much ii.<rd.] Diet. 
 A-BAP-TIS'TO.\, n. The perforating part of the 
 old trephine, an instrument used in trepanning. 
 [Ob^.] Coze. 
 A-BAIIE', o. (. [Sax. nianan. See Bare.] 
 
 To make bare ; to uncover. [JVdI in use.] 
 AD-.\K-TI(;-lI-LS'TION, n. [See Artici'Late.] 
 In aniiloiny, that species of articulation or struc- 
 ture of joints, which admits of t":inifest motion; 
 culled also diartliro^iii and dr-arLiculation. 
 
 F.ncyc. Core. 
 
 A-B.\3', n. A »veight in Persia used in weiphing 
 IM^nrls, one eighth lexit than the European carat. 
 
 F.nctjc. 
 
 A B^HK', r. t. [Ft. abaitarr, from bas, low, or tlie 
 Ixiltoni ; VV. bntu ; Latin and (Jr. ba.n.t ; Eng. baaei 
 It. ahbiunare ; Sp. baio, low. See Ahash.] 
 
 1. The literal nennc of nhiue is, to lower or rte- 
 prenK, to throw or cant down, rh used by Ilacon, 
 ''too//o*« the eye." Hut the word is seliloin used 
 in reference to maU:rial Ihingii. 
 
 2. To cast down ; to reduce low ; to depress ; 
 to humble ; to degrade ; applied to the passions, 
 rank, othce, and condition in ife. 
 
 Those lh.Hl w«lfe in pride he ij «ble to abase. Dan. iv. 
 
 Wliosoerer exalteth hiiitself shall be abased. 
 
 M-ut. xxiii. Job xl. 2 Cor. xi. 
 
 A-BaS'£D, pp. Reduced to a low state, humbled, 
 depressed. 
 
 in heraldry, it is used of the wings of eagles, 
 when tlie tops are turned downward toward the 
 point of the shield ; or when the wings are shut, 
 the natural way of bearing them being spread, 
 with the top pointing to the chief of the angle. 
 
 Bailey. Chambers. 
 
 A-BaSE'MENT, n. The act of humbling or bring- 
 ing low ; also, a state of depression, degradation, 
 or humiliation. 
 
 A-BASH', V. t. [Heb. and Ch. WtS bosh, to be con- 
 founded, or ashamed.] 
 
 To make tlie spirits to fail ; to cast down the 
 countenance ; to make ashamed ; to confuse or 
 confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness 
 of guilt, error, inferiority, &,c. 
 
 They heard and were abashed. 
 
 Mllon. 
 
 A-BASH'ED, pp Confused with shame, confound- 
 ed ; put to silence : followed by at. 
 
 A-B.\SH'ING, ppr. Putting to shame or confusion. 
 
 A-BASH'MENT, n. Confusion from shame. 
 
 A-BaS'ING, ppr. Humbling, depressing, bringing 
 low. . 
 
 A-BAS'SI, or A-BAS'SIS, n. A silver coin of Per- 
 sia, of tlie value of twenty cents, about ten pence 
 sterling. Encyc. 
 
 A-BaT'A-BLE, a. That may or can be abated ; as, 
 an abatable writ or nuisance. 
 
 A-BATE', V. t. [Ft. abattre, to beat down ; battre, to 
 beat, to strike ; Sp. batir, abatir ; Port, bater, abater ; 
 It. battere, abbattere; Heb. Ch. 103 n, liabat; to beat ; 
 
 Syr. s~^CXt^ id Ar I^a^I. habata, to beat, and 
 
 t. aJl '^^ kabata, to beat down, to prostrate. The 
 
 Saxcn has the participle gcbatud, abated. The 
 prefix is sunk to a in abate, and lost in the parti- 
 ciple beat. See Class Bd. No. 23, 33.] 
 
 1. To beat down ; to pull down ; to destroy in 
 any manner ; as, to abate a nuisance. 
 
 2. To lessen; to diminish; to moderate; as, to 
 abate zeal ; to abate pride ; to abate a demand ; to 
 abate courage. 
 
 3. To lessen ; to mitigate ; as, to abate pain, sor- 
 row, or misery. Addiion. 
 
 4. To overthrow ; to cause to fail ; to frustrate 
 by judicial sentence ; as, to abate a writ. 
 
 5. To deject ; to depress ; as, to abate the soul. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 (j. To deduct. 
 
 Nothing to add, and nothing to aliate. Pope. 
 
 7. To cause to fail ; to annul. By the English 
 law, a legacy to a charity is abated by a deficiency 
 of assets. 
 
 8. To remit ; as, to abate a tax. 
 
 A-BaTE', v. i. To decrease, or become less in 
 strength or violence; as, pain abates; a storm 
 abates. 
 
 2. To fail ; to be defeated, or come to nought ; 
 as, a writ abates. By the civil law, a leg.TCy to a 
 charity dties not abate by deficiency of assets. 
 
 3. In taw, to enter into a freehold after the 
 death of the last possessor, and before the heir or 
 devisee takes possession. Blaclcstone. 
 
 4. In horsemanship, to perform well a downward 
 motion. A horse is said to abate, or take down 
 his curvets, when, working upon curvets, he puts 
 botli his hind legs to the ground at once, and ob- 
 serves the same exactness in all the times. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 A-BAT'ED, pp. or a. Lessened ; decreased ; de- 
 stroyed ; mitigated ; defeated ; remitted ; over- 
 thrown ; depressed. 
 
 A-BATE'MENT. n. The act of abating; the state 
 of being abiitetl. 
 
 2. A reduction, removing, or pulling down, as 
 of a nuisance. Btackstone. 
 
 3. Diminution, decrease, or mitigation, as of 
 grief or pain. 
 
 4. Uetluction, sum withtlrawn, as from an ac- 
 count. 
 
 5. Overthrow, failure, or defeat, as of a writ. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 fi. The entry of a stranger into a freehold after 
 the death of the last possessor, before the heir or 
 devisee. Blackstone. 
 
 7. In heraldry, a mark of dishonor in a coat of 
 arms, by which its dignity is debased for some 
 stain on the character of llie wearer. 
 A-HAT'Ell, n. The pi rsoii or Ihing lliat abates. 
 A-HAT'IiN(), ppr. Pulling down; diminishing; de- 
 feating ; remitting. 
 
 A-BaT'OR, 7u a person who enters into a free- 
 hold on the death of the last possessor, before the 
 heir or devisee. Blackstone. 
 
 AB'A-TIS, ) 71. [Fr. abatis.] [from bealintr or pull- 
 
 AB'AT-TIS, i ing down. Fr. ubaUre.] Rubbish. 
 In fortification, piles of trees, or branches of trees 
 sharpened, and laid with their points outward, in 
 front of ramparts, to prevent assailants from 
 mounting the walls. Encyc. 
 
 A-BAT-TOIR', (a-bat-wor',) 7!. [Fr.] A buUding 
 for the slaughtering of cattle. 
 
 AB'A-TtJDE, 71. [from abaU.] Any thing dimin- 
 ished. Bailey. 
 
 AB'A-TtfRE, 71. [from abate.] Grass beaten or 
 trampled down by a stag in passing. Diet. 
 
 A-BAUM', 71. A species of red clay. [JVo£ fit itse.] 
 
 AB-AVV'£D,pp. Abashed. [04s.] Chaucer. 
 
 ABB, 71. [Sax. ab or ob.] Among weavers, yarn 
 for the warp. Hence abb-wool is wool for the abb 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AB'BA, 71. In the Chaldee and Syriac, a father; 
 and figuratively, a superior. Sans, appen. 
 
 In the Syriac, Coptic and Ethiopic churches, it 
 is a title given to the bishops, and the bishops be- 
 stow the title, by way of distinction, on the bishop 
 of Alexandria. Hence the title Baba, or Papa, 
 Pope or Great Father, which the bishop of Alexan- 
 dria bore, before the bishop of Rome. 
 
 AB'BA-CY, n. [from abba. Low Lat. abbatia.] The 
 dignity, rights and privileges of an abbot. It com- 
 prehends the government and revenues. 
 
 AB-BAT'ie-AL, ) i, , ■ . ui 
 
 AB-BA'TIAL Belonging to an abbey. 
 
 AB'BE, (ab'by,) n. [Fr. abbe, from abba.] 
 
 In a monastic sense, the same as an abbot ; but 
 more generally, a title in Roman Catholic countries, 
 without any determinate rank, office, or rights. 
 The abbes are numerous, and generally have some 
 literary attainments ; they dress as academics or 
 scholars, and act as instructors, in colleges and 
 private families ; or as tutors to young gentlemen 
 on their travels ; and many of them become 
 authors. 
 
 AB'BESS, 71. [from abba.] 
 
 A female superior or governess of a nunnery, 
 or convent of nuns, having the authority over the 
 nuns which the abbots have over the monks. 
 pSee Abbey.] 
 
 AB'BEY, 71. pi. Abbeys, [from abba.] 
 
 A monastery or society of persons of either sex, 
 secluded from the world and devoted to religion. 
 The males are called monks, and governed by an 
 abbot ; the females are called nuns, and governed 
 by an abbess. These institutions were suppressed 
 in England by Henry VIII.; but they still exist 
 in Roman Caltiolic countries. 
 
 AB'BEV'-LUB-BER, 7i. A name given to monks in 
 contempt for their idleness. 
 
 AB'BOT, 71. [formerly Abbat, from abba, latinized 
 abbas, -atis, or from Heb. plural ni3N, aboth.] The 
 superior or governor of an abbey or monastery. 
 Originally, monasteries were founded in retired 
 places, and the religious had no concern with 
 secular artairs, being entirely subject to the prel- 
 ates. But the abbots, possessing most of the 
 learning in ages of ignorance, were called from 
 their seclusion to aid the ehurches in opposing 
 heresies ; monasteries were founded in the vicin- 
 ity of cities ; the abbots became ambitious, and set 
 themselves to acquire wealth and honors ; some 
 of them assumed the miter, threw ofl'their depend- 
 ence on the bishops, and obtained seats in parlia- 
 ment. For centuries, princes and noblemen bore 
 the title of abbots. At present, ill Roman Catholic 
 countries, abbots are regular, or such as take the 
 vow, ami wear the habit of the order; and toni- 
 mendalory, such as are seculars, but obligeil, when 
 of suitable age, to take orders. The title is borne 
 also by some persons who have not the govern- 
 ment of a monastery ; as bishops whose sees were 
 formerly abbeys. Encyc. 
 
 AB'liOT-SHIP, H. The state of an abbot. 
 
 AB-liRE'Vl-ATE, c. (. [U. abbrcrinre : Sp. aJm mr ; 
 Port, abbreviar ; frtiiii L. abbrerio, brevio, from 
 brceis, short ; contracted from Gr. Siiaxvs, from 
 the root of breali, which see.] 
 
 1. To shorten ; to iiitike shorter by contracting 
 the parts. [In tJiis sense not much used, nor often 
 applied to material snbsttinces.] 
 
 2. To shorten ; to abridge by the omission or 
 defalcation of a part ; to reduce to a smaller com- 
 pass ; as, to abbrrriale a writing. 
 
 3. In mathematics, to reiluce fractions to lower 
 terms. IVallis. 
 
 AB-HRE'VI-.'V.TE, 71. An abridgment. [Obs.] 
 
 EhloL 
 
 AB-BRF,'VI-A-TEI), pp. or a. Shortened ; reduced 
 to lower terms ; abriilged. 
 
 2. In botany, an abbreviated perianth is short- 
 er llirm the tulii' of the corol. Marlyn. 
 
 AB-HUIC'VI-A-TIN'C, ppr. Shortening; contract- 
 ing in length, or into a smaller compass; reducing 
 to lower terms. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MeTE, PRBY. — PIiVE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 2 
 
ABD 
 
 ABE 
 
 ABl 
 
 AB-nUE-VI-A'TION, n. Tile act of shortening or 
 cuntructin^. 
 
 2. A letter or a few letters used for a word ; as, 
 Gen. for Orne^-u; U. S. A. for Uniled S(o(m o/ 
 AmiTicn. Also, an arbitrary mark, used for the 
 same purpose ; as, $ for dollar ; V copper, or 
 the planet Venus. 
 
 3. Tile reduction of fractions to lower terms. 
 
 4. In music, one dash, or more, through the stem 
 of a note, dividiuR it respectively into quavers, 
 semiquavers, or demiseiniciuavers. 
 
 P. Cyr.. Brande, 
 
 All-nRF.'VI-A-TOR, n. One who abridges or re- 
 duci s to a smaller compass. 
 
 AH-URK.'VI-A.T01tS,n. pt. A college of seventy-two 
 persons in the chancery of Rome, whose duty is to 
 draw up the pope's briefs, and reduce petitions, 
 when granted, to a due form for bulls. 
 
 AH-BRi5'Vl-A-TO-UY, a Shortening; contracting. 
 
 An-llUi?.'VI-A-TyRE. II. A letter or character for 
 shortening ; an abridgment, a compi'nd. 
 
 \, B, C J the three first letters of the alphabet, 
 used for the whole alphabet. 
 
 Jl-B-C-Book ; a little book fur teaching the ele- 
 ments of reading. Shuk. 
 
 AH-DAIj-a'VI, n. The Egyptian melon. 
 
 AB'D.ALS, n. pL The naiiie of certain fanatics in 
 the iMiiliainniedan countries of Asia, who, in ex- 
 cess of zeal, sonii^times run into the streetSj and 
 attempt to kill all they meet who arc of a ditlerent 
 religion ; and if they are slain ft>r their madness, 
 they think it meritorious to die, and by the vulgar 
 are deemed martyrs. Knctjc, 
 
 AB' DE-RITE, n. An inhabitant of Abdera, a mar- 
 itime town in Thrace. Demorritus is so called 
 from being a native of the place. As he was 
 given to laughter, foolish or incessant laughter is 
 called abderian. fVhitakrr, 
 
 AB'DEST, n. Purification by washing; a Moham- 
 medan rite. 
 
 AB'DI-CANT, o. [Sec Abdicate.] Abdicating; re- 
 nouncing. 
 
 AB'DI-CATE, D. «. [L. abdir.o; ab and di'co, to ded- 
 icate, to bestow ; but the literal primary sense of 
 dico is to send or thrust.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, to relinquish, renounce, or 
 abandon. Forslcr. 
 
 2. To abandon an office or trust, without a for- 
 mal resignation to those who conferred it, or with- 
 out their consent ; also, to abandon a throne, with- 
 out a formal surrender of the crown. 
 
 Case of Kintr James, Blactcstone. 
 
 3. To relinquish an office before the expiration 
 of the time of service. Case of Diocletian, Oibbon 
 also Case of Peter III., Coze's Russ. 
 
 4. To reject ; to renounce ; to abandon as a right. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 5. To cast away; to renounce; as, to abdicate 
 our mental faculties. [ Unusual.] J. P. Smith. 
 
 ti. In tke civil late, to disclaim .a son and expel 
 him from the family, ;is a father ; to disinherit 
 during the life of the father. Encyc 
 AB'DI-tiATE, !!. i. To renounce; to abandon; to 
 cast off; to relinquish as a right, power, or trust. 
 
 Though a kin^ may ahdicatt for his own penon, he can not 
 abdioaie for the inonarctiy. Burke. 
 
 AB'DI-€a-TED, pp. or n. Renounced; relinquished 
 without a formal resignation ; abandoned. 
 
 AB'DI-CA-TING, ppr. Relinquishing without a 
 formal resignation ; abandoning. 
 
 AB-DI-t:A'TIO.\, 71. The .act of abdicating; the 
 ab.andoning of an office or trust, without a formal 
 surrender, or before the usual or stated time of ex- 
 piration. 
 2. A casting off; rejection. 
 
 AB'DI-CA-TIVE, or AB-Die'A-TIVE, o. Causing 
 or implying abdication. Diet. 
 
 AB'DI-TiVE, a. [L. abdo, to hide; ab and do.] 
 Having the power or quality of hiding. [Little 
 )uird.] DicL 
 
 AB'DI-TO-RY, n. A place for secreting or preserv- 
 ing goods. Cowel. 
 
 AB-DO'MEN, or AB'DO-JIE.V, n. [L., perhaps abdo 
 and omentum.] 
 
 1. The lower belly, or that part of the body 
 which lies between the thorax and the bottom of 
 the pelvis. It is lined with a membrane called 
 peritoneum, and contains the stomach, liver, 
 spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and intestines. 
 It is separated from the breast internally by the 
 diaphragm, and externally by the extremities of 
 the ribs. Quincy. 
 
 2. In insects, that part of the body posterior to 
 the corselet. In some species, it is covered with 
 wings, and a case. It is divided into segments or 
 rings, on the sides of which are small spiracles by 
 which the insect respires. D. J^'at. Hist. 
 
 AB-DOM'IN-AL, a. Pertaining to the lower belly. 
 
 AB-DO.M'IN-AL, n. ; pf. Aboominau. \n ichthyol- 
 ogy, the .abdominals are a cl.ass or order of fish 
 whose ventral fins are placed behind the pectoral, 
 and which belong to the division of bony fish. The 
 
 class contains, among other fishes, the loclie, sal- 
 mon, pike, argentine, atlierine, mullet. Hying fish, 
 herring, and carp. Encyc. 
 AB-UO.M'IN-AL KING, or IN"GUIN-AL RING, n. 
 An oblong tendinous ring in each groin, through 
 which passes the spermatic cord in men, and the 
 round ligaments of the uterus in women. 
 
 Med. DicL 
 
 AB-DO.M'IN-OUS, a. Pertaining to the abdomen ; 
 having a large belly. Cowpcr. 
 
 AB-UOCE', V. U [L. abduco, to lead away ; of ab and 
 duco, to lead. See Duke. 
 
 To draw from ; to withdraw, or draw to a dif- 
 ferent part ; used chiefly in anatomy. 
 
 AB-DO'CENT, a. Drawing from, pulling back ; 
 used of those muscles which pull back certain 
 parts of the body, for separating, opening, or bend- 
 ing them. The abducent muscles, called abductors, 
 are opposed to the adducent muscles or atlducturs. 
 
 Med. Diet. 
 
 AB-DUCT', V. L To take away surreptitiously and 
 by force. 
 
 AB-I)U€'TION, 71. In a general serise, the act of 
 drawing apart, or carrying away. 
 
 2. In surgery, a s|)ocies of fracture, in which the 
 broken parts recede from each other. 
 
 3. In logic, a kind of argumentation, called by 
 the Greeks apagogc, in which the major is evident, 
 but the minor is not so clear a;! not to require fur- 
 ther proof; as in this syllogism, " All whom God 
 absolves are free from sin : God absolves all who 
 are in Christ ; therefore all who are in Christ are 
 free from sin." Encyc. 
 
 4. In law, the taking and carrying away of a 
 child, a ward, a wife, 4cc., either by fraud, per- 
 suasion, or open violence. Blackstone, 
 
 AB-DUC'TOR, n. In anatomy, a muscle which 
 serves to withdraw, or pull back, a certain part 
 of the body ; as the abductor oculi, which pulls the 
 eye outward. 
 2. A person guilty of abduction. 
 
 A-BE.^R', (a-bare',) J), f. [Sax. aAffiron.] To bear; to 
 behave. [OAv.] Spenser. 
 
 A-BEaR'ANCE, 71. [from abear, now disused ; from 
 bear, to carry.] Behavior, demeanor. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 A-BE-CE-DA'RI-AN, 71. [a word formed from the 
 first four letters of the alphabet.] One who 
 teaches the letters of the alphabet, or a learner of 
 the letters. 
 
 A-BE-CE'DA-RY, ) a. Pertaining to, or formed 
 A-BE-CE-Da'RI-AN, j by the letters of the alpha- 
 bet. 
 
 A-BED', adv. [See Bed.J On or in bed. 
 
 A-Br:LE', or A'BEL-TREE, n. A name of the 
 white poplar. [See Poplar.] 
 
 A-BeL'I-ANS, AB-E-L0'NI-.4NS, or A'BEL-tTES, 
 71. pi. In church history, a reputed temporary sect 
 in Africa, mentioned only by Augustine, who 
 states that they married, but lived in continence, 
 after the manner, as they pretended, of Abel, and 
 attempted to maintain the sect by adopting the 
 children of others. J. Murjock. 
 
 A'BEL-MOSK, 71. A trivial name of a species of 
 hibiscus, or Syrian mallow. The plant rises on a 
 herbaceous stalk, three or four feet, sending out 
 two or three side branches. The seeds have a 
 musky odor, (whence its name, /loirxoi,) for which 
 reason the Arabians mix them with coffee. 
 
 A'BER, 71. In Cl itic, the mouth of a river. 
 
 A-BER'DE-VINE, 71. The European siskin, Co7^ 
 duelis spinus, a small green and yellow finch. 
 
 AB-ER'RA\CE, j 7u [L. aberrans, aberro, to -wan- 
 
 AB-ER'RAi\'-CY, j der from ; of ab and erro, to 
 wander.] 
 
 A wandering or deviating from the right way, 
 but rarely used in a literal sense. In a figuratwr 
 sense, a deviation from truth, error, mistake ; and 
 in morals, a fault, a deviation from rectitude. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 AB-ER'RANT, a. Wandering; straying from the 
 right way. 
 
 AB-ER-Ra'TION, 71. [L. aberratio.] The act of 
 wandering from the right way ; deviation from 
 truth or moral rectitude ; deviation from a straight 
 line. 
 
 2. In astronomy, a small apparent motion of the 
 fixed stars, occasioned by the progressive motion 
 of lieht and the earth's annual motion in its orbit. 
 By this, they sometimes appear twenty seconds 
 distant from their true situation. Lunier. 
 
 3. In optics, a deviation in the rays of light, 
 when inflected by a lens or speculum, by which 
 they are prevented from uniting in the same point. 
 It is occasioned by the figure of the gla.ss or specu- 
 lum, or by the unequal refrangibility of the rays 
 of light. Encyc. 
 
 Croirn n/ aJm-otion ; a luminous circle surround- 
 ing the disk of the sun, depending on the aberra- 
 tion of its rays, by which its apparent diameter is 
 enlarged. Cue. 
 AB-ER'RING, part a. Wandering ; going astray. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 AB-ER-RU.NC'ATE, v. U fL. anerrunco.] To pull 
 up by the roots ; to extirpate utterly. [AoC u^rd.] 
 
 Diet. 
 
 A-BET', tJ. L [Sax. betan, gebrtan ; pro|«-rly, to push 
 forward, to advance ; hence, to amend, to revive, 
 to restore, to make better; and applied to fire, to 
 increase the flame, to excite, to promote. Hence, 
 to aid by encouraging or instigating. Hence, in 
 Saxon, JVVi if le nan man the fyr; Let no man bet 
 (better, excite) the fire, LL. Ina. 78.] 
 
 1. To encourage by aid or countenance, but now 
 used chiefly in a bad sense. To abet an opinion," 
 in the aimse of support, is used by Bishop Cumber- 
 land ; but this use is hardly allowable. 
 
 2. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite, or assist 
 in a criminal act. 
 
 A-BET', 71. The act of aiding or encouraging in a 
 
 crime. [jVof used.] 
 A-BET'MEi\T, 71. The act of abetting. 
 A-BET'TED, pp. Incited, aided, encouraged to a 
 
 crime. 
 
 A-BET'TING, ppr Counseling, aiding or encourag- 
 ing to a crime. 
 
 A-BET'TOK, 71. One who abets, or incites, aids or 
 encourages another to rouimit a crime. In treason, 
 there are no abettors ; all persons concerned being 
 principals. 
 
 AB-E-VAC-IT-A'TIOX, 71. [ab and rrarualion.] In 
 medicine, a partial evacuation of morbid humors of 
 the body, either by nature or art. Cue. 
 
 A-BEY'ANCE, (a-bay'ance,) n. [Norm, ahbaiauuce, 
 or ahaizancc, in expectation, boyance, expectation, 
 (iu. Fr. buyer, to gape, to look a long time with the 
 mouth open ; to stand looking in a silly manner; 
 It. badare, to amuse one's self, to stand trifling ; 
 "tenere a bada." to keep at bay; " star a bada," 
 to stand trifling. If Bd are the radical letters, it 
 seems to belong to the root of abide. Sie Bay.] 
 
 1. In expectation or contemplation of law. The 
 fee simple or inheritance of lands and tenements 
 is in abeyance, when there is no person in being in 
 whom it can vest ; so that it is in a st.ate of expec- 
 tancy or waiting until a proper person shall appear. 
 Thus, if land is leased to A for life, remainilcr to 
 the heirs of B, the remainder is in abeyance till the 
 death of B. Blackstone. 
 
 2. Popularly, a state of suspension, or temporary 
 extinction. Eel. Rev 
 
 AB'GKE-GATE, v. «. [L. abgre^o, ab and grex.] 
 
 To separate from a herd. [Uhs.] 
 AB-GRE-Ga'TION, 71. Separation from a herd or 
 
 flock. [Obs] 
 AB HOR', t'. t. [L. abhorreo, of ah and horrro, to set 
 
 up bristles, shiver or shake ; to look terrible.] 
 
 1. To hate extremely, or with contempt ; to 
 loathe, detest, or abominate. Shale. 
 
 2. To despise or neglect. Psal. xxii 21. Amos 
 vi. 8. 
 
 3. To cast off or reject. Psal. Ixxxi.x. 38. 
 AB-HOR'RED, pp. or a. Hated extremely ; de- 
 tested. 
 
 AB-HOR'RENCE, j 71. Extreme hatred ; dctesta- 
 AB-HOR'REN-CY, j tion ; great aversion. 
 AB-HOR'RENT, a. Hating; detesting; struck with 
 abhorrence. 
 
 2. Contrary; odious; inconsistent with ; expres- 
 sive of extreme opposition ; as, slander is abhorrent 
 to all ideas of justice. In this sense, it should be 
 always followed by to — abhorrent from is not 
 agreeable to the English idiom. 
 
 AB-HOR'RE.\T-LY, adv. With abhorrence. 
 
 AB-HOR'RER, 71. One who abhors. 
 
 AB- HOR'RI.NG, ppr. Having great aversion; de- 
 testing. As a noun, it is used in Isaiah Ixvi. for 
 the object of hatred — " an abhorring to all flesh." 
 
 A'BIB, n. [Heb. 3K, ai, swelling, protr'.erant. Ch. 
 abab, to produce the first or early fruit ; a^3K 
 abib, a full grown ear of corn.J 
 
 The first month of the Jewish ecclesi.astiral year, 
 calli^d also J\T.<nn. It begins .at the spring t iiuinox, 
 and answers to the latter part of .Nlarch and be- 
 ginning of April. Its name is derived from the 
 'full growth of wheat in Esypt, which took place 
 anciently, as it docs now, at that season. 
 
 A-BlDE',B. i. pret. and part. Abode. [Ar. ,Sj\ abada, 
 to be or exist, to continue ; W. bod, to he ; Sax. 
 bidan, abidan ; Sw. bida : I), beiden ; Dan. bie for 
 bide; Russ. vitayu, lo dwell, rest, continue, stand 
 firm, or be st.ationary for any time indefinitely. 
 Cl.ass Bd. No. 7.] 
 
 1. To rest, or dwell. Gen. xxix. 19. 
 
 2. To tarry or stay for a short time. Gen. xxlv. 
 
 3. To continue permanently or in the same state ; 
 to be firm and immovable. Psal. cxix. 90. 
 
 4. To remain ; to continue. Acts xxvii. 31. 
 A-BIDE', r. U To wait for; to be prepared for ; to 
 
 await. 
 
 Bonda itnd afflictions aUdU me. — Acts xx. 23. 
 [For IS heic iinclvrslooU.) 
 
 2. To endure or sustain. 
 
 To abidt Uie iiidi^n.ilion of the Lord - Jorl li. II. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 3 
 
ABJ 
 
 3. To bear or endure ; to bear patiently ; as, I 
 can not abide his impertinence. 
 
 This verb, when intransitive, is followed by in or 
 at before the place, and wiUi before the person ; 
 Abide v>itk me — at Jerusalem, or in this land. 
 Sometimes by on ; The sword shall abide on his 
 cities. And in the sense of wait, by for; Abide for 
 me. Hosea iii. 3. Sometimes by by ; Abide by the 
 crib. Job xxxix. 
 
 In general, abide by signifies to adhere to, main- 
 tain, defend, or stand to ; as, to abide by a promise, 
 or by a friend ; or to suffer the consequences ; as, to 
 abide by the event, that is, to be fixed or permanent 
 in a particular condition. 
 
 A-BlD'ER, n. One who dwells or continues. 
 
 A-BID'ING, ppr. Dwelling; remaining; continu- 
 ing; enduring; awaiting. 
 
 A-BID'ING, n. Continuance ; fixed state ; resi- 
 dejice ; an enduring. 
 
 A-BlD'ING, a. Continuing ; permanent. 
 
 A-BID'I\G-LY, adv. In a manner to continue; 
 permanently. Hawcis. 
 
 A-BIL'I-TY, 71. [Fr. habUete; It. abUitd ; Sp. habUi- 
 dad ; L. habUilas, ableness, fitness, from habeo, to 
 have or hold.] 
 
 1. Physical power, whether bodily or mental, 
 natural or acquired ; force of understanding ; skill 
 in arts or science. Miliiy is active power, or 
 power to perform ; as opposed to eapaeitu, or power 
 to receive. In the plural, abilities is mucii used in 
 a like sense ; "and also for faculties of the mind, 
 and acquired qualifications. Franklin. 
 
 2. Riches, wealth, substance, which are the 
 means, or which furnish the power, of doing cer- 
 tain acts. 
 
 They gave according to Iheir ability to the work. — Ezra ii. 
 
 3. Moral power, depending on the will — a mcla- 
 physical and theological :>ense. 
 
 4. Civil or legal power ; the power or right to do 
 certain thinjs ; as, an abdily to transfer property or 
 dispose of eti'ects — ability to inherit. It is opposed 
 to disability. ' Cyc. 
 
 jlB IjV-r"TIO,jl,.] From the beginning. 
 AB-IX-TEST'ATE, a. [L. ab and inUMatas — dying 
 without a will, from in and tester, to bear witness ; 
 W.tijst; Arm. test, witness. See Test and Testifv.] 
 In the civil laze, inheriting the estate of one dying 
 without a will. 
 AB-JEtJT', V. t. To throw away; to cast down. 
 
 [Olj.^\] Spenser. 
 AB'JEfJT, a. [L. abjcctus, from abjicio, to throw 
 away, from ab and jocio, to throw.] 
 
 J. Sunk to a low condition; applied to persons or 
 Oiinjs. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Worthless, mean, despicable; low in estima- 
 tion ; without hope or regard. 
 AB'JECT, 71. A person in the lowest condition and 
 
 despicable. Psal. xxxv. 
 AB-JECT'ED-XESS, 71. A very low or despicable 
 
 condition. [Little used.] 
 AB-JEC'TIO.N, 71. A state of being cast away; 
 
 hence, a low state ; meanness of spirit ; baseness. 
 AB'JE€T-LY, adv. In a contemptible manner ; 
 
 mr-anlv ; servilely. 
 AB'JECT-NE.SS, ti. The state of being abject; 
 
 meanness ; servility. 
 ABJO'DI-eA-TED, pp. or a. Given by judgment 
 
 from one to another. Knowlcs. 
 AB-JU-Di eA'TION, 7t. Rejection. Knowles. 
 AB-JU-RA'TIOx\, 71. [See Abjure.] 
 
 1. The act of abjuring ; a renunciation upon 
 oalll ; as, " an abjuration of the realm," by which a 
 person swears to leave the country, and never to 
 return. It is used also for the oath of renuncia- 
 tion. Formerly, in England, fehms, taking refuge 
 in a church, and conf ssing their guilt, could not 
 be arrested and tried, but might save their lives by 
 abjuring the realm ; that is, by taking an uatii to 
 quit the kingdom forever. 
 
 2. A rejection or denial with .solemnity ; a sol- 
 emn renunciation ; as, an attjurution of heresy. 
 
 OaUi of abjuration ; an oath asserting the right of 
 the present royal family to the crown of England, 
 and expressly disclaiming such right in the de- 
 scendants of the pretender. Brandt. 
 
 AB-JO'RA-TO-RY, a. Containing abjuration. 
 
 AB-JOUE', V. t. [L. nhjuro, to deny upon oath, from 
 ab and juro, to swear.] 
 
 1. To renounce upon oath ; to abandon ; as, to 
 abjure allegiance to n prince. 
 
 2. To renounce or reject with solemnity ; to re- 
 ject ; as, to abjure errors, abjure reason. 
 
 3. To recant or retract. Shali. 
 
 4. To banish. [J'l'nt uieil.] 
 
 AB-JPRE', r. i. To abjure the re.ilm. Burnet. 
 AH-jrR'/;b, pp. Renounced upon oath; soeniny 
 recanted. 
 
 AB-Jf RFVMENT, n. Renunciation. J. IfalL 
 
 AB Ji' H'ER, n. (Jnc who abjures. 
 ABJrR'I.\<»^ ppr. It'-nouncmg upon oath; dis- 
 claiming with Dolemnity. 
 
 ABL 
 
 AB-LAC'TaTE, !). (. [L. ablarto; from ab and lac, 
 milk.] To wean from the breast. [Little used.] 
 
 AB-LAC-Ta'TION, n. [L. ab and lac, milk. Lacto, 
 to suckle.] 
 
 1. In medical authors, the weaning of a child from 
 the breast. 
 
 2. Among ancient gardeners, a method of graft- 
 ing, in which the cion was not separated from the 
 parent stock, till it was firmly united to that in 
 which it was inserted. This is now called grafts 
 ing by approach or inarching. [See Graft.] 
 
 AB-LAa-UE-A'TlON,j2. [L. ablaqucalio, from oi and 
 laquear, a roof or covering.] 
 
 A laying bare the roots of trees to expose them 
 to the air and water — a practice among gardeners. 
 AB-La'TIO.\, n. [L. ab and latio, a carrying.] 
 
 A carrying away. In medicine, the taking from 
 the body whatever is hurtful ; evacuations in gen- 
 eral. In chemistry, the removal of whatever is fin- 
 ished or no longer necessary. 
 AB'LA-TIVE, a. or n. [Fr. ablatif; It. ablativo ; h. 
 abtativus ; L. ablatus, from aufero, to carry away, 
 compounded of ab and /ero.] 
 
 A word applied to the sixth case of nouns in 
 the Latin language, in which case are used words 
 when the actions of carrying away or talcing from 
 are signified. 
 
 Ablative absolute, is when a word in that case is 
 independent, in construction, of the rest of the 
 sentence. 
 
 A-BLaZE'. arfc. On fire ; in a blaze. Milman. 
 A'BLE, (a'bl,) a. [Norm, abkz, liable; liabier, to 
 enable, from L. Iiabilis.] 
 
 1. Having physical power sufficient; having 
 competent power or strength, bodily or mental ; 
 as, a man able to perform military service — a child 
 is not able to reason on abstract subjects. 
 
 2. Having strong or unusual powers of mind, or 
 intellectual qualifications; as, an able minister. 
 
 Provide out of all Israel obit men. — Ex. xviii. 
 
 3. Having large or competent property, or simply 
 having property, or means. 
 
 Every man gliall give as he is able, — Deut. xvt. 
 
 4. Having competent strength or fortitude; as, 
 he is not able to sustain such pain or affliction. 
 
 5. Having sufficient knowledge or skill ; as, he 
 is able to speak French ; slie is not able to play on 
 the piano. 
 
 6. Having comi)etent legal power or qualifica- 
 tions ; as, an illegitimate son is not able to take by 
 inheritance. 
 
 A'BLE, D.t. To enable. [Obs.] 
 
 I'll able them. ShaL 
 
 A'BLF--B0D-I£D, a. Having a sound, strong body, 
 or a body of competent strength for service, in 
 marine language, it denotes skill in seamanship. 
 
 AB'LE GATE, v. L [L. ablego.] To send abroad. 
 
 r Obs.] 
 
 AB-LE-Ga'TION, 71. The act of sending abroad. 
 
 roi.v.i 
 
 AB'LEN, or AB'LET, 7i. A small fresh-water fish, 
 _ the bleak. 
 
 A'BLE-NESS, n. Ability of body or mind ; force ; 
 vigor. 
 
 AB'LEP-SY, 71. [Gr. affXexPia.] Want of sight ; 
 blindness. 
 
 A'BLER, and A'BLEST; comp. and superl. of 
 Able. 
 
 AB'LI-GaTE, v. U [L. abligo.] To tie up from. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 AB'LO-CaTE, ». t. [L. abloeo; ab and loco, to let 
 
 out.] To let out ; to lease. Calvin's Lez. Jur. 
 AB-LO-CA'TION, 71. A letting to hire. 
 AB-LuDE', I!. (. [L. nbludu : ab and ludo, to play.] 
 
 To be unlike ; to difler. [JVoJ used.] Hall. 
 AB'LU-E.NT, a. [L. abluo, to wash away ; ab and 
 
 luo or lavo, to wash ; Ir. lo or lua, water.] 
 Washing clean ; cleansing by water or liquids. 
 AB'LU-ENT, 71. In medicine, that which thins, 
 
 purifies, or sweetens the blood. Quincy. 
 AB-LC"TIO.\, II. [L. ablatio, from ab and luo or 
 
 lavo, to wash. ] 
 
 1. In a general sense, the act of washing; a 
 cleansing or purification by water. 
 
 2. Ap|)ropriately, the washing of the body as a 
 preparation for religious duties, enjoined by Moses, 
 and .still practiced in many countries. 
 
 3. In cAcHii-vfri/, the purification of bodies by the 
 affusion of a proper liquor, as water to dissolve 
 salts. Quiney. 
 
 4. In medicine, the washing of the body ritcrnally, 
 as by baths ; or internally, by diluliug fluids. 
 
 ."j. Pope has used ablution for the water used in 
 cleansing. 
 
 f). ]n Uic Roman Catholic church, ti small quantity 
 of wine and water, which is used to wash the chalice 
 and the priest's fingers a(\er the communion, and 
 which then, an ctmtaining portions of the conse- 
 crated e cnients, is drunk by the priest. 
 
 Bishop Fill Patrick. 
 
 AB-LO'VI-ON, 71. [L. fflWiio.J 
 
 That which is w.i.slied on. DioighL 
 
 ABO 
 
 A'BLY, adv. In an able manner ; with great ability. 
 AB'NE-GaTE, c. t. To deny. 
 
 AB-NE-GA'TI0.\, 7!. [L. abnego, to deny, from ab 
 and nego ; W. naca, nacau ; Sw. neka, to deny ; W. 
 Tiac, no ; Eng. 7iay ; L. nec, not ; Ir. nach, not.] A 
 denial ; a renunciation ; self-denial. Hammond. 
 AB'NE-Ga-TOR, n. One who denies, renounces, 
 
 or opooses any thing. Sandys. 
 AB'NET, 7u The girille of a Jewish priest. 
 AB'NO-DaTE, v. t. [L. abnodo ; ab and nodus, a 
 
 knot.] To cut knots from trees. 
 AB-NO-DA'TION, 71. The act of cutting away the 
 
 knots of trees. DicL 
 AB-NORM'I-TY, 71. [L. abnormis, irregular ; ab and 
 
 7io7Tia, a rule.] Irregularity ; deformity. Diet. 
 AB-NORM'AL, ) 0, [L. abnormis, supra.] Not 
 AB-NORM'OUS, j conformed to rule ; irregular ; 
 deformed. DicL 
 
 2. In botany, when the organs of a plant have a 
 greater or less number of parts than the regular 
 number, they are said to be abnormal. Brande. 
 A-BoARD', adv. [a, for on, and board. See Board.] 
 Within a ship, vessel, or boat. 
 To go aboard; to enter a ship, to embark. 
 To fall aboard; to strike a ship's side. 
 To gel aboard; to get foul of, as a ship. 
 Aboard main tack ; an order to draw a corner of 
 the main-sail down to the chess-tree. 
 
 Encruc. Mar. Diet. 
 A-BoD'ANCE, 71. [from bode.] An omen. [JVo( 
 
 M.««/.]^ Jackson. 
 A-BoPE', pret. of .\bide. 
 
 A-BoDE', 71. [See Abide.] Stay ; continuance in a 
 place ; residence for a longer or shorter time. 
 
 2. A place of continuance ; a dwelling ; a hab 
 itation. 
 
 3. To 77iaA-e abode ; to dwell or reside. 
 A-BoDE', r. f. [See Bode.] To foreshow. Sliak. 
 A-BoDE', V. i. To be an omen. Dryden. 
 A-Bc)DE'.MENT, 71. [from bode.] A secret anticipa- 
 tion of something future. Shak. 
 
 A-BoD'ING, 71. Presentiment; prognostication. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 A-BOL'ISH, v. t. [Fr. abolir ; L. aboleo ; from ab 
 and oleo, oleseo, to grow.] 
 
 1. To make void ; to annul ; to abrogate ; applied 
 chiefly and appropriately to established laws, con- 
 tracts, rites, customs and institutions ; as, to abol- 
 iih laws by a repeal, actiial or virtual. 
 
 2. To destroy, or put an end to ; as, to abolish 
 idols, Isa. ii. ; to abolish death, 2 Tim. i. This 
 sense is not common. To abolish posterity, in the 
 translation of Pausanias, lib. 3, ca. 6, is hardly al- 
 lowable. 
 
 A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE, a. That may be annulled, ab- 
 rogated, or destroyed, as a law, rite, custom, &c. 
 
 A-BOL'ISH-KD, pp. Annulled ; repealed ; abro- 
 gated, or destroyed. 
 
 A-BOL'ISH-ER, 71. One who abolishes. 
 
 A-BOL'ISH-ING, ppr. Making void; annulling; 
 destroving. 
 
 A-BOL'iSH-MENT, n. The act of annulling ; abro- 
 gation ; destruction. Hooker, 
 
 AB-0-LI"TION,(ab-o lish'un,)7i. The act of .abolish- 
 ing ; or the state of being abolished ; an aniuilling ; 
 abrogation ; utter destruction ; as the abolition of 
 laws, decrees, ordinances, rites, customs, debts, 
 &c. 
 
 2. The putting an end to slavery ; emancipation. 
 The application of this word to persons and 
 things, is now unusual or obsolete. To abolish 
 persons and senses, the language of good writers 
 formerly, is no longer legitimate. 
 AB-0-LI"TION-ISM, 71. The principles of an abo- 
 litionist. 
 
 AB-0-LI"TION-IST, 71. A person who favors 
 abolition, or the immediate eni.incipation of slaves. 
 
 A-BOL'LA, >i. [Lat.] An ancient military garment, 
 worn by the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 The fourth stomach of a ruminant animal. 
 A-BOM'IN-A-BLE, a. [See Abominate.] Very 
 hateful ; detestable ; loathsome. 
 
 2. This word is applicable to whatever is odious 
 to the mind or offensive to the senses. .Hilton. 
 
 3. Unclean. Levit. vii. 
 A-BOM'IN-A-BLE-NESS, 7t. The quality or state 
 
 of being very odious; hatefuln 'ss. 
 A-BOJI'IN-A-BLY, adr. Very odiously; detesta- 
 bly ; sinfully. 1 Kings xxi. 
 2. In vulgar language extremely, excessively. 
 A-BO.M'IN-.\TE, 7'. (. [L. abomino, supposed to be 
 formed by ab ni\d omen ; to deprecate as ominous; 
 J\Iay the gods avert the evil I] 
 To hate extremely ; to abiior ; to detest. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 A-BOM'IX-A-TED, pp. Hated utterly; detested; 
 abhorred. 
 
 A-BO.M'IN-A-TING, ppr. Abhorring; hating ei- 
 tremelv. 
 
 A-BOM-IN-A'TION, 71. Extreme hatred; detesta- 
 tion. Swift. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 4 
 
ABO 
 
 2. Tlie object of detestation, a common sig-nifica- 
 (ion in Scripture, 
 
 The way of ilie wicked li an abomvialion to the Lord. — 
 Prov. XV. 
 
 3. Hence, defilement, pollution, in a physical 
 sense, or evil doctrines and practices, which are 
 moral defilements, idols and idolatry, are called 
 abominations. The Jews were an abomination to 
 the Epyplians ; and the sacred animals of the 
 Egyptians were an abomination to the Jews. The 
 Koman army is called the abomination of desolation. 
 JIalt. xxiv. 13. In short, whatever is an object of 
 extreme haired, is called an abomination. 
 
 A-liOllI)', ?i. [Fr. Sec Uordkr.] Literally, arrival, 
 but used for hrst appearaiu-e, manner of accosting, 
 or a<ldress, but not an English word. Cliestfrftrht. 
 
 A-BOUD', V. L To approach ; to accost. [JV«£ in 
 lisc] 
 
 AB-0-RI(i'IN-AL, a. [L. ab and onVo, oriRin. See 
 Origin.] First ; original ; aboriginal people are the 
 first inhabitants of a country. 
 
 AboTt^ittal tribes of Aincricu. President SmiOl. 
 
 Alt-O-Rlti'IN-AL, n. An original inhabitant. The 
 first settlers in a country are called aboriginals ; as, 
 the Celts in Europe, and Indians in America. 
 
 President Smith, 
 
 AB-O-RIG'IN-KS, n. pi. The first iiiliabitanls of n 
 country. [This word is not regularly formed, but 
 has become generally prevalent.] [See Ahobkji- 
 
 NA1..1 
 
 A-I)OK.SE'MENT, (a-bors'ment,) h. [See Aiiort.] 
 
 Abortion. [j\^ef in use.] 
 A-HOR.T', V, 1. [L. aborlo; ab and ortns, orior,] 
 
 To miscarry m birth. Herbert. 
 A-HOUT', H. An abortion. [JVot in use.] Burton. 
 A-1!0R'T10N, n. [L. ahorlio, a miscarriage ; usually 
 
 deduced from ab and orior.] 
 
 1. Tliti act of miscarrying, or producing young 
 before the natural time, or before the fetus is per- 
 fectly formed. 
 
 a. The fetus brought forth before it is perfectly 
 formed. 
 
 3. In a figurative sense, any fruit or produce that 
 does not come to matiirity, or any thing which 
 fails in its progress, before it is matured or perfect, 
 as a design or project. 
 A-BORT'IVF., a. Brought forth in an immature 
 state ; failing, or coming to naught, before it is 
 complete. 
 
 2. Failing in its effect ; miscarrying ; producing 
 nothing ; as, an abortioe scheme. 
 
 3. Productive of nothing j as, abortive gulf, in Mil- 
 ton, but not legitimate. 
 
 4. Pertaining to abortion ; as, abortive vellum, 
 made of the skin of an abortive calf. Encrjc. 
 
 5. In medicine, procuring abortion ; as, abortive 
 medicines. Parr. 
 
 6. In botanij, an abortive flower is one which 
 falls without producing fruit. Martyn, 
 
 This term is applied to parts imperfectly formed ; 
 as, an abortive stamen, whose filament has no 
 anther ; or to such as do not arrive at perfect ma- 
 turity, as a seed tinimpregnated. Brandc, 
 
 A-BORT'IVE, 71. That which is brought forth or 
 born prematurely. 
 
 A-BOKT'lVE-LY, adv. Immaturely ; in an un- 
 limelv manner. 
 
 A-BORT'IVE-NESS, n. The state of being abor- 
 tive ; a failing in the progress to perfection or ma- 
 turitv ; a failure of producing the intended eflect. 
 
 A-BOliT'MENT, n. An untimely birth. Bacon, 
 
 A-BOUi\D', V. i. [L. abumlo : Fr. abonder ; It. oi- 
 bondarc ; Sp. abumlar. If this word is from L. 
 undo, a wave, the latter has probably lost its first 
 consonant. Mound may n.iturally be deduced 
 from the Ccllic. Arm. fonn, plenty ; fonna, to 
 abound ; W. fiiniaw, to produce, to generate, to 
 abound, from fion, a source, the root of fynon, L. 
 fons, a fountain. Or it may be connected with L. 
 bonus, in the .sense of extending, enlargement.] 
 
 1. To have or possess in great quantity ; to be 
 copiously supplied ; followed by with, or in ; as, to 
 abound with provisions ; to abound in good things. 
 
 2. To be in great plenty ; to be very prevalenu 
 Where sin ahoundtd, ^ccdid much more abound, — Rom. t. 
 
 A-BOUND'ING, ppr. or «. Having in great plenty; 
 
 being in gre.at plenty ; being Very prevalent ; gen- 
 
 erallv prevailing. 
 A-BOil.ND'I.N'G, n. Increase. South, 
 A-BOUT', prep. [Sax. abutan, onbutan, embutan, 
 
 about, around; on, or emb, coinciding wilh Gr. 
 
 ttpt"^ and butan, without, [see But,] literally, 
 
 around, on the ouuide.] 
 
 1. Around ; on the exterior part or surface. 
 
 Bind them about thy neck. — Pror. iii. 3. Isa. 1. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Near to in place, with the sense of circularity. 
 Get you up from ahoul the tabernacle. — Num. xti. 
 
 3. Near to in timf. 
 
 He went out aboui tlifl thinl hour. — Mult. xxi. 3. 
 
 ABU 
 
 4. Near to in action, or near to the performance 
 of some act. 
 
 Paul was about lo open his mouth. — Acts iviii. li. 
 They wcrv abvut to lice out of the ship. — Acts xxvii. 30. 
 
 5. Near to the person ; appended to tlu; clothes. 
 Every thing about him is in order. Is your snufi!°- 
 box about yuu 
 
 From tiearncss on all siilcs, the transition is easy 
 to the idea of a concern witli. Hence. 
 
 6. Concerned in, engaged in, relating to, re- 
 specting ; as, what is he about? 
 
 I must be o&oul my Futher's business. — Luke il. 49. 
 The painter is not to tako sa much [lains about the ttrnpery 
 as about the face. Dryden. 
 
 7. In compass or circumference ; two yards 
 about the stem. 
 
 8. Near to in number or quantity. 
 
 There fell that day about three thousand men. — Ex. xxxii. 
 A-BOUT', adv. Near to in quality or degree; as, 
 about as high, or as cold. 
 
 0. Here and there ; around ; in one place and 
 another. 
 
 Wanilerin J about from house lo house. — I Tim. T. 
 
 3. Round, or the longest way, opposed to across, 
 or the shortest way ; as, a mile about, and half a 
 mile across. 
 
 To bring about ; to bring to the end ; to effect or 
 accomplish a purpose. 
 
 To come about ; to change or turn ; to come to the 
 desired point. In a like sense, seamen say go 
 about, when a ship changes her course to go on the 
 other tack. 
 
 Readij about, about ship, are orders for tacking. 
 'J'o go about, signifies to enter vpon; also to pre- 
 pare ; to seek the mran.-i. 
 
 Why go ye about lo kill me f — John tII. 
 A-BOVE', prep. [Sax. abufan, bufan, bufon; D. 
 boveu.] 
 
 1. Literally, higher in place. 
 
 The fowls that ily above the earth. — Gen. 1. 20. 
 
 2. Figuratively, superior in any respect. 
 
 I saw a \[^hi above tlle brightness of the sun. — Acts xxvi. 
 The price of a virtuous woman is oiove rubies. — Prov. xxxi. 
 
 3. More in number or quantity ; as, the weight is 
 above a tun. 
 
 He was seen by above live hundred brethren at once. — I Cor. 
 XV. 6. 
 
 4. More in degree ; in a greater degree. 
 
 ilananiah feared God above many. — Neh. vii. 2. 
 The serpent is curs'-d above all cattle. — Gen. iii. 
 
 5. Beyond ; in excess. 
 
 In stripes above measure. —2 Cor. xl. 
 
 God will not sutfer you to be tempted above what vc are able. 
 — 1 Cor. X. 13. 
 
 6. Beyond ; in a state to bo unattainable ; as, 
 things above comprehension. 
 
 7. Too proud for ; as, this man is above his 
 business. 
 
 8. Too elev.ited in mind or rank ; having too 
 much dignity for ; as, this man is above mean ac- 
 tions. 
 
 9. It is often used elliplically for heaven, or the 
 celestial regions ; as, the powers above. 
 
 Let not God re^rd it from above. — Job Iii. 
 
 10. In a book or writing, it denotes before or in a 
 former place ; as, wluit has been said above; supra. 
 This mode of speaking originated in the ancient 
 mtinner of writing, on a strip of parchment, be- 
 ginning at one entl and proceeding to the other. 
 Tiie beginning was the upper end. 
 
 A-BOVE', adv. Overhead ; in a higher place. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 2. Before. Dryden, 
 
 3. Chief in rank or power. Deut. .xxviii. 
 Move all is elliptical; above all considerations; 
 
 chiefly ; in preference to other things. 
 
 A-BOVE'-BoARl), adv. Above tile board or table ; 
 in open sight ; tvilhout trick, concealment, or de- 
 ception. 'J'his expression is said by Johnson to be 
 borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change 
 their cards, put their hands under the table. 
 
 .\-BClVE'-ClT-EI), a. Cited before, in the preceding 
 p.art of a b(M)k or writing. 
 
 A-I!(-iVE'-GROUND, <i. Alive; not buried. 
 
 A-B0VE'-ME.\-TIO.\-ED, a. Mentioned before. 
 
 AB OVO USQUE AD jMAIJi, [L.] From the cgc to 
 tlie apples; friun Ihe beginning of supperto the end ; 
 from the first dish to the last. 
 
 A-BOV'E'-SAID, a. Mentioned or recited before. 
 
 ABP. ; abbrev. for Archbishop. 
 
 AB-RA-€A-I)AB'RA, ji. The name of a deity, wor- 
 shiped by the Syrians ; a cabalistic word. The 
 letters of bis name writlen on paper, in the form 
 of an inverted triangle, were recommended by 
 Samoniciis as an antidote against certain di.se.ases. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AB-RaDE', r. f. [L. ahraAo, to scrape ; from rado,] 
 To rub or wear ofl"; to waste by friction ; used 
 especially to expri^ss the action of sharp, corrosive 
 
 ABR 
 
 medicines, in wearing away or removing Iho 
 mucus of the meniliraiies. 
 AH-RaD'EU, pp. Rubbed or worn off; worn; 
 
 scraped. 
 
 AB-RaI)'1NG, ;7>r. Rubbing off; wearing. 
 
 AH-RAIJ'ING, 71. In agriculture, the crumbling 
 down of banks of earth, from the effects of frost, or 
 of the alternate action of drought and moisture. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 A-BRA-HAM'ie, o. Pertaining to Abraham, the 
 patriarch ; as, Abrahamic ct>venant. Mason, 
 
 Abraham Men, formerly were imposttjrs, in Eng- 
 land, who wandered about the country, personat- 
 ing lunacy. P. Cijc, 
 To sbnm Abraham, to feign sickness. Qoldsmilh, 
 A-BRANCIi'l-AN, 71. (Terms applied to an order 
 A-BRANCII'I-A, «.;)/. ( of Annelitla, so called be- 
 cause the s|MTies composing it have no external 
 organs of respiration ; including worms and 
 leeches. Brande. 
 AB-RS'»ION, (ab-ra'zhiin,) n. The act of wearing or 
 rubbing off; also substance worn olfby attrition. 
 
 Q_uiney. 
 
 A-BREAST', (a-brcst',) adv. (from a and breast.]^ 
 
 1. Side by side; with the breasts in a line. Two 
 men rode abreast. 
 
 2. In marine language, ships are abreast when 
 their heads are equally advanced ; and they are 
 abreast of objects when the objects are on a line 
 with the beam. — Hence, 
 
 3. Opposite ; against ; on a line with — as, a ship 
 was abreast of Montauk point. — A sea7nnn*s phrase. 
 
 AI!-RE-NUN-Cl-A'TIO.\', 7i. Renunciation; abso- 
 lute denial. [JVot used.] Mede. 
 
 AIl-REP'TION, n. abripio.] A carrying away ; 
 or stattr of being sei/.ed and carried nway. 
 
 A-BREU-VOIIV, (a-bru-vwor',) 71. [Fr. abreuvoir, a 
 watering-place, from abreuvcr, to water ; Sp. abr&- 
 var, id., from Gr. 0oc\i,t,] 
 
 Among masons, tile joint between stones, to be 
 filled wilh mortar. 
 
 A-BRIDGE', (a-bridj',) ». t. [Fr. abrfgrr, from Gr. 
 tiiiaxvf, short, or its root, from tlie root of break, or a 
 verb of that family.] 
 
 1. To make shorter ; to epitomize ; to contract 
 by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense in 
 substance — used of writings; as, Justin abridged 
 the liisttiiy of Trogiis Poinpeiiis. 
 
 2. To lessen ; to diminish ; as, to abridge I.ibor ; 
 to abridge ptiwer or rights. ' Smitlu 
 
 3. To dejirive ; to cut off fnmi ; followcil by of: 
 as, to abridge one of his rights, or enjoyments. To 
 abridge from, is now obsolete or improper. 
 
 4. In algebra, tt> reduce a coiiiiiound tpiantity or 
 equation to its more simple expression. The equa- 
 tion tliiKS abridged is called a formula, Cyc. 
 
 A-BRIDG'KD, or a. Made shorter; epitonii/.ed ; 
 reduced to a smaller compass; lessened; deprived. 
 
 A-Bllll)G'ER, 71. One who abridges; one who 
 makes a compend. 
 
 A-URIDCING, ;);)r. Shortening; lessening ; depriv- 
 ing : debarrin-;. 
 
 A-I!RIDG'MK.\T, n. An epitome ; a compend or 
 summary of a book. 
 
 2. Diminution ; contraction ; reduction ; as, an 
 abridgment of e-xpenses. 
 
 .3. ftc|)rivation ; a debarring or restraint ; as, an 
 abridgment of pleasures. 
 
 A-BR6ACH', adv. [.See Broach.] 
 
 Broached ; letting out or yieltling liquor, or in n 
 posture for letting out ; as, a cask is abroach. Fig- 
 uratively used by Shakspeare fur settiim hitjse, or 
 in a state of being diffused," Set mischief abroach; " 
 but this sense is unusual. 
 
 A-BROAD', (,i-brawd',) adv. [See Broad.] 
 
 In a general sense, at large ; widely ; not con- 
 fined to narrow limits. Hence, 
 
 1. In the open air. 
 
 2. Beyond or out of the walls of a house ; as, lo 
 walk abroad. 
 
 3. Beyond the limits of a camp. Dent, xxiii. 10. 
 
 4. Beyond the bounds of a countrj' ; in foriMgn 
 countries ; as, to go abroad for nil education ; we 
 have broils at home and enemies abroad. 
 
 a. Extensively ; before the public at large. 
 
 lie be^n to blaze abroad tlic matter. — Mark i. 15. Kslher 1. 
 
 f>. ^Vidcly ; with expansion ; as, a tree spreads 
 lis branches abroad, 
 
 AB'RO-GA-BLE, a. That may be abrogated. 
 
 AB'UO-GaTE, v. t, [L. abrogo, to repeal ; from ab 
 and rogo, to ask or propose. Sec the English 
 reach. Class Rg.] 
 
 To repeal ; to annul by an authoritative act ; to 
 abolish by the authority of the maker or his suc- 
 cessor ; applied to Hie repeal of laws, decrees, or- 
 dinances, the abolition of established customs, iic. 
 
 AB'RO-G A-TED, pp. Repealed ; annulled by an act 
 of authoritv. 
 
 AB'RO-GA-TI.VG, ppr. Repealing by authority ; 
 
 makinc void. 
 AB-RO(;a'TION, 71. The , -let of abrogating ; repeal 
 
 by authority of tlie legislative power. 
 
 TONE, BULL, X;N1TE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS G as K; 6 as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
ABS 
 
 A-BKOOD', adr. [See Brood.] In the action of 
 
 brooding. [JVut in luie.] Sancroft, 
 A-BROOD'I^G, 71. A sitting abrood. [JVul in use.] 
 
 Barret. 
 
 A-BROOK', V. t. To brook, to endure. [JVu( in 
 use.] See Brook. Shak. 
 
 A-BROT'A-.NOID, n. [Gr. aSporovov, and £i<5os, 
 form.] A species of coral belonging to the genus 
 Madrepora. It is one of the reef-corala of the 
 East Indies. 
 
 A-BROT'A-NUM, n. [Gr. aSporovov.] 
 
 .\ species of evergreen plant arranged under the 
 genus Artemisia; called also SoutJiernwood. 
 
 AB-RUPT', a. [L. abruptus, from abrumpo, to break 
 off ; of ab and rumpo. See Rupti're.] 
 
 1. Literally., broken off, or broken short. Hence, 
 
 2. Steep, craggy ; applied to rocks, precipices, 
 and the like. 
 
 3. Fi<ruralively, sudden ; without notice to pre- 
 pare the mind for the event ; as, an abrupt entrance 
 or address. 
 
 4. Unconnected ; having sudden transitions from 
 one subject to another; as, an abrupt style. 
 
 Ben Junson. 
 
 5. In botany, an abrupt pinnate le.af is one vvhieh 
 has neither leaflet, nor tendril at the end. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 AB-RUPT', n. A cha.sm or gulf with steep sides. 
 
 Over Ihe vast abrupt. AHlton. 
 
 [ Tflis use of the word is infrequent.] 
 
 AB-RUPT'ED, a. Torn off; torn asunder. 
 
 AB-RUP'TIOX, n. A sudden breaking off; a vio- 
 lent separation of bodies. fVoodward. 
 
 AB-RUPT'LV, ado. Suddenly ; without giving no- 
 tice, or without the usual forms ; as, the minister 
 left France abruptly. 
 
 AB-RIIPT'NESS, n. A state of being broken ; 
 craggedness ; steepness. 
 •2.' Figuratively, suddenness; unceremonious 
 
 ■ haste or vehemence. 
 
 AB'SCESS, n. [L. abscessus, from ab and eedo, to 
 go from.] 
 
 A cavity containing pus, or a collection of puru- 
 lent matter, in some part of the body, formed by 
 the proiess called suppuration, consequent on in- 
 flammation. 
 
 AB-SCI.\D', V. t. [L. abscindo.] To cut off. [Lit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 AB'SCISS, ( n. [L. abscissas, from ab and scindo, 
 AB-SCIS'SA, ( to cut ; Gr. cr\i{oj. See Scissors.] 
 In conies, a part of the diameter or transverse 
 axis of a conic section, intercepted between the 
 vertex or some other fixed point and a semiordi- 
 nate. Encyc. 
 
 Oenerally, any part of the diameter or axis of a 
 curve, comprised between any fixed point wliere 
 all the abscisses begin, and another line, called the 
 ordinate, which is terminated in the curve. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 AB-SCIS'SION, (-sizh'un,) n. [See Absciss.] 
 
 1. A cutting off, or a being cut off. In surgery, 
 the separation of any corrupted or useless part of 
 the body, by a sharp instrument ; applied to the 
 soft parts, as amputation is to the bones and flesh 
 of a limb. Quinri/. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, a figure of speech, when, having 
 begun to say a thing, a speaker stops abruptly, as 
 su|)posingthe matter sufficiently understood. Thus, 
 " He is a man of so much honor and candor, and 
 such generosity — but I need say no more." 
 
 AB-SL'Oi\I)', !i. 1. [L. uhsconilo, to hide, of abs and 
 condo, to hide, i. e. to withdraw, or to thrust aside 
 or into a corner or secret place.] 
 
 1. To retire from public view, or from the place 
 in which one resides or is ordinarily to be Sound ; 
 to withdraw, or absent one's self in a private man- 
 ner ; to be concealed ; appropriately used of per- 
 sons who secrete themselves to avoid a legal pro- 
 cess. 
 
 2. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed. 
 
 The marrnol aliecortdt in wiiilf r. /?iy. 
 
 AB-SCOND'ER, n. One who withdraws from pub- 
 lic notice, or conceals himself from public vi('W. 
 
 AB SCOND'ING, ;;/)r. or «. Withdrawing [irivatcly 
 from public view ; as, an absconiling debtor, who 
 confines himself to his apartments, or absents him- 
 self to avoid Ihe ministers of justice. In the latter 
 sense, it is properly an adj(;rtive. 
 
 AB'HE.NCE, n. [I,, absene, from absum, abesse, to be 
 away ; ab and num.] 
 
 1. A slate of being at a distance in place, or not 
 in company. It is used to denote any distance in- 
 definitely, either in the same town, or country, or 
 in a foreign country, and prininrily supfioscs a pri- 
 or presence ; as, speak well of one in ills ub.sence. 
 
 2. tVant ; destitution; implying no precious pres- 
 ence. 
 
 In ttw abMnet ofconvenUonnI law. Ch, Ktnl. 
 
 3. In lavD, non-appearance ; a not being in court 
 to answer. 
 
 4. MeedleKsnesfl ; inattention to things present. 
 Abience of mind (a the attention of the mind to n 
 
 ABS 
 
 subject which dt)es not occupy the rest of the com- 
 pany, and which draws the mind from things or 
 objects which are present, to others distant or 
 foreign. 
 
 AB'SEN'T, a. I\*ot present ; not in company ; at 
 such a distance as to prevent communication. It 
 is used also for being in a foreign country ; as, a 
 gentleman is absent on his travels. 
 
 Absent from one another. — Gen. xxxi. 49. 
 
 2. Heedless ; inattentive to persons present, or 
 to subjects of conversation in company ; as, an ab- 
 sent man is uncivil to the company. 
 
 3. In familiar language, not at home ; as, the 
 master of the house is absent. In other words, he 
 does not wish to be disturbed by company. 
 
 AB SENT', V. t. To depart to such a distance as to 
 prevent intercourse ; to retire or withdraw ; to for- 
 bear to appear in presence ; used with the recip- 
 rocal pronoun ; as, let a man absent himself from 
 the company. 
 
 AB-SENT'ED, pp. Retired or withdrawn. 
 
 AB SENT-EE', n. One who withtlraws from his 
 country, office, or estate ; one who removes to a 
 distant place or to another country. 
 
 In recent political writers, a landholder or cap- 
 italist, who derives his revenue from one country, 
 and resides in and expends it in another. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 AB-SENT-EE'ISM, n. Absence from duty or sta- 
 tion : applied to the act of residing in a country 
 different from that from which one's resources are 
 derived. 
 
 AB-SENT'ER, n. One who absents himself. 
 AB-SENT'ING, ppr. Departing; withdrawing. 
 AB-SE.\T'MENT, n. A state of being absent. 
 
 BarrovJ. 
 
 AB-SIN'THI-AN, a. [from absinthium.] Of the na- 
 ture of wormwood. Randolph. 
 
 AB-SIN'THI-A-TED, a. Impregnated with worm- 
 wood, o o o- 
 
 AB-SIN'THI-UM, n. [Gr. aiptvetov; Per. i^rf^r^^^^ 
 
 afsinthin ; the same in Chaldaic. Budsus, in his 
 commentaries on Theophrast, supposes the word 
 composed of a priv. and xpip3o(, delight, so named 
 from its bitterness. But it may be an Oriental 
 word.] 
 
 The common wormwood ; a bitter plant, used as 
 atonic. A species of Artemisia. 
 AB'.SIS. In astronomy. [See Apsis.] 
 AB'SO-LUTE, a. [L. absolutus. See Absolve.] 
 
 1. Literally, in a general sense, free or independ- 
 ent of any thing extraneous. Hence, 
 
 2. Complete in itself; positive; as, an absolute 
 declaration. 
 
 3. Unconditional ; as, an absolute promise. 
 
 4. Existing independent of any other cause ; as, 
 God is absolute. 
 
 5. Unlimited by extraneous power or control ; as, 
 an absolute government or prince. 
 
 6. Not relative ; as, absolute space. Stillingfieei. 
 
 7. In chemistry, pure, unmixed ; as, absolute al- 
 cohol. 
 
 In grammar, the case absolute, is when a word 
 or member of a sentence is not immediately de- 
 pendent on the other parts of the sentence in gov- 
 ernment. A clause independent. 
 
 Absolute equation, in astronomy, is the sum of 
 the optic and eccentric equations. 
 
 Absolute numbers, in algebra, are such as have 
 no letters annexed ; as, 2a-|-36=48. The two latter 
 numbers are absolute or pure. Encyc. 
 
 Absolute space, in physics, is space considered 
 without relation to any other object. Bailey. 
 
 Absolute gravity, in philosophy, is that property 
 in bodies by which tliey are said to weigh so 
 much, wilhotit regard to circumstances of modifi- 
 cation, and this is always as the quantity of mat- 
 ter they contain. Bailey. 
 AB'SO-l>UTE-I.Y, adi\ Completely; wholly ; as, 
 a thing is absolutely iinintt^lligible. 
 
 2. Without dependence or relation ; in a state 
 unconnected. 
 
 Absolutely v/e can not (liscomm^nd, we can not abiohHely np- 
 prove, either willin^nesd to live, or Ibrwardncfs to clif. 
 
 hooker. 
 
 3. Without restriction or limitation ; as, God 
 reigns absolutelij. 
 
 4. Without cimdition ; as, God docs not forgive 
 ab.iolulehj, but upon condition of faith and re- 
 pentance. 
 
 5. Positively, peremptorily ; as, command me 
 absolutely not to go. Milton. 
 
 AB'SO-LUTE-NESS, n. Independence ; complete- 
 ness in itself. 
 
 2. Despotic authority, or that which is subject to 
 no extranet)us restriction, or ct)nlrol. 
 
 AB-HO-LO'TION, n. In Ihe einl lair, an acquittal, 
 or sentence of a judge declaring an accused person 
 Innocent. In the canon law, it remission of sins 
 pronounced by n priest ill favor of a piMiitent. 
 
 ABS 
 
 Anumg Protestants, a sentence by which an ex- 
 cominitnicated person is released from his liability 
 to punishment. Ai/liffe. South. 
 
 AB'SO-LuT-lS.M, 71. State of being absolute; or 
 principles of absolute government. 
 2. Doctrine of predestination. Ash. 
 
 AB'SO-LOT-IST, n. One who is in favor of an ab- 
 solute government. 
 
 AB'SO-LU-TO-RY, or AB-SOL'TJ-TO-RV, a. Ab- 
 solving ; that absolves. 
 
 AB-SOLV'A-TO-RY, a. [from absolve.] Containing 
 absolution, pardon, or release ; having power to 
 absolve. Cutgrave. 
 
 AB-SOLVE', (ab-zolv',) v. t. [L. absolve, from ab and 
 soloo, to loose or release ; Cli. rhv, shalah, to ab- 
 solve, to finish ; Heb. shal, to loose or loosen. 
 See Solve.] 
 
 To set free or release from some obligation, debt, 
 or responsibility ; or from that which subjects a 
 person to a biirtlen or penalty ; as, to absolve a per- 
 son from a promise ; to absolve an offender, which 
 amounts to an acquittal and remission of his pun- 
 ishment. Hence, in the civil law, the word was 
 used for acquit ; and in ths canon hiw, for forgive, 
 or remit. In ordinary language, its sense is to set free 
 or release from an engagement. Fonnerly, good 
 writers used the word in the sense of finish, accom- 
 plish ; as, to absolve work, in Milton ; but in this 
 sense, it seems to be obsolete. Young has also 
 used it for resolve or explain ,■ as, " Absolve we 
 this " but this sense is rare. 
 
 AB-SOLV'ED, pp. Released ; acquitted ; remitted ; 
 declared innocent. 
 
 AB-SOLV'ER, 7!. One who absolves; also, one that 
 pronounces sin to be remitted. 
 
 AB-SOLV'ING, ppr. Setting free from a debt, or 
 charge ; acquitting ; remitting. 
 
 AB'SO-NANT, a. [See Absonous.] Wide from the 
 purpose ; contrary to reason. 
 
 AB'SO-NOUS, a. [L. absonus ; ab and sonus, sound ] 
 Contrary to reason ; unmusical, or untunable. 
 
 Oranvtlle. Fothcrby. 
 
 AB-SORB', 71. t. [L. absorbco, ab and sorbeo, to drink 
 
 in; Ar. i ^^^ sharaba; Eth. I'l^fl (114(1 
 id. ; Rab. nitr, sharap ; to draw or drink in ; whence 
 sintp, sherbet, shrub.] 
 
 1. To drink in ; to suck up ; to imbibe ; as a 
 sponge, or as the lacteals of the bod}'. 
 
 2. To drink in, swallow up, or overwhelm with 
 water, as a body in a whirlpool. 
 
 3. To waste wholly or sink in expenses ; to ex- 
 haust ; as, to absorb an estate in luxury. 
 
 4. To engross or engage wholly ; as, absorbed in 
 studv or the pursuit of wealth. 
 
 AB-S6rB-A-BIL'I-TY, 71. A state or quality of 
 being absorbable. 
 
 AB-SORB'A-BLE, a. That may be imbibed or 
 swallowed. Kerr's Lavoisier. 
 
 AB-SORB'BD, or AB-SORPT', pp. Imbibed ; swal- 
 lowed ; wasted ; engaged ; lost in study ; wholly 
 engrossed. 
 
 AB-SORB'ENT, a. Imbibing ; swallowing. 
 
 Absorbent groumi, in painting, a ground prepared 
 for a picture, chiefly with di.steinper, or water 
 colors, by which the oil is immediately absorbed, 
 and thus the work hastened. Brande. 
 
 AB-SORB'ENT, 7i. In anatomy, a vessel which im- 
 bibes, as the lacteals and lymphatics. In medicine, 
 a substance used to absorb acidity in the stomach, 
 as magnesia, chalk, &c. Encyc. 
 
 AB-SORB'ING, ppr or a. Imbibing; engrossing; 
 wasting. 
 
 AB-SORP'TION, 71. The act or process of imbibing 
 or swallowing ; either by water, which overwhelms, 
 or by substances, which drink in and retain liquids ; 
 as, the absorption of a body in a whirlpool, or of 
 water by the earth, or of the humors of the body by 
 drj' powders. It is used also to express the swal- 
 lowing up of substances by the earth in chasms 
 made by earthquakes, and the sinking of large 
 tracts in violent commotions of the earth. 
 
 2. Entire occupation or engrossment of mind ; as, 
 ab.iorption in business. 
 
 3. In ;iAi/.«o/<)iri(,(me of the vital organic fimctions, 
 which conveys ti) the ciicttlating system Ihe male- 
 rials of nutrition, by means of the lacteals, and the 
 effete particles of the body, by metuis of the lym- 
 phatics. 
 
 4. In chemistry, the conversion of a gaseous fluid 
 into a liquid or solid, by unioB with another .sub- 
 stance, t/re. 
 
 AB-SORP'TIVE, 0. Having power to imbibe. 
 
 Dane in. 
 
 ABS' QUE HOC; without this or that ; in law, words 
 used in traversing what has been alleged, and is 
 repeated. 
 
 AB-STAIN', V. i. [1,. abstineo, to keep from; abs 
 and lenro, to hold. See Tenant.] 
 
 In a grnernl sense, to fiirbear, or refrain from, vol- 
 untarily ; but used chiefly to denote a lestriiint 
 upon the passions or appetites ; to refrain Irom in- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
ABS 
 
 dulsence ; as, to alistain from the use of ardent 
 spirits ; to abslaui from luxuries. 
 
 AbtUu» from meat* ofli-red 10 idoli. — AcU sr. 
 
 AB-STk'iMI-OUS, a. [L. abstemius, from abs and 
 iemelum, an ancient name of strong wine, according 
 to Fabius and Gellius. Hut Vossius supposes it to 
 be from abstineo, by a change of n to m. It may be 
 from tiK; root oftimeo, to fear, tliat is, to withdraw.] 
 
 1. Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of 
 food and strong drinks. 
 
 lusUiiices of longevUy are chiefiy among the abstewioug. 
 
 ArbuOtnot. 
 
 2. Sparing in the enjoyment of animal pleasures 
 of any kind. [ This sense is less commutty and perhaps 
 nut tr<rUintiite.] 
 
 3. Sparingly used, or used with temperance ; be- 
 longing to abstinence; as, an abstemious diet, an 
 abstrniious life. 
 
 AB-STK'MI-OUS-LV, adv. Temperately ; with a 
 
 sparing use of meat or drink. 
 AB-STe'MI-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 
 temperate or sparing in the use of food aiid strong 
 
 drinks. 
 
 This %vord expresses a greater degree of absti- 
 nence than temperance. 
 
 AB-STKN'TION, n. The act of abstaining. 
 
 AB-S'l'ERcSE', (ab-sterj',) v. t. [L. abstergeo, of abs 
 and tcrgco, to wipe. Tergeo may have a common 
 origin with the Sw. t^cka, G. trocknen^ D. droogen^ 
 Sax. drijgan, to drj' ; for these Teutonic verbs sig- 
 nify to wipCf as well as to dry.] 
 
 To wipe or make clean by wiping ; to cleanse by 
 lotions or similar applications. [Used chirfiij as a 
 medical term.] 
 
 AB-STEKC'E.NT, a. Wiping ; cleansing. 
 
 AB-STERCENT, n. A medicine which cleanses 
 away foulness, as lotions ; but the use <)f the word 
 is nearly superseded by ditcrgcnty which see. 
 
 AB-STER'SION, ». [from L. abstergeo, ubslersiis.] 
 The act of wiping clean; or a cleansing by lotions 
 or simihxr applications. [See Deterge, Detkr- 
 910 N.l Bacon. 
 
 AB-STER'SIVE, a. Cleansing ; having the quality 
 of removing foulness. [See Detersive.] 
 
 AB'STI-NENCE, n. [L. abstinentia. See AnsTiin.] 
 1. In general, the act or practice of voluntarily re- 
 fraining from, or forbearing any action. 
 
 Abstnenee from every ttiiii» which v\n be deemed labor. 
 
 Paley'a PHlot. 
 
 More appropriately, 
 
 9. The refraining from an indulgence of appetite, 
 or from customary gratifications of animal propen- 
 sities. It denotes a total forbearance, as in fasting, 
 or a forbearance of the usual quantity. In the lat- 
 ter sense, it may coincide with temperance ; but in 
 general, it denotes a more sparmg use of enjoy- 
 ments than temperance. (Besides, abstinence implies 
 previous free indulgence ; temperance does not.) 
 
 AB'STI-NENT, a. Refraining from indulgence, es- 
 ppciallv in the use of food and drink. 
 
 AB'STl-NENT-LY, adv. With abstinence. 
 
 AB'STl-NENTS, ji. pi. A sect which appeared in 
 France and Spain in the third century, who op- 
 posed marriage, condemned the use of flesh meat, 
 and placed the Holy Spirit in the class of created 
 beings. 
 
 AB-STORT'ED, o. Forced away. 
 
 AB-STRA€T', v. L [L. abstraho, to draw from or 
 
 separate ; from abs and traJw, which is the Eng. 
 
 draw. See Draw.] 
 
 1. To draw from, or to separate; as, to abstract 
 an action from its evil eflfects ; to abstract spirit 
 from any substance by distillation ; but, in this lat- 
 ter sense, extract is now more generally used. 
 
 2. To separate ideas by the oiwration of the' 
 mind ; to consider one part of a complex object by 
 itself. Home. 
 
 3. To select or separate the substance of a book 
 or writing ; to epitomize or reduce to a summary. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 4. To take secretly for one's own use from the 
 property of another, when placed in one's power ; 
 to purloin ; as, to abstract goods from a parcel, or 
 money from a bank. IlowiL 
 
 5. In chemistry, to separate, as the more volatile 
 parts of a substance by repeated distillation, or at 
 lea!^t by distillation. 
 
 AB'STRA€T, a. (L. abstractus.] Separate; dis- 
 tinct from something else. An abstract idea, in 
 metaphysics, is an idea separated from a complex 
 object, or from other ideas which naturally accom- 
 pany it ; as the solidity of marble contem|)lated 
 apail from its color or figure. Encyc. 
 
 Mstracl terms are those which express abstract 
 ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without 
 regarding any subject in which they exist ; or o*- 
 stract terms are the names of orders, genera, or 
 species of things, in which there is a combination 
 of similar qualities. StewarL 
 
 .Abstract numbers are numbers used without ap- 
 plication to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied 
 
 ABS 
 
 to any thing, as 6 feet, 10 men, they become con- 
 crete. 
 
 Mstract or pure mathematics, is that which 
 treats of magnitude or quantity, without restriction 
 to any species of particular magnitude, as arithme- 
 tic and geometry ; opposed to which is mixed math- 
 ematics, which treats of simple properties, and the 
 relations of quantity, as apjilied to sensible objects, 
 as hydrostatics, navigation, optics, &c. Kncyc. 
 
 2. Separate ; existing in the mind only ; as, an ab- 
 stract subject ; an abstract question ; and hence, 
 difficult, abstruse. 
 
 AB'STRA€T, n. A summary, or epitome, contain- 
 ing the substance, a general view, or the principal 
 heads of a treatise or writing. Watts. 
 
 2. Forini:rly, an extract, or a smaller quantity, 
 containing the essence of a larger. 
 
 In tJie abstract, in a state of separation, as a sub- 
 ject considered in the abstract, i. e. without ref- 
 erence to particular persons or things. 
 
 AB-STRAtT'ED, ;);>. or a. Separated; purloined; 
 refined; exalted; abstruse; absent in mind. 
 
 JMilton. Donne, 
 
 AB-STRACT'ED-LY, adv. In a separate state, or in 
 contemplation only. Dn/dcn. 
 
 AB-STRAt;T'ED-NESS, n. The state of being ab- 
 stracted. Baxter. 
 
 AB-STRAeT'ER, 7U One who makes an abstract, 
 or summary. 
 
 AB-STRAt'T'ING, ppr. Beparating; purloining; 
 
 making a summary. 
 AB-STUAe'TlON, ii. The act of separating, or 
 
 state of being separated. 
 
 2. The operation of the mind when occupied by 
 abstract ideas ; as when we contemplate some par- 
 ticular part or property of a complex object as sep- 
 arate from the rest. Thus, when the mind con- 
 siders the branch of a tree by itself, or the color of 
 the leaves, as separate from their size or figure, the 
 act is called abstraction. So, also, when it consid- 
 ers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate 
 from any particular objects. Encyc. 
 
 The power which the understanding has of sep- 
 arating the combinations which are presented to it, 
 is distinguished by logicians by the name of ab- 
 straction. Stiicart. 
 
 Abstraction is the ground-work of classificaticm, 
 by which things are arranged in orders, genera, and 
 species. We separate in idea the qu;i!ities of cer- 
 tain objects which are of the same kind, from 
 others which are different in each, and arrange the 
 objects having the same properties in a class, or 
 collected body. 
 
 3. A separation from worldly objects ; a recluse 
 life ; as, a hermit's abstraction. 
 
 4. Absence of mind ; inattention to present ob- 
 jects. 
 
 5. Taking for one's own use part of the property 
 of another when placed in one's power. [Recent 
 usage,] 
 
 6. In the process of distillation, the term is used 
 to denote the separation of the volatile parts, which 
 rise, come over, and are condensed in a receiver, 
 from those which are fixed. It is chiefly used, 
 when a fluid is repeatedly poured upon any sub- 
 stance in a retort, and distilled off, to change its 
 state, or the nature of its composition. JVicholson. 
 
 AB-STRA€T'IVE, o. Having the power or quality 
 
 of abstracting. 
 AB-STRAt'T'lVE, ) a. Abstracted, or drawn 
 AB-STRAtT-r'TlOUS, j from other substances, 
 
 particularly from vegetables, without fermentation. 
 
 Cyc, 
 
 AB'STRACT LY, adv. Separately ; absolutely ; in 
 
 a state or manner unconnected witli any thing 
 
 else ; as, matter abstractly considered. 
 AB'STRAt'T-NESS, n. A separate state ; a state 
 
 of being in contemplation only, or not connected 
 
 with any object. 
 AB-STRINGE', ». t To unbind. 
 AB-STRODE', v. t [Infra.] To thrust away. [JVo« 
 
 used.]^ 
 
 AB-STkCSE', a. [L, abstrusus, from abstrudo, to 
 
 thrust away, to conceal ; abs and trudo; Ar. 
 
 tarada ; Ch. TiO, to thrust ; Syr. Sam. id. ; Eng. to 
 thnist.] Hid ; concealed ; hence, remote from ap- 
 prehension ; diflicult to be comprehended or under- 
 stood ; opposed to what is obvious, [.A'ut used of 
 material objects,] 
 
 Motiiphyaica ij an abttriue BCicocc. Enc^je. 
 
 AB-STROSE'LY, od». In a conce.aled manner; ob- 
 sciirelv J in a manner not to be easily understood. 
 
 AB-STROSE'NESS, n. Obscurity ol^ meaning ; the 
 state or quality of being diflicult to be understood. 
 
 Boiile, 
 
 AB-STRO'SI-TY, n. Abstruseness ; that which is 
 abstruse. 
 
 AB-SC'ME', r. t. To bring V) an end by a gradual 
 
 waste ; to consume. 
 AB-SURD', 0. [L. absurdus, from ab and surdus. 
 
 ABU 
 
 deaf, insensible.] Opposed to manifest truth ; in- 
 consistent with reason, or the plain dictates of com- 
 mon sense. An absurd man acts contrary to the 
 clear dictates of reason or sound judgment. An 
 absurd proposition contradicts obvious truth. An 
 absurd practice or opinion is repugnant to the 
 rea.sun or common apprehension of men. It is ab- 
 surd to say six and six make ten, or that jilaiits will 
 take root in stone. 
 
 AB-SURD'I-TY, lu The quality of being inconsist- 
 ent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judg- 
 ment. Want of judgment, applied to men ; want 
 of [iropriety, applied to things. Johnson, 
 
 2. That which is absurd : in this sense it has a 
 plural ; the absurdities of men. 
 
 AB-SURD'EY, adv. In a manner inconsistent with 
 reason, or obvious propriety. 
 
 AB-SURD'i\ESS, lu The same as Absurdity, and 
 less used. 
 
 A-BUND'ANCE, n. [Fr. abondance. See Ahoijnd.J 
 Great plenty ; an overflowing quantity ; ample sul- 
 ficiency : in strictness applicable to quantity only ; 
 but sometimes used of number ; as, an abundance of 
 peasants. Addison. 
 In Scripture, 
 
 The abundance of the rich U great wealth. — Eccl. v. Mark 
 xii. Luke xxi. 
 
 The abuntlance ol the leas U great plenty of fbli. — Deul. 
 xxxiii. 
 
 It denotes also Aillncss, overflowing ; as, the 
 abundance of the heart. Matt. xii. Luke vi. 
 
 A-BUND'ANT, a. Plentiful; in great quantity; 
 fully sulTicient ; as, an abundant supply. In Scrip- 
 ture, abounding; having in great quantity; over- 
 flowing with. 
 The Lord Uod Is ahundant in goodaeu and triilh. — Ex. xxxiv. 
 Mundant number, in arithmetic, is one, the sum 
 of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. 
 Thus I, 2, 3, 4, fi, the aliquot parts of 12, make the 
 sum of IT). This is opposed to a deficient number, 
 as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of 
 which is 10 ; and to a perfect number, which is 
 equal to the sum of its alicpiot parts, as 6, whose 
 aliquot parts .are 1, 2, 3. Enciir. 
 
 A-BUND'Ai\T-LY, adv. Fully ; amply ; plentift;lly ; 
 in a suflicient degree. 
 
 A-Bu'SAGE, H. Abuse. [jVot used.] 
 
 A-IiUSE', ». «. [Fr. abuser; Sp. abusar; It. abusare : 
 L. abator, abiisus, of ab and utor, to use ; Ir. idh ; 
 W. gwcth, use ; Gr. cOui, to accustom. See Use.] 
 
 1. To use ill; to maltreat; to misuse; to use 
 with bad motives or to wrong purposes ; as, to 
 abuse rights or privileges. 
 
 They llutt use this world as not abusing it. — 1 Cor. vii, 
 
 2. To violate; to defile by improper sexual in- 
 tercourse, l^penser. 
 
 ' 3. To deceive ; to impose on. 
 
 Nor be with all Uicae templiiio; wonts abused. Pope. 
 
 4. To treat rudely, or with reproachful language ; 
 to revile. 
 
 He mocl{ed and abused them shamefully. A/.tc. 
 
 5. To pervert the meaning of ; to misapply ; as, 
 to abuse w'ords. 
 
 A-BCSE', »i. HI use ; improper treatment or employ- 
 ment ; application to a wrong purpose ; as, an 
 abuse of our natural powers ; an abase of civil 
 rights, or of religious privileges ; abuse of advan- 
 tages, &,c. 
 
 Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, ns well at 
 by the alntees of power. I^deralist, Madison. 
 
 2. A corrupt practice or custom ; as, the abuses 
 of government. 
 
 3. Rude speech ; reproachful language addressed 
 to a iHTSon ; contumely ; reviling words. Mdlon. 
 
 4. Violation of a female. 
 
 After the abuse he forsook me. Sidney. 
 
 5. Perversion of meaning ; improper use or ap- 
 plication ; as, an abuse of words. 
 
 A-BC'S'KD, pp. or a. Ill-used ; used to a bad pur- 
 pose ; treated with rude language ; misemployed ; 
 perverted to bad or wrong ends ; deceived ; defiled ; 
 violated. 
 
 A-BC'SE'FIJL, a. Using or practicing abuse; abu- 
 sive. Bp. Barloir. 
 
 A-BOS'ER, n. One who abuses, in speech or be- 
 havior ; one that deceives ; a ravislier ; a sodomite. 
 1 Cor. vi. 
 
 A-BC'S'ING, ppr. Using ill ; employing to bad pur- 
 poses ; deceiving ; violating the person ; perverting. 
 
 A-BO'SION, (a-bu'/.hun,) H. Abuse; evil or corrupt 
 usage ; reproach ; deceptiim. [Little used.] Spenser, 
 
 A-BO.S'IVE, a. Practicing almse ; offering harsh 
 words, or ill treatment ; as, an abusive author ; an 
 abusive fellow. 
 
 2. Containing aWse, or that is the instrument 
 of abuse ; as, aba.tire words ; nide ; reproachful. 
 In the sense of deceitful ; as, an abusive treaty 
 (Utile used.] Baron. 
 
 A-Bf'S'I VE-I.Y, adv. In an abusive m.-uiner; 
 nidelv ; repro,aclifully. 
 
 A-BCS'1VE-.\ESS, n. Ill-usage; the quality t< 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; <S as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 7 
 
ACA 
 
 ACA 
 
 ACC 
 
 being abusive ; rudeness of language, or violence 
 to the person. Barlow. 
 
 A-BUT', r. i. [Fr. aboutir, from bout, an end.] To 
 border upon ; to be contiguous lo ; to meet ; in 
 strictness, to adjoin to at the end ; but tliis dis- 
 tinction has not always been observed. The word 
 is chiefly used in describing the bounds or situa- 
 tion of land, and, in popular language, is contracted 
 into but ; as, butted and bounded. 
 
 A-BUT'.MENT, n. The head or end ; that which 
 unites one end of a thing to another ; chiefly used 
 to denote the solid pier or mound of earth, stone or 
 timber, which is erected on the bank of a river to 
 support the end of a bridge and connect it with the 
 land. 
 
 S>. That which abuts or borders on another. 
 
 Bryant. 
 
 A-BUT'TA' , n. The butting or boundary of land 
 at the end ; a head-land. Spelman. Cowcl. 
 
 Also, in a more general sejise, in the plural, the 
 boundaries of land. 
 AB'VO-LaTE, v. i. To fly from. 
 AB-VO-La'TION, n. The act of flying from. 
 A-Bf, V. L or i. [Probably contracted from abide.} 
 To endure ; to pay dearly ; to remain. [Ofts.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 A-BYSM', (a-byzm',) n. [Old Fr. ; now abtme. See 
 Abvss.I .a gulf. S/ioi. 
 
 A-BYS'AIAL, a. Pertaining to an abyss. 
 
 A-BYS.S', 71. [Gr. a/iuoffos, bottomless, from a priv. 
 and /j(ui7o-a5, bottom. Ion. for iSvBoi. See Bottom.] 
 A bottomless gulf; used also for a deep mass of 
 waters, supposed to have encompassed the earth in 
 the beginning. 
 
 D.u-kness was upon the Cice of the deep, (or abyss, as it is in the 
 iscpluagmt.) — Gen. i.'2. 
 
 The word is also used for an immense cavern 
 in the earth, in which God is supposed to have col- 
 lected all the waters on the third day of the creation. 
 It is used also for hell, Ereljus. Enajc. 
 
 2. That which is immeasurable ; that in which 
 any thing is lost. 
 
 Thy throne is darkness, m the abyss of light. MVion. 
 The aJbyss of time. Dryj£n. 
 
 3. In antiquity, the temple of Proserpine, so called 
 from the immense treasures it was supposed to con- 
 tain. Encyc. 
 
 ■1. In heraldry, the center of an escutcheon. 
 He tjeais azure, a ficur de Us, m abyss. Encyc. 
 
 S ^ ^ 
 
 AB-YS-SL\'I-AX, a. [Ar. 
 
 habashon, Abys- 
 
 . hahasha, to col- 
 
 sinians, Ethiopians, from 
 
 lect, or congregate.] 
 
 1. A name denoting a mixed multitude or a black 
 race. Ludolf. Castell, 
 
 2. Belonging to Abyssinia. 
 AB-Y.'^-SI.V'l-.ViN'S, n. pi. A sect of Christians in 
 
 Abyssinia, who admit but one nature in Jesus 
 Christ, and reject the council of Chalcedon. They 
 are governed by a bishop, or metropolitan, ctilled 
 Abuna, who is appointed by the Coptic patriarch of 
 Alexandria residing at Cairo. Encyc. 
 
 AC, in Saxon, oak, the initial syllable of names ; as, 
 JlcUin, oaktown. 
 
 A-Ca'CIA, n. [L. acacia, a thorn, from Gr. o<rj, a 
 point.] A genus of elegant trees and shnbs with 
 pinnated leaves. From the juice of one of its spt'.ies 
 is produced jotcfAn, a mild, astringent drug, l;.jineiy 
 called terra Japonica. From the juice of anoth. t 
 species is produced the Oam Arabic. But most ot 
 the drug which passes under this name, is the in- 
 spissated juice of unripe sloes. Encyc. 
 
 A-C.^'CI.^, among anti</uarie.s, is a name given to 
 something like a roll or bag, seen on medals, as in the 
 hands of several emperors and consuls, gome take 
 it to represent a handkerchief rolled up, with which 
 signals were given at the games ; others, a roll 
 of petitions ; and some, a purple bag of earth, to 
 remind them of their mortality. Encyc. 
 
 A-CA'CIANS, II. pi. In church history, were cer- 
 tain sects, so denominated from their leaders, Aca- 
 cius, bishop of Cesarea, and Acacius, patriarch of 
 Constantinople. Some of these maintained that 
 the Son was only a similar, not the same, substance 
 with the Father ; others, that he was not only a 
 distinct hut a dissimilar sul stanc^. Encyc. 
 
 Af '-A-I)i'..ME', Ji. An acad'.niy ; a society of persons. 
 fJV'ol iLscd.] The acadeiry or school of Plato. 
 
 Ae-.A-I)P.'.MI-.\Ij, a. Periaining lo an academy. 
 
 AC-A-DR'.MI-A.N, n. i*. member of an academy ; a 
 student in a univers'.y or college. 
 
 AC-A-I)E.M'ie, ' a, Helimging to an academy, 
 
 AC-A-I>E.M'IC-AL, ( or to a college or university ; 
 an, (uvu/rmic Htudiefl. fVarburton, Also, noting what 
 belongH Ut the hcIiix>1 or philosophy of Plato ; u-h, 
 tlio arademie Hect. 
 
 AOA-DE.M'IC, 71. One who belongtrd to the school 
 or adhered to the philosophy of Sucratcs and Plato. 
 
 The latter is considered as the founder of the aca- 
 demic philosophy in Greece. lie tauglit, that mat- 
 ter is eternal and infinite, but without form, refrac- 
 tor}', and tending to disorder ; and that there is an 
 intelligent cause, the author of spiritual being, and 
 of the material world. Enfield. 
 2. A student in a college or university. IVatls. 
 Ae-A-DEM'ie-AL.-LY, adv. In an academical man- 
 ner. 
 
 Ae-A-DE-ra"CIAN, 71. [Fr. aeademicien.] 
 
 A member of an academy, or society for proratv 
 ting arts and sciences ; particularly, a member of 
 the French academies. 
 
 A-CAD'E-MISM, ti. The doctrine of the academic 
 philosophy. Baxter. 
 
 A CAD'E-MIST, 7i. A member of an academy for 
 promoting arts and sciences; also, an academic phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 A-CAD'E-.MY, 71. [L. academia; Gr. aicor'ijjjia.] 
 
 Originally, it is said, a garden, grove, or villa, 
 near Athens, where Plato and his followers Iteld 
 their philosophical conferences. 
 
 1. The school of Plato. 
 
 2. A school, or seminary of learning, holding a 
 rank between a university, or college, and a com- 
 mon school ; also, a school for teaching a particular 
 art, or particular sciences ; as, a military academy. 
 
 3. A house, in which the students or members 
 of an academy meet ; a place of education. 
 
 4. A society of men united for the promotion of 
 arts and sciences in general, or of some particular 
 art or science. 
 
 5. The term academy is especially applied to an 
 institution for the cultivation and promotion of the 
 fine arts, partaking of the character both of an 
 association of artists for mutual improvement and 
 of a school of instruction. 
 
 Academy fif^ure ; in painting, a drawing usually 
 made with black and white chalk, on tinted paper, 
 after the living model. Brande. 
 A-CAL-E'PHAN, 71. f [Gr. anaXriipri, a nettle.] 
 A-CAL-E'PHA, 71. pi. > Terms applied to a class of 
 A-CAL-E'PH^, 71. pi. J marine, nidiate animals or 
 zoophytes ; so called from the property, possessed 
 by most of the species, of irritating and inflaming 
 the skin when touched ; including the medusa, sea- 
 nettle, jelly-fish, &c. [Acalepli is sometimes found.] 
 
 Brande. 
 
 AC-.^-Na'CEOUS, (ac-a-na'shus,) a. [Gr. axavoi, a 
 prickly shrub.] 
 
 Anned with prickles. A class of plants are 
 called Acanace^s. Milne. 
 A-€AN'TH.\, n. [Gr. oKapBa, a spine or thorn.] 
 In botany, a prickle ; in zoology, a spine or prickly 
 fin ; the spinous process of the vertebrje. Encyc. 
 AC-AN-THa'CEOUS, a. Armed with prickles, as a 
 plant, 
 
 A-€AN'THICE, 71. The sweet juice of ivy buds. 
 
 A-CAN'THINE, a. [See Acanthus.] 
 
 Pertaining to the plant acanthus. The acantJiine 
 garments of the ancients were made of the down 
 of thistles, or embroidered in imitation of the acan- 
 thus. Encyc. 
 
 A-CAN'THO-POD, ti. [Gr. a/cai/0o, a spine, and 
 
 TtOVi, foot,] 
 
 A term applied to a tribe of clavicom coleopter- 
 ous insects, including those species with spiny 
 legs. Brande. 
 
 A-€AN-THOP-TE-RY(5'I-AN, n. The name of an 
 order of fishes. 
 
 A CAN-THOP-TE-RYC'I-OUS, a. [Gr. aKai^Ba, a 
 thorn, and Trrcpvyioi', a little feather, from nrepov, 
 a feather.] 
 
 In zoology, having back fins, which are hard, bony 
 and prickly : a term applied to certain fishes. Linn. 
 
 A-CAN'THUS, 71. [Gr. uKavOus, L. acanthus, from 
 aKiip6a, a prickle or thorn. See Acant:ia.] 
 
 1 The plant bear's breech or brank ursine ; a 
 'enus of several species, receiving their name from 
 t ""eir prickles. 
 
 2. In architecture, an ornament resembling the 
 foliage or leaves of the acanthus, used in the capi- 
 tals of the Corinthian and Coiniiosite orders. 
 
 Jiltlton. Encyc. 
 
 A-CAN'TI-CONE, 71. See Pistacite. 
 
 A-C.^N'ZI-I, 71. i>l. The name given to light-horse 
 in Turkey. Knowles. 
 
 A-CAIl'I-UAN, 71. ) Terms applied to a division 
 
 A-CAR'l-DA, 71. pl.\ of Arachiiida, including the 
 mite, (atarus,) and the tick, (^ncinns.) 
 
 A-CaK.N'AR, 71. A bright star of the first magni- 
 tude, in Eridanus. Bailey. 
 
 AC'A-RUS, 71. A mite ; a minute animal of the class 
 Arachnida. Brande. 
 
 A-€AT-A-LEe'Tie,7i. [Gr. a«raraA>!i(roj,not defec- 
 tive at the end, of (tiiru and Xr))f,i,to cease; Ir. 
 lieshim.'\ A verse, which has the complete number 
 of syllables without defect or superfluity. Johnson. 
 
 A-€AT'A-LEP-SY, ii. [Gr. a«uraAi)i//iu ; a and 
 KnTft^ati}iait(.i, to colltprrheud.] 
 
 Impossibility of complete discovery or compre- 
 hension ; inrofiiprelieiiHihilitv. [Little used.} 
 
 A-CA'l'-A-LEP'Tie, a. Incoiiipreliensible. 
 
 A-Ca'TER, A-€aTES'. See Cateber and 
 Cates. 
 
 A-CA-THXR'SIA, n, [Gr.] 
 
 1. In medicine, impurity of the blood and humors. 
 
 2. In surgery, the filth or sordes proceeding from 
 a wound. 
 
 A-CAU'LOUS, a. [V. a priv. and caulis, Gr. xnuXaf , 
 a stalk, W. haul ; D. kool, cabbage. See Colewort.] 
 In botany, without the stem called caulis ; as the 
 Carlhie thistle. 
 
 AC-CeDE', v. u [L. accede, of ad and cedo, to yield 
 or give place, or rather to move.] 
 
 1. To agree or assent, eis to a proposition, or to 
 terms proposed by another. Hence, in a negotia- 
 tion, 
 
 2. To become a party, by agreeing to the terms 
 of a treaty or convention. 
 
 A€-Ck.D'ING, ppr. and a. Agreeing; assenting; be- 
 coming a party to a treaty by agreeing to the terms 
 proposed. 
 
 AC-CEL'ER-aTE, v. t. [L. accctero,oi ad and celero, 
 to hasten, from ccler, quick; Gr. kiXik; Heb. Ch. 
 Syr. and Eth. ^hp, r\hp or Vp, to be light, nimble ; 
 Byr. to hasten. In Ch. and Ar. this root signifies, 
 also, to be small, or minute.] 
 
 1. To cause to move faster ; to hasten ; to quick- 
 en motion ; to add to the velocity of a moving body. 
 It implies previous motion or progression. 
 
 2. To add to natural or ordinar>' progression ; as, 
 to accelerate the growth of a plant, or the progress 
 of knowledge. 
 
 3. To bring nearer in time ; to shorten the time 
 between the present time and a future event ; as, 
 to accelerate the ruin of a goveniment ; to accelerate 
 a battle. Bacon. 
 
 At'-CEL'ER-A-TED, pp. or a. Quickened in mo- 
 tion ; hastened in progress. 
 
 AcceleraUd motion ; in mechanics and physics, that 
 which contiijually receives accessions of velocity. 
 At'-CEL'ER- A-TIXG, ppr. or a. Hastening ; increas- 
 ing velocity or progression. 
 
 Accelerating force ; the force which causes acceler- 
 ated motion. 
 
 AC-CEL-ER-a'TION, 71. The act of increasing ve- 
 locity or progress ; the state of being quickened 
 in niotiim or action;. as, a fiilling body moves to- 
 > wards the earth with an acceleration of velocity. It 
 is the opposite of retardation. 
 
 Acceleration of tJie moon, is the increase of the 
 mtx)n's mean motion from the sun, compared with 
 the diurnal motion of the earth ; the moon moving 
 with more velocity now than in ancient times — a 
 discovery made by Dr. Halley. 
 
 The diurnal acceleration of tJie fixed stars, is the 
 time by which they anticipate the mean diurnal 
 revolution of the sun, which is nearly three minutes 
 fifty-six seconds. Cyc. 
 
 The acceleration of the planets, is the increasing 
 velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the 
 apogee to the perigee of tlieir orbits. Brande. 
 Ae-CEL'ER-A-TIVE,a. Adding to velocity ; quick- 
 ening progression. Rrid. 
 AC-CEL'ER-A-TO-RY, a. Accelerating; quickening 
 motion. 
 
 AC-CEND' V. L [L. acceii<io, to kindle ; ad and can- 
 deo, caneo, to be vvhile, canus, white ; W. can, while, 
 bright ; also, a song. Whence canto, to sing, to 
 chant; cantus, a song; Eng. cant; W. caiiu, to 
 bleach or whiten, and to sing ; eynnud, fuel. 
 Hence, kindle, L. Candidas, candid, white. The pri- 
 mary sense is, to throw, dart, or thrust ; to shoot, 
 as the rays of light. Hence, to cant, to throw. See 
 Chant and Cant.] To kindle ; to set on fire. 
 [ 77ie verb is not used.} 
 
 AC-CEN'D-I-BIL'I-TY, 71. Capacity of being kin- 
 dled, or of becoming inflamed. 
 
 AC-CEXD'I-BEE, a. Capable of being inflamed or 
 kindled. Ure. 
 
 A€-CEN'SION, 71. The act of kindling or setting on 
 fire ; or the state of being kindled ; inflammation. 
 
 ACCENT, 71. [E. accenlus, from ad and cano, can- 
 tnm, to sing; W. canui Corn, kana ; Ir. ca7iaim. 
 See AccENr>.] 
 
 1. The modulation of the voice in reading or 
 speaking, as practiced by the ancient Greeks, which 
 rendered their rehearsal musical. More strictly, in 
 English, 
 
 2. A iKirtictilar stress or force of voice upon cer- 
 tain syllables of words, which distinguishes them 
 from tlie others. Accent is of two kinds, primary 
 anil sei imdary ; as in as'pi-ra'tion. In uttering this 
 word, we iibservc the 7ir,.( and tliird syllables are 
 distumuishi'd ; the third by a full somikI, which con- 
 stitutes the primary accent ; the fir.-!t, by a liegree of 
 force in the voice which is less than that of the 
 primary accent, but evidently greater than that 
 which falls on the second and fourth syllables. 
 
 V\ hen the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel 
 has its hing sound, as in vo'cal; but when it falls 
 on an articulation or consonant, the preceding 
 vowel is short, as in hab'it. Accent alone regulates 
 English verse. 
 
 ;t. A mark or character used in writing lo direct 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
ACC 
 
 the str(;ss of thti voici; iu proimnciaUoti. Our aii- 
 ciistor.i luiinivvi'il fnmi tlio (irock l:iiii!iiaKi) tliri* of 
 llicsf cliaracters, tlu: acute ('), tlio grave O, mid tlie 
 circuinllcx (", or In the Greek, tlie first sliows 
 vvliuii tlic voice is to be raisod ; the second, wlien 
 It is to he ik'prcs.scil ; and tlie third, when tlie 
 vowel is to be uttered with an uiidulaliiitf sound. 
 
 •1. A modulation of the voice expressive of pas- 
 sion or s<'ntinients. 
 
 The Icinlcr acceiU of a woinaii'o cry. Prior. 
 
 5. Manner of speaking. 
 
 A mnn of plain accent. (f)be.) Shah. 
 
 • 6. Poetically, words, language, or expressions in 
 general. 
 
 Winds I on your winffs to heuvt^n her accents Itear, 
 
 Sucli wonls aa hcaVL-ii ulone ia lit lo hear. Drydcn. 
 
 7. Tn music, either the stress laiil on the accented 
 parts of the bar, called ir-rammiitic.ul accent ; or the 
 emphasis dictated by teelins, and giving the music 
 its peculiar e.xpressitm, called uraturical accent. 
 
 Ci/c. 
 
 8. A peculiar tone or inlloction of voice. 
 
 y. In mtithnnalics, accents are iisi^d to distinguish 
 magnitudes of the same or similar kind, expressed 
 by the same letter, but ditteriiig in value ; as, a', u". 
 
 10. An accent at the right hand of a nuuih r ex- 
 presses a minute of a degree, two accents a second, 
 &,c. /'. tV. 
 
 A€-CENT', V. t. To express accent ; to utter a s\ 1- 
 lable with a particular stress or inodiilaiion of the 
 voice. In puelnj, to utter or pronounce in general. 
 Also, to note accents by nnirks in writing. 
 
 Locke. fVottoii. 
 AC-CEXT'ED, pp. or a. Uttered with accent ; 
 marked with accent. 
 
 .Accented parts of a bar, in imusic, are those parts 
 of the bar on which the stress falls; as the first 
 and third, in common time. P. Cijc. 
 
 AC-CENT'ING, ppr. Pronouncing or marking with 
 accent. 
 
 Ae-CK.VT'OR, n. In music, one that sings the lead- 
 ing part. 
 
 AC CKXT'U-AL, a. Pertaining to accent. 
 
 Ae-CEi\T'lj-ATK, r. t. To mark or pronounce with 
 an accent or with accents. 
 
 Ae-CENT'q-A-TED, pp. Marked or pronounced 
 with an accent. 
 
 AC-CENT' IJ-A -TING, ppr. Marking or pronounc- 
 ing with an accent. 
 
 A€-CEN'T- tJ-.\ 'TION, ji. The act of placing accents 
 in writing, or of pronouncing them in speaking. 
 
 A€-CEPT', V. t. [L. accrpto, from accipio, ad and 
 capio, to take ; Fr. accepter ; Sp. aceptar ; Port, acci- 
 tar ; It. accr.Uare. See Lat. capio. Class Gb.l 
 
 1. To tiikc or receive what is otTered with a con- 
 senting mind ; to rective with approb.ation or favor ; 
 as, he made an ofler which was accepted. 
 
 Blc^, T.onl, his snbstaace, and accept Uio work of his hands. — 
 Dciit. xxxUi. 
 
 Observe the difference between receive and accept. 
 
 He receiaed an appointment, or the offer of a commission, but 
 he ilij nol accept it. 
 
 2. To regard with partiality ; to value or esteem. 
 
 U is not gooit to accept the person of the wicked. — Frov. xviii. 
 2 Cor. viii. 
 
 In ilicolo<ry, acceptance with God implies forgive- 
 ness of sins and receiition into his favor. 
 
 3. To consent or agree to ; to receive as temis of 
 a contract ; as, to accept a treaty ; — often followed 
 by of: as, accept of the terms. 
 
 4. To understand; to have a particular idea of ; 
 to receive in a particular sense ; as, how is this 
 phrase to be accepted ? 
 
 .5. In commerce, to agree or promise to pay ; as, a 
 
 bill of exchange. [See Acceptance.] 
 A€-CEPT'A-I!I.E, n. Thtit may be received with 
 
 pleasure ; hence, pleasin"; to a receiver ; gratifying ; 
 
 as, an aeceptubU present. 
 2. Agreeable or pleasing in pcrstm ; as, a man 
 
 makes himself ncrc/ird/i/c by his services or civilities. 
 A€-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS, j H. The quality of being 
 Ae-CEPT-.\-BIL'I-TV, ( agreeable to a receiver, 
 
 or to a person with wliom one has intercourse. 
 
 [The latter word i^ tittle iLsed, or nut at all.] 
 AG-CEPT'A-BLY, ado. In a manner to please, or 
 
 give satisfaction. 
 
 Let ua haTC grace whereby wa may serve God acceptably. — 
 Heb. xii. 
 
 AC-CEPT'ANCE, 71. A receiving with approbation 
 or satisfaction ; favorable reception ; as, work done 
 to aeeqitancc. 
 
 Tliey shall come up with acceptance on my ottor. Isa. Ix. 
 
 2. The receiving of a bill of exchange or order, 
 in such .1 manner as to bind the accepter to make 
 payment. This must be by express words ; and to 
 charge the drawer with costs, in case of non-pay- 
 ment, the acci'ptance miisi be in writing, iindi r, 
 across, or on the back of the bill. Blackstone. 
 
 3. An agreeing to terms or proposals in commerce, 
 
 ACC 
 
 by which a bargain is concluded and the parties 
 bound. 
 
 4. An agreeing lo the act or contract of another, 
 by some act which hmds the person iu law ; as, a 
 bishop's taking rent reserved on a b ase, made liy 
 liis predecessor, is an acceptance of the t(;riiis of tlie 
 lease, and binds the parly. Lam. 
 
 5. In vicrcaiitile lantsttarrr. a bMl of exchange ac- 
 ce|)ted ; as, a merchant receives another's acceptance 
 in payment. 
 
 6. Formerly, the sense in which a word is under- 
 stood. [06s.] See ACCEFTATION. 
 
 AC-(;i;PT-A'TION, n. Kind reception; a receiving 
 with favor or approbation. 
 
 This is a sayinff worthy of all acceplntion. I Tim. 1. 
 
 2. A state of being acceptable ; favorable regard. 
 
 Some thing^s are of great dignity and acceptation * i(liti(vl. 
 
 Jlooter. 
 
 But in this sense acceptableness is more generally 
 used. 
 
 3. The meaning or sense in which a word or ex- 
 pression is tiiidcrsliioil, or generally received ; as, a 
 term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. 
 
 4. Reception in general, f Oi.s\] 
 AC-CEPT'ED, pp. or a. KintUy received ; regarded ; 
 
 agreed to ; understood ; received with a pledge to 
 pay, as a bill of exchange. 
 
 .AC CEPT'ER, JI. A jierson who accepts ; the pi.Tson 
 who receives a bill of exchange so as to bind him- 
 self to pay it. [See Acceptance.] 
 
 Ae-CEI>-Ti-LA'TION', w. [from L.J Remission of 
 a debt by an acquittance from the creditor, without 
 receiving the money. [J^otused.] Cottfrare. 
 
 AG-CEPT'ING, /(/ir. Receiving favorably; agreeing 
 to ; understanding , primiising to pay, as a draft. 
 
 AC-CEP'TION, n. Acceptation ; the reeeivt;d sense 
 of a word. LXot nownscd.] Ifammand. 
 
 AC-CEPT'IVE, a. Ready to accept. [JV(4 used.] 
 
 B. JoiUion. 
 
 A€-CESS', or A€'CESS, n. [L. accessus, from 
 acccdo. See Accede. Fr. accds.] 
 
 \. A coming to ; near apjiroach ; admittance ; 
 admission ; as, to gain access to a prince. 
 
 2. Approach, or the way by which a thing may 
 be ajiproached ; as, the access is by a neck of bind. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. Means of approach ; liberty to approach ; im- 
 plying previous obstacles. 
 
 By whom also we have access by faith. Rom. v. 
 
 4. Admission to sexual intercourse. 
 
 During covprtiirp, access of the husbaud shall h" presumed, 
 unless the couUury be shown. Blackstone. 
 
 5. Addition ; increase by something added ; as, 
 an access of territory ; but in this sense accession is 
 more generally used. 
 
 6. The return of a fit or paroxysm of disease, or 
 fever. In this sense accession is generally used. 
 
 Ae'CES-SA-RI-LY. See AccEsaoniLT. 
 
 A€'CES-S.V-UI-NESS. See Accessoriness. 
 
 AC'CES-SA-RY. See Accessory. 
 
 AC-CESS-r-BIL'I-TY, ?!. The quality of being ap- 
 proachable, or of admitting access. Langhorne. 
 
 AeCEfS'l-BLE, a. That may be approached or 
 reached; appro.ichablo ; applied to tilings; as, an 
 acrcssibtc to\\'n tir mountain. 
 2. Easy of approach ; all'able ; vsed of persons. 
 
 A€-CES.S'I-nLY, adi\ So as to be accessible. 
 
 AC-CES'SION, «. [L. aceessio.] A coining to ; an 
 acceding to and joining ; as, a king's accessioit to a 
 confederacy. 
 
 2. Increase by something added ; that which is 
 added ; augmentation ; tts, an accessiott of wealth or 
 territory. 
 
 The only accession which the Roman empire recei%'cd, wrs the 
 province of BriUtin. Ciltbon, 
 
 3. In late, a mode of acquiring property, by which 
 the owner of a corporenl substance, which receives 
 an a-dilition by growth, or by labor, has a right to 
 the tiling added or the improvement ; provided the 
 thing is not changed into a different species. Thus 
 tlie owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. 
 
 Black-ytone. 
 
 4. The act of arriving at a throne, an olhce, or 
 dignity. 
 
 5. The invasion of a fit of a periodical disease, or 
 fever. It differs from exacerbation. .Accession im- 
 plies a total previous intermission, as of a fever ; 
 exacerbation implies only a previous remission or 
 abatement of vitdence. 
 
 AG-CES'SION-AL, a. Additional. 
 
 .\e-CES-S5'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to an accessory ; as, 
 accessorial agency, accessorial guilt. Burr's Trial. 
 
 Ae'CES-SO-RI-LY, adv. [See Accessory.] In the 
 manner of an accessory ; by subordinate means, or 
 in a secondarv' character ; not as princii>al, but as a 
 stiborilinate apent. 
 
 Ae'CE.S-.s;()-KI-.\ESfe, n. The state of being acces- 
 sor}', or of being or acting in a secondary character. 
 
 ACCES-SO-RY, a. [L. accesstfriuji, from acce.-<sus, 
 acccdo. Sec Accede. This 'tijprd is accented on 
 the first syllable on account of the derivatives, 
 
 ACC 
 
 which It tpiire a secondary accent on the thin! ; but 
 the natural accent of accessory is on the second syl- 
 lable, and thus it is often pronounced.] 
 
 1. Acceding ; contributing ; aiding in producing 
 some effect, ur acting in subordination to the prin- 
 cipal agent. Usually in a bad sense; as, John was 
 accessory to the felony. 
 
 2. Aiding in certain acts or effects in a secondary 
 manner; as, acccssori/ sounds in music. Knnje^ 
 
 Accessory nerves, in auatcjiiiy, a pair of nerves, 
 which, arising from the nii iliilla iu the verlebrie ot^ 
 the neck, ascend anil eiiti r the skull ; then, passing 
 out with the par vaiium, are distributed into the 
 muscles of the neck anil shoulders. Enryc. 
 At)'(;ES-SO-ll Y, 71. Ill law, one who is guilty of a 
 fi loiiy, not liy committing the offense in person or 
 as |>rincipal, but by advising or commanding another 
 to coniiiiit tlie crime, or by concealing the ofl'ender. 
 'I'here may be accessories in all felonies, but not in 
 treason. An accessory bifure the fact, is one who 
 counsels or commands another to commit a felony, 
 and is not present when the act is executed; after 
 the fact, when one receives and conceals the of- 
 fender. 
 
 2. That which accedes or belongs to something 
 else, as its principal. 
 
 .Accessory, among painters, an epithet given to 
 parts of a hislory-pii ce whicli are merely orna- 
 mental, as vases, armor, &e. 
 
 AC'CI-M-€A-TV<RA, (at'che-iik-ka tii'rai,) n. [It.] 
 In music, a grace note, one semitone below the 
 note to which it is prefixed. Brunde. 
 
 A€'CI-I)£[VCE, 71. [See Accident.] A small book 
 containing the rudiments of grammar. 
 
 ACCl-UEi\"I', 71. [I>. accidens, falling, from ad and 
 cado, to fall ; VV. eodum, a fall, cwyzaw, to fall ; Ir. 
 kudaim ; Corn, kotha; Arm. kuetlia, to fall. See 
 Case and Cadence. Class Gd.] 
 
 1. A coming or falling ; an event that takee 
 place without one's foresight or expectation ; an 
 event which proceeds from an unknown cause, or 
 is an unusual effect of a known cause, and there- 
 fore not expected ; chance ; casualty ; contingency. 
 
 2. That which takes place or begins to exist with- 
 out an efficient intelligent cause and without de- 
 sign. 
 
 All of them, in his opinion, owe their being lo fate, accident, or 
 the blind action of stupid in;vlter. Dwigltt. 
 
 3. Ill logic, a property, or quality of a being which 
 is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper. This 
 word is also ajiplied to all qualities in opposition to 
 substance, as stcectness and softness, and to things 
 not essential to a body, as clothes. Encyc. 
 
 4. In grammar, something belonging to a wjird, 
 but not essential to it, as gender, number, and case. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 5. In heraldry, a point or mark, not essential to a 
 coat of arms. Enctjc. 
 
 Ae ci-UENT'AL, a. Happening by chance, or 
 rather unexpectedly; casual; fortuitous; taking 
 place not according to the usual course of things; 
 opposed to that which is constant, regular, or In- 
 tended ; as, an accidental visit. 
 
 2. Ncm-essential ; not necessarily belonging to; 
 as, songs are accidental to a play. 
 
 Accidental fats and sharps, in music, arc those 
 flats and sharps which arc prefixed to such notes 
 as would be natural by the signature. The natural 
 sign, prefixed to a note, is also accidentally fiat or 
 sharp, according as the note is sharp or flat by the 
 signature. 
 
 Accidental colors, are those which depend upon 
 the alTections of the eye, in distinction from Ihose 
 which belong to the light itself. Kncyc 
 
 Accidental point, in perspective, is that point in 
 the liori/ontal line, where the projections of two 
 lines parallel to each other meet the persjicctive 
 plane. Encyc. 
 
 A€-C1-DE.\T',\L, 71. Accidentals, in music, are acci- 
 dental flats or sharps. Accidentids, in painting, arc 
 those chance etlects, arising from luminous'' rays 
 falling on certain objects, by which they are 
 broiiuht into a stronger licht, and tln ir shadows 
 rendered more intense, than they otherwise would 
 be. Brande. 
 
 AC-CI-DUXT'AI^LY, adv. By chance; casually; 
 fortuitouslv ; not essentially. 
 
 AC-CI-I)E.\T'AL-i\ESS, 71. The quality of being 
 casual. [Little used.] 
 
 AC-CI-UE.\'TIA-RY, a. Pertaining to the acci- 
 dence. [JVot uscd.\ MinrUm, 
 
 AC-CI-PE.N'SER, 71. See Acipenser. 
 
 Ae-("IP'I-E.\T, 71. A receiver. 
 
 AC-CIP'I-TER, 71. [I>. nd and capio, lo seize.] 
 
 1. A name eiven to a fish, the .MiUtis or Luctrna. 
 a species of Trigla. Cye. 
 
 2. In ornitJiotogy, one of the order of rapacious 
 birds. 
 
 The Accipitres have a hooked bill, the superior 
 mandible, near the base, being i xtr^nded on etich 
 side beyond the inferior. The genera are the Vul- 
 ture, the Falro or hawk, and the Strix or owl. 
 
 TOiXE, BULL, UNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS._e as K ; ft as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 a 
 
ACC 
 
 ACC 
 
 ACC 
 
 A€-CIP'I-TRINE, a. [Supra.] Seizing; rapacious; 
 
 a^, the accipitrine order of birds. fid. Knctjc. 
 
 AC-CI'i'E', V. t. [L. ad and nt.,, to cite.] To call ; 
 
 to cite ; to summon. i ii.-n/.] 
 AC-CLaIM', v. t. [L. iii fiiiniK, ad and clamo, to cry 
 
 out; Sp. chimur ; Full, clunmr ; It. clamare; W. 
 
 llevaht ; Ir. Uamham. See Claim, Clamor.] To 
 
 applaud. [LiUle «,^■(.•^/.] Hall. 
 A€-eLAlM', 71. A sliout of joy; acclamation. 
 
 .Vihon. 
 
 Ae-GLA-MA'TION, M. [L. acdamatio. See Acclaim.] 
 
 1. A shout of applause uttered by a multitude. 
 Anciently, acclamation was a form of « (M(Is, ut- 
 tered with vehemence, somewhat resemliliufr a 
 song, sometimes accompanied with applauses wliich 
 were given by the hands. Acclamations were 
 ecclesiastical, military, nuptial, senatorial, synodi- 
 cal, theatrical, &c. ; they were musical and rliyth- 
 mical, and bestowed for joy, ri'spi'cl, and even 
 reproach, and oftru repeated, five, twenty, and 
 even sixty and eiijhty times. In the later ages of 
 Home, acclamations were performed by a chorus 
 of nmsic instructed for the purpose. Encijc. 
 
 In modern times, acclamations are expressed by 
 hurrahs ; by clapping of hands ; and often by re- 
 peating vimt rex, vivat resptiblica, long live the king 
 or republic, or other words e.\pressive of joy and 
 good wishes. 
 
 2. In archtrology, a representation, in sculpture or 
 on medals, of people expressing joy. Aalamution 
 medals, are tliose on which laudatory acclamations 
 are recorded. Eliiics. 
 
 AC-eLAM'A-TO-RY, a. Expressing joy or applause 
 by shouts, or clapping of hands. 
 
 Ae-CLl'MATE, V. U \ac, for ad, and climate.] To 
 habituate the body to a climate not native, so as 
 not to be pectiliarly exposed to its endemic diseases. 
 
 Ae-CLT'MA-TED.yip. or a. Habituated to a foreign 
 climate, or a climate not native ; so far accustomed 
 to a foreign climate as not to be pecidiarly liable to 
 its endemic diseases. Med. Repository. 
 
 A€-eLI-JlA'T10N, 71. The process of becoming 
 habituated to a foreign climate. 
 
 2. The slate of being habituated or inured to a 
 climate. 
 
 AC-CLl'MA-TIZE, v. t. To inure plants to a climate 
 different from that which is natural to theuL Brande. 
 
 Ae-eLI'MA-TIZ--£;D, pp. and a. Inured to a dif- 
 ferent climate. 
 
 Ae-€LI'iMA-TiZ-ING, ppr. Iimring to a dilTerent 
 climate. 
 
 A€;-eLI'MA-TllRE, 7i. Act of acclimating, or state 
 of being acclimated. Caldwell. 
 
 AC-CLIVI-TY, n. [L. acclivus, acclivis, ascending, 
 from ad and clious, an ascent ; Ir. clui ; Gr. Eol. 
 kAittu? ; Sax. clif, a cliff, bank or shore; clifiaa, 
 cleofian, to cleave or split. See Clipf.] 
 
 A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of 
 a hill, considered as ascendin;;, in oppusitiun to de- 
 clioilij, or a side descending. Rising ground ; ascent ; 
 the talus of a rampart. 
 
 Ae CLl' VOUS, a. Rising, as a hill with a slope. 
 
 Ae CLOY', V. L To till ; to stuli"; to till to satiety. 
 [See Clov.] Spenser. 
 
 AC-COIL', v. i. To encircle ; to gather around. 
 
 Speiiser, 
 
 AG-CO-LaDE', 71. [L. a/1 and eollum, neck.) 
 
 A ceremony formerly usimI in conferring knight- 
 hood ; but whether an embrace or a blow, seems 
 not to be settled. Cyc. 
 
 AC'CO-LE.NT, 71. [h, wl and colo.] A borderer ; one 
 who dwells on a border of a country, or near, j^sli. 
 
 Ae-C().M'.\IO-I).\-BLE, a. [Fr. accummodable. See 
 Accommodate.] 
 
 That may be fitted, made suitable, or made to 
 agree. [Lillle used.] 
 
 AC-eOM'M()-nA-liLI>NESS, 71. The capability of 
 accommoilating. • 
 
 A€;-€0,M'.MO-DaTR, 7). t. [I., aeeom/nodn, to apply 
 or suit, from a^^ and co7ii77ii«^, to profit or help; of 
 C07I, with, and mudu.i, measure, proportion, limit, or 
 manner. See Modk.] 
 
 1. To tit, adapt, or make suitable; as, to accom- 
 modute ourselves to circumstances ; to accommodate. 
 the choice of subjects to the occasions. Foley. 
 
 2. To supply with or furnish ; — followed by 
 with ; as, to accommodate a man with apartments. 
 
 3. To supply with conveniences ; as, \,a accommo- 
 date a friend. 
 
 4. To reconcile things which are at variance ; to 
 adjust ; as, to accommodate differences. 
 
 !>. To show fitness or agreement ; to apply ; as, 
 to accommodate pro))hecy'to events. 
 i>. Tti lend to — a commercial sen.te. 
 Ill an intransitive sense, to agree, to be conform- 
 able to, as used by lloyle. [ Ohs.] 
 AG CO.M'.MO-U.Yl'E, 71. Suitable; fit; adapted; as, 
 
 mi-ails accommodole to tile end. Jtai/. '/'///(itvi.ii. 
 AC fO.M'MO-IJA 'I KD, /./.. Kitted : adjiiHled ; adapt- 
 ed ; a|iplied ; also, f'uriiishiul with conveniences ; 
 iL», we are well accommoiiutrd with lodgings. 
 AeCD.M'.MO-D.VTE LY, adv. Suitably; filly. 
 [/aUU used.] More. 
 
 AC-eOM'AlO-DATE-NESS, 71. Fitness. [LiUle 
 used. ] 
 
 AC-Ci).\I'MO-Da-TING, ppr. Adapting; making 
 suitable ; reconcUing ; fornishmg with conveni- 
 ences ; applying. 
 
 Ae-eOM'MO-DA-TING, a. Adapting one's self to ; 
 obliging ; yielding to the desires of others ; disposed 
 to comply, and to oblige another ; as, an accommo- 
 datintr man. 
 
 AC-eo.M-MO-DA'TION, 71. Fitness; adaptation; 
 — followed by to. 
 
 The orgiiQ(z;ilion of the body wilh accommodation to its func- 
 tions, liale. 
 
 2. Adjustment of differences ; reconciliation ; as 
 of parties in dispute. 
 
 3. Provision of conveniences. 
 
 4. In the p/wra?, conveniences ; things furnished 
 for use ; — chiefly applied to lodgings. 
 
 5. In mercantile language, accommodation is used 
 for a loan of money "which is often a great c»7i- 
 venience. An accommodation note, in the language 
 of bank directors, is one drawn and oti'erefi f ur dis- 
 count, for the purpose of borrowing its aniimiit, in 
 oppositiiui to a note which the owner lias received 
 in payment for goods. 
 
 In England, an accommodation bill is one given in- 
 stead of a loan of money. Crabbe. 
 
 6. It is also used of a note lent merely to accom- 
 modate the borrower. 
 
 7. In theology, accommodation is the application 
 of a passage to soinething not originally intetided by 
 it, on the ground of resemblance or analogy. 
 
 Miiiy of hose qnolatioiis wpre probably iulciicled as nothing 
 inure than accomniudalioris. Paiey, 
 
 8. In marine language, an accommodation ladder is 
 a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the 
 gangway. 
 
 AC eOM'MO-DA-TIVE, o. Furnishing accommo- 
 dation. 
 
 AC-eOM'MO-DA-TOR, 71. One that accommodates ; 
 one that adjusts. fVarburton. 
 
 AC-Cn.M'PA-NA-BLE, a. [See Accompany.] So- 
 ciable. [JVuf used.] 
 
 AC-€OM'l'A-NI-£r), jtp. Attended by: connected 
 with. 
 
 A€-COM'PA-NI-MENT, 77. [Fr. accompagnemcnt. 
 See Accompany.] Something that attends as a* 
 circumstance, or which is added by way of orna- 
 ment to the principal thing, or for the sake of sym- 
 metrj'. 
 
 .Accompaniment, in music, the subordinate part, or 
 parts, accompanying the voice, or .a principal in- 
 strument; also, the harmony of a figured base. 
 
 Accompaniment of the scale, in music, the hartnony 
 assigned to the series of notes forming the diatonic 
 scale, ascending and descending. P. Cyc. 
 
 Accompaniment, in painting, an object accessory 
 to the principal object, and serving for its orna- 
 ment or illustration. Brande. 
 AC-eO.M PA-NIST, 71. The performer in music who 
 
 takes the accompanying part. Busby. 
 AC-COM' PA-NY, 7'. t. [Fr. accompagner ; Sp. acom- 
 panar ; Vort. accompanhur. See Company.] 
 
 1. To go with or .attend as a companion or asso- 
 ci.ite on a journey, walk, etc. ; as, a man accom- 
 panies his friend to church, or on a tour. 
 
 2. Til be with, as connected; to attend ; as, pain 
 accompanies disease. 
 
 AC-COM'PA-NY, V. i. To attend; to be an asso- 
 ciate; as, to acco77i^a7ii/ with others. [OAs.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. To cohabit. Milton. 
 
 3. In music, to perform the accompanying part in 
 a composition. Busbif. 
 
 AC-COM'PA-NY-ING, ppr. or a. Attending ; going 
 with, as a companion. 
 
 Ae-CO.M'PLlCi;, 71. [Fr. complice; L. complicalus, 
 folded together, of coii, with, and plica, to fold ; \V. 
 plegy, to plait ; Arm. plega. See Complex and 
 Pleohe.] An associate in a crime; a partner or 
 partaker in guilt. It was formerly used in a good 
 sense for a co-operator, but this sense is wholly ob- 
 solete. It is followed by with before a person ; as, 
 A was an accomplice 7rif/i I! in the murder of C. 
 Drvdi'ii uses it with to before a thing. 
 
 AC-CO.M'PI.ICE-SHIP, J!. 'Phe state of being an 
 accomplice. II. Taylor. 
 
 AC-CO.M'PLISH, V. t. [Fr. aecomplir, to finish', from 
 ad and L. compleo, to complete. See Complete.] 
 To complete ; to finish entirely. 
 
 'i'lKit He would ncromplish seventy yciirs hi the di'sulalion of 
 J. riimil. ni. — Dan. ix. 
 
 2. To execute ; as, to accomplish a vow, wrath, or 
 fury. Lev. xiii. and vx. 
 
 3. To gain ; to obtain or efTi ct by successful ex- 
 ertions ; as, to accomplish a purpose. I'rov. xiii. 
 
 4. To fulfill or bring to jiass ; as, to accomplish a 
 prophecy. 
 
 'I'liU lhat b wrillen iniiBl yet b«? accortiplinhed ill me. — Lulic 
 xxil. 
 
 5. To furnisft with qualities which serve to 
 
 render the mind or body complete, as with valuable 
 endowments and elegant manners. 
 G. To arm and equip. 
 
 The annorprs accomplishing the knights. Shak. 
 .'Ve-eOM'PHSH-£D, pp. Finished ; completed ; ful- 
 filled; executed ; effected. 
 
 2. a. Well endowed with good qualities and 
 manners; complete in acquirements; having a 
 finished education ; applied usually to actpiired 
 qualifications, without including moral excellence. 
 
 3. Fashionalile. SwifU 
 Ae CO.M'PLI.-^li-ER, 71. One who accomplishes. 
 AC-CO.M'PLISH-ING, p/)r. Finishing; completing; 
 
 fulfilling ; executing ; elTecting ; furnishing with 
 valuable qualities. 
 Ae-eOM'PLISH-.MENT, n. Completion; fulffll- 
 ment; entire performance; as, the accomplishment 
 of a prophecy. 
 
 2. The act of carrying into eflect, or obtaining ait 
 object designed; attainment; as, the accomplishment 
 of our desires or ends. 
 
 3. Acquirement ; that which constitutes excel- 
 lence of mind, or elegance of maiiners, acquired by 
 education. 
 
 AC-eO.MPT'. [Obs.] See Account. 
 
 AC-eO.MPT'ANT. [Obs.] See Accquntant. 
 
 AC-CORD', 77. [Fr. accord, agreement, consent ; 
 «cc(J7-fifr, to adjust, or reconcile ; Sp. acordar ; Arm. 
 accord, accordi ; It. accordo, accordare. The I^al. 
 has concors, concordo. (iu. cor and cordis, the 
 heart, or from the same root. In some of its appli- 
 cations, it is naturally deduced from chorda. It. 
 corda, the string of a musical instrument.] 
 
 1. Agreement ; harmony of minds ; consent or 
 concurrence of opinions or wills. 
 
 They all cootiiuied wilh one accoid in prayer. — Acts i. 
 
 2. Concert ; harmony of sounds ; the union of 
 different sounds, which is agreeable to the ear; 
 agreement in pitch and tone ; as, the accord of 
 notes ; but in this sense it is more usual to emiiloy 
 concord or chord. 
 
 3. Agreement : just correspondence of things ; as, 
 the afcorT/ of light and shade in painting. 
 
 4. Will ; voluntary or spontaneous motion ; used 
 of the will of persops, or the natural motion of 
 other bodies, and preceded by own. 
 
 Being more for\varii of his own accord. — 2 Cor. viii. 
 That wliicli groweth of its own accord Uiou sliaJt not reap. 
 L.ev, xxY. 
 
 5. Adjustment of a difference ; reconciliation ; 
 as, the mediator of an accord. 
 
 li. In law, an agreement between parties in con- 
 troversy, by which satisfaction for an injuty is 
 stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. 
 
 Blachstone. 
 
 7. Permission, leave. 
 AG-CORD', V. t. To make to agree, or correspond ; 
 to adjust one thing to another. 
 
 Her luuida accorded llie lute's music to the voice. Sidney. 
 
 2. To bring to an agreement ; to settle, adjust, or 
 compose ; as, to accord suits or controversies. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 3. To grant, to give, to concede ; as, to accord to 
 one due praise. 
 
 AG-GORD', V. i. To agree ; to be in correspondence. 
 
 My lieart accordedt with my tongue. Sliak. 
 
 2. To agree in pitch and tone. 
 AG-GORD' A BLE, a. Agreeable; consonant. 
 
 Oower. 
 
 AG-GORD'ANCE, 77. Agreement wilh a person ; con- 
 formity with a thing. Shak. 
 
 AC-GOIId'.VNT, a. Corresponding; consonant; 
 agreeable. 
 
 AC GORD'ANT-LY, add. In accordance or agree- 
 ment. Dwight. 
 
 AC-GORD'ED, pp. Made to agree ; adjusted. 
 
 AG-GORD'ER, 71. One that aids, or favors. [Little 
 used. ] 
 
 AG-GORD'ING, ;>pr. or a. Agreeing; harmonizing. 
 
 Th' accorthng music of ft well-mixl state. Pope. 
 
 2. Suitable ; agreeable ; in accordance with. In 
 these senses, the word agrees with or refers to a 
 sentence. 
 
 Our 7j'nl should be according to itnowledge. Sprat. 
 Noble is tlie taine Uiat is built on candor and in^jenuity, accord' 
 ing to those lieautitui lines of Sir John Denhaiii. Sjtect. 
 
 Here the vvhide preceding parts of the sentence 
 are to accord, i. e. agree with, corresponti wilh, or 
 be suitable to, what follows. According, here, has 
 its true participial sense, agreeing, and is followetl 
 by to. It is never a preposition. 
 
 AG-GORD'ING-I.Y, adr. Agreeably; suitiibly ; in a 
 manner conformable to. 
 
 Those who live in faith and good works, will be 
 rewarded acrordingli/. 
 
 AC-GORO'l-OiN, n. Ifrom ot^cord.] A small keyed 
 wind instrument, wliosi^ tones are generattul by the 
 play of wind upon metallic reeds. It is a small 
 wind rliesi, the sides of which are made to fiild and 
 expand like a bellows. On the top are apertures in 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHi^T METU, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRB. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.- 
 
 10 
 
ACC 
 
 ACC 
 
 ACC 
 
 winch the reeds are iiiscrtcd, nnd upon h liidi tlm 
 reeds pluy. Km li key playiiij! on two apertures, tile 
 reeds of which are furnished with reversed valves, 
 is made to roniniand two successive notes in tlie 
 sealo.accordiUR as the wind is drawn in by expand- 
 ing the chest, or forced out by closing it. In addi- 
 tion to Ihi' keys, there is a slide which opens upon 
 nreds attuned to the harmonics of the tonic and 
 dominant, by opening which the air has an liar- 
 inunic accompaniment. 'I'he bottom of the chest 
 is furnished with a large key, by which the chest 
 may be opened, and suddenly exhausted or filled, 
 as need requires. This is a melodious portable in- 
 strument, commanding two or three octaves in the 
 diatonic scali\ Prof. Fitch. 
 
 AC-COR'I'O-RaTE, v. U To unite. [jXul in xusc] 
 fSee Incorporate.] jifilton. 
 
 AC-eOST', I). (. [Fr. arr.n.iter; ml and cute, side, 
 border, coast ; G. loiste; D. kiist; Dan. /.i/s/.] 
 
 To approach ; to draw near ; to front, or face. 
 [JVtft in iisc] 
 
 2. To speak first to ; to address. Jiniton. Dnjden. 
 AC-COST', V. i. To adjoin, [■^'"i i" tisr.] Spenser. 
 AC-COST'A-BLE, o. Easy of access ; familiar. 
 
 HoioelL 
 
 AC-COST'ED, pp. or a. Addressed ; first spoken to. 
 In hernlilni, being side bv side. 
 
 AC-CO-ST'ING, ppr. Addressing bv first speaking to. 
 
 AC eOLrcHE'.MENT, (ac-coosh'mong,) «. [Fr.] De- 
 livery in child-bed. 
 
 AC-eOUCH-EUR', (ac-coo-share',) «. [Fr.] A man" 
 who assists women in childbirlh. 
 
 AC-COUNT', II. [Fr. conic: It. conto ; Sp. ciicnia ; 
 .\rm. count; nn account, reckoning, computation. 
 Formerly writers used accompt from the Fr. comptc. 
 See Count.] 
 
 1. A sum stated on paper ; a registry of a debt or 
 credit ; of debts and credits, or charges ; an entry 
 in A book or on paper of things bought or sold, of 
 payments, services, &c., including the names of 
 the parties to the transaction, date, and price or 
 value of the thing. 
 
 .Recount sicnifies a single entrj', or charge, or a 
 statement of a number of particular debts and 
 credits, in a book or on a separate paper ; and in the 
 plural, is used for the books containing such entries. 
 
 •2. A computation of debts and credits, or a general 
 statement of particular sums ; as, the account stands 
 thus ; let him exhibit his account. 
 
 3. A computation or mode of reckoning; applied 
 to other things than money or trade; as, the Julian 
 account of time. 
 
 4. Narrative ; relation ; statement of facts ; recital 
 of particular transactions and events, verbal or 
 written ; as, an account of the revolution in France. 
 Hence, 
 
 5. An assignment ef reasons; explanation by a 
 reciuil of particular transactions, given by a person 
 in an employment, or to a superior, often implying 
 responsibility ; answering for conduct. 
 
 Give oil account of thy slewartUhip. — Liike xvi. 
 Without responsibility or obligation. 
 
 He ^velli not account of Iiis niatlere. — Job xxxiii. 
 
 6. Reason or consideration, as a motive ; as, on 
 all acconntji, on every account. 
 
 7. Value ; importance ; estimation ; that is, such 
 a state of persons or things as renders them worthy 
 of more or less estimation ; as, men of account 
 
 What is the son of inan, tliat lliou niakcsl account of him? 
 
 — I's il. CXiiv. 
 
 8. Profit ; advantage ; that is, n result or produc- 
 tion worthy of estimation. To find our account in 
 a pursuit ; to turn to account. Philip, iv. 
 
 9. Regard ; behalf; sake; a sense deduced from 
 charges un book. 
 
 Put that 10 my account. — PJiileni. IS. 
 
 To make account, that is, to have a previous 
 opinion or expectation, is a sense now obsolete. 
 
 A writ of account, in law, is a xvrit which the 
 plaintift' brings demanding that th(^ defendant should 
 render his just account, or show good cause to the 
 contrarv ; called also an action of accounL Ciiwcl. 
 AC-COUNT', B. (. To deem, judge, consider, think, 
 or hold in opiajM|. 
 
 I anJ my son .^olfTon shall be accounted ofTrnders. — 1 King^ i. 
 
 2. To account of, to hold in esteem ; to value. 
 
 Silver was not any thing accounted of in the days of Solomon. 
 
 — I Kin^B X. 
 
 3. To reckon, or compute ; as, the motion of the 
 sun whereby years are nccounlnl : also, to assign as 
 a debt ; as, a project accounted to his service ; but 
 these uses are antiquated. 
 
 AC^eOUNT', V. i. To render an account or relation 
 of particulars. An officer must account iciUi or to 
 the treasurer for money received. 
 
 2. To |nvc reasons ; to assign the causes ; to ex- 
 plain ; with for ; as, idleness accounts for poverty. 
 
 3. To render reasons ; to answer for in a respon- 
 sible character ; as, we must account for all the tal- 
 ents intrusted to us. 
 
 AC-eOUNT-.\-BIL'I-TY, n. The st.ate of being 
 
 liable to answer for one's con'luct ; liability to give 
 account, and to receive reward or punishment for 
 actions. 
 
 The awful iiiea of accounlability. 
 
 R. Hall. 
 
 2. Liability to the payment of money or of dam- 
 ages ; responsibility for a trust. 
 AC-COUNT'A-HI.E, «. Liable to be called to ac- 
 count ; answerable to a supi rior; as, every man is 
 accountable to (iod fvr his conduct. 
 
 2. Subject to pay, or iiiaki^ good, in case of loss. 
 A sherili is accountable, as bailifi'and receiver of goods. 
 
 .Accountable fur, that may be explained. [JVot 
 eleiTant.'\ 
 
 AC-eOUNT'A-BLE-NESS, «, Liablencss to answer 
 or to give account ; the state of being answerable, 
 or liable to the payment of money or damages. 
 
 .AC-COUNT' A BLY, adv. In an accountable manner. 
 
 AC-COUNT'ANT, n. One skilled in mercantile ac- 
 counts ; mop; generally, a person who ktu'ps ac- 
 counts ; an ollic.er in a jiublic office who has charge 
 of the accounts. In Great Britain, an i>lhc er in the 
 Court of Chancery who reciuves the money paid 
 into the court, and deposits it in the Bank, is called 
 accountant- <ren eral. 
 
 AC-COUNT'ANT-SHIP, n. The office or employ- 
 ment of an accountant. 
 
 AC-COUNT'-BOOK, n. A book in which accounts 
 are ke|)t. ' ' Sicifl. 
 
 AC eoUNT'ED, pp. Esteemed ; deemed ; consid- 
 ered ; regarded ; valued. 
 .Ice.ountrd fir; explained. 
 
 AC-COUNT'ING, p/jr. Deeming ; esteeming ; reck- 
 oning; rendering an account. 
 
 .Accounting for ; rendering an account ; assigning 
 the reasons ; unfolding the causes. 
 
 AC-COUNT'LN'G, ;i. The act of reckoning or adjust- 
 ing accounts. 
 
 AC-C(5UP'LE, (ac-cup'pl,) v. t. To couple; to join 
 or link togethi;r. [^uc Couple.] 
 
 AC-COUP'LE-ME.NT, (ac-cup'pl-nient,) n. A coup- 
 lings a ctmnecting in pairs ; junction. [Little used.] 
 
 AC-COUR'AGE, (ac-cur'age,) v. U [See Courage.] 
 To encourage. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 AC-CoURT', r. (. [See Court.] To entertain with 
 courtesy. [J^ot used.] Spenser. 
 
 AC-COU'TER, j (ac-coot'er,) tJ. (. [Fr. accoulrcr ; 
 
 AC-COU'TRE, ( contracted from accoustrer, from 
 Norm, co.vfc, a coat, coster, a rich cloth or vestment 
 for festivals. I think this to be the true origin of 
 the word, rather than coudre, couture, couturier.] 
 
 In a general sense, to dress ; to equip ; but appro- 
 priattlij, to array in a military dress ; to put on, or 
 to furnish with a military dress and arms ; to equip 
 the body for military service. 
 
 AC-COU'TER-BD, ) pp. Dressed inarms; equipped. 
 
 AC-e^'iU'TRKD, S Beattic. 
 
 AC-COU'TER-LNG, ppr. Equipping with military 
 habiliments. 
 
 AC-COU'TER-MENTS, ) 71. pi. Dress ; equipage ; 
 AC-COU'TRE-MENTS, ( furniture for the body ; 
 
 appropriately, military dress and arms ; equipage 
 
 for military service. 
 2. In common usage, an old or unusual dress, 
 AC-COY', V. t, [old Fr. aecoisir.] 
 
 To render quiet or diffident ; to soothe ; to caress. 
 
 rofrs-.l Spenser. 
 AC-CRED'IT, ». «. [Fr. accrediter; Sp. acred itar ; It. 
 
 accreditare ; to give authority or reputation ; from 
 
 T*. ad and credo, to believe, or give faith to. See 
 
 Credit.] 
 
 'J"o give credit, authority, or reputation ; to accred- 
 it an envoy, is to receive him in his public character, 
 and give him credit and nink accordingly. 
 .AC-CRED-IT-A'TION, n. That which gives title to 
 
 credit, [f.ittle used.] 
 AC-GRED'IT-ED, pp. or a. Allowed ; received with 
 reputation ; authorized in a public character. 
 
 Christ Obs. 
 
 AC-CRED'IT-ING, ppr. Giving authority or repu- 
 tation. 
 
 AC-CRES'CE.NT, a. [See Accretion.] Increasing. 
 
 _ Skuchford. 
 AG-CRE'TION, n. [L. accretio, increase ; accres'co, 
 
 to increase, literally, to grow to ; ad and cresro ; 
 
 Eng. accrue; Fr. accroitre. See Increase, Accrue, 
 
 Grow.] 
 
 1. A growing to; an increase by natural growth ; 
 applied to the increase of organic bodies by the ac- 
 cession of parts. .arbuthiint. 
 
 2. An increase by an accession of parts exter- 
 nally. Baron. 
 
 3. In fAe deil lam, the adhering of property to 
 something else, by which the owner of one 
 thing becomes possessed of a right to another ; as, 
 when a legacy is left to two persons, and one of 
 them dies before the testator, the legacy devolves to 
 the survivor by right of accretion. Encyc 
 
 AG-CRI_M-I-Na'TION, n. Accusation. 
 
 .\C CRE'TIVE, a. Increasing by growth ; growing; 
 
 adding to by growth; as, the accrctioe motion of 
 
 plants. 
 
 .\C CROACII', II. i. [Fr. accroclier, to fix on a hook ; 
 
 coming ; 
 
 from croc, crochet, a hook, from the same elcinunls 
 as crook, which s«;e,] 
 
 1. To hook, or draw to, as with a hook ; but in 
 tJlis sense not used. 
 
 2. To encroach ; to draw away from another. 
 Hence, in t>ld laws, to assume the exercise of royaJ 
 prerogatives. Hluckstimt. 
 
 The noun accroachment, an encroachment, or at- 
 tempt to exercise royal power, is rarely or never 
 used. U>KV. Encroac'H.] 
 AC-CROL', (ac-cru',) r. i. [Fr. nccroitre, accru, to in- 
 crease ; Ij. acere-ico, cresco ; Sp. crecer and acrecer ; 
 It. cre^^eerr, accrcscere ; Port, crecer; Arm. crLiqi,] 
 
 Literally, to grou> to ; hence, to arise, proceed or 
 come ; to be added, as increa.se, profit, or damage ; 
 as, a profit accrurji to government from the coinage 
 of copper ; a loss accrues from the coinage of gold 
 and silver. 
 
 AC-CROE', (ac-cni',) n. Something that accedes to 
 or follows the property of ancrther. [Obs.] 
 
 AC-CRO'l.\(i, ppr. Growing to ; arising; 
 bt'ing aildeil. 
 
 AC-CIIC'MI^NT, n. Addition ; increase. [LUUe 
 used.] Montagu. 
 
 AC-CU-Ba'TION, n. [L. accxibatio, a reclining, from 
 orf and c«4«, to lie down. Sec Ct,'BE.l A lying or 
 reclining on a couch, a.s the ancients at their meals. 
 The manner was to recline on low beds or couches, 
 with the head resting on a pillow or on the elbow. 
 Two or three men lay on one bed, the fei t of one 
 extended behind the back of another. This prac- 
 tice was not permitted among soldiers, childn n, 
 and servants; nor was it known, until luxury had 
 corrupted manners. Kneyc. 
 
 AC-CUiMB', V. i. [L. accumbo ; ad and cubo.] To 
 recline, as at table. [jYol tused.] 
 
 AC-CU.M'BEN-CY, n. State of being accuinbeiit or 
 reclining. 
 
 AC-CU.M'BENT, a. [I*,, aecumbens, accumbo^ from 
 cubo. See AccoBATioN.] Leaning or reclining, as 
 the ancients at their meals. 
 
 In botany, when one part of an organ is applied 
 to another by its edge, it is said to be uccumbenu 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 AC-CCiMU-LATE, r. U [L. ar.cumulo; ad and cu- 
 viulo, to heap; cumulus, a heap; Sp. acumular ; It. 
 accaniulare ; Fr. accumuler, combler.] 
 
 1. To heap up ; to pile ; to amuss ; as, to accumu- 
 late earth or stones. 
 
 2. To collect or bring together; .is, to accumulate 
 causes of misery ; to accumulate wealth. 
 
 AC-CU'MU LaTE, v. i. To prow to a great size, 
 
 number, or quantity ; to increase greatly ; as, public 
 
 evils accumulate, 
 AC-CO'.MU-X^TE, a. Collected into a ma.ss or 
 
 quantitv. Bacon. 
 AC-Cu'Mtr LJ-TED, pp. or a. Collected into a heap 
 
 or great quantity. 
 AC-CO'.ML^-LA-'J'ING, ppr. Heaping up ; amassing ; 
 
 increasing greatlv. 
 AC-CO-Mlf LA'TiON, n. The act of accuinul.ating ; 
 
 the state of being accumulated ; an amassing ; 
 
 a collecting together ; as, an accumulation of earth 
 
 or of evils. 
 
 2. In law, the concurrence of several titles to the 
 same thing, or of several circumstances to the same 
 proof. Encyc. 
 
 3. In universities, an accumulation of degrees, is 
 the taking of several together, or at smaller iiiterv;Us 
 than usual, or than is allowed by the rules. Enciic. 
 
 AC-CU'.MU-LA-TIVE, a. That accumulates; heap- 
 ing up; accumulating. 
 
 AC-CU'.MU-LA-TIVE-LY, ade. In an accumulative 
 manner; in heaps. 
 
 Ae CO'MU-LA-TOR, ru One that accumulates, 
 gathers, or amasses. 
 
 AtVCU-RA-CY, n. [L. accuratio, from accurare, to 
 take care of; ad and curare, to lake care; euro, 
 care. See Care.] 
 
 1. Exactness ; exact conformity to truth ; or to a 
 rule or model ; freedom from mistake ; nicety ; cor- 
 rectness ; precision which results from care. The 
 accuracy of ideas or opinions is conforiiiity to truth. 
 The value of testimony depends on its accuracy; 
 copies of legal instruments should he taken \^'ith 
 accuracy. 
 
 2. Closeness ; tightness ; as, a tube sealed with 
 accuracy. 
 
 AC'CU-R.\TE, a. [L. aeeuTatus.] In exact con- 
 formity to truth, or to a standard or nile, or to a 
 moilid ; free from failure, error, or defect ; as, an 
 accurate account ; accurate measure ; an tucurate 
 expression. 
 
 2. Determinate; precisely fixed; as, one body 
 may not have a very accurate influence on another. 
 
 Baron. 
 
 3. Close ; perfectly tight ; as, an accurau scaling 
 or luting. 
 
 AC'CU-RATE-LY, adr. Exactly ; in an accurate 
 manner ; with precision ; without error or defect ; 
 as, a writing accuratchj copied. 
 
 2. Closely ; so as tu be perfectly light ; as, a vial 
 accurately stopfM-d. Comstoek, 
 
 TONE, B!,'LL, qNITE.-.\N"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 _ 
 
ACE 
 
 ACE 
 
 ACH 
 
 AyeU-RATE-NESS, n. Accuracy; exactness; 
 
 nicely ; precision. 
 A€-eUKSE', (ac -curs',) v. U [Ac, for od, anJ curse..] 
 To devote to ilestniction ; to imprecate nii^^cry or 
 evil upon. \_Tkis verb is rarely imed. See Curse.] 
 Ae eUUS'ED, pp. or o. (pnrf. pronounced ac-curst' ; 
 adj. ai -curs'ed, Doomed to destruction or misery.) 
 The city sh:Ul be acoirstd. — Juhii vi. 
 9. Separated from the faithful ; cast out of the 
 church ; excommunicated. 
 
 I covilj wiah myself accurBed from Christ. St. Paul. 
 
 3. Worthy of the curse ; detestable ; execrable. 
 
 Keep from the ojccursed thiitg. — Josh. vi. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 4. Wicked ; malisrnant in the extreme. 
 AG-CO'SA-BLE, a. Tliat may be accusi!(l ; charjrea- 
 
 ble with a crime ; blamable ; liable to censure ; 
 
 followed by of. 
 AG-eO'SANT, n. One who accuses. Hall. 
 Ae-€u-SA'TION, n. Tlie act of char<rin!; with a 
 
 crime or offense ; the act of accusing of any wrong 
 
 or injustice. 
 
 2. The charge of an oiK^nse or crime; or the 
 
 declaration containing the charge. 
 
 Tliey set over liis Iiead his accusation. — Matt, xxvii. 
 AC-eO'SA-TIVE, a. or n. A term pivcn to a case 
 
 of nouns, in grammars, on wliich the action of a 
 
 verb terminat.es or falls ; called in English grammar 
 
 the objrctive case. 
 AG-eO'SA-TIVE-LY, adv. In an accusative manner. 
 
 2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar. 
 Ae-€u'SA-TO-RY, a. Accusing; containing an 
 
 accusation ; as, an accusatory libel. 
 Ae-€uSE', V. t. [L. accuse, to blame, or accuse ; 
 
 ad and causor, to blame, or accuse ; causa, blame, 
 
 suit, or process, caiuc ; Fr. accuser ,■ Sp. acusar ; Port. 
 
 acctisar i It, accusare ; Aitt\. accusi. The sense is, to 
 
 attacli, to drive against, to charge or to fall upon. 
 
 See Cause.] 
 
 1. To charge with, or declare to Iiave committed a 
 crime, either by plaint, or complaint, information, in- 
 dictment, or impeachment ; to cliarge with an offense 
 against the laws, judicially or by a public process ; 
 as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor. 
 
 2. To charge with a fault ; to blame. 
 
 Their thoughts in the meanwhile accusing or else excusuig one 
 another. — liom. ii. 
 
 It is followed by o/hefore the subject of accusa- 
 tion ; the use of for after this verb is illegitimate. 
 
 Ae-euS'£D, pp. or 0. Charged with a crime, by a 
 legal process ; charged witli an offense ; blamed. 
 
 AC eOS'ER, n. One who accuses or blames ; ail 
 oflicer who prefers an accusation against anotlier 
 for some offense, in the name of the government, 
 before a tribunal that has cognizance of the offense. 
 
 AC-eOS'ING, ppr. or a. Charging with a crime ; 
 blaming. 
 
 A€^eUS'TOM, V. t. [Fr. acroutumer, from ad and 
 coutume, cousUime, custom. See Custom.] 
 
 To make familiar by use; to form a habit by 
 practice ; to habituate or inure ; as, to accustom 
 one's self to a spare diet. 
 
 Ae-€U3'TOJI, V. i. To be wont, or habituated to 
 do any thing. \_LiUh usciL] 
 2. 'i'o cohabit. [J^Tot use.d.\ Milton. 
 
 AG-eUS'TO.M, n. Custom. t-Vni used,] Mdton. 
 
 AG-eUS'TOM-.'V-BLE, n. 01 long custom ; habit- 
 ual ; customary. [LitUc used.] 
 
 AC eUS'TO.AI-A-BLY, ado. According to custom 
 or habit. {Little used.] 
 
 AeeUri'TOM-ANCE, n. Custom; habitual use or 
 practice. [JVot used.] Boyle. 
 
 Ae-eUS'TOM-A-RI-LV,orfu. According to custom or 
 common practice. [See Customarily.] [Litllcused.] 
 
 Ae-eUS'TOM-A-RY, a. Usual; customary. [See 
 CusTOMAny.J [lAtUe used.] 
 
 Ae-eUS'TOM-i!b, pp. Being familiar by use; 
 habituated ; inured. 
 
 2. a. Usual ; oflen practiced ; as, in their accus- 
 tmncd manner. 
 
 AC eUS'TOM-ING, ppr. Making familiar by prac- 
 tice ; inuring. 
 
 ACE, 71. [E. tti, a unit or pound; Fr. as: It. a.iso ; 
 D. aas; G. a.M ; Pp. as.] 
 
 1. A unit ; a single point on a card or die ; or the 
 card «>r die so markt^l. 
 
 2. A very small ijiiantity; a particle; an .atom; 
 n trifle ; as, a creditor will not abate an ace of his 
 demantl. 
 
 A-CEE'I)A-MA, V. [Ch. Spn, a field, and Nm, Ch. 
 8yr. and Ham., blood.] 
 
 A field said to have lain south of Jerusalem, the 
 ■nme .'is the poller's fnlil, piiriliasid witli the 
 bribe wliii:h Juilas took for betraying his master, 
 and thi ri fore called the field of blood, it was ap- 
 propriat(;d lo the interment of strangers. 
 A-(;KI'irA-I.,AN, n. / [Gr. ««i./,uAo*.] Terms ap- 
 A-CEI'II'A-EA, 71. pi. \ plii il to a class of moMiis- 
 rouH nnimaU, comprehending those which havir no 
 head, oh the oyster and iniixcle. Hell. 
 
 .\-CEPIl'A-Ll, n. pi. [Gr. a and KfbaXn.] A sect of 
 levelers who acknowledged no chief or head. 
 
 A-CEPII'A-LIST, 77. One who acknowledges no 
 head ttr superit^tr. 
 
 A-CEPII'A-LOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and KCtpaXr;, a 
 head.] 
 
 1. Without a head, headless. In history, the 
 term Aceplmli was given to several sects who 
 reftised to follow some noted leader, and to stich 
 bishops as were exempt from the jurisdiction and 
 discipline of their patriarch. It was also given to 
 certain levelers who acknowledged no head in the 
 reign of Henry I. It was also applied to the 
 BI.Miimyes, a pretended nation of Africa, and to 
 other tribes in the East, whom ancient naturalists 
 represented as having no head ; their eyes and 
 ni iiitli 111 ing placed in other parts. Modern dis- 
 coveries have dissip.ited tliese fictions. In EnglUh 
 laws, men who held lands of no particular lord, 
 and clergymen who were under no bishop. 
 
 LL. Hen. I. Cowel. 
 
 2. In botany, applied to ovaries, the style of 
 wliich springs from their base, instead of their 
 apex. Brande. 
 
 'i. In nnntomy, applied to a fetus liaving no head. 
 
 .A-CEPII'A-LUS, 77. An obsolete name of thetrenia or 
 tape-worm, which was formerly supposed to have 
 no head ; an error now exploded. Tlie term is also 
 
 _ used to express a verse defective in the beginning. 
 
 aCE'-POIi\'T, 7!. The side of a card or die that has 
 but one spot. 
 
 ACE-RAN, 71. ) [Gr. a priv. and Ktpai;, horn.] 
 AC'E-U.A, 77. pi. \ Terms applied to a family of 
 apterous insects, without antennte ; and to a family 
 of gastropod molluscous animals, without tentacles. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 A-CERB', a. [L. acerbus ; G. herbe, harsh, sour, tart, 
 bitter, rough, whence herbst, autumn, herbstzeit, 
 harvest time; D. herfst, harvest. See Haktest.] 
 
 Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste ; sour, with 
 astringency or roughness; a quality of unripe 
 fruits. Quincy. 
 
 A-CERB'aTE, v. t. To make sour, bitter, or harsh 
 to the taste. 
 
 A-CERB'A-TING, ppr. Making sour. 
 
 A-CERB'I-TY, 71. A sourness with bitterness and 
 astringency. 
 
 2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity ; applied to 
 persons or things ; as, acerbity of temper, acerbity 
 of pain. Barrow. 
 A-CER'ie, a. [L. accr, a maple-tree.] Pertaining to 
 the maple ; obtained from the maple ; as, aceric acid. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 A-CER'I-DisS, 71. p?. [Gr. o priv. and Krjpos, wa.x.] 
 Plasters made without wax. Parr. 
 
 AC'EK-oSE, j a. [L. acerosus, chaffy, from acus, 
 
 AC'ER-OUS, j chaff, or a point.] In botany, daffy; 
 resembling chaff. 
 
 2. An acerous or acerose leaf is one which is 
 linear and permanent, in form of a needle, as in 
 pine. Martyn. 
 
 A-CER'RA, 71. [L.] In Roman antiquity, a vessel 
 ill which incense was burnt ; a censer. 
 
 Adam's Ant. 
 
 A-CERV'AL, a. Pertaining to a heap. 
 
 A-CERV'aTE, o. «. To heap up. 
 
 A-CERV'ATE, a. In natural history, heaped, or 
 
 growing in heaps, or in closely compacted clusters. 
 A-CERV'oSE, a. Full of heaps. [Obs.] 
 A-CES'CENCE, ( ti. [L. acescens, turning sour, 
 A-CES'CEX-CY, i from acesco. See Acid.] A 
 
 turning sour by spontaneous decomposition, and 
 
 hence a being moderately sour ; a tendency to turn 
 
 sour. 
 
 A-CES'CENT, a. Turning sour; readily becoming 
 tart or acid by spontaneous decomposition. Hence, 
 slightly sour ; but the latter sense is usually ex- 
 pressed by acidulous or sub-acid. J^icholson. 
 
 A-CES'TI.S, 71. [Gr.] A factitious sort of chryso- 
 colla, matle of Cyprian verdigris, urine, and niter. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 A-CE-TAB'II-LUM, ti. [L. from acetum, vinegar. 
 See Acid.] Among the Romans, a vinegar cruse 
 or like vessel, and a metisure of about one eighth 
 of a pint. 
 
 1. In anatomy, the cavity of a bone for receiving 
 the protuberant end of another bone, and therefore 
 forming the articulation called ennrthrosis. It is 
 used especially for the cavity of the os innomiua- 
 tum, which receives the head of the thigh bone. 
 
 2. A glandular substance found in the placenta 
 of some tiiiiiiials. 
 
 3. In botany, the trivial nttme of a species of 
 Peziza, tlie cup peziza; so called from its resem- 
 blance to a cup. 
 
 4. It is sometimes used in the sense of cotyledon. 
 
 5. A species of lichen. Cyc. 
 C. In rntomoloiry, the socket on Ihc trunk, in 
 
 which the leg is insertisl. Brande. 
 
 7. A sucker of the Sepia or cuttle-fish, and of 
 other similar molluscous tmiinal'i. Brands, 
 AC-E-TA'ltl-OUS, n. Used in salads; n%, nrclarious 
 plants. Brande. 
 
 AC'E-TA-RY, 71. [See Acid.] An acid ptilpv sub- 
 stance in certain fruits, as ilie pear, inclosed in a 
 congeries of small calculous bodies, toward the 
 base of the fruit. Grew. 
 
 AC'E-Ta'I'E, h. a salt formed by the union of 
 acetic acid with any salifiable base. 
 
 AC'E-Ta-TED, a. Combined with acetic acid. 
 
 A-CK'TIC, a. Relating to acetic acid ; as, acetic 
 ether. Ure. 
 
 A-Ci5'TIC ACID, 71. An acid composed of carbon, 
 hydrogen, and oxygen, always in the same uni- 
 form and definite proportions. It exists in vinegar 
 in_a dilute and impure state. 
 
 A-Cic-TI-FI-Ca'TION, 71. The act of making ace- 
 tous or sour ; or the operation of making vinegtir. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 A-CeT'I-FY, v. t To convert into acid or vinegar. 
 
 Aikin. 
 
 A-CkT'I-F?, v. i. To turn acid. F.ncyc. Dom. Econ. 
 
 AC-E-TIM'E-TER, 71. [L. acctum, vinegar, and 
 pcrpoVf measure.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the strength of 
 vinegar. Ure. 
 
 AC-E-TIM E-TRY, 71. The act or method of ascer- 
 taining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion 
 of acetic acid contained in it. Ure. 
 
 ACE-ToNE, 71. A new chemical name for the 
 pyro-acetic ^irit. Ure. 
 
 .A-CK'TOUS, ) a. 1. Sour; acid; as, acetous spirit. 
 
 AC-E-T6SE', ; Boyle. 
 
 y 2. Causing acetification ; as, acetous fermentation. 
 
 A-Cif.'TOUS "ACID, 11. A term formerly applied to 
 impure and dilute acetic acid, under the notion that 
 it was composed of carbon and hydrogen in the 
 same proportions as in acetic acid, but with less 
 oxygen. It is now known tliat no such acid exists, 
 so that tliis term is not now in use. 
 
 A-Cic'TUiM, 71. [L. See Acid.] Vinegar; a sour 
 liquor, obtained from vegeltibles dissolved in boiling 
 water, and from fermeutetl and spirituous liquors, 
 by exposing them to heat and air. This process is 
 
 _ called the acid or acetous fermentation. 
 
 aCIIE, (ake,) v. i. [Sax. ace, ecc ; Gr. axc'J, to ache or 
 be in pain ; o\o<;, pain. Tile primary sense is, to be 
 pressed. Perhaps the Oriental pty, to press.] 
 Ake would be a better spelling of this word. 
 
 1. To suffer pain ; lo have or be in pain, or in 
 continued pain ; as, the head achejs. 
 
 2. To suffer grief, or extreme grief; to be dis- 
 _ tresseil ; as, the heart aches. 
 
 ACHE, (ake,) n. Pain, or continued pain, in opposi- 
 tion to sudilen twinges, or spasmodic pain. It de- 
 notes a more moderate degree of pain than pang, 
 aniriash, and torture. 
 
 A-CHE'AN, a. Pertaining to Achaia in Greece, and 
 to a celebrated league or confederacy established 
 there. This state lay on the Gulf of Corinth, with- 
 in Peloponnesus. 
 
 A-€HE'iMl-UM, 71. [Gr. nxriv, poor.] In botany, a 
 small bony fruit, consisting of a single seed, which 
 neither adlieres to the pericarp nor open^ wlien ripe. 
 
 A-CIIERN'AR, 71. A starof the first UKtgiiitiiile in the 
 southern extremity of the constellatimi Endanus. 
 
 A€H'E-RON, 71. [Gr. uvf> pain, and p ios, a river 
 or stream.] A fabled river of hell or the lower re- 
 gions. Ancient Poets. 
 
 ACH'ER-SET, 71. An ancient measure of corn, stip- 
 posed_to be iibotit eight bushels. Kncnc. 
 
 A-CHIeV'A-BLE, a. [See Achieve.] That "may 
 be performed. Barrow. 
 
 A-ClllK VANCE, 71. Perfonnance. Elyot 
 
 A-Cllll-.VE', V. t. [Fr. achcver, to finish ; Arm. 
 ar.r.liui; old Fr. chei-cr, to come to the end, from Fr. 
 elirf, the head or end ; old Eng. chere ; Sp. and 
 Port, acabar, from cabo, end, cape. See Chief.] 
 
 1. To perform, or execute ; to accomplish ; to 
 finish, or carry on to a final close. It is appropri- 
 ately used for the effect of efforts made by the 
 hand or bodily exertion ; as, deeds achieved by valor. 
 
 2. To gain or obtain, as the result of exertion. 
 
 Show .ill tjie spoils by valiant kings adiieved. Prior. 
 
 A-CniEV'£D, pj>. Performed; obtained; accom- 
 plished. 
 
 A-CH1eVE'ME.\T, 71. The performance of an 
 action. 
 
 2. A great or heroic deed; I^pthing accom- 
 plisheil by valor, or boldness. 
 
 3. An obtaining fcy exertion. 
 
 4. An escutcheon or ensigns armorial, granted 
 for the perfiinniince of a great or honorable arfion. 
 
 Enrye. 
 
 A-CHIi~;V'EI?, 71. One who accomplishes a purpose, 
 or obtains an object by his exertions. 
 
 A-CHIeV'ING, ppr. Performing; executing; gain- 
 ing. 
 
 ACII'ING, ppr. or <7. [See Ache.] Being in pain; 
 siiflering dislress. 
 
 ACII'INti, 11. Pain ; continued pain or distress. 
 
 A'CHI-OTE, 71. The anotta, a tree, and a drug 
 used for d) eiiig n il. The bark of the tree makes 
 good cordage, and the wood is u.sed lo excite fire 
 by friction. [See Anotta.) Clavigcro. 
 
 KATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MA1UM3, BIRD. — NOTE, UOVR, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 13 
 
ACl 
 
 ACH'I-UTTE, n. A syiionyni of Dioptase. 
 
 A €1ILAM-YU'E OUri, a. [<i iici;. nmi Gr. \A.i/iv{, a 
 g;iriiii'm.J In botany, naked, liaving no tlur.il cn- 
 vi.lci|>e. Lindley. 
 
 A'€II011, n. [Gr. a\i.<ii, sordes capitis.] 
 
 1. Tile scald liead, a disease lunninj; scaly enip- 
 tions, supposed to be a critical evacuation of acri- 
 monious Imniors ; a species of lierpes. 
 
 jitiopcr, Qtiincij, 
 
 2. In mijtholo^, the pod of Hies, said to have 
 been worshiped by the Cyrencans, to avoid being 
 vexed hv tliosc insects. Ennjc. 
 
 AeH-KO-"M.\T'ie, a. [Gr. a priv. and xPw^'O) 
 color.] 
 
 Destitute of color. Achromatic telescopes are 
 formed of a combination of lenses, which .separate 
 the variously colored rays of light to e(|iial anjjles 
 of divergence, at dilTi rent angles of n IVai tioii of 
 the mean ray. In this case, the rays being made 
 to refract toward contrary parts, the whole ray is 
 caused to deviate from its course, without being 
 separated into colors, and the optiral aberration 
 :u"ising from the various cctlors of light, is pre- 
 vented. This telescope is au invention of Dollond. 
 
 JVichultioiu 
 
 Aen-RO-.MA-TIC'I-TY, n. The state of being 
 achromatic. 
 
 Aeil-Ro'.M.V-TIS.M, n [Gr. a priv. and XP"/"', 
 color.] 
 
 1. The destruction of the primary colors, which 
 accompany the image of an object seen thro\igli a 
 prism or lens. Brande. 
 
 2. The state of being achromatic ; as, the achro- 
 mati.^m of a lens. Cyc. 
 
 A-Cie'lJ-LiE, 71. pt. [L. aciciJa.] The spines or 
 
 prickles of some aiiiniiUs and plants. Cyc. 
 A-CIC'lJ-L.-VR, a. [L. aciciila, I'riscian, a needle, 
 
 from Gr. ann, L. acics, a point. !See Acic] 
 
 In the shape of a needle ; having sharp points 
 
 like needles. Kirwan. jSInrlyn. 
 
 An acicular prism is when the crj stids are slender 
 
 and straight. Phillips. 
 A-Cie'lI-L.\R-LY, fli/r. In the manner of needles, 
 
 or prickles. 
 
 A-Cie il-LATE, a. [L. acicula, a needle.] In tlie 
 fomi of a needle. 
 
 A-Cie'lJ-LI-FORM, a. Having the form of needles. 
 
 ACID, a. [L. aciiliis ; Sax. icced, vinegar; from the 
 root of acies, edge ; Gr. aM; ; VV. atcc, an edge or 
 point. See Edge.1 
 
 Sour, sharp orbiting to the taste; having the 
 taste of vinegar ; as, aciil fruits or liquors. 
 
 ACID, H. In common laiitruaae, a sour substance. 
 In chemistry, a compound capable of uniting with 
 salifiable bases, and thereby forming salts. An acid 
 may be composed either of a simple or compouiul 
 acidifiable base united with one or more acidifying 
 principles. Those acids which were first recog- 
 nized were sour to the taste (hence the name) and 
 capable of reddening blue vegetable colors. iMany 
 acids are now known which have neither of these 
 properties. An acid is always the electro-negative 
 ingredient of a salt. 
 
 AC-iD-IF'ER-OUS, a. [acid and L. /ero.] Con- 
 taining acids, or an acid. 
 
 Jicidifrroiis minerals are such as consist of an 
 earth combined with an acid, aa carbonate of lime, 
 ahuninite, &c. PkUlips. 
 
 A-CID'I-Kt-A-BLE, a. [from acidify.] 
 
 Capable of being converted into an acid, by union 
 with an acidifying principle. 
 
 A-CID-I-KI-e.\'TIO.\, 71. The act or process of 
 aridifying or changing into an acid. 
 
 A-CID'l-f'I-£D, Made acid; converted into an 
 acid. 
 
 A-CID'I-FI-ER, 71. A simple or compound principle, 
 whose presence is necessary for acidity. The ele- 
 mentary acidifying principles are oxygen, chlorine, 
 bromine, iodine, tiuorine, sulphur, selenium, and 
 tellurium. Cyanogen may be named as an exam 
 pie of a compound acidifying principle, and prob- 
 ably there are one or two more. No acid is known 
 which does not contain one of these subst:uices* 
 
 A-CID'I-F?, I'. (. [acuZand L. facie.] 
 
 To make acid ; but appropriately, to convert into 
 an acid, chemically so called, by combination with 
 any substance. 
 
 A-C1I)'I-F?-ING, ppr. or a. Making acid; convert- 
 ing into an acid ; having power to change into an 
 acid. Oxygen is called an acUifying principle or 
 element. 
 
 AC-ID-I.M'E-TER, 71. [acid and Gr. h^toov, me.xs- 
 ure.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the strength of 
 
 acids. Ure. 
 A-CID'I-TY, 71. [Fr. aciddi, from acirf.] 
 
 The quality of being sour; sourness; tartn'^ss ; 
 
 sharpness to the taste. 
 AC!D-.VES.-<, n. The quality of being sour ; acidity. 
 A-CID'II-L.C, 71. pi. Medicinal springs impregnated 
 
 with carbonic ,icid. Parr. 
 A-C1D'IJ-L.\TE, r. t, [I,, aciilulus, slightly sour; 
 
 Fr. aciiluler, to make slightly sour. See .Vcid.) 
 
 ACM 
 
 To tinge with an acid; to make .acid in a niod- 
 enite degree. .^rlniUinut. 
 A-Cll)'IJ-l,A-TED,7.p. or a. Tinged with an aciil ; 
 
 made slightly sour. 
 A-CID'i;-L.A-Tli\G,p/ir. Tinged with an acid. 
 ACID-IiLE, j ;i. In chemistry, a salt, in which 
 A-CID'II-LUM, j the acid is in excess; as, tartaric 
 
 acidiilam. oxalic uciduluiiu 
 A-CID'U-LOUS, a. [L. acidulus. See Acid.] 
 
 Slightly sour ; sub-acid ; as, ncidulou.^ sulpliatc. 
 .Acidulous minerid waters, are such as contain 
 carbonic acid. Brantlc. 
 AC'I-FUR.M, a. [L. acus, a needle, and/uraia, form.] 
 
 Shaped like a needle. 
 AC-I-NA'CEOUS, a. [L.l Full of kernels. 
 AC-I-NACI-FOK.M, a. [L. aciniiccj, a cimeter, Gr. 
 aKifuKni, and Li. forma, furm.] 
 In botany, I'ornied like, or resembling a cimeter. 
 
 Jilurtyn. 
 
 A-CIX'I-FOR.M, a. [L. acinus, a grape stone, and 
 forma, shape.] 
 
 Having clusters like the stones of grapes ; full of 
 siiiall kernels. The uvea or posterior lamina of the 
 iris in the eye, is c;illed the acinifurm tunic, from its 
 color ri'sembling that of an unripe grape. Parr. 
 
 Ac'\-OLJs' j [From L. aciHi<.«. See Aciniform.] 
 Consisting of minute granular concretions ; ustd 
 in mineralogy. Kirwan. 
 AC'IN-US, 11. [L.] 
 
 1. In iiowiiy, one of the small grains which com- 
 pose the fruit of the blackberry, and other similar 
 plants. 
 
 2. In anatomy, this term is applied to the ultimate 
 secerning follicles of glands, or the granulations 
 composing the structure of some conglomerate 
 glands, as the liver. 
 
 AC-I-l*Ei\'SER, «. In ichthyology, a genus of fishes 
 of the order of Chondropterygii, having an obtuse 
 head ; the mouth under tho head, retractile and 
 without teeth. To this genus belong the sturgeon, 
 sterlet, huso, &c. Cyc, 
 
 Ae-K.\UVVL'EDGE, (ak-nol'edge,) v. L [ad and 
 knowledge. See Know.] 
 
 1. To own, avow, or admit to be true, by a 
 declaration of assent ; as, to acknowledge the being 
 of a God. 
 
 2. To own or notice with particular regard. 
 
 In thy \v:iyg acknowledge God. — Prov. iii. Isa. ixxiii. 
 
 3. To own or confess, as implying a conscious- 
 ness of guilt. 
 
 1 ackiiotnled^e my trtinsjressions, and my sin Ib ever before me. 
 — Ps. li. and xxxii. 
 
 4. To own with assent ; to admit or receive with 
 approbation. 
 
 He Uiat acknomledseth the Son hath the Ritlicr also. — 1 John ii. 
 2 'I'iin. ii. 
 
 5. To own with gratitude ; to own as a benefit ; 
 as, to acknowledge a favor, or the receipt of a gift. 
 
 They his gi!l3 acknowledged not. Milton. 
 
 6. To own or admit to belong to; as, to acknowl- 
 edge a son. 
 
 7. To receive with respect. 
 
 All Uwt see them shall acknowledge that they aw the teed which 
 ilie Loal hath ble&icd. — Is;i. vi. 1 Cor. xvi. 
 
 8. To own, avow, or assent to an act in a legal 
 form, to give it validity ; as, to acknowledge a deed 
 bet'ore competent authoritv. 
 
 Ae-K.\0\VL'EDG-£:D,;;p. or a. Owned ; confessed ; 
 noticed with regard or gratitude ; received with aji- 
 probation ; owned before authoritv. 
 
 AC-KiNOWL'EDG-ING, ppr. Owning ; confessing ; 
 approving ; grateful : but the latter sense is a Galli- 
 cism, not to be used. 
 
 Ae-K.NO\VL'EDG-ME\T, 71. The act of owning ; 
 confession ; as, the acknowledgment of a fault. 
 
 2. The owning, with approbation, or in the tnie 
 character ; as, the acknowledgment of a God, or of a 
 public minister. 
 
 3. Concession ; admission of the tnith ; as, of a 
 fact, position, or principle. 
 
 4. The owning of a benefit received, accompanied 
 with gratitude ; and hence it combines the idea of 
 an erpres.^ion of thanks. Hence, it is used also for 
 something given or done in naurn for a favor. 
 
 5. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to 
 give it logiil validity ; as, the acknowledgment of a 
 deed before"a proper oflicer. 
 
 Acknowledgment-money, in some parts of England, 
 is a sum paid by tenants, on the death of tlu'ir land 
 lords, as an acknowledgment of their new lurds. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 ACME, (ak'my,) n. [Gr. aKfin.] 
 
 The top or highest point; the height or crisis of 
 any thing. It is used to denote the maturity or 
 perfection of an animal. Among physicians, the 
 crisis of a disease, or its utmost violence. Old med- 
 ical writers divided the progress of a disease into 
 four periods ; the arcAc, or beginning, the anabasis, 
 or incre.-use, the acme, or utmost violence, and the 
 partirme, or decline. 
 
 .^e'.MITE, 71. [Gr. uit/ji), a point.] A miner.il of the 
 
 ACO 
 
 niigile family, occurring in long, pninti d crystals, of 
 a (lark lirowiiish color, and u bright and somev\ hat 
 resinous luster. 
 Ae'iNE,(ak'ii>,) 71. [Gr.] 
 
 A small, hard pimple or tubercle on the face. 
 
 i^uincy. 
 
 A-GOLI)', aai). Cold ; very cold ; as, Tom's a-cotd. 
 [Ubs.] Shak. 
 
 A-€OI,'0-(jY, 71. IGr axof and >o) of.] 
 
 'I'lie doctrine oi remedies, or the materia medica. 
 
 A-eOL'O-TllI.ST, / , !• 1 
 
 ACO-LYTII, i "• ""'"^■"-'f^-] 
 
 In Uie ancient church, one of the subordinate offi- 
 cers, who lighted the lamps, brought forward the 
 elements ol the sacraments, attended the bishops, 
 &c. An otricer of the like character is still em- 
 ployed ill the Roman Catholic church. Encyc. 
 
 ACOM-T'l'K, 71. ri,. aconitum: Gr. hkovitoi:] 
 
 The herb wolf's-bane, or monk's-hood, a poison- 
 ous plant ; and in jMietr)', used for poison in general. 
 
 A-eON'I-TIN, 71. A poisonous vegetable principle or 
 alkaloiil, extracted from the aconite. Brande. 
 
 A-CON''I'I-AS, 71. [Gr. uKovriai j a«:oi'rioi', a dart, 
 from loiwi'.] 
 
 1. A species of serpent, called dart-snake, or 
 jacnlum, from its manner of darting on its prey. 
 This serpent is about three feet in length ; of a light 
 gray color, with black spots resembling eyes ; the 
 belly perfectly white. It is a native of Africa and 
 the .Mediterranean i-Ies ; is the swiftest of its kind, 
 and coils itself upon a tree, from which it darts 
 upon its iirey. 
 
 2. \ comet or meteor resembling the serpent. 
 A-GOI", adv. [a and copi.] 
 
 .\t the top. [Obs.] Jonson. 
 A'COllS, n. [Sax. eeccrn, from ac or ac, oak, and 
 corn, a grain.] 
 
 1. The seid or fniit of the oak; an oval nut 
 which grows in a rough permanent cup. 
 
 The Gml w^tth'i^ of Boston were reduced to the neeesuty of 
 feeding on dania, lausclvs, ground-nuts, and acorns. 
 
 B. Trombult. 
 
 2. In marine language, a small ornamental piece 
 of wood, of a conic.'U shape, fived on the point of 
 the spindle above the vane, on the mast head, to 
 keep the vane from being blown oil". Mar. Did, 
 
 3. In natural history, the Lepas, a genus of shells 
 of several species, found on the British coast. The 
 shell is multivalvular, unequal, and fixed by a stem ; 
 the valves are parallel and perpendicular, but they 
 do not open, sti that the animal performs its func- 
 tions by an aperture on the top. These shells are 
 always fixed to scune sciliil body. 
 
 S'eOR.\-£l), a. Furnished or loaded with acorns ; 
 
 fed with acorns. Shak, 
 ACOR-US, 71. [L., from Gr. aKopof.] 
 
 1. Sweet Hag, or sweet rush. 
 
 2. In natural history, blue coral, which grows in 
 the form of a tree, on a rocky bottom, in some parts 
 of the .\frican seas. It is brought from the Caina- 
 rones and Benin. Enajc. 
 
 3. In medicine, this name is sometimes given to 
 the great galangal. Encyc. 
 
 A-COS'.MI-.\, 71. [Gr. n priv. and r-xx/iof, order, 
 be.aiity.] Irreiularity in disease, particularly in 
 crises ; also, ill hralth, with loss of color in the 
 face. Parr. Blaneard, 
 
 A-eO-TYI.-K'DOX, 71. [Gr. a priv. and KuToXnioiv, 
 from KiiTi'Xti, a holloxv.] 
 
 In botany, a plant in which the seed-lobes, or 
 cotyledons, are not present, or are indistinct. Part- 
 ington, Tlie acotyU'dons form a grand dix'ision of 
 the vegetable kingdom, including the ferns, lichens, 
 &c., and correspond to the Cnqitn'mmia of Linnsus. 
 
 A-eO-TYL-K'DO.N-OUS, a, ihavjng either no seed- 
 lobes, or such as are indistinct, like the ferns, lich- 
 ens, &c. 
 
 A-eOUCH'Y, 71. [Fr. araiicAi.] A small species of 
 cax-y, the olive cavy ; sometimes called the Surinam 
 nibbit. 
 
 .\-eOUS'Tie, a. [Gr. oKovoriKJi, from aKovto, to 
 hear.] 
 
 Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of hearing, or 
 to the doctrine of sounds. 
 
 Acoustic duct, in anatomy, the meatus auditorius, 
 or external passage of the ear. 
 
 Acoustic ressei-t, in aiiciriir theaters, were brazen 
 tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used to propel 
 the voice of the actors, so as to render them audi- 
 ble to a great distance ; in some theaters at the dis- 
 tance of 41)1) feet. Encyc, 
 
 Acoustic instrument, or auricular tube ; called in 
 popular language an ear-trumpet. Parr, 
 
 Acviistics, or AcoiLsmatics, w,as a name given to 
 such of the ilisciples of Pythagoras as had not com- 
 pleted their five years' probation. 
 .\-eoUS'Ties, 71. The science of sounds, teaching 
 their cause, nature, and phenomena. This science 
 is, by some writers, divided into diaeoustics, which 
 explains the properties of sounds coming directly 
 from the sonorous body to the ear ; and caiaroiistics, 
 which treats of retlected sounds. But the distinc- 
 tion is considered of little real utilitv. 
 
 TC'.VE, lilj'LL, IIXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; as J ; S xs Z ; Cll as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 13 
 
ACQ 
 
 ACR 
 
 ACR 
 
 2. In viciticiiic, tills term is sointtimes used for 
 remedies for deafness, or imperfect hearing. 
 
 Ae-aUAiXT', V. U [Old Fr. accobtter, to make 
 known, whence accuintance, acquainlance. Uu. 
 , o J 
 
 Per. Vvl *^^ kunda, knowing, intelligent ; Ger. 
 kunilc, knowledge ; kund, known, public ; D. kmid 
 or ktuide, knowledge; Sw. kdnd, known; Dan. 
 kienUr, to know, to be acquainted with. These 
 words seem to have for their primitive root the 
 Goth, and Sax. kunnnn, to know, the root of cioi- 
 ning ; Ger. kennen; D. kunncjiykanj Eng. cati and 
 ken ; which see.] 
 
 1. To make known ; to make fully or intimately 
 known ; to make familiar. 
 
 A man of sorrows and acquainted witii grief. ~~ Isa. liii. 
 
 2. To inform ; to communicate notice to ; as, a 
 friend in the country acquaints me with his success. 
 Of before the object — as to acquaint a man of this 
 design — has been used, but is obsolete or im- 
 proper. 
 
 3. To art/uaint one's self, is to gain an intimate or 
 particular knowledge of. 
 
 Acquainz now th-jself wilh him, and be at peace. — Job xxil. 
 Ae-QUAlNT'.\>fCE, ?i. Familiar knowledge ; a 
 slate of being acquainted, or of having intimate or 
 more than slight or superficial knowledge; as, I 
 knoio the man, but have no acquaint anct witli him. 
 Sometimes it denotes a more slight knowledge. 
 
 2. A person or persons well known ; usually per- 
 sons we have been accustomed to see and coi'verse 
 with, but not standing on the more intimate relation 
 
 friendship. 
 
 Lover and friend hast thou put fiir from me, and my aiTjtwinX- 
 
 anct into darlvn(-ss. — Ps. Ixxxviii. 
 My acq^ioinianct are estmn jed fnjm me. — Job rax. 
 
 Acquaintances, in the plural, is used, as applied to 
 Individual persons known ; but more generally, 
 aa]uaintance is used for one or more. 
 Acquaintant, in like sense, is not used. 
 
 Ae-aU.\IXT'AJ\CE-SHIP, n. State of being ac- 
 quainted. Chalmers. 
 
 AC-CiUAlXT'ED, pp. Known ; familiarly known ; 
 informed ; having personal knowledge. 
 
 Ae-(iL'AiNT'ING, ;<;)r. Making known to; giving 
 notice or information to. 
 
 A€^(iUE:^T', u. [L. acqui.''itits, acijuiro.] 
 
 1. Acquisition ; the thing gained. Bacon. 
 
 2. Conquest ; a place acquired by force. Bacon. 
 A€-CitJI-E;?CE', (ak-que-ess',) v. i. [L. acquiesco, of 
 
 ad and qai&sco, to be quiet ; quies, rest ; Fr. acqui- 
 csr.er.] 
 
 1. "I'o rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to 
 rest without opposition and discontent, usu;il!y im- 
 plying previous opposition, uneasiness, or dislike, 
 but ultimate compliance, or submission ; as, to 
 aviuie-sce in the dispensations of Providence. 
 
 2. To assent to, upon conviction ; as, to acquiesce 
 in an opinion ; that is, to rest satisfied of its cor- 
 rectness, or propriety. 
 
 Jlr.quir^icrd in ; in a passive sense complied with , 
 submitted to, without opposition ; as, a measure has 
 been ar*iuicscc4 in. 
 
 Ae UUl-ES'CENCE, n. A quiet assent ; a silent 
 submission, or submission with apparent content ; 
 distinguished from avowed consent on the one 
 hand, and on the other, from opposition or open tlis- 
 content ; as, an acjiuiesccncc in the decisions of a 
 court, or in the allotments of Providence. 
 
 Ae-aUr-ES'CE.NT, a. Resting satisfied ; easy ; sub- 
 mitting; disposed to submit. John.ion, 
 
 AC-aUI-ES'ClNG, ppr. Uuietly submitting ; resting 
 content. 
 
 AC-aL'IR-.\-BlL'I-Ty, 71. Slate of being acquira- 
 ble. Palcy. 
 
 .'VC-aUTR'.\-nLE, a. That may be acquired. 
 
 AG-CiUIRE', r. t. [L. acquiro, ad and quairo, to seek, 
 that is, to follow, to press, to urge ; acquiro signifies 
 to pursue to the end or object; Fr. acquerir; Sp. 
 
 wlquirir; Ar. \^ kara ; Heb. •>pn to seek, to 
 
 make toward, to follow. The L. qu/rswi, unless 
 contracted, is probably from a dilTercnt root. See 
 Class Gr, and Gs. ] 
 
 To gain, by any means, Homt^thing which is in a 
 d<!;ree pirrman; nt, or wliiih beconxfs vested or 
 inherent in the [Kissessor ; n.i, to acquire a title, 
 estate, learning, habits, Hkill, dominion, &lc. Pi'ants 
 ocjfHtre a green color from the 8olar rriy^. A mere 
 (enip<»rary possession is not cxpresst^d by acquire, 
 but by /rain, ubtnin, jrrucure ; tw, to tt^Uiit [not ac- 
 futrc] a bixik on loan. 
 
 Orient U 111" titt.- wh-'p-by a man, on tl-'* d*^th vl Wtr. unc^ilor, 
 arrjitirtt UU CBUIr, by right of rcprcaeittAtion, m r.U \: -^r at 
 Ihw. liiackttone. 
 Ae-aUTR'KD, pp. or a. Gaineil, obtained, or rc- 
 c/;ived from art, labor, or other means, in distinc- 
 tion from IhoKe tliingK which are bestowed by naliire. 
 
 Thus we say, abilities, natural and acquired. It 
 implies title, or some perin:ineiice of possession. 
 
 Ae-aUlRE'MEiNT, h. The act of actpiiring, or that 
 which is ac(|uired ; nttainment. It is used in oppo- 
 sition to natiual gifts; ns, eloquence, and skill in 
 music and p^unting, are acquire:nf:nts; genius, the 
 gift of nature. It denotes especially yjercfow«V attain- 
 ments, ill opposition to material or external things 
 gained, which are more usually called acquisitions ; 
 but this distinction is not always observeil. 
 
 Ae ui'IR'ER, n. A person who acquires. 
 
 AG-UUIR'LNG, n. Acquirement. 
 
 AG-UUlR'IiN'G, ppr. Gaining, by labor or other 
 means, somt tiling that has a degree of permanence 
 in the_possessor. 
 
 AG-dUl'RY, n. Acquirement. [A'bt usrrf.] Barrow. 
 
 ACaUIS-ITE, a. Gained. [JVot used.] Burton. 
 
 AC-dUl-SF'TlOX, ;i. [L. acqnisitio, from acquidtus, 
 acquitsivi, which are given as the part, and pret. of 
 acquiro; but qu'£sici is probably from a difi'erent 
 
 root ; W. ceisiaw ; Eth. chasas, clias; Ar. 
 
 ^j^^ kassa, to seek. Class Gs.] 
 
 1. The act of acquiring; as, a man takes pleasure 
 in the acquisition of property, as well as in the pos- 
 iession. 
 
 2. The tiling acquired, or gained ; as, learning is 
 an nr/piisitton. It is used for intellectual attainments, 
 as well as for external things, property or dominion ; 
 and in a good sense, denoting something estimable. 
 
 Ae-Q.L'IS'1-TIVE, a. That is acquired ; acquired ; 
 [but improper.'] TVvlfon. 
 
 AC-aUIS'I-TIVE-LY, adv. Noting acquirement. 
 A word is said to be used acquisitively, when it is 
 used with to or for following. Lilly's Oramwar. 
 
 AC-aUIS'I-TIVE-XESS, »i. Desire of possession; 
 propensity to acquire. 
 
 AC-aUIST', 71. See AcqUEST. [JVo( iti-crf.] Mdton. 
 
 AC-tiUIT', V. U [Fr. acquitter ; \V. gadu, •;adaie ; L. 
 cedo ; Arm. kitat, or quytaat, to leave, or forsake ; Fr. 
 quitter, to forsake ; Sp. quitar ; Port, quitar ; It. quitare, 
 to remit, forgive, remove ; D. kipytcn ; Ger. qnitjiren.] 
 To set free ; to release or discharge from an obli- 
 gation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or 
 whatever lies upon a person as a charge or duty ; 
 as, the jury acquitted the prisoner ; we acquit a man 
 of evil intentions. It is followed by of before the 
 object ; to acquit from is obsolete. In a reciprocal 
 sense as, the soldier acquittal hiiu.self well in battle, 
 the word has a like sense, implying the discharge 
 f>f a duty or obligation. Hence its use in express- 
 ing erreUence in performance ; as, the orator acquitted 
 him.^elf well, that is, in a manner that his situation, 
 and public t'xpectation, demanded. 
 
 Ae-tiUlT'.MEXT, 7!. The act of acquitting, or state 
 of being acquitted. Soutli. 
 [This word is superseded by ActiuiTTAL.] 
 
 Ae-liUIT'TAL, 7t. A judicial setting free, or deliv- 
 erance from the charge of an offense, as by verdict 
 of a jury, or sentence of a court ; as, the acquittal 
 of a principal operates as an acquittal of the acces- 
 sories. 
 
 AC-aUIT'TANCE, n. A discharge or release from 
 a debt. 
 
 2. The writing, which is evidence of a discharge; 
 a receipt in fuU, which bars a further demand. 
 
 A€-QUIT'TAXCE, i'. t. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 AG-aUIT'TED, pp. .Set free, or judicially dis- 
 charged from an accusation ; released from a debt, 
 duty, obligation, charge, or suspicion of guilt. 
 
 At^ftUIT'TlXG, ppr. Setting free from accusation ; 
 releasing from a charge, obligation, or suspicion of 
 guilt. 
 
 A-GRaSE', ) V. t. To make crazy ; to infatuate. 
 A-eR.A/.E', I (See Crazv.] 
 
 2. To impair; to destroy. [A'ot in use.] 
 ACKA-SY, 71. [Gr. a</>ai7ia, from u priv. and Kpaais, 
 constitution or temperament.] 
 
 1. In medical authors, an excess or pretlominancy 
 of one quality above another, in mixture, or in the 
 human constitution. Bailey. 
 
 2. Excess ; irregularity. 
 
 a'GRE, (a'ker,) 71. [Sax. acer, acrra, or o'crr; Ger. 
 acker; 1). akker ; Sw. acker; Dan. ai;cr; VV. c^r; Ir. 
 acra; Ice. alir; Pers. akkar ; Gr. Ij^t, atrer. 
 
 In these languages, the word retains its jii iuiitive 
 sense, an open, plowed, or .sowed li< Id. In English, 
 it retained its original signification, that of any open 
 field, until it was liiniteil to a definite i|uaiitily by 
 statutes 31 Ed. III. .I Ed. I. 21 11. \ lll. Cowcl. 
 A preferable spelling of this word would be akcr.] 
 
 1. A qiianlily of land, containing IliU square rods 
 or perches, or 4840 stpiare yards. This is the Eng- 
 lish statute ncri,'. The acre of Scotland cimlains 
 Gl.'iO 2-5 square yards. The French arpenl dillers 
 not greatly from the English stanilard acre. The 
 Roman juijcrum w:us 3301) mpiarc yards. 
 
 2. In the Mogul's ilominions, acre is the Bame as 
 Z/ic, or 100,000 ru|)ee», equal to £\i,:M) sterling, or 
 5o,.'i00 dollars. 
 
 Acrc-Jifkl ; a sort of iliiel in the open field, formerly 
 
 fought by English and Scotch combatants on their 
 frontiers. 
 
 Acre-tax. ; a tax on land in England, at a ctjrtain 
 _ sum for each acre, called also acre^^hot. 
 A'CRED, a. Possessing acres or landed property. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Ae'RID, a. [Fr. acre; L. acer.] 
 
 Sharp; pungent; bitter; sliaip or biting to the 
 taste ; acrimonious ; as, acrid salts. 
 
 ACRlD-XE.ss, n. A sharp, bitter, pungent quality. 
 
 AC-RI-MO'XI-OUS, a. Sharp ; bitter ; corrosive ; 
 abounding with acrimony. 
 
 2. Fig-uratirely, severe ; sarcastic ; applied to lan- 
 guage or temper. 
 
 Ae-RI-MO'XI-OUS-LY, adv. With sharpness or 
 bitterness. 
 
 AC-RI-.MO'NI-OUR-NESS, 71. The state or quality 
 of being acninonious. 
 
 AC'RI-MO-XY, 71. [L. acrimonia, from acer, sharp. 
 'I'lie latter part of the word seems to denote like- 
 ness, state, condition, like head, hood, in knight- 
 hood ; in which case it may be from the same root 
 as maneo, Gr. /iti/w.] 
 
 1. Sharpness ; a quality of bodies, which cor- 
 rodes, dissolves, or destroys others ; as, the acrimony 
 of the humors. Bacon. 
 
 2. Figuratively, sharpness or severity of temper ; 
 bitterness of expression proceeding from anger, ill- 
 nature, or petulance. South. 
 
 AG'RI-SY, 11. [Gr. a priv. and »p<a-<f, judgment.] 
 A state or condition of which no right judgment 
 can be formed ; that of which no choice is made ; 
 matter in dispute ; iiijudiciousness. [Little used.] 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 2. In medicine, defect of crisis, or of a separation 
 and expulsion of morbific matter iu the human 
 bodv. 
 
 A-€RI'T.\X, 71. ) [Gr. r.KOiTos, indiscernible.] 
 A-GRl'TA, n. pi. \ Terms applied to that divis- 
 ion of radiate animals in which there is jio distinct 
 discernible nervous system, and no separate alimen- 
 tary canal, as the sponges, polypes, ice. Brande. 
 AC'RI-TLIDE, 71. [.See Acrid.] 
 
 An acrid quality ; bitterness to the taste ; biting 
 heat. 
 
 A€'RI-TY, 71. Sharpness; eagerness. [Obsolete.] 
 A-eRO-A-.M.\T'ie, ) a. [Gr. aKpuaiiariKui, from 
 A-eRO-A-.MAT'ie-AL, ( aKi.oa:^.u, to hear.] 
 
 Abstruse ; pertaining to deep learning ; an epithet 
 applied to the secret doctrines of Aristotle. Enfield. 
 A-eRO-.Vr'l€, a. [Gr. a;fpo.>7-(«r-c.] 
 
 Abstruse; pertaining to deep learning; and op- 
 posed to exoteric. Aristotle's lectures were of two 
 kinds, acroat.ic, acroamatic, or esoteric, which were 
 delivered to a class of select disciples, who had been 
 previously instructed in the elements of learnhig; 
 and exoteric, which were delivered in public. The 
 former respected being, God, and nature ; the prin- 
 cipal subjects of the latter were logic, rhetoric, and 
 policy. The abstruse lectures were called acruatics. 
 
 Entield. 
 
 A-eRO-CE-RAU'Xr-.VN, a. [Gr. axpa, a sunmiit, 
 and Kcnuvv'o'i, thunder.] 
 
 An epithet applied to certain mountains, between 
 Epirus and Illyricum, in the 4Ist degree of liititudi\ 
 They project into the .Adriatic, and are so termed 
 from being often struck with lightning. Eneyc. 
 
 AC'RO-eilORD, 71. [L. acrocJiordus, from Gr. 
 anij Jxo//^<oi', a wart.] The name of a genus of 
 serpents, found in Java, covered entirely with small 
 scales, which resemble granulated wafts when the 
 body is inrtated. P. Cyc. 
 
 A€'R0-GE.\, 71. [Gr. ux/)()j and } £ii/o/iai.] A cryp- 
 toganiic tir acoljledonous plant, so called from in- 
 i re.asiiig, in growth, cliietly'at its extremity. Brande. 
 
 AC'RO-LITII, 71. [Gr. oKpof and XiOof.] In archi- 
 tecture and sculpture, a statue whose extremities 
 were of stone. Elme.". 
 
 A-€ROI.'ITIl-.\X, a. Pertaining to an acrolith ; 
 formed like an acrolith ; as, an acrolithan statue. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 A-€Ro'.MI-OX, 71. [Gr. axpos, highest, and iu/705, 
 .shoulder.] 
 
 In anatomy, that part of the spine of the scapula 
 which receives the extreme part of the clavicle. 
 
 ^nincy. 
 
 A-CRON'ie, ) a. [Gr. iiv/)');, e.xtreme, and 
 
 .\-GRO.N'ie-AL, S night.] 
 
 In astronomy, a term applied to the rising of a 
 star at sunset, or its setting at sunrise. This 
 rising or setting is called ucroniail. The wtird is 
 opposed to cosmicni. Bailey. Encyc. .fohn.-ton. 
 
 A-CRO.N'IC-AL-LY, adv. In ah acroiiical manner; 
 at the rising or setting of the sun. 
 
 A-GROP'D-MS, n. [<;r. oKpoi and roXij.] A cita- 
 tlel ; the citadel in Athens. 
 
 ACRO-SPIRE, 71. [(."r. oKfiof, highest, and awcipa, 
 a spire, or spiral line.] 
 
 The sprout at the ends of seeds when they begin 
 to germinale ; the pliimir, or plumule, so called from 
 its spiral form. Mortimer. 
 
 A€'RO-Sl'II{-f.i), a. Having n sprout, or having 
 sproutetl at both ends. Mortimer. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, HIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQUV, BQQK.— 
 
 14 
 
ACT 
 
 ACT 
 
 ACT 
 
 This, and tlie preceding word, are especially used 
 by the KiL){lish nialsters. 
 A-CKOSS', (a-kr:iiis',) ;)rr;». [« and crois. See Cuoss.] 
 
 1. From side lo side, opposeil to ulmi!;, wliich is 
 in tlie dirrclion of Uic Icngtii ; allivvart; quiU- over ; 
 as, a hridge is laid across a river. 
 
 U. Intersecting j passing over at any angle; as, a 
 line p:u*sing acrtwy another. 
 
 .\ €llC>tf'Tl€, «. [Or. aifua, extremity or beginning, 
 and i7ri\''4, oriler or verse.] 
 
 A composition in verse, in which the first letters 
 of tlie lilies, taken in order, form the name of a per- 
 son, kiniidom, city, ice, which is the subject of the 
 composition, or some title or motto. 
 
 A-€KUS''J'IC, «. 'J'liat relates to, or contains an 
 acrostic. 
 
 A-CKOS'Tie-'VL-LY, adv. In the manner of an 
 acrostic. 
 
 A-eil()-Tl'M,EO'Tie, K. [Gr. «)c;ios, extreme, and 
 T£\iurr;, emi.] 
 
 Among ecctivlastirni wriln-s, an appellation given 
 to any thing added to tlie end of u p.salin ur hymn ; 
 as a dovology. 
 
 A-tltO-Tri'Ul-A, n. pi. \ [^''- ■"!'^-">P^ ^ summit.] 
 In architecture^ a term apjilied to small pedestals, 
 usually withuiit a base, aiieieiiily placed at the two 
 (Wtremes, or in the miiidle nf pt diiiieiits or froiitis- 
 piec(;s, serving to support the r-talues, tScc. It also 
 signifies the limirt-s placetl as oniaiiients on tlu? tops 
 of <'hurches, and Ihi; sharp pinnacles that stand in 
 ranges about Hat buildings with rads and balusters. 
 Anciently tlie word signified the extremities of the 
 body, .IS the head, hands, and feel. Ettcyc. 
 
 A-eKO-Tf:'RI-.\I^, «. Pertaining to the acroter , as, 
 acrotfrial (iriiaUK'iits. F. Ctjc. 
 
 A-eRO-THV.\ri-(>\, )i. [Gr. u<po{, e.\treine, and 
 ^I'liOs, thyme.] 
 
 .Vnioiig ;iAy.>ii:mH.v, a species of wart, with a nar- 
 row basis and broad top, liaving tlie color of thyme. 
 It is calh'd T/iiiiiiuj. C(ku.v. 
 
 A-eKOT'O-.MOL'S, a. [Gr. aKfjuv, top, and Trjn-i i, to 
 cut.] In mi/icj-tt/u^'-i/, having a cleavage parallel with 
 the top. Dana. 
 
 At'T, I. I. [Gr. ayii<, L. a^o, to urge, drive, lead, 
 bring, do, perform ; or in general, to move, to exert 
 force; Cantabrian, Cir, force; W. eirnii Ir. eigraii, 
 force ; Ir. ais/e^ to act or carry on ; earhdam, to do or 
 act I actainty to ordain; eucht^ uc/if, deed, act^ condi- 
 tion ; I'r. agir ; It. agire, to do or act.] 
 
 .. To exert power ; as, the stomach acts upon 
 food ; tlie win acU upon the body In producing 
 motion. 
 
 2. To he in action or motion ; to move. 
 He liiiiigB iH-twitrn, in doubt tu act or rest. Pope, 
 'i. To behave, demean, or conduct, as in morals, 
 
 private tluties, or public olfices ; as, we know not 
 why a minister has acted in this manner. Hut in 
 this sense, it is most fretpieiit in popular language ; 
 as, how the man acts or luis acted. 
 
 To act up III, is to eipial in action ; to fulfill, or per- 
 form a corres|ioiidetil action ; as, he has acted up tu 
 his engagement or his advantages. 
 ACT, p. L To jierforiu ; to represent a character on 
 the stage. 
 
 Act well yonr part ; there all the honor lies. Pope. 
 
 2. To feign or counterfeit. [Obs. or improper.] 
 With acted foor the villain thus pursued. Dryden. 
 
 3. To put in motion ; to actuate ; to regulate 
 movements. 
 
 .Moat people in the world are acted by levity. Soudi. Locke. 
 [Ill lAis latter sense obsolete, and superseded bij 
 .Ae rUATE, ichich see.] 
 ACT, H. 'I he exertion of power ; the effect, of which ' 
 power exerted is the cause ; ius, the act of giving or 
 ruci'iving 
 
 In this sense, it denotes an operation of the mind. 
 Thus, to discern is an act of the understanding ; to 
 judge is an act of the will. 
 
 2. That which is done ; a deed, exploit, or achieve- 
 ment, whether good or dl. 
 
 And his niir.tcles luid lus acts tvliich he did in Uie midst of 
 Kgypt. — Dii.l. xi. 
 
 3. Action ; [lerforniance ; production of ctTects ; 
 as, an act of charity. But tJtis sense ls closely allied 
 to tlie furegving. 
 
 4. A sttite of reality or real existence, as opposed 
 to a possibility. 
 
 Tlic swds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what 
 Uicy afterwarvl <rrow to be. Hooker. 
 
 % In general, act denotes action completed; but 
 preceded by in, it denotes incomplete action. 
 
 She w.ia uU:cn in tlie very act, — John viii. 
 
 In act is n.sed also to signify incipient action, or 
 a state of prcpiiralion to exert power ; as, " In act 
 lo strike," a poetical use. 
 
 fi A part or division of a play lo be performed 
 wilhoiit interruption ; after which the action is sus- 
 pended to give respite to the performers. Acts are 
 divided into smaller portions, called scenes. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE.— 
 
 7. The result of public deliberatimi, or the decis- 
 ion of a prince, h gislative body, council, court of 
 justice, or magistrate; a decree, edict, law, judg- 
 ment, resolve, award, detcrniiiiatioii ; as, an act of 
 parliament, or of congniss. The term is also trans- 
 ferred iti the book, reci>rd, or writing, ctuitaiiiiiig 
 the laws and determinations. Also, any instru- 
 ment in writing to verify facLs. 
 
 In the sense of agency, or power to produce effects, 
 as in the passage cited by Johnson from Eiliakspeare, 
 tlie use is improper. 
 
 •To try Uie vijfor of llvm, and apply 
 AUaymeiits tu their acl. 
 
 J^f^ in F.nglish universities, is a tliesis maintained 
 in public, by a candidate for a degree, or lo show the 
 pidliciency of a student. At Oxford, the time when 
 masters and doctors complete their degrees is also 
 called Hie act, wliich is held with gri^at solemnity. 
 At Cambridge, as in the United States, it is called 
 comiiiencemeut. F.ncyc. 
 
 Act of faith, (auto da fi'-,) in Roman Catholic coun- 
 tries, is a solemn il.iy held by the Inipiisition for the 
 puiiishiiient of heretics, and the absolution of ac- 
 cused persons found innocent; or it is the sentence 
 of the liiipiisition. 
 
 Acts iifthe Apostlejt; tlie title of a hook in the New 
 Testament, containing a history of the transactions 
 of till' apostles. 
 
 Acts of Sederunt : in Scots law, statutes made by the 
 lords of session, sitting in jiidiiment, by virtue of a 
 fcoltisli act of parliamimt, (l.')4l),) empowering them 
 to make such constitutions or regulations as they 
 may think expeilieiit for ordering the procedure 
 ami forms of atimiiiistering justice. iirande. 
 
 Ada Diurna ; among tlie. Romans, a sort of gazelle, 
 containing an authori/.ed account of transactions in 
 Rome, nearly similar to our newspapers. 
 
 Acta Populi, or Acta Publico ; the Roman registers 
 of asst^niblies, trials, executions, buildings, liirtlis, 
 marriages, and di^atlis tif illustrious persons, &c. 
 
 Acta Soncloruin! the lives and reputed miracles of 
 Romish saints. 
 
 Ac/a Senatus ; minutes of what jiassed in the Ro- 
 man senate, called also CoinmenUirii, couimeniaries. 
 ACT'EU, ;;;/. Uone ; performed; represented on the 
 stage. 
 
 ACTI-AN, a. Relating to Actium, a town and prom- 
 ontory of Epiriis ; as, Action games, wliich were 
 instituted by Augustus, to celebrate his naval victory 
 over Anthony, near that town, Sept. 2, B. C. 31. 
 They were celebrated every five years. Hence, 
 Action years, reckoneil from that era. F.iicije. 
 AeT'ING, ;)/»r. or n. Doing; perforiiiing ; behaving; 
 
 representing the character of another. 
 A€T'ING, H. Action ; act of performing a part of a 
 
 pl.ay. Sliali. ChurchUl. 
 
 A€-TlN'I-.\, 71. [L. from Gr. (iKrie, a ray.] A genus 
 of Acaleplia, having a circle of tentacles or rays 
 around the mouth ; including the animal fiowers or 
 sea-anemones. Cite. 
 A€-T1N'1-FI>R.M, a. [Gr. anTiv, a ray, and "Lai. 
 
 forma, form. J Having a radi.atcd form. 
 Ate-TIN'O-l.ri'E, M. [Gr. u^^u, a ray, and >i9 {, a 
 stone.] The bright green variety of hornblende, 
 occurring usually in glassy prismatic crystiUs, ami 
 also fibrous. Dane. 
 AC-TIN-O-LIT'ie, a. Like or pertaining to actint>- 
 lite. 
 
 Ae-TIN-OM'E-Tr.R, n. [Gr. oktiv, a ray, and 
 ptrpoi , measure.] 
 
 .An instrument for measuring the intensity of solar 
 radiatitni. Daabeny. 
 Ae'TlOX, K. [L. actio. See Act.] 
 
 1. I.iUralhj, a driving ; hence, the state of acting 
 I or moving ; exertion of power or force, as whiui one 
 
 body acts on another ; or action is the effect of power 
 exerted on (Uie body by another ; motion produced. 
 Hence, actiini is opposed to rest. Action, when 
 produced by one boily on another, is mechanical ; 
 when produced by the will of a living being, spon- 
 taneous or voluntary. [See Def. 3.] 
 
 2. An act or thing done ; a deed. 
 
 The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by liim are aclione 
 weighed — 1 S.tm. ii. 
 
 3. In mrchanics, agency ; operation ; driving im- 
 pulse ; ctfort of ime body upon another ; as, the 
 action of wind upon a ship's sails ; also, the cSect 
 of such action. 
 
 4. In ctliics, the external signs or expression of the 
 sentiments of a moral agent ; conduct ; bciiavior ; • 
 demeanor ; that is, motion or movement, with respect 
 lo a rule or propriety. 
 
 .1. In poetry, a series of events, called also the 
 subject or fable : this is of two kinds ; the principal 
 action, which is more strictly the fable, and the in- 
 cidenuU action or episode. F.ncyc. 
 
 G. In oratory, gesture or gesticulation ; the ex- 
 ternal deportment of the spe.tkcr, or tlie accommo- 
 dation of his attitude, voice, gestures, ami counte- 
 nance, to the subject, or to theithouglits and feelings 
 of the mind. F.nciie. 
 7. In pltysiohgy, the motions or functions of the 
 
 body, vital, animal, and natural ; vital and involun- 
 tary, as the action of the heart and lungs ; auimat, 
 as iniisciilar, and all voliiiitury motions; natural, 
 as iiiandiication, deglutition, and digestion. F.ncyc. 
 
 ti. In laic, literally, ah urging for right ; a suit or 
 process, by which a demand is made of a right ; a 
 claim made before a tribunal. Actions are real, 
 pemonal, or mijrd ; real, or feudal, when tliti di-mand- 
 aiil claims a title to real estate ; per.sonol, w hen a 
 man demands a debt, personal duty, i>r damages in 
 lieu of it, or satisfactiim for an injury to person or 
 properly ; and miied, when real estate is demanded, 
 with damages for a wrong sustained. Actitms arc 
 also ciril or penal; civil, when iiislitiited solely in 
 behalf of private persons, to reetwer debts or dam- 
 ages ; penal, when instituted to recover a ptmalty, 
 iiii|iosed by way of punishment. The word is also 
 used for a right of action ; a.s, the law gives an acfion 
 for every claim. BlacLitnnr. 
 
 A chose in action, is a right to a tiling, in opposi- 
 tion to the possession. A bond or note is a chose in 
 action, [Vr. chose, a thing,] and gives Ihe owner a 
 right to prosecute his claim lt> the money, as he has 
 an absolute property in a right, as well a-s in a tiling, 
 in possession. 
 
 9. In some countries of Europe, especially France, 
 action is a share in the capital stock tif a joint-stock 
 company, or in the public funds, equivalent lo our 
 term share ; iind coiisetiuently, in a more general 
 sense, in the plural, to stocks. The word is also 
 used for iiio\'able etfects. 
 
 10. In painting and sculpture, the attitude or posi- 
 tion of the several parts of the body, by which they 
 seem to be actuated by passions ; as, the arm ex- 
 tended, to represent the act of giving or receiving. 
 
 11. Hallle ; fight; engagement between troops in 
 war, H hi ther on land or water, or by a greater or 
 smaller number of combatants. This and the 8tli 
 di'Iinition exhibit the literal meaning of action, viz. 
 a driving or urging. 
 
 (inoniitu of octiiin ; in physics, the product of the 
 mass of a body by the space it runs through and its 
 velocity. Eneijc. 
 
 In many ca-ses action and act arc synonymous ; but 
 some distinction between them is observable. Action 
 seems to have more relation to the power that acts, 
 and its operation and process of acting ; and act, 
 more relation to the effect or operation complete. 
 Action is also more generally used lor ordinary trans- 
 actions ; and act, for such as are remarkable, or dig- 
 nifii d ; as, all our actions should be regulated by 
 prudence ; a prince is distinguished by ac£,< of hero- 
 ism or liuiiKinity. F.ncyc. 
 Action-taking, in Phakspeare, is used for litigious. 
 
 Ae'TlO.N-.V-HLE, a. That will bear a suit, or for 
 which an artiim at law may be sustained ; as, to 
 call a man a thief is actionable. 
 
 Ae'T10.\-A-BLY, adv. In a manner that subjects to 
 h^gal process. 
 
 AC'TIO.V-A-RY, or AC'TION-IST, v. In Europe, a 
 proprietor of stock in a joint-stock company ; one 
 who owns actions or shares of slock. 
 
 AeT'l V-.\TE, e. (. To make active. B(uon. 
 
 AGT'IVE, a. [h. adieus; Fr. actif.] 
 
 1. That has the power or quality of acting ; that 
 contains the principle of action, independent of any 
 visible external force ; as, attnictioii is an actite 
 power; or it may be defined, that communicates 
 action or motion, opposed to passive, that receives 
 action ; as, the active powers of the mind. 
 
 2. Having the ptiwer of quick motion, or the 
 dis|iosition to move with speed ; nimble ; lively ; 
 brisk; agile; as, an ar/jcc aiiiinal. Hence, * 
 
 3. Busy ; constantly engaged in action ; pursuing 
 ■ business with vigor and assiduity ; opposed to dull, 
 
 slow, or indolent ; as, an active olficiT. It is also op- 
 posed to sedentary ; as, an active life. 
 
 4. Requiring action or exertion ; practical ; opera- 
 tive ; producing real effects ; opposed lo .-peculatice ; 
 as, the active duties of life. 
 
 5. In grammar, active verbs are those which not 
 only signify action, but h.ave a noun or name fol- 
 lowing them, denoting the object of the action or 
 impression ; calk'd also transitive, as they imply the 
 passing of the action expressed by the verb to the 
 object ; a5, a profes,sor in.-.-tructi his pupils. 
 
 ti. Active capital, or leeidth, is money, or property 
 that m,iy readily be converted into money, and 
 used in commerce or oUier employment for prtifit. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 7. Active commercf, ; the commerce in w hich a na- 
 tion carries its own productions and foreign com- 
 ino<lities in irv own ships, or which is prosecuted by 
 its own citi/.ens ; as contradistiiiguislied from pas- 
 sive commerce, in which the pr.tductions of one 
 country are traiisiioned by the people of another 
 country. 
 
 The commerce of Great Britain and of the United 
 States is active: that of China is passive. 
 
 It may be the iiiten-st of foreign nations to deprive us, u Ear as 
 possible, of .-in OCQoe coiiimerM ui our own hownfm. 
 
 fytenUul, HamiUon. 
 
 .\eT'IVE-LY, adv. In an active manner; by action ; 
 
 AiV'GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as 7, ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
ACU 
 
 ADA 
 
 ADD 
 
 nimbly ; briskly. In ip-iimmnr, in an active signifi- 
 cation ; as, a word is used actwelii. 
 
 A€T'IVE-XESS, «. Tlie quality" of being active ; 
 tlie faculty of acting ; niniblcness ; quickness of mo- 
 tion. Less used than Activi rv. 
 
 AeT-IV'l-TY, n, Tlie quality of being active ; the 
 active faculty ; nimbleness ; agility ; also, the habit 
 of diligent and vigorous pursuit of business ; as, a 
 man of aclicittj. It is ap])lied to persons or things. 
 
 Sphere of aciiv'dij, is the whole space in which the 
 virtue, power, or influence of any object, is exerted. 
 
 To put in actioity; a French phrase, for putting in 
 action or employment. 
 
 AGT'LESS, a. VVithout action or spirit. 
 
 AeX'OR, ji. He that acts or performs ; an active 
 agent. 
 
 2. He that represents a character, or acts a part in 
 a play ; a stage player. 
 
 3. Ajnong cicilians, an advocate or proctor in 
 civil courts or causes. 
 
 AeT'RESS, n. A female who acts or performs, and 
 
 especially on the stage, or in a play. 
 AeT'U-AL, a. [Ft. actuch See Act.] 
 
 1. Real or etiectual, or that exists truly and abso- 
 lutely ; as, actual lieat, opposed to that which is 
 virtual or potential ,* actual cautery, or the burning by 
 a red-hot iron, opposed to potential cautery, or a 
 caustic application, that may produce the same 
 elfect upon the body by a different process. 
 
 2. Existing in act ; re;U ; in opposition to specula- 
 tive, or existing in theory only ; as, an actual crime. 
 
 3. Existing at the present time ; as, the actual sit- 
 uation of the country. Burke. 
 
 4. In theologij, actual sin is that which is commit- 
 ted by a person himself, opposed to ori<^inal sin, or 
 the corruption of nature supposed to be communi- 
 cated from Adam. 
 
 5. That includes action. 
 
 Bfsiil''s lipr walking and oUitr actual performances. [Hardly 
 legilii/uite.] Aluik. 
 
 AeT-tT-AL'I-TY, n. Reality. Hawcis. 
 
 AGT'U-AL-LY, adv. In fact ; reallv ; in truth. 
 
 AeT'li-AL-iZE, V. t. To make actual. 
 
 AeT'U-AL-lZ-lNG,;)^r. Making actual. Culeridie. 
 
 AeT'lI-Al>-XESS, H. The quality of being actual. 
 
 ACT'lJ-A-RY, n. [L. actaarius.] 
 
 A registrar or cbuk ; a term of the civil law, and 
 used originally in courts of civil law jurisdiction ; but 
 in Europe used for a cli^rk or registrar generally. 
 
 In F.nglanil, this term is now used for the man- 
 ager of a joint-stock company, particularly of an 
 insurance company. P. Cijr. 
 
 In America, it is chiefly applied to the manager 
 of a life insurance company. 
 
 AeT'U-ATE, a. Put in acticm. [Little used.] 
 
 AGT'li-ATE, V. I. [from act.] 
 
 To put into action ; to move or incite to action ; 
 as, men are actuated by motives, or passions. It 
 seems to have been used formerly in tiie sense of 
 invigorate, noting increase of action ; but the use is 
 not legitimate. 
 
 AeT'U-A-'I'ED, pp. Tut in action ; incited to action. 
 
 AeT'lJ-A-TING, ppr. Putting in action ; inciting to 
 action. 
 
 AeT-lI-A'TIOX, n. The state of being put in ac- 
 tion ; effectual operation. Olannillc. 
 ACT'US, 71. Among tke Romans, a measure in 
 building equal to 120 Roman feet. In ancient agrir- 
 culture, the length of on^furrow. 
 AG'U-.\TE, V. t. [L. acuo, to sharpen. See Acid.] 
 To sliarjien ; to make pungent, or corrosive. [Lit- 
 tle U.W/.1 llaroev. 
 Ae-U-l"TIO.V, n. rfrom L. acuo, to sharpen.] The 
 
 sharpening of medicines to increase their effect. . 
 A-€!0'LE-ATE, a. [L. aculeus, frimi ami, Gr. UKq, a 
 point, and tlie diminutive ul. Sec Acid.] 
 
 In botany, having prickles, or sharp points ; point- 
 ed ; used chiefly to denote prickles fixed in the 
 bark, in distinction from tliorns, which grow from 
 the wood. Mdnc. 
 2. In inolo<ry, having a sting, or prickles, 
 A-GO'LE-I, n. p/. [L.] In //"(a«y ami iuo/</;'-v, prickles. 
 AG'lJ-LON, or A€'Ii-l.US, «. [Gr. uKuios, pioh;i- 
 bly from nr, an oak.] 
 Thft fruit or acorn of the ilex, or scarlet oak. 
 A-GO'.ME.\, n. [L. acumen, from aciu or aciw.] 
 
 A sharp point ; and jiguraticehj, quickness of 
 perception, (n.-netration of mind, the faculty of nice 
 diHcriinination. 
 A-GO'iMIiN-ATE, a. [L. aeuminatus, from acumen.] 
 Having a long projecting and highly tapi'ring 
 point. J)c Cundolle. 
 
 A-eO'MIN-A-TEI), a. Sharpened to a point. 
 A-GIJ-.MI\ a'TIO.N", n. A ttharpening; termination 
 
 tri a Kharp [Kiint. 
 AfM; Pi;.S<; TI'Il-A'TIOX, n. See AciiruNcxuiiE. 
 AfJ-li-l'UNC'TIJRE, n. ( li. Mit*, needle, and puHc- 
 I turn, or punctux, n pricking.] 
 
 A Kurgical opi ralion, pi rformed by pricking the 
 pan aff' Cted with a needle, lu in lieudaclies and 
 !• thaririis. Kncyc. 
 A-COTE', a. [L. otu/u.', fharp iminted ; Uu. from 
 
 acuo, acu.^, or from the Oriental Tn kad or chad, 
 sharp, Ueb. Ch. Ar.] 
 
 1. Sharp at the end ; ending in a sharp point ; 
 opposed to blwnt or obtuse. An acute angle, in geom- 
 etry, is one which is less than a right angle, or 
 which subtends less than ninety degrees. An 
 acute-angled triangle, is one whose three angles are 
 all acute, or less than ninety degrees eacli. An 
 acute-angled cone, is one, the angle at the vertex of 
 which is acute. 
 
 2. Figuratively, applied to mental powers ; pene- 
 trating ; having nice discernment; perceiving or 
 using minute distinctions ; opposed to dull or stupid ; 
 as, an acute reasoner. 
 
 3. .Applied to the senses ; having nice or quick sen- 
 sibility ; susceptible of slight impressions ; having 
 power to feel or perceive small objects; as, a man 
 of £tci((c eyesight, hearing, or feeling. 
 
 4. An acute disease, is one which is attended with 
 symptoms of some degree of severity, and comes 
 speedily to a crisis, as a pleurisy ; opposed to 
 chronic. 
 
 5. An acute accent, is that wliich elevates or 
 sharpens the voice. 
 
 6. In music, acute is applied to a tone wliicli is 
 sharp, or high ; opposed to grave. 
 
 7. In botany, ending in an acute angle, as a leaf 
 or perianth. Martyn. 
 
 A-CuTE'LY, adv. Sharply ; keenly ; with nice dis- 
 crimination. 
 
 A-€OTE'i\'ESS, n. Sharpness ; but seldom used 
 in this literal sense, as applied to material things. 
 
 2. Figuratively, the faculty of nice discernment or 
 perception ; applied to the senses, or the under- 
 standing. By an acuteness of feeling, we perceive 
 small objects or slight impressions ; by an acutcness 
 of intellect, we discern nice distinctiims. 
 
 3. Sliarpness, or elevation of sound, in rhetoric 
 or music. Boyle. 
 
 4. Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily 
 to a crisis. 
 
 A-€U-TIa'TOR, 71. In the middle ages, a person 
 whose office was to sharpen instruments. Before 
 the invention of fire-arms, such officers attended 
 armies to sharpen their instniments. Eucyc. 
 
 AD, a Latin preposition, signifying to. It Is probably 
 
 from Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. nnN, Ar. vt to 
 
 come near, to approach ; from which root we may 
 also deduce at. In composition, the last letter is 
 usually changed into the first letter of the word to 
 which it is prefixed. Thus for adclamo, the Romans 
 wrote acclanio i for adgredior, aggredior ; for ad- 
 Jirmo, ajjirmo ; for adlrgo, allego ; for ailpono, ap- 
 ponof for adripio, arripw ; for adscribo, ascribo ; for 
 adtineo, attineo. The reason of this change is found 
 in the ease of pronunciation, and agieeableness of 
 the sounds. 
 
 Md homincm ; to the man ; in logic, an argument 
 adapted to touch the prejudices of the person ad- 
 dressed. 
 
 M inipiirendum ; in law, a judicial writ command- 
 ing inquiry to be made. 
 
 Ad libitum ; at pleasure ; in music, applied to a 
 part or accompaniment which may be performed or 
 not, without interfering with the composition. 
 
 Jid valorem ; according to the value ; in commerce 
 and finance, terms used to denote duties or charges 
 laid upim goods, at a certain rate per cent, upmi 
 their value, as stated in tliinr invoices ; in oiiposition 
 to a sjiecific sum upon a given quantity or number. 
 A-DAG'TYL, 71. [Gr. u priv. and (!(Mri',\'p{, a digit.] 
 
 In zoology, a locomotive extremity without digits. 
 
 Bra ml e. 
 
 AD'AGE, 71. [L. adagium, or adagio ; It. a/lugio.] 
 
 A proverb ; an old saying, which has obtained 
 credit by long use ; a wise observation handed down 
 from antiquity. 
 .\D-a'GI-0, 71. [It. adagio, a compound of ad and 
 agio, leisure ; Sp. and Port, vciu ; L. otium ; Fr. 
 aise ; Eng. case] 
 
 In music, a slow movement. A piece of music, 
 to be performed in adagio ; as, an adagio of Haydn. 
 As an adverb, slowly, leisurely, and with grace. 
 When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs tlie move- 
 ment to bo very slow. 
 AI)'AM, n. In Heb. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. Man; prima- 
 rily, the name of the human species, mankind ; 
 appropriately, the first Man, the progenitor of the 
 human race. The word signifies fonn, shape, or 
 suitable form ; hence, species. As a verb, Ibi; word 
 signifies, in Ethiopic, to please or be agreeable; ill 
 Arabic, to join, unite, or be accordant, to agree. It 
 is evidently connected with nm Uamah, lleb. Ch. 
 Syr., to be like or equal, to fiirm an image, to assiin- 
 ilati^ ; whence the sense of likeness, image, form, 
 shape ; (Jr. ji /iai, a body, like. [.See Man.] 
 
 Adaui\i apple ; a species of citron, [see Citbon ;] 
 also, the proinini'iit [lart of the throat. 
 
 Adam's nrrdle : the popular iiami' of the yucca, a 
 plant of four species, cultivated in gardens. Of the 
 
 roots, the Indians made a kind of bread. [See 
 
 Yl'CCA.] 
 
 AD'A-MANT, n. [Gr. afnivm L. adumas; a word 
 of Celtic origin ; W. ehedroen, a lodestoiie, from 
 ehed, to fly or move, and vacn, or maen, a stone. 
 Chaucer uses adamant for the lodeslcne. Roniaunt 
 of tlie Rose, lin. 1182. Ger. diarnant is adamant and 
 diamond ; Sp. diamante ; Sw. daniant ; I'r. aimunt, 
 lodestonc. See Diamond.] 
 
 A stone imagined by some to be of impenetra- 
 ble hardness ; a nauie given to the diamond and 
 other substances of extreme hardness. The name 
 has often been given to the lodestoiie ; as, you draw 
 me, you hard-lieaited adamant. Shok. But ill mod- 
 ern mineralogy it has no technical sigiiifieatiiui. 
 
 AD-A-MANT-E'AX, a. Hard as adamant. Jlilloyi. 
 
 AD-A-MANT'INE, a. I\lade of adamant; having 
 the qualities of adamant; that can not be broken, 
 dissolved, or penetrated ; as, adamantine bonds, or 
 chains. 
 
 Adamantine .'rpar ; a variety of corundum, with 
 gray, brown, or greenish shades. 'I'liis sKme is 
 very hard, and of difficult fusion. Dana. 
 AD-AM'IG, <7. Pertaining to Adam. Adamic earth, 
 is the term given to common red day, so called by 
 means of a mistaken opinion, that Adam means 
 red earth. 
 
 AD'AM-ITES, 71. pi. In church hisUmj, a sect of 
 visionaries, who jiretended to establisli a state of 
 innocence, and, like Adam, went naked. They 
 abhorred marriage, holding it to be the effect of sin. 
 Several attempts have been made to revive this 
 sect ; one as late as the 15tli century. Encyc. 
 
 AD-AM-IT'IG, a. Like the Adamites. Taylor. 
 
 AD-AN-SO'NI-A, 7i. Ethiopian sour gourd, monkey's 
 bread, or African calabash-tree. It is a genus of 
 one species, called baobab, a native of .Africa, and 
 one of the largest of the vegetable kingdom. The 
 stern rises not above twelve or fifteen feet, but is 
 from sixty-five to sevcnty-eiglit feet in circum- 
 ference. The branches shoot horizontally to the 
 length of sixty feet, the ends bending to the ground. 
 The fruit is oblong, pointed at both ends, ten 
 inches in length, and covered with a greenish 
 down, under which is a hard, ligneous rind. It 
 hangs to the tree by^ a jiedicle two feet long, and 
 contains a white, spongy substance. 'I'he leaves 
 and bark, dried and powdered, are used by the 
 negroes as pepper on their food, to promote perspi- 
 ration. The tree is n;inied fiom M. Adansoii, who 
 has given a description of it. Encyc. 
 
 AD'A-PIS, 7!. An animal of the pachydermatous 
 order of mammals, somewhat resembling a hi'dge- 
 hng ; now extinct. Buckland. 
 
 A-DAPT', 7'. t. [S\i. adaptor ; It. adattarc ; L. ad and 
 apto, to fit; Gr. omtx).] 
 
 To make suitable ; to fit, or suit ; as, to adapt an 
 instrument to its uses ; we have provision adapted 
 to our wants. It is applied to things material or 
 immaterial. 
 
 A-DAPT-A-BIL'I-TY, ) 7i. The quality of being 
 
 A-DAPT'A-PiLE-NESS, \ capable of adaptation. 
 
 A-DAPT' A-BLE, a. That may be adapted. 
 
 AD-APT-a'TION, 71. The act of making suitable, or 
 the state of being suitable, or fit ; fitness. 
 
 A-D.\PT'ED, pp. Suited ; made suitable ; fitted. 
 
 A-D APT'ED-NESS, 71. state of being adapted ; suit- 
 ableness. 
 
 A-DAPT'ER, »!. One who adapts. 
 2. In rbemistni. See Adopter. 
 
 A-DAPT'ING, /)/;•. SiiiliuE; making fit. 
 
 A-DAP'TION, «. Adaptation ; the act of fitting. 
 [Little used, and hardly legitimate.] 
 
 A-DAPT'NESS, n. A state of being fitted. [JVot 
 used.] JVewtcm. 
 
 a'DaH, 71. A Hebrew month, answering to the 
 latti r part of February and the beginning of Alarcli, 
 the I2tli of the sacred and (ith of the civil year; so 
 named from "ilN, to become glorious, from the ex- 
 uberance of vegetation, in that month, in Egypt 
 and Palestine. I'arkhurst. 
 
 AD AR-HIT'RLU.M, [L.] At will or pleasure. 
 
 A-DAll'CE, n. [Gr. .i,\i/>a';c.] 
 
 A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy 
 grounds in Galatia. It is lax and porous, like bas- 
 taril sponge, and used to clear the sUiii in leprosy, 
 tetters, &c. (iuincy. Plot. 
 
 A-DXUXT', V. t. To subdue. [JV'ot used. See 
 Daunt.] iskelton. 
 
 AD-AW, ». f. To daunt ; to subject. [JVot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 A-DAA'S', aJr. On or in days ; as in the phrase now 
 
 a-dans. 
 
 An CAP-TA^r'nU.M, [L.] To captivate; ad eap- 
 Inndnm rulgns. to please and attract the populace. 
 
 AD-COK'PO-RATE, v. t. To unite one body with 
 another. 
 
 ADD, 7'. t. [L. addo, from ad and do, to give.] 
 
 1. To set or |iiit togeilier, join, or unite ; as, one 
 thing or sum to anothiT, in an aggregate; as, (wW 
 three III four, the sum is s( ven. 
 
 •J. To unite in iilea or consideration ; to subjoin ; as 
 to what has been alleged, let this nrguinent be adtled. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BgQK.— 
 
 16 
 
ADD 
 
 ADD 
 
 ADF 
 
 3. To increase number. 
 
 Thuu iliall add ihrce ciUcj more of refuge. — Dcul. xiK. 
 
 4. To augment. 
 
 R. holkKini rviil, I will oM W your yoko. — 1 Kiiipi xii. 
 
 Ye i\\A\ not add to Ihe wonl v^'liich 1 command you, — Dcut. iv. 
 
 As here used, the verb is intransitive, but there 
 may be an ellipsis. 
 
 To ulUt to, is used in Scripture, as equivalent to 
 ffii'i", or heslow upon. Gen. xxx. Matt. vi. In fial. 
 ii. the werd is understood to siKoify instruction ; 
 " In conlivence they acliltd nolliin^ to ine." In 
 narration, lie or they added, is i lliptical ; he addrd 
 words, or what follows, or he continued his dis- 
 course. 
 
 In general, when used of things, adtl implies a 
 principal thins, to which a smaller is to be an- 
 nexed, as a part of the whole sum, mass, or number. 
 
 AD-I)EC'I-.M.\TK, V. U [L. ad and drciinus, tenth.] 
 'I'o take, or to ascertain tithes. Diet. 
 
 ADD'ED, lip. Joined in place, in sum, in mass or 
 aggregati', in number, in idea, or consideration j 
 united ; put together. 
 
 AD nioE.M', I). (. [Sec Deem.] To award j to sen- 
 tence. [/MIeuscd.] 
 
 AD.DF~Y'DUM,n. : pi. Ad-den' DA. [L.] A thing 
 or things to be added ; an appendix. 
 
 AD'DEK, w. [Sax. (tUrr or leHur, a serpent and 
 IJoison ; D. adder, Uu. Sax. ntrdrc, a serpent ; Goth. 
 nadr; G. natter; W. ni-ider ; Corn, naddijr ; Ir. 
 nathair ; L. nalrii, a serpent.] 
 
 A venomous serpent of several species, belonging 
 to the vipiT family. 
 
 AD'DEIl-Kl.9, n. A name of the dragon-fly or 
 Libellula ; sometimes called adde.i^buH. 
 
 .\D'I)EK'S-G11ASS, n. A plant about which ser- 
 pents lurk. 
 
 .\D'DER'S-TO.\GUE, n. A genus of ferns, Ophio- 
 irlussuin, whose seeds are produced on a spike re- 
 sembling a serpent's tongue. 
 
 AD'DER'S-VVilllT, n. Snakeweed, so named from 
 its supposed virtue in curing the bite of serpents. 
 
 AD DI-UIL'I-TY, K. The possibility of being added. 
 
 Lncke. 
 
 AD'DI-BLE, a. [See Add.] That may be added. 
 
 Locke, 
 
 AD'DICE, n. [Obs.] See Adz. 
 
 .MJ-DICT', a. Addicted. [JVot mnck tised.] 
 
 AD DICT', 71. t. [L. addico, to devote, from ad and 
 
 dico, to dedicate.] 
 To aiiply one's self habitually ; to devote time 
 
 and attention by customary or constant practice. 
 
 [Sometimr-i in a good sense.'] 
 
 Tliey liavp addicted theniiielves to Uie ministry of the saints. 
 — 1 Cor. XV. 
 
 More u.9uallij, in a bad sense, to follow customa- 
 rily, or devote, by habitually practicing that which 
 is ill ; as, a man is addicted to intemperance. 
 
 To addict onc^s self to a person — a sense borrowed 
 from the Romans, who used the word for assigning 
 debtors in service to their creditors — is found in 
 Ren Jonson, but is not legitim.ite in English. 
 AD-DICT'ED, pp. Devoted by customary practice. 
 At)-DieT'ED-.\ESS, n. The quality or state of 
 
 being adtlicted. 
 AD-DIGT'ING, ppr. Devoting time and attention; 
 
 practicing customarily. 
 A1)-D1€'T10N, H. Tlie act of devoting or giving up 
 in practice ; the state of being devoted. 
 
 \\m addiction wns to courses vain. Shak. 
 9. Among the Romans, a making over goods to 
 another by sale or legtil sentence ; also, an assign- 
 ment of debtors in service to their creditors. 
 
 Encyr. 
 
 ADD'ING, ppr. Joining; putting together ; increasing. 
 
 AD-DIT'A-.MENT, ii. [I,, addilamrntum, from ad- 
 ditu.1 and ment. See .\i)d.] 
 
 An addition, or rather the thing added, as furni- 
 ture in a house ; any material mixed with the 
 princip.al ingredients in a compound. Ancient 
 anatomists gave the name to an cpiiihysis, or junc- 
 tion of bones without articulation. [Little used in 
 either sense.l 
 
 AD-DI"TIO.\, n. [L. addilio, from addo.] 
 
 1. The act of adding, opposed to subtraction, or 
 diminution ; as, a sum is increased by addition. 
 
 2. .Any thing added, whether material or im- 
 material. 
 
 3. In arithmetic, the uniting of two or more num- 
 bers in one sum ; also the rule or branch of arith- 
 metic which treats of .adding numbers. Simple ad- 
 dition is the joining of stims of the s.ame denom- 
 ination, as pounds to pounds, dollars to dollars. 
 Compound addition is the joining of sums of dif- 
 ferent denominations, as dollars and cents. 
 
 4. In law, a title annexed to a man's n.ame, to 
 show his rank, occupation, or place of residence ; 
 as, John Doe, Esq. ; Ricliard Roc, Gent. ; Robert 
 Dale, jl/ii^oii ; Thomas Way, of jYern York. 
 
 5. In miu<ic, a dot at the right side of a note, to 
 lengthen its sound one half. 
 
 6 In heraldnj, something added to a coat of arms. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— 
 
 as a mark of honor, opposed lu abatements ; as, 
 bordure, (juarter, canton, pj ruii, pile, fee. Encije. 
 
 7. In distillinu, any thing adiled to the wa.sh or 
 liquor in a state of fermentalion. 
 
 8. In popular laniruage, an advantage, ornament, 
 imiirovement ; that is, an addition by way of 
 eminence. 
 
 AD-D1"TIUN-AL, a. That is added. It is used by 
 
 Bacon for addition ; but improperly. 
 AD-DI"TI< ).\-AL-I.Y, I!y way of addition. 
 
 ADD'I-TIVE, a. That may be added, or that is to 
 
 be added. 
 
 ADI)'l-TO-RY, a. That adds, or may add. 
 AD'DLE, 0. [VV. Iiadijl, corrupt; liadlu, to decay, to 
 
 putrify ; llcb. Sin, to fail, Ar. ^»X2» hadula, to 
 
 decline, and ^ chadala, to frustrate, to fail, to 
 cease; Pax. aidlian, to be empty, or vain.] 
 
 Uninipregnated ; not fecundated ; also, having 
 lost the power of development ; in a tnorbid state ; 
 putrid ; applied to eggs. Hence, barren, producing 
 nothing. 
 
 His bniiiis grow addle. Dryden. 
 AD'DLE, V. I. To make addle ; to make corrupt or 
 
 morbid. Scott. 
 .\U'DLiL.D, pp. or a. Morbid, cornipt, putrid, or 
 
 barren. Brown. 
 AD'DLE-HEAD'ED, \ a. Having empty brains. 
 AD'1)LE-Pa-TED, i Dnjden. 
 AD-DOOM', r. f. [See Doom.] To adjudge. Spenser. 
 AD-D0RS'£D, (ad-dorst',) a. [L. ad and dorsum, the 
 
 bark.] 
 
 In heraldry, liaving the backs turned to each 
 other, as Acu-vtv. 
 AD-DRESS', V. U [Fr. adresser; Sp. enderezar ; It. 
 diriz'.are, to direct, to make straight. I'his is sup- 
 posed to be from L. dirio-o. See Dress.] 
 
 1. To prepare ; to make suitable dispositions for ; 
 to enter upon ; as, he now addressed himself to the 
 business. 
 
 Tunius addresser! his men to sincl*; li^ht. Dryden. 
 The archangel and Ute evil spirit addressing themselves for 
 the combat. Addison. 
 
 [ This sense is, I believe, obsolete or little used.] 
 
 2. To direct words or discourse; to apply to by 
 words ; as, to address a discourse to an assembly ; 
 to address the judges. 
 
 3. To direct in writing, as a letter ; or to direct 
 and transmit ; as, he addressed a letter to the 
 Speaker. Sometimes it is used with the reciprocal 
 pronoun ; as, he addressed himself to tlie Speaker, 
 instead of, he addressed his discourse. Tin? phrase 
 is faulty, but less so than the following: To such 
 I woulil address with this most affectionate petition. 
 
 younjj Turnus to the beauteous m iid addressed, Dryden. 
 The latter is admissible in poetry, as an elliptical 
 phrase. 
 
 4. To present an address, as a letter of thanks or 
 congratulation, a petition, or a testimony of respect; 
 as, the Icgishiture addressed the President. 
 
 .'■>. To court or make suit as a lover. 
 
 6. In commerce, to consign or intrust to the care 
 of another, as agent or factor ; .as, the ship was ad- 
 dressed to a merchant in Baltimore. 
 AD-DRESS', n. A speaking to ; verbal application ; 
 a formal manner of speech ; as, when introduced, 
 the President made a short address. 
 
 2. A written or formal application ; a message of 
 respect, congratulation, th.anks, petition, &c. ; as, 
 an aildress of thanks ; an ofticer is removable upon 
 the address of both houses of assembly. 
 
 3. Manner of speaking to another ; as, a man of 
 pleasing address. 
 
 4. Courtship ; more generally in the plural, ad- 
 dresses ; as, he makes or pays his addresses to a lady. 
 
 5. Skill ; dexterity ; skillful management ; as, the 
 envoy conducted the negotiation with aildress. 
 
 6. Direction of a letter, &.C., including the name, 
 title, and place of residence of the person for « hom 
 it is intended. Hence, these particulars are denom- 
 inated a man's adtlress. 
 
 AD-DRESS'£D, (ad-drest',) ;>p. Spoken or applied 
 
 to ; directed ; courted ; consigned. 
 AD-DIIESS'ER, 71. One who addresses or petitions. 
 AD-DRESS'lXG, ppr. Speaking or applying to; 
 
 directing ; courting ; consigning. 
 AD-DOCE', D. U [L. adduco, to lead or bring to; ad 
 
 and duco, to lead. See Duke.] 
 
 1. To bring forward, present, or olTcr ; as, a wit- 
 ness was adduced to prove the fact. 
 
 2. To cite, name, or introduce ; as, to adduce an 
 authority or an argimicnt. 
 
 AD-DuC'i:D, rad-duste',) pp. Brought for\vard ; 
 cited ; alleged in argument. 
 
 AD-DO'CENT, a. Bringing forward, or together ; a 
 word applied to those nmscles of the body which 
 pull one part toward another. [See Addi'ctoe.] 
 
 AD-DO'CER, n. One that adduces. 
 
 AD-DO'CI-ULE, o. That may be adduced. 
 
 AD DOC'INU, ppr. Uiinging forward ; citing iu 
 argument. 
 
 AD-l)lI«;' I ION, n. The act of bringing forward. 
 AD-DUC'TIVE, a. That brings forward. 
 AD-DUe'TOR, 71. !L.] 
 
 A muscle which draws one part of the body 
 toward another ; as the adductor oculi, which turns 
 the eye toward the nose ; the adductor poliicii nianus, 
 which draws the thumb toward the fingers. 
 AD-DULCE', (ad-duls',) v. t. [I., ad and dulcis, 
 
 sweet.] To sweeten. [A'oi used.] Bacon. 
 AD'EB, 71. An Egyptian weight of 210 okea, each of 
 thr«?e rotolos, which last is a weight of about two 
 drams less than the English pound. But at Kosetla, 
 the adeb is only l.'jO okes. Encyc. 
 AD-E-LAN-Ta'DO, n. [Spanish.] 
 
 A governor of a province ; a lieutenant-governor. 
 
 Kobert'<on. 
 
 AD'EL-ING, 71. A title of honor, given by our Saxon 
 ancestors to the children of princes, and to ytmng 
 nobles. It is coni|>osed of adel, or rather a-thel, the 
 Teutonic term for noble, illtftrioits, and tintr, young, 
 posterity. Spelman. Sw. adeliir ; I), cdel ; (ier. edcl 
 and adelifT, noble , Sp. hidalgo. We obser\'e the 
 term in many Saxon names of princes ; .as, Etlu l-icolf, 
 noble wolf, or noble help ; Ethel-bald, noble bold ; 
 
 Elhel-bcrt, noble brightness. Ar. ^^jj atJiala, to be 
 
 well rooted, to be of noble slocK or birth. Class Dl. 
 
 AD'E-LITE, 71. Adi lites or .'Vlmoganens, in Spain, 
 were conjurers, who predicted the fortunes of indi- 
 viduals by the flight and singing of birds, and other 
 accidental circumstances. Ed. Ennjc. 
 
 A-DEL'O-POD, 71. [Gr. a privative, tri\u(, apparent, 
 and Toi'i, foot.] 
 An animal whose feet are not apparent. Mnrin. 
 
 AD-E.MP'TION. n. [L. adtmo, to take away ; of tid 
 and emo, to take,] 
 
 In tlie civil law, the revocation of a grant, dona- 
 tion, or the like. 
 
 AD-EN-OG'RA-PIIY, ti. [Gr. at'rji., a gland, and 
 ) pw*<M, to describe.] 
 That part of anatomy which treats of the glands. 
 
 AD'E.\-OID, a. [Gr. a/im , a gland, and tiiJos, form.] 
 In the form of a gland ; glandiform. 
 
 AD-E.\-0-LOG'ie-.\L, a. Pertaining to the doctrine 
 of the glands. Encyc. 
 
 AD-E.\-OL'0-0Y, 71. [Gr. ain", a gland, and \oyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 In annlfimij, the doctrine of the glands, their na- 
 ture, and their uses. 
 
 AD'E-.\OS, 71. A species of cotton, from Aleppo, 
 called .also marine cotton. 
 
 AD-E.\'-OT'0-.MY, «. [Gr. aSriv, a gland, and ropr,, 
 a cutting.] 
 
 In anatomy and surgery, a cutting or incision of a 
 gland. Morin. 
 AD-EPT', 71. [L. ttdeptus, obtained, from adipUcar.] 
 One fiilly sKilled or well versed in any art. The 
 tenn is borrowed from the alchemists, who applied 
 it to one who pretended to have found the pliiloso- 
 jiher's stone, or the panacea. Encyr. 
 AD-EPT', a. Well skilled ; completely versed or ac- 
 
 quainled with. Boyle. 
 AD-EP'TION, n. [L. aih-plio.] 
 
 .■\n obtaining ; actpiirement. [04*.] Bacon. 
 AD-KPT'IST, II. An adept. 
 
 AD'E-CiUA-CY, II. [L. adirijuatus, of ad and eequatus, 
 made equal.] 
 
 'J'lie state or quality of being equal to, proportion- 
 ate, or sufficient ; a suliiciency for a particular pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The adequacy of supply to the cxpcodiUire, 
 
 U'ar in Ditguiu. 
 
 AD'E-dUATE, a. Equal ; proportionate ; corre- 
 spondent to ; fully sullicient ; as, means aileijuale 
 to the object ; we have no adequate ideas of infinite 
 power, 
 
 .Adequate ideas, are such as exactly represent Iheir 
 object, 
 
 AD'E-CIUaTE, v. L To resemble exactly. [jVot 
 u.<ed.] Shelford. 
 
 AD'E-tiUATE-l.Y, adr. In an adequate manuet ; in 
 exact [iroportion ; with just corres|Mmd> uce, rt-pre- 
 sentation, or proportion ; in a degree equ.al to tlie 
 object, 
 
 AD'iUiUATE-.XESS, n. The state of being ade- 
 quate ; justness of proportion or representation ; 
 surticiency. 
 
 AD-E-UUa'TIO.X, 71. Adequateness. [JVot u.icd.] 
 
 Bp. Barluw. 
 
 AD-ES-SE-N A'RI-AXS, 71. pL [L. adessc, to be pres- 
 ent.] 
 
 In church hiitonj, a sect who hold the real pres- 
 ence of Christ's body in the eucharist, but not by 
 transubstantiation. They differ, however, as to 
 tllis presence : some holding the body of Christ to 
 be in the bread ; others, about the bread. Encyc, 
 AD-FECT'ED, a. In algebra, coniiiounded ; consist- 
 ing of dill'erent powers of the unknown quantity, 
 
 Baden/. 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS, — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS, 
 
 A 
 
ADl 
 
 ADJ 
 
 AJ)-FIL'[-A.TED, a. Adopted as a son. [See Af- 
 
 flLlA i E.] 
 
 AI)-FlL-f-A'TION, 71. [L. arf and filiiu<i, a son.] 
 
 A Gothic custom, by which tlie children of a for- 
 mer marriage are put upon tiie same looting willi 
 those of a succeeding one ; still retained in some 
 parts of Germanv. 
 
 ^DFPA^EM, [L.] To the end. 
 
 AD-HeRE', v. i. [L. adiuireo, ad and hcerco, to stick ; 
 Ir, adfiaradJL,] 
 
 1. To stick to, as glutinous substances, or by nat- 
 ural growth 5 as, the lungs sometimes adhere to the 
 pleura. 
 
 2. 'J'o be joined, or held in contact ; to cleave to. 
 
 3. Figuratively^ to hold to, be attached, or remain 
 fixed, either by personal union or conformity of faith, 
 principle, or opinion ; as, men adhere to a party, a 
 leader, a church, or creed. 
 
 4. To be consistent ; to hold together as the parts 
 of a system. 
 
 Every tiling adlures togeliier. Shak, 
 
 AD-HkR'ENCE, n. The quality or state of sticking 
 or adhering. 
 
 2. Figuraiirehj, a being fixed in attacliment ; fidel- 
 ity ; steady attachment j as, an adlurenee to a party 
 or opinions. 
 
 AD-HeR'EN-CY, 7u The same as Adherence. In 
 the sense of thai which ad/iereSy not legitimate. 
 _ Decay of Piety. 
 
 AD-HeR'EXT, a. Sticking, uniting, as glue or wax ; 
 united with , as, " an adherent mode," in Locke, 
 tliat is, a mode accidentally joined with jin object, 
 as wetness in a cloth. 
 
 AD-HeR'E\'T, 71. The person who adheres; one 
 n ho follows a leader, party, or profession ; a fol- 
 lower, or partisan ; a believer in a particular faith 
 or church. 
 
 Injhe sense nf an appendage, obsolete. 
 
 AD HeR'ENT-LY, ado. In an adherent manner. 
 
 AD-IIeR'ER, n. One that adheres ; an adherent. 
 
 AD-He'SION, (ad-he'zhun,) n. [L. adhtcsio.] 
 
 1. The act or state of sticking, or being united 
 and attached to; as, the adhesion of glue, or of parts 
 united by growth, cement, and the like. Mhesion 
 is generally used in a literal, adherence in a meta- 
 phorical sense. 
 
 2. Sometimes, figuratively, adherence, union, or 
 steady attachment ; firmness in opinion ; as, an ad- 
 heiion to vice ; but in this sense nearly obsolete. 
 The union of bodies by attraction is usually de- 
 nominated cohesion. 
 
 The term adhesion, in physics, has been applied to 
 the force by which bodies of ditferent kinds adhere 
 when united ; cohesion, to the force that unites the 
 particles of homogeneous bodies. Brande. 
 
 In medicine, the union, by disease, of contiguous 
 parts, naturally separate ; as, the adhesion of the 
 lungs to tlie pleura ; or the union of the separated 
 parts^of a wound, in the process of healing. 
 AD-HE'SIVE, a. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous 
 substances ; apt or tending to adhere. Thus gums 
 arc adlte^ive. 
 
 Mlwswt plaster ; in medicine, sticking plaster ; 
 used especially for uniting the lips of wounds. 
 
 Jldhesive iuJUimmation ; in medicine, that kind of 
 inllammation which causes adhesion. 
 
 Mhesice slate ; a variety of .slaty clay, adhering 
 strongly to the tongue, and rapidly absorbing water. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 AD-IlK'SIVE-LY, ado. In an adhesive manner. 
 AB-He'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of sticking or 
 
 adhering; stickiness; tenacity. 
 AD-HIB'IT, V. L [L. luikibeo, ad and liaieo, to have.] 
 
 To use, or apply. [Hardy used.] 
 AD-HI-IiI"TIO.\, H. Applicaticm ; use. miitaker. 
 .\0'HII/, n. A star of the sixth magnitude, upon the 
 garment of Andromeda, under the last star in her 
 foot. F.ncijc. 
 AD HOM'l-mM, [L.] To the man ; to the interests 
 
 or passions of the man. 
 AD-HCJK-Ta'TION, 71. [L. adhorlatio.] 
 
 Advice. r.SVWom used.] 
 AD-HOR'TA-TO-RY, a. [L. adhortor, to advise, ad 
 and horti/r.] 
 Advisory ; containing counsel or warning. 
 
 Polter\i Antiq. 
 A-DI-AI'II'OR-I.STS, 71. IGr. a,!ia0oor,f, indifferent.] 
 Moderate Lutherans ; a name given, in llie six- 
 teenth century, to certain men that followed Me- 
 lancthon, who wa-i more pacific than Luther. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 Tlie Adiapliorists held some opinions and ccremo- 
 nicH to be inililfi-rent, which l.uther condemned as 
 Kinfril <ir lif;r(-tic.-il. 
 
 A-DI AI'irOR ri'EH. See Adiaphor.sts. 
 
 A-DI-AI>ll'(J ROUS, a. Indillerent ; neulnil. A 
 nain<: given by lloyle to a Mpirit distilled from tar- 
 tar, and dome other vegetable Hubstancex, mullier 
 acid nor alkahne, or not poKseMsmg the distinct 
 chanirter of any clic mica} boily 
 
 In medicme, dnnotini; a uiedicinn which will do 
 neither harm nor good. Danglinon. 
 
 A-DiEU', (a-du'.) [Fr. d Dieu, to God ; a compound 
 word, and an elliptical form of speech, lur / ci<;ii- 
 mend yon to Ooil. It is calleil an adverb, but it has 
 none of the juoperties of a modifying word.] 
 
 Farewell ; an expression of kind wishes at the 
 parting of friends. 
 
 A-DIEU', 71. A farewell, or commendation to the 
 care of God ; as, an everlasting adieu. 
 
 AD IJ^-DEF-I J^PTUM, [L.] To any indefinite 
 extent. 
 
 AD m-FI-J^PTUM, [L.] To endless extent. 
 AD IJV-QUI-REJVDUM, [L.] For inquiry, a writ. 
 AD /JV TER-IJil, [L.] In tlie mean time ; for the 
 present. 
 
 AD'L'V-oLE, 71. See Petrosilex. 
 AD-I-POC'ER-aTE, v. U To convert into adipocere. 
 AD-I-POC-ER-A'TION, 7i. The act or process of 
 
 being chaiiged into adipocere. 
 AD'H'O-CeRE', 71. [L. adcps, fat, and cera, Fr. cire, 
 
 wax.] 
 
 A soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light- 
 brown color, into which the muscular fibres of dead 
 animal bodies are converted, by long immersion in 
 water or spirit, or by burial in moist places under 
 peculiar circumstances. This substance was first 
 discovered by Fourcroy, in the burying-ground of 
 the Church des Iiinocens, when it was removed in 
 1787. _ Lunier. Med. Rrpos. Ed. Eiicyc. 
 
 AD'I-PoSE, a. [L. adiposus, from adeps, fat. Q.U. 
 Oh. »20, to grow fat ; Heb. and Ch., fat, gross, stu- 
 £>o , 
 
 pid ; Ar. ^XJLSflj tafashun, fat, bulky.] 
 
 Fat. In anatomy, the adipose membrane is tlie cel- 
 luhu- membrane, containing the fat in its cells. The 
 adipose arteries and veins are spread on the coat and 
 fat that cover the kidneys. — The adipose sacs and 
 ducts are the bags and ducts which contain the fat. 
 Qniney. Coze. — Adipose tissue; an assemblage of 
 minute, round vesicles, containing the fat; closely 
 agglomerated, and imbedded in the interstices of 
 
 the common cellular tissue. Oeddings. idipose 
 
 substance; animal fat. 
 
 AD'IT, 71. [L. aditus, from adeo, aditum, to approach, 
 ad and eo, to go.] 
 
 An entrance or passage ; a term in mining, used 
 to denote the opening by which a mine is entered, 
 or by which water and ores are carried away ; called 
 also the drift. It is usually made in the side of a 
 hill. The word is sometimes used for air-shaft, but 
 not with strict propriety. Encijc. 
 
 AD-Ja'CEN-CY, 71. [L. adjaceo, to lie contiguous, 
 from ad and jaceo, to lie.] 
 
 The state of lying close or contiguous ; a border- 
 ing upon or lying next to ; as, the adjacency of lands 
 or buildings. In the sense of that which is adjacent, 
 as used by Brown, it is not legitimate. 
 
 AD-Ja'CENT, a. Lying near, close, or contiguous ; 
 bordering upon ; as, a field adjacent to the highway. 
 
 AD-Ja'CENT, 71. That which is next to or contigu- 
 ous. [Little used.] Locke. 
 
 AD-Ja'CENT-LY, adv. So as to be adjacent. 
 
 AD-JECT', v. U [L. adjicio, of ad and jacio, to 
 throw.] 
 
 To add or put, aa one thing to another. 
 
 Machiitrht. 
 
 AD-JEC'TION, 77. The act of adding, or thing add- 
 ed. [Little lused.] Brown. 
 
 AD-JEe-TI"TIOUS, a. Added. Parhhurst, Oram. 
 
 AD'JEG-TIVE, 77. In grammar, a word used with a 
 noun, to express a quality of the thing named, or 
 something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or 
 to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from some- 
 thing else. It is called also an attributive or attri- 
 bute. 'X'hus, in the phrase, a wise rulcr^ icise is the 
 adjective or attribute, exjiressing a particular prop- 
 erty of ruler. 
 
 Adjective color ; a color which requires to be fixed 
 by some mordant or base to give it permanency. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 AD'JEC-TIVE-LY, adv. In the manner of an adjec- 
 tive ; as, a word is used adjcctively. 
 
 AD-JOIN', V. L [Fr. adjomdre; L. adjungo, ad and 
 jungo. See Join.] 
 
 To join or unite to ; to put to, by placing in con- 
 tact ; to unite, by fastening together with a joint, 
 mortise, or knot. liiit in these transitive senses, it 
 is rarely used. [See Join.] 
 
 AD-JOIN', 71. 1. To lie or be next to, or in contact ; 
 to be contiguous ; as, a farm ai/joiain^ to the high- 
 way. This is tlie common use of the word, and to 
 is ofli^n omitted ; as, adjoining the highway. 
 
 AD-JOIN'ANT, a. Coniiguous to. (JVof used.] 
 
 Curew. 
 
 AD-JOIN'£T), (ad-joind'j) jip. Joined to; united. 
 AU-JOIN'ING, ppr. Joining to; adjacent; contigu- 
 ous. 
 
 ADJOURN', (ad-jurn',) v. t. [Fr. ajourner, from joiir- 
 7i<*f , a day, tir day's work, or journey ; It. giorno. 
 See Journal, Jol'rnkv.] 
 
 Literally, to put olf, or defer to another day ; but 
 now used to denote a formal intermission of busi- 
 ness, n pulling olf to any future meeting of the 
 
 same body, and appropriately used of public bodies 
 or private commissioners, iulrusted with business ; 
 as, the court adjcumed the consideration of the ques- 
 tion. 
 
 ADJOURN', V. i. To suspend business for a time ; 
 as from one day to another, or for a longer period, 
 usually public business, as of legislatures and courts, 
 for repose or refreshment ; as, Congress adjourned 
 at four o'clock. It is also used for the act of closing 
 the session of a public body ; as, the court adjourned 
 without day. 
 
 It was moved that parliament should adjourn for six weeJts. 
 
 Select Speeches, vol. v, 4U3. 
 AD-J0URN'J5:D, (ad-jurnd',) pp. Put ofl", delayed, or 
 deferred for a limited time. 
 
 2. As an adjective, existing or held by adjourn- 
 ment ; as, an adjourned session of a court, opposed 
 to stated or regular. 
 AD JOURN'ING, ppr. Deferring; suspending for a 
 
 time ; closing a session. 
 AD-JOURN'iMENT, 71. The act of adjourning ; as, 
 in legislatures, the adjournment of one house is not 
 an adjournment of tile other. 
 
 2. i'he putting ofl" till another day or time speci- 
 fied, or without day ; that is, the closing of a session 
 of a public or official body. 
 
 3. The time or interval during which a public 
 body defers business; as, during an adjournment. 
 But a suspension of business for refreshment, be- 
 tween the forming of a house and an adjournment, is 
 called a recess. In Great Britain, the close of a sm- 
 sioH of parliament is called a prorogation ; as the 
 close of a parliament is a dissolution. But in Great 
 Britain, as well as in the United States, adjournment 
 is now used for an intermission of business for any 
 indefinite time; as, an adjournment of parliament 
 fiir six vveeks. Select Speeches, vol. v. 404. 
 
 AD-JUD6E', V. L [Fr. adjuger, from juge, judge. 
 See JuDOE.] 
 
 To decide, or determine, in the case of a contro- 
 verted question ; as, the prize was adjudged to the 
 victor ; to decree by a judicial opinion \ used ap- 
 propriately of courts of law and equity ; as, the 
 case was adjudged in Hilary term ; a criminal was 
 adjudged to suffer death. 
 
 It has been used in the sense of (0 judge ; as, he 
 adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. But this 
 sense is unusual. 
 
 AD-JUDG'JED, fad-judjd',) pp. Determined by judi- 
 cial opinion ; decreed ; sentenced. 
 
 .\D-JUDG'ING, ppr. Deterinining by judicial opin- 
 ion ; sentencing. 
 
 AD-JUDG'MENT, 71. The act of judging ; sentence. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 AD-Ju'DI-CaTE, ». t. [L. adjudico, to give sentence. 
 See Judge.] 
 
 To adjudge ; to try and determine, as a court. It 
 has the sense of adjudge. 
 
 AD-Ju'DI-CaTE, 7>. i. To try and determine upon 
 judicially ; as, the court adjudicated upon the case. 
 
 AD-Ju'DI-Ca-TED, pp. Adjudged; tried and de- 
 cided. 
 
 AD-JO'DI-Ca-TING, ppr. Adjudging; trying and 
 determining. 
 
 AD-Ju-DI-Ca'TION, 71. The act of adjudging ; the 
 act or process of trying and determining judicially ; 
 as, a ship was taken and sent into port for adjudica- 
 tion. 
 
 2. A judicial sentence; judgment or decision of a 
 court. 
 
 Whose faniiliLB were parties to some of the former adjudicci. 
 tions. Btackitone. 
 
 3. In Scots law, an action by which a creditor at- 
 taches the heritable estate of his debtor, or his debt- 
 or's heir, in paynnmt or security of his debt ; or an 
 action by which the holder of a heritable right, la- 
 boring under a defect in point of form, may supply 
 that defect. Encyc. 
 
 AD'JU-MENT, 71. [L. adjumentum.] 
 
 Help ; support. [JVuJ used.] 
 AD'JUNGT, 11, [L. ad/uncfui, joined, from od/im^o. 
 See Join.] 
 
 1. Something added to another, but not essential- 
 ly a part of it ; as, water absorbed by a cloth or 
 sponge is its adjunct. Also, a person joined to an- 
 other. 
 
 2. In metaphysics, a quality of the body or the 
 mind, whether natural or acquired; as color, in the 
 body ; tliinking, in file mind. 
 
 ;t. In grammar, words added to illustrate or am- 
 plify the force of other words ; as, tlie History of 
 the American Jirrolittion. The words in Italics are 
 the adjunctji of Jlistory. 
 
 4. Ill music, the word is employed to denominate 
 the relation bi tweeii the principal mode and th» 
 modes of its two fifths. Encyc 
 
 'Phe adjunct deities, among the Romans, were in- 
 ferior deities, which were added as assistants to the 
 principal gods ; a.s Bellona to Mars ; to Vulcan, the 
 Cubiri : to the (iood Genius, the Lares; to the Evil, 
 tile Leniures. Encyc. 
 
 Ill the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, the orf- 
 
 FATE. FAB, FALl., Wl>.{LT. — METE, PREY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W^QLF, BQQK.— 
 18 
 
ADL 
 
 juiicLi wen- a class of mcmbiTS ntlnrlicil to tlin piir- 
 sint ol" particular sciences. Tliuy were twelve in 
 number, creiileil in 171(i. F.nciic. 
 Mmnct lias been used for a colleague, but rarely. 
 
 IVoltoH. 
 
 AD'.)UN€T, a. Added to or united with ; ajs, an ad- 
 
 junrt professor. 
 AD-JUNC'TION, 71. The act of joining ; the thing 
 
 joined. 
 
 AU JUNCT'lVE, a. Joining; liaving the quality of 
 joining. 
 
 AD-JUNGT'IVE, n. That which is joined. 
 AD-JUXeT'IVK-LY, mIb. In an adjunctive man- 
 ner. 
 
 AD-JUNGT'LY, ade. In connection with ; conse- 
 quently. 
 
 AD-JU-Ka'TION, 71. The act of adjuring ; a solemn 
 charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse. 
 
 2. The form of oath. Mdixon. 
 AD-JC'RE', V. U [L. adjiiro, to swear solemnly, or 
 
 compel one to swear ; from ad and juro, to swear.] 
 1. To charge, bind, or command oil oath, or under 
 the penalty of a curse. 
 
 JosliuA (vljured thorn (il that lime, paying, CnrsM bfi the man 
 livlon: the Lonl, tliat rtsetb up tuid buildcth this city of 
 Jericho. — Josh. vi. 
 
 9. To charge earnestly and solemnly, on pain of 
 God's wrath. 
 
 I adjurt lliee by the living God. — Mntt. xxvi. Acts xix, 
 
 3. To conjure ; to charge, urge, or summon with 
 solemnity. 
 
 Ye Siicred nlnre, li- ill ol yoo ailjarrd. Dnjden. 
 The coinmisaionere adjured ihein not to let pnss bo favorable 
 an opportunity ol lecuriii j Uicir iiUTtic-i 
 
 Marsliatl'i Li/e of W'aihin^lon. 
 
 AD^IPR'/TD, pp. Charged on oath, or with a denun- 
 ciation of God's wrath ; solemnly urged. 
 
 AD-JOU'EK, 71. One that adjures; one that exacts 
 an oath. 
 
 fiX>-i C'R'ING, p/>r. Charging on oath, or on the pen- 
 alty of a curse ; beseeching with solenmity. 
 
 ADJUST', r. i. [Sp. ajuslnr ; Port, id.; It. as'g-iiu's- 
 tare ; Fr. ajustrr, to fit or frame ; of L. ad, and Jus- 
 tus, just, e,\act. See Just.] 
 
 1. To make e.\act ; to fit ; to make correspondent, 
 or contbrmable ; as, to adjust a garment to the body, 
 an event to tlic prediction, or things to a standard. 
 
 Swift. Lockf. Jiddison. 
 
 2. To put in order ; to regulate or reduce to sys- 
 tem ; as, to adjust a scheme ; to adjust atfairs. 
 
 3. To make accurate ; to settle or bring to a satis- 
 factory state, so that parties are agreed in the re- 
 sult ; as, to adjust accounts ; the differences are ad- 
 justed. 
 
 Af)-JUS'r'A-BLE, a.- That may or can be adjusted. 
 
 AD-JIJST'ED, pp. Made exact or confonnable ; re- 
 duced to a right form or standard ; settled. 
 
 AD-JUST'ER, 71. A person who adjusts ; that which 
 regulates. 
 
 AD-.IUST'I.\G, ppr. Reducing to due form ; fitting; 
 makins exact or correspondent ; .settling. 
 
 AD-JUST'MENT, 71. The act of adjusting ; regula- 
 tion ; a reducing to just form or order ; a making fit 
 or coiiforuiable ; settlement. IVatts. fVnodward. 
 
 AD'JIT-TAGE, or AJ'lJ-TAGE, 71. A tube fitted to 
 the mouth of a vessel, through which water Is played 
 in a fountain. Kncyc. 
 
 .\I)'JLr-TA.\-CY, 71. [See Adjutant.] The ofiicc 
 of an adjutant ; skillful arrangement. Burke. 
 
 .^D'JU-T.-^.N'T, 71. [L. adjutans, aiding; from adjuto, 
 to assist, of ad ^nn juco, jutum, to help.] 
 
 In mditar)! affairs, an officer whose business is to 
 assist the superior officers by receiving and commu- 
 nicating orders. He places guards, receives and 
 distributes ammunition, assigns places of rendez- 
 vous, &.C. 
 
 MjiUant-gencra! , in an army, is the chief adjutant. 
 
 MiiUants-frcncral, among tJie JrsuiU, were a select 
 number of fathers, who resided with the general of 
 the order, each of whom had a province or country 
 assigned to his care. Their busini^ss was to cor- 
 respond with that province, by their delegates, em- 
 issaries or visitors, and give information of occur- 
 rences to the father-general. Enenjc. 
 
 The ailjnlanl is a very large species of crane, 
 called also the g-irrautie crane, a native of India ; one 
 of the most voracious and carnivorous birds knotvn. 
 
 P. Cijc 
 
 AI) JUTE', 7>. t. To help. [JVottised.] 
 
 AD-JC"T0R, 71. A helper. [Little used ; its compound 
 CoADJL'Ton 15 in comwon ii.tr.] 
 
 AD-JU'TRI.X, II. A female assistant. 
 
 AD-JO'VANT, a. Helping; assisting. Howell. 
 
 AD-JO' VA.Vr, 71. An ;ussi?tar.t. In medicine, a sub- 
 stance added to a prescription, to aid the o|>eration 
 of the principal ingredient or basis. Ci/f. J\led. 
 
 AD-LE-GA'TI0.\, 71. ad and Ic^atio, an embassy, 
 from le^o, to send. Sec Legate.] 
 
 In £Ar public law of the German empire, a right, 
 claimed by the states, of joining their own miiiis- 
 lers with those of the emperor, in public treaties 
 
 ADM 
 
 and negotiation.^, relating to the common interest 
 of tlK- euipiri*. Etirijc. 
 AD I.IH'I-TUM, [L.] At pleasure; without restric- 
 .\D-LO-eO'Tl(i.\, 11. See .Allocution. [liim. 
 AD-JIEAS'IJIIE, (ad-mezh ur,) v. t. [ad and meas- 
 ure. Sec Measuke.] 
 
 1. To measure or .ascertain dimensions, size, or 
 capacity ; used for measure. 
 
 •2. To apportitm ; to assign to each claimant his 
 right; as, to admeasure dower or common of pasture. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 AD-MEAS'TJR-CT), pp. Measured; apportioned. 
 AD-MEAS'nitE .ME.N'T, 71. The measuring of di- 
 mensions by a rule, as of a ship, ca.sk, and the like. 
 
 2. 'I'lie measure of a thing, or dimensions ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 In these uses the word is equivalent to vicasure- 
 menf, iiieHsuratioft, antl measure. 
 
 3. The adjustment of proportion, or ascert.ain- 
 meiit of shares, as of dower or pasture held in com- 
 mon. This is done by writ of admeasurement, di- 
 rected to the sheriff. Blackstone. 
 
 .AD-JIEAS'IIR-ER, 71. One that admeasures. 
 
 AD-MEAS'TR-lNt;, ppr. Measuring; apportioning. 
 
 AD-MEi\-SU-Ra'TIO.\ is equivalent to Admeasure- 
 ment, but not iimcli used. [Sec .Mensuratio.n.] 
 
 AD-MIN'I-CI.E, 71 ri,. adminiculum.] 
 Help ; support. [JSTid used.] 
 
 AD-Ml.\-I€'l'-I,AR, <i. Supplying help; helpful. 
 
 AD-MI.\'IS-TER, 1.-. L [L. admini.<:tro, of ad and 
 ministro, to serve or manage. See .Mimster.] 
 
 1. To art as minister or chief agent, in managing 
 public affairs, under laws or a constitution of gov- 
 ernment, as a king, president, or other suprfine 
 olhoer. It is used also of absolute monaiclis, who 
 rule not in subortiination ; hut is more strictly appli- 
 cable to limited monarchs ami other supreme exec- 
 utive officers, and to govi^rnors, viceroys, judges, 
 and the like, who are tinder the authority of law.s. 
 A king or a president admini^te^rs the government or 
 laws when he executes them, or carries them into 
 effect. A judge administers the laws when he a\y 
 plies them to particular cases or persons. In short, 
 to administer is to direct the e.xecution or application 
 of laws. 
 
 2. To dispense, as, to administer justice or the 
 sacrament. 
 
 3. To afford ; to give or furnish ; as, to administer 
 relief, that is, to act as the agent. To administer 
 medicine, is to direct and cause it to be taken. 
 
 4. To give, as an oath ; to cause to swear accord- 
 ing to law. 
 
 AD-JlIiN'IS-TER, V. i. To contribute ; to bring aid 
 or supplies ; to add something ; as, a shade adnunu;- 
 ters to our couifiiit. 
 
 2. To perform ths office of administrator ; as, A 
 administers mxm the estate of R. 
 
 AD-iMl.N'IS-TER-KI), pp. Executed ; managed ; 
 governed ; aHi>rded ; given ; dispensed. 
 
 AD-.MIN-IS-TE'RI-AI., a. Pertaining to administra- 
 tion, or to the executive part of government. 
 
 AD- -M1N"I.''-'1"ER-IN(;, ppr. Executing ; carrying into 
 elfeel ; eivinc ; disjiensing. 
 
 AD-.M I.N'lS-'l'K.xTE, in the place of Administer, 
 has been used, but is not well authorized. 
 
 AD-.ML\-IS-TRa'TION, 71. The act of administer- 
 ing I directitm ; management ; government of public 
 nfiitirs ; the conducting of any office or employment. 
 
 2. The executive part of government, consisting 
 in the exercise of the constitutional and legal pow- 
 ers, the general superintendence of national affairs, 
 and the enforcement of laws. 
 
 3. The persona collectively, who are intnisted 
 with the execution of laws, and the superintendence 
 of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his coun- 
 cil ; or the council alone, as in Great Britain. 
 
 4. Dispensjition j distribution ; exhibition ; as, the 
 administration of justice, of the sacrament, or of 
 grace. I Cor. xii. 2 Uor. ix. 
 
 5. The management of the estate of an intestate 
 person, tinder a commission from the jiroper author- 
 ity. This management consists in collecting debts, 
 paying debts and legacies, and distributing the 
 property among tlM heirs. 
 
 6. The power, Mfice, or commission of an admin- 
 istrator. 
 
 Surrogate* art Butliorizrd to grant (irfmin«lralion. 
 
 Laicr 0/ Neu York. 
 It U mor« uiuiil to lay, teUert of adminutrtuion. 
 
 Dla^iitone. 
 
 7. This name was given by the Spaniards to the 
 staple magazine or w.arehouse at Callao, in Peru, 
 where foreien ships must unload. Kncyc. 
 
 AD-.MIN'IS-TRA-Tl VE, a. That administers, or by 
 which one administers. 
 
 AD-.MI.\-IS-TRa'TOR, n. A m.an who, by virtue of 
 a commission from the ordinary, surrogate, court 
 of probate, or other proper authority, has the charsje 
 of the gtKids and estate of one dying without a will. 
 
 2. One who administers, or who directs, man- 
 ages, distributes, or dispenses laws and rites, either 
 in civil, judicial, inilitical, or erclesiastic^il affairs. 
 3 In Scots taw, a tutor, curator, or guardian, hav- 
 
 ADM 
 
 ing the care of one who is incapable of acting for 
 himself'. 'J'lie term is usually applied to a lather 
 who has power over his children and tlu-ir esiat«, 
 during their minority. Knenc 
 
 ADMIN IS TRA'TOU-SIIIP, n. The office of an 
 administrator. 
 
 AD-.MIN-IS-TRA'TRIX, 71. A female w ho adiiiinis- 
 ti'rs upon the estate of an intestate ; also, a female 
 who administers government. 
 
 AI)-.MI-RA-11II/I-TY, (71. The quality of beinu'ad- 
 
 AD'.MI-RA-IILE-N'ESS, i mirablc ; the power of 
 exciting admiration. 
 
 AD'.Ml KA-IiI.E, a. [L. admirabilh.] 
 
 To be admired ; worthy of admiration ; having 
 qualities to excite wonder, with approbatiim, esteem, 
 or reverence; used of persons or things; as, the 
 admirable structure of the body, or of the uiiivi.Tse. 
 
 AD'.MI-R.\-liLY, a</i>. In a mannertocxcite wonder, 
 mingled with approbation, esteem, or veneration. 
 
 AD'.MI-IIAL, n. [In the Latin of the middle ages, 
 amira, aniiras, admiralis, an emir; Sp. almirantc; 
 Port. id. J It. ammiraglio ; Fr. amirat ; from Ar. 
 
 s S 
 
 amara, to command, j,a^1, a commander; 
 
 S;ins. amara; Heb. Cli. Syr. Sam "^CK, to s|>eak. 
 The terminating syllable of admiral may be uA{, the 
 sea. This word is said to have been iiiiroduceil into 
 Europe by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 12th or 
 I3th ci'ntiirj-.] 
 
 A marine commander in chief; the commander 
 of a fleet or navy. 
 
 1. The lord lii^rlt admind, it\ Gre.at Britain, is an 
 officer who superintends all maritime ati'airs, and 
 has the goveriiiiient of the navy. He h.is also juris- 
 diction over all maritime causes, and commissions 
 the naval officers. 
 
 2. The admiral of the fleet, the highest officer 
 under the admiralty. When he emb.irks on an ex- 
 pedition, the union flag is displayed at the main top- 
 gallant-ma.st-head. 
 
 3. The vice-admiral, an officer next in rank antl 
 command to the admiral, has command of the 
 second squadron. He carries his flag at the fore-top- 
 gallant-masi-licad. This name is given also to cer- 
 tain officios who have power to hold courts of vice- 
 admiralty in various parts of the British dominions. 
 
 4. The rear admiral, ticxt in rank to the vice-ad- 
 miral, has command of the third squadron, and 
 carries his flag at the mizzen-top-gallant-niast-head. 
 
 5. The commander of any single fleet, or in gen- 
 eral any Ha<r officer. 
 
 C. The ship which carries the admiral ; also the 
 most considerable ship of a fleet of merchantmen, 
 or of fishing vessels. Kncyc. 
 
 7. In 2iw/iij7(, a speciesof shell-fish. [See Voll ta.] 
 
 8. A species of butterfly, which lays her eggs on 
 the great stinging nettle, and delights in brambles. 
 
 £7ic^c. 
 
 AD'.MI-RAI^PHIP, n. The office or power of an ad- 
 mir,al. {Little used.] 
 
 AD'.Ml-R.lL-TV, 71. In Great Britain, the office of 
 loril high admiral. This office is dischargetl by one 
 person, or by a board of commissioners, called lords 
 of tlie admiralty; formerly seven, but now six in 
 number. 
 
 2. The building where the lords of the admiralty 
 transact business. 
 
 The admiralty court, or court of admiralty, is the 
 supreme court for the trial of maritime causes, held 
 before the lord high admiral, or lords of the admi- 
 ralty. 
 
 In general, a court of admiralty is a court for the 
 trial of causes arising on the high sc.is, as prize 
 causes and the like. In the United States, there is 
 no admiralty court, distinct from others; but the 
 district courts, established in the several states by 
 Congress, are invested with admiraltv powers. 
 AD-MI-Ra'TIOX, 11. Wonder mingled with pleas- 
 ing emotions, as approbation, esteem, love or vener- 
 ation ; a compound emotion excited by something 
 novel, rare, great, or excellent ; applied to persons 
 and their works. It often includes a slight degree 
 of surprise. Thus we view the solar system with 
 admiration. 
 
 Very iie.ir to ndmiratton is the wi*h to Bdmijrc. Anon. 
 It has been sometimes used in an ill sense, denot- 
 ing wonder with disapprobation. 
 
 Ynor boUlneu 1 with adniirxitioii tee. DryiUn. 
 Wlien 1 law her, 1 wondeivd with yreal tufnuraaon. — Htt. 
 xvii. 
 
 .\D-MIRE', r. I. [L. admiror, ad and im'ror, to won- 
 der ; Sp. and Port, admirar ; Fr. admirer ; It, aminirare ; 
 Fr. mirer, to look, to take aim ; Corn, miras, to look, 
 see, or face ; .\rm. ntirct, to stop, hold, keep ; \V. 
 mtr, visage ; also, fair, comely ; and marr, one that 
 looks after, keeps or guards, a TnoiiorjOr hailifT ; Russ. 
 lamirayu, to be astonished or stupefied ; la, a prefix, 
 and 7»ir, peace; min/u, to pacify; zamiriayu, to 
 make peace. The primary sense is to hold, to stop, 
 or strain. Ch. and Syr. IDT ; L. demiror. Sec 
 Moon and .Mar.] 
 
 TO.VE, BJJLL, q.NITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 19 
 
ADM 
 
 ADO 
 
 ADO 
 
 1. To regard with wonder or surprise, minijled 
 with approl)ation, esteem, reverence, or affection. 
 
 When he Rliall come to be glorified in liis exinls, anil bo ad- 
 mired in all tliem that love liim. — 2 Thess. i. 
 
 This word has been used in an ill sense, but 
 seems now correctly restricted to tlic sense here 
 given, and implying sonutliing great, rare, or ex- 
 cellent, in the object admired. 
 
 2. To regard witli afl'ection ; a familiar term for 
 to love trrcathj. [It is an error to follow this verb 
 with iin infinitive ; as, I admire to see a man con- 
 sistent in liis conduct. Ed.] 
 
 AD-.MIIIE', V. i. To wonder ; to be affected with 
 slight surprise; sometimes with at; as, to admire 
 at his own contrivance. Jiay. 
 To admire at sometimes implies disapprobation. 
 
 AD-MIR'/iD, pp. Regarded with wonder, mingled 
 with (ileasurable sensations, as esteem, love, or 
 reverence. 
 
 AD-MlR'ER, 7!. One who admires; one who es- 
 teems or loves greatly. 
 
 AD-MlR'irv'G, ppr. Regarding with wonder united 
 with love or esteem. 
 
 AD-MIR'ING-LY, adv. With admiration; in the 
 manlier of an admirer. 
 
 AD-.MIS-SI-B1L'I-TY, n. The quality of being ad- 
 missible. JudfTC Cliasc. 
 
 AD-.MIS'SI-BLE, a. [See Admit.] That may be 
 admitted, allowed, or conceded ; as, the testimony is 
 admissihlr. 
 
 AD-.MIS'Sl-BLY, adv. So as to be admitted. 
 AD-MIS'SION, n. [L. admissio.] 
 
 1. The act or practice of admitting ; as, the admis- 
 sion of aliens into our country ; also, the state of 
 being admitted. 
 
 2. Admittance ; power or permission to enter ; en- 
 trance ; access ; power to approach ; as, our laws 
 give to foreigners easy admissiun to the rights of 
 citizens ; the admLision of a clerk to a benefice. 
 
 3. Allowance ; grant of an argument or position 
 not fully proved. 
 
 AD-JMIT', V. L [L. admitto, from ad and 7nilto, to 
 send ; Fr. mcttrc] 
 
 1. To suffer to enter ; to grant entrance, whether 
 into a place, or an office, or into the mind, or con- 
 sideration ; as, to admit a student into college ; to 
 admit a serious thought into the mind. 
 
 2. To give right of entrance ; as, a ticket admits 
 one into a play-house. 
 
 3. To allow ; to receive as true ; as, the argument 
 or fact is admitted. 
 
 4. To permit, grant, or allow, or to be capable of; 
 as, the words do not admit of such a construction. 
 In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or 
 omitted. 
 
 AD-.MIT'TA-BLE, a. That may be admitted or 
 allo^ved. 
 
 AD-MIT'TANCE, 71. The act of admitting ; allow- 
 More usually, [ance. 
 
 2. Permission to enter ; the power or right of 
 entrance ; and hence, actual entrance ; as, he gained 
 admittimce into the church. 
 
 3. Concession ; admission ; allowance ; as, the 
 admittance of an argument. [JVof used.'] 
 
 4. Shakspeare uses the word for the custom or 
 prerogative of being admitted ; " Sir John, you are 
 a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admit- 
 tance : " but the license is unwarrantable. 
 
 AD-.MIT'TED, pp. Permitted to enter or ajiproach ; 
 
 allowed ; granted ; conceded. 
 AD-MIT'TER. n. He that admits. 
 AD-MIT'TIN(j!,p/)r. rermitiing to enter or approach ; 
 
 allowing ; conceding. 
 AD-MIX', V. t. To mingle with something else. 
 
 [See Mix.] 
 
 AD-MIX'TIOX, (ad-mix'chun,) 71. [L. admiitio, or 
 admiitio^ of ad and jni.iceo, lo mix. See Mix.] 
 
 A mingling of bodies ; a union by mixing differ- 
 ent substances together. It differs from composition 
 or chemical combination ; fur admirtion docs not alter 
 the nature of the substances mixed, but merely blends 
 them together ; wherea.s in composition, the piiilicles 
 unite by affinity, lose their former properties, and 
 fonn new com|>ounds with different properties. 
 
 AD -MIX'TIJRE, 71. [from odmii.] 
 
 The substance mingled with another; sometimes 
 llic act of mixture, or the state of biding mixed. We 
 say, an admirture of sulphur with alum, or the 
 ailmiitnrr of different bodies. 
 
 AD-.Mf>N'ISII, V. t. [},. admoncOf ad and moneo, to 
 teach, warn, admonish; Fr. ndmonrtrr ; Norm. 
 amoncaU r ; .'^p. amonr.tlar ; I'ort. anwrstar, or a^Jmo- 
 estar ; It. ammonite ; fj. maJtnen, cmtahncn ; D. 
 nuiancii, to dun, vrrmaanrn, to admonish ; Kw. mava. 
 fOrmana ; Dan. mane^firrmane ; Sax. mttnan, to mean.] 
 
 1. 'I'o warn or notify of a fault; lo reprove with 
 mildncHH. 
 
 Count him not •» an eiicmr, hut admoM$h lilm u n ItroUu-r, 
 — -i IVu. 111. 
 
 2. To counavl againat wrong practices ; to caution 
 or udvinc. 
 
 Attmoniah one uiothrr In pMlrna ftnd hfmni. — Col. Bl. 
 
 3. To instruct or direct. 
 
 IVIosrs was admonished by God, whfn he waj aliout to make 
 the tabernacle. — Heb. viii. 
 
 4. In ecclesiastical affairs, to reprove a member of 
 the church for a fault, either publicly or privately ; 
 tlie first step of church discipline. It is followed by 
 of or arrainst ; as, to admonish of a fault committed, 
 or against committing a fault. It has a like use 
 in colleges. 
 
 AD-MO>."ISII-£D,pp. Reproved ; advised ; warned ; 
 instructed. 
 
 AD-MON'ISII-ER, 71. One who reproves or counsels. 
 
 AD-MON'ISII-IXG,;);)r. Reproving ; warning ; coun- 
 seling 1 directing. 
 
 AD-MONTSH-MENT, 71. Admonition. Shak. 
 
 AD-JI0-NI"T10N, 71. Gentle reproof; counseling 
 against a fault; instruction in duties; caution; 
 direction. Tit. iii. 1 Cor. x. In church discipline, 
 public or private reproof to reclaim an oflender; a 
 step preliiiiinarj' to excommunication. 
 
 .A.D-.MO-NI"TION-ER, 71. A dispenser of admoni- 
 tions. Hooker. 
 
 AD-MON'I-TIVE, a. Containing admonition. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 AD-MON'I-TIVE-LY, <jrf!>. By admonition. 
 AD-MON'I-TOR, 71. An adinonisher ; a monitor. 
 AD-MON'I-TO-RY, a. Containing admonition ; that 
 admonishes. 
 
 AD-.MORT-I-Za'TION, 71. The reducing of lands or 
 
 tenements to mortmain. [See .Mortmain.] Encyc. 
 AD-.M5VE', f. (. [L.admovro.] 
 
 To move to ; to bring one thing to another. 
 [Little nsed.] Broken. 
 AD-NAS'CENT, a. [L. ad and nasccns, growing.] 
 Growing to or on something else. Evelyn. 
 AD-Na'TA, 71. [L. ad and natus, grown, from nascor, 
 to grow.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, a synonym of the conjunctiva, or 
 outer coat of the eye, reflected over the ball of the 
 eye from the inner surface of the eyelids. The 
 term has also been applied to the albuginea. 
 
 2. Such parts, growing on animal or vegetable 
 bodies, .as are usual and n.atural, as the hair, wool, 
 horns ; or accidental, as fungus, mistletoe, and ex- 
 crescences. 
 
 3. Offsets of plants, germinating under grotmd, 
 as from the lily, narcissus, and hyacinth, (^iiincy. ' 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AD'NaTE, a. [L. ad and natus, grown.] 
 
 In botany, pressing close to the stem, or growing 
 to it. Jilartyn. 
 AD'NOUN, 71. [ad and nonn.] 
 
 In grammar, an adjective, or attribute. [Little 
 vscd.] 
 
 AD-i\u'BI-La-TED, a. Clouded ; obscured. 
 A-DO', 71. [au. a and do.] 
 
 Bustle ; trouble ; labor ; difficulty ; as, to make a 
 
 great ado about trifles ; to persuade one with 
 
 much ado. 
 
 AD-O-LES'CENCE, 71. [L. adolescens, growing, of orf 
 and olesco, to grow, from oleo. Heb. to ascend ; 
 
 Ar. [Xs to be high.] 
 
 The state of growing, applied to the young of the 
 human race ; youth, or the period of life between 
 ehildhood and manhood. 
 
 AD-O-LES'CENT, a. Growing ; advancing from 
 childhood to manhood. 
 
 AD-O-NIC'AN, a. Pertaining to Adonis. 
 
 Fair Adaoean ViiiuB. Fabcr. 
 
 A-DO'NI-A, 71. pi. Festivals celebrated anciently in 
 honor of Adonis, by females, who spent two days 
 in lamentations and infamous pleasures. Encyc. 
 
 A-DON'IC, 0. Monic verse, a short verse, in which 
 the death of Adonis was bewailed. It ctmsists of a 
 dactyl and spondee. Bailey. Cyc. 
 
 A-D0N'IC,7i. An Adonic verse. Among the ^nglo- 
 Saxons, a poetic verse consisting of one long, two 
 short and two long syllables. Henry's Brit. 2, 383. 
 
 A-I)0'N1S, 71. In mythology, the favorile of Venus, 
 said to be the son of Cinyras, king of Cyprus. He 
 was fund of hunting, and receded a mortal wound 
 from the lusk of a wild boar, veniis lamented his 
 death, and changed him into the llower animione. 
 
 A-DO'NIS, M. In hoUiny, bird's eye or pheasant's eye. 
 
 A-DS'NISTS, II. ;y/. [Heb. Cli. and Syr. \^-itt Mun, 
 Lord, a scriptural title of the Supreme Being.] 
 
 Among critics, a sect or jiarly who maintiiin that 
 the Hebrew points ordinarily annexed to the conso- 
 nants of the word Jehova/t,nrc not the natural points 
 belonging to that word, and that they do not express 
 the true pronunciation of it ; but lh;u they are vowel 
 points belongin(» to the words Jldonai and FJohim, 
 applied to the ineffable name Jrhorah, which the 
 Jews were forbid to utter, and the true pronuncia- 
 tion of which was lost ; they were llii refure always 
 to pronounce Ihu word ./Idonai, instead of .lehovah. 
 
 Encjc. 
 
 A-DOPT', V. [1j. adopto, of ad and opto, to desire 
 or choose. See Oi-tion.] 
 
 1. 'J'o take a stranger into one's family, dh son 
 
 and heir ; lo take one who is not a child, and treat 
 him as one, giving him a title to the privileges and 
 rights of a child. 
 
 2. In a spirttnal sense, to receive the sinful chil- 
 dren of men inio the invisilile church, and into 
 God's favor and protection, by which they become 
 heirs of salvation by Christ. Brown. 
 
 3. To take or receive as one's own that which ia 
 not naturally so ; as, to adopt the opinions of an- 
 other ; or to receive that which is new ; as, to adopt 
 a particular mode «f husbandry. 
 
 4. To select and take ; as, which mode will you 
 adapt ? 
 
 A-DOPT'ED, pp. or a. Taken as one's own ; received 
 
 as son anil heir ; selected for use. 
 A-DOPT'ED-LY, adv. In the manner of something 
 
 adopted. 
 
 A-DOPT'ER, 71. One who adopts. 
 
 2. In chemistni, it large, round receiver, with two 
 necks, diametrically opposite to each other, one of 
 which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is 
 joined to another receiver. It is used in distilla- 
 tions, to give more space to elastic vapors, or to in- 
 crease the length of the neck of a retort, 
 
 A-DOPT'ING, ppr. Taking a stranger as a son ; tak- 
 ing as one's own. 
 
 A-DOP'TION, 71. [L. adoptio.] 
 
 1. The act of adopting, or the state of being 
 adopted ; the taking and treating of a stranger as 
 one's own child. 
 
 2. The receiving as one's own what is new or 
 not natural. 
 
 3. God's taking the sinful children of men into 
 his favor and protection. Eph. iv. 
 
 Adoption by arms; an ancient ceremony of pre- 
 senting arms to one for his merit or valor, which 
 laid the person under an obligation to defend the 
 giver. 
 
 Adojition by baptism, is the spiritual affinity which 
 is contracted by god-fathers and god-children, in 
 the ceremony of baptism. It was introduced into 
 the Greek church, and afterward among the an- 
 cient Franks. I'his affinity was supposed to entitle 
 the god-child to a share of the god-father's estate. 
 
 Adoption by hair, was performed by cutting off the 
 hair of a person and .giving it to the adoptive father. 
 Thus Pope John VIII. adopted Boson, king of .4rles. 
 
 Adoption bij matrimony, is the taking of the chil- 
 dren of a wife or husband, by a former marriage, 
 into the condition of natural children. This is a 
 practice peculiar to the Germans, but is not so prop- 
 erly adoption as adfliation. Encyc. 
 
 Adoption by testament, is the appointing of a per- 
 son to be heir, by will, on condition of his taking 
 the name, .arms, &lc., of the adopter. Encyc. 
 
 In Europe, adoption is used for many kinds of 
 admission to a more intimate relation, and is nearly 
 equivalent to reception ; as, the admission of persons 
 into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into 
 another. Encyc. 
 A-DOP'TION-IST, 71. One who maintains that 
 Christ was the son of God by adoption only. 
 
 J\Iurdock. 
 
 A-DOPT'IVE, a. [L. adoptivus.] 
 
 That adopts ; as, an adoptive father ; or that is 
 adopted ; as, an adoptive son. 
 
 A DOPT'IVE, 71. A person or thing adopted. 
 
 A DoR'A-BLE, a. That ought to be adored ; worthy 
 of divine honor.'. In popular use, worthy of the 
 utmost love or respect. 
 
 A-UoR'A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being ador- 
 able, or worthy of adoration. 
 
 A-DoR'A-BLY, adv. In a manner worthy of ado- 
 ration. 
 
 AD-O-RS'TION, 71. The act of paying honors to a 
 divine being ; the worship paid to God ; the act of 
 addressing as a God. Adoration consists in external 
 homage', accompanied with the highest reverence. 
 It is useil for the act of praying, or i)ref<:rring re- 
 (piests or thanksgiving to the Supreme Being. 
 
 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem ; profound 
 reverence. 
 
 Adoration, among the Jews, was performed by 
 bowing, kneeling, and prostration. Among ijo- 
 mans, the devutei^, with his head covered or vailed, 
 applied his riglit hand to his lips, bowing and turn- 
 ing himself from li H to right. The Persians fell on 
 the face, striking the forehead against the earth, 
 and kissing the ground. Tlie adoiatiun paid to the 
 Grecian and Roman eiiiprrois consisted in bowing 
 and knei liiig at the IVi i of the prince, laying hold 
 of his robe, then withdrawing tlie hand anil clap- 
 ping it to the lips. Ill modern times, adonition is 
 paid to the pope by kissing his feet, and to princes 
 by kneeling and kissing the hand. This word was 
 used by the Romans for acclamation or great ap- 
 plause, given lo public performers ; and the election 
 of a pul>e is sonietiines by adoration, that is, by sud- 
 den nceliimation without scrntinv. Kncyc. 
 A-D6RE', r. I. [1,. udoro. Ill Ch. and Heb. Sth, 
 Ao(/(ir, to honor, re\ erenco, or glorify, to adorn ; 
 Heb. nK, lo be iiiagnilieciit or glorious, to magnify. 
 
 KATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI'l', BOOK — 
 
 20 
 
ADR 
 
 to glorify. This word is usually rcferrpd to the 
 Latin lid urnrr-, to carrj' to one's mouth ; ml niul os, 
 oris; as, in ordrr to kiss one's hand, the hand is 
 carried to one's mouth. See Calniet, ad I'rrhum, who 
 cites, in contirination of this opinion, the ancient 
 practice of kissing the hand. See Job xxxi. 1 Kims 
 xix. Ps. ii. Gen. xli. .\insworth supposes the 
 word to he a compound of ad and oro, to pray ; and 
 if tlie Hwd is compound, as I suspect, tliis opinion 
 is most probably correct.] 
 
 1. To worship witli profound reverence; to ad- 
 dress with exalted thoughts, by prayer and thanks- 
 giving; to pay divine honors to; to honor as a god, 
 or as divine. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To love in the liighest degree ; to regard with 
 the utmost esteem, allectlon, and respect ; ns, tlic 
 people ailore their prince. Tatlcr. 
 
 A-l)oll'£D, ;//>. or u. Worshiped as divine ; iilghly 
 reverenced ; greatly bi loved. 
 
 A-UOIl'EU, )i. One who worsliip.s, or honors as di- 
 vine ; in popular tannuaur, an admiring lover. 
 
 .V-DOK'I.NtJ, ppr. or a. Honoring or addressing as 
 illvine ; regarding with great love or reverence. 
 
 A-Doll'ING-LY, adc. With adoration. < 
 
 .■\-I)()K.\', V. t. [L. adoriio, ad aiul m-no, to deck or 
 beautify, to dress, set oft", cvtol, furnish ; Fr. orncr ; 
 Hp. Ptirt. ttrnar; It. oriiurej Arm, aoiirna, Orno is 
 probably tile Saxon hriiian, gcrniian^ gcrinaii^ 
 trrliruian, to touch, to strike, to adorn, that is, to 
 put on.] 
 
 1. To deck or decorate; to make beautiful; to 
 add to beauty by dress ; to deck with cxtcriud orna- 
 ments. 
 
 A britle oftornelh lieisclf withjeweU. — Isa. t1. 
 
 2. To set off to advantage ; to add ornaments to ; 
 to enibclllsh by iiny thing external or adventitious ; 
 as, to adorn a speech by appropriate action, senti- 
 ments with elegance of language, or a g.illery witli 
 pictures. 
 
 3. To make ple.ising, or more plc.tsing ; as, great 
 abilities adurned by virtue or atfiibllity. 
 
 4. To disnlav tiie beauty or excellence of; as, to 
 adorn the doctrine of God. 'I'itus ii. 
 
 .'V-DORX'. ;u Ornament. [Obs.] Sprnser. 
 A-1X)K.\', a. Adorned ; decorated. [Obs.] Milton. 
 A-DORN'ED, pp. Decked ; decorated ; embellished. 
 .VDORN'Ell, 71. One who adorns. 
 A-DOUX'IXG, ppr. Ornamenting ; decorating ; dis- 
 playing beauty. 
 A-D6r.\"I.\G, n. Ornament ; decoration. 1 Pet. iil. 
 A-DORN'ING-LY, adv. By adorning. 
 .•V-UOK.\'.ME.\T, i;. An adorning; ornament. 
 AD-OS-Cu-L.^'TlON, n. [L. ad and osculatio, a 
 
 kissing, from osculum, a kiss, or mouth.] 
 The impregnation of plants by the mlling of tlie 
 
 farina on the pistil. . Encijc. 
 Mnscttlaiion Is also defined to be the inserting of 
 
 one part of a plant into another. Crabbe. 
 ,\-DOSS'£D, (a-dost',) a. [Fr. adossie, part, of a- 
 
 dosser, to set back to back ; dos, the back.] 
 
 In hcraldrij, denoting two figures or bearings 
 
 placed back to back. F.ncyc. 
 A-WiWS' , prrp. [a and rfnwn.] From a higher to a 
 
 lower situation ; downward ; implying descent. 
 ,\-DO\VN', adc. Down ; on the ground ; at the 
 
 bottom. 
 
 .ID QUOD D.i.WmM, [L.j In a writ directing 
 the sherHfto inquire what damage may accrue from 
 the grant of certain liberties or franchises. Brande. 
 A-DRIOAD', (a-dred',)o. [See Dread.] Aifected by 
 
 dread. [Obs.] 
 
 -eJv 
 
 eration. 
 
 ID liF.F-ER-EJVDmr. [L.] For further consid- 
 
 A-DRI-AT'ie, a. [L. Mria or Hadria, the Gulf of 
 Venice.] Pertaining to the gulf called, from Venice, 
 the Venetian Gulf. 
 
 A-DRt-AT'ie, n. The Venetian Gulf; a gulf that 
 washes the eastern side of Italy. 
 
 .V DRIFT', a. or adv. [Sax. adri/an, gcdrifan, and 
 (/n/uii, to drive. See Drive. Mrift is the partici- 
 ple of the verb.] 
 
 LitrraUy, driven; floating; floating at random; 
 impelled or moving without direction. an adjec- 
 tive, it alirinjs follows its noun ; as, the boat was 
 adrljX 
 
 .\D-RO-G.5'TION, n. [L. ad and rngo, to ask. See 
 Interrogate and Rocation.] 
 
 A species of adojitlon in ancient Rome, by which 
 a person capable of choosing for himself was ad- 
 mitted into the relation of a son So called from 
 the questions put to the parties. Encye. 
 
 A DROIT', (a-droyt',) a. [Fr. from droit -"ght, 
 straight, direct ; whence Jroitr, the right 1- «nd ; It. 
 dirittn, right, straight, contracted from the L. di- 
 Tcctiui, dirigo ; .\rm. dreL See Rikht.] 
 
 Dextrous ; skillful ; active in the use of the hand, 
 and Ji<niraiivelii, in the exercise of the ment.il facul- 
 ties ; ingenious'; readv In invention or execution. 
 
 A-DROIT'LY, adv. VVith dexterity ; in a ready, 
 skillful manner. ChrMrrfield. 
 
 A-I)ROIT'NESS, II. Dexterity ; readiness in the use 
 of the limbs, or of the mental fncullies. Ilornc. 
 
 ADU 
 
 A-DR?', a. [Sax. adri/an, to diy.] 
 
 Thirsty ; in want of drink. [This adjective always 
 follows the noun.] Spectator. 
 Al)-SCI-TI"TIOUS, a, [Ij, eiscititiuSjadsc'isco^ascisco-, 
 to add or join.] 
 
 Added ; taken as supplemental ; additional ; not 
 requisite. U'urlim. 
 AD'SeRIPT, n. [1.. adscribo.] One who is held to 
 service as attached to some onject or place, as when 
 a slave is made an atbrripl of the soil. Bancroft. 
 AD-STIUC'TION, «. [I,. aiMctio, a.itrictio, of ad 
 and stringo, to strain or bind fast. See Strict.] 
 
 A binding fast. Among pAysician,*, the rigidity of 
 a pari of the body, occasioning a retention of usual 
 evacuations ; co.stiveness ; a closeness of the emunc- 
 torles ; also, the styptic eU'ecLs of medicines. 
 
 Enci/c. Quincy. 
 AD-STRie'TO UY, AD-STRING'KiNT. See As- 
 tringent. 
 
 AD-1!-La'RI-A, n. [from Mula, the summit of a 
 
 Swiss mountain.] 
 A term applied to the semi-transparent varieties of 
 
 alblte and felspar; its color Is white, or with a tinge 
 
 of green, vellow, or red. Cleuvcland. 
 Al)-y-l,A' T'lO.V, 71. [L. adulatio.] 
 
 Servile flattery ; praise in excess, or beyond what 
 
 is merited ; high cuinplinK'Ht. Shak. 
 AD'II-La-TOR, 11. A flatterer ; one who oflers praise 
 
 servilely. 
 
 AD'lJ-LA-TO-RY, a. Flattering ; containing exces- 
 sive praise or compliments ; servilely praising ; as, 
 an adulatary address. 
 
 AD'lJ-LA-TKESS, ji. A female that flatters with 
 servility. 
 
 A-DUL'l'', a. [L. adiiltus, grown to maturity, from 
 oleo, to grow ; Ileb. T\^y to ascend.] 
 
 Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and 
 strength ; as, an adult person or plant. 
 
 A-DULT', 71. A person grown to full sl/,e and 
 strength, or to the years of manhood. It Is also 
 applied to full-grown plants. Among civilians, a 
 person between fourteen and twenty-five years of 
 age. Encijc. 
 
 Mult schools; schools for instructing .adults, who 
 have not been educated in their youth ; first estab- 
 lished, in England, in 1811. P. Cijc. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-ANT, 71. The person or thing that 
 adulter.ites. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-aTE, v. t. [h. adnltero, from adulter, 
 mixed, or an adulterer ; ad and alter, oilier.] 
 
 To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admix- 
 ture of baser materials ; as, to adulterate liipiors, or 
 the coin of a country. Bonlr. 
 
 A-DUE'TER-aTE, v. i. To commit ,idulter\-. [ Obs.] 
 
 A-DUL'TER-ATE, a. Tainted with adultery; de- 
 based bv foreign mixture. 
 
 A-DUL'T'ER-a-TED, ;);). or a. Corrupted ; debased 
 by a mixture with something of less value. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-ATE-LY, adv. In an .adulterate manner. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-ATE-i\ESS, 71. The quality or state 
 of being debased or cornipted. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-a-TING, 77;7r. Debasing ; corrupting. 
 
 A-DUL-TER-A'TION, n. The act of adulterating, 
 or the statft of being adulterated, corrupted, or de- 
 based by foreign mixture. 
 
 'I'he adulteration of liquors, of drugs, and even of 
 bread and beer, Is a common, but a scandalous 
 crime. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-ER, 7i. [L. adulter.] 
 
 1. A man guilty of adultery ; a man who has 
 sexual commerce with any married woman except 
 his wife. [See Adultery.] 
 
 2. In Scripture, an idol.iter. Ezek. xxill. 
 
 3. An apostate from the true faith, or one who 
 violates his covenant engagements ; a very wicked 
 perscm. Jer. Ix. and xxill. 
 
 4. One devoted to earthly things. James iv. 
 A-DUL'TER-ESS, 7t. A married woman guilty of 
 
 incontinence. 
 
 .V-Dt'L'TER-INE, a. Proceeding from adulterous 
 coiiinierre ; spurious. Ilall. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-INE, n. In the civU law, a child Issuing 
 from an adulterous connection. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-OUS, a. Guilty of adultery ; pertiln- 
 ing to adultery. 
 
 2. In Scnpfiirf, idolatrous ; very wicked. Matt 
 xll. and xvl. .Mark vili. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY, adv. In an adulterous man- 
 ner. 
 
 A-DUL'TER-Y, ti. [L. adutterium. See Adulter- 
 ate.]^ 
 
 I. Vlolafion of the marriage bed; a crime, or a 
 civil injury, which Introduces or may Introduce, 
 into a family, a spurious olfsprlng. 
 
 In common usage, adultery means the unfaithful- 
 ness of any married person to the marriage bed. In 
 England, Parliament grant absolute divorces for in- 
 fidelity to the marriage bed In either party ; and the 
 spiritual courts divorce a meiw^a el Uiro. 
 
 By the laws of Connreliciit, the sexual intercourse 
 of any m.aii wllh a married woman, is the crime of 
 adultery in both ; such intercourse of a married 
 man with an unmarried woman. Is fornication in 
 
 ADV 
 
 both, and adidter>' of the man, wilhiii (lie meaning 
 of the law respecling divon e; but not a felonious 
 adultery in either, or the crime of adultery at com- 
 mon law, or by statute. 'Mils latter ofli nsc Is, In 
 England, proceeded with only in the vccleslanlical 
 courts. 
 
 2. In a scriptural sense, all manner of lewdness or 
 uncliastity, as in the seventh coiiiiiiaiidiiient. 
 
 ,■). In Scripture, idolatry, or apostasy from the true 
 God. Jer. ill. 
 
 4. In old laws, the fine and penalty imposed for 
 the ofl"ense of adulter)'. 
 
 ."). In ecclesiastical affairs, the Intrusion of a person 
 into a bishopric, during the life of the bishoji. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 0. Among ancient naturalists, the grafting of trees 
 was called adultrry, being considered a;) an un- 
 natural union. Pliny, 
 
 A-DIJLT'NE.-'S, 71. The .state of being adult. 
 
 AD-U.M'BRAM T, a. [See AoL MiinATE.] Giving a 
 faint shadow, or slight n^semblancc. 
 
 AD-U.M'BRaTE, r. t. [L. adumbro, to shade, from 
 umbra, a shade ; Fr. ombre; Sp. sunihra ; It. ombra.] 
 'I'o give a faint shadow, or slight likeness ; to ex- 
 hibit a faint reseiiihlaiice, like a .-ilMilow. 
 
 .'VD-U.M-IiR.VTIO.V, 71. 'J'lie act of making a shadow 
 or faint reseinblanre. 
 
 2. .\ faint sketch ; an imperfect representation of 
 a thing. Bacon. 
 
 3. In heraldry, the shadow only of a figure, out- 
 lined, and painted of a color darker than the field. 
 
 DicL 
 
 AD-II-Na'TION, 71. [L. ad and unu-o, iinio.] 
 
 The state of being united ; unlim. [J^'it used.] 
 
 Cranmer. 
 
 AD-UN'CI-TY, 71. [L. aduncitas, hookedncs:^, of ad 
 and uncus, a hook.] 
 ilookedncss ; a bending in fonn of a hook. 
 
 .^rbuthnoL . 
 
 AD-UN'e'OUS, a. [L. adanent.] 
 
 Hooked ; bent or made in the form of a hook. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 AD-UNaUE'. (a-dunk',) a. Hooked. [A*</t used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 A-DuRF/, V. I. [L. adurn, ail and uro, to burn.] 
 
 'JV) bum up. [J\'ot u.-.ed.] Bacon. 
 A-DUST', a. [L. adustu.i, burnt, the participle of adu- 
 ro, to burn.] 
 
 Burnt ; scorched ; become dry by heat ; hot and 
 
 fieri,'. 
 
 A-DUST'ED, a. Become hot and dry ; burnt ; 
 .scorched. 
 
 A-DUS'TION, 71. The act of burning, scorrliing. or 
 heating to dryness ; a st.ite of being thus heateo or 
 dried. 
 
 .^D y./l-LOiREJ\fj [L.] According to the v.ilue. An 
 ad rnlorem duty is a certain per ccntage on the val- 
 ue or price. 
 
 AD-VANCE', (ad-v'ins',) v. U [Fr. aBaiiccr ; Sp. araTt- 
 zar, to move forward ; It. avanzare, to get or in- 
 crease ; Arm. urnns, to advance. This word Is 
 foniied on van, the front, which seems to bo the 
 Ch. and Heh. nju, CJD, surface, face ; whence Fr. 
 fli'aiif. ; It. aranti, before.] 
 
 1. To bring forw ard ; to move further in front. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. To promote ; to raise to a higher rank ; as, to 
 advance one from the bar to the bench. 
 
 3. To improve or make better, which is consid- 
 ered as a progression or moving forward ; as, to a<i- 
 rance one's true Interests. 
 
 4. To forward ; to accelerate growth ; as, to ad- 
 vance the growth of plants. 
 
 5. To ofler or pro|)ose ; to bring to view or no- 
 tice ; as, to advance an opinion or an argument. 
 
 t>. In commrrcr, to supply beforehand ; to furnish 
 on credit, or before goods are delivered, or work 
 done ; or to furnish as a part of a stock or fund ; as, 
 to advance money on loan or contract, or toward a 
 purchase or establislimenl. 
 
 7. To furnish for others ; to supply or pay for oth- 
 ers, in expectation of reimbursement. 
 
 Tli**y advnnrtd (he mon^jr oul of ihrir own funds, »ntl took 
 the UKrilfa dvrtU in UMir own iinm^. 
 
 Kent, Johnton't Hep. 
 
 8. To raise ; to enhance ; as, to advance the price 
 of goods. 
 
 AD-VANCE', r. i. To move or go forward ; to pro- 
 ceed ; as, the troops advanced. 
 
 2. To improve, or make progress ; to grow better, 
 greater, wiser, or older ; as, to ailvane.c in knowl- 
 edge, in stature, in wisdom, or In years. 
 
 3. To rise in rank, ortice, or consequence ; to be 
 preferred or promoted ; as, to advance in political 
 standing. 
 
 .\I)-VA.NCE', n. Amoving fonvard, or low,ird the 
 front. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Gradual progression ; improvement ; a-s, an ad- 
 vance In religion or knowledge. Jliterbury. 
 
 3. .\dvancenient ; promotion ; prcfennent ; as, an 
 advance in rank or oflice. 
 
 4. First hint by way of Invitation ; first step to- 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 ■21 
 
r 
 
 ADV 
 
 ward an aCTeemont ; a?, A mad? an advance to- 
 ward a reconciliation with li. In tliis sense it ia 
 very frequently used in the plural. 
 
 The aniours of an empress require llie plainest a/lvaruree. 
 
 Gibbon. 
 
 5. In trade, additional price ; profit ; as, an ad- 
 vance on the prime cost of goods. 
 
 6. A giving beforehand ; a furnishing of some- 
 thing, on contract, bi fore an einiivalent is received, 
 as money or goods, toward a capital or stock, or on 
 loan ; or the money or goods thus furnished ; as, A 
 made large advances to B. 
 
 7. A furnishing of money or goods for others, in 
 expectation of reiinburseirient ; or the property so 
 furnished. 
 
 1 shall, with great pleasure, malte the necessary- advances. 
 
 .fay. 
 
 The account was made up with intent to show what adi-ances 
 hail been made. Kent. 
 
 Ill advance in front ; before ; also, beforehand ; 
 before an equivalent is received, or when one part- 
 ner in trade has furnished more than his proportion ; 
 as, A is in advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds. 
 AD-V.\NCE'-GUXRD, i n. The van-guard ; the 
 AD-VANC'iSD-GUXRD, ( first line or division of 
 an army in order of battle, in front of the main 
 btxly : opposed to rear-irnard. 
 2. A small party in advance of the main-guard. 
 
 Cyr. 
 
 AD-VXXC'£D, rad-vinst',) pp. or a. Jlovcd for- 
 ward ; promoted ; improved ; furnished beforehand ; 
 situated in front, or before the rest ; also, old, hav- 
 ing reached the dechne of life ; xs, advanced in 
 years ; an advanced age. 
 
 AD-VSNCE'JIENT, n. The act of moving forward 
 or proceeding. 
 
 2. The state of being advanced ; preferment ; 
 promotion, in rank or excellence ; the act of pro- 
 moting. 
 
 3. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. 
 
 4. Provision made by a parent for a child by gift 
 of property, during his, the parent's life, to which 
 the child would be entitled as heir, after his parent's 
 death. R. jM. Slicrman. 
 
 5. The payment of money in advance ; money 
 paid in advance. 
 
 AD-VaXC'ER, n. One who advances ; a promoter. 
 Among .sportsmen, a start or branch of a buck's 
 attire, between the back antler and the palm. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 AD-Va\C'IN'G, p/>r. Moving forward ; proceeding; 
 promoting ; raising to higher rank or excellence ; 
 improving; supplying beforehand, as on loan, or as 
 stock in trade. 
 
 AD-VXNC'IVE, a. Tending to advance or promote. 
 
 AD-VXNT'A6E, n. [Fr. avanta^e, from avant, be- 
 fore ; It. vanUi^ffio ,* Sp. ventaja.] 
 
 1. Any state, condition, or circumstance, favora- 
 ble to success, prosperity, interest, or reputation ; 
 as, the enemy had tlie o'/rrt/tM^c of elevated ground. 
 
 2. Benefit ; gain ; profit. 
 
 What advanUige will it be to thee ? — Joh xxxv. 
 There exists, in Ute economy and coiit^ of nature, an indis- 
 soluble union Ijetwcen virtue and happiness; between duty 
 and adeanla^c. Washington. 
 
 3. Means to an end ; opportunity ; convenience 
 for obtaining benefit; as, students enjoy great ad- 
 vantaircs for improvement ; the general toolv advant- 
 age of his enemy's negligence. 
 
 4. Favorable state or circumstances ; as, jewels 
 Bel to advanta^re. 
 
 5. Superiority, or prevalence over ; with of or 
 mcr. 
 
 hnt Satan should an advantage of us (or ouer us.) — 2 
 Cor, ii. 
 
 6. Superiority, or that which gives it ; as, the mL- 
 vanlage of a good constitution. 
 
 7. Interest ; increase ; overplus. 
 
 And wilh ndp<inta%e mf^ans to pay thy love. [0&«,] Shale. 
 
 8. Additional circumstance to give prepondera- 
 tion. 
 
 AD-VXNT'AGE, r. U To benefit ; to yield profit or 
 gain. 
 
 Wtiat is R man adtantaged, if he piin the wliole world, and 
 lo*- himself, or be cast nway ? — Luke ix. 
 
 2. To promote ; to advance the interest of. 
 AD-VX.\T'AGE-A -BLE, a. Profitable; convenient; 
 
 (^infill. [Little med.] 
 AD-VA,\T'AG-£;I>, pp. Benefited ; promoted. 
 AD-VA,\T'A6F^f;ilOUND, n. Ground that gives 
 advantage or puperiority ; a state that gives supe- 
 rior advantages for annoyance or resisttince. 
 
 Clnrendnn. 
 
 AD-VAN-TA'6EOUS, a. Being of advantage ; fur- 
 nishing convenience, or opportunilv to gain benefit ; 
 gainful ; profitable ; useful ; beneficial ; ns, an ad- 
 vantajfrowi |MHitiori of the trtKips ; trade is advanta- 
 l^eotu to a nation. 
 
 AD-VA.N-TA'GEonS I-Y, ndr. In an advantageous 
 manner ; profitably ; usefully ; convenicnily. 
 
 jJriufAnnf. 
 
 AD-VAN-TA'0EOUB-NES.H, n. The quality or slate 
 
 ADV 
 
 of being advantageous ; profitableness ; usefulness ; 
 
 convenience. Boyle. 
 An-VANT'AG-ING, ppr. Profiting ; benefiting. 
 Ap-VEe-TI"TIOUS, a. Brouglit from another place ; 
 
 imported ; foreign. 
 AD-VeNE', v. !. [L. advenio, to come to, ad and vc- 
 
 71/0.] 
 
 "1 o accede, or come to ; to be added to, or become 
 a part of, though not essential. [Little user!.] 
 AD-Ve'XI-ENT, a. Advening ; coming from out- 
 ward causes. 
 
 AD'VENT, n. [L. adventu.'!, from advenio, of ad and 
 reiiio, to come. See Find.] 
 
 A coming ; apprupriatehj, the coming of our Sav- 
 ior, and in the calendar, it includes four Sabbaths 
 before Christmas, beginning on St. Andrew's day, 
 or on the Sabbath next before or after it. It is in- 
 tended as a season of devotion, with reference to 
 the coming of Christ in the flesh, and his second 
 coming to judge the world. Encyc. 
 
 AD-VEA'T'Ii\E, a. Adventitious. [JVo£ used.] 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 AD-TOX-Tr'TIOUS, a. [L. adventitius, from adve- 
 nio. See Ai>VENT.] 
 
 Added extrinsically ; accidental ; not essentially 
 inherent ; casual ; foreign. 
 
 Diseases of continuance get an adventitious strength from cus- 
 tom. Bacon. 
 
 An-VEN-TI"TIOlTS-LY, adv. Accidentally. 
 An VEX-TI"TIOUS-NESS, n. The state of being 
 adventitious. 
 
 AD-VENT'IVE, a. Accidental ; adventitious. [Lit- 
 tle u^etl.] Bacon. 
 
 AD-VEiXT'IVE, 71. The thing or person that comes 
 from without. [Little «->■<•</.] Bacon. 
 
 AD-VENT'XJ-AL, a. Relating to the season of ad- 
 vent. Saundcrson. 
 
 AD-VEN'TIJRE, 7t. [Ft. aventure, from advenio. See 
 Advent.] 
 
 1. Hazard ; risk ; chance ; that of which one has 
 no direction ; as, at ail adventures, that is, at all haz- 
 ards. [See Venture.] 
 
 2. An enterprise of hazard ; a bold undertaking, 
 in which hazards are to be encountered, and the is- 
 sue is staked iipim unforeseen events. Drijden. 
 
 3. A remarkable occurrence ; a striking event, 
 more or less important ; as, the adventures of one's 
 life. Bacoji. 
 
 4. That which is put to hazard ; a sense in popu- 
 lar use with sejiwen, and usually pronounced ven- 
 ture. Something which a seaman is permitted to 
 carry abroad, with a view to sell for profit. 
 
 .d bill of adventure, is a writing signed by a person, 
 
 who takes goods on board of his ship, wholly at the 
 
 risk of the owner. 
 AD-VEN''Tl{RE, v. t. To risk, or hazard ; to put in 
 
 the power of unforeseen events ; as, to adventure 
 
 one's life. [See Ventube.] 
 AD-VEiX'TTiKE, ti. i. To dare ; to try the chance ; 
 
 as, to adventure on "the tempestuous sea of lib- 
 
 ertv." 
 
 AD-VEN'TIJR-J;D, pp. Put to hazard ; ventured ; 
 risked. 
 
 AD-VEX'TI;R-ER, ti. One who hazards, or puts 
 something at risk ; as, merchiint-arfrnitiirer.s. 
 
 2. One who seeks occasions of chance, or attempts 
 bold, novel, or evtraordinarj' enterprises. 
 
 AD-VEN'TURE-FUL, a. Given to adventure ; full 
 of enterprise. BentJiam. 
 
 AD-VEN'TIIRE-SOME, a. Bold; daring; incurring 
 hazard. [See V'ENTt'REsoME.] 
 
 Al)-VE.\'TURE-SOME-NESS, 71. The quality of 
 being bold and venturesome. 
 
 AD-VEN'TUR-ING, ppr. Putting to risk ; hazard- 
 ing. 
 
 AD-VEN'TIIR-OUS, a, [Fr. aventureux.] 
 
 1. Inclined, or willing to incur hazard ; bold to 
 encoimter danger ; daring ; courageous ; enterpris- 
 ing : applied to persons. 
 
 2. Full of hazard ; attended with risk ; exposing 
 to danger; requiring courage : applied to tilings; as, 
 an ailventurou.i undertaking. 
 
 Aiul litllowed freedom on the adventurous tide. Trumbull. 
 AD-VEN'Tl!R-OUS-LY, adv. Boldly ; daringly ; in 
 
 a manner to incur haz.ard. 
 AI)-VEN'TlIR-OUS-NESS, n. The act or quality of 
 
 beini; adventurous. 
 AU'VEKB, H. [Ij. advcrhium, o{ ad ani vcrbum, to a 
 
 verb.] 
 
 In irrammar, a word used to modify the sense of 
 a verb, participle, adjective, or oilier adverb, and 
 usually placed near it ; as, he writes irrll ; pa|)er cj> 
 trnnehj white. This part of speech might be more 
 significantly named a modifier, as its use is to viodifif, 
 that is, to vary ortpialify the sense of another worti, 
 by enlarging or restraining it, or by expressing form, 
 quality, or manner, which the word itself docs not 
 express. Tlitr term adverb, denttting position merely, 
 is often improper. 
 
 AI)-VI'.RB'I-AI,, a. Pertaining to an ailverb. 
 
 AD-VERB'I-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of an ad- 
 verb. 
 
 ADV 
 
 AD-VER-Sa'RI-.A, n. [L. from adver.^us See Ad- 
 verse.] 
 
 1. Among the ancients, a book of accoimts, so named 
 from the placing of debt and credit in opposition to 
 each other. 
 
 2. A common place book. Encyc. 
 
 3. In literature, a miscellaneous collection of notes, 
 remarks, or selections ; used as a title of books or 
 papers of such character. This meaning is derived 
 frou! the second. ' 
 
 AD-VER-Sa'RI-OUS, a. Adversary. [Bad.} 
 
 Soutlieu. 
 
 AD'VER-SA-RY, 71. [See Adverse.] 
 
 1. An enemy or foe ; one who has enmity at 
 heart. 
 
 The Ijord will take vengeance on his adversaries. — Nah. i. 
 In Scripture, Satan is called THE adversabv, by 
 way of eminence. — 1 Pet. v. 
 
 2. An opponent or antagonist, as in a suit at law, 
 or in single combat ; an opposing litigant. 
 
 AD'VER-S.-V-RY, a. Opposed ; opposite to ; adverse. 
 
 In laWf having an opposing party ; as, an adversary 
 * suit ; m distinction from an application, in law or 
 equitv, to which no opposition is made. 
 
 AD-VERS'A-TIVE, a. Noting some difference, con- 
 trariety, or opposition ; as, John is an honest man, 
 but a fan itic. Here but is called an adversative con- 
 junction This denomination, however, is not al- 
 ways correct ; for but does not always denote oppo- 
 sition, but something additional. 
 
 AD-VERS'A-TIVE, n. A word denoting contrariety 
 or opposition. 
 
 AD'VERSE, (ad'vers,) a. [L. adversus, opposite ; of 
 ad and versus, tumetl ; from verto, to turn. See Ad- 
 vert. This word was formerly accented, by some 
 authors, on the last syllable ; but the accent is now 
 settled on the first.] 
 
 1. Opposite ; opposing ; acting in a contrary direc- 
 tion ; conflicting ; counteracting ; as, adverse winds ; 
 an adverse party. 
 
 2. Fijrurativebj, opposing desire ; contrary to the 
 wishes, or to supposed good ; hence, unfortunate ; 
 calamitous; afllictive ; pernicious; unprosperous ; 
 as, adverse fate or circumstances. 
 
 AD-VERSE', (ad-vers',) ». £. To oppose. [JVo( used,] 
 
 Qower. 
 
 AD'VERSE LY, adv In an adverse manner ; oppo- 
 sitely ; unfortunately ; unprosperously ; in a man- 
 ner contrary to desire or success. 
 
 AD'VERSE-NESS, 71. Opposition ; unprosperous- 
 ness. 
 
 AD-VERS'I-TY, 71. An event, or series of events, 
 which oppose success or desire ; misfortune ; ca- 
 lamity ; aflliction ; distress ; state of unhappiness. 
 
 In the day of adversity, consider. — Ecd. vii. 
 Ye have rejected God, who saved you out of all your adversi- 
 ties. — 1 Satn. X. 
 
 AD- VERT', V. u [L. adverto, of ad and verto, to 
 turn.] 
 
 'I'o turn the mind or attention to ; to regard, ob- 
 serve, or notice ; with tn ; as, he adverted to what 
 was said, or to a circumstance that occurred. 
 
 AD-VERT'ED, pp. Attended to ; regarded ; with to. 
 
 AIJ-VEIIT'ENCE, ) «. A direction of the mind to; 
 
 AD-VERT'EN-CY, ( attention ; notice ; regard ; 
 consideration ; heedfulness. 
 
 AD-VERT'ENT, a. Attentive ; heedful. 
 
 AD-VERT'Ei\T-LY, h(/i-. In an advertent manner. 
 
 AD-VERT'ING, ppr. Attending to; regarding; ob- 
 serving. 
 
 AD VER TISE', v. t. [Fr. avtrtir; Ann. avertis-.a, 
 to inform ; from ad and verto, to turn. See Ad- 
 vert J 
 
 1. To inform; to give notice, advice, or intelli- 
 gence to, whetlier of a past or present event, or of 
 something future. 
 
 I will advertise tliee what this people will do to thy people in 
 
 the l.mi-rthiy. — Nuni. ixiv. 
 1 thouj^ht to advertise tllec, saying, Buy it before the uihab- 
 
 iuuts antl elders ol my iieople. — Kulh iv. 
 
 In this sense, it has of before the subject of infor- 
 mation ; as, to futvcrti.<e a man of his losses. 
 
 2. To publish a notice of; to publisli a written or 
 printed account of; as, to adnrtu'ie goods, or a farm. 
 
 Al)-VER-l'lS'A'D, pp. Inftirmetl ; notified ; wiirned ; 
 used of persons: published; made known; liscd ojf 
 things. 
 
 AD-VER'TIfiiE-ME.VT, n. Information ; admoni- 
 tion ; notice given. More i;cneralhj, a publicatiim 
 intended to give notice ; this may iie by a short ac- 
 count printed in a newspaper, or by a written ac - 
 count posted, or otherwise made public. 
 
 AD VER-TIS'ER, II. One who .-idvertiscs. This ti- 
 tle is often given to public prints. 
 
 AD-VER-'I'IS'INti, ppr. Informing; giving notice; 
 publishing notice. 
 
 2. a. Furnishing advertisements; as, advertising 
 customers. 
 
 3. Ill the sense of monitory, or active in giving 
 intclligenco, as usetl by Sliakspeare. [JVot nmo 
 ujtrd. 1 
 
 AD-VICE', 71. [Fr. avis, opinion, notice ; Arm. oots. 
 
 FATB, PAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLK, BQQK.— 
 
 22 
 
ADV 
 
 ADY 
 
 A Ell 
 
 This and tlio verb ariscr, to ndvise, seem to be 
 formed of aU and the I., viso, to see, to visil.] 
 
 1 Counsel ; iin opinion rcconuucndcd, or olfored, 
 as wortliy to lie followed. 
 
 Whit advice jfivc vc f — 'i Clirun. x. 
 
 Willi gooil lu/cice iiwko w;ir. — Pr..». xx. 
 
 We may give cu/riiv, but we c:iu nut give comluct. fVarOr.'m. 
 
 9. Pnidence ; deliberate consideration. Sliak. 
 3. Information as to the state of an affair or af- 
 fairs ; notice ; intollij»enee ; as, wo liavo lato <k/- 
 I'icM from France. [Cuinnioiilij in tlie. plural.] 
 To lake ailnicr, is to consult w ith others. 
 AD-VICE'-BOAT, n. A vessel employed to carry 
 
 dispatches or information. 
 AD-VIS'A-BLE, a. [Sec Advise.] 
 
 1. Proper to be advised; prudent; expedient; 
 proper to be done or iiracticed ; as, it is not ndnis- 
 able to proceed, at this time, to a choice of olficors. 
 9. Open to advice. SoutJt. 
 AD-VIS'A-BLE-NE.^S, 71. The quality of being ad- 
 visable or expetiient. 
 AD-VtS'A-BLY, adv. With advice. 
 AD- VISE', V. t. [Fr. aniscr ; Arm. aviso ; Sp. avijar ; 
 It. avvisare. See Advice.] 
 
 1. To give counsel to ; to offer an opinion, as wor- 
 thy or expedient to be followed ; as, I advise you to 
 be cautious of speculation. 
 
 'i To give infiirniation ; to communicate notice ; 
 to make aci|uninted with ; followed by o/before the 
 thing communicated ; as, the merchants were ad- 
 vised of the risk. 
 
 3. To dehberate, consider, or consult. 
 Adcise Ihvsrif of what wonl I shall bring ngnln to him that 
 Kill iiie. — 1 Cliron. xxi. 
 
 But in this sense it is usually intransitive. 
 AD- VISE', V. i. To deliberate, weigh well, or con- 
 sider. 
 
 Advise and see what answer 1 shall return to him tJiat sent me. 
 — 2 Sain. xxi». 
 
 To advLte with, is to consult for the purpose of tak- 
 ing the opinions of others. 
 AD-VTS'iCD, pp. or a. Informed ; counseled ; also, 
 cautious ; prudent ; acting with deliberation. 
 
 I.et him b? ndrited in his answers. Bacon. 
 WiUi the well aitui*ed is wisiloiii. — Prov. xiii, 
 
 9. Done, formed, or taken with advice or deliber- 
 ation ; intended ; as, an advised act or scheme. 
 
 A1)-V'IS'EU-LY, aJr. With deliberation or advice ; 
 heedfully ; purposely ; by design ; as, an enterprise 
 ttdvi-<edlii undertaken. 
 
 AD-VI>«T,D-NESS, ii. Deliberate consideration ; pru- 
 dent procedure. 
 
 AD-VISE'WENT,n. Counsel; information; circum- 
 spection. 
 9. Consultation. 
 
 The action standing Ctfntjniied nlii for advisement. 
 
 Mass. Reports. 
 
 AD-VIS'ER, B. One who gives advice or admoni- 
 tion ; also, in a bad sense, one who instigates or per- 
 suades. 
 
 AD-ViS'ING, ppr. Giving counsel. 
 .\I)-VIS'IN'G, II. Advice ; counsel. Shak, 
 AU-VIS'O-RY, a. Having power to advise. 
 
 The general association has a Jfeneral advisory su[X-rinten<lencc 
 over ail the ministers ami churches. — TrambitU's Hisl. 
 Conn, iiladison. Ramsay, hist. Car. 
 
 9. Containing advice ; as, their opinion is merely 
 advisoni. 
 
 .M)'VO-eA-CY, n. The act of pleading for or sup- 
 porting ; vindication ; defense ; intercession. 
 
 Broim. 
 
 9. Judicial pleading ; lawsuit. Chaucer, 
 AD'YO-CATE, )i. [L. advocntus, from advoco, to call 
 for, to plead for ; of ad and voco, to call. See 
 Vocal.] 
 
 1. .Advocate, in its primary sense, signifies one 
 who pleads the cause of another in a court of civil 
 law. Hence, 
 
 9. One who pleads the cause of another before any 
 tribunal or judicial court, as a barrister in the Eng- 
 lish courts. We say a man is a learned lawyer 
 and an able advocate. 
 
 3. In church history, a person appointed to defend 
 the rights and revenues of a church or mon.ister)'. 
 
 Knctjc. 
 
 In Europe, advocates have different titles, accord- 
 ing to their particular duties. 
 
 Consisforial atlvocatcs, in Rome, appear before 
 the Consistory, in opposition to the dispasal of 
 benefices. 
 
 Elective advocates are chosen by a bishop, abbot, 
 or chapter, with license from the prince. 
 
 Feudal advocates were of a military kind, and to 
 attach them to the church, had gnints of land, with 
 power to lead the vassals of the church to war. 
 
 Fi-fcal advocates, in ancient Rome, defended causes 
 in which the Jiseus or private revenue of the cnijier- 
 or w.xs concerned. 
 
 Juridical aiivocates became judges, in consequence 
 of their attending causes in the Count*s court. 
 
 Matricular advocates defended the cathedral 
 churches. 
 
 Mditurij advocates were emplnu'il by the church 
 to defend it by arms, when force gave law to 
 Europe. 
 
 Some advocates were called nominative, from their 
 being noniiiialed by the pope or king ; some reirnlar, 
 from their being qualilii^d by a projier course of 
 study. Some were supreme ; others^ subordinate. 
 
 Advocate, in the German polity, is a magistrate 
 appointed in the emperor's nuiiie to administer 
 justice. 
 
 Faculty of advocates, in Scotland, is a society of 
 eminent lawyers, who practice in the highest courts, 
 and who are ailmittcd members only upon the 
 severest examination, at three different tiim s. It 
 consists of more tlian two hundred members, and 
 from this body are vacancies on the bench usually 
 supplied. 
 
 Lord advocate, in Scotland, the principal crown 
 lawyer, or prosecutor of crimes. 
 
 Jud>re advocate, ill courts martial, a person who 
 manages the prosecution. 
 
 In En^rlish and .American courts, advocates are the 
 same as counsel, or coimsi lors. In Enfrland, they 
 are of two degrees, barristers and Serjeants ; the 
 former, being apprentices or learners, can not, by 
 ancient custom, be admitted Serjeants till of six- 
 teen years' standing. BlucLsione. Encyc. 
 
 4. One who defends, vintlicates, or espouses a 
 cause by argumtmt ; one who is friendly to ; as, an 
 advocate for peace, or for the oppressed. 
 
 In Scripture, Christ is called an advocate for his 
 people. 
 
 We have an advocaU with the Father. — 1 John ii. 
 
 AD'VO-CaTE, v. U To plead in favor of ; to defend 
 by argument, before a tribun:il or the public ; to 
 support or vindicate. 
 
 Those who advocate a discrimination. 
 
 Hamillon's Report on PubHc Debt. 
 The Duke of York advocated the imn ii.in.eiit. — iliTwf;'* on 
 
 lite Regency in the House of I,or<ls, I), c. 27, 1»1U. 
 The Karl of Buckingham advocated llie on>riiial resolution. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 The idea of a legislatulf , consisting of a sinde branch, though 
 advocated by some, was generally repruGaleil. 
 
 Ramsay, Hisl. Carolina. 
 How little claim pereons, who advocate this sentiincni, really 
 possess to be considered CalviiiLits, will af>pear h-oiii Uic 
 following quoLation. Machettzie's Life of Calvin. 
 
 The most eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. 
 
 Mtt/ord. 
 
 A part only of the boily, whose cause he advocates, ci'incide 
 with him in judgment. Chris. Obs. xi. 43-1. ^'coU. 
 
 AD'VO-€a-TED, pp. Defended by argument , vin- 
 dicated. 
 
 AD'VO-eATE-SHIP, n. The office or duty of an 
 advocate. 
 
 AD'VO-Ca-TESS, n. A female advocate. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 AO'VO-CA-TING, ppr. Supporting by reasons ; de- 
 fending ; maintaining. 
 AD-VO-Ca'TION, n. A pleading for ; plea ; apology. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 A bill of advocation, in Scotland, is a written ap- 
 plication to a superior court, to call an action before 
 them from an inferior court. The order of the su- 
 perior court for this purpose Is called letters of ad- 
 vocation. 
 
 AD-VO-LO'TION, n. A rolling toward sometliing. 
 AD-VOU'TRER, n. An adulterer. 
 An-VOU'TRESS, 71. An adulteress. BacoTi. 
 AD-VOU'TKY,ii. Adultery. [LitUeused.] Bacon. 
 AD-VOW-KE', 71. He that has the right of advow- 
 son. Comel. 
 9. The advocate of a church or religious house. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 AD-VOW'SON, 71. [Fr. avouerie, from avouer, to 
 avow ; Norm, avoerie, or avocson. But the word 
 was latinized, advocatio, from advoco, and avotc is 
 from advoco.] 
 
 In English law, a right of presentation to a vacant 
 benefice ; or, in other words, a right of nominating 
 a person to officiate in a vacant church. The name 
 is ilerived from advocatio, because the right was first 
 obtained by such as were founders, benefactors, 
 or strenuous defenders, advocates, of the church. 
 Those who have this right are styled patrons. .\d- 
 vowsons are of three kinds, presentative, collalive, 
 and donative ; prcsejttative, when the patron presents 
 his clerk to the bishop of the diocese to be insti- 
 tuted ; collative, when the bishop is the patron, and 
 institutes or collates his clerk, by a single act ; dona- 
 tive, when a church is founded by the king, and 
 a.ssigned to the patron, without being subject to the 
 ordinarj', so that the patron confers the benefice 
 on his clerk, without presentation, institution, or 
 induction. 
 
 Jldvowsons are also appendant, that is, annexed to a 
 manor, or in grtws, that is, annexed to the person 
 of the patron. Blackstone. 
 AD-VOY'ER. See Avover. 
 A-DY-NAM'ie, a. Weak; destitute of strength. 
 
 Adynamic fevers, in medicine, a tenii employed by 
 Pinel,to denote tnaTignant or putrid fevers attendetl 
 with great muscular debility. Cyc. Med. 
 
 .\-l)V.\'A-.MV, 71. [Gr. a privative and jtiva/iif, 
 power.] 
 
 In medicine, weakness; want of strength occa- 
 sioneil by disease. Morin. 
 
 A-DY'TUiM, 71. [I-at. ; Gr. i,!,vrov.] 
 
 A secret apartinent. In ancient temples, a secret 
 place from whence onicles were given. 
 
 ADZ, 71. [Sax. adesc ; Sp. u-.uela ; formerly written 
 in Eng. addice.] 
 
 An iron instrument with an arching blade, across 
 the line of the handle, anil ground from a base on 
 its inside to the outer edge; used for chipping a 
 hori/ontal surface of timber. Encyc. 
 
 /E. ; a diphthong in the Latin language ; used also by 
 tile Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The 
 Sax. IB has been changed into e or ea. In deriva- 
 tives from the learned languages, it is mostly super- 
 seded by e, and cimvenience seems to retjuire it to 
 be wholly rejected in anglicized words. For most 
 words found with this initial combination, the reader 
 will therefore search under the letter E. 
 
 i£D, EU, E.\D, syllables found in names from the 
 Saxon, signify happy ; as, Eadric, happy kingdom ; 
 Fjidriir, happy vit tiiry ; FMicard, prosperous w jttch ; 
 EilL'ar, successful \m apoii. Gibson. Lye. 
 
 JE'DILK, n. [L.] In ancient Rome, an officer or 
 magistrate, who had the care of the public build- 
 ings, [o dis,] streets, highways, public spectacles, &c 
 
 /IVGII- OI'S, n. [Gr. Ill) iX(. li ; iii(, a goat, and loi/i, 
 the eye.] A tumor in the inner corner of the eye, 
 antl a phint so called. Quincy. 
 
 iC'GlS, 71. [<;r. nij If, a goat skin, and shield ; from 
 ai(, a goat.] 
 
 A shii'lil, or def-nsive armor; originally applied 
 to the shield given by Jupiter to iMinerva. 
 
 ^^L, AI,, .•\LII, or E.AI,, in .^axon. Eng. all, are seen 
 in many names ; as in ^Xlfrcd, Alfred, all peace ; 
 Jf:iwin, all roiHiueror. Gibson. 
 
 A'A.V seems to be one form of help, but more gener- 
 ally written clph or ii(/>/i ; us in JF.lfu-in, victorious 
 aid; ./3^V/ii7«7ii//i/i, illustritnis help. Gibson, 
 
 iE-.\E'IU, «. [L. ^Uiiris.] An Ik roic poem, written 
 by Virgil, in w hich .l-'.m as is the hero. 
 
 iU'O-LIST, 71. [L. JEolus.] A pretender to inspi- 
 riition. Swift. 
 
 .lE-o'Ll-AN, a. Pertaining to /Eohis, the god of the 
 winds. 
 
 iE-O'LI-AX IIXRP, 71. See Eolian Hasp. 
 yE-aUliN'O-LITE, 71. See Piichsto.ne. 
 a'ER-.XTE, v. t. [See Air.] 
 
 1. In chemistry, to combine with carbonic acid, 
 formerly called fxed air. [The icord luis been dis- 
 carded from modern chemistry.] 
 
 2. In zoolooy, to change the circulating fluids of 
 animals by the agency of the air ; to arterialize. 
 
 A'Elt-A-TED, Combined Willi carbonic acid ; as, 
 aerated mineral waters ; changed by the agency of 
 the air ; arterialized. 
 
 A'ER-A-'i'I.\G, ppr. Combining with carbonic acid ; 
 
 _ changing by the agency of the air; arti rializiiig. 
 
 A-EU-A''riO.\, ji. Ill cheniistrij, the act or o|H'ration 
 of combining with carbonic acid. 
 
 9. Ill zoidofry, the change in the circulating fluids 
 of animals, effected by the agency of the air ; as the 
 arterializtition of the blooil by respiration in the 
 higher animals ; and the corresponding change in 
 the lower animals. 
 
 3. In an-ricultare, the exposure of soil to the free 
 at lion of the air, as essential to the growth of plants. 
 
 A-E'RI-.\L, a. [L. ueriu.<. See Air.] 
 
 1. Belonging to the air, or atmosphere ; a:!, arn'oi 
 regions. 
 
 9. Consisting of air ; partaking of the nature of 
 air ; as, aerial particles. 
 
 3. Produced by air ; as, aerial honey. Pope. 
 
 4. Inhabiting or frequenting the air; as, am'oi 
 songsters. 
 
 5. Placed in the air ; high ; lofty ; elevated ; as, 
 aerial spires ; aerial llight. 
 
 .4m'a/ uciii ; carbonic acid. [Oi.«.] Ure, 
 Aerial perspective. See Pehsi'ecti ve. 
 A-k'RI-.'\.NS, h. pi. In church history, a branch of 
 Allans, so called from .'\erius, who maintained that 
 there is no difference between bisho|is and priests. 
 a'E-RIE, (a'ry or c'ry,) 7i. [W. eryr. Corn, er, an 
 eagle.] 
 
 The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or 
 hawk ; a brood of such birds. Shalt, 
 
 A-ER-l-FI-C.A'TlON, «. 'J'lie act of combining air 
 w ith ; the state of being filled with air. Fourrruy, 
 
 9. The act of becoming air, or of ( banging into 
 an aeriform state, as siibslances which are con- 
 verted from a liquid or solid form into gas or an 
 clastic vapor ; the state of being aeriform. Ibid. 
 
 A'EU-I-FI-£U, Having air infused, or combined 
 with. 
 
 a'ER-I-FORM, a. [L. aer, air, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form or nature of air, or of an clastic 
 
 fluid. The gases are aeriform fiuids. 
 A'ER-I-FY , r. (. To infuse air into ; to fill w ith air, 
 
 or to combine air with ; to change into an aeriform 
 
 state. 
 
 A-ER-0-DV-.\A.M'ieS, n. [Gr. aip and Ivvaiiit,] 
 
 Tu.NE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 23 
 
AFA 
 
 AFF 
 
 AFF 
 
 Tile scifnce which treats of tlie iimtioii of the air, 
 and of tile mechanical etlects of air in motion. 
 
 Braiide. 
 
 A-ER-OG'-NO-SY, n. [Gr. ar/o, air, and ji-.xtis, 
 knowledge.] The science w hich treats of the prop- 
 erties of air, and the part it performs in the opera- 
 tions of nature. 
 
 A-EK-OG'R.\-PHY, 7!. [Gr. nrio, air, and ) natpa, to 
 describe.] A description of the air or atmosphere ; 
 
 _ but acrtilugv is chiefly used. 
 
 A'ER-0-LITi3, 71. [Gr. atio, air, and AiOof, a stone.] 
 A stone which has fallen from the air, or atmos- 
 pheric regions ; a meteoric stone. 
 
 Ouiilotte. Jilcd. Rep. 
 
 A-ER-0-LOG'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to aerologj-. 
 
 A-EIl-OL'(i-GI.'?T, II. One who is versed in aerolog)'. 
 
 A-EU-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. ai/o, air, and \aj«s, de- 
 scription.] 
 
 A description of the air ; that branch of philoso- 
 phy which treats of the air, its constituent parts, 
 properties, and phenomena. Enctjc. 
 A'ER-O-MAIV-CY, 71. [Gr. ar\p, and fiavrcia, div- 
 ination.] 
 
 Divination by means of the air and winds. 
 X-EU-O.M'E-TEil, Ji. [Gr. ano, air, and iicrpuy, 
 measure.] 
 
 1. An mstrtiment for making the necessary cor- 
 rections in ascertaining tlie mean bulk of gases. 
 
 Ihbrrt. 
 
 2. An instrument for ascertaining the density or 
 rarity of air. Morin. 
 
 X-ER-biM'E-TRY, n. [as above.] The science of 
 measuring the air, including the doctrine of its 
 pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and comlensution. 
 [In this sense, the word is now disused, the term 
 pneumatics having taken its place.] Encijc. 
 
 Rather aerumetnj is tile art or science of ascer- 
 taining the mean bulk of the gases. Ure. 
 A'EK-O-NAUT, 71. [Gr. anii and vavrrii, a sailor, 
 from mi j, a ship.] 
 
 One who sails or floats in the air; an aerial nav- 
 igator: aypliejl ta persons who ascend in air balloons. 
 
 Hurhc. 
 
 A-ER-O-NAUT'ie, a. Sailing or floating in tlie air ; 
 
 pertaining to aerial sailing. 
 A-ER-O-NAUT'ieS, n. The doctrine, science, or art 
 
 of sailing in the air, by means of a balloon. 
 A'ER-O-NAUT-IS.M, n. 'J'lie practice of ascending 
 
 and floating in the atmosphere, in balloons. 
 
 JouriL of Science. 
 
 a'ER-O-PIIVTE, 77. [Gr. arjp and ^dt v, a plant.] 
 A plant tliat lives e.xclusivcly in air, in distinc- 
 tion from a hijilrophyte. Brandc. 
 
 A-ER-O-SCEP'SY, 71. [Gr. anp and aKt-rruiiai, to 
 exiilorc.] 
 
 'I'he (acuity of )>crception by the medium of the 
 air, supposed to reside in the antennae of insects. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 A-ER-0S'€0-PY, 71. [Gr. «;;o and <7if£rr.//a^ii,to see.] 
 The observation or jii^rception of the air. 
 
 A'ER-O-SlTE, II. See REO-t^iLVER- 
 
 A'ER-O-STAT, 77. [Gr. anp and oruruf, sustaining, 
 from larriiii, to stand.] 
 
 A machine or vessel sustaining weights in the 
 air ; a name given to air balloons. Encyc. 
 
 A-ER-O-STAT'ie, a. Suspending in air ; pertaining 
 to the art of aerial navigation. 
 
 A-ER-O-STAT'ieS, w. The science that treats of the 
 equilibrium of elastic fluids, or of bodies sustained 
 in them ; hence, the science of aerial navigation. 
 
 A-ER-OS-Ta'TION, 71. Aerial navigation ; the sci- 
 ence of raising, suspending, and guiding machines 
 in the air, or of ascending in air balloons. 
 
 2. The science of weighing air. Jldams. 
 jE-R0'C;1.V-OUS, a. Partaking of cojiper rust. 
 A'ER-Y-LIGIIT, a. In Mdton, light as air ; used for 
 
 airy Itirht. 
 
 iES'-CH V-MTE, 71. A black or dark brownish yel- 
 low ore, from tile Ural Mounuiins ; an ore contain- 
 ing titanium, zirconium, and cerium. Dana. 
 
 if.S-TllET'lCrf, / r/- (1 T 
 
 ES-THET'ieS, i «"'«'»■"'<'«•] 
 
 The theory or philosophy of taste ; the science of 
 the beautiful, or that which treats of the princijiles 
 of the belles lettres and fine nrLs. 
 
 A-E-TIIE OG'A-.MOUS, a. [Gr. nqOm, unusual, and 
 yaiioi, niarriagf'.] A term applied to cryptogamic 
 plants, fouiiiled on the opinion, that the ir mode of 
 propagation ii not hidden, hut (Mily unusual. Brande. 
 
 iE-TI-OL'O-G V, 71. [(Jr. airiti, cause, and Aojoj, 
 di8Cotirse,] 'J'he flcieiice of the causes of disease. 
 
 iE-TI''I'KS, 71. Eagle Htone, wiiicli see. 
 
 A-FAR', fl//n. [a and /«r. See Ear.] 
 
 1. At a distance in place ; to or Irntn a distance ; 
 uiwmI with from preceding, or off following ; as, he 
 WJo* Ht-eii from nfiir ; 1 saw him afar off. 
 
 M. In Srniiturc, flguratively, CHtranged in aflic- 
 tlon ; alirnat4'd. 
 
 My l(iiiacnr-n ilJiriil a/ar — P»^^. xxxvtii. 
 
 3. AljKcnt ; not aiwiiiting. 
 
 Why iUit'l'-*! Ihou t^/ar O 1.01 I. — Pi*]. X. 
 
 4. Not of the viaihle church Epii. 11. 
 
 A-Ff.ARD', a. [Sax. aferan, to make afraid, .^ftard 
 is the participle passive. See Fear.] 
 
 Afraid ; affected with fear or apprehension, in a 
 more modenite degree tlian is expressed by terrified. 
 It is followed by of, but no longer used in books, 
 and even in popular use is deemed vulgar. 
 AF'FA, 71. A weight used on the Guinea co.ist, equal 
 to an ounce The half of it is called eggeba. 
 
 Enciic. 
 
 AF-F.V RIL'I-TY, 7i. [See Affable.] The quality 
 of being atfable ; readiness to converse ; civility 
 and courteousness in receiving others, and in con- 
 versation ; condescension in manners. JJffabUity 
 of countenance is that mildness of aspect which 
 invites to free social intercourse. 
 
 AF'FA-BLE, a. [h. affabdis, of ad s.ni fabulor See 
 Fable.] 
 
 1. Easy of conversation ; admitting others to free 
 conversation without reserve ; courteous ; com- 
 plaisant ; of easy manners ; condescending; usually 
 applied to superiors ; as, an affable jirince. 
 
 2. Applied to extenial appearance, a^nWc denotes 
 that combination of features which invites to con- 
 versalicm, and renders a person accessible, opposed 
 to a forbidding aspect ; mild ; benign ; as, an arable 
 countenance. 
 
 .\F'FA-BLE-XESS, 71. Afl'ability. 
 
 AF'F.V-BLY, adv. In an afTable manner; courte- 
 ously ; invitingly. 
 
 .\F-FAB-lI-LA''i'tOX, 71. The moral of a fable. 
 
 AF-FaIR', 71. [Fr. affaire, (lomfairc, to make or do ; 
 Ij. faccre; Sp. hacer : It. fare. The primarj' sense 
 offacio is to urge, drive, impel.] 
 
 1. Business of any kind ; that which is done, or 
 is to be done : a word of very indefinite and indefinable 
 signification. In the plural, it denotes transactions 
 in general ; as, human affairs : political or ecclesi- 
 astical affairs; also, the business or concerns of an 
 individual ; as, his affairs are embarrassed. 
 
 2. Matters ; state ; condition of business or con- 
 cerns. 
 
 1 !i:ive s'^nl Uiat ye may know our ajfairs. — Epb, ri. 
 
 3. In the singular, it is used for a private dispute, 
 or duel ; as, an affair of honor. 
 
 4. In military language, a partial engagement of 
 troops. 
 
 5. .Affairs, in the plural, public concerns and their 
 management ; as, " at the head of affairs," Jjinius ; 
 " a talent for affairs," Prescott. 
 
 AF-FAiM'ISir, I', t. [Sej Famish.] To starve. 
 .\F-F.\.M'ISH-J1ENT, ii. A starving. 
 AF-FiiAR', r. e. To frighten. [Obs.] Spcn.ter. 
 AF-FE€T', r. t. [L. affcio, affectum, of ad and facio, 
 
 to make ; L. affecto, to desire, from the same root. 
 
 .Effect is to make to, or upcui, to press upon.] 
 
 1. To act upon ; to produce an efl^ect or change 
 upon ; as, cold affects the body ; loss affects our 
 interests. 
 
 2. To act upon, or move the passions ; as, affected 
 with grief. 
 
 3. 'I'o aim at ; aspire to ; desire or entertain pre- 
 tension to ; as, to affect imperial sway. [Sec the 
 etymology of Affair.] 
 
 4. To tend to by natural affinity or disposition ; 
 as, the drops of a fluid affect a spherical form. 
 
 5. To love, or regard with fondness. 
 
 Think not that wars we love and strife affect. Fair/ax. 
 [This sense is closely allied to the third.] 
 
 6. To make a show of ; to atteiniit to imitate, in 
 a manner not natural ; to study the appearance of 
 what is not natural, or re:il ; as, to affect to be grave ; 
 affected friendship. 
 
 It seems to have been used formerly for convict or 
 attaint, as in Aylifte's Parergon ; but this sense is 
 not now in use. 
 AF-FE€T-A'TION, 7i. [L. affectatio.] 
 
 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not 
 natural or real ; false pretense ; artificial appear- 
 ance, or show; as, an affectation of wit, or of virtue. 
 
 Q. Fondness ; alfection. [.Vot used.] • 
 Ifooker. Ilall. 
 .\F-FEeT'ED, pp. Impressed ; moved, or touched, 
 either in person or in interest ; having suflereti 
 some change by external force, loss, danger, ami 
 the like ; as, we are more or less affected by the 
 failure of the bank. 
 
 2. Touched in the feelings ; having the fet'Iings 
 excited ; as, affected with cold or heat. 
 
 3. Having the passions moved; us, affected witli 
 Borrow or joy. 
 
 4. a. Inclined or disposed; followed by to; ns, 
 well affected to government. 
 
 5. a. Given to false show ; assuming, or pretend- 
 ing to possess what is not natural or real ; as, an 
 affected lady. 
 
 C. a. Assumed artificially ; not natural ; as, af- 
 fected airs. 
 
 7. In algebra, this term, when applied to an eipia- 
 tion, denotes Hint two or lu'iri' Krvi r;il powers of the 
 unknown (|u;tn(ity, enter into Hie e<|uatiiiii. 
 
 AF-FEC"I''E1)-LV, adv. In an allected manner; 
 hypocritically ; with more show than reality ; for- 
 
 mally ; studiously ; unnaturally ; as, to walk affcet- 
 edhj : affectetUy civil. 
 
 AF-FEGT'EU-.XESS, 7t. The quality of being af- 
 fected ; atfectatioii. 
 
 AF-FECT-l-BlL'I-TY, 7i. The state of being af- 
 fectible. 
 
 AF-FE€T'I-I5LE, a. That may be afllcted. 
 AF-FE€T'I>iG, ppr. Impressing; having an effect 
 
 on ; touching the feelings ; moving the passions ; 
 
 attempting a false show; greatly desiring; aspiring 
 
 to possess. 
 
 2. a. Having po\ver to excite, or move the pas- 
 sions ; tending to move the affections ; pathetic; as, 
 an affecting address. 
 
 The most ajfecling music is generally tlis most simple 
 
 Amford. 
 
 AF-FECT'ING-LY, adv. In an affecting manner; 
 
 in a manner to excite emotions. 
 AF-FE€'TION, 7t. [h. affectio.] The state of being 
 
 aflected. [Little used.] 
 
 2. Passion ; but more generally, 
 
 3. A bent of mind toward a particular object, 
 holding a middle place between disposition, which 
 is natural, and passion, which is excited by the 
 presence of its exciting object. .Affection is a per- 
 manent bent of the mind, formed by the presence 
 of an object, or by some act of another person, and 
 existing without the presence of its object. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. In a more particular sense, a settled good-will, 
 love, or zealous nttaclimeiit ; as, the affection of a 
 parent for his child. It was formerly followed by 
 to or toward, but is now more generally followed by 
 for. 
 
 5. Desire; inclination; propensity; good or evil ; 
 as, virtuous or vile affections. Rom. i. Gal. 5. 
 
 6. In a general sense, an attribute, quality, or 
 property, w liich is inseparable from its subject ; as, 
 love, fear, and hope are affections of the mind ; figure, 
 weight, &LC., are affections of bodies. 
 
 7. Among physicians, a disease, or any particular 
 morbid state of the body ; as, a gouty affection ; 
 hysteric affection. 
 
 8. In painting, a lively representation of passion. 
 
 pybtton. 
 
 Shakspeare uses the word for affectation ; but this 
 use is not lenitimate. 
 AF-FEC'TION-ATE, a. [Fr. affectionne.] 
 
 1. Having great love, or affection ; fond ; as, an 
 affectionate brother. 
 
 2. Warm in aflection ; zealous. 
 
 Man, in his love to God, and desire to please liim, can never 
 lie too affectionaie. Speat. 
 
 3. Proceeding from affection ; indicating love ; 
 benevolent ; tender ; as, the affeetioiiate care of a 
 parent ; an affectiunale countenance. 
 
 4. Strongly inclined to. [Liltle used.] Bacon. 
 AF-FE€'T10X'-ATE-LY, adc. AVith aflection ; fond- 
 ly ; tenderly ; kindly. 1 Tliess. ii. 
 
 AF-FEe'TlUN-ATE-NESS, 7i. Fondness ; good- 
 will ; atfection. 
 
 AF-FEe'T!ON-£D, a. Disposed; having an affec- 
 tion of heart. 
 
 Be kindly affccUontxi one to anotJier.— Rom. xii. 
 2. Affected ; conceited. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 AF-FEeT'IVE, a. That aff'ects, or e.xcites emotion ; 
 suited to affi'Ct. [Little used.] 
 
 AF-FE€T'IVE-LY, adv. In an affective or impres- 
 sive manner. 
 
 .AF-FECT'OR, ( 7i. One that affects ; one that prac- 
 AF-FEC T'ER, ( tices affectation. 
 .-VF-FEeT'lJ-OUS, a. Full of passion. [Mused.] 
 
 Leland. 
 
 AF-FEER', 7'. (. [Fr. «#cr, to set.] 
 To confirm. fjVnf used.] 
 
 AF-FkER', r. f. [Fr. offerer, affeurer, or afforer, to 
 assess or value.] 
 
 In law, to assess or reduce an arbitrary jienalty or 
 amercement to a precise sum ; to reiluce a general 
 amercement to a sum certain, according to the cir- 
 cumstances of the case. Blackstone. 
 
 .\F-Fr:ER'i'.'l), pp. Moderated iii sum ; assessed ; 
 reduced to a certainty. 
 
 AF-Fi5ER'MENT, n. 'i'he act of alfeering, or assess- 
 ing an amercement, according to the circumstances 
 of the case. 
 
 AF-Fj5ER'OIl, 77. One who afleers ; a persoii sworn 
 to assess a penalty, or reiluce an uncertain penalty 
 to a certainty. Cowel. 
 
 .9F-FET-TU-0'S0, or COJ\' JIF-FET'TO. [It., 
 from L. affectus.\ 
 
 In 77iuii<:, a direction to render notes soft and 
 affecting. 
 
 AF-FI'ANCE, II. [Norm, affiaunce, confidence; Ir. 
 dancer, to betrotli ; Sp. jianza, security in bail, 
 ajinn-.iir, to give security or bail, from fiar, to trust, 
 to bail, to confide in ; Port. id. ; Fr. fier, to trust ; 
 It. yi(/<i7-c, ailiilare, to trust, fidan-.a, confidence, 
 fidan-.arr, to bi lrotli, from I,. Jido,fides.] 
 
 1. The marriage contract or promise ; faith 
 pleilged. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 94 
 
AFF 
 
 2. i?tioiig trust or reliance, applied cliietty to tlic 
 SuprcKic Itciiig. 
 
 Til- C lirLsti.iii look* U) CJoti wilh implicit ajffiance. Atterbitnj. 
 
 AF-FI'A.VCE, I', t. To bftroth ; to iiledge one's ftiitli 
 or tiilflity ill murriagc, or to promise iiiarriairc. 
 'I'u till', silii iiiivia, he W.U* aJTianced. Sjitnser. 
 2. To give confidence. 
 
 AftanceS in my faiOi. Pojie. 
 
 AF-FI'ANC-EI), faf-fi'ansl,) pp. or a. Pledged in 
 marriage ; helrollied ; bound in failli. 
 
 A1'-KI'A.\(;-EK, It. One wlio makes a contract of 
 marriage hetween parties. 
 
 AK-FI'A.\C'-Ii\G, ;<;jr. Pledging in marriage; prom- 
 ising lidelitv. 
 
 .\F-Fl-UA'ViT, ti. [.An old law verb in tlie perfect 
 tense ; he made oath ; from ad andjide-s, faith.] 
 
 A declaration iipon oath. In ihe Umtrd Suursy 
 more generally, a declaration in writing, signed by 
 the party, and sworn to, before an authorised magis- 
 trate. 
 
 AF-FI'fTI), (af-f ide',) a. or part. Joined by contract ; 
 alRaiiced. Shak. 
 
 AF-FIl.E', ». t. [Fr. affllrr.] 
 
 To polish. [jYut usrd.] Chanerr. 
 
 AF-FII,'I-aTE, 1'. t. [Fr. affilier, to adopt, to ini- 
 tiate into the mysteries of a religious order ; L. ad 
 anA Jtliii.i, a son.] 
 
 1. To adopt ; to receive into a family as a son. 
 
 2. To receive into a society as a member, and 
 initiate in its mysteries, plans, &.c. — a snisc in 
 which the word wojs much itacd by the Jacobiits in 
 France, during the revolution, 
 
 AF-FIL'I-A-TEU, pp. or a. .Adopted; associated; 
 received into a society, .^filiated ..locietie.-i ; local so- 
 cieties, connected with a central society, or with 
 each other. 
 
 AF-FIL'I-A-TING, ppr. or a. Adopting ; associating; 
 
 receiving into a society. 
 AF-FIL-I-A'TION, M. Adoption ; association in the 
 
 same family or society. 
 
 In F,nirli.ih law, the assignment, by law, of a 
 
 chilli, as a bastard, to its father. Brandt. 
 AF'FI.V-ACE, II. A refining of metals. 
 AF-Fr.\'/;i), a. Joined in allinity. [Ohs.] Shak. 
 AF-FIN'I-'l'V^, Ji. [L. affmittis, from uffinis, adjacent, 
 
 related by marriage ; ad and ./iin>, end. J 
 
 1. The relation contracted by marriage between 
 a husband and his wife's kindred, and between a 
 wife and her husband's kindred; in contradistinc- 
 tion from consanguinity, or relation by blood. 
 
 Soluinoii made afftnilij with Pli;tr.ioli. — I Kiri<rs iii. 
 
 2. Agreement ; relation ; conformity ; resem- 
 blance ; connection ; as, the affinity of sounds, of 
 colors, or of languages. 
 
 3. In chrmislry, thjX attraction wlych takes place, 
 at an insensible distance, between the heteroge- 
 neous particles of bodies, and forms compounds. 
 
 AF-FIIl.M', r. t. [L. affinno; ad and frmo, to inaice 
 firm. i?ee Firm.] 
 
 1. To a.ssert positively; to tell with confidence; 
 to aver ; to decl;ire the existence of something ; to 
 maintain as true, opposed to dcinj. 
 
 Of one Josus, whom Piiul ajjirmed to be alive. — Acts xxv. 
 
 2. To make firm ; to establish, confirm, or ratify ; 
 as, the Supreme Court affirmed the juilgnient. 
 
 AF-FIK.M', r. I. To declare solemnly before a court 
 or magistrate, for confirming a fact, or to have an 
 atlinnation administered to, by way of confirmation, 
 or as a substitute for an oath ; as, the witness 
 afirmrd to the fact, or he was affirmed to the facL 
 
 AF-FIUM'A-IJLE, a. That may be asserted or de- 
 clared ; followed by of; as, an attribute affirmable of 
 every just man. 
 
 AF-FlK.M'A-liLV, adn. In a way capable of aflirni- 
 atioii. 
 
 AF-FIRM'AXCE, n. Confirmation ; ratification ; as, 
 the affirmance of a judgment ; a st.itute in affirmance 
 of common law. 
 2. Declaration ; affirmation. [Little used,] 
 
 Seldcn. Cincper. 
 AF-FIRM'AXT, n. One who affirms. 
 AF-FIK.M A'TION, >i. The an of afTirming or as- 
 serting as true ; opposed to ne*;ation or denial. Shak. 
 
 2. That which is asserted ; position tleclared as 
 true ; averment. Hammond. 
 
 3. Confirmation; ratification; an establishment 
 of what had been before done or decreed, /looker. 
 
 4. \ solemn declaration made under the pen- 
 alties of perjurj-, by persons who conscientiously 
 decline taking an oath ; which aflirmation is in law 
 equivalent to testimony given under oath. 
 
 AF-FIIl.M'A-TIVE, a. That afiiniis or asserts; 
 declaratory of what exists ; opposed to negative; as, 
 an affrmaiire proposition. 
 
 2. I'onfirnialive ; ratifying; as, an act affirmatice 
 of comnitin law. 
 
 .X In n/m(ir/;, [Hisitive ; a term applied to quan- 
 tities which have the sign -\- plu.t, denoting addi- 
 tion, :ind opposed to nriratirr, or such as have the 
 sign — minu.i, denoting subtraction. 
 
 4. Positive; dogmatic. [0*,v.] Taylor. 
 
 A F F 
 
 AF-FIU.\1'A-Ti VE, n. That side of a question 
 which artirms or maintains; opposed to nrgutire; 
 as, tlii^nt w i tc Slovenly votes in the affirmatice, and 
 tliirtv-Iive in the ncirutive, 
 
 AF-FIK.M'A-TI VE-LY, adv. In an afiirinative man- 
 ner ; positively ; on the afiirnuitive side of a ques- 
 tion ; opposed to neirntivety. 
 
 .AF-FIK.M'/Cl), pp. Declared; asser*?t averred; 
 confirmetl ; ratified. 
 
 AF FIK.M'EU, n. One who affirms. 
 
 AF-FIll.M'ING, ppr. Asserting ; declaring positively ; 
 confirming. 
 
 AF-FIX', I'. (. [L. affii;o, affizum, of ad and figo, to 
 fix; Gr. viiyio, Tiijuuoi, irifw ; Eng. peg. See 
 Fix.] 
 
 1. To unite at the end ; to subjoin, annex, or 
 adil at the close ; as, to affix a syllable to a word ; 
 to affix a se;il to an instrumenl. 
 
 2. To attach, unite, or connect with ; as, names 
 affixed to iile:is, tir ideas uffixeil to things. 
 
 3. To fix or fasten in any manner. In this sense, 
 fx is more generallv used. 
 
 AF'FI.X, 71. A syllable or letter added to the end of 
 a « <ird. 
 
 AF-FI.X'KD, (af-fixt',) pp. United at the end ; an- 
 nexed ; attached. 
 
 AF-FW'ltiQ, ppr. Uniting at the end; subjoining; 
 attaching. 
 
 AF-FI.\'l()iV, n. The act of uniting at the end, or 
 
 state of being so united. [Little used.] 
 AF-FIX'TIIUE, n. That wliiili is affixed. Drake. 
 AF-FLa'TIO.N, n. [I,, nffio, affiatum, of ad and fio ; 
 
 Eng. blow. See Hi.uw.] 
 .•\ blowing or breathing on. 
 AF-FLa'TUS, n. ri,.) 
 
 1. .\ breath or bl;ist of wind. 
 
 2. Inspiratitm ; communication of divine knowl- 
 etlge, or the power of prophecy. Spenee, 
 
 AF-FLICT', t\ t. [L. n^iVo, afflieto, of ad anil fiiro, 
 to strike ; Eng. ffoir ; Gr. Eol. ipX') i.i, to strike ; 
 Gr. irA'()'7, li. plaga, a stroke; Goth, flrkmi, to 
 strike, llence, Gvr. flegcl ; V. vleael ; Knn\. ffuil, g 
 being sujipri'ssed ; }j. Jlarrellum. !See Flog.] 
 
 1. To give to the body or mind pain which is 
 continued or of su:;;e permanence ; to grieve, or 
 distress ; as, one is afflicted with the gout, or with 
 melancholy, or with losses and misfoitunes. 
 
 Th'-v ajjlict thy lierit.i*e, O Lord. — Ps.-xl. xcv. 
 9. To trouble ; to harass ; to distress. 
 
 AF-FLICT'ED, pp. or a. Affected with continued or 
 often repeateil pain, either of body or mind ; suffer- 
 ing grief or distress of any kind ; followed by o(, hij, 
 or with : as, afflicted at the loss of a child, by the 
 rheumatism, or witli losses. 
 
 AF-FLlCT'ED-iN'ESS, n. The state of being af- 
 rtictetl ; but siipersetletl by AFFLicTioii. 
 
 AF-FLICT'EU, «. One who afflicts, or causes pain 
 of body or of mind. 
 
 AF-FLICT'ING, /i;/r. Causing continued or durable 
 pain of body or of mind ; grieving; distressing. 
 
 .\F-FLie r'lN'G, a. Grievous; distressing; as, an 
 nfflirliii rr evvnl. 
 
 AF-FI,ie'TIO.\', The state of being afflicted ; a 
 state of pain, distress, or grief; as, some virtues are 
 seen tnily in affliction. 
 
 2. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, 
 as sickness, losses, calamity, adversity, persecution. 
 
 Miny nre the affliction* of the rijrhtcoui. — Paid, xxxiv. 
 AF-FLIGT'IVE, a. Giving pjiin; causing ccmtinucd 
 or repeated pain or grief; painful ; distressing. 
 
 JIall. 
 
 AF-FLICT'IVE-LY, adv. In a manner to give pain 
 t>r grief. Brinrn, 
 
 AF'FLU-ENCE, n. [L. affluentia, of ad and fluo, to 
 Jioir. See Flow.] 
 
 1. Literally, a (lowing to, or concourse. In (Ai.« 
 sen.ie it is rarely used. It is sometimes written 
 afflucncif, 
 
 2. Figuratively, abundance of riches ; great plenty 
 of worUlly goods ; wealth. Rogers. 
 
 AF'FI.U-E.NT, a. Flowing to; more genrralhj, 
 wealthy ; abounding in gmds or riches ; abundant. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 AF'FLU-E\T-LY, adv. In abundance ; abundantly. 
 .\F'FI,UX,ii. [h. uffluxum, from affluo. See Flow.] 
 The act of flowing to; a flowing to, or that 
 which flows to; as, an afflux of blood to the head. 
 AF-FI,U.\'ION, n. The act of flowing to; that 
 
 which flows to. [See Afkli,-!.] 
 .\F'FOIl-A(5E, n. [Fr. ri/Tercr, to value. SeeArFr.KH.] 
 In France, a duty paid to the lord of a district, 
 for permission to sell wine or other liquors within 
 his seigniorv. Encije. 
 AF-FOKCE'.SlE.NT, n. [ad and force,] 
 
 In old charters, a fortress; a fortification for de- 
 fiMise. [Obs.] Cyc. 
 AF-FOUD^, r. L [ad and the root of forth, furUier ; G. 
 fdrdrrn,Ui further or promote j D. voorilercn ; Dan. 
 befurdre, to further. The sense is to send forth. 
 Hut I have not found this precise word in the 
 exact sense of the English, in any other langnaL'e.] 
 I. To yield or produce, as fruit, profit, issues, or 
 
 A 1 • F 
 
 result. Thus, llie earth affords grain ; a well qffords 
 water ; trade affords profit ; distilled liquors nffurd 
 spirit. 
 
 2. To yield, grant, or confer ; as, a good life 
 affords consolation in old age. 
 
 3. To be able to grant or sell with profit or vvilh- 
 out loss ; as, A can afford wine at a less price 
 than II. 
 
 4. To be able to expend without injury to one's 
 estate ; as, a man can afford a sum yearly in char- 
 ily ; or to be able to bear expenses, or the price of 
 the thing purchased ; as, one man can aff'ord to buy 
 a farm, which another can not. 
 
 5. To be able without loss or with profit. 
 
 AF-FoUI)'EI), pp. Yielded, as fruit, produce, or 
 result ; si.ld willioiit loss or with profit. ■ 
 
 AF-FoKD'li\(;, ;<;<r. Yielding; producing; selling 
 without loss ; bearing expenses. 
 
 .\F-F01l'EST, r. I. [lul ani\ forest.] 
 
 To convert ground into forest, :is was done by the 
 first Norman kings in England, for the purpose of 
 affording them the pleasures of the chase. 
 
 AF-FOK-EST-a'TION, ji. 'J'lie act of turning 
 ground into fnrest or wood land. Blackstvne 
 
 AF-F()lt'EST-EI), ;)//. or a. Converted into forest 
 
 AF-FOK'EST-I.Vt;, ppr. Converting into fore>t 
 
 AF-FI!A.\''CmSE, v. t. To make free. 
 
 AF-FltA.\'CIIIS-/;D, ;>/). Made free. 
 
 AF-Fl{AN"(;illSE-.ME.\T, 71. [See Fbaschise and 
 Disfranchise, j 
 
 The act of making free, or liberating from de- 
 pendence or servitude. [Little used.] 
 
 AF-FKAN'CIIIS-IiNG, ppr. Making free. 
 
 .■\F-Fll.1P', V. U or B. i. [Vi.frayper, to strike ; Eng. 
 rap.] 
 
 To strike. ( Ohs. | Spenser. . 
 
 AF-FRaY', 1). (. To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 .•\F-FR.^Y', (71. [Fr. effraijer, to frighten; 
 
 AF-FRaY'1ME.\X, i f^roi, terror; Arm. eir'"- ., 
 
 effrcy.] 
 
 1. In law, the fighting of two or more persons, in 
 a public place, to the terror of others. A fighting 
 in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. In popular language, fray is used to express any 
 fighting of two or more persons ; but the word is 
 ntiw deeinirti inelegant. 
 
 3. Tiiiiiiilt; disliirliance. Spenser. 
 AF-FREI(;HT', (af fratc',) 0. U [See Fiieioiit.] 
 
 To hire a ship for the transportatjon of goods or 
 
 freiifiit. Commerce. 
 AF-FKEKJIIT'EI), pp. Hired for transporting goods. 
 .\I'-FREIGHT'EK, n. The person who hires or 
 
 charters a ship or other vessel to convey gootis. 
 
 H'alsll, Am. Rev. 
 AF-FREIGIIT'.MENT, n. The act of hiring a ship 
 
 for the transportation of goods. jjm. Rev. .^pp. 
 .AF-FRET', 71. [It. affrellare, to hasten.] 
 
 .\ furious onset, tir attack. [A^o? ii.^c//.] Spenser. 
 AF-FRIC'TIO.X, II. The act of rubbing. LKot 
 
 used. See Friction.] Boifle. 
 AF-F1UE.\D'EI), (af-I^rend'ed,) a. M.ade friends; 
 
 reconciled. [Ohs,] Spenser. 
 AF FRIGHT', (af-fritc',)c. t. [Sax. friJitan. See 
 
 Fri<;ht.] 
 
 To impress with sudden fear ; to frighten ; to 
 terrify or alarm. It expresses a stronger impres- 
 sion than fear or apprehend, and perhaps less than 
 terror. 
 
 AF-FRlGIIT', 71. Sudden or great fear ; terror ; also, 
 
 the cause of terror ; a frightful object. 
 AF-FRIGIIT'EI), Suddenly alarmed with fear; 
 
 terrifietl ; followed by at or ici(A, more generally by 
 
 of ; as,a^/"rn'/ifn/ nl the cry of fire. 
 AF FRT(;ilT'EI)-EY, a//f. With fright. 
 AF-FRlGIIT'ER, ii. One who frightens. 
 AF-FRIGHT'FI.I,, a. Terrifying; terrible; that 
 
 mav excite gr<at fear; dreadful. 
 AF-FRI(;iri 'Fl. [^LY, adv. Frightfully. 
 AF-FRl(;HT'L\G, ppr. Impressing sudden fear; 
 
 terrifving. 
 
 AF-FRIGIIT'MEXT, 71. Affright; terror; the state 
 of being frightened. [Rarely used.] 
 
 [fn common dL.:conrse, the use of this word, in alt its 
 forms, is superseded by Fright. Friuiiti:d, Frioht- 
 riL.] 
 
 AF-FRONT', r. t. [Fr. affronter to encounter face 
 to face ; of ad and h.frons, front, face.] 
 
 1. Literally, to meet or encounter face to face, in 
 a good or bad sense ; as, 
 
 The aodlljous affronted Uie king'i forcfu. 
 
 Hayward. Millpn. Shak. 
 
 LTht foregoing sense is ob.wlete.] 
 , To offer abuse to the face ; to insult, dare, or 
 brave openly ; to offer abuse or Insult in any man- 
 ner, by words or actions ; as, to dffront one by giv- 
 ing him the lie. 
 
 3. To abuse, or give cause of offense to, without 
 being present with the person ; to make slightly 
 angry ; a popular use of the word. 
 
 TCXE, BULL, yjJITE. — AN"GER, YI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 4 
 
wo 
 
 AFT 
 
 AGA 
 
 AF-FRONT', n. Opposition to the face; open de- 
 fiance ; encounter. [ Obs.] 
 
 y. Ill treatment ; abuse ; any thing reproachful 
 or contemptuous, that excites or justifies resent- 
 ment, as foul language, or personal abuse. It 
 usually expresses a less degree of abuse than insult, 
 
 3. Shame ; disgrace. [JVui usual.'} Jlrbuihnot. 
 
 4. In popular language, slight resentment ; dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 AF-FRONT'ED, pp. Opposed face to face; dared; 
 defied ; abused. 
 
 2. In popular lang^uage, offended ; slightly angry 
 at ill treatment, by words or actions ; displeased. 
 
 AF-FRONT-eE', a. In heraldry, front to front ; an 
 epitliet given to animals that face each other. Jlnh. 
 
 AF-FKO.\T'EIt, 71. One that affronts. 
 
 AF-FRONT'IXG, ppr. Opposing face to face ; defy- 
 ing ; abusing ; oti'ering abuse, or any cause of dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 AF-FRONT'ING, a. Contumelious ; abusive. 
 AF-FR0NT'L\G-L,Y, (kZb. In an affronting planner. 
 AF-FKONT'IVE, a. Giving offense; tending to 
 
 offend ; abusive. 
 AF-FROXT'IVE-NESS, n. The quality that gives 
 
 offense. [Little u^ed.] 
 AF-FuSE', I'. (. affmido, affusum,ad and f undo, 
 
 10 pour out. See Fuse. J 
 
 To pour upon ; to sprnikle, as with a liquid. 
 AF-FVS' ED, pi>. Sprinkled with a liquid ; sprinkled 
 
 on ; having,a liqviid poured upon. 
 AF-FuS'IIs'G, ppr. Pouring upon, or sprinkling. 
 AF-FO'SION, (af-fu'zhun,) 71. The act of pouring 
 
 upon, or sprinkling with a liquid substance, as 
 
 upon a child in baptism. 
 In medicine, the act of pouring water on the whole 
 
 or part of the body, as a remedy in disease. 
 AF-F?', r. t. [Ft. affier.] To betroth ; to bind or 
 
 join. [JVot used.] 
 AF-FV', V. t. To trust or confide in. [JVot ■used.'] 
 A-FIELD', ado. [a and field.] 
 
 To the field. Mdton. 
 A-FlKE', ado. On fire. Onioer. 
 A-FLAT', a(/e. [a and^af.] Level with the ground. 
 
 Bacun. 
 
 A-FLO.\T', ado, or a. [a and Jlnat.] 
 
 1. Borne on the water ; fioating ; swimming ; as, 
 the ship is afioat, 
 
 2. Figurat'iccUj, moving ; passing from place to 
 place ; as, a rumor is ajloui. 
 
 3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control ; as, 
 our affairs are all ufiuuf.. [jis an. adjective, tliis word 
 afwaif.'i follows Oit noun.] 
 
 A-FOOT', at/o.' [n, or on, and /oof.] On foot ; borne 
 bv'the feet ; opposed to riding. 
 
 2. In action ; in a state of being planned for exe- 
 culi{)n ; as, a design is afoot, or on foot 
 A-FoRE', ado, or prep, [a and fore.] In front. 
 
 2. Between one object and another, so as to inter- 
 cept a direct view or intercourse ; as, to stand 
 between a person and the light of a candle — a 
 popular use of the word, 
 
 ,3. Prior in time ; before ; anterior ; prior time 
 l)eing considered as in front of subsequent time. 
 
 The ^asii wliicti willierelli a/ore it groweUi 'jp. — Psal. cxxix. 
 
 In all these senses it is now inelegant, and super- 
 seded by before. 
 
 4. In .leamen^s la/i^'iinn'C, toward the head of the 
 ship ; further forward, or nearer the stem ; as, afore 
 the windlass. jSfore tlie mast, is a phrase which is 
 a|)plied to a conunon sailor, one who does duty on 
 the main deck, or has no otiice on board the ship. 
 
 Mar, Diet. 
 
 A-FoRE'Gd-ING, a. Going before. [See Fore- 
 going, which is chiefiy used.] 
 A-FOKE'H.\.\D, adv. [nfore and hand.] 
 
 1. In time previous; by previous provision; as, 
 he is ready aforelmnd, 
 
 Hhi is come a/orelLUrul to anoint my body. — Mark xiv. 
 
 2. a. Prepared ; previously provided : as, to be 
 a/orc/ia;i<f in business. Hence, in popular language, 
 amply provided ; well supplied with the means of 
 living; having means beyond the requirements of 
 necessity ; moderately wealthy. This word is pop- 
 ularly changed into uforrkandrd, brforchanded, or 
 rather furrhuuded ; as, a forehanded farmer. 
 
 A-F^5RE'.ME.^'-TIO.\•-f;l), a. [ofore and mentioned,] 
 Mention(^d before in the same writing or dis- 
 couYse. jiddison. 
 A-Ff)llE'.\/1 M-ED, a. [nfore and name,] 
 
 Nameil before. Peacham, 
 A-FORE'SAIl), (a-fSre'scd,) a. [afirre and snij,] 
 Saiil or reciteil before, or in a preceding part. 
 A-Fr)llE'TII()II(iHT,(-thawt,)o. [ofore and thought.] 
 Premeditated ; prepen.se ; as, malice aforelhoughl, 
 whirli tr* required to constitute murder. C0771. Law, 
 A-FOIIE'TI.ME, adv, [nfore and (17716.] 
 
 In time past ; in a former tiiue. Bible. 
 ^ FOA-'/V-A'A/, (ttfor nhe-o'rl,) [L.J VVitlj Ktrongcr 
 rea>*7>n!<. 
 
 A-FOIJL', urfu. or a. [a mid fuul.] 
 \i)t Tree ; enuingled. 
 
 Cotumbiad, 
 
 A-FRaID'. a, [The participle of Affray.] 
 
 Impressed with fear or apprehension ; fearful. 
 This word expresses a less degree of fe.ar than 
 terrified (ix frightened. It is followed by 0/ before the 
 object of fear ; as, to be afraid of death ; Joseph 
 was afraid to sin against God. 
 A-FRESH', adv. [a and fresh.] 
 
 Anew ; again ; recently ; after intermission. 
 They crucify the Son of God afresh. — Heb. vi. 
 AF'RI-CA, n. [Qu. L. a. neg. and frigus, cold.] 
 
 One of the four quarters or largest divisions of 
 the globe ; a continent separated from Europe by 
 the ilediterranean Sea. 
 
 AF'Rie-AN \ Pertaining to Africa. 
 
 AF'RIG-An' 71. A native of Africa. 
 
 This name is given also to tlie African mary- 
 gold. Tate's Cowleti, 
 
 A-FRONT', adv. In front. Shok, 
 
 SFT, a. or adv. [Sax. a-ft, eft, after, behind.] 
 
 In seamen's language, a word used to denote the 
 stem, or what pertains to the stern of a ship; as the 
 aft. part of the ship ; haul aft the main sheet, that is, 
 further toward the stern. Fore and aft is the whole 
 length of a ship. Right aft is in a direct line with 
 the stern. Mar, Diet, 
 
 AFT'ER, a, [The comparative degree of afL But 
 in some Teutonic dialects it is w ritten with g ; D. 
 agter ; Dan. agters, Tlie Eng. corresponds with the 
 Sax. wfter, Sw. efter, Goth, aftaro, Dan. efter.] 
 
 1. In viarine language, more aft, or toward the 
 stern of the ship ; as, the after sails ; after hatch- 
 way. 
 
 2. In common language, later in time ; as, an after 
 period of life. Marsluill. 
 
 In this sense, the word is often combined with 
 the following noun ; as, in after-ages. 
 aFT'ER, prep. Bchinti in place ; as, men placed in a 
 line one after another. 
 
 2. Later in time ; as, after supper. This word 
 often precedes a sentence, as a governing preposi- 
 tion. 
 
 After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee. — 
 Matt. xxvi. 
 
 3. In pursuit of, that is, moving behind, following ; 
 in search of. 
 
 After whom is the kin^ of Isniel come out ? — 1 Sam. xxiv. 
 Ye shall not go after other gods. — Deul. vi. 
 
 4. In imitation of; as, to make a thing after a 
 model. 
 
 5. According to ; as, consider a thing after its 
 intrinsic value. Bacon, 
 
 6. According to the direction and influence of. 
 
 To walk after the flesh ; to live after the flish. — Rom. viii. 
 To judge after the sight of the eye. — Is. xi. 
 
 To inquire after, is to seek by asking ; to ask 
 concerning. 
 
 To follow after, in Scripture, is to pursue, or imi- 
 tate ; to serve, or worship. 
 
 AFT'ER, adv. Posterior ; later in time ; as, it was 
 about the space of three hours after. In this sense 
 the word, however, is really a preposition, the object 
 being understood ; about three hours after the time 
 or fact before specified. 
 
 ,^fter is prefixed to many words, forming com- 
 pounds, but retaining its genuine signification. 
 Some of the following words are of this kind ; but in 
 some of th(;m after seems rather to be a separate word. 
 
 XFT'ER-AC-CEPT-A'TION, 7i. A sense not at 
 first admitted. Dryden, 
 
 XFT'BR-Ae-eOUNT', ji. A subsequent reckoning. 
 
 Killingbeck, 
 
 XFT'ER-ACT, ti. A subsequent act. 
 AFT'ER-a'GES, 71. p/. Later ages; succeeding times. 
 After-age, in the singular, is not improper. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 XFT'ER-ALL is a phrase signifying, when all has 
 been considered, said, or done ; at last ; in the final 
 result. Pope. 
 
 XFT'ER-BAND, n. A future link or connection. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 XFT'ER-BIRTII, 7i. The placenta in which the 
 fetus is involved, and which comes away after 
 deliverj*. Wiseman. 
 
 AFT'EK-CLAP, 7i. An unexpected subsequent 
 event ; something disagreeable happening after an 
 affair is supposed to be at an end. JIalliwell. 
 
 AFT'ER-GO.M'ER, 7i. A successor. 
 
 AKT'ER-COM'FORT, 71. Future comfort. Jonson, 
 
 AFT'ER-CON'DUGT, 71. Subsequent behavior. 
 
 Sherloch, 
 
 AFT'ER-eON-VIG'TION, n. Future conviction. 
 
 SoufA. 
 
 AFT'ER-COST, n. Later cost; expense after the 
 
 exeriilion of the main design. Mortimer, 
 AFT'Elt-CTllIRSE, 71. Future course. Brown, 
 AFT'ER-GROP, «. The second crop in the same 
 
 year. Mortimer, 
 AFT'ER-DAYS, n. »;. Future days. Cungreve, 
 iFT'ER-UI-Vl/LG'EU, 71. A subsequent diviilger. 
 
 Barter, 
 
 AFT'ER-F.AT'AGE, 71. Part of the increase a 'hj 
 same year, [hirol.] Bu : 
 
 AFT'Eli-EN-DEAV'OR, ( en-dev'or,) 71. Ap en- 
 deavor after the first or former efibrt. Loi .e. 
 
 AFT'ER-GA.ME, 71. A subsequent scheme, ex- 
 pedient. WoUan, 
 
 AFT'ER-GUARD, 7!. The seaman stationed o > the 
 poop or after-part of the ship, to attend the after- 
 sails. Mar, Diet, 
 
 AFT'ER-IIoPE, 71. Future hope. Jonson. 
 
 aFT'ER-HOURS, 71. pi. Hours that follow ; time fol- 
 lowing. Shak. 
 
 AFT'ER-IG'NO-RANCE, 71. Subsequent ignorance 
 
 Stufford, 
 
 AFT'ER-INGS, n,pl. The last milk drawn in inUk 
 
 ing ; strokings. Orose, 
 AFT'ER-KING, 71. A succeeding king. Shuchfurd, 
 AFT'ER-LlFE, n. Future life, or the life after this. 
 
 Butler, 
 
 2. A later period of life ; subsequent life. 
 
 Drtfden, 
 
 AFT'ER-LIV-ER, 7!. One who lives in succeeding 
 
 times. Sidney, 
 AF T'ER-LOVE, 71. The second or later love. Shak. 
 AFT'ER-AIAL-ICE, 71. Succeeding malice. Dniilen, 
 AFT'ER-MATH, 71. [afUr and math. See Mow.] 
 A second crop of grass in the same season ; 
 
 rowen. Holland, 
 AFT'ER-MoST, a, Superl. Hindmost, in 7nari7te 
 
 language; nearest the stern ; opposed to foremost. 
 AFT'ER-NOON', ti. The p,irt of the day which 
 
 follows noon, between noon and evening. Dryden, 
 AFT'ER-PaIIS'S, 71. pi. The pains which succeed 
 
 childbirth. 
 
 AFT'ER-PART, 71. The latter part. In 7nan'i!c JaTi- 
 guage, the pait of a ship toward the stern. 
 
 Mar, Diet, 
 
 AFT'ER-PIiiCE, 77. A piece performed after a play ; 
 
 a farce or other small entertainment. Cumberland, 
 AFT'ER-PROOF, 71. Subsequent proof or evidence ; 
 
 qualities known by subsequent experience. 
 
 IVotton, 
 
 AFT'ER-RE-PENT'ANCE, 71. Subsequent repent- 
 ance. South, 
 
 AFT'ER-RE-PoRT', 71. Subsequent report, or in- 
 formation. Soutli, 
 
 AFT'ER-SaILS, 71. The sails on the mizzen-mast 
 and on the stays between the main and mizzen- 
 masts. Mar, Diet. 
 
 AFT'ER-STaGE, 71. A subsequent stage. 
 
 aFT'ER-STaTE, 71. The future state. Olanville. 
 
 AFT'ER-STING, n. Subsequent sting. Herbert, 
 
 AFT'ER-STORil, 71. A succeeding or future storm. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 AFT'ER-SUP'PER, ti. The time between supper 
 and going to bed. Shak, 
 
 AFT'ER-SWARiM, 71. A swarm of bees which 
 leaves the hive after the first. 
 
 AFT'ER-TaSTE, 71. A taste which succeeds eating 
 and drinking. 
 
 aFT'ER-TIIOUGHT, (-thawt,) 71. [See Thought.] 
 Reflections after an act ; later thought, or expedi- 
 ent occurring too late. Dryden, 
 
 AFT'ER-TIMES, 71. ;)(. Succeeding times. It may 
 be used in the singular. Dryden, 
 
 AFT'ER-TOSS'ING, 71. The swell or agitation of 
 the sea after a storm. Mdison, 
 
 AFT'ER-VVARD, adv. [See Wabd.J In later or 
 subsequent time. Hooker. 
 
 AFT'ER-VVISE, a. Wise afterward or too late. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 AFT'ER-VVIT, n. Subsequent wit ; wisdom that 
 comes too late. L'K.-itrange, 
 
 AFT'ER-VVIT'NESS, 71. A subsequent or future 
 witness. 
 
 AFT'ER-VVRATII, 7i. Later wrath ; anger after the 
 
 provocation has ceased. Hhali, 
 AFT'ER- VVRIT'ER, 7i. A succeeding writer. 
 
 ^_ ^ ^ Shuckford, 
 
 A'GA, 71. [Per. t31 LK^ ""^ "'^O; '<"'<li 
 
 dominus, herus ; also, sir, a title of respect ; Tart. 
 aha, Ciu. the oeh in Bcloeh, and ah in Balak,] 
 
 In the Turkish dominions, a commander or chief 
 oflicer. The title is given to various chief oflicers, 
 whether civil or military. It is also given by cour- 
 tesy to any distinguished individual. 
 
 Encyc, Brande, 
 
 A-GAIN', (a-gen',) ailv, [Sax. gean, agen, agean, m- 
 gcan; D. with a different prefix, tegen ; G. dagegen, 
 gegen ; Sw. igen ; Van. igien ; qu. L. con, whence 
 contra i Ir. coiiiiic, opposite, a meeting. Hence Sax. 
 togeanes, togcgncs, against ; but placed after its 
 object; as, "7ii comen heom togeanes," they come 
 them against. I), tegens, against ; jegcns, toward ; 
 G. enlgegcn, dagegen, against ; begegnen, to meet or 
 encouTiter. 'J'he primary sense is to turn, or to 
 meet in front ; or the name of the fare, front, or 
 forepart. So, in Dan. and Sw., mod, imod, cinot, 
 against, is our word 7iirc;.] * 
 1. A second time; once more. 
 
 I will not ognin cur»o the ground. — Gen. vUI. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T MUTE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 ?6 ~ : ' ' 
 
AGA 
 
 3. It nottA sninclliing furtlicr,or additional to one 
 or more panioiilurs. 
 
 Vol to which of Uie nim'ls inhl he al any time, Tliou Hrt my 
 son ; tht« tliiy hiwe I Iw^iu-n Ihoo t ftiul nenin, I wiii l^- lo 
 him a futliiT, luul hi- tliitit ho to nic n «oii I utid agaiit, ImI 
 nil llio aiijj. 1« of CiiKl wi)i»liip him > — Hub. i. 
 
 All the uses of this word carry in them the ideas 
 of return or repetition ; as in these plirases, — give 
 it bn( k again ; give him as iniicli again, tliat is, tlie 
 siiiiie quantity once more or repeated. Tliere is not, 
 in tlic wiirlil again, siicli a coninierce as in London. 
 Wlio art thou tliat answerest again ? Wring us 
 word again, 
 
 Jigain and again ; often ; with frequent repetition. 
 A-GAIiVST', (a-genst',) pirp. [Sax. togeanes. See 
 Ac\iN.] 
 
 1. In opposition ; noting enmity or disapprobation. 
 Hl9 h:ind will b" a^inel every tn-iii. —Gen. xvi. 
 
 1 itin againtl ytuir pillows. — Ki. xiii, 
 
 2. In opposition, noting contrariety, contradic- 
 tion, or repugnance ; as, a decree against hiw, rea- 
 iion, or public opinion. 
 
 :i. In opposition, noting competition, or dilTerent 
 Bides or parties ; as, there are twenty votes in the 
 alfirmative against ten in the negative. 
 
 4. In an opposite direction ; as, to ride against 
 the wind. 
 
 5. Opposite in place ; abreast ; as, a ship is against 
 tile mouth of a river. In this sense it is often pre- 
 ceded by orcr. 
 
 Awron lighleil the Limps over aptinst the candlesticks, — Num. 
 
 G. In opposition, noting adversity, injur}', or 
 contrariety to wislics ; as, this change of measures is 
 against us. 
 
 7. Bearing upon ; as, one leans against a wall. 
 
 6. In provision for; in preparatiiui for. 
 
 Urij.th made it, ngain$t Kinjr Ahal came Irom Dnmasciu. — 
 
 2 Kings ivi. 
 
 In this sense against is a preposition, with the 
 following part of the sentence for an object. See 
 Akter, prep. dcf. 2. 
 
 In short, the sense of this word is opposition, 
 variously modified according to its application to 
 different objects. 
 AG'.\-L.\X-Y, »i. Destitution of milk. 
 A-GAL'LOeil-U.M, n. [Gr. from ayaWiaopai, to 
 rejoice, so named from its odor.l 
 
 A very soft, resinous wood, of a highly aromatic 
 smell, brought from the East Indies, and burnt as a 
 perfume, &c. It h.is sometimes been railed aloes- 
 wootl, but has no connection with the common aloe. 
 
 Dungtison. 
 
 AG-AL-MAT'O-LITE, n. [Gr. o> aX/ici, image, and 
 XiH'i$, stone.] 
 
 A soft stone, carved into images, in China, and 
 hence called yiVurc-.</onc. It has the appearance of 
 soapstone, but contains alumina instead of mag- 
 nesia. It is called, in German, bildstein, figure- 
 stone, and by Urongniart, steatilr, pagoditc. 
 
 IG'.V.MIST, n. [Gr. a and ju/ioj.] An unmarried 
 person. 
 
 y»G'.\-MOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and ya/ios, marriage.] 
 In botanij, having no visible organs of fructifica- 
 tion. 
 
 A term applied to cryptogamic plants, because 
 they have no distinct sexual organs, or to those in- 
 ferior groups of crj ptogtimic plants, in which there 
 is notliing analogous to such organs, as the fun- 
 guses, liclicns, and conferva:. Lindlcy. Brandt. 
 
 A-G.\I'K', a(ir. or n. [a and ^apc. See G.vpe.] 
 
 Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager 
 attention ; having the mouth wiile open. Milton. 
 
 .\G'.\-PE, (ag'a-pc,) n. ; pi. Aoapj:. [Gr. uj oiri;, 
 love.] 
 
 .Among tlif primitive Ckristian.', a love feast or 
 feast of charity, held before or after the communion, 
 when contributions were made for the poor. 'I'his 
 feast was held at first without scandal, but after- 
 ward being abused, it was condemned at the coun- 
 cil of ("arthage, A. D. 397. F.ncyc. 
 AG'.\R-ie, n. [Gr. a> a(,i>:ui». Uu. from jJ^aria, in 
 Sarmatia. Dioscorides.] 
 
 In botany, [L. agaricus,'] the name of a genus 
 of funguses, containing numerous species, includ- 
 ing many of the most common mushrooms, some of 
 which are valued as articles of food, while others are 
 jioisonous. 
 
 In pharmacy, the term has been applied to two 
 species of funguses, belonging to the Linnean genu5 
 boletus; that of the larch, (B. larieis,) called also 
 male agaric; and that of the oak, (B. igniariu.^,) 
 called also ffmale agaric, and touchv.ood, from its 
 readiness to take fire. The former has been used 
 as a cathartic ; the latter as a styptic, and also for 
 tinder and in dyeing. Brande. 
 
 Agaric minrra} ; a light, chalky deposit of carbonate 
 of lime, rubbing to a powder biaween the fingers ; 
 formed in caverns or fissures of limestone. In coin- 
 position it is identical with chalk. It is used as an 
 astringent in fluxes, and a styptic in hemorrhages, 
 A-G.UST', or A-GIIXPT', a. [au. a contraction of 
 
 AGE . 
 
 agazcd, or Goth, agis, Sax. egesa, horror. See 
 Aghast ami Gaze,] 
 
 Struck witli terror or astonishment ; amazed ; 
 struck silent w ith horror. 
 
 With shuddering horror piile, nnd I'ya aghast. 
 
 MOlon. 
 
 A-GAS'TRI-A, 71. pi. [Gr. a and v-iffrr,//.] A class 
 of marine animals, supposed to lis destitute of in- 
 testines. Kirby. 
 
 A-GaTE', ado. [a and gate.'] 
 
 On the way ; going. [ Ohs.'] Oowcr. 
 
 AG'ATE, n. [Ft. agate; L. achates, gagates ; Gr. 
 yayariii,; so called, saj'S I'liny, 37^ 10, because 
 found near a river of that name in Sicily. So also 
 Soliiius and Isidore. But Bochart, with iiiort; 
 probability, deduces it from the Punic and lleb. 
 Tpy, and with a dilTerent prefix lleb. Ip3, nakail, 
 s|K)lted. The word is used. Gen. xxx. and xxxi., to 
 describe the speckled and spotted cattle of Laban 
 and Jacob.] 
 
 A semi-pellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, 
 presenting various tints in the same specimen. 
 Its colors are delicately arranged in stripes or bands, 
 or are blended in clouds ; wlu'ii they are in an- 
 gulat shapes, like the outline of a fortification, iL 
 is called furtijictttion agate; when in mossy tlireads37 
 moss agate. The Scotch pebble is a fortificatitm 
 agate. It has always been esteemed one of the 
 liMst valuable of the precious stones, and is used 
 for rings, seals, cups, beads, boxes, handles, and 
 also for mortars for chemical purposes. Dana. 
 AG'A'i'E, II. An instrument used by gold-wire 
 drawers, so called from the agate in the middle 
 of it. 
 
 AG'.\-TINE, a. Pertaining to agate. 
 
 A(;'A-TIZ-/."D, a. Having the colored lines and 
 figures of agate. Foiircnnj. 
 
 .^gatized wood; a kind of agate, resulting tVoin the 
 petrifaction of wood, and still showing something 
 of its texture. 
 
 AG'.\-TY, a. Of the nature of agate. fVoodward. 
 
 A-Ga'VE, n. [Gr. aynvo{, admirable.] 
 
 'J'he American aloe. The great aloe rises twenty 
 feet, and its branches form a sort of pyramid at the 
 tO|). Encye. 
 
 A-GaZE', v. U [from gaze.^ To strike with amaze- 
 ment. rOfts.J Spenser. 
 
 A-GAZ'£D, pp. Struck with amazement. [A'ut in 
 nse.] Shak. 
 
 AGE, n. [Fr. a o'C ; Arm. oa^c; deduced by Liiiiier 
 from Lat. o'tas, or <tvum. But these arc untioubt- 
 edly contracted words; Goth. aiu> ; U. cciiw; Gr. 
 ath)v ; from the Celtic, \V. liaug, fullness, com- 
 pleteness, an age, a space of time ; pi. Iwgion ; the 
 g being sunk in the Latin words; in the Sanscrit, 
 yugtt.] 
 
 1. The whole duration of a being, whether ani- 
 mal, vegetable, or ttther kind ; as, the usual age of 
 a man is seventy years ; the age of a horse may be 
 twenty or thirty years; the age of a tree may be 
 four hundred years. 
 
 2. That part of the duration of a being whicli is 
 between its beginning and any given time ; as, 
 what is the present age of a man, or of the earth ? 
 
 Jesos beg;in to be aliout thirty years of age. — Lnke iii. 
 
 3. The Latter part of life, or long continued dura- 
 tion ; oldness. 
 
 The eyes of Israel were dim for age. — Gen. xlviil. 
 
 4. A certain period of human life, marked by a 
 difference of state ; as, life is diviiled into four 
 stages or ages, infancy, youth, manhood, and old 
 age ; the age of youth ; the age of manhood. 
 
 5. The period when a person is enabled by law 
 to do certain acts for himself, or when he ceases to 
 be controlled by parents or guardians ; as, in the 
 United States, both males and females are of age at 
 twenty-one years old. 
 
 6. .Mature years ; ripeness of strength or dis- 
 cretion. 
 
 He is ofa^e; ask him, — John U, 
 
 7. The time of life for conceiving childicn, or 
 perhaps the usual time of such an event. 
 
 S.irah was delivered of a son, when she wsj past age. — 
 lleb, li. 
 
 8. A particular period of time, as di.~tingiiished 
 from otliers ; as, the golden age, the age of iron, 
 the age of heroes or of chivalry. 
 
 9. The people who live at a particular period ; 
 hence, a generation, and a succession of genera- 
 tions ; as, ages yet unborn. 
 
 The mystery liid (bom agee. — Col. I. 
 
 10. A century ; the period of one hundred years. 
 A'GED, a. Old ; having lived long ; having lived 
 
 almost the usual time allotted to that species of 
 being; applied to animals or plants; as, an aged 
 man, or an aged oak. 
 
 2. Having a certain age ; having lived ; as, a 
 man aged forty years. 
 A'GED, n. Olii persons. 
 
 And the aged arose and stood up Job xxix. 
 
 AGG 
 
 A'GEI)-LY, ado. Like an aged person. 
 A-(;E.\', for AoAi.N. [Ubs.] 
 A'OEN-t.'Y, II. [Ij. ageus. See .Act.] 
 
 1. The quality of mi>ving, or of exerting power; 
 the state of being in .action ; action ; operation ; 
 instrumitnt:ility ; as, the agency of Providence in 
 the natural world. 
 
 2. The oftice of an agent, or factor ; business of 
 an agent intrusted with the conci:rns of another ; 
 as, the principal pays the charges of agency. 
 
 A-GEN'I)A, II. [L. tilings to be done.] 
 
 A memorandiini-bfiok ; the service or office of a 
 rliurrh ; a ritual or liturgy. Kncyc. 
 A'Ol'iXTj a. Acting; opposed to patient, or sustain- 
 ing action ; as, the body agent. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 A'GE.XT, 71. An actor; one that exerts power, or 
 has the power lo act ; as, a moral agent. 
 
 2. An active power or cause ; that which has the 
 power to produce an effect ; as, heat is a imwerful 
 agrnL 
 
 3. A substitute, deputy, or factor ; one intrusted 
 with the business of another; an attorney ; a min- 
 ister. 
 
 A'GENT-SHIP, 71. The office of an agent. [JV'ot 
 
 itsed.] Wft now use airrnat. 
 A0-GE-LA'TlO.\, II. [L. grill.] 
 
 Concretion of a lliiid. [A'at used.] Brown. 
 AG-GEN-EK-A'T10.\, n. [ I,, ad anil grnrrnlw.] 
 The state of growing to another. [jYot nsed.] 
 
 Brincn. 
 
 AG'GEIl, 71. [L.] A fortress, or mound. [J\~ut used.] 
 
 I/eame. 
 
 AG'GER-ATE, r. t. [I,, aggcro.] To heap. [JVot 
 
 used.] 
 
 AG-GLR-A'TI0.\, II. .\ ht;aping ; acciimulalion ; 
 
 as, aggeratinns of saiiil. Roy. 
 AG-GEll-oSE', a. In heaps, or formed in heaps. 
 
 IMna. 
 
 AG-GLO.M'ER-aTE, r. (. [L. agglamero, ad and 
 glomero, to wind into a ball, from glomus, a ball of 
 
 yarn ; from the Ilcb. dVj, to involve ; Qu. Ar. 
 
 lamma, to go round in a circle, to be round, to col- 
 lecl, or condense.] 
 
 To wind, or collect into a b.all ; lo gather into a 
 mass. Young. 
 
 AG-GLOM'ER-ATE, v. i. To gather, grow, or col- 
 lect into a ball t)r ma.s.s. Ttiomson. 
 
 AG GLOM'ER-A-TEI), pp. Wound or rolltxted into 
 a ball. 
 
 AG-GLOM'ER-A-TI.\G, ppr. Winding into a ball ; 
 gathering into a liiiiq), 
 
 AG-GLOM-Ell-A'TION, ii. The act of winding into a 
 ball ; the state t»f being gathered into a ball or mass. 
 
 AG-GLu'TIM-.\NT, n. Any viscous substaiice'wliich 
 unites other substances, by causing an adhesion ; 
 any application which tends to unite parts which 
 have ttio little adhesion. Coze. 
 
 AG-GLu'TIN-ANT, a. Uniting, as glue ; tending to 
 cause adhesion. 
 
 AG-GLO'TI.\-ATE, tj. t. [L. agglntino, ad and 
 glutino, from gluten; Eng. glue; Fr. glu; Arm. 
 glud ; W. glyd. See Glue.] 
 
 To unite, or cause to ailhere, as with glue or 
 other viscous substance ; to unite by causing an ad- 
 hesion of substances. 
 
 AG-GLO'TI.V-A-TEI), pp. GIned together; united 
 by a viscous subst.-ince. 
 
 AG-GLu'TIN-,\-TING, p/ir. Gluing together ; unit- 
 ing by causing adhesion. 
 
 AG-GLU-TIN-A'TION, n. The act of uniting by 
 glue or other tenacious substance ; the state of 
 being thus uniteil. 
 
 AG-GLO'TIN-.\-TIVE, a. That tends to unite, or 
 has power to cause adhesion. IViseman. 
 
 AG-GRACE', I). To favor. [jV<;( ii.W.] Spenser. 
 
 AG-GUaCE', n. Kindness ; favor. [A'otused.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 AG-GR.VND-IZ'.\-BLn, a. That may be aggran- 
 dized. 
 
 AG-GRA\D-IZ-a'TION, 71. The act of aggrandiz- 
 ing. [JVot used.] ll'uterhonse. 
 
 AG'GRAND-TZE, r. r. [Fr. agrandir,o{ L. ad and 
 grandis. See Grand.] 
 
 1. To make great or greater in power, rank, or 
 honor; to exalt ; as, to aggrnndi-.e a family. 
 
 2. To enlarge, applied to Ithings ; as, aggran- 
 dize our conceptions. It seems to be n applied 
 to the bulk or dimensions of material bi . 
 
 AG'GRA.Vl)-IZ-/:i),p/i. iMade great or greater; ex- 
 alted ; enlarged. 
 
 AG-GKAND'IZE-MENT, or AG'GRAXD-IZE- 
 MENT, II. The act of aggrandizing ; the state of 
 being exalted in iiower, rank, or htmor ; exaltation ; 
 enlargement ; as, the emperor seeks only the ag- 
 grandizement of his own family. 
 
 AG'GRAND-IZ-ER, ii. One that aggrandizes or 
 exalts in power, rank, or honor. 
 
 AG'GRA.NU-IZ I.VG, ;>;ir. Making great; exalting; 
 enlarging. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IT.MTE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
AGG 
 
 AGO 
 
 AG-GRATE', v. t. [It.] To please. [.Ynt iisei!.] 
 
 SpciKser. 
 
 AG'GRA-VATE, v. t. [L. ajrgravo, of ad and gravis, 
 heavy. See Grave, Gravity.] 
 
 1. 'J'o make heavy, but not v^-ed in thi^ literal sense. 
 Fi^iraticelij, to make worse, more severe, or less 
 tolerable ; as, to a:;ip-arate llie evils of life ; to ag- 
 gravate pain or piiiiishnient. 
 
 2. To make more enormous, or less excusable; 
 as, to aiTirravate a crime. 
 
 3. To e,\af,'gerate. 
 
 4. To give coloring in description ; to give an ex- 
 aggenited representation ; as, to agp-avate a charge 
 against an offender; to aggravate circumstances. 
 
 Outhrie. Quint Paley. 
 
 Actions and molives majiciously asgracaud. 
 
 ' WasJiington^e Lift. 
 
 Tlie propriety of the word in the latter passage is 
 questionable. Aggravate is generally used in ref- 
 erence to evils, or something improper or unnatural. 
 
 AG'GRA-Va-TED, pp. or a. Increased in severity or 
 enormity ; made worse ; exaggerated. 
 
 AG'GR.\-Va-T1NG, -ppr. Increasing in severity, 
 enormity, or degree; as evils, misfortunes, paiu, 
 punishment, crimes, guilt, &.C. ; exaggerating. 
 
 AG-GRA- Va'TION, n. The act of making worse, 
 used of evils, natural or moral ; the act of increas- 
 ing severity or heinousness ; addition to that which 
 is evil or improper ; as, an aggravation of pain or 
 grief. 
 
 2. Exaggerated representation, or heightened de- 
 scription of any thing wrong, improper, or unnat- 
 ural ; as, an aggravation of features in a caricature. 
 
 Paley. .^ddi.-<on. 
 AG'GRE-GaTE, v. i. [L. ttggrego, to collect in 
 troops ; of ad and grez, a herd or band. See Gre- 
 garious.] 
 
 'i'o bring together; to collect particulars into a 
 sum, mass, or body. 
 AG'GRE-GATE, (I. Fprmed by a collection of par- 
 ticulars into a whole ma^s or sum ; as, the aggre- 
 gate amount of charges. 
 
 .aggregiile flowers, in botany, are such as are com- 
 posed of florets united by means of the receptacle 
 or calyx. Milttc. 
 
 .Aggregate animals, in zoology, are such as are 
 united in a comuu)n organized base or envelope, 
 as most of the class of [)ul>'ps. Brande. 
 
 .Aggregate corporation, in law, is one which con- 
 sists of two or mure persons united, whose exist- 
 ence is preserved by a succession of new members. 
 
 BUickstj ne. 
 
 AG'GRE-G.\TE, n. A sum, mass, or assemblage of 
 particulars ; as, a house is an aggregate of stones, 
 brick, timber, &.c. It differs from a compound in 
 this, that the particulars of an aggregate are less 
 intimately mixed than in a compound. 
 
 2. In physics, a m;iss formed by the union of 
 homogeneous particles ; in distinction from a com- 
 pound, fiirmed by llie union of heterogeneous par- 
 ticles. Ure. 
 
 AG'GRE-Ga-TED, pp. Collected into a sum, mass, 
 or system. 
 
 AG'GRE-GATE-I.Y, ailv. Collectively; taken in a 
 sum or mass. 
 
 AG'GRE-GA-TING, ppr. Collecting into a sum or 
 m.uss. 
 
 AG-GRE-GA'TIO.V, n. The act of aggregating ; the 
 state of being collected into a sum or mass; a col- 
 lection of particulars ; an aggregate. 
 
 2. The union and coherence of bodies of the .same 
 nature. .Aggregation is cau.sed by that attraction 
 which takes phice at an insensible distance between 
 the homogeneous particles of bodies, and forms 
 masses. 
 
 AG'GRK-GA-TIVE, a. Taken together ; collective. 
 
 AG'GRE-GA-TOR, n. lie that collects into a whole 
 or nuiss. barton. 
 
 AG-GRESS', V. i, [L. aggredior, aggressus, of ad 
 and groilior, to go. riee Grade.] 
 
 To make a first attack ; to commit the first act of 
 hostility or offeiLse ; to begin a (piarrel or contro- 
 versy; to assault first, or invade. Prior. 
 
 AG-iiUErjS'I.S'G, ppr. Commencing hostility first; 
 making the first attack. 
 
 AG-<;RES'!SK).\, n. The first attack, or act of hos- 
 tility ; the first act of injury, or first act li'.iding to a 
 war or controversy. L'K^lrajige. 
 
 AG-GIIES.S'I VE, a. Tending to aggress ; making the 
 first attack. Clarkson. 
 
 AG-GREi^^ 'OR, n. The |)crson who first attacks ; he 
 who first commences hostility or a quarrel ; an 
 ansaultcr ; an invader. Dryden. 
 
 The iniolrnc/' of Uw af^ttior ta i 
 (il 111" ■ult'Trr. 
 
 mlly proportluiicil (» the 
 Atnft, 
 
 AG-GKIkV'ANCE, n. [.See Aoobikve.] 
 
 Oppreiaion ; hanUhlp ; injury. Hut grievance is 
 
 more g'*nerally iistrd. 
 AG-^;Rir;VE', c. (. [of ad and grirre, from grirf. 
 
 rerlin|M tin; word is borrowed directly from the Sp. 
 
 agraeuir, to Injure; Fr. grieer. Hue GniEr and 
 
 Ghavs.] 
 
 1. To give paiu or sorrow ; to afflict. 
 
 2. To bear hard upon ; to op|iress or injure in 
 one's rights ; to vex or liarass by civil or political 
 injustice. 
 
 AG-GRIKVE', V. i. To mourn ; to lament. [Jfot 
 used. See Grieve.] 
 
 AG-GRIkV'£D, pp. Pained; afflicted; civilly or 
 politically oppressed. 
 
 AG-GRIkV'ING, ppr. Afflicting; imposing hard- 
 ships on ; oppressing. 
 
 AG-GROUP', 0. t. [Sp. agrupar i It. aggnippare, ag- 
 groppare, to knot or bring together. See Group.] 
 
 To bring together ; to group ; to collect many 
 persons in a crowd, or many figures into a whole, 
 cither in statuary, painting, or description. Eucyc. 
 
 AG-GKOUP'iD, pp. Collected into a group or as- 
 semblage. 
 
 A-GH.\ST', or, more correctly, A-GXST', a. or adv. 
 [Perliaps the participle of agaze ; otherwise from the 
 root of ghastly and ghost.] 
 
 Struck with amazement ; stupefied with sudden 
 fright or horror. 
 AG'ILE, a. [Fr. agile ; L. agUis, from ago. See Act.] 
 Nunble; having the faculty of quick motion in 
 the limbs ; apt or ready to move ; brisk ; active. 
 
 AikI bending forwani struck his ngile heels. Shak. 
 
 A6'ILE-LY, adv. In a nimble manner. 
 AG'ILE-XESS, 7!. Nimbleness ; activity; the fac- 
 ulty of moving the limbs quickly ; agility. 
 A-GlL'l-TY, n. [h. agilitas.] 
 
 The power of moving the limbs quickly ; nim- 
 bleness ; briskness ; activity ; quickness of motion. 
 
 Hatts. 
 
 A-GIL'LO-einJM, n. See Aoallochum. 
 a'GI-O, 71. [Ital. aggio, surplus, difference.] 
 
 1. In commerce, the difference in value between 
 metallic and paper money, or between one sort of 
 metallic money and another. JlcCulloch. 
 
 2. Premium ; sum given above the nominal value ; 
 as, the ao-io of exchange. Lanier. 
 
 A'Gl-0-TA(5E, n. [Fr.] Stock-jobbing ; the ma- 
 neuvers of speculators to raise or lower the price of 
 stocks or public funds. Brande. 
 
 A-GIST', V. t. [If the primary sense is to lie, or to 
 rest, this is from Fr. gesir ; Norm, agiser, to be 
 levant and couchant, from gistr, to lay or throw 
 down ; whence gis^t, cast ; gistance, a casting. 
 Class Gs. No. 18. If the primary significajion is to 
 feed, see Nos. 5, 6, 10, 12, and 5(i. Ch. Class Gs.] 
 
 In law, to take the cattle of others to graze at a 
 certain sum ; to feed or pasture the cattle of others ; 
 used originally for the feeding of cattle in the king's 
 forests. Coivel. Blackstone. 
 
 A-ClIST'MENT, n. The taking and feeding of other 
 men's cattle in the king's forest, or on one's own 
 laud; also, the price paid for such feeding. It de- 
 notes also a burden, charge, or tax. [In canon law, 
 a modus, or composition. Johnson, Qu.] 
 
 Cowcl. Bluclistone. Enrifc. 
 
 A-CIST'OR, ) n. An otficer of the king's forest, 
 
 A-GIST-A'TOR, i who has the care of cattle agisted, 
 and collects the money for the same ; hence called 
 gist-taker, which in England is corrupted into guest- 
 tukf'r. Encyc. 
 
 A6'I-TA-BLE, a. [See Agitate.] That may be 
 agitated, shaken, or discussed. 
 
 AG'I-TATE, !i. (. [L. agito, from ago. See Act.] 
 
 1. To stir violently ; to move back and forth with 
 a quick motion ; to shake or move briskly ; as, to 
 agitate water in a vessel. 
 
 2. To move or force into violent irregular action ; 
 as, the wind agitates the sea. 
 
 3. To disturb, or excite into tumult ; as, to agitate 
 the mind or passions. 
 
 4. To discuss; to debate; to controvert; as, to 
 agitate a qiiestitm. 
 
 5. To consider on all sides ; to revolve in the 
 mind, or view in all its aspects ; to contrive by 
 mental deliberation ; as, politicians agitate di-sperate 
 designs. King Charles. 
 
 fi. 'I'o move or actuate. [JVot usr,d.] Blachmorr. 
 
 A6'I-TA-TEI), p/). Tossed from side to side; sha- 
 ken ; moved viidently and irregularly ; disturbed ; 
 discussed ; consideretl. 
 
 ACI-Ta-TING, ppr. Shaking; moving with vio- 
 lence ; disturbing ; disputing ; contriving. 
 
 AG-I-Ta'TION, n. The act of^shaking ; the state of 
 being movMl with violence, or with irregular ac- 
 tion ; commotion ; as, the sea after a storm is in 
 agitation. Bacon. 
 
 2. Disturbance of tranquillity in the minii ; per- 
 turbation ; excitement of passitm. 
 
 3. Discussion ; examination of a subject in con- 
 troversy. J.' Estrange. 
 
 4. A state of being deliberated upiui, with a view 
 to contrivance, or jilan to be adopted ; as, a scheme 
 is in agitation. 
 
 Aft'I-'I'A-Tl VK, a. Having a tendency to agitate. 
 
 Ji('!-I TA''1'0, ill mn.<7r,tli miles a broken style of per- 
 formance, ntlapled to a^vak('ll surprisi; or perturba- 
 tion. Vict ofMn-iic. 
 
 AG'l-TA-TOR, 71. Onn who ngitiilea ; also, nn in- 
 
 surgent ; one who excites sedition or revolt. Ih 
 
 aiit'uiiuty, a ciiarioteer, that is, a driver. In Crom 
 well's time, certain olficers appointi d by the army 
 to manage their concerns were called agitators. 
 
 I I tune. 
 
 AG'LET, ) H. [Fr. uiguillctte, a point, from aiguille, 
 AlG'LE'f, i a needle, from flio-H, sharp. See Acid.] 
 
 1. .\ tag of a point curved into the representation 
 of an animal, generally of a man ; a small plate of 
 metal. 
 
 2. In botany, a pendant at the ends of the chives 
 of flowersj^as in the rose and tulip; an anther. 
 
 A(5'LET-liA'BY, n. A small image on the top of a 
 lace. Shak. 
 
 AG'iMIN-AL, a. [L. an-nien, a troop or body of men 
 arrayed, from ago.] 
 
 Pertaining to an army or troop. [Little used.] 
 
 AG'NAIL, 71. lad and nail, or Sax. ange, pain, and 
 nail.] 
 
 A whitlow ; an iiifl.-uiimation round the nail. 
 
 Badey. 
 
 AG'NATE, a. [h. agnatu.^.] 
 
 Related or akin by the father's side. 
 AG'NATE, 71. [L. agnatus, adnascor, of aii and Tio^cor, 
 to be born. See Nature.] 
 
 Any male relation by the father's side. Encyc. 
 .\(;-NA'Ti. [L. pi.] Relations by the father's side. 
 AG-NAT'ie, a. Pertaining to descent by the male 
 
 line of ancestors. Blackstone. 
 AG-NA'TION, 7!. Rel.ation by the father's side only, 
 or descent in the male line, distinct from cognation, 
 which includes descent in the male and f 'male lines. 
 AG'NEL, 71. [from agirns, a lamb, the figure struck 
 on the coin.] 
 
 An ancient French gold coin, value twelve sols, 
 six deniers. It was called also 7;iouto7i rf'or and 
 agnel d^or. Encyc. 
 AG-NI"TION, 71. [L. apiitio, agnosco.] 
 
 Acknowletlgmeut. [Liule used.] Pearson. 
 AG NIZE', 7). (. To acknowledge. [JVutiii Ttse.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 AG-No'MEN, 71. [L.] An ailditional fourth name, 
 given by the Romans, on account of some exploit 
 or event ; as, .fffricanus added to P. C. Scipio. 
 2. A name added in iiraise or dispraise. 
 AG-NOM'IN-ATE, v. t. [L. agnomina ; ad and 7iom- 
 ino, nomcn, name.]- 
 I'o name. [Little used.] 
 AG-NO.M-IN-A'TION, n. [L. agnomen, a surname, 
 of ad and nomen. See Name.] 
 
 1. An additional name, or title ; a name added to 
 another, as expressive of some act, achievement, 
 &c. ; a surname. Encyc. 
 
 2. Allusion of one word to another by sound. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 AG'NUS GAS'TUS, 71. [L.] A species of Vitex, so 
 called from the Gr. ayvos, chaste, from its imagined 
 virtue of preserving chastity. n'J'lie Athenian ladies 
 reposed on the leaves of this plant at the feast of 
 Ceres. The Latin cactus, chaste, now addctl to the 
 name, forms a duplication of the sense. Encyc. 
 
 AG'NUS De'I, 71. [Lamb of God.] 
 
 1. In tlie Roman Catholic church, a cake of wax 
 stamped with the figure of a lamb, supporting the 
 banner of the cross. It is supposed to possess great 
 virtues in preserving those who carry it, in faith, 
 from accidents, &c. Also, a part of the mass, in 
 which the prayer beginning with these words is 
 repeated by the priest. Encyc. 
 
 2. A prayer beginning with these words. 
 AG'NUS SCYTll'I-eUS. [Scythian lamb.] 
 
 A name applied to the roots of a species of fern, 
 Jlspidinm Baromctz, covered with brown woolly 
 scales, and in shape resembling a lamb ; found in 
 Russia and Tartary. 
 A-Go', nilt\ or a. [Sax. agan, or grand, the participle 
 of gan, to go ; contracted from agone. See Go.] 
 Past ; gone ; as, a year ago. 
 A-GOG', adv. [Fr. d gogo ; It. agognare, ardently to 
 desire.] 
 
 In a state of desire ; highly excited by eagerness 
 after an object. 
 
 Tlic piiKly S'^^'P' when ihe's set a^og. DryiUn. 
 
 A-Gfj'ING. [The participle of go, with the prefix n.J 
 In motion ; as, to set a mill agoing ,• or about to go ; 
 ready to go ; as, he is agoing iiiiinetliately. The 
 latter u^<e is vulgar. 
 
 A'GON, 71. [Gr.] T^ie contest for the prize. [JVot 
 luied.] SancrofU 
 
 A-GONE', (a-gawn',) ;>/). [See Ago and Gone.] 
 Ago ; past ; since. [JVearly obs.] 
 
 AG'O-NIS.M, 71. [Gr. ay.wKT^is.] 
 
 Contention for a prize. Diet. 
 
 AG't)-NlST, 71. Uiii- who contends for the pri/.e 
 in public games. Milton has used agonistr^ in this 
 sense, and so culled his tragedy, from the similitude 
 of Samson's exertions, in slaying the Philistines, 
 to prize-fighting. In church history, the discijiles 
 of l>oiiatus are called agonistics. 
 
 A<;-0-NlST'l(', j rt. Pertaining to prize-fight- 
 
 AG-() NIST'IC-AL, ) ing, contests of strength, or 
 athletic combats. EnfieU. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL^W^.^T — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVF-, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 55 
 
AGR 
 
 AGR 
 
 AGU 
 
 Afi-O-NtST'ie-AI.-l.V, fl<ii). In an agonisHc man- 
 ner ; like prizt-fisilitiiig. 
 
 AG'0-M7.E, V. i. [Gr. aj-wn^w, to strive. See 
 A<io>v.] 
 
 'J'o writhe with eitreme jiain ; to suffer violent 
 angiiish. 
 
 To wnan null Of oiMM «t evf ry pore. Popt. 
 An'O-NJZE, V. U To distress with extreme pain ; 
 
 lo torture. P"P^- 
 AG'0-NIZ-£D, pp. Distressed with excessive pain ; 
 
 tortured. 
 
 AG'OiMZ-ING, ppr. Suffering severe pain; writli- 
 
 ins with torture. 
 AG'O-NTZ-ING, a. Giving extreme pain. 
 AG'0-NI/-ING-IA', oi/u. With extreme angiiish. 
 AG-O-NO-TIIkTE', k, [Gr. aj wf, contest, and 
 
 TiOni", to appoint.] 
 An officer wlio presided over ttie games in 
 
 Greece. 
 
 AG-0-i\'y-TMET'IC, a. Pertaining to the president 
 of tlie Grecian sanies. 
 
 AG'O-NY, n. [(ir. a; i.ir, a contest with bodily exer- 
 tion ; a word used to di'iu>te the athletic games in 
 Greece; whence oi i.ui", anguish, solicitude, from 
 a) w, L. a^o. In Ir. agrh is a battle, conflict ; Gr. 
 0) (Ji'i^o), to strive. See Act.] 
 
 1. In strictness, pain so extreme as to cause 
 writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those 
 made in the athletic contests in Greece. Hence, 
 
 2. Extreme [Kiin of body or mind ; anguish ; ap- 
 propriately, the pangs of death, and the sufferings of 
 our i^avior in the garden of Gethsenianc. Luke xxii. 
 
 Violent contest or striving. Mure. 
 
 A-GOOD', adr. In earnest, \j\ot «.<<•</.] Slinlc. 
 
 A-G6L"TI, j (a-goo'tv,) n. [Uu. Sp. an-i«/o, sharp ; 
 
 A-G0I;'TY, i L. aculus.] 
 
 A quadruped of the order Rodentia; arranged by 
 naturalists in tlie genus Cavia. It is of the size of 
 a rabbit. The upper part of the body is brownish, 
 with a mixture of red and black ; the belly yi'llow- 
 ish. Three varieties are mentioned, all peculiar to 
 South .America and the West Indies. It burrows 
 in the ground, or in hollow trees ; lives on vegeta- 
 bles ; is voracious like a pig, and makes a similar 
 grunting noise. It holds its fiKid in its fore paws, 
 like a stpiirrel. When scared or angry, its hair is 
 erect, ami it strikes the ground with its hind feet. 
 Its flesh is wliite and well tasted. Encijc. 
 
 A-GR.A.\r.MA-TIST, n. [Gr. u priv. and )/>u/<f«i, a 
 letter.] 
 
 An illiterate person. 
 
 A-GRA'R1-Ai\, «. [L. anrarin.*, from airer, a field.] 
 
 1. Relating to lands. AiipropriaUlij, denoting or 
 pertaining to an equal division of lands ; as, the 
 O'srarian laws of Rome, which distributed the con- 
 quered and other public lands equally among all the 
 citizens, limiting the quantity which each might 
 enjoy. Authors sometimes use the word as a uoitn ; 
 ati axfariaji, for a<rrarian law. Burke. 
 
 An agrarian ' distribution of land or property 
 would make tlie rich poor, but would not make 
 the poor rich. 
 
 2. Pertaining to agrarianism. 
 A-GRa'RI-A.\, «. One in favor of an equal division 
 
 1 of projierty among the inhabitants of a country. 
 1 A-GRa'RI-AN-IS.M, 71. An equal division of lands 
 or property, or the principles of those who favor 
 ' such a division. 
 
 I A-GlliiE', V. L [Ft. airrcer, from gT6, will, accord. 
 
 I This is contracted from Sp. anrailar. Port, id., to 
 please, to gratify, whence airradable^ agreeable ; 
 from the root of L. gratm, W. r/i<irf, grace, favor, 
 that comes freely. The primary sense is adcancing, 
 from the same root as L. graduir ; W. r/iai, [rhath ;J 
 Syr. j^j radah, to go.] 
 
 1. To be of one mind ; to harmonize in opinion ; 
 as, in the expediency of tlie law, all the parties 
 agree. 
 
 2. To live in concord, or without contention ; as, 
 parents and children a^rre well together. 
 
 3. To yield assent; to approve or admit; fol- 
 lowed by to ; as, to atrree to an offer, or to an 
 opinion. 
 
 4. To settle by stipulation, the minds of parties 
 being airreeii as to the terms ; as, to agree on articles 
 of partnership. 
 
 Di.lgt Uioii not agret with me for n penny & d.-iy ? — Mau. xx. 
 
 5. To come to a compromise of differences j to be 
 reconciled. 
 
 Agrtt with iWne adTenary quickly. — Matt, t, 
 
 6. To come to one opinion or mind ; to concur ; 
 as, to agree on a place of meeting. 
 
 This sense differs not essentially from the fourth, 
 and it often implies a resolving to do an act. John ix. 
 
 7. To be consistent; to harmonize; not to con- 
 tradict, or be repugnant ; as, this story agrees with 
 what has been related by others. 
 
 Their witness agreed not togetlier. — Mark xiT. 
 
 8. To resemble ; to be similar ; as, the picture 
 docs not agree with the original. 
 
 9. To suit : to he aicommodated or adapted to ; 
 as, the same food does not agree w itli every consti- 
 tution. 
 
 A-GRl~;E', r. U To admit, or come to one mind con- 
 cerning ; as, lo agree the fact. Also, to reriineile or 
 make friends ; to put an end to variance ; but these 
 senses are unusual and hardly legitimnte. Let the 
 parties ajTff the fact, is really elliptical; Let them 
 agree on the fact. 
 
 A-GRF;E-.\-BIL'I-TY, 71. Easiness of disposition. 
 [.-Vu! «.<(•(/. 1^ Chaucer. 
 
 A-GRkE'A-BLE, a. Suitable; conformable ; corre- 
 s[Kin(lent ; consistent with ; as, the practice of virtue 
 is agreeable to the law of God and our own nature. 
 
 2. In pursuance of ; in conformity with ; as, 
 agreeable to the order of the day, the House took 
 up the report of the committee. It is not correctly 
 followed by v)iOi. In this sense, some writers use 
 afsreeabltj for agreeable, but in violation of the true 
 principles of construction ; for the word is an ad- 
 jective or attribute, in agreement with the last 
 clause of the sentence. The House took up the 
 report of the coiiiinittee, (which taking up was) 
 agreeable to the order of the day. The use of agrec- 
 ahhj ill this sentence would pervert the sense. 
 
 3. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses ; as, 
 ainrrahle manners ; fruit agreeable to the taste. 
 
 A-GRkE'A-BLE-NESS, n. Suitableness: conform- 
 ity ; consistency ; as, the agreeableness of virtue to 
 the laws of God. 
 
 2. The quality of pleasing ; that quality which 
 gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the iiiind 
 yr senses ; as, an agreeableness of manners ; there 
 IS an agrreablenesn in the ta.ste of certain fruits. 
 This is the usual sense of the word. 
 
 3. Resemblance ; likeness ; with to or betteeen. 
 The azreeahtenett betiseen man and other piirts of creation. 
 
 [06*.] Oreu). 
 
 A-GRkE'A-BLY, adv. Pleasingly ; in an agreeable 
 manner ; in a manner to give plca.surc ; as, to be 
 agreeably entertained with a discourse. 
 
 2. Suitably ; consistently ; conformably. 
 
 The efT'-ct of which is, lliat marriages less fn-^iiieut, 
 
 agreeably 10 the maxim aliove Ui3 ilown. Paley. 
 
 This is a gross error, proceeding from mistake. 
 Jigreeabhj signifies, in an agreeable manner; but this 
 is not the sense, nor does the word modify the verb 
 oToir. The sense i^ Marriages grow less fretpient, 
 which (fact, or whide member of the sentence, or 
 proposition) is agreeable to the maxim above laid 
 down. This use of agreeably is comuion, but very 
 erroneous. 
 
 3. Alike ; in the same manner. 
 
 Tioi\i nmvd agreeably. [Obs.] Sjieiiser. 
 A-CwKiiED' , pp. Being in concord or harmony of 
 opinion ; of one mind. 
 
 Can two walk to^nher except they be agreed 7 — Amos iii. 
 
 3. Assented to ; admitted ; as, a proposition is 
 agreed to, 
 
 3. Settled by consent; implying bargain or con- 
 tract ; as, the tenus were agreed t,i, or agreed upon. 
 
 A-GRl'?.E'I.\G, ppr. Living in ciacord ; concurring; 
 assenting ; settling bv consen'. 
 
 A-GRkE'L\G-LY, adv. In conformity to. [Ltliie 
 
 H.^■<•//J 
 
 A-GR hE'iME\T, 7u Concord ; harmony ; conformity. 
 Whtvt agreement hath the temple of Go<l with idols ? — 2 Cor. vi. 
 
 2. Union of opinions or sentiments ; a-s, a good 
 agreement subsists aaiong the members of the 
 council. 
 
 3. Resemblance ; conformity ; similitude. 
 Expansion aud (turttion have this fiirtlter agreement. Locke. 
 
 4. Union of minds in regard to a transfer of in- 
 terest; bargain ; compact; contract ; stipnlatiim ; as, 
 he made an agreement for the purchase of a bouse. 
 
 Make .an agreement with me by a present. — 2 Kin^ xviii. 
 
 5. In grammar, concord, which see. 
 A-GRE.S'Tie, j a. [L. ojrc^fw ; Fr. agre.^e ; from 
 A-G U ES'TIC-AL, i L. ager, a field, or the same 
 
 root.] 
 
 Rural ; nistic ; pertaining to fields or the country, 
 in opposition to the city ; unpolished. Gregory. 
 
 A-GRIF-O-LA'TIO.V, n. Cultivation of the soil. 
 
 AG'RI-eUI^TOR, ru [L. ager, a field, and cultor, a 
 cultivator.] 
 
 One whose occupation is to till the ground ; a 
 farmer ; a husbandman ; one skilled in husbandry. 
 
 AG-Rl-CUL'TIIR-AL, a. Pertaining to husbandry, 
 tillage or the culture of the earth. 
 
 AG'RI-CUL-TITRE, n. [L. o^^cr, a field, and cuUura, 
 cultivation. See Acre and Ci ltube.I 
 
 In a general sense, the cultivation of the ground, 
 for the purpose of producing vegetables and fruits, 
 for the use of man and beast ; or the art of prepar- 
 ing the soil, sowing and planting seeds, dress- 
 ing the plants, and removing the crops. In this 
 sense, the worti includes gardening, or horticulture, 
 and also the raising and feeding of cattle or stock. 
 But in a more common and appropriate sense, it is used 
 to signify that species of cultivation which is in- 
 
 tended to raise grain and ullier field crops fur man 
 aiitl beast. It is equivalent t<i bn^banilry. 
 
 Jtgrieullure is the most genenil occupation of man. 
 
 AG-RI-CUL'TUR IS.M, n. The a« or science of 
 agriculture, f/.ittle i/.sf</.] 
 
 AG-Rl-CUL'TIJR-IST, ;i. One skilled in the art of 
 cultivating the ground ; a skillful husbandman. 
 
 AG'RI-MO-MY, 71. [L. argrmonia, from the Gr. 
 Thus it is writtim by Pliny, lint in lower l^tin 
 it is written agrimonia. SaitI lo be from Gr. ap) tiia, 
 the web or pearl of the eye, from woj oj, white, 
 which this plant was supposed to cure. See The- 
 oph. 887.] 
 
 A genus of plants, of several species. Of these, 
 the etipatoria or coiiiiikui agrimony, and the odorata 
 or sweet-scented, arc the most useful. It is a inild 
 astringent and stomachic. Kneye. 
 
 AG-RIP-PI.\'I-A.\.«, «. pi. In elnirch hi-ttory, the fid- 
 lowers of .Agrippiniis, bishop of Carthage in the third 
 century, who first tttught and defended the doctrine 
 of rebaptization. Kncyc. 
 
 A-GKISE', e. /. [Sax agrijmn.] 
 
 To shiver. [A'lvf 1/1 ii>e.] Chancer. 
 
 A-GRf.«E', i;. t. To terrify ; also, to make frightful. 
 \J\^tit in i/.vc] Sprn.-ier. 
 
 A'tlllO.M, 71. A disease frequent in Hi ngal and other 
 parts of the East liiilies, in which the tongue chaps 
 and cleaves, becom.-s r(»ugh, and st<iiietinies covered 
 with white spots. The remedy is some chalybeate 
 liquor, or the juice of inint. Eneyc. 
 
 A-GR().\'0-.MY, 71. [Gr. uj poj, a field, and mp-jj, a 
 rule.] 
 
 The art of cultivating the ground ; agriculture. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 AG-RO-STEM'MA, 71. A genus of plants of several 
 species, containing the common corn cockle, wild 
 Ivclinis or campion, &.C. 
 
 A-GROS'TIS, 71. [Gr. ay/iMnns.] 
 
 Uenl-gra.ss ; a genus of many species. 
 
 A-GRO.S-TOG'R.\-PIIY, n. A description of the 
 grasses. 
 
 A-GROS-TOL'O CY, 71. [Gr. ayptoarif, grass, and 
 
 Xo> "i.] 
 
 That part of botany which relates to the grasses. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 A-GROUND', adv. [Of a, al, or 011, and ground.] 
 1. On the ground ; a marine term, signifj ing that 
 the bottom of a ship rests on the ground for want of 
 sufRcient depth of water. When the ground is 
 near the shore, the ship is said to be ashore or 
 stranded. 
 
 Q. Figuratively, stopped ; impeded by insuperable 
 obstacles. 
 
 a'GuE, (a'gu,) 77. [Sax. age, oga, or hoga, fear, hor- 
 ror ; Arm. hegea, to shake ; Goth, agis, fear, agyan or 
 ogan, to fear ; Ir. agh, fear, agba or aghaim, lo fear. 
 The radical idea is a shaking or shivering similar lo 
 that occasioned by terror.] 
 
 1. The cold fit which precedes a fever, or a par- 
 oxysm of fever in interinittenls'. It is accom|>anied 
 with shivering. 
 
 2. Chilliness ; a chill, or state of shaking with 
 cold, though in health. 
 
 3. It is used for a periodical fever, an inteniiillent, 
 whether quotidian, tertian, or quarliin. In this ca.si-, 
 the word, which signifies the preceding cold fit, is 
 used for the disease. 
 
 A'GuE, r. ^ To cause a shivering in ; to strike with 
 a colli fit. JIayirood. 
 
 A'Gf'i:-eAkE, 71. A hard tumor on the left side of 
 the belly, lower than the false ribs ; supposed to be 
 the effect of intermittent fevers. Kneye. 
 
 A'Guf.'I), a. Chilly ; having a fit of ague ; shivering 
 with cold or fear. Sliak. 
 
 A'GC'E-FIT, 71. A paroxysm of cold, or shivering; 
 chilliness. 
 
 A'GvE-PROOF, ji. Able to resist agues ; proof 
 against agues. 
 
 A-GUER'RY, r. (. [Fr. agurrrir ; from guerre, war.] 
 To inure to the n.ardsliips of war ; to instruct in 
 the art of war. [jV>( 111 use.] Lyttletvn. 
 
 A'GtJt^SPELL, 71. A chann or spell to cure or pre- 
 vent ague. Gay. 
 
 A'GCB-STRUCK, a. Struck with .ague. Ilnryt. 
 
 A'GOE-TREK, 71. A name sometimes applied to sas- 
 safras, on account of its febrifuge qii.alilies. Encuc. 
 
 A-GUISE', r. L [See Guise.] To dress ; to adorn. 
 [jVot in luie.] Sprnser. 
 
 .\-GUI$E', n. Dress. [JVot in use.] .More. 
 
 A'GU-ISH, a. Chilly ; somewhat cold or shivering ; 
 also, having the qualities of an ague. 
 
 Her aguUh love now glows and bnms. Granville. 
 
 A'GU-ISH-NESS, ru Chilliness; the quality of being 
 aguish. 
 
 A-GUIL-L.\-NEPF', ti. [from a, to, gui, misletoe, 
 and /'an 7101/, the new year.] 
 
 A form of rejoicing among the ancient Franks, on 
 the first day of the year ; derived from the dniidical 
 custom of cutting misletoe, which w.as held s,acrcd 
 by the dmids, and, on the first day of the year, con- 
 secrating it by crying agutllaneuf, the new year to 
 the misletoe. This cry is said to be still observed in 
 
 " " I 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, IJNITE. — AA-"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 2,0 
 
AID 
 
 some parts of Frnnce ; ami the ti rm came to signify 
 also a begging of New Year's gifts. Eiicijc. 
 A'GUL, )i. A species of tlie Hedysaruiii. 
 
 AH, [Ger. oc/i.] An exclamation, expressive of sur- 
 prise, pity, complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exul- 
 tation, &c., according to the manner of utterance. 
 
 X-Ha' ; an exclamation expressing triumph, con- 
 tempt, or simple surprise ; hilt the senses are dis- 
 tinguished by very dilferent modes of utterance, 
 and different modifications of features. 
 
 2. A sunk fence, not visible without near ap- 
 proach ; spelt more comumnlv, hah-hah. Masuiu 
 
 A-HAX'I-GEIl, n A name of" the gar-fish. 
 
 A-HEAD', (a-hed',) adi: [a and lieail, or at head.] 
 
 1. Further forward than another thing ; in front ; 
 originally, a sea term, denoting further forward than 
 another ship, or on the point to which the stem is 
 directed, in opposition to astern. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. Onward ; forward ; toward the point before the 
 stem or head ; as, move ahead. 
 
 3. Headlong ; without restraint ; precipitantly ; 
 as, children sulTered to run ahead. [JVo« tu^ed.] 
 
 L'Kstraji^e. 
 A-HElGHT', (a-hlte',) adv. [a and height.] 
 
 Aloft ; on hish. [.\ot ii.^-cd.] Shak. 
 A-IIiGH', ai/r. On high. [Mt used.] 
 A-HoLD', adv. Near the wind; as, to lay a ship 
 
 aAold. JJ\"ut in use] Shak. 
 A-HOL'.Af, n. The trivial name of a species of Cer- 
 
 brra. Its fruit, is a plum or dmpe, the kernels of 
 
 which are very poisonous. 
 A-HOY', eielam. A sea term used in bailing. 
 XH'RI-.MAN. See Ariman. 
 
 A-HULL', adv. With the sails furled, and the helm 
 lashed ; applied to sliips in a storm. 
 
 AI, n. The three-toed sloth. {Bradypus.) P. Cyc. 
 AI-AI'A, n. The trivial name of a species of PtataU 
 
 ea or spoonbill ; called also the roseate spoonbill, 
 AI-Cu'RUS, n. A large and beautiful species of par- 
 ' rot, found in Brazil ; its head beautifully variegated 
 with yellow, red, and violet colors ; its body green ; 
 the tips of its wings red, and its tail long and yel- 
 low. Diet, of Mil. Hist. 
 AID, V. t. [Fr. aider to help ; It. aiutare, which seems 
 
 to be contracted from L. adjuto. In .\r. 
 
 aid, signifies to assist or strengthen ; and i N 1 ayada, 
 
 and \ adawa, to help. In Welsh, ced is a benefit, 
 
 and the word wa.s used to denote the aids of feudal 
 tenants.] 
 
 To help ; to assist ; to support, either by furnish- 
 ing strength or means to efi'ect a purpose, or to pre- 
 vent or remove evil. 
 AID, »i. Help ; succor ; support ; assistance. Watts. 
 
 2. The person who aids or yields support ; a help- 
 er ; an auxiliary ; also, the thing that aids or yields 
 succor. 
 
 3. In F.nalish law, a subsidy or tax granted by 
 parliament, and making a part of the king's reve- 
 nue. 
 
 In Franre, aids are equivalent to customs or du- 
 ties on certain consumable commoditiesj particular- 
 ly wines and liquors ; nearly equivalent to the Eng- 
 lish excise. 
 
 4. In England, a tax paid by a . tenant to his lord ; 
 originally, a mere gift, which afterward became a 
 right deniandable by the lord. The aids of this 
 kind were chiefly three. 1. To ransom the lord 
 when a prisoner. 2. To make the lord's eldest son 
 a knight. 3. To marry the lord's eldest daughter. 
 
 Blae.kstone. 
 
 5. An aiddecamp, so called by abbreviation. 
 
 6. To pray in aid, in law, is to call in a person in- 
 terested in a title, to assist in defending it. Thus 
 a tenant for life may pray in aid of him in remain- 
 der or reversion ; that is, he may pray or petition 
 that he may be joined in the suit In aid or hi lp main- 
 tain the title. This act or petition is called aid- 
 prayrr. Cojcel. BUickslone. 
 
 Court of aids, in France, is a court which ha-s cog- 
 ni7.ance uf causes respecting duties or customs. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 AID'ANCE, 71. Aid; help; assistance. [Liule used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 AID'ANT, a. Helping ; helpful ; nupplying aid. [JVot 
 used.] 
 
 AID'DE-eAMP, (aid'de-kong,) ji. [Fr.l 
 
 In mditnry ajfairsy an ollicer wliosi; «luty is to re- 
 ceive and conmiunicate the orders of a general ofh- 
 C4fr. It IN desimble that this word shuuld be natu- 
 ralized, and no longer pronounced aid'de^konir, 
 
 AID'KI), pp. Assinted i supported; furnlaheu with 
 ftucrnr. 
 
 AID'Ell, n. One who helps; an assistant, or anvil- 
 AII)'IN(;, ppr. Helping; aj*fi'*ting. ['ary. 
 AID'I.E.SK a. IlelplesH ; without aid ; unsiipporti:d ; 
 undefendnd. Shak. 
 
 AIR 
 
 Al'GRET, Al'GRETTE, n. A tuft, as of feathers, 
 diamonds, &c. 
 
 2. In zoology, a name of the small ivhite heron. 
 [See Egret.] ' Dtct of JTat. IRsU 
 
 3. In botany. See Egret. 
 
 Al'GU-LET, n. [Fr. Usually contracted into Ai- 
 glet.] 
 
 A point or tag, as at the ends of fringes. 
 AlK'RAW, 7t. A popular name of a species of lichen, 
 
 or moss. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 AIL, V. t. [Sax. egUan, to be troubled, to be irksome ; 
 egle, trouble, grief. In the Saxon, it is impersonal.] 
 To trouble ; to affect with uneasiness, either of 
 body or mind ; used to express some uneasiness or 
 affection, whose cause is unknown ; as, what ails 
 the man i I know not what a'ds him. 
 
 What aileOi Ihee, Hagar? — Gen. xxi. 
 
 It is never used to express a specific disease. We 
 never say, he ails a pleurisy ; but it is usual to say, 
 _ he ails something ; he ails nothing ; nothing ails him. 
 aIL, n. Indisposition, or morbid affection. 
 AlL'ING, ppr. Diseased; indisposed; full of com- 
 _ plaints. 
 
 AlL'MENT, 7!. Disease; indisposition; morbid af- 
 fection of the body ; but the word is not applied or- 
 _ dinarily to acute diseases. 
 
 AliM, V. i. [Clii. Ir. oig-ham, to eye. Skinner refers 
 this word to the old Fr. esiner. If this was the or- 
 thography, I know not its allinities.] 
 
 To point at, with a missive weapon ; to direct the 
 intention or jiurpose ; to attempt to reach, or accom- 
 plish ; to tend toward ; to endeavor ; followed by 
 at before the object ; as, a man aijns at distinction ; 
 or aims to be rich. 
 2. To guess or conjecture. [O&s.] Shak. 
 
 AIM, r. t. To direct or point, as a weapon ; to direct 
 to a particular object ; as, to aim a musket or an ar- 
 row, the fist or a blow ; to aim a satire or a reflec- 
 tion at some person or vice. 
 
 Al.M, n. The pointing or direction of a missile weap- 
 on ; the direction of any thing to a particular point 
 or object, with a view to strike or affect it ; as of a 
 spear, a blow, a discourse, or remark. 
 
 2. The point intended to be hit, or object intend- 
 ed to be affected ; as, a man missed his aim. 
 
 3. Figuratively, a purpose; intention ; design ; 
 scheme ; as, men are often disappointed of their 
 aim. ^ 
 
 4. Conjecture ; guess. 
 
 It is impossible, by aim, to tell it. \Not used ] 
 
 Spenser on Ireland. 
 
 AIM'£D, pp. Pointed ; directed ; intended to strike 
 
 or affect. 
 aI.M'EK, n. One that aims. 
 
 AlM'ING, ppr. Pointing a weapon at an object ; di- 
 recting any thing to an object ; intending ; purpos- 
 ing. 
 
 AIM'LESS, a. Without aim. 
 Al.M'LESS-LY, adv. Without aim. 
 AlR, H. [Fr. air ; L. aer ; Gr. ai/p ; It. aria ; Pp. aip-e ; 
 Port, ar; Arm. ear, eer ; Ir. aer; W. aioyr; Cli.'V'iK, 
 
 aur; Syr. ijj, aar ; Eth. Ar. Ljl, aiijar. 
 
 This word, in the Shcmitic languages, falls under 
 the root iiN Heb. and Ch., to shine. The radical 
 sense is to open, expand ; whence clear ; or to flow, 
 to shoot, to radiate.] 
 
 1. The fluid which we breathe. Air is inodor- 
 ous, invisible, insipid, colorless, elastic, possessed 
 of gravity, and easily moved, rarefied, and con- 
 densed. 
 
 Almospherie air is composed by volume of 20 or 
 21 oxygt-n, and 80 or 79 nitrogen ; by weight, of 8 
 oxygen to 28 nitrogen. 
 
 The body of air surrounding the earth is called 
 the atmosphere. The specific gravity of air is to that 
 of water nearly as 1 to 828. Air is necessary to 
 life ; being inhaled into the lungs, the oxygenous 
 part is separated from the azotic, and is supposed to 
 furnish the body with he.at and animation. Air is 
 also the medium of sounds, and, under ordinarj' 
 circumstances, is necessary to combustion. 
 
 2. An aeriform body ; a gas ; as, oxygen is called 
 vital air. 
 
 3. Air in motion ; a light breeze. 
 
 liCt vcm:U oir* through trembling oslcra play. Pope. 
 
 4. Vent ; utterance abroad ; publication ; publici- 
 ty ; as, a story has taken air. 
 
 You gave it fiir lyfun? me. Dryden. 
 
 JVivd is used in like manner. 
 
 .'■>. A tune ; a short sorig or piece of music adapted 
 to words ; also, the peculiar niodlilation of the notes, 
 which gives music its character ; as, a soft air A 
 song or piece of poetry ftir singing; also, the lead- 
 ing part of a tun<!, or that which is intended to ex- 
 hibit the greali st variety of melody. 
 
 6. The perulinr look, appearance, manner or mien 
 of a person ; :ls, a heavy air ; the (ifr (tf a y<mtli ; a 
 graceful air ; a lofty air. It is applied to manners 
 or gestures, as well as to ftmtiircs. 
 
 AIR 
 
 7. .lirs, in the plural, is used to denote an afiect- 
 ed manner, show of pride, haughtiness ; as when 
 it is said of a person, he puts on airs. The word is 
 used, also, to express the artificial motions or car- 
 riage of a horse. 
 
 8. In painting, that which expresses the life of ac- 
 tion ; manner ; gesture ; attitude. 
 
 9. Any thing light or uncertain ; that is light as 
 air. 
 
 Who builds his hope in air of your fair looks. [Q.U. Obt.] 
 
 /ilMk. 
 
 10. Advice; intelligence; information. [04s.] 
 
 [Bacon.] 
 
 11. Different states of air are characterized by dif- 
 ferent epithets; as, good air, foul air, morning air, 
 evening air; and sometimes air.i may have been 
 used for ill scent or vapor, but the use is not legiti- 
 mate. 
 
 To take tlie air, is to go abroad ; to walk or ride a 
 little distance. 
 
 To take air, is to be divulged ; to be made public. 
 aIR, v. t. To expose to the air ; to give access to the 
 open air ; to ventilate ; as, to air clothes ; to air a 
 room. 
 
 2. To expose to heat ; to warm ; as, to air liquors. 
 
 3. To dry by a fire ; to expel dampness ; as, to air 
 _ linen. 
 
 AlR'A, n. Hair-grass, a genus of plants. 
 aIR'-BAL-LOON'. See Balloon. 
 AlK-BAL-LOON'IST, n. One who makes or uses 
 
 air-balloous. Ktrbii. 
 AlR'-liLAD-DKR, n. A ves:cle or cuticle filled with 
 
 air, as the cells of the lungs. Arttutlinut. 
 •2. The bladder of a fish, containing air, by which 
 
 it is enabled to maintain its equilibriiua in the wa- 
 _ fer. 
 
 AlR'-BORN, a. Bom of the air. Congreve. 
 
 AlR'-BoRNE, a. Borne in or by the air. 
 
 aIR'-BRaV-ING, a. Braving the winds. Shak. 
 
 AlR'-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Erected in the air ; having no 
 solid foundation ; chimerical ; as, an air-built castle ; 
 air-built hopes. 
 
 AIR -CELLS, 71. pi. Cavities or cells containing air. 
 In plants, certain cavities in the cellular tissue, by 
 which they are rendered buoyant in water ; in birds, 
 the same as the air-sacs ; in insects, dilatations of 
 the air-vessels. 
 
 AIR'-DRAWN, a. Drawn in air ; imaginarj'. Shak. 
 
 aIR'£D, pp. Exposed to air ; cleansed by air; heat- 
 ed or dried by exposure to a fire ; ventilated. 
 
 AIR'ER, 71. One who exposes to the air. 
 2. A frame on which clothes are aired. 
 
 aIR'-GUN, n. A pneumatic engine, resembling a 
 musket, to discharge bullets by means of the elastic 
 force of coinjiressed air. Encyc. 
 
 AIR'-H6LD-ER, 71. [air and hold.] 
 
 An instrument for holding air, for the purpose of 
 counteracting the pressure of a decreasing cohinin 
 
 _ of mercury. Clayjield. Dury. 
 
 AlR'-HoLE, 71. An opening to admit or discharge air. 
 
 AIR'I-LY, adv. In an airy manner. 
 
 AlR'I-NESS, 71. Exposure to a free current of air ; 
 openness to the air ; as, the airiness of a country- 
 seat. 
 
 2. Gayety ; levity ; as, the airiness of young per- 
 sons. 
 
 aIR'ING, ppr. Exposing to the air ; warming ; dry- 
 _ ing. 
 
 aIR'ING, 77. An exposure to the air, or to a fire, for 
 warming or drj ing ; also, a walk or ride in the open 
 air ; a short excursion. The exercise of horses in 
 the open air. 
 
 AIR'-JACK-ET, n. A jacket having air-tight cells or 
 cavities which can be filled witli air, to render per- 
 sons buoyant in swiinniing. Encyc. 
 
 AIR'LESS, n. Not open to a free current of air; 
 wanting fresh air, or communication with open air. 
 
 AlR'LI.NfJ, n. A thoughtless, gay person. Junson. 
 
 AIR'-PII'E, 71. A pipe used to draw foul air from a 
 ship's hold, by means of a communication with the 
 furnace, and the rarefaction of the air by fire. This 
 pipe is intended to supply the comhnslioii wilh the 
 air of the hold, by preventing the access of other air 
 to the fire. Encyc. 
 
 AIR'-PLANT, 71. A name given to certain plants, 
 which will pow fora long time, without being root- 
 ed in earth, or in any other substance. They have 
 been supposed to derivt! their nourishment wholly 
 from the air ; but, in many cases, it conies from oth- 
 er plants, or from vegetable matter, with which they 
 are in contact. Brandc, 
 
 AIR'-POISK, 71. [air and poise.] 
 
 An instnuneiit to measure the weight of the air. 
 
 AIR'-PUMP, n. A machine for exhausting the air of 
 a vessel. The machines for this purpose are of dif- 
 ferent constructions. 
 
 AIR'-SACS, 71. pi. Air-hags, in birds, which arc cer- 
 tain receptacles of air, or vesicles lodged in the fleshy 
 parts, in the hollow bones, and in the alidonicn, 
 which all communicate with the lungs. These are 
 Bup|K)sed to render the body speoilicaMy lighter, and 
 to supply the place of a muscular diaphragm. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHyt METE, PRfiY PFNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— 
 
 30 
 
 / 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 of a vcssri in which (Mlnriferdus liqiinrs wero kept ; 
 su called from thi; stone of u'hi<'h it was uiafh;. Al- 
 so, till' namo of a measure, containing tin imiiccs 
 of wine, or nine tif tiil. Eiiajc. Jfaci/tter. Plinij. 
 
 AL'A-ltAS-TEK, a. Made of aiahasttr, ur rcsi inlijing 
 it. Jiilili.-^on. 
 
 Mihaslrnm <leni!rniile ; a kiiiil of laniinati il alabas- 
 ter, variegated witli fi;;uri's of shrub:! and troe«, 
 found in the province of ilohenstein. Knctic. 
 
 AIj-A-I!AS''rKI-AN,ff. IVrtainingtoorlikejilabaster. 
 
 AL-A-l!A5i'TlUTE, n. A vase, box, or other veasel 
 of alabaster, used by tlic (Jreeks and Uoniatis for 
 holding perfuiues. JUmcs. 
 
 XIR'-SIIAFT, 71. A passajie for nir into a mine, usu- 
 ally opened in a perp'enilicular direction, and ineet- 
 ini the adits or horizontal passaucs, to cause a free 
 circulation of fresh air through the mine. Encijc. 
 
 AlR-SLACK'i'.'U, (-slakt',) a. Slacked or pulverized 
 by exposure to the air; lus, airslackeU lime. ^ 
 
 A1K'-S'I'1K-UK\G, (-stur-riiig,) a. Putting the air in 
 motion. -"/«!/. 
 
 Aril'-'fllUEAD, n. A name Riven to the spid(!r's 
 webs, which are often seen (loating in the air, and 
 serve to sup|>ort the spider when in quest of prey. 
 
 Knci/c. 
 
 AIR'-TIIREAT'EN-ING, (-thret'ning,) a. Thrcat- 
 enins the air ; loftv. Todd. 
 
 AIR'-TIGHT, (-tite,) a. [air and ti^ht-l 
 
 So tight or compact as to be iinperineable to air. 
 
 JIR'-'l'KAI', 71. A contrivance for the escape of foul 
 nir from drains, sewers, &c. 
 
 AIR'-VES-SEL, 71. In plants, a spiral duct contain- 
 ing air, and supposed to bo analogous to the lungs 
 in animals. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In insccLi, a tube or trachea, Ijy which air is 
 conveyed through the body, for the purpose of res- 
 pinition. 
 
 AIR'Y, a. Consisting of air; as, an ainj substance. 
 2. Relating or belonging to air ; liigh in air; as, 
 an airy flight ; ainj region. 
 
 ■ 3. Open to a free current of air ; as, an airy situ- 
 ation. 
 
 4. Liglit as air ; resembling air ; thin ; unsubstan- 
 tial ; without solidity ; as, airy ghosts. An airy 
 dress is one which admits, air, and is cool. 
 
 5. Without reality ; having no solid foundation ; 
 vain } trifling ; as, an airy scheme ; airy notions. 
 
 6. Gay ; sprightly ; full of vivacity and levity ; 
 liglit of heart ; lively ; as, an airy girl. 
 
 AIR'Y, or a'E-RIE,' 71. [See Aerie.] 
 
 Anuinz sitortsmen, the nest of the hawk or eagle. 
 AIR'Y-EL?-1.\G, o. Flying like air. Tlionuion. 
 AISLE, or AILE, (ile,) 71. [Fr. aile a wing ; L. a/a.] 
 
 1. In archilccturc, a term applied to the side por- 
 tions of a church, in distinction from the central 
 portion or nave. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A walk or passage in a church. 
 AISL'£)U, (i'ld,) u. Furnished with aisles. Byron, 
 AIT, 71. An islet, or little i.sle, in a river or l.Mte. 
 AI-ZOON', 71. [Sax. ai:07i, from L. aiiooii. It seems 
 
 to be composed of Gr. aii, always, Sax. aa, Eng. 
 aye, and ^toof, living.] 
 
 A genus of plants, called by Miller Snnpercive. 
 The name h.as, by some writers, been applied to the 
 honse-leek and to the aloes. Encyc. 
 
 A-JaR', aJv. Partly open ; as a door. 
 
 A-JA'V.\, 71. The seed of a plant brought from Mal- 
 abar, said to be an excellent carminative, and very 
 useful in the colic. Qniiicy. 
 
 A-J0'G.\, 71. Bugle-; a genus of plants. Enciic. 
 
 AJ'II-TAGE, or AD'Jli-TAGE, ji. [Fr. from ajo'uter, 
 to join.] 
 
 A tube fitted to the mouth of a vessel, through 
 which the water of a fountain is to be played. 
 A-KIIV', n. [a, or of, and kin. See Kin.] 
 
 1. Related by blood, used of persons ; as, the two 
 families are near akin. 
 
 2. Allied by nature ; partaking of the same prop- 
 erties ; as, envy and jealousy are near aAiiu [yViis 
 adjective w lused only after the noun.] 
 
 AL ; in Arabic, an adjective or inseparable prefix, an- 
 swering to the Italian iV, and the Sp. el alid la. Its 
 use is to render nouns definite, like the English tJie ; 
 as, alkoran, the koran, or the book, by eiiiinence ; al- 
 cove, alckrmy, alembic, almanac, &.c. 
 AL, in English, is sometimes a contraction of the Sa.t. 
 athrl, noble or illustrious. 
 
 More generally, al, in composition, is a contraction 
 of ttlil or alt, old, and it is prefixed to many names, 
 as Jllburg. Sax. eald : Germ, alt, old. 
 
 J)l, in the composition of Latin words, is written 
 before I for ad, for the ease of pronunciation ; as in 
 allcvo, alludo, for ad lei'o, ad ludo. 
 AL'A-HAS-TER, 71. [L., from Gr. nXa^arpoi' ; sui>- 
 posed to be from a, privative, and XafilSat'io, to take 
 or hold, and to be so named from its smoothness, or 
 from vessels having no handles. Qh.] 
 
 A compact variety of sulphate of lime, or gj psum, 
 of fine texture, and usually white and semi-pellu- 
 cid, but sometimes yellow, red, or gray. It is carved 
 into vases, m.intel ornaments, &c. The name is 
 occasiontUly ap|ilied incorrectly to a compact variety 
 of carbonate of lime. Dana. 
 
 Among antiquaries and artists, the name alabaster 
 ■is given to varieties both of carbonate of lime and 
 g)-psum ; the alabaster vessels of the ancients hav- 
 ing been formed of both those substances. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 A sub-variety of carbonate of lime, found in large 
 masses, fonned by the deposition of calcareous par- 
 ticles in caverns of limestone rocks. These concre- 
 tions have a foliated, fibrous, or granular structure, 
 and are of a pure white color, or more generally they 
 present shades of yellow, red, or brown, in undula- 
 ting or concentric stripes, or in sjiots. CUaveland, 
 
 Among the ancients, alabaster was also tlie name 
 
 A-L.ACK', eiclam. [Per. i^)X£> halaka, perdition, de- 
 struction, and alaksadan, to perish.] 
 An exclamation expressive of soiTow. 
 
 A-L.\CK'A-UaY ; an exclamation uttered to express 
 regret or sorrow. 
 
 A-LAC'RI-OUS, a. Cheerful. 
 
 A-LAC'Iil-OUS-LY, adv. With alacrity ; cheerfully. 
 
 A-LAC'Rl-OUS-NESS, 71. Itriskness. [^Vot u.Hcd.] 
 
 A-LACRI-TY, 71. [L. alucritiis, fniin aluccr, alacris.] 
 Cheerfulness; gayety; spriglitliness ; more usually, 
 a cheerful readiness or promptitude to do some act ; 
 cheerful willingness; as, the soldiers advanced with 
 alacrity to meet the enemy. 
 
 A-LAD'IN-IST.S, 71. pi. Free thinkers among the Mo- 
 hammedans. Kncyc 
 
 AL'A-LITE, n. A bright green variety of pyroxene, 
 in prisms ; obtained first near tlie village of .\la, in 
 Piedmont. Cleaveland, 
 
 X-I-A-MI'RE, (i-la-me'ri,) »7. The lowest note but 
 one in Giiido Aretine*s scale of music. Johnson. 
 
 AL-.^-MODE', adv. [Fr. d la mode, after the fashion.] 
 According to the fashion or prevailing mode. 
 
 miillock. 
 
 AL-A-MODE', n. A thin glossy black silk for hoods, 
 
 X-LA-MORT', a. [Fr. d la vwrt.] Depressed ; mel- 
 ancholy. 
 
 A-LANl)', adv. At or on land. Sidney, 
 A-LAN'TIN, n. An amylaceous or starchy sub- 
 stance extracted from the root of the Angelica arch- 
 angelica ; identical with Inulin. 
 A'L.4R,a. [L. a/a, a wing.] Pertaining to, or having 
 AL'A-RY, a. Of the nature of wings. [wings. 
 A-LARM', 71. [Dan. larm, noise, bustle, alarm ; 
 larme, to make a noise or bustle, to alarm; G. /ar77i, 
 Idrmen, id. ; Sw. larm, larma, id. ; Fr. alurme, alar- 
 mer ; Sp. alarma, alarmar ; It. allarme, allurutare ; 
 W. alarm, a great shout, compounded of al, very, 
 most, and garm, an outcry. The Welsh gives the 
 true origin and primary signification.] 
 
 1. Any sound, outcry, or information, intended to 
 give notice of aiiproaciiiiig danger; as, to sound an 
 a/ar77i. 
 
 2. A summons to arms. Dryden, 
 
 3. Sudden surprise with fear or terror ; as, the 
 fire of the enemy excited an alarm. 
 
 4. Terror ; a sensation excited by an apprehen- 
 sion of danger, from whatever cause ; as, we felt an 
 alarm at the cry of fire. 
 
 5. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons 
 from sleep, or rousing their attention. 
 
 B. In fencing, an ap|ieal or challenge. Encyc 
 A-L.\R.\I', V. L To give notice of danger; to rouse 
 to vigilance, and exertions for safety. 
 
 2. To call to arms fur defense. 
 
 3. To sur|>rise with apprehension of danger ; to 
 disturb with terror; to fill with anxiety by the pros- 
 pect of evil. 
 
 A-LXR.M'-IiELL, 71. A bell that gives notice of 
 danger. 
 
 A-LAR.M'-€LOCK, n, A clock which can be so set 
 as to ring loudly at a particular hour, to wake from 
 sleep, or excite attention. 
 
 A-L.\R.M'/;D, pp. Notified of sudden danger^ sur- 
 prised with fear ; roused to vigilance or activity by 
 apprehension of approaching danger ; solicitous at 
 the prospect or expectation of evil. Tlius, we are 
 alarmed at the approach of danger, or alarmed for 
 the safety of friends at sea. 
 
 A-L.vR.M'lNG, ppr. Giving notice of approaching 
 danger ; rousing to vigilance ; exciting solicitude by 
 a prospect of evil. 
 
 A-LAR.M'ING, a. Exciting apprehension ; terrify- 
 ing; awakening a sense of danger ; as, an alarming 
 message. 
 
 A-LAR.M'ING-LY, adr. With alarm; in a manner 
 
 to excite apprehension. 
 A-LaR.M'IST, 71. One that excites alarm. 
 A-LARM'-POST, 71. A place to which troops are to 
 
 repair in cases of an alarm. 
 A-LAR.M'-WATcn, 71. A watch that can be so set 
 
 as to strike frequently at a particular hour, to 
 
 awaken attention. 
 A-L.iiR'U.M, for Alarm, is a corruption, and is not to 
 
 be used. 
 
 A-LAS', exclam. [Dutch, helaas ; Fr. helas.] 
 
 An exclamation expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, 
 concern, or apprehension of evil ; sometimes fol- 
 
 lowed liy '/'717 or while; alas the day, Ukv al:i*'k a day , 
 or a/ay the while, [Obs.] ^jKtisrr, exjiressiiig an un 
 hapiiv lime. 
 A-L.A'l'E', adr. Lately. [A'ot used.] 
 
 A'La'tED j f^" " i alatu.i, winged.] 
 
 In naiunil history, winged ; bordered by a inem 
 liranmis or leafy expansion. Brande. 
 
 AI.-A-TEIt'.NUS, 71. The trivial name of a .speciee 
 of Rliaiiiiius or buckthorn. 
 
 ALB, 71. [L. albiis, Gr. «A/.Of, while.] 
 
 A tunic or ve.stinent of white linen, reachinc to 
 the feet, worn by the Roman Catholic clergy. Also, 
 a Turkish coin, called also an aspcr, value one hun- 
 dred and twelve mills. 
 
 AL'B.\-TROSS, 71. An aqu.itic fowl^ belonging to 
 the order of .\nseres. The bill is straight ; the upper 
 mandible crooked at the point, and the lower one 
 truncated ; tlie nostrils are oval, open, and but little 
 proiiiiiieiit, and placed 011 the sides ; the wings are 
 pennated, and there are three webbed toes 011 each 
 foot. The upper part of the body is sonietimea 
 white, but usually of a spotted brown, and the belly 
 white. It is of the si/.e of a pelican or larger, very 
 voracious, prej ing on fish and small water fowls. 
 These fowls are seen in great numbers about the 
 capes of the two continents, and on the north- 
 eastern shores of Asia. They are sometimes called 
 the ^reat gull. Encyc. 
 
 AL-Bi;'lT. [This is supposed to be a compound of 
 all, be, and it, and is eiiuivalent to atlmit, or grant 
 it all.] 
 
 Be it so ; admit all that ; although ; notwith- 
 standing. 
 
 Whrn-jut ye say. The Loid initb it, aVxit I hare not BiToken. — 
 i'j.. xiii. 
 
 \This word is nearly antiquated.] 
 AL-BES'CE.\T, a. [L. aUiesco, to grow white.] 
 
 Becoming white ; or rather, whitish ; niixlerate- 
 ly white. Encyc. 
 AL'BI-eoRE, 71. [Port, albacor; aZ and iacoro, "a lit- 
 tle pig.] 
 
 A marine fish, like a tunny, noted for following 
 ships. 
 
 AI^liI-FI-e.\'TION, 71. The act of making white. 
 
 AL-BI-CE\'sr;S, AL-BI-GEOIS', ti. pi. A party of 
 reformers, who separated from the clmrrh of Rome 
 in the 12tli century ; so called from the .Mbigeois, a 
 small territory in France, whwe they resided. They 
 are sometimes confounded with the IValdenses ; but 
 they were prior to them in time, differed from them 
 in some of their tenets, and resided in a different 
 part of France. The Roman Catholics made war 
 upon them, and they gradually dwindled, till the 
 Reformation, when the remains of them fi ll in with 
 the followers of Zuiiiglius and the Genevan Protes- 
 tants. Encyc. 
 
 AL'BIN, 71. [L. albus, white.] 
 
 A variety of apopliyllite, of an opaque white color, 
 from Aussig, in Bohemia. 
 
 AL'Bl-NISM, 71. The state or condition of an albino. 
 
 AL-BI'NO, 71. [L. albus, white.] 
 
 A white pt^rson belonging to a race of blacks. 
 This term was originally applied, by the Portuguese, 
 to the white negroes on the ciwst of Africa ; but is 
 now applied generally to denote individuals of any 
 race of 111*11, characterized by a preteniatural white- 
 ness of the skin and hair, and a (leculiar redness of 
 the iris and jmpil of the eye. P. Cyc. 
 
 AL-Bl'i\0-1S.M, 71. The state of an albino. 
 
 Partington, 
 
 AI/BI-ON, 71. An ancient name of England, still 
 used in poetry. It is supposed this name was given 
 to it on account of its white cliffs. 
 
 AL'BITE, 71. .\ species of mineral, of the fchlspar 
 family, of a white color; differing from the rommon 
 feldspar in containing soda instead of p<itash. It is 
 a constituent of many varieties of granitic rocks. 
 
 AL-Bo'R.'V, 71. A sort of itch, or rather leprosy, ter- 
 minating without ulceration, but with fetid evacua- . 
 tions ill the uiouth and nostrils. Quincy. 
 
 AL-Bo'R.VK, 71. The white mule on which Mo- 
 h.animed is said to have journeyed from the temple I 
 of Jerusalem to heaven. ' 
 
 AL-BO-Gl.N'E-.\, 71. [L.] The partial coat of the 
 eye, formed by the expansion of the tendons of its 
 straight muscles, at their insertion into the sclerotica ' 1 
 around the cornea. It forms the white of the eye, 
 so called. 
 
 AL-Bu-GlN'E-OUS, a. [L. albugo, the white «pol in 
 tlie eye, from albus, white.] 
 
 Pertaining to or resembling the white of the eye, 
 or of an egg. Encyc, 
 Jllbugineous humor s the aqueous humor of the eye. 
 
 Encyc. Quincy. 
 AL-BC'GO, 71. The white speck in the eye, called 
 the pill a7iii web, and also the flm, haw, dragon, 
 pearl, or cicatrice. It is a disea.se of the eye, occa- 
 sioned by a white opaque spot growing on the cornea 
 and obstnicting vision. It is called also leucomoy 
 nebula, pannus oculi, onyz, unguis, &.C, 
 
 Q^uincy, Encycm 
 
 TO.N'E, BJJLL, XJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 » 
 
ALC 
 
 AL'BUM, 71. fl- whitc.J 
 
 1. Aiming t/ie Homaiis, a white table, board, or 
 register, on which the iiaincs of public officers and 
 public transactions were entered. Lot. Diet. 
 
 2. A book, originally blank, in which foreigners 
 or strangers insert autographs of celebrated persons, 
 or in which friends insert pieces as memorials for 
 each other. Also, a book at public places, in which 
 visitors enter their names. 
 
 AL-BO'iMEN, n. [L., from albus, white.] 
 
 1. The white of an egg. 
 
 2. A substance, which forms a constituent part of 
 both the animal fluids and solids, and which exists 
 nearly pure in the white of an egg. A substance, 
 possessing the same or simil.ir properties, occurs as 
 a proximate principle in vegetables. 
 
 3. In botany, a substance interposed between the 
 embryo and integument of the seed, in some plants. 
 It forms the bulk of the seed in corn, coffee, the 
 cocoa-nut, and the cacas. 
 
 AL-Bu'MIN-UUS, a. Pertaining to, or having the 
 properties of albumen. 
 
 AL'BL'KX, a. Auburn. Encyc. 
 
 AL-BU1U\'U.M, «. [L., from albus, white.] 
 
 The white and softer part of wood, between the 
 inner bark and the hard wood or duramen. In 
 America, it is popularly called the sap-wood. This 
 is annually acquiring firmness, and thus becoming 
 
 AIj-CaDE', n. See Alcaid. [hard wood. 
 
 AL'CA-HEST,- ) n. [Ar.] A pretended universal 
 
 AL'KA-HEST, ) solvent, or menstruum. [See Al- 
 kahest.] 
 
 AL-CA'lt;, a. Pertaining to Alcieus, a lyric poet of 
 .\litylene, in I.e^hos, who flourished about the 
 forty-fourth Olympiad ; or to other poets of the 
 same name, of which three are mentioned ; one 
 an Athenian tragic poet, and another a Messenian. 
 
 AL-eA'ieS, 71. ;)(. Several kinds of verse, so called 
 from Alcajus, their inventor. One kind consists of 
 five feet, a spondee or iambic, an iambic, a long 
 syllable, and two dactyls. Eacyc. 
 
 S f ^ 
 
 AL-C^IB', n. [Sp. atcaijdc; Port, alcaide; Ar. 
 
 kaidon, with the prefix al, from hada, to lead, 
 
 rule, govern. Hence the Cadi of the Turks.] 
 
 Among the J\Iiiors, Spaniard.;, and Portuguese, a 
 governor. In Portugal, the chief civil magistrate 
 of a town or city ; also, the jurisdiction of certain 
 judges of appeal. In Spain, the governor of a cas- 
 tle or fort ; also, a jailer. Span, and Port. Vict, 
 
 AI>-e.\L'DE, n. [Sp.] In Spain, a magistrate or 
 judge. This word has been sometimes hnproperly 
 confounded with alcaid. P. Cyc. 
 
 AL-€A-LI.M'E-TER, ». See Alkalimetek. 
 
 AL-€.\X'.\.\, n. [.\rabic.] A plant, a species of 
 Lawsonia ; and a powder, prepared from its leaves, 
 used by the Turkish females to give a golden color 
 to the nails and hair. Infused in water, it forms a 
 yellow color ; with vinegar, it forms a red. In 
 Cairo, it forms an article of commerce. From the 
 berries is extracted an oil, used in medicine. The 
 same as Henna. Encijc. Thcophrast. 
 
 AI.-C.\-VX'L.\, n. In Spain, a tax on every trans- 
 fer of property, real or personal. m Kiicyc. 
 
 AL-<;i;'UO, ;i. " [L.] 
 
 The king-fishiT; a genus of birds, of the order of 
 PiciE. 'J'he species are numerous. They usually 
 live about rivers, feeding on fish, which they t.ake 
 by darting into the water with surprising velocity. 
 [See Halcyon.] 
 
 AL-eHE.\riG, )a. Relating to alchemy, or pro- 
 
 AL-€HEiM'ie-AL, j duced by it. 
 
 AE-eHEM'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of al- 
 rhiiny. 
 
 AL'€HE-MIST, ji. One who practices alchemy. 
 AI.-CllE-.MIHT'lt;, )a. Practicing alchemy, or 
 AL-€IIE-.MIST'ie-AL, j relating to it. 
 AE'CIIE .MV, n. [It. alchimia ; Ar. al, the, and 
 
 Ia>a±=} lamia, secn t, hidden, or the occult art, 
 
 from ^-t ' kamai, to hide. This word, according 
 
 to its derivation, would more jiroperly be spelled 
 alchitny. Hee CH»:MisTiiif.] 
 
 1. The more Hublime and ilitlicult parts of chem- 
 istry, and chiefly such as ridale lo the transnnita- 
 llon of melaN into golil, the finding a universal 
 remedy for disen«eM, and an alkahest, or universal 
 iHilvenl,and other thingii now trente<l as ridiculous. 
 TliiH (iretended Hcience was much rullivated from 
 the thirteenth to the Heventeeiilh century, but is 
 now held In contempt. 
 
 2. Kormerly, a ii.ixed metal used for ntensilH. 
 AI<G .MA'.N'l A.N, a. I'erlnining to .Mcniaii, a Ij^ic 
 
 [Kiel of the twenty-w-venth 01yiii|iiad, celeJirated 
 for hli amoroiiH vcraeii. The Alciiianian verae 
 
 ALD 
 
 consisted of six anapests or their equivalents, 
 wanting the two last syllables. Encyc. 
 AL'€0, ri. \ quadruped of America, nearly resem- 
 bling a dog, tint mute and melancholy ; and this 
 circumstance seems to have given rise to the fa- 
 ble that dogs transported to America become mute. 
 The animal was used for food by the native Ameri- 
 cans, and the first Spanish settlers ; but it is said to 
 be now extinct. It is known also by the name of 
 Techichi. Clavi^rero. 
 
 AL'eO-HOL, n. [Ar. y-nrx^ kahala ; Heb. Syr. 
 
 and Eth. Snj, to paint with a preparation of 
 powder of antimony. The Oriental females still 
 practice the painting of the eyebrows with this 
 material. The name was applied to this substance, 
 and afterward to other fine powders, and to high- 
 ly rectified spirits.] 
 
 Pure or highly rectified spirit, obtained from fer- 
 mented liquors by distillation. It consists of hy- 
 drogen, carbon, and oxygen. It is extremely light 
 and inflammable, and a powerful stimulant and anti- 
 septic. This is the usual sense of the word ; but 
 originally, in Arabic, it signified a fine, impalpable 
 powder, in which sense it is still used. Rucyc. 
 
 AL'eO-HOL-STE, ji. A salt in which alcohol a|>- 
 pears to take the place of the water of crystalliza- 
 tion. Brande. 
 
 AL-CO-HOL'I€, a. Pertaining to alcohol, or partak- 
 ing of its (lualities, Alcd. Rep. 
 
 AL-€0-HOE-I-ZA'TION, ti. The act of rectifying 
 spirit till it is wholly deplile^'niated ; or of reducing 
 a snbstance to an impalpalile iiowiler. 
 
 AL'eO-lIOL-iZE, V. t. To convert into alcohol ; to 
 rectify spirit till it is wholly deplileginated ; also, 
 to reduce a substance to an impalpable powder. 
 
 AL-€0-HOL'ME-TER, n. An instrument for deter- 
 mining the strength of sjiirits, with a scale gradu- 
 ated so as to indicate the per-centage of pure al- 
 cohol, either bv weight or volume. Ure. 
 
 AL-eO-HOL-.MET'Rie-AL, a. Relating to the al- 
 coholineter ; as, alcoJiolmetrical tables. Ure. 
 
 AL-eO-MET'Rle-.\L,a. Relating to the alcoometer ; 
 as, alcometrical tables. Ure. 
 
 AL-eO-O.M'E-TER, n. [Fr. alcoomctrc] An instru- 
 ment contrived by Gay-Liissac, for determining the 
 strength of spirits, by indicating the per-^entage of 
 pure alcohol by volume. Ure. 
 
 AL'€OR, 71. [Ar.] A small star adjoining to the 
 large bright one in the middle of the tail of Ursa 
 llajor. Encyc. 
 
 AL'eo-RAN. See Koran and Alkoran. 
 
 AL-GOVE' I t^''" "^''"'"i composed of al, with 
 
 the Ar. <_0 kabba, to arch, to construct with an 
 
 arch, and its derivatives, an arch, a round house ; 
 Eng. cubby.] 
 
 1 A recess, or part of a room, separated by an 
 estrade, or partition of columns, or by other corre- 
 sponding ornaments ; in which is placed a bed of 
 state, and sometimes seats for company. The bed 
 is sometimes raised two or three steps, with a rail 
 at the foot. These arc frequent in Spain. Encyc. 
 
 9. A recess in a library, or small lateral apart- 
 ment for books ; or a similar recess in a room of 
 any ki'id. 
 
 3. A covered building, or recess, in a garden. 
 
 4. A recess in a grove. 
 
 AL'GY-ON, 71. The trivial name of a species of 
 
 king-fisher. [See Halovon.] 
 AI.-GV-OiV'IC, a. Pertaining to the Aleyoneffi, (.^J- 
 ci/onium,) a group or family of zoophytes, allied to 
 AL'CY-O.N'-ITE, ?i. [Su;7ra."] [the sponges. 
 
 A fossil zoophyte, somewhat resembling a fungus. 
 
 J. of Science, 
 
 AL-GY-O'NI-UM, JI. A family of zoophytes, branch- 
 ing somewhat like a plant, and when alive covered 
 with small polviis, shapeil like an expanded pink. 
 
 AL-DE-Ha'RAN, ji. a star of the first magnitude, 
 situated in thi' eye of Taurus. It is the bright star 
 in the group of five, called the I/yadcs, P. Cyc, 
 
 AIj'DICK, n. [L. alnus ; Fr. aunc, aulnc ; Sax. air.] 
 A tree, usually growing in moist land, and be- 
 longing to the genus Alnus. The name i.s apjilied 
 also to some species of other genera. 
 
 AI/L)KR ; the ancient genitive plural of the Saxon 
 " en/, all. It was formerly prefixed to adjectives in 
 the siiprrlalivi' ; lis, aldrr-Jirst, first of all ; alder-best, 
 best of all ; alder-licfest, or alder-licocst, (from lief,) 
 dearest of all. Toove. 
 
 A l/'DElt-M AN, n. ; ;</. Ai.nEitMEN. [S:\x. aid, ur cnld, 
 
 " old, comp. older, older, and i7i«/i ; G. alt ; U. oud.] 
 1. AiiKuigour Suion oiicr,iiiir.i, a senior or supe- 
 rior. The tilli was applied to princes, dukes, carls, 
 senators, and pii'siding iiiagislrati'S ; also to arch- 
 bishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or 
 authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the Eiist- 
 Anglians, was called nlilrrman of all England ; 
 and there were aldermen of cities, counties, and 
 
 ALE 
 
 castles, who had jurisdiction within their respec- 
 tive districts. 
 
 2. In present usage, a magistrate or officer of a 
 town cor])orate, next in rank below the mayor. 
 The number of aldermen is different in different 
 cities. In London, the number is twenty-six, one 
 in each ward, and the office is held for life. 
 
 Spelman. Cowcl. Encyc. 
 In the United Slates, the number of aldermen 
 depends on the charters of incorporation. In gen- 
 eral, aldermen have the powers of a justice of the 
 peace, and, with the mayor, they constitute the 
 court of th«! corporation. In most of our cities they 
 are annually elected by the citizens. 
 
 AL'DER-MAN-LiKE, a. Like an alderman. 
 
 AL'DER-M.\N-LY, a. Pertaining to or like an al 
 derinan. Swift. 
 
 AL'DERiV, a. Made of alder. 
 
 AL'DINE E-DI"TIONS, n. p. A term applied to 
 those editions, chiefly of the classics, which pro- 
 ceeded from the jiress of Aldus Manutiiis, of 
 Venice, for the most part in the sixteenth century. 
 The term has been recently applied to certain ele- 
 gant editions of English works. 
 
 aLE, ji. [Sax. ealu, eale, or alolh ; G. dl ; Sw. ol ; 
 Dan. ol; Ir. ol ; Clu. Ir. olam, to drink.] 
 
 1. A liquor made from an infusion of malt by 
 fermentation. It differs from beer in having a 
 smaller proportion of hops, and hence being sweeter, 
 and of a lighter color. It is of different sorts, chiefly 
 pale anA brown ; the first, made from malt slightly 
 dried ; the second, frfiin malt more considerably 
 dried or roasted. Ale was the coininon drink of the 
 ancient inhabitants of Europe. It is usually made 
 with barley ; but sometimes with wheat, rye, 
 millet, oats, &c. Encyc, 
 
 2. A merry meeting in English country places, so 
 called from the liquor drank. Ben Jonson, 
 
 Medicated ales are those which are prepared for 
 medicinal purposes, by an infusion of herbs during 
 fermentation. Encyc, 
 
 aLE'-BENGII, ji. A bench in or before an ale- 
 house. Iloniilies, 
 
 aLE'-BER-RY, 71. A beverage, made by boiling ale 
 with spice, sugar, and sops of bread. Johnson, 
 
 aLE'-BREVV-ER, ji. One whose occupation is to 
 brew ale. 
 
 aLE'-GON-NER, ji. [ale and coji, to know or see.] 
 An otficer in London, in former times, whose 
 business was to inspect the measures used in public 
 houses, to prevent frauds in selling liquors. Four 
 of these were chosen annually by the livery-men, 
 in common hall, on midsummer's day. j^ct of Pari, 
 
 aLE'-GOST, Ji. Gostmary, a plant, a species of 
 Tanacetum. 
 
 aLE'-FED, a. Fed with ale. Stafford. 
 aLE'-HOUSE, ji. A house where ale is retailed ; 
 
 and hence, a tippling-liouse. 
 aLE'-IIOUSE-K£EI''£R, ji. One who keeps an 
 
 ale-bouse. 
 
 aLE'-KNiGHT, n. A pot companion. Camden. 
 
 aLE'-SHOT, 71. A reckoning to be paid for ale. 
 
 aLE'-SIL-VER, ji. a duty paid to the lord mayor 
 of London, by the sellers of ale within the city. 
 
 aLE'-STaKE, 71. A stake set as a sign before an 
 al(!-liouse. Chaucer. 
 
 aLE'-TaST-ER, II. An officer, in former times, ap- 
 pointed in every court leet, and sworn, to inspect 
 ale, beer, and bread, and examine the quality and 
 quantity within the precincts of the lordship. 
 
 Cowel. 
 
 aLE'-VAT, ji. A vat in which ale is fermented. 
 
 A LE'-W^SH-£D, (ale'-wosht,) a. Steeped or soaked 
 in ale. Shah. 
 
 aLE'-WIFE, ji. a woman who keeps an ale-house. 
 
 aLE'VVIFE, / JI. [This word is properly aloof, the In- 
 
 A'LOOF, i dian name of a fish. See VVintlirop 
 on the culture of maize in America, Phil. Trans. No. 
 112, p. IO(i.>, and Baddam's Jlemoirs, vol. 2, 131.] 
 
 An American fish, belonging to the genus Clupea, 
 and called Clupea scrrala. It resembles the her- 
 ring. The established pronunciation is alewifc, pi. 
 aleirivcs. 
 
 A-LEG-TO-RO!\I'A-GHY, ji. [Gr. o,\£at<.i/j, a cock, 
 
 and iiii\ri, a fight.] Cock-fighting. 
 A-LEG'TRY-O-MAN GY, 7i. [(Jr. riXtxrpiiwi/, acock, 
 and iinvTtia, divination.] 
 
 An ancient practice of foretelling events by means 
 of a cock. The twenty-four letters were traQed on 
 the ground, and a grain of corn laid on each ; a 
 cock was then permilled to pick up the grains, and 
 the letters under the grains selected, being formed 
 into words, were supposed to foretell the event de- 
 sired. Encyc. 
 A-LGE', adv. [a, or at, and Ire. Sec Lee.] 
 
 In seamen's language, <m the side opposite to the 
 wind, that is, opiiosile to the side on which it 
 strikes. The In liii of a ship is alee, when jiressed 
 close to the lee sidi'. 
 
 JIard alee, or Luff alee, is an order to put the helm 
 to the lee side. 
 
 Helm's alee ; that is, the krlm is aire, a notice given 
 as an order to the seamen >o cause the head-sails to 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL,, WIl^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE. BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 32 
 
ALG 
 
 ALI 
 
 ALl 
 
 shake in the wind, witli a view to bring the ship 
 abuilt. Mar. Dirt. 
 
 AL'E-GAU, ?i. [u/f, anil I'r. niVve, sour.] Siuir alu ; 
 the acid of ale ; vinegar made of al>- 
 
 AL'K-OlOK, n. [Fr. alcirre ; L. alacci ^ Gay ; cheer- 
 ful ; spriglitly. [J\'ii« v.inl.] ' Bacm. 
 
 A-LEGUE', V. t. To lighten ; to lessen ; to assuage. 
 [.N-ui used.] 
 
 ALE'lIUOF, n. Ground ivy ; so called by our Saxnu 
 ancestors as being a chief ingredient in niak-'4g ale. 
 
 A-LE.MU'D.Vll, «. In '/'iirknj, an oliicer who )ears 
 the green standanl of Alohainined, when the sii'tan 
 appears in public. Eacijc 
 S iSi S Ojf 
 
 A-LE.\I'Bie, 71. [Ar. al and or j^AjwJ I a«- 
 
 bikon, a chemical vessel.] 
 
 A chemical vessel used in distillation, usually 
 made of glass or metal. The bottom |iait, contain- 
 ing the li(|Uor to be ilistilli'il, is called the r«rnr/<i7, ; 
 the upper part, which ri'ceivis and couilrnsi's ihi' 
 eteani, is called the hc<nl, the beak of which is titti'd 
 to the neck of a receiver. The heail is more prop- 
 erly the alembic. This vessel is not so generally 
 used now, as the worm-still and retort. 
 A-I.EM'HllOTH, II. A compound of corrosive subli- 
 mate ami sal-anunoniac. 
 .\-1.K.\(;T11', ailr. [a and length.] 
 
 Al fidl length; along; stretched at full length. 
 
 Chuucfr. 
 
 A-LEP'I-DOTE, 71. rCr. n priv. and Asiri.,, a scale.J 
 
 Any fish whose skin is not covi ri'd with scales. 
 A-LEIIT', a. [Kr. alcrle ; Sp. iihrto, vigilant, watch- 
 fill, e<lar alrrla, to be on the watch.] 
 
 1. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance. Hence 
 flM military phrase, upon the alert, upon the watcll, 
 guarding against surprise or danger. 
 
 2. Brisk: nimble ; moving with cideiity. Spectator. 
 ■\-LWlT'.\E!S.S, 71. liriskncss ; iiinibleness ; spriglit- 
 
 liness ; levity. jJililiioii. 
 AI--E0'RO-i\l.\X-CY, 71. [Gr. aXcvpov, meal, and 
 
 p ii rrta, divination.] 
 * .\ kind of divination by meal, used by the ancients. 
 
 Kiicijc. 
 
 A-LV;0'TI.\N, ) a. Designating certain isles in the 
 A-LEO'Tie, ( Tacitic Ocean, eastward of Kam- 
 schatka, extended north-eastward toward America. 
 'J'he word is formed from aleut, which, in the lan- 
 guiige of these parts, is a bald rock. Tooke. 
 A-LEVV, n. Shouting; same as Halloo. [OAs.] 
 
 Spenatr. 
 
 AL-EX-.\N'DER, 71. The name of a plant of the 
 genus ^niyrniuin. Muhlenberg. 
 
 AL-EX-AN'l)EirS FQOT, n. The name of a plant. 
 
 AL-E.K-.-\.\'l)lU-Ax\j a.' Pertaining to Alexandria. 
 There are many cities of this name, in various parts of 
 tlie earth. The term is often applied as an attribute, 
 or used as a noun, for one who professed or taught 
 the sciences in the school of .Vlexandria, in Egy|)t ; 
 a place highly celebrated for its literature and inag- 
 niticenci?, and whose library, it is said, consisted of 
 700,000 volumes. U'he Persians and 'J'urks write for 
 Alexander, Seamier or Scoiuler ; and for Alexandria, 
 Scaiideroiia ; hence Scanderoon, a seaport in Syria. 
 
 AL-EX-A.X'DRINE, (71. A kind of verse, consisting 
 
 AL-E.\-.\N'DRI-A.\, ( of twelve syllables, or of 
 twelve and thirteen alternately ; so called from a 
 poem written in French on the life of Alexander. 
 This spi'cies of verse is peculiar to modern ptietry, 
 but well adapted to epic poems. The vVlexandrine 
 in English consists of twelve syllables, and is less 
 used than this kind of verse is among the French, 
 whose tragedies are generally com|>osed of Alexan- 
 drines. Pope. Drijden. 
 
 A-LE.X-I-PIIXR.M'ie, a. [Gr. aXtJw, to e.vpel, and 
 tpaj'piiKoi-, poison.] 
 
 Expelling or resisting poison ; antidot.al : also, 
 sudorific ; that has the quality of expelling poison or 
 iiifi ction by sweat. 
 
 A-LE.X-I-PH'ARM'ie, n. A medicine that is intended 
 to obviate (he effects of poison ; an antidote to poison 
 or infection. In the latter si nse, applied to remedies 
 in malignant fevers. l)y the Greeks, the word was 
 used for an amulet. Quiitcij. Encije. 
 
 A-LEX-i-TEIl'ie, ja. [Gr. aXffw, to expel, and 
 
 .\-LE.X-I-Tif.'Rl-.\L, j Sn^nT',iiio„, poison.] 
 
 Resisting poison ; obviating the etTects of venom. 
 
 A-EEX-I-TER'ie, 71. A medicine to resist the effects 
 of poison, or the bite of venomous animals ; nearly 
 synonyinous with aleripharinic. Used Mso by the 
 Creeks for an amulet. Quiiicy. Kiicyc. 
 
 AL'(;A, n. rL.l Se,i-weed. 
 
 AL'Oi.E, 11. pi. f L.] A tribe of submersed or subaque- 
 ous plants, including the sea-weeds, (/''ucits,) and the 
 lavers, (Ulra,) growing in salt water, and the fresh- 
 water confervas. 
 
 AL'G.\-R()T, ) n. The name of an emetic powder. 
 
 AL'GA-UOTII, j a compound of the sesquoxyd and 
 sesquichlurid of antimony, obtained by pouring 
 water into a solution of the sescpiichlorid of that 
 niebd. It is either an Arabic term, or from the name 
 of the inventor, Algarotti, a physician of Verona. 
 
 Ure. Quiiicy. Kiicijc. 
 
 AL'GaTES, ado. [Sai. algeats; all and geat, u gait, 
 a way.] 
 
 lly all means ; on any terms. [OAs.] 
 So , 
 
 AL'CiE-P.P..\, V. [Ar. oJ and^^i>, gabron, the re- 
 duction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole 
 iiuiiibers, from the verb, which signifies to consoli- 
 date ; lli b. Ch. ^vr. and Eth. to be strong.] 
 
 The science ot' quantity in general, or universal 
 arithmetic. Algebra is a general method of compu- 
 tation, in which signs and symbols, wliicli arc com- 
 monly the letters of the alphabet, are made to repre- 
 sent numbers and quantities. It takes an unknown 
 (piantity sought, as if granted; and, by means of one 
 or inoie quantities given, proceeds till the quanfiiy 
 s\i|iposcd is discovered, by some other known quan- 
 tity to which it is equal. 
 
 This scii'iice was of Oriental discovery ; but 
 whether among the Arabians or Indians, is uncertain. 
 
 AL-CE-1!1!.\'I€, ) a. Pertaining to aluebia ; coii- 
 
 .\E-GE-11R.\'1C-.\L, i tainingan operation of algebra, 
 or deduced from such operation. 
 
 .^iirfbraic citrre ; aligiire whose intercepted diame- 
 ters bear always tile same proportion to tlieir respec- 
 tive ordiiiates. Baileij. 
 
 Ah-C. E-liRA'ie-AL-I,Y, adv. By algebraic process. 
 
 AE-(';E-BRa'1ST, «. One who is versed in the science 
 of algebra. 
 
 AE'Gi;-l!RA-IZE, V. t. To perform by algebra, or re- 
 duce to algebraic form, 
 
 AL'GEN-Eli, 71. A fixed star of tlie second magni- 
 tude, in the right side of Perseus. ICiiciic. 
 
 AL GE-KINE', n. [from jlt/ricrs.] A native oi" Al- 
 pitrs, a city and a country on the north coast of 
 Africa. 
 
 AL-OE-RINE', a. Belonging to Algiers. 
 AL'CID, a. [L. algidus.] 
 Cold. [JVttt used.] 
 
 AL'Slo-NEsA Chilliness, coldness. 
 
 AL-ClF'ie, a. ' Producing cold. 
 
 AL'GOL, 71. A fixed star, in Medusa's head, in the 
 
 constellation Perseus, remarkable for its jieriodic 
 
 variation in brightness. 
 AL'GOR, 7!. [L.] Among physieians, an unusual 
 
 coldness in any part of the body. 
 AL'GO-RITH.M, j n. An Arabic term, signiryiiig nu- 
 AL'GO-llISM, ( merical computation, or the six 
 
 operations of arithmetic. Johnson. Eneye. 
 
 Also, the common rules of comjmtation in any 
 
 branch of analysis ; as, the algorithm of the difler- 
 
 cntial calcidus. Barlow. Brande. 
 
 AL'GOUS, a. [L. alga, se.vweed.] 
 
 Pertaining to seii-weed ; abounding with, or like 
 
 sea-weed. 
 
 AIj-OUA-ZtL' , 71. An inferior officer of justice in 
 Spain ; a constable. 
 
 AL-HEN'N.\, 71. See Alkexna and Henna. 
 
 a'LI-AS, [L.] Otherwise ; as in this example, " Sim- 
 son, alias Smith ; " a word used in judicial proceedings 
 to connect the different names by which a person is 
 called, who attempts to conceal his true name, and 
 pass under a fictitious one. 
 
 A'LI-AS, 71. A second writ, or execution, issued 
 when the first has failed to enforce the judgment. 
 
 AL'I-BI, 71. [L.] Elsewhere; in another place ; aZa!« 
 term. AVhen a persan is charged with an offense, 
 and he proves that he could not have committed it, 
 because he was, at the time, in another place, he is 
 said to prove an alibi. The part of a plea or allega- 
 tion, which avers the party to have been in another 
 place, is also called an alibi. 
 
 AL'I-BLE, a. Nutritive, or that may be nourished. 
 
 AL'l-UADE, 71. [from the .\rabic.] A name fiir the 
 index of a graduated instrument, (such as a quad- 
 rant,) carrj ing the sights or telescppe, and showing 
 the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument. 
 
 Uutljin. 
 
 aL'IEX, (al'yen,) a. [L. aliemu!, from alius, another ; 
 Ir. aile, eile, oile, another ; W. alt, other, and ai7, 
 second ; Ann. eel, all, eguile; Corn, gcle ; Gr. aAAoj. 
 Hence, L.aiic/io, to alienate ; a/(cr, another ; whence 
 Fr. alterer, to alter; L. attcrno, to alter, to alternate, 
 
 and alterco, altercor, to altercate. Eth. kalra, 
 to alter, to change ; whence alius, another, the 
 second ; the first letter being lost, except in the 
 Cornish and Annoric, as it is in alL See Class Gl. 
 No. 36, and Ludolf, 367.] 
 
 1. Foreign; not belonging to the same country, 
 land, or goveniment. 
 
 2. Belonging to one who is not a citizen. 
 
 3. Estranged; foreign; not allied; adverse to; as, 
 principles alien from our religion. 
 
 aL'IEN, ^i.'yen,) n. A foreigner ; one born in, or 
 belonging to, another country ; one who is not a 
 denizen, or entitled to the privileges of a citizen. 
 
 2. In Scripture, one who is a stranger to the church 
 of Christ, or to the covenant of grace. 
 
 Al that \xtw, ye were without Christ, being alknt fium tite 
 conunouwcalth of Isrul. — Epb. ii. 
 
 In France, a child bom of residents who are not 
 
 citizens is an aiun. In (iriat Britain, the children 
 of aliens born in that coiiiiiry are mostly natiinl 
 born 8Ubji;cts ; and the cliililreii of British subjectii, 
 owing allegiance to the crown of England, though 
 born ill other countries, are natural subjecla, and 
 entitled to the privdeges of resident citizens. 
 
 BluckstuM, 
 
 Jilirn duty; a tax upon goods imported by aliens, 
 beyond the duty on the like goods imported by citi- 
 zens ; a discriminating duty on the tiiuiiage of ships 
 belonging to aliens, or any extra duties inqiosed by 
 _ laws or edicts on aliens. 
 
 Al.-lE.\-.\-lill/I-TV, 71. 'J'he capacity of being alien- 
 ated or transferred. 
 
 'I'hi* alUiuiUlili/ of the dom.'un. Burke. 
 .\I.'lE,\-A-ltLE, a. That may be sold or transferred 
 to another; as, land is alienable according to the 
 laws of the state. 
 AL'IEN-ACE, 71. The state of being an alien. 
 
 Why restore est-itea lorreitiible on account uf alienage 7 Sloiy. 
 aL'IEN-aTE, (al'ycn-ate,) v. t. [L. a(ic7in.] 
 
 1. 'I'o transfer title, property, or right to another ; 
 as, to alienate lands, or sovereignty. 
 
 2. To estrange ; to withdraw, as the affections ; to 
 make indillerent or averse, where love or friendship 
 before subsisted ; with from ; as, to alienate the lu-art 
 or alfections ; to alienate a man from the friends of 
 llis youth. 
 
 3. 'J'o apply to a wrong use. 
 
 They 8ti:>Ii not alieimte ttie lii-Hl frult» of the I;\thI. — Kr/.-k. xlviil. 
 A L'l EX-ATE, a. [L. alienatus.] 
 
 Estranged ; willidrawn from ; stranger to ; with 
 from. 
 
 O aVttnate from God, O apiril nccunl. Miltun. 
 The Whi^ were ai'uiiate from truth. Stc\/\. 
 
 aL'IE.V-a-TED, pp. Estranged; withdrawn; trans- 
 ferred to another. 
 
 aL'1E.\-.^-T1i\G, ppr. Estranging; transferring to 
 another. 
 
 aL-1 EN-a'TION, n. [L. alienatio.] 
 
 1. A transfer of title, or a legid conveyance of prop- 
 erty to another. 
 
 2. 'J'he stale of being alienated. 
 
 3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the 
 heart or affections. 
 
 4. IXIirium; derangement of mental faculties; 
 msaiiity. Hooker. 
 
 .^iumation-ojjice, in Great Britain, is an office to 
 which all writs of covenant anil entry, on which 
 fines are levied and recoveries sufferi d, are carried, 
 to have fines for alienation set and paid ther(;i>n. 
 
 Encijc. 
 
 aL'IEN-A-TOR, 71. One that alienates or transfers 
 _ property. »art07i. 
 aL-Iei\E', (ale-yEen',) v. t. [L. alieno.] 
 
 1. To transfer title or property to another ; to sell. 
 Nor coiiltl he a/ie/i* tlie estate even wiUi Ihc conient of Uie 
 
 lord. Blaektlone. 
 
 2. To estrange ; to make averse or indifferent ; to 
 turn the affections from. 
 
 The prince was aliened from all thouglits of the nmrriiige. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 In thi^ sense, it is more common to use alienate. 
 aL-IEN-kE', 71. One to whom the title of property is 
 transferred. 
 
 If the altefke enters and becpe posseesiou. Blaekttone. 
 aL'IEN-IS.M, (il'yen-izm,) 71. The state of being an 
 alien. 
 
 The law was very ^ ntle in the conjtruclioi 
 atienitm. 
 
 A-LIFE', adv. [a, or 071, and life.] 
 
 On my life. Shak. 
 A-LIP'ER-OUS, a. [L. a/a, wing, and fero, to bear.] 
 
 Having wings. 
 AL'I-FOllM, a. [L. nla, wing, and forma, shape.] 
 In anatomy, a term synonymous with pterygoid; 
 applied to the pterj goid process of the sphenoid 
 bone, and to the ptery goid muscles, which arise from 
 that process. 
 
 A-Ll6'ER-OUS, a. [L. ala, wing,and gero, to carrj-.] 
 
 Slaving wings. 
 A-LIGHT', ». i. [Sax. alJitan, gelihtan, lihtan. See 
 
 LlOHT.] 
 
 1. To get down or descend, as from on horseback 
 or from a carriage. 
 
 2. To descend and settle ; as, a flying bird alights 
 on a tree. 
 
 3. To fall or descend and lodge ; as, snow alights 
 on a roof. 
 
 A-LIGN', (a-llne',) v. t. [Fr. a/i>7ier.] 
 
 1. To adjust to a line ; to Lay out or regulate by a 
 line. 
 
 2. t". i. To form in line, as troops. 
 A-LIG.\'.MENT, 71. [Fr. alignemcnU] 
 
 The act of ailjusting to a line ; tlie state of being 
 BO adjusted ; the line of adjustment. 
 A-LIKE', a. [Sax. ffc/ic. See Like.] 
 
 Having resemblance or similitude ; similar. 
 
 The darkness aud Uie liijht are bodi alike to thee. — P». xiii. 
 
 [T/iM adjective neeer precedes the noun vluck it 
 ipidl\fies.] 
 
 f tlic disahility of 
 A'eriL 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AM"GEH, Vl"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THia 
 
 33 
 
ALK 
 
 ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 A LIKE', adv. In the same manner, form, or degree ; 
 as. we are all alike concerned in religion. 
 
 He fasliiuiielli Uieir hearts alike. — r&. xxx'ii. 
 
 A-LtKE'-.MTND-ED, a. Having the same mind ; but 
 Lire-minded is more generally used. 
 
 .AL'I-.MEN'T, ;i, [L. aliineutuin, from alo, to feed ; Ir. 
 ataiiiiy ailiin, olaini, to feed or imrse.] 
 
 Tliat wliich nourishes; food; nutriment; any 
 ihins which feeds or adds to a substance, animal 
 or ve::et:ilile, in natural growth. 
 
 .AL-I-.ME-VT'AL, a. Supplying food ; that has the qual- 
 ity of nourishing ; that furnishes the materials for 
 natural growth ; as, chyle is alimental ; alimfiital sap. 
 
 AL-I-.ME.NT'AL-LY, ailc. So as to serve for nour- 
 ishment or food. 
 
 AL-1-.ME.\T'A-RI-\ESS, n. The quality of supply- 
 ing nutriment. 
 
 AL-1-ME.\T'A-RY, a. Pertaining to aliment or food ; 
 having the quality of nourishing; as, alimejttary 
 p;irticle3. 
 
 The alimentary canal^ in animal bodies, is the great 
 duct or intestine, by which aliments are conveyed 
 through the body, and the useless parts evacuated. 
 
 Mimenlartj law, among tke Roma'is, was a law which 
 obliged children to support theit parents. Encijc. 
 
 Obligation of aliment, in Sco£i /aw, is the natural obli- 
 gation of parents to provide for their children. Knatc, 
 AL-1-.ME.\T-a''I'10N, n. The act or power of afford- 
 ing nutriment. 
 2. The state of being nourished. Johnson, Bacon, 
 .AL-I-.ME.\T'1VE-.\ES.?, n. A word invented by 
 plirenologists, to denote the organ which communi- 
 cates the pleasure that arises from eating and drink- 
 AL-I-Mo'NI-OUS,a. [See Alimony.] [ing. 
 
 Nourishing ; affording food. [Little vscJ.] 
 AL'l-MO-NY, n. [L. alimonia, of alo, to feed. See 
 Aliment.] 
 
 An allowance made for the support of a woman, 
 legally separated from her husband. The sum is 
 fixed by the proper judge, and granted out of the 
 husband's estate. BlaeJistonc. 
 AL'I-OTH, n. A star on the tail of the Great Bear, 
 
 much used in finding the latitude. 
 .\L'I-PED, a. TL. a/a, wing, and pc.^, foot.] 
 
 Wing-footed ; having the toes connected by a 
 membrane, which serves as a wing. 
 AL'I-PED-, n. [Supra.] 
 
 An animal whose toes ate connected by a mem- 
 brane, and thus serve for wings; a cheiropter; as 
 the bat. Dumeril. 
 AL't-CiUAXT, a. [L. aUqnantum, a little.] 
 
 In arithmetic, an aliquant number, or part, is that 
 which does not measure another number without a 
 remainder. Thus .5 is an aliquant part of Iti, for 3 
 times 5 is l.i, leaving a remainder I. 
 AL'I-aUOT, a. [L.] 
 
 An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one 
 which will measure it w ithout a remainder. Thus 
 5 is the aliquot part of 15. 
 AL'ISH, a. [from ale.] 
 
 Like ale ; having the qualities of ale Mortimer, 
 AL'I-TRUNK, 7t. [L. a/a, a wing, and trunk.] 
 
 The segment of the body of an insect towhich the 
 wind's are attached. Kirb\j. 
 A-LIVE', a. rSax. <relifian,lo live, from lifian, to live. 
 See LiFE.T 
 
 1. Having life, in opposition in dead; living; be- 
 ing in a state in which the organs perform their 
 functions, and the fluids move, whether in animals 
 or vegetables ; as, the man or plant is alive. 
 
 2. In a state of action ; unextinguished ; unde- 
 stroyed ; unexpired ; in force or operation ; as, keep 
 the process alire. 
 
 3. Cheerful; sprightly; lively; full of alacrity ; 
 as, the company were all alice. 
 
 4. Susceptible; easily impressed: having lively 
 feelings, as when the mind is solicitous about some 
 event ; as, one is alive to whatever is interesting to 
 a friend. 
 
 5 Exhibiting motion or moving bodies in great 
 numbers ; as, the city was all alive, when the gen- 
 eral entered. 
 
 C. In a scriptural sense, regenerated ; born again. 
 For UiU my ton was ilead, and ii ttiive. — Luke xv. 
 
 [ This adjective always follows tite noun lohick it qual- 
 
 A-LIZ'.A-RtXE, n. [from alizari, the commercial 
 name of madder, in the Levant.] 
 
 A peculiar coloring principle, obtained from mad- 
 der. BranUc. 
 AL'KA-HEST, n. [Arab.] 
 
 A universal nolvent ; a menstruum capable of dis- 
 solving all bodieH, which Paracelsus and Van Ilel- 
 miint pri ti nded tliey |Hisnessed. This pretense no 
 lonei r imposes on the credulity of any man. 
 
 The word is iioinetiineii used for fixed salts volatil- 
 Iwd. Encyc. 
 AI^K A IIE.'^T'ie, ij. Pertaining to the alkiihest. 
 AI^KA-LES'CE.VCY, 71. [See Alkali.) 
 
 A tendency to become alkaline ; or a tendency to 
 the propertieii of an alkali ; or the ntate of a Hiib- 
 ■tance in which alKaline properties begin to be de- 
 veloped, or U> be predominant. Ure, 
 
 AL-KA-LES'CENT, a. Tending to the properties of 
 an alkali ; slightly alkaline. 
 
 AL'KA-LI, (-11 or -le,) n. ; pi. Alkalies. [Ar. ^Xi* 
 
 kali, with the common prefix, the plant called glass- 
 wort, from its use in tlie manufacture of glass ; or 
 Ihe ashes of the plant, which seems to be its primi- 
 live sense, for the verb signifies to fry.] 
 
 A salifiable base, having in a greater or less de- 
 gree a peculiar acrid taste, the power of changing 
 blue vegetable colors to a green, and the color of tur- 
 meric and rhubarb to a brown. Some chemists com- 
 prehend all salifiable bases under this name. 
 
 AL'KA-LI-FT-A-BLE, a. That may be aJkalilied, or 
 converted into an alkali. 
 
 AL'KA-LI-FI-J;D, pp. converted into alkali. 
 
 AL'K.\-L1-F?, V. L To form, or to convert into an 
 alkali. 
 
 AL'K.'V-Lt-F?, 7). i. To become an alkali. 
 AL-K.\-LI(5'E-NOUS, a. [alkali, and yti/i/ow, to gen- 
 erate.] 
 
 Producinr or generating alkali. 
 AI^K.\-LIM'E-TER, re. [alkali, and Gr. jUTpov, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the strength of al- 
 kalies, or the quantity of alkali in potash and soda. 
 Ure. 
 
 AL-KA-LIil'E-TRY, n. The art of ascertaining the 
 strength of alkalies. jMcCulloch. 
 
 AL'KA-LINE, (-Ine or -in,) a. Having the properties 
 of alkali. 
 
 AL-KA-LIN'I-TY, n. The quality which constitutes 
 an alkali. Thonu^on. 
 
 AIj-KA'LI-OrjS, a. Having the properties of alkali. 
 
 AL'K.V-LI-Z.\TE, a. Alkaline ; impregnated with 
 alkali. [Obs.] Boyle. JVewton. 
 
 AL-KA-LI-Za'TION, re. The act of rendering alka- 
 line by impregnating with an alkali. 
 
 AL'KA-LlZE, V. t. [and formerly Alkalizate.] 
 To make alkaline ; to communicate the properties 
 of an alkali to, by mixture. 
 
 AL'KA-LOID, re. A salifiable base formed and exist- 
 ing in some vegetables as a proximate principle, and 
 having only in a slight degree the peculiar properties 
 of an alkali. The alkaloids afe numerous. All, 
 which have been accurately analyzed, are com- 
 posed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, 
 and tlieir differences, in comparison with each other, 
 depend upon a variation in the proportions of their 
 component elements. • 
 
 AL'KA-NET, re. A plant; a species of anchusa. The 
 root is used to impart a deep red color to oily sub- 
 stances, ointments, plasters, &c. Encyc. 
 
 2. A reddish-purple dye, obtained from the root of 
 the plant. Brandc. 
 
 AL-KE-KEN'GI, re. The winter cherry, a species of 
 Physalis. The plant bears a near resemblance to so- 
 lanuin, or nightshade. The berry is medicinal. 
 
 Chambers, 
 
 AL-KEN'NA, ) n. A species of Lawsonia. The pul- 
 
 AL-HE.VNA, \ verized leaves of this plant are much 
 used by the Eastern nations for staining their nails 
 yellow. The powder, being wet, forms a paste, 
 which is bound on the nails for a night, and the col- 
 or thus given will last several weeks. The same as 
 henna, Encyc, 
 
 AL-KERMT;.?, re. [Arab. See Kermes.] 
 
 In pharmacy, a compound cordial, in the form of a 
 confection, deriving its name from the kermes ber- 
 ries, its principal ingredient. Its other ingredients 
 are said to be pippin-cider, rose-water, sugar, amber- 
 gris, musk, cinnamon, aloes-wood, pearls, and leaf- 
 gold. Quincy. Chamber.-'. Encyc. 
 
 AL-KER'VA, re. An Arabic name of the i'alma Chris- 
 ti. Quincif. 
 
 AL'KO-RAN, re. [Arab, al, the, and koran, book. The 
 Book, by way pf^ eminence, as we say the Bible. See 
 Koran. It is pronounced, I believe, by Orientalists, 
 alkorawn.] 
 
 The book which contains the Mohammedan doc- 
 trines of faith and practice. It was written by Mo- 
 hammed, in the dialect of the Koieish, which is the 
 purest Arabic ; but the Arabian language has sulfered 
 such changes since it was written, liiat the language 
 of the Koran is not now intelligible to the Arabians 
 themselves, without being learned like other dead 
 languages. Jficbuhr. Encyc. 
 
 AL'KO-RAN, ) n. In Eastern architecture, the name 
 
 AL'CO-RAN, I of high, slender towers, attached 
 to mosipies, in which the priests, at stated times, re- 
 cite aloud prayers from the Koran. Gatit, 
 
 AL'KO-KAN-IST, n. One who adheres strictly to the 
 letter of the Koran, rejecting all nmiments. The 
 Persians arc generally yVlkoraiiisIa ; Ihe Turks, 
 Arabs, and Tartars, admit a multitude of tradiliiuis. 
 
 .ALL, (:\\v\,) a. [S:i\. enl ; Dan. a/; (1. all; Sw. all ; 
 
 " W. oil nr holl ; Arm. oil ; Ir. nile; Gr. 0X05; Sheiiiil- 
 ic S3, from nS^, raUih, to be ended or coiiipleted, rt» 
 perfect. The Welsh retains the liis| radical Irtler. 
 'J'liis is radically the same word as heal; for in Sw. 
 hrl, and in Dan. hele, signify all, and these words 
 arc from the root of had. See Call, IIcal, and 
 Whole.] 
 
 1. Everj' one, or the whole number of particulars. 
 
 2. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, 
 qualify, or degree ; as, all the wheat; all the land ; 
 all the year ; all the strength. This word signifies, 
 then, the whole or entire thing, or all the parts or 
 particulars which compose it. It always precedes the 
 definitive adjectives Uie, my, thy, his, our, your, Uieir ; 
 as, all the cattle ; all my labor ; all thy goods ; all his 
 wealth ; all our families ; all your citizens ; all their 
 property. 
 
 This word, not only in popular language, hut in 
 the Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large 
 portion or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cat- 
 tle in Egj pt died, aZ( Judea and all the region round 
 about Jordan, all men held John as a prophet, are 
 not to be understood in a literal sense, but as includ- 
 ing a large part or very great numbers. 
 
 This word is prefixed to many other words to en- 
 large their signification ; as, already, always, all-pre- 
 railintr. 
 
 ALL, adv. Wholly ; completely ; entirely ; as, all 
 along; all bedewed ; all over; my friend" is all for 
 amusement ; I love my father all. In the ancient 
 phrases, all too dear, all so long, this word retains its 
 appropriate sense ; as, " lie thought them sixpence 
 all too dear," that is, he thought them too dear by 
 the sum of sixpence. In the sense of although, as, 
 " all were it as the rest," and in the sense oi just, or 
 at the moment, as, " all as his straying flock he fed," 
 it is obsolete, or restricted to poetn-. 
 
 /( is all one, is a phrase equivalent to the same thing 
 in effect ; that is, it is wholly the same thing. 
 
 ./?// tJie better, is eqiiivaient to loholly the better; 
 that is, better by the whole difference. 
 ALL, re. The whole number ; as, all have not the 
 same disposition ; that is, all men. 
 
 2. The whole ; the entire thing ; the aggregate 
 amount ; as, our all is at stake. 
 
 And Laban said, AIL tlial ihoii seest is mine. — Geo. xxxi. 
 
 This adjective is much used as a noun, and ap^ 
 plied to persons or things. 
 
 Jill in all, is a phrase which signifies, all things to 
 a person, or every thing desired. 
 
 Thou shall be all in all, and I in Uiee, 
 
 Forever. Millon. 
 
 When the words and all close an enumeration of 
 particulars, the word all is either intensive, or is add- 
 ed as a general term to express what is not enumer- 
 ated ; as, a tree fell, nest, eagles, and all. 
 
 Estrange. 
 
 M all, is a phrase much used by way of enforce- 
 ment or emphasis, usually in negative or interroga- 
 tive sentences. He has no ambition at all ; that is, 
 not in the least degree. Has he any property at all 7 
 
 All and some, in Spenser, Mason interprets, ojie and 
 all. But from Lye's Saxon Dictionary, it ajipears 
 that the phrase is a corruption of the Sax. calle at 
 somne, all together, all at once, from somne, together, 
 at once. [See Lye, under Somne.] 
 
 All in the wind, in seamen's language, is a phrase 
 denoting that the sails are parallel with the course oJ' 
 the wind, so as to shake. Afar. Diet. 
 
 All is well, is a watchman's phrase, expressing a 
 state of safety. 
 
 All, in composition, enlarges the meaninz, or adds 
 force to a word ; and it is generally more ciiiph;ifical 
 than most. In some instances, all is incorporated in- 
 to words, as in almighty, already, always ; but in most 
 instances, it is an adjective prefixed to other «'ords, 
 but separated bv a h\ phen. 
 ALL-A-BAN'DO"N-£D, a. Abandoned by all. 
 
 Skclton. 
 
 ALL-AB-IIOR'REl), a. Detested by all. Shak. 
 
 ALL-AH-SORU'I.NG, n. Engrossing; that drowns or 
 supersedes all otlii r considerations. 
 
 ALI.-AC-C().\I'1'L1.<I1-/!I), a. Fully accomplished ; 
 whose 1 docatioii is highly finished or cimiplete. 
 
 ALL-AI)-.MIK'L\(;, a. \Vholly admiring. Shak. 
 
 ,ALI.-.\I)-VIS'/:D, «. Advised bv all. JCarJuitoi. 
 
 ALL-.\-MOUT'. [See Alamort.] 
 
 ALL-.\l'-lMlt')V'/vD, a. Approved by all. Jllore, 
 
 ALL-A-'l'O.V'I.VG, a. .Atoning for all ; niaking com- 
 plete atonement. Drydrn, 
 
 AL1..-BE.aR'LN"G, a. Producing every thing ; omnipa- 
 rous. .Mar.<lnn, 
 
 ALL-BEAfi'TE-OI'S, a. Perfecllv beautiful. Pope. 
 
 ALL-iUMloLD'L\G, a. Beholding or seeing all 
 things. Dranlon. 
 
 ALL-liL.'vST'l.\G, a. Illasling all; defaming. «r de- 
 slro\'ing all. JMarston. 
 
 ALL-I!OU,\'TB-OUS, / n. Perfecllv bountiful; of in 
 
 ALL-liOIIiN'TI-FlM,, j finite bountv. 
 
 ALI.-CII.AiN'G'IN'i;, a. Perpetually changing. Shan. 
 
 ALL-CllEi;U'l.\G, a. That cheers all; that gives 
 gayety or cli 'i i fulness to all. Shak. 
 
 .\LL-( O.M-M.\ N'D'I.N'G, a. Having coinmand or sov- 
 ereignly over all. Raleigh. 
 
 ALl>-CO'.M l'L?'l.\G, a. Complying in every respect. 
 
 More. 
 
 ALL-CO.'M-PoS'LNG, a. That makes all tranipiil or 
 peaceful. Crashaw. 
 
 ALL-eo.M-PRE-HEND'lNG, a. Comprehending all 
 thing.s. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 ALL-e(1M-I'KE-HEi\'SIVE, a. ComiinliPiidinK all 
 
 tliincfs. GlunciUe, 
 ALL-tUN-lTlAL'ING, a. Hiding or conctnling all. 
 
 AI.I,-€ON'aUER-lNli, (-konk'cr-,) a. Tliat suliducs 
 all. Milton. 
 
 AI.L-eON'SCIOUS, a. Conscious of all ; all know- 
 ing. 
 
 ALL-eON-STRAIN'ING, a. Constrain inj: all. 
 
 ])rnijtoit, 
 
 AU.-eON'-S0M'ING, a. Tliat consumes or ilevours 
 
 all. Poye. 
 ALI.-CO.N'-TROI.L'ING, a. ControlIinR all. KvercU. 
 ALL-UAK'ING, a. Uaring to attrnipt every thing. 
 
 AT.I^DE SIGN'ING, a. Dcsisnini all tilings. 
 ALL-DE-tjTKOY'h\'G, a. Destroying every tiling. 
 
 AI.I/-l)EV'AS-T.\-TIXG, a. Wasting evi rv thing. 
 ALL-l)E-VOUR'lNG, a. Eating or consuming all. 
 
 Pope, 
 
 ALL-1)I.M'.ML\G, a. Obscuring evcrj' thing. 
 
 Marsfon. 
 
 AI,I,-I)I-KEeT'L\G, a. Directing all ; governing 
 all things. 
 
 ALL-DIS -CER.V'INc;, n. Disi erning every thing. 
 Al.L-UIS-COV'EK-l.N'G, «. Discovering or disclosing 
 
 even' thing. J\Iurc. 
 ALL-i)It>-GRA'C£I), 0. Completely disgraced. 
 
 Shale, 
 
 AI.I.-niS-PE.\S'IN(;, a. Dispensing idl things; af- 
 fording dispensation or pi'iinission. Miltun. 
 ALI,-l)l-Vl.\E', a. Siipreiiielv excelli nt. lloiccU. 
 ALL-Dl-Vl.\'lXG, a. Foretelling all things. 
 
 FaiLthaw, 
 
 ALI^nUEAD'ED, a. Dreaded hv all. Shale. 
 ALl^EK-Kl-C.i'CIOU^, a. Having all efficacy. 
 
 Kvi-relt. 
 
 ALI^Er-FF'OIE.NT, a. Of perfect or unlimited effi- 
 raf V or elhciencv. 
 
 ALL-EL'0-UUE\T, a. Eloquent in the highest de- 
 gree. Pope. 
 
 ALL-E.M-BR.^'CIXG, a. Embracing all things. 
 
 Crasbaw. 
 
 ALL-E.ND'I.\G, a. Putting an end to all things. 
 
 ShuU. 
 
 ALL-E.\-UGUT'£X-IXG,a. Enlightening all things. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 AI.L-EX-R.\0'f;D, a. Highly enraged. Hall. 
 AI,L-ES.SEX'T1AI,, a. Wholly essential. EecrelU 
 ALL-FLAM'IXG, a. Flaming in all directions. 
 
 BcaamonL 
 
 ALI>-FOOLS'-DaY, n. The first of April. 
 ALL-FOR-GIV'IXG, a. Forgiving or pardoning all. 
 
 JJrijdcn. 
 
 AI.L-FoURS', )i. [all and /our.] 
 
 .•V game at cards; played by two or four persons ; 
 so called from the four chances of which it consists, 
 viz. High, Low, Jack, and the Game. 
 
 To ito on all fours, is to move or walk on four legs, 
 or on the two legs and two arms. 
 
 AM^GIV'ER, n. The giver of all things. Mllon. 
 
 Al,L.-(;i.o'RI-OUS, a. Glorious to the full extent. 
 
 ALL-GOOD', a. (.'onipli tely good. Dnjdin. 
 
 ALL-G6()n', n. The popular name of the plant Good- 
 Henry, or English Mercury, ClunopoiUum bonas Uen- 
 rictts, 
 
 ALL-(;Ra'CIOUS!, a. Perfectly gracious. 
 ALL-GUID'IXG, a. Guiding or conducting all things. 
 
 Sandys: 
 
 ALL-HAIL', excl [aU and Sax. lia-l, health.] 
 
 All health ; a plirase of salutation, expressing a 
 
 wish of all health, or safetv, to the person addressed. 
 ALL-IIAL'l.oW, ( n. All-Saints-day, the first of 
 ALt^HAL'LoW?, ( Xoveinber; a feast dedicated 
 
 to all the saints in general. [Colloquial.] 
 ALL-llAL'LoW-TIDE, n. [Tid, in Sax., is time] 
 
 The time near All-Saints, or Xovember first. 
 ALL-llAl' I'V, a. Cimipletely happy. 
 ALL-lli. \L', n. The popular name of several plants. 
 ALL-lir.ALMNG, a. Healing all things. Srlden. 
 ALL-IIKLP'L\(;, a. Assisting all. Sridm. 
 ALL-llll)'l\G, a. Concealing all things. Shak. 
 ALL-I1()L'L6W, B(/r. Entirely; completely; as, to 
 
 beat any one att-holtoic. 
 ALI^IIO'LY, a. Coinpletelv, perfectiv li"lv. 
 ALL-ll()N'()R-/;n, (-on'ord,) a. Hoiiored'by all. 
 ALI^HlIRT'lX(;,o. Hurting , ill things. Shak. 
 ALL-I'DOL-IZ-IXG, a. Worshiiiing every thing. 
 
 Cra->7(a;p. 
 
 ALI^IL-LC'ML\-.A-TIXG, a. Enlightening every 
 thing. 
 
 ALL-1.M'I-Ta-TLNG, a. Imitating every thing. 
 
 JlfoTf. 
 
 ALL-IM-POR'TAXT, a. Important above all things ; 
 
 extremely imixirtaiit. Kvrrrtt. 
 ALL-I.M-PREt-S'lVE, a. Impressive to the utmost 
 
 extent. 
 
 ALI^IX-FOR.M'IXG, a. Actuating all by vital pow- 
 ers. Sandi/s. 
 
 ALL-IX'TER-EST-ING, a. Interesting in the high- 
 est degree. 
 
 ALL-IN-TER'PRET-IXG, «. Explaining all things. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 ALL-JUDG'I.\G, a. Judging all ; jiosacssing the sov- 
 ereign rit'lil of juilgiiig. liuicc. 
 
 ALL-JCST', a. IVilVctly just. 
 
 ALI.-KTNI)', «. I'eifeetly kiiul or benevolent. 
 
 ALL-KXCW'IXG, a. Having all knuivledge ; om- 
 niscient. AtLttrburij. 
 
 ALL-LI'CEXS-/5D, a. Licensed to every thing. Shah. 
 
 ALL-LOV'IXG, a. Of inflnito lov(% More. 
 
 ALL-.MAK'IXG, n. Making or creating all ; oniiiific. 
 
 Drijdcn. 
 
 ALL-.MA-TuR'IXG, a Maturing all things. 
 
 Drifdfn. 
 
 ALL-MER'CI-Fl. L, a. Of jierfect mercy or compas- 
 sion. 
 
 ALL-MUR'DEll-IN<;, a. Killing or destroying every 
 thing. Fan.\hair. 
 
 ■ALL-O-liK'DLEXT, a. Entirely obedient. Crasliaw. 
 
 .\LL-0-I)EV'lXG, a. [Sec Obey.] Receiving obedi- 
 ence from all. Shah. 
 
 ALL-Oli-LIV'I OUS, a. Causing total oblivion. Shak. 
 
 ALL-OI!-StJ0R'IXG, a. Obscuring every thing. 
 
 ALL-Pa'TIENT, a. Enduring every thing without 
 
 inurniiirs. Miiford. 
 ALL-PEX'E-TR.\-TIXG, a. Penetrating every thing. 
 
 Stafford. 
 
 ALL-PER'FECT, a. Completely perfect ; having all 
 perfection. 
 
 ALL-PER'FEeT-XEP.S, n. The perfection of the 
 
 whole ; entire perflation. More. 
 ALL-PER-VaD'IXG, a. Pervading every place. 
 
 Mien. 
 
 ALI^PIP.R'CI.N'G, a. Piercing every thing. Marxton. 
 ALL-PO'TENT, n. Having all power. Irving. 
 ALL-POW'ER-FI'L, a. Almighty; omnipotent. 
 
 Strift. 
 
 ALI^PR.AIS'/:D, a. Praised by all. Shuk. 
 ALL-PRE9'Ei\"r, a. Omnipresent. 
 ALL-PRO-TECT'ING, a. Furnishing complete pro- 
 tection. 
 
 ALL-ROL'IXG, a. Governing .ill things. Milton. 
 
 ALL-SA-Ga'CIOUS, a. Having all sagacity ; of per- 
 fect discernment. 
 
 ALL-SaIXTS'-DaY, n. The first day of November, 
 called, also, a feast in honor of all the 
 
 saints. 
 
 ALL-SANe'TI-F?-IXG, a. Sanctifying the whole. 
 
 IVist. 
 
 ALL-SaV'ING, a. Saving all. SrIJcn. 
 ALL-SEARCH'ING, (-serch'ilig,) a. Pervading and 
 
 scarclnng every thing. Soutli. 
 A.LL-SeE'ING, a. Seeing every thing. Dn/drn, 
 ALL-SeER', n. One that sees every thing. Shak. 
 ALL-SHaK'ING, a. Shaking all things. Shak. 
 ALL-SHROUD'IXG, a. Shrouding ; covering all 
 
 things. 
 
 ALL-SHUN'NED, a. Shunned by all. Shak. 
 
 ALL-SoULS'-DaY, n. The second day of Xovem- 
 ber ; a feast or solemnity held by the Roman Catholic 
 church, to supplicate for the souls of the faithful de- 
 ceased. 
 
 AIjL'SPICE, 77. The berry of the pimento, a tree of 
 the West Indies ; a spice of a mildly pungent t;iste, 
 and agreeably aromatic. It has been supposed to 
 combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and 
 cloves ; and hence the name. 
 
 Knajc. of Dom. Econ. 
 
 ALI^SUB-MIS'SIVE, a. Wholly submissive. 
 
 ALL-SUF-FI"C1EN-CY, n. Complete or infinite abil- 
 ity. Hall. 
 
 ALL-SUF-FI"CIEXT, a. Sufficient to every thing ; 
 infinitely able. Hooker. 
 
 ALL-SUF-FI"CIENT, ji. The all-sufficient lieing ; 
 God. JVhitloek. 
 
 ALL-Sim-ROUXD'ING,a. Encompassing the whole. 
 
 ALI--SUR-Vt;Y'IXG, (-sur-vii'ing,) a. [See SL-nvEr.] 
 Surveving everv thing. Sandijs, 
 
 ALL-SUS-TaIN'IXG, a. Ujiholding all things. 
 
 Beatuiiont, 
 
 ALL-TELL'ING, a. Telling or divulging every thing. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 ALI^TRI'UMPH-IXG, a. Triumphant every where 
 or over all. Jon.-on. 
 
 ALL-W.\TCII'£n, a. Watched throughout. Shak. 
 
 ALI^WISE' a. Posse5.sed of infinite wisdom. South. 
 
 ALI^WIT'TED, a. Having all kinds of wit. Jau.^on. 
 
 ALL-W0R'S1HP-£D, (-wur'shipt,) a. Worshiped or 
 adored by all. Milton. 
 
 ALL-WOR'THY, a. Of infinite worth ; of the high- 
 est worth. 
 
 AL'LA-CITE, n. An impure, brownish variety of 
 manganese spar. Daiia. 
 
 AL'LAH, 71. The Arabic name of the Supreme Be- 
 ins. 
 
 AL'L.AX-ITE, 71. An ore of the metals cerium and 
 lanthanum, having a pitch-black or brownish color. 
 It was first discovered, as a sjiecies, by Mr. Allan, of 
 Edinburgh. Dana. 
 
 AL-L.'VX-TO'ie, a. Pertaining to or contained in the 
 allantois. 
 
 AI--LAXTO'ie ACID, ti. An arid of animal origin, 
 found in the liquor of the allantois of the fetal calf. 
 [See /Vllamois.] This is the same acid which was 
 formerly called a7;i7iio(i£: arirf. 
 
 AL-LAN-TOIS', j 71. [Gr. uAAu(, a Kausage, and 
 AL-LAX-TOID', j t,.l./?, form.] 
 
 A thin nirnibrane, situated be tween the chorion 
 and ainnidii in qu.adrupeds, anil forming one of the 
 membranes which invest the fetus in those nniiiials. 
 
 i-jt. Encye. 
 
 AL'LA-TRATE, v. U [L. a«afro.] 
 
 'I'o bark, !Ls a dog. [JVut «.«■</.] Stuhbe.i. 
 
 AI^-LA Y', V. t. [Sax. alrci^an, alriran, to lay, t(t set, to 
 depress, lecgan, to lay, to east or strike down ; G. le- 
 gen, D. legirrn, to lay ; Gr. \tyt.\ The Fr. allirr, to 
 alloy, Sp. ligar, seems to be directly from the L. tiiro, 
 to bind ; but this may be the same word diHereiitly 
 applied, that is, to set, to fix, to make fast, to unite. 
 JUloij and nlloij were lormerly used indifierently ; but 
 I have ncdL'oi/.ed an entire distinction between them, 
 applying alluii to metals. J 
 
 1. To make cpiiet ; to pacify or appe.ise ; as, to al- 
 lay the tumult of the pa.ssioiis, or to allay civil com- 
 motions. 
 
 2. To abate, mitigate, subdue, or destroy ; as, to al- 
 lay grief or pain. 
 
 3. To obtund or repress, as acrimony ; as, to allay 
 the acrid qualities of a substance. 
 
 4. Formerly, to reduce the purity of ; as, to allay 
 metals. But in this sense alloy is now exclusively 
 used. [See Alloy.] 
 
 AI-.-LAY', 71. Formerly, a. baser metal mixed with a 
 finer; but in this sense it is now written Alloy, 
 whielt see. 
 
 2. That which allays, or abates the predominant 
 qualilii's ; as, the a//<iy of colors. JYcwtun. 
 
 Also, abatement ; diminution by means of some 
 mixture ; as, joy without allay. But alloy is now 
 more generally used. 
 
 AL-LaY'/JD, pp. Layed at rest ; quieted ; tranq'uil- 
 ized ; abated ; [reduced by mixture. Ob.'!.] 
 
 AL-LaY'ER, 71. He or that which allays. 
 
 AL-LaY'I.\G, ppr. Uuieling ; reducing to tranquilli- 
 ty ; abatina ; reducing by mixture. [06.,.] 
 
 AL-LaY'.ME.\T, 77. The act of quieting, or a state of 
 tranquillity ; a state of rest after disturbance ; that 
 which allays ; abatement ; ease , as, the allaiiment of 
 grief. 'Sluzk. 
 
 AL'LE, (al'ly,) n. The little auk, or black and white 
 diver. 
 
 AL-I,Et;T-A'TIOX, 71. Enticement ; allurement. [M 
 
 used.] Coles. 
 AL-LECT'IVE, a. Alluring. [Xot -used.] Chaucer. 
 AL-LECT'lVE, 71. Allurement. [JVut used.] 
 
 Eliol. 
 
 AL-LEDGE'. See Allege. [This spoiling, corre- 
 sponding to abridge, was once the prevailing one, 
 and would still be preferable.] 
 
 AL-LE-G.a'.\"E-AX, a. Pertaining to the mountains 
 calM Allenany, or Alleghenny. 
 
 AL'LF.-G A-.W, n. The chief ridge of the great chains 
 of mountains which run from N. East to S. West, 
 through the Middle and Southern States of Xorth 
 America; but, more appropriately, i\\e main or un- 
 broken ridge, which casts all the waters on one side 
 to the east, and on the other siile to the west. This 
 ridge runs from Pennsylvania to Georgia, and chains 
 extend through the United States. 
 
 This name is given also to the River Ohio, above 
 its confluence with the Moiiongaliela ; but improper- 
 ly, as the Indian name of the river to its source is 
 Ohio. 
 
 AL-LE-GA'TIOX, 71. Affirmation ; positive assertion 
 or declaration. 
 
 2. That which is affirmed or asserted ; that which 
 is olfered as a plea, excuse, or justification. 
 
 3. In eeclesiastieal caurt>*, a formal complaint, or 
 declaration of charges. 
 
 AL-LEGE', 1'. '. [L. allego, ad and lego, to send ; Fr. 
 alleguer ; Sp. alegar; Pitrt. allegar : It. allegare. This 
 is only a modified application of the Eng. lay ; L. lo- 
 co, to set, or throw. See Cbass Lg.] 
 
 1. To declare ; to aflirm ; to assert; to pronounce 
 with positiveness ; a-s, to allege a fact. 
 
 2. To produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse; 
 to cite or tjuote ; as, to allege the authority of a 
 judgi'. 
 
 AL-LEGE'.\-BLE, a. That may be alleged oraffirmc<;. 
 
 Brotrn. 
 
 AL-LEG'KD, pp. or a. Affirmed; aasertcd, whether 
 as a charge or a plea. 
 
 AL-LEGE'.MEXT, 71. Allegation. [A-ot in use.] 
 
 AL-I.EG'ER, 71. One who alliriiis or declares. 
 
 AL-LE'CI-AXCE, 71. [old Fr., from L. alligo, of ad 
 and ligo, to bind. See I.ieoe and Leaci'e.] 
 
 The tie or obligation of a subject to his prince or 
 government ; the duty of fidelity to a king, govern- 
 ment, or state. Every native or citizen owes allegi- 
 ance to the government under which he is born. This 
 is called natural or implied allegiance, which arises 
 from the connection of a person with the society in 
 which he is horn, and his duty to be a faithful sub- 
 ject, independent of any express promise. Fjprcss 
 allegiance, is that obligation which proceeds from an 
 express promise, or oath of fidelity. 
 
 TC.XE, BfjLU ITXITE. — AX"GER, VI"CIOUS — € aa K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 Local or temporary allegiance is due from an alien 
 to the government or state ia wliicli lie resides. 
 
 Blacfcstane. 
 
 AL-LE'ei-ANT, a. Loyal. [J^~ot us-cl.] *7inA-. 
 AL-LE(i'ING, ppr. Asserting; averring; declaring. 
 AL-LE-GOR'I€, ) a. In tlie manner of allegory ; 
 AL-LE-GOR'I€-AL, J figurative; describing by re- 
 semblances. 
 
 AL-LE-GOR'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a figurative manner ; 
 
 by wav of allegory. 
 AL-LE-G(JR'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 
 allegorical. 
 
 AL'LE-GO-RIST, 71. One who allegorizes, or uses al- 
 legory, as Buiiyun or Spencer. 
 
 J. IVarton. IVarhurton. 
 
 AL'LE-GO-RIZE, v. i. To form an allegory ; to turn 
 into allegory ; as, to allegorize the history of a peo- 
 ple. Campbtll. 
 
 2. To understand in an allegorical sense ; as, when 
 a passage in a writer may be understood liternlly or 
 figuratively, he who gives it a figurative sense is said 
 to (dlegoriie it. 
 
 AL'LE-GO-RIZE, v. i. To use allegory ; as, a man 
 may allegorize to please his fancy. 
 
 AL'LE-G<J-RIZ-J;D, pp. Turned into allegory, or un- 
 derstood nlleirorically. 
 
 AL'LE-GO-RIZ-ER, 71. One who allegorizes, or turns 
 things into allegory. 
 
 AL'LE GO-RIZ-ING, ppr. Turning into allegory, or 
 understanding in an allegorical sense ; using alle- 
 gory. 
 
 AL'LE-GO-RY, 71. [Gr. aXXT|j-opia, of nXAor, other, 
 and aXopevo), to speak, from a\opa, a furum, an ora- 
 tion.] 
 
 A figurative sentence or discourse, in wliich the 
 principal subject is described by another subject re- 
 sembling it in its properties and circumstances. The 
 principal subject is thus kept out of view, and we 
 are lelt to collect the intentions of the writer or 
 speaker, by the resemblance of tlie secondary to the 
 jirimary subject. Allegory is in words what hiero- 
 glyphics are in painting. We have a fine examjile 
 of an allegory in the eightieth Psalm, in which God's 
 chosen people are rejiresented by a vineyard. The 
 distinction in Scrijiture between a purnble and an al- 
 legory, is said to be, that a parable is a supposed his- 
 tory,"andan allegory, a figurative description of real 
 facts. An allegory is called a continued metaphor. 
 The following line in Virgil is an example of an al- 
 legory. 
 
 CIiiu Jite jam rivos, pueri ; flat prala biberunt. 
 " Sto^) the currents, young men ; the meadows have 
 drank sufficiently ;" "that is, Let your music cense, 
 our ears have been sufllciently delighted. Ennjc. 
 AL-LE-GRF.T'TO. [It., diminutive of allegro.] de- 
 notes, in music, a movement or time quicker than an- 
 dante, but not so quick as allegro. Rousseau. 
 AI,-LK'GRO. [It., merry, cheerful; It. leggiere ; Bp. 
 ligero ; Fr. leger, light, nimble. See Light. In this 
 sense it is used in the poem of Milton so named.] 
 
 In music, a word denoting a brisk movement ; a 
 sprightly part or strain ; the quickest except pres- 
 to. Piu allegro is a still quicker movement. 
 
 Rou.'!seau. 
 
 As a noun, a piece of music to be performed in al- 
 legro. 
 
 AL-LE-LO'IAII, 71. [Heb. rf-nSVn, Praise in Jah.] 
 Praise Jehovah ; a word used to denote pious joy 
 and exultation, chiefly in hymns and anthems. The 
 Greeks retained the word in their EXtXfa In, Praise 
 to lo ; probably a corruption of Jak. The Romans 
 retained the latter word in their lo triumphe. 
 
 AL-LK-AI.\NI)E', n. A slow air in common time, or 
 gnivr, soil inn music, with a slow movemiint. Also, 
 a brnk dance, or a figure in dancing. Diet, uf Music. 
 
 AL-LE .M.A.N'.Nie, a. Belonging to the Miemanni, an- 
 cii iit (Ji riiians, and to .^teraannin, tlieir country. The 
 word is generally supposed to be composed of «(( and 
 manni, all mc;n. Cluoer, p. tiS. This is probably an 
 error. The word is more jjrobably composed of the 
 Celtic all, other, the root of Latin alius, and mmi, 
 place ; one of another place, a stranger. The VVelsli 
 allmaiL is thus rendered, and this seems to he the 
 original word. Owen, Welsh Diet.. 
 
 The name Alemnnni seems to have been first giv- 
 en to the Germans wiio invaded <iuul in the reign of 
 Augustus. Claner, Germ. Antiq. 
 
 AIv-LF;'KI-().\, n. In herahlnj, an eagle without beak 
 or fuet^ with e.vpanded wings ; denoting Imperialists 
 vauqui'^lUMl and disarmed. Kneyr. 
 
 AL-LE-VEOR', ;i. A small Swedi.sh coin, valiii! about 
 ,'l cent. Kneije. 
 
 AI^LE'VI-ATR, J). /. [Low L. allevio; ad and leixi, to 
 rais<;, /crw, liglit ; Vr. lerer ; \i. tenure, to raise ; Sp. 
 lUcar, to carry, lerantar, to raisi', and Irnante, a ris- 
 ing, and the eaHtern coasts of the Mediterran(?an, 
 the eiist, so called fr<im the rising of tlie t^un, like 
 orientul, from orior, lo ri.sc j Hax. Idtjiait, lo be em- 
 inent, .''ee Lift.] 
 
 I. To maki' liglil ; hut always in a figurative dense, 
 as it IH not applied to material objects. To remove 
 In part ; lo li Hsen, mitigate, or make cosier to be <m- 
 dureil ; applied to evila j ok, to alleviate sorrow, pain. 
 
 care, jiunishnient, a burden, ic. ; opposed to aiegra- 
 Vdie. 
 
 •2. To make less by representation ; to lessen the 
 magnitude or criminality; to extenuate ; applied to 
 mural conduct; as, to alleviate an offense. [T/iis 
 scuse of the irord is rare.] 
 
 AL-Le' VI-A-TED, pp. Made lighter ; mitigated ; 
 eased ; extenuated. 
 
 AL-Le'VI-a-TING, ppr. Making lighter, or more 
 tolerable ; extenuating. 
 
 AL-Li2-VI-A'TION, 7i. The act of lightening, allay- 
 ing, or extenuating ; a lessening, or mitigation. 
 
 2. That which lessens, mitigates, or makes more 
 tolitnible ; as, the sympathy of a friend is an allevia- 
 tion of grief. 
 
 1 lave not \vant^<l such alleviations of life as friendship could 
 supply. (Dr. Johnson's leller to Mr. Hector.) Bosioelt. 
 
 This use of allcriation is hardly legitimate without 
 supplying some word expressing eril, as trouble, sor- 
 row, &,c. ■ — Without such alleviations of the cares or 
 troubles of life. 
 AL-Le'VI-.\-TIVE, »!. That which mitigates. [JVot' 
 in use.] 
 
 AL'LEy, (al'Iy,) n. [Fr. allec, a passage, from allcr, 
 to go; Ir. alladh. Literally, a passing or going.] 
 
 1. A walk in a garden ; a narrow jjassage. 
 
 2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct 
 from a public street. 
 
 3. A choice taw, originally made of alabaster, is 
 so called by boys. Jlailiwell. 
 
 4. The Alley, i>x Change Alley ; a jilace in London 
 where stocks were formerly bought and sold. Ash. 
 
 AL-LI-.\'CEOUS, a. [L. allium, garlic] 
 
 Pertaining to allium, or garlic ; having the smell or 
 
 properties of garlic. Barton. 
 AL-LI'ANCE, 71. [Fr. alliance, from allier. Her, to tie 
 
 or unite, from L. ligo; Gr. Aim ik.i; .Sp. aliauiu; Port. 
 
 aliani^a; It. alleanza; from the same root as liege, 
 
 league, allegiance. Class Lg.J 
 
 1. The relation or union between families, con- 
 tracted by marriage. Dryden. 
 
 'i. Tlie union between nations, contracted by com- 
 part, treaty, or league. 
 
 The treaty, league, or compact, which is the in- 
 strument of confederacy ; sometimes, perhaps, the 
 act of confederating. 
 
 4. Any union or connection of interests between 
 persons, families, states, or corporations ; as, an alli- 
 ance between church and state. « 
 
 5. The persons or parties allied ; as, men or states 
 may secure any alliances in their [lower. Addison. 
 
 AL-LI'A,\T, 71. Anally. [Jfot u.sed.] IVotton. 
 
 AL-LI"CIEN-CY, 71. [L. allicio, ad and lacio ; G. lock- 
 en ; D. lukken ,' Sw. lockaj Dan. lokke; L. allecto, elicio. 
 Class Lg.] 
 
 The power of attracting any thing ; attraction ; 
 magnetism. [Little u-icd.] Glanville. 
 AL-L1"CIENT, 71. That which attracts. [M>t v.ud.] 
 
 Robinson. 
 
 AL-LI'BD, (al-lide',) pp. Connected by marriage, 
 
 treaty, or similitude. [.See Ally.] 
 AL'LI-GaTE, v. t. [L. alligo, ad and ligo, to bind. 
 
 See Allegiance, Liege, IjEague.] 
 To tie together ; to unite by some tie. 
 AL'LI-Ga-TING, ppr. Tying together; uniting by 
 
 some tie. 
 
 AL-LI-Ga'TION, 71. The act of tying together; the 
 state of being tied. [Little used.] 
 
 2. A rule of arithmetic for finding the price or val- 
 ue of compounds, consisting of ingredients of differ- 
 ent values. Thus, if a quantity of sugar, worth eight 
 cents the pound, and another quantity worth t<'n 
 cents, are mixed, the question to he solviul by alliga- 
 tion is, what is the value of the mi-xture by the pound. 
 Alligation is of two kinds, medial and aiternate ; 7nc- 
 dial, when the rate of a mixture is sought from the 
 rates and quantities of the simples; alternate, when 
 the quantities of the simples are sought from the 
 rates of the simples, and the rate of the mixture. 
 
 AL'LI-Ga-T()R, »j. [properly allagarto, from the 
 Spanish and Portuguese lagarto, a lizard ; L. laccr- 
 ta. The Latin word seems lo be connected with la- 
 certiis, the arm ; anrl the animal may be named from 
 the resemblance of his legs to arms.] 
 
 The Amerii aii crocodile. This anini.al has a long, 
 naked body, four feet, with five toes on the fiire feet, 
 and fiiiir on the hind, armed with claws, and a .ser- 
 rated tail. 'J'lie mouth is very large, ami furnished 
 with sliarji teetli ; the skin is brown, tough, and, on 
 the sides, covered with tiihcrcles. The largest of 
 these animals grow to the h iiglh of si vi iitei n or 
 eighteen feel. 'J'liey live in iiiui alKUit the rivers in 
 warm climates, eat fisli, and soiiii tiiiu s cali h hogs 
 on file shore, or dogs which are su iiiiiuiiig. In win- 
 ter, they burrow in the eartii, w liirli tin y enter un- 
 der wafer and work iipwanl, lying lorpiii till spring. 
 The fi'iiiab- lays a gri-.il iiiiinl'irr of cL'gs, which are 
 depositi'd in the sand, and left to lie liatrhcil by tile 
 heat of the siiii. J'.uciic. 
 
 AL'LI-(;A-T<JII-1>EAR, 71. .\ West Indian fruit, re- 
 sembling a iiear in shape, from one lo two iiounds in 
 weight, (^Laurus I'ersca, I. inn.) It contains within 
 its rind a yellow, bntyraceoiis sub.stancu, which. 
 
 when the fruit is perfectly ripe, constitutes an 
 agreeable food. Kncuc. ! 
 
 AL-LIG'A-TITRE, 71. See Ligature, which is the | 
 word in use. 
 
 AL-LIS'ION, (al-lizh'un,) 71. [L. allido, to dash or 
 strike against, of ad and la;do, to hurt by striking ; Ir. 
 leas, a sore ; D. Iced, a hurl ; D. bcleedigrn ; Ger. be 
 Icidigen, to hurt ; Fr. blejsser, to hurl. La:do forms its 
 participle la:sus. Class Ld,- Ls.] 
 
 A striking against ; as, the allisionof the sea against 
 the shore. Woodward. 
 AL-LIT ER-A'TION, 71. [L. ad and htrra, a letter.] 
 The repetition of the same letter at I he begin ning'of 
 two or more words immediately sucici iling each other, 
 or at short intervals ; as /and g in the following line: 
 Fields ever fn?sli, and ^"oves forever green. 
 
 AL-LIT'ER-A-TIVE, a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
 in, alliteration. 
 
 ALL-LOVES , a former mode of .adjuration, meaning 
 /i;r the love of all, as of heaven, earth, &c. ; as, .«p<'ak, 
 of all-tovjs ! Shale. Toonc. 
 
 AL-LO-Ca'TION, 71. [L. ad and locatio, a placing, 
 from /ecits-, place. See Local.] 
 
 Tne act of putting one thing to another; hence its 
 usual sense is, tlie admission of an article of account, 
 or an allowance made upon an account; a term uscti 
 in the English exchequer. [See Allow.] 
 
 Chambers. .lohnson. 
 
 AL-LO-e.\'TUR, 71. [L.] In lam, a certificate of al- 
 lowance of cost by the proper officer. 
 
 AE'LO-fHRO-ITE, 71. [Gr. aXX-JS and yn^ta.] 
 
 A fine-grained, massive garnet, of a dingy reddish- 
 yellow color. Its name is said to be given lo it, as 
 expressive of its changes of color before the blov\'- 
 pipe. _ Dana. 
 
 AL-LO-fU'TION, 71. [L. alloeutio, of ad and loquor, 
 to speak. See Eloquence.] 
 
 1. The act or manner of sjieaking to, or of address- 
 ing in words. 
 
 2. An address ; a formal address, as of a general 
 to his troops ; a Roman term, rarely used in English. 
 
 Addison. Kucyc. 
 
 AL-Lo'DI-AL, a. Pertaining to allodium ; freehold ; 
 free of rent or service ; held independent of a lord 
 paramount ; ojiposed lo feudal. Btackslone. 
 
 AL-Lo'DI-AN is sometimes used, but is not well au- 
 thorized. . Cowel. 
 
 AL-Lo'DI-UM, 71. [Fr. alien, contr. word. Accord- 
 ing to O'Brien, in his Focaloir, or Dictionary of the 
 Irish, this word is the Celtic ullod, ancient. Accord- 
 ing to Ponloppidan, it is composed of all and mZ/i, all- 
 property, or whole estate. In Sw. odal, and in Dan. 
 odel, signify allodial ; the word being used as an ad- 
 jective ; Sw. odalgods, that is, odal goods, signifies al- 
 lodial lands ; and odaljord, odal earth, is used as its 
 synonym. Odalman is one who possesses allodial 
 land ; odalbonde is a yeoman or freeholder ; odelt sig- 
 nifies undivided ; o, in Swedish, being a prefix, an- 
 swering lo the English un, and giving to words a 
 negative signification. If in odal is this prefix, and 
 dal from the root of deal, the word signifies undivided. 
 But some obscurity rests on this word. Poutoppi- 
 - dan's derivation is most probably the true one.] 
 
 Fri'ehold estate ; land which is the ah.soliite iirop- 
 erty of the owner ; real estate held in ab.solute inde- 
 pendence, without being subject to any rent, service, 
 or acknowledgmeiif to a superior. It is thus oppos^'ii 
 to feud. In ICiiglaiid, there is no allodial laud, all 
 land being held of the king ; but in the United States, 
 most lands are allodial. 
 
 AL-LONGE', (al-lunj',) n. [Fr. a'longrr, to lengthen, 
 to thrust; allonge, leiigtlR-iicd, of ad and long.] 
 
 1. A pass with a sword ; a IhrusI made by stepping 
 forward and extending the arm ; a term used in fen- 
 cing, often contracted into lunge. 
 
 2. A long rein, when a horse is trotted in the 
 hand. Johnson. 
 
 .\L-LOO', 71. (. or i. To incite dogs by a call. 
 
 J'hillip.<. 
 
 [See the correct word. Halloo.] 
 
 AL-LO-PATII'IC, a. Pertaining to allopnihy or the 
 mode of cure bv producing an opposite state. 
 
 AL-LO PATll'IC-AI, LY, adv. Ill a nianiu r coii- 
 fiirmnbli' to allop.itliy. 
 
 AL-LOI".\- Tlll.'^ T, One w ho practices medicine 
 acconliiig lo llie principles and rules of allopathy. 
 
 AL-LOI"A-TIIV, u. [Gr. liAAus, other, and rrdOus, 
 nioibid condition.] 
 
 'J'liat nil t hod of medical practice, in which tllote 
 is an nifc'iiipf lo cure disease by the production of a 
 condition of fill' system cillicr dilii reiil from, o|ipo- 
 sitefo,oi incomp.'iiible with, the coiidilioii esseiilial 
 lo file disease to he cured ; the ordinary mode of 
 medical practice, in opposition to homaoputliii. 
 
 AL'LO-PIIANE, H. [(Jr. «X,\oj, other, and qnttvoi, to 
 ajipear.] 
 
 A clayey or aluminous mineral, of a blue, and 
 somi-fiuies of a green or brou'n color, which occurs 
 ina.ssive, or in iiiiilative shapes. It gelalinizes in 
 acids, and loses its color before the blow pipe', 
 whence its name. It consists chiefly of silica, alu- 
 mina, and water, and derives its color from a small 
 portion of copjier. Dana. 
 
 FATE, FAft, FALL, WH^T — METE, PUBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
■ ALL 
 
 AL'LO-aUY, n. [L. aU and loiiiwr.] 
 
 A speaking to ■iiiotlicr. 
 AL-LOT', r. 1. [«C aiul lot ; Pav. klut. See Lot.] 
 1. To iliviilf or (iistriliulr liy lot. 
 ■J. 'I'o ilisti ibiili-, o; parcel imt in parts or portions ; 
 orto (listnliiitc 11 share to eaoli individual concerned. 
 
 :!. To grant, as a portion ; to give, assign, or ap- 
 point in general ; as, let every man be contented 
 Willi tliat-H liieli i'rovidence n/(ef.< to him. 
 AL-M)T'IMi;.\T, II. Tlie act of allotting'. 
 
 •2. That which is allotted ; a share, part, or 
 portion granted or distributed ; that which is as- 
 signed by lot, or by the act of God. 
 J. A part, portion, or place appropriated. 
 In ;\ firUI, Oicn; is lui aUolintut for olives. Broome. 
 AI,-I.OT'TED, pp. distributed by lot; granted; 
 assigned. 
 
 .\L-LOT'TER-Y is used by Pliakspeare for Allot- 
 
 MEMT ; but is not authorized by usage. 
 .XL-LOT'TING, ppr. Distributing by lot; giving as 
 
 portions ; assigning. 
 .\L-LO\V', ». t. [Pr. alloiicr, from loiirr; I,, loco, to 
 
 tail, set, place; VV. Uogi; Norm, allucr. See Lav. 
 
 Class Lg.] 
 
 1. To grant, give, or yield ; as, to allow a servant 
 his liberty ; to allow a pension. 
 
 •2. 'J'o iidmit ; as, to alloio the truth of a proposi- 
 tion ; to iilhiiD a claim. 
 
 li. To ailinit ; to own or acknowledge ; as, to 
 ii(/i>w the right of the president to displace ofliceis. 
 
 4. To approve, justify, or sanction. 
 
 Ye altox Uie (li-cds of your fiiUicra. — Luke xi. Roiti, vii. 
 
 .'>. To afford, or grant as a compensation; as, to 
 nllow a dollar a day for wages. 
 
 li. 'I'o abate or deduct ; as, to atloie a sum for tare 
 or leakage. 
 
 7. To permit ; to grant license to ; as, to allow a 
 stui to be absent. 
 
 AL-LO\V'.\-BLE, a. That may be permitted as law- 
 ful, or' admitted as true and proper; not forbidden ; 
 not unlawful or improper ; as, a certain degree of 
 freedoni is allotcablr- among friends. 
 
 AL-LOVV'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 allowable ; lawfulness ; exemption from prohibition 
 or impropriety. South. 
 
 AL-LOW'A-BLY, adv. In an allowable manner; 
 with proprietv. Loiclh. 
 
 AI^LOVV'ANOE, n. The act of allowing or ad- 
 mitting. 
 
 2. Permission ; license; approbation; sanction; 
 usually slight apjirobation. Locke. S/mk. 
 
 .\dinission ; assent to a fact or state of things ; 
 a granting. Hooker. 
 
 4. Freedom from restraint ; indulgence. 
 
 5. That which is allowed ; a portion appointed ; 
 u stated quantity, as of food or drink ; hence, in 
 scaineii^a languaire, a limited quantity of meat and 
 drink, when provisions fall short. 
 
 6. .Abatement ; deduction ; as, to make an allow- 
 ance for the inexperience of youth. 
 
 7. Established character ; roputation ; as, a pilot 
 of approved allowance. [O^s.] Sh^ik. 
 
 8. In commerce, a customary deduction from the 
 gross weight of goods, difl'erent in ditferent coun- 
 tries, such as tare and trcL P. Cyc. 
 
 AL-L0U''.\NCE, v. t. To put upon allowance ; to 
 restrain or limit to a certain quantity of provisions 
 or drink ; as, distress compelled the captain of the 
 ship to ttllttwance his crew. 
 
 AlrI>0\V'^I), pp. Granted ; permitted ; assented to ; 
 admitted ; approved ; indulged; assigned ; abated. 
 
 AL-L0\V'ER, It. One who allows, permits, grants, 
 or authorizes. 
 
 AI^LOW'ING, ppr. Granting; permitting; admit- 
 ting ; approving ; indulging ; deducting. 
 
 AL-LOY', V. I. [Fr. allier, to unite or mix ; L. alligo, 
 ad and ligo, to bind ; Gr. \ v) oio ; Sp. I'igar, to tie or 
 bind, to alluij or mix base metals with gold or silver, 
 to league or confederate ; Port. id. ; It. legare. We 
 observe that alloij and league, alliance, allij, are from 
 the same root. Class Lg.] 
 
 1. To reduce the purity of a metal, by mixing with 
 it a portion of one less valuable ; as, to alloy gold 
 with silver, or silver with copper. 
 
 2. To mix metals. Lavoisier. 
 
 3. To reduce or abate by mixture ; as, to alloy 
 pleasure with misfortunes. 
 
 AL-LOY', 71. In coinage, a baser metal mixed with a 
 finer. 
 
 2. In cheml.itry, the mixture of different metals ; 
 any metallic compound except that of mercury with 
 another metal, w hirh is calledan amalgam. 
 
 3. Evil mi.xed with good ; as, nohai>pincss is with- 
 out alloii. 
 
 AL-LOY'.\GE, n. [Fr. alliagr, from allirr.] 
 
 1. The act of alloying metals, or the mixture of a 
 baser metal with a finer, to reduce its purity ; the 
 act of mixing metals. 
 
 9. The mixture of different metals. lAivoi.iirr. 
 AL-LOY'fTD, pp. Mixed, as metals; reduced in 
 
 purity ; debased ; abated by foreign mixture. 
 AL-LCiY'I.NG, ppr. Mixing, as metals; reducing in 
 purity ; abating by foreign mixture. 
 
 ALM 
 
 ,\LL'S1'I("E, n. See und< r tint coiiipoiinds of All. 
 .\L-L01)E', e. i. [L. alluilo, to Miule ii|ioii or make 
 
 sport with, of ad and liiilo, to play ; Sp. Port, aluilir ; 
 
 It. atlailirc. Class Ld.] 
 
 To refer to something not directly mentioned ; to 
 
 have reference; to hint at by remote suggestions; 
 
 as, that story alluilcs to a recent transaction. 
 AL-Lul)'ElJ, pp. Referred to ; hinted at. 
 AL-LuO'LNG, ppr. Having reference ; hinting at. 
 AL-LU'ML\-Ult, n. [Fr. allumcr, to light. See 
 
 LiMNEIl.] 
 
 One who colors or paints upon paper or parch- 
 ment, giving light and ornament to letters and 
 figures. Cowel. Encijc. 
 
 This is now written TjIMneu. 
 AI^LullE', V. t. [Fr. Icurrcr, to decoy, from leurrc, a 
 lure.] 
 
 To attempt to draw to ; to tempt by the offer of 
 some good, real or aiiparent; to invite by something 
 flattering or acceptable ; as, rewards allure men to 
 brave danger. Sonietiines used in a bad sense, to 
 allure to evil ; but in this sense entice is more 
 common. In Uosea ii. 14, allure is used in its genu- 
 ine sense ; in 2 Peter ii. IH, in the sense of entice. 
 
 .\L-Luli'AT), pp. Teniiited, drawn, or invited, by 
 something that appears desirable. 
 
 AL-LCKE'.MENT, n. That which allures; any real 
 or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive 
 to action ; temptation; enticement ; as, Ihc allure- 
 ment^ of pleasure, or of honor. 
 
 AL-LOll'EK, Ti. lie or that which allures. 
 
 AL-Lull'I.NG, ppr. Drawing; templing; inviting by 
 some real or apparent good 
 
 2. a. Inviting ; having the quality of attracting 
 or tempting. 
 
 AL-LCll'Ii\G-LY, a(/(7. In an alluring manner; en- 
 ticingly. 
 
 AL-LOR'ING-N'ESS, n. The quality of alluring or 
 tempting by the prospect of some good. [Harcly 
 
 AL-Lu'SIOX, (al-ln'zhun,) n. [Fr. from allusio. Low 
 L. See Allcdk.] 
 
 -V reference to something supposed to be known, 
 but not explicitly mentioned; a hint ; a sugL'estion. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 In rhetoric, a reference to some striking incident 
 in history, or passage in some writer, which illus- 
 trates, and at the same time pleases, by resem- 
 blance. 
 
 AL-Lu'SIVE, a. Having reference to something not 
 fully expressed. South. 
 
 AL-Lu'SI VE-LY, adv. By way of allusion ; by impli- 
 cation, remote suggestion, or insinuation. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 AL-Lu'SIVE-NESS, ?i. The quality of being iUlu- 
 
 sive. [Rarely used.] 
 AL-Lu'SO-RY, a. Allusive. HeaHi. 
 AL-Lu'VI-AL, o. [See Alluvion.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to alluvion ; added to land by the 
 wash of water. 
 
 2. Washed ashore or down a stream ; formed by a 
 current of water; deposited from water; as, alluvial 
 ores ; alluvial soil. Kirwan. 
 
 AL-LU'VI-ON, n. [L. alluvia, of ad and lavo or luo, 
 alluo, to wash. See Lave.] 
 
 1. A gradual washing or carrjing of earth or 
 other substances to a shore or bank ; the earth thus 
 added. 
 
 2. In Zaw, the gradual increase of earth on ashore, 
 or bank of a river, by the force of water, xs by a 
 current or by waves. The owner of the land thus 
 augmented has a right to the alluvial earth. 
 
 is. In physical geography, a tract of alluvial forma- 
 tion ; particularly applied to the bottom-lands and 
 deltas of rivers. 
 AL-LO'YI-OUS, a. The same as Alluvial. [Obs.] 
 AL-LO'Vl-UM, n. [L.] Earth, sand, gravel, and 
 other transported matter, which has been washed 
 away, and thrown down by rivers, floods, or other 
 causes, upon land not permanently submerged be- 
 neath the waters of lakes or seas. Lyell. 
 
 la this tUiuBium was found the entire skeleton of a wh.tl'*. 
 
 BuMaiul. 
 
 AL-L?', V. U [Fr. allier : reciprocal verb, s'alUcr, to 
 match or conlederate ; from ad and licr, to tie or 
 unite ; L. ligo.] 
 
 1. To unite, or form a relation, as between fami- 
 lies by marriage, or between princes and states by 
 treaty, league, or confederacy. 
 
 2. To fonn a relation by similitude, resemblance, 
 or friendship. JVolc. This word is more generally 
 used in tbe passive fonn ; as, families are allied by 
 blood ; or reciprocally ; as, princes ally tAcmsclvcs to 
 powerful states. 
 
 Aly-LY', n. A prince or state united by treaty or 
 league ; a confederate. 
 
 The alli£t of Rome were sl.-vres. AmtM. 
 2. One rtlated by marriage or other tie ; but seldom 
 applied to individuals, except to princes in their 
 public capacity. 
 .\L-LT'1NG, ppr. Uniting by marriage or treaty. 
 AL'MA-CAN-TAU, n. See ALMLCANTAn. 
 .\L'MA-DIE, n. A bark canoe used by the Africans ; 
 
 ALM 
 
 also, a long boat used at Calicut, in India, eighty feet 
 long, and six or seven broad ; called also cuthuri. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AL'.MA-<jEST, 71. [ill and iiryiar, greatest.] 
 
 A book or collection of problems in a.?tronoiny and 
 geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. 'I'he same title 
 has been given to other works of the like kind. 
 
 Kncijc. 
 
 AL-MA'GKA, 7i. A fine, deep-red ocher, with an ad- 
 mixture of purjde, very heavy, dense, but friable, 
 with a rough, dusty surface. It is the sd aUicum of 
 the ancients. It is austere to the t;iste, a.stringent, 
 melting in the inoi.th,and staining the skin. It is 
 used as a paint and as a medicine. Encyc. 
 
 JiL'MJI MXTER, [L.] Fostering mother; a college 
 or seminary where one ia educated. 
 
 AL'MA-N.\e, n. [Ar. al and ^\JL.« manacJi, manack, 
 a calendar, or diaiy.] C 
 
 .\ small book or table, containing a calendar of 
 days, weeks, and months, with the times of the 
 rising and setting of the sun and moon, changes of 
 the moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, slotted festivals 
 of churches, stated terms of courts, observations on 
 the weather, ii.c. for the year. This calendar is 
 sometiines published on one side of a single sheet, 
 and called a slieel-alinanac. 
 
 The (Jaltic nations formerly engraved their calen- 
 dars on pieces of wood, on swords, helves of axes, 
 and various other utensils, and especially on walk- 
 ing-sticks. Many of these are preserved in the cab- 
 inets of the curious. They are called, by different 
 nations, rimstoclis, prim:itaries, runstocks, ruiuilaffs, 
 clogx. Sec. 
 
 'i'he characters used are generally the Runic or 
 Gothic. Junius. Encyc. Tookc^s Russia. 
 
 AL'.MA-.\Ae-MAK-ER, 71. A maker of almanacs. 
 
 AL'MAN-DINE, n- [Fr. and It.] In mineralogy, 
 precious garnet, a beautiful mineral of a red color, 
 of various shades, sometimes tinged with yellow or 
 blue. It is coiniiionly translucent, sometimes trans- 
 parent. It occurs crystallized in the rhombic dodeca- 
 hedron. PhUlips. 
 
 AL'ME, or AL'M.VI, n. Girls in Egypt, whose occu- 
 pation is to amuse company with singing and 
 dancing. Encijc. Savary. 
 
 AL-.Mk'N.\j 7!. A weight of two pounds, used to 
 weigh safiron in several parts of Asia, Sp. Dict^ 
 
 AL-MIGIIT'I-LY, (awl-mit'e-le,) adv. With almighty 
 power. //. Taylor. 
 
 AL-MIGHT'I-XESS, 7t. Omnipotence; infinite or 
 boundless power ; an attribute of God only. 
 
 AI^MIGIIT'Y, o. [u// and j<i;<,rA(i/. See Might.] 
 
 Possessing all power ; omnipotent ; being of un- 
 limited miglit ; being of boundless sulficiency ; op- 
 propriatelii applied to t]ic Supreme Being. 
 
 AL-MTGiri''Y, 71. The Omnipotent God. 
 
 AL'MOiSD, 71. [Fr. amandc ; It. inandula i Sp. almen- 
 dra ; Ger. mandel.] 
 
 1. The fruit of the almond-tree ; an ovate, com- 
 pressed nut, perforated with |>ores. It is either 
 sweet or bitter. [It is popularly pronounced a;7i<i7id.] 
 
 J^ichoUon. Encyc. 
 
 2. The tonsils, two glands near the basis of the 
 tongue, are called alinondi, from their resemblance 
 to that nut ; vulgarly, but improperly, called the 
 almonds of Uic cars, as they belong to the throat. 
 
 Quincy, Johiinon. 
 
 3. In Portugal, a measure by which wine is sold, 
 twenty-six tif which make a pipe. Encyc. 
 
 [But in Portuguese it is written almuele.] 
 
 4. Among lapidaries, alnumds signify pieces of 
 rock crystal, used in adorning branch candlesticks, 
 so called from their resemblance to this fruit. Eiuye. 
 
 AL'.MOND-FUR'iN'ACE, 71. A kind of furnace used 
 in the refining process, to separate the metal from 
 ciiniers and otlier foreign matter. Chambers. 
 
 AL'iMO.\D-OIL, 71. A bland, fixed oil, obtained from 
 almonds bv pressure, Ure. 
 
 AL'MO.ND-SllAP-iJD, (-shupt,) a. Having the form 
 of an aImoiid._ 
 
 .VL'.MOND-TRkE, II. A species of Amygdalus ; the 
 tree which produces the almond. The leaves and 
 flowers resemble those of the peach, but the fruit is 
 longer and more compressed, the green coat is thin- 
 ner and drier when ri|>c, and the shell is not so rug- 
 ged. Miller. 
 
 AL'MOND-WIL'LOW, 71. A willow with leaves of 
 a light green pn both sides. Mason, from ShenstoHC, 
 
 AL'.MO.\"-ER, 71. [See Alms.] 
 
 .\n officer whose duty is to distribute charity or 
 alms. By the ancient canons, every monastery was 
 to disjiose of a tenth of its income in alms to the 
 poor, and all bishops were obliged to keep an al- 
 moner. This title is sometimes given to a chap- 
 lain ; as, the almoner of a ship or regiment. 
 
 The lord alniuuer, or lard high almoner, in Ensland, 
 is an ecclesiastical ofiicer, generally a bishop, who 
 has the forfeiture of all tieodands, and the goods of 
 self-murderers, which lie is to di.'-tribiite to the (loor. 
 
 The grand almoner, in France, is the first ecclesi- 
 astical dignitar>', and has tbe superintendence of 
 hospitids. ' Encyc 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU; TH as In THIS. 
 
 37 
 
ALO 
 
 AL'.MON-RY, n. [corrupted into ambri/, aumbry, or 
 ainiicni.] 
 
 Tlie |ilace where th« aluioner resides, or vvliere 
 the ahiis are distributed. 
 AL'-MOST, arfc. [all and most. The Saxon order of 
 " writing was thus: "all must who were present." 
 Sax. Chron. p. i>25. We now use a duplication, 
 almost all who were present.] 
 Nearly ; well nigh ; for the greatest part. 
 Almost Ulou persuadest me to l}e a Cirlstian. — .-Vcls xxTi. 
 XLMS, (aniz,) n. pi. [Sax. almes; old Eng. almesse ; 
 Norm, almoi'rnes ; Fr. aumdnes ; D. aidmocs ; S\v. 
 
 almosa; Dan.'almisse : G. ahnosen ; I., deemusma ; (Jr. 
 (\crin:iGfvn. The first syllables appear to be from 
 c\'.tu>, to pity.] 
 
 Any thing given gratuitously to relieve the poor, 
 as money, food, or clothing, otherwise called charitij. 
 
 A lame man wss laid daily to ask an a'rrts. — Acts iti. 
 Coriieliiis gave much aiine to die j^eopli.-. — Acts x. 
 Tenure bii free alms, or frank almoign, in England, 
 is that by which the possessor is bmiiul to |)iay for 
 the soul" of the donor, whether dead or alive ; a 
 tenure by which mostoftlie ancient monasteries and 
 religious houses in England held their lands, as do 
 the parochial clergy, and many ecclesiastical and 
 eleemosynary establishments at this ilay. Land thus 
 held was free from all rent or other service. Bltirl.ston'^. 
 XL.MS'-BXSKET, ALMS'-BOX, SLJIS'-CIIEST. 
 
 Vessels appropriated to receive alms. 
 .KLMS'-DEED, n. An act of charity ; a cluiritable 
 
 XLMS'-FOLK, (amz'fok,) n. Persons suitported by 
 
 alms. [.Vo( used.] 
 AL.MS'-GIV-ER, n. One who gives to the poor. 
 
 Baron. 
 
 ALMS'-GIV-IXG, n. The bestownient of charity. 
 aL.MS'-HOUSE, n. A hoii.se appropriated for the use 
 of the piuir, who are suppoiteil by the public. 
 
 In Ensland, the term is also applied to houses for 
 supporting the poor on private charitable foundations. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 ALMS'-.^l.\N, n. A man who lives by alm«. Slink. 
 
 XLMS'-MEN, I n. pi. Persons suppoileil by charity 
 
 XLMS'-PkO-PLE, ( or by public provision. 
 
 AL'.MU-€.\N-TAR, n. [.\r;ibic.] A term applied to 
 circles of the sphere parallel to the horizon, con- 
 ceived to pass through every degree of the meridian. 
 
 HuUoiL. 
 
 AL'iMU-CAN-TAR'S STAFF, n. An instrument of 
 box or pear-tree, having an arch of fifteen degrees, 
 formerly used to take observations of the sun, about 
 the time of its rising or setting, to find the amplitude 
 and the variation of the compass. Encyc. Clia.itbers. 
 AL,-MU'I)E, n. A wine measure in Portugal, of 
 
 which tvventy-six make a pipe. Pari. Diet. 
 
 AL'.MUG, * H. In Scripture, a tree or wood about 
 AL'GU.M, ( which the learned are not agreed. The 
 latest probable conjecture is, that the word denote- 
 the saniial-wood of the East. Kitlo. 
 
 The Vulgate translates itfi^-na tliyina, rmii the Sep 
 tuagiiit, wroitirAt-woorf ; others, cbonij, brazil, or pine ; 
 and the Rabbins render it coral. It was used for 
 musical instruments, staircases, &.C. 
 
 The Vnjinum is the citron-tree, from Mauritania, 
 much esteemed by the ancients for iu fragrance and 
 beauty. The a/mi<», almugim, or algumim, or simply 
 guinmim, is most probably a gummy wood, and per- 
 haps may be the shittim, often mentioned in Scrip- 
 ture. See 1 Kings x. 11 Culmii. F.ncijc. 
 AL'NAGE, Ji. [Fr. aninage, now .softeiud into nii- 
 Tiage ; L. ulna; Gr. '.iXci r,, an arm, a cubit ; \V. din ; 
 lr"uelen, uUt, or udcan, an elbow, a nook or corner. 
 See Ell.] 
 A me.asuring by the ell. 
 AL'N.\-GEIl, ( n. A measurer by the ell ; a sworn 
 AI..'N.\-GAR, \ oHicer, whose duty was to inspect 
 and measure woolen cloth, and fix upi;n it a .seal. 
 This office was abolished by st ilute II antl 19 Will. 
 III. No duty or olfice of this kind exists in the 
 United States. 
 AL'NI(iIIT, (awl'nne,) tu A cake of wa.x with the 
 '" wick in the midst. Bacon. 
 AL'OE, (al'o,) ;i. [I.. aloU ; Gr. nh»t ; Sp. Port. It. Fr. 
 alur ; lli b. pi. D^'^nN, aloe-trees.] 
 
 In biitanij, a g.;nii8 of the class and order Hexan- 
 dria .Monogynia, of many species ; all natives of 
 warm climates, and most of them of the southern 
 part of Africa. 
 
 Amiiiig the Mohammedans, the aloe is a sym- 
 bolic plant, es|«'cially in Egypt ; and every one who 
 reliirnn from a pilgrimag.; to Mecca hangs it ovi'r 
 his street door, as a token thai he hxs performed the 
 Joiirni^v. 
 
 In Africa, the leaves of the Guinea aloe are made 
 into durable ropi:!i. f)f ontr specii s an; made fisliing- 
 lini'K, bow strings, stockings, anil baimnorks. The 
 leaven of anothitr spi^cics hold rain wtiti r. 
 AL'OES. n. In m«/icin', the inxpissati il juice tif the 
 oloe. The juice is collected from the li aves, which 
 are cut and put in a tub, and when a large ipiantiiy 
 li procured, it in Iwdled to a suitable ctUHisli nce ; or 
 it is ex|H*Hed U) the sun, till all the lliiid part is ex- 
 haled. There arc several kinils sold in the shops ; 
 
 ALO 
 
 as, the Socotrine aloes from Socotora, an isle in the 
 Indian Ocean ; the heptttic or cuiuiiion Barbadoes 
 ahies; and the fetid or caballine aloes. 
 
 .^loes is a stimulating stomachic purgative ; when 
 taken in small doses, it is useful for people of a lax 
 htiliit antl sedentary life. Encyc. 
 AL'oES-WOOD, «. See AcALLocHt M. 
 .AL-O-ET'ie, " ) a. 1. Pertaining to altie or aloes ; 
 AL-0-ET'ie-.\L, i partakingofthe qualities of aloes. 
 2. Ctmsisting chiedy of aloes ; having aloes as a 
 principal ingretlient ; as, an atactic preparation. 
 AL-O-ET'ie, n. A meilicine consisting cliiefly of 
 
 aloes. Quincif. 
 A-hOFT', ado. [a and /oft. See Loft and LiKf.] 
 
 1. On high ; in the air ; high above the ground ; 
 as, the eagle soars aloft 
 
 2. In seamen's language, in the top ; at the mast 
 head ; or on the higher yards or rigging. Ilence, on 
 the upper part, as of a btiililing. 
 
 A-Lo'GI-.ANS, n. ;)/. [ i neg. and -Xo) o?, word.] 
 
 In church history, a sect of ancient heretics, who 
 denied Jesus Christ to be the Logos, and consequently 
 rejected the Gospel of St. John. Buck. Encvc. 
 AL'O-GO-TRO-PHY, ?i. [Gr. uX'i) os, unreasonable, 
 and T. opri, nutrition.] 
 
 A disproportionate nutrition of the p.irts of the 
 body, as when one part receives more or less nour- 
 ishment and growth than another. Bailei/. 
 AL'0-M.\i\-CY, ?!. [Gr. (iAs, salt, and /iaiTuu, div- 
 ination.] 
 
 Divination by salt. Morin. 
 AL'O-GY, H. [Gr. « and Xoj (>«.] 
 
 Unreast>nableness ; absurdity. Brown. 
 A-LoNE', a. [all antl one; Germ, allcin; D. alleen ; 
 Sw. allrjia ; Dan. allene.] 
 
 1. Single; solitary; without the presence of 
 another ; ajiplied to a person or thing. 
 
 It is not good that man shonlti be alone. — Uen. ii. 
 
 [ This atljectire follows its noun.] 
 
 2. It is applied to two or more persons or things, 
 when separate from t)thers, in a place or condition 
 by themselves ; without company. 
 
 And wlfn thf^y were alone, he expounded .all things to liis disci- 
 pi- s. — Mark iv. 
 
 3. Only. 
 
 Thoii, whos-? name a'one is Jehovah. — Ps. Ixxxiii. 
 This sense at first appears to be atlverbial, but 
 really is not ; whose name, single, solitary, witliout 
 another, is Jehovah. 
 
 _ To let alone, is to sulTer to rest ; to forbear molesting 
 or meddling with ; to sutler to remain in its present 
 state. Mone, in this phriuse, is ail adji'ctive, the 
 word to which it refers being omitted ; let me alone ; 
 lot them alone ; let it alt)ne ; that is, sutfer it to he 
 unmolested, or to remain as it is, or let it remain by 
 A-LoNE', ado. Separately ; by itself. [itself. 
 A-LoXE'LY,a. or atiu. Only ; merely ; singly. [A'ot 
 Abused.] Ooiecr. 
 ■iIX)i\E'\ESS, n. That state which belongs to no 
 ^Sither. [JVot xLscd.'] Montague. 
 A-LONG', ado. [Sax. and-lang or ond-lang ; Fr. au 
 long, le long. See Long. The Saxons always jire- 
 fixed aiirf or o)i(/, and the sense seems to be, by the 
 length, or opposite the length, or iu the direction of 
 the length.] 
 
 1. By the length ; lengthwise ; in a line with the 
 length ; as, the troops marched along the bank of the 
 river, or along the highway. I Sain. vi. 
 
 2. Onward ; in a line, or with a progressive mo- 
 lion ; as, a meteor glides along the sky ; let us walk 
 along, 
 
 AU along, signifies the whole length ; through the 
 whole distance ; in the whole way or length. 
 
 Ubniael went fotah, weeping all along as he went. — Jer. xli. 
 I Sam, xxviii. 
 
 Along with, signifies in company ; joined with ; as, 
 go along with us. Sometimes with is omitted. 
 
 Come, tlien, my friend, niy genins, conip along. Pope. 
 Along side, in seamen's language, that is, by the 
 Icngth"or in a line with the side, signifies side by 
 side, as by another ship, or by the side of a wharf 
 
 Along shore, is by the shore or coast, lengthwise, 
 and near the shore. 
 
 Lying along, is lying on the side, or pressed down 
 by the weight of sail. Mir, Diet, 
 
 A-LONGST', adv. Along ; through or by the length. 
 
 (Olis.j Knolle.'<. 
 A-LOOF', adv. [probably from the root of leave, to 
 depart.] 
 
 1. At a distance, hut within view, or at a small 
 distance, in a literal scn.ie; as, to stand aloof, 
 
 2. In a figurative acjisc, not concerned in a design ; 
 declining to take any share, implying circumspec- 
 tion ; kei.'ping at a distance from the point, or mtitter 
 in debate. 
 
 A-LOOF'NESS, tu The keeping at n distance. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 AI/O-PE-OY, n. (Gr. a\' <vi]l, a fox, whose urine is 
 said to occasion baltlness.] 
 
 A disease, calleil the /i)j-fm7 or sn/rf, which Is a 
 falling off of the hair from any part of the body. 
 
 Qutnri/. Encyc, Bailey, 
 
 ALR 
 
 A-LOUD', ado, [a anil loud; Sax. gehlyd, clamor. 
 See LoL'D.] Loudly; with a loud voice, or great 
 noise. 
 
 Cry alowl, spare not. — Isa. Iviii. 
 A-Lo\V', adv. In a low place, or a lower part ; op- 
 posed to aloft, Dryden. 
 ALP, n. > [Qu. Gr. aX<pof, white ; L. ulbus. The 
 ALPS, n, pi, ( Celts calletl all high mountains alpes or 
 olbe. Cluvcr. 'i'hucyilities mentittns a castle, in the 
 territory of Argits, situated tm a hill, antl ctilled 
 Olpas or Olp. Lib. 3, Ca. 10.5. PelUiittier, Ilisl. des 
 Celtes, Liv. 1. 15. The derivation of the word from 
 u> /jii?, white, is therefore doubtful. In Ir. or Gaelic, 
 ailp is a huge mass or lumj).] 
 
 A liiL'b mountain. The name, it is supposed, was 
 originally given to mountains whose ttijis were cov- 
 ereti with snow, and hence appropriately applied to 
 the mountains of Switzerland ; so that by Alps Is 
 generally understt)t)d the latter mountains. But 
 geographers apply the name to any high mountains. 
 
 Pmherton. 
 
 AL PACA, n. An animal of Peru, used as a lie.ast of 
 burden, and more particularly for its wool ; the 
 Cauieliis Pacoof Linnanis, and tlie Pacos of Pennant. 
 AL'PHA, n. [Hell. '\-'hi<, an ox or loader.] 
 
 The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering 
 to A, and used to ttenote first or beginning. 
 
 I am .Alpha, and Oniegii. — Uev. i. 
 
 As a numeral, it stands for one. It was formerly 
 used ;il-io to denote chief; as, Plato was the Alpha of 
 the wits. 
 
 AL'PII A-HET, 7!. [Gr. aU,a and /?f|ra, A and B.] 
 The letters of a language arranged in the cus- 
 tomary order ; the series of letters which form the 
 elements of speech. 
 AL'PHA-BET, v. t. To airange in the order of an 
 alphabet ; to form an alphabet iu a book, or desig- 
 nate the leaves by the letters of the alphabet. 
 AL-PHA-BET-A'RI-.\N, n. A learner while in the 
 A, B, C. 
 
 AL-PHA-BET'ie, ) a. 1. In the order of an al- 
 AL-PHA-BET'ie-AL, ( phabet, or in the order of 
 the letters as customarily arranged; as, an alphabet- 
 ical arrangement or series. 
 
 2. Furnished with an alphabet ; as, an alphabetical 
 language. 
 
 3. Expressed by the letters of the alphabet ; as, 
 alphabetic writing. 
 
 AL-PH,\-BET'ie-.\L-LY, adr. In an alphabetical 
 
 manner ; in the customary order of the letters. 
 AL-PllE'NIX, )(. [al aud phirnix.'] 
 
 White barley sugar, n.sed fiir colds. It is common 
 sugar bt>iled till it will easily crack ; then ptuired 
 upon an oiled marble table, and molded into various 
 figures. Eneyc. 
 AL'PIIEST, n. A small fish, having a purple back 
 and belly, with yellow sides, a smooth mtiuth, and 
 thick, fit'shy lips ; always caught near the shore or 
 among rocks. Labrus Cinffidus Linn. 
 
 nict. ofMit. IPst. 
 AL-PHIT'0-MAN-CY,M. Divination by barley-ineal. 
 
 Knowles. 
 
 AL-PllON'SIN, 71. A surgical instrument for extract- 
 ing bullets from wountis, so called fmm its invtuitor, 
 Aiplioii.sus Ferrier of Xaplos. It consists of three 
 branches, which close by a ring, and open when it is 
 drawn back. Kncuc. 
 AL-PIIO.\'SIN Ta'BLES, n. Astronomical tables 
 which were publislietl in ia,')3, under the patronage 
 of Alphonso X., king of Castile and Leon. P. Cue. 
 AL'PHUS, 71. [Gr. aX.«'.s, white.] 
 
 That species of leprosy calletl vitiligu, in which 
 the skin is rough, with white sjiots. Qniney. 
 AL'PI-GE.N'E, a. Produced or growing in .\lpiiie 
 regit)ns. 
 
 AL'PIXE, fine or in,) o. [/-. oZ/nnii.s from Alpes.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty moun- 
 tain ; very high ; elevated. Milton. Thomson. 
 
 2. Growing on high nunintains ; as, alfiine plants. 
 The alpine strawberry, is a kind of strawberry grow- 
 
 ins tm loftv hills. Mason, Supp. 
 
 AL'PISTE, i n. The seed of a species of canary gia.ss, 
 AL'PI-A, \ {Phalaris,) a small seed used for feeil- 
 
 ing birds. F.ncye. 
 AL'tiUI-ER, n. A mea.sure in Portugal ft>r dry things, 
 as well as liquids, containing half an almude, or 
 about two gallons. It is called also cantor. 
 
 Port. Diet, 
 
 A'i.'ClXn-FCiV, (al'ke-foo,) v, A sort of lead ore, 
 [galena,] whiili, when broken, looks like siilphitret 
 of aiiliniony. It is fouiul iu Cornwtill, Englanil ; 
 useil by ptltters lo give a green varnish to their 
 w;ires,'and called potter's ore, A small mixture of 
 inangtinese gives i( a blackish hue. Encyc, 
 AL-READ'Y, (al-red'dy,) ado, [all and ready. See 
 ■■REAor.] 
 
 Literally, a state of complete preparation ; but, by 
 an I'asy tlfrtertitm, the sense is, at this lime, or at a 
 specified time. 
 
 FHaji in come nJrewly, — Matt. xvii. 
 Joseph wan in Kgypt atrtady, — Kxod. i. 
 
 It has reference lo past time, but may be used for 
 a future p.isl ; as, when you shall arrive, the business 
 
 FATE, FAE, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 38 
 
ALU 
 
 wiil be already completed, or will have been com- 
 pb^ted alreaJv. 
 Ali'SO, ailv. \all and so. Sax. eal and stca; eal, all, 
 the whole, and .virn, so.] 
 Likewise ; in like manner. 
 
 W'hTe your tivasuir b, Oi«-n: will your liearta te alto. — Mfitl. 
 
 XVi. 
 
 ALT, ) a. [It., from L. altm, high ; Celt, oft, aill 
 AL'TO, ( .a high place ; llcb. n^TV, "pper, Yi, high.] 
 In music, a. term applied t.> high miles in the scale. 
 In sculpture, altu-relieio, high relief, is when the 
 figures project half or more, without being entirely 
 detarhi d from the gronnil. Encije^ Ctic. 
 
 AL-'r.\'ie, or AL-T.^'IA.\, a. [Tart. aJalau, perhaps 
 al-lag, hish mountain. 'I'ooke, 1, li>l.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Altai, a vast ridge of mountains 
 extending, in an easterly direction, through a consid- 
 erable iiartof .\sia, and forming a boundary between 
 the Russian and Chinese dominions. 
 
 Pinherton, Knciic. 
 AL'TAR, n. [L. altare, probably from the same root 
 "as alius, high ; Celt, all, a hii;h place.] 
 
 1. A mount ; a table or elevated place, on which 
 sacrifices were ancii'utly olleri'd to some deity. 
 Altars were originally made of turf, afterward of 
 stone, wood, or horn ; some were round, others 
 square, others triangular. They ditfercd also in 
 height, but all faced the east. The principal altars 
 of the Jews were the altar t»f incense, of burnt-olfer- 
 ings, ami of show-bread ; all of shittim wood, and 
 covi red with gold or brass. Enctje. 
 
 2. In Kpiscupid cimrehrs, the communion table; 
 andj/irurd/irWjf, a church j a pl.ace of worship. 
 
 3. In Scripture, Christ is c.Mled the o/Mr of Chris- 
 tians, he being the atonmg sacrifice for sin. 
 
 We h!ivc an nJar, wheR-of Uw'y Iwtc ito ri^bl to e.it, wlio terrc 
 tiU<eriuicU-«. — tteli. xiii. 
 AL'T.AR-t'LOTII, n. A cloth to lay upon an altar in 
 rhiirrhes. 
 
 AL'TAK-FrRE, n. Fire on an alt.ar. 
 
 AL'TAR-PIkCE, Ji. 1. A iKiiiiting placed over the 
 altar in a church. Jf^artun. 
 
 2. The entire decoration of an altar taken collect- 
 ively. OirilL 
 
 AL'T'AR-WISE, adv. Placed in the manner of an 
 altar. JIineelL 
 
 AL'TAR-.\GE, 71. The profits arising to priests from 
 oblations, or on account of the altar. Also, in law, 
 altars erected in virtue of donations, before the 
 Reformation, within a parochial church, fur the pur- 
 pose of singing a mass for deceased friends. Encijc 
 
 AL'TAR-IST, ( H. In uld Inirs, an appellation 
 
 AL'TAU-Tll.A.VK, ( given to the priest to whom 
 the altarage belonged ; also, a chaplam. Ctje. 
 
 Ah'TUll, r. (. [Fr. altrrcr ; Sp. aitcrar; It. altcrare; 
 from L. o/tcr, another. See Alien. is supposed 
 
 to be a contraction of.^XAorcy/jvus, alienus, of uAXoj 
 and CTtpoi.] 
 
 1. To nLike some change in ; to make diiferent in 
 some p.articular ; to vary in some degree, without an 
 entire change. 
 
 My CdT^nant will 1 not brrnk. nor alttr (he tiling that has gone 
 out of iny H^-M. — Pt. Uxxix. 
 
 2. To change entirely or materially ; as, to alter 
 an opinion. In general, to alter is to change |i;ir- 
 tially ; to chanire is more generally to substitute one 
 thing for another, or to make a material ditference 
 in a thing. 
 
 Al.'TER, e. i. To become, in some p'spects, different; 
 to vary ; as, tRe weather altns almost daily. 
 The Uw which ail^eth not. — Dan. vi. 
 
 AL-TER-A-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being sus- 
 ceptible of alteration. 
 
 AL'TER-.\-BLE, a. That may become different; 
 that mav varv. 
 
 AL'TEK-A-BLE-.\EPS, n. The quality of admitting 
 alteration ; variableness. 
 
 AL'TER-A-BLV, adc. In a manner that may be al- 
 tered, or varied. 
 
 AL'TER-AGE.n. [from o/o, to feed.] 
 
 The breeding, nourishing, or fostering of a child. 
 Sir J. Darirs. But tliis is not an English word. 
 
 AL'TER-A.\T, a. Altering ; gra.lually changiu". 
 
 AL'TER-.\.Vr, II. .\ medicine which gradually cor- 
 rects the state of the body, and changes it from a 
 dise.'ised to a healthy condition ; an alterative. 
 
 AL-TER-.^'TIO.\, «. rU allrratio.] 
 
 The .act of making tiifferent, or of varying in some 
 partictilar ; an altering or partial change ; also, the 
 change made, or the loss or acquisition of qu.alities 
 not essential to the form or nature of a thing. Thus 
 a cold substance suffers an alteration when it be- 
 comes hot. 
 
 AL'TBR-.\-TIVE, n. Causing alteration ; having the 
 power to restore the healthy functions of the body, 
 without sensible evacuations. 
 
 {VL'TER-.\-TIVE, 71. A medicine which gradually 
 inditces a change in the habit or constitution, anil 
 restores healthy functions without sensible evacua- 
 tions. This word is more generally used than 
 altrrant. 
 
 AL'TER-GaTE, r. i. [L. altrrcor, altereo, from alter, 
 another.] 
 
 To contend in words ; to disptite with zeal, beat, 
 or anger ; to wnmsle. 
 AL-TER-e.\'TIO.\, n. [L. allrrculia.] 
 
 Warm contention in 'words; dispute carrieii on 
 with heat or anger; controversy ; wr.iugle. 
 AL'TERN, o. [h. alternus, o( alter, another.] 
 
 1. .Acting by turns; one succeeding another; ai- 
 ternatr, which is the word generally used. 
 
 2. In cryslallotrraphit, exhibiting, tin two parts, an 
 upper and a lower part, faces which alternate uiiioiig 
 themselves, but which, when the two (Kirts are coni- 
 [lared, correspond with each other. Clfacland. 
 
 .Utern-basr, in trii^onoiiietni, is a lenti used in dis- 
 tinctitm from the true base. Thus in oblique trian- 
 gles, the true base is the .sum of the sides, and tlu n 
 the difference of the sides is the altern-base : or the 
 true base is the diUcrencc of the sides, anti then the 
 sum of the siiles is the altem-base. Encyc. 
 
 AL-TKR.\'A-Cy, n. Performance or actions by 
 turns. [Little iiseil.] 
 
 AL-TERN'AL, n. Alternative. [I.iltle u.'ied.] 
 
 AL-TER.\'AL-Ly,aWr. liy turns. tLiUle y.<rd.] Man. 
 
 AL-TEK.\'.\.\"T, a. .\ term applii (1 in geology when 
 a rock is composed of alternating Layers. 
 
 AL-TERi\'ATE, o. [ L. altcriiatas.] 
 
 1. Being by turns ; one following the other in 
 succession of time or place ; hence, reciprocal. 
 
 AiiJ UtI alurmte p;uKiioik« f.iJl .tml n^. Pope, 
 
 2, In botany, parts are alternate, when they ."ui.se 
 at nearly ri gular tlistances from each other around 
 an axis, and not from the stiine plane. Lindley. 
 
 .Alternate alligation. See .\i.i-iaATlox. 
 jjltrrniite an^rles ,■ in trcomrtrii, the internal angles 
 made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of 
 it. If the two lines are ptirjllel, the alteniate angles 
 are c.iual. P. Cue. 
 
 In heraldry, the first and fuirth quarters, and the 
 second and third, are usually of the same nature, 
 and are c.-illed alteniate quarters. 
 AI^TER.N'ATE, h. 1. That which hapjKns by turns 
 with something else ; vicissitude. Prior. 
 
 2. In tlie Preslnjterian church, a substitute or 
 second ; one designated to take the place of another 
 in p -rf.trining some dutv, in case of failure. 
 AL'TEU.\-ATE, r. t [\^ alterm. See .Vlter. With 
 the accent on the second syllable, the participle 
 ttltrmatina can hardly be pronounced.] 
 
 To perform by turns, or in succession ; to cause to 
 succeed by turns ; to change one thin<: for another 
 recipriK.Tlly ; as, God alternates good and evil. 
 AL'TER.\-ATE, r. i. To happen or to act by turns; 
 as, the fiood and ebb tides alternate with each other. 
 2. To follow reciprocally in place. 
 UilVcivnt species alternating witji each other. Jurtmn. 
 AL-TERN'ATE-LY, adv. In reciprocal succession ; 
 by turns, so that each is succeeded by that which it 
 succeeds ; as night ftiUows tlay and dav fitllows night. 
 AL-TERX'ATE^.\ESS, n. The (piality of being alter- 
 nate, or of following in succession. 
 AL'TEU\-A-TING,;);)r. Performing or following by 
 turns. 
 
 AL-TERN-A'TION, n. The reciprocal succession of 
 thinus, in time or place ; the act tif ftiUowing anil 
 being followed in successitm ; xs, we obsen'e the 
 alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer 
 and winter. 
 
 2. The different changes or alterations of orders 
 in numbers. Thus, if it is required to know how 
 many changes can be rung on six bells, intUtiply the 
 numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,. 5, 6, continually into one another, 
 and the Last proiluct is the number required. This is 
 also called permutation. 
 
 X The answer of the congregation speaking alter- 
 nately with the minister. 
 
 4. Alternate performance, in the choral sense. 
 
 JiliLson. 
 
 AL-TERX'.\-TIVE, a. [Fr. altrmatif.^ 
 Offi rins a choice of two things. 
 
 AL-TER.\'.\-TI VE, n. That which may be chasen or 
 omitted ; a choice of two things, so that if one is 
 taken, the other must he lefL Thus, when two 
 things offer a choice of one only, the two things .are 
 called altrmatires. In strictness, lluii, the word 
 can not be applied to more than tiro things, and 
 when one thing only is offered for choice, it is said 
 there is no alternatiee. 
 
 B.;lwc<n tlieae cLlgrnatieet thrn is no niidjle ground. 
 
 CranA. 
 
 AL-TER.V''.\-TIVE-LY, ade. In the manner of al- 
 ternatives ; in a manner that admitj the choice of 
 one out of two things. 
 
 AI^TER.V A TI VE-.N ESS, n. The quality or state of 
 being alternative. 
 
 .\I.-TER.\'I-TY, n. Succession by turns ; alternation. 
 
 .\L-TIIF:'.\, n. [Gr. oAtyaia, from oAyw, or aXi/an w, 
 to heal.] 
 
 In botany, a genua of the cl.ass and order Mono- I 
 delphia Polyandria, of .several species. The cinii- 
 mim species is called, in Enslisli, marsh-malloir. It 
 has a perennial root, and an annual st.ilk, rising four 
 or five feet. It aboiuids With mucilage, iuid is used 
 as an emollient. 
 AlrTHOCGH', (aUW,) ohs. verb, or used onlv in the 
 
 imperative, [all and tlumgh ; from Sax. lhaJi or Uieah ; 
 It. daighim, to give ; Ger. dock ; D. dog ; Sw. duck 
 and dnda ; Dan. dog, though. Sec Tiiuluh.] 
 
 Grant all this ; be it so ; allow all ; suppose that ; 
 admit all that; a:), " alUumgh the fig-tree shall not 
 blo-ssom." Ilab. iiL That is, grant, admit, or sup- 
 po.se what follows — "the fig-tree shall not blos- 
 som." It is a transitive verb, and admits afltr it 
 the dehnitive Uiut — although that the fig-tree shall 
 not blossom ; but this use of the verb has been long 
 obsolete. The woril m.ay be defined by notwiUistand- 
 ing, non obstante i as nut opposing ni.ay be equivalent 
 to admitting t)r supposing. 
 
 AL-TIL'O-Uf E.VCE, jt. [L. o/fiu, high, and loqucrr, 
 Uu/urns, sjieaking.] 
 
 Lolly sjH'ech ; pompous language. 
 
 AL-TIL'C>-UL'E.\T, a. High sounding; pompons. 
 
 .ishe. 
 
 AL-TI.M'E-TER, n. [L. altos, high, and Gr. ptrpa^, 
 
 nie.a^ure. See .MEAst'RE and .Mode.] 
 An instrument for taking altitudes geometrically, 
 
 a3 a tpiadrant. 
 AL-TI.M'E-TRY, n. The art of a.scertaining altitudes 
 
 by taking ancles with a pro|)er instniinent, and by 
 
 trigonometrical calculations, without actual men- 
 
 stiratitm. 
 
 AI/TI.\, n. A money of account in Russia, v.altie 
 three kopecks, or about three cents ; also, a lake in 
 Siberia, ninety miles in length. Tuoke. Encye. 
 
 .•\L-TIXt''.\R, n. .\ species of factitious salt or pow- 
 der, used in the fusion and purification of metals, 
 prepared in various ways. [.See Ti>cai_] Encye. 
 
 AL-TI.S'0-.\.\.\T, j o. [L. altus, high, and sonans, 
 
 AL-TIS'O-NUL'S, { sounding; foiiu.'i, sound.] 
 High sounding ; lofty or poiiifious, as language. 
 
 Erelyn, 
 
 AL'TI-TCDE, n. [L. altitude, of altu-i, high, and a 
 conimon tcniiination, denoting state, condition, or 
 manner.] 
 
 1. Space extended upward ; height ; the eleva- 
 tion 01 an object above its fotiiidalion ; as, the alti- 
 tude of a moiititain, or coliinin ; or the elevation of 
 an object or place above the surface on which we 
 stand, or above the earth ; as, the altitude of a cloud 
 or meteor ; or the elevation of tme object above 
 another, as of a bird above the top of a tree. 
 
 2. In a.^tronomy, the elevation of a |Miint, or star, or 
 other ct lesti.il object, above the horizon ; marked by 
 the arc of a vertical circle intercepti-d between such 
 point and the horizon. This is either true or ap- 
 parent altittiile ; true, when taken from the rational 
 or real lioriiion ; apparent, when taken from the sen- 
 sible or apparent luirizon. 
 
 3. Figuraticety, h\^h degree; superior excellence; 
 highest jtoint of excellence. 
 
 He is pruU'l to the aititude of his virtue. Shak. 
 
 The altituile of the eye, in perspective, is a right 
 lint- let fall from the eye, perp..'iidicular to the geo- 
 metrical plane. Encyc 
 
 .Meridian altitude, \s an arc of the meridian between 
 the horizon antI any p<iint, or the i^'nter of any ob- 
 ject, on the meridian. 
 AL-TIV'U-L.\.\T, a. [L. altos, high, and rolmu, 
 flying.] 
 
 Fly ing hiih. 
 AL'TO, [It., from L. altos.] High. 
 
 In miL-dc. 1. See .-\lt. 
 
 2. The counter-tenor part, or that between the 
 ttnor and treble. 
 
 3. The tenor Wolin. 
 
 Jllio et Basso : high and low ; in oU late, terms used 
 to sinnify a submission of all dilfereuccs of every 
 kinil to arbitnttion. 
 
 AL'TO-CL.'IF, n. The counter-tenor clef, or the C 
 clef, placed on the third line of the staff. 
 
 .ll.'TO-OC-r.i'yO, [It.) .An iM;Iave higher. 
 
 JlL'rO-Rl>l.tE'I^O, [11.1 
 
 High relief, in sculpture, is the projection of a 
 figure, half or more, without being eutirelv de- 
 tached. Cfc 
 
 .iL'TO-Rl-PlE'.VO, [It.] 
 
 The tenor of the irreat chorus, which sings and 
 plavs only in (Kirticular places. Encyc 
 
 .iL' fO-Vr-O-Ui, [It.] A small tenor vioL 
 
 A1.'T0-V10-LV.\0, [It.1 A small tenor violin. 
 
 AL-T(>-<;E'f H'ER, adv. [all and together. See To- 
 
 t;ETHER.] 
 
 Wholly ; entirely ; completely ; without e;;ception. 
 
 Errry man at turn U-sl eUAte it a.'(i><e£A*T- vanity. — Pol. xxxix. 
 
 AL'IJ-DEL, It. [a and lutam, without lute. Lunirr.] 
 In chemistry, aliidels are earthen pots without 
 bottoms, that they may be exactly fitted into each 
 other, and used in siibliiii.ation.s. .At the bottom of 
 the furnace is a pot containing the m.atter to be sub- 
 limed, and >at the top a head to receive the volatile 
 matter. i^uinry. Enrye. 
 
 .ALTM, n. [L. alumrn.] 
 
 \ sulphate of alumina and p<it.i.ssa. This sub- 
 stance is white, transparent, and ver\' astringent: 
 but seldom fiiuiifl pure or crystallized. This salt 19 
 ttstially pri-pared by roasting and lixiviating ct-riain 
 schists conl.aining pyrites, and to the lye adding a 
 certain quantity of puL-issa ; the salt is then obtained 
 
 TC.NE, Bf LL, tlXITE. — AX"GER, VI"CIOUa — e as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU; TU as in THIS. 
 
 30 
 
AM 
 
 by crystallizatiim. Alum is of gieiit use in medicine 
 ami the arts. In nu-dicinc, it is used as an astrin- 
 gent ; internally, in henioptcii, diarrhea, and dysen- 
 tery ; externally, as a styptic applied to bleeding 
 vessels, and as an escharotic. In the arts, it is used 
 in dyeing, to fix colors ; in makini; candles, for hard- 
 ening the tallow ; in tanning, for restoring the cohe- 
 sion of skins. Encijc. Fuurcroy. 
 
 AL'UM, !). t. In dyeing, to impregnate or steep in a 
 solution of alum. Ure. 
 
 AL'UM-E.\RTH, n. A massive mineral, of a black- 
 ish-brown color, a dull luster, and rather soft con- 
 sistence, chiefly composed of carbon, silica, and alu- 
 mina ; an impure earthy variety of liL'uite. Vre. 
 
 A-H)'MI-N.\, j n. One of the earths, consisting of 
 
 Alj'tJ MINE, ( the metal aluminum and oxygen. 
 It is the characterizing ingredient in common clay, 
 and is sometimes called pure claij. When moistened 
 with water, it forms a plastic mass. Dana. 
 
 A-LU-MI.\-IF'ER-OUS, a. Containing or affording 
 alum. 
 
 A-Lu'MIX-I-FORM, a. Having the form of alumina. 
 
 CkapUil. 
 
 A-Lu'JUN-ITE, 71. Subsulphate of alumina ; a min- 
 eral that occurs in small roundish or reniform masses. 
 Its color is snow white or yellowish white. 
 
 ^'fdii. Jinncson. Clcavclantl, 
 
 A-LP'MfN-OUS, a. Pertaining to or containing alum. 
 
 A-Lu'.'MIX-U.M, n. The name given to the metallic 
 base of alumina. 
 
 AL'UM-ISH, a; Having the nature of alum; some- 
 what resembling alum. 
 
 A-LUM'iVUS, ji. : pi. Alumsi. [L., from alo, to 
 nourish.] A pupil ; one educated at a seminaiy is 
 called an aliimnus of that institution. 
 
 AL'UM-SLaTE, ?i. A variety of shale or clay slate, 
 containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which 
 leads to the formation of alum, which often efflo- 
 resces on the surface of llie rock. 
 
 AL'UM-SToXE, »i. The silicious subsulphate of alu- 
 mina and potash. Cleuveland. 
 
 A-I.C'TA, 11. [L.] A species of leather-stone, soft, pli- 
 able, and not laminated. Qaiucij. 
 
 AL-U-Ta'CEOUS, a. [L. aluta.] 
 Of a pale brown color. 
 
 AL-TT-Ta'TION, n. [L. aluta, ta?med leather.] 
 The tanning or dnrssing of lealli--r. 
 
 AL'VE-A-RV, ji. [L. aU-cariuai, alccare, a bee-hive, 
 from alms, the belly.] 
 
 1. A hce-hive. Barret. 
 
 2. In aiiatomij, the hollow of the external ear, or 
 bottom of the concha. Qnincij. 
 
 AL'VE-O-LAR, t'a. [L. alvei-lus, a socket, from aU 
 AL'VE-O-LA-RY, ( veaf, a hollow vessel.] 
 
 Containing sockets, hollow cells, or pits : pertain- 
 ing to sockets. Anata-my. 
 
 The alveolar processes, .^rs the processes of the 
 maxillary bones, containing the sockets of the teeth. 
 AL'VE-O-LATE, a. [L. alveolatus, from alveus, a 
 hollow vessel.] 
 
 Dee|)ly pitted, so as to resemble a honey-comb. 
 AL'VE-OLE, ( rx ^- <• 7 1 [Marlyn. 
 AL-VE'O-LUS, i "• [I-.dim.ofa.W.] L 
 
 1. A cell in a honey-comb. 
 
 2. The socket in the jaw, in which a tooth is fixed. 
 
 3. A sea fossil, of a conic figure, composed of a 
 number of hemispherical portions, like bee-hives, 
 joined by a pipe of communication. Encye. 
 
 4. The term is likewise applied to one of the hem- 
 ispherical portions of the above fossil. 
 
 AL'VE-O-LITE, <i. [L. uliscuhui, and Or. N.O.)?.] 
 
 In natural history, a genus of stony liulypiers, or 
 coral zoophytes, forniid by numerous concentric 
 layers of a hemis|)licri(^al figure, each composed of 
 little cells ; the same as the alveolus. 
 
 Diet. IIIM. Mit. 
 
 AL'VIXE, a. [from alnus, the belly.] 
 
 Pertaining to the lower belly or intestines ; as, 
 
 alrine discharges. Darwin. 
 AI»-WAR'CltI.\l, n. The spotted plover, CharaiJrius 
 
 Apricar'nis. Pennant. 
 AL'WaY, i aih. [all and irny ; Sax. eal and wetr, 
 AI/WAYS, i way ; properly, a going, at all goings; 
 
 hence, at all times.] 
 
 1. I'eriietually ; throughout all time; as, God is 
 always the i»aine. 
 
 2. Continually ; without variation. 
 
 I do o/(jvit/ ihoM Ulilljs wliicU pli-iiuft him. — Jotm viii. Matt. 
 
 XXVlij. 
 
 3. Continually or constantly during a certain pe- 
 riod, or regularly at itated intervals. 
 
 Mrphllxnli'-tli a)i:i)l rat Lfnil altnay at my tjiUe, — 2 Sam. ix. 
 
 4. At all convenient timeg ; regularly. 
 
 Cornrllui pnyril lo (Jorl atway. — Acu x. Luko iviil. Eph. vl. 
 
 Mtcay ia now seldom used. The application of 
 thin cum|M>iind to (ii7ic proccedH from tlie primary 
 iM'nue of leaij, which i» a going or passing ; hence, 
 cunlinuatioii. 
 
 A. M. Hlanrl for artium manvitrr, master of arts, the 
 iierond de gree givi n by universities and colleges ; 
 called^ in Bome countrieH, doctor of philosophy. In 
 America, thin degree \» conferred, without examinu- 
 tion, on bnchelora of three yearit' ntanding. 
 
 AM A 
 
 A. M. stand also for a/i7io mundi, in the year of the 
 \\'orld. 
 
 AM, the first person of the verb to be, in the indicative 
 mode, present tense. Sa.x. C0771 ; Gr. ttpt ; Goth, im; 
 Pcrs. UHi. 
 
 1 AM tllat I AM. —Ex. iii. 
 A'MA, i n. [D. nam, a vessel.] In church affairs, a 
 Ha'.MA, ( vessel to contain wine for the eucharist. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 a'I\I.\, 77. A wine measure, as a cask, a pipe, &:c. 
 AM-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [L. amahilis, from amo, to love.] 
 Loveliness; the power of pleasing, or rather the 
 combination of agreeable qualities which win the 
 affections. Taylor. 
 AM'A-DOT, n. A sort of pear. Johnson. 
 A.M'A-D5U, 71. [Fr.] A variety of the Boletus ignia- 
 rius, found on old ash and other trees, called spunk 
 and German tinder. Ure. 
 
 This is written also arnadow, and called black 
 match, and pyrotechnical sponge, on account of its in- 
 flannnabiiity. Cyc. 
 A-MaIX', aJu: [Sax. a and mcegn, force, strength. 
 See May, Might.] 
 
 With force, strength, or violence; violently; fu- 
 riously ; suddenly ; at once. 
 
 What when we fled amain. RRlton. 
 Let go amain, in seamen's language, or i^trike 
 anifiin, is to let fall or lower at once. Mar. Diet 
 A-MAL'GAM, 7!. [Gr. /xaXa} pa, from (iaXairiroj, to 
 soften. Its usual derivation is certainly erroneous.] 
 
 1. A compound of mercury or quicksilver with 
 another metal ; any metallic ailoy,of which mercury 
 forms an essential constituent part. Cyc. 
 
 2. A mixture or compound of diflerent things. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 A-MAL'GAM-aTE, v. t. To compound quicksilver 
 with another metal. Gregory uses atnalgamizc. 
 
 2. To mix different things, to make a compound ; 
 to unite. 
 
 A-MAL'GAM-aTE, v. i. To unite in an amalgam ; 
 to blend. 
 
 A-MAL'GAM-.A-TED,pp. Compounded with quick- 
 silver ; blended. 
 
 A-JIAL'GAM-A-TING, ppr. Compounding quick- 
 silver with another metal ; blending. 
 
 A-M.\L-GAM-A'TION, 71. The act or operation of 
 compounding mercury with another metal ; applied 
 particularly to tlie process of separating gold and 
 silver from their ores by means of msrcury. Ure. 
 2. The mixing or blending of diffeient things. 
 
 A-.MAN'DO-LA, 7i. A green marble, having the ap- 
 pearance of honey-comb, and containing white 
 spots; of 100 parts, 76 are mild calcareous earth, 20 
 schist, and 2 iron. The cellular appearance proceeds 
 from the schist. Kincan. JVichtilson. 
 
 A-MAX-IJ-E.X'SIS, 77. [L., from manus, hand.] 
 
 A person whose employment is to write what 
 another dictates, or to copy what another has 
 written. 
 
 AM'A-RAXTH, n. A color inclining to purple. Cyc. 
 AM'A-KAx\TIl, ) n. [Gr. u/inpai-rus, of a neg. 
 A.M-A-R.\\TirUS, j and imnaivoi, to decay; so 
 
 called, it is stiid, because its flowers, when cropped, 
 
 do not soon wither.] 
 
 1. Flower-gentle ; a genus of plants, of many spe- 
 cies. Of these the three colored has long been cul- 
 tivated in gardens, on account of the beauty of its 
 variegated leaves. Encyc. 
 
 2. In poetry, an imaginary flower that never fades. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 AM-A-RAXTH'IXE, a. Belonging to amaranth ; con- 
 sisting of, containing, or resembling amaranth. 
 
 .VMAR'I-TCDE, 77. [L. amaritudo, from amartis, bit- 
 ter ; from Heb. 10 bitter.] 
 Bitterness. [J\rot much jisrrf.] 
 
 AM-A-RYI.'LI.S, 71. [The name of a country girl in 
 Tlieocritus and Virgil.] 
 
 In botany, lily asphotlel, a genus of liliaceous plants 
 of severtil species, which are cultivated in gardens 
 for the beauty of their flowers. Encyc. 
 
 A-MaSS', v. I. [Fr. ama.-<ser i It. antmassare. ; L. vtassa, 
 a heap or lump ; Gr. pui^a. See Mass.] 
 
 1. To collect into a heap ; to gather a gr(!at quan- 
 tity ; to accunmlate ; as, to ama-is a treasure. 
 
 2. To collect in great numbers ; to add many 
 things together ; as, to u77i«,m words or phrasi's. 
 
 A-MAS.S', 71. An assemblage, heap, or accumulation. 
 
 [This is superseded by Mass.] 
 \-I\I.\SS'/CI), " 
 
 A-'MASS'/CI), (a-mUst',) Collected in a heap, or 
 
 in a great quantity or number; accumulated. 
 A-Ma.'^S'I \(;, ppr. Collecting in a heap, or in a large 
 
 quantity tir number. 
 A-MASS'MENT, 71. A heap collected ; a large quan- 
 tity or number brought together ; an accumulation. 
 A-MaTE', v. i. [See Mate.] 'J'o accompany ; also, 
 
 to tcrrif\'. to perplex. [JVot u.sid,^ 
 AM-A-TllOR', n. [Fr., from L. a 
 amo, to loVC] 
 
 A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or 
 science, as to music or painting; one who has a 
 taste for the arts. More paiticularly, one v\ ho cul- 
 tivates any study or art, from Itiste or attachment, 
 without pursuing it professionally. Burke. 
 
 . amalor, a lover, from 
 
 AMB 
 
 AM'.\-'J'I VE-.\ESS, 71. In phrenology, a.n organ which 
 is supjtosed to influence sexual desire ; propensity to 
 love. 
 
 AM-A-To'RI-AL, ( a. [L amatorius, from amo, to 
 AM'A-TO-KY, i love.] 
 
 1. Relating to love; as, amatorial verses; causing 
 love ; as, amatory potions ; produced by sexual inter- 
 course ; as, amatorial progeny. Darwin. 
 
 2. In anatomy, a term ajiplied to the oblitiue mus- 
 cles of the eye, from their use in ogling. 
 
 AM-A-To'RI-AL-LY, ado. In an amatorial manner ; 
 by way of love. Darwin. 
 
 AM-A-To'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to love ; as, anmto- 
 rian odes. Johnson. 
 
 AM-A-To'RI-OUS, o. Pertaining to love. Milton. 
 
 AM-ADR-o'SIS, 7!. [Gr. .i/iav/xis, obscure.] 
 
 A loss or decay of sight from a palsy of the optic 
 nerve, without any visible defect in the eye, except 
 an immovable pujiil ; called also gutta serena, the 
 " di-op serene " of iMilton. Sometimes the disease is 
 periodical, coming on suddenly, continuing for hours 
 or days, and then disappearing. It has sometimes 
 been cured by electricity. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 A-MAUS'ITE, 7i. [See Petrosilex.] 
 
 A-MaZE', v. t. [Qu. Ar. ijm.^S. amasa, to perj'lex 
 
 or confuse ; or from maze.] 
 
 To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or won- 
 der ; to astonish. 
 
 They shall he afraid ; they shall be amazed at one anoUier. — 
 Isa. xiii. 
 
 They were all amazed, and glorified God. — Miu-k ii. Ltilje v. 
 
 This word implies astonishment or perplexity, aris- 
 ing from something extraordinary, unexpected, un- 
 accountable, or frightful. 
 A-MaZE', 71. Astonishment ; confusion ; perplexity, 
 arising from fear, surprise, or wonder. It is chieliy 
 used in poetry, and is nearly synonymous witii 
 amazement. 
 
 A-MaZ'£D, pp. Astonished ; confounded with fear, 
 
 surprise, or wonder. 
 A-MaZ'ED-LY, fi[/7'. With amazement ; in a manner 
 
 to confound. [Little used.] 
 A-MaZ'ED-NESS, n. The state of being confounded 
 
 with fear, surprise, or wonder ; astonishment ; great 
 
 wonder. 
 
 A-MaZE'MENT, 71. Astonishment ; confusion or per- 
 plexity, from a sudden im|)ression of fear, surprise, 
 or wonder. It is sometimes accompanied with fear 
 or terror; sometimes merely extreme wonderor admi- 
 ration at some great, sudden, or unexpected event, 
 at an unusual sight, or at the narration of extraordi- 
 nary events. 
 
 A-ilAz'lUG, ppr. Confounding with fear, surprise, 
 or wonder. 
 
 2. a. Very wonderful; exciting astonishment or 
 perplexity. 
 
 A-MaZ'ING-LY, adv. In an astonishing degree ; in a 
 manner to excite astonishment, or to perplex, con- 
 found, or terrify. 
 
 AM'A-ZON, 71. [This is said to be formed of n neg. 
 and iJa^oi, breast. History informs us, that the' 
 Amazons cut oft' their right breast, that it might imt 
 incommode them in shooting and hurling the javelin. 
 This is doubtless a fable.] 
 
 1. The Amazons are said by historians to have 
 been a race of female warriors, who founded an em- 
 pire on the River Thermodon, in Asia Minor, on the 
 coast of the Euxine. They are said to havi^ excluded 
 men from their society, and by their warlike enter 
 prises, to have ctmquered and alarmed surrounding 
 nations. Some writers treat these accounts as fabli s. 
 
 Jlcrod. .lustin. 
 9. By analogy, a warlike or masculine woman ; a 
 virago. 
 
 3. This name has been given to some .\meriraii 
 females on the banks of the largest rivi r in the 
 world, who joined their husbands in attacking the 
 Spaniards that fir.st visited the country. This trivial 
 occurrence gave the n.ime .Amazon to that river, 
 whose n^al name is Mnranon. Garcilassn, p. COIi. 
 
 AiM-A-ZO'NI-.'VN, a. Pertaining to or resimbling 
 an Amazon, .^jtplicd to females, bold ; of masculine 
 manners ; warliki:. 
 
 2. Belonging to the River Maranon in South Amer- 
 ica, or to Amazonia, the country lying on th.at river. 
 
 AMU, AM; about; around; usi^l in composition. 
 
 Sax. rmb, ymh : \V. 77777 Ir. ini, vm : G. 17//1 ; I). 0711 ; 
 
 Dan. om ; Sw. om ; Gr. li/ii/ji ; L. tf77i or amb. 
 AM-HA'fiRS, 71. [I/. «777i, and ago, to drive.] 
 
 1. A circuuiloi'iition ; a circuit of words to express 
 ideas which may he expressed in fewer vvoit^s. 
 
 2. A winding or turning. 
 
 AM-l!A'("JI-OUS, <7. Circumlocutory. 
 
 A.M-HAS'.<.\-l)OR, 71. [This is Ihe more commcm or- 
 thography ; but good authors write also C777/777,-;.<a7/yr ; 
 and as the orthography of emba.isy is established, it 
 would be belter to write f77ii<n.*«ii(/iir, as it is written 
 by IMackstone. See Emiiassauoii.] 
 
 AM'Bl ' j "■ f^"^" "l'^''' " ' "'"'> 
 
 Literally, a brim ; but in surgery, an instrument for 
 
 FATE, FAR, FjVLL, WH,^T — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
AMB 
 
 rc'diicinj; ilisUicatcil shoulders ; so calli cl ficuii the 
 jutting uf its (•.xirtiiiity. Also, the iu:uisii-liti>. 
 
 (^HtllClJ, F.ncijc, Cozi\ 
 AM'BEK, 71. [Fr. ambre; ainbar; Port, ill.; It. 
 
 o- - - 
 
 ambra; an Oficiit;il word ; Pors-^AjLc ai'bar or ana- 
 
 bar; Ar.^^jkJLc anbarun. In 1 Kings x. 2, 10, the 
 
 Arabic is rendered spices. The .\rabir word is ren- 
 dered by Castell, amftcr, a marine !ish, a sliield made 
 
 of skins, crocus, and finius. lu Eth. anba- 
 ra, is rendered a mltale; and the word is used in Jo- 
 nab ii. 1, and Matt. xii. 40. 'I'liis word is pl.iced by 
 
 Castell under i_<Jk£ ammba, to produce grapes, and 
 S , 
 
 signifies grapes, Cli. and Il<b. 2:y Tlie 
 
 Chaldce verb signifies to join or connect, and the 
 sense of this word, applied to grapes, is a cluster, 
 like ^rapc in English. It signifies, also, in Ch., a tu- 
 mor, a pustule, a mountain, the sense of which is a 
 lump or mass collected ; and this may be the sense 
 of omirr. In German, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish, 
 it has a name corresponding to the Lnglish bura- 
 stone.] 
 
 A hard, semi-pellucid substance, tasteless and 
 without smell, except when pounded or heated, 
 when it emits a fragrant odor. It is found in al- 
 luvial soils, or on the sea shore, in many places j 
 particularly on the shores of the Baltic, in Kiirope, 
 and at Cape Sable, in Maryland, in the United States. 
 The ancient opinion of its vegetable origin seems 
 now to be established, and it is believed or known 
 to be a fossil resin. It yields, by distillatiim, an cin- 
 pyreuinatic oil, and the succinic acid, which sub- 
 limes in small, white needles. Its color usually pre- 
 sents some tinge of yellow. It is highly electrical, 
 and is the basis of a varnish. 
 
 Journal of Science, Knciie, Chambers, 
 
 A.M'BKU, a. Consisting of or resembling amber. 
 
 A;M'I!KR, i>. (. To scent with amber. 
 
 A.M'Blill-DRINK, n. A drink resembling amber in 
 color. 
 
 A.M'BER-DROP-PIN"G, 0. Dropping amber. jWlton. 
 
 A.M'BER-SeEU, 71. Musk-seed ; a seed somewhat 
 resembling millet. It is of a bitterish taste, and 
 brought from Egypt and the West Indies. 
 
 Cliambers. 
 
 A-M'BER-TREE, 71. The English name of a species 
 of .\iitliospermum, a shrub, with evergreen leaves, 
 which, when bruised', emit a fragrant odor. 
 
 Milter. 
 
 A.M'BER-GR1IS, 7i. [amber, and Fr. gris, gray ; ffray 
 amber.] 
 
 A solid, opaque, ash cwBred, inflammable substance, 
 variegated like marble, remarkably light, rugged on 
 its surface, and wlieii heated, it has a fragrant odor. 
 It does not etfervesce with acids ; it melts eiisily into 
 a kind of yellow resin, and is soluble, but not readi- 
 ly, in spirit of wine. Various opinions have been 
 entertained respecting its origin ; but it is well ascer- 
 tained that it is a morbid secretion into the intestines 
 of the spermaceti whale, a species of Physeter. It 
 ■ has been found in that species of whale, but usually 
 is found floating on the surface of the ocean, in re- 
 gions frequented by whales ; sometimes in masses 
 of from (lO to 225 lbs. weight. In this substance are 
 found the beaks of the cuttle-fish, on which that 
 whale is known to feed. It is highly valued as a 
 material in perfumery. Encye. 
 A.M-Bl-DEX'TEK, 7i. [L. ambo, both, and dcxUr, the 
 right hand.] 
 
 1. A person who uses both hands with equal facil- 
 ity. 
 
 2. A double dealer ; one equ.illy ready to act on 
 either side in party disputes. [This setise 13 used in 
 ludicrous language.] 
 
 3. In laic, a juror who takes money from both par- 
 ties, for giving his verdict. Cowel. 
 
 AM-BI-DEX-TER'I-TY, ( n. The facultv of us- 
 
 AM-BI-DE.\'TROt'S-NESS, ( ing both hands with 
 equal facility ; doubli; dealing ; tlie taking of money 
 from both parties for a verdict. 
 
 AM-Bl-DEX'TROUS, a. Having the faculty of using 
 both hands with equal ease ; practicing or siding 
 with both parties. 
 
 A.M'BI- ENT, a. [L. ambiais, from ambio, to go round, 
 from amb, about, and eo, to go.] 
 
 Surrounding ; enconijiassing on all sides ; invest- 
 ing ; applied to fluids or diffusible substances; as, 
 the ambient air. Mtlton. 
 
 AM-B1G'E-N.\L, 11. [L. ambo, both, and genu, s 
 knee.] 
 
 An ambigenal huperbola, is one of the triple hyper- 
 bolas of the second order, having one of its infinite 
 legs failing within an angle formed by the asymp- 
 totes, and the other without. Encije. 
 A.M'B1-GU, 7u [Fr. .See Ambiguity.] 
 
 AMli 
 
 All i iitertainmeiaor feast, consisting of a medley 
 of dishes. Kinjr. 
 
 A:M-l>l-(!f''I-TY, 71. [Tj. ambi^iitas, from amii>i>.] 
 Doubtfulness or uncertainly of signification, from 
 a word's being sn.sceptilile of ditlerent meanings; 
 double meaning; as, words should be used which 
 admit of no ambifruity. 
 
 A.M-BIC'lJ-OUS, a. [L. arai.i>i<iw.] 
 
 Having two or more meanings; doubtful; being 
 of uncertain signification ; susceptible of difl'erent 
 interpretations ; hence, obscure. It is applied to 
 words and expressions ; not to a dubious state ol 
 mind, though it may be to a jierson using words of 
 doubtful signification ; as, the ancient oracles were 
 ambiiruons, as were their answers. 
 
 AM-BKi'IJ-OUS-LY, adv. In an ambiguous manner ; 
 with doubtful meaning. 
 
 A.M-BIG'U-OUS-i\ESS, 77. The quality of being am- 
 biguous ; uncertainty of meaning ; ambiguity ; and 
 hence, obseuritv. 
 
 AM-BII/E-VUl/'S, a. [L. ambo, both, and l<rrus, left.] 
 Lefl-handed on both sides. [JVot in use.\ 
 
 Brown. 
 
 AM-BIL'O-GY, Ti. [L. ambo, both, and Gr. Xoyo^, 
 speech.] 
 
 Talk or language of doubtful meaning. 
 AM-BIL'O-aUOUS, a. [L. ambo, both, and loquor, to 
 speak.] 
 
 Using ninbigiions expressions. 
 
 AM-HII/O-CiUV', 71. The use of doubtful or ambigu- 
 ous expressions. 
 
 A.M'BIT, 71. [Ij. amiitii.;, a circuit, from aiiiJio, to go 
 about. See Ambient.] 
 
 The line that encompasses a thing. In growctry, 
 the perimeter of a figure, or of the surface of a body ; 
 the periphery or circumference of a circular body. 
 
 Johnson. Kncyc, 
 
 AM-BI"TION', 71. [L. ambitio, from a«ifti«, to go about, 
 or to seek by making interest; of awift, about, and eo, 
 to go. [See Ambages.] This word had its origin in 
 the practice of Roman candidates for oflicc, who 
 went about the city to solicit votes.] 
 
 A desire of preferment, or of honor; a desire of 
 excellence or .superiority. It is thus usi d in a good 
 sense ; as, emulation may spring from a laudable am- 
 bilinn. It denotes more commonly, however, an in- 
 ordinate desire of power, or eminence, often accom- 
 panied with the use of illeg.il means to obtain the 
 object. It is sonieliines followed by of; as, a man 
 has an ambition of wit. Milton has used the word in 
 the Latin sense of going about to solicit or obtain ; 
 but this sense is hardly legitimate. 
 
 A.M-BI"TION, V. t. [Fr. ambuionncr.] 
 
 Ambitiously to seek after, [f.iltlc used.] King. 
 
 AM-n["T10N-LESS, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok. 
 
 AM-BI"T10US, a. [L. atnbitiosus.]^ 
 
 1. Desirous of power, honor, oince, superiority, or 
 excellence ; aspiring ; eager for fame ; followed by 
 of before a noun ; as, ambitious of glor>'. 
 
 2. Showy ; adapted to command notice or praise ; 
 as, ambitious ornaiiieiits. 
 
 3. Figuratively, eager to swell or rise higher ; as, 
 the ambitions ticean. Shak. 
 
 AM-BI"TK)US-LY, adr. In an ambitions manner; 
 with an eager desire after preferment or siipeiiority. 
 
 AM-BI"T1()US-NESS, 71. The quality of being am- 
 bitions ; ambition. Being nearly synonymous with 
 ambition, it is not often used. 
 
 AM'BI-TUS, 71. [Ij.) 1. The circumference or exte- 
 rior edge or border of a thing. 
 
 2. In Roman late, the open space surrounding a 
 building or tomb. Kncyc. 
 
 3. In Roman history, a canvassing for votes by can- 
 didates for office. 
 
 AM'BLE, V. i. [Fr. ambler, from L. ambulo, to walk ; 
 Qu. atnb, about, and the root of Fr. allcr.] 
 
 1. To pace ; to move with a certain peculiar p.tce. 
 as a horse, first lifting his two legs on one side, and 
 then changing to the other. FMin. Kncyc. 
 
 2. To move easy, without hard shocks. 
 
 Ilim time amblea ft-ilhal. Shak. 
 
 3. In a ludicrous sense, to move with submission, 
 or by direction, or to move aflfectedly. John.'^on, 
 
 A.M'BLE, 71. A [leculiar pace of a horse, in which the 
 
 two legs of the same side rise together. 
 AM'BLER, 71. A horse which ambles ; a pacer. 
 A..M'BLI»\G, p;>r. or a. Lifting the two legs on the 
 
 same side at fir.«t going oil', anil then changing. 
 A.M'BLING-LY, ado. With an ambling gait. 
 A.M'BLY GON, 71. [Gt. apliXvf, obtuse, and jwiia, 
 
 an angle.] 
 
 An obtuse-angled triangle ; a triangle with one an- 
 gle of more than ninety degrees. Badry. Kncyc. 
 AM-BLYG'ON-.\L, a. Containing an obtuse angle. 
 
 M. 
 
 AM-BLYG'ON-ITE, n. [Gr. a^/?Xt7 wi-iot, having an 
 obtuse angle.] 
 
 A mineral froni Saxony, of a pale-green color, 
 sometimes spotted, somewhat resembling pyroveiie. 
 It consists of phosphoric acid and alumina', with 9 
 per cent, of litliia. Dana. 
 A.M'BLY-O-PY, 71. [Gr. ,<^/?.Vi.,, dull, and u>d, eye.] 
 Weakness of sight, witlioiil any 0|>acily of the cor- 
 
 AMB 
 
 nea, i,T of the interior of the eye ; either absolute 
 weakness of sight from disease itr old age ; or rela- 
 tive, when objects can be seen only in a certain lit'ht, 
 distance, or position, as in day and night blindness, 
 near and far sightediiess, and btrabisnius or squint- 
 ing. Saucages. 
 
 AiM'liO, i 71. [Gr. apffaip, a pulpit; L. umbo, a 
 
 AM'BON, ( boss.] 
 
 An oblong, elevated pulpit, in the early Christian 
 churches, but disused after the fourteenth century. 
 
 GusdI. 
 
 AM-BRE-A'DA, 71. [from amber.] A kind of facti- 
 tious amber, which the Europeans sell to the Afri- 
 cans. Kncyc, 
 
 AM-liKC'ie ACID, 71. An acid formed by digesting 
 aiiibreme in nitric acid. 
 
 A.M-BRii'LNE, 71. One of the animal proximate prin- 
 ciples, and the chief constituent of ambergris. 
 
 AM-BRo'SlA, (am-bro'/.ha,) n, [Gr. a neg. and /7/)o- 
 To(, mortal, because it was supposed to confer immor- 
 tality on them that fed on it.] - 
 
 1. In heathen antiquity, the iinaginarj' food of the 
 gods. Hence, 
 
 2. Whatever is very pleasing to the taste or smell. 
 The name has also been given to certain alexiphar- 
 mic compositions. 
 
 3. A genus of plants. 
 
 .\M-I!Ro'i?l-AC, a. Having the qualities of ambrosia. 
 
 AM-BIIO'SIAL, (am-bro'/.hal,; a. Partaking of the 
 1 alure or qualities of ambrosia ; fragrant ; delighting 
 ti e taste or smell ; as, ambrosial dews. P.en Jonson 
 uses ambrosiac in a Ijke sense, and Bailey has ambro- 
 sian, but these seem not to be warranted by usage. 
 
 A.M-BIIO'SSIAL-LY, adv. In an ambrosial way. 
 
 A.M-BKO'SIAN, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. The 
 Jimbrosian ofiice, or ritual, is a formula of worship in 
 the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. 
 
 A.M-BUo'SIAN-CHANT, 71. A mode of singing or 
 chanting introduced by St. Ambrose. It was iiion; 
 moniitoiious than the Gregorian, which was used 
 afterward. 
 
 AM'BRO-SIN, 71. In f/ic 77ii(iiy/c affci, a coin struck by 
 the dukes of Milan, on which St. Ambrose was rep- 
 resented on horseback, with a whip in his right hand. 
 
 AM'BRY, 71. [contracted from Fr. aumOnerie, almonry, 
 from old Fr. ulmoignc, alms.] 
 
 1. An almonry ; a place where alms are deposited 
 for distribution to the poor. In ancient abbeys and 
 priories there was an office of this name, in which 
 the almoner lived. 
 
 2. A place in which are deposited the utensils fiir 
 house-keeping ; also, a cupboard ; a place for cold 
 victuals. 
 
 AMBS'-aCE, (am/.'acc,) n, [L. ambo, both, and ace] 
 
 .\ double ace, as when two dice turn up tlie ace. 
 AM'IIU-LANCE, 71, [Fr.] A flying hospital ; a mov- 
 able hospit.'il, or place of succor for the wouinled, 
 formed, for the occasion, on the field of liallle, or in 
 its immediate vicinity ; first introduced into the 
 French armies. Cijc, .Med. 
 
 AM'IiU-LAN'I', a. [L. ambulans, from ambiilo.] 
 
 Walking; moving from pl.ice to pbice. Kncyc. 
 .Ambulant brokers, in Amsterdam, are exchange- 
 brokers or agents, who are not sworn, and whose 
 testimony is not received in courts of justice. 
 A.M'BU-L.aTE, v. i. To walk; to move backward 
 
 and forward. 
 AM-BU-LA'TION, 71. [L. a77iftu/a(io.l 
 
 A walkiiii; about ; the act of walking. 
 AM'liU-LA-TIVE, a. Walkini. 
 A.\l'BU-LA-TO RY, a. That h.is the power or faculty 
 of walking; as, an animal is ambulatory. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a walk ; as, an ambulatory view, 
 
 3. Moving from place to place ; not stationary ; as, 
 an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction 
 in different places. Johnson, 
 
 4. Ill ornithology, formed for walking ; applied to 
 the feet of birds with three toes before and one be- 
 hind. Brande. 
 
 A.M'BU-LA-TO-RY, 71. A place to walk in ; applied 
 to any place in buildings, inclosed by a colonnade or 
 arcade, as porticoes and corridors ; also, to the aisles 
 or passages in churches. P. Cye, 
 
 AM'BU-RY, ) 71. [Clu. L. iii7iiff, the navel ; Gr. 
 
 AJV'BU-RY, t a,,il,.,^.] 
 
 Among farriers, a tumor, wart, or swelling on a 
 horse, full of blood, and soft to the touch. Kncyc, 
 
 AM'BUS-CaDE, 71. [Fr. etnbujfcadc; Sp, and Port. C7n- 
 boscada .* It. imboscata, from It. imbo..icare ; Sp. embos- 
 car, to lie in bushes, or concealed ; in and bosca, basque, 
 a wood ; Eng. bu.ih,] 
 
 1. Literally, a lying in a wood, concealed, for the 
 purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise ; hence, 
 a lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a 
 like purpose. 
 
 2. A private station in w hich troops lie concealed, 
 with a view to attack their enemy by surprise ; ain- 
 bush. 
 
 3. A bodv of troops lyini in ambush. 
 AM'BUS-CaDE, r. f. To lie in wait for, or to attack 
 
 from a concealed position. 
 AM'BL'S-CaD ED, pp. Having an ambush laid against, 
 or attacked from a private station ; as, his troops were 
 ambuscaded. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, I'NITE. — .\.\"GER, VI"CI0US C as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
AME 
 
 A.M'BUS-€aD-ING, ppr. Lying in wait fur; attack- 
 ins friim a secret station. 
 
 AM'IilJSH, 71. [Fr. cmbuclic, of in and bush ; Dan. busk ; 
 D. bosch i Ger. buscfi ; Fr. bosquet, boscage, bucage, 
 bois. See Bush.] 
 
 1. A private or concealed station, where troops lie 
 in wait to attaclt tlieir enemy by surprise. 
 
 2. Tile state of lying concealed, for the purpose of 
 attacking by surprise ; a lying in wait. 
 
 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for at- 
 tacking by surprise. 
 
 Lay Ihee an ambush for the city. — Josh. viii. 
 
 ASI'BIJSH, V. U To lie in wait for ; to surprise, by as- 
 sailing unexpectedly from a concealed place. 
 
 AM'BUSH, V. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of at- 
 tacking by surprise. 
 
 Nor saw tlie siiaJie, that ambushed for his prey. Trumbull. 
 
 AM'BUSH-£D, (ain'busht,) pp. Lain in wait for ; sud- 
 denly attacked front a concealed station. 
 
 A.M'Hi;Sll-lNG, ppr. Lying in wait for; attacking 
 frt>in a ( (inccaled station. 
 
 AM'BUSH-MEN'T, n. An ambush ; which see. 
 
 A.M-BDS'TION, 71. [L. ambustio, from amburo, to burn 
 or scorch ; of amb, about, and uro, to burn.] 
 Among pA7(sicia«i, a burning ; a burn or scald. 
 
 AM'EL, «. [Fr. email.] 
 
 The matter with which metallic bodies are over- 
 laid in the process of enameling ; but its use is super- 
 seded by eiiaiiicl i which see. Boyle. 
 
 A-MRL'IOR-A-BLE, a. That may be meliorated. 
 
 A-.Mi;L'10R-aTE, v. U [Fr. aihcUorer, from L. melior, 
 better.] 
 
 To make better ; to improve ; to meliorate. 
 _ S. S. Sinitli. Christ. Obs. Buchanan. 
 
 A-MkL'IOR-aTE, i. To grow better ; to meliorate. 
 A-.MkL'10R-.a-TED, pp. Grown better; improved. 
 A-.Mi;L'IOR-A-TING, ppr. Becoming or making 
 bitter. 
 
 A-MuL-IOR-a'TION, 71. A making or becoming bet- 
 ter ; improvement ; melioration. 
 
 A-.MEN'. This word, with slight differences of or- 
 thography, is in all the dialects of the Slieinitish 
 stock. As a verb, it signifies to confirm, establish, 
 verify ; to trust, or give confidence ; as a noun, truth, 
 firmness, trust, confidence ; as an adjective, firm, sta- 
 ble. In English, after the Oriental manner, it is used 
 at the beginning, but more generally at the end of 
 declarations and prayers, in the sense of, be it Jirm, 
 be it established. 
 
 And let lUl the people say, Amen. — Ps. cW. 
 
 The word is useil also as a noun : " All the prom- 
 ises of God are amcii in Christ," that is, firmness, 
 stability, ctmstancv. 
 A-iMr.-NA-BIL'I-TY, In. The state of being ame- 
 A-Ml£'NA-BLE-NESS, j nahle ; liability to answer. 
 
 Judge Story. 
 
 A-.'\lE'NA-BLE, a. [It. mcnare; Fr. mener, amener ; 
 Norm, amesner, to lead, to bring; Fr. amcmcr. It. am- 
 mainare, in marine language, to strike sail.] 
 
 1. In old law, easy to be led ; governable, as a 
 woman by her husband. [This sense u< obsolete.] 
 
 2. Liable to answer ; responsible ; answertible ; li- 
 able to be called to account ; as, every man is amenor- 
 ble to the laws. 
 
 We retain this idiom in the popular phrase, to bring 
 171, to make answerable ; as, a man is brought in to 
 pav the debt of another 
 AMe'.\A-BLY, ado. In an amenable manner. 
 A.M'E.V-AOE, 71. ( To manage. [OAs.J Spenser. 
 A.M'EN-ANCE, 71. Conduct ; behavior. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 A-MEXD^, V. t [Ft. amender^ L. emendo, of e neg. 
 and vunda, mendum, a fault ; W. viann, a sjiot or 
 blemish ; Sp. and Port, emendar ; It. ammendarc. See 
 Mend.] 
 
 1. To correct ; to rectify by expunging a mistake ; 
 as, to amend a writ. 
 
 2. 'J'o reform, by quitting bad habits ; to make bet- 
 ter, in a moral sense ; as, to amend our ways or our 
 conduct. 
 
 3. To correct ; to supply a defect ; to improve or 
 make better, by some addition of what is wanted, 
 as widl as by expunging what is wrong ; as, \o amend 
 a hill before a legislature. IIimicc it is applied to the 
 corr*rctinn of authors, by restoring passages which 
 had bfcn omitted, or restoring the true reading. 
 
 A-MK.N'I)', E- i. To grow or become better, by refor- 
 mation, or rectifying something wrong in manners 
 ur morals. It differs from improve, in this, that tu 
 amrnd imjilies Hoinetliing previously wrong ; to im- 
 prore, i](Hi» not. 
 
 A-.ME.\I)'A-IILE, a. That may bo amended ; capable 
 of forrcrlion ; a-i. an umrndnbtr writ or error. 
 
 A-.MK.\I)'A-Tf) IIV, a. Thai uiiieiids ; supplying 
 niiicndiiieiit ; corrective. 
 
 jJ--WA;A"/J/;', n. |l"r. ) A pi'ciiiiiary piinistiment, or 
 fine ; a rcpanition or recantation. The amende ho- 
 vf/rahtr, m Fraiicir, is an infamniis piinishiijent iu- 
 nicl' d on traitors, |i.irririi|i'>i, and kui rib gioiis pi^r- 
 uins. The nlfeiider, lieing leil into coiirl with a 
 rope about llix neck, and a lighte.il torch in his 
 hand, bi^gii pardon uf his Goil, the court, &.c, Tlieie 
 
 AME 
 
 words also denote simply a recantation in open court, 
 
 or in presence of the injured person. Encyr. 
 2. In popular kuigiicigr, the phrase denotes a public 
 
 recantation ahd re|iaiation to an injured party, for 
 
 improper language or treatment. 
 A-MEi\I)'EI), pp. Corrected ; rectified ; reformed ; 
 
 improved, or altered for the better. 
 A-MENI)'ER, 71. The person that amends. 
 A-ME.\D'FUL, (7. Full of improvement. 
 A-IIEND'ING, j>j)r. Coirecting ; reforming ; altering 
 
 for the better. 
 A-MEND'MEi\T, 71. An alteration or change for the 
 
 better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of 
 
 life, by quitting vices. 
 
 2. In legi.slalive proceedings, any alteration in a bill 
 or motion, by adding, changing, or omitting. 
 
 3. In law, the correction of an error in a writ or 
 process. 
 
 Shakspeare uses it for the recovery of health, but 
 this sense is unusual. 
 A-MENDS', 71. pi. [Fr. amende ] 
 
 Compensation for an injury ; recompense ; satis- 
 faction ; equivalent ; as, the happiness of a future 
 life will more than make amends for the miseries 
 of this. 
 
 A-MEN'I-TY, 71. [L. amanilas ; Fr. amenite ; L. 
 amfFnus; W. mvtyn, good, kind.] 
 
 Pleasantness ; agreeableness of situation ; that 
 which delights the eye ; -used of places and prospects. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 JlMEJVSA ET TOiRO,[lu.] From board and bed. 
 A divorce from board and bed is when husband and 
 wife separate, but the husband maintains the wife. 
 
 AISI'ENT ) 
 
 A MENT'UM i ''"'™'''™> thong, or strap.] 
 
 In botany, a species of inflorescence, consisting of 
 many scales, ranged along a stalk or slender axis, 
 which is the common receptacle ; as in birch, oak, 
 chestnut. Jilartyn. 
 
 A spike, the bracts of which are all of equal size, 
 and closely imbricated, and which is articulated with 
 the stem. Lindley. 
 
 AM-EN-Ta'CEOUS, a. I. Growing in an ament ; re- 
 sembling a thong ; as, the chestnut lias an amenta- 
 ceous inflorescence. J\Iartyn. 
 
 2. Furnished with amenta ; having flowers ar- 
 ranged in aiitents ; as, amentaceous plants. Brande. 
 
 A-MERCE', (a-mers'j) v. U [.V verb formed from <i, for 
 0)1 or at, and Fr. mcrci, mercy, or, from L. merces, 
 rewarii.] 
 
 1. To inflict a penalty at mercy ; to punish by a 
 pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fi.xed 
 by law, but left to the discretion or 7nercy of the 
 court ; as, the court amerced the criminal in the sum 
 of one hundred dollars. 
 
 2. To inflict a pecuniary penalty ; to punish in 
 general. Milton uses of after amerce: " Millions of 
 spirits amerced 0/ heaven ; " but this use seems to be 
 a poetic license. 
 
 A-MER'CM3, pp. Fined at the discretion of a court. 
 
 A-MERCE'JMF.NT, (a-mers'ment,) 71. A pecuniary 
 penalty inflicted on an offender at the discretion of 
 the co;;ri. It differs from a Jine, in that the latter is, 
 or was originaUy, a fixed and certain sum prescribed 
 by statute for an offense ; but an amercement is arbi- 
 trary. Hence the practice of ajficrino-. [See Affeer.] 
 But, in .America, the word fine is now used for a pe- 
 cuniary penalty which is uncertain ; and it is com- 
 mon, in statutes, to enact tiiat an offender shall be 
 .^Tifrf, at the discretion of the court. In England, also, 
 fines are now usually discreliimary. Thus the word 
 fine has, in a measure, siiper.sedeti the use of amerce- 
 ment This word, in old books, is written amercia- 
 ment. 
 
 Smerccmcnl royal, is a penalty imposed on an officer 
 for a misdemeanor in his otlicc. 
 
 A-MER'CER, 71. One who sets a fine at discretion 
 upon an offender. 
 
 A-MER'I-CA, 71. [from Amerigo Vespucci, a Flor- 
 entine, who pretended to have first discovered the 
 western continent.] 
 
 One of the great continents, first discovered by 
 Sebastian Cabot, June II, O. S., 1498,and by Colum- 
 bus, or Christoval Colon, Aug. 1, the same year. It 
 extends from the eightieth degree of north, to the 
 fifty-fourth degree of south latitude; and from the 
 thirty-fifth to the one hundred and fifty-sixth degree 
 of longitude west from Greenwich, being about nine 
 thousand miles in length. Its breadth at Darien 
 is narrowed to about forty-five miles, but at the 
 northern extremity is nearly four thousand miles. 
 From Darien to the north, the continent is called 
 J^iirth .America, and to the souUi, it is culled South 
 Jimerica. 
 
 A-MER'I-CAN, a. Pertaining to America. 
 
 A-.MER'I-CAN, 71. A native of America; originally 
 applied to the aboriginals, or copper-colored races, 
 found here by tlio Eiiropi ans ; but now applied to 
 the descendants of Eiiropi^tins born in America, es- 
 pecially to the inhabitants of the United States. 
 
 The iianic American inuiit alwnyi exalt Uie priile ofpatriotlmn. 
 
 Wajtliington. 
 
 A-MER'I-CAI^-I|iiyf , n. An Idiom peculiar to America. 
 
 AMI 
 
 2. The love which American citizens have to their 
 own roiinlry, or the preference of its interests. 
 
 A-.MER'l-CAN-iZE, v. t. To render American; to 
 naturalize in America. 
 
 aMES'-aCE. See Ambs-ace. 
 
 A-MET-.\-Bo'LI-AN, 7i. ) [Gr. a neg. and ucra/JaXAw, 
 
 A-MET-A-I!o'LI-A,7i.;y/. ( to change.] 
 
 In zoology, terms denoting a division of insects 
 which do not undergo any metamorphosis. Brande. 
 
 A-iMETH'O-DIST, 71. A quack. [JVot used.] 
 
 AM'E-THYST, 71. [L. amethyst:is ; Gr. u/jtSvtrrns, 
 which the Greeks supposed to be formed from a neg. 
 and pi^vLi, to inebriate, from some supposed quality 
 in the stone of resisting intoxication. Plin. xxxvii. 
 9, mentions an opinion, that it takes its name from 
 its colorapproachiug that of wine, but not reaching it.] 
 A sub-species of iiuartz, of a bluish violet color, of 
 different degrees of intensity. It generally occurs 
 crystallized in liexahedral prisms terminated by cor- 
 responding pyramids ; also in rolled fragments, com- 
 posed of imperfect prismatic crystals. Its fracture is 
 conchoidal or splintery. It is wrought into various 
 articles of jewelry. Cleaveland. Encyc. 
 
 Oriental amethyst; the violet blue variety of trans- 
 parent crystallized corundum. 
 
 AM'E-THYST, in heraldry, signifies a purple color. 
 It is the same, in a nobleman's escutcheon, as pur- 
 pure in a gentleman's, and mercury in that of a 
 sovereign prince. Encyc. 
 
 AM-E-THV'ST'INE, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resem- 
 bling amethyst ; anciently applied to a garment of 
 the color of amethyst, as distinguished from the 
 Tyrian and hyacinthine purple. 
 2. Composed of the amethyst ; as, an amethystine 
 
 _ cup. Brande. 
 
 a'MI-A, 71. A genus of fish, of the Abdominal order, 
 found in the rivers of Carolina. Pennant. 
 
 A-iMI-A-BIL'I-TY, 71. Amiableness. 
 
 A'MI-A-BLE, a. [Fr. amable ; L. amabilis; from amo, 
 to love.] 
 
 1. Lovely; worthy of love ; deserving of affection ; 
 applied usually to persons. But in Psal. Ixxxiv. 1, 
 there is an exception : " How amiable are thy taber- 
 nacles, O Lord ! " 
 
 2. Pretending or showing love. 
 
 Lay amiable siege to Uie honesty of this Ford's wife. Shak. 
 But this use is not legitimate. 
 a'MI-A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of deserving love ; 
 loveliness. 
 
 a'MI-A-BLY, adv. In an amiable manner ; in a 
 manner to excite or attract love. 
 
 A:\I-I-AN'THUS, 71. [Or. aiiiavro{, of a neg. and 
 piiiii'M, to pollute or vitiate ; so called from its in- 
 combustibility. Plin. 311. 19.] 
 
 Earth-flax, or mountain-flax ; a mineral substance 
 somewhat resembling flax, belonging either to the 
 species pyroxene or hornblende, usually grayish, or 
 of a greenish white ; sometimes of a yellowish or 
 silvery whit<', olive or mountain green, of a pale 
 flesh red or ocher color, tt is composed of delicate 
 filaments, very flexible, and somewhat elastic, often 
 long, and resembling threads of silk. It is incom- 
 bustible, and has sometimes been wrimglit into cloth 
 and paper. Kirwan. Encyc. Cleaveland. 
 
 AM-I-AN'THI-FORM, a. [amianthus and form.] 
 Having the form or likeness of amianthus. 
 
 Amintillii/orm arseiiiate of copjier. Pltitlips. 
 
 AM-I-AN'TIIIN-ITE, 71. A species of amorphous 
 mineral, a variety of actinolite ; its color a^h, 
 greenish, or yellowish gray, often mixed with yel- 
 low or red ; its fracture confusedly foliated and 
 fibrous. Kirwan. 
 
 AM-l-AN'TIIOID, 71. [amianthus and Gr. ei6<'s, form.] 
 A variety of asbestus, composed of long capillary 
 filaments, flexible and very elastic ; more flexible 
 than the fibers of asbestus, but stift'er and more 
 elastic than those of amianthus. The color is olive 
 green, or greenish white. Jlaily. Cleaveland. 
 
 AM-l-AN'Til01D,a. Resembling amianthus in form. 
 
 A.M'I-CA-BLE, n. [L. <jmii;aAi;ijf,from a)7iicii.«, a friend, 
 from amo, to love.] 
 
 1. Friendly; peaceable; harmonious in social or 
 mutual transactions; usually applied to the disposi- 
 tions of men who have business with each other, or 
 to their intercourse and transactions ; as, nations or 
 mim have come to an amicable aiijiistment of their 
 differences. 
 
 2. DisiKised to peace and friendship ; as, an a77aca- 
 ble temper. 
 
 [But rarehj applied to a single person.] 
 
 AM'I-CA-BLE i\ loss, 71. 'I'he quality of being peace- 
 able, friendly, or disposed to pimce ; friendliness; a 
 disjiosition to preserve pt-ace tind friendshi]). 
 
 AM'l-CA-BLY, (ii/e. In a friendly manner; with har- 
 mony or good-will; without controversy; as, the 
 dispute was amicahly atljtisted. 
 
 AM'ICT, j 71. [L. amirtus, from fl77iicior, to clothe; Fr. 
 
 AMMl'E, \ nniiet ; Sp. amito ; Port, amieto.] 
 
 A square linen dolh that a Roman Catholic priest 
 ties about his neck, hniiging down behind, under Ihe 
 alb, whirl! he olliciatcs at mass. Sp. and Port. Diet, 
 
 A-MID', ) prrp. [of a and Stix. »iu/)/, the middle; 
 
 A-MIDST', i L. mcdius. ^mid.it is the superlative 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MftTE, PRBV. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 42 
 
AM M 
 
 degree, middcsl, a rontraclion iif Sax, mid-mesta, mid- 
 most. See MiuuLE anil AIidst.] 
 1. In tlic midst iir niiddli-. 
 
 •J. Among; mingled with; as, a sheiilierd amiil.it 
 his lliu k. 
 
 3. Surrounded, encompassed, or enveloped with ; 
 as, arai</.v( the sliade ; amid the waves, ^mid is used 
 
 AM'UlTiiT, i '^•^'^ '"'"'"^ 
 
 Ail'l-DI.N'K, n. Starch modified iiy heat so as to be- 
 come a transparent mass, like liorn, which is soluble 
 in cold water. 
 
 A-MIU'-SIIIPS ; in marine langu<i(;c, the middle of a 
 ship, with regard to her length and breadth. 
 
 AM'l-LOT, 11. A while fish in the Wexiean lakes, 
 more than a foot in length, and inucli esteemed at 
 the table. C/uciVcro. 
 
 A-iMISS', a. [« and See Miss.] 
 
 1. Wrong ; faulty ; out of order ; improper ; a.s, it 
 may ni>t be amiss to ask advice. [ This adjective nl- 
 Wttijs follows it.i noun.] 
 
 'j. adc. In a faulty ujanner ; contrary to propriety, 
 truth, law, or morality. 
 
 i't' ask and reo-ivc not,bccavise yc luk amiss. — James w. 
 
 Applied to the body, it signifies indisposed ; its, I 
 am somewhat nmiss to-day. 
 
 AM'I-TY, n. [I'r. amitic ; It. atnistd, amista.de ; Sp. 
 amLilad, from amistar, to reconcile ; Port, amizadc ; 
 Norm, ami-itre, friendship, flwtei, friends, amcw, ametz, 
 bflitved. Clu. L. a/no, amicitia.] 
 
 Triendship, in a general sense, between individ- 
 uals, societies, or nations; harmony; good under- 
 
 ~ standing; as, our nation is in amitij with all the 
 world ; a treaty of nmi(y anil commerce. 
 
 AM'.MA, n. [lleh. DM, mother.] 
 
 1. An abbess or spiritual mother. 
 
 2. A girdle or truss used in rupture.s. [Gr. nii/in.] 
 
 Core. 
 
 AyVMAS, 71. [G. amtmann ; D. amptman ; Dan. atnt- 
 mand; a compound of ampt^ Sax. ambaht, or rmbeht^ 
 ollice, duty, charge, and man. See KMnAssAooK.] 
 
 In same European, nations, a judge who has cogni- 
 zance of civil causes. Kncifc. 
 
 AM'iMID, »i. [formed from ammonia.] 
 
 A compound of ammidogen with an element, in 
 which anuuidogen is the electro-negative ingredient. 
 
 AM-MID'O-CEN, n. [ammid and Gr. )£i'i'aw, to 
 produce. ]^ 
 
 A basilying and basic princii)lc, composed of two 
 etpiivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen. 
 AM'MI liAIj, II. Xn obsolete form uf admiral. 
 
 iVa.m'm'iTI:, i "• "/^''"f' 
 
 A sandstone or freestone, of a pale bro\vn color, 
 very heavy, of a lax texture, composed of small 
 round granules, ceintnteil by an earthy, fp;irry 
 matter. The grit or granules are small -stalagmites, 
 composed of crusts or coats including one another. 
 It is the roe-stone or oolite of recent authors. 
 
 Da Co.ila. J'lin. 37. 10. 
 
 AM'MO-eilRYSE, (am'mo-kris,) ii. [Gr. aiijios, sand, 
 and \<n'(T(j5, gold.] 
 
 .-\ yellow, soft stone, found in Germany, consisting 
 of iiiossy yellow particles. \\'hen rubbed or ground, 
 it is used to strew over writing, like black sanil with 
 us. Qu. yrllitto mica. Pltn. 37. 1 1. Kncijc. 
 
 A.M-MO-I)-t'TES, n. [Gr. anpos, sand, and Sow, to 
 enter.] 
 
 The sand eel, a genua of fish, of the Apodal order, 
 about a foot in length, w ith a compressed head, a 
 long, slender body, and scales hardly |)erceptible. 
 Two species are now recognized by naturalists. It 
 buries itself in the sand, and is found also in the 
 stomach of the por]>oise, which indicates that the 
 latter fish roots up the sand like a hog. Encyc. 
 AM-Mo'-NI-.A, II. [The real origin of this word is not 
 ascertained. Some authors suppose it to be from 
 ^m?ii(i;i,a title of Jupiter, near whose temple in Upper 
 Egypt it was generated. Others suppose it to be trom 
 Ammonia, a C'yrenaic territory ; and others deduce it 
 from a^iftoi, sand, as it was found in sandy ground.] 
 
 Ammonia is an lUkali, which is ga-seous or aeril'onii 
 in its uncombined state, and is composed of three 
 equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen ; now 
 considered an aminid of hydrogen. It is olten called 
 roliitilf alkali. 
 
 AM-Mo'-\I-.\C, ) a. Pertaining to ammonia, or 
 AM-.Mll-.\I'Ae-AL, ( possessing lis properties. 
 A.M-.Mo'.NI-.\e, or GUM-A.M-.Mo'M-A«, ;i. [Sec 
 
 A.MMOMA.] 
 
 The concrete juice of an umbelliferous plant, the 
 Dorema ammoniacum, brought from Persia in large 
 nuusses, composed of tears, internally white, and ex- 
 ternally yellow. It has a fetid snu ll, and a nauseous, 
 sweet taste, followed by a bitter one. It is inllam- 
 mablc, soluble in water and spirit of wine, and is used 
 in medicine as a deobstruent and resolvent. Kncijr. 
 AM-.Mo'NI-.\N, a. Relating to Ainmonius, siirnanied 
 Saccas, of Alexandria, who flourished at the end of 
 the second century, and was the founder of the 
 eclectic system of philosophy ; or rather, he com- 
 pleted the e-stablishment of the sect, which origi- 
 nated with Pouimo. Knfifid. 
 
 A MO 
 
 AM'MOX-ITE, n. [r.omn Ammnnis, from Jupitrr Am- 
 nion, whose statues Were represented with ram's 
 horns.] 
 
 The .serpcnt-.stone, or cornu Ammonis, a fossil .shell, 
 curved into a sjiiral, like a rain's horn ; of various 
 si;^es, from the smallest grains to three feet in diam- 
 eter. This fossil is found in strata of limestone and 
 cla)', and in argillaceous iron ore. It is smooth or 
 ridged ; the ridges straight, crooked, or undulated. 
 
 Cy. F.nnjc. FUn. 37. 10. 
 AM-MO'NI-UM, 71. A compound radical, consisting 
 of four equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen, 
 and liaving the habitudes and chemical relations of 
 an eleiuenl. 
 
 AM-M()-.\I'i;-RET, i 71. A term once applied to cer- 
 A.M-MO-i\I'A-KET, j tain supposed compounds of 
 ammonia and a pure metal. All of these have been 
 ascertained to be salts composed of ammonia with an 
 acid of the nu'tal, which renders the term incorrect 
 and useless. 
 
 A.'\1-MU-NI"TI0N, 71. [L. ad and 77tii«itio, from munio, 
 to fortify.] 
 
 Military stores, or provisions for attack or defense. 
 In modern usage, the signification is confined to the 
 articles which are used in the discharge of fire-arms 
 and ordnance of all kinds ; us powder, balls, bombs, 
 various kinds of shot, *cc. 
 
 Ammunition bread, shoes, stockings, &.C., are such 
 as are contracted for by government, and served 
 out to the private soldiers. Encyc. Am. 
 
 AM'NES-TY, 71. [Gr. ii/ii'riTTiiT, of a neg. and /ii't)^!?, 
 memory, from the root of i;ic/i.v, mind. See .Mind.J 
 
 .\n act of oblivion ; a gimeral pardon of the of- 
 fensfs of subjects against the government, or the 
 proclamation of such pardon. 
 
 \M'!\I u v' j "■ f*""^' "'"'"" > " vessel or membrane.] 
 The innermost membrane surrounding the fetus in 
 the womb, it is thin, transparent, and soft, smooth 
 on the inside, but rough on the outside. Encyc. 
 AM-NI-OT'I€,', a. Pertaining to the amnios; con- 
 tained in the amnios ; as, the amniotic fluid. 
 2. Relating to the liquor of the amnios. 
 Amniotic acid, an acid found in the amniotic fluid 
 of the cow ; considered the same as the allantoic 
 acid. 
 
 AM-(T;-H^'.\i\, a. Alternately answering. Warton. 
 AM-tE-B.E'Lr.\l,7!. [Gr. ii(ioi/yuios, alternate; a/ioi/Ji;, 
 • change.] 
 
 A poem in which persons are represented as speak- 
 ing alternately, as tlie third and seventh eclogues of 
 Virgil. Encyc. 
 A-iMO-LI"TION, 71. Removal. , _ , 
 
 A-!Mo'.MUJI, n. [Gr. ayiwunv; Ar. liamauina. 
 
 plant.] 
 
 A genus of plants ; all natives of warm climates, 
 and remarkable for their pungency and aromatic 
 properties. It includes tlie ^ranum paradisi,ox grains 
 of paradise. Cyc. 
 
 True amomum is a round fruit, from the East, of 
 the size of a grape, containing, under a membranous 
 cover, a number of angular seeds of a dark brown 
 color, in three cells. Of this fruit, ten or twelve 
 grow in a cluster, adhering, without a pedicle, to a 
 woody stalk. It is of a pungent taste and aromatic 
 smell, and was formerly much used in medicine, but 
 is now a stranger to the sliojjs. 
 
 Plin. 12. 13. Enajc. 
 A-M(5.\G', ra-nuing',) j frrp. [Sax. onmamr, ongc- 
 A-.MONGS'l ', (a-nmngst',) ( mang, among ; ^r7iia«- 
 
 £a7i, to mingle ; I), and Ger. niengen. ; Sw. miEntra ; 
 an. wKEiiwi! ; to mingle ; Gr. /n) i/uoj. See .Mixgue.] 
 
 1. In a ffenerat or primitive sense, mixed or min- 
 gled with ; as tares amon/r wheat. 
 
 2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part 
 of the number. 
 
 Ble8ft-*d nrt tliou among women. — Luke 1. 
 
 3. Of the number ; as, there is not one among a 
 thousand |>ossessing the like qualities. 
 
 A-Mf)'\I-AN, a. [from Amon or Hamon, a title of 
 Jupiter, or rather of the sun ; .\r. Ileh. and t'h. Dn, 
 non, Ham or Camah, which, as a verb, signifies to 
 heat or warm, and, as a noun, heat or the sun, and in 
 Arabic, the supreme God.] 
 
 Pertaining to Jupiter Ammon, or to his temple and 
 worship in Upper Egypt. Bryant. 
 AM-0-Ra'I)0, 71. [I,. a>iior, love, amo, to love. But 
 the word is ill formed.] 
 A lover. [See Inamorato, which is chieflv used.] 
 Ch. Ret. Appeal. 
 7\,M-0-RE'A\S, II. pi. A sect of Gemaric doctors or 
 commentators on the Jerusalem Talmud. The .\m- 
 oreans succeeded the .Mishnic doctors, and were 
 followed bv the Scbureans. 
 AirO-RET.'n. [U umiir, love.] A lover. 
 A.M-O-RETTE', n. [L. omer, love ; Er. amourette.] 
 \n amorous woman ; also, a love knot, or a tritiing 
 love aflair. Good's Sacred Idi/U. Chaucer. 
 
 AMP 
 
 AM'O-Rl.^r, n. [I,, amor, love.] 
 
 .A lover ; a gallant ; an inamorato, BoyU» 
 AM-O-RO'SA, II. [It.] A wanton woman. 
 AM-O-ltO'.SO, II. [It., from aaiur, love.] 
 
 A lover ; a man enamored. 
 AM'<-)-ROU,S, a. [l'"r, amuureaz; It. amoroso; from L. 
 amor, love.] ' 
 
 1. inclined to love ; having a propensity to love, or 
 to sexual enjoyment ; loving ; fond. 
 
 2. Ill love ; enamored. Shak. 
 
 3. Pertaining or relating to love ; produced by love ; 
 indicating love ; as, amorous di-liglit ; amorous airs. 
 
 Jl/i7(<iii. Waller. 
 AM'O-ROUS-LY, (k/o. In an amorous manner ; fimd- 
 Iv ; lovingly. 
 
 AM'()-ROUt<-NESS, n. The quality of being inclined 
 to love, or to sexual pleasure ; fondness; loviiigness, 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 A-MOUPII'OIJS, a. [Gr. a neg. and /i/)p0i!, form.] 
 Having no determinate form; of irregular shape; 
 not of any regular figure. Kirwan. 
 
 A-MOIIPII'V. n. Irregularity of form ; deviation from 
 a detiTininate shape. Swift. 
 
 A-.MORT', adr. [L. mors, mortuus.] 
 
 Ill the slate of the dead ; dejected ; spirilles.s. Shak. 
 
 A-Mt)llT-l-ZA'TIO.\, i II. The act or right of alien- 
 
 A-.MOKT'I'/,E-ME.\T, \ ating lands or ti iieinents to 
 a corporatiiui, which w:is considered foriii'rly as 
 transferring Iheni to dind hands, as such aiiciiations 
 were mostly made to religious houses for superstitious 
 uses. Bliwkslone. 
 
 A-MOIIT'IZE, r. t. [Norm, amortizrr, amortir ; Sp. 
 amortiior, to sell in mortmain ; It. aminortire, to ex- 
 tinguish, from morte; L, juars, death. See Mort- 
 main.] 
 
 Ill Knirli.ih hue, to alienate in mortmain, that is, to 
 sell to a corporation, sole or aggregate, ecclesiastical 
 or temporal, and their successors. This was con- 
 siden-d as selling to dead hands. This can not be 
 done without the king's license. [See Moutmaix.] 
 Bluclutune. Cowcl. 
 A-Mo'TfON, 71. [h.amotio; amovco.] 
 
 Removal. Warlnn. 
 In law, deprivation of possession. Blackstone. 
 A-MOU.\T', I', i. [I"r. monter, to ascend; Norm. 
 amont, upward ; Sp. Port, montnr ; It. montare; from 
 L. iii()ii.<, a mountain, or its root ; W. mijnyz.] 
 
 1. To ri-se or reach, by an accumulation of par- 
 ticulars, to an aggregate whole ; to compose in the 
 whole ; as, the interest on the several sums amounts 
 to fifty dollars. 
 
 2. To rise, reach, or extend to, in effect or sub- 
 stance ; to result in, by consequenci|, when all things 
 are considered ; as, the testimony of these witnesses 
 amounts to very little. Bacon. 
 
 A-.MOUNT', 71. I'lie sum total of two or more partic- 
 ular sums or quantities ; as, the amount of 7 and 9 
 is lii. 
 
 2. The cfTect, substance, or result ; the sum ; as, the 
 amount of the testimony is this, 
 A-MOI'NT'ING, jtjir. Rising to, by accumulation or 
 addition; coining or increasing to; resiilliiig, in 
 elli'Ct or substance. 
 7\-Mc')I'R', 71. [I'"r., from L. amor, love.] 
 
 An unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; 
 an atl'air of gallantrv. South. 
 A-.MOV'AL, II. fL. amnrfo.] 
 
 Total removal. [.Vut used.] Erelyn. 
 A-MO\'E', r. t. [L. amoveo, a and vioveo, to move.] 
 
 1. 'l"o remove. [JVot used.] Spen.icr. 
 
 2. In law, to remove from a post or station. Hale. 
 .•\-M<'^V I\G, a. Moving away. 
 
 A.M'PE-I.ITE, 71. [Gr. njiirf Au{, a vine.] The name 
 of an eanh abounding in pyrites, used by the an- 
 cienls to kill insects, &.C., on vines ; hence the name. 
 The term has also been applied by Hrongniart to a 
 compound of alum, and graphic schist. 
 
 AM-Plim'I-AI,, 
 
 A.M-PIIIU'I 
 
 A.M-PIHIi'l-A, 71. pi. 
 
 In zoology, the Amphibia are a cl.a.ss of animals, so 
 formed as to live on lanil, and fiir a long time under 
 water. Their heart has but one ventricle ; their 
 blood is red and ccild; and they have such command 
 of the lungs, as for a considerable time to sus|M-nd 
 respiration. This class of animals is divided into 
 two orders, the Reptiles and the Serpents. To the 
 first belong the Testiido or tortoise, the Draco or 
 dragon, the I,acerta or lizard, and the Rana or frog ; 
 to the second, the ("rotalus, lioa. Coluber, yVngiiis, 
 Amphisbmna, and Ca-cilia. Z.11111. 
 
 The term has also bi'i-n applied by Cuvier to des- 
 ignate a family of marine qiiadriip. ds, including the 
 seal and walrus. Enryc. 
 
 This term is strictly applicable only to such ani- 
 mals as possess both lungs and gills, as the siren, or 
 other equivalent organs, a.s some of the lower ani- 
 mals. Less strictly, it may be applied to such ani- 
 mals as breathe by gills at one period of their exist- 
 ence, and bv lungs at another, as the frog. P. Cue. 
 
 AM-PIIII!'I-()-I,r rE, n. [Gr. a,70i,ii..,-, amphibious, 
 and \tii.i<, stone.] 
 
 A term denoting the fossil remains of the Am- 
 phibia of Liiinn'Us. Did. IFuL .Yat. 
 
 li'l-A.'il.'p'.^ ''■"«.•''■'•■•] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AN"GEE, VI"CI0U3 C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8U ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 43 
 
j A M P 
 
 j A.M-PillB-I-O-LOC'If-AL, o. [Infra.] 
 Pcrtaiiiinu to itmpliihio ok)'. 
 A.M-PHIB-I-Ol^O-CY, 71. [Gr. a/i(/ii, on both Bides, 
 /Jims, life, and Aoj oi, discourse.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on ampliibious animals, or 
 the history and description of such animals. 
 AM-PIIIB'I-OUS!, a. [iiee Amphibial.] 
 
 1. Having tlie power of living in two elements, air 
 and water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and the 
 like. 
 
 2. Of a mixed nature ; partaking of two natures ; 
 as, an ampkibioiis breed. 
 
 AJl-PHIB'I-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being able 
 to live in two elements, or of partaking of two na- 
 tures. 
 
 AM-PIUB'I-UJr, ?i. That which lives in two cle- 
 
 nii-nts, as in air and water. 
 A.M'PIII-BOLE, n. [Gr. a/jv!''/^oX''?, equivocal ; u;<0i 
 
 and (iaWio.] 
 
 A name given by Haiiy to a species of minerals, 
 including tremolitc,' hornblende, and actinolite. Its 
 primitive form is an oblique rhombic prism. 
 
 Clcfjvrlajid. 
 
 AM-PHI-BOL'ie, a. Pertaining to amphibole ; re- 
 sembling amphibolc, or partaking of its nature and 
 characters. Cooprr. 
 
 JimphiboHc rocks ; such as contain amphibole or 
 hornblende as a leading constituent. 
 
 Did. W-st. JVaf. 
 
 AM-PHIB'O-LITE, 71. Trap, or greenstone ; a rock with 
 a base of anipliibiile or hornblende. Diet. Hist. JVat. 
 
 AM-PlIlB-0-LOG'lt;-.\L, a. Doubtful; of doubtful 
 meaning. 
 
 Ai\I-PHIB-0-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. With a doubtful 
 meaning. 
 
 AM-PllI-BOL'O-OY, n. [Gr. iti-6i,/Sa\\u, and Xoyos, 
 speech ; a/i .'w /f>A->; in.] 
 
 A phrase vi ili-ruin^r, susceptible of two interpre- 
 tations; anil iiLiii-e, a phrase or discourse of uncer- 
 
 ■ tain meaning. Am|ihibology arises from the order 
 of the phrase, rather than from the ambiguous mean- 
 ing of a word, which is called aiuivocation. We 
 have an example in the answer of the oracle to 
 Pyrrhus ; " Aio te Romanos vincere posse." Here 
 U and Homanos may eitlier of them precede or fol- 
 low viMtre jxK-ir, and tlie sense may be either, you 
 may conquer the Ruiitiin.-i, or the Romans may con- 
 quer yiiit. The Englisli language seldom admits of 
 auipiiibology. Encyc. .Johnson. 
 
 AM-P!11B'O-LOI0, .'V rock composed of amphi- 
 bole and f. Ispar, in which the amphibole predom- 
 inates ; a variety of greenstone. Diet. Hist. JVat. 
 
 AiM-PH!B'<j-LOUS, a. [Gr. aifinSoXos ; a/<0i and 
 /y..vx,.,, to strike.] 
 
 Tossed from one to another ; striking each way, 
 witli mutual blows. [Little used.'] 
 
 AM-PliUi'O-LY, n. [Gr. a,,<p(0o\ia; a/i^i, both 
 ways, and :Ja,\\i.i, to strike.] 
 
 Ambiguity of meaning. [Jlardy nsed.] Spelman. 
 
 AM'PHl-BRAeH, n. [Gr. a/i0(, and Ppaxvi, short.] 
 In iiactnj, a foot of three syllables, the middle one 
 long, the first and Inst short; as, hdhirS, in Latin. 
 In English verse, it is used as the last foot, «'hen a 
 syllable is added to the usual number forming a 
 double rhyme ; as. 
 
 Tlic pi- 
 
 , yon Ihink, is incorrect ; why, uike it. 
 
 Pope. Trumbull. 
 
 AM'PIII-eO-ME, 71. [Gr. a//0i and ^o/irj, hair.] 
 
 A kind of figured stone, of a round shape, but 
 rugged and beset with eminences ; called also 
 KrotyloSy on account of its supposed i)ou-er of excit- 
 ing love. Anciently, it was used in divination ; but 
 it is little known to the moderns. Encyc. 
 
 AiM-PHie-TY-ON'U;, «. Pertaining to the august 
 council of Amphictyon.s. 
 
 A.M-PHIC''I'Y-0.\S, 71. pi. In Orccian /li.NYorT/, an assem- 
 bly *tr council of d<;putics from the ditlerent states of 
 Greece, supposed to be so called from .Ampbictyon, 
 the son of Deucalion ; but this opinion is probably a 
 fable. Ten or twelve states were represented in tiiis 
 assembly, which sat alti riiately at 'I'liermopylie and 
 at Delphi. Each city srnt two deputies, one called 
 Hirramiirmon and the otlier Pyiarroras. The former 
 inspected the sacrifici s and ceremonies of religion ; 
 the latter had the charge of deciding causes and dif- 
 ferences between [irivate persons. The former was 
 tli.xted by lot ; the latter bv a plurality of voices, 
 'i'hey had an I'ipial ri;-lil to di liberate and vote in all 
 matters relatmg to thi- ( ommon inlcrests of Greece. 
 
 foils. I'lin. Slrnho. Kncyc. 
 
 AM'PHID, 71. A term applied to compounds consist- 
 ing of acids and bases, as distinguished from haloid 
 c<>m|«>undM. Ba-idius. 
 
 A.M-PHIG'A-.MOIJS, a. [Gr. a,,.t>i and ya„..i.] 
 
 A term applied, by Dccandolle, to the lowest class 
 of plants, or those whose structure is entirely cellular, 
 and wliirh have no distinct sexual organs. 
 
 AM'Plll^KNE, 71. ((;r. onw anil , ji-o!.] 
 
 In minrrnlojTH, aimthiT name of the Icucite or Vc- 
 Kuvian. 
 
 AM Pill IU',.\-A Hk'DRAI,, a. [Or. au<4i, and licza- 
 hutral.] 
 
 In crytlaUofraphj/, wlien the focei of tho cryatal, 
 
 AMP 
 
 counted in two different directions, give two hexa- 
 heilral outlines, or are found to be six in number. 
 
 Cicarcland. 
 
 AM-PHIM'A-CBill, ji. [Gr. ainpiiiaKpos, long on both 
 sides.] 
 
 In ancient poetry, a foot of three syllables, the mid- 
 dle one short and the others long, as in cdstitds. 
 
 AM-PHIP'NECST, 71. [Gr. a/<0ij and Tri-tu.] A 
 term applied to a tribe cf reptiles, which have both 
 lungs and gills at ilie same time ; comprehending the 
 true amphibia, as the proteus and siren. Brandc. 
 
 AM'PHI-POD, 71. [Gr. aiiqu and ruuj.] 
 
 One of an order of crustaceous animals, with sub- 
 caudal, natatory feet, and sessile eyes. Brandc. 
 
 AM-PHlP'llO-St?LE, 71. [Gr. an<pi, npo, before, and 
 ffriiX'if, a column.] 
 
 A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in 
 front and behind, but not mi the sides. Morin. 
 
 A-M-PHIS-B.'E'NA, h. [Gr. anlHtnioivn, of afiifiif and 
 (iaivw, to go ; indicating that the animal moves with 
 either end foremost.] 
 
 A genus of serpents, with the head small, smooth, 
 and blunt ; the nostrils snuall, the eyes minute and 
 blackiRh, and the mouth furnished with small teeth. 
 The body is cylindrical, and divided into numerous 
 annular segments ; the tail obtuse, and scarcely to 
 be distinguished from the head, whence the belief 
 that it moved equally well with either end foremost. 
 There are two species ; the fuUirinosa, black with 
 white spots, found in Africa and America ; and the 
 alba, or white species, found in both the Indies, and 
 generally in ant-hillocks. They feed on ants and 
 earth-worms, and were formerly deemed poisonous ; 
 but this opinion is exploded. Encijc. Cyc. 
 
 The aquatic ainphisbjena, Qordius aquaticus. Linn., 
 is an animal resi inbling a horse-hair, found in water, 
 and moving with either end foremost. The vulgar 
 opinion that this is an animated horse-hair is found 
 to be an error. This hair-worm is generated in the 
 common black beetle, in which the parent wonn lays 
 its eggs ; and is sometimes found in the earth and on 
 the leaves of trees. Lister, Phil. Trans. JVo. 83. 
 
 AM-PHIS'CI-T, ) 71. pi. [Gr. .l;l(^I, on both sides, 
 
 AM-PHIS'CIANS, \ and (tkio, shadow.] 
 
 In gcoirraphy, the inhabitants between the tropics, 
 whose shadows, in one part of the year, are cast to 
 the north, and in the other to the south, according 
 as the sun is south or north of their zenith. 
 
 AM'PHI-TANE, 71. A name given. by ancient nat- 
 uralists to a fossil, called by Dr. Hill, Pijricubiuin. 
 I'liny describes it as of a square figure and a gold 
 color, (iu. Cubic pi/ritcs. Plinif, 37, iO. Encyc. 
 
 AM-PHI-THi"c'.V-TEk, j n. [Gr. auiliiULnrpoi; ofampi, 
 
 AiM-PHI-THe'A-TRE, i about, and biarpov, thea- 
 ter, from Aeaoiiai, to see or look.] 
 
 1. An edifice in an oval or circular form, having 
 its area encompassed with rows of seats, rising 
 higher as they recede from the area, on which peo- 
 ple used to sit to view the combats of gladiators and 
 of wild beasts, and other sports. The ancient thea- 
 ter was a semicircle, but exceedhig it by a fourth 
 part of its diameter ; tiie amphitheater was a double 
 theater, and its longest diameter was to its shortest 
 as I 1-2 to 1. Anip'iitheaters were at first of wood, 
 but in the reign of Augustus, one was erected of stone. 
 The area, being covered with sand, was called arena. 
 
 Kennct. 
 
 2. In gardening, a disposition of shrubs and trees 
 in the form of an amphitheater, on a slope, or form- 
 ing a slope, by placing the lowest in front. An am- 
 phitheater may also be formed of turf only. Encyc. 
 
 A.M-PIII-TlIf:'A-TR.\X,, a. Resembling an amphi- 
 theati^r. Tooke. 
 
 AM-PHI-TIIE-AT'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to or ex- 
 hibited in an amphitheater. IVarlon. 
 
 AM'PHI-TRITE, 11. [Gr. apipirptrri, a goddess of the 
 sea.] 
 
 A genus of marine animals, of the I.innman order 
 Mollusca, arranged by Cuvier in the class Annelida. 
 
 AM-PHOD'E-LITE, 71. A reddish crj stallized mineral 
 from Finland ; consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, 
 and lime, with a small portion of iron and manga- 
 nese. ' Diina. 
 
 AM'PllO-RA, 71. [L. amphora; Gr. aiiijiopcvi or ii/k/ii- 
 ipontvi ; apifii and ilmpcio.] 
 
 Among the Greeks and Romans, a two-handled 
 vessel used for holding wine, oil,&.c. The amphora 
 of the Romans contained forly-eight sextaries, equal 
 to about seven gallons and a pint, English wine 
 measure. The (Jri cian or Attic aniphor contained 
 about a third more. This was al.so, anuuig the Ro- 
 mans, a dry measure of about three bushels. .Among 
 the Venetians, it is a liiiuid measure of si.\teen ipiarts. 
 
 Enryc. 
 
 This name was formerly used in England ; but 
 the capacity of the .Sax. ombra is not certainly known. 
 
 /./,. //i<r. Cap. 70. IVdkins, Prtf. LL. ^thclstun. 
 Sprluian. 
 
 A.M'PIIO-RAL, a. Pertaining to or resembling an 
 AM'PI.E, n. [Vr. ample; Ij. ainplus.] [amphora. 
 
 1. Large , wide ; spacious ; extended ; as, ample 
 room. 'I'his word carries with it (he sense of room 
 or H|>ace fully siitlicienl fur the use intended. 
 
 2. Great in bulk, or size ; as, an ample tear. Shale. 
 
 AMU 
 
 3. Liberal ; unrestrained ; without parsimony ; ful- 
 ly sufficient ; as, ample provision for the table;' ample 
 justice. 
 
 ,4. Liberal ; magnificent ; as, ample promises. 
 5. Diffusive; not brief or contracted ; as, an ample 
 narrative. .[ciency , abundance. 
 
 AM'PLE-NESS, 71. Largeness ; spaciousness ; sufti- 
 AM'PLEST, a. snperl. Most ample or extended. 
 AM-PLEX'I-eAUL, a. [L. amplcxor, to embrace, of 
 amb, about, and pUco, plexus, to fold, and caulisy 
 /CHnXut, a stem.] 
 
 In botany, nearly surrounding or embracing the 
 stem, as the base of a leaf. 
 A.M'PLI-ATE, V. t. [L. amplio. See Ample.] 
 
 To enlarge ; to make greater ; to extend. [Little 
 jLsed.] 
 
 AM-PLI-a'TION, n. Enlargement; amplification; 
 diftuseness. [Little used.] 
 
 9. In Roman antiquity, a deferring to pass sentence ; 
 a postponement of a decision, to obtain further evi- 
 dence. Ennic. 
 
 A.M-PLIF'1-CaTE, v. t. [L. amplijico.] To enlarge ; 
 to amplify. 
 
 AIU-PLI-FI-Ca'TIOIV, 77. [L. fl77i;)Zi^ca(io.] 
 
 1. Enlargement ; extension. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, diffusive description or discussion ; 
 exaggerated representation ; copious argument, in- 
 tended to present the subject in every view, or in 
 the strongest light ; diffuse narrative, ora dilating up- 
 on all the particulars of a subject ; a description given 
 in more words than are necessary, or an illustration 
 by various examples and proofs. [treated. 
 
 AiVl'PLI-FI-£D, pp. Enlarged ; extended ; diffusively 
 AAI'PLI-Fl-ER, 71. One who amplifies or enlarges ; 
 one who treats a subject diffusively, to exhibit it in 
 the strongest light. Sidney. 
 AM'PLI-Fi', r. t. [Fr. amplifier; L. amplijico; of anv- 
 plus and facio, to make large.] 
 
 1. To enlarge ; to augment ; to increase or extend, 
 in a general sense ; applied to material or vnmatcrial 
 things. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, to enlarge in discussion or by repre- 
 sentation ; to treat copiously, so as to present the 
 subject in every view, and ill the strongest lights. 
 
 3. To enlarge by addition ; to improve or extend ; 
 as, to amplify the sense of an author by a parajihrase. 
 
 xMM'PLI-FV, V. i. 'i'o speak largely or copiously ; to 
 be ditt'use in argument or description ; to dilate upon ; 
 often followed by 071 ; as, to amplify on the several 
 topics of discourse. Watts. 
 
 2. To exaggerate ; to enlarge by representation or 
 descrijition ; as, 
 
 Homer amplifies, — not invents. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 AM'PLI-FS'-ING, ppr. Enlarging ; exaggerating ; dif- 
 fusively treating. 
 AM'PLI-TUDE, 71. [L. amplitudo, from ampins, large.] 
 
 1. Largeness ; e.xtent, applied to bodies ; as, the 
 amplitude of the earth. 
 
 2. Largeness ; extent of capacity or intellectual 
 powers ; as, amplitude of mind. 
 
 3. Extent of means or power; abundance; suf- 
 ficiency. JVults. 
 
 Jlinpiitude, in astronomy, is an arch of the liori/.on 
 intercepted between the true east and west points 
 and the center of the sun or a star at its rising or set- 
 ting. At the rising of a star, the amplitude is eastern 
 or ortive ; at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or 
 occasive. It is also northern or southern, when 
 north or south of the equator. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 Jlmplitude of die range, in projectiles, is the hori- 
 zontal line subtending the path of a body thrown, or 
 the line which measures the distance it has moved. 
 
 Johnson, Chambers. 
 Magnctical amplitude, is the arch of the horizon 
 between the sun or a star, at its rising or setting, and 
 the east or west point of the horizon, by the com- 
 pass. The ilifl'erence between this and the true ani- 
 jilitude is the variation of the compass. Encyc. 
 
 AM'PLY, ado. Largely ; liberally ; fully ; sufficiently ; 
 copiously ; in a diflusivc manner. 
 
 AM-PUL-La'CEOUS, n. Like a bottle or infiated 
 bladiler ; swelling. Kirbi;. 
 
 AM'PU-T.\TE, V. t. [L. amputo, of amb, about, and 
 puto, to jtriiue.] 
 
 1. To prune branches of trees or vines ; Jo cut off. 
 
 2. To cut off a limb or other part of an animal 
 body; a term of surgery. [body. 
 
 AM'PU-Ta-TEI), ;);). Cut off"; separated from the 
 AM'PU-TA-TlN(i, ppr. Cutting oil" a limb or part of 
 the body. 
 
 AM-PU-TA'TION, 71. [L. ampxitatio.] 
 
 The act or operation of cutting oil" a limb or other 
 part of the body. 
 
 AM'IJ-LET, 71. [L. amuletum; Fr. amulette; Sp. iimu- 
 leto ; from Lat. amolior, amolitiis, to remove.] 
 
 Somelliing worn as a ri-medy or preservative 
 against evils or iiiiscbh'f, such as di.seases and witch- 
 craft. Amulets, in (lays of ignorance, were com- 
 mon. They consisted of certain stones, metals, or 
 plants; soiiieliiiics of words, characters, or sen- 
 tences, arranged in a particular order. They were 
 appended to the neck 01 other |>art of the body. 
 Among some nations they tire still ill use. Encyc. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WU^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 44 
 
AN 
 
 AM IJ-I,iyi"ie, n. IVrtaininc to an ainiili t. 
 
 A-liril-fOS'l-TY, H. Thf quality of lees or scum. 
 
 A-MOSiy, V. t. [b'r. amitsrr, to stop or keep at bay, to 
 di-taiii ; from mtiscr, to loitfr or trifle ; It. miuiare, to 
 K.i/.e or stand idle ; (jcr. miis^iff, idle. Q.u. Gr. fiu^u ; 
 Lat. T/ijw.vo.] 
 
 1. To entertain the mind agreeably ; to occupy or 
 detain attention with a(,'reenble objects, whether by 
 sinniuc, conversation, or a show of curiosities. Dr. 
 Johnson remarks, tliat a»iii.ve implies something less 
 lively than tlivcrt, and less important than please. 
 lleuce it is often said, we are innuscd with trilles. 
 
 a. To detain ; to cnsage the attention by liope or 
 expectation ; as, to amuse one by tlatterinc promises. 
 
 A-.MC'S'/';D, p;>. Agreeably entertained i having the 
 mind ennaged by something pleasing. 
 
 A-i\lC'Siy.ME.\T, n. That which amuses, detains, or 
 engages the mind ; entertainment of the mind ; 
 pastime; a pleasunible occupation of the senses, or 
 that which furnishes it, as dancing, sports, or music. 
 
 A-.MCS'lCR, n. One who amuses, or affords an agree- 
 alile entertainment to tlie mind. 
 
 A-.Mf'S'lXC;, p/ic. or II. Entertaining; giving moder- 
 ate pleasure to the mind, so as to engage it ; pleasing. 
 
 A-.Mf'S'lN'R-LV, ado. In an anmsing manner. 
 
 A-MC'.SI VE, ff. That hits tlic power to amuse or en- 
 tertain the nrind. 
 
 A-llf''t<IVE-Ly, adv. In a manner to give amuse- 
 ment. 
 
 A-.MV(;'D.\-L.\TE, a. [h. aimj^dulus, an almond.] 
 M.ade of almonds. 
 
 A-.MV'(J'D.\-LATE, »i. .\n emulsion made of al- 
 monds ; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coze. 
 
 2. .'V salt whose acid is Iho amvgdalic. 
 A-MYG-DAL'ie ACID, n. An acid obtained from 
 
 the bitter .alnu>nd. 
 A-.MVG'l)A-Lli\E, a. Pertaining to or resembling the 
 almond. 
 
 A-MVG'D A-LI.N'E, 71. A crj'stalline substance obtained 
 from the kernel of the bitter almond. 
 
 .'V-.MVG'D.V-LOin, n. [Gr. a/inj r'aAtu, an almond, 
 and cii'.K-, form ; Ger. mandel-slrin, almond-stone.] 
 
 A varii ty of trap rock, containing small cavities, 
 occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of 
 dilferent minerals, particularly ag.atcs, quart/., calca- 
 reous spar, and the zeolili's. When the inili:'dded 
 luiner.als are detached, it is parous, like lava. Diiiia. 
 
 A-.MVG-l).\-LOID'.VL, a. Pertaining U) or consisting 
 of amygdaloid. 
 
 A.M-Y-La'CEOUS, 71. [L. amylum, starch, of n priv. 
 and /ii'A'/, f mill, being formerly made without 
 grinding. Plin. 18. ".] 
 St.irchy ; pertaining to starch ; resembling starch. 
 
 A-MVL'IC ACID, 71. A volatile acid obtained from 
 starch. Turner. 
 
 A.M'V-IilXE, n. [L. amylum; Gr. afivXnv ; ajxvXof, 
 unground, ,i and iiuXn, mill.) 
 
 The insoluble portion of starch which constitutes 
 the covering of the sphcricles. Thomson. 
 
 A.M'Y-RALD-IS.M, n. In church history, the doctrine 
 of universal grace, as explained by .\myraldus, or 
 Aniyniiilt, of France, in the seventeenth century. 
 He taught that God desires the happiness of all men, 
 and that none are excluded by a divine decree, but 
 that none can obtain salvation without faith in 
 Christ ; that God refuses to none the power of 
 believing, though he does not grant to all his assist- 
 ance to improve this power. E?icyc. 
 
 A.\, a. [Sax. an, aiic, one ; D. ecn; Ger. cin ; Sw. and 
 Dan. CH ; Ft. on, ua, uiu: Sp. uii, nno; It. u7io, «7ia ; 
 L. unuSy una, unuin ; Gr. cv ; Ir. cirty can, aon ; VV. 
 U7i, ijn f Corn, uynya ; Arm. t/«7iaa.] 
 
 One ; noting an individual, either definitely, 
 known, certain, specified, or understood ; or indefi- 
 nitely, not certain, known, or specilied. Definitely ; 
 as, " Noah built an ark of Gopher wood : " " Paul 
 was an eminent apostle." Indefinitely ; a-s, " Bring 
 me ail orange." Before a consonant the letter ti is 
 dropped; as, a man ; but our ancestors wrote an man, 
 an king. This letter represents an delinilely, or in- 
 definitely. Delinitely ; as, " I will take you to me for 
 a people, and I will be to you a God." Ex. vi. In- 
 definitely ; as, " The province of a judge is to decide 
 controversies." .^n, being the same word a.s one, 
 should not be used with it ; " such an one," is tau- 
 tology ; the true phrase is such one. Although an, a, 
 and one, are the same wowl, and always have the 
 same sense, yet by custom, on and a are used exclu- 
 sively as a definitive adjective, and one is used in 
 numbering. Where our ancestors wrote an, (i«a, 
 Oinj, we now use one, two, three. So an and a are 
 never used except with a noun ; but one, like other 
 adjectives, is sometimes used without its noun, and 
 as a substitute for it : " One is at a loss to assign a 
 reason for such conduct." 
 
 Jin is to be used before a vowel and before a silent 
 A ,* as, an hour. It is also used befiire A when the 
 accent of the word falls on any syllable except the 
 first, as in historian, and historiotrrapher. 
 
 AN, in old English authors, signifies |/'; as, "./Sn it 
 
 please your honor.' 
 
 So in Gr. ai' or cav, .\r. 
 
 ANA 
 
 Sam. and L. an, if or whether ; Ir. an, Ch. |N or pK 
 if, whether. It is probably an imperative, like if, 
 ffif, f^ive. On. Sax. annau, or anan, to give. 
 A'NA, as, or a. [Gr. af.i.j 
 
 In medical prescriptions^ it denotes an equal quan- 
 tity of the several ingredients ; as, wine and honey, 
 ana, HO. or 0. o/.. ii., that is, of wine and himey each 
 two ounces. 
 
 A'XA, as a termination, denotes a collection of memo- 
 rable sayings. ThuSj Scaligerana is a hook con- 
 taining the sayings ot Scaliger. Similar collections 
 existed among the ancients, as the Dicta Collectanea, 
 or sayings, of Julius Osar. 
 
 AN-.\-B.-\P'TIS.M, n. [See .Anaiiaptist.] 
 
 The doctrine of the Anabaptists. Ash. 
 
 AN-.\-B.\P'TIST, 71. [Gr. ai/u, again, and /3nirriar7,f, 
 a baptist.] 
 
 One wlio holds the doctrine of the baptism of 
 adults alone, or of the invalidity of infant baptism, 
 and who of course maintains, that those who have 
 been bapti/.i d in their infancy ought to be baptized 
 again. With these sentiments is generally united 
 the belief, that baptism ouglit always to be peifoniK^d 
 by immersion. Kncye. 
 
 A.\-A-B AI'-TIST'IC, ) a. Relating to the Ana- 
 
 A.\-A-BAP-TIST'IC-.\L, \ baiitists, or to their doc- 
 trines. Miltun. Bull. 
 
 AN-A-BAP'TI.'ST-RY, n. The sect of Ajiabaptists. 
 
 AN-.\-B,\P-TIZE', V. t. To rebaptize. [jXul used.] 
 
 miitiocL 
 
 .■VN-,\-BRf)'SIS, n. A wasting awav of the body. 
 AN-A-CA.MP'Tie,a. [Gr. .ii'.i aiid^.n.irrr,', to bend.] 
 
 1. Reflecting or reflected ; a word formerly applied 
 to that part of optics which treats of reflection ; the 
 same as what is now called catoptric. [See Catop- 
 trics.] 
 
 2. Anacamptic sounds, among the Orceins, were 
 sounds produced by reflection, as in echoes ; or such 
 as proceeded downward from acute to grave. Busby. 
 
 A\-A-eA.Ml"Tie-AL,-I,Y, aiir. By reflection; as, 
 echoes are sounds produced anaeampticalhi. Hutton. 
 
 AN-A-CA.MP'TICS, n. The doctrine of reflected light. 
 [See Catoptrics.] 
 2. The doctrine of reflected sounds. Hutton. 
 
 AN-A-€AR'Dl-Ui\I, 7i. The name of a genus of 
 plants, a species of which produces the cashew-nut, 
 or marking nut, which furnishes a tliiekish, red, 
 acrid, inflammable liquor, which, when used in mark- 
 ing, turns black, and is very durable. Ure. 
 
 AN-A-eA-TllAll'Tie, a. [Gr. nv", upward, and 
 Aatf"ip<Ti<, a purging. See ('athartic] 
 
 Cleansing by exciting discharges from the mouth 
 and nostrils. (putney. 
 
 AN-A-CA-THSR'Tie, 7i. A medicine which excites 
 discharges by the mouth, or nose, as expectorants, 
 emetics, sternutatories, and masticatories. Quincy. 
 
 AN-A-CEPII-.A-L.'E-o'SIS, Ti. In r/iffuric, a recapitu- 
 lation of the lieads of a discourse. 
 
 AN-.\eiI'0-RET. See Anchoret. 
 
 AN-ACH'RO-iMS.M, n. [Gr. uci, and xoupo;, time.] 
 An error in computing time ; any error in chro- 
 nology, by which events are misplaced in regard to 
 each other. 
 
 A.\-AeH-RO-NIS'Tie, a. Erroneous in date ; con- 
 taining an anachronism. ffarlon. 
 
 AN-.'\-CLAS'Tie, a. [Gr. aj-u and K>,aats, a breaking, 
 from k\<ii,>, to break.] 
 
 Refracting ; breaking the rectilinear course of light. 
 Anaclastic glasses ; sonorous glasses or phials, which 
 are flexible, and emit a vehement noise by means of 
 the human breath ; called also vexing glasses, from 
 the fright which their resilience occasions. They 
 are low phials with flat bellies, like inverted tunnels, 
 and with very thin, convex bottoms. By drawing 
 out a litl'e air, the bottom springs into a concave 
 form with a smart crack ; and by breathing or blow- 
 ing into them, the bottom, with a like noise, springs 
 into its former convex form. F.nciic. 
 
 A.\-.\-CI.AS'Ties, 71. That part of optics which 
 treats of the refraction of light ; commonly called 
 dioptrics, which see. Kncyc. 
 
 AN-A-CCE-NO'SIS, 71. [Gr. ai/axoiiuai; ; ava and 
 KOivo^, common.] 
 
 A figure of rhetoric by which a speaker applies to 
 his opponents for their opinion on the point in 
 debate. Ualker. 
 
 AN-A-eO-LO'TIIOX, 71, [Gr. apaKo\ov9ov, not fol- 
 lowing.] 
 
 A term in grammar, denoting the want of sequence 
 in a sentence, one of whose members docs not cor- 
 respond with the remainder. Brande. 
 
 AN-A-CON'DA, n. A name given in Ceylon to a 
 large snake, a sjiecies of Boa, which is said to de- 
 vour travelers. Its flesli is excellent food. F.nctic. 
 
 A-XAC-RE-O.X'Tie, a. Pertaining to .Anacreo'n, a 
 Greek poet, whose odes and epigranis are celebrated 
 for their delicate, easy, and graceful air, and for their 
 exact imitation of nature. The .An.acreontic verse 
 consists of three feet and a half; the first foot 
 cither a sp<mdec or iambus, or an anaiwst ; the rest 
 usually spondees or iambuses ; as, 
 
 9fXoi \ty'.tv Arpctca^ — 
 M£.\cr£ yXvHtl /iaAoecra. 
 
 ANA 
 
 A-.\AC-RE-0.\'TI€, 7i. A poem composed in the 
 
 manner tif Aiiacreon. 
 A.N'A-DE.M, n. [Ct. ,i|.ar?rj,ia.] 
 
 A garland or lillet. A chaplet or crown of flower*. 
 
 If. Hromnr. 
 
 AN'-A-DI-PLO'SIS, 71. [Gr. afo, again, and liijrAoof, 
 double.] 
 
 I)ii]ilication, a ficiirc in rhetoric and poeirj-, con- 
 sisting in the repetition of tin; last xvord or words in 
 a line or clause of a sentence, in the beginning of 
 the next; as, " lie retained his virtues aniiilst all 
 his misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence 
 could foresee or prevent." F.nryc. 
 
 A.\'A-l)RO.M, II. [Sec below.] A fish that ascends 
 rivers. Murin. 
 
 A-.\.\l>'RO-MOUa, o. [Gr. ava, upward, and i/wpos, 
 course.] 
 
 Ascending; a word applied to such fish as pass 
 from llic sea into fresh waters, at stated seasons. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 .\\'.'\-GLYPII, 7(. [Gr. avn, and > Au0w, to cngnive.] 
 An ornament made by sciilpliire. 
 
 AN-A-(;i.yPII'lC, n. In flnciVnf sru/pf«rc, a term ap- 
 plied to chased or embossed work on metal, or to any 
 thing worked in relief. Brande. 
 
 AN-A-GLYP'Tie, a. Relating to the art of carving, 
 engraving, enchasing, or embossing plate. Evelyn. 
 
 A-N'AG-.\OR'I-SIS, n. [(Jr. „v,i) v,.,niGn.] Ri'cogni- 
 tion i the unraveling ol a plot in dramatic action. 
 
 Blair. 
 
 AN'.\-G0-GE, n. [Gr. Ti nj'W) 17, of ava, upward, and 
 u/t.)) r;, a leading, from ayio.] 
 
 An elevation of min<l to things celestial ; the 
 spiritual meaning or application of words; also, the 
 application of the tyixrs and allegories of the Old 
 Testament to subjects of the New. Encyc 
 
 AN-A-GO-GET'IC-AL, a. .Mysterious. 
 
 .'V.N'-.\-GOG'ie-AL, a. Mysterious; elevated; spirit- 
 ual ; as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical 
 sense, sicnifies the repose of the saint.s in heaven. 
 
 A\-A (;( )c;'lC AL-LY, a</t'. In a mysterious sense; 
 wiih relisious elevation. 
 
 AN-.\-(;oG'ies, 71. Mysterious considerations. 
 
 L. .Addison. 
 
 AN'.\-GRAM, 71. [Gr. ai>a and )/ia/i;ia, a letter.] 
 
 A transposition of the letters of a name, by which 
 a new word is formed. Thus Oa/c«u.v becomes angc- 
 liis; IVilliam .Voy (attorney-generil to Charles I., a 
 laborious man) iiiav be turned into I niuiil in lair. 
 
 AN-A-CKAM-MAT'ie, (a. Making "an anagram. 
 
 A.N-A-Gi! AM-MAT'IG-AL, ( Camden's Remuins. 
 
 AN-A-GRA.M-.M.\T'ie-AL-LY, ado. In the manner 
 of an anagram. 
 
 AN-A-GRA.M'.MA-TIS.M, 71. The act or practice of 
 making anagrams. Camden. 
 
 A.N-A-GKAM'.MA-TI.-<T, n. A maker of anagramn. 
 
 AX-A-GRA.M'.MA-TIZE, v. i. To make anagrams. 
 
 Jirrberi. 
 
 AX'A-GR.\PH, 77. An inventory ; a commentary. 
 
 /Cninclci, 
 
 A.X'A-GROS, n. A measure of grain in Spain, con- 
 taining something less than two bushels. Encjc. 
 .\'.NAL, a. [L. auK,<.] 
 
 Pert.aining to the anus ; situated near the anus j 
 as, the anal fin. Encyc. Pennant. 
 
 .\-N.\L'CI.M, ) 71. A white or flesh-red mineral, of 
 A-.VAL'CI.ME, i the zeolite family, occurring in 
 twenty-four sided (trapezoidal) crystals, and some- 
 times in cubes. It is common in amygdaloid and 
 some lavas. Dana. 
 
 By friction, it acquires a wealc electricity ; hence itj 
 name, [Gr.'ii/aVAij, weak.] Clenreland. 
 .\N-.\-LRe'Tie, a. Collecting or selecting; made up 
 
 of selections ; as, an analecttc magazine. 
 AN'A-LE€TS, n. [Gr. am and Aty' ',to collect.] 
 
 A collection of snort pieces, as essays, remarks, &c. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 AN'A-LEM-MA, 71. [Gr. ava\nptia, altitiKle.] 
 
 1. Ill geometry, a projection of the sj^here on the 
 plane of the meridian, orthographically made by 
 straight lines, eirrles, and ellipses, the eye being sup- 
 posed at an infinite distance, and in the e.ast or west 
 points of the horizon. Also, 
 
 2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this 
 kind of projection is drawn, with a horizon or cursor 
 fitted to it, in which the solstitial colure, and all the 
 circles jiarallcl to it, will be concentric circles ; all 
 circles oblique to the eye will be ellipses; and all 
 circles whose planes pass through the eve will be 
 right lines. Encye. jlsh. 
 
 AN-.\-LEP'SIS,7i. [Gr. aiaXri'p'ii f""" avaXaplSaff, 
 
 to receive again.] 
 
 The augmentation or nutrition of an cmarinlcd 
 
 body ; recover}' of strength after a disease. Quiney. 
 AX-A-LEP'Tie, a. (.'orroboniting ; invigorating; 
 
 giving strength after disease. 
 AS'-.A-LEP'TIC, n. A medicine which gives .strength, 
 
 and aids in restoring a body to health alter sicknesj; 
 
 a restorative. 
 
 .\.\-AL'0-GAL, a. Analogous. [JVot used.] Half. 
 
 AX-.\-LOG'ie-AL, a. Having analog)- ; used by way 
 of analogy ; bearing some n'lation. Thus analogical 
 reasoning is rea.soning from some similitude which 
 things known bear to things unknown. An analogical 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, XiXITE. — AN"GEK, VI"CIOUS — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 45 
 
ANA 
 
 ANA 
 
 ANA 
 
 word is one wliicli c;iiTies with it simie relation to the 
 oiiisina! idea. Thus tlie word Jirm i>iiniarily denotes 
 solidity or compactness in a material body ; and by 
 analogy, when used of the mind, it conveys the idea 
 of qualities having a similitude to the solidity of 
 bodies, that is, fixedness or immovabilitv. Watts, 
 AJ<A-L-OG'I€^AL-LY, adr. In an analogical man- 
 ner ; by way of similitude, relation, or agreement. 
 Thus, to reason analog-icalhi is to deduce inferences 
 from some agreement or relation which things bear 
 to each other. 
 
 4N-A-LOG'ie-AL-NESS, v. The quality of being 
 analogical ; fitness to be applied for the illustration 
 of some analog\'. Juhnson, 
 i-NAL'0-GlSM,'n. [Gr. m a\oyi(Tiini.] 
 
 1. An argument from the cause to the effect. 
 
 Jukiison. 
 
 9. Investigation of things by the analogy they 
 bear to each otiier. Crubbe. 
 
 \-NAL'0-GrST, 71. One who adheres to analog)-. 
 
 l-NAL'O-OiZE, V. t. To explain by analogy ; to 
 form some resemblance between different things ; to 
 consider a thing with regard to its analogy to some- 
 thing else. Cheyne. 
 
 \-XAL'0-GOUS, a. Having analogy ; bearing some 
 resemblance or proportion ; followed by to ; as, there 
 is something in the exercise of the mind analogous to 
 that of body. 
 
 \-XAL'0-GOUS-LY, adu. In an analogous manner. 
 AX'A-LOGUE, (iui'a-log,) n. [Ft., from Gr. ai aXoy ..5.] 
 1. A word correspon(ling with another ; an analo- 
 gous term. Pritcfiard. 
 ■2. An animal or other thing resembling another. 
 A-NAL'O-GY, 7t. [Gr. a^oAo/ia, of aia and Xoyos, 
 ratio, proportion.] 
 
 1. An agreement or likeness between things in 
 some circumstances or effects, when the things are 
 otherwise entirely ditferent. Learning enlightens the 
 mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the 
 ■eye, enablina it to discover things before hidden. 
 VVhcn both the things which have an analogy follow 
 a preposition, that preposition must be between or 
 betmizt ; as, there is an analopj between plants and ani- 
 mals, or beticeen customs. Vyiien one of the things 
 precedes a verb, and the other follows, the preposi- 
 tion used must be to or ■with ; as, a plant has some 
 analogy to or with an animal. 
 
 2. With grammarians, analogy is a conformity of 
 words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a 
 language. Thus the general rule in English is, that 
 the plural of a noun ends in es ; tlierefore all nouns 
 which have that plural termination have an anal- 
 ogy, or are formed in analogy with other words of a 
 like kind. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 A-XAL'Y-SIS, n. [Gr. avaXvais, of ava and Xucrij, a 
 loosing, or resolvmg, from Au'j, to loosen. See 
 Loose.] 
 
 1. The factitious separation of a compound body 
 into its constituent parts ; a resolving ; as, an analy- 
 sis of water, air, or oil, to discover its elements. 
 
 2. A consideration of any thing in its separate 
 parts ; an examination of the different parts of a sub- 
 ject, each separately, as the words which compose 
 a sentence, the notes of a tune, or the simple propo- 
 sitions which enter into an argument. It is opposed 
 to synthesis. 
 
 In mathematics, analysis is the resolving of prob- 
 lems by reducing them to equations. The analysis 
 of finite quantities is otherwise called algebra, or spe- 
 cidus arithmetic. The analysis of infinites is the meth- 
 od of Jluxions, or the cnlculus. Encyc. 
 
 Ancient analysvi ; in mathematics, a method of pro- 
 ceeding from the thing sought, as taken for granted, 
 through its consequences, to something really grant- 
 ed or known ; opposed to syntAcns. I'his cliierty re- 
 spected geometrical investigations. Iluttnn. 
 
 In logit, analysis is the tracing of things to their 
 source, and the resolving of knowledge into its origi- 
 nal principles. 
 
 3. A syllabiis, or table of the principal heads of a 
 continued discourse, disposed in their natural order. 
 
 4. A brief, methodical illustration of the principles 
 of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous 
 with synopsis. 
 
 AN'A-LVST, 71. One who analyzes, or is versed in 
 analysis. Kirwau. 
 
 AN-A-LYT'ie, / o. Pertaining to analysis ; that 
 
 AN-A-LYT'IC-.AL, i resolves into first principles; 
 that separates into p.nrls or original princijiles ; that 
 resolves a compound body or subject ; as, an analyt- 
 ical experiment in chemistry, or an analytical investi- 
 gation. It is opposed to synthetic. 
 
 A.V A-LVT'IC-AI. LY, rirfii. in the manner of nnal- 
 ysiii ; by way of separating a body into its constitu- 
 ent partM, fir a subject into its principles. 
 
 AN-A-LYT'ICS, iu Tlio science of analysis. [Sec 
 
 A.V-A-I,7/,'A-I!I,E, a. That can be analyzed. 
 A.N-A I,?7.'A-11LE .NESH, n. The state of being an- 
 aly/.able. 
 
 AN'A LtZE, r. f. [Gr. aeoAu-i. See Ajcaltiik.] 
 'IVi rcHolve n hu<ly into itfl elemi^ntA ; to He[)anttc a 
 c»Hi[Miiind mihjecl into ilx parts or prnpoHitions, for 
 the piiriH/xe of nn examination of cacti HCinirately ; 
 
 as, to analyze a fossil substance ; to analyze an action 
 
 to ascertain its ninrality. 
 AN'.\-L^'Z-£n, Resolved into its constituent parts 
 
 or princijdes, for examination. 
 AN'A-L1i'Z-ER, 71. One who analyzes; that which 
 
 analyzes or has the power to analyze. 
 AN'.\-LVZ-IJ>iG, ppr. Resolving into elements, con- 
 stituent parts, or first principles. 
 AN-AM-Nk'SIS, 71. [Gr. ai a/.eijffis.] 
 
 A figure in rhetoric, which calls to remembrance 
 
 something omitted. Knowles. 
 AN-AM-NES'Tie, a. That aids the memory. 
 AN-A-MORPH'O-SIS or AN-A-MORrU-o'SIS, n. 
 
 [Gr. ava and pnpifioxri!, formation.] 
 
 1. In perspective drawings, a deformed or distorted 
 portrait or figure, which, in one point of view, is 
 confused or unintelligible, and in another, is an ex- 
 act and regular representation ; or confused to the 
 naked eye, but reflected from a plain or curved mir- 
 ror, appearing regular, and in right proportion. Encyc. 
 
 2. In botany, any part of a i)lant in which there is 
 an unusual degree of cellular development, is said to 
 be in a state of anamorphosis. Lintlley. 
 
 A-N.A'NAS, 71. The name of a species of Bromelia ; 
 
 the pine-apple. Encyc. 
 AN-AN"GU-L.\R, a. Without angles. 
 AN'A-PEST, 71. [Gr. nva and TTdi-ii.to strike. Bailey.] 
 In poetry, a foot consisting of three syllables, the 
 
 first two short, the last long ; the reverse of the rfuc- 
 
 tyl; as, 
 
 C3n a bosom so gentle remain 
 
 Unmoved when her Corydon sighs Shenstone. 
 
 AN-A-PEST'ie, 71. The anapestic measure. Bentley. 
 AN-A-PEST'IC, a. Pertaining to an anapest ; consist- 
 ing of anapestic feet. 
 A-NAPH'O-RA, n. [Gr. from a, a$£ow.] 
 
 1. A figure in rhetoric, when the same word or 
 words are repeated at the beginning of two or more 
 succeeding verses or clauses of a sentence ; as, 
 " Wltere is the wise Where is the scribe ? Where 
 is the disputer of this world " Johnson. 
 
 2. Among physicians, the discharge of blood or pu- 
 rulent matter by the mouth. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 AN-A-PLE-ROT'ie, a. [Gr. ai/nTrXDo,,-,., to fill.] 
 
 Filling up ; promoting granulation of wounds or 
 ulcers. 
 
 AN-A-PLE-ROT'ie, 71. A medicine which promotes 
 the granulation or incarnation of wo«nds or ulcers. 
 
 Encyc. Parr. 
 
 AN'ARCH, 7!. [See Anarchy.] The author of con- 
 fusion ; one who excites revolt. Milton. 
 
 A-NXRCH'IP, j a. Without rule or government ; 
 
 A-NXRCH'IC-AL, \ in a state of confusion ; applied 
 to a state or society. Fielding uses anarchial, a word 
 of less ditlicult pronunciation. 
 
 AN'ARCH-ISM, 7i. Confusion ; anarchy. 
 
 AN'AReH-IST, 71. An anarch ; one who excites re- 
 volt, or promotes disorder in a state. Stephens. 
 
 AN'AR€H-Y, 7i. [Ql. at'afix<a,o{ a pr'w. tiiiii apxn, 
 rule.] 
 
 Want of government ; a state of society when 
 there is no law or supreme power, or when the laws 
 are not efficient, and individuals do what they please 
 with impunity ; political confusion. 
 
 A-NAR'RIII-€'HAS, 71. The sea-wolf; a genus of rav- 
 enous fish, of the order of Apodals, found in the 
 northern seas. 
 
 AN-ARTII'ROUS, a. [Gr. an priv. and apO.ooi', a joint 
 or article.] 
 
 In grammar, without the article. Bloomjield. 
 
 A'NAS, 71. [L.] A genus of water-fowls, of the or- 
 der Anseres, including the various species of ducks. 
 The species are very numerous. 
 
 AN-A-SAR'e,\, 71. [Gr. ava, in or between, and o-upf, 
 flesh.] 
 
 Dropsy of the cellular membrane ; an effusion of 
 serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, 
 pale, inelastic swelling of the skin. Quincy. Coze. 
 
 AN-A-SaR'COUS, a. Belonging to anasaica, or drop- 
 sy ; dropsical. 
 
 AN-A-STAL'Tie, ii. [Gr. (ii'ni77;cXXa), to close.] 
 In medicine, astringent ; styptic. Coze. 
 
 AN-A-STAT'ie-PRINT'L\G, 71. A mode of obtain- 
 ing a fiic-simile of any printed page, engraving, &c., 
 on a plate of zinc, from which an impression can be 
 taken, as from the stone of the lithographic press. 
 
 A-.N AS TO MAT'IC, a. Having the quality of remov- 
 ing (ilistnietions. 
 
 A-NA.S'TO-AIosE, V. i. [Gr. nun and aro/ta, mouth.] 
 To inosculate ; to communicate with each other ; 
 applied to tlie vessels of the body, as the arteries and 
 veins. Dartrin, Encyc. 
 
 A-N.\S'TO-MO SING, ppr. or a. Inosculating ; commu- 
 nicating with each other ; as, anastomosing vessels. 
 
 A-N A.S-TO-.MfS'.siS, n. The inosculation of vessels, 
 or the opening of one vessel into another, as an arte- 
 ry into another artery, or a vein into a vein. Coze. 
 
 In older authors, lUe supposed opi'ning of the mouths 
 of the extreme vessels, causing a discharge of their 
 contents, as in excretion. 
 
 A-.N AS-TO MflT'IC, a. Pertaining to anastomosis. 
 
 A-NAS-TO-MOT'ie, n. A medicine supposed to have 
 the power of opening the mouths of vessels, and re- 
 
 moving obstnutions ; such as cathartics, deobstru- 
 ents, and siidorifics. Encyc 
 
 A-NAS'TRO-PIIE, 71. [Gr. ai/dorpo^ij, a conversion, 
 or inversion.] 
 
 In rhetoric and grammar, an inversion of the natu- 
 ral order of words ; as, sazu per et scapulas, for per saxa 
 et scopulos. Encyc. 
 
 AN'A-TASE, 71. [Gr. avaToaif, extension, so named 
 from the length of its crystals.] 
 
 A native oxide of titanium, also called octaliedrite, 
 occurring in brilliant octahedral crystals, of a brown 
 or somewhat bluish color externally, but greenisli- 
 vellow by transmitted light. Dana. 
 
 A-"NATH'E-MA, 71. [Gr. avaGtna, from aj/nntfi/^ii, 
 to place behind, backward, or at a distance, to sepa- 
 rate.] 
 
 1. Excommunication with curses. Hence, a curse 
 or denunciation by ecclesiastical authority, accompa- 
 nying excommunication. This species of excommu- 
 nication was practiced intheancientchurchesagainst 
 notorious offenders ; all churches were warned not to 
 receive them ; all magistrates and private persons 
 were admonished not to harbor or maintain them, 
 and priests were enjoined not to converse with them, 
 or attend their funeral. 
 
 There are two kinds of anathemas, judiciary and 
 abjuratemj. The former is pronounced by a council, 
 pope, or bishop ; the latter is the act of a cgnvert who 
 anathematizes the heresy which he abjures. 
 
 9. In heathen antitjuity, an offering or present made 
 to some deity, and hiiiig up in a temple. Whenever 
 a person quitted his employment, he set apart, or ded- 
 icated, his tools to his patron deity. Persons who 
 had escaped danger remarkably, or been otherwise 
 very fortunate, testified their giatitude by some offer- 
 ing to their deity. Encyc. 
 A-NATH-E-MAT 'le-AL, a. Pertaining to anathema. 
 A-NATH-E-MAT'le-AL-LY', adv. In the manner of 
 anathema. 
 
 A-NATH'E-MA-TIPM, 71. Excommunication. Hooker. 
 
 A-i\ATH-E-MA-TI-Za'TION, 71. The act of anathe- 
 matizing. Encyc. 
 
 A-NATH'E-MA-TiZE, v. t. To excommunicate with 
 a denunciation of curses ; to pronounce an anathema 
 against. Hammond. 
 
 A-NATH'E-.^IA-TIZ-£D, pp. Excommunicated with 
 curses. 
 
 A-NATH'F.-M.\-TIZ-ER, 71. One who pronounces an 
 anathema. Hammond. 
 
 A-NATH'E-MA-TlZ-ING,p;i7-. Pronouncing an anath- 
 ema. 
 
 AN-A-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ancis, a duck, and fcro, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Producing ducks. Brown. 
 
 A-N.\T'0-CIS.M, 71. [L. anatocismus, from Gr. ava, 
 again, and roKoq, usury.] 
 
 Interest upon interest; the taking of compound in- 
 terest ; or the contract by which such interest is se- 
 cured. [Rarely used,] John.ton. Cicero. 
 
 AN-A-TOSl'ie-.'VL, a. Belonging to anatomy or dis- 
 sectiim ; produced by or according to the principles 
 of anatomy, or natural structure of the body ; relating 
 to the parts of the body when dissected or separated. 
 
 AN-A-TO.M'lt'-AL-LY, ado. In an anatomical man- 
 ner ; by means of dissection ; according to the doc- 
 trine of anatomy. 
 
 A-N.\T'0-.MIST, 71. One who dissects bodies ; more 
 generally, one who is skilled in the art of dissection. 
 
 A-N'AT-O-.Mt-ZA'TION, 71. The act of anatomising. 
 
 A-NAT'O-.MIZE, ti. (. To dissect ; to divide into the 
 constituent parts, for the imfpose of examining each 
 by itself; to lay open the interior structure of tlie 
 parts of a body or subject ; as, to anatomize an animal 
 or plant ; to anatomize an argument. 
 
 A-NAT'OMIZ-/"D, pp. Dissected, as an animal body. 
 
 A-NAT'O-MIZ-ING, ppr Dissecting. 
 
 A-N.\T'0-MY, n. [Gr. avar.ipii, ot ava, through, and 
 Toun, a cutting.] 
 
 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating 
 the diflerent parts of an animal body, to discover their 
 situation, structure, and economy. 
 
 2. The doctrine of the structure of the body, 
 learned by dissection ; as, a physician understands 
 anatomy, 
 
 3. Tiie act of dividing any thing, corporeal or in- 
 tellectual, fax the purpose of examining its parts; as, 
 the anatomy of a plant, or of a discourse. 
 
 4. The body stripped of its integuments and mus- 
 cles ; a skeleton, or the corporeal frame of bones en- 
 tire, without the skin, llesli, and vessels. [Jili im- 
 proper ^lse of the word, and vulgar,] 
 
 5. Ironically, a meager iierson. 
 AN-A-TREP'Tie, «. [(ir. m nr^jf jtm, to overturn.] 
 
 Overthrowing ; defi ating ; prostrating : a word ap- 
 plied to those l)ialogues of Plato which represent a 
 complete defeat in the gvmnastic exercises. Enjield. 
 AN'.V-TRON, 71. [from Gr. viroov, niter.] 
 
 1. Soda, or mineral fixed alkali. 
 
 2. iSpume, or glass-gall ; a scum which rises upon 
 melted glass, in the furnace, and, when taken off, 
 dissolves in the air, and then coagulates into common 
 salt. 
 
 3. The salt which collects on the walls of vaults. 
 
 Coze. Johnson. 
 
 FATE, FAK, FALL, \VH.^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, UQQK. 
 
 46 
 
ANC 
 
 AN'BU-IIY, 71. A soft tumor on horses, containing 
 blood. 
 
 !2. A sort of c.ill produced by in.4ect9 on the roots 
 of turnips, cabbagi's, &:c. 
 Ai^''C'i;."<-'rOR, II. [I'r. ancejitres, ancltres ; It. anteces- 
 sor, of tniUf bt'fvire, and cedoj to go.] 
 
 One from whom a person descends, either hy the 
 fallii r or nuitlier, at any distance of time, in tiie tentli 
 or hundredth generation. An aiirMfor precedes in the 
 order of nature or blood ; a predecessor, in the order 
 of olhce. 
 
 AN-CKS-TO'RI-AL, ff. Ancestral. PaUok. 
 
 AN-CES'TR.\L,a. Relating or belonging to ancestors ; 
 claimed or descending from ancestors ; as, an ances- 
 
 A.N-t'E.S'TRESS, n. A female ancestor. [(ruZ estate. 
 
 A.N"CES-TRY, ii. A series of ancestors, or progenitors ; 
 lineagt^ or those who compose the line of natural de- 
 scent. Hence, birth or honorable descent. Addhun. 
 
 ANGfl'I-LOI'S, n. [Gr. cujiAw;//, from aij;, a goat, 
 and ut\p, an eye. Uu.] 
 
 The goat's eye ; an abscess in the inner angle of 
 the eve ; an incipient fistula laclmmalis. Cure. 
 
 ANeil'OR, )i. [1,. ancknra; Gr. uji"/"' >' 
 ancora ; Sp. ancia ; D. G. Dan. anker ; Sw. ankare ; 
 Ir. ankaire, ancoir, or ingir; Corn, ankar ; Ar. ankar ; 
 Pers. angliar ; Russ. iacor : Pr. aiicre ; Arm. ancor.] 
 
 1. An iron instrument for holding a ship or other 
 vessel at rest in water. It is a strong shank, with a 
 ring at one en<l, to which a cable may be fastened ; 
 and with two arms and flukes at the other end, 
 forming a suitable angle with the shank to enter the 
 ground. 
 
 In seainrjt^s lanrruage, the anchor comes home, when 
 it is dislodged from its bed, so as to drag by the vio- 
 lence of the wind, sea, or current. 
 
 Foul anchor, is when tlie anchor hooks or is entan- 
 gled with aiu>ther anchor, or with a wreck or cable, 
 or when the slack cable is entangled. 
 
 The anchor a cock bill, is when it is suspended per- 
 pendicularly from the cat-head, ready to be let go. 
 
 The iinciior a peak, is when it is drawn in so tight 
 as to bring the siiip directly over it. 
 
 The anchor is a trip, or a weiirk, when it is just 
 drawn out of the ground, in a perpendicular direction, 
 either by the cable or the buoy-rope. 
 
 To back an anchor, is to lay down a small anchor 
 ahead of that by wliich the ship rides, with the cable 
 fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its com- 
 ing home. 
 
 .it anchor, is when a ship rides by her anchor. 
 Hence, to tie or ride at anchor. 
 
 To east anchor, or to anchor, is to let go an anchor, 
 to keep a ship at rest. 
 
 To weigh anchor, is to heave or raise the anchor out 
 of the ground. 
 
 Anchors are of different sizes. The principal, and 
 that on which most dependence is placed, is the sheet 
 anchor. Then come the best boteer, the siiia/( bower, 
 the spare anchor, the stream anchor, and the hedge 
 anchor, which is the smallest. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. In a Jigurative sen.ie, that which gives stability 
 or security ; that on which we place dependence for 
 safety. 
 
 Which hope we have at an anchor of the soul, both sure and 
 st''!uil;ist. — Heb. vi. 
 
 3. In architecture, anchors are carved work, some- 
 what resembling an anchor. It is commonly a part 
 of the ornaments of the boultins of capitals in the 
 Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders, and on the mold- 
 ings of cornices. 
 
 In heraldry, anchors are emblems of hope. Enctjc. 
 ANt'H'OR, V. t. To place at anchor; a-s, to uiu/ior a 
 ship. A sliip is anchored, but not moored, by a single 
 anchor. 
 
 9. To fix or fasten on ; to fix in a stable condition. 
 ANeil'OR, i\ i. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor; 
 as, our ship anchored olf the Isle of Wight. 
 2. To stop ; to fix or rest on. 
 AN€H'OU-A-BLE, a. Fit for anchorage. Herbert. 
 ANt'H'OR-AGE, >i. Anchor-ground ; a place where 
 a ship can anchor, where the ground is not too rocky, 
 nor the water too deep nor too shallow. 
 
 2. The hold of a ship at anchor, or rather the anch- 
 or and all the necessary tackle for anchoring. 
 
 3. A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a har- 
 bor. 
 
 AXeil'OR-KD, jrp. Lying or riding at anchor; held 
 bv an anchor ; fixed in safety. 
 
 ANeirO-RESS, ji. A female anchoret. Fairfax. 
 
 ANGH'O RET, In. [Gr. oi'ax')')'iJ-i|{, from anaxoy- 
 
 ANGH'O-RX'I'E, \ ,ot'->, to retire, of avn and \oipeu>, 
 to go. Written by some authors anachoreU] 
 
 A hermit ; a recluse ; one who retires from society 
 into a desert or solitary place, to avoid the tempta- 
 tions of the world, and devote himself to religious 
 duties. Also, a monk, who, with the leave of the 
 abbot, retires to a cave or cell, with an allowance 
 from the monastery, to live in solitude. Encyc 
 
 ANeH-O-RET'lC, jo. Pertaining to a hennit, or 
 
 Ai\eH-0-RET'ie-AL, ( his mode of life. 
 
 ANeH'OR-GROUND, n. Ground suitable for anchor- 
 ing. 
 
 ANeH'OR-MoLD, n. The hold or fastness of an anch- 
 or ; security. 
 
 ANC 
 
 ANeil'OR-ING, jipr. Coming to anchor ; ca-sting 
 anchor ; mooring. 
 
 ANeil'()R-i*.MITH, v. The maker or forger of .anch- 
 ors, or one whose occupation is to make nnrliors. 
 
 AN-CIIC VY, H. [Port, and Hp. unchova ; Fr. anchois ; 
 It. acciuga ; G. unschove. ] 
 
 A small fish, about tiiree inches in length, of the 
 genus Clupea or herring, found and caught in vast 
 numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for ex- 
 portation. It is used as a sauce or se.isoning. 
 
 AN-CIIo'VY-PEaR, ti. a fruit of the West Indies, 
 produced by a species of the genus Grias. It resem- 
 bles the mango in taste, and, like it, is sometimes 
 pickled when green. Kncijc. of Ihm. Kcon. 
 
 ANeil'Y-LoS-*:D, (Snk'c-lost,) a. Immovably united 
 or fixed, as joints of bon(^s. Mantell. 
 
 AN€II-Y-I,0't>iS, 71. |Gr. nj/ci'X'.)<r(5, from oj'icijAus, 
 crooked.] 
 
 Slill'ness of a joint; immobility of a joint natural- 
 ly movable. 
 
 ANCH-Y-LOT'ie, a. Pertaining to anchylosis. 
 aN'CIE.N'T, a. [Fr. ancien; It. uiiiiaiiu, an:i ; from L. 
 ante, antitiuus.] 
 
 1. Old ; that happened or existed in former limes, 
 usually, at a great distance of time ; as, ancient au- 
 thors, ancient days. Old, s.iys Johnson, relates to the 
 duration of the thing itself; as, an old coat ; and an- 
 cient, to time in general ; as, an ancient dress. But 
 this distinction is not always observed. We say, in 
 old times, as well as ancient times ; old customs. &c. 
 We usually apply both ancient and old to things sub- 
 ject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an an- 
 cient record ; but never, the old sun, old stars, an old 
 river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is 
 opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. 
 When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, 
 which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient ; 
 as, ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not, old re- 
 publics, old heroes. But when the thing which be- 
 gan or existed in former times, is still in existence, 
 we use either ancient or old; as, ancietit statues or 
 paintings, or old statues or paintings ; ancient authors, 
 or old authors, meaning books. But, in these exam- 
 ples, ancient seems the most correct, or best author- 
 ized. Some persons apjily ancient to men advanced 
 in years, still living ; but this use is not common in 
 modern practice. 
 
 2. Old ; that has been of long duration ; as, an an- 
 cient forest ; an ancient city. 
 
 3. Known from ancient times ; as, the ancient con- 
 tinent, opposed to the new continent. Robertson. 
 
 aN'CIENT, n. [Supra.] Generally used in the plural, 
 ancicntjs. Those who lived in former ages, ojiposed 
 to moderns. 
 
 In Scripture, very old men. Also, governors, rulers, 
 political and ecclesiastical. 
 
 Tlie I.onI will enter into judgment with llie anrieni* of his peo- 
 ple. — Isji. iii. Jer. xix. 
 
 God is called " the Ancient of days," from his eter- 
 nal existence. Dan. vii. 
 
 Hooker uses the word for seniors: "they were his 
 ancients ; " but the use is not authorized. 
 
 2. Ancient is also used for a flag or streamer, in a 
 ship of war, or the colors of a regiment ; and for an 
 ensign or the bearer of a flag, as in Shakspeare. 
 Cowel supposes the word, when used for a flag, to 
 be a ciwruption of end-sheet, a Hag at the stern. It is 
 probably Uie Fr. enseigne. Johnson. Cotoel. Kncijr. 
 
 Ancient demesne, in English laic, is a tenure by which 
 all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of 
 William the Coniiueror, were held. The numbers, 
 names, &c., of these were all entered in a book called 
 Domes-day Book. Cowel. Blackstone. 
 
 Council of Ancients, in French hu.tory, the higher 
 branch of the legislative body, in the constitution of 
 179.i. 
 
 AN'CIENT-LY, arfr. In old times ; in times long since 
 past ; as, Rome was anciently more populous than at 
 present. 
 
 AN'CIE.\T-NESS, 71. The state of being ancient ; an- 
 tiquity ; existence from old times. 
 
 Ai\'CIE.NT-RY, 71. Dignity of birth ; the honor of an- 
 cient lineage. Spenser on Ireland. Shak. 
 
 Ai\'CIENT-Y, 71. Age ; antiquity. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Martin, 
 
 AN'CIEN'T-Y, 71. In some old English statutes and au- 
 thors, eldership or seniority. 14 Hen. III. 
 
 AN-CI'LE, n. [L.] In Roman antiquity, the sacred 
 shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven in the 
 reign of Nuina. Adams. 
 
 AN'CIL-LA-RY, a. [L. ancilla, a female servant.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a maid-servant, or female service. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. Subservient or subordinate to ; as, a court ancii- 
 lary to another jurisdiction. 
 
 AN-CIP'I-TAL, a. [L. anceps.] 
 
 Doubtful, or double ; double-faced, or double- 
 formed. 
 
 In botany, two-edged ; compressed, and forming 
 two opposite angles, as a stem ; having two promi- 
 nent, longitudinal angles, with a coiive.x disc, as a 
 leaf. Barton, Elem. of Botany. 
 
 AN'CO.ME, 71. A small ulcerous swelling, coming sud- 
 denly. Boucher. 
 
 AND 
 
 AN'CON, n. [I., ancon : Gr. u>«tui., the i lbow.] 
 
 The olecranon, or elbow ; the larger posterior pro- 
 cess at the upper end of tli(> ulna. 
 
 AN'CO.NES, n. pi. [L. ancon ; Gr uj k'.ii'.] 
 
 In ureAifcctiirc, the brackets sup|Hirting a comii;e on 
 the flanks, as in diKirways, &.c. ; also, the corners or 
 t(Uoins of walls, cross-beams, or rafters. Gwdt. 
 
 AN'CO-NY, 71. [probably from u;(<ui', the cubil, from 
 its resemblance to the arm.] 
 
 In irun works, a piece of half wrought iron, in the 
 shape of a bar in the middle, but rude and iinwroiiglit 
 at the ends. A piece of ca.st iron is melted olf and 
 hammered, at a forge, into a mass of two feet long, 
 and of a square shape, which is called a bloom ; then 
 carried to a finery, and worked into an ancony ; it is 
 then sent to a cliafery, « here the ends are wrought 
 into the shape of the middle, and the whole is made 
 into a bar. Encyc. 
 
 AND, cuii;. [Sax. and ; Gcr. und ; D. ende or en ; and.] 
 And is a conjunction, connective, or conjoining 
 word. It signifies that a word or part of a sentence 
 is to be added to what precedes. Thus, give me an 
 apple and an orange ; tlmt is, give me an apjile, add, 
 or give in adtUtioii to that, an orange. John and Pe- 
 ter and James roile to New York ; that is, John rode 
 to .\ew York, add or furllicr Poter rode to New York, 
 Olid James rode to New York. 
 
 AN-D.\-I..O'SITE, n. A mineral, occurring usually in 
 thick lamellar forms, of a grayish or pale reddish 
 tint, and sometimes in rhombic prisms, and com- 
 posed chiefly of silica and alumina. . Its name is de- 
 rived from Andalusiaj in Spain, where it was first 
 disctivered. In a variety called cross-stune, or ehtas- 
 tolite, the crysttils, when cut transversely, show a tcs- 
 selated structure, or ap|H>ar to consist of four white 
 crystals, placed so as to make a white cross, and set 
 in a dark ground. Dana. 
 
 A.\'-DAJ\r''JE. [It., from andare, to go ; Eng. to icenrf, 
 to wander.] 
 
 In niiuic, a word used to direct to a movement 
 moderately slow, between largo and allegro, Encyc 
 As a noun, it deiiot<;s a piece of music to be per- 
 formed in andante. 
 
 AN'I)AR-A€, 71. Red orpiment. Coic. 
 
 AN'I)E-.\N, a. Pertaining to the Andes, the great 
 chain of mountains extending through South .Xiner- 
 ica. Columbiad, 3, Ki8. 
 
 AN-1)I'R A, n. The name of the genus of plants which 
 rompreheiuls ihe cabbage bark-tree of Jamaica. 
 
 .•\.\U'I-RO.V, n. [Tent, andena, or andela. In Sax. 
 the corresponding word is brandisen, brand or fire 
 iron ; D. brand-yzer. The Fr. landier, -\rni. lander, 
 Junius thinks, is our and-iron, with the French I pre- 
 fixed.] 
 
 An iron utensil used in Great Britain, where coal 
 is the common fuel, to support the ends of a spit ; but 
 in America, used to support the wood in fireplaces. 
 AN-DRA-NAT'O-.MY, n. [Gr. avna, ai6i>j(, a man, 
 and avarHjin, dissection.] 
 
 The dissection of a hiunan body, especially of a 
 male. Coie. (^ui?icy. 
 
 A.N'DRE-O-LITE, n. .\ mineral, the harmotonie, or 
 
 cross-stone. Ure. 
 A.\-DROG'Y-NAL, ) a. [Gr. aiTfO, a man, and j-vci;, 
 .U\-l)ROG'Y-NOUS, i woman.] 
 
 Having two sexes; being male and female; her- 
 maphroditical. 
 
 In Autanv, the word is applied to a plant bearing 
 both staminiferous and pistilliferons flowers on the 
 same root. These plants constitute the class Monce- 
 cia, in Linnieus's system. ' Milne. 
 
 AN-DROG'Y-NAL-LY, adv. AVith the parts of both 
 sexes. 
 
 AN-DROCY-NUS, n. ,\n hermaphrodite. Johnson. 
 
 AN-DR0II)'KS, n. [Gr. avnp, man, and s, form.] 
 A machine in the human form, which, by certain 
 springs, perforins some of the natural motions of a 
 living man. One of these machines, invented by .M. 
 Vaucanson, appeared at Paris in 1738, representing a 
 flute-plajer. Encye. 
 
 AN-DRO.M'E DA, n. .\ northern constell.ation, behind 
 Pcg.Tsus, Cassiopeia, and Perseus, representing the 
 figure of a woman chained. 
 
 2. The name of a celebrated tragedy of Euripides, 
 now lost. Encyc. 
 
 3. Also, a genus of plants. 
 AN'DRON, n. [Gr. ,ii>no, a man.] 
 
 In Oreeian and Roman architecture, the apartment 
 appropriated for the males. This was in the lower 
 part of the house, and the gynaceum, or a|)artinenl 
 for females, was in the upper |iart. Brande. 
 
 AN-DRO-PET'.\L-Ol'S, a. [Gr. .ii-no and Tfr,iXoi.] 
 An epithet applied to double flowers, produced by 
 the conrersiim of the stamens into petals, as in the 
 garden ranunculus. Brande. 
 
 AN-DROPH'A-GI, 71. [Gr. ani/i, man, and ipu} u, to 
 eaL] 
 
 .^Ian-eaters ; but the word is little used, being su- 
 perseded by .\nthropophagi, which see. Herodotus 
 mentions people of this ch.iracter. .Melpom. 100. 
 AN-DROT'O-.MY, n. [Gr. ai r,,o, a man, and r..jii), a 
 cutting.] 
 
 .K cutting of human bodies ; dissection of the hu- 
 man body, as distinguished from zootomy. 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, QNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 17 
 
ANG 
 
 ASK\R',prep. Near. Mtcrburtj. 
 A.V'EC-Do-TAL, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. 
 AN'E€-UOTE, n. [Gr. a priv. and e^iiSM/ii, to pub- 
 lish ; iKf ir ,f, given out.] 
 
 1. In its ori^rinal sense, secret hislorj', or facts not 
 generally known. But in more common iioowc, a par- 
 ticular or detached incident or fact of an interesting 
 nature ; a biographical incident ; a single passage 
 of private life. Proropius gave the title of anecdotes 
 to a book he published against Justinian and his wife 
 Theodora; and similar collections €tf incidents in the 
 lives of eminent men are now common. Encyc. 
 
 2. The relation of an incident or particular event 
 
 Jilebnoth. 
 
 AN-Ee-DOT'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to anecdotes 
 
 Bolintrbroke. 
 
 A-NkLE', r. L [Sax. all, oil.] 
 
 To ffive extreme unction. [.Vu( used.] Shale, 
 AX-E-MOG'R A-PH Y, n. [Gr. m t^oj, wiiid, and ypa,pri, 
 description.] 
 
 A description of the winds. Johnson. 
 AN-E-MOL'O-GY, n. [Gi. aicpoi, wind, and Xuyo;, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the subject. 
 AN-E-.MOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ape/^ js, wind, and fierpcoi, 
 to measure.] 
 
 An instrument or machine for measuring the force 
 and vehjcity of the wind. Encuc. 
 A-NEM'O-NE, n. [Gr. avtptiovr), from aveu"i, w'ind. 
 It was by the ancient Greeks written ai CfioiAm. The- 
 oph. lib. I), cap. 7. Plin. 31. 23. Venus is said to have 
 changed her Adonis into an anemone. Ovid. Metara. 
 lib. 10. 73.1.] 
 
 Wind-flower ; a genus of plants of numerous spe- 
 cies. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens, 
 of which their double flowers are among the most el- 
 egant ornaments. 
 
 Sea Jliicmone. See Animal-Flower. 
 .A-NEM'O-.VIN, n. An acrid, crjstallizable substance, 
 obtained from some species of anemone. It burns 
 like camphor. Brandc. 
 A-NEM'O-SeOPE, n. [Gr. ai euus, wind, and truo-eu, 
 to \iew.] 
 
 A machine which shows the course or direction of 
 the wind. Encyr. 
 
 ASEST' , prep. About; concerning, over against : a 
 Scottish word. Uu. Gr. uufTi. 
 
 AXES. See Awss. 
 
 AN'EU-RIS.M, Ji. [Gr. ava, and Cfovv to dilate, from 
 eoni'i, broad.] 
 
 A soft, pulsating tumor, arising from the preternat- 
 ural dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. 
 This is either encysted or diffused. The encysted 
 aneurism is when, the co.ats of the arterj- being only 
 dilated, the blood is confined within its proper coat. 
 Of this kind is the varicose. The diffused aneurism 
 includes all those in which, from an aperture in the 
 arter}', the blood is spread about in the cellular mem- 
 brane, out of its proper course. Quincy. Coie. 
 
 AN-RU-KIS'.MAL, a. Pertaining to an aneurism. 
 
 A-NEW. adv. [a and iicir.] 
 
 Over again ; another time ; in a new form ; as, to 
 arm anew ; to create aneir. 
 
 AX-FRAe-TU-OS'I-TY, n. A state of being full of 
 windings and turnings. 
 
 AX-FRAe'TU-OUS, a. [L. anfraetus, of amb, about, 
 and frnctus, broken. See Bbeak.] 
 
 Winding ; full of windings and turnings ; written, 
 less correctly, Ankractl'osl. Ray. 
 
 AX-FRAe'TiJ-OUS-NESS, ii. A state of being full of 
 windings and turnings. 
 
 AX-FRAC'TIIRE, n. .\ mazy winding. 
 
 AX-G.\-HI-A'TIO.\, n. [\.. anirario : Gi. ayyapevu, 
 to compel ; a word of Persian origin.] 
 Compulsion ; exertion. [JVat iiscd.] 
 
 AX-GEI-OT'O-i.IY, n. See Anoiotomv. 
 
 AX'GEL, 71. [L. angeUis; Gr. ayytXii, a messenger, 
 from uyyeWui, to tell or announce ; Ir. alalia, a<;al- 
 laim, to speak or tell ; from the root of call, or of Ar. 
 
 kauJa, to say, to tell. Sa.T. angel ; Ir. aingeal, or 
 
 aingiol ; D. G. Sw. Dan. engel ; ^p. angel ; It. angelo; 
 Port, anjo ; Ft. ange ; Russ. angel.] 
 
 1. Literally, a messenger; one employed to commu- 
 nicate news or information from one iwrson to anoth- 
 er at a distance. But apprnpriately, 
 
 2. A spirit, or a spiritual intelligent being, employed 
 by God to conimunic.itc his will to man. Hence, an- 
 CelH arc ministers of God, and ministering spirits. 
 Ileb. i. 
 
 3. In a ba/l .ien.ie, nn eril spirit ; a.s, the angel of the 
 bottomless pit. .Matt. x\v, 1 Cor. vi. Kev. 
 
 4. (Jhrist, the mediator and head of the church. 
 Rev. X. 
 
 5. A minister of the gospel, who la nn embassador 
 of God. Ki v. ii. and ill. 
 
 ft. Any beine whom God employti to execute his 
 Judgments. Kw. xvi. Crudcn. 
 7. In lA< itylc of lave, a verj' beautiful person. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2N'CiEI., n. A flih found nn the cnnit of Carolina, of 
 the Thoracic order, and genun ChmtcMloii. It has a 
 Hiiiall, projecting nioiilh ; the lamina: above the gills 
 
 ANG 
 
 are armed with cerulean spines ; the body, a foot in 
 leiiEth, appears as if cut off, and waved, and covered 
 \^'ith large greon scales. Pennant, from Cate^by, 
 aN'CEL, n. A gold coin, fomierly cuiTent in England, 
 bearing the figure of an angel. Skinner says this de- 
 vice «'as impressed upt>n it in allusion to an observa- 
 tion of Pope Gregorj' tlie Great, who, seeing some 
 beautiful English youths in the market at Rome, 
 asked who they were; being told they were .^i/in'//, 
 English, he replied, they ought rather to be called 
 auireli, angels. This coin had different values under 
 different princes ; but is now an imaginary sum or 
 money of account, implying ten shillings sterling. 
 
 Encijc 
 
 aX'6EL, a. Resembling angels ; angelic ; as, angel 
 
 whiteness. Sliak. 
 aN'6EL-AGE, n. The existence or state of angels. 
 
 Beaumont ij- Fletcher. 
 aN'6EL-BED, 71. An open bed without posts. 
 
 Knowles. 
 
 aN'OEL-FISH, 71. A species of shark, the Squalus 
 squatina. It is from six to eight feet long, with a 
 large head, teeth broad at the base, but slender and 
 sharp above, disposed in five rows, all around the 
 jaws. The fish takes its name from its pectoral fins, 
 which are very large, and extend horizontally, like 
 wings when spread. This fish connects the genus of 
 Rays with that of Sharks, partaking of the charac- 
 ters of both ; but it differs from both in this, that its 
 mouth is placed at the extremity of the head. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AX-GEL'ie, j a. [L. angeliai.'i.] 
 
 AX-GEL'IC-AL, ( Resembling angels ; belonging to 
 angels, or partaking of their nature; suiting the na- 
 ture and dignity of angels. 
 
 AN-GEL'l-CA,, 71. The name of a genus of umbellif- 
 erous plants, arranged, by Linnseus, in the class and 
 order Pentandria Dig\ nia. 
 
 AX-GEL'ie-AL-LY, a'dv. Like an angel. 
 
 AX-GEL'ie-AL-XESS, ti. The c[uality of being an- 
 gelic ; excellence more than human. 
 
 aX'GEL-ITES, in church history, so called from .\nge- 
 lium in Alexandria, where they held their first meet- 
 ings; a sect of heretics, near the close of the fifth 
 century, who held the persons of tiie Trinity not to 
 be the same, nor to exist by their own nature ; but 
 each to be a God, existing bj' participating of a deity 
 common to them all. 'I'hey are sailed, also, Sever- 
 iTEs, from Sevcrus, their head ; and Theodosiaxs, 
 from one Theodosius, whom they made their pope. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 aN'GEL-LiKE, a. Resembling or having the manners 
 of angels. 
 
 aX-GEL-OL'O-CY, 71. [angel and Xoyif.] 
 
 A discourse on angels ; or the doctrine of angelic 
 
 beings. Ch. Spect/itor. 
 
 AX'GE-LOT, 71. [Fr. anche, the reed of a hautboy or 
 
 other wind-instrument of music] 
 
 1. An instrument of music, somewhat resembling 
 a lute. Johnson. 
 
 2. An ancient English coin, struck at Paris while 
 under the dominion of England ; so called from the 
 figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of the 
 arms of England and France. Also, a small, rich 
 sort of cheese, made in Xormandv. Encyc. 
 
 AX'GEL-PkO'PLKD, a. Peopled with angels. 
 
 Jeicsbttry. 
 
 aX'GEL-SHOT, 71. [Fr. angr, a chain-shot.] 
 
 Chain-shot, being two halves of a cannon-ball fast- 
 ened to the ends of a chain. 
 aN'GEL-WEL'CO.ME, 71. AVelcome by angels. 
 
 Boiering. 
 
 XN'GELr-WIXG-£D, a. Winged like angels. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 aN'GEL-WOR-SHIP, 71. The worshiping of angels. 
 
 Trapp. 
 
 AN"GER, 71. [L. ango, to choke, strangle, ve.x ; 
 whence angor, vexation, anguish, the quinsy, angi- 
 na. Gr. aj \w, to strangle, to strain or draw together, 
 to vex. The primary sense is, to press, squeeze, 
 make narrow; Gr. nyxh "far; Sax. etige; G. enge; 
 D. Dan. eng, narrow, strait; W. 171^. This word 
 
 m.ay be connected in origin with the Ar. Aa- 
 
 7u7ia, to be angry, and (^>ob. chanaka, to strangle ; 
 Heh. Ch. Syr. Etii. p:n, to strangle. In Siix. onire 
 signifies vexed ; angmod, sad, anxious ; ang-set, a car- 
 buncle ; angsum, pressed close ; anrsumian, to vex, 
 to make anxious; F,n^. anguish, amwus ; L. angus- 
 lus, angina, &.C. See Anoi isH.] 
 
 1. A violent passion of the mind excited by a real 
 or supposed injury ; usually accompanied witii a |>ro- 
 pensily to take vengeance, or to obtain satisfaction 
 from the offending party. This passion, however, 
 varies in degrees of violence, and, in ingenuous 
 minds, may be attended only with a desire to re- 
 prove or chide the ofl'endc'r. 
 
 Anger is also excited by nn injury ortV'red to a reln- 
 tion, friend, or party to wliirli one is attached ; and 
 some degrees of it may be excited by cruelty, injus- 
 tice, or oppression otfered to those with whom one 
 
 ANG 
 
 has no immediate cimncction, or even to the commu- 
 nity of which one is a member. Xor is it unusual to 
 see something of this passion roused by gross absurd- 
 ities in others, especially in controversy or discussion. 
 Anger may be intiamed till it rises to rage and a tem- 
 porary delirium. 
 
 2. {"ain or smart of a sore or swelling ; tJie literal 
 $e)ise of the word, but little used. 
 AN"GER, V. t. To excite anger; to provoke ; to rouse 
 resentment. 
 
 2. To make painful ; to cause to smart ; to inflame ; 
 as, to anger an ulcer. Bacon. 
 AN"GER-£D, pp. Provoked ; made angry. 
 AN"GER-LY, adc. [anger and ZiAe.] 
 
 In an angry manner ; more generally written As- 
 
 GRILY. 
 
 AX'-GI'NA, 71. [L., from ango, to choke. See Anger.] 
 In medicine, a term applied to all inflammatory af- 
 fections of the throat or fauces, from the accompany- 
 ing dirticulty of breathing ; including the quinsy, ma- 
 lignant sore-throat, croup, mumps, &.c. Ctillen. 
 
 Anifina pectoris ; a peculiar, painful, periodic, nerv- 
 ous affection of the chest. 
 AX-Gl-OG'R.\-PHY, 71. [Gr. ayyctop, a vessel, and 
 ypa'Pn, description.] 
 A description of the vessels in the human body. 
 
 .a'sh. 
 
 AX'-GI-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. ayyaut; a vessel, and Xjy- 
 os, discourse.] 
 
 A treatise or discourse on the vessels of the human 
 body, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, &c. 
 
 Bailey. Quincy. 
 AN'ei-0-MOX-0-SPER.^I'OUS, n. [Gr. ayycio^, a 
 vessel, p'ifoi, alone, and cTrtppa, seed.] 
 Producing one seed only in a seed-pod. Johnson, 
 AN'(5l-0-SeOPE, 71. [Gr. aj/cioi-, a vessel, and axo- 
 !r£(.), to view.] 
 
 An instrument for examining the capillary vessels 
 of a bod)'. Morin. 
 AN'GI-O-SPERM, 71. [Gr. ayyeiov, a vessel, and irrtp- 
 pa, seed.] 
 
 In botany, a plant which has its seeds inclosed in a 
 pericarp. 
 
 AX-GI-O-SPERM'OUS, a. Having seeds inclosed in a 
 pod or other pericarp. In Linnajus's system, the sec- 
 ond order of plants in the class Didynamia are called 
 Angiospermia. This word is opposed to gymnosperm- 
 ous, or naked -seeded. 
 
 AN-(5l-0T'0-MY, 71. [Gr. ayytiov, a vessel, and roprf, 
 a cutting.] 
 
 1. In medicine, the opening of a vessel, whether a 
 vein or an artery, as in bleeding. It includes both 
 arteriotomy and phlebotomy. 
 
 2. In anatomy, a dissection of the vessels of the 
 body. Parr. 
 
 AN"(j!LE, 71. [Fr. angle; L. angulus, a corner ; (Jr. 
 ayKvXo^ ; W. ongle ,■ G. and D. angel, a hook, an an- 
 gle f Dan. angel, a hook, angle, a sting ; Sax. an- 
 gel, a hook ; Sp. and Port, anguto ; It. angolo. The 
 German has angcln, to angle with a hook; but in D. 
 hengel is the rod, and hengclen, to angle, du. Aiii^e 
 and Aaii^r.] 
 
 In popular language, the point where two lines 
 meet, or the meeting of two lines in a point ; a 
 corner. 
 
 In geometry, the space comprised between two 
 straight lines that meet in a point, or between two 
 straight converging lines, which, if e.\tend"d, would 
 meet ; or the quantity by which two straight lines, 
 departing from a point, diverge from each other, 'i'he 
 point of meeting is the vertex of the angle, and the 
 lines containing the angle are it-s sides or legs. 
 
 In optics, the angle of incidence is the angle which a 
 ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point 
 of the surface of any medium on which it falls. 
 
 The angle of refraction is the angle which a ray of 
 light refracted makes with n perpendicular to that 
 point of the surface of the refracting medium im 
 which it falls. Encyc. 
 
 A right angle is one formed by a right line falling 
 on another pel pendicularly, or an angle of 90 degrees, 
 making the quarter of a circle. 
 
 An obtuse angle is greater than a right angle, or 
 more than 'JO degrees. 
 
 An acute angle is less than a right angle, or less 
 than 90 degrees. 
 
 A rcctdiueal or right-lined angle is formed by two 
 right lines. 
 
 A curvUineal angle is formed by two curved lines. 
 A 77n>fii angle is formed by a right line with a 
 cur\'ed line. 
 
 Jidjaccnt or contiguous angles are such as have one 
 leg common to both angles, and both together are 
 equal to two right angles. 
 
 Kilernal angles are angles of any right-lined figure 
 without it, when the sides are produced or length- 
 ened. 
 
 Internal angles are those which are within any 
 right-lined figure. 
 
 Oblique angles are cither acute or obtuse, in opposi- 
 tion to right angles. 
 
 A solid angle is the meeting of three or more plane 
 angles at one point. 
 
 A spherieiU angle is one made by the meeting of 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY.— PIXE, MAIUXE, BIRD. — XOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpQK — 
 
 48 
 
ANG 
 
 ANI 
 
 ANl 
 
 two arches of gn at cirrlfs, vvliicli imitiially cut one 
 auutlier on tlie surface of the globe or sphere. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 AN"GLE,(ang'i;l,)n. 
 
 1. A hook ; an instminont to take fish, consisting 
 of a rod, a line, anil a hook, or a line and hook. 
 
 2. One who may be easily enticed ; a Rnll. Shak. 
 AN"GLE, V. i. To fish with an angle, or with line 
 
 and hook. 
 
 2. 1'. (. or i. To fish for ; to try to gain by some 
 bait or insinuation, as men iingle for fisli ; as, to 
 aii^'te for the hearts of people, or to aii^lr. hearts. 
 
 Sliuk. SiJiinj. 
 AN"GIiED, a. Having angles : used ouhj in compounds. 
 AN"GLER, n. One that lishcs with an angle ; also, a 
 fish, a specie3 of Lophius, sometimes called Jinliin^- 
 frog. 
 
 AN"GL£-ROD, n. The rod or pole to which a line 
 and hook are fastened. 
 
 AN"GLE-.SITE, n. Native sulphate of lead. It oc- 
 curs in white or yellowish prismatic ciystals, semi- 
 transparent, with a glassy or adamantine luster, and 
 is found associated with other ores of lead. The 
 name is from Anglesea, a British locality of the min- 
 eral. Dana. 
 
 A.\"GLie, ) 0. [from .Sngles ; Pax. inir, a plain or 
 
 A.\"GLie-AN, i meadow, and lie, like, or cuos, 
 like, which is the root of the I,, tens, in pulilica.'', and 
 all similar adjectives. From imr was ftunied .Onirics, 
 the English, to which is added this connuon nliis, ic. 
 The Angles were the lng;cvones of Tacitus, ing- 
 ironers, dwellers on the plain or levil land, near the 
 Elbe and Weser. [See English and Wo.nt.] Ing 
 is annexed to many English names, as Reading, 
 Basing, Kettering, towns situated on Hat landj 
 
 English ; pertaining to England or the English 
 nation ; as, the Anglican church. Pinkrrton. 
 
 A.V"OLie-.\X, II. A member of tlie Church of Eng- 
 land. Biirki: 
 
 .3.V" GLI CE, [L.] In English, in the English manner. 
 
 .\.V"GLI-CISJI, «. An English idiom; a form of lan- 
 guage peculiar to the English. M'dton. 
 
 AX"GLI-CIZE, V. L To make English ; to render 
 conformable to the English idiom, or to English 
 analogies. 
 
 .\N"GLI-CIZ-£D, pp. Made English ; rendered con- 
 formable to the English idiom. 
 
 AN"GLING, ppr. Fishing with an angle. 
 
 A.V'GLIXG, II. A fishing with a rod and line; the 
 art of fishing with an angle. 
 
 A\"GLO-.'^-MEK'I-e.\N, Ji. A descendant from Eng- 
 lish ancestors, born in America, or the LTnitcd States. 
 
 AN"'GEO-A-MER'I-eAN, a. Pertaining to the de- 
 scendants of Englishmen in America. 
 
 AN"GLO-D.\'MSH, a. Pertaining to the English 
 Danes, or the Danes who settled in England. 
 
 TVoUon. 
 
 AN"GEO-XOR'MAiV, a. Pertaining to the English 
 
 Normans. JVuUvn. 
 AN"GEO-.\OROIAN, n. An English Norman. 
 AN"GLO-S.\X'ON, a. Pertaining to the Saxons who 
 
 settled in England, or English Saxons. 
 AX"GLO-SAX'ON, n. An English Saxon ; also, the 
 
 language of the English Saxons. 
 AX-Go'L.\-PeA, or PIG'EOX-PeA. A species of 
 
 Cvtisus. 
 
 AX''GOK, 71. [L. See Asoer.] 
 
 1. Pain ; intense bodily pain. 
 
 2. The retiring of the native bodily heat to the 
 center, occasioning headache, palpitation, and sad- 
 ness. Knctic. Coxr. 
 
 A\"GR£D, or AX"GER-£:D, pp. Made angry ; pro- 
 voked. 
 
 AX"GRI-LY, orfu. In an angry manner; peevishly; 
 
 willi indications of resentment. 
 AX"GRY, a. [See Axger.] 
 
 1. FeeliHg resentment ; provoked ; followed gen- 
 erally by icitA before a person. 
 
 God is angry tcilh the wickeil fvcr>' d^y. — P*- 
 But it is usually followed by al before a thing. 
 \VlK'r,'fjre sliyuIJ UoJ be an^ry at ihy voice I — tkch's. r. 
 
 2. Showing anger ; wearing the marks of anger ; 
 caused by anger ; as, an angry countenance ; angry 
 words. 
 
 3. Inflamed, as a sore; red; manifesting intlam- 
 niation. 
 
 4. Raging ; furious ; tunmltuous. 
 Or clitiii the an^ry vengeance of Uic wiivca. 
 
 Judge TrumluU. 
 
 ANG-Sa'XA, or AXG-S.\'VA, n. A red gum of the 
 East Indies, like that of dragon's blood. Coze. 
 
 AX"GU, n. Bread made of the Cassada, a plant of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 AX"GUI-FER, 71. [L. onnT/ii, a serpent, and fcro, to 
 bear ; Sans, agui.] 
 
 In asirimnmij, a cluster of stars in the form of a 
 man holding a serpent ; Serpentarius, one of the con- 
 st llaiiMns oflli'' nurtliern hemisphere. .ish. 
 AX-GiriL'LI-FORM, a. [L. anguilla, an eel, and 
 forma, sliap?.] 
 
 In the form of an efl ; resenililing an 
 
 Tins term is emiiloyed by Cuvier to donote a fam- 
 
 ily of apoilal fishes, including the eel, and other 
 fishes rrs('nihling it in form and structure. 
 
 AN-GU1.\'E-AI., a. [L. aiigui.-,; a snake.] Resem- 
 bling or prrtaining to a .snake, 
 
 AN"G UI.^II, 7(. [l'"r. angoifge ; It. an^oscia ; Sp. anjria ; 
 Port, nngusiia, showing the direct derivation of this 
 word from L. angn.-!l.iu, narrowness, from pressure ; 
 D. and G. angst ; Dan. angcst. This and a numerous 
 class of words are from the root n/i^, eng, denoting 
 narrow, from pressure. See Anger.] 
 
 Extreme pain, either of body or nund. As bodily 
 pain, it may dilfer from agony, which is such dis- 
 tress of the whole body as to cause contortion, 
 whereas anguish may be a local pain, as of an ulcer, 
 or gout. But anguish and agony are nearly synony- 
 mous. As pain of the mind, it signifies any keen 
 distress from sorrow, remorse, despair, and the kin- 
 dred passion.s. 
 
 And they hearkened not to Moses, for angitiek ol' spirit, itnd for 
 cruel boniiiigc. — Ex. vi. 
 
 AN"GUIS1I, V. t. To distress with extreme pain or 
 grief. 'I'cmple. 
 
 AX"GUISII-KD, (ang'gwisht,) pp. Extremely pained ; 
 tortured ; deeply distie-ssed. 
 
 .\X"(; I'-EAU, «. Having an angle, angles, or corners ; 
 pointed ; as, an angular figure. 
 
 2. Consisting of an angle; forming an angle; as, 
 an angular point. Angular motion ; the motion of a 
 body moving circularly about a fixed point, as of a 
 planet or pendulum. Ilniton. 
 
 AX"GU-EAR'I-TY, n. The quality of having an 
 angle or corner. 
 
 .\X"GU-L.\R-LY, adn. With angles or corners; in 
 the direction of the angles. 
 
 AX"G1J-IjAR-XESS, ji. The quality of bi ing angular. 
 
 AX"GU-L.\-TEU, a. Formed with angli s or corm rs. 
 
 pyondirard. 
 
 AX"GU-LOS'I-TY, 71. A state of being angular. 
 AN"GU-LOUS, a. Angular ; having corners ; hooked. 
 
 Olanvillc. 
 
 .■VN-GUST', a. [L. onn^wd/.?.] 
 
 Narrow ; strait. uVot used.] Burton. 
 AX-GU.ST'ATE, a. Narrow; diminishing rapidly in 
 breadth. 
 
 AN-GUST-A'TION, 71. [L. angustus, narrow. See 
 Anger.] 
 
 The act of making narrow ; a straitening, or being 
 made narrow. IVisrman. 
 
 AN-GUST'I-CLAVE, n. [L. angustas, narrow, and 
 clavu.i, a knob or stud.] 
 
 A robe or tunic embroidered with purple stiuis or 
 knobs, or by purple stripes, worn by Roman knights. 
 The laticlave, with broader studs, was worn by sen- 
 ators, (^uinctilian. Kcnnct. 
 
 AN-llE-LS'TIOX 71. [L. anhelo, to pant, or breathe 
 with difficulty ; from halo, to breathe.] 
 
 Shortness of breath ; a panting; difficult respira- 
 tion. Kncyc. Coxr. 
 
 AN-IlE-LoSE', a. Out of breath; panting; breathing 
 with difficulty. [Litile ttscd.] Dirt. 
 
 AN'HI-MA, 71. A Brazilian aquatic fowl, larger than 
 a swan, and somewhat like a crane ; the Palamedea 
 cornuta (Linn.), or horned screamer. Its head is 
 small, its bill black, the toes armed with long claws. 
 Hut what is remarkable, is a horn growing from its 
 forehead ; and the second joint of the wing is armed 
 with two straight triangular spurs, an inch in length. 
 The fidelity between the male and female is so gn at, 
 that when one is dying, the other remains by the car- 
 cass till it expires. Diet, of JVat ///.>■(. 
 
 AN'IIY-DRITE, tu [So called because destitute of 
 water. See Anhydrous.] 
 
 Anhydrous gypsum ; differing from gj psum in not 
 containing water. It occurs in rectangular crj stals, 
 nearly colorless, or of pale shades of blue or red ; also 
 fibrous, radiated, and granular. A siliceous variety 
 is called vulpinitc. Dana. 
 
 AX IIS'DROUS, a. [Gr. avvipos, dry; a priv. and 
 vii.'fi, water.] 
 Destitute of water ; as, anhydrous salts or acids. 
 
 AN-I-E.\T'ED, a. [It. 7iiCTitc, nothing; iVorm. ncant; 
 Fr. aneantir, to annihilate.] 
 
 Frustrated ; brought to naught. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 A-NIGHT', adv. [a, or at, and night.] 
 
 In the night tmie. Anights, in the plural, is used 
 of frequent and customary acts. 
 
 You must coine in Ciirlier anighu. SkaJ:. 
 
 AN'IL, 71. [Sp. ani7, indigo ; Port, anil; D. anyl; Ar. 
 S 
 
 nilun, slender, nila, blue.] 
 
 A shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is 
 
 made ; a species of Indigofera, or indigo plant. 
 ANJILE, a- Aged ; imbecile. [Ennie. 
 A-NIL'I-TY, 71. [L. anilis,anUitas, tmm anits, an old 
 
 woman ; Celtic, hen, old.] 
 The state of being an old woman ; the old age of 
 
 a woman ; dotage. 
 A.\'I-MA-BI,E, o. Susceptible of animation. 
 AX-I-.MAD-VER'SAL, 71, That which has the power 
 
 of perceivine and judging. More. 
 A.\-I-MAD-VER'SION, 71. [L. animadversio.] 
 
 Remarks by way of censure 01 criticism ; reproof: 
 blame. It may soiiu liiiu's be nsa d for puni^hmrnt, or 
 punishment may be implied in the word, but (his in 
 not common. In I'-n ecclesiastical sense, it dilferH 
 fnini censure, says Aylille ; censure, respecting spir- 
 itual punishment, and animadversion, a temporal 
 one. Glanville uses tlie word in the sense of percep- 
 tion, but this use is not authorized. 
 
 AN-I-MAI)-VEll'SIVE, a. That has the power of 
 perceiving. Gl-.ifiedle. 
 
 AX-I-MA1)-VER'SIVE-XESS, 71. The power of an- 
 imadverting. 
 
 A.\-I-MA1)-VERT', V. 1. [E. animadverto, of animus, 
 mind, and adrrrln, to turn to.] 
 
 1. To ttnn the mind to ; to c<msidcr. 
 
 2. To consider or remark uiioii by way of criticism 
 or censure. Drydcn. 
 
 To inrtirt punishment ; fidlowed by upon. Grew. 
 AN-I-MAU-VEU1''ER, 71. One who animadverts or 
 
 makes remarks by way of censure. 
 AN-I-IMAD-VERT'ING, ppr. Considering; remark 
 
 ing by way of ci'itici;>in or censure. 
 AN'I-MAL, 71. [L. animal, iViiiu anirlia, air, breath, 
 soul; (Jaelic anani, breath. The \V. has envil, en, a 
 being, soul, spirit, and 7;ii7, a beast ; Arm. anrval ; 
 San. an, animi. (in. Dan. aande, Sw. ande, breath.] 
 
 An organized body, endowed with life, sensation, 
 and the power of voluntary motion ; a living, sensi- 
 tive, locomotive body ; as, man is an intelligent ani- 
 mal. Animals arc essentially distinguished from 
 plants by the property of sensation. The contractile 
 property of some plants, as the Mimosa, has the ap- 
 pearance of the effect of .icn.iation, but it may be 
 merely the effect of irritability. 
 
 The distinction here made between animals and 
 vegetables may not be philosoiihically accurate ; for 
 we can not perhaps asccrtiiin the precise limit be- 
 tween the two kinds of beings ; but this is sulhciently 
 correct for comninn practical purposes. 
 
 The history of animals is callfd loologij. 
 
 By way of contempt, a dull jierson is called a 
 stupid animal. 
 
 AN'I-.MAE, a. Tlmt belongs or relates to animals ; as, 
 animal functions. 
 
 Animal is distinguished from intellectual : as, animal 
 appetites, the appetites of the body, as hunger and 
 thirst. 
 
 The animal functions include sensation, and vol- 
 untary motion, in distinction from the natural and 
 vital, or the organic functions. 
 
 Animal life is ojiposed to vegetable life. 
 
 Animal is opposed also to spiritual or rational, which 
 respects the soul and reasoning faculties ; :ls, animal 
 nature, spiritual nature, rational nature. 
 
 Animal fi)od may signify that food which nourishes 
 animals ; but it usually denotes food consisting of 
 animal llesli. 
 
 Animal economy is the system of laws by which 
 the bodies of animals are governed, and depending 
 on their organic structure. 
 
 Animal sjiirits, in the plural, denotes the nervous 
 fluid, and in popular language, life, vigor, energy. 
 
 Animal system, denotes the living animal organi- 
 zation. 
 
 Animal kingdom, denotes the whole cliiss of beings 
 endowed w illi animal life Kncyc. Johnson. 
 
 AX-I-.M.\L'€U-L.\R, ) a. Pertaining to animalcules. 
 
 AX-I-MAE'eU-ElXE, i /.on. Ree. 
 
 AX'-I-M.\E'GULE, 71. [Ij. animalculuni, animalcula.] 
 A little animal ; but appropriately, an animal 
 whose figure can not he discerned without the aid 
 of a magnifying glass ; such as are invisible to the 
 naked eye. Animalculw [L. pi.] is also used. 
 
 AN-I-.MAL'eU-UST, 71. One versed in the knowl- 
 edge of animalcules. Keith. 
 
 AX'I-.M.\Lr-FLOW-ER, 71. In zoology, a name ap- 
 plied to several siM-cies of marine animals, (:oo;)*i/t^s,) 
 but more es|ieciaily to the Actinias or sea-anemones. 
 They are usually fixed to rocks, and appear, when 
 expanded, like a large flower, much resembling an 
 Aster. .At the center of the flower is the moulli of 
 the animal, and around it there are one or more cir- 
 cles of slender apiiendages, called tentacles, corre- 
 sponding in position to the petals of the Aster. 'J'he 
 colors of these animal flowers are often of singular 
 beauty. They are also called polyjts, and are iden- 
 tical in stnicture with a large part of corid animals. 
 
 The other marine aniin.'ils, to which the term ani- 
 mal-fiowcr is also extended, belong to the Ilolothii- 
 rias, which, with the Actinias, were ranged under 
 the Molliisca, by Linn.TUS ; and to the Tubiilarias, 
 Sertularias, Hydras, and Aligonia, which were 
 classed with the zoophytes. They are all arranged 
 under the zoophytes by Cuvier. Ci/c. 
 
 A.N'I-.M.Mj-ISIl, u. Like an animal. Cudicortk, 
 
 AN'I-M.\L-I¥.M, «. The state of mere animals, actu- 
 ated by sensual npjietites only, without intellectual 
 or moral qualities. Bcecher. 
 
 .\N-I-.M.\I/I-TY, II. Animal existence. 
 
 A.\-I-.MAL-l-'/,.\'T10X, 71. The act of giving animal 
 life, or endowing with the properties of an animal. 
 
 Med. Rrpos 
 
 2. C nversion into animal matter, by the procvwea 
 of assimilatiim. 
 
 TONE, BULL, XJ-MTE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SI! ; TH as in THIS. 
 
ANN 
 
 AN'I-JIAL-IZE, V. L To give animal life to ; to en- 
 dow with the properties of animals. 
 
 2. To convert into animal matter. 
 AN"I-MA1^IZ-£D pp. Enilowed with animal life. 
 A.X'I-.MAL-IZ-IJiG, ppr. Giving animal life to. 
 AN'1-.M.\L-MAG'NET-IS.M, n. A supposed agent of 
 
 a peculiar and mysterious nature, said to have a pow- 
 erful intlueuce on the patient when acted upon by 
 contact or voluntary emotion, on the part of the op- 
 erator. See Mesmerism. 
 
 AX'I-iMAL-NESS, )i. The suate of anim:il existence. 
 
 A^'I-^IaTE, t. t. [L. animo. See Animal.] 
 
 1. To give natural life to ; to quicken ; to make 
 alive ; as, the soul animates the body. 
 
 9. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or 
 effect of a thing ; as, to animate a lyre. 
 
 3. To give spirit or vigor ; to infuse courage, joy, 
 or other enlivening passion ; to stimulate or incite ; 
 as, to animate dispirited troops. 
 
 AN'I-MATE, a. Alive ; possessing animal life. 
 
 Miltm. 
 
 [This ward is used chiejlij in poetry fur Animateo.] 
 AN'I-Ma-TED, pp. or a. Ueing endowed with animal 
 life ; as the various classes of animated beings. 
 
 2. a. Lively ; vigorous ; full of spirit ; indicating 
 animation : as, an animated discourse. 
 
 AN'I-JI A-TIXG, ppr. Giving life ; infusing spirit ; en- 
 livening. 
 
 AX'l-MA-TIXG-LY, adv. So as to animate or excite 
 feeling. 
 
 AA-I-.\lX'TIOX, 71. The act of infusing life ; the state 
 of being animated. 
 
 2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit 
 and vigor ; as, lie recited the story with great ani- 
 mation, 
 
 AN'I-.Ma-TIVE, a. That has the power of giving life 
 or spirit. Jokn.-ivn, 
 
 AN'I-.Ma-TOR, v. One that gives life; that which 
 infuses life or spirit. 
 
 AX'OI-E, n. [Fr.] In heraidni, a term denoting that 
 the eyes of a rapacious animal are borne of a dif- 
 ferent tincture from the animal itself. 
 
 AN'IM-E, «. [Sp.] A resin exuding from the stem 
 of a large American tree, (a species of Hyuiensa.) 
 called by the natives courbarit : by Piso, jetniba. It 
 is of a transparent amber color, a light, agreeable 
 smell, and of little or no taste. It dissolves entirely, 
 but not readily, in rectified spirit of wine, and is 
 used, like gum copal, as a varnish. Encyc. 
 
 AN-I-.MET'TA, v. Among ecclesiastical writers^ the 
 cloth which covers the cup of the eucharist. Encyc 
 
 A.N'I-MISM, n. [L. anima.] 
 
 The doctrine that the phenomena of the animal 
 economy are produced by the agency of the soul, as 
 taught by Stahl and Sauvages ; also, the doctrine 
 that the living phenomena of organized bodies are 
 produced by an actuating or vital principle, distinct 
 from the substance of those bodies. Cijc. Med. 
 
 AN'I-.MIST, «. One who maintains the doctrine of 
 animism. 
 
 jl.V'l-MO FU-RAjVDI, [L.] In law, with intent to 
 .steal. 
 
 AN-I-.MoSE', a. [L.] Full of spirit ; hot; vehement; 
 resolute. 
 
 AN-I-.MOSE'NESS, 71. Spirit; vehemence of temper. 
 
 A.N'-I-.MOS'I-TV, 71. [L. nnimosiias ; Fr. animosite ; 
 from L. animosus, animated, courageous, enraged ; 
 from animus, spirit, mind, passion. So in Teutonic, 
 mod, mind, signifies also pride, p;u<sion, anger. jSni- 
 mas, spirit, Gr. ai/i/i if, wind, bre.ath, is from flowing, 
 swelling, rushing, which gives the sense of violent 
 action and passion. See Ammal.] 
 
 Violent hatred, leading to active opposition ; active 
 enmity, .^nimusitij differs from enmitij, which may 
 be secret and inactive ; and it expresses a less crim- 
 inal passion than malice. .Animosity seeks to gain a 
 cause or destroy an enemy or rival, from hatred or 
 private interest ; malice seeks revenge for the sake of 
 giving p<'tin. 
 
 A-NIN"GA, 71. A root growing in the West Indies, 
 like the China plant, used in refining sugar. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AN'I-ON, 71. [Gr. apa, upward, and iwi/, going.] 
 
 The same as electm-nc^ntire v]emt;nt, or tho element 
 which, in electro-cliemiral decomiHisitions, is evolved 
 from ita combinations at that surface by which the 
 electric current ciilcrs the electrolyte; opposed to 
 eatiun. 
 
 AN'ISE, (an'nis,) n. [L. anisum; Gr. avil^ni/, Ar. 
 ainisuiu CasL I fill*.] 
 
 An annual plant, placed by Linmciis under the 
 BeniiK I'impinella. It grows naturally in Egypt, and 
 18 cultivated in SjKiin and Malta, whence thi^ seeds 
 are im|H>rted. Tliewtalk rises a foot and a half high, 
 dividing into sh ndi r branches, garnished with nar- 
 row leaven, cut into three or four narrow segments. 
 The brancheH terminate in large, loose umbels, com- 
 pom.'d of smaller iiinln ls or rays, on long footstalks. 
 The tlowerH are Hiiiall, and of u yellowish while ; 
 the (M'ed« oblong and Hwelling. AniHe-secds have an 
 aromatic ><mell,aiid a pleaxaiil, warm taste; they are 
 UHcful in warming the xloinarh and exix lli-ig wind. 
 
 Knryc. Thriiph. lib. 7. ll. I'lin. 20. 17. 
 
 AN'ISE-BEEU, n. The leed of aniHc. 
 
 AN-IS-ETTE', 71. A cordi:iI flavored with anise-seed. 
 
 ANK'EK, n. [Dutch.] 
 
 .\ measure of wine and spirits, (particularly the 
 latter,) formerly used in England, and containing ten 
 wine gajlons, P. Cyc- 
 
 ANK'EU-lTE, 71. A mineral consisting of the car- 
 bonates of lime, magnesia, and iron. It resembles 
 carbonate of lime in color and crystalline structure, 
 but turns brown on exposure, owing to the iron it 
 contains. 
 
 ANK'LE, (ank'I,) ti. [Sax. ancleow ; D. ciikeL] 
 
 The joint which connects the foot with the leg. 
 A.\K'LE-BoXE, 71. The bone of the ankle; the 
 astragalus. 
 
 AiN'K'LET, 71. A little ankle ; an ornament for the 
 ankle. 
 
 AN'LACE, 7t. A short dagger shaped like a scythe. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 ANN, ) 71. In Scotch law, the right of the executor 
 
 AN 'NAT, ( of a deceased clergj uian to a half-year's 
 revenue of his benefice. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 AN'N.\L, 71. In tJie Roman CathvUc church, a mass said 
 fur any person every day during the year, or a mass 
 said oh a particular dav everv year. P. Cyc. 
 
 AN'NAL-IST, n. [See Annals.] 
 
 A writer of annals. Encyc. 
 
 AN'NAL-IZE, V. L To record ; to write annals. 
 
 [JVut much used.] 
 
 AN'N.\LS, 71. pi. [L. annales, anmdis, from annus, a 
 year, the root of which may be the Celtic an, ain, 
 a great circle. Varro says the word annus signifies a 
 great circle.] 
 
 1. A species of history digested in order of time, 
 or a relation of events in chronological order, each 
 event being recorded under the year in which it 
 happened. Annals differ from history, in merely 
 relating events, without observations on the motives, 
 causes, and consequences, wliich, in history, are 
 more diffusively illustrated. 
 
 2. The books containing annals ; as, the .innals of 
 Tacitus. 
 
 AN'iNATS, 71. pi. [L. aiiTiM^.] 
 
 A year's income of a spiritual living ; the first fruits, 
 originally given to the pope, upon the decease of a 
 bishop, abbot, or parish clerk, and paid by his suc- 
 cessor. In England, they were, at the reformation, 
 vested in the king, and in the reign of Queen Anne, 
 restored to the church, and vested in trustees to form 
 a fund for the augmentation of poor livings, com- 
 monlj- called Queen Anne's boftnty. Encyc. 
 
 AN-NeAL', V, t. [Sax. anuelan, on-telan, to kindle or 
 inflame, to heat ; from a:lan, to kindle, to heat, or 
 bake, and to anoint with oil. Sax. lel, oil. Hence* 
 it may be inferred, that oil is named from inflaming, 
 or burning.] 
 
 To heal ; to heat and cool slowly, as glass, cast- 
 iron or other metals, for the purpose of rendering them 
 less brittle, vulgarly called nealintr. This is done 
 by heating the glass or metal nearly to fluidity, and 
 then suffering it to cool gradu;illy. Metals made 
 hard and brittle by hammering, by a similar pro- 
 cess, recover their malleability. Johnson. The word 
 has also been applied to the heating of glass to fix 
 colorj<, and to the baking of tiles. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 AN-NkAL'ED, pp. or a. Heated; tempered; made 
 malleable and less brittle by heat. 
 
 AN-Ne.VL'ING, ppr. or a. Heating ; tempering by 
 heat^ 
 
 AN-NeAL'ING, 71. The process of applying heat for 
 the purpose of removuig brittleness or increasing 
 ductility. 
 
 AN'NE-LID, ) f[L. annellus, a little ring, 
 AN-NEL'I-DAN, J and Gr. r.,S<,s, form;] 
 
 AN-NEL'l-DA, ) , l Terms ajiplied to a divis- 
 AN-NEL-La'T.\, ! [ ion of the artimlata, or 
 
 articulate animals, characterized by an elongated 
 body, formed of numerous rings or annular seg- 
 ments, including the earth-worm and various other 
 animals. 
 
 AN-NECT'ANT, (I. Connecting; annexing. 
 AN-NEX', t. [li. anneeto, anueruni ; Fr. annerer ; 
 of ad and 7iec(o, to tie, or connect.] 
 
 1. To unite at the end ; a!<, to annex a codicil to a 
 will. To subjoin ; to affix. 
 
 2. To unite, as a smaller thing to a greater; as, to 
 annex a province to a kingdom. 
 
 3. To unite to something preceding, a.s the main 
 object ; to connect with ; as, to annex a penalty to a 
 prohibition, or punishment to guilt. 
 
 AN-NEX', )i. I. To join ; lo be united. Touke. 
 
 AN-i\K.\', ». Somi'thing annexed. 
 
 AN-Ni;.X-A'TIO,\, H. The act of annexing, or uniting 
 at the end ; conjunction ; aildition ; the act of con- 
 necting ; union. In En^rli^fh law, the uniting of lands 
 or ri-nts to the crown. 
 
 AN-NEX'KI), (an-next',) pp. Joined at the end ; con- 
 nected with ; aflixed. 
 
 AN-NK.\'ING, ppr. Uniting at the end ; affixing. 
 
 AN-NE.V'ION, n. The act of annexing; annexation ; 
 addition, [/.illte used.] 
 
 AN-NKX'MENT, 11. The act of annexing ; the thing 
 annexed. Sliak. 
 
 AN-NI'Hl LA BEE, a. That mav be aniiihilateil. 
 
 AN-NI'III-LATE, v. t. [L. nd and ntlaUim, a trifle.] 
 
 1. To reduce to nothing ; to destroy the existence 
 of; as, no human jiower can annihilate matter. 
 
 2. To destroy the form or peculiar dislinelive prop- 
 erties, so that the specific thing no longer exists; 
 as, to annihilate a forest by cutting and carr>'ing away 
 the trees, though the timber may still exist; to aiiiii- 
 hUate a house by demolishing the structure. 
 
 AN-Nl'HI-LATE, a. Annihilated. Svtith. 
 AN-NI'HI-La-TED, pp. Reduced to nothing; de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 AN-Ni'HI-La-TING, ppr. Reducing to nothing; 
 destroying the specific form of. 
 
 AN-NI-IIl-LA'TIOiN, 71. The act of reducing to noth- 
 ing, or non-existence ; or the act of destroying the 
 form or combination of parts under which a thing 
 exists, so that the name can no longer be applied to it ; 
 as, the annihilation of a corporation. 
 2. The state of being reduced to nothing. 
 
 AN-NI-VERS'A-RI-LY, adc. Annually. Hull. 
 
 AN-NI-VERS'A-RY, a. [L. annieersurius, of annus, 
 year, and verto, to turn.] 
 
 Returning with the year, at a stated time ; annual ; 
 yearly ; as, an anniversary feast. 
 
 .Anniversary days, in tlie Roman Catholic church, arc 
 the days in which an office is yearly performed for 
 the souls of the deceased, or in which the martyrdom 
 of the saints is vearly celebrated. P. Cyc. 
 
 AN-NI-VERS'A-RY, 71. A stated day returning with 
 the revolution of the year. The term is applied to a 
 day on which some remarkable event is annually 
 celebrated, or a day on which an interesting event is 
 commemorated by solemnities of religion, or exhibi- 
 tions of respect. In the Roman Catholic ckurclt, an of- 
 fice yearly performed for the souls of the deceased. 
 
 2. The act of celebration ; performance in honor 
 of an event. Dnjden. 
 
 AN'NI-VERSE, 71. Anniversary. [JVo« uscrf.] Dryden. 
 
 AJ^'^rO DOM'I-J\rT, [L.] In the year of our Lord, 
 noting the time from our Savior's incarnation ; as, 
 j3ii»o Domini, or A. D. 1800. 
 
 This was UTiucn Anno Doniioi 1S09, aod revised .4. D. 1S25 
 and 1827. W. 
 
 AN-NOM-IN-A'TION, 71. [L. ad and nominatio, from 
 nomino, to name, from nomen.] 
 
 1. A pun ; the use of words nearly alike in .sound, 
 but of different meanings ; a paronomasia. Encyc. 
 
 2. Alliteration, or the use of two or more words 
 successively beginning with the same letter. 
 
 Tynchitt. 
 
 .aJTJrO MUJ\r'DT, [L.] In the year of the world. 
 AN-No'N.\, 71. [L. annuna, from annus, a year.] A 
 year's production or increase ; hence, provisions. 
 
 2. In the Roman empire, a contributiiui or t;ix, p.aya- 
 ble in com, imposed on some of the more feriile 
 provinces. Brande. 
 AN'NO-TaTE, v. i. [L. annoto.] 
 
 To comment ; to make remarks on a writing. 
 
 Taller. 
 
 AN-NO-Ta'TION, 71. [L. annotatio, of ad and noUitio, 
 a marking, from nolo, to mark, or notii,ii mark.] 
 
 1. A remark, note, or commentary on some passage 
 of a book, intended to illustrate its meaning ; gener- 
 ally used in the plural ; as, annotations on the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 2. The first symptoms of a fever, or attack of 
 a paroxysm. Coxe. 
 
 AN'NO-Ta-TOR, 71. A writer of notes ; a commen- 
 tator, a scholiast ; one who writes notes to illustrate 
 the composition of an author. 
 
 AN-No'T.\-TO-RY, a. Containing annotations. 
 
 A.N-NOT'TO. See Asotta. 
 
 AN-NOUNCE', (an-noiins',) i\ U [Fr. annoncer; It. 
 annunziare; L. rtii»i/ii(-io, to deliver a message, of ad 
 and nuncio, to tell, from nuncius, a messenger.] 
 
 1. To publish ; to proclaim ; to give notice, or first 
 notice ; as, the birth of Christ was announced by an 
 angel. 
 
 2. To pronounce ; to declare by judicial sentence. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 AN-NOUN'C£D, (an-nounst',) pp. Proclaimed ; first 
 published. 
 
 AN-NOUNCE'ME.\T, (an-noiins'ment,) 71. The act 
 of giving notice ; proclamation ; publication. 
 
 AN-NOIJN'CER, 71. One that announces, or first 
 gives notice ; a procbiiiuer. 
 
 AN-NOUN 'CING, /i;)r. Introducing notice ; first pub- 
 lishing ; proclaiming. 
 
 AN-NOV', I!. L [Norm, annoyer, from neure, iiuire, to 
 hurt ; Fr. uuire i It. nuoccrci from L. twceo, to hurt, 
 - 
 
 that is, to strike ; Syr. j,dJ, .^r. lO iin'.«, to strike, 
 
 to hurt; lleb. ami Ch. n3!, to strike. Hence, proba- 
 bly, L. nrco, to kill. Sei' Ni'uanck and Nonious.] 
 
 To incomiiiodi' ; to injure or disturb by continued 
 or repeated acts ; to tease, vex, or molest ; as, \o annoy 
 an army, by iiii|ii'ding their march, or by a continued 
 cannonade. 
 
 AN NOY', n. Injury or molestation from continued 
 acts or inconveiiu nci'. Shnk. Bealtie. 
 
 AN-NOY'.ANCE, 71. That which annoys or injures ; 
 the act of annoying ; the state of being annoyed. It 
 includes something more than inconvenience. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PKBY. — PINE, MARINE, IlIRI).— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 SO 
 
ANN 
 
 AN-.VOY'KD, /)/). Iiiciiniimxied, iiijuiod, or molested 
 l)y siiiiielliiiig lliut is cuntiiuud or rvpoaled. 
 
 Ai\-NOV'I;K, n. On.- timt umioys. 
 
 AN-N'OVriJl,, «. (Jiving trouble; incoiniiiodin;; ; 
 iiU)li"itins. lA'iit used.] Cliiiucrr. 
 
 A.\-.N()Y'li\G, ppr. Incommoding; liinting ; ino- 
 li'stiiiL'. 
 
 A.V-.VOY'OJJS, a, Troiiblisome. [Aoi iwcrf.] Chaucer. 
 AN'iNU-Al., (1. [Fr. annuel ; ^\). anual; It. anniuilc! 
 
 Ij. aiiiiuli.-i, from annus, a year ; Gr. tfus, enoj ; 
 
 &>ans. antia,] 
 
 1. Yearly ; tlmt returns every year ; coming yearly ; 
 us, an annual t'vlist. 
 
 •2, U'lsting or continuing only one year or season; 
 tliat rxiuires to he renewed every year; as, an 
 annual plant. Leaves that grow in the spring, and 
 p. lish in the autumn, are called annual, in opposi- 
 tion to et^er^rcen. 
 
 \S. I'l'rfornied in a year ; as, tlie annual motion of 
 the earth. 
 
 A.\'NU-AL, n. A small hook published yearly, con- 
 taining select compositions and eb-gant engravings. 
 
 .VN'NU-AL, II. A plant that lives but one year, or 
 rather but one summer. Martyn. 
 
 .'VN'i\U-AI^-LY, adv. Yearly ; returning every year ; 
 year bv year. 
 
 AN'M'-A-UY, n. Annual. [04.<.] J. Hall. 
 
 AN-.NU'1-'1"ANT, 71. [See Annuity. 1 
 
 One who receives, or is entitled to receive, an 
 annuity. 
 
 A.\-NO'l-TY, n. [Vt. annuite, from annus, a year. 
 !?ee Annual.] 
 
 A sum of mcmoy, payable yearly, to continue for a 
 given number of years, for life or forever; an annu- 
 al ineiinie charged on the person of the grantor ; or 
 an aiimial allowance. Governments often borrow 
 oKini y upon annuities ; that is, for a certain sum 
 advanei'd on loan, the government contracts to pay 
 the lender a specific sum, for life, or for a term of 
 years. The stock created by such loans is trans- 
 ferable. 
 
 AN-XUL', V. U [Fr. annuUer, of L. ad nullum, to 
 notliing.J 
 
 1. To make void ; to nullify ; to abrogate ; to 
 abolish ; used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, 
 decisions of courts, or other established nilcs, perma- 
 nent usages, and tlie like, which are made void by 
 ciunpetent authority. 
 
 2. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate. [JVut 171 
 raiic/i use,] Miltoiu 
 
 A.\'i\U-LAU, o. [L. a7iH«?u.s, a ring, from Celtic ain, 
 a circle, and ul, young, small ; annulus, a little 
 circle.] 
 
 Having the form of a ring ; pertaining to a ring. 
 
 jiunulnr crijstul is when a hexaliedral prism has six, 
 or an octahedral prism eight marginal faces, dis- 
 posed in a ring about each base ; or when these 
 prisms are truncated on all their terminal edges. 
 
 Cleavrland. 
 
 jinnular eclipse, an eclipse of the sun, in which the 
 moon conceals the whole of the sun's disc, excejjt a 
 bright ring around the border. Brande. 
 
 AN'N'U-LA-RY, a. Having Ihe form of a ring. Ray. 
 
 Ai\'NU-L.\TE, ) a. Furnished with rinss, or cir- 
 
 A.N'NU-L.\-TUD, ( cles like rings; having belts; 
 surrounded by rings. 
 
 A.N-iN'U-LA'TION, 71. A circular or ring-like for- 
 mation ; a ring or belt. 
 
 A.\'.NU-LET, n, [L. annuliLs, a ring.] 
 
 In architecture, a small .square member in the Doric 
 cn|>ital, under the ijuarter round ; also, a narrow, liat 
 molding, which is common to many parts of columns, 
 ns in the bases or capitals ; called also a llllet, a 
 li.slil or cincture, or a list, timea, eyebrow, or scpuire 
 rabbet. Knryc. 
 
 In heraldry, a little circle, home as a charge in 
 coats of arms ; formerly reputed a mark of nobility 
 and jurisdiction ; it being the cusTom of prelates to 
 receive their investiture per bacutum et annulum, by 
 stair and ring. It denotes also strength and eternity, 
 by its circular form. Among tJie liumans, it n-pre- 
 sented libeity and distinction of rank. It dc^notes 
 also a dilferelice, or mark of distinction, which the 
 fifth brother of a family ought to hear in his coat 
 of arms. Kucuc. Johnson. 
 
 Ai\-NUL'I-f;n, pp. M.ide void ; abrogated. 
 
 A.\-NUL'Ll.\(i, ;)pr. Abrogating; abolishing. 
 
 A.\-:NUL'M e.NT, 71. The act of aiinulliiig. 
 
 AN'NU-LoSIi, a. [L. annulus.] Furnished with 
 rings ; composed of rings. 
 
 The jl/iiii//o.ie animals [L. an7ii//<>.<a] are the same 
 as the articulate animals, ot Jlrticulala. I'artingtou. 
 
 A.\-i\0'.MK-RaTE, v. t. [L. annumeru, of ad and 
 numero, to number, from 7mMrrii.*, number ; \V. 
 7n'rrr; Ir. nuiver or nuinther. See Number.] 
 
 To adil to a former number ; to unite to something 
 before mentioned. Johnson. 
 
 AN-NU-.ME-Ka'TION, 71. Addition to a former 
 number. 
 
 A.N-.Nir.N'CIATE, f. t. [See Announce.] 
 
 To bring tidings ; to aniioiince. Chaucer. 
 
 A.N'-NIJ.N-UI-A'TIO.N, 71. An announcing ; the tidings 
 brought by the angel to .Mary, of Ihe incarnation of 
 Christ. Also, the day celebrated by the church, in 
 
 ANO 
 
 memory of the angel's sahit.itlon of the blessed 
 Virgin, which is the •J.illi of .March. 'J'lU! Jews give 
 the title to a part of the ceremony of the passover. 
 
 JCneijc. 
 
 9. Proclamation ; promulgation. 
 
 AN-.NU.\-(.'l-A'Tl)ll, 71. (Jne who announces; an 
 otfieer in the church of Con.stantinople, whosi^ busi- 
 ness was to infiirni the people of tJie festivals which 
 were to be celebrated. F.ncyc. 
 
 AN'OUli, 71. [(ir. avii, upward, and hfrnf, way.] In 
 clectro-chemiitry, the way by which the electric cur- 
 rent enters substances through which it passes, or Ihe 
 surface at which the electric current enters the (electro- 
 lyte ; opposed to cathode, and eipiivahrnt to posittec pole. 
 
 .ViN'O-DVNE, n. [Gr. a or ar priv. and ii6iii>ri, |i.ain.] 
 Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate, par- 
 egoric, or narcotic. Coxc. 
 
 .\N'0-1)?.\E, a. Assuaging pain. 
 
 A.N'0-I)?-i\UUt5, a. Having the qualities of an ano- 
 dyne. Coles. 
 
 7\-i\()INT', 7\ t. [Ft. oiiidre, part, oint; J^p. untnr, to 
 auoiiil ; L. uniro ; Sp. untrir; It. uuirrre, i\r u^rnrre.] 
 
 1. To pour oil upon ; to smear or rub over with oil 
 or unctuous substances ; also to spread over, as oil. 
 VVe say, the man anoints another, or the oil anoints 
 him. 
 
 2. To consccnite by unctiim, or the use of oil. 
 
 Tliou s)i;Ut anoint the uttar and siinclit'^ it. — Ex. xxix. 
 
 3. To smear or daub. 
 
 lie anointed llic oys of lUc blind man with clay. — John ix. 
 
 4. 'I'o priepare, in allusion to the consecrating use 
 of oil. 
 
 Anoint tlio sliicld. — Isaiah xxi. 
 To anoint the head with oil, Ps. .\.\iii. seems to sig- 
 nify to communicate tlie consolations of the Holy 
 Spirit. 
 
 The use of oil in consecrations was of high anti- 
 quity. Kings, prophets, and priests were set apart or 
 consecrated to their olHces by the use of oil. Hence 
 the ptrculiar application of the term anointed to Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 A-XOINT'ED, pp. or a. Smeared or rubbed with oil ; 
 set apart ; consecrated with oil. 
 
 A-NOIi\T'EU, 11. The Messiah, or Son of God, con- 
 secrated to the great office of Redeemer ; called 
 the Lord^s anointed. Cyrus is also called the Lord^s 
 anointed. Isaiah .\lv. 
 
 A-NOINT'ER, 71. One who anoints. 
 
 A-i\OINT'lNG, ppr. Smearing with oil ; pouring on 
 
 . oil, or other oleaginous substance ; consecrating. 
 
 A-NOINT'ING, 71. The act of smearing with oil ; a 
 consecrating. 
 
 A-NOINT'iMENT, n. The act of anointing, or state 
 
 of being anointed. 
 A-NOM'AL-ISiM, n. An anomaly ; a deviation from 
 
 rule. 
 
 A-NO.M-A-LIST'IC, ) <i. Irregular ; departing 
 A-NOM-A-LIST'IC-AL, \ from common or estab- 
 lished rules. 
 
 In astronomy, the anomal'mtic or periodical year is 
 the time in which the earth passes through its orbit, 
 which is longi'r than the tropical year on account of 
 the precession of the eqtiinoxe.s. 
 
 A-N'O.M'A-LOIJS, a. Irregular ; deviating from a gen- 
 eral rule, method, or analogy ; applied, in grammar, 
 to words which deviate from the common rules in 
 inflection ; and in astronomy, to the seemingly irreg- 
 ular motiims of the planets ; but applied also gener- 
 ally to whatever is irregular; a-s, an anomalous char- 
 acter ; anomalous proniinoiation. 
 
 A-.\( ).M'A-LOUS-LY, a/fe. Irregularly; in a manner 
 dill'erent from cummtm rule, method, or analogy. 
 
 .\-iSO.M'.\-LY, 71. [Fr. anomalie ; Sp. anomatia ; Gr. 
 iiv 'itaXia, inequality, of u priv. and opi'iAu;, equal, 
 similar; Celtic, \V. Itama or liaval; Ii. amhail, sim- 
 ilar.] 
 
 1. Irregularity ; deviation from the common rule ; 
 thus oxen, Ihe plural of ox, is an anomaly in gram- 
 mar, as the regular plural would be axes. 
 
 2. In a.s-tr(^7iomi/, the angular distance of a planet 
 from its perdielion,as seen from the sun ; either true, 
 mean, or eccentric. Encyc. 
 
 3. In mu.'Hc, a small dieviation from a perfect inter- 
 val, in tuning instruments with fixed notes ; a tem- 
 perauuent. Ed. Enct/c 
 
 A.N-0-.M(E'ANS, 71. pi. [Gr. ai-opoto;, dissimilar.'] 
 In church history, the pure Ari-ans, as distinguished 
 from the Semi-Arians. They held the Son to be 
 unlike the Father in his essential n.ntiire. F.ncyc. 
 A-NO'.MI-A, 71. [Gr. avoiiia ; a priv. and >"»/io;, rule.] 
 A genus of bivalve shells, so called from their un- 
 equal valves ; the beaked cockle. 
 A.N'O-.MITE, 71. A fossil shell of the genus .Anomia. 
 
 Jamcsotu 
 
 AN'O-.MY, 71. [Gr. avoptia.] 
 
 A vioKation of law. [Rarely used.] Bramhall. 
 
 .A-XON'. adc. [Sax. on an, in one ; not, as Junius 
 supposes, in OTie minute, but in continuation, without 
 intermission ; applied originally to extension in meas- 
 ure, and then to time by analog)'. " And sa don 
 that hi sa'gon on north-east, fir min i and bnid with 
 thoue eartfie and weax on lengtlie up an on to tliam 
 wolcue." Sax. Cliron. A. U. 11)22. And they said 
 
 ANS 
 
 that they saw in the norlli-rast n grenl fire iinil 
 broad, near the earth, and it increased in length 171 
 eonlinualion to lUo clouds. See also An. Uoiii. 1127 ] 
 1. (tuickly; without interinissiou ; soon; iiiiiiio- 
 di.ately. 
 
 id anon witli Joy n-o.tT. 
 
 'J'li'.»'iin« ii h** lli:U hfntriHh the won!, 
 eth it. — Matl. xiii. 
 
 2. Soiiii'times ; now ami then ; at other times; iic- 
 coinpaiiied wilh erer, ertr and anon. 
 A-\0,\' Y-.MOIJS, a. [I'r. amntynic ; L. anonymns ; Gr. 
 fU'Mi j'/ios, of 11 priv. tiiiil (iv'ti'it, name. See Name.] 
 Nameless ; wanting a name ; without the real 
 name of the author ; as, an anonymous jHtmplilet. 
 A-NO^'^■-.MOUS.I,Y, «(/r. Without a name. 
 AN-() PI,0-TllK'lU-IJ.M,7i. [Gr. av li(-g., orrAoi-, arms, 
 and Ot}itinr, a beast.] 
 
 The nann; given by Ciivier t(t a genus of extinct 
 quatlrupeds of Ihe order Paeliyderiiiata, \\ hose bones 
 were first found in Ilii; gypsum tpiarries near Paris; 
 characleri/ed by the shortness and feebleness of their 
 cauiiii' Ii-elh, whence Ihe name. 
 A-NOP'SY, 71. [Gr. (ii- neg. anil i.til, sight.] 
 
 Want of sight ; invision. [/.illlc uicd.] Brown. 
 AN'O-ltEX-Y, 71. [Gr. a priv. and o/.f(i{, apiielite.] 
 
 Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coze 
 A-,\ORjM'AL, a. Not according to rule ; abnormal. 
 A-NOR'TIIITE, 71. A sjiecies of uiim ral of the feld- 
 spar family, occurring in small glassy crystals. It 
 has been found only in lava.s. 
 AN-OTII'ER, (an-utfi'er,) a. [aTi, or 07if, and other.] 
 
 1. Not the same ; different ; as, we have one form 
 of government ; France, another. 
 
 2. One more, in addition to a former niimbier, in- 
 definitely ; ,as, grant one request, they will ask att- 
 otJtrr favor, another, and another. 
 
 3. Any other; any difl'erent person, indefinitely ; 
 as, " Let flTio/Acr praise theej and not thy own iiioiilli.'! 
 This word is often used without a noun, becoming a 
 substitute for the name of a person or thing ; as in 
 the last example. It is also much listed in opjiosition 
 to one, as in llie first antl second passages cited. It 
 is also frequently used with one, in a reciprtical sense ; 
 as, " Love one anotlicr ; " " Hear one anot/ier^s bur- 
 dens ; " that is, love one, or lt:t one love another. 
 
 AN-OTH-EK-GAINES, adv. Of another kind. [ 04s.] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 AN-CTII'ER-GaTES, arfe. Of another sort. [Olis.] 
 
 Sanderson. 
 
 AN-OTII'ER-GUTSE, a. [another and Fr. ipiise, way, 
 
 manner ; Sax. wise. 'I'he Saxon manner of writing 
 
 this word would be anothrr-tcise.] 
 Of a different kind ; ditferent. This is a vulgar 
 
 word, and usually contracted into otJicr-sruess. 
 A-NOT'T.\, 71. An elegant red coloring substance, 
 
 obtained from the pulp of the seed-vessel of the liixa 
 
 Orellana. 
 
 AN'Sa-TED, a, IL. a7i,'!a(M.!, from n7i.«a, a handle.] 
 Having a handle or handles, or something in 
 
 the 
 
 form of handles. Johnson. 
 AN'SER, 71. [L., a goose.] 
 
 1. In zooloa-y, the trivial name of the goose, [Anas 
 a7i.«fr,] x\ hether tame or wild, 'i'he dotnestic goose 
 is the gray -lag or wild-goose, domesticated. 
 
 2. In astronomy, a small star, in the milky way, 
 between the swan and eagle. Encyc. 
 
 AN'SER-INE, a. [L. anserinns, from anser, a gotise.] 
 
 1. Resembling the skin of a goose ; uneven ; as, an 
 anserine skin. Encyc. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the Anseres. 
 
 AN'SER-iiS, 71. pi. In Linnajus's .system, the third 
 order of Avcs or birds, whose ch.aracteristics are a 
 smooth bill, broadest at the point, covered with a 
 smooth skin, and furnished with teeth. The tongue 
 is fleshy, and the toes tire webbed or palmatetl. It in- 
 cludes all the w eb-footed water fowls, with legs and 
 feet adapted to swimming. 
 
 AN'SLaIGHT, 71. [See Slat.] An attack ; an affray. 
 [JV77( 7'7i itse.] 
 
 AN'SWER, (an'stir,) v. t [Sax. a7itt?irarm7i, of aTifi, 
 against, and Sax. .^nran or sieerian or steeri^an, Goth. 
 .fwaran, to swear. 'J'he primitive sense of sicear was 
 merely to speak or affirm ; ami hence, originally, 
 oath was used after it, tv surar an oath ; wliicli is not 
 a pletuiasm, as Lye supposes, but the primitive form 
 of expression retained. The sense of answer is an 
 opposite, a returned word or speech. Hence we ob- 
 serve tlie Saxon has andwyrd, antiword, an answer; 
 Goth, andawaurd ; I), antwoord ; Ger. antworL] 
 
 1. To speak in return to a call or question, or to a 
 speech, declaration, or argument of another jTerstm ; 
 as, " I have ralleil, aiitl ye have not rtii.fircro/." 
 " He an.imered the question or the argument." This 
 may be in agreement and confirmation of what was 
 said, or in opposition to it. 
 
 2. To be equivalent to; to be adequate to, or suf- 
 ficient to accomplish the object. " .Money answereUi 
 all things," noting, primarily, return. 
 
 3. To comply with, fulfill, pay, or satisfy; as, he 
 answered niy order ; to ansuer a ilebt. 
 
 4. To act in return, or opposition ; a.s, the enemy 
 ans-reered our fire by a shower of grape-shot. 
 
 To bear a due proportion to ; to be equal or iid- 
 equate ; to suit ; as, a «ca|xm does not ansteer the 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 51 
 
ANT 
 
 ' size ami strength of the m:in using it ; tlie success 
 1 1 does not answer our expectation. 
 I 0. To perform wliat was inlendod ; to accomplish ; 
 ■ I 33, the measure does not atigmer its end ; it does not 
 ' ; answer the purpose 
 
 I ; 7. To be opposite to ; to face ; as, fire answers fire. 
 
 8. To write in reply ; to reply to another writing 
 by way of explanation, refutation, or justification ; 
 its, to answer a pamphlet. 
 
 9. To solve, as a proposition or problem in math- 
 ematics. 
 
 Tliis word may be applied to a great variety of ob- 
 jects, expressing the idea of a return; as the notes 
 or sounds of birds, and other atiimals ; an echo, &c. 
 
 10. To respond to, or attend upon ; as, an atten- 
 tive servant instantly answers the bell. 
 
 AM'SVVER, V. i. To reply ; to speak by way of re- 
 turn ; as, there is none to ansioer. 1 Kings xviii. 
 
 2. To be accountable, liable, or responsible ; fol- 
 lowed by to before the person, and fur before the 
 thing, for which one is liable; as, the man must 
 ausioer tu his employer for the money intrusted to 
 his care ; we can not answer to Goi for our offenses. 
 
 3. To vindicate, or give a justificatdry account of; 
 followed by for ; as, a man can not answer fm his 
 friend. 
 
 4. To correspond with ; to suit with ; followed 
 by to. 
 
 As in water face antviereth to fice, so Uie he.art of man to man. — 
 Prov. xxvii. 
 
 5. To act reciprocally, as the strings of an instru- 
 ment to the hand. Dryden, 
 
 6. To stand as opposite or correlative ; as, alle- 
 giance in the subject anstccrs to protection on the 
 part of the prince or government. 
 
 7. To return, as sound reverberated ; to echo. 
 
 Tlie noiie seems lo fly away, and answer at a great distancy. 
 
 Encyc, art. Eclio. 
 
 8. To succeed ; to effect the object intended ; to 
 ■ have a good efiect ; as, gypsum answers as a manure 
 
 on a dry soil. 
 
 .\.\'S\VER, n. A reply ; that which is said, in return 
 to a call, a question, an argument, an allegation, or 
 address. 
 
 A soft answer t'rmetli away wrath. — Prov. 
 
 f r^dl'.-d Kim, but lif guve me no answer. — Cant. T. 
 
 2. An account to be rendered to justice. 
 
 He will call you to so hot an answer for it. Shak. 
 
 3. In law, a counter-statement of facts, in a course 
 of pleadings ; a confutation of what the other party 
 has alleged. 
 
 4. A writing, pamphlet, or book, in reply to another. 
 
 5. A reverberated sound ; an echo. 
 
 6. A return ; that which is sent in consequence of 
 some petition ; as, a blessing is sent in answer to 
 prayer. 
 
 7. A solution, the result of a mathematical oper- 
 ation. 
 
 8. The reply of a legislative body or house to an 
 address or message of the supreme magistrate. 
 
 AN'SVVER-A-BLE, a. That may be answered ; that 
 to which a reply may be made ; usually implying 
 that the answer may be satisfactory ; as, an answer- 
 1 able argument. 
 
 I 2. Obliged to give an account, or liable to be called 
 to account; amenable; responsible; as, an agent is 
 an.-fweraMe lo his principal. 
 
 3. Obliged or liable to pay, indemnify, or make 
 got)d ; as, to be answerable for a debt or for damages. 
 
 4. Correspondent ; agreeing with ; in conformity 
 with ; as, the features expressed in a picture are 
 answerable to the original. 
 
 ."). Suitable; suited ; proportionate; as, an achieve- 
 ment answerable to the preparation for it. 
 
 6. Equal ; correspondent ; proportionate ; as, the 
 success is arvncrrable to my desires. 
 A.\'HVVEK-A-BLE-NE«S, n. The quality of being 
 answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent. 
 I AN"'.SWEll-A-BLY, ailc. In due proportion; corre- 
 i s[iondencc, or conformity ; suitably ; as, continents 
 have rivers answerably larger than isles. 
 A.N".SVVER-£D, pp. Reiilied to ; fulfilled ; paid ; com- 
 plied with ; accomplished ; solved ; confuted. 
 A.N'.SWER-ER, n. One who answers; ho or that 
 which makes a return to what another has spoken ; 
 he who writes an answer. 
 A,\''SVVER-I\(;, ppr. Replying; corresponding to; 
 fulfilling; solving; succeeduig; reverberating; con- 
 ftitinir. 
 
 AN'SWER-JOU'ItER, n. One who makes a business 
 
 of writing answers. SmifL 
 AN'HVV'ER-I.ESS, a. That has no answer, or that can 
 
 not he nnKWered. Ili/ron. 
 AN'T, in old authors, Is a contraction of an it, that is, 
 
 (/■if. (.Sec An.) 
 AN'T, in our vulgar dialect, as in the phnises I On't, you 
 1 fln'f, he Bn't, we fln'l, &.C., is undoubti dly a contrac- 
 I lion of the Danish rr, err, the Kubnantive verb, in 
 I the present tens/! of Ihe indicative modi', .and not; I 
 I er-tuil, WK tre-nol, he cr-not ; or of the .Swedish or, the 
 i same verb ; infinitive vara, to be. 'I'hese iibrases are 
 I duulillcsH legitimate remains of the Gothic dialect. 
 
 ANT 
 
 AN'J', ;i. [Sax. tnnet, emmet, contracted into ant ; Get. 
 unLeise.] 
 
 An emmet ; a pismire. Ants constitute a genus 
 of insects of the order Ilymonoptera, of which the 
 characteristics' are, a small scale between the breast 
 and bt:lly, with a joint so deep that the animal ap- 
 pears as if almost cut in two. The females, and the 
 neuter or working ants, which have no sexual char- 
 acteristics, are furnished with a hidilen sting ; and 
 both males and females have wings, but the neuters 
 have none. These insects keep together in com- 
 panies, and maintain a sort of republic. They raise 
 hillocks of earth, in which they live. In these there 
 are paths, leading to the repositories of their provis- 
 ions. 'I'he large black ants, in the warm climates of 
 America, to avoitl the effects of great rains, build 
 large nests on trees, of light earth, roundish, afld 
 plasteredsmooth. Encyc. 
 
 AiVT'-I!E.\!{, / n. Names applied to a species of a 
 
 AJi'T'-E.VT-ER, ) genus of quadrupeds that feed on 
 ants, (Myrmcccplia^a, ant-eater). These animals 
 have no teeth, but a snout or muzzle, with a long 
 cylindrical tongue. The nam" juif-Arnr is applied to 
 the larger species of the gmus; iliat of ant-eater is 
 common to all the species. 
 
 XNT'-EGGS, 71. pi. Little white balls found in the hil- 
 locks of ants, usually supposed to be their eggs, but 
 found, on examination, to be the young brood in their 
 first and second state, particularly the latter. They 
 are vermicules, wrapped in a. film, composed of a 
 silky substance spun by themselves, like the cocoons 
 of silk-worms. Encye. 
 
 ANT'HILL, n. A little tumulus or hillock, formed by 
 ants, for tlieir habitation. 
 
 AN'TA, 71. In ancient architeeture, a square pillar at 
 the comer of a building ; a pilaster ; written also ante. 
 
 ANT-AC'ID, 71. [ami and acid.] 
 
 In medicine, a remedy for acidity of the stomach, as 
 an alkali or absorbent. 
 
 ANT-AC'ID, a. Counteractive of acidify. 
 
 AA'T-AC'RID, 71. [anti and acrid.] 
 That which corrects acrimonv. 
 
 AN-TAG'O-NISM, n. Opposition of action ; counter- 
 action of things or principles. Good, B. of.Yature. 
 
 AN-TAG'O-NIST, p. [Gr. ai/ri, against, and awia- 
 rm, a champion. See Act and Agony.] 
 
 1. One who contends with another in combat; 
 used primarily in the Grecian games ; an adversary. 
 
 2. An opponent in controversy. Campbell. 
 
 3. In anatomy, a muscle whieh acts in opposition 
 to another ; as a ficior, which bends a part, is the an- 
 t^ironi^t of an extensor, which eitends it. 
 
 AN-TAG'O-NIST, a. Counteracting; opposing ; com- 
 bating ; as, an antaironist muscle. 
 
 AN-TAG-O-NIST'ie, a. Opposing in combat; con- 
 tending against. 
 
 AN-TAG'O-NiZE, f. i. To contend against ; to act 
 in oppositiim ; to oppose in argument. 
 
 AN-TAG'O-NIZ-ING, ppr. Acting in opposition. 
 
 AN-TAG'O-NY, 7t. Contest ; opposition. Jliltov.. 
 
 ANT-AL'(5l€, a. [Gr. ni/ri, against, and «>) os, pain.] 
 Alleviating pain ; anodyne. [Little used.] 
 
 ANT-AL'KA-LI, ) n. In medicine, a remedy for 
 
 ANT-AL'KA-LINE, ( the purjiose of neutralizing 
 alkali, or of counteracting an alkaline tendency in 
 the system. Jloojier. P. Cue 
 
 ANT-AN-A-CLa'SIS, n. [Gr. avTavoiK\a<jii, a driv- 
 ing back.] 
 
 1. In rhetoric, a figure which consists in repeating 
 the same word in a different sense ; as, whilst we 
 live, let us live. Learn some craft when young, that 
 when old you may live without craft. 
 
 2. It is also a repetition of words, beginning a sen- 
 tence, after a long parenthesis; as, shall that heart, 
 (which not only fei Is them, but which has all mo- 
 tions of life placed in them,) shall that heart, &c. 
 
 Smitli's Rhet. 
 
 ANT-AN-A Go'GE, (ant-an-a-go'jy,) ti. [Gr. ui-ri, 
 against, and aixi) m) i;, a taking up.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a figure which consists in replying to 
 an advers.ary, by way of recrimination ; as, when 
 the accusation of oni! party is unansvveralde, the ac- 
 cused person charges him with the same or other 
 crime. Bailey. 
 ANT-APII-RO-DI.'5'I-Ae, a. [Gr. avrt, against, and 
 ui/i;y')(5iiTiof, venereal, from A'/i/io^irn, Venus.] 
 
 Antivenereal ; having flie quality of extinguishing 
 or lessening venereal desire. 
 ANT-AI'Il-RO-DlS'l-Ae, n. A medicine that lessens 
 or extinguishes the venereal appetite. 
 
 Rncyc. Coxc. 
 
 ANT-Al>H-KO-DIT'IC, a. [Gr. See the preceding 
 wonls.] 
 
 Antivenereal ; abating the venereal appetite, or 
 
 cflieacious against the venereal disease. 
 ANT-AI'11-KO-DIT'IC, 71. A nredirine which abates 
 
 the venereal apiH^tite, or is good against the venere;il 
 
 diseruse. Core, Qnincy. 
 
 ANT-Al'-O-PLEC'Tie, a. Good against apoplexy. 
 ANT-AR'CIII9;M, ti. [Gr. nvrt and ,i,,>7;.] 
 
 Opposition to nil government, or lo all restraint of 
 
 individuals by law. 
 AN'l'-AR'CniST, 71. One who opposes all social gov- 
 
 ernmenl, or all control of indiviiluals by law. I 
 
 ANT I 
 
 ANT-AR-CIIIST'I€, ) a. Opposed to all human 
 
 ANT-XR-eHi."T'ie-AL, j government. 
 
 ANT-ARCTIC, a. [Gr. avr,, against, and aj.Aros, 
 the Bear, a northern constellation.] 
 
 Opposite to the northern or arctic pole ; relating to 
 the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied 
 especially to a lesser circle, distant from the pole 23° 
 28'. Thus we say the antarctic pole, antarctic circle, 
 or antarefic region. Encyc. 
 
 AN-Ta'RkS, 71. 'i'he name of a star (jf the first mag- 
 nitude, called also the Scorpion^s Heart. Encyc. 
 
 ANT-AR-THRIT'ie, a. [Gr. avn, against, and 
 aiSpiri{, gout.] 
 Counteracting the gout. 
 
 ANT-AR-TlIRIT'ie, n. A remedy which cures or 
 alleviates the gout. 
 
 ANT-ASTH-MAT'ie, (-ast-mat'ik,) a. [Gr. air,, 
 against, and arrOpn, asthma.] 
 
 Opposing the asthma. ' 
 
 ANT-ASTH-iMAT'ie, 71. A remedy for the asthma. 
 
 AN'TE; a Latin preposition, the Gr. avri, Sax. tind 
 Goth, and: much used in the composition of English 
 words, especially in words from the Latin and Greek 
 languages. It signifies before in place, in front ; hence 
 opposite, contrary ; and figuratively, before in tine. 
 I'he Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, 
 and the Greek a^'ri in that of opposite, or in the 
 place of. 
 
 AN'TE, ) 71. A pilaster. In heraldry, ante denotes that 
 
 AN'TA, i the pieces are let into one another, in 
 the manner there expressed, as by dove-tails, rounds, 
 swallow-tails, &c. Encyc. 
 
 AN'TE-ACT, 71. [ante and act.] A preceding act. 
 
 AN'TE-AL, a. Being before or in front. Fleming. 
 
 JiK'TE BEVLUM, [L.] Before the war. 
 
 AN-TE-CE-Da'NE-OUS, a. [Infra.] Antecedent; 
 preceding in time. Owen. 
 
 AN-TE-CICDE', V. t. [ante and cedo, to go. See Cede.] 
 To gojiefore in time ; to precede. Hale. 
 
 AN-TE-CfoO'ENCE, 71. The act or state of going be- 
 fore in time ; precedence. In astronomy, an apfiarent 
 motion of a planet tow ard the west, or contrary to 
 the oriler of the signs. F.nnic. 
 
 AN-TE-CiiD'EN-CV, 71. The act or state of going be- 
 fore. 
 
 AN-TE-ClcD'ENT, a. Going before in time ; prior ; 
 anterior ; preceding ; as, an event antecedent to the 
 deluge. 
 
 AN-TE-Ci":D'ENT, 77. That which goes before in 
 time ; hence, in writings, that which precedes in 
 place. In g^rammar, the noun to which a relative or 
 other substitute refers ; as, Solomon was the prince, 
 who built the Temple. In logic, the first of two 
 propositions in an enthymeine, or argument of two 
 propositions ; as, every man is mortal ; therefore 
 every king is mortal. Here the first proposition 
 (every man is mortal) is the antecedent ; the sectmd, 
 the conset/uent. Also, the first and conditional part 
 of a conilitional or hypothetical proposition ; as, if 
 the sun is fixed, the earth must move. Here also 
 the second part is called the consequent. 
 
 Johnson. Duncan. Watts. 
 In mathematics, the first of two terms of a ratio, or 
 that which is compared « ith the other. Encyc. 
 
 AN-TE-CkD'ENT-LY, adv. Previously ; at a time 
 preceding. 
 
 AN-TE-CES'SOR, 71. [L., whence ancestor. See An- 
 
 TECEDE.] 
 
 1. One who goes before; a leader; a principal. 
 It was formerly a title given to those who excelled 
 in any science; to professors of civil law; and in 
 the universities of France, the teachers of law take 
 the title in their theses. 
 
 2. One that possessed land before the present pos- 
 sessor. Bradij. 
 
 AN'TE-CIIaM-BER, 71. [a7i(c, before, and c/ia«iftrr.'] 
 A chamber or apartment before the chief apart- 
 ment to which it leads, and in which persons wait 
 for audience. Dn/dcn. 
 AN'TE-CIIAP-EL, 71. The part of the chapel through 
 which is the passage to the choir or body of it. 
 
 J(Vir^t»7i. 
 
 AN-Tk'CI.AN, 71. [Gr. auri, opposite, and ontw, to 
 dwell ; L. antaxi.] 
 
 In geography, the anlecians are those inhabitants 
 of the earth, under the same meriilian, and at the 
 same distance from the etpiator, but on opposite 
 sides, one party north, the other south. They have 
 the same hours of day and night, but opposite sea- 
 sons; it being winter with one when it is summer 
 wMth the other, Unrt/e.. 
 
 AN-TE-eO-I.UM'BI-AN, a. Before Columbus, or his 
 discovery of America. 
 
 .MV-TE-€UR'SU1{, n. [L. ante, before, and cnrsor, a 
 runner, from cnrro, to run. See (JoiiiisK.l 
 
 One who runs before; a forerunner. In Ihe Ro- 
 man armies, Ihe nntecnrsors wore a body of horse 
 detacheil lo obtain intelligence, and to get provisions, 
 .liC, for I hi' main bmlv. Encye. 
 
 AN'TI'MIATI''., 71. [Infra.] 
 
 1. Prior dali' ; a date antecedent to another. Good. 
 9. Antiri|)ati(m. Donne. 
 
 AN'TE-DATE, 11. t. [L. aiifc and datum, given. See 
 Date.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^T. — MflTE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 58 
 
ANT 
 
 1. 'J"a (late licfore tile tiiifi time ; lima, to aiiteilutr a 
 dred or a Imml, is to express a (late anterior to tile 
 true time of its execution. 
 
 2. To anticipate ; to talce before tlie true time. 
 
 AnJ antedaU llw bluo nbovo. Pojw. 
 
 A.N'TE-D.Vr-ED, pp. Dated before the tnie time ; an- 
 ticipated. 
 
 A.\"l'i;-U.tT-ING, ppr. Dating before tlie true time; 
 anti(-i|)atinf;. 
 
 .VN ■l lM)l-LO'V'r-AI-, I a. [I^. ante, and diluvium, vl 
 AN-TE-UI-LO'Vl-AN, t flood. SeeLwi:.] 
 
 Before the tluod, or dcluse, in Noali's tune ; ex- 
 isting, happening, or relating to what happened be- 
 fore the deluge. 
 A.\-TE-l)I-LO'VI-AN, 71. One who lived before the 
 (lehige. 
 
 A.N"TK-LOPE, n. [L. autilopr, Qu. Gr. npri and 
 fXaPus, resembling a deer. Said, by Cuvier, to be 
 derived from Gr. «i'Of)A'.<;, (/irCus, flower, and i.t\L, 
 eye,) applied, by Eustathius, to the gazel, in allu- 
 sion to its beautiful eyes.l 
 
 In zoolo^ii, the name of a genus of ruminant quad- 
 rupeds, intermediate between the deer and goat. 
 Their horns are solid and permanent, straight or 
 curved ; in some species annulated ; in others, sur- 
 rounded by a spiral ; and in others, smooth. They 
 resemble, in general, the deer, in the lightness and 
 eli gaiu e of their forms, and in their agility. They 
 inhabit, mostly, open plains or mountains, and some 
 species go in herds of two or three thousand. 'J'he 
 eyes of some species, as the gazel, are l.irge, black, 
 and of exquisite beauty and vivacity, and are there- 
 fore a favorite image with the Eastern poets. F.ncyc, 
 
 AM-TE-Ll)'CA.\, a. [L. anUlucauus, o{ anif, before, 
 and tux, light.] 
 
 Heing before light; a word applied to assemblies 
 of Christians, in ancient times of persecution, held 
 before light in the morning. F.ncyc. 
 
 AN-Tlv-.ME-RIU'I-.\N, a. [ante, before, and meriilian.] 
 lleing before noon ; pertaining to the forenoon. 
 
 ANT-E-.MET'ie, a. [Gr. airi, against, and emetic, 
 from ifieto, to vomit.] 
 Restraining or allaying vomiting. Quincy. 
 
 ANT-E-.MET'ie, n. A medicine which checks vom- 
 iting. Quincy. Coze. 
 
 AN-TE-MO-SA're, a. Being before the time of Moses. 
 
 AN-TE-MU.\'DAi\E, a. [ante, before, and muudun, 
 the worhl.] 
 Being before the creation of the world. 
 
 AN-TE-.MO'U.\L, n. In old castle.-t, a barbacan or 
 outwork, consisting of a strong, high wall, with tur- 
 rets in front of the gate, for defending the entrance. 
 
 Henry's Brit. 
 
 AN-TE-NI'CENE, a. [ante, before, and JVi'cenc, from 
 JV/cf.] 
 
 Anterior to the first -council of Nice ; as, antenicmt 
 faith. Encyc. 
 
 AN-TE.\'\AL, a. Belonging to the antenna. 
 
 AN-TEN'X.'E, H. pU [L. antenna, a sail yard.] 
 
 In zooloipj, certain movable, articulated organs of 
 sensation, attached to the heads of insects, and of 
 Crustacea or crab-like animals ; two in the former, 
 and usually four in the latter. They are used as 
 organs of touch, and in some species, the cavity of 
 the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, 
 thi^y are vulgarly called horns, and, also feelers, but 
 this latter term is more properly applied to the palpL 
 
 AN-TEN-NIK'ER-OUS, a. Bearing antenna;. 
 
 AX-TE.\'NI-FORM, a. [L.] Shaped like antenna-.. 
 
 AN-TE-NU.M'BEU, n. A number that precedes an- 
 other. Bacon. 
 
 AN TE-NUP'T:.\L, a. [ante and nuptial.] 
 
 Being before marriage ; as, an antenuptial agree- 
 ment ; antenuptial children. Kent^ 
 
 Ai\-TE-PAS'eUAL, a. Pertaining to the time before 
 Easter. JVelsoii. 
 
 AN'TE-PAST, n. [ante, before, and pastum, fed.] 
 
 A foretaste ; something taken before the proper 
 Hme. 
 
 A.N'TE-PE-NULT', n. [L. ante, before, pene, almost, 
 and ultimus, last.] 
 The last syllable of a word except two ; as, syl in 
 
 ,<nfllaltle. 
 
 AX-TE-PE-XUI.T'I-HATE, a. Pertaining to the last 
 svllable but two. 
 
 ANT-EP-I-LEP'Tie, a. [airi, against, and cn-iX/iirn- 
 Kof, epileptic, from eiriXa/i/Jiivoj, to seize.] 
 Resisting or curing epilepsy. 
 
 ANT-EP-I-LEP'Tie, n. A remedy for the epilepsy. 
 
 AN-TE-PO-$l"TIU.\, ji. [L. auU, before, and posi- 
 tion, from pouo, to place.] 
 
 In grammar, the placing of a word before another, 
 whirl), bv ordinary' rules, o.ight to follow it. 
 
 AN-TB-PIlE-Die'A-iME.\T, n. [ante and prrJicamenU] 
 A term applied to certain previous matters requisite 
 to a clear understanding of the predicaments and 
 categories, as definitions of coininon terms. Cue. 
 
 AN-Te'RI-OR, a. [L.] Before in lime ; prior ; ante- 
 cedent i preceding in time. 
 2. Before or in front in place. 
 
 AN-TE-RI-OR'1-TY, n. The state of being anterior, 
 preceding, or in front; a state of being before in time 
 or situation. 
 
 ANT 
 
 AN'TK-ROO.M, n. [untt and room.] 
 
 A room bi'Iore or in fronl of aii' Mii-r. Dunrin. 
 AN'TP.S, I n. III. [I/.] Pillars of large diim-nsions 
 AN'Tvi;, \ that support Ihi' front of a building. 
 AN-TE-STAT'1;RE, ». [ante and stature.] 
 
 In/i<r((/;c(i(iuii, a small retrenchment or work formed 
 of palisades, or sacks of earth. Encyc. 
 AN-TE-yTO.M'A€Il, n. [ante and stomach.] 
 
 A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. 
 
 liuu. 
 
 AN-TE-TE.\rPLE, 7i. The nave in a clmreh. [ Uhs.] 
 
 AN-TE-VERT', v. t. [L. antcrcrlo.] To prevent. 
 [JVo« in i/,sf.] Jlall. 
 
 Ai\-THEL-.MlN'Tie, a. [./jri, against, and tA;ia«, a 
 worm.] 
 Good against worms. 
 
 AN-TllEh-.MIiN'TIC, ;i. A remedy for worms in the 
 intestines. Encyc. Core. 
 
 A.N'TIIEM, n. [Gr. oiri, against, and ii/jtos, a hymn, 
 from i'livno, to sing, fee IIvmn.] 
 
 A hymn snug in alternate jiarts ; but in modern 
 usage, a sacred tune or piece of music set to words, 
 taken fr(un the Psalms or ollii r jiai ts of the Scriptures, 
 first introduced into the English church service in 
 Elizabeth's reiirn. Encyc. 
 
 AN'TIIE.M-WISE, adv. In the manner of an antliem ; 
 alternately. Bacon. 
 
 AN'TllE-JilS, 71. Camomile. ■I'atr. 
 
 AN'TllER, n. [E. antliera, a flowery plant, from tho 
 Greek luUrj/joc, rtowery, from ru Cuj, a tlower.l 
 
 In Aotn/ii/, the summit or top of the stamen, elevated 
 by means of the filament or thread. It contains the 
 pollen, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is 
 emitted for the inipregnati<ui of the ov.iry. It is 
 called by Ray the apcz, and by iMalpighi the capsula 
 staminis, JMilnc. Jilartyn. 
 
 AN'THEll-AL, a. Pertaining to anthers. 
 
 jJjiVif. Rrs. 4, 404. 
 
 AN'THER-DUST, 7>. The dust or pollen of an anther. 
 
 AN-THER-IF'ER-OUS, a. [antJier muifero, to bear.] 
 Producing anthers, as {ilants ; supporting anthers, 
 as a part of a (lower. Barton, 1(Q. 
 
 AN-THES-TiS'UI-ON,7i. [Gr.] The sixth month of the 
 Athenian year, consisting of 29 days, and answering 
 to a part of November and a part of December. It 
 is supposed to be so called from the Antliesteria, a 
 festival in honor of Bacchus, celebrated in that 
 month, and so called from ui/l)o(, a Hower ; garlands 
 of flowers being otTered to Bacchus at that festival. 
 
 AN-THO'BI-AN, n. [Gr. avOo; and /Sw;.] 
 An animal that lives on flowers. 
 
 AN-TIIo'Dl-UiM, 71. [Gr., from ai/en(, a flower.] In 
 botany, the inflorescence of a compound flower ; or 
 the common calyx of a compound tlower. Lindlcy. 
 
 AN-TIIO-LOG'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to anthology. 
 
 AN-TIIOL'O-G Y, 71. [Gr. apiof, a flower, and Au> oj, 
 a discourse, or \oy m, a collection.] 
 
 1. A discourse on flowers. Encyc. 
 
 2. A collection of flowers ; a garland. Minson. 
 
 3. A collecliim of beautiful passages from authors ; 
 a collection of poems or eiiignuns, iiarticulaily ajiplied 
 to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams. 
 
 4. In the Greek church, a collection of devotions, or 
 a book of offices. Johiis. 
 
 AN-THOPII'YI^LITE, 7i. [Gr. avSof, a flower, and 
 (pvWoi), a leafj 
 
 A mmeral of the hornblende family, occurring in 
 brittle fibers, or fibrous or bladed masses, of ditl'erent 
 shades of dark brown, and with a semi-metallic 
 luster. It consists chiefly of silica, magnesia, and 
 oxyd of iron, and is found abundantly in some va- 
 rieties of primary rocks. Dana. 
 
 AN-TIIOPII-YI.-LlT'ie, 0. Pertaining to anlhopliyl- 
 litc or containing it. Hitchcock. 
 
 AN'THO-RIS.M, 71. [Gr. oi'7-<, opposite, and o/jio/iof, 
 definition.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a description or definition contrary to 
 that which is given by the adverse party. .Ssh. 
 AN'THKA-CITE, n. [Gr. ai-c/juj, a burning co;U, and 
 XiSos, a stone.] 
 
 A hard, compact variety of mineral coal, of high 
 luster, ditfering from bituminous coal in containing 
 little or no bitumen, in consequence of which it 
 burns without flame. The purer specimens consist 
 wholly of carbon. It is iUso called glance coal, and 
 blind coal. Dana. 
 A.\-TI1R.\ CIT'ie, a. Pertaining to anthracite. 
 A.N'-THRAe'O-LITE. See Abthuaciti:. 
 AN-TIlRA-eO-TIIic'RI-UM, 71. [Gr. a^ipa(, a coiU, 
 and inpiov, a beast.] 
 
 The name of a genus of pachydermatous quadru- 
 peds, first found in Italy, in tertiary lignite or brown 
 coal, whence the name. Dana. 
 AX'TIIRA.X, 71. [Gr. S«;7ra.] 
 
 A carbuncle ; a malignant ulcer, with intense 
 burning. The ancients gave this name to a gem, 
 and it is sometimes used for litlianthrax or pit-coal. 
 
 En cue. 
 
 ,\N-TIIRO-PO-GLOT'TUS, 71. [Gr. oi/5/.w-us, man, 
 
 and )\uTTii, the tongue.] 
 An animal which ha.s a tongue resembling th.it of 
 
 man, of which kind are parrots. Encye. 
 A.\-TIIRO-POG'R.\-PHy, «. [Gr. afSp<.Miof, man, 
 
 and )(m>^r;, description.] 
 
 ANT 
 
 A description of man or the human race, or of the 
 parts (if the liuiiiaii body. Eneijc. 
 
 More particularly, Iliat braurli of phiisirnl geoirra- 
 phii, which treats of llic actual distribution of the 
 human race, as distinguished liy physical <'liaracl«-r, 
 language, institutions, and customs ^ in distinction 
 from clhnugrophy, which treats historically of the 
 origin and filiation of races and nations. F. Cue. 
 AN-TllR()-PU-EUG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to anthro- 
 pology ; according to human manner of sjieaking. 
 
 Kirwan. 
 
 AiN'-TIIRO-POL'O-ClST, 7i. One who describes, oi 
 IS versed in the physical history of man or of the hu- 
 man body. 
 
 A.\-TIIR() POE'O-GV, n. [Gr. afS/jw.Toj, man, and 
 Au)- K, discourse.] 
 
 1. .\ discourse upon human nature. Enajc. 
 
 2. The doctrine of the stnicture of the liuinan 
 body ; the natural history or physiology of the human 
 species. 
 
 3. More definitely, the science of m.an, considere d 
 physically, intellectually, and morally, or in his entire 
 nature. Kunt. P. Cyc. 
 
 4. The word denotes that manner of expression by 
 which the inspired writers attribute human parts and 
 passions to (<od. Encyc. 
 
 AN'TIIRO-PO-.M A.V-CY, 7i. [Gr. ai/S/juirof, man, and 
 papTiia, divination. J 
 
 Divination by inspecting the entraUs of a human 
 bciiiE. Encyc. 
 
 AN-TllRO-PO-.MORPII'rSM, 7i. The representation 
 of the Deity under a human form, or with human 
 attributes and aflections. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. The heresy of the .Anthropomorphites. Encyc. 
 
 A^'-TIIR()-PO-.^iORPH'IST, 71. One who represents 
 Deity under a human form, or with human attri- 
 butes. 
 
 AN-THRO-PO-AIORPII'ITE, n. [Gr. ofSpuTOf , man, 
 and {toixpn, form.] 
 
 One who believes a human form in the Supreme 
 Being. A sect of ancient heretics are called Jlntliro- 
 pomorphitrs. Encyc 
 
 A.\-TllRO-PO-MORPH-IT'ie, a. Pertaining to an- 
 thropomorphism. Kitlo. 
 
 AN-TIIRO-I'O-.MORPU'IT-IS.M, »i. The doctrines of 
 AnIhrop<imorpliites. 
 
 AN-TIIRO-PO-.MORPII'OUS, a. Belonging to that 
 which has the form of man ; having the figure of or 
 resemblance to a man. j?,.7i. Encyc. 
 
 AN-THRO-PO-P.Vni'ie-AL, a. Subject to human 
 passions. 
 
 AN-TIIRO-PO-PATII'ie-AI^EY, adv. When human 
 
 passions are ascribed to a being. 
 AN-TIIRO-POP'A-TIIY, ti. [Gr. avipurros, man, and 
 iru3i)f, passion.] 
 
 The affections of m.an, or the application of human 
 passions to the Supreme Being. Owen. Encyc. .^sh. 
 A.VTIIRO POPII'.V-GI, 71. pi. [Gr. o^S/;w-to{, man, 
 and (/iiij-oj, to eat.] 
 Man-eaters ; cannibals ; men that cat human flesh. 
 
 Johnson. Encyc. 
 AN-TIIUO-POPH'A-GOUS, a. Feeding on human 
 flesh. 
 
 AN'-TlIRO-POPH'A-6Y, ji. The eating of hunmn 
 
 flesh, or the practice of eating it. Johnson. Encyc. 
 A.\-THRO-POS'€0-PY, 71. [Gv. avi,iu>nof, man, and 
 aKO!T€io, to view.] 
 
 The art of discovering or judging of a man's char- 
 acter, |)assions, and inclinations, from tlic lineaments 
 of his bodv. Encyc. 
 AX-TIIRO-POS'O-PHY, 71. | Gr. ai/ipuvos, man, and 
 ooifita, wisdom.] 
 
 Knowledge of the n.atiire of man ; .acquaintance 
 with man's structure and functions, comiirehi nding 
 anatomy and physiology. Encyc. 
 AN-TIIKb-POT'O-MY, 71. [Gr. av^pioiiof, a man, and 
 TO;. 7), a cutting.] 
 The anatomy or dissection of the human body. 
 
 Morin. 
 
 ANT-in'P-NOT'ie, a. [corrupt orthography.] See 
 
 Antiuvpnotic. 
 .■VNT-lIYP-0-eiIO.\'DRI-.\e. See Antihvpocho.n- 
 
 DRIAC. 
 
 AN'T-IIY-POPII'O-RA. See Astihvpophoba. 
 
 A.\T-IlYS-TER'ie. See AsTrnvsTERir. 
 
 .A-X'TI, [Gr. See Aste.] A preposition signifying 
 again.-'t, opposite, contrary, or in place of; used in 
 many English words. 
 
 AN-TI-.\B-0-LI"TION-IST, n. One who opposes ab- 
 olition. 
 
 AN-TI A-.MER'I-€.\\, a. Opposed to Americ.-i, or to 
 the true interests or government of the United States ; 
 opposed to the revolution in America. Mirshall. 
 A.\- IT- A-POS'TEE, 71. One who opposes the apostles 
 A.N'-TI-AR-.MIX'I-AN, 11. One who opposes Armin 
 ianism. 
 
 AiVTI-XR-THRIT'ie.a. [See Astahthmtic] Goci 
 against the gout. 
 
 AN-TI-A R-TIlRlT'ie, 71. A remedv for the gout. 
 
 AX-TI-ASTII-MAT'ie, 7i. A remedy for the a.-llima. 
 
 AN-TI-AT-TRI"TIO.\', 71. .\ compound applied to 
 machinery to prevent the effects of friction, often 
 consisting of plumbago, with some oily substance. 
 
 Brandt. 
 
 TONE, BI7LL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CII as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 53 
 
ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 AN-TI-BAe'em-US, n. [Gr. .iiri ana l<aK\:i''s, a 
 foot of one short and two long syllables.] 
 
 Ill partnj, a foot of three syllabk'S, the two first 
 long^ aiul the last short; as, anilnre; opposetl to the 
 bacchiiis, in which tile first syllable is short anil the 
 two last loiif;. Trumbull. Enciic. Gr. Lcz. 
 
 AN-TI-BA-SIL'ie-AN, a. [Gr. « ri/ami /ItaiXtKn, 
 a palace ; L. b<UiiliciL<, royal,Aa,-//<f«,a hall of justice.] 
 Opposed to royal state and iiiaKiiificeiice. 
 
 Phtuulcit, Brit. Empire. 
 AN'TI-BIL'IOUS, (-bil'yus,) o. Counteractive of bil- 
 ious complaints. 
 AN'TI-BK.V€H'I-AI/, a. Pertaining to the fore ann. 
 AN'TIG, a. [from Fr. antique; L. aniiijuus ; It. an- 
 tieo ; a sense derived from the grotesque li^'iiies of 
 antique^.'^ 
 Odd ; fantastic ; as, antic tricks. 
 AN'Tie, n. A liulfoon or merry Andrew; one that 
 practices odd gesticulations. Slmh. 
 2. Odd appearance ; fantastic figure. Spenser. 
 A.V'Tie, V. t. To make antic. Skuk. 
 AN-TI-CA-eHEe'Tie, a. [Gr. ann, and /tax«ri)j, 
 of an ill habit of body.] 
 
 Curing or tending to cure an ill habit of the con- 
 stitution. JuliiLiun. 
 AN-Ti eA-eHEe'Tie, n. A medicine that tends to 
 
 correct an ill habit of body Core. 
 AN'TI-eAL'VIN-IST, n. One opposed to Calvin- 
 ism. 
 
 AX'TI-eAI--VIN'-IST'ie, a. Opposed to Calvinism. 
 AN-TI-exR-NIV'6-ROUS, a. Opposed to feeding on 
 flesh. 
 
 Ai\-TI-eA-TARnH'AL, ( ka-tir'ral,) u. [ai ri, against, 
 and KUTafpiifji, a catarrh.] 
 Good against catarrh. 
 AN-TI-CA-TaRRH'AL, n. A remedy for catarrh. 
 
 Cuxe. 
 
 AN-Tl-eAU-SOT'ie, a. [Gr. ann, against, and 
 Kai'aui, a burning fever.] 
 ■ Good against a burning fever. 
 
 AN-TI-€AU-SOT'ie, 71. A remedy for a burning 
 fever. Cuic. 
 
 AN'TI-CHAM-BER, n. Dr. Johnson prefers .Snte- 
 cliamber, which see. But ante and anti are the same 
 word in ditferent dialects, and have the same rad- 
 ical siiinification. [See Aste.] 
 
 AN'TI-eilKIrfT, n. [Gr. <ii r<, against, and Christ.} 
 A great adversary of Christ ; the man of sin ; de- 
 scribed I John ii. 18. 2 Thess. ii. Rev. ix. Prot- 
 estants generally suppose this adversary to be the 
 Papal power ; and some divines believe that, in a 
 more generah sense, the word extends to any persons 
 who deny Christ or oppose the fundamental doc- 
 trines of i'liristianit}'. Encyc. Bruioii. Duel;. 
 
 AN Tl fllRIST'lAN, a. Pertaining to Antichrist; 
 oiipiisitr tci or (i|ipiising the Christian religion. 
 
 AN-TI-CIIKIST'lAN, n. A follower of Antichrist; 
 one opposed to the Christian religion. 
 
 AN-TI-€HRIST'IAi\'-IS.M, n. Opposition or contra- 
 riety to the Christian religion. 
 
 AN TI eilRIST-IAN'l-TV, n. Opposition or con- 
 trariety to Christianity. 
 
 AN-TI-eHRIST'IAN-IZE,«.(. To seduce from Cliris- 
 tianity. 
 
 AN-TI-'eilRON'ie-AL, a. [Gr. airi and xpofo;, 
 time.] Deviating from the proper order of time ; 
 erroneously dated. 
 
 AN-TI-eilRON'ie-AL-LY, ad. In an anticlironical 
 manner. 
 
 AN-TI€irRO-NIS.M, n. [Gr. avri and xpoi-ot, time.] 
 
 Deviation from the true order of time. Sr/itoi. 
 AN-TIC'I-P.\NT, a. Anticipating; applied, in medi- 
 eiiie, to periodic diseases, each of whose attacks re- 
 curs at an earlier period than the one preceding. 
 
 Parr. 
 
 AN TIC'I-PaTE, r. L [L. anticipo, of ante, before, 
 and ruput, to take.] 
 
 1. To take or act before another, so as to prevent 
 him ; to take first possession. 
 
 2. To take b(!fore the proper time ; as, the advocate 
 has anttcipated that part of his argnnient. 
 
 3. To foretaste or foresee ; to have a previous 
 view or impression of something future ; as, to an- 
 ticipate the pleasures of an entertainment ; to antici- 
 palj: the evils of life. 
 
 4. To prevent by crowding in before ; to preclude. 
 
 Jokruoiu 
 
 [This snt.se u emtntiallu included in the Jir.'it.] 
 AN-TIC'I-P^-TEIJ, pp. 'i'aki n before ; foretasted ; 
 
 foreseen ; prrrchided ; prevented. 
 A1V-TIC'I-Pa-TI.\G, ppr. Takingbefore ; foretasting; 
 
 nrerludiiig; pri^venting. 
 A.\-'I'l<M-I'-\''I'ION, 71. The art of takingup, placing, 
 
 or considering Hoinrlliing before the jiroper timi!, in 
 
 natiinil order ; preventicm. 
 
 2. t'tiTvtiixU: ; previoin view or impression of what 
 in to liapp<:n afterward ; oh, tlie anticipation of llie 
 joy* of iieaven. 
 
 'Die Uuppj anticipation of a mivwcd cxiilenc^ In conipnny with 
 tlR ■I'iriU ul UlT )<ut. Thotlry. 
 
 3. Prevloiin notion: preconceived opinion, pro- 
 diir<-ri In Ilic mind l>erore the truth ii known ; alight 
 previous im[)reriHion. 
 
 4. Tile attack ol a fevei before the usual time. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 5. In music, the obtrusion of a chord upon a syn- 
 copated note, to which it forms a discord. Busby. 
 
 AN-TIC'I-PA-TIVE, a. Containing aiiticipatiim. 
 AN-TIC'I-Pa-TOR, n. One who anticipates. 
 AN-TIC'I-P.\-TO-RY, a. Taking before the time. 
 
 Mure. 
 
 AN-TI-CLl'MAX, n. [Gr. avrt, opposite, and 
 climax. .See Climate.] 
 
 A sentence in which the ideas fall or become less 
 inipoilant and striking at the close, opposed to c/i»«ij:. 
 For example, 
 
 And tlioti, IJaMiousic, tiiou jrreat jrod of war, 
 lji.'iiL'Miaiit-coloin_'l 10 the eari of Mar. 
 
 AN-TI-eLI'NAL, a. [Gr. nvri and kXivi.^, to incline.] 
 Marking inclination in opposite directions. 
 Ill ireitliiiTij, an aiitielinal line, or axis, is a line from 
 whic h strata dip in opposite directions. 
 AN'Tie LY, add. In an antic manner ; with odd pos- 
 tures and gesticulations ; with fanciful appearance. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 AN'Tie-MSSK, n. A mask of antics. B. Jonsnn. 
 AN-TI-eON-STI-Tu'TION-AL, a. Oppnsed to or 
 
 against the constituticm. Bulinirbriike. 
 AN-TI-eON-STI-TC'TION-AL-IST,n. One opposed 
 
 to the constitutinu. 
 AN-Ti eoN - l A'ClON-IST, n. One who opposes the 
 
 doctrine of contauion. 
 AN-TI-eo\-T.\'CIOUS, a. [Gr. airi and conta- 
 
 ff'ious.] Opj)osiiig or destroying contagion. 
 AN-TI-eON-VULS'IVE,n. [Gr. ai/ri and conrulsive.] 
 
 Good against convulsions. Floyer. 
 AN'TI-COK, 11. [anti and Fr. caur, or L. cor, the 
 
 heart.] 
 
 Among farriers, an inflammation in a horse's 
 throat, answerinir to the quinsy in man. Encyc. 
 
 AN-TI-eOS-.MET'ie, a. [anti and cosmetic. See Cos- 
 metic] Destructive or injurious to beauty. 
 
 AN-TI-eOS-MET'ie, ;i. Any preparation 'which in- 
 jures beauty. ' 
 
 AN'TI-CoURT, a. In opposition to the court. [JVo£ 
 iLsed.] Reresby. 
 
 AN-TI-€oURT'IER, (an-ti-kort'yur,) n. [anti and 
 courtier.] 
 
 One who opposes the court, or the measures of ad- 
 ministration, AA. 
 
 AN'TI-eOUS, a. [L, anticus.] • 
 
 In botany, turned inward toward the axis ; in an- 
 thers, denoting that the line of dehiscence is turned 
 toward the pistil. Lindlni. 
 
 AN-TI-CRE-A'TOR, n. One that opposes the Creator. 
 
 AN-TI-DEM-O-CRAT'ie, ) a. Opposing democ- 
 
 AN-TI-DE.M () €RAT'ie-AL, ) racy ; contrary to 
 govcriiinent by the people. Mitford. 
 
 AN'TI-Do-TAL, o. That has the quality of prevent- 
 ing the ill efiects of poison, or of any thing noxious 
 or mischievous. 
 
 AN-Tl-Do'TAL-LY, adv. In the manner of an anti- 
 dote ; by way of antidote. Brown. 
 
 AN'TI-DOTE, n. [Gr. ai rifSoTo?, of avri, against, and 
 61S0H11, to give ; W. dndi, to give.] 
 
 1. A medicine to counteract the effects of poison, 
 or of any thing noxious taken into the stomach. 
 
 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, 
 or to counteract the evil which something else might 
 jiroduce. 
 
 AN-TI-DoT'ie-AL, a. Serving as an antidote, 
 AN-TI-DoT'I€-AL-LY, adv. By way of antidote. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 AN-TI-DYS-EN-TER'I€, a. [Gr. ni/n, against, and 
 6v(TfvTeotK'>i, dysenteric] 
 
 Good against the dysentery, or bloody flux. 
 AN-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie, n. A remedy for dysentery. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 AN-TI-DYS-tJ'Rie, (I. [Gr. airi, 6vi, and ovp»v, 
 urine.] 
 
 Counteracting or curing dysury, or a difliculty of 
 voiding urine. 
 AN-TI-E-MET'ie, a. [Gr. ann, against, and cpcriKOf, 
 emetic, from epeto, to vomit.] 
 
 Having the quality of allaying vomiting. 
 AN-TI-E-MET'ie, n. A reinedj- to check or allay vom- 
 iting. 
 
 AN-TI-EN-NE-A-IIK'DRAL, a. [Gr. ann, opposite, 
 ennca, nine, and e^pa, side.] 
 
 In cryslalog-raphy, having nine faces on two oppo- 
 site parts of the crystal. Clearrland. 
 AN-TI EN-TIIU-SI-AST'ie, a. [anti and enthusiastic] 
 
 Opposing enthusiasm. Shafl.^bun{. 
 AN'TI ENT-RY, 71. [more correctly, Ancientby.] Cast 
 of antiquity ; that which is ancient ; applied to lan- 
 guage. WcsL 
 AN-TI-EP-MJ;I"TK;, «. opposing epilepsy. 
 AN-Tl-E-Plij'CO-PAii, a. Adverse to episcopacy. 
 
 71". Charles f. 
 
 AN-TI-E-VAN GEL'IC-AL, n. Contrary to orlhodoxy, 
 
 or th(^ genuine sense of the gospel. Mdner. 
 AN'']'I-FACE, 71. Opposite face. Jnnson. 
 AN-TI-FA-NAT'ie, >i. An opposer of fanaticism. 
 
 Jililton. 
 
 AN-TI-FP.'BRIl.E, or AN-TI-FEB'RILE, a, [Gr. ui-- 
 Tf, iigatnst, and febrile..] 
 
 'J'hal has the quality vt' abating f.'Vcr ; opposing 01 
 t'-ndiiii; to cure fever. 
 
 AN-Tl-FR'BRILE, or AN-TI-FRB'RII,E, 71. A med- 
 icine thai cures, abates, or leniU to allay fever. 
 
 AN-TI-FED'ER-AL, a. Opposing the federal consti- 
 tution. 
 
 AN-Tl-FED'ER-AL-IS.M, 11. Opposition to the ratifi- 
 cation of the constitution of the United h^tates. 
 
 AN-TI-FED'ER-A L-lf T, n. One who, at the forma- 
 tion of the constitution of the United States, opposed 
 its adoption and ratilication. 
 
 AN-Tl-FLAT'TER-ING, a. Opposite to flattery. 
 
 Delanu. 
 
 AN-TI-FLAT'U-LENT, a. Op|)osing flatulence. 
 
 ANTI-GA-LAC'Tie, 71. A medicine which tends to 
 diminish the secretion of milk. 
 
 AN'TI-GRAPH, 71. A copy. 
 
 AN-TI-GUG'GLER, 71. [anti and srusrsrle.] 
 
 A crooked tube of metal, so bent as to be intro- 
 duced into the neck of a bottle, for drawing out the 
 liquor without disturbing the sediment, Encyc. 
 
 AN-TI-IIEC'Tie, a. [Gr. ui/n, against, and Ut-hcj!, 
 hectic] 
 
 That has the quality of opposing or curing hectical 
 disorders. 
 
 AN-Tl-IIEC'Tre, 71. A medicine that is good in the 
 
 cure of hectic disorders. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 AN-TI-HE'I.IX, 71. [Gr. ann and iXiJ.] 
 
 The semicircular prominence of the external ear, 
 situated before and within the helix. 
 AN-TI-IIYP-NOT'ie, a. [Gr. .1, n and eir.' .5, sleep.] 
 Counteracting sleep; tending to prevent sleep or 
 lethargy. 
 
 AN-TI-HYP-NOT'ie, n. A medicine that prevents or 
 
 tends to prevent sleefi. Core. 
 AN-TI-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-Ae, a. [Gr. ai-Ti and Oiro- 
 
 Xont^piuK'ii, h}'i)ocliondriac.] 
 
 That counteracts or tends to cure hypochondriac 
 
 atfi'clions and di'pression of spirits, 
 AN-TI-llVP-(< eiloX'DRI-Ae, 71, A remedy for hyp- 
 
 oclinmliiar alli-ctioiis and low spirits, 
 AN-Tl-IIY-POPIl'O-RA, 71. [Gr. uiri and i-Tnipopa, 
 
 an inference.] 
 In rhetoric, a figure which consists in refuting an 
 
 objection by the opposition of a contrary sentence. 
 
 Smith. Johnson, .^sh. 
 AN-TI-IIYS-TER'I€, a. [Gr. ,inn and {.ort/ja, ute- 
 
 nis.] Counteracting hysterics. 
 AN-TI-HYS-TER'ie, 71! A medicine that cures or 
 
 counteracts hysterical affections. Coze. 
 AN-'i'l-LITH'ie, a. [Gr. „nn and XiO-.s, stone.] 
 
 Teiidiim to prevent the formation of urinary calcu- 
 li, or to dcstroN' them when formed. 
 AN-T1-LITH'I€, n. A medicine that tends to prevent 
 
 the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them 
 
 when formed. 
 
 AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST, 71, [Gr, ann, Xi9 )s, and 
 
 Tpi/^IO.] 
 
 One opposed to lithotripsy. 
 AN-TI-LOG'A-RlTll.M, 71. [anti and logarithm.] 
 
 The complement of the logarithm of any sine, 
 tangent, or secant, to that of 90 degrees. Bailey. 
 
 The complement of a logarithm ; more generally, 
 the niiinber to a logarithm. P. Cyc. 
 
 AN-TIL'O-GY, 71, [Gr. ui>n, against, and Ai7ji7s, 
 speech.] 
 
 A contradicti»)ii between any words or passages in 
 an author. 
 
 AN-TI-LOI'Mie, 71. [Gr. aiTi and Aoinos,tlie plague.^ 
 A remedy against the plague, Brandc. 
 
 AN-TI L'O-aiJIST, 71, A contradictor. [Obs.] 
 
 AN-TIL'O-UUY, 77. [Gr. ann and loquur.] 
 Preface. [Olis.] 
 
 AN-TI-MA-6l.S'TKie-AL, a. Opposed to the office 
 of magistrates, [A'ot used.] SauUi. 
 
 IJllTKMA^NrAC-AlJ"- 77,a7,/a..] 
 Counteracting or curing madness or frenzy. 
 
 Beanie. 
 
 AN'TI-MASK, 71. A lesser mask ; in contradistinction 
 to the priueiiial or main mask. Bacon. 
 
 AN-T1-.Ma'SO.\, 71. One opposed to freemasonry. 
 
 AN-TI-MA-SON'H;, a. Ojiposing freemasonry. 
 
 AN-TI-iM A'SON-RV, 71, Opposition to fieemasonn-. 
 
 AN-TI-.ME-TAB'()-I,E, rau-li-me-tab'o-ly,) «. [Gr. 
 aiTi, against, and piro0o\ri, mutation.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a setting of two things in opposition to 
 each other; as, an honorable action may be attended 
 with labor, but the labor is soon past, and the honor 
 is iiniiiorial. I'.neyc. 
 
 AN-TI-1\IE-TATII'E-S1S, 77. [Gr. aiTi, against, and 
 jicrii^£'7u, a transposition.] 
 
 In rhetoric, an inversion of the parts or niembns 
 of an antithesis; as, "Compare the arrival of this 
 governor with the vielory of that general." " Com- 
 pare this peace with that war." 
 
 Cicero in ycrrein. Encyc. 
 
 AN-TIJI'E TER, 77. [Gr. a. n and pcrpon, measure.] 
 An optical iiistniiiient for measuring angles with 
 greater nrciirary than can be done by the usual 
 (piiidraiits or sextants. Recs. 
 
 AN-TI-.MKT'RIC-AI,, n. Contrary .0 the rules of 
 meter or verse. Bailet/. 
 
 AN-TI-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL, o. [oTiti Bnd ministerial.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/II-L, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpQK. 
 
ANT 
 
 til tlic ministry, ur adiiiiiiiscrutlon of gov- 
 
 ernini-nt. 
 
 A.\-'l'l-.MIX-IS-'i'r;'IU-.\l.-IS'l', a. On.' that opposes 
 tlu> ministry. 
 
 AN-'l l..MO-.\AReiriC-AL, a. [:ini:, against, and 
 jlionarchicat.] 
 
 Oppiised to monardiy ; that opiioscs a kindy gov- 
 crnini-nt. Jiiittisoii. 
 
 AN-'ri-.MO-X.\ RCirie-AI--XESS, n. Thu quality of 
 lii'ini! ojiposi il to monarchy. 
 
 .\N-'l'l-M().\'AUeil-lST, n. .\n opposi-r of monarchy. 
 
 A.\-'l'l-.Mf)'Nl AL. fl. [from antinwnii.] 
 
 Pertaining to aniinion) , or puilal^iu!; of jts (piali- 
 ties ; composed of aiitijnuny, or containing antimony 
 as the principal iniircdii'TU. 
 
 A.\- l'l .Mo'Nl-AI,, «. A pri paralion of antimony ; a 
 mcdicino in which antimony is thu princi|ial iiigre- 
 dit'iit. _ F.iicijc. 
 
 AN' Tl-.Mfl'.N'I-ATK, n. A compound or salt com- 
 posed of antiinonic acid anil a hiise. Ilnirij. 
 
 AN-'ri-.Mo'N'l-A-'l'Kl), a. Vartaking of antimony; 
 miM'd or prepared with nnlimony ; ai, nntimimiaiej 
 tartar. jVirlmlson. 
 
 A.N'-'l'l-MO.X'IC, II. Pertaining to antimonv. Ilmni. 
 
 AN-'I'l-.MON'ie ACID, n. An acid composed of two 
 eipiivalents of antimony and live of oxygen. 
 
 AN'Tl-.MO-NI'rE, H. A com])oitnd of antilnonions 
 acid and a base. Jlciini. 
 
 AN-Tl-.Mfi'NI-OlJS ACID, n. An .icid cimsisting of 
 two eipiivalents of pntimoiiy and four of oxygen. 
 
 AN'Tl-.MO-NY, 11. [Fr. anlimoinr : I.ow L. aiilimo- 
 tittiin; It. autinuiitio ; Hp. id. This, by some writers, 
 is supposed to h« comjiosed of tiiiti and Kr. iiiuiuc, 
 monk, from the fact that certain monks were poi- 
 soTU'il hy it. This story, reported hy Furrtiere, is 
 treated by .Morin as fabulous, and by him it is said 
 U> be composed of (Ir. iivrt, against, and ftovo^^ 
 alone, and so named because it is not toiiiid alone. 
 Th ■ real trutli is not ascertained.] 
 
 I'rimitrihjy a metallic ore coirsisting of sulphur 
 combined with a metal ; the snlphuret of antimony, 
 the xlibium of tlie Romans, and the irri/i^ii of the 
 Greeks. It is a blackish mineral, which stains the 
 hands, hard, brittle, full of lung, sliiiiing, neerile-Iike 
 striie. It is found in the mines of ISohemia and Hun- 
 gary, in France and Knglaiid, and in America. 
 'I'his word is also used for the pure metal or reiruliis 
 of aiitiminty^ a metal of a grayish or silvery white, 
 verj brittle, and of a plated or scaly texture, and of 
 moderate specific gravity. By exposure to air, its sur- 
 face becomes tarnished, but does not rust. It is used 
 .as an ingredient in concave mirrors, giving them a 
 finer texture. In bells, it renders the sound more 
 clear ; it renders tin more hard, white, and sonorous, 
 and gives to printing types more tirmness ami smooth- 
 ness. It is also useful in promoting the fusion of 
 metals, and especially in casting cannon balls. In 
 its crude state, it is harmless to the human constitu- 
 tion i but many of its preparations act violently as 
 emetics and cathartics. Cltambcrs. F.nnjr.. JVicftuUoii. 
 
 AN-TI-MOR'AL-IST, «. An opposer of morality. 
 
 IVtirbtirton. 
 
 AN-TI-MC'SIC-AL, a. Opposed to music ; having no 
 ear for music. Jlmer. Rcvicie. 
 
 AN-TI-i\E-PHRIT'ie, «. [anti and nepUritic, which 
 see.] 
 
 Counteracting diseases of the kidneys. Coze. 
 AN-TI-XF.-PHRlT'ie, n. A medichie that tends to 
 
 remove diseases of the kidneys. 
 AN-TI-No'.MI-.'VN, a. [Gr. ai/n, against, and vofto{, 
 
 law.] 
 
 Against the law ; pertaining to the Antinomians. 
 
 AN-TI-No'MI-AN, n. One of a sect who maintain 
 that, under the gospel dis|X'ns.ation, the law is of no 
 use or obligation ; or who hold doctrines which su- 
 persede the necessity of good works and a virtuous 
 life. This sect originated witli John Agricola, about 
 the year 1538. . F.nnic. 
 
 AN-TI-No'MI-AX-ISM, n. The tenets of the Anti- 
 nomians. Ilall. 
 
 AN'TI-NO-MIST, n. One who pays no rezard to the 
 law, or to good works. Siiinlrr.imi. 
 
 AN"TI-iNO-.\I Y, II. A contradiction between two 
 laws, or between two parts of the same law. Baker. 
 2. A law or other thing opposite or contrary. 
 
 .Mitliiti. Taylor. 
 
 AN-TI-f)'eiII-.W, a. Pertaining to Antioelms, the 
 funiider of a sect of philosopliers, a cotemporary 
 with Cicero. This sect was a branch of the Aca- 
 demics, thoiiiih .'\ntiochus was a r^toic. He attempted 
 to reconcile the doctrines of the dilTerent schools, and 
 was the last preceptor of the Platonic school. F.iinjr.. 
 
 The .^Htiocbian rpoch was a method of computing 
 time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the 
 city of Antiocli, about the time of the buttle of Phar- 
 salia. y.ncijc. 
 
 AN-TI-P.A'P.\L, a. Opposing Popery. 
 
 AN-TI-PA-PlST'ie, ( a. Opposed to Popery- or 
 
 AN-TI-PA-PIST'ie-AL, j Papacv. Jortln. 
 
 AN TI-PAR'AL-LEL, a. Running in a contrary di- 
 rection. J/amiiumd, 
 
 AN-TI-PAR-.\-LYT'ie, a. [a. ri and imralijtic, which 
 see.] 
 
 C;ood against the palsy. 
 
 ANT 
 
 Ai\-Tl-PAR-A-LY'l''ie, ». A remedy for the palsy. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 AX-TI-P.\-TI1E I 'le, )u. [See Antipathy.] 
 AN-TI-PA-TIIET'ie-AL, \ Having a natural con- 
 
 trarielv, or constitutional aversion to a lliing. 
 AN-Tl-PA-TIIET'ie-AI,-NESS, ii. The <piality or 
 
 state of having an aversion or contrariety to a thing. 
 
 .JllhlLSUIi. 
 
 AN-TI-PATH'ie, a. [Gr. am and ir.iOet.] 
 
 Having opposite alfeclions. In medicine, the same 
 
 as AlI-OI'ATHIO. 
 
 AN-TU"A-TlIOUS, a. Adverse; having a natural 
 contrariety. Biauin. Fl. 
 
 AN-TIP'.A-TIIY, 71. [Gr. oiri, against, and Tu'Jof, 
 feeling.] 
 
 Natural aversion ; instinctive contrariety or oppo- 
 sition in feeling; an aversion felt at the presence, 
 real or ideal, of a particular object. This word liter- 
 ally di^tiotcs a nalural aversion, which may be of dif- 
 ferent degrees, and in some cases may excite terror 
 or horror at the presence of an object. Such is the 
 aversion of animals for their natural enemies, as the 
 antiimthij of a mouse to a cat or a weasel. Some- 
 limes persons have an insu[)erablo constitutional a«- 
 tipitthij to certain kinds of food. 
 
 'I'he \vord is applied, also, to aversion contracted 
 by evperience or liabit ; as when a person has suf- 
 fered an injury from some food, or from an animal, 
 which btfore was not an object of hatred, or \\'hen 
 a particular kind of food or medicine is taken into a 
 sickly stomach, and which nauseates it, the elTect is 
 aiifiiKirJnj, which is olteii of Inns continuance. 
 
 .'Vutipathy, howevi.-r, is often allected ; as when 
 persons pretend a great aversion to things from false 
 delicacy. 
 
 •2. In ethics, antipathy is hatred, aversion, or repug- 
 nancy ; Imtrrd to persons ; arrr.iioii to persons or 
 things; repufrnancy to actions. Of these, hatred is 
 most volunt.ary. Jirersinn, and antipathy, (in its true 
 sense,) depend more on the constitution ; reputrnancy 
 may depend on reason or education. Eiicyc. 
 
 Invi'teiMti' andpalhies 
 atuichiijciils to olli''l 
 
 just pmiciilar nations, nml pimsionale 
 , lire to U' avuiiU'd. Wweliittglon. 
 
 3. Ill physics, a contrariety in the properties or af- 
 fections of matter, as of oil and water, which will 
 not mix. 
 
 .Antipathy is regularly followed by to, sometimes by 
 ai^nin.-tt, and is o[)pos-'d to .s-i/ itjinlhii. 
 Ai\'-TI-PA-TRI-t)T'ie, or AN-Tl-PAT-RI-OT'IG, a. 
 Not patriotic; opposing the interests of one's country. 
 Antipatriouc pn^jiulices. Johnson. 
 AN-TI-PE-DO-BAP'TIST, n. [Gr. nvri, against, iruij, 
 irai(li/{, a child, and linnTilM, to baptize.] 
 One who is opposed to the baptism of infants. 
 
 Buck. 
 
 .\N-TI-PE-RI-OD'ie, n. In medicine, a remedy pos- 
 sessing the property of preventing the return of peri- 
 odic diseases, as intermitteiits. Ci/c. J\Fc(L 
 
 AN-TI-PER-l-STAL'Tie, a. [See Pebistaltic.] 
 
 1. Opposite to peristaltic: acting upward, in a di- 
 rection contrary to peristaltic ; as, antiperistaltic mo- 
 tion. 
 
 2. Coiinteractini.' or checking [icristaltic motion ; 
 as, an nntiprri^inltir reineilv. 
 
 AN-TI-PE-RIS'TA-SIS, n." [Gr. avri, against, and 
 TTcniaranii, a standing around.] 
 
 The oppositiim of a ctmtraiy quality, by which the 
 quality opposed actpiires strength ; or the action by 
 which a body attacked collects force by o|)position ; 
 or the intension of the activity of one quality by the 
 op[)osition of another. Thus quii'kliine is set on fire, 
 or sensible heat is excited in it, by mixture with wa- 
 ter ; antI cold applied to the human bod>' may increase 
 its heat. Johnson. Drifdrn. Qnineit. 
 
 AN-TI-PER-I-STAT'ie, «. Pertaining to antiperista- 
 sis. .Ish. 
 
 AN-T1-PES-TI-LE.\'TI.\L, a. [aufi and pestilential, 
 which see.] 
 
 Counteracting contagion or infection ; having the 
 qualitv of opposing or destroying pestilential diseases. 
 AN-Tl-'PIILO-GlS'TJAN, (an-te-llo jis'chaii,) ii. [a«(i 
 anil phluiriston, which see.] 
 
 An opposer of the theory of phlogiston. 
 AN-TI-PIILO-GIS'TIC, a. Counteracting a phlogistic 
 condition. 
 
 2. Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston; as, the 
 
 antiphto'sistic system. 
 AN-TI-PIILO-GlS'Tie, 71. Any medicine or diet 
 
 which tends to obviate a phlogistic coiiilitiim. Coxe. 
 A.N'TI-PIION, 71. [See Antipiionv.I Tlie chant or 
 
 alternate sincing in choirs of cathedrals. 
 A\-TIPII'O.V-AI,, ) a. [See Antiphony.] Pcr- 
 A.\-TI-PlI().\'ie, > taming to aiiIi|)lionv or al- 
 A.\-TI-Pll()\'ie-AI,, ) ternate simiiUL'. Eneye. 
 AN-'l'IPll'ON-AL, n. .\ book of antiphiins or anthems. 
 
 Bnrnrt* 
 
 AN-TIPH'O-NA-RY, n. [Gr. airi, contrary, and 4,0,, r,, 
 sound, voice.] 
 
 .\ service book, in the Roman Catholic church, 
 containing all the inWialories, resiwnsories, collects, 
 and whatever is said or sunn in the choir, except the 
 lessons ; called also a re.sponsary; compiled by Greg- 
 or)- the Great. F.neye. 
 
 ANT 
 
 AN-'i'IPII'O-NER, n. A bookof anthems or nntiphnns. 
 
 Chaaeer, 
 
 AN-TIPII'O NY, 71. [Gr. opri, contniry, and ^ui-i;, 
 voice.] 
 
 1. The answer of one choir to another, when an 
 anthem or psalm is sung alternately by two choini ; 
 alternate singiiii:. 
 
 2. A species of psalmody, when a congregation in 
 diviili'd into two parts, and each sings the verses al- 
 ternately. Encyc. 
 
 3. 'I'lie words given out at the beginning of a psalm, 
 to which both the choirs are to accommodate their 
 singing. Encyc. 
 
 4. A musical composition of several verses, extract- 
 ed from tlillerent psalms. Encyc. 
 
 AN-Tll'H'RA-SIS, 11. [Gr. apri, against, and ^paaif, 
 
 a form of speech.] 
 The use of words in a sense opposite to their proi>- 
 
 er meaning ; as when a court of ju.stice is calb il a 
 
 court of venireanee. Johnson. Ji<ti. 
 
 AN 'ri-i'IIR.\ST'ie, (a. Pertaining to antiphra- 
 A.\-T1 I'llRAST'IC-AL, 1 si.s. M.. 
 AN-Tl I'lIRAST'IC-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of 
 
 aiitipltrasis, 
 
 A.\-TI PII VS'ie-.\L, a. Contrary to physics or to n.v 
 tlire. 
 
 ,\.\-TlP'0-DAL, a. Pertaining to the antipodes, or 
 
 those who have their feet directly opposite. 
 .\.N"TI-lHil)E, n. : pi. An'ti-podes or An-tif'o-oes. 
 
 [Gr. aiTi, opposite, and iroej, iT 'Cof, foot.] 
 A term appliett to those who live on opposite sides 
 
 of the globe, and, of course, whose feet are directly 
 
 opptisite. 
 
 .\.\- ri.Po'DE-.\N, a. Antipodal ; pertaining to the 
 aiitipiiiles. 
 
 .\.\-TI-POI'S0N, ». .\n antidote for poistm. Brown. 
 AN'TI-POPE, n. [anti and pope.] 
 
 One who usurps the Papal power, in opposition to 
 the pope. .Addison.' 
 A.X'Tl-l'oRT, 71. .\n outward gate or door. 
 
 SmitJi. 
 
 AN-TI PllE LAT'ie-AL, a. Adverse to prelacy. 
 
 _ MortAiR. 
 AN'TI-PRIeST, n. An op|>oser or enemv of priests. 
 
 IVotrrhnid. 
 
 AN-TI-PRIi:ST'CRXFT, «. Opposition to priestcraft. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 AN-TI-PRIN'CI-PLE, n. An op|>osite principle. 
 
 Uprnser. 
 
 AN-TI-PROPII'ET, n. An enemy or opposer of proph- 
 ets. jVcde. 
 A\-TIP-SOR'>e, a. [Gr. avn and i/zcupn, the itch.] 
 
 Efficacious in curing the itch. 
 AN-TIP-TCSIS, H. [Gr. uvti and nTwaif, case.] 
 In grammar, the |iulting of one case for another. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 .\N-TI-Pu'RI-T.\.\', n. An opposer of Puritans. 
 
 Warton, 
 
 AN-TI-(1Ua'KI-.\N, a. Pertaining to antiquaries, or 
 to antiquity. .As a noun, this is used for .Antihi arv. 
 A.N-TI-UUX'RI-AN-IS.M, 11. Love of antiquities. 
 
 Warburton. 
 
 AN'Ti aUA-RY, 71. [I,, antiquarius.] 
 
 One who studies into the history of ancient things, 
 as statues, coins, medals, paintings, inscriptions, 
 books, and manuscripts, or searches for them, anJ 
 explains their origin and purport ; one versed in an- 
 tiquity. 
 
 .A.N'Tl lir.ATE, r. /. [L. oii^i^uo. Sec .AxTiqUARv.] 
 To make old, or olisolete ; to make old in such a 
 degree as to put out of use. Hence, when applied 
 to laws or customs, it denotes to make void, or ab- 
 rogate] 
 
 Climtiaiiity mi^t rcAsonatjIy introduce new laws, and anliqunU 
 or abrogate oUl one*. Hale. 
 
 AN'Ti aUA-TEI), pp. or a. Grown old ; obsolete ; 
 out of use; having lost its binding force by non- 
 observance ; as, an antiquated late. 
 
 AN'TI-aUA-TEU-NESS, lu The state of being old 
 or obsolete. 
 
 AN' TI-UL'.VTE-.XESS, 71. The state of being obso- 
 lete. 
 
 .A.\-Tl-QU.^'TIO.\, 71, Thcsuitcofbeingantiqiiatcd. 
 
 Beaumont. 
 
 .AN-TiaUE', (an-teek',) a. [Fr., from L. antiyuii.<, 
 probably from ante.] 
 
 1. Old ; ancient ; of genuine antiquity ; in this 
 sense it usually refers to the nourishing ages of 
 Greece and Rome ; as, an antique statue. 
 
 2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern 
 period of time ; of old fashion ; as, an anli<iur rolK'. 
 
 3. Odd ; wild j fantastic ; more generally written 
 antic. 
 
 .AN TfUt.'E', ^an-teek',> n. In general, any thing very 
 old ; but in a more limited sensi^, the remains of 
 anciiMit artists, as busts, statues, paintings, and 
 vases, the works of Grecian and Roman antiquity. 
 
 .\.\-TTlil'E'I,Y, ade. In an antique manner. 
 
 .A.N'-TKHI'E'NESS, (an-teek'ness,) B. The quality of 
 being antique ; an appearance of ancient origin and 
 workmanship. .tdditon. 
 
 A.\-TI(i'L'l-TY, (an-tik'wc-tc,) n. [I,. antiquUas.) 
 1. Ancient times ; former ages ; times hing smce 
 
 Time, IU.I.L, ignite. — AN"GER, VI"CI0L'S. — e as K; G as J; S as Z; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 ~ ^ 
 
ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 past; a very indefinite term ; as, Cicero \v;is the most | 
 t'luquent oralor of aiU'uiuitij. 
 
 2. Tlie ancients ; tlie people of ancient times ; as, 
 tlie fact is admitted by all anliqidtij. 
 
 Meaning that mankind are inclined to verily llie predictions of 
 anUqtiity, T. Dawes, 
 
 3. Ancientness ; great age ; the quality of being 
 ancient ; as, a statue of remarkable antiquitij ; a 
 family of great antiijuitii. 
 
 4. Old age ; a LadicrDtLS sense used by Shakspp.are. 
 
 5. The remains of ancient times. In tliis sense it 
 is usually or always plural. Anlitmilies comprehend 
 all the remains of ancient times ; all the monu- 
 ments, coins, inscriptions, edifices, history, and frag- 
 ments of liti iatiire, ollices, habiliments, weapons, 
 manners, ci'Ii mkjiiu s ; in short, whatever respects 
 any of the am lent nations of the earth. 
 
 AX-TI-RHEC-MAT'lt;, a. Etficacious in cases of 
 rheuinatisin. 
 
 A.\-TI-REV-0-Ltj'TIO.\-A-RY, a. [See Revolu- 
 tion.] 
 
 Opposed to a revolution ; opposed to an entire 
 change in the form of government. Burhc. 
 AX-TI-KEV-O-Lu'TIOX-IST, v. One who is op- 
 posed to a revolution in guvernment. 
 A.\-Tl-SAB-l!A-T.A'll[-A\, «. [aiiti and Sabbath.] 
 One of a sect who oppose the observance of the 
 Christian Sabbath ; iiiaintniniiig that the Jewish 
 Sabbath was only of ceremonial, not of nioral obli- 
 gation, and was consequently abolished by Christ. 
 
 Eiicyc. 
 
 AN-TI-SA'Br-AN, a. [See Sabiax.] 
 
 Opposed or contrary to Sabianism, or the worship 
 of the celestial orbs. Faber. 
 Ai\-TI-SAC-EU-Do'TAL, a. Adverse to priests. 
 
 Waterland. 
 
 AN-TIS'CIANS, ) n. pi. [L. antiscii, of Gr. avTi, op- 
 
 AN-TIS'CI-I, \ posite, an J ajciu, shadow.] 
 
 In geom-iiphy, the inhabitants of the earth, living 
 on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at 
 noon are cast in contrary directions. Those who 
 live north of the equator are antiscinns to those on 
 the south, and vice versa ; the shadows on one side 
 being cast toward the north ; those on the other, 
 towar<l the soiuh. Eneijc. 
 
 .'V\-TI-St'OR-liu'Tie, ) a. [anti and scorbutic, 
 
 .\N-TI-SeOil-liO'Tl€-AL, S which see.] Counter- 
 acting the sciirvv. 
 
 A.V-TI-SCOK-Bu'Tie, n. A remedy for the scurvy. 
 
 AX-TI-SeRll"l'IJR-.VL, a. Xot accordant with tlie 
 Sacred Scriptures. 
 
 AN-TI-SeRIP'TIiR-IS.M, n. Opposition to the Holy 
 Scriptures. Boyle. 
 
 Ax\-TI-SCRII"TlTR-IST, n. One that denies revela- 
 tion. , Boijle. 
 
 AN-TI-SEP'Tie, a. [fir. avri and at,7TTu(, putrid, 
 from anttoi, to putrel'y.] 
 
 Opposed to, or counteracting, a putrescent tenden- 
 cy in t'le system. 
 
 AN-TI-SEP'Tie, n. A substance which resists or 
 corri'Cts putrefaction, as aeids and saline substances. 
 
 2. A remedy which counteracts a putrescent ten- 
 dency in the svstem, as cinchona. 
 
 AN-TI-SLaV'E'R-Y, 71. Opposition to slavery. 
 
 AN-Tl-So'CI.\L, a. [See Social.] 
 
 1. Averse to society ; that tends to intcmpt or 
 destroy social intercourse. Piiscalis, J[^d. Hep. 
 
 2. Hostile to the existence of society ; as, anti- 
 social i)rinciples. 
 
 AN-TIS'PA-rilS, n. [Gr. airi, against, and n-au, to 
 draw.] 
 
 A revulsion of fluids from one part of the body to 
 another. Qiiincy. 
 
 AN-Tl-SPAS-MOD'ie, a. [Gr. airi, against, and 
 ffnaafioi, from o-ttmw, to draw.] 
 
 Opiusing spasm ; resisting convulsions ; as ano- 
 dynes. One. 
 
 AN-1'I-SPAS-MOD'ie, n. A remedy for spasm or 
 convulsions, as opium, balsam of Peru, and the 
 essential oils of vegetables. Core. 
 
 AN'TI-SPAST, In. [Gr. ui/n and (rra'.i, to draw.] 
 
 A.\-TI-SPAS'TUS, i In /.ro.,Wi/ a tetrasyllable foot, 
 in which thn first and last syllables are short, and the 
 middle syllables long. 
 
 AN-TI-SPA.S'TIC, a. [See Antupash.] 
 
 1. Causing a revulsion of fluids or humors. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. Counteracting spiLsm ; antispasmodic. 
 AN-TI-SPA.S'TIC, n. In old icritcrs, a medicine sup- 
 posed to act by causing a revulsion of the humors. 
 
 2. A rinncdy that counteracts spasm ; an anti- 
 AN-TI-SPI.E.\'ET-ie, II. [See Sfleen.] [siiasniodic. 
 Good ax a remedy in diseaseH of the spli^en. 
 
 .Johnson, 
 
 AN-TIH'TA-SI.S, n. [Gr. airi, opposite, and <rr.icris, 
 •tat ion.] 
 
 In oriitimj, the defenHC of an action from the con- 
 Bideration l\M if it had been omitted, soinething 
 woruK woulil have happened. ICncijc. 
 A.N-TIS'Tfi* 71. [I..] 
 
 The rliii f prii nl or pri'lalc. Milton. 
 A.\-TIS'TKO-PIIE,7i. [Gr. acri, oppOHlte, and arpo- 
 ipn,it timilng.] 
 
 1. In ^rrammar^ the changing of things mutu;illy 
 depemling on each other; reciprocal couvei-siou ; as, 
 the master of the servant, the servant of the master. 
 
 2. .\mong Uie ancients, that part of a song or 
 dance, around the altar, which was performed by 
 turning from the left to the right, in opposition to the 
 strophe, which was performed by turning from the 
 right to the left. The ancient odes consisted of 
 stanzas called strophes and antistrophes, to which was 
 often added the rpode. These were sung by a choir, 
 which turned or changed places when they re- 
 peated the diflerent j)arls of the ode. The epodc 
 was sung as the chorus stood still. [See Ode.] 
 
 TVesVs prcf. to his Pindar. 
 AX TI-STROPH'ie,a. Belonging to the antistrophe. 
 AX-'ri.-^'TKO-PlIOiV, 7!. A figure which repi-ats a 
 
 word nflcii. Mdton. 
 AX-Tl-STRU-MAT'ie, ) a. [oTiJiand struma, a scrof- 
 AN-TI-STRu'MOUS, j ulous swelling.] 
 Good against scrofulous disorders. 
 
 Johnson. Wiseman. 
 AN-TI-SYPH-I-LIT'ie, a. Efficacious against syph- 
 ilis, or the venereal disease ; antivenereal. 
 AX'TI-THE-ISM, 71. [Gr. avri and tftuj.] 
 
 Ojiposilion to tlie belief of a God. Chalmers. 
 AN'TI-THE-IST, 71. One who opposes the belief of a 
 God. 
 
 AX-TI-THE-IST'ie-AL, a. Opposing the belief of a 
 God. 
 
 AX-Tt-THE-IST'ie-AL-LY, ode. By opposing the be- 
 lief in a God. 
 
 AN-TITH'E-SIS, n. [Gr. ai/ri0£<ris, of avri and Stiris, 
 from rilJrifit, to place.] 
 
 1. In rhetoric, an opposition of words or senti- 
 ments; contrast; as, "When our vices leaee us, 
 we flatter our.selves we leare them." " The prodigal 
 robs his heir, the miser robs himself." *' Excess of 
 ceremony shows ira/i( of breeding." " Liberty 
 trith laws, and government tcithout oppression." 
 
 2. Opposition of opinions: controversy. Encye. 
 AX-TI-'I'HICT'ie, (a. Pertaining to antithesis, 
 AX-TI-THBT'ie-AL, j or opposition of words and 
 
 sentiments ; containing or abounding with antithe- 
 sis. Enfield. Encijc. 
 
 AX-TI-THET'ie-AL-LY, adv. By antithesis. Byron. 
 
 AX-TIT'RA-GUS, n. A prominence on the lower 
 posterior portion of the external ear, opposite the 
 tragus. 
 
 AN-TI-TRIX-I-Ta'RI-AN, 71. , [a7i«i and trinifariaji, 
 which see.] 
 
 One who denies the Trinity, or the existence of 
 three persons in t!ie floilliead. Encyc. 
 
 AX-TI-TlilX-l-TA'Rl -AX, a. Opposing the Trinity. 
 
 AX-T1-TR1X-I-Ta'I11-AX-1S.M, 71. A denial of the 
 Trill itv. 
 
 AX-TIT"'R0-PAT., ) a. [Gr. airi and menot.] 
 AX-TIT'RO-POUS, ( In botany, denoting that the 
 radicle, in a seed, is at the extremity most remote 
 from the hiluin, or that the embryo is inverted with 
 respect to the seed. Lindley. 
 AX'Tl-TYPE, n. [Gr. nvTiTvanv, of atni, against, 
 and TiJiT-uf, a type or pattern.] 
 
 That of which the type is the prefiguration. Thus 
 the paschal lamb, in Scripture, is the type, of which 
 Christ is the antitype. An antitype, then, is some- 
 tiling which is formed according to a model, or pat- 
 tern, and bearing strong features of resemblance 
 to it. 
 
 In tJie Orcek liturjnj, the sacramental bread and 
 wine are called antitypes, that is, ligures, similitudes ; 
 and the Greek fathers used the word in a like sense. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 AN-TI-TYP'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to an antitype ; ex- 
 plaining the type. Johnson. 
 
 AN-TI-TYP'IC-AL-LY, adv. By way of antitvpe. 
 
 AX-TI-VA-RI'O-LOUS, a. [anti and earioluus, which 
 see.] 
 
 Preventing the contagion of the small-pox. 
 
 Med. Rep. 
 
 AN-TI-VE-Xe'RE-.\L, a. [anti and venereal, which 
 see.] 
 
 Resisting venereal poison. 
 
 AXT'LER, n. [from the root of ante, before; Fr. 
 andoailler. See .\nte.] 
 
 A start or brancli of a horn of a cervine anim.al, 
 as of the stag or moose. The branch next to the 
 h(;ad is called the brow-antler, and the branch next 
 above, the bes-antler. Encye. 
 
 ANT'LER-Kl), a. Furnished with antlers. Enc'ijc. 
 
 A NT'-LTKE, n. Resembling the habits of ants. 
 
 AN-To'NI-AN, a. Noting certain medicinal waters 
 in Germany, at or near Tonstein. Enciic. 
 
 Ai\-TOX-0-.MA'SI.\, n. [Gr. mri and opopa, name.] 
 The use of the name of some office, dignity, pro- 
 fession, science, or trade, instead of the proper name 
 of the jierson ; as when his majesty is used for a king, 
 or his lordship for a nobleman ; or when, instead cjf 
 Aristotle, we say, tJte philosopher : Or, conversely, tin; 
 use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as 
 when a wise man is callml a Ciito, or an eminent 
 orator a Cicero, the application being supporti^d by a 
 rcsiuiiblance in charackr. Encyc. 
 
 AN-TON-0-.MAS'Tie-AL.-LY, adv. By the figure an- 
 timoniasia. 
 
 AX'TRE, (an'tur,) 7i. [L. antrum.] .\ cavern. 
 
 S/mk. Othello. 
 
 A'NUS, )i. The opening of tlie body by which excre- 
 ment is expulkd. 
 
 AN-u'BIS, 71. An Egyptian deity, the conductor of 
 departed spirits, and represented by a human figure 
 with the head of a dog or fox. 
 
 AN'VIL, 71. [Sax. anfilt,(Bnfilt; D. aanbccld; old Eng. 
 anvelt. The first syllable seems to be the preposi- 
 tion oil, from the lielgic dialect aan. The last syl- 
 lable is from the verb build ; in Germ, bilden, to form 
 or shape, and bild, an image or form, which in Dutch 
 is hceld. To build is to shape, to form, and anvil, that 
 is, oil build, is that on whicli things are sliaped. The 
 Latin word incus, incudis, is formed by a like anal- 
 ogy from in and cudo, to hammer, or shape ; and the 
 same ideas are connected in tlie Celtic; W. eingion; 
 Ir. inneon, anvil, and innconam, to strike.] 
 
 -An iron block with a smooth face, on which 
 smiths hammer and shape their work. Fi^aratively, 
 any thing on which blows are laid. Shali. 
 
 To be on tite anvd, is to be in a state of discussion, 
 formation, or jireparation, as when a scheme or 
 measure is forming, but not matured. This figure 
 bi'ars an analogy to that of (/(.-citysioii, a shaking or 
 
 AN'VIL-£D, a. Wrought on the anvil. [beating. 
 
 Beaumont 4* Fletcher. 
 
 AjVX-I'E-TY, (ang-zi'e-ty,) 71. [L. anxictas, from aiu- 
 ius, solicitous ; L. ancro. See .\nger.] 
 
 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some event, 
 future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and 
 keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness. It ex- 
 presses more than uneasiness or disturbance, and even 
 more than trouble or solicitude. It usually springs 
 from fear or serious apprehension of evil, and in- 
 volves a suspense respecting an event, and often a 
 perplexity of mind, to know how to shape our con- 
 duct. 
 
 2. In medical language, uneasiness ; unceasing 
 restlessness in sickness. 
 
 AXX'tOUS, (ank'shus,) a. Greatly concerned or 
 solicitous res[)ecting something future or unknown ; 
 being in painful suspense ; applied to persons ; as, 
 to be anxious for the issue of a battle. 
 
 2. Full of solicitude ; unquiet; applied to tilings; 
 as, anxious thoughts or labor. 
 
 3. Very careful ; solicitous ; as, anxioiu to phrase ; 
 anxious to commit lio mistake. 
 
 It is followed by for or about, before the object. 
 ANX'IOUS-LY, adr. In an anxious manner ; .solicit- 
 ously ; with painful uncertainty ; carefully ; un- 
 qiiietly. 
 
 ANX'IOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being anxious ; 
 great solicitude. Juhnsun. 
 
 AN'Y, (en'ny,) a. [Sax. anig, ccnig; D. eenig ; Ger. 
 einig. This word is a compound of an, one, and ig, 
 which, in the Teutonic dialects, is the ic of tlie 
 Latins, mus-ic-ns. .^ny is unic-us, one-Wee.] 
 
 1. One, indefinitely. 
 
 Nor Itnowotli any man the FiUher, save the Son. — Mall. xi. 
 h a soul shall sin against any of llie conmiandinents. — Lev. iv. 
 
 2. Some ; an indefinite number, plurally : for 
 though the word is formed from one, it often refers to 
 manij. Are there any witnesses present.' The sense 
 seems to be a small, uncert;iin number. 
 
 3. Some ; an indefinite quantity ; a small portion. 
 
 Who will bliow us any good i — Ps. iv. 
 
 4. It is often used as a substitute, the person or 
 tiling being tinderstuod. 
 
 And when ye sUtntI praying, f )rgivc, if ye h.ave anghl agaii:Kl 
 
 any. — Mart; xi. 
 If any lack wisdom, let liim ask it ol Uod. — James i. 
 
 It is used in opposition to none. Have you any 
 wheat to sell I liave 7ionp. 
 
 AX'Y-WISE, is sometimes used adverbially ; but the 
 two words may be separated, and used with a prep- 
 osition, in any icise. 
 
 A-o'NI-AX, a. [from ^o;iia, a part of BiEotia, in 
 Greece.] 
 
 Pertaining to the muses, or to Aonia, in Bipotia. 
 The Aoiiian fount was Aganippe, at the foot of 
 Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to 
 the muses. Hence the muses were called Aonides. 
 Drydcn's yirgil. Eclogue 10. Iti. But in truth, jiiinia 
 it.self is formed from the Celtic aon, a spring or foun- 
 tain, [the fabled son of Neptune,] and this word 
 gave name to Aonia. As the muses were fond of 
 springs, the word was a|iplied to the muses, and to 
 inoiintains which were their favorite residence, as to 
 Parnassus. Milton. 
 
 A'O-RIST, 71. [Gr. aopinTos, indefinite, of a priv. 
 and 6(<ns, limit.] 
 
 'I'he name of certain tenses in the grammar of the 
 Greek language, which express an action as com- 
 pleted in past time, hut leave it, in other resjiects, 
 wholly iiiili'teriniiiale. 
 
 A-O-RIST'lC, n. Indefinite ; pertaining toanaprist, 
 or indefinitt' tense. 
 
 S-ORT'A, n. [Gr. aofirr], the great artery ; also, an 
 nrk, or chest.] 
 
 The great artery, or trunk of the arterial system, 
 proceeding from the left ventricle of the heart, and 
 giving origin to all the arteries, except the imlnio- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^I.L, WHAT.— METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK.— 
 
 -_ — 
 
APE 
 
 nary aitorits. It first rises, wlion it is lalliil the 
 atcmUiniT aorta . then makes a great curve, when it 
 gives otV branelies to tlie head anil ii|)pfr e.xtrenii- 
 ties; then prmceils downward, called llic Uvsceitd- 
 iiitr liortH, wlun it gives otf liranrhes to the trunk; 
 and tinally divides into the two iliacs, wliich supply 
 the pelvis and lower extremities. Cue. Parr. 
 
 A-ORT'AL, ( o. Pertaining to the aorta, or great 
 
 A-ORT'ie, i arterj-. Darwin. 
 
 A-PaCK', ai/e. [n and pari-.J 
 
 With a niiick p.-iee; iiuiek; fast; speedily; with 
 haste ; hastily ; applied to things in motion or pro- 
 gression ; as, birds tly apace ; weeds grow «;)8ci-. 
 
 AP'A-OO-CE, n. [Gr., from iirraj w, to draw aside, of 
 ar i, from, and .i; u, to drive.] 
 
 1. In lu'jic, abdnttion ; a kind of argument, 
 wherein the greater extreme is evidently contained 
 in the medium, but the medium not so evidently in 
 the lesser extreme, as not to require further proof. 
 Thus, " All whom God absolves are free from sin ; 
 but God absolves all who are in Christ : therefore all 
 who are in Christ are free from sin." The first prop- 
 osition is evident; but the second may reiiiiire fur- 
 ther proof, as tliat God received full satisfaction for 
 sin by the siitlering of Christ. 
 
 2. In mathematical a progress or passage from one 
 proposition to another, when the first, having been 
 demonstrated, is employed in proving otiiers. 
 
 3. In the Jlihenian law, the carrying a criminal, 
 taken in the fact, to a magistrate. Kiicijc. 
 
 AP-.\-GOtj'IG-.\L, rt, .'\n apa:fo^ica! demonstration is 
 all indirect w;iy of proof, by showing the absiydity 
 or impossibility of the contrary ; corresponding to 
 the reduetio ad ab.turdum, or ad inipv.s.^ibde. 
 
 AP-.V-L.\Ciri-.'\.N', a. Pertaining to the Apalaclies, 
 a tribe of Indians in tlie western part of Georgia. 
 Hence the word is applied to the mountains in or 
 near their countr}', whirli arc in fact the southern 
 extremity of the AUeganean ridses. 
 
 AP'AN-AGE. See Afpanace. 
 
 .•V-P.\N'THRO-PV, Ti. [Gr. 11170, from, and avOpw-os, 
 inan.J 
 
 An aversion to the company of men ; a love of 
 solitude. Enoic. 
 AP-.^-RITII'ME-Sia. n. [Gr.] In rhetoric, enumera- 
 tion. 
 
 A-P.'y.RT', di/r. [a nnd part : Fr. apartf. See Part.] 
 
 1. Separately ; at a distance ; in a state of separa- 
 tion, as to place. 
 
 Jeaiis departiui lhenc« inio a desert place apart. — Malt. liv. 
 
 2. In a state of distinction, as to purpose, use, or 
 character. 
 
 Tlie Lord liath let a;Mrt him thnt b godly for himself. — Ps. iv. 
 
 3. Distinctly ; separately ; as, consider the two 
 propositions apart 
 
 A. .\snle ; in exclusion of ; as, apart from all re- 
 gard to his morals, "he is not qualified, in other 
 respects, for the oflice he holds. 
 A-P.\RT'.ME.\'T, n. [Fr. apartement, or appartement, 
 of ab or a, from, and partir, to depart. See Part.] 
 
 .\ room in a building; a division in a house, sef>- 
 arated from others by partitions ; a place separated 
 by inclosure. 
 
 AP-A-THET'ie, a. Void of feeling ; free from pas- 
 sion ; insensible. Harris. 
 
 AP'.\-THIST, n. One destitute of feeling. 
 
 AP-A-TIlIST'ie-AL, a. Apathetic. Srtcard. 
 
 AI"A-THY, 71. [Gr. a priv. and Tr.ifloj, pa.ssiim.] 
 
 Want of feeling ; privation of passion, or insen- 
 sibility to pain ; applied eitJicr to lJu body or the mind. 
 As applied to the mind, it is stoicism, a calmness of 
 mind incapable of being ruffled by pleasure, pain, or 
 pa.ssion. In the first ages of the cliuroh, the Chris- 
 tians adopted the term to express a contempt of 
 earthly concerns. 
 
 (Quietism is only apathy disguised uiider the appearance of de- 
 votion. £neyc. 
 
 AF'A-TITE, 71. [from Gr. a-araoi, to deceive ; it 
 having been often mistaken for other minerals.] 
 
 Native phuspliate of lime. It occurs usually in 
 eix-sided prisms, of a green or greenish color ; re- 
 sembling beryl, but much softer. Its |M>wder phos- 
 phoresces on hot coals. The phosphorite of Wer- 
 ner is an earthy variety. Dana. 
 
 APE, n. [D. aap : Dan. abe: Sax. apa; Sw. and Ir. 
 apa ; Ice. ape Germ, fl^e ; W. ab, or epa, so named 
 from the celerity of its motions.] 
 
 I. .\ genus of quadruniana, found in the torrid 
 zone of both continents, containing a great number 
 of species. In common use, the word extends to all 
 the tribe of monkeys and baboons; but in zoolog}', 
 ape is limited to such of these animals as hax'e no 
 tails ; while those with short tails are called baboon.', 
 and those with long ones, monkeys. These animals 
 have four cutting teeth in e.ach jaw, and two canine 
 teeth, with obtuse grinders. The feet are formed 
 like bands, with four fingers and a thumb, and Hat 
 nails. Apes are lively, full of frolic and chatter, 
 thieving, and mischiex'ous. They inhabit the for- 
 ests, and live on fruits, leaves, and insects. Encij-. 
 
 3. One who imitates servilely, in allusion to the 
 manners of the ape ; a silly fellow. 
 
 APE, V. L To imitate servilely ; to mimic, as an ape 
 
 API! 
 
 imitates human actions. Weak i«'rson3 are always 
 prone to ape loreigners. 
 A-Plc.\K', «Jc. [a and ;»•<;/.■, a point. See Peak.] 
 
 1. On the point ; in a posture to pierce, ./uhnson. 
 
 2. In seamen's laniruage, perpendicular. The aiirh- 
 ' or is apeak, when the cubic is drawn so as to bring 
 
 the ship directly over it. Mar. Diet, 
 
 AP'EN-S'INE, a. [L. apetniinus ; ad and prnninus, 
 an epithet applied to a peak or ridge of the Alps. 
 JJvij. Celtic pen or ben, the peak of a iiiountain, or 
 in general, a mountain.] 
 
 Pertaining to or designating a chain of mountains 
 which extend from the Alps, south of the plains of 
 Piedmont, and around the Gulf of Genoa, to the cen- 
 ter of Italy, and thence south-ea-st to yie extremity. 
 
 AP'FX NINES j "■ '""""''''"^ above described. 
 
 A-PEP'SY, 11. [Gr. a priv. and -mru, to digest.] 
 
 Defective digestion ; indigestion. Coxe. 
 A'PER, II. [from ape.] One who apes. 
 
 2. [L.] In zoology, the wild boar. 
 A-PK'lU-fl.VT, a. [L. apcnViw, o^irno ; Sp. and Port. 
 abrir ; ll. aprire ; Fr. oiifrir.] 
 
 Opening: that has the quality of opening; deob- 
 strtieiit; laxative. 
 A-Pk'III-E.\T, 71. Formerly, a medicine supposed to 
 possess the property of opening the mouths of the ex- 
 treme vessels, and thus removing obstructions ; an 
 an;istoniotic ; a deobstrueiit. .As notp used, a remedy 
 that promotes excretion, or a lax.ative. 
 A-PERT-TIVE, a. Opening; deobstruent ; aperient. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 .\-PERT', a. [L. apertus.] 
 
 Open ; eviilent ; undisguised. [J^'ot uaed.] Fotherlni. 
 A-PEll'TIO.\, 71. The act of opening ; the state of be- 
 ing opened ; an opening ; a gap, aperture, or passage. 
 [I.iiile used.] h'iseman. WutUtn. 
 
 A-PERT'1,Y, a/;i.'. Openly. [LitUcused.l Bale. 
 A-PEKT'.\ESS, 71. [L. aprHus.] 
 
 0|>enness. [Rarely used.'] Holder. 
 A-PEKT'OR, ji. A muscle that raises the upper eye- 
 lid ; usually called the levatur of the upper eyelid. 
 
 Qutnetf. 
 
 AP'ER-TIIRE, n. The act of opening ; more general- 
 ly, an opening; a gap, clefl, or chasm; a passage 
 perforated ; a hole tlirough any solid substance. 
 
 Holder. J^'ewttm . 
 
 2. An opening of meaning ; explanation. [A'Dt 
 used.] Taylor. 
 
 3. In geometry, the space between two right lines, 
 fonning an angle. Encye. 
 
 AP'ER-Y, 71. The practice of aping. ColerUl^c. 
 
 A-PET'.\Lr-OUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and iztraXuv, a flower 
 leaf, or petal.] 
 
 In botany, having no petals, or flower leaves ; hav- 
 ing no corol. Martini. 
 
 A-PET'.\L-OUS-XESS, 71. A state of being without 
 petals. 
 
 A'PE.X, 71. ; j)l. Apexes. [L. apez, pi. apices.'] 
 
 The tip, point, or summit of any thing. In antiqui- 
 ty, the cap of a tlamen or priest ; the crest of a hel- 
 met. In grammar, the mark of a long syllable. In 
 botany, formerly, the anthers of flowers, or top of the 
 stamens, like a knob ; at present, the point or termi- 
 nation of any part, as a leaf, seed, or ovule. 
 
 Martyn, Lindley. 
 
 A-PII.'ER'E-SIS, ) (a-fer'e-sis,) 71. [Gr. ujto, from, and 
 
 A-PIIEII'E-SIS, ( liiyfw, to t:ike.] 
 
 1. In grammar, the taking of a letter or syllable 
 from the beginning of a word. Thus, by apha-rcsis, 
 omittere is xvrilten mittere. Encyc. 
 
 2. In the healing art, the removal of any part dis- 
 eased or superfluous. Parr. 
 
 In surgery, amputation. Qaincy. 
 A-PIIAN'ES-ITE, 71. [Gr. ai!inirri(, indistinct.] 
 
 .\ copper ore, of a dark-bluish or verdigris-green 
 color, consisting of arsenic acid and oxyd of copper. 
 APH-AN-IST'IG, a. In mineralogy, indistinct. 
 APll'A-NITE, n. [Gr. a priv. and -pairw, to show.] 
 A very compact, dark-colored rock, consisting 
 chiefly of hornblende. Dana. 
 A-PHeL'ION, (a-fEl'yon,)n. [Gr. aTTo, from, and I'lXios, 
 the sun.] 
 
 That point of a planet's orbit which is most distant 
 from the sun ; opposed to perihelion. 
 
 APH-I-DIV'O-ROUS, a. [of aphis, the puceron or 
 viiie-frctler, and voro, to eat.] 
 
 Eating, devouring, or subsisting on the aphis, or 
 plant-louse. Darwin, 
 
 A-PHI-LAN'THRO-PY, 71. [Gr., of ,1 neg. and (/.iXoi-- 
 GpojTTia, of iptXco), to love, and avOpwiT'ii, man.] 
 
 Want of love to mankiii|l. In medicine, the first 
 stage of melancholy, when solitude is preferred to 
 society. Coxe. 
 
 A'PIIIS, B. In zoology, the puceron, vine-fretter, or 
 plant-louse ; a genus of insects belonging to the or- 
 der Hemiptera. The aphis is furnished with an in- 
 flected beak, and with antennx longer than the tho- 
 rax. In the same species, some individuals have 
 four erect xvings, and others are entirely without 
 wings. The feet are of the ambulatory kind, and 
 the belly usually ends in two horns, from which is 
 ejected the siibstince called honey-dew. The species 
 are very numerous. Encyc. 
 
 APL 
 
 APII I.O CIH'TIC, a. [Gr. .1 priv. and ip\oyir,f, in- 
 flaiiinialile.] 
 
 Flaineless ; a", an aphhgistic lamp, in which a coil 
 of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by al- 
 cohol, without llauie. Comstock. 
 APll'O-NY, 71. [Or. u priv. and ipuvit, voice.] 
 
 A loss of voice ; dumbness. Johnson. Cote. 
 
 APirO-RIS.M, (afo-rizm,) 71. [Gr. a^ooia/iot, deter- 
 mination, distinction ; from aip'ini^u, to sepanitc.] 
 
 A maxim ; a precept or principle expressed in a 
 few words ; a detached sentence coiiUiining some 
 important truth ; as, the aphorisms of Hippocrates, or 
 of the civil law. Encyc. 
 APII ()-RIS.M'ER, 71. Adealcr iiraphorisms. Milton. 
 AI'irO-ltl.ST, 71. A writer of aphorisms. 
 AI'II-O-UI.-^T'IC, la. Ill the form of an apho- 
 APll-O-RIST'ie-AL, i rism ; in the form of short, 
 
 iincnnnected sentences; as, an aphoristic style. 
 APII-O-UIST'ie-AL-LV, ado. In the form or manner 
 
 of aphorisms 
 APII'RITE, 71. [Gr. a<j>oo(, froth.] 
 
 An earthy variety of carbonate of lime, having a 
 silvery luster ; the silvery chalk of Kirwan, and the 
 schaumerdc (foam-earth) of Werner. Dana. 
 AI'Il'RI-ZITE, «. A variety of black tourmalin. 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 APII-RO-DIS'I-AG, ) a. [Gr. a<l>eoSiato{, venere- 
 APII-UO-DI-SI'At'-AL, i al, .XijipoSirn, Venus, from 
 froth.] 
 
 Exciting venereal desire; increasing the appetite 
 for sexual connection. 
 APH-RO-DIS'I-Ae, (af-ro-dizh'e-ak,) n. A provoca- 
 tive to venerj'. Encyc. Quincy. 
 APII-RO-DI'TA, n. In zoology, a genus of marine An- 
 nelida, cliaracteri/.ed by two rows of ineiiibrnnous 
 scales along the back, covering the brancliiie. A spe- 
 cies, on the British co<ist, is called the sea-mouse 
 APH'RO-DITE, 71. [Gr. A(,!ipoair7,.] 
 
 A follower of Venus. Cleavetand. 
 APII-RO-DI'TE, 71. A name of Venus, so called froth 
 Gr. a'l)poi, frotli, from which the gotldcss was sup- 
 posed to h;ive been produced. [See Venl*».] 
 APH-TIIIT'A-LITE, n. A compound salt, consisting 
 chiefly of the siilpliatcs of potiish and soda, and com- 
 mon salt ; founil on the lavas at Vesuvius. Dana. 
 APH'TIIO.VG, (af'thong,) 71. [Gr. uro, witliont, and 
 tjiSiiyyif, sound.] 
 
 A letter, or combination of letters, which, in the 
 customary pronunciation of a word, have no sound. 
 Focaloir, or Diet. i>f tJie Htberno-Celtic Language, 
 APH'TllOUS, a. [Gr. at^Sai, ulcers in the mouth.] 
 Pertaining to the thrush, (^aphtJiie ;) of the n.ature of 
 the thrush, or ulcerous aflectiun of the mouth. 
 
 Bigelow. 
 
 .VPH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and iptiXXir, folium, 
 a leaf.] 
 
 In 6o(a7i!/, destitute of leaves, as the rush, mush- 
 rooms, garlic, some sea-weeds, &c. MUne. 
 .\'PI-.A-RIST, 71. One who keefis an apiarj*. Kirby. 
 .\'PI-.\-RY, 71. [L. apiarium, of apis, a bee.] 
 
 The place where bees are kept; a stand or shed for 
 bees. 
 
 A'PI-AS-TER, 71. [from T.. avb, a bee.] 
 
 The trivial name of a bird, a species of Merops, or 
 bee-eater. 'J'he apiiuster has an iron-colored back, 
 and a belly of bluish-green. Encyc 
 
 AP'l-C'i?s ) 
 
 A'PEX-ES ( .\PEi and A.nther. 
 
 A-PIC'lt-LA-TED, a. In botany, terminated abruptly 
 
 by a small, distinct point, as a leaf. 
 A-PIi;CE', ttdc. ^a and piece.] 
 
 To each ; noting the share of each ; as, here is an 
 
 orange apiece. 
 
 A'PIS, 71. In mythology, an ox, worshiped in ancient 
 Egx pt, .as a divinity. 
 
 A'PIS, 71, [I/.] In zoology, the bee, a genus of insects 
 of the order Ilyinenoptera. The mouth has two 
 jaws, and a proboscis infolded in a double sheath ; 
 the wings are four, the two foremost covering the 
 hinder ones xvhen at rest. The females and working 
 bees have a sting. Encyc. 
 
 AP'ISII, a. [See .\pe.] Having the qualities of an 
 ape ; inclined to imitate in a servile manner ; hence, 
 foolish ; foppish ; atfected ; trifling ; insignificant ; as, 
 an apish fellow; apish m,inners. 
 
 AP'ISH-LY, ailr. In an apish manner; with serx'Ue 
 imitation ; foppishly. 
 
 AP'I.'^H-NESS, 71. 'fhe quality v being apish ; mim- 
 icry ; foppery. 
 
 A-PIT'P.VT ; with quick beating < palpitation ; a 
 xvord formed from the sound, pit a A pat, or from 
 beaL 
 
 .\P-L.\-XAT'IC, a. [Gr. a neg. and irAo ato, to wan- 
 der.] 
 
 An aplanatic telescope is one which e, 'irely cor- 
 rects the aberration of color of the raj s of -ght. It 
 is thus distinguished from the achromatic, wh h only 
 partially corrixts the aberration. Ed. Eh^e, 
 
 A PI, AS'TIC, a. Not plastic or easily molded. 
 
 AP'LO.ME, n. [Gr. .ir>o.<, simple.] 
 
 .\ mineral closely allieil to garneL It is considered 
 by Jameson as crystallized common garnet. It is a 
 rare mineral, found in dodecalu ilrons, with rhombic 
 faces, supposed to be derived from the cube by one 
 
 TONE, BULL, liXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
APO 
 
 APO 
 
 APO 
 
 of the most simple laws of decrement, tliat of a sin- 
 gle range of particles, parallel to all the edges of a 
 fuhe. Jla^nj. Cleavdand, 
 
 A.-1'LUS'TRE, n. [L., from Gr. atji^acTov, the summit 
 of the poop of a ship.] 
 
 In R iman antiquity, an ornament made of wooden 
 planks, rising from the stern of a ship, corresponding 
 to the Greek apldtLston, (tiijtXaaTOf ;) by the side of 
 which a pole H as erected with a flag or ribbons at- 
 tached, to indicate the course of the wind. 
 
 Smithes Diet. 
 
 A-POe'A-LYPSE, (a-poc'a-lyps,) n. [Or., from aruica- 
 AuTrrw, to disclose ; inrn and xiiAu^ru, to cover.] 
 
 Revelation ; discovery ; disclosure. The name of 
 a book of the New Testament, containing many dis- 
 coveries or predictions respecting the future state of 
 Christianity, written by St. John, in Patmos, near 
 the close of the first century. 
 
 A-POC-A-LYP'TJe, ) a. Containing or pertaining 
 
 A-POe-A-LYP'TI€-AL, i to revelation ; disclosing. 
 9. Pertaining to the apocalypse. 
 
 A-POe-A-LYP'TI€-AL-LY, adv. By revelation ; in 
 the manner of disclosure ; in relation to the apoca- 
 lypse. 
 
 AP-0-e.\RP'OUS, a. [Gr. arro and Kamo;, fruit.] 
 In botany, a term denoting that the carpels of a 
 compound pistil are either enturely or partially dis- 
 tinct. Lindlev. 
 
 A-POC'O-PaTE, t'. <. [See Apocope.] To cut off or 
 drop the last letter or .sj liable of a word. 
 
 A-POe'0-P.\-TED, j>p. or a. Shortened by the omis- 
 sion of the last letter or syllable. 
 
 A-POC'O-Pa-TIXG, ppr. Cutting off or omitting the 
 last letter or syllable. 
 
 A-POC'O-PE, n. [Gr. airoKO-nq, abscission, of airo and 
 
 KO^TOl, to cut.] 
 
 The cutting off or omission of the last letter or syl- 
 lable of a word ; as, di for dii. 
 A-POC'RI-SI-A-RY, (71. [Gr., from ajroxpitrif, an- 
 A-POC-RI-SI-a'RI-US, j swer; an-u/c.oii'u^ai, to an- 
 swer.] 
 
 .^ncienthj, a term applied to the residents at the im- 
 perial city, Constantinople, in the name of a foreign 
 church or bishop, including the pope's legate or nun- 
 cio, whose office was to negotiate, as proctors, at the 
 emperor's court, in all ecclesiastical causes in which 
 their principals were concerned. The term was also 
 applied, under the early French kings, to the highest 
 officer in the royal court, nearly corresponding to 
 chancellor. Encyc. Spclinan-. 
 
 AP-0-€RUST'I€, a. [Gr. airon-pown/tn, from arro and 
 Kpovoj, to drive.] 
 Astringent ; repelling. 
 
 AP-O-CRUST'ie, n. A medicine which constringes, 
 and repels the humors ; a repellent. Quincy. Cuxe. 
 
 A-POC'RY-PlI.'i, 71. [Gr., from anoKpyrrTu ; otto and 
 Kfiv^TG), to conceal.] 
 
 Literallij, such things as are not published ; but in 
 an appropriate sense, hooks whose authenticity, as in- 
 spired writings, is not admitted, and whicli are there- 
 fore not considered a part of the sacred canon of the 
 Scripture. Wlien the Jews published their sacred 
 books, they called them canonical and dicine ; such as 
 they did not publish were called apucryp/ial. The 
 Jewish apocryphal books are received by the Roman 
 Catholic church as canonical, but not by Protestants. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 A-POC'RY-PIIAL, a. Pertaining to the apocrypha ; 
 
 not canonical ; of uncertain authority or credit ; false ; 
 
 fictitious. Cuntrreve. Hooker. 
 
 A-POe'UY-PII.\L-LY, adv. Uncertainly ; not indis- 
 
 put;iblv. 
 
 A-POC'RY-PHAL-NESS, 71. Uncertainty as to au- 
 thenticity; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness. 
 
 AP'O-DAL, a. [See Apodes.] Without feet. In lool- 
 ogti, destitute of ventral fins ; denoting an order of 
 fisiies. 
 
 AP'ODES, 71. pi. [Gr. a priv. and irovf, Ttoini, foot.] 
 A term applied to animals that have no feet ; es- 
 pecially to certain fabulous birds whicli were said to 
 have no legs, and also to some birds which have very 
 short legs. 
 
 In zoology, the Apodes are an order of fishes which 
 have no ventral fins ; the first order in Linnajus's 
 system. Encyc. 
 
 AP-O-UIC'TIC, I a. [Gr. awoiki^s, evidence, of 
 
 AP O DIC'TIC AI,, j nrr - and (i£iKn./.i, to show.] 
 iJemonslrative ; evident beyond coiilradiction ; 
 ctearlv proving. Brown. Glanrille. 
 
 AP-0-lilC'TlC-AI>-LY, alv. So as to be evident be- 
 yond contradiction. 
 
 AP O-DIX'IS^ 71. [Gr.] Full demonstration. Buck. 
 
 A-PfJlJ'0-.yi.S, 71. [Gr.l In grammar, the principal 
 chiuae -.f a conditional sentence, expressing the re- 
 tull ; as distinguished from the />ri<r«,,ia- or siiliordinatc 
 claUi*, which expresses a condition. Thus, in the 
 apruence, " 'J'huugli he slay me, yet will I trust in 
 bim," tlie former clause is the proUuiii, and the latter 
 the apudoxii, Jty noun; res|>ectuble graiiiiriarians, this 
 di'tincJon is not i^iuifiried to conditional sentenceH, 
 hut is extiMided to others similarly constructed. 
 
 AP'O-GEE, w. [apof^f-on, apof^cum; Gr. ano, from, and 
 yr/, the earth.] 
 
 In modern anlronomy, that point in the orbit uf the 
 
 moon, which is at the greatest distance from the 
 earth. 
 
 In ancient astronomy, that point in the orbit of the 
 sun, or of a planet, wiiich is at the greatest distance 
 from the earth. The ancients regarded the earth as 
 fixed in the center of the system, and therefore as- 
 signed to the sun, with the planets, an orbit and an 
 apogee ; but the moderns, considering the sun as the 
 center, use the terms perihelion and aphelion, to de- 
 note the least and greatest distance of the planets 
 from that orb. The sun's apogee, therefore, is, in 
 strjctness, the earth's aphelion. Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 A-Po'GON, 71. [Gr. a priv. and rriojui', beard, because 
 its jaws want the appendages called beard.] 
 
 The name of a sub-genus of fishes, subordinate to 
 the genus Perca, {perch,) one species of which inhab- 
 its the Mediterranean. Cuoier. 
 
 AP'O-GRAPH, 71. [Gr. airo} paipov ; ctT:oypa(pu.] 
 An exemplar ; a copy or transcript. .3sh. 
 
 A-POL-LI-NA'RI-AN, a. [from .Apollo.] 
 
 The j^pollinarian games, in Roman antii/uity, were 
 celebrated in honor of Apollo ; instituted A. R. 543, 
 after the battle of Cannm. They were merely scen- 
 ical, with exhibitions of music, dances, and various 
 mountebank tricks. Encyc. 
 
 A-POL-LI-N.\'RI-ANS ; in church history, a sect, de- 
 riving their name from Apollinaris, bishop of Laodi- 
 cea, in the 4th century, who denied the proper hu- 
 manity of Christ ; maintaining that his body was en- 
 dowed with a sensitive, and not witli a rational soul, 
 and that the divine nature supplied the place of the 
 intellectual principle in man. Encyc. Hooker. 
 
 A-POL'LO, 71. A deity among the Greeks and Romans, 
 and worshiped under the name of Phmbus, the sun, 
 as the fountain of light and heat. He was the pre- 
 siding deity of archery, prophecy, medicine, and 
 music, and president and protector of tlie Muses. 
 
 Brajide. 
 
 A-POL'LO-BEL-VI-DitRE', n. A celebrated statue 
 of Apollo, in the Belvidere gallery of tlie Vatican 
 palace at Rome, esteemed one of the noblest rep- 
 resentations of the human frame. Brande. 
 
 A-POLL'YON, 71. [Gr. imoXXvon; destroying.] 
 
 The destroyer; a name used. Rev. ix. II, for the 
 angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew 
 .Abaddon. 
 
 A-POL-O-GET'ie, \a. [Gr. a7ruXo>^£o;ioi, to speak 
 A-POL-O-GET'ie-AL, j in defense of; oiru and \oy- 
 05, speech.] 
 
 Defending by words or argtiments ; excusing ; said 
 or written in defense, or by way of apology ; as, an 
 apologetic essav. Boyle. 
 A-POL-O-GET'ie-AL-LY, adv. By way of apology 
 or excuse. 
 
 A-POL-0-GET'ieS, 7!. That branch of theology which 
 defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evi- 
 dence of theu- divine authority. 
 
 A-POL'O-CIST, 71. [See Apologt.] One who makes 
 an apology ; one who speaks or writes in defense of 
 anotiier. 
 
 A-POL'O-GiZE, V. i. To make an apology ; to write 
 or speak in favor of, or to make excuse for ; followed 
 by for ; as, my correspondent apologised for not an- 
 swering niy letter. 
 
 A-POL'O-GlZ-ER, 71. One who makes an apology or 
 defends. 
 
 AP'O-LOGUE, (ap'o-Iog,) n. [Gr. ajroXoyos, a long 
 speech, a fable.] 
 
 A moral fable ; a story or relation of fictitious 
 events, intended to convey useful truths. An ap- 
 ologue differs from a parable in this: the parable is 
 drawn from events which pass among mankind, and 
 therefore requires probability in the narrative ; the 
 apologue is founded on supposed actions of brutes or 
 inanimate things, and therefore is not limited by 
 strict rules of probability. Esop's fables are good 
 examples of apologues. Encyc. 
 
 A-POL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. arroXoyia, of airo and Xoyof, 
 discourse.] 
 
 An excuse ; something said or written in defense 
 or extenuation of what appears to others wrong or 
 unjustifiable, or of what may be liable to disajipro- 
 bation. It may be an extenuation of what is not 
 perfectly justifiable, or a vindication of what is or 
 may be disapproved, but which the apologist deems 
 to be right. A man makes an apology for not fulfill- 
 ing an engagement, or for publishing a pamphlet. 
 An apology, then, is a reason or reasons assigned for 
 what is wrong or may appear to be wrong, and it may 
 he either an extenuation or a justification of some- 
 thing that is or 7niii/ be censured by those who are 
 not acquainted with the reasons. 
 
 AP-tJ-.ME-CO.M'E-TllV* 71. [Gr. ano, pr,KOi, distance, 
 and 111 Tjnif, measure.] 
 
 The art of measuring things distant. 
 
 AP-O-NEU-Ro'SIS, 71. [(Jr. 11770, from, and vtvpov, a 
 nerve; W.nerth; Arm. iiirz. See Neiive.] 
 
 An expansion of a tendon in the manner of a 
 membrane ; a tendinous expansion in which a mus- 
 cle terminates, inserted into other relatively fixed 
 parts, or covering and confining other niiiscles, and 
 foriuiiig a fascia. Kncye. BlancartL 
 
 AP-O PE.MP'Tie, o. [Gr. airu, fronij and irt^iru, to 
 Nend.l 
 
 Denoting a songor hymn among the ancients, sung 
 or addressed to a stranger, on his departure from a 
 place to his own country. It may be used as a noun 
 for the hymn. Encyc, 
 A-POPH'A SIS, 71. [Gr. airo, from, and ^oirij, form of 
 speech.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a waving or omission of what one, 
 speaking ironically, would plainly insinuate ; as, " I 
 will not mention another argument, which, however, 
 if I should, you could not refute." Smith, Johnson. 
 AP-0-PHI,EG-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. airu, from, and ,p\ey- 
 pn, phlegm.] 
 
 Having the quality of exciting discharges of phlegm 
 or mucus from the mouth or nostrils. 
 AP-O-PIILEG-MAT'IC, n. A medicine which excites 
 discharges of phlegm or mucus from the mouth or 
 nostrils. Coze. 
 AP-O-PHLEG'MA-TISM, 71. An apophlegmtic. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 AP-O-PHLEG-MAT'I-ZANT, 71. An apophlegmatic. 
 
 Quincy. Coze. 
 
 AP'OPH-THEG.M, ) (ap'o-them,) 71. [Gr. uir ., from, 
 
 AP'O-THEGM, i and <f,«£^,ia, word. It would be 
 eligible to reduce this harsh word to apalhem.] 
 
 A remarkable saying ; a short, sententious, in- 
 structive remark, uttered on a particular occasion, or 
 by a distinguished character ; as that of Cyrus, " He 
 is unworthy to be a magistrate, who is not better 
 than his subjects ; " or that of Cato, " Homines, nihil 
 agendo, discunt male agere," Men, by doing nothing, 
 soon learn to do mischief. 
 
 A-POPH'Y-GE, 71. [Gr. otto, from, and ijivyi, flight.] 
 In architecture, that part of a column where it 
 springs out of its base ; sometimes called the spring 
 of the column. Chambers. 
 
 A concave part or ring of a column, lying above or 
 below the flat member; called by the French, le 
 conge d'en bus, or d'en haut, and by the Italians, il 
 cava di basso, or di sopra. It was originally a ring or 
 ferule to bind the extremities of wooden columns, 
 and keep tliein from splitting ; afterward imitated 
 in stone pillars. Encyc. 
 
 A-POPH'YI^LlTE, 71. [Gr. uro, from, and 0iiXA.>i', a 
 leaf; so called from the readiness with which its 
 lamins are separated.] 
 
 A zeolitic mineral, occurring in pearly, laminated 
 masses, or crystallized in glassy, square prisms, with 
 pyramidal terminations, which break very readily 
 across, and afford a surface with a pearly luster. It 
 consists of silica, lime, and potash. From its peculiar 
 luster, it is sometimes called ichtliyophthalmite, or fish- 
 eve stone. Dana. 
 
 A-POPH'Y-SIS, 71. [Gr. oto, from, and 4,vai(, growth.] 
 A process of a bone ; a prominent part of a bone, 
 forming, originally, a continuous part of the body of 
 the bone, in distinction from epiphysis. 
 
 AP-0-PLE€'TI€, / a. [See Apoplexy.] 
 
 AP-O-PLEC'Tie-AL, j Pertaining to or consisting 
 in apoplexy ; as, an apoplectic fit ; or predisposed to 
 apoplexy ; as, an apoplectic habit of body. 
 
 .AP-O-PLEC'Tie, «. A person affected with apoplexy. 
 
 KnatchbuU. 
 
 AP'0-PLEX-£D, (ap'o-plext,) a. Affected with apo- 
 plexy. Shak. 
 AP'O-PLEX-Y, 71. [Gr. anoirXrilia, of otto, from, and 
 nXiaaLi), to strike.] 
 
 Abolition of sense and voluntary motion, from sus- 
 pension of the functions of the cerebrum. 
 
 Dryden, for the sake of measure, uses apoplex, for 
 apoplexy. 
 
 AP'O-RON, ) 71. [See Aporh.] A problem difficult 
 AP'O-KIME, S to be resolved. Encyc. 
 A-PO'RI-A, 71. [Gr. arrofita, from arropos, inops con- 
 silii, of a and nopo;, way or passage.] 
 
 1. In rhetoric, a doubting or being at a loss where 
 to begin, or what to say, on account of the variety of 
 matter. Smith. 
 
 2. In the medical urt, febrile anxiety; uneasiness; 
 restlessness from obstructed perspiration, or the 
 stoppage of any natural secretion. Coxe. 
 
 A-PO-SEP'E-DIN, 71. [Gr. fiiro, from, and atiiri^uv, 
 putrefaction.] A peculiar crjstallized substance ob- 
 tained from putrid cheese. Brande. 
 
 A-P0S-I-0-Pe'S1S, 71. [Gr. a!ro(7iojiri(<ri5, of uiru and 
 ciMjrao), to be silent.] 
 
 Reticency or sujipression ; as when a speaker, for 
 some cause, as fear, sorrow, or anger, suddenly 
 breaks ofl'his discourse, before it is ended ; or speaks 
 of a thing when he makes a show as if he would say 
 nothing on the subject ; or aggravates what he pre- 
 tends to conceal, by uttering a part and leaving the 
 remainder to be ui>derstood. SmitJu Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 A-POS'TA-SIS, 71. [Gr. amaraatf.] 
 
 1. In ancient vicdicine, the termination or crisis of a 
 disease by some secretion ; in oppositicm to 7netastasix, 
 or the termination by transfer to another part. Hence, 
 
 2. An abscess ; jiuch collection of purulent matter 
 having been consiilered a critical secretiiui, and 
 hence called, in Greek, anoarripa, and in Latin, ab- 
 scessus. HIaneurd. 
 
 3. The throwing off or separation of exfoliated or 
 fractured \)tmt\. Coxe. 
 
 A-POS'TA SV, 71. [Gr. oiroffTniris, a defection, of 
 atl>iaTnpi, to depart, airo nnd larij/xi.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PHEV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 5R 
 
APO 
 
 1. An abaiuUmiin-nt «t" wlmt one has profi-sscd ; a 
 total (It'scrtion or drparture I'roni one's faitli or re- 
 ligion. 
 
 2. 'I'lie dRscrtion from n party to wliich one lias 
 A-POtf'TATE, II. [Or. UTru<rr,irr(s.] [adhered. 
 
 One who has forsaken the church, sect, or profes- 
 sion to wliicli lie l>el"orc adhered. In its original 
 sense, apjilied to one who lias abandoned his re- 
 ligion ; but correctly applied iUso to one who aban- 
 dons a political or other party. 
 
 In (Ac Roman Catholic church, one who, without a 
 legal dispensation, forsakes a religious order, of 
 which he has made profession. Encijc. 
 
 A-POS'TATE, a. False ; traitorous. Spnixcr. 
 
 AP-O-STAT'ie-AL, a. Alter the manner of an apos- 
 tate. SniKlij.i. 
 
 A-POS'T.\-TIZE, r. i. To abandon one's profession 
 or church ; to forsake principles or faith which one 
 has professed, or the party to which one has been 
 attached. IVorthiiifrlon. 
 
 A-POti''i'A-TIZ-ING, j)pr. Abandoning a clnirch, pro- 
 fession, sect, or party. 
 
 A-POS'TE-.MATE, ». i. To form into an abscess ; to 
 swell and fill with pus. 
 
 A-POS-TE-.MA'TION, n. The formation of an apos- 
 teme ; the process of gathering into an abscess; writ- 
 ten corruptly imposthumation. 
 
 AP-OS-TE.M'.V-TOUi^l, a. Pertaining to an abscess ; 
 partaking of the nature of an apostenie. 
 
 Juurn. of Science. 
 
 AP'OS-TeME, 71. [Gr. aTrncrriiiii, from m^iantiii, to 
 go off, to recede ; urm and !iTri)(»i, to stand.] 
 
 An abscess : a swelling filled with purulent mat- 
 ter ; written also corruptly imposthnmc. 
 
 A I'OS-TF.-HI O'RT, [L. po.iterwr, after.] 
 
 Arguments a postcriiiri,;irc drawn friun effi-cts, con- 
 sequences, or facts ; in oppitsition to reasoning a priori. 
 
 A-POS'TIL, n. [Ft. apostUlc] A marginal note or 
 reference ; a postscript. 
 
 A-POS'TLE, (a-pos'l,) n. [L. apostnliis : Gr. a-oaruXof, 
 from uT'-CTrcAXw, to send away, of njrj and ffrtAAw, 
 to send ; Germ, sullfii, to set.] 
 
 A person deputed to execute some important 
 business ; but appraprintrUiy a disciple of Christ 
 commissioned to preach the gospel. Twelve per- 
 sons were selected by Christ for this purpose ; and 
 Judas, one of the number, proving an apostate, his 
 place was supplied by .Matthias. Acts i. 
 
 The title of apostle is applied to Christ himself, 
 Ileb. iii. In the primitive ages of the church, other 
 ministers were called apuMlet, Rom. xvi. ; as were 
 persons sent to carry alms from one church to an- 
 other, Philip, ii. This title was also given to per- 
 sons who first planted the Christian faith. Thus 
 Dionysius of Corinth is called the apostle of France ; 
 and the Jesuit missionaries are called uposlks. 
 
 Among the Jews, flic title was given to officers 
 who were sent into distant provinces, as visitors or 
 commissioners, to see the laws observed, and to col- 
 lect nuiney or tribute. 
 
 Apostle, in the Greek liturgy, is a book containing 
 the Epistles of St. Paul, printed in the order in wliich 
 they are to be read in the churches through the year. 
 
 Kncijc. 
 
 A-POS'TLE-SHIP, n. The office or dignity of an 
 apostle. 
 
 A-POS'TO-L.\TE, n. A mission ; the dignity or 
 office of an apostle. Ancient writers use it for the 
 office of a bishop ; but it is now restricted to the dig- 
 nity of the pope, whose see is called the apostolic 
 see. Encyc. 
 liP-OS-TOL.'ie, ) a. Pertaining or relating to the 
 AP-OS-TOL'ie-AL, j apostles ; as, the apostolic age. 
 2. According to the doctrines of the apostles; de- 
 livered or taught by the apostles ; as, apostolic faith 
 or practice. 
 
 Apostolic constitutions ; a collection of regulations 
 attributed to the apostles, but generally supposed to 
 be spurious. They appeared in the fourth century, 
 are divided into eight books, and consist of rules and 
 precepts relating to the duty of Christians, and par- 
 ticularly to the ceremonies and discipline of Uie 
 church. 
 
 Apostolic fathers ; an appell.ation given to the Chris- 
 tian writers of the first century. 
 <P-OS-T()L'I€-AL-LY, atlo. In the manner of the 
 apostles. 
 
 «P-OS-TOL'ie-AL-NEPS, 7i. The quality of being 
 apostolical, or accordant with the doctrines of the 
 njmstles. 
 
 vP-05>-TOL'ieS, n. pi. Certair»sects, so called from 
 their pretending to imitate the practice of the apos- 
 tles, abstaining from marriage, from wine, flesh, pe- 
 cuniary reward, &c., and wandering about clothed 
 in white, with long beards and bare heads. Saga- 
 rclli, the founder of one of these sects, was burnt at 
 Parma in I3QU. Enci/c. 
 
 VPOS'TRO-PHE, n. fGr. oiro, from, and arpuijin, a 
 turning.] 
 
 1. In rhetoric, a diversion of speech ; a digressive 
 address ; a changing the course of a speech, and ad- 
 dressing a person who is dead or absent, as if present ; 
 o* a short address introduced into a discourse, di- 
 rected to some person diUVrenl from the party to 
 
 APP 
 
 which the main discourse is directi d, as whi n an 
 advocate, in an argument Iti the jury, turns and ad- 
 dresses a few ri'iiiarks to the court. Encijc. .tinilJi. 
 
 2. In ^amtnar, tile contraction of a word by fhe 
 omission of a letter or lelic r<, which (iiiiissum is 
 marktul by a ciuiiina ; as, ealPd fiir cnllrii. The comma 
 used for this purpose may also be called an apostrophe. 
 
 AP-Ot^-TKOPII'ie, a. Pertaining to an apostrophe ; 
 noting the contraction of a word. Jiltirrai/. 
 
 A-POS'TllO-PIIIZE, 1'. (. To address by apostrophe. 
 
 2. To contract a « ord by omitting a letter or letters. 
 
 3. I'o mark with a comma, indicating the omission 
 of a letter. 
 
 A-POS'TKO-PHIZE, r. i. To make an apostrophe, or 
 short, detached address in speaking. 
 
 A-POS'TRO-PIliZ-KI), pp. Addressed by way of di- 
 gression ; contracted by the omission of a letter or 
 letters ; marked by an apostrophe. 
 
 A-POS'TIIO-PIIIZ-ING, ppr. Addressing in a thgres- 
 sion ; contracting or marking by apostrophe. 
 
 AP-0-TACTri,'E, n. [Gr. aTrornKTOi, from oTorarrw, 
 to renounce ; airo and rarrio, to ordain.] 
 
 One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in imita- 
 tion of the first believers, renounced all their efl"i'cts 
 anil possessions. Encyc. 
 
 AP-O-TEL-ES-.MAT'ie, a. [Gr. airnTcXeapaTiKos, 
 from nrrorcXiop I, an effect of the stars.] 
 
 Relating to astrology ; teaching by the science of 
 the stars. ' Gau.fscn. 
 
 A-P()TII'E-€.\-RY, n. [L. apothrca, Gr. atoUiiKn, a 
 repositor)', from arrnriiript, to deposit or lay aside, or 
 from iiiKi], a chest.] 
 
 1. One who practices pharmacy ; one who pre- 
 p:in s drugs for medicinal uses, and keeps them for 
 sail'. In En/flanil, apothecaries were formerly obliged 
 to prepare medicines according to the foriiiiihis pre- 
 srribi il by the college of physicians, and were liable 
 to have their sliops visited by the censors of the col- 
 lege, who had power to destroy medicines which 
 were not good. Apothecaries are now the most nu- 
 merous class of medical practitioners in Engl.md, 
 called general practitioners. 
 
 2. In the middle a^rrs, an apothecary was the keeper 
 of any shop or warehouse ; and an officer appointed 
 to take charge of a magazine. Encyc. 
 
 AP'O-TIIEG.M, (ap'o-thein,) n. [See Apophthegm.] 
 A reniark.iWe saving ; a short, instructive remark. 
 AP-0-TIIEG-.MAT'ie, ( a. In the manner of an 
 AP-O-TIIEG-IMAT'lC-AL, ! apothegm. W'urtun. 
 AP-O-TIIEG'MA-TIST, n. A collector or maker of 
 
 apothegms. Pope. 
 AP-O-TIIEG'MA-TIZE, r. t. To utter apothegms, or 
 
 short, instructive sentences. 
 j1g»-0-TUR'0-SIS, n. [Gr. ajtoSeuo-ij, of airo and 
 
 ecos, God.] 
 
 Deification ; consecration ; the act of placing a 
 prince or other distinguished person among the 
 heathen deities. This honor was often bestowed on 
 illustrious men in Home, and followed by the erec- 
 tion of temples, and the institution of sacrifices to 
 the new deitv. Encyc 
 
 AP-O-TllK'O-SIZE, r. <. To consecrate, or c.\alt to 
 the dignity of a deity ; to deify. Bacon. 
 
 A-POTII'E-SIS, w. [Gr. aTori&i/;u, to put away.] 
 
 1. The reduction of a dislocated bone. Coie. 
 
 2. A place on the south side of the chancel in the 
 primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for 
 books, vestments, &.c. IVhcUr. 
 
 A-POT'O-ME, II. [Gr. UTruTt/n'W, to cut off.] 
 
 1. In muOiemattcs, the dillerence between two 
 quantities commensurable only in power ; as between 
 
 V'' and I, or between the diagonal and side of a 
 square. Hiitlon. 
 
 2. In music, that portion of a tone major which re- 
 mains after deducting from it an interval, less by a 
 comma than a semitone major. Bu.-liy. 
 
 'J'he part remaining of a greater tone after a gre.iter 
 semitone has been taken from it. The Greeks, sup- 
 posing the greater tone could not be divided into two 
 equal parts, called the smaller part apotomr, and the 
 other limma. This refers to the proper ajHitome, said 
 to have been so denominated by Pjtliagoras, and 
 corres|Hmding to the chromatic or minor semitone, 
 as the lunula to the diatonic or m.ijor semitone. 
 
 Culcott, Ed. Encyc. 
 The difference between a greater and lesser semi- 
 tone. Encyc. 
 
 This refers to the apotome major of Boctliius, cor- 
 responding to the enharmonic diesis. This term 
 apotome was also applied by the ancient musicians 
 to several other peculiar intervals. Eji Encyc. 
 AP-O-TREP'SIS, n. [Gr. oiru and rpcTru, to turn.] 
 
 The resolution of a suppurating tumor. Coic. 
 AP-0-TR0-PA:'A, «. pi. [Gr. iijri) and Tperi,i,lo tuni.] 
 In ancient poetry, verses or hymns cmnposed for 
 averting the wrath of incensed deities. The deities 
 invoked were called apotropa^ans. Encyc, 
 AP'O-ZE.M, n. [Gr. .it« and >tw, to boil.] 
 
 .\ decoction, in which the medicinal substances of 
 plants are extracted bv boiling. Encyc. H'lsrman. 
 .\P-0-ZE.M'I€;-.\L, a. 'Like a decoction. Whitaker. 
 AP-PAIR', r. L To impair. [Aof in ii.<f.] 
 AP-PAIR', p. i. To degenerate. [JVot in u^c] 
 
 APP 
 
 AP PALL', (ap-paul',) v. L [Fr. palir; L. patteo, to be- 
 couii' pale. See Pali;.] 
 
 1. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress 
 with fear, in such a manner that the mind shrinks, 
 or loses its firmness ; a.s, the sight appailcd the stout- 
 est heart. 
 
 2. To reduce, allay, or destroy ; as, to appall thirst. 
 [Unitsual.] Thonison. 
 
 AP-PALL', i". i. To grow faint ; to be dismayed. 
 
 I'.ulgate. 
 
 .M'-PALL'KD, (ap-paiild' ) pp. Depressed or dis- 
 heartened with fear; reduced. 
 
 AP-PALL'INt;, p/ir. Depressing with fear; reducing. 
 2. a. .Adajiti d to depress courage. 
 
 AP-PALL'I.\(;-LY, adc. In a manner to appall. 
 
 AP-I'ALL'ME.NT, n. Depression occasioned by f ^ar; 
 discouragement. 
 
 AP'PA\-.\0E, n. [Fr. apanage, an estate assigned to 
 a younger son for his maintenance ; an appendix, de- 
 pendence, appurtenance ; It. appanna^trio, an appen- 
 dage. If this word is tVom the panairc, panairuim of 
 the middle ages, it is from panis, fiiod, provision ; It. 
 panni;i'iu, provision. This is probably the true origin 
 of the word.] 
 
 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign 
 prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 2. Formerly, in France, lands a.ssigned by the 
 king for the maintenance of his younger sous, as 
 their patrimony ; but on condition that, on the failure 
 of male offspring, they were to revert to the cnjwn. 
 From the appanage it was customary for the sims to 
 take their titles or suriianics. Spetman. P. Cyc, 
 
 3. Sustenance; means of nourishing. 
 
 Wf.iUli — th'- appanage uf wit. S/ci/t. 
 .\P-PAN^\-GIST, II. A prince to whom an appanage 
 
 was granted. /■•. Cyc. 
 
 AP-P.\-Ra'TUS, n ; AervRATf^Es. [L., from ap- 
 
 paro, to prepare, of' ad and pnro.] 
 
 1. Things provided as iiieaiis to some end ; as the 
 tools of an artisan, the furniture of a house, instru- 
 ments of war. In more technical language, a com- 
 plete set of instruments or utensils, for performing 
 any operation or experiment. Cavnilo. Eneitc. 
 
 2. In .fi/rn-pry, the operation of cutting for the 
 stone, of three kinds, tlie small, the great, and the 
 high. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 Apparatus is also used as the title of several books, 
 in the form of catalogues, bibliuthccas, glossaries, 
 dictionaries, &c. Encyc. 
 AP-PAR'EL, 71. [Fr. apparcil, from parer, to dress or 
 set off; Sp. aparcjar ; L. paro, apparo, to prepare; 
 Arm. para ; Port. apareUio, Sp. aparejo^ tackle, whence 
 parrel in seamen's language; Cli. Ileb. iiaro ; 
 
 Ar. bara. Class Br. No. 8, 10, 19.] 
 
 1. Clothing; vesture ; garments; dress. 
 
 2. External habiliments or decorations ; appear- 
 ance ; as, religion appears in the natural appart! of 
 simplicity. 
 
 Glorioiu in appartl. — isa. IxiiL 
 
 3. The fiirniture of a ship, as sails, ngging, an- 
 chors, &.C. 
 
 AP-P.\R'EL, V. L To dress or clothe 
 
 They who Hre gorgeously appareled iire in kingi' cnum. — 
 I.iike vii. 
 
 2. To adoni with dress. 
 
 Sli" dill apparel lier npparr!. S^nfy. 
 
 3. To dress with external ornaments ; to cover with 
 something ornamental ; to cover, as with garments ; 
 as, trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with 
 verdure. 
 
 4. To furnish with external apparatus; as, ships 
 appareled for sea. 
 
 AP-P.\Il'EL-f;D, pp. Dressed ; clothed ; covered as 
 
 with dress ; furnished. 
 AP-P.\U'EI>-ING, p;;r. Dressing; clothing; covering 
 
 as with dress ; furnishing. 
 AP-PAR'K.N'CE, ( II. Appearance. [JVet in itsc] 
 AP PAR'E.N'-CY, i Chaucer. Oowcr. 
 
 AP-PAR'E.NT, a. [See Appear.] 
 
 1. That may be seen, or easily seen ; visible to the 
 eye; within sight or view. Allrrhury. 
 
 2. Obvious ; plain ; evident ; indubitable ; as, the 
 wisdom of the ("reator is apparent in his works. 
 
 3. Visible, in opposition to hut or secret ; as, a man's 
 apparent conduct is good. 
 
 4. Visible ; appearing to the eye ; seeming, in dis- 
 tinction from Irxie or real ; as, the apparent motion 
 or diameter of the sun. 
 
 Heirs apparent are those whose right to an estate 
 is indefeasible, if they survive the ancestor ; in dis- 
 tinction from prrsumptire heirs, who, if the ancestor 
 should die immediately, would inherit, but whose 
 right is liable to be defeated by the birth of a nearer 
 heir Blackstone, 
 AP-PAR'E.\T-LY, arfr. Openly; evidently ; as. the 
 goodness of God is apparently manifest in his works 
 of providence. 
 
 2. Seemingly : in appearance ; as, a man may be 
 apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart- 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, yNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 59 
 
APP 
 
 APP 
 
 APP 
 
 AI'-PaR'E.\T-NESS, n Plainness to tlie eye or the 
 
 mind ; visil)leness ; obviousnt'ss. 
 AP-PA-Rr'TlON, (ap-pa-risli'un,) n. [See Appear.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, appearance ; visibility. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Milton. 
 
 2. The thing appearing ; a visible object ; a form. 
 
 Mdluiu Sliak. 
 
 3. A gliost ; a specter ; a visible spirit. [ Tliis is 
 now the usual sense of tlie word.] 
 
 4. Mere appearance ; opposed to reality. 
 
 jyenkanu 
 
 5. In astronomy, the first appearance of a star or 
 other luminary, after having been obscured ; opposed 
 to occidtation. 
 
 AP-PAR'I-TOR, 71. [L., from apparo, to prepare, or 
 appareo, to attend.] 
 
 Among the Romans, any officer who attended 
 magistrates and judges to execute their orders. In 
 England, a messenger or otiicer who serves the 
 process of a spiritual court, or a beadle, in a univer- 
 sity, who carries the mace. JEncyc. 
 
 AP-PAY', V. t. rSp. and Port, apagar.] 
 
 To satisfy. [Obs.] [See Pay.] Sidney. 
 
 AP-PkACH', r. f. To accuse ; to censure or reproach. 
 [Obs.] [See Impeach.] Skak. 
 
 AP-PliACH'iMENT, n. Accusation; charge exhib- 
 ited^ [Obs.] fVotton. 
 
 AP-PeAL', v. i. [Fr. appelrr ; It. appellare ; Sj). ape- 
 lar ; Port, appellar ; L. appello ; ad and pello, to drive 
 or send ; Gr. /3'uA^^^). We do not see the sense of 
 call in pcllo, but' to drive or press out, is the radical 
 sense of calling, naming. This word coincides in 
 elements with h, balo, Eng. bawl, and peal. Class 
 131.] 
 
 1. To refer to a superior judge or court, for the 
 decision of a cause depending, or the revision of a 
 cause decided in a lower courL 
 
 1 appeal lo Cesar. — Acta xxi. 
 
 2. To refer to another for the decision of a ques- 
 "tion controverted, or the counteraction of testimony 
 
 or facts ; as, I appeal to all mankind for the truth of 
 what is alleged. 
 AP-PeAL', v. t. To call or remove a cause from an 
 inferior to a superior judge or court. This may be 
 done after trial and judgment in the lower court ; or 
 by special statute or agreement, a party may appeal, 
 before trial, upon a tictitious issue and judgment. 
 We say, the cause was appealed before or after 
 triah 
 
 AP-PeAL', v. t. In criminal law, to charge with a 
 crime ; to accuse ; to institute a private criminal 
 prosecution, for some heinous offense ; as, to appeal 
 a person of felony. This process was ancieinly 
 given to a private person to recover the weregild, 
 or private pecuniary satisfaction for an injury lie had 
 received by the nmrder of a relation, or by some 
 [)ersonal injury. Blackstone. 
 
 AP-PilAL', 71. The removal of a cause or suit from 
 an inferior to a superior tribunal, as from a conmion 
 pleas court to a superior or supreme court. Also, 
 the right of appeal. 
 
 9. An accusation ; a process instituted by a private 
 perscm against a man for some heinous crime by 
 which he has been injured, as for murder, larceny, 
 via ijlicm. Blaclcsttme. 
 
 3. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden. 
 
 4. A call upon a person ; a reference to another for 
 proof or decision. 
 
 In an oath, a person makes an appeal to the Deity 
 for the truth of his declaration. 
 
 5. Resort ; recourse. 
 
 Kvery milder meliioil is U> be Lhcd, before a n.ition makee an ap- 
 ptal lo aims. KcnI. 
 
 AP-PEAL' A-BI.E. a. That may be appealed ; that 
 may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision ; 
 as, the cause is appealable. 
 
 a. 'i'hat may be accused or called to answer by 
 appeal ; applied to persons i as, a criminal is appeal- 
 able for manslaughter. 
 AP-PeAL'ANT, 71. One who appeals. [JVof used.] 
 
 Shnk. 
 
 Al'-PicAIj'KT), (ap-pecld',) pp. Removed to a higher 
 court, as a cause ; prosecuted for a crime by a private 
 person, as a criminal. 
 
 AP-PkA1,'E11, 71. One who appeals; an appellor. 
 
 AI'-l'KAL'l.NG, ppr. or a. Removing a cause to a 
 higher tribunal ; proitecuting as a private person for 
 an offense ; referring to another for a decision. 
 
 AP-Pf;AK', ». 1. [h. ajrjmreo, of ail and paren, to ap- 
 pear, or be manifest ; It. apparire ; Hp. parcccr, apa- 
 recer ; Fr. npparoir, apparoitre. Class jJr.] 
 
 ). To come or be in sight ; to be in view ; to be 
 vlalblc. 
 
 Th« lepnwy apptarelh In llie iildii of Ihe fleih. — I^ev. xlii. 
 ^ Aii'l Ooil ^uii, Iji-l Uic ilry laiiil appear. — G«mi. i. 
 
 2. To become viHibIc to the eye, sui a spirit, or to 
 the apprehension of the mind ; o sense frequent in 
 Scripture. 
 
 Th^ I«onl app4ared lo Abnirn, and Mid. — Gen, xll. 
 'i'he ttfig"! of tli'3 1,'jr'l apptartd lo him In ■ flairu; of lire out of 
 Uie niidal or Uie buili. — Kl. lU. 
 
 3. To ftand In preaencc of, as partlcii or advocntca 
 
 before a court, or as persons to be tried. 'I'he de- 
 fendant, being called, did not appear. 
 
 We must all appear before tlie judgment seat of Christ. — 2 
 Cor. V. . 
 
 4. To be obvious ; to be known, as a subject of 
 obseri'ation or compreliension. 
 
 Let Uiy work appear lo thy servant. — Ps. xc. 
 
 It doth not yet appear what we shall be. — 1 John iij. 
 
 5. To be clear or made clear by evidence ; as, this 
 fact appears by ancient records. 
 
 But sin, that it mi^ht appear sin. — Rom. \'ii. 
 
 6. To seem, in opposition to reality. 
 
 They disfi^jure their faces that they may ajwear to men to fast. 
 
 — Matt. vi. 
 
 7. To be discovered or laid open. 
 
 That Uiy sh.une may appear. — Jer. xiii. 
 
 AP PEAR', 7!. Appearance. [OJs.] 
 
 AP-PkAR'AXCE, 71. The act of coining into sight; 
 the act of becoming visible to the eye ; as, his sud- 
 den appearance surprised me. 
 
 2. The thing seen; a phenomenon; as, an appear- 
 ance in the sky. 
 
 3. Semblance ; apparent likeness. 
 
 There was upon Ihe tabernacle as it were tlie appearance of (ire. 
 
 — Num. ix. 
 
 4. External show ; semblance assumed, in opposi- 
 tion to reality or substance ; as, we are often de- 
 ceived by appearances; he has the appearance of 
 virtue- 
 
 For man looketh on the outward appearance. — 1 Sam. xvi. 
 
 5. Personal presence ; exhibition of the person ; as, 
 he made his first appearance at court, or on the stage. 
 
 0. Exhibition of the character; introduction of a 
 person to the public in a particular character ; as, a 
 person makes his appearance in the world as an his- 
 torian, an artist, or an orator. 
 
 7. Probability ; likelihood. Bscon. 
 This sense is rather an inference from the thiid 
 
 or fourth ; as, probability is inferred from external 
 semblance or show. 
 
 8. Presence; mien; figure; as presented by the 
 person, dress, or manners ; as, the lady made a noble 
 appearance. 
 
 9. A being present in court ; a defendant's filing 
 common or special bail to a process. 
 
 in. An apparition. .Addison. 
 
 AP-PeAR'ER, n. The persor^ that appears. Brown. 
 
 AP-PeAR'ING, ppr. Coming in sight; becoming 
 evident ; making an external show ; seeming; hav- 
 ing^the semblance. 
 
 AP-PeAR'IJ\G, 71. The act of becoming visible ; ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 AP-PiiAS'A-BLE, a. That may be appeased, quieted, 
 calmed, or pacified. 
 
 AP-PeAS'A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being ap- 
 peasable. 
 
 AP-PeASE', v. t. [Fr. apalser, of ad and palz, peace ; 
 L. pax. See Peace.] 
 
 To make quiet ; to calm ; to reduce to a state of 
 peace ; to still ; to pacify ; as, to appease the tumult 
 of the ocean, or of the passiims ; to appease hunger 
 or thirst. [This word is of a general application to 
 even/ tiling in a disturbed, rifjled, or a<ritatcd state.] 
 
 AP-Pe.\S'£D, fap-peezd',) ]>p. Quieted ; calmed ; 
 stilled ; pacified. 
 
 AP-PeASE'MENT, 71. The act of appeasing; the 
 state of being in peace. 
 
 AP-PeAS'EU, 71. One who appeases or pacifies. 
 
 AP-PeA'SIVE, a. Having the power to appease; 
 mitigating ; quii^ting. 
 
 AP-PEL'LAN-CY, 71. Appeal; capability of appeal. 
 
 AP-PEL'LANT, 7,. [See Appeal.] 
 
 1. One who appeals, or removes a cause from a 
 lower lo a higher tribunal. 
 
 2. One who prosecutes another for a crime. 
 
 3. One who challenges or summons another to 
 single combat, 
 
 4. In church history, one « ho appeals from the 
 Constitution IJnigenitus to a general council. Kncyc. 
 
 Partii appellant ; in law, the party who appeals. 
 AP-PEI/LATE, 71. A per.stm appealed, or prosecuted 
 for a crime. JJVut ;ioid nsij. See Appellee.] Ayliffc. 
 AP-PEL'LATE, a. Pertaining to appeals ; having 
 cognizance of appeals ; as, appellate jurisdiction." 
 
 Const, of tlie United States. 
 Appellate )uilge«. Barke, Ilec. in France. 
 
 Party appellate ; in law, the party appealed against. 
 AP-PEL-LA'TION, 7i. [I,, appellatio. Sec Appeal.] 
 Name ; the word by which a thing is called and 
 known. Spenser uses it for appeal. 
 AP-PEI,'I.A-TI VE, a. Pertaining to a common name ; 
 
 noting the common name of a species. 
 AP-PEI/I,A-TI VE, 71. A commun ntiine, in distinction 
 frtun a proper name. A common name, or appellative, 
 stands for a whole cla.ss, gi-iius, or species of beings, 
 or for universal ideas. Thus man is the name of Ihe 
 whole human race, and /i/ii'/ of all winged animals. 
 Tree is the name of all plants of a particular class ; 
 plant ami vegetable are names of things that grow out 
 of the earth. A proper name, on the oilier hand, 
 etands for a single thing ; as, London, Philadelphia, 
 Washington, Boston. 
 
 AP-PEL'LA-TIVE-LY, ado. According to the man- 
 ner of uoiins appellative ; in a manner to express 
 whole classes or species ; as, Hercules is sometiuies 
 used appellativcly, that is, as a comtnon name to sig- 
 nify a strong man. Johnson. 
 
 AP-PEL'LA-TO-RY, a. Containing an appeal. 
 
 AP-PEL-LEE', 71. The defendant in an aiipeal. 
 
 2. The person who is appealed, or prosecuted, by a 
 private man for a crime. Blackstone. 
 
 AP-PEL-LOR', 71. 'I'he person who institutes an ap- 
 peal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. 
 
 This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff 
 in appeal from a lower court, who is called the ap- 
 lii'llunt. .Appellee is opposed both to appellant and 
 appellor. 
 
 Al'-I'EXD', V. t. [L. appendo, of ad and pendco, to 
 hang.] 
 
 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the 
 thing is suspended ; as, a seal appended to a record. 
 
 2. To add, as tin accessary to the principal thing. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 AP-PEND'A(>E, 71. Something added to a principal 
 or greater thing, though not necessary tt> it, as a por- 
 tico to a house. 
 
 Modesty is the appendage of sobriety. Taylor. 
 In botany, any part subordinate to another part, as 
 hairs and glands to a stem or leaf, or nectaries to th^ 
 corolla. More strictly, any part arising from and 
 around the axis, as leaves around the stem. 
 
 AP-PEND'ANCE, ) 71. Something annexed. [JVbt 
 
 AP-PEND'ENCE, ( used.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 AP-PEND'ANT, a. Hanging to ; annexed ; belong- 
 ing to something ; attached; as, a seal appendant to 
 a paper. 
 
 2. In law, common appendant, is a right, belonging 
 to the owners or occupiers of land, to put common- 
 able beasts upon the lord's waste, and upon the 
 lands of other persons within the same manor. An 
 advowson appendant, is the right of patronage or 
 presentation, annexed to the possession of a manor. 
 So also a common of fishing may be appendant to a 
 freehold. Blackstone. Cowel. 
 
 AP-PEND'ANT, n. That which belongs to another 
 thing, as incidental or subordinate to it. 
 
 AP-PEND'ED, ]>p. Annexed ; attached. 
 
 AP-PEND'I-CATE, v. t. To append ; to add to. [Obs.] 
 
 AP-PEND-I-CA'TION, 7l An appendage or atljunct. 
 [Obs.] Hale. 
 
 AP-PEND'I-€LE, 71. A small appendage. 
 
 AP-PEN-DICq-LATE, a. In botanij, having an ap- 
 pendage, as a leaf with lobes attached to the petiole, 
 a calyx with expansions, or a corolla with a nectary. 
 
 Smith. Lindley. 
 .^ppendieulatelcaf ; a small appended leaf, H^itlicring. 
 
 AP-PEXD'ING, p;i7-. Annexing; attaching 
 
 AP-PEND'IX, 71.; pi. Appendixes. [L. The Latin 
 plural is .^ppeiutices. See Append.] 
 
 1. Something appended or added. 
 
 Normandy become an appendix to England, Hate. 
 
 2. An adjunct, concomitant, or appentlage. Wnf/.?. 
 
 3. More generally, a sujiplement or short treatise 
 added to a book. 
 
 AP-PER-CElVE', V. t. [Fr. apcrcevoir.] To com- 
 prehend. [ Obs.] Chaucer. 
 AP-PER-CfeP'TION, 71. [ad and perception.] 
 
 Perception that reflects upon itself; consciousness. 
 
 Leibnitz. Rcid. 
 
 •AP-PER'IL, 71. Peril ; danger. [JVot in use.] Shuk. 
 AP-PER-TaIN', v. i. [Fr. apparlenir ; It. appartcuere ; 
 L. ad and prrUneo, to pertiiin, of per anil (riii-o, to j 
 hold. Pertinco is to reach, to, to extend to, hence to 
 belong. See Tenant.] 
 
 To belong to, whether by right, nature, or appoint- 
 ment. [See Pertain.] 
 
 Give it to him to wliom it appertaincth. — Lev. vi. 
 AP-PER-TAIN'ING, ppr. Belonging. 
 AP-PER-TAIN'ING, 71. That which belongs to a 
 thing. 
 
 AP-PER-TAIN'MENT,7«. That which belongs. Shak. 
 
 AP-PEH'TE-NENCE, 71. See Appurtenance. 
 
 AP-PER'Tl-NENT, a. Belonging; now written Ap- 
 purtenant. Shak. 
 
 AP-PER'TI-NENT, 71. That which belongs to some- 
 thing else, [Obs.] Shali. 
 
 [See .ApPUKTENANirE.] 
 
 AP'PE-TENCE, I n. [L. nppetenlia, npprlrns, from 
 AP'PE-TEN-CY, ) nppeto, to desu-e ; of ad and pcto, 
 
 to ask, supplicate, or seek ; Ch. CO ; Eth. 
 fatoOy to tiesire, to witrfal ; Dnn. bnir ; D. hidden ; Ger. 
 bitten; Arm. pitii : ICns- hiii ; Sax. bithtn ; Sw. bcdja; 
 li. invito^ oiinpound. Thti piiinary sense is to strain, 
 to urp:o, or press, or lo ndvance. See Hid. Class nd.j 
 
 1. In rt ffcnn-al sntsr^ desire j but especially carnal 
 desire; sensual appelile. 
 
 tl. Tlic fiispositmn of orpanized bodies lo select 
 and imbibe sueb portions nf matter as serve to sup- 
 port and nourish Ilicm, or such particles as are de- 
 Higned, ihrouph their agency, to carry on the animal 
 or vegetable economy. 
 
 Tliw* Iiiciciiis linvc momh», nnd by nnlnial iflccUon or apptteruy 
 Uk'Y »t)«orb lucli purl of the fluid tut in iigrccalilf to (li?ir 
 pwliito. Dartein. 
 
 FATE, FAE, FALL, WII^T — MUTE, PKBY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 60- ~ ■ = 
 
APP 
 
 3. An inrliimtinn or propensity in itniinals to per- 
 form certain actions, as in tlie yoiiiis to suck, in 
 aiiimtic fowls to enter into water and to swim. 
 
 4. Attraction, or the tendency in Imdies to move 
 toward eacli otlier and nnitc. Coiicmicii.-!. 
 
 AI"PK-TE.\"r, a. Desiring ; verv desirous. Buck. 
 
 AP-I*K-T1-I!IL'I-TY, ii. Tlie quality of being de- 
 sir.ilile for Kratification. 
 
 Al"l'E-'rMU>E, <!. [Low X^. appetibilis, from appdo.] 
 Desirable ; that may be the object of sensual desire. 
 
 AP'l'E-'l^ITE, II. fL. appctUus, from appclo. See Ap- 
 petence.] 
 
 1. ']"lie natural desire of pleasure or Rood ; the de- 
 sire of gratification, eillier of the body or of the 
 mind. .IppctiUs are passions directed to general ob- 
 jects, as the appnile. for fame, glory, or riches ; in dis- 
 tinction from passions directed to some particular 
 objects, which retiiin their proper name, as tlie;)as- 
 siun of love, envy, or gratitude. Passion docs not 
 e.xist without an object ; natural appetites exist first, 
 and are then directed to objects. Kncyc. 
 
 3. .\ desire of food or drink. 
 
 3. Strong desire ; eagerness or longing. Clarendon. 
 
 4. TUc thing desired. 
 
 Power being tlie natural appedle of prlncei. 
 
 Appetites are natural or arlijicial. Hunger and 
 thirst arc milural apiietiles ; the appetites for olives, 
 toliacco, snulf, &.C., are artificial. 
 
 In olil authors, appetite is followed by to, but reg- 
 ularly it should be followed hy fur before the object; 
 as, an appetite /ur pleasure. 
 
 To lie given to appetite, is to be voracious or glutton- 
 ous. Prov. xxiii. 2. 
 AP-PE-TI"TION, n. [L. appctitio.] Desire. IRarely 
 used.] 
 
 AP'PE-TI-TIVE, a. That desires ; that lia-s the qual- 
 ity of desiring graliticatiun ; as appetitive power or 
 faculty. JIale. 
 
 AP'P1-/VN, a. Designating something that belongs to 
 Appius, particularly a way from Komc through 
 Capua to Brundusium, now Brindisi, constructed 
 partly by Appius Claudius, A. K. 441. It is more 
 than 330 miles in length, formed of hard stones 
 squared, and so wide as to admit two carriages 
 abreast. Licy. Lempricre. 
 
 AP-PL.\UD', V. t [L. applaudo ; ail and plaiido, to 
 make a noise by clapping the hands ; Sp. aplaudir ; 
 It. applaudirc ; Ft. applaudir. This word is formed 
 on the root of /aiL*!, /aH//t) ; Eng. loud; \V. clod, praise, 
 from lUid, what is forcilily uttered ; llodi, to reach 
 out, from Uawd, that shoots out. It coincides also 
 with VV. bloei, a shout, or outcry ; bloeiiaw, to shout; 
 blozc^st, applause, acclamation. Ir. Maodli, u shout ; 
 blath, praise. 'I'hese may all be of one family. 
 Class Ld. See Loto.] 
 
 1. To praise by clapping the hands, acclamation, 
 or other significant sign. 
 
 2. To praise by worils, actions, or other means ; to 
 express approbation of; to commend ; used in a gen- 
 eral sense. Pope. 
 
 AP-PLAUD'ED, pp. Praised by acclamation, or other 
 means ; commended. 
 
 AP-PLAIJD'EK, n. One who praises or commends. 
 
 AP-PLAUD'ING, ppr. Praising by acclamation ; com- 
 mending. 
 
 AP-PLAIJSE', n. [L. applatunis.] 
 
 A shout of approbation ; approbation and praise, 
 expressed hy clapping the hands, acclamation, or 
 hii/.zas ; approbatitm expressed. In antiquity, ap- 
 plause differed from acclamation ; applause was ex- 
 pressed by the hands, and acclamation by the voice. 
 There were three species of applause ; the bombus, a 
 confused din made by the hands or mouth ; the im- 
 brices, and testie, made by beating a sort of sounding 
 vessels in the theaters. Persons were appointed for 
 the purpose of applauding, and masters were cm- 
 ployed to teach the art. The applaiiders were di- 
 vided into choruses, and placed opposite to each 
 other like the choristers in a cathedral. Kncyc. 
 
 AP-PLAU'S1\'E, a. Applauding ; containing ap- 
 plause. Joiuon. 
 
 AP'PLE, (ap'pl,) n. [Sax. appl, appil ; D. appet ; Ger. ap- 
 fel ; Dan. ttble ; Sw. irple ; \V. aval ; Ir. ab/tal or tiblial ; 
 Ann. aval; Russ. aibloko, or yabloko. 'i'his word pri- 
 marily signifies fruit in general, especially of a round 
 
 fonn. In Pers. the same word J^^^, prononnced 
 
 ubhul, signifies the fruit or berries of the savin or 
 juniiK'r. Castcll. In Welsh it signifies not only the 
 apple, but the plum and other fruits. IJiuyd. Aval 
 melynliir, a lemon ; acal euraid, an orange. Owen.] 
 
 1. The fruit of the apple-tree, [Pyrus malus,\ from 
 which cider is made. 
 
 2. The apple of tJie eye, is the pupil. 
 
 .^pple of love, or lace-apple, the tomato, or Solanum 
 lycopersicum. The stalk is herbaceous, with oval, 
 pinnated leaves, and small yellow flowers. The 
 berry is smooth, soft, of a yellow or reddish color, 
 and is used in soups and broths. IZneyc. 
 
 AP'PLE, r. t. To form like an apple. Marshall. 
 
 AP'PLE-GRXFT, n. A cion of the apple-tree engrafled. 
 
 APP 
 
 AP'PLE-II.\R'VEST, n. The gathering of apples, or 
 
 the time of gathering. 
 AP'PLE-JOIl.V, (ap'pl-jon,) n. A kind of apple which 
 
 keeps long, but becomes withered. Sluik. 
 AP'PLE-PIE, ji. A pie made of apples inclosed in 
 
 paste, or covered with paste, as in Englaiul. 
 AP'PLE-SAUCE, 11. A sauce made of stewed apples. 
 AP'PLE-TART, )i, A tart made of apples baked on 
 
 paste. 
 
 AP'PLE-TREE, n. A tree arranged by I.innaMis un- 
 der the genus Pyrus. The fruit of tliis trei; is in- 
 definitely various. The European crab apple is sup- 
 posed to be the original kind, from wliich all others 
 iiave sprung. New varieties are springing annually 
 from the seeds. 
 
 AP'PLE-WOM'AN, 71. A woman who sells apples 
 and other fruit. 
 
 AP'PLE- YARD, ?!. An orchard ;«on inclosure for 
 apples. 
 
 AP-PLI'A-BLE, a. [See Apply.] That may be ap- 
 plied. 
 
 AP-PLI'ANCE, n. The act of applying, or the thing 
 
 applied. Krcrett. H.'ialt. 
 
 AP-PLl-€A-RIL'l-TY,n. [.'ee Apply.] The quality 
 
 of being applicable, or fit tu he applied. 
 .■\P'PLI-€A-BLE, a. That may be applied ; fit to be 
 
 applied, as related to a thing ; that may have relation 
 
 to something else ; as, this observation is applicable 
 
 to the case under consideration. 
 AP'PLI-eA-BLE-NESS, n. Fitness to be applied ; 
 
 the quality of being applicable. 
 AP'PLI-CA-BLY, ado. In such a manner that it may 
 
 be applied. 
 
 AP'PLI-CAN-CY, n. The state of being applicable. 
 AP'PLI-CAXT, n. One who applies ; one who makes 
 request ; a petitioner. 
 
 The applieanl for a cup of writer decltirea himself to lie the 
 
 \lts»i.*i. Plumtret. 
 The court n'qtiire the applicant to appear in pereon. Z. Sici/t. 
 
 AP'PLI-€.\TE, n. A right line drawn across a curve, 
 so as to be bisected by the diameter; an ordinate. 
 
 Ci/e. 
 
 AP'PLT-eATE-OR'DI-\ATE n. A right line applied 
 at right angles to the axis of^ any conic section, and 
 bounded bv the curve. Bailey. 
 
 AP-PLI-Ca'TION, h. [L. applicatio. See Apply.] 
 
 1. The act of laying on ; as, the application of 
 emollients to a diseased limb. 
 
 2. Tlie thing applied ; as, the pain was abated by 
 the application. 
 
 3. The act of making request or soliciting ; as, he 
 made application to a court of chancerj'. 
 
 4. The act of applying as means ; tlie employment 
 of means ; as, children may be governed by a suitable 
 application of rewards and piinishiiionts. This is tlie 
 first signification directed to moral objects. 
 
 5. The act of fixing the mind ; intenseness of 
 thought ; close study ; attention ; as, to injure the 
 health by aiiplication to study. 
 
 Had hw anplicntion been equal to his lalentj, liis pro^Fs niij^hl 
 have Ueeu greater. J. Jay. 
 
 6. The act of directing or referring something to a 
 particular case, to discover or illustrate the agree- 
 ment or disagreement ; as, I make the remark and 
 leave yon to make the application. 
 
 7. In ttieology, the act by which the merits of Christ 
 are transferred to man, for his justification. 
 
 8. In geometry, division ; or the applying one 
 quantity to another, wliose areas, but not figures, 
 shall be the same ; or the transferring a given line 
 into a circle or other figure, so that its ends shall be 
 in the perimeter of the figure. Kncyc. 
 
 9. In sermons, that part of the discourse, in which 
 the principles before laid down and illustrated, are 
 applied to practical uses. 
 
 .Application of one science to another, is the use of 
 the principles of one for the purpose of enlarging or 
 perfecting the other ; particularly applied to the dif- 
 ferent branches of the nialheiiiatical sciences ; as, the 
 application of algebra to geometry. Cyc. 
 
 AP'PLI-CA-TIVE, 0. That applies. Bramhall. 
 
 APTLI-CVTO-RY, a. That includes the act of ap- 
 plving. Edieards^s IPist. of Redemption. 
 
 AP'PLI-e.\-TO-RY,n. That which applies. Taylor. 
 
 AP-VLI'En, pp. Put on ; put to ; directed ; employed. 
 
 AP PLI'ED-LY, a/lv. In a manner which may be ap- 
 plied. [JVot ill use.] Moiitarru. 
 
 AP-PLI'ER, n. One that applies. 
 
 AP-PLI'.MEXT, II. Application. [JVot in use.] 
 
 .Marston. 
 
 AP-PLY', r. t. [L. applico, of ad and plico, to fold or 
 knit together; Fr. appliqner; Sp. aplicar ; It. ap- 
 plicare ; W. plegy, to bend or fold ; .\rm. plega, to 
 l"i>ld or pl.ait; pleca, a fold; Gr. TrAtnu, to knit, or 
 twist ; Sax. plegan, plegian, pleggan, to play, to bend 
 to or apply, incumbere ; Dan. fliig, a fold j D. plooi, 
 a fold ; plooijen, to plait ; Eng. ply, display, and em- 
 ploy. The word ple^i, plico, is formed from the root 
 of lay. Sax. lecgan. The sense then is to lay to ; anil 
 it is worthy of remark, that we use lay to in the pre- 
 cise sense of ply anil apply. It is certain from the 
 Welsh that the first conson.ant is a prefix.] 
 1. To lay on ; to put one thing to another ; as, to 
 
 APP 
 
 apply the hand to the breast ; to apply incdicnmenta 
 to a diseased part ol'Ilie body. 
 
 2. To use or employ for a particular purpose, or in 
 a particular c;i»e ; us, to apply a sum of money to the 
 paynirnt of a debt. 
 
 3. To pt>t, refer, or use, as suitable or relative to 
 something ; ;is, to apply the testimony to the case. 
 
 4. To fix the mind ; to engage and employ with 
 attention ; as, " .^pply thy heart to instruction." 
 
 Proverbs. 
 
 5. To address or direct ; as, " sacred vows applied 
 to Pluto." Pope. 
 
 G. To betake ; to give the chief part of time and 
 attention ; as, to apply one's self to the study of 
 botany. 'I'his is essentially the fourth sense. 
 
 7. 'i'o make application ; to have recourse by re- 
 quest ; as, to apply one's self to a counselor for ad- 
 vice. This is generally used intransitively ; as, to 
 apply to a counselor. 
 
 fe. To busy ; to keep at work ; to ply. [ Obs. Su- 
 perseded by ;)/;/, n hich see.] Sidney. Spenser. 
 
 AP-PL^', r. i. To suit ; to agree ; to have some con- 
 nection, agreement, or analogy; as, this argument 
 applies well to the case. 
 
 2. To make request to ; to solicit ; to have re- 
 course to ; with a view to gain something ; as, to 
 apply to the president for an office ; I applied to a 
 friend for inforinalion. 
 
 AP-PL?'li\(i, ;;;)r. Laying on ; making application. 
 
 AP-POG-dl-Ji-TV'RA, n. [It.] In mi/.v,c, a note in 
 a smaller character than the regular notes of the 
 piece, inter]>osed between two of the latti r, and 
 sharing the time of the following nolo ; used for 
 transition or expressitm. 
 
 AP POINT', v. t. [Fr. ajipaintrr, to refer, to give an 
 allowance ; Sp. apuntar, to point or aim, to shari>en, 
 to fasten as with points or nails ; It. appunlarc, to 
 appoint, or sharpen. See Poi xi*.! 
 
 1. To fix ; to settle ; to esuiblish ; to make fast - 
 
 When he ajtpoiiiUd tjie fouudalioii* of tlie earlii. — Proir. iriil. 
 
 2. To constitute, ordain, or fi.T by decree, order, or 
 decision. 
 
 Iy»t Pharaoh appoint oJTicen o»er the I.wl Gen. xh. 
 
 He hath npfioinUit a day in which lie will Judge tiie world. — 
 Acts xvii. 
 
 3. To allot, assign, or designate. 
 
 A.arou and his sons sliali appoint every on*) to bta •crvice. — 
 Num. IV, 
 
 These cities were appointed for all the children of Israel. — 
 Josh. XI. 
 
 4. To purpose or resolve ; to fix the intention. 
 
 For so he had ajij)ointed. — .Acts XX. 
 
 5. To ordain, command, or order. 
 
 Thy s'Tvantj are ready to do whatever my lord tlie kin;^ shall 
 appiiint. — 2 Sarn. xv. 
 
 6. To settle ; to fix, name, or determine by agree- 
 ment ; as, they appointed a time anil place for the 
 meeting. 
 
 7. .Milton uses the word in a peculiar sense, "Ap- 
 point not heavenly disposition," Sam. Jlgon. ; i. e., 
 point not to it by way of censure or condemnation ; 
 arr.iign not. 
 
 AP-POI.N T', r. i. To ordain ; to determine. 
 
 2 Sam. xvii. 14. 
 AP-P01.\T'A-BLE, a. Th.it may be appointed or 
 constituted ; a.s, officers arc appnintahle by the exec- 
 utive. Fcderali.-t, '.Madison. 
 AP-P01.\T'ED, pp. or a. Fixed ; set ; established ; de- 
 creed ; ordained ; constituted ; allotted. 
 
 2. Furnished ; equipped with things necessary ; 
 as, a ship or an army is well appointed. 
 .\P-POL\T-EE', II. A person apiKiinted. " The com- 
 mission aiithori7.cs them to make appointments, and 
 p-av the appainte^s.^^ 
 
 Circular of Jfajs. Rcprejcntativcf, 1768; also fflua- ■ 
 
 ton^s Reports. 
 2. A foot solilier in the French army, who, for 
 long service and bravery, receives more pay than 
 other privates. Kncyc. Bailey. 
 
 AP-POIi\T'ER, 71. One who appoints. 
 AP-POINT'ING, ppr. Setting; fixing; ordaining; 
 
 coiistitiiting ; assigning. 
 AP-POL\T'.ME-\"T, II. The act of appointing : desig- 
 nation to oflice ; as, he erred by the appointment ol 
 unsuitable men. 
 
 2. Stipulation ; assignation ; the act of fixing by 
 miiliial agreeipent ; as, they made an appointment 
 to meet at six o'clock. , 
 
 3. Decree ; established order or constitution ; as, it 
 is our duty to submit to the divine appomtmenti. 
 
 4. Direction ; order ; command. 
 
 Wheat, salt, wine, and oil, let it be given acconling lo the ap- 
 pointinenl of tjie pricsu. — Kz. vi. 
 
 5. Equipment, furniture, as for n ship, or an army ; 
 whatever is ap|Hiinted for use and nianacenienL 
 
 6. The accoutennents of military officers, as belts, 
 sashes, gorgets, &c., used in the plural. 
 
 Campbell's Ml. Did. 
 
 7. An allowance to a person ; a salary or |»ension, 
 as to a public officer ; properly used only in the 
 plural. 
 
 Appointments differ from wages in being a special 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — A N"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 61 
 
APP 
 
 APP 
 
 APP 
 
 gmnt, or gratification, not fixed, whereas wages are 
 fixed and ordinary. Knctjc. 
 
 8. A devise or grant to a charitable use. 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 . AP-PoRT'ER, 71, [Fr. apporter ; L. porto.l 
 
 A bringer in ; one that brings into the realm. [Aot 
 m useA Hale, 
 
 AP-P6R'TION, V. L [L. ad and portio, portion.' See 
 Portion and Part.] 
 
 To divide and assign in just proportion ; to dis- 
 tribute among two or more persons or things a just 
 part or share to each ; as, to o;j;;»rfioH undivided rights ; 
 to appnrtion time among various employments, 
 
 AP-PoR'TION -A'D, pp. Divided ; distributed or as- 
 signed in suitable parts or shares. 
 
 AP-I'dR'TIO\-ER, 71. One tliat apportions. 
 
 AP-PoR'TION-ING, ppr. Distributing in just propor- 
 ti(ms or shares. 
 
 AP-PoR'TlON-MENT, n. The act of apportioning; 
 a dividing into just proportions or shares ; a dividing 
 and assigning to each proprietoi'his just portion of an 
 undivided right or property. 
 
 Hamilton, Rep. Feb. 13, 1793. 
 
 AP-PoSE', V. t. [Fr. apposer, to set to ; L. appono. 
 See Apposite.] 
 
 1. To put questions ; to examine. [See Pose.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 9. To apply. Harvey. 
 AP-PoS'ER, «. An examiner; one whose business is 
 
 to put questions. In the English Court of Exchequer 
 there is an officer called the foreign appaaer. A 
 bisliop's examining chaplain was formerly called his 
 apposer : ordinarily pronounced pu.scr. Encyc. 
 AP'PO-SITE, n. [L. appositus, set or put to, from ap- 
 pono, of ad and pono, to put or place.] 
 
 Suitable ; fit ; very applicable ; well adapted ; fol- 
 lowed by to ; as, this argument is very apposite to the 
 case. 
 
 AP'PO-SITE-LY, otii). Suitably; fitly; properly. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 APTO-SITE-NESS, 71. Fitness; propriety; suitable- 
 ness. Hale. 
 
 AP-PO-?I"TION, 71. The act of adding to ; addition ; 
 a setting to ; accretion. 
 
 Ey the apposition of new matter. ArhuOimt. 
 9. In srrannnar, the state of two nouns put in the 
 same case, without a connecting word between 
 them ; as, I admire Cicero, the orator. In this case, 
 the second noun explains or characterizes the first. 
 
 AP-POSS'I-TIVE, o. Apposite; applicable. Knutchbull. 
 
 AP-I'Ra1S'AL, (ap-praz'al,) 7i. A valuation by au- 
 thority ; an appraisement. Stat. Conn. 1824. 
 
 AP-PRaISE', u. t. [Fr. apprccier ; Sp. apreciar ; It. ap- 
 prciiarc, to set a value ; from L. ad and pretium, 
 price. See Price and Appreciate.] 
 
 This word is written and often pronounced after the 
 Frencji and Italian manner. But generally it is pro- 
 nounced more correctly apprize, directly from the D. 
 pnjs ; W.prLs; Eng. price or prize. [See Apprize.] 
 
 To set a value on ; to estimate the worth of, par- 
 ticularly by persons appointed for the purpose. 
 
 AP-PR A ISE'.MENT, n. The act of setting the value ; 
 a valuation. [See Apprizement.] 
 
 AP-PRaIS'ER, n. One who values; appropriately, a 
 person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the 
 value of goods and estate. [See Apprizer.] 
 
 AP-PRE-eA'TIOiV, 71. Earnest prayer. HaU. 
 
 AP'PRE-CA-TO-RY, a. Praying or wishing good. 
 
 AP-PRk'CIA-BLE, (ap-prS's'ha-bIc,) a. [See Appre- 
 ciate.] Tliat may be appreciated; capable of being 
 duly estimated ; valuable. Encyc. 
 
 2. That may be estimated or determined ; as, an 
 appreciable quantity. 
 
 AP-PRk'CIaTE, (ap-prCshate,) v. U [Fr. apprecier, 
 to set a value ; L. ad and pretium, value, price; D. 
 pn/s; W.prii; Get. preLi. See Price.] 
 
 1. To value ; to set a price or value on ; to esti- 
 mate ; as, we seldom suliiciently appreciate the ad- 
 vantages we enjoy. 
 
 2. To raise the value of. 
 
 Ix-iit a BiiiUlen penc- should apjtrccinte tlie money. liameay. 
 
 [Not used in the latter sense in England, and but 
 little in America.] 
 AP PUk'CIa'I'E, v.i. To rise in value; to become 
 of more value ; as, the coin of the country nppre 
 ciulM: public securities appreciated when the debt 
 was funded. [Not used in this sense in England 
 anti but little in America.] 
 AI'-PRi;'ClA-TEI), ;/;). Valued ; prized ; estimated; 
 
 ndvaiici-d in vahw. 
 AP PRR'CIA-TI.Nfi, ppr. Setting a value on; csti 
 
 mating ; risintr in value. 
 AP-I'Rk CI-A'TIO.N, n. A setting a value on j n just 
 valuation or eHtimate of merit, weight, or any moral 
 consideration. 
 
 IVtLHhinfflon^g Inaiiff. Speeek, Apr, 30, 1789, 
 2. A rixing in value ; increnHc of worth or value, 
 Mar.tfiall, /.tfr of Wa.'ihmoton. Hamilton's Report, 
 
 Feb. 13, I7!I3. 
 [See remark uruler Appreimate.] 
 AP-Plfl". III'NI)', r. I. [I., ofrjirrhmilo, of ad and pre- 
 htmlv, to take or wi/.e ; Kax. hrndan or hentan.'^ 
 1. To take or ncize ; to lake hold of. In thin liter 
 
 al sense, it is applied cliiefly to taking or arresting 
 persons by legal process, or with a view to trial ; as, 
 to ajrprc/iend a thief. 
 
 2, To take with the understanding, that is, to con- 
 ceive in the mind ; to unilerstaiul, without passing a 
 judgment, or making an inference. 
 
 1 apprehend not, why — 
 
 So many uild so variooa laws are given. Milton. 
 
 3, To think ; to believe or be of opinion, but with- 
 out positive certainty , as, all this is true, but, we ap- 
 prehend, it is not to the purpose. 
 
 Notwithstanding tliis declaration, we do not apprehend that we 
 are giiilty of presmnpliun. Encyc, art. Metaphysics. 
 
 4, To fear ; to entertain suspicion or fear of future 
 evil ; as, we apprehend calamities from a feeble or 
 wicked administration, 
 
 AP PRE-HEND'ED, p;). Taken; seized; arrested; 
 conceived ; understood ; believed ; feared, 
 
 AP-PRE-IIEND'ER, 7i, One who takes ; one who con- 
 ceives in his mind ; one who fears, 
 
 AP-PRE-llEND'ING, ppr. Seizing ; taking ; conceiv- 
 ing ; understanding; believing; fearing. 
 
 AP-PRE-HEN'SI BLE, o. Tliat may be apprehended 
 or conceived. 
 
 AP-PRE-HEN'SION, n. The act of seizing or taking 
 iiold of ; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. 
 
 2. The act of taking or arresting ; as, the felon, af- 
 ter his aftprehension, escaped. 
 
 3. The mere contemplation of things without af- 
 firming, denying, or passing any judgment ; the op- 
 eration of the mind in contemplatinig ideas, without 
 comparing them with others, or referring tliem to e.x- 
 ternal objects ; simple intellection, 
 
 fVatU. Olanville. Encyc. 
 
 4. An inadequate or imperfect idea, as when the 
 word is applied to our knowledge of God, Encyc. 
 
 5. Opinion ; cimception ; sentiments. In this sense, 
 the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient 
 evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but in- 
 sufiicient to induce certainty ; as, in our apprehension, 
 the facts prove the issue. 
 
 To be false, and to be thought false, is all one, in respect of men, 
 wlio act not according to truth, but apprehension. South. 
 
 6. The faculty by which new ideas are conceived ; 
 as, a man of dull apprehension. 
 
 7. Fear; suspicion ; the prospect of future evil, ac- 
 companied with uneasiness of mind. 
 
 Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life. 
 
 * Addison. 
 
 ,\P-PRE-HEN'SIVE, o, Quick to understand ; as, an 
 apprehensive scholar. Holder. South, 
 
 2. Fearful ; in expectation of evil ; as, we were 
 apprehensive of fatal consequences. 
 
 [This the usual sense of the word.'] 
 
 3. Suspicious ; inclined to believe ; as, I am appre- 
 hensive he does not understanti me. 
 
 4. Sensible ; feeling ; perceptive. [Rarely used.] 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY, ado. In an apprehensive 
 manner, 
 
 AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS, 71, The quality of being 
 apprehensive ; re;idiness to understand ; fearfulness, 
 
 AP-PREN'TICE, Ji, [Fr, apprenti, an apprentice, from 
 apprendre, to learn ; L, apprehendo. See Apprehend,] 
 
 1. One who is bound by covenant to serve a me- 
 chanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a 
 view to learn his art, mystery, or occupation, in 
 which his master is bound to instruct him. Appren- 
 tices are regularly bound by indentures. 
 
 Blarkstone. 
 
 2, In old law books, a barrister, considered a learn- 
 er of law, till sixteen years standing, when he might 
 he called to the degree of serjeant. BlacL<tone. 
 
 AP-PRE.N'TICE, r. t. To bind to, or put under the 
 care of, a master, for tl»e purpose of instruction in tlie 
 knowlediie of a trade or business. 
 
 AP-PREN'TICE-FEE, 11. A sum given to the master 
 of an apprentice as a premium for the instruction of 
 th(^ latter. Blaclistone. 
 
 AP-PREN'TICE-IIOOD, n. Apprenticeship. [JVu( 
 used.] ' Shak. 
 
 AP-PREN'TICE-SIIIP, 71. The term for which an ap- 
 prentice is bound to serve his master. This term, in 
 England, is, by statute, seven years. In Paris, the 
 term is five years, in the greater number of trades ; 
 after which, the person, before he is qualified to ex- 
 ercise th(^ trade as a master, must serve five years as 
 a journeyman ; during which term he is called thi; 
 companion of his master, and the term is called his 
 companionship. Encyc. 
 
 The statements above refer to a former state of 
 things, .Apprenticeship, as obligatory, was abolislietl 
 in Frani,e at the revolution ; and in England, Lon- 
 don and a few other corporate towns excepted, by 
 the act of 54 Geo. III. c, 9(i, (1814,) 
 
 P. Cyc. Bramle. 
 2. The service, state, or condition of an apprentice; 
 n state in which a person is gaining instruction under 
 a master. 
 
 AP-PRE.\'TIS-A0E, 71. Apprenticeship, [JVotinuse.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 AP PKEST'f ■ j «• ""•-"'•J 
 
 111 botany, pressed close ; lying near the stem, or 
 applying its upper surface to the stem, 
 
 JSIartyn. FA. Encyc. 
 AP-PRlSE', V. 1. [Fr. appris, participle of apprendre, 
 to leani, or inform. See Apprehend.] 
 
 To inform ; to give notice, verbal or written ; fol- 
 lowed by of; as, we will apprise the general of an 
 intended attack ; he apprised the commander of what 
 he had done. Thomson. Porteus. 
 
 AP-PRlS'£D, (ap-prizd',) pp. Informed ; having no- 
 tice or knowledge communicated. 
 AP-PRIS'ING, ppr. Informing ; communicating no- 
 tice to. 
 
 AP-PRiZE', 7'. (. [This word is usually written ap- 
 prai.^e, as if deduced from the Italian nppreziare. 
 There is no other word from which it can regularly 
 be formed ; the French apprecier being recognized in 
 appreciate. But apprize, the word generally used, is 
 regularly formed, with ad, from price, prize ; D. prys; 
 Ger. preis ; W. pris ; or from the Fr. priser, to prize ; 
 and this is the more desirable orthography.] 
 
 To value ; to set a value, in pursuance of author- 
 ity. It is generally used for the act of valuing, by 
 men appointed for the purpose, under direction of 
 law, or by agreement of parties ; as, to apprize the 
 goods and estate of a deceased person. The private 
 act of valuing is ordinarily expressed by prize. 
 
 AP-PRIZ'ii;D, pp. Valued ; having the worth fixed 
 by authorized persons. 
 
 AP-PRIZE'iMENT, 71, The act of setting a value un- 
 der some authority or appointment ; a valuation. 
 
 Statutes of Conn. Blaclistone. 
 9, The rate at which a thing is v;ilued ; the value 
 fixed, or valuation ; as, he purchased the article at 
 the apprizement. 
 
 AP-PRIZ'ER, 71. A person appointed to rate, or set a 
 value on articles. When apprizers act under the 
 authiirity of law, they must be sworn. 
 
 AP-PRlZ'ING, ppr. Rating; setting a value under 
 authority. 
 
 AP-PRIZ'lNG, 71. Tlie act of valuing under authority. 
 
 AP-I'RoACH', 11. i. [Fr. approcher, from proclie, near ; 
 It. approcciare. The Latin proximus contains the 
 root, but the word, in the positive degree, is not 
 found in the Latin. It is from a root in Class Brg. 
 sienifying to drive, move, or press toward ; probably 
 
 1. To come or go near, in place ; to draw near ; to 
 advance nearer. 
 
 AVlierefore approached ye so nigh tlie city ? —2 Sam. si. 
 
 2. To draw near in time. 
 
 And so much the more as ye see the day approaching. — Hcb. x. 
 
 3. To draw near, in a figurative sense ; to advance 
 near to a point aimed at, in science, literature, gov- 
 ernment, morals, &c. ; to approximate ; as, he ap- 
 proaches to the character of the ablest statesman. 
 
 4. To draw near in duty, as in prayer or worship^ 
 Tliey take dcliglit in approaching to God. — Isa. li. 
 
 AP-PRoACH', 7>. t. To come near to; as. Pops ap- 
 proaches Virgil in smoothness of versification. This 
 use of the word is ellqitical, to being omitted, so that 
 the verb can hardly be said to be transitive. 'I'he 
 old use of the word, as, " .Approach the iiand to the 
 handle," is not legitimate. 
 9. To have access carnally. Lev. xviii. 
 
 AP-PRoACH', 71. The act of drawing near ; a coining 
 or advancing near; as, he was apprised of the en- 
 emy's approach. 
 
 2. Access ; as, the approach to kings. Bacon. 
 
 3. The path or avenue which leads from the public 
 road or highway to a house or dwelling. Doirnin<:. 
 
 4. \n fortification, approaches wre l\\e works thrown 
 up by the besiegers, to protect them in their advances 
 toward a fortress. 
 
 AP-PRo.\CH'A-BLE, a. That may be approached ; 
 accessible. 
 
 AP-PR6ACH'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being ap- 
 proachable, 
 
 AP-PRoAClI'ER, 71. One who approaches or draws 
 near. 
 
 AP-PRO.'VCH'ING, p;»r. Drawing nearer; advancing 
 toward. 
 
 AP PRO.VCII'ING, 71. In gardening, the act of in- 
 praftiflg a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, 
 without cutting it from the p,arcnt stock ; called also 
 inarching and grafting by approach. Encijc. 
 
 AP-PRflACirLE.'^S, a. That can not be approached. 
 
 AP-PRoACII'iMENT, jt. The act of cimiing near. 
 [I.ililc vscd.] Brown. 
 
 Ar'PRO-BATE,(7. [h.approbatus.] Approved. ElyoL 
 
 AP'I'RO-BaTE, 7). t. [L. approbo, to approve.] 
 
 To ex|)ress a|iprnbation of ; to manifest a liking, or 
 degree of satisfaction. " The cause of this battle 
 every man did allow and approbate." Hall, Hen. FH. 
 Richard.ion's Dictionary. [This word, though obsi>- 
 lete in England, is occasitmally used in America.] 
 
 Mr. Ilutchiniton approbated the choice. J. Eliot. 
 
 AP'PRO-BA-TED, pp. Approved ; commended. 
 AP'PRO-Ba-TING, pjir. Expressing approbation of. 
 AP-PRO-IiA'TION, 71. [L, approbatio. See Pnoor 
 and Prove,] 
 
 1. The act of approving ; a liking ; that state or 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, Wll/^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, ByQK.— 
 
APP 
 
 APP 
 
 APT 
 
 dispasition of the mind, in which we assent to the 
 propriety of a lliins, with some degree of pleasure or 
 satisl'uctlon ; as, tlie laws of God require our appro- 
 bation, 
 
 2. Attestation ; support ; that is, active ap|)robation, 
 or action, in favor of what is approvi;d. S/wk. 
 
 X 'I'lie coniinenilalion of a book licensed or per- 
 mitted to be publislied by authority, as was formerly 
 the case in England. 
 AP'I'UO-Ba-TIVE, a. Approving; implying approba- 
 tion. Milner. 
 Al"l'KO-IlA-TO-RY, a. Containing approbation ; ex- 
 
 |in>~in^' approbation. Ash. Scott. 
 
 .\r 1M{( >.\irT', V. t. for PnoMPT. [A'ot used.] Bacon. 
 Al'-IMtOOF', n. -Approval. 
 
 2. Certain knowledge. rj\''of xiscd.'] Shak. 
 AP-IM{01"ER-ATE, r. (. [L. appropero.] 
 
 To hasten. [Aot used.j 
 AP-PUO-l'IN'aU.\TE, V. I. [L. appropinquo.'] 
 
 To draw near. fJVl'f used.] 
 AP-PRO-PIiV-aUA'TION, 71. A drawing nigh. [JVuf 
 
 used.] Hall. 
 AP-PRO-PINaUE', V. t To approach. [JVu< tu^ed.] 
 
 Htidibras. 
 
 AP-PRO'PRF-A-BLE, n. [from appropriate.] Thiit may 
 be appropriated ; that may be set apart, sequestered, 
 or assigned exchisively to a particular use. Brown, 
 
 AP-PRa'PRI-ATE, e. (. [Fr. approprier, of L. ad and 
 proprins, private, peculiar. See Proper.] 
 
 1. To set apart for, or assign to a particular tise, in 
 exclusion of all other uses ; as, a spot of ground is 
 appropriated for a garden. 
 
 2. To take to one's self in exclusion of others j to 
 claim or use as by an exclusive right ; as, let no man 
 appropriate the use of a common benefit. 
 
 3. To make peculiar ; as, to appropriate names to 
 ideas. Locke. 
 
 4. To sever an .ecclesiastical benefice, and annex 
 it to a spiritual corporation, sole or aggregate, being 
 the patron of the living. BlarkMunc. 
 
 .'). To set apart or vote a sum of money for a par- 
 ticular object ; as. Congress has appropriated a million 
 o< dollars for the increase of the navy. [This is one 
 of the most common lucs of the word in .America.] 
 
 AP-Pllo'PRI-.ATE, a. Belonging peculiarly ; pecu- 
 liar ; set apart for a particular use or person ; as, re- 
 ligious worship is an appropriate duly to the Creator. 
 
 a. Jlost suitable, fit, or proper; as, to use appropri- 
 ate words in pleading. 
 
 AP-PRo'PRI-.\-TED, pp. or a. Assigned to a partic- 
 ular use ; claimed or used exclusively ; annexed to 
 an ecclesiastical corporation. 
 
 AP-PRC'PRl-ATE-.NEtfS, n. Peculiar fitness; the 
 quality of being appropriate, or peculiarly suitable. 
 
 AP-l'll6'PRI-ATE-LY, ado. In an appropriate or 
 proprr manner. 
 
 AP riio'PRl-A-TING, ppr. Assigning to a particular 
 person or use ; ftaiinihg or using exclusively ; sever- 
 ing to the perpetual use of an ecclesiastical corporation. 
 
 AP-PRo-PRl-.A'TIO.\, 71. The act of sequestering, or 
 a.ssisning to a particular use or person, in exclusion 
 of all others ; application to a special use or pur[)ose ; 
 as, of a piece of ground, for a p:u-k ; of a right, to 
 one's self; or of words, to ideas. 
 
 2. In law, the severing or sequestering of a benefice 
 to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation, sole or 
 aggregate, being the patron of the living. For this 
 purpose must be obtained the king's license, and Uie 
 consent of the bishop and of the patron. When the 
 appropriation is thus made, the appropriator and his 
 successt»rs become [lerpeluiU parsons rf the church, 
 and must sue and be sued in that name. 
 
 Enir. Late. Blackstone, 
 
 3. The setting apart by vole of a sum of money to 
 be expended for a given pur|>ose, and also the money 
 thus set apart ; as, an appropriation lias been made to 
 incre;ise the navv. 
 
 AP-PRo'PRI-A-TiVE, a. That appropriates. 
 
 McCulloch. 
 
 AP-PRo'PRI-A-TOR, n. One who appropriates. 
 
 2. One who is possessed of an appropriated bene- 
 fice. Blackstone. 
 AP-PRO'PRI-E-TA-RY, 7t. A lay possessor of the 
 
 profits of a benefice. Spclman. 
 AP-PROV'A-BLE, a. [See Approve.] 
 
 That may be approved ; that merits approbation. 
 AP-PROV'A-BLE-NESS, 7i. The quality of being ap- 
 provable. 
 
 AP-PROV'AL, 71, Approbation. [See Approve.] 
 
 Temple. 
 
 AP-PROV'ANCE, 71. Approbation. [See Approve.] 
 
 Thomson, 
 
 AP-PROVE', r. t [Fr. approuver ; L. approbo, of aii 
 and probo, to prove or approve. See Approbate, 
 Prove, and Proof.] 
 
 1. To like ; to be pleased with ; to admit the pro- 
 priety of; as, we approve the measures of adminis- 
 tration. This word may include, with the assent of 
 the mind to the propriety, a commendation to others. 
 
 2. To prove ; to show' to be true ; to justify. 
 VVoiiklst tlioii approve thy coiutancy i Approve 
 
 rim Uijr ubcdiuiiK. Milton. 
 
 [ 7^ sensCj though common a eetitury or two ago, 13 
 ncno rare.] 
 
 X To experience ; to prove by trial. [Mil used. 
 See Prove.] Shak. 
 
 4. To make or show to he worthy of approbation ; 
 to commend ; as, to approve one's self to God by 
 righteousness. 
 
 5. To like and sustain as right ; to comun nd. 
 Y'-l tlu'ir posU'rity approve tlifir sayings. — r». xlix. 
 
 This word, when it signifies to be pleased, is often 
 followed by of, in which use it is intransitive ; as, I 
 approve u/lhe mi;asurc. But the tendency of modern 
 usage is to omit of.- " I approve the measure." 
 
 (j. To imprd^e. BtocL-itone. 
 
 7. In military affairs, to sanction officially ; as, to 
 approve the decision of a court-martial. • 
 AP-1'RO V'^;i), pp. Liked; commended; shown or 
 proved to bi; worthy of aiiprobation ; having the ap- 
 probation and supjiort of. 
 
 study to hhijw tliyur-lf approved tu God. — 2 Tiin. ii. 
 
 .Approved is used by Shakspcare for proved ; as, " an 
 approved wanttm." 
 
 Jesus, (I man approved of God. — Act£ ii. 
 
 This word here seems to include the idea of Christ's 
 real oHice, as the Messiah, and of God's love and ap- 
 prtihalion of him in that character. Brown^s DteL 
 AP-PRoVE'.MENT,7!. Approbation ; liking. Haijaard. 
 
 2. In lain, when a person indicted for fi lony or 
 treason, and arraigned, confesses the fact before 
 plea pleaded, and appeals or accuses his accomplices 
 of the same crime, to obtain his pardtm, this confes- 
 sion and accusation are called approccmnit, and tlie 
 person an approver. Blackstone. 
 
 X Improvement of common lands, by inclosing 
 and convei'tiiig them to the uses of husbandry. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 AP-PROV'ER, 71. One who approves. Formerly, one 
 who [iroves or makes trial. 
 
 2. In taw, one who confesses a crime and accuses 
 another. [.^ee Approvement.] Formerly, those 
 who had the letting of the king's demesne, in small 
 manors, were called approvers of the king. In Stat. 
 1 Edw. HI. c. 8, sheritt's are called the king's ap- 
 provers. 
 
 In old law writers, a bailiff or steward of a manor 
 is called an approver. Kncijc. 
 AP-PKO V'l.Nt;, ppr. Liking; commending; giving 
 
 (tr expressing approbation. 
 AP-PROV'L\G, a. Yielding approbation; as, an a;i- 
 
 provino conscience. 
 AP-PROV'ING-LY, adv. By approbation. 
 AP-PROX'I-IUANT, a. Approaching. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Dering. 
 
 AP-PROX'I-MATE, a. [L. ad and proximus, next. 
 See Approach.] 
 
 Nearest to ; next ; near to. [ This word is superseded 
 by Proximate.] 
 
 .Approximate ijuantities ; in mathematics, those which 
 are nearly, but not absolutely, equal. Braiide. 
 AP-PRI).\'I-MaTE, r. U To carry or advance near; 
 to cause to approach. .Aikin, Shcnstone, 
 
 To apprariinale tlio iiiequ;vlity of riches to the level of luilure. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 AP-PROX'I-MaTE, v. i. To come near ; to approach. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 AP-PR0X'I-M.A-TED, pp. Carried or advanced near. 
 
 AP-PROX'I-iVlA TlNG, ;i;jr. Advancing near ; caus- 
 ing to approach. 
 
 AP PROX-I-.Ma'TION, 71. Approach ; a drawing, 
 moving, or advancing near. Hale. 
 
 2. In aritlimetic and algebra, a continual approach 
 or coming nearer and nearer to a root or other quan- 
 tity, without being able perhaps ever to arrive at it. 
 
 Rncyc, Johnson. 
 
 3. In medicine, communication of disca.se by con- 
 tact. Coi-e. 
 
 4. A mode of cure by transplanting a disease into 
 an animal or vegetable by immediate contact. Coze. 
 
 AP-PR(JX'I-.M.\-TIVE, a. Approaching; tli.at a|)- 
 proaches. fjl. F.ncyc, 
 
 AP-PULSE', (ap-puls',) n. [L. appuUus, of ad and 
 pello, to drive.] 
 
 1. The act of striking against ; as, in all conso- 
 nants there is an appulse of the organs. Jlotder, 
 
 2. .\rrival ; kinding. Bryant, 
 
 3. In astronomy, the approach of any planet to a 
 conjunction with the sun or a star. 
 
 AP-PUL'SION, lu The act of striking against by a 
 moving body. 
 
 .\P-PULS'I VE, a. Striking against ; driving toward ; 
 as, the appuLsivt inlluence of the planets. 
 
 Med. Rep. 
 
 AP-PULS'IVE-LY, adv. By«ppuIsion. 
 
 AP-PI;R'TE\-AN'CE, n. So written for Apperte- 
 NENCE. appartenanee. See Appertain.] 
 
 Tlmt which belongs to something else ; an adjunct ; 
 an appendage ; as, small buildings are the appurte- 
 nances of a mansion. Appropri.ately, such buildings, 
 rights, a|ul improvements, as belong to land, are 
 called \.\\^ippurtrnanccs. 
 
 AP-PUR'TE.N-.A.\T, a. Belonging to; pertaining to 
 of right ; as, a right of way appurtenant to land or 
 buildings. Blackstone. 
 In taw, common appurtenant is that which is 
 
 annexed to land, and can be clninKd only by pre- 
 scription or iinriieiiiorial usage, on a legal pr' suin|>- 
 tion of a special grant. Blackstune, 
 
 A'PRI-C.ATi:, v. i. [L. aprirnr.] 
 
 To bask in the sun. [/Jltic used.] Ray. 
 
 A-PRKVI-TY, 11, Sunshine. [Liltir uwl.] 
 
 A'PRI-COT, n. Old tMlhogiaiiliy, aprir,„k. [\V. 
 bricijllen ; y\rm. briifPsen ; l-'r. abrieot, whence the 
 present orthography. Junius anil .Skinner allege 
 that the Italians formerly wrote the word bencoeo, 
 berricoceoli. At present they write it albtcocca, and 
 the Spaniards albariciujue, which indicate the word 
 to be formed of albiis and coccus, wliiti? berry ; Sp. 
 albar, white. But apricot seems to be formed from 
 the old orthography.] 
 
 The fruit of the Jirmeniaea vulgarii, (a species 
 arrangiMl by Liniueus in th^ genus Priinus ;) allied 
 to the plum, and of an oval figure and delicious taste. 
 
 A'PIUL, n. [I,, nprilis ; Fr. avril i Sp. abrii; Ir. abrail; 
 Corn, rbril ; \V. ebrill.] 
 The finirlh month of the year. 
 
 A'PRIL-FOOL, 11. (Jne who is sportively imposed 
 upon by others on the first of .Vpiil. 
 
 i PRI-O'Rj, [L.] Reasoning a priori is that which 
 deduces conseipiences from definitions formed, or 
 principles assumed, or which infers effects from 
 causes previously known. This is the reverse of a 
 posteriori. Iledoe, 
 
 A'PRO.V, (.I'purn,) n. [Fr. aprun ; a, or ag, and Celtic 
 bron, the breast.] / 
 
 1. A clotli or piece of leather worn on the fore part 
 of the body, to keep the clothes clean, or defend 
 them from injury. 
 
 2. The fat skin covering the belly of a goose. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. In gunnery, a flat piece of lead that covers the 
 vent of a cannim. 
 
 4. In ships, a piece of carved timber, just above the 
 foremost end of the keel. Mar. Diet, - 
 
 a. A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance 
 of a dock, against which the dock-gates are shut. 
 
 Knetfc. 
 
 6. A piece of leather or other thing to be sprcail be- 
 fore a person riding in a gig, chaise, or sulky, to de- 
 fend him from rain, snow, or dust. 
 
 A'PRO.\-f;i), a. Wearing an .apron. Pope. 
 
 A'PRON-.M.\N, 71. A man who wears an apron; a 
 laboring inan ; a mechanic. 
 
 AP'RO-POS, (ap'ro-po,) adv. [Fr. d and propos, pur- 
 pose.] 
 
 1. Opportunely; season.ahly. Warburton. 
 
 2. By the way ; to the purpose ; a word used to 
 introduce an incidental observation, suited to the 
 occasion, though not strictly belonging to the narra- 
 tion. 
 
 AP'SIS, n.;pl. Ap'si-des. [Or. aipts, connection, from 
 OTTTio, to connect.] 
 
 1. In ancient astronomy, the apsides were the two 
 points, in the orbit of the sun or of a planet, at the 
 greatest and least distance from the earth ; the most 
 distant called the higher or greater ; the least distant, 
 the lower or lesser apsis; and corresponding to the 
 apogee and perigee. In modern astronomy, the apsides 
 nrv, those points, in the orbit of a primary planet, at 
 the greatest and least distance from the sun ; corre- 
 sponding to the aphelion and the perihelion ; also, 
 those points, in the orbit of a .secondary planet, at 
 the greatest and least distance from its primary ; cor- 
 responding, in relation to the moon, to the apogee 
 and perigee, and in relation to the satellites of Jupiter, 
 to the apojove and perijove. The line connecting 
 these is called the line of the apsides. 
 
 Encye. Meth. Ed. Eneye. 
 
 2. .Apsis, or absis, is the arched roof of a house, 
 room, or oven ; also the ring or coinp.ass of a wheel. 
 
 3. In ecclesiastical icriters,iin inner part of a church, 
 being a domed semicircular or polj'gonal termina- 
 tion of the choir or aisles, where tlie altar was placed, 
 and where the clergy sat. Also, the bishop's seat or ^ ' 
 throne, in ancient churches; called also exedra and 
 tribune. This same name w.as given to a reliquary 
 or case in which tlie relics of saints were kept. 
 
 Eneye. 
 
 APT, a. [L. aptus, from apta, to fit ; Gr. uttw, to tie ; 
 Sax. ha-p.] 
 
 1. Fit ; suitable ; as, he used very apt metaphors. 
 
 2. Having a tendency; li.able ; used of things; as, 
 wheat on moist land is apt to blast or be wintcr- 
 kdlod. 
 
 3. Inclined ; disposed customarily ; used of persons ; 
 as, men are too apt to slander others. 
 
 4. Ready : quick ; u.-f<i of the mcntiU powers ; as, a 
 pupil apt to le.arn ; an apt wit. 
 
 5. Q.ualifled; fit. 
 
 AU the men of might, ttiong &nd apt for war, — 2 Kiogi xziT. 
 
 APT, V, t. To fit ; to suit or adapt. [OAs.] 
 APT'A-BLE, a. That may be adapted. [Jvol used.] 
 
 Sherwood, 
 
 AP'TaTE, r. t To make fit. ^A'of used,] Bailey, 
 AP'TER-.\, 71. pi. [Gr. n priv. and rrr/ioi, a " i"? ] 
 A term applied to insects without wings. I'lie 
 Aptcra, constituting the seventh order of insects in 
 Linnxus's system, comprehend many genera. But 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH , TH as in THIS. 
 
 63 
 
AQU 
 
 later zoologists have made a very different distribu- 
 tion of these animals. 
 AP'TER-AL, a. [Supra.] Destitute of wings. 
 
 In architecture, without lateral columns ; ap|)lied 
 to buildings which have no scries of colunms along 
 their sides, but are either prostyle or aniphiprostyle, 
 and opposed to peripteral. P. Ci/c. 
 
 AP'TEK-OUS, a. In zoulogij, destitute of wings; 
 applied to insects of the order Aptera. 
 
 2. In botany, destitute of membranous expansions, 
 as a stem or petiole ; opposed to alate. Brandc. 
 AP'TEU-yX, ?i. [Gr. a neg. and -rfpi f, a wing.] 
 A bird of New Zealand, with only short rudiments 
 of wings, armed with a claw, and without a tail. 
 
 Partington, 
 
 APT'I-TUDE, n. [of aptus, apt.] 
 
 1. A natural or acouired disposition for a particular 
 purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect ; 
 as, oil has an aptituile to burn ; men acquire an apti- 
 tude to particular vices. 
 
 2. Fitness ; suitableness. 
 
 3. .\[>tness ; readiness in learning ; docility. 
 APT-I-TO'Dl.V-.-VL, a. Containing aptitude. 
 APT-I-Tu'DIN-AL-LY, ado. In an aptitudinal man- 
 ner. 
 
 APT'LY, atlv. In an apt or suitable manner ; with 
 just correspondence of parts ; fitly ; projjerly ; justly ; 
 pertinently ; readily. 
 
 APT'XESS, n. Fitness ; suitableness ; as, the aptness 
 of things to their end. 
 
 2. Disposition of the mind ; propensity ; as, the 
 aptness of men to follow example. 
 
 3. Quickness of apprehension ; readiness in learn- 
 ing; docility; as, an aptness to learn is more ob- 
 servable in some children than in others. 
 
 4. Teiidencv, in tilings ; as, the aptness of iron to 
 AP'TOTE, H. [Gr. a priv. and rrrwtris, case.] [rust. 
 
 In grammar, a noun which has no variation of 
 termination, or distinction of cases ; an indeclinable 
 noun. 
 
 AP'Y-REX-Y, n. [Gr. a priv. and Kvpcaau, to be fe- 
 verish, from TTv/i, fire.] 
 The absence or intermission of fever. 
 A-PV'ROUS, a. [Gr. a-vpi{, priv. and irtip, fire.] 
 Incombustible, or that sustains a strong heat with- 
 out alii ration of form or properties. 
 
 .Ipijruus bodies differ from those simply refractory. 
 Refractory bodies can not be fused by heat, but may 
 be altered. Encyc. 
 A'Q,V.\, n. [L. aqua ; Sp. agiia ; Port, agaa : It. acqua, 
 water ; Arm. eagui, to water, or steep ; Goth, aliwa, 
 water ; wliich in Saxon is reduced to ea ; G. and D. 
 ei, in ciland ; Fr. eau ; W. gwy or aw ; Ir. oig or oiche ; 
 Amh. oge.] 
 
 A Latin word, signifying water ; much used in 
 pharmacy, and the old chemistry, in various signifi- 
 cations, determined by the word or words annexed. 
 
 jiqua furtis, in the old chemistry, is now called 
 nitric aciiL 
 
 .Sqiui marina, or aqua marine ; a name which jewel- 
 ers sive to the beryl, on account of its color. 
 
 .^qua regis, in the old chemistry, is now called 
 nitro-muriatic acid. 
 
 Iqua vitje : brandy, or spirit of wine. 
 
 / rfU.^'RI-AX, n. One of a sect of Christians, in the 
 primitive church, who consecrated water in the eu- 
 charist instead of^ wine ; either under a pretense of 
 abstinence, or because they thought it was unlawful 
 to drink wine. Encyc. 
 
 A-QUa'RI-U.M, 71. [L.] An artificial pond in gardens 
 for rearing aipiatic plants. Brandc. 
 
 A-QUA'RI-US, n. [L.] The Water-bearer ; a sign in 
 the zodiac, which the sun enters aliout the 21st of 
 January ; so called from the rains which prevail, at 
 that season, in Italy and the East. Also, a constel- 
 lation of the zodiac, containing, according to Flam- 
 steail, 108 stars, and, according to the P. Cyc, loJ. 
 The sign and the constellation originally coincided ; 
 but from its recession, in consequence of the preces- 
 sion of the equinoxes, tnc sign now begins in the 
 constellation of Capricorn. 
 
 A-CiLTAT'IC, a. [L. ar/uaticus. See Aqua.] 
 
 Pertaining to water: applied to animals which live 
 in water, as fishes; or to such as frequent it; as, 
 aquatic fowls. Applied to plants, it denotes such as 
 grow in water. Jlqnalical is rarely used. 
 
 A-CiUAT'ie, n. A plant which grows in water, as 
 the flag. 
 
 AU'UA-TILE, a. That inhabits the water. [Rarely 
 unrtl,] Briiwn. 
 
 A-U.UA-TI,\T'A, a. [L. a/jua, water, and It. tinta, dye. 
 Bee Ti^cTunr.) 
 
 A method of engraving by aqua fortis, by which an 
 effect IH produced, resembling a drawing in water 
 colon or Indian ink. I'his peculiar iH'cct is produn-d 
 by covering the plate, after the outlines of the design 
 have been etched, with a granuiatcil ground, which 
 peniiitti the acid to act only in the interstices of its 
 ffrain, now furmr-d hy pouring over the plate, in an 
 mclined fioHition, a htoiution of resin in iileohol. Ori- 
 ginally, the proiiiid was fofmed by sifting over the 
 plate a fine powder of resin, or of resin and asphal- 
 tum, and then heating the plate ; but this m<'tliod is 
 now obnoletc. ' P. Cyc. 
 
 ARA 
 
 Aa'UE-DUCT, (ak'we-dukt,) n. [L. aqua, water, and 
 dur,tiu<, a pipe or canal, IVoiii duco, to lead. See Duke.] 
 A conductor or ooniluit of water, by means of 
 pipes, or a canal or tunnel, or other channel, sup- 
 ported by some structure. iMore jiarticularly aj)|ilied 
 to the ancient structures, raised on one or more series 
 of arches, and sustaining one or more channels, con- 
 ducted on a slightly descending plane. These have 
 been superseded, in a great measure, in modern 
 times, by pipes following the inequalities of tlie 
 ground, and conveying the water on the principle 
 of hydrostatic pressure. This term is also applied 
 to a structure, similar to the ancient aqueducts, for 
 conveying a canal over a river or hollow ; more prop- 
 
 _ eriv called an aqueduct-bridge. 
 
 A'aCJE-OUS, a. Watery ; partaking of the nature of 
 water, or abounding with it. 
 
 2. iNlade by means of water ; as, an aqueous solu- 
 tion. 
 
 .Aqueous humor ; in anatomy, one of the humors of 
 the eye ; a transparent, limpid fluid, occupying the 
 space between the crystalline lens and the cornea, 
 divided into two chambers by the iris. Wistnr. 
 
 A'QUE-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being watery ; 
 waterishness ; wateriness. 
 
 A'aUI-FORM, a. In the form of water. 
 
 AQ'UI-LA, n. [L., whence aquilinu.i ; from the Orient- 
 al b'py to be crooked. This bird is probably named 
 from its curving beak.] 
 
 In ornilliology, the eagle. -Also, a northern constel- 
 lation, containing, according to the Britannic cata- 
 logue, 71 stars. Encyc. 
 
 AU'CJI-LINE, (-lin or line,) a. [L. aquilinus. See 
 Aquii-a.] 
 
 1. Belonging to the eagle. 
 
 2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of 
 an eagle ; applied jiarticulaiiy to the nose. 
 
 Aa'UI-LON, «. [L. aquilo.] 
 
 The noitli wind. S!iak. 
 
 AQ-UI-Ta'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Aquitania, one 
 of the great divisions of Gaul, which, according to 
 Cesar, lay between the Gaionne, the Pyrenees, and 
 the ocean. In modern days, it has been called Gas- 
 cony. 7'he inhabitants, in Cesar's time, spoke a dif- 
 ferent dialect from that of the proper Celts, between 
 the Garonne and Seine. This dialect bore an affin- 
 ity to the Basque, in Biscay, to which they were 
 contiguous ; and some remains of it still exist in the 
 Gascon. .-Xquitania is tile country of tJie Jiqui ; from 
 the naine of the people, with tan, a Celtic word, sig- 
 nifying region or country. The Romans, either from 
 their general usage, or from not understanding the 
 Celtic tan, annexed another termination signifying 
 country, ia, the Ir. ai or aoi, Heb. ''N ai, a settlement 
 or habitation; Gr. nm, land, country; Hindu, tya, 
 the same. Cesar, Com. lib. i. 1. D^.dnville. 
 
 A. R. stand for ohtio regni, the year of the reign ; as, 
 A. R. G. R. 20, in the 20th year of the reign of King 
 George. 
 
 AR'AB, n. [Literally, a wanderer or dweller in a des- 
 ert.] .\ native of Arabia. 
 
 AU'.\-I!ESK, 71. The corrupt modern Arabic, as dis- 
 tinguislied from the pure old Arabic of the Koran. 
 [JVut in 7isf.] Outlirie. 
 
 AR'A-BESCitJE, (ar'a-besk) ii. An ornament execu- 
 ted in the Arabesque style. 
 
 AR'A-BESaUE, a. [See Arabian.] In the manner 
 of the Arabians ; applied to paintings or ornaments 
 consisting of imaginary foliage, stalks, |ilants, &c., 
 in which there are no figures of men or animals. 
 
 A-Ra'IU-AN, a. Pertaining to Arabia. [Encyc. 
 
 A-Ra'BI-.\N, n. A native of Arabia; an Arab. 
 
 AR'A-lilC, a. Belonging to Arabia, or the language 
 of its iiili!ibitants. 
 
 AR'.\-I!I€, 71. The language of the Arabians. 
 
 .\-R.AB'l€-AL-LY, adv. In the Arabian manner. 
 
 AR'.\-BIS.M, 71. An Arabic idiom or peculiarity of lan- 
 guage. Encyc. Stuart. 
 
 AK'A-BIST, 71. One well versed in the Arabic lan- 
 guage or literature. Encyc, 
 
 AR'.\-liLE, a. [L. aro ; Gr. anoti), to plow ; Ir. arain.'] 
 Fit for plowing or tillage ; hence often applied to 
 land wliich has been plowed or tilled. 
 
 AR'.V-BY, H. Arabitu JI/i7(o7i. 
 
 A-RACII'NI-DAN, n. ) [Gr. apaxvri, a spider, and 
 
 A-RA€H'M-DA, 71. pi, \ ti6,K, form.] 
 
 Terms applied to a class of articulate animals, 
 with legs, but without wings, including the spi- 
 ders, mites, and scorpions ; arranged by Liiina;iis 
 in till.' class Insecta, order Aptera, but ditfering from 
 true insects by the absence of antennm, and by not 
 iincli Tgoing metamorphosis. 
 
 A-RACII'NOII), a, [Gr. anaxvy, a spider, and tiJot, 
 form ; I li b. T^K, to weave, that is, to stretch, to 
 draw out ; Eng. reach.] 
 
 In anatomy, the arachnoid tunic or membrane {tu- 
 nica arachnoida) is a viry thin and delicate semi- 
 transparent membrane, wliiih is spread over the 
 brain and the spinal cord between the dura mater 
 and pia mater. The term was formerly np^ilied, al- 
 so, to llie hyloid meiiiliruiii', or iiiembrane ol the vit- 
 reous humor of the eye, and to the capsule or proper 
 coat of the crystalline. 
 The ti:rin araaeous tunic or membrane (tuTitca aro- 
 
 ARB 
 
 iico) was formerly used as synonymous with arach- 
 noid. Cyc. Wistar. Parr. 
 
 A-RACH'NOID, 71. A species of madrepore, found 
 fossil. Cyc. 
 
 A-UAeil-NOL'O-GIST, n. One versed in arach- 
 nology. 
 
 A-RACII-NOL'O-GY, 77. [Gr. aoaxvrt and \oyn(,] 
 The science or historj' of spiders and other Arach- 
 nida. 
 
 AR-A-€IIO'SIAN, a. Designating a chain of moun- 
 tains which divide Persia from India. 
 
 Jls. Researches. 
 
 AR-XIGN'EE, (ar-rin'ya,) ) n. [Fr., a spider.] 
 
 AR-RaIGN', (ar-rain',) ) In fortification, the 
 branch, return, or gallery of a mine. Baileq. 
 
 A-RaISE', r. t. To raise. [JVot used,] Shdk. 
 
 AR-A-MA'ie, a. A term applied to the language of 
 the Syrians and Chaldeans, their literature, 4cc. 
 
 AR-A-Me'AN, a. Pertaining to the Syrians and Chal- 
 deans, who were descended from Aram, son of Shem, 
 or to tlieir language. 
 
 AR-.'i-ME'AN-IS.M, n. An idiom of the Aramean lan- 
 guage. 
 
 A-RA-Xk'I-D.AN, 71. ) Terms applied to a tribe of 
 A-R.A-N lc'I-D^t;, n, pi, j Arachnida, including the 
 
 proper spiders. Brande. 
 A-Ra'NE-OUS, a. [L. aranea, a spider, or cobweb.] 
 
 1. Resembling a cobweb. 
 
 2. Thin and delicate, like a cobweb ; as, the ara- 
 neous membrane of the eye. [See Arachnoid.] 
 
 Derham, 
 
 A-R.\'TI0N, 7t. A plowing. Cowley, 
 
 A-R-A'TOR, 71. [L.l A plowman. 
 
 AR'A-TO-RY, o. 'L hat contributes to tillage. 
 
 AR-AU-€-\'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to a tribe of aborigi- 
 nals, called Araiicanians, inhabiting Arauco and tlie 
 adjoining districts, in Chili. Molina. 
 
 AR'B.\L-IST, 71. [from L. arcui, a bow, and balista, 
 an engine to throw stones ; Gr. 0a\Xoj, to throw.] 
 
 A cross-bow. This consists of a steel bow set in 
 a sliaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trig- 
 ger ; and is bent with a piece of iron. It serves to 
 throw bullets, darts, arrows, &.c. Encnc. 
 
 aR'BAL-IST-ER, 71. A cross-bowman. Spc'cd, 
 
 AR'Bl-TER, 71. [L.] A person appointed, or chosen 
 by parties in controversy, to decide their difierences. 
 This is its sense in the civil law. In modern usage, 
 arbitrator is the technical word. 
 
 2. In a general sense, now most common, a person 
 who has the power of judging and determining, with- 
 out control ; one whose power of deciding and gov- 
 erning is not limited. 
 
 3. One that commands the destiny, or holds the 
 empire of a nation or state. Mdford. 
 
 AR'BI-TRA-BLE, a. .Arbitrary ; depending on the 
 will. Spelman. 
 2. Determinable. Hall. 
 AR-BIT'R.A-MEXT, ji. Will ; determination ; decis- 
 ion. Milton. 
 2. The award of arbitrators. Cowcl. 
 In this sense, award is more generally used. 
 XR'BI-TR.A-RI-LY, ado. By will only ; despotically ; 
 absoliitelv. 
 
 XR'BI-TRA-RI-NESS, 71. The quality of being arbi- 
 trary ; despoticalness ; tyranny. Temple, 
 
 AR-BI-TRa'RI-OUS, a. Arbitrary ; despotic. [JV'o« 
 used.] J\"orris. More. 
 
 XR-BI-TRA'RI-OUS LY,ai/e. Arbitrarily. \J^ot used.] 
 
 Qlanville. 
 
 XR'BI-TRA-RY, a. [L. arbitru^us.] 
 
 1. Depending on will or discretion ; not governed 
 by any fixed rules ; as, an arbitrary decision ; an ar- 
 bitrary punishment. 
 
 Avhitrary power is most easily estatjlished 011 Ui? niins of liberty 
 abused to liceiiUousiiess. Wajilungtou, 
 
 2. Despotic; absolute in power; having no exter- 
 nal control ; as, an arbitrarq prince, or government. 
 
 AR'BI-TRaTE, v. i. [L. arbilror.] 
 
 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose 
 men to arbitrate between us. 
 
 2. In a ireneral sense, to decide, or determine. 
 
 South. 
 
 XR'BI-TRATE, v. L To decide ; to determine ; to 
 judge of. JfiUon. Shale 
 
 XR-BI-TRa'TIOJV, 71. The hearing and determination 
 of a cause between parties in controversy, by a per- 
 son or persons chosen by the parties. This may be 
 done by one person ; but it is usual to choose two or 
 three ; or for each party to choose one, and these to 
 name a third, who is called the umpire. Their deter- 
 mination is called an award, 
 
 XR'BI-TR.x-TOR, 71. A term applied to a person or 
 persons chosen by |iailii s who have a controversy, to 
 deteriiiiiie their (iillcreiices. 
 
 The act of the parlies in giving power to the arbi- 
 trators is called the submi.'^sion, unn this may hevi-r- 
 bal or irrillcn. The person chosen as umpire, by two 
 arbilrators, when the parties do not agree, is also 
 called an arlntrattrr. 
 
 2. .An arbiter, governor, or president. Milton. 
 
 3. In a more citensive sense, an arbiter; one who 
 has the power of deciding or prescribing without con- 
 trol. Addison. Sliak. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MRTE, PREY. — PI.VE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 
 
 64 
 
ARC 
 
 AR-1U-TKa'TR1X, n. A feiiialo who arbitrates or 
 judjies. Sherwood. 
 
 AK'bl-TKESS, K. A female arbiter or witness. 
 
 Coipjicr. Mtllon, 
 
 All'UOll, >i. [The French express the sense by An-- 
 rfciii, a cradle, an aririr, or buvver; Sp. cmpamulo, 
 tViini parra, a vine raised on stakes, and nailed to a 
 wall. Un. Chaucer's hcrber, herbcrm, a lodge, coin- 
 cidiui; wiHi harbvr, which see.] 
 
 1. A frame of lattice-work, covered with vines, 
 liranclu's of trees, or other plants, for shade ; a 
 bower. 
 
 •2. [L.] In iofniiy, a tree, as distinjiuislied from a 
 !<hriib. Jlrborci ftrees) formed the fourth division of 
 the seventh family in the Fliilosophia Uulanicauf Lin- 
 na-us. 
 
 ;). In mechanici, the principal spindle or axis which 
 coiumunicales uiotiuii to the rest of the machinery. 
 
 This, in America, is called the s-haft. 
 AR'ISOR V1aU\'JE, [L., the tree of Diana, or 
 silver.] 
 
 \ precipitation of silver in a beautiful arbores- 
 cent form ; made by putting mercury into a solu- 
 liou of nitrate of silver. Turner. 
 
 AR'IiOR S.i-TUR'XI, [h., tree of Saturn, or lead.] 
 \ similar arborescent precipitation of lead, best 
 made by suspending a piece of zinc in a solution of 
 acetate of lead. Turnvr, 
 
 XK'1K)-1!A-RY, a. Ilelonsins to a tree. 
 
 Ali'UOU-KD, n. Furnished with an arbor. Putluk 
 
 AU'lU)-Il.\-TOR, «. One who plants or who prui -.a 
 trees. Evdijn. 
 
 Xlt-llO'RE-OUf!, a. [I., arbormi.^; from arbor.] 
 
 llelon!:in(! to a tree ; resembling a tree ; constit it- 
 iuK a iri i' ; L'rowing on trees ; iis, moss is arboren . 
 
 All liO-REsi'L'E.NCE, h. [L. orijrcico, to grow t'. a 
 tree.] 
 
 The fijure of a tree ; the resemblance of a tree in 
 mini lals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals n 
 that form. 
 
 AR-BO-RKS'CENT, a. Resembling a tree ; having 
 the figure of a tree ; denilritical. Encijc. 
 •J. From herbaceous becoming woody. J^Iartijn. 
 
 AR-liO-RES'CENT STXR'-FIj^II, ». A species of 
 Asterias, called, also, Capu.t Jiledusie. [See Stak- 
 
 AR'liU-RET, n. [It. arbnrcto, from L. arbor, a tree.] 
 .V small tree or shrub ; a place planted or over- 
 grown with trees. Jililton. 
 
 AR-HO-Ri;'TU.M, ji. A place in a park, nursery, &c., 
 in which a collection of trees, consisting of one of 
 each kind, is cultivated. Brande. 
 
 AR-liOR-I-eUE''J'URE, «. [L. arbor and cvlUira.} 
 The art of cultivating trees and shrubs, chiefly for 
 thnber or ornamental purposes. 
 
 XK-liOR'I-FOK.M, «. Waving the form of a tree. 
 
 AR'UUIt-ltiT, H. Une who makes trees his study, or 
 who is Versed in the knowledge of trees. Jfoicdi 
 
 AR-liOU-l-/.A'T10\, H. The appearance or dgnrc of 
 a tree or plant in niin(jn,als or fossils. [See Uehbo- 
 
 RIZATION.J 
 
 AR'BOR-IZE, V. t. To form the appearance of a tree 
 
 or plant in minerals. 
 AR'li(JK-VI.\E, H. A species of bind-weed. 
 AU'lir.S-Cl<E, (ar'bus-sl,) n. [L. ortuocuitts, a little 
 
 tree.] 
 
 A dwarf tree, in size between a shrub and a tree. 
 
 Bradktj. 
 
 AH-nUS'eU-LAR, a. Resembling a shriU); having 
 the risure of small trees. Va Cosla. 
 
 AU-111JST'I\'E, a. [from or6u,s(«m.] 
 
 Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with 
 shrubs. Barlram. 
 
 XR-HL'ST'U.M, n. [L. See AnBOB.] 
 
 A copse of shrubs or trees : an orchard. 
 
 AR'liUTE, K, [L. arbuUs.] 
 'J'lie strawberry-tree. 
 
 AR-Bt"'TE-.\N, a. I'ertaining to, or m.ade of, the 
 strawberry-tree. Encijc. Erchjn. 
 
 ARC, JI. [L. areas, a bow, vault, or arch; arcuo, to 
 bend ; Gr. aox';, beginning, origin ; aoxu, to begin, 
 to be the author or chief; Fr. arc, arcbc ; Sp. arco, a 
 bow and arc/i ; Tort. id. ; It. id. ; Arm. goarec. Tlie 
 tireek word has a dilferent application, but is proba- 
 bly from the saiii-; root as arcat, from the sense of 
 springing or stretching, shooting up, rising, which 
 gives the sense ol a vault, or bow, as well as of chief 
 
 or head. Heb. J^^<, to weave ; Syr. •■s^i to desire, 
 or long for ; Ar ^ ^ aricha, ariga, to emit odor, 
 
 to dilfuse fragriuice ; and Ileb. Jiy, to desire, or long 
 
 for, to ascend •, Eth. to a.sccnd, to mount ; .\r. 
 
 id. 'i'lie I'aJir.al sense of all these roots is, to stretch, 
 strain, reae'a ; Gr. •mt u> ; L. fraip-o : and the sense 
 of f/rc/i is 'rom stretching upward, ascending. From 
 arc Ol ar \ comes the sense of bending, deviating, 
 and f'm in^.] 
 In fiii iulrxj, any part of the circumference of a 
 
 circle, or other curve, lying from one point to anoth- 
 er; a seizment ttf a circb'. Eitojc. 
 AR-CADiy, /I. [Fr., from areas; Sp. arcadn.] 
 
 A long, continued arch, or series of arches, eleva- 
 ted tui t)i('rs or coliiinns ; a walk arched above. 
 
 2. A long, arched building or gallery, lined on each 
 side Willi sliops. 1'. Cijc. 
 
 AR-Ca'I)1-AN, I a. Pertaining tn Arcadia, a nioiin- 
 AR-CA'l)ie, i tainous district in the heart of the 
 
 Peloponnesus. Trans, of I'uusauias. 
 
 AR-€A'I)I-AN, n. A native of Arcadia, in Greece. 
 AR-eA'Uie.S, n. pi. The title of a book in I'ausaiiias, 
 
 which treats of Arcadia. Trans, b. t). 
 
 AK-€aNE', a. [la. arcanas.] 
 
 Hidden; secret. \J\'iil much -used.] 
 
 Trans, of Pausno'uu. 
 XR-eS'NUM, 71. ; pi. Arcana. [L., perhai.s from ar- 
 eeo, to keep in.] 
 
 ,V secret ; generally used in the plural ; arcana, se- 
 cret things, mysteries. 
 
 In medicine, a secret reinedy. In Ihc old eheinuitnj, 
 the secret virtue of any thing. Parr. 
 AUe-BOU'TANT, (-boo't.lng,) n. [Fr. are and bout. 
 See About, .'VuexMENr.] 
 
 In buildin!^, a Ilj ing buttress, which see. Girilt. 
 ARCH, II. [See Aue.] A segment or part of a circle. 
 A concave or hollow structure of stone or brick, sup- 
 jiorled by its own curve. It may In; constructed of 
 wood, and supported by the mechanism of the work. 
 This species of structure is much used in bridges. 
 A vault is properly a broad arth. Encijc. 
 
 2. The space between two piers of a bridge, wheu 
 arched ; or any place covered with an arch. 
 ;i. Any curvature in the form of an arch. 
 4. The vault of heaven, or the sky. .Shah. 
 Triumplml arches, are maiiniticent structures erect- 
 ed to adorn a triumph, and perpetuate the nieiiiory of 
 the event. 
 
 ARCH, V. t. To cover with an arch ; to form with a 
 curve ; as, to arch a gate. 
 
 XKCH, V. i. To make an arch or arches ; as, to arch 
 bent^ath the sand. Pope. 
 
 ARCH, a. [It. arcare, to bend, to arch, to cheat or de- 
 ceive, from arco ; U. areas, a iiow ; G. artr, cuiiiiiiig, 
 arch, bad; D. ar^r, crafty, ru^ui.^h; Sw. «r^r ; Dan. 
 nrn';'-. The Teut. arg appears to be allied to arch, 
 and to be the Eng. ron-iif. This circumstance, ami 
 the Ann. goaree, [see Aue,] indicate that the radical 
 letters in arc, arch, ao\>\, are Rg. The radical sense 
 of bend is to strain.] 
 
 Cunning ; sly ; shrewd ; waggish ; mischievous 
 for sport ; mirthful; as we say in popular language, 
 roguish ; as, an areh lad. 
 
 XKCII, a. Used also in composition. [Gr. apx'ij, 
 chief; Ir. arg, noble, famous.] 
 
 Chief; of the lirst class; principal; as, an arch 
 deed. Shak. 
 
 Shakspeare uses this word as a noun ; " my worthy 
 arch and patron ; " but the use is not authorized. 
 
 ARClI-A-BO.M-li\'-A'TION, ii. Chief abomination. 
 
 Everett. 
 
 AR-eiIjt;-0L'0-6Y, 71. A discourse on antiquity ; learn- 
 ing pertaining to .antitiuity ; the science of antiquities. 
 
 AR-C1I^I>0-L0G'I€-.\L, a. Relating to archeology. 
 
 XR-€II/E-0-LOG'ie--VL,-LY, ad. In an archaiological 
 manner. 
 
 AR-CII.'E-OL'O-GIST, n. One versed in antiquity, or 
 
 ancient learning. 
 AR-CHA'ie, a. [Or. anxaiKO^.] Ancient ; obsolete. 
 AR-€11AI-0L'0-GY. [See AnrrfjEOLOov.] 
 A11CI1'.\-IS.M, 71. [Gr. axpaios, ajicient, from aoxi, 
 
 beginning.] 
 
 An ancient or obsolete word or expression. JVatls. 
 AReil-AN'GEL, 71. An angel of the highest order ; 
 an angel occupying the eighth rank in the celestial 
 hierarchy. Encye. 
 
 2. .\ name applied to different species of plants, of 
 the genus Lamium. ll'lthcrin ^r. 
 
 ARCII-AN-GEL'ie, a. Belonging to archangels. 
 ARCH-A-POS'TaTE, 71. A chief aiwstate. 
 ARCH-A-POS'TLE, n. The cl.ief apostle. Trapp. 
 ARCII-AReil'I-TKeT, n. The supreme architect. 
 
 Sijlreslrr. 
 
 ARCII-Bl";.VeON, 7u The chief beacon, place of 
 prospect, or sigiuU. 
 
 XRCII-BISII'OP, 71. A chief bishop ; a church digni- 
 tary of the first class ; a nietrojKilitan bishiip who 
 superintends the conduct of tlie sutl'ragan bishops in 
 his province, and also cxerci-ses episcopal authority 
 in his own diocese. Clarendon. 
 
 ARCII-I!ISII'OP-Rie, 71. [archbhhop and ric or nek, 
 territory or jurisdiction.] 
 The jurisdiction or place of an archbishop; the 
 
 province over which an archbisiiop exercises authority. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 XRCIl-BOTCII'ER, n. The chief botcher, or mender, 
 
 ironically. Corbet. 
 XRCII-BUILD'ER, (-bild-cr,) n. Chief builder. 
 
 JIarmar. 
 
 ARCH-BUT'LER, 71. The chief butler; an otficer of 
 the German empire, who presented the cup to the 
 emperor on solemn occasions ; also called arch-eup- 
 bearrr, or arch-akiixker (G. eri-selienkc.) This otfice 
 belonged to the king of Bohemiiu Eneye. The 
 
 (ierinan empire was dissolvi il in IHOIl ; and the stateii 
 that composed it were uniti il, in 1314-16, iiiidi r 11 
 dillerenl form of union, called the (Irnname eaiifedcr- 
 atiun. All the |>eculiar institutions and olhces of the 
 (ieniian 1 nipire are of course, now extinct. 
 
 ARCII-CIIaM'BER-LAIN, 71. [G. eT-.-kammerer.] 
 The chief chamberlain ; an ofliccr of the German 
 empire whose olficc was similar to that of the great 
 chamberlain in England. This othce belonged to the 
 ( lector of Brandeiiburgh. Encye. 
 
 XRCII-CIIAN'CEL-LUR, 71. [G. frz-kaniler.] A 
 chief chancellor ; an ollicer in the German empire, 
 who presided over the secretaries of the court. Un- 
 der the two lirst races of French kings, when Ger- 
 many and Italy belonged to them, three archchan- 
 cellors were appointed, and this gave rise to the three 
 arrhcbaiicellurs of the German empire, who were 
 the archbishops of Mentz, of Treves, anu of Cologne. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 ARCII-CIIANT'ER, n. The chief chanter, or presi- 
 dent of the chanters of a church. Henry. 
 XRCIl-CllE.M'IC, a. Of supreme chemical powers. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 XRCU-€ON'-SPIR'A-TOR, 71. A principal conspira- 
 tor. Jilaundrell. 
 
 XRt'll-eOUNT', 71. A chief count; a title fonnerly 
 given to the carl of Flanders, on account of his great 
 riches and power. Encye. 
 
 ARCll-CRIT'IC, 11. A chief critic. 
 
 ARCII-I)AP'I-FER, 71. [areh, chief, and L. dapifer, a 
 food-bearer, from daps, meat, or a feast, and fero, to 
 carry. ] 
 
 An officer in the German empire, whose ofllice 
 was, at the coronation of the emperor, to carry the 
 first dishes of meat to table on horseback, called also 
 arch-sewer. (G. erz-traclisess.) This ollice was con- 
 ferred, by the Golden Bull, on the elector Palatine, 
 but afterward assigned to the elector of Bavaria. 
 
 Encye. . 
 
 ARCII-ni;A'CO.\, (-de'kn,) n. [.See Deacon.] 
 
 In England, an ecclesia.stical dignitary, next in 
 rank bi low a bishop, who has jurisdiction either 
 over a part or over the whole of the diocese. He is 
 usually afipointed by the bishop, and has an author- 
 ity originally derived from the bishop, but now inde- 
 
 ■ pendent of him. He has a court, the most inferior 
 of ecclesiastical courts, for hearing ecclesiastical 
 causes, and the punishment of oll'emlers by spiritual 
 censures. BlackjiUme, 
 
 ARCH-DiiA'eON-RY, n. The office, jurisdiction, or 
 residence of an archdeacon. In Enirland, every di- 
 ocese is divided into .archdeaconries, of which there 
 are si.xty, and each archdeaconry into rural dean- 
 eries, and each deanery into parisiies. 
 
 Blacluttone, 
 
 XRCH-DeA'CON-SHIP, n. Tlie oflice of an arch- 
 deacon. 
 
 ARCH-UI'O-CkSE, 71. The diocese of an archbishop. 
 ARCH-DI-VINE', 71. A principal theologian. 
 ARCH-DRu'ID, 71. [See Dhuid.] A chief druid, or 
 
 pontiff of the ancient druids. 
 
 Henry, Ilisl. of Eng. Roicland^s Mona Antii^a. 
 XRClI-UO'eAL, a. [See AncHuuKE.] Pertaining to 
 
 an archduke. 
 
 ARCH-DUCII'ESS, 71. [See Dlchf-ss.] A title given 
 to the females of the house of Austria. 
 
 .KRCH-DUCH'Y, 71. The territory of an archduke or 
 archduchess. jS.Ji. 
 
 XRCH-DuKE', 71. [See Duke.] A title given to 
 princes of the house of Austria ; all the .sons being 
 archdukes, and the daughters archduchesses. Encye 
 
 XRCH-DOKE'DO.M, 11. The territory or jurisdiction 
 of an archduke or archduchess. 
 
 AReil-E'.AL, a. Pertaining to the arclieus ; as, areheal 
 ideas ; caused by the arclieus ; a^, areheal diseases. 
 [ Obs.] Cye. 
 
 ARCH'A'U, (Srclit,) pp. or a. Made with an arch or 
 curve ; covered with an arch ; in the form of an arch. 
 
 XRCH-E.\'E-.MY, 71. A principal enemy. Mdton. 
 
 ARCII'ER, 71. [Sp. archeru ; It. areicre; Fr. archer; 
 from areas, .a bow. See Arch and .-Vrc.] 
 
 A bowman ; one who uses a bow in battle ; one 
 « ho is skilled in tlie use of the bow and arrow. 
 
 XRCH'ER-ESS, 71. A female archer. Markham. 
 
 XRCH'ER-Y, II. The use of the bow and arrow ; the 
 practice, art, or skill of archers ; the act of shooting 
 with a bow and arrow. 
 
 XRCH'ES-eoURT, in England, so called from the 
 church of St. Mary le bow, (dc areubus,) whose top is 
 raised of stone pillars built archwise, where it was 
 anciently held, is a court of apjieal, in the ecclesias- 
 tical polity, tlie judge of which is called the dean qf 
 the arclies. This court had pro[K'rly jurisdiction 
 only over the thirteen |>eculiar jiarishes in London, 
 belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury ; but the I 
 otfice of dean of the arches being united with that of ' 
 the archbishop's principal official, the dean now re- 
 ceives and determines ap|ieals from the sentence of 
 all inferior courts within the province ; ,and from him 
 lies an appeal to the king in chanci'ry. This and all 
 the princi|>al spiritual courts are now held at Doc- 
 tors' Commons. Blaekstone, 
 
 XR-CHET', (ir-sha'J n. [Fr.] The bow of a violin, or 
 similar instrument of music. The Frencn term 
 
 l!_.. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, XJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 _ _ 
 
ARC 
 
 ARC 
 
 ARD 
 
 a arcltet (with bow) denotes generally musical in- 
 struments played with a bow, as the violin, viol, &c. 
 
 Porter. 
 
 SUCH 'E-TtP-AL, a. Original ; constituting a model 
 or pattern. 
 
 Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world 
 as it existed in the idea of God before the creation. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AReH'E-T?PE, n. [Gr. apx^^rvnov ; apx'l, begin- 
 ning, and 7v-uf, form.] 
 
 1. The original pattt rn or model of a work ; or the 
 model from which a thing is made ; as, a tree is the 
 arclicUjpe or jiattern of our idea of that tree. Watts. 
 
 2. Among minters, the standard weight by which 
 others are adjusted. 
 
 XReH-E'US, 71. [Gr. apx'i, beginning, or afiX'Sy ^ 
 chief ; W. erchi.] 
 
 A term used by the old chemists to denote the 
 internal efficient cause of all things; the aniina 
 munilt or plastic power of the old philosophers ; the 
 active principle of the material world ; also, the 
 power that presides over the animal economy, or the 
 l'(.s- metlieatrtx. Johnson. Encitc. Coze. 
 
 ARCU-FEL'ON, n. [See Felo.n.] A chief felon. 
 
 Mdlon. 
 
 XRCH-FIEND', n. [See Fiend.] A chief fiend or 
 
 foe. MiUon. 
 ARCII-FL.^'.MEN, n. A chief flamen or priest. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 ARCH-FL.\T'TER-ER, n. [See Flatter.] A chief 
 
 flatterer. Baron. 
 ARCH FOE' n. [See Foe. J A grand or chief enemy. 
 
 JShllon. 
 
 ARCH-FOUND'ER, n. A chief foiind. r. Mdlon. 
 ARCll-GO V'ERN-OR, n. 'I he chief governor. Brewer. 
 ARCll-HER'E-SY, n. [See Heresv.] The greatest 
 
 heresy. Butler. 
 AKCll-HER'E-Tie, n. A chief heretic. Shak. 
 ARCH-HY?'U-€RITE, ;i. A great or chief hypocrite. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 ARCHT-A-TER, 7i, [Gr. nnxo^, chief, and lUTpoj, 
 physician.] Chief physician ; a term applied, on the 
 continent of Europe, to the first or body physician 
 of princes, and to the first physician of some cities ; 
 in Russia, to the first imperial |)hysician. P. Cue. 
 
 ARCH'ie-AL, o. Chief ; primary. HaUijmcll. 
 
 AKCH-l-Dl-ACON-AL, a. [See Deacon.] 
 
 Pertaining to an archdeacon ; as, an archidiaconal 
 visitation. 
 
 XRCH-I-E-PIS'eO-PA-CY, n. The estate of an arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 AR€ll-l-E-PIS'eO-PAL, a. [.See Episcopal.] 
 
 Belonging to an archbishop; as, Canteilinry is an 
 arehirpiseopid see. Ji'eever. 
 
 AR€H-r'E-REY, n. [Gr. aoxo;, chief, and uocvs, 
 priest.] A term applied to the hiiilu r order of clergy 
 in Russia ; including the metropolitans, archbishops, 
 and hishops. R. Pinkcrlon. 
 
 ARCH'IL, n. A lichen, which grows on rocks, in the 
 Canarj- and Cape de Verd Isles, and which yields a 
 rich piiriile color, not durable, but very beautiful. It 
 is bruised between stones, and moistened with strong 
 spirit of urine mixed with quick-lime. It first takes 
 a purplish red color, and then turns to blue. In the 
 first stale, it is called archd ; and in the second, lacmus 
 or liluiasi", htonu. Kncyc. 
 
 AReU-l-Lo'Clll-AN, a. Pertaining to the Greek poet 
 Archilochus. In ancient prosody, a term denoting the 
 four metrical combinations, which he invented. 
 There are three dactylic Archilochian distichs, and 
 one iambic Archilochian distich. The third verse of 
 the Iloratian stanza is also sometimes called ..Archi- 
 lochian. 
 
 ARCII-I-Ma'GUS, n. [See Magician.] The high 
 priest of the Persian ilagi, or worshipers of fire. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 AReiM-MAND'RITE, 71. [Gr. apx"!, chief, " and 
 Itiivdiia, a fold, and in the lower empire, a monas- 
 tery. (Father Simon derives it from jnandrite, a 
 Syriac word for 7naM/c. Kncyc.) But ^ai'dptrris is a 
 regular Greek derivative from innv^pa.] 
 
 In the Greek church, a chief of a monastery, cor- 
 rcsponiling to abb(d, in the Romish church; or a 
 siiperiiiteiident of several monasteries, coirrespond- 
 inp to nuperior abbot, OT fat/ier provincial, in the 
 Roiiiir^li church. Brande. P. Cyc. 
 
 In IJie Russian Greek church, a term applied to the 
 higher order of chiefs of monasteries, corresponding 
 to the Romish abbot, in distinction from Ilegumin, 
 ((Jr. ii) ot'tici/"i, Riisrt. itrumen,) a chief of a smaller 
 rnonasU.Ty, corresponding to the Romish prior. 
 
 li. Pinkrrton. 
 
 AR-CHI.M-K Dk'AN, a. Pertaining to Archimedes, a 
 celebraKrd («reek [ihilosopher. 
 
 Jirclumedran tfcrew ; a liiochine for raising water. 
 Invented by Archimedes, and consisting of a tube 
 riilb'd in a spiral form round a cylinder. 
 
 AKGII'l.\(;,7(//r. Forming an arch ; covering with an 
 
 AKCII'I.NG, «. (.'iirving like an arch. [arch. 
 
 ARt;il l-PEI/A (JO, n. [AiithorH are not agreeif as to 
 the origin of this word. Some Huppose it to be com- 
 (HMinded of 'io^^f, chief, and n-£ >a> , sea ; others, 
 of /\( vfiirjc, and iTe>a} fjc, the Kgeuii l^ea. See Gib- 
 bon, Milford,and Ed. Kncyc] 
 
 Properly, the sea which separates Greece from 
 Asia Minor, otherwise called the Eacan Sea, and con- 
 taining the Grecian isles, called Cyrlades and Spor- 
 ades, but in a general sense, a sea interspersed with 
 many isles, or a group of isles. 
 AReH'I-TE€T, ;!. [Gr. aoxoi, chief, and tcktuv, a 
 workman. See Techmcal.] 
 
 1. A person skilled in the art of building ; one who 
 understands architecture, or makes it his occupation 
 to form plans and designs of buildings, and superin- 
 tend the artificers employed. 
 
 2. A contriver ; a former or maker. Ray. 
 XRCH-l-TEeT'IVE, a. Used in building ; proper for 
 
 building. JJcrhain. 
 ARCH-I-TEeT-ON'Te, a. 
 
 1. Pertaining to architecture Elmes. 
 
 2. That has power or skill to build. Smellie, ch. 13. 
 AReiI-I-TEeT-OA"ieS, n. The science of archi- 
 tecture. .Ssk. 
 
 AReH-I-TE€T'RESS, n. A female architect fVotton. 
 
 ARCH-I-TEeT'UR-AL, a. Pertaining to the art of 
 building ; that is according to the rules of architect- 
 ure. Mason. 
 
 AIieH'I-TEGT-URE, n. [L. architectura.] 
 
 1. The art or science of building ; hut in a more 
 limited and approjiriate sense, the art of constructing 
 houses, bridges, and other buildings, for the purpose 
 of civil life ; often called civil architecture. 
 
 2. Frame or structure ; workmanship. 
 
 Tlie e:irth is a piece of divine arcliilcdure, Burnet. 
 
 Military architecture is the art of fortification. 
 .A'ar.al architecture is the art of building ships. 
 
 aRCH'I-TRAVE, n. [Gr. opx"!, chief, and It. trave, 
 from L. trabs, a beam.] 
 
 In architecture, the lower division of an entabla- 
 ture, or that part which rests immediately on the 
 column. It probably represents the beam which, in 
 ancient buildings, extended from column to column, 
 to support the roof. Cyc. 
 
 In chimneys, the architrave is called the mantel- 
 piece i and over doors and windows, the hyperthe- 
 rinn. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 ARCH'l-VAL, a. [See Archives.] Pertaining to 
 archives or records ; contained in records. Touhe. 
 
 AR'€HIVES, 7). p;. [Gr. aijxcion ; Low L. archivum; 
 Fr. archives ; It. archioio.'] 
 
 The place in which records are kept ; also, the 
 records and papers which are preserved, as evidence 
 of facts. ' 
 
 AU'CHI-VIST, n. [Fr. and It.] The keeper of arch- 
 ives or records. Encyc. 
 
 AR€H'i-VOLT, 71. [arch, chief, and It. volta.] 
 
 In architecture, the inner contour of an arch, or a 
 band adorned with moldings, running over the faces 
 of the arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. It 
 has only a single face in the Tuscan order; two 
 faces crowned in the Doric and Ionic, and the same 
 moldings as the architrave, in the Corinthian and 
 Composite. Encyc. 
 
 ARCH'LIKE, o. Built like an arch. Younir. 
 
 ARCH'LUTE, ) rr, ., , , 
 
 ARCH'I-LCTE, [!'• •] 
 
 A large lute, a theorbo, the base-strings of which 
 are doubled with an octave, and the higher strings 
 with a unison. Busby. 
 
 URClVhY, adv. Shrewdly; slvlv ; wittily; jestingly. 
 
 ARCH-MA-GI"CIAN, (-ma-jisVan,) n.' The chief 
 magician. Speiiser. 
 
 ARCH-.MAR'SHAL, n. [G. erz^narschall.] The 
 grand marshal of the German empire ; a dignity that 
 beliuiged to the elector of Saxony. 
 
 ARCH-iMOCK', 71. Chief mockery : the fiend's arch- 
 viock. Shak. 
 
 ARC11'NES,S, 71. Cunning; shrewdness; sly humor, 
 waggisliness. 
 
 ARCIl'ON, 71. [Gr. ap\oii', a prince.] 
 
 The archons in Athens were cliief magistrates, 
 chosen, after the death of Codrus, from the most 
 illustrious families, to superintend civil and religious 
 concerns. They were nine in number: the first was 
 properly the archon ; the second was called king : the 
 linvi\, pidemarch, or general of the forces. The other 
 six were called Ihesmotlieta, or legislators, not because 
 they enacted laws, but declared and explained them. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 ARCH'ON-eiirP, ti. The office of an archon, or the 
 term of his office. Mdfnrd. 
 
 ARCll-ON'TICS, 71. In church hi.itory, a bninch of 
 the Valentinians, who held that the world was not 
 creat(!d by God, but liv angids called archontes. 
 
 ARCll-PAS'TDlt, ;i. 'i he chief pa.stor ; the shepherd 
 aiirl bishop of oiir souls. Barrow. 
 
 AllCII-Plll-LOS'O-PllER, 71. A chief philosopher. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 ARCH PIL'LAR, 71. The main pillar. Harmar. 
 
 A R<;il-Po'ET, 71. The jiriiicipal poet. 
 
 ARCII-P<)I^1-TI"CIA.\, 71. J.<i e Pol icy.] An emi- 
 nent or distingiiislieil poltliciaii. Bacon. 
 
 ARCII-I'ON'TIFF, 71. [See Puntiif.J A supreme 
 poiitilfor priest. Burke. 
 
 AltCIl lMU;i,'ATE,n. [Sec Prelate.] A chief prelate. 
 
 ARCH PKES'l)y-TER,7i. [See Puksiivtjcb.] A chief 
 presbyter or priest. Rncyc. 
 
 ARCH-PRES'BY-TER-Y, ?i. The absolute dominion 
 
 of preshyt^;r\', or the chief presbyterv. .Mdlon. 
 ARCII-PRIKST', 71. [See Priest".] A chief priest. 
 
 Jr.nciic. 
 
 ARCH-PRI'MATE, 71. The chief primate ; an arch 
 
 bishop, over other archbishojis. Mdlon. 
 ARCH-PROPH'ET, ( prof'et,) 71. A chief prophet. 
 
 fVarton. 
 
 ARCII-PROT'EST-ANT, 71. A principal or distin- 
 guished Protestant. 
 ARCU-PUB'HC-AN, 71. The distinguished publican. 
 
 mil. 
 
 ARCII-RER'EL, 71. The chtef rebel. Mdlon. 
 ARCH'SToNE, 71. The stone that binds an arch ; 
 
 the kev-stone. 
 ARCH-TRaIT'OR, 71. A principal traitor. 
 ARCH-TREAS'UR-ER, 71. [G. erz-schalimeistcr.] 
 
 The great treasurer of the German empire ; a dig- 
 nity assigned to the elector Palatine by the treaty of 
 Westphalia, but claimed by the elector of Hanover. 
 
 GiifAi-ic. 
 
 ARCH-TREAS'lJR-ER-SHIP, n. The office of arch- 
 treasurer. Collins' Peerntre. 
 ARCH-TY'RANT, 71. A principal or great tyrant. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 ARCH-VIL'LAIN, 71. [See Villain.] A chief or 
 great villain. Shak. 
 
 ARCH-VIL'LAIN-Y, 71. Great villainy. 
 
 ARCH'WaY', 71. A way or passage under an arch. 
 
 ARCH'WaY-£D, a. Having a way by an arch. 
 
 ARCH-WIFE', n. A woman in the higher ranks -of 
 society. 
 
 ARCU'VVTSE, adv. [arch and wise. See Wise.] In 
 
 the form of an arch. 
 XRCO-GRAPH, 71. An instniment for drawing a 
 
 circular arc without a central point. llebcrt. 
 ARC-Ta'TION, / r-, , , , , 1 
 
 ar€'ti-tui)e| i [L- 
 
 Preternatural straitness ; constipation from inflam- 
 mation or spasm. Coze. 
 ARCTIC, a. [Gr. no/trof, a bear, and a northern con- 
 stellation so called ; W. arth • It. art, a hear.] 
 
 Northern ; pertaining to the northern constellation 
 called the Bear; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, or 
 sea. 
 
 The arctic circle is a lesser circle parallel to the 
 equator, 23° 28' from th^ north pole- This, and the 
 antarctic circle, are called polar circles, and with- 
 in these lie the frigid zones. 
 ARC-TO-E-GYP'TIAN, [Gr. aoxr-.? and Eg>iptian.] 
 
 1. 71. A northern Eg>'ptian, apparently of pure 
 Caucasian origin. Morton. 
 
 2. a. Relating to the northern Egj ptians. 
 AR€-Tu'RUS, 71. [Gr. aoKr„s, a bear, and < voa, tail.] 
 
 A fixed star of the first magnitude, in the constel- 
 lation of Bootes. Encyc. 
 
 ARCQ-ATE, a. [h. arcuatus. See Arc] 
 Bent or curved in the form of a bow. 
 
 Marlyn. Bacon. B^y. 
 
 ARC'TJ-A-TILE, a. Bent. [Ubsl] 
 
 ARC-ll-A'TION, 71. The act of bending ; incurva- 
 tion ; the stale of being bent ; curvity ; crookedness ; 
 great convexity of the thorax. Coze. 
 
 2. A method of raising trees by layers ; that is, by 
 bending branches to the ground, covering the sniail 
 shoots with earth, three inches deep upon the joints, 
 and making a basin of earth around them to hold 
 the water. When these have taken root, they are 
 removed into a nursery. Chambers. Kncyc. 
 
 AR'CU-BAL-IST, 71. [L. areas, a bow, and batu-^ta, 
 an engine for throwing stones.] 
 
 A cross-bow. Warton, 
 
 All €U-BAL'!S-TER, 71. A cross-bowman ; one who 
 used the arcubalist. Camden. 
 
 ARI), the termination of many English words, is the 
 Ger. art, species, kind ; Sw. and IJan. art, mode, na- 
 ture, genius, form ; Ger. arlen, to take afti r, resem- 
 ble ; Sw. arta, to form or fashion ; Ger. arlig, of the 
 nature of, also comely ; Dan. and Sw. arlig, hemiti- 
 fiil ; D. aardcn, to take after, resemble ; aardig, gi ii- 
 ti il, pretty, ingenious. We observe it in Gnddnrd, 
 a divine temper ; Giffard, a disposition to give, libi r- 
 ality ; Bernard, filial aflecliou ; sinndnrd, drunkard, 
 dotard, A:c. 
 
 AR D.XS'SI.VEi!, 11. A very fine sort of Persian silk ; 
 the finest used in the looms of Fiance. 
 
 AR'DEB, 71. A Turkish measure, a little more than 
 eight bushels. 
 
 aR'I)E.\-CY, 11. [L. ardens, from ardco, to burn.] 
 
 Warmlli of passion or allection ; ardor ; eager- 
 ness ; as, the ardency of love or zeal. 
 
 AR'Dr.N'T, a. Hot; burning; that causes a sensation 
 of burning; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled 
 spirits ; an ardent fever. 
 
 2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; 
 fierce ; as, ardent eyes. 
 
 3. Warm, applied to Ihe passions and alTectiims ; 
 passionate ; allectionate ; much engaged ; zealous ; 
 as, ardent love or vows ; ardent zeal. 
 
 AR'1)!;NT-1,V, adv. With warmth ; afl'ectioiiately ; 
 
 passiimatelv. 
 AK'DE.N'T-K'ESS, 71. Ardency. 
 
 AR'DERS, n.p/. Fallowings or plowiiigs of ground 
 
 Grose. 
 
 FATE, FAB, FALL, WHJST METE, PUBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 (id = 
 
ARE 
 
 XR'DOK, H. fL.] Ilwit, ill a literal sense; as, the 
 ar'lor iff llie siiii's ra>3. 
 
 •i. Wariiitli, iir heat, apiilicd to the passions and 
 aHeitiiiiis ; easerness ; as, he pursues study with 
 (4/ i/or ; they fought with ari/or. 
 
 Milton uses the word for person or spirit, briglit 
 and ( tfulEent, but hy an unusual license. 
 XU'DU-OUS, (.ird'yu-ous,) a. [I: arttuus ; Ir. ard, 
 Uifih ; \\. hardli; It. ttinUt, hisli, higlit.] 
 
 1. High, lofty, in a literal sense ; as, (iri/uoaj! paths. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Diinriilt ; attended with Rrcat labor, like the 
 asreiidiiiR of acclivities; as, an ardmius cinploy- 
 nii nl, t.isk, or enterprise. 
 
 .\lM)U-OUtf-LY, ade. In an arduous manner; with 
 
 laboriousness. 
 XK'l)U-OUS NESS, (drd'yu-iis-,) n. Iliglit ; difficulty 
 
 of execution. 
 
 .\KK, (ir ;) the plural of the substantive verb ; but a 
 liitlerent word from be, am, or was. It is from tlie 
 nw. oara, I)an. viere, to be, to exist; » or w being 
 lost. We are ,■ ye or you arc ; tliey arc ; past tense 
 plural, were. 
 
 aKK, n. [L. area.] 
 
 Ill France, a measure, the new square perch, con- 
 Liiiiin^ a hundn^d square meters, a liltie less tlian 
 two square perclies of 2d feet, in the ancient ineas- 
 iiro. Lanier. 
 
 A'RK, ) n. The lowest m.te, except one, in 
 
 i L,1-.UPRE^] Guido's scale of music. [Stt Ala- 
 mike.] Slial!. 
 
 A'KK-A, n. [L. I suspect this to be contracted from 
 Ch. NJ''-il<, ariira, an area or bed ; Heb. nr-ilf ; from 
 a root wliicli signilies to reach, stretch, lay, or 
 spread.] 
 
 1. Any plain surface, as the floor of a room, of a 
 church or other building, or of the ground. 
 
 2. Tlie inclosed space or site on which a building 
 stands ; a sunken space around the basement of a 
 I'UilUing. Owilt. 
 
 3. In rrrometry, the superficial contents of any 
 figure ; tlic surface included within any given lines; 
 as, the area of a square or a triangle. 
 
 4. Among physiciaHs, baldness ; a bald space pro- 
 duced by alopecy ; also, a name of the disease. 
 
 Core. Parr. 
 
 r>. In mining, a compass of ore allotted to diggers. 
 A-Rf?.Al)', ) , ,1 'Coxe.] 
 
 VRPKl)' 1 " ■ J'^^' '"''dan.] •■ ■' 
 
 To counsel ; to advise. [Oi.*.] Spenser. 
 
 .\'RE-.\\,, a. I'ortiiiuilig to an area; as, arcni inter 
 stices, (the areas or spaces iuclosed by tlie reticulate 
 vessels of leaves.) Barli)n. 
 
 .■\-Rr;'t;A, «. A kind of palm-tree, one of whose 
 species produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is 
 so extensively chewed in India, with tlie leaf of 
 pepper betel and lime. • Partin^tun. 
 
 A-KKEK', ailv. In a reeking condition. [See Keek.] 
 
 Swift. 
 
 AR-E-FAe'TtO.\, n. [h. arcfacio, to dry-, from area.] 
 The act of drying ; the state of growing dry. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 AR'E-FY, p. t To dr)- or make dry. Bucoiu 
 A-RiC'NA, H. [L. arena, sand.] 
 
 1. In /i>>mana«(///«i(i/, the area in the central part of 
 an amphitheater, in winch the gladiators fought and 
 other shows were exhibited; so called bi-cause it 
 was covered with .sand. Mam's Rom. Ant. 
 
 2. Fi^ratirrhj, any place of public contest or ex- 
 ertion ; as, the arena of debate, the arena of life. 
 
 y. Among physicians, sand or gravel in the kidneys. 
 4. The middle of a temple or inclosed place. 
 AR-E-.N'A'CEOt't', a. [from arena, sand.] Sandy; 
 having the proiierties of sand. Woodward. 
 
 2. Easily disintegrating into sand ; friable ; as, 
 arrnncenuji limestone. Kirwan. 
 AK-E-i\.\'RI-OUS, a. [from nrcna, sand.] Sandy. 
 Jirrnarious soil ; soil in which sand is the prevail- 
 ing ingredient. Brande, 
 .\R-E-.\a'TIO.\, n. \mnnvi. physicians, a sand bath ; 
 a sprinkling of hot sand upon a disea:ied person. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 A-REX'DAL-ITE, ji. In mineralogy, another name 
 of epiilote, or pismcite ; epulote being the name 
 given to it by Haiiy, and pistacUe by VVcnier. [See 
 Epiddte.] 
 
 AU-E.\-I).\'TOR, 17. [Buss, arenda, a fann. ftu. Sp. 
 arrendar, to rent.] 
 
 In Lironia, and other protinces of Riuaia, a 
 fanner of the farms or rents ; one who contracts 
 with the crown for the rents of the farms. He who 
 rents an estate belonging to the crown, is rallid 
 cron>n.arendntor. .^rende is a ti^rm used bofli for 
 the esUte let to farm, and ihe sum for which it is 
 rented. Tooke's Russ. ii. 283. 
 
 A-RE.\-I-LlT'ie, 0. [arena, sand, and AiW-s, a 
 stone.] 
 
 Pertaining to s.andstone ; consisting of s.andstone ; 
 as, arenililic mountains. Kirwan. 
 AR-E-.\OSE', a. Sandy ; full of sand. Johnson. 
 A REN'U-LOUS, a. Full of small sand. 
 A Rk'O-L.AR, a. Pertaining to an areola. 
 
 iMwrence. 
 
 A-RE'0-L.\TE, 0. Divided into small spaces or areo- 
 
 ARG 
 
 lutions, as lliif wiiisis of insi cis, tin: leaves of plants, 
 or the r('eept:ii-le of compound (lowi-r.--. Brande. 
 
 A-I<E-<J-LA''ri<).\, II. .Any small space, bounded by 
 some part dillenng in color or struelure, as the .spaces 
 botindt'd by llie nervuies of tlie wings of insects, or 
 those hv the veins of leaves. Brande. 
 
 AR'E-Or.K, j a. [I..] The colored circle round the 
 
 .\.-Rlc'0-l.A, i nip|ili', or round a pustule. Knr. Coir. 
 In anatomy, an interstice in tlie capillary network 
 of the tissues. Cue. .Mrd. 
 
 AR-E-OiM'E-TEU, w. [Gr. af/,ii(,{, rare, ihin, and 
 ptTfic'-^, to measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the siiecific gravity 
 of liijiiids. Fourcroy. 
 
 AR-F^U-i>lET'RIC-AL, a. Pertaining to an areom- 
 eter. 
 
 AU-E-O.M'E-TRY, n. The measuring or act of meas- 
 uring the specific gravity of tliiids. 
 
 AR-E-t)P'A-GlTE, n. A member of the Areopagu-s, 
 which see. Acts xvii. 'M. 
 
 AK-E-OP-A (5IT'ie, a. Pertaining to the Areopagus. 
 
 Milford. 
 
 AR-E-OP'A-GUS, n. [Gr. Apuf, Mars, and hill.) 
 A sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for the 
 justice and impartiality of its deci. ions. It was ori- 
 ginally held on a hill in the city of the .same name ; 
 but afterward removed to the Royal Portico, an open 
 square, where the judges sat in the open air, in- 
 closed by a cord. Their sessions were in the night, 
 that they might not be diverted by objects of sight, 
 or intliieiiced by the presence and action of the 
 speakers. My a law of Solon, no person could be a 
 member of this tribunal, until he had bet'u archon, or 
 chief magistrate. 'I'his court took cognizance of 
 high crimes, impiety, and immorality, and watched 
 over the laws and the public treasury. 
 
 Lenrvrirre. Kncve. Pan.--anias. Acts xvii. 19. 
 
 A'RE-O-Sl'YLE, ». [Gr. <i.o,ii.>s, wide, and arvXjs, a 
 column.] A term denoting an arrangement of col- 
 umns, with wide iiilercoluniiiiations, of from four to 
 five diainelers, suited only to the Tuscan order. 
 
 P. Cyc. Brande. 
 
 A-RE-O-SYS'TVLE, 71. [Gr. npaiof, w"idc, <tv, , with, 
 and oTvX<j{, column.] A term denoting a modern 
 manner of arranging inteicolumniations, which con- 
 sists in placing colunins in pairs, thus presenting al- 
 ternately very wide and very narrow intercolumnia- 
 tions. Elmes. P. Cyc, 
 
 A-RE-OT'ie, a. [Gr. npaio;, tllin.] 
 
 Attenuating; making thin, lus liipiids ;' rarefying. 
 
 .'V-OE-dT'IC, n. A medicine which attenuates the 
 humors, dissolves viscidity, opens the pores, and 
 increases pi-rspiration ; an attenuant. Coze. 
 
 AR-E-TOL'O-GY, JI. [Gr. aiierq, virtue, and Auyoj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 That part of moral philosophy which treats of 
 virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 XR'GAIj, n. Unrefined or cnidc tartar,' a substance 
 adhering to the sides of wine casks. Johnson. Coze. 
 
 XR'G.Vi\D-LA.MP, n. [from the name of the in- 
 ventor.] 
 
 An improved lamp, invented by Argand, in 1780, 
 in which, by means of a hollow wick and a glass 
 chimney, a stnuig and clear light is produced by 
 placing tile tlanie between two currents of air. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 X R-G P.'.VN, a. Pertaining to Argo or the Ark. Faber. 
 XR'GE.N'T, n. [L. argentum ; Gr. (i/)^ti/JO<, silver, from 
 
 apyof, white ; Ir. arg, white ; airgiod, silver, money ; 
 
 Fr. argent, silver, money ; Sans, rajalam, Qii.] 
 
 1. The white color in coats of arms, intended to 
 represent silver, or figuratively, purity, innocence, 
 beauty, or gentleness. Encijc. 
 
 2. a. Silvery ; of a pale white, like silver. 
 
 Johnson, Encyc. 
 
 3. a. Bright like silver. 
 
 Aik of yonder ardent fields alKire. Popt. 
 
 XR-6E.N'T'AL, a. Pertaining to silver ; consisting of 
 silver ; containing silver ; combined with sdver. 
 .^rgental mercury, the native amalgam of silver. 
 
 Cleaceland. 
 
 XR'6ENT-A\, n. An alloy of nickel with copper and 
 
 zinc ; German silver. 
 XR-GENT-A'TION, n. An overlaying with silver. 
 
 Johtu-ioiu 
 
 XR'GEXT-IIORN-En, a. Silver-horned. 
 
 XK (5E.\T-IF'ER-0US, a. fL. argciUam, silver, and 
 
 f-ro, to produce.] 
 
 Producing silver ; as, argentiferous ore. Kirwan. 
 XR-OEN-TI'.VA, 71, In ichthyology, n genus of fishes 
 
 of the order Abdoraiuales ; so called from their 
 
 silvery scales. Encyc. 
 XR'CE.\T-I.VE, a. Like silver; pertaining to silver, 
 
 or sounding like [t. Johnson, 
 In zoology, silver-colored ; silvery ; applied to the 
 
 scales of fishes. 
 XR'OENT-INE, n 
 
 1. In minrra/affT/, a silicioiis variety of carbonate of 
 lime, having a silver>-white, pearly luster, and a 
 waving or curved lamellar structure. 
 
 2. A name common to the species of the genus 
 Argentina, — which see. 
 
 ARG 
 
 XK'OE.\T-Ii\E RE-PUlt'Ll€, /.. A name given to 
 
 Ihe slates of Uueiios Ayres, a South American 
 
 confederation. 
 XR'OilL, n. The gigantic crane; a species of the 
 
 genius vVrdea. Cyc 
 XR'CIL, n, [L, erf iUa, white clay, from Gr. a^>o(, 
 
 while.] 
 
 In a general sense, clay, or potter's earth ; but in 
 a technical saise, pure clay, or alumina. Fourcroy. 
 XR-GlI^LA'CEOUS, a. [L. argitlaceu.i.] 
 
 Partaking of the nature of clay; clayey ; consist- 
 ing of argil. Kirwan. 
 XR-GlL-I.lK'ER-OUS, a. [L. ar^ia, clay, and /i.™, 
 to produce.] 
 
 Prodiiring clay ; applied to such eartlis as abound 
 with ari;il. Kirwan. 
 
 XU'tilL-UTE, n. .Argillaceous schist or slate ; clay- 
 slate. Its usual color is bluish or blackish gray, 
 more rarelv greenish gray. Kirwan, 
 
 AK-GII^Llt'ie, a. Pertaining to argillite. 
 
 XR-GII/LO-AR-E-NA'CEOUS, a. Consisting of clay 
 and sand, as a soil. 
 
 AR GlL'LO-e'AL-€A'RE-OUS, a. Consisting of clay 
 and calcareous earth. 
 
 AR GIL'LO-eAL'CITE, 71. [of arg-i7/a, clay, and 
 claz, calcareous earth.] 
 
 A species of calcareous earth, or limestone, with 
 a large proportion of clay. Kirwan. 
 
 AR-GIL'LO-.MO'RITE, 71. [of argilla, clay, and 
 muria, brine or salt water; magnesia being obtained 
 from se.i-salt.] 
 
 A sjH cies of earth consisting of magnesia, mixed 
 with silex, alumine, and lime ; a variety of mag 
 nesite. Ktnran. Cteaeeland. 
 
 AR-GIL'LOUS, a. Consisting of clay ; clayi'y ; par- 
 taking of cKiy ; belonging to clay. Brown, 
 
 XK'GIVE, a. Designating what belongs to Argos, 
 the capital of Argolis in Greece, n hose inhabitants 
 were called jlrgivi. This name, however, is used by- 
 the poets for the Greeks in general. Paus. Traiui. 
 
 AR'GO, 71. The name of the ship which carried 
 Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in 
 quest of the golden fleece. 
 
 XK-<;o'.\.\, n. Pertaiiiiug to the ship Argo. Faber. 
 
 XR'GOL. See Aroal. 
 
 XR-GOL'ie, a. Belonging to Argolis, a territory or 
 district of Peloponnesus, between Arcadia and the 
 Egean Sea ; as, the .^rgolic (Jiilf. D'jlurillc. 
 
 XR-GOL'IfS, 71. The title of a chapter in Pausa- 
 niius, which treats of Argolis. Trans, b. ii. 15. 
 
 XR'GO-iN'AUT, 71. [of Afi; 01, Jason's ship, and kuu- 
 7-i(f, a sailor.] 
 
 One of the persons who sailed to Colchis with 
 Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. 
 
 Cicero. Pliny. Sir IV. Jones. 
 
 XR-GO-NAUT'A, 71. [.See Abookaut.] 
 
 A geniis of shells, of the cl.i.ss Cephalopoda. The 
 shell consists of one spiral involuted valve. The 
 Argo, with a subdeiitated carina, is the famous nauti- 
 lus, which, when it sails, extends two of its arms, 
 spreading a membrane, wliich serves for a sail, and 
 six other arms are thrown out, for rowing or steer- 
 ing. Encyc. Cucier. 
 
 XR-GO-NAUT'ie, a. Pertaining to the Argonauts, 
 or to tlieir voyage to Colchis ; as, the .^rgonautic 
 story. Sir W. Jones. 
 
 XR-G<J-\AUT'ies, 71. A poem on the subject of 
 Jason's voyage, or the expedition of the Argonauts ; 
 as, the .^ri'onautics of Orpheus, of V. Flaccus, and 
 of Apollonins Rliodius. Encyc. 
 
 AR'OO A'J}'f^IS, the ship Argo, is a constellation in 
 the southern hemisphere, whose stars, in the Britan- 
 nic catjilogue, are sixty-four. Encyc 
 
 XR'G()-SY, 71. [Sp. Jirgos, Jason's ship.] A large 
 merchantman ; a carac. Shak. 
 
 XR'GOE, B. u [L. arguo, to show, argue, accuse, or 
 convict ; Fr. argucr ; Sp. argnir : It. arguire. The 
 radical sense of argue is to urge, drive, press, or 
 struggle.] 
 
 1. To reason ; to invent and oflcr reasons to sup- 
 port or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or mea.surc ; 
 as, A argues in favor of a measure ; B argues 
 against iL 
 
 2. To dispute ; to reason with ; followed by witA ; 
 as, you may ar^u< leiUi your friend a week, without 
 convincing him. 
 
 XR'GOE, V. u To debate or discuss; to treat by 
 reasiming ; as, the counsel argued the cause before < 
 llie Supreme Court ; the cause was well argued. 
 
 2. To prove <>r evince ; to manifest by inference 
 or deduction, or to show reasons for ; as, the order 
 visible in the universe argues a divine cause. [ 
 
 3. To persuade by reasons ; as, to argue a man into | 
 a difltTent opinion. 
 
 4. Foniierly, to accuse or charge with ; a Kntin 1 
 sense, now obsolete ; as, to arg-uc one of profane- 
 nes.s. Dryden. 
 
 XR'G0-/:D, pp. Deb.ited ; discussed; evinced; per- ; 
 
 stiaded ; accused. 
 .1R'GU-ER, 71. One who argues ; a rcasoner ; a dis- 
 
 piiler : a controvertist. 
 XR'GU-ING, ppr. Inventing and ofTering reasons; 
 
 disputing ; discussing ; evincing ; persuading ; ac- j 
 
 cusiiig. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; «S as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 67 
 
ARl 
 
 ARl 
 
 ARai 
 
 \R'<;U-IN(i, ji. Reasoning; arRumeiitution. 
 
 U hal doth your arguing reprove f — Jub vi. 
 
 1 ll'GU-MENT, 71. [L. argumciittm.] 
 
 1 A reason offered for or against a proposition, 
 opinion, or measure ; a reason offered in proof, to 
 induce belief, or convince the mind ; followed by 
 for or arraitLst. 
 
 2. In logic, an inference drawn from premises 
 whicli are indisputable, or at least of probable truth. 
 
 Encijc. 
 
 3. The subject of a discourse or writing. Shak. 
 
 4. An abstract or summary of a book, or the 
 heads of the subjects. 
 
 5. A debate or discussion ; a series of reasoning ; 
 as, an ara-ument was had before the court, in wliich 
 argument M the reasons wei'e urged. 
 
 t). In astronamtj, the quantity on which another 
 quantity in a tai)le depends; as, the altitude is the 
 argument of the refraction. Brnndc. 
 AU-GU-MENT'A-CLE, a. That admits of argument. 
 
 AR-GU MENT'AL, n. Belonging to argument ; con- 
 sisting in argument. Pope. 
 
 XR-GU-.ME.\T-A'TION, n. Reasoning; the act of 
 reasoning ; the act of inventing or forming reasons, 
 making inductions, drawing conclusions, and apply- 
 ing them to the case in discussion. Tlie opf-ratiim 
 of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as 
 true, from fects or principles known, admitted, or 
 proved to be true. Emijc. IVntls. 
 
 AR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE, a. Consisting of argument ; 
 containing a process of reasoning; as, an arrrumeiU- 
 ative discourse. 
 
 2. Showing reasons for; as, the adaptation of 
 things to their uses is argumentative of inlinite v.'is- 
 dom in the Creator. 
 
 3. Addicted to argument ; as, an argumentative 
 writer. 
 
 ;iR-GU-.MENT'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In an argumenta- 
 tive manner. Taylor. 
 
 .aR-OU-MEJ^'rUM AD HOJiVI-KKM, [L.] An 
 argument drawn from the i)rincii)les or conduct of 
 an antagonist. 
 
 AR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE-NESS, n. State of being ar- 
 gumentative. 
 
 AR'GUS, 71. A fabulous being of antiquity, said to 
 have had a hundred eyes, who was placed by Juno 
 to guard lo. The origin of this story may perhaps 
 be found in the Teutonic word arg, crafty, cunning, 
 of which the hundred eyes are symbolical. 
 
 AR'GU.S-SHELL, 7i. A species of porcelain-shell, 
 beautifully variegated with spots, resembling, in 
 some measure, those in a peacock's tail. Enctjc. 
 
 AR-GuTE', a. [L. argatus.] Sharp ; shrill ; subtile ; 
 vvittv. [Litt'c used.] 
 
 AR-GOTE'NESS, 7i. Acuteness; wittiness. [Little 
 u.scd.] Dnjden. 
 
 A'RI-A,7i. [It.] Air; tune. 
 
 a'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Arius, a presbyt(^r of the 
 church of Alexandria, in the fourth century ; or to 
 his doctrines. 
 
 A'RI-AN, V. One who adheres to the doctrines of 
 Arius, who held Christ to be a created being, infe- 
 rior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though 
 the first and noblest of all created beings ; and also 
 that the Holy Spirit is not God, but created by the 
 power of the Son. Encyc. 
 
 A'RI-AN-ISM, 71. The doctrines of the Arians. 
 
 A'RI-A.VIZE, V. i. To admit the tenets of the Arians. 
 
 Wurthingttm. 
 
 A-RIC'I-NA, 77. A vegetable alkaloid obtained from 
 the bark of a species of Cinchona. It was first 
 brought from Arica, in Peru ; whence its name. 
 
 AR'II), a. [I,, aridns, dry, from arco, to be dry.] 
 
 Dry ; exnausted of moisture; parched with heat ; 
 as, an arid waste. ' Tlnmison. 
 
 AR'II)-AS, 71. A kind of taffeta, from the East 
 Indies, made of thread from certain plants. Encyc. 
 
 A-RID'I-TY, (71. Dryness; a state of being with- 
 
 AR'ID-.\ESS, ( out moisture. Arlmtlinot. 
 2. A dry state of the body ; emaciation ; the with- 
 erine of a limb ; inarasnnis. Coze. Parr. 
 
 A'RI-r;S,n. [L., from the Celtic. Ir. reilJic, or rcceitli ; 
 Corn, urz, a ram ; VV. /iwrz, a thrust, a ram.] 
 
 'i'he Ram ; a constellation of the zodiac, dr.awn on 
 the globe, in the figure of a ram. Also the first of 
 the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters 
 about the 2lHt of March. It originally coincided 
 with the constellation ; but from its recession, owing 
 to the precession of the e(piino.\es, it now begins in 
 the constellation of Pisces. 
 2. The battering ram. 
 
 AR'I-E-TATE, r. i. [I,, ancto, from arifts.] To butt, 
 na a ram. (A'u( uncd.] Juhn.won. 
 
 AR-I-E TA'TION, 71. I'he act of butting, as a ram. 
 'J'he act of battering with the aries or battering 
 ram. Ilncim. 
 
 2. The act of striking or conflicting. [Hnrcly 
 lurd.] Oltiniullc. 
 
 AR-I-ET'TA, n. [It.] A short 8ong; an air, or 
 little nir. 
 
 A-RI(JHT', <M/r. [a and ri>A/. Hax./^eri<;/i«.] Rightly; 
 In a right form ; without mistnke or crime. 
 
 AR'IIi, ill. The exterior coat or covering of a 
 
 A-KlLi'LUS, ( seed, fixed to it at the base only, in- 
 vesting it wholly or partially, and falling oft" spon- 
 taneously; by. some former writers called, from the 
 Greek, cahjptra. It is either succulent or cartilagi- 
 nous ; colored, elastic, rough, or knotted. 
 
 Linntctis. Milne. Jilartyn. Smith. 
 An expansion of the funiculus, or placenta, about 
 .1 seed, into a fleshy body, as the mace of a nutmeg. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 AR'IL-La-TED, I a. Having an exterior covering or 
 AIl'IL-LiJD, ) aril, as coffee. Encyc. Eaton. 
 AR'I-MAN, ^ 
 
 AR'I-MA, > 71. [Per. aAriinoH ; Sans, ari, a foe.] 
 AH'RI-MAN,) 
 
 The evil genius or demon of tlie Persians ; opposed 
 to yczofl, yczduii, (rrmozd^m /ier/iii:(/a, the good tienmn. 
 The ancient magi held, that there are two deities or 
 principles ; one the author of all good, eternally 
 absorbed in light; the other, the author of all evil, 
 forever buried in darkness ; or the one represented 
 by light, the other by darkness. The latter answers 
 to tlieZo/.e of the Scandinavians, whose Celtic name, 
 siinifies darkne.'is. Originally, the Persians held 
 these demons or princijiles to be equal, and from all 
 eternity ; but the moderns maintain that the evil prin- 
 ciple is an inferior being. So the devil is called the 
 prince of darkness. Encyc. Qibbon. As. Researches. 
 AR-I-O-La'TION, i 71. [L. aritihts or hariolus, a 
 HAR-I-O-LA'TION, ( soothsayer.] 
 
 A_soothsaying ; a foretelling. Brmnn. 
 AR'I-oSE, a. Characterized by melody, as distin- 
 guished from harmony. 
 
 AlL-nili-lsohn wants the ariose beauty ot Handel — Tocal m'.lody 
 is not liis forte — the interest ol liis airs is haniionic. 
 
 For. Ci". Ren. 
 
 AR-I-0'SO,a. [It., from or/a, air.] Light; airy. 
 
 It. Diet. 
 
 Literally, \nihe manner of an air; but in instru- 
 mental music, in a sustained vocal style. P. Cyc. 
 
 Prefixed to an air, it denotes a sustained, elaborate 
 stj le, apiiropriate to the great airs of the opera. 
 
 Rousseau, Diet. Jrfus. 
 A-RTSE', ti. 1. JTirci. Arose ; /i/i. Arisex ; (pron. a-rize', 
 a-roze', a-riz'n.) [Sax. arisaii ; U. rijzcn ; Goth, reisan. 
 ^ c ^ 
 
 It may bo allied to Ar. raasa, to be the head 
 
 or chief; Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. CN-i head, origin.] 
 
 1. To ascend, mount up, or move to a higher place ; 
 as, vapors arise from humid places. 
 
 2. To emerge from below the horizon ; as, the sun 
 or a star arises or ruse^. 
 
 3. To get out of bed ; to leave the place or state of 
 rest; or to leave a sitting or lying posture. 
 
 Tlie king arose earl/ and went lo tlie den. — Diui. vi. 
 
 4. To begin ; to spring up ; to originate. 
 
 A persecution arose about Stephen. — Acts xi. 
 
 5. To revive from death ; to leave the grave. 
 
 Many Ixjdios of saints arose. — Matt, xxvii. 
 Figuratively, to awake from a state of sin and stu- 
 pidity ; to repent. 
 
 Arise from Uic dead, and Christ shall give Ihce life. — Eph. v. 
 
 6. To begin to act; to exert power; to move from 
 a state of inaction. 
 
 Let Go{l arise ; let his enemies be scattered. — Ps. Ixviii. 
 
 7. To appear, or become known ; to become vis- 
 ible, sensible, or operative. 
 
 'I'o yoli sliall llie sun of ri^btconsncRs arise, — Matt. iv. 
 'J'iU llic day-star shall arise In your hearts. — 2 Pet. i. 
 
 8. To be put in motion ; to swell or be agitated ; as, 
 the waves arose. 
 
 0. To be excited or provoked ; as, the wrath of the 
 king shall arise. 
 
 10. To emerge from poverty, depression, or distress. 
 Ey whom shall Jacob arise ? for he is small. — Anios ii. 
 
 11. To appear in a particular character; to enter 
 upon an office. 
 
 There orose a new Hii^, who knew not Joseph. — Kx. i. 
 
 12. To begin sedition, insiiiTection, or mutiny ; as, 
 the men arose, or rose, upon their officers. 
 
 !.■). To invade, assault, or begin hostility ; followed 
 by againuL 
 
 When he arose against nie, I caufjht hiiu by the beard. — 1 
 Sani. xvii. 
 
 In this sense, the \^'ord a'roinst really liehuitrs lo 
 the verb, and is necessary to give it Iliis iiieiiiiing. 
 [See Rise, another form of this verb, which has the 
 same signification, and is more generally used in 
 popular language.] 
 
 A-RIS'IN'CJ, 7»pr. Ascending; moving upward; orisi 
 ntiting, or proceeding from; getting up; sjiringiiig 
 up ; nppt^aring. 
 
 A-RlS'TA, 71. [I..] In hotany, the awn ; the pointed 
 beard which issues from the husk or scaly flower- 
 cup of the grasses, called the glume. Jlilne. 
 
 AR'IS-TARCII, 71. [from Ari.itarrhus, n critic dis- 
 tinguished for severity among the uiicioiits.] A 
 severe critic. Knowle*. 
 
 AR-I.S-TARCII'I-AN, a. Severely critical, like the 
 
 ancient critic Aristarchus. 
 AR'IS-TARCH-Y, n. [Gr. apiaros, best, and apxn, 
 
 rule.] 
 
 A body of good men in power, or government by 
 excellent men. Harrington, 
 
 A-RIS'TATE, a. Awnt-d ; having a pointed, beard- 
 like process ; as the glumes of wlieat. 
 
 AR-IS-TOe'RA-CY, 7i. [Gr. aiHoT»s, best, and 
 KjiaTco!, to hold or govern.] 
 
 1. A form of government, in which the whole 
 sujireme power is vested in the principal persons of 
 a state, or in a privileged order. When the supreme 
 power is exercised by a small number, the govern- 
 ment is called an oligarchy. I'he latter word, how- 
 ever, is usually applied to a corrupted form of aris- 
 tocracy. 
 
 a. The nobility or chief persons in a state. 
 AR'lS-TO-€RAT, or A-RlS'TO-€RAT, 71. One who 
 favors an aristocracy in principle or practice ; one 
 « ho is a friend to an aristocratical form of govern- 
 ment. Burke. 
 AR-IS-TO-CRAT'ie, / a. Pertaining to aristoc- 
 Alf-JS-TO-CRAT'IC-AL, j racy; consisting in a 
 c t "eriiiiieiil of noliles, or priucip,ij men ; as, an aris- 
 * r. utic constitution. 
 
 2. Partaking of aristocracy ; as, an aristocratic 
 measure ; aristocratic pride or manners. 
 
 AR-IS-TO-CRAT'ie-AL-lA', adv. In an aristocrat- 
 ical manner. 
 
 AR-lS-TO-CRAT'ie-AE-NESS, 71. The quality of 
 
 being aristocratical. 
 AR-IS-TO-PHAN'ie, a. Pertaining to Aristophanes. 
 
 JV. A. Rev. 
 
 AR-IS-TO-Tk'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to Aristotle, a 
 celebrated philosopher, who was born at Stagyra, in 
 Maceilon, aliciut 384 years before Christ. 'J'he Aris- 
 totelian philiisiiphy is otherwise called tlte peripatetic. 
 
 AR-IS-Tt)-TK'Ll-AN, 71. A follower of Aristotle, who 
 was a disciple of Plato, and founded the sect of /im- 
 
 pajrfies. [See PEniPATETIc] 
 
 AR-IS-TO-Tic'Ll-AN-IS.\l, n. The philosophy or doc- 
 trines of Aristotle. 
 AR-lS-TO-TEL'ie, a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to 
 
 his philosophy. 
 
 The pernicious effects of the Aristotelic system. Schlegel, Trans. 
 AR'ITH-MAN-CY of A-RITH'M AN-CY, 71. [Gr. 
 
 api6/i05,iiuinber, and pavreia, divination.] 
 
 Divination, or the foretelling of future events by the 
 
 use or observation of numbers. 
 A-RITll'i\lE-Tie, 11. [Gr. afn6,aM, to number, n^.ift- 
 
 jirjTiKn, the art of numbering, from u/hO/ios, number ; 
 
 from fiuUiuif, number, rhythm, order, agreement.] 
 The science of numbers, or the ait of computation. 
 
 The various operations of arithmetic are performeil 
 
 by addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. 
 AR ITH-MET'ie, la. Pertaining to arithmetic ; 
 AR-ITH-.'\lET'ie-AL, ) according to the rules or 
 
 method of aritlimetic. 
 AR-ITH-MET'ie-AL-LY, <i'/r. According to the 
 
 rules, principles, or method of arithmetic. 
 A-Rn'H-ME-TI"CIAN, 71. One skilled in arithmetic, 
 
 or versed in the science of numbers. 
 ARK, 71. [Fr. arcke; L. area; Sp. Vet. It. urea, a 
 
 chest or coffer ; Ir. airg, airlc ; Sax. ere or erk ; G. 
 
 arcke ; D. arke ; Ch. tJiN.] 
 
 1. A small, close vessel, chest, or coffer, such as 
 that which was the repository of l'-.e tables of the 
 covenant among the Jews. This vyas about three 
 feet nine inches in length. The li'' was the pro- 
 pitiatory, or mercy-seat, over ^^•hici> were the cheru- 
 bim. 'J'he vessel in which Moses was set afloat 
 upon the Nile, was an ark of bulrushes. 
 
 2. The large, floating vessel in which Noah and 
 his family were preserved during ths deluge. 
 
 3. A depository. 
 
 Arise, O I.or^l, into thy rest, thou and the ark of thy strength.— 
 I's. cxxxii. 
 
 4. A large boat used on American rivers to trans- 
 port produce to market. 
 
 5. Ill f«7-/v English and Scottiiti irriters, a chest 
 or coffer; as, an ark for meal ; a bolting <iW.. Still 
 used, in the north of England, for a chest containing 
 meal. P- Cye. 
 
 ARK'ITE, n. A term used by liryant to denote 0111- 
 of the persons who were preserved in the ark, or 
 who, accoriling to pagan fables, belonged to the ark. 
 
 ARK'ITE, n. lielongiiig to the ark. Bryant. Faber. 
 
 ARK''I"I/--ITF<, I 11. A mineral, now called H'ri'Hrrltc ; 
 
 ARG'TIZ ITE, j a variety of scapolite. 
 
 ARM, 71. [Sax. arm, rami: 1). G. Sw. Dan. arm; L. 
 arnrns, an nivii, a sliouliler, a wing. In Riiss. a 
 shoulder is ivimo, which may he the same wiuil as 
 the li. armus. If so, this word belongs to the rinit 
 Rill, coinciding with L. ramn.t, a branch, that is, a 
 shiiiil, like the Celtic hruirh, I,, bruchium. Hut if the 
 I,, armns is directly fidiii the (ir. il//(io{, a joint, it 
 would seem to bi' I'.M iued from Gr. anco, to fit.] 
 
 1. Till' limb of the liiiniau body which extends 
 from the si Ider to the hand. 
 
 2. 'I'he hiaiieh of a tri'i^, or the slender part of a 
 niacliiiie, projecting from a trunk or axis. The limbs 
 of animals are also sometimes called arms. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/^LL, WIIi>T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARKNE, DIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 — 
 
ARM 
 
 ARM 
 
 ARM 
 
 I 
 
 3. An iiili!t of water from the sea. 
 
 4. Fi'Tural.irclii, power, might, strength ; as, tlio 
 seciilar"a™i. In this sense tlie word is otleii used in 
 llic Scriptures. 
 
 To whom is Ihe arm of the? Lonl rfvraldl f — l»n. Ilii. 
 ARM, ». (. [I- anno; Fr. armer; Sp. arinar ; It. 
 armure ; from L. an/iw.j 
 
 1. To furnish or equip with weapons of oflense or 
 defense ; as, to arm the militia. 
 
 2. To cover witii a plate, or witli wliatever will 
 add strength, force, or security ; as, to urm the liilt 
 of a sworil. 
 
 H. To funiisii with means of defense ; to prepare 
 for resistance ; to fortify, in a moral sense. 
 
 Ann )otir»"lvr» with the stuiic niiiul. — I Pel. iv. 
 4. To fit up ; to furnish with the means of action 
 (ur effect; as, to arm a hook in angling; to urm a 
 ilressin;; in surgery. To arm a lomLsloitc, is to fit it 
 with an armature. 
 XU.M, r. i. To provide with arms, weapons, or means 
 of attack or resistance ; to take arms ; as, the nations 
 arm for war. 
 
 This verb is not really intransitive in this use, but 
 rellective, th^- pronoun "beins! omitted. 'I'lie nations 
 firm — ft)r, Ihe nations arm theiit^elccs. 
 All-.\I.\'1)A, II. (."'p., from armi:.] 
 
 A Heel (d' armed ships ; a sipiadron. The term is 
 usually applied to the Spanish lii;et calleil Ihe Iiioin- 
 ciblc AniiiUn, consisting of 13U ships, iut.'uded to act 
 against Knsland, in the reign of Uueeu Elizabeth, 
 A. I). l.W. 
 
 XU-.MA-l)lIVLO, n. [Sp. ; so called from being armed 
 with a bony shell.] 
 
 A n.nne given by the Spaniards to the different 
 species of ipia lrup:^ds, belonging to the Linnaian 
 genus Desyim^; peculiar to South America, and 
 called by the Portuguese ciicubeslo, from their pecu- 
 liar covering, and by the natives of Hrazil tutun. 
 These aniiiiids have only molar teeth, and arc cov- 
 ered with a hard, bony shell, divided into movable 
 belts, except on the forehead, shoulders, and haunches, 
 where it is not movable. The belts are connected 
 by a membrane, which enables the animal to roll 
 itself up like a hedgehog. 'I'hese animals burrow in 
 the earth, where they lie during the daytime, sel- 
 dom going abroad except at night. They are of dif- 
 ferent sizes i the largest nu)re than throe feet in 
 length, without the tail. They subsist cliielly on 
 fruits, roots, and insects ; sometimes on llesli. When 
 attacked, they roll themselves into a ball, presenting 
 thiur armor on all sides to any assailant ; but tiiey 
 are inoUensive, and their llesh is esteemed good 
 food. £;ic;/<:. 
 
 AR.M'.V-ME.NT, n. [L. armamenta, utensils, tackle, 
 frtun anna.] 
 
 I. .\ body of forces- equipiicd for war; used of a 
 land or naval force. It is more generally used of a 
 naval force. 
 
 2. In naval affairs, the guns and other munitions 
 
 of war with which a ship is armed. 
 AR.M-.\-.MENT' A-RY, n. An armory ; a magazine or 
 
 arsenal. [Hardy luseU.] 
 ARM'.\-T(TkE, n. [L. armatura.] 
 
 1. Armor; thiit which defends the body. It com- 
 prehends whatever is worn for ilrfense of the body, 
 and has been sometimes used for offcn.tive weapons. 
 Armature, like arm.') and armnr, is used also of the 
 furniture of animals and vegetables, evidently in- 
 tended for Uieir protection, as prickles, spines, and 
 horns. 
 
 2. In ancient militanj art, an exercise performed 
 with missive weapons, as darts, spears, and arrows. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. The armature of a magnet, is a piece of iron used 
 to connect the two poles, in order to maintain the 
 magnetic jiower undiminished. 
 
 Furincrly, the armature or armor of a magnet con- 
 sisted of two pieces of iron applied to the poles of a 
 panUlelopipedal magnet, so as to project, and partly 
 inclose the magnet on one side, and thus give to the 
 poles a direction perpendicular to their original direc- 
 tion. Each of these pieces was c;illed the armature 
 of its respective pole, and the two together the 
 armature of the magnet. In order to preserve the 
 po.ver of a magnet so armed, and to combine the 
 action of the two poles, the latter were connected 
 bv a piece of iron, which also served as an armature, 
 llorstvshoe magnets have been substituted for such 
 armed magnets, and the term armature Ins been 
 thus limited to the piece of iron connecting the pides. 
 
 FjI. F.ncye. Enfield. 
 
 ARM'-CIIaIR, n. A chair with arms to supiwrt the 
 elbows. 
 
 AR.M'i;D, (arind,) pp. or a. 
 
 1. Fiirnislieil with weapons of offense or defense ; 
 furnished with the means of security ; fortified, in a 
 nioral senfc. 
 
 2. In heraldry, armed is when the beaks, Liloiis, 
 horns, or fi-et of birds and beiu-^ls of prey are of a dif- 
 ferent color from the rest of the body. Chambers. 
 
 3. Furnished or fitted with an armalure, as a mag- 
 net or loadstone. 
 
 4. In botany, having prickles or thorns. Encyc. 
 
 [L. armcnl(ms.] 
 
 An armed ship, is one which is taken into the ser- 
 vice of goveriiuieiit for a particular occasion, and 
 armed like a ship of war. 
 
 Jirmrd in fiiile. .\ ship is armed in flute, i. e., after 
 the maimer of a tran-purt, when part of her guns have 
 been taken out for the sake of making room, and her 
 effective armament is thus reduced below that at 
 which she rates. 
 AR.M'^;D-CH.a1R, n. Pee An>i-CiiAm. 
 A U-.M i;'.NI-A.'V, H. A native of Armenia ; or the lan- 
 
 guagi' of the country. Sir IV. Jinie-t. 
 
 XR-.Mic'.Nl-AN, n. I'eitaining to .■\rmenia ; a country, 
 anil formerly a kiiigiioiii, in Asia, divided into Ar- 
 menia Alajorand Minor. 
 
 Armenian bole, is a species of clay from Armenia, 
 and found in other countries, lint the term, being 
 of uncertain signification, is rejected in modern min- 
 eralogy. [See Hole.] Criinstedf. Ktrwan. 
 
 Armenian stone; a soft, blue stone, consisting of cal- 
 careous eartJi or gypsum, with the oxyd of copper. 
 It is too soft to give fire with steel, loses its color 
 when heateil, and does not admit of a polish. 
 
 JVicholso7u 
 
 AR-MEN'T'AT,, 
 AR-ML.N'T'I.NE, . 
 
 Helongiiig to a drove or herd of cattle. 
 ARME-PC"IS-S.\.\T, a. [See I'uissant.] Powerful 
 
 ill arms. IVeeccr. 
 ARM'FUL, n. As much as the arms can hold. 
 AR.M'GAUiNT, (i. Slender, as the arm. [Ml in use.] 
 
 Shiik. 
 
 ARM'IIoLE, 71. [arm and hole.] The cavity under the 
 shoulder, or the armpit. Bacoiu 
 2. A bole for the arm in a garment. 
 
 ARM'I-tiER, 71. [Ij. armi^cr; anna and ^cro ; liter- 
 ally, one that bears ariii^.] 
 
 An esquire ; a knight's companion. But in present 
 vsarre, armiirrr is a title of dignity next in degree to 
 a knight. In times of chiralry, it signilied an at- 
 tendant on a knight, or other person of rank, who 
 bore his shield, and rendered liiin other military ser- 
 vices. So in antiquity, Abimelech, Saul, &.C., had 
 their armor-bearers, jiidg. ix. 1 Sam. xvi. As had 
 Hector and Achilles. Jlomcr. This title, under the 
 Norman French princes, in England, wasexchanged, 
 in common usage, for esquire, Fr. ecuyrr, a word of 
 similar import, from ecu, L. scutum, a shield. Ann- 
 iirer is still retained with us as a title of respei t, 
 being the Latin word equivalent to esquire, w liich 
 see. iSpclman. 
 
 AR-Ml6'ER-OUS, a. Bearing arms. 
 
 AR.M'IL-LA-RY, a. [L. annilla, a bracelet, from 
 annus, the arm.] 
 
 Resembling a bracelet, or ring; consisting of rings 
 or circles. The armillary sphere is an artificial sphere, 
 composed of a number of circles of the mundane 
 sphere, put together in their natural order, to assist 
 in giving a just conception of the constitution of the 
 heavens, and the motions of the celestial bodies. 
 This artificial sphere revolves upon its axis within 
 a horizon, divided into degrees, and movable every 
 way upon a brass sujiporter. ■ Encyc. 
 
 ARM'IE-La-TED, a. Furnished with bracelets. 
 
 ARM'ING, ppr. Equipping with arms ; providing with 
 the means of defense or attack, preparing for resist- 
 ance, in a moral sense ; fitting with an armature, as 
 a magnet. 
 
 ARM'INGS, 71. pt. The same as waist-clothes, hung 
 about a ship's upper works. Chambers. 
 
 AR-Mli\'IAi\, a. Pertaining to Arniinius, or desig- 
 nating his principles. 
 
 AR-.MIN'IAN, n. One of a sect or party of Chris- 
 tians, so calli^d from Arminius, or Harmansen, of 
 Holland, who flourished at the close of the Kith cen- 
 tury and beginning of the ITtli. The Amiinian doc- 
 trines are, 1. Conditional election and reproluttitiii, 
 in opposition to absolute predestiiuttion. 2. Univer- 
 sal redemption, or that the atonement was iiiaile by 
 Christ for all mankind, though none but believers 
 can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in 
 order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and 
 renewed by the operation of tin; Holy Spirit, which 
 is the gift of God ; but that this grace is not irresist- 
 ible, and may be lost ; so that men may relapse from 
 a state of grace, and die in their sins. Encyc. 
 
 AR-MIN'IAN-IS.M, ii. The peculiar doctrines or tenets 
 of the Arminians. 
 
 AR.M-IP'O-TE.NCE, 7i. [anna and potentia. See Po- 
 tency.] Power ill arms. Johnson. 
 
 ARM-IP'0-TE.\'T,'a. Powerful in arms; mighty in 
 battle. Uryden. 
 
 AR.M-IS'O-NOITS, <j. [nr77ia and sonus. See Souxu.] 
 Sounding or rustling in arms. Johnson. 
 
 ARM'IS-TICE, 71. [L. anna and sisto, to .st.and still ; 
 Gr. iiTtpi i Sp. armisticia i It. armistizioj Fr. ar- 
 mistice. ] 
 
 A cessation of arms, for a short time, by conven- 
 tion ; a truce ; a temporary suspension of hostilities 
 by agreement of the parties. 
 AR.M'LESS,a. Without an arm ; destitute of weapons. 
 
 Beaumont ^' Fletcher. 
 .\RM'LET, n. [dim. of arm.] A small ann ; as, an 
 armlet of the sea ; a piece of armor for the arm ; a 
 bracelet. Dnjden. Johnson. 
 
 AR.M'OR, n. [from arm.] 
 
 1. Defensive arms; any habit worn to protect the 
 body in battle ; formerly called liarness. A complete 
 armor forineily consisted of a casque or helmet, a 
 gorget, ciiirnss, gauntlets, tasse.H, brasseLs, cnishiM, 
 and covers for the legs, to which the spurs were fa.^1- 
 eiied. Eneye, 
 
 III English statutes, armor is used for the whole ap- 
 paratus of war ; including ofleiisive as well as de- 
 fensive arms. The statutes of armor directed what 
 arms every man should provide, 27 Hen. II., and tli il 
 of Westminster, 13 Edw. I. Hei^ce armor includes 
 all instruments of war. 
 
 Blarkslone, 1). iv. ch. 7 ; b. i. ch. 13. Hen. inst, 
 Brit 1). iii. ch. 1. 
 
 2. In a .■tpiritual sense, a good conscience, faith^iid 
 Christian graces arc called armor. Rom. xiii. Eph. 
 vi. 2 Cor. vi. 
 
 Coat armor, is the escutcheon of a person or family, 
 with its several charges and other furniture, as man- 
 tling, crest, siijiporters, motto, &c. Encyc. 
 Armor of a nia<snet : the same as armature. Etl. Enc. 
 ARM'OR-U'EaR-ER, h. One who carries the armor 
 
 of another. 
 AR.M'OR-ER, n. 
 
 1. A maker of armor or arms ; a manufacturer of 
 instruments of war. The armorer of a ship has the 
 charge of the arms, to see that they are in a condi- 
 tion lit for service. 
 
 2. One who has care of the arms and armor of 
 another, and who dresses him in armor. 
 
 'I'hr arinorert .accomplishing Ihi; kiiirjiiui. Sltak. 
 
 AR.M-6'RI-.M/, a. Belonging to armor, or to the 
 arms or escutcheon of a family ; as, ensigns arinwria/. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 AR-^IOU'IC, ) a. [Celtic or, upon, and Tiiw, the 
 AU-.MOll'IC-AN, j sea; that is, maritime.] 
 
 Designating the north-western part of France, for- 
 merly called Annorica, now liretagne, or llritaniiy. 
 This part of France is peopled by inhabitants who 
 speak a dialect of the Celtic. It is usually supposed 
 their ancestors were refugees or colonists from Eng- 
 land. 
 
 AR-.MOR'IC, 7!. The Language of the Arnioricans ; 
 
 one of the Celtic dialects which have remained to 
 
 the present times. 
 AR-JIOR'IC-AN, 71. A n.itivc of Annorica, or Bre- 
 
 tagne. 
 
 ARM'OR-IST, 71. One skilleil in heraldr>-. 
 AR.M'OR-Y, 7t. A place where arms and instruments 
 of war are deposited for safe keeping. 
 
 2. Armor ; defensive and offensive arms. Milton. 
 
 3. Ensigns armorial. Upenser. 
 
 4. The knowledge of coat-armor ; that branch of 
 heraldry which treats of coat-armor. F.ncye. 
 
 5. In the United Slates, a place or building in which 
 arms are manufactured. 
 
 AR.M'PIT, 71. [arTii and pit.] The hollow place or cav- 
 ity under the shoulder. Jtlozon. 
 AR.MS, 71. pi. [L. anna ; Fr. anne ; Sp. and It. arma.] 
 
 1. VVeapons of offense, or armor for defense and 
 protection of the body. 
 
 2. War ; hostility. 
 
 Arms mid the man I siiii^. Dryden. 
 
 To be in arms; to bo in a state of hostility, or prep- 
 aration ft>r war. 
 
 To arms, is a phrase which denotes a taking arms 
 for war or hostility ; particularly, a summoning to war. 
 
 To take aniui, is to arm for attack or defense. 
 
 Bred to arms, dimotes that a person has been edu- 
 cated to the profession of a soldier. 
 
 3. 'Pile ensigns armori.al of a family ; consisting of 
 figures and colors borne in shiehls, banners, &c., as 
 marks of dignity and distinction, and descending 
 from father to son. 
 
 4. In lair, arms are any thing which a man takes 
 in his hand in anger, to strike or .ass.ault another. 
 
 Cowel. Blackstone, 
 
 5. In botany, one of the seven kinds of fulcra or 
 props of plants, ennmctated by Linmeus and others. 
 'I'lie different species of arms, or armor, are prickles, 
 thorns, forks, and stings, which seem intended to 
 protect the plants from Injury by animals. 
 
 .Vilne. Martyn. 
 Fire-arms, arc such as may be charged with pow- 
 der, as cannon, muskets, mort.ars, &c. 
 
 A stand of amis, consists of a musket, bayonet, 
 cartridge-box and belt, with a sword. But for coiii- 
 mon stildiers a sword is not necessary. 
 
 In falconry, arms are the legs of a hawk from the 
 thigh to the foot. Encyc 
 ARMS'-E.N'D, H. At the end of the arms ; at a good 
 
 dist.aiice ; a phrase taken from boxers or wrestlers. 
 ARM'-SHaP-KD, (-shapt,) a. Shaped like the arm. 
 AR.M'S'-LEXGTH, 71. The length of the arm. 
 
 To keep at arms-lengtJi, is sometimes used figura- 
 tively for keeping one off; not allowing one to come 
 into close contact or familiuritv. 
 ARM'S'-Rj-.ACH, 71. Within reach of the arm. 
 AR'.MY, 71. [Fr. amife ; It. arftArtr, or armhar; tnm 
 the common rivit of arm, anno, arma.] 
 
 1. .\ collection or hoily of men armed for war, and 
 organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brig- 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J j S as Z ; CH as SH j TH as in THIS. 
 
ARQ 
 
 ARR 
 
 ARR 
 
 ades, and divisions, under prn])i;r officers. In ijener- 
 al, an army, in modern times, consists of infantry 
 and cavalry, with artillery ; altlionsli tlie union of 
 all is not essential to the constitution of an army. 
 Among savages, annies are diffrrently furmid. 
 
 2. \ great numher ; a vast niiiltiludu ; as, an army 
 of locusts or caterpillars. Joel ii. 2.5. 
 
 XR'NOLD-IST, ji. A disciple of Arnold of Brescia, 
 who, in the 12th century, preaclicd ajainst the 
 Roman Catholic church, for which he was banished ; 
 but he was afterward permitted to return. By his 
 preachin", an insurrection was excited, for wliich he 
 was condemned-and executed. Eiicyc. 
 
 XR'XOT, 71. A name of the pignut or eailhnut, a spe- 
 cies of Carum, (Bunium, Linn.) 
 
 XR-XOT'TO, n. The Anotta ; whicli see. Also, a 
 tree so called. 
 
 A R'. NUTS, n. Tall oat-grass. 
 
 A-RO'MA, 71. [Gr. aowfia.] 
 
 The quality of plants, or other substances, which 
 constitutes their fragrance, which is perceived by an 
 agreeable smell, accompanied in some with a warm, 
 spicy taste. 
 
 AR-0-.MAT'l€, j 0- Fragrant ; spicy ; strong- 
 
 AR-0-.M.\T'ie-.\L, j scented; odoriferous ; having 
 an agreeable odor. 
 
 AR-O-.M.Vr'ie, n. A plant, drug, or medicine, char- 
 acterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, 
 pungent taste. C//c. Parr. 
 
 AR-0-.MAT-I-Z.^'TION, 71. The act of impregnating 
 or KC.entins with aroma, or rendering aromatic. 
 
 A-RoMA-TiZE, I', t. To impregnate with aroma ; to 
 infuse an aromatic odor ; to give a spicy scent or 
 taste ; to perfume. Baron. 
 
 A-RO'M A-TIZ-£D, pp. Impregnated with aroma; 
 rendered fragrant. 
 
 A-RO'.M.\-TIZ-ER, 71. That which communicates an 
 aromatic quality. Evclyiu 
 
 A-Ro'.M A-TIZ-L\G, ppr. Rendering spicy; impreg- 
 nating with aroma. 
 
 A-Ro'.MA-TOUS, a. Containing aroma, or the princi- 
 ple of fragrance. 
 
 AR'Ol'H, 71. [a contraction of arnmiz p/n7i),«npSor«m.] 
 .\ name by which salfron is sometimes called. 
 Jlroph Paracelsi, a chemical preparation of Paracel- 
 sus, formed by sublimation from equal quantities of 
 hematite and sal ammoniac. 'I'he term ampk is also 
 used by the same writer as synonymous with Kllwn- 
 truptic, a solvent for the stone. Ennjc. Coze. 
 
 A ROSE' ; the past or preterit tense of the verb to 
 Arise. 
 
 A-ROUXD', prfp. [o and roiiiif/. See Round.] 
 
 1. About; on all sides; encircling; encompassing. 
 
 A lambent fl.ime around his Itrows. Dryden, 
 
 2. In a looser sense, from place to place ; at ran- 
 dom. 
 
 A ROUND', adv. In a circle ; on every side. 
 
 2. In a looser sense, at random ; without any fixed 
 direction ; as, to travel around from town to town. 
 [See Round.] 
 
 A-KOU'RA, 71. [Gr.] A Grecian measure of fifty feet. 
 Also, a square measure of half the pletliron, or, ac- 
 cording to Suidas, of a fourth part of a iilethron. 
 The Egj-ptian arnura was the square of a hundred 
 feet, or a hundred cubits. .drhatk. Smithes Vict. 
 
 A-ROUSE', (a-rouz',) r. t. [in Ileb. Sin ; Ar. (j<3j.=»- 
 
 haratza, to stir, to excite. It is often contracted in- 
 to rouse. It may be allied to D. rmizcti; G. brauscn, 
 to rage, to stir, bluster. Class Rs.] 
 
 To excite into action that which is at rest ; to stir, 
 or put in motion or exertion, that which is languid ; 
 as, to arouse one from aleep ; to arouse the dormant 
 faculties. 
 
 A-R(H!S'F,n, pp. Excited into action ; put in motion. 
 A-ROUS'ING, ppr. Putting in motion; stirring; ex- 
 citing into action or exertion. 
 A-RoVV, ado. [a and row.] In a row ; successively. 
 
 Siihiry. Shale. 
 
 A-ROYNT', a/iu. Be gone; away. [04.,.] Shale. 
 AR-PEQ'dl-O, (ir-ped'je-o,) 71. [It., from ar^a, a 
 harp.] 
 
 In music, a term denoting that the notes of a chord 
 are ht^ard in rapid succession, and not simultan(;(ms- 
 ly ; or the striking the notcrs (jf a chord in quick suc- 
 cvsiiion, in the manner of playing the harp. 
 
 Tiirk. P. Cyc. 
 XR'PENT, 71. [Fr. a77>cn(; Norm. ar//c/i. In Domes- 
 day, it is written arptnnits, arpmdns, and arpent. 
 Cohirri"Ila iiir-ntions liiat (he tirrpnuiis was equal to 
 half the Itoinaii jugrr. The word is said, by .Scali 
 ger, to be derived from arprndium, i. e. nruiprndiuni, 
 or arriprnniuniy .1 cord for meiusuring land. Spcbnan, 
 l.unirr.} 
 
 A portion of land in France, ordinarily containing 
 one hundri'd xqiiarc rod-< or pi-n In «, l ach of 18 feet. 
 But the ariient is did'. reni in ditlVreiit parts of 
 France. The arpent of Paris contains Ml) sipiare 
 toiscH. It is lemi than the Knglisli acre by about 
 one nevcnlh. 
 
 Snrlman. Eneye, Citwrl. Jlrlhur Young. 
 XR-aUE-IiCS-ADE', n. A dixlilled water applied to 
 
 a bruise or wound ; so called because it was original- 
 ly used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Purr. 
 9. The shot of an arqu. buse. j3.<A. 
 XR'aUE-BUSE, , ( a. [Fr. from nrquer, to make 
 HAR'aUE-BUSE, ( crooked, and the Teut. bus, a 
 pipe, a gun ; D. bus, a tube, pipe, gun ; Sw. bossa, a 
 gun or cannon. Hence the word signifies a hook- 
 gun.] 
 
 A sort of hand-gun ; a species of fire-arms, an- 
 ciently used, which was cocked with a wheel. It 
 carried a ball that weighed nearly two ounces. 
 A larger kind, used in fortresses, carried a ball of 
 three ounces and a half Encyc. 
 XR-aUE-BUS-lEil', 71. A soldier armed with an ar- 
 quebuse. 
 
 AU'aUI-FOUX, (ar'ke-foo,) n. A kind of lead ore, 
 used by potters to give their wares a green varnish. 
 
 jMcCuUoch. 
 
 AR'RACII, 71. A plant. [See Orrach.] 
 AR-K,\CK', 71. [contracted into racA'.] A spirituous 
 liquor from the Jiast Indies. The name is said to 
 siirnify, in the E;ist, any spirituous liquor ; but that 
 which usually bears this name is a liquor distilled 
 from toddy, the juice of the cocoanut-tree, procured 
 by incision. Some persons allege it to be a sjiirit dis- 
 tilled from rice or sugar, fermented with the juice of 
 the cocoanut 
 
 AR'RA-GON-lTE, n. [from Jlrragon, in Spain, where 
 it was first observed.] 
 
 In mineralogy, carbonate of lime, crj'stallized In 
 rhombic prisms, or in forms derived from the same. 
 It differs from common carbonate of lime, or calcare- 
 ous spar, in its crj'stallization ; the crystals of the lat- 
 ter affording, by cleavage, a rhombohedron, and those 
 of the arragonitc a rhombic prism. It has also a great- 
 er liardness, and a higher specific gravity than calca- 
 reous spar. Dana. 
 
 AR-RaIGN', (ar-rane',) v. t. [Norm, arranrr, arrai- 
 soner, and aresncr, to put to answer, to arraign. The 
 usual derivation of this word from Sax. wregan, ge- 
 icregan, to accuse, is probably incorrect. It appears to 
 be of Norman origin, and if 5 is radical, it coincides 
 in origin with L. reus, contracted from the root of 
 res.] 
 
 1. To call or set a prisoner at the bar of a court, to 
 answer to the matter charged against him in an in- 
 dietuieiit or information. When called, the indict- 
 ment is read to him, and he is put to plead, guilty or 
 not guilty, and to elect by whom he will be tried. 
 
 * Blacksione, 
 
 2. According to law writers, to set in order ; to fit, 
 for trial ; a.s, to arraign a writ of novel disseisin. To 
 arraign the assize, is to cause the demandant to be 
 called to make the plaint, and set the cause in order, 
 that the tenant may be brought to answer. Cowcl. 
 
 3. To accuse ; to charge with faults. Johnson. 
 More correctly, to call before the bar of reason, or 
 taste ; to call in iiuestion, for faults, before any tri- 
 bunal. 
 
 Thfy will not arraign you for wnnt of knowled^. Dryden. 
 
 AR-R.aIGN', (ar-rine',) 71. Arraignment ; as, clerk of 
 the arraigns. Blackstone. 
 
 AR-RaIGN'£D, pp. Called before a tribunal to an- 
 swer, and elect triers ; accused ; called in question. 
 
 AR-RaIGN'ER, 71. One who arraigns. Coleridge. 
 
 AR-RaIGN'ING, ppr. Calling before a court or tribu- 
 nal ; accusing. 
 
 AR-RaIGN'MENT, n. [Norm, arresnemcnt, arrayne- 
 vient.] 
 
 1. The act of arr.iigning ; the act of calling and 
 setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an ac- 
 cusation, and to choose his triers. 
 
 2. Accus.ation. 
 
 3. A calling in question for faults. 
 AR-RaI'MENT, 71. [See Array.] Clothes ; garments. 
 
 We now use raiment. 
 AR-RaNGE', v. f. [Fr. arranger, of ad and ranger, to 
 set in order ; Arm. renega, rang, rank, a row or line. 
 See Rank.] 
 
 1. To put in proper order ; to dispose the parts of a 
 whole in the manner intended, or best suited for the 
 purpose ; as, troops arranged for batth;. 
 
 2. To adjust; to settle; to put in order; to pre- 
 pare : a popular use of the word, of very general appli- 
 cation. 
 
 AR-RaNG'KD, (ar-mnjd',) pp. Put in order ; disposed 
 
 in the proper order ; adjusted. 
 AR RaNGE'MENT, 71, The act of putting in proper 
 
 order ; the state of being i)ut in order ; disposition in 
 
 suitable form. 
 
 2. 'i'liat which isdisposcd in order ; system of parts 
 disposed in du(' order. 
 
 The iiiUT'-Rt of llKil porlitin of social arrangemtnt is in the handa 
 of all lht«e who compose it. llurkt. 
 
 3. Preparatory mt^tisure ; previous disposition ; as, 
 we have made arrangrmenti for receiving company. 
 
 4. Final sellli iin iil ; adjustment by agreement ; as, 
 tile parties have inadi' an arrangement bdvveeu them- 
 selves concerning their disputes: u popular use of Uie 
 word. 
 
 .'). Classification of facts relating to a Subject, or of 
 ohji cis, in regular, systc^matic Older ; as, the Linnai- 
 ! an arrangement of plantH. 
 
 AIM! A NCE!!, «. One Ihat puts in order. 
 AI! 1!A\G'L\G, ppr. Putting in due order or form, 
 adjusting. 
 
 AR'il.'VNT, a. [1 suppose this to be a different spell- 
 ing of Erbant, whicli see.] 
 
 Notorious, in an ill sense ; infamous ; mere ; vile ; 
 as, an arrant rogue or coward. 
 AR'IIANT-LV, adr. Notoriously, in an ill sense; in- 
 famously ; impiiilently ; shamefully. 
 AR'RAS, 71. n>aid to b,' from .^rras, the capital of Ar- 
 tois, in the French Netherlands, where this article 
 was manufactured.] 
 Tapestry ; hangings wove with figures. Shak. 
 AR-RAUGHT', ( rawt,) a. Seized by violence. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 AR-RaY', 71. [Norm, araie, and arran-, arair, to array, 
 settle, prepare ; ray, a robe, ami the array or panuel 
 of the jury ; old Fr. arroi ; [this is a word contruct- 
 ed ;] Ir. earradh, a suit of armtir, furniture, accoitter- 
 nuuits, wares ; It. arredo, furniture, implements, rig- 
 ging ; arrrdare, to prepare or equip; Arm. reiza, lo 
 put in order or arrange ; Sp. arreo ; Port, arreio, ar- 
 reyo, array, dress ; Port, arrear, to dress. Class Rd, 
 and allied tti rod, radius, ray. The primary sense is 
 to make straight or right, ^ee Dress.] 
 
 1. Order ; disposition in regular lines ; as, an army 
 in battle array. Hence, a posture of defense. 
 
 2. Dress ; garments disposed in order upon the per- 
 son. Dryden. 
 
 3. In law, the act of impanncling a jury ; or a juiy 
 impanneled ; thiit is, a jury set in order by the sher- 
 ifl", or called man by man. Blackstone. Cowcl. 
 
 Contmission uf array, in English history, was acom- 
 mission given by the prince to ofiicers in every coun- 
 ty, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them 
 in a condition for war. Blackstone. 
 AR-RaY', b. t. To place or dispose in order, as troops 
 for battle. 
 
 2. 'i'o deck or dress ; to adorn with dress : applied 
 especially to dress of a splendid kind. 
 
 Array thyself with <7lopy. — Job xl. 
 
 Pllaraoh arrayed Joseph with line linen. — Gen. xli. 
 
 3. To set a jury in order for the trial of a cause ; 
 that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. Cowel. 
 
 4. To envelop. 
 
 Ill gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed. TrumhuU. 
 
 AR-RaY'£!D, (ar-rade',) pp. Set in order, or in lines ; 
 arranged in order for attack or defense ; dressed ; 
 atlorned by dress ; impanneled, as a jury ; enveloped. 
 
 AR-RaY'ER, 71. One who arrays. In some early Eng- 
 lish statutes, an officer who had care of the soldiers' 
 armor, and who saw them tluly accoutenul. In 
 some reigns, commissioners of anay were appoint- 
 ed for this purpose. Encyc. 
 
 AR-R.aY'ING, ppr. Setting in order; putting on 
 spleutlid raiment; impanneting. 
 
 AR-Rk.\R', ai/w. [Fr. urricrc, behind. In some of its 
 uses it has the sense of lower, inferior. [See Arri- 
 ere-ban.] Sp. and Port, arriar, to Itiwer sail ; Ann. 
 rear, rerr, or 7-p/r, the fundament ; W. rhrryr, id., 
 from rhev, thick. Lunier deiluces arrear and arricre 
 from L. ad and retro. But the ilerivatioii from the 
 Celtic seems most probably correct.] 
 
 Behind ; at the hinder part. Spenser. 
 In tliis seiisr obsolrle. But from this use, we retain 
 the word as a noun in the phrase i;i arrear, to signi- 
 fy behind in payment. 
 
 AR-Ri;AR', 71. That which is behind in payment, or 
 which remains unpaid, though due. It is generally 
 used in the plural ; as, tlve arrears of rent, wages, anil 
 taxes ; antl supposes a part of the money iilreatly paitl. 
 
 AR-Rr.AR'AGE, 71. [arrear and the common French 
 termination age.] 
 
 Arrears; any sum of money remaining unpaid, af- 
 ter previous payment of a part. A person may he in 
 arrear for the whtde amtiunt of a tU-bt ; but arrears 
 and arrearage imply that a part has been paid. 
 
 AR-RECT', ■ ( a. [L. arrrctus, raised, erect, from 
 
 AR-RECT'ED, ( arrigo. See Reach.] 
 
 F.rert ; attentive; as a person listening. Jlkenside. 
 
 AR-REN-Ta'TION, 71. [Sp. arrcndar, to rent, to lake 
 by lease; of ad and reddo, to return. See Rent.] 
 
 In the forest Imrs of England, a liccnsingthe own<;r 
 of land in a forest to inclose it with a small ditch and 
 low hedge, in consideratitm of a yearly rent. Cowel. 
 
 AR-REP-TI"TI0US, (ar-rep-tish'us,) a. [E. arreptus, 
 of ad antl rapio, to snatch. See Rai'aciocs.] 
 
 1. Snatched awtiy. 
 
 2. [«ii and rc/w, to creep. SccC'reep.] Crept in 
 privily. Johnson. Bailey, 
 
 AR-REST', V. t. [Fr. nrrlter, fiir arrester : !?\>. arres- 
 tar ; It. arrestare ; L. resto, Itt sttip ; W araws.arosi, 
 to stay, wait, tlwidl ; Eng. to rest. See Rest.] 
 
 1. To obstruct; to slop; to check or hinder mo- 
 tion ; as, to arrest the current of a river ; to ai-resf 
 tin; senses. 
 
 2. 'I'o take, seize, or apprehend by virtue of n war- 
 rant from authority ; as, to arrest one for debt, or for 
 u crime. 
 
 3. 'I'll seize and fix ; as, to arrest the eyes, or at- 
 tenlit>it. 
 
 The uppenmnce of snch R person In the world, and nt such n 
 pi'i-iod, ought to nrrett the cunsidenuion ol every thinking 
 mind. Hitckniinatin: 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^U., WII/VF MRTE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 70 
 
ARR 
 
 ARR 
 
 ART 
 
 4. To hinder or restrain ; as, to arrest tlie course 
 of justice. 
 
 All-llKST'j n. The Iiil<iiia or iipprclirndiiiK of a per- 
 son liy vnliie of a wiirranl IVih" iiiuhority. An ar- 
 rest is mad;' liv sei/.in-; iir toui'liin}; iln^ lioily. 
 
 2. Any seizure, or taking by powtr, iiliysic;il or 
 mural. 
 
 3. A stop, liinrtiTance, or restraint. 
 
 ■t. In law, m\ arrn.it of judanient is tile staying or 
 stopping of a judsnienl alli r veiilii l, for causes as- 
 sianc'd. Courw have power to arrest judgment for 
 intrinsic causes appearing upon the f;ici^ of the rec- 
 ord ; as when tinr declaration varies froin the origi- 
 nal writ; when the venliet dill'ers materially from 
 the pleadings ; or when llir case laid in the declara- 
 tion is not sntiicient, in |)iiint of law, to found an ac- 
 tion upon. The motion fir this purpose is c:illed a 
 motion in arrr.--l of jMd!.'m"nt. Bliichslonc. 
 
 .'■>. ,\ mangy hUMU>r li tu i < ii tin.' ham and pastern 
 of tho hirnl le^s of a hors. , Johit^iun. 
 
 Alt-l{H.~<T-A'TlO.N, )i. Tlie act of arresting ; an ar- 
 rest, or sel/.ure. 
 
 AR-KUST'EL), /)/). Seized; apprehended; stopped; 
 hindered ; restrained. 
 
 AK-lU;.<r'F,R, I II. One who arrests. In Smti law, 
 
 .'VU-KliST'OK, i the person at whose suit an arrest- 
 ment is m:ide. 
 
 Ail-llEST'lN'ti, ypr. Seizing; staying; hijidiring; 
 restraining. 
 
 All-11KST'ME.\T, n. A term, in Scots law, applied to 
 persons or things. Applied to prrtiuiis, it d. noli'S, in 
 crhninal cases, the securing of a criminal until he 
 undergoes trial, or finds caution or hail, and in some 
 civil cases, the securing of a delitor, untd he gives se- 
 curity. Applied to t/iinir.i, it denotes the atlachment, 
 by a creditor, of the movable irsUite of a debtor, or 
 the order of a judgi^, by which he who is dt blor in a 
 movable obligation to tile arrester's debtor, is pro- 
 hibited to make payment or delivery, till the debt 
 due to the arrester is paid or secured. 'I'he debtor, 
 thus restrained, is called Uie arrcilce, as the restrain- 
 ing creditor is called the arrestrr. Kit. Kiicijc. 
 
 AR-RF.T', (ar-ri',) n. [Fr. urrSt ; arrester, arrSter, to 
 detain, to fix, to determine.] 
 
 A French word, signifying, 1. .'V jiidament, decis- 
 ion, or decree. Applied more particularly to the judg- 
 ments and decisions of courts :ind tribunals, iiefoie 
 the revolution, it denoted a judgiiu nt or decision of 
 a soveieign court, such as the parliaments, chamber 
 of accounts, court of aids, and some others, whose 
 decisions were without appeal, and could be reversed 
 only by their own act, or by the king or his council ; 
 also, the decisions or decrees of the royal council, 
 which were considered as a part of the French law. 
 2. .Vii arrest or seizure of persons, or a seizure or at- 
 tachment of goods ; corresponding to the Scotcli law 
 term nrrc.ttmcnt. 
 
 AR-IIKT', V. U To assign ; to allot. [Ohs.] Spenser. 
 
 AU-RII)E', V. t. [L. arrideo.1 
 
 To laugh at ; to please well. [JVut in use.'] 
 
 B, Jonson, 
 
 AU RH"RF,', (ar-reer',) n. [Fr. arriire.] 
 
 'J'lie last body of an army ; now called Rear, 
 which see. 
 
 Jirrirre-ban ; tile convocation, by the sovereign, of 
 all his feudatories, to march in arms against the en- 
 emy. Enctjc. Melh. 
 
 Ban and arrim-ban ; the assembly of the vassals 
 and arritire vassals, convoked by the sovereign to 
 march against the eniMiiy. Ban refers to the fiefs 
 immediately holding of the king ; and arriere-ban to 
 the arriere fiefs, or those holding of the vassals. Baa 
 signifies proclamation, and iirrirrc-ban, arriere proc- 
 lamation. This word is used in the sense of the act 
 of convoking ; as, the sovereign has the right of ban 
 and arriere-ban; — of the duty of assembling whim 
 convoked ; as, subject to and exempt from the ban, 
 &c. ; — the assembly or assembling ; as, to appear at 
 the ban,&.c. ; — and the body assembled, as muster of 
 the ban, general of the ban. Knnje. jMrth. 
 
 Arriere-fee, or firf ; a fee or fief depenileiit on a 
 superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. 
 
 Arriere vassal ; the vassal of a vassal. 
 AR'RIS, n. [Ft. areste,ardte. In firrA/ffr/jirf, the edge 
 formed by two surfaces ni('etnig each other, whether 
 pbine or curved ; applied particularly to the edges in 
 moldings, and to the raised edges, which sop.irate the 
 riulings in a Doric column. P. Cijc. 
 
 AR-UIS'IO.V, (ar-rizh'un,) n. [L. nrmio.] The .act 
 
 of sniding. Asbe. 
 AR-RIV'.VL, n. The coming to, or reaching a pl.acc, 
 from a distance, whether by water, as in its original 
 sense, or by land. 
 
 a. The attainment or gaining of any object, by 
 effort, agreement, practice, or study. 
 
 3. The person or thing arriving ; as, news brought 
 by the last arrieal. 
 
 TIic npxl arrivals hen; will ^Uilli-*r builj their ncsis. Warner. 
 
 AR-RIV'ANCE, n. Coiniiany coming, f A'ot «..ei/.] 
 
 SIhUi. 
 
 2. Arrival ; a reaching in progress. [Obs.] Bnurn. 
 AR-RIVE', p. I. [Fr. arnver ; ,\rm. arrirttnt,arrtrrin ; 
 lu arrivare; Sp. and Port, arribar; o( ad and Fr. 
 
 rive, Ihe shore or sloping bank of a river; Pp. 
 rtbera ; L. ri[nt ; Sans. and. In Irish, nirbhe is ribs. 
 It appears lliut rib, rive, and ripa are radicrilly oiu; 
 woril ; in like nninner, co.sla, u rib, and coast, are 
 radically the same.] 
 
 1. I.itcrallij, to I'oiiie to the shore, or bank. Hence, 
 to cmiie to or reach in progress by water, followi^d by 
 ul. We urriiicd at Havre de (irace, July JO, I8il. 
 N. W. 
 
 2. To come to or reach by traveling on land ; as, 
 the post arrines at 7 o'clock. 
 
 iJ. To reach a point by progressive motion ; to gain 
 or compass by ellbrt, practice, study, impiiry, reason- 
 ing, or experiment; as, to urrice at an unusual de- 
 gree of excellence or wickedness ; to arrire at a con- 
 
 4. To happen or occur. [elusion. 
 
 Happy 1 to vvlioin this glorious (I'-iith arrives. Waller. 
 AR-RTVr,', e. (. To reach. [Mt in u.-<e.] Shale. 
 .\K-l{IV'li\<;, ;>/);■. Coming to or reaching, by water 
 
 or laud ; gaining by research, crt"ort, or study. 
 AU'KO-G ANCE, n [L. arroirantia, from arrorra, to 
 claim ; of ad and rajro, to beg, or desire ; Fr. arro- 
 i^ancc ; Arm. ro^rucntci; Sp. and Tort, arrogancia ; 
 It. nrrotrama. See Aurogatk.] 
 
 The act or quality of taking much upon one's self; 
 that speci(;s of pride wliicli consists in exorbitant 
 claims of rank, ilignity, estiuntion, or power, or 
 which exalts tlit; worth or imiunlaiice of the person 
 to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; 
 conceitedness ; presuin|)lion. 
 
 I will Cluse Uio arrogance of liic prouil to dose, — Isa. xiii, 1 
 Siuo. ii. Prov. viii. 
 
 .•\R'RO-G.\N-CY, n. Arrogance. [This ortlwgraphy 
 is tes.i usual.] 
 
 .■\K'llO-(;.'\i\'I , a. Assuming ; making, or having the 
 disposition to make exorbitant claims of rank or esti- 
 mation ; giving one's self an undue degree of im- 
 portance ; haughty ; conceited ; applied to jiersons. 
 
 2. Containing arrogance ; marked with arrogance; 
 proceeding from undue claims or self-imporl;ince ; 
 applied to Oiings ; as, arrogant pretensions, or 
 b-havior. , 
 
 Alt'UO (; A.VT-IjY, ado. In an arrogant manner; 
 with undue pride, or self-importance. 
 
 AR'RO-CANT-NE.SS, «. Arrogance. [Litde used.] 
 
 AK'llO-GATE, V. t. [L. arrogo, of ad and nigo ; Fr. 
 arroo-cr; Sp. and Port, arrogar i It. arrogare. The 
 primary sense of rogo, to ask, is to reach or stretch.] 
 To assume, demand, or challenge more than is 
 proper ; to make undue claims, from vanity or false 
 pretensions to right or merit ; as, the pope arrogated 
 dtiminion over kings. 
 
 .\R'KO-G.A-TED, Claimed by undue pretensions. 
 
 AR'RO-G.^-TING, ppr. Challenging or claiming more 
 power or respect than is just or reasonable. 
 
 AR-RO-Ga'TION, VI. The act of arrogating, or mak- 
 ing exorbitant claims ; the act of taking more than 
 one is justly entitled to. 
 
 .\R'RO-GA-TI VE, a. Assuming, or making undue 
 claims and pretensions. Jfore. 
 
 AR-ROJV'D/SSE-MEJ^-r, (-mSng,) n. [Fr., from ar- 
 rondir, to make round ; ol ad and rond, round.] 
 
 Literally, a circuit, or district. As now used, in 
 Prance, it (lenotes, especially, the immediate subdivi- 
 sion of a department. The territory of France, since 
 the revolutimi, has been divided into departinenti ; 
 those, into arrandis.^enients ; tlmse, into cantons j and 
 the' latter, into commune.-^, 
 
 AR-l!o'.«10-\, (ar-ro'zhun,) n. [L. arrodo.] A 
 irnawing. 
 
 .Ml'KoW, n. [Sax. nrfirn. (lu. roy, rorfiiw, a shoot.] 
 
 1. A missive weapon of offense, straight, slender, 
 pointed, and barbed, to be shot with a bow. 
 
 2. In Scripture, the arrows of God, are the appre- 
 hensions of his wrath, which pierce and pain the 
 conscience. Job vi. Ps. xxxviii. In a like figur.a- 
 tive manner, arrows represent the judgments of God ; 
 as thunder, lightning, tempests, and famine. 2 Sam. 
 xxii. Ez. V. Ilab. iii. The word is used also for slan- 
 derous words and malicious purposes of evil men. 
 Ps. xi. Prov. XXV. Jcr. ix. Ps. Ixiv. Cruden. Brmrn. 
 
 .\R'RO\V-GR.\SS, n. A popular name of dilferenl 
 [ilants, species of the genus Triglochin. 
 
 AR'RoW-IIEAl), (-bed,) ii. The head of an arrow. 
 2. The popular name of different aquatic plants, 
 species of the genus Sagittaria ; so called from the 
 resemblance of their leaves to the head of an arrow. 
 
 AR'RDW-IIEAD'ED, (-hed'ed,) a. Shaped like the 
 heail of an arrow. 
 
 The arrow-headed characters, are certain charac- 
 ters found on the ruins of Persepolis, and the bricks 
 of Habylon, and in some other idaces of the East ; 
 formed by a combination of triangular, or wedge- 
 like figures, hence called, also, cuneiform charac- 
 ters, p. c>jc. 
 
 AR'RoW-ROOT, n. A popular name applied to the 
 different s|)ecies of the genus Maraiita. The Indians 
 are said to employ the roots of the iM. Galanga in 
 extracting the [loismi of arrows, whence the name. 
 
 From the root of the .M. Ariindinacea, or starch 
 plant, is obtained the arrow-root of the shops. 
 
 2. The starch of the Maranta Aruiidinacea, a nu- 
 tritive medicinal food. 
 
 AR-ROVV-SIIaP'KI), (-shSpt,) a. Shaped like an ar- 
 row. Ill Audiiiy, siigiltate. 
 
 AK'l!o\V-Y, a. Consisting of arrows. Milton. 
 2. Formed like an arrow. Coirper. 
 
 .\RSE, «. (irs,) [Sax. earte; V. aar.i; O. nrsch ; Persic, 
 arsit, or arst.] 'J'lie buttocks, or hind part of an 
 animal. 
 
 'J'o hung an arse, is to lag behind ; to be sluggish, 
 or tardy. [ yulgar.] 
 XR.'^K'-S.MART, n. The vulgar name of a sjiecies of 
 
 Polvgonuin, or knot-grass. 
 AR's'E-.\.\1.,, II. [Sp. Port. Fr. Arm. arsenal; It. 
 arsenule ; a magazine or repository of stores ; in 
 Italian and Spanish, a dock or dock-yard ; probably 
 L. arz naralL-; a naval citadid or repository.] 
 
 A repository or magazine of anus and military 
 stores, whetlii r for land or naval service. 
 
 Ill Kuirland, and other Kuropean countries, a pnti- 
 lir, establishment where naval or military engines 
 and equipments are manufuctuied or stored. 
 
 P. Ctjc. 
 
 AR-Sk'.M-ATF., v. a salt, formed by arsenic acid 
 combined with any base. 
 
 XR'S£.X-ie, ji. [Ar. uJu^j lirnakun ; .Syr. . t i] 
 
 larnila ; Gr. aprrefiKov ; L,. arsenicuin ; Sp. arsenico; 
 Fr. arsenic.] 
 
 Arsenic is a metal of a steel gray color, and bril- 
 liant luster, and ipiile brittle. It forms alloys with 
 most of the metals. Combined with suljdiur, it 
 forms orpiiiient and realgar, which are the yellow 
 and red sulpbiirets of arsenic. Orpinient is the true 
 arsenicuni of the ancients. Plin. 34. 18. Native or- 
 pinient appears in yellow, brilliant, and seemingly 
 taliky masses of various sizes; realgar is red, of 
 different shades, and often crystallized in neeilles. 
 Arsenic is also found as a mineralizer in cobalt, 
 antimony, copper, iron and silver ores. It is brought 
 chiefly fnuii the cobalt works in Saxony, where 
 zaffer is made. 
 
 The substance known as arsenic, in the shop*, is 
 the arsenioiis acid, called also oiyd of arsenic and 
 white arsenic. Fourcroy. JViehol.'cmi. 
 
 XR-SEN'ie .\C'in, n. An acid composed of two 
 equivalents of arsenic and five of oxygen. 
 
 AR-SE>i''ie-.\L, «. lleloiiging to arsenic; consisting 
 of or containing arsenic. 
 
 AR-SE.N'lC-.yi'E, V. t. To combine with arsenic. 
 
 AR-SE\'ie-A-TEI), /I/). or«. Combined with arsenic. 
 
 AR'SEN-ITE, n. A salt formed by the arsenious acid 
 with a base. 
 
 AR-Sk'NI-OUS, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or 
 containing arsenic ; as, arsenious powder, or glass. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 AR-Sk'NI-OU.S acid, 71. An acid composed of two 
 eipiivaleiits of arsenic and three of oxygen. 
 
 ARSII'I.N'E, H. A Russian measure of two feet four 
 inches and 212 decimals. This seems to be the 
 Chinese arschin, of which four make three yards 
 English. Toolic's Ru.i.iia. Knnje. 
 
 AR'.SIS, 71. [Gr.] In prosody, that point in a meas- 
 ure where the ieta-- is put, or which is marked by a 
 greater stress or force. llerninnn. 
 
 That elevation of voice now called metrical ac- 
 eenluation, accompanied by the ictus, orstroke of tlie 
 foot, marking it. It is uncertain whether the arsis 
 consisted in a higher musical note, greater volume, 
 or longer duration of sound, or in all combined. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 2. In Tniui'c, the rising of the hand in beating 
 time. p. Cye. 
 
 A R'SO.V, 7t. [\orm. Fr. arsine, ar.ieun ; from L. ardeo, 
 arsnin, to burn.] 
 
 Ill law, Ihe malicious burning of a dwelling-house 
 or oiit-bniise of another man, which by the common 
 law is fi lony. 'J'lie definition of this crime is varied 
 by statutes in dilfcrent countries and sUites. In , 
 t.'oniiecticut, the burning not only of a dwelling- i 
 lions4; or contiguous building, but of a ship or other ' 
 vessel, is declared to he arson, if human life is 
 thereby destroyi il or put to hazard. I 
 
 ART ; the second person, indicative mode, present j 
 tense, of the substantive verb am ; but from trcre, 
 Sw. vara, Dan. vitre, I 
 
 ART, II. I E. uv.v, ar(w ; probably contracted from the j 
 rmit of \V. err:, Ir. ceariL The radical sense is j 
 strength, from stretching, straining, Xhr primary sense ■ 
 of strength and power, and hence of skill. See an | 
 an.alogy in can.] 
 
 1. The disposition or modification of things by 
 human skill, to answer the purpose intended. In 
 this sense art stands opposed to nature. 
 
 Bacon. F.ncyc 
 9. A system of niles, serving to facilitate the per- 
 formance of certain actions ; opposed to science, or 
 to speculative principli'S ; as, the art of building or 
 engraving. Arts are divided into useful or mechanic, 
 and liberal or polite. The mechanic arts are those 
 in which the hands and body are more concerned 
 than the mind, as in making clothes and uti nsils. 
 The-se arts tire called trader. The libeml or polite 
 
 TO.XE, B}JLL, q.\ITE. — AN"GER, V T'CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a-s in THIS. 
 
 71 
 
ART 
 
 ART 
 
 ART 
 
 arts are those in ivliicli the miml or iin:i^Mii;itiuii is 
 chiefly concerned, as poetry, music, anil painting. 
 
 In America, liierature aiul tiift elo^.mt arti mnsi grow vip side 
 j by side wiiii ihe coarKr plants ul daily necessity. Irving. 
 
 I 3. Business or eniployinenl ; as, the various arts 
 of life. Swift. 
 
 4. Sliill, dexterity, or the power of performing 
 certain actions, acquii'ed by experience, study, or 
 observation ; as, a man lias the art of managing his 
 business to advantage. 
 
 5. Cunning ; artifice ; as, " Animals practice art 
 when opposed to their superiors in streiigtli." Crabbe. 
 
 6. Formerly, in an academical settle, tlie artSy or 
 the liberal arU, denoted the sciences and philosophy, 
 or the circle of academical education ; hence, de- 
 grees in tlie arU: master and bachelor of art>: 
 
 Jlrt and part; in Se.ots law, a term denoting the 
 charge of contri\ ing a criminal design as wi ll as of 
 participating in the perp?tration of the criminal act ; 
 said to be an abbreviation of the Latin artifez et 
 particeps. 
 
 XK-TE-iMIS'IA, n. A genus of plants of numerous 
 species, including the plants calk'd m'.igwort, south- 
 ernwood, and wormwood. Of these the A. -Vbsin- 
 thium, or common wormwood, is well known. 
 
 XR-Tk'RI-AL, a. 'See Artekv.] Pertaining to an 
 artery or the arteries ; as, arterial action. 
 2. Contained in an artery ; as, arterial, blood. 
 .Arterial blood differs from venous blood particu- 
 larly by its ligliter florid red color, anil its greater 
 warmth and coagulability — changes produced by the 
 process of respiration. 
 
 AU-Te-RI-AL-IZ-a'TIOX, 71. The process of making 
 arterial. _ . JVatts. 
 
 XR-TE'Rt-AL-iZE, v. t. To communicate, as to 
 venous blood, the qualities of arterial blood ; to 
 make arterial. Prout. 
 
 XR-Tic'RI-AL IZ-ED, pp. or a. JIade arterial. 
 • XR-Te'RI-AL-I/.-IXG, ppr. Rendering arterial. 
 
 XR-Tk-R[-0L'0-6V, n. [Gr. o,;r<;//iu, artery, and 
 Ao) «5, discourse.] 
 A treatise or discourse on the arteries. Morin. 
 
 XR-Te-RI-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. u^r/j/xu, an artery, 
 and rl)^r|, a cutting.J 
 
 J. The opening of an artery by a lancet, or other 
 instrument for the purpose of letting blood. 
 
 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dis- 
 section of the arteries. 
 
 XR'TE-RY,;i. [Gr. upr^i/iii, from air, and rrtpea, 
 to preserve or contain ; so called, from the opinion of 
 the ancients, that the arteries contain only air. The 
 term was also applied to the trachea or windpipe, 
 arteria aspera. In Ger. luft-ader, air-vein, is the 
 name for arterj' ; in Dutch, slafr-adcr, stroke-vein ; 
 in Swed. puls-ader. pulse-vein ; Dan. pids-aare, pulse- 
 vein ; that is, the beating vein.] 
 
 A term applied to the vessels or tubes which con- 
 vey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. 
 There are two principal arteries ; the aorta, which 
 rises from the left ventricle, and ramifies through the 
 whole body ; and the pulmonary artery, which con- 
 veys the biood from the right ventricle to the lungs, 
 to undergo respiration. An artery is composed of 
 three coats ; the outer consists of condensed cellular 
 membrane, and is supplied with numerous blood- 
 vessels and nerves ; the middle coat consists of cir- 
 cular fibers, formerly supposed by some to be muscu- 
 lar, but now regarded as a peculiar fibrous tissue ; 
 the inner coat, thin, smooth, and dense, confines the 
 blood witnm its canal, and facilitates its motion. 
 
 Purr. Cyc. 
 
 XR-Te'SIA.V, a. [from Artois, in France.] 
 
 Artesian iriU-t are those whicli are made by boring 
 into the earth, till tlie iiistrunieiit reaches water, 
 which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously 
 like a fountain. 
 
 XllT'FtJL, a. [See Ant.] 
 
 1. Performed with art or skill. Dryilen. 
 
 2. Artificial, as opposed to natural. Johnson. 
 
 3. Cunning ; practicing art, or stratagem ; crafty ; 
 as, an artfal boy. \_Tliis is the most usual sen.se.] 
 
 4. Proceeding from art or craft; as, an nr(/ui 
 pclieme. 
 
 XllT'FtJL LY,(w/o. With art, or cunning ; skillfully ; 
 dr-xtrously, 
 
 XRT'FIIL-XESS, n. Art; craft; cunning ; address. 
 XRTIIRIT'lC, ) 
 AR THRIT'IC-AI., j "■ 
 
 1. Pertaining to the joints; aff.'cting the joints. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the gout; gouty. 
 XR-THRI'TIS, It. [Gr. a/j5/Jir<s, ' from an^i„n; a 
 
 joint.] 
 
 In a general sense, any inflammation of the joints ; 
 but more particularly, the g'»iil, an hereditaiy, inter- 
 mitting diiieiuse, usually afli cliiig the smaM joints ; 
 nometimi'H the Htomarli. Cnxt. (guinea. 
 
 AH THRO'III-A, n. [from a//0()ow, to frame or artic- 
 ulate] 
 
 1. In anatomy, a Hpecies of arlictilntion, in whirh 
 the head of one bone ii received into tin: Nliallmv 
 ■ocket of anollier ; uh tli.at iif the liuiiieruii Into the 
 glenoid cavity of Hip itcapul.'i. Encyc. 
 
 2. In natural hutitry, a geniM of imperfect cryxlalti, 
 
 found in complex masses, and forming long single 
 pyramids, wilh very short and sU iider columns. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 XR-TITRODTO, a. Relating to aithiodia, which see. 
 
 XR'TIC. This word is erroneously used by some 
 autliors for arctic. 
 
 XR'TI-CHOliE, 71. [au. the first syllable of Gr. 
 afjTUTiKii. Vr. artichaut; Arm. artichauden ; ^p.alci- 
 ckofa ; Port, alcachofra : It. carciofo, carciofano, or 
 carciofnlo. The first syllable is probably the L. car- 
 duus, chard, thistle, corrupted. D. arti^jokj G. 
 artischocke ; Dan. artiskok.] 
 
 The Cynara Scolymus, a plant somewhat resem- 
 bling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated and prickly 
 calyx. The head is large, rough, and scaly, on an 
 upright stalk. It is composed of numerous ovul 
 scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad recep- 
 t.acle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is 
 the eatable part of the plant. Encyc. Miller. 
 
 Tha Jerusalem artichoke is a species of sunflower, 
 {Hrlianlhus tuberosiu<.) This is the plant commonly 
 called artichoke, in America. The term Jerusalem 
 is here a corruption of the Ital. girasole, sunflower. 
 
 XR'TI-CLE, 71. [L. articulus, a joint, from art us ; 
 Gr. apiiioi .] 
 
 1. A single clause in a contract, account, system 
 of regulations, treaty, or other writing ; a particular 
 separate charge or item in an account ; a term, con- 
 dition, or stipulation in a contract. In short, a dis- 
 tinct part of a writing, instrument, or discourse, 
 consisting of two or more particulars ; as, articles 
 of agreement ; an account consisting of many 
 articles. 
 
 2. A point of faith ; a doctrinal point or proposi- 
 tion in theology ; as, the thirty-nine articles. 
 
 3. Comprehension ; as, a soul of great article. Shak. 
 
 4. A distinct part. 
 
 Upon pach article of human duty. Pa'ey. 
 
 5. A particular commodity, or substance; as, an 
 article of merchandise ; salt is a necessary article. 
 In (Common usage, tliis word is applied to almost 
 every separate substance or material. 
 
 The articles which compose llie blood. Danc'in. 
 
 G. A point of time. [JVut iii use] Clarendon. 
 
 7. In grammar, an adjective used before nouns, to 
 limit or define their application ; as, hie, ille, ipse, in 
 Latin ; 6, //, to, in Greek ; the, this, that, in English ; 
 le, la, les, in French ; ilf la, lo, in Italian. The pri- 
 mary use of these adjectives was to convert an in- 
 determinate name into a determinate one ; or to limit 
 the application of a eommon name to a specific, 
 known, or certain individual. But article being'an 
 improper term to express the true signification, I 
 make use of definitive, which see. 
 
 In Vie article of dcatlt, [L. in articulo mortis ;] liter- 
 ally, in the moment of death ; in the last struggle or 
 agony. 
 
 .Articles of war ; the code or regulations for the 
 government of the army in Great Britain, and of the 
 army and navy in tlie United States. 
 
 ./Irticles of the nary ; the code or regulations for 
 the governmi nt of the navy in Great Britain. 
 
 Lord.i of articles ; in ScottU-h history, a committee of 
 the parliament, whose business was to prepare and 
 digest all matters that were to he laid before it, in- 
 cluding the preparation of all bills for laws ; called 
 also lords articulars, Robertson. 
 XR'TI-CLE, V. t. 
 
 1. To draw up in distinct particulars ; as, to 
 article the enors or follies of man. Taylor. 
 
 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. 
 " lie shall be articled against in the High Court of 
 Admiralty." Stat. ;« Geo. III. 
 
 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation ; 
 as, to article ail apprentice to a mechanic. 
 
 AR'TieijE, t). i. [Supra.] To agree by articles; to 
 stipubrte. - Donne. 
 
 AR'TI-CLED, pp. Drawn up in particulars ; accused 
 or bound by articles. 
 
 XR-TICy-LAK, a. [L. artieularis.] 
 
 Belonging to the joints ; as, the gout is an articular 
 disi'ase. 
 
 AR-TIC'ir-LAR-LY, adv. So as to sound every letter. 
 
 XR-TIC-U-La'TA, 71. pi. [L.] The name of a di- 
 vision of the animal kingdom, characterized by a 
 jointed or articulated covering, consisting of a series 
 of annulations or rings, corresponding to the internal 
 skeleton of the vertebrated animals. This division 
 includes the Annelida, or worms ; the Crustacea, 
 or crab-like animals; the Arachnida, or S|)ider-like 
 animals ; and the Insecta, or proper insects. 
 
 AR-TIC'IJ-L.\TE, (I. [L. nrficuteii.v, jointed, distinct.] 
 1. Formed by jointing or articulation of the organs 
 of speech : applied to sound. An artieulatc sound is 
 made by closing and opening the organs of speech. 
 'I'lu! jiiiictiim or closing ol* the organs forms a joint 
 or articulation, a» in Ihe syllables ab,ad, ap ; in pass- 
 ing from one nrticulalion to aniillii r, the organs are, 
 or may be, opened, and a vowel is utten il, as in 
 attune: and the dilliri'iit aitiiiilalioiis, wilh Ihe in- 
 tervening vocal sounds, form what is called artieu- 
 late, sound.i I sounds distinct, separate, and modified 
 by articulation or jointing. This articulation con- 
 
 I stitutcs the prominent difteronce between the liiiiiuin 
 voice and tliat of brutes. Ilrutts open the nioiith 
 and make vocal sounds, Uiit have either not at all, or 
 very imperfectly, the power of articulation. 
 
 2. Clear; distinct; as, ar(jcu/u(c pionuiiciation. 
 
 3. Exjiressed in articles, or ill separate particulars. 
 [JVoi tised.] Bacon 
 
 4. In 7uili(7-a; //iitori/, jointed ; formed with joints. 
 XR-Tie'U-LATE, V. i. To utter articulate sounds ; 
 
 to utter distinct syllables or words ; as, to articulate 
 distinctly. 
 XR-TIC'II-LaTE, v. t. 
 
 1. To form into elementary sounds ; to form into 
 distinct syllables, or words ; as, to articulate letters 
 or language. 
 
 2. To draw up or write in separate particulars. 
 [.Yot used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To treat, stijiulate, or make terms. [JVot tesed.] 
 
 Shok. 
 
 4. To joint. Smith. 
 XR-Tie'U-L.\-TED, pp. or a. 
 
 1. Uttered distinctly in syllables or words 
 
 2. Jointed ; having joints ; as a plant or animal. 
 X R-TIC f I- L AT ELY, ado. 
 
 1. \\'itli (li>tinct utterance of syllables or words. 
 9. Article 1)\' article; in det;iil. Puleti. 
 XR-Tie'U-LATE-XESS, 7i. The quality of being 
 articulate. 
 
 XR-TIC'IJ-La-TING, ppr. Uttering in distinct syl- 
 lables or words. 
 
 XR-Tie-li-LA'TION, n. 
 
 1. In anatomy, the joining or juncture of the bones. 
 This is of three kinds : 1st, diarthrosLi, or a movable 
 connection, including enarthrosis, or the ball and 
 socket joint; arthrodia, which is tlie same, but more 
 superficial ; ginglymus, or hinge-like joint; and tro- 
 choid, or the wheel and axle : 2d, synarthrosis, im- 
 movable connection, as by suture, or junction by 
 serrated margins ; harmony, or union by straight 
 margins ; and gonipliosis, like a nail driven in a 
 board, as the teeth in their sockets: 3ii, symphysis, 
 or union by means of another subsuince ; as syn- 
 chondrosis, union by a cartilage ; syssarcosis, union 
 by muscular fibers ; synneurosis, union by tendons ; 
 syndesmosis, union by ligameuts; and synostosis, 
 union by a bony substance. Quincy' Core. 
 
 9. In botany, a term applied to the ciuinectiou of 
 the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods ; also, to \\u- 
 nodes or joints, as in cane and maiiie ; and to thj 
 parts intercepted between the joints. Kncye. 
 
 3. The forming of words ; a distinct utterance of 
 syllables and words by the human voice, by means 
 of closing and opening the organs. 
 
 4. A consonant ; a letter noting a jointing or closing 
 of t he organs. 
 
 AIIT'I-FICE, 71. [L. artifieiuin, from ars, art, and 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 1. Artful contrivance; an artful or ingenious 
 device, in a good or bad sense. In a bad sense, it 
 corresponds with trick, or fraud. 
 
 2. Art ; trade ; skill acquired by science or pr.ic- 
 tice. l-Vut used.] 
 
 ART-IF'l-CER, 71. [L. artifex, from ars and facio.] 
 
 1. An artist; a mechanic or manufacturer; one 
 whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a 
 particular kind, as a silversmith or saddler. 
 
 2. One who makes or contrives ; an inventor ; as, 
 an artificer of fraud or lies. Milton. 
 
 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [A'ut used.] 
 
 Ben Jonson. 
 
 XRT-I-FI"CIAL, (irt-e-fish'al,) a. Made or contrived 
 by art, or by human skill and labor, in ojiposition to 
 natural; as, artificial heat or light; an artificial 
 magnet. 
 
 2. Feigned ; fictitious ; not genuine or natural ; as, 
 artificial tears. 
 
 3. Contrived with skill or art. 
 
 4. Cultiv.ati d ; not indigenous ; not being of spon- 
 taneous growth ; as, artficial grasses. Gdibon. 
 
 Jirtificial argumeuts, in rhetoric, are arguiiii iits in- 
 Vented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, 
 amiioiities, and the like, which are called inartificial 
 argiim.'uls or proofs. Johnson. 
 
 jirtificial lines, on a sector or scale, are lines so 
 contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and 
 tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, 
 solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigo- 
 nometry, navigation, &,c. 
 Jirtificial numbers; the same with logarithms. 
 
 Chamber.^. Kncye. 
 XRT-I-FI"CI-AL'I-TY, n. The quality of being arti- 
 ficial ; appearance of art. Shenstone. 
 ART-I-F1"CIAI,-LY, ndi\ By art, or human skill 
 and contrivanre ; hence, with good contrivance; 
 with art or ingenuity, 
 ART-I-F1"CIAL-.\ESS, 7t. The quality of being ar- 
 tificial. 
 
 Xll-TIL'LF.-RI.ST, 7i. A person skilled in gunnery. 
 
 AR-'i'lL'LE KY, 71. This word has no iiliiral. [Fr. 
 arfillerie ; II. artigtieria; Sp. artilleria. In Fr. ar- 
 tilleur, artillier, is a matross ; Sp. artillar, to mount 
 cannon. In .Ariiioric, artillerii is arlilhiry, and an 
 artist is artilhrr. In Norm. I*r, artillery is written 
 articlarie. The Armoric unites this word with art, 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, DIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 72 
 
ARU 
 
 ASC 
 
 ASC 
 
 artUt, inilicatins tliiit the priiiiiiry sense is, instm- 
 iiieiit!', Ihirifs I'nrniLil liy art, or nitlier prepared by 
 iirt, |iii (iarati(ins.] 
 
 1. In a ireiiiriU se7ise, oflVnsive weapons of war. 
 Hence it was formerly used for bows and arrows. 
 
 And Ji>miUiiu» g^ive liU arHllery to liis lad. — 1 Sam. xx. 
 
 But in present nsagc, appropriatetij, 
 
 2. Cannon ; great guns ; ordnance, inchidin<); Runs, 
 mortars, howitzers, es,c., with tlieir fiirniuire of car- 
 ria^'i's, balls, bombs, and sliol of all kinds, and also 
 rocki.ts and grenades. 
 
 ;!. In a more citcndcd sense, tlie word includi^s 
 tlu^ powder, cartridges, matclios, utensils, machines 
 of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of 
 artillery. 
 
 4. 'I'lie men who manage cannon and mortars, in- 
 rliicling uiatrosses, gunners, bombardiers, caunoniers, 
 or by whatever name they are called, with the olfi- 
 cers and engineers, and the persons who supply the 
 artillery with implements and nuiterials. Kncyc. 
 
 5. 'J'he science of artillery and gunnery. 
 
 Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 .liR-TIL'LEi-RY-MA.V, n. A man who manages a 
 
 htrge gun in firing. 
 XKT'I-SA.V, ». [Fr., from L. OM. See Art.] 
 
 1. One trained to manual de.xterlty in any art, 
 mystery, or trade. 
 'J. A handcraftsman ; a mechanic. 
 XIIT'IST, n. [Fr. artislc; lU arlisLa; from L. ars. 
 See Abt.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, one who is skilled in the 
 practice of some art. Dnjden. 
 
 ;2. .^pprerpriately, in present usage, one who pro- 
 fes.^^s and practices one of the liberal arts, in « hich 
 science ami taste preside over the manual execution. 
 It is thus that the artist is distinguished from the 
 artisan, who follows mechanically the rules of his 
 lianderaft or art. The term is particularly applied 
 t.) painters, sculptors, engravers, and architects. 
 
 Elmcs. 
 
 AR-Ti'STE', (^iT-teeal',) n. [Fr.l A term of very e.v- 
 tensive application among the French, to denote one 
 who is peculiarly de.vtrous and tasteful in almost 
 ail)' art, as an opera dancer, and even a hair-dresser 
 or a cook. This term should not be confounded 
 with the E^nglish word artiit. 
 
 AKT-l^T'ie, ) a. [from ardsi.] Pertaining to an 
 
 AllT-IST'ie-.IL, ) artist; made in the manner of 
 an artist ; conformable to art ; regular. 
 
 AKT-lpiT'ie-.^L-LY, ailr. In an artistic manner. 
 
 ART'LKSS, o. Unskillful; wanting art, knowledge, 
 or skill. Dryilrn. 
 
 2. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem ; simple ; 
 sincere; unaffected; undesigning; as, an artless 
 mind. 
 
 3. Contrived without skill or art ; as, an artless 
 tale. 
 
 AR'I''LESS-LY, ade. Without art or skill ; in an art- 
 less manner. 
 
 •3. Without guile ; naturally ; sincerely ; unalTcct- 
 edlv. Pope. 
 
 ART'LESS-XESS, n. The quality of being void of art 
 or guile ; simplicity ; sincerity ; unalTectedness. 
 
 AR'TO-TY-RlTE, ii. [of Gr. oprof, bread, and rvpos, 
 cheese.] 
 
 One of a sect of heretics, in the primitive church, 
 who celebrated the eiirharist with bread and cheese, 
 alleging that the first oblations of men were not only 
 of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. They 
 admitted females to the priesthood and episcopacy. 
 
 Enetjc. 
 
 ART.'S'-MAM, n. A learned man. [Obs.] Shai. 
 
 AR-IJ.N-DEL'IA.V, a. Pertaining to Arundel; as, 
 Jlriiiiilelian marbles. The Ariindelian marbles are 
 ancient stones, cont.tining a chronological detail of 
 the princip.-!] events of Greece, from Cecrops, who 
 lived about 1582 years before Christ, to the archon- 
 ship of Diognetus, before Christ 21)4. The engraving 
 was done in Paros, and the chronology is called the 
 Parian Chronirle. These stones are called .^rundel- 
 ian, from the earl of Arundel, who employed Wil- 
 liam Petty to procure relics of antiquity in the East, 
 in 1C2I. These, with other curiosities, were pur- 
 chased, and by the earl's grandson presented to the 
 University of Oxford. Their antiquity and even 
 their authenticity have been questioned. Encye. 
 
 A-RU.\-DI.\-A'CEOU.S, a. '\.. arundo, a reed.] 
 
 Pertaining to a reed ; re.sembliiig the reed or cane. 
 
 AR-U.\-DL\'E-OUS, a. Abounding with reeds. 
 
 A-RO'R.\, n. [Gr. a/>vpa.] Literally, as authors sup- 
 pose, a plowed field. According to Herodotus and 
 Suidxs, the arura of Egypt was a piece of ground 
 fifty feet square. Others niake it a square of 100 
 cubits; others of 100 feet. The Grecian arum w.is 
 asquare measure of half the plethron. [See Arour.i.] 
 Encyc. llcrod., Entrrpc. 
 
 A-RUS'PEX, n. [L.] A soothsayer. Dryden. 
 
 A-RUS'PICE, n. Written also IIari'spice. f L. nru.ipri, 
 or haruspex, a soothsayer, or diviner, who attempted 
 to foretell events by consulting the entrails of bea.its 
 
 slain in sacrifice. Ciu. Teut. or/, <jrf: Eth. 
 oricf, cattle, and L. specio, to view.] 
 
 A priest, in ancient Ronu^, whose business was to 
 inspect the entrails of victims killed in sacrifice, and 
 by them to foretell future events. 
 A-KUS'PI-CY, n. 'J ill! act of iirognosticating by in- 
 spection of the entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice. 
 
 Butler. 
 
 XR'VEL, n. A funeral. Orose. 
 
 AS, (a/,,) adi\ [Pers. asa, like, simil.-ir, as; Gr. 
 wf ; Uu. Fr aiLisi. Hut more probably the English 
 word is contracted from als, G. and D. It corre- 
 sponds in sensi; with the Persian.] 
 
 1. Literally, like ; even ; similar. " Ye shall be 
 as Gods, knowing good and evil." "j?.5 far as we 
 can see," that is, like far, equally far. Hence it may 
 be explained by in like manner; as, do 03 you are 
 conimaiuled. 
 
 2. It was formerly used where we now use that. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 Thr n-Imioim are so uiic-rl.'un as they rwi'.urc a great deal of cx- 
 niiiiiiauuii. Jiacon. 
 
 3. It was formerly used for as if. [Obs.] 
 
 He lies, a* lie his blUs did know. Walter. 
 
 4. While; during; at the same time. " He trem- 
 bled as he spoke." But in most of its uses, it is re- 
 solvable into like, equal, even, or equally, in like man- 
 ner. In some phrases, it must be considered a nom- 
 inative word, or other words must be supplied. 
 ** Appoint to office such men as deserve public con- 
 fidence." This phrase m.iy be elliptical for "such 
 men as those who deserve public ctnifidence." 
 
 j?.s seems, in some cases, to imply the sense of 
 proportion. " In general, men are more liapjiy, as 
 they are less involved in public concerns." 
 
 jj.v, in a subsequent part of a sentence, answers to 
 such ; gi\'e us such things as you please ; and in a 
 preceding part of a sentence, has so to answer to it ; 
 as with the people, so with the priest. 
 AS, n. [L.] A Roman weight of twelve ounces, an- 
 swering to the libra or pound. 
 
 2. A Roman coin, originally of a pound weight ; 
 but reduced, after the first Puiiic war, to two ounces ; 
 in the second Punic war, to one ounce ; and by the 
 Papirian law, to half an ounce. It was originally 
 stamped with the figure of a sheep, sow, or ox ; and 
 afterward with a Janus, on one sitle, and on the re- 
 verse, a rostrum or prow of a ship. 
 
 3. An integer; a whole or single thing. Hence 
 the English ace. Hence the Romans used the word 
 for the whole inheritance ; ha;res e.x asse, an heir to 
 the whole estate. Encyc. 
 
 AS'A ; a corruption of lasar, an ancient name of a gum. 
 Literally, the healer ; from the Hebrew asa, a pliysi- 
 cian or healer. Parr. [See Ooze.] Encyc. 
 
 AS-.\-DUL'ClS ; the same as Benzoin. 
 
 AS-A-F(I;T'I-D.\, ( n. [asa, gum, and L. fatidus, fet- 
 
 AS-A-FET'I-UA, I, id.] 
 
 A fetid inspissated sap, from Persia and the East 
 Indies. It is the concrete juice of a large umbellifer- 
 ous plant, the Ferula assafetida, much used in med- 
 icine, as an antispasmodic. Encyc. 
 
 AS'A-RIN, ?i. -V cry.slallized substance, resembling 
 camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europoeum ; 
 now ctilled camphor of iL-inrum. 
 
 AS-UES'TI-FORM, a. Having the structure of as- 
 bi:stlis. 
 
 AS-HE.-^'TINE, a. [See AsBESTtrs.] 
 
 Pertaining to asbestiis, or partaking of its nature 
 and (pialities ; incombustible. 
 
 AS-BLS'T1.\-ITE, 71. [Sec Asbestus.] The actino- 
 lite or strahlstein. Kirwan. 
 
 Calcifrrous asbestinite ; a. variety of actinolite, par- 
 tially effervescing. Kirwan. 
 
 AS-HES'TUS, J n. [Gr. aaffturos, ine.xtinguishable ; 
 
 AS-l!ES'TOS, \ of u neg. and a,3evvupi, to e.xtin- 
 guish.] 
 
 .\ term applied to varieties of hornblende and py- 
 ro.xene, occurring in long, delicate fibers ; usually 
 of a white or gray color, and also in compact fibrous 
 m.isses and seams, of greenish and reddish shades. 
 The liner v.arieties have been wfouglit into gloves 
 and cloth, which are incombustible. The cloth 
 was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and 
 Ii.ts been recommended for firemen's clothes. As- 
 bestus is also employed in the manufacture of iron 
 safes, and for lamp-wicks. Dana. 
 
 Lignlform asbestus is a variety of a brown color, 
 and of a slaty or splintery fracture, and if broken 
 across, presents an irregular, filamentous structure, 
 like wood. Kiraan. 
 AS'BO-LIN, n. [Gr. aa$o\,i.] 
 
 .\ yellow, oil-like matter, verj- acrid and bitter, ob- 
 taineil from stmt. 
 AS'CA-RIS, 71. ; pU As-car'i-des. [Gr.] 
 
 In -.oolojry, a genus of intestinal worms. The body 
 is cylindrical, and tapering at the ends. 
 .AS-rE.\l)', V. i. [L. a.%ccn</u, from scaiulo, to mount 
 or climb; W. esiryn, to rise ; cyn, first, cliief. It has 
 the same elements as begin.] 
 
 1. To move upward ; to mount ; to go up ; to 
 rise, whether in air or water, or upon a material 
 obiect. 
 
 2. To rise, in a figurative sense ; to proceed from 
 an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble 
 objects, from jiarticuL'trs to generals, &c. 
 
 3. To proceed from inoilern to ancient times ; to 
 recur to former ages ; as, our inquiries ascend to the 
 remotest antiquity. 
 
 4. In a corresponding sense, to proceed in a lino 
 toward ancestors ; as, to ascend to our first pro- 
 genitors. 
 
 5. To rise, as a star ; to proceed or come above 
 the horizon. 
 
 (j. In viusic, to rise in vocal utterance; to pass 
 from any iiot(! to one more acute. 
 AS-CE.\|j', V. t. To go or move upward upon ; as, to 
 ascend a hill or ladder; — or to climb; as, to ascend 
 a tree. 
 
 AS-CE.\D'A-BLE, a. That may be ascended. 
 AS-CEND'.ANT, 71. Superiority, or commanding in- 
 fluence ; as, one man has the ascendant over another. 
 
 2. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy, 
 or degrees of kindred ; ojiposed to descendant. 
 
 3. Ilight; elevation. [Little used.] Temple. 
 
 4. In astrology, tlie horo.sropi', or that degree of the 
 ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the time d[ 
 one's birth ; supposed to have influence on a per- 
 son's life and fortune. Encyc. 
 
 That one of the twelve houses of heaven, which 
 at any time is about to rise ; called also the first 
 hou.'.c. That point of the ecliptic, included in it, 
 which is just rising, is called the horoscope, :iuA the 
 planet, or other heavmly body, which rules in the 
 house, is called lord ofUie ascendant. The ascendant 
 is considered the stronge.st house, and is supposed to 
 exercise an especial influence on the fortune of a 
 person born at the time. P. Cyc. 
 
 Hence the phrnsits to be in the (Licniflant, dunotin^, 
 to have commanding power or influence, and lord 
 of the ascendant, denoting one who has possession 
 of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while,- 
 lordoftltc oscrndanL Burke. 
 AS-CEND'ANT, a. Superior ; prctlominaiit ; surpass- 
 ing. 
 
 2. In astrology, above the horizon. 
 AS-CEMO'ED, p/<. or a. Risen; mounted up; gone 
 to heaven. 
 
 AS-CE.NI)'E.\'-CY, 71. Power ; governing or controll- 
 ing influence. 
 
 Custom Uas an ascendency over tlic understjuidii 
 
 WatU. 
 
 AS-CEND'IN'G, ppr. or a. Rising; moving upward; 
 proceeding from the less to the greater ; proceeding 
 iVoin modern to ancient, from grave to more acute. 
 A star is said to be ascending, when rising above the 
 horizon, in any paralli I of the equator. 
 
 Ascending latitude, is the latitude of .i planet, when 
 moving toward the north pole. 
 
 Ascending node, is that point of a planet's orbit, 
 wherein it ptusses the ecliptic to -proceed northward. 
 It is also called the northern node. 
 
 Ascending vessels, in anatomy, arc those which 
 carry the blood upward or toward the superior parts 
 of tile liody. 
 AS-CEN'Sl6\, (as-sen'sbiin,) m. [L. a.«c7i.'fio.] 
 
 1. The act of ascending ; a rising It is frequently 
 applied to the visible elevation of our Savior to 
 heaven. 
 
 2. The tiling rising, or ascending. [jYut autlior- 
 izcd. ] 
 
 3. In astronomy, ascension is either right or oblique. 
 Bight ascension of the sun, or of a star, is that degree 
 of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of 
 Aries, which ris"s with the sun or star, in a right 
 sphere ; or the arc of the equator intercepted between 
 the first point of Aries and that point of the equator 
 that comes to the meriilian with the sun or star. 
 Oblique iLicension, is an arc of the equator, intercept- 
 ed between the first point of .Aries and that point 
 of the equator which rises together with a st.ar, in 
 an oblique s|ihere ; or the arc of the equator inter- 
 ceptirtl between the first point of Aries and th.it 
 point of the equator that comes to the horizon with 
 a star. ./ohnsoiu Brande. 
 
 AS-("EN'SIO.\-DAY, 7i. A festival of some Christian 
 churches, held ten days, or on the Thursday but 
 one, before WliiLsuntide, in commemoration of our 
 .«avior's ascension into heaven, alter his resurrec- 
 tion ; called also Jioly Thursday. 
 
 Ascensional difference, is thi' difference between the 
 right and oblique ascension of the same point on the 
 surface of the sphere. Chambers. 
 
 AS-CEN'SIVE, a. Rising; tending to rise, or caus- 
 ing to rise. Journ. of Science. 
 
 AS-CENT', 7U [L. aseensus.] 
 
 1. The act of rising ; motion upward, whether 
 in air, water, or other lluid, or on clev.ited objects ; 
 rise ; a mounting upw ard ; as, the osccnt of vapors 
 from the earth. 
 
 2. The way by which one ascends (; the means of 
 ascending. Baeon. 
 
 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. AdilUon. 
 
 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the an- 
 gle it makes with a horizontal line ; as, a road has 
 an ascent of five degrees. 
 
 5. Acclivity ; the rise of a hill ; as, a steep asemL 
 
 TCXE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K : G aa J : S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
See AcEscENCY, Acescent. 
 
 ASH 
 
 AS-CER-TaIN', v. L [from the L. ad certum, to a 
 cert.iiiily.] 
 
 1. To make certain ; to define or reduce to pre- 
 cision, by removing obscurity or ambiguity. 
 
 Tlie divine law ascerlairis Uie Irulh. Hooker. 
 
 0. To mal^e certain, by trial, examination, or ex- 
 periment, so as to linow what was before unknown ; 
 as, to osr.ertain the weight of a commodity, or the 
 purity of a metal. 
 
 3. To make sure by previous measures. [ Unusual.] 
 
 'riic mitiiitry, in order lo as^tain a majority in the House of 
 Lords, persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. 
 
 SmoUeU. 
 
 4. To make certain or confident, followed by an 
 objective and of; as, to ascertain vs of the goodness 
 
 ^ of our work. [Uiiusuat.] Drtjden. 
 a. To fix ; to establish with certainty ; to render 
 invariable, and not subject to will. 
 
 Tlie niiltlness and precision of their lav/a ascertained the rule and 
 measure of t;ixation. Gibbon. 
 
 AS-CER-TaIN'A-BLE, a. That may be made cer- 
 tain in fact, or certain to the mind ; that may be 
 certainly known, or reduced to a certainty. 
 
 Kerr^s Lavohier. 
 
 AS-CER-TaIX'£D, pp. Jlade certain ; defined ; es- 
 tablished]^ reduced lo a certainty. 
 
 AS-CER-TaIN'ER, 71. The person who ascertains or 
 makes certain. 
 
 AS-CER-TaIx\'ING, ppr. Making certain; fixing; 
 establishing;, reducing to a certainty; obtaining 
 certain knowledge. 
 
 AS-CER-TaIN'iMENT, n. The act of ascertaining ; 
 a reducing to certainty ; certainty ; fixed rule. SwifL 
 
 AS-CES'SAi\-CY 
 
 AS-CES'SANT. 
 
 AS-CET'IC, a. [Gr. aaxriTOi, exercised, hardened ; 
 from a(7x-£(.j, to exercise.] 
 
 Retired from the world; rigid ; severe ; austere; 
 unduly rigid in devotions and mortifications. 
 
 AS-CET'lU, M. 
 
 1. In the early church, one who retired from the 
 customary business of life, and devoted himself to 
 the duties of piety and devotion ; a hermit ; a recluse. 
 
 2. One who practices undue rigor and self-denial 
 in religious things. 
 
 3. The title of certain books on devout exercises ; 
 as, the .^.iertics of St. Basil. 
 
 AS-CET'1-CISM, «. The state or practice of ascetics. 
 
 Bib. Repos. 
 
 AS'CI-I, } n. pi. [L. fl.Tcii, from Gr. a priv. and 
 
 AS'CT-.\NS, ( iTKia, a shadow.] 
 
 Persons, who, at certain times of the year, have 
 no shadow al noon. Such are the inhabitants of the 
 torrid zone, w ho hiive, tit times, a vertical sun. Bailey. 
 
 AS'CI-TANS, ?i. pi. [Gr. acKoi, a bag or bottle of 
 skin.] ' 
 
 A sect fir branch of Montanists, who appeared in 
 the second century. They introduced into their as- 
 semblies certain bacchanals, who danced around a 
 bag or skin distended with air, in allusion to the 
 bottles filled with new wine. Matt. i.ic. Eticyc. 
 
 AS-CI'TliS, H. [Gr. wffKOt, a bladder.] 
 
 Dropsy of the belly ; a tense, equable swelling of 
 the belly, with fiuctuation, from a collection of 
 serous fiiiid in the cavity of the peritoneimi. 
 
 AS-CIT'IC, la. Beltmging to an ascites; dropsi- 
 
 AS-CIT'ie-AL, i cal; hydropical. 
 
 AS-CI-Tr'TlOUS, (as-si-tish'us,) a. [L. aicitus ; Low 
 L. ascititius ; from ascisco, to take to or associiite.] 
 
 Additional ; added ; supplemental ; not inherent 
 or origiutil. 
 
 Homer lias l»^cn reckoned an ascilitMus name. Pope. 
 
 AS-CLK'PJ-AD, n. in ancient poetry, a verse of four 
 feet, the first of which is a spontiee, the second a 
 cliorianib, and the last two dtictyls ; or of four feet 
 and a ciesiira, the first a spondee, the second a dac- 
 tyl, then the ctesiira, followed by two dactyls ; as, 
 Mtece I nis ati | vis | edite | reglbus. Eiicyc. 
 
 AS-€RIH'A-HLE, a. [See Ascbibe.] That may be 
 ascribed or attributed. 
 
 AS eillBE', V. t. [L. ascribe, of ad and scribo, to 
 write ; Eng. .tcrapr.] 
 
 1. To attribute, impute, or set to, as to a cause ; to 
 refer an efiect to its cause ; as, losses are often to be 
 aacribcd lo imprudence. 
 
 2. To attribute, as a c|uality, or an appurtenance ; 
 to consider or allege to belong ; as, to ascribe perfec- 
 tion to God, or imperfection to man. Job x.ixvi. 
 P«. Ixviii. 1 .Sam. xviii. 
 
 AS CItlll' /•;!), ;>/). Attributed or imputed ; considered 
 or ttllcgi-d, as Ixdonging. 
 
 AS GUrii'l.NO, ppr. Attributing ; imputing ; alleg- 
 ing lo belong. 
 
 A.S-t;RrP'TU).\, (an kriii'shiin,) n. The act of as- 
 cribing, iin|iuling, or allirrning to belong. 
 
 AH-( :KII"-'I'I"'I'H)US, a. 'Iliat is a.>icril)cd. This 
 word waK applied to villains untler thi^ fi iidiil sys- 
 ti-iii, wIki were aiinexi cl lo the fri eliuld and iraiis- 
 feralile with it. Sprlman. Lib. A'ttrrr Hcaccarti. 
 
 A-SEX'IJ-AI., a. Having no di»linct sex. 
 
 A.^ll, n. [.Sax. ir.ic ; Uan. tuk ; Germ, eacht ; U. 
 ettehr, ) lluu. ytuen,] 
 
 ASI 
 
 1. The popular name of different species of trees 
 of the Linnsan genus Fraxinus. The common Eu- 
 ropean ash is the F. excelsior. 
 
 2. Tlie wood of the ash-tree. 
 
 ASH, a. Pertifining to or like the ash ; made of ash. 
 ASH, V. t. To strow or sprinkle with ashes ; as, to 
 
 ash the hair. Huwel. 
 2. To strow with ashes for the purpose of manure. 
 A-SIIaME', v. t. To shame. [JVot used.] 
 A-SilAM'£D, a. [from Sax. gescamiaii or ascamian, to 
 
 be ashamed, to blush, from scama, shame ; originally 
 
 a participle. See Sh.ime.] 
 
 1. Afiected by shame ; abashed or confused by 
 guilt, or a conviction of some criminal action or in- 
 decorous conduct, or by the exposure of some gross 
 error or misconduct, which the person is conscious 
 must be wrong, and which tends to impair his honor 
 or reputation. It is followed by of. 
 
 Thou slialt remember thy ways, and lie ashamed. — Ex. xvi. 
 Israel sliall be ashamed of his own counsel. — tiosea xx. 
 
 2. Confused by a consciousness of guilt or of in- 
 feriority, by the mortification of pride, by failure or 
 disapjiointment. 
 
 The y slialt Iw greatly ashamed that tuist in imat^s. — Isa. zlii. 
 
 VrhL^ adjective always follows its itouu.] 
 A-SHAM'Eb-LY, adv. Bashfully. [M ^iscd.] 
 ASH'€0L,-OR-£D, o. Of a color between brown and 
 
 gray. Woodward. 
 ASH'EN, a. [See Ash.] Pertaining to ash ; made of 
 ASH'ER-Y, 71. [ash. 
 
 1. A place where ashes are deposited. 
 
 2. A place where potash is made. 
 
 ASH'ES, 71. pi. without the singular number. [Sax. 
 asca; Goth, aztra ; D. asch; G. asche; Sw. aska ; 
 Dan. aske ; Basque, auscua.] 
 
 1. The earthy particles of pombustible substances 
 remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 
 
 2. The remains of the human body when burnt. 
 Hence, figuratively, a dead body or corpse. 
 
 3. In Scripture, ashes is used to denote vileness, 
 meanness, frailty, or humiliation. 
 
 1, wlio am but dust and ashes. ■ — Gen. xviii, 
 1 abhor myself, and ivpent in dust and ashes. — Job xlii. 
 Volcanic ashes; the loose, earthy matter ejected by 
 vidcanoes. 
 
 ASH'-FlRE, 71. A low fire used in chemical oper- 
 ations. 
 
 ASII'-HoLE, 71. A repository for ashes ; the lowest 
 ptirt of a furnace. » 
 
 ASH'L.'\R, i 71. In architecture, a facingmade of squared 
 
 ASH'LER, ) stones ; or a facing made of thin slabs, 
 used to cover walls of brick or rubble. The term 
 has also been applied, in England, to common or free 
 stones as they are brought from the quarry. Oioilt. 
 
 ASII'LER-ING, 71. Oiiartering for lathing to, in gar- 
 rets, two or three feet high, perpendicular to the 
 floor, and reaching to the under side of the rafters. 
 
 A-SIIoRE', ar/i'. [a, «(, or on, and See Shore.] 
 
 1. On shore ; on the lanil adjacent to water ; to 
 the shore ; as, bring the gooils ashore. 
 
 2. On land, opposed to aboard ; as, the captain of 
 the ship remained ashore. 
 
 3. On the ground ; as, the ship was driven ashore. 
 ASII'-PAN, 71. A pan beneath a grate or furnace to 
 
 receive ashes. 
 ASH'TO-RETH, n. [Ileb.] A goddess of the Si- 
 
 donians and Philistines, the same as the Venus of 
 
 the Romans. 
 ASH'-TIIB, 7!. A tub to receive ashes. 
 ASH-WEDNES'DAY, (ash-weiiz,'de,) 7i. The first 
 
 day of Lent ; supposed to be so called from a custom 
 
 in the Roman Catholic church of sprinkling tishes, 
 
 that d.iy, on the heads of penitents, then admitted lo 
 
 penance. 
 
 ASH'-VVEED, 71. A plant, the small wild angelica, 
 goutvvort, goats-foot, or herb-gerard, a species of the 
 genus A^gopodium. Encyc. 
 
 ASII'Y, a. 1. Belonging to ashes. 
 
 2. Ash-colored ; pale ; inclining to a whitish gray. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Made or composed of ashes ; as, the u-s/iy 
 womb of Ilie pljenix. Milton. 
 
 4. Filled or strowed with ashes; as, ashy hairs. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 ASII'Y-PaLE, a. Pale as ashes. Shale. 
 
 A'SIA, 71. One of the fi)iir ciuarters of the globe. 
 [A name originally given to Asia Minor or sonjo part 
 of it ; perhaps from the Asses, Ases, or Osses, about 
 Mount Taurus. Mallet, J^orlh. Ant. i. CO. Pliny.] 
 
 A'SIAN, 17. Pertaining lo Asia. Dryden. Mitford. 
 
 A'SI-ARGH, (a'she-llrk,) 71. [Jl.iia and apx'>i, chief.] 
 A term applied to the chiefs or pontifl's of Procon- 
 sular Asia, who had the superintendence of the 
 public games. Acts xix. Mihicr. 
 
 A-Sl-AT'ie, (a-shc-at'ik,) a. Beltmging to Asia; a 
 quarter of the globe which extends fitmi the Strait 
 of Conslanlinoplu and the Arabian Gulf to the Pa- 
 cific Ocean on the cast. It is probalile the name 
 was originally appropriated to what is now Asia 
 Minor, or ralher ti p.irl of it. 
 
 A-SI-AT'ie, 71. A ntilivf of Asia. 
 
 A-SI-.\T'I-(,TS.M, 71. Imitation of the Asiatic manner. 
 
 A-HIDE', adv. [a and side. See Side.] 
 
 ASL 
 
 1. On or to one side; out of a perpendicular or 
 straight direction. 
 
 2. At a little distance from the main part or body. 
 Thou shall set aside that which is full. — 2 Kin<;3 iv. 
 
 3. From the body ; as, to put or lay aside a gar- 
 ment. John xiii. 
 
 4. From the company ; at a small distance, or in 
 private ; as when speakers utter something by them 
 selves, u|)on the stage. 
 
 5. Separate from the person, mind, or attention ; 
 in a state of abandonment. 
 
 Let us lay asitU every weight. — Heb. xii. 
 
 6. Out of the line of rectitude or propriety, in a 
 moral view. 
 
 They are ail gone aside. — Ps. xiv. 
 
 7. In a state of separation to a particular use ; as, 
 to set aside a thing for a future day. 
 
 To .tct aside, in judicial proceedings, is to defeat 
 the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision 
 of a superior tribunal ; as, lo set aside a verdict or a 
 judgment. 
 
 AS-IN-ii'GO, 71. [Sp. asnico, a little ass.] A foolish 
 fellow. Mason. 
 
 AS'I-NINE, rarely AS'I-NA-RY, a. [L. asinus; VV. 
 asyn, the ass.] 
 
 Belonging' to the ass; having the qualities of 
 the ass. 
 
 ASK, u. U [Sax. ascian, acsian, or axian; D. eischen; 
 
 G. heischen; Ir. ascaiin : Gr. afttjto. Qu. Eth. 
 a.yku, lo pray or beseech. In former times, the 
 English word was pronounced az, as in the royal 
 style of assenting to bills in parliament, "Be it as 
 it is axed." In Calmuc, asoc signifies to inquire. 
 The sense is to urge or press.] 
 
 1. To request ; to seek to obtain by words ; to pe- 
 tition ; Willi of, in the sense of from, before the per- 
 son lo whom the request is made. 
 
 Ask counsel of God. — Juda^s xviii. 
 
 2. To require, expect, or claim. 
 
 To whom men have committed niucli, 0/ him they will ask the 
 more. — I.uke xii. 
 
 3. To interrogate, or inquire ; to put a question, 
 with a view to an answer. 
 
 He is of age, ask him. — John ix. 
 
 4. To require, or make claim. 
 
 Ask me never so much dowry. — Gen. xxxiv. Dan. ii. 
 
 5. To claim, require, or demand, as the price or 
 value of a commodity ; to set a price ; as, what price 
 do you a.s/i: ? 
 
 6. To require, as physically necessarj-. 
 
 An exigence of state aske a much longer time to conduct a de- 
 sign 10 maturity. Addison. 
 
 This sense is nearly Or entirely obsolete; a.s4 being 
 superseded by require and demand. 
 
 7. To invite ; as, to u.ik guests to a wedding or en- 
 tertainment ; a.tk my frienil to step into the house. 
 
 ASK, V. i. To request or petition, followed by for ; as, 
 ask for bread ; or without /ur. 
 
 Ask, and it shall be given you. — Malt. vii. 
 2. To inquire, or seek by request ; sometimes fol- 
 lowed by t^fler. 
 
 Wherefore dost thou ask afler my name? — Gen. xxxii. 
 This verb can hardly be considered as strictly in- 
 transitive, for some person or object is always 
 understood. 
 
 Ask is not equivalent to demand, claim, and require, 
 at least in modern ustige ; much less is it equiva- 
 lent lo beg and beseech. The first three words, de- 
 mand, claim, require, imply a right, or supposed right, 
 in the person asking, to the thing requested ; and 
 beg and beseech imply more urgency than ask. A.'ck 
 and request imply no right, but suppose the thing di,-- 
 sired to be a favor. The French demander is cor- 
 rectly rendered by ask, rather than by demand. 
 AS-KAN'CE', \ adv. [D. sclimns, slopingly.] Side- 
 AS-KANT', j ways ; obliquely ; toward one cor- 
 ner of the eye. Milton. Dryden. 
 ASKKI), pp. Requested ; petitioned ; questitmed ; in- 
 ASK'ER, 71. [lerrogated. 
 
 1. [from ask.] One who asks ; a petitioner ; an 
 inquirer. 
 
 2. A water newt. Johnson. 
 A-SKEVV, ado [G sckief; Dan. skiicv ; D. schcif, 
 
 awry, crooked, oblique.] 
 
 With a wry look ; aside ; askant ; sometimes in- 
 dicating scorn, or contempt, or envy. Spenser. 
 ASK'ING, ppr. or a. Requesting; petitioning; inter- 
 rogating ; inquiring. 
 2. Silently expressing request or desire. 
 
 Explain llie (Uitin,? eye. Pope. 
 
 A-SLAKE', V. t. [Sax. aslacian. See Slack.] 
 
 To remit ; to slacken, f JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 A.S-LA'NI, II. A Turkish silver coin worth from 115 
 
 to 19(1 aspcrs. Encyc. 
 A-SLANT', (I. or nrfi). [a anA siant. SeeSr.AiMT.l 
 On one sitle ; obliquely ; not perpendicularly or 
 with a right angle. 
 
 The Bhaa drove through his neck atlant. Drydtn. 
 
 FATE, FAK, PALL, WH^T, — METE, PBBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- 
 
 74 
 
ASP 
 
 A-SLEEP', (I. or ado. [a and sleep, or Sax. gestajian, 
 to slepp.] 
 
 1. Sleei)ing ; in a slate of sleep ; at rest. 
 
 SUcra wna f.u>l asleep. — Juil;rt-s iv. 
 S. To a state of sleep ; as, to fall asleep. 
 
 3. Dead ; in a state of death. 
 
 Concerning (hcni who arc atlttp, Borrow not. — 1 Thcss. iv. 
 
 4. To death. 
 
 For sincf the falhen fell asleep, all tiling! continue. —2 Pet. iii. 
 A-SI,ol'E', a. or mle. [a and .•j/o/ic Sec Slope.] 
 
 With leaning or iiicliniition ; iiMiqiiely ; with de- 
 clivity or descent, as a hill ; declining from an up- 
 right direction. 
 
 Set them not upright, but aslope. Bacon. 
 A-SLUG', orfii. In a sluggish manner. [JVti( «.<«/.] 
 
 Fntlierbij. 
 
 AS-MO-Nk'AN, a. rortaining to Asnioneiis, the 
 .fiitlier of Simon, and chii;f of the Asmoueans, a 
 family that reigned over the Jews li2R years. 
 
 AS-MO-.\r;'A.\, n. One of the family of Asmoneus. 
 
 A-SO'.MA-TOUS, a. Hit. .i priv. aiiirirr.i/i.i, body.] 
 Without a material body ; incorport^al. Tmlil. 
 
 XSP, In. [L. (W/d'.t ; fir. iitTTif, a riniiid shiild and 
 
 ASP'ie, i an asp; supposed to lie from Ileb. and 
 Ch. SDK, to gather in, or collect; from the coil of 
 this serpent, with his head elevated in the center, 
 like the boss of a buckler.] 
 
 A small, poisonous serpent of Eiiypt and Libya, 
 whose bite occasitms inevitable death, but withuiit 
 pain. It is said that the celebrated Cleopatra, rtilher 
 than be carried a captive to Rntne by Augustus, suf- 
 fered death by the bite of the asp ; but the fart has 
 been questitmed. Authors are not agreeti, to whttt 
 species the asp of the iineieuts should be refern il. 
 Bruce thinks it the Coluber ceraslcj. Linn. Citeicr 
 considers it the Coluber hitje, Linn. 
 
 AS-I'AL'A-THUiM, n. The calambac, a variety of 
 the agallocbum or aloes-wood ; also, the rose wood, 
 (/Ai,nium Rhodium.) Parr. Cifc. 
 
 AS-PAL'A-THUS, n. I. A genus of papilionaceous 
 plants, of the natural order Fabaceii', (class De- 
 candria. Linn.) The species are chielly natives of 
 the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 2. A plant, called rose of Jerusalem, or our lady's 
 rose. 
 
 3. The rose-wood, (Lin-num Rltodium,) a fragrant 
 wood, yielding an essential oil with the odor of 
 roses ; furnished by two species of Convolvulus, 
 (C. fioridws and C. scoparvus,) natives of the Cana- 
 ries. Parr. Cije. 
 
 AS-P.\R'A-(3IN, n. A crystallized substance, first dis- 
 covered in the juice of asparagus, the precise nature 
 of which is not settled. 
 
 AS-P.\R- ^G'I.\-OUS, a. Properly, allied to the aspar- 
 agus ; but in kotticttkure, denoting plants whose 
 tender shoots are eaten, like those of asparagus. 
 
 Brandr. 
 
 AS-P.\R'.\-GUS, 71. [L. and Gr. ; probably from 
 airaoaTTio, to tear, from its lacerated appearance, or 
 from the root of <T7rtioa, a spire, from its stem.] 
 
 The name of a genus of plants ; and also the com- 
 mon name of one of its species, cultivated in gar- 
 dens, called otherwise .•iptirrtrt-iz-s, .-Tiaraire, and vulgar- 
 ly sparrow-^rass. This has an upright, herbaceotis 
 stalk, bristly leaves, and equal slipulas. The roots 
 have a bitterish, mucilaginous taste ; and the stalk 
 is, in some degree, aperient and ileobstruent, but 
 not very etficacious. 
 
 AS-PXR'T.\TE, n. Any compound of the aspartic 
 acid with a salifiable base. 
 
 AS-PAR'Tie ACID, n. A concrete or cryst.alline 
 acid, obtained from asparagtis, and composed of car- 
 bon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. 
 
 AS'PEC T, n. [L. a.-.prcrus, from aspicio, to look on, of 
 ad and specio, to see or look.] 
 
 1. Look ; view ; appearance to the eye or the 
 mind ; as, to present an object or a subject in its 
 true a.-pe(t, or under a double a.«p«(. So we say, 
 public affairs have a favorable aspect. 
 
 2. Countenance ; look, or particular appearance of 
 the face ; as, a mild or severe a.-fprct. 
 
 3. Look; glance; act of seeing. [This sense ii 
 now unu--fual.\ 
 
 4. Position or situation with regard to seeinc, or 
 that position which enables one to look in a particu- 
 lar direction ; or, in a more general sense, position 
 in relation to the points of the compass ; as, a hotise 
 has a southern a-tpect, that is, a position which faces 
 or Umks to the south. 
 
 h. In aslroloiftj, the situation of one planet with 
 respect to another, or the angle formed by the rays 
 of light proceeding from two planets, and mectins at 
 the eye. The asjwcts are five ; sextile, when the 
 planets arc 60" distant ; quartile, or quadrate, when 
 their distance is 90', or the quarter of a circle ; trine, 
 when the distance is 120' ; opposition, when the dis- 
 tance is 180°, or h.alf a circle ; and conjunction, 
 when they are in the same degree. 
 
 Encye. Brande. 
 
 AS'PECT, r. (. To behold. [J\'<>t u.>frf."] Temple. 
 AS-PECT'A-BLE, a. Tliat may be seen. [JVut u-ied.] 
 
 Raleiijh. 
 
 ASP 
 
 AS-PECT'ED, a. Having an aspect. [JVo( used.] 
 
 B. Jouson. 
 
 AS-PEC'TIO.V, 71. The act of viewing. [JVot u.mt.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 ASP'EX, ) 71. [D. espie; G. a.ipe, e-spc ; Sax. ifspe ; Sw. 
 ASP, j asp ; Dan. irsp ; Ciu. from the Ar. 
 
 1 ^>Cvo4. khojihafa, to be agitated.] 
 
 A specitrs of the poplar, so called from the trem- 
 bling of its leaves, which move with the slightest 
 impulse of the air. Its leaves arc roundish, smooth, 
 and stand on long, slender foot-stalks. 
 
 ASP'E.X, a. Pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it ; 
 made of aspen wood. 
 
 Nor aajten Icuves conli'M the gentlest breeze. Oatj. 
 
 AS'PER, a. [L. See Asperate.] Rough ; rugged. 
 [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 AS'PER, n. [L. aspiro, to breathe.J 
 
 In /rrammar, the Greek accent, importing that the 
 letter over which it is placed ought to be asiiirated, 
 or pronounced as if the letter A preceded it. F.ticijc. 
 
 AS'PER, II. A Turkish coin, of which thrive make a 
 mediiie. 
 
 Its value is about a cent and 12 decimals. 
 AS'PER-aTE, r. t. [L. asprro, from asper, rotigh.] 
 To make rough or uneven. Borjlc. 
 AS'PER-S TED, pp. Made rough or uneven. 
 AS-PER-a'T10.\, n. A making rough. 
 AS-I'ER-GII.'LUS, n. The brush used, in the Roman 
 Catholic church, for sprinkling holy water on the 
 people. 
 
 AS-PER-GOIRE', 71. [Fr. aspcrsoir.] A sprinkling 
 
 with li()l\- «':itcr. 
 .AS I'ER-I-ITVI.l-.VTE, a. [L. asper, rough, and 
 
 fohum, a leaf] 
 
 Having rough le.aves. 
 
 The term asperifoliate (L. asprrifoliir) has been ap- 
 plied, by different botanists, to a natural fiiniily of 
 plants, characterized by a mt)Uopetalous corolla, usu- 
 ally with four divisions, an ovary deeply fotir-clc ft, 
 foniicrly regarded as four naked seeds, and alternate 
 leaves, rough to the touch, whence the name. These 
 plants constitute the forty-first order in LiuiuTus's 
 fragments of a natitral method, .and also form a di- 
 vision in the methods of Hermann, Boerh.aave, and 
 Rav. Thi v now form the natural order Borai^iiiacc. 
 
 A.'i-l'ER-I-I'O'Ll-OUS, a. Having leaves rough to the 
 touch. [Set? the prrcedinrr icord.] 
 
 AS-1*ER'I-TY, 71. [L. aspcritas, from asper, rough.] 
 
 1. Roughness of surface ; uuevenness ; oppiised to 
 smaotJuiess. Botjh. 
 
 2. Roughness of sound ; thf.t qu.ality which grates 
 the eiir ; harshness of pronunciation. fVarttin. 
 
 3. Roughness to the t.iste ; sourness. 
 
 4. Roughness or riiggedness of temper; niorose- 
 ness ; soitrness ; crabbedness. Roirrrs. 
 
 .5. Sharpness. Brrkclni. 
 A-SPER.M'OU.S, a. [Gr. n priv. and trirto/ia, seed.] 
 
 In botany, destittite of seeds. 
 AS-PER-.\A'T10.\, It. Disregard ; contempt. 
 AS'PER-OUS, «. [L. asper, rough.] 
 
 Rough ; uneven. Boyle. 
 AS-PERSE', (a-s-pers',) v. U [L. aspergo, aspcrsus, of ad 
 
 and spargo, to scatter ; Ar. ^ faraga, to split, 
 
 divide, scatter. Sec Class Rrg.] 
 
 1. To bespatter with fiuil reports or false and in- 
 jurious charges ; to tarnish in point of reputation or 
 good name ; to slander or caluinnfate ; as, to asjicrse 
 a poet or his writings ; to asperse a character. 
 
 9. To cast upon. 1/eywood. 
 AS-PERS'ER, 71. One that asperses or vilifies an- 
 other. 
 
 AS-PER'SIO^^, 71. A sprinkling, as of water or dust, 
 in a literal stmse. Shak. 
 
 2. The spreading of calumnious reports or cli.arges, 
 which t.arnisli reputation, like the bespattering of a 
 body with foul water ; calumny ; censure. Bp. HnlL 
 
 AS-PER.S'O-RV, a. Tending to asperse ; defamatory. 
 
 A.S-PHAl.T', i „ rr » i t 
 
 AS-PHALT'U.M, j "• "'^0o^'-<'5-] 
 
 Bitumen Juiiaicum, Jew's pitch ; a smooth, hard, 
 brittle, black or brown substance, which breaks with 
 a polish, melts easily whtui heated, and when pure, 
 burns without leaving any ashes. It has little taste, 
 and scarcely any smell, unless heated, when it emits 
 a strong smell of pitch. It is found in a soft or liquid 
 st.ate on the surface of the Dead Sea, which, frtmi 
 this substance, is called j^sphaltite,^, or the Asiihaltic 
 Lake. It is found also in the earth, in many parts 
 of .\sia, Etirope, and America. Forim rly, it was 
 used for embalming dead botlies ; the soliil nsphalt- 
 um is still employed in Artibia, Egypt, and Persia, 
 instead of pilch, for ships ; and the lliiid asphaltiim 
 is used for varnishing, and for burnini in lamps. It 
 is also u.sed for p.avement in strc^ets. A s|>ecies 
 found in Neufchatel is found excellent as a cement 
 for walls and pavements; very durable in air, and 
 not peiu-irablf by water. A ctunposition of as|dialt- 
 uni, lamp-black, and oil of spike, or turpentine, is used 
 for drawing black figures on dial plates. JVicholson. 
 
 ASP 
 
 AS-PHAI.T'ie, a. Pertaining to asphaltuin, or ctm- 
 tainiiiE! it; bituminous. Mdton. 
 
 AS-PIIAI.T'ITE, a. Pertaining to or containing as- 
 phaltiini. BnjanL IVilford. 
 
 AS-PIIAl.T'US, n. Asphaltum. 
 
 Naplitlia nnd .isphalUtt. Milan, 
 
 Afi'PIIO nEL, n. [L. asphodclus ; Gr. n<T(/,o<'r*o{. 
 See Theoph. lib. 7. Plin. lib. 21. 17. Perhaps it Is 
 from the root of spud ; Dan. ■■.yiyrf ; Sw. spiut ; Ice. 
 spiont, a spear, from the shape of its leaves.] 
 
 The common name of dilTercnt sjiecies of the 
 genus Asphodeliis ; cultivated for the beauty of their 
 flowers. The ancients plantetl asphodels near graves, 
 to supply the manes of the dead with nourishment. 
 
 Eneijc. Johnson. 
 
 AS-PIIU-RE-LA'TA, 7i. [Gr. a priv. and ff^ufju, a 
 hammer ; not malleable.] 
 
 A series of seinimetallic fossils, fusible by fire, and 
 in their purest sttite not malleable. In their native 
 state, they are mixed with sulphur and other .adven- 
 titious matter, in the form of^ ore. Under this tie- 
 nomination are cbussed bismuth, antimony, cobalt, 
 zinc, and quicksilver. Coze. I'.ncyc. 
 
 AS-PIIYX'I-A, ( 71. [Gr. ao'jiv^ia, of a priv. and ociwf it, 
 
 AS-PHYX'Y, i pulse.] 
 
 Originally, want of pulse, or cessatitm of the ini>- 
 tion of the heart and arteries ; as now used, apparent 
 death, or suspended aniintttion, parliciiliirly from 
 suffocation or drowning, or the inluihitinn of irrespi- 
 rable gases ; recently applied also to the colla|>sed 
 st.ite, in cholera, with want of pulse. 
 
 ASP'ie, 71. The asp; which see. 
 
 2. A piece of ordnance carr>ing a twelve pound 
 shot. 
 
 ASP'IC, 71. [Fr.l A plant growing in France, a species 
 of lavender, (Laraiidula .•tpica,) which resembles the 
 cotnnKUi kind (/.. vera) in the blue color of its 
 flowers, and in the figure and green color of its 
 U^aves. It is ctilled jnale lavender, spica vardi, antf 
 pseudo-nardus. The oil of this plant, called oil of 
 spike, or oil of aspic, is used by painters, farriers, and 
 other artificers. It is very inflamuiiible, of a white 
 color, and aromatic. A'ichoLson. Fourcroy. 
 
 AS-PfR'ANT, a. Aspiring. 
 
 .■\S-PIR'Ai\T, »i. [See Aspire.] One who .aspires, 
 breathes after, or seeks with eagerness. Fabcr. 
 2. A candidtite. Hard. 
 
 AS'PI-RATE, r. t. [L. aspiro, to breathe or blow ; 
 Gr. aanatpto, to palpitate ; from spiro and airatpoj i 
 
 Ar. jX*o safura, to hiss, or make a hissing by blow- 
 ing on a wind instrument. See Spire, Spirit.] 
 
 To pronounce with a breathing or full emission of 
 breath. We aspirate the words horse and house. 
 
 Driiden. 
 
 AS'PI-RATE, t'. I. To give or impart a stront; breath- 
 ing ; as, thir letter A a.ipitates. iJryden. 
 
 AS'PI-RATE, 71. A letter marked with an asper, or 
 note of breathing ; a mark of aspiration, as the Greek 
 accent. Bentley. 
 
 AS'PI-RATE, a. Pronounced with a full breath. 
 
 JIalder. 
 
 AS'PI-RA-TED, pp. Uttered with a strong emission 
 of breath. 
 
 AS'PI-RA-TING, ppr. Pronouncing with a full breath. 
 AS-PI-R.\'TIO.\, n. The pronunciation of a letter 
 with a full einissicm of breath. Holder. 
 
 2. .\ breathing after; an ardent wi.sh or desir», 
 chiefly of spiritual blessings. Watt.<. 
 
 3. The act of aspiring or of ardently desiring what 
 is noble or spiritual. Shak. 
 
 AS-Pl'RA-TO-RY, a. [Fr. asitirer, to draw breath.] 
 Pertaining to bretithing; suited to the inhaling of 
 air. Bujjion. 
 AS-PIRE',r. 1. [L. a.<piro, to breathe. See Aspirate.] 
 
 1. To desire with eagerness ; to pant after an ol>- 
 ject, great, noble, or spiritual ; followed by to or afLcr ; 
 as, to aspire to a crown, or after immortality. 
 
 2. To aim at something elevated ; to rise or tower 
 with desire. 
 
 Asjtiring to be gods, if angelt fell, 
 
 Aspiring to tie ungrlj, men rwbel. Pope. 
 
 3. To rise ; to ascend. n'aller. G. Flelehrr. 
 J\'ote. — This word has been used transitively ; as, 
 
 to n.'.pire tlirones : to aspire tile clouds, (.l/nr/oio, 
 Sliak.) ; but properly this is elliptical for a.^iire to. 
 
 AS-PIR'ER, 71. One who aspires ; one who aims to 
 rise in power or consequence, or to accomplish .some 
 itiiportant object. JUdlon. 
 
 .AS-PIK'I.\G, ppr. Desiring eagerly ; aiming .at some- 
 thing noble, great, or spiritual ; rising. 
 
 AS-l'IR'l.N'G, a. Ambitious; animated with an ar- 
 di nt desire of power, iin|H>rtance, or excellence. 
 
 A.'^-PIR'I.NG, II. Ambition ; eager desire of something 
 great. Hammond. 
 2. Points ; slops. [JVot v.'sed.] Herbert. 
 
 AS-PIR'1.\'(;-LY, adv. In an aspirins manner. 
 
 AS-l'IIl'l\G-.\ESS, 71 The state of being aspiring. 
 
 .^S-PORT-A'TIO.N, 71. [L. aspoHatw, of abs and 
 porta, to carry ; W. porthi, to cam". See Bear.] 
 
 A carr> iiig away. In law, the I'elimioiis removal 
 of goods from the place where they were de|Hisiled, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 75 
 
ASS 
 
 is an asportation, and adjiidsed to be theft, liioiigh 
 llie 20<)ds are not carried from tlie lumse or ajiart- 
 nieni. Blackslone. 
 A-SUUINT', adv. [D. schuinte, a slope; schuiTis, 
 slopingly; Sp. esquina; D. kant, a corner. See 
 Askance and Squint.] 
 
 1. To the comer or ansle of tlie eye ; obliquely ; 
 toward one side ; not in the straiglit line of vision ; 
 as, to look asquinf. 
 
 2. Not will) regard or due notice. Fox. 
 ASS, 71. [\V. asyn ; Ir. asan; L. asinus; Fr. fine, for 
 
 telle ; Ann. o-sen ; Sp. Port, asno ; It. asino ; Qu. from 
 Gnlh. aiiso, Gr. ovs, an ear.] 
 
 1. A quadruped of the genus Equus. This .mimal 
 lias long, slouching ears, a short mane, and a tail cov- 
 ered with long hairs at the end. He is usually of an 
 ash color, with a black bar across the shoulders. 
 The tame or domestic ass is patient to stupidity, and 
 carries a heavy burden. He is slow, but very sure- 
 footed, and for this reason very useful on rough, steep 
 
 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow ; a dolt. [hills. 
 AS-SA-FET'I-DA, n. See Asafietida. 
 
 jJS-Sj?/', [Ital.] In musk, an augmentative adverb 
 often joined to a word indicating the movement of an 
 air 01 other composition ; as, largo assai, very slow; 
 presti- assai, very quick. IlciLsseau, JDitt. Mus. 
 
 AS-S.AfL', r. (. [Fr. assaillir, from L. ajisilio, to leap 
 or rush upon, of ad and salio, to leap, to rise.] 
 
 1. To leap or fall upon by violence ; to assault ; to 
 attack suddenly, as when one person falls upon 
 another to beal him. 
 
 2. To invade or attack, in a hostile manner, as an 
 army, or nation. Spenser. 
 
 3. 'i'o attack with arguments, censure, abuse, or 
 criticism, with a view to injure, bring into disre- 
 pute, or overthrow. 
 
 4. To attack with a view to overcome, by motives 
 applied to the passions. 
 
 Nor bide the encounter of nsmiling eyes. SItak. 
 
 AS-SaIL'A-BLE, a. That may be assailed, attacked, 
 or invaded. 
 
 AS-SAIL'ANT, n. [Fr. assaUant.] One who assails, 
 
 attacks, or assaults. 
 AS-S.aIL'ANT, a. .Assaulting ; attacking; invading 
 
 with violence. 
 AS-SaIL'£D, (as-s5ild',) pp. Assaulted ; invaded ; 
 
 attacked with violence. 
 AS-S.AlL'Ell, n. One who assails. 
 AS-SaIL'IN'G, ppr. Assaulting, invading by force; 
 
 attacking with violence. 
 AS-SaIL'-ME.\T, 71. Att.ack ; particularly, an attack 
 
 of disease, [/.itde used.] .Johnson. 
 AS-SA-P.AX'ie, 7t. The flying squirrel ; an animal 
 
 which flies a little distance by extending the skin 
 
 between the fore and hind legs. [See SciinuREL.] 
 Diet. TVcvoitz. 
 AS'S.\-RON, 71. The omcr, a Hebrew measure of five 
 
 pints. Encyc. 
 AS-SaRT', h. [Old Fr. assarter, to grub up.] 
 
 1. In ancient laws, the oflense of gnibbing up trees, 
 and thus destroying thickets or coverts of a torest. 
 
 Spelman. Cowel. 
 
 2. A tree plucked up by the roots ; also, a piece of 
 land cleared. .^sli. 
 
 AS-S.\KT', V. t To grub up trees ; to commit an 
 assart. Askniolc. 
 
 AS-SAS'SI.\,7i. [.\r. ljaO* luissa, to kill.] 
 
 One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or 
 secret assault. The circumstance of surprise or 
 secrecy seems essential to the signification of this 
 word, though it is sometimes used to denote one 
 who lakes any advantage, in killing or attempting to 
 murder; as, by attacking one when unarmed. 
 
 AS-S.^S'SIN-aTE, v. t. To kill, or attempt to kill, by 
 surprise or secret assault ; to murder by sudden vio- 
 lence. .Assassin, as a verb, is not now used. 
 2. To wavlav ; to take by treachery. Milton. 
 
 A.S-SAS'SIN-'ATE, 71. .\ murder or murderer. [JV'ot 
 used.] B. Jonson. Dnideiu 
 
 AS-SAS'SIN-A-TED, pp. Murdered by surprise or 
 secret assault. 
 
 A.S-S.\S'SI.N-A-TIXG, ;(/ir. Murdering by surprise or 
 secret :issaiilt. 
 
 AS-SAS-SI.N'-A'TION, 7i. 'I'lie act of killing or mur- 
 dering, by surprise or secret iLssault ; iimrder by 
 violence. 
 
 AS-HA.S'.'il.N'-A-TOR, 71. An assassin ; which see. 
 AH-SAS'Si\ t)l,'.'<, a. Murderous. [Mused.] 
 AS-HAS'SI.NS, n. pi. In Sirria, -.i tribe or clan called 
 lsiiiaelian'<, ltat;inists, or llalcnians. They originated 
 in Per«ia iiboiit the year 1090; whence a colimy mi- 
 grated and nettled on the mountains of Lcbaiiiin, and 
 were remarkable for their axsassinations. Their 
 religion was a cnin{Hiiind of .Magianism, Judaism, 
 Chrixtianily, and Mohammed isin. (;ne nrtirb,' of thi:ir 
 creed wa«, that the Holy Spirit resided in their chief, 
 and th.at lii» ordem pniceedi d from (iod hinisi ln 
 He wan called Slieilih al jrliil, lord or senior of the 
 mountitin, but '\» better known by the ili iiunilnation 
 of old man of the mountain, 'i'hirt barbarous ehiedain 
 and hia rullowcr* (pread l«nror niiiong nutinns for and 
 
 ASS 
 
 near, for almost two centuries, w hen the tribe was 
 subdued by Sultan Bibaris. Encyc. 
 
 AS-Sa'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. assatus.] 
 A roasting. ■ [Mt used.] 
 
 AS-SAULT', 71. [Fr. assault, now assaut ; It. Port. 
 assalto ; Sp. asalto ; from L. assulto, of ad and salto, 
 to leap, formed on salio, or its root. See Assail. 
 We have the same root in insult and result.] 
 
 1. An attack or violent onset, whether by an in- 
 dividual, a company, or an army. An assault by 
 private persons may be made with or without weap- 
 ons. An assault by an army is a violent hostile at- 
 tack ; and when made upon a fort or fortified place, 
 is called a stomt, as opposed to sap or siege. 
 
 2. An attack by hostile words or measures : as, an 
 assault upon the [irerogatives of a prince, or upon a 
 constitution of government. 
 
 3. In law, an unlawful setting upon one's person ; 
 an attempt or olTer to beat another, without touching 
 his person ; as, by lifting the fist or a cane, in a 
 tlirealeniug manner, or by striking at him, and miss- 
 ing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a 
 bnttenj. Blackstone. Finch. 
 
 AS-SAC'LT', ji. t. To attack or fall upon by violence, 
 or with a hostile intention ; as, to assault a man, a 
 house, or town. 
 
 2. To invade or fall on with force ; as, the cry of 
 war assaults our cars. 
 
 3. To attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly 
 measures, with a view to shake, impair, or over- 
 throw ; as, to assault a character, the laws, or the 
 administration. 
 
 AS-SAULT'A-BLE, a. That may be assaulted. 
 
 fVdliams. 
 
 AS-SAULT'ED, pp. Attacked with force, arms, vio- 
 lence, or hostile views. 
 
 AS-SAULT'ER, ti. One who assaults, or violently 
 attacks. 
 
 AS-SAULT'ING, ppr. Attacking with force, or with 
 hostile measures. 
 
 AS-SaY', 71 [Fr. essai; Sp. msayo; Port, ensaio; It. 
 saggifl, an assay ; Fr. cssayer, to try ; old Fr. essoyer, 
 to endeavor. Kdham's J\''orm. Diet. It. assaggiare, 
 to try ; saggiare, to try, essay ; Sp. ensayar, to try ; 
 e e 
 
 Sw. forsoka, to try ; Dan. fors'dge, to try, examine, 
 endeavor. These words are all from the same root as 
 seek, the radical sense of which is, to follow, to urge, 
 press, or strain ; Sa.':. secan, to seek ; D. zoeken ; G. 
 
 suchen Sw. soka ; Dan. &>ge ; L. sequor, assequor, to 
 follow, to examine ; Ir. seiehim ; It. scguire ; Sp. sc- 
 guir, to follow, .^ssay and essay are radically one 
 word ; but modern usage has appropriated assay to ex- 
 periments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and 
 bodily efforts. Class b'g. See Essay.] 
 
 1. The determination of the quantity of any par- 
 ticular metal in an ore, or other metallic compound 
 alloy ; or more especially the detennination of the 
 quantity of gold or silver in coin or bullion. .Analysis 
 is the determination of the nature and proportions of 
 all the ingredients of a compoiind. Assaying is 
 called the dociinastic art. P. Cyc Encyc. 
 
 2. The substance to be assayed. Ure. 
 
 3. In law, an examination of weights and measures 
 by the standard. Cowel. 
 
 4. Examination ; trial ; effort ; first entrance upon 
 any business ; attempt. In these senses, which are 
 found in old authors, now rarely used. [See Essay.] 
 
 5. Value. [Obs.] 
 
 Pearls and precious stones of great astay. Spenser. 
 
 AS-SAY', 7>. t. I. To determine the amount of a partic- 
 ular metal in an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound. 
 2. Figuratively, to apply to, as to the touchstone. 
 
 .MdUin. 
 
 AS-SAY', V. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. 
 
 He assayed to go. — 1 Sam. xvii. 
 r/n this sense Essay is now used.] 
 AS-SAY'-B.VL'yVjVGE, 71. A balance used in the 
 
 process of assaying. 
 AS-SaY'KI), pp. Examined ; tested ; proved by ex- 
 periment. 
 
 AS-SA V'ER, 71. One who examines metallic ores or 
 compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount 
 of any particular metal in the same, particularly of 
 gold or silver. An officer of the mint, whose btisi- 
 n(»s is to determine the amount of gold or silver in 
 coin or bullion. 
 
 AS-SAY'-FUR'NACE, 71. A furnace used in the pro- 
 cess of assaying. Ure. 
 
 AS-SAY'ING, 71. The determination of the amount of 
 any particular metal in a metallic compound. [See 
 Assay.] 
 
 A.S-SAY'lNG, ppr. Trj ing by some standard ; exam- 
 ining by experiment, as metals ; proving ; attempting. 
 
 AS-SaY'-.MAS'TER, 71. An assayer ; an officer ap- 
 [itiinteil to determine the amount of gold or silver in 
 coin or bullion. 
 
 AS-.'^KC-TA'TION, 71. Affendaiico or waiting upon. 
 
 AS-SE-COR'ANCE, 71. Assurance. [JVet used.] 
 
 Sheldon. 
 
 AS-SE-CU-RA'TION, n. Assurance ; a making sure. 
 [JVut wied.] Bp. Hail. 
 
 ASS 
 
 AS-SE-eORE', V. t. To make sure. [J\ut ^ised.] 
 
 Bullokar. 
 
 AS-SE-eC'TION, 71. [L. assequor.] 
 
 .\n obtaining or acquiring. Jlijliffc. 
 
 AS-SE.M'BLAOE, n. [Fr. See Assemble.] 
 
 1. .-V collection 01 individuals, or of particular 
 things ; the stale of being assembled. Thomson. 
 9. Rarely, the act of assembling. 
 
 AS-SEM'BLAi\CE, 71. Representation ; an assem- 
 bling. [.\'ot in use.] Shak. Spniscr. 
 
 AS-SEM'BLE, !■. t. [Fr. assembler ; Sw. sam/a; Dan. 
 samlci I), zamelen; Ger. sanuneln, to assemble. Ii. 
 siniid ; Dan. sammcn ; D. lamen, together.] 
 
 To collect a number of individuals or particulars 
 into one place or body ; to bring or call together ; to 
 convene ; to congregate. 
 
 AS-SEM'BLE, v. i. To meet or come together ; to 
 convene, as a nuinber of individuals. 
 
 AS-SIC,M'BLKU,/jp. Collected into a body; congreg.ated. 
 
 AS-SEM'BLEK, H. One who assembles. 
 
 AS-SE.M'BLLNG, ppr. Coming together; collecting 
 into one place. 
 
 AS-SE.M'BI,L\G, 71. A collection, or meeting to- 
 gether. Heb. X. 
 
 AS-SEM'BLY, 71. [Sp. asamblea; It. assamblea ; Fr. 
 asscmblec] 
 
 1. A company or collection of individuals, in the 
 same place ; usually for the same purpose. 
 9. A congregation or religious society convened. 
 
 3. In a civil or political sense, a meeting convened 
 by authority, for the transaction of public business ; 
 as, the assemblies of the Roman people ; the assembly 
 of the States-General, and the National ..Assembly, in 
 France. 
 
 4. In some of the United States, the legislature, con- 
 sisting of different houses or branches, whether in 
 session or not ; more usually called the General .As- 
 sembly. In .seme states, the popular branch, or Utilise 
 of Representatives, is denominated Ihe^^ssembly. [See 
 the constitution of the several states.] 
 
 5. A collection of persons for amusement ; as, a 
 dancing assembly. 
 
 G. A convocation, convention, or council of min- 
 isters and ruling elders, delegated from each presby- 
 tery ; as, the General Assembly of Scotland, or of the 
 United States. Encyc. 
 
 7. In armies, the second beating of the drum be- 
 fore a march, when the soldiers strike their tents. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 8. An assemblage. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Primary assembly ; a meeting of the people or legal 
 voters in a town, city, or other district, who ajtpear 
 and act on public business in person, and a majority 
 of whose votes originate the supreme power in a 
 state. 
 
 AS-SEM'BLY-ROOM, 71. A room in which persons 
 
 assemble, especially for amusement. Cyc. 
 AS-SENT', 71. [L. assensus, from assentior, to assent, 
 
 of ad and scntio, to think ; Eth. sena or sana, 
 
 concord, and its derivative, to agree, to harmonize ; 
 Sw. sinne, mind, sense; D. 21/1, mind; zinnen, to 
 feel or mind ; G. sinn, sense ; sinncn, to think or con- 
 sider. The Danes preserve the final consonant, sind, 
 mind, sense, inclination ; W. syn, sense ; syniaw, to 
 perceive.] 
 
 1. The act of the mind in admitting, or agreeing to, 
 the truth of a proposition. 
 
 F;iith is tlie assent to any proposition, on tlie cretiit of the pi-o- 
 poser. Locke. 
 
 9. Consent; agreement to a proposal, respecting 
 some right or interest ; as, the bill before the house 
 has the assent of a great majority of the members. 
 
 The distinction between assent and consent seems 
 to be this: absent is the agreement to an abstract 
 proposition. We assent to a statement, but we do 
 not consent to it. Consent is an agreement to some 
 proposal or measure which aflects the rights or in- 
 terests of the consenter. We consent to a proposal of 
 marriage. This distinction, however, is not always 
 observed. [.See C'onsent.] As.tentis nn act of the 
 understanding; consent is an act of the will. So 
 Baxter speaks of ju.stifying faith as the assenting 
 trust of the understanding, and the consenting trust 
 of the will. •S'lert .^tcditations. 
 
 3. Accord ; agreement. 2 Chroii. xviii. 
 
 Ronal assent: in England, t\u' assent of the sove- 
 reign to a bill which has passed both houses of par- 
 linment, given in the House of Lords, either in person 
 or by comniissioni'rs. P. Cyc. 
 
 AS-SENT', 71. i. 'J'o admit as true ; to agree to, yield, 
 or concede, or rather to express an agrei^ment of the 
 mind to what is allegi^i or proposed. 
 
 The Jcwt alio atstnted, saying Uiat tlieic tiling weiv to. — Act* 
 xxiv. 
 
 It is sometimes used for ron^ciif, or to express an 
 agreement to somelhinq affecting the rights or in- 
 terest of the person nssentirvg. Hut to assent to the 
 marriage of a daughter, is less correct than to consent. 
 AS-SEN'l'-A'TlO.N, 71. [L. assenlalio, from asscntor, to 
 compiv] 
 
 Compliance with the opinion of another, from 
 flattery or dissimulation. Chesterfield. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 7fi 
 
ASS 
 
 AS-SENT-A'TOR, n. A tIattKror. 
 AS-HENT-A-To'lll-LY, ai/i). With adulation. [JVo« 
 
 111 K.vi'. J Bacon. 
 AS-Si;,\ T'ER, 71. Que who assents, agrees to, or 
 
 adiiiils. 
 
 AS-Slii\"l''Ii\G, ppr. Agreeing to, or admitting as 
 true ; yicl<ling Jo. 
 
 AS-SEi\'J''ING-LY, orfti. In a manner to express as- 
 sent ; liy nftrcemcnt. 
 
 AS-SENT'MENT, n. Assent; agreement. [Rarely 
 
 AS-SERT', II. t. [L. assero, assertum, to claim or clml- 
 Icnge, to maintam or assert ; of ad and sero. The 
 sense of sero is to sow, properly to throw or set. To 
 assert is to throw or set firmly.] 
 
 1. To affirm positively ; to declare with assurance ; 
 to aver. Millim. 
 
 •2. To maintain or defend by words or measures ; 
 to vindicate a claim or title to; as, to a,w<T« our 
 riuhts and liberties. Dnjden. 
 
 AS-.-^EKT'ED, pp. Affirmed positively; maintained; 
 vindicated. 
 
 AS-SERT'ING, ppr. Declaring with confidence; 
 maintaining r defending. 
 
 AS-SER'TION, H. 1. Tlio act of asserting; the main- 
 taining of a claim. 
 
 'J. Positive declaration or averment ; affirmation ; 
 position advanced. Brown. 
 
 .•\S-;>ERT'l VE, a. Positive; affirming confidently; 
 per('niptor>'. OlatwiUr. 
 
 A.-^-tiEltT'l'VE-IA', a<;e. Affirmatively. Bidell. 
 
 -•VS-f ERT'OR, n. One who allirnis positively; one 
 who maintains or vindicates a claim ; an altirmcr, 
 supporter, or vindicator. Drijdcn. 
 
 Afi-.-^EK T'O-RV, a. .Mlirming ; maintaining. Bp. Hall. 
 
 AS-SESS', V. I. [Kr. a.-!scuir; Norm, asscr, asseoir; to 
 settle, fix, ascertain, ft»-^ev*s ; It. asse-stare, a^iseUarci 
 L. a..sideo, ad and scdco ; Eng. to sit, or set. See Set 
 and f^iT.] 
 
 1. To fet, fix, or charge a certain sum, as a ta.x ; as, 
 to assfss each citizen in due ))roporti<ui. 
 
 2. To v.ilue ; to fix the value of property, for the 
 purpose of being tiixed ; as by the law of the United 
 States. Also, to value or fix the profits of business, 
 for the purpose of taxation. 
 
 3. 'I'o set, fix, or ascertain ; as, it is the province of 
 a jury to assess damages. 
 
 AS-SESS', n. Assessment. [.TVot used.] 
 .\S-PE.'<S'A-BLE, a. That may be assessed. 
 .VS-SES.S'A-BLY, adv. Uy assessment. 
 AS-t<ESS'f."D, (as-sest',) pp. Charged with a certain 
 
 sum ; valued ; set ; fixed ; ascertained. 
 AS-tf ESS'ING, ppr. Charging with a sum ; valuing ; 
 
 fixing ; ascertaining. 
 AS-SES'SION, n. A sitting down by a person. [JVut 
 
 AS.SES'!?IO\-.\-RY, a. Pertaining to assessors. 
 
 AS-SESS'.MEXT, ti. A valuation of properly or profits 
 of business, for the purpose of taxation. .'\n ao.-sc;?s- 
 mt'itt is a valuation made by authori/.ed persons ac- 
 cording to their discretion, as opposed to a sum cer- 
 tain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the 
 property of those who are to pay the tax, for the pur- 
 pose of fixing tlie proportion which each man shall 
 pay ; on which valuation the law imposes a specific 
 sum upon a given amount. 
 
 Blackstone. Laws of the United States. 
 3. A tax or specific sum charged on persons or 
 property. 
 
 3. The act of assessing ; the act of determining the 
 amount of damages by a jury. 
 AS-SESS'OR, n. One appointed to assess the person 
 or property. 
 
 •2. .An inferior officer of justice, who sits to assist 
 the judge. Encyc 
 
 3. In England, persons chosen to assist the mayor 
 and aldermen of corporations, in matters concerning 
 elections. Brande. 
 
 4. One who sits by another, as next in dignity. 
 
 .mton. 
 
 AP-SES-SO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to assessors, or a 
 court of assessors. Coze. 
 
 .-VS'SETti, II. pi. [Fr. assez, enough ; It assai, enough, 
 or many ; Ir. sath, sufficiency ; sasadA, satisfaction ; 
 I., sat, satis, enough.] 
 
 1. Goods or estate of a deceased person, subject by 
 law to the payment of his debts and legacies ; called 
 assets, because sufficient to render the executor or 
 administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so 
 far as such goods or estate may extend. Assets are 
 real or personal ; real a.':sets are lands which descend 
 to the heir, subject to the fulfillnK iit of the obliga- 
 tions of the ancestor ; personal assets are the money 
 or goods of the deceased, or debts due to him, which 
 come into the hands of the executor oradministnitur, 
 or which he is bound to collect and convert into 
 money. Blackstone. 
 3. Effects of an insolvent debtor. 
 3. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a 
 merchant or to a trading association. .^rCulhck. 
 
 AS-J'EV'ER, I V. t, [L. assevero, from ad and 
 
 AS-SEV'ER-ATE, i the Teutonic sieear; i^ax. sioc- 
 rian ; Goth, jfiraran, to swear, to atlirm positively.] 
 To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. 
 
 ASS 
 
 AS-SEV'EK-A-TED, pp. Atririmd or averred jiosi- 
 tively. 
 
 AS-SEV'ER-A-TING, ppr. Affirming positively. 
 
 AS-SEV-ER-A''1'10N, ii. Positive alliriiiatioii or as- 
 sertion ; solemn declaration. This word is not, gen- 
 erally, if ever, used for a declaration unileran otlicial 
 ontli, but fur a declaration accompanied with so- 
 lemnity. 
 
 XSS'-IIEAD, n. ||a.« and hea<l.] One dull, like the 
 ass; one slow of apprehension ; a blockhead. 
 
 euls-N UK'An's, I P'- ['leb. ^DH pious.] 
 
 A sect of Jews who resorted to MuUiUliias to fight 
 for the laws of their God and the liberties of tlii ir 
 country. They were men of great zeal, an<l ob- 
 served the traditions of the elders. From these 
 sprung the Pharisees and Essenes. Knr.yc. 
 
 .AS'Si-DENT, a. [L. assidco, assidens, of ad and scdco, 
 to sit.] 
 
 jlssident signs, in medicine, are such as usually 
 attend a disease, but not always ; distinguished from 
 paOwgnomic signs, which are inseparable from it. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 AS-SID'tT-ATE.a. Daily. [A'^ot in use.] K. Cliarlcs I. 
 AS-SI-Du'I-TV, n. [L. a.isidHilus. See .Assiduous.] 
 
 1. Constant or close application to any business or 
 enterprise ; diligence. .Addison. 
 
 2. Attention ; attentiveness to jiersons. jlssiduities, 
 in the plural, are studied and persevering attentions. 
 
 AS-SID'LJ-OUt5, a. [L. assiduus, from assideo, to sit 
 close, ad and scdco ; Eng. to sit ; Sax. sittan, scUan.] 
 
 1. Constant in application ; as, a person assiduoiLs 
 in his occupation. 
 
 2. Attentive ; e.ircful ; rcgul.ir in attendance ; as, 
 an assidiionji physician or niirsi;. 
 
 3. Perfiirmed with constant diligence or attentiim ; 
 as, assidnou.< labor. 
 
 AS-SID'i:-OUS-LY, adv. Diligently; attentively; 
 with earnestness and care ; with regular attendance. 
 
 AS-SID'lJ-OUS-NESS, n. Constant or diligent appli- 
 cation. 
 
 AS-SIicGE', D. «. To besiege. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 AS-SI-Ei\'T'0, n. [Pp. asicnto, a seat, a contract or 
 agreement ; L. assidco.] 
 
 A contract or convention between the king of 
 Spain and other powers, for furnishing slaves for the 
 Spanish dominions in America. 
 
 Contract iif the .^ssicnto, March 26, 1713, referred to 
 in Uie treat!/ between Oreat Britain and Spam, July 
 13, 1713. 
 
 .^ssii'nto Company ; a company to whom the con- 
 tract of the .Assiento was granted; originally the 
 French Guinea Company ; but when the contract 
 was transferred to England by the treaty of Utrecht, 
 July 13, 1713, the South Sea Company. 
 
 Encvc. Mcth. 
 
 AS-SI-ENT'IST, 71. A shareholder or stockholder 
 of the Assicnto company, French or English ; one of 
 the holders of the .Assieiilo contract. Bancroft. 
 
 AS-SIGN', (as-sine',) v. t. [Fr. a^ssigner ; Sp. asignar; 
 Port, assinar ; It. cutsegnare ; L. assigno, of ad and 
 signo, to allot, to mark out; Ir. sighin; L. signum, a 
 mark. The priinai-y sense of sign is to send, or to 
 set.] 
 
 1. To allot; to appoint or grant by distribution or 
 apportionment. 
 
 The priests imd a portion furigned them. — Gen. xlvii. 
 
 2. To designate or appoint for a particular purpose, 
 llicy a^signtd Bczer, a cily of refuge. — Josh. xx. 
 
 3. To fix, specify, or designate ; as, to assign a 
 limit. 
 
 ■1. In /ai«, to transfer, or make over to another, the 
 right one has in any object, a.s an estate, chose in 
 action, or reversion. To assign dower, to make over 
 a life interest in lands to the widow of^ the one from 
 whom the assignor inherits. Blackstone. 
 
 To assign, in bankruptcy, to transfer property to, 
 and vest it in certain persons, called assignce.i, for 
 the benefit of creditors. 
 
 5. To allege or show in particular ; as, to assign a 
 reason for one's conduct. 
 
 6. To point out or specify ; as, to assign errors. 
 AS-SIGN', 71. A person to whom property or an in- 
 terest is transferred ; as, a deed to a man and his 
 heirs and assigns. 
 
 AS-SIGN'A-BLE,a. That may be allotted, appointed, 
 or assigned. 
 
 2. That may be transferred by writing ; as, an as- 
 signable note, or bill. 
 
 3. That may be specified, shown with precision, 
 or designated ; as, an assignable quantity. 
 
 AS'S1G-.N.\T, >i. 
 
 1. In French law, the assignment of an annuity 
 (rcnff) on an estate, by which the annuity is based 
 on the security of the latter. Hence, 
 
 2. Paper currency, issued by the revolutionary 
 government of France, based on the security of the 
 lands of the slate. 
 
 .AS-SIG-NA'TION, n. An appointment of time and 
 place for meeting ; used chietly of love meetings. 
 
 2. A making over by transfer of title. [See Aj- 
 sig:«ment.] 
 
 Toukc uses bank-assignations. 
 
 ASS 
 
 AS-8IG.\'/;D, pp. or a. Ap[K)iiited; allotted; made 
 over ; shown or desigu.ited. 
 
 AS-S1G.\-F;E', II. A person to whom an assignment 
 is made; a person appointed or di piited by uiiotlier 
 to do some act, iierfiifin some biuiiK^ss, or enjoy 
 some right, privilege, or property ; as, an a.isignee of 
 a bankrupt. An a.ssignei; may be by special appoint- 
 ment or deed, or be created by law ; as an executor. 
 
 Cow/. 
 
 Jissignees in bankruptcy; in England, persons 
 appointed, under a coiiiiiiissioii of bankniptry, to 
 manage the estate of a bankrupt, Air the benefit of 
 his creditors. 
 
 AS-'^IG.N'ER, (as-sln'er,) 7i. One who assigns, or 
 aitpoiiits. 
 
 AS-SI(;.N'1NG, (as-sln'ing,) ppr. Allotting; appoint- 
 
 iii!! ; transferring; showing specially. 
 A.S-SIG.\',ME.\T, H. An allotting, or an appointment 
 
 to a particular person or use. 
 
 In law, 1. A transfer of title or interest by writing, 
 
 as of n lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange. 
 
 2. 'J'lie writing by which an interest is tninsferrcd. 
 
 3. The appoiiitiiient or designation of causes or 
 actions in court, for trial on particular days. 
 
 4. The conveyance of the whole interest which a 
 man has in an e.sUite, usually for life or years. It 
 dill'ers from a lease, which is the conveyance of a less 
 term than the lessor has in the estate. iC. Sicift. 
 
 Jlssignuicnt in bankruptcy ; the transfer of the prop- 
 erty of a bankrupt to cirrtain persons c^WtitX assignees, 
 in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. 
 
 AS-SIGN-OR', 71. An assigner ; a person who as- 
 signs or transfers an interest ; as, the assignor of a 
 bill of exchange. 
 
 A.S.SI.M'1-LA-BL.E, a. That may be a-ssimilated. 
 
 AS-SI.MM-LATE, v. t. [L. asstmilo, of ad and stmilis, 
 like. See Similar.] 
 
 1. To bring to a likeness ; to cause to resemble. 
 
 Swtft. . 
 
 2. To convert into a like substance ; as, food is 
 assimilated by conversion into animal substances, 
 flesh, chyle, blood, &.C. 
 
 AS-SliM'I-LATE, r. i. 
 
 1. To become similar. 
 
 2. To perform the act of converting food to the 
 substance of the body ; as, birds assimilate less than 
 beasts. Bacon. 
 
 3. To be converted into the substance of tin; body ; 
 as, flesh assimilates more readily than vegetables. 
 
 AS-SI.M'I-LA-TED, Brought to a likeness; 
 
 changed into a like substance. 
 
 AS-SIM'I-LA-TING, /<;>r. Causing to resemble ; con- 
 verting into a like substance. 
 
 AS-SI.M-l-LA'TlON, ii. 
 
 1. The act of bringing to a resemblance ; or a state 
 of resemblance. 
 
 2. The act or process by which bodies convert 
 other bodies into their own nature and substance ; 
 as, llanie assimilates oil. 
 
 3. In physiology, the conversion of nutriment into 
 the fluid or solid substance of the body. 
 
 4. In /y7-7Hfr ;ififyiu/<ifrj/, the supposed conversion of 
 the fluids of the body to the nature of any morbific 
 matter. Parr. 
 
 The term assimilation has been limited by some, to 
 
 the final process by which the blood is converted 
 
 into the substance of the organs. 
 AS-SI.M'I-L.A-TI VE, a. Having power of converting 
 
 to a likeness, or to a like substance. IlakcwM. 
 AS-SI.M'I-LA-TC)-RY, o. Tending to assimilate. 
 AS-Sl.M'U-LATE, v. t. [L. assimuio.] 
 
 To feign. [A'oi usul. See Simi'Latl.] 
 AS-SI.M-i:-LA'T10.\, n. A counterf«ning 
 
 used. See Simulation.] 
 .AS-SI-Ne'GO, 71. An .ass. HerbrrL 
 AS-SIST', r. (. [L. assisto, of ad and sisto, to stand 
 
 up ; Russ. siihu, to sit, or be placed ; Sp. asiatir; It. 
 
 assiiitere; Fr. a.'isistrr. Literally, ttt be present, or, a;) 
 
 we still say in English, to stand by.] 
 To help ; to aid ; to succor ; to civc support to in 
 
 some undert;tking or effort, or ill time of distrti^s. 
 AS-SIST', V. i. 
 
 1. To lend aid. 
 
 2. To be present ; to attend ; as, to assist at a pub- 
 lic meeting. [j1 OiUlicisui.] PrescotL 
 
 AS-SIST'A.NCE, 71. Help; aid ; furlhi rance ; succor ; 
 a contribution of support in bodily strength or other 
 means. 
 
 AS-SIST' AXT, a. Helping; lending aid or support; 
 
 auxiliary. Hale. 
 AS-SIST'AN'T, n. One who aids, or who contributes 
 
 his strength or other means to further the designs or 
 
 welfare of another; an auxiliary. 
 
 2. -An attendant. [LitUe used.] Dnjdm. 
 
 3. Formerly, in some of the ^ew England States, 
 a member of the upper house of the legislature. 
 
 AS-SIST'A.\T-LY, adv. In a manner to give aid. 
 AS-SIST' ED, pp. Hc)jied; aided. 
 AS-SIST'EII, «. On<f that lends aid ; a helper. 
 .AS-SIST'ING, ppr. Helping; aiding; supporting 
 
 with strepEth or means. 
 AS-SIST'LeSS, a. Witliout aid or help. Pope. 
 AS-SIZE', 71. j [Fr. assists ; L. assidco, to sit by, of 
 AS-SIZ'ES, lupL) ad and aedeo, to sit ; Ir sinsair, a 
 
 [Aot 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; O as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 77 
 
ASS 
 
 ASS 
 
 ASS 
 
 session. See Assess.] JVote. This word was foiroerly 
 UTitten, ris in Frciicll, assise. 
 
 1. Ori^iinullij, an assembly of knights and other 
 substanlml men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain 
 place and at a certain time, for public business. The 
 general council, or H'lUenagcmote, of England, was 
 called Ilie fJe;icra( j?s«jf. Blackstone. Olanville. 
 
 2. Fn Englaiul, the Court of ^xshe, popularly called 
 the .^siiicj;, is the sessions held, by at least one of the 
 judges of the superior courts, in each of the counties, 
 under commissions of assize for civil cases, and of 
 oyer and terminer, and jail delivery, for criminal 
 cases. The commission of assize originally directed 
 the judges to take assizes, or the verdicts of a par- 
 ticular jurj' called the assize, now obsolete. P. Cijc, 
 
 3. A jury. In this sense the word was applied to 
 the grand assize, for the trial of property, and to the 
 petty assize, for the trial of possession. In Scotland, 
 the assize consists of fifteen men, selected from a 
 greater number. 
 
 4. A writ ; as, an assize of novel disseisin, which is 
 given to recover the possession of lands, tenements, 
 rents, common, &c., of which the tenant has been 
 lately disseised ; a.isize of viort d'ancestor, which lies 
 against an abator, who enters upon land after the 
 death of the ancestor, and before the heir enters; 
 assize of darrein presentment, or last presentation, 
 which lies against a stranger who presents a clerk to 
 a benefice, from the person, who himself, or his an- 
 cestor, last before presented. Blackstone. 
 
 5. A particular species of rents, established and 
 not subject to be varied. Eng. Law. 
 
 6. The time or place of holding the Court of Assize ; 
 generally in the plural, assizes. 
 
 7. In a more general sense, any tribunal or court of 
 justice. 
 
 8. A statute, or ordinance, generally ; as, the as- 
 sizes of the realm ; the assizes of the forest, niles and 
 regulations for the management of the royal forests ; 
 
 ,assize of arms, a statute of Hen. II. for arming the 
 kingdom ; the assizes of Jerusalem, a code of feudal 
 laws formed by the crusaders for their kingdom of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 9. A statute of regulation ; an ordinance regu- 
 lating the weight, measure, and price of articles sold 
 in market ; and hence the word came to signify the 
 weight, measure, or price itself ; as, the assize of bread. 
 
 Spelman. Cowel. Encyc. Blackstone. 
 
 10. An ordinance fixing the standard of weights 
 and measures ; hence, the standard weights and 
 measures ; as, the custody of the assize. Blackstone. 
 
 11. Measure ; dimension. [In this sense, now cor- 
 rupted into Size, which see.] 
 
 An hundretl cubits high by just assize. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 AS SIZE', V. t To fix the weight, measure, or price 
 of commodities, by an ordinance or regulation of 
 authority. 
 
 2. To fix the rate of ; to assess, as taxes. Buners. 
 
 AS-SIZ'£D, jrp. Regulated in weight, measure, or 
 price, by an assize or ordinance ; assessed. 
 
 AS-SIZ'ER, n. An officer who has the care or inspec- 
 tion of weights and measures. Chambers. 
 
 AS SIZ'OR, n. In .Sco'/aHi/, a juror. Bailey. 
 
 ASS'-^LIKE, a. Resembling an ass. Sidney. 
 
 AS-So'BER, V. t. [See Sobeb.] To make or keep 
 sober. [JVot if.sctZ.'l Oower. 
 
 AS-SO-CIA-IiIL'I-T\', n. The quality of being capa- 
 ble of association ; the quality of sufi'pring some 
 change by sympathy, or of being affected by the 
 affections of another part of the body. Darioin. 
 
 AS-SO'CIA-I!LE, (as-so'sha-ble.) [See Associate.] 
 
 1. That may be joined to or associated. 
 
 2. Sociable ; companionable. 
 
 3. In a medical sense, liable to be affected by sym- 
 pathy, or to receive from other parts correspondent 
 feelings and affections. "The stomach, the most 
 associable of all the organs of the animal body." 
 
 Jtled. Rep. Varwin. 
 AS-So'CIA-RLE-NESS, n. Associability. 
 AS-So'CIaTE, (as-so'stiite,) v. L [Fr. associer; L. 
 associo, of ad and socio, to join.] 
 
 1. To join in company, as a friend, companion, 
 partner, or confederate ; as, to associate others with 
 us in business, or in an enterprise. 
 
 It conveys the idea of intimate union. 
 
 2. To unite in the same nias.s; as, particles of 
 matter assoctat.ed with other substances. 
 
 A8-80'<;IATE, r. i. 
 
 1. To unite in company ; to keep company, imply- 
 ing intimacy ; as, congenial minds are disposed to 
 aif^ociate. 
 
 2. To unite in action, or to be alfected by the 
 action of a different part of the body. Darwin. 
 
 AH-S0'<;IATK, a. 
 
 1. Joined in interest or purpose ; confederate. 
 
 Jifilt-on. 
 
 3. Joined in employment or ^flicc ; as, iin associate 
 Judge. 
 
 3. In medicine, connected by hnbit or Hympathy ; 
 an, ttjigociitle HMjlions, nurh an occur xymputhetically, 
 in conKcipicna! of preceding motions. /Jarioin. 
 AB^HO'CIA TE, n. 
 
 1. A companion ; one frequently in compnny with 
 
 another, implying intimacy or equality ; a mate ; a 
 fellow. 
 
 2. A partner in interest, as in business ; or a con- 
 federate in a league. 
 
 3. A companion in a criminal transaction ; an 
 accomplice. 
 
 AS-S6'CIa-TED, pp. United in company or in in- 
 terest ; joined. 
 
 AS-So'CIATE-SIIIP, n. The state or office of an 
 associate. Kncyc, art. Reynolds. 
 
 AS-So'CIa-TING, ppr. Uniting in company or in 
 interest ; joining. 
 
 AS-SO-CI-A'TION, 71. 
 
 1. The act of associating ; union ; connection of 
 persons. 
 
 2. Union of persons in a company ; a society 
 formed for transacting or carrying on some business 
 for mutual advantage ; a partnership. It is often ap- 
 plied to a union of states, or a confederacy. 
 
 3. Union of things ; apposition, as of particles of 
 matter. 
 
 4. Union or connection of ideas. An a-tsociation 
 of ideas is where two or more ideas constantly or 
 naturally follow each other in the mind, so that one 
 almost infallibly produces the other. Encyc. 
 
 5. .\n exertion or change of some extreme part of 
 the sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of 
 sense, in consequence of some antecedent or attend- 
 ant fibrous contractions. Darwin. 
 
 6. Among Con gregationalists, a society of the cler- 
 gj-, consisting of a number of pastors of neighboring 
 cinirches, united for promoting the interests of re- 
 ligion and the harmony of tlie churches. 
 
 AS-SO-CI-A'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to an associa- 
 tion of clerg\'men. 
 
 AS-So'CIA-TiVE, a. Having the quality of associ- 
 ating, or of being affected by sympathy. 
 
 Darwin. Miller. 
 
 AS-So'ClA-TOR, n. A confederate. Dryden. 
 
 [Associate is now used.] 
 AS-SOIL', jj. <. [Old Fr., from L. oWbo.] To solve; 
 
 to release ; to absolve. [Ofc.] Taylor. Bacon. 
 AS-SOIL', V. t. [Fr. souiUer.] To soil; to stain. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 AS-SOIL'MENT, 7u Act of assoiling; absolution. 
 
 More. Speed. 
 
 AS'SO-NANCE, n. [Fr., from L. ad and sono, to 
 sound. See Sound.] 
 
 Ilesemblance of sounds. In rhetoric and poetrrf, a 
 concurrence of words or lines, terminated by sounds, 
 approximating to, but not concurring in a rhyme. 
 
 Encyc. Mctk. 
 
 AS'SO-NANT, a. Having a resemblance of sounds. 
 In Spanish poetry, assonant rhxjmes are those in which 
 a resemblance of sounds serves instead of a natural 
 rhyme ; as, ligera, tierra. These require only the 
 same vowel in the last or two last syllables, without 
 any concurrence of consonants as in rhyme. 
 
 AS-SORT', ti. (. [Fr. assortir ; It. assortirc; oi ad and 
 strrtir, sortire, to sally forth, and in It. to draw lots. 
 See Sort.] 
 
 1. To separate and distribute into classes things of 
 the like kind, nature, or quality, or things which are 
 suited to a like pqrpose. It is sometimes applied to 
 persons as well as things. 
 
 2. To furnish with all sorts. Burke. 
 AS-SORT', c. i. To agree; to be in accordance with ; 
 
 to suit. Milford. 
 AS-Sf)RT'ED, pp. or a. Distributed into sorts, kinds, 
 or classes. 
 
 2. Furnished with an assortment, or witli a vari- 
 ety ; as, a vieW-assorted store. Burke. 
 
 3. Fitted or adapted to. 
 
 A.S-SORT'ING, ppr. Separating into sorts ; supjilying 
 
 with an assortment; agreeing. 
 AS-SOUT'iME.\T, n. 
 
 1. The act of distributing into sorts, kinds, or 
 classes, or of selecting and suiting things. 
 
 2. A mass or quantity distributed into kinds, or 
 sorts; or a niiinber of things assorted. 
 
 3. A number of things of the same kind, varied in 
 size, color, quality, price, form, or the like, to suit 
 the market, the wants of people, or various purposes ; 
 as, an assortment of thread, of silks, of calicoes, &c. 
 
 An assortment fit \Y.uni\ni^. W. Core. 
 
 4. A variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various 
 wants, demands, or purposes ; as, an assortment of 
 goods. Mercantile Usage. 
 
 AS-SOT', V. U [Sec Sot.] To infatuate ; to besot. 
 [JVot iLsed.] Spenser. 
 
 A.S-SUACJE', v. t. [This word np[>ears to be formed 
 on the G. sckwach! I), zwak, w<'ak ; or on D. lagt, 
 soft, gentle, quiet, which coincides with the Sax. 
 mnig, silence ; tnoigan, to be silent ; whence gesioi- 
 gean, to be silent; G. sctneeigen; D. zwygen, id. 
 In Sax. also, gesioiran is to cease, fail, rest, be 
 quiet. Hut the Dutch word for assauge is vcrzagten, 
 to soften.] 
 
 To sol'lcn, in a figurntire sense; to allay, mitigate, 
 ease, or lesHcn, as pain or grief; to appease or pacify, 
 0.1 iHiHsion or tumult. In Rtrictness, it signifies rather 
 
 to mod/rate, than to quiet, tranquilize, or reduce to 
 perfect peace or ease. 
 AS-SUAGE', V. i. To abate or subside. 
 
 The waters assu/tged. — Gen. viii. 
 But I apprehend the sense is, — the waters were 
 checked. Heb. IB'. 
 AS-SUaG'^D, pp. Allayed ; mitigated ; eased ; ap- 
 peased. 
 
 AS-SUaGE'MEXT, n. Mitigation ; abatement. 
 
 AS-SUaG'ER, n. One who allays or pacifies; that 
 which mitigates or abates. 
 
 AS-SUAG'ING, ppr. Allaying; mitigating; appeas- 
 ing; abating. 
 
 AS-SUA'SIVE, a. [from assuage.] Softening ; miti- 
 gating ; tranquilizing. Pope. 
 
 AS-SUB'JU-GaTE, v. t. To bring into subjection. 
 [ Obs.J ShaJc. 
 
 AS-SUE-FAC'TION, n. [L. assuefacio.] 
 
 The act of accustoming. [Jfot used.] Brown. 
 
 AS'SUE-TuDE, n. [L. assuetudo, from assnetus, part. 
 of assuesco, to accustom.] 
 Custom ; habit ; habitual use. Bacon. 
 
 AS-SuME', V. t. [L. assnmo, of ad and sumo, to take.] 
 
 1. To take or take upon one's self. It differs from 
 receive, in not implying an offer to give. 
 
 The God assumed his native fcrm a^in. Pope. 
 
 2. To take what is not just ; to take with arrogant 
 claims ; to arrogate; to seize unjustly ; as, to assume 
 haughty airs ; to assujne unwarrantalile powers. 
 
 3. To take for granted, or wilhcmt proof ; to sup- 
 pose as a fact ; as, to assume a principle in reasoning. 
 
 4. To appropriate, or take to one's self; as, to 
 assume the debts of another. 
 
 5. To take what is fictitious ; to pretend to pos- 
 sess ; to take in appearance ; as, to assume the garb 
 of humility. 
 
 AS-SuME', V. i. 
 
 1. To be arrogant; to claim more than is due. 
 
 2. In law, to take upon one's self an obligation ; to 
 undertake or promise ; as, A assumed upon himself, 
 and promised to pay. 
 
 AS-StTM'i^I), pp. Taken ; arrogated ; taken without 
 proof; pretended. 
 
 AS-SUM'ER, 71. One who assumes; an arrogant per- 
 son. 
 
 AS-SuM'ING, ppr. Taking ; arrogating ; taking for 
 
 granted ; pretending. 
 AS-SuM'ING, a. Taking or disposed to take upon 
 
 one's self more than is just ; haughty ; arrogant. 
 AS-SuM'ING, 71. Presumption. Jonson. 
 AS-SU.AIP'SIT, 71. [pret. tense of L. as.^umo.] 
 
 1. In tan), a promise or undertaking, founded on a 
 consideration. This promise may be verbal or writ- 
 ten. An assumpsit is express or implied ; express, 
 when made in words or writing ; implied, when, in 
 consequence of some benefit or consideration accru- 
 ing to one person from the acts of another, the law 
 presumes that person has promised to make compen- 
 sation. In this case, the law, upon a principle of 
 justice, implies or raises a promise, on which an ac- 
 tion may be brought to recover the compensation. 
 Thus, if A contracts with B to build a house for him, 
 by implication and intendment of law, A promises to 
 pay li for the same, without any express words to 
 that eft'ect. 
 
 2. An action founded on a promise. When this 
 action is brought on a debt, it is called indebitatus as- 
 sumpsit, which is an action on the case to recover 
 damages for the non-pa) ment of a debt. Blnclistone. 
 
 AS-SUAIPT', 1). t. To take up ; to raise. [Barbarous, 
 
 and not w.s-w/.] Sheldon. 
 AS-SUJIPT', 71. That which is assumed. [JVu( lused.] 
 
 ChiUingicorUu 
 
 AS-SUMP'TION, Ji. [L. assttmptio.] 
 
 1. The act of taking to one's self. Hammond. 
 
 2. The art of taking for granted, or supposing a 
 thing without proof ; sujiposition. JVTam.v. 
 
 This frivfs no sanction to the unwarrnntnhle assnmplion that the 
 eon! glct-ps from the period of doutli lo the rcsurivctioii (»l Uie 
 body. Tluniey. 
 
 3. The thing supposed ; a postulate, or proposition 
 assumed. In logic, the minor or second proposition 
 in a categorical syllogism. Encyc. 
 
 4. A consequence drawn from the propositions of 
 which an argument is composed. Enajr. 
 
 ri. Undcrtiiking ; a taking upon one's self. Kent, 
 
 6. The taking up a persim into heaven. Hence, in 
 the Roman Catliolic and Oreek churches, a festival in 
 honor of the miraculous ascent of the Virgin Mary 
 into heaven. Encyc. 
 
 7. Adoption. Warton. 
 AS-SUMP'TIVE, fl. That is or may be assumed, .^.t- 
 
 sumptive arms, in heraldnt, are siich as a person has a 
 right, with the approbation of his sovereign, and of 
 the heralds, to assume, in consequence of an exploit. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 AS-SUMP'TIVE-LY, adv. By v.-ay o; assumption. 
 
 AS-S0R'AN('E, (as-shur'sris,) «. [!'r., from a.-tsurcr, 
 of ni/ and .»ftr, .leur, sure, certni^.. Ciu. ;hc Rab. and 
 Talni. "WIH to make firm, con.irin, verify ; or is .vcitr 
 tho G. :irar, froi!! liio root of L. veru.\ , more probably 
 it is from 11. sieuraref aasicurarc, to insure, from L. 
 «cun«.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.— 
 
AST 
 
 A S T 
 
 AST 
 
 1. The act of assurinp!, or of inakini; n declaration 
 in terms tliat furnish ground of confidence; as, I 
 trusted to liis assuraiicrs ; or the act of furnisliing 
 any ground of full confidence. 
 
 Wlii-n-of h(* h;ith given agturance to nil men, in Unit Iw li;\tli 
 ntiscd liini from tlie dviul. — Aclj* xvii. 
 
 9. Finn persuasion ; full confidence or trust; free- 
 dom from doubt ; certain expectation ; the utmost 
 certainty. 
 
 Let Hi (Imw near wttli a ti'ue heart, in full assurance of fiiilh. — 
 Heb. X. 
 
 3. Firmness of mind ; undoubting steadiness ; in- 
 trppiility. 
 
 Knive men meet danger wilJi assurajKt. KnoUes, 
 
 4. Excess of boldness; impudence ; as, his assur- 
 ance is intolerable. 
 
 5. Freedom from excessive modesty, timidity, or 
 baslifulness ; laudable confidence. 
 
 Convers:(tion witli the world will give them knowledge and (W- 
 titmnce. Locke. 
 
 6. Insurance ; a contract for the payment of a sum 
 on occasion of a certain event, as loss or deatli. Re- 
 cently, assurance has been used, in England, in ri'la- 
 tion to life contingencies, and insurance, in relation 
 to other contingencies. [See Insuuance.] 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 7. Any written or other legal evidence of the con- 
 veyance of property. In England, the legal evidences 
 of the conveyance of property are called tlie ctnnmon 
 assurances of the kingdom. Black.^tone. 
 
 8. Conviction. TiUutson^ 
 
 9. In throlotrii, full confidence of one's interest in 
 Christ, and of final salvation. 
 
 AS-SORE', (ash-shure',) v. t. [Fr. assurer. See As- 
 surance.] 
 
 1. To make certain ; to give confidence by a prom- 
 ise, declaration, or other evidence ; as, he assured me 
 of his sincerity. 
 
 2. To confirm ; to make certain or secure. 
 
 Aod it Bhiill be assured to hijn. — Lev. xxvii. 
 
 3. To embolden ; to make confident. 
 
 And hereby we shall assure our hearts b<-fyi\; hini. — 1 John ill. 
 
 4. To make sure, with <>/ before the object secured ; 
 as, let me be assured nf your fidelity. 
 
 5. To afliance ; to betroth. [ Obs.] Shall. 
 
 6. To insure ; to covenant to indemnify for loss. 
 [See Insure.] 
 
 AS-S0R'>;D, (ash-shurd',) pp. Made certain or confi- 
 dtmt ; made secure ; insured. 
 
 AS-PC'R'/'.l), (ash-shurd',) fl. Certain; indubitable; 
 not doubting ; boltl to excess. Bacon. Shale. 
 
 AS-SC'U'ED-LY, (ash-shur'ed-ly,) adv. Certainly ; in- 
 dubitably. 
 
 AscuredJy thy son Solomon shall reign. — I Kings t. 
 AS-SOR'ED-NESS, (a'sh-shur'ed-ness,) n. The state 
 of being .assured ; certainty ; full confidence. 
 
 JIakewill. 
 
 AS-Sv_'R'ER, n. One who assures; one who insures 
 against loss ; an insurer or underwriter. 
 
 AS-SUR'(jENT, a. [L. assurircns, assurtro.'\ 
 
 In biitany, rising upward in a curve from a declin- 
 ing bas^. Marlijiu 
 
 AS-SOR'ING, (ash-shur'ing,) ppr. Making sure or 
 confident; giving security ; confirming; insuring. 
 
 AS-S0R'1.\G-LY, ailv. In a way to create assurance. 
 
 AS-SWS(5E'. See Assuage. 
 
 AS-SYR'I-A.\, a. Tertaining to Assyria, 
 
 AS-TXR'TE, n. Ashtoreth, a goddess of the Sidoni- 
 ans ; the same as Venus of the Romans. 
 
 AS'TE-IS.M, n. [Gr. .!?•£'"«, beautiful, polite.] 
 
 In rhetoric, genteel irony ; a polite and ingenious 
 manner of deriding another. F.ncijc 
 
 AS'TER, n. [Gr. ar'/.n.] 
 
 A genus of plants, with compound flowers, many 
 of which arc cultivated for their beauty, particularly 
 the China Aster. The species are very immerous. 
 
 AS-TK'RI-AS, n. [Gr. arip, a star.] 
 
 Stella marina, sea-star, or stiir-fish ; a subdivision 
 or family of radiate animals, chaniclerized by a sub- 
 orbicular, depressed body, divided into rays, usually 
 five in number, with a mouth below, <at the center. 
 The rays vary, in length and form, in different spe- 
 cies, from simple salient angles, to very long, and, in 
 some siKicies, minutely ramifieti processes. 
 
 AS-Te'RI-a-TED, a. [Supra.] Radiated ; presenting 
 diverging rays, like a star ; as, astcriated sapphire. 
 
 CUaceland. 
 
 AS'TER-ISK, n. [Gr. arcpwKO!, a little star, from 
 a^rio, a star ] 
 
 The figure of a star, thus, *, used in printing and 
 writing as a reference to a passage or note in tlie mar- 
 gin, or to fill the space when a name, or part of a 
 name, is omitted. 
 
 AS'TER-IS.M, 11. [Gr. arcptapos, a little star, from 
 aT'ifl, a star.] 
 
 1. Formerhi, a constellation ; as now used, a small 
 cluster of stars, cither includetl or not in a constella- 
 tion, p. Cyc. 
 
 2. An asterisk, or mark of reference. [This is less 
 proper.] 
 
 A STERN', ado. [a, or at, and stem. See Stebs,] 
 
 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship ; or toward the 
 hinder part, ()r backwartl ; :is, Itt co astern. 
 
 2. lieliind a ship, at any indefinite dislanen. 
 
 Mir. Diet. 
 
 AS'TER-Oin, 71. [Gr. ar'i", a star, and s, form.] 
 A name given by llersi licl to liie four newly-dis- 
 covered jilanels between the orbits of .Mais and Ju- 
 piter. A fifth, Aslrwa, has since been discovered. 
 AS-TER-C)II>'AI., a. Resembling a star ; or pertain- 
 ing to tile asteroids. Journ, of Science. 
 AS-TEll-O I'o'DI-UiM, 7i. [Gr. a~np, a star, and ttuik, 
 nodoi, ,a foot.] 
 
 A kind of extraneous fossil, of the same substance 
 with the astrite, to which it serves as the base. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 A-STERT', V. L To startle. [JVo( in use.] Spenser. 
 AS-THEN'IC, 0. [Gr. priv. and (rOfvo?, strength.] 
 
 In medicine, weak ; characterized by debility. 
 AS-THEi\-OL'O-0Y,7i. [Gr. a priv , o-Ucmj, strength, 
 and Ao}-'K, iliscourse.] 
 
 The doctrine of diseases connected with debility. 
 ASTII'.MA, (tist'mu,) n. [Gr. ..it«^.i.] [Core. 
 A chronic, paroxysmal, and intermittent disease of 
 respiration ; the paroxysms exacerbating and remit- 
 ting ; the inspirations, during the attack, fuller and 
 more fretiuent than natural, but with a sensation of 
 want of air, accompanied by paleness of the skin 
 and lividness of the lips. . The term is also often ap- 
 plied to any chronic dilficutty of breathing. 
 ASTII-iM.AT'lC, a. I'i'rtaining to asthma; also, affect- 
 ed by asthma; as, an asOitnatic patient. 
 ASTII-.MAT'IC, 71. A person troubled with asthma. 
 
 JlrbuUlnoU 
 
 AS-TIP'U-LaTE, for Stipulate. ) r v , ■ i 
 
 AS-TlP-li-L.\'T10.V, for Stitulation. j L-™"' "' "'■"'•J 
 A.S-To.\'E', ) c. t. [See Astonish.] To terrify, or as- 
 AS-TO.\'Y, i timish. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 AS-To.\'/:r), j pp. or a. Astonished. [Obs.] 
 AS-TON'I/JD, ! Spenser. Jililton. 
 
 AS-TON'ISH, V. t. [Old Fr. eslonncr, now ilonner ; L. 
 attono, to astonish ; ad and tono. Sax. ffcstun, noise, 
 and stunian, to stun ; G. staunen ; Ann. eston, won- 
 derfullj'. The primary sense is, to stop, to strike 
 dumb, to fix. See Tone and Stun.] 
 
 To stun, or strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, 
 surprise, or wonder; to amaze; to confound with 
 some sudden passion. 
 
 I, Daniel, was astonished at the vision. — Dan. viii. 
 
 AS-TON'ISH-£D, (as-ton'isht,) pp. or a. Amazed; 
 
 confounded with fear, surprise, or adinir.ition. 
 AS-TO.N'ISH-ING, ppr. Amazing ; confounding with 
 
 wonder or fear. 
 AS-TON'ISH-ING, a. Very wonderful ; of a nature 
 
 to excite great admiration or amazement. 
 AS-TON'ISH-ING-LY, ado. In a manner or degree to 
 
 excite amazement. Bp. Fleetwood. 
 
 .■\S-TON'ISlI-ING-NESS, 71. The quality of exciting 
 
 astonishment. 
 
 AS-TON'ISII-MENT, n. Amazement; ctmfusion of 
 mind from fear, surprise, or admiration, at an extra- 
 ordinary or unexpected event. 
 AS-TOUND', I), t. [from Old Fr. estonner.] 
 
 To astonish ; to strike dumb with amazement. 
 AS-TOUi\I)'ED, pp. Astonished to dumbness. 
 AS-TOUND'ING, ppr. Astonishing. 
 
 2. a. Adapted to astonish. 
 AS-TOUi\I)'.ME.\T, 71. Amazement. Colerid<re. 
 A-STRAD'DLE, ailu. [a and straddle. See Straddle.] 
 With the legs across a tiling, or on different sides ; 
 a.s, to sit astraddle. 
 AS-TR/E'A, \ rr. . ^ 
 
 AS-TRl"'A, j t^"^- "5"''''' ^ ^"'■•J 
 
 1. The goddess of justice. A name sometimes 
 given to the sign Virgo. The poets feign that Jus- 
 tice quitted heaven, in the golden age, to reside on 
 earth ; but becoming weary with the iniipiities of 
 men, she returned to heaven, and commenced a con- 
 stellation of stars. Encyc. 
 
 2. A small planet, discovered in Dec. 184.'>, revolv- 
 ing round the sun in 1510 days, and belonging to tlie 
 group sometimes called asteroids. 
 
 3. A species of coral zoophytes, of a rounded form, 
 and covered, when alive, with animal Howers. 
 
 AS'TR.\-GAL, 71. [Gr. uTpayaXos, a turning joint, 
 vertebra, spondylus.] 
 
 1. In architecture, n little round molding which sur- 
 rounds the top or bottom of a column, in the form of 
 a ring ; representing a ring or band of iron, to pre- 
 vent the splitting of the column. It is often cut into 
 beads or berries, and is used in ornamented I'ntjibla- 
 tures 10 separate the several faces of the architrave. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In gunnery, a round molding on a cannon near 
 the mouth. Encyc. 
 
 AS-TRAG'A-LUS, n. [L.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the liuckle, ankle, or sling bone ; 
 the upper bone of that part of the foot called the tar- 
 sus, supporting the tibia. Core. 
 
 2. A genus of papUionaceous plants, of the natural 
 order F.abaceiE, containing nuniertms species, .some 
 of which are called, in English, milk-vrtek and 
 lufuorice-telch. Gum tragacanlli is obtained from 
 different species, particularly the ./9. verus. 
 
 AS'TltAI,, a. [L. astrami Gr. nr/jo, a star.] 
 
 Ileliiiming til the stars ; starry. Pniden. 
 
 A.S'Tlt \1.-1, AMI', II. An Argaiid lump, in wliicli the 
 oil is contained in a vessel in iIk' roiin id' a llaili iii'd 
 ring, oblii|ui'ly iiii'linril outward and downward, 
 and surmounted by a llatti iii il lii'iiiispherii':il ground 
 glass; the whole nrranu'i'iiu nt designed to throw a 
 strong and uninterrupted liglit on the table below. 
 
 A-STRAY', Olid, [a and .<(ru;(. See Stray.] 
 
 Out of the right way or proper pl.ace, bolii in a lit- 
 eral and figurative sense. In morals and religion, it 
 signifies wandering from the path of rectitude, from 
 duty and happiness. 
 
 Before I w.is afHicted, 1 went astray. — Vs. cxix. 
 
 Cattle go astray when they leave their proper own- 
 ers orjnclosures. See Dent. xxii. 
 AS-TRi':'A, 71- See Astr.ka. 
 
 AS-TRICT', V. U [L. astringo, astrictu^. See As- 
 
 TRINOE.] 
 
 1. To bind fast ; to confine. [JVot much used.] 
 
 2. To constrict ; to contract. 
 
 AS-TRH'T', 71. Compendious; contracted. Weceer. 
 AS-TRICT'ED, pp. Round fast ; confined ; con- 
 stricted. 
 
 AS-TRICT'ING, ppr. Binding fast; confining; con- 
 AS-TlUe'TIO.\, 71. [trading. 
 
 1. The act of binding fast, or confining. 
 
 2. A contraction of parts by applications ; the stop- 
 ping of fluxes or hemorrhages. Coie. 
 
 3. Constipation. .^rbuthnol. 
 
 4. In Scotland, thirlage ; an obligation to have corn 
 ground at a certain mill, p.iying a toll called multure. 
 
 Ed. Ennie. Sinclair. 
 AS-TRICT'IVE, a. liinding ; constricting ; styptic. 
 AS-TRICT'O-RY, a. Astringent ; binding; aiit to bind. 
 A-STRIl)E', a</i>. With the legs across. 
 AS-TRIF'ER-OUS, a. [I., aslrtfer; astrum, a sUtr, and 
 fcro, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing or containing stars. [LittJe used.] 
 AS-TRIG'ER-OUS, n. [I,ow L. astrigcr.] 
 
 Bearing stars. [JVot u.icd.] 
 AS-TRINGE', (as-trinj',) v. t. [L. a-ilringo, of oii and 
 stringo, to bind fast, to strain. See Strain.] 
 
 1. To bind fast ; to constrict ; to contract ; to cause 
 parts to draw together. Bacon. 
 
 2. To bind by obligation. fVolseij. 
 AS-TRIXG'A'D, pp. iSound fast; constricted; con- 
 tracted. 
 
 A.S-TRING'Ei\-CY, 71. The power of contracting the 
 parts of the body ; that quality in medicines which 
 causes vital contraction of the soft solids ; as, the os- 
 tringrney of acids or bitters. Bacon. Jirbnthnot. 
 
 AS-TRING'ENT, rt. Binding ; contracting ; strength- 
 ening ; opposed to laxatire. Qiiincy, 
 
 A.ilringent principle ; in ehcniLitru, tannic acid or 
 tannin ; characterized particularly by forming an in- 
 soluble compound with gi latine. Ure. 
 
 AS-TRIi\'G'E.\'T, 71. ,\ ineilicine that h.as the property 
 of causing vital contraction in the soft solids, usually 
 accompanied with increased absorption anil dimin- 
 ished excretion. 
 
 AS-TRING'ER, I 71. [Fr. austour, autour, a gos- 
 
 AUS-TRING'ER, | hawk.] 
 
 A falconer that keeps a goshawk. Sliak, Cowel. 
 
 AS-TRING'IA'G, ppr. Binding fast ; constricting ; con- 
 tracting. 
 
 AS-TROG'R.\-PHY, ti. [Gr. iirijo, or arnov, a star, 
 and ^ oiii/ji.), to describe.] 
 
 A description of lite sttirs, or the science of describ- 
 ing them. 
 
 AS'TRO-L.\BE, 71. [Gr. arno, a star, .md Xalhin, to 
 take.] 
 
 1. An instrument formerly used for taking the al- 
 titude of the sun or stiirs at sea. 
 
 2. A stereograpliic projection of the sphere, on the 
 plane of a great circle, usually either upon the plane 
 of the equator, the eye being sup|Mised to be in the 
 pole of the world, or upon the plane of the meridian, 
 the eye being in tlie point of intersection of the etiui- 
 noctial and the horizon. 
 
 3. Among the aitcienls, the same as the modem ar- 
 millary spiiiTe. Encyc 
 
 AS-TROI/.V-TRY, 71. [Gr. uaTtip and Aaroiin.] 
 
 The worship of the stars. Cudworth. 
 AS-TR()I,'0-liER, \ n. [U astrologus, of Gr. «r""'', 
 AS-TRO-L6'GI-.\.\, ) a st.ar, and X'lyoi, discourse.] 
 
 1. One who professes to foretell future eveiiLs by 
 the aspects and situation of the stars. .Sstrologian is 
 little used. Wnlton. 
 
 2. Formerly, one \> ho understood the motions of 
 the planet.s, withimt predicting. Raleigh. 
 
 AS-TRO-LOG'ie, ( a. IVrtaining to astrology ; 
 AS-TRO-LOG'IC-AL, ( professing or practicing as- 
 trology. ■ 
 
 AS-TRO-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of as- 
 trologj'. 
 
 AS-TROI,'0-GIZE, r. 1. To practice astrology. 
 
 AS-TROL'O-GY, 71. [Supra.] A science which teaches 
 to judge of the effects and inHiiences of tile sU'irs, and 
 to foretell futun? events by their situation and differ- 
 ent aspects ; called, also, jri^/icia/ a.-itrotogy. This sci- 
 ence was formerly in great request, as men ignorant- 
 ly supposed the heavenly bodies to have a ruling in- 
 
 TON'E, B5JLL, tJMTE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; $ as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 » 
 
AT 
 
 ATH 
 
 ATH 
 
 Ituence over the phj sii ;il and moral world ; but it is 
 now iiniversaliy exploded by true science and piiilos- 
 opliy. 
 
 JVu(c The term astrology was used by the ancients 
 in the sense of astrunonnj, 
 AS TR0N'0-.\1ER, ?i. One who is versed in astrono- 
 my ; one who lias a knowledge of the laws of tlie 
 heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their mo- 
 tions are regulated, with their various phenomena. 
 
 AlTR^^NSM'le-AL, \ "■ P'^rtaining to astronomy. 
 
 AS-TRO-NOM'It;-AL-LY, arfo. In an astronomical 
 manner ; by the principles of astronomy. 
 
 AS-TRON'O-MIZE, v. i. To study astronomy. [Lit- 
 tle H.-'Cf/.l Brmcn. 
 
 AS-TRON'O-MY, n. [Gr. aTpov, a star, and voftos, a 
 law, or rule.] 
 
 The science which teaches the knowledge of the 
 celestial bodies, tlieir magnitudes, motions, distances, 
 periods of revolution, eclipses, order, and of the causes 
 of their various phenomena. This science depends 
 on observations made cliiefly with instruments, and 
 upon mathematical calculations. 
 
 AS'TRO-rieOPE, 7i. [Gr. arouf, a star, and aKoTreoi, 
 to view.] 
 
 An astronomical instrument, composed of two 
 cones, on whose surface the constellations, with 
 their stars, are delineated, by means of which the 
 stars niav be easily known. Encyc. 
 AS-TROS'eO-PY, n. [See Asteoscgi-e.] Observation 
 of tile stars. 
 
 AS'TRO-THE-OL'O-GY, ru [L. antrum, a star, and 
 theologiaj divinity.] 
 
 Natural theology founded on the observation of the 
 celestial bodies. Dtrham. 
 
 A-STRUT', adv. [See Strut.] In a strutting manner. 
 
 AS-TuTE', a. [L. astutiis, from astus, craft, subtilty ; 
 Ir. aisde^ aiste, ingenuity.] 
 
 Shrewd ; sharp ; eagle-eyed ; critically examining 
 or discerning ; subtle ; cunning. Saiuhjs. 
 
 AS-TOTE'LY,adi). Shrewdly; sharply; subtilly. 
 
 AS-TuTE'N'ESS, n. Shrewdness ; cunning. 
 
 A-SUN'DER, ado. [Sax. asundrian, to divide. See 
 Sunder.] Apart; into parts; separately; in a di- 
 vided state. 
 
 The hoTd iwlh cut asunder the cords of the wicked. — Ps. cxxLx. 
 
 A-SWOON', otii). In a swoon. [OJs.] Oower. 
 A-SV'LU.M, II. [L. from Gr. aavX ^v, safe from spoil, 
 tt and avXi}, spoil, avXaoj, to plunder.] 
 
 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge, where criminals 
 and debtors shelter themselves from justice, and 
 from which they can not betaken without sacrilege. 
 Temples and altars were anciently asylums ; as were 
 tombs, .statues, and monuments. The ancient 
 heathens allowed asylums for the protection of the 
 vilest criminals ; and the Jews had their cities of 
 
 2. Any place of retreat and security. rrefuge. 
 X An institution for tlie protection or relief of the 
 
 unfortunate ; as, an as-ijliim for the poor, for the deaf 
 and dumb, or for the insane. 
 A-SY.\I'ME-TRAL, / rc .> = . i 
 AS-Y.M-.MET'Rie-AL, \ t^"^ Symmetry.] 
 
 Not having syiniuetry. [Liulc used.] More. 
 A-SYM'.ME-TRY, n. [Gr. a priv. and (jv/iiierpia, 
 symmetry, of aw, with, and /jf r,ot(o, to measure.] 
 
 The want of proportion between the parts of a 
 thing. It is also used in mathematics for incom- 
 mensurability, when between two quantities there is 
 no coniinoii measure. Johnson. 
 AS'Y.VIl'- TOTE, )!. [(Jr. a priv., irvv, with, and tttou, 
 to fall ; not meeting.] Sometimes pron. a-symp'tote. 
 
 A line which approaches nearer and nearer to 
 some curve, but, though infinitely extended, would 
 never meet It. 'I'his may be conceived as a tangent 
 to a curve at an infinite distance. Cliamlirrs. 
 AS-YMI'-TOT'ie-AL, a. Belonging to an asymptote. 
 Jlsymptotical curves, are such as continually ajiproach 
 when extended, but never meet. 
 A-SY.V-AR-TETE', a. [Gr. a priv., am, and aoriiw.] 
 Literally, disconnected ; not fitted or adjiisteil. 
 A.rynurtele sentences ; those of which the nicMiibers 
 are not united by connective panicles ; as, I came, 
 1 saw, I conquered. Brande. 
 
 .^synarlete verse ; in prosody, a verse consisting of 
 two miMubers, having dill'erent rhythms ; as wht^n 
 the first consists of iambuses and the second of 
 trochees, or the first of dactyls and the second of 
 iaml»iiseH. * 
 A-SYN'DI-Vl'ON, 1). [Gr. a priv. and atw^cM, to bind 
 together.] In grammar, a figure which omits the 
 conn('rtive ; ;w, rrni, vidi, riei. It stands opposed to 
 polymjndctuH, which i.^ a multijilication of connectives. 
 
 Canijihell. 
 
 AT, prep. [Sax. <rl ; Goth, at ; L. ad. At, ail, and to, 
 if not radically the same word, often coincide in 
 signifiinlion. in VV^ ut is l:r, ami in Danish and 
 Hwedi^h, it is the xigii of the inliniiive mode ; in 
 Amh. od, or ud, in toward. 'I'lif word ui is iloubtless 
 the Oriental Nnn, nnw, (,'h. and lleb. lo come, to 
 approiu'h. Ilrnie it prnnarily denotes presence, 
 meettnif, nenrnejiH, dtrrrtion toward.] 
 
 In ((eneral, «/ deiiitle« nearness or presence ; a«, «/! 
 the ninth hour, at ihv Iioiiho ; but it ia less definite 
 
 than in or on ; at the house, may be in or near the 
 house. It denotes also toward, versus j as, to aim an 
 arrow at a mark. 
 
 From this original import are derived all the vari- 
 ous uses of a(. At the sight, is witk, present, or com- 
 ing the sight ; at this news, present the news, on or 
 Mit/i the approach or arrival of this news. At peace, 
 at war, in a state of jieace or war, peace or war ex- 
 isting, being present ; at ease, at play, at a loss, &c., 
 convey the Uke idea. At arms, furnished with arms, 
 bearing arms ; at hand, within reach of the hand, 
 and therefore near ; at my cost, witli my cost ; ut his 
 suit, by or witk his suit ; at this declaration, he rose 
 from his seat, that is, present, or coming this decla- 
 ration ; whence results the idea, in consequence of it. 
 At his command, is either tinder his command, that 
 is, literally, coming or being come his command, in 
 the power of, or in consequence of it. He is good 
 at engraving, at husbandry ; that is, in performing 
 that business. He deserves well at our hands, that 
 is, from us. The peculiar phrases in which this 
 word occurs, with appropriate significations, are nu- 
 merous. At first, at last, at least, at best, at the 
 worst, at the highest or lowest, are phrases in which 
 some noun is implied ; as, at the first time or begin- 
 ning ; at the last time, or point of time ; at the least 
 or best degree, &:c. ; all denoting an extreme pointer 
 superlative degree. At all, is in any manner or degree. 
 
 At is sometimes used for to, or toward, noting pro- 
 gression or direction ; as, he aims at perfection ; he 
 makes or runs at him, or points at him. In this 
 phrase, he longs to be at him, at has its general sense 
 of approaching, or present, or with, in contest or attack. 
 
 AT'A-BAL, ji. [Sp.] A kettle-drum ; a kind of tabor, 
 used by tlie Moors. 
 
 A-TACA-MITE, n. A native chloride of copper, 
 originally found, in the form of sand, in the desert 
 of Atacama, between Chili and Peru. Dana. 
 
 AT'A-GHAN, n. Among the Turks, a long dagger, 
 worn in a belt, with pistols, in a metal scabbard. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 AT'A-MAN, n. [Russ., from Polish hctman, a general 
 in chief; G. hauptmann.] A hetnian, or chief of the 
 Cossacks. 
 
 AT-A-MAS'€0, n. The trivial name of a species of 
 the genus Amaryllis, called atamasco-libj. 
 
 AT'A-RAX-Y, 71. [Gr. urapux"S> of " priv. and 
 TopaxT], tumult.] 
 
 Calmness of mindt: a term used by the stoics and 
 skeptics to denote a freedom from the emotions 
 which proceed from vanity and self-conceit. Encyc. 
 
 A-TAVY^' I l-^"^' " P"^' ''"'^ '■"C'^i order.] 
 
 J^ote. Atazia is more generally used by medical 
 writers than ataxy. 
 
 1. Want of order ; disturbance ; irregularity. ITall. 
 
 2. In medicine, irregularity in disease, or in tlie 
 functions ; irregularity in the crises and paroxysms 
 of fever. Coxe. Encyc. 
 
 A state of disease characterized by great irregu- 
 larity. ■ Cyc. Med. 
 
 A-T.\X'ie, o. In medicine, irregular ; characterized by 
 great irregularity. 
 
 Ataxic fever ; a term applied by Pinel to malignant 
 typhous fever. Cyc. Med. 
 
 AT'CHE, 71. In Turkey, a small silver coin, value 
 about six or seven mills. Encyc. 
 
 ATE ; the preterit of eat; which see. 
 
 a'TE, (a'ty,) 71. [Gr. an;, mischief ; nrao), to hurt. 
 Ate is a personification of evil, mischief, or malice.] 
 
 In pagan mythology, the goddess of mischief, who 
 was cast down from lieaveu by Jupiter. Horn. 
 II. xix. 1-J5. 
 
 AT'E-LENE, a. [Gr. nrfXr/j, imperfect.] 
 
 In mineralogy, imperfect ; wanting regular forms 
 in the geuus. Shepard. 
 
 AT-E-LES'TITE, 77. A crystalline mineral, in struc- 
 ture resembling spliene. Shepard. 
 
 A-TEL'L.\N, a. Relating to the dramas at Atella, in 
 ancient Italy. Shaftesbury. 
 
 A-TEL'LAN, ii. A dramatic representation, satirical 
 or lirentious. Shaftesbury. 
 
 A ■I'KM'PO, or A TFJWPO PRPMO, [It.] In music, 
 a diri ctioii that, alUr any change of movement, by 
 acceleration or retardation, the original movement 
 be restorfMl. 
 
 A TKM'PO dT-US'TO. [It. ; L. in tempore ju.-:to.] 
 In music, a direction to sing or play in an equal, 
 true, and just time. 
 
 ATll-A-NA'SIAN, a. Pertaining to Athanasius, bish- 
 op of Alexandria, in the fourth century. The 
 Athanasian creed is a forinulary, confession, or expo- 
 sition of faith, supposi'd fornieriy to have been drawn 
 up by Athanasius ; but this opinion is now rejected, 
 and the composition is ascribed by .some to Hilary, 
 bishop of Aries. It is a summary of what was 
 callcil the orthodox f.iith. 
 
 ATll'A-NOR, 71. [Ar. and Heb. ■\;:n tlinnor, an oven 
 or furnaci . ] 
 
 A digi'sting furnace, formerly used in chemical 
 operations, ho cunstrui ted as to inainlain a uniform 
 and durable heat. It is a furnace with a lateral 
 lower close on all sides, except a comuiiinication be- 
 low with the fireplace, which is filled with fuel, by 
 
 an opening above fitted with a close cover As the 
 fuel below is consumed, that in the tower falls down 
 to supply its place. J\richolson. 
 A'THE-IS.M, «. The disbelief of the existence of a 
 God, or supreme intelligent Being. 
 
 Atheism is a kTocioiis system, tlwt leaves nothing above us to 
 excite awe, nor arouud us lo awaJtea tenderness. 
 
 Rob. Ml. 
 
 A'THE-IST, 71. [Gr. ofcu;, of a priv. and 6cos, God.] 
 One who disbelieves tlie existence of a God, or 
 _ supreme intelligent Being. 
 
 A'THE-IST, a. Atheistical ; disbelieving or denying 
 
 the being of a supreme God. Miltmu 
 A-THE-IST'ie, I 
 A-THE-IST'ie-AL, i °- 
 
 1. Pertaining to atheism 
 
 2. Disbelieving the existence of a God ; impious ; 
 applied to persons; as, an atlieistic writer. 
 
 3. Implying or containing atheism ; applied to 
 things ; as, atheistic doctrines or opinions. 
 
 A-THE-IST'IU-AL-LY, adv. In an atheistic manner ; 
 impiously. 
 
 A-TIIE-IST'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 atheistjcal. 
 
 A'THE-IZE, t). i. To discourse as an atheist. [JVot 
 _ useJ.] Cudworlll. 
 A'THE-IZE, 71. t. To render atheistic. Berkelcu. 
 A'THEL, A'DEL or ^E'THEL ; noble, of illustrious 
 birth ; Sax. a;dcl, atlicl ; G. add ; D. edel ; Sw. (cdcl ; 
 - c 
 
 Dan. a:del; Ar. ^j'V atliala, to be well rooted, to be 
 
 of noble origin. This word is found in many Saxon 
 names ; as in Atheling, a noble youth ; Ethrlrcd, 
 noble counsel; Ethelard, noble genius; Klhclbcrt, 
 noble, bright, eminently noble ; Ethelwald, noble gov- 
 ernmentj^ or power ; Ethcltcard, noble defender. 
 
 ATH-E-Nk'U.M, 11. [Gr. aih,uauw, from Athens.] In 
 ancient Athens, a place where poets, philosophers, 
 and rhetoricians declaimed, and repeated their com- 
 positions. In the United States, a building or an 
 apartment where a library, periodicals, and news- 
 papers are kept for public use, or for a reading 
 room, so called. [JVutc. This word is anglicized, by 
 discarding the diphthong, as is done in economy and 
 other English words.] 
 
 A-THii'NI-.^N, a. [from Athens.] Pertaining to 
 Atheiis, the metropolis of Attica, in Greece. 
 
 A-'I'Hii'NI-AN, 71. A native or inhabitant of Athens. 
 
 A-THE-0-Lo'6l-AN, 71. One who is the opposite to 
 a theologian. Hayward. 
 
 A-THE-0L'0-GY,7!. Atheism. [M in use.] Swift. 
 
 A'THE-OUS, a. Atlieistic ; impious. used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 ATH-E-Rl'NA, ti. A genus of fishes of the order 
 Abdominales. The characters are, the upper jaw is 
 rather Hat, the rays of the gill membrane are six, and 
 the side belt or line shines like silver. The species 
 best known is the A. Hepsetus, very abundant in the 
 Mediterranean, where it is caught in large quantities. 
 
 Pennant. Ed. Eneye. 
 
 ATH'E-RINE, 7t. A name common to the species of 
 the genus Allierina. 
 
 ATH-E-Ro'MA, n. [Gr., from nBnna, pap.] 
 
 A species of wen or encysted tumor, whose con- 
 tents are curdy. 
 
 ATH-E-ROM'A-TOUS, a. Pertaining to or resembling 
 an atheroma ; having tlie qualities of an atheroma. • 
 
 Wiseman. 
 
 A-THIRST', (a-thurst',) a. [a and t/iiVst. See Thirst.] 
 
 1. Thirsty ; wanting drink. 
 
 2. Having a keen appetite or desire. 
 
 He hail a soul atidra lor knowledge. Ch. Obserfrr. 
 
 ATH'LioTE, 71. [See Athletic.] 
 
 1. Among the ancients, one who contended for the 
 prize in tlie public games. Hence, 
 
 2. A contender for victory. A. Smith's Theorii. 
 ATH-LET'ie, a. [Gr. aOXrirris ; L. alhleta, a wrestler ; 
 
 from ufUX'jj, strife, contest.] 
 
 1. BeUmging to wrestling, boxing, running, and 
 other exercises and sports, which were practiced by 
 the ancients, usually called the athletic games. Hence, 
 
 2. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. An athletic 
 body or constitution, is one fitted lor vigorous ex- 
 ertions. 
 
 ATH-LET'IC-.AL-LY, adv. In a strong, robust, or 
 athletic manner. Borrow. 
 
 ATH'LE-TISM, >i. The act of contending at the pub- 
 lic games ; muscular strength. 
 
 A-TllWART', ;)i(7). [n and t/ii(7fl7(. See Thwart.] 
 
 1. Across ; from side to side ; transverse ; as, 
 athwart the path. 
 
 2. Ill marine language^ across the line of a ship^s 
 course ; as, a fleet standing olhieart our course. 
 
 Athwart hawse, is the situation of a ship when she 
 lies across the sti^in of another, whether in contact 
 or at a small distiince. 
 
 Athwart tlic fore foot, is a phrase applied to the 
 flight of a cannon-ball, fired by cmc ship across 
 nnolher ship's course, ahead, as a signal for her to 
 bring to. 
 
 AlJiwart ships ; reaching across the ship from sMc to 
 sidi!, or in that diri^ction. Mar. Diet. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIIAlT. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
ATO 
 
 ATR 
 
 ATT 
 
 A-TIIWART', ailc. In a ni;uiiier to cross uiid perplex ; 
 
 crossly ; «ron|;; wroiicl'ullv. 
 A-TILT', af/c. [<i ami (i7/. iSec Tii,t.1 
 
 1. In Ilii' niunntr <>t" a tilti r ; in the position, or 
 Willi till! action of a man making a thrust; as, to 
 stand or run atiU. 
 
 •2. In tile manner of a cask tUteil, or with one end 
 raised. 
 
 AT'I-.MV, II. [Gr. arijiia, a and rifin, honor.] 
 
 In ancient Greece, public disgrace ; exclusion from 
 oflico or magistnicy, liy sonic disqualifying act or de- 
 cree. Milfurd. 
 
 AT-L.\N-Tr;'A.V, j o. PerUiining to the Isle Atlantis, 
 
 AT-Ii.\N'TI-.\N, i which the ancients allege was 
 sunk and overwhelmed by the ocean. Flato. 
 '2. Pertaining to Atlas ; resembling Atlas. 
 
 AT-Ii.\N"Tf;S, n. p/. [L.] In arcAi(ct/«rc, figures or 
 half figures of men, used instead of columns or pilas- 
 ters, to supi>ort an entablature. P. Ci/c 
 
 AT-LAN''J'lt', a. [from Mus or MlaiUU.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to that division of the ocean, which 
 lies between I^urope and Africa on the cast, and 
 America on the west. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the Isle of Atlantis ; as, Jillanlit 
 island. C'»/c. 
 
 AT-L.VX'Tir, «. The ocean, or that part of the iM^Van, 
 which is between Europe and Africa on the east and 
 America on the west. 
 
 AT-L.\.V'TI-f.\, j «. An isle menticmed by the an- 
 
 AT-L.^N'TIS, I cients, situated wi SI of Ihe Miait 
 of Cades, or Gibraltar. The piw ls iinMiliun two isles, 
 and call them lUspcrides, western iskvs, and Elijsian 
 fields. AuUiurs are not agreed whelhur these isles 
 were the Canarii s, or some other isles, or llic conti- 
 nent of .\iiierica. 
 
 AVw Mantis, (Aura jjl/<in(i.< .) a fictitious philo- 
 sophical coiiimoiiweaUh of Lord llacon, or the piece 
 describing it; composed in the manner of More's 
 Ulu/iia, and Uampanella's Cilij of Vie Sun. One part 
 of the work is finished, in which the author has de- 
 scribed a college, founded for the study of Natiiri', 
 under the name of Sutumoii^s House. TIic inodi l of 
 a roiniuoiiwealth was never executed. Knciic. 
 
 AT-1.A.\'TI-DkS, n. pi. .\ name given to the Pleiades 
 or sirvi n stars, which were feigned to have been tlu^ 
 <laiiu'hters of .Mlas, a king of .MauiiU-inia, or of his 
 linitlier Hesperus, who were translated to heaven. 
 
 AT'L.VS, n. [L.] A collection of ina|)3 in a volume ; 
 supposed to be so called from a picture of Atlas, sup- 
 porting the heavens, prefixed to some collections. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. This term is now also applied to works in which 
 subjects are exhibited in a tabular form or arrange- 
 ment ; as, an historical or ethnographical alias. 
 
 3. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of 
 maps, called, also, alias-folio. 
 
 4. .\ silk-satin, manhfactured in the East with ad- 
 mirable ingenuity. jiUcises are plain, striped, or (low- 
 ered ; but they have not the fine gloss and luster of 
 some French silks. Encyc. 
 
 5. The first vertebra of the neck, articul.itiiig im- 
 nieiliately with the occipital bone, and thus sustain- 
 ing Ihe head, whence the name. 
 
 (>. .V term applied to paper ; as, aUas fine. Burke. 
 .\T-.MO.M'E-TEU, n. [Gr. ur/ios, vapor, and /i£T/;tu, 
 to measure.] 
 
 .Vn instrument to measure the quantity of exhala- 
 tion from a humid surface in a given time ; an evap- 
 oromcter. Ure. 
 .\T'.MOS-PHERE, n. [Gr. ar/iof, vapor, and cifiaipa, 
 a sjiherr.] 
 
 1. 'I'he whole mass of aeriform fluid surrounding 
 the earth. 
 
 2. In electricitu, the space around an electrical body, 
 thrnuah which Us electrical infiuence extends. 
 
 3. Fi<ruraUvclt/, |>ervading iulluence ; as, a moral 
 atmosphere. 
 
 AT-.MOS-PIIER'ie, j a. Pertaining to the atinos- 
 AT-.MOS-PlIER'I€^AL, ( pherc ; as, atmospheric air 
 or vapor* 
 
 Atmospheric air ; common air, or the air ; so called 
 in distinction from vital air or oxygen,Jfxn< air or car- 
 bonic acid, and other gases. 
 
 .atmospheric stones : meteoric stones, or aiirolitcs. 
 
 2. Dependent on the atmosphere. 
 
 I nm an atmosfttieric creature. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 AT'OI.L, n. [.\ Maldive word.] A name given to 
 coral islands consisting of a strip or ring of coral 
 surrounding a central lagoon. Lijeil. 
 
 AT'O.M, n. [Gr. arojios ; L. alomus; from a, not, and 
 Tf//K.), to cut.] 
 
 1. A particle of matter so minute as to admit of no 
 division. Atoms are conceived to be the first princi- 
 ples or component parts of all bodies. Qninri/. 
 
 2. In chemi.itnj, a supposed ultimate particle or com- 
 ponent part of a body ; the smallest particle supposed 
 to result from the division of a body, without decom- 
 position. 
 
 3. Any thing extremely small. Shak. 
 A-Ti).M'ie, l a. Pertaining to atom's; consi.sting 
 A-T(».M'1€-AL, i of atoms; extremely minute. 
 
 The aiiimieal philosophii, or doctrini' of atoms, said 
 to have been first broached by Moschus, hi f.iri' Ih;: 
 
 Trojan war, but much cultivated and imprnved by 
 Epicurus, teaches that atoms arc endued with grav- 
 ity and motion, by which all tilings were formed, 
 without the aid of a supreme intelligent Being. 
 
 The atomic thcorii, in chcmislrif, or tile doctrine of 
 definite pro;iffrti»H.«, teaches that all chemical combina- 
 tions take place between the stipposeil ultimate parti- 
 cles or ato»i.s of bodies, and that these unite, either 
 one atom with one atom, or by sums of atoms which 
 are integral multiples of unity. 'I'his theory was first 
 presented by Ualton. 
 
 .Atomic w'ciirht ; the relative weight of a supposed 
 ultimate particle or atom of a body, cousiilcied in 
 reference to some standard unit, and to some rule fiir 
 determining when bodies unite one atom with one 
 
 AT'O.M-IS.\I, n. The doctrine of atoms. [atom. 
 
 AT'O.M-IST, ». One who holds to the atoniical plii- 
 losophy. 
 
 AT'O.M -IZE, ». «. To reduce to atoms. Hailrr. 
 
 AT'O.M-l.IKE, a. Resembling atoms. liminir. 
 
 AT-O.M-OL'O-OY, n. The doctrine of atoms, h'uoiclcs. 
 
 AT'OM-Y, n. A word used by Jshakspeoie for atui/i ; 
 also, an abbreviation of anatomy. 
 
 AT-f).\'E', j adr. [ut and one] 
 
 AT-'1'6XE', ) Atone; together; at once. Spenser. 
 
 .-V-TONE', 13. I. [t^upposed to be compounded of at and 
 one. The Spanish has adunar, to unite or join, and 
 the It. adunurc,lo assemble; from L. od and vnus, 
 unto. In Welsh, dyun signifies united, accordant, 
 agreeing ; dyunaw, to unite or agree ; from mh, one, 
 and dy, a prefix denoting iteration. — jVufe. This 
 word was formerly written attune.] 
 
 1. To agree ; to" be in accordance ; to accord 
 
 fit' and Ailfi'tiiu c\n no more alone, 
 
 TU-in viulcnti-st cyntnirit t/. Shak. 
 
 [This sense is obsolite."} 
 
 2. To stand as an equivalent ; to make reparation, 
 amends, or satisfaction for an otlense or a crime, by 
 which reconciliation is procured between the olfend- 
 ed and offending parties. 
 
 Th'* niurdi-rer ft-ll, i\nd blood atoned for Mootl. Pope. 
 By what propitiation shall I atone tor my (urincr gravity i 
 
 Rathbler, No. 10. 
 The Ur,* of a slave w.tj deemed lo be of so little value, dm a very 
 slight compcusauuu atoned for taking it tiway. 
 
 llabertson, Charles V. 
 
 3. To atone for; to make compensation or amends. 
 
 This evil was atoned for by the good effects of the study of the 
 pracucal physics of AristoUe. Schlegel, Trant. 
 
 The ministry not atoning /or their former conduct by any wise 
 or popuhtr meajiure. Junius. 
 
 A-TOXE', V. t. 
 
 1. To expiate ; to answer or make satisfaction for. 
 
 Or each atone his guilty love with life. Pope. 
 
 2. To reduce to concord ; to reconcile, as parties at 
 variance ; to appease. [jVot now used.] 
 
 A-ToN'£U, pp. Expiated ; appeased ; reconciled. 
 
 Drydrn. 
 
 A-ToXE'MEXT, 71. Agreement; concord; reconcili- 
 ation after enmity or controversy. Roin. v. 
 
 He seeks to make atonement 
 Between the Duke of tiioWr aj»d your UroUiei3. Shak. 
 
 2. Expiation ; satisfaction or reparation made by 
 giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing or suf- 
 fering that which is received in satisfaction for an of- 
 fense or injury ; with for. 
 
 And Moses said to Aaron, Go to the altar, and offer Uiy slii- 
 oU'enn^, and thy bumt-olt'ering, and make oil atonement for 
 thyselt anil for the people. — Ijcv. ix. 
 
 When a man luu b^'en gtulty of any vice, the liest atonement ho 
 can moke for it ts, to want oUierr not lo lall into the like, 
 Speet. No. 8. 
 
 The Phocians behaved with so much pallantry, that they were 
 thought to Ijave made a sujUcient atonem«nl for their liirmer 
 olfcnse. Potter, Antuj. 
 
 3. In theoloiry, the expiation of sin made by the 
 obedience and personal sufferings of Christ. 
 
 A-TOX'ER, n. He who makes atonement. 
 A-TOX'ie, a. Debilitated ; wanting tone. 
 
 In medicine, characterized by atony, or want of vi- 
 tal energy ; as, an atonic disease. 
 A-TOX'IXG, ppr. or a. Jleconciling. 
 
 2. Making amends, or satisfactitm. 
 AT'O-X'Y, n. [Gr. arai/ta, defect, of u priv. and rnvoj, 
 tone, from rtiK.i, to stretch.] 
 
 In medicine, debility ; a want of tone ; defect of 
 muscular power ; palsy. H'ilson. Coxe. 
 
 More particularly, want of vital energy and strength 
 of action in the heart and arteries ; asthenia. 
 .\-TOP', aJr. [a and top. See Top.] On or at the 
 
 top. jMilton. 
 AT-RA-BIL-A'RI-AN, ) rr , i. , ui i i, i i 
 AT-RA-niLr-A'RI-OUS, j [L. afra Wii, black bde.] 
 .AlTectcd with melancholy, which the ancients at- 
 tributed lo the black bile ; replete with black bile. 
 AT-KA-IlIL-A'RI-f)L"S-XESS, n. The state of being 
 
 melancholy, or affected with disordered bile. 
 AT-R.\-BIL'IA-RY, a. Melancholic, or hypochon- 
 driacal ; from the supi>osed predominance of black 
 bUe. Cye. Med. 
 
 .^trabiliary capsules, [1^. eapsuttn atrabilar'ur , so 
 calleil from their siipjKised ollici: of secreting bLick 
 bde ;] two small gland-like bodies, situated one on 
 the upper and interior edge of e.ich kidney ; called 
 I also renal ur supra-renal glands or capsules. Cyc. J\Jed. 
 
 AT-RA-ltl'l.lS, n. [1,. from atra and bilis.] Illack 
 liile ; a thick, black, acrid fiiiid, supposed by Ihe an- 
 cients lo be secrrletl by the spleen, pancreoiis or 
 atrabiliary capsules, but only a morbid st.ite of the 
 proper bile. Cyc. Med. 
 
 AT-RA-.MENT-.t'CEOUS,o. Black, like ink ; inky; 
 as the airamentaceous mucus of the eye, or fiipnentuin 
 nijrrum, a black paslv substance covering l\\v. internal 
 surface of the choroid coat of Ihe eye. Vecham, 
 
 AT-UA-.ME\T'AL, ) a. [L. atraincntum, ink, from 
 
 AT-RA-MENT'OirH, ( ater, black.] 
 Inky ; black like ink. 
 
 AT-RA-.ME.\T-A'RI-Oi;.-J, a. Like Ink; suitable for 
 makini: ink. The sulphate of iron, or green copper- 
 as, is called alramcntanous, as being the material of 
 ink. Foarcroy. 
 
 A-TUIP', n-/r. [a and (n>. SecTniP.] 
 
 In luiutieal luniruatre, the anchor is atrip, when 
 drawn out of the ground in a perpendicular direc- 
 tion. 'J'lie topsails arc otri;), when they are hoisted 
 to the top of the mast, or as high as possible. 
 
 Mar. DicL 
 
 A-TRO'CIOUS, a. [L. atroi, trwr, fierce, cruel.] 
 
 1. Extremely heinous, criminal, or cruel ; enor- 
 mous, outrageous ; as, atrocious guilt or offense. 
 
 2. Very grievous; violent; as, atrocious distem- 
 pers^ ro/js.] Cheyne. 
 
 A-'l'Ko'tJlOUS-LY, adv. In an atrocious manner; 
 with enormous cruelty or guilt. 
 
 A-TRO'C'IOU.S-NESS, n. The quality of being enor- 
 mously criminal or crui l. 
 
 A-TROC'l-TV, 71. Enormous wickedness ; extreme 
 heinousness or cnielty ; as, Ihe atrocity of murder. 
 
 AT'RO-PllY, 71. [Gr. u priv. and roefo), lo mmrish.] 
 
 1. A consumption or wasting of the flesh, willi loss 
 of strength, without any sensible cause ; a wasting 
 from ilefect of iiotirishinent. Coze. Encyc. 
 
 2. More appropriately, gradu.il progressive emaci.i- 
 tion and exhaustion from defect of nutrition. 
 
 AT-RO-I'I'.\.\, (at-rc>pi'na,) sometimes called A-tho'- 
 pi-A, n. A vegetable alkaloid, extracted from the 
 Atropa Belladonna, or deadly nightshaiie. It is 
 while, brilliiuit, and crj stalli/.es in long needles. 
 
 AT-TACII', r. u [Fr. uttaclicr, to tie or fasten, to 
 apply, to engage, to stick ; Ann. stassa ; It. altaccare; 
 Xorm. attoehir, to attack ; tuche, tied, fixed, tacked 
 togetlKtr ; Port. Sp. alacar. It seems to be allied lo 
 atiaci:, and the sense is, to put, throw, or fall on, 
 hence, to seize, and stop, coinciiling with the Eng. 
 take ; Sw. taira ; Dan. taoc ; Sax. tj^ccan ; Gr. hxopm ; 
 Jj. tun go, for tago ; Eng. tuck; &.C. Class Dg. See 
 Attack and Tack.] 
 
 1. To take by legal authority ; to arrest the person 
 by writ, to answer for a debt or demand ; applied to 
 a taking of the person by a cicil process ; being never 
 used for the arrest of a criminal. It is applied also 
 to the taking of goods and real estate by an officer, 
 by virtue of a writ or precept, to hold the same to 
 satisfy a judgment to be rendered in the suit. 
 
 2. To t.'ike, seize, and lay hold on, by moral force, 
 as by affection or interest ; to win the heart ; to 
 fasten or bind by moral influence ; as, attached to a 
 friend ; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery. 
 
 3. To make to adhere ; to tie, bind, or fasten ; as, 
 to attach substances by any glutinous matter; lo 
 attach one thing to another by a string. 
 
 4. To connect with, in a figurative sense ; as, 
 to attach great importance lo a particular circum- 
 stance. 
 
 AT-TACII'A-BLE, a. That may he legally attached ; 
 liable to be taken by writ or precept. 
 
 AT-TA-C'tlF.', {at-ta-shi',) 7i. [Fr.] One attached 
 to another, as a part of his suite or attendants ; par- 
 ticularly, one attached to the suite of an embas- 
 sador. 
 
 AT-TACII'f;D, (at-tacht',) pp. Taken by writ or 
 precept ; drawn to and fixed, or united by affection 
 or interest ; fastened ; connected with. 
 
 AT-TA(;iriXG, ppr. Taking or seizing by com- 
 mandment or writ ; dntwing to, and fixing by influ- 
 ence ; winning the aflcctions ; fastening; connect- 
 ing with. 
 
 AT-TACII'MEXT, n. 
 
 1. .\ taking cd" the person, goods, or estate, by a 
 writ or precept in a civil action, lo secure a debt or 
 demand. 
 
 2. A writ directing the person or estate of a person 
 to be taken, to secure his appearance before a court. 
 Jn England, the first notice to appear in court is by 
 summons ; and if the defendant disobeys this moni- 
 titm, a writ of attachment issues, commanding the 
 sheriff In attach him, by Uiking gage, or security in 
 goods, which he forfeits by iion-ap|>earance, or by 
 making him find safe pledges or sureties for his ap- 
 pearance. But in trespasses, an atuicbment U Ihe 
 first process. In tftw country, attachment is more 
 geneniUy the first process ; and in some states, the 
 writ of attachment issues at first against the prop- 
 erty or person of the defendant. In Connecticut, 
 this writ issues against the person, goods, or land, 
 in the first insUincc, commanding lo lake the gooda 
 and estate of the defendant, if to be found ; or other- 
 wise, to take his body. In England, witnesses not 
 appearing upon a summons, may bo tal^en by otioci- 
 
 TONE, BULL, l^XITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K j G m J ; ■ M Z ; CII as SH ; TH m in THIS. 
 
 11 
 
 HI 
 
ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 pirnt ; a process called with lis a capiat. Altach- 
 mi'iils alsi) issue against persons for cnntpiiipt (if 
 court. 'I'lie court uf attadimnits, in Englanil, is held 
 before tlie venlerors of the forest, to attacli and try 
 olfenders against vert and venison. 
 
 Fiirnii.ni atliiclimeiit, is tlie t. iking; of tlie money or 
 poods of a del)lor in Ihj ]i;nnis uf a tliird person ; as 
 wlien the delitor is not u ithui the jurisdiction of the 
 court, or has absconded. Any person wlio has goods 
 or cftects of a debtor, is considered in law as the 
 agent, attorney, factor, or trustee of the debtor ; and 
 an attachment served on such person binds the 
 propi^rty in his hands to respond the judgment against 
 the debtor. 
 
 3. Close adherence or affection ; fidelity ; regard ; 
 any passion or affection lliat hinds a person; as, an 
 aXlacltinnit to a friend, or to a party. 
 
 4. That by wliich one thing is attached to another ; 
 as, to cut the nt-farhmi'nU o! a miLscle. 
 
 5. Some adjunct attached to an instrument, ma- 
 chine, or other ol)ject ; as, the Eolian attachment to 
 the piano-forte. 
 
 AT-TACK', I'. £. [Fr. attaqucr ; Arm. attaa/i; It. al- 
 taccarr, to fasten, to attacli ; attacco, a sticking ; Sp. 
 aliicur, to assault, to fasten, or make close, to cram ; 
 Port, atacar, to attack, to tease, to fasten ; Hell, and 
 Ch. Vpn, to thrust, to drive, to strike. It seems to 
 be allied to uttuch ; but the latter verb agrees better 
 
 with the Etii. tuk, took, to press, whence 
 
 atool;, to press, to make close ; and the 
 Cli. ria, to accuse, to unite. Class Dg.] 
 
 1. To assault ; to fall upon with force ; to assail, 
 as with force and aims. It is the appropriate word 
 for the commencing act of hostility between armies 
 and navies. 
 
 2. To fall upon, with unfriendly words or writing ; 
 to begin a controversy with ; to attempt to overthrow 
 
 , or bring into disrepute, by satire, calumny, or criti- 
 cism ; as, to attack a man or his opinions in a pam- 
 phlet. 
 
 A'J'-TACK', 71. An onset ; first invasion ; a falling on 
 with force or violence, or Willi calumny, satire, or 
 criticism. 
 
 AT-TACK'A-CLE, a. That can be attacked ; assail- 
 able. 
 
 AT-'1'ACK'J;D, (at-takt',) ;ip. Assaulted ; invaded ; 
 
 fallen on with force or enmity. 
 AT-TACK'ER, n. One who assaults or invades. 
 AT-'J'ACK'IXG, ;);)r. Assaulting; invading ; falling 
 
 on with force, f aliimnv, or criticism. 
 A'l'-T.\-€01''Tie, o. Pertaining to the Attacotti, a 
 
 tribe of ancient liritons, allies of the Scots. 
 
 Pinkerton, 
 
 AT'TA-GAS, ) 71. [L.] Names applied, by former 
 AT'TA-CJEN, i naturalists, to a variety of the Te- 
 Irao bomuia, or liazel grouse, found in the south of 
 Europe. Camer. 
 AT'TA-GHAN. See Ataghan. 
 
 AT-TAIi\', II. L [Fr. and Norm, attrindre : L. attingo, 
 to reach, come to, or overtake ; ad and tantro, to 
 touch, reach, or strike ; that is, to thrust, urge, or 
 push to. It lias no connection with L. attimo. gee 
 Class Dg.] 
 
 1. To reach ; to come to or arrive at, by motion, 
 bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place or object. 
 
 If by any nicuns Uiey might attain lo Piienice. — Acts xxvii. 
 
 2. To reach ; to come to or arrive at, by an effort 
 of mind. 
 
 Sucli knowlrdge is too wonderful for me ; it is liigh ; 1 can not 
 atmin to it. — Pa. cxxxix. 
 
 Uegiilarly this verb should be always followed by 
 to; the omission of to, and the use of the verb in 
 a transitive sense, may have originated in mistake, 
 from the opinion that the verb is from the L. attinco, 
 and eipiivalcnt to obtain. 
 A'i'-TAiN', V. t. 
 
 1. To gain ; to compass ; to achieve or accomplish, 
 that is, to reach by efforts; without (« following. 
 
 In lip wwc Who hojiCB to attain die end wiUiout the nifiiiis ? 
 
 Tillolgon. 
 
 This use of the verb is now established ; but in 
 Btrictness to is here implied ; attain to the end. The 
 real Hense, as in the intransitive use of the verb, is, 
 to rrarh or come to the end or purpose in view. This 
 word alw.ays lluplieH an rffnrt toward all object. 
 Ili iice it Is not Kyniiiiyiiioiis with utitu}n and procure, 
 which do not necessarily imply such ellort. VVe 
 procure or olitain a tiling by purclm,ii: or /i;n/i, and we 
 oliluiii by inheritance, hut we do not <//'(/iii it by such 
 meaiiH. An inatli ntion to this dislinclion hiis led 
 food authors into great mistakes in the use uf this 
 word. 
 
 a. To reach or come to a place or object by pro- 
 grcMHion or motion. 
 
 But r-n* inch UiUniTB >hnll hU tfiin attain. 
 CuiKuiii tic nitw atlaioM. 
 
 Haott't Taiso 
 
 Milton 
 
 3. I'o reach in cxcellcnco or degree ; to cipial. 
 
 llaenn. 
 
 AT T.^IN-A-IUL'1-Ty, n. Allalnablenemi. Coleriilirc. 
 A'l' TAIN'A-IILE, o. That may be attained ; that 
 
 may be reached by efforts of the mind or body ; that 
 may be compassetl or accomplished by efforts directed 
 to the object ; as, perfection is not attainable in this 
 life. From an inattention to the true sense of this 
 word, as explained under Attain, authors have very 
 improperly used this word for obtainable, procurable ,■ 
 as in the fidlowing passages: " The kind and qual- 
 ity of food and liiiuor, the species of habitation, furni- 
 ture and clothing, to which the- common people of 
 each country are habituated, must be attainable with 
 ease and certainty." Paleij, Pkilos. b. 6, chap. 11. 
 "Gen. Howe would not permit the purchase of those 
 articles [clothes and blankets] in Philadelphia, and 
 they were not attainable in the country." Marshall's 
 Life of Washington, 3, 427. Each of those words 
 should be obtainable. 
 AT-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being at- 
 tainable. 
 
 AT-TaIN'DER, 71. [Norm. Fr. atteindre, to corrupt, 
 attaint ; also conviction ; L. ad and tingo, to stain ; 
 Gr. r£>'jM. Class Dg. See Tinoe.] 
 
 1. Literally, a staining, corruption, or rendering 
 impure ; a comtption of blood. Hence, 
 
 2. By the common laic, an immediate and insepara- 
 ble effect of a judgment of death or outlawry, for trea- 
 son or felony ; the consequences of which to the per- 
 son attainted are forfeiture of lands, tenements, and 
 hereditaments; corruption of blood, by which he can 
 no longer inherit, or traiisniit an inheritance ; and 
 loss of reputation, and of civil rights generally. A 
 statute of parliament attainting a criminal, is called 
 an act or bill of attainder. By a statute of 3-4 Win. 
 IV., the consequences of attainder are limited to the 
 life of the person attainted. 
 
 Upon the thorongli demonstnition of wliich g\iilt by logal <xl- 
 tainder, the It-uclal covenant is brolten. BlacksUjne. 
 
 3. The act of attainting. 
 
 An act was made for tlie auaiiulcr of several persons. Encyc. 
 Mite. By the constitution of the United States, 
 no bill of attainder shall be passed ; and no attaintler 
 of treason (in consequence of a judicial sentence) 
 shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except 
 during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 AT-TaIN'/SD, (at-tiind',) pp. Reached ; achieved. 
 
 AT-TaIN'ING, ppr. Reaching; arriving at; accom- 
 plishing. 
 
 AT-TaIN'MENT, 77. 
 
 1. The act of attaining ; the act of arriving at or 
 reaching ; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts ; as, 
 the attainment of excellence. 
 
 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exer- 
 tion ; acquisition ; as, a man of great attainments. 
 
 AT-TaINT', c. t. [See Attaindeh.] 
 
 1. To taint or corrupt ; to extinguish the pure or 
 inheritable blood of a person found guilty of treason 
 or felony, by confession, battle, or verdict, and con- 
 sequent sentence of death, or by special act of par- 
 liament. 
 
 No person shall be attainted of lii^h tueiison where corruption of 
 blood is incuneU, but by llie oath of iwo wimossrs, &c. 
 
 Utat. 7 onrf 8 WUl. 111. 
 
 2. To taint, as the credit of jurors, convicted of 
 giving a false verdict. This is done by special writ 
 of attaint. The conviction of such a crime attaints 
 the reputation of jurors, and rendiTs them infamous. 
 
 3. To disgrace ; to cloud witii infamy ; to stain. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 4. To taint or corrupt. ShaJc. 
 AT-TaINT', 71. 
 
 1. A stain, spot, or taint. [See Taint.] Shak. 
 
 2. Any thing injurious; that which impairs. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. In farriery, a blow or wound on the legs or feet 
 of a hor.se. Encyc. 
 
 4. A writ which lies after judgment against a jury 
 for giving a false verdict in any court of record. 
 
 AT-TaINT'ED, pp. St!iined ; corrupted; rendered 
 infamous ; rendered incapable of inheriting. 
 
 AT-TAINT'ING, ppr. Staining; corrupting; render- 
 ing infamous by judicial act ; depriving of inheritable 
 blood. 
 
 AT-'J'AlNT'MENT, 71. The being attainted. 
 
 AT-TaINT'IJKE, 71. A staining or rendering infa- 
 mous ; reiiroai'h ; imputation. 
 
 AT'TAR OF Uo'SES, n. A highly fragrant concrete 
 obtaiiii'd in Iiiiliafrom the petals of roses. P. Cyc. 
 
 A'i'-'i'ASK', 11. I. To task; to tax. [JVot used. See 
 Task.] ■ Shak. 
 
 AT-TaSTE', 1'. f. 'I'll taste. [J^ot used. See Taste.] 
 
 AT-'f EAI'PER, I', t. [ E. alteinpero, of ad and tempera, 
 lo temper, mix, or moderate. See 'I'emi'er.] 
 
 1. To reduce, modify, tir moderate by mixture, as, 
 to attemper heal by a cooling mixture, or spirit by 
 diluting it with water. 
 
 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate ; as, to attemper 
 rigid justice with clemency. 
 
 3. To mix in just proporliiin ; lo regulate ; as, a 
 mind well allemiirrid Willi kindness and justice. 
 
 4. To accoinmodafe ; to lil itt make siiitahle. 
 
 Acu — aUempercd to lh<- l> i'.-. 7'o/'#. 
 
 AT-'l'E.M'PER-ANCB, 7i. Teni|ieranc(-. [JV.if iwtrf.] 
 
 CliniLefT. 
 
 AT-TE.M'PER-ATE, a. [L. uUempcralns.'] 
 Tenipereil ; proportioned ; suited. 
 
 Hope 1 
 
 t be proportioned and aUemperate to the promise. 
 
 Haininand. 
 
 AT-TEJI'PER-aTE, v. t. To attemper. [Mot in w.-c ] 
 
 Barrom. 
 
 AT-TEM'PER-TCD, pp. Reduced in quality; mod 
 eiated ; softened ; well mixed ; suited. 
 
 AT-TEM'PER-ING, p/>r. Moderating in quality ; soft- 
 ening ; mixing in due proportion ; making suitable. 
 
 AT-TEM'PER-LY, adv. In a temperate manner. 
 [JVfjf in vse.'\ Chaucer. 
 
 AT-TEM'PER-MENT, 7i A tempering, or due pro- 
 portion. 
 
 AT-TEAIPT', V. t. [Fr. attenter, from L. allento, to 
 attempt, of ad and tcnto, to try ; Arm. attempti. The 
 L. tcnto is from the same root as tendo, to strain ; 
 Gr. Tfii'w. Hence, the literal sense is to strain, urge, 
 stretch.] 
 
 1. To make an efTort to effect some object ; to 
 make trial or experiment ; to try ; to endeavor ; to 
 use exertion for any purpose ; as, to attempt to sing ; 
 to attempt a bold flight. 
 
 2. 'l"o attack ; to make an effort upon ; as, to <z(- 
 tenipt tlie enemy's camp. 
 
 This verlt is not always followed by an object, and 
 appears lo be intransitive ; but some object is under- 
 stood, or a verb in the infinitive follows m the place 
 of an object ; as, he attempted to speak. 
 
 AT-TEMPT', 71. An essay, trial, or endeavor ; an at- 
 tack ; or an effort to gain a point. Bacon. 
 
 AT-TEMPT'A-BEE,a, That may be attempted, tried, 
 or attacked ; liable lo an attempt, or attack. Shak. 
 
 AT-TE.MPT'ED, pp. Essayed ; tried ; attacked. 
 
 AT-TEAIPT'Ell, ;i. One vvlio attempts, or attacks. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 AT-TEMPT'ING, ppr. Trying; essaying; making 
 
 an effort to gain a point; attacking. 
 AT-TEND', V. L [L. altendo ; Fr. attenilre, lo wait, 
 
 stay, expect; Sp. atender; It. attendere; L. ad and 
 
 tendo, to stretch, to tend. See Teno.] 
 
 1. 'J'o go with, or accompany, as a companion, 
 minister, or servant. 
 
 2. To be present ; to accompany or be united to ; 
 as, a cold attended with fever. 
 
 3. To be present for some duty, implying charge or 
 oversight ; to wait on ; as, the physician or the nurse 
 attends the sick. 
 
 4. To be present in business ; to be in company 
 from curiosity, or from some connection in affairs ; 
 as, lawyers or spectators attend a court. 
 
 5. To be consequent lo, from connection of cause ; 
 as, a measure attended with ill effects. 
 
 ti. To await ; lo remain, abide, or be in store for ; 
 as, happiness or misery attends us after death. 
 
 7. To wait for ; to lie in wait. Sliak. 
 
 8. To wail or stay for. 
 
 Tliree days 1 promised tu attend my doom. Dryden, 
 
 9. To accompany with solicitude ; to regard with 
 interest. 
 
 Their hnn^er thus appeased, their care attends 
 
 The doubtiiil fortune of their abstml Iriends. Drydcn. 
 
 10. To regard ; to fix the mind upon. 
 
 Tlie pilot dotli not attend the unsltilllul wonli of die passenger. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 This is not now a legitim.ate sense. To express this 
 idea, we now use the verb intransitively, with to — 
 attend to. 
 
 11. To expect. [Mot in use.] Raleigh. 
 AT TEND', v.i. 
 
 1. To listen ; to regard with attention ; usually ftil- 
 lowed by to. 
 
 Attend to tlie voice of my supplictdion. — Ps. Ixxxvi. 
 
 Hence much used in the imperative, attend ! 
 
 2. 'i"o regard with observation, and correspondent 
 practice ; as, my son, attend to my words. 
 
 Hence, to regard with compliance. 
 
 lie hath atleiuled to the voice ol my prayer. — Ps. Ixvi. 
 
 3. To fix the attention upon, .as an object of pur- 
 suit ; lo be busy or engaged in ; as, lo attend to the 
 study of the Scriptures. 
 
 4. 'i'o wail on ; to acctimpaiiy or be present, in 
 pursuance of duty; with on or h/w« ; as, to attend 
 upon a coniniitlee ; to attend upon business. Hence, 
 
 5. To wail on, in service or worship ; to serve. 
 'I'liat ye may attend upon tlie Loitl widn'ut di^iiaciiun. — I 
 
 Cor. vii. 
 
 C. To stay ; lo delay. [ Ob.i.] 
 
 Fur thin perli'Claili she musl yel atlrnd, 
 
 Till w her Mjiker .lie nipouie.1 lie. Dimes. 
 
 7. To wail; to be within call. Spenser. 
 AT-TE.ND'ANCE, ii. |Fr.] 
 
 1. The act of waiting on or serving. 
 
 for ht — ppiiainetli lo anollier tribe, of wliich no mall gave at- 
 tendance at Ihe allar. — lleli. vii. 
 
 9. A wailing on ; a being pri^sent on business of 
 any kind ; as, llie attendance of witnesses or persons 
 in court ; attendance of menilicrs of the legislature. 
 
 3. Service ; ministry ; as, to receive attendanre. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. 1'hc persons attending ; n train ; a retinue. 
 
 Miltoi.. 
 
 FATE, Fxn, FALL, WH^T METE, PUfiY. — PINE, MARlfNE, BJRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WyLF, BQQK.— 
 
ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 5 Attention; ri'iiiird ; can-ful ap|iliciition uf mind. 
 
 Give nuerulance to n-udiiijj. — t Tim. iv. 
 6. CxiU'ilation. [Obs.] Hooker. 
 AT-TE.\ U' A.NT, a. \ Fr. J 
 
 1. Acconi|Kinying ; l>eing present, or in the train. 
 OthtT tuiift — with Uu-ir attendant moons. MiUon. 
 
 2. Accoinp.inyinR, connected with, or immediately 
 ftjllowing, as consequential; as, intemperance with 
 all its aUendanl evils. 
 
 3. In (aw, depending on, or owing duty or service 
 to ; as, the wife attendant to the heir. CoieeL 
 
 .lUenilant teys; in miutic, the keys or scales on the 
 fifth abiive, and filth lielow, ^or fourth above,) any 
 key-note or tonic, considered in relation to the key 
 or scale on that tonic. Callcott. 
 AT-TE.\D'.\\T, n. One who attends or accompanies 
 in any character whatever, as a friend, coinpaniim, 
 minister, or servant ; one who belongs to the train. 
 
 thrytlcn. 
 
 2. One who is present ; as, an attendant at or upon 
 a meeting. 
 
 3. In (aw, one who owes duty or service to, or de- 
 pends on another. OitccL 
 
 4. That which accompanies or is consequcnl to. 
 
 A love of laim>, Ih.' attendant of noble spirits. Pope. 
 SliiiuM- i» the attendant of vice. Anon. 
 
 AT-TE.\D'ED, pp. Accompanied; Imving attend- 
 ants ; ser\'ed ; waited on. 
 AT-TEN'D'ER, n. One who attends; a companion ; 
 
 an assttciate. \_Little u-vr//.] 
 AT-TE.\D'ING, ppr. Going with; accompanying; 
 waiting on ; suijerintending or taking care of; being 
 I present; immediately consequent to; serving; list- 
 
 enins; regarding with care. 
 I .\'r-TK.\"r', o. Attentive. 2 Chron. vi. 
 ! .\T-TE.\T', n. Attention ; as, with due attent. 
 I Spenser. 
 .\T-TE\T'.\TES, n. pi. Proceedings in a court of 
 
 jtidicatiire, after an inhibition is decreed, jjitliffc. 
 AT TE.V'TIO.V, n. [Fr.] The act of attending or 
 heeding ; the due application of the ear to sounds, of 
 the eye to visual objects, or of the mind to any ob- 
 jects presented to its contemplation. [Lileraliy, a 
 stretching totcard.] 
 
 Th<*y SAv, the tonT'ies of dying men 
 
 Eiitltrce attention like deep h-mnony. ShaJ:. 
 
 2. Act of civility, or courtesy ; as, attention to a 
 straneer. 
 
 3. The word of command given to soldiers before 
 perforinin:; any exercise or evolution. 
 
 AT-TE.N I"1VE, a. [Kr. attend/.] 
 
 lleetlfiil ; intent ; observant ; regarding with care. 
 It is npplietl to the senses of hearing and seeing, as, 
 an pttentine ear or eye; to the application of the 
 minil, as in contemplatiim ; or to the application of 
 tlie mind, together wit1i the senses above mentioned, 
 as when a jicrson is attentive to the words, and to 
 the manner and matter of a speaker, at the same 
 time. 
 
 AT-TE.\T'IVE-LY,<i/f». Heedfully; carefully; with 
 fixed attention. 
 
 AT-TE.\T'IVE-.\ESS, n. The state of being attent- 
 ive ; heedfniness; attention. 
 
 AT-TE.\T'LY, ade. Attentively. Barrme. 
 
 AT-TE.\'tI-A.\T, a. [See Attenuate.] .Making 
 thin, as fiuids; diluting; rendering less dense and 
 viscid ; properly, subtilizing Uie humors of the body, 
 or breaking them int<i liner (Kirts. 
 
 AT-TE.\''^-.\NT, n. A medicine that thins the fluids ; 
 a diluent. Coxc. 
 
 Properly, as originally used, a medicine supposed 
 to passess the properl}' of rendering the blood and 
 other humors more fluid, by diminishing the size of 
 the particles, either by abrasion or division ; in the 
 latter case called al.-o an incident, 
 
 AT-TE.\'U-aTE, r. (. [I,, ailenao, of ad and tenuo, 
 to make th n ; L. tmnu ; \V. tenau ; Ir. tana or 
 tanaidke ; Eng. thin ; whicli see.] 
 
 1. To make thin or less consistent ; to render less 
 viscid; propirly, to siibtili/.e the humors of the body, 
 or to break them into finer parts ; opposed to con- 
 denjCy litcras^aJe^ or tJiicken. 
 
 2. To comminute ; to break or wear solid sub- 
 nances into finer or very minute pans. 
 
 This tiniiitemiptwi ntotion nniM attenuate And wear avi-ajr th* 
 h.tnlt-«t r«xi.'s. Tiatu. of Chaj-uil't Cheinulry. 
 
 In alchemy, to pulverize, or reduce to an im|inlpable 
 powder. Kncijc 
 
 3. To make slender ; to reduce in thickness. 
 AT-TEN'U-ATE, a. 
 
 1. .Made thin, or less viscid ; made slender. 
 
 Haean. 
 
 2. In botany, attenuated ; growing slender toward 
 a point or extremity. 
 
 AT-TE.\'I'-.\-TEr), pp. or a. Made thin or less vis- 
 cid ; comminuted ; made slender. In botany, grow- 
 ing slender toward an extremity. 
 
 AT-TE.\'n-S-TIi\G, ppr. .Making thin, as fluids; 
 making fine, as solid substmces ; making slender or 
 lean. 
 
 AT-TE.N'-U-A'TIOX, n. The act of making thin, as 
 fluids ; as, the attcn nation of the humors. 
 
 3. The art of making fine, by coininiiiution, or at- 
 trition ; piilverizatitin. 
 
 Tlie nuion of the air fnciliuttrs t)ie attenuation ot tlw- roclfs. 
 
 7'njii*. Chaplal. 
 
 3. Tlic act or process of making slender, thin, or 
 lean. 
 
 AT'TER-aTE, r. U [L. attero, to wear.] 
 
 1. To wear away. 
 
 2. To fiirin or acciiiinilate hy wearing. 
 AT'TER-A-TEI), ;»p. Furiiu trby weariiis;. lini/. 
 AT-TEII-A'T1U.\, n. The operatiim of forming land 
 
 by t\ir wearing of the s:ra, and the wearing iif the 
 earth in one place anil deposition of it in anotlu r. 
 
 «.<!/. 
 
 AT-TEST', V. L [Fr. aUater; L. attr..ilor ; of ait and 
 tr.stor, to atririn or beiir witness, from tutLs. See 
 Tkstikv.] 
 
 1. To bear witness to ; to certify ; to aflirin to be 
 tme or genuine ; to make a sokinn tleelaration in 
 wortls or writing, to sup|K)rt a fact ; appropriately 
 used for the aflirmalioii id' persims in tlieir otheial 
 capacity ; as, to attest the truth of a writing, to atte^^t 
 a copy of record. Persons also attest writings by sub- 
 scribing their names. 
 
 2. To bear witness to, or support the truth of a 
 fact, by other evidence than words ; as, the ruins of 
 Palniynt attest its ancient magnificence. 
 
 3. To call to witness ; to invoke as conscious. 
 
 Tile s:\cnHl streams which Iienve^'s imperi.^ 8t.-vte 
 
 Altette ill t>.iths. And loan to viol.ite. Dryden. 
 
 AT-TEST', n. Witness ; testimony ; attestation. 
 
 He uscd.\ 
 
 AT-TEST-.\'TIO.\, n. Testimony; witness; a sol- 
 emn or official declaration, verbid or written, in su|i- 
 port of a fact ; evitleccc. The truth ap|R ars from 
 the attcslii'Acn of v. :'.ise.~se.';, or of the proper oflieer. 
 Tile subscription of a name to a writing is an attcst- 
 
 Al'-TEST'ED, pp. or a. Proved or siipportetl by testi- 
 mony solemn or ollicial ; witnessed to ; supported by 
 evidence. 
 
 .^T-TEST'IXG, ppr. Witnessing to; calling to wit- 
 ness ; aftirming in support of. 
 AT-TEST'OR, n. One who attests. 
 AT'Tie, a. [L. Alliens; Gr. Arriitoi.] 
 
 Pertaining to Altica, in Greece, or to its principal 
 city, Athens ; marked by such qualities .as were 
 characteristic of the Athenians. Thus, Allic wit, 
 AUic salt, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the 
 Athenians ; an Attic style, a style, pure, chissical, 
 and elegant ; Attic faith, inviolable faith. 
 
 Attic dialect ; the dialect of the ancient Greek lan- 
 guage used by the Athenians. 
 
 Attic base : a peculiar base used by the ancient ar- 
 chitects in the Ionic and Corinthian orders, and by 
 Palladio and some others in the Doric. 
 
 F.neyc. Cye. 
 
 Attic order ; an order of small square pillars at the 
 npixTinost extremity of a building. This had its 
 origin in .\thens, and was intended to conceal the 
 roof. These pillars should never exceed in hight 
 one third of the hight of the order on which they 
 arc placed, nor be less than one quarter of it. 
 
 Kneye. 
 
 AT'Tie, ) n. A storv in the upper part of 
 
 AT'Tie STo'RY, j a house,' with small windows 
 
 either in or above the cornice. 
 AT'Tie, n. .\ small square pillar with its cornice on 
 the iipiiermast part of a building. .Attics properly 
 form the crown of the building, or a finishing for the 
 other orders, when they are used in the structure. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. .\n .\thenian ; an Athenian author. 
 
 Joneses Orcek Orammar. 
 AT'TIC-AL, 0, Pertaining to Athens ; pure, clas- 
 sical. Hammond. 
 AT'TI-CISM, >i. The pccnliar style and idiimi of the 
 Greek language, used by the .\theiiians ; refined and 
 elegant Greek ; concise and elegant expression. 
 
 JCneyc, art. Pliilos. 
 2. .\ particular attachment to the .\thenians. 
 
 .Ultford. 
 
 .Applied particularly to the act of siding with the 
 Athenians, during the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 ilobbrs^s Tliuryd. viii. 
 
 AT'TI-CIZE, V. L To conform or make ctinformablc 
 to the language or idiom of .Attica. .Adjectives in /f, 
 when altieized, become to^. Joneses Greek Grammar. 
 
 .AT' TI-CTZE, p. i. To use Atticisms, or the idiom of 
 the .Athenians. 
 
 2. To side with the .Athenians, or to siibserve the 
 interests of .Athens. SmiM'i Thueyd. viii. 
 
 .AT'Ties, n. pi. The title of a hook in Paiisani.is, 
 which treats of Attica. Trans, of Paus. b. 1. 
 
 AT-TI.NGE', r. «. [L. auingo.] 
 To touch lightly. 
 
 .AT-TIRE', r. t [.Vorin. a((yrn-, to provide ; Fr.atours, 
 dress, attire i atoitrner, to dress a woman, to attire: 
 atourneresse, a lire woman ; .Arm. afuurin, female 
 ornaments; G. iirrrit, to adorn. We ret.-iin (irr, the 
 simple word, applied to the band of a wheel, and this 
 word, in the D. tocr, coincides with tour. See 
 Cla-ss Dr.] 
 
 To dress; to array; to adorn; particularly, to 
 adorn with elegant or splendid garments. 
 
 With Ui!r linen miter 8h.dl Anmii Ije attired. — Lev. xtI. 
 
 AT-TIRE', n. Dress; clothes; habit; but appropri- 
 ately, ornamentjil dress. 
 
 Can a bmie forget her oixirs 7 — Jer. li. 
 
 2. The horns of a deer. 
 
 3. In -lome early botanical vritrr.t, the internal parts 
 of a flower, included within the cni|inleinent or 
 calyx, and the foliation or corolla. Florid attire, 
 called thrums or suits, as in the flowers of the mari- 
 gold ami tansy, consists commonly of three parts, of 
 which the outer part is the floret. Tins corresponds 
 to the floret of the disc in compound flowers. Scmi- 
 furm attire, consists of two parts, the chives and 
 apices ; corresponding to the stamens, with their fil- 
 ami nls and anthers. John.ion. Cye. 
 
 .AT-'I'IK'KD, pp. Dressed ; decked with ornaments 
 or attire. > 
 
 AT-'I'IR'ER, n. One who dresses or adorns with 
 attire. 
 
 .AT-TIR'ING, ppr. Dressing; adorning with dress or 
 attire. 
 
 AT-TI'TI,E, V. L To entitle. [JVot in use] Goicer. 
 
 AT'Tl-TL'DE, n. [Fr. altitude, posture; Sp. actituti, 
 from I*, actus, airo. llie Italian attitudine is posture 
 and fitness ; altitude and aptitude being united in the 
 same word.] 
 
 1. The posture or position of a person, or the man- 
 ner in which the parts of his body are dis|>osed, par- 
 ticularly in relation to some purpose or emotion ; as, 
 a ihrenleiiing attitude ; an attitude of entreaty. 
 
 2. Posture or position of things, in a corresponding 
 relatitiii ; as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve 
 a firm altitude. If'asliinirton's Fareieell Address. 
 
 Hamilton. Gov. Smith, J\r. H. 
 
 3. In painting and .iculplure, the posture or action 
 in which a figure or statue is placed ; the gesture of 
 a figure or statue ; such a disposition of the parts as 
 stTVrs to express the action and sentiments of the 
 person represellteti. Johnson Eiuyc 
 
 .A'r-TI-Tf''l)lN'-.AL, a. Pertaining to attitude. 
 .AT-TOL'LE.NT, a. [L. attollens, attollo, of ad and 
 tollo, to hit.] 
 Lifting up; raising ; as, an attotlent muscle. 
 
 Derhanu 
 
 AT-TOL'LEXT, n A muscle which raises son e 
 part, as the ear, the eyeball, or the upper eyelid ; 
 otherwise called levator or elevator. 
 
 Quincy. Encyc. 
 AT-TORN', r. i. [L. ad and tnmo ; Fr. tourner ; .Arm. 
 tuir^na, Inmein, to turn ; Sp. tornar ; Port. id. ; It 
 attorniarc, torniare. Hence, torniatnenlo, a tourna- 
 ment; Sp. torneo. See Turn.] 
 
 In tJte feudal lair, to turn, or transfer homage and 
 service from one lord to another. This is the act of 
 feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation 
 of the estate. Blackstone. Eneyc. 
 
 AT-TOR.N'EY, (at-turn'y,) n. , p/. .Attobxevs. [Norm. 
 attournon ; tome, id. ; from tour, tourn, turn, change. 
 One who takes the turn or place of another. See 
 Attorn and Tinx.] 
 
 One who is legally appointed by another to transact 
 any business for him. .An attorney is either public 
 or private. A private attorney is a person apptiinted 
 by another, by a letter or power of attorney, to transact 
 any business for him out of court. .A public attorney, 
 or attorney at law, is an oflieer of a court of law, le- 
 gally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such 
 court, on the retilner of clients. The attorney at law 
 answers to the procurator, or proctor, of the civilians 
 and canonists, and to the solicitor, in chancer)'. 
 
 In Great Britain, and some of the Uiiiud States, 
 attorneys are not admitted to practice in any court 
 until examined, ajiproved, licensed, and sworn by 
 that court, alter winch they are proper officers of the 
 court ; but in Connecticut, an attorney admitted and 
 sworn by one of the county courts, is authorized to 
 practice in all the courts of the State. 
 
 In Great Britain, attorneys are not admitted to 
 plead at the bar, or to be advocates or counsel, in 
 the higher courts ; this privilege being confined to 
 barristers and Serjeants. 
 
 In jVcuj York, and in J\la.-i.<achiuieUs, there is a dis- 
 tinction obser\'ed between attorneys and counselors 
 at law, but in most of the United States, the two 
 otTices aic combined, or that of attorney alone re- 
 tained. 
 
 In yirsinia, the duties of attorney, counselor, con- 
 veyancer, and atlviKate,are all p^^f brined by the same 
 iiidividii.'d. /Iirf. 
 
 An attorney may have general powers to transiict 
 biisine.ss for another ; or his powers may be special, 
 or limited to a particular .let or acts. 
 
 Attorney general, in Great Britain, is an officer ap- 
 pointed by the crown, with general powers to act in 
 all legal proceedings, in which the crown is a p.Trty ; 
 p.anicularly, to prosecute in criminal matters affect- 
 ing the state. In the government of the United 
 States, and in some of the State covernments, the 
 attoniey general is an oflieer with corresponding 
 powers. 
 
 A poirer, letter, or varranl of allamry, is a BTitten 
 
 TO.NE, BljLL, XJ.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C asK;CasJ;SasZ;CHlisSH;THa3in TUl.S. 
 
 9 
 
ATT 
 
 AUU 
 
 AVI) 
 
 untliority from one person empowering aiiotlier to 
 
 iransact business for him. 
 AT-TORN'EY, r. t. To perform by proxy ; to employ 
 
 as a prox^'. [JVt»( in use] Shak. 
 AT-TORX'EY-SHIP, (at-tum'y-ship,) n. The office 
 
 of an attorney ; agency for anotlii'r. S/iak. 
 AT-TORX'ING, ppr. Acknowledging a new lonl, or 
 
 transferring homage and fealty to the purchaser of an 
 
 estate. 
 
 AT-TORX'JIEXT, n. The act of a feudatory, vassal, 
 or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation 
 of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and 
 transfers to liim his homage and service. 
 
 Kiictfc. Blachstone, 
 
 .\T-TR.\€T', V. t. [L. attralio, attractus, of ad and 
 Iraho, to draw. See Drag and Draw. J 
 
 1. In physics, to draw to, or cause to tend to ; par- 
 ticularly to cause to approacli, adhere, or coiui);ne ; 
 or to cause to resist divulsion, separation, or decom- 
 position. 
 
 2. To draw by influence of a moral kind ; to invite 
 or allure ; as, to attract admirers. 
 
 4. To engage ; as, to attract attention. 
 AT-TR.\eT', 71. Attraction. [j\"ut in use.] _ 
 
 HiiJibras, 
 
 AT-TRAeT-.\-BIL't-TY, n. Tile quality of being 
 attractable, or of being subject to the law of attrac- 
 tion, .^siat. Researches. 
 AT-TRA€T'A-BLE, a. That may be attracted ; sub- 
 ject to attraction. Lavoisier, hij Kerr. 
 AT-TR.^CT'ED, pp. Drawn toward ; invited ; al- 
 
 lured ; engaged. 
 AT-TRACT'ie, I 
 AT-TRA€T'I€-.*\L, I 
 AT-TRACT'ILE, a. 
 
 a. Having power to draw to. 
 [JVut used.] Ray. 
 That has power to attract. 
 
 Med. Rep. 
 
 AT-TR.\eT'IXG, ppr. Drawing to or toward ; in- 
 viting ; alluring; engaguig. 
 AT-TK.\eT'lXG-LY, adv. In an attracting manner. 
 AT-TRAC'TIOX, n. 
 
 1. In physics, the power or force which draws 
 bodies or their particles toward each other, or which 
 causes them to tend toward each other, or to resist a 
 countenicthig tendency; or the law by which they 
 tend toward each other, ar resist a counteracting 
 tendency. 
 
 Attraction is distinguished into that which is mani- 
 fested between bodies or masses at sensible distances, 
 and that which is manifested between the particles 
 or molecules of bodies at insensible distances. The 
 fonner includes the attraction of frravity, or frravita- 
 lion, or the mutual tendency of all bodies to each 
 other, as the tendency of the planets toward the sun, 
 or of a stone, when raised in the air, to fall to the 
 earth ; and also, the attraction of magnetism, and tliat 
 of clectricitij. The latter takes place either between 
 particles of the same kind, or homogeneous particles, 
 and is then called tlie attraction of a^^e^atiun, or 
 cohesion ; or between dissimilar or heterogeneous 
 particles, uniting them into compounds, and is then 
 called chemical attraction, or affinity. The attractions 
 of the first class, however, exist between particles as 
 well as masses ; and the surfaces of masses in con- 
 tact, or at inappreciable distances, also attract each 
 other, causing adhesion, in heterogeneous as well as 
 homogeneous bodies. 
 
 The attraction of gravity is supposed to be the great 
 principle which confines the planets in their orbits. 
 Its power or force is directly as the quantity of matter 
 in a body, and inversely as the squares of the dis- 
 tances of the attracting bodies. 
 
 2. The act of attracting ; tlie effect of the princi- 
 ple of attraction. 
 
 Alli&ction may be pcrrormeJ by impuUe or some oth*?r means. 
 
 Nemton't Optica. 
 
 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, in- 
 viting, or engaging ; as, the attraction of beauty or 
 eloquence. 
 
 Elective attraction, or elective affinity, in chemistry, is 
 the tendency of those substances in a mixture to 
 combine, which have the strongest attraction. 
 AT-TRACT'IVE, a. [Fr. attraciif] 
 
 1. Having the power orquality of attracting; draw- 
 ing to ; as, the attractive force of bodies. 
 
 2. Drawing to by moral influence; alluring; in- 
 viting ; engaging ; as, the attractive graces. 
 
 All aUractiBC uiidpn<Ufiiig. Rotcoe. 
 
 AT-TRAGT'IVE-LY, adv. Willi the power of at- 
 tracting or drawing to. 
 
 AT-TUAtT'IVE XES.S, n. The quality of being 
 attractive or engaging. 
 
 AT-')'KAe'l''()R,K. 'J'lie [lerson or thing that attracts. 
 
 AT-TKA'IIENT, a. [I,. aUrahcis.] 
 Drawing to : attracting. 
 
 AT-'I UA'Hi:XT, n. 
 
 1. That which draws to or attracts, as a magnet. 
 
 The mulioii of the il*^'-! to It* Mralienl. OlanviUt. 
 
 2. In medicine, a mibstance, formerly nupponed to 
 poHHeHs the property of drawing the liiimorH to the 
 part where applied, hut whic h really only e.vcites 
 action in the |>arl, and Ihim may increaiie excretion, 
 ox an apiopoDtic, Hina|ii«ni, nibefucient, or Hiippumtivc. 
 
 AT-TRAP', V. t [Qu. Fr. drop, cloth.] 
 
 To clothe ; to dress ; to adorn with trappings. 
 [JK^ot in use.] Barret. Spenser. 
 
 ,\T-TREeT-.\'TION, n. [L. attrcctatio.] 
 
 Frequent handling. Diet. 
 AT-TRIB'U-TA-BLE, a. [See Attribute.] 
 
 That may be ascribed, imputed, or attributed ; as- 
 cribable ; imputable ; as, the fault is not attributable 
 to tlie author. 
 
 .\T-TRlB'liTE, r\ (. [L. attrlbuo ; ad and trlbuo, to 
 divitle, to bestow, to assign ; tribns, a tribe, division, 
 or ward; Fr. altribuer ; Sp. atribuir, tribuir; It. 
 attribuirc. See 'I'ribe.] 
 
 1. To allot or attach, in contemplation ; to ascribe ; 
 to consider as belonging. 
 
 We auritiate iiotliiiij to God that conuiini 
 
 2. To give as due ; to yield by an act of the mind ; 
 as, to attribute to God all the glory of redemption. 
 
 3. To impute to as a cause ; as, our misfortunes 
 are generally to be attributed to our follies or im- 
 prudence. 
 
 AT''J RI-BI;TE, n. That which is attributed ; that 
 which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in ; 
 as, power and wisdom are attributes of the Suiireine 
 Being ; or a quality detennining something to be 
 after a certain manner ; as, extension is an attribute 
 of body. Eucijc. 
 
 2. (iuality ; characteristic disposition ; as bravery 
 and generosity in men. Bacon. 
 
 3. A thing belonging to another ; an appendant ; 
 as, the arms of a warrior. In painting and sculpture, 
 a symbol of office or character, added to any partic- 
 ular figure ; as, a club is the attribute of Hercules. 
 
 Eficyc. 
 
 4. Reputation ; honor. Shak. 
 {A^it a proper sense of this vnrd.] 
 
 AT-TRIB'U-TED, pp. Ascribed; yielded as due; 
 imputed. 
 
 AT-TRIB'lf-TIXG, ppr. Ascribing; yielding or giv- 
 ing as due ; imputing. 
 
 AT-TRl-BU'TION, v. The act of attributing, or the 
 quality ascribed ; commendation. 
 
 AT-TRiB'lJ-TIVE, a. 
 
 1. Pertaining to or expressing an attribute. Harris. 
 
 2. That attributes ; attributing ; as, attributive jus- 
 tice. Bacon. 
 
 AT-TRIB'l[-TIVE, n. In rrrammar, a word significant 
 of an attribute ; as ail adjective, verb, or participle, 
 which denotes the attribute of a substance ; or an 
 adverb, which denotes the attribute of an attribute. 
 
 Harrises Hermes. 
 
 AT-TRITE', a. [L. attritus, worn, of ad and tero, to 
 wear; Gr. rctpio. See Trite.] 
 
 1. Worn by rubbing or friction. Milton. 
 
 2. In Roman Catholic theology, repentant only from 
 fear of punishment. 
 
 AT-TRITE'NESS, n. The being much worn. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 AT-TRI"TION, (at-trish'un,) n. Abrasion; the act 
 of wearing by friction, or by jubbing substances 
 together. 
 
 The cban^e of Mimcnt is efl'ecled by atlri&on of the imvarvt 
 etomacb. Arbullinol. 
 
 2. The state of being worn. Johnson. 
 
 3. W'ith Roman Catholic divines, grief for sin, arising 
 only from fear of punishment ; the lowest degree of 
 repentance. tVallis. 
 
 AT-TCXE', V. t. [of ad and tune. See Tone and 
 Tune.] 
 
 1. To tune, or put in tune ; to adjust one sound to 
 another ; to make accordant ; as, to attune the voice 
 to a harp. 
 
 2. To make musical. 
 
 Venial airs — attune the trcinblmj leaves. ^rilton. 
 
 3. Figuratively, to .arrange fitly ; to make accord- 
 ant ; as, to attune the thoughts ; <o attuJie our aims to 
 the divine will. 
 
 AT-TC'X'£D, ;)/). Made musical or harmonious; ac- 
 cominodatetl in sound ; made accordant. 
 
 AT-TUiN'IXG, ;»/)r. Putting in tune; making mu- 
 sical ; making accordant. 
 
 A-TWaIX', orfc. In twain ; asunder. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 A-TWEEN', fli/y. Between. [Obs.] Speu.^-er. 
 
 A-TWIXT', aJ«. Betwixt. [Ubs.] S/icnscr. 
 
 A-TWO', nrf». In two. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 J] U BALYE' , fo-bine',) n. [Fr. aubain, an alien.] 
 
 The droit a^aubaine, in France, was the right of the 
 king to the succession or inheritance of a foreigner 
 not naturalized, or of a foreigner naturalized, who 
 had left no heirs within the kingdom, and who had 
 not disposed of his jiroperty, while living, by dona- 
 tion or testament. Encyc. Melh. 
 
 This right was abolished in 1790, by the National 
 Assembly ; rcstoretl, by Na|)(ileiin, in i804 ; partially 
 abolished, by the treaty of Paris, in 1814 ; and finally 
 entirely abolished in IHli). P. Cyc. 
 
 AU'BIN, n. [Fr.] A broken kind of gait in a horse, 
 
 " between an aniblo and a gallop, vulgarly called a 
 Canterbury gallop. 
 
 AIJ'BURX,(i. [Thia word is evidently formed from 
 Fr. bruu, IL bruno, brown, by a transiiosilion of the 
 letters r and n, with a prefix, auburn, fttr aubrun, 
 
 from breiiuan, burn, denoting the color made by 
 scorcliiiis.] 
 Reddish brown. 
 
 His auburn locks on cither shoulder flowed. Dryden. 
 
 AUCTION, 71. [L. auctio, (augeo, lo increase,) a pul)- 
 lic sale ; or Eng. to ltau:k ; G. lioken ; properly, to cry 
 out. See Hawk.] 
 
 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, 
 and regularly, by a person licensed and authorized 
 for the purpose ; a vendue. Contracts for services, 
 supplies, &c., sometimes, are sold to the lowest bid- 
 der Among the Romans, this species of sale was 
 niitde by a crier, sub hasta, i. e., under a spear stuck 
 in the earth. 
 
 2. The things sold at auction. Pope. 
 Dutch auction ; the public ofliT of property at a 
 
 price beyond its value, then gradually lowering the 
 
 price, till some one accepts it, as iitirciiaser. P. Cyc. 
 AUG'TION-A-RY, a. Belonging to an auction or puh 
 
 lie sale. Dritden 
 AUe-TIOX-EER', n. [L. auctinnarius.] 
 
 The person who sells at auction ; a person licensed 
 
 by goveniment to dispose of goods or lands by public 
 
 sale to the highest bidder. 
 AUG-TinX-EER', 7'. f. To sell at auction. Cowper. 
 AlI-eU-PA'TIOX, 71. [L. auciipatio, from aucupnr, of 
 
 avis and capio.] 
 The act or practice of taking birds ; fowling ; bird- 
 
 Ciitching. [Little used.] 
 AU-Da'CIOUS, a. [L. andax ; Fr. audacieux ; from L. 
 
 uudeo, to dare. The sense is, advancing forward.] 
 
 1. Very bold or daring ; impudent ; contemning 
 the restraints of law, religion, or decorum ; used for 
 bold in 7cickcdness i applied to persons; as, an auda- 
 cious wretch. 
 
 2. Committed with, or proceeding from, daring ef- 
 frontery, or contempt of law ; as, an audacious crime. 
 
 3. Bold; spirited. Milton. S. Jonson. 
 AU-DA'C10r.S-LY, adv. In an impudent manner; 
 
 with exc ess of boldness. Shak. 
 
 All D.\'ClorS-NESS, 71. The quality of being au- 
 dacious ; impudence ; audacity. Sandys. 
 
 ATJ-DAC'I-TY, n. Boldness ; .wmetimes in a good 
 sense ; daring spirit, resolution, or confidence. 
 
 2. Audaciousness ; impudence ; in a bad sense ; im- 
 plying a contempt of law or moral restraint. 
 
 A,UD'E-.\N-IS.M, 11. Anthropomorphism ; or the doc- 
 trine of Audeus, a Syrian of the fourth century, who 
 maintained that God has a human shape ; from 
 Gen. i. SG. Encyc. 
 
 AUD'I-BLE, a. [L. audibilis, from audio, to hear. 
 This word is evidently connected with the name of 
 the ear; Gr. onus, ovams ; Vulg. Gr. ai'Sia. The 
 verb audio is contracted into Sp. oir; Port, ouvir: 
 Fr. ou'ir, to hear. Hence, in law, oyer, and from the 
 P'rench oyez, hear ye, the barbarous O yes, of our 
 courts.] 
 
 That may be heard ; perceivable by the ear ; loud 
 enough to be heard ; as, an audible voice or whisper. 
 
 AUD'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being audible. 
 
 AUD'I-BLY, adv. In an audible manner ; in a man- 
 ner so as to be heard. 
 
 AUD'I-EXCE, 71. The act of hearing, or attending to 
 sounds. 
 
 His bold discourse had audience. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Admittance to a hearing ; reception to an in- 
 terview, especially with a sovereign or the head 
 of a government, for conference or the trans.action 
 of business ; as, Mr. Pitt had an audience of the king. 
 The term is also applied to an interview of mere 
 ceremony between the head of a government and 
 the representatives of fiLireign powers ; as when an 
 embassador requests an audience of leave. 
 
 3. An auditory ; an assembly of hearers. 
 
 4. In Spain, one of the seven supreme courts, to 
 which appeals lie from the inferior courts, and from 
 which no appeal lies, except in the higher civil suits 
 to the two chanceries, and the council of Castillo. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 In t}te former Spanish provinces in .America, a su- 
 preme court of justice, and the district over which 
 its jurisdiction extended. Robertson. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 5. 'J'he court of audience, or audience court ; a court 
 held originally before an archbishop in person ; that 
 of the ari:hbi'sliop of Canterbury is now held by the 
 dean of the arches jis his oflici:il. 
 
 AUD'I-EXCE-Cll.A.M-nER, 7i. An apartment for an 
 " audience or formal meeting. 
 
 AIJD'l-ENT, 71. A hearer. [J\'i/( in use.] Shelton. 
 AUD'IT, n. [L. audit, he hears.] 
 
 1. An examination of an account or of accounts, 
 with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper 
 oflicers, or persons appoinled for that purpose, who 
 conqiare the charges with the vouchers, examine 
 witnesses, and state the balance. 
 
 2. 'I'lie result of 8ueli an examination, or an ac- 
 count as adjusted by auditors ; n final account. Shak. 
 
 AUD'IT, I'. (. To examine and ailju.st an account or 
 accounts, by proper ofiicer.s, or by perstms legally 
 Bulliorizeil for the purpose ; as, to ni/(/i( the accounts 
 tif a treasurer, or of parlies who have u suit depend- 
 ing in court. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T METE, PKBV. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
r 
 
 AUG 
 
 AUD'IT-IIOUHE, II. An apiH'inl.ise to a calhcdral, 
 " ill wliicli the business bi^^limfsinj: r > it is transacti'il. 
 
 AU-DVr.a qUERE'UI, [L.] in law, when a dn- 
 ' tundant or bail, ajiaiiist wlioni jiidiiinent lias been 
 riToviTcd, complains tliat lie has already satisfii'd 
 the dc iiiaiid, or been released from it, an audila 
 qurrria, is a writ in the nature of a bill in equity, di- 
 rected to the court, enjoining it to licar tlio parties, 
 and cause justice to be dune them. 
 AUU'IT-IVE, 11. Having the power of hearing. 
 
 Cottrravc. 
 
 AUll'IT-OK, [L.] A hearer; one who attends to hear 
 a iliscoui"se. 
 
 ■J. A person appointed and untliorized to examine 
 an accoiinl or accounts, compare the charges with 
 till" vouchers, exaniiiio the parties and witnesses, 
 allow or reject charges, and state the balance. It is 
 usual with courts to refer accounts, on which an 
 action is brought, to auditors for adjiistinrnt, and 
 their report, if received, is the hssis of the judmnent. 
 
 In Eit>rlauilj there are olhcers who are auditors of 
 courts, of the revenue, of corporations, &c. In the 
 United States government, and the state govern- 
 iniMits, there arc auditors of the treasury, or of the 
 public accounts. 
 AUU'IT-OR-!illir, n. The office of auditor. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 AUD'IT-O RY, a. That has the power of hearing ; 
 peilaining to the sense or organs of hearing. Jludilonj 
 nrrne ; in anotomii, the soft part (pnrtio mollis) of each 
 of the seventh pair of nerves, distributed to dilferent 
 parts of the labyrinth of the internal ear ; the seat of 
 tlie sense of hearing. 
 AUI)'1T-U-11Y, n. [L. auditorium.] 
 
 I. An audience; an assembly of hearers, as in a 
 church or lecturc-rooin. 
 
 '2. A place or apartment where discourses arc de- 
 livered. In ancient churches, the nave, where the 
 hearers stood to be instructed. 
 3. A bench on which a judge sits to hear causes. 
 
 •Kncyc. 
 
 AUU'IT-P.ESf!, n. A female hearer. JiUttun. 
 AUr, n. .V fool ; a simpleKm. [See O.vf.] 
 jiU F^IT, (o-fi,) [Fr.] Literally, to or up to the ac- 
 coinplishinent of any thing, i. e. master of it ; per- 
 fectly able to perforin it. As the plirase is followed 
 by de in I'rench, it ought properly to be followed by 
 of in English ; as, he is entirely au fait of that 
 matter. 
 
 AV-iSK'AS, a. The -Jiiyf an stable, in Grecian my- 
 thology, is represented as belonging to Augcas or 
 Angias, one of the Argonauts, and afterward king 
 of Eli.s. This prince kept a great number of oxen 
 in a stable which was never cleansed, until Hercules 
 undertook the task ; a task which it seemed imprac- 
 ticable to execute. I.lence the Duncan stable came 
 to represent what is deemed impracticable, or a place 
 which has nut, fur a long time, been cleansed. 
 
 Lemprirre, 
 
 AU'GER, «. [D. aveiraar. The Saxon word is nafe- 
 gar or naue~gar, from nafa, the nave of a wheel, and 
 ^<ir, a tool or a borer. It is probable that the rciil 
 word is nattirar, corrupted.] 
 
 1. An instruinent for boring large holes, chiefly used 
 by carpenters, joiners, cabinet makers, wheelwrights, 
 and shipwrights. It consists of an iron blade, end- 
 ing in a steel bit, with a handle placed at right an- 
 gles with the blade. Augers, made with a straight 
 channel or groove, in some places, arc called pml- 
 augers ; the modern augers, with spiral channels, are 
 called sereifi-augers. 
 
 2. An instrument for boring or perforating soils or 
 rocks, consisting of a handle for working, a rod 
 which ni.ay be lengthened .as the perforation extends, 
 and a bit, mouth, or cutting piece, resembling the 
 bit of a comnum auger, for soils or soft rocks, and a 
 chisel for liarder rocks. Brandc. Urc. 
 
 AU'GKR-IIoLE, n. A hole made by an auger. 
 
 AU-GET', n. A tube filled with powder and extend- 
 ing from the chamber of a mine to the extremity of 
 the gallery, used in exploding mines. Md. Diet. 
 
 AUGII T, (awt,) n. [Sax. aicUtt, alit, or oteilu, ohwit, 
 okt, from uit/it, ici^hi, a creature, animal, thing, any 
 thing. This wM seems to be our wight and ir Ait ; 
 and I suspect the L. qui^ qutp, quod, quid, what, to be 
 the same word varieil in orthography. I'liis word 
 should not be written ought.] 
 
 1. Any thing, indefinitely. 
 
 But go, my son, and itaught be WAntin^. Addison. 
 
 2. Any part, the sin.allest ; a jot or tittle. 
 
 Ttvn- f.\i\fi\ not aitght of any ^od Uiing whicli the Lonl 
 •iwkcn Jush. xxi. 
 
 AU'OrTE, 71. [Gr. ai.) i), brightness. Plin. 37, 10.] 
 A iniiienil, called by llaiiy pijrozcnc ; occurring 
 crystallized in oblique prismatic forms, and also mas- 
 sive, lamellar, granular, and fibrous, and presenting 
 usually some shade of green, but sometimes white or 
 black. It consists chiefly of silica, magnesia, and 
 lime, with oxyd of iron, and sometimes oxjil of 
 manganese. It occurs as a constituent of levas, trap, 
 and basalt, and also of many of the primar)- rocks. 
 DilTerenl varieties have received the names Sahlite, 
 
 AUG 
 
 Diopside, Fussaitf, Cocculite, Baikalitr, and Oniphacite. 
 Common nsbostus is often only a fibrous uugitc. 
 AU-GlT'ie, a. 
 
 1. Pertaining to augite ; resembling augitc, or par- 
 taking of its nature and characters. 
 
 2. Composed of augite, or containing augitc as a 
 principal constituent ; as, augitic rocks ; au/ritic por- 
 phyry. 
 
 AUG-MENT', I'. «. [Ft. augmentrr ; li. augmeuto,aH<r- 
 mentum, from augeo, auri, to increase ; Gr. ui*l<o, 
 nt(w, which seeins to be the Eng. to waz, or to eke; 
 Sax. eacan.] 
 
 1. To increase ; to enlarge in size or extent ; to 
 swi:ll ; to make bigger ; as, to aiignirnl an army, by 
 reenforcemeiit ; rain augments a stream. 
 
 2. Figuratively, to increase or swell the degree, 
 amount, or magnitude ; as, impatience auifmcnls an 
 evil. 
 
 AUG-ME\T', 11. i. To increase ; to grow larger; as, 
 
 a stream augments by rain. 
 AUG'MENT, n. Increase ; enlargement by a;ldition ; 
 
 state of increase. 
 
 2. In philology, a syllable prefixed to a word ; or an 
 increase of the iiuantity of the initial vowel. 
 
 3. In medicine, the increase of a disease, or the 
 period intervening between its attack and higlit. 
 
 Parr. 
 
 AIJG-MENT'A-RLE, a. That may be increased ; ca- 
 pable of augmentation. IVal.A's Jlmcr. Review, 
 AUG-.MEXT-A'TION, n. 
 
 1. The act of increasing, or making larger, by addi- 
 tion, expansion, or dilatation. 
 
 2. The state of being increased or enlarged. 
 
 3. The thing added by w liich a thing is enlarged. 
 
 4. In music, a tloubling the value of the notes of 
 the subject of a fiigut; or canon. Busby. 
 
 .Augmentation Court ; in Knghind, a ctmrt erected 
 by 27 lien. VIII., to augment the revenues of the 
 crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was 
 long ago dissolveil. F.ncyc. 
 
 .Augmentation, in heraldry, consists in addition.il 
 charges to a coat-armor, often given as marks of 
 honor, and generally borne on the escutcheon or a 
 canton. F.ncyc. 
 
 AUG-MENT'A-TIVE, a. Having the quality or pow- 
 er of aiigiuenting. 
 
 AUG-iME.\T'EK, n. He that augments. 
 
 AUG-MEi\T'I\(l, ;)pr. IncreiLsing; enlarging. 
 
 AU'GUR, n. [L. augur. The first syllable is from 
 avis, a bird ; but the meaning and origin of the last 
 syllabic are not obvious.] 
 
 1. Among tlie Romans, an officer whose duty was 
 to foretell future events by the singing, chattering, 
 flight, and feeding of birds, or by other signs or omtjns, 
 derived from (!elestial ]ihenoinena, ap|ie,arances of 
 quadrupeds, or certain accidents, called dim. There 
 was a college or community of augurs, originally 
 three in number, and afterward nine, four patri- 
 cians and five plebeians. They bore a stafl"or wand, 
 and were held in great respect. Eucyc Eti. Eneyc, 
 
 2. One who prctvnds to foretell future events by 
 omens. 
 
 Wc all know that augur un not took at augur witliont Inugiiinf . 
 
 Buckmiiisur. 
 
 AU'GUR, r. t. To guess ; to conjecture by signs or 
 
 omens ; to prognosticate, 
 AU'GUR, V. L To predict or foretell ; as, to augur ill 
 
 success. 
 
 AU'GU-R.\Ij, a. [L. auguratis.] Pertaining to augurs 
 or to augury. I'he Romans had their augural staff 
 and augural books. 
 
 AU'GU-RaTE, v. i. To judge by augury ; to predict. 
 [Little used.] IVnrhurton. 
 
 AU-GU-Ra'TIOI7, n. The practice of augiirj-, or the 
 foretelling of events by observing the actions of birds, 
 or certain other phenomena. 
 
 AU'GUR-£D, pp. Conjectured by omens ; prognosti- 
 cated. 
 
 AU'GI'R-ER, n. An augur. [Mt tegilimalc] Shale 
 AU-Gu'RI-.\L, a. Relating to augurs, or to augury. 
 
 Broicn. 
 
 AU'GUR-I.NG, pp. or a. Prognosticating ; prescient ; 
 
 as, auguring hope. HJial;. 
 AU'GUR-IZE, V. L To augur. [jVot in use] 
 AU'GU-R()US,a. Predicting; foretelling; ftireboding. 
 AU'GU-RV, n. [L. augurium.] 
 
 1. The art or practice of fiiretelling events by ob- 
 serving the actions of birds, or other irtit^nomena, 
 
 2. .\n omen ; prediction ; prognostication. Sliak. 
 AU'GUR-i!>HIP, n. The office, or period of oflice, of 
 
 an augur. Baron. 
 AU-GUST', a. [L. nugustui. The first syllable of 
 this word is probably from the root of au'geo, or of 
 awe.] 
 
 Grand ; magnificent ; majestic ; impressing awe ; 
 inspiring reverence ; as, augu-H in visage. Drydrn. 
 
 This epithet, as a title of honor, was first conferred 
 by the Roman senate upon Octavius, alter confirm- 
 ing him in the sovereign power. 
 AU'GUST, n. The eighth month of the year, con- 
 taining thirty-one days. The olil Roman name was 
 Seitilis, the sislh month from .March, the month in 
 which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, be- 
 
 AUR 
 
 gan the year. The naiiio was changed to .iugunl 
 in honor of the emperor Octavius AtignstiiH, on ac- 
 count of his victories, and his entering on his first 
 ctinsulati! ill that month. Ocbrlin. 
 AU-GUST'Ai\, a. IVrtainiiig to Augustus; as, the 
 Augustan age. 
 
 Tin: Jiugustan confession, or confession of Augs- 
 burg, drawn upat Jlugusta yindetinirnm, nr .\ilgsburg, 
 by l.iither and !\Irl.inrhllnm, in l.'):)0, I'ontaiiis the 
 principb'S of the Protestants, and their re.isoiis for 
 sejiarating from the Roman (^atliidic church. Eucyc. 
 
 The .Augustan history, {kisturia .Augusts ;) a seriei 
 of Roman historians, who wrote the lives of the 
 Roman empi rors, from Adrian to C'ariiius inclusive ; 
 a pi riod of I(i7 years. P. Cyc. 
 
 The Augustan age of any natiimal literature, is the 
 supposed period of its highest state of purity and re- 
 finement. So the reign of Louis XIV. h:is been 
 called the .Augustan age of Erencli literature, and 
 that of Uuecn Anne, the Augustan age of English 
 literature. 
 
 AU-GUST-I.N'I-A.V?, n. pi. Those divines, who, from 
 St. .Aiigustin, maintain that grace is elfixtiial from 
 its nature, absolutely and morally, not rcdatively and 
 gradually. Eucyc. 
 
 i\l!-(;|lST'IN'S, \ n. pi. An order of monks, so 
 
 AU-(;(jST-h\"I-ANS, ! called frtmi St. Auguslin ; 
 popularly called Au.tliu fnars. They originally were 
 hermits, but were congregated into one body by Po|ie 
 Alexander IV., under Lanfranc, in 1-2M. They 
 clothe in black, and make one of the four orders 
 of mendicants. F.ncyc. 
 
 AU GUST'NESS, 71. Dignity of mien; grandeur; 
 magirificence. 
 
 AUK, ». [Provincially a/A'. Ij. alca.] A popular name 
 applied to different species of aquatic birds of the 
 genus .Alea, and order Anseres ; as, the great auk or 
 northern penguin, the little auk or black and white 
 diver, the Labrador auk or putlin, &.C, 
 
 AU-LA'RI-AN, 71. [L. aula, a hall.] At Oxford, the 
 member of a hall, as diMtinguishca from a collegian. 
 
 Chalmers. 
 
 AU-LET'IG, a. [Gr. ai Xrjri/tot, from <iiXoj, a pipe.] 
 
 Pertaining to pipes or to a pipi". [Little used.] 
 AU'LIC, a [L. aulicus, from aula, a hall, court, or 
 p.alacc ; Gr. un A/;.] 
 Pertjiining to a royal court. 
 
 The Aulic Council, was a suprema court of the 
 former German empire ; properly the supreme court 
 of the emperor, as the Inqierial Chamber was that of 
 the empire. Its olliccrs were appointed immediately 
 by the emperor, except the vice-chancellor, who was 
 appointetf by the archbishop of iMentz. It was com- 
 posed of a president, who was a Roman Catholic, a 
 vice-chancellor, and eighteen councilors or a.ssessors, 
 nine of whom were Roman Catholics, and nine Prot- 
 est^mts ; or, according to the statement of others, only 
 six were required to be Protestants, but their vote, 
 when unanimous, was reckoned equal to that of .all 
 the rest. Its decisions were without appeal, but sub- 
 ject to the ratification of the emperor. It always fol- 
 lowed the emperor's court, the established scat of 
 which was at Vienna. It ceased at the death of 
 each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It 
 became extinct when the German empire was dis- 
 solved in 1600. F.ncyc. IleUs. P. Cyc. 
 
 'J'he term aulic council, is now applied to a council 
 of the war dcpartinciit of the .'Austrian empire, and 
 the members of dill'i rent provincial chanceries of that 
 empire, are called ii«/tc councilors. P. Cyc, 
 
 The Aulic, in some European universities, is an 
 act niainUiined by a young divine, on being .admitted 
 a doctor of divinity. It begins by an harangue of the 
 chancellor addressed to the young doctor, atXer which 
 he receives the cap and presides at the jluiic or dis- 
 putation. Eneyc, 
 AU-.MaIL', r. t. [Fr. fmaiV.] To figure or v.ariegate. 
 
 [.Yut wicd,] Spenser, 
 AU.M'URV. Pee AMnur. 
 
 XU.ME, «. A Dutch measure for Rhenish wine, con- 
 taining 40 English gallons. Eneyc 
 
 AUjVE, (own,) n, [Fr.; a contraction of aulne ; L. ulna.] 
 A French cloth meiusure, but of dilferent lengths 
 in dilfi rent parts of the country. At Rouen, it is an 
 English ell; at Calais, 1.52; at Lyons, l.Olil ; at 
 Paris, 0.9.7. Eneyc 
 
 XUXT, II. [L. amiM, contracted. Qii. Fr. («n«/'.J 
 The sister of one's father or mother ; correlative to 
 nephew or niece. 
 
 AU'R.A, n. [L. from Hcb. IN', lar, a stream ; Gr. avpa. 
 
 "See Am.] 
 
 Litrrally, a breeze, or gentle current of air; but 
 technically used to denote any subtde, inrisible fluid, 
 supiH)sed to flow from a boily ; an effluvium, emana- 
 tion, or exhalation, as the aroma of tlowers, the 
 fidor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation 
 from the pollen of flowers, &c. 
 
 Epilept-.c aura, {aura cpiirptica:) a sensation as of a 
 current of air, rising from some part to the head, 
 preci'ding an att<ack of epilepsy. 
 
 FJcclrie aura: a supposed electric fluid, em.anating 
 from an dectrified body, and forming a mass sur- 
 rounding it, called the eleetrie atmosphtre. [.See At- 
 mosphere, Electric] 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITNITE. — AiV'GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
AUR 
 
 AUT 
 
 AU'KATH, Ji. [^Supposed to be from aurum, gold.] 
 
 A sort of pear. 
 AU'RATE, ti. [L. aurum^ gold; Fr. or; from tlie 
 Hi h. and Cli. "iiN, lisrht, fire, and to shine, from its 
 coliir; Ir. or; VV jur; Corn, our; Basque, urrca; 
 Arm. aur, gold.] 
 
 A combination of auric acid with a base ; as, aurate 
 of potash. 
 
 AU'KA-TED, a. {h. auralus.} Resembling gold; 
 golden-colored ; gilded. 
 •2. Combined with auric acid. 
 Ar'RE-A'i'E, a. Golden; gilded. 
 AL'-Rli'LI-A, 71. [from auruiji, or aur, gold, from its 
 color. t?ee Chrysalis.] 
 
 In cnlomoloirij, the nymph, chrjsalis, or pupa of an 
 insect; a term applied to insects in their second stage 
 of transformation, particularly when quiescent, and 
 inclosed in a hardish case, reflecting a brilliant, 
 pol.l.*n color, as in some of the Lepidopteni. 
 ALT-KE LI-A.\, a. Like or pertaining to the aurelia. 
 
 Ilumplircif.^. 
 
 AU-Rf.'LI-AX, n. An amateur collector and breeder 
 of insects, particularly of the Lepiduptera. 
 
 AU-Re'0-L.\, n. [L. aiiruin, gold.] 
 
 The circle of rays with which painters surround 
 the head of Christ and the saints. 
 
 AU'Rie, a. [from atirum, gold.] Pertaining to gold. 
 The auric acid is that combination of gold and o.\y- 
 gen, in which the oxygen is in the greatest propor- 
 tion to the gold, or the sesquioxyd. 
 
 AU'RI-CLE, n. [L. auricula, dim. from auris, the ear.] 
 
 1. The external ear, or that part of the ear which 
 is prominent from the head. 
 
 2. The auricles of the heart are two muscular sacs, 
 situated at its base, and exterior to the ventricles ; so 
 called from their resemblance to tlie auricle or ex- 
 ternal ear of some quadrupeds. Their sijstole, or 
 contraction, corresponds to tile diastole of the ven- 
 tricles, and vice versa. They receive tlie Wood from 
 
 . the veins, and communicate it to the ventricles. 
 
 Encyc. Chtiinbcrs. 
 AU'RI-CLED, a. Having appendages like ears. 
 AU-RIt''lI-L.\, 71. A species of Primula, called, from 
 
 the shape of its leaves, beards ear. 
 AU-Rie'lJ-L.\R, a. [from L. auricula, the ear.] 
 
 1. Pertaining t > the ear, or to the sense of hearing. 
 
 2. Secret ; told in the ear ; as, auricular confession. 
 
 3. Recognized by the ear ; known by the sense of 
 hearing; as, auWcuiar evidence. 
 
 4. Received or traditional ; known by report ; as, 
 auricular traditions. Bacon. 
 
 5. Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Cijc. Med. 
 .Auricular fcatkers ; in birds, the circle of feathers 
 
 surrounding the opening of the ear. 
 
 AU-Rie'lI-LAR-LV, adv. In a secret manner; by 
 
 " way of whisper, or voice addressed to the ear. 
 
 AU-Rie'U-LATE, a. In botany, having lobes or ap- 
 pendages like the ear ; shaped like the ear. 
 
 .\n auriculale leaf has small appended leaves or 
 lobes on each side of its petiole or base. 
 
 AU-Rie'U-L.\-TED, a. Having appendages, like the 
 ear ; as, the auriculated vulture, so called because it 
 has a projection of the skin, or fleshy crest, extend- 
 ing from each ear along the side of the neck. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. Caricr. 
 
 AU-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. aurifer, {roui aurum, gold, 
 and fcro, to produce.! 
 
 That yields or produces gold ; as, auriferous sands 
 or streams.* Thom.ioa. 
 
 AU'RI-FORM, a. [L. auris, the car, and forma.] 
 Ear-shaped ; having the form of the human ear. 
 
 AU-RI'GA, 71. [L.,of aurca, nrm, a head stall, a bridle, 
 and re^a, to govern or manage.] 
 
 1. Literally, the director of a car, or wagon. In 
 astronomy, the Wagonitr, a constellation in the north- 
 ern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gem- 
 ini. 
 
 2. The fourth lobe of the liver ; also, a bandage 
 for the sides. Qtiincy. 
 
 AU-RI-Ga'TION, n. fL. auri>a.] The act or prac- 
 tice of driving horses harnessed to carriages, 
 
 AU-RIG'RA-PHY, n. The art of writing with gold 
 instead of ink. 
 
 Ai;-KI-I'IG-.ME.\'TU.M. Sec Orpimem. 
 
 ALT-RI-SeALP'I-UJI, n. [L. aum, ear, and scalpo, to 
 scr.ipc.J 
 
 An instrument to clean the ears ; used also in 
 operations {if surgery on the ear. 
 AC1U.-<T, 71. [I* u*n.«, ear.] One skilled in disorders 
 
 of the ear, or wli<i professes to cure them. 
 AU'KOCIIS, 71. ((;. uriick.1, the ure-ur, uru.i and uj-.] 
 The tinn or bison of Poland ; considereil by somr 
 OK the cominnn ox in a wild st-ite, but regarded by 
 Ciivier as a distinct species. liones nearly analogous 
 to llnne of the niirwhs, but iniirli larger, h.'ive beoii 
 found foHMl in the northern parts of both continents. 
 Al VKI-'l'EI), a. [Ij. auritiL^, from auris, the e.'ir.] 
 Ran d ; having lobi'ii or appendages, like the car : a 
 U-iin employed bmh in !oo/«yy and botany. 
 Al' Rfi'RA, n. [).. aurora: .*^ans. arun ; Ch. and 
 ' lleb. TIN light, and ij? to raise.] 
 
 1. 'I'he rinne light of the morning ; the dawn of 
 day, or morning twilight. 
 9. The goddem of the mominK, or twilight dciflrd 
 
 by fincy. The poets represented her as rising out of 
 the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping 
 gentle dew. 
 
 3. .\ species of crowfoot. Johnson. 
 
 Jiuro'ra borea'lis, or Lumen boreair ; northern 
 twilight ; popularly called northern lurhts. This 
 species of liglit usually appears in streams, ascend- 
 ing toward the zenith from a dusky line a few de- 
 grees above the northern horizon. Sometimes it 
 assumes a wavy appearance, as in America, in 
 March, 1782, when it overspread the whole hem- 
 isphere. Sometimes it appears in detached places ; 
 at other times, it almost covers the hemisphere. .\s 
 the streams of light have a tremulous motion, they 
 are called, in the Shetland Isles, merry duncrrs. 
 They assume all shapes, and a variety of colors, from 
 a paie red or yellow to a deep red or blood color ; and 
 in the northern latitudes, serve to illuminate the 
 earth and cheer the gloom of long winter nights. 
 
 Auro'ra au.-ttra'lis ; a Corresponding phenomenon 
 in the southern hemisphere ; the streams of light 
 ascending in the same maimer from near the soutli- 
 ern horizon. 
 
 AU-Ro'R.\L, a. Belonging to the aurora, or to the 
 ni'riliern lights; resembling the twilight. E. Qoodnch. 
 
 AU'RU.M, «. [L. See Ai rate.] Gold. 
 
 Jlu'runi ful'minans, (fulminating gold,) is a pre- 
 cipitate, obtained by ammonia, from a solution of 
 gipld in nitro-iuuriatic acid. 'I'liis precipitate is of a 
 brown yellow, or orange color, ami when exposed to 
 a moderate heat, detonates with considerable noise. 
 It is a compound of auric acid and tiie oxyd of aiu- 
 Iiionium. 
 
 Jin'rum mosa'icum, or musi'vum ; a sparkling gold- 
 colored substance, obtained by heating a mix- 
 ture of sulphur and oxyd of tin in a close vessel. 
 The elements of the oxyd unite with separate |)oi- 
 tions of the sulphur, forming sulphurous acid, and the 
 aurum vtusivuni, which last is a deiit*)-sulphuret 
 (deuto-sulphid) of tin. It is used as a pigment. 
 AUS-CUL-Ta'TION, 71. [L., from antiq. aiise; Gr. 
 oi'f, oi'oj, the ear, and cultus, from colo, to use or 
 exercise.] 
 
 1. The act of listening, or hearkening to. 
 
 2. In medicine, a method of distinguisliing diseases, 
 particularly in the thorax, by observing tlie sounds 
 in the part, generally by means of a tube applied to 
 the surface. Laennec. 
 
 AUS-eUL'TA-TO-RY,. a. Pertaining to hearing or 
 listening. 
 
 AU'SPI-e.xTE, V. t. [L. auspicor.] To give a favor- 
 able turn to, in coinmeuciiig ; a sense taken from the 
 Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspec- 
 tion of liirds, before they undertook any important 
 business. Buckets Hrfections. 
 
 2. To foreshow. B. Jutison. 
 
 .^TJ'SPICE, I 71, pi. [L. au.^icium, of avis, a bird, 
 
 AU'SPI-CES, j and specio, to inspect.] 
 
 1. 'J'he omens of an undertaking, drawn from 
 birds ; the same as Augurt, which see. 
 
 2. Protection ; favor shown ;. patronage ; influ- 
 ence. In this sense the word is generally plural, 
 auspices. 
 
 AU-SPr'CIOUS, (aus-pish'us,) a. [See Auspice.] 
 Having omens of success, or favorable appearances ; 
 as, an auspicious beginning. 
 
 2. Prosperous; fortunate; applied to pcrsojis ; as, 
 auspicious chief. Drydcn. 
 
 3. Favorable ; kind ; propitious ; applied to persons 
 or thintrs ; as, an auspicious mistress. ShaJc. 
 
 AU-SPI"CIOUS-LY, adv. With favorable omens; 
 
 happily; prosperously; favorably; propitiously. 
 AU-SPl"CTOUS-XESS, n. A state of fair promise; 
 
 prosperity. 
 
 AUS'TER, 71. [L.J The .south wind. Pope. 
 AU-STeRE', a. [L. aitsto-its.] Severe ; harsh ; rigid ; 
 
 stern ; appiteti to persons; as, an austere master; an 
 
 austere look. 
 
 2. Sour with astringency; harsh; rough to the 
 taste ; applied to things ; as, austere fruit or wine. 
 AU-STP.RE'LY, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; harshly. 
 AU-STeRE'NESS, 71, Severity in manners; harsh- 
 ness ; austerity. 
 2. Roughness in taste. 
 AU-STER'I-TY, 71. [L. aM,5«cnto.?.] Severity of man- 
 ners or life; rigor; strictness; harsh discipline. It 
 is particularly applied to the mortifications of a mo- 
 nastic life, which are called austerities. 
 AUS'TRAL, (7. [L. australis, from auster, the south 
 " wind, or south.] 
 
 Southern ; lying or being in the south ; as, austral 
 land ; austral ocean. 
 
 Jlustral siijns ; the last six signs of the zodiac, or 
 those south of the equator. Encyc. 
 AUS-TRAL-A'.-!|A, ii. [aiutral nt\A Asia.'] A name 
 "given to the countries situated to the south-i;ast of 
 Asia, coiiipri hending TVew Holland, New Guinea, 
 New Zealand, &c. Pmkcrtim. 
 A.L'S-TRAI,-A'SI.\.N', o. Pertaining Ui vVustralasia ; 
 ' as, Jin -itraln-^inn regions. 
 
 AIIS-TltAI^A'SlA.\, 11. A native of .Australasia. 
 
 AUS-TRA'LI-A, ii. A name given by some recent 
 geocrapliers to all the Oce anic reuions between Asia 
 and America, and more especially to New Holland, 
 
 xvhicli is also called the continent of Australia, or i 
 the Austral continent. I 
 
 AUS-TR.A'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to Australia, or to 
 New Holland. The natives of New Holland, I'roiii 
 their resemblance to the African negroes, are called 
 Australian or Austral negroes. 
 
 AUS-TllA'LLAN, h. A native of .\ustralia. 
 
 AUS'TRAL-IZE, r. i. To tend toward the south or 
 south pole, as a magnet. Brown. 
 
 AUS'TRI-,V.\, a. [from .iustria. This word is formed 
 with the Latin termination ia, country, from CE.,- 
 terreich, the German name, which is eastern rick, 
 ea.stern kingdom, so called in reference to the west- 
 ern dominions of Charli'magne.] 
 
 Peruiiiiing to .Austria ; properly, a district of Ger- 
 many, situated on both sides of the Danube, between 
 Bavaria and Hungary ; ori!.'iii;illy a marqiiisate, then 
 a duchy, and finally an archduchy, of the German 
 empire. The term was afterward applied to a circle 
 of the German empire, including the former ; and 
 since the dissolution of the German empire, (181)0,) 
 it Ikus been extended to an empire, including exten- 
 sive territories, in South-eastern Germany and the 
 adjoiiiin<! countries. 
 
 AUS'TIU-A.V, 71. A native of .Austria. 
 
 AL'S'TIUNE, a. [L. anstrinus, froih auster, south.] 
 Southern ; southerly. Johnson. 
 
 AUS'TUO-E-GVP'TIA'N,!!. [L. a«.v!pr and Eunjption.] 
 
 1. II. A southern Egyptian, supposed to have origi- 
 nated frcuii Ethiopia. 
 
 2. a. Relating to the southern Egyptians. 
 AUS'TRO-.MAN-CY, ?i. [from ouster, the south wind, 
 
 or, aniongthe poets, wind in general, and Gr. iiaiTcio, 
 diviiiatimi.] 
 
 .Soothsaying, or prediction of future events, from 
 observations of the winds. Encyc. 
 ./iU'TI.R DROIT, (o'let drvii.,) [Law Fr.] Another's 
 ri^'ht. 
 
 A U TER FOITS, (6'ter fwS ;) a word comiiosed of the 
 French autre, another, and /uitv, time, introduced 
 into law biiigiiage, under the Norinan princes of Eng- 
 land. It signifies, at another time, formerly ; as, auler- 
 foits acijuit, auterfotts attaint, auterfntts convict, formerly 
 acquitted, attainted, or convicted, which being spe- 
 cially pleaded, is a bar to a second iirosecution for 
 the same olfense. Blackstone. 
 
 Aulerfoits acquit [Law Fr.] The plea of a for- 
 mer acquittal. 
 
 Auterfoits attaint. [Law Fr.] The plea of a for- 
 mer attainder. 
 
 Auterfoiis convict. [Law Fr.] The pica of a for- 
 mer conviction. 
 AU'TER ylE, (o'ter vee,) [Law Fr.] Another's life. 
 
 Tenant pour auter vie : one who Iiolds an e.state by 
 the life iif another. Blaekslone. 
 AU-TIIEN'TIC, )a. [Fr. aiilAciid'^MC ; It. and Sp. 
 AU-TlIE.N'Tie-AL, \ autenlieo ; Low L. atitJienticus, 
 from the Gr. avUirrtKoi, frtmi ovtitvToi, an author 
 or maker ; one who does any thing by his own right ; 
 also, one who kills himself. Tiie first syllable is 
 from avT {, which is probably from the root of author, 
 auctur ; and the sense of self-murderer seems to in- 
 dicate that the other constituent of the word is from 
 •Jti'w, iew:', to kill, but the primary sense of which 
 is, to strike, to drive or thrust with the hand, &c. 
 In the Word bi^fore us, the sense is to throw, or to 
 set ; hence authentic is set, fixed, made or made cer- 
 tain bv the author, by one's own sclf.l 
 
 1. Having a genuine original or aiitliorily, in oppo- 
 sition to that which is false, fictitious, or counterfeit ; 
 being what it purports to be ; genuine ; true j applied 
 
 to things ; as, an authentic paper or register. 1 
 
 2. Of approvetl authority ; as, an aiifAriific writer. I 
 
 3. In law, vested with all due formalities, and 
 legally attested. 
 
 4. ill mu.<ic, having an immediate relation to the 
 key-note or tonic ; in distinction from plural, having 
 a corresponding relation to the filth or dmninant, in 
 the octave below the kev-note. 
 
 Authentic melodies : those which have their princi- 
 pal notl^s between the key-note and its octave ; in 
 distinction from pla^al melodies, which have their 
 principal notes in the ocUive below the fifth of tlie 
 key. 
 
 Authentic moods or tones : in the ancient eh iireh music, ' 
 the four ninods, introduced by ."^t. Ambrose, in which 
 the principal notes ofthe melodies are contined witliin 
 the octave above the key-mite ; in distinction from 
 the ;i/«,'ii' loiioils i>r rn«r.<, introduced by Gregory the 
 Great, in which the priiicip il notes ofthe m-lodies 
 are confined within the octave below the fifth of the 
 kev. F.nrye. 
 
 Aiilhenlic or perfect cadence; the chord or harmony 
 of tlh; dominaiil, I'lilloweil by that ofthe tonic, or 
 the progression of the doiiiinaiit to the tonic , in ilis- 
 tinctioii from the phfjiil ciidrnce, the chord of the 
 fourth or siibilominant, followed by that of the Ionic, 
 or the progression of the subdoiiiiiiant to the tonic. 
 
 Ciillrott. 
 
 AU-T1IE.\'TIC-.AL LY, arfii. In an nuthenlic man- 
 '" ncr ; with the requisite or genuine authority. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 AU-THEN'TIC-AI--NESS, «. The qnalitv of being 
 i authentic; genuineiiejis ; the quality ot* being of 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, VVII^T. — Mi5TE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLK, BQQK. — 
 
 86 
 
AUT 
 
 AUT 
 
 AVA 
 
 gooil aiitlioiity ; authentic ily. [Tlie latter word id 
 geiirrallii u.mll] Barrow. 
 AU-Tllt:N"TlC ATK, r. (. 
 
 1. To rcTuliT aiittii iitic ; to gix'e autliority to, by 
 llii- imHil, atli st;ilii)ii,or luriiialitifs, rcciuiifd by biw, 
 or sullicioiit to eiititlt; to cri'ilit. 
 
 The king 6;Tvea only .n « iiouiry lo aulhenticnte Uie clu'ic nt 
 Jmlg ». Uurke. 
 
 2. 'I'o dcleriiiiiie as genuine ; as, to autliniticale a 
 portrait. Walpole. 
 
 AlJ-Tlli;\'Tie-A-TEr), ;>/'• Ki^ndercd authentic ; 
 " havine received the forms whicli prove genuineness. 
 Al'-'l"llK.\'Tlt;-A-TL\(;, Pit. CiviuR authority by 
 
 the necessary signature, seal, attestation, or otlier 
 
 forms. 
 
 Air-TIIKN-TI€^.^'TrON, ?(. The act of authentici- 
 "tius; the giving of autliority by the necessary I'or- 
 
 nuilities ; ciinfinnatiou. 
 AU-TIlKN-TIC'f-TY, n. 
 
 1. 'I'lie quality of being authentic; of established 
 authority for truth and correctness. 
 
 2. Genuineness; the quality of being of genuine 
 original. [In later writers, especially tiiose on the 
 evidences of Christianity, this term is restricted in 
 its u.se to the lirst of tlie above meanings, aiid dis- 
 tinguished from irenaitteiifjsn. " It may be of use," 
 says Bishop Watson, " to static the diir<'rence between 
 lire genuinenejis and the autJitiiticitij of a book. 
 .V ffenaine book is that which was written by the 
 person whose name it bears. .\n aiithriitic book is 
 that which relali s matters of fact, its they really 
 happened." .^patifry for the Htbtr.] 
 
 AU-TMEN'Tie-NEritf, «. Authenticity. [Rardy 
 
 AU'TllOR, n. [L. auctor ; Ir. u^'kilar ; W. iiwilur ; 
 " Ft. autriir ; Sp. aulnr : It. aiitorr. The Latin word 
 is from the root of ausea, to increase, or cause to 
 enlarge.' The primary sense is one wlio brings or 
 causes to come forth.] 
 
 1. line who produces, creates, or brings into being; 
 as, f5od is the author of the universe. 
 
 2. The beginner, former, or lirst mover of any 
 thing ; hence, the etlicient cause of a thing. It is 
 appn)priately applied to one who composes or writes 
 a bixik, and in a more general sense, to one wliose 
 occupation is to compose and write books. 
 
 AU'TllOR, e. (. To occasion ; to effect. [A'ut used.] 
 Aa'TlIOR-ESS, n. A female author. 
 XU-THO'RI-.AL, a. Pertaining to an author. Fjl. Ren. 
 AU'TllOR-LESt!, o. Without an author or authority. 
 AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE, a. 
 
 1. Having due autliority. Pearson, 
 
 2. Having an air of authority ; positive ; peremp- 
 tory. J>ie(/"(. 
 
 AU-TIIOU'I-TA-TIVE-LY, adv. In an authoritative 
 "manner; with a sho\y, of authority ; with due au- 
 thority. 
 
 AU-TIIOR'I-TA-TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of 
 being authoritative ; an acting by authority ; author- 
 itative appearance. 
 
 AU-THOR'!-TV, n. [L. auclorita.-!.] 
 
 1. Legal power, or a right to connnand or to act ; 
 as, the auOtoritij of a prince over subjects, and of 
 parents over chddren. Power ; nile ; sway. 
 
 2. The power derived t>om opinion, respect, or 
 esteem ; influence of character or otiice ; credit ; ;is, 
 the anUturity of age or example, which is siibiiiitted 
 to or respected, in some iiie:u-ure, as a law, or rule of 
 action. That which is claimed in justification or 
 support of opinions and measures. 
 
 :). Testimony ; witness ; or the person who testi- 
 fies ; as, the Gosi>els or the evangelistji are ourantAor- 
 iticj for the minicles of (,'hrist. 
 
 4. Weight of testimony ; credibility ; as, an histo- 
 rian of no autliority. 
 
 5. \Veiglit of character; re.«pectability ; dignity; 
 a.s, a magistrate of great authtirity in the city. 
 
 0. Warrant ; order ; permission. 
 
 By wh;>l authority tloen Ihoii Ihcsc Uiiii*ii ? — M.^tt. xjci. AcU ix. 
 
 7. Precedents, decisions of a court, official decla- 
 rations, resjitctable opinions and sayings, also the 
 books that contain them, are called authorities, as 
 they iiilluence the opinions <if others ; and in late, 
 the decisions of supreme courts have a binding force 
 upon inferior courts, and are called autJionties. 
 
 8. Government; the persons or the body exer- 
 cising power or command ; a-s, the local authnritirs of 
 tlie States. .Marshall. 
 
 In Conttrctieut, the justices of the peace arc ileiioni- 
 inated the ciuil atitltorittj. 
 
 AU-TIIOR-l-7.A'TION, n. The act of giving author- 
 ity, or lesal power ; establishment by authority. 
 
 AU'TIIOR-IZE, ». L [Ft. autoriser; S|). aitluritar.] 
 
 1. To give authority, warrant, or legal power to ; 
 to give a right to act ; lo enqiower ; as, to authorize 
 commissioners to settle the boundary of the State. 
 
 2. 'I'o make legal ; as, to autlinrize a marriage. 
 
 3. To establish by authority, as by usage, or pub- 
 lic opinion ; as, idioms authori-.eil by usage. 
 
 4. To give authority, credit, or repimuion to ; as, 
 to autlwriie a rejKirt, or opinion. 
 
 5. To justify ; to support lus right ; as, suppress de- 
 sires which rea-son does not attthorize. 
 
 Indigenous. 
 
 AU''1'I1()U IZ-AD, pii. or a. Warrantid by light; 
 "supported or established by authorilj- ; deriveil from 
 1< gal or proper authority ; having power or authority. 
 AU'TIIOK-I/.-l.NC, ppr. Giving authority, or legal 
 " power, credit, or periuissi(m. 
 
 Al/'TllDU-SIUP, It. [iiiithur and ship.] The quality or 
 " st:it(! of lifing an aullior. Shiiftishnrij. 
 AU-Tt)-l!r-()-(;RAPiri€-,\L, a. Pertaining to or con- 
 taining autobiographv. 
 AU-'i'0-I!I-0-(iKAPII'l('-AL-LY, adr. In the way or 
 
 manner of autobiography. 
 AU-T(;-m-OG'KA-PIIV, n. [Gr. aurot, and bio^'ra- 
 "j'/'i/.J 
 
 The biography or memoirs of one's life « ritl< n by 
 one's self. H'alsh. 
 AU-TOOII'TUON, n. [Gr. avTo\Pi;v; avTui and 
 XOtov.] 
 
 1. LiterttUij, one who rises or springs from the 
 same ground or from the soil he inhabits ; hi ni i', an 
 aboriginal, or native. This title was assumed by 
 the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians. 
 
 2. That which is original to a particular country, 
 or wliu h had llicre its lirst origin. 
 
 A(J-T(H:il-ril().\'lC, 
 AU-TOGII'TIK) .NOUS, 
 AU-T()C'R-V-GV, n. [Gr. uurof, self, and Koaro^. 
 power, or Koarn,), to govern, to take or hold.] 
 
 1. Independent or absolute power ; suprv'ine, un- 
 controltrd, unlimited authority or right of governing, 
 in a single person. 
 
 2. Sole right of self-government in a State. Barlnw. 
 AU'TO-CRAT, )n. [Gr. ax>T iKparwp.] An ab- 
 AlI-TOCKA-TOR, j solute prince or sovereign; a 
 
 ruler or inoiiarcli who holds and exercises the powers 
 of government by inherent right, not subject to re- 
 striction ; a title assumed by the ein|)erurs of Russia. 
 
 Tuohe. 
 
 2. A person invested with absolute indepi iident 
 power, by which lie is rendered unucconiitable for 
 his actions. 
 
 3. This title was conferred by the Athenians on 
 their generals and embassadors when invested with 
 unlimited powers. F.iicijc. 
 
 .MJ-TO-tRAT'lC, \a. Pertaining to autocracy ; 
 
 AL'-T()-€K AT'K'-.\L, ( absolute ; holding independ- 
 ent and uiiliniited powers of government. Ktott. 
 
 AU-TO-€R.\T-OR'l€ .-\L, a. Pertaining to an autoc- 
 rator ; supreme ; absolute ; as, autucraiorical power. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 AU-TOe'RA-TRIX, n. A .female sovcriugn, who is 
 independent and absolute ; a title given to the eni- 
 Iiresses of Russia. Tooke. 
 
 AU'TO DA F0, (au-to-di-fa',) [Port. ; Span, auto de 
 fi, act of faith.] 
 
 1. In the Roman Catholic church, a solemn day held 
 by the Inipiisition, for the piinishinent of heretics, 
 and the absolution of the innocent accused. Kiicye. 
 
 2. A sentence given by the Inquisition, and read 
 to a criminal, or heretic, on the scaffold, just before 
 he is executed. Sp. Vict. 
 
 3. The session of the court of Inquisition. 
 AU-TOG'E-NOUS, a. [Gr. .ivtos and jtci-iuj.] 
 
 Generating itself. 
 AU'TO-GR.\PIl, I n. [Gr. avro;, self, and ypatjiri, 
 AU-TUG'RA-PIIY, j writini;.] 
 
 A person's own hand-writing; an original man- 
 uscript. 
 
 AU-TI)G'RA-P1IAL, a. Of the particular hand-writ- 
 ing of an iiidiviilual. 
 AU-TO-GR.\PiriC, (a. Pertaining to an auto- 
 AU-TO-GR.\Pirie-.\L, J graph, or one's «wn hand- 
 writing. 
 
 2. Pertaining to or used in the process of autog 
 rapliy, which see. 
 
 AU-TOG'RA PIIY, n. A process in lithography by 
 which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper 
 to stone. Ure. 
 
 AU'TO-,MATH,n. [Gr. avTo{, and (/oi-O.ii/w, to learn.] 
 One who is sclf-iauglit. Youiur. 
 
 AU-TO-.MAT'ie, ( a. Belonging to an aiilonia- 
 
 AU-TO-MAT'ie-AL, I ton; having the |)owiT of 
 moving itself; applied to machinery. Slrirart. 
 
 2. Not voluntary ; not depending on the will ; a])- 
 plied to animal motions. 
 
 The term automatic is now applied to self-acting 
 machinery, or such as has within itself tlie'power of 
 regulating entirely its own iiiovenients, allhoiigh the 
 moving force is derived from without ; and lo what 
 pertains to such inacliinery ; as, automatic opi rations 
 or improveineiit-i. 
 
 antatic arU i such economic arts or manufactures 
 as are carried on by self-acting machinery. Ure. 
 
 AIj-TO.M'A-TO.\, 11. [Gr. .iuT«ymri<« ; ai'nj, .self, 
 and paut, miweo, motiui. The Greek plural, automata, 
 is sometimes used ; but the regular English plural, 
 auttnnatons, is preferable.] 
 
 A self-inoving machine, or one which has its mov- 
 ing power within^ itself. The moving power is 
 usually a spring. or weight, particularly the former. 
 The terra is generally applied to iiiarhines construct- 
 ed so as to iiniUite the fonu and iiiotions of men or 
 animals. 
 
 Al -ro.M'A-TOUS, o. Having in itself the power of 
 motion. BrotBiu 
 
 AU-TO\ro-l.ITE, «. [Gr. iiuro/ioAus, a deserter; so 
 calli d iViiiii Ihe large portion of oxyd of zinc it con- 
 tains, iliouKh it has no resemblance to an ore.] 
 
 A iiiiiu ral, occurring cry.stallized in sniall, dark- 
 green octahedrons ; allied to spinel, but cuiit'iiiiing 
 abtiiit :{0 piT cent, of oxyd of zinc, in coiiibiiialion 
 with alumina and oxyd of iron. It was called 
 Githiiitr, from Galiii, its discoverer. 
 
 AU-T()-.\r)'.Ml-A.\, a. Pertaining to autonomv. 
 
 AII-TO.N'O-.MOUS, a. [Itifra.] Independent 'in gov- 
 ernment ; having the right of self-goveriiii;ent. 
 
 AI.'-TO.\'0-.MY, »i. [Gr. uuruf, self, and to^ot, law. 
 
 "rub-.] 
 
 The power or right of self-governmen', whether 
 in a city which elects its own magistr.ites and makes 
 its own laws, or in an individual who lives atcori!- 
 ing lo his own will. [Rarely lucd.j Fiietic Joliiisoii 
 
 AU'TO-l'IST-V, /I. [Gr aur.,5 a.id ridri .".] 
 
 Iiilirnal worlhiiiess of belief ; '.he (piality of credi- 
 bility existing in Itself, indepundeul. of external cir- 
 ciinistance^j. 
 
 AlJ-T<)l"Sie-AL. Pee Autoptic-.»l. 
 
 A 1I'T()P-SY, It. [Gr. uui i-i^.u ; uuraj, self, and u^if, 
 
 "sight.] 
 
 Personal observation or examination ; ocular view. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 Cadiireric autopsy ; ip itiedici'ie, dissection of a dead 
 boily, for the purpose of bsceilaining the cause, seat, 
 or nature of a disease. 
 AU-TUP''ITe-.\L, a. Seen with one's own eyes. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 AU-TOP'Tie-AL-LY, a</e. By means of ocular view, 
 or one's own ob-i^rvalioii. Broien. 
 
 [Jlutopsy and it-i di'rivatives are rarely used, except 
 by medical writers.) 
 AU'Tr.M.N', (aii'tiiiii,) n. [L. aufH7nni«,- " Etymon 
 niulliiiii lunpieliir." .^iiisicorth.] 
 
 'I'hi- third season of the year, or the season between 
 suiiiini-r ami wiiit'T. Astroiiomicall}', it begins at the 
 ecpiiiiox, wh'-ii the sun enters Libra, and ends at the 
 winter solstice ; but in popular language, nutiiiiin 
 comprises September, October, and November, 
 'riie jjolik-n pomp of autumtx, Irving. 
 AU-TIJ.M'.\AL, a. Belonging or peculiar to autumn ; 
 as, an autumnal tint ; produced or gathered in au- 
 tiiiiin ; as, autumnal fruits , flowering in autumn ; as, 
 an autumnal plant. 
 
 .Autumnal pniot ; the point of the equator intersect- 
 ed by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds southward ; 
 the first point of Libra. 
 
 Jiidnniittil ciiuinoi.; the time when the sun crosses 
 the equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it 
 passes the autumnal point. 
 
 Auiutnuid sii^us ; the signs Libra, Scorjiio, and Sa- 
 gittarius, through which the sun passes between the 
 aiituniiial equinox and winter solstice. 
 AUX-Is'SlS, n. [Gr. nu^vffi?, increase.] 
 
 Literulhj, an increasing. In rheturie, a figure by 
 which any thing is magnified too much ; an exorna- 
 tion, when, for amplification, a more gnive and niag- 
 iiifici'iit word is put for the proper word. Encyc. 
 AL'X-ET'ir, a. Amplifying ; increasing. Hatch. 
 AI '.X-IL'I AK, ) a. [L. aiui/iarb, from aiu-i/iiim, aid, 
 ALX-IL'I A RY, j aiirilioT, to aid.] 
 
 Helping ; aiiling ; a.ssisting ; subsidiary ; conferring 
 aid or support by joint exertion, influence, or use ; as, 
 auxiliary troop-^. 
 
 JJnriliary scales ; in music, the six keys or .scales, 
 consisting of any key major, with its rel.itive minor, 
 and the attendant ki ys of each. lUl. F.ncyc. 
 
 AL'X-IL'I.A-RIES, (awg-zil'ya-rcz,) n. pi. Foreign 
 
 troops in the service of nations at war. 
 At'.\-1L'I.\ RY, (awg-zil'ya-re,) 11. A helper ; an as- 
 sistant : a confederate in some action, autcrprise, or 
 undertaking. 
 
 2. In aramtnar, a verb which helps to form the 
 modes and tenses of other verbs ; called, also, an 
 auxiliary verb; as, hare, be, may, can, do, tnu.<t, shail, 
 and tcill, in English ; 6tre and aroir, in French ; urer« 
 and rssrre, in Itali;in; rv/ar and haher, in Spanish.] 
 A VAIL', r. t: H'r. raloir, to be wortli ; L. raJio, to 
 be strong itr able, to profit, to be of force or aiitliorit,v ; 
 Sp. rii/( r, to be valuable, to avail or prevail, to be 
 biiiiliiig, lo be woilli; U. valerc, to be worth, to be 
 
 useful, to profit or avail ; Eng. well ; Ar. balUu 
 
 The primary sense is, lo stretch or extend, whence 
 strength, value.] 
 
 1. To profit lUie's self; to turn to advantage ; fol- 
 lowt'd by the proiiuniis myself, thyself, himself, herself, 
 itself, oitrselrrs, ijaurselres, tlieindclres, with of before 
 the thing used ; as, let bim avad himself of his li- 
 cense. 
 
 2. To a.ssist or profit ; to aid in effecting a design, 
 or bringing it to a successful issue ; as, what will 
 skill a/-at/ us against numbers,' .Artifices will not 
 araiY the sinner in the day of j .dgment 
 
 .\-VAIL', r. i. To be of use or advanuage ; to answer 
 the puipose ; as, strength witliout jiidgnieiil will rare- 
 ly aru'l. (»eiienUly, it signifies to have strength, force, 
 or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object ; xs, the 
 plea in bar must acad, that is, be sufficient to defc:it 
 
 TONE, BJjLL, IINITE. — AN"GEB, VI"CIOUS G «« K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 S7 
 
AVE 
 
 AVE 
 
 AVE 
 
 the suit ; tliis scliciue will mil arail; iiiediciiu-s will 
 nut arail to check the disease j suppositiuns, without 
 proiif, will not araif. 
 A-VaIL', h. Profit ; ailvantajie toward success ; ben- 
 ctit ; as, labor, williout economy, is of little actiU. It 
 seems usually to convey the idea of otficacious aid or 
 strength. 
 
 A-VaIL-A-BIL'I-TV, 7!. Availaldcness. 
 A-VaIL'A-BLE, a. Profitable ; advantageous ; having 
 
 efficacy \ as, a measure is more or less acmlahlc, 
 2. Having sufficient powjr, force, or efficacy, for 
 
 the object ; valid ; as, an available plea. 
 
 Laws human are availaHe by consent. Haoker. 
 
 A-VaIL'A-BLE-NESS, n. Power or efficacy in pro- 
 moting an end in view. 
 
 2. Competent power ; legal force ; validity ; as, the 
 avaUablpytf.ss of a title. 
 
 A-V.^IL'A-BLY, ailc. Powerfully ; profitably ; advan- 
 tageously ; validly; ethcaciously. 
 
 A-VaIL'IN"G, p/jr. Turning to profit ; using to advan- 
 tage or effect ; assisting; profiting. 
 
 A-VaIL'AIENT, «. Profit ; efficacy ; successful issue. 
 [Litat used.] 
 
 A-vAlLS', H. j>l. Profits or proceeds. It is used, in 
 New England, for the proceeds of goods sold, or for 
 rents, issues, or profits. 
 
 AV-A-LANGE^ ' \ t^''-' avalfr, to descend.] 
 A snow-slip ; a mass or body of snow or ice sliding 
 down a mountain. 
 
 This is a French term, originally applied to the 
 masses of snow or ice precipitated from the Alps, but 
 is now applied to similar pheniffiiena in other high 
 mountains. It is also applied to similar falling masses 
 of earth or rock ; and, fiirurativrhj^ to any sudden or 
 violent act or impulse of human masses. 
 
 A-VaLE', v. t. [Fr. avaUr, to let down ; aval, down- 
 ward.] 
 
 1. To let down ; to lower ; to cause to descend ; as, 
 to avale a sail. Ouwer. 
 Phcebas '^aii avale 
 lUs weary wain. Spenser. 
 
 Q. To depress ; to make abject ; as, to avale the sov- 
 ereignty. IFotton. 
 A-V'aLE', v. i. [Fr. avaler, to descend.] 
 
 To fall, as rain, or the tide ; to descend ; to dis- 
 mount. Cliaucer. Spenser. 
 A-VaNT', 7!. The front of an army. IJVotused.] [See 
 Van.] 
 
 .a-VAJ^'T€OU'RllER, (a-ving'koo'reer,) n. [Fr. 
 See CouRiEn.] A person dispatched before anoth- 
 er person or company, to give notice of his or their 
 approach. 
 
 A-VXNT'-GUSRD, n. The van or advanced body of 
 
 an army. [See Vanguard.] 
 .W'A-RICE, n. [Ij. avaritia, from avarus, from accu, 
 
 to covet.] 
 
 An inordinate desire of gaining and possessing 
 wealth ; covetousness ; greediness or insatiable de- 
 sire of gain. Shak. 
 
 Avarice slieils ?i bluslinj influence over the fincBt atTections and 
 swectrsl conilbru of nianliintl. BuckmineUT. 
 
 AV-.^-IU"CIOUS, a. Covetous ; greedy of gain ; im- 
 moderately desirous of accumulating property. 
 
 AV-A-KI"CIOUS-LY, arfo. Covetously; with inordi- 
 nate desire of gaining wealth. OoliUmitli. 
 
 AV-.VKI"CIOUS-NE.SS, «. The quality of being av- 
 aricious ; insatiable or inordinate passion for property. 
 
 AV'A-UOUS, a. Covetous. [JVot used.] Goirer. 
 
 A- VAST', eiclam. [It. basta., en(High ; literally, it suf- 
 fices, from bastare, to sufiice ; Pits. 4a,s, enough ; Uu. 
 D. hoad vasty hoa^ va^t, hold fast.] 
 
 In sramrn^s tantri/aire, cease ; stop ; stay. 
 
 AV-A-TXU', or A-VX''PAR, n. A Hinddo word, de- 
 noting tile descent of a deity in a visible form or in- 
 carnation. 
 
 A-VAUi\"T', eiclam. [W. ihant, begone.] 
 
 begone ; depart ; a word of contempt or abhor- 
 rence, equivalent to the phrase " Get thee gone." 
 A'VE, 71. An ave-m:iry. 
 
 A'VE-.Ma'KY, n. [from the first words of the Roman 
 Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. aac, Maria, 
 hail, Mary.) 
 
 1. A form of devotiim in the Roman Catholic 
 church. Their cbaplets and rosaries are divided into 
 a certain ninnbiT of ave-marjs and paternosters. 
 
 2. A parlir iilar tiuie, in Itoriuin Catholic countries, 
 about half an hour after sunset, and also at early 
 dnwn, ivhcii the bells ring, and the people repeat the 
 ave niary. Ci/c. 
 
 AV-E-.NX'CEOUS, a. [L. avenaeeus, from aucna, oats ; 
 Fr. auiiine.] 
 
 Ueliuiging to or partaking of Ibe nalure of oats. 
 AV'E-.NAGE, II. [Fr.l A certain quautily of oats paid 
 by a tenant to a landlord in lien of rent or ollu r duty. 
 
 Eiinic 
 
 AV'EN ER, ) n. [Norm. Fr.] In Kny/«/i feudal' law, 
 AV'EN-OIl, ( un officer of the king's Btables, whose 
 
 dutv wriM t4) provide oats. 
 A-VFi.\GE', (tt-vcnj', I ». (. [Vr. vrn^rr ; P'p, vmnar ; 
 
 Vuri.vingar ; I,. vimUz. In Sax. ui/inan, tu contend, 
 
 to gutn, to win.] 
 I. To take aatiifaction for an Injury by punishing 
 
 the injuring jwrty ; to viudic;ile by inflicting pain or 
 evil on the wrong-doer. 
 
 Slull not^Goil avenge liis ou n elect ? — Lu];e xviii. 
 
 Aoenge ine of iny aUveniary. — lb. vcr. 3. 
 
 In these examjiles, avenge implies that the evil in- 
 flicted on the injuring party is a satisfaction or jus- 
 tice done to the injured, and the party vindicated is 
 the object of the verb. 
 
 2. To take satisfiction for, by pain or punishment 
 inrticted on the injuring party. 
 
 He will avenge the blood of liis servants. — Dcut. xxxii. 
 Here, the thing for which satisfaction is taken is 
 the k bject of the verb. 
 
 3. To revenge. To avenirc and revenue, radically, 
 are synonymous. But modern usage inclines to make 
 a valuable distinction in the use of these words, re- 
 stricting avenge to the taking of just punishmeiil, and 
 reventre to the infliction of pain or evil maliciously, in 
 an illegal manner. 
 
 4. To punish ; as, to avenrrc a crime. Dnjden. 
 
 5. In the passive fiinn, this verb signifies to liLive 
 or receive just satisfaction, by the punishment of tlie 
 oflender. 
 
 Sliall not my soul be avenged on such a nation its this ? — Jer. v. 
 
 A-VENGE'ANCE, n. Punishment. [JVot used. See 
 Venoeanx-e.] 
 
 A-VE.\G'£D, />/). Satisfied by the punishment of the 
 ofT'iider ; viiulicated ; punislied. 
 
 A-VE\GE'ME\T, n. Vengeance; punishment; the 
 act of taking satisfaction for an injury by inflicting 
 pain or evil on the offender ; satisfaction taken ; re- 
 venge. 
 
 A-VE.\G'ER, II. One who avenges or vindicates ; a 
 vindic;itor; a revenger. 
 
 A-VE\G'EI{ ES.S, n. .\ female avenger. Spenser. 
 
 A-VE.\'G'1.\G, p/ir. Executing vengeance ; taking sat- 
 isfaction for an injury by the punishment of the of- 
 fender ; vindicating. 
 
 AV'EXS, n. The herb bennet, (Oeum urbanum.) 
 
 AV'ENTjAlLE, n. The movable part of a helmet in 
 front. Ilalliwell. 
 
 AV'E.\-TINE, a. Pertaining to Mons .^vcntinus, one 
 of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bniant. 
 
 A-VEN'TIJKE, n. [Fr. avcnture, from L. ve'nio, to 
 come,] ■ 
 
 A mischance causing a person's death without fel- 
 ony ; as by drowning, or falling from a house. [See 
 AovENTi'itE.] Cowel. 
 
 A-VENT'lJ-RlNE, ) n. [Fr. aventurine.] A variety 
 
 A-VA.\T'U-RINE, ) of translucent quartz, spangled 
 throughout with scales of j'ellow mica. 
 
 AV'E-NuE, n. [Fr., from veuir, to come or go; L. 
 venio.] 
 
 I. A passage ; a way or opening for entrance into 
 a place ; any opening or passage by which a thing is 
 or may be introduced. 
 
 9. An alley or walk in a park or garden, planted 
 on each side with trees, and leading to a house, gate, 
 wood, &c., and generally terminated by some dis- 
 tant object. The trees may be'in rows on the sides, 
 or, according to the more modern practice, in clumps 
 at some distance from each other. Encyc. 
 
 3. A wide street, as in Washington, Columbia. 
 A-VER', V. t. [Fr. averer ; It. avverare, to aver, or 
 verify ; Arm. quirya, from the root of verus, true ; 
 Ir. feur or Jir ; W. awir ; Corn, vir; Ger. walir ; D. 
 ■wafir. See Verify.] 
 
 1. To affirm with confidence ; to declare in a pos- 
 itive or peremptory manner, as in confidence of as- 
 serting the truth. Priur. 
 
 2. In law, to offer to verify. [See Averment.] 
 AV'ER-AGE, ji. [.Norm, aver, avers, cattle, money, 
 
 goods, Sp. averio, from aver or haber, Fr. avoir, to 
 have or possess. In ancient law, a duty or service 
 which a tentint was bound to render to his lord, by 
 his beasts anil carriages or instruments of husbandry. 
 Spelman. But averatriuni signifies also the loss of 
 goods in transport:ition ; Sp. averia, damage sus- 
 tained by goods or ships; Port, avaria, an allowance 
 out of freight to the in:ister of a ship, for damage sus- 
 tained ; contribution by insurers, to make good a 
 loss; It. avaria; Dan. AnernV, damage of a ship or 
 waste of goods, e.vti;iordinary charges during a 
 voyage. If avaria signifies damage, and is from 
 aver or haber, Spani-li, to have, the sense of the word 
 is probably that which lutpjiens or f;ills, a misfortune, 
 for the verb have and happen are radically the same 
 word ; Spanish, haber, to have, and to happen or be- 
 fall ; also, fortune, property. This would give the 
 sense of damage, or of pnipnrticn, lot, share, that 
 which falls to each of a niiniher. But the primary 
 sense is not very obvious.] 
 
 1. In eommerce, a conlribiition to a general loss. 
 When, forthe safety of a ship in distress, any destriic- 
 tiou of property is incurred, either by cutting away 
 the masts, throwing goods overboard, or other means, 
 all persons who have goods on board, or property in 
 the ship, ctmtribiite to the loss according to llieir 
 average, that is, the goods of each on board. This 
 principli', introdiicid into the coniiiierce of Europe 
 from the Ithodian biws, and recognized by the regu- 
 lations of Wisby, is now an estalilislnul rule in the 
 maritiinif laws of Europe ; for it is most reasonable 
 
 th;it, when one man's luops-rty is siicriticed to save a 
 ship, all persons whose propi'tiy is saved, or in like 
 hazard, sliouUi bear their pri'P'ntiou of the loss. 
 
 Park. B.awes. Spelman. 
 
 2. From the practice of contributing to bear los.ses 
 in projiortion to each man's property, this «'oril has 
 obtained the present popular sense, which is, tli;it of 
 a mean proportion, medial sum or (piantity, made out 
 of unequal sums or quantities. Thus, if A loses 5 
 dollars, B 9, and C IG, the sum is 30, and tlie av- 
 erage 10. 
 
 3. A small duty, payable, by the shippers of goods, 
 to the master of the siiip, over and ;ibove the freight, 
 for his care of the goods. Hence the expression in 
 bills of lading, " p:iyiiig so much freight, with pri- 
 mage and average accustomed." Cuwel. Encyc. 
 
 4. In England, the bl'e:iking up of cornfields, eddish, 
 or roughings. Jlsh. 
 
 5. Averages, in the English corn trade, denotes 
 the average amount of prices of the several kinds of 
 grain in tlie principid corn markets. 
 
 Upon or on an average, is taking the mean of un- 
 equal numbers or quantities. 
 
 ,\V'ER-AGE, a. Medial; containing a mean propor- 
 tion. Price. Beddoes. Kirwan. Edtvards^s fVest Indies. 
 
 AV'ER-AGE, v. t. To find the mean of unequ;il sums 
 or quantities; to reduce to a medium; to divide 
 aniiuig a iiumUer, according to a given proportion ; 
 as, to average a loss. 
 
 AV'ER-AGE, V. i. To form a mean or medial sum or 
 quantity ; as, the losses of the owners will average 
 25 dollars each. Cli. Obs. x. 522, xi. 3U2. 
 
 These spars zverage ten feet in lengtli. Belknap. 
 
 AV'ER-AG-£D, pp. Reduced or formed into a mean 
 proportion, or into shares proportioned to each nnin's 
 property. Jefferson. 
 
 AV'ER-AG-ING, ppr. Forming a mean projiiution 
 out of unequal sums or quantities, or reducing to just 
 shares according to each man's property. 
 
 A-VER'.MENT, 71. [See Aveii.J Afliruiation ; posi- 
 tive assertion ; the act of averring. 
 
 2. Verification ; establishment by evidence. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. In pleading, an ofler of either jiarty to justify or 
 prove what he alleges. In, any stage of ple;idmt' , 
 when either party advances new matter, he are,:, \\ 
 to be true, by using this form of words, " and this lie 
 is ready to verify." This is called an averment. 
 
 Blaclistone. 
 
 A-VER'NAT, 71. A sort of grape. Johnsori. 
 
 A-VER'NI-.\N, a. Pertaining to Avernus, a lake of 
 Cainp;inia, in Italy, famous for its poisonous qualities, 
 which ancient writers represent as so iiudigiiant as 
 to kill fowls flying over. Hence, as authors tell us, 
 its name n jokij, without birds. Virgil. Mela. Strabo. 
 
 AV'ER-PE.M-NY, 71. Money paid toward the king's 
 carriages by laud, instead of service by the beasts in 
 kind ; or money paid in lieu of the service of 
 average. Burn. Spelman. 
 
 A-VER'RKD, (a-vcrd',) pp. Affirmed ; laid with an 
 averment. 
 
 A-VER'RING, ppr. AfTirming ; declaring positively ; 
 ofl'eriug to justify or verify. 
 
 A-VEll'RU-lST, H. One of a sect of peripatetic phi- 
 losophers, who ajipearcd in It;ily before the restora- 
 tion of learning; so denomiiuited from .\verroes, a 
 celebrated Arabian author. They held the soul to be 
 mortal, though they pretended to submit to the 
 Christian theology. Encyc. 
 
 AV-ER-RyN'eAT'E, v. t. [L. averrunco, of ad and 
 erunco, from runco, to weed, or rake away.] 
 
 1. To root up ; to scrape or tear away by the roots. 
 
 Jludibvas. 
 
 2. To prune. 
 
 AV-ER-RUN-Ca'TION, 71. The act of tearing up or 
 raking away the roots. 
 
 2. The act of pruning, or cutting ofi" superfluous 
 branches. Cur. 
 
 AV-ER-RUN-€a'TOR, 71. In arborirullure, an instru- 
 ment for pruning trees, consisting of two bhides fixed 
 on the end of a rod; so constructed as to operate like 
 a iiair of shears. ISranile. 
 
 .W-ER-Sa'TION, 71. [I,, aversor. See /Vvebt.] 
 
 A turning from with disgust or dislike ; aversion ; 
 hatred ; disinclination. .N'(/«(A. 
 It is iiearlv superseded by Aversion. 
 
 A-VE1!SE', (avers',) a. [See Avert.] The literal 
 sense of this word is, turned from, in manifestation 
 of dislike. Hence the real sense is, 
 
 1. Disliking; unwilling; having a repugnance of 
 mind. 
 
 Averte nlilie to flatter or offend. Pojt*. 
 
 2. Unfavorable ; indisposed ; malign. 
 
 And Pallas, now nverte, n'lu»ed her aid. Dri/ilcn 
 This word and its derivatives ought to be fullowed 
 by to, and never by from. This word incliidos the 
 iiiea of from ; but the literal meaning being lost, the 
 aU'eiiioii of the mind signified by the v/iird, is ex- 
 erted toirard the object of dislike, and, like itskiiidred 
 terms, hatred, dislike, contrary, repugnant, &c., should 
 be followed by to. Indeed, it is absurd to speak of 
 an nlleditm of the mind exerted from an object. 
 
 FATE, FAR, TfiLL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARmE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BQQK. — 
 
AVO 
 
 ^Bcrse exprpsst'S a less degree of opposition in tlie 
 iniiui llian ilt:testin;r and abhurriii^. 
 
 MilUin twice uses averse in its literal sense of 
 lurneil uip«;/, with/rom; hut it is not according to the 
 ' English idluni. 
 
 3. Turned backward ; in a direction contrary to 
 progression ; as, tr.icks avcrsr^ Dnjt/ni. 
 A-VKKSiyUY, (a-vers'ly,) ado. With repugnance ; 
 unwillinKly. 
 
 2. Backward ; bcliind ; as, an arm stretched 
 apcrsrlij, Dactnant. Brown, 
 
 A-VEKSli'NESS, (n-vers'ness,) n. Opposition of 
 mind ; dislike ; unwillingness ; backwaidness. 
 
 Jlvrbcrt. 
 
 A-VER'SIOi\, n. [Fr. OKcrsion.from L. averto.] 
 
 I. Opiiosition or repugnance of mind ; dislilvo ; dis- 
 inclination ; reluctance ; liatrc<l. Usually this word 
 expresses moderate hatred, or opposition of mind, 
 not amounting to ablwrrcncc or dctcsUitwn. It ought 
 generally to be followed by to before the object. 
 [See Averse.] Sometimes it admits of fur. 
 
 A frvrholtliT is bred wiUi s\i\ avei-aion lo •ulijccliun. Addison. 
 
 S. Opposition or contrariety of nature : applied U> 
 iuaniinate vuifstuttces. 
 
 Ma^csin, iiutwithstaiu'.iii^ tills ttvertion to solution, fonns it kind 
 of paste with water. ^^urcroy, Trana. 
 
 3. The cause of dislike. 
 
 P.iin llifir arersion, plciutire their tiesire. Pope. 
 
 A- VERT', ». t, [L. averto, a, from, and vrrlo, to turn, 
 anciently vorto ; lience vertex, vurtez ; probably al- 
 lied to L. vario ; Eng. veer ; Sp. birar ; Etll. 
 bari. Class Br.] 
 
 1. To turn from ; to turn oft or away ; as, to avert 
 the eyes from an object. Sfialc. 
 
 Q. To k<!ep otr, divert, or prevent ; as, to avert an 
 approaching calamity. Itooker. 
 
 3. To cause to dislike. Hooker. But this sense 
 seems to be improper, except when heart, or some 
 equivalent word, is used ; as, to avert the heart or 
 aflections, which may signify to alienate the affec- 
 tions. Thomson. 
 
 A-VERT', V. L To turn away. Thomson. 
 
 A-VERT'ED, pp. Ttirned from or away. 
 
 A-VERT'ER, K. One that turns away or averts; that 
 which turns away or averts. 
 
 A-VERT'ING, ppr. Turning from; turning away; 
 preventing. 
 
 A'Vl-.'V-RY, n. [L. aviarium, from avis, a bird.] 
 A house or inclosure for keeping birds confined. 
 
 IVutton. 
 
 A-VtDT-OTIS, o. [L.avidus.] Eager ; greedv. Bu/r. 
 A-VIU'I-OliS-LY, adv. [See Avidity.] E'agerly ; 
 
 with greediness. Bale. 
 A-VID'I-TY, n. [L. aviditas, from avidns, and this 
 
 from aveo, to desire, to have appetite ; Heb. and Ch. 
 
 n>N to desire, or covet.] 
 
 1. Greediness ; strong appetite : applied to tlic 
 senses. 
 
 2. Eagerness ; intensencss of desire : applied to 
 the mind. 
 
 AV-1-Ga'TO, j n. The Persea gratissima [Laurus 
 
 AV-O-Ca'DO, j Persea, Linn.] or alligator pear, a 
 native tif the West Indies. The tiee has a straight 
 stem, long, oval, pointed leaves, and flowers, each 
 with a sis-cleft corolliform calyx, produced in clusters, 
 on the extremities of the branches. The fruit, when 
 ftillv ripe, is considered a delicacy. 
 
 A-Vf(;.N'()N BER RY, (a-veeii'yiuig-,)n. The fruit of 
 the Rlianinus liifectoriiis, ami of other species of the 
 same genus ; so called from the city of Avignon, in 
 France. The berry is less than a pea, of a yellow- 
 ish-green color, anil bitter, astringent taste ; used by 
 dvers and painli rs for coloring yellow. Encyc. 
 
 A-VI1,E', c. (. [Pr. nrilir. See Vile.] 
 
 To ilepreciate. [JVat in use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 A- VISE', ( II. [Fr. acis.] 
 
 A-Vrso, ( Ailvice ; intelligence. [.Xot in use.] 
 A-VISE', I'. I. To consiiler. [JVut in iwf.] Spenser. 
 A-VISE'.\IE.VT, II. Advisement. [See Advice and 
 Advise.] 
 
 /IVO-CAT, (av'o-ca,) n. [Fr.J An advocate: a 
 term applied to the liigher class of French lawyers 
 correstHinding to the English counselor at lair, antl 
 the Scotch advocate. * 
 
 AV'O-e.iTE, V. t. [L. avoco, from a and voeo, to call. 
 See Voice and Vocai-] 
 To call off cr awav. [JVut used.] Barrow. 
 
 .\V-0-eA'TIO\, n. [See Vocation, Voice, Vocal.] 
 
 1. The act of calling asiile,or diverting fitim some 
 employment ; as, an avocation from sin or from busi- 
 ness. 
 
 2. The business which calls aside. The word is 
 generally used for the smaller affairs of life, or occa- 
 sional calls which summon a person to leave his or- 
 dinary or principal business, i'he use of this word 
 for roeution is very improper. 
 
 A-VO'CA-TIVE, 0. Calling off. [AViJ ttserf.] 
 A-VO'CA-TIVE, n. That which calls aside; de- 
 
 horLation ; dissuasion. Todd, 
 AV'O-CET, n. See .\voset. 
 
 A-VOII)', v. L [Fr. vuider, or vider ; ruide, or vide, 
 Void, empty ; Eng. wide, void, widou3 ; L. vidua. 
 
 AVO 
 
 See Voio. It coincides also with L. vitc, evito ; Fr. 
 eviter. See Class Bd.] 
 
 1. To shun ; to keep at a distance from ; that is, 
 literally, to go or be wide from ; as, to avoid the com- 
 pany of gamesters. 
 
 2. To endeavor to shun; to shift off; as, to avoid 
 expense. 
 
 3. To quit ; to evacuate ; to shun by leaving ; as, 
 to avoid ttic house. Shah. 
 
 4. To escape ; as, to avoid a blow. 
 
 5. To emit or throw out ; as, to avoid excretions. 
 For this. Void is now genorally usetl. 
 
 6. To make void ; to annul or vacate. 
 
 Tlte jjniiit ciii not be auoitlcd without injustice to llie jmntce. 
 
 Anon, 
 
 7. In pleadinfT, to set up some new matter or dis- 
 tinction, which shall avoid, that is, defeat or evade the 
 allegation of the other party. Thus, in a rejilication, 
 liie plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or con- 
 fess it, and avoid it by staling new matter. Blackstone. 
 
 A-VOID', V. i. To retire ; to withdraw. 
 
 Drtvid avoided out of his presence'. — 1 Sum. xviii. [Improper.] 
 2. To become void, vacant, or empty, as a benefice. 
 
 A-VOID' A-BLE, a. That may be avoided, left at a 
 distance, shunned, or escaped. 
 9. That may be vacated ; liable to he annulled. 
 A-VOID'ANCE, >i. The act of avoiding or shunning. 
 
 2. The act of becoming vacant, or the slate of 
 being vacant. It is appropriately used for the state 
 of a benefice becoming void, by the death, depriva- 
 tion, or resign.ation of the incumbent. Cowcl. 
 
 3. The act of annulling. 
 
 4. The course by which any thing is carried off. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 A-VOID'ED, pp. Shunned; evaded; made void; 
 ejected. 
 
 A-VOID' ER, n. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. 
 2. The person who carries any thing away ; the 
 
 vessel in which things are carried a\vay. Johnson. 
 A-VOID'L\G, ppr. Shunning ; escaping ; keeping at 
 
 a distance; ejecting; evacuating; making void or 
 
 vacant. 
 
 .WOID'LESS, a. That can not be avoided ; inevita- 
 ble. Dnjilen. 
 
 AV-OIR-DU-POIS', (.av-er-du-poiz' ) [Fr. avoir da 
 poiiis, to have weight. See Pois.] 
 
 A weight, of which a pound contains 10 ounces. 
 Its proportiiui to a pound troy is .is 17 to 11. 'I'liis is 
 the weight for the larger and coarser coiniiiodities,a3 
 hay, iron, cheese, groceries, &c. Chambers. 
 
 AV'b-LATE, v. i. To tiy away; to escape; to ex- 
 hale. Boyle. 
 
 AV-0-L.\'TION, n. [li. avolo, to fly away, of a and 
 volo. See Volatill.] 
 
 The act of Hying away ; flight ; escape. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 .AV'O-SET, In. The popular name of different 
 AV-O-SET'TA, i species of atpiatic birds, of the 
 genus Rectirvirostra, arranged by LinniEus in the 
 order Gralhc, but by Pennant and Latham among 
 the Palmipeiles. The bill of these birds is long, slen- 
 der, flexible, and bent upward toward the tip. They 
 have fery long legs, antl palniated feet, which last 
 are consiiltrred as nilapleil for wading on soft mud, 
 rather than for swimming. 
 A-VOIJCir, V. U [Norm, voucher, to call, to vouch; 
 L. voco, advoco. See Voice.] 
 
 1. To artirm; to declare or assert with positive- 
 ness. llookrr. 
 
 2. To produce or call in ; to affirm in favor of, 
 maintain, or support. 
 
 Such tuiti(}uitics could have b<*en avouched for the Irish. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 3. To maint.ain, vindicate, or justify. Shal;. 
 A-VOUCII', II.-. Evidence; testimony; declaration. 
 
 [IMe XLsrd.] Shak. 
 A-VOUCII'A-BLE, a. That may be avouched. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 A-VoL'CirA'D, (a-voucht',);>p. Affirmed ; maintained ; 
 called in to support. 
 
 A-VOUCil'ER, II. One who avouches. 
 
 A-VOUCII'I.NG, /ipr. Atiirniing ; calling in to main- 
 tain ; vindicating. 
 
 A-VOUCH'MENT, n. Declaration ; the act of 
 avouching. Shak. 
 
 A-yOU-E',(;.\.-\'6\\-i',) n. A French term, originally 
 denoting a protector of a church or religious commu- 
 nity, corresponding to the English nf/iuicfc; at pres- 
 ent, applied to the lower class of French lawyers, 
 corresponding to the English attorney at late. 
 
 A-VOW, r. t. [Fr. avoucr; Arm. avoei : Norm. 
 avotver; L. voveo.] 
 
 1. To declare openly, with a view to jtistify, 
 m.aintain, or defend; or simply to own, acknowl- 
 edge, C' confess frankly ; as, a man avoai bis princi- 
 ples or his crimes. 
 
 2. In law, to acknowledge and justifv, in one's 
 own right, .as when the distrainer of goods defends 
 in an action of replevin, and avows the taking in his 
 own right, but insists that such taking wn.s legal. 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 A-VOW", n. A vow or determination. [A'bt used.] 
 
 AW A 
 
 A-VO\V'A-BI.E, a. That may be avowed, or openly 
 aeknowli ilged with coiiliileiiee. Dnnoe. 
 
 A-VOVV'AL,ii. An open declaration ; frank ncknowl- 
 etli:inent. llanie. 
 
 A-VU\V'.\NT, n. The defendant in replevin, who 
 avows the distress of the goods, and justifies ihc 
 taking. Cuwet. 
 
 A-VO VV'/oD, (a-vowd') pp. Openly declared ; owned ; 
 frankly acknowledged. 
 
 A-VO\V'ED-LY, adv. In an open manner; with 
 frank acknowledgment. 
 
 A-VOVV-EE', n. Sometimes used for advowee, the per- 
 son who has a right to present to a benefice ; the 
 patron. [See Advowson.] Cutoel. 
 
 A-VOW'ER, 71. One who avows, owns, or assert.s. 
 
 A-VOVV'i.NG, ppr. Ojieiily declaring; frankly ac- 
 kiio^'ledging ; justifying. 
 
 A-VOWRY, n. In law, the act of the distrainer of 
 
 ■ goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and jus- 
 tifies the taking in his own right. BlacksiAine. 
 
 When an action of replt:viii is brought, the distrain- 
 er either makes avowry, that is, avows taking the 
 distress in his own rigi.* or the right of his wife, 
 and slates the reiuson of it, or makes co^rnizance, 
 that is, aeknowled^rcs the taking, but justifies it in 
 another's right, as his bailiff or servant. 
 
 A-VOVV'TRV. See Advowtrv. 
 
 A-VOY'ER, n. [L. advocaius ; old Fr. «./rof,».] A name 
 formerly assumed by the chief magistrates of im- 
 perial towns, and of the Swiss cities. [Disused.] 
 
 A-VLILS'/^.D, (a-vulst',) a. [Ste Avulsion.] Plucked 
 or pulled off. Sheyistone. 
 
 A-VUL'SIO.\, 71. [L. avulsio, from avello, a and rrtlo, 
 to pull, coinciding with Heb. and Ar. nSo falah, to 
 separate ; Eng. pull.] 
 
 A pulling or tearing from or asunder; a rending 
 or forcible separation. 
 
 A-WAIT', ti. £. [a and ira/f. Pee Wait. Fr. guetter, 
 to watch ; guct, a watch ; It. guatare, to look or 
 watch.] 
 
 Literally, to remain, hold, or stay. 
 
 1. To wait for ; to look for, or expect. 
 
 Eetwixt the rocky j}i!I:ini fiabricl s-ti, 
 
 Chit-I of tlie angrlic STuards, aieaitiug nijht. Milton, 
 
 2. To be in store for; to attend ; to be ready for ; 
 as, a glorious reward awaits the good. 
 
 A-WAIT', n. Ambush ; a state of waiting for. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 A-WaIT'ING, ppr. Waiting for; looking for; ex- 
 pecting ; being ready or in store for. 
 
 A-\VaKE',7?. I pret, .\woKE, Awaked ; pp. Awaked. 
 [Sax. ^ciciccaii, jruciflii, or weccan; D. wekkcn ; Ger. 
 e 
 
 weehen ; Sw. vacka ; Dan. vcekke. The 1i. vigilo seems 
 to be foniied on this root. See Wake.] 
 1. To rouse from sleep. 
 
 1 Uwt 1 may awaJce him out of sleep. — John xi. 
 9. To excite from a stale resembling sleep, as from 
 death, stupidity, or inaction ; to put into action, or 
 new life; as, to awake the dead; to aico/vt the dor- 
 mant faculties. 
 A-WaKE', v. u To cease to sleep; to come from a 
 state of natural sleep. 
 
 Jacob aiMked out ol sleep, — Gen. xxviii. 
 9. To bestir, revive, or rouse from a state of inac- 
 tion ; to be invigorated with new life ; as, the mind 
 awakes from its stupidity. 
 
 AiBOke, O swonl, ajainst my shepherd. — Zech. xiii. *. 
 
 3. To rouse from spiritual sleep. 
 
 Avxike, thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ 
 
 sltdl 2ri«- thee li jlit. — Knh. v. 
 AtxJce to ri^teuusne&s. — t Cor. xv. 
 
 4. To rise from the dead. Job xiv. 
 A-WaKE', a. Not sleeping ; in a state of vigilance 
 
 or action. 
 
 A-VVAK'A'.\, (a-wa'kn,) v. t. This is the word awake, 
 w'Mi its Sa.von infinitive. It is transitive orinlmnsi- 
 tive, but more frequently transitive, as awake is 
 more frequently intmnsitivc. Its significations are 
 the same ,is those of awakr. 
 
 A-\\'aK'ES-ED, (a-wik'nil,) pp. Roused from sleep, 
 in a natural or iiiorul sense. 
 
 A-WaK'£.\-/.'R, n. He or that which awakens. 
 
 A-WAK'i;\-IiV(i, ppr. Rousing from sleep ; exciting; 
 awaking. 
 
 A-W.AK'i-;.\-ING, 71. A revival of religion, or more 
 general attention to relitiion than usual. 
 
 A-WAK'^;.\-ING-LY, adv. In a manner to awaken. 
 
 A-WARD', r. f. [Scot, irardc, determination ; .Norm, 
 ^an/a, award, judgment ; a^ari/fC, awarded. See 
 Gl'ard and Reoard.] 
 
 To ailjtulge ; to give by sentence or judicial deter- 
 mination ; to assign by sentence. This word is ap- 
 propriately usetl to express the act of arbitrators in 
 pronouncing upon the rights of p,arties; as, the ar- 
 Itilrators awarded damages to .\. B. 
 
 A-WARD', V. 1. To judge ; to determine ; to make an 
 
 A-WARD', n. [aicarii. 
 
 1. A judgment, sentence, or find decisi.m ; a-s, 
 the award of Providence, the award of |iosterity. 
 
 2. More particularly, tiw decision of arbitrators in a 
 case submitted. 
 
 3. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators. 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, yNITE. — AiVGER, VI"CI0U.S — € as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 Ad 
 
AWK 
 
 A-WAU[)'ED, pu. Adjmlgeil, or given by judicial 
 sciiit'iuf, or hv tlie dt-cisum nf arbitrators. 
 
 A-\\ A1U) ER, ;i. One tliat awards, or assigns by 
 seiili-nce or judicial determination ; a jiidf;e. T/wmson. 
 
 A-\VAK1)'IXG, ;i7ir. Adjudging; assigning by judi- 
 cial sentence; determining. 
 
 A-\V^RE', a. [Snx. gewurian. to take care, provide, 
 avoid ; to preserve or defend ; also, covered, pro- 
 tected ; Karian, to beware ; war, aware. See VVare 
 and VVarv.] 
 
 Watchful ; vigilant ; guarded ; but more strictly, !n 
 modern usage, apprised ; expecting an event from 
 iiifurniatiun, or probability ; as, the general was 
 aware of the enemy's designs. 
 
 A-VVAllN', V. t. To warn ; which see. Spenser. 
 
 A-VVX Y', m/i). [Sax. awf^', absent, a and wes, way; 
 also oiiucfr, away, and awegan^ to avert. See Way.] 
 
 1. Absent; at a distance; as, the master is amai/ 
 frum home. 
 
 H.ive me aieaij, for I am wounded. — 2 Chron. xxxv. 
 
 2. It is much used in phrases signifying moving or 
 going from ; as, go awatj, send airaij, run away, &c. ; 
 all signifying departure, or separation to a distance. 
 Sometimes without the verb ; as, whither away so 
 fast Skak. 
 
 Love hath wings, and will away. Walter. 
 
 3. As an exclamation, it is a command or invita- 
 tion to depart ; aicay, that is, be gone, or let us go. 
 
 4. With verbs, it serves tu modify their sense, and 
 form peculiar phrases ; as, 
 
 To tlirorc away ; to cast from, to give up, dissipate, 
 or foolishly destroy. 
 
 Tu trifle awaij; to lose or expend in trifles, or in 
 idleness. 
 
 To drink away, to squander away, &c. ; to dissipate 
 in drinking or extravagance. 
 
 To ma)ie away with, is to kill or destroy. 
 
 5. Jlinuy with, has a peculiar signification in the 
 phrase, " I can not away with it." Isa. i. The sense 
 is, " I can not bear or endure it." 
 
 jJway with one, signifies, take him away. 
 
 A-WaY'WAKD, adv. Away. Oower. 
 
 AWE, (aw,) n. [Dan. ave, fear, awe, chastisement, dis- 
 cipline ; avc, to chastise or correct ; Gr. nj uoj, to be 
 astonished. Uu. Ir. agh ; Sax. ege or oga, fear ; Goth. 
 airjan, or ogan, to dread. It would appear that the 
 primary sense of the Dan. is to strike, or check.] 
 
 1. Foar mingled witli admiration or reverence ; 
 reverential fear. 
 
 Stand in awe and sin not. — Ps. iv. 
 
 2. Fear ; dread inspired by something great, or 
 terrific. 
 
 AWE, V. t. To.strike with fear and reverence ; to in- 
 "fluence by fear, terror, or re.spect; as, his majesty 
 
 utced them into silence. 
 A-We.\'RY, a. Wearv ; which see. Shak. 
 A-WE.\TirER, (a-weth'er,) ado. [a and weather.] 
 On the weather-side, or toward the wind ; as, helm 
 
 a^ceather! opposed lo alee. jMar. Diet. 
 
 AWE-eO.M-MAND'IXG, o. Striking with or influ- 
 " dicing by awe. Oray. 
 AW' ED, (awd,) pp. Struck with fear ; influenced by 
 
 fear or reverence. 
 A- WEIGH', fa-way',) ailv. [a and laeigh.] 
 
 Atri]). The anchor is awr.igh when it is just drawn 
 
 out of the ground, and hangs perpendicular. [See 
 
 Axnii'.] 
 
 AWE-lN-SPIIl'ING, a. Impressing with awe. 
 
 Bp. Hubart. 
 
 AWE'-STRUCK, a. Impressed or struck with awe. 
 AW'FIJL, a. [awe and full.] [Jititton. 
 
 1. 'i'lial strikes with awe ; that fills with profound 
 reverence ; as, the awful majesty of Jehovah. 
 
 2. That fills with terror and dread ; as, the awful 
 approach of death. 
 
 3. Struck with awe ; scrupulous. 
 
 A weak and awful reverence for nntitjuify. ^Vatte. 
 
 Shakspcare uses it for obedient, or tinder due awe 
 of authority or dignity. 
 
 Our common people use this word in the sense of 
 frightful, iiglv, detestable. 
 AW'FJjL-EV-'£D, (-ide,) a. Having eyes that excite 
 awe. 
 
 AWFUL LY, flrfr. In a manner to fill with awe ; in 
 
 a reverential manner. 
 AW'F!JL-NESS, n. 
 
 1. The <|iiality of striking with awe, or with rev- 
 erence ; solemnity ; as, the awfulness of this sacred 
 place. 
 
 2. The state of being struck with awe. 
 
 A help to prayer, producing In na reverence and awfulne*». 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 f JV»( Ugitimate.] 
 A-WIIAI'E', V. I. [W. rwnpiaw, to strike smartly.] 
 
 AXJ 
 
 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands or of 
 instruments ; unready ; not dextrous ; bungling. 
 
 Drydni. 
 
 2. Inelegant ; impolite ; ungraceful in manners ; 
 clumsy. Shak. 
 
 3. Unfavorable; untoward ; adverse ; unfortunate. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 AWK'WARD-LY, adv. Clumsily ; in a rude or bun- 
 gling manner ; inelegantly ; badly. 
 
 AWK'WARD-NESS, n. Clumsiness ; ungracefulness 
 in manners; want of dexterity in the use of the 
 hands or instruments ; unsuitableness. .Addison. 
 
 AWL, )i. [Sax. ffii, an awl, and an eel ; Ger. aJdc, an 
 awl, and aal, an eel ; D. els, an awl ; aal, an eel ; 
 Dan. aal, an eel ; Ir. ad, a sting or prickle.] 
 
 An iron instniment for piercing small holes in 
 leather, for sewing and stitching ; used by shoe- 
 makers, saddlers, &c. The blade is either straight, 
 or a little bcni and flattened. 
 
 AW'LESS, a. [awe and less.] 
 
 1. Wanting reverence ; void of respectful fear ; as, 
 awless insolence. Dryden. 
 
 2. Wanting the power of causing reverence; not 
 exciting awe ; as, an awless throne. S/mk. 
 
 AWL'-SHaP-£D, f-shapt,) a. 
 
 1. Having the shape of an awl. 
 
 2. In botany, subulate ; slender, and tapering to- 
 ward the extremity, as a leaf. 
 
 AWL'WORT, 71. [awl anil wort. See Wort.] 
 
 The popular name of the Subulaiia aquatica ; so 
 called from its awl-shaped leaves, which grow in 
 clusters round the root. It is a native of Britain and 
 Ireland. Encyc. 
 
 Xum'' I ^' "'"""^ 
 
 A Dutch liquid measure, containing eight steckans, 
 or twenty verges or verteels, varying in different 
 cities from 37 to 41 English wine gallons. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 AWN, n. [Sw. agn ; Gr. a^i-a, axrr].] 
 
 The beard of corn or grass ; a slender, sh.irp pro- 
 cess issuing from the chafl' or glume in corn and 
 grasses. MartytA 
 AVVN'£D, (awnd,) a. In botany, furnished with an 
 
 awn, as a glume. 
 AWA'ING, n. [Goth, hnlyan, to coverj 
 
 LA cover of ciJnvas, to shelter from the sun's 
 rays ; originally employed as a shelter to a vessel's 
 deck, or a boat, but now used for various other pur- 
 poses; as in gardening, for protecting plants, and in 
 cities, as a shade around buildings. 
 
 2. That part of the poop-deck which is continued 
 forward beyond the bulk-head of the cabin. 
 
 Jllar. Diet. 
 
 AWN'LESS, a. Without awn or beard. 
 AWN'Y, a. Having awns ; full of beard. 
 A-W6KE'. The pret. of Awake. 
 A-WORK', adv. [Sax. geweorcan, to work.] 
 
 At work ; in, or into, a state of labor or action. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 A-WORK'ING, adv. At work ; in, or into, a stale of 
 working or action. Hnbberd^s Talc. 
 
 A-WU?', a. or adv. [Dan. vride, to twist ; vrien, twist- 
 ed ; Sw. vrida; Sax. writhan, to writke.'j 
 
 1. Turned or twisted toward one side f not in a 
 straight or true direction, or position ; asquint ; with 
 oblique vision ; as, to glance a look awry ; the lady's 
 cap is aiory. 
 
 2. In a figurative sense, turned aside from the line 
 of truth, or right reason ; perverse or perversely. 
 
 Sidney. Milton. 
 AX, n. [improperly written Ax E.] [Sa\, o'z, eax, ase ; 
 G. uzt; Sw. yza; Dan. Sie; L. ascia; Gr. o(in) ; It. 
 
 To Btrike ; to confound. [Ub.i.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 [Tliit* i** our vulgar vhop.] 
 A-WHILE', adn. [a nnil wlnlr, time, or Interval.] 
 
 A -"pace of lime ; for «onie lime ; for a short time. 
 ^WK, a. < )d(l ; out of order. J.'Kitrnngr. 
 2. CliiniKy in iH'rforiiiancc, or manners; unhandy ; 
 not dexlroiiH. [yutgar.] 
 ftWK'WARIJ, o. [awk and ward.] 
 
 azia; Eth 
 
 hatzi, an ax ; or Ar. 
 
 haita. 
 
 to cut J Ch. and Syr. N3''i!n hatiina, an ax. J 
 
 An instrument, usually of iron, for hewing timber 
 and chopping wood. It consists of a head with an 
 arching edge, and a helve or htindle. The ax is of 
 two kinds, the broad ar. for hewing, and the varrote 
 az for rough-hewing and cutting. The hatchet is a 
 small ax, to be used with one hand. 
 
 AX-A-Ya'CATL, 71. A fly, in Mexico, whose egg.i, 
 deposited on rushes and flags, in large quantities, are 
 sold and used as a sort of caviare, called ahuauJitli. 
 This was a dish among the Mexicans, as it now is 
 among thi: Spaniards. Clavigcro. 
 
 AX'-FORM, I a. In botany, having a rc- 
 
 AX'-SHAP-KD, (-shSpt,) \ semblance to un ax or 
 hatchet ; dolabriform. 
 
 AX'-HEAD.n. The head or iron of an ax. SKingsvi. 
 
 AX'-HELViE, n. The lianille of an ax. 
 
 AX'I-AL, a. Pertaining to an axis. Front. 
 
 AX-IF'ER-OUS, a. A term applied to plants which 
 consist exclusively of an axis, without leaves or other 
 apipciidnges. Brandc. 
 
 AX'I-FORM, a. [L. azis and forma.] 
 
 In the form of an axis. Encyc. 
 
 AX'IL, I n. [L. a/i//« ; Ir. asnal; Fr. autsellr; D. 
 
 AX-IL'LA, i Old, the armpit; Ch. and Heb. to 
 separate or set apart ; wlienie I'j^llN armpits.] 
 In botany, the angle, on the upper side, formed by 
 
 AXO 
 
 a brani h with the .stem, or by a leaf, or its petiole, 
 with the stem or branch. Jlilne. Darwin. 
 
 AX'ILE, a. Lying in the axis of any thing, or from 
 the base to the opposite end; as an embryo which 
 lies in the axis of a seed. Brandc. 
 
 AX'IL-LAR, la. Pertaining to the axilla or arm- 
 
 AX'iL-LA-KY, ( pit. 
 
 2. In botany, situated in, or rising from, the axilla ; 
 formed by a branch with the stem, as a leaf, or by a 
 leaf, or its petiole, with the stem or branch, as a 
 
 AX'IN-ITE, ?i. [Gr. ofii/:), an ax.] [flower. 
 A mineral, occurring in brilliant glassy crystals, 
 with thin and sharp edges, somewhat resembling an 
 ax. It consists chiefly of silica, alumina, lime, and 
 oxide of iron. It is the Ihumerslone of Kirwan, and 
 has been also called yanolite and violet schorl. Dana, 
 
 AX-IN'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. o^i;"?, an ax, and itavreia, 
 divination.] 
 
 Among the ancients, a species of divination, by 
 means of an ax, or hatchet, performed by laying an 
 agate-sttme on a red-hot hatchet, or by fixing a hatch- 
 et on a round stake, so as to be poised ; then the 
 names of those suspected were repeated, and he at 
 whose name the hatchet moved, was jironounced 
 guilty. Encyc. 
 AX'IOM, 71. [Gr. aft wiin, authority, an authoritative 
 sentence, or that which is assumeti, from /i(i>if, wor- 
 thy, ajiocj, to think worthy, to esteem, to demand ; 
 Eng. to ask [to ax ;] that which is asked, sought, or 
 esteemed.] 
 
 1. A self-evident truth, or a proposition whose 
 truth is so evident at first sight, that no process of 
 reasoning or demor»stration can make it plainer ; as, 
 " the whole is greater than a part." Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 2. An established principle in some art or science ; 
 a principle received without new proof. Enciic. 
 
 AX-I-O-MAT'ie, j a. Pertainingto an axiom ;"hav- 
 
 AX-I-O-.M AT'ie-.-VL, ! ing the nature of self-evident 
 truths or received principles. 
 
 Prcf. to Bacon's .Aphorisms. 
 
 AX-I-O-MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. Bv the use of axioms. 
 
 AX'I-O-PIST-Y, n. [Gr. .if,„t and ri^rij, faith.] 
 The quality which renders a thing worthy of be- 
 lief ; worthiness of credit. 
 
 AX'IS, II. ; pi. Axes. [L. ; Gr. af iv; Russ. as; Sax. 
 tBz ; Fr. aze, or ahsieu, essieu i G. achse ; D, as ,• It. 
 asse ; Sp. eze ; Port, ezo, eizo.] 
 
 1. The straight line, real or imaginary, passing 
 through a body, on which it revolves, or may re- 
 volve. 
 
 Azis of tlie earth ; the imaginary right line passing 
 through the center and poles of the earth, on which 
 it perforins its diurnal revolution from west to east. 
 
 2. In geometry, a straiglit line in a plane figure, 
 about which it revolves to produce a solid. 
 
 3. In conic sections, a right line dividing the section 
 into two equal parts, and cutting all its ordinates at 
 right angles. 
 
 4. In mechanics, the axis of a balance, is that line 
 about which it moves, or rather turns. 
 
 The azis of oscillation, is a right line parallel to the 
 horizon, passing through the center, about which a 
 pendulum vibrates. 
 
 The axis in pcritrochio, or jvheel and azlr, is a me- 
 chanical power, consisting of a wheel concentric 
 with a cylindrical axis, with which it revolves ; 
 the power being applied to the circumference of 
 the wheel, anil the weight to that of the axis. 
 
 5. In optics, a particular ray of light from any ob- 
 ject, which falls perpendicularly on the eye ; called, 
 also, the tfptic or visual axis. 
 
 6. In architecture, the spiral axis, is the axis of a 
 twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the 
 circumvolutions without. 
 
 7. In botany, the central part or column of a plant, 
 around which the other parts are disposed, corre- 
 sponding to the vertebral column in the higher orders 
 of animals ; divided into the ascending axis, or stem, 
 and the descending axis, or root, which are united by 
 the collet or neck. The term is also applied, in a 
 limited sense, to the central column in some modes 
 of inflorescence, as in the anient, and the spike of 
 grasses. 
 
 8. In ajiafomy, the term axis is applied to the second 
 vertebra of the neck, called also vertebra dcntata ; 
 and ton tooth-like process, ( proccosii-i drntatus,)an 
 its upper surface, which passes upward through the 
 central foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, thus 
 serving as a pivot on which tlic latter turns, whence 
 the term. 
 
 The azis of the Tonic capital, is a line passing per- 
 pendicularly through the middle of the eye of the 
 volute. 
 
 The azis of a vessel, is an imaginary right line pass- 
 ing through the middle of it, perpendicular to its 
 base, and equally distant from its sides. 
 AX'1'f-TRFE i "• [^"X. ffz and «rcf. See Axis.] 
 
 A piece of liinber or bar of irtm, fitted for insertion 
 in the hobs or naves of wheels, on which the wheels 
 turn. 
 
 AX'O-LOTL, ji. The name of a batrarhian reptile, 
 of the genus Gyrinu.s, found in the Lake of Mexico, 
 and other lakes in the Mexican Cordilleras. It Is 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
B 
 
 BAB 
 
 BAB 
 
 about 8 or 9 iiu lics in leiiKtli, aiiil lias a smooth skin 
 of a deep lirowii color, tliickly inotIli,-d witli lilack. 
 It lias iwriiiaiieiit gills ur krunchiie, formed of tliree 
 lone, raniilied processes on cacli side of the neck, 
 and also lungs ; and thus, like tlio Proteus and fiiren, 
 is one of the true ainp/tibta. Cyc, 
 AX-OT'O-MUUS, a. [Gr. ufui', axis, and rtfivio, to 
 cleave.] 
 
 In mmtratotpj, having a cleavage with a single face, 
 perpendicular to the axis. Sticpard. 
 AX'STo.\DT, n. Alight green or grcenisli-gray min- 
 eral, remarkable for its toughness ; a variety of jade 
 or neplirite. It is used by some .savages, particularly 
 the natives of the South Sea Isles, for making axes or 
 hatchets. It occurs amorphous, and in rolled frag- 
 ments. Dana. 
 AX'UNOE, n. [L. azungia.] llog's lard. Urt. 
 AY, j (i'e,) nrfu. [G. D. Dan. Sw.ja, (prun. ya ;) Dan. 
 AVE, ) eju ; Corn, ia : At. ija ; Ft. uui. It may be a 
 contracted word. J 
 
 Yes ; yea ; a word exprcssingr assent, or an aflirma- 
 tive answer to a question. It is used also to enforce 
 the sense of what is a^sserted, eipiivalent to eucn so, 
 truhff certainty. 
 
 [This word is always written /, in the old editions 
 of Sliakspeare.] 
 AYE, ailu. [Sax. aa, a, or aira ; Gr. an ; Amh. ai, con- 
 tinually ; D. eeuw, an age ; Goth, aiio, an age, eterni- 
 ty i L. (et}t/m, which, without its termination, is i/^r, 
 ccw, a contracted word ; \V. haiiu. This is in Sax. 
 ecc, eternal ; whence ecnessCy eternity, from ccun, to 
 increase, extend ; Eng. to rkc] 
 
 Always ; over ; continually ; for an indefinite time ; 
 Foriuie; forever. histd in poetry. 
 
 AY'GIIEE.N', II. [aye, ever, and yrr™.] 
 
 The llouse-Ieek, {srmjifrricnm tccUmiin.') 
 AYLE, «. In /«ic, a gnindfather. [See Bcsavle.] 
 
 IVnt of aijlei a writ in lieii of an assize of mart 
 d'ancestor, when the abatement happens on the death 
 of the demandant's grandfather or grandmother. 
 
 Black^tone. 
 
 AY ME, inter;'. Used, in several instances, by Milton, 
 instead of ah me ! 
 
 Ay me t imtiappy. ComuM. 
 
 J'Y-RY. Pee Aebie. 
 AZ'A-UOLE, 71. [Fr. azn-olf.] 
 
 The Cruta^us aiarulus, or Neapolitan medlar j a 
 fruit-bearing shrub, allied to the white thorn. 
 
 AZ'I-MUTH, n. [Ar. lV^jw samatlia, to move or go 
 So, 
 
 toward ; (L- semita,) a way or path ; with a 
 
 prefix.] 
 
 1. In astronomii,nn arch of the hori7.(Ui intercepted 
 between the iiienili.iil of the place and the aiiinulh 
 or vortical circle passing through the center of any 
 object. 
 
 'J. .^furnrtical aumutli ; an arch of the horizon, in- 
 tercepted between the azimutli or vertical circle, 
 passing through the center of any heavenly body 
 and the magnetic meridian. This is found by ob- 
 serving the object with an azimuth compjiss. 
 
 3. .9:im«(/i campas.i ; an instrument lor finding 
 either the magnetic azimuth ur amplitude of a 
 heavenly object. 
 
 4. jliimiiUi dull; a dial whose stilo or gnomon is at 
 right angles to the plane of the horizon. 
 
 5. JiiinuttJip, aziniuUi circle.^, or vertical circlf.-i, are 
 great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in 
 the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right 
 angles. On charts, these azimuths are represented 
 by rhumbs, and on the globe, by the quadrant of 
 altitude, when screwed in the zenith. 
 
 F.ncyc. Otanibcrg. Johnson. Bailey. 
 .•\Z'1-MUTII-.\L, a. rertaining to the azimuth. 
 .•i-Zo'lC, a. [(ir. II priv. and ^ojr/, life.] 
 
 I)Lstitute of any vestige of organic life. Dana. 
 A-ZoTE', 11. [Gr. a priv. and ^w<), life, or ^utikos, 
 vital.] 
 
 In cliemUtry, an clement, existing, when nncom- 
 biiK'd, in the state of a gas ; called azote, from its 
 fatal etfects upon animal life, but more generally 
 nitrofrcn, from its forming nitric acid by combination 
 with oxygen. It exists, together with o.xygen, in at- 
 mospheric air, and forms about seventy-nine parts in 
 a hundred of it, by volume. Combined with hy- 
 drogen, in a certain proportiim, it forms ammonia ; 
 and it enters into the composition of most animal 
 siihsnncis, particularly of the iniisciilar tilier. 
 
 A/.'OTII, II. In a.'elirmy, llie first priiicinle or mercury 
 of metals; the liquor of siililiiiiatiin ipiicksilver ; 
 brass; the universal remedy of Paracelsus. 
 
 Coze. Qumn/. 
 
 A-ZOT'ie, a. Pertaining to azote ; funned or con- 
 sisting of azote ; as, azotic gas. 
 
 AZ'O-'l'lTE, 11. A name given by Thompson to a 
 salt, supposed by Davy to be formed by the combina- 
 tion of nitrous oxyd with a base, and called by him 
 TiifnixiV. 
 
 AZ'O-TIZE, V. U To impregnate witli nitrogen or 
 azote. 
 
 AZ'O-TIZ-KD, pp. Impregnated with azote. 
 AZ'0-TIZ-lNG, ppr. Impregnating with azote. 
 AZ'UKE, (azh'ur iir a'zhiir,) a. [Persic, lazurd, blue ; 
 
 Fr. azur ; Sp, aznl, or azur ; It. aziurro i W.asar, 
 
 blue. Hence lazuli, in lapis lazuli.] 
 Of a sky-blue; resembling the clear blue color of 
 
 the sky. 
 
 AZ'lIRE, (azh'ur or a'zhur,) n. The fine blue color 
 
 of the sky. This word was fonnerly applied to the 
 lupi.i Uiziili, and the color propari il t'roiii it. lint il is 
 now applied to the blue extracted from coball, llioiigh 
 Honiewliat a dilfi reiit color ; the blue of the /a;/u 
 lazuli is called ultramarine. 'i*lio term azure is n\y- 
 plii d also to the blue glass made of the ovyd of 
 cobalt and vitrifiabic substances, when reduced to 
 fine powder. When in masses, it is called smnlL 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 2. The sky, or azure vault of heaven. 
 
 3. Ill heraldry, a blue color ill coats of all persons 
 under the degree of baron. Jones. 
 
 'i'lie term azure, in heraldry, denotes a blue color 
 gen(^rally, not only in the arms of all degrees of per- 
 sons, but in those of states, cities, and coiniminities. 
 The limitation of azure to the arms of gentlemen, of 
 sapphire to those of noblemen, and of Jiipitrr to those 
 of sovereign princes, or the mode of blazoning by 
 tinctures, precious stones, and planets, in those three 
 degrees respectively, is not generally admitted. 
 
 Hd. Kneyc. 
 
 AZ'URE, azh'ur or a'zhur,) v. t. To color blue. 
 AZ'tjll/n), (azh'iiril or a'zhurd,) a. Colored azure; 
 
 being of an azure color. Sidney. Sliak. 
 
 AZ'liRE-STf)NE, n. A synonym of the lapis lazuli, 
 
 and also of the l.azulite. 
 AZ'URE-T1M" ED, a. Having a tint of azure color. 
 AZ'ljU-ITE, n. A synonym of the lazulite, and also 
 
 of the blue malachite. 
 AZ'URN, a. Of a blue color. [Little used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 AZ'Y-GOS, a. [Gr. a priv. and Cvyoi; a yoke.] 
 
 In anatomy, a term applied to certain parts or or- 
 gans, which have no fellow, or are not one of a pair, 
 'i'hcse parts are situated in or near the mesial plane 
 of the body. 
 
 Jlzy^os muscle; a inusrlo extending along the mid- 
 dle of the soil palate and uvula, which draws the 
 latter organ upward and forward. 
 
 .^zyiros process ; a spinous process in the middle of 
 the anterior and inferior surfaces of the sphenoid 
 bone, uniting with the vomer and the nasal plate of 
 the ethmoid bone. 
 
 Jizytfos vein, (vena azy^os;) a vein which com- 
 mences, in the lumbar region, by anastomosis with 
 the inferior vena cava, or some of its branches, and, 
 extending upward along the right and anterior part 
 of the .spine, terminates in the superior vena cava, 
 a little above the pericardium. 
 
 AZ'YiME, n. [Fr.] [See AivMous.] Unleavened 
 bread. f-V"* "i use.] 
 
 AZ'Y-MITE, n. [See AzvMots.] In church history, 
 a term applied to Christians who administer the 
 Eucharist with unleavened bread. Kncyc 
 
 AZ'Y-.\10US, a. [Gr. a priv. and ^vjni, leaven.] 
 Unleavened ; unfermealed ; as sea-biscuit. Ash 
 
 B. 
 
 Bis the second letter, and the first articulation, or 
 consonant, in the English, as in the Hebrew, 
 Greek, l^itin, and most other alphabets. In the 
 Elhiopic, it is the ninth letter, and its shape is that 
 of a hitt. Perhaps from this or other like figure, it 
 received its Hebrew name, bclh, a house. It is a 
 mule and a labial, being formed by pressing the 
 whole length of the lips together, as in pronoun- 
 cing eb. It is less perfectly mute than p, .as m.ay be 
 perceived by pronouncing the syllables ab and ap. It 
 is convertible, 1st, with p, as in the Celtic ben or pen, 
 a mountain ; in the English beak and peak, beck and 
 peck; 2d, with v, as in the German silber, for siloer ; 
 and in Spanish, b and e arc otten used inditferently ; 
 3d, with /, as in English bore, and Latin foro ; 
 English bear, Latin fcro; in the Celtic bun, bunadh, 
 bunait, stock, origin, found.ition ; English found; 
 Latin fundamentum ; with the Greek 'ii, as Bilip, 
 for ^^lAlI^lrll^ ; 4th, with e and w ; as, Irish for, 
 Latin rents ; fear, vir ; Irish buiac, the wick of a 
 candle. 
 
 The Modem Greek B is always pronounced like 
 the English and the Russian 11 corresponds with it. 
 
 In composition, the letter B is changed into p be- 
 fore the letter p ; as in opprimo, from vb and premo ; 
 oppoHo, from ob and pniio ; into /, before /, as in ojfcro, 
 from ob and /era ; into c before c, as in occido, from 
 ob and cailo, and aedo. 
 
 As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews and 
 Greeks, as now by the .■\rabians, for 2 ; by the Ro- 
 mans for 30(), and with a d.ash over it, thus, B, for 
 3000. B is used also as an abbreviation ; thus B. A. 
 stand for I jchdor of arts ; B. L. for bachrlnr of 
 lams; B. I), for bachelor of dirinily ; B. F., prefixed 
 to the decrees of the old Romans, for bonum factum. 
 In music, B st-ands for the tone above .\ ; B |) , for 
 B flat, or the semitone major above A. B. also 
 
 TONE, BliLL, UNITE.— 
 
 stands for base, and B. C. for basso continuo, or 
 thorough base. 
 
 BX A, Ti. The cry or appropriate bleating of sheep. 
 
 B.\ A, p. i. To cry or bleat as sheep. 
 
 BA'AL, n. [Oriental, Sp3 lord.) 
 
 An idol among the aiirieiit Chaldeans and Syrians, 
 representing the sun. The word signifies also lurd, 
 or coiiiiiiander ; and the character of the idol was 
 varied by dilferent nations, at dilTerent times. Thus 
 Baal Bcrith is supposed to signify, the Lord of the 
 Covenant ; Baal Poor, or rather Baal Phegor, the 
 Lord of the dead. Ps. cvi. Baal Zebub, the god of 
 flies, &c. 
 
 BAB'BLE, V. u [D. babbclen; Fr. babiller ; properly, to 
 throw out.] 
 
 1. To utter words imperfectly or indistinctly, as 
 children.. Prior. 
 
 2. To talk idly or irrationally; to talk thought- 
 lessly. Arbulhnot. 
 
 3. To talk much ; to prate ; hence, to tell secrets. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 4. To utter sounds frequently, incessantly, or 
 indistinctly; as, a babbling echo; a babblimr stream. 
 
 BAH'BLE, V. t. To prate ; to utter. 
 
 H.VH'BLE, n. Idle talk ; senseless prattle. Shak.' 
 
 BAB'BLE- .ME.NT, M. Idle talk ; senseless prate ; un- 
 meaning words. .Milton. 
 
 BAB'ltLER, n. An idle talker; an irrational prattler; 
 a teller of secrets. 
 
 B.\U'BLING, ppr. or a. Talking idly ; telling secrets. 
 
 2. Uttering a succession of murmuring sounds ; 
 as, a babbling stream. 
 
 3. In hunting, bubbling is when the hounds are 
 too busy after tliev have found a good scent. 
 
 BAIi'ltLlNG, II. FiKihsh talk. 1 I'ini. vi. 
 BABE, n. [tier, buhe, a boy; Ir. baban ; D. babyn: 
 Syr. babul ; Pheiiician, babion ; At. babah, a babe,' an 
 
 5 3, 
 
 infant. Ar. babos, or baboson, the young of 
 
 manor hea.st ; Syr. ftnio.va, a little child. It is re- 
 markable that this Syriac and Arabic word fiir an 
 infant, is retained by the natives of Aiiieiica, who 
 call an infant pappoos. L. pupus, a word of endear- 
 ment; pupa, little girl; whence pupiUas, papilla, 
 pupil. Ar. bobohon, the beginning of yoitlli ; Gr. 
 
 ^ajiai, and Ta^ai ; At. Li Li baba, to say baba, that 
 
 is, father ; papa, a word taken from the first attempts 
 of children to [ironounce the name of a parent.] 
 An infant ; a young child of either sex. 
 
 BA'BEL, II. [Ileb.] Confusion ; disorder. BeaumonL 
 
 BAB'EK-Y, II. Finery to please a child ; any trifling 
 toy for children. Sidney. 
 
 BAIt'lSlI, a. Like a babe ; childish. Ascham. 
 
 BAIi'lSII-LY, ailr. Childishlv. 
 
 BAB'ISH-NESS, n. Childishness. 
 
 B.\B-OO.V', II. [Fr. babnum, so called from its resem- 
 blance to a babe. This name seems to have origina- 
 ted in the Oriental babion, papio. See Bare.] 
 
 A name common to several of the larger species 
 of monkeys, belonging to the genus Siiiiia, in the 
 cl.'iss .Mammalia, and order primates, according to 
 the system of Linnaeus ; but more recently consid- 
 ered as forming a distinct genus in the order Uiiad- 
 ni'nana and family Siiniic. Baboons have short tails ; 
 a long face ; a broad high muzzle ; dug-like tusks, or 
 canine teeth; and naked callosities on the bullocks. 
 They are found only on the eastern continent and 
 adjacent islands. F.nciic FjI. F.ncyc 
 
 BAB'LAH, II. The rind or shell of the fruii of the 
 Mimiisa cineraria. It contains gallic acid and tannin, 
 and has been used in dying drab. Vre. 
 
 Ai\"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
BAG 
 
 BA'BY, a. Like a young child; pertaining to an 
 infant. 
 
 B-\'I!V, 71. [See Babe.] An infant or young cliild of 
 either sex ; a habe ; {usrd in familiar laii^uaire.] 
 
 2. A small image in form of an infant, for girls to 
 play with ; a (loll. 
 
 Ba'BY, v. t. To treat like a young child. Young. 
 
 Ha'HV-HOOD, n. The state of being a baby. Jlsh. 
 
 BA'BY-HOUSE, n. A place for children's dolls and 
 babies. Swift. 
 
 B.\'HY-ISH, a. Likeababv; childish. 
 
 liAll-Y-Lo'NI-AN, ( a. Pert.aining to Babylon, the 
 
 B.'VB-Y-Lo'NISH, j capital of the ancient kingdom 
 of Bahijliinia, or to the kingdom. The city stood on 
 the River Fral, or Euphrates, and, it is supposed, on 
 the spot where the tower of Babel was founded. 
 2. Like the language of Babel ; mixed : confused. 
 
 B.'^B-Y-Lo'M-AN, ji. An inhabitant of Babylonia. 
 In ancient writers, an astrologer, as the Chaldeans 
 were remarkable for the study of astrolog\'. 
 
 BAB-Y-LOi\"ie, j a. Pertiiining to Babylon, or 
 
 BAB-Y-LO.\'ie-AL, i made there; as, Balnjhnic 
 garments, carpets, or hangings. Ennjc. 
 t. Tumultuous; disorderly. HarringUm. 
 
 BAB-Y-LON'ies, n. pi. The title of a fragment of 
 the history of the world, ending 2o7 years before 
 Christ, composed by Berosus, a priest of Babylon. 
 
 BAB-Y-ROUS'SA, n. In zoology, tl;e Indian hog, a 
 native of Celebes and of Buero, but not found on the 
 continent of Asia, or of Africa. This quadruped be- 
 longs to the genus Sus, in the class Manmialia, and 
 order BeliuE of Linna'us. From the outside of the 
 upper jaw spring two teeth twelve inches long, bend- 
 ing like horns, and almost touching the forehead. 
 Along the back are some weak bristles, and on the 
 rest of the body only a sort of wool. These animals 
 live in herds, feed on herbage, are sometimes tamed, 
 and their llesh is well tasted. When pursued hard, 
 they rush into the sea, swim or dive, and pass from 
 isle to isle. In the forest they rest their heads by 
 hooking their ui)per tusks on a bough. Eucyc. 
 
 BA'BY-SlllP, n. The sUite or condition of a baby. 
 
 BACK j " '^'^'^'■"■] 
 
 1. In narigation, a ferry-boat or praam. 
 
 2. In limcing, a large, "liat tub, or vessel, in which 
 wort is cooled before boiling ; hence called a coaler. 
 
 3. In dLtiilcrics, a vessel into which the liquor to 
 be fermented is pumped from the cooler, in order to 
 hi? worked with the yeast. 
 
 B-AC'CA, n. [L.] In botany, a berry; a fruit which 
 consists of a pulpy pericarp, without valves, inclos- 
 ing several naked seeds. jllilne. 
 
 BAC-CA-LAU'RE-ATE, n. [The first part of this 
 word is from the same root as bachelor ; or, as Bailey 
 supposes, from batca, berry ; and the latter part from 
 laiirm, a laurel, from the practice of wearing a gar- 
 land of bay ben'ies.] 
 The degree of bachelor of arts. 
 
 BACCATE, a. In botany, consisting of a berry, as a 
 fruit ; becoming succulent, and inclosing the seed, 
 and thus resembling a berry, as the calyx or recep- 
 tattle, in some plants. 
 
 BAC'Ca-TED, a. [L. baccatu.^, garnished with pearls, 
 from bacca, a berry. ]^ 
 Set or adorned with pearls ; having many berries. 
 
 BACeilA-NAL, { II. [from Bacc.liiis,Gx. Il<i«x->f, 
 
 BAOeil.'^-NA'LI-.AN, ( the deity of wine and rev- 
 eling. Qu. Ir. back, drunk; or D. bak, bowl; L. 
 poculum ; Gyp. bccliari, a cup ; or from raging, rev- 
 eling.] 
 
 One who indulges in drunken revels ; a drunkard ; 
 one who is noisy and riotous when intoxicated. 
 BACeilA-NAL, j a. Reveling in intemperate 
 B.AC-f'HA-NA'LI-AN, i drinking; riotous; noisy. 
 BAC eHA-NA'Ll-AiN, a. Pertaining to reveling and 
 drunkenness. 
 
 Even oaccltanalian madness has its charms. Coisper. 
 
 BAC-eilA-NA'LI-AN-LY, adv. In the manner of 
 bacchanaN'. 
 
 BAC'CHA-NALS, ) n. pi. Drunken fe.asts; the 
 
 BAe-eil.\-NA'LI-A, ( revels of bacchanalians. In 
 antii/uily, feasts in honor of Bacchus, the god of 
 wine. These were celebrated in sjiring and autumn, 
 with games and shows. Knctjc. 
 
 BACCIIA.NT, ( n. A mad priest or priestess of Bac- 
 
 BAC'CIIA.NTE, ( cbus. 
 
 BACCHIC, a. Jovial ; drunken ; mad with intoxi- 
 cation. 
 
 2. Rcl.iting to Bacchus, the god of wine ; as, a 
 bacchic feo-st, or song ; bacchic mysteries. 
 
 Fabcr, Encyc. 
 BAG-CIII'US, n. In ancient poetry, a foot composed 
 of n short syllable and two long ones ; as in 6nar1. 
 
 F.Hcye. 
 
 BACeilUH, n. The god of wine, and son of Jupiter 
 and Sefuele, daughter of Cadmus. 
 
 DAC-CIK'ER-OUH, a. [L. baccifer, of baeca, a berry, 
 and fero, to bear.] 
 
 That priKluceii berries, [.'^cc Bacca.] Baeciferous 
 plants, in Mime of the earlier systems of botany, in- 
 cluded all such plants as have a pulpy fVuit, whether 
 
 BAC 
 
 of the apple, berry, or cherry kind ; but in others, 
 comprehended such plants only as bear the pulpy 
 pericarp, called bacca, or berry. Milne. 
 BAe CIV'O-RQUS, a. [L. bacca, bem', and voro, to 
 eat.] 
 
 Eating or subsisting on berries; as, baccivorous 
 birds. 
 
 B.'VCII'E-LOR, 71. [Fr. bachelier; Sp. bachitter, a bach- 
 elor of arts and a babbler; Port, bacharel, id., and 
 barello, a shoot or twig of tile vine ; It. baccelliere, a 
 b.ichelor of arts ; bacchio, a staff; bacchctia, a rod ; L. 
 bacillus, a stick, that is, a shoot ; Fr. bachrlctte, a 
 damsel, or young woman ; Scot, baich, a child ; W. 
 biicgen, a boy, a child ; bacgcnes, a young girl ; from 
 bae, small. This word lias its origin in the name of 
 a child, or young person of either sex, whence tlie 
 sense of babbling in the Spanish. Or both senses are 
 rather from shooting, protruding.] 
 
 1. A young man who has not been married. 
 
 2. A man of any age, who has not been married ; 
 often with the word old. 
 
 3. A person who has taken the first degree in the 
 liberal arts .and sciences, at a college or university. 
 'J'his degree, or honor, is called the baccalaureate. 
 This title is given also to such as take the first de- 
 gree in divinity, law, or pliysic, in certain European 
 universities. 
 
 4. .\ knight of the lowest order, or, more correctly, 
 a young knight, styled a knight bacliehr. The Ger- 
 mans anciently constituted their young men knights 
 or soldiers, by presenting to them a shield and a 
 lance, in a great council. This ceremony answered 
 to that of the toga virilis of the Romans. In the 
 livery companies of London, those persons not yet 
 admitted to the livery are called bachelors. 
 
 BACH'E-LOR-SHIP, 7i. The state of being a bach- 
 elor. 
 
 2. The state of one who has taken his first degree 
 in a college or university. 
 B.-^CK, 71. [Sax. bae, birc ^ Dan. bag; Sw. bak; and 
 Sw. backe, bakke, a hill, a clod or lump. The sense 
 probably is a ridge, like the Ger. rocken, D. rug, ap- 
 plied to the shoulders, or to the back of a beast.] 
 
 1. The upper part of an animal, p.aiticularly of a 
 quadniped, whose back is a ridge. In human beings, 
 the hinder part of the body. 
 
 2. The outuMrd fir convex part of the hand, op- 
 posed to the inner, concave part, or palin. 
 
 3. As the back of a man is the part on the side op- 
 posite to the face, hence the part opposed to the 
 front ; as, the buck of a book, and of a chimney, or 
 the back of a house. 
 
 4. The part opposite to or most remote from that 
 which fronts the sjieaker or actor, or the part out of 
 sight ; as, the back of an isle, of a woOd, of a village. 
 
 5. As the back is the strongest part of an animal, 
 and .as the li<ack is behind in motion, hence the 
 thick and strong part of a cutting tool ; as, the back 
 of a knife, or of a saw. 
 
 6. The place behind or nearest the back ; as, on 
 the back of a hill, or of a village, 
 
 7. The outer part of the body, or the whole body ; 
 a part for the whole ; as, he lias not clothes to his 
 back. 
 
 8. To turn the back on one, is to treat with contempt, 
 to forsake, or neglect him. South. 
 
 9. To turn the back to one, to acknowledge to be 
 superior. 
 
 10. To turn the back, is to depart, or to leave the 
 care or cognizance of; to remove or be absent. 
 
 Davies. 
 
 11. Behind the back, is in secret, or when one is 
 absent. 
 
 12. To cast behind the back, in Scripture, is to forget 
 and forgive. Is. xx.xviii. 17 ; or to treat with con- 
 tempt. Ez. xxiii. 33. Nell. ix. 26. 
 
 13. To plow the back, is to oppress and persecute. 
 Ps. cxxix. 
 
 14. To bow the back, is to submit to oppression. 
 Rom. xi. 10. 
 
 BACK, ailr. To the place from which one came; as, 
 to go back, is to return. 
 
 2. In a figurative sense, to a formerstate, condition, 
 or station ; as, lie can not go back from his engage- 
 ments. 
 
 3. Behind ; not advancing ; not coming or bring- 
 ing forward ; as, to keep back a part ; to keep one's 
 self back, 
 
 4. Toward times or things past ; as, to look back 
 on former ages. 
 
 5. Again ; in return ; as, to give back the mon<'y. 
 
 6. To go or come back, is to return, either to a for- 
 mer place or state. 
 
 7. To go or gice back, is to retreat, to recede. 
 BACK, I). (. To mount; to get upon the back ; some- 
 times, perhaps, to place upon the back ; as, to back a 
 liorsf. Shttli. 
 
 2. To support ; to maintain ; to second or strength- 
 en by aid ; as, the court was backed by the Mouse of 
 Commons. Dryilrn. 
 
 3. To put backward ; to cause to retreat or recede ; 
 as, to back oxen. 
 
 4. 'J'o back a warrant, is for a justice of the pence, 
 In the county where the warrant is to be executed. 
 
 BAC 
 
 to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another 
 county, to apprehend an oftonder. Blackstune. 
 
 ^. In seamanship, to back an anchor, is to lay down 
 a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the 
 small one being fastened to the crown of the large 
 one, to prevent its coming home. 
 
 (j. To back astern, in rowing, is to manage the oars 
 in a direction contrary to the usual method, so as to 
 move a boat stern foremost. 
 
 I'o back the oars ; to row backward with the oars. 
 
 7. To bock the sails, is to anange them so as to 
 take out the wind, and thus to cause the ship to move 
 astern. Mar. Diet. 
 
 8. To back the field, in horse-racing, is to bet against 
 a particular liorse or horses, that some one of all the 
 other horses in the field will beat them. 
 
 Racing Calendar. 
 
 BACK, f. i. To move or go back ; as, the hoise re- 
 fuses to back. Encyc. 
 
 BACK'BiTE, v. t. [back and bite.] To censure, slan- 
 der, reproach, or speak evil of the absent. Prov. xxv. 
 
 BACK'BTT-ER, n. One who slanders, calumniates, 
 or speaks ill of the absent. 
 
 BACK'BlT-lNG, ?!. The act of slandering the absent ; 
 secret calumny. 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 BACK'BIT-ING-LY, ode. With secret slander. 
 
 Barret. 
 
 BACK'BoARD, 7i. [back and board.'] A board placed 
 across the after part of a boat for tlie passengers to 
 lean against. 
 
 2. A board attached to the rim of a water-wheel, 
 to prevent the water from running off the floats or 
 paddles, into the interior of the wheel. .Vicholson. 
 
 BACK'BONE, n. [back and bone.] The bone of the 
 back, or the spine. 
 
 BACK'BOX-ES, n. pi. The boxes on the top of the 
 upper case used for printers' types, usually appropri- 
 ated to small capitals. 
 
 B,4CK'e.\R-RY, 71. A having on the back ; a term 
 of law. 
 
 B.\CK'DoOR, 7!. [bach and door.] A door on the back 
 part of a building ; a private passage ; an indirect 
 wav. 
 
 BACk'£D, (bakt,) pp. Mounted ; having on the 
 back ; supported by aid ; seconded ; moved back- 
 ward. 
 
 BACK'£D, (bakt,) a. Having a back ; a word used in 
 composition ; as, broad-backed, huwp-backfd. 
 
 BACK'ER, 71. One who backs or supports another 
 in a contest. 
 
 2. In architecture, a small slate laid on the back of 
 a large one at certain points. Brande. 
 
 BACK'FRIEND, n. [back and friend.] A secret 
 enemy, ' South. 
 
 BACK-GAM'JION, 7i, [\V, bae, small, and cammaun, 
 conflict, battle ; camp, a game,] 
 
 A game played by two persons, upon a table, with 
 box and dice. The table is in two parts, on which 
 are 24 black and white spaces, called points. Each 
 player has 15 men of different colors for the purpose 
 of distinction. Encyc. 
 
 B.\CK'GROUND, 71. [back and ^roii7irf.] Ground in 
 the rear or behind, as opposed to the front. 
 
 2. A place of obscurity, or shade ; a situation little 
 seen, or noticed. 
 
 BACK' H A.N D-ED, a. [back and hand.] With the 
 hand turned backward ; as, a backhanded blow. 
 
 BACK'HAND-ED,a6(e. With the hand directed back- 
 ward ; as, to strike bacUianded. 
 
 BACK'HOUSE, 11. [back :\nii hou.ie.] A building be- 
 hind the main or front building ; a necessary. 
 
 B.^CK'ING, ppr. Mounting ; moving back, as a 
 horse ; seconding. 
 
 BACK'ING, 71. In horsemanship, the operation of break- 
 ing a colt for the s.addle. Gilbert. 
 
 2. In book-binding, the preparing of the back of a 
 book with glue, &c., before jiutting on the cover. 
 
 B.'\CK'Ii\(;-iJP, n. A term used in cricket and other 
 games, for stopping the ball and driving it back. 
 
 BACK'PaINT-ING, n. [back aiiA paint.] The meth- 
 od of painting me/./.otinto print-s, pasted on glass of 
 a size to fit the print. Encyc. 
 
 BACK'PIkCE, H. [hark and piece.] The piece of ar- 
 mor which rovers the back. 
 
 B.\CK'Iir.-'l'l;RN', h. Repeated return. Shal;. 
 
 BAl'K'-liOU.M, w. [back and riwiii.] .V room behind 
 the front' room, or in tlie back part of the hou.«e, 
 
 B.\("KS, 71, pi. Ainoug dealers in leather, the thick- 
 est and stoutest hides, used for sole leather, 
 
 Erirye. 
 
 BACK'SET, 0. [back and .icl.] Set upon in the rear, 
 
 ^inderson. 
 
 BACK'SET, 71, A check to the progress of any thing; 
 
 a relapse. [.Scotli'h.] 
 BACK'SIDE, n. [back and side.] The back part of 
 
 anything; the part behind that which is presented 
 
 to the face of a spectator. Ex. iil, 
 
 2. The hind part of an animal, 
 
 3, The yard, ground, or place behind n house. 
 BACK-SLIDE', v. i. [bark and slide.] To fall off; to 
 
 apostatize ; to turn gradually from the faith and 
 practice of ('hristinniiy. Jer. iii. Ilos. iv. 
 BACK-SLI1)'ER, n. An apostate ; one who falls from 
 the faith and practice of religion. Prov. xiv. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^LL, WH/LT METE, PRfiY. — PI.NE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 92 
 
BAG 
 
 BAF 
 
 BAI 
 
 ■2. One who neglects his vows of obedience and 
 
 fills into sin. . . 
 
 nA(;K-SLtl)'[NG, B. The act of apostatizing Irom 
 
 Oiith or imiclirc; a falling insensibly from religion 
 
 into sill or iilolatrv. Jer. v. (i. 
 UACK-SMD'ING-NESS, n. The state of backslidinf;. 
 BACK'STXFF, II. [hack and stnff, so called from its 
 
 beiiis used with the observer's back toward the 
 
 ^"Aliuadrant; an instriimcnt for taking the sun's 
 altitude at sea ; called also, from its inventor, Davis s 
 niiadnmt. , ^ 
 
 BAl'K'-STAlRS.n.p;. [tart and s((iirs.] Ptairs in the 
 bark part of a house ; private stairs; andyiVurodoe/y, 
 a private or indirect way. 
 
 BACK'S'l'SYS, «. ;>/. [back and stay.] Lons ropes 
 or «tavs extending from the toinnast heads to both 
 sides 'of a ship, slanlins a little aft, to assi<t the 
 shrouds in siipportini; the mast, when strained by a 
 weisht of sail, and prevent it from giving way and 
 falliiiK overboard. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BACIv'STfjNE, It. The heated stone on wliii-:i oat- 
 cake is buked. -V,.r/A -/ En<;Um(l. 
 
 B \CK'.-*\VoRI), «. [Mc'f and TiMri/.] A sword with 
 one sharp edge. In K/iir'fl"'', a stick with a basket 
 handle, used in rustic amusements. Arbuthnot. 
 
 BACK'WARD, ailn. [hack and ward. Sec VVabd.J 
 With the back in advance ; as, to move backward. 
 
 2. Toward the back ; as, to throw the arms back- 
 ward , to move backward and forward. 
 
 3. On the back, or with the back downward ; as, 
 to fall backward. , , r 
 
 4. Toward past times oi events ; as, to look back- 
 ward <m the history of man. 
 
 5. By way of rellection ; retlexivcly. Davies. 
 G. From a better to a worse state ; as, public atiairs 
 
 go backward. 
 
 7. In time past ; as, let us look some ages backward. 
 
 8. Perversely ; from a wrong end. 
 
 I ncvf r yd saw man, but the would spell him backtiard. SkaJc. 
 
 9. Toward the beginning ; in an order contrary to 
 the natural order ; as, to read backward. 
 
 10. Ill a scriptural sense, to backward, is 
 to rebel, apostatize, or relapse into sin or idolatry. Is. i. 
 
 11. Contrarilv ; in a contrary manner. .^j/""- 
 To be driven or turned backward, is to be defeated, 
 
 or disappointed. Ps. xl." . 
 
 To turn juditment backward, is to pervert justice 
 and laws. Is. lix. 
 BACK'WARD, a. Unwilling ; averse ; rclucUint ; 
 hesitating. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 VoT Winer btulM m baekiiard lo be tUra. 
 
 2. Slow ; sluggish ; dilatory. 
 
 The mind is brukwnrd to umlcrRO the faUgue of weijhinff e»fl7 
 aijunient. naUt. 
 
 3. Dull ; not quick of apprehension ; behind in 
 progress ; as, a backward learner. 
 
 4. Late ; behind in time ; coining after something 
 else, or after the usual lime ; as, backward fruits ; the 
 season is backward. 
 
 BACK'W.\RD, n. The things or state behind or past. 
 
 In the dark liacliieard oc abysm of lime. Sltalt. 
 
 [J^ot proper, nor in use.] 
 DACK'WARU-LY, adv. Unwillingly ; reluctantly ; 
 
 averselv ; perversely. 
 B.ACK' \V.\RD-.\'F,f;S, n. Unwillingness ; reluctance ; 
 dilatoriness, or dullness in action. 
 
 2. A state of being behind in progress ; slowness ; 
 tardiness ; as, Ihc backwardness of the spring. 
 BACK'-WA'TER, n. Water which sets back in a 
 stream, owing to some obstruction below. Also, 
 water thrown back\y the turning of a water-wheel. 
 BACK'WOODS'MAN, n. In (Ac United States, an in- 
 habitant of" the forest in the new settlements, espe- 
 cially on the western frontier. 
 BACK'WORM, n. [back and worm.'] 
 
 A small H orm, in a thin skin, in the reins or a 
 hawk. [See Fii-ANDEn-i.] Encyc. 
 BACK'-WOL'.M), ( wound or -woond,)r. t To wound 
 
 secretly behind the back. S/iak. 
 BA'eOiN', (bi'kn,) n. [\V. baeeum : U. bo^n. In old 
 charters, boea. CoweL In Ger. baehe is a wild sow.] 
 Hog's (lesh (sometimes that of the bear, 4cc.) salt- 
 ed or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 
 
 To sace one's bacon, is to preserve one's self from 
 harm. 
 
 BA-eO'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to 
 
 his system of philosophy. 
 BAC'QLE, It. [Fr. bascule.] 
 
 In fortification, a kind of portcullis or gate, made 
 like a pitfall, with a counterpoise, and supported by 
 two great stakes. Encyc. 
 BA€'lI-MTE, n. [L. Sacti/u...] 
 
 A name common to a genus of fossil shells, of a 
 straight form, a little conical, in their cellular struct- 
 ure resembling the ammonites. Ed. Encyc. 
 BAe-U-LOM'E-TRY, lu [L. baculus, a staff, and Or. 
 /itro^f, measure.] 
 
 The act of measuring distance or altitude by a staff 
 or staffs. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 B.\D, a. [Pers. Jvj bad, evil, depraved ; allied per- 
 haps to Ar. bttda. Heb. Ch. Syr. and Ham. niK 
 
 aJorf, to perish or destroy.] 
 
 1. Ill ■ evil ; opposed to good; a word of general 
 use, denoting physical defects and moral fiiults, in 
 men and things ; as, a bad man, a bad heart, a bad 
 design, bad air, bad water, bad books. 
 
 2. Vicious; corrupt; depraved, in a moral sense; 
 as, a boAl life ; a biul action. 
 
 3. Unwholesome ; as, bid provisions. 
 
 4. Unfortunate ; unprosperous ; as, a bad state of 
 
 5. Unskillful ; as, a bad player. [aliairs. 
 
 6. Small ; poor ; as, a bad crop. 
 
 7. Infirm ; as, a bad state of health. 
 
 8. Feeble, corrupt, or oppressive ; as, a bad govern- 
 ment. , ■ . ■ I. 1 <■ 
 
 9. Hurtful ; pernicious ; as, fine print is iiad for 
 
 the eves. 
 
 10. Unfavorable ; as, a bad season. 
 
 1 1. Poor ; sterile ; as, a bad soil. 
 
 12. Rough or muddy ; as, a bud road. 
 In short, bad expresses whatever is injurious, hurt- 
 ful, inconvenient, unlawful, or immoral ; whatever 
 is oflensive, painful, or unfavorable ; or what is de- 
 fective. 
 
 B \nE i "^''^ ""^ ^^^^ '''"'^ 
 
 BAUtSE, II. [I know not the alTinities of this word, 
 not having found it in any other language. Probably 
 it belongs to Class Bg.] . 
 
 1. A mark, sign, token, or thing, by which a per- 
 son is distinguished, in a particular pl.ace or employ- 
 ment, and designating his relation to a person or to 
 a particular occupation ; a-s, the bailee of authority. 
 
 2. The mark or token of any thing ; as, the badge 
 of bitterness. , S'"^'; . 
 
 3. An ornament on ships, near the stern, decorated 
 with fipires. . , ^ 
 
 BAD6E, t). U To mark, or distinguish with a badge. 
 
 ^bnk. 
 
 B\DGE'LESS, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall. 
 BADO'ER, n. fCiu. badge, supra ; or Sax. bygan, byc- 
 iran, to buy ; Norm, bugtre.] 
 
 " In law, a person who is licensed to buy corn m one 
 place and sell it in another, without incurring tlie 
 penalties of engrossing. CoidcI. 
 BADG'EU, n. A plantigrade quadruped of the genus 
 Ursus, (Linn.,) now ranked in a separate genus, 
 { Taxus or Meles,) of a clumsy make, with short, thick 
 legs, and long claws on the fore feet. It inhabits the 
 north of Europe and Asia, burrows, is indolent and 
 sleepy, feeds by night on vegetables, and is generally 
 verv fat. Its skin is used for pi-stol furniture ; its 
 flesh makes good bacon, and its hair is used for 
 brushes to soften the shades in painting. Encyc 
 
 The American badger is called the ground-hog, and 
 is sometimes white. Pennant. 
 BADG'ER, v. t. To follow up or pursue with great 
 ea"erness, as the badger is hunted ; to pester or wor- 
 " Rich, Dirt. 
 
 B.\D(5'EU-LEG-G£D, (-legd,) a. Having legs like a 
 badger. Johnson says, having legs of unequal length ; 
 biit,'^qii. short, thick legs. ShaJi 
 BAD-I-.X'GA, n. [Russ. badyaga.] 
 
 A small sponge, common in the north of burope, 
 the powder of which is used to take away the livid 
 marks of bruises. Encyc. 
 
 This is properly a cr)-ptogamic plant of the order 
 Algffi, and genus Badiaga, tliougli considered by Lin- 
 n.tus as a species of Spongia. Becker. 
 B.AD'I-.\i\E, j n. The seed of a tree in China, which 
 BAN'DI-AN, ( smells like anise seeds; used by the 
 Chinese and Dutch to give their tea an aromatic tosts. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 B.AD-I-GF:'ON, n. A mixture of plaster .and freestone, 
 ground together and sifted, used by statuaries to fill 
 the small holes and repair the defects of the stones 
 of which they make their suatiies ; also, a mixture of 
 saw-dust and glue, used by joiners to till up defects 
 in their work. Encyc. 
 B.«£>'/.V-ilOK, (bad'in4lzh,) It. [Fr.] Light or pl.ay- 
 
 ful discourse. Chesterfield. 
 BAD'LY, adv. ffrom bad.] In a bad manner; not 
 well; unskiUfully ; grievously; unfortunately; im- 
 perfectly. 
 
 BAD'NESS, n. The state of being b.ad, evil, vicious, 
 or depraved ; want of good qualities, natural or mor- 
 al ; as, the badness of the heart, of the season, of the 
 roads, &c. 
 
 BAF'FE-TAS, ( n. An India cotton clolh or plain 
 BAF'TAS, ! muslin. That of Surat is said to 
 
 be the best. Encyc. 
 BAF'FLE, r. t. [Fr. bejler, to make or play the fiml 
 with ; Sp. befar: It. beffare, id. It coincides in origin 
 with buffoon. In Scottish, 6c#, baff, signifies to »(riAr.] 
 To mock or elude by artifice ; to elude by shifts 
 and turns ; hence, to defeat, or confound ; as, to baf- 
 fie the designs of an enemy. 
 
 BAF'FLE, II. t. To practice deci-it. Barrow. 
 B\F'FLE, n. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns. 
 
 Siiuili. 
 
 n\F'FLKD, pp. Eluded ; defeated; confounded, 
 li AK'FLEK, «. One that baffles. 
 B.\F'FLL\'(J, ppr. or a. Eluding by shifts and turns, 
 or by stratagem ; defeating ; coiifipundiiig. A baf- 
 fiittg wind, amon% seamen, i^ one that frequently shifts 
 from one iKiiiit to another. 
 BAF'FLING-LY, a</«. In a battling manner. 
 B \F'FLli\G-NESS, n. Uiiality of baffling. 
 BAG, II. [Norm, bage, a bag, a coffer ; iia.nic.*, baggage. 
 This word seeins to be from thif root of p«c/i, pi'ue*, 
 Fr. poclie, or of the same family ; or it is front the 
 sense of tying, binding; Sp. baga, a rope or cord for 
 fastening loads cm beasts of burden. Hence baggage : 
 It. bngaglia; Sp. bagage ; Port, bagagem ; Fr. bagage: 
 Arm. para, a puci, and iag-uicA.] 
 
 1. A sack ; a pouch, usually of cloth or leather, 
 used to hold, preserve, or convey corn and other 
 commodities. 
 
 2. A sack, in animal bodies, containing some Muio 
 or other substance ; the udder of a female beait. 
 
 3. Formerly, a sort of silken purse tied to the hair. 
 
 4. In e.omu'terce, a certain cpiantity of a commodity, 
 such as it is customary lo carry to market in a sack ; 
 as, a buT of pepper or hops ; a ban of corn. 
 
 5. Aiuong furriers, a bag of asaf.-tiila and savin is 
 tied lo the bits of horses to restore their ap|)etites. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 BAG, ti. t. To put into a bag ; as, to bag game. [ Used 
 chiefly by xporUmen.] 
 2. To load with bags. 
 BAG, I), i. To swell like a full bag, as Sails when filled 
 with wind. , 
 BA-G.\SSE', n. The sugar-cane, when cnished and 
 
 dry ; used as fuel. , 
 B^O -f-rW-LE', (bag-i-ter,) n. [Tr. ; Sp. bagatda i 
 It. bagatclla; Arm. bagaiih.) 
 
 1. A trifle ; a thing of no import-incc. 
 
 2. .\ game played on aboard having, at the end, 
 nine holes, into which balls are to be struck, with a 
 rod held in the hand of the player. 
 
 B.\G'GAGE, n. [Fr. bagage. Uu. Eng. pof'.nM ; D. 
 pakkandjc, baggage, that which is packed. See B*o.] 
 
 1. The tents, clothing, utensils, and other necessa- 
 ries of an army. 
 
 2. The clothing and other conveniences which a 
 traveler carries with him on a journey. 
 
 Fuhionabte follies bajt4 argument. 
 
 j4non. 
 
 llavinr dispatched my baggnge by water 1» Alulorf. 
 
 * * Core, 6irU2. 
 
 [The English now call this luggage.] 
 B.\G'G.\6E, n. [Fr. bagasse; It. bagascia ; Sp. baga- 
 10, a catamite ; Pers. baga, a strumpet.] 
 
 1. A low, worthless woman ; a strumpet. 
 
 2. A. playful, saucy female. Ooldsmith. 
 B.\G'G1NG, ppr. Swelling; becoming protuberant. 
 B.\G'GI.NG, n. The cloth or materials for bags. 
 
 United SUttes. Fjiwards's IVcst Indies. 
 B.\GN''IO, (ban'yo,) >i. [It. bagno ; Sp. iano; Port. 
 banfw ; Fr. bain ; L. balneum.] 
 
 1. A bath ; a house for bathing, cupping, sweating, 
 and otherwise cleansing the body. In T urkey, it is 
 the name of jirisous w here slaves arc kept ; so called 
 from the baths which they contain. Encye. 
 
 2. .\ brotliel. . . 
 BAG'PIPE, n. [bag and pipe.] A musical wind in- 
 strument, used chiefly in Scotland and Ireland. It 
 consists of a leathern hag, which receives the air by 
 a tube, which is stopped by a valve ; and pipes, into 
 which the air is pressed by the performer. The bass- 
 pipe is called the drone, and the tenor or treble is , 
 called thecAaiifcr. The pipes have eight holes like . 
 those of a flute, which the performer stops and opens .1 
 at pleasure. There are sovcral species of bagpipes, 
 as the soft and melodious Irish bagpipe, with two J 
 short drones and a long one; the Highland bagpipe, i 
 with two short drones, the music of which is very 
 loud ; the Scot's Lowland bagpipe, which is plaved 
 with a bellows, and is also a loud instrument. T here 
 
 is also a small pipe, with a chanter about eight inches 
 in length. . -f^''^"'- 
 
 In seamanship, to bag-pipe thi mizien, is to lay it 
 aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen shrouds. 
 
 .Uir. DicL 
 
 BAG'PIP-ER, n. One who plays on a bagpipe. 
 
 BAG'RE, n. .\ small bearded fish, a species ol Silunis, 
 anguilliform, of a silvery hue, without scales, and de- 
 licious food. Diet, of Kat. irisL 
 
 B.\G'REEF, It. [bag ani reef .] A fourtli and lower 
 reef used in the British navy. Mar. DicL 
 
 BA-GUETTE', (ba-get',) n. [Fr. baguette, from ba-rue, 
 a ring ; Ir. beacht ; Sax. beag.] 
 
 In architecture, a little round molding, less than an 
 astragal, sometimes carved and enriched. 
 
 Encyc. .Johnson. 
 
 B.A-IIAR', I II. Weights used in the East Indies. The 
 
 BXR'RE, "Tfaf bahar, for weighing pepper, cloves, 
 nutmegs, &c., is lbs. 9 nz. avoirduixjis. 1 he Utile 
 bahar, for weighing quicksilver, vennilion, ivory, 
 silk, &c., is 437 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupois. Encyc 
 
 BaIGNE, v. U [Fr. baigner.] 
 
 To soak or drench. [M'ot used.] Carew. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IjmTE. — AJJ"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € asK;6a3j;Sa3Z;CHas SH ; TH a3 in THIS. 
 
 93 
 
BAI 
 
 CaIK'AL-ITE, n. [from Baikal, a lake in Northern 
 Asia.] 
 
 A jireenish variety of augite, occurring in prouped 
 or radiated aciciilar prisms. Dana. 
 HAIL, r. U [Fr. and Nonn. baillrr, to deliver, to lejise ; 
 
 Arm. boMilhat; Ar. J^J hahala; Eth. I^^h bale- 
 
 ali, to deliver, free, liberate, permit to go.] 
 
 1. To set free, deliver, or liberate from arrest and 
 imprisonment, upon security given that the person 
 bailed shall appear and answer in court. The word 
 is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magis- 
 trate bails a man, when he liberates him from arrest 
 or imprisonment, upon bond given with sureties. 
 The surety bails a person, when he procures his 
 release from arrest, by giving bond for his appear- 
 ance. Blackstone. 
 
 •2. To deliver goods in tnist, upon a contract, ex- 
 pressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithl^iilly 
 executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrust- 
 ed ; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a gar- 
 ment, or to bait gootis to a carrier. Blackstonc. 
 
 3. To free from water ; as, to bail a boat. This 
 word is improperly written bale. The word is prob- 
 ably the same as bail in law, to free, or liberate, and 
 signifies to throw out water, as witli a bucket or 
 shovel. 
 
 BAIL, n. The person or persons who procure the re- 
 lease of a prisoner from custody, by becoming sure- 
 ty for his appearance in court. 
 
 The bail must be rfa], substantial bondsmen. Blackstone, 
 B. and B. wereMii lo the arrest iu a suit at law. Kent, 
 
 Bail is not used with a plural termination. 
 
 2. The security given for the release of a prisoner 
 from custody ; as, the man is out upon bail. 
 
 Eicessiye bail ought not to be required. Blacltstone. 
 
 Bail is common or special. Comrnmbail are imagin- 
 an,- persons, who are pledges for the plaintifTs prose- 
 cution, as John Doe and Richard Roe. 
 
 Special bail must be men of real substance, sufficient 
 ' to pay their bond or recognizance. To perfect or jus- 
 tify bail, is to prove by the oath of the person that he 
 is worth the sum for which he is surety beyond his 
 debts. To admit to bail, is to release upon security 
 given by bondsmen. 
 
 3. The handle of a kettle or similar vessel. Forby. 
 
 4. In England, a certain limit within a forest. 
 BAIL'.\-BLE, a. That may be set free upon bond 
 
 with sureties; that may be admitted to bail ; used of 
 persons. 
 
 2. That admits of bail ; as, a bailable offense. 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 BAIL'BOXD, n. A bond or obligation given by a 
 prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's ap- 
 pearance in court, at the return of the writ. Also, 
 special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bounier. 
 
 BAIL'JED, pp. Released from custody on bonds for 
 appearance in court. 
 
 2. Delivered in tnist, to be carried and depesited, 
 redelivered, or otherwise accounted for. 
 
 3. Freed from water, as a boat. 
 
 BAIL-EE', n. The person to whom goods are com- 
 mitted in trust, and who has a temporary possession 
 and a qiuUiiicd property in them, for the purposes of 
 tile trust. Blaclistone. 
 
 BaIL'ER, ) Ji. One who delivers goods to another in 
 
 BAIL'OR, 1 trust, fur some particular purpose. 
 
 BAIL'IE, 71. A municipal officer in Scotland, corre- 
 sponding to an alderman in England. Brandt. 
 
 BaIL'IFF, 71. [Fr. baillif ; Arm. belly: Scot, bailli; 
 It. bailo, a magistrate ; balia, power, authority. Ch. 
 Ar. Ilcb. Pyr. hV2 lord, chief. Class Bl. This word, 
 from its derivation, would more properly be spelt 
 with but one /.] 
 
 In England, officer appointed by the sheriff. 
 Bailiffs are either special, and appointed, for their 
 adroitness, to arrest persons ; or bailiffs of hundreds, 
 who collect fines, summon juries, attend the assizes, 
 and execute writs and process. The sheriff in Eng- 
 land is the king's bailiff. 
 
 There are also bailiffs of liberties, appointed by the 
 lords in their respective jurisdictions, to execute 
 process, and perform other duties; bailiffs of forests 
 and of manors, who direct the hiisbandrj-, collect 
 renU, ice. ; and water-bailiffs in each port, to search 
 vcHsels, gather toll for anchorage, arrest persons for 
 debt on the water, &c. Blarksiune. Encyc. 
 
 The office of bailiff formerly was high and honor- 
 able in England, and officers under that title on the 
 C<intinent arc still invested with important functions. 
 
 BAIL'I-WICK, n. [bailli, an officer, (see Bailiff,) 
 and Hax. mic.] 
 
 The precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction ; 
 the limit!) <if a bailiff's authority; in, a hundred, a 
 liberty, a forest, over which a bailiff is appointed. 
 In the lihertii'ii and franchises of lords, the bailiff has 
 cxrIiMive jurisdiction. Encyc. 
 BAIL'.MENT, n. [from bail.] A delivery of goods, 
 in trift, upon a cciiitracl, expressed or implied, that 
 (lie triiHl nliall be faithfully executed. Blackstone. 
 nAIL'l'IF:(,°E, n. A Klip <if parcliinent or paper con- 
 
 BAL 
 
 taining a recognizance of bail abeme or bail to the ac- 
 tion. Blachitone, 
 BAI.V, (bang,) 71. [Fr.] A bath. [Obs.] 
 B.1L\'-MA-RtE', (bang-mi-ree',) 7i. [L. balneum 
 maris.] 
 
 In cookery, a large vessel of hot water in which 
 saucepans, are placed to warm food. 
 
 BAI'RAM ; the name of two Mohammedan festivals, 
 of which one is held at the close of the fast Raniezan, 
 and the other seventy days after. P. Cyc, 
 
 BaIRN, ) 71. [Sax. beam : Scot, bairn : probably, Eng. 
 
 BARN, j born.] A child. [Little used in Eniflisk.] 
 
 BAIT, 71. [W. abwijd, bwyd ; Arm. boet ; It. abadJi; 
 Sw. bete, food ; beta, to feed ; Sax. batan, to bait ; 
 Russ. pitayu ; Dan. bede, to rest for refreshment.] 
 
 1. Any substance for food, proper to be used, or 
 actually used, to catch fish, or other animals, by 
 alluring them to swallow a hook, or to be caught in 
 snares, or in an inclosure or net. 
 
 2. A portion of food and drink, or a refreshment 
 taken on a journey. 
 
 3. An allurement ; enticement ; temptation. 
 BAIT, t!. u To put meat on a hook or line, or in an 
 
 inclosure, or among snares, to allure fish, fowls, and 
 
 other animals into human power. 
 2. To give a portion of food and drink to a beast 
 
 upon the road ; as, to bait horses. Juhnson. 
 BAIT, r. i. To take a portion of food and drink for 
 
 refreshment on a journey ; as, we stopped to bait. 
 B.AIT, r. t. [Goth, beitan. In Sax. bate is contention. 
 
 See Make-bate.] 
 
 1. To provoke and harass by dogs ; to harass by 
 the help of others ; as, to bait a bull or a boar. 
 
 2. To attack with violence; to harass in tlie man- 
 ner of small animals. Sliak. 
 
 BAIT, r. i. To clap the wings ; to flutter as if to fly ; 
 or to hover as a hawk, when she stoops to her prey. 
 
 Baileif. Sliak. 
 BAIT, 77. White Bait, a small fish of the I'hames. 
 BaIT'ED, pp. Furnished with bait ; allured ; tempted. 
 
 2. Fed, or refreshed, on the road. 
 
 3. Harassed by dogs or other small animals ; 
 attacked. 
 
 BaIT'ING, ppr. Furnishing with bait ; tempting; al- 
 luring. 
 
 2. Feeding ; refreshing at an inn. 
 
 3. Harassing with dogs ; attacking. 
 B.AIT'ING, n. The act of baiting ; refreshment at an 
 
 inn, particularly food«for a horse. A7i. 
 2. The act of causing dogs to attack bulls, bears, &c. 
 
 BAIZE, 71. [Per. pozali, the nap or down of cloth ; Sp. 
 bausan, the same.] 
 
 A coarse woolen stuff, with a long nap, sometimes 
 frized on one side, without wale, being wove with 
 two treadles, like flannel. Chambers. 
 
 BAKE, V. t. [Sax. bacan; Sw. baka; Dan. bage; D. 
 baken ; Ger. backen ; Gipsy, pekgum ; Russ. pcku, to 
 bake ; pekar, a baker ; Per. pochtan, to bake or cook.] 
 
 1. To heat, dry, and harden, as in an oven or fur- 
 nace, or under coals of fire ; to prepare for food, in a 
 close place heated ; as, to baks bread. 
 
 2. To dry and harden by heat, either in an oven, 
 kiln, or furnace, or by the solar rays ; as, to bake bricks ; 
 to bake the ground. 
 
 BAKE, V. i. To do the work of baking ; as, she brews, 
 
 waslies, and bakes. 
 2. To be baked ; to dry and harden in heat ; as, 
 
 the bread bakes i the ground bakes in a hot sun. 
 BaK'£D, (bakt,) pp. or a. Dried and hardened by 
 
 heat ; dressed in heat ; as, baked meat. 
 BAKE'HOUSE, n. [bake and house.] A house or 
 
 building for baking. 
 BAKE'MeATS, 71. pi. Meats prepared for food in an 
 
 oven. Gen. xl. 
 BaK'£N,p/). The same as Baked, and nearly obsolete. 
 BaK'ER, 71. One whose occupation is to bake bread, 
 
 biscuit, &.C. 
 
 2. A small tin oven in which baking is perfonned. 
 BAK'ER-FOQT, Tt. An ill-shaped or distorted foot. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 BAK'ER-LEG-GED, a. Having crooked legs, or legs 
 that bend inward at tht? knees. 
 
 BAK'ER-Y, 71. The trade of a baker. 
 
 2. A place occupied with the business of baking 
 bread, &.c. Smollett. 
 
 BaIC'I.NG, ppr. Drying and hardening in heat ; dress- 
 ing or cooking in a close place, or in heat. 
 
 BAK'ING, 71. A drj ing or hardening by heat. 
 
 2. The quantity baked at once ; as, a baking of 
 bread. 
 
 BAL'A.N', 71. A fish of a beautiful yellow, variegated 
 with orange, a spticies of wrasse, caught on the 
 shores of England. Diet, of JVat. HisL 
 
 BAL'ANCE, n. [Fr. balance; Sp. baltmia ; IL bilancia; 
 L. bilanz, bii, twice, and lanz, a dish, the double 
 dish.] 
 
 1. A pair of scales for weighing commodities. It 
 consists of a beam or lever suspended exactly in the 
 middle, with a scale or basin hung to each extremity, 
 of precisely equal weight. The Koinan balance, our 
 steelyard, consists of ii lever t>r beam, movable on a 
 center, and suspended near one of its extremities. 
 Hence, 
 
 3. One of the simple powers In mechanics, used 
 
 BAL 
 
 for determining the equality or diflerence of weight 
 in heavy bodies, and consequently their masses or 
 quantity of matter. ' Eonjc. 
 
 3. Fignratively, an impartial state of the mind, in 
 deliberating: or a just estimate of the reascns and 
 arguments on both sides of a question, wliicli gives 
 to each its <iue weight, or force and importance. 
 
 4. As balance signifies equal weight, or etpiality, it 
 is by custom used for the weight or sum necessary lo 
 vialce two unequal weights or sums equal; tlitit which 
 is necessary to bring them to a balance or equipoise. 
 Hence, in accounts, balance is the difference of (700 
 sums ; as, upon an adjustment of accounts, a balance 
 was found against A in favor of B. Hence, to pay a 
 balance, is to pay the difference and make the two 
 accounts equal. 
 
 5. Balance of trade, is an equal exportation of do- 
 mestic productions, and importation of foreign. But, 
 usually, the term is applied to the difference between 
 the amount or value of the commodities exported and 
 imported. Hence the common expression, the bal- 
 ance of trade is against or in favor of a country. 
 
 6. Equipoise, or an equal state of power between 
 nations ; as, the balance of power. 
 
 7. Equipoise, or an equal state of the passions. 
 The balance of the mind. Pope, 
 
 8. That which renders weight or authority equal. 
 
 The only batnnre attempted a^.uns: Uie ancient Icinefs. was a 
 body of nobles. J. Adams, 
 
 9. The part of a clock or watch which regulates 
 the beats. 
 
 10. In astronomy, a sign in the zodiac, called, in 
 Latin, Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in 
 September. 
 
 The hydrostatic balance, is an instrument to deter- 
 mine the specific gravity of fluid and solid bodies. 
 
 The assay balance, is one which is used in doci- 
 mastic operations, to determine the weight of minute 
 bodies. 
 
 Balance of Torsion. See Torsion Balance. 
 
 [It is an error to use balance for remainder; as, 
 " The balance of the evening was spent in study."] 
 BAL'ANCE, V. t. To adjust the weights in the scales 
 of a balance so as to bring them to an equipoise. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. To weigh reasons; ta compare, by estimating 
 the relative force, importance, or value of different 
 things ; as, to balance good and evil. 
 
 3. To regulate different powers, so as to keep them 
 in a state of just pro(>ortion ; as, to balance Europe, or 
 the powers of Europe. 
 
 4. To counterpoise ; to make of equal weight or 
 force ; to make equipollent ; as, one species of at- 
 traction balances another. 
 
 One expression in the letter must check and balance another. 
 
 A'enl. 
 
 5. To settle and adjust, as an account ; to find the 
 difference of two accounts, and to p.ay tlie balance, 
 or difference, and make them equal. 
 
 G. In seamanship, to contract a sail, by rolling up a 
 small part of it at one corner. JJar. Diet. 
 
 BAL'ANCE, V. i. To have on e.ich side equal weight ; 
 to be on a poise ; to preserve the equipoise of the 
 body. 
 
 2. To hesitate ; to fluctuate between motives which 
 appear of equal force, as a balance plays when poised 
 by equal weights. 
 
 Between riglu and wroii never balance a moment. Anon. 
 
 3. In dancing, to move toward a person opposite, 
 and then back. 
 
 B.\L'ANC-£D, (hal'anst,) pp. Charged with equal 
 weights ; standing on an equipoise ; regulated so as 
 to be equal ; settled ; adjusted ; iiiade equal in weight 
 or amount. 
 
 BAL'ANCE-FISH, 71. The zyga;na, or hammer-fish, 
 (Fr. marteaa ,) a fish of the genus Sqiialiis, or shark 
 kind. It is six feet long, and weighs 500 lbs. It has 
 three or four rows of broad, pointed, and serrati.'d 
 teeth ; has a horrible aspect, and is very voracious. 
 It is peculiariv distinguished by the form of its himd, 
 flattened in front, and projecting laterally, like the 
 head of a hammer. Enciic. Cuiner. 
 
 BAL'ANCE-KNIFE, n. A kind of table knife, which, 
 when laid on the table, rests wholly on the handle, 
 without the blade touching the cloth ; so called 
 because the weight of the handle counterbalances 
 that of the blade. Encyc. Dom. Fj:on. 
 
 BAL'.\NCE-REEF, ti. A reef band that crosses a 
 sail diagonally, used to contract it in a storm. 
 
 Jilar. Did. 
 
 BAL'ANC-ER, ru The person who weighs, or who 
 uses a balance. 
 
 2. A member of an insect useful in balancing the 
 body. The balancers (hatleres. Linn.) are two very 
 fine, movable threads, terminated by a kind of oval 
 button, placed under the origin of the wings, in the 
 dipterous or two-winged insects. 
 
 3. One skilled in balancing, or preserving the equi- 
 poise of his body. 
 
 BAL'ANC-ING, ;»/ir. Charging with equal weights; 
 being in a state of equipoise ; bringing to a state of 
 equality ; regulating res|)eclive forces or sums to 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 94 
 
BAL 
 
 make them equal ; settling ; adjusting ; paying a 
 diflorence of accounts; liesitating; contracting a 
 sail by nillin: up onu cornur of it. 
 
 BAL'ANL'-1.\G, ii. Equilibrium ; poise. Spenser. 
 
 BAL'A-iN'ITE, n. A fossU slicll of llie genus BiUanus. 
 
 Jamc^un, 
 
 A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or in- 
 clining to orange. Its crj stals arc usually octahe- 
 drons, coni|>oseil of two four-sided pyramids, applied 
 base to base. [See Shinel.] Clcavelaiul. h'lrwan. 
 BA-LAUS'TINE, n. Tlio wild pomegranate-tree. 
 
 Coze, 
 
 The balaustines of the shops are the dried (lowers 
 of the pomegranate. Parr. 
 
 BAL Uu'TI.aTE, j . To stammer 
 
 BAL-IIO'CI-NATE, j '• Slammer. 
 
 UAL'€0-.\1-£D, a. Having balconies. 
 
 BAL'eO-.\Y, or BAL-CO'NY, n. [Fr. balcon ; It. 
 balciine i tfp. balcon; Port, balcam ; probably a Jutting, 
 
 as in bulk, belly ; W. bale. In Pers. balka- 
 nuh, is a cancelated winilow.] 
 
 In architecture, a platform or projection from the 
 external wall of a house, or other building, sup- 
 ported by columns, pillai-s, or consoles, and encom- 
 passed with a balustrade. Balconies are common 
 before windows. Kncyc. 
 B,\I.D, (bauld,) a. [Sp. baldio, untillcd, vacant, unfur- 
 nislie(i ; Port, baldio, open, common ; baldar, to 
 frustrate.] 
 
 1. Destitute of hair, especially on the top and 
 back of the head. 
 
 2. Destitute of tlie natural covering ; as, a bald 
 oak. 
 
 3. Without feathers on tlie head ; as, a bald vul- 
 ture. 
 
 4. Destitute of trees on the top ; as, a bald moun- 
 tain. 
 
 5. Unadorned ; inelegant ; as, a bald translation. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 6. Mean; naked ; base ; without dignity or value. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 7. In popular lanmiage, open, bold, audacious, 
 
 8. Without beard ol awn ; as, bald wheat. 
 BALD'A-GHIiX, n. [W.. baldacckino ; Sp. baldaquino,a. 
 
 rich silk or canopy, carried over the host. Da 
 Canrre. Lnnier deduces it from the name of a city 
 in Babylonia.] 
 
 In architecture, a structure in form of a canopy, 
 supported by coliiinns, and often used as a covering 
 to insulated altars ; tile term is also used for a shell 
 over a door. Kncijc. Johunoiu ' 
 
 BALD'ER-DASH, n. [On. Sp. balda, a trifle, or bnU 
 dunar, to insult with abusive language; W. baldorz, 
 to prattle ; D. buldcrcn.] 
 
 .Mean, senseless [irate; a jargon of words ; ribald- 
 ry; any thing jumbled together without judgment. 
 BALD'Elt-DASH, v. L To mix or adulterate liquors. 
 
 Johiijion, 
 
 BALD'HEAD, (bawld'hed,) n. A man bald on the 
 
 head. 2 Kings ii. 23. 
 BALD'LY, ode. Nakedly; meanly; inelegantly; 
 
 openly. 
 
 BAM)'XES?, n. W^ant of hair on the top and back 
 of the head ; loss of hair ; meanness or inelegance 
 (if writing ; want of ornament. 
 
 BAhD'P.^TE, n. A pate without hair. Shak. 
 
 B.\.LU'P.\T-ED, a. Destitute of Imir; shorn of hair. 
 
 SAaA-. 
 
 BALD'RICK, n. [from Sw. bait, Ir. balta, L. baiteus, 
 a bell, and rick, rich. See these words. 1 
 
 1. A girdle, or richly ornamented belt ; a war 
 girdle. 
 
 A radiant baldnde o'er his ihoiUdcn tied. Popt. 
 
 2. The zodiac. Spenser. 
 BALE, n. [Fr. balle ; Oer. ballen ; D. baal ; It. batla, 
 
 bale ; Ch. Ar. Ileb. Ss^i to bind ; to pledge ; and 
 its derivative, in ,\r. and Etii., a rope.] 
 
 1. A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, 
 and cordeil for carriage or transportation. 
 
 2. Formerly, a pair of dice. 
 B.\I,E, r. t. To make up in a b.ale. 
 
 BALE, n. [Sax. beal, br.ilo. ttu. Heb. Ch. Syr. and 
 .■\r. S^s to grieve or mouni, to be desolate, or Vsn 
 to destroy. In Ir. bcala is to die, and oAaJ, dealil.] 
 .Miserj' ; calamity. [ Obs.] 
 
 B.\I^-E-Ail'ie, a. [from Sa/raris, the denomination 
 given to .Majorca and .Minorca. Uu. from Gr. ,Va vAu, 
 to throw, because the inhabitants were good sling- 
 ers.J 
 
 Pertaining to the isles of Majorca and Minorca, in 
 the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Balearic crane, or Crowned heron, {Ardea pavonica. 
 Linn. ;) a beautiful species of crane, a native of 
 Africa. Its body is bluish ; its head, black and 
 hairy, with a yellowish crest. £</. Encye, 
 
 BALE'-FIIIE, a. A sign.al tire; an alarm fire. 
 
 Sweet Teriol 1 on Ihjr lilrer tiile 
 
 Ttip gloomy baie-firea bl.uc no more. Scot\ 
 BALE'PIj'L, a. [See Bale.] Mischievous ; destruc- 
 
 BAL 
 
 live ; pernicious ; calamitous ; deadly ; as, baleful en- 
 emies ; baleful war. 
 
 2. Sorrowful ; woeful ; sad. Spen.ner. Jifitton. 
 
 B.\LE'F[JL-LY, adr. Sorrowfully; perniciously; in 
 a calamitous manner. 
 
 BALE'FUL-iNESS, n. Destrurtiveness. 
 
 BAI/INti, H. The act or operation of making up in a 
 bale, as cotton, ice. 
 
 BA-LIS'TEK, Ji. [L. balista, from Gr. /J.i.W .., to 
 throw.] .\ cross-bow. Blount. 
 
 BA-LtZE', n. [F. balisc ; Sp. valiza, a beacon.] 
 A sea-mark ; a pole raised on a bank. 
 
 BALK, (bauk,) n. [Sax. bale ; V.'. bale, a ridge between 
 furrows ; bale, primiiiient, swelling, proud ; said to 
 be from bal, a prominence ; bala, eruption ; balau, to 
 shoot, spring, or drive out.] 
 
 1. A ridge of land, left unplowed, between fur- 
 rows, or at the end of a fu ld. 
 
 2. A gre.at beam, or rafti^r. [Gr. balkcn ; D. balk.] 
 
 3. Any thing left untouched, like a ridge in plow- 
 ing. Spen.icr. 
 
 ■I. A frustr.ition ; disappointment. South. 
 BALK, (bank,) v. t. To disappoint ; to frustrate. Locke. 
 
 2. 'i'o leave untouched ; to miss or omit. Drayton. 
 
 3. To pile, as in a heap or ridge. Shak. 
 
 4. To turn aside ; to talk beside one's meaning. 
 [Oils.] Spciuicr. 
 
 5. To plow, leaving balks. 
 
 BALK' ED, (baukt,) ;)/). Plowed in ridges between 
 l\irrows, as in American husbandry. 
 2. Frustrated ; disappointed. 
 
 BALK'ER, II. One who balks. In fishery, balkers 
 are persons who stand on rocks and eminences to 
 espy the shoals of herring, and to give notice to the 
 men in boats, which way they p-vs. Kncyc. Corcel. 
 
 BALK'I.N'G, ppr. Plowing in ridges ; frustrating. 
 
 B.^LK'ING-LY, adr. In a manner to balk orfrustrate. 
 
 BALL, 71. [G. ball; D. bal; Sw. ball; Dan. ballon; 
 Russ. bal ; Sp. bala, hola ; It. paila ; L. pila ; W. pel, 
 prllen ; Arm. bolat; Fr. balle, boule. A ball may sig- 
 nify a mass from collecting, or it »iay be that 
 which is driven, from the root of L. pcllo ; probably 
 the former.] 
 
 1. A round body ; a spherical substance, whether 
 natural or artificial ; or a body nearly round; as, 
 a ball for play ; a ball of thread ; a 6a/; of snow. 
 
 2. .\ bullet; a ball of iron or lead for cannon, 
 muskets, &c. 
 
 3. A printer's ball, consisting of hair or wool, 
 covered with leather or skin, and fastened to a stock, 
 called a ball-stock, and formerly used to put ink on 
 the types in the forms. 
 
 4. 'I'lie globe or earth, from its figure. 
 
 5. A globe borne as ensign of authority ; as, to 
 hold the ball of a kingdom. Bacon. 
 
 6. Any part of the body that is round or protuber- 
 ant ; as, the eye ball ; the ball of the thumb or foot. 
 
 7. The weight at the bottom of a pendulum. 
 
 8. Among the Cornish miners in England, a tin 
 mine. 
 
 9. A well-known and familiar game. 
 
 10. In pyrotechnics, a composition of combustible 
 ingredients, which serve to burn, smoke, or give 
 lighu 
 
 Ball-stack; among printers, a stock, somewh.at hol- 
 low at one end, to which a ball of skin, slutfed with 
 wool, is fastened, and which serves .as a handle. 
 
 Bail-vein ; among miners, a sort of iron ore, found 
 in loose masses, of a circular form, containing spark- 
 ling particles. Encye. 
 
 Ball and socket; an instrument used in surveying 
 and astronomy, made of brass, with a perpetuiU 
 screw, so as to move horizontally, obliquely, or ver- 
 tically. 
 
 Puff-ball; in botany, a name common to different 
 species of funguses, of the genus Lycoperdon, ( Linn.) 
 
 Fire-ball; a meteor; a luminous globe darting 
 through the atmosphere ; also, a bag of canvas filled 
 with gunpowder, sulphur, pitch, saltpeter, &c., to be 
 thrown by the hand, or from mortars, to set fire to 
 houses. ' 
 BALL, n. [Fr. bal ; It. ballo ; Sp. bayle, a dance ; It. 
 ballare, lo dance, to shake; Gr. jiaMw, to toss or 
 throw ; or iruAA'.i, to leap.] 
 
 An entertainment of dancing; originally and pe- 
 culiarly, at the invitation and expense of an individ- 
 ual ; but the word is used in America for a dance at 
 the expense of the attendants. 
 BALL, E. u To form, as snow, into b.alls, as on horses' 
 
 hoofs, or on the feet. We say the horse balls. 
 BALL-CXR'TRIDGE, n. .\ cartridge containing a 
 ball. 
 
 BALL'COCK, n. A contrivance which .allows water 
 to enter a cistern, but shuts of itself by means of a 
 floating ball, when the cistern is full. 
 
 Encve. Doin. Eeon. 
 
 B.\L'LAD, n. [It. ballata, a ball, a dance, a ballad ; 
 Fr. 6a/(a^/e, a song, and 6aZa</(n, a dancer. See Ball.] 
 .\ song; originally a solemn song of praise; but 
 now a meaner kind of popular song. fVatts. 
 
 BAL'LAD, r. i. To make or sing ballads. Shak. 
 
 BAL'LAD-ER, n. A writer of ballads. Ocerbury. 
 
 B.\L'LAD-.MAK'ER, n. A maker or composer of bal- 
 lads. Shak. 
 
 BAL 
 
 BAL'LAD-MO\"GER, lu [See Mo^ifiEH.) A dealer 
 
 ill writing ballads. S'lak, 
 BAL'L.VD-RY, n. The subject or style of Imllads. 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 BAL'LAD-SI.V'G'ER, n. One whosf <mploymenl is 
 to sing ballaih. 
 
 BAL'L.\D-ST?LE, n. The air or manner of a bal- 
 lad. 
 
 B.\L'LAD-TONE, n. The tune of a ballad. 
 
 IVarton^ 
 
 BAL'LAD-WRIT'ER, n. A composer of ballads. 
 
 IVarton. 
 
 BAL'L.\-RAG, v. U To bully ; to threaten. [jVot in 
 use.] H'artvn. 
 
 BAL' LAST, n. [Sax. bat, a boat, with a load ; D. 
 Ger. and Dan. last ; W. Ihrylh ; Ann. laslr, a load ; 
 bat-last, boat-load, corrupted into ballast; Russ. bal- 
 last ; Fr. lest ; Sp. tastre; Sax. hUtstan, to load a ship.] 
 
 1. Heavy matter, as stone, sand, or iron, laid in the 
 hold of a ship or other vessel, to sink it in the water 
 to such a depth, as to enable it to carry suliicient sail, 
 without oversetting. 
 
 Shingle ballast, is balla.'^t of coarse gravel. 
 
 .Mar. DicU 
 
 9. Figuratively, that which is used to make a thing 
 steady. Sicift. 
 B.\L'L'AST, o. t. To place he.avy subst.inces in the 
 hold of a ship or vessel, to keep it from oversetting. 
 
 2. To keep any thing steady, by counterbalancing 
 its force. Dryden, 
 
 BAL'L.\ST-AGE, n. Atoll paid for the privilege of 
 taking up ballxst in a port or li.arbor. Bouvier. 
 
 BAL'LAST-ED, pp. Furnished with ballast ; kept 
 steady by a ctHinterpoising force. 
 
 BAL'LAST-I.VG, ppr. Furnishing with ballast ; keep- 
 ing steady. 
 
 B.\L'L.\ST-ING, n. Ballast; that which is used for 
 
 ballast. Skak. 
 B.VL'LA-TED, a. Sung in a ballad. [Little used.] 
 B.^L-L.V-TOO.N'', n. .\ heavy luggage boat emiiloyed 
 
 on the rivers about the Caspian Sea. Encifc. 
 B.\L'LA-TRY, n. A song; a jig. Miltoiu 
 B.VL'LET, «. [Fr. ballet; It. ballctto. See Ball, a 
 dance.] 
 
 1. A kind of dance .accompanied by music, in 
 which various passions and emotions are represented 
 by the movements and gestures of the dancers. 
 
 Encye. Am, 
 
 2. A kind of dramatic poem, representing some 
 fabulous action or subject, in which scvera person? 
 appear and recite things, under the name of some de- 
 ity or personage. Encye. 
 
 In heraldry, ballets, or balls, a bearing in coats of 
 arms, denominated, according to their color, bezants, 
 plates, hurts, &c. Encye. 
 
 BAL'LI-.\GE, or, more correctly, BAIL' AGE, n. [Ir. 
 bade, a town.] 
 
 .\ small duty paid to the city of London by aliens, 
 and even by denizens, for certain commodities ex- 
 ported by them. Encye. 
 
 B.VL-LIS'TA, n. [L.] A machine or engine used by 
 the ancients in war, for throwing darts, stones, &c. 
 
 B.\L-LIS'TIC, a. [L. baliista, an engine to throw 
 stones, or shoot darts, from Gr. 0aX\uj, to throw or 
 shoot.] 
 
 Pertaining to the baliista, or to the art of shooting 
 darts, and other missive weapons, by means of an 
 engine. 
 
 BAL-LIS'Tie PE.\D'i:-LUM, n. An instniment for 
 measuring the force aud velocity of cannon and 
 musket balls. Brande. 
 
 B.M^LIS'TieS, 71. The science or art of throwing 
 missive weapons by the use of an engine. The bal- 
 iista was a machine resembling a cross-bow. 
 
 Encijc. JMalh. Diet. Jlsh. 
 The term ballistics has been used as synonymous 
 with projectiles. Barlow. 
 
 BAL-LOO.V, n. [Fr. ballon, a foot ball ; Sp. balon ; lU 
 pallone; W. pelhen, from pil, a ball. See Ball.] 
 
 1. In general, any spherical hollow body. 
 
 Encye, 
 
 2. In chemistry, a round vessel with a short neck, 
 to receive whatever is distilled ; a glass receiver of a 
 spherical form. 
 
 3. In arcAUccture, a ball or globe on the top of a 
 pillar. 
 
 4. In firctporksj a ball of pasteboard, or kind of 
 bomb, sluU'ed with combustibles, to be played ofl", 
 when fired, either in the air, or on water, which, 
 bursting like a bomb, exliibits sparks of fire like stars. 
 
 Johnson, Encye. 
 
 5. A game somewhat resembling tennis, played in 
 an open field, with a large b:ill of leallier, inflated 
 with air. Eneyc. 
 
 6. A bag or hollow vessel, made of silk or other 
 light ni.aterial, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated 
 air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere ; called, 
 for distinction, an air-balloon, 
 
 7. In France, a quantity of paper, containing 94 
 reams. [See Bale.] 
 
 8. In France, balloon, ballon, or ballot, a quantity of 
 glass plates ; of white glass, 25 bundles of six pl.ales 
 each ; of colored glass, 12\ bundlei^ of three plates 
 each. Encye, 
 
 TONE, BJv'LL, qXITE — AX"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as hi THIS. 
 
BAL 
 
 IjAL-LOON', t n. A state barge of Siaiii, made of a 
 BAL'LOE.N, ) single piece of timber, very Ions, and 
 
 managed with oars. Kncyc. 
 BAL-L(JON'IST, ii. One wlio malces or ascends in a 
 
 balloon. 
 
 BAL-LOOX'RY, n. The art or practice of ascending 
 in a balloon. Quart. Reo. 
 
 BAL'LOT, n. [Fr. ballote;' Sp. balota, a little ball. 
 See Ball.] 
 
 1. A ball used in voting. Ballots are of different 
 colors; those of one color give an alTirmative ; those 
 of another, a negative. Tliey are privately put into 
 a bo.\ or urn. 
 
 2. A ticket or written vote, being given in lieu of 
 a ballot, is now called by the same name. 
 
 3. The act of voting by balls or tickets. 
 BAL'LOT, V. i. To vote by ballot, that is, by putting 
 
 little balls of ditferent colors into a bo.x, the greater 
 number of one color or the other determining the re- 
 sult. 
 
 a. To vote by written papers or tickets. 
 BAL-LOT-A'TION, 7i. A voting by ballot. [Little 
 
 luciL] IVotloA. 
 BAL'LOT-BOX, n. A box for receiving ballots. 
 BAL' LOT-ED, pf. Voted by ballot. 
 BAL'LOT-LNG, ppr. Voting by ballot. 
 BAL'LOT-fXG, )i. The act of voting by ballot. 
 BXLM, (bim,) n. [Fr. baaine, a contraction of bnlsam, 
 
 wliich see.] 
 
 1. The sap or juice of trees or shrubs remarkably 
 odoriferous ©r aromatic. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Any fragrant or valuable ointment. Shak. 
 
 3. Any thing which heals, or which soothes or mit- 
 igates pain. Skali. Yuung. 
 
 4. In botany, the name of several plants, particu- 
 larly of the genus Melissa. Tliey are aromatic, and 
 used as corroborants. 
 
 Balm vf Oilead ; a plant of the genus Amyris, 
 (Linn. ;) tlie BaUamoflendron Gi/cat/c/weof Decandolle. 
 Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic 
 scent ; and from this plant is obtained the balm of 
 Oilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca or of Syria. 
 This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bit- 
 terish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is val- 
 ued as an odoriferous unguent and cosmetic, by the 
 Turks, who possess the country of its growth, and 
 hetice it is adulterated for market. Enajc. 
 BXLM, 7). t. To anoint with balm, or with any thing 
 medicinal. 
 
 2. To soothe; to mitigate ; to assuage. Shak. 
 BXLM'I-LY, arff. In a balmy manner. Coleridge. 
 B.^LM'Y, a. Having the qualities of balm ; aro- 
 matic. Milton. ■ 
 
 2. Producing balm ; as, the balmy tree. Pope. 
 
 3. Soothing ; soft ; mild ; as, balmy slumbers. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 4. Fragrant ; odoriferous ; as, balmy wings. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 5. Mitigating ; easing ; assuaging ; as, balmy breath. 
 
 Siiak. 
 
 BAL'NE-AL, a. [L. balneum.] 
 
 Perlairiing to a bath. Howell. 
 BAL'NE-A-KY, n. [L. balnearium, Uombalneum ; Syr. 
 buliia, bath.] 
 
 A bathing room. Brown. 
 BAl^NE-A'TION, 71. The act of bathing. Brown. 
 BAL'NE-A-TO-UY, a. Belonging to a buth or stove. 
 
 Jtiknson. 
 
 BAL'O-TADE, 71. In the menage, a leap of a horse 
 between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that 
 when his fore feet are in the air, he shows nothing 
 but the shoes of his hind feet, without yerking out. 
 In a capriole, the horse yerks out his hind legs. 
 
 Encyc. Farrirr^s DicU 
 
 BAL'SAM, 71. [Gr. (iaXauiitiv ; L. bnlsarnum.] 
 
 1. An oily, aromatic, resinous substance, flowing 
 spontaneously or by incision from certain jjlaiits. A 
 great variety of substances pass under this denomina- 
 tion. But in modern chemistry, the term w;is once 
 confined to such vegetable juices as areliqiiiilor spon- 
 taneously become concrete, and consist of a resinous 
 substance, combined with benzoic acid, or capable of 
 afforiling it by decoction or sublimation. The balsams 
 are either liquid or solid ; of the former are the balm 
 of Gilead and the balsams of copaiva, Peru, and Tolu ; 
 of tlie latter, ben/oin, dragon's blood, and storax. 
 
 Encyc. J^ieholaun. Ure, 
 The opinion that balsams contain or necessarily 
 furnish benuiic acid, is nut now generally sustained. 
 The substances known as balsams are projierly com- 
 
 {tounds of resin and essential oil, some of which, 
 lowever, furnish benzoic acid by imitial decomposi- 
 tion or distillation. 
 
 2. A name of the balsamine, which see. 
 
 BaLiam apple; an annual Indian plant, included 
 under the genus Momordica. 
 
 BnUain of Sulphur, is a solution of sulphur in oil. 
 
 Bahain of 7'uln, is the produce of the Mj rospennuin 
 Toluifrriim, or Tolu tree, of .'^outli America. It is of 
 n ri'ddinh-yellow color, Irnnspar^'iit, thick, and tena- 
 cious, but growing hard and brittle by age. It is vrrj' 
 frngraiit, nud, like the balsam of Peru, ia n stimulant, 
 and (iHcd lut a pectonil. Enojc. Lmn. 
 
 Balsam of Peru i tlio produce of a tree in Peru, 
 
 BAN 
 
 (Myiospermum Peruiferuin,) possessing strong stimu- 
 lant qualities. 
 
 BAL-SAM-A'TION, 71. The act of rendering balsamic. 
 BAL-SA.M'ie, la. Having the qualities of bal- 
 BAL-SAM'I€-'AL, j s,im ; stimulating ; unctuous ; 
 
 soft ; mitigating ; mild. Arbutlinot. 
 BAL-SAM'ie, 71. A warm, stimulating, demulcent 
 
 medicine, of a smooth and oily consistence. Coie. 
 BAL-SAiM'ie-.\L-LY, adv. In a balsamic manner. 
 BAL-SAM-IF'ER-OUS, a. Producing balsam. Smith. 
 BAL'S.\-.MIXE, 71. The common name of the Balsa- 
 
 mina liortensis, {[mpaliens balsamina. Linn.) 
 BAL'SAM-SWEAT'ING, a. Yielding balsam. 
 
 Crashaw. 
 
 BALT'IC, 71. [from balte, belt, from certain straits or 
 channels, surrounding its isles, ccdied belts. See 
 Belt.] 
 
 'J'lie sea which separates Norway and Sweden 
 from Jutland, Holstein, and Germany. 
 BALT'ie, a. Pertaining to the sea of tliat name ; sit- 
 uated on the Baltic Sea. 
 
 E^ich Baltic sute to join the righteous cause. Barlow. 
 
 BAL'US-TER, 71. [It. balanstro ; Sp. balauslre ; Fr. 
 balastre ; from L. paliLS ; Eng. pole, pale. This is cor- 
 rupted into banniitcr.] 
 
 A small column or pilaster, of various forms and 
 dimensions, often adorned with moldings, used for 
 balustrades. 
 
 BAL'US-TER-JED, o. Having balusters. Soames. 
 
 BAL'US-TRaDE, 11. [Sp. bulawatrado ; It. balaastrata ; 
 Fr, balustrade ; from baliister.'] 
 
 A row of balusters, joined by a rail, serving as a 
 fence or inclosure, for altars, balconies, staircases, 
 terraces, tops of buildings, &,c. Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 B.\.M, or Beam, as an initial syllable in names of 
 places, signifies wood ; implying that the place took 
 its name from a grove, or forest. [Ger. baum, a 
 tree.] 
 
 BA.M-BOO', 71. A plant of the reed kind, growing in 
 the East Indies, and in some other warm climates, 
 and sometimes attaining to the hight of CO feet ; 
 originally placed by Liniia;us in the genus Arundo, 
 but afterward ranked by him in a distinct genus, 
 {Baytibtisa.) From the main root, which is long, 
 thick, and jointed, spring several round, jointed 
 stalks, which, at IQ or 12 feet from the ground, send 
 out from their joints several stalks, which are united 
 at their base. These are armed, at their joints, with 
 one or two sharp, rigid spines, and furnished with ob- 
 long, oval leaves, eight or nine inches long, on short 
 footstalks. The flowers gi'ow in large panicles, from 
 the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close 
 to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six 
 inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable, as 
 to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, 
 for water-pipes, and for poles to support |)alanquin3. 
 The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, 
 flutes, ckc. Encyc. 
 
 BAM-BOO'ZLE, 7-. t. To confound ; to deceive ; to 
 play low tricks upon. [M low word.] .drbutluwt. 
 
 BA.M-BOO'ZLER, 71. A cheat; one who plays low 
 tricks. Mrbuthnot. 
 
 BAN, 71. [Sax. bannan, abannan, to proclaim ; It. 
 bando, a proclamation ; Sp. and Port, bando ; Fr. ban ; 
 Arm. ban; D. and Ger. ban, baniten; Svv. banna, to 
 revile ; Dan. band, ban, outlawry ; furbandc, to curse. 
 Hence banish. The radical sense is to send, thrust, 
 or drive. Class Bn, No. 3.] 
 
 1. A public proclamation or edict ; a public order 
 or notice, mandatory or prohibitory. 
 
 In a more particular sense, 
 
 2. In the plural, the word bans denotes notice of a 
 marriage proposed, or of a matrimonial contract, pro- 
 claimed in a church, or other place prescribed by 
 law, that any person may object, if he knows of any 
 kindred between the parties, of any precontract, or 
 other just cause why the marriage should not take 
 place. 
 
 3. An edict of interdiction or proscription. Hence, 
 in the former German empire, to put a prince under 
 the ban of the empire, was to divest him of his dig- 
 nities, and to interdict all intercourse and all offices 
 of humanity with the oflender. Sometimes cities 
 were put under the ban of the empire, that is, de- 
 prived of their rights and privileges. Encyc. 
 
 4. Interdiction; jiroliibition. Mdt'on. 
 
 5. Curse ; excommunication ; anathema. Raleigh. 
 
 6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a de- 
 linquent for oft'ending against a ban. 
 
 7. A mulct paid to the bishop by one guilty of sac- 
 rilege and other crimes. 
 
 8. In military affairs, a proclamation by beat of 
 drum, or sound of tnimpi t, requiring a strict obser- 
 vanre of discipline, either for declaring a new oflicer, 
 or for punishing an ofleiider. 
 
 9. In commerce, a smooth, fine muslin, imported 
 from the East Indies. Kncyc. 
 
 HAS, V.I. To curse ; to execrate. Shak. Knolies. 
 
 BAN, 7'. i. To curse. Spenser. 
 
 BA-NA'NA, 71. A species of the genus Musa, (which 
 also includes the plantain,) and its fruit. It rises id 
 or 2(1 feet high, with a soft stalk, marked with dark 
 purple stripes and spots, with leaves six feet long. 
 
 BAN 
 
 and a foot broad. The flowers grow in bunches, 
 covered with a sheath of a fine purple color. 'I'lie 
 
 fruit is four or five inches long, and an inch or re 
 
 in diameter ; the pulp is soft and of a luscious taste. 
 When rijie, it is eaten raw, or fried in slices. Ba- 
 nanas grow in large bunches, weighing a dozen 
 pounds or more. This tree is the native of tropical 
 countries, and on many isles constitutes an impor- 
 tant article of food. Encyc. 
 
 BAN'eO, 71. [It.] A bench ; a bank. 
 
 BAND, 71. [Sax. banda ; Sw. band ; Dan. baand ; D. 
 band; G. band, binde ; Sp. banda, venda; Port. It. 
 
 O' 
 
 banda ; Ir. banna ; Pers. ^XJLi band ; Sans, bande, 
 
 bunda; Fr. bande. See Bind and Bend.] 
 
 1. A fillet; a cord ; a tie ; a chain ; any narrow 
 ligament with which a thing is bound, tied, or fast- 
 ened, or by which a number of things are confined 
 together. 
 
 2. In architecture, any flat, low member or molding, 
 broad, but not deep, called also fascia, face, or plinth, 
 
 Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 3. Figuratively, any chain ; any means of restraint ; 
 that wliich draws or confines. Dryden. 
 
 4. Means of union or connection between persons ; 
 as, Hyrncn^s band. Shale. 
 
 5. Any thing bound round or encircling another. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. Something worn about the neck ; as, the bands 
 of clergymen. Mdison. 
 
 7. A company of soldiers ; the body of men united 
 under one flag or ensign. Also, indefinitely, a troop, 
 a body of armed men. 2 Kings vi. 
 
 8. A company of persons united in any common 
 design ; as, a band of brothers. 
 
 9. A slip of canvas, sewed across a sail to strength- 
 en it. Mar. Diet. 
 
 The band of pensioners, in England, is a company 
 of 120 gentlemen, who receive a yearly allowance of 
 £100 St. for attending the king on solemn occasiims. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 The bands of a saddle are two pieces of iron nailed 
 upon the bows, to hold them in their proper situa- 
 tion. Johnson. 
 BAND, 7!. «. To bind together ; to bind over with a 
 band. Dryden, 
 2. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. 
 
 Mdton, 
 
 BAND, V. i. To unite ; to associate ; to confederate 
 for some common purpose. Acts xxiii. 
 
 BAND'AGE, 71. [Fr.] A fillet, roller, or swath, used 
 in dressing and binding up wounds, restraining 
 hemorrhages, and joinmg fractured and dislocated 
 bones. Sometimes, the act or practice of aiiplying 
 bandages. 
 
 2. Something resembling a bandage ; that which 
 is bound over another. Mdison. 
 
 B,-\N-DAN'A, I n. A species of silk or cotton hand- 
 
 B.4N-D.\N'NA, i kerchief, having a uniformly dyed 
 ground, usually of red or blue, with white figures of 
 a circular or lozenge form, made by discharging the 
 color. The term is also applied to a style of calico 
 printing, in which white or bright spots are produced 
 on a red or dark ground, by discharging the color, as 
 in bandanna handkerchiefs. Ure. 
 
 BAND'BOX, 71. A slight paper box for bands, caps, 
 bonnets, mufis, or other light articles. JIddison, 
 
 BAND'ED, pp Bound with a band ; united in a band. 
 
 BA.ND'EK, 11. One that bands or associates with 
 others. 
 
 BA.\'D'I-KD, (ban'did,) pp. Beat or tossed to and fro ; 
 
 agitated ; controverted without ceremony. 
 BAiN'D'lNG, ;i/)r. Binding with a band ; uniting in a 
 
 band or company. 
 BAiN'DIT, H. ; /)(. Bandits or Banditti. [It. ban- 
 
 dito, from bandirr, to proclaim, to banish or |)ro- 
 
 scrilie by proclamation. Bandito is the participle. 
 
 Sp. bandido. See Ban.] 
 
 An outlaw ; also, in o general sense, a robber ; a 
 
 highwayman ; a lawless or desperate fellow. 
 BAN'DLE, 71. An Irish measure of two feet in length. 
 
 BaUey 
 
 BAND'LET, ) rj, ja,,,^.,,^ i 
 BANI)'E-LET, ( "• L' '■ oanacieite.i 
 
 Any little band or flat molding, as that which 
 crowns the Doric architrave. Encyc. 
 B.\N'I)OG, 71. A large, fierce kind of dog, usually 
 kept cliained ; hence the name band dog or ban dog. 
 
 .^mart. Farm. Enciic. Shak. Spenser. 
 BAN-DO-LEIOU', n. [Sp. lianiiolera : It. bandolicrai 
 Fr. bandnulicre ; /;fi/ir/ and D. Iri r, leather.] 
 
 A large leathern belt, thrown over the right 
 shoulder, and hanging under the lefl arm ; worn by 
 ancient musketeers for sust:iining their fire-arms. 
 The term is also npiilied to small leather cases, of 
 which every musketeer wore twelve, suspended by 
 a belt, and containing each a charge of powder. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 BAN'DON, 71. Disposal ; license. lJ\rot in use.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 BAN'DORE, 71. [Sp. hnndurria ; Gr. irapiUpa.] 
 
 A musical stringed instrument, like a lute. Eneye, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVgLF, DQQIC — 
 
 06 
 
BAN 
 
 ltA.\U'lU)L. ) « 'I'r. l/undenilc; [t. bamhruola ; Sp. 
 BA\'Nlill-oL. I baiidcriilaa ; lilenilly, a liulo lianiiei: 
 &-V Uanner." 
 
 1. A littlu 'lliig or streaiiKT, in fonn of a cuiiloii, 
 usi:(l to be limig on tliu masts of vessels. Encijc. 
 
 •J. 'I'liu liulc fringed silk (lag tiiat liangs on a 
 tninipct. Jiilin.ioH. 
 BA.VD'ijTRlXG, n. A string appenilant to a band. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 C.^ND'V, g. [Fr. bander, to bend ; L. jinmlo.] 
 
 1. A club bent at tlie lower part for striking a ball 
 at |(Iay. 
 
 ± 'i'lu! play with sncli a club. Toonr. 
 HAND'V, r. I. Vo beat to and fro, as a ball in play- 
 ing at barnlij. 
 
 •J. 'i'o excliautfe ; to give and receive reciprocally ; 
 as, to bundii looks. Sliali. 
 J. 'I'o agitata ; to toss about, as from man to man. 
 
 Let not kuywii truth be baivtifd in tlisput;ilii'n. Wattt, 
 
 B.WD'Y, V. i. To contend, as at some pime, in 
 wiiicli each strives to drive the ball his own wav. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 B.AND'Y-ING, ppr. Beating ; impelling or tossing 
 from one to another ; agitating in controversy witli- 
 out ceremony. 
 
 BANU'Y-LIiG, n. [handy ami leg. See Bandy and 
 Uf.ni).] a crooked leg ; a leg bonding inward or 
 outward. i'.neyc. 
 
 BA.ND'Y-LKG-GKD, a. Having crooked less. 
 
 It.i.N'E, «. [Uu. the afliiiities. In f'ax. baim is a mur- 
 derer ; in Gr. ^ckw is to kill ; in L. urnenam is poi- 
 son ; Fr. venin ; Ann. brntiin or uininn.] 
 
 1. Poison of a deadly Ipialily ; ' hence, any fatal 
 cause of mischief, injury, or ilestruction ; as, vice is 
 the bnnr. of societ}'. 
 
 'X .\ disease in'shecp, more commonly termed the 
 ivt. /liivn. i'.neyc. 
 
 R.'i.VE, I', t. To poison. Shak. 
 
 I!.\.\E'Bi;it-KY, n. A common name of the herb 
 Christopher or Actma Spicata, whose berries are 
 fetid and dangerous. 
 
 B.\.\E'Fl,'Ij, n. Poisonous; pernicious; destructive. 
 
 BANE'FyL-LY, flrfi'. Perniciously; destructively. 
 
 B.\.\E'F[]L-NEsiS, n. Poisonou'sness ; destructive- 
 ness. .> 
 
 BaXE'WORT, n. [See AVort.] A plant, called also 
 di ailly ni^rhlsltadr. Julmson. 
 
 BAN(;, V. t. [Dan. io«/.e, to beat ; G. bdngcl, a club, 
 and the clapper of a bell ; D. beiigel, a bell ; Ir. bca- 
 naim, to beat.] 
 
 1. To betit, as with a club or cudgel ; to thump ; to 
 cudgel. [.4 toio word.] 
 
 2. To beat or handle roughlv ; to treat with vio- 
 lence. " Sliak. 
 
 B.\N'G, ji. A blow with a club ; a heavy blow. Shuk. 
 
 B.\NG'1.\(;, o. Huge; great; as if imtin"-, or sur- 
 passing ill size. .\ vulgar word used in the south of 
 England, in ScotlaniT, and sometimes in America. 
 
 Forby. 
 
 B.'\X"GIiE, V. t. To waste by little and little ; to 
 
 squander carelesslj'. Johnson. 
 BA.\"GIX, 71. .\n ornament worn upon the arms 
 
 and ankles in India and Africa. jMaleom. 
 BANGUE, j M. The leaf of a sort of hemp or Uanna- 
 BANG, i bis, growing in India and the Levant, 
 
 anil used as a narcotic. 
 BA.\'I.\N, (ban'yan,) ii. A man's undress or morning 
 
 gown, as worn by the Banians in the East Indies. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. A peculiar caste or class among the Hindoos, 
 whose profession is that of trade and merchandise. 
 
 Jlirbert. 
 
 3. A tree in India, the Banyan. .Millon. 
 Banian days, in scanirn^s Itin^uafrr, arc da>"S in a 
 
 week in which tin sailors hav.; no ilcsh nietit served 
 out to them. 'I'his use of the term seems to be bor- 
 rowed from the Baiii.ins in .\si;i, who, believing in a 
 metempsychosis, will eat no liesli, nor even kill 
 noxious animals. 
 BAN'ISH, e. (. [Fr. bannir, bannLisant ; whence 4a>t- 
 nU'.-rmcul, banishment ; Arm. rmbanua, to publish 
 forbana and forbanizn, to banish ; It. baiulire ; D. ban- 
 nea ; G. ccrbanncn, atLsbannen, ifee B.vN.l 
 
 1. To condemn to exile, or compid to leave one's 
 country, by authority of the prince or govcrnmeiit ; 
 either for life or for a limited time. It is common 
 for Itiissians to be banished to Sihjria. 
 
 2 To drive away ; to compel to depart ; as, to 
 banish sorrow. 
 
 3. To banish one's self, is to quit one's country 
 voluntarily, and with a view to reside abroad. 
 BA.N'ISIl-/;l), (ban'isht,) pp. or a. Compelled to leave 
 
 one's country ; driven away. 
 BAN'ISII-EK, H. One who compels another to quit 
 his country. 
 
 BAN'ISII-I.\G, ppr. Compelling to quit one's coun- 
 trj' ; drivini; away. 
 
 BAN'ISII-.ME.NT, n. The act of a prince or govern- 
 ment, conqwlling a citizen to leave his country, either 
 for a limited time or forever, as for some crime. 
 
 2. A voluntary forsaking of one's country upon 
 oath, called abjuration. [ 'J his practice luis now ccajictl 
 ill Great Britatn.] 
 
 BAN 
 
 3. Tho sta^e of being banished ; exile. 
 ■i. The act of driving away or dispelling ; as, the 
 biini-fhment of care from the mind. 
 BAN'ia-TEll, n. A corruption of IULusTt:K. 
 BANK, H. [Sax. banc; I), and G. bank: t^w. banck ; 
 Dan. bankc; It. banco i Sp. and Port, banea, banco i 
 
 Fr. battc, ban'pic ; \V. banc ; Arm. banci) ; Ar. uJ'aj 
 
 banli, abench. Bank and bench are radically the same 
 word. The sense is, that which is set, laid, or ex- 
 tended. Applied to a m.iss of earth, it is a collec- 
 tion, that which is thrown or laid together.] 
 
 1. A nionnd, pile, or ridgo of earth, raised above 
 the surrounding plain, either as a defense or for 
 other purposes. 2 Sam. xx. Ifi. 
 
 2. Any steep acclivity, whether rising from a river, 
 a lake, or the sea, or forming the side of a ravine, or 
 the steep side of a hillock on n plain. VVIk ii we 
 speak of the earth in general adjoining a lake or tlie 
 sea, we use the word shore: hut a particular sleep 
 acclivity on the side of a lake, river, or the sea, is 
 called a barik. 
 
 3. A bench, or a bench of rowers, in a galley. 
 
 PIacmI on ih -lr hanlce, llie lujsty Trojmis sweep. WaUer. 
 
 4. By analo'rii, a collection or stock of money, de- 
 posited, by a miniber of persons, for a particular use ; 
 that is, an aggregate of particulars, or a fund ; as, to 
 establish a bank, that is, a joint fund. 
 
 5. The place where a collection of money is ile- 
 posited ; a common repository of the money of indi- 
 viduals or of companies ; also, a house used for a 
 bank. 
 
 (i. A company of persons concerned in a bank, 
 whether a private association or an iucorporateil 
 com()any ; the stockholders of a bank, or their re|>- 
 resentatives, the directors, acting in tlieir corporate 
 capacity. 
 
 7. An elevation, or rising ground, in the sea ; called 
 also fiats, shoals, shelves, or shallows. 1'hese may 
 rise to the surftice of the water or near to it ; but the 
 word bank signifies also elevated ground at the bot- 
 tom of the sea, when many fathoms below the sur- 
 face ; as, the banks of Newloundland. 
 BANK, V. t. To raise a mound or dike ; to inclose, 
 defend, or fortify with a bank ; as, to bank a house. 
 
 2. To pass by the banks of. 
 
 As 1 have banked Uv-ir tow S't:t'<. 
 [J^ot in use.] 
 
 3. To lay up or deposit ni;)ncy in a bank. [Little 
 used.] Johnson. 
 
 BANK'^A-BLE, a. Receivable at a bank, as bills ; or 
 discountable, as notes. 
 
 BANK'-BOQK, n. A book in which the officers of a 
 bank enter the debt and credit of a customer. Bouvicr, 
 
 BANK'-BILL, n. In America, the same as Bank-note. 
 In England, a note, or a bill of exchange of a bank, 
 payable at some future spccifieil time. Such bills are 
 negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, 
 no part of the currency. London Banker. 
 
 BANK'-NoTE, n. A promissorj- note, issued by a 
 banking company, signed oy the president and 
 countersigned by the cashier, payable to the bearer 
 in gidd or silver at the bank, on demand. Such 
 bills, in England and Ami,-rica, fomi a large part 
 of the currency. 
 
 B.\NK'£D, (bankt,) pp. Uaisecl in a ridge or mound of 
 earth ; inclosed or Ibrtifietl with a bank. 
 
 B.\NK'ER, 71. One who keeps a bank ; one who 
 trallics in money, receives und remits money, ne- 
 gotiates bills of exchange, &c. 
 
 2. A vessel employed in the codfishcry on the 
 banks of Newfoundland. Mar. Did. 
 
 B.\NK'ING, p;ji-. liaising a mound or bank; inclos- 
 ing with a bank. When we speak of restraining 
 water, we usually call it banking; when we speak 
 of defending the land, we vM it imbanking. Eneyc. 
 
 BANK'ING, 71. The business or employment tjf a 
 banker ; the business of establishing a ciunmon fund 
 for lending money, discounring notes, issuing bills, 
 receiving deposits, collecting the money on notes de- 
 posited, negotiating bills of exchange, &c. 
 
 B.\NK'1NG, a. Pertaining '<,o, or conducted by, a 
 bank; as, fca»Ai;i<,' operation?. JPCullodi. 
 
 BANK'KUPT, 7U [Fr. banqueroute ; Sp. banearrata, 
 bankruptcy, bank, and Sp. and Port, roto. It. rotto, 
 broken ; Eng. rout, defeat, 'i his may signify beneh- 
 broken, or 6a/iA-broken , most probably the latter, 
 referring to the funtl or slock. The last syllable is 
 the Latin ruptus, contracted; Norm, roupt, rous, 
 broken.] 
 
 1. In English law, a trader who secretes himself, 
 or does certain other acts tending to defraud his 
 creditors. Blackstone. 
 
 2. In a less technical seme, a trader who fails, or 
 becomes unable to pay his just debts ; an insolvent 
 trader. In strictness, no pe-s,,n but a trader can be 
 a banknipt. Bajikntptcy is applied to merchants and 
 traders ; iiuiohency, to otlier persons. 
 
 I This distinction is not p'eserved in the United 
 I Slates, .all insolvent debtors being called An;iArH;it<. 
 I BANK'KUPT, a. Having commilled acts of bank- 
 I ruptcy ; unable to pay just d uts ; insolvent. 
 
 BAN 
 
 B.ANK'RUPT, 0. «. To break one in trade j to make 
 insolvent, 
 
 B.\NK'RUPT-CY, ti. The state of being a bankrupt, 
 or insidvent ; inability to pay all debts. 
 
 2. The act of becoming a liiinkrupt : tho act of 
 rendering one's self a bankrupt, as by absconding or 
 otherwise ; failure in trade. 
 
 BANK'RUPT-EI), pp. Uenderod insolvent. 
 
 BANK'RUPT-ING, ppr. Breaking in trade ; render- 
 ing insolvent. 
 
 BA.NK'RUPT r.AAV, 71. A law which, upon a bank- 
 rn|)t's ytirrenderiiitr all his property to comiiiissioni'rs 
 for the benefit of his creditors, ilischarges him from 
 the payment of his de bts, and all liability to arrest or 
 suit for tho same, and secures his future acquired 
 properly from a liability to the payment of his past 
 debts. 
 
 BANK'KUPT SYS'TEM, 71. A system of laws and 
 legal proceedings in regard to bankrupts and their 
 property. 
 
 BANK'-.STOrK, n. A share or shares in the capit.al 
 stock of a bank. 
 
 BAJV LlJC-UE, 71. [Fr.J The territory xvithout tho 
 walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or 
 city. Brande. 
 
 BAiN'NER, 77. [Fr. bannierc: W.banrr; It. bandiera; 
 Sj). bnmUra: G. /d/i/ic and jianirr; I). /vm/i and eaoji- 
 del; from {Jotli. /ana, cloth; Sax. /u/ia; L. pannud ; 
 Ir. faan, cloth.] 
 
 1. A sipiare Hag ; a military ensign ; the principal 
 standard of a prince or state. Eneyc. 
 
 2. A streamer borne at the end of a lance or else- 
 where. Johnson. 
 
 3. In botany, the upper petal of a papilionaceous 
 corol. Martyn. 
 
 B.\N'NER-£D, a. Furnished with or bearing banners. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Shi'.-M llie stron;;^ Toes, and nike tlie bannered «horc. Barlovi. 
 
 BAN'NER-ET, 71. [Fr., from banner.] 
 
 1. A knight matie in the fielil. On the day of bat- 
 tle, the candidates presented their (lags to the king or 
 general, who cut otf the train or skirt, and made it 
 square. They were then called knights of tlie square 
 flag. Bannerets formerly constituted an orih^r of 
 knights or feudal lords, who led their vassals to 
 battle under their own Hags. They were a middle 
 order between barons and simple knights. Eneyc 
 
 2. Formerly, a high ollicer in some of the Swiss 
 cantons, who had the charge of the banner. 
 
 BAN'NER-oL. See Bandrol. 
 
 BAN-NI"TION, «. The act of expulsion. [Oi.v.] 
 
 BAN'NOCK, 71. [Ir. boinncog.] [Abp. Land. 
 
 A cake made of oat, rj e, pease, or barley meal, 
 baked on an iron plate, over the fire ; used in Scot- 
 land, and the northern counties of England. Johnson. 
 
 BAN'OY, 71. A species of hawk, somewhat larger than 
 tho English sparrow-hawk ; the back and xvings yel- 
 low, and the belly white ; a native of the Philippine 
 Isles. Diet, of JVaf. JIU. 
 
 BAN'QUET, (bank'wet,) 77. [Fr. banquet; Arm. ban- 
 cqed or bam'ez; It. banchetto, a little seat, a feast ; Sp. 
 banqucta, a stool with three legs ; banqucte, a banqni't. 
 From these words, it would appear that banquet is a 
 sitting, and hence a feast ; and not, as supposed, 
 
 from the Oriental p:B, i_AO 'o feed or bring up 
 delicately.] 
 
 A feast ; a rich entertainment, literally, of meat 
 and drink ; figuratively, of any thing deliglitful. 
 
 BAN'UUET, V. U To treat with a fea.st,'or rich en- 
 tertainment. Shak. 
 
 BAX'aUET, I'. 1. To feast ; to regale one's self witli 
 good eating and drinking. Shak. 
 
 BAN'UUET-EU, i>;i. Feasted; richly entertained at 
 the table. 
 
 B,\N'QUET-EU, 71. A feaster; one who lives de- 
 liciously. 
 
 2. One who makes feasts or rich entertainments. 
 B.\N'(iUET-ING, ppr. Feasting; entertaining with 
 
 rich fare. 
 2. Partaking of rich fare. 
 B.\N'CIUET-ING, 71. A feast ; luxurious living; rich 
 
 entertainment. I Pet. iv. 
 BAN'QUF.T-ING-HOUSE, ) 71. A house where cnter- 
 BAN'aUET-IIOUSE, ) tainmcnts are made 
 
 Cant. xxiv. Dan. v. 
 BAN'aUET-ING-ROO.AI, 71. A s.aloon or spacious 
 
 hall for public entertainments. Eneyc. 
 BA.Y-QUETTE', (ban-kef,) n. [Fr.] 
 
 1. In fortification, a little raised way or foot-bank, 
 running along the inside of a parapet, on which mus- 
 keteers stand to lire U|ion tlie enemy in the moat or 
 covered way. Eneyc. 
 
 2. The foot-wny of a bridge, when raised above 
 the carriage-wav. OieiU. 
 
 BA.\'aUET-TENT, »i. A tent in which a banquet is 
 enjoyed. 
 
 B.\NS, 71. ;)/. Baiii of matrimony. [See Ban, No. 2.] 
 
 BEN'SHr^' i ^"''^ '^^''y- Chalaer,. 
 
 BAN'STICK-LE, 71. A small fish, called, also, stitkU- 
 back : a species of the genus Gastcrosteus. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G .as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
I 
 
 Bar 
 
 DAN'TAM, ?!. A very sniull variety of fowl, witli 
 Ic-atliered legs, brouglit, probably, from tlie kingiloni 
 of Bantam. 
 
 2. A kind of painted or carved work resembling 
 tliat of Japan, only more gaudy. 
 
 BAA''TER, 1!. (. [Gr. 0£i"<f, wlience (peyaKil^oi, to 
 mock, or deride _ 
 
 To play upon iii words and in good Immor ; to ral- 
 ly ; to joke or jest witli. Banter hardly aminints to 
 ridicule, nnicli less to derision. It consi^ts in being 
 pleasant and witty with the actions of anotlier, and 
 raising a humorous la\igli at his expense, often attend- 
 ed with some degree of sarcasm. 
 
 BAN'TER, 7i. A joking or jesting; raillery; wit or 
 humor ; pleasantry. 
 
 BAN'TER-JiD, pp. Rallied ; laughed at in good hu- 
 mor. 
 
 BAi\'TER-ER, n. One who banters, or laughs at with 
 pleasantry. 
 
 BAN'TER-'ING, ppr. Joking; laughing at with good 
 humor. 
 
 BAN'TER-ING, n. The act of bantering. 
 
 BANT'UNG, n. [G. bavkart. Uu.] 
 A voung child ; an infant. 
 
 BAN'YAN, 71. The Indian fig, {Ficus Indka,) a tree 
 w hose branches, bending to the ground, take root and 
 form new stocks, till they cover a space of many hun- 
 dred feet in circumference. Brande. 
 
 Ba'O-BAB, 7!. The African name of the Adansoria 
 digitata, the largest known tree in the world. The 
 trunk is sometimes thirty feet in diameter, but not 
 more than seventy feet high. Brande. 
 
 BAP'TISM, 7!. . [Gr. Ii.nni<jiia, from /J.irrri^w, from 
 /iiirmo, to baptize ; Sp. bautiiar ; It. battrizare ; Port. 
 bautizar or bapt'nar. These seem to be from the 
 Greek, by contraction. But the Arm. badcza, ba- 
 dein, may be from batli, bad, water.] 
 
 1. The application of water to a person, as a sacra- 
 ment or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated 
 into the visible church of Clnist. This is usually 
 performed by sprinkling or immersion. 
 
 2. The sufferings of Christ. Watt. xx. 22, 2.3. 
 
 3. So much of the gospel as was preached by John 
 the Baptist. Acts xviii. Cruden. 
 
 HijpiitlMical baptism, is the name given, in tlie Epis- 
 copal church, to baptism wlu'u uitniirii^trred to |ier- 
 sons, in respect to whom it i» doubtful whetiicr they 
 have or have not been baptized before. Tile foruuila 
 in this case is, " If thou art not already baptized, I 
 b;iptize tljee," &c. Jlouk. 
 BAP-TIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to baptism ; as, a baptis- 
 indl \"i)\y. 
 
 BAP'TIST, 7!. One who administers baptism. This 
 appellation is appropriately given to John, the fore- 
 runner of Christ. 
 
 2. As a contraction of Anabaptist, one who denies 
 the doctrine of infant baptism, and nuiintains that 
 iKyitism ought to be administered only to adults or 
 belieyers by inuiiersing the body in water. 
 
 BAP'TI.'<T-EI!-V, H. [h. baptlsterium.] 
 
 A place u licre the sacrament of baptism is admin- 
 i.stered. Prinutivelv, baptisteries were in buildings sep- 
 arate from the church ; but in tlie sixth century they 
 were taken into the church-porch, and afterward in- 
 to the ch\nch itself. Encijc. 
 
 BAP-'I'IST'ie, )a. Pertaining to baiitism. 
 
 BAP-'l'l,<'l"ie-AL, j Brainhnll. 
 
 BAl'-TIST'ie-AL-LY, ado. In a haplistical manner. 
 
 B.VP-'i lZ'A-BLE, a. That may be baptized. 
 
 JV. jE. Elders. 
 
 B.\P-TlZE', 71. t. [See Baptism.] To administer the 
 sacrament of baptism to ; to christen. By some de- 
 nominations of Christians, baptism is performed by 
 plunging or immersing the whole body in water, and 
 this is done to none but adults. More generally, the 
 ceremony is performed by sprinkling water on the 
 face of a person, whether an infant or an adult, arid 
 in the case of an infant, by giving him a name, in 
 the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, which 
 is calbid Cfiristening. 
 
 BAP-TIZ'£D, pp. or a. Having received baptism ; 
 christened. 
 
 BAP-TIZ'ER, 71. One who christens, or administers 
 baptism. 
 
 B Al'-TI/,'Ii\G, ppr. .Administering baptism to. 
 BAR, [VV. bar; It. barra ; Kr. bnrrc; Sp. bnrra ; 
 
 l*ort. id. ; \X. harra, .sharra ; \rm. barren, spnrl ; Ileb. 
 
 n>i3 ; Ch. N-13V'. If these words are the Eng. bar, 
 
 the sense is, a shoot, that which shoots, passes, or is 
 
 driven.) 
 
 1. A piece of wood, iron, or other solid matter, 
 long in proportioii to its diameter, used for various 
 pur|K)Kes, !nit especially for a hiiuh'ratti'e or obstruc- 
 tion ; as, the bar.-i of a fence or gale; the bar of a 
 door or hatchway. Numb. iii. 31). Ex. xxvi. 2(). 
 
 2. Any obsta<-le which obstructs, iiinders, or de- 
 fends ; un ob.itrtiction ; a fortifiiration. Amos i. 
 
 Mum 1 li'-w hart Ui irijr own joy crctiU;. Drytlen. 
 
 .1. The Hhorc of the iiea, which restrains its waters. 
 Job xxxviii. 
 
 4. The railing that encloseii the place which coun- 
 sel occupy in courts of justice. Ilenci' llie phrase at 
 Uie bar uf Oic rijurl, finiiil'wii ill open court. Hence, 
 
 also, licensed lawyers are called barristers ; and 
 hence the whole body of lawyers licensed in a 
 court, are custiimnrily called tlie bar. .J trial at 
 bar, in England, is a trial in the courts of West- 
 minster, opposed to a trial at JNisi Prius, in the 
 circuits. 
 
 5. Fig-urativehj, any tribunal ; as, the bar of public 
 opinion. Thus the final trial of men is called the bar 
 of G(td. 
 
 6. The inclosed place of a tavern, inn, or coffee- 
 house, w here the landlord or bis servant delivers out 
 liquors, and waits upon customers. .Addison. 
 
 7. A bank of sand, gravel, or eartli, f*>riuing a sliftal 
 at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing entrance, 
 or rendering it dithoult. 
 
 8. A rock in the sea, according to Brown ; or any 
 thing by which structure is held together, according 
 to Johnson ; used in Jonah ii. 
 
 9. Any thing laid across another, as bars in herald- 
 ry, stripes in color, and the like. 
 
 10. In the nienarre, the highest part of the place in a 
 horse's mouth between the grinders and tusks, so 
 that the p:irt of the mouth which lies under and at 
 the side of the bars, retains the name of the /rujn. 
 Encijc. The upper part of the gums, between the 
 tusks and grinders, which bears no teeth, and to 
 which the bit is applied. Jvhnson. 
 
 11. Bars, in music, are lines drawn perpendicularly 
 across the lines of the start", including between each 
 tu'o a certain quantity of time, or number of beats. 
 
 12. In law, a peremptory excejition suthcient to 
 destroy the plaintirf's action. It is divided into a 
 bar to comnion intendment, and bar special ; bar 
 teiiij)orary, and bar iierpetual. Bar to common in- 
 ti'iidmenf, is an ordinary or general bar, which dis- 
 ables the declaration of the plaintifl'. A special bar, 
 is more than ordinary, as a fine, release, or justifica- 
 tion. A temporarij h:ir, is that which is good for a 
 time, but may afterward cease. A perpetual bar, 
 overthrows the action of the plaintifl' forever. 
 
 Bhiekstiine. Coieel. 
 
 13. A bar of gold or silver, is an ingot, lump, or 
 wedge, from the mines, run in a iin)I(l, and un- 
 wrought. A bar of iron, is a long piece, wrought in 
 the forge and hammered from a pin- 
 
 14. Among printers, the inuj u'ith a wooden han- 
 dle, by which the screw of the press is turned. 
 
 15. In t/ie African ira'/r, a di uoiuiiialion of price ; 
 payment formerly being made to the Africans in iron 
 liars. ./olinsiin. 
 
 BAR, V. t. To fasten with a bar ; as, to bar a door or 
 gate. 
 
 2. To hinder ; to obstruct ; to prevent ; as, to bar 
 the entrance of evil. 
 
 3. To prevent; to exclude; to hinder; to make 
 impracticable; as, the distance b.vtu'rm us //ars our 
 intercourse. In this st iise, the pliiase is often varied, 
 thus: the distance burs me fruut his aid, or bars him 
 fruin my aid. 
 
 4. To prohibit ; to restrain or exclude by ex[iress 
 or implied prohibition ; as, the statute burs my right ; 
 the law bars the use of poisoiieil weapons. 
 
 5. 'I'o fibstruci, preyeut, or binder by any interven- 
 ing obstacle , as, the right is barred by time ; a re- 
 lease bars tlie plaintitrs recoyt-ry. 
 
 6. To excejit ; to exclude by exception ; as, I bar 
 to-night. Sliak. 
 
 7. To cross with stripes of a different color. 
 
 8. To bar a vein, in farriery, is an operation upon 
 the legs of a horse, or other p.arts, to stop malignant 
 humors. This is done by opening the skin above a 
 vein, disengaging it, and tying it both above and be- 
 low, and striking between the two ligatures. Jtdmson. 
 
 9. To adorn witli trappings ; a emitraction n{ barb. 
 [See Barb.] lyrayton. Haywaod. 
 
 BARB, 77. [L. harba; W. baro ; Corn, bar; Arm. baro. 
 This is beard, with a different ending. 'I'he sense 
 may be, that which shoots out.] 
 
 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in 
 the place of it ; as the barb of a fish, the smaller 
 claws of the polypus, &c. Johnson. Coze. 
 
 2. Ancientlij, armor for horses, mtide of leather set 
 with iron spikes ; formiTly, barbe or barde. Ilaijward. 
 
 3. A common name of the Barbary pigeon, a bird 
 of a black or dun color. Diet, of J^at. Illit. 
 
 4. A liorsi' from Barbary, of Which it seems to be 
 a contraction. 
 
 .■>. The points that stand backward in an arrow, 
 fi.sh-hook, or other instrument for piercing, intended 
 to prevent its being I'xiiacted. 
 
 fi. Ill botany, a slraighl process armed with teeth 
 pointing barkwiird like the sting of a bee. This is 
 one sort of pubescence. Murtyu. 
 
 An appendage of the fruit of some plants, forked at 
 the tipex, with both divisions of the fork hooki d. 
 
 Liiidleri. 
 
 BARB, V. t. I. To shave ; to dress the beard. [ Oiis.] 
 
 Hhak. 
 
 2. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, fish-hook, 
 spear, or other iiistriiniriil. 
 
 3. To put armor on a horse. J\filton. 
 BA R'liA-CAN, /I. [I'r. barbunnir; Sp. barbacuna; It. 
 
 barbarnne. tin. a projecting work.] 
 
 1. A fortificiition or outer defense to a city or 
 
 castle, consisting of an elevation of earth about three 
 feet high, along the foot of the rampart. 
 
 Encyc. Johnson. .Sp. Diet 
 
 2. A fort at the end of a bridge, or at the outlet of 
 a city, having a double wall with towers. Encyc. 
 
 3. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through 
 which guns are leveled and fired upon an enemy. 
 
 Johnson. Eiicyc. 
 The French use the word also for an aperture in a 
 wall, to let ill or drain off water. 
 
 BAR'B.'V-eAN-AOE, 71. Money paid for the support 
 of a barbacan. [Ofc.] Bouvier. 
 
 BAR-Ba'1)I-AN, 71. An inhabitant of Barbadoe.s. 
 
 BXR-Ba'DoES CHER'RY, 71. A tree growing in the 
 West Indies, a species of Malpighia, iifteen feet high, 
 and producing a jileastint tart fruit. Johnson 
 
 Barbadues le^ ; (Bucneniia, Good;) a disease of 
 warm climates, characterized by great enlargement 
 and deformity of the leg, witli the skin thickened, 
 livid, and rugose ; the elephant leg of the Arabians, 
 and Iiy some rtmsiili'red as a \'ariety of elephantiasis. 
 
 BAR-B.a'DoES TaK, 71. A minerai fluid, of tin- na- 
 ture of the thicker fluid bitumens, of ;i nauseous hit- 
 terisli taste, ji very strong, disjigreetible smell, viscid, 
 of a brown, black, or reddish color: it easily melts, 
 and burns with much smoke, but is not soiuble in 
 ardent spirits. It trickles down the sides of moun- 
 t;iins in some parts of America, and sometimes is 
 found on the surface of the w;iters. It is recom- 
 mended in coughs and disorders of the breast and 
 lungs. Encyc. J^ichohou. 
 
 It is merely a variety of petroleum. 
 
 BaR-Ba'RI-AN, 71. [L. barbarus; Gr. ffapliannf; Ir. 
 barba, or heorb : Russ. varvar ; Ch. "\:-i3. See Class 
 Br, Nos. 3 and 7. The sense is, foreign, wild, fierce.] 
 
 1. A man in his rude, savage state ; an uncivilized 
 person. Denhaut. 
 
 2. A cniel, savage, brutal man ; one destitute of 
 pity or humanity. Philips. 
 
 3. A foreigner. The Greeks and Romans denom- 
 inated most foreign nations barbarians ; and many of 
 these were less civilized than themselves, or unac- 
 quainted with their language, laws, and mannrrs. 
 But with them the word was less reproachful tluiii 
 with us. 
 
 BAR-Ba'RI-AN, a. Belonging to savages ; rude; un- 
 civilized. Pope. 
 2. Cruel ; inhuman. 
 BAR-BAR'1€, a. [ly. barbaricas. See Barbabian. 
 The Romans applied this word to designate things 
 foreign ; Barburicnm aurum, gold from Asia, Virg. 
 JEn 2. 504 ; Barbariecc restes, eniliroidered garments 
 from foreign nations. English writers use the word 
 in a like sense.] 
 Foreign ; imported from foreign nations. 
 
 Mdton. Pope. 
 BS.R'BA-R1S.M, 7!. [L.barburismus. See Baruaiiiam.J 
 
 1. An ofli'iise against purity of style or lauiiuage 
 any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a 
 p;irticiilar language. Drydcn. 
 
 2. Ignorance of arts ; want of learning. 
 
 Shak. Dryden. 
 
 3. Rudeness of manners ; savagism ; incivility ; 
 ferociousness ; a savage state of society. 
 
 Spenser. Davies. 
 
 4. Brutality ; cruelty ; barbarity. [In thii sense 
 tittle ns' d, beiwr superseded by BARltAnn v.] 
 
 BXR-BA1M-'1'\Vh. [.<ee Barbarian.] 
 
 1. 'i'he mimners of a barbarian ; savageness ; cru- 
 elty ; ferociousness; inliiuuanity. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Barbarism ; impurity of speech. Dryden. ti^rift. 
 1 The use of the ward in this sense is noto superseaed 
 
 by Barbarism.] 
 BAR'BAR-IZE, v. t. To make barbarous. 
 
 liideons clmnj^cs li;ive barbarized Frxnoe. Burtce. 
 
 BAR'BAR-OUS, a. Uncivilized ; savage; unlettered ; 
 untutored ; ignorant ; unac(iuainted with arts ; stran- 
 ger to civility of manners. 
 
 Tliou art !i Roman; be not barbarous. Sliak. 
 2. Cruel ; ferocious ; inhuman ; as, barbarous us;\ge. 
 
 Cturrndon. 
 
 BXR'B7\R-OUS-LY, adv. In the manner of a barba- 
 rian ; ignorantly ; without knowledge or arts ; con- 
 trary to the rules of speech. Dryden. 
 2. In a s.avage, cruel, ferocious, or inhuman maun >r. 
 
 BAR'B.\R-OUS-NESS, «. Rudeness or incivility of 
 manners. Temple. 
 
 2. Impurity of language. Brereiooud. 
 
 3. Cruelty; iiihumaiiily ; barbarity. Hull. 
 Bt^ H'BA- 1! \', II. A liarliary horse; a barb. Braam. 
 BA U'liAS-'I'r.l,, 71. A species of bat with hairy or 
 
 bearded cheeks. 
 Bxlt'IiATi;, \a. [Ii. barbatns, from borba. See 
 BAR'Ua-TEI), i Barb.] 
 
 In botany, lie;irded ; also, gaiiiiu; or ringetit. Puir- 
 batus Jlus, a ga|iiug or ringent flower ; syniuiymous 
 with the rinoent flower of laniia'us, and the tobatte 
 and /iiT.i»/i«rc of Tournelort. .I\hlne. I.rc. 
 
 This leriu is properly synonymous with the labiate 
 flower of Eiiiiiii iis, winch includes the ringent and 
 personate, as subdivisions. 
 BAKBE, II. Armor of leather for horses, studded with 
 iron pikes. liooih. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Vf^U., WHAT. — METE, PREY — PI.\E, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
BAR 
 
 III Uw inililartj art, to fiiti ill barhe, is to lire tlic ciin- 
 iioii over tlie parapet, iiistoad of tiring throiiRli tliu 
 t'llll>lasllrl^■^. Kiicijc. 
 
 liA lUllC-KKATU'ERS, n. fl. Tlic fcntliers under the 
 li. ak of a liawlt. Booth. 
 
 ItAli'ltK-eOlJ, H. In (Ac fVi-xt Mirs, n llog roasiod 
 wliole. It is, with us, used for an ox, or porliaps 
 any large animal, dressed in lil\e manner. Hence 
 tlie term lias been extended to denote a laige social 
 enteriaiiiment, in the open air, at wliicii animals are 
 roasted whole, and other provisions of all kinds are 
 consnnied. 
 
 UAll'lil", COE, »i. (. To dress and roast a lios whole, 
 which is done by splittiiiK llie hog to the back-bone, 
 ami roasting it on u gridiron ; to roast any aiiinial 
 whole. \ 
 
 BAKU'l'.l), i>p. or a. [See Bakb.J 
 
 1. I'liniisheil with armor ; as, barbed steeds. Shah. 
 
 2. Hearded ; jagged with hooks or points ; us, 
 barbed arrows. 
 
 ;i. Shaved or trimmed ; having the beard dressed. 
 
 Kncifc. 
 
 BXUH'EI., n. [L. bnrba; Fr. barbeau; D. barbeel.) 
 ' 1. .A lisli ot the genus Cyprinus, of the order Ab- 
 doininales. The mouth is toothless ; thi^ gill has 
 tliree rays; the body is smooth and wliite. This 
 fish is about three feet long, and weighs 18 pounds. 
 It is a very coarse (isli, living in deep, still rivers, and 
 rooting like swine in the sot't banks. Its dorsal fin 
 is arnu-d with a strong spine, sharply serrated, and 
 its iip|>er jaw is furnished with four barbels or beard- 
 like appendages, whence the name. Eneiie. Ciivier. 
 
 Q. A knot of siiperHuoiis liesh, growing in the 
 clianneU of a horse's mouth ; written also barbie, or 
 barb, hlucijc. Farrier^s Diet. 
 
 :i. A small vermiform process appended to the 
 mouth of certain fishes, and subservient to the sense 
 of touch. Brandc. 
 
 BAllH'KR, n. [Vets, barbr. See Barh.] 
 
 Oiii' whose occupation is to shave men, or to shave 
 and dress hair. Shak. 
 
 BXUIi'EK, I'. (. To shave and dress hair. Shak. 
 
 BAKU'Ell-eill-RUK'OEO.V, n. One who joins the 
 practice of surgery with that of a barber; a practice 
 now unusual. A low practitioner of surgery. 
 
 WUeman. 
 
 BARB'ER-KD, jv'. Dressed by a barber. Shak. 
 
 BARli'i:R-liSS, n. <|feinale barber. [Mil iLsed.] 
 
 BARli'ER-.MON"OER, ii. A man who fieipients the 
 barber's shop, or prides himself in being dressed by a 
 barber ; a fop. Shak. 
 
 BAK'BER-RV, n. fL. bcrbrris ; Ir. barbrog ; U. ber- 
 brrh ; Sp. berbero. Ill Eth. abarbar is the nettle 
 Urtica major; in Ainli., a species of thistle. Lud. 
 Eth. 23:t ; Amh. 39. It is probable, therefore, that 
 this plant is so named from its spines or barbi<. The 
 name orijacantltus, also given to it, indicates a like 
 origin.] 
 
 A shrubby iilant of the genus Berberis, common in 
 hedges ; calltrd in England, pippcrid»e-bush. The 
 berrii's are used in housewifery, and have been 
 deemed cdicacioiis in Hiixes and fevers. The bark 
 dyes a fine yellow, especially the bark of the root. 
 
 JlliUer. Kncijc. 
 B.\R'BET, n. A name given by some French writers 
 to a peculiar siMcies of those worms which feed on 
 the pnceron or aphis. [Sec .\phisJ F.ncijc. 
 
 2. .\ name common to the diflcrent species of a 
 genus of birds, {Biicco,') touiid in the wiirm clintates 
 of both roiitiiieiits. 
 
 3. .\ dog, so called from his long hair. 
 BAR'Bl/LE, n. A very minute bard or beard. Booth. 
 B.^irC.V-REIil.E, H. A popular song or melody sung 
 
 by Venetian goiiihiliers. 
 BARD, n. r\V. fturJrf, or ban; Ir. bard: Fr. »nrrfc, a 
 poet ; Ir. bardas, a satire or lampoon ; W". bardhod, 
 philosophy ; bardirait, a song.] 
 
 1. A poet and a singer among the ancient Celts ; 
 one whose occupation was to compose and sing 
 verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes 
 and brave men. The bards used an instrument of 
 music like a lyre or guitar, and not only praised the 
 brave, but reproached the cowanlly. 
 
 Diod. Sic. jim. jVarcct. Lucan. Fcsdis. 
 9. In nuidern usage, a poet. Pope. Drydtn. 
 B.\RU, 71. The defensive armor of a horse. [Sec 
 Barhc] 
 
 BAR-I)ASII', 71. [Fr. bardache.] A boy kept for un- 
 natural purpost:s. Bardas\iu<r occurs m lliiddirns. 
 
 B.KRD'ED, a. In brratdry, cn[iarisoned. Knritr. 
 
 BARDES'A-NISTS, ;i. pi. A bnuich of tlie Cno-^li'cs of 
 the second century, followers of Itardesaii'-sot' IM,;ssa 
 in MesojK>tainia. i'liey held to two origuial self.<rx- 
 istent beings, ime good, the other evil ; that hiiinan 
 souls had no material bodies before thi^ fall ; that 
 Christ had only the semblance of a body, and did 
 not die on the cross, nor rise from the dead ; and 
 tli.it redemption consists in bi ing divivted ot our 
 gross, inateri;U bodies, and being clothed in ethereal 
 or spiritual bodies. Mosheim. 
 
 n\ RU'ie, a. Pertaining to bards, or iheir poetry. 
 
 Owen. 
 
 BARD'ISU, o. Pertaining to bards: written by a 
 bard. 
 
 BAR 
 
 BARD'IS.M, 71. The science of hards; the learniug 
 anil mavinis of bards. Otpen. 
 
 BARE, a. [Sax. bar or J«r; Sw. and Dan. bar; O. 
 bar. 'J'his word is from opening, separating, strip- 
 ping. In Ch. Syr. and Sam. 1N3 signifies to open, 
 or explain ; Ar. to dig ; also 113 is to separate, to 
 purify. Ch. Syr. lU to lay waste; Ar. id.] 
 
 1. Naked ; without covering ; ns, the arm is bare ; 
 the trees are bare. 
 
 2. With the head uncovered, from respect. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 3. Plain; siinplo; unadorned; wilhout the polish 
 of refined manners. S/icn.srr. 
 
 4. 1/iid opiui to view ; detected ; no longer con- 
 cealed. Jllltoll. 
 
 5. Poor; destitute; indigent ; empty ; unfurnished. 
 
 Hooker. Vnjdai. 
 
 I Invp miide F8;iu b<ire. — JiT. x!ix. 
 
 6. Mere; alone; unarronipaiiied. Shak. Snath. 
 
 7. Tlireailhare ; much worn. Ska!;. 
 
 8. Wanting clothes ; or dl supplied with ganneiiis. 
 
 Johason. 
 
 Under bare poles, at sea, signifies having no sail set. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 ft 13 often followed by of; as, the country is bare 
 of money. Locke. 
 
 BaRG,v. (. abarian. Sen Bark, adj.] 
 
 'I'o strip olf the coveiingj to make naked ; as, to 
 bare the breast. Bacon. Fojte. 
 
 BARK ; the old pr(^terit of bear, now Bokk. 
 
 liARE'lio.NE, H. [See HoNi;.] .\ very ban person. 
 
 UARK'Bo.N'-i'.l), a. Lean, so that the bones a])|iear, 
 or, rather, so that the bones show their forms. Shak. 
 
 Ii.\R'f;i), ;);<. Made bare ; made naked. 
 
 BaRE'FaC-KD, (-fiste,) a. [See Faok.] 
 
 1. \\'U\\ the face uncovered ; not masked. Shak. 
 
 2. Undisguised ; unreserved ; without conceal- 
 ment ; lieiice, shameless ; impudent; audacious; as, 
 a barefaced falsehood. 
 
 B.aKE'FaC-£U-LY, adv. Without disguise or reserve ; 
 {jpeiily ; impudently. 
 
 BAI!E'F.AC-£D-NESS, 71. EflVontery ; assurance; au- 
 daciousness. 
 
 BaUE'FOOT, a. [See Foot.] 
 
 With the feet bare; without shoes and stockings. 
 2 Sam. .\v. Isaiah xx. 
 
 BaRE'FQOT, o. or adv. With the feet bare ; as, to 
 dance barefoot, 
 
 Ra RE'FOOt-ED, a. Having the feet bare. 
 
 B.\RE'Gi\AWN, a. [See G.naw.] Eaten bare. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BaRE'HEAD-ED, a. [.See Head.] Having the head 
 uncovered, either from respect or other cause. 
 
 Bacon. Dnjdcn. 
 
 BARE'HEAD-ED-NESS, n. State of being bare- 
 hiaded. 
 
 BARE'LEG-G£D, a. Having the legs bare. Burton. 
 
 BaRE'LV, o</i). Nakedly; poorly; indigently; with- 
 out decoration ; merely ; only ; without any thing 
 more ; as, a prince barely in title. Barrett. Hooker. 
 
 BaRE'NECK-£D, (-iiekt,) a. Having the neck un- 
 covered ; exposed. Shali. 
 
 B.^RE'NESS, 71. Nakedness; leanness; poverty; in- 
 digence ; defect of clothes, or the usual covering. 
 
 Sliak. South. 
 
 BaRE'PICK-£D, (-pikt,) a. Picked to the bone. 
 
 Shali. 
 
 RARE'RIB-BBD, (-ribd,) a. Lean. Shak. 
 BAR'ET, 71. A cardinal's cap. 
 
 BAR'FtJL, a. Full of obstructions. Shak. 
 
 B.^R'G.\I.\, (bir'gin,) 7t. [Fr. bargainer, to haggle, to 
 hem and haw ; Arm. barirnignour, a haggler ; It. bar- 
 gagnare, to cavil, contend, bargain; Ir. braighean, 
 debati!. It seems to accord with It. briga, Sp. brega, 
 and Fr. brtgac.] 
 
 1. An agreement between parties concerning the 
 sale of property ; or a contract by which one party 
 binds himself to transfer the right to some property 
 for a consideration, and the other party binds him- 
 self to receive the property and p<ay the considenition. 
 
 2. A gainful transaction ; as, an e.xcellent bargain. 
 
 Co toper. 
 
 3. Purcha.se, or the thing purchased. Locke. 
 
 4. In popular language final event ; upshot ; as, 
 we must make the best of a bad bargain. 
 
 To sell bargain.^, is a vulgar p'.inise. 
 To titrike a bargain, is. to ratify an agreement, 
 originally by striking or shaking hands. 'J'iie Latin 
 ferire fadtm, may represent a like ceremony, unless 
 it refers to the practice of killing a victim, at the 
 solemn ratification of oaths. 
 
 Bargain and sale ; in law, a species of coflveyance, 
 by which the bargainer contracts to convey the lands 
 to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a 
 trustee for and seized to the u.se of the bargainee. 
 'J'lie .statute then completes the purchase ; that is, 
 the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the 
 [wissession. Blackstone, 
 n.\R'GAIN, r. I. To make a contract or conclusive 
 agreement for the transfer of property ; often with 
 /it before the thing purchased ; as, to bargain for a 
 house. A bargained with B for his farm. 
 BAIl'G.MN, V. U To sell ; to Inmsfer for a considera- 
 
 BAR 
 
 tioii ; as, ,\ bargained away his fiirm : a popular use 
 of tlie word. 
 
 BAR-GAIN-EH', 77. The party in a contract who re- 
 ceives or agrei s to receive the jiropcrty sold. 
 
 Blaek-itone. 
 
 BAR'GAIN-ER, 7i. The party in a contract vvlio Ktii>- 
 ulates to sell and convey property to another. 
 
 Btacli^itone. 
 
 BARGE, (barj,) 7i. [D. barbie; It. and Sp. barea; Ir. 
 bare. Barge, and lark or barque, a sliiji, are radically 
 one word.] 
 
 1. A pleasure-boat ; a vessel or boat of ."itate, fur- 
 nished with elegant apartments, canopies, and cush- 
 ions, equipped with a band of rowers, anil decorated 
 with (lags and streamers, used by olHcers and magis- 
 trates. F.ncijc. 
 
 2. A flat bottomed ves.sel of burden, for loading 
 and unloading sliip.s. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BARGK'-ISoARI), 71. A term apjdied to incliniMl pro- 
 jecting boards placed at the galile of a building, and 
 hiding the liori/onlal timbers of the roof. Owilt. 
 
 BAKGE'-COUP-LES, (-kiip'plz,) 71. pi. In architecture, 
 two beams mortised the one into the other, to 
 strengthen the building. Gailt. 
 
 BARGE'-(;OI;kSI;, «. in brirJilnylng, a part of the 
 tiling which projects be>'oiid the principal rafters, in 
 buildings where there is a gable or kirkinhead. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 BARGE'MAN, 77. The man who manages a barge. 
 
 BARGE'MAS'TER, 71. The proprietor of a barge, con- 
 veying goods fur hire. BlacluLone. 
 
 B.XRG'ER, 71. The manager of a b.'irgc. 
 
 Ii.\'Rl-.\, 77. Baryta, which see. 
 
 BA-RII,'L.\, 71. [Sp.] A plant cultivated in Spain 
 for its a^hes, from which the best kind of carbonate 
 of soda of coiiinierce is obtained. The plant is cut 
 and laid in heaps, and burnt, the siilts running into 
 a hole in the ground, where they form a vitrified 
 lump. F.neyc. 
 
 2. The alkali ])rociiicd from this plant, an impure 
 carbonate of soda, used in making glass and soap, 
 and in bleaching linen. 
 
 BaR'-I-RON, (-i-urn,) 71. Iron wrought into mal- 
 leable bars. 
 
 BAR'I-TONE. See Barytone. 
 
 Ba'RI-UM, 7!. The metallic b.asis of bpjyta or baria, 
 which is an oxyd of barium. Davy. 
 
 Barium is susceptible of two degrees of oxygena- 
 tion : the first, or protozyd of barium, is called baryta. 
 [liAKVTi'ji is the legitimate word.] 
 B.VRK, 77. [Dan. bark; Sw. barck ; G. borke ; probably 
 from stripping, separating.] 
 
 1. The exterior covering of a tree, corresponding 
 to the skin of an animal. This is composed of the 
 cuticle or epidermis, tlie outer bark, or cortex, and 
 the inner bark, or liber. The rough, broken matter 
 on bark is, by the common people of New England, 
 called ro.-i.t. 
 
 2. By way of distinction, Peruvian bark. 
 BARK, 7'. (, To peel ; to strip otT bark. Also, to cover 
 
 or inclose with bark. 
 BARK, In. [Ir. bare; Fr. barque; Buss, barka; 
 BARUUE, i It. and Sp. barca.) 
 
 A small ship; but appropriately, a ship which car- 
 ries three masts without a inizzcn top-sail. The 
 English mariners in the coal trade apply this name 
 to a broad-sterned ship without a figure-head. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. Diet 
 IVnter-bark's, in Holland, are small vessels for con- 
 veying fresh water from place to place, the hold of 
 which is filled with water. Encyc. 
 BARK, 1). i. [Sax. beorcan, byrean, to bark.] 
 
 1. To make the noise of dogs when they threaten 
 or pursue. 
 
 2. To clamor at ; to pursue with unreasonable 
 clamor or re))ioach. It is followed by at. 
 
 To hark at sleeping fame. 
 
 Sptnter. 
 
 BARK'-BaR-BD, a. Stripped of the bark. Mortimer. 
 
 BARK'-BED, ji. A hotbed formed beneath of Uin- 
 ner's bark. Booth. 
 
 BARK'-BOUND, a. Having the bark too firm or 
 close, as with trees. This ilisease is cured by slit- 
 ting the bark. Eneyc. 
 
 BA RK'£D, (b.lrkt,) pp. Stripped of the bark ; peeled ; 
 also, covered with bark. 
 
 BARK'ER, 71. One who barks or clamors unrcason- 
 ablv ; one who strips trees of their bark. 
 
 BARk'ER-Y, 71. A tan-hoiisc. Booth. 
 
 BARK'-GALL-KD, a. Having the bark galled, as 
 with thorns. This defect is cured by binding on 
 clay. F.neije. 
 
 B.\Rk'l.\G, ppr. Stripping oft" bark; covering with 
 bark; making the noise of dogs ; clamoring. 
 
 BARK'I.\G-I-RO.NS, 77. ;>;. Instruments used in tak- 
 ing otftlie bark of tribes. 
 
 BARK'-PIT, 77. A pit filled with h,ark and water, in 
 which hides are steeped in tanning. Booth. 
 
 BARK'-STciVE, 71. .\ gla/.ed structure for keeping 
 tropical plants, having a bed of tanner's hark, or 
 other fermentable matter, which produces a moist 
 heat. Brandt, 
 
 BARK'Y, a. Consisting of b:irk : containing bark. 
 
 S»<jfc. 
 
 TONE, BJ;LL, unite. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US e as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
IIAR 
 
 BaR'LEY, 71. [W. barlijs ; Sa\. here. Cln. ]>.; ,r, Cr. 
 zvpof, Heb. "13 Aar, corn. In the Saxon Cli.onicle, 
 An. U24, it is written barlie. Owen renders it 
 bread-corn, from bara, bread.] 
 
 A species of valuable jrrain, of the genus Hordeum, 
 used especially for making malt, from which are pre- 
 pared litjuors of extensive use, as beer, ale, and ptirter. 
 The khids of barley principally cultivated in Eng- 
 land are the common spring barley, the long-eared 
 barley, tlie winter or square barley, by some called 
 bear or big-, and the sprat or battleclore barley. This 
 grain is used in medicine, as possessing emollient, 
 diluent, and expectorant qualities, 
 i Encyc. JfiUer, Arbufhnot. 
 
 I BXR'LEY-BRaKE, n. A rural play ; a trial of swift- 
 I ness. SiOney. 
 
 B.\R'LEY-BROTH, n. A low word for strong beer. 
 ! Shak. 
 I BaR'LEY-CORX, 71. [See CoB?r.] A grain of bar- 
 I ley, the third part of an inch in length ; hence origi- 
 [ naled our measures of length. Juhnstm. 
 BAR'LEY-MO\V, n. A mow of barley, or the place 
 
 where barlev is deposited. Gaij. 
 BXR'LEY-SUG-AR, (bir'ly-shug'ar,) n. Sugar boiled 
 . till it is brittle, (formerly with a decoction of barley,) 
 and candied with orange or lemon peel. JlcCnlhrh. 
 ; BAR'LEY-WA'TER,7i. A decoction of barley, which 
 I is reputed soft and lubricating, and much used in 
 ' medicine. 
 
 French barlaj, and pearl barley, are used for making 
 I decoctions. These are made by separating the grain 
 { from its husk. .The pearl barley is reduced to the 
 I size of a small shot. 
 
 \ BaR.M, n. [Sax. beorm. Ciu. L. fermentum, from fer- 
 veo ; or beer^akm, beer cream ; or \V. benci, to boil.] 
 ' Yeast; the scum rising upon beer, or other malt 
 { liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in 
 1 bread to make it swell, causing it to be softer, lighter, 
 ■ and more delicate. It may be used in liquors to 
 ! make them ferment or work. Johnson. IZncijc. 
 '' BXRM'Y, a. Containing barm or yeast. 
 ! ■ Bacon. Shak. 
 
 BARN, 71. [Sax. brrem, from here, barley, and ctrn, or 
 i ern, a close place, or repository.] 
 j A covered building for securing grain, hay, (lax, 
 
 ' and other productions of the earth. In the Mrllicrn 
 States of jimerica, the farmers generally use barns 
 also for stabling their horses and cattle ; so that, 
 i among them, a barn is both a corn-house, or grange, 
 I and a stable. 
 
 BARN, J), f. To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Sha!:. 
 aAR'XA-€LE, 7!. [Port, bcrnaca, the Solan goose; 
 Fr. barnacle, or barnaque ; h, perna, a shell-fish. 1 
 
 1. A shell which is often found on the bottoms of 
 ships, rocks, and timber, below the surface of the 
 sea ; the Lepas anatifera of LinniEUS. The name is 
 also applied to other species of the same genus. Cyc. 
 j 2. A species of goose, (^.^nas leucopsis,) found in 
 
 I the northern seas, but visiting more southern climates 
 i in winter The forehead and clieeks are white, but 
 I the rest of the head and the neck are black ; the up- 
 j per part of the body is grayish, barred with black 
 j and white, and the belly white. Formerly, a strange 
 I notion prevailed, that these birds grew out of wood, 
 or rather out of the barnacles attached to wood in the 
 I sea. Hence the name. It is written also Behnacle. 
 
 Pennant. 
 
 3. In tJie plural, an instrument consisting of two 
 branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon 
 a horse's nose, to confine him, fur shoeing, bleeding, 
 or dressing. Kncyc. 
 
 nARN-Dr")OR, 71. The door of a barn. MUton. 
 
 BAR'O-LITE, 71. [Gr. /Jnous, weight, and XiBjs, a 
 stone.] 
 
 Carbonate of barj ta. Its color is usually a light 
 yellowish-gray ; sometimes whitish, or with a tinge 
 of green. It is strongly translucent. It usually oc- 
 curs in small masses, which have a fibrous structure ; 
 sometimes in distinct crystals. This mineral is called 
 also Hr'iUieritc, from Ur. Withering, the discoverer. 
 
 Clcavelanil. Kirwan. 
 BA-ROM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. papoi, weight, and pirpov, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the weight or pres- 
 sure of the atmosphere, consisting of a glass tube, 
 hermetically sealed at one end, filled with quick- 
 silver, well defecated and freed from air, and in- 
 verted in a basin of quicksilver. A column of quick- 
 silver is then supported in the tube, of e(pial weight 
 with the incumbent atmosphere. This instrument 
 w:ui invented by Torricelli, of Florence, in 1043. 
 Its uses are to indicate changes of wcatluir, and to 
 del/^rinino altitudes, by the falling and rising of the 
 mercury. For this purpose, the tube is fixed to a 
 griduated scale, so that the smallest variation in the 
 column is visible. Kncyc. Juhn.ion. 
 
 BAIl-0-MET'Rie-AE,n. Pertaining or relating to the 
 ' barometer ; made by a barometer ; as, barometrical 
 ex|Nrriments, 
 
 BAK-O-MET'ftlC-AL-LY.ado. By means of a barom- 
 eter. P'uikcrton. 
 
 BAK'O-METZ, 71. The Scythian Lamb ; a siiignhir 
 vegeUihle production, coiiHistiiig of the prostrale hairy 
 ■tern of the fern .^jpidiurn barometi, which, fr(;ni its 
 
 I 
 
 BAR 
 
 shaggy nature and position, has the appearance of a 
 crunching animal. Brantle. 
 BAR'OX, )i. [Fr. baron ; Sp. baron or varon ; It. 
 barone; Sans, bareru, Iharta, a husband. This word, 
 in the middle ages, was written bar, her, var, baro, 
 paro, viro, virro', viron It is the vir of the Latins ; 
 Sax. ircr ; Ir. fir, fear ; \V. U'er, for ifHir, gerir. .See 
 Spelrnan's Olossary, and ITirt. Pansa de Bell. Jllrz. 
 4'2: Mickes's Sax. Grammar, 113, 14(i. Tlie iiax. 
 iser, L. !•!>, is doubtless the Sheinitic laJ a man, so 
 named from strength.] 
 
 1. In Great Britain, a title or degree of nobility ; a 
 lord ; a peer; one who holds the rank of nobility 
 ne\t below that of a viscount, and above that of a 
 kniiziit or baronet. Originally, the barons, being the 
 feudatories of princes, were the proprietors of land 
 held by honorable service. Hence, in ancient records, 
 the word biirons coin|irehends all the nobility. All 
 such, in England, had, in early times, a right to sit 
 in parliament. As a baron was the proprietor of a 
 manor, and each manor had its court-baron, hence 
 the barons claimed, and to this day enjoy, the right 
 of jiulffing in the l;u«t resort; a right pertaining to 
 til liuii-f of lords, or peers, as the representatives of 
 tile a!iciJMit barons, land-holders, manor-holders 
 
 Anciently, barons were greater, or such as held 
 their lands of the king in capitc; or lesser, such as 
 held their lands of the greater barons by military 
 service in capite. 
 
 The title of baron is no longer attached to the pos- 
 session of a manor, but given by the king's letters 
 patent, or writ of summons to parliimient ; that is, 
 the dignity is personal, not territorial. 
 
 The radical word vir, fir, a man, is Celtic, as well 
 as Teutonic ; but the word baron was not kno^vn in 
 the British Isles till introduced from the Continent 
 under the Norman princes. 
 
 Spelmaii. Blaekstone. Encyc. Cowel. 
 
 Q. Baron is a title of certain officers ; as, barons of 
 the exchequer, who are the fbur judges who try cases 
 bi tween the king and his subjects relating to the 
 n venue. Barons nf tlie Cinque Ports were, before the 
 Ki foriu Act, members of the House of Commons, 
 elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each 
 port. These ports were Dover, Sandwich, Rom- 
 ney, Hastings, Hythe, Winchelsca, and Rye. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 3. In law, a husbani ; as, baron and feme, husband 
 and wife. 
 
 4. In cookery, a baron of beef consists of two sir- 
 loins not cut asunder. Smart. 
 
 BAR'OX-AGE, 71. The whole body of batons or peers. 
 
 2. The dignity of a baron. 
 
 3. The land which gives title to a baron. Johnson. 
 BAU'ON-ESS, 71. A baron's wife or lady. 
 BAR'ON-ET, 71. [Fr., dimin. of baron.] 
 
 A dignity or degree of honor, next below a baron, 
 and above a knight ; having precedency of all knights 
 except those of the garter, and being the only knight- 
 hood that is hereditary. The order was founded by 
 .Tames I. in 1611, and is given by patent. .Johnson. 
 BAK'OX-ET-AGE, 71. The collective body of baronets. 
 B.\R'0N-ET-CY, 71. The rank or title of a baronet. 
 
 Parriana. 
 
 BA-Ro'NI-AL, a. Pertaining to a baron. Encyc. 
 
 BAR'ON-Y, n. The lordship, honor, or fee of a baron, 
 whether spiritual or temporal. This lordship is held 
 in chief of the king, and gives title to the possessor 
 or baron. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding 
 nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have 
 been originally the district of a native chief. There 
 are 252 in all. Brande. 
 
 BAR'O-.seOPE, 71. [Gr. /?a.<iof, weight, and o/cuitw, 
 to view.] 
 
 An instrument to show the weight of the atmos- 
 phere ; superseded by the barometer. 
 
 BAIl-O-Se01"ie, a. Pertaining to or determined by 
 the baroscope. 
 
 BAIl-0-SEL'E-NTTE,7i. [Gr. /Ja.oos, weight, or /?a,oi)j, 
 heavy, and sclenile.] 
 A mineral ; sulphate of baryta, or heavy-spar. 
 
 Kirwan. Cleaeeland. 
 
 BA-ROUCIIE', (ba-roosh',) 71. A four-wheel carriage, 
 with a falling top, witli si'ats as in a coach. 
 
 R.\ U'-PO.ST.S, n. pi. Posts sunk in the ground to 
 receive the bars of a passage into a field. 
 
 B.\ll'RA, 71. In Portui'al and Spain, :i long measure 
 for cloths. In Valencia, 13 barras make 12 7-8 yards 
 English ; in Castile, 7 are equal to ti 4-7 yards ; in Ar- 
 ragon, 3 make 2 4-7 vards. Eneiic. 
 
 BAK-RA-Ca'DA, 71. "a fish, about fifteen inches in 
 length, of a dusky color on the back, and a white 
 bc'llv, with small blaik spots. Dkt. of JVat. Hist. 
 
 BAK'ltA-CAN, )i. [It. baracane; Sp. iar/a^'aii ; Fr. 
 buuraean,] 
 
 A thick, strong stuff, something like camlet ; used 
 for cloaks, surtouts, and other outer garments. 
 B.\R'R,\CK, 71. [!f\>. barraea : Fr. baraiiuc. It ffms 
 to be fiirmed like Sax. pnrruc, a jiark, an inclosure.] 
 A hut or house for soldiers, especially in garrison. 
 B.AR'llACK-MAS'TER, ;i. 'J'he officer who superin- 
 
 ti iiils the barriicks of soldiers. SitifL 
 BAR'KA-eoO.\, 71. In Jifrica, a fort. 
 
 BAR 
 
 B.\R-R.^-eu'D.\, 71. A species of fish, of the Pike 
 kind, found in the seas about the Bahamas and 
 \Vest Indies, of ten feet in length. The color is 
 deep brown, and the fish is very voracious. The 
 flesh is disagreeable, and sometimes poisonous. 
 
 Calesby. Pennant. 
 
 BAR'RAS, 71. The resin which exudes from wounds 
 made in the bark of fir-trees. Brande. 
 
 BAR'RA-TOR, n. [Old Fr. barat, strife, deceit ; Cim- 
 bric, baraUon ; Ice. and Scandinavian, baratta, con- 
 test ; It. baratta, strife, quarrel ; barattare, to barter, 
 to cheat ; Sp. barato, fraud, deceit ; baratar, to barter, 
 to deceive. The radical sense is, to tarn, wind, and 
 ticist, whence to strive ; L. verto ; Eng. barter. See 
 Barter.] 
 
 1. One who frequently excites suits at law ; c com- 
 mon mover and inaintainer of suits and controver- 
 sies ; an encourager of litigation. Coke. Blaekstone. 
 
 2. The master of a ship wlio coiiuuits any fraud 
 in the management of the ship, or in relation to his 
 duties as master, by which the owner or insurers are 
 injured. 
 
 BAIi'RA-TROUS, 17. Tainted with barratry. 
 BAR'RA-TROUS-LY, adv. In a barratrous mannei. 
 
 Kent 
 
 BAR'RA-TR¥, 71. The practice of exciting and en- 
 couraging lawsuits and (piarrels. Coke. Blaekstone. 
 
 2. in commerce, any species of cheating or fiixiid, in 
 a ship-master, by « hicli the owners or insurers are 
 injured ; as, by runniuL' away with the ship, sinking 
 or deserting her, by willl\d deviation, or by embez- 
 zling the cargo. Park. 
 
 BAR'RED, (b.ird,) pp. Fastened with a bar; hin- 
 dered ; restrained ; excluded ; forbidden ; striped ; 
 checkered. 
 
 BAR'REL, 7!. [\V., Fr. baril; Sp. barril ; It. barile ; 
 Ann. baraz.] 
 
 1. A round vessel or cask, of more length than 
 breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves 
 and heading, and bound with hoops. 
 
 2. The quantity which a biinrl contains. Of wine [ 
 measure, the English barrel contains 31. ^ gallons ; of 
 beer measure, 3G gallons ; of ale, 32 gallons ; and of 
 beer-vinegar, 34 gallons. 
 
 Of weiaht, a barrel of Essex butter is lOG pounds ; 
 of SulTolk butter, 25() ; a barrel of herrings should 
 contain 32 gallons wine measure, and hold 1000 her- 
 rings ; a barrel of salmon shoiM contain 42 gallons ; 
 a barrel of soap should weigh nSlj pounds. 
 
 Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 In .America, the contents of a barrel are regulated 
 by statutes. 
 
 In Connecticut, the barrel for liquors must contain 
 31,: gallons, each gallon to contain 231 cubic inches. 
 In'New York, a barrel of (lour by statute must con- 
 tain either laii lbs. or 228 lbs. nett weight. The bar- 
 rel of beef and pork, in New York and Connecticut, 
 is 200 lbs. In general, the contents of barrels, as de- 
 fined by statute, in this country, must be from 28 to 
 31 gallons. 
 
 3. Any thing hollow and long ; as, the barrel of a 
 gun ; a tube. 
 
 4. A cylinder; as, the barrel of a watch, within 
 which the spring is coiled, and round which is wound 
 the chain. 
 
 5. Barrel of the ear; a cavity of the ear, situated 
 within the membrane of the tympanum, by which it 
 is sejiarated from the external passage, or meatus ; 
 more usually called the cavity of the tympanum. It 
 is four or five lines deep, and five or six wide, and 
 includes within it the small bones of the ear. 
 
 Encyc. Johnson. 
 BAR'REL, V. t To put in a barrel ; to' pack in a bar- 
 rel with salt fur preservation ; as, to barrel beef, jiork, 
 or fish. 
 
 BAR'REL-BEL'LI-£D, a. [See Bellt.] Having a 
 large belly. Dryden. 
 
 BAR'REL-£r), pp. Put or packed in a barrel. 1 
 2. o. In cum;ioii(ioH, having a barrel or tube; as, a I 
 double-iarrrW gun. i 
 
 BAR'REL-ING, ppr. or a. Putting or packing in a | 
 barrel. ' 
 
 B.\R'11E.\, a. [from the same root as bare.] | 
 
 1. Not producing young or ollspring : applied to an- 
 imals. 
 
 2. Not producing plants ; unfruitful ; sterile ; not 
 fc'rlile; or producing little ; unproductive : applied to 
 Uie earth. 
 
 3. Not producing the usual fruit : applied to 
 trees, &.c. 
 
 4. Not copious ; scanty ; as, a scheme barren of 
 hints. Swift. 
 
 ,'). Not containing useful or enlertaining ideas ; as, 
 a barren treatise. 
 
 I). Unmeaning ; uninventive ; dull ; ns, barren 
 spectators. Shak. Johnson. Uu. ; 
 
 7. Unproductive ; not inventive ; aa, a barren 
 mind. 
 
 Barren flowers, in botany, are those which, in mo- | 
 nn'Cious and dio'clous plants, are furnished only with 1 
 stamens ; also, those, in plants generally, in which I 
 the essential parts are abortive. 
 BAR'REN, 71. In the stales west of the Allegany, a 
 word used to denote a tract of land, rising a few feet 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WII^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, \Vf)LF, BQQK- — 
 
 100 
 
BAlt 
 
 BAS 
 
 BAS 
 
 above tlif level of a plain, and proilncins tries and 
 grass. The soil of these barrens is not barren, as the 
 name imports, but orten very fertile. It is usually 
 alluvial, to a depth sometimes of severiU feet. 
 
 Aticalery Jtiurn. of Sciencr. 
 9. Any unproductive tract of land ; as, the pine 
 barrens of t-uutli Carolina. Draijlun. 
 
 n \R RE.\-LV, adv. Unfniitfullv. 
 
 B.\K'KK.\"-KEt?S, n. The quality of not producing 
 its kind ; want of the power of conception ; applied 
 tu ani'nals, 
 
 •J. Cnfruitftilnpss , sterility ; infertility. The qual- 
 I ! ity of not producing at all, or in small quantities ; as, 
 i the iwrreimMs of soil. 
 
 1 1 3. Want of invention ; want of the power of pro- 
 'hii-inj; any thing new ; applied to Ute mtnd. 
 
 1. Want of mutter ; scantiness ; as, the barrenness 
 ill' a cause. Hooker, 
 I .'). I); fi ct of emotion, sensibility, or fervency ; as, 
 il tliL' /;<;rrr/i»f>-.< of devotion. Taijlor. 
 I( B.\ll'Ri:.\-Sl'IU'lT-EO, a. Of a pour spirit. Shah. 
 i] BAK'RE.V-WOKT, n. [See Wobt.] .\ plant, (A'pi- 
 1 iiiediiun a'pinitm,) till recently considereil the only 
 ; ' species of its genus ; a low, herbaceous plant, with 
 a er.:epiu2 root, having many stalks, eacli of which 
 Il IS three Howcrs. JCncije. 
 BaUR'IT.L. Sec Baiiful. 
 
 D.\R-K1-€.\DE', II. [I'r. barricade; It. barricata; from 
 It. barrarc ; Sp. barrear, to bar.] 
 
 1. A fortification, made in lia«tc, of trees, earth, 
 palisades, wagon!;, or any thing that will obstruct the 
 progress of an enemy, or serve for defense or securi- 
 ty against his shot. 
 
 2. Any bar or obstruction ; that which defends. 
 
 3. In naeal architecture, a strong wooden niil, sup- 
 ported by stanchions, extending across the foremost 
 part of the quarter-deck, in ships of war, and tilled 
 with rope, mats, pieces of old cable, and full ham- 
 mocks, to prevent the effect of small shot in time' of 
 action. Encye. 
 
 B.\R-Rl-e.^DE', r. t. To stop up a passage; to ob- 
 struct. 
 
 2. To fortify with any slight work that prevents 
 
 the approach of an enemy. 
 BAR-RI-€A'DO. The same as nARnicAOE. 
 BAR'RI-ER, n. [Fr. barrierc; II. barri era ; Bp. harre- 
 
 ra, a barrier ; Sp. barrear, to bar or barricade. See 
 
 Bar.] 
 
 1. In fortification, a kind of fence made in a pas- 
 sage or retrenchment, composed of great stakes, with 
 transoms or overtliwart rafters, to stop an enemy. 
 
 2. .\ wall for defence. [Encijc. 
 
 3. A fortress or fortilied town on the frontier of a 
 country. SieifL 
 
 4. Any obstruction ; any thing which confines, or 
 which hinders approach or attack ; as, constitutional 
 barricra. Hopkinson. 
 
 5. A bar to mark the. limits of a place ; any limit 
 or boundary ; a line of separation. Pope. 
 
 B.\R'RI.\G, ppr. Making fiist with a bar; obstruct- 
 ing ; excluding ; preventing ; prohibiting ; crossing 
 with stripes. The word is also used for excepting ; 
 as, " barring accidents, I warrant the goods to be 
 sound." 
 
 B:< K'RI.\G-0UT, n. The act of closing the doors of 
 a school-room against a schoolmaster ; a boyish mode 
 of rebellion in English schools. Swift, 
 
 BAR'RIS-TER, n. [from bar.] .\ counselor learned 
 in the laws, qualified and admitted to plead at the 
 b.ar, and to take upon him the defense of clients ; an- 
 swering to U\e adcocate oi licentiate of other countries. 
 Anciently, barristen were called, in England, ap- 
 prentices of the law. Outer barristers, are pleaders 
 without the bar, to distinguish them from inner bar- 
 risters, benchers, or readers, who are admitted to plead 
 within tlie bar, as the king's counsel are. 
 
 Johnson* Kncye. 
 
 BAR'ROW, n, TSax. bereae; VV. berta ; Ger. ioArt; 
 D. berri ; from the root of bear, to carry. See Be.ir.] 
 
 1. .\ light, small carriage. ,\ hand-barrow is a frame 
 covered in the middle with boards, and borne by and 
 between two men. 
 
 A wheel-barroie is a frame with a boT, supported 
 by one wheel, and rolled by a single man. 
 
 2. A wicker case, in saU-KorLt, where the salt is 
 put to drain. Enctjc 
 
 B.\R'RoW, n. [Sai. ber^a, or beor^h, a hog ; D. barff, 
 a barrow hog.] 
 
 1. In Enirland, a hog ; and, according to .Vsh, obso- 
 lete. Barrow-trrease is hog's lard. 
 
 2. In America, a male hog castrated ; a word in com- 
 mon use. 
 
 B.\R'R5W, n. [Sax. beara, or bearewe, a grove.] 
 
 In the names of pl.aces, ba Tow is used to signify a 
 wood or grove. 
 
 BAR'RoW, n. fPa.T. bem-ir, a hill or hillock ; bt/rgen, 
 a tomb ; G. and D. bergen, to conceal, to save.) 
 
 A hillock or mouml of earth, intended as a repos- 
 itory of the dead. Such barrows are found in Eng- 
 l.and, in the north of the European continent, and in 
 America. They sometimes were formed of stones, 
 and, in Scotland and the north of England, are calle<l 
 cairns. The barrow answers to the tumulus of the 
 Latins. [See Tomb.] 
 
 B.\RSE, ». [(;. bars; D. baurs.] 
 
 An English name fur the common p.- rch. 
 
 Diet, of Alit. Jlist, 
 
 BAR'-SHOE, n. A kind of horse-shoe, designed to 
 protect a tender frog fiiiin injury 
 
 B.siR'-SllUT, n. [See Bar and Shoot.] Double-head- 
 ed shot, consisting of a bar, with a half ball or round 
 head at each end ; used for destroying the iiiasis and 
 rigging in naval combat. Mir. Diet. 
 
 BXR'TER, r. i, [Sp. baratar ; It. barallare, to ex- 
 change. The primary sense is probably to turn or 
 change, and this gives the sense of deceiving, barra- 
 try, as well as of bartering. L. lario, verto. Class 
 Br.l 
 
 'lo traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity 
 for aiiollK r, in distinction friiin a sale and purchase, 
 in w liich money is paid for the commodities trans- 
 ferred. 
 
 BAR'TER, V. t. To give one tiling for another in com- 
 merce. It is sometimes followed by aicuij; as, to bar- 
 ter atcay goods, or honor. 
 
 BXR'TER, n. The act or practice of trafficking by ex- 
 change of commodities ; sonietimes, perhaps, the 
 thing given in exchange. 
 
 B.KR'TER-Kl), pp. Given in exchange. 
 
 BAR'TER-ER, n. One who trallics by exchange of 
 commodities. 
 
 B.\R'TER-ING, ppr. Trafficking or trading by an ex- 
 clianze of commodities. 
 
 BAR'TER-Y, >i. Exchange of commodities in trade. 
 [JVot used.] Camden, 
 
 BAR-TIIOIVO-MEW-TIDE, n. Time of the festival 
 of St. Bartludomew, .Augnsl 21tli. Shak. 
 
 BAR'TI-ZA.\, n. A sm;Ul overli.anging turret, which 
 projects from the angles of towers, or from tint para- 
 pet and other parts of the building. Orf. Qloss, 
 
 B.\R'TL)\, n. [.Sax. bere-ton, barley-town.] 
 
 The deiiiain lands of a manor ; the manor itself ; 
 and sometimes the out-houses. Johnson. Blount 
 
 BAR'TRA.M, n. [L. pyrcthrum ; Gr. Trn,,, tire.] 
 
 A plant ; pellitory. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 B.^R'WOOD, II. A red dye-wood, from Angola and 
 other parts of Africa. JUcCulloch. 
 
 BAR-Y-STROX'TI.VN-ITE, n. [Gr. heavy, 
 and strontian.] 
 
 A mineral, called, also, Siromnite, from Stromncss, 
 in Orkney. It has been found in masses of a gray- 
 ish-white color internally, but externally of a yellow- 
 ish-white. It is a compound of carbonate of stron- 
 tian and sulphate of baryta. 
 
 Traill. Cleatcland. PhilUps. 
 
 BA-R?'TA, n. [Gr. ,'?u;ji'S, heavy.] 
 
 The heaviest of tlie earths, the specific gravity be- 
 ing as high as 4. It is an oxyd, the basis of which 
 is a metallic substance called barytum. It is general- 
 ly found in conibin.ation with the sulphuric and car- 
 bonic acids, forming the sulphate and carbonate of 
 baryta, the former of which is called heavy-spar. 
 
 Cleaveland. Tkomson, 
 
 BA-R^ 'TES, II. [Gr. ^aovrns, weighL] 
 
 Sulphate of baryti, geserally called heavy-spar ; 
 which see. 
 
 B.\-RYT'ie, a. Pertaining to baryta; formed of ba- 
 ryta, or containing it. Kirwan, 
 
 BA-RV'TO-CAL'CrTE, n. [baryU and calx. See 
 Calx.] 
 
 A compound of carbonate of lime and carbonate of 
 baryta, of a dark or light gray color, occurring mass- 
 ive or crvsUallized. 
 BAR'Y-T6.NE,a. [Gr. "J.iovf, heavy, and t'ii">{, tone.] 
 
 Pertaining to or noting a grave, deep sound, or. 
 male voice. IValker. ArbuthnoL 
 
 BAR'Y-TO.VE, n. In music, a male voice, the com- 
 p,-Lss of which partakes of the common base and the 
 tenor, but which does not descend so low as the one, 
 nor rise as high as the other. 
 
 2. In Oreek grammar, a word which has no accent 
 marked on the last syllabic, the grave accent being 
 undi'rstood. 
 
 B.V-R^'TUM, n. A metal, the basis of baryta. [Sec 
 Barium.] 
 
 BA'SAl., a. Pertaining to the base ; constituting the 
 b.ase, St; II, 
 
 B.\ S.\LT', (ba-zolt',) n, [Pliny informs ns that'the 
 Egyptians found, in Ethiopia, a species of marble, 
 called basaltes, o( an iron color and hardness, whence 
 it received its name. JVaL IFist, lib. 3i;, ca. 7. But, 
 according to Da Costa, that stone w.as not the same 
 which now bears the name of basalL ULsU of Fos- 
 sils, p. 2iB. If named from its color, it may be al- 
 lied to the Fr. basane, tawny. Lunier refers it to the 
 Ethiopic basal, iron, a word I can not find.] 
 
 A rock, cimsidcred of igneous origin, consisting of 
 aiiL'ite and feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titan- 
 ic iron, and also bottle-green particles of olivine, fre- 
 quently disseminated. It is usii.ally of a greenish- 
 black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. 
 It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and al- 
 so occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other 
 Mcks. It has often a prismatic structure, as at the 
 Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns .are 
 as regular as if the work of art. It is a very lough 
 and heavy riKk, and is one of the best materials for 
 m.ic.-idamizing roads. Dana. 
 
 BA SALT'lC, a, Pertiiiiiing to basalt ; I'onned of or 
 contniniiig basalt. 
 
 BA-S/LLT'I-EOil.M, a. In the form of basalt ; colum- 
 nar. 
 
 B.\-SAI/r'I.\E, n. A variety of common hornblende, 
 found in bxsult and lava.s. The term is not now 
 used. Kirwan, CUaveland, 
 
 2. A column of iKisalt. Kirwan. 
 
 BAS'.\-.\ITE, H. [(;r. liaaaiof, tne trier. Plin. lib. 
 3t!, ca. 22. See Basalt.] 
 
 Lydian stone, or black jasper ; a variety of siliceous 
 or flinty sbite. Its color is a grayish or iduish-black, 
 often interspersed with veins of quartz. It is em- 
 ployed to test the purity of gold. Clcanetand. 
 
 BAS BLKU, {bib\i-w,) n, [Fr.] .-V literary lady ; a 
 blue-stocking, which see. 
 
 B.aSE, a, [Fr. bos, low ; VV. Jos; It. basso; Sn. bazo, 
 low ; W. hasu, to fall, or lower. See Ahasc.J 
 
 1. Low in place. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 2. Mean ; vile ; worthless ; that is, low in value or 
 estimniion ; used of things. 
 
 3. Of low station ; of me.an account; without rank, 
 dignity, or estimation among men ; used of persons. 
 
 The Utee aU:\\\ U-liave fruiuily against the honorable. — Is. iii. 
 
 4. Of mean spirit; disingenuous; illiberal; low; 
 wilhimt dignity of sentiment ; as, a base and abject 
 multitude. 
 
 5. Of litlle comparative value ; applied to metals, 
 and perhaps to all metals, except gold and silcer. 
 
 G. Deep ; grave ; applied to sounds ; as, the base 
 sounds of a viol. Bacon. 
 
 7. Of illegitimate birth ; bom out of wedlock. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 8. Xot held by honorable tenure. A base estate is 
 an estate held by services not honorable, nor in 
 capile, or by villenase. Such a tenure is called ba-te, 
 or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. So writers 
 on the laws of Engl.uid use the terms a base fee, a 
 base court. Encyc. 
 
 B.aSE, 71. [Gr. PaTt^ ; L. bojiis; It. basa, base; Sp. 
 basa; Ft. base; that which is set, the foundation or 
 bottom.] 
 
 1. The bottom of any thing, considered as its sup- 
 port, or the part of a thing on which it stands or 
 rests; as, the base of a column, the pedestal of a 
 statue, the foundation of a house. Sec. 
 
 In architecture, the base of a pillar, properly, is 
 that part which is between the top of the pedestal 
 and the bottom of the shaft ; but when there is no 
 pedestal, it is the purt between the bottom of the 
 column and the plinth. Usually it consists of cer- 
 tain spires or circles. The pedestal also has its base. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In fortification, the exterior side of the polygon, 
 or that imaginary line which is drawn from the 
 flanked angle of a bastion to the angle opposite to il. 
 
 3. In gunnery, the least sort of ordnance, the di- 
 ameter of whose bore is I J inch. Encyc. 
 
 4. The part of any ornament which hangs down, 
 as housings. Sidney. 
 
 5. The broad part of any thing, as the bottom of a 
 cone. 
 
 6. In old autliors, stockings ; armor for the legs. 
 
 Hudibras, 
 
 7. The place from which racers or tillers start ; 
 the bottom of the field; the career or starting-post. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 8. The lowest or gravest part in music ; improperly 
 written bass. 
 
 9. A rustic play, called also bays or prison bars. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 10. In icflr, a tract of country protected by fiirtifi- 
 cations, from which the operations of an army 
 proceed. 
 
 11. In o-eomcfn/, the lowest side of the perimeter 
 of a figure. Any side of a triangle may be called its 
 base, but this term most properly belongs to the 
 lowest side, or that which is piirallel to the horizon. 
 The base of a solid figure is that on which it stands. 
 The base of a conic section is a right line in the 
 hyperbola and parabola, arising from the common 
 intersection of the secant, plane and the base of the 
 cone. Encyc. 
 
 12. In chemistni, the electro-positive ingredient of 
 a compound, or tiiore siwcifically the electro-positive 
 ingredient of a salt. Thus any alkaline or earthy 
 substance, cimibiiiing with an acid, forms a com- 
 pound or salt, of which it is the ftatf. Such salts 
 are called salts with alkaline or e.arthy bases. 
 
 13. fundamental btt.it ; that part in musical har- 
 mony which sustains the chord ; in the natural 
 position of the chord, the lowest part. 
 
 14. Thorough ba.ic ; continued ba.se, (basso continuo ;) 
 tlie fundamental ba.se continued through a musical 
 composition. .Also, the harmony fir accompaniment 
 of a continued base, marked by fieures on the base. 
 The term is also used like counterpoint, as synony- 
 m HIS with the science of harmony. 
 
 1.5. Counter 6o.<r, is a second or double base, when 
 there are sevi'ral in the same conc»rt. Encyc 
 
 It). In botany, the base of the fruit, is the part where 
 il is united with the pi-duncle ; the base of a leaf, ia 
 the extremity next the stem, opposed to the apei. 
 
 TONE, BiJLL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 C as K ; C as J j 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
UAS 
 
 Base, i'. t. To embase ; to reduce tlie v.iltie by 
 the admixture of meaner metals. [Liittc ii.so/.] 
 
 Bacoji. 
 
 2. To found ; to lay the base or foundation. 
 To base and build ihe commonwealth of man. Columbiad. 
 B.\?E'-BORN, a. [base awl born.] Burn out of wed- 
 lock. Omj. 
 
 2. Born of low parentage. 
 
 3. Vile ; mean. Milton. 
 B.\SE'-eolJRT, ji. [Fr. ba.-<se-cour. See Churt.] 
 
 The back yard, opposed to the chief court in front 
 of a house ; the farm yard. Sltuk. 
 
 B.A.S'f;!), Reduced in value ; founded. 
 
 BaSE'-I1EaRT-ED, a. Vile in heart. 
 
 BASE LESS, a. Without a base; having no founda- 
 tion itr support. 
 
 The baseless labrir, nf a vifiinn. Shale. 
 The l.inv hnw piior Uiat nwclls our baseless pride ! TrujiibuU. 
 
 B^ SE'IiY, ado. In a base manner ; meanly ; di-;hou- 
 nralily. Dnjdt'n. 
 a. illeiiitimately ; in bastardy. Knaltr.i. 
 B.ASE'.MEXT, 71. In architecture, the ^piuiul lloor, 
 on which the order or columns which decorate the 
 principal story are placed. Encijc. 
 
 2. In modern architecture, a story below the level of 
 tlie street. 
 
 B.ASE'-.MTXD'En, a. Of a low spirit or mind ; mean. 
 B.^SE'-.MIVD'ED-LY, ado. With a base mind. 
 BaSE'-MLWED-NESS, n. Meanness of spirit. 
 
 BASE'NESS, 7i. Meanness ; vileness ; worthlessness. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Vileness of metal ; the quality of being tif little 
 comparative value. Swift 
 
 3. Bastardy ; illegitimacy of birth. ShaJc. 
 
 4. Deepness of sound. Bacon. 
 ■BAS'E-NET, 71. A helmet. Spenser. 
 BaSE'-SoIjL-£D, a. Vile in soul. 
 BaSE'-SPIR'IT-ED, a. Low in courage ; mean ; cow- 
 ardly- 
 
 BaSE'-STRING, 7!. The string of an instrument 
 
 which produces the lowest note. Shak. 
 BaSE'-VI'OL, 71. [See Viol.] A musical strmged 
 
 instrument, used for playing the base or gravest part. 
 BASH, II. i. [Heb. ttfia bosh, to be cast down, or 
 
 confounded. Ciu. D. verbaazen, to confound. See 
 
 Abash.] 
 
 To be ashamed ; to be confounded with shtune. 
 
 ^ ^ S^jensrr. 
 
 BA-SIIAW', 71. [.\r. a.\^basha; Pers. pasha; Sp. 
 
 ba^a ! It. bascia ; Turk, basch, the head. Ciu. D. 
 baas, master, and the ba-isns of the .dlemanni and 
 Loii!,'obards, in the middle ages. This word is often 
 written paclia, hut this is the French ortlmzniphy.] 
 
 1. A title of honor in the Turkisli df.iiiiiiiiojis ; ap- 
 propriately, the title of the prime vi/.irr, hut ^iven to 
 viceroys or governors of provinces, anil to generals 
 and otlier men of distinction. The Turkisli bashaws 
 exercise an oppressive authority in their jirovinces. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. A proud, tyrannical, overbearing man. 
 B.\SH'FyL, a. [See Bash and Ahash.] 
 
 1. Priiperhj, having a downcast lo(d< ; hence, very 
 modest. 
 
 2. Modest to excess ; sheepish. Shak. 
 
 3. Exciting shame. 
 
 B.XSU'FJTL-LV, adv. Very modestly ; in a timorous 
 manner. 
 
 BASH'FIJL-NESS, n. Excessive or extreme mod- 
 esty ; a (piality of mind often visilili; in external 
 appearance, as in blushing, a downcast look, con- 
 fusion, &.C. 
 
 ■1. \'iciou3 or rustic shame. Sidney. 
 BASil'I.ESS, a. Shameless ; unblushing. Spenser. 
 BAS'HYLE, 71. [See Basvle.] 
 
 BA'Slt;^ a. Relating to a base ; performing the office 
 
 of a base in a salt. 
 2. The term is often applied to a salt in which the 
 
 base is in excess, or constitutes a larg^ proportion of 
 
 the neutral salt. Kane. 
 Ua'S1-FI-ER, n. That which converts into a salifiable 
 
 base, 
 
 nS'.SI-FY, B. (. To convert into a salifialil • base. 
 
 B.\'SI-F?-IXC;, pi>r. Converting into a salifiable base. 
 
 BAS-I -CV.N'l-U.M, 7!. [Gr. /iuiTi! and )wn.] The pedi- 
 cel on whii h the ovary of ci'rtain (lowers is situated. 
 
 BAS'l E, n. The slope or angle of a tool or instrument, 
 as of a chisel or plane; usually of 12 degrees, but 
 for hard wood, 18 degrees. I'.ncyc. 
 
 I1A.S'IE, I). (. To grind or form the edge of a tool to an 
 angle. Moivn. 
 
 BAS'IL, 71. [Fr. ba.'tilie ; It. basilico.] 
 
 A name common to different species of plants, of 
 the genua Ocymiim, all natives of warm climates. 
 'I'hi y are fragrant aromatic plants, and one species, 
 the Hweel banil, in much used in cookery, especially 
 in France. 
 
 BAS'IL, 71. (Orient. K3 to strip.] 
 
 The xkin of a Hheep tanned ; written also Basan. 
 
 IlAS'll. A RY i [''• basilarm 1 basis.] 
 
 UeluMng lo the ba«s ; Hitiintud at the ba.ic. 
 
 UAS 
 
 'I'his trrui, in unntomy, lias been applied to the 
 spli.-noid bone, anil liie (■uneif.irni process of the oc- 
 cipital bone, which are situated at the base of the 
 cranium, and to an artery of the brain, resting on the 
 cuneiform process of tin; occipital bone; also, to the 
 OS sacrum, sifualnl at tli:- tiuse of the spine. 
 BA-SIL'lAi\ .MO.N KS; monks of tlie order of .St. Basil, 
 who founded the order in Pontus. The order still 
 exists, but has less power and celebrity than formerly. 
 
 Kitcifc. 
 
 BA-SIL'ie, ) n. [Gr. ,')aai\tKri ; h. basilica ;GT.'i3jixi- 
 BA-SIL'ie-A, j Atri;, a king.] 
 
 j^n iciitly, a public hall or court of judicature, 
 where princes and magistrates sat to administer jus- 
 tice. It was a large hall, with aisles, [lorticos, 
 tribunes, and tribunals. The bankers also had a 
 part allotted for their residence. These edifices, at 
 first, were the palaces of jirinces, afterward courts 
 of justice, and finally converted into churches. 
 Hence, basilic now signifies a church, chapel, cathe- 
 dral, or royal palace. Encyc. Sp. and It. Diet. 
 BA-SlL'ie, ) n. [See Basil.] The middle vein nf 
 BA-SIL'IG-A, ( the .arm, or the interior branch of 
 the axillary vein, so called by way of eminence. 
 
 Encyc. Quincy. 
 BA-SIL'ie, ) a. In the manner of a public edi- 
 BA-SIL'ie-AL, \ fice or cathedral. Forcijth. 
 
 2. Belonging to the middle vein of the arm. 
 
 3. Noting a iiarticiilar nut, the walnut. Basilica nu.\. 
 BA-SIL'I-eON, 71. [(;r. 0a.nS,^os, royal.] 
 
 An ointment. Tliis name is given to several com- 
 positions in ancient nredical writers. At present it 
 is confined to three officinal ointments, distinguished 
 as hl.ack, yellow, and green basilicoii. Encyc. 
 BAS'I-LISK, 77. [Gr. /y i(T( AiiT^fo? ; Ij. basil Ucus : from 
 ti'iijiXevs, king; so named from some prominences 
 on the head, resembling a crown. JIiirin\-,- Din.] 
 
 1. A fabulous serpent, called a cockati ic,', .ni l said 
 to be produced from a ci)ck's egg lirnnjcii hy a srr- 
 pent. The ancients alleged that its hi -iiiu' 'N'oiild 
 drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, aiul 
 even its look, was fatal. Some writers suppose that 
 a real serpent exists under this name. The name 
 basilisk is now applied to the species of a genus of 
 lizards, (Bnsilitcus.) 
 
 2. In militiiry affairs, a large piece of ordnance, so 
 called from its supposed reseinlilaiiri.' Ut the serpent 
 of that name, or from its si/r. 'J'ius caiinitn carried 
 an iron ball of 200 pounds' wei;;lit, hut is not now 
 used. Modern writers give tliis name to cannon of a 
 smaller size, which the Dutch make 15 feet long, and 
 the French 10, carryini a 48 pound ball. Enciic. 
 
 BAiS'IL-WEED, 71. Wild basil ; a plant of the genus 
 r'lino]iodiuin. Jiluhlcnbcnr. 
 
 Ba'S/N, (lii'sn,) 7!. [Fr. ba^sin ; Ir. baisin; Arm. 
 ba^tin ; It. bacino, or bacile; Port, bacia. If the last 
 radical is primarily a palatal letter, this is the German 
 bccken ; D. bekkcn.] 
 
 1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for wash- 
 ing, and for various otlier uses. 
 
 2. In hydraulics, any reservoir of water. 
 
 3. Tliat wlii!-li rrsi uihles a basin in containing 
 water, as a pond, a dock fur ships, a liulluw plare for 
 liipiids, or ail iiRli)S( d jcni of water, fiiiiiiiiig a broad 
 space within a strait or narrow entrance ; a little lia>'. 
 
 4. Among irlass-irrindcns, a concave piece of metal 
 by which convex glasses are formed. 
 
 5. Among hatters, a large shell or case, usually of 
 iron,pl;iced over a furnace, in which the hat is mold- 
 ed into due shape. 
 
 6. In anatomy, a round cavity between the anterior 
 ventricles of the brain. Johnson. 
 
 7. The scale of a balance, when hollow and round. 
 
 8. In Jewish antii/mlirs, the laver of the tabernacle. 
 
 9. Ill physical iri'o'rrojihy, a circular or oval valley, 
 or depression of the surface, the lowest part of which 
 is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a 
 river; also, the entire tract of country drained by a 
 river, or to a sea or lake. 
 
 10. In geoloiry, an isolated or circumscribed forma- 
 tion, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all 
 sides, toward the center. This term is especially 
 applied to the coal formations, called coal-basins or 
 eoal-Jii'lds. 
 
 BA'S/N-KI), (bii'snd,) Inclosed in a basin. Younrr. 
 Ba'S/N-SHaP'£D, (-shipt',) a. Having the form of 
 a basin. 
 
 Ba'SIS, p.; pi. Bases. [L. and Or. ; the same as 
 Base, which .si'e.] 
 
 1. The foundation of any thing ; that on which a 
 thing stands or lies ; the bottom or fiiot of the thing 
 itself, or that on which it rests. See a fall czplanation 
 under Base. 
 
 2. 'I'he groundwork or first principle ; that which 
 supports. 
 
 3. Foundation ; support. 
 
 The lianie of pitlilic Cfdit i« good fiilh. 
 'I'he basis of nil cx&dUnce in Irnth. 
 
 Jlainilton. 
 Johnsuii. 
 
 4. Basis, in chemistry. Ser, Base, No. 12. 
 RA'SIST, II. A singer of base. 
 
 Ii\SK, r. i. [The origin of this word is not obvious. 
 Uu. Ir. basi,ntint, to rest or n-pose.] 
 To lie in warmth ; to be cxjiosed to genial heat ; to 
 
 BAS 
 
 be at ease and thriving under benign infiuences ; as, 
 to bank in the blaze of day ; to bask in the sunshine 
 of royal favor. The word includes the idea of some 
 confiiiuance of exposure. 
 
 BASK, I), t. To wariii by continued exposure to heat ; 
 to warm with genial heat Dryden. 
 
 B.\SK'f;U, (baskt; pp. Exposed to warmth, or genial 
 heat. 
 
 BASK'ET, 7!. [W. bashed, or bas^awd; Ir. ba<caid ; 
 probably from weaving or texture ; VV. basg, a net- 
 ting or plaiting of s[ilinters.] 
 
 1, A domestic vessel, made of twigs, rushes, splin- 
 ters, or other flexible things, interwoven. I'he forms 
 an<l sizes of baskets are very various, as well as the 
 uses to which they are ajiplied ; as corn-baskets, 
 clothes-baskets, fruit baskets, and work baskets 
 
 2. 'i'he contents of a basket ; as much as a basket 
 will contain ; as, a basket of medlars is two bu^hels. 
 But, in general, this (piantity is indefinite. 
 
 In military affairs, baskets of earth sometimes are 
 used oil the parapet of a tn^nch, between which the 
 soldiers fire. They serve for defense against small 
 shot. Encyc. 
 
 BASK'ET, r. t. To put in a basket. Coirp'rr. 
 
 BASK'E T-FI-SH, 11. Aspeciesof sea-star, or star-fish, 
 of the genus Asterias, called also the Maircllanic star- 
 fish. It has five rays issuing from an angular body, 
 and dividing into innumerable branches. These, 
 when extended, form a circle of three feet diameter. 
 [See AsTEUlAs.] Encyc. 
 
 BASK'E I'-HILT, 71. [See Hilt.] The hilt of a sword 
 with a covering wrought like basket-work, to protect 
 the hand. Jfudibras. 
 
 BASK'E l'-HILT'ED, a. Having a hilt of basket-work. 
 
 Warton. 
 
 BaSK'ET-SALT, 71. Salt put up in small baskets, 
 which is purer, whiter, and finer than common brine 
 salt. Encyc. 
 
 BASK'ET-WOM'AN, 71. A woman who carries a 
 bask»'t lo and from market. 
 
 BASK'ING, ppr. Exposing or lying exposed to the 
 continued aeti<m of heat or genial warmth. 
 
 RXSK'ING-SHARK, 7!. The sun-fish of the Irish ; a 
 species of Su.ualus or shark, (^S'laalis maximus.) Tliis 
 fisli is from three to twelve yards in length, or even 
 longer, 'i'he upper jaw is much longer than tlie 
 l(.\v: r one : the tail is large, and the upper part much 
 loiiL' 1 liiau the lower; the skin is rough, of a deep 
 I. ail. 11 color on the back, and white on the belly. 
 'J'he fish weighs more than a thousand pounds, and 
 afi'ords a great quantity of oil, which is used for 
 lamps, and to cure bruises, burns, and rheumatic 
 cotit|»Iaiiits. It is viviparous, and frequents the 
 ihitih. in seas. [See SttUALUs.] Pennant. Encyc. 
 
 BAS (il.' ISII, {li.isk'ish) a. Pertaining to the people or 
 laiigaugc of Ihscay. Brown. 
 
 BAS-UE-LllcF', (bd-re-leef,) 71. See Bass-Relief. 
 
 BASS, n. \Bass is undoubtedly a corruption of G. bars, 
 D. buars, a perch. See Barse. It h.as no plural.] 
 
 The name of several species offish. In En^rland, 
 this name is given to a species of perch, called by 
 some the sea-wolf, from its voracity, and resembling, 
 in a degree, the trout in shape, but having a larger 
 head. It weighs about fifteen pounds. In the J^orth- 
 ern States of Jiinerica, this name is given to a striped 
 fish which grows to the weight of 25 or 30 pounds, 
 and which enters the livers ; of the genus Labrax. 
 
 A species of striped fish, of a darker color, with a 
 large liead, is called sea-bass, as it is never found in 
 fresh water. This fish grows to two or three pounds' 
 weight. Both species are well tasted, but the proper 
 bass is a very white and delicious food. 
 
 Prince. Belknap. 
 
 BASS, 71. The American name of the linden, lime, 
 or tiel-tree ; called also bass-wood. [See Bast.] 
 
 2. {pron. has.) A hassock or thick mat on which 
 persons kneel at church. 
 
 BASS, 71. In iniisic, the base: the deepest or gravest 
 part of a tune ; or the lowest part in tlie harmony of 
 a musical composition. This word is thus written in 
 imitation of the Italian basso, which is the English 
 base, low ; yet with the promiiiciation of base and 
 plural bases ; a gross error, that ought to be correrti'd ; 
 as the word used in pionunciation is the English 
 word ba^e. 
 
 BASS, V. t. To sound in a deep tone. Shak. 
 
 BASS-RE-LI eF', (bius-re-lCf) 71. [from It. basso, low, 
 and rilevare, to raise ; whence rdiero, raised work. 
 See Lift and Relief.] 
 
 Sculpture, whose figures do not stand out far from 
 the ground or plane on which they are fimiieil. 
 When figures do not proliiberate so as to exhibit the 
 entire body, they are said to be done in relief; and 
 wIk'II they are low, fiat, or little raised from the 
 plane, the work is said to be in ti-in relief, {basso-rt- 
 lirro.) When the figures are so raised as to be strik- 
 ingly proiiiiiieut, they are said to be in bold, strong, or 
 hiirh relief, {atto-rilieini.) Sets Relief. Encyc. 
 
 BASS'-VI'Oi,, 71. See Base-Viol. 
 
 BAS'SA. See Bashaw. 
 
 BAS'SET, 11 [l'"r. hasselte.] 
 
 A game at cards, reseiiilding the in.irtern faro, said 
 to have beiui iiiveiiti il at Venire, by a nobleman, 
 who was banished for the iiiveiilioii. 'I'he game be- 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT MicTE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 102 
 
KAS 
 
 me intrndiici'd into France by llie Vfnclian embas- 
 saibir Jiistiniani, in Ui74, it was pmliibilid by severe 
 (•diets. /-'/iryc. 
 BAS'SET, 0. I. [Pee Hasil.] Among ceal-di/fxcrs, to 
 iiii line upward. 'I'liii.-! a vein of ci«il (iu.<.« /.-.■, wiien 
 it laliea a direi tioii tinvard the surface of the earlli. 
 'I'his is called cruiiinn^, and is ojipnsed to tliii/iiug. 
 
 Kiinic 
 
 C.VS'!?ET, (1. Inclined upward ; as, the biusH edge of 
 strata. 
 
 B.\S'Sl"r-IinRN, n. A musical instrument resem- 
 bllMS a clarionet, but of much greater compass, eni- 
 bracini; nearlv lour octaves. P. Cijc. 
 
 nAS'Siyr i.NC', jipr. Ilavlui; a direction upward. 
 
 UAS'Sl-yr-l.Nt;, «. 'riic upward direction of a vein in 
 a mine. 
 
 I!AS-SET'TO, n. A tenor or small hnse-viol. 
 
 15Af 't'l.VK'l', «. A wicker basket with a covering or 
 
 hood over one end, in which young children are 
 
 placed as in a cradle. kncijc. Dum. Fjtoh. 
 
 UA!^t*'-.M.\'r, II. .Matting made of the inner bark of 
 
 trees, particularlv the lime-tree. 
 BAS' S0-C0.V-CERT-.1.\'' r.K, in mitnV, is the base of 
 
 the btlle chorus, or th:it which plays throughout the 
 
 whole piece. ISaiinj. 
 B.^S' S0-CO.V-'/7.Y' U-0 ; thorough base, wliich see 
 
 under lUsE. ' limlcij. 
 
 Bj}!>' :iO-Ry.-/.fF.' ru. See B.vss-Relief. 
 BjiS' SU-UK-PIK'.VO is the base of tliu L'rund chorus, 
 
 which plays only occasionally, or in p;irticul:ir parts. 
 
 Bailcij, 
 
 B.1S'S0-rf-0-LPJV0 is the ba.se of the base-viol. 
 B.AS't^Ul'K, II. The same as Bass, a mat. [BaHeij. 
 B.\S-SOO.\', II. [Fr. iiusiuii ; It. btuiunr, friuu iiu-vio, 
 low.] 
 
 A musical wind instrument, blown with a rcod, 
 and fiirnishi'd with eleven holes, which are stopped, 
 as in oIluT large (lutes. Its comp:i.ss comprehends 
 three octaves. Its diameter at bottom is nine inches, 
 ami for convenience of carriage il is divided into two 
 parts ; whence it is called also a fairot. It serves for 
 the base in a concert of hautboys, llutes, iStc. 
 
 Jiilinsnn. Fmcijc. Busby, 
 B.\S-SOOX'IST, n. A performer on the b:uiSoon. 
 
 Biu<bij. 
 
 B.\S'SO-RIN'E, n. A constituent part of a species of 
 gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth, anil 
 some gum-resins. L're. 
 
 BAST, n. [Uu. D. and Dan. bast, bark, or from twist- 
 ing-] 
 
 1. The inner bark of the lime-tree, and hence raat- 
 ' ting or cordage made of the bark of the linden or 
 lime-tree. 
 
 •2. .\ thick mat or ha.ssock for persons to kneel on 
 at church. [Sec Bass.] jJsA. 
 B.VS'TAKD, n. [Arm. ba.<tarih Ir-basilanl; Fr.bniard; 
 I). basUiard ; G. bastart : It. and Sp. bastartlo; \V. bas- 
 tar: ; basu, to fall, w hence base, and tan, growth, is- 
 sue, a sprout.) 
 
 A natural child ; a child begotten and horn out of 
 wedKH'k ; an illegitimate or spurious child. By the 
 civil and canon Laws, a iKistard becomes a legitimate 
 child by the intermarriage of the parents at any fu- 
 ture time. But by the laws of this country, as by 
 those of England, a child, to be legitiuiate, inust at 
 Iea.st be born after the lawful marriage. Blnckstuiie. 
 
 Bastard civile, or bitstard eider, in law, is when a 
 man hxs a bastard son, and afterward marries the 
 mother, alid has a legiliniale son, called muhvr puisne, 
 or younger. BUickstone. 
 B.'VS'T.VKIJ, ji. A kind of sweet wine. [jVut in ii.*c] 
 
 Skak. 
 
 B.\S'TARD, a. Beiotten and born out of lawful mat- 
 rimony ; illegitimate. 
 
 i Spurious ; not genuine ; false ; supposititious ; 
 adulterate. In this scn.se, it is applied to things wliich 
 re.senible those which are genuine, but are really not 
 genuine; as, a bastard liopi', bastard honors. 
 
 Shiik. Trmph. 
 
 In militar>' affairs, bastard is applied to pieces of 
 artillery which are of an unusual make or propor- 
 tion, wh. lht r longer or shorter, as the double ciil- 
 verin extraordinary, half or ijuarter culveriii extnior- 
 dinary. F.ncijc. 
 
 Bastard fioircr fence ; a plant, a specie,? of Adenan- 
 thera. 
 
 Bastard hemp ; a plant, a spixies of Datisca, false 
 heiii|i. 
 
 Bn-^iar l n'cket: dy er's weed, or wild woad, a spe- 
 cies of Reseda. 
 
 Bastard gtar uf BeUtUhcm ; a plant, a species of 
 Albuca. 
 
 Bustard scarlet : a red color dyed with bale-madder. 
 
 B.\!S'T.\RI), n t. To make or determine to be a bas- 
 tard. Bacon. 
 
 llA.-<'TARn-IS.M, n. The st,ate of a bastard. 
 
 U.'V.'<'T.\KU-I7.E, c. L To make or prove to be a bas- 
 tard J to convict of being a bastard ; to declare le- 
 gally, or decide a person to be illegitimate. 
 
 Tte ].w ts to in.liilsrrMil ,\» itol tu bndtnryiizt Ute ciiilil, if lioni, 
 ihwtieh HOC tifjuUPn, in IawIu! wt-Jlucl!. BiOcktlone. 
 
 9. To beget a bastard. SAoA. 
 B.AS'TAKD-LV, adv. in the manner of a bjustard ; 
 spuriously. Dunne. 
 
 BAT 
 
 BAS'T,\RI)S, «. ;)/. .\n uppellatiiui i-iven to a faction 
 or troop of bandits, who ravaged lJuii iiiie in France 
 ill tile Mill century ; supposed to have been headed 
 by the illegiliinate sons of noblemen, who were cx- 
 ciiiiled from the rights of inheritance. .Mezcraii. 
 
 BAS'T.\RU-Y, «. .\ state of hi ing a b;ustaril, or' be- 
 gotten and born out of lawful wedlock, which con- 
 dition disables the person from inheriting an estate. 
 
 lilack.stane. 
 
 BAS'T.\RD-VVI\G ; in oriofAu/o'T!/, a term applied to 
 from three to live (piill-like feathers, placed on a small 
 joint, rising from the middle part of the wing, and 
 corresponding to tlie thumb in somi! mainnialia. 
 
 BAP-TARN'IC, a. Pertaining to tlie Bastarnx", ancient 
 inhabitants of the Carpathian Mountains. D'AniuUe. 
 
 Bastarmc Jilps ; the Carpathian Mountains, between 
 Poland, Hungary, and Transylvania j so called from 
 till! ancient iiilialiilants, the Bastariid. D'Jincillc. 
 
 BaSTE, v. t. [Arm. bin; Fr. baton, for basU/n; Sp. 
 baston : It. bastonr, a stick or club.] 
 
 1. To beat with a stick. 
 
 2. To drip htitter or fat upon meat, as it tiinis upon 
 the spit, ill ro:tsting; to moisten with fat or o'.lier 
 li(piid. Sioijl. 
 
 BASTE, r. t. [Sp. basteari It. imbastire, to baste ; It. 
 
 basta, a long stitch.] 
 To sew w'itli long stitches j to .sew slightly 
 BAST'ED, pp. Beat w ith a stick ; moistened with fat 
 
 or other matter in roasting; sewed togetlier witli 
 
 long stitches, or slightly. 
 BAS'TILE, (bas'teel,) n. [Fr. from b&tir, bastir, to 
 
 build.] 
 
 .\n old castle in Paris, built between 13("i9 and 
 I36;i, used as a state prison, and converted to the 
 purpose of coiiliniug men for life, who liap[iened to 
 incur the resentment or jealousy of the French iimn- 
 urchs. It was demolished by the enraged populace 
 in 1789. 
 
 B.\S-TI-.\ADE', j n. [Fr. bastonnnile ; Sp. bastomiila; 
 B.\S-TI-.Na'DO, i It. bastanata, from bastone, a stick 
 
 or staff. See Baste.] 
 A sound beating with a stick or cudgel ; the blows 
 
 given with a stick or staff. Tliis name is given to a 
 
 punishment in u.se among the Turks, of beating an 
 
 otlender on the soles of his feet. 
 HAS-TI-.NaUE', ( V. t. To beat with a stick or 
 BAS-TI-.\A'UO, i cudgel. 
 
 B.aST'ING, ppr. Beating with a stick ; moistening 
 witli dripping ; sewing togetlier witli long stitches. 
 
 BaST'ING, n. A beating with a stick ; a moistening 
 with dripping ; a sewing together sliglitly with long 
 stitches. 
 
 BAS'TION, (has'chun,) «. [Fr. and Sp. bastion; It. 
 bastionc ; probably from bastir, b&lir, to build, to set 
 or found.] 
 
 A huge mass of earth, usually faced with so^s, 
 sometimes with brick or stones, standing out from the 
 angles of a fortified work to protect tile wall ; for- 
 merly calleil a bulwark. Bastions are solid or hollow. 
 A flat b.tstioii is made in the middle of the curtain, 
 when it is too long to be defended by the bastions at 
 its extremes. A cut bx>tion h:is its point cut off, and 
 instead of it, a reentering angle, or an angle inward, 
 with two points outward. A composed bastion h.as two 
 sides of the interior polygon unequal, which makes 
 the gorges une(pial. A demibastion is composed of 
 one face only, with one Hank and a demi^orgc. A 
 double b:tstion is one raised im tlie plane ot another. 
 B.\S'Tl), n. The acu of clubs at quadrille. [i'/ici/c. 
 
 BArTOON', I f^l'- See Baste.] 
 
 In arcJiitrcturc, a round molding in the base of a 
 column ; called also a tvre, [torus.] Kncijc. 
 
 B.VS'YLE, n. [Gr. tS iotf and cA/;.] 
 
 Ill chcmistrij, a term recently employed to denote 
 any electro-positive ingredient of a coiiipoiind, wheth- 
 er elementary, or, if coinpound, performing the 
 functions of an element. The term rwlical w;is be- 
 fore, and is still, employed to denote the same object. 
 [Sec Radical.] Graham. 
 
 B.\T, n. [Sax. bat ; It. bat, bata ; Russ. bat ; allied to 
 boat.] 
 
 1. .\ heavy stick or club ; a piece of wood with 
 one end thicker or broader than the other, used in 
 the game of cricket. 
 
 2. Bat, or bate, a small copper coin of Germany, 
 with a siimll mixture of silver, worth four crut/.ers. 
 Also, a coin of Switzerland, worth five livres. F.nrtjc. 
 
 3. A term given by miners to shale or bituminous 
 shale. Kinrnn. 
 
 4. A sheet of cotton prepared for filling quilts or 
 comfortables. 
 
 BAT, e. i. To manage a bat, or plav with one. JUason. 
 
 B.\T, n. [Rab. and Tal. n>»«3, NnO, or nNii. Buz- 
 torf. I have not found this word in any European 
 language, exce|« in English.] 
 
 .\ name common to a race of cheirnpteroiis mam- 
 malia, forming the genus Vespertdio, of the order 
 Priiiiates, in I.inna:us's system, hut now considered 
 as a family, in the order Cheiroptera, divided into 
 several distinct genera. The fore feet have the toes 
 connected by a meinhrane, expanded into a kind of 
 wings, by means of which the aninuUs fly. The 
 species are numerous. Of these the vampire or 
 
 BAT 
 
 Ternate bat inhabits Africa and the (Jrieiital Ixleg. 
 1'hese animals fly in flocks from isle to i>ie, obscur- 
 ing the air by their numbers, 'j'heir wings, when 
 CAtinded, measure live or six feet. They live on 
 fruits, hut are .said sometimes to draw bii»)d from 
 persons when asleep. The hats of tlie nonliern lat- 
 itudes arc small ; they are viviparous, and suckle 
 their young. Their skin resembles tli:tt of a mouse. 
 They enter houses in pleasant summer evenings, 
 feed upon moths, flies, flesh, and oily substances, 
 ami are torpid during the winter. F.ncije. 
 
 B.\'r'-I'l)\VL-ER, K. One who jiractices or is pleased 
 with bat-t"owling. Bnrrmirtoii. 
 
 B.AT'-FOWL-I.NG, n. A mode of catching birds at 
 night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating 
 the busli or perch where they roost. Tlie birds, fly- 
 ing to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise. 
 
 Coicel. Knciic. 
 
 B.VT'-I1aUNT-ED, o. Haunted with bats. 
 
 fVordsiDOTth. 
 
 nATS'-M.\N, n. In cricket, the man who h;ui the bat. 
 
 BaT'.V-I!LE, n. [See Bate and Deiiate.] Disputa- 
 ble. The land between England and Scotland, 
 which, when the kingdoms were distinct, was a 
 subject of contention, was called butahle ground. 
 
 Coicel. Encijc. 
 
 BAT-ARD-EAU', (bat-iird-o' ) n. [Fr. baUre.lo re|>el, 
 and run, water.] A cotrer-ilam. Brande. 
 
 BA-Ta'T.\S, 11. .\ species of tick or mite, found on 
 the potatiK-s of Surinam. Also, a name of^ the sicect 
 potato. Fncije, 
 
 B.\-T.a' VI-.\N, a. [from Balavi,the people who inhab- 
 ited the isle.] 
 
 Pertaining to the isle of Betnwe in Holland, be- 
 tween the Rhine and the Waal. But more g' n- 
 crally, the word denotes what appertains to Holland 
 in general. 
 
 B.\-'i'.A' VI-AN, n, A native of Betuwe, or of the Low 
 Countries. 
 
 B.\TCII, n. [D. bakzrl ; G. ffcbdek ; from bake.] 
 
 1. 'J'he quantity of bread baked at one tune; a 
 baking of bread. 
 
 2. .\ny quantity of a thing made at once, or so 
 united as to have like qualities. B. Jonson. 
 
 BATE, II. [Sax. bate, contention. It is probably from 
 the root ot beat. See Debate.] 
 
 Strife ; contention ; retained in mnlic-bate. 
 BATE, r. (. [Fr. battre, to beat, to butter : but perhaps 
 from ah'ittrc, to beat down. The literal sense is, to 
 beat, strike, thrust ; to force down. See Beat.] 
 
 To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing ; 
 as, to bate the wages of the laborer ; to bate good 
 cheer. Loclie. Dryden. 
 
 fU'e now use Abate.] 
 Ba'I E, c. I. To grow or become less ; to remit or re- 
 trench a part ; with of. 
 
 AlwlL* iSy speed, And 1 will fcafe of mine. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Spenser uses bate in tile sense of sinking, driving 
 in, peiiLtratiiig ; a sense regularly deducible from 
 that u( brut, to thrust. 
 
 Yf'l thrrc til" slrcl stiiil not, ljul Inly hate 
 
 IVi'p ill liie fl--*h, itiul ojK-neU wide a ivU IUhkI gal**. 
 
 BATE'-BREED-I.\G, a. Breeding strife. [A'uf used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 B.1-rF..9 rr ,{\>M-\o' ,) «. [Fr., from L. batillum.] 
 
 A light boat, long in proportion to its breadtli, and 
 wider in the middle than at the ends, 
 
 BATE'FljL, a. Contentious; given to strife; excit- 
 ing contention. Sidney. 
 
 BaTE'I.ESS, o. Not to he abated. Shak. 
 
 BATE'MENT, n. Abatement; deduction ; diminution. 
 {Bal'-, with its derivatives, is, I believe, little used, 
 or wholly obsolete, in the United States.] 
 
 BAT'E.N-TTES, ^ ii. pt. A sect of apostates from .Mo- 
 
 li.\T'E.\-ISTS, > lianiinedism, who profess.d the 
 
 B.\-Tk'.\1-.\.\S, ) abominable practices of the Is- 
 niaelians and Kirinalians. The word signifies eso- 
 teric, or persons of inward light. [See Assassins.] 
 
 BAT'FJJL, a. [Sec Batten.] Rich, fertile, as land. 
 [JSTot in use.] Mason. 
 
 BATH, 71. [Sax. ba-lh, balho, a bath ; hathlan, to bathe ; 
 W. badh, or ba: ; I). (J. Sw. Dan. bad, a bath ; Ir. baUt, 
 the sea ; old Phrygian, bcdu, water ; Uu. W. *o:i, to 
 immerse.] 
 
 1. .X place for bathing ; a convenient v.at or recept.i- 
 cle of water for persons to plunge or wash their bodies 
 in. Baths aie warm or tepid, hot or cold, more general- 
 ly called lenrm and cold. They are also iiaturul or arti- 
 fieinl. Ji'iUural baths are those which consist of spring 
 water, either hot or cold, which is often impregnated 
 with inin, and called chalybeate, m \\M\ sulphur, car- 
 bimic .acid, and other mineral substances. These 
 waters arc often very efficacious in scorbutic, bilious, 
 dys|H'ptic, and other complaints. 
 
 2. Iminersion in a b.ath ; as, to take a bath. 
 
 3. A place in which heat is applied to a body im- 
 mersed in some substance. Thus, 
 
 A dry bath is made of hot santl, ashes, s.alt, or 
 other matter, for the purpose of applying heat to a 
 bmly iiiimersi'il in them, 
 
 A i «;)orballi is formed by filling an apartment with 
 hot steam or vapor, in which the body sweat* copi- 
 
 TONE, BUIA, IT.MTE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOL'S G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
BAT 
 
 oiisly, as in Russia ; or tli<; term is used for the ajipli- 
 catiun oi' hot steam to a diseased part of the body. 
 
 Kitcijc. 'roake, 
 
 A metaitine bath is water imprepnated with iron or 
 other metallic substance, and apjilied to a disi ased 
 part. Eiicnc. 
 
 In chemistry, a wet bath is formed by lict wat. r, in 
 which is placed a vessel containins; tlii' niattrr u ljich 
 requires a softer heat than the naked liii. W'ii. n 
 sand is used, instead of water, it is calk d a .mI ' i/ l)atli. 
 
 In medicine, the animal bath is made by wrapping 
 the part aflected in a warm skin just taken from an 
 animal. Cuxc. 
 
 4. A house for bathing. In some Eastern countries, 
 baths are very magnificent edifices. 
 
 5. A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a 
 homer, or seven gallons and four pints, as a measure 
 for liquids; and three pecks and three pints, as a dry 
 measure. Caltnet, 
 
 BXTH'-HIIICK, 71. A preparation of calcareous cartli 
 in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives. 
 
 BaTH'-UOO.M, H. An apartment for bathing. Tvnlic. 
 
 nXTH, {Order uf the,) ii. A high order of liritisli kniglit- 
 iiood, ctimposed of tlirer cla-^ses, \'iz., knii'Iits grand 
 crosses, knights command, rs, and iitiiirlits c(ttnpan- 
 ions, abbreviated tlius, (;. IS. C, K. C. li., K. B. 
 
 BaTHE, r. [Sax. tui/iiuH, to w;ish. See Bath. Q,u. 
 \V. bu-.i, to immerse.] 
 
 1. To wash the body, or some part of it, by immer- 
 sion, as in a bath ; it often differs from ordinary wash- 
 ing in a longer application of water to the body or 
 to a particular part, as for the purpose of cleansing or 
 stimulating the skin. 
 
 2. To wash or moisten, for the purpose of making 
 soft and supple, or for cleansing, as a wound. 
 
 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid ; as, to bathe 
 in tears or blood. 
 
 BaTHE, v. i. To be or lie in a bath ; to be in water, 
 or in other liquid, or to be immersed in a fluid, as in 
 a bath ; as, to bathe in fiery floods. Shak. 
 
 B.aTHE, n. The inwnersion of the body in water ; as, 
 to take one's hsupI bathe. Ed. Rev. 
 
 BATH'ivD, pp. Waslied as in a bath ; moistened with 
 a liquid ; bedewed. 
 
 BAT H'EK, n. One who bathes; one who iminerses 
 liimself in water, or who applies a liijuid to himself 
 or to another. Tuoke. 
 
 BATH'ING, /i/ir. Washing by immersion, or by ap- 
 plying a liquid ; moistening ; fomenting. 
 
 BATH'LNG, n. Tlie act of bathing, or washing the 
 body iti water. Jlfi^on. 
 
 BaTH'ING-TUB, n. A vessel for bathing, usually 
 made either of wood or tin. In the Royal Library 
 at Paris, I saw a bathijig-tub of porphyry, of beauti- 
 ful form and exquisite workmanship. 
 
 BAT'HORSE, (baw'horse,) «. A horse allowed a bat- 
 man, in till; British army, for conveying the utensils 
 in his charge. P. Cijc. 
 
 BA'THOS, 11. [Gr. /Jaftij ; allied to Eng. bottom, and 
 perhaps to \V. boii, to immerse.] 
 
 A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean, 
 in writing or speech. Arbuthnut. 
 
 BAT'ING, ;)/)r. [from iate.] Abating ; taking away ; 
 deducting ; excepting. 
 
 Cfiililrcn h;\ve lew i(le;w, bating some Clint itk'as of hunjrfr and 
 
 BAT'IN-I.ST. See Batenites. 
 
 B.\T'IST, n. A fine linen cloth made in Flanders 
 and Picardy, of three diffi;reut kinds or thicknesses. 
 
 Kitctic. 
 
 BAT'LET, n. [from bat.] A small bat, or sq'uare 
 piece of wood with a handle, for beating linen when 
 tiiken out of the buck. John^ioit. 
 
 BAT'MAN, 71. .\ weiglit used in Snvyrna, and other 
 places in the Levant, of six okes, each of 400 drains; 
 equal to lU lbs. (j o/. lii dr. English. 
 
 I1AT'.M.\.\, (baw'man) n. A person allowed to each 
 company of the British army, on foreign service, who 
 has charge of the cooking utensils, &c. P. Cyc. 
 
 BA-TO.N", (ba-tong',) j 71. [i'"r. baton, from baston. 
 
 BAT-OON', (bat-toon',) i See Baste.] A staff or 
 truncheon. Hence, 
 
 1. A marshal's staff, a badge of the highest milita- 
 ry honor. 
 
 2. 'J'ho badge or truncheon of inferior officers of 
 justice ; as, the baton of a constable. 
 
 3. In manic, a term denoting a rest of four .semi- 
 breves. Urunde. 
 
 4. In heraldry, the b.iton is used to denote illegiti- 
 mate descent. 
 
 BA-TKA'CIH-A. n. pi. [See BArnACHiAN.] The 
 name of an onler of reptiles with a naked body, and 
 two or four feet ; including frogs, toads, salamanders, 
 and the Proteus anil Sin n. 
 BA-TKA'CIII-A.V, a. [(Jr. flarpaynf, a frog.] 
 Pertaining to animals of the order Ilatrachia. 
 
 liarne.^. 
 
 BA-TRA'€HI-AN, n. An animal of the order above- 
 mentiimid. 
 
 BA'J''KA-t;ilITE, 71. [<ir. finTj,a\n(, a frog.] 
 
 A fossil or st«>iic! in color resembling a frog. .^sh. 
 BAT'KA CHOUJ, u. [Gr. ilarpa)^:i, a frog, and £!<!</$, 
 form. ] 
 
 Having the form of a frog. 
 
 JiAT 
 
 BAT-RA-eilOPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. //'.ir,juX"5, frog, 
 and 0(7) (0, to eat.] 
 Feeding on frogs. Q17. Rev 
 
 B.\T'RA-eHOM-Y-OiM'.\-eHY, 71. [Gr. fiarfjaxos, a 
 frog, pni, a mouse, and ix'i\ri, a battle.] 
 The b.atfle between the frogs and mice, in Homer. 
 
 BATS'JL'^N, 71. The one who wields the bat. 
 
 BAT'T.\, 7i. An allowance made to military officers 
 in the service of the East India Company, in addition 
 to their pav. P. Cyc. 
 
 BAT'TA-BLE, a. Capable of cultivation. [jVot 171 
 use.] Burton. 
 
 BAT'TAIL-ANT, 71. [See Battle.] A combatant. 
 [JVi;( v.ted.] Shclton. 
 
 BAT'TAIL-OUS, a. [See Battle.] Warlike ; hav- 
 ing the form or appearance of an army arrayed for 
 battle ; marshaled, as for an attack. Milton. Fairfax. 
 
 BAT-TAL'IA, (bat-tale'ya,) 71. [Sp. hatalla; It. battaj;- 
 lia, battle. See Battle.] 
 
 1. The order of battle ; troops arrayed in their 
 proper brigades, regiments, battalions, ^c, as for ac- 
 tion. 
 
 2. The main body of an army in array, distin- 
 guished from the wings. Johnson. 
 
 BAT-TAL'IO.V, ». [Fr. bataillon. See Battle.] 
 
 A body (if infantry, consisting of from 500 to 800 
 men ; so calleil from being originally .a body of men 
 arrayed for battle. A battalion is generally a body of 
 troops next below a regiment. Sometimes a battal- 
 ion comjioses a regiment ; more generally a regiment 
 consists of two or more battalions. Johnson. JEncyc. 
 Shakspeare uses the word for an army. 
 BAT-TAL'ION-£D, a. Farmed into battalions. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 BATTEL, (hat'tl,) 71. [See Battle.] 
 
 In laic, wager of batttl, a species of trial for the 
 decision of causes between parties. This species of 
 trial is of high antiquity, among the rude military 
 people of Eurojie. It was introduced into England 
 l)y William the Norman Conqueror, and used in three 
 cases only — in the court martial, or court of chivalry 
 or honor ; in appeals of felony ; and in issues joined 
 upon a writ of right. Tlie contest «'as had before 
 the judges, on a piece of ground inclosed, and the 
 combatants were bound to fight till the stars ap- 
 peared, unless the death of one party or victory soon- 
 er decided the contest. It is no longer in use. 
 
 • Blackstone. 
 
 B.\T'TEL, f. i. To grow fat. [A'otinuse. See Batten.] 
 
 2. To stand iniirhtcd, on the college books at Ox- 
 ford, fur provisi(Ui~ and ilrink from the buttery. 
 
 3. To reside at llj ■ iinn . isitv ; to keep terms. 
 BAT'Ti(:L, 71. I'ruvisions takeii by Oxford students 
 
 from the butterv, and also the charges thereon. 
 BAT'T£L,a. [See Batten.] Fertile ; fruitful. [JVot 
 
 -used.} Honker. 
 B.\T'TEL-EU, ( 71. A student at Oxford who stands 
 BAT'TLER, ( indebted, in the college books, for 
 provisions and drink at the buttery. Hence, 
 
 2. One who keeps terms, or resides at the univer- 
 sity. 
 
 BAT'TE-ME.\T, 71. [Fr.] A beating ; striking ; im- 
 pulse. [A'ljf in vse.j Dnrwin, ZoSn. 
 BAT'T£N, (bat'tn,) v. t. [Russ. botayu. Qu. Ar. 
 
 ^iSj badana, to be fat; or ^4X3 /ui/toia, to fatten. 
 See Fat.] 
 
 J. To fatten ; to make fat ; to make plump by plen- 
 teous feeding. Milton. 
 2. To fertilize or enrich land. Philips. 
 B.\T'T£X, (!. i. To grow or become fat; to live in 
 luxury, or to grow fat in ease and luxury. Drydcn. 
 
 Tlie pampered monarch batteitiiig in easf^. Garth. 
 
 BAT'T£N, 71. A piece of board, or scantling, of a few 
 
 inches in breadth. Encyc. 
 BAT'T£.V, V. L To form or fasten with battens. To 
 
 batten down; to fasten down with battens, as the 
 
 hatches of a ship during a storm. 
 BAT'Ti';N-i';D, pp. Formed witli battens. 
 
 2. Become fat. 
 BAT'T£N-ING, 71. The fixing of b.atu ns to walls for 
 
 nailing up laths. 
 2. The battens in a .nate of being thus fixed. 
 BAT'TER, V. t. [Fr. battre; Sp. batir; It. battcrc ; L. 
 
 batuo, to beat. See Beat.] 
 
 1. To beat with successive blows; to beat with 
 violence, so :us to bruise, shake, or demolish ; as, to 
 batlcr a wall. 
 
 2. To wear or impair with beating or by use , ns, 
 a battered pavtunent ; a battered jade ; a battered beau. 
 
 I>rydcn. Pope. 
 
 3. To attack with a battering ram. 
 
 4. To attack with heavy artillery, for the purpose 
 of loaking a breach in a wall or rampart. 
 
 BAT'TEK, u. i. A term applii il to a wall when its 
 surface is not exarlly perpi iidiciilar, but gently slopes 
 /ri)«i a person standing bi'fore it. When it slopes to- 
 ward him, it is saiil to ooerhanir. Gwilt. Moron. 
 
 BAT'TEU, 71. [from brat or batter.] A mixture of 
 several ingredii'iits, as flour, eggs, salt, &.C., beaten 
 togi tlier with some liquor, usid in cookery. Ariii^'. 
 
 BAT 
 
 BAT'TER-£D, /(;». Beaten; bruised; broken; im- 
 paired by beating or wearing. 
 
 BAT'TEK-ER, 71. One who batters or beats 
 
 BAT'TER-IJi'G, ppr. Beating ; dashing against ; bruis- 
 ing or demolishing by beating. 
 
 BAT-TER-LNG-RAiM, 71. In aii/iV/u/t?/, a militarj- en- 
 gine used to beat down the walls of besieged places. 
 It was a large beam, with a head of iron somewhat 
 resembling the head of a ram, whence its name. It 
 was suspended by ropes in the middle to a beam 
 which was sujiported by posts, and balancerl so as 
 to swing backward and forward, and was impelled 
 by men against the wall. It was sometimes mount- 
 ed on wheels. 
 
 BAT'TER-Y, 71. [Fr. battcrie; Sp. balcria ; It. buUcria. 
 See Beat.] 
 
 1. The act of battering or beating. 
 
 2. The instrument of battering. 
 
 3. In the military art, a parapet thrown up to cover 
 the gunners, and others employed about them, from 
 the enemy's shot, with the guns employed. 'J ims, 
 to erect a battery, is to form the parapet and mount the 
 guns. The term is applied, also, to a number of guns 
 ranged in order for battering, and to mortars used for 
 a like purpose. 
 
 Cross batteries, are two batteries which play 
 athwart each other, forming an angle upon the ob- 
 ject battered. 
 
 Battery d'cnjiladc, is one which scours or sweeps 
 the whole line or length. 
 
 Battery en echarpe, is that which plays obliquely. 
 
 Battery de rcvcrs, is that which plays upon the en- 
 emy's back. 
 
 Cam erode battery, is when several guns play at the 
 same time upon one place. Encyc. 
 
 4. In law, the unlawful beating of another. The 
 least violence or the touching of another in anger, is 
 a battery. B ackstonr. 
 
 5. In electrical apparatus and erperiments, a number 
 of coated jars placed in such a manner, that they 
 may be charged at the same time, and discharged 
 in the same manner. This is called an electrical 
 battery. 
 
 6. Galvanic battery ; a pile or series of plates of cop- 
 per and zinc, or of any substances susceptible of gal- 
 vanic action. 
 
 B.A.T'TlIv'G, 71., The management of a bat at plav. 
 
 .\l,lsnn. 
 
 2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for (piilts or bed- 
 covers. 
 
 BAT'TISII, a. [fnmi but, an aiiimtil.] 
 
 Resembling a bat ; as, a hattish humor. Vernon. 
 
 BAT'TLE, 71. [Fr. batnille i W. batel, a drawing of the 
 bow, a battle ; Sp. batulla ; It. battaglia, from hratin'r. 
 See Beat. Owen sujiposes the \Velsh batel to be 
 from tcl, tight, stretched, compact, and tlie word pri- 
 marily to have expressed the drawing of the bow. 
 This is iirobably an error. The first battles of men 
 were with clubs, or some weapons used in beating, 
 striking. Hence the club of Hercules. And although 
 the moderns use diffLrent weapons, still a battle is 
 some mode of beating or striking.] 
 
 1. A fight, or encounter between enemies or oppos- 
 ing armies ; an engagement. It is usually applied to 
 armies or large bodies of men ; but, in popular lan- 
 guage, the word is applied to an encounter between 
 small bodies, between individuals, or inferior ani- 
 mals. It is also more generally applied to the en- 
 counters of land forces tlian of ships, the encounters 
 of the latter being called engagements. But battle is 
 applicable to any combat of enemies. 
 
 2. A body of forces, or division of an tinny. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. The main body, as distinct from the van and 
 rear. [0A.<.] llnyirurd. 
 
 To give battle, is to attack an enemy ; to join battle, 
 is properly to meet the attack ; but perhaps this dis- 
 tinction is not alwajs observed. 
 
 ./} pitched battle, is one in which the armies are pre- 
 viously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition 
 of the forces. 
 
 j3 drawn battle, is one in which lu ilher party gains 
 the victory. 
 
 To turn the battle to the gate, is to fight valiantly, 
 and drivi- the enemy, wlio hath entered the city, 
 back to the gate. Is. xxviii. 
 
 Battle royal; a battle with fists or cudgels, in 
 which more than two are engaged ; a melee. The 
 term is also applied to a figlit of game-cocks, in 
 which more than two are engaged. Grose. 
 BAT'TLE, 7!. 7. [Fr. batnillcr; Sp. batallar.] 
 
 To join in battle ; to contend in light; sometimes 
 with it ; as, to battle it. ./Iddison. 
 B.'VT'TLE, 7'. (. To covft with armed force. Fairfax. 
 B.AT'TLE-.IR-RAV, H. [battle ami array.] Array or 
 order of battle ; the disposition of forces jireparatory 
 to a baffle. 
 
 B.\T'TLE-,\X, 71. An ax anciently used as a weapon 
 of war. It has been used, till of late years, by the 
 Highlanders in Scotland, and is still used by the city 
 guards in Edinburgh, in quelling mobs, &.c. Enei/c. 
 
 BAT'TLE-DoOl!, (hal'll-dflre,) n. An instrument of 
 [day, with a liainlle and a flat board or palm, used to 
 strike a ball or shuttle-cock ; a racket. Locke. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/yLL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOIC — 
 
 104 
 
BAW 
 
 2. A child '3 horn-book. [JVot in use in the United 
 Stales.] 
 
 BA'r'TLE-.MR.NT, n. [This is said to h;ivc been bas- 
 tiUemrnt, from bastille, a fortilicatioii, from Fr. OMir, 
 baslir, lo buil(j. Uii.] 
 
 A Willi raised on a huildins with openinjs or em- 
 brasures, or the embrasure itself. Enciic. Johnson. 
 BAT'TLi-.MENT-EO, a. Having battlements. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 BAT'TMNG, »i. Conflict. Thomson. 
 BAT-TOL'O-GIST, n. [See Battologv.] One thai 
 
 repeals the same thing in speaking or writine. [Lit- 
 
 tle tisnl.] IVhiUock. 
 BAT-TOI-'O-GIZE, V. t. To repeat needlessly ilie 
 
 same thins. [Little u.ird.] Ilfrbcrt. 
 B.\T-'rOI.'() (jY, II. [Gr. ,y«Tr(iXo)-io, from /iorruf, 
 
 a garrulous person, and Aoj of, discourse.] 
 A needles:! repetition of words in speaking. 
 
 Jish, Kncye. 
 BAT'TO.V. n. [from bat.] See Batten. 
 B.AT'TO-RY, n. Among Oif Hanse Tuw:u, a factory or 
 
 magazine which the mercliants have in foreign conn- 
 
 trie.s. Kncye. 
 BAT'TU-L.^TE, v. t. To interdict commerce. [jJ 
 
 leont used bii the Levant Compamj.] Eton. 
 B.\T-TIJ-I,A''riON, H. A prohibitum of commerce. 
 BAT'Tl/E, n. [Fr.J .\ beating up for game ; tlie game. 
 BAT-TU'TA, n. [It.] The measuring of time by 
 
 beating. 
 
 B.Vr'TY, a. [from bat, an animal.] 
 
 Belonging to a bat. Shak. 
 BXTZ, II. A small copper coin with a mixture of sil- 
 ver, current in some parts of Germany ami Switzer- 
 land, wortli about two pence sterling, or four cents. 
 BAU-HEE', II. [(in. Fr. 4<u-4i.'/oii.] [F.ncijc. 
 In Scotland and the north, of England, a liallpeiiny. 
 
 .hhiison. 
 
 BAU'BLE, n. A trifling piece of finer)- ; a gewgaw ; 
 
 that which is gay and showy without real value. 
 
 [See Uawule.] Dnjden. 
 BAI.'CIE, II. -V drugget manufactured in liurgundy, 
 
 with thread spun thick, and of coarse wool. Enctjc. 
 BAULK. See IIalk. 
 
 BAV'A-llOV, n. A kind of cloak or surtout. .Johnson. 
 BAV'IX, II. A stick like those bound up in fagots ; a 
 piece of waste wood. Johiu^on. 
 Bavins; in jcar, brush -fagots. Encijc. 
 BAWRLE, II. [Fr. Aoiiuic, a toy, or iai>!/-tliing ; ac- 
 cording to Spelnian, baubella are gems or jewels.] 
 
 A trifling piece of finery, a gewgaw ; th.at which 
 is gay or showy without re.il value. Dnjden. 
 For fooVs-bawble, see Fool. 
 BAWU'LING, a. Trifling; contemptible. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BAW'-eOCK, 71. A fine fellow. [Qu. beaa-cock.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BAWD, n. [I know not the orisin of this word ; but 
 in Fr., haudir is a term in hunting, signifymg to ex- 
 cite or encourage dogs to the chase ; formed, accord- 
 ing lo Lunier, from the Low L. baldire, or erbaldire, 
 lo enliven, to quicken ; which, from the It. baldo, 
 baldania, appears lo he from the root of Eng. bold, 
 the primary sense of which is, to project, to push or 
 rush forward. In \V. pud is what lends to allure. 
 But one author quotes llesychius, as giving Gr. lia- 
 ias, a procurer or procuress.] 
 
 A procurer or procuress A person who keeps a 
 house of prostitution, and conducts criminal intrigues. 
 [ Usnallij applied to fcinaUs.] 
 
 B.V^VU, e. i. To procure ; to provide women for lewd 
 purpttses. - 
 
 2. To foul or dirtv. [JVof in itjc.] Skelton. 
 BAWU'-nOR.V, a. Descended from a bawd. Shak. 
 BAVVD'I-LV, ndv. Obscenely ; lewdly. 
 BAWD'I-NESS, B. Obscenity J lewdness. 
 BAWD'ltlCK, M. [See Baldrick.] A helU Chapinan. 
 BAWD RY, 71. [See Bawd.] The alioininable prac- 
 tice of procuring women for the gmtilic.tiion of lust. 
 
 3. Obscenity ; tilthy, unchaste language. 
 
 3. Illicit intercourse ; fornication. Shak. 
 BAWD'Y, a. Obscene; filthy; unchaste; applied to 
 tanrrua^e. 
 
 BAWD'Y-IIOUSE, n. A house of lewdness and pros- 
 titution. 
 
 BAWL, r. i. [Sax. bcllan ; Sw. biSla, to low or bellow ; 
 VV. batlaw : G. bellrn, to bark ; I), baiileren, to roar ; 
 L. balo, to bleat ; Fr. piniller, to bawl, lo pule ; Ileb. 
 ^3', ijahal, the blast of a triinipt t ; Pers. bnla, a cry 
 or clamor ; and Ar. and Ileh. V^N, eiul, to weep, lo 
 wail. These all coincide in elenieius with L. prllo, 
 appello. Eng. peai, and the primary sense is the 
 same.] 
 
 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound ; lo hoot ; lo 
 cry with vehemence, as in calling, or in pain or ex- 
 ullnlion. 
 
 2. To cr>' loud, as a child from pain or vexation. 
 BAWL, t. L To proclaim by outcry, as a common 
 
 criir. Sai/L. 
 BAWL'KD, (bawld,) pp. Proclaimed by outcry. 
 BAWL'ER, 11. One who bawls. 
 BAWL'ING, ppr. Crying aloud. 
 IJAWL'l.N'G, 71. The act of crying with a loud sound. 
 BAW.N", II. An inclosure witli mud or stone walls for 
 
 keeping cattle j a fortification. [J^ot u.ted.] Spciuer. 
 
 BAY 
 
 BAW'UEL, n. A kind of hawk. V'./iW. 
 IIAW'SLN, II. A badger. W. Jonsoii. 
 
 BA.X-Tk'KI-AN, a. Pertaining to Baxter, a celi brated 
 
 English divine ; as, the Baxierian scheme. Enetje. 
 B.^Y, a. [Fr. bai or baicj It. baio ; S[). baijo ; L. badius. 
 
 Chuss Rd.] 
 
 Red, or reddish, inclining to a chestnut color; aji- 
 plied to the color of horses. The shades of this color 
 are calleil light bay, dark bay, dappled ban, gilded bay, 
 chestnut bay. In popular language, in England, all 
 bay horses are called brown. Johnson. Encye. 
 BaY, II. [Fr. Aaie; Sp. and Port, bahia; ll. baia ; D. 
 baai ; contracted from the root of Sax. by^e, an angle, 
 bygan, I), boogrn, to bend, whence bom.] 
 
 1. .\n arm of the sea, extending into the land, not 
 of any definite form, but smaller than a gulf, and 
 larger than a creek The name, however, is not usi'd 
 with much precision, and is often applied to large 
 tmcts of w,iter, around which the land ibrms a curve, 
 as Hudson's Bay. Nor is the name restricted to tracts 
 of water with a narrow entrance, but used for any 
 recess or inlet between capes or head lands, as the 
 Bay of Biscay. 
 
 2. A pond-head, or n pond formed by a dam for the 
 purpose of driving inill-whoels. [/ belicoe not itsed in 
 Vie United Stales.] 
 
 3. In a barn, a place between the floor and the end 
 of the building, or a low inclosed place for depositing 
 hay. 
 
 In England, says Johnson, if a barn consists of a 
 floor and two heads, where tliey lay corn, they call it 
 a barn of (ico 4ni/s. These bays are from 14 to 20 fi et 
 long, and floors from 10 to IQ feet broad, and usually 
 20 feet long, which is the breadth of the barn. 
 
 Builder^s Diet. 
 
 4. .Any kind of opening in walls. Chambers. 
 B.^Y, 71. [Ciu. Gr. /i'li'/K, a branch of the palm-tree. 
 
 In Sp. baya is a berry, the fruit of the laurel.] 
 1. The laurel-tree. Hence, 
 
 9. Bays, in the plural, an honorary garland or 
 crown, bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, 
 anciently made or consisting of branches of the 
 laurel. 
 
 The p.-iIriot's honom, ami tiic pool's bays. TrumbuH. 
 
 3. In some parts of the United Slate.':, a tract of land 
 covered with bay-trees. Drayton, S. Carolina. 
 
 BAY, II. [Goth, beidan, to expect; It. bada; " tenere a 
 bada," to keep at bay ; " star a bada," to stand tri- 
 fling ; batlare, to stand trifling ; lo amuse one's self, 
 to lake care, to watch, lo covet ; abbailare, to mind ; 
 Fr. buyer, to gape or stand gaping. Uu. aboycr.] 
 
 A state of expectation, w.atching or looking for; 
 as, to keep a man at bay. So a slag at bay, is when 
 he turns his head aiaiust the dogs. Whence abey- 
 ance, in law, or a state of expectancy. 
 
 [Since to bay means to barl< as a dog, to keep at bay 
 may refer lo the repeated barking or baying of a dog 
 when his prey ce.a-scs to fly, and faces him ; as, when 
 a stag turns upon the dogs, he keeps them at bay, or 
 barking, because they dare not close in and attack 
 him. Hence comes the meaning of the phrase, viz., 
 " To ward off an attack ; to keep an enemy from 
 closing in." Ricli. Dwl.] 
 
 BAY, V. i. [Fr. aboycr; IL haiare, to bark.] 
 
 1. To bark, as a dog at his game. Spenser. 
 
 2. To encoinpxss, or inclose, from bay. VVc now 
 use embay. Shak. 
 
 BAY, r. (. To bark at ; to follow with barking. Shali. 
 
 BAY'HER-RY, n. The fruit of Ihe bay-tree or Lauruji 
 nobitis. This name is applied, in some parts of the 
 United States, to the fruit of Myrica certfera, (wax 
 mvrtle,) and often also to Ihe plant itself. 
 
 BAY'BEIl-RY-TAL'LoW, n. A waxy substance ob- 
 tained from the bayberrj-, or wax-myrtle ; called also 
 mtrrtlr.ieai. 
 
 BAV'-RU.M, n. A spirit obtained by distilling the 
 leaves of the bay-tree. 
 
 BAY'-SALT is salt which crystallizes or receives its 
 consisience from the heat of the sun or action of the 
 nir. It forms in pits or basins, and from this circum- 
 stance receives its denomination. It apjiears first in 
 a slight incrustation upon the surface of the water, 
 which may be sea w.iter, or any other water in which 
 salt is dissolved. This crust thickens and hardens, 
 till the crystallization is perfected, which takes place 
 in eight, ten, or fifteen d.ays. Eneyc. Chambers. 
 
 RAY'-TREE, II, A species of laurel ; laurus nobilis. 
 
 BAY'-WI.\"DOW, 71. A window jutting out from the 
 wall, as in shops. 
 
 B.\Y'-YAR.\, 7U A denomin.ation sometimes used 
 promiscuously with teoolcn yarn. Cliambers. 
 
 BAY'ARD, n, [iayand ard, kind.] 
 
 1. A bay horse. Philips. 
 
 2. .\n unmannerly beholder. B. Jansmi. 
 BAY'ARD-LY, a. Blind ; stupid. Taylor. 
 BAY'KD, a. Ilavins bays, as a building. 
 BAY'O-.N'ET, n. [Ft. baioneue; Sp. bayoncU; It. bai- 
 
 onetla ; so called, it is said, because the first bayonets 
 were made at Rayonne. Vieyra^s Bartugnejsc Diet.] 
 
 1. A short, pointed instrument of iron, or broait 
 dagger, formerly with a handle fitted to the bore of a 
 gun, where it was inserted for use, after the soldier 
 liad fired ; but now made witli an iron handle and 
 
 BE 
 
 ring, which go over the muzzle of the piece, so that 
 the soldier fires with his bayonet fixed. Eneye 
 
 2. In machineni, a term n))plied to pins winch play 
 in and out of holes made to receive thi iii, and which 
 thus serve lo engage or disengage parts of the ma- 
 chinery. Mcholsoiu 
 
 BAY'O-NET, v. t. To stab with n bayonet. 
 
 2. To compel or drive by the bayiuiet. Burke. 
 
 BAt'OU, (bj'oo,) II. [Fr. bnjau, a gulf.] 
 
 In Louisiana, the outlet of a lake ; a channel for 
 water. Also, nn outlet from the .Mississippi, in the 
 delta of that river, to the Gulf of .Mexico. The term 
 is also applied to other lateral outlets from the river, 
 apparentlv its former channel. 
 
 BAYS or BAVZE. [See Baize.] 
 
 BA-ZAR', ) V,' 
 
 B.\-ZAAR' i [Pcrs. ,r.L» bazar; Russ. iaiar, a 
 market.] ' • 
 
 1. In tJie Ea.it, an exchange, market-pL-ice, or place 
 where goods are exposed to sale. Some bazars are 
 open, others are covered with lofty ceilings or domes, 
 pierced to give light. The bazar al Tatiris will con- 
 lain 30,000 men. £iiq/c. 
 
 2. In Europe, a spacious hall, or suite of rooms, 
 fitted up with counters or stands for the sale of goods. 
 
 P. Vyc. 
 
 BAZ'AT, ) 71. A long, fine-spun cotton, from Jerusa- 
 BAZ'A, ) lem, whence it is called Jerusalem eotlon. 
 
 Enci/c. 
 
 BDEL'LIU.M, (del'yiim,) 7i. [L. ; Gr. fifrXXi-,' ;'Styi. 
 Ch. and Heb. n^Ta. Uochait and Parkhurst trans- 
 Kite it pearl. Gen. ii. lint it is doubtful whether 
 the bdellium of the Scripture is that now used.] 
 
 A gummy, resinous juice, produced by a tree in 
 the East Indies, of which we have no satisfactory 
 account. It is brought from the East Indies, and 
 from .\rabia, in pieces of diflVrent sizes and figures, 
 externally of a dark reddish-brown, internally clear, 
 and not unlike to glue. To the taste it is slightly- 
 bitterish and pungent ; its odor is agreeable. In Ihe 
 mouth, it becomes soft, anil sticks to the teeth ; on a 
 red-hot iron, it readily catches flame, and burns with 
 a crackling noise. It is used as a perfume and a 
 medicine, being a weak deobstriient. Eneyc. 
 
 The Indian bdellium (the kind above referred to) 
 is a product of the Coinmi|)liora Madagascarensis, a 
 nati.ve of tlie E;ist Indies and Madagascar. This is 
 the bdellium of Scripture, and is also called false 
 myrrh. The African bdellium is a product of the 
 Hendelotia Africana, a native of Senegal. The Sicil- 
 ian bdellium is obtained from the Daneiis guinmifer. 
 
 BE, V. i. substantive verb ; ppr. Being : pp. Been. [Sax. 
 
 beon, to be. G. iiii, bist; D. icii ; Pers. bodan, 
 
 lobe. San. bhn; and W. bOd, byzu, bydiaw. The 
 sense is, to stand, remain, or be fixed ; hence, to con- 
 tinue. This verb is defective, and its defects are 
 supplied by verbs from other rwls, am, is, teas, trere, 
 which have no radical connection with be. The 
 case is the same with the substantive verb in most 
 languages.] 
 
 1. To be fixed ; to exist ; lo have a real state or ex- 
 istence, for a longer or shorter time. 
 
 t^l ihu iniml be iit you, which wu» hi Chri*t Jesus. — Phil. ii. 
 To be, coiiteiiu hi^ iiiUtlrU doeirc. Pope. 
 
 2. To be made to be ; to become. 
 
 A. -1 ihey Uv.iin lie on? ll-sh. — .M ill. xix. Jer. xiiil. 
 
 3 To remain. Let the garment be as it was made. 
 
 4 To be present in a place. Where icos I at the 
 time When will you br at my house .' 
 
 5. To have a particular manner of being or hap- 
 pening ; as. How is this alfair How vas it .' What 
 were the circumstances 
 
 This verb is useil as an auxiliary- in forming the 
 tenses of other verbs, and particularly in giving to 
 them the passive form ; as, he has brrn disturbed. Il 
 forms, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, 
 which often expresses duly, necessity, or purpose ; as, 
 government is to be supported we are to pay our just 
 debts. 
 
 Let be, is to omit, or leave untouched ; to let alone 
 Let be, s;ud h?, my pr-y. Dryden. 
 BE, a prefix, as in because, before, beset, bedeck, is the 
 same word as by ; Sax. Ar, big; Goth. bi. It is com- 
 mon to the English, Saxon, Gothic, German. Dutch, 
 Danish, and Swedish languages. It occurs probably 
 in the Russian, but is written po, as il is in possideo, 
 and a few other words in the Latin. It denotes near- 
 ness, closeness, about, on, at, from some root signi- 
 fying to pass, or to press. [See Bv.] 
 
 That tiiis word is the Sheinitic 3, used ."uo a prefix, 
 is certain, not only from its general applications, which 
 may be seen by comparing the uses of the word, in 
 the Hebrew, for inst.ance, with those in the Saxon ; 
 but from its use in particular phrases, particularly in 
 its use befiire the name of the Supreme Being, in 
 swearing. Hence we find that 3 is not from na nor 
 from as Parkhurst supposes, but is an abbrevia- 
 tion of big, «-hich IS used in the Saxon, bigspell, A 
 proverb, a Ay-word ; bigstandan, to stand by. 
 
 TO.NE, BJv'LL, IJNITE — AN"GER. VI"CIOUS C as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 14 
 
 105 
 
BEA 
 
 BftAPFI, ,1. [an. Uiiss. bok, side.l 
 
 Tlie sliiire of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed 
 liy llie tide and waves ; the strand. It may be some- 
 times nsi-d for the siiore of large rivers. 
 
 liKACII'/;!), (beecht,) a. Exposed to the waves; 
 washed by the tide and waves ; also, driven on a 
 liKii h ; stranded ; as, the ship is beached. 
 
 nicACirY, rt. H.iving a beach or beaches. Sluik. 
 
 BE.\'eO.\, (be'lin,) n. [W. pig^mn, a beacon, cone, or 
 tnrret, from pig, a point. See Pike. Sa.x. bcacen, 
 bccen, a si^^nal ; D. baak, baaken ,• Ger. bake.] 
 
 1. A . signal erected on an eminence, consisting of 
 a pjtcli barrel, or some combustible matter, to be fired 
 at niglit, or to cause a smoke by day, to notify the 
 approacii of an enemy. 
 
 •2. A signal erected on rocks or shoals, to warn of 
 danger. Hence a lighthouse is sometimes called a 
 beacon. In general, a beacon may be any light or 
 mark iiitended for direction and security against 
 danger. 
 
 3. Figurativehj, that which gives notice of danger. 
 BEA'CON, V. t. To afford light as a beacon ; to light 
 
 up. Campbell. 
 BE.-\'eON-AGE, n. Money paid for the maintenance 
 
 of a beacon. Encijc. .^.^h. 
 
 RkA'COS-ED, pp. or a. Lighted by a beacon; hav- 
 
 mg a beacon. 
 
 Bf,AI), [Ger. betlie, a bead; supposed from beten, 
 biddaii, to pray, from the use of beads in Roman Cath- 
 olic countries ; Sax. if arf, a praying. In Spanish and 
 Portuguese, the word answering to count is used for 
 a bead.] 
 
 1. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, 
 and worn about the neck, for ornament. A string 
 of beads is called a necklace. Beads are made of 
 gold, pearl, amber, steel, garnet, coral, diamond, 
 crystal, pastes, glasses, &c. The Roman Catholics 
 use strings of beads in rehearsing tlieir prayers. 
 Hence the phrase, to tell beads, and to be at one's 
 beadt, is to be at prayer. Kncijc. Johnson. 
 
 9. Any small globular body ; hence the glass 
 globules, used in tratiic with savages, and sold in 
 strings, are called beads ; also a bubble on spirit. 
 
 3. A small piece of metal on a gun-barrel to take 
 sight by. 
 
 4. In architecture, a round molding, commonly 
 made upon the edge of a piece of stuff, in the Corin- 
 thian and Roman orders, cut or carved in short em- 
 bossments, like beads in necklaces. Encijc. 
 
 Bidding of beads, is a charge given by a priest to 
 his parishicmers, to repeat certain prayers upon their 
 beads for certain objects. Baileij. 
 BkAD'-.MaK-ER, 71. One who makes beads. In 
 French, paternostrier is one wlio makes, strings, and 
 sells beads. In Paris are three companies of pater- 
 nostriers ; one that works in glass or crystal ; one, 
 in wood and horn ; a third, in amber, coral, &c. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BkAD'-PROOF, a. Spirit is bead-proof, when, after 
 being shaken, a crown of bubbles will stand, for 
 some time after, on the surface, manifesting a cer- 
 ^lin standard of strength. Encyc. 
 
 BlcAiy-RoLL, n Among Roman Catholics, a cata- 
 logue of persons, for the rest of whose souls they are 
 to repeal a certain number of prayers, which they 
 count bv their beads. Encyc. 
 
 BkAO'-TREE, n. The Melia azedarach, a native of 
 the East Indies, growing about 20 feet high, adorned 
 with large pinnated or fringed leaves, and clusters 
 of pentapetalous flowers. Encyc. 
 
 Bli.AJJS'-iM AN, 71. A man employed in praying, gen- 
 erally in priiying for another. Johnson. 
 
 BicADS-VVOM'AN, n. A praying woman; a woman 
 who resides in an alms-house. .^sh. 
 
 BiiA'DLE, 71. [Sax. bydcl or baidcl ; Fr. bcdcau ; Sp. 
 bedel : It. bidello ; Ger. bjitlel, pedell ; Sw. bodel, a 
 beadle, or lictor ; from the root of bid, Sax. bcodan, to 
 order or command. See Bid.] 
 
 1. A messenger or crier of a court ; a servitor ; one 
 who cites persons to appear and answer ; called also 
 an apparitor or summoner. Encyc. 
 
 2. An officer in a university, whose chief business 
 is to walk with a mace, before the masters, in a pub- 
 lic procession ; or, as in America, before the pres- 
 ident, trustees, faculty, and students of a college, in 
 a |)rocession, at public commencements. Encyc. 
 
 3. A parish officer, whose business is to punish 
 peltv oflcnders. Johnson. 
 
 BijA'hLE-SIIIP, 71. The office of a beadle. IVood. 
 
 BF; A'GLE, 71. [Fr. bigle, so named from littleness; 
 W. bac. Mule ; Ir. piq ; It. piccolo. We have from 
 the Kame root boy, and the Danes pige, a little girl, 
 and probably piig is the same word. Ciu. Gr. irw;.- 
 ,1.11 a pigmy.] 
 
 A small hound, or hunting dog, formerly used in 
 hunting hares. They are now superseded, to a 
 great extent, by liarriers. Beagles are of different 
 Borln; as, the southern beuglr, Kimncr and less, but 
 tliirker than the deep-niiiuthed hound ; the Jlrrt 
 northern, or eat beagle, Hmallcr, and of a finer Kbape 
 lli.iti the «ontliern. I'rmn these species united, is 
 bri'd a third, kiiM prefi'rahle ; and a smalter sort is 
 litib- larger than tin- l.i()-dog. Encyc. 
 
 Dit.'\K, <i. [0. bck ; VV. ;7i;^ ; Ir. peae ; Arm. bek; Fr. 
 
 BEA 
 
 bee ; Sp. pica ; It. bccco ; Dan. pig, pik ; Sw. pigg, 
 pik: Sax. ;)/(c; Fr. pitjue ; Eng. peak, pike, SiC. 'I'he 
 sense is, a shoot, or a point, from thrusting ; and this 
 word is connected with a numerous family. See 
 Class Bg.] 
 
 1. The bill' or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny 
 substance, either straight or curving, and ending in 
 a point. 
 
 2. A pointed piece of wood, fortified with brass, 
 resembling a beak, fastened to the end of ancient 
 galleys ; intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy. 
 In modern ships, the beak-head is a name given to 
 the fore part of a ship, whose forecastle is square or 
 oblong ; a circumstance common to all ships of war, 
 which have two or more tiers of guns. Jl/<ir. Diet. 
 
 Beak or beak-head, that part of a ship, before the 
 forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and sup- 
 ported by the main knee. Encyc. 
 
 3. In farriery, a little shoe, at the toe, about an 
 inch long, turned up and fastened in upon the fore 
 part of the hoof. Farrier's Diet. 
 
 4. Any thing ending in a point, like a beak. This 
 in America is more generally pronounced peak. 
 
 5. In botany, a process, like the beak of a bird, 
 terminating the fruit in certain plants, as in the Ge- 
 ranium. [L. rostrum.] 
 
 BicAK, V. t. Atnong cock-fighters, to take hold with 
 the beak. Msh. 
 
 BEAK'/JD, (beekt,) a. Having a beak ; ending in a 
 point, like a beak. 
 2. In botany, rostrate ; furnished with a process 
 
 BliAK'ER, 71. "[Ger. becher.] [like a beak. 
 
 A cup or glass. Johnson. 
 
 BEAK'I-RON, (-i-urn,) n. A bickern ; an iron tool, 
 ending in a point, used by blacksmiths. Jlsh. 
 
 Bl£.\L, n. [See Boil. W. bal, a prominence.] 
 
 A pimple ; a whelk ; a small inflammatory tumor; 
 a pustule. Johnson. .3sh. 
 
 BeAL, v. i. To gather matter ; to swell and come to 
 a head, as a pimple. Johnson. J^sh. 
 
 BliAM, 71. [Goth, bagms, a tree ; Sax. beam: G. baum; 
 D. boom, a tree ; Dan. born, a bar or rail ; Ir. 6ci»i, a 
 beam. We see by the Gothic, that the word be- 
 longs to Class Bg. It properly signifies the slock or 
 stem of a tree ; that is, the fixed, firm part.] 
 
 1. The largest, or a principal piece of timber in a 
 building, that lies across the walls, and serves to 
 support the princip-^l rafters. Encyc. 
 
 2. Any large piece of timber, long in proportion to 
 its thickness, and squared or hewed for use. 
 
 3. The part of a balance, from the ends of which 
 the scales are suspended ; sometimes used for the 
 whole apparatus for weighing. Encyc. 
 
 4. The part on the head of a stag, which bears the 
 antlers, royals, and tops. 
 
 5. The pole of a carriage, which runs between the 
 liorses. Dryden. 
 
 6. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on 
 which v/eavers wind the warp before vveaviiig ; and 
 this name is given also to the cylinder on which the 
 cloth is rolled, as it is wove. 
 
 7. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 
 
 8. In ships, a great main cross limber, which holds 
 the sides of a ship from falling together. The beams 
 support the decks and orlops. The main beam is 
 next the mainmast. Jl/ar. Diet. 
 
 9. The main piece of a plow, in which the plow- 
 tails are fixed, and by which it is drawn. 
 
 10. Beam compass; an instrument consisting of a 
 square wooden or brass beam, having sliding sockets, 
 that carry steel or pencil points ; used for describing 
 large circles, and in large projections for drawing the 
 furniture on wall-dials. Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 On the beam, in navigation, signifies any distance 
 from the ship, on a line with the beams, or at right 
 angles with tlie keel. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Before the beam, is an arch of the horizon between 
 a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or the 
 line of the beam, and that point of tlie compass which 
 she steers. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Beam ends. A vessel is said to be on her beam 
 ends, when she inclines so much on one side that 
 her beams approach a vertical position. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BkAM'-B!RI), 71. A small European bird, so called 
 because it often builds its nest on the projecting end 
 of a beam or rafter in a building ; also named the 
 spotted fly-catcher. It is ilie Miiscicapa grisola of 
 naturalists. Ed. Enciic. P. Cyc. 
 
 BkAM-FE.'VTH'ER, (-feth'er,) n. One of the long 
 fe.ithers in the wing of a hawk. Booth. 
 
 BeAM'-FILL'ING, 71. The filling in of mason work 
 between beams or joists. 
 
 BkA.M'-TREE, 71. A species of wild service, a tree 
 having very tough wood, used for beams, &.C. 
 The Cratajgus Aria, Linn. (Pyrus Aria, Decand.) 
 
 BicAiM, 71. [Sax. beam, a ray of the sun; benniian, to 
 shine or send forth bi'anis; Sam. /«i/im«/i, splendor ; 
 Ir. brim, a stroke, iind sutlihrim, a lliunderboll.] 
 
 A collection of rays emitted from tlw^ sun or other 
 lumiiiouH body. 
 
 Bl'iA.M, 71. I. To send forth ; to emit ; followed ordi- 
 narily by forth; aSj to beam forth light. 
 
 Bic.A.M, V. I. To emit rays of light, or beams; to shine. 
 II<r Ijeamed, tlie itity »lAr o1 Ihc rUliif; it^i*. Trttmball. 
 
 BEA 
 
 BkAM'J;D, a. The head of a stag is said to be beamed 
 
 when it has all its antlers put forth. Booth. 
 Bk..41I'ING, ppr. or a. Emitting rays of light or beams. 
 BliA.M'ING, 71. Radiation ; the emission or darting 
 of light in rays. 
 
 2. The issuing of intellectual liglit; dawn; pro- 
 phetic intimation ; first indication. 
 
 Such were tlie beamings of an original and gifted mind. 
 
 T. Datcts. 
 
 BkAM'LESS, a. Emitting no rays of light. 
 BeAM'Y, a. Emitting rays of light ; radiant ; shining. 
 
 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight ; massy. 
 
 Vryden. 
 
 3. Having horns, or antlers. Dryden. 
 BeAN, 11. [Sax. bean; Dan. bonne; Sw. bSna ; Gr. 
 
 TToapoi' ; D. ioon ; Ger. bohne ; Ch. pDN apun, a vetch. 
 Q.M. Arm. favon; Corn. id. ; W./ue7i.] 
 
 A name given to several kinds of pulse, or legu- 
 minous seeds, and the plants producing them. They 
 belong to several genera, particularly Vicia, Pha- 
 seolus, and Dolichos. The varieties most usually 
 cultivated are, the horse bean, the mazagan, the 
 kidney bean, the cranberry bean, the lima bean, the 
 frost bean, &.c. The stalk is erect or climbing, and 
 the fruit roundish, oval, or fiat, and of various colors. 
 This name properly belongs to the Faba vulgaris, 
 (Vicia Faba, Linn.) 
 
 Malacca-bean, or Jinaeardium ; the fruit of a tree 
 (Semicurpns JInacardium) growing in Malabar, and 
 other parts of the East Indies. This fruit is of a 
 shining black color, of the shape of a heart Hattened, 
 about an inch long, terminating at one end in an 
 obtuse point, and at the other adhering to a wrinkled 
 stalk. It contains, within two shells, a kernel of a 
 sweetish taste ; and betwixt the shells is lodged a 
 thick, acrid juice. Ejicyc. 
 
 BeAN'-Ca-PER, 77. .\ plant, a species of Zygophyl- 
 lum, a native of warm climates. Encyc. 
 
 BeAN'-COD, 71. A small fishing vessel or pilot bo.at, 
 used in the rivers of Portugal. It is sharp forward, 
 having its stem bent above into a great curve, and 
 plated with iron. Encvc. 
 
 BliAN'-FED, a. Fed with beans. S/n'i/i. 
 
 BeAN'-FLy, 71. A beautiful fiy, of a pale purple 
 color, found on bean flowers, produced from a maggot 
 called mida. Enei/c. 
 
 BeAN'-GOOSE, 71. A species of Anas, segetu'm,) a 
 migratory bird, which arrives in England in autumn, 
 and retires to the north in summer. It is so named 
 from the likeness of the nail of the bill to a horse-beau. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Bean-tree of America ; a name given to the Erythrina 
 Corallodendron. 
 
 JCidney-bean-tree ; a name given to certain species 
 of the genus Glycine. 
 
 Binding-bean-tree ; a name given to a species of the 
 genus Mimosa. 
 
 Bran-trefoil ; a popular name of the Cytisus Labur- 
 num and Anagvris fostida. Earn, of Plants. 
 BeAN'-TRE.S-S£L, 71. A plant. 
 
 BEAR, (bare,) v. t. ; pret. Bore; pp. Bons, Borne. 
 [Sax. btcran, brran, beoran, byran, gebreran, geberan, 
 gcbyran, alnrran, abrran, to bear, cairy, bring, sustain, 
 produce, bring forth ; gehyrian, gebyrigan, to per- 
 tain to, to belong to, to happen, to become, or be 
 suitable ; answering to the Latin fero, porta, pario, 
 and oportro. Hence, probably. Sax. iar7i, beam, a 
 son, coinciding with born. Goth, bairun, to bear, or 
 carry ; gabairan, to bear ; G. fiihren, to carry, and 
 gebriren, to bring forth ; D. heuren, to lift, voeren, to 
 carry or bear; baare.n, to bring forth; Sw. bdra, to 
 carry ; bdra /ram, to bring forth ; barn, a son ; Dan. 
 b<Fre, to carry, bear, produce ; L. fero, pario, porta ; 
 Gr. 0cn''i, ifi'i/ico) ; Sp. and Port, parir, to bring forth ; 
 portar, to carry ; It. portare, to carry ; Ir. bcaratlh, 
 bririni, to bear or bring forth, to tell or relate, whence 
 Fr. parler ; Russ. beru, to ttike, to carry ; Sans, bharadi, 
 to bear. This verb I sujipose to be radically the 
 same as the Shemitic to produce ; L. pario. 
 
 . The primary sense is to throw out, to bring forth, or 
 in general, to thrust or drive along. It includes the 
 proiier significations, both of L. fero and pario; 
 
 Shemitic mo farah, and ,fari. Hence, proba- 
 
 bly, Gr. /Jiifios, (iapvi, and a great family of words. 
 See Class Br. Nos. 15, 92, 33, S.i.] 
 
 1. To support ; to sustain ; as, to bear a weight or 
 burden. 
 
 2. To carry ; to convey ; to support and remove 
 from place to place ; as, they bear him upon the 
 shoulder; the eagle beareth thrin on her wings. 
 
 Isainh. Deuteronomy. 
 
 3. To wear; to bear as a mark of tiuthority or dis- 
 tinction, as, to bear a sword, a badge, a name; to 
 bear arms in a coat. 
 
 4. To keep afioat ; as, the water bears a ship. 
 
 .'). To support or sustain without sinking or yield- 
 ing ; to endure ; as, a man can bear severe pain or 
 calamity ; or to sustain with proportionate strength, 
 and wilhoiit injury ; as, a man may bear stroiigcr 
 food or drink. 
 
 (!. To entertain ; to carry in the mind ; ns, to bear 
 n great love fur a friend ; to bear inveterate hatred to 
 gaming. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MftTE, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BJRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpQK 
 
 1% 
 
BEA 
 
 7. To suffer ; to undergo ; as, to bear piinisliment. 
 
 8. To siilTer without rrsentincnt, or iiituTft-runce to 
 prevent ; to have patience ; as, to bear neglect or 
 indigiiitirs. 
 
 9. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suff.-r or 
 sus^tain witliout violence, injury, or chance ; as, to 
 pive words the most favorable interpretation they 
 will bear. 
 
 10. 'I"o brins forth or produce, as the fruit of plants, 
 or the yuunf;; of animals ; us, to bear apples; to bear 
 children. 
 
 1 1. To give birth to, or be the native place of. 
 Ilt-re (IwpU tlie man divine whom Sanios tore. Dryden. 
 10. To piwscss and use as power ; to exercise ; as, 
 
 13. To gain or win. [to bear sway. 
 Soinr tliinlc 10 Uar it by ape ikin* a great wonl. Baton. 
 [Not now used. The phrase now used is, to bear 
 
 14. To carry on, or maintain ; to have ; as, to bear 
 a part iu conversation. 
 
 1,1. To show or e.\hibit; to relate ; as, to bear tes- 
 timony or witness. This seems to imply utterance, 
 like the Latin /aro, to relate or utter. 
 
 Iti. To sustain the effect, or be answerable for ; as, 
 to bear the lilnnie. 
 
 17. To sustain, as expense; to supply the means 
 of paying ; as, to bear the charges, that is, to pay Ilie 
 
 18. To be the object of. [expenses. 
 Let me but bear jour love, and I'll bear yaur cires. [Unittual.] 
 
 SI,aJi. 
 
 19. To behave ; to act in any character ; as, hath 
 he *orne himself penitent.' [.Vul iwun/.J Sfiak. 
 
 2). To remove, or to endure the cliects of; and 
 hence, to give satisfaction lor. 
 
 He iluiM bear ihfir ii:i<;.:i'i.-«. — la. liil. Heb. ix. 
 
 To bear the in/irmUies cf the weali, to bear one 
 anotlier's burdens, is to be charitable toward their 
 faults, to sympathize with them, a:id to aid them in 
 distress. Brmcn. 
 
 To bear off, is to restrain ; to keep from approach ; 
 and in seamanship, to remove to n distance ; to keep 
 clear from rubbing against any thing ; as, to bear off 
 a blow ; to bear off a boat ; also, to carnj awaij i as, to 
 bear off stolen goods. 
 
 To bear down, is to impel or urge ; to overthrow or 
 crush by force ; as, to bear down an enemy. 
 
 To bear down upnn : to press ; to overtake ; to make 
 all sail to come up with. 
 
 To bear hard, is to press or urge. 
 
 Cesjr dotli bear me hai-d. SJioJc. 
 
 To bear on, is to press against ; also, to caro' for- 
 ward, to pre3.s, incite, or animate. 
 
 Confidence hath &orn< thee on. Milton, 
 To bear throush, is to conduct or manage ; as, to 
 
 bear tltroa^h the consulship. B. Jonson. Also, to 
 
 maintain or support to tlie end ; as, religion will bear 
 
 us thromrh the evils of life. 
 
 To bear out, is to maintain and support to the end ; 
 
 to defend to the last. 
 
 Couijvmy only can bear a ni;vn out in .-xn ill thin*. South. 
 
 To bear up ; to support ; to keep from falling. 
 Reli^oiis hope bears up the mind under luHerings. Addison. 
 To bear up ; to keep afloat. 
 
 To bear a bodtj. A color is said to bear a bodij in 
 paintiuE, when it is cap.thle of being ground so fine, 
 and mixed so entirely with the oil, as to seem only 
 a ver>' thick nil of the same color. Johngon. 
 
 To bear date, is to have the mark of time when 
 written or e.xccutcd ; as, a letter or bond bears date 
 Jan. 6, 1811. 
 
 To bear a price, is to have a certain price. In com- 
 mon mercantile language, it often signifies or implies 
 to bear a good or high price. 
 
 To bear tn hand; to amuse with false pretenses ; to 
 deceive. Bacon. South. Sha):. 
 
 I believe this phra.se is obsolete, or never used in 
 America. 
 
 To bear a hand, in seamanship, is to make haste^ be 
 BEAR, V. i. To sulTer, as with pain. [quick. 
 
 But in.^n is Ijom to bear. Po/>e. 
 
 This is unusual in prose ; and though admissible, is 
 rendered intransitive, merely by the omission ofpain, 
 or other word expressive of evil. 
 
 2. To be patient ; to endure. 
 
 I e:>n not, c-m not bear. Dryden. 
 
 This also seems to be elliptical. 
 
 3. To produce, as fruit ; to be fruitful, in opposition 
 to barrenness. 
 
 Thj* a|^ to NoMom, and the next to bear. Dryden. 
 Here /nut must be understood. 
 
 4. To press, with upon ; as, to bear heavily on 
 one's spirits ; to bear bard upon an antagonist. 
 
 5. To take effect ; to succeed ; as, to bring matters 
 to bear, Quardian. 
 
 6. To act in any character. 
 
 InMrict me bow 1 may bear like a tme friar. [Unusual.] 
 
 Shale. 
 
 7. To be situated as to the point of compass, with 
 respect to something else ; as, the land bore E. N. E. 
 from the ship. 
 
 BEA 
 
 8. To relate or refer to, with on or upon ; as, how 
 does this hear on the qiiestiiin 
 
 9. To liuvc weight on the neck by the yoke, as 
 oxen altaclied to the neap of a cart. 
 
 10. To convey iiitelltgencc ; as, the letters bore 
 that succor was at haiitl. Sir li'. Seuit. 
 
 11. T'o bear away, in navigation, is to change the 
 course of a ship, when close hauled, or sailing with 
 a side wind, and make her run before the wiod. To 
 bear up, is used in a like sense, from the act of bear- 
 ing up the helm to the windward. Mar. Diet. 
 
 llence, perhaps, in other cases, the expression may 
 be used to denote tending or moving from. 
 
 12. To bear dvton, is to drive or tend to ; to approach 
 with a fair wind ; as, the fleet bore down ujiun the 
 enemy. 
 
 13. To bear in, is to run or tend toward ; as, a ship 
 bears in with the land ; opposed to bear off, or keep- 
 ing at a greater distance. 
 
 11. V'o bear up, is to tend or move toward ; as, to 
 bear up to one another : ;.l ;o, to be supported ; to have 
 fortitude ; to be firm ; not to sink ; as, to bear up un- 
 der alilietions. 
 
 15. To bear upon, or against, is to lean upon or 
 against ; to act on as weight or force, in any direc- 
 tion, as a coliiiiin upon its base, or the sides of two 
 inclining objects against each other. 
 
 lii. To bear against ; to approach for attack or seiz- 
 ure ; as, a lion bears again.U his prey. Dryden. 
 
 17. To bear upon ; to act upon ; as, the artillery bore 
 upnn the center ; or to be pointed or situated so as to 
 affect ; as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a 
 fort or a ship. 
 
 18. To bear iriih ; to endure what is unpleasing ; to 
 be indulgent ; to forbear to resent, ojipose, or punish. 
 
 Ke i*on would I should 6ear iirith you. — Acta xviii, 
 Shall not God nvcn^ lus elect, though he bear lung with them t 
 — Lukf xviii. 
 
 nE.AR'-eLOTlI, ) n. A cloth in which a new- 
 UEAli'I.NG-eLOTII, i born child is covered when 
 
 carried to church to be baptized. ShaJ,: 
 BE.^K, n. [.Sax. bera ; G. bar; D. beer; Sw. Dan. 
 
 and Ice. biorn ; Ir. bear; allied, perhaps, to fierce, L. 
 
 ferus, fera, or to barbarus.'\ 
 
 1. A Willi quadrupi;d, of the genus IJrsus. The 
 marks of the genus are, six fore teeth in the ujiper 
 jaw, alternately hollow on the inside ; and six in the 
 under jaw, the two lateral ones lobated ; the dog 
 teeth are solitary and conical ; the eyes have a nic- 
 titating membrane, and the nose is prominent. The 
 arctos, the brown or black bear of Europe, has his 
 body covered with long, shaggy hair. Some are 
 found, in Tartary, of a pure white color. The po- 
 lar ax white bear, has a long head and neck ; sliort, 
 round ears ; the hair long, sof't, and white, tinged in 
 some parts with yellow, lie grows to a great size, 
 the skins of some being 13 fi^et long. This hear lives 
 in colli climates only, and frequently swims from one 
 isle of ice to another. Kncyc. 
 
 2. The name of two constellations in the northern 
 hemisphere, called the Greater and Lesser Bear. In 
 the tail of tlie Lesser Hear is the pole-star. 
 
 Bears and BulLi : cant terms applied to persons en- 
 gaged in the gambling transactions of the Stock Ex- 
 change. j5 bear, is one wlit) contracts to deliver, at a 
 specified /if/«re time, stticks which he does not own ; 
 a bull, is one who contracts to take them, llence, in 
 the intervening time, it is the interest of the fonner 
 to depress stocks, as the bear pulls down with his 
 stnuig paws, and of the latter to raise stocks, as the 
 bull throws upward with his horns. The stock is, 
 in fact, never delivered, .and was never meant to be. 
 When the time for delivery arrives, the losing p.irty 
 ptiys the difference between the price of the stock 
 tlirn and at tile time when the contract was made. 
 Bl~:AU or IlKitE, R. A kind of barley, cultivated in 
 Scotland and the north of England ; called, also, AiV, 
 and liy some regarded as a distinct species, {Uordeum 
 herasticlion.) 
 
 BEAIl'A-BLE, a. That can be borne ; tolerable. 
 
 Kd. Rev. 
 
 BEAR'A-BLY, ade. In a bearable manner. 
 
 lycstm. Rev. 
 
 BE.aR'-BaIT-I.XG, n. The sport of baiting bears with 
 docs. Shak. 
 
 BEaH'-BER'UY, n. A medicin.al plant; the Arcto- 
 stapliylus liva-ursi, (jirbiitiui uva-ursi. Linn.) 
 
 BE.^ll'-UI.N'D, n. A species of Bind weed or Convol- 
 vulus ; a popular name, common to the genus Ca- 
 lystegia, (a subdivision of the Linniean genus Ccm- 
 volviiliis,) including the Convolvulus srpiuin. SwceL 
 
 BEaR'-FLY, n. An insecu Bacon. 
 
 BE.\R'-G.\R-Df;N', n. A place where bears are kept 
 for diversion or fighting. Hence, 
 0. A nide, turbulent as.semblv. 
 
 BE.\R'-G.\R-DE.V, a. Rude ; turbulent ; as, bear-gar- 
 drn sport. Todd. 
 
 BE.aR'-IIERD, n. A man that tends bears. ShaJi. 
 
 HE.aR'-LIKE, n. Resembling a bear. Shak. 
 
 BEaR'S'-BREECH, n. Braiik-ursiiie, a name com- 
 mon to different species of plants of the genus Acan- 
 thus. 
 
 BE.aR'S'-EAR, II. A popular name of the Primula 
 auricula. 
 
 BEA 
 
 BEAR'i«'-KAR SAN'I-CLE, n. A species of CnrtiiAi 
 BEaR'S'-I'OO r, V. A plant, a species of Ilcllehor.-. 
 BEaK'S'-(;KIC.\SE, f The fat of bears, extensively 
 
 used to promote th growth of hair. 
 BEAR'-SKIN, n. '' he skin of a bt:ar. 
 
 2. A coarse, sirtiggy wiKilen cloth for overcoats. 
 BEAR'S'-VVORT, n. A plant. iilial;. 
 BEaR'-WARD. 71. A keeper of bears. Shak. 
 BE.^^R'-WtlELP, n. The whelp of a bear. Shak. 
 Bk.'VRI), (beerd,) n. [Sax. beard; D. board; G. and 
 
 Dan. bart ; L. baroa ; Russ. boroda, the beard and the 
 
 chin.] 
 
 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adja- 
 cent parts of the face, chiefly of male ailiills; llence 
 a mark of virility. A gray beard, long beard, and rev- 
 erend beard, are terms for old age. 
 
 2. Beard is sometimes used for (Ac face; and to do 
 a thing to a man's beard, is to do it in defiaiire, or to 
 his face. Johnson. 
 
 3. The awn or sharp prickles on the ears of com. 
 But more technically, parallel hairs, or a tuft of stiff 
 hairs terminating the leaves of plants. By some au- 
 thors, the name is given to the lower lip of a ringcnt 
 corol. Martyn. 
 
 4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow, or other in- 
 strument, bent backward to prevent its being easily 
 drawn out. 
 
 5. The beard or chuck of a horse, is that part which 
 bears the curb of a bridle, underneath the lower man- 
 dible and above the chin. Farrier's Diet, Kncyc. 
 
 (j. The rays of a comet, emitted toward that part 
 of the heaven to which its proper motion seems to 
 direct it. Kncije. 
 
 7. The byssus of a pinna, muscle, or other similar 
 shell-fish, consisting of fine threads or hairs, by 
 which they fastim themselves to stones. Cije. 
 
 The term is also applied to the cills or respinitory 
 organs of the oyster and other bivalves, Brande. 
 
 8. Ill inscct<, two small, oblong, fleshy bodies, 
 placed just above the trunk, at in giiaLs, moths,- 
 and butterflies. Knaie. 
 
 BkARD, (beerd.) r. t. To take by the beard'; to 
 seize, pluck, or pull the beard, in contempt or anger. 
 2. To oppose to the face ; to set at defiance. 
 
 I have bwn bearded by boya. More. 
 
 BeARD'ED, (beerd'ed,) a. Having a beard, as a 
 man. In botany, havinE pandlel hairs, or tufts of 
 hairs, as the leaves of plants. .Martijn. 
 2. Barbed or jagged, as an arrow. Dryden. 
 
 Be.'\RD'ED, (beerd'ed,) pp. Taken by the beard ; op- 
 posed to the face. 
 
 Bl~;.\RD'-GRXSS, n. A name common to different 
 species of grass of the genus Andropogon. 
 
 Bl"?,ARD'I.VG, (becrd'ing,) ppr. Taking by the beard ; 
 opposing to the face. 
 
 Bi";ARD'LESS, (beerd'less,) a. ' Without a beard ; 
 young; not having arrived to inanhottd. In botany, 
 destitute of parallel hairs, or tufts of hairs. .Martini. 
 
 BeARD'LESS-NESS, 71. The state or quality of be- 
 inir destitute of beard. Lawrence, LecL 
 
 BEaR'ER, n. [See Bear.] In a general sense, one 
 who boars, sustains, or carries. Hence, 
 
 2. One who carries packages or letters ; as, a bear- 
 er of dispatches. 
 
 3. One who carries the body to the grave, at a fu- 
 neral. 
 
 4. One that wears any thine, as a badge or sword. 
 
 5. A tree or plant that yields its fruit ; as, a good 
 bearer. 
 
 (j. In architecture, n post or brick wall between the 
 ends of a piece of timber, to support it. In general, 
 any thing that supports another thing. 
 
 7. In heraldry, a figure in an achievement, placed 
 by tlie side of a shield, and seeming to support it; 
 generally the figure of a beast. The figure of a hu- 
 man creature, for a like purpose, is called a tenant. 
 BEaR'I.N'G, p/ir. Supporting ; carrj inc i producing. 
 BEAR'I.N'G, n. The manner in which a person 
 Acars or conducts himself; gesture; mien; behavior. 
 
 1 know lum by his beftring. ShaJt. 
 
 2. The situation of an object, with respect to an- 
 other object, by which it is supposed to have a con- 
 nection with it or influence upon it, or to be influ- 
 enced by it. Hence, relation. 
 
 But .)f ttiia frame, the bearings and the ti-Tt. Pope. 
 
 3. In architecture, the distance or length which Ih^ 
 ends of a piece of timber rest upon, or are in.scrtcd 
 into, the wall that supports it. Bearing of a timber ; 
 the space between the two fixed extremes of a piece 
 of timber, or between one extreme and a siipiMirter. 
 
 Builder's Did. 
 
 4. In navigation, the situation of a distant object, 
 with regard to a ship's position, as on the bow, on 
 the lee quarter, &c. The direction or point of the 
 compass in which an object is seen. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. In heraldry, bearings are the coats of arms or 
 figures of armories, by which the nobility and gen- 
 trj' are distinguished from common persons. Encyc. 
 
 BE.tR'ISIl, a. Partaking of the qii.aliiies of a bear; 
 
 resembling a hi;ar in temper or manners. Harris. 
 BEAR.V, 71. [.Sax. beam ; tloth. barn : from bear ; Goth. 
 
 gabaurans, born,] 
 
 A chilli. In Scotland, bairn. Shak. 
 
 TC.NE, BJJLL, IJ.MTE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 107 
 
BE A 
 
 BE A 
 
 BEA 
 
 BEAST, (beest,) n. [Jr. bia.st, jiiasd; Corn. bSit; D. 
 hpe^t ; L. bestia ; Fr. i/e/e, froni btste ; Dan. b(r^t^ beest f 
 W. btpijst, wild, savage, ferot oiis. See Coisterous.] 
 
 1. Any four-fooled animal, \ liicli may be used fur 
 labor, food, or sport; distinguished from birds, in- 
 sects, fisbes, and man ; as, beasts of burden, beasts of 
 tlie cliase, leasts of tlie forest. It is usually applied 
 to large animals. 
 
 2. Opposed to man, it signifies any irrational ani- 
 mal ; as, in the phrase " man and beast." So, wild 
 beast. 
 
 3. Figuratively, a brutal man ; a person rude, coarse, 
 filthy, or acting in a manner unworthy of a rational 
 creature. Juhnson. 
 
 4. A game at cards. Hence, to beast. Eucyc. 
 Br.AST'ISH, a. Like a bea«t ; brutal. 
 BeAST'-LIKE, a. Like a beast ; brutal. 
 
 Titus .^ndroniens. 
 
 BEAST'Lt-NESS, n. [from beastly.] Brutality; 
 coarseness ; vulgarity ; filthiness ; a practice con- 
 trary to the rules of humanity. 
 
 BEAST'LY, a. Like a beast ; brutal ; coarse ; filthy ; 
 contrary to the nature and dignity of man. 
 9. Having the form and nature of a beast. Prior. 
 
 BicAT, (beet,) v. t. pret. Beat ; pp. Beat, Beaten. [Sax. 
 bcatan, gebeofan, to beat, srebraten, beaten ; W. bcezu ; 
 Fr. battre, or batre ; Sp. batir Port, bater ; It. battere ; L. 
 
 batiw ; Kuss. botayit ; Ar. liA^i hhabata, and 
 
 kabata; Heb. Cb. Syr. U^n, AnSat. Perliaps, Hindoo, 
 pate, to kill ; .Burmaii, potxii, id. ; as we say, to smite 
 and to slay. Hence, the oirpata, nian-kiilers, in 
 Herodotus. Class Bd, Nos. 20, 23, 33. See Abate.] 
 
 1. To strike repeatedly ; to lay on repeated blows 
 with a stick, with the hand or fist, or with any 
 instrument, and for any cause, just or unjust, or for 
 punishment. Luke .\ii. Deut. xxv. 
 
 2. To strike an instrument of music ; to play on, 
 as a drum. Slial;. 
 
 3. To break, bruise, comminute, or pulverize by 
 beating or pounding, as p-pjier or spices. E\. xx.x. 
 
 4. To cxti'iul by li:';itiiii:, as gold or othrr malleable 
 substance ; or to hammer into any form ; to forge. 
 E.\. xxxix. 
 
 5. To strike bushes; to shake by beating, or to 
 make a noise to rouse game. Prior. 
 
 6. To thresh ; to force out corn from the husk by 
 blows. Rutli. 
 
 7. To break, mix, or agitate by beating ; as, to beat 
 an egg with any other thir.g. Boyle. 
 
 8. To dash or strike, as water ; to strike or brush, 
 as wind. Milton. 
 
 9. To tread, as a path. BlaeUmore. 
 
 10. To overcome in a battle, contest, or strife ; to 
 vanquish or conquer ; as, one beats another at play. 
 
 Pyrrhiis beat the Carlhawiniaiis at sea. ArbuOinot. 
 
 11. To harass; to e.xercise severely; to overlabor; 
 as, to beat the brains about logic. Ilakcwdl. 
 
 To beat down; to break, destroy, throw down, by 
 beating or battering, as a wall. 
 
 Also, to press down or lay flat, as by treading, by 
 a current of water, by violent wind, fee. Shak. 
 
 Also, to lower the price by importunity or argument. 
 
 Also, to depress or crush ; as, to 6pa(</aw« opposition. 
 
 Also, to sink or lessen the price or value. 
 
 tJKury benlx doion llie pric" of land. Bacon. 
 
 To beat baek : to compel to retire or return. 
 To beat into; to teach or instill, by repetition of in- 
 stniction. 
 
 To beat vp ; to attack suddenly ; to alarm or dis- 
 turb ; as, to beat vp an enemy's quarters. 
 
 To beat the wing ; to tlulter ; to move with flutter- 
 ing agitation. 
 
 To beat off; to repel or drive back. 
 
 To beat Hie hoof; to walk ; to go on foot. 
 
 'To brat time ; to measure or regulate time in music 
 by the motion of the hand or foot. 
 
 In tlie menaire, a horse beats the dust, wlum at each 
 motion he does not take in ground enough with his 
 fore legs ; and at curvets, when he does them too 
 precipitately, or too low. lie beats upon a walk, when 
 lie walks too short. F.iicye. 
 
 To beat out; to extend by hammering. In popular 
 use, to be beat (ml, is to be cxtremi'ly fatigued ; to 
 have the strength exhausted by labor or exi^rlion. 
 ilP.AT, r. i. 'I'o move with pulsation ; as, the pulse 
 beats : or to Ihriib ; as, tin; heart beats. 
 
 2. To dash witli forc<;, as a storm, flood, passion, 
 &c. ; ns, the tein|)est benn against the house. 
 
 3. To knock at a iloor. Judges xix. 
 
 4. To Murtiiale ; lo be in agitation. Shak. 
 To beat about ; to try to find ; lo search by various 
 
 means or ways. Jlddison. 
 To beat upon ; to act upon with viol<?nce. ,/onali. 
 AIho, to speak frcipicfntly ; to (enforce by repetition. 
 
 Jloolcer, 
 
 '/ ' beat up for soldicrH, in to go about to enlisl men 
 into >..■• nrmy. 
 
 In /tea - unship, to beat, is to make progress against 
 the (lirccli. i. of the wind, by aailini; in a /.ig/.ng line 
 or lravcr»e. JUar. IJict. 
 
 With hunters, a stag beats up and down, when he 
 runs first one way and then another. Eueye. 
 Beat, 7!. A stroke ; a striking ; a blow, whether 
 with the hand or with a weapon. 
 
 2. A recurring stroke ; a pulsation ; as, the beat of 
 the pulse. 
 
 3. The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating 
 the divisions of time in music. 
 
 4. A transient grace-note in music, struck imme- 
 diately before the note it is intended to ornament. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 5. A round or course, fl'hich is frequently gone 
 over ; as, a watchman's beat. Hence, 
 
 6. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 
 
 In the wilitary art, the brat of drum, is a succession 
 of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular 
 purposes, as lo regulate a march, to call soldiers 
 to their aims or quarters, to direct an atuick, or 
 retreat, &c. 
 
 The beat of a watch or clock, is the stroke made 
 by the fangs or pallets of the spindle of the balance, 
 or of the pads in a royal pendulum. Eueye. 
 Beat, ) pp. Struck ; dashed against ; pressed 
 BisAT'iJN, i or laid down ; hammered ; pounded ; 
 vanquished ; made smooth by treading ; worn by 
 use ; tracked. 
 
 BeAT'ER, n. One who beats, or strikes ; one whose 
 occupation is to hammer metals. 
 
 9. An instrument for pounding, or comminuting 
 substances. 
 
 BeAT'ER-UP, 71. One who beats for game ; a sports- 
 vtau'^s term, Butler. 
 
 BEATK, V. L To bathe. [JVot in use.] .S/icnsfr. 
 
 BE-A-TIF'ie, j a. [L. beatiu^, blessed, from beo, 
 
 BE-A-TIF'IC-AL, i lo bless, and facio, to make. 
 See Beatifv.] 
 
 That has the power to bless or make happy, or the 
 power to complete blissful enjoyment ; used only of 
 heavenly fruition after death ; as, beatijic vision. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 EE-A-TIF'IC-AL-LY, adv. In such a manner as lo 
 
 complete happiness. 
 BE-AT-I-FI-€a'TION, ji. In the Roman Catholic 
 church, an act of the pope by which he declares a 
 person beatified or blessed after death. This is the 
 first step toward canonization, or the raising of one 
 to the dignity of a saint. No person can be beatified 
 till 50 years after his death. All certificates or at- 
 testations of his virtues and miracles are examined 
 by the congregation of rites, and this examination 
 continues often for years; after which his holiness 
 decrees the beatification, and the corpse and relics of 
 the intended saint are exposed to the veneration of 
 all good Christians. Encye. 
 BE-AT'I-FY, v. t. [L. beatus, happy, from beo, to 
 bless, and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To make happy; to bless with the completion 
 of celestial enjoyment. 
 
 9. In the Roman Catholic church, to declare by a 
 decree or public act, that a person is received into 
 heaven, and is to be reverenced as blessed, though 
 not canonized. 
 BeAT'ING, ppr. Laying on blows; striking; dash- 
 ing against; conquering; pounding; sailing against 
 the direction of the wind, itc. 
 BeAT'ING, 71. The act of striking or giving blows; 
 punishment or chastisement by blows; conquering; 
 sailing against the direction of tlit* wind. 
 
 The beating of flax and hemp is an operation which 
 renders them more soft and pliable. For this purpose, 
 they are made into rolls and laid in a trough, where 
 they are beaf. tili no roughness or hardness can be 
 felt. Encye. 
 
 In book-binding, beating is performed by laying the 
 book in quires, or sheets folded, on a block, aud 
 beating it with a heavy, broad-faced hammer. On 
 this operation, or the heavy pressure now employed 
 as a substitute, the elegance of the binding and the 
 easy opening of the book much depend. Encye. 
 
 Beating the wind, was a practice in the ancient 
 trial by combat. If one of the combatants did not 
 appear on the field, the other was to beat t/ie irind, 
 by making flourishes with his weapons; by which 
 he was entitled to the advantages of a conqueror. 
 
 Beatings, or beats, in music, the regular pulsative 
 swellings of sound, produced in an organ by pipes of 
 the same key, when not in unison, and theii vibra- 
 tions not simultaneous or coincident. Busby. 
 
 'I'his phcnomentm occurs in stringed as well as 
 wind instrumenUs, whi ii sounding together, nearly 
 but not exactly in perfect tune. Cyc. 
 BE-AT'I-TU1)E, 71. [L. beutitudo, from Acadw, beo. 
 See Beatift.] 
 
 1. Blessedness; felicity of the highest kind; con- 
 summate bliss ; used of the joys of heaven. 
 
 2. The declaration of blessedness made by our 
 Savior to particular virtues. 
 
 BEAU, (bo,) 71. ( ;)/. Bkaux, (bo/.e.) [Fr. Jcoii, con- 
 tracted from ftc/ ; L.bcLlus: Sp. and It. ic/io, fine, giiy, 
 handsome.] 
 
 A man of dress ; a fine, gay man ; one whose great 
 care is to deck his [ler.son. In familiar language, a. 
 man who ntlimds a ladv. 
 JJ/';.4t/ ;-Wyi'./J/,, (bo i-de'al,) 71. [Fr.] A conception 
 
 or image of consummate beauty, formed in the mind, 
 free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes, 
 which nature exhibits. 
 
 BEAU'ISII, (ho'ish,) n. Like a beau ; foppish ; fine. 
 
 BEjiU MOJ^DE', (bo-mond',) 7t. [Fr. beau, fine, and 
 monde, ^\'orld.] 
 
 The fashionable world ; people of fashion and 
 gayely. Prior. 
 
 BEAO'TE-OUS, (bu'te-ous,) a. [See Beauty.] Very 
 fair; elegant inform; pleasing to the sight; beauti- 
 ful ; very handsome. It expresses a greater degree 
 of beautv than handsome, and is chiefly used in poetry. 
 
 BEACi'TE4JU.S-LY, (bu'te-ous-ly,) ado. In a beaute- 
 ous manner ; in a manner pleasing to the sight ; beau- 
 tifully. 
 
 BEAu'TE-OUS^NESS, (bu'te-ous-ness,) ti. The state 
 
 or quality of being beauteous ; beauty. 
 BEAu'TI-FI-J;D, (bu'ti-flde,) pp. Adorned ; made 
 
 beautiful. 
 
 BEAO'Tl-FI-ER, (bu'ti-f I-er,) n. He or that which 
 
 makes h^-autiful. 
 BEAU'TI-FUL, (bu'ti-ful,) a. [beauty and full] 
 
 1. Elegant in form ; fair ; having the form that 
 pleases llie eye. It expresses more than liand^ome. 
 
 A beauti/nt woman is one of the most attractive objects in all na- 
 ture's works. Anon. 
 
 A cirf.!'' is more beautiful tlian a squaje ; a square is more beau- 
 tiful than a parallelogram. Lord Karnes. 
 
 2. Having the qualities which constitute beauty, 
 or that which pleases the senses other than the sight ; 
 as, a beautiful souisd. Encye. 
 
 BE.'Vu'TI-FUL-LY, (bu'ti-ful-ly,) adv. In a beautiful 
 manner. 
 
 BEAO'TI-FUL-NESS, (bu'ti-ful-ness,) 71. Elegance 
 of form ; beauty ; the quality of being beautiful. 
 
 BE.\U'TI-F'?, (bu'ti-f)-,) v. t. [beauty aud L. facio.] 
 To make or render beautiful ; to adorn ; to deck ; 
 to grace ; to add beauty to ; to embellish. Hayward. 
 
 BEAC'TI-FV, (hu'ti-fy,) v. i. To become beautiful ; 
 to advance in beauty. Mdisun. 
 
 BEAu'TI-FV-ING, (bu'ti-fj-ing,) ppr. Adorning; em- 
 bellishing. 
 
 BEAu'TI-LESS, (bu'ti-less,) a. Destitute of beauty. 
 
 JIainmond. 
 
 BEAu'TY, (bu'ty,) 71. [Fr. beauti, from bcaiu See 
 Beau.] 
 
 1. An assemblage of graces, or an assemblage of 
 properties in the form of the person or any other ob- 
 ject \^'hich pleases the eye. In the person, due prt>- 
 portion or symmetry of parts constitutes the most es- 
 sential property to which we annex the term beauty. 
 In the face, the regularity and symmetry of the fea- 
 tures, the color of the skin, the expression of the eye, 
 are among the principal properties which constitute 
 beauty. But as it is hardly possible to define all the 1 
 properties which constitute beauty, we may observe 
 in general, that beauty consists in whatever pleases 
 the eye of the beholder, whether in the human body, 
 in a tree, in a landscape, or in any other object. 
 
 Beauty is intrinsic, and perceived by the eye at first 
 view, or relative, to perceive which, the aid of the 
 understanding and reflection is requisite. Thus the 
 beauty of a machine is not perceived till we under- 
 stand its uses, and adaptation to its purpose. This 
 is called the beauty of utility. By an easy transition, 
 the word beauty is used to express what is pleasing 
 to the other senses, or to the understanding. Thus 
 we say, the beauty of a thought, of a remark, of 
 sound, &c. 
 
 .So benulij. amied with virtue, bows the soul 
 With a commanding, but a sweet control. 
 
 Percival. 
 
 2. A particular grace, feature, or ornament ; any 
 particular thing which is beautiful and pleasing ; as, 
 the bcuuties of nature. 
 
 3. A particular excellence, or a part which sur- 
 passes ill excellence that with which it is united ; 
 as, the beauties of an author. 
 
 4. A beautiful person. In Scripture, the chief dig- 
 nity or orntimenl. 2 Sam. i. 
 
 5. In the arts, symmetry of parts ; harmony ; just- 
 ness of composition. Eueye. 
 
 ti. Joy and gladness. Is. Ixi. Order ; prosperity ; 
 peace ; "holiness. Ezek. xvi. 
 
 BEAu'TY, (bu'ty,) t>. t. To adorn ; to beautify or em- 
 bellish. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 BEAO'TY-Sl'oT, (bu'ty-spot,) 71. A patch ; a foil ; a 
 spot placed tm the face" to heighten beauty. 
 
 BEAO'TY-WaN'INO, a. Declining in beauty. Shale 
 
 BeA'VEK, (bc'ver,) ji. [Sax. befor, biofur; Fr. biiere ; 
 'L. fiber; Ir. bcabhar; Sw. bafwcr; Dan. bovver; Ger. 
 1 o 
 
 biber; A bever ; Russ. bobr; Pers.^XJ babir.] 
 
 1. An amphibious quadruped, of the genus Castor. 
 It has short ears, a blunt nose, small fore feet, large 
 hind feet, with a flat, ovate tail. It is remarkable for 
 its ingenuity in constructing its lodges or habitations, 
 anil frtun this animal is obtained the castor of the 
 shops, which is taken from cods or bags in the groin. 
 Its fur, which is nu>slly of a chestnut brown, is the 
 material of the best hais. 
 
 2. The fur of the beaver, or a hat matle of the fur. 
 
 3. Part of a helmet covering the face, made jointed, 
 
 t'XTB, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 __ __ 
 
BEC 
 
 BED 
 
 BED 
 
 so tlmt the wparer could raise it to drink ; hence its 
 name, from Old Fr. bevrr, to drinlc. Booth. 
 BEA'V'EK-i'U, a. Covered with or wearing a beaver. 
 
 Pope, 
 
 IlKA'VER-TEEN, n. A species of fustian cloth. 
 BE-HLKED', V. L [be and bleed.] To make bloody. 
 
 fO«<.] Chaucer. 
 nE-BLOOn', )v.L [ie and Wood.] To make bloody. 
 BE-BLOon'V, i [Ois.l Sheldon, 
 UE-BLOT', 5. (. [be and btoW] To blot : to stain. [ Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 BE-BLUB'BER-KD, a. [be and blubber.] Foul or 
 swilled with weepinj;. S'lellon. 
 
 BE€-A-FI'eO, n. [It. *rec/i/i«o, from the root of pica, 
 peek, brck, and Jico, a flj;. See Beak.] 
 
 A fis-pecker ; a bird like a nightingale, which feeds 
 on figs and gnipes. Johnson. Prior. Bailey. 
 
 Tliu term beccnfico is applied by the Italians to dif- 
 ferent species of small birds of the genus Sylvia, 
 when in a condition for the table. P. Cue. 
 
 BE-e.^I.M', (be-cam',) r. f. [ftc and ca?m. See Calm.] 
 
 1. 'I'o still ; to make quiet ; to appease ; to stop or 
 rejiress motion in a body ; used of the elements and 
 of the p.issious ; as, to bcealm the ocean, or the mind. 
 But culm is generally used. 
 
 2. To keep from motion by intercepting the current 
 oCwind ; as, high lands becalm a ship. 
 
 BE-e.\L.\r£D, (be-cilmd',) pp. or a. Quieted; ap- 
 peased. 
 
 2. a. Hindered from motion or progress by a calm ; 
 as, a ship becalmed. 
 BE-exL.M'I.\(;, (bi?-c.lm'ing,) ppr. Appeasing; keep- 
 ing from motion or progress. 
 BE-exLM'ING, (be-cim'ing,) n. A calm at sea. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 ^ IVE-CaME', pret. of Become. Pee Become. 
 
 BE-CAL'lf E', (:i C(mi|Kiund word.) [Sa.\. 4c ; Eng. 
 i and eaiwic. See By and Cause.] 
 1 By c.iuse, or by the cause; on this account; for 
 
 the cause which is e.xplained in the next proposition ; 
 I for the reason next explained. Thus, I tied, because 
 I was afraid, is to be thus resolved ; I fled, bij tlie 
 caiLse, for the cause, which is mentioned in the next 
 ' alfimiation, viz., I was afraid. Hence, cause being a 
 noun, because may be regularly followed by of. 
 The •piril i» lir.-, becaute of rigiitpoiisncss. — Rom. viii. 
 liecauge 0/ Uirs^ Uiiii^ coiiicth ihe wrath of G«tl upon (he 
 chiktrcn ot disobrdicnu;. — Eph. v. 
 BEe-€.\-BUN"GA, 71. [G. iacA, a brook, and Junn-a, 
 a basket for catching fish.] 
 ! Brooklime sjwedwell ; Veronica beccabunga ; a 
 
 ° European plant, common in ditches and shallow 
 streams. 
 
 BECH'.V-MEL, 71. A kind of fine, white broth, or 
 sauce, thickened with cream. Coolnj. 
 
 BE-CIIX.\CE', i\ i. [be, by, and cAaiicc] To befall ; 
 to happen to. SItal:. 
 
 BE-CHXRM', r. t. [be and cAarm.] To charm ; to cap- 
 tivate. Beaum. !f FL 
 
 BE'Cme, 71. [Or. ffrixma, from iinl, a cough.] 
 
 A medicine for relieving coughs, synonymous with 
 pectoral, which is now the term mostly used. 
 
 Quincy. 
 
 BECK, >i. A small brook. Oratj. This word. Sax. 
 4ecc, Ger. 4acA, D. beck, Dan. birk, Sw. back. Per. 
 o ^ 
 
 bakh, a brook or ri\nilct, is found in the Ir. Ar. 
 
 Ch. Syr. Sam. Heb. and Eth., in the sense of flmmng, 
 as tears, weeping. Gen. xxxii. 5H. It is obsolete in 
 English, but is found in the names of towns situated 
 near streams, as in H'albeck ; but is more frequent in 
 names on the Continent, as in Oriesbach, &c. 
 BECK, n. [Sax. bracn, a sign ; bcaenian, bycnian, to 
 beckon. The Sw. pcka, Dan. pege, signifies to point 
 with the finger.] 
 
 A nod of the head ; a signific.int noil, or a motion 
 of the hand, intended to he understood by some per- 
 son ^ especially as a sign of command. 
 BECK, r. I. To nod, or make a sign with the head or 
 h.ind. 
 
 BECK, r. L To c.ill by a nod ; to intimate a command 
 to ; to notify bv a motion of the head or hand. Shak. 
 BECK'£D, (bekt,) pp. Called or notified by a nod or 
 
 a motion of the hand. 
 BECK'ET, 71. A thing used in ships to confine loose 
 ropes, tackles, or spars, as a large hook, a rope with 
 an eye at one end, or a wooden bracket. Mar. DicL 
 BECK'ING, ppr. Nodding significantly ; directing by 
 
 a nod or motion of the hand. 
 BECK'O.N, (bek'n,) r. L [See Beck.] To make a 
 sign to another, by nodding, winking, or a motion 
 of the hand or nngcr, &c., intended as a hint or in- 
 timation. Acts xix. 
 BECK'O.V, (bek'n,) v. L To make a significant sign 
 
 to. Dryden. 
 BECK' ON, 71. A sign made without words. 
 
 Bolingbroke. 
 BECK' ON- KD, pp. Having a sign made to. 
 BECK' ON-ING, ppr. Making a significant sign as a 
 hint. 
 
 BE-CLIP', r. (. [Sax. bedtrppan.] 
 
 To embrace. [Aot i;i use] Wieklifft. 
 
 BEl-eLOUD', V. U [See Cloud.] To cloud ; to ob- 
 scure ; to dim. Sidney. 
 
 BE-CLOUD'EB, pp. Clouded ; darkened. 
 
 BE-CLOtJD'l.NG, ppr. Overspreading with clouds ; 
 obscurini;. 
 
 BE-COME', (tie-kum',) r. i.;pret. Beoame ; pp. Become. 
 [Sax. brcuman,Ui fall out or happen; D. brkoomrn; 
 G. bckommen, to get or obtain ; Sw. bekomma : Dan. 
 bekummc, to obtain ; be and come. The Sax. be is the 
 Eng. bij. These signific-iticms differ from the sense 
 in English. But the sense is, to come to, to arrive, to 
 re.ich, to fall or pass to. [See Come.] Hence the 
 sense of suiting, agreeing wilh. In Sax. cuman, 
 Goth, kitiman, is to come ; and Sax. cweman is to 
 please, that is, to suit or be agreeable.] 
 
 1. To pass from one state to another ; to enter into 
 some state or condition, by a change from another 
 state or condition, or by assuming or receiving new 
 properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new 
 character ; as, a cion becomes a tree. 
 
 Tlw Irf>nl Gotl bn*;\tlicd into liia iioalHIs Oic bn-ath of life, and 
 
 in;\ii heeame ii living •oiil. — fim. ii. 
 To llie J.r\vs I becaint n8 a Jt*v»*. — 1 Cor. ix. 
 
 2. To become nf nsii.iUy with what preceding ; to 
 be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the fiiKil or 
 subsequent condition ; as, what will become of our 
 commerce ichat will become o/us 
 
 In the present ti nse, it applies to place as well as 
 condition. What li:is become of my friend ? that is, 
 where is he ; as well as, what is his condition ; 
 Where ii Ac become ? used by Shakspeare and .Spenser, 
 is obsolete ; but this is the sense in Saxon, where 
 has he fallen 
 
 BE-CO.ME', r. t. In penenil, to suit or be suitable ; to 
 be congruous ; to befit ; to accord with, in character 
 or circumstances ; to be worthy of, decent, or proper. 
 It is used in the same sense applied to persons or 
 tilings. 
 
 If 1 btcome not a c;irt as wll .n anotbT man. Shak. 
 
 This use of the word, however, is less frequent, the 
 verb usually expressing the suitableness of tilings to 
 persons or to other things; as, a robe becomes a 
 prince. 
 
 It beeomea me so to speak of an excellent poet. Dryden. 
 BE-CO.M'ING, ppr. or a., but used rarely or never ex- 
 cept as an adjective. Fit ; suitable ; congruous ; 
 proper ; graceful ; belonging to the character, or 
 adapted to circumstances ; as, he speaks wilh 4c- 
 coming boldness ; a dress is very becoming. 
 
 Some writers formerly used oy alter this word. 
 
 Such discourses as are becoming of thorn. Drylcn. 
 
 But this use is inelegant or improper. 
 BF--eO.M'I.\G, a. Orntimeiit. [04.«.] Shak. 
 BE-CO.M'ING-LY, adc. After a becoming or proper 
 manner. 
 
 BE-eO.M'ING-NESS, n. Fitness ; congniity ; pro- 
 priety ; decency ; gracefulness arising from fitness. 
 
 Oreic. 
 
 BE-€RIP'PLE, 1'. f. [See Cripple.] To make lame; 
 
 to cripple. [Little used.] 
 BE-eURL', r. r. To curl. [.Vot used.] 
 BED, 71. [Sax. 4c(; ; D. bed : G. belt or 4cc( ; Goth. 4arfi". 
 
 The sense is a lay or spread, from laying or setting.] 
 
 1. A pl.ace or an article of furniture to sleep antl 
 take rest on ; in motlern times, and among civilized 
 men, a s.ack or tick filled with feathers or wool ; but 
 a bed may be made of straw or any other materials. 
 The worii 4c<i includes often the bctlstead. 
 
 2. Lodging; a convenient pl.ice for sleep. 
 
 3. Marriage ; matrimonial connection. 
 
 Geor^, tlte eldoat son of his second bed. Clarendon. 
 
 4. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, 
 usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. 
 
 Baean. 
 
 5. The channel of a river, orthat part in which the 
 w.iter usually flows. .Milton. 
 
 6. .\ny hollow place, especially in the arts ; a hol- 
 low pl.tcc in which any thing rests ; as, the 4c<i of a 
 mortar. 
 
 7. A layer ; a stratum ; an extended mass of any 
 thing, whi tlicr upon the earth or within it; as, a bed 
 of sulphur ; a ied of sand or clay. 
 
 8. Pain ; torment. Rev. ii. The grave. Is. Ivii. 
 The lawful use of wedlock. Heb. xiii. 
 
 The 4f<f of the carriage of a gun, is a thick plank 
 which lies under the piece, being, as it were, Ihe 
 body of the carriage. 
 
 The bed of a inort.ar is a solid piece of oak, hollow 
 in the middle, to receive the breech and half the 
 trunnions. 
 
 In iTiaj-onry, bed is a range of stones, and the joint 
 of the bed is the mortar between the two stones 
 placed one over the other. F.neye. 
 
 Bed of justice, \n France. The king was said fo 
 *o/<f a 4fd of justice, when, going in person to a re- 
 fracttirj- p.arliament, and, sealed on his throne, (called 
 lit, bed,) he caused his decrees to be registered. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 To make a bed, is to put it in order after it has been 
 used. 
 
 To bring to bed, to deliver of a child, is rarely used. 
 I But in the passive form, to be brought to bed, that is. 
 
 to be dclirrred of a child, is common. It is often fol- 
 lowed by of; as, to be brought to Ind of a son. 
 
 To put to bed. in midir{fery, is to deliver of a child. 
 
 Dining bed, or discubitory bed ; among the ancienti, 
 a bed on which persons lay at meals. It w:ls four 
 or five ft;et high, and would hold three or four |>er- 
 sons. Three of these beds were ranged by a sipiare 
 table, one side of the table being left ofH-ii, antl ac- 
 cessible to the waiters. Hence the L.itin name for 
 the table and the room, triclinium, or three beds. 
 
 F.neye. 
 
 From bed and board. In laic, a separatitin of man 
 and wife, without dissolving the bauds of iiiatri- 
 niimy, is called a separation from 4i/«r</ anif 4fi/, a 
 mensa et toro. In this catte the wife hxs a suitable 
 maintenance allotted to her out of tlie husband's 
 
 esttite, called alimony. Blaekstune, 
 
 BED, r. t. To place in a bed. Bacon. 
 
 2. To go Iti bed with. [UnusuaL.] Shak. 
 
 3. To make partaker of the bed. Bacon, 
 
 4. To plant and inclose or cover ; to set or lay and 
 inclose ; as, to 4c£Z the roots of a plant in soft mold. 
 
 .5. To lay in any hollow place, surrounded or in- 
 closed ; as, to 4c(/ a stone. 
 
 1). To lay ill » place of rest or security, covered, 
 surrounded, or inclo.sed ; as, a fish bedded in sand, or 
 under a leink. 
 
 7. To lay in a stratum ; to stratify ; to lay in order, 
 or flat ; as, bedded clay, beibled hairs. i^iak. 
 BED, V. i. To cohabit '; to use the same bed. 
 
 If he be marrk.d, and bed with bis wife. }Vieeman. 
 BE-DAB'BLE, r. t. [be and daibU.] To wet; to 
 sprinkle. 
 
 Betlohb'.ed with tb- dew. Shak, 
 BE-DAB'BLfrD, pp. Wet; snnnkled. 
 Hf^DAIi'BLI.NG, p/ir. Wetting; sprinkling. 
 BE-DAFF', e. (. To make a fool of. [J\~ot in iw.] 
 
 Chaucer, 
 
 BED',\-G.\T, 71. The name of the sacred books of the. 
 
 Itoddhists in Burmah. .Malcom, 
 BE-D.VG'GLE, r. U [lie and daggle.] To soil, as 
 
 clothes, by drawing tlie ends in the mud, or spatter- 
 ing them with dirty water. 
 BE-D.VG'GLKD, pp. Soiled by reaching the mud in 
 
 walking ; bespattering. 
 BE-DaRE', v. u [be and dare.] To dare ; to defy. 
 
 r.Vi>( used,] Peelr, 
 BEDXRK', f. U [be and dark,] To darken. [JVot 
 
 used,] Qower, 
 BE-DXRK'£.\-A;D, pp. Darkened ; obscured. 
 BE-D.ASH', r. t. [4e and rfas/i.] To wet by throwing 
 
 water or other liquor upon ; to bespatter with water 
 
 or mud. 
 
 BE-D.\SH'1!D, (be-dasht',) pp. Bespattered with water 
 
 or other liquid. 
 BE-DASH'I.NG, ppr. Bespattering; da.«hing water 
 
 upon, or other liquid. 
 BE-DAUB', r. (. [4« and daub] To daub over; to 
 
 besmear with viscous, slimy matter ; to soil with 
 
 any thing thick ami dirty. Shak. 
 BE-DAL'H'f:D, pp. D.aiibed over ; besmeared. 
 BE-DAI,'B'I\G, ppr. Daubing over; besmearing. 
 BE-DAZ'ZLE, r. t, [be and rfa::/f.J To confound the 
 
 sight by too strong a light ; to make dim by luster. 
 
 SAa*. 
 
 BE-DAZ'ZU;D, pp. Having the sight confounded by 
 loo strong a light. 
 
 BE-D.4Z'ZLI\G, ppr. Confounding or making dim 
 bv a too brilliant luster. 
 
 BE"DAZ'ZLI.\G-LY, adr. So as to bodazzlc. 
 
 BED'-BUG, n. .\ troublesome insect of an offensive 
 smell, (Cinicj: /fcfufariii.s-,) which infests the crevices 
 of bedsteads, &c. P. Cue. Partington. Brandt, 
 
 BF.D'-CH.aIR, 71. A chair for the sick, with a movable 
 back, which rises or falls, to sustain them while sit- 
 ting up in bed. 
 
 BED'-CH.\.M-BER, 7i. [bed and cAaTiiJrr.] An apart- 
 ment or chamber intended or appropriated for a bed, 
 or for sleep anil repose. 
 
 BED'-ei.OTHES, n. pi. [bed and clothes.] Blankets, or 
 coverlets, Sec, for beds. SAaJli. 
 
 BED'DED, pp. or a. Laid in a bed ; inclosed as in a 
 bed ; stratified. 
 
 BED'DER, ( 71. [from bed.] The nother stone of an 
 
 RK-DET'TER, ( oil mill. Chalmers, 
 
 BED'DING, ppr. Laying in a bed ; inclosing as in a 
 bed. 
 
 BEO'DING, n. A bed and its furniture; abed; the 
 materials of a bed, whether for man or beast. Spenser, 
 
 BE-DEAD', (be-ded',) v, t. To deaden. Ilalluaell, 
 
 BE-DECK', r. t, [be and deck,] To deck ; to atlorn ; to 
 grace. Shak. 
 
 Bi:-DECK'fD, (be-dckt',) pp. Adorned ; ornamented. 
 
 BE-DECK'I.NG, ppr. Adorning: decking. 
 
 BED'B-GUXR, ( gir,) II. .\ hairy or spongj- substance 
 on rose-bushes, produced by the puncture of certain 
 insects, and once supjiosed to have valuable med- 
 ical properties. Booth. 
 
 BEDE'-HOUSE, 71. [Sax. bead, a prayer, and Aoujc] 
 Formerly, a hospital or alms-house, where the poor 
 prayed for their founders and benefactors. 
 
 Be'D/;L, (be'dl,) 71. An officer in the universities of 
 England ; a messenger or crier of a court ; an "n- 
 
 TONE, BI^LL, IJNITE. — .\N"GER, VI"CI0US € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 100 
 
BED 
 
 ferior officer of a parish. [A peculiar ortliograpiay 
 
 of beadle.] 
 
 Be'D£L-RY, n. The extent of a beadle's office. 
 
 Blount. 
 
 BE-nEV'/L, (-dev'I,) v. t. To throw into utter dis- 
 order and confusion ; as if by tlie agency of evil 
 spirit^:. South. 
 
 BE-DEV rL-ED, pp. or a. Thrown into utter disorder 
 <iiid confusion. W. Iroing. 
 
 BE-DEW, V. (. [be and deto.] To moisten, as with 
 dew ; to moisten in a gentle manner witli any liquid ; 
 as, tears bedew her face. Sliak. 
 
 BE-DEW'ED, (he-diide',) pp. Moistened, as if with 
 dew ; gently moistened. 
 
 BE-DEW'ER, n. That which bedews. Sherwood. 
 
 BE DEWING, ppr. Moistening gently, as with dew ; 
 \vetting. 
 
 BE-DEW'Y, a. Moist with dew. [Little tised.] 
 BED'-FEL-LoW, n. [bed ani fellow.] One who lies 
 
 with another in the same bed. Sliak. 
 r.El)'-HANG-INGS, n. pi. Curtains. Shal:. 
 BE-DlGHT', (be-dite',) v. t. [be and dight.] To adorn ; 
 
 to dress ; to set off witli ornament. [Little used.] 
 
 jMore. 
 
 BE-DlGHT', )pp. Adorned; set off with orna- 
 
 P.E-DlGHT'ED, i ments. 
 
 II IM IIG IIT'ING, ppr. Adorning. 
 
 I:1M)1.M', r. f. [be and dim.] To make dim; to ob- 
 'Oiiie or darken. Sidney. 
 
 DE-D(M'M£D,p7). Made dim ; obscured. 
 
 BE-DI.M'MING, ;;p7-. Making dim; obscuring; dark- 
 ening. 
 
 BE-DIS'MAL, jj. (. To make dismal. Sliulnit. 
 BE-DIZ'£\, (he-diz'zn,) v. L [be and dizen.] To 
 
 adorn ; to deck. [.^ low word.] 
 BE-DIZ'£N-£D, pp. Bedecked ; adorned. 
 BE-DIZ'£N-IIVG, ppr. Adorning. 
 BED'LAM, n. [Corrupted from Bethlehem, the name 
 
 of a religious house in London, afterward converted 
 
 into a hospital for lunatics.] 
 
 1. A mad house ; a place appropriated for lunatics. 
 
 Spelman. 
 
 2. A madman ; a lunatic ; one who lives in Bed- 
 
 3. Figuratively, a place of uproar. [lam. Shak. 
 BED'LAM, a. Belonging to a mad-house; fit for a 
 
 mad-house. Shak. 
 
 BED'LAM-ITE, n. An inhabitant of a mad-house ; a 
 madman. B. Jonson. 
 
 BED'-.M.^K-ER, 71. [bed Tini maker.] One wiiose oc- 
 cupation is to make beds, as in a college or univer- 
 sity. Spectator. 
 
 BED'-MaTE, 71. [bed and mate.] .\ bed-fellow. Shak. 
 
 BED'-.MoLD-ING, Tt. [bed and molding.] 
 
 In architecture, the members of a cornice, which 
 are placed below the coronet, consisting of an ogee, 
 a list, a large boultine, and another list under the 
 coronet. Enci/c. 
 
 BE-DoTE', ji. «. [be and dote.] To make to dote. 
 [J^^ft in use.] Cltuucer. 
 
 BED'CU-IN, (bed'oo-een,) n. The name of those 
 Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over 
 Arabi.i, Egypt, and other parts of Africa. 
 
 BED'-PoST, 71. [bed and post.] The post of a bed- 
 stead. 
 
 BED'-PRESS-ER, 71. [bed a.nd press.] A lazy fellow ; 
 
 one who loves his bed. Shak. 
 BED'-CIUILT, n. A quilled spread or cover for a bed. 
 BE-DRAG'GLE, t). (. [be and draggle.] To soil, as 
 
 garments which are suffered, in walking, to reach 
 
 the dirt ; to soil by drawing along on mud. Swift. 
 BE-URAG'GL£D, pp. Soiled by reaching the dirt, in 
 
 walking. 
 
 BE-DRAG'GLING, ppr. Soiling by drawing along in 
 dirt or mud. 
 
 BE-DRENCH', r. t. [be and drench.] To drench ; to 
 soak ; to saturate with moisture : applied to tilings 
 which imhilie moisture. Shak. 
 
 BE l)KE.NCH'£D, (be-drencht',> pp. Drenched ; 
 soaked. 
 
 BE-DRE.N'CH'ING, ppr. Soaking; drenching. 
 BEU'RID, ) o. [bed and ride ; Sax. bedrida.] 
 
 BED'RID-D£N, j Confined to the bed by age or in- 
 
 firniilv. Shak. 
 BED'KITE, 71. [bed and rile.] The privilege of the 
 
 inarriage bed. 
 
 BED'ROO.M, 71. [bedand room.] A room or apartment 
 inli ndi (1 or usrd for a bed ; a lodging-room. 
 9. RiMiin in a bed. I JVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 BE-DllOP', V. L [be and drop.] To sprinkle, as with 
 drops. Chaucer. 
 
 BE-DROP'PKD, (bc-<iropl',) pp. Sprinkled, as with 
 drops ; speckled ; variegated with spots. 
 
 BED'SIDE, n. The side of the bed. Middleton. 
 
 BED'.STAFF, B. [bedand staff.] A wooden pin an- 
 ciently inserted on the sides of bedsteads, to keep 
 the clothes from slipping on either side. Johnson. 
 
 BED'HTEAD, (bed'sted,) n. [bed and stead.] A frame 
 for Hiir)[H>rtiiig a bed. 
 
 BED'.STKAW, 71. [/<(■(/ and /ilraie.] Straw laid under 
 a bed to make it soft ; also, a name corniiion to dif- 
 f'Tcn! MpecieH of plaiilH. of the genus Galium. 
 
 BED'.SVVERV-ER, n. [iml and iwercr.] One that 
 HWervi'H rroiii his bed ; thai in, one who in false and 
 unfiiitliful to the iiiarringe vow. Shak. 
 
 BEE 
 
 BED'TICK, 11. A case of strong linen or cotton cloth, 
 used for inclosing the foatliers or otljtpr materials of a 
 bed. Booth. 
 
 BED'TIME, 71. [bed and time.] The time to go to 
 rest ; the usual hour of going to brd. Shak. 
 
 BE-DIJCK', V. I. [be and duck.] To duck ; to put the 
 head under water ; to immerse. Spenser. 
 
 BE-DIJNG', 7). t. To cover with dung. Bp. Hall. 
 
 BE-DUST', V. t. [be and dust.] To sprinkle, soil, or 
 cover with dr.st. Sherwood. 
 
 BED'VVARD, adv. [bed and ward.] Toward bed. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BE-DWARF', V. t. [be and dwarf.] To make little ; 
 
 to stunt or hinder growtli. Donne. 
 BED'VVORK, 71. [bed and work.] Work done in bed, 
 
 without toil of the hands, or with ease. Shak. 
 BE-D5E', V. t. [be and dye.] To dye ; to stain. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BE-DY'£D, (be-dlde'O pp. Dyed ; stained. 
 BEE, 71. [Sax. bro ; U. bye ; G. biene ; Sw. bi] ; Dan. 
 iiic ; Ir. beach ; It. pecchia ; Sp. abeja. Class Bg.] 
 
 1. An insect of the genus Apis. [See Aims.] The 
 species are numerous, of which the honey-bee is the 
 most interesting to man. It has been cultivated from 
 the earliest periods, for its wax and honey. It lives 
 in swanns, or societies, of from 1(1,000 to 50,000 indi- 
 viduals. Tlicse swarms contain tlirre classes of bees ; 
 the females orqueen bi'es, of wliicii there is only one 
 in each swarm, the mal"s or drones, and the neuters 
 or working bees. Of the former, there is only one in 
 each hive or swarm, whose sole office is to pro|ia- 
 gate the species. It is much larger than the other 
 bees. The drones serve merely for impregnating the 
 queen, after which they are destroyed by the neu- 
 ters. These last are the laborers of the hive. They 
 collect the honey, form the cells, and feed the other 
 bees and the young. They are furnished witli a pro- 
 boscis, or tongue, by which they collect the honey 
 from flowers, and a mouth, by which they swallow 
 it, and then convey it to the hive in their stomachs, 
 where they disgorge it into the cells. The pollen of 
 flowers settles on the hairs with which their body is 
 covered, whence it is collected into pellets by a brush 
 on their second pair of legs, and deposited in a hol- 
 low in the third pair. It is called bee-bread, and is 
 the food of the larva; or young. The adult bees feed 
 on honey. The wax was supposed to be formed 
 from pollen by a digestive process, but it is now as- 
 certained that it is formed from the honey by a simi- 
 lar process. The females and neuters have a barbed 
 sting, attached to a bag of poison, which flows into 
 the wound inflicted by the sting. When a hive is 
 overstocked, a new colony is sent out under the di- 
 rection of a queen bee. This is called swarming. 
 
 Cyc. Ed. En eye. 
 
 2. In .America, joint, voluntary, and gratuitous aid 
 afforded by neighbors to their minister, or to any per- 
 son in need. Also, an assembly of ladies to sew for 
 the poor. 
 
 BEE'-BREAD, 7i. [bee and bread.] A brown, bitter 
 substance, the pollen of flowers collected by bees, as 
 food for their young. [See Bee.] 
 
 BEE'-EAT-ER, ii. [bee and eat.] A bird that feeds 
 on bees, A name common to the different species of 
 birds of the genus Merops, of which the M. Apiaster 
 of Europe is remarkable for the brilliancy of its plu- 
 mage. Encyc. 
 
 BEE'-FLOW-ER, ti. [Iiee and flower.] A plant ; a 
 species of Ophrys or Twyblade, whoso flowers re|v 
 resent singular figures of bees, flies, and other in- 
 sects. Encyc. 
 
 BEE'-GAR-D£N, 71. [ftcc and ^-ariieii.] A garden or 
 inclosiire to set bee-hives in. Johnson. 
 
 BEE'-GLOE, 71. [bee and glue.] A soft, unctuous 
 matter with which bees cement the combs to the 
 hives, and close up the cells ; called also propolis. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BEE'-HIVE, 77. [bee and hive.] A case, box, or other 
 iiollow vessel, wliicli serves as a habitation for bees. 
 Hives are made of various materials, as of boards, 
 the hollow trunk of a tree, withes of straw, or glass. 
 
 BEE'-MAS-TER, Ji. [bee and master.] One who keeps 
 bees. Mortimer. 
 
 BEE'-MOTII, 71. A moth from whose eggs are pro- 
 iluri il caterpillars, which infest bee-hives. 
 
 BEEl'll, 11. [Sax. bece, boc : D. beukc, or beukenboom : 
 Ger. buche, or buchbaum ; Slav, boku; Rus.s. buk ; Gr. 
 0'j)(i5," Vt. fagus ; \l. faggio i Sp. haya ; Port. /iiia. 
 In Saxon, bee and boc is a book. It may be that 
 beech is properly the name of bark, and this being 
 used, by our rude ancestors, as the material for writ- 
 ing, the word came to signify a book.] 
 
 A tree arranged by LiniinMis under the genus Fa- 
 gus, with the chestnut ; but the latter is now placed 
 in a distinct genus, (CasUinea.) The beech grows to 
 a large size, with branches forming a beautiful head, 
 with thick foliage. The bark is smooth and of a sil- 
 very cvn. The mast or nuts are the food of swine, 
 aiKl of certain wild animals, and yield a good oil for 
 lamps. When eaten by man, they are said to occa- 
 sion giddiness and headach. Encyc. 
 
 BEECIl'-CoAE, 71. [beech iiiid coal.] Charcoal from 
 beech wood. 
 
 BEEt.'ll'A.V, (beech'n,) a. Consisting of the wood or 
 
 BEE 
 
 bark of the beech ; belonging to the beech ; as, a 
 beeehin vessel. Dniden. 
 
 BEECH'-MAST, 7i. The fruit or nuts of the beech. 
 
 BEECH'-NUT, 71. Tlie wH of the beecb tree. 
 
 BEECIl'-OIL, II. [beech at\d oil.] Oil expressed from 
 the mast or nuts of the beech-tree. It is used in Pic- 
 arily, and in other parts of France, instead of Initter ; 
 but is said to occasion heaviness and pains in the 
 stomach. Encyc. 
 
 BEECII'-TREE, 71. [beech and tree.] The beech. 
 
 BEEF, 71. [Fr. bauf, an ox ; Arm. bmin ; It. hue ; Sp. 
 buey ; Port, boy: VV. buw; Corn, byuh, an ox ; Ir. bo, 
 a cow, pi. buaibh ; L. bos, bovis ; Gr. /?o»s.] 
 
 1. An animal of the bovine genus, wliether ox, 
 bull, or cow ; but used of those which are full grown 
 or nearly so. In this, which is the original sense, 
 the word has a plural, beeves. 
 
 2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, or of bovine 
 animals generally, when killed. In popular language, 
 the word is often applied to the live animal ; as, an 
 ox is good beef; that is, well fattened. In this sense, 
 the word has no plural. 
 
 BEEF, 17. Consisting of the flesh of the ox, or of bo- 
 vine animals ; as, a bref-i^teak. Swift. 
 
 BEEF'-icAT-ER, ii. [beef and eat.] [Corrupted in its 
 second meaning, from buffrtier, a keeper of the buffi-t 
 or sideboard, because somcof tiiem were originally ar- 
 ranged at side-tallies, at solemn festivals. Enc. Jim.] 
 
 1. One that eats beef. 
 
 2. .\ popular appellation for the yeomen of the 
 guard, in England. 
 
 3. The Buphaga Africana, an African bird th.at 
 feeds on the larva; which nestle under the hides of 
 oxen. 
 
 4. In popular ttse, a stout, fleshv man. 
 BEEF'STE.aK, 71. r/icf/" and stcaA-.] A steak or slice 
 
 of beef broiled or tor broiling. 
 
 BEEF'-WIT-TED, a. [beef and wit] Dull in intel- 
 lects ; stupid ; heavv-lieaded. Shak. 
 
 BEELD, 71. [Sax. belUydan, to cover.] 
 
 Protection ; refuge. [06s.] A shed lor cattle. Fairfax. 
 
 BE-EL'ZE-BUB, n. A prince of devils. [The word 
 signifies the deity of flies.l 
 
 BEE'MOL, 77. In music, a half-note. Bacon. 
 
 BEEN, [Sax. beon.] 
 
 Pari. perf. of Be ; pronounced bin. In old authors, 
 it is also the present tense plural of Be. 
 
 BEEN, 71. A fretted stringed instrument of music of 
 the guitar kind, having nineteen frets ; used in 
 India. jJs. Jie.searche^-:. 
 
 BEER, 71. [W. bir: Fr. biere ; Arm byer, bir, ber; D. 
 and G. 4i>r ; It. birra.] 
 
 1. A fermented liquor made from any farinaceous 
 grain ; but generally from barley, which is first 
 malted and ground, and its fermentable sub.stance 
 tiu'ii extracted by hot water. This extract or infu- 
 sion is evaporated by boiling in caldrons, and hops 
 or some other plant of an agreeable bitterness added. 
 The liquor is then suflered to ferment in vats. Beer 
 is of different degrees of strength, and is denomi- 
 nated small beer, ale, porter, brown-stout, Sec, acconl- 
 ing to its strength, or other peculiar qualities. Eneije.. 
 
 2. Beer is a name given in America to f rnu nting 
 liquors made of various other materials ; anil when 
 a decoction of the roots of plants forms part of the 
 composition, it is called spring-beer, from the season 
 in which it is made. There is also root-beer. 
 
 BEER'-BAR-REL, n. A barrel for holding beer. 
 BEER'-HOUSE, ii. A house where malt liquors are 
 
 sold ; an ale-house. 
 BEEST'INGS. See Biestings. 
 
 BEES'-WAX, 71. The wax collected by bees, and of 
 which their cells are constructed. 
 
 BEET, 71. [D. biet; Ger. bectci It. bietola; W. betysen; 
 L. beta ; Fr. bette.] 
 
 A [ilant of the genus Beta. The species cuhivatcd 
 in gardens are the cicla and vulgaris, or white and 
 red beet. There are many varieties ; some with 
 long taper roots, and others with flat roots, like 
 turneps. The root furnishes a large portion of sugar, 
 which is manufactured in France on a great scale. 
 
 Ci/c. 
 
 BEE'TLE, M. [S.ax. bill, or bytl, a mallet ; betel, the 
 insect, beetle.] 
 
 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer, used to 
 drive wedges, beat pavements, &.C., having one, two, 
 or three handles for as many men to use it ; called 
 also a stamper, or rammer. 
 
 2. In zoology, a popular name common to the dif- 
 ferent species of insects, of the genus Scarabuius, 
 Linn. The generic characters are, clavated an- 
 teunic, fissile longitudinally, legs frequently deii- 
 tated, and wings which have hard cases, or sheaths. 
 They are of different sizes, from that of a pin's head 
 to that of a man's fist. '1 hey have various names, 
 aa the May-bug, or door-beetle, cock-eha^lfer, the 
 tumble-dung, the elephant-beetlt., &.C. The latter, 
 found in South America, is the largest species, being 
 nearly four inches long. Encyc. 
 
 The term beetle is common, in popular language, to 
 all insects with hard or shelly wins cases, as the 
 (y'oleoplera, and some of the Orthopt. ra, as the cock- 
 roach. It is more appropriate to the Scarabiei. 
 
 Cyc, Partington. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARKNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 110 
 
BEF 
 
 BEG 
 
 BEG 
 
 BEE'TLE, (bcc'll,) v. i. To jm ; to be prominent ; to 
 hail!! or extend out ; as, u dill" that beetles oyer its 
 base. ShaL, 
 
 BEE'TLE-BROW, «. [beeUt and brow.] A prominent 
 brow. Shak. 
 
 ItEE'TLE-BROW-ilD, a. Having prominent brows. 
 
 Sicift. 
 
 BEE'TLE-IIE.VD, n. [icfl/« and liead.] A stupid fel- 
 low. Scot. 
 
 BEE TLE-ILEAD-ED, I'bC'tl-hed-ed,) a. Having a 
 lii ail like a beetle ; (lull ; stupid. SIm/c. 
 
 BEE'TLE-STOCK, «. [beetle and stock.] The handle 
 of a beetle. Speiiser. 
 
 BEE"1'E1.NG, P7>r. or a. Jutting; being prominent; 
 standing out from the main body. 'J'/iomson. 
 
 BEET'-UAVE, ( n. A kind of beet, used for salad. 
 
 BEET'-llAD-lSH, ( ^sA. 
 
 BEEVES, n. : pt. of Beef. Cattle ; qundnipeds of the 
 bovine iienus, called in England black cattle. 
 
 BE-KAl.C',!'. «. ; prrt. Befih. i part. Befalle-s. [Sax. 
 befitilan, of he and fall.] 
 
 To happen to ; to occur to ; as, let me know the 
 worst timl can befall me. It usually denotes ill. It 
 is generally transitive in form, but there seems to be 
 an ellipsis of ft;, and to sometimes follows it. 
 
 BE-FALL', e. i. To happen ; to come to pass. 
 
 1 h;ivr n?vf aleti IhU ilisconl which be/ell. Afiiton. 
 To befall of, is not legitimate. 
 
 BE-F.\LL'K.\, (be-fawl'n,) pp. F.allen on. 
 
 BE-FALL'I.NC;, n. That which befalls; nn event. 
 
 BE-FAL.L'IN(i, ppr. Happening lo; occurring to; 
 comiiiE to pass. 
 
 BE-FEEL', preL of Bcfalu 
 
 BE-FIT', V. t. [be and jiL] To suit ; to be suitable to ; 
 to become. 
 
 Thnt nnme best b^fitt thee. MlUon. 
 BE-FIT'TINO, ppr. or 0. Suiting; becoming. 
 BE FLAT'TER, t>. L To flatter. 
 BE-FOA.M', F. L [be and foam.] To cover with foam. 
 [Liltlc used.] 
 
 BE-I'OG'G/CD, a. Involved in a fog. Irvinn. 
 
 BE-FOOI.', r. t. [be and fool.] To fool ; to infatuate ; 
 to delude or lead into error. 
 
 .M<-ii befool Ukiiuk'Ivcs. South. 
 
 BE-FOOL'£D, pp. Fooled ; deceived ; led into error. 
 
 BE-FOOL'I.VG, p;>r. Fooling; making a fool of; de- 
 ceiving; infatuating. 
 
 BE-FoRE', prep, [be and fore, that is, by, fore, near 
 the lore pan. Sax. before, or beforan, retained by 
 Chaucer in befom.] 
 
 1. In front ; on the side with the face, at any dis- 
 tance ; used of persons. M'dton. 
 
 2. In presence of, with the idea of power, author- 
 ity, respect. 
 
 i\hr»hi»ni bowp<l htfort ihe prople of the land. — Gen. xxiH. 
 Wh<-'T?witli.-il ttuiU I conte be/ore the Lonl t — Micah vi. 
 
 3. In sight of; as, before the face. 
 
 4. In the presence of, noting cognizance or juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Boih panic* lhall come before the judge. — Ex. xxii. 
 
 5. In the power of, noting the right or ability to 
 choose or possess ; free to the choice. 
 
 The worl.l wax all tie/ore ihrm. A/ilton. 
 My lantl is 6</ore Uiee. — tjen. XX. 
 
 6. In front of any object ; as, before the house, be- 
 fore the fire. 
 
 7. Preceding in time. 
 
 Before I waft aHliclrd, I went utny. — Pi. cxix. 
 Bcjure AlTiiham wiu, I am. — John »iii. 
 
 Here the preposition has a sentence following for 
 an object. 
 
 8. In preference to. 
 
 JIihI he set Ephrtim be/ore M.anaMeh. — Gen. xlviii. 
 Poverty U dc«nil>l-j be/ore tonner.u. 7>KyIor. 
 
 9. Superior ; preceding in dignity. 
 
 lit Lh-it coineth niter me )■ prefvneU before me, tor he wu before 
 nie. — Joliu i. 
 
 10. Prior to ; having prior right ; preceding in 
 order ; a.s, the eldest son is before Uie younger in 
 succession. 
 
 11. Previous to ; in previous order; in order to. 
 
 Before this treatise can become of use, two points are neceuaij. 
 'See ^'■o. 7.] 
 
 1-2. Before the winrf, denotes in the direction of 
 the wind and by its impulse. 
 BE-FCRE', ado. In time preceding. 
 
 You tcU nw wiiat 1 knew before. Dryden. 
 
 1. In time preceding, to the present, or to this 
 time ; hitherto ; as, tumults then arose which before 
 were unknown. 
 
 2. Further onward in place, in progress, or in front. 
 
 Reaching lijnh (o those things w^.;;h ale before. — Pliil. iil. 
 
 3. In front; on the fore p.art. 
 
 The bulile was before and behind. — 2 Chron. xiii. 
 In some of the examples of the use of before, which 
 Johnson places under the adverb, the word is a prep- 
 osition ciiveming a sentence ; as, " Before the hills 
 apjwan d." This is the real construction, however 
 overltMiked or niisunderstot>a. 
 
 BE-Ff)RE CIT-En, a. Cited in a preceding part. 
 BE-FfiRE'llANU, ffrfe. [before and hnml.] In a st.ate 
 
 of anticipation or preoccupation ; often followed by 
 
 with; as, you are brforrhand with me. 
 
 2. Antecedently ; by way of preparation or prelim- 
 inary ; aforetiint'. Matl. xiii. 1 Tim. v. 
 
 3. In a state of acruinulation, so as that more has 
 been received tlian expi luli'd. A man is brfirrcliand. 
 [In titis tt-<e it is rnorc properUj an ad}rctivc.] 
 
 A. At first ; before anv thing is done. VEslrange. 
 
 BE-F;^UE'.MEN-TIO.\-f;'n, a. .Mentioned before. 
 
 BE-FoRE'TI.ME, adv. [before and lime.] Formerly ; 
 of olil time. 1 Sam. ix. Josh. \x. [Oft.*.] 
 
 BE-FOR'TIINE, v. t. [be and/i/rtuiic] To happen to ; 
 to betide. SItak. 
 
 BE-FOUL', V. t. [Sax. brfylan ; be and/oui.] 
 To make foul ; to soil. 
 
 BE FRIEND', (be-frend',) v. U [be and friend.] To 
 favor ; to act as a friend to; to countenance, aid, or 
 benefit. S/tak. 
 
 BE-FRIEND'ED, pp. Favored; counten.anced. 
 
 BE-FRIE.\I)'I.\'(i, ppr. Favoring; assisting as a 
 friend ; showing kindness to. 
 
 BE-FRI.\GE', (be-frinj',) r. (. [be and /rinj-f-] To fur- 
 nish with a fringe ; to adorn .as willi frinse. Fuller. 
 
 BE-FRI\G'ED, pp. Adorned as with a fringe. 
 
 BE-FUR'R/:n, «. Covered with fur. 
 
 BEG, ) H. [The Turks write this word begh, or bck, 
 
 BEV, t but pronounce it baij.] 
 
 In the Turkish dominion.^, a governor of a town or 
 country ; more particul.arly, the lord of a sansiac 
 or banner. Every province is divided into seven 
 s<ansiacs or banners each of which qualifies a bi^y ; 
 and these are commanded by the governor of the 
 province, called btglrrbr'r, or lonl of all the beys. 
 Each beg has the command of a certain number of 
 spahis, or horse, denominated timariols. 
 
 In Tunis, the beg, or bey, is the prince or king, 
 answering to the dcij of Algiers. 
 
 In Egypt, the begs are twelve gt^nerals, who com- 
 mand the militia, or standing forces of the kingdom. 
 
 r.ncyc. 
 
 BEG, V. t. [Probably contracted from Sw. begdra, to 
 ask, desire, crave; D.in. begitrre; Ger. begehrcn; 
 D. begccrcn, which is a compound word ; be and 
 
 f icrcn, lo crave ; Sax. geornian, gyman, to yearn, 
 n Italian, picaro is a beggar.] 
 
 1. To itsk earnestly ; to beseech ; to entreat or 
 supplicate with humility. It implies more urgency 
 than ask or petition. 
 
 Joseph begged the bo<1y of Jesus. — Matt, xxvii. 
 
 2. To ask or supplicate in tJiarity ; as, we may 
 yet be reduced to beg our bread. 
 
 3. To take for granted ; to assume without proof; 
 as, to beg the question in debate. 
 
 BEG, V. i. To ask alms or charity ; to practice beg- 
 ging; to live by asking alms. 
 
 I can not dig ; to beg I am ashamed. — Luke xvi. 
 
 BBWIET', r. t.: preU Begot, Begat; pp. Begot, Be- 
 GOTTEr*. [Sax. begctan, of be and geUin, to gcL 
 See Get.] 
 
 1. To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate ; 
 as, to beget a son. 
 
 2. To produce, as an cfTect ; to cause to exist ; to 
 generate ; as, luxury begets vice. 
 
 BEGET'TER, n. One who begets or procreates; a 
 father. 
 
 BE(;'(;A-BLE,a. That mav be begged. Bxitlrr. 
 BEG'GAR, n. [Sec Beg.] One that lives by asking 
 alms, or makes it his business to beg for charity. 
 
 2. One who supplicates with humility ; a petition- 
 er ; but in this sense rarely used, as the word has 
 become a term of contempt. Johnson. 
 
 3. One who assumes in argument what he does 
 not prove. Tillotson, 
 
 BEG'G.VR, r. L To reduce to beggary ; to impov- 
 erish. Shak. 
 
 2. To deprive, or make destitute ; lo exhaust ; as, 
 to beggar description. 
 
 BEG'G AR-f;D, pp. Reduced to extreme poverty. 
 
 BEG'G A R-ING, ppr. Reducing to indigence, or a state 
 of beggan'. 
 
 BEG'GAR-Ll-NESS, n. The state of being beggarly ; 
 meanness; e.\tremc poverty. Barrel. 
 
 BEG'GAR-LY, o. Mean ; poor; in the condititm of a 
 besgar ; extremely indigent ; used of both persons 
 and things. Shak. 
 
 BEG'G.AR-LY, adr. Meanly; indigently; despicably. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 BEG'GAR-MSID.n. A maid that is a beggar. Shal:. 
 
 BEG'GAR-.MA.N, n. A man that is a beggar. S/iak. 
 
 BEG'GAR-WOM'A.N, n. .\ female beggar. Shak. 
 
 BEG'GAR'S-LICE, n. The name of an obnoxious 
 weed, (Echina-^rmum yirgitiicum,) having a bur-like 
 fruit or nut with hooked prickles, which fasten on 
 those who pass by. 
 
 BEG'G AR-Y,n. A state of extreme indigence. Sidney. 
 
 BEG'G£D, pp. Entreated ; supplicated ; asked in 
 charity ; assumed without proof. 
 
 BEG'GI.N'G, ppr. Asking alms ; supplicating; assum- 
 ine without proof. 
 
 BEG'GI.N'G, n. The act of soliciting alms; the prac- 
 tice of asking alms ; as, he lives by begging. 
 
 BE-GI1aRI)S', ) n. A German word denoting one 
 
 BE GUaRDS', t who li.-2s Willi iiiiiHirluiiily , ap- 
 plied fiirnierly to soihh of llie Krancisraiis niiil other 
 meiiilieani orders of Rome. Thi' ii-rm was also a|>- 
 plied to a class of |H'rs(iiis distinguished for tile favor 
 and frpi|uency of their prayers. Bmnde. 
 
 BE-GILT', a. Gilded. B. Jooson. 
 
 BE-GIN',t). i. ; pret Began ; pp. Beouw. [.''ax. gynnan, 
 aginnan, beginnan, anil onginnan, lo begin, ongin, a 
 beginning; Goth, dugmnan; Sw. begynna; Dan. 
 begynde; D. and Ger. beginnen, to begin ; D. and 
 Ger. beginn, a beginning, origin ; VV. cycwnu, to be- 
 gin, ctj, a prefix, and ctr#t,a head. The nidiral word 
 is gin or gyn, to which are prefixed be, on, and du, 
 which is to. This appears to be the root of the Gr. 
 ytvopoi, yevvau, L. gcnero, gigno, coinciding with 
 
 Syr. i^— ^ kin, lo begin to be ; in Aph. to plant, lo 
 confirm, lo create ; Eth. Tim Aon, lo be, to be- 
 come, or be made ; Ar. kana, lo be, or become, 
 
 to iflake, to create, to generate ; Ileb. Ch. and Sam. 
 113, to make ready, to adapt, prepare, establish ; 
 S.am. to create, 'i'lie primary sense is, lo llirtiw, 
 thrust, stretch forward ; hence, to set, or lo produce, 
 according to its connection or application.] 
 
 1. To have an original or first existence ; lo take 
 rise ; to commence. 
 
 As he spnke by the mouth of his holy prophets, which hare beeu 
 
 siuce the world began. — I.ulte i. 
 Judgment must begin at lUe house of God. — 1 Pet. ir. 
 From Nimnal first the saTa^e race 6e;an. Pope. 
 And team began to fiow. Dryaen, 
 
 9. To do the first act ; lo enter upon something 
 new ; to take the first step ; as, begin, iny muse. 
 
 Be^n everr day to pfp^nl. Taylor. 
 When 1 begin, 1 will also make an end, — 1 Sam. iii. 
 
 BE-GIN', V. L To do the first act of any thing ; to" 
 enter on ; to commence. 
 
 Ye nrmphs of Solyma, be^n the son^. Pope, 
 And Uus they 6«^in to do. — Gen. xi. 
 
 2. To trace from any thing, as the first ground ; to 
 lay the foundation. 
 
 The apostle begins our knowled^ in the creatures, which le.ads 
 us 10 the knowkHlge of Go<l. Locke. 
 
 To begin with, to enter upon first ; to use or employ 
 first; as, to begin with the Latin grammar; to begin 
 . business with a small capit.al. 
 
 BE-GI.\'.\ER, n. The person who begins; he that 
 gives an original ; the agent who is the cause ; an 
 author. 
 
 2. One who first enters upon any art, science, or 
 business ; one who is in his rudiments ; a young 
 practitioner ; often implying want of experience. 
 
 BE-GIN'NL\G, ppr. First entering upon ; commen- 
 cing ; giving rise, or original : taking rise, or origin. 
 BE-GIN'NING, n. The first cause ; origin. 
 
 I ain the beginning and the eiulin^. — Rev. i. 
 
 S. That which is first ; the first slate ; commence- 
 ment ; entrance into being. 
 
 In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth. — 
 Uen. I. 
 
 3. The mdiments, first ground, or materials. 
 
 Mighty things from small 6e^nnin»i gT.>w. Drydtn. 
 
 BE-GIX'\I.\G-LESS, a. That hath no beginning 
 [j? hod word, and not used.] Barrow. 
 
 BE-GIRD', (begiird',) v. t. ; prrt. Begirt, Becibded ; 
 pp. Be(;irt. [be and gird; Sax. begyrdan.] 
 
 1. To bind with a band or girdle. 
 
 2. To surround ; to inclose ; to encompass. 
 
 Begird the Almighty throne. MHum. 
 
 3. To besiege. Clarendon, 
 To begirt, used by B. Jonson, is a corrupt orthog- 
 raphy. 
 
 BE-GIRD'ED, j pp. Bound with a cirdle ; surrounded ; 
 
 BE GIRT', ) inclosed ; besieged. 
 
 BE-GTRD'ING, ppr. Binding with a girdle ; surround- 
 ing ; besieiing. 
 
 BEG'LER BEG, n. [See Beg.] The governor of a 
 province in the Turkish empire, next in dignity lo 
 the grand vizier. Each has three ensigns or siafTs, 
 trimmed with a horse tail, to distinguish him from 
 a pashaw, who has two, and a beg, who has one. 
 His province is called begltrbeglie. F.ncyc 
 
 BE-GLOO.M', r. L To make gloomy ; to darken. 
 
 Bndcock, 
 
 BE-GN'j\W, (be-naw',) v. U [Sax. begnagan ; be and 
 ^alP.j 
 
 To bite or gnaw ; to eat away ; to corrode ; to 
 nibble. Shak. 
 BB-GOD', V U To deift-. 
 
 BE-GO.VE', (be-gawn',) Go away; depart. These 
 two words have been improperly united. Be re- 
 tains the sense of a verb, and gone, that of a par- 
 ticiple. 
 
 BE-GOR'£D, o. [be and gore.] Besmeared with gore. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BE^GOT'T£X j PP- of Beget. Procreated ; generated 
 
 TONE, BiJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1 I I 
 
BEH 
 
 BEH 
 
 BEL 
 
 1 
 
 BE-GRAVE', V. t. To deposit in the grave; to bury. 
 [JVut useil.] 
 
 •2. To engrave. [JVot tised.] Ooioer. 
 BE-GRkASE', 0. £. [be and grcosf.] To soil or daub 
 
 with Erease. or other oily mutter. 
 BE-GRl.ME', k (. [be nnd grime] To soil with dirt 
 
 deep impressed, so that the natural hue can not 
 
 easily be recovered. SUak^ 
 BE-G\iUl'Er),pp. DeepTy soiled. 
 BE-GRIM'ER, ii. One who begrimes. 
 BE-GRUDGE', (be-grudj',) ». «. [See Grudge ] To 
 
 prudge ; to envy the possession of. 
 BE-GRUUG'i^D, pp. Having excited envy. 
 BE-GRirDG'IXG, ppr. Envying the possession of. 
 BE-GUILE', (be-gile',) v. t. [be and guile.] To delude ; 
 
 to deceive ; to impose on by artifice or craft. 
 Tlie st'rpeiil beguiled iiie, and 1 did eat. — Geii. iii. 
 
 2. To elude by craft. 
 
 When mis-^ry could beguile the tyrant's ra^e. Sliak. 
 
 3. To elude any thing disagi'eeable by amusement, 
 or other means ; to pass pleasingly ; to amuse ; as, 
 to brguilc tile teilious day with sleep. Shnk. 
 
 BE-GUlL'il), pp. Deluded; imposed on; misled by 
 craft ; eluded hv stratagem ; passed pleasingly- 
 
 BE-GUILE'.MEXT, v. An of beguiling or deceiving. 
 
 BE-GUIL'ER, 71. He or that which beguiles or de- 
 ceives. 
 
 BE-GL'IL'ING, ppr. or a. Deluding; deceiving by 
 craft; eluding by artifice ; amusing. 
 
 BE-GUTL'ING-L\', adv. In a manner to deceive. 
 
 BE-GUIL'TV, V. t. To render guilty. [jJ barbarous 
 woril,] Sanderson. 
 
 BE-GUfJfF.' , (ba-geen',) n. One of an order of females 
 in Flanders, who, without having taken the monastic 
 vows, are united for the purposes of devotion and 
 charity, and live together in houses called beguinages. 
 There were also similar societies of males called 
 heg/iards, and sometimes bcguins. See Beghard. 
 
 Bl'",'GUiM, i n. In the East /HtZiCA-, a princess or lady 
 
 Bk'GAUM, j of high rank. Malcom. 
 
 RE-GU.\', ;)p. of Begin. Commenced; originated. 
 
 BE-llXLF', (be-haf,) n. [This word is probably a 
 corruption. If composed of be and half, it is a word 
 of modern origin ; but I take it to be the Sax. behcfe, 
 profit, need, or convenience ; G. bchnf; D. bt-hoef, 
 necessaries, business ; behoevc, behalf; Sw. behuf; 
 Dan. behov, need, necessity, sufficiency, or what is 
 required, sustenance, or support ; from the verb be- 
 hoove, behofea, bdiiive, to need. The spelling is 
 therefore corrupt ; it should be bchof or behoof. See 
 Behoof.] 
 
 1. Favor ; advantage ; convenience ; profit ; sup- 
 port ; defense ; vindication ; as, the atlvocale pleads 
 in behalf of the prisoner ; the patriot sulfers in behalf 
 of his country. 
 
 2. Part; side; noting substitution, or the act of 
 taking the part of another ; as, the agent appeared 
 in behalf of his constituents, and entered a claim. 
 
 BE-II.\P'P£N, v. i. [be and happen.] To liappen to. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BE-HaVE', v. t. [G. gehaben; Sax. gehabban, and be- 
 habban ; be and have.] 
 
 1. To restrain ; to govern ; to subdue. [The Saxon 
 sense of the word.] 
 
 He did behave liis anger ere 'twas spent. Shak. 
 This sense is obsolete. Yet it often seems to be 
 implied ; for to behave one's self, is really to govern 
 one's self; to have in command. 
 
 2. To carry ; to conduct ; used with the reciprocal 
 pronoun ; aa, he beliavcs himself manfully. But the 
 tendency of modern usage is to omit the pronoun ; 
 as, he bcltaves wv.W. 
 
 BE-HaVE', !'. I. To act; to conduct; generally ap- 
 plied to manners, or to conduct in any particular 
 business : and in a good or bad sense. He bcJiaves 
 well or ill. 
 
 BE-11aV'/;1), pp. Conducted. 
 
 BE-HA V'l.N't;, ppr. Carrying; conducting. 
 
 BI'MIaV'IOR, (be-hav'yiir,) 71. [See Behave.] Man- 
 ner of behaving, whether good or bad ; conduct ; 
 manners ; carriage of one's self, with respect to pro- 
 priety or morals ; deportm ;nt. It expresses external 
 appearance or action ; sometimes in a particular 
 character; more generally in the common ilulies of 
 lifi;; a«, our future destiny depenils oil our brhar.ior 
 in this life. It may express correct or good inaiirirrs, 
 but I doubt whether it ever expresses the iilea of 
 ilrgance of manners, without another word to iiual- 
 ify It. 
 
 7'n be upon onc^s behavior, is to be in a state of trial, 
 in which something important depends on propriety 
 of conduct. 'J'lie :noderii phrase is, to be, or to be put, 
 upon one's goad behavior. Judges hold their office 
 during good behavior: that is, during the integrity 
 and fidelity of their official conduct. 
 
 Hf^MV.M)', (be-hed',) «. (. [be and heail.] To cut off 
 the head ; to sever the head from the body, wilh a cut- 
 ting iiftriiment ; appropriately used of the execution 
 of men for crimtrs. 
 
 BE IIEAD'KI), (be-hed'cd,) pp. Having the head 
 cut otf. 
 
 BM IIEAD'INO, {be-hed'ing,) ppr. Severing the head 
 fruiii the body. 
 
 BE-HE.\D'ING, (be-hed'ing,) n. The act of separat- 
 ing the head from the body by a cutting instrument; 
 decollation. 
 
 BE-HELD', pret. and pp. of Behold, which see. 
 
 BE'HE-.MOTtI, ji. [Heb. nian3, plural of nona, a 
 beast or brute ; from an Arabic verb, which signifies, 
 to shut, to lie hid, to be dumb. In Etii. dumb.] 
 
 Authors are divided in opinion as to the animal in- 
 tended in Scripture by this name ; some supposing 
 it to be an ox, others, an elejihant ; and Bochart 
 labors to prove it the hippopotamus, or river horse. 
 It seems to unite some of the peculiar characteristics 
 of all ; and hence some consider it as a kind of type 
 or representation of the largest land animals, under 
 the general name of behemoth, which is a plural, de- 
 noting, literally, beasts. Kitto. The original word 
 in Arabic signifies a brute or beast in general, es- 
 pecially a quadruped. 
 
 Bis'HEN, ^ ?i. A plant. The white belien is a species 
 
 BE.\, > of Cucubalus, called Swedish Lychnis, 
 
 BEK'EN, ) or gum sepungar, also spatling poppy and 
 bladder campion, {Cneubalus bchen, Ijiiin. ; Silene in- 
 Jluta, Decand.) The enipalement of its flower resem- 
 bles network, and its leaves have somewhat of the 
 flavor of peas. Famihj of Plants. Eneye. 
 
 The white behen of the shops is the root of the 
 Centaurea Behen, a native of tlie Levant ; the red 
 behen is the root of the Statice Limonium, or sea 
 lavender. Parr. 
 
 BE-HEST', 71, [be and Sax. luese, a command; Ger. 
 geheiss, command, from heissen, to call, tell, or com- 
 mand. See Heat.] 
 
 Command ; precept ; mandate, 
 
 BE-HiGHT', (behite,) ti. t. ; pret. Behot. [Sax. io 
 helan, to promise.] 
 
 To promise ; to intrust ; to call or name ; to com- 
 mand ; to adjudge, to address ; to inform ; to mean ; 
 to reckon. The orthography is corrupt ; it should be 
 behite. [Obs.] Spensej. Chaucer. 
 
 BE-HIND', prcyi. rSax. behindan, of be and hindan, be- 
 hind ; Goth, hindar, beyond, behind; hindar-leit/ian, 
 to pass, pra3terire ; Ger. hintcr.] 
 
 1. At the back of another; as, to ride behind a 
 horseman. 
 
 2. On the back part, at any distance; in the rear; 
 as, to walk behind another. 
 
 3. Remaining ; left after the departure of another, 
 whether by removing to a distance, or by death ; as, 
 a man leaves his servant behind him, or his estate at 
 his decease. 
 
 4. Left at a distance, in progress or improvement ; 
 as, one student is behind another in mathematics. 
 
 5. Inferior to another in dignity and excellence. 
 
 For I suppose I was not a wliit behind the very chiefest apostles. 
 — 2 Cor. xi. 
 
 G. On the side opposite the front or nearest part, 
 or opposite to that which fronts a person ; on the 
 otlier side ; as, behind a bed ; behind a hill ; behind a 
 house, tree, or rock. 
 
 Behind the back, in Scripture, signifies, out of no- 
 tice or regard ; overlooketi ; disregarded. 
 
 They cast thy laws behind their bacliB. — Neh. xix. Is. xxxviii. 
 
 BE-HIN'D', adv. [be and hind.] Out of sight; not 
 produced or exhibited to view ; remaining ; as, we 
 know not what evidence is behind. 
 
 2. Backward; on the back part; as, to look 
 behind. 
 
 3. Past, in the progress of lime. 
 Forgetting those things which are behind. — Phil, iii, 
 
 4. Future, or remaining to be endured. 
 
 And lill vip lli it which is behind of the aflliclions of Christ iu iny 
 ll-sh. — Col. i. 
 
 5. Remaining after a payment ; unpaid; as, there 
 is a large sum behind. 
 
 C. Remaining after the departure of; as, he de- 
 parted and left us behind. 
 BE-Hl.\l)'ll.V.\l), a. [behind ani hand.] Inarrear; 
 in an exhausted slate; in a state in which rent or 
 profit has been anticipated, and expenditures precede 
 the receipt of funds to supply them. In popular use, 
 a state of poverty, in which the means of living are 
 not adequate to the end. Also, in a state of back- 
 wardness, in which a particular business has been de- 
 laytMl bcytuid the iiroper season for performing it ; as, 
 he is behindhand in his hiHiness. 
 
 Brhindhand with, is behind in progress ; not upon 
 equal terms in forwardness ; as, to bo behindhand 
 with the fashionable world. 
 
 This word is really an adjective, as it is applied to 
 the person rather than to the verb; but like adrift, 
 aloft, ashamed, and several other words, never pre- 
 cedes the noun, Shakspeare's " behintihand slack- 
 ness," therefore, according to present usage, is not 
 a legitimate phrase. 
 liF.-lI(")l.,D', V. t. ; pret. ami pp. Beheld. [Sax. be- 
 hialdan, behcoldan, gchealdnn, gehaldan, from healdan, 
 to hold. The sense is, to liold,io have in sight, from 
 straining, restraining. I ii Saxon, the verb signifies 
 not only to look or see, hut to guard ; so in Latin, 
 observo, from servo, to keep. This explication leails 
 us to an understanding of llii! pnrliciple beholden, 
 which retains the primitive sense of the verb, bound, 
 
 obliged. The Germans retain the original sense in 
 beliallen, to hold or keep ; as the Dutch do in gehoxL- 
 den, held, bound ; and the Danes in bcholde, to keep, 
 retain ; behold, a retreat, refuge, reservation. See 
 Observe and Regard.] 
 
 1. To fix the eyes upon ; to see with attention ; to 
 observe with care. 
 
 Behold tlie Lamb of God, which taketh away die sin of the world. 
 — John i. 
 
 2, In a less intensive sense, to look upon ; to see. 
 When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. — Num. xxi. 
 
 BE-HoLD', V. i. To look; to direct the eyes to an ob- 
 ject. 
 
 And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne, a Lamb, as it 
 had been slain. — Rev. v. 
 
 2. To fix the attention upon an object ; to attend ; 
 to direct or fix the mind. 
 
 Behold, I stand at the door and knock. — Rev. iii. 
 
 This word is much used in this manner, for excit- 
 ing attention or admiration. It is in the imperative 
 mode, expressing command or e.xhortation, and by 
 no means a mere exclamation, 
 BE-HoLU'£N, (be-hold'n,) pp. or a. [The participle 
 of Behold, to keep, guard, or bind. See Behold,] 
 
 Obliged ; bound in gratitude ; indebted, 
 
 LilLle are we beholden to your love. Shal:. 
 
 BE-HoLD'ER, ti. One who beholds ; a spectator ; one 
 
 who looks upon or sees. 
 BE-HoLD'ING, p^jr. Fixing the eyes upon ; looking 
 
 on ; seeing. 
 
 2. Fixing tlie attention ; regarding with atten- 
 tion. 
 
 3. 71. Obligation. [JVo« tised.] Carew. 
 
 4. Obliged, [.d vtistalcen use of the word for Be- 
 holden.] Baeon on Love. 
 
 BE-HoLD'ING-NESS, 71. The state of being obliged. 
 
 [An error, and not in use.] Donne. Sidney. 
 
 BE-HON'EY, (-hun'y,) v. t. To sweeten with honey, 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 BE-HOOF', 71, [Sax, behofan, to want, to be neces- 
 sary, to be expedient ; hence, to be a duty ; D, bchoe- 
 ven, to need ; Ger, behuf, behoof ; Dan, belMve, to 
 need, to lack ; behov, need, necessity, siilhciency, 
 maintenance, that is, things needed ; Sw, behuf, 
 need ; behofva,- to need.] 
 
 1. Radieally, need, necessity ; whence, by an easy 
 analogy, the "word came to signify that which sup- 
 plies want. Hence, in present usage, 
 
 2. That which is advantageous ; advantage ; prof- 
 it; benefit. 
 
 No mean recompense it brings to yoiu behoof. Milton. 
 BE-HOOV'A-BLE, a. Needful ; profitable, 
 BE-HOOVE', (be-hoov',) v. t. [Sax. behojian, to want, 
 to be necessary, or expedient. Supra.] 
 To be necessary for ; to be fit for ; to be meet for, 
 . with respect lo necessity, duty, or convenience. 
 And thus it behooved Clirist to suffer. — Luke xxiv. 
 It may, perhaps, be used intransitively ; as, let 
 him behave as it bchooveth ; but I believe such use is 
 rare. 
 
 BE HOOVE'FUL, (be-hoov'ful,) a. Needful ; useful ; 
 
 profitable ; advantageous. 
 BE-HOOVE'FUL-LY, (be-hoov'ful-ly,) adv. Useful- 
 ly ; profitably. [Obx., or nearly'so.] 
 BE-HOT', pret. of Behi<;ht. [Obs.] 
 RE-HOVE', and its derivatives. See Behoove, 
 BE-llOWL', V. i. [be and Iwwl.] To howl at, [JVu« 
 
 used.] Shuk. 
 Bli'ING, pp7-, [See Be,] Existing in a certain state, 
 
 Man, being in honor, abideth not. — Ps. xlix. 
 
 Bk'ING, 71. Existence ; as, God is the author of our 
 being. 
 
 In God we live, and move, and have our being. — .Acts xvii. 
 
 2. A particular state or condition. [Tliis is hardly 
 a different sense.] 
 
 3, A person existing: applied to the human rare. 
 
 4, An immaterial, intelligent existence, or spu it. 
 
 Superior beings, when of laU- they »-iw 
 
 A mortal man unfold all natuiv's law. Pope. 
 
 5. An animal ; any living creature ; as, animals are 
 such beings as are endowed with sensation and spon- 
 taneous motion. 
 
 BE IT SO. A plirasc of anticipation — suppose it to be 
 
 so ; or of periiiission — let it be so. Shak. 
 BE-JADE', JI. t. [be and jade.] To lire. [J^'ot tiseil.] 
 
 JIdlon. 
 
 BE-JaPE', I'. (. To laugh al ; to deceive. [.Vol used.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 BE-JE$'1I IT, I), t. To initiate in Jesuitism. 
 
 Afilton. 
 
 BE-KISS', V. t. [be and kiss.] To kiss or salute. [jVot 
 
 in Uiic.] Johnson. 
 BE-KNAVE', V. t. [be and knave.] To call knave, 
 
 [JVot used. ] Pope. 
 BK-KN6\V' v. t. [he and A;ioie.] To acknowledge. 
 
 [JVot used.] Chaucer. 
 BE-LA'BOR, V. t. [Perhaps frtuii be and labor ; but in 
 
 Kii.ss. bulava is a dub.] To ply diligjiilly , lo boat 
 
 sounilly ; to thump. 
 
 AJax betaliore there a hannleu ox. Dryden, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MKTE, PllBY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLP, BQQK — 
 
[JVut used.] 
 iBarbarouSy 
 
 BEL 
 
 BE-LSCE', V. I. [be and (ace] To fasten, as with a 
 
 lace or cord. 
 2. To beat ; to whip. 
 BE-LSC'KI), a. Adorned witli lace. Beaum. ^ Fletch. 
 BE-LA.M', 1'. (. To beat or bang. Todd. 
 ltEL'.\-.MOUR, n. [Fr. bd-amouT.] 
 
 A gallant ; a consort. [JVut uscd-l Spciiscr. 
 BEL'A-.MY, n. [Fr. bc/-ami.] 
 
 A good friend ; an intimate. Wot used.] Speriscr. 
 BE-L.\TE', ,B. (. fie and late] To ret-vd or make too 
 
 late. LNut tuied,] 
 BE-L.Al^ED, pp. and a. [4e and lated.] Benighted ; 
 
 abroad late at night. 
 2. Too late for the hour appointed or intended ; 
 
 later than the proper time. Burke. 
 BE-L.aT'F.D-XESS, II. A being too late. Miltun. 
 BE-LAVE', V. t. [be and lave.] To wasli. 
 BE-LAVV'GIVE, v. t. To give a law to. 
 
 and'not visid.] juuwn. 
 OE-L..VV'', IT. t. [This word is composed of 6c and lay, 
 
 to lay to, lay by, or close. See Belearuer.] 
 
 1. To block up, or obstruct ; as, to belay the coast. 
 
 Vryden. Gotcer. 
 
 2. To place in ambush. Spenser. 
 
 3. To adorn, surround, or cover. Speiiser. 
 
 4. In seamaaship, to fasten, or make fast, by wind- 
 ing a rope round a cleat, kevil, or belayiiig-pin. It is 
 chietlv applied to the running rigging. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 RE-L.\\''f2i,pp. Obstructed; ambushed; made fast. 
 BE-L.\Y'1\G, ppr. Blocking up ; laying an ambush; 
 making fast. 
 
 BE-L.\Y'ING-PIN, n. A strong pin in the side of a 
 vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound, 
 when they are fa.stened or belayed. , 
 
 BEL(MI, I'.'f. [Sax. bealean, to belch, that is, to push 
 out, to swell or heave ; belgan, to be angry, that is, 
 to swi'll with passion ; Eng. bulge, bilge, bidk ; allied 
 to \V. bale, prominent.] 
 
 1. To throw or eject wind from the stomach with 
 violence. 
 
 2. To eject violently from within ; as, a volcano 
 btlcltes flames and lava ; to belch forth curses. 
 
 BELCM, r. i. To eject wind from the stomach. 
 2. To issue out with eructation. 
 
 BELCH, 11. The act of throwing out from the stom- 
 ach, or violently from within ; eructation. 
 2. A cant name for malt liquor. Dennis. 
 
 BELl'H'CT, (belcht,) pp. Ejected from the stomach 
 or from a hollow plac. 
 
 BELCH'IXG, ;i/ir. Ejecting from the stomach or any 
 deep, hollow place. 
 
 BELC'H'l.N'G, n. Eructation. Barret. 
 
 UEL'D.V.M, n. [I"r. belle, fine, handsome, and dame, 
 lady. It seems to be used in contempt, or as a cant 
 term.] 
 
 1. An old woman. Shak. 
 Spenser seems to have used the word in its true 
 
 sense for good dame. 
 
 2. A hag. Dniden. Shak. 
 BE-LeA'GUER, (be-lee'ger,) r. U fGer. belagern, 
 
 from be, by, near, and lagern, to Lay ; D. belegercn, to 
 besiege, to convene ; to belay ; Sw. beltcgra, to be- 
 siege ; ban. beleire ; Russ. obtegaya.] 
 
 To besiege : to block up ; to surround with an ar- 
 mv, so as to preclude escape. Drydeiu 
 
 BE-Lk.A'GUEK-K1), pp. Besieged. 
 
 HE-l.i:A'GUEU-ER, II. One who besieges. Shericood. 
 
 BE-l.F:A'GrER-l.\G, ppr. Besieging: blocking up. 
 
 BE-Li5.\VE', c. t. [ie and /eaiic] To leave. [Aut 
 u-hti/.] May. 
 
 BE-I,EC'TlTR.£n, a. Lectured. 
 
 BE-LEE', r. L [be and lee.] To place on the lee, or 
 in a (losition unfavorable to the wind. Shak. 
 
 BE LE.M'.NITE, n. [Gr. fiiXti.nv, a dart, or arrow, 
 from (ic\oi, from the root of /ia\\:,>, pello, to throw.] 
 .^rrow-liead, or finger-slone ; vulgarly called tAuii- 
 der-iolt, or tAunder-.itone. .\ generic name for the 
 orcanic remains of extinct fossd bodies, havin 
 straiiiht, taporing shell. They belonged to aniimds 
 of till' rl.ass Cephalopoda. Dana. 
 
 BE-LEP'ER, r. ^ To infect with leprosy. Beaumont. 
 
 BEL ES-PRlT', (bel'es-pree',) ii. . pt. Beaui EspniTs, 
 (ho/.'es-pree'.) k. wit ; a fine genius. 
 
 BEL'FKV, n. [Fr. helfroy : barb. L. W/rfrfn..-.] 
 
 1. .Among niilitiiry writers of the middle age, a 
 tower erected by besiegers to overlook the place be- 
 siegi-d, in \\ liich sentinels were placed to watch the 
 avenues, and to prevent surprise iVom parties of the 
 enemy, or to give notice of fires by ringing a bell. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 2. That part of a steeple, or other building, in 
 which a bell is hung, and, more particularly, the 
 timber work which sustains it. Encyc. 
 
 BEl.-flXRD', II. [Fr. bel and c^arrf.] 
 
 .■\ soft look or glance. [J^ut used.] Spenser. 
 UEL'Gl-.V.V, a. [See Beloic.j Belonging to Belgium 
 
 or llic .Netherlands. 
 BE1.'C:I-A.\, n. A native of Belgium or the Low 
 
 Countries. 
 
 DEI. Ol€, a. [L. ftr/.'im.v, from Belgir, the inhabitants 
 ol the Netherlands and the country bofdering on the 
 Rhine, from that rivi r to the Seine and the ocean. 
 The name may have been given to them from llii ir 
 bulk or large stature ; W. bale, prominent, proud. 
 
 BEL 
 
 from bal, a shooting out ; Eng. bulge ; Russ. velik, 
 great. See Pomp. >lela, lib. y. 3, and 3. 5 ; Tac. 
 Agric. ; Jixsepli. de lit 11. Jud. 2. ](! ; llerod. lib. ti ; 
 Strabo, lib. 4. Owen supposes the Wel.-li n.iinc 
 Bclgiad to have been given tliem from their burst- 
 ing forth and ravaging iSritain and Ireluuil. lint thi y 
 had the name on the continent before their irruption 
 into Britain.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Belg<e, who, in Cesar's time, pos- 
 sessed the countiT between the Rhine, the Seine, 
 and the ocean. They were of Teutonic origin, and, 
 anterior to Cesar's invasion of Gaul and Hrilaiii, col- 
 onies of tliem had established themselves in the 
 southern part of Britain. The country was called 
 Bclgica, from its inhabit.ints, who dwelt in the dis- 
 trict around the town of Belgium, now called Deau- 
 7-aLs. See Cluv. Germ. Ant. 2. 2. 
 
 Belgic is now applied to the .Vrthrrlands, calli'il, 
 also, Flanders, or that part of the I.i.w Coiiiilries 
 which forinerlv belongeii to the house of .\uslria. 
 Be'M-AL, n. [lleh. Sv^S^.J 
 
 As a iioiiii, iinpriitilablfin-'ss ; wickedness. Hence, 
 the name of an evil spirit. Jtldliin. 
 
 As an adjective, worthless ; wicked. Seii>- of Biiial ; 
 wicked men. Parkharst. 
 BE-LI'UEL, V. L [be and libel.] To libel or traduce. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 BE-LIE', V. U [be and lie. Sax. belecgan, of be and 
 teogan, to lie, lig, or lyg, a lie ; D. belicgen ; G. belil- 
 gcn, to belie. See Lie.] 
 
 1. To give the lie to ; to show to be false ; to charge 
 with falsehood ; as, the heart belies the tongue. It is 
 rarely used of declarations; bill of appearances and 
 facts which show that declarations, or certain ap- 
 
 K^arances and pretenses, are false and hypocritical, 
 ence, 
 
 2. To counterfeit; to mimic; to feign resem- 
 blance. 
 
 AVith dust, with lior»-«* h'^ofe, Ui:it l^;il llic ^uml, 
 
 And niartial brd», belie Uie UiuiidLT'8 Koiiiul. Dnjtlcn. 
 
 3. To give a false representation. 
 
 Should I do so, I should bcl'u niy ihougliU. Shak. 
 
 4. To tell lies concerning ; to calumniate by false 
 reports. 
 
 Thou dosl belie him, Pt rc/. Sliak. 
 
 5. To (ill with lies. 
 
 Shvn.liT doih belie all conu-rs of the world. Shr.k. 
 BE-LI'JCD, pp. Falsely represented, either by word or 
 obvious evidence and indication ; counterfeited ; 
 mimicked. 
 
 BE-LIeF', II. [Sax. geteaf, leave, license, permission, 
 consent, assent, belief, faith, or trust ; geleafan, ge- 
 lefan, geliefan, gclyfan, to believe; leofan, to leave 
 and to live. From these words, it appears that 4c- 
 /ir/is from the root of leave, permission, assent ; Sax. 
 Zca/, leave and belief; L. Jides i ko/a, permission, li- 
 cense ; written, also, lif and /«/a ; lijfan, to permit ; 
 D. geloof, G. glaiibe, belief, credit, faith; geluovcn, 
 glauben, to believe ; Dan. bclove, to promise ; D. oor- 
 lof, verlof, leave, permission ; G. urlaub, leave, fur- 
 lough. The primary sense of believe, is to throw or put 
 to, "or to assent to ; to leave with or to rest on ; to re- 
 ly. See Leave and Live.] 
 
 1. A persuasion of the truth, or an assent of mind 
 to the truth of a declaration, proposition, or alleged 
 fact, on the ground of evidence, distinct I'roni person- 
 al knowledge ; as, the belief of the gospel ; biiief of a 
 witness. Belief m:iy also be foumled on internal im- 
 pressions, or arguments and reasons furnished by our 
 own minds ; as, the belief of our senses; a train of 
 reasoning may result in belief. Belief is ojiposed to 
 knowledge and science. 
 
 2. In theology, faith, or a firm persuasion of the 
 truths of religion. 
 
 No man c^.n nleiin [to] belief by the bare contpmplation of 
 heaven ami earth. Hooker. 
 
 3. Religion ; the body of tenets held by the pro- 
 fessors of the faith. 
 
 In the heal of p-^r^eciilion, to whicli Christian belief was sirhjnct 
 upon iu lirvt prunuilg ilion. llooker. 
 
 4. In some cases, the word is used for persuasion 
 or opinion, when tlie evidence is not so clear as to 
 leave no doubt ; but the shades of strentitli in ojiin- 
 ion can hardly he defined, or cxeinjilifird. lli nce 
 the use of qualifying words; as, a frm, full, or 
 strong belief. 
 
 5. The thing believed ; the object of belief. 
 Supentitioiu prophecies are Uie belief ol fouls. Baron. 
 
 6. A creed ; a form or summary of articles of faith. 
 In this sense, we genemllv use creed. 
 
 BE-LIeV'A-BLE, o. That "may be believed ; credible. 
 
 Shenrood. 
 
 BE-LIEVE', v. t. To credit upon the aiiihority or 
 testimony of another ; to be persuaded of the tryih of 
 something upon the declaration of another, or upon 
 evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and de- 
 ductions of the mind, or by other circumstances than 
 personal knowledge. When we brlirre upon the an- | 
 thority of another, we always put coiifuknre iu his 
 veracity. When we bclieie upon the aulhtirily of 
 reasoning, arEuments, or a concurii iice of facts "and 
 circumstances, we rest our conclusions upon their ', 
 
 BEL 
 
 strength or probability, their ngreemeiit with uur own 
 
 experience, &c. 
 2. To expect or hope with confidence ; to tnisL 
 I luid fainted, unless 1 had belieoed to see Uic goodness of Ui« 
 
 l.i.r.l in Uie land ol the livinj. — Ps. xxvu. 
 
 BE I.IeVE', v. i. To have a firm persuasion of any 
 thing. In some cases, to have a full persiiasiuii, aji- 
 proaching to certainly ; in others, more doubt is im- 
 plied. It is often followed by in or cm, especially in 
 tlie Scriptures. To believe in, is to hold as the object 
 of filth. " Ye believe in God, belirre also in me." 
 Joliii xiv. To believe on, is to trust, to place full con- 
 fidence ill, to rest U|>on with faith. " To them gave 
 he power to beciiiue the sons of God, c»in to them 
 that believe on his name." John i. Johnson. But 
 there is no ground for much distinction. 
 
 Ill ihrulogy, to believe sometimes expresses a mere 
 assent of the understanding to the truths of the gos- 
 pel, as in the case of Simon. Acts viii. In others, 
 the word implies, with this assent of the mind, n 
 yielding of the will and affections, accompanied with 
 a humble reliance on Christ for salvation. John i. 
 12. iii. 15. 
 
 In papular use anif familiar discourse, to believe of- 
 ten expresses an opinion in a vague manner, withtmt 
 a very exact estimate of evidence, noting a mere pre- 
 ponderance of opinion, and is nearly equivalent to 
 think or suppose. 
 
 BE-LlF.V'f.'l), pp. Credited ; assented to, as true. 
 
 GE-LIeV'ER, n. One who believes ; one who gives 
 credit to other evidence than that of personal knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 2. In theology, one who gives credit to the truth of 
 the Scriptures, as a revelation from God. In a more 
 restricted sense, a professor of Christianity ; one who 
 receives the gospel, as unfolding the true way of sal- 
 vation, and Christ as his Savior. 
 
 In tJie prifuUivc church, those who had been in- 
 structed in the truths of the gospel and baptized, 
 were called believers ; in distinction from the catc-. 
 chuinens, who were under insiniction, as preparato- 
 ry to baptism and admission to church privUeges. 
 
 JEiicyc. 
 
 BE-LIeV'I.N'G, ppr. or a. Giving credit to testimony 
 or to other evidence than personal knowledge. 
 
 BE-LIeV'ING-LY, adv. In a b. lieving manner. 
 
 BE-LIKE', add. [be nnii like.] Probably ; likely ; per- 
 haps. But perhaps from be and the Dan. lykke, luck. 
 By luck or chance. 
 
 BE "LIKE LY, ade. Probablv. [J^ot used.] Hall. 
 
 BE-LI.ME', v. U To bt^sml^ar with lime. Bp. Halt. 
 
 BE-LIT'TLE, r. U To make smaller ; to lower in 
 character. [Rare in .Vnierica, not used in England.] 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 BE-LIVE', ode. [See Live.] Speedily ; quickl v. [ Oiij.] 
 
 Sj'enser. 
 
 BELL, n. [Sax. bell, bella, belle, so named from its 
 sound ; Sax. beitan, to baicl or bellow : W. ballaw ; G. 
 bellcn : D. id. ; coinciding with fJaXXu and pello. See 
 Peal.] 
 
 1. A vessel or hollow body used for making sounds. 
 Its constituent parts are a barrel or hollow body, en- 
 larged or expanded at one end, an ear or cannon by 
 which it is liuiig to a beam, and a clapper on the in- 
 side. It is formed of a composition of metals. BelLi 
 are of high antiquity. The blue tunic of the Jewish 
 high priest was adorned with golden lells ; and the 
 kings of Persia are said to have the hem of their robe 
 adorned with them in like manner. .Vniong the 
 Greeks, those who went the nightly rounds in 
 camps or garrisons, used to ring a bell, at each 
 sentinel-box, to see that the soldier on duty was 
 awake. Bells were also put on the necks of crim- 
 inals, to warn persons to move out of the u ay of so 
 ill an omen as the siclu of a criminal or his execu- 
 tioner; also, on the necks of beasts and birds, and 
 in houses. In churches and other public buildings, 
 bclU are now used to notify the time of meeting ol 
 any congregation or other assembly. Encyc 
 
 in private houses, bells are used to call servants, 
 either hung and moved by a wire, or as hand-bells. 
 Small bells arc also used in electrical experiments. 
 
 2. .\ hollow body of metal, perforated, and con- 
 taining a solid ball, to give .sounds when shaken j 
 used on animals, as on horses or hawks. 
 
 .3. .Any thing in form of a bell, as the cup or calyx 
 of a flower. 
 
 To bear the bell, is to be the first or leader, in allu- 
 sion to the bell-wether of a flock, or the leading 
 horse of a team or drove, that wears bells on his collar. 
 
 7'o shake the belLs, a phrase of .Shakspeare, signifies 
 to move, give notice, or alarm. 
 
 Tti ciirsc by bell, book, and candle, was to read the 
 execnition in English, with the ringing of bells, and 
 candles lighted, to inspire the greater dread. 
 BELL, 1'. t. To bell the cat, to encounter and cripple 
 one of a greatly superior force. The phrase is de- 
 rived from the fable of the mice resolving to put a 
 bell on the cat, to guard them agairuit his att.ack. 
 
 Sir ir. ScntU 
 
 BELL, V. 1. To grow in the form of bells, as buds or 
 flowers. 
 
 BELL'-FASII-ION-£D, a. Having the form of a bcU. 
 
 MoTtitHer 
 
 TONE, BWLL, y.NITE.-.AN"GER, VI"CIOUS._€ as K ; G as J ; S a« Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in TBIS. 
 
BEL 
 
 l!ECL'-FLOW-ER, n. [bell and flower.] A name 
 coiiiiiion to different species fif plants of the genus 
 Campanula ; so named from the shape of the corol 
 or flower, which resembles a bell. 
 
 BELL'-FOUi\D-ER, n. [bell and founder.] A man 
 whose occupation is to found or cast bells. 
 
 BELL'-FOUND'ER-Y, j n. A place where bells are 
 
 BELL'-FOUND'RY, j founded or cast. 
 
 BELL'-MAN, n. [bell and man.] A man who rings 
 a bell, especially to give notice of any thing in the 
 streets. 
 
 BELL'-MET-^L, (-met'l,) n. [bell and metal.] A 
 mixture of copper and tin, in the proportion of from 
 three td*five parts of copper to one of tin, and usu- 
 ally a small portion of brass or zinc ; used for niak- 
 ins bells. Encyc. Am. 
 
 BELL'-PEP-PER, n. [bell and pepper.] A name of 
 a species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper. This is 
 the red pepper of the gardens, and most proper for 
 pickling. Eiicyc. 
 
 BELL'-PULL, n. A bell-cord. 
 
 BELL'-RING-ER, 7;. One whose business is to ring 
 
 a church or other bell. 
 BELL'-SHaP-£D, (bell'shapt,) a. [bell and shaped.] 
 
 Having the form of a bell. 
 In botany, campanulate ; swelling out, without a 
 
 tube at the base, as a inonopelalous oorol. J\Iartyn. 
 BELL'-WETH-ER, 71. [bcU and wether.] A wether 
 
 or sheep %vhich leads tlie flock, with a bell on his 
 
 neck. 
 
 BELL'-WORT, ti. A name common to different spe- 
 cies of plants of the genus Uvularia. Muhlenberg. 
 
 BEL-LA-DON'NA, 71. A plant, the Mropa belladonna. 
 Linn., or deadly nightshade. Lee. 
 
 BEL-La'TRIX, 71. [L.] A ruddy, glittering star of 
 the second magnitude, in the left shoulder of Orion ; 
 so named from its imagined influence in exciting war. 
 
 BELLE, (bel,) 71. [Fr., from L. bellus. It. hello, 8p. bello, 
 handsome, fine, whence to embellish; allied perhaps 
 to Russ. biel, white.] 
 
 A gay young lady. In popular use, a lady of superior 
 beauty and much admired. 
 
 BELL'irD, (held,) a. Hung with bells. 
 
 BELLES-LET'TRES, (beMet'ter.) 77. pi. [Fr.] 
 
 Polite literature ; a word of very vague significa- 
 tion. It includes poetry and oratory ; but authors 
 are not agreed to what jiarticular branches of learn- 
 ing the term should be restricted. Encyc. 
 
 BELL'I-BONE, 7i. [Fr. belle ei bonne.] 
 
 A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness. 
 [J\rot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 BEL'LI-£D, (bel'lid,) pp. or a. In composition, 
 swelled or prominent, like the belly. 
 
 In botany, ventricose ; swelling out the middle, as 
 a mon ipetalous corol. Jfartijn. 
 
 BEL LI 6'ER-aTE, c. 1. To make war. Cockeram. 
 
 BEL-L16'ER-ENT,a. [L. ftd/iVcr, warlike ; belligero, 
 to wage war; from bellum, war, and gero, to wage; 
 part, fferens, gerentis, waging. Or. 7:'t}.efi'>^, war; 
 VV. bel, war, tumult ; bela, to war, to wrangle.] 
 
 Waging war ; carrying on war ; as, a belligerent 
 nation. 
 
 BEL-LI6'ER-ENT, 71. A nation, power, or state, car- 
 rying on war. 
 
 BEL-LIG'ER-OUS, a. The same as Belligekent. 
 
 BELL'ING, 71. [Sax. bcllan, to bellow.] The noise 
 of a roe in rutting time ; a hunUman's term. Diet. 
 
 2. a. Growing or forming like a bell ; growing full 
 nnd ripe ; used of hops ; from bell. Ash. 
 
 BEL-LIP'O-TENT, 0. [L. bellum, war, and jpolens, 
 powerful, bellipotens.] 
 
 Powerful or mighty in war. [Little used.] Diet. 
 
 BEL-LHaUE', (bel-leek',) a. [Old Fr.] Warlike. 
 [JVot med.] Fiitham. 
 
 BEL'LI-TUDE, 7i. [L. bcllUudo.] Beauty of person. 
 [Obs,] Cockeram. 
 
 BELL'LESS, a. Having no bell. Scott. 
 
 BEL'LO.V, 71. A disea.-te, attended with languor and 
 intolerable griping of the bowels, common in places 
 where lead ore is smelted. Encyc. 
 A name given to the lead colic in Derbyshire. 
 
 Quincy. 
 
 BEL-Lf)'NA, 71. [from L. bellum, war.] 
 
 The goddess of war. Ant. Mythnl. 
 
 BEL'LoVV, V. i, [Sax. bul<rian, bylgean ; W. bulluw; 
 
 L. bnto ; I). biUkcn ; Sw. baia ; Sax. bellan, to bawl. 
 
 See Bawi..] 
 
 1. To make a hoHow, loud noise, as a bull ; to 
 make a Iniid tiulcry ; to roar. In contempt, to vo- 
 ciferate or rlamfir. 
 
 2. To roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind 
 when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued 
 wiiind. DryUen. 
 
 nEL'LOW, 71. A loud outcry ; roar. 
 
 HFW/'LOU' Ert, n. One who bi Hows. 
 
 BEI/LOW I.Nf;, ppr. or a. Makiiif a kmd, hollow 
 
 Hound, an a bull, or as the roaring of billows. 
 BEL'I.nW-I.NG.Ti. A loud, hollow i-ound or roar,likc 
 
 that of a hull. Ihrbrrt. 
 BEL'LOWS, n. ring, and pi. [Sax. bilii; or bijlig, 
 
 belloWH ; and hilig, bylg,n blown bladder, a bottle; 
 
 Goth, balgs, bylg, bylira, a mail or buclui t; L. bulgu; 
 
 Ir. biiilg, holg, a bidlowM ; V,i:r. balg, a skin ; blasebiilg, 
 
 B^liellowii, that is, a blow-8kin ; f). blaasbalg ; Sw. 
 
 BEL 
 
 bliisbalg ; Dm. blasebclg. See Blaze. The word is 
 properly in the singular number, Goth, balgs, but is 
 used also in the plural. It seems to be the same word 
 as the L./u;;te-,and probably from shooting out, swell- 
 ing, or driving. W. bal.] 
 
 An instrument, utensil, or machine for blowing 
 fire, either in private dwellings or in forges, furnaces, 
 and shops. It is so formed as, by being dilated and 
 contracted, to inhale air by an orifice which is opened 
 and closed with a valve, and to propel it through a 
 tube upon the fire. 
 
 BEL'LOWS-FISH, 77. The trumpet-fish, about four 
 inches long, with a long snout ; whence its name. 
 
 Diet. ofJ^at. Hist. 
 
 BEL'LU-INE, a. [L. hclluinus, from be'llua, a beast.] 
 Beastly ; pertaining to or like a beas-t ; brutal. 
 [IJttie used.] Atterbury. 
 
 BEL'LY, 7!. [Ir. bolg, the belly, a bag, pouch, budget, 
 blister, bellows ; W. boly, the belly, whence biiliatc, 
 to belly, to gorge ; Ann. baclcu, bowels. The prima- 
 ry sense is swelled, or a swell.] 
 
 1. That part of the human body which extends 
 anteriorly from the breast to the thighs, and also the 
 cavity exteniiinjr from the diaphragm to the pelvis, 
 containing the bowels ; the latter is called also Ilie 
 abdomen, or lower belly, to distinguish it from the 
 head and breast, whicli are sometimes called bellies, 
 from their cavity. Quincy. 
 
 2. The part of a beast corresponding to the human 
 
 3. The womb. Jer. i. 5. [bi lly. 
 
 4. The receptacle of food ; that which requires 
 food, in opposition to the back. 
 
 Wiiose god is their belly. — Pliii. iii. 
 
 5. The part of any thing which resembles the 
 human belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a harp 
 or a bottle. 
 
 6. Any hollow inclosed place ; as, the belly of hell, 
 in Jonah. 
 
 7. In Scripture, belly is used for the heart. Prov. 
 xviii. 8. XX. 30. John vii. 38. Carnal lusts, sensual 
 pleasures. Rom. xvi. 18. Phil. iii. 19. The whole 
 man. Tit. i. 12. Brown. Cruden. 
 
 BEL'LY, P. (. To fill ; to swell out. Shak. 
 BEL'LY, V. i. To swell and become protuberant, like 
 the belly ; as, bellying goblets ; bellying canvas. 
 
 Dryden. Plulips, 
 2. To stnit. , Bailey. 
 BEL'LY-ACHE, 71. [belly and ache.] Pain in the 
 
 bowels; the colic. [Vulgar.] 
 BEL'LY-AeUE BUSH or AVEED, 71. A species of 
 Jatroplia. 
 
 BEL'LY-B,\ND, n. A band that encompasses the 
 belly of a horse and fastens the saddle ; a girth. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 BEL'LY-BOUND, a. Diseased in the belly, so as to 
 
 be costive, and shrunk in the belly. Juhnsoiu 
 BEL'LY-CHEER, 7!. Good cheer. [JVu2 used.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 BEL'LY-FRET-TING, 71. The chafing of a horse's 
 belly with a fore girt. 
 
 2. A violent pain in a horse's belly, caused by 
 worms. Diet. 
 
 BEL'LY-FUL, n. [belly and full.] A3 much as fills 
 the belly, or satishes the appetite. In familiar and 
 ludicrous language, a great abundance ; more than 
 enough. [Vulgar.] Johnson. 
 
 BEL'LY-GOD, 71. [belly and god.] A glutton ; one 
 who makes a god of his belly ; that is, whose great 
 business or pleasure is to gratify his appetite. 
 
 BEL'LY-ING,ppr. or a. Enlarging capacity; swell- 
 ing out, like the belly. 
 
 BEL'LY-PL\CH-AD, (-pinclit,) a. [See Pinch.] 
 Starved ; pinched with hunger. Shak. 
 
 BEL'LY-RoLL, n. [See Roll.] A roller protuber- 
 ant in the middle, to roll land between ridges, or in 
 hollows. _ .Mortimer. 
 
 BEL'LY-SLaVE, 7t. A slave to the appetite. 
 
 Homily. 
 
 BEL'LY-TLM'BER, 71. [See Timber.] Food ; that 
 
 which supports the belly. IVulgnr.] 
 
 Prior. Hudibras. 
 BEL'LY-WORM, 71. [See Wob.m.] A worm that 
 
 breeds in the lii:lly or stomach. Johnson. 
 BE-LOCK', V. U [Sax. belucun, from loc, a lock, 
 
 with be.] 
 
 To lock, or fasten, as with a lock. Shale. 
 
 BEL'O-MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. liihis, an arrow, and 
 liavrita, divination.] 
 
 A kind of divination practic('d by the ancient 
 Pcythians, Babylonians, amj other nations, nnd by 
 the Arabians. .\ number of arrows, being niarkird, 
 were put into a bag or (luiver, and drawn out at 
 randitin ; and the marks or words on the arrow 
 drawn, determined what was to happen. See I'./.i k. 
 xxi. 21. Encyc. 
 
 BEL'O-NE, 71. [Gr. /JfX.jiT,, a needle.] 
 
 A name given by Cuvier to the gar, g.arfish, or sea- 
 needle, a species of Esox. It grows to the liuigth of 
 two or three feet, with long, |ii>inted jaws, the edges 
 of which are arnii d wilh small ti i lh. 
 
 BE-LO.\(;', 11. i. [1>. bclangcn, to concern, belong, 
 concern, interest, imporlanci', of be and lung : (Jer. 
 brlangrn, to attain to, or come to ; anlnngen, lo arrive. 
 
 BEL 
 
 to come to, to concern, to touch or belong ; Dan. 
 aniange, to arrive at, to belong. In Sax. gelangian is 
 to call or bring. The radical sense of long is to 
 extend or draw out, and witli be or an, it signifies lo 
 extend to, to ii'ach.] 
 
 1. To be the property of ; as, a field belongs to 
 Richard Roe ; Jamaica belongs to Gre.at Britain" 
 
 2. To be the concern or pi oper business of ; lo ap- 
 pertain ; as, it belongs to John Doe to prove his title. 
 
 3. To be appendant to. 
 
 He wenl into a desert phice belonging to Bethsaida. — Luke Ix. 
 
 4. To be a part of, or connected with, though de- 
 tached in place ; as, a beam or rafter belongs to such 
 a frame, or to such a place in the building. 
 
 5. To have relation to. 
 
 And D.wid said, To whom belongeet thou ? — 1 Sam. xxx. 
 
 6. To be the quality or attribute of. 
 
 To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgiveness. — Dart. ix. 
 
 7. To be suitable for. 
 
 Strong meat belongeOt to them of full age. — Hcb. v. 
 
 8. To relate to, or be referred to. 
 
 He carcUi for Ihin;^ thai belong to tlie Lord. — 1 Cor. vii. 
 
 9. To have a legal residence, settlement, or inhab- 
 itancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as 
 to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 10. To be the native of ; to have original residence. 
 
 There is no oUier country in the world to which the Gipsies could 
 belong. Grethnan, Pref. \Z. 
 
 11. In common language, to have a settled resi- 
 dence; to be domiciliated. 
 
 BE-LONG'ING, ppr. Pertaining ; appertaining ; be- 
 ing the property of; being a quality of; being the 
 concern of ; being appendant to ; being a native of, 
 or having a legal or permanent settlement in. 
 
 BE-LONG'ING, 71. A quality. [JVi/I in use.] Shak. 
 
 BE-LOVE', D. f. To love. [Obs.] Todd. 
 
 BE-LOV'ED, (be-luvd' as a participle, be-luv'ed as 
 an adjective,) pp. or a. [be and loved, from love. 
 Belove, as a verb, is not used.] 
 
 Loved ; greatly loved ; dear to the heart. Paul. 
 
 BE-LoW', prep, [be and low.] Under in place ; be- 
 neath ; not SO' high ; as, below the moon ; below the 
 knee. 
 
 2. Inferior in rank, excellence, or dignity. Felton. 
 
 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting. Dryden. 
 BE-I.oW', adv. In a lower place, with respect to any 
 
 object ; as, the heavens above and the earth below. 
 
 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. 
 
 Tlie fairest child of Jove below. Prior. 
 
 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead ; as, the 
 realms below. Dryden. 
 
 4. In a court of inferior jurisdiction ; as, at the 
 trial below. fV heaton. 
 
 BE-LOWT', ri. «. [See Lowt.] To treat with con- 
 temptuous language. [JVot in use.] Camden. 
 BEL'SWAG-GER, 71. A lewd man ; a bullv. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 BELT, 71. [Sax. belt ; Sw. b'dlt ; Dan. bMe ; L. baltcus ; 
 Uu. Ir. bait, a welt. Class BI ] 
 
 1. A girdle, band, or circlet ; as, a Lady's belt, a 
 sword belt, a belt of trees. 
 
 2. A term applied to two narrow passages or straits 
 in the Baltic. The Great Belt is the passage between 
 the Isle of Zealand and that of Funen, at the en- 
 trance ot the Baltic. The Lesser Belt is the passage 
 between the Isle of Funen and the coast of Jutland. 
 
 3. A bandage or band used by surgeons for various 
 purposes. 
 
 4. In astronomy, certain girdles or zones which sur- 
 round the planet Jupiter are called belts. 
 
 .5. A disease among sheep, cured by cutting ofTthe 
 tail, laying the sore bare, then casting mold on it, 
 and applying tar and goose-grease. Eneye. 
 
 BELT, r. f. To encircle. Warton. 
 
 l!i;i/ l'ANR, ( 71. Mav day and its attendant ceremo- 
 
 BF.I/'TIN, \ nies, 'among the ScoIIish Highland- 
 ers ; as, the beltane fire, beltane cake, &c. Brande. 
 
 RELT'EI), <7. Wearing a belt. 
 
 IIE-LO'GA, 71. [Russ. bieluga, signifying white fish.] 
 A fish of the Cetaceous order, and genus Delphi- 
 nus, (/>. Leuciis,) from 12 to 18 feet in li nslh. The 
 tail is dividi il into two lobes, lyins Inn i/.oulally, and 
 there is no dorsal fin. In swimming, Ihis lisli bi nds 
 its tall under its body, like a lohster, and llinists it- 
 self along with the rapidity of an arrow. This fish 
 is found in the arctic seas and rivers, and is caught 
 for its oil and its skin. Pennant. 
 
 TJlis is piopi rly the Sea beluga, (Russ. bielnga 
 vwr.ilcaia.) The Ii riii beluga is properly applied by 
 the Russians to the white sturgeon, {Acipen.nr huso,) 
 which furiii.shes isinglass and caviar; caught partic- 
 iiliirlv in Ihe Volga and other rivers of the Caspian. 
 
 UEL'VE-DRRE', (bel've-deer',) n. Jit.) In Italian 
 urc/iifcc(iiip, a pavilion on the top of an edifice; an 
 artificial eminence in a garden. Encyc. 
 
 BEL'VI-DkKF., n. [L. bellns, fine, and video, to see.l 
 A plant, the ("henopodium scoparia, or aniiii.al 
 mock cypress. It is of a beautiful pyrainidical fiirm. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^hl,, WHJ^T MRTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 and much esteumed in Cliiiiu us a salad, nnd for 
 otiipr uses. Enojc. 
 RF.-l.VE'. Sec Belie. 
 BCMA, n. [Cr. ffnt'"-] 
 
 1. A cluincel. [JVut in use.] Beaiimmit. 
 a. In anciriU Greece, a stiigi^ or kind (if piilpil, (in 
 wliicli speakers stood when addressing an nsseinlily. 
 
 Milfiml. 
 
 BE-MAD', f. «. [»e and mad.] To make mad. [JVut 
 m asr.\ Shak. 
 
 BE-MAN"GLE, I', f. [be anA mangle] To mansle ; to 
 tear asunder. [IJttU: usal.] Beaumont. 
 
 BE-M.\t!lv', 0. t. [be and mask.] To mask ; to con- 
 ceal. Shelttni. 
 
 BE-.M.\ZE', F. t. To bewilder. [See Maze.] [Little 
 M<ri/J Cowjier. 
 
 BE-M F.TE', r. ^ f»« and mrtc] To measure. [JVot 
 ill u,-v.l Sliak. 
 
 BE-MIiV'GLE, ti. (. [be and mingle.] To mingle ; to 
 nii\. [Little used.] 
 
 BE-MIRE', V. t. [be and mire.] To drag or encumber 
 in the mire ; to soil l)y passing through nmd or dirty 
 places. Sieifl. 
 
 BE-.MIST', V. t. [be and mist.] To cover or involve 
 in mist. [JVnt usril.] Fclton. 
 
 BE-Mo.V.V, V. I. [be and moan.] To lament ; to he- 
 wail i to e.xpress sorrow for ; as, to bemoan .the loss 
 of a son. Jeremiah. 
 
 BE-MOAX'A-BLE, «. That may be lamented. [JVu( 
 luieil.] Slicruiood. 
 
 BE- Mo.VN'KD, pp. Lamented; bewailed. 
 
 BE-.MfiAN'ER, n. One who InmenUs. 
 
 BE-.MOA\'I.NG, ppr. Lamenting; liewailinj. 
 
 BE-.MOCK', e. t. [be and mock.] To treat with mock- 
 ery, [l.itllc used.] SJiak. 
 
 BE-MOCK', V. i. To laugh at. 
 
 BE-.MOIL', I'. (. [Ae and moi7. Fr. mouiV/er, to wet.] 
 To bedraggle ; to bemire ; to soil or encumber with 
 
 mire and dirt. [.Vol m use.] Sliak. 
 BE-.M01ST'£.N, r. t. To moisten ; to wet. 
 Be'MOL, II. In music, B flat, a semitone below B 
 
 natural. Bacon. 
 BE-.MON'STER, r. t. [be and monster.] To make 
 
 monstrous. [..Vot in use.] Shtik. 
 BE-.MOUUN', F. t. To weep or nioiim over. [Little 
 
 used.] 
 
 BE-MPS'KD, (be-muzd',) a. [be and muse.] Over- 
 come with musing ; dreaming. [jJ word of contempt.] 
 Jolinson. Pope. 
 
 BEN, or BEN'-NUT, n. A purgative fniit or nut, the 
 largest of which resembles a filbert, yielding an oil 
 (called oil ofbrn) used in pharmacy. Eneijc. 
 
 This is the fruit of a species of Moringa, (M. ptenjgo- 
 sperma, Uecand.) 
 
 BENCH, n. [Ir. binsc; Corn, benk; Sax. iene; Fr. 
 banc. See Bank.] 
 
 1. A long seat, usually of board or plank, differing 
 from a stool in its greaU'r length. 
 
 2. The seat where judges sit in court ; the seat of 
 justice. Hence, 
 
 3. The persons w ho sit as judges ; the court. 
 
 Shak. Dnjden. 
 
 4. See Berme. 
 
 Free bencli ; in England, the estate in copyhold 
 lands, which the wife, being espoused a virgin, has 
 for her dower, after the decease of her hust>and. 
 This is various in dilfereu: manors, according to their 
 respective customs. 
 
 BE.NCH, r. t. To furnish with benches. Dryden, 
 2. To seat on a bench. Shak. 
 X r. i. To sit on a seat of justice. Shak. 
 
 BENCH'-WAR'R.\NT, n. A process issued by a 
 court against a person guilty of some contempt, or 
 indicted for some crime. Bouvier. 
 
 BENCH'ER, n. In England, the benchers in the inns 
 of court are the senior niembersi of the society, who 
 have the government of iL They have been read- 
 ers, and, being admitted to plead within the b.ar, are 
 called inner barristers. They annually elect a treas- 
 urer. Eneijc, .fiihnson. 
 
 2. The alderman of a corporation. .^shmole. 
 
 3. A judge. Shak. 
 
 4. In old writers, an idler, one who frequents the 
 benches of a tavern. 
 
 BEND, r. t. ; pret. Bended or Bent; pp. Bended or 
 Bent. [Sax. bendan, to bend ; Fr. bander, to benil, 
 bind, or tie; Ger. J>iii(/rn, to wind, bind, or lie; I). 
 biudm, the same ; Sw. banda, to bind ; Dan. binde, to 
 bind ; L. pando, pandare, to bend in ; pando, pandere, 
 to open ; pandas, bent, crooked ; It. banda, sidewise ; 
 benda, a fillet or band ; brndarr, trt crown ; Sp. pan- 
 dear, to bend or be inclined, to bulge out, lo belly ; 
 pandeo, a bulge or protuberance ; prtnrfo, jutting out. 
 I'he primar>' sense is, to stretch or strain. Bend and 
 bind are radically the same word.] 
 
 1. To strain, or to crook by straii 
 bow. 
 
 2. To crook ; to make crooked ; to curve ; to in- 
 flect ; a-s, to bend the arm. 
 
 • 3. To direct to a certain point ; as, to bend our 
 steps or course lo a p,irticular place. 
 
 4. To exert ; to apply closely ; to exercise labori- 
 ously ; to intend or stretch ; as, to bend the mind to 
 studv. 
 
 ' straining; as, to bend a 
 
 5. To prepare or put in order for use ; to stretch or 
 strain. 
 
 lie iiath bent hw liow iiiui made it n-ady. — Pit. vii. 
 fi. To incline ; to be determined ; that is, to stretch 
 toward, or cause to tend ; as, to he bent on mischief, 
 it expresses disposition or purpose. 
 
 7. To subdue ; to cause to yield ; to make .submis- 
 sive ; as, to bend a man to our will. 
 
 8. In .seamanship, to fasten, as one rope to another 
 or to an anchor ; to fasten, as a sail lo its yaril or 
 stay ; to fasten, a-s a cable to the ring of an anchor. 
 
 Mir. Diet. 
 
 9. To bend the brow, is to knit the brow ; to scowl ; 
 to frown. Canidin. 
 
 BE.N'I), 1.'. 1. To be crooked ; to crook, or be curving. 
 
 Sandij.-f. 
 
 2. To incline ; to lean or turn ; as, a road bends lo 
 
 3. To jut over; as, a/inK/iiN' cliff. [the west. 
 
 4. To resolve or determine. [See Be.nt on.] 
 
 Vrijden. 
 
 5. To bow or be submissive. Is. Ix. 
 
 BEND, 11. A curve ; a crook ; a turn in a road or riv- 
 er; flexure; incurvation. 
 
 2. In marine language, a knot by which one part of 
 a rope is fastened to another or to an anchor. [See 
 To Bend, No. 8.] 
 
 3. Beniis of a ship arc the thickest and strongest 
 planks in her sides, more generally called wales. 
 They are rerkoned from the water, first, second, or 
 tJiird bend. They have the beams, knees, and foot 
 hooks bolted to "them, and are the chief strength of 
 the ship's sides. Ennjc. Mar. Dirt. 
 
 4. In hrraldrij, one of the nine honorable ordina- 
 ries, containing a third part of the field, when 
 charged, and a fifth, when plain. It is made by two 
 lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinis- 
 ter base point. It sometimes is indented, ingrailed, 
 &c. Johnson. Enciic. 
 
 BE.ND, n. A band. [^Tot in use.] Spenser. 
 BEND'A-BLE, a. That may be bent cr incurvated. 
 
 Shcncood. 
 
 BEND'ED, J pp. or o. Strained; incurvated; made 
 
 BENT, * crooked ; inclined ; subdued. 
 
 BEND'ER.n. The person who bends or makes crook- 
 ed ; also, an instrument for bending other things. 
 
 BE.ND'ING, ppr. or «. Incurvating ; forming into a 
 curve ; stooping ; subduing ; turning, as a road or 
 river; inclining; leaning; applying closely, as the 
 mind ; fastening. 
 
 BEND'LET, n. In heraldrii, a little bend which occu- 
 pies a sixth part of a siiieid. Bnilni. 
 
 BEND'-VVITH, n. A plant. Diet. 
 
 BE.ND'Y, n. In heraldrii, the field divided into four, 
 six, or more parts, diagonally, and varying in metal 
 and color. Encyc. Mt. 
 
 BE. \'E, n. The popular name of the Scsamum ori- 
 entale, or oil plant, called in the West Indies Fan- 
 gloe. Mease. 
 
 1iE-SK.\P'ET>, (be-neept',) a. [be and neap.] Among 
 seamen, a shi|i is bcnenped, when the water does not 
 flow high enough to float her from a dock or over a 
 bar. Encyc. 
 
 BE-NE.XTII', pr<7». [Sax. beneath, beneothan, benythan ; 
 of be and neothan, below, under. See Netheii.] 
 
 1. Under ; lower in place, with something directly 
 over or on ; as, to place a cushion beneath one ; ofteii 
 with the sense of pressure or oppression ; as, to sink 
 beneath a burden, in a literal sense. 
 
 2. Under, in a figurative sense ; bearing heavy im- 
 positions, as taxes, or oppressive government. 
 
 Our country sinks bcncalh Uie yoke. Shak. 
 
 3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence ; as, brutes 
 are beneath man ; man is beneath angels in the scale 
 of beings. 
 
 4. Unworthy of; unbecoming; not equal to; as, 
 he will ilo nothing beneath his station or character. 
 
 BF. -.\'l":ATII', adr. In a lower place; as, the earth 
 from beneath will be barren. Mortimer. 
 
 2. Below, as opposed to he.avcn, or to any superior 
 region ; a.s, in heaven above, or in earth beneath. 
 
 BF..\'F.-DICK, ) n. [From one of the characters In 
 
 BE.N'E-DICT, \ Shakspeare's play of " Much ado 
 about nothing."] A married man, or a man newlv 
 
 BEN'E-DICT, n. [l,. benedietiis.] [married. 
 Having mild and salubrious qualities. [Aet in 
 use.] Bacon. 
 
 BEN-lvDICT'INE, a. Pertaining to the order or 
 monks of .''t. Benedict, or St. Henet. 
 
 BE.N-E-I)It'T'I.\ES,Ti. pi. An order of monks who pro- 
 fess to follow the rules of St. Benedict, an order of 
 great celebrity. They wear a loose, black gown, 
 with large, wide sleeves, and a cowl on the head, 
 ending in a point. In the canon law, they are called 
 black friars. 
 
 BEN E DICTION, n. [L. beneelielio, from bene, well, 
 and dictio, speaking. See Boon and Diction.] 
 
 1. The act of blessing ; a giving praise to God, or 
 rendering thanks for his favors ; a blessing pro- 
 nounced ; hence, grace before and after meals. 
 
 2. Blessing, prayer, or kind wishes uttered in favor 
 of any person or thing ; a solemn or affectionate in- 
 vocation of happiness ; thanks ; expression of grati- 
 tude. 
 
 3. The advantage confi^rreil by blessing. Bacon. 
 
 4. The form of instituting an abbot, answering to 
 the ccmsecration of a bishop. Jlijliffe. 
 
 5. The external ceremony performed by a priest in 
 the office of iiiatriniony, is called the nuptial benedic- 
 tion. Encyc. 
 
 G. In the Roman Catholic church, an ecclesiaslical 
 ceremony by which a thing is rendered sacred or ven- 
 erable. Encyc. 
 
 BEN E DICT'IVE, a. Tending to bless; giving a 
 blessing. Gauden. 
 
 BE.N-E-FAC'TIO.V, n. [L. beiufiicio, of iicnc, well, 
 and fncio, ti> make or do.] 
 
 1. 'I'he act of conferring a benefit. .More generally, 
 
 2. .\ benefit conferred, especially a charitable do- 
 nation. JltU^bury. 
 
 BE.\-E-FAC'Tf)R, 71. He who confers a benefit, es- 
 
 . pecially one who makes rliaritablecontributions either 
 for pulilic iiisiitulioiis or for private use. 
 
 BEN-E-F.\C'TKESS, n. A female who confers a ben- 
 efit. Many. 
 
 BEN'E-FICR, n. [L. beneficium; Fr. benefice. See 
 Benefactiun.] 
 
 1. Z,i(mi//«, a benefit, advantage, or kindness. But, 
 in present lisage, an ecclesiastical living; a church 
 endowed with a ri venue, for the maintenance of di- 
 vine service, or the revenue itself All church pre 
 ferments are called brnejiccs, except bisho|)rics, which 
 are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity 
 is applied to bishopries, deaneries, archdeaconries, 
 and prebendaries; and 4e«r/ice to parsonages, vicar 
 ages, and donatives. Encije. 
 
 2. In the iiiiddb: ages, henefire was used for a fi'C, 
 or an estate in lands, granted at first for life only, 
 and lu Id cr mrro beneficio of the donor. The estate 
 afterward, becoming hereditary, took the appellation 
 of feud, and benefice became appropriated to church 
 livings. Encyc. 
 
 BE.\'E FIC-^:D, (ben'e-fist,) a. Possessed of a bene- 
 fice or church prefernient. Jiyliffe. 
 
 BEN'E^FICE-LESS, a. Having no benefice. [.Vol 
 used. ] Sheldon, 
 
 BE-.NEF'I-CENCE, n, [L. beneficeiUia, from the par- 
 ticiple of benefacio.] 
 
 The practice of doing good ; active goodness, kind- 
 ness, or charity. 
 
 BE NEF'I-CENT, a. Doing good ; performing acts of 
 kindness and charity. It differs from benign as the 
 act from the dispos-ilion ; beneficence being benignity, or 
 kindness exerted in action. Juhn.son, 
 
 BE-NEF'I-€E.\T-LY, ttdi\ In a beneficent manner. 
 
 BE.N'-E-FI"CIAL, (ben-e-fisli'al,) a. Advantageous; 
 conferring benefits ; useful ; profitable ; helpful ; con- 
 tributing to a valuable end ; followed by to ; as, in- 
 dustry IS beneficial to the body, as well as to the prop- 
 erty. 
 
 2. Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advan- 
 tage, use, or benefit ; ;is, the beneficial owner of an 
 estate. Kent, 
 
 BE.\-E-FI"CIAL-LY, oJe. Advantageously; profita- 
 blv; helpfiillv. 
 
 BEN-E-FI"CIAL NESS, n. Usefulness; profitable- 
 ness, J/ale, 
 
 BEN-E-FI"CIA-RY, (ben-c-fish'a-ry,) a. [L. beneficia- 
 rius. See Benefaction.] 
 
 Holding some office or valuable possession, in sub- 
 ordination to another ; having a dependent and sec- 
 ondary possession. Bacon. 
 
 BEN-E-Fr'CI.\-RY, (ben-e-fish'a-re,) n. One who 
 holds a benefice. A beneficiary is not the proprietor 
 of the revenues of his church ; but he has tlie ad- 
 ministration of them without being accountable to 
 any person. The word was used, in the middle ages, 
 for a feudatory or vassal. Encyc. 
 
 2. One who receives any thing as a gift, or is main- 
 tained by charitv. Blackstone. 
 
 BEN-E-FI"C1E.\-CY, n. Kindness or favor bestowed. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 BEN-E-FI"CIENT, a. Doing good. Mam Smith. 
 BE.N'E-FIT, n. [Primarily from L. beneficium, r,T bene- 
 
 factum ; but perhaps directly from the Fr. bienfait, by 
 
 corruption.] 
 
 1. An act of kindness ; a favor conferred. 
 
 Blfss the lA)ni, O my toul, and forget col off liis btnejlt*. — 
 Ps. ciii. 
 
 2. Advantage ; profit ; a word of extensive use, 
 and expressing whatever contributes lo promote pros- 
 perity and personal happiness, or adds value to prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Men have no right to what is not for their beneJtL Durtie. 
 
 3. A performance at a theater, the proceeds of 
 which go to one of the actors as part of his recom- 
 pense. The term is also applied lo a public perform- 
 ance for the benefit of .some indigent, deserx ing per- 
 son, or of some public institution or charity. 
 
 4. In /aic, benefit of clergv. [See Clerov.] 
 BEN'E-FIT, I!. L To do good to ; to advantage ; to ad- 
 vance in health or prosperity ; applied either to persons 
 or things ; as, exercise benefits he.alth ; trade benefiu a 
 nation. 
 
 BEN'B:-FIT, r. i. To gain advantage ; to make im- 
 provement ; as, he has benefited by good advice ; that 
 is, he has been benefited. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 Uft" 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN'E-FIT-ED,pp. Profited ; liaving received benefit. 
 OEN'E-FIT-IXG, ppr. Doing good to ; profiting ; gain- 
 ing advantage. 
 BE-Ne.ME', v. U [Sax. he and naman.'] 
 
 1. To name. [Aui in use.] Spenser. 
 
 2. To promise ; to give. [JVot in itse.] Spenser, 
 BE-NEMP'NE, c. t. To name. [J^ot inuse.] Spenser. 
 BK'J^E PLj)C'I-TO, [It.] In music, at pleasure. 
 BEN-E PLAC'I-TIJRE, n. [L. beneplacitum, icne, well, 
 
 and placitum, from placeo, to please.] 
 
 Will ; choice. [JVot m >Lse.\ Olanville. 
 UE-NET', V. t. [be and net.] To catch in a net ; to 
 
 insnare. [JVuJ uxed.] Slial!. 
 BE-NEV'O-LEXCE, n. [L. ber.evolentia, ofbene, well, 
 
 and volo, to will or wish. See Will.] 
 
 1. The disposition to do good ; good will ; kind- 
 ness ; charitableness; the love of mankind, accom- 
 panied with a desire to promote their happiness. 
 
 Tlie benevolence of God is one of his moral attri- 
 butes ; that attribute which delights in the happiness 
 of intelligent beings. " God is love." 1 John iv. 
 
 2. An act of kindness ; good done ; charity given. 
 
 3. A species of contribution or tax, nominally a gra- 
 tuity, but illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of Eng- 
 land. Bliickstone. 
 
 BE-NEV'0-LE.\T, a. [L. bcnevolcmn, of bene and voln.] 
 Having a disposition to do good ; possessing love 
 
 to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity 
 
 and happiness ; kind. 
 BE-NEV'0-LE\T-LY, adc. In a kind manner ; with 
 
 good will. 
 
 BE-NEV'O-LOUS, a. Kind ; benevolent. [JV.it Tiscd.] 
 BEN-GAL', n. That portion of Hindostan which lies 
 
 on the lower part of the River Ganges. 
 2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's 
 
 apparel, so called from Bentral. Bailey. Johnson. 
 BEN'GAL-LIGHT, n. A species of fireworks used 
 
 as signals, by night or otherwise, producing a steady 
 
 and vivid blue-colored fire. 
 BEN'GAL-STKlPES, n. A kind of cotton cloth wo- 
 
 v<'n with colored stripes. Urc. 
 BEN-GAL-EE', n. The language or dialect spoken in 
 
 Bengal. 
 
 BEN-GAL-eSE', n. sing and pi. A native or the na- 
 tives of Bengal. ' jls. Res. vii. 171. 
 
 BE-NIGHT', V. t. [he and niirht.] To involve in dark- 
 ness ; to shroud with the shades of nighU 
 
 The clouds benight the sky. Garth. 
 
 2. To overtake with night ; as, a benighted trav- 
 eler. 
 
 3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance ; to 
 debar from intellectual light ; as, benighted nations, 
 or heathen. 
 
 BE-NIGHT'ED, /j;). or a. Involved in darkness, phys- 
 ical or moral , overtaken by the night. 
 
 BE-NIGN', (be-nine',) o. [L. benignus, from the same 
 root as bontis, bene, ancient L. beniis, Eng. boon.] 
 
 1. Kind; of a kind disposition; gracious; favora- 
 ble. 
 
 Our Creator, bounteous and benign. Milton. 
 
 2. Generous; liberal; as, a iicniVn benefactor. 
 
 3. Favorable; having a salutary inliuence ; as, the 
 benign aspect of tlie seasons. 
 
 The benign li^il of revelation. Waehington. 
 
 4. Wholesome ; not pernicious ; as, a beni<ni medi- 
 cine. jlrbuthnaU 
 
 5. Favorable ; not malignant ; as, a benign disease. 
 BE-NIG'NANT, a. Kind ; gracious ; favorable. 
 BE-NIG'NI-TY, n. Goodness of disposition or heart ; 
 
 kindness of nature ; graciousness. 
 
 2. Actual goodness ; beneficence. 
 
 3. Salubrity ; wholesome quality ; or that which 
 tends to proniott! health. Wiseman. 
 
 BE-NION'LY, (be-nlne'ly,) adv. Favorably ; kindly ; 
 graciously, 
 
 BEN'I-SO.V, 71. [FT.benir, to bless; ienmanf, bless- 
 ing ; from the root of bene, bomvt, boon. See IIoon.J 
 Blessing ; benediction. [JVVaWy antiquated.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 BEN'JA-MIN, 71. A tree or shrub, the Laums Benzoin, 
 (Linn. Benzoin odenferum,) a native of .America, 
 called also .■'picebu.ih. It grows to the height of 10 or 
 15 feet, with a very branchy head. 
 
 2. A gum or resin, or rather a balsam. [See Ben- 
 zoi.f.] Kncyc. 
 Benjamin-tree ; the .^tyrax Ben/.oin. Pereira. 
 
 BE.V'NlET, 71. The herb bennet, or common avens ; 
 the Geum iirbanuni. 
 
 BE.N'NET-FI.'<II, ii. A fish, of two feet in length, 
 caught ill the African seas, having scales of a deep 
 purple, streaked with gold. Diet. n/Mit. Hist. 
 
 REST, pp. lira, from Bknd. Inciirvated ; inflected; 
 inrliiii'd ; prone to or having a fixed propensity ; de- 
 termined. 
 
 Bent on ; having a fixed inclination ; rosolvt^d ordc- 
 teriiiiiied (in. 
 
 BE.NT, n. 'I'lie iitatc of being curving, crooked, or in- 
 clined from tt Htraighl line ; flexure ; ciirvity. 
 
 2. Declivity ; an, the bent of a hill. [Vn'ii.iunl.] 
 
 Jin/den. 
 
 3. Inrlinali'>n ; dixponilion ; a leaning or Ijias of 
 mind ; iiropennity ; .as, the bent of ihi' iiiiiid or will ; 
 the bent of a |x.'oplc toward an obji'ct. This may be 
 
 BER 
 
 natural or artificial, occasional or habitual, with in- 
 definite degrees of strength. 
 
 4. Flexion ; tendency ; particular direction ; as, the 
 bents and turns of a subject. Locke. 
 
 5. Application of the mind ; a bending of the mind 
 in study or investigation. Locke. 
 
 BEN'i', ■ ) ?i. A name common to difl'erent 
 
 BENT'-GRXSS, j species of grass, of the genus 
 Agrostis ; a witliered stalk of grass. 
 
 Halliwell, Enctjc. 
 
 BENT'ING-TlME, 7i. The time when pigeons feed 
 on bents, before peas are ripe. Johnson. Dnjden. 
 
 BE-NU.MIJ', (-nuni,) v. t. [Sax. beniman, benymnn, pp. 
 brnu'iien, to seize, of be and 7i/»(a«, Sax. and Goth., to 
 take or seize. This root is retained in withernam. It 
 is to be observed that b after m in numb, thumb, dumb, 
 &.C., is an arbitrary addition of modern writers.] 
 
 1. To make torpid ; to deprive of sensation ; as, a 
 hand or foot benumbed by c6ld. 
 
 2. To stupefy ; to render inactive ; as, to benumb 
 the senses. Dnjden. 
 
 BE-NU.MB'£D, (be-numd',) pp. Rendered torpid; de- 
 prived of sensation ; stupufied. 
 
 BE-Nir.MIi'EU-NESS, 71. Destitution of feeling. Smi7/i. 
 
 BE-.\UMB'ING, p;?r. Depriving of sensation ; stupe- 
 fying. 
 
 BE-NUMB'.MENT, 71. Act of benumbing. Kirby. 
 BEN'ZO-aTE, 71. [See Benzoin.] .\ salt formed by 
 
 the union of the benzoic acid with any salifiable 
 
 base. 
 
 BEN-Zo'ie, a. Pertaining to benzoin. 
 
 Beinoic acid, or flowers of benzoin, is a peculiar 
 Vegetable acid, obtained from benzoin, and some 
 other balsams, by sublini.ation or decoction. It is a 
 fine, light, white matter in small needles ; its taste 
 pungent and bitterish, and its odor slightly aromatic. 
 
 Thomson, 
 
 BEN-ZOIN', ) 71. Gum benjamin; a concrete resin- 
 
 BEN'JA-.MLV, \ ous juice Mowing from the Styrax 
 Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, iStc. By heat, or partial 
 decomposition, it yields benzoic acid. It flows from 
 incisions made in the stem or branches. It is solid 
 and brittle, sometimes in yellowish-white tears joined 
 together by a brown substance, and sometimes of a 
 uniform brown substance like resin. It has little 
 tasti', but its smell, especially when rubbed or heat- 
 ed, is extremely fragrant and agreeable. It is chiefly 
 used in cosmetics and perfumes. Encyc. Thomson, 
 
 BEN'ZULE, 71. [benzoin and vXy, matter.] 
 
 A compound radical or basyle, consisting of hy- 
 drogen, carbon, and oxygen ; regarded as the base of 
 benzoic acid. [Tliis word has been variously spelled 
 Benzyle, Benioy, Benzoyl, Benzoil.] 
 
 BE-PaINT', v. t. [be and painL] To paint ; to cover 
 with paint. [Little used.] Shak, 
 
 BE-PaLE', ». i. [be and pale,] To make pale. [JVot 
 in use.] CaretD. 
 
 BE-PINCH', 77. t. [be and pinch.] To mark with 
 pinches. 
 
 BE-PI.XCH'ED, ) pp. Marked with pinches. 
 BE-PINCIIT', ( Chapman, 
 BE-PLaIT'ED, n. Plaited. Mrs, Butler. 
 
 BE-POW'DER, V. t. [be and powder.] To powder; to 
 
 sprinkle or cover with powder. 
 BE-Pll.AlSE', c. (. [be and praise.] To praise greatly 
 
 or extravagantly. Ooldsmith, 
 BE-PUCK'ER-£D, a. Puckered. 
 BE-PUFF'J-;!), (be-puft',) a. Puffed. 
 BE-PIIR'PLE, V, L [be and purple.] To tinge or dye 
 
 with a purple color. 
 BE-UUEATH', v. t [Sax. beewcethan ; be and cirethan, 
 
 to say ; cieid, a saying, opinion, will, testament ; cij- 
 
 tlian, to testily ; Eng. quoth.] 
 
 1. To give orleave by will ; to devise some species 
 of proptjrty by testament ; as, to bequeath, an estate or 
 a legacy. Hence, 
 
 2. 'Ko hand down to posterity ; as, to bequeath a 
 family tpiarrel. 
 
 BE-lllJ r;ATir/:n, pp. Given or left by will. 
 BE-UUkATH'ER, 71. One who bequeaths. 
 BE-(inicATH'ING, ppr. Giving or devising by testa- 
 ment. 
 
 BE-UUkATH'MENT, 71. The act of bequeathing; a 
 b(!quest. 
 
 BE-(iUEST', 71. Something left by will ; a legacy. 
 BE-ftlJoTE', 1'. t. To quote with great frequency. 
 BE-llAiN', 71. (. To rain upon. [JVot in use,] Chancer, 
 BE RATE', V, t, [he and rate,] To chide vehemently ; 
 to scold. 
 
 BE-RAT'TLE, v, t, [be and ratUe,] To fill with rat- 
 tling sounds or noise. Shak, 
 BE-RAY', V, t. To make foul ; to soil. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 BER'IIE-RIN, 71. A yellow bitter substance, obtained 
 from thi^ alcoholic solution of the extract of the root 
 of th(^ barberry. It is probably an alkaloid. It is 
 calleil herberite by Thomson, and is classed by him 
 as a bitter princijile. 
 
 BER'BER-RY, n. [L. brrheris.] See BAniiEnnv. 
 
 Bi'.KE, 71. [Sax. ftcr, barley.] The name of a species 
 of barley, in Scotland. Gray. 
 
 BE-RR.IVE', 1). t. t prit. BrnEWEO, Bt:nEFT ; pp. Be- 
 itEAVEo, Beheft. [Sax. brreojian, of be and ret^fian, 
 to deprive. See Uoi; anil RKAe.] 
 
 BER 
 
 1. To deprive ; to strip ; to make destitute ; with 
 of before the thing taken away. 
 
 Me have ye bereaved of my children. — Gen. xlii. 
 
 It is sometimes used without of, and is particularly 
 applied to express the loss of friends by death. 
 
 2. _To take away from. Shak. 
 BE-REAV'i'D, pp. or a. Deprived ; stripped and left 
 
 destitute. 
 
 BE-ReAVE'.MENT, 71. Deprivation, particularly by 
 the hiss of a friend by death. 
 
 BE-Ri;AV"ER, 71. He who bereaves, or deprives 
 anotjier of something valued. 
 
 BE-ReAV'ING, jipr. Stripping bare ; depriving. 
 
 BE REFT', p;i. of Bereave. Deprived; made desti- 
 tute. 
 
 BER-EN-Ga'RI-ANS, 71. pi. A sect which followed Ber- 
 eiigarius, archdeacon of St. Mary at Anjou, who denied 
 the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in 
 the eucharist. Encyc. 
 
 BERG, n. [Sax. beorg, beorh, a hill, a castle.] 
 
 A borough ; a town that sends burgesses to parlia- 
 ment ; a castle. [See Burg.] [Obs.] Msh. 
 
 BERG'A-MOT, ti. [Fr. bergamote ; Sp. bergamota.] 
 
 1. A variety of pear. 
 
 2. A species of citron whose fruit has a fine taste and 
 smell, and its essential oil is in high esteem as a per- 
 fume. This oil is extracted from the yellow rind of 
 the fruit. The bergamot is the Citrus bcrgamia, a 
 distinct species, with a pear-shaped fruit, from the 
 rind of which is obtained the oil of bergamot. 
 
 3. An essence or perfume from the citron thus 
 produced. 
 
 4. A kind of snuff perfumed with bergamot. 
 
 5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured with flocks of 
 wool, silk, cotton, hemp, and ox or goat's hair, said 
 to have been invented at Bergamo in Italy. Encyc, 
 
 BERG'AN-DER, 7i. [berg, a cliff, and Dan. and, G, 
 ente. Sax. ened, a duck.] 
 
 A burrow duck ; a duck that breeds in holes under 
 cliffs. Thomson, 
 
 The ^710,5 tadorna, sheldrake or burrow duck of 
 England. 
 
 BERG'E-RET, n. [Fr. bergmr, a shepherd.] A song. 
 [JVot used.] Cltaucer, 
 
 BERG'iMAN-ITE, n. [from Bergman, the mineralo- 
 gist.] 
 
 A variety of scapolite, by some regarded as a dis- 
 tinct species, of a grayish color, of different shades ; 
 found in Norway. 
 BERG'AIXS-TER, n. [Sax. beorg,a hill or castle, and 
 master,] 
 
 The bailiff or chief oflicer among the Derbyshire 
 miners. Johnson, 
 BERG'MOTE, n, [Sax. beorg, a hill, and mote, a 
 meeting.] 
 
 A court held on a hill in Derbyshire, in England, 
 for deciding controversies between the miners. 
 
 Blount, Johnson, 
 
 BE-RH?.ME', (-rime,) t). «. [6e and r/ii/me.] To men- 
 tion in rhyme or verse ; used in contempt. Shak. 
 
 BER'LIN, 71. A vehicle of the chariot kind, supposed 
 to have this name from Berlin, the chief city of 
 Prussia, where it was first made, or from the Italian 
 berlina, a sort of stage or pillory, and a coach. Encyc. 
 
 BEEI'LIN-BI.UE, ti. Prussian blue. Ure. 
 
 BER-LUe'CIO, 71. A small bird, somewhat like the 
 yellow-hammer, but less and more slender. 
 
 Diet, of JVat HlsU 
 
 BERME, 71. In fortification, a space of ground of 
 three, four, or five feet in width, left between the 
 rampart and the moat or foss, designed to receive the 
 ruins of the rampart, and prevent the earth from fill- 
 ing the foss. Sometimes it is palisaded, and in Hol- 
 land it is generally planted with quickset hedge. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 This term is also applied to canals. Originally, on 
 the bank opposite the towing-path, particularly in 
 deep cuts, a level space was left, at the foot of the 
 upper slope of the bank, as in fortification, and for 
 the same pur|)ose of intercepting the earth sliding 
 down the bank ; called a bench or berme. This is 
 now omitted, and only a iiniforni slope left to the 
 water's edge. The bank opjiosite the towing-path 
 is still, however, called the berme, or bertne-bank. 
 BER'N.A CLE. See Barnacle. 
 
 BER'NAIID-INE, a. Pertaining to St. Bernard, and 
 the monks of the order. 
 
 BER'NAKU-INE$,n. ;)/. Anorder of monks, founded 
 by Robert, abbot of Moleine,aiid reformed bv St. Ber- 
 nard. The order originated about the beginning of 
 the 12tli century. They wear a white robe, with a 
 black scapiilary , and when they olficiiite, they arc 
 clothed with a largi' white gown, with great sleeves, 
 and a hood of tli<' same coltir. Encyc. 
 
 BE-ROB', V. t, [be and rob,] To rob. [JVot in tise,] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 BER'O-E, n. An oceanic animal of the Medusa fam- 
 ily, having an oval or globular body, of a transparent, 
 gelatinous consistence. It is one of the animals that 
 produces the phosphorescence of the ocean. 
 
 BER'RI-A.'l), (bi'r'rid,) a. Furnished with berries. 
 
 BER'RY, 71. [Sax. irriii, a grape or cluster of grapes ; 
 berga, a grajio stoiii^, a berry.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 116 
 
BES • 
 
 BES 
 
 BES 
 
 1 
 
 1. A succulent or pulpy fruit, cuntainini; naked 
 secdM. Or, in more technical language, a succulent 
 or pulpy pericarp, or seed-vessel, without valves, 
 containing severil seeds, which are naked, that is, 
 which have no covering but the pulp and rind. It is 
 cuninionly round or uval. Dut in |Kipular language, 
 birry extends only to smaller fruits, as strawberry, 
 gooseberry, &c., containing seeds or granules. An 
 indehiscent, pulpy |>ericarp, many-celled and many- 
 seeded i tin; att;iclimentof the seeds lost at maturity, 
 and the seeds remaining scattered in the pulp. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 2. A mound. [For B*brow.] Browne. 
 HEll'KV, r. i. To bear or produce berries. 
 lir.K'KV-nE.^ R-I.VG, o. Producing berries. 
 
 lilUl IlY-F(JK.M-/;D,a. Formed like a berrj'. Smith. 
 
 IIKKT, «. Sax. ifurAt, btrlil ; Eng. km^'ht. This word 
 enters into the name of many Saxon princes and no 
 blenien ; as, Kijbert, SigbtrL The Brrlha of the 
 northern nations was by the Greeks called Emhiui^ 
 an equivalent word. Of the same sort were Phie- 
 'ilriu^ Kptphanins^ PAnfo/,*, Lainpriditi^^ FuiirentiiLSj 
 lIltLttrLi. [See Brioht.] Camden. 
 
 BERTH, n. [from the root of bear.] 
 
 1. .\ station in which a ship rides at anchor, com- 
 prehending the space in tvJiich she ranges. In more 
 famdiar usage, the word signifies any situation or 
 place, where a vessel lies, or can lie, whether at an- 
 chor or at a wharf. 
 
 3. A room or a|>artment in a ship, where a number 
 of officers or men mess and reside. 
 
 3. The box or place for sleeping at the sides of a 
 cabin; the place for a hammock, or a repository for 
 chests, &c. 
 
 4. .V place or employment. 
 
 7*11 bi-rOi, in seamen's language, is to allot to each 
 man a place for his hammock. 
 
 BER'TIII-Ell-ITE, n. A dark steel-gray ore of antimo- 
 ny, consisting of antimony, iron, and sulphur ; named 
 after M. Uerthier. 
 
 BER'TR-AM, n. [L. pyreUirum, said to be from Or. 
 ?r«o, fire, from its acrid quality.] 
 Bastard pellitory, a plant. 
 
 BER'YL, 71. [L. brrtjlluj: Gr. /?riot)X>os ; Ch. Pjt. 
 and Eth. a gem, beryl, and in ■'^yr. cr>'stal, and a 
 prarl: (he latter word being a different orthography 
 of beryl ; probably from the root of the Fr. briUer, to 
 
 shine. Eng. brilliant, Eth. bareah, to shine.] 
 
 .\ mineral of gro.it hardness, occurring in green or 
 bluish-green six-sided prisms. It is identical with 
 the emerald, except in color ; the latter having a 
 purer and richer green color, proceeding from a trace 
 of oxyd of chrome. The coloring matter of the 
 beryl is oxyd of iron. Prisms of the bery l arc some- 
 times found nearly two feet in diameter, as at Ac- 
 worth, in New Hampshire. The beryl, when trans- 
 parent, is set as a gem, and called aqua-marine. Dana. 
 
 BER'YL-CRYS'T.XL, n. This term is not now used, 
 except in spe.aking of the bcrj l. 
 
 BER'YL-LI.NE, a. Like a bery l ; of a light or bluish 
 green. 
 
 BE-RYL'LI-U.M, n. The same as Glccimtm, which 
 see. 
 
 BE-SAIXT', r. L [be and saint.] To make a saint. 
 r.\o( in u.ie.] 
 
 BE-Sa YLE', n, [Norm, ayle ; Fr. a'ieul, a grandfather.] 
 .\ gre.-\t-grandfather. 
 
 If the ab.atement happened on the death of one's 
 grandfather or grandmother, a writ of ayle lieth ; if 
 on the de.ith of the gre.it-grandfather, then a writ of 
 besayle, but if it mounts one degree higher, to the 
 tre.saytr, or grandfather's grandfather, &c., the writ 
 is called a writ of comnage or de conjanguineo. 
 
 Blarkstone. 
 
 BE-SGAT'TER, r. fc [be and scalier.] To scatter 
 
 over. [wVof iisci/.] Spenser. 
 BE-SeORX', r. L [be and scorn.] To treat with 
 
 scorn ; to mock at [.Vot useiL] Chaucer. 
 BE-SeRATCH', r. ^ [be unil scratch.] To scratch ; 
 
 to tear with the nails. [.Vot in use.] Chaucrr. 
 BE-SeRAWL', V. L [be and scrawl.] To scrawl ; to 
 
 scribble over. Milton. 
 BE-SeREEN', r. t. [be and screen.] To cover with 
 
 B screen ; to shelter j to conceal. Shak. 
 BE-Sf'REE.\'KD, pp. Covered ; sheltered ; concealed. 
 BE-.«eRll)'RI.E, r. t. To scribble over. .»/.//««. 
 BE-SeUM'BER, p. L [from cumber.] To encumber. 
 
 f A*ii( legitimate, nar u.<ed.] B. Janson. 
 
 BB-SEE', r. i. [be and see.] To look ; to mind. [Aot 
 
 "> «««•] Wiclif. 
 BE-SEECH', V. L : prrt. and pp. Besouoht. [Sax. be 
 
 and secan, to seek, inquire, follow ; D. rrr-.oeJien ; 
 
 G. rrsueAen ; from seek, srqunr, to follow, witJi be, hv, 
 
 near, about ; that is, to follow close, to press. See 
 
 Seek and Essav. The S.-ixon has gesccan.] 
 To entreat; to supplicate; to implore; to ask or 
 
 pmy with urgency ; followed by a prr.on ; as, " I 
 
 Paul beseech you by the meekness of Christ." 2 Cor. 
 
 X. ; or by a thing ; as, I beseech your p.'itience. 
 BK-SK.F.CU'ER, n. One who beseeches. 
 BE-SEF.(:i|'I.\g, ppr. Entreating. 
 
 nr^ii-'E'""''"*'''"'^^ ' ■'' '"^seeching manner. 
 
 B&SEEK', r. f. To beseech. [.Vot used.] Chaucrr. 
 
 BE-SEEM', r. u [be and seem.] To become ; to be 
 fit for, or worthy of; tu be decent for. 
 
 What form of ijieveh or beliurtor Iteseemeth ui, in our nnron to 
 Gifl ? liooker. 
 
 RF.-SERM'IN'G, ppr. or a. Becoming ; fit ; worthy of. 
 liF.-.-i|;i;M'l\G, n. Comeliness. BiirriL 
 ltE-Si;r..\l'l.\(;-LY, adv. In a beseeming manner. 
 BE-SEE.\ri.\(J-i\ESS, n. duality of being beseeming. 
 liE-SEE.M'LY, a. Becoming; fit; suiUible. 
 BE-SEE.V, a. Adapted ; adjusted. fJVuf ii.serf.] 
 BE-SET', V. t. ; preU and pp. Beset. [Sax. bescttan, to 
 
 place, of be and setlan, to set; D. bcietten; G. bcsct- 
 
 len. Sec Set.] 
 
 1. To surround ; to inclose ; to hem in ; to besiege ; 
 as, we are beset with enemies ; a city is beset with 
 troops. Hence, 
 
 a. To press on all sides, so as to perplex ; to entan- 
 gle, so as to render escape didicult or inii>ossible. 
 
 Allan), sorv ietel, ivpiit-d. AlUton. 
 
 3. To wayl.-iy. Shak. 
 
 4. To fall upon. 5pcrt.ver. 
 BE-SET'TING, ppr Surrounding ; besieging ; way- 
 laying. 
 
 BE-SE f'TI.VG, a. Habitually attending, or pressing ; 
 
 as, a besetting sin. 
 IIE-SIII.NK', (. To shine upon. [.Vot ».<«/.] 
 BE-SHREW, r. (. [&e and s/ireic.] To wish a curse 
 
 to ; to execrate. Dryden. 
 
 2. To happen ill to. [Xot in use.] Shak. 
 BE-SHROUU'ED, a. Shrouded. 
 
 BE-SIIUT', c. £, To shut up. [.Vot its«/.] Chaucer. 
 BE-SIDE', prep, [be and side, by the side.] At the 
 
 side of a person or thing ; near ; as, sit down beside 
 
 me, or beside the stream. 
 
 2. Over and above ; distinct from. 
 
 Besu'-e nil ttiu, between ui and you there is a grc:vt Jiilf fixe^l. — 
 Luke xvi. 
 
 3. On one side ; out of the regular course or order ; 
 not according to, but not contrary. 
 
 It Ui betide my preienl business to eiilargv upon this ■ppcul.-ition. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 4. Out of; in a state deviating from ; as, to put one 
 beside his patience. Hence, 
 
 5. With the reciprocal pronoun, beside one's self, is 
 out of the wits or senses ; out of the order of reason, 
 or of rational beings. 
 
 Paul, Uiou art betide tltys-'lf. — Acts xxri. 
 BE-SIDES', prep. Over and above ; separate or dis- 
 tinct from. 
 
 And tliere waa a IKnune in tiie land, betidet the first fanune. — 
 Gen. xxvii. 
 
 JVote. This word, though radically the same as 
 beside, and a corruption of it, ought not to be con- 
 founded with it ; for it is never used in the senses 
 explained under beside, except in the second. 
 BE-.'^IOE', > adv. Moreover ; more than that ; over 
 BE-SIDES', i and above ; distinct friun ; not included 
 in the number, or in what has been mentioned. 
 
 Btt'uletj you ttnow not what ja tlu* fate of your friend. 
 
 The men Kiid Co Lot, Hajrt ttiou here \uy betidet ? — Gen. xix. 
 
 Tu all bttitte, .-u much an empty shade. 
 
 All Kugeue livings, aa a Cesar dead. Pope. 
 
 These sentences may be considered as elliptical. 
 BE-SID'ER-Y, n. A v.iriety of pear. Johnson. 
 BE-SIkGE', r. t. [be and siege; Fr. siege, and assie- 
 ger, Ui besiege. See Siege.] 
 
 1. To lay siege to ; to beleaguer; to beset or sur- 
 round with armed forces, for the purpose of compel- 
 ling to surrender, either by famine or by violent at- 
 tacks ; as, to besiege a castle or city. 
 
 2. To beset ; to throng round ; as, besieged with 
 cares, t 
 
 BE-SIEG'£D, pp. or a. Surrounded or besat with hos- 
 tile troops. 
 
 BE-SIK<5E'.MENT, tu Act of besieging ; st.ate of be- 
 ing ht'siegcd. 
 
 BE-SI icG'ER, tu One who lays siege, or is employed 
 in a siege. 
 
 BE-SIi-.G'I.\G, ppr. Laying siege; surrounding with 
 armi'd forces. 
 
 BE^^Il'cG'ING, o. Surrounding in a hostile manner; 
 
 employed in a siege ; as, a besieging army. 
 BE-SIkG'ING-LY, ailr. In a besieging manner. 
 BE-SIT',e.t [ieandnc] To suit ; to become. [.Vol 
 
 u-ied.]^ Spenser. 
 BE-SLaVE', v. t To subjugate; to enslave. (.Vol 
 
 used.] Bp. IlalL 
 
 BF^SLA V'ER, p. u To defile with slaver. 
 BE-SLAV'ER-KD, Defiled with slaver. Heber. 
 BF:-SLAV"ER-I.\G. ppr. Defiling with slaver. 
 BE-SLI.ME', c. u To daub with slime ; to soil. [.Vot 
 
 used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 BE-SLOB'BER-I.\G,ppp. Besluhbering. Kl. Rer. 
 BE-SLUB'BER, p. L [be and slubber, slabber.] To 
 
 soil or smear with spittle, or any thing ninning from 
 
 the mouth or nose, [f^ulgar.] 
 BE-SM B'BER-I.\G, ppr. Smearing with spittle. 
 Bf^S.Mf";AR', r. t. [be and smear.] To bedaub; to 
 
 overspread with any viscous, glutinous matter, or 
 
 with any soft substance that adheres. Hence, to 
 
 foul ; to soil. 
 
 BE-.'*.Mf:AR'^;D, pp. Bedaubed; overspread with any 
 thing sort, viscous, or adhesive ; soiled. 
 
 tJE-S.MKAR'ER, n. One that iM-siiiears. 
 BE-S.MP.AR'l.\(i, ppr. Bedaubing; soding. 
 BE-S.MIRCir, ( sniiirch,) r. t. [be and smireA.] To 
 
 .soil; to foul ; to discolor. [Air//(! ii<r</.J sliak. 
 BE-S.MOKE', r. t. [be and .miukr.] To foul with 
 
 smoke; to harden or dry in siimke. [Litile used.] 
 BE-S.MOK'KI), (-siiiokt,) pp. Fouled or soiled with 
 
 smoke; drieil in slllak(^ 
 BE-S.MUT', V. L (Ac and smut.] To blacken with 
 
 smut ; to foul with soot. 
 BE-SMUT'TED, pp. Itlackeiii'd « ith smut or stMit. 
 %E-SNr)W, r. t. [be and .«ii/ie. .Six. be.miwed, par- 
 ticiple.] To scatter like snow. [Lilllr used.] (lower. 
 BE-.S.\0\V'£l), pp. t)r a. [be and snow.] Covered or 
 
 sprinkled Willi snow, or with white blossoms. Jlan- 
 BE-S.NUFF', r. L To befoul w ith snuir. [bury. 
 BE-S.VUFF'£D,(-sniin,) pp. Foul w ith sniilT. young. 
 BU'SO.M, n. [Sax. besm, a brush or broom ; be-rman, 
 
 twigs. Orosius, 2, 3. G. r. brirn : D. be-.em : .Arm. 
 
 be:v, birch. The besom w;ls a little bundle of twigs 
 
 used for sweeping.] 
 
 A broom ; a brush of twigs for sweeping. 
 I will 
 ho 
 
 Be'SOM, v. t To sweep, as with a besom. 
 
 Rolls tncit ail Greece, and betomt wide the plain. BaWoia. 
 Be'SOM-ER, n. One who uses a besom. 
 BE-SORT', r. U [be and sort.] To suit ; to fit ; to be- 
 come. Shak. 
 BE-SORT', n. Company ; attendance ; train. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BE-SOT', V. t. [be and sot.] To make sottish ; to in- 
 fatuate ; to stuiiefv ; to make dull or senseless. Mdton. 
 2. To make to dote. Shak. 
 BE-SOT'TEU, pp. or a. Made sottish or stupid. 
 Besotted on ; infatuated with foolish affection. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 BE-POT'TED-LY, adn. In a foolish manner. Milton. 
 
 BP^-SOT'TED-NESS, n. Stupidity; arrant folly; in- 
 fatuation. Mdton. 
 
 BE-SOT' TIN'G, ppr. Infatuating; making sottish or 
 foolish. 
 
 BE-S()T'TI.\G-LY, adr. In a besotting manner. 
 BE-SOCGHT', (be-sawt',) pp. of Beseech. Entreated ; 
 
 implored ; sought by entreaty. 
 BE-SPA.\'"GI,E, r. t. [be and spangle.] To adorn 
 
 with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something 
 
 brilli.ant ; as, the heavens beiipangled with .stars. 
 BE-SP.-\X"GL£D, pp. Adorned with spangles or 
 
 something shining. 
 BE-SP.\.\"GLI.\G, ppr. Adorning with spangles or 
 
 glitti-ring objects. 
 BE-SP.VI' TER, r. f. [be and spatter.] To soil by 
 
 spattering ; to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and 
 
 water. 
 
 2. To asperse with Ciiliimny or reproach. Swift. 
 BE-SP.\T'TER-f;D, pp. Spattered over; soiled with 
 
 dirt and water; asjiersed ; calumniated. 
 BE-SP.\T'TER-ING, ppr. Spattering with water; 
 
 .soiling with dirt and w.ater ; aspersing. 
 BE-SPA\VL', r. t. [be and .«paiii(.] To soU or make 
 
 foul with spittle. Milton. 
 BB^SPfiAK', r. t. ; pret. Bespoke; pp. Bespoke, B£- 
 
 spoKEV. [if and .■.-pea*.] To speak for beforehand ; 
 
 to ord-r or engage against a future time ; as, to ie- 
 
 speak a seat in a public coach. 
 
 My Lilly is Ixtpoke. SSiJi. 
 
 2. To forebode ; to foretell. 
 
 They started feaia, and betpoke dangers, to scare the aljiei. 
 
 S>d/t. 
 
 3. To speak to ; to address. This sense Is mostly 
 poetical. 
 
 He thus the queen betpoke. Drydsn. 
 
 4. To betoken ; to show ; to indicate by external 
 marks or appearances ; as, his manners bespeak kim 
 a gentleman. 
 
 BE-SPkAK'ER, n. One who bespeaks. 
 
 BE-SPk XK'I.NG, ppr. Speaking for or ordering be- 
 forehand ; foreboding ; addressing ; showing ; indi- 
 cating. 
 
 BE-SPk.VK'IXG, n. A previous speaking or discourse, 
 
 bv way of apologv, or to engage favor. Dryden. 
 BE-SPECK'LE, ( s'p kl',) r. t. [be and speekU.] To 
 
 mark with sjiecklt-s or spot^. Milton, 
 BE-SPICE', r. (. [be and spice.] To season with 
 
 spies. Shak. 
 BF^SPIRT', j r. t. To spurt out, or over; to throw 
 BE-SPLTRT', j out in a stream or streams. [Ai( 
 
 u.-ted.] Mttton. 
 BESPIT', r. t.! pret. Bespit; pp. Bespit, Bespitte:*. 
 
 [be and spiL] Fo daub or soil with spittle. Johnson. 
 BE-SPOKE', pret. anil pp. of BEtPEaK. 
 BE-SPOT', r. t. (*cand .vpnf.] To mark with spots. 
 BE-SPOT'TED, pp. .Marked with spots. [Mortimer. 
 BE-SPOT'TI.NC, ppr. Marking w ith spots. 
 BE-SPREAD', (be-sprcd',) r. f. ; prrt, and pp. Bespread. 
 
 [be and spread.] To spread over ; to cover over ; as, 
 
 to be.<pread with flowers. 
 BE-SPREAD'I.\G, ppr. Spreading over. 
 BB-SPRE.\T', pp. Sprinkled over. 
 BE-SPRI.VK'I.E, r. (. [be and .tprinkle.] To sprinkle 
 
 over ; to scatter over ; as, to be.tpnnkle »vith dust. 
 
 TO.VE, BfJLL, UNITE. — A.V'GER, VfCIOUS. — € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 ' uf 
 
BES 
 
 BET 
 
 BE-PPR[NK'Lf;D,pp. Sprinkled over. 
 
 BE-SPIUNK'LER, n. One that sprinkles over 
 
 BF.-SI'KINK'LI.NG, ppr. Sprinklin? over. 
 
 RE-SPIU.VK'LIXGS, n.pl. Sprinklings. 
 
 BEST, a. superlative, [Sax. best, contracted from 
 bete^tf from bet, more, or better; betre is also used j 
 betait, to amend, or restore, correct, heal ; bute, repa- 
 ration, compensation ; Eng. duo(, to boot ; Goth. 
 bvtijan, to profit, aid, assist ; Eng. but ; G. bass, good, 
 btsser, better, besle, best ; D. beter, best ; Dan. beole ; 
 Sw. bast. Tliis word has no connection in origin 
 with good. See Better.] 
 Literally, most advanced. Hence, 
 
 1. Most good ; having good qualities in the highest 
 degree : applied indilTerenlly to physical or moral 
 subjects ; as, the best man ; the best road ; the best 
 cloth ; the best abilities. This, like wost, and other 
 attributes, is often used without its noun, when the 
 noun is obvious ; as, men are all sinners j the best of 
 them fail in the performance of duty. 
 
 Q. Most advanced ; most accurate ; as, the best 
 scholar. 
 
 3. Jlost correct, or complete ; as, the best view of a 
 landscape, or of a subject. 
 
 4. The best. This phrase is elliptical, and may be 
 variously interpreted ; as, the utmost power ; the 
 strongest endeavor ; the most, the highest perfection ; 
 as, let a man do his best ; i. e. to the best of his power. 
 
 5. Jit best ; in the best manner ; in the utmost de- 
 gree or extent applicable to the case; as, life is at 
 best very short. 
 
 To make Uie best of; to carry to its greatest perfec- 
 tion ; to improve to the utmost ; as, to tiiahe the best 
 of a sum of money, or a piece of land. Also, to per- 
 mit the least possilile inconvenience; as, to malic the 
 best nf ill fortune or a bad bargain. 
 
 The best of the way. We had made the best of our 
 way to the city ; that is, the most, the greatest part 
 of the distance. [This is the primary sense.] 
 
 BE.ST, n. Utmost ; highest endeavor ; as, to do one's 
 best. See No. 4, above. 
 
 BEST, adc. In the highest degree ; beyond all other ; 
 as, to love one best : to like this best ; to please besL 
 
 2. To the most advantage ; with the most ease ; 
 as, which instrument can you best use? 
 
 3. With most profit or success ; as, money is best 
 employed in manufactures; this medicine will an- 
 swer best in the present case. 
 
 4. Most intimately or particularly ; most correctly ; 
 as, what is expf?dient is best known to himself. 
 
 BEST-.\R-K.\N(5'£D, a. Arranged in the best man- 
 ner. 
 
 BEST-€OX-CERT'£D, a. Concerted in the best 
 manner. 
 
 BEST-G0V'ERN-£D,i7. Governed in the best manner. 
 BEST-SPoK'K.\, a. Spoken in the best manner. 
 BEST-TE.M'PEU-ED, o. Having the most kind or 
 mild temper. 
 
 BEST-TRAI.N'SD, a. Trained in the best manner. 
 BEST-WRIT'T£.\', a. Written in the best manner. 
 JV()(f. These and similar compounds explain them- 
 selves. 
 
 BE-STaIX', r. «. [4f and .•!(«;«.] To mark with stains ; 
 to discolor, either the whole surface of a thing, or in 
 spots. S)uik. 
 
 BE-STEAD', (bested',) c. L , prct. and pp. BtsTEo. 
 [6c and slea/l.] 
 
 1. To profit. 
 
 How litUe you bfttead. MUlon. 
 
 2. To accommodate. 
 
 They shall piiaa tlireu^h it, hardly heated. — Is. viii. 
 
 That is, distressed ; perplexed. 
 
 3. To dispose. Speuser. 
 BES'TIAL, (best'yal,) a. [from beast.] Belonging to 
 
 a beast, or to the class of beasts. 
 
 2. Having the qualities of a beast ; brut.il ; belnw 
 the dignity of reason or humanity ; carnal ; as, a bes- 
 tial appetite. Shak. 
 
 B£.S-TIAL'I-TY, n. The quality of beasts ; the state 
 or manners of man which resemble thii.se of brutes. 
 2. Cnnalnral connection with a beast. 
 
 BEP'TIAL-IZE, r. (. To make like a beast. 
 
 IlES'TIAL-LV, adv. Brutally; in a manner below 
 humanity. 
 
 BE-.STI(."K', r. f. ; preL and pp. BESxt'cK. [he and 
 etick.] 'I'd stick over, aa with sharp pijints ; to mark, 
 by infixing points or spots here and tin re. 
 
 Troth ■liall rctirp, benltick with iil;nniiToim <him. Mi'ton. 
 
 BE-STIR', (bc-stur',) v. t [be and stir.] To put into 
 brisk or vigoroun action ; to move with life and vig- 
 or ; usii.Tlly with the reciprocal pronoun ; as, rise and 
 he.ttir yoUTsrlves. 
 
 BE-.'^TIR'HOT, (bP*turd',) pp. Roused into vigorous 
 actiim ; (piii keni'd in action. 
 
 BE S'l lU'KI.NG, ppr. Moving briskly ; putting into 
 vigtirous action. 
 
 BES'1''.\ESH, n. The irtatc of being best. [AOii used.] 
 
 Morton. 
 
 BE STORM' r.i. [be anA alorm.] To storm ; to rage. 
 
 Lffol vnrd.] Young. 
 BE-HTftW', c. K [he and tlow, a place. See Stow. 
 
 I/itemlly, to wt or place.] 
 
 1. To give : to confer ; to impart ; with the sense 
 of gratuity, and followed by on or upon. 
 
 Coiispcnite voure*"lves to the Lord, that he may bestoto on you a 
 
 hlessinj, — Kx. xxxii. 
 Tlioogh I bcBtou) ail my ^oofls to feed the poor. — 1 Cor. xiii. 3. 
 
 This word 'should never be followed by to. 
 
 2. To give in marriage ; to dispose of. 
 
 I could have bestoired her upon a fine gentleman. TaVer. 
 
 3. To apply ; to place for the purpose of exertion, 
 or use ; as, to bestow our whole force upon an object. 
 
 4. To lay out, or dispose of ; to give in payment 
 for ; as, to bestoie money for what we desire. Deut. 
 xiv. 26. 
 
 5. To lay np in store; to deposit for safe keeping; 
 to stow ; to place. 
 
 I liave no room where to besUm my fruits. — Lnke xii. 
 
 BE-SToW'AL, n. Act of bestowing ; dispos.il. 
 
 BE-SToW'£D, pp. Given gratuitously ; ciuiferred ; 
 laid out ; applied ; depositetl for safe keeping. 
 
 BE-SToW'ER, n. One who bestows ; a giver ; a dis- 
 poser. 
 
 BE-SToW'ING, ppr. Conferring gratuitously ; laying 
 
 out; applving; depositing in store. 
 BE-SToW'MENT, n. The act of giving gratuitously ; 
 a conferring. Perry. 
 God the Father had committed the besiowment of tiie hle&sln^ 
 
 purchased to his Son, Edtoards on liedemp. 372. 
 
 If wc consider this bestowment of gifts in this vi'-w. 
 
 Chauncey, U. Sal. 1S5. 
 Whatever may I>e the secret counsel of his will respecting his 
 own bestoitntciit of s.ivuig gT;ice. SmtUley, Serin, p. 37. 
 
 2. That which is conferred, or given ; donation. 
 Thev strengthened his hands by dieir litjeml hestoiomenis on liim 
 
 a'nd his family. Christ Mag. iii. 665. 
 
 The free and munificent bestoument of the Sovereign Jml^-. 
 
 Tliorley. 
 
 [Bestotcment is preferable to hesf.owal, on account 
 of the concurrence of the two vowels in bestowal.] 
 BE-STRAD'DLE, v. t. To bestride. [See Straddle.] 
 BE-STRAUGHT', a. Distracted; mad. [Md used.] 
 
 Shal:. 
 
 BE-STREW', V. t. ; pret. Bestrewed ; p/>.J?estre\ved, 
 Bestrown. [be and strew.] To scatter over ; to be- 
 sprinkle ; to strow. Mdton. 
 
 BE STREWED, jjp. of Bestrew. 
 
 BE-STRlDE', r. t. ; pret. Bestrid or Bestrode; pp. 
 Bestrid, Bestridden, [be and stride.] 
 
 1. To stride oven; to stand or sit with any thing 
 between the legs, or with the legs extended across; 
 as, to bestride the w orld, like a colossus ; to he.^tride 
 a horse. Shak. 
 
 2. To step over ; as, to bestride a threshold. Shak. 
 Bestriding sometime? includes riding or defending, 
 
 as Johnson remarks ; but the particular purposes of 
 
 the act, which depend on the circumstances of the 
 
 case, can hardly be reduced to definition. 
 BE-STKlD'ING, ppr. Extending the li-gs over any 
 
 thinsr, so as to include it between them. 
 BE-STRoDE', yjrrt. of Bestride. 
 BE-STRoW.\', pp. of Bestrew. Sprinkled over. 
 BE-STUCK', pp. of Bestick. Pierced in various 
 
 places with sharp points. 
 BE-STUD', 7-. t. [be and stud.] To set with studs ; 
 
 to adorn with bosses ; as, to bestnd with stars. MUton. 
 BE-STUD'DED. pp. Adorned with studs. 
 BE-STUD'DING, ppr. Setting with studs ; adorning 
 
 as with bosses. 
 BE-SWTKE', (be-swik',) v. U [Sax. beswican.] 
 
 To allure. [JVot used.] Oower. 
 BET, 71. [Sax. bad, a pledge ; badian, to give or take 
 
 a pledge ; G. wette, wetten.] 
 
 A wager ; that which is laid, staked, or pledged, in 
 
 a contest, to be won, either by the victorious party 
 
 himself, or by another person, in consequence of his 
 
 victory. At a race, a man lays a bet on his own 
 
 horse, or on the horse of another man. 
 BE'l', V. t. To lay a bet ; to lay a wager ; to stake or 
 
 pledge something upon the event of a contest. 
 BET, the old participle of Beat, is obsolete or vulgar. 
 BE-TaKE', r. t. ; pret. Betook; pp. Betake.n. [be 
 
 and take. Sax. b€t*rcan.] 
 
 1. To take to ; to have recourse to ; to apply ; to 
 resort; with the reciprocal pronoun ; jiii, to betake our- 
 srh^es to arms, or to action. It generally implies a 
 motion toward an object ; as, to betake ourselves to a 
 shady grove ; or an application of the mind or facul- 
 ties corresponding with such motion; as, to betake 
 ourselves to study or to vice. 
 
 2. AViraer/;/, to take or seize. [Oi.f.] Spenser. 
 BE-TaK'KN, jyart. of Betake. 
 
 BE-TAK'L\'G,;7/(r. Having recourse to ; applying ; re- 
 sorting. 
 
 BE 'l'AI'GHT',prf(. of Betake. [JVof wW.] Chaucer. 
 BE-TMEM', r. t. [he and teem.] To bring forth; to 
 produce ; to slu^d ; to bestow. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Bk'TKI., (be'tl,) n. A species of pepper, the leaves 
 of which are chewed, with the tireca or betel-nut 
 and lime, by the inhdbitants of the East Indies. It is 
 a creeping or climbing plant, like the ivy, the leave's 
 somewhat resembling Ihost' of the citron. It is 
 planted by a tree, or supported by props. In India, 
 beti l is taken after meals, and liiiring a visit ; it is 
 olTered to friends when they meet, and when they 
 
 separate; in short, nothing is to be done without 
 betel. To correct the bitterness of the leaves, a liult? 
 areea is wrapped in them with the chunam, a kind of 
 burnt lime made of shells Encyc. 
 
 Be'T£L-NUT, 77. The imt of the areca palm, chewed 
 in the East with betel leaves and lime. 
 
 BE THINK', V. t. ; pret. and pp. Bethought, [be and 
 think.] 
 
 To call to mind ; to recall or bring to recollection, 
 reflection, or consideration ; generally followed by a 
 reciprocal pronoun, with of before the subject of 
 thought. 
 
 I have heduiughl myself of another fuilL Shak. 
 BE-THIXK', f. 7. To have in recollection ; to consid- 
 er. Spenser. 
 BETII'LE-HEM, 77. [Heb. the house of food or bread.] 
 
 1. .\ town or village in Judea, about six miles 
 south-east of Jerusalem, famous for its being the 
 place of Christ's nativity. 
 
 2. .\ hospital for lunatics ; corrupted into Bedlam. 
 BETH'LE.M-iTE, 77. An inhabitant of Bethlehem ; a 
 
 lunatic. 
 
 2. In church hi.itory, the Bethlemites were a sort of 
 monks, intrtidiiced into England i'l the year 1257, 
 wlio were habited like the Dominicans, except that 
 they wore a star w itli five rays, in memory of the 
 comet or star which appeared over Bethlehem at the 
 nativity of our .Sttvior. There is an order of Beth- 
 lemites also in .Spanish America. Encyc. 
 
 BK-THOUGHT',(be-thawt',) ;»p(.and pp. ofBETHi.vK. 
 
 BEI'HllALL', r. t. [be and thrall.] To enslave ; to 
 reduce to bondage ; to bring into subjection. [Little 
 used.] Sliak. 
 
 BE-TH R ALL'£D, pp. Enslaved. 
 
 BE-THUAIP', !■. (. [6e and (/iit;77;).] To beat soundly. 
 [Little u.s-ed.] Shak. 
 
 BE-TIDE', V. t.: pret. Betid or Betided ; pp. Betid. 
 [be and tide. Sax. tidan, to happen. See Tide.] 
 
 To happen ; to befall ; to come to j used of good or 
 evil. 
 
 What will betide the few ? Milton. 
 BE TIDE', 7'. 7. To come to pass ; to happen. 
 
 What news else belideOl here t Shak. 
 
 Shakspeare has used it with of. What would be- 
 tide of thee But this is unusual or improper. 
 
 n T?_'I'T \I p ' ) 
 
 EE-TIME'S' t f*^ '""^ ""^ time.] 
 
 1. Seasonably; in good season or time; before it 
 is late. 
 
 To raeastue Ufc le.am thou betimes. Milton. 
 
 2. Soon ; in a short time. 
 
 He tire's betimes, that spurs too fitst belimeg. Shak. 
 BE-ToK'£N, (be-to'kn) ». (. [be and token. Sax. be- 
 t*ecan.] 
 
 1. To signify by some visible object ; to show by 
 signs. 
 
 A dewy cloud, and in die cloud a bow, 
 
 Betokening peace from God. Millon. 
 
 2. To foreshow by present signs ; to indicate some- 
 thing future by that Which is seen or known ; as, a 
 darkrluiid often betokens a storm. Thomson. 
 
 BE-ToK'£N-£D, Foreshown; previously indica- 
 ted. 
 
 BE-ToK'JCN-Ii\e, ppr. Indicating by previous signs. 
 
 BET'O-NY, 71. [L. hetonica.] 
 
 A name common to different species nf plants, of 
 the genus Betonica, (Linn.) The purple or wood 
 betony {B. oficinalLi, Linn.,) a n.itive of Europe, 
 grows in woods and shady places, and is deemed 
 useful as a mild corroborant. Encijc. 
 
 BE-TOOK', pret. of Betake. 
 
 BE-Toli-N', a. Torn in pieces. 
 
 BE-TOSS', n. f. [Ac and fnss.] To toss ; to agitate ; to 
 disturb ; to put in violent motion. SJiak. Shellon. 
 
 BE-TOSS'£I), (be-tost',) a. Tossed ; violently agitated. 
 
 BE-TRAP', 7-. t. [from (7-flp.] To entrap ; to insnare. 
 r.Viif u.ied.] Occlrve. 
 
 BE-TRaV, r. t. [Chaucer wrote bctrass, betraiss, and 
 the Fr. traUrc is a contraction of traistre ; Arm. 
 trayria, to betray ; iNorni. Irahir, to draw in, to be- 
 tray'; treitrr, a traitor; Fr. trahir, which seems to be 
 the I., troho. I'roin trahir is formed traJiis.'^ant, and 
 trahison, Iri asoii. \( Irahn is the root, the sense is, to 
 draw aside, In withdraw, or lead away ; which would 
 agree with the I), brdnrgen, G. hrlriegcn, Sw. hedra- 
 gu, Dan. brdrnur, to drri ive ; ami trtachrry, Fr. tri- 
 chrrie, is I'lom the rool nf trick. I do not find betro- 
 gan in the Saxon, but hrdrog is rendered fifrUil, and 
 this is friim dragon, to draw. Betray, then, seems to 
 be a compound of be and dragon, to draw ; and betrass 
 supra, may be from a dift'erent root. In strictness, to 
 fail in duly ; to be guilty of breach of trust ; to vio- 
 late the confidence refiosed. The word does not in 
 itself import to deliver up ; but by usage, either with 
 or without the word <!7ic7nifts, it signifies to deliver 
 up, in breach of trust.] 
 
 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by 
 treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; as, an offi- 
 cer betrayed the city. 
 
 The Son of man shall bo betrayed Into llic hands of men. — Mfttt. 
 ivll. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WU^T. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 118 
 
BET 
 
 BEV 
 
 BEW 
 
 2. To violate liy fraud, or unfuilliruliicss ; as, to 
 betray a trust. 
 
 If liw p.-opIe of Amcricn evfr bttrat/ thrlr mm, Ihcir g"iU will 
 im rit even "rn^.itiT punisliiii'Mit llmti uthiT imlioii* have sttl- 
 kmi, «iui lilt; iiiili^ittliun uf Uruvi-n. J. Atiaint. 
 
 3. To violate coiifidi'iice by disclosinR n secret, or 
 tliat wliicii was intrusted ; to expose, followed liy the 
 person or the thing ; as, my friend betrayed nie, or 
 betraiieil Oie secret, 
 
 4. 'I'o disMose, or permit to appear, what is intend- 
 ed to be kept secret, or what prudence would con- 
 ceal. 
 
 Bo fwifl (o hfnr, but cautiuus of yoiir lonjue, l*'«t yoti betray 
 
 your igiiomnw. WatU. 
 Hence, 
 
 5. To mislead or expose to inronvi nicnce not fore- 
 seen ; as, great confidence betruiis a man inhi errors. 
 
 (). To sliow ; to disclose ; to indicate wliat is nut 
 obvious at first view, or would otherwise be con- 
 cealed. 
 
 Nor, nfirr k'n^h of y«\ri, a Btonp betray 
 The place where oiice \\\e very riiiiiit lay. Afhtigon. 
 ThU river betrays iU orii^iniii in i(9 name. Jtolu-r/1. 
 All die iinnie* io Uie country btlmy gl^■ut antiquity, iii yaitt. 
 
 7. To fail, or deceive. 
 
 But when 1 rise, 1 slmll llnd my If gi betraying me, 
 
 Jottnson, Boetcrli. 
 
 HE-TR.XY'AI., (be-tra'al,) n. Belrayment. 
 
 BE-TU.\ Y'£II, pp. Delivered up in breach of trust ; 
 violated liv iinfaithfulness ; exposed by breach of con- 
 fidence ; liisclosed contrary to expe^ation or inten- 
 tion ; made known. 
 
 IIK-TKA Y'ER, n. One who betrays ; a tniitor. 
 
 IIE-'I'UA V'ING, ppr. Ueliverinj; up treacherously ; vi- 
 olaliiit: confidence i disclosing contrary to intention; 
 exiHisinjr. 
 
 BE-TKAY'MENT, lu Act of betraying; breach of 
 trust. Uilal. 
 
 BETUIM', c. f. [be and trim.] To deck; to tliess ; 
 to adorn ; to grace ; to embellish ; to beautify ; to 
 ileconite. S/ink. 
 
 BE-TRI.M'.MKD, (be-trinid') pp. Adorned ; decorated. 
 
 BE-TKIM'JllMG, |5(r. Decking; adorning; embel- 
 lishing. 
 
 BE-TUOTII', V. L [be and trotk, truth, faith. See 
 TitL'TH and Troth.] 
 
 1. To contract to anyone, in order to a future mar- 
 riage ; to promise or pledae one to be tile future 
 spou.se of another ; to alliance ; used of either sex. 
 "The father betroUis his d.nighter." 
 
 2. To contract with one for a future spouse ; to es- 
 pouse ; as, a man beirulhi a lady. 
 
 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- 
 cration. .Iiilijl'r. 
 
 BE TUOTirKD, (be-lrolht') pp. or a. Contracted for 
 fuliire marriage. 
 
 BE-TKOTiriiN'G, ;>pr. Contracting to any one, in or- 
 der Io a future m.nrriage, as the father or guardian ; 
 contracting with one for a future wife, as tile intend- 
 ed hiisbantl ; espousing. 
 
 BE-TKOTll'MENT, ii. A mutual promise or contract 
 between two ptirties, for a future marriage between 
 the (lersons betrothed ; espousals. Knaic. 
 
 BE-TKUST', r. £. [*f and (niif.] To intrust ; to com- 
 mit to anolher in confidence of fidelity ; to confide. 
 'I'his is less used than infri/.vt. Jlall. 
 
 BE-TKUST'ED, pp. Intru.sted ; confided ; committed 
 in trust. 
 
 BE-TKl'.sT'ING, ppr. Intnisting; committing in trust. 
 BE-TUL'ST'ME.\T, n. The act of intru.sting ; the thing 
 
 intrusted. Jitdtre Cbipman. 
 
 BET'SO, II. The smallest Venetian coin. .Mason. 
 BET'TKIi, ftp. Laiil as a wager. 
 
 BET'TEK, a. ; cump. of Bet. [.>*ee Best.] fSax. bet, 
 more, better ; beterc, hetera, better ; Sw. battre : D. 
 beter; <;. bf.tscr ; I), baat^ profit; frd/itni, to buot, to 
 avail; Sans, bbadra, good. The primary sense is 
 more, or advanced further; and, in .America, this is 
 8 common popular signification. This ves.«el con- 
 tains better than h.alf, that is, more than half ; he 
 walked better than a mile, that is, more than a lyile.] 
 1 Having good qualities in a creater degree than 
 another ; applied to physical, acquired, or moral qual- 
 ities ; as, a beltersoW, a better man, a better physician, 
 a better house, a better air, a belter harvest. 
 
 2. More advantageous. 
 
 Were it not belter for us to retuni to Kj^ypt ? — Ex. xir. 
 
 3. More acceptable. 
 
 To obey it beltxr llwn •.tcrifice. — 1 Sam. XT. 
 
 4. More safe. 
 
 It i* ^"^^ l^rxX th.in to put confiilenci* in mitn. — 
 
 5. Improved in health ; less affected with disease ; 
 as, the patient is better. 
 
 6. To be better off: to be in a better condition. Bed- 
 does, llygeia. This is a verv common phrase ; but 
 ought not off to be of! It is not elegant. 
 
 ". To hate the better, is to have the ailvantage or 
 superiority, followed by of before him or that over 
 which the advantage is enjoyed ; as, the Ennlish hail 
 tlie better of the Spaniards. 
 
 ^. To get or gain tJu better, is to obtain the advan- 
 
 tage, superiority, or victory ; as, to get the better of an 
 enemy. 
 
 9. For the better, is for the advantage or iinprovemcntr 
 BET'TER, o</i'. In a more excellent manner ; with 
 more skill and wisdoiii, virtue, advantage, or suc- 
 cess ; as, to perform work brllrr ; to plan :i scheme 
 better; land better cultivated ; laws belter executed ; 
 government better admiiiisten-d. 
 
 2. More correctly, or fully ; as, to iiiiderstaiiil a 
 subject better than another. 
 
 3. With superior excellence; as, to write or speak 
 better than another. 
 
 4. Willi more affection ; in a higher degree ; as, to 
 love one better than another. 
 
 It is not easy to specify and exeinjilify the various 
 applications of better, in general, it implies what is 
 more excellent, advantageous, useful, or virtuous, 
 than siuiietliing else. 
 UET''I'ER, 7J. t. [^a\. betrrian,betrian. Pee Better.] 
 
 1. 'i'o improve ; to meliorate ; to increase the good 
 qualities of; as, manure betters land; discipUiie may 
 better the morals. 
 
 2. To surpass ; to exceed. 
 
 Tlie \vorI<a of nature do always aim at tliat wliicli can not lie 
 
 bettered. /looker. 
 Clu. is not the sense, made better 7 
 
 3. To advance ; to sii|iport ; to give advantage to ; 
 as, to belter a party ; to better a cause. 
 
 BKT'TEK, n. A superior; one who has a claim to 
 precedence on account of his rank, age, or otlice ; 
 as, give place to jour betters. It is gisiierally or al- 
 ways used in the plural. 
 
 BET'TER-iU, pp. Improved ; meliorated ; made 
 better. 
 
 BET'TER-IiXG, ppr. Slaking better ; improving. 
 BET'TK.R-I.NG-HOCgE, ii. A house for the reforma- 
 
 lion of offenders. 
 BET'TER-.MENT, n. A making better; improve- 
 ment. MuNtofTiie. 
 
 Betterments, in law, are those improvements of an 
 estate which render it better than mere rejiairs. 
 
 Bonvirr. 
 
 BET'TER-NESS, ». Superiority. Tooke. 
 IlET'TING, ppr. Wagering; laying a wager. 
 llET'TliN't;, H. The laying of a wai-er. Ulirrirood. 
 BET'TOR, «. [from iff.] One who bets or lays a 
 
 watier. Mdison. 
 BET'TY, n. [Pitpposed to be a cant word from the 
 
 name of a maid ; but tin. is it not from the root of beat 
 
 or L. pcfo ?] 
 A small Instrument to break open doors. 
 
 Jlrbnthnot. 
 
 BE-TUM'BEED, a. [be and tumble.] Rolled about ; 
 
 tumbled ; disordered. Shak. 
 BE-Tu'TOK-;';n, n. 'I'litored ; instructed. Colerid-rr. 
 BI^TWEEN', prep. [S.ix. betwconan, belieynan ; of be 
 
 and twain, two, Sax. ttt^ei^, ttretren. 'I'lie Saxons used, 
 
 in the same sense, betuh, and bctirco/i, betwo. See 
 
 Twain, Twin.] 
 
 1. Ill the intermediate space, without regard to 
 distance ; as. New York is bettrecn Boston and I'hila- 
 delpliin ; the Delaware River runs beticcen Fennsyl- 
 vaiiia and New Jersey. 
 
 2. From one to another ; passing from one to 
 another, noting exchange of actions or intercourse ; 
 as, tilings go well between the parties. 
 
 3. Belonging to two or more, in common, or part- 
 nership ; as, two friends have but one soul hettrern 
 tliem ; twenty proprietors own a tract of land between 
 them. We observe that bdtceen is not restricted 
 to two. 
 
 4. Having miitu.il relation to two or more ; as, dis- 
 cords exist betireen the families. 
 
 ;>. Noting difference or discrimination of one from 
 another; as, to distinguish between right and wrong. 
 BE TWIXT', prep. [Sax. bctwiit, betwyit, betweoi, 
 betweoh ; if and tweg, two.] 
 
 1. Betw een ; in the space that separates t\id per- 
 sons or things ; as, betwirt two oaK-. 
 
 2. Passing between ; from one to another, noting 
 intercourse. .S-e Between. 
 
 BEVEL,?!. [Fr. iurcau. Uu. It. Ji'cca h'pfHo, oblique 
 level.) 
 
 1. Among ma.tons, rarpntters, joiners, kc, an in- 
 strument, or kind of square, one leg of which is fre- 
 quently crooked, according to the sweep of an arch 
 or vault. It is movable on a point or center, and so 
 may be set to any angle. An angle that is not a right 
 angle is called a becet angle, whether obtuse or acute. 
 
 Bailey, .lohn.-ton. Kneye. 
 
 2. A slant or inclination of a surface from a right 
 line ; as, tlie proper bevel of a piece of tinibi'r. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 BEVEL, o. Slant; having the form of a bevel. 
 BEVEL, II. (. To cut to a bevel aiisle. jVormi. 
 BEVEL, r. i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, 
 
 or from a direct line. 
 BE VEL-/:D, pp. or a. Formed to a bevel angle. 
 
 In mineralogy, replaced by two planes inclining 
 
 equally upon the adj.acent planes, as an edi;e ; having 
 
 its edges repl.aced as above, as a cube or other solid. 
 BEVEL-GF.AR, n. Wheel-work whose fogs stand 
 
 beveling, or at an oblique aiigU' to the sliafL 
 
 S^icholson. 
 
 BE VI'.L-ING, ppr. Forming to a bevel angle. 
 BEVr.l.-I.NG, a. .Slanting toward a bevel angle; 
 
 bending from a right line. 
 BEVEL I.N't;, n. A hewing of timber n illi a proper 
 
 anil reiiulai: slant toward a bevel ant.'le, according to 
 
 a mold laid lui one sidir of its surface. 
 2. Till' >laiit or bevel of timber. Kncyc. 
 llE\''r'I.-.Mi;NT, n. In mineralogy, the replacement 
 
 of an e(l;;r liy two similar planes, eipially inclined 
 
 to the iiieludiiig faces or adjacent planes. 
 Bk'\ ER, 11. [It. benirre, to drink.] 
 
 A collation or small repast between meals. [JVot 
 
 n.9rd. ] Morison. 
 Bk'VER, r. I. To take a small reiKust between ineiils, 
 
 W'.i//i.«. 
 
 BEVEU-.AGE, h. [It. berrre, or bere, to drink ; be- 
 Vfrii^Tfri,,, drink ; .^p. iricr, from L. bibn ; Fr. bneeur, 
 a tijiplrr ; bun lie, a tavern ; bavuttcr, to sip, to tipjile ; 
 Arm. heitrranh, bi-verage.] 
 
 1. Drink; litpior for drinking. It is generally used 
 of a pleasant or mixed liiiuur. Nectar is called the 
 beverage of the pods. 
 
 In the middle ages, bevera:/e, bevrragium, or 
 biberagiuw, was nioiii-y for drink given to an artificer 
 or other [lerson over and above his hire or wages. 
 The practice has existed, to a certain extent, in 
 America, within my memory, and I know not but it 
 still exists in some parts of this coiiiilry. ;\ person 
 who had a new gariiieiit, was called on to pay bev- 
 erage, \\v.\t is, to treat with litpior. Ilriice, 
 
 2. .\ treat on we.-iritig a new suit of clothes, or on 
 receiving a suit from the tailor ; al.so, a treat on first 
 coming into prison ; a garnish. 
 
 3. In F.tiglnnd, water-cider, a mixture of cider and 
 water, made by putting water into poninci' before it 
 is pressed. Mortimer. Johnson. 
 
 BEVILE, n. [.See Bevel.] In heraldry, a thing 
 broken or op>'ning like a carpenter's bevel, 
 
 Kneye. 
 
 BEVY', n. [I know not the origin or atliiiities of this 
 .word. The etymologies I have seen are not worth 
 notice.] 
 
 A flock of birds ; (sportsmen now confine the term 
 to quails. Rieh. Diet. ;) hence, a company ; an as- 
 sembly or collection of persons; usually applied lo 
 fniiiilfs. 
 
 BE WAIL', r. t. [be and wail.] To bemoan; to la- 
 ment ; to express sorrow for. It expresses deep sor- 
 sow ; as, to bewail the loss of a child. 
 
 Ttie trur penitent hetcaila liis In^mtjtude to tjod, ilnon. 
 
 BE-WaIL', r.i. To express grief. Sliak. 
 
 BE \VaI1,'.\-BLE, a. That maybe lamented. 
 
 BE-W.\1L'/-;I), pp. Lamented; bemoaned. 
 
 BE-W.AlL'ER, n. One who laments. 
 
 BE-W.a1L'1.\G, ppr. Lamenting; bemoaning; ex- 
 pressing grief for. 
 
 BH-AVa11/I.\G, n. Lamentation. Raleigh- 
 
 liE-WAlL'l.\(!-LY, adv. In a mournful manncrT 
 
 BR-WAIL'.MENT, ii. The act of bewailing. 
 
 BE-VY.aKE', v. t. [be and wake.] To keep awake. 
 [^Jv'ol used.] Gower. 
 
 BE-WARE', r. i. [S.ax. bewerian, bewarian, gewarian, 
 to guaril, defend, restrain, prohibit, fortify, be cau- 
 tious ; Sw. berara ; D. bewaaren ; (it-r. geirnhr, be- 
 vahren ; Dan. bevare, to keep guard, preserve. See 
 W.IRE, W.\uv.] 
 
 1. Literally, to restrain or guard one's self from. 
 Hence, to regard with caution ; to restrahi one's self 
 from any thing that in.ay be dangerous, injurious, or 
 improper ; to avoid, to take care ; followed by of he- 
 fare the thing that is to be avoided. 
 
 lieicare of but most 6eirare e^f man. Pope. 
 Bctcnre o/lals^ proph.'ls; beieare q/ tite leareii of tlie PliarM;-e«; 
 fceirare o/ the conci^on. Scripture. 
 
 2. To have a siiecial regard to. 
 
 BeliuliI, I send an angicl before thee — beieare of liim, and otiey 
 
 Ills voice, — Kx, xxiii. 
 ^This is unu.-^tal, and hardly legitimate.] 
 This word, though here admitted as a verb, from 
 the Saxon, is randy used as a verb in fact ; or if a 
 verb, is now never used except in the imperative 
 mode. It is a compound of be and the Old Eng. 
 ware, now irary, Br wary of danger. Hence, it can 
 not be used with t/ii/, like a regular verb, nor with be, 
 in any of its infiectioiis, — lie is beware: (iit this 
 would 111' to use the substantive verb twice before 
 ware and wary, is and be. Ben Jonson, however, 
 has used the word in the third jiersiui. lie bewares 
 to act. Hill it has no past tense or participle, and 
 therefore, if ailniilled as a verb, it is defialive, and 
 used only in the imperative mode, or after an 
 aiixiliarx', ■ 
 
 BE-WEEl", r. t. [be and irecp.] To weep over; to 
 
 brdi'W with tears. [IJtUc used.] Shak. 
 BE-WEEI", V. i. To make lamentation. [Little u.ic<L] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BE-WEPT', pp. Wept over; bedewed with tears. 
 
 [/.iltle used.] 
 
 BE-WET', V.I. [be and weL] To wet; to moisten. 
 [J^'ol used.] 
 
 BE-WIIORE', (he-hare',) r. f. To corrupt with regard 
 to chastity. ' Beaum. and FIrteher. 
 
 2. I'o pronounce a whore. Shak. 
 
 TONE, B?;LL, TTNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — e as K; 6 as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
BEY 
 
 BE-WIL'DER, V. t. [Dan. furnhle, vil.lc : D. ver 
 
 roilderea; G. verwildn-n ; from wild.] 
 
 To lead into perplt xity or confusion ; to lose in path 
 
 less places ; to confound for want of a plain road ; to 
 
 perplex with mazes ; or in general, to perplex. 
 
 Ijoal and bewildered in the fruitless se.u-cli. Addison. 
 BE-WIL'DER-£D, pp. Lost in mazes ; perplexed 
 
 with disorder, confusion, or intricat v. 
 BE-VVIL'DER-£D-NESS, ji. State of being benil 
 
 dered. 
 
 BE-WIL'DER-IN'G, ppr. or a. Losing in a pathless 
 
 place ; perplexing with confusion or intricacy. 
 BE-WIL'DER-LNG-LY, adv. So as to bewililer. 
 BE-VVIL'DER-.MENT, n. State of being bewildered. 
 BB-WIN'TER, V. u To make like winter. [.Vo! n.-icd.] 
 
 Coicleij. 
 
 BBl-WITCH', r. (. [be and aiuh.] To fa.scinate ; to 
 gain an ascendency over by charms or incantation ; 
 an operation which was formerly snp[>osed to injure 
 the person bewitched, so that he lost his flesh, or 
 behaved in a strange, unaccountable manner, — ign 
 rant people being inclined to ascribe to evil spirits 
 what they could not account for. 
 
 Look, Lovr 1 am beieilched; b"liol(!, mini? .irra 
 
 la liktf a blasteil s;tplinj,' witiienfd up. Shak. 
 
 2. To charm ; to fascinate ; to please to such a de 
 gree as to take away the power of resistance. 
 
 The chaniis of poelty our souls beirilch. Dryden. 
 
 3. To deceive and mislead by juggling tricks or 
 imposture. Acts viii. 9. 
 
 BE-\VITCH'£D, (be-wicht',) pp. Fascinated ; charmed 
 BEWITCH'ED-NESS, n. State of being bewitched. 
 
 Oaaden. 
 
 BE-WITCH'ER, n. One that bewitches or fascinates 
 
 Stafford. 
 
 BE-'.VITCH'ER-Y, n. Fascination ; charm ; resist- 
 less power of any thing that pleases. South. 
 
 BE-VVrTCH'FlJL, 0. Alluring ; fascinating. Milton. 
 
 BE-WITCH'ING, ppr. Fascmating ; charming. 
 
 BE-WITCH'1.\G, a. That has power to bewitch or 
 fascinate ; that has power to control by the arts of 
 pleasing. 
 
 BE-WITCH'I\G-LY, adv. In a fascinating manner. 
 
 HaUiitccll. 
 
 BE-VVITCH'L\G-NESS, n. aualitv of bewitching. 
 BE-IVITCH'MENT, n. Fascination ; power of charin- 
 
 mg. S/)tiA-. 
 Bk'VVITS, 71. pi. Straps of leather by which bells are 
 
 fastened to a hawk's legs. Booth. 
 BE-\VON'UER-£D, a. [he and wondrr.] Amazed. 
 
 [JVot used.] Fairfax. 
 BE-WRAP', (he-rap',) r. (. [br and wrap.] To wrap up. 
 BE-WRaY', (hi>ra',) r. e. [Chaucer has irraie, wreye, 
 
 irray, and in the infinitive bcicrieiiy to discover, as if 
 
 from Sax. wrecan, to tell. In Sax. uwreon^ onwreon, 
 
 signify to reveal, as if the negative of wrigaii, to 
 
 cover.] 
 
 To disclose perfidiously ; to betray ; to show or 
 nake visible. 
 
 Thy sjieech betermjeth tho^. — Matt, xxiii. 
 [This word is nearlii antiquated.] 
 BE-WRSY'£D, (be-riile',) pp. Disclosed ; indicated ; 
 
 betrayed ; exposed to view. 
 BE-WRaY'ER, n. A divulger of secrets ; a discoverer. 
 BE-WRAY' L\G, ppr. Disck)sing ; making known or 
 visible. 
 
 BE-\VRAY'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to bewray. 
 
 BE-WRaY'.MENT, ji. Act of bewraying. 
 
 BE-\VRECK', (be-reck',) v. t. [he and wreck.] To 
 niin ; to destrt>y. [A'of used.] 
 
 BE-VVROL'GdT', (be-rawt',) a. [be ami work.] Worked. 
 ^JVot used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 B£Y, (ba,) n. In the Tiirki.'tk dvininions^ a governor of 
 a town or particular district of country ; also, in some 
 places, a prince ; the same as Brc. [.-'ee Beg.] Eton. 
 
 BE-YOND', prep. [Sax. beircond, brfreondan, of be aiul 
 gcond, yond, yonder. This is the participle of the 
 verb ffan, to go, to pass. It coincides with tlu' D. 
 ffaanat, the participle of the present tense of the 
 '^me verb, traan^ Ui go ; Dun. iraaende. Litt*rall>-, 
 then, it signifies hy-pns.iin^', or^by-pasl ; or, as we now 
 say, past htj, S'^ne by.] 
 
 \. On the further side of ; on the side most dis- 
 tant, at any indefinite distance from that side ; :i9, 
 beyond a river, or the sea ; either a mile beyonil, or a 
 hundred miles beyond the river. 
 
 2. Before ; at a place not yet reached. 
 
 A Oung heyoiul ufc, cT.-n U-lorr our «l<-;iiji. Pope. 
 
 3. Paxt ; out of reach of; further than any given 
 limit ; further than the extent of any thing else ; as, 
 beyond our [Hiwer ; beyond comprehension ; beyond 
 dinpute ; beyond our care. 
 
 4. Above ; in a degree exceeding or Hurp.assing ; 
 proceeding to a greater degree, as in dignity, excel- 
 ience, orqualily of any kind; a«, one man i.s great 
 or good betjoiul another. 
 
 To go beyonil ^ is a phrase whirh expresses an ex- 
 CX*» in Bomc action or sih'-no' ; to exceed in in- 
 genuity, in research, or in any thing else; hence, in 
 a bad seiiHe, to dtxcive or circumvent. 
 
 Ijcl 110 ntaii go hei/ond ami U'-friitid hia hrothrr in any mntt/>r. 
 
 *•(. Paul. 
 
 BIA 
 
 BE-YOXD', adc. At a distance ; yonder. Spinier. 
 BEZ'.-W, «. A cotton cloth from Bengal, wliite or 
 
 striped. Encije. 
 BE-Z.\.\T', 71. A gold coin of Byzantium. [See 
 
 BVZ.^NT.] , 
 
 In heraldry, a circle, or : so called from the gold 
 coins of the Greek empire, termed bezants or bijzan- 
 lines. Brande. 
 BE-ZAXT'LER, 71. [from antler.] The branch of a 
 
 deer's horn, next above the brow antler. Encyc. 
 BEZ'EL, 71. [Clu. Ch. '713, beial, limits, confines 
 Sw. betzel, a rein ; hctzla, to curb.] 
 
 The upper part of the ct>llet of a ring, which en 
 compasses and fastens the stone. Badey. 
 'J ^ <-' ^ 
 
 BE'ZO.VR, 71. [Pers.^.tf)jNlj badzahr, which Castell 
 
 interprets " ventus, i. e. dissipator veneni, alexipliar- 
 niicum omne, tjuod venenuui pellit, et spintuum 
 u - 
 
 facultates retinet," from iLj bad, wind, breath. 
 
 spirit, and 
 
 zahr, poison. Others make it 
 
 pazahar, against poison, an antidote for poison. 
 Others derive the word from paseng, or pusahr, the 
 name of the gtiat in Persia.] 
 
 1. An antidote ; a general name for certain animal 
 substances supposed to be eflicacioiis in prev. iitin 
 the fatal effects of poison. Be/.oar is a calculou 
 concretion found in the stomach of certain ruminant 
 animate, composed of concentric coats surroundinj 
 each other, with a little cavity in the middle, con 
 taining a bit of wood, straw, hair, or the like sub- 
 stance. There are two sorts ; the oriental, from 
 Persia and the E;ist Indies, of a shining dark green 
 or olive color, with a smooth surface ; and the occi- 
 dental, from the Spanish West Indies, which has a 
 rough surface, is less green, much heavier, more 
 brittle, and of a looser texture. The oriental is gen- 
 erally less than a walnut; the occidental is larger, 
 and sometimes as large as a goose esg. Encuc. 
 
 The oriental Lezoars are many of them of a resi- 
 nous composition and combustible. Thom.ion. 
 
 2. In a more general sense, any substance formed, 
 stratum upon stratum, in the sttjmach or intestines 
 of animals. Eneyc. 
 
 This name is also given to the biliary calculi of cer- 
 tain animals. Cyc. 
 
 Fossil bezoar is a figured stone, formed, like the 
 animal bezoar, wifh several coats round some ex- 
 traneous body, which serves as a nucleus ; foimd 
 chiefly in Sicily, in sand and clay pits. It is of a 
 purple color, antl of the size of a walnut. It seems 
 to be of the nature of Armenian hole, and is called 
 Sicilian earth. Encifc. 
 
 Bezoar mineral. This preparation is an oxyd of 
 antimony, prt)duced by distilling the nitrous acid 
 several times to dryness from the sublimated muriate 
 of antimony. JVicholson. 
 BEZ-O-XR'Die, a. Pertaining to or compounded of 
 bezoar. 
 
 BEZ-O-XR'Die, 71. A medicine compounded with 
 bezoar. Johnson. 
 
 BEZ-O AR'Tie-AL, a. Having the qualities of an 
 antidote. Todd. 
 
 BEZ'ZLE, r. u To waste in riot. [M used. See 
 Emrezzle.] Miltnn. 
 
 BlIlJ-CIIA.MP'Ae, 71. [Hindu, bhu, ground, and 
 chainpac, a plant.] 
 
 A beautiful plant of India, known in Linnrcus's 
 system under the name of Kfempferia rotunda. The 
 blossoms rise from the ground with a short scape, 
 and scarce live a whole day. ^s. Res. iii. 254. 
 
 Bl'.A, 71. In commerce, a small shell called a cowry, 
 much used in the East Indies. Encyc. 
 
 HI A.\"GU-LaTE, ) TT I.- . ■ J 
 
 BT *\.\"Gn 1 A TED > [L* "'■'^> t^^ice, and awoTifu^', 
 
 BI-A:N"GU-L0L'S, a''""gl'-.] 
 
 Having two angles or corners. [Little used.] 
 
 BI-XR.M'I-.A.\, u. Noting a race of Finns in Permia, 
 in the north of Europe, on the Dwina, and about the 
 White Sea ; written also Permian. The Biarmians, 
 or Permians, are said to be the most wealthy and 
 powerful of the Finnish tribes. 'J'ookc. 
 
 BI-AK-TIC'tI-LATE,(i. [L. bis and articulus, a joint.] 
 ('onsisting of two joints. 
 
 BI'AS, 71. [Arm. bihays or vies; Fi. biais, a slope; 
 biniser, to use shifts, evasions, or tricks.] 
 
 1. A weight on the side of a bowl which turns it 
 from a straight line. 
 
 2. A leaning of the mind; inclination ; prepo.sses- 
 sion ; |iropensiIy toward an object, not leaving the 
 mind mditferent; as, education gives a bias to the 
 mind. 
 
 3. Tliat which causes the mind to lean or incline 
 from a state of indifference to a particular object or 
 course. 
 
 1'his word is familiarly used as an adverb, for out 
 of a .strairrht line, slanting, crosswise ; ns, to cut a ! 
 ■ piece of cloth bias ; the king falls bias of nature. Shak. I 
 
 BIB 
 
 '1 he wtinl is also used by Shakspeare as an adjective 
 
 for sloping. 
 
 Blow till tliy bias clipek 
 Outawell tlic colic of puft Atjuiluii. 
 
 BI'.\.'', V. t. To incline to one side; to warp; to give 
 a particular direction to the mind ; to prejudice ; to 
 prepossess. The judgment is often biased by interest. 
 
 BI'AS-DRAW-I.NG, n. Partiality. [JVo( used.] Shak. 
 
 Bl'AS-JED, bi'ast,) pp. or a. Inclined from a right 
 line ; warped ; prcjuiliced. 
 
 BI'.\S-[.\G, ppr. Giving a bias, particular direction, 
 or propensity; warping; prejudicing. 
 
 BT'.-^S-.NES.*, n. Inclination to some side 
 
 Kl-AU-Kie'U-LATE, n. [bi-i and auricula, an auricle.] 
 In anatomy, a term applied to a heart with two 
 auricles, as in the mammalia, and in birds and 
 reptiles. 
 
 Bl-AX'.M., a. Having two axes. Sir D. Brewster. 
 BIB, "• A small piece of linen or other cloth worn by 
 children (wer the breast. 
 
 2. A fish about a foot in length, the back of a light 
 olive, the sides yellow, and the belly white. 
 
 Diet, of Mt. Hist. 
 BIB, r. t. [Ij. bibo! Sp. bcber; It. bevere; Gipsy, pia- 
 va, to driiiK.] 
 
 To sip ; to tipple ; to drink frequently [Little 
 used.] Locke. 
 Bi-Ba'(;IOUS, ( ba'shus,) a. [L. bibax. See Bib.] 
 
 Addicted to drinking; disposed to imbibe. 
 BI-I!AC'I-TY, 71. The quality of drinking much. 
 [jVot used.] 
 
 Blli'BER, 71. A tippler ; a man given to drinking ; 
 ciiietiv ii.^ed in compositi()n ; as, wine-bibber. 
 
 BIB'BLE-BAB'BLE, ;!. Idle talk ; prating to no pur- 
 pose. [.^ low word, and not iistd.] Shuk. 
 
 BIB'I-O, H. A name of the wine fly, a small inrect 
 found in empty wine casks. Diet, of JVa^ Hist 
 
 BI'BLE, 71. [Gr. /iipXiov, liipXos, a book.] 
 
 The Book, by way of eminence ; the sacred vol- 
 ume, in which are contained the revelations of God, 
 the principles of Christian faith, and the niles of 
 practice. It consists of two parts, called the Old 
 and New Testaments. 
 
 The Bible should be tlie standard of language as well as of liiith. 
 
 Anon, 
 
 RIR'LER, 71. [See Bib.] A tippler ; a great drinker. 
 
 BI'BLE SO-Cl'E-TY, n. A society for the distribu- 
 tion of the Bible. 
 
 BIB'Lie-.\L, a. Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sa- 
 cred writings ; as, biblical criticism. 
 
 BIB'Lie-AL-LY, a</r. According to the Bible. 
 
 BIB'LI-CIST, 71. One skilled in the knowledge and 
 interpretation of the Bible. 
 
 BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER, n. [Gr. 0i/3\,s, a book, and 
 J oa !>•■', to write.] 
 
 One H ho composes or compiles the history of books ; 
 one skilled in literary history ; a transcriber. 
 
 Bailey. Johnson, .^sh. 
 
 BIB-LI-O-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the his- 
 
 BIB-LI-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, i torv of books. Kelt. 
 
 BIB-LI-OG'RA-PIIY, 71. A history or description of 
 books ; an account of books and manuscripts, with 
 notices of the different editions, the times when 
 they were printed, and other information tending to 
 illustrate the history of literature. F.nciie. Pinkerton. 
 
 BIB-LI-OL'A-TRY, n. [Gr. lii^Xtos, and Aaroua.] 
 Worship or hoiiiagi^ paid to books. Sontitey. 
 
 BIB'LI-O-LITE, 71. [Gr. /^i/Aiok, a book, and Xttiu{, 
 a stone ; called also Phytobiblia and Litlivbiblia.] 
 
 Bookstone ; a species of schistous stones, mostly cal- 
 careous, which present, between their lamin.'e, the fig- 
 ures of leaves, or sometimes simple dendrites. [A"ut 
 vow used.] 
 
 BIB'LI-O-.MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. pi/SXoi, a book, and 
 liavTiin, divination.] 
 
 A kind of divination, performed by means of the 
 Bible ; consisting in selt^cting pis.sages of Scripture 
 at hazard, and drawing from Ihem indications con- 
 cerning things future. Encyc. Southey. 
 
 BIB-LI-0-,Ma'NI-A, 71. [Gr. DiiS\iov, book, and 
 ^tifiu, madness.] 
 
 Book-madness ; a rage for possessing rare and 
 curious books. 
 
 BIB-L1-0-.Ma'i\1-AC, 71. One who has a rage for 
 books. 
 
 BIB-Ll-O-SIA-NI'Ae-AL, a. Pertaining to a pa.saion 
 for books. Qiirirf. Rer 
 
 BIB-LI-O-PEG'IC, a. Relating to the binding of 
 books. 
 
 BIB-Ll-OP'O-LIST, j 71. [Gr. lttl)\io\>, book, and 
 BIB'LI-O-POLE, ) i7(.jAim, to sell.] 
 A bookseller. 
 
 BIB-LI-O-THK'CAL, a. [L. bihliotheea, a library, 
 jSiliXiK, and Ihcca, Snxri, a repositorj-.] 
 Belonging to a librar)'. 
 
 BIB-Ll-OTll'E-eA-RY, n. A librarian. nail. 
 
 Blli'LI-O TIIkKJC, 71. A library. Bale. 
 
 BIB'LIST, 71. [from Bible.) With the Roman Cath- 
 olics, one who in.akes the Scriptures the sole rule of 
 faith. Encyc. 
 2. One who is conversant with the Bible. .^sA. 
 
 BT-BRAC Ti: ATE, a. Doubly bracteate. Eaton. 
 
 BIB'l^ l.Ol.'S, a. [L. bibitlus, from bibo, to drink.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. — 
 
 li 
 
 '150 
 
BID 
 
 Spoiisy ; tliat lias the quality of iiiibibin;; fluids or 
 mtustun'. Thomson. 
 BI t'.\L'€AIl-ATK, o. [L. bis and cahar, a spur.] 
 Arinud wiili two spurs, us the limb of an animal. 
 
 Brandc, 
 
 BI-eAP'SL'-L.\R, a. [L. bis, double, and capsula, a 
 lilllf chest, from capsa, a chest. See Capsular.] 
 
 In bdtaiiij, having two capsules, containing seeds, 
 to each tlinvpr ; as, a bicapsular pericarp. jMarlyn. 
 
 BT-t'All'B<)N-.\TE, n. A carbonate containing two 
 equivalents of carbonic acid to one of base; one of 
 the supercarbonates. 
 
 BIl'E, ( II. Among painters, a pale blue color, prc- 
 
 BISK, ) pared from the native blue carbonate of cop- 
 per, or from smalt. Grtm bice is prepared from the 
 blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grindingdown 
 the green carl>onatc of copper. Coohii. Branile. 
 
 BI-L'EI'll' A-UiUS, a. [L. bis, and Gr. /ct^ciA/), head.] 
 Having two iieads. 
 
 BI-CII"ri'-AL, i a. [L. biceps, of bis, twice, and 
 
 BI-CIP'IT-OUS, \ caput, head.] 
 
 Having two heads. Applied to the muscles, it sig- 
 nifies having two heads or origins • and any such 
 muscle is denominated bicqis. 
 
 BICK'ER, I'. I. [VV. iicra, to fight, to bicker; Scot. 
 bicker, to fight by throwing stones, to move quickly, 
 to skirmish ; allied perhaps to It. picchiare, to beat ; 
 picchiarsi, to fight ; picchicre, a soldier armed with a 
 piJie ; piccbio, a blow or stroke, a woodpecker; bcc- 
 care, to peck. This verb is from the root of beak, 
 peck, pike, and primarily signifies to beat, to strike, to 
 thrust at, or to make at by repeated thrusts or blows.] 
 
 1. To skirmish ; to fight oft' and on ; that is, to 
 make repeated attacks. [But in tliis sense, 1 believe, 
 raretij used.] 
 
 2. To quarrel ; to contend in words ; to scold ; to 
 contend in petulant altercation. [This is tlie usual 
 sijriiijiration.] 
 
 3. To move quickly ; to quiver ; to be tremulous, 
 like flame or water ; as, the bickering flame ; the 
 bickeriniT stream. Milton. Thomson. 
 
 BICK'ER-ER, H. One who bickers, or engages in a 
 petty quarrel. 
 
 BICK'ER-liVG, ppr. (luarreling; contending ; quiv- 
 BIC'K'Kli-I.N'G, II. Contention ; skirmish. [ering. 
 BICK ER-.MENT, ii. Contention. [J\'ut used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BICK'ERN, n. [Of W. pig-, a beak, or beak and iron.] 
 An iron ending in a beak or point. 
 
 BI-eOL'Ll-GATE, a. [bis and colligo, to bind to- 
 gether.] In orniihologij, liaving the anterior toes 
 connected by a web. 
 
 BI COL'OR, (-kui'lur,) a. [bis and color.] Of two 
 colors. 
 
 Bl ei)N'JU-G.\TE, o. [L. Ji.!,an l conjugo, lo unite.] 
 Ill pairs ; placed side by side. 
 
 BI eoRN'OUS \ 'l^^'^S lioms. Browne. 
 
 Bl-Cltl 'RAL, a. Having two legs. 
 
 BI-CO^'l'l I), j II. [L. bis and ciispis, a point.] 
 
 BI eUS'PID-ATE, j Having two points. 
 
 BID, V. t. ! pret. Bid or Badb ; pp. Bid, Bidden. [Sax. 
 biiUan i Goth, bidijan ; to ask, request, or pray ; Sax. 
 bcodan, to command ; bead, one who persuades or 
 exhorts; Sw. biUia, to ask, or entreat; D. bieden, to 
 olfer, or bid ; gebieden, to command ; G. bieten, to 
 ofitT ; gebietcn, entbieten, to coiiimand ; Dan. beile, to 
 priy, or desire ; bijde, to command, to bid, to otTer, to 
 invite ; L. peto, to drive at, to attack, to ask, to de- 
 sire, to beseech, anciently bcto ; Ir. impidhini, to be- 
 seecli ; Sp. and Port, pedir, to ask or beg ; Sans, badt, 
 padi, petir, boui, a commander ; Ch. O'S to pray 
 
 or beseech ; Eth. fato, or falho, to desire. 
 
 The primary sense is, to press forward, to drive, to 
 urge ; hence L. impetus. Applied to the voice, it de- 
 notes utterance, a driving of sounds, which is applied 
 to asking, prayer, and command. Class Bd.] 
 1. To ask ; to request ; to invite. 
 
 This sense is antiquated, but we have the same 
 word from the Latin, in invite, [in and bid.] 
 
 2. To cominan<l ; to order or direct. 
 
 Aud Pt'lrr nnswercd him and wid. Lord, if it be Ihou, Ixd me 
 onne lo ihec on the water. — Matt. xiv. 
 
 3. To offer ; to propose ; as, to bid a price at an 
 auction. 
 
 4. To proclaim ; to make known by a public voice. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 Our baiu thrice biH. Sfuxk. 
 
 5. To pronounce or declare ; as, to bid a welcome. 
 
 6. To denounce or threaten ; as, to bid defiance. 
 
 7. J '. wish or pray. 
 
 Neith-i iiii hira God »pee\l. [A mistake /or good speed.]— 2 
 Jdim 10. 
 
 To bid beads, is to pray with beads, as the Roman 
 Catholics ; to tlistinguisli each bead by a prayer. 
 
 Jo'hiL<on. 
 
 Also, to charge parishioners to say a number of 
 paternosters. F.nenc. 
 
 To bid fair, is to open or offer a good prospect ; to 
 appear fair. 
 
 HIQ 
 
 BID, ) pp. of Bid. Invited ; ofl'ered ; com- 
 
 BID'D£N,i manded. 
 
 BID, n. An oflcr of u price : a mord much used at auc- 
 tions. 
 
 BID'AI.E, ». [hid and iilr,] In England, an invita- 
 tion of friends to drink ale at some poor man's house, 
 and there to contribute in charity ; iiu ancient and 
 still a local custom. Kncyc. 
 
 BID'DEIl, n. One who bids or ofTers a price. 
 
 Bidders at tlie aiiclioii of popularity. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 BID'DEIl- Y-VV.\RE, 71. .\ kind of metallic ware made 
 at Biddery in Hiiidostan, composed of copper, lead, 
 tin, anil spelter. Kncijc. Doin. Econ. 
 
 BID'DING, ppr. Inviting; offering; commanding. 
 
 BID'DI.NG, ji. Invitation; command; order; a proc- 
 lamation or notifying. ShaL 
 
 BIDE, r. i. (Sax. bidun. See Abide.] 
 
 1. To dwell ; to inhabit. Jilillon. 
 
 2. To remain ; to continue or be permanent in a 
 place or static. [J^earhj antiiiiialcd.] Shak. 
 
 BIDE, I'. (. To eiulure ; to sull'er. 
 
 2. To wait for ; as, I bide my time. Scottish. [See 
 AiiiDK.l Shak. 
 BI-DEX'I '.M-., a. [I., bidens, o{ bis, twice, and dens, a 
 
 tooth.] Having two teeth. Sw{f't. 
 BI-DE.Vr'A I'E, «. In butnny, two-toothed. 
 
 In lootugij, h.iving two teeth, or two tooth-like 
 processes. Brandc. 
 BI DET', n. [Fr.] A small horse, formerly allf)wed 
 to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. 
 
 B. Junsun. Kneijc. 
 2. .\n article of bedroom furniture, used in wash- 
 ins the btitly. 
 
 BID'I.N'i;, ppr. Dwelling; continuing; remaining. 
 
 [See ,\i(iDiN^:.] 
 BiD'I.N'G, H. Residence ; habitation. Rowr.. 
 BI-EX'NI-AL, a. [L. biennis, of 6w, twice, and annus, 
 
 a year.] 
 
 1. Continuing for two years ; or happening, or tak- 
 ing place, once in two years ; as, a biennial election. 
 
 2. In biitanij, continuing for two years, and then 
 perishing, as plants wlios;! root and leaves are 
 formed the first year, ami which produce fruit the 
 second. Used also as a noun. Martijn. 
 
 BI-E.\'N'I-AL-LV, adc. Once in two years; at the 
 
 naum of two years. 
 BlF.lt, (beer,) «. [Sax. biBr; D. baar ; Ger. bahre; 
 
 Dan. 6«arf; Ir. fieri from the same root as bear; L. 
 
 feretruin, from fern. See Bkar.] 
 
 A carriage or frtime of wood for conveying dead 
 
 human hixlies to the grave. 
 BIl'.R'-BALK, (-hawk,) 11. The church road for 
 
 bj^irials. [J\''ot used in Jlincrira.] Iloiiiilits. 
 
 BIF. ST'LNGS, H. pi. [Sax. bijst, or bijsting ; 0. bicst ; 
 Ger. bifstmilch.] 
 
 The first milk given by a cow after calving. 
 
 B. Jnnsm. 
 
 Bi-Fa'CIAL, (-fU'shal,) a. Having the opposite sur- 
 faces alike. Dana. 
 
 BI-FA'RI-Ot'S, a. [L. bifarius; bis and fero, or Teu- 
 tonic fnrnn, to go.] 
 
 Twofold. In botany, pointing two ways, as leaves 
 that grow only on opptisite sidt;s tif a branch. Martyn. 
 
 BI-Fa'KI-OUS-EY, a./r. In a hilarious manner. .V 
 stem tir branch is bifariimsly hairy, when the hairs 
 between .any two joints come out on the fiimt and 
 bark, and in the two adjoining internodes, on tlie 
 right and left sides. Martyn. 
 
 BIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. 61/cr, bifcrus, of bis, twice, and 
 fero, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing fruit twice a year, as plants do in warm 
 climates. Martyn. 
 
 BIF'FI.V, 71. A baked apple crushed down into a flat, 
 round cake. 
 
 BI'FID, o. [L. bifidus, of bis, twice, and findo, fidi, to 
 split or cleave. See Divide and Wide.] 
 
 In botany, two-cleft ; opening with a cleft ; divided 
 by a linear sinus, with straight margins. Martyn. 
 BT-FE5'KOUS, a. [h. bis, twice, and Jloreo.] 
 
 Bearing two flowers. Martyn. 
 BI'FoI.D, a. IE. bii, twice, and fold.] 
 
 Twofold; double; of two kintis, aegrces, &c 
 Bl-FO'EI-ATE, a. In t(;<u;ii/, having two leaves. 
 BI'FO-RATE, a. [L. bis and /uro.J 
 
 In botany, having two perforations, as the anthers 
 of the Rlioilodendron. Brande. 
 BIF'O-RI.N, 71. .\ minute oval sac found in the in- 
 terior of the green pulpy part of the leaves of some 
 plants ; so called because they discharge their ctm- 
 tents by an oiiening at each extremity. Brande. 
 BI'FOR.M, a. [L. biformis, o[ bis, twice, and J'orma, 
 form. ] 
 
 Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Crorall. 
 BT'FORM-/:!), a. Compounded of two fonns. Johnson. 
 BI FOR.M'l-TY, n. A double form. More. 
 Bl-FRO.NT'ED, (-frunt'cd,) 0. Having two fronts. 
 BI-FUR'C ATE, ( a. [ E. bifureus, of bis, twice, and 
 Bi-FlIR't A-TED. j furea, a fork.] 
 
 Forket[; divided into two branches. Jobn.ion. 
 BT-FI,'R-t'A'TIO.\, 71. A forking, or division into two 
 
 branches. Brown. 
 BI-FUR'eOUS, a. Forked. Cdes. 
 
 BIG, a. [In H. bnic is a load ; 6cici<iui, to load or lay 
 
 r,iG 
 
 on; biiciatrg, pregnant; and bug is a swelliiii.'; 
 buciaio, to bellow ; Dan. bug, the belly. These words 
 seem to be allied to big, but 1 have not found lliia 
 word in any other language.] 
 
 1. Bulky ; protuberant ; pregnant, applied to femalrs. 
 Big, in tlie sense of pregnant, is followed by icit/i ; 
 as, big witli child. The use of of, big of clidd, is not 
 good English. 
 
 2. Gre.it ; large ; in a more general sense; applied 
 to any body or object. 
 
 3. Full ; fraught, and about to have vent, or be 
 brought forth. 
 
 The important d.-iy, biff with the (ate of Rome. Addison. 
 
 4. Distended ; full, as with grief or passion. 
 
 Thy heart is big ; get tliee apart and weep. Shak. 
 
 5. Swelled ; tumid ; inflated, as with pride ; hence, 
 haughty in air or mien, or indicating haughtiness; 
 proud ; as, big looks ; big words ; to look big. 
 
 6. Great in spirit ; lofty ; brave. 
 
 Have not I a lioart na big as thine t Sliak. 
 BIG, 77. A kind of barley. [See Beaii.] 
 BIG',\.M, 71. A bigamist. [7\'otused.] Bp. Peacock. 
 BIG'.V.MIST, 71. [See BiOAMV.] One who li.as com- 
 mitted bigamy, or bad two wives or husbands at 
 once. 
 
 BIG'A-.MY, 77. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. ja/i£w, to 
 
 marry, ja^ioj, marriage. In Ar. chamaa, is to 
 
 collect ; to come together ; to agree, or be in accord ; 
 to sleep together ; to bind.] 
 
 The crime of having two wives or husbands at 
 once. Blackstone. 
 
 In tlic canon lain, bigamy was the marr> ing of a 
 second wife after the ileath of the first, or once mar- 
 rying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, 
 and holding ecclesiastical oflices. Shakspeare uses ■ 
 the word in the latter sense in Rich. III. 7. Blackstone. 
 
 BIG'-BEL'LI-AD, (-bei'lid,) a. Having a great belly ; 
 advanced in pregnancy. 
 
 BIG'-Iio.N-A'D, a. Having large bones. Herbert. 
 
 BI(;'-eORi\-/2D, a. Having large grains. Dryden 
 
 BI-GE.M'Ii\-ATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and geminus, 
 double.] 
 
 In botany, a term used of n decompountl leaf hav- 
 ing a forked petiole, with several leaflets at the end 
 of tsich division. Marti/n. 
 BIG'GIX, 71. [Er. begitin ; Sp. been, a tippet, or cap.] 
 
 1. A child's cap, or something woru about the 
 head. 
 
 2. A building. [Obs.] [Sax. Iiyn-n-an, to build.] 
 
 Sh„J,: 
 
 BIGHT, (bite,) n. [D. bogt, a bend, a turning, a coil, a 
 bay ; Dan. bngt, a bend, a bow, a bay. It is the 
 participle of boogen, buigen, bugan, to bund; W. bac, 
 baciu See Bow.] 
 
 1. A bend, or small bay between two points of 
 land. 
 
 2. The double part of a rope when folded, in dis- 
 tinction from the end ; that is, a round, bend, or coil 
 any where except at the ends. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. The inward bent of a horse's chambrel, ami the 
 bent of the fore knees. Bailey. 
 
 Bl-GLAND'li'-EAR,a. Having two glands, .is a plant. 
 BIG'EY, n</o. [from big.] In a tumid, swelling, blus- 
 
 ti rini! manner ; haui.'htily. 
 BIG'-NA.M-A'D, a. Having a great and famous name. 
 
 Cra.-<haui. 
 
 BIG'N'ESS, 71. Bulk; size; largeness ; dimensions. 
 It is used of any object, animate or inanimate, and 
 with or witliout coiiiparison. Thus we speak of the 
 biirness of a tree, of a rock, of a house, without in- 
 stituting a comparison with other objects of the kind. 
 Yet in tliis case there is alw.ays some reference in 
 the mind to known measure. We also say, one 
 tiling is as big as another ; in which ciuse we give 
 the idea of unknown size by a known object. Big 
 and bigness always imply expansion, more or less, in 
 bre.idth, and are thus distinguished from tail and 
 tallness. 
 
 BIli'OT, n. [Fr. bi^ot, and cagot, a bigot or hypocrite ; 
 Arm. bigod. In Italian, bacchettimc is a hypocrite. 
 In Spanish, bigate is a wliiskiT ; hombrc de bigotr, a 
 man of spirit ; tener bigotes, to be firm or undaunted. 
 If the French cagot is connected with bigot, the first 
 syllable in both is a prefix. But I am not able to 
 ascertain the real origin and primary sense of the 
 word. The etymologies I have seen are not satis- 
 factory.] 
 
 1. .\ person who is obstinately and unreasonably 
 weddetl to a particular religious creed, opinion, prac- 
 tice, or ritual. The word Is sometimes used in an 
 enlarged sense, for a person who is illiberally at- 
 tached to .any opinion, or system of belief ; as, .i bigot 
 to the Mohammedan religion ; a bigot to a form of 
 governiiieiil. 
 
 2. A Venetian liquid measure containing the fourth 
 part of the ainphor, or half the boot. Enryc. 
 
 BIG'OT, I a. Obstinately and blindly atuached to 
 BIG'OT-ED, \ some creed, opinion, practice, or ritual : 
 
 unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and Ulib- 
 
 eral toward the opinions of others. 
 
 TO.\'E, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GEa, VI"C10US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 16 
 
 121 
 
llin'i)T-ED-LY, adv. In the manner of a b'got ; per- 
 imafHiusly. 
 
 lll(!'()'r-KV, 71. Obstinate or blind attachment to a 
 parlicniar creed, or to certain tenets ; unreasonable 
 zeal or u ariiith in favor of a party, sect, or opinion ; 
 excessive prejudice. 
 2. 'I'lif practice or tenet of a bisot. Pope. 
 
 BIG'SOL^NU-LNG, n. Having a pompous sound. Hall. 
 
 BIG'!5\VoLN, o. and iiTo/n. See Swell.] Swelled 
 to a large size ; turgid ; gieatly sw elled ; ready to 
 burst. Addi-ion. 
 
 BIG'-L'D-DER-ED, a. [hiir and udiler.'] Having large 
 udd"rs, i)r udders swelled with milk. Pupe. 
 
 BI-ll'i-OKOG'U-RET, n. biiu M\i.\ hydro^urct.] A 
 compound of two atoms of hyilrogen, as the electro- 
 negative ingredient, with one of some other sub- 
 stance, as the electro-positive ingredient. This terra 
 is contrary to rule. It should be deutukydrog-urct. 
 
 BI-JOU', (ha-zhon',) n.; pi. Bijoux, (be-zhoo'.) [Fr.] 
 j\ trinket, or a little box ; a jewel. 
 
 BI-JOU'TRV, (be-zhoo'try,) h. The making or deal- 
 inn in jewelry ; jewelry itself. 
 
 RI-JC'(JATE, ( a. [L. bis, twice, and jugum, a yoke, 
 
 Bl-JC'GOUS, i a pair.] 
 
 Having two pairs of leaflets ; used of pinnated 
 leaves. Jilartvn. 
 
 Bl-L.A'BI ATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and labium, a Tip.] 
 Having two lips, as the corols of (lowers. Martyii. 
 
 Bl-L.\.M'EL-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and lamella, a 
 pi ate. J 
 
 Having the form of a flatted sphere, longitudinally 
 bifid ; used of the stigma of plants. jMartyn. 
 BIL'.\N-DER', n. [D. bylander; Fr. belande, bclandre ; 
 Sp. bdandra ; from be, by, and land ; Ger. binnenland- 
 cr.l 
 
 A small merchant vessel with two masts, distin- 
 guished from other vessels of two masts by the form 
 of the mainsail, which is bent to the whole length 
 of a yard, hanging fore and aft, and inclined to the 
 horizon in an angle of about 4,5 degrees ; the foremost 
 lower corner, called the (actj being secured to a ring- 
 bolt in the deck, and the aftermost, or sheet, to the 
 talferel. Few vessels are now rigged in this manner. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. Diet. 
 The bilander is a kind of hoy, manageable by four 
 or five men, and used chiefly in the canals of the Low 
 Countries ; so called because moving close by the 
 land. Johiison. 
 BI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [L. bis and latus, side.] 
 
 Ilaving two sides. Diet. 
 BIL'liER-RY, 71. [I know not the meaning of bil, in 
 this word. The Dutch word is i/aaiiiBici, blueberry ; 
 the Ger. heidclhecre, heath-berry.] 
 
 The name of a shrub and its fruit; a species of 
 Vaccinium or whortleberry. The name, with us, is 
 given to the taller .shrub and its fruit, which is of a 
 bluish color. 
 BIL'UO, 7!. [from Bilboa, in Spain.] 
 
 .\ rapier ; a sword ; so named, it is said, from Bil- 
 boa, in Spain, where the best are made. Julmson. 
 BIL'BoES, (bil'boze,) n. pi. On board of shi|).s, long 
 bars or bolts of iron with shackles sliding on them, 
 and a lock .at the end, used to confine the feet of pris- 
 oners or offenders. Hence the punishment of ofiend- 
 crs in this manner is called by the same name. 
 
 Jtfar. Vict. Encyc. 
 BWBO-Q,VET, (biJ'bo-ket,) 71. [Fr.] The toy called 
 cup and ball. 
 
 BILD'STEIiN, 7!. [Ger. b'dd, shape, and stein, stone.] 
 
 [See Ar.ALMATOLiTE.] 
 BILE, 71. [L. bilii! Fr. bdc] 
 
 A yellow li<|uor, separated from the blood in the 
 liver, collected in the branches of tlie hepatic duct, 
 and thence discharged by the common duct into the 
 duodenum. 
 
 BILE, n. An inflamed tumor. [See Boil, the correct 
 orthography.] 
 
 BILE'DL'CT, 71. [Ai75, and L. (/uctii-i, a conduit.] A 
 vessel or canal to convey bile ; a term apjilied to the 
 hepatic duct and its branches. Dancin. 
 
 BIl.E'STo.NE, 71. [bile and stone.] A gall-stone, or 
 '.liliary calculus, which see. Darwin. 
 
 BII^E, 11. [.A difierent orthography of in/n-c, and belly, 
 a protuberance.] 
 
 1. The protuberant part of a cask,« hich is usually 
 in the middle. 
 
 2. The breadth of a ship's bottom, or that part of 
 her floor which approaches to an horizontal direction, 
 on which she would rest, if aground. Hence, when 
 tliis part of a ship is fractured, she is said to be bilged. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. DicL 
 BII.>GE, c. 1. To 8uflcr a fracture in the bilge ; to 
 spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. The term is 
 UHed also when a ship has some of her timbers struck 
 oBt by a rock or an anchor, and springs a btak. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. Diet. 
 PU,(S'El), ]ip. or a. Having a fracture in the bilge. 
 'J'his participle is often used, as if the verb were 
 tr!U)«ilive ; and perhaps it in sometimes so used. 
 BIEGE'-I'I/MP, 71. A pump to draw the bilge-water 
 from a ship. 
 
 BILGE'-VVA-TEU, 71. Water which enters a ship, 
 and lies upon her bilge or bottom, becoming, ordina- 
 rily, very offensive. 
 
 BIL 
 
 BIL'IA-RY, a. [from L. ii7i.v.l Pertaining to the bile ; 
 conveying the bile ; as, a biliary duct. 
 
 Biliary calculus ; a gall-stone, or a concretion formed 
 in the gall-bladder or its duct. 
 Biliary duct; the he|)atic duct, which see. 
 BT-IiI.N"GUAL, ) a. Containing two languages, as a 
 Bl-L1.\"GUAR, i fci/m-fuii/ insciiotion. Oliddon. 
 EI-LIi\"GU()US, a. [L. A;.., anri lutu'ua, tongue.] 
 
 Having two tongues, or spi aking two languages. 
 BIL'KJUS, (bil'yus,) a. [L. biliosus, from hilu^, the bile.] 
 Pertaining to bile ; cmisi.sting or partaking of bile. 
 BI-LIT'ER-AL, a. [L. bus, twice, and Wwa, letter.] 
 Consisting of two letters ; as, a biliteral root in lan- 
 guage. Sir IV. Jones. 
 BILK, V. t. [Goth, bilaikan, to mock or deride. This 
 Gothic word appears to be compound, bi and laikan, 
 to leap or exult.] 
 
 To frustrate or disappoint ; to deceive or defraud, 
 by non-fuUillment of engagement ; as, to bill; a cred- 
 itor. Dnjdni. 
 BILK'£D, (bilkt,) pp. or a. Disappointed; deceived ; 
 defrauded. 
 
 BILK'ING, 7>pr. Frustrating; defrauding. 
 BILL, 71. [Sax. bile, a beak, that is, a shoot.] 
 
 1. The beak of a fowl. 
 
 2. An instrument, made in the form of a crescent, 
 and fitted with a handle. When short, it is called a 
 hand-bill ; when long, a hedge-bill. It is used for 
 pruning trees. Sec. 
 
 BILL, 71. [Sa.x. bil ; G. beil, an ax or hatchet ; D. byl ; 
 
 Dan. bile; W.bicyell; Pers. bH, a mattock, or 
 
 pick-ax, and a shovel.] ' 
 
 A pick-ax, or mattock ; a battle-ax ; an ax or hatch- 
 et with a crooked point. 
 BILL, 11. [Xorm. bille, a l.aliel or note ; Fr. billet, bil; 
 Arm. bilked; Sp. billctc: It. bigliettn, bullettn, bollettino. 
 The primary sense, prohablv, is a roll or folded paper, 
 Sp. biilcta, a billet, a ticket, and a paper of tobacco, co- 
 inciding with bola, a ball ; or it is from cutting off, 
 and signifies a piece.] 
 
 L In laiD, a declaration in writing, expressing some 
 wrong the complainant has suffered from the defend- 
 ant, or a fault committed by some person against a 
 law. It contains the fact complained of, the damage 
 sustained, and a petition or process against the de- 
 fendant for redress. It is used both in civil and crim- 
 inal cases. 
 
 In Scots late, every summary application in writing, 
 by way of petition to the court of session, is called a 
 bill. Encyc. 
 
 2. In laic and in commerce, in England, an obliga- 
 tion or security given for money under the hand, and 
 sometimes the seal, of the debtor, without a condi- 
 tion or forfeiture for min-paynient. In the latter cir- 
 cumstance, it differs from a bond. In the United 
 States, this species of security is usually called a 
 note, a note of hand, or a promissory note. 
 
 3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legisla- 
 ture, but not enacted. In some cases, statutes are 
 called bills; but usually they are qualified by some 
 descriptitui ; as, a bill of attainder. 
 
 4. A paper written or printed, and posted up in 
 some public place, advertising the proposed sale of 
 goods or particular things ; ah advertisement posted. 
 
 5. An account of goods sold or delivered, services 
 rendered, or work done, with the price or value an- 
 nexed to each article. 
 
 G. Any written paper, containing a statement of 
 particulars ; as, a bill of charges or expenditures ; a 
 physician's bill of prescriptions ; a bill of fare or pro- 
 visions, &c. 
 
 7. A bill of exchange, is an order drawn on a person 
 in a distant place, requesting or directing him to pay 
 money to some person assigned by the drawer, or to 
 his order, in consideration of the same sum received 
 by the drawer. Bills of exchange are cither foreign 
 or inland; foreign, when drawn by a person in one 
 country upon one residing in another; inland, when 
 both the drawer and drawee reside in the same coun- 
 trj'. The (lerson who draws the bill, is called the 
 drawer ; the |)erson on whom the request or dem;md 
 is made, is called the drawee ; and the person to whom 
 the money is directed to be paid, is called the payee. 
 
 8. A bill of entry, is a written account of goods en- 
 tered at the custom-house, whether imported or in- 
 tended for export;ition. 
 
 9. .4 bill of rigid, is a form of entry at the custom- 
 house, by which goods, respecting which the import- 
 er is not possessed of full information, may be pro- 
 visionally landed for examination. 
 
 10. A bill of ladinw, is a written account of goods 
 shipped by any person on board of a vessel, signed 
 by the master of the vi^sel, who acknowledges the 
 receipt of the goods, and promises to deliver them 
 safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea except- 
 ed. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or 
 four copies of the bill ; one of which he keeps in pos- 
 session, (Uie is kept by the shipper, ami one is sent to 
 the consignee of the goods. 
 
 11. A bill of parcels, is an account given by the 
 seller to thi' buyer, of the several articles purchased, 
 with ibi^ price of each. 
 
 BIM 
 
 12. A bill of sale, is a writing given by the seller of 
 persiuial property to the purchaser, answering to a 
 deed of real estate. In Englaml it must be a sealed 
 paper; in the United States it may be without seal. 
 
 13. Bill of health : a certificate from the proper au- 
 thorities, as to the .state of healtli^of a ship's com- 
 pany, at the time of her leaving |)ort. 
 
 11. A bill of mortality, is an account of the number 
 of deaths in a pl.ice, in a given time. In these bills, 
 it is not unusual to insert registers of births and 
 christenings, as in London. 
 
 15. Bank-bill. See Bank. 
 
 11). Bill of credit ; a bill or note for raising money 
 on the mere credit of a state. 
 
 17. A bill of rights, is a summarj* of rights and privi- 
 leges claimed by a people. Such was the decluration 
 presented by the lords and commons of Engbind to 
 the prince and princess of Orange in ICSS. In Amer- 
 ici, a bill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most 
 of the constitutions of the several states. 
 
 18. A bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, was a writ- 
 ing given by the husband to tlie wife, by which the 
 marriage relation was dissolved. 
 
 19. See Indictment. 
 
 BILL, V. i. [from bdl, a beak.] To join bills, as doves ; 
 
 to caress in fondness. Dryden. 
 BILL, 1'. f. [from bill, a writing.] To advertise by a 
 
 bill or public notice ; a cant word. VEslrange. 
 BILL'BOOK, 71. A book in which a person keeps an 
 
 account of his notes, bills, bills of e.xchange, &c., 
 
 thus showing all that he issues and receives. Boancr. 
 BILL'ET, 71. [dim. of bill; Fr. billet; It. bullctla.] 
 A small paper or note in writing, used for various 
 
 purposes ; sometimes it is a short letter, addressed to 
 
 some person ; sometimes a ticket, directing soldiers 
 
 at what house to lodge. 
 In heraldry, billet is a bearing in the form of a long 
 
 square. Encyc. 
 BILL'ET, 71. [Fr. billot.] A small stick of wood. 
 In architecture, an ornament in Norman work, 
 
 resembling a billet of wood. 
 BILL'ET, V. t. [from billet, a ticket.] To direct a 
 
 soldier, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence, 
 
 to quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private 
 
 houses. 
 
 BIL' LET-DOUX, (bille-doo,) 71. [Fr.] A love note 
 or letter. 
 
 BILL'ET-IXG, ppr. Quartering, as soldiers in private 
 houses. 
 
 BILL'I.VRD, (bil'yard,) a. Pertaining to the game of 
 billiards. 
 
 BILL'IARDS, (bil'yardz,) 71. pi. [Fr. billard, a mace 
 or billiard table ; It. bigliardo ;' Sp. villar. According 
 to the ancient orthography, balyard, this word is com- 
 posed of ball and yard, a ball-stick.] 
 
 A game played on a rectangular table, covered with 
 a green cloth, with small ivory b;ills, which the play- 
 ers aim to drive into hazard-nets or pockets at the 
 sides and corners of the tables, by impelling one b;dl 
 against another, with maces, or cues, according to 
 certain rides of the game. 
 
 BILL'IXG, ;)/<r. or 71. Joieingof bills ; caressing. Shak. 
 
 BIL'LLN'GS-GaTE, 77. [from a market of this name in 
 London, celebrated for fish and foul language.] 
 Foul language ; ribaldry. Pope. 
 
 BILL'ION, (bil'yun,) 71. [bis and million.] .\ million 
 of mdlious; as many millions as there are units in a 
 million. 
 
 Among the French, a thousand millions. Brande. 
 BILL'-MAN, 71. One who uses a bdl or hooked ax ; 
 
 applied particuhirly to soldiers. 
 BIL'LOT, 71. Gold or silver in the bar or mass. 
 
 Gilbert. 
 
 BIL'LoW, 71. [Dan. bolge ; Sw. bolja, a swell, or roll- 
 ing swell, allied to bdge, bulge.] 
 
 A great wave or surge of the sea, occasioned usu- 
 ally by violent wind. It can hardly be applied to the 
 waves of a river, unless in poetry, or when the river 
 is very large. 
 
 BIL'LoW, f. i. To swell; to rise and roll in large 
 waves or surges. Prior. 
 
 BIL'LOW-BeAT-£.V, a. Tossed by billows. 
 
 niL'LoW-£I), a. Swelled, like a billow. 
 
 BlL'LoW-ING, ppr. Swelled into large waves or 
 surges. 
 
 BIL'LoVV-Y, a. Swelling, or swelled into large 
 vv»ves ; wavy ; full of billows or surges. 
 
 BILL'-STICK-EIl, 71. One who posts up bills in pub- 
 lic places. 
 
 Bl'LoB-KI), ) a. [L. Mi, twice, and Gr. An/Sus. See 
 
 Bl-LO'HATE, i Loi.E.] 
 
 Divided into two lobes ; as, a AtVoAafc leaf. Martyn. 
 
 BI-LOCIJ-LAK, a. [L. Jii, twice, and loculus, from 
 locus, a place.] 
 
 Divided into two cells, or containing two Ci-'ls in- 
 ternally ; as, a bilocular pericarp. junrtyn. 
 
 BIL'VA, 71. The Hindoo name ol a plant, tlie Cratteva 
 niarinelos of Linmeus. Jis. Res. iii. 256. 
 
 BT-M.VC'U-LATE, a. Having two spots. 
 
 llI-iM.^'NA, H. A term applied byCuvierto the highest 
 order of jUuiiimufiu, of which man is the type and 
 sole genus. Brande. 
 
 BT-MA'NOIIS, a. [bis and manus.] Having two 
 hands. Man is bimanous. Lawrence. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— MKTE, PREY. — PINE, MARI.NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
BIN 
 
 BI M.\R'GIN-ATE, o. tn cnnclioliiL'y, n fnii iipplicd 
 til slii ll-! which have a doubU- inarsiii us far as tlie tip. 
 
 ni MR'DI-AL, a. [L. ftis, twice, and meilinl.] 
 
 Ill mulhrmatics, if two medial hues, A H and f! C, 
 coniiiieiisuraUle only in power, and containins a ra- 
 tional rectangle, are compounded, tlie whole line 
 A C will be irrational, and is called a first bimedial 
 line. F.iiryc. 
 
 Itl-MKN'SAIvo. Occurring once in two niontlis. 
 
 HI-Ml'S'eU-L.AR, a. [bis and iiin.s<:ii;ar.l Having 
 two attaching muscles, and two iiiusciilar impres- 
 sions, as a bivalve niolliisk. K'trbij. 
 
 BI.\, II. [Sax. iiinii, or biiine.} 
 
 A wooden box or chest, used as a repository of corn 
 (>r other coininiHlities. 
 
 BIN ; till- old word fur Be and Been. 
 
 BI'.\.\-UY, o. [L. biaiis, two and two.] 
 ('oiiifioniuled of two. 
 
 Biiiarij arithmetic, \.\\c invention of Leibnitz, is that 
 in which two figure's only, and 1, are used, in lieu 
 of ten i the cipher iniiliiplyiiig every thing by •>, as 
 in common arithmetic by 10. Thus, 1 is one ; 10 is 
 two ; 1 1 is three ; liiO is iour ; 10 1 is live ; 1 1 I is six ; 
 111 is seven; 1000 is eight; lOUI is nine ; 1010 is ten. 
 It is said this species of arithmetic has been used by 
 the Chinese for 4000 years, being left in enigma by 
 Folii. Encije. 
 
 Binary meastire, in miisic, is that used in coiiiiiion 
 time, in which the time of rising, in beiitiiig, is equal 
 to the time of falling. F.nnjc. 
 
 Binarij number, is that which is composed of two 
 units. Ei<riir. 
 
 Binani corn-pound; in chrtni:ftnj, a coiiipoiiiid ol'two 
 elements, or iif an el' ment and a ecminuiiiil p' rf.irm- 
 ing the function of an eli iiienl, or of two eonipoiinds 
 performing the function of el' iiienls. 
 
 Binanj star ; a double star, whose members have a 
 revolution round their common center of gravitv. 
 
 D. OlmMeil. 
 
 BI'N'A-RY, n. The constitution of two. FoUierbij. 
 
 BI'NATK, a. [L. fee Binarv.] 
 
 Being double or in couples ; growing in pairs. A. 
 biuate leaf has a simple petiole, connecting two leaf- 
 lets on the top ; n species of digitate leaf. Mnrttm. 
 
 BT.ND, E. (. ; prtt. Bound ; pp. Bounu, and obs. Huund- 
 EM. [Sax, binitan, irebintlan, pret. baud^ bund, or 
 bunden ; Goth, bindan, u-abindan ; I), bindcii, vrrbindrn ; 
 Ger. the same ; Sw\ binda, forbinda ; Dan. biiidc, to 
 bind, and bind, a band ; also baand, a band ; Hindu, 
 
 bandna; Gypsy, iandopen ; Pers. ^»Xij bandan,a.nA 
 
 Li , o , 
 
 JjOoiXaj bandidaa, to bind ; the former signifies 
 
 also to apply, to bend tlje mind ; and the latter to 
 shut, close, make fast. The sense is, to strain.] 
 
 1. To tie together, or confine with a cord, or any 
 thing that is flexible ; to fasten as with a band, fillet, 
 or ligature. 
 
 2. To gird, inwrap, or involve ; to confine by a 
 wrtipper, cover, or bandage; sometimes with up: as, 
 to bind up a wound. 
 
 3. To confine or restrain, as with a chain, fetters, 
 or cord ; as, bind him hand and foot. 
 
 4. To restrain in any manner. 
 
 He binde'Ji the IUkmU Imm oretHowing. — Jub xxviii. 
 
 5. To oblige by a promise, vow, stipulation, cove- 
 nant, law, duty, or any other moral tie ; to engage ; 
 a.1, we are bound by tlie laws of kindness, of nature, 
 of a state, &c. 
 
 11 n mnn ahull swrar all oaUi to bind liis Mill wiUi a toiid. — 
 Niimli. XXX. 
 
 6. To confirm or ratify. 
 
 Wh-itiMy'vcr ihou thAlt bind on ^:irth, ■linll bound in heaven. 
 
 M .(t. xvi. 
 
 7. To distress, trouble, or confine, by infirmity. 
 
 Whom Saun h.^lh bound thraf,- ciyhurn yfftrs. — Luke xiii. 
 
 8. To constrain by a [lowerflil influence or per- 
 suasion. 
 
 I bound in the ipirit to Jt-nisnlfm. » Actj xx. 
 
 9. To restrain the natural discharges of the bow- 
 els ; to make costive ; as, certain kinds of food bnul 
 the body or bowel.s. 
 
 10. To f.-rm a border ; to fasten with a hand, or 
 any thing that strengthens the edges ; as, to bmd a 
 garmenl or carpel. 
 
 11. To cover with leather or any thing fimi ; to 
 new tojether and cover ; as, to bind a biMik. 
 
 13. To cover or secure by a band ; as, to bind a 
 wheel with tire. 
 
 13. To oblige to serve, by contnict : as, to bind an 
 I apprentice ; often with oiif ; as, to ftiiirf out a servant. 
 
 14. To make hard or firm ; a.s, certain substances 
 bind the earth. 
 
 The uses of this word are loo various and numer- 
 ous to he reduced to exact definitions. 
 
 T a bind to, is to contract ; as, to bind one's self to 
 a wife. 
 
 To bind over, a to oblige by bond to appear at a 
 court. 
 
 BIP 
 
 BI.M), 1-. I. To contract; to grow hard or still'; as, 
 clay binds li> lie.it. .Mortimer. 
 y. To urow or bKComt? costive. 
 3. 'I'o hi^ obligatory. 
 BIND, A st:ilk of hops, so called from its winding 
 round a pole or tree, or being bound to it. 
 
 2. A bind of eels, is a (piaiility consisting of 10 
 strikes, each containing 20 eels, or 200 in the whole. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. Among miners, indurated clay, when much 
 mixed with the o.\yd of iron. Kirwan. 
 
 4. In music, a ligature or tie for the purpose of 
 grouping notes together. Brunde. 
 
 BINh'KU, n. A persiui wlio binds ; one whose occu- 
 pation is to bind hooks ; also, one who binds slieaves. 
 
 2. .Any thing that binds, us a fillet, cord, rope, or 
 band. 
 
 BIN I)' K 11 -Y, n. A place where books are bound. 
 
 BliVD'I.N'G, ppr. Fastening with a band ; confining; 
 restraining ; covering or wrapping ; oliliging by a 
 promise or other mural lie ; making costive ; con- 
 tracting; making hard or stilf. 
 
 BI.\I)'I.\(;, u. Tii.il binds ; that obliges ; obligatory ; 
 as, the binding' force of a moral duty or of a com- 
 mand. 
 
 BI.VD'l.VG, n. The act of fastening with a band, or 
 obliging ; a bandage ; the cover of a book, witli tlie 
 sewing and accompanying work ; any tiling that 
 binds ; something tiial secures the edge of cluth. 
 
 2. In tlir art of di/cn.ie, a method of securing or 
 crossing the adversary's sword with a pressure, ac- 
 coinpaiiied with a spring of the wrist. Encyc. 
 
 Biiidin'j-joi.ils, in arcliilcclnrr, are the joists of a floor 
 into wliicii the trimmers of ^taircases, or well-holes 
 of the stairs and chiiiiucv-wa) s, are framed. Encyc. 
 
 Hl.\I)'t.\l.: I.Y, «(.'!'. So as to bind. 
 
 l!T.M)'l.\(i-.N KSS, II. .Stale of having force to bind. 
 
 BI.N'U'-Wr.LlJ, ». A iiaiiie coiiiiiiun to ditferent spe- 
 cies of the g -niis CoHcolciilus ; as the white, the blue, 
 the Syrian bind weed, &.c. The black Briiuiy or 
 Tamils is ctiW^ ii black bind trrrd : and the Siiiilax is 
 calletl rouirh bind-iccrd. Eiicijc. Fiuii. of Plants. 
 
 BI-.\i;ilV'ATE, a. [L. bis and ii.rea ] 
 
 Supported by only two nerves, as the wing of an 
 insect. Brundr. 
 
 BI.Nt!, n. In rilum v>orks, a heap of alum thrown to- 
 gi lli. r in order to drain. Encyc. 
 
 Bl.N'.V A-tJI.IO, n. [F'oriiierly biltarlr, siiiiposed to be a 
 corniptiiui of Fr. habilacic; but more probably, buile 
 d^ai^rnillr, needle-box.] 
 
 A wcuidcii case or box in which the compass and 
 liglits are kept on board a ship. It is sometimes di- 
 vided iiilci three apartments, with sliding shutters ; 
 Tlu^ two sides contain each a coiupaas, and the mid- 
 dle division a lamp or candle. 
 
 Bl.V'O eUK, «. [1,. bina.-i, double, and ocnliis, an eye.] 
 A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, 
 so as to enable a person to view an object with botli 
 eves at once. Jfarrii. 
 
 BI-'Noe'U-LAR, n. [Sec Binocle.] Having two 
 eyes; also, having t\vo apertures or tubes, so joined 
 that one may use both eyes at once in viewing a dis- 
 tant object ; as, a binocular telescope. Encyc. 
 
 BI-.Noe't.I-LATK, a. [L. bis and oculus.] 
 Having two eyes. 
 
 BI-\0'.MI-.\L, II. [L. bis, twice, and nonien, name.] 
 In atirrbra, a root consisting of two members con- 
 nected by tile sign plus or minus; as, a-|-i, or? — 3. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BI-NO.M'I.\-Oirs, a. [L. Aw, twice, and nomcn, name.] 
 
 Having two names. John.^nn. 
 Br .NOT'O-.NOUS, n. [bis and note] Consisting of 
 
 two notes ; as, a binotonous cry. Monta:rue. 
 BI-.\'().\'YI), n. [\,.bi.i, twice, and oiyrf.] In ckem- 
 
 istrii, di'iitox) ,1, which see. 
 BI-0C'1;L-LATI:, (in (is'el-ate,) a. [L. bis and oerl- 
 
 /«.«, a hllli i ye. I In Mtn/nn/e^'-i/, applied to a wing 
 
 when dotted with two eve-like spuli. 
 BI-0(;'KA-1'I1KII, II. [See BionnAPur.] One who 
 
 writes an account or liistory of the life and actiiuis 
 
 of a particular person ; a writer of lives, as I'liitarch, 
 BI-0-GK.\l'H le, (a. Pertaining to biography, or 
 BI-()-(;KAPH'IC-AL, i the history of the life of a 
 
 p-Tson ; containing liiogniphy. 
 BI-0-(;RAPin€-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of a 
 
 biography. 
 
 BI-Oi;'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. /?i(if, life, and ; na^iw, to 
 write.) 
 
 The historj- of the life and character of a particu- 
 lar p-'rson. 
 BI-()l.'l)-CY, n. [Gr. ,'7ii)j and \o^ n<.] 
 
 The science of life ; a term introduced by Trevi- 
 raniis of Bremen, in place of plivsioKigv. Luirrenc^. 
 BI O-TI'.NA, ( 11. [Irom Bief, a ' French naturalist.] 
 BI O-TI.N'E, ! A variety of Anorlhite, {which see,) 
 
 found among the volcanic debris of Vesuvius. 
 BIP'.A-ROl'S, a. [Ij. bL^, twice, and pario, to bear.] 
 
 Bring forth two at a birth. 
 HT-P.\RT'I-BLE, ( a. (L. bis, twice, and partio, to 
 BIP AR-TII.F,, t, divide.] 
 
 That may he divided into two parts. Martyn. 
 I!I-I*.\R'TIEXT, ( pir'shent,) «. [L. bis, twice, and 
 pttrlin, pnrtiens, to divide.] 
 
 Diviiliiig into two parts, .4sA. 
 
 BIR 
 
 BIP'AR-TI l t;, n. [L.Ai.-, twice, and /lurd/u.v, divided ] 
 
 1. Having two correspondent parts, us a legal con- 
 tract or writing, one for each party. 
 
 2. Ill botany, divided into two p.'irts to the base, as 
 a leaf. .Martini. 
 
 BI-PAR-TI"TION, n. The act of dividing iiito'two 
 parts, or of makiiigtwo correspondent [larls, Jnhnsou. 
 
 BI-Pi:C'TI,\-ATK, a. [L. Aw and prctcn, a coiiib ] 
 III botany, having two margins toothed like a comb. 
 
 BI'Pi;i), n. [1,. bipes, of bis, twice, and pes, putis, a 
 foot.] .An animal having two feet, as man. 
 
 BIP'E-D.AL, a. Having two feet, or tile lenglli of two 
 feet 
 
 BI-PEL'TATE, a. [\.. bis and prlta, a buckler.] 
 
 Having a defense like a double shield. 
 BI-PE.\'.\.ATE, 0. [L. Ais and pcnna.] Having two 
 wings. 
 
 BI-PET' A IDOL'S, a. [L. Aii, and Gr. rrtruX..!..] 
 In botann, having two flower leaves or petals. 
 BI PI.N'.N A'i'E, ) IT I. • ■ 1 
 BI-PL\'.\A-TED, I iV"'""""-] 
 
 111 biitanu, having pinnate leaves on each side 
 of the comiiioii petiole, as a leaf or frond. .Marli/n. 
 BI-P1.\-.\.AT'I-1TI), a. [I,. Ail, twice, pinna, a wing, 
 .>r leather, and fndo, to divide.] 
 Ill lintany, doubly pinnatifid. 
 
 A bipinnatifid />■«/', is a pinnatifid leaf having its 
 
 segments pinnatifid. 
 BI-l'O'h.Ail, a. Doubly polar. Coleridirt. 
 BT-PlI.\eT'i;-AL, a. Having two points. 
 BI-PO PIL-LaTE, a. [I., bis and pupilla, a pupil.] 
 In cntnmnlnffy, iiaviug an eye-like spot on the wing, 
 
 with two dots or pupils within it of a diflereiil color, 
 
 as ill some biittertlies. 
 BI-ULfAD'R.ATE, 71. [L. bis, twice, and quadratus, 
 
 squared.] 
 
 In muWe»i«r<«, the fourth power, arising from the 
 multiplication of a sipiare number or ipiaiitity by 
 itself. Thus 4,X4 = llj, » liicli is the sipiare of 4, 
 and IfiX lli = 25l), the biipiadrate of that number. 
 BI-aUAD-RAT'ie, II. The same as BiitUAUBAiE. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BI-QlJ.AD-R.AT'ie, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic 
 or fourth pow'er. 
 
 Bimtadrutic equation, in alirrbra, is an equation of 
 the lourlh degree, or one in which the unknown 
 quantity is raised to the fourth power. 
 
 Biquadratic parabola, in ^enmflry, is a cur\*e line of 
 tin- third order, liaving two infinite legs tending the 
 same way. 
 
 Biquadratic root of a number, is the square root of 
 the square root of that number. Thus the square 
 root of 81 is i), and the square root of 9 is 3, which 
 is the biquadratic root of 81. Eiiciic. 
 
 BI-UUI.\'T1LE, u. [I,. i,.-,twicc, and quintus, fifth.] 
 All aspect of the planets, when they are distant 
 from each oilier, by tiricc IJi' Jiflti part of a great cir- 
 cle, that is, 1 14 degrees, or twice 72 degrees. 
 
 BI-R.x'DI-.A TE, j a. [L. Ai.», twice, and radiatus, 
 
 BI-RA'DI-A-TED, j set with rays.] Having two 
 rays ; as, a biradiutr fin. Encyc. 
 
 BIRCH, (burrh,) 11. [.-^ax. Airce ; D. berken, or berke- 
 booin : (J. birke ; Dan. Air/.'. | 
 
 A name common to dirterent species of trees, of 
 the genus Betiila ; as, the white or coiiiuion birch, 
 the dwarf birch, the Canada birch, of which there 
 are several varieties, and the common black birch. 
 The smaller branches of the coniinun Euro|>eaii birch, 
 (B. a/A«,) being tough and slender, were formerly 
 much used for rods, especially in schools. 
 
 Birch of Jamaica ; a species of the Pistacia or tur- 
 pentine-tree. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BlItl'l'rfT.N' I of •''f'^h ; consisting of birch. 
 
 BIIt('H'-\VI.\E, 11. Wine made of the vernal juice 
 of the birch. 
 
 BIRD, (hurd,) n. [Sax. bird, or bridd, a chicken ; from 
 thi' root of Arar, or \V. bndnw, to bri ak forth.] 
 
 1. Properly, a chicken ; the young of fowls ; and 
 hence a small fowl. 
 
 2. In modern use, any fowl or flying animal. Tech- 
 nically, any individual belonging to a class of warm- 
 blooded vertebrate animals, {.ires,) characterized by 
 oviparous generation, a covering of feathers, a beak, 
 the po.sterior extremities organized .as feet, and the 
 anterior extremities as wings, generally farmed for 
 flight 
 
 It is reniarkahlit that a nation should lay luside the 
 use of the proper generic name of flying aniin.als, 
 foKl, Sax. fuirrl, D. rogrl, the flyer, and substitute 
 the name of the young of those animals, .as the 
 generic terrn. The fact is precisely w hat it would be 
 to make lamb the generic name of sheep, or coU 
 that of the equine genus. 
 
 BIRD, r. i. To catch birds. Sliak. 
 
 BIRI)-OF-PAR'A-DISE, n. .\ name common to a 
 genus of birds (/'i;ra<ii<fa) found in the Oriental Isles, 
 and in .NewGiiinea, some of them remarkably beauti- 
 ful. The beak is covered with a belt or coUar of 
 downy feathers at the h.ise, and the feathers 011 the 
 sides are very long. The largest species is two feet 
 four inches in length. The head and back (lartof the 
 neck of this species are lemon-colored ; the neck of 
 the brightest emerald green, soft like velvet ; the 
 
 TC.NE, BIJLL, t;MTE. — A.N"tiER, VI"C10US. — C as K : as J : S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 123 
 
BIR 
 
 breast is black ; the wings of a chestnut color. The 
 bTick part of the body is covered with long, straight, 
 narrow fuathers, of a pale brown color, similar to 
 the plumes of the ostrich. These are spread when 
 the bird flies, for which reason it can keep very 
 long on the wing. From the rump proceed two 
 lone, stiff shafts, feathered at the extremities. Enctjc. 
 
 BIRD'-BoI-T, 71. [bird and bolt.] An arrow, broad at 
 the end, for shooting birds. Shali. 
 
 BIRD'-€AGE, n. [bird and cage.'] A box or case 
 with wires, small sticks, or wicker, forming open 
 work, for keeping birds. 
 
 BIRD'-eALL, n. [bird and call] A little stick, cleft 
 at one end, in which is put a leaf of some plant 
 for imitating the cry of birds. A laurel leaf counter- 
 feits the voice of lapwings ; a leek, that of nigluin- 
 gales, &c. Eiicijc. 
 
 BiRU'-eATCH-ER, n. [bird ani eal.ch.] One whose 
 employment is to catch birds ; a fowler. 
 
 BIRD'-CATCH-ING, 7!. [bird xnA catch.] The art of 
 taking birds or wild fowls, either for food, for pleas- 
 ure, or for their destruction, when pernicious to the 
 husbandman. 
 
 BlRD'-UflER-RY, n. [bird and cherrxj.] A tree, a 
 sp!>cies of Prunus, (P. padus.) There are other species 
 called by the same name. Encyc. Fani. of Plants. 
 
 BIRD'ER, V. A bird-catcher. 
 
 BlRD'-EY-£D, (burd'Ide,) a. Uuick-sighted ; catch- 
 ing a dance as one gOes. 
 
 BIRD'-FAN'-CI-ER, n. One who takes pleasure in 
 rearing birds. 
 
 2. One who keeps for sale the various kinds of 
 birds which are kept in cages. 
 
 BIRD'ING-PIiiCE, /!. [bird and -piece.] A fowling- 
 piece. Skak. 
 
 BIRD'-LTKE, a. Resembling a bird. 
 
 BIKD'-LI.\IE,»7. [birdaniltme.] A viscous substance, 
 usually made of the juice of holly-bark, extracted by 
 boiling, mixed with a third part of nut oil or thin 
 grease, used to catch birds. For this purposCj the 
 twigs of a bush are smeared over with this viscid 
 substance. Encijc. 
 
 BIRD'-LlAI-rD, a. Smeared with bird-lime; spread 
 to insnare. Howell. 
 
 BiKD'-MAN, n. [bird and man.] A fowler or bu:d- 
 catcher. 
 
 BIRD'-OR-GAN, 7i. A small barrel organ, used in 
 teaching birds to sing. 
 
 BIKD'-PEP-PER, 77. [bird and pepper.] A species of 
 Capsicum or Guinea pepper ; a shrubby plant, bear- 
 ing a small, oval fruit, more biting tiian the other 
 sorts. Encyc. 
 
 BJRDS'-EyE, a. [bird and eye.] Seen from above, 
 as if by a flying bird ; embraced at a glance ; hence, 
 general ; not minute, or entering into details ; as, a 
 bird's-eye view of a subject. Burke. 
 
 BIRDS'E'yE, 77. [bird and eye.] The popular name 
 of a genus of plants, called also Pheasant's eye, known 
 in botany by the generic term Jidmis. There are 
 several species, some of which [jroduce beautiful 
 flowers. Encvc. 
 
 BlRnS'EYE-MA'PLE, 77. A kind of maple having 
 spots like the eye of a bird, used in cabinet work. 
 
 BIRDS'FOOT, 77. [bird and foot.] A plant, the Or- 
 nitliopus, whose legumen is articulated, cylindrical, 
 and betit in the form of a bow. Encyc. 
 
 BIRDS'FOOT-TRK'FOIL, 71. A genus of plants, the 
 Lotus, of several species. Encyc. 
 
 BIRDS'-MOUTII, 77. In architecture, an interior an- 
 gle or notch cut across a piece of timber, for its re- 
 ception on the edge of another, as tliat on a rafter to 
 be laid on a plate. 
 
 BIEDS'NEST, 77. [bird nnd iicst.] The nest in which 
 a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. 
 
 2. A plant, a species of Ophrys or twyblade ; also, 
 a species of Orchis. Encyc. 
 
 3. In cookery, the nest of a small swallow, of China 
 and the neighboring countries, delicately Lasted, and 
 mixed with soups. This nest is found in the rocks ; 
 it is of a hemispherical figure, of the size of a goose 
 egg, and in substance resembles isinglass. In the 
 East, these nests are esteemed a great luxury, and 
 Bell at a very high price. Encyc. 
 
 BIRDiS'TAUES and BIRDS'TONGUE ; names of 
 plants. 
 
 BIKD'-VVIT-TED, a. Flighty ; p.assing rapidly from 
 one subject to another ; not having the faculty of at- 
 tention. Bacon, 
 
 BI'llEME, 71. [Ij. biremis, 6i.» and remun, an oar.] 
 A vessel with two banks or tiers of oars. Milford. 
 
 BIRG'AN-DER, n. Tlie name of a wild goose, au. 
 lierffander. 
 
 BI-RIIOM-BOID'AL, a. [ftit and rhomboid.] Having 
 a surface composed of twelve rluiuibic faces, which, 
 being taken six and six, and prolonged in idea till 
 they intercept each other, would form two different 
 rhombs. Clcavcland. 
 
 BTRK'/;.V, r.f. [from iiVfA ; Bax. hirce,bijrc.] 'I'o beat 
 with a birch or rod. [Ota.J Ch. Rcliir. JJ/rpeal. 
 
 BT RfJH'TRA'I'E, ( o. [L. iw, twice, and rostrum, 
 
 HI ROS'TRA-TED, n beak.] 
 
 Having a double weak, or process resembling a beak. 
 
 Til'- CApaulf; U ijlloculnr uml t/irotirated. Kncye. 
 
 BIRT, (hurt,) n. A fliih, called aluo turhoU 
 
 BIS 
 
 BIRTH, (buith,) 71. [Sax. byrd, beortii; D. geboorte ; 
 Ger. geburt ; It. beirtJie, from bear ; perhaps L. partus, 
 from pario.] 
 
 1. The act of coming into life, or of being born. 
 Except in poetry, it is generally applied to human 
 beings ; as, the birth of a son. 
 
 2. Lineage ; extraction ; descent ; as, Grecian 
 birth. JDenlia/n. 
 
 It is used of high or low extraction ; but is often 
 used by way of distinction for a descent from noble 
 or honorable parents and ancestors ; as, a man of birth. 
 
 3. The condition in which a person is born. 
 
 A foe by birth to Troy. Dryden. 
 
 4. That which is born ; that which is produced, 
 whether animal or vegetable. Mdton. Jlddison. 
 
 5. The act of bringing forth ; as, she had two 
 children at a birtlu 
 
 6. In a theolog-ical sense, regeneration is called the 
 71CW birth. 
 
 7. Origin ; beginning ; as, the bii-th of an empire. 
 BIRTH, ) 77. A station in which a ship rides. [See 
 BERTH, i Berth.] 
 
 BIRTH'DaY, 77. [birth and day.] The day in which 
 any person is born. 
 
 2. The same day of Ine month, in which a person 
 was bom, in every succeeding year ; often celebrated 
 as a joyful anniversary. It sometimes has the form 
 of an attribute ; as, a birth-day ode. 
 
 BIRTH'DOM, 77. [ii>£/i and i/,i7/7. See :>0M and Doom.] 
 Privilege of birth. [JVut used.] Shak. 
 
 BIRTH'ING, 71. Any thing added to raise the sides of 
 a ship. Ml. Badey. 
 
 BIRTH'LESS, a. Destitute of birth. 
 
 BIRTH'NiGHT, (uurth'nite,) n. [birth and night.] 
 The night in which a person is born ; and the anni- 
 versary of that night in succeeding years. 
 
 BIRTH'PLaCE, ji. [birth and place.] The town, 
 city, or country, where a person is bomj more gen- 
 erally, the particular town, city, or other local 
 district. 
 
 BIRTH'RiGHT, (Imrth'rite,) n. [birth and right.] 
 Any right or privilege to which a person is entitled 
 by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an 
 heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution. 
 Esati, for a morsel, solt] his birthright. — Hcb. xii. 
 It may be used in the sense of primogeniture, or 
 the privilege of the'first born, but is applicable to any 
 right which results from descent. 
 
 BIRTH'-SONG, 71. A song sung at the birth of a 
 person. 
 
 BIRTH'-STRAN"GLED, a. [birth and strangle.] 
 Strangled or sulTocated in being born. Sha/i. 
 
 BIRTII'WORT, (burth'wurt,) 77. [birtJi and worL] 
 A genus of plants, Aristolochia, of many species. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BIS, in music, denotes repetition of a passage. 
 BI'S.'\, ) 77. A coin of Pegu, of the value of half a 
 Bl'ZA, ( ducat ; also, a weight. Encyc. 
 BIS'CO-TIN, 77. [Fr.] A confection, made of liour, 
 
 sugar, marmalade, and eggs. 
 BIS'CLJIT, (bis'kit,) 77. [Fr., compounded of L. bis, 
 
 twice, and cidt, baked ; It. biscotto ; Sp. bizcocho.] 
 
 1. A kind of bread, formed into cakes, and baked 
 hard for seamen. 
 
 2. A cake, variously made, for the use of private 
 families. The name, in England, is given to a com- 
 position of flour, eggs, and sugar. With us the 
 name is given to a composition of flour and butter, 
 made and baked in private families. But the com- 
 positions under this denomination are very various. 
 
 3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has under- 
 gone the first baking, before it is subjected to the 
 process of glazing. 
 
 4. In sculpture, a species of nnglazed porcelain, 
 in which groups and figures are formed in miniature. 
 
 Bra7ule. 
 
 BI-SECT', V. t. [L. bis, twice, and scco, scctum, to cut. 
 See Section.] 
 
 To cut or divide into two parts. In geometry, one 
 lino bisects another when it crosses it, leaving an 
 equal part of the line on each side of the point where 
 it is crossed. 
 
 BI-SECT'ED, pp. Divided into two erpial parts. 
 BI-SECT'ING, ppr. Dividing into two equal parts. 
 BI-SEC'TION, 71. Tlin act of cutting into two equal 
 
 parts ; the division of any line or quantity into two 
 
 equal parts. 
 
 BI-SEG'MENT, n. [bis and segment.] One of the 
 parts of a line, divided into two equal parts 
 
 BI-Sf.'RI-ATE, a. Existing in two serie.i 
 
 BI-SK'TOSE, ( n , 1 
 
 BI-SC'TOUS, ( tl'- ^ctosus.] 
 Having two bristles. 
 
 BT-SEX'OOS, a. Consisting of both sexes. Brovn. 
 
 lil-SEX'lI-AL, a. In botany, being of both sexes, as a 
 flower containing both stamens and pistils within Ihc 
 same envelop. 
 
 BISH'OP, n. [h. episcopns ; Gr. rnioKiinos, of cm, 
 over, and OKunns, inspector, or visitor; <7»nirftu, to 
 view or inspect; whence, iTiir/<iTrii;7(ii, to visit or 
 inspect; also, £jriiT<i<irtt.i, io view. This (Jreck and 
 Latin word iiccompaiiied the inlroduction of Chris- 
 tianity into the west and north of Europe, and has 
 
 BIS 
 
 been corrupted into Saxon biscop, bisceop, Sw. and 
 Dan. biskop, D. bisschop, Ger. bischuf. It. vescovo, Fr. 
 evSquc, Sp. obispo, Port, bispo, W esgob, and Ir. easgob. 
 b J O J 
 
 In Ar. and Pers. t_jijUw^ oskof. This title the Athe- 
 nians gave to those whom they sent into the prov- 
 inces subject to them, to inspect the state of affairs; 
 and the Romans gave the title to those who were 
 inspectors of provisions.] 
 
 1. An overseer ; a spiritual superintendent, ruler, 
 or director ; applied to Christ. 
 
 Ye won- iis sliepp ^o'mg astray, bat are now i-etunied to the 
 sheplierU and bisliop of your souls. — 1 Pet. ii. 
 
 2. £n the primitive church, a spiritual overseer ; an 
 elder or presbyter ; one wlio had the pastoral care of 
 a church. 
 
 The s;iioe persons .are in this chapter called elders or presbyters, 
 aiut ov.Ts:ers or bishops. Scott, Com. Acts xx. 
 
 TiJI Ui'" chtirclies were multiplied, the bishops and presbylcrB 
 Kpre the s-ime. lb. Phil. i. I. 1 Tun. iii. 1. Til. i. 7. 
 
 Both tlie f ireek .and I.atin fatiiers do, with one consenl, di dare 
 that bishops were cixlled presbyters, and presbyu'rs bishops, 
 in apostolic tunes, the name being then common. Whitby. 
 
 3. In the Qreek, Latin, and some Protestant 
 churches, a prelate, or person consecrated for the 
 spiritual government and direction of a diocese. In 
 Great Britain, bishops are nominated by the king, 
 who, upon request of the dean and chapter for 
 leave to elect a bisiiop, sends a conge d'elire, or 
 license to elect, with a letter missive, nominating 
 the person whom he would have chosen. The elec- 
 tion, by the chapter, must be made within twelve 
 days, or the king has a right to appoint whom he 
 pleases. Bishops are consecrated by an arciibisliop, 
 with two .assistant bishops, A bishop must be thirty 
 years of age ; and all bishops, except the bishop of 
 Man, are peers of the realm. Blockstone. 
 
 By the canons of the Protestant Episcojial church 
 in the United States, no diocese or state shall pro- 
 ceed to the election of a bishop, unless there are at 
 least six officiating presbyters residing therein, who 
 shall be qualified, according to the canons, to vote 
 for a bishop ; a majority of whom, at least, must con- 
 cur in the election. But the conventions of two or 
 more dioceses, or states, having together nine or 
 more such presbyters, may join in the election of a 
 bishop. A convention is composed of the clerg)', 
 and a lay delegation, consisting of one or more mem- 
 bers from each parish. In everj- state, the bishop is 
 to be chosen according to such rules as the conven- 
 tion of that state shall ordain. The mode of election 
 in most or all of the states, is by a concurrent vote of 
 the clergy and laity, in convention, each body voting 
 separately. Before a bishop can be consecrated, he 
 must receive a testimonial of approbation from the 
 general convention of the church ; or, if that is not 
 in session, from a majority of the standing committee 
 in the several dioceses. The mode of consecrating 
 bishops and ordaining priests and deacons, differs 
 not essentially from the practice in England. 
 
 Bishop Broicnell. 
 
 BISH'OP, 77. A cant word for a mixture of wine, 
 oranges, and sugar. Swift. 
 2. A part of a lady's dress. 
 
 BISH'OP, B. t. To confirm; to admit solemnly into 
 the church. Johnson. 
 
 2. Among horse-dealers, to use arts to make an old 
 horse look like a young one, or to give a good ap- 
 pearance to a bad horse. .^sh. Encyc. 
 
 BISH'OP-DOM, 71. Jurisdiction of a bishop. 
 
 BISH'0P-£:D, (bish'opt,) pp. Confirmed. 
 
 BISH'OP-INO, ppr. Confirming. 
 
 BISH'OP-LiKE, 0. Resembling a bishop; belonging 
 to a bishop. Fulke. 
 
 BISH'OP-LY, adv. In the manner of a bishop. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 BISH'OP-Rie, 77. [bishop and rie, jurisdiction.] 
 
 1. A diocese ; the district over which the juris- 
 diction of a bishop extends. In England are twen- 
 ty-four bishoprics, besides that of Sodor and iSlan ; 
 in Irelnnd, eighteen. 
 
 a. The charge of instructing and governing in 
 spiritual enitf eriis ; office. Acts i. 20. 
 
 BISH'OPS-WEED, 71. [bishop and 77'(r7/.] A name 
 common to different species of plants of the genus 
 Ammi. 
 
 niSH'OPS-WORT, (-vvurt,) 71. A plant. 
 
 BI.'^K, 71. [Fr. btsijue.] Soup or broth, made by boil- 
 ing several sorts of flesh together. Ktng. 
 
 BISK'ET, 71. A biscuit. This orthography is adopted 
 by many rcspectiiblc writers. 
 
 niS'iMUTlI, 71. [Ii. wissmutli.] A metal of a yellow- 
 ish or reiltlish white color, and a lamellar texture. 
 It is somewhat harder than lead, and scarcely, if at 
 all, malleable, being so brittle as to break easily un- 
 der the hammer, and it is reducible to powder Its 
 internal face or (fracture exhibits large shining jilates, 
 variously disposeil. It melts at 471)^ Fahr., and may 
 be fuseil in the flntne of a candle. It is often found 
 in a native state, crystallized in rhombs or octahe- 
 drons, or in the form of dendrites, or thin l.imino! in- 
 vesting the ores of other metals, particularly cobalt. 
 
 JviclioUiOn. Encyc 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — MiSTE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 124 
 
BIT 
 
 DIS'MUTH-AL, a. Consisting of bismuth, or con- 
 tainins it. CUaveland. 
 
 niS'.ML'TII-ie, a. Pertaining to bismuth. 
 
 BIS'MUTH-INE, n. A rare mineral, compospd of bis- 
 muth and sulphur ; a native sulphuret of bismuth. 
 
 niS'.MUTII-o eilEU, j H. A native oxj d of bismuth, 
 
 UlS'.MUTII-O'eilKK, \ sometimes containing asmall 
 portion of carbonic acid. 
 
 IM'.-<ON, M. [L.] A quadniped of the bovine penus, 
 usually but improperly called tlie buffalo. The proper 
 buHalo is a distinct species, peculiar to the warmer 
 climates of the eastern continent. The bison is a 
 wild animal, with short, black, rounded horns, with 
 n great interval between their bases. On llie shoul- 
 ders is a large hunch, consisting of a fleshy sub- 
 stance. The bead and hunch are covered with a 
 loni, undulated fleece, of a rust color, divided into 
 locks. In winter, the whole body is covered in this 
 manner; but in suumier, the hind part of the body 
 is naked and wrinkled. The tail is about a foot 
 long, naked, except a tutX of hairs at the end. The 
 fore parts of til.-! body are very thick and strong ; the 
 hind parts are sk'ndiV and weak. These animals in- 
 habit the interior parts of Xortli .\merica, and some 
 of the mountuinous parts of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Pennant. 
 
 Pennant alleges that the bison of .\merica is the 
 same species (if animal as the bison and aurorhs of 
 Europe, the bona.^ns of Aristotle, the nrits of Cesar, 
 the bos feriui or wild ox of Strabo, the bison of Pliny, 
 and the bistnn of Uppian. 
 BIS-SEX'TILE, n. [L, bUseitilis, leap year, from bis- 
 sextas, {bis anil srjlus,) the sixth of the calends of 
 Alarch, or twenty-fourth day of February, which 
 was reckoned tieice every fourth year, by the inter- 
 calation of a day. .^insircrtli.] 
 
 Leap year ; every fourth year, in which a day is 
 added to the month of February, on account of the 
 excess of ti hours, which the civil year contains, 
 above 365 days. This excess is 11 minutes 3 sec- 
 onds too much ; that is, it exceeds the real year, or 
 annu;il revolutiim of the earth. Hence, at the end 
 of every century, divisible by 4, it is necessary to re- 
 tain the bissextile day, and to suppress it at the end 
 of those centuries wliich are not divisible by 4. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BIS-SEX'TILE, a. Pertaining to the leap vear. 
 BIS'SON, a. [Sa-X. bisen.] Blind. [JVof used.] Shak. 
 
 BIs'tRe' I *'*"''■''> f™'" brown.] 
 
 Among painlir-i, a dark-brown pigment extracted 
 from the soot of wood. To prepare it, soot [that of 
 beach is the best] is put into water, in the proportion 
 of two |)ounds to a gallon, and bailed half an hour ; 
 after standing to settle, and while hot, the clearer 
 part of the fluid must be poured olT from the sedi- 
 ment, and evaporated to drj ness ; the remainder is 
 bister. .■ Encyc 
 
 BI-STIP'r-L£D, a. Having two stipules. 
 
 BIS'TORT, n. [L. bistorUi, bis and tortus, twisted.] 
 A plant, a species of Polygonum ; in popular lan- 
 guage, called sntike-tceed. 
 
 LIS'TOU-KY, (bis'tu-ry,) n [Vi. bistouri, from Pistoia, 
 a city.] 
 
 A surgical instniment for making incisions. It is 
 either straight and fixed in a handle like a knife, or 
 its blade turns like a lancet, or it is crooked, with 
 the sharp edge on the inside. Kncyc 
 BI-SUL'e.\TE, a. Two-furrowed. 
 
 ■2. In loolog-n, cloven-footed, or with two hoofed 
 digits. 
 
 BI-SL'L'eOL'S, a. [L. bisulcus, of bis and sulcits, a 
 furrow.J rioven-fooled, as swine or oxen. Broicn. 
 
 BI-SULTHU-RET, n. [L. ftini and sulphurrt.] 
 
 In chrmLitrii, a sulphuret with two atoms of sulphur, 
 the electro-negative ingredient. An incorrect term 
 for deuto-sulphurrt. 
 
 BIT, n. [Sax. biiol, /rrbtetr, grbtrtel, a bit ; iirtan, to 
 bit or curb.] The iron part of a bridle which is in- 
 serted in the mouth of a lior^sc, and its appendages, 
 to which Uie reins are f^istcned. It includes the bit 
 mouth, the bninches, the curb, the sevel holes, the 
 traiichefll, and cross chains. Bits are of various 
 kinds, as the musrole, snalile, or watering bit ; the 
 canon mouth, jointed in the middle ; the canon or 
 fsist mouth, all of a piece, kneed in the middle ; the 
 ■catch-mouth ; the masticador, or slavering bit, &c. 
 
 Johnson. Knew. 
 
 BIT, r. (. To put a bridle upon a horse ; to put the bit 
 in the mouth. 
 
 BIT, prtu and pp. of Bite. Seized or wounded by the 
 teeth. 
 
 BIT, n. [Sax. bita, a bite or mouthful ; bitan, to bite ; 
 D. bit; t.. iii.ss.] A small piece ; a mouthful, or mor- 
 sel ; a biu. 
 
 2. \ small piece of any substance. 
 
 3. .\ small coin of the VVest Indies, a half pistareen, 
 about ten cents, or Ave pence sterling. 
 
 4. A small instrument for boring. ' 
 This word is used, like jot and irAif, to express the 
 
 smallest degree ; as, he is not a bit wiser or belter. 
 BITCil, n. [^Sax. bicca, bicce, bice: Dan. bikke. Uu. 
 Ger. betze : Ba.sque, pntioa. This word probably sig- 
 nifies a female, for the French btche is a hind.] 
 
 BIT 
 
 1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, 
 wolf, and fox. 
 
 2. A name of reproach for a woman. 
 
 Pope. .^rbtUhnot. 
 BITE, V, t. i pret. Bit ; pp. Bit, Bittem. [Sax. ii(an ; 
 Sw. bita ; Dan. bide; tier. bcLfsin, to bile.] 
 
 1. To break or crush with the teeth, as in eating ; 
 to pierce with the teeth, as a serpent ; to seize with 
 the teeth, as a dog. 
 
 2. To pinch or pain, as with cold ; as, a bitinff 
 north wind ; the frost bites. 
 
 3. To reproach with sarcasm ; to treat with sever- 
 ity by words or writing ; as, one poet praises, another 
 bites. 
 
 4. To pierce, cut, or wound ; as, a biting falrliion. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. To make to sm!#t ; as, acids bite the mouth. 
 C. To cheat ; to trick. 
 
 Tire rojiie wns lil. Popt. 
 [SVut defiant, but common.] 
 
 7. To enter the ground and hold fast, as the bill 
 and palm of an anchor. Mar. Diet. 
 
 6. To injure by angry contention. 
 
 If ya lite ami devour on'- aiiotlicr. — (ial, t. 
 To bite the thumb at a person, was formerly a mark 
 of contempt, designed to provoke a (piam l ; as, in 
 Shakspeare, " Do you bite your thumb at us ? " 
 BITE, 71. The seizure of any thing by the teeth of an 
 animal, as the bite of a dog ; or with the moutli, as 
 
 2. The wound made by the teeth. [of a fish. 
 
 3. A morsel ; as much as is taken at once by bit- 
 ing ; a mouthful. 
 
 4. A cheat; a trick ; a fraud, [jj loa icord.] 
 
 5. A sharper ; one who cheats. 
 
 BIT'EK, 71. One who bites ; that which bites ; a fish 
 apt to lake bait. 
 2. One who cheats or defrauds. • 
 BI-TER-V.-^TE, a. [L. bis and IcriiiM, three.] 
 
 In botany, doubly ternate, as when a petiole has 
 three ternate leaflets. Martyn. 
 BIT'I.N'G, 71. Act of biting. 
 
 BIT'ING, ppr. Seizing, wounding, or crushing with 
 the teeth ; pinching, paining, causing to smart with 
 cold ; repraaching with severity, or treating sarcasti- 
 cally ; cheating. 
 
 BIT'l.NG, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic. 
 
 BIT'ING-LY, of/e. In a sarciustic or jeering manner. 
 
 BIT'LESS, a. Xot having a bit or bridli'. Fanshaw. 
 
 BIT'.MOUTH, 71. [bit and moutJi.] The bit, or that 
 part of a bridle which is put in a horse's mouth. 
 
 Ba'tey. .^sh. Kncvc. 
 
 BIT'T.V-CLE, 71. [Qu. Fr. bouc d'aiiruille, needle-box.] 
 The box for the compass on board a ship. [See 
 Binnacle.] 
 
 BIT'TEl), pp. Il.-iving the bit put in the mouth. 
 BIT'T£N, (bil'tn,) pp. of Bite. Seized or wounded 
 
 by the teeth ; cheated. 
 BIT'TER, a. [Sax. biter; Sw. D. Ger. and Dan. bitter, 
 
 from bite.] 
 
 1. Sharp or biting to the taste ; acrid ; like worm- 
 wood. 
 
 2. Sharp ; cniel ; severe ; as, bitter enmity. Heb. i. 
 
 3. Sharp, as words ; reproacliful ; sarcastic. 
 
 4. Sharp to the feeling; piercing; painful; that 
 makes to smart ; as, a AiHer cold day, or a bitler blast. 
 
 5. Painful to the mind ; calamitous ; poignant ; as, 
 
 6. Alllicted ; distressed. [a bitter fate. 
 
 Tlie E*TpUaii3 iTuvlo Oieir livei biuer, — Ex. i. 
 
 7. Hurtful ; very sinful. 
 
 Il is aji evil anil bitter thinj. — Jrr. ii. 
 
 8. Mournful ; distressing; expressive of misery ; as, 
 a bitter complaint or lamentation. Job xxiii. Jer. 
 vi. xxxl. 
 
 BIT'TER, 71. A substance that is bitter. [Sec Bit- 
 
 TER'J 
 
 BIT'TER, 71. [See Bitts.] In marine language, a turn 
 of the cable which is round the bilLs. 
 
 BiUer-rnd; that part of a cable which is abaft the 
 bitts, and therefore within board, when the ship rides 
 at anchor. «lfar. Diet. 
 
 BIT'TER-GOCRD, n. [biurr and gourd.] A plant, a 
 species of Cilcumis, called Cnlocynthis, Colocynlh, Cal- 
 oquinlada. The fruit is of the gourd kind, having a 
 shell inclosing a bitter pulp, which is a very drastic 
 purgative, ll is brought from Uie Levant, and is the 
 bitter apple of the sho|)S. Encvc 
 
 BIT'TEll-ISH, a. Somewhat bitter; bitter in a mod- 
 erate degree. Ooldsmith. 
 
 BIT' TER-ISII-NESS, n. The quality of being moder- 
 ately bitter. Eneyc. 
 
 BIT'TER-LY, ode. With a bitter taste. 
 
 2. In a severe manner; in a manner expressing 
 poignant grief ; as, to weep bitterly. 
 
 3. In a manner severely repro,acliful ; sharply ; se- 
 ven'lv ; angrily ; as, to censure bitterbi. 
 
 BIT'TERN, n. [D. butx)or; Fr. butor ; Corn, klabilter.] 
 A fowl of the Grallic order, the ardea stellaris, 
 (Linn.,) a native of Europe. This fowl h.xs long 
 legs and neck, and stalks among reeds and sedge, 
 feeding upon fish. It makes a singular noise, called 
 by Drydeii bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BIV 
 
 BIT'TERN', n. [from iiiffer.] In «n/( isvrA.", the brine 
 remaining alter the salt is cimcreti d. TIhh, being 
 laded oil", and the salt taken out of the pan, is re- 
 turned, and, being again boiled, yields more salt. It 
 is used in the preimrallon of Epsom sail, or tile sul- 
 phate of magnesia, and of Glauber's salt, or the sul- 
 phate of soda. Jtihnson. Encyc. 
 
 •2. .\ very bitter compound of quassia, cocciiliis in- 
 dicus, &c., used by fraudulent brewers in adultera- 
 ting beer. Couley. 
 
 BIT'TER-.V'ESS, 71. [from bitter.] A bitter taste ; or 
 rather a quality in things which excites a biting, dis- 
 agreeable sensation in tlie tongue. 
 
 a. In a fitpiralire sense, extreme enmity, grudge, 
 hatred ; or rather an excessive degree or implacable- 
 ness of passions and emotions ; as, the bitterness of 
 anger. Eph. iv. 
 
 3. Sh.arpness ; severity of temper. 
 
 4. Keenness of reproach ; piquancy ; biting sarcasm. 
 
 5. Keen sorrow ; painful affliction ; vex.alion ; deep 
 distress of mind. 
 
 Hannah was in bittenietM of soul. — I Sam. i. Job vii. 
 
 In the gal! of biltemess; In a state of extreme im- 
 piety or enmity to God. Acts viii. 
 
 limit of hilirrnrss; a daiigeniiis error, or schism, 
 tending io draw persons to apostasy. Ilrb. xii. 
 BIT'TKKS, n.pl. ,\ liquor in which hitler herbs or roots 
 are steeped ; generally a spirituous liquor, the bitter 
 cause of intemperance, of disease, and of prematart 
 death ! 
 
 In tite materia mrdiea, the term bitters is applied to 
 such medicinal substances as are characterized by 
 their bitterness. Cullm. 
 
 The simple bitters are properly siirh as exert only a 
 tiuilc power on the digestive organs. 
 
 BIT'TER-SALT, H. Epsom salt; sulphate of magnesia. 
 
 BIT'TER-Si'.KR, 71. A sparry mineral, resembling 
 calcareous spar, but consisting of carbonate of lime 
 and carbonate of magnesia. It is the cri -stallized va-- 
 rietv of dolomite or iiiagnesian limestone. Ure. 
 
 BIT'TER-SWEET, 71. [hitter and sieert.] A species 
 of Solanuin, a slender, climbing plant, whose root, 
 when chewed, produces first a bitter, then a sweet 
 taste. Kncvc. 
 
 BIT'TER-VETCn, 71. [bitler and reteh.] A species 
 of Ervuni, or leiilil, cultivated for fodder. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A genus of plants, known by the generic name 
 Orobus, remarkable for their beautiful papilionaceous 
 flowers. The tubercles of one species are in great 
 esteem among the Highlanders of Scotland, who 
 chew them, when dry, to give a better relish to their 
 liquors. 
 
 BIT'TER-AVORT, n. [6ittcr and leort.] The plant 
 called n^p7i«ia7i, Gentiana, which has a remarkably 
 bitter taste. 
 
 BIT'TI.XG ppr. Putting the bits in the mouth. 
 
 BIT'TOUR or BIT'TOII, 11. The 6i«frn. Dryden. 
 
 BITT.-*, 71. pi. [from the same root as tiff.] 
 
 A frame of two strong pieces of timber fixed per- 
 pendicularly in the fiire part of a ship, on which to 
 fasten the cables. There are also top-tail sheel-biUs, 
 paiil-bitts, earrick-bitts, &.C. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BITT, r. (. To put round the bilt-s ; as, to biti the ca- 
 ble, in order to fitsten it or to slacken it out gradually, 
 which is called veering away. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BI-TO.ME', 71. Bitumen, so written for the sake of the 
 rhyme. May. 
 
 BI-TC.M'KD, a. Smeared with bitumen. Shak. 
 
 BI-Tu'MEN, n. [L. ; Fr. bitume: Sp. bctun ; It. be- 
 tume.] 
 
 This name is used to denote various inflammable 
 substances, of a strong smell and of dirterent consist- 
 encies, wliich are found in the earth. There arc 
 several varieties, most of which evidently p-ass into 
 each other, proceeding from naphtha, the most fluid, 
 to petroleum, a viscid fluid, maltha, more or less co- 
 hesive, clastic bitumen or mineral caoutchouc, and 
 asphaltum, which is sometimes too hard to be 
 scratched bv the nail. A'iehohon. Clearrland. 
 
 BI-TO'MI-NXTE, i'. t. To impregnate with bitumen. 
 
 Bl-Tu'.MI-NA-TED, pp. or a. Impregnated with bitu- 
 men. 
 
 BI-TU-MI-.\IF'ER-OUS, a. [bitumen and fero, to prt^ 
 duce.] 
 
 Producing bitumen. Kinran, 
 BI-TU-.MLVI-ZA' HON, it. The process of forming 
 
 bitumen. Manlcll. 
 BI-Tf''.MI\-TZE, r. f. To fonn Into or impregnate 
 
 with bitumen. Lit. Mag, 
 
 BI-Tu'.MIX-I7.-ING, ppr. Forming bitumen. 
 BI-TO'.MI-.N'OrS, a. Having the qualities of bitumen; 
 compounded with bitumen ; containing bitumen. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Bituminous limestone is of a lamellar stnicliire, sus- 
 ceptible of polish, of a brown or black color, and, 
 when rulibed, emitting an unpleasant smell. That 
 of Dalmntia is so charged with bitumen that it may 
 be cut like soap. Ure. 
 
 Bituminous shale ; an argillarcous shale impregna- 
 ted with bitumen, usually accompanying ccal. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 BI'VALVE, n. [L. bis, twice, and rair^, I.. roVra.J 
 A molluscous animal, having a shelly covenog, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 125 
 
BLA 
 
 consisting of two p:irt5 or valves, joined together by 
 an elastic lisanient at the cardo or liinje, or a shell 
 consisting of two parts, which open and shut. Also, 
 a pericarp in which the seed-case opens or splits into 
 two parts or valves. Eiicijc. Brauile. 
 
 Bi'VALVE, \a. Having two shells or valves 
 
 Bl-VALV'U-LAR, S which open and shut, as the 
 Bl-VALV'dUS, J oyster, or two parts or valves 
 which open at maturity, as the seed-vessels of certain 
 plants. Martyn. 
 Bl-VAULT'ED, a. [L. bis, twice, and oau/r.] 
 
 Having two vaults or arches. Barlow. 
 Bl-VE.\'TRAL, a. [L. bis and tenter, belly.] 
 
 Having two bellies ; as, a bivcntral muscle. Bailey, 
 BIV'I-OUS, a. [Ij. bicius ; bis and via, way.] 
 Having two ways, or leading two ways. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 B/r'0C7^C, (biv'wak,) n. [Fr. This word is prob- 
 ably composeiJ ot' be and the Teutonic root of wake, 
 watch; Sax. wacian, to wake, to watch j 'L.vigilo; 
 G. iraeke, a guard ; wacken, to watch.] 
 
 The guard or watch of a whole army, as in cases of 
 great danger of surprise or attack ; or an encamp- 
 ment without tents or covering. 
 
 BIVOU^^C, V, t. To watch or be on guard, as a 
 whole army ; to encamp during the night without 
 tents or covering. 
 
 [This word anglicized would be bi tralch.l 
 
 BIX'WoRT, H. A plant. 
 
 BIZ'AX-TINE. gee BvzAXTtNE. 
 
 BIZARRE', (be-zar',) a. [Fr.] Odd; fantastical; 
 whmisical ; e.vtravagant. 
 
 BLAB, If. (. [W. Unvaru, to speak ; D. labbery, prattle ; 
 Ir. rlabaire, a babbler ; labhraim, to speak ; Cliaucer, 
 labbc, a blabber.] 
 
 1. To utter or tell in a thoughtless manner ; to pub- 
 lish secrets or trifles without discretion. It implies, 
 says Johnson, rather thoughtlessness than treachery, 
 but may be used in either sense. Dryrien, 
 
 2. To tell or utter, in a (rood sense. Sliak. 
 BL.\B, r. 1. To tattle ; to tell tales. Slialc. 
 IJLAB, 71. A babbler ; a telltale ; one who betrays se- 
 crets, or tells things which ought to be kept secret. 
 
 BLAB'BER, n. A tattler ; a telltale. 
 
 BLAB'BING, ppr. Telling indiscreetly whpt ought 
 to be concealed ; tattling. 
 
 BLACK, a. [Sax blac, and bltpc, black, pale, wan, 
 livid ; blacian, blacan, to become pale, to turn white, 
 to become black, to blacken ; Wire, ink ; Sw. blek, 
 pale, wan, livid ; bteck, ink ; bleka, to insolate, to ex- 
 pose to the san, or to bleach ; also to lighten, to 
 flash ; D. bUek, pale ; bleekeii, to bleach ; G. bleich, 
 pale, wan, bleak ; bleichen, to bleach ; IMn. bUrk, ink ; 
 bheir, pale, wan, bleak, sallow ; blctre, to bleach. 
 It is remarkable that black, bleak, and bleach, are all 
 radically one word. The primary sense seems to be, 
 pale, wan, or sallow, from which has proceeded the 
 present variety of significations.] 
 
 1. Of the color of night ; destitute of light ; dark. 
 
 2. Darkened by clouds ; as, the heavens black with 
 clouds. 
 
 3. Sullen ; having a cloudy look or countenance. 
 
 S'lak, 
 
 4. Atrociously wicked ; horrible ; as, a black deed 
 or crime. . Dryilen. 
 
 .">. Dismal ; mournful ; calamitous. Shak. 
 
 Black and blue ; the dark color of a bruise in the 
 flesh, which is .accompanied with a mixture of blue. 
 BL.^CK, n. That which is destitute of light or white- 
 ness ; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all 
 color ; as, a cloth has a good black. 
 
 2. A negro ; a person whose skin is black. 
 
 3. A black dress, or mourning ; as, to be clothed 
 in black. 
 
 BL.\CK, V. t. To make black ; to blacken ; to soB. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 BLACK'-A€T, it. [black and act.] The English .stat- 
 ute 9 Geo. I., which makes it felony to appear armed 
 in any park or warren, &c., or to hunt or steal deer, 
 Ilc, with the face blacked or disguised. Blackstone. 
 
 BLACK'-XRT, n. Conjuration. 
 
 BL.\CK'A-MOOR, n. [black and moor.] A negro ; a 
 black man. 
 
 BLACK'BALL, n. [black nnA ball.] A composition 
 of tallow, &,c. for blacking shoes, 
 j 2. A ball of black color, used as a negative in 
 voting. 
 
 BLACK'BALL, B. f. To rejector negative in choos- 
 i ing, by putting black balls into a ballot-box. 
 BLACK'liXR, n. [black and bar.] A pha obliging 
 
 the (ilainlifT to assign the place of trespass. Jl.ih. 
 BLACK'BER-RY, n. [Sax. blacberian ; black and 
 
 berry.] 
 
 The berry of the bramble ; a popular name applied 
 to diflTerenl species or varieties of the genus Rubus, 
 and their fruit. 
 
 BLACK'BIRD, n. [black and bird.] In England, a 
 «pecie» of thniHh, the Tiirdus Merula, a singing-bird 
 with a fine note, but very loud. In Jimerica, this 
 name in given to different birds, as to the <irarula 
 <|uiiiculn, or crow blackbird, and to the Orioliis 
 plupniceun, or red-winged blackbird, (Sturiius 
 prcdaloriuM, Wilson.) 
 
 BLACK'BOARD, n. A board used in schools, Uc, 
 
 BLA 
 
 for writing, drawing lines, and various other pur- 
 poses of instruction. 
 BLACK'-BOOK, n. [bUtck and book.] The black- 
 book of the ExchequL-r in England, is a book said to 
 have been composed in 1175, by Gervais of Tilbury. 
 It contains a description of the' Court of Exchequer, 
 its oflicers, their ranks and privileges, wages, per- 
 quisites, and jurisdiction, with the revenues of the 
 crown, in money, grain, and cattle. Encyc. 
 
 2. Any book whicli treats of necromancy. Encyc. 
 
 3. A book compiled by order of the visitors of mon- 
 asteries, under Henrj- VIII., containing a detailed 
 account of the enormities practiced in religious 
 houses, to them and to hasten their dissolu- 
 tion. Enciic. 
 
 BL.\CK'-BRO\V-£D, a. [black and brow.] Having 
 black eyebrows ; gloomy; dismal; threatening; as, 
 a black-browrd gust. Dryden. 
 
 BLACK'-BR^'O-NY, n. [black and bryony.] A plant, 
 the Tamus. Encyc. 
 
 BLACK'-€.\XK'ER, n. A disease in turnips "and 
 other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. 
 
 Farm. Encyc. 
 
 BLACK'CAP, 71. [black and cap.] A bird, the Mo- 
 tacilla atricapilla, or mock-nightingale ; so called 
 from its black crown. It is common in Europe. 
 
 Encyc. Pennant. 
 2. In cookery, an apple roasted tii! black, to be 
 servpil up in a dish of boiled custard. jMaion. 
 
 BLACK'-CAT-TLE, «. [black and cuttle] Cattle of 
 the bovine genus, as bulls, oxen, and cows, whatever 
 may be their color. [English.] Johnson. 
 
 BL.\CK'-CHALK, ( chawk,) n. A mineral of a blu- 
 ish-black coior, of a slaty textup:, and soiling the 
 fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous 
 slafe. Ure. 
 
 BLACK'-€oAT, 71. A lorr.rr.^n and familiar name 
 for a clerg\-man, as ren-coat is for a soldier. 
 
 BLACK'eo'CK, n. [bhck and cuck.] A fowl, called 
 also black-trrouse and black-game, the l^etrao tetrix of 
 Linna'us. 
 
 BLACK'DaY, 7i. A dav of gloom and disaster. Shak. 
 BLACK'-DEATH, (blak'deth,) «. The black plague. 
 BL.^CK'DROP, n. A liquid preparation of opium in 
 vinegar. 
 
 BLACK'-kA'GLE, n. [black and eagle.] In Scotland, 
 
 a name given to theFalco fulvus, the white-tailed 
 
 eagle of Edwards. 
 BLACK'-EARTH, (-erth,) 71. Mold ; earth of a dark 
 
 color. IVoodward. 
 BLACK'£D, (hlakt,) pp. Made black ; soiled. 
 BLACK'£.\, (blak'kn,) I'. «. [Sax. iteca/i. See Black.] 
 
 1. To make black. 
 
 Tlte imiionation of slaves, thai h.as blackened half Amfrica. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 2. To make dark ; to darken ; to cloud. 
 
 3. To soil. 
 
 4. To sully reputation ; to make infamous ; as, 
 vice blackens the character. 
 
 BLACK'/:N, 7-. i. To grow black or dark. 
 BLACK'/;X-ii;D, pp. Made black. 
 BLACK'f;.\-ER, n. He that blackens. 
 BLACK'iCN-lNG, ppr. Making black ; darkening. 
 BLACK'ER, a. cojnp. More black. 
 BLACK'EST, a. superl. Most black. 
 BLACK'-EY-/;D, a. Having black eves. Dryden. 
 BLACK'-FAC-£D, (-fiste,) a. Having a black face. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BLACK'FISH, 71. [^black and fish.] In the United 
 States, a fish caiiglit on the rocky shores of New 
 England ; the Tautog, (iairiu amrricanvs.) Mass. Rep. 
 •2. A small kind of whale, about twenty feet long. 
 
 BLACK'FLUX, 71. A mixture of carbonate of potash 
 and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with 
 half its weisht of niter. Brande. 
 
 BLACK'-FOR-EST, n. [black and fin-cst.] A forest 
 in Germany, in Swabia ; a part of the ancient Her- 
 cynian forest. 
 
 BLACK'FRI-AR, n. Blackfriars is a name given to 
 the Dominican order, called also Predicants and 
 Preaching friars ; in France, Jacobins. Encyc. 
 
 BLACK'GUaRD, n. [said to be of War/,- anil guard; 
 but is it not a corruption of blackard, black kind .'] 
 
 One who uses abusive, scun'ilous language, or 
 treats others with foul abuse. 
 
 BLACK'GUARD, v. U To revile in .scurrilous lan- 
 guage, [/mw.] 
 
 BLACK'GUARD, a. Scurrilous ; abusive. 
 
 BLACK'(;UARD-IS.M, ti. The conduct or language 
 of a bl.ack guard. 
 
 BLACK'-GU.M.H. An American tree, of the genus 
 JVi/.Mo, rrowin-' south of Philadelphia. The wood is 
 solid, and not apt to split, and hence is used for naves 
 or hubs and in ship-building. Gardner. 
 
 BLACK'IIEART-ED, a. Having a black or malig- 
 nant heart. 
 
 RLACK'ING, ppr. Making black. 
 
 BLACK'ING, 71. A substance usi d for blacking shoes, 
 variously made ; any factitious matter for making 
 things black. Encyc. /(.<A. 
 
 BLACK'ISH.a. Somewhat black; moderately black 
 or ilark. 
 
 BI,.'\<,'K'-J.\CK, 71. A name given by miners to blend, 
 u mineral called also false galena. It is an ore of 
 
 BLA 
 
 zinc, in combination with iron and sulphur ; sul- 
 phuret of zinc. A'lc/ulson. 
 2. .\ leathiTn cup of old times. 
 
 BLACK'-LEAI), (led,) 71. A mineral of a dark steel 
 gray color, and of a scaly tevtiire, composed tif car 
 bon, with a small portion of iron. This muuf, black- 
 lead, is improper, as it contains no lead. It is called 
 phimhatro, and graphite, as it is used for pencils. 
 
 BLAl'K'LEG, 77. A term applied to notorious gam- 
 blers and cheats. 
 
 BL.\CK'-LEGS, n. In some parts of England, a dis- 
 ease among calves and shee|). It is a sort of jelly 
 which settles in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BLACK'-LET'TER, 77. A term applied to the old 
 English or modern Gothic letter, in whicli the early 
 English manuscripts were written, and the first Eng- 
 lisli books were printed. Brande. 
 
 BLACK'-LET'TER, a. Written or printed in black- 
 letter ; as, a blackJctter manuscript or book. 
 2. Studoiiis of books in bl.ack-lettcr. 
 
 " K'.'nible a black'leller man 1 " Boadtn. 
 
 BLACK'LY, adv. Darkly ; atrociously. 
 
 BLACK'-.MAIL, 71. A certain rate of money, corn, 
 cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of 
 England, to certjiin men, who were allied to robbers, 
 to be by them protected from |)illage. Cawel. Encyc. 
 2. Black-rent, or rents paid in corn or flesh. Enci/c, 
 
 BLACK'-MON'DAY, 11. Easter Monday, in 34 Ed. 
 II!., which was misty, obscure, and so cold that men 
 died on horseback. J>'f(»irr. 
 
 BLACK'-MONKS, n. pi. A denomination given to the 
 Benedictines. Encuc. 
 
 BLACK'-M0UTH-£D, a. Using foul or scurrilous 
 language. Killingbeck. 
 
 BLACK'NESS, 7!. The quality of being black ; black 
 color ; darkness ; atrociousness or enormity in wick- 
 edness. 
 
 BLACK'-PIG'MENT, 7(. A very fine, light, carbona- 
 ceous substance, or lamp-black ; prepared chiefly for 
 the manufacture of j)rinters' ink. By a recent process, 
 it is obtained by burning common coaJ-tar. Ure. 
 
 BLACK'-PUD'DIXG, 71. A kind of food made of 
 blood and grain. Johnson. 
 
 BLACK'-ROD, n. [black and rod.] In England, the 
 usher belonging to the order of the garter ; so called 
 from the black rod which he carries. He is of the 
 king's chamber and usher of parliament. Cowrl. 
 
 Black row grains; a species of iron stone or ore, 
 found in the mines about Dudley in Staflbrdshire, 
 England. Encyc. 
 
 BLACK'-Se.A, 77. [black and sea.] The Euxine Sea, 
 on the eastern border of Europe. 
 
 BLACK'-SHEEP, 71. [black and sheep.] In Oriental 
 history, the ensign o- standard of a race of Turkmans 
 in Armenia and Mesopotamia. Ennic. 
 
 BLACK'-SIL'VER, 71. A mineral, called also Brittle 
 silcer ore, consisting of snver, antimony, and sulpiiur. 
 
 BLACK'SMITH, ti. [black and smith.] A smith who 
 works in iron, and makes iron utensils ; more prop- 
 erly, an iron-smith. 
 
 BLACK'-Si\aKE, 71. A serpent of a black color; 
 two species are found in America. Tliej' are of the 
 genus Coluber, which is not poisonous. 
 
 BLACK-STRAKES, in a ship, are a range of planks 
 immediately above the wales in a ship's side, covered 
 with tar and lamp-black. Encyc. 
 
 BLACK'STRAP, n. A name of a liquor drank by 
 the vulgar. 
 
 BLACK'TaIL, ti. [black and tail.] A fish, a kind 
 of perch, called also a ruff or pope. Johnson. 
 
 BLACK'THORN, 71. [black and Uiom.] A .species 
 of Primus, called sloe. It grows ten or twelve f 'Ct 
 high, very bmnchy, and armed with sliarp, strong 
 spines, and bearing small, round, black cheiries. It 
 is much cultivated for hedges. Enrue. 
 
 BL.^CK'TIN, 71. [blaci; and tin.] Tin ore, when 
 dressed, stamped, and washed, ready for melting. 
 It is the ore coniiiiimited by beating into a black 
 powder, like fine sand. Kucyc. 
 
 BLACK'-TRESS-f,D,(-trest,)<i. Having black tresses. 
 
 BL.ACK'-VIS-.VG-i'D, a. Having a dark visage or 
 appearance. Marston. 
 
 BLACK'- VO.M'IT, 71. A copious vomiting of dark- 
 colorod matter, resembling cort'ec gruiiiiils ; or the 
 substance so discharged ; one of the most fatal at- 
 tendants of the yellow fever. 
 
 BLACK'-WADD, 71. [black and wadd.] An ore of 
 manganese, found in Derbyshire, England, and used 
 as a drying ingredient in paiiils. It is remarkable 
 for taking fire when mixed with linseed oil in a cer- 
 tain proportion. Encyc. 
 
 BL.ACK'-W/kL'NUT, 71. A well-known American 
 tree, {.fuglans nigra,) the wood of which is ol a dark 
 color, forming a beautit'iil material for cabinet work. 
 
 BLACK'-W/>SII, 71. A lotion made by mingling calo- 
 mc l and lime-water. 
 
 BL.ACK'WOllK, 71. [black and 7PorA-.] Iron wrought 
 by blacksiiiitlis : so called in distinction from that 
 wrought 111 whitesmiths. Enryc. 
 
 BLAD'-.\P'I'LE, n. In botany, the Cactus, or a spe- 
 cies of it. Fant. of Plants. 
 
 BLAD'DER, 71. [Sax. bla-dr, blirdra, bledilra, a blad- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WHi^T. — METE, PRgY. — PL\E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 1% 
 
BLA 
 
 «LA 
 
 der, and bind, a puff of wind, also a Rohlel, fruit, the 
 branch iif a tree ; VV. ph:lm, a bladder ; S\v. and 
 Dan. bluit, a page, a leaf. Eng. a blmlc ; I). Mail, a 
 leaf, page, sheet, a board, a bliule, a plale ; (J. Oliili, a 
 leaf; blatlrr, a blister, which is onr bladilrr. The 
 Gernjans express bUuUlfr by bhuc, D. blam, which is 
 onr hlir.e. Hence we observe lliat the sense is taken 
 from swelling, extending, dilating, blowing ; Sax. 
 blawaa, to blow ; W. blal, or blirlh, a piitl' or blast ; 
 \V. plcfl, eKtension, from llSd, breailtli ; I.. ?«(«.<.] 
 
 1. A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the 
 receptacle of some secreted fluid ; as, the urinary 
 bladder, the irall bladder, &.C. Uy way of eminence, 
 the word, in common language, denotes the urinary 
 bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out 
 and inllated with air. F.ncijc. JuIuikuii . 
 
 2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if lilled with 
 air, or a thin, watery liquor. > 
 
 3. In butamj, a distended membranaceous pericarp. 
 
 Sliirttin. 
 
 BLAD'nER-ED, a. Swelled like a bladder. Dnjden. 
 9. Hut up in bladders ; as, hiaddered lard, 
 
 BLAI)'DEK-AN"GLI.\G, )i. I'ishiuL' by means of a 
 baited hook att.'iched to an inflated bladder. 
 
 BLAD'DKIl-MJT, n. [blaildrr anA nut.] A genus of 
 plants, with the generic name of Staphylea. They 
 iiave three capsules, inflated and jouied by a longi- 
 tudinal suture. Encijc. 
 
 2. The ^'rican hladdcr-vul is the Uoyena. 
 
 3. The latircl-lcaved bladdcr-nul is a species of Ilex, 
 holm, or holly. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BL.\I)'DEll-S'E.\'.\A, or ba.'tard-senna ; a genus of 
 plants, call :'d in botany Colutea. Fam. of Plants. 
 The jointed-podded bladdcr-scnna is the Coronilla. 
 
 Fam. of PlanLf. 
 BL.VD'DER-Y, a Resembling a bladder ; containing 
 bladders. 
 
 BLADE, >i. [fa.x. blied, bled, a branch, fruit, herbs, 
 goblet, a phial, the briKul part or blade of an oar ; Gr. 
 r>urv{, broad. The radical sense is to shoot, extend, 
 dilate.- See Bladder.] 
 
 1. Properly, th • leaf, or flat part of the leaf, (liirula,) 
 of gramineous plants, though the term is often ap- 
 plied to the spire. 
 
 In tJiis gense of leaf, (Ac term is much used, in the 
 Southern States of AVr(A .America, for tlie leaces of 
 viatie ipfiich are used as fodder. 
 
 2. The cutting part of an instrument, as the blade 
 of a knife, or sword, so named from its length or 
 breadth. Usually, it is made of iron or steel, but 
 may be of any other metal, cast or wrought to an 
 edge or point. .\lso, the broad part of an oar. 
 
 ;i. The blade of the shoulilrr, slitinldcr-blade, or blade- 
 bone, is the scapida. or scapular bone. It is tliu broad 
 upper Ixme of the shoulder, so called from its resem- 
 blance to a blade or leaf. 
 
 4. A brisk man ; a bold, forward man ; a rake. 
 BLADE, e. t. To furnish with a blade. 
 BLAUE'IIoNF;, «. The scapula, or upper bone in 
 
 the shouliler. 
 
 BLAD'ED, /ip. Having a blade or blades. It maybe 
 used of blatle in the sense of a leaf, a spire, or the 
 cutting part of an instrument. 
 
 2. In mineraloiri/, composed of long and narrow 
 plates like the blade of a knife. Cleavcland. 
 
 BLADE'S.MITH, II. A sword cutler. 
 
 BLAD'I.NO, jtpr. Furnishing with a blade. 
 
 BLAI.N, n. [Sax. Mf^rciie; D. Weiii.] 
 
 A pustule ; a botch ; a blister. In farriery, a bladder, 
 growing on the root of the tongue, against the wind- 
 pipe, which swells so as to stop the bri ath. F.netic. 
 
 BLA.M'A-BLE, a. [See Blame.] Faulty; cul|>:ible ; 
 repri'heusible ; deserving of censure. Dn/den. 
 
 BLA.M'.A-liLE-.NESS, n. Uulpablencss ; fault; the 
 state of being v. orthy of censure. Whillock, 
 
 BLAM'.V ULV, adc. Culpably; in a manner deserv- 
 ing of censure. 
 
 BLA. ME, e. (. [Vr.blhmer, for bla.imer; It. biasmare,\.o 
 blame ; btasnto, for blasnio, blame. The Greeks have 
 the r(X>t of this word in ii\<iait.riiietj, to blaspheme, 
 and it seetiLs to be of the same family as Fr. blej^ser, 
 to injure, that is, to strike. See Blemmh. But it 
 Is not clear that the noun ought not to be arranged 
 before the verb.] 
 
 1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to 
 find fault with ; opposed to prai.ie or commend, and 
 applicable most properly to persons, but applied also to 
 thint^g. 
 
 1 withstofxt liim, becAuae he woj to be blamed. — Gal. ii. 
 I must blame your conduct ; or I must blame you 
 for neglecting business. Legitimately, it can not be 
 followed by of. 
 
 2. To bring reproach upon ; to blemish ; to injure. 
 [See Blemish.] 
 
 Sh*' h^ui b/amrd h?rnoble bl«<xl. {Ofa.) Spenter. 
 RLAME, n. Censure ; reprehension ; imput.ation of a 
 fault; disapprobation; an expression of* disapproba' 
 tion for something deemed to be wrong. 
 
 Ivt rnc bcvir Ih'! blarne (on vrr. — (icii. xliii. 
 
 2. Fault ; crime ; sin ; that which is deser\'ing of 
 censure or disapprobation. 
 
 'I'll:,! we •houtU be holy anil without blamt before him in lore. — 
 
 Eph. i. 
 
 3. Hurt ; injury. 
 
 And gl.iiiciii}; down tiis slitoli), from btam* liim f.iirly hleit. 
 
 Spenaer. 
 
 The sense of this word, as nsetl by Spenser, proves 
 that it is a derivative from lln' rotil of blrmu^h. 
 
 To blame, in the phrase. He is to blame, signifies 
 blamable, to be blamed. This is a pure Saxon phrase, 
 A like use ttf to is seen in to-day, to-nifrht, and in 
 togeOier, a compound. 
 
 Blame is not strictly a ekarire or aecii.iation of a 
 fault ; but it implies an opiniim in the censuring par- 
 ty, that the person censured is faulty. Blame is the 
 act or exprcssiim of disapprobation for what is sup- 
 posed to be wrong. 
 ULa.M' /•,'!), (bl.tind,) pp. Censured ; disapproved. 
 ULA.ME'FIJL, u. Faulty; meriting blame ; reprehen- 
 sible. 
 
 BLAME'FIJL-LY, adv. In a blameful manner. 
 nLA,ME'Fijl.,-i\ESS, n. Slate of being blameful. 
 BLA.ME'LESS, a. VVilhoiit fault; innocent; guilt- 
 less; not meriting censure. 
 
 A bisliop tli-'ii niMsl be bUimelett. — 1 Tim. iii. 
 Sometimes followed by of. 
 
 Wc will be blainetetu of this tliiiie aalh. — Josh, ii, 
 BLAME'LESS-LY, adv. Innocently; without fault 
 
 or crime. Hammond. 
 BLA.\IE'LESS-NESS, n. Innocence; a state of being 
 
 ntit worthy of censure. Hammond. 
 BLaM'ER, II. One who blames, finds fault, or censures. 
 BLA.ME'WOR-'f Hl-NESS, (-wur the nes,) n. The 
 
 qiialitv of deserving ceiistire. 
 BLA.MH'WOR-THY, a. {blame and wortliy.] De- 
 serving blame ; censurable ; culpable ; reprehensible. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 BLaM'I.N'G, ppr. Censuring; finding fault. 
 
 BLA.\€'.\IU), n. [Fr. Mane, white, and ard, kind.] 
 A kind of linen cloth manufactured in Xornianuy, 
 so called because the thread is half blanched before 
 it is wove. Kncijc. 
 
 BLANCH, V. t. [Fr. blanchir; It. bianchire, the / sup- 
 pressed as in blame ; Sp. blanquear ; Vort. bram^uear, 
 I changed into r ; Eng. blanli. See Bleach.] 
 
 1. To whiten ; to take out the color, and make 
 white; to obliterate. Dryilen. 
 
 2. To shir; to balk; to pass over; that is, to 
 avoid ; to make empty. [OA.s.] Bacon. 
 
 3. To make white by stripping of the peel -, as, to 
 blanch almonds. fViseman. 
 
 4. In ffardenins, to whiten by excluding the light, 
 as the stiUks or leaves of plant-s, by earthing them up, 
 or tying them together. Brandc. 
 
 BLANCH, V. i. To evade; to shift ; to speak softly. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Rather, to fail or withhold ; to be reserved ; to re- 
 main blank, or empty. 
 
 Books will speAl< pl.iin, wivn coiins^lot^ Uaneh. Bacon. 
 BLXNCH'A.T), (blincht,) pp. Whitened. 
 BLANCll'Ell, n. One who whitens; also, one who 
 
 anneals and cleanses money. 
 BLXNCH-I.M'E-TEK, n. [blanch, and Gr. pcrpnv, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the bleaching power 
 of oxyniiiriate [clilorid] of lime, and |K>tash. C/re. 
 BLA .Nt;il'lN(;, ppr. or u. Whitening ; making white. 
 ULX.S'('iri.\(;, H. The act of whitening. In coina;;e, 
 tile openition of giving brightness to pieces of silver, 
 by heating them on a peel, and afterward boiling 
 them successively in two pans of cop|KT, with aipia 
 fortis, common salt, and tartar of ^lontpelier, then 
 draining off the water in a sieve. Sand and fresh 
 water are then thrown over them, and, when dry, 
 tliev are rubbed with a towel. F.neye. 
 
 The covering of iron plates with a thin coat of tin 
 is also called blanchintr, Kncijc. 
 
 Ill irardeninir, the term blanching is applied to the 
 process of whitening the .stalks or leaves of plants, 
 by earthing them up, or tying them together, so as to 
 exclude the light, tir diminish its intensity. Bramle. 
 
 Blanch ferin, or blank farm, in ancient taw, a white 
 farm, was one where the rent was paid in silver, not 
 in cattle. Encyc. 
 
 Blanch-holding ; in law, a tenure by which the ten- 
 ant is bound to pay only an elusory yearly duty to 
 his su|>erior, as an acknowledgment to his right. 
 
 Knei/e. 
 
 BLANCH'ING-Lia'UOR, (-lik'or,) n. The solution 
 of clilorid of lime for bleaching ; called by workmen 
 chemic. Porter. 
 
 BI^J^C-M.WGF.', \ (blo-monje',) n. [Fr. white 
 
 BLJIXC-MJU^OER, \ ftxHl.] 
 
 In cookery, a preparation of dissolved isinglass, 
 milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c., boiled into a thick con- 
 sistence. Enciic. 
 
 BLA.N'D, a. [L. klandus ; Fr. blond : G. linde, gclinde, 
 mild, soft; Sw. /iiirfra; G. lindcrn ; 1). linderen ; Dan. 
 lindre ; to soften or mitigate ; Dan. lind, soft, mild, 
 
 gentle ; L. lenis, lentus; Ar. j^jX! lana, to be mild, 
 
 soft, gentle, placid, smooth, (rniciie. See Relent. J 
 
 .Mild; soft; gentle; as, bland words; bland zeph- 
 yrs. Milton. Thomson. 
 
 BLA.ND-A'TIO.V, n. Gross flattery. (JVot itwrf.] 
 
 BLAND IL'Odl ENCE, ri. [L. blaitdus, mild, and 
 lot/nor, to speak.] 
 
 Fair, niihl, flattering speech. 
 
 BLA.ND'ISII, «. r. [I,, blandior ; U. blantlire : Sp. Man- 
 dtnr, blandir ; Old V.Uf^. blandtse.] Chaucer. 
 
 To soften ; to caress; to flatter by kind wonls or 
 afTectionate actions. Mdton. 
 
 RLAND'ISII-ER, n. One that flatters with .soft words. 
 
 I!LA.\I)'IS1I-LNG, ppr. Soothing or flattering with 
 fair words. 
 
 Bl,A,"tD'ISII-ING, n. Blandishment. 
 
 BLAND'ISH-MENT, ;i. .'^'oft words ; kind spcechen ; 
 caresses; expression of kindness; words or actitms 
 expressive of affection or kindness, and temring to 
 win the heart. Milton. Drijden. 
 
 BLA.ND'.NESS, n. State of being bland. Chalmers. 
 
 BL.A.NK, a. [I'r. blanc ; It. bianco; Sp. bianco: D. and 
 (;er. blank: Dan. Man/., shilling ; Sw. blanch, wli'ilK, 
 shining ; blankia, to shine. See Bleach.] 
 
 1. Void; empty; conseipiently white ; as, a blank 
 paper. 
 
 2. White or pale ; as, the blank moon. Milton. 
 
 3. Pale from fear or terror ; hence, confused ; con- 
 founded ; dispirited ; di jected. 
 
 Adam — aitonislied stood, and Itlantc. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 4. Without rhyme ; as, blank verse, verse in which 
 rhyme is wanting. 
 
 5. Pure ; entire ; complete. Beddoes. 
 
 (i. Not containing balls or bullets; as, blank car- 
 tridges. 
 
 This word is applied to various other objects, usu- 
 ally in the sense of destitution, emptiness ; as, a 
 blank line, a blank s|>ace, in a book, &.c. 
 BL.A.NK, n. .\ny void space ; a void space on paper, 
 or in any written instninient. 
 
 2. .\ lot by which nothing is gained ; a ticket in a 
 lottery whicli tiraws no prize. 
 
 3. .\ paper um\ ritteii ; a paper witllout marks or 
 characters. 
 
 4. A paper containing the substance of a legal in- 
 strument, iXS a deed, release, writ, or exi ciition, with 
 vacant spaces left to be filled with names, date, de- 
 scriptions, &c. 
 
 5. The point of a target to which an arrow is di- 
 rected, marked with white paper. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 6. Aim; shot. [Obs.] Sliak. 
 
 7. Object to which any thing is directed. Shak. 
 
 8. A small copper ctiin" fornierly current in Fnuice, 
 at the rate of 5 deniers Ttmrnois. Tliere were also 
 pieces of three blanks, and of six ; but they are now 
 become moneys of account. Encyc. 
 
 9. In coinage, a plate or piece of gold or silver, cut 
 and shajied, but not stamped. Encyc. 
 
 Blank-bar : in law, a coiiiiuon bar, or a plea in bar, 
 which, in an action of trespass, is put in to oblige 
 the plaintiff to assign the jilace where the trespass 
 was committed. Encyc. 
 
 Point-blank shot; in gunnery, the shot of a gun 
 leveled horizontally, 'i'he distance between the 
 piece and the point where the shot first touches the 
 ground is calbil the point-blank range: the shot pro- 
 ceeding on a .straight line, without curving. Encyc. 
 
 BLANK, r. (. To m.'ike void ; to annul. Spenser. 
 2. To deprive of color, the index of health and 
 spirits; to damp the spirits; to duspirit or confuse; 
 as, to blank the face of jov. Shal:. TitluUon. 
 
 BLANK-exR'TRlDGE, n. A cartridge filled with 
 powder, but having no ball. Booth. 
 
 BL.ANK'KD, (blankt,) pp. Confused ; dispirited. 
 
 HL.A.NK'ET, n. [Fr. blanchct, the blanket of a printing- 
 press.] 
 
 1. A cover for a bed, made of coarse wool loosely 
 woven, and u.sed for securing against cold. Blankets 
 are used also by soldiers antl seamen for covering, 
 
 2. A kind of pear, sometimes written, after the 
 French, bluniiuct. 
 
 3. Among printers, woolen cloth, or white baize", to 
 lay between the tyiiipans. Print. Guide. 
 
 BL.\NK'ET, r. I. To toss in a blanket by way of piin- 
 istinient ; an ancient custom. The eiii[H'ror cillio used 
 to sally forth in dark nights, and, if he found a 
 drunken man, he adminLstered the discipline of the 
 blanket. Encyc 
 2. To co^'er with a blanket. 
 
 BL.\NK'E'1'-ING, ppr. To.ssing in a blanket. 
 
 BL.\NK'ET-I.\G, ii. The punishment of tossing in a 
 2. Cloth for blankets. [blanket, 
 
 BLA.NK'LY', adc. In a blank manner; with paleness 
 or ctuiftisicui. 
 
 BLANK'NESS, n. St.tte of being blank. 
 
 BLA.NK'-VERSE, ii. .Any verse without rhyme; ap- 
 plied particuLarly to the heroic verse of five ieet with- 
 out rhvine. 
 
 BLjiJf-iiUETTE', (b\in-kel',) n. [Fr.] In cooJtery, 
 a white fricassee. Couley, 
 
 BLaRE. v. i. [Old Belgic blaren ; Tent Warren; L. 
 ploro, to cry out, lo bawl, to weep ; Ir. blor, or glor, a 
 noise, or voice. The radical sense is to shoot or drive 
 forth, or to spreatl.] 
 
 1. To roar; to bellow. [Little used.] Johnson 
 
 2. To swe.al or melt away, as a caniJle. Bailey. 
 This is, I believe, usually called flare. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
BLA 
 
 BLE 
 
 BLE 
 
 BLARE, Tt. Roar; noise. [iiUie ttseJ.] 
 
 And sigh for Ixutle's b'.are. Barlow. 
 2. A small copper coin of Bern, nearly of the same 
 value a* llie batz. Enctic. 
 BLX K'.XEY, n. Smooth, deceitful talk ; flattery. [Irish.] 
 BLAf^PHK.ME', c. ^ [dr. SXaa^inn'-:'. The first syl- 
 lable is the same as in blame, blasme, denotin;; injury ; 
 probably, Fr. blesser, to hurt, that is, to strike ; L. 
 lailo, lasiLs. Hence in Sp. bla^fcmable is blamable. 
 The last syllable is the Gr. to speak.] 
 
 1. To speak of the Supreme Bein? in terms of impi- 
 ous irreverence ; to revile or speak reproachfully of 
 God, or the Holy Spirit. 1 Kings xxi. Mark iii. 
 
 2. To speak evil of ; to utter abuse or calumny 
 against ; to speak reproachfully of. Pope. 
 
 BLAS-PHe.ME', v. i. To utter blasphemy. 
 
 He lltil slinll b'asphemt xgaiusl Uie Holy Spiric shall no: be Ibr- 
 given. — Mark iii. 
 
 2. To arrogate the prerogatives of God. 
 This man b'asj'hemeth. Who can forgive sins but God ? — M.att. 
 ix. M:irk ii. 
 
 BLAS-PHk.M'ER, n. One who blasphemes ; one who 
 speaks of God iu impious and irreverent terms. 
 
 1 Tim. i. 
 
 BL AS-PHi?M'IXG, ppr. Uttering impious or reproach- 
 ful wtinls concerning God. 
 ELAS'PHE-MOUS, n. Containing blasphemy ; calum- 
 nious ; impiously irreverent or reproachful toward 
 Gnil. Sidiini. 
 BLAS'PHE-MOUS-LY, adv. Impiously; with impi- 
 ous irreverence to God. 
 BL.\S'PHE-.MY, 7!. An indignity offered to God by 
 words or writing ; reproachful, contemptuons, or ir- 
 reverent words uttered impiously against Jehovah. 
 Blasphemy is an injury offered lo God, by denyiii? that wliich is 
 Uiie and b-lonsing lo liim, or allributing to him that wluch 
 is not agreeable to liis nature. Linioood. 
 
 In the middle ages, blasphemy was used to denote 
 simply the blaming or condemning of a person or 
 thing. Among the Greeks, to blaspheme wa.s to use 
 words of ill omen, which they were careful to avoid. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. That which derogates from the prerogatives of 
 God. Mark ii. 
 BL.^ST, n. [Sax. blaist, a puff of wind, a blowing; 
 S\v. blast ; Dan. bUcst ; Ger. blasen ; D. -blaaxen ; Dan. 
 bUse : Sw. blasa, to blow ; whence Ger. blase, D. 
 blaas, Sw. bla.<a, a bladder. Hence Eng. blaze, which 
 is primarily a blowiufr or swelling. Ice. blues, to blow, 
 Qu. Fr. blascr, to burn up, to consume. The prima- 
 ry sense is to rush or drive ; hence to strike.] 
 
 1. A gust or puff of wind ; or a sudden gust of 
 wind. 
 
 2. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Any pernicious or destructive influence upon 
 animals or plants. 
 
 4. The infection of any thing pestilential ; a blight 
 on plants. 
 
 5. A sudden compression of air, attended with a 
 shock, caused by the discharge of cannon. 
 
 6. A flatulent disease in sheep. 
 
 7. A forcible stream of air from the mouth, from 
 the bellows, or the like. 
 
 8. A violent explosion of gunpowder, in splitting 
 rocks, and the e.\plosion of inflammable air in a 
 mine. 
 
 9. The whole blowing of a forge necessary to melt 
 one supply of ore ; a common use of the word among 
 workmen in forges in America. 
 
 BLAST, V. t. [Literally, to strike.] To make to 
 wither by some parnicious influence, as too much 
 heat or moi-sture, or other destructive c.iiise ; or to 
 check growth and prevent from coining to maturity 
 and producing fruit ; to blight, as trees or |ilants. 
 
 2. To affect with some sudden violence, plague, 
 calamity, or destructive influence, which destroys or 
 causes to fail ; as, to blast pride or hopes. The figu- 
 rative senses of this verb are taken from the bla.ilinir 
 of plants, and all express the idea of checking 
 growth, preventing maturity, impairing, injuring, 
 destroying, or disappointing of the intended effect ; 
 as, to bla-sl credit, or repiit.ltion ; to blast designs. 
 
 :). To cxmfound, or strike with force, by a loud 
 blast or din. Shut. 
 
 4. To split rocks by an explosion of gunpowder. 
 
 They did not stop lo b!a*t this ore. Forittr't Kaim'a Travel: 
 
 BLXST'ED, jrp. Affected by some cause that checks 
 irrowtli, injures, impaini, di'stroys, or renders abor- 
 tive ; split by an explosion of gunpowder. 
 
 BLAST'ER, n. He or that which blasts or destroys. 
 
 BLAST'-KLIIl-.\'.\C'E, n. A furnace for smelting ores, 
 in which the supply of air is furnished by a very 
 powerful bellowH, or other pneumatic apparatus. 
 
 BrantJp. 
 
 BLA.ST'ING, ppr. Affecting by a blast; preventing 
 from romiiig to maturity ; frustrating ; iiplilting by an 
 expliixiiin of giinpowdrr. 
 
 BLAST'LN'G, n. A blast; dcitruction by a pernicious 
 cause. 
 
 2. The act of npiittingby an explosion of gunpowder. 
 
 BLAST'.MENT, n. Blast; sutlden stroke of some 
 destructive cause. [Superseded by Blast and Blast- 
 IN<:.] Shak. 
 
 BLAS-TO-eXR'POUS, o. [Gr. /JXatrrof, germ, and 
 Knii-r-i, fruit.] 
 
 Ill botany, germinating inside the pericarp, as the 
 mangrove. Brande. 
 
 BLXST'-PIPE, 71. A pipe in a locomotive engine to 
 carr>' the waste steam up tlie chimney ; also, a pipe 
 to urge the fire by creating a stronger current of air. 
 
 BLa'T.\NT, a. [See Bleat.] Bellowing as a calf. 
 [Alit used.] Drijdcn. 
 
 BL.aTE, a. Bashful. [Sco!«is/i.] 
 
 BLAT'TER, ?■. !. [from the root of bhat.] To make 
 a senseless noise. 
 
 BLAT'TER-ER, )u A noisy, blustering boaster. [A"o« 
 used."] Spenser, 
 
 BLAT'TER-IXG, ppr. Blustering. 
 
 BLAT'TER-ING, n. Senseless blustering. 
 
 BLaY,;i. [See Bleak.] A small river fish, the bleak. 
 
 ^ ..Sittswoj-tli. Johnson. 
 
 BL.AZE, 71. [Sw. blasa ; G. blasen ; D. blaa-.cn ; Dan. 
 bltese, to blow, and blusse, to burn, blaze, glisten ; 
 Eng. to blush ; Sax. blaze, a lamp or torch ; Dan. blits ; 
 Fr. blascr. The word seems primarily to express 
 rushing or flowing, or violent agitation, and ex- 
 pansion.] 
 
 1. Flame ; the stream of light and heat from any 
 body when burning, proceeding from the combustion 
 of inflammable gas. 
 
 2. Publication ; wide diffusion of report. In this 
 sense, we observe the radical sense of dilatation, as 
 well as that of light. 
 
 3. A white spot on the forehead or face of a horse, 
 descending ne.arly to the nose. 
 
 4. A white spot made on trees by removing the 
 bark with a hatchet. 
 
 5. Light ; expanded light ; as, the blaze of day. 
 
 6. Noise ; agitation ; tumult. 
 BLaZE, v. i. To flame ; as, the fire blazes. 
 
 2. To send forth or show a bright and expanded 
 light. 
 
 The third fair morn now blazed upon tlie maiu. Pope. 
 
 3. To be conspicuous. 
 
 BLAZE, V. t To make public far and wide. 
 
 To blaze those virtues which the good would iiide. Pope. 
 
 2. To blazon. [JYot ^Lsed. See Blazon.] Pcacham. 
 
 3. To set a white mark on a tree, by paring off a 
 part of the bark. Cluilmers. 
 
 BLaZ'£D, pp. or a. Published far and wide ; marked 
 
 with a white spot ; as, a blazed tree. 
 BLAZ'ER, 71. One who publishes and spreads reports. 
 BLAZ'ING, ppr. Flaming; publishing far and wide; 
 
 niarkini with a spot. 
 BLaZ'ING, a. Emitting flame or light ; as, a blazing 
 
 star. 
 
 BLaZ'ING-STAR, 71. A comet; a star that is ac- 
 companied with a coma or train of light. 
 
 BLa'Z OS, (bla'zn,) i'. (. [Fr. blasonner ; It. blasonare ; 
 Sp. blasonar, to blazon ; blason, heraldry. It is a de- 
 rivative of blaze.] 
 
 1. To ex])lain, in proper terms, the figures on 
 ensigns armori.il. Addison. 
 
 2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn. 
 
 She blazons in dreatl smiles her hideous form. Garth, 
 
 3. To display ; to set to show ; to celebrate by 
 words or writing. Shak, 
 
 4. To blaze about ; to make public far and wide. 
 
 5. To display ; to exhibit conspicuously. 
 
 There pride sits blazoned on tii' unmeaning brow. Trumbull. 
 
 BLa'ZON, 71. The art of drawing, describing, or ex- 
 plaining coats of arms; perhaps a coat of arms, as 
 used by the French. Pcacham, 
 
 2. Publication ; show ; celebration ; pompous dis- 
 play, eitlier by words or by other means. 
 
 BLA'Z 0.\-KD, (bli'znd,) pp. Explained, deciphered 
 in the manner of heralds ; published abroail ; dis- 
 plaveil pompously. 
 
 BLa'ZO.\-ER, II. One that blazons; a herald; an 
 evil speaker or propagator of scandal. 
 
 BLa'ZO.\-ING, ppr. Explaining, describing, as her- 
 alds ; showing ; publishing ; blazing abroad ; dis- 
 playing. 
 
 BLa'Z 0.\-RY, ii. The art of describing or explaining 
 co.its of arms in proper it rins.. 
 
 BLk.\, II. I he part of a tree which lies immediately 
 under the bark. [I bclirrc not iised.] Chambers, 
 
 BLEa'BER-RY, n. A British plant and its fruit, a 
 species of Vacciniuin, having small leaves like those 
 of box-wood, and little purple berries. Partington, 
 
 BLK.\CH, V, L [Sax. blacan ; D, bleekcn ; G, bteichen ; 
 Sw, blejca; Dan. blegc, In whiten or bleach; \>,blyken, 
 to appear, to show , Dan. blik, ajtvhite plate of iron, 
 or tin plate ; blceg, pale, wan. Eng. bleak ; Sw. blck, 
 
 id. ; blcKa, to shine ; .\t, i.Jl\_> balaka, to open or be 
 
 opened, to shine ; balaja, id. It is not im- 
 
 probable that 6{aii<: and blanch are the same word, 
 
 with a nasal sound casually uttered and afterward 
 written before the final consonant.] 
 
 To whiten ; to make white or whiter, by removing 
 the original color ; applied to many things, but partic' 
 ularly to clotJt and Oire/td. Bleaching is variously per- 
 formed, but in general by steeping the cloth in lye, 
 or a solution of pot or pearl ashes, and then exposing 
 it to the solar rays. 
 
 Bleaching is now generally performed, on the large 
 scale, by means of chlorine or the oxymurititic acid, 
 which has the property of whitening vegetable sub- 
 stances. Ci/c. 
 
 For this purpose, a solution of chlorid of lime is 
 generally employed. 
 BLk ACH, r. i. To grow white in any manner. Shal:. 
 BLEACH'iCD, (bleecht,) pp. or a. Whitened ; made 
 white. , 
 
 BLeACH'ER, 71. One who whitens, or whose occu- 
 pation is to whiten cloth. 
 
 BLeACH'ER-Y, ;i. A place for bleaching ; as, a wax 
 blcachery. Tooke. 
 
 BLeACH'-FIELD, 7!. A field where cloth or yarn is 
 b[eached. 
 
 BLe.\CH'IXG, ypr. Whitening; making white; be- 
 coming white. 
 
 BLi!.\CH'ING, n. The act or art of whitening, es- 
 pecially cloth. 
 
 BLEACiriNG-POW-DER, 7i. A powder for bleach- 
 ing, consisting of chlorid of lime. 
 
 BLeAK, a. [Sax. blac, bltek, black and pale, or wan ; 
 niger,piilHdics,fnsciLs,pnlltis. It appears that origi- 
 nally this word did not denote perfect whiteness, but 
 a wan or brown color. 'I'liis is from the same root 
 as black and bleach. See Bleach.] 
 
 1. Pale. [But not ojten used in this sense in .America, 
 as far as my observations extend.] Gower. 
 
 2. Open ; vacant ; exposed to a free current of air ; 
 as, a bleak hill or shore. This is the tnie sense of the 
 word ; hence, cold and cheerless. A bleak \\ iiid is 
 not so named merely from its coldness, but from its 
 blowing, without interruption, on a wide waste; at 
 leaJt this is the sense in America. So in -Atkiison : 
 " Her desolation presents us with nothing but blcaJi 
 and barren prospects." 
 
 BLeAK, 71. A small river fish, five or six inches long, 
 so named from its whiteness. It belongs to the 
 genus Cyprinus, and is called, also, by contraction, 
 b'aii. Encyc. 
 
 BLi?AK'LY, aif. Cold.y May. 
 
 BLeAK'IS'ESS, 71. Openness of situation ; exposure 
 to thewind; hence coldness. .Iddison. 
 
 BLeAK'Y, a. Bleak ; open ; unsheltered ; cold ; chill. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 BLeAR, a. [D. blaar ; Dan. blare, a blister, a bladder 
 or birbble.] 
 
 Sore with a watery rheum, applied only to the 
 
 eyes. L'Estrange. 
 BLeAR, V, f. To make sore ; to affect ivith soreness 
 
 of eyes, or a watery humor ; to make dim, or partially 
 
 obscure the sight. Raleigh, Dryden, 
 
 BLe.VR'^D, pp. Dimmed bv a water)' "humor. 
 BLeAR'ED-XESS, II. The 'state of being bleared, or 
 
 dimmed with rheum. IVisenian, 
 BLeAR'ING, ppr. Dimming with a humor. 
 BLe.\R'E?-£D, ( Ide,) a. Having sore eyes ; having 
 
 the eyes dim with rheum ; dim-sighted. Butler. 
 BLe.\T, 1!. !. [Sax. bUttan ; L. blatero ; D. blicten ; 
 
 Sw. blatira, pluddra; Dan. pludre. It coincides in 
 
 elements with L. plaudo.] 
 To make the noise of a sheep ; to crj' as a sheep. 
 BLEAT. 71. The cry of a sheep. 
 BLeAT'ING, ppr. or a. Crying as a sheep. 
 BLi5.\T'IiNG, II. The cry of a sheep. 
 BLEB, 71. [This word belongs to the root of blab, 
 
 blubber,] 
 
 A little tumor, vesicle, or blister. 
 
 Arsenic abounds with air blebs, fdrieari. 
 BLEB'BY, a. Full of blebs. Phillips, 
 BLED, prcL and pp, of Bleed. 
 
 BLEED, V. i. ; prct and pp. Bled. [Sax. Mcrfnii ; D. 
 blocdcn ; G. bluten ; to bleed; allied, perhaps, to Gr. 
 
 ISXv^io.] 
 
 1. To lose blood ; to run with blood, by whatever 
 means ; as, the arm bleeds. 
 
 2. To die a violent death, or by slaughter. 
 
 The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed toKl.ay. Popt. 
 
 3. To issue forth, or drop as blood, fi-om an incis- 
 ion ; to lose sap, gum, or juice ; as, a tree or a vine 
 bleeds. 
 
 For me the Uilm sliall bleed. Pope. 
 The heart bleeds, is a phrase used to denote extreme 
 pain from <ympalliv or pity. 
 
 BLEED, 1'. U To let blood; to take blood from by 
 opi ning a vein. 
 
 BI.EED'ING, ppr. Losing blood ; letting blood; los- 
 ing sap or juice. 
 
 BLEED'ING, 71. A running or issuing of blood, as 
 from the nose ; a hemorrhage ; the operation of let- 
 ting blood, as in surgery ; Ihe drawing of sap from a 
 
 BL.vn-, I • ^- """''^-^ " 
 
 Bashful : used in Scotland and the northern coun- 
 ties of Eiiglaiul. Johnson. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as Sii , TH as in THIS 
 _ . 
 
BLE 
 
 BLI 
 
 BLI 
 
 liI,E.M'[SH, V. t. [in Fr. blemir is to grow pale, and 
 W#mf, from tlie ancient blcuiie, is pale, wan ; Arm. 
 blcin ; Noini. Iilnsiiie, lilaiueil ; blciiiiMi, and blcsmij.'', 
 brokKH ; bIginUhment, blnnis^meHt, infringement, prej- 
 udice ; blrsmc, pale, wan ; l'ri)ni blesser, to injure, or 
 its root, from whiili was formed the noun blesvif, 
 pale, wan, or black and blue, as we should now say ; 
 and the 6- being dropped, blamer and blemir were 
 formed. See Hlame.] 
 
 1. To m.-»rk with any deformity ; to injure or im- 
 pair anything which is well fornied, or excellent ; 
 to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. 
 
 Siduetj. 
 
 2. To Uirnish, as reputation or character ; to de- 
 fame. DnjUen. 
 
 BLK.M'ISH, n. Anv mark of deformity ; any soar or 
 defect that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect 
 that which is well formed. 
 
 2. Reproach ; disgrace ; that which impairs reputa- 
 tion ; taint ; turpitude ; deformity. Hooker. 
 
 RLr.M'ISH-f.'I), (blem'isht,) pp. Injured or marred by 
 anv mark of deformity ; tarnished ; soiled. 
 
 III,KM'I.>JI1-1NG, ppr. Marking with deformity; tar- 
 nishing. 
 
 1!I.KM'1SH-LESS, c. Without blemish ; spotless. 
 
 IlLi;.M'U-ill-.ME.\T,n. Disgrace. [IMtlc itsed.] Morton. 
 
 BLE.N'CII, v. i. [This evidently is the blanch of Bacon, 
 (see Blanch,) and perhaps the modern flinch.] 
 To shrink ; to start back ; to give way. Shak. 
 
 nLE.VUIl, V. t. To hinder or obstruct, says Johnson. 
 But the etymology explains the passage he cites in a 
 ditfereiit nianner. " The rebels carried great trusses 
 of hay before them to blench the defendants' fight." 
 Carrie. That is, to render tlic combat blank : to ren- 
 der it inell'ectual ; to break tile force of tlie attack i 
 to deaden the shot. 
 
 BLE.V'CII, II. .'\ start or shrinking back. Shak. 
 
 BLE.\C'»'£U, (blencht,) pp. Rendered ineffectual; 
 shrunk. 
 
 BhENCH'ER, 71. That which frustrates. 
 UI<E.\CIJ'-lloLI1-ING, 71. A tenure of lands upon 
 
 the p.ayinent of a small sum in silver, blanch, that is, 
 
 white iiioney. 
 BLE.NCiriiNG, ppr. Shrinking. Blackstonc. 
 BL1"..\CU'I.\G, H. A shrinking back ; a giving way. 
 BLE.N'l), V. t. [Pax. 6/cH</ia«, to blend and to blind ; 
 
 ceblcndan, to mix, to slain or dye ; blindan, to blind ; 
 
 I), blinden ; Ger. blenilen, to lilind ; Dan. blande, to 
 
 blend or mix ; blindr, to liliiid.] 
 
 1. To mix or mingle together ; hence, to confound, 
 
 so that the separate things mixed can not be distin- 
 
 gtiished. 
 
 Q. To pollute by mixture ; to spoil or corrjpt. 
 [ Ob.t.] Spenser. 
 X To blind. [Oi.s-.] 
 BLEN'D, V. i. To be mixed ; to be united. 
 
 I'hcrr u a lone of •otemii and ancml tecliug thai blends wL'h our 
 convivudily. , trsing. 
 
 BLENDE, n. [Gcr. blcnden, to blind ; blende, a blind or 
 screen.] 
 
 -An ore of zinc, called, also, mock-lead, false galena, 
 ami black-jack. Its color is mostly yellow, brown, 
 ami black. There are several varieties, but in gen- 
 eral, this ore contains more than half its weight of 
 zinc, about one fourth sulphur, and usually a small 
 portion of iron. In chemical language, it is a sulphu- 
 ret of zine. Fonrcrotj. Clcaeeland. Thomson. 
 
 BI.E.N'D'EI), pp. Mixed ; confounded by mi.xture. 
 
 BI.IO.ND'EK, II. One that mingles or confounds. 
 
 BLE.ND'l.NG, ppr. Mingling together; confounding 
 bv inixlure. 
 
 BI,EM)'l)l'S, n. Pertaining to blende. 
 
 BI.i;.\D'-\VA-TER, II. A dislemiicr incident to cattle, 
 called, also, mnre-houzh. Encyc 
 
 BLE.N-.NOR-RIHE'A, n. [Or. ffUtva, mucus, and 
 /If'.', to flow.] 
 .•\n inordinate discharge or secretion of mucus. 
 
 BLE.V'.W, n. [."^.ix. hltnnan, to cease.] [Brandt. 
 A name common to ditlerent spt'ciesof fishes, usu- 
 ally of small size, of the genus Blennius, and of the 
 order Jiignlares, (Linn.) 
 
 BLE.NT, the obsolete [larliciple of Blend. Spejiser. 
 
 BLESS, r. (. ; prct. and pp. Blessed or Blest. [Sax. 
 bledjfian, blrUian, bleLiiaan, and blcssian ; whence, 
 blettun^, bledsuns, a blessing or benediction. \V. 
 UAd, a gift, a favor, a blessing.] 
 
 1. To pronounce a wish of happiness to one ; to 
 express a wish or desire of happiness. 
 
 Anil \*9jAC Jacob him. — Gen. zxviii. 
 
 2. To make happy ; to make successful ; to prosper 
 in temporal concerns ; as, we are blest with peace 
 and plenty. 
 
 Tlx: I,orJ Ihy Goil •h.ill bleu tixtr in all Ihou doML — D.:m1. it. 
 
 3. To make happy in a future life. 
 
 Bietstd arr ihe ilcml who tlic in ih'? lAird. — Her. xW. 
 
 4. To set apart or consecrate to holy purposes ; to 
 make and pron<vi-i;e holy. 
 
 AndGo^ bistttd tlie •pvenlh iii]r and Kinctified it. — Gen. IL 
 
 5. To consecrate by prayer ; to invoke a blessing 
 upon. 
 
 And Jrnii took Ih^ ftre laxre* and the l*-o fUlics, and looking up 
 to h^ari-n he blttted Ihcm. — l.iikr ix. 
 
 0. To praise ; to glorify, for benefits received. 
 IHetg thr* l.<)rit, O iny tinil, iiiul all Ih^tt is within mi'. — Ps. ciit. 
 
 7. To praise ; to magnify ; to extol, for excellences. 
 Ps. civ. 
 
 8. To esteem or account happy ; with the recipro- 
 cal pronoun. 
 
 The niidiiin shall bleti tiiemteliiet In him. — Jer. Iv. 
 
 9. To pronounce a solemn, prophetical benediction 
 upon. Gen. xxvii. Deut. xxxiii. 
 
 10. In this line of Spenser, it may signify to Oiroto, 
 for this is nearly the primary sense. 
 
 His Biiarkiin^ Made about Ills lifnd lie blett. 
 Johnson supposes the word to signify to wave or 
 brandish, anil to have receivcril this sense from the olil 
 rite of blessing a field, by directing the hands to all 
 parts of it. 
 
 Bless, in Spenser, for bliss, m.-iy be so written, not 
 for rhyme merely, but because ijless and Hiss are from 
 the same root. 
 
 BLESS'/CD, (blest,) pp. Made happy or (rosperous ; 
 extolled ; primoiinced hajipy. 
 
 BI.ESS'lU), «. Happy ; prosperous in worldly affairs ; 
 eiijoj'ing or pertaining to spiritual happiness and the 
 favor of God ; enjoying or pertaining to heavenly fe- 
 licity. 
 
 BLESS'ED THIS'TLE, ii. A plant of the genus Cen- 
 tatirea, sometimes used in decoctions, for a bitter. 
 
 RLESd'ED-LY, adc. Happily ; in a fortunate manner. 
 
 BLESS'ED-NESS, ii. Happiness ; (clicity ; heavenly 
 joys ; the favor of God. 
 
 9. Sanctity. Shak. 
 
 BLESS'Ell, 71. One that blesses or prospers ; one who 
 bpstows a blessing. 
 
 BLESS'lXG, ppr. Making happy ; wishing happiness 
 to ; praising or extolling ; consecrating by prayer. 
 
 BLES.S'l.NG, II. Benediction ; a wish of happiness 
 jironouucetl ; a prayer imploring happiness upon an- 
 other. 
 
 2. A solemn, prophetic benediction, in which hap- 
 piness is desired, invoked, or foretold. 
 
 Till* is tlic 6/f**in? wlieivwith Moses — blessed tlic ciiililien of 
 Isricl. — IVut. xxxiii. 
 
 3. Any means of happiness ; a gift, benefit, or ad- 
 vantage ; that which promotes temiKiral prosperity 
 and welfare, or secures immortal felicity. A just 
 and pious magistrate is a public blessing. The divine 
 favor is the greatest blessinir. 
 
 4. Among the Jews, a present ; a gift ; cither be- 
 cause it was attended with kind wishes for the wel- 
 fare of the giver, or because it was the means of in- 
 creasing happiness. 
 
 Take, I pray Uice, my blessiryg that is brought to thee. — Gen. 
 xxxiii, 
 
 BLEST, pp. of Bless. 
 BLEST, a. Made happy. 
 
 2. Making happy ; cheering. 
 
 Wliile tJiese bleat souiuls my nvislnHi ear assail. TrumbuU, 
 
 BLk'TON-ISM, n. The faculty of perceiving and in- 
 dicating subterraneous springs and currents by sen- 
 sation ; so called from one Bleton, of France, who 
 was supposed to possess this faculty. Encyc. 
 
 BLk'TON-ISTj 71. One supposed to possess the fac- 
 ulty of perceiving subterraneous springs by sensa- 
 tion. Encyc. 
 
 BLEW, prct. of Blow. 
 
 BLeY.ME, 71. An intlainmation in the foot of a horse, 
 
 between the sole and the bone. Farrier's DicL 
 BLIGHT, (blite,) n. Sax. bla:etha, scurf, leprosy.] 
 
 1. A disease incident to plants, affecting them va- 
 riously. Sometimes the w hole plant perishes ; some- 
 times only the leaves and blossoms, which will 
 shrivel, as if scorched. 
 
 2. Any thing nipping or blasting. 
 
 In America, I have often heard a cutaneous erup- 
 tion on the human skin called by the name of blights. 
 This is the nettle lichen {lichen urticosiis,) an erup- 
 tion of very minute reddish pimples, appearing in 
 spots or more generally diiruscil. Oood. 
 
 3. A name given to certain downy species of the 
 aphis, or plant louse, destnirtive to-fruit trees. 
 
 BLIGHT, V. L To affect with blight ; to blast ; to 
 prevent growth and fertility ; to frustrate. 
 
 BLIGHT'EI), pp. Blasted ; frustrated. 
 
 BIJGIlT'l.NG, ppr. or a. Blasting; fmstrating. 
 
 Bl.TGHT'l.Nt;, >i. Act of blighting. 
 
 BLIG IIT'1.\0-LY, adv. By blasting. 
 
 BLL\, V. I. [Sax. 4/mji<ni.] 
 
 To stop or cease. [ 06s.] Spenser. 
 
 BLI.\ J, a. [Sax. blind; G. D. Sw. and Dan. Minrf; 
 Sax. 6/«7i'ia7i,to blend and to blind. This is the same 
 word as blend, and was so written by Spenser. See 
 Blem). Obscurity is from mixture.] 
 
 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by nat- 
 ural defect, or by deprivation ; not having sight. 
 
 2. Not having the faculty of discernment ; desti- 
 tute of intellectu:U light : unable to understand or 
 judge ; ignorant; as, authors are blind to their own 
 defects. 
 
 Blind should be followed by ta ; but it is followed 
 by of in the phrase blind of an eye. 
 
 3. Unseen ; out of public view ; private ; dark ; 
 
 Btimctiiues implying contempt or censure ; as, a blind 
 corner. Hooker. 
 
 4. Dark ; obscure ; not easy to be found ; no! 
 easily discernible ; as, a blind path. 
 
 5. Heedless ; inconsiderate ; undelilierating. 
 
 This plan is nxommended neither to blind approl>.iiion nor to 
 blind n>]>rijbation. J-^dsraiisl, Ja^. 
 
 6. In Scripture, blind implies not only want of dis- 
 cernment, but moral depravity. 
 
 BLI.Vl), V. t. To imike blind ; to deprive of sight 
 
 2. To darken ; to obscure to the eye. 
 
 Such d irkiieiii bUniis tlie sky. Ihydtn. 
 
 3. To darken the understanding ; as, to Win*' ihe 
 mind. 
 
 4. To darken or obscure to the understanding. 
 
 lie eutieavorvd to 6.'in^ and eoiifuund Uie coiiUoversv. 
 
 SlMintfieet. 
 
 5. To ecliilse. Fletcher. 
 BLIND or BLINUE. See Blende, an ore. 
 BLIND, 71. Something to hinder the sight. 
 
 Civility casts a bliiul over tlie duty. L'Estrangt. 
 
 2. Something to mislead the eye or the understand- 
 ing ; as, o\w thing serves :ls a blind for another. 
 
 3. A screen ; a cover; as, a blind for a window, 
 or for a hnrse. 
 
 BLIND'ED, pp. or a. Deprivftd of sight ; deprived of 
 intellectual discernment; maile dark or obscure. 
 
 BLI.N'D'FoLD, 11. [^Wiiii/ and /uW.l Having the eyes 
 covered ; htiving the mental eye darkened. 
 
 BLI.N'D'FoLD, v. U To cover the eyes; to hinder 
 from seeing. 
 
 BLIND'FOLD-ED, pp. Having the eyes covered ; 
 hindered from seeing. 
 
 BLI.ND'FOLD-I.NG, p;>r. Covering the eyes ; hinder- 
 ing from seeing. 
 
 BLI.\'D'1NG, ppr. or a. Depriving of sight, or of un- 
 derstanding; obscuring. 
 
 BLIND'LY, Without sight or understanding. 
 
 2. Witiioiit discerning the reason ; implicitly ; 
 v.'ii.hout ex"..'.iination ; as, to be blindly led by 
 a.-itther. Dryden. 
 
 3. Without judgment or direction. J)riidi:i>. 
 BLIND'-MAN'S BALL, 7i. A species of Fungiis, Ly- 
 
 coperdon, or puff-ball. Fam. i,f I'lanO. 
 
 BLTND'-.MAN'S BUFF, ii. A pl.ay in which one per- 
 son is blindfolded, and hunts out the rest of the 
 company. Johnson. 
 
 BLI.ND'NESS, v. Want of bodily sight ; want of in- 
 tellectual discernment ; ignorance. Locke. 
 
 BLiND'-NET'TLE, n. A plant. 
 
 BLINDS, n. pi. In the military art, a defense made of 
 osiers or branches interwoven, and laid across two 
 rows of stakes, four (»r five feet asuiuler, of the 
 height of a man, to shelter the workmen, and pre- 
 vent their being overlooked by the enciiiv. Ennic 
 
 BLIND'-SER'l'ENT, ii. A reptile of the Carie of tiiKid 
 Hope, covered with black scales, but spotted wiili 
 red, white, and brown. i)ict. of A'uf. //i.,7. 
 
 BLIND'-SIDE, 71. [blind and side.] The side which 
 is most easily ass.ailed ; or the side on u liich the 
 party 's least able or disposed to sec danger ; weak- 
 ness i foible ; weak p.art. Su■^ft. 
 
 BLI.N'D'-VES'SEL, ii. With chemists, a vessel with 
 an opening on one side only. Juhn.-ion. 
 
 BLIND'WOR.M, n. [blind and jcorm.] A small opliid- 
 ean reptile or serpent, called also sltno icorm, a species 
 of Auguis, about eleven inches long, covered with 
 scales, with a forked tongue, but harmless. 
 
 Diet, of JVat HLil. 
 
 BLINK, V. t. To shut out of sight ; to avoid, or pur- 
 posely evade ; as, to blink the question before the 
 house. 
 
 BLINK, V. i. [Sax. bliean, to shine, to twinkle; 
 bliciciid, clothed in white ; ahlicim, to ap|)car, to 
 whiten ; D. blikken, to glance, to twinkle, and bltnk- 
 en, to shine, to glitter ; blijken, to appear or show ; 
 .Sw. blinkii, to wink, to connive; blojika, to shine, 
 to twinkle ; G. blicken, to look, to glance ; blinken, to 
 glance, to shine, to twinkle, to wink ; Dan. blmke, 
 to blink, to glance, to w ink, to shine, to glitter. This 
 cont;iins the same ratlical letters as light.] 
 
 1. To wink ; to twinkle w ith the eye. 
 
 2. To see obscurely. Johnson. 
 Is it not to see with the eyes half shut, or with 
 
 frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes.' 
 One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame. Pops. 
 
 BLINK, 71. A glimpse or glance. Hall. 
 
 BLINK, 71. B(iii* of ice, is the dazzling whiteness 
 about the horizon, occasioned by the reflection of 
 light from fields of ice, at sea. JUar. Diet. 
 
 BLl.NK'ARD, 7t. [6/iiiA and ard, kind.] A person 
 who blinks or has bad eyes ; lli.it which twinkles, 
 or glances, afi a dim star, which appears and disap- 
 pears. HakeipilL 
 
 BLINK'^RS, n. pL Blinds for horses ; expansions of 
 the bridle to prevent a horse from seeing objects at 
 his sides. 
 
 BLLN'K'ING, ppr. or a. Winking ; twinkling : evading. 
 BLISS, 71. [Sax. bliss, joy, alacrity, exultation ; blis- 
 
 sian, to rejoice, to exult, to congratulate, to applaud ; 
 
 also blitJisian, to rejoice. See Bless and Blithe.] 
 The highest degree of happiness; hlessediieM ; 
 
 TtNH, BL'LL, Ignite. — .\N"GER, VI"CI0US. — e as K; G as J; 8 as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 17 
 
BLO 
 
 BLO 
 
 fi'licity ; used of felicity in genenil, when of an cx- 
 
 altRcl kind, bul iipprui)rialely, of heavenly joys. 
 
 Ilmikcr. Pope. 
 lUJSS'FyL, a. Full of joy and felicity ; happy in the 
 
 highest degree. Spcii.icr. 
 BLI.SS'FUL-LY, adv. In a blissful manner. Shrrwuod. 
 l!LISS'Fi.jL-i\'ESS, ?i. Exalted happiness ; fi'licity ; 
 
 fullness of joy. Barrow. 
 liLISS'LESS, a. Destitute of bliss. llaicliiiis. 
 lil,lS'.'^(J.M, V. i. [W, lilijii, blijsiaw, to crave, that is, 
 
 to re.tcli forward.] 
 
 To be lustful ; to caterwaul. [Little used ] 
 •T.ISS-PRO-I)OC'ING, a. Producing bliss, 
 liu '^'TEIl, II. [G. bla.te, and Oliitti-r. It is radically 
 
 the same word as blailitrr, in a'llilferent dialect. See 
 
 Bladder, Blast, and Blaze. 1 
 
 1. A thin bladder on the skin, containing watery 
 matter or serum, wlu'ther occasioned by a burn, or 
 other injury, or by a vesicatory, ll is formed by 
 raising the cuticle. 
 
 2. .\ny tumor made by the separation of the film 
 or skin, as on plants ; or by the swelling of the sub- 
 stance .at the surface, as on steel. 
 
 3. A vesicatory ; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other 
 matter, applied to raise a vesicle. 
 
 BLI."''TER, V. i. To rise in blisters. Drijden. 
 BLIS'TEil, r. (. To raise a blister, by any Inirt, burn, 
 
 or violent action ujxtn the skin ; to raise a blister by 
 
 a medical application, or vesicatory. 
 2. To raise tumors on iron bars in a furnace, in 
 
 the process of r(uiverting iron into steel. 
 BLIS'TER-FLY, ) n. The Spanish flv, (CajKAa- 
 
 BLIS'TER-BEE'TLE, i ris vcsicatoria ;) used in 
 
 raising blisters. 
 BEIS'TER-PLXS'TER, n. A plaster of Spanish flies, 
 
 designed to raise a blister. 
 BLiS'TER-/iri), pp. Having blisters or tumors. 
 BLIS'T'ER-ING, ppr. Raising a blister; applying a 
 
 blist<'ring plaster, or vesicatory. 
 BLIS'TER-Y, a. Full of blisters. 
 ELITE, n. [L. blitum ; Gr. /iAi-oF.] 
 
 1. A genus of plants, called Stratabcrnj Spinach. 
 
 JUiinjc. 
 
 2. A species of Amaranth, or flower-gentle. 
 
 Fam. <i/ Plaiiti. 
 BLITHE, a. [Sax. blitUe, and hlealka, b'leatlie, gay, 
 joyful. This IS probably the same word as L. 
 Iirlas; Eng. irlail. See Bliss and Glad. The Ir. 
 nth, happiness, seems to be the original word with- 
 out the |)refix.] 
 Gay ; merry ; joyotis ; sprightly ; mirthful. 
 Por thai f.ur reiinle troop tlioii siiWest, tliAt tiecmcil 
 Of ioil.iess"s, so bfiOie. so smootli. so g-ay. MUton. 
 
 BLTTIIE'FtJL, a. Gay ; full of cayety. 
 BLTTHE'LY, adv. In a gav, joyful tnanner. 
 BLITHE'NESS, ii. Gayety ; sprighthness ; the qual- 
 
 iti- of being blilhe. 
 BLTTlIE'sriME, (I. Gay; merry; cheerful. Philips. 
 BLTTIIE'.-iOME-.NESS, ». The quality of being blitlve- 
 
 somi* : ga,\'ety. 
 BL6 AT, e.'t. [This word may be allied to bladder, 
 
 from the sense of inflating, swelling ; W. bhiylh, a 
 
 puff, a blast ; blijtJta^, a fat |iauiich, a bloated person.] 
 
 1. To swell or make turgiil, as with air ; to inflate ; 
 to pufl"up; hence, to make vain; followed by up, 
 but without necessity. To bloiil up with praise is 
 less elegant than to bloat vvitli jiraise. Dryilm. 
 
 2. To swell or make turgid with water, or other 
 nn:ans ; as, a bfoatrd limb. In medicine, it properly 
 denotes a swelling of the surface, from tile efl'usioii 
 of serum in the cellular menibiane — a morbid en- 
 largement, often accompanied with softness. 
 
 l!Lo.\T, V. L To grow turgid ; to dilate, .^rbuthnot. 
 
 lil.oAT, ff. Swelled ; turgid. [A'ot m.v«A] 
 
 IILoAT'EI), ;)/). or a. Swelled ; grown turgul ; infl.ated. 
 
 BI,oAT'EI)-.\ESJ», n. A turgid state ; dilatation 
 fr(un inflation, debility, or any morbid cause. 
 
 Ill.f) AT'Ell, n. A dried herring. [See Blote.] 
 
 HLoAT'l.NG, p/jr. Swelling; inflating. 
 
 BLo AT'IXG, n. .\ state of being swelled or bloated. 
 
 IILOB'BER, n. [Ir. phib, <ir pluihin, from swelling, 
 pushing out, as in bleb, blabber ; VV. lhcb,n bulging 
 out. (in. bulb, by transposiiitui. S(?e Bu bbeb.] 
 
 .\ bubble ; pronounced by the cenwiu>n people in 
 America, blubber. It is a legitimate word, but not 
 ele[!ant. Caretv. 
 
 BLdB'BER-LIP, n. [blabber and lip.] A thick lip. 
 
 Drydeu. 
 
 BI.OB'BEU LIP-P/;D, (blob'ber lipt,) a. Having thick 
 
 lip^. I.^ F.strantrp. 
 
 BI.0(;K, n. [O. blok; Ger. hlodi; Fr. bloc; VV. pine, 
 
 from Hoc, a mound ; plocimo, to block, to plug ; Rush. 
 
 plukha, a block. Tlie primary sense is, set, fixed, or 
 
 a inasH.I 
 
 1. A heavy niece of timber or wood, usually with 
 one plain surface ; or it is rectangular, and rather 
 thick than hmg. 
 
 2. Any masH of matter with an exii'nded surface ; 
 %n, n blocJi of marble, a pieci' rough from the quarry. 
 
 W, A ntaHsy body, Noliil aiirl heavy ; ;t mass of wood, 
 iron, or other metal, with at least one jilain surface, 
 such as artificerri use. 
 
 4. A continiioiiH row of buildings ; as, u block of 
 huusea. 
 
 5. The wood on which criminals are beheade* : 
 (i. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction ; » ' 
 slop ; hinderancc ; obstacle. 
 
 7. A pulley, or a system of pulleys, mounteJ in its 
 frame or shell, w'ith its band or strap. A b'.ociC con- 
 sists of one or' more pulleys or sheaves, in a groove 
 of which the rope runs, fastened in a shell or frame 
 by pins, on which they revolve ; of a shell or frame 
 inclosing the pulley or pulleys ; and of a strap or 
 band, consisting of a rope, encomp.*ssing the shell, 
 anil attached by an eye of rope or a hook to some 
 object. Kd. F.ncijc. 
 
 Blocks for standing rigging, called dead-nje.-i, are 
 shells, without sheaves or piflleys. P. Cijc. 
 
 8. A blockhead ; a stupid fellow. 
 
 9. Among cutters in mood, a form made of hard 
 wood, on which they cut figures in relief with 
 knives, chisels, cScc. Encyc. 
 
 10. The woode.' mold on which a hat is formed. 
 
 11. In falconry, the perch whereon a bird of prey 
 is kept. Encyc. 
 
 BLOCK, V. t. [Fr. bloquer ; Port, ami Sp. bloquear ! It. 
 btoccare.] 
 
 To inclose or shut up, so as to hinder egress or 
 passage ; to stop up ; to obstruct by placing obstacles 
 in the way ; often followed by np ; as, to block up a 
 town, or a road. 
 
 BLOt'K-Al)E', re. [Ii. blnccato ; Port, bloqueado, blocked 
 up; Sp. btogueo [Fr. blocas.] 
 
 The shutting up of a place, formed by surrounding 
 it with hostile troops or ships, or by posting them at 
 all the avenues, to prevent escape, and hinder sup- 
 plies of provisions and anuiuinition from entering, 
 with a view to compel a surrender, by hunger and 
 want, without regular attacks. 
 
 To constitute a blockade, the investing power must 
 he able to apply its force to every point of practicable 
 access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter ; 
 and there is no blockade of that port where Us lorce 
 can not be brought to bcitr. Kcnt^s Commentaries. 
 
 BLOCK-aDE', v. t. To shut up a town or fortress, by 
 posting troops at all the avenues, to compel the gar- 
 rison or inhabitants to surrender by means of hun- 
 ger and want, without regular attacks: aUo, to sta- 
 tiim ships of war to obstruct all intercourse with a 
 town or nation. 
 
 BLOCK-AD' ED, /(p. Shut up or inclosed by an enemy. 
 
 BLOCK-AD'ING, ppr! Besieging bv a blockade. 
 
 BLOCK'HEAD, n. [block and head.] A stupid fel- 
 low ; a dolt ; a person deficient in understanding. 
 
 CLOCK'HEAD-ED, (-hed'ed,) u. Stupid; dull. Shak. 
 
 1(1,1 )CK'I1EAI)-LY, a. Like a blockhead. 
 
 liLllCK'-llOUSE, 71. [block and house.] A military 
 edifice or fortress, so called because constructed 
 chiefly of timber. P. Cyc. 
 
 BLOCK'ISH, a. Stupid; dull; deficient in under- 
 standing. Shak. 
 
 BLOCK'ISII-LY, a(/i>. In a stupid manner. Harmar. 
 
 BLOCK'ISH-XESS, H. Stupidity; difllness. 
 
 BLOCK'LTKE, a. Like a block ; stupid. Hakewill. 
 
 BLOCK'-PRl.NT-I.N'G, ;i. 'l lie act or art of printing 
 from engraved blocks of wood. 
 
 BLOCK'-TIN, 71. [block ami tin.] Tin, as it comes 
 in blocks from the fitunilry, 
 
 BL5M'.'\-I1Y, 71. [See Bloom, a mass of iron.] 
 
 The first forge through which iron passes after it 
 is melted from the ore. 
 
 BLOJVDE, n. [Fr.] A perstui of very fair comiilex- 
 ion, with light hair and light blue eves. 
 
 BLOND'-L.ACE, 71. Lace made of silk. 
 
 BLON'K'ET, a. Grav. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 BLOOD, (bind,) 71. '[Sax. blod ; Sw. and Dan. blod ; 
 Ger. bint, blood; blnlrn,Ui bleed; D. blocd, blood; 
 blaedcn, to bleed ; allied, jierhaps, to Gr. 6'Aoyo).] 
 
 1. The fluid which circulates through the arteries 
 and veins of the human body, anil of other animals, 
 which is essential to the preservation of life. This 
 fluid is griir rally red. If tlie blood of an animal is 
 not red, siicli annual is called crsantruions, (l)loodless,) 
 or white-blooded ; tlie blood being white, or white 
 tinged with blue. 
 
 2. Kindred ; relation by natural descent from a 
 common ancestor ; consanguinity. 
 
 UoH liaili niailo of one biood nil naUuiis of the eivrlli. — Acts xvii. 
 
 Hence the word is used for a child ; a family ; 
 a kindred ; descent ; lineage ; progeny ; descend- 
 ants, &.C. 
 
 Royal lineage ; blood royal ; as, a prince of the 
 bloitd. 
 
 4. Honorable birth : high e.vtraction ; as, a gentle- 
 fi. Life. [man of blood, 
 
 Sli.ill 1 not ri'qniri- hilt blood at your haiiils? — 'i Sum. iv. 
 
 G. Slaughter ; inurder, or bloodshedding. 
 I will avrnjc lh« blouit o( JczrccI upon the house of Jehu. — 
 Ho* a i. 
 
 Tlie voice of thy hrother's blood criclh to 1110 from tlic ^ouncl. — 
 Ui'ii. Iv. 
 
 7. Guilt and punishment. 
 
 Vitiir ttlood lie upon your own lieiiili. — Acts zvlii. 
 
 8. I'll silly nature ; the carnal p,art of man, ns op- 
 posed to the spiritual nature, or divine life. 
 
 Who were biirii. not of llish lunl Woor( nor of the will of iho 
 flesh, iiiir of the w ill of iimii, Inn of (iuU. — John i. 
 
 9. Man, or human wisdom, or reason. 
 
 Flesh ami blood h:ith not revealed it to tliee, lait my Fatbir «tM 
 is in heaven. — Alatt. xvi. 
 
 10. A sacramental symbol of the blood of Christ. 
 
 Tliis is inv blood of the New Testament, wliich is shea lor the 
 ■ '■ I of sins. — Malt. xxvi. 
 
 11. The death and sulTerings of Christ. 
 
 Bein; now jnslilieil by his b'ood, we shall be saved from wrath 
 Uirough liini. — Rom. v. 9. Epii. i. 
 
 12. The price of blood ; that which is obtained by 
 shedding blood, and seizing goods. 
 
 Woe to him that biiildeth a towii wilh blood, — Hab. ii. Acts i. 
 
 13. Temper of mind ; state of the passions ; but, 
 in this sanse, accompanied with cold or warm, or 
 other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in 
 cold blotd, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden 
 passiim. Warm blood dentites a temper inflamed or 
 irritated ; to uiU7-7« or heat the blood, is to excite the 
 passions. 
 
 14. A hot spark ; a man of fire or spirit ; a rake. 
 l.S. The juice of any thing, especially if red ; as, 
 
 " tlie blood of grapes." Gen. xlix. 
 
 Whole blood. In law, a kinsman of the whole blood 
 is one who descends from the same couple of ances- 
 tors ; of the half blood, one who descends from either 
 of them singly, by a second marriage. Encyc, 
 BLOOD, V. t. i'o let blood ; to bleed by opening a vein. 
 
 2. To stain with blood. Jlddiion. I>ryden. 
 
 3. To enter ; to inure to blood, as a hound. Spenser. 
 
 4. To heat the blood; to exasperate. [Unusual.] 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 BLOOD'-BAP-TIS.M, ji. In the ancient church, a term 
 applied to the martyrdom of those who had not been 
 baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, 
 and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal 
 baptism. Coleman. 
 
 BLOOD'-BE-SPOT'TED,a. Spotted with blood. Shak. 
 
 BLO(JD'-BoLT'ER-£D, a. [blood and bolter.] Sprin- 
 kled with blood. [JVot tiscd.] Macbeth. 
 
 BLOOD'-BRO'f H-ER, 71. Brother by blood or birth. 
 
 BLfiOD'-COL'OR-ED, a. Having ilie color of blood. 
 
 BL0On'-eoN-Su.\I'L\G,a. Wasting the blood. Shak, 
 
 BLOOD'-DRENCH-£D, (-drencht,) a. Drenched in 
 blood. 
 
 BLOOD'-DRUNK, a. Drunk with blood. More. 
 BLOOD'-D^-£D, (blud'dlde,) a. Dyed with blood. 
 BLOOD'ED, pp. Bled ; stained with blood ; inured to 
 blood. 
 
 BLOOD'-FLOW-ER, n. [blood and flower.] Ha'man- 
 thus, a genus of plants, natives of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Encyc. 
 
 BLOOD'-FKoZ-EN, a. Having the blood clidled. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BLOOD'-GUILT-Y, (blud'gilt-y,) a. Guilty of mur- 
 der. Fairfax. 
 
 BLOOD'-GUILT-I-NESS, 71. [blood .and guilt.] The 
 guilt or crime of shedding blood. Ps. li. 
 
 BLOOD'-lIOilSE, Ji. A horse whose blood or lineage is 
 derived from the purest and most highly-prized 
 origin or stock. 
 
 BLOOD'-HOT, a. [blood and hot.] As warm as blood 
 in its natural temperature. 
 
 BLOOD'-HOUiND, iu [blood and hound.] A variety 
 of dog, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, re- 
 markable for the acuteness of its smell, and employed 
 to recover game which has escaped wounded from 
 the hunter, by tracing the lost animal by the blood it 
 had spilt ; whence the name of the dog. Encyc. 
 
 BLOOD'I-LY, adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly; 
 with a disposition to shed blood. Sluik. 
 
 BLOOD'l-.NESS, 71. The state of being bloody ; dis- 
 position to shell blood. 
 
 BL0OD'I.NG,p;)r. Letting blood ; staining with blood ; 
 inuring to blood, as a hound. 
 
 BLOOD'LESS, a. Without blood ; dead. 
 
 2. Without shedding of blood or slaughter ; as, a 
 bloodless victory. SJiaJ:. Wallrr. 
 
 .1. Without spirit or activitj'. Shak. 
 
 BLOOD'LESS-LY, adv. Without bloodshed. 
 
 BLOOD'LET, V. L To bleed ; to let blood. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 BL0(3D'LET-TER, 71. One who lets blood,, as in dis- 
 eases ; a plilebotomist filseman. 
 
 BLOOD'LET-TING, 71. [blood and let.] The act of 
 letting blood, or bleeding by opening a vein. 
 
 BL(50D'-AIARK-£D, (blud'inarkt,) a. Marked with 
 blood. 
 
 BLOOD'PtJD-DING, 71. [blood and pudding.] A pud- 
 ding made wilh blood and other materials. 
 
 BLOOD'-RICI), a. Red as blood. 
 
 BLOOD'ROyr, 71. A plant so named from the color 
 of its root ; a species of Sanguinaria, (S. canadensis,) 
 called also Puccoon, Turmeric, and Red root. 
 
 Bigelow. 
 
 BL0OD'-SIL\K'£N, a. Having the blood in commo- 
 tion, ./on.fon. 
 
 BLilOD'SHED, 71. [blood and .-.-hed.] The shedding 
 or spilling ot blood; slaughter; waste of life; the 
 crime of shedding blood. Spenser. 
 
 BLOOD'SIIEl) DER, 71. One who sheds blood; a 
 mnrilerer. 
 
 BL(")OI)'SIIED Dl.\G,7i. The shedding ol blood; '.he 
 crime of shedding blood. Homilies. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WHIST METB, PRgY. — PI.VE, MAKI.NE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQOK.— 
 
BLO 
 
 H L () 
 
 15 L O 
 
 lil.OOO'SIlOT, a. [blood and shooL] Red and in- 
 H;iiiii d liv a turgid state of the blood-vcssel.i, as in 
 (lisi a-<rs (if (lie eye. Garth. 
 
 HLOOU'SNaKE, «. A species of snake, the H.-emor- 
 rhiip. .^.v/i. 
 
 l!I,COI)'-SPAV-IN, n. [blood and gparin.] A dilata- 
 tiiin of the vein that runs alone the inside of the hock 
 of a horse, forming a soft swelling. Encijc. 
 
 ni.OI>r)'-SPILL-ING, a. Shedding blood. 
 
 BI,fi()l)'-t:i''lT-'rER, n. One who spits blood. 
 
 IlLOOD'-STAIN-EU, a. Stained witli blood ; also, 
 guilty of murder. 
 
 lU,0Oi)'ST0.\E, 71. [blood and .ttoiis.] A green si- 
 licious stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with 
 blood ; hence the name. 
 
 lU.OOD'SUCK-ER, n. [blood and suck.] 
 
 1. Anyanhnal that sucks blood ; specifically applied 
 
 2. A cruel man ; a murderer. [to the leech. 
 HI,0Ol)'.-^UCK-I.\G, a. That sucks or draws blood. 
 
 Sluili. 
 
 i;i,f>on'?\VELL-£D, a. Swelled with blood. 
 HLOOD'TimiST-I-NESS, n. Thirst for sliedding 
 blood. 
 
 1!I,0()I)'THIRST-Y, a. [blood and thirst.] Desirous 
 to shed bluod ; murderous. 
 
 liLOOU'VKS-^EL, n. [blood and vc.tsfl.] Any ves- 
 sel in which blood circulates in an animal body ; an 
 arterv or a vein. 
 
 BLOOi)'\VAR.M, a. Warm as blood ; lukewarm. 
 
 .^ttdison. 
 
 BLOOD'WITE, n. [blood and trite, a fine or penalty.] 
 In ancient law^ a fine or amercenieut, paid as a 
 composition for the shedding of blood. 
 BLfiflD'WON', a. Won by shedding blood. Scott. 
 lil.OOD'WOOn, II. [blood and tcooiZ.] Aname given 
 
 to locwooil, from its color. 
 BLOOD'WORT, (bhid'wurt,) n. [blood and wort.] 
 
 A plant, a s[>ccies of Kuinex. 
 BI.0()1)'-\V0R-TI1Y, a. Worthy of blood. 
 BLOOD'Y, a. Stained with blood. 
 
 '2. Cruel ; murderous ; given to the shedding of 
 blood ; or having a cruel, savage disposition ; applied 
 to animals. 
 
 3. Attended with bloodshed ; marked by cruelty ; 
 applied to things; as, a bloody battle. 
 
 BI-OOD'Y, V. U To stain with blood. Overbunj. 
 BLOOD'Y, ado. Very ; as, bloody sick, bloody drunk. 
 
 [ This i.< verti rulsar.] 
 BL0OD'Y-EY-£D, (blud'dy-ide,) a. Having bloody 
 
 or cruel eves. 
 
 BEOOD'Y-F.^C-ro, (bbid'dy-riste,) a. Having a 
 bloody face or appearance. SliaJ:. 
 
 BLOOD'Y-FLUX, n. [blood and pii.] The dysen- 
 ten,-, a disea.se in which the discharges from the 
 bowels have a mixture of blood. .Srbiilhnot, 
 
 BLOOD'Y-FLUX-£D, (blud'dy-tiuxt,) a. Afflicted 
 with the blooriv-flux. 
 
 BLOOD'Y-HA.N'D, ». [Mood and hand.] A hand 
 stained with the blood of a deer, which, in tlie old 
 forest laws of England, wa.s sufficient evidence of a 
 man's trcspxss in the forest against venison, .^slu 
 
 BLOOD'Y-HUXT-l.NG, a. Hunting ft.r blood. Shak. 
 
 BLCOD'Y-IXr;, ppr. Staining with blood. 
 
 BEOOD'Y-MIXD'ED, a. [blood and mind.] Having 
 a cruel, ferocious disposition; barbarous; inclined 
 to shod blood. Dryden. 
 
 BEOOD'Y-RED, a. Having the color of blood. 
 
 BI^OD'Y-SCEP'TER-ED, a. Having a scepter ob- 
 tained by blood or slaughter. SItak. 
 
 BLOOD'Y-SWEAT, (blud'dy-swet,) n. [blood and 
 siceat] A sweat, accompanied by a discharge of 
 blood ; also, a disease, called stceating sickness^ which 
 formerly prevailed in England and other countries. 
 
 BLOO.M, n. [Roth. Moma ; D. bloan ; G. blame : S»v. 
 blomme ; Dan. blomstrr ; W. blodcn, blatrd, from the 
 root ofblow : Sax. bloiran, contracted from blodan, or 
 hlothan. Blossom is a dialectical form of the word, 
 from the same rooL See Blossom.] 
 
 1. A blo.ssoiii; the tlowcr of a plant ; an expanded 
 bud. 
 
 While opening olooirtM di.Tiw^ thrir tweu .iroiiiiil. Pop*. 
 
 2. The opening of tlowers in general ; flowers 
 open, or in a state of blossoming; as, the trees are 
 clothed with bloom. 
 
 .'). The st,ite of youth, resembling that of blossoms ; 
 a state of opening manhood, life, beauty, and vigor ; 
 a state of health and growth, iironiising higher per- 
 fection ; as, the bloom of youth. 
 
 4. The blue color upon plums and grapes newly 
 gathered. John.-:on. 
 
 BLOO.M, V. i. To produce or j icld blossoms ; to 
 flower. 
 
 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and 
 vigor ; to show the beauty of youth ; as, bloomini; 
 BLOO.M, r. U To put forth as blossoms. [gracc-s. 
 Cturiuble ilTccUou bloomed ilit-m. Hooktr. 
 [J^ot in use.] 
 
 BLOO.M, n. [Sax. bloma, a mass or lump ; W. pbom ; 
 
 .Arm. plom, phwm, or blomn : Fr. plomh ; Sp. plomo ; 
 
 It. piombo : L. plumbum, lead, properly a lump.] 
 A mass of iron that has passed the blumary, or 
 
 undergone the first hammering. 
 BH)O.M'AR-Y. See Blomart. 
 
 BLOOM'ING, ppr. Opening in blossoms ; Howering. 
 9. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; showing 
 the freshness and beauties of yiaith. 
 
 His 6.'ooi.Jn<r liiiir li gno-d 111.: m\i» a' soat. Trumbull. 
 
 BLOOM'IXG-LY, adv. In a blooming manner. 
 BLOOM'IXG-NESS, n. State of being blooming. 
 BLOO.^I'Y, a. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing 
 
 with Die vigor of youth ; as, a bloomy spray ; bloomy 
 
 beauties. 
 
 BLoUE, ?i. [T/tis is a dijferetii orlhograjihy o/ Blare, 
 which see.] 
 
 The act of blowing ; a blast. [JVot used.] 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 BLOS'SO.M, n. [Sax. J/o.sm, blosma, blostni, blostma, 
 am! blosati, a blossom ; blusmian, blostmian, to bios- 
 Sfim ; D. hlorssem, a blossom ; <». blirthr, a blossom ; 
 allied perhaps to G. bloss, Dan. blot, naked ; (J. 
 bliissen, Dan. blotte, to uncover ; W. blotlen, a flower, 
 blodeuaw to blossom, from blninl, meal, bloom ; Gr. 
 (iXaoTTifin, a bud, probably from the same root ; 
 
 S3'r. j.^^ gcnninate, to flourish, to put forth 
 
 leaves.] 
 
 1. Tlie flower of a plant, or the essentia! organs of 
 rfrprodticiiiui \viili their appendages. The term has 
 been api>lied l)y some botanists, and is also a])plied in 
 common usage to the con>l ; a genenfl term, more 
 commonly usfd than flower or bhmm, when we have 
 reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus 
 we use ftoirrrs, wlien we spe:ik of shrubs cultivated 
 for ornament ; an<l bloom, in a more general sense, 
 as flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty 
 of flowers. 
 
 9. This word is used to denote the color of ahorse, 
 that lias whit'' hairs inl'^riuixed with sorrel and bay 
 hairs ; oth.-rwise prnch-ndored. Kncyr. 
 BLOS'SOM, r. (. To jmt firth blossoms or flowers ; 
 to bloom ; to lilnw ; to flower. 
 
 2. To flourish and pnisper. 
 
 Til'- tl-sef[ sliall blosgoin :\& the rosp. — Is. jtxxv. 
 
 BLOS'SOM-^n, (blos'sunid,) pret. of Blossom. 
 
 BI,OS'SO.M-I.\G,;);)r. Putting fiirth flowers ; blowing. 
 
 BLOfV;;nM-IXG, n. The blowing or flowering of 
 
 BL().S'SC).M-Y, n. Full of blossoms. [plants. 
 
 BLOT, V. t. [Goth, blauthjan ; Sw. plottra ; Dan. plcl, 
 a spot, stain, blot; plrtte, to blot or stain ; L. liuira, 
 (whence liluro, oblitrro,) without the prefix ; and I). 
 kladden, with a diirerent one.] 
 
 1. To spot \\ ilh ink ; to stain or bespatter with 
 ink ; as, to blot a paper. 
 
 2. To obliterate writing or letters with ink, so as 
 to render the characters invisible, or not distin- 
 guishable ; generally with out ; ;is, to blot out a word 
 or a sentence. 
 
 3. To efface ; to erase ; to cause to be unseen or 
 forgotten ; to destroy ; as, to blot out a crime, or the 
 remembrance of any tiling. 
 
 4. To .stain with infamy ; to taniisli ; to disgrace ; 
 to disfigure. 
 
 B!ot Hill Uiy innocence with f itiltii-ss Uoocl. JRoiee. 
 
 5. To darken. 
 
 Hp siiiie how rartli htols th* moon'« :^i!(l.?cl wane. Coidey. 
 
 6. Ill Scripture, to blot one out of the book of life, is 
 to reject him from the number of those who are to 
 be saved. To blot out a name, a person, or a nation, 'lit 
 to destroy the person or nation ; to exterminate or 
 consume. To blot out sinsj is to forgive them. Sius 
 are compared to ilebts, which are recorded in God's 
 book of remembrance, and, when paid, are crossed 
 or canceled. 
 
 BLOT, n. A spot or stain on paper, usually applied to 
 ink. 
 
 2. .\n obliteration of something written or printed. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 3. A spot in reputation ; a stain ; a disgrace ; a re- 
 proach ; a bleuiisli. Shnk. 
 
 4. Censure ; scorn ; reproach. 
 
 He tliat rclHik- Ih Ihe wick'-d gcU'-th a b!ot. — Prov. tx. 
 
 5. In backgammon, when a single man lies open to 
 be taken up. ./ohn.ion. 
 
 BLOTCH, II. [Sax. blttctlia, a scab or leprous affec- 
 tion.] 
 
 A pii-tule upon the skin ; an eruption, usually of a 
 large kind. 
 
 BLOTCH, r. t. To blacken. Ilurmar. 
 BLOTE, r. (. [The affinities of this word are not 
 
 clearly ascertained. In Sax. ft.'o/«n is to sacrifice, in 
 
 Goth, to serve or worship ; in .\rin. bloda is to soften ; 
 
 W. plyz, soft ; ply-.aw, to soften ; Dan. bliide, Sw. 
 
 bVJta, to soften.] 
 To dry and smoke : as, to 4/n(c herrings. 
 BLOT'Eli, ;;;). Smoked and dried. 
 BLOT'TEI), pp. Stained ; spotted ; erased. 
 BLOT'TER, n. In countinir-houses, a waste hook. 
 BLOT'TIXG, ppr. Siiotling with ink ; obliterating; 
 
 staining. 
 
 BLOT'TI.N'G, n. The making of blots; staining or 
 (►bl iterating. 
 
 BLOT'TIXG-P.^'PER, n. A kind of paper made with- 
 out size, serving to imbibe wet ink, and thus prevent 
 blots. 
 
 BLOT'TIXG-LY, adr. By blotting. 
 
 BLOrsE, ) (blow/.,) n. A ligiil, loose garment kv 
 
 BLOWSE, ( semliling a frwk coat. 
 
 HLoVV, n. [This, iirob.ibly, is a contracted word, and 
 the primary sense must be, to strike, tlinist, pu-^li, or 
 throw, that is, to drive. I have not found it in Ihe 
 cognate ('ialects. If or olhi r palatal li tter is lost, 
 it corresponds in i lenients with the L. plaja, tir. 
 jrXr,) /?, L. fliso. Eng. flo'j. But bhnr, a stroke, is 
 written like the verb to blmr, tin- Latin fo, anil blow. 
 to blossom. The letter lo~t i< priibably a d' lital, and 
 the original was bind, or l.lnlh, in wliii h rase the 
 word has the eli-ments of loud, luudo,claudo, lad, St.c.] 
 
 1. The art of striking; more generally, the stroke ; 
 a violi lit application of the hand, fist, or an iii.stru- 
 mi nt, to an objrct. 
 
 2. The fatal stroke ; a stroke that kills ; henft, 
 death 
 
 3. A.i act of hostility ; ns, the nation which strikes 
 the fir-t bloir. Hence, to come to blows, is to engage 
 in roiiiba", wlielher by individuals, armies, fleets, or 
 natioii-i ; and when by nations, it is war. 
 
 4. .\ sudden calamity ; a sudden or severe evil. In 
 like manner, pluga, in Latin, gives rise to the Eng. 
 plnrrue, 
 
 .5. A single act ; a sudden event ; as, to gain or lose 
 a province at a blow, or by one blow. At a stroke is 
 used in like manner. 
 
 li. An ovum or egg deposited by a fly on flesh or 
 other substance, called a fly blow. 
 BLciW, r. i. ; prit. Blkw ; pp. Bi.owx. [Sax. blawru, 
 blowan, to blow as wind ; blowan, to blossom or blow, 
 as a flower ; D. bloeyen. to blossom ; G. blahen, to 
 swell or inflate ; L. flo, to blow. This word, proba- 
 bly, is from the same root as bloom, blossom, blow, a 
 flower; W. bloden. See Blosso.m.] 
 
 1. To make a currep.t of air ; to move as air ; b-s, 
 the wind blows. Often used with it; a?, it blows a 
 gale. 
 
 2. To pant ; to puff ; to breathe hard or quick. 
 
 Hen- is Mra. Page al ihe door, sweating anil blowing. ShaJc. 
 
 3. To breathe ; ns, to blow hot and cold. 
 
 L^Estraiiffe. 
 
 4. To sound with being blown, as a horn or tnim- 
 pet. Milton. 
 
 5. To flower ; to blos.som ; to bloom ; as plants. 
 
 How btotne the citron grove. Milton. 
 To blow over ; to pass away without effect ; to cease 
 or be dissipated ; as, the .storm or the clouds are blown 
 over. 
 
 To blow up ; to rise in the air ; also, to be broken 
 and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. 
 BLOW, V. t. To throw or drive a current of air upon ; 
 as, to blow the fire ; also, to fan. 
 
 2. To drive by a current of air; to impel; as, the 
 tempest blew the ship ashore. 
 
 3. To breathe upon, for the purpo.sc of warming ; 
 as, to blow the fingers in a cold day. ^ViaJt. 
 
 4. To sound a wind instrument ; as, blow the tmm- 
 
 5. To sjiread by report. [pet. 
 
 And tlirungh the court his courtesy was bloxn, Dryden. 
 
 G. To deposit eixgs, as flies. 
 
 7. To form bubbles by blowing. 
 
 8. To swell and inflate, as veal ; a practice of 
 butchers. 
 
 9. To form glass Into a particular shape by the 
 breath, as in glass manufactories. 
 
 10. To melt tin, after having been roasted to get 
 rid of the sulphur and arsenic. Ctje. 
 
 11. To put out of breath ; to cause to blow from 
 fatigue ; as, to blow a horse. Sir W. ScotL 
 
 To blow aw ail ; tt) dissipate ; to scatter with wind. 
 
 To blow down; to prostrate by wind. 
 
 To blow off; to shake down by wind ; a-s, to bloic 
 off fruit from trees ; to driv e from land ; as, to blom 
 off a ship. 
 
 To blow out ; to extinguish by a current of air ; as 
 a candle. 
 
 To blow up; to fill with air; to swell ; as, to Uoa 
 vp a bladder or a bubble. 
 
 2. To inflate ; to pulf up ; as, to blow up one with 
 flatten,-. 
 
 3. To kindle ; as, to blvw up a contention. 
 
 4. To burst, to raise into ilie air, or to scatter, by 
 the explosion of gunpowiliT. F'/^urativdy, to scM- 
 ter or bring to naught suddenly ; as, to blow up a 
 scheme. 
 
 To blow upon ; to make stale ; as, to blow upon an 
 author's works. jiddison. 
 
 BLOW, n. .\ flower ; a blossom. Holliweirs Did. 
 This word is in general use in the Uniu d States, anil 
 legitimate. In the Tatlcr, it is used for blossoms in 
 general, as we use bluwth. 
 
 2. .\niong seamen, a gale of wind. This also is a 
 le;ritiniale word, in guieral use in the L'liitrd States. 
 
 BLOWBALL, n. [blow and 6u//.J . The downy head 
 of the dandelion, formed by the pappas, alter the 
 blossom li.as fallen. B. Jons/m. 
 
 BLOWER, ri. One who blows ; one who is employed 
 in meltins; tin. 
 
 2. .\ plate of iron or tin used to increase the cur- 
 rent of air in a cliimnev. 
 
 BLOW'-FLY, n. .\ species of dipterous insect, {JUusea 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, rXITIL-A.V'GER. VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 _ __ 
 
BLL 
 
 carriaria. LiiUi.,) very Iniiihksonie in i^Kiniu-r, from 
 
 us iJc[K»sitinj; lis epgs on flesli. Partintrttm. 
 BLOWING, pjir. Making a current of air ; breathing 
 
 quick ; sounding a wind instrument j inllating; im- 
 
 pt lling by wind ; melting tin. 
 BLOWING, H. The motion of wind, or act of blow- 
 
 iiig. 
 
 BLoVVN, pp. Driven by wind; fanned ; sounded by 
 blowing ; spread l)y report ; swelled ; inflated ; ex- 
 l>anded, as a blossom ; out of breath ; as, the horse 
 was very much blown. 
 
 Blown upon ; made common or stale j as, a passage 
 in an author not yet blown upon. .Addison. 
 
 BLoW'-PH'E, ;i. [blow and pipe] An instrument by 
 wliich a blast or current of air is driven through the 
 flame of a lamp or candle, and that flame directed 
 ^upon a mineral substance, to fuse or vitrify it. 
 
 Blow-pipe of the artist ; a conical tube of brass, glass, 
 or other substjince, usually a quarter of an inch in 
 diameter at one end, and capillary, or nearly so, at the 
 other, where it is bent nearly to a riglit angle. This 
 is used to propel a jet of air from the lungs, through 
 tlie tlame of a lamp or candle, upon the substance to 
 be fused. 
 
 Blow-pipe of the minernlog-i.^t ; the same instrument, 
 substantially, as the foregomg, but usually fitted with 
 an ivory tir silver mouth-piece, and with several 
 movable jets, to produce Hames of different sizes. Its 
 office is to produce instantly a furnace heat, on mi- 
 nute fragments of mineral substances, supported on 
 charcoal, by platina forceps, &c. 
 
 Compound blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, invented in 1801 ; 
 an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, pro- 
 pelled by hydrostatic or other pressure, coming from 
 separate reservoirs, in the proportions requisite to 
 form water, are made to unite in a capillary orifice, 
 at the moment when they are kindled. The heat 
 produced, when the focus is formed on charcoal or 
 any non-conducting substance, is such as to melt 
 every thing but the diamond, to burn the metals, and 
 • to dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known 
 substances. 
 
 The blow pipe of Newman, Clarke, &c., is the 
 compound blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, with some unim- 
 portant modifications. Hilliman. 
 
 BLoW-POlNT, «. [blow and point.] A kind of play 
 among children. Johnson. 
 
 BLOWSE, n. A light, loose garment resembling a 
 frock coat. 
 
 BLoWl'H, n. [Ir. blath, blaith, a flower or blossom ; 
 D. bloeizd; Ger. bl'ithe.] 
 
 Bloom or blossom, or that which is expanded. It 
 '■anifies bloom or blossoms in general, or the state of 
 blossoming. Thus we say, trees are no\v in their 
 blowth, or they have a full blowth. Rich. Did. 
 
 BLOWZE, (blowz,) n. [from the same root as blush, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. Hall. 
 
 2. A cap. 
 
 BLOVVZ'Y, a. Ruddy-faced ; fat and ruddy ; high- 
 colored. 
 
 BLUB, I'. (. To swell. [JVutmH.se.] [See Bleb.] 
 BLUB'iiER, n. [Si c Blobbeh, Blob, and Bleb.] 
 
 1. A blobber, or bubble. [A common, vulgar word, 
 bat leiritimate.] 
 
 9. The fat of whales and other large sea animals, 
 of w>ich is niadr; train-oil. It lies immediately un- 
 der the skin and over the muscular flesh. 
 
 3. Sea nettle, or sea blubber ; the medusa. Encyc. 
 BLUB'BEK, V. i. To weep in such a manner as to 
 
 swell the cheeks. Johnson. 
 If I misUike not, this word carries with it the idea 
 
 of weeping, so as to slaver. 
 BLUB'llEU, I'. (. To swell the cheeks or disfigure the 
 
 face with wce[iing. 
 BUJB'BER-KI), pp. or a. Swelled ; big ; turgid ; as, a 
 
 blubber fd lip. 
 
 BLUM'BER-I.\G, ppr. Weeping so as to swell the 
 cheeks. 
 
 BLUD'GEON, n. [Goth, hlyggwan, to strike.] 
 
 A liliort stick, with one end loaded or thicker and 
 heavier than the other, and used as an offensive 
 Weapon by low persons. 
 BLCE, (blu,) a. [Sax. bko, hleok, bleon, color; I). 
 blaauw Ger. blau i Dan. blaae ; Sw. Ma, blue ; Sw. 
 bhj, Dan. bhje. Cut. blri, lead, so named from its 
 color ; Slav. /)/«i:u ; Fr. Wen ; Corn, blou.] 
 
 One of the seven colors, into which the rays of 
 light divide themselves, when refracted through a 
 gla.HH prism. There are various shades of blue, as 
 fkij-hlur. or azure, Prussian blue, indioo blue, .imalt 
 bluf, Slc. h'inran. Enryc. 
 
 Pramian blue; a chemical cx)mp(iund of iron and 
 cyanogen. i/re. 
 
 The blurt, (a contraction for blue, deviii ,) low spirits ; 
 melanrhf*ly. 
 
 To looli blue ; to be confoiindc-d or terrified. Orone. 
 
 DLCE, B. (. To make blue; In dye of a blue color; 
 to make blue \ty heating, metjils, &.c. 
 
 BLOE'-Bini), ;i. [Mur nnil bird.] A wmall bird, very 
 common in the Ijniteil SUite« ; the .Mi.lacilla ri .is. 
 Linn., (.Si7i>iu xiu/u, VVilson'ii Ornilh. ; .linl' Wil- 
 Monii, Man*. Ilep.) 'J'lic ujiper part of tli' ,ody Ih 
 
 B L U 
 
 blue, and the throat and brea'st of a dirty red. It 
 makes its nest in the hole of a tree. 
 
 BLuE'-BON-NET, n. [blue and botmet.] A plant, a 
 species of Centaurea. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BLUE'-BOOK, ft. A book containing the names of all 
 the persons in the employment of the U. S. government. 
 
 BLCE'-BOT'TLE, n. [blue and bottle.] A plant, the 
 Centaurea Cyanus, which grows among corn. This 
 and the former plant receive their names from their 
 blue botlle-shaped Howers. 
 9. A flv with a large blue belly. Johnson. 
 
 BLuE'BRE.\ST, (blu'brest,) n. -A. small species of 
 European bird, called also Blue-throated warbler, 
 {Sylvia Surcica, I^alham.) 
 
 BLOE'-CAP, n. [blue and cap.] A fish of the sal- 
 mon kind, with blue spots on its head. 
 
 Dirt. ofJVat. Ifist. 
 2. A species of small bird, called also blue-titmouse, 
 or tomtit, the Parses cccrulcus. Partington. 
 
 BLuE'-DEV'/LS, n. pi. Lowness of spirits ; hypo- 
 chondria. [Colloquial.] Grose. 
 
 BLUE'-EY-i^D, (-ide,) a. Having blue eyes. Drijden. 
 
 BLuE'-FISH, 11. [bine and fish.] 
 
 1. A fish, a species <if Coryphffina, of the order of 
 Thoracics, found about the Bahamas, and on the 
 coast of Cuba. Encyc. 
 
 2. A fish, allied to the mackerel, common on the 
 shores of New England ; the Temnadon saltator. 
 
 BLuE'-HaIR-£D, a. Having hair of a blue cofor. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 BLuE'-JOHN, n. .'\mong miners, flnor spar, a mineral, 
 found in the mines of Derbyshire, and fabricated into 
 vases and other ornamental figures. Encyc. 
 
 BLOE'-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. A composition, burning 
 with a blue flame, used as a night sign.al in ships. 
 
 BLCE'LY, adv. With a blue color. Swift. 
 
 BLuE'NESS, n. The quality of being blue; a blue 
 color. Boyle. 
 
 BLuK'-Pk'TER, ri. In the British marine, a blue flag 
 with a white square in the center, used as a signal for 
 sailing, to recall boats, &c. It is a corruption of 
 Blue Rrpentrr, one of the British signal flags. 
 
 BLCE'-STOCK'ING, 71. A term applied to literary 
 ladies, and usually with the imputation of pedantry. 
 It is derived from the name given to certain meetings 
 held by ladies in the days of Dr. Johnson, for con- 
 versation with distinguished literary men. One of the 
 most eminent members was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who 
 always wore blue stockings, and who was so much 
 distinguished for his conversational powers, that his 
 absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so 
 that the remark became common, " We can do noth- 
 ing without the blue stockings." Hence these meet- 
 ings were sportively called blue-stocking clubs, and the 
 ladies who attended them, bluc-stockiyigs. 
 
 Bosweirs Life of Johnson. 
 
 BLuE'-THRoAT, n. [blue and throat'.] A bird with 
 a tawny breast, marked with a sky-blue crescent, in- 
 habiting the northern parts of Europe and Asia. 
 
 BLuE'-VEIN-£D, (-vand',) a. Having blue veins or 
 streaks. Shak. 
 
 BLUE VIT'RI OL, J!. Sulphate of copper. 
 
 BLOE'Y, a. Somewhat blue. 
 
 BLUFF, a. [Perhaps allied to W. llwf. Eng. leap, from 
 shooting forward.] 
 
 Big; surly; blustering. Dryden. 
 
 BLUFF, 71. A high bank, almost perpendicular, pro- 
 jecting into the .sea or a river ; a high bank pre- 
 senting a steep front. Belknap. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BLUFF'-BOW-ii:D,a. [bluff and bow.] Having broad 
 and flat bows. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BLUFF'-HEAD-ED, (-hedn-d,) a. [Wiij^'and head.] 
 Having an upright stem. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BLUFF'NESS, 71. A swelling or bloatedncss ; surli- 
 ness. IVorld. 
 
 BLUFF'Y, a. Having bluffs, or bold projecting points 
 of land. 
 
 BLOMSH, a. Blue in a small degree. Pope. 
 BLO'ISIl-LY, ado. In a bluish manner. 
 BLu'lSH-NESS, 71. A small degree of blue color. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 BLUN'DER, V. i. [This word seems to be allied to 
 the Gr. nXiipiKo, to err ; and to flounder. This sense 
 of the latter is to move with sudden jerks, and irreg- 
 ular motions. In Dan. blunder is to wink, twinkle, 
 or dissemble ; allied to Fr. loin.] 
 
 1. To mistake grossly ; to err widely or stupidly. 
 
 .Johnson. 
 
 2. To move without direction, or steady guidance; 
 to plunge at an object ; to move, speak, or write with 
 sudden and blind precipitance ; as, to blunder upon 
 a reason ; to bluiuler round a meaning. Pope. 
 
 3. To stumble, as a horse ; a common use of the 
 word. 
 
 BLUN'DER, 71. A mistake through precipitance, or 
 without due exercise of judgment ; a gro.ss mistake. 
 
 BLUN'DER-BUSS, 77. [blunder and 1). bus, a tube; 
 Dan. bossc : Sw. b'dssn, a gun.] 
 
 1. ;\ short gun or fire-arm, with a large bore, capable 
 of holding a number of balls, and intended to do 
 cxeciitiim without exact aim. 
 
 2. A stuiiid, bhindi ring fellow. Halliwell. 
 BLUN'DER-£:D, pp. Done or »iM)ken with gross 
 
 mistake. 
 
 BLU 
 
 BLUN'DER-ER, 11. One who is apt to blunder, or to 
 make gross mistakes ; a careless person. 
 
 BLUN'DER-HEAD, (-lied,)7i. [blunder and liead.] A 
 stupid fellow ; one who blunders. VEstrange. 
 
 BLUN'DER-I.\G, ppr. or a. Moving or acting with 
 blind precipitance ; misUiking grossly ; stumbling. 
 
 BLUN'DER-ING-LY, adv. In a blundering m.mner. 
 
 Lewis. 
 
 BLUNT, a. [from the root of Gr. ap/SAuKw, to dull.] 
 
 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument ; 
 dull ; not sharp. 
 
 9. Dull in understanding ; .slow of discernment 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Abrupt in address ; plain ; unceremonious ; 
 wanting the forms of civility ; rough in manners or 
 speech. Bacon. 
 
 4. Hard to penetrate. [Untisual.] Pope. 
 BLUNT, V. t. To dull the edge or point, by making it 
 
 thicker. 
 
 2. To repress or weaken any appetite, desire, or 
 power of the mind ; to iiii|)air the force of any pas- 
 sion which affects the mind, or of any evil or good 
 which affects the body ; as, to blunt the edge of love, 
 of pain, or of suffering. 
 
 Your ceaseless endeavors will be exerted to blunt the stin^ of 
 puiii. Dwight. 
 
 BLUNT'ED, pp. or a. JIade dull ; weakened ; im- 
 paired ; re|)ressed. 
 
 BLUNT' ING, ppr. Making dull ; repressing ; im- 
 pairing. 
 
 BLUNT'ING, 71. Restraint. Taylor. 
 BLUNT'LY, adv. In a blunt manner; coarsely; 
 
 plainly ; abruptly ; without delicacy, or the usual 
 
 forms of civility. 
 BLUNT'NESS, 71. Want of edge or point ; dullness ; 
 
 obtuseness ; want of sharpness. 
 2. Coarseness of address; roughness of manners ; 
 
 rude sincerity or plainness. 
 BLUNT' WIT-TED, a. [A/unt and wit.] Dull; stupid. 
 
 Shati. 
 
 BLUR, 71. [I have not found this word in any other 
 language, but probably it is allied to the \\. Ilur, 
 black and blue, livid, L. luridus.] 
 
 A dark spot ; a stain ; a blot, whether upon paper 
 or other substance, or upon reputation. Sout/i. 
 
 BLUR, V. t. To obscure by a dark sjiot, or by any foul 
 matter, without quite ertacing. 
 
 2. To sully ; to stain ; to blemish ; as, to blnr repu- 
 tation. Butler. 
 
 BLUR'RED, (blurd,) pp. Darkened or stained ; ob- 
 scured. 
 
 BLUR'RING, ppr. Darkening or staining; spotting. 
 BLURT, 71. (. [Allied probably to flirt, to throw.] 
 To throw out, or throw at random, hastily, or 
 
 unadvisedly ; to utter suddenly or inadvertently ; 
 
 conimonlv with out, and applied to words. Young. 
 BLURT'£b, pp. Thrown out hastily. 
 BLURT'ING, ppr. Throwing out or uttered hastily. 
 BLUSH, !>. i. [D. bloozen ; Sw. blyas, to blush ; D,ih. 
 
 blusse, to blaze or glisten ; blussel, blushing ; D. bios, 
 
 a blush ; Sw. bloss ; Dan. A/ii.s-, a torch ; Dan. blurs 
 
 red, to blush or be ashamed ; Ir. loise, loisi, tianie. 
 
 It implies a throwing out, or spreading. Flush may 
 
 be from the same root. See Blaze.] 
 
 1. To redden in the cheeks or face ; to be suddenly 
 suffused with a red color in the cheeks or face, from 
 a sense of guilt, shame, confusion, modesty, difli- 
 dence, or surprise, followed by at or for, before the 
 cause of blushing ; as, blush at your vices ; blush for 
 your degraded country. 
 
 In llie presence of the simnieless and nnblusliinf, tlic J'oitn^ uf- 
 lender in nsliained to blush. Buckminstsr. 
 
 2. To bear a blooming red color, or any soft, bright 
 color ; as, the blushing rose. 
 
 He his blushing honors thick ufoa liim. Shall. 
 Sliakspeare has used this word in a transitive sense, 
 to make red, and it may be allowable in poetry. 
 BLUSH, 11. A red color suft'using the cheeks only, or 
 the face generally, and excited by confusion, which 
 may spring from shame, guilt, modesty, diflidence, 
 or surprise. 
 
 Tlic rosy bluth of love. Trumbull. 
 
 2. A red or reddish color. 
 
 3. Sudden appearance ; a glance ; a sense taken 
 from the sudden suli'usion of the face in blushing ; 
 as a proposition appears absurd at first blush. ImIcc. 
 
 BLUSH'ET, 71. A young, modest girl. [JY/it used.] 
 
 BLUSH'FUL, «. Full of lilushr s. Thoifuum. 
 
 BLUSH'FljL-LY, adr. In a blushful manner. 
 
 BLUSH'ING, ppr. or a. lieddeiiiiig in the cheeks or 
 face ; bearing a bright color. 
 
 BLUSH'ING, II. The art of turning red ; the appear- 
 ance of color (Ui the cheeks. 
 
 BLUSH'INt; LY, adr. In a blushing manner. 
 
 IHiUSH'LESS, (1. Unblushing; past blushing; im- 
 pudent. Marston. 
 
 BLUSll'Y, n. Like a blush; having the color of a 
 blush. Harvey. 
 
 BLUS'TER, 7'. i. [Sax. blirslan, to blow. Probably 
 allied to hluie, blast; Dan. blusse, to bitizc, to rage.] 
 1. To be loud, noisy, or swaggering ; to bully ; to 
 pud"; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 138 ~ 
 
BOA 
 
 2. Tb r»iii , niul be tumultuous, as wind ; tu be 
 boistonius; to be wimly ; to hurry. 
 BLIJS'TKK, II. NoisBi tumult; boiuiting; boisterous- 
 ness ; turbulrnce ; ronr of a tempest ; violent wind ; 
 hurry ; any irregular noise and tunuilt from wind, or 
 from vanity. 
 
 BLl'S'TEU-ER, n. A swaggerer; a bully; a noisy, 
 tumultuous fellow, who makes great pretensions 
 from vanity. 
 
 llLUS''l'Klt-i.'>JG, n. Noisy pretension ; swaggerin;;. 
 ni.Utf'TEK-l.NG, ppr. Making a noise ; puffing ; 
 Ixasting. 
 
 ni,r.'J"l'l'R-I.N'<5, n. Noisy; tumultuous; windy. 
 lllil'.s'TEK-ING-LY, <uli>. In a blustering manner. 
 BLUS'TllOUS, a. Noisy; tumultuous; boastful. 
 
 Jliuiibras. 
 
 BO, eiclam. [W'.hw.] A word of terror; a custom- 
 ary sound uttered by children to frighten their fellows. 
 
 Bo'A, w. .\ genus of serpents, of the class Amphibia, 
 the characters of which are, that the belly and tail are 
 furnished with scuta. It includes tlie largest species 
 of serpent, the B. constriclor, sometimes 30 or 40 
 feet long. Cijc. 
 
 BO'.V, II. A fur tipi»ct, large and round ; so called 
 fiiiiii its resemblance to the boa constrktor. 
 
 BO'A eo.\..STI!ieT'OI{, n. The scientific name of a 
 large and powerful serpent, sometimes 30 or 10 feet 
 long, found in the tropical parts of .\meric.a. It has 
 a reguhu* succession of spots, alternately black and 
 yellow, extending the whole length of the back, and 
 derives its name from its crushing its prey to death 
 in its coils. The nanu^ h.is also been loosely applied 
 to other large serpents which crush their prey, par- 
 ticularly of the genus Python, found in Asia and 
 Africa. P. C'jc Braniie. 
 
 Bo .VN-ER'CkS, n. pi. Sons of thunder ; an ap|iella- 
 tion givi'ii by Jesus Christ to his two discijiles James 
 and John. 
 
 BOAR, II. [Sax. bar; Corn, bora, a boar; D. beer, a 
 bear or hour : Ger. rber, a boar, and a gimlet or auger ; 
 also, rbrrscliwrin, boar-swinc. Ciu. L. apcr and ver- 
 ves; Sans. ruroAa,] 
 
 The male of swmc not castrated. 
 
 BOAR, r. i. In the mauegr, a horse is said to boar, 
 when he shoots out his luisc, raising it as high as his 
 ears, and tosses his nose in the wind. Ennic. 
 
 BOARD, II. [Sax. bord and fcrrrf, a board, or t.-ible ; 
 Goth, baurd ; Sw. bttrd, and brtulc ; D. board, a board, 
 a hem, border, margin ; Ger. bord, a board, a brim, 
 bank, border : and brct, a board, or plank ; Dan. bord, 
 • a board, a t:ible ; brtttlt, a board, or plank ; and bred, 
 a border ; \V. frier:, a board or table ; Ir. bord, a table, 
 a border. This word and broad seem to be allied 
 in origin ; and the prim.ary sense is to open or spread, 
 whence broad, dilated.] 
 
 1. .\ piece of timber sawed thin, and of consider- 
 able length and breadth compared with the thick- 
 ness, used for building ami other purposes. 
 
 2. .\ table. The table of our rude ancestors was 
 a piece of boaril, |>erha|>3 originally laid upon the 
 knees. *W.auti cibuin capiunt ; sefiarata singulis 
 sedes, et sua cuii|iie niensa." The Germans wash 
 before they eat, and each has a separate seat, and 
 his own L'lble. Tacitus, De Jlor. Germ. 22. 
 
 3. Eutert.iinment ; fomi ; diet ; as, the price of 
 board is two, five, or seven dollars a week. 
 
 4. A table at which a council or court is held ; 
 hence a council, convened for business, or any au- 
 tliorized assembly or meeting ; as, a Aonrt/ of directors. 
 
 5. The deck of a ship ; the interior part of a ship 
 or lioat ; used in the phrase on board, aboard. In 
 this phrase, however, the sense is primarily the side 
 of the ship. 'J'o tru aboard, is to go over the side, 
 
 6. The side of a ship. [Fr. bord; Sp. borda.] 
 Now board to board the rivnl v«*-ls row. Drydtn. 
 
 To fall over board : that is, over the side. 
 
 To go bti the board, is for the mast of a ship to be 
 broken oil", and thrown over the bord or side ; hence 
 used figunilively, to denote a complete sweep or 
 
 Board and board ; side by side. [destniction. 
 
 7. The line over which a ship runs between tack 
 and lack. To make a ffood board, is to sail in a 
 straight line, when close hauled. To make short 
 boards, is to tack frequently. -War. DicL 
 
 8. .\ table for artificers to sit or work on. 
 
 9. A table or frame for a game ; as, a chess board, &c. 
 
 10. A body of men constituting a quorum in ses- 
 sion ; a court or council ; as, a board of trustees ; a 
 board of olBcers. 
 
 11. The boards, or eoUetre boards, in the Enclish 
 universities, are the otiicial list of the members of 
 th»' university. 
 
 BO.ARD, r. L To lay or ^iread with boards ; to cover 
 with boards. j 
 
 2. To enter a ship by force in combat, which an- j 
 swcrs to storming a city or fort on land. 
 
 3. To attack ; to make the first attempt upon a ' 
 man. In Si)enser, to accost. [Fr. oftordcr.] [06s.], 
 
 Bacon, Shak. | 
 
 4. To place at board, for a compensation, as a , 
 lodger. 
 
 5. To furnish with food, or food and Imlging, for a 
 compensation ; as, a man boanL- ten students. | 
 
 BOA 
 
 BOARD, r. 1. To receive food or diet as a lodger, or 
 
 without lodgings, for a compensation ; as, he boards 
 
 at the moderate price of two dollars a week. 
 BOARD' A-ULE, a. That may be boarded, as a ship. 
 BOARD'ED, pp. or a. C'overed with boards ; entered 
 
 by armed men, as a ship; furnished with food for a 
 
 com|M'nsation. 
 BOARD'ER, n. One who has food or diet and lodging 
 
 in another's family for a reward. 
 2. One who boards a shi|i in .action ; one who is 
 
 selected to board ships. Mar. DicL 
 
 BO.ARD'I.N'G, ppr. Covering with boards ; entering a 
 
 ship by force ; furnishing or receiving board, as a 
 
 lodgerj for a reward. 
 BO.ARD'I.NG, 11. The act of entering a ship by force 
 
 in combat. 
 
 2. The act of covering with boards, and also the 
 
 3. The same a-s Hoard ; fiod ; diet, [covering itself. 
 BOARD'I.NG-SeilOOL, n. .\ school, the scholars of 
 
 which board with the teacher. 
 BOARD'-ROLE, ii. A figured scale for finding the 
 number of square feet in a board without raU iilation. 
 
 liuidimati. 
 
 BoAUD'-VVA-GES, ?i. pt. Wages allowed to servants 
 
 to keep themselves in victuals. Drijdcn. 
 BoAIl'ISIl, a. [from dear.] Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. 
 
 SIkUc. 
 
 BoAIl'-SPE.VR, n. A spear used in hunting boars. 
 
 Spetiser. 
 
 UOAST, V. i. [\V. bo.iliate, to boast, to toss, or throw ; 
 G. pausten, to blow, swell, bounce ; Sw. jiSsa, Dan. 
 pufle, id. ; Uu. Gr. ./.nffuu, to indate ; Uuss. kheastayu, 
 to boast ; I,, fist us.] 
 
 1. To brag, or vaunt one's self; to make an osten- 
 tatious display, in speech, of one's own worth, prop- 
 erty, or actions. 
 
 Not uf works, U'sl nny irnin stioiitd boatt. — F.ph. ii. 9. 
 
 2. To glory ; to speak with laudable pride anil 
 ostentation of meritorious persons or things. 
 
 1 boast of yoo tit'-in of Macedonia. Paul, 'i Cor. ix. 
 Usually, it is followed by of; sometimes by in. 
 
 3. To exidt one's self. 
 
 WiUi your iiioutli you iw»e boatted ngainst me. — K&'k. xxxv, 
 BO.AST, V. t. To display in ostent.atious language; to 
 speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a 
 view to self-commenilation. 
 
 Lrjit nu-n shouM boast ttioir sprctous deedi. Milton. 
 
 2. To magnify or exalt. 
 
 "Yivy boast iht-nut'lvcs in the multitude of Ihcir riclici. — P«. 
 xlii. 
 
 3. To exult in confident expectition. 
 
 Boast not thywlf of to-morrow. — Pror. xxtu. 
 BoAlST, n. Expression of ostentation, pride, or van- 
 ity ; a vaunting. 
 
 Thou m:dfrst thy lioast of the Inw, — Rom. ii. 
 2. The cause of bcKisting ; occasion of pride, van- 
 ity, or laudable exiiltiition. 
 
 Trial by pr*-rs U Ui-^ Ijomst of tlic British nntion. 
 Bo.\ST'ER, II. One who boasts, glories, or vaunts, 
 
 ostentatiously. Boyle. 
 Bo.\ST'Kl.'L, n. Given to boasting; ostentatious of 
 
 IH Tsonal worth or actions. Shak. 
 Bo.\ST'FIH.-LV, adr. In a boastful manner. 
 BoAST'FIjL-.NESS, n. State of being boastful. 
 BOAST'ING, p;»r. Talking ostentatiously; glorjing ; 
 vaunting. 
 
 BoAST'I.NG, »i. Ostentatious display of personal 
 worth or actions ; a glorying or vaunting. 
 
 When? is 6oa«tiri; Ihrn ? — Roin. iii. 
 
 BOAST'IN'G-LY, adv. In an ostentatious manner; 
 with boasting. 
 
 BOA.<r'I\'E,«. Presumptuous. [Unusual,] Skenstone. 
 
 BoAST'LESS, a. Without osIeiiUilioii. Thanuion. 
 
 BOAT, (bote,) n. [Sax. bat; Sw. bat ; Dan. baad ; W. 
 bdd: Ir. bad : IK boot ; G. bot, a breil ; It. dim. battrllo, 
 a little boat, whence Fr. hauau ; Sp. bole, a boat.] 
 
 1. .\ small open vessel, or water craft, usually 
 moved by oars, or rowing. The forms, dimensions, 
 and uses, of boats are very various, and some of 
 them carry a light sail. The ditferent kinds of boats 
 have dirtVrent names ; as, long-boat, lanch, bar/re, 
 pinnace, jolly-boat, ctUUr, yniel, ferry-boat, wherry, 
 ,Moses-boat, punt, felucca, fishing-boat, pcrogue, &.C. 
 
 2. A small vessel carrying a mast and .sails ; but 
 usually described by another word ; ;is, a packet-boat, 
 passage-boat, advice-boat, &c. Johnson, 
 
 BOAT, c. (, To traiis|K>rt in a bo.at ; as, to boat goods 
 across a lake. Rep. on Canals. Ash. 
 
 BOAT'A-BLE, a. Navigable for boats, or small river I 
 craft.' Ramsay. | 
 
 BO.VT'ED, pp. Transported in a boat 
 
 Bo.\T'-BILL, n. [boat and bilL] The name of a ' 
 species of bird, the Cancroma coclilearia, a native | 
 of the tropical parU of South America. It is of the 1 
 Grallic order, with a bill four inches long, not unlike 1 
 a bixit with the keel uppermost, or like the bowls of, 
 two s|)oons, placed with the hollow parts towards | 
 each other. Encyc. Partington. \ 
 
 B6AT'-FI.?, ) n. .\ name common to ditferent 
 
 BOAT'-LN-SEGT, j species of Ileiniplerous insects, 
 of the genus .N'otoiiectu Encyc. | 
 
 BOD 
 
 B0.\T'-IIOOK, n. [boat and hook.] An iron hook 
 with a point on tiie back, fixed to a long pole, to 
 pull or push a boat. Mar, Diet. 
 
 UoAT'lSa, ppr. Transporting in boats. 
 
 I10.\T'1.\G, II. The act or practice of .sailing or trans- 
 porting in boats. 
 
 2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by 
 laying them on the back in a bo;it which is covered, 
 where they perish. Enctic 
 
 UO-A'TION, n. [L. boo.] A crying out ; a roar. f-Wit 
 used.] Drrham. 
 
 BO.\T'M.\N, > n, [boat anA man,] A man who man- 
 
 BOATS'.MAN, ) ages a boat ; a rower of a bo.-it. 
 
 Dn/den. Prior, 
 
 BOAT'-ROPE, n. [boat and rope,] A rope to fasten a 
 boat, usually called a painter, 
 
 BOAT'-SII.Al'-Kl), (bote'shipte,) a. Il.aving the 
 shape of a boat ; navicular; cymbiform ; hollow like 
 a boat : as the valve of some pericarps. Martttn, 
 
 BO.\T'SVVAI.\, (in seamen's language, bo'sn,) n, [Sax. 
 batsjeein, from bat, boat, and stcein, swain, a boy or 
 servant.] 
 
 .'\n ofiicer on board of ships, who h.is charge of the 
 boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, anil cord- 
 age. His otlice is also to summon the crew to 
 their duty, to relieve the walcli, assist in the neces- 
 sary business of the ship, seize and punish olTenders, 
 &c. He has a mate wlu) has charge of the long-boat, 
 for .setting forth and weighing anchors, warping, 
 towing, and mooriiii:. -Mar. Diet. Encyc. Johnson, 
 BOB, n. A short, jerking action ; as, a bob of tlie 
 head. 
 
 2. .\ny little round thing, that pl.avs loosely at the 
 end of a string, cord, or movable machine; a little 
 ornament or |iendaiit that hangs so as to play loosely. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Our common people apply the word to a knot of 
 worms, on a strinL', used in fishing for eels. 
 
 3. The words repeated at the end of a stanza. 
 
 L'E^trange, 
 
 4. A blow ; a shake or jog ; a jeer or tlout. 
 
 Jiiuswvrth. ..Sseliam, 
 t>. The hall of a short pendulum. f'.neyc, 
 
 6, A mode of ringing. Johnson, 
 
 7. A bob-wig. S.'ienstone, 
 BOB, r. (. To move in a short, jerking manner ; 
 
 as, to bob one's heatl, to bolt a courtesy. 
 
 2. To beat ; to shake or jog. Shak, 
 
 3. To cheat ; to g:iin by fraud. Shak. 
 
 4. To mock or delude. .Sinsworlh. 
 
 5. To cut short. 
 
 BOB, r. L To pl.ay backward and forward; to play 
 loosely against any thing. Dryden. 
 
 2. To angle, or iish for eels, or to catch eels with a 
 bob. Eneuc. 
 BO-B.\NCE', (bo-bans',) «. A boiisling. [J\~ot in 'use.] 
 
 Cluiucrr. 
 
 B0B'B/:D, pp. Moved short and quick ; beat or 
 shaken ; cheated ; gained by frtnid ; deluded. 
 
 BOB'BIN, II. [Ft. bohinr : l). babyn.] A small pin or 
 cylindrical piece of wood, with a lie.ad, on which 
 thread is wound for making lace. A similar instru- 
 ment, bored through to receive an iron pivot, and 
 with a border .at each end, is used in spinning, to 
 wind thread or silk on ; a sp<M>l. 
 2. Round tape. 
 
 BOB-BIN-ET', n. A kind of lace which is wrought 
 by machines, and not by hand. Encyc, Dam. Econ, 
 
 BOli'BI.NG, ppr. Playing hark and forth; striking; 
 cheoting ; anL'ling fur eels. 
 
 BOB'BIN-WOKK, n. [bobbin and work.] Work woven 
 with bobbins. Orcw. 
 
 BOB'-fllER-RY, n. [bob and cherry.] Among chil- 
 dren, a pl.ay in which a cherry is hung so as to bob 
 against the mouth, and be caught with the teeth. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 BOB'O-LI.N'K, n. The popular name of the rice-bird 
 
 or reed-bird, of the genus Icterus. 
 BOB'ST.iYS, n.pl. [bob nn A stay.] Ropes to confine the 
 bowsprit of a ship downward to the stein. j\lar. Diet. 
 BOU'T.ilL, II. [bob and Uul.] .\ short tail, or a tail 
 cut short. Shak, 
 2. The rabble ; used in contempt. Branvdnn, 
 BOB'TaIL-£D, a, H.'iviiig the hair or tail cut short, 
 
 U F,strange. 
 
 BOB'-U TG, ) n, [bob and tcig,] .\ short wig, 
 
 B0B'T.\II.,-WIG, i Spectator, 
 
 BOC'A-SI.\E, II. [Fr.] .\ sort of fine linen or buck- 
 ram. Johnson. 
 
 BOCE, n. The sparus, a beaiiliful fish. Jish. 
 
 BOCK'E-LET, ) n. A kind of long-winged hawk. 
 
 BOCK'E-RET, j Johtuon. 
 
 BOCK'I.NG, n. A particular sort of cloth, like baize 
 or drugget 
 
 BOCK'LA.VD. See Bookla:«d. Encyc 
 BODE, V. L [Sax bodian, bodigan, to foretell, to utter 
 or announce ; bod, an order, mandate, or edict ; boda, 
 a messenger, or preacher ; Sw. bod, a niess.age, an 
 embassy ; beboda, to tell or relate ; S.ax. gcbndian, to 
 offer or bid, to rel.ate, tell, or announce, to comniant, 
 to show, to promise. Radically, this is the same 
 word as Bid, which see. The radical sen.sc is, jo 
 utter, to drive out the voice.] 
 
 To portend ; to foreshow ; to presage ; to indicate 
 
 TCNE, BWLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 133 
 
I 
 
 BOD 
 
 something future by signs ; to be tlie omen of ; vmsl 
 greneraUij applied to tlungs ; as, our vices bade evil to 
 I lie country. 
 
 IIOUE, V. i. To foreshow ; to presage. 
 
 This bodts well to you. Drylen. 
 
 llnDE, 7!. An omen. Clmucer. 
 2. .\ stop. [See Abide.] 
 
 liO'DED, pp. or a. Presaged; omened. 
 
 BoDE'.MENT, n. An omen; portent; prognostic; a 
 foreshowing. [Obs.\ 6Via/i. 
 
 BODGE, J!, u [See Borgle.] To boggle ; to stop 
 [JVut used.] Skalc. 
 
 BOD6E, 71. A botch. [JVo! used.] WkUUick. 
 
 BOD'ICE, 71. Stays ; a waistcoat, quilted witli whale- 
 bone, worn bv women. Jnhn.wn. 
 
 BOD'I-iJD, (bod'id,) a. [from body.] Having a body 
 
 Shah. 
 
 EOD'I-LESS, a. [See Body.] Having no body or 
 material form ; incorporeal. Davics. 
 
 BOD'I-LI NESS, 71. Corporeality. Jliiisheu. 
 
 BOD'I-LY, a. Having or containing a body or mate- 
 rial form ; corporeal ; as, bodtttj dimensions. Sooth. 
 
 2. Relating or pertaining to the body, in distinction 
 from tlie mind ; as, bodily defects ; bodilij pain. Locke. 
 
 3. Real ; actual ; as, bodily act. Slink. 
 BOD'I-LY, ado. Corporeally ; united with a body or 
 
 matter. 
 
 It u Wis hiim:\n nature, iu wliich the Godhead dwells bodUu. 
 
 iVaus. 
 
 2. In respect to the entire body or mass ; entirely ; 
 completely ; as, to carry away bodily. 
 BoD'lNG, ppr. or a. [from bode.] Foreshowing; pre- 
 saging. 
 
 BoD'liNG, 71. An omen. Bp. Ward. 
 
 BOD'KIN, n. [Ir. bod, a limb, that is, a point, a slioot, 
 
 with the termination kin, used as a diminutive; Gr. 
 
 iiaroi, a thorn.] 
 
 1. An instrument of steel, hone, ivory, or tlie like, 
 with a small blade, and a sharp point, for nialiiiig 
 holes by piercing. A like instrument witli an eye, 
 for drawing thread, tape, or ril>lion tliroiigh a loop, 
 &c. An instrument to dress the hair. Johnson. 
 
 2. A dagger. [M'ot in use.] Chaucer. 
 BOD'Li;i-AN', a. Pertaining to Sir Thomas BodL y, 
 
 who founded a celebrated library at Oxford, in the 
 Ifith century. 
 
 BOD'Y, H. [Sa.v. bodily, stature, trunk, spine; body; 
 that which is set or fixed.] 
 
 1. The frame of an aiiinial ; the ni.aterial organized 
 substance of an animal, whether living or dead. 
 
 B(j not anxious for your body. MatUieio. Luke. 
 
 2. The mtiin central part of an animal, in distinc- 
 tion from the head and extremities. 
 
 3. Matter, as opposed to spirit. Hooker. 
 
 4. A person ; a human being ; sometimes alone, 
 more generally with some or no ; as, somebody ; nobody. 
 
 5. Reality, as opjiosed to representatiim. 
 
 A shadow of things to come, imt ilu' liorlij is of Christ. — Col. ii. 
 
 6. A collective mass ; a number of individuals or 
 particulars united ; as, the body of mankind. Chris- 
 tians united, or the church, is called tlie body, of 
 which each Christian is a member, and Clirist the 
 head. 1 Cor. xii. 12, 27. 
 
 7. The main army, in distinctitm from the wings, 
 van, or rear. Also, any iiumher of forces under tine 
 commander. Clarendon. 
 
 ■ 8. A corporation ; a mimbi^ of men, iiniled by a 
 common tie, liy one form of government, or hy ocni- 
 pation ; as, tiie legislative body ; the body of the 
 clergy ; body corponite ; body politic. 
 
 In physic.1, any distinct portion of matter, perceived 
 by tlie senses, or any kind of matter, taken gener- 
 
 In geometry, a solid figure. [ically. 
 
 9. The main part ; the bulk ; as, the body of a tree ; 
 the body of a coach, of a .ship, &c. 
 
 10. Any extended .solid substance; matter ;'Tiny 
 substance or mass distinct from others ; as, a metal- 
 line body; a floating body; a moving body; a light 
 body ; a heavy body. 
 
 11. A pandect; a general collection; a code; a 
 system ; as, a body of laws ; a body of divinity. 
 
 12. Strength ; as, wine of a good body. 
 
 13. Among painters, colors bear a body, when they 
 arc capable of being ground so fine, and of being 
 mixed so entirely with oil, as to seem only a very 
 thick oil of the same color. f'.neije. 
 
 14. Tlic unrenewed part of man, or sensual af- 
 fcctionH. 
 
 But I keep under my body. — I Cor. ix. 
 
 15. The extent ; the limits. 
 
 Ciuie to come here on inch .\ day, twelve-free ftnd lawful men — 
 from the to'/y of your county. /Vrm o/a Venirt Paciat, 
 BOD'Y, r. f. To produce in some form. 
 
 Ima];in.i(ion bott'ut lorth the nirnii of things. Shak. 
 
 BOD'Y-ei.rif IIE.«, n. p/. [ior/./ and rioth.] Clothing 
 or covering for the hoily, a-s lor a horse. Jlddison. 
 
 BOI)'Y-<JI;aKI), n. 'I'be guard tli.it proteits or de 
 fends the person ; Ihu lifivgiiard. Hence, security. 
 
 Purtens. 
 
 BOD'Y-POL'I TIC, 71. The collective body of n na- 
 tion under civil government. 
 
 1$ O 1 
 
 BOD'Y-SNATCH-Elt, n. One who secretly ( isinters 
 tlie bodies of tlie dead in churchyards, for the piir- 
 jioses of dissection. Miss Martincan. 
 
 liOD'Y-SNATCH-hVG, 7(. The act of robbing of the 
 grave for the purposes of dissection. Miss Miirtineau. 
 
 BOG, 71. [Ir. bo<T, soil; bo^aeh, a marsh; boirha, a 
 bow ; liotrhoini, to bend ; Sax. bugan ; D. boogen, to 
 benil. Sufi is liexible, yiebling to jiressure, bending. 
 See Bow.] 
 
 1. A i|uagmire covered with grass or other plants. 
 It is defined by marsh ami morass, but differs from a 
 marsh, as a part from the whole. Wet grounds are 
 either bogs, which are the softest, and too soil to bear 
 a man ; mnrslies or fi^iis, which are less soft, but very 
 wet; or swnmpx, which are soft, spontry land, upon 
 tiie surface, but sustain iiiiin and beast, and are ollen 
 mowed. 
 
 2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, in 
 marshes and swamps, filled with roots and grass. 
 [This is a common vse of the word in JVew F.ngland.] 
 
 BOG, II. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. 
 _ Jonson. 
 
 I!OG'-Bl':.\N, 71. [bog and bean; called buek-bean.] 
 
 .Meiiyantlies, a plant, the marsh-trefoil, which 
 grows in moist and marshy places, having beautiful 
 flowers and intensely bitter leaves. Booth. 
 
 BOG'-BER-RY, 71. [bog and berry.] A species of 
 Oxycoccus, a name of the cnnberry growing in low 
 lands and marshv places. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BOG'GI.E, r. i. [Qu. VV. biDgwl, a terrifying.] 
 
 1. To tloiibt ; to hesitate; to stop, as if afraid to 
 jiroceed, or as if impeded hy unforeseen difficulties ; 
 to play fast and loose. 
 
 We boggle at every unusual appearance. Granville. 
 
 2. To dissemble. Howell. 
 BOG'GLE, 7!. (. To embarrass with difficulties; a 
 
 popular or vulgar use of the word in the ffnited States. 
 noCr'GLKT), pp. Perplexed and impeded by sudden 
 
 d i tlic II I ties ; embarrassed. 
 BOG'GEKR, 71. .A doubter ; a timorous man. Shak. 
 HOG'fiLlXG, ppr. Starting or stopping at ditbculties ; 
 
 hesitating. 
 
 BOG'GLISH, 77. Doubtful, [^-ot used.] Taiilor. 
 BOG'GY, a. [from bog.] Containing hogs ; full of bogs. 
 BOO'-llOUSE, n. [bog and hou.^e.] A house of office. 
 liOG'-LAND, a. [Ixig ami land.] Living in or per- 
 taining to a marshy ctnintry. Drijdeti. 
 
 B0G'';LE i "• t^^' ' '"'S'^'''"' goli'i"-] 
 
 A biigbi'ar ; a specter. 
 BOG'-.MOSS, 71. The Spagnum, a genus of aquatic 
 moss plants. 
 
 BOG'-oRE, 71. An ore of iron found in boggy or 
 swampy land ; a variety of brown iron ore, or 
 limiinite. 
 
 BOG'-RUSH, 77. [hog and rush.] A rush that grows 
 . in bogs, the ScIheiius. Pennant. 
 
 BOG'-SPA V-IN, 71. [bog and spavin.] In horses, an 
 encysted tumor on the inside of the hough, contain- 
 ing a gelatinous matter. Knci/c. 
 
 BOG'-TROT-TER, 71. [bog and trot.] One who lives 
 in a boguv country. John.'ion. 
 
 BOG'-WIIORT, 71. [hog and 7i>Aorf.] The bilberry or 
 wliiirtlelierry giov.'ing in low lands. Fani.-<if Plank: 
 
 lU)-\iK,\',-n. [Grosier informs us that this is named 
 from a moimtain in China, called Vou-y or Voo-y. 
 Vol. i. 407.] 
 
 A sort of coarse or low-priced tea from China ; a 
 Ji5'MlI.\ CPAS. .Si;e Upas. [sort of black tea. 
 
 BOl'AR, (11. In the Russian empire, a nobleman; a 
 BOV'XR, i lord; a person of tpiality ; a soldier. 
 This word answers nearly to barou in Great Britain, 
 and other countries in the west of Europe. 
 
 Tonke. Eton. 
 
 BOI'A-RIN, 71. In Russia, a gentleman; a person of 
 distinction ; the master of a family. 
 
 Tooke. Riuss. Diet. 
 
 BOIL, V. i. [Fr. bouiUir: L. bultio; It. bollire ; Sp. 
 bnltir, to boil ; L. bulla, a bubble ; Riiss. bul, the noise 
 of boiling water ; It. holla, a bubble, or blister; Etii. 
 
 file, to boil ; W. batau, to 
 spring, till. Sax. irrollun, to tvell, to boil.] 
 
 1. To swell, heave, or In; agitated by tlii^ action of 
 heat ; ttt biibbli; ; to rise in bubbles ; as, the water 
 boils. In a chemical sense, to pass from a liipiid to 
 an aeriform state or vapor, at the boiling point. 
 
 2. To he agitated by any other cause than heat ; 
 as, the boiling waves which roll anil foam. 
 
 3. To bo hot or fervid ; to swell by native heat, 
 vigor, or iml.ition ; as, the boiling blooil of youth ; bin 
 blooil hiiil.i with anger. 
 
 4. To he in boiling water ; to sufler boiling heat in 
 water or otiii r liquiil, for cookery or other purpose. 
 
 5. To bubble ; to etfervesce ; as a mi.xture of an 
 acitl and a carbtmate. V 
 
 To boil away ; to evaporate by boiling. 
 
 V'li boil ooer, is to run over the to|) of a vessel, as 
 liipior when thrown into violent agitation by heat or 
 other cause of ellVrvesi eiii e. 
 BOIL, r. (. To dress or cook in boiling water; to 
 seetlit! ; to extract the juice or quality of any thing 
 by boiling. 
 
 ]5 0L 
 
 2. To prepare for some use in boiling liquor ; as, 
 to boil silk, thread, or cloth. To form by boiling and 
 evaporation. This word is applied to a variety of 
 processes for different purposes ; as, to boil salt or 
 sugar, &c. In general, boiling is a violent anitation, 
 occasioneil by heat ; to boU a liquor is to subject it to 
 heat till it bubbles, and to boil any solid substance is 
 to subject it to heat in a boiling litpiid. 
 
 BOIL, 71. ri). buil; Ger. beule: Dan. bylde ; Sax. bite; 
 Arm. buil, a blister ; Sw. bula, a protuberance ; D. 
 bol, plump; Ger. bolle, a bud, a gem ; Ir. buile, rage, 
 iiintliiess ; I'ers. pallo, a wart, an ulcer, a boil ; W. 
 bill, a proniinent:e.] 
 
 A circumscribed .subcutaneous inflammation, char- 
 acterized by a pointed pustular tumor, and suppurat- 
 ing with a central core ; a perunciitus. 
 
 BOIL'.^-RY, 11. The water which arises from a salt 
 well, belonging to one who has no right in the soil. 
 
 Bourier. 
 
 BOIL'^TD, pp. or a. Dressed or cooked hy boiling ; 
 subjected to the action of boiling litpior. 
 
 BOIL'ER, 71. A person who boils. 
 
 2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled. A large 
 pan, or vessel of iron, copper, or brass, used in ilis- 
 tilleries, pot -ash works, and the like, for boiling large 
 quantities of liquor at once. 
 
 BOIL'ER-Y, 71. A place for boiling salt, and the ap- 
 paratus, ./obuson. 
 
 BOIL'ING, p7«-. or a. Bubbling; heaving in bubbles; 
 being agitatetl as boiling litpior ; swelling with heat, 
 ardor, or passion ; dressing or preparing for some pur- 
 pose hy hot water. 
 
 Boiling point ; the temperature at which a fluid is 
 converted into vapor, with the plienonieiia of ebul- 
 lition. This, in water, is 212' ; in alcohol, 176' ; in 
 ether, 91^ ; in mercury, 66**. Brande. 
 
 BOIL'ING, 71. The act or state of bubbling ; agitation 
 by heat; ebullition; the act of dressing by hot 
 water; tlie act of preparing by hot water, or of evap- 
 orating by heat. 
 
 BOIS'TER-OUS, a. [Dan. pust, a pufl', a blast ; puslf, 
 and Sw. pusta, to blow ; I), byster ; Dan. bister, fu- 
 rious, raging ; W. bwyst, wilil, savage, whence beast.] 
 
 1. Loud ; roaring ; violent ; stormy ; as, a bois- 
 terous wind. 
 
 2. Turbulent ; furious ; tumultuous ; noisy ; as, a 
 boi.'iteroiui man. 
 
 3. Large; unwieldy; huge; clumsily violent ; as, 
 a deiA-fcroiw club. [Oi»s.] Spenser. 
 
 4. Violent ; as, a boi.b-tcrous heat. Woodward. 
 BOIS'TER-OUS-LY, adv. Violently ; furiously ; with 
 
 loud noise ; tuiimltuously. 
 BOIS'TER-OUS-NESS, 71. The state or quality of 
 being boisterous; turbulence; disorder; tumultu- 
 oiisness. 
 
 Bo'LA-RY, a. [See Bole.] Pertaining to bole or 
 clay, or partaking of its nature and qualities. Brown. 
 
 BOL'lil-TIiVE, a. An epithet given to one of the 
 channels of the Nile, by which its waters are dis- 
 charged into the Metliterranean. It is the second 
 from West to East, but nearly filled with sand. 
 
 D^Jlnville. Encyc. 
 
 Bold, o. ['Sax. bald, beald ; D. 6oaf, contracted'; If. 
 baldo, hobl ; baldania, presumption: imbaldanzire, to 
 embolden. The sense is, open, forward, rushing 
 forwartl.] 
 
 1. Daring ; courageous ; brave ; intrepid ; fearless ; 
 applied to men or other animals ; as, bold as a lion. 
 
 2. Requiring courage in the execution ; executed 
 with spirit or boldness ; planned with courage and 
 spirit ; as, a bold enterprise. 
 
 3. Confiilent ; not timorous. 
 
 AVe were bold in our God to speak to yon. — 1 Thess. ii. 
 
 4. In an ill sense, mile, fonvartl, impudent. 
 
 ."). Licentious ; showing great liberty of fiction or 
 expression ; as, the figures of an author arc bold. 
 
 (>. Standing out to view ; striking to the eye ; as, 
 bold figures in painting, sculpture, and architecture. 
 
 7. Steep ; al)ru|)t ; prominent ; as, a boU shore, 
 which enters the water almost perpendicularly, so 
 that .ships can approach nt!ar to land without danger. 
 
 Where the bold ciiw its warning foirhead reai:s, Trumbull. 
 
 To make bold ; to take freetloms ; a common, but 
 not a correct phrase. To be bold, is better. 
 
 BoI.D, I', t. To make daring. [.Yot luied.] /fall. 
 
 BoI.D'/0.\, r. t. To make bold ; to give confitleiice. 
 This is nearly disused, being supersedeil by Km- 
 Hoi.nEN. .^scbnm. 
 
 BOl.D'ER, 17. romp. More bold tir daring. 
 
 HoLD'E."*'!", a. superl. .Most holil or confident. 
 
 BoLD'-FAt^E, 71. [bold aiu\ fore.] Impudence; saiici- 
 ness ; a term of ri^prehensioii and reproach. 
 
 L^F.strange. 
 
 BoLD'-FAt^-Kl), ( faste,) fi. Impudent. Bramholl. 
 
 Br)Ll)'LY, rif/r. In a bold manner ; ctniragetni^Iy ; in- 
 Irepully ; without timidity or fear; \vith coiifiiieiice. 
 Sometimes, perhaps, in a bail sense, for inipiiilently. 
 
 BoLD'NESS, H. Ctnirage ; bravery; intrepidity; 
 spirit; fearlessness. 1 can not, t\'ilh .lohiisoii, inter- 
 pret this word hy fortitude or magnonimity. Boldness 
 diH's not, I think, imply the firmness, of mind >\iiich 
 constitutt^s fortituile, nor the elevation antl generosity 
 of inngnaiiiinity. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — MRTE, PKBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 134 
 
BOL 
 
 BOM 
 
 BON 
 
 2. Prnininence ; tlic qunlity of ciceeilins tlip (irili- 
 niiry nili's of scriipiiUiiiK iiici'ty aJiil nuitioii ; applied 
 to stittf, eTpre.<.<ifm, and metaplwrs in lan'ruaire and to 
 Jitriire-i in pnintintr^ sculphirfy and urcliiUxture. 
 
 3. Freciliim from timidity ; lil)frty. 
 
 (Jrt'ftl is my boldiiesM of spepcli mwiinl yoii. — 2 Cor. vii. 
 
 4. foiifidciire ; confident trust. 
 
 \\> li.iv.' bol'tnefs iiiiil QCCMj wiUi coiifKli'tiw. — Eph. ill. 
 
 r^. Frcfddiii from ba.slifulncss ; assiuniiiCK ; coii- 
 fidrnt mien. Baton, 
 
 (i. Prominence ; steepness ; as, the hohlne.ia of the 
 sliore. 
 
 7. K.xcess of freedom, bordering on impudence. 
 
 Iluoker. 
 
 ltf)I-D'-SPIR'IT-ET), a. ILiving bold spirit or courage. 
 BoLK, 71. [S\v. bol ; Dan. *«/.] 
 
 1. The body or stem of n tree. Dnjdcn. 
 
 3. A measure of corn, containing six bushels. 
 
 Mortimtr. 
 
 BOIjG, n. A kind of fine i lay, often liiRhly colored by 
 irrtn. Its color is redilisli yellow of various shades, 
 often with a tin-te of brown, scmietimes |>assing to 
 ri'ddish, yellowish, or blackish brown, flesh red, or 
 yellowish white. It is opaque or a little tmnslucid, 
 csp<icially at the ed^es, in tile red and yellow vari- 
 eties. It is coni|>act, and its fracture ronchoid.d. It 
 is brittle, suuHiIh, a little unctuous, and receives a 
 polish from the finger nail. It adheres to the tonKiie, 
 melts by degrees in tlic mouth, and impresses a slight 
 sense of astringency. Cleari'lanii. 
 
 Jlrnifnian bolr, is of a bright red color with a tinge 
 of yellow, harder Ihan the other kinds, and of a 
 roiiah, dusty surface. 
 
 Bole of Biois, is yellow, lishter than tJie other kinds, 
 and it effervesces with acids. 
 
 Bohemian bole, is of a yellow color, with a cast of 
 re<l, and of a flaky tc.vture. 
 
 French bole, is of a p'ile red color, varicgate<I with 
 spt'Cks of white and yellow. 
 
 Leninian boU, is of a pale red color. 
 
 lSdr<iian bole, is of a pale yellow color. Encyc, 
 
 BO-Lk'RO, n. A favorite dance in Spain. 
 
 BO-LKT'ie, o. Boletic acid, is an acid discovered by 
 Rmconnot in the juice of the Boletus fomentarius, 
 var. pseudo-ijrniaritLg. 
 
 BO-IjF;'TL'f>, n. [L.] A genus of Aluslirooms, con- 
 taining nian\' species. 
 
 Bo'LIS, n. [I,., from Gr. 0oXt(, a dart ; ffaWoi, to 
 throw.] 
 
 A fire-ball darting through the air, followed by a 
 train of liiiht or sparks. 
 iiOl.L, II. [\V. but, a st>ed-vessel ; Sax. bolla, a bowl.] 
 The pod or capsule of a plant, as of llax ; a peri- 
 carp, hole, a measure of six bushels, is sometimes 
 written in this manner. 
 UtjLL, V. i. To form into a pericarp or seed-vcs-sel. 
 The harlpy wm in Uie e.\r ainl Uio llax \v;i» txjlleit. — Kx. ix. 
 Ileb. '?>:.i, Gr. drrtK/mriyjc, ;ia Iranslated by the 
 Seventv. 
 
 BOL'I-ARD TI.M'BER?, iu a ship, or knight-heads, 
 are two tindiers, rising just within the stem, one on 
 each side of the bowsprit, to secure its end. 
 
 -War. Diet, 
 
 In docks, bollards are large posts set in the ground 
 on each side, to which .are lashed larse blocks, through 
 which are reeved the transporting hawsers for dock- 
 ing anil iindocking ships. F.ncuc. 
 
 BOLi.'ING?, w. pi. Pollard trees, whose tops' and 
 branches are cut olf. Ran. 
 
 BO-I,r)G.\'A-SAII'SAGE, (luv-IO'na-,) n. A large 
 sausage made of bactui, veal, and |Kirk-suet, chop|ied 
 fine, and inclosed in a skin. 
 
 BO-LSG.N'I-A.V STONE, (bo-l8'ne-an stone,) ii. Ra- 
 diated sidphale of barytes, found in roundish masses, 
 com|K>sed of radiating fibres, first discovered near Bo- 
 logna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. 
 
 BOL'STER, n. [Sax. bolster ; Sw. bolsUr ; Ger. pol- 
 
 o 
 
 ster; Dan. bohter-thjnr, a feather bed ; Per?. ilXwJLl 
 
 balisht. In Dutch, bolster is a husk, cod, or shelL] 
 
 I. A long pillow or cushion, used to sup|Kirt the 
 head of persons lying on a bed ; generally laid under 
 the pillows. 
 
 a. .\ pad, or quilt, used to hinder pn-ssurc, support 
 any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy 
 upon a wounded jiart ; a compress. 
 
 3. In saddlery, a part of a saddle raised upon the 
 bows or hinder part, to hold the rider's thigh. 
 
 Farrier^ s Did. 
 
 4. In sAip.«, a cushion or bag, filled with tarred 
 canva.s, us<'d to preserve the stiiys from being worn 
 or chafi'd by the m.ists. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BOI.'STER, r t. To support with a bolster, pUlow, or 
 any soft pad or qnilt. 
 i. To support ; to hold up ; to maintain. South, 
 BOI.'STER, r. i. To lie together, or on the same bol- 
 
 ■"•'f- Shak. 
 BOI.'STER-KD, a. Swelled oiU : supported. 
 Boh'STER-ER, n. A supporter. 
 BOL'STER-I.N'U, «, A propping up or supporting. 
 
 Tatflor. 
 
 UOl.T, ». [Dan. bnlt: Russ. A.i/f ; I). Imut; C, bulzen : 
 Sax. bnlta, catapulta, that which is driven, frtun the 
 root of Gr. :ia^SM, \j. prlln.] 
 
 1. An arrow ; a dart ; a pointed shaft. Drijden. 
 
 2. A strong cyliiulrifal pin, iif iron or olht-r metal, 
 used to fasten a door \ a plank, a chain, ^^e. In 
 ships, bolts are used in the sides :uid di-cks, and 
 have difirrent namr's, as rag bolts, eye-bohs, rin;:- 
 bolls, chain-bolts, &c. In ^nnnerii, there are pnse- 
 bolts, transom-bolts, traverse- holts, ami bracket Imlts. 
 
 :i. .\ thunder bolt ; a stream of lighlning, so named 
 from its darting like a bolt. 
 4. The quantity of twenty-eight ells of canvas. 
 
 F.ncijc. 
 
 Bolt upri/rht ; as erect or straight up as an arrow 
 placed on its lieail. Qrose. 
 BoI.T, I'. (. To fasten or secure with a bolt or iron 
 pin, whether a door, a plank, fetters, or any thing 
 els*\ 
 
 2. To fasten ; to shackle ; to restrain. Shak. 
 
 3. To blurt out ; to utter or throw out precipitately. 
 
 I h ii,- 
 
 ; c;iii bolt luT iir^iiincnU. 
 
 In this sense it is often followed by mit, 
 
 4. To throw precipitately ; to swallow without 
 
 chewing ; as, to bolt food down one's throat. 
 BoLT, I'. (. [Uuss. bollayu, to shake, agitate, babble j 
 
 Norm, baiter, a bolting sieve.] 
 
 1. To sift or separate bran from Hour, by passing 
 the fine part of meal through a cloth. 
 
 2. Among sportsmen, to start or dislodge, used of 
 conies. 
 
 3. 'I'o examine by sifting ; to open or separate the 
 parts of a subject, to find the truth ; generally fol- 
 lowed by out. "Time and nature will Ml out the 
 truth of things." [/nclrg<iiit.] L'Estranire. 
 
 4. To purify ; to purgt\ [i/unsual.] Sliak. 
 
 5. To discuss or argue, as at (Jray's Inn, where 
 cases are jirivately discussed by students and bar- 
 risters. F.neyc, 
 
 BOI>T, I,', i. To shoot forth suddenly ; to spring out 
 with s|iee(l and suddi iincss ; to .slart fiirth like a bolt ; 
 commonly followe<l by out ; as, to bolt out of the 
 house, or out of a den. Dryden, 
 
 BoLT'-.\!.;-GER, ». [boll antX auger,'\ A large borer 
 used in ship-buildini;. Ash. 
 
 B6IiT'-Ilo.\T, n. [bolt and bout.] A strong boat th.at 
 wdl endure a rough sea. Ash. 
 
 BOl.T'ED, pp. or a. Made fast with a bolt ; shot forth ; 
 sifted ; examined. 
 
 HoLT'EU, H. An instrument or machine for sep- 
 arating bran from Hour, or the coarser part of meal 
 from the finer, 
 a. A kinil of net. Johnsoiu 
 
 BoI/r'-mOAD, ( bed,) ?i. [bolt and head.] A long, 
 straight-necked, glass vessel for chemical distillations, 
 called also a inatrastt or receiocr. Johnson. 
 
 liOl.TT.N'G, ppr. Kastening with a bolt, or bolts; 
 blurting out ; shooting fitrth suddenly ; separating 
 bran from fiour ; sitting; examining; discussing; 
 dislodging. 
 
 BoLT'ING, n. The act of fastening with a bolt or 
 
 bolts; a sifting; discussiim. 
 BoLT'lNG-eLO TII, «. [bolt and cloiA.] A linen or 
 
 hair cloth of which bolters are made for sifting meal. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BoLT'ING-IIOIJSE,7i. [boll and house.] The house 
 or place where mi'al is bolted. Johnson, 
 
 Bril.T'lNG-IlirrUII, n. A tub for bolted flour. 
 
 liOI/r'ING-MII,!,, n. [boll and nuU.] A machine or 
 engine for sifting meal. F.neyc, 
 
 nai/P'lNG-TUB, «. A tub to sift meal in. 
 
 B6L'T<)N-ITE, n, .\ granular mineral (»f a grayish 
 or yellowish color, found in liolton, .M:issachusetts ; 
 chiefly c(un|iosed of silica and magnesia. 
 
 BoLT'-RuPE, H. [bull and ropr.] A rope to which 
 the edges of sails are sewed tt» strengthen them. 
 That part of it on the i)er|H>ndiciilar side is calli d the 
 leech-rope : that at the bottom, the foot-rope ; tli.it at 
 the top, the head-rope, Mir, DicL 
 
 BOIiT'SPRIT, n. [From the universal po|)ular pro- 
 nunciation of this word, this may h.ave been the 
 original word ; but I doubt it.] See Bowspbit. 
 
 Bnl.T i;P-RIGiri'', a. or ailc. Perfectly upright. 
 
 Bo'LUS, n. [L. Mu.<; Gr. /ioiXos, a m.a.ss.] [Good. 
 A soft mass of any thing medicinal made into a 
 large pdl, to be sw.ailowed at once. It niav be of 
 any ingredients, made a little thicker than honey. 
 
 Kncuc. 
 
 BOMB, (bum,) n. [L. bombus ; Gr. pupfioi,] 
 
 1. .\ great noise. Bacon, 
 
 2. A large shell of cast iron, round and hollow, 
 with a Vent to receive a fusee, which is made of 
 w<H)d, and filled with inflammable matter. This 
 being filleil with gun|K>wder, and the fusee driven 
 into the vent, the fusee is set on fire, and the bomb 
 is thrown from a mortar, in such a direction as to 
 fall into a fiirt, city,or enemy's cainp, when it bursts 
 with great violence, nnd often with terrible effect. 
 The inventor of bombs is not known ; they came 
 into common use about the jear ltl34. Encyc. 
 
 3. The stroke upon a bell. 
 
 BOMB, V. L To attack with bombs ; to bombard. [.V«« 
 used.] Prior. 
 
 BO.MB, r. t. To sound. B. Jonson. 
 
 BO.M'BARD, (biim'bard,) «. [bomb and ard, Wmd. Fr. 
 
 booibarilr ; Sp. and It. bomtmrdu.] 
 
 1. A piece of short, thick orilnance, with a large 
 motilli, tonni-rly used ; some of them carryinc a ball 
 of three hundred pounds* weighl. It is c.-illcd, al^o, 
 ^»^/-^l/(^7^■, and by the Datch donilerhus.i, thunder gun. 
 But the thing and the name are no longi r in use. 
 
 F.nct/e. 
 
 2. .\n attack with bombs ; bombardment. Bartoif. 
 
 3. .\ barn I ; a drinkiiig-vessel. [Oii.J Ash. 
 HOM BAIil)', (bum bird',) v. L To attack with bombs 
 
 thrown from mortars. 
 
 BoM-Ha RD'EI), pp. Attacked with bombs. 
 
 liOM HARD |I>K', n. One whose business is to attend 
 the loading .'iiid tiring of mortars. 
 
 BO.M-UARD-liiR' BEE'TI.E, n. A kind of beetle, 
 the brachinus crepitans, which, under a sense of 
 danger, makes a discharge like that of a iMipgiin, 
 with a sort of smoke ; hence the name. The name 
 is also ajipli. (1, from the same circumstance, to other 
 spiM-ii s lit' the same genus. 
 
 BOM IIARD'I.VG, ppr. Attacking with shells or 
 bombs. 
 
 BO.M-liARD'.MENT, n. An attack with bombs; the 
 act of throwing bimibs into a town, fiirt, or ship. 
 
 .^f/(/t.S</H. 
 
 B0M-B,\R'DO, n. ,\ musical instrument of the wind 
 kind, much like the bassoon, and used as a base to 
 the hautboy. F.neiic, 
 
 BOM-BA-SU.\", ) n. [Fr.] A twdled fabric, of which 
 
 BO.M-BA-ZINE', \ the warp is silk, and the weft 
 worsted ; ordin.arilv black. F.neyc. 
 
 BO.M'B.\ST, (biim'bast,) n. Originally, a stuff of soft, 
 loose texture, used to swell garments. Hence, high- 
 sounding words ; an inflated style ; fii.stian ; a seri- 
 ous attempt, by strained description, to raise a low 
 or faiiiiliar subject above its nink, which, instead 
 of being sublime, never fails to bo ridiculous. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BOM'B.VST, a. High-sounding ; inflated ; big without 
 
 meaning. Swifl, 
 BO.M-BAST'ie, a. Swelled ; high-sounding ; bombast. 
 
 Shaftesbury, 
 
 BO.M'BAST-RY, n. Swelling words without much 
 meanini; ; fustian. SinifL 
 
 BO.M'B.xTE, n. A salt formed by the combinatiim of 
 bombic acid with a base. Lavoisier. 
 
 BOM'HAX, n. The cotton-tree. Brande. 
 
 BOM-BA-ZET', n. A sort of thin woolen cloth. 
 
 BO.MB'-UHEST, ii. [bomb and chest.] A chest filled 
 witli bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under 
 ground, to make destruction by its displosion. 
 
 BOM'Bie, a. [L. bombyi, a silk-worm.] 
 
 Pertaining to the silk-worm ; as, bombic acid. 
 
 BOM'Bie .AC'ID, n. An animal acid obt.iined from 
 silk worms and raw silk. Its existence as a distinct 
 acid is now denied. 
 
 [The proper term is bombyeic acid.] 
 
 BOll-Bl-EA'TlON, n. (L. hombilo.] 
 
 Sound; report; noise. [Little used.]- Brown, 
 
 BOM'BITE, n. A bluish-black mineral of impalpable 
 Compositiim, found in Bombay ; a]>|iarently a variety 
 of flinty slate. 'shepard. 
 
 BO.MB'-KETCII, ) n, A small ship or vessel, con- 
 
 BO.MB'-V'E.S-SEL, j striicted for throwing bombs 
 into a fortress from the sea, and built remarkably 
 stroni, in order to sustain the shocks produced by 
 the dischirge of the mortars. They generally are 
 rigsed as ketches. Mar. Did. 
 
 BOMB'-PROOF, (bum'-,) a. Secured against the force 
 of bombs. 
 
 BOMB'-SIIEEL, (bum'shell,) n. A bomb, or hollow 
 globe of iron, to be filled with powder, and thrown 
 from a mortar. 
 
 BO.M-BYC'I-NOUS, a, [L. bombycinus, from bombyz, 
 a silk-worm.] 
 
 1. Silken ; made of silk. 
 
 2. Being of the color of the silk-worm ; transpa- 
 rent with a yellow tint. Darwin, 
 
 BOM'BVX, n. [I,.] 1-he silk-worm. 
 BON, a. [Fr., from L. bonus.] 
 
 Good ; valid as security for something. 
 BON, (bong,) ;i. [Fr. bon, good.] 
 
 A giKid saving ; a jest; a l;ile. Spenser. 
 BO'jVA-Fl'DE, [L.] With good faith ; without fraud 
 
 or deception. 
 BO-NaIR', a. [It. bonafio, from L. bonus,] 
 
 Complaisant ; yielding. [A"o( used,] 
 BO-.NA-PART'K-.V.N, o. Pertaining to Bonaparte. 
 Bo'XA P.X.RT-IS.M, n. The policy or manners of Bo- 
 naparte. iMinartine. 
 BO'N.V-PART-IST, n. One attached to the policy of 
 Bonaparte. 
 
 BO'.,VjJ PER-r-TU'RA, [U] Perishable goods. 
 
 BO'jVA RO'BA, n, [It., a fine gown.] [Bourier, 
 A showy wanton. Shak, 
 
 BO-Na'SL'S, 71. [L.] A species of Bos, or wild ox, 
 with a long mane ; a native of Asia and Africa. It 
 is of the size of a bull. Encyc, 
 
 fiOWfiOA", (bong'bong,) n. [Fr.] Sugar confection- 
 ery- ; a sucar-pliim. 
 
 BOJv ClIRET' lFJ\r, (hon-kret'yen,) >i. [Fr., good 
 Christian.] A kind of pear. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 I as 
 
BON 
 
 BOO 
 
 BOND, H. [Sax. /<o/ii/. See B vxD ami I!iMi.] 
 
 1. Any tiling that binds, as a cord, a chain, a rope ; 
 a band. 
 
 2. Ligament ; that which holds things together. 
 
 3. Union ; connection ; a binding. 
 
 Let walls be so constructed as to make a good bond, Mortimer. 
 
 4. ln%c plural, chains; imprisonment; captivity. 
 
 He Ualll done tiotliiiig wortliy or death or of bontls. — Acts. 
 
 5. Cause of union ; cement which unites ; link of 
 connection ; as, the boiuis of affection. 
 
 Charity is die bojul of jvTfiectliess. — Col. iii. 
 
 6. An obligation imposing a moral dnty, as by a 
 vow or promise, by law, or other means 
 
 7. In law, an obligation or deed by which a person 
 binds himself. Ids heirs, executors, and administra- 
 tors, to p.iy a certain snm on or before a future day 
 appointed. This is a .tingle bond. But usually a con- 
 dition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain 
 
 - act, or pay a certain sum of mtmey, on or before a 
 time specified, the i.blie.'itiun shall be void ; other- 
 wise it shall remain iti full force. If the condition 
 is not performed, the bund becomes forfeited, and the 
 obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the 
 whole sum. Bladustune. 
 
 8. In architecture, a pecidiar mode of disposing 
 bricks in a wall ; as, F.nglL-h bund, where one course 
 consists of bricks with their ends toward the face 
 of the wall, called headers, and the next course of 
 bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the 
 wall, called stretchers ; FLcmUh bond, where each 
 course consists of headers and stretchers alternate- 
 ly. Brailde. 
 
 BOND, (I. [for bound.] In a state of servitude or sla- 
 very ; captive. 
 
 Whctlier tt e be Jews or Gentiles J wlielher we be bond or free. — 
 1 Cor. xii. 
 
 BOND, V. t. To give bond for, as for duties or customs 
 at a custom-house ; to secure payment of, by giving 
 a bond. 
 
 On their reshipment and exportatit 
 given, in which no mention w;ii 
 &ioted of bonded or debentureil "rt 
 
 I, olTicial clearances wer 
 niaile ttiat the car^o con 
 Liifs. War in Disguite. 
 
 In tlie United States, it is applied to the goods on 
 which the customs arise, and to the duties secured 
 by bond. 
 
 BOND' AGE, n. Slavery or involuntary servitude; 
 captivity ; imprisonment ; restraint of a person's 
 liberty by compulsion. In ancient Kngli^k law, vil- 
 lenage. 
 
 2. Obligation ; tie of duty. 
 
 He must resolve not to be l>rought mider die bondage o( ')\i&prv\n^ 
 oallis. South. 
 
 3. In Scripture, spiritual subjection to sin and cor- 
 rupt passions, or to the yoke of the ceremonial law ; 
 servile fear. Heb. ii. Gal. ii. Eom. viii. 
 
 BOND'-eKED'IT-OK, n. A creditor wlio is secured 
 by a bond. Blackstiine. 
 
 BOND'ED, pp. or a. Secured by bond, as duties. 
 Bunded good.'s, are those for the duties on which, 
 bonds are given at the custom-house. 
 
 BO.\D'MaID, n. [bond anA 7naid.] A female slave, or 
 one bound to service without wages, in opposition to 
 a hired servant. 
 
 BOND'MAN, n. [bond and man.] A man slave, or one 
 bound to service without wages. In old English law, 
 a villain, or tenant in villenage. 
 
 BOND'-.«EUV-ANT, n. [bond and servant.] A slave ; 
 one who is subjected to the authority of anotiier, or 
 whose person and liberty are restraini;d. 
 
 BO.N'D'-SERV-ICE, 7t. [bond and service.] The con- 
 dition of a bond-servant; slavery. 
 
 BOND'-SL.^VE, n. [bond and slave.] A person in a 
 state of slavery ; one whose person and liberty are 
 subjected to the authority of a master. 
 
 BONDS'.MAN, Ji. [bond and man.] A slave. [Obs.] 
 
 Derhain. 
 
 2. A surety ; one who is bound, or wlio gives secu- 
 rity, for another. 
 
 BONDS'WOM-AN, ) n. [bond and woinan.] A wom- 
 
 BUND'WO.M-AN, i an slave. B. Jon.^on. 
 
 BON'DUr, n. A species of Guilandina, or nickur-lree, 
 the yclliiw nickar, a climbing |ilaut, a native of the 
 West Indies, bearing a pud coutaining two hard 
 seeds of the size of a child's marble. F.neije. 
 
 BO.NE, 71. [.«ax. ban ; Sw. ben ; \). been, bone or leg ; 
 Oer. brin, a leg ; Dan. been, leg or bone. Tlie sense 
 probably i^, that which is set or fixed.] 
 
 1. A firm, hard substance, of a ilull white ctdor, 
 rxiinposing tin- skeleton or firmer part of the body, 
 in the higher onlers of animals. 'I'he bone.i of an 
 animal support all the softer parts, as the flesh and 
 vessi l.H. Thi^y vary in texture in ililferent bones, and 
 in different parts of the same btme. 'I'he long hones 
 are compact in their middle portion, with a central 
 cavity <iccupied by u network of plates and fibers, 
 and cellular or npongy at the extn inities. 'I'he fiat 
 iMmei ar<- compact (externally, ami cellular internally. 
 The bones in a fetus are soil ami ctirtilaginous but 
 they grndiially harden with ngi'. The enils of the 
 loUK bones are larger tliiiii Ihe middle part, which 
 renders the nrticulations niori' firm, and in the fetus 
 they are distinct portions, called epiphijae.i. Bones arc 
 
 supplied with blood-vessels, tiiid in the fetus, or in a 
 diseaseil state, are very vascular. They arc iilso fur- 
 nished with nerves and abstubents, thotigh li;ss easi- 
 ly detected iri a sound state. 'I'liey are covered with 
 a thin, syoiig membrane, called the periosteum, which, 
 together with the bones, has very little sensibility in 
 a sound state, but when intlanieti is extremely sensi- 
 ble. Their cells and cavities are occupied by a fatty 
 substance, called the medulla or marrow. They con- 
 sist of earthy nuitter rather more than half, fatty mat- 
 ter one tenth, and cartilage about one third of the 
 whole. The earthy matter gives them their solidity, 
 and consists of phosphate of lime, with a small por- 
 tion of carbonate of lime and phosphate of magnesia. 
 
 Cue. fVistar. Thomson. 
 2. X piece of bone, with fragments of meat adher- 
 ing to it. 
 
 To be upon the hones, is to attack. [LitUe used, and 
 vulirar.] 
 
 To make no bones, is to make no scruple ; a meta- 
 phor taken from a dog who greedily swallows meat 
 that has nt) bones. Joknson. 
 
 Bones ; a sort of bobbins, made of bones or ivory, 
 for weaving lace : also, dice. Johnson. 
 
 BoNE, V. t. To take out bones from the flesh, as in 
 cookery. Johnson. 
 9. To put whalebone into stays. Jlsh. 
 
 BoNE'-aCE, n. [bone and ace.] A game at cards, in 
 which he who lias the highest card turned up to him 
 wins the hone, that is, one half the stake. Encyc. 
 
 BoNE'-AeilE, ( ike,) 71. Pain in the bones. Shak. 
 
 BoNE'-BLACK, v. The black carbonaceous siib- 
 sttince into which bones are converted by calcina- 
 tion, in close ves.sels ; called also animal charcoal. It 
 is used as a decolorizing material and as a black pig- 
 ment. Ure. 
 
 BoN'£D, 2>p. Deprived of bones, as in cookery. 
 
 BoN'iCD, a. Having bones ; usetl in composition ; as, 
 high-boned, strong-boned. 
 
 BoNE'-DUST, n. Ground or pulverized bones, used 
 as a powerful manure. 
 
 BoNE'-EAIlTH, ( erth,) ;i. The earthy residuum af- 
 ter the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of 
 phosphate of lime. 
 
 BoNE'-LaCE, ?!. [bone and lace.] A lace made of 
 linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins 
 of bone. [Obs.] 
 
 BoNE'LESS, a. Without bones ; wanting bones ; as, 
 boneless gums. Shak. 
 
 Bo.\'E'-SET, c. «. [Jojie and iT(.] To set a dislocated 
 bone ; to unite broken bones. fVisenian. 
 
 BoNE'-SET, w. A plant, the thoroughwort, a species 
 of eiipatorium. 
 
 BoNE'-SET-TER, 71. [Aoni^ and sf^.] One whose oc- 
 cupation is to set and restore broken and dislocated 
 bones. 
 
 BoNE'-SET-TING, Ti. That branch of surgery which 
 consists in replacing broken and luxated bones; the 
 practice of setting bones. 
 
 BoNE'-SPAV-lN, II. [bone and spavin.] A bimy ex- 
 crescence, or hard swelling, on the inside of the hock 
 of a horse's leg ; usually cured by blistering and firing, 
 or caustic blisters. Enenc. 
 
 R()-NE']''TA, 71. A sea fish. Qm. Bonito. Herbert 
 
 BON'FIRE, 71. [Fr. bun, good, and fire.] 
 
 A fire made as an expression of public joy and ex- 
 ultation. 
 
 BON'CJR.xCE, 71. [Fr. bonne and grace.] 
 
 A covering for the forehead. [J\'ot used.] Beaum. 
 Bo'NI-FOR.M, a. Of a good shape. 
 BON'I-F5', V. t. To convert into good. [.Vol used.] 
 
 Cudtcorth. 
 
 BoN'ING, ppr. Dejiriving of bones. 
 
 BO-NI'To, «. [Sp.] A fish of the Tunny kind, 
 growing to the length of three feet, fountl on the 
 American coast and in the tropical climates. It has 
 a greenish back, and a white, silvery belly. 
 
 Hiiirksirorlh. I'ennanl. Diet, of jVal. Hijit. 
 
 BOJ^.MOT', (Imng'mo',) 71. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, 
 a worth] A jest ; a witty repartee. 
 
 BOJ^J^E BOUCHE, (bon boosb,) n. [Fr.] A deli- 
 cious morsel or mouthful. 
 
 BON'NET, n. [Fr. bonnet; Sp. banete ; It. boinead ; 
 Arm. boned.] 
 
 1. A covering for the head, in common use before 
 the introduction of hats. 'I'he word, as now used, 
 signifies a cover for the head, worn by fcmah s, close 
 at the sides, and [irojeeting over the forelitjad. 
 
 2. In fortification, a simill work with two faces, 
 having only a parapet, with two rows of palisades 
 about 10 or 12 feet distant. Generally, it is raised 
 above the .salient angle of the counterscarp, and com- 
 municates with the covered way. Enetje. 
 
 Bonnet d prrtre, or priest's bonnet, is an outwork, 
 having at tlie head three salient angles and two in- 
 ward. Johnson. 
 
 3. In .•tea language, an addition to a sail, or an ad- 
 ditional part laced to the foot of a sail, in small ves- 
 sels, and in moderate winds. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BON'NI'yi'-ED, a. Wearing a bonnet. 
 BON'NET-l'EP'l'ER, 71. A species of Capsicum, or 
 
 Guinea pepper. Fam. of Plants, 
 
 BON'NI-BEI,, 71. [Fr. bonne and belle.] 
 
 A hunilsome girl. Spenser. 
 
 BON'NI-LXSS, 7!. [fto7!7ii/ and /ttss ■ A vjautiful girl. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 BON'NI-LY, ai/ti. [See Bonny. j S.v/ ' , handsome- 
 ly ; pluinply. 
 
 BON'Nl-NESS, 71. Gayety; handsoi»>»jess ; plump- 
 ness. [Little used,] 
 
 BON'NY, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good ; ^ bonus. See 
 Boon.] 
 
 1. Handsome; beautiful. 
 
 Till bonny Susan sped across the plain Coy. 
 
 2. Gay ; merry ; frolicsome ; cheerfi) ; blithe. 
 
 Blithe and bonny. SliaJc, 
 
 3. In familiar language, plump, is plump and 
 healthful persons are most incline^ to mirth. 
 
 [This word is much used in Scotland.^ 
 
 BON'NV, 71. Among miners, a bed 01 ore, differing 
 from a sipiat in being round, whereas a squat is fiat ; 
 or a distinct bed of ore, that commu'iicates with no 
 vein. Bxitey, Eneije. 
 
 BON'NY-CLAB'BER, 71. [Qu. bonny, or Ir. baine, 
 
 milk, and clabber; At. laba, bies!;ings ; G. lab ; D. 
 Icb, rennet.] 
 A word used in Ireland for sour buttermilk. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 It is used, in America, for any rnilk that is turned, 
 or become thick in the process of souring, and ap- 
 plied only to that part which is thick. 
 
 BON'TEN, 71. A narrow woolen stiifl^ 
 
 £OJV'-'/'OJ\r',(lKmg'tong',) 71. [Fr.] The bight of the 
 fashion. 
 
 BO'JVUM MAG'JVUM, [L.] A kind of plum. Johnson. 
 
 Bo'NUS, 71. [L.] A premium given fur a loan, or for 
 a charter or other privilege grantetl to a coiiiiiany. 
 
 2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint- 
 stock companv, out of accumulated profits. Oilbcrt. 
 
 BOJ\r-Vl-VAJfT', (bong-ve-vUng',) 71. [Fr.] A good 
 fellow ; a jovial companion. 
 
 Bo'NY, a, [from bone.] Consisting of bones ; full of 
 bones ; pertaining to bones. 
 2. Having large or prominent bones ; stout ; strong. 
 
 BON'ZE, (bon'zy,) 71. A Boodhist priest ; a name used 
 in China, Tunkin, and the neighboring countries. 
 In China, the bonzes are the priests of the Fohists, 
 or sect of Fold. They are distinguished from the 
 laity by their 'dress. In Japan, they are gentlemen 
 of family. In Tunkin, every pagoda has at least two 
 bonzes belonging to it, and some have thirty or forty. 
 In China, the number of bonzes is estimated at fifty 
 thousand, and they are represented as idle, dissolute 
 men. Encyc, 
 
 BOO'BY, 71. [Sp. bobo, a dunce or idiot, a ruff for the 
 r.jck, a bufloon, the bird bobo. Qu. Ger. bube, a 
 boy.] 
 
 1. A dunce ; a stupid fellow; a lubber; tme void 
 of wisdom or intellect. Prior. 
 
 2. A fowl, allied to the Pelican genus, the Siila 
 fusca, of a brown and white color, much varied in 
 different individuals. This fowl is found among the 
 Bahama Isles, feeds upon fish, and lays its eggs on 
 the bare rocks. It has a joint in the upper luiindible, 
 by which it can raise it without opening the mouth. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 BOO'BY, a. Having the characteristics of a booby. 
 
 BOO'BY-HUT, n. A kind of covered sleigh, so called 
 in the eastern part of the United States. 
 
 BOO'BY-IIUTCH, 71. A clumsy, ill-contrived, cov- 
 ered carriage or seat, used in tlie east part of Eng- 
 land. Forky. 
 
 BOODH, 71. In Eastern Asia, a general name for the 
 divinity. Jilaleom. 
 
 BOODH'IS.M, n, A system of religion in Eastern 
 Asia, embractid by more than one third of the human 
 race. It teaches that, at distant intervals, a Boodh, 
 or deity, appears, to restore the world from a state of 
 ignorance and decay, and then sinks into a state of 
 entire non-existence, or rather, perhaps, of bare ex- 
 istence without attributes, action, or consciousness. 
 This state, called JVirt^ana, or JViebon, is regariled as 
 the ultimate supreme good, and the highest rewartl 
 of virtue among men. Four Koodhs have thus aji- 
 peared in the world, and passed into J\,'irvanu, the 
 last of whom, Gaudama, became incarnate about 
 600 years before Christ. From his death, in .5-13 H. 
 C, many thousand years will elapse befiire the ap- 
 pearance of another ; so that the system, in the mean 
 time, is practically one of pure atheism. 'I'he objects 
 of worship, until another iioodli appears, are Ibt; rel- 
 ics and images of (Jaiulama. E, E. Salisbury. Maleoni. 
 
 BOODH'IST, 71. One who iiiaintaiiis the doctrines of 
 Boodhisiii. 
 
 BOOK, 71. [Sax. boc, a book and the bet-rli-tree ; Goth. 
 boka; Icelandic, book ; 1). boek, a book, and the mast 
 of beech ; beuke, a beech tree ; G. buck, a book, and 
 buehe, a beech ; Dan. bog : Sw. bok ; Riiss. buk ; Gyp- 
 sy, buchos, Like Ihe l.aliu libevj book signifiies pri- 
 marily bark and beech, liw tree btuiig probably named 
 from its hark.] 
 
 1. A general name of every literary composition 
 which is printed ; but, appropriately, a printed com- 
 position bountl ; a vidiiiiie. The name is given also 
 to any number of written sheets when bound or 
 sewed together, antl to a voliimt' of blank ptipt r, in- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.i- 
 
BOO 
 
 BOR 
 
 tended tor any species of writing, as for memoran- 
 dums, for accounts, or receipts. 
 
 2. A particular part of a literary composition ; a 
 division of a subject in tlie same volume. 
 
 3. A volume or collection of sheets in which ac- 
 counts are kept j a register of debts and credits, re- 
 ceipts and expenditures, &c. 
 
 In books : in kind remembrance ; in favor. 
 1 was so mudl in hu bookSf that at his dfcease he left me his 
 lamp. Addison. 
 
 tVUhout hook ; by memory ; without reading ; with- 
 out notes; as, a sermon was delivered icitttoat book. 
 This phrase is used also in the sense of iciUiout au- 
 thority ; as, a man asserts icUlMut book. 
 
 BOOK, ti. (. To enter, write, or register in a book. 
 
 BQOK'-.\e-eOUNT', V. [book and account.] .An ac- 
 count or register of debt or credit in a book. 
 
 BQOK'I!I.\D-Ell, n. [book and bind.] One whose oc- 
 cupation is to hind books. 
 
 BOOK'ni.VD-ER-Y, )i. A place for binding books. 
 
 B(X>K'BIND-I.\G, n. The art or practice of binding 
 books ; or of sewing the sheets, and covering them 
 with leather or other material. 
 
 BOQK'C.aSE, n. A case with shelves, and, conmion- 
 Iv, doors, for holding books. 
 
 BQpK'-DEBT, (-det,) n. A debt for goods delivered, 
 and charged by the seller on his lM)ok of accounts. 
 
 BOOK'AMl, (b99kt,) pp. Entered in a book ; registered. 
 
 BOOK'FIjL, a. [book and fall.] I'ull of notions 
 gleaned from books ; crowded with undigested learn- 
 ing. Pope. 
 
 BOOK'ING, Pin-. Registering in a book. 
 
 B()(!)K'l!?H, a. Given to reading ; fond of study ; more 
 acquainted with books than with men. Shak. 
 
 BQQlv'ISH-LY, wlp. In the way of being addicted to 
 books or much reading. Thnrlow. 
 
 BQOK'ISH-.NES!?, n. .•\ddictedness to books; fond- 
 ness for studv. ll'/iiilork. 
 
 BOQK'-KEEI'-EK, ii. [book and krrp.] One who 
 keeps accounts, or the accounts of another; the of- 
 ficer who has the charge of keeping the books and 
 accounts in a public oiKce. 
 
 BQOK'-KEEP-ING, n. [book and kcr-p.] The art of 
 recording mercantile transactions in a regular and 
 systematic numner ; the art cif keeping accounts in 
 such a manner, that a man may know the true state 
 of his business and properly, or of his debts and 
 credits, by an inspection of his hooks. The books 
 for this purpose are, 1. A W<is(e Book, or Blatter, in 
 which are registered all accounts or transactions in 
 . the order in which they take place ; 2. The Journal, 
 which contains the accounts transferred from the 
 waste book, in the same order, hut expressed in a 
 technical style ; 3. The Ledgrr, in which articles of 
 the same kind are collected togeth;;r, from the jour- 
 nal, and arranged under proper titles. 
 
 In addition to these, several others are used ; as, 
 cash-book ; book of char^ts of merchandise ; book of 
 house-erpcnses ; invoice-book ; sales-book ; bill-book ; 
 receipt-book ; letter-book ; pocket-book : the use of 
 which iiiav be understood from the names. Encijc. 
 
 BOQK'-K.\6\VI^EDGE, (-nol'lej,) n. Knowledge 
 gained bv reading books. 
 
 BOQK'LAND, ( n. [book and land.] In oUl English 
 
 BOCK'LA.N'D, ) law.i, charter land, held by deed 
 under certain rents and free-services, which differed 
 nothing from free socage lands. This species of ten- 
 ure has given rise to the modern freeholds. Blackstone. 
 
 BOOK'-LEAR.VED, a. [book and lenrn.] Versed in 
 books ; acquainted with books and literature ; a term 
 sometimes implying an ignorance of men, or of the 
 common concerns of life. Dniden. 
 
 BOOK'-LEARiVING, n. Learning acquired liy read- 
 mg ; acquaintance with books and literature; some- 
 times implying want of practical knowledge. Sidney. 
 
 BQOK'LESS, o. [book and less.] Without books ; 
 unliarned. Shenstone. 
 
 BOOK'-.MAD-.\E^!^, n. A rngc for possessing books ; 
 bibliomania. 
 
 BOQK'-.MSK-ER, n. One who writes and publishes 
 hooks. 
 
 BQOK'-MaK-I.\G, n. The practice of writing and 
 publishing books. 
 
 BpQK'-.M/VX, n. [book and man.] A man whose 
 profi-ssion is the studv of books. Shak. 
 
 BOQK'-.MaTE, n. rftootand ma(c.] A school-fellow. 
 
 BQOK'.MI.\D-El)-NESS, n. Love of books. [Shak. 
 
 BQOK'-.Ml'S-LrN, n. [Originally bake muslin.] A 
 barlicular kind of muslin. 
 
 BOOK'-0.\TII, n. The oath made on the book, or 
 Bible. Shak. 
 
 BOQK'SELL-ER, n. [book and sell.] One whose oc- 
 cupation is to sell books. 
 
 BOOK'SELL-L\G, n. The employment of selling 
 books. 
 
 BQQK'-STALL, n. A stand or stall, commonly in the 
 
 ojien air, for retailing books. 
 BOOK'ST.WD, n. A stand or frame for containing 
 
 h.mks olfpred for sale in the streets. 
 BOOK\-^ ro.NE, n. See Bibliolitf.. 
 HOOK'SToRE, n. A shop where books are kept for 
 
 sal \ [ U. S. .] called in England a bookseller's shop. 
 BQOK'\VOR.\f, (-wiirm,) n. [book and worm.] A 
 
 W(*in or mite that eats holes in books. I 
 
 2. A student closely attached to books, or addicted 
 to study ; also, u re.idi-r wiihout juilgment. I'npe. 
 
 BOO'LEV, H. In Irrlwul, <mr who has no sfltled 
 habitation, but waiiilers t'roiu place to place with his 
 flocks and herds, living on their mUk, like the 
 Tartars. ^Spnuter. 
 
 BOOM, n. [D. boom, a tree, a pole, a beam, a bar, a 
 rafter ; Goth, bagms ; Ger. bau/n ; Eng. beam ; U. 
 boomen, to push forward with a pole ; Dan. bom, a 
 rail or bar.] 
 
 1. A long pole or spar, run out from various parts 
 of a ship, or other vessel, lor the purpose of extend- 
 ing the bottom of particular sails ; as, the jib boom, 
 studding-sail boom, main boom, stjuarc-sail boom, &.c. 
 
 jMar. Diet. 
 
 2. A strong iron chain cable, or line of sp.ars bound 
 together, extended across a river, or the mouth of a 
 harbor, to prevent an enemy's ships from passing. 
 
 3. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen how 
 to keep the channel in shallow water. 
 
 4. A hollow roar, as of waves. 
 
 BOOM, I', i. [Sax. Injma, byme, a triimiiet : hywian, to 
 blow or sound a trumpet; 1). bommc, a drum; Jo;n- 
 men, to drum ; W. btrmp, a hollow sound. We see 
 the senses of sounding, uttering the voice, swelling, 
 and rushing forward, are connected.] 
 
 1. In marine language, to rush with violence, as a 
 ship under a press of sail. 
 
 2. To swell ; to roll and roar, as waves. 
 
 Thp hoarse waves booming to Ui<? oc*.'an shore. Wdlhoutt. 
 
 3. To cry as the bittern. Goldsmith. 
 The Dutch use bom for the sound of an empty 
 
 barrel ; and bomnen is to drum. 
 
 BOOM'IXG, ;)f«-. or a. Rushing with violence ; roar- 
 ing, like waves. 
 
 BOO.M'E R.VNG, n. A wooden weapon used by the 
 natives of Australia. [See Kvlee.] 
 
 BOON, n. [Ij. honu.i : Fr. bon ; Norm, boon ; It. buono ; 
 Sp. bueno ; Port, bom, good.] 
 
 1. A gift ; a grant ; a benefaction ; a present ; a 
 favor granted. .Addison. 
 
 2. [Dan. bon, Sw. bUn, a petition.] A prayer or 
 petition. .dsh. 
 
 BOON, a. [Fr. ion ; L. bonus.] 
 
 Gay ; merry ; kind ; bountiful ; as, a boon com- 
 panion. jWlton. 
 
 BOO.N, n. The refuse or useless vegetable matter from 
 dressed flax. Library of Ent. Knowledge. 
 
 Bd'OPS, ;i. A genus of fisiies, of the order Acantliop- 
 tcrygii, found mostly in the Mediterranean. Brande. 
 
 BOOK, 71. [Sax. gebur, a countryman or farmer ; I). 
 boer, a rustic or farmer ; G. bnuer, a countryman and 
 a builder, from bauen, to build, to cultivate ; Sax. 
 byan, or bugiau, and gebugian ; D. bouwen ; Dan. 
 bygge ; Sw. byggia, to build. Boor is a contracted 
 word.] 
 
 1. .V countrj man ; a peasant ; a rustic ; a plowman ; 
 a clown ; hence, one who is rude in manners, and 
 illiterate. Dryden, 
 
 2. ,\ name given to the Russian peasants. 
 BOOR'ISH, n. Clownish; rustic; awkward in man- 
 ners ; illiterate. Shak. 
 
 BOOR'ISll-LY, adv. In a clownish manner. 
 BOOR'ISH-NESS, n. Clownishness ; rusticity ; coarse- 
 ness of manners. 
 BOOSE, n. [Sax. bosig, bosg ; Heb. and Ch. D13K, a 
 
 stall or crib; ,Ar. abasa, to shut up or im- 
 
 prison.] 
 
 A stall or inclosurc for an ox, cow, or other cattle. 
 [A'dt used, or local.] 
 
 BOOSE, / ,. , . r«r I • , • 1 
 
 BOOZE i ('"'o^)) ^- '• [" • '0 immerse.] 
 
 To drink hard ; to guzzle. [Vulgar.] Maunder. 
 
 BOOS'ER, n. One who guzzles liquor ; a tippler. 
 
 BOOST, r. t. To lilt or raise by pushing ; to push up. 
 [./? common vulgar word in JV'Vio England.] 
 
 BOO'SY, (boo'zy,) o. A little intoxicated ; merry with 
 liquor. [Vulgar.] Holloway. 
 
 BOOT, V. I. [Sax. bot, bote, reparation, satisfaction, a 
 making good, amends ; Goth, bolyan, to profit or 
 help ; Sw. bot, a fine ; D. boete, fine, penalty, repent- 
 ance ; boeten, to amend or repair ; G. 6iu.sc, boot, fine, 
 penance ; biissen, to amend ; Dan. bddde, to repair, 
 or requite ; bade, to expiate, or make atonement ; W. 
 buz, profit ; buziair, to profit. We observ-e this word 
 is from the root of better, denoting more, or advance ; 
 Eng. but. The primary sense of the root is to ad- 
 vance, or carry forward.] 
 
 1. To profit ; to advantage. 
 
 It shall not tool them. Hooker. 
 But more generally followed by it, — what boots it 7 
 Indeed, it is seldom used, except in the latter phrase. 
 
 2. To enrich ; to benefit. 
 
 1 will ixMI Uiee. [Oks.] Shak. 
 BOOT, n. Profit ; gain ; advantage ; that which is 
 given to make the exchange equal, or to supply the 
 deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To boot ; in addition to ; over and above ; be- 
 sides ; a compensation for the diflerence of value 
 
 between things bartered ; as, I will give my house 
 for yours, with one hundred dollars to booL [Sax. to 
 bote. The phrase is pure Saxon.] 
 3. Spoil ; plunder. [See Booty.] Shak. 
 BOOT, n. [Fr. botte, a boot, a bunch ; Ir. butais ; W. 
 butasen, botas ; Sp. buta, u bout, a bnjt, or cask, a 
 leather bag to carry liquors ; Port, bota ; It. boUe, 
 boots, a cask.] 
 
 1. A covering for the leg, made of leather, and 
 united with a shoe. This garment was originally 
 intended for horsemen, hut is now generally worn 
 by gentlemen on loot The diflerent sorts are, fish- 
 ing-boots, worn ill water ; hunting-bonU, a thinner 
 kind, for sportsmen ; jack-bouts, a strong kind, for 
 horsemen ; and half-boot.^. 
 
 2. A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used to 
 torture criminals. This was made of boards bound 
 fast to the legs by cords ; or a boot, or buskin, made 
 wet and drawn upon the legs, and then dried by the 
 fire, so as to contract and sipieeze the legs. Encye. 
 
 3. .\ box covered with leather in the fore part of^ 
 a coach. -Also, an apron or leathern cover for a gig 
 or chair, to defend persons from rain and mild. [7"At» 
 latter application is luml and improper-] 
 
 4. Ill the plimil, boots, a servant at hotels who 
 blacks the iioots ; fi.riiierly called boot-catcher. 
 
 BOOT, V. t. To put on boots. 
 
 BOOT'-€.VTCII-EK,«. [boot and catch.] The person 
 at an inn whose business is to pull otT boots and 
 clean them. [Obs.] Swift. 
 
 BOOT'-eRlMP, n. A frame or last used by boot- 
 makers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. 
 
 BOOT'ED, pp. or a. Having hoots oib Dryden. 
 
 BOOT-EE', n. A word sometimes used for a half or 
 short boot. 
 
 BO-O'TES, n. A northern constellation, consisting, 
 according to Flamsteetl's r.italogiie, of fifty-four 
 stars. 
 
 BOOTH, 71. ■ [W. bwth: Ir. boith or both; G. bude; 
 Russ. budka ; Ch. bitit, a house, and to lodge for 
 a night ; also in the Ar. Sam. Syr. Eth. and Heb. 
 betU, a house or booth, a nest for birds. Probably the 
 sense is, a dwelling, from lodging, abiiling.] 
 
 A house or shed built of boards, boughs of trees, 
 or other slight materials, for a temporary residence. 
 
 Bible. Camden. 
 
 B00T'-IIO?E, 71. [boot and hose.] Stocking-hose, or 
 spatterdaslies, in lien of boots. .Via);. 
 
 BOOT'-J.ACK, 71. .A uiiicliine for drawing off boots. 
 
 BOOT'LEG, 77. [boot and leg.] Leather cut out for 
 the leg of a boot. ji.-.h. 
 
 BOOT' LESS, a. [from ftoot.] Unavailing ; unprofit- 
 able ; useless ; without .advantage or success. Shak. 
 
 BOOT'LESS-LY, ad. Without use or profit. 
 
 BOOT'LESS-NESS, 71. State of being unavailing. 
 
 BOOT'TOP-PING, 71. [boot and top.] The operation 
 of cleansing a ship's bottom near the surface of the 
 water, by scraping olT the grass, slime, shells, &c., 
 and daubing it with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, 
 and resin. Mar. DieL 
 
 BOOT'-TKEE, ) 77. An instrument to stretch and 
 
 BOOT'-LXST, ( widen the leg of a boot, consisting 
 of two pieces, shaped like a leg, between which, 
 when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. Encye. 
 
 BOOT' Y, 71. f S w. byte ; Dan. bytte ; D. buit ; G. b'euU ; 
 It. bottino ; bp. botin ; Fr. butin ; D. buiten, to rove. 
 See BuT.l 
 
 1. Spoil taken from an enemy in war; plunder; 
 pillage. Milton. 
 
 2. That which is seized by violence and robbery. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 To play booty, is to play dishonestly, with an intent 
 to lose. JohiLion. 
 
 BO-PEEP', n. [bo, an exclamation, and peep.] The 
 act of looking out or from behind sometliing and 
 drawing back, as chddren in play, for the purpose of 
 frightening each other. Sliak. Dniden, 
 
 BOR'A-BLE, a. [See Bore.] That may lie bored. 
 [Little ujied.] 
 
 BO-RACH'IO, 71. [It. boraccia, a leather bottle for 
 wine ; Sp. borracho, drunk.] 
 
 1. A bottle or cask. [.Aot used.] Dryden, 
 
 2. A drunkard. Congrrve, 
 BO-RAC'If, (bo-ras'ik,) a. [See Borax.] Pertaining 
 
 to or produced from borax. 
 
 Boracic acid ; a compound ofapeculiar element, 4a- 
 ron, with oxygen. It is generally obtaineil from bo- 
 rax, by adding sulphuric acid. It is also found na- 
 tive, in certain mineral springs in Italy. 
 
 BO'KA-CITE, 71. A mineral composed of boracic acid 
 and magnesia ; a native borate of magnesia. 
 
 BOR' AGE, (bur'rage,) n. .A plant of the genus Bo- 
 rn go. 
 
 BOH'A-.MEZ. See Barometz. 
 
 BO'RATE, 71. .A salt formed by the combination of 
 boracic acid with a base. Fourcroy. 
 O' J 5 ^ } 
 
 BO'R.AX, n, [Pcrs. s ; Ar. <3j^ borakon, from 
 
 ijjJ ttaraka, to shine ; Russ. ftiira,] 
 
 Biborate of soda ; a salt formed by a combination 
 of boracid acid with soda. It is brought I'roiii the 
 
 TONE, BSJLL, UNITE.— AX 'GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH na in THIS. 
 
BOR 
 
 East Indies, where it is said to be fuund at tlie bot- 
 tom or on tlie margin of certain l;ikes, particularly in 
 Thibet. It is said to be artificially prepared in Per- 
 sia, like niter. It comes in tiiree slates. 1. Crude 
 borax, tincal, or chrj'socoUa, from Persia, in greenish 
 masses of a greasy feel, or in opaque preen crystals. 
 2. Borax of China, somewhat purer, in small plates 
 or masses, irregularly crystallized, and of a dirty 
 white. 3. Dutch or purified borax, in portions of 
 transparent crystals, wljich is tlie kind generally 
 used. It is an excellent flux in docimastic opera- 
 tions, and useful in sodering metals. Hooper. 
 
 BOR'BO-KYG.M, (bor'lw-rim,) n. [<?.-n/? .oi j^/i -s, a 
 rumbliuL'.] A rumbling noise of wind iu the bowels. 
 
 BoKD'AliE, n. See Bordlands. [TodJ. 
 
 BORD'EL, In. [Fr. bordel, a. brolhvl : D. borded ; 
 
 BOR-UEL'LO, i Ger. b.mItU ; It. burddio , Sp. burdel ; 
 Arm. bctrddl ; from hord, a house. Tiiis is tire Eng. 
 brotiicl.] 
 
 A brothel ; a bawdy-house; a house devoted to 
 l)rostitution. B. Jon:-!on. 
 
 BORD'EL-LER, n. Tlie keeper of a brothel. Goicer. 
 
 BORD'ER, ji. [I'r. and Ann. bord ; .«p. bordo ; Port. 
 borda; It. bordo. See Board.] 
 
 The outer edge of any thing ; the extreme part or 
 surrounding line ; the confine or exterior limit of a 
 country', or of any region or tracPof land ; the exte- 
 rior part or edge of a garment ; the rim or brim of a 
 vessel, but not often applied to vessels ; the exterior 
 part of a garden, and hence a bank raised at the side 
 of a garden for the cultivation of flowers, and a row 
 of plants ; in short, the outer part or edge of tilings 
 too numerous tu be specified. 
 
 In botanij, the Umbiis or upper spreading part of a 
 monopetalous corol. Jlartyn. 
 
 BORD'ER, c. I. To confine; to touch at the edge, 
 side, or end ; to be contiguous or adj;icent ; with on 
 or upon : as, Connecticut, oil the north, borden on or 
 vpon Massachusetts. 
 2. To approacli near to 
 
 Wit wliich borders upon i>rofanenes3 deserves to l)e bmnded as 
 loUy. nUoUon. 
 
 BORD'ER, V. L To make a border ; to adorn with a 
 border of ornaments ; as, to border a garment or a 
 garden. 
 
 2. To reach to ; to touch at the edge or end ; to 
 confine upon ; to be contiguous to. 
 
 SheiM and Raaiiiah border ihe Pcrsi.m Giilf. Ralegh. 
 
 3. To confine within bounds ; to limit. [JVot used.] 
 
 Sbak. 
 
 BORD'ER-£D, pp. Adorned or furnished with a bor- 
 der. 
 
 BORD'ER-ER, n. One who dwells on a border or at 
 the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or 
 tract of land ; one who dwells near to a place. Bacon. 
 
 BORD'ER-I.XG, ppr. or u. Lying adjacent to ; foruiing 
 a border. 
 
 BoRD-H.\LF'PE.\-NY, fbord-hap'pen-ny,) n. Money 
 paid for setting up iKiards or a sl;dl in market. Burn. 
 
 BoRD'-LA.\D, n. [bord and land. See Board.] In 
 old law, the demain land which a lord ke|>t in his 
 hands for the uiainteuance of his bord, board, or ta- 
 ble. _ Spelnian. 
 
 BoUD'-LoDE, ) n. [bord and load.] The service re- 
 
 BoRD'-LoAI), \ quired of a tenant to carry timber 
 from the woods to the lord's house ; also, tlie quan- 
 tity of provision paid by a bord-man for burd-laiid. 
 
 Baiktj. 
 
 BoRD'-.MAN, n. [bord and roan.] A tenant of bord- 
 land, who sup])lied his lord with provisions. Enajc. 
 
 BORD'-RACl-l>i(i, 71. An incursion upon the borders 
 of a countrj-. [Ob.t.] Spenxcr. 
 
 BoRD'-SEllV-ICE, n. [bord and scnice.] The ten- 
 ure by which bord-lanu was held, which was the 
 payment of a cert.iin quantity of provisions to the 
 lord. In lieu of this, the tenant now pays sixpence 
 an acre. Encyc. 
 
 BuRD'liRE, n. In heraJdnj, a tract or compass of 
 metal, color, or far, within the escutcheon and 
 around it. Bailey. 
 
 BoRE, c. t. [Sax. borian; Sw.bora ; D. boorcn ; Ger. 
 boftrcn ; Dan. borer, to bore ; D. boor ; Ger. bohrer ; 
 Dan borrc, a borer ; L. foro, and pcrforo, to bore, to 
 perforate: Russ. burav, a borer; Gr. Tztifni, to pierce 
 or transfix ; also, to pass over, in which sense it co- 
 incides with ferry. The Celtic ber, bear, a spit, L. 
 ecru, from ibrusliiig or piercing, coincide in elements 
 
 with this root. Pers. S^Jo birah, a borer.] 
 
 1. To perforate or penetrate a solid bodv.and make 
 a round hole, by turning an auger, giml'i t, or otiie. 
 iiistninieiit. Hence, to make hollow ; to form a 
 rouinl hole , as, to bore a cannon. 
 
 2. To cat out or make a hollow by gnawing or cor- 
 roding, as a worm. 
 
 3. 'J'o penetrate or break ihroiigli by turning or la- 
 bor ; a», to bore through a crowd. Oay. 
 
 4. 'I'o weary by tedious iteration. 
 
 BORE, r. i. To be pierced or penetrated by an instni- 
 ment that turnn ; a*, Ihiii timber does not bare well, 
 or is hard tu bore. 
 
 BOR 
 
 2. To pierce or enter by boring ; as, an auger bores 
 
 3. To push forward toward a ceruiiii point, [well. 
 
 Boring 10 tlie west. Dryden. 
 
 4. With horsemen, a horse bores, when he carries 
 his nose to the ground Dirt. 
 
 5. In a transitive or intrarisitive sense, to penetrate 
 the earth by means of a chisel or other cutting instru- 
 ment, withdrawing the dust and fragments, at inter- 
 v:ils, by means of a scooping-iron or other appropri- 
 ate instrument, for the purpose of ascertaining the 
 presence of minerals, as veins of ore or beds of coal, 
 
 _ or for obtaining springs of water, as in Artesian 
 wells, or fountains of salt water, &c. 
 
 BoRE, )!. The hole made by boring. Hence, the cav- 
 ity or hollow of a gun, cannon, pistol, or other fire- 
 arm ; the caliber, whether formed by boring or not. 
 
 2. Any instrument for making holes by boring or 
 turning, as an auger, gimlet, or wimble. 
 
 3. A person or thing that wearies by itenition. 
 BoRE, n. A tide swelling abo\'^ another tide. Burke. 
 
 A sudden influx of the tide into a river or narrow 
 strait, conflicting with the water from above. Cyc. 
 
 BoRE, prct. of Bear. [See Bear.] 
 
 BoRE'-CoLE, 71. A variety of cabbage, whose leaves 
 are not formed into a compact head, but are loose, 
 and generally curled or wrinkled. Earn, of Planti 
 
 Bo'RE-AL, a. [L. horealis. See Boreas.] 
 
 Northern ; pertaining to the north or the nuith 
 wind. Pope. 
 
 Bo'RE-AS, n. [L. bareas ; Gr. 0opcai, the north wind ; 
 Russ. burya, a storm or tempest ; buran, a tempest 
 with snow. The Russ. gives the radical sense.] 
 'i"he northern v^■ind ; a cold, northerly wind. Miltim. 
 
 BoR'jED, (bord,) pp. Perforated by an auger or other 
 turning instrument; made hollow; wearied by te- 
 dious iteration. 
 
 BO-REE', n. [Fr.J A certain dance, or movement in 
 common time, or four crotchets in a bar; always be- 
 ginning iu the last quaver or last crotchet of the 
 measure. Busby. 
 
 BoR'ER, H. One who bores; also, an instrument to 
 make holes with by turning. 
 2. Terebella, the piercer, a genus of sea worms, 
 
 BoR'ING, n. [that pierce wood. 
 
 1. The act of boring ; a place made by boring. 
 
 2. The chips made by perforating a body are called 
 borinas. i 
 
 BoR'ING, ppr. Perforating by an auger or other turn- 
 ing instrument ; making hollow; weaiying by tedi- 
 ous iteration. 
 
 BORiN, (baurn,) pp. of Beau. Brought forth, as an an- 
 imal. A very useful distinction is observed by good 
 authors, who, in the sense of produced or brought 
 forth, write this word born ; but, in the sense of ctir- 
 ricd, write it bjrne. This difference of orthography 
 renders obvious the ditK-rence of pnmunui.'ition. 
 
 1. To be born, is to be produced or brought into life. 
 " Man is bnrn to trouble." A man born a prince or a 
 beggar. It is followed by of before the mother or 
 ancestors, 
 
 Alan, that is bom of woman, ts of few days ami full of trouble. — 
 Jul. Jiv. 
 
 2. Tu be burn, or bnrn again, is to be regenerated 
 and renewed ; to receive spiritual life. John iii. 
 
 BoKXE, pp. of Bear. Carried ; conveyed ; supported ; 
 df-fraved. 
 
 BOK'.VlTE, H. The tellurite of bismuth. Dana. 
 BO'RO.X, n. The radical or elementary base of horacic 
 
 acid. Parl:e. 
 BOR'OUGH, (btir'ro,) n. [Goth, bairns: Sax. burir, 
 
 bark, beurh, bcor^, byritr ; !r. bro<r ; Fr. buurrr ; It. 
 
 bonru ; S]). burt^o ; D. burif and berir ; Dan. borg ; 
 
 .•\rm. bourg ; G. bar;; and berg; Gr, aii/jjuj; Ar. 
 
 S O J> 
 
 boradwn ; Sans. bura. This word, in Saxon, is 
 
 interpreted a hill, heap, mountain, fortification, cas- 
 tle, tower, city, house, and tomb. Hence Perga in 
 Paniphylia, Birgm in Norway, Burgos ill Spain, and 
 probably Prague in Bohemia. In W. bier, bierc, sig- 
 nifies a wall, rampart, or work for defense, and bwr- 
 duis is a burgess. Hut the original sense probably is 
 found In the verb Sax. bcorgan, D. and G. bergen, 
 Kiiss. bcregu, to keep, or save, that is, to make close 
 or secure. Hence it coincides with park';ini.\ I,, par- 
 CU.V, saving. (See the next word.) If the noun is the 
 primary word, denoting hill, this is from throwing to- 
 gether, collecting ; a sense allied tu that of making 
 fast or close.] 
 
 Originally, a fortified city or town ; hence, a hill, 
 for hills were selected for places of defense. But in 
 later times, the term city was substituted to denote an 
 episcopal town, in which was the see of a bishop, 
 and that of borough was retained for the rest. Jlt 
 present, the ntime is glvi n appropriately to such towns 
 and villages iis send representatives or burgesses to 
 parliament. Some boroughs are incorporated, others 
 are not. Blackstunr. F.neiie. 
 
 Ill Connecticut, this word, borough, is used t'or a 
 town, or a part of a town, or a village, incorjiorated 
 with certain privileges, distinct from those of other 
 towns and of cities. 
 
 BOS 
 
 In Scotland, a borough is a body corporate, c'^n'jlet- 
 ing of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by 
 the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction, boroughs 
 are erected to be held of the sovereign, as is general- 
 ly the case of royal boroughs; or of the superior of 
 the lands included, as in the case of boroughs of re- 
 gality and barony. Royal boroughs are genertUly 
 erected for the advantage of trade. Encyc. 
 
 BOR'oUGH, (bur'ro,) n. [Sax. iior/we, a surety Jor- 
 gian, to borrow; borg, interest; borga, a debtor, a 
 surety ; borgiced, a promise or bond lor appearance, 
 a pledge ; borg-bryee, burg-break, violation of pledge; 
 borghand, bortdiand,n surely or bail ; beorgan, to keep, 
 guard, or preserve ; G. and D. borgen, to borrow. See 
 the preceding word.] 
 
 In Saxon times, a main pledge, or association of 
 men, who were sureties or free pledges to the king 
 for the good behavior of each other, and if any of- 
 fense was committed in their district, they were 
 bound to have the offender forthcoming, "fhe !is- 
 sociation of ten men was cidled a tithing or decenna- 
 ry: the presiding man was called the tithing-man or 
 head-borough »" or, in some places, borsholdrr, borough^s 
 elder This society w.as called, also, friburg, free- 
 burg, frank-pledge. Ten titliings formed a hundred, 
 consisting of that number of sureties, and this de- 
 nomination is still given to the districts comprehend- 
 ed in the association. The lerm seems to have been 
 used both for the society and for each surety. The 
 word main, hand, which is attached to this society, 
 or their mutual assurance, indicates that the agree- 
 ment was ratified by shaking hands. 
 
 Spelnian. Bluckstone. Cojerl. 
 Some writers have suggested that the application 
 of this word to towns siiruiig from these associations, 
 and of course was posterior to them in time, [."^ee 
 Encyc, art. Borough.] But the word was used for 
 a town or castle in other nations, and in ,\sia, doubt- 
 less long before the origin of the frank-pledtre. 
 
 BOR'oUGH EN"GI-.ISH ; a customary descent cf lands 
 and tenements to the youngest son, iiiste;id of the 
 eldest; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the young- 
 est brother. Bluckstone. Coicel. 
 
 BOR'oUGH HEAD; the same as Head-Bokough, the 
 cliief of a boroush. Ash, 
 
 BOR'oUGH HoLD'ER, h. Ahead-borough; a bors- 
 holder, Jlsh. 
 
 BOR'oUGH-MAS-TER, n. The mayor, governor, or 
 baililf of a borough. .^.il: 
 
 BOR'OUGH-.MON 'GER, (bur'ro-niung'ger,) k. One 
 who buys or sells the patronage of a borouiih. Booth. 
 
 BOR'REL, a. Rustic ; rude. ' Spenser. 
 
 BOR'RoVV, (bor'ro,) v. t. [Sax. borgian, to borrow ; 
 D. borgen, to borrow, lend, or trust ; Ger. borgen, the 
 same ; Dan, borge, to borritw ; borgen, bail, surety, 
 pledge, warranter, main-pernor; 6(/ru-, trust, credit; 
 Sw, borgan, a giving bail ; burg, a fortress. The pri- 
 mary sense is, to make fast or secure,] 
 
 1. To take from another by request and consent, 
 with a view to use the thing taken t'or a time, and 
 return it, or, if the thing taken is to he consumed or 
 transferred in the use. then to return an equiv;deiit 
 in kind ; as, to borrow a book, a sum of money, or a 
 loaf of bread. It is opposed to lend. 
 
 2. To lake from another, for one's own use ; to 
 copy or select from the writings of another author ; 
 as, to borroa a p;issage from a printed book ; to bor- 
 rou> a title. 
 
 3. To take or adopt, for one's own use, sentiments, 
 princi|)les, doctrines, and the like ; as, to borroas in- 
 struction. 
 
 4. To take for use something that behmgs to an- 
 other; to assfflne, copj", or Imitate; as, to borrow a 
 shape ; to borrow the manners of another, or his slj le 
 of writing, 
 
 BOR'KoW, n. A borrowing; the act of birrowing. 
 [JV u£ used.] 
 
 But of your royal presence I'll adventure 
 Tlie borroto oi a week. 
 
 B0R'R6\V-KD, pp. Taken by consent of another, to 
 be returned, or its equivalent in kind ; copied ; as- 
 sumed. 
 
 BOR'RoW-ER, n. One who borrows ; opposed to 
 lender. [See the verb.] 
 
 2. One who takes wiiat belongs to another to use 
 as one's own. 
 
 BOR'RoW-ING, ppr. Taking by consent, to use and 
 return, or to return its equivalent; taking what be- 
 longs to another, to use as one's own ; copying; as- 
 suming ; imitating, 
 
 BOR'ROVV-ING, n. The art of borrowing. [See the 
 verb.] 
 
 BORS'HoI,D-ER, n. [A contraction of buhr's ealdur, 
 borougii's elder, the elder or chief of a bortitigli,] 
 
 'J'lie head or chief of a tithing, or A(irj<-iif ten men ; 
 the head-borough. Lambirt. Spilman. 
 
 Bo'RU-RET, 71. A combination of boron with a siin- 
 |)le bod..-. 
 
 BOS, n. [Ij.] In :oo/(j^w, the technical name of a ge- 
 nus of ipiailrupeds. The characters are, the horns 
 are hollow within, anil turned luitwaril, in the form of 
 cri^sreiits; there are eight fore te< til in the under 
 jaw, but none in the upper ; there are iiy dog teeth. 
 
 PATE, FAE, FALL, VVH^T — METE, PUfiY. — PINJs, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
BOS 
 
 BOT 
 
 BOT 
 
 It incliiili s the cuinmoii ox, the bison, the biiftalo, 
 and other speci(^i. Enajc. 
 Bo'SA, n. An intoxicating drink, used by the Epy|i- 
 tians, obtained from the meal of darnel and hemp- 
 seed. 
 
 BOSCAGK, n. [Fr. boscage, now boca^e, a prove ; It. 
 iovcu ; Uan. b«.ik ; Gcr. biusdi, a wood, or properly a 
 thicket or underwood ; Eng. ftitsft.] 
 
 1. Wood.; underwood ; perhaps, sometimes, lands 
 covered with underwood ; also, a thicket. 
 
 2. Ill old laws, food or sustenance for cattle, which 
 is yielded by bushes and trees. Coierl. 
 
 3. With painters, a landscape representing tliickets 
 of wood. F.iicyc. 
 
 BOSH, 71. Outline ; figure. Chalmers. 
 liOf H'ROK, n. A kind of antelope in t*oiith Africa. 
 
 iI^wI^^^'il-'k fit. 4osc/if«o, a little wood, from ios- 
 
 \n gardening, n grove; a compartment formed by 
 branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposoil, 
 according to fancy. Kiicijr. 
 
 BOSK'V, tt. [See Boscage.J Woody ; covered with 
 thickets. .Milton. 
 
 BO'SOM, n. [Sa.\. bosm, bnsiim ; D. boeiem ; G. busen. 
 du. Ch. nf>3 or Nti2, the breast, uber, nianimn.] 
 
 1. The breast of a human being and the parts ad- 
 jacent. 
 
 2. The folds or covering of clothes about the 
 brea-st. 
 
 Put thy hand in thy btisom. — Ex. iv. 
 
 3. Embrace, a.s with the arms ; inclo?ure ; com- 
 pass ; ol\en implying friendship or affection ; as, to 
 live in the bosom of a church. 
 
 4. The breast, as inclosin" the heart ; or the inte- 
 rior of the breast, considered as the seat of the pas- 
 sions. 
 
 Aii^Pr rrstetli in the bosom of fools. — Kccb-s. vii. 
 
 Their »ouI w«» poured into their niotlrr's boeoin. — Lam. ii. 
 
 5. The breast, or its interior, considered as a close 
 place, the receptacle of secrets. 
 
 It' I covi'ml niy tr.uisi^>saionB lu AtI.Ant, by hiding my iniquity 
 in niy bosom. — Job x\xi. 
 
 6. Any inclosed place ; the interior ; as, the bosom 
 of the earth or of the deep. 
 
 7. The tender adectitms ; kindness ; favor ; as, the 
 son of his bosom ; the wife of thy bosom. 
 
 Ht: shall carry the lamii* in liis bciom. — Isa. xl. 
 
 8. The arms, or embrace of the arms. Ps. c.Txi.x. 
 
 9. Inclinatiiui ; desire. [Aut ased.] Sluik. 
 Bosom, in composition, implies intimacy, affection, 
 
 and confidence ; as, a bosom-friend, an intimate ur 
 confidential friend ; bosom-lover, bosom-interest, bosam- 
 secret, &c. In such phrases, bosom may be considered 
 as an attribute equivalent to intimate, confidential, 
 dear. 
 
 BO'SO.M, V. L To inclo.«B in the bosom ; to keep with 
 care. 
 
 Botom up my counsel. Shai. 
 2. To conceal ; to hide from view. 
 
 To Uanjiy convents bosomed iteep in vinca. Pope. 
 
 BO'SOM-EI), pp. Inclosed in the breast ; concealed. 
 BO'SO.M-l\G, ppr. Putting in the bosom. 
 
 2. Embracing, as a fond mother her child. 
 Bo'SO.V, It. A boatswain; [a popular, but corrupt 
 pronunciation.] 
 
 The merry boton, Dryden. 
 BOS-Po'RI-AN, a. [from Bosporus.'] Pertaining to 
 a bosporus, a strait or narrow sea between two seas 
 or a i-ea and a lake. 
 
 The Alans fuiceti the Botpcrian kings to pay them tribute, oud 
 externiinatetl the Taithans. Tooxe. 
 
 The kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus arc here re- 
 ferred to. 
 
 BOS'PO-RUS, n. [Gr. Povs, an ox, and rooof, a pas- 
 sage.] 
 
 A narrow sea, or a strait between two seas, or be- 
 tween a sea and a lake, so called, it is supposed, as 
 being an o.\-passage, a strait over which an ox may 
 swim. So our northern ancestors culled a strait a 
 sound, that is, a swim. 'J'he term Bosjwrus has been 
 particularly applied to the strait between the Sea of 
 Marmora and the Black Sea, called the Thrarian 
 Boirporits ■■ anil to the stniit of Caffit, calleil the Cim- 
 merian Bosporus, which connects the Pahis Mn^iitis, 
 or Sea of Azof, with the Euxine. D'.inrille. 
 BOSS, M. [Fr. bosse ; .Arm. infz. In I), bos is a bunch, 
 a bundle, a truss, a tuft, a bush, a sheaf, whence 
 bosch, G. bttsch, a bush or thicket. In W. bbUi is the 
 boss of a buckler, the nave of a wheel, and a bottle, 
 and hence W. boihel, a rotundity, a bottle or any 
 round vessel, a wheal or blister. A boss is a protuber- 
 ance, either from shooting, projecting, or from col- 
 lecting and forming a m.iss.] 
 
 1. A stud or knob ; a protuberant ornament, of 
 silver, ivor)', or other material, used on bridles, har- 
 ness, &.C. 
 
 2. .\ protuberant part ; a prominence ; as, the boss 
 of a buckler. 
 
 3. .\ projecting ornament at the intersections of 
 the ribs of ceilings and in other situations. 
 
 Oif. Olos. 
 
 4. A water-conduit, in form of a tun-bellied figure. 
 
 j?,«A. Bailey. 
 
 BOSS, n. [D. baas, master.] Among mechanics, the 
 master-worlcman or superintendent. [This word 
 originated among the liutcli settlers of New York, 
 but is now iiseil extensively in the other Sljttes.] 
 
 BOSS' AGE, «. [from(w.«; Yr. bo.--sage.] 
 
 1. .'V stone in a biiililing which has a projcclure, 
 and is laid rougli, to be afterward carved into mold- 
 ings, capitals, coats of anus, ice. Kncije. 
 
 2. Rustic work, consisting of stones which ad- 
 vance beyond tlie nakeil or level of the building, by 
 rejtson of indentures or ehaiinels left in the jt)iiiiugs, 
 chielly in tlie corners tif etlitices, and i-alh-d rustic 
 (/uoins. The cavities are stjnietiiiies round, soiuiv 
 times beveled, or in a diamond form, somftiiues in- 
 closed with a cnvetto, and sometimes witli a listel. 
 
 n^icyc. 
 
 YlOf^S'ED, (host,) pp. Studded ; ornamented with 
 bi>sses. Shn/i. 
 
 ROSS'lVE, a. Crooked ; deformed. Osborne. 
 
 BOSS'Y, a. Containing a bos."! ; ornamented with 
 bosses. 
 
 His head reclining on his bofity shield. Pope. 
 BOS'TRY-eillTK, n. [Or. /^.n-' X '«•] 
 
 .\ scm in the I'.inn of a lock of hair. Ash. 
 BOS'VEL, II. A pliint, a species of Crowfoot. 
 
 .Johnson. 
 
 BOS'WELL-IS.M, n. A peciilinritv of Boswell. 
 BOT. See BoTs. 
 
 BO-TAN'ie, ) a. [See Botany.] Pertaining to 
 BO-TAN'IC-.'VL, ( bot,iny ; relating to plants in gen- 
 eral ; also, containing plants ; as, a botanic gard.-n. 
 
 Botanic garden : a garden devoteil Id the culture of 
 plants, collected for the purpose of illustrating the 
 science of botany. 
 BO-T.\N'I€-AL-LY, ode. According to the system 
 of birtany. 
 
 BOT'AN-IST, n. One skilled in botany ; one versed 
 
 in the knowledge of plants or vegetables. 
 BOT'A-NIZE, V. i. To s.:ek for plants, for the pur- 
 pose of botanical investigation. 
 
 He could not obt.un pennisstun to botanize upon Mount Subher. 
 
 Nisbuhr, Tram. 
 
 BOT' A-NIZ-ING, n. The seeding of plants for botan- 
 ical purposes. 
 
 HOT-A-NOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. /Soravti, a plant, and 
 Ao) i>5, discourse.] 
 
 The science of botany. Diet. 
 BOT'A-NO-MAN-CV, n. [Gr. floravn, a plant, and 
 paireta, diviiiatitin.] 
 
 An ancient species of divination by means of 
 plants, especially sage and lig-leaves. I'erstuis wrote 
 their names anil qtiestions t)n leavt!s, which they ex- 
 posed to the wind, and its many of the letters as 
 remained in their places were lal<eii up, and, being 
 joined together, contained an answer to the question. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BOT'A-NY, n. [Gr. floravn, a plant; Pers. iCiyj 
 
 botiih, a shrub ; probably allied to bud, to shoot.] 
 
 Botany is the science whicli tn^ats of the structure 
 of plants, the functions nf their parts, their places of 
 growth, their cl.assiliration, and th.' terms wliieh are 
 employed in their descrijition and denomination. 
 
 7\lly. 
 
 BO-TAR'GO, ji. [Sp.] A relishing sort of food, made 
 of the roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of 
 the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink. 
 
 Johnson. Chaoibers. 
 
 BOTCH, n. [It. bozia, pron. botza, a swelling, or 
 rather pez-.o, a piece ; the latter is the Eng. patch.] 
 
 1. .\ swelling on the skin ; a large ulcerous af- 
 fection. 
 
 Botcher and bt.iins must alt his flesh tmboss. MiUon. 
 
 2. A patch, or the part of a garment patched or 
 meiiiled in a clumsy manner ; ill-finished work in 
 mending. 
 
 3. That which resembles a botch ; a part added 
 clumsily or unsuiUibly. 
 
 It those words are not notorious bolchet, 1 am deceived. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 BOTCH, r. t. To mend or patch with a needle or awl, 
 in a clumsy manner, a.s a garnient ; to mend or re- 
 pair awkwardly, as a system of governnieut. 
 
 Ifndihras. 
 
 2. To put together, unsuitably, or uiiskillfully ; to 
 make use of unsiiit'ible pieces. 
 
 For treason botched in rhyme will lie Uiy bajie. Dry^n. 
 
 3. To mark with botches. 
 
 Young Hylas, botched u iih stains. Garth. 
 BOTCII';:r»,(botclit,);.;i. Patched clumsily ; mended 
 
 unskillfully ; marked with botches. 
 BOTCIl'EU, n. A clumsy workman at mending; a 
 
 mender of old clothes, whether a tjtilor or cobbler. 
 BOTCH'ER-LY, a. Noting awkwardness of pcrfonn- 
 
 nnce. 
 
 BOTCH'ER-Y, ii. A botching, or that which is done 
 by botching. 
 
 BOTCll'l.N'ti, ppr. Patching or mending clumsily. 
 
 BOTCH'Y, a. Marked with botches ; full of botches. 
 BOTE, n. [The old orthography of boot, but retained 
 in law, in composition. See Boot.] 
 
 1. In law, compensation; amends; satisfaction; 
 as, man-bote, a compensation for a man slain. Also, 
 payment of any kind. 
 
 2. A privilege or allowance of necessaries, used in 
 coiiiiiosition as equivtilent to the French estmers, 
 supplies, necessaries ; as, house-bate, a stilliciency of 
 wootl to repair a house, or for fuel, siimetimes called 
 Jire-bole : so phu>-bote, cart-bott, wood for making or 
 repairing instruments of husbandry ; hay-botc or 
 hedge-bote, wood for hedges or fences, &.c. These 
 were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal 
 system. Blackstone. 
 
 BoTE'LESS, a. In vain, [.^ee Bootless.] 
 liCl'H, a. (^Sax. butu, butwu, or butma, (qu. Goth. 
 bayolhs;) Ir. beit; Sw. bndri : Dan. baade; V. and 
 Gcr. beide ; in ancient African, na bet, beth, two. 
 Burt. 18(ifi.] 
 
 Two, considered as distinct from others or by 
 themselves; the one and the other; Fr. tous les 
 dcnz; I'uH etl'autrc; as, here are two books, take 
 them both. 
 
 This word is often placed before the nouns with 
 which it is connected. 
 
 He understands tiow to manage both public and private concerns. 
 
 Goth. Ciutolitian, p. 4. 
 
 It is often used as a substitute for nouns. 
 
 And Abrahiun took sh'i-p and oxen, and jrave diem to Abiine. 
 
 lech ; and bot/i ot them miule a coveniuit. — Uen. xxi. 
 Both often represents two members of a sentence. 
 He w ill not h'-ar thi lost of his rniik, liecanse he can U'ar the 
 loss of his estate ; but he will bear bodi, tx-cau-c- he is pre- 
 pared for both. Bo^in^broke on Exile. 
 Both often pertains to adjectives or attributes, and 
 in this case generally precedes them in construction ; 
 as, he einleavored to render commerce both disadvan- 
 taueous anil infamous. Michle's /.nsiad. " 
 BOTH'ER, e. (. To tease or perplex. [See Pother.] 
 BOTH'iNTC, ) a. Peitaining to Bothnia, a territorv 
 HO'l H'NI-A.\, ( on the Baltic, and likewise to a gulf 
 of the same name, on the same sea, which is so 
 called from the piovince, which it pi iietrates. Pink- 
 erton uses Bothok as a noun for the gulf, and Barlow 
 uses Bidhnian in tlie same nutniier. 
 
 P,nk., art. Sweden. Columb. 9, 5&4. 
 B0TH-RO-DEN'URO.\, ji. [Gr. ll.Ono( and ckriow.] 
 An cxtintt genus of Couifcra, found in coal forma- 
 tions. _ Ilumhle. 
 BO-To'ToE, II. A bird of the parrot kind, of a fine 
 blue color, found in the Philippine Isles. 
 
 Did. of jVut. Htst. 
 BOT'RY-Oin, )o [Gr./i.ruif, a bunch of grapes, 
 BOT-UV-OID'AL, j and 111^75, fonn ; Fr. boUe, a 
 btincli or bundle ; .Xrni. bod, hot, a grape.] 
 
 Having the form of a liuneli of arapss ; like a clus- 
 ter of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggreg.-ition 
 of small globes. Ktrican. Phillips. 
 
 BOT'RV-O-LITE, 11. [Gr. IS'Tovi, supra, and AiWoj, 
 a stone.] 
 
 .\ variety of dallioliti^, ticcurring in botryoiilal 
 forms, and roiisisliug of silica, btiracic aciii, and 
 liiiie, with a larger propoitiiui of water than in the 
 more common varieties of datholite. Dana. 
 
 BO'r.<, n. (Generally used in the plural.) [Fr. bout, 
 end, as in their first st;ige they resemble the ends of 
 a fine thread.] 
 
 A species of small worms, found in the intestines 
 of horstfs. They are the larrcs of a species of Oes- 
 trus or gadfly, whii h ili pusits its eggs on the tips of 
 the hairs, generally of the lore legs and mane, whence 
 they are taken into the mouth and swallowed. This 
 word is al.so aiiplieil to tlie lanes of other species of 
 CEstrus, found under the hides of oxen, in the nos- 
 trils of sheep, &.C. Cm. 
 
 BOT'TLE, n. [fr. bcutclle ; .\Tm. bou/ailh ; It.'boid, 
 buidtat ; W. bulJt, a boss, a bottle, the nave of a 
 wheel ; hot, a rtmntl body ; botas, from bvt, a boot, 
 a buskin ; bottrm, a biitttui ; and from both, the W. 
 has alst) bodiell, a bottle, a round vessel, a wheal or 
 blifter ; Sp. botclla, a bottle, anti boiilla, a small will* 
 bag, friuii bolii, a leather b;ig for wine, a bult or cask, 
 a boot ; It. bottiglia, a bottle ; boltc, ;i butt, a cask, and 
 boots ; Kiiss. bulUka, a bottle. lu G. bculel, a bag, a 
 purse, seems to be the Sp. botilla. In Fr. botte is a 
 biKtt, a bunch, or bundle, boUe de fvin, a bottle of hay. 
 It would seem that bottle is primarily a bac, anil from 
 the ."ense of swelling, bulging, or collecting into a 
 bunch ; if so, the word was originally ajiplied to the 
 bags of skins used as bottles in Asia. Vet the prima- 
 rj' sense is not easily ascertained. The .Arabic has 
 
 laj batta, a thick, Sp. pato, and " urceus coriaccus io 
 
 quo liquidiora cirrumfemnt viatores." Ca^t.] 
 
 1. A hollow vessel of glass, wood, leather, or other 
 material, with a narrow mouth, for holiling and car- 
 ning liquors. The Oriental nations usf^ skins or 
 leather for the conveyance of liquors ; and of this 
 kind are the bottles mentioned in ."Scripture: "Put 
 new wine into new bottle..:^' In Europe and .Amer- 
 ica, gla.ss is used for liquors t> \ll kinds ; and fami- 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITXITE — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS — G as K ; (5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as Sll ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 139 
 
HOT 
 
 ers use small kf^s or hollow vosscls of ivooil, wliicli 
 are called botHes. I'hu small kinds of glass bottles 
 are called vialc; or phiaU. 
 
 9. The contents of a bottle ; as much as a bottle 
 contains ; but from the size of bottles used for wine, 
 porter, and cider, a buttle is nearly a quart ; as, a bot- 
 tle of wine or of porter. 
 
 3. A quantity of hay in a bundle ; a bundle of hay. 
 BOT'TLE, V. t. ' To put into bottles ; as, to bottle wine 
 or porter. This includes the stopping of the bottles 
 with corks. 
 
 BOT'TLE-.^LE, n. Bottled ale. Shak. 
 BOT'TLE-eoM-PAN'ION, j n. A friend or com- 
 BOT'TLE-FUIENU, (-frend,) ( panion in drinking. 
 BOT'TLED, pp. or a. Put into bottles ; inclosed in 
 bottles. 
 
 Q. Having a protuberant belly. Skak. 
 BOT'TLE-FLOW-ER, )i. A plant; the Centaurea 
 
 cyanus, or blue-bottle. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BOT'TLE-GLSSS, n. A coarse, green glass, used in 
 
 the manufacture of bottles. Urc. 
 BOT'TLE-GoURD, n. The common gourd, {Lagena- 
 
 ria VidgarU.) 
 
 nOT'TLE-Nf)S-ED, a. H.aving a nose bottle-shaped. 
 
 BOT'TLE-SCREW, (bot'tl-skru,) ru A screw to draw 
 corks out of bottles. 
 
 BOT'TLl.NG, ppr. Putting into bottles. 
 
 BOT'TI-IXG, ji. The act of putting into bottles. 
 
 BOT'TO.M, n. [Sax. botm : Sw. bottm : D. boilnn ; G. 
 boden. It seems to be allied to Gr. liaD ,<;, and to the 
 Russ. ;)arf, a. valley, padayu, to fall. The sense is 
 from throwing down, setting, laying, or beating 
 down ; a dialect, perhaps, of basU. Class Bd.] 
 
 1. The lowest part of any thing ; as, tiie bottom of 
 a well, vat, or ship ; the bottom of a hill. 
 
 2. The ground under any body of water ; as, the 
 bottom of the sea, ol' a river, or lake. 
 
 3. The foundation or groundwork of any thing, 
 as of an edifice, or of any system or moral subject ; 
 the base, or that which supports any superstructure. 
 
 4. A low ground ; a dale ; a valley ; applied, in the 
 United States, to t/ie fiat lands adjoining rivers, S^c. It 
 is so used in some parts of England. Mitfurd. 
 
 5. The deepest part ; that which is most remote 
 from the view ; as, let us examine this subject to the 
 bottom. 
 
 6. Bound ; limit. 
 
 TIi'Tc no bottom in my volnpluouauess. Shak. 
 
 7. The utmost extent or depth of cavity, or of in- 
 tellect, whether deep or shallow. 
 
 I do see thf bottom of Justice Sliallow. Shak. 
 
 8. The foundation, considered as the cause, spring, 
 or origin ; the first moving cause ; as, a foreign prince 
 is at the bottom of the confederacy. 
 
 9. A ship or vessel. Goods imported in foreign 
 bottoms pay a higher duty than those imported in our 
 own. Hence, a state of hazard, chance, or risk ; 
 but in this sense it is used chiefiy or solely in the 
 singular. We say, venture not too much in one bot- 
 
 ^ torn i that is, do not hazard too much at a single risk. 
 
 10. A ball of thread. [W. bottom, a button ; Corn. 
 id. See BoTTLK.] 
 
 11. Tlie bottom oj a lane or alley, is the lowest end. 
 This phrase supposes a declivity ; but it is often used 
 for the most remote part, when there is very little 
 declivity. 
 
 13. Tile bottom of beer, or other liquor, ia the grounds 
 or dregs. 
 
 1. 'l. In the language of jockeys, stamina ; native 
 strength ; as, a horse of good bottom. 
 
 BOT'TO.M, V. t. To found or build upon ; to fix upon 
 as a support ; followed by on as, sound reasoning 
 is bottomed on just premises. 
 
 2. To furnish with a seat or bottom ; as, to bottom 
 a chair. 
 
 3. To wind round something, as in making a ball 
 of thread. tiliak. 
 
 BOT'TO.M, V. i. To rest upon, as its ultimate support. 
 Find on wiiiit foundiiuon a propoHiirun bottoms. Locke. 
 
 BOT'TO.M-£D, pp. Furnished with a bottom ; having 
 a bottom. 
 
 This word Ls often used in composition ; as, a flat- 
 boltomcd boat, in which case the compound becomes 
 an adjective. 
 
 BOT'TO.M-I.NG, ;i;)r. Founding; building upon ; fur- 
 nishing with a bottom. 
 
 BOT TOM-I,A.\D, n. See liorroM. .\o. 4. 
 
 BOT'TOM-I.ESS, o. Without a boltom ; applied to 
 water, caverns, tec, it signifies fathomless, whose 
 bottom can iu>t l)e found by sounding ; as, a bottomless 
 abyss or oi i an. 
 
 BOT'TO.M RY, n. [from bottom.] The act of borrow- 
 ing money, and pledging the keel or Aottum of the 
 Bhip, that is, the ship itself, aa security for the repay- 
 ment <if the money. The contract nf bottomnj is in 
 tlie nature of a mortgage ; the owner of a siiip bor- 
 rowing mr>ney to enable him to carry *in a voyage, 
 and iiledging the Hliip as security lor the moni'y. If 
 the Hhip is lout, tin; li'nder limes the money ; but if 
 the Hliip arrives Hafe, he in to receive Ihr' uiom y lent, 
 with Uie inlereHt or premium Nli|iulali'il, allhi>iii:li it 
 may exceed tlic legal rale of interest. The tai kle of 
 
 BOU 
 
 the ship, also, is answerable for the debt, as well as 
 the person of the borrower. When a loan is made 
 ui)on the goods ship|)ed, the borrower is said to take 
 up money at respondentia, as he is boimd personally 
 to answer the contract. Blackstmie. Park. 
 
 BOT'TON-Y, n. [from the same root as bud, button.] 
 In heraUlnj, a cross bottony terminates at each end 
 in three buds, knots, or buttons, resembling, in some 
 measure, the three-leaved grass. Encyc. 
 
 BOU-CHET', 71. [Fr.] A sort of pear. 
 
 BOUD, 71. An insect that breeds in malt or other grain ; 
 called, also, a weevil. Dirt. 
 
 BOU'DOIR, (bood'wor,) n. [Ft.] A small, private 
 room for curiosities, &.c. 
 , 2. A lady's private room. 
 
 BftUGE, (booj,) 11. i. [Fr. iioMirp, a lodge, the bilge of 
 a cask ; from the root of boto, which see.] 
 To swell out. [Litde used.] 
 
 BOUGE, v. Provisions, [A*ot in ttse.] Jonson. 
 
 BOUGH, (hou,) ». [Sax. bog, boh, or bogh, the shoul- 
 der, a branch, an arm, the body of a tree, a stake, a 
 tiiil, an arch, or bow ; S;v. bog ; Dan. bov ; from the 
 same root as bow, to blend, to throw ; Sax. bugan.] 
 
 The branch of a tree ; applied to a branch of size, 
 not to a small shoot. 
 
 BOUGHT, (bav.'t,) preu and pp. of Buy. [See Buy.] 
 
 BOUGHT, (bawt,) n. [D. bogt, a bend, a coil ; from 
 boogen, to bend. See Bight.] 
 
 1. A twist i a link ; a knot ; a flexure, or bend. 
 
 Milton. Brown. 
 
 2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. 
 BOUGHT'Y, (baw'ty,) a. Bending. Sherwood. 
 BOU-Glli', (boo-zhS',) n. [Fr., a wax candle ; Sp. 
 
 buma.] 
 
 in surgery, a long, slender instrument, that is in- 
 troduced through the urethra into the bladder, to re- 
 move obstructions. It is usually made of slips of 
 waxed linen, coiled into a cylindrical or slightly-con- 
 ical form by rolling them <ui any hard, smooth sur- 
 face. It is also made of catgut, elastic gum, and 
 metal ; but those of waxed linen are generally pre- 
 ferred. Hooper. Dorsey. 
 
 BOUIL'LOJV, (bool'yon,) n. [Fr., from bouillir, to boil. 
 See Boil.] Broth ; soup. 
 
 BOUK, V. i. To nauseate so as to be ready to vomit. 
 [LocaLI 
 
 BOU-LAN'GER-ITE, 71. [from M. Boulanger.] 
 
 A bluish or lead-gray ore (a sulphuret) of antimony 
 and lead. Dana. 
 BoUL'DER. See Bowlder. 
 
 BoUL'DER-WALL, 71. [Rather Bowlder-Wall. See 
 Bowlder.] 
 
 A wall built of round flints or pebbles laid in a 
 strong mortar, used where the sea has a beach cast 
 up, or where there is a plenty of flints. 
 
 Builder's Diet. 
 BOU-LET', 71. [from the root of ball, or bowl ; Fr. 
 boule.] 
 
 In the manege, a horse is so called when the fetlock 
 or pastern joint bends forward, and out of its natural 
 j)osition. Kncitc. 
 
 BOU'LF^rARD,{hoi>'\e-\Ar,) n. [Fr.] Originally, a 
 bulwark or rampart of a fortification or fortified town. 
 Now applied to the public walks or streets occupying 
 the site of demolished fortifications. 
 
 BoUL'J\ [Jin incorrect orthography.'] See Bolt. 
 
 BoUL'TIN, 71. [from the root of boll ; Sp. bulto, a pro- 
 tuberance.] 
 
 In architecture, a molding, the convexity of which 
 is just one fourth of a circle, being a member just 
 below the plinth in the Tuscan and Doric capital. 
 
 Kiicyc. 
 
 BOUNCE, V. i. [D. bonzen, to bounce ; bms, a bounce ; 
 allied probably to bound; Arm. boiindigza ; Fr. bondir.] 
 
 1. To leap or spring ; to fly or rush out suddenly. 
 
 Out bounced the ui.xstiff. . , Sm/l. 
 
 2. To spring or leap against any thing, so as to re- 
 bound i to beat or thump by a spring. 
 
 Ajiiinst his liusoiii bounced his heaving iieart. Dryden. 
 
 3. To beat hard, or thump, so as to make a sudden 
 noise. 
 
 Aiiotlier bounced as hard lie cunid knock. Swift. 
 
 4. To boast or bully ; used in familiar speech. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 5. To be bold or strong. Shak. 
 BOUNCE, 71. A heavy blow, thrust, or thump, with 
 
 a large, solid iMidy. 
 
 Tlie bounce burst open U»e door. Dryilen. 
 
 2. A loud, heavy sound, as by an explosion. 
 
 Shak. Gay. 
 
 3. A boast ; a threat ; in low language. John.'ion. 
 
 4. .\ bold lie ; as, that was a bounce. Goldsmith. 
 .'i. A fish ; a sjiecies of dog-fish or shark. Kneyc. 
 
 BOUN'CER, n. A boaster ; a bully ; a bold lie ; in fa- 
 miliar language. .Johnson. 
 
 BOUN'(;iN<i, ppr. Iicaping ; bounding with violence, 
 as a heavy body ; springing out; thumping with a 
 loud noise ; boasting ; moving with force, as a heavy, 
 bounding body. 
 
 BOUN'CMNG, a. Stout; Rtr<ing; large and heavy ; a 
 customary sense in iJie United States ; as, a bouncing 
 
 I.'IMS. 
 
 BOU 
 
 BOUN'CING-LY, adv. Boastingly. 
 
 BOUND, 71. [Norm, bonne, boune, a bound ; bond, lim- 
 ited ; bundes, limits ; from bind, bond, that which 
 binds ; or from Fr. bondir, to spring, and denoting 
 the utmost extent.] 
 
 1. A limit ; the line which comprehends the whole 
 of any given object or space. It diflers from bounda- 
 ry. See the latter. 
 
 Bound is applied to kingdoms, states, cities, towns, 
 tracts of land, and to territorial jurisdiction. 
 
 2. A limit by which any excursion is restrainea ; 
 the limit of indulgence or desire; as, the love of 
 money knows no bounds. 
 
 3. A leap ; a spring ; a jump ; a rebound. [Fr. 
 bondir, to spring.] 
 
 4. In dancing, a spring from one foot to the other. 
 BOUND, 11. t. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the fur- 
 thest point of extension, whether of natural or moral 
 objects, as of land, or empire, or of passion, desire, 
 indulgence. Hence, to restrain or confine; as, to 
 bound our wishes. To bound in, is hardly legitimate. 
 
 2. To mention the boundaries of a country ; as, to 
 bound France. 
 
 3. To make to bound. Shak. 
 BOUND, 11. i. [Fr. bondir ; Arm. boundicza.] 
 
 1. To leap ; to jump ; to spring ; to move forward 
 by leaps. 
 
 Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pops. 
 
 2. To rebound ; but the sense is the same. 
 BOUND, pret. and pp. of Bind. As a participle, made 
 
 fast by a band, or by chains or fetters ; obliged by 
 moral ties ; ccuifined ; restrained. 
 
 2. As a participle, or perhaps more properly an ad- 
 jective, destined ; tending ; going, or intending to go, 
 with to or for ; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for 
 Cadiz. 
 
 The application of this word, in this use, is taken 
 from the orders given for the government of the voy- 
 age, implying obligation, or from tending, stretching. 
 So destined implies being bound. 
 
 Bound is used in composition, as in ice-bound, wind- 
 bound, when a ship is confined or prevented from 
 sailing by ice or by contrary winds. 
 
 BOUND' A-RY, 71. A limit ; a bound. .Johnson. 
 This word is thus used as synonymous with bound. 
 But the real sense is, a visible mark designating a 
 limit. Bound is the limit itself, or furthest point of 
 extension, and may be an imaginary line ; but bound- 
 ary is the thing which ascertains the limit ; terminus, 
 not ^7i;,s. Thus, by a statute of Connecticut, it is 
 enacted. That the inhabitants of every town shall 
 procure its bounds to be set out by such marks and 
 boundaries as may be a plain direction for the future : 
 which marks anil boundaries shall be a great heap of 
 stones or a ditch of six feet long, &.c. 'I'his distinc- 
 tion is observed also in the statute of Massachusetts. 
 But the two words are, in ordinary use, conftiunded. 
 
 BOUND-BaIL'IFF, 7i. An oflicer .appointed by a sher- 
 iff to execute process ; so denominated from the bond 
 given for the faithful discharge of his trust. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 nOUND'ED, p;i. Limited; confined; restrained. 
 liOUNb'i^N, [from bind.] It was originally a 
 
 participle, but is now used only as an adjectivg ; 
 
 as, it is our bounden duty. 
 BOU.\I)'/CN'-LY, arfii. In a dutiful manner. 
 BOUND'Elt, 71. One that limits ; a boundarj-. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 BOUND'IN'G, ;i/7>-. Limiting; confining; restraining; 
 lea|iing ; springing ; rebounding ; ailvancing with 
 lea|)S. 
 
 BOUND'ING-SToNE, j 7i. A stone to play with. 
 
 BOUND'-SToNE, ( Dnjden. 
 
 BOUND'LESS, a. Unlimited ; unconfined ; immeas- 
 urable ; illimitable ; as, boundless space ; boundless 
 power. 
 
 BOUND' LESS-LY, mlo. Without bound or limit. 
 
 BOUN'D'LESS-NESS, n. The qu.ality of being with- 
 out limits. South. 
 
 BOUN'TE-OUS, a. [See Bouhty.] Liberal in char- 
 ity ; disposed to give freely ; generous; munificent; 
 beneficent ; free in bestowing gifts ; as, bounteous 
 nature. It is used chiefly in poetry for bountiful. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 BOUN'TE-OUS-LY, ado. Liberally ; generously ; 
 
 largely ; freely. 
 BOUN'TE-OUS-NESS, «. Liberality in bestowing 
 
 gifts or favors; munificence; kindness. 
 BOUN'Tl-Fl^L, a. [bounty nini full.] Free to give ; 
 
 liberal in bestowing gifts and favors ; munificent ; 
 
 generous. 
 
 God, the bounti/ut Autlior of our Ix'ing. Locke. 
 
 It is fiillowed by of before the thing given, and to 
 before the persim receiving. 
 
 BOUN'TI-FJIL-LY, adv. Liberally ; largely ; in a 
 bountiful manner. 
 
 BOUN'TI FIIL-NESS, 7i. The (piality of being boun- 
 tiful ; lilieialitv in the be.stowment of gifts and fa- 
 
 BOUN'TI-II i;i)E, (-lied,) ) [vors. 
 
 BOUN'TI HEAD, ( bed,) > 71. Goodness. [Obs.] 
 
 BOIIN'TI-IIOOll, ) 
 
 BOUN'TY, 71. I Fr. bonl6, goodness, excellence, favor; 
 It. bontd; L. bouitns, from bonus, good.] 
 
 FATE, FAft, FALL, WHAT MP.TE, PREY PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 140 
 
BOV 
 
 BOW 
 
 BOW 
 
 1. Liberality in bestowing gifts iind favors; gener- 
 osity ; mnnificencc. Tlie word incliKles tlie fift or 
 favor, and tlic kindness of dispiisition with wliicli it 
 is bestowed ; or a favor bestowed willi a benevolent 
 disposition. This distinguishes it from a mere gift. 
 It is also observed by Johnson, tliat it ditiers from 
 charily, as a present from an «(;«.«, in not being be- 
 stowed upon persons absohitely necessitous. 'I'liis 
 is often the case ; but bounty includes cJiarity, as the 
 genus comifrchends the species ; citarity, however, 
 does not necessarily include bounty, for clurily, or an 
 (Urn.--, may be given with reluctance. 
 
 The' word may be used also for a free gift ; 2 Cor. 
 ix. 5 ; or a disposition to give, without the gift ; good- 
 ness in general. Upemcr. 
 
 2. A premium offered or gi»on to induce men to 
 enlist into the public service ; or to encourage any 
 branch of industry, as husbandr)', manufactures, or 
 connnerce. 
 
 Quren .innr's bounty : a provision made in her 
 reign for augmenting |>oor clerical livings. 
 BO'U-UUET', (boo-ka',) ii. [Fr., a plume, a nosegay ; 
 Arm. boged; It. boschcUo. t5ee Bl sh.] 
 
 1. \ nosegay ; a bunch of Howers. 
 
 2. An agreeable aromatic odor, which is perceived 
 on drawing the cork of any of the liner wines. 
 
 Kncyc. of Dum. Kcon. 
 BOURI), (boord,) 71. A jest. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 BOUKD'Ell, II. A jester. [Obs.] 
 BOUR'HO.V, «. A pilurim's stall. 
 BOUR-CEOIS', (biir-jois',) n. [It appears to be a 
 French word, but I know not the reasim of its ap- 
 plication to lypes.] 
 
 .\ small kind of printing types, in size between 
 long primer and brevier. 
 BOL'R'CEOX, (bur'jiiTi,) r. i. [Fr. ftour^fon, a bud ; 
 Ann. bourgeon, a biitlon, or a bud.] 
 
 To sprout ; to put forth buds ; to shoot forth, as a 
 branrli. QuldsmiUi. 
 B6URi\, n. [Ft. borne, a limit ; bonier, to bound. In 
 the sense of a stream, !^a.\. burn; Siw. bruuni U. 
 bron ; G. brunneu ; Dan. brond.] 
 1. A bound; a limit. 
 
 Th«t wntliacoTcml country, from whose bourn 
 No traveler i\'tumi. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. A brook ; a torrent ; a rivulet, [fn tlih sense ob- 
 solete ; but retained in manj/ names of toiens, seated on 
 the banL^ of streams, fn Scotland, it i,< still used in the 
 .ienjie of a brook, but ifiey icrite it burn.] 
 
 BOURN'LEfS, a. Without limits. 
 
 BOUR'XO.N-I'I'F,, II. An ore, consisting of lead, anti- 
 mony, copper, and sulphur ; occurring in steel-gray 
 crystals, often aggregated into shapes like small cog- 
 wheels. Dana. 
 
 BaURSK,(biMTs,) n. [Fr.] The French name for an 
 exchange. 
 
 BOUSE, ( (boo/.,) V. i. [Arm. beuzi, to overflow ; to 
 BOOSE, \ drown ; W. h,r.i ; OKI D. bumen. In Russ. 
 
 buza is a drink brewed from millet. Tooke.] 
 To drink fr»ely ; to tope ; to guzzle. [jJ vulgar 
 
 word.] Spenser. 
 BOU-STRO-PIIii'DON, n. [Gr. /?.!.$, an o.x, and 
 
 rpc'iw, to mm.] 
 This word is used to express the ancient mode of 
 
 writing, in Greece, in alternate lines, one from right 
 
 to left, and the next from left to riglit, as fields are 
 
 plowed. 
 
 BOUS'Y, (booz'y,) a. Drunken ; intoxicated. [ Vul- 
 gar. ] Dryaen. 
 BOUT, 71. [Fr. bout, end, or It, botta, a stroke.] 
 
 .K turn ; :ls much of an action as is performed at 
 one time ; a single part of an anion carried on at 
 successive intervals ; essay ; attempt. 
 
 Sidney. Oryden, 
 BOUT, n. [It. bruta, or ber>utn, a drinking, from bcre, 
 or berere, to drink ; L. bibo : Fr. boire: Sp, beber,"] 
 
 We use this word tuiitologically in the phrase a 
 drinking-6aiu or the word is the same as the pre- 
 ' ceding. 
 
 LBOU-TADF.', (boo-tad',) 71, [Fr., from bouter ; Sp. 
 I botar ; It. buttare, to thrust ; Eng. put ; allied to bud.] 
 1- Properlv, a sUirt ; hence, a whim. [A'ot £in'/i.<A.] 
 ' BOU-TA.Nt'. See Arc BouTANT. [Sic.fl. 
 BOUTF.'-FEU, (boot'fii,) n. [Fr., from bouter, to 
 throw, and feu, hre ; or, according to Thomson, from 
 boute, a match. Uu. from the root of Eng. bate or better.] 
 An incendiary ; a makebate. [.Vut English.] 
 
 Hticon. 
 
 BOU'TI-SaLE, n. [Qu. sale of booty, or from boute, a 
 
 match. 7'Aom,so7i.] 
 
 \ cheap sale ; or, according to others, a sale by a 
 
 lighted match, during the burning of which a man 
 
 inav bid. [Xot used.] Ilayttard. 
 BOUTS-Rr-!MF.S',{UKy-Te-na',) n. pi. [Fr.] \Vord3 
 
 that rlnme given to be formed into verse. Smart. 
 BO'V.\TE, n. [In Law L. bovala, from bos, bovis, an 
 
 ox.l 
 
 An ox-gate, or as much land as an ox can plow in 
 
 a year ; (.'owel says 28 acres, 
 j I BO'VeY-GO.VL, II. Brown lignite, an inflammable 
 
 fossil, resembling, in many of its properties, bitumin- 
 1 i oils wood ; found at liovey Hattield, near Exeter, in 
 
 England. Its structure is a little slaty ; its cross frac- 
 
 ture even or conchoidal, with a resinous luster, some- 
 what shining. It is brittle, burns with a weak flame, 
 and exhales an odor which is generally disagreeabli . 
 
 BOV'Il), «. [L. (>».<.] [ CVrari-/u/i./. 
 
 Ri latiiig to tiiat tribe of niminant mammals, of 
 which the genus Bos is the t\ |ie. It comprehends 
 the genera Catolilepas, Ovibos, and lios. 
 
 Bo'VI.N'E, a, [Iiow L. bovinus, from ii(>.«, borii, an ox ; 
 W. bu, bmo, bu;, Iiuwf, and the verb iufiuw, to bel- 
 low.] 
 
 Pertaining to oxen and cows, or the quadrupeds of 
 the genus llos. 
 
 This tmimai tlif Btrongral and ficrct'iil ot the feopine priius, 
 
 Barroit't Trav. 
 Th" ox-horn souls menu notliin^ more timn the ci^hl liMiij^ souls 
 who Usii'-d from Uioir ul[(-7orlc4il niotht-r, (he- bovine ark. 
 
 Toirr. 
 
 BOW, V. t. [Sn\. bwran, bygan ; W. bwan, tiut\ bacu, 
 to bend, to grapple ; G. biegen, beugen ; D. boogen, 
 buigen ; Sw. biija; Ban. bSje, to bend.] 
 
 1. To bend ; to inflect ; as, to bow vines. 
 
 2. To bend the body in token of respect or civility ; 
 a.s, to bow the head. 
 
 3. To bend or incline toward, in condescension. 
 
 How ,iown Ihiiin car to thr poor. — Kccloa. 
 
 4. To depress ; to crush ; to subdue. 
 
 Ilin h**!iv_v hand hath boiced yon to the gx-^ve. 
 lie bowi Ihc nations to his will. 
 
 nOAV, V. i. To bend ; to curve ; to be inflected ; to 
 bend, in token of reverence, res|)Oct, or civility; of- 
 ten with ttvwn. 
 
 This \s the iilol to which the worltl botes. 
 
 2. To stoop ; to fall upon the knees. 
 
 The people bowed npoii Iheir knee*. — Jut! jci. 
 
 3. To sink under pressure. 
 
 They stoop ; they bote doion to^-llter. — Isaiah. 
 BOW, 71. An inclination of the head, or a bending of 
 the body, in tokeit of reverence, respect, civility, or 
 submission. 
 
 Bow of a ship, is the rounding part of her side for- 
 ward, beginning where the planks arch inward, and 
 teriiiiiiatiiig where thi:y close, at the stem or prow. 
 A narrow bow is called a lean bow ; a broad one, a 
 bold or bluff bow. 
 
 On tlie bow, in navigation, is an arch of the hori- 
 zon, not exceeding 45 degrees, compivlieiuled be- 
 tween some distant object aiitl that point of tlie 
 compass which is right aliead. Miir. Dii t. 
 
 BOW, 71. [See Bow, to bend.1 An instrument of war 
 and hunting, made of wooti, or other el.istic matter, 
 with a string fastened to each end. The bow, being 
 bent by drawing the string, and suddenly returning 
 to its natural state by its elastic force, throws an ar- 
 row to a great distance, and with force sulficient to 
 kill an animal. It is of two kinds, the long-bow, and 
 the cross-bow, arhalet, or arbalest. The use of the 
 bow is called archery. 
 
 2. Any thing bent, or in form of a curve ; the rain- 
 bow ; the doubling of a string in a knot ; the part of 
 a yoke which embraces the neck ; 4tc. 
 
 3. A small machine, formed witli a stick and hairs, 
 which, being drawn over the strings of an instrument 
 of music, causes it to sound. 
 
 4. ,\ beam of wood or brass, with three long screws 
 that direct a lathe of wood or steel to any arch ; used 
 in forming draughts of ships, and projections of the 
 sphere, or wherever it is necessary to draw large 
 arches. Harris. 
 
 5. An instrument for taking the sun's altitude at 
 sea, consisting of a large arch of 90 degrees grad- 
 uated, a shank or stalf, a side-van?, a sight-vane, and 
 a horizon-vane ; now disused, Kncyc. 
 
 6. .\n instrument in use among smiths for turning 
 a drill ; with turners, for turning wood ; with hatters, 
 for breaking fur and wool. 
 
 7. Bows of a saddle, arc the two pieces of wood 
 laid archwise to receive the upper part of a horse's 
 back, to give the saddle its due form, and to keep it 
 tight. Farrier\i Diet. 
 
 8. In architecture, a circular end of a church, apart- 
 ment, or building. Klmcs. 
 
 Bl)W'-BE.\R-ER, n. [Aoir and Acar.] An under of- 
 ficer of the forest, whose duty is to inform of tres- 
 passes. Cowel. 
 
 Bf)W'-HENT, a. [bow and bent.] Crooked. MUton. 
 
 BoW'-€O.M'PAS-?E$, {li6'kuin'pa.s-sez,) 71. pi. A pair 
 of comp,i.sses, with a bow or arched plate of metal 
 riveted to one of the legs, upon which the other leg 
 slides, to sti'ady the motion. 
 
 BoW'-DRILL, 71. A drill worked by a bow and 
 spring. 
 
 BoW'-DTE, 71. A kind of scarlet color, superior to 
 m.adder, but inferior to the true scarlet grain for fix- 
 edness and duration ; first used at Bow, near Lon- 
 don. F.nrye. 
 
 BOW'-GRACE, n. In sea language, a frame or com- 
 imsition of junk, laid out at the sides, or bows, of 
 ships, to secure them from injury by ice. Enrye. 
 
 BoW'-Il.\.\l), 71. [toic and AoTii/.] Tha hand that 
 draws a bow. Spriuser. 
 
 B(')W'lI-:-K.\IFE, (ba'e-nlfe,) 71. A long knife, or dag- 
 ger, used by kiintcrs and others in the Western States. 
 
 BrtW'-LEG, 7t. A i:rooked leg. Taylor. 
 
 BOW'-LEG-Gf.D, (Wlegd,) o. [bow tuti leg.] Hav- 
 ing crooked leg^:. Johnson. 
 
 BflW'LESS, a. Destitute of a bow. 
 
 BOW'-.M.\.N , H. [Aiiir and 7/iuji.] A man who uses a 
 bow ; an archer. Ji rein. iv. 2"J. 
 
 B()W'-M.\.N', 11. The man who rows the foremost oar 
 in a boat. Miir. Diet. 
 
 Bf)W'-.\ET, 71. [how ani\ tiet.] An engine for catch- 
 ing lobsters anil crawfish, called also 4<>w-m/iff/. It 
 is made of two round wicker baski ts, puinted at the 
 end, one of which is thrust into the other, and at the 
 "mouth is a little riin bent inward. Encye. 
 
 BOW'-PEN, 71. A nuaallic ruIiiig-|H'n, having the 
 part which holds the ink bowed out toward the 
 middle. 
 
 BOW'-PlF:CE, 71. [6«7C and piffc] A piece of ord- 
 nance earned at tile bnw of a ship. F.ncyc. 
 
 BoW'-SllOT, 71. [bow and shut.] The space which 
 an arrow may pass when shot from a bow. Gen. 
 xxi. li>. Boyle. 
 
 BOW'-WIN'DOW. See Bat-Window. 
 
 BOW'.V-BLE, a. Of a flexible disposition. [jVot in 
 use.] 
 
 BUW'/-'D, (bowd,) pp. Bent ; crushed ; subdued. 
 
 BoW'£U, ;)/). or a. Bent ; like a bow. 
 
 BOW'ELS, H. ;)/. [(J. hauch ; D. 6i/i/.- ; Sw. buk ; Dan. 
 
 bwr ; Fr. boyau; W. bug; a swelling; bogel, the na- 
 
 veL The sense is, protuberance.] 
 
 1. The intestines of an animal; the entrails, es- 
 pecially of man ; the heart. 2 Cor. vi. 12. 
 
 2. The interior part of any tiling ; as, the bowels of 
 the earth. 
 
 3. The seat of pity or kindness ; hence, tender- 
 ness, compassion ; n fcriplural sense. 
 
 Bowel, in the sinnular, is soinetiraes used for^t. 
 
 BOW'EL, V. t. To take out the bowels ; to eviscerate; 
 to penetrate the lio« i l>'. .iinsworth. J)sh. 
 
 BOW'EL-LEf!.-^, a. Without tenderness or pity. 
 
 BOWER, 71. [from bow.] An anchor carried at the 
 bow of a ship. There are gene rally two bowers, 
 called first and second, great and little, or best and 
 small. Encye. 
 
 BOWER, 71. [Sax. Aiir, a chamber or private apart- 
 ment, a hut, a Cottage ; W. birr, an iiiclosure.] 
 
 1. .\ shelter or covered place in a garden, made 
 with boughs of tre' S bent and twined together. It 
 dirtVrs from arbor in tliat it may be round or square, 
 whereas an arbor is long and arched. .Milton. Encye. 
 
 2. \ bed-chamber; any room in a house except 
 the hall. Spenser. Mason. 
 
 3. A country-seat ; a cottage. Shenistone. B. Junson. 
 
 4. A shady recess-; a plantation for shade. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 BOWER, V. t. To embower ; to inclose. Shak. 
 BOWER, f. I. 'lo lodge. Spenser. 
 BOWERS, ) n. pi. [from bow.] Muscles that bend the 
 BOWRS, i joints. Spenser. Mason. 
 
 BOAV'Ell-Y, a. Covering ; shading, as a bower ; also, 
 containing bowers. Thomson. 
 A bo-jenj iit.u* lint shaiUi the pnrple streams. TrumbuU. 
 
 BOWESf, f 71. A young hawk, when it begins to get 
 BOWET, ) out of the nest ; a term in falconry. 
 
 Kncyc. .^sh. 
 BOW6E, V. u To swell out, [See Boi;<iE.] 
 BOWGE, V. L To perforate ; as, to bowge a ship. 
 
 .^insworth. 
 
 [I do not find this word in any other author.] 
 BOW'lNt;, ppr. Bending; stooping; making a bow. 
 BOWIXG-LV, aih: In a bending manner. 
 BoWL, 71. [^-.iK. bolla. in Latin, fi)/a is the hollow 
 of the hand.] 
 
 1. A concave vessiM to hold liquors, rather wide 
 than deep, and thus distinguished from a cup, which 
 is rather deep than wide. 
 
 2. The hollow part of any thing ; as, the bowl of a 
 spoon. 
 
 3. A basin ; a fiiuntain. Bacon, 
 BoWL, 71. [D. bol ; Fr. boule ; Sp. bola ; .\rm. boul, a 
 
 ball; W. /.■■;.] 
 
 .\ ball of wood used for play on a level plat of 
 ground. 
 
 BoWL, r. i. To play with bowls, or at bowling. 
 
 2, To roll the ball at cricket. 
 
 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball ; as, 
 the carriage bowled along. 
 
 BOWL, V. t. To roll, as a bowl ; also, to p^lt with any 
 thing rolled. Shak. 
 
 To bowl out, in cricket, is to Knock down one's 
 wicket by bowling. 
 
 BOWL'DER, 71. [from ii77r/.] A stone, of a roundish 
 fonn, and of no determinate size, found on the sea- 
 shore, and on the banks or in the channels of rivers, 
 tc, worn smooth or rounded by the action of water ; 
 a pebble. John.ton. Encye. 
 
 The term bowlder is now used in geology for round- 
 ed masses of any rock, found out of pbare, and ap- 
 parently transported from their original bed by water. 
 Bowlders of granite, ollen of great si-/,e, are very 
 common on the surface of the most recent forma- 
 tions. 
 
 BoWI.'DER-.STfiXE. See Bowlder. 
 
 BOWL DER-WALL, 71. A wall coBstnicted of peb- 
 
 TC.NE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 18' 
 
 141 
 
BOX 
 
 BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 bles or bowlders of flint or other silicious stones, 
 wliich have been rounded by the action of water. 
 
 Buildcr^s Diet. 
 BoVVL'ER, n. One who plays at bowls, or who rolls 
 m cricket. 
 
 BoVV'LINE, n [ISp. and Port. hoUna ; Arm. boidine, 
 " voile de biais pour recevoir le vent de cote," a 
 slanting sail to receive a side wind, Oregoire; Fr. 
 bouline, a tack ; boidiner, to tack, to turn one way 
 and the other, to dodge or shift. But in Danish it is 
 bogline, the line of the bow or bend.] 
 
 A rope fastened near the middle of the leecli or 
 perpendicular edu'e of the square sails, by subordinate 
 parts, called bridles, and used to keep the weather 
 eilge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close- 
 hauled. J\Iar. Diet. 
 
 Bowline-bridles are the ropes by which the bowline 
 is fastened to the leech of the sail. £nci/e. 
 
 BoWL'ING, n. The act of rolling bowls, or tlie ball 
 at cricket. Burton. 
 
 BoVVL'IXG, ppr. Playing at bowls; rolling the ball 
 at cricket ; moving smootlily and rapidly along. 
 
 BoV\'L'ING-.\L'LEY, n. In the United States, a place 
 for pla\ ing at bowls. 
 
 BoVVL'[.\G-GREEN, n. [bad and n-reen.] A level 
 piece of ground kept suiootli for bowling. 
 
 2. In gardeniii'T, a parterre in a grove, laid with 
 fine turf, with compartments of divers figures, with 
 dwarf trees and other decorations. It may be used 
 for bowling ; but the French and Italians have such 
 greens for ornanieiit. Encijc. 
 
 Bd\V.SE, V. i. In seamenV language, to pull or haul 
 iiard ; as, to bowse upon a tack ; to bowse awaij, to pull 
 all together. F-neye. 
 
 BoVV'SPRIT, n. [bow and sprit ; D. botgspriet ; Dan. 
 bogspridi G. bugsprirt. See Sprit.] 
 
 A large boom or spar, which projects over the stem 
 of a ship, or other vessel, to carry sail forward. [ 77ii* 
 w probably the true ortliographti.] Mar. Diet. 
 
 BOWSS'A'N, V. t. To drink ; 'to drench. [JVut used.] 
 du. bouse. 
 
 BOWSTRING, 71. The string of a bow. The bow- 
 string is used by the 'I'urks in strangling oflendera ; 
 hence, the verb to bowstring is sometimes used. 
 
 BoW'STRlXG £1), a. Finnished with bowstrings. 
 
 BOVVYER, H. [from bow, a corruption of bower, like 
 sawyer.] 
 
 An archer ; one who uses a bow ; one wlio makes 
 bows. [Little lueM.] Johnson. 
 BOX, n. [Sax. box, a coffer, and the box-tree ; L. bux- 
 us, the tree, and pyjris, a box; Gr. irufis, a box, and 
 .Tvf'is, the tree; rri'f, the fist; Ir. bugsa, buksa ; Sw. 
 huibom ; Ger. buclisbauin ; Dan. buxboin, the box-tree ; 
 Ger. bnchse, a box ; It. bosso, the box-tree ; bossolo, a 
 box ; Sp. box, the tree ; Port, bn/o, the tree ; buxa, a 
 
 o , , 
 
 stopple ; Pers. ^jisS.j baxas, b\ixus, box-tree ; Ar. the 
 
 same. Box may be from closeness, applied to the 
 shrub, the fist, and the case.] 
 
 1. A coffer or chest, either of wood or metal. In 
 general, the word box is used for a case of rough 
 boards, or more slightly made than a chest, and 
 used for the conveyance of goods. But the name 
 is applied to cases of any size and of any materi- 
 als ; as, a wooden box, a tin box, an iron box, a 
 strong box. ^ 
 
 2 The quantity that a box contains ; as, a box of 
 quicksilver ; a box of rings. In some cases, the quan- 
 tity called a box is fixed by custom ; in others, it is 
 uncertain, as a box of tea or sugar. 
 
 3. A certain seat in a play-house, or in any public 
 room. 
 
 4. The case which contains the mariner's compass. 
 
 5. .\ money-chest. 
 
 6. A tree or shrub, the Buxus scwprrvirrns, used for 
 bordering flower-beds. The name is also given to 
 other species of the genus. The .African box is the 
 Myrsine. 
 
 7. A blow on the head with the hand, or on the 
 ear with the open hand. 
 
 8. A cylindrical, hollow iron, used in wheels, in 
 which tile axle-tn-e runs. Also, a hollow tube in a 
 pump, closed with a valve. 
 
 BOX, tj. i. To fight with the fist; to combat with the 
 hand or fist. 
 
 BOX, V. t. To inclose in a box ; also, to furnish with 
 boxes, as a wheel or block. 
 
 2. To strike with the hand or fist, especially the 
 ear or sifle of the head 
 
 3. To rehi arsf' the several points of the comi)as8 
 in their proper ordi r. Eneyc. 
 
 4. 'I'd make a hole or cut in a tree to procure the 
 Bap ; us, to box a m:t|)lc-. 
 
 !>. To Hail round, [i^p. boxar.] 
 To box off; to divide off into tight co-partmcnts. 
 BOX'-€<)AT, n. An overcoat, originally worn by 
 Cfiaclimen. 
 
 BOX'-DilAIN, n. An under ground drain, boxed up on 
 the "ideii and lop. and covered with (Mirtli. Brande. 
 
 BOX-EI.'r>EK, 71. The a><h leaved maple, (jjrrr negnn- 
 do, Linn. ; J^egnndium acrratdr.*, iMdrnch,) a native of 
 North America. 
 
 BOX'-LOB-BY, 7t. In a theater, the lobby leading to 
 tlie boxes. 
 
 BOX'-THORN, 71. [box and thorn.] A plant, the Ly- 
 cium, or a species of it. Fain, of Plants. 
 
 BOX'-TREE, rl. The box, {Buxus sempcroirens, Linn.) 
 
 BOX'£U, (lioxt,) pp. Inclosed in a box ; struck on the 
 head with the fist or hand ; furnished with a box or 
 hollow iron, as a wheel. 
 
 BOX'£N, (box'n,) a. Made of box-wood ; resembling 
 box. Dryilen. Oay. 
 
 BOX'ER, 71. One wlio fights with his fist. 
 
 BOX'HAUL, V. t. To veer a ship in a particular man- 
 ner, wheu close-hauled, round on to the other tack. 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 BOX'ING, ppr. or a. Inclosing in a box ; striking with 
 tlie fist ; furnishing with a box. 
 
 BOX'liVG, ». The act of fighting with the fist ; a com- 
 bat with the fist. 
 
 BOY, 71. [Pers. baeli, a boy ; VV. bacgen, from bag, lit- 
 tle ; Arm. buguel, a child ; bugale, Do}'isli ; Sw. poilip, 
 a young boy ; Dan. pog; Fr. page. (Sec lit: vt;LE and 
 Pug.) Boy is a contracted word, anil prob ilily the L. 
 puer, for pngrr, tor wt- ^<'r I)\ puilla tliat r is not rad- 
 ical. So tlie (;i. TT , prnli.ij.l\ i- contracted, for the 
 derivative verli, -ml' t, (.nxn* -ai^ui, 7ru(,\W"S. The 
 radical letters probably are lig or Pg.] 
 
 A male child, from iiirtli to the age of pub.";rty ; but 
 in general, applied to males under ten or twelve years 
 of age ; a lad. Sometimes it is used in contempt for 
 a young man, indicating immaturity, want of vigor 
 or judgment. 
 
 BOY, V. t. To treat as a boy. Johnson. 
 Bather, to act as a boy ; to imitate a boy in action. 
 The passage in Shakspeare, in which tiiis word is 
 found, is supposed to allude to the practice of boys 
 acting womeiTs parts on the stage. 
 
 I sluill see some squealiiiil,^ Ck'Op ilni 6yy inv §:re.'itnpss. 
 
 .S'ee Mason's Sup. to Johnson. 
 BOY'AR, 71. A nobleman of Russia, Transylvania, 
 
 &c. [.See BoiAR.] 
 BOY'.^U, (boy'o,) ii. ; pi. Boy.vux. [Fr. boyau, a gut, 
 and a branch of a tree.] 
 
 In fortification, a ditch covered with a parapet, 
 serving as a communication between two trenches. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 BOY'-BLIND, a. Blind as a boy ; undiscerning. [ Obs.] 
 
 • Braum. 4" Fl. 
 
 BOY'ER, 71. A Flemish sloop with a castle at each 
 
 end. Encuc. 
 BOY' HOOD, 71. [boy imtl hood.] The state of a'boy, 
 
 or of im'mature age. Swift, 
 BOY'LSH, a. Belonging to a boy ; childish ; trifling ; 
 resembling a boy in manners or opinions ; puerile. 
 
 Sltak. 
 
 BOY'ISH-LY, adv. Childishly ; in a trifling manner. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 BO Y'ISH-NESS, n. Childishness ; the manners or be- 
 havior of a bov. 
 
 BOY'lS-M, H. Childishness ; puerility. Drydcn. 
 9. The state of a boy. fVarton. 
 
 BOY'S'-PLaY, 71. Childish amusement; any thing 
 trifling. 
 
 BO-Y'u'N.\, 71. A large serpent of America, black 
 and slender, having an intolerable smell. Also, a 
 harmless re|)tile. Diet, of Jfat. HLt. 
 
 BP; an abbreviation of Bi5hop. 
 
 BR,\-BA.\T'IN'E, a. Pertaining to Brabant, a province 
 of the Netherlands, of which Brussels is the capital. 
 
 State Papers, vol. ii. 
 BRAB'BLE, n. [D. brabbclen, to stammer.] 
 
 A broil; a clamorous contest; a wrangle. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BRAB'BLE, ?i. i. To clamor ; to contest noisily. [ Obs.] 
 
 Beaum. 4' Fl. 
 
 BRAB'BLER, 71. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fel- 
 low ; a wrangler. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 BRAB'BLING, ;«;)r. Clamoring; wrangling. [Obs.] 
 
 BRAC'CaTE, 17. [L. braeea, breeches.] 
 
 In oniit/io/«i'-i/, furnished with feathers which con- 
 ceal the feet. 
 
 BRACE, 11. [Fr. bra^i\ Sp. brazo ; Port, brago ; Arm. 
 breach, or hreh ; Ir. brae, and raigh ; W". braix> Corn. 
 breek,o\ breh ; L. brachium; Gr. fipa\to}v, the arm. 
 This word furnishes a cle.ir and decisive evidence <if 
 the cliange of a palatal letter into a sibilant. The 
 change C(unes through the Spanish or other Celtic 
 dialect, brarh, brazo, the Sp. z being originally a pal- 
 atal or guttural ; thence to the Fr. bras, and Eng. 
 brace. In likti manner, Dttrazzo is formed from Dyr- 
 rarhium. The (Jreek verbs furnish a multitude of 
 similar changes. This word furnishes also a proof 
 that b is a prefix ; for in Irish, brae is written also 
 raigh. The sense of arm is, thai which breaks forth, 
 a shoot. From bras, the French have r.nibra.ssrr, to 
 embrace, and in Sp. braiai is braces, and bracear is to 
 brace, and to swing the arms. Brace, in naval afl'airs, 
 is in 1). /iriw ; Dan. bras, and brase, to brace. Citt. Is 
 this the same word as the Fr. bras, an arm.'] 
 
 1. In arckilecturr, a piece of timber framed in with 
 bevel joints, to kiM^p tln^ building from swerving ei- 
 ther way. It i xteiids like an arm from the post or 
 main limber. 
 
 a. That which holds any thing tight; a cincture or 
 bnndai;e. The braces of n drum are not bamls. 
 
 3. A pair; a couple; as, a brace of ducks. It is 
 used of persons only in conteinjit, or in a style of 
 drollery. 
 
 4. In music, a line or bracket placed vertically at 
 the beginuiivg of each set of staves in a score, serv- 
 ing to bind them logetlier. Brande. 
 
 5. A thick strap, which supports a carriage on 
 wheels. 
 
 6. A crooked line, in printing, connecting two or 
 more words or lines; thus, j 
 
 It is used to connect triplets in poetrj'. 
 
 7. In marine language, a rope reeved through a 
 block at the end of a yard, to square or traverse 
 the yard. The name is given also to pieces of iron 
 which are used as supports ; such as the poop lan- 
 terns, &c. Mar. Diet. 
 
 8. Brace, or brasse, is a foreign measure answering 
 to our fathom. [Fr. brasse, fathom.] 
 
 9. Harness; warlike preparation ; as we say, ^I'rrf- 
 ed for battle. Shak. 
 
 10. Tension ; tightness. Holder. 
 
 1 1. Braces ; pL, suspenders ; the straps that sustain 
 pantaloons, &,c. 
 
 12. The braces of a drum, are the cords on the sides 
 of it, for tightening the heads and snares. 
 
 13. A curved instrument of iron or wood, for boring 
 holes and driving screws, by ptessure against the 
 breast. JVtcholson. 
 
 BRaCE, v. i. To draw tight ; to tighten ; to bind or 
 tie close ; to make tight and firm. 
 
 2. To make tense ; to strain up ; as, to brace a 
 drum. 
 
 3. To furnish with braces ; as, to brace a building. 
 
 4. To strengthen ; to increase tension , as, to brace 
 the nerves. 
 
 5. In marine language, to bring the yards to either 
 side. 
 
 To brace about, is to turn the yards round for the 
 contraiy tack. 
 
 To brace sharj), is to cause the yards to have the 
 smallest possible angle with the keel. 
 
 To brace to, is to check or ease off the lee braces, 
 and round in the weather ones, to assist in tacking. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 BRaC'£D, (brast,) pp. Furnished with braces ; drawn 
 
 close and tiglit ; made tense. 
 BRaCE'LET, 71. [Fr. brassselet, and bracelet ; It. brac- 
 
 ciale, braccialetto : Sp. brazalete. See Brace.] 
 
 1. An ornament for the wrist, worn by ladies. This 
 ornament seems anciently to have been worn by men 
 as well as women. 
 
 2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 BRa'CER, 77. That which braces, binds, or makes 
 firm ; a band or bandage ; also, armor for the arm. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 2. A medicine, which gives tension or tone to any 
 part of the bod}'. 
 BR.\€n, 71. [FrI braipie; D. brak ; It. braeco, a setting 
 dog ; .Sp. braco, pointing or setting, as a pointer.] 
 A bitch of tlie hound kind. Shak. 
 BRACll'I -'VL, a. [L. brachium, from the Celtic dij-aic, 
 brae, the arm.] 
 Belonging to the arm ; as, the brnchial arterj-. 
 
 Hooper. 
 
 BRACH'I-ATE, a. [See Brachial.] In botany, hav- 
 ing branches in pairs, decus.satcd, all ni'arly horizon- 
 tal, and each pair at right angles witli the next. 
 
 .Martyn. 
 
 BRACII'I-O-POD, 71. / [Gr. ffpaxfp, the arm, 
 BRACIl-l-OP'O-DA, 71. pt. \ and iroSa, feel.] 
 
 Terms applied to a class or order of molluscous an- 
 imals, characterized by two fleshy arms, or labial 
 processes, which they can protrude or withdraw, and 
 wliicli serve for prehension. 
 BUACII'MAN, ) 71. One of the sacerdotal order 
 
 BRa.M'I.N, (brU'min,) j of India. The AiWimun.'.- are 
 a branch of the ancient gjunnosopliists, and remarka- 
 ble for tlie severity of their lives and manners. 
 
 Enciie. 
 
 BRAeil-Y-CAT-A-LEO'TlG, n. [Gr. /i.i.if 'S, siiort, 
 
 and /(.i7.iAr/it7-ii('jf, deficient.] 
 
 In Oreck and Latin prosody, a verse wanting two 
 
 syllables .at its termination. 
 BRA€H-Y-1)I-AG'0-NAL, «. The shortest of the di- 
 agonals ill a rhombic prism. 
 BR.\-eilYG'K.\-PHER, n. [See the next word.] A 
 
 writer in short hand. Onvlon. 
 BRA-GHYG'RA-PIIY, 71. [Gr. (}oa\vs, short, and 
 
 ; /jii /iip, a writing.] 
 The art or practice of writing in short hand ; ste- 
 
 nograplu'. B. Jonson. 
 
 BK A-€11VL'0-GY, 71. [Gr. 0imxvs, short, and Aoj oi, 
 
 cx|iression.] 
 
 In rhetoric, the oxprcasing of any thing in the most 
 concise manner. 
 BRA-CllYP'TEll-OUS, o. [Gr. /?paxij$, short, and 
 irrf))oi', wing.] 
 
 In ornitboltigu, a term denoting that the wings, 
 when folded, lio nut reach to the base of the tail. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 BRA-CHYST'O-eilRONE, n [Gr. 0pttxi<rrus, short- 
 est, and xpiiKu, tune.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T MKTE, PRBY. — PINK, MARINE, BtttD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. 
 
 142 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 A ciirvi-, ill wliicli a body, (li'sceiidiiig by the fmce 
 of gravity, moves tlirougli u given space in the short- 
 est tiiiir. 
 
 BUAeil'Y-TtP-OUS, a. [Gr. ffimxvs, short, and 
 
 Tvnof, form.] 
 
 In minrratoiryt^ of a short fonn. Jifohs. 
 BUAeil-V-li'UUUri, a. [Gr. (S.ja\iJi, short, and ovpa, 
 
 tail.] 
 
 Sliort-tailed ; a term appUcd to a tribe of Crustacea, 
 (•oniprehendilig the crabs. P. Cijc. 
 
 13U.\C'ING, ppr. Furnishing with braces; malting 
 tiglit or lirm. 
 
 bUAC'ING, H. .Act of bracing, or state of being 
 liraoed. 
 
 lUlAC'l.NG, a. Having the quality of giving strength 
 or tone. 
 
 UKACK, H. [Ger. bruch ; Uaii. brwk ; Norm, brek ; from 
 
 break, which see.] 
 
 An opening caused liy tlie parting of any solid 
 
 body ; a breach : a broken part. 
 BR.-\t'K'A'.\, H. Fern. [Sec ISrake.] 
 BK.\CK'ET, n. [Fr. bruqurr, to bend. Ciu. Orii ntal 
 
 Tia, .\r. f'h. Ileb. Syr. Sam. and Eth., to bend the 
 
 knee ; hence it siguilies the knee.] 
 
 J. Among wnrkirrs in timber, an angular wooden 
 
 stay, in form of the knee bent, to support shelves, 
 
 scall'tilds, and the like. 
 
 2. The check of a mortar carriage, made of strong 
 plank. Eiicijc. 
 
 3. In printiiis, a term applied to hooks ; thus, [ ]. 
 BR.ACK'E'I", V. i. To place within brackets. 
 BUACK'ISH, a. [D. brak, overllowed ; (pi. from break, 
 
 or Gr. ^ot\u), lo water. Perhaps applied to land on 
 which s;dt water has tlowed.l 
 
 .Salt, or salt in a moderate degree: it is applied to 
 anv wi\li r partially saturated with salt. Bacon. 
 
 BIl.\'L'K'ISII-.N'ES.S,'n. The quality of being brackish; 
 iViltness in a small degree. Chtijne. 
 
 BRACK'V, a. Brackish. iwci] 
 
 BK.-\e'TE-.\, > II. [L. Ainsworth writes frracdca, or 
 
 BKAGT, I brultra.] 
 
 In botany, an alinornially developed leaf, growing 
 upon the peduncle of a flowi'r. It ditf.'rs from other 
 leaves in shape or color, ami is generally situated on 
 the peduncle, so near the flower as easily to be mis- 
 taken for a perianth. 
 
 BRAG'TE ATE, a. [from bractea.] Furnished with 
 bracts. Barton. 
 
 BRACT'EI), a. Furnished with bracts. .Murtyn. 
 
 BRAe'TE-IJi.E, )i. .\ little bract. De Camlu'lle. 
 
 BRAt;'TIM)-LA rE, u. Furnished w ith bracteoles. 
 
 BUACT'I-ESS, «. In bulanij, destitute of bracts. 
 
 BK.AI), in Sa.xon, is bruad, and occurs in names ; as, in 
 Brailford, broatlford. 
 
 Bll.M), «. [Arm. brand, a point; Ir. brad, oi braid; 
 Dan. braail, a goad or sting ; Ch. 013, 6aro(, a dart, 
 a borer.] 
 
 ,\ |)articular kind of nnil, used in floors and other 
 work, where it is deemed proper to drive nails entire- 
 ly into the wood. For this purpose, it is made with- 
 out a broad head or shoulder over the shank. 
 
 Mozon. 
 
 BRAD'Y-PL'S, «. The sloth, which see. 
 BRAG, ». i. [W. bragiaw, to swell, to shoot up, to 
 brag ; brag, a sprouting, malt ; bragn, to malt. It 
 coincides with Dan. brager, to crackle, Gr. liaaxu. 
 Eng. to brag, an<l many other words signifying lo 
 break, or shoot forth. See Bhwe.] 
 
 To boast ; to display one's actions, merits, or ad- 
 vantages ostentatiously ; to lidl boastful stories ; fol- 
 lowed by uf; as, to brag o/a good horse, or of ti fi at. 
 
 Sidntij. Sfuik. 
 To brag on, is vulgar ; indeed, the word itself is be- 
 come low, and is not to be used in elegant composi- 
 tion. 
 
 BRAG, n. .\ boast or boasting; ostentations verbal 
 display of one's deeds, or advantages ; the thing 
 boasted. ,Mdtan. Bacan. 
 
 Spenser has used this word as an adverb for 
 proudly. 
 
 BR.\G, H. A game at cards. Chesterfield. 
 BRAG-G.Vno'ClO, (brag-ga-do'sho,) ;i. A pufling, 
 
 boasting fellow. Dnjden. 
 RRAG'GARn-lS.M, ju [Old Fr. braggardiie.] 
 
 lioaslfulness ; vain ostentation. 
 BR.\G'GART, 71. [iroo- and art, ard, kind.] A boast- 
 er ; a vani fellow. Shak. 
 BR.\G'G.\RT, a. Boastful ; vainly ostentatious. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 BRAG'GER, n. One who brags ; a boaster. 
 BRAG'GET, ii. [VV. bragawd. See Brac] 
 
 .\ liquor made by fermenting the wort of ale and 
 
 mead. Otcen. 
 BRAG'GIXG, ft. Act of boasting. 
 BR.WGI.NG, ppr. Boasting. 
 BRAG|GING-LY, arfr. Boastingly. 
 BR.VG'LESS, a. Without bragging or ostentation. 
 
 f Unusual.] shak. 
 BRAG'LY, adv. Finely ; so as it may be bragged of. 
 
 LVuf ii..fii.] Spenser. 
 BR.MI'.MA, n. The first person in the trinitv of the 
 
 Hindoos ; the creator. The other two are 'yishnoo, 
 
 the preserver or redeemer, and Stva, the destroyer. 
 
 Kncuc. Jim. 
 
 HRAH-.M.\N'ie, a. Pertaiiiiiig to tlio hrachinans. 
 BRXIl'iMI.N, «. A priest amuiig tile Hindoos. 
 UR.\ir), i: I [Sax. bredan, to braid ; Old Eng. brede ; 
 
 Dan. brcide, to upbraid.] 
 1. 'I'o weave or infold three or more strands to form 
 
 one. 
 
 2 In domestic concerns, to mingle by nibbing in 
 some fluid or soft substance ; as, to braid starch. 
 
 Jf'orby. 
 
 3. To reproach. [Obs.] [See UpnnAin.] 
 
 4. To break ; to tear ; to start. [Obs.] 
 
 BRAID, H. A .string, cord, or other texture, fonnrd by 
 weaving together (lifl'erent strands, 
 a. A start. Suekrdlr. 
 BRA ID, a. Deceitful. Uliok. 
 Chaucer used the Saxon word hrrdr, to decisive. 
 This is the flgiirative sense of braid. [Obs.] 
 RRAID'EI), ;>;). or a. Woven together; commingled 
 by rubbing. 
 
 RRAID'lNc;, ppr. Weaving or intrrl.icing ; commin- 
 gling by riibliiiig. 
 
 BRAIL, II. [Fr. brnyer, a braii, or truss, a contracted 
 «ord.] 
 
 1. A piece of leather lo bind up a hawk's wing. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 2. In navigation, brails are ropes passing through 
 pulleys, on the niizzen-mast and yard, and fastened 
 to tlie aftmost leech of the sail in difl'erent places, to 
 truss it up close. .Mso, all ropes employed to haul 
 up the bottoms, lower corners, and skirts of the other 
 great sails, for the more ready furling of them. 
 
 Mar. Dirt. 
 
 BRAIL, r. I. To brail up, is to haul up into the brails, 
 or to truss up with the brails. Mir. Viet. 
 
 BR.\IX, H. [Sax. bripgan, bregen, bragcn; D. brein ; 
 Gr. iine- p^i, properly, the fore part of the head, or 
 sinciput ; also, the biain.J 
 
 1. The soft mass, or viscug, inclosed in the crani- 
 um, or skull, forming the most iiiiporlant and most 
 largely developed portion of the nervous system, and 
 the .seat of the intellect and emotions. It consists of 
 two larger portions, the crrcbrnm and cerebellum, and 
 of certain sinalli:r parts, situated at their base. From 
 the smaller parts, at its base, proceed the spinal mar- 
 row, and certain pairs of nerves, part distributed, as 
 nerves of special sensation, on the organs of sense, 
 and part, as nerves of common sensation and motion, 
 to the head and neck. 'J'lie term has, also, been ap- 
 plied to tlie cerebrum, in distinction from the cerebel- 
 lum, or little brain. 
 
 2. The unilerstandiuir. Iliile. 
 
 3. The atfections ; fancy ; imagination. [Unusual.] 
 
 Shak. S'liuii/s. 
 
 BRAIN, V. t. To dash out the brains ; to kill by beat- 
 ing out the brains. Pope. Dnjdcn. 
 2. To conceive ; to understand. [.V(;t used.] Shak. 
 
 BRAIN'-Fr.'VER, »t. An old term tor an inrtsiinina- 
 tion of the brain. 
 
 BRAIN'ISII, a. Hot-headed; furious; as L. cerrbro- 
 siis. Shak. 
 
 BRAIiX'LESS, a. Without understanding; silly; 
 tbouclilless ; witless. Ticket. Shak. 
 
 BUA I .\'l' A.V, II. [iiain and ;iaii.] The skull which 
 incloses tlie brain. Drydcn. 
 
 BKAI.V'SICK, a. [brain and sick.] Disordered in 
 tlie understanding ; giddy ; thoughtless. Knollrs. 
 
 BRAIN'SICK-LV, adc. Weakly ; with a disordered 
 understanding. Shak. 
 
 BRAIN'SICK-NES.S, n. Disorder of the understand- 
 ing ; giddiness; indiscretion. 
 
 BRAI.X'THROB, n. The tlirohbiug of the brain. 
 
 BK.AIT, n. Among jewelers, a rough diamond. 
 
 BRAKE, pp. of Break. [OAs.] [See Break.] 
 
 BRAKE, n. [W. brwg ; It. fraoeh ; Port, brrjo ; Sp. 
 brezo ; Dan. brcgne ; G. brrehe ; h. erica : Gr. loiKitr, 
 £• £(««, to break. So named, probably, from its rough- 
 ness or broken appearance.] 
 
 1. A n.ame given todiftlrent species of fern, of the 
 genus Pteris, particularly to the female fern, (/'. 
 aifuiliaa i) alsti to difl'erent species of fern of other 
 genera. The name is also used collectively in the 
 plural, {brakes.) 
 
 2. A place overgrown with brake. Encyc. 
 
 3. .\ thicket ; a place overgrown with shrubs and 
 bnniblcs. Johnson. 
 
 •1. In the United States, a thicket of canes ; as, a 
 cane-brake; but I believe used only in composition. 
 
 EUieutt. 
 
 BRaKE, n. [See Break.] An instrument or machine 
 to break fla.x or hemp. 
 
 2. The handle or lever by which a pump is worked ; 
 that is, brac, brachium, an arm. 
 
 3. .V baker's kneading-trough. 
 
 4. .V sharp bit, or snaffle. 
 
 5. .\ machine for confining refractory horses while 
 the smith is shoeing them. Johnson. 
 
 6. That pari of tile carriage of a movable battery, 
 or ensine, which enables it to turn. Fairfar.' 
 
 7. A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after 
 ploughing; called also a rfra-r. 
 
 BRAKE, II. i\n instrument ait.ached to wheels, par- 
 ticularly lo the wheels of carriages, and especially 
 railroad cars, which, by pressing on the wheels, re- 
 tards or stops their motion. 
 
 The wife of a Bnimin. 
 
 BRAKE'M.\.\, n. The man whose business I* to 
 manage the brake on railw.iys. 
 
 BRAK'V, a. Full of brakes; abiiunding with brain 
 bh s or shrubs ; rough ; thorny. B. Jomion. 
 
 BRAM'A, vn. [Broum, Pironiis. Herodotus. Ciu. 
 
 HUU.M'.\, V l..priinus ; Ir. pn»m/i, first, cliiel ; Goth. 
 
 BRAII'MA, 7 frum, origin, beginning.] 
 
 The chief deity of the Indian nations, consideied 
 as the cn^ator of all things. Jls. Rcsmrelin 
 
 BRA.M'BLE, n. [Sax. brembel, brcmbr, bremel, a bram- 
 ble, rubiis, vepres ; D. braam, braambusch, braaiiis-truilc, 
 bramble ; Ger. brainbeer, blackberry ; bromtjeerstutule, 
 braiiible. This plant, probably, is named from its 
 berry or its prickles. See Broom.] 
 
 'liie rasjiberry bush or blackbciry bush ; a name 
 common to difl'erent species of the genus Rnbus, in- 
 cluding the raspberry and blackberry. They are 
 armed with prickles ; hence, in common language, 
 any rough, prickly shrub. 
 
 BR,\M'BLE-B}JSII, n. [bramble and bii.ib.] The 
 bramble, or a collection of brambles growing together. 
 
 BR.\M'BL£D, (bram'bld,) a. Overgrown with bram- 
 bles. 
 
 BRAiM'BLE-NET, n. [bramble and vet.] A hallier, 
 
 or a net to catch birds. Encyc. Jiiih. 
 
 BRAM'ULIN'G, j 11. A bird, a species of Fringilla, 
 BR.V.M'BLE, 1 the mountain finch. Encyc. 
 BRAM'BLY, adc. Full of brambles. 
 
 BRAH'MLV, i "• [See Brachman.] 
 
 .\ priest among the Hindoos and other nations of 
 India. There are several orders of Braiiiins, many 
 of whom are very corrupt in their morals ; others 
 live sequestered from the world, devoted to supersti- 
 tion and indolence. They are the only persons who 
 understand the Sanscrit, or ancient language of the 
 country, in which their sacred books are written; 
 and to them are I'^iiropean nations indebted for their 
 knowledge of the language. 'I'liey worship Braina, 
 the supposed creator of the world, but have many 
 subordinate deities. 
 
 BUa.M'I.V ESS, 
 
 BU.\.M-1N-EE', 
 
 BR.\-.MI.\'ie-.>VL, a. Pertaining to the Brainins, or 
 their doctrines and worship ; as, the braminical sys- 
 tem. -Is. Researches. 
 
 BRXM'IN-ISiM, 71. The religion, or system of doc- 
 trines, of the Bramins. 
 
 BRAN, n. [W. trail, composed of 4 and rhan, a piece, 
 from rhauu, lo rend or tear ; Arm. brcnn ; Ir. and Fr. 
 bran. In Italian, brano is a piece or bit. Arm. 
 ranna ; II. rannain, to tear,] 
 
 The proper coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other 
 farinaceous grain, separated from the flour by bolting. 
 
 BRANCARD, ii. [Fr.] A horse litter. [J^'^it in use.] 
 
 BRANCH, II. [Vr. branche ; Arm. braneq. If n is not 
 railieal, this word coincides with W. braie, the arm, 
 a shoot. This is probably the fact.] 
 
 1. .\ shoot of a tree or other plant; a limb; a 
 bough shooting from the stem, or from another 
 branch or bough. Johnson restricts the word to a 
 sAi)(i( from a main bough ; but the definition is war- 
 ranted neither by etymology nor usage. 
 
 .\ division of a main stem, supporting the leaves 
 and fructification. Martyn. 
 ,\u arm of a tree sprouting from the stem. Encyc. 
 
 2. .\iiy arm or extended part shooting or extended 
 from the main body of a tiling ; as, the branch of a 
 candlestick or of an artery. Hence, from similitnde, 
 a smaller stream running into a larger one, or pro- 
 ceeding from it. Also, the shoot of a stag's horn ; 
 an antler. 
 
 3. Any member or part of a body, or system ; a 
 distinct article ; a section or subdivision ; as, charity 
 is a branch of Christian duly. 
 
 4. .Any individual of a family descending in a 
 coll.iteral line ; any descendant from a common 
 parent or stock. 
 
 .5. Branches of a bridle : two pieces of bent iron, 
 which bear ttie bit, the cross chains, and the curb. 
 
 (t. In architecture, branches of ogices are the arches 
 of Gothic vaults, traversing from one angle to another 
 diagonally, and forming a cross between the other 
 arches, which make the sides of the square, of which 
 these arches are diagonals. Harris. 
 
 7. A warrant or onmmission given to a pilot. 
 
 Laws of j\Ia.isachuse^L<i. 
 
 8. \ chandelier. jJsA. 
 BR.KNCII, I!, i. To shoot or spread in branches ; to 
 
 ramify ; as a plant, or ius horns. 
 
 2. 'i'o divide into separate parts or subdivisions, 
 as a mountain, a stremn, or a moral subject; to 
 ramify. 
 
 3. 'i'o speak diffusively ; to make many distinctions 
 or divisions in a discourse. 
 
 4. To have horns shooting out. .Milton. 
 BR.\.\'CH, r. t. To divide as into branches; to make 
 
 subordinate divisions. Bacon. 
 
 2. To adorn with needle-work, representing 
 branches, flowers, or twigs. Spenser. 
 BRA.\CH'£D, (brincht,) pp. Divided or spread into 
 branches; separated into subordinate parts ; .adorned 
 with branches ; furnished with braiiciies. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 — _ _ __ 
 
li II A 
 
 BRANCll'KI)-\V51{K,(hi:incht'\vurk,) ii. The carved 
 ami sculptured leavi s and branches in monuments 
 and friezes. 
 
 BRXNCH'ER, v. One that shoots forth branches. 
 2. A j ounj! hawk wht n it benins to leave the nest 
 and take to the branches. 
 BRXNCH'EK-V, 7(. The ramifications of the vessels 
 dispersed through the pulpy part of fruit. 
 
 Encyc, Ash. 
 
 BRAXeH'I-iE, 71. pi. [L.] Gills; a term applied to 
 
 the organs of respiration in certain animals which 
 
 live in water, as fishes and Crustacea. 
 BRXXCH'I-XES.S, H. Fullness of branches. Johnson. 
 BRANCHMXC, ;);ir. Shouting in branches; dividing 
 
 into several suli,irilinate part-. 
 BRANrU'l-NO, a. Furnished with branches; shoot- 
 
 inj; out branches. 
 BRA.\eilT-0-POD, 71. { [Gr. /Joajx'", g'Hs. 
 
 BRANCH I-OP'O-DA, H. p?. ( and runs, T:u6ui, 
 
 foot.] 
 
 Terms denoting an order of Crustacea, generally 
 very small or minute ; so named from their feet, or 
 locomotive extremities, having been supposed to per- 
 form the function of gills. P. Cue. 
 BRAXGH-I-OS'TE-GOUS, a. [Gr. iSfiojx'", 
 and S"i/uf, a covering.] 
 
 Having gill-covers, or covered gills, as a irancAio,?(e- 
 gous fish ; covering the gills, as the braiichiosteirous 
 membrane ; belonging to the gill-covers, as the branch- 
 ioste^otis rays. The branchivstcgi are an order of 
 fish in the Linnajan system, the rays of whose fins 
 are bonj', but whose gill-covers are destitute of bony 
 ravs. Enci/c. 
 BRANCH'l-REME, 7(. [Gr. Pnay\(a, and L. remii.^.] 
 
 An animal that has legs terminating in a bundle of 
 setiform blanches, connected witli its respiration. 
 
 Kirbij. 
 
 BR.\NCH'-LkAF, 71. A leaf growing on a branch. 
 
 Martifn. 
 
 BRANCH'LESS, a. Destitute of branches or shoots ; 
 without any valuable product ; barren ; naked. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BRXNCH'LET, 71. A little branch ; a twig ; the sub- 
 division of a branch. JIfarttjn. Asiat. Researches. 
 
 BRaNCH'-PE-DUN'€LE, (-dunk'l,) 71. A peduncle 
 springing fnmi a branch. Martipi. 
 
 BRANCH'-PI-LOT, 7i. A pilot who has a branch or 
 public commission. 
 
 Laws of Massachisettf and A'cio York. 
 
 BRaNCH'Y, a. Full ofbranches ; having wide-spread- 
 inir branches. Pope. 
 
 BR.\ND, 71. [Sax. brand; D. brand; G. brand; Dan. 
 brtBndc ; Sw. brand: from brdnna, brenncn, to burn. 
 See BuRx.] 
 
 1. A burning piece of wood ; or a stick or piece of 
 wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire 
 is extinct. 
 
 2. A sword, either from brandishing, (Fr. brandir,) 
 or from its glittering brightness ; 71010 obsulne, jintess 
 in poetnj. Milton. 
 
 3. A thunder-bolt. Oranville. 
 
 4. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as 
 upon a criminal, or upon a cask ; a stigma ; any note 
 of infamy. Bacon. Drydcn. 
 
 5. A disease in vegetables, by which tlu ir leaves 
 and tende bark are partially destroyed, as if burnt ; 
 called also burn. P. Cijc. 
 
 BRAXD, V. t. To burn or impress a mark with a hot 
 iron ; as, to brand a criminal, by way of punishment ; 
 or to brand a cask, or any thing else, for tlie purpose 
 of fixing a mark upon it. 
 
 2. To fix a mark or character of infamy, in allu- 
 sion to the branding of criminals ; to stigmatize as 
 infamous; as, to brand a vice with infamy. 
 
 Hoirr. .Addison. 
 
 BRAND'ED, pp. or a. JIarked with a hot iron ; stig- 
 matized. 
 
 BRAND'-GOOSE, 71. A sppcies of wild goose, of the 
 
 genus AiKe», usually called, in America, branU 
 BRAN'DI-KI), (bran'did,) a. Jlingled with brandy; 
 
 made stronger by the addition of brandy. 
 BRAXn'Ii\(;, ppr. Impressing a mark with a hot 
 
 iron ; fixing a stigma or mark of reproach. 
 BRA\r)'I.\(;-I-RO.\, (-i-urn,) «. An iron to brand 
 BRA.\D'-I-K0N,(-i-um,)7i. A branding-iron. [with. 
 
 2. A trivift to set a pot on. 
 BR.V.N'D'ISII, (. [Fr. brandir; Port. Irandir ; Pp. 
 
 blandir, r changed into I; It. brandirc : probably 
 
 allied to Fr. branlcr, to shaki .] 
 
 1. To move or wave, iia a weapon ; to raise and 
 move ill various directions ; to shake or fiourlsh ; as, 
 to brandixh a sword or a cane. It often indicates 
 threalenintr. 
 
 2. 'J'o play with : to llourisli ; as, to brandish uyl- 
 logiHiiiH. Locke. 
 
 BRA.N'U'lSII-Kl), (brand 'isht,) pp. Raised and waved 
 
 in the air with a llouriitli. 
 BRAND'I.-^II ER, n. Onv who brandishes. 
 BK.A.VD'I.-'II I.VG, ppr. Raising and waving in the 
 
 air ; nourishing. 
 IIRA.ND'MNc;, >i. A kind of worm. WalUm. 
 BRA.N'l)'-.\E\V, ( iiu,) n. [KecItiiAHD.] Unite new ; 
 
 bright as a br.nid of fire. Taller. 
 [Thin word, though now vulgar, wan considered 
 
 BRA 
 
 bv Spelnian as peculiarly elegant and appropriate. 
 Rich. Diet.] 
 
 BRAX'DY, «. [I), branden; Ger. brennen, to distil; 
 branden, to boil ; brenner, a distiller ; G. brannlmein ; 
 Fr. brandevin, brandy. See Bur.v.] 
 
 All ardent spirit distilled from wine. This is the 
 appropriate sense, though the same name is now 
 given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the 
 United States particularly to that which is distilled 
 from cider and peaches. In the north of Europe, the 
 term is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain. 
 
 BRAN'DY-VVINE, n. Brandy. mscmaji. 
 
 BRAN"GLE, 71. [Russ. bran, war, strife, noise, broil ; 
 4ran)/u, to hinder, to scold ; L.frendco. (Xu. wrangle. 
 Rrangle, in Scottish, signifies to shake, or to threaten ; 
 Fr. branler.] 
 
 A wrangle ; a squabble ; a noisy contest or dispute. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 BRAN"GLE, v. i. To wrangle ; to dispute conten- 
 
 tiouslv ; to sqiiablile. Swift. 
 BRA.\''GLE-.ME\T, 71. Wrangle; brangle. 
 liRA\"GLEl!, «. A quarrelsome person. 
 BRA\"GLIXG, 71. .4 quarrel. IVhitlock. 
 BRANK, 71. [So named, jirobably, from its joints, 
 
 breaks. " Galli^e quoqae suum genus farris dedere ; 
 
 quod illic branre vocanl, apud nos sandalum, nitidis- 
 
 siini grani." Plin. 18. 7.] 
 
 1. ISuckwheat, a species of Polygonum ; a grain 
 cultivated mostly for beasts and poiUtry ; but in the 
 United States, the flour is mucli used for making 
 breakfast cakes. 
 
 2. In some parts of England and Scotland, a scold- 
 ing-bridle, an instrument for correcting scolding 
 women. It consists of a head-piece, which incloses 
 the head of the ofiender, and of a sharp iron, which 
 enters the mouth and restrains the tongue. 
 
 Plott. Encyc. 
 BRAXK'UR-SINE, 71. [bravk and ursus, a bear.] 
 
 Bear^ti'breech, or Acanthus, a genus of plants, of 
 several species. The leaves of the common sort are 
 said to have furnished the model of the Corinthian 
 capital. 
 
 BRAX'LI.X, 71. A species of fish of the salmon kind, 
 in some places called the fingry, from five or six 
 black lines or marks on each side resembling fingers. 
 It is found in rapid streams. DicU of Mt. Hist. 
 
 BRAX'-XEW. See,BRAND-NEw. 
 
 BR.VX'XY, a. [from bran.] Having the appearance 
 of bran ; consisting of bran. fViseman. 
 
 BRAX'SLE, 71. A brawl, or dance. [J^ot tised.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BRAX'T, 71. [Qu.'iraiiii, burnt or brown.] A species 
 of wild goose, of the genus Anas ; called also brent 
 and brand-goose, which see. 
 
 BRAXT, a. "Steep. Todd. 
 
 BRAXT'-FOX, H. A kind of fox, the vulpes alnpez, 
 smaller than the common fox, and distinguished by 
 the blackness of its feet. Booth. 
 
 BRa'.<5E.\, (bra'/.n,) a. Made of brass. [See Brass 
 and Brazen.] 
 
 BRASH, a. Hasty in temper ; impetuous. Grose. 
 _2. Brittle. [Local.] 
 
 BRa'SIER, (bra'zhur,) 71. An artificer who works in 
 brass. Franklin. 
 2. A pan for holding coals. [See Brass.] 
 
 BRA-SIL'. See Brazil. 
 
 BR.\SS, 71. [Sax. bras; VY. pres ; Corn, brest; Ir. 
 pra.v. In Welsh, pros signifies bi-ass, and what is 
 quick, ready, sharp, smart, also haste, fuel, and 
 prp-si/, to render imminent, to hasten, to render 
 present. The latter sense indicates that it is from 
 the Latin. Hut I see no connection between these 
 senses and brass. This word may be named from 
 its bright color, and be allied to Port, braza, Sp. 
 brasas, live coals, 'aftraiar, abrasnr,U) burn or in- 
 flame ; but the real origin and primary sense are not 
 evident,] 
 
 1. An alloy of copper and zinc, of a yellow color, 
 usually containing .about one third of its weight of 
 zinc ; but the proportions arc variable. The best 
 brass is made by cementation of calamine, or the 
 oxyd of zinc with granulated copjier. Tlwmson. 
 
 2. Impudence ; a brazen face. 
 BRXS.S'-1!AN1), n. A company of musicians who 
 
 perform on instriimenls of brass, as the trumpet, 
 bugle, &r. 
 
 BRASS'-FDIL, 7t. Dutch leaf, or Dutch gold ; formed 
 by bleating out jil.ates of brass to great thinness. 
 
 BRASS' ACE, 71. A sum formerly levied to defray the 
 expense of coinage. Brunde. 
 
 BRASS'ART, 11. In p/u(c armor, the piece which pro- 
 tected the upper part of the arm, from the elbow to 
 the shoulder. Brande. 
 
 BRASSE, 71. The pale, spotted perch, with two long 
 teeth on each side ; the I.ucioperca. .ish. 
 
 Bit AS'S1;T, 71. A canpie or head-piece of armor. 
 
 BRAS'Sl CA, 71. [L.r Cabbage. Pope. 
 
 BRASS'l NESS, 71. A quality of brass; the appear- 
 ance of brass. 
 
 nRAS.S'-PAV-/','D, a. Hard as brass. .'^prnsrr. 
 
 BRASS-YIS'AG-KD, a. Impudent. Chalmers. 
 
 HRASS'Y,a. Pertaining to brass ; |)arlaking of brass; 
 hard as brass ; liaving the color of brass. 
 2. Impudent ; impudently bold. 
 
 BRA 
 
 iiRAST, a. Burst. [J\~ut in use.] Spenser. 
 BRAT, 71. [G. brut.] 
 
 1. A child, so called in contempt. 
 
 2. Offspring ; progeny. 
 
 BRAUL, 71. Indian cloth with blue and white stripes, 
 called tvrbant. Encyc. 
 
 BRA-Va'DO, 71. [Sp. bravata; Fr. bravade. See 
 Brave.] 
 
 A boast or brag ; an arrogant menace, intended to 
 intimidate. 
 
 BRAVE, a. [Fr. brace; Arm. brao ; Sp. Port. It. 
 bravo ; D. braaf; Sw. braf; Dan. brao ; Ger. brav, 
 whence bravircn, to look big, to bully or hector. In 
 Sp. and Port, braro signifies Arauf, valiant, strenuous, 
 bullying, fierce, wild, savage, rude, unpolished, ex- 
 cellent, fine ; bravear, to bully, to menace in an 
 arrogant manner ; iruca isa swell of the sea ; brareza, 
 valor, and fury of the elements. 'I'he word brave 
 expresses also a showy dress ; Arm. bragal, to be 
 well dressed, fine, spruce, of wliich iirao seems to be 
 a contraction. The word bears the sense of open, 
 bold, expanding, and rushing, vaunting. It is doubt- 
 less contracted, and probably from the root of brag.] 
 
 1. Courageous ; bold ; daring ; intrepid ; fearless 
 of danger ; as, a Araiie warrior. It usually unites 
 the sense of courage with generosity and dignity of 
 mind, qualities often united. Bacon. 
 
 The brave man wiU do*, deliberately do an injury to his frllow- 
 rnan. Anon. 
 
 2. Gallant ; lofty ; graceful ; having a noble mien. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Magnificent ; grand ; as, a brave place. 
 
 Dcnham. 
 
 4. Excellent ; noble ; dignified. [But in modem 
 usage, it has ne-arly lost its application to tJiings.] 
 
 [Ar. 
 
 .Spenser. 
 a man daring beyond dis 
 
 (J5^j baraka, to 
 
 5. Gaudy ; showy in dress, 
 adorn.] [Obs.] 
 BRAVE, 71. A hector 
 cretion or decency. 
 
 Hot braves like thee may fi^ht. Dryien. 
 
 2. A boast; a challenge; a defiance. Shak. 
 
 3. In Jimerica, an Indian warrior is called a brave, 
 a term first applied by the French. 
 
 BRAVE, 71. t. To defy; to ch.allenge ; to encounter 
 with courage and fortitude, or without being morved ; 
 to set at defiance. 
 
 The ills of love I can brave. 
 
 The rock that braves the tempest. DryJen. 
 2. To carry a boasting appearance of; as, to brave 
 that which they believe not. Baron. 
 BRa\''£D, pp. Defied ; set at defiance ; met without 
 
 dismay, or being moved. 
 BRaVE'LY, arfB. Courageously; gallantly; splendid- 
 ly ; in a brave manner ; heroicidly. 
 In Spenser, finely ; gaudily. 
 
 2. In colloquial jisage, in good health ; or much re- 
 covered from illness. jVorfulk. Suffolk. 
 
 [In this sense tlie term is still octasionally iised in 
 Jjaierica.] 
 BRAVER, a. ; c«i7ip. of Brave. 
 
 BRaV'ER-Y, 71. Courage; heroism; undaunted spirit ; 
 intrepidity ; gallantry; fearlessness of danger ; often 
 united with generosity or dignity of mind which 
 despises meanness and cruelty, and disdains to take 
 advantage of a vanquished enemy. 
 
 The duelist, in proving his bravery, shows lliiit he tliliiks it siis* 
 pected. Alton. 
 
 2. Splendor ; magnificence ; showy appearance. 
 Tlie bravery of their tinklino^ ornaments. — Is. iii. Spevter. 
 
 3. Show ; ostentation ; fine dress. Bacon. 
 
 4. Bravado ; boast. Bacon. Sidney. 
 
 5. A showy |)erson. Sprnsir. 
 [In the last four senses, t/iis word is nearly antujuatcd.] 
 
 BR A V'EST, a. ; svperl. of Brave. 
 
 BR.'vV'IXG, ppr. Setting at defiance ; challenging. 
 
 BR.A'VO, 71. [It. andSp.] A daring villain ; a bandit ; 
 one who sets law at defiance : an assassin or mur- 
 derer. Oot\ of the Tongue. 
 
 BRA'VO, interj. Well done. 
 
 BRA-Vu'R.\, n. [Sp., a boasting.] .•\n air charac- 
 terized by minute divisions, giving several notes to a 
 syllable, and requiring great force and spirit in tlic 
 performer. P. Cyc. 
 
 BRAWL, v.i. [G. briHlrn; D. bruUen; Dan. vraale 
 and briile ; Sw. vrala, to roar or bellow ; Fr. hrnillrr ; 
 Arm. brailhat, to brawl or be noisy ; I,, pnrlior ; W. 
 bruliaw, to boast, to brtig ; brawl, a shooting out, a 
 boast.) 
 
 1. To quarrel noisily and indecently 
 
 2. To speak loud and indi^cently. 
 
 3. To roar as water ; to make a noise. 
 BR.WVL, i!. t. To drive or bi:at away. 
 BRAWL, 71. [Norm. Aran/.] 
 
 "1. Noistt ; (]unrrel ; scurrility ; uproar. 
 2. Formerly, a kind of ilaiice, said to reseiiible the 
 modern cotillon. Shak. B. ./onsou. (trail. 
 
 BRAVVL'ER, n. A noisy fellow ; a wningler. .^yliffe. 
 BRAWL'INC, 71. The act of tpiarreling. 
 BUXVVL'IXti, ;i;ir. or a. lliiarrelling ; quarrelsome. 
 BRAVViyiXG LV, adr. In a ipiarrelsome manner. 
 
 Shnk. 
 Shak. 
 Shak. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BOQK — 
 
 144 
 
BRE 
 
 BRE 
 
 BRE 
 
 BK^WN, r, f L. apruffnus, c;iro upruiriia.] 
 1. Tlic flesli of a bmir, or tin; iiuiiiial. 
 a. The llesliy, protuberant, muscular part of tlie 
 body. Peacham, 
 
 3. Bulk ; muscular strcngtli. JJnjden. 
 
 4. The arm, from its muscles or strength. Shak. 
 f). The ticsli of tlie boar or of swine, collared so as 
 
 to squeeze out much of the fat, boiled and pickled. 
 BUAWN'KD, o. Brawnv ; stronj. tSpni.<^r. 
 BKAW.N'KR, n. A boar killed for the table. King. 
 BUA\V'N'I-NESS, n. The quality of being bniwny ; 
 
 strength ; hardiness. LocUe. 
 BKAVVN'Y, o. iMusculous ; fleshy; bulky; having 
 
 large, strong muscles ; strong. Dryden. 
 BUAV, V. t. [Sax. bracan; Fr brayer, to pound or 
 
 bruise; brairr, to roar, or bray as an ass; Arm. 
 
 brrifui, to roar; Norm, brair, to cry; to bruf^ i Gr. 
 
 /y,/(iv<j ; \V. »riirair, to break in pieces, to rub or 
 
 grnid ; breyan, a quern ; Ir. bra, a liandiudl. See 
 
 Brau and Break.] 
 
 1. To pound, beat, or grind small ; as, to bray a 
 fool in a mortar. I'rov. .\xvii. 
 
 2. V. i. 'J'o make a harsh sound, as of an ass. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 3. To make a harsh, disagreeable, grating sound. 
 
 Mltnll. 
 
 BRAY, n. The harsh sound or roar of an ass ; a harsh, 
 grating sound. 
 
 •2. Shelving ground ; a declivity or slope of a hill. 
 [Scottish, brae] Fairftu:. 
 BU.aY, ;i. [W. bre, a mount or peak.] 
 
 ,\ bank or mound of earth. [06.>-.] Ifrrhrrt. 
 BR.\Y'Ell, H. One that brays like an ass. Popr. 
 •2. An instrument to temper ink in |)rniting-ollices. 
 
 Bailey. MuLiun. 
 BRAY'I\G,ppr. Pounding or grinding small ; roaring. 
 BUaY'I.NU, II. The noise of an ass. 
 
 3. Roar ; noise ; clamor. Smith. 
 BR.^YLE, n. See Brail. 
 BRAZE, V. L \Vr. braser.] 
 
 1. To soder with an alloy of brass and zinc. 
 
 JMoron. 
 
 3. To harden to impudence ; to harden as w ith 
 brass. Shak. 
 BRA'ZEN, (bra'zn,) a. Made of brass ; as, a brazen 
 helmet. Dryden. 
 
 2. Pertaining to brass ; proceeding from brass ; as, 
 a bra:en din. Shah 
 
 3. Impudent ; having a front like brass. 
 
 BrauH aire, or age of brass ; in myOiolugy, the age 
 . which succeeded the silver age, when men had de- 
 generated from primitive purity. 
 
 Brazen duh, among miner.-', is the standard by which 
 other dishes are gauged, and is kept in the king's hall. 
 [Kngland.] 
 
 Brazen sea ; in Jewish antiipiity, a huge vessel of 
 bra^s, ca-st on tlie plain of Jordan, and placed in Sol- 
 omon's temple. It was K cubits from brim to brim, 
 5 in hight, 30 in circumference, and contained 3000 
 baths. It was designed for the priests to wash them- 
 selves in, before Uiey performed the service of the 
 temple. Encvc. 
 BRA'Z£N, (bri'zn,) v. i. To be impudent ; to bully. 
 
 .^rbuthnut. 
 
 BRa'ZE.\-BROVV-£D, o. Being of shameless impii- 
 di-nce. Brown, 
 
 BR.\'ZK.\-F.\CE, 71. [brazen and face.] An impu- 
 dent person ; one remarkable for etfronterv. Shak. 
 
 BRA'Z>;N-FAC'i;i), (bri'zn-laste,) a. Impudent ; bold 
 to excess ; shameless. Dryden. 
 
 BR.\'Z£.\-LY, adr. In a bold, impudent manner. 
 
 BR.\'Z/';.\-.NE.'<S, II. .Xppear.incc like brass. In this 
 sense, bra.<sinrss is the more correct word. 
 Impudence; excess of a^surjuicc. 
 
 BRA'ZIER. See BnAsitR. 
 
 BR.\-ZII.', ) n. (Port braza, a live coal, or 
 
 BRA-ZlL'-\VOOD, ( clowine fire. This name was 
 given lo the \\ ihiiI for its color ; and it is said that 
 King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave tins name to the 
 country in .America on acuiint of its producing this 
 wood. It was first named Santa Cntz, by its discov- 
 erer, Pedro Alvares t'abr.il. Lmdleii's .Varratire of a 
 Voyage to Brazd. Med. Hrp. IIi x. -j, vol. 3, 200.] 
 
 Brazil, or brazil-tcood, is a very heavy wo*id, of a 
 red color, growing in Brazil and other tropical coun- 
 tries. It is used ill manufactures for dyeing red. It 
 is the produce of the Ctf^salpinia rchinata, 
 
 BRAZ-I-LET'TO, n. A kind of red dyeing-wood, In- 
 ferior to the brazil-wood, brought from Jamaica, the 
 produce of two species of Ca'salpinia, (C. brasiitensis 
 and C. crwffl.) See Hrazil-Wood. Bancroft, 
 
 BR.\-ZIL'I.\X, (bra-zil'yan,) a. Pertaining lo Brazil ; 
 as, Braziltan strand. Barloie. 
 
 BRA-ZIL'-N'UT, n. The Juvia ; the nut of a large 
 Soiiili .\merican tree ; the Ber'.holletia ezeetia. 
 
 BRAZ'I.N'G, II, The act of uniting by an alloy of brass 
 and zinc. 
 
 BREACH, n. [Fr. breche ; D. breuk; Ger. brudi; Sw. 
 bratk ; Dan. bmk : Sp. and Port, brecha. See Break.] 
 1. The act of breaking, or .state of being broken ; a 
 rupture ; a break ; a gap ; the space between the sev- 
 eral [Kirts of a solid body parted by violence ; as, a 
 breacJi m a garment or in a wall. 
 
 2. Tlu! vit|l:ition of a law ; the violation or non- 
 fulfillment of a contract ; the non-perforinanco of a 
 moral duty ; non-pi rformance of duty being a breach 
 of obligation as well us a |H>sitive transgression or vi- 
 olation. 
 
 Every breach of the public en^gementa ia hurlftil tn public 
 ca'dit. Ilamillon. 
 
 3. An opening in a coafet. [N'ot H.-fua?.] Spenser. 
 
 4. Separation between Iriends by means of enmity ; 
 dilference ; quarrel. ClarenUim. 
 
 5. Infraction ; injury ; invasion ; as, a breach upon 
 kingly power. Clarendon. 
 
 6. Bereavement ; loss of a friend and its consequent 
 aflliction. 
 
 7. A violation of the public peace, as by a riot, af- 
 fray, or any tumult which is contrary to law, and 
 destructive to the public tranquillity, is called a breach 
 of the peace. 
 
 BliliACII, V. t. To make a breach or opening, as in 
 the walls of a fortification. Life of Wellington. 
 
 BRl":ACH'Fl,I-, a. Full of breaches, 
 
 BRkACII'Y, (I. .•\pt to break fences. IMlowny. 
 
 BREAD, (bred,) v. [Sax. bread; Ger. W, brod; D. 
 brood; Sw. briid ; Dan. brOd; (iu. Gr, (Jijoitos, any 
 thing esculent. If the word signifies food in geni rai, 
 or lluit wiiicli is eaten, probably it is the lleb, and 
 Ch. ni-il, from n-v3, bamh, to eat or feed. But, 
 in German, it signifies loaf as well as bread. "Ze- 
 hcn brot," ten loaves. It may therefore signify, 
 primarily, a lump or portion.] 
 
 1. A ni.iss of dough, made by moistening and 
 kneading, and usually fermenting, the Hour or meal 
 of some species of grain, and baked in an oven or 
 
 2. Food in general. [pan. 
 
 In th'' iwfxt of lli,v fncf stinit thou Ml bread. — Gen. iii. 
 Give i:s Uliji dity our duily breast. Lord't Prayer. 
 
 3. Support of life in general ; maintenance. 
 
 Is iJie reward of rirtno bretut ? Popt. 
 Bee-bread. See Bee. 
 
 Ship-bread ; bread for ships ; hard biscuits. 
 Cassada-brcad. See Cassada, 
 BREAD, e. (. [Sax. bradan. See Broad.] 
 
 To spread. [JVot used.] Ray. 
 BREAD'CIIII'-PER. n. [bread and chrp.] One who 
 chips bread ; a baker's servant; an under butler. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BREAD'-eOR.N', n. [bread and com.] Corn of which 
 bread is made. This, in most countries, is wheat or 
 rye ; but, in .some countries, bread is made of other 
 grain, as of maize in some parts of America. 
 
 BREAD'JC.V, (bred'n,) a. Made of bread. Rogers. 
 
 BREAD'-FRviIT-TREE: n. [bread, frait, and tree.] 
 The Artocarpiis incisa, a tree w hich grows in the 
 isles of the Pacific Ocean, of the size of an apple- 
 tree, producing a fruit of a round or oval shape, and 
 as large as a small loaf of bread, which is eaten as 
 food. Knciic. 
 
 BREAD'LRSS, a. Without bre.id ; destitute of food. 
 
 BRE.\D'-ROO.M, n. Jin apartment in a ship's hold, 
 where the bread is kept. 
 
 BREAD'-STUFF, 11. Bread corn, meal, or flour. [17. 
 Slates.] 
 
 BREADTH, fbredth.) n. [Sa.x. brad and bred. See 
 Board an<l Broad.] 
 
 The measure or extent of any plain surface from 
 side to side ; a geometrical dinu nsion, which, multi- 
 plied into the length, constitutes a surface ; as, the 
 length of a table is five feet, and the breadth three ; 
 5x3=1.') feet, the whole surface. 
 
 BREADTH'LESS, <i. Having no breadth. More. 
 
 BREAK, r. t. ; prrt. Broke, [Brake, ohs. :] pp. Broke 
 or Broken. [Sax. bnecnn, bream, to break, and bra- 
 can, to bray, a-s in a inorUir ; Sw. braka ; Dan. brnkkc ; 
 D. braaken, brceken ; (ler. brechen ; \V. bregu, lo break ; 
 breg, a rent or rupture ; ire f , a breaking out ; a frec- 
 kle; Goth, brikan ; Ir. bracaim, to break, to harrow; 
 Sp. and Port, brecha, a breach ; L. frango, fretji, n 
 ca-sual ; .Vrm. fricga; Fr. fracas; Heb. Ch. Syr. Sain, 
 and Ar. pio, farak, lo break, to free, or deliver, to 
 separate ; Gr. ippannu, ipoaynn. These words seem 
 also to be allied to Ti3 and VB. If the first conso- 
 nant is a prefix, which is probable, then connected 
 with these words are the Gr. 'p'ly vvu and iohkw, W. 
 rhicygaic, Arm. roga, rega, to rend. Wreck is proba- 
 bly of the same family. The primary sense is to 
 strain, stretch, rack, drive ; hence, to .strain and burst 
 or break. It should be noted that the Greek ^ij; /j, in 
 the yfvolic dialect, is 0oiiyri.] 
 
 1. To part or divide by force and violence, as a 
 solid substance ; to rend apart ; as, to break a band ; 
 to break a thread or a cable. 
 
 2. To burst or open by force. 
 
 The fountain* of tjie earth were broke open. Burnet. 
 
 3. To divide by piercing or penetrating ; to burst 
 forth ; as, the light breaks through the clouds. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. To make breaches or gaps by battering, a.s in a 
 wall, Shak. 
 
 5. To destroy, crush, weaken, or impair, as the 
 human body or constitution. Milton. 
 
 (">. To sink ; to apiKill or subdue ; as, to break the 
 spirits or Ilie passions. Philips. 
 
 7. To crush; to shatti r ; to dissipate the strength 
 of, as of an army. Dryden. 
 
 8. To weaken or impair, as the faculties. .SAa*. 
 
 9. To tame ; to train to obedience ; to make tracta- 
 ble ; as, to break a horse. .^ddvion. 
 
 10. To make bankrupt. South. 
 
 11. To discard, dismiss, or cashier , as, to break an 
 oflicer. SntifL, 
 
 12. To crack, to part, or divide, as the skin ; to 
 open, as an aposleme. 
 
 13. To violate, lis a contract or promise, either by 
 a positive act contrary to the promise, or by neglect 
 or non-fulfillment. 
 
 14. To infringe or violate, as a law, or any moral 
 obligation, either by a positive act, or by an omission 
 of what is required. Dryden. 
 
 1.5. To stop ; to interrupt ; to cause lo cease ; as, to 
 break conversation ; lo break sleep. Shak. 
 
 1(1. To intercept ; to check ; lo lessen the force of; 
 as, to break a fall, or a blow. Bacon. 
 
 17. To separate; to part ; as, to break company or 
 friendship. Alterbary. 
 
 18. To dissolve any union ; sometimes witli off; 
 as, to break off a connection. 
 
 19. To cause to abandon ; lo reform, or cause lo re- 
 form ; as, to break one of ill habits or practices. Grew. 
 
 20. To open, as a purpose ; to propound something 
 new ; to make a first disclosure of opinions ; as, to 
 breaJi one's mind. Bacon. 
 
 21. To frustrate ; to prevent. 
 
 If pla^ies or civrtji(iual*e« break not Heaven'i de»i^. Pope. 
 
 22. To lake away ; as, to break the whole stafl" of 
 bread. Ps. cv. 
 
 23 To stretch ; to strain ; to rack ; as, lo break one 
 on the wheel. 
 
 To break the back ; to strain or dislocate the verte- 
 briB with too heavy a burden ; also, to disable one's 
 fortune. Shak. 
 
 To break balk; to begin to unload. Mar. Diet. 
 
 To break carer : to come forth from a lurking-place, 
 as game when hunted. 
 
 To break a deer ; lo cut it up at table. Johnson. 
 
 To break fn.-.t : to eat the first meal in the day, but 
 used as a compound word. 
 
 To break ground ; to plow. Careir. 
 
 To breaJi ground; to dig; to open trenches; and 
 hence, fguratiocly, to commence an undertaking. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 To break the heart; to afllicl grievously; to cause 
 great sorrow or grief; to dejiress with sorrow or de- 
 spair. Dryden. 
 
 To break a jest ; to utter a jest unexpected. Johnson. 
 
 To break Uie neck ; to dislocate the joints of the 
 neck. .SW;. 
 
 To break off; to put a sudden stop to ; to interrupt ; 
 to discontinue. 
 
 Break ojf thy aina by righteoiiineu. — Dan. ir. 
 
 2. To sever ; to divide ; as, to break off a twig. 
 
 To breali in ; to train or accustom. 
 
 To break sheer. In marine language, w hen a ship at 
 anchor is in a position to keep clear of the anchor, 
 but is forced by wind or current out of that position, 
 she breaks her sheer. Mar. Diet. 
 
 To break up; lo dissolve or put an end lo; as, to 
 break up house-keeping. 
 
 2. To open, or lay open ; as, lo break up a bed of 
 earth. 
 
 3. To plow ground the first lime, or after lying 
 long unplowed. [A common iLse in the U. States.] 
 
 4. To separate , as, to break vp a company. 
 
 5. To disband ; as, to break up an army. 
 
 To break upon the wheel ; lo stretch and break the 
 bones by torture upon the wheel. 
 
 To break uind; to give vent to wind I'roin the body 
 backward. 
 
 BRE.\K, (brake,) v. i. To part ; to separate ; lo divide 
 in two ; as, the ice breaks ; a band breaks. 
 
 2. To burst ; as, a storm or deluge breaks. Dryden. 
 
 3. To burst by d-ishing against something ; as, a 
 wave breaks upon a rock. Pope. 
 
 4. To open, as a tumor, or aposleme. Harvey. 
 
 5. To open, ius the morning ; lo show the first light ; 
 lo dawn. Mdison. 
 
 G. To burst forth ; to utier or exclaim Shak. 
 
 7. I'o fail ill trade or other occupation ; to become 
 bankrupt. Pope. 
 
 8. To decline in health and strength ; to begin to 
 lose the natural vigor, Sicifu 
 
 9. To issue out with vehemence. Pope. 
 
 10. To make way with violence or suddenness ; to 
 rush ; often with a particle ; as, lo break in ; to break 
 in upon, as calamities; lo break over, as a flood ; to 
 break out, as a fire ; to break fortJi, as light or a 
 
 11. To come to an explanation. [sound. 
 I ain to break with thee upon tome afTain. Shak. 
 
 [I believe antiquated.] 
 
 12. To sufl°er an intemiption of friendship ; to fall out. 
 
 Be not nfr*id to break with tnutori. B. Jonson. 
 
 13. To faint, flag, or pant. 
 
 My aoul breaketh for the longing that it bath unto thy Judf* 
 
 menu. — P«. cxix. 
 To break aieay ; to disengage it.self from; lo rush 
 
 TCXE, BULL, q.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as.K; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THI.S 
 
 19 
 
MRK 
 
 trom ; also, to dissolve itself or dissipate, as fog or 
 
 To break forth ^ to issue out. [clouds. 
 
 To break from ; to disengage from ; fo depart ab- 
 laptly, or with vehemence. Roscommon. 
 
 To break in ; to enter by force ; to enter unexpect- 
 edly ; to intrude. Sdilison. 
 
 To break loose; to get free by force ; to escape from 
 confinement by violence ; to shake off restraint. 
 
 MiUon. Tdhitson. 
 
 To break off; to part ; to divide ; also, to desist sud- 
 denly. Bacon. 
 
 To brealc off from; to part from with violence. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 To break out ; to issue forth ; to discover itself by 
 its effects ; to arise or spring up ; as, a fire breaks oat ; 
 a sedition breaks out ; a fever breaks oat. 
 
 Drijden. Milton. 
 
 2. To appear in eruptions, as pustules ; to have 
 pustules, or an efflorescence on the skin ; as, a cliild 
 breaks out. Hence we have freckle, from the root of 
 break ; VVelsli brec. 
 
 3. To throw o8' restraint, and become dissolute. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 To break up ; to dissolve itself and sep;irate ; as, a 
 conii>any brrnJcs up : a meeting breaks up ; a fog brealus 
 up ; but more generally we say, fog, mist, or clouds 
 break away. 
 
 To break with ; to part in enmity ; to cease to be 
 friends j as, to breaic with a friend or companion. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 This verb carries with it its primitive sense of 
 straininir, partiutr, severinir, bursting, tiften with vio- 
 lence, with the consequential senses of injury, defect, 
 and infirmity. 
 
 BRE.\K, n. A state of being open, or the act of sepa- 
 rating ; an opening made by f'Drcu ; an opvn place. 
 It is the same word as brack, differently v\ ritten and 
 
 2. A p:iuse ; an interruption. [pronounced. 
 
 3. A line in writing or printing, noting a suspen- 
 sion of the sense, or a stop in the sentence. 
 
 4. In a skip, the break of the deck is the part where 
 it terminates, and the descent on to the next deck be- 
 low counnences. 
 
 5. The first appearance of light in the morning ; 
 
 *> ^ 
 
 the dawn ; as, the break of day. Ar. l3^5 farakon, 
 
 id., that \3,farak. 
 G. In architecture, a recess or projection in any part, 
 
 so as to break the continuity of the surface. Gwiit. 
 BKEaK'A-HLE, a. Capable of being broken. 
 BREaIv'AOE, (brak'aje,) w. A hr{ aking ; also, an al- 
 
 low.'tnce for things broken, in traTi-purT.ilkiii. 
 BREaK'EU, n. 'J'iie person who lir aks ;iriy thing; a 
 
 violator or transgressor ; as, a breaker of tile law. 
 
 South. 
 
 9. A rock which breaks the w.aves; or the wave 
 itself which breaks against a rock, a sand bank, or 
 the shore, exhibiting a white foam. 
 
 Jilar. Diet. Johnson. 
 
 3. A pier, mounn, or other solid matter, placed in 
 a river, to break the floating ice, and prevent it from 
 injuring a bridge below ; called also ice-breaker. 
 
 4 One that breaks up ground 
 
 .5. A destroyer. Jilicah ii. 
 BREAK'EAST, (brek'fast,) ». [ftrraA and /<««.] The 
 first me.'il in the day ; or the thing eaten at the first 
 mital. 
 
 BREAK'FA.'^T, (brek'fast,) <i. t. To furnish with the 
 
 first meal in the morning. 
 BR i; AK'FAST, (brek'fast,) v. i. To eat the first meal 
 
 in the day. 
 
 BREAK'!' AST-Ii\'G, ppr. Eating or taking the first 
 
 meal in the day. 
 BREAK'FAST-liN'G, n. A i)arty at breakfast. 
 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 BREAK'I.Nfi, (brak'ing,) /i/ir. I'.irting by vioh nee ; 
 rending asunder; becoming bankrupt. 
 
 BRE.\K'1.\(»-1N, 71. Tlie act of subduing and train- 
 ing to labor. 
 
 BREAK' .MA.V. See Brakeman. 
 
 BREaK'NEUK, n. [break and neck.] A fall that 
 breaks the neck ; a steep place endangering the 
 neck. Shuk. 
 
 BREaK'-PRO.M-ISE, n. [break and promise.] One 
 who makes a practice of breaking his promise. [JV«« 
 used.] S/iak. 
 
 BREAK'- VOW, n. [break and vow.] One who ha- 
 bitually breaks his vows. [Mit a-ml.] Shuk. 
 
 BREAK'VVA-TER, n. [break and water.] The hull 
 of an old vessel sunk at the entrance of a harbor, to 
 break or diminish the force of the waves, to secure 
 the vessels in harbor. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A Mmall buoy fastened to a large one, when the 
 rnpe of the latter is not long enough to reach the sur- 
 face of the water. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. Any mole, mound, or wan, raised in a river or 
 CHtu:ir>', or harbor, to break the force of the waves, 
 and protect sliippiiig, &c. 
 
 BREAM, 71. [I'r. brrme; Ch. na>-\2K ubrumah; Sp. 
 brcma. ] 
 
 A fish, the Cyprinun bramn, nn inhabitant of lakes 
 and deep water, extremely insipid, and little valued. 
 
 Kncyc. Walton. 
 
 BRE 
 
 BREAM, V. t. In sea langva>re, to burs off the filth, 
 such as grass, sea-weed, ooze, &c., from a ship's bot- 
 tom. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BREAST, (brest,) ti. [Sax. breast ; Sw. brost ; D. borst, 
 the breast, a' lad, a notch; G. brust, breast, and 
 briistcn, to hold up the head, to look big; Dan. briist, 
 breast ; also, default, defect, blemish ; also, bryst, 
 breast, pap ; bryste sig, to strut ; briste, to burst. The 
 sense seems to be, a protuberance.] 
 
 I. A soft protuberance on the anterior part of the 
 thorax, in man and some other mammalia ; fijrmed 
 by a conglomerate gland, for the secretion of milk, 
 situated between tlie integuments and the muscles, 
 and called the mamma. 
 
 Ilii. breasts an? full of niill:. — Job xxi. 24. 
 9. The fore part of the thorax, or the fore part of 
 the human body between the neck and the belly. 
 
 3. The part of a beast which answers to the breast 
 in man. 'I'his, in quadrupeds, is between the fore 
 legs, below the neck. 
 
 4. Figuratively, tile heart ; the conscience ; the 
 disposition of the mind ; the affections ; the seat 
 of the affections and passions. Cowley. Dryden. 
 
 5. Formerly, the power of singing. Tu-sser. 
 BREAST, (brest,) v. t. To meet in front ; to oppose, 
 
 breast to breast. Qoldsinitli.. Dryden, 
 
 The court breasted Uie popular current by sustaining the de- 
 murrer. Wirt. 
 
 BREAST'-BANn, 7!. A band of canvas, or a rope, 
 passed round the body of a man who heaves the lead 
 in soiiniling, and fastened to the rigging to prevent 
 his falling into the sea. Tuttrn. 
 
 BREAST'-BoNE, 7i. [breast and bone.] The bone of 
 the breast ; the sternum. Peacham, 
 
 BREAST'-€ASK-ET, n. [breast and casket.] One of 
 the largest and longest of the caskets or strings on 
 the middle of the yard of a shi)). Johnson. 
 [I do not find this word in the Mariner^s Dictiunari/.] 
 
 BREAST'-DEEI', a. Breast-high ; as high as the 
 breast. 
 
 EREAST'ED, (brest'ed,) a. Having a broad breast ; 
 
 having a fine voice. Fiddrs. 
 BREAST'FAST, 7t. [breast and fast.] A large rope 
 
 to confine a ship sidewise to a wharf^ or key. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 BREAST'-HIGIl, a, [breast and high.] High as the 
 breast. Sidney. 
 
 BREAST'HOOKS, n. pi. [breast and hook.] Knees 
 placed across the stem ol^ a ship to strengthen the 
 fore part and unite the bows on each side. 
 
 Jl/(ir. Did. 
 
 BREAST'ING, ppr. Meeting with the breast ; oppos- 
 ing in front. 
 
 Breasting up a hedge, is cutting the face of it on 
 one side, so as to lay bare the principal upright stems 
 of the plants. Brande. 
 
 BREAST'KNOT, (brest'not) 71. [breast and knot.] A 
 knot of ribbons worn on the breast. Addison. 
 
 BREAST'PIN, 7!. A pin worn lor a fastening, or for 
 ornament, on the breast. 
 
 BREAST'PLaTE, 71. [breast and plate.] Armor for 
 the breast. Cowley. 
 i>. A strap that rtins across a horse's breast. Ash. 
 3. In Jewish antii/uity, a part of the vestment of the 
 high priest, consisting of a folded piece of the rich 
 embroidered stuff of which the ephod was maile. It 
 was set with twelve precious stones, on whirh were 
 engraved the names of the twelve tribes. Kncuc. 
 
 BREAST'-PLOVV, 71. [breast and plow.] A plow, 
 driven by the breast, used to cut or pare turf. 
 
 HUEA.'ST'-RoPE. See Breast-Band. [Johnson. 
 
 BREAST'-WIIEEL, 71. A water-wheel, on which the 
 stream of water strikes neither so high as in the over- 
 shot wbi i l, luir so low as in the under-shot, but at 
 an intc rinrdialr point between. 
 
 BREAST'WORK, (brest'wurk,) n. In fortification, 
 a work thrown up for deft;nse ; a parapet, which see. 
 
 BREATH, (lirt'th,) n. [Sax. bra-.th, odor, scent, breath j 
 G. brodein, steam, vajior, breath.] 
 
 1. The air inhaled and c.\pellcd in the respiration 
 of animals. 
 
 2. Life. " 
 
 Nu man has more contempt than I of breath. Vryden. 
 
 3. The'state or power of breathing freely ; opposed 
 to a state of exlnmstion from violent action ; as, I 
 am out of breath ; 1 am scarce in breath. Shak. 
 
 4. Respite ; pause ; time to breathe ; as, let me take 
 breath ; give me some breath. Shak. 
 
 5. Bree/.e ; air in gi'iitle motion. 
 
 Calm ami luirulllril as a Kunuuer'il n^-a, 
 
 Wh'Ui nut a breath of winil Ilirs o't'r iu turfaee. Additon. 
 
 6. A single respiration ; as, he swears at every 
 breath. 
 
 7. An instant ; the time of a siqgle respiration ; a 
 single act. 
 
 lla aniil'-s and ho fVown* In n breath. Dryden. 
 
 8. A word. 
 
 A breath can make Ihem, n» a breath linj made. Ooldtmith. 
 BRRATirA-BI,E, n. That may be breathed. 
 HKkATH'A-HI.E MESS, ,1. Slate of being briatli.ible. 
 BUl'.ATIlE, V. i. 'I'o resjiire ; to inspire and expire 
 air. Hence, to livt;. J'ojir. Shuk. 
 
 BRE 
 
 2. To take breath ; to rest from action ; as, let them 
 have time to breathe. 
 
 3. To pass, as air. 
 
 To wtiQse foul mouth no wliolesome air breaOies in. Shak. 
 BREATHE, d. t. To inhale, as air, into the lungs, and 
 expel it ; as, to breathe vital air. Dryden. 
 
 2. To inject by breathing ; to infuse ; followed by 
 into. 
 
 And the Lord tiod brea^d into hia nostrils the breath ot life. — 
 U- n. ii. 
 
 3. To expire ; to eject by breathing; followed by 
 out ; as, to breathe out threatenings and slaughter. 
 
 4. To exercise ; to keep in breath. [Acts. 
 
 The greyhounds ate as swift as breaVied stags. Shak. 
 
 5. To inspire or blow into ; to cause to sound by 
 breathing; as, to ireat/ie the flute. Prior. 
 
 G. To exhale ; to emit, as breath ; as, the flowers 
 breathe odors or perfume. 
 
 7. To utter softly or in private ; as, to breathe a 
 vow. Shuli. 
 
 8. To give air or vent to ; to open ; as, to breathe a 
 vein. [W. brutliu, to pierce.] Johnson. Dryden. 
 
 9. To express ; to manifest. 
 
 Otiier articles trreathe the same severe spirit. Milner, 
 
 BReATH'£D, pp. Inhaled and exhaled ; respired ; 
 uttered. 
 
 BReATH'ER, 71. One that breathes or lives ; one that 
 utters ; an inspirer ; one who animates or infuses by 
 inspiration. 
 
 BREATH'FIJL, (breth'ful,) 0. Full of breath ; full of 
 
 tuior. Spenser. 
 BREATH'IN'G, ppr. Respiring; living; uttering. 
 2. a. Exhibiting to the life ; as, breathing paint. 
 _ Pope. 
 BReATH'ING, 71. Respiration; the act of inhaling 
 and exhaling air. 
 
 2. Air in gentle motion ; applied, also, figuratively, 
 to a gentle influence or operation ; as, the breatliings 
 of the Spirit. 
 
 3. -Aspiration ; secret prayer. Prior. 
 
 4. Breathing-piace ; vent. Dryden. 
 a. Accent ; aspiration ; as, a rough breathing. 
 
 BREATH'ING-PLaUE, 71. A pause. 
 2. A vent. 
 
 BREATH'ING-TlME, 71. Pause; relaxatiim. Hall. 
 
 BREATH'LESS, (breth'less,) a. Being out of breath ; 
 sjient v. ith labor or violent action. 
 2. Dead ; as, a breathless body. Shak. 
 
 BREATH'LESS-NESS,7i. The state of being exhaust- 
 ed of breath. Hall. 
 
 BRECCIA, 71. [It., a breach.] 
 
 In mineralogy, an aggregate composed of angular 
 fragments of the same mineral, or of different miner- 
 als, united by a cement, and presenting a variety of 
 colors. Sometimes a few of the fragments are a lit- 
 tle rounded. The varieties are the silicious, calcare- 
 ous, and trap breccias, Cleaveland. 
 
 BREC'CIa-TED, a. Consisting of angular fragments 
 cemented together. 
 
 BRED, pp. of Breed. Generated; produced; con- 
 trived ; educated. 
 
 BRkDE, 71. A braid. [JVof used.] Addison. 
 
 BREECII, 71. [See Breach and Break.] The lower 
 part of the body behind. 
 
 2. Breeches ; but rarely used in tlie singular. Shak. 
 
 3. The hinder part of any thing. Johnson. 
 
 4. The large, thick end of a cannon or other fire- 
 arm. 
 
 BREECH, 7). (. To put into breeches. Johruion. 
 
 2. To whip on the breech. Massinger. 
 
 3. To fasten with breeching. 
 
 BREECH'JvD, (breecht,) pp. or a. Put into breeches ; 
 wliippi'd on the breech. 
 
 BREECH'ES, (bricli'ez,) 71. pi. [Sax. brae, brirccte ; D. 
 broek ; Arm. braga, brage^ ; It. brace, brachcsse, or 
 braghe.ise ; Port, and Sp. bragas ; Fr. braies ; Ir. brog ; 
 Low L. braccce ; Dan. brog, breeches, and broget, of 
 various colors, mixed, variegated ; W. bry;an, a spot- 
 ted covering, Scotch plaid ; bryc, variegated with 
 colors. "Sarmatw totum braccati corpus." Mela, 2. 
 I. See Plin. 3. 4. Herod, lib. 7. Strabo, lib. l.'i. Ovid. 
 Trist. ."i. 7. Cluv. Germ. Ant. \. Hi. I'ellontier, Hist. 
 Olt. 1. 30. 'I'he word seems to be from the root of 
 break, and to denote, diverse in color, variegated, like 
 freckled. See Freckle.] 
 
 A garment worn by men, covering the hips and 
 thighs. It is now a close garment ; but the word 
 formerly was used fur a loose garment, now called 
 trowsers, laxte brueetp. Ovid. 
 
 To wear the breeches, is, in the wife, to usurp the 
 authority of the husband. John.ion. 
 
 BREECH'ING, ppr. Furnishing with breeches, or 
 with a breech. 
 
 2. Whipping the breech ; and, as a noun, a whip- 
 ])ing. Murlow. 
 
 BREECH'ING, (brich'ing,) 71. That part of a harness 
 which comes round the breech of a hor.se. 
 
 2. In gunnery, on board of ships, a strong ropo 
 fasteneil to tht; casrabel or ptunmolion of a cannon 
 by a thiiiible, ami clinched to ring-bolts in the ship's 
 side, to prevent it fniiii recoiling too much in battle. 
 
 Mar, Diet, 
 
 FATE. PAR. PALL, WH^T METE, PUfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 146 
 
Int'-in)'<cr<Mir^ nml lust breed iiirinnitics. 
 Ainbiuun breeds facUona. 
 
 KRE 
 
 DREED, I". (. ; pret. and ;<;>. Bred. [Snx. bredan, bra>- 
 dan, to warm, to dilate, to open, to spread ; D. broe- 
 den, to brood j Ger. briHen, to brood ; Dan. breiU, to 
 spread, dilate, unfold ; VV. hrwd, warm ; brydiaie, to 
 warm, to heat. Class Kd. See Bkoad.] 
 
 1. To peiieratc ; to enRcndcr ; to liatcli ; to produce 
 the yoiins of any species of animals. I think it is 
 never used of plants, and in animals is usually ap- 
 plied to the mother or dam. 
 
 2. To produce within or upon the body ; as, to 
 breed teeth ; to breed worms. 
 
 3. To cause ; to occasion ; to produce ; to originate. 
 
 TiUoUon. 
 
 Anon, 
 
 4. To contrive; to hatch ; to produce by plotting. 
 
 Had tu' ft he.-ut ftnil a br.iin to brteil it in f 
 
 5. To give birth to ; to ho the native pl.ace of j as, 
 a pond breeds fish ; a northern couutrj- brceils a race 
 of stout men. 
 
 (■). To educate , to instruct ; to form hy education ; 
 often, bill unnecessarily, followed hy ii/j ; tis, to breed 
 a son to an occupation ; a man brai at a university. 
 To breed up, is vulvar. 
 
 7. To brill:; up; to nurse and foster; to take care 
 of in infancy, and through the age of youth ; to pro- 
 vide for, train, and coniluct ; lo instruct the mind 
 and form the inauners in youth. 
 
 To briiij; thre liirtli with jxiiii, witli cnrr to brrctt. Dryten. 
 
 BREED, r. i. To produce a fetus ; to bear and nour- 
 ish, as in pregnancy ; as, a female breeds « itli pain. 
 
 2. To be formed in the parent or dam ; to be gen- 
 crated, or to grow, as young before birth ; as, children 
 or young breed in the matrix. 
 
 3. To have birth ; to be produced ; as, fish breed in 
 rivers. 
 
 4. To he increa-sed hy a new production. 
 
 Uiit ciiiitLl jroiith last, and love lUill breed, Ralegh, 
 
 5. To niise a breed ; as, to choose the best species 
 of swine to breed from. 
 
 To breed in and in : to briM!d from animals of the 
 same stock thai are closely related. Fumi, F.neijc. 
 DRGRD, n. A race or progeny from the same parents 
 ur stuck. 
 
 2. A cast ; a kind ; n race of men or other animals, 
 wliich have an alliance by nativity, or some distinc- 
 tive qualities in common ; as, a breed of men in a 
 pjirticiilar country ; a breed of horses or sheep. Ap- 
 plied lo men, it is not eleirant. We use race, 
 
 3. Progeny ; olfspring ; ap|>lied to other things than 
 animals. Shnk, 
 
 4. .V nuniher produced at once ; a hatch ; a brood ; 
 but for this, brood is generally used. Greir. 
 
 BREED'-H.5TE,M. One that breeds or orijin.ates quar- 
 rels. fA',)/ ill itsc] Sbak. 
 
 BREED'ER, n. The female that breeds or produces, 
 whether human or Oliver animal. 
 
 2. The person who educates or brings up ; that 
 which brings up. 
 
 Italy ami Roinc lia»c been the best breedert of worthy men. 
 
 Aficliam. 
 
 3. That which produces. 
 
 Tinte is the niir*? ;uul breeder of all gwx], Shai, 
 
 4. One who raises a breed ; one who takes care to 
 raise a particular breed, or breeds, as of horses or 
 cattle. Temple. 
 
 BREED'I.N'G, ppr. or o. Bearing and nourishing, as a 
 f'tus; engendering; producing; educating. 
 
 BREED'I.Mi, II. The act of generating or producing, 
 a. The raising of a breed or breeds ; as, tlie farmer 
 attends to the breeding of sheep. 
 
 3. Nurture ; education ; instruction ; formation of 
 in.m Iters. 
 
 She li-\[| lier hreerting at mT Cither'i charp*. SfiaJt, 
 
 4, By way of eminence, manners ; knowledge of ct-r- 
 emony ; deportment or behavior in the external offices 
 and deconims of social life. Hence, ^ood breedinir is 
 politeness, or the qualifications which constitute gen- 
 teel di'portment. Eneuc. 
 
 BREEZE, In. [s'ax. ino.so, from its sou nil re- 
 
 BREE7.E'-FI,V, ( sembling a hree/.c.] 
 
 A name given lo various 8p<;cies of two-winged 
 insects, of tln' family Tabanid.!?, noted for bU7:7.ing 
 about animals anil tormenting them by sucking their 
 blood. The bot-fiy has also sometimt^ been called 
 the breeze-fty. 
 
 The name breeie. is also given to different species 
 of Ihe genus CEstnu. C;(f, Encyc. 
 
 BREEZE, ». [It. brez-.n, a colli, windy niist ; Sp". bri- 
 sa, a breeze ; Sw. ftnwa, to be fervid, lo boil, lo mur- 
 mur; Daii. bruse, to nish, ro.ar, or foam, lo rise in 
 w.aves ; bruiv>en, the rustling of the wind, a hum- 
 ming or buzzing, fermentation. In French sea lan- 
 guage, brUr, a breeze ; Or. /^.iu^m and :io.ia,T.<, to boil ; 
 Fr. dra.«er, lo brew ; W. brys, hastv, from rhys, a 
 rushing. These words seeiii all lo have a common 
 root Sec Rlsh.1 
 
 1. A light wiiitl ; a gentle gale. 
 
 li tanil a gentle breeze aro*r at night. Dryttn. 
 
 2 A shifting wind, that blows fmm the sea or from 
 Ihe land, for a certain lime, by night or bv dav. Such 
 breezes are common in the tropical regions, and in a 
 
 BRE 
 
 good degree regular. The wind from the sea is called 
 a sea breeze, anil that from the land, a land breeze. In 
 general, the siNi breeze blows in the day-liiue, anil 
 the land breeze at uiglit. The like breezes are com- 
 mon, in the suiiiiner months, in the temperate lati- 
 tudes. 
 
 BREEZE, V. i. To blew gently ; a word common among 
 6'cumfn. 
 
 K(ir now the bn'iuhlnff aln, fmtn ocean l">rn, 
 Breeze up tile h\y, am! leoil the lively ntoni. 
 
 Barlow, 
 
 BREEZE'LESS, a. Motionless ; destitute of breezes. 
 
 Shenstooe. 
 
 BREEZ'Y, <i. Fanned with gentle winds or breezes ; 
 as, the breezy shore. Pope. 
 ■J. Suliject to fri quent breezes. Oniy. 
 
 BRk'IION, )i. In /ri.v/i, a judge. In ancient times, 
 tile general laws of Irelanti were calb-d lirrhon laws, 
 unwritten, like the coiiinion law of Ent'lanil. These 
 laws were abolished by sUitiite of Edward 111. 
 
 F.nryc, HIarkstone. 
 
 BRP.T.'S'IiA-KITI"., H. A newly iliscovcreil Vesiivian 
 mineral, rescmliling a brownish or ledilisli liroun 
 thiwn, which lines the smull ravilies iii the l:iva 
 of Scalla, and in that of Olrliaiio ; named from 
 Breislak, a celebrated Ittiliaii naturalist. 
 
 .Iiiitriial of Srirnee. 
 
 BRk.ME, fl. [Sax. bremman, to iniirniur, to fret ; L. 
 frenio.] 
 
 ("ruel ; sharp. [jVot u-ted.] Chancer. 
 BRE\, r. t. [Sax. brcnnan, to bum.] 
 
 'J'o burn. [Obs,] Siirn.ier. 
 BRE.\'.\'.\CE, n. [from bran.] \r\ Ui' middle aires, n 
 tribute or composition which tenants paid to tln ir 
 hird, in lieu of briu, which they were obligeil it) lur- 
 nish for his lioiiuds. Encyc, 
 
 liR a nt' { '''"-J 
 
 Steep ; high. [(».<.] Jt.<cbam. 
 BRE.\T, w. A brant, or brand-goose ; a fowl with a 
 
 black neck, and a while colhrr or line round it. [See 
 
 Bn.vNT.] 
 
 2. pp, Hiirnt. [See Bben.] [06.<.] Spen.ier. 
 
 BRE-PHOT'RO-PIIV, ii. [Gr. &yt<iioi, an infant, and 
 Tj'C't'i't, tt> feed.] 
 The nurture of orphans. 
 
 BRE.^^T, ) (lirest,) 71. In urchiter.lurr , the member of 
 
 BRE.VST, t a column, more usually called torui or 
 tore, [See Toaes.] Enciic. 
 
 BREST'-SUM-iMEK, n. In areliiteeture, a piece in the 
 outward part of a wooden building, into which Ihe 
 girders are framed. This, in Ihe ground Iloor, is called 
 a .W//, and in the garret Iltmr, a beam. Encyc. 
 
 BRET, II. A local name of the turbol, called also burt 
 or brut, 
 
 BRET'EUL, a. Brimful. [Ohs.] Chancer. 
 BKETH'RE.N, h. ; pi, of nnoTHi-.n. It is used almost 
 
 exclusively, in solemn aiitl scriptural language, in 
 
 the place of brot'iers, fSt.-e Rrothkh.] 
 BRET'TI-CES, 11. pi. The name given hy miners to 
 
 the woollen planks used in supporting the roof of 
 
 coal mines. 
 
 BRf.VE, II. [It. brere ; L. brccis ; Sp. breve; Fr. bref, 
 short. See nRiEF.] 
 
 1. In mu-s-iV, a mile or character of time, equivalent 
 lo two semibreves or four minims. When dolled, it 
 is equal lo three semibreves. [JVot noip use/l.'] 
 
 2. In law, a writ directed to the chancellor, judges, 
 sherilTs, or other officers, whereby a person is sum- 
 moned, or atlaclieil, to answer in the king's court. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 This word, in this latter sense, is more generally 
 written brief. 
 
 BRFWET', n. [from frrciv.] In French imnsrr, a doc- 
 ument without seal, (a warrant,) by wliich tlie king 
 gmiits a favor, privilege, title, or dignity. Eucye. 
 
 2. .\ commission to an officer, which entitles liim 
 lo an honorary rank in the army above his actual 
 rank and |«y. Tims a breret major scrxes as a cap- 
 tain and receives pay as such. Such commissions 
 were given to the officers of the American army at 
 the close of the revolutionary war, giving them a 
 grade of rank abox'e that which they had held during' 
 sen ice. Encye. JUarsbaWs Life of lVa,<'h. 
 
 BRk'VI-.V-RY, n. [ Fr. ircriViirc; L. Ar.eiariKMi, from 
 trrcLi, short. See Briep.] 
 
 1. An abridgment ; a compend ; an epitome. 
 
 Jlyliffe, 
 
 2. A book containing the daily service of the Ro- 
 man Catholic church. It is composed of matins, 
 lauds, first, iliird, sixth, and ninth vespers, and the 
 compline or post coininuniu. The Greeks, also, have 
 a brrriani. Encm. 
 
 BRk'VI-.VT, j b. [S>!e Brete and Brief.] A short 
 BRK'V'I-ATE, i coin|>end ; a siimiuar)-. 
 
 Deran of Piety. 
 BRf.'VI-aTE, v. U To abridge. [.Vol used.] [See 
 
 .\khrkviate.] 
 BRk VI-A-TI;rE, 7u An abbreviation. [See Brief.] 
 
 _ Johnson, 
 BRE-VIkR', iu [Fr. brrciaire : so called, s,ays John- 
 .son, from being originally used in printing a bre- 
 viary.] ^ 
 A small kind of printing typi's, in size between 
 
 BRI 
 
 bourgeois and minion. It is much used in printing 
 marginal notes. 
 
 BRE-VII.'O-aUE.N'CE, 71. [h, brerij and loquor.] A 
 brii f and pertinent mode of speaking. 
 
 BRE V'l-PEl), a. [L, brevi.i, short, and pes, foot.] Hav- 
 ing short legs, as certain birds. 
 
 BREVI-PEI), II. A bird having short legs. 
 
 BltEV-I-PEi\'i\ATE, a. (laving short wings. A term 
 ilenoling a family of griillatory birds, (Orevipennes, 
 Cuvier,) having short wings, including the ostrich. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 BREV'I-TY, II. [L. brcBitas, from brecis, short. See 
 Brief.] 
 
 1. Shortness, applied to time j as, the brevity of hu- 
 man life. 
 
 2. Shortness ; conciseness ; contraction into few 
 XX'ords ; applied to discourses or writings. JJryden. 
 
 HREV\', r. t. [.Sax. Lriwan, to brew ; briw, broth ; D. 
 bniawen, to brew, Ui contrive, to mix ; G. brauen. 
 These seem lo be ciuitractions of the Gothic ; Sw. 
 brio-tria ; Daii. brygise, to brew. 'I'h" Russ. Ii:is 
 burtrhu. The Welsli has brirc, a hoiliiif; stir, tii- 
 iiinlt, from rhirr, soinelhiiig rough ; and it has also 
 benri, lo boil t)r bubble, whence berwezu, lo brew, 
 from bar, fury, impulse. Our word brew seems to be 
 directly from the Saxon. The sense is, to stir, boil, 
 or agiliile with violence.] 
 
 1. In a general scn.-e, to boil, and mix; hence in 
 Saxon, as a noun, it signifies broth or pottage; Old 
 Eng. hretcis, 
 
 2. Ill a more restricted sense, to UMike beer, ale, or 
 other similar liquor, from malt ; or to prepare a liquor 
 from malt and hops, and, in [irivate families, from 
 other materials, by steeping, boiling, and leruieiila- 
 
 3. To mingle. [lion. 
 
 BrttB me a pottle of a-tck. Sliok, 
 
 4. To contrive ; to plot ; as, to brere mischief. 
 
 5. To put in a slate of pri'iiaratioii. (In. 
 BREW, V, i. To be ill a stale of preparation ; to be 
 
 mixing, forming, or collecting ; as, a storm brews in 
 the west. In this sense, I do not recollect the use of 
 the verb in a transitive sense, and generally the pres- 
 ent participle only is used ; as, a storm is brewing, 
 
 •2. To perform the business of brewing or making 
 beer ; as, she can brew, wash, and bake. 
 
 BREW, n. The mixture formed by brewing ; that 
 which is brewed. Bacon. 
 
 BRETCV'AGE, n. Malt liquor; drink brewed. Shak. 
 
 BREW'f.'l), (brude,) pp. .Mixed, steeped, and ferment- 
 ed ; made by brewing. 
 
 BREW'ER, II. One whose occupation is to prepare 
 malt liquors ; one who brews. 
 
 BREW'EK-Y, II. .\ brewhouse ; the house and appa- 
 ratus where brewing is carried on. 
 
 BREW'IIOUSE, n. [brew and house.] A brewery; 
 a house appropriated to brewing. 
 
 BREW'I.Vi;, ppr. Preparing mall liquor. 
 
 2. In a stite of mixing, forming, or preparing ; as, 
 a storm is brewing. Pope, 
 
 3. Contriving ; preparing ; as, a scheme is brewing. 
 BREW'I.NG, H. The act or processor preparing liquors 
 
 from mall and hop^:. 
 
 2. The quantity brewed at once. Bacon. 
 
 3. Among seamen, a collection of black clouds por- 
 tending a storm. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 BREW'IS, «. Broth ; pottage. [Ofts.l 
 
 2. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pottage, 
 
 made of salted meat. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 BRI-A'RE-.\.\, a. Hundred handed ; from Briarem, 
 
 a giant witii a hundred hands. ^ , 
 
 BR'BE, n. [Ir. brcab. In Pers. s_^L, parah, is a 
 
 bribe, a half, piece, bit, segment, a morsel. Fr. bribe, 
 a piece of bread.] 
 
 1. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or prom- 
 ised with 3 view lo [icrvert the juilginenl or corrupt 
 the conduct of a judge, witness, or other person. A 
 bribe is a xonsideralion given or promised lo a per- 
 son, to induce him to decide a cause, give testimony, 
 or jHTfomi some act contrary to what lie knows to be 
 truth, justice, ur rectitude. It is not used in a good 
 sense unless in familiar language. 
 
 2. That which seduces. 
 
 Not Ih- bribee of lonliil wealth ftin iwlucc to leave Ihea- eTer 
 tlooinjiig swceta. Akeitsitid, 
 
 BRIBE, r. (. To give or promise a reward or consid- 
 eration, with a view to perx'ert the judgment or cor- 
 nipt the conducL To hire for bad purposes ; to pur- 
 chase the decision of a judge, the lesliniony of a 
 witness, or the performance of some act contrary to 
 known truth, justice, or rectitude. 
 9. To gain by a bribe. 
 
 In familiar language, it is sometimes used in a good 
 sense ; as, to bribe a child lo lake a medicine. Dry- 
 den has used the wont in a good sense, in solemn 
 language ; but such use is rare, and hardly legitimate. 
 
 BRIBE'-DE-VOCR'LN'G, a. Greedy of bribes or pres- 
 ents ; as, brihe-drrouring kings. Mitford. 
 
 BRIBE'-PAN'DER, 11. [bribe and pander.] One who 
 procures bribes. Burke. 
 
 BRlBE'-WOR'T HY, a. [bribe and aorthy.] Worth 
 bribing to obtain. .Vason. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, UNITE. — A\"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; aa J ; S as Z ; CH as SB ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 147 
 
BRl 
 
 BRTBE'LESS, a. That can not be bribed ; that is not 
 bribed. 
 
 BKlU'ER, n. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt 
 practices. Soutli. 
 
 BUIB'ER-Y, n. Tlie act or practice of giving or talting 
 rewards for corrupt practices ; the act of paying or 
 receiving a reward for a false judgment or testimony, 
 or for the performance of that wliich is known to be 
 illegal or unjust. It is applied both to him who gives, 
 and to him who receives the compensation, but ap- 
 propriately to the giver. 
 
 BRICK, n. [Ft. brii/ue, a. brick, and a little loaf; Ir. 
 brice, or brike ; Arm. brigen ; supposed to be a con- 
 traction of L. imbrex, a gutter-tile, from iinhcr, a 
 shower, which is probably a compound, of which 
 the last syllable is from Gr. ffocxui, whence It. un- 
 briacarsi, to get drunk. See Ebrietv.J 
 
 1. A mass of earth, chiefly clay, first moistened 
 and made fine by grinding or treading, then formed 
 into a long square in a mold, dried and baked or 
 burnt in a kiln ; used in buildings and walls. 
 
 2. A loaf shaped like a brick. 
 
 BRICK, V. t. To lay or pave with bricks. Swift. 
 2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on plaster, 
 by smearing it with red ocher, and making the joints 
 with an edge-tool, filling them with fine plaster. 
 To brick up ; to fill up with brick. [Encyc. 
 
 BRICK'BAT, n. [brtck and bat.] A piece or fragment 
 of a brick. Bacon. 
 
 BRICK'- BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built with bricks. Drydcn. 
 
 BRICK'-€LaY, n. [brick and clay.] Clay used or 
 suitable for" making bricks, IVvodward. 
 
 BRICK'-DUST, n. [brick and diisU] Dust of pound- 
 ed bricks. Spectator. 
 
 BRICK'-EARTH, (-erth,) n. Clay or earth used or 
 suitable for bricks. 
 
 BRICK - KILN, (-kil,) n. A kiln, or furnace, in which 
 bricks are baked or burnt, or a pile of bricks, laid 
 loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood or 
 fuel for burning them. 
 
 BRICK'-LaY-ER, n. [brick and lay.] One whose 
 occupation is to build with bricks ; a mason. 
 
 BRICK'-MaK-EU, ;i. [brick and make.] One who 
 makes bricks, or whose occupation is to make 
 bricks. 
 
 BRICK'-NOG-GING, n. Brick work carried up and 
 filled in bs tweeii timber framing. Brande. 
 
 BRICK'-TKIM-.MER, 11. In architecture, a hr\c\i arch 
 abutting against a wooden trimmer in front of a fire- 
 place to guard against accidents by fire. Brandc. 
 
 BRICK'-WORK, (-wurk,) n. The laying of bricks, 
 or a wall of bricks. 
 
 BRICK'-YaRD, H. A place where bricks are made. 
 
 BRICK'LE, a. [from break.] Brittle,; easily broken. 
 [JVuf used.] Spenser. 
 
 BRICK'LE-NE.?S, n. Biittleness. [JVct used.] 
 
 BRICK'Y, a. Full of bricks, or formed of bricks. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BRtD'AL, a. [See Bride.] Belonging to a bride, or 
 to a wedding ; nujitial ; connubial ; as, bridal orna- 
 ments. Milton. Pope. 
 
 BRTD'AL, n. The nuptial festival. Dryden. 
 
 BRID'AL-TY, n. Celebration of the nuptial feast. 
 [JV.jt used.] Jonson. 
 
 BRIDE, n. [Sa^. bryd : Sw. brud ; D. bruid ; G. braut : 
 Dan. brud; Arm. prycd, pried; W. priod-vurch, pri- 
 odas-verch, a bride; li. brideog ; W. pr/oi/i o verch, 
 to be married ; Ar. prictaat, to marry ; Corn, be.nen- 
 priot, a bride ; W. priod-vub, a bride-niab, bridegroom ; 
 Ann. pridvlidh, wedloi k. It seems, by the Celtic di- 
 alects, that i>ri</c is primarily an adjective used with 
 the name of maid or woman, as bridegroom is the 
 sai le word with the name of a man. In \V. priawd, 
 the root of ;)rio(/ai, signifies appropriate, proper, fit ; 
 priodi, to render appropriate, to espouse, to marry.] 
 
 1. A woman new married. Julinson. 
 But the name is applied to a woman at the marriage 
 
 festival, before she is married, as well as after the 
 ceremony. 
 
 2. A woman espoused, or contracted to be married. 
 Sec the case of Lewellyn, prince of Wales. Henry's 
 JILit. of Britain, b. iv. ch. i. sect. 2. [Tliis is the true 
 original sense of the word.] 
 
 BRIDE'-BED, n. [briUe and bed.] The marriage bed. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 BRIDE'-CAKE, 71. [bride and cake.] The cake which 
 la made fiir the guests at a wedding ; called, in the 
 Uniti:d Stfites, ircdding-cake, 
 
 BRIDE'-CIIA.M-BER, n. The nuptial apartment. 
 
 BRIDE'fJROtJM, n. [Originally and projierly brido- 
 goojn, from Sax. brydguma ; Sw. briulgumtne ; D. 
 braidegum : tier, brdutigant ; Dan. brttdgom ; a com- 
 pound of bride and gum, guma,a man, which, by our 
 anccHtors, w;i.s pronounced goom. This word, by a 
 rniupronouncingof tlie last nyllalile, has been corrupt- 
 ed luUi bridegroom, w\\'\c\\ Kignifies a bride's hostler ; 
 groom being a Perwian word, Hignifying a man who 
 ban the care of liorsi H,] 
 
 A man newly married ; or a man about to be mar- 
 ried. The iKiHiage of Hliaki[)eare, cited by Johnson, 
 proves that the taut dcfliiilion iu just. 
 
 ylt nrt Wvme iIhImI •■mncli In t>rf«lc o( <lry 
 'J'Imt cre^p Inu* chr drcftininjT trridtgroom t nr, 
 An(J tutniiioii Itim to marm^r. 
 
 BRl 
 
 BRIDE'-MaID, 71. [bride and maid.] A woman who 
 attends on a bride at her wedding. 
 
 BRiDE'-MAN, 7!. [ftrt</e and m«7i.] A man who at- 
 tends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage. 
 I have geiier;illy heard these words pronounced bride's 
 man and bride's maid. 
 
 BRIDE'-STAKE, n. A stake or post set in the ground 
 to dance round. B. Jonson. 
 
 BRiD'ED, a. Made a bride. 
 
 BRIDE'WELL, w. A house of correction for the con- 
 finement of disorderly persons ; so called from the 
 palace built near St. Bride's or Bridget's well, in Lon- 
 don, which was turned into a workhouse. Johnson. 
 
 BRID(5E, 71. [Sax. brie, bricg, brigg, or bryc, brycg ; 
 Dan. broe ; Sw. bryggia, bro ; D. brug ; GeT. briicke; 
 Pros, brigge.] 
 
 1. Any structure of wood, stone, brick, or iron, 
 raised over a river, pond, or lake, for the passage of 
 men and other animals. Among rude nations, bridges 
 are sometimes formed of other materials ; and some- 
 times they are formed of boats, or logs of wood ly- 
 ing on the water, fastened together, covered with 
 planks, and called floating bridges. A bridge over a 
 marsh, is made of logs, or other materials, laid upon 
 the surface of the earth. 
 
 Pendent or hanging bridges are not supported by 
 posts, but by the peculiar structure of the frame, rest- 
 ing only on the abutments. 
 
 A draw bridge, is one which is made with hinges, 
 and may be raised or opened. Such bridges are con- 
 structed in fortifications, to hinder the passage of a 
 ditch or moat ; and over rivers, that the passage of 
 vessels may not be iulerrupted. 
 
 A flying bridge, is made of pontoons, light boats, 
 hollow beams, empty casks, or the like. They are 
 made, as occasion requires, for the passage of armies. 
 
 A flying bridge, is also constructed in such a man- 
 ner as to move from one side of a river to the other, 
 being made fast in the middle of the river by a cable 
 and an anchor. Encyc. 
 
 2. The upper, bony part of the nose is called the 
 bridge of the nose. 
 
 3. 'The part of a stringed instrument of music, over 
 which the strings are stretched, and by which they 
 are raised. 
 
 4. In gunnery, the two pieces of timber which go 
 between the two transoms of a gun-carriage. Encyc. 
 
 BRIDGE, V. t. To build a bridge or bridges over ; as, 
 
 to bridge a river. 
 2. To erect bridges on ; to make a passage by a 
 
 bridge or bridges. Milton. 
 BRIDGE'-HEAD, (-hed,) ti. .>\ fortification covering 
 
 the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy. [Fr. 
 
 tete du pout.] P. Cyc. 
 
 BRIDG'^CD, pp. Covered or furnished with a bridge. 
 liRIDGE'LESS, a. Having no bridge. 
 BRIDG'IiS'G, ppr. Erecting a bridge ; building a bridge 
 
 over. 
 
 BRIDG'Y, a. Full of bridges. [Mused.] Sherwood. 
 BllI'DLE, 11. [Sax. bridl, or briilel ; Fr. bride ; Arm. 
 
 brid ; D. brcidil, a bridle ; Sp. br'ula, the reins of a 
 
 bridle ; I'ort. brida.] • 
 
 1. The instruiiieiit with which a horse is governed 
 and restrained by a rider ; consisting of a head-stall, 
 a bit, anil reins, with other appendages, according to 
 its particular form and uses. 
 
 2. A restraint ; a curb ; a check. Watts. 
 
 3. A short piece of cable, well served, attached to 
 a swivel on a chain, laid in a harbor, ami the upper 
 end drawn into a ship and secured to the bitts. The 
 use is to enable a ship, when moored, to veer with 
 Iho wind and tide. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Bowline bridles, are short legs or pieces of rope, run- 
 ning tifrough iron thimbles, by which the bowline at- 
 taches to different jilaces on the leech or edge of a 
 large sail. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BRI'DLE, V. t. To put on a bridle ; as, to bridle a 
 horse. 
 
 2. To restrain, guide, or govern ; to check, curb, 
 or control ; as, to bridle the passions ; " to bridle a 
 muse." Pope. 
 
 Bridle the excursions of youth. Dtcisht. 
 
 BRI'DLE, V. i. To hold up the head, and dr.aw in the 
 chin. 
 
 BKI'DLKl), pp. Having a bridle on ; restrained. 
 BRI'DLE-IIAND, n. [bruile and hand.] The hand 
 
 which holds the bridle in riding. Sidney. 
 Bltl'DLlO-WAY, 71. A path for travelers on horseback. 
 
 Bancroft. 
 
 BRT'DLER, n. One that bridles; one that restrains 
 and governs. Mdton. 
 
 BRI'DLING, ppr. Putting on a bridle; restraining; 
 curbing. 
 
 2. Holding up the head, and drawing in the chin. 
 
 The bridling frown of wriiiklcj browi. Trumbull. 
 
 BRID-OON', 71. A light snaffle, or bit of a bridle, in 
 addition to the principal bit, and having a distinct 
 rein. 
 
 BRIEF, 0. [fr.bref; It. Sp. and Port, drere ; h.brcvis, 
 whence brcnio, to shorten, abbreviate. Brevis, in 
 Latin, is doubtless contracted from the Gr. ftiuixvf, 
 whence to abridge. The (Jreek word coincides in 
 eleinenlH with break.] 
 
 BRl 
 
 Short ; concise. It is used chiefly of language, 
 discourses, writings, and time : as, a brief space, a 
 brief review of a book. Shakspeare applies it to 
 wars, to nature, &c. A little brief authority, is au- 
 thority very limited. 
 BRIEF, n. [In this sense the word has been received 
 into most of the languages of Europe.] 
 
 1. An epitome ; a short or concise writing. This 
 is the general sense of the word, as explained by 
 Zonaras on the council of Carthage. It was thus 
 used as early as the third century after Christ. 
 
 Spelman. 
 
 In modern times, an apostolical brief is a letter 
 which the pope dispatches to a prince or other ma- 
 gistrate, relating to public affairs. A brief is distin- 
 guished from a bull, in being more concise, written 
 on paper, sealed with red wax, and impressed with 
 the seal of the fisherman, or Peter, in a boat. A bull 
 is more ample, written on parchment, and sealed 
 with lead or green wax. Encyc. 
 
 2. In law, an abridgment of a client's case, made 
 out for the instruction of counsel on a trial at law. 
 
 Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 Also, a writ summoning a man to answer to any 
 action ; or any precept of the king in writing, issuing 
 from any court, whereby he commands a thing to 
 be done. Cowcl. 
 
 In Scots law, a writ issuing from the chancer)-, di- 
 rected to any judge ordinary, commanding and au- 
 thorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the 
 case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. A letter patent, from proper authority, author- 
 izing a collection or charitable contribution of money 
 in churches, for any public or private purpose. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 4. A summation or brief statement in writing. Skak. 
 In music, the word, if I mistake not, is now writ- 
 ten breve. 
 
 BRl K.F'LESS, a. Having no brief. 
 
 BRIeF'LY, arfi). Concisely; in few words. Bacon. 
 
 BRIeF'NESS, 71. Shortness; conciseness in discourse 
 
 or writing. Camden. 
 BRI'ER, 71. [Sax. bra^ ; Ir. briar, a prickle; Fr. bru- 
 
 ycre, heath ; .\tm. brug. The latter shows this word 
 
 to be from the root of rough.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a prickly plant or shrub. Is. 
 v. ("i. Judges viii. 7. 
 
 2. In a limited sense, the sweet-brier and the wild- 
 brier, species of the rose. 
 
 BRI'ER-£D, (bri'erd,) a. Set with briers. 
 
 BRt'ER-Y, a. Full of briers ; rough; thorny. Johnson. 
 
 BRI'ER-Y, 71. A place where briers grow. 
 
 BRIG, the termination of names, signifies a bridge, or, 
 perhaps, in some cases, a town, or burg. 
 
 BRIG, II. [from brigantine.] A vessel with two masts, 
 square rigged, or rigged nearly like a ship's main- 
 mast and I'oremast. Tlie term, however, is various- 
 ly applied by the mariners of ditferent nations. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 BRI-GADE', 71. [Fr. brigade; It. brigata; Sp. and 
 
 Port, brigada ; perhaps from .\t. farikon, ag- 
 
 nien, turba hominum major ; that is, a division, from 
 
 faraka, to break. This word comes to us from 
 
 the south of Europe, and may have been introduced 
 into S|iain by the Moors. If this conjecture is not 
 well founile(i, I know not the origin of the word. 
 See Cast, llept. Col. 3084.] 
 
 A party or division of troops, or soldiers, whether 
 cavalry or infanti-j', regular or militia, commanded by 
 a brigadier. It consists of an indetermin.ate number 
 of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. A brigade of 
 horse is a body of eight or ten squadrons ; of infan- 
 try, fimr, five, or six battalions or regiments. A 
 brigaile of artillery consists of six pieces, with usu- 
 ally 140 men. A brigade of sappers consists of only 
 eight men. 
 
 BRI GADE', I'. (. To form into a brigade, or into 
 brigades. 
 
 BRI-(;a1)'EI), pp. Formed into a brigade. 
 
 BlU-GAD'I.NG, ppr. Forming into a brigade 
 
 BKI-(;ADE'-M A-.IOR, 71. [See .Major.] An oflicer 
 apixiinted by the brigadier, to assist him in the man- 
 a"eiiient and ordering of his brigade. 
 
 BRIG-A DlER' or BRIG-A-I)IER'-OEN'ER-AI>, n. 
 [Kr., from brigade.] 
 
 Tlie generid othccr who commands a brigade, 
 whether oT horse or foot, and in rank next below a 
 major-general. 
 
 BRKi'AND, H. [Fr. brigand; W. brignni, a moun- 
 taineiT, a plunderer, from W. brig, a top or summit.] 
 A robber ; a freebooter ; a lawless fellow who 
 lives by jilunder, or wlio belongs to a band of rob- 
 bers. H'lirbiirton. 
 
 BRIG'AND-AGE, ti. Theft ; robbery ; plunder. 
 
 iVarburton. 
 
 BRIG'AN DINE, n. [Gu. the origin of this word. In 
 Pits, prughe is n helmet.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PIIBY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 14H 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 Anciently, a coat of mail. The name has ceased 
 to be used, witli the disuse of the thing. It con- 
 sisted of thin, jointed scales of plate, pliant and easy 
 to the body. Knryc. 
 
 BUIG'AN-TI.N'E, n. [Fr. brigantiii; Arm. briLmiUme; 
 It. briirantiiw ; Sp. bcrfrantin ; Port. barj;antim ; D. 
 brrkanliin. ftu. front L. aphractum, Ur. 'iilinaKroi, a 
 vi sscl without a deck, uncovered. It is usually de- 
 rived from brigand.] [See IIrio.] 
 
 BKTc; I IT, (hrltt,) n. [Sa.v. beiirlit, briht, bt/rlU, or bryht, 
 clear, shining, w hence ArorA/n&s, brightness, beorliliiin, 
 (Jiith. bairtiiian, to shine or be clear, or to manifest; 
 Ar. Cli. lleb. Syr. and Eth. j">i3, to shine, or more 
 
 probably, Ktli. ncu bareah, to shine, as the Eth. 
 
 participle berht or brrrht, corresponds ex- 
 
 actly w ith the Saxon. I have not found this word 
 in liny other Teutonic or Gothic language, and the 
 original verb is lost in the Savon. In Saxon, beorh- 
 IhicUr or brihlhwilr. signifies a moment, the tw inkling 
 of an eye. This directs us to the primary sense of 
 the verb, to shine, which is, to slimit, to dart, to 
 glance. That this is the primary sense, we have 
 evidence from the Sax. bryhlm, which is a deriva- 
 tive from bnjlil, and w Inch signifies a moment, that 
 is, the tune of a shoot, or darting, like ;rlanre.] 
 
 1. Shining ; lucid ; luminous ; splendid ; as, a 
 bright sun or star ; a bright metal. 
 
 2. Clear ; Iniiisparciit ; as liijuors. Thomson. 
 
 3. Evident ; clear ; manifest to the mind, as light 
 is to the eyes. 
 
 Tiic cviariiM of IhU truth b bright. Watts. 
 
 4. Resplendent with charms ; as, a bright beauty ; 
 tile brightrst fair. Pope. 
 
 5. Iliuniinated with science ; sparkling with wit ; 
 as, the brightrst of men. Popr. 
 
 C, Illustrious; glorious; as, the brightest period of 
 a kingdom. Cotton. 
 
 7. Ill popular language, ingenious ; possessing an 
 active mind. 
 
 8. Promising good or success ; as, bright prospects. 
 
 9. Sparkling ; animated ; as, bright eves. 
 BRIGIIT'£.\, (brit'n,) r. (. To make bright or bright- 
 er ; to make to shine ; to increase luster. 
 
 2. To make liiminoiis by light from w ithout, or by 
 dispelling gl<x>m ; as, to brighten sorrow or prosjiects. 
 
 ^Philips. 
 
 3. To cheer ; to make gay or cheerful. 
 
 Joy brigltUtlM Ilia crrst. ^lilton. 
 
 A. To make illustrious, or more distinguished ; as, 
 to brighten a character. Sw(fl. 
 5. To make acute or wittv. .Johnson. 
 BRir,IlT'£.\, (brit'n,) r. i. 'To prow bright, or more 
 bright ; to clear up ; as. the sky brightens. 
 
 2. To become less dark or gloomy ; as, our pros- 
 pects brio-hten. 
 BKK; IIT'fi.N-ED, pp. Made bright or more bright. 
 Bia(;HT'IC.\-I.\(;, ppr. Making bright or brighter. 
 BKIGIIT'ER, a. comp. .More bright. 
 BKKiHT'EST, fl. superl. Most briclit. 
 BRIGIIT'-BL'RN-ING, o. Burning with a bright 
 flame. 
 
 BRIGIIT'-Et-/:D,(-Jde,)a. Having brishi eyes. Gray. 
 BRIGlIT'-IlAlR-KD, o. Having bright hair. .Vilton. 
 BKIC.HT'-I1.\R-.NESS-£D, (-hir'nest,) o. Having 
 
 glittering armor. Mlton. 
 BRI(;HT'-II0A;I), a. Having a bright color. 
 BRIGIIT'-SHIN-I.NG, a. Shining w ith splendor. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 BRTGIIT'LY, {brlt<''lv,)n<ic. Splendidly; with hisier. 
 BRTGHT'.NESS, (brite'ncss,) it. S|ile'ndor ; luster; 
 
 glitter. South. 
 2. .\culenes.s, applied to the faculties ; sharpness 
 
 of wit ; as, the bnghtnr.i.i of a man's parts. Prior. 
 BRI-GOSE', u. [from brigue.] Ciuitentious. [A'ut 
 
 Msed.] Puller. 
 BRIGUE, (breeg,) n. [Kr. brigue : Sp. brega : II. bri- 
 
 ga, strife, disquiet ; Ir. breaghean, to debate, to 
 
 quarrel.] 
 
 A cabal; intrigue; faction; contention. [Little 
 v.ied.\ Chaucer. ChejUrfield. 
 
 BRIGUE, (breeg,) r. i. To canvass ; to soliciL [Lit- 
 Ue used.] HunL 
 
 BRIGU'ING, (brceg'ing,) ppr. Canvassing ; soliciting. 
 
 BRILL, n. .\ lish allied to the tiirlmt, (the Pleuronec- 
 «« rhombus,) much esteemed in England for AhmI. 
 
 BRIUUiJ^VE, (bril-lant'e,) [It.] In music, in u 
 gay and lively manner. Brande. 
 
 BRILL-IAN-CV, (bril'yan-cy,) n. [See BaiixiAnx.] 
 Splendor; glitter; great brightness. 
 
 BRILL'IA.N'T, (hril'yani,) o. [Fr. brUlant, sparkling, 
 from brUler, to shine or sparkle ; It. brillanle, spark- 
 ling ; brdlo, Joy, gladness, also tipsy ; Sp. brdlar, to 
 glitter: brdlaiior, brilliant; iriWo, splendor ; Ger. and 
 Dan. brdle, a pair of spectacles ; hence Eng. beryl 
 and pearl.] 
 
 I S|nrkling with luster ; glittering ; as, a brilliant 
 gem ; a brilliant dress. 
 2. Splendid; shining; as, a ftn7/ian< achievement. 
 Wiuhinfftrtn WTj more •oltcitouj to aToid fatal miitakn, th.iii to 
 piTtorm brittianl exploiu. Amee. 
 BRILL'I.\.\T, n. A.diamond of the finest cut, formed 
 
 into facets, so as to reflect the light, by which it is 
 rendered more glittering. It has a f;»cc or flat table 
 at the midtlle or the lop, and is thus distinguished 
 from a rtj^T dimiiontl, which comes oil to a point or 
 angle. llrberU 
 
 2. In the manege, a brisk, high-spirited horse, with 
 a stately carrijige. Kncyc. 
 
 BKILL'IANT-LY, <i(/e. Splendidly. H'arlon. 
 
 BlULL'IANT-iN'ESS, «. Brilliancy ; splendor ; glitter. 
 
 .Johnson, 
 
 BRILLS, n. The hair on the eyelids of a horse. 
 BlU.M, H. [Sax, bryiiitn: Sw. briim ; Dan. bnemme ; 
 
 Sax. riman, to enlarge ; probably the extent or ex- 
 
 treiiie.J 
 
 1. '1 he rim, lip, or broad bonier, of any ves.sel or 
 other tiling ; as, the brim of a hat, or of a vessel. 
 
 2. The- upp:'r edge of a vessel, whether broad or 
 ntit ; as, the brim of a cup or glass. 
 
 3. The top of any liquor ; the edge, or that next 
 tlie border at the top. 
 
 The trcl of the prints were (lip|)ed in Uie brim of the water. — 
 Jo«h. iii. 
 
 4. The edge or brink of a fountain ; the verge. 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 BRI.M, a. [Sax. bryme.] Public ; well known ; cele- 
 brated. [jVot in use.] fVarner. 
 BKI.M, V. (. To till to the brim, upper edge, or top. 
 
 JUilton. 
 
 BRIM, V. i. To be full to the lirim. Philips. 
 UKI.M'KIJL, a. [brim anil full.] Full to the top; coin- 
 
 pleli ly full ; as, a glass brimful ; a heart brimful of 
 
 sorrow. 
 
 BRI.M'F}JL-.\ESS,7i. Fullness to the top. [JVut iwctf.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BRIM'LESS, a. Having no brim. Mduion. 
 
 nUIM'.MElt, yi. A bowl lull lo the top. Dniden. 
 
 BRI.M'.MI.N't;, a. Full to the top or brim ; as, a ftrim- 
 ming paiK Ihrydcn. 
 
 BKI.M'.STo.\E, n. I^Sax. bnjne, combustion, and .■itone, 
 bum-stone, or bnrinng-stonr,. See Brand and IJcrn.] 
 Sulphur ; a hard, brittle, inflammable substance, of 
 a leinon-yellow color, which h.is no smell, unless 
 heated, and which becomes negatively electric by 
 heat and friction. It is found, in great quantities, 
 and soini tiiiies pure, in the neighborhood of volcanoes. 
 It is an ingrotlient in a variety of minerals and ores. 
 The sulphur of commerce is procured from its natu- 
 ral bcils, or artificially extracted from pyrites. 
 
 Hooper. J^^'icholson. 
 
 BRIiM'STO.\-Y, a. Full of brimstone, or containing it ; 
 resembling brimstone ; sulphurous. 
 
 BRI.VD'EI), a. [It. brinaUy, spotted.] 
 
 Marked with spots ; tabby ; having diflerent colors. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 BRIN'DLE, n. [from iriarf, the root of Armrfcrf.] The 
 stale of biMng brinded ; spottedness. Ricliardson. 
 
 BRI.\'DL£I), a. Spotted ; variegated with spots of 
 tliflerent colors. .Iddison. 
 
 BRIXE, 71. [Sax. brijne, brine, and a burning, from 
 brennan, to burn.] 
 
 1. W'aler satiiraied or strongly impregn.Hed with 
 salt, like the water of the ocean. Artificial brine is 
 useil for the preservation of the flesh of animals, fish, 
 veget.ahles, A:c. 
 
 2. The ocean or sea. Mdtxm. 
 
 3. Tears, so called from their saltness. Shak. 
 LeaeJi brine is brine w hich drops from corned salt in 
 
 drying, which is preser\'ed to be boiled again. Enajc. 
 BRI.N'E, e. (. To steep in brine, a-s corn, to prevent 
 
 smut ; also, to mix sjilt with ; as, to brine hay. Encyc 
 BRIiNE'-P.\N, «. [brine and pan,] A pit of salt wa- 
 ter, where, liy the action of the sun, salt is formed 
 
 by crj.st.'Uliy.ation. 
 BRi.NE'-PIT, 71. [ftrinc and pi(.] .V salt spring or well, 
 
 from w hich water is tiiken to be boiled or evaporated 
 
 for making salt. Knci/c. 
 BRI.NK.'— SPRING, n. [ftrin* and .vpri'n^.] A spring of 
 
 salt water. Encyc. 
 BRI.N'G, r. I. ; pret. and pp. Brouoht. [Sax. bringan ; 
 
 Sw. bringa ; Dan. bringe ; D. brengen ; G. bringen ; 
 
 Goth, briggan. We see by brought, P. bragt, and the 
 
 Gothic briggnn, that n is not radical.] 
 
 1. To fi lch ; to bear, convey, or lead from a dis- 
 l.anl to a nearer place, or to a person ; as, bring me a 
 book from the shelf; »ri<io- me a morsel of bread. In 
 this sense, it is op|Kised to carry : and it is applied to 
 the person bearing or leading, in opposition to sending 
 or transmitting by another. 
 
 2. To produce ; to procure as a cause ; to draw to. 
 Nolhin* brings a m:\n more honor lliaii lo be iDTariahtf JuaL 
 
 3. To attract or draw along. 
 
 in (tUmlalion the watt-r britiga over with it another atilalAnce. 
 
 4. To cause to come , to cause to proceed from a 
 disLtnl place, in company, or at the same lime ; as, 
 to bring a boat over a river ; to bring a horse or car- 
 riage ; to bring a cargo of dry goods. 
 
 5. To cause to come to a point, by moml influence ; 
 used of the mind, and implying previous remoteness, 
 aversion, alienation, or disagreement ; as, to bring 
 the mind to assent to a proposition ; or to bringli 
 man to terms by persuaaitin or argument. In this 
 sense, it is nearly equivalent to persnaile, prerail upon, 
 or induce. The same process is eflected by custom. 
 
 and other causes. Habit brings us to relish things 
 at first disagreeable ; reHeclioii brings a man to his 
 senses ; and whether the process is ^low or rapid, the 
 sense of the verb is the same. To bring to the mind 
 any thing before and forgotten, is to recall: but the 
 sense of triii^ is the .same. 
 
 The primary sense is to lead, draw, or cause to come 
 the sense of conveying or bearing is secondary. 
 
 The use of this verb is so extensive, and incorpo- 
 rated into so many peculiar phrases, that it is not easy 
 to ri-duce its significations within any precise limits. 
 Ill general, the verb bring implies motion fri in a place 
 reiiiote, either in a litenl or figurative sense. It is 
 iisei] with various modifying words. 
 
 To briiig back, is to recall, implying previous depart- 
 ure, either in a literal or figurative sense. 
 
 VV) bring about : to bring to pa-^s ; to efiect ; to ac- 
 complish ; lo bring to the desired issue. 
 
 7'o bring forth, is to produce, as young or fruit ; 
 also, to bring to light; that is, to make manifest, to 
 disclose. 
 
 7'u bring foncard ; to cause to advance ; to produce 
 to view. 
 
 To bring in ; to import ; to introduce ; to bear from 
 a remote place within a certain precinct ; to pl.ace in 
 a particular condition ; to collect things dispersed ; to 
 reduce within the limits of law ami governmenl ; lo 
 produce, as income, rent, or revenue ; to induce to 
 join, Alc. 
 
 To bring off; to bear or convey from a distant 
 place ; as, to bring off men from an isle ; also, to pro- 
 cure to be aeipiitied ; to clear from condemnation ; to 
 cause to escajie. 
 
 To bring on ; to cause to begin ; as, to bring on an 
 action. Also, to originate or cause to exist ; as, to 
 bring on a disease. Also, to bear or ctinvey from a 
 distance ; as, to bring on a quantity of goods. AI.so, 
 to attend, or to aid in advancing ; as, to bring one on 
 his way. 
 
 7o bring over ; lo bear across ; as, to bring over dis- 
 patches ; lo bring over p;tssengers in a boat. .Also, lo 
 convert by persuasion or other means ; to ilraw to a 
 new party ; to cause to change sides, or an opinion. 
 
 To bring out ; to expose ; to detect ; to bring to 
 light from concealment ; as, to bring out an accom- 
 plice or his crimes. 
 
 To bring under ; lo subdue ; to repress ; to restrain ; 
 to reduce to obedience ; also, to bring beneath any 
 thing. 
 
 'J'o bring up ; to nurse ; to educate ; to instruct ; to 
 feed and clothe ; to form the manners, and furnish 
 the mind with kiiowlcclgc. 'J'lie phrase may compre- 
 hend all these particulars. Also, to introduce to prac- 
 tice ; as, lo bring vp .a f;ushion or ceremony. Also, to 
 cause to advance near ; as, to bring up forces, or the 
 body of reserve. Also, to bear or convey upward. In 
 navigation, to cast anchor. 
 
 To bring down : to cause to come down. Also, to 
 bumble or abase- ; as, to bring down high looks. 
 
 To bring to ; in navigation, to check the course of a 
 ship, by arranging the sails in such a manner that 
 they shall coiinterai t each other, and keep her nearly 
 stationary. She is then said to lie to. The phrase is 
 used also in applying a rope to the capstan. 
 
 To bring by Uie lee ; to incline so rapidly lo leeward 
 of the course, when a ship .sails large, as to bring the 
 lee-side suddenly to the windward, and, by laying 
 the sails aback, expose her to the danger of overset- 
 ting. Mir. Diet. 
 BRIN'G'ER, 71. One who brings or conveys to. 
 
 Bringer in : the person who introduces. 
 
 Bringer up ; an inslruclor ; one who feeds, clothes, 
 and educates ; also, one who is in the rear of an army. 
 
 .^sehain. 
 
 BRIN'G'IN'G, ppr. Bearing to; conveying; persuad- 
 ing ; causing lo come. 
 
 BRI.NG'I.NG-FoRTII, 71. Production. SAoJt. 
 
 BRI.\'ISH, a. [from frriiif.] Like brine ; salt; some* 
 what salt ; saltish. 
 
 BRI.N'ISII-NESS, 71. Saltness; the quality of being 
 saltish. 
 
 BRINK, 71. [Dan. and Sw. iriiiA ; VV. bryncyn; Ir. 
 breach, bruach ; from break.] 
 
 The edge, margin, or border of a sleep place, as of 
 n precipice, or the b:Mik of a river. 
 
 BRl.\'Y, a. [from brine.] Pertaining to brine, or to 
 the sea ; partaking of the nature of brine ; salt ; as, a 
 briny taste ; the briny flood. Dryden. Mdiion. 
 
 BRISK, a. [This word may be of "the same family 
 with frisk and fresh, which see. \V. bmsg, from 
 brys, quick; bry.iiaw, to hasten, coinciding with 
 press: from \V. rhys, a rushing. See RtsH.] 
 
 1. Lively ; active ; nimble ; gay ; sprightly ; viva- 
 cious ; applied to animals: as, a brisk young man ; a 
 brisk horse. 
 
 2. Full of spirit or life ; eflTervcscing, as liquors ; 
 OS, brLik cider. 
 
 3. Lively ; burning freely ; as, a brisk fire. 
 BRISK or BRISK UP, v. U To m.ike lively ; to en- 
 liven : to animate. 
 
 BRISK UP, r. i. To come up with life and speed ; to 
 
 take an erect or bold attitude. 
 BRISK'ET, 71. I^Uu. Fr. brechet.] 
 
 The breast ot an animal ; or that part of tlw breast 
 
 TONE, BULL, tlNITR-AiVGEK, VT'CIOUS.-G as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 10' 
 
 149 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 tliat lies nuxt to the ribs ; the fiire part of the neck 
 of a liorse, at the shoulder down to the fore legs. 
 
 Baiteij. 
 
 BUrSK'-LOOK-ING, a. Having a lively look. 
 
 BIUSK'LY, ado. Actively; vigorously; with life and 
 spirit. Botjle. Ray. 
 
 BIIISK'N'ESS, n. Liveliness; vigor in action ; quick- 
 ness; gayety ; vivacity; efl'ervescence of liquors. 
 
 South. IJriiden. 
 
 BR[S'TLE, (bris'l,) n. [Sax. bristl, and ii/rrf ; Sw. 
 borst ; D. bor.itd, si bristle, a brush ; G. borstr, bristle ; 
 bvrsten, to bristle up ; Dan. brtjste, to strut. The 
 sense is, a .-ilioot.] 
 
 1. The stifl", glossy hair of swine, especially that 
 growing on the back, used for making brushes; sim- 
 ilar hair on otiicr animals. 
 
 2. A species of pubescence on plants, in form of a 
 stiff, roundish hair. Marlyn. 
 
 BRIS''1'LE, 1'. (. To erect in bristles; to erect in de- 
 fiance or anger. Hi' e a swine ; as, to bristle, the crest. 
 2. To fix a bristle ; as, to bristle a thread. Johnson, 
 
 BRIS'TLE, v.i. To rise or stand erect; as, the hair 
 brUtles. Drytlen. 
 
 2. To raise the head and strut, as in anger or defi- 
 ance ; as, a man bristles up to another. In this sense 
 the word is coninion in the United Stiites, but gen- 
 erallv pronounced briutlr. 
 
 BRl.S'TLJvD, (bris'slil,) /);). or a. Raised in bristles ; 
 furnislieil witli bristles. 
 
 liUIS'-i'LE-XKM-i'D, a. Armed with bristles. Kirby. 
 
 BIUS' J LE-I'.EaR-I.NG, a. Having bristles. Kirby. 
 
 BUI.S' TLE-LIKE, a. StitT as a bristle. 
 
 BRIt?'TLE-f!llAl>-£D, (Iiris'l-shapt,) a. [bri.stle and 
 sliape.] Of the tbiclvness and length of a bristle, as 
 a leaf. Martyn. 
 
 BlUS'TLTNG, (bris'ling,) ppr. Rising in bristles. 
 
 l)ltl!>'TLY, (bris'ly,) a. Thick set with bristles, or 
 with hairs like bristles; rough. Bacon. 
 
 BRItf'TOI^FLO\V-ER, n. .\ .species of Lychnis, 
 bachelor's button, or catcliflv. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 ISIiKS'TOL-SToNE, ) n. Rock crystal, or crystals 
 
 BRIS-TOL-f)I'A-.MO\l), | of quartz", f.iund in a rock 
 near the city of Bristol, in England, and frequently 
 used for ornamental purposes. 
 
 CtMS''J'OL-\VA-TEK, n. Tlie water of a warm 
 spring near the city of Bristol, in England. 
 
 y?..7i. Enetie. 
 
 BIUT, 71. A fish of the herring kind, {chjpeic,) from 
 one to four inches long, found, at some season-^, in 
 inuue-nse numbers on the eastern ccsast of New Eng- 
 land. Mas.^. Report. 
 
 BKl-T.W'iVIA, n. A metallic compound or alloy, 
 consisting chiefly of block-tin, with some antimony, 
 and a small proportion of copper and brass. 
 
 Kncye. Dom. Econ. 
 
 BRI-T.\.\"Nie, a. Pertaining to Britain ; or, in its 
 l>resent use, to Gre.at Brittiin. It is aj>pli< d almost 
 exclusively to the title of the king ; as, His Bntxin- 
 nic Majesty. The Britannic Catalogue, (C'ttaloirns 
 Britanniciis^) is a catalogue of the stars, prepared by 
 Flanisteed. 
 
 BRITE, j V. i. To be or become over-ripe, as whe.at, 
 
 BRIGHT, \ barley, or hops. ./o/uison. 
 [I know nnttkat this word is iLsed in the United Estates.] 
 
 BKIT'I.'^H, a. Pertaining to Great Britain or its in- 
 habitants. It is sometimes applied to the language 
 of the Welsh. 
 
 BRIT'ISH-GIJM, n. A substance of a brownish C(dor, 
 and very soluble in cold w.ater, formed by heating 
 dry starch at a temperature of about (inoi) Fahr. It 
 corresponds, in its properties, with dextrine, anil is 
 used in solution, as a substitute for gum, in stillen- 
 ing goods. 
 
 BRIT'ON, 71. A native of Britain. 
 
 BRn''')N', 17. British. Spenser. 
 
 BKIT'TLE, a. [Sax. briitjin, brytan, to break ; .«w. 
 bryta; Han. bryde, id.; W. brad, a brea.Mng ; Sam. 
 
 yV^S brat ; Ch. ms ; Ar. Jjj-i fitrata : Syr. 
 
 / • frat : Heb. TiS to part, to break. See Part. J 
 
 Easily broken, or easily breaking short, without 
 splinters, or loose parts rent from the substance ; 
 fragile; not tough or tenacious; as, brittle stone or 
 glass. JJrbuthnot. 
 
 BKIT'TLR-LV, «7//c. In a brittle manner. Sherwood. 
 
 BKIT'TLE-NESS, 7t. Aptness to break ; fragility; 
 opposed to louirhness and lenacitij. Baijlr. 
 
 BRI'l'Z'SKA, (bris'ka,) w. A long carriage, with a 
 calash top, and so constructed as to give space 
 for reclining at night, w hen used on a journey. 
 
 BRTZK, 71. The gadfly. [See Bkekze.] 
 
 BROACH, n. [Fr. broehe, a spit, faycet, or quill ; W. 
 pror., a thnist, a stab ; It. brocco, a peg ; brocciare, to 
 prick ; Sp. broe/i, n drill, a Uack. It denotes a shoot, 
 a sharp-pointed thing. J 
 
 1. A spit, and, in some parts of the English do- 
 minionn, an awl, and a bodkin. Kncye.. 
 
 2. A nmsii al instrument played by turning a han- 
 dle, .hihnson, 
 
 3. A clasp or small utensil to fasti n a vest. [See 
 Buoocfi. ] 
 
 4. A start of the head of n young stag. .Uhn-ion. 
 
 5. A candle rod. Encyc. Dom. Ecm. 
 
 BR6ACH, V. t. [VV. prociaw, to thrust or stab.] 
 
 1. To spit ; to pierce as with a sjiit. 
 
 Shah. Hakewill. 
 9. To tap ; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw 
 the liquor ; hence, to let out. JIndibras. 
 
 3. To open, as a store. [ C//(«,?(/fi/.] Knolle.s. 
 
 4. To utter ; to give out ; to publish first ; to make 
 public what was before unknown ; as, to broach an 
 opinion. Swift. 
 
 To broach to ; in navigation, to incline suddenly to 
 windward, so as to lay the sails aback and expose 
 the vessel to the danger of oversetting. Mar. Diet. 
 
 B!JoA(;H'/;I), (biwht,) pp. Spitted ; tapped ; opened ; 
 uuereii ; lirst published. 
 
 BItoACH'ER, n. A spit; one who broaches, opens, 
 or utters ; a first publisher. Drydcn. L'-Estrangc. 
 
 BRoACH'ING, p/jr. Pierciic^ with a spit; tapping; 
 $rst divulging. 
 
 BROAD, (brawd,) <7. [Sax. brad; Sw. bredi D. breed; 
 Ger. hreit ; Dan. breed, broad ; Arm. bnuli, bradein, to 
 publish, 'fliis word ami spread seem to be formed 
 on the root Tii, or m-i, to open, extend, spread ; in 
 Syr., to go; L. irraxlior : a root of extensive use.] 
 ■ 1. Wide ; extended in breadth, or from side to side, 
 as distinguished from /u/ig-, or extended from end to 
 end. It is o|)posed to narrow ; as, a broad street ; a 
 broad table. Drydcn. Temple, 
 
 2. Wide ; extensive ; vast ; as, the broad expanse 
 of ocean. 
 
 3. Large ; as, a broad mixture of falseliood. Locke. 
 
 4. Open ; clear ; not covered, confined, or con- 
 cealed ; as, in broad sunshine. 
 
 5. Gross ; coarse ; as, broad mirth ; broad nonsense. 
 
 Pope. Drifden. 
 C. Plain; tending to obscenity; as, a broad com- 
 ment. Drydcn. 
 
 7. Bold ; not delicate ; not reserved ; as, broad 
 words. S/iak. 
 
 8. Comprehensive. 
 
 It may l)e iir^ 'tl thut the ic<ird.i in tlie conslihition are brofid 
 enoiigli lu include tlie c^isi'. D. Daggett, Whtaton^s Rep, 
 
 Broad as tonsf : equal upon the whole. UEstranire. 
 BROAD'-AX, 71. [broad and ax.] Formerly, a military 
 weapim. In modern usatre, an ax for hewing timber. 
 BROAD'-B.ACK-£D, (bravvd'bakt,) a. [broad and 
 
 harli.] Having a broad back. Barlow. 
 BROAD'-BLoWN,'a. [broad and bloUi.] Fullblown. 
 
 Shah. 
 
 UROAD'-ROT'TOM-ED, a. Having a wide bottom. 
 BltOAD'^BRE \ST-ED, a. Having a bro.ad breast. 
 r,RiiAI)'-liltl.\l-.MKD, (brawd'brimd,) a. [broad and 
 
 brim.'] Having a broad brim. Braniston. 
 BRO.VD'-CaST, ;i. [broad and co.*;.] Among /«rJ7ifrji-, 
 
 a casting ur tliriiwing seed from tlie hand for disper- 
 sion in sowing. 
 BROAD'-€.\ST, adr. By scattering or throwing at 
 
 large from the hand ; as, to sow broad-cast. 
 BRO AD'-Ca.ST, a. Cast or dispersed upon the ground 
 
 Willi llie hanil, as seed in sowing; jpposed to plant- 
 
 iiit: in hills nr rows. 
 BRO.UJ'-CllE.ST-ED, a. Having a broad chest or 
 
 thorax. 
 
 BROAD'eLOTII, 7j. A species of woolen cloth, so 
 
 called from its breadth. 
 BltOAD'-EV-AJD, (brawd'Ide,) a. Having a wide view 
 
 or survey ; as, hroad-eijrd ilav. Shak. 
 BROAD'-'FRO.NT-ED, "(braw'il'frunt-ed,) o. Having 
 
 a brnail frnnt ; applied to cattle. Chapman. 
 BRO AD'-HE AD-ED, «. Having a broad head. Scolt. 
 BRO.VD'-UOR.V-i'JD, a. Having wide-spread horns. 
 
 Iluloet. 
 
 BROAD'-LkAF-ED, (brawd'leeft,)«. [broad and leaf.] 
 
 Having broad leaves, }Voodward. 
 BROAD'-MOUTH-i'D, o. Having a wide mouth. 
 
 Iroing, 
 
 BROAD'-Pir;(;F, 71. [broad and piece.'] A piece of 
 gold coin broader than a guinea. Encyc, 
 
 BRO.\D'-Sr.AL, 71. The great seal of England; the 
 jiublic seal of a country or state. As a verb, not 
 used. 
 
 nROAn'-SHolIL-DER-A;D, a. [broad and shoulder.] 
 Broad acro^^s the shoulders. Spectator. 
 
 BROAD'SIDi:, 71. [broad and .■ride.] A discharge of 
 all the guns "u one side of a shij), abovt; and below, 
 at the same time. J\lar. Diet. 
 
 2. The side of a shij), above the water, from the 
 bow to the quarter. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. In printin/r, a sheet of paper containing one 
 large page, or iirinleil on one side only. Johnson. 
 
 BROAD'-SI'KKAD, ( spreil,) a. Wide-spread. 
 
 BROAD'-SPKF-AD-ING, «. Spreading widely. Shak. 
 
 BROAD'-SWoRD, n. [broad and .tword.] A sword 
 with a broad blade and a ciilting i-dge. fViseman. 
 
 BROAD'-TaIL AM), a. Having a broad tail. Sandys. 
 
 IHlOAD'-WrsE, adr, [broad and wise.] In the direc- 
 tion of the breadth. Boiile. 
 
 BR()AD'/;.\, (brawd'n,) r. i. To grow broad. [Unu- 
 sual,'] Thomson. 
 
 BROAD'KN, 1). a. To make broad ; to render more 
 broad or comprehensive. 
 
 BROAD'ER, (lirawd'er,) a, eomp. More broad. 
 
 RItOAD'EST, a. suprrl. Most broad. 
 
 BROAU'ISH, n. Rather broad. Russell. 
 
 BROAD'LY, (hrawd'le,) ado. In a broad manner. 
 
 BROAD'NESS, 71. Breadth ; extent from side to side ; 
 coarseness ; grossness ; fulsomeness. Drydcn. 
 
 BRO-CADE', n. [^]^. brocado ; probably from broche, 
 the instrument used in embroidery ; so Fr. brochure, 
 a iiamphlet or stitched book.] 
 
 Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or 
 raised and enriched with flowers, foliage, and oth- 
 er ornaments. Enctfc. Span. Diet. 
 
 BRO-eAD'ED, a. Woven or worked, as brocade, with 
 gold and silver. 
 
 2. Dressed in brocade. Johnson. 
 BRO-CaDE'-SHELL, 71. The trivial name of the Co- 
 nns geographicus. Cyc. 
 
 BRo'CAGE, 71. [See Broke, Broker.] 
 
 1. The premium or commission of a broker ; the 
 gain or profit derived from transacting business for 
 other men, as brokers, eitlier in a good or bad sense. 
 
 Spender. 
 
 9. The hire given for any unlawful oftice. Bacon. 
 
 3. The trade of a broker ; a dealing in old tilings. 
 
 4. The business of a broker ; the transactions of 
 commercial business, as buying and selling, for other 
 men. [See Broke, Broker.] 
 
 5. The act of pimping. ,^sh. 
 BRo'CA-TEL, / rc I. 4 ,^ 
 BRO-eA-TEL'LO, i L^P' J 
 
 1. A calcareous stone or marble, composed of frag- 
 ments of four colors, white, gray, yellow, and red. 
 
 Pourcroy. J^J'iehuUon. 
 
 2. A kind of coarse brocade, used chiefly for tapes- 
 try. Newman says it is made of liemp and silk. 
 
 Encyc. J^ewman^s Span. Diet. 
 BROe'eO-LI, 77. [It. broccolo, sprouts ; Fr. brocoli.] 
 A siibvariety of the cauliflower, having the head 
 generally of a dark-green or purple color. 
 BROCH'AN-TITE, »i. [from Brochant de Villiers.] 
 A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in eineraJd- 
 green crystals. 
 BROCHE ; tlie true, but not the common orthography 
 of Broach. 
 
 BROCK, 7!. [.Sax. broc ; Ir. broc; Corn, id.; W. broc, 
 a badger, and noise, din, tumult, foam, anger; brogi, 
 to chafe, fume, wax fierce^ from rhoc, a rough sound ; 
 rfiocain, to grunt. Owen.j 
 
 A badger. [See Badoer.] The Russians call it 
 barsuk. In Ir. brech is a wolf, a wild savage, and a 
 badger. 
 
 BROCK'ET, 71. [See Brock.] A red deer two years 
 old. Bailey writes this brock or brocket. The French 
 write it broeard. 
 
 BROD'E-KIN, 71. [Fr. brodcqtiin.] 
 
 A buskin or half-boot. Echard. 
 
 BRo'G.4NS, 71. pi. Stout, coarse shoes ; the same as 
 Brogue, which see. 
 
 BROG'GLE, V. i. To fish for eels. [JVut used.] 
 
 BRoGUE, (brog,) 11. [Ir. brog, a shoe, a house.] 
 
 1. A stout, coarse shoe. " Clouted broifues,'' in 
 Shakspeare, signify shoes whose soles are studded 
 with nails, or clouts. In the Highlands of Scot- 
 land, it is made of horse-hide with the hair on. 
 
 2. .\ cant word for a corrupt dialect or manner of 
 pronunciation. Farquliar. 
 
 3. Bnii^ues is used by Slienstone for breeches, from 
 the Irish bro<r. 
 
 BRoGIJE'-M.aK-ER, >i. A maker of brogues. .Mm-wn. 
 BROID, 1'. t. To braid. [Obs.] [See Braid.] 
 BROID'EU, e. /. [Fr. broder : Sp. and Port, bordar, to 
 embroider; Arm. bronda, to prick; D. borduurcn, to 
 embroider ; VV. brodiow, to make compact, to darn, 
 to embroider ; brieyd, a broach, an embroidering 
 frame. Uu. Heb. and .\r. Ti3 brad, spotted.] 
 To adorn with figures of needle-work. 
 
 A riilie, A broiilerci cunt, .iiid a jjinllc. — Kxuil. 
 
 BROID'ER ER, 71. One that embroiders. 
 BROID'ER-Y, 11. Einbroidery ; ornamental needle- 
 work wrought upon cloth. [See Embroider.] 
 
 Tickel. 
 
 BROIL, n. [Fr. brouilterie, from brouillcr, to mix, con- 
 found, embroil ; It. bro-jlia, tumult ; brouliarr, to em- 
 broil. From this verb we have roil, to disturb, as 
 lees. (See Ktui,.) The primary sense is, to stir, to 
 agitate. It may be allied to brawl, and the French 
 brulrr.] 
 
 A tumult ; a noisy quarrel ; contention ; discord, 
 either between individuals or in the state. 
 
 Sh/ik. OranrUJe. 
 BROIL, V. t. [Uu. Fr. bruter. I believe this is from 
 brouiUiT, to agitate.] 
 
 To agitate with heat ; to dress or cook over coals, 
 before the (ire ; but more generally uiion a gridiron 
 over coals. Dryden. 
 BROIL, e. 1. To be subjected to the action of heat, 
 like meat over the fire ; to be greatly heated, or to 
 sweat with heat. 
 
 Wiiere liaTC yon been broiling ? Shak. 
 BROIL' ED, pp. or a. Cooked or dressed by l-eat. 
 BROIL'ER, H. One that excites broils; that which 
 
 dresses by broiling. 
 BROIL'ING, ppr. or n. Cooking over coiils ; sweating. 
 BROKE, »'. I. [Sax. briie.an, to use, cn';:'.oy, enjoy ; to 
 eat or chew ; to brook ; to profit ; broce, use ; brrc, 
 use, gain ; bryce, gain, profit, fruit, fruclus ; a viola- 
 
 PATE, FAR, Fi\LL, WII^T. — METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 150 
 
H K O 
 
 15 RO 
 
 BRO 
 
 lion, or breakiiifr; S\v. brttha; (I. hraiicheit ; Dan. 
 bru^c ; I), gtbrmkrn, to use or employ ; L. fruor, for 
 frucor, wlH'nro /riirtitv, fruit ; Gr. ir/yuiruw, iT,.a(a), 
 TTpa) /la. See Practice.! 
 
 To transact business for another in trade ; to act 
 us ajent in luiyin? anil sellinc, anil other connnercial 
 business ; to transact business by an agent. 
 
 Bucott. Shak, 
 [This word. U Utile tisril, at least in .America; and 
 Fntrlish writrr^i seem to have used it in a low sense.] 
 HKoK /(ref. anil pp. of IIheak. 
 
 HRf)'K/-;.\, (briik'n,) or n. from Break. Parted by 
 viob'nce ; rent asunder ; infirm; made bankrupt. 
 
 l!UO'K/;.\-I!ACK-f;D, (bro'kn-bakt,) a. A broken- 
 backfl ship, is one which is so weakened in her 
 frunc as to droop at each end. Mar. Diet. 
 
 nU(^'Kf.'.\-IiKL-Ll-Kl), (bro'kn-bel-lid,) a. Ilavin; a 
 niptureil bellv. Sandiis. 
 
 BRo'KK.V-HKXUT-ED, (I. [break nml heart.] Ilav- 
 in2 the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or de- 
 s|mir. 
 
 BKo'KKN-I.Y, adv. In a broken, inierrnptert man- 
 ner ; without a recular series. Ilakncill. 
 
 Bl{0'Kf;.\-.MK.\T, n. .Meat that has been cut up ; 
 fragments. Swift. 
 
 nRO'Kf;.\-NESS, n. A state of being broken ; unc- 
 venness. 
 
 'i. (\)ntritioii ; as, brokcnuess of heart. 
 HKo'KKN-VVl.Nn, n. [break and ifi«</.] A dise.w 
 ill Iinrses, often acconipanieil with a preternatural 
 enlarge ini-iit of the lungs ami heart, wliich disables 
 them fniin bearing fatigue. F.ucijc, 
 I!Rf) KA:.\'-\VI.\n-EI), a. Il.aving short breath, as a 
 BKO'KEll, ». [from AniAc] [horse. 
 
 1. All agent or negotiator, who is cuiployi'd by 
 nii'rcliaiils to make and coiu liide bargains for them, 
 for a fee or rale per cent., or wlio transacts other busi- 
 ness for his employers. 
 
 Brokers are of several kinds. 
 
 (1.) K«fta/iji-?-ftroicr.<, who miikc and conclude h.ir- 
 gaiiis for others in matters of money or merchandise, 
 learii tlie rate of exchange, and notify their em- 
 ployers. 
 
 (i) Stoek-brokrrs, who are cin|iloyed to buy and 
 sell shares in the slcicks, whether of the public 
 funds, of banks, or of other corporations. 
 
 (.1.) Pawn-brokers, who make it their business to 
 lend money upon pawns, tli.it is, property deposited 
 in pledge. 
 
 (4.) Insurance-brokers, whose business is to procure 
 ■ the insurance of vessels at sea or hound on a voyage, 
 (n the United Stales, the business of a stock-brotcer 
 and an insurance-broker is often or generally carried 
 on by the same person. 
 
 2. One who deals in old household goods. Johnson. 
 
 3. A pimp or procurer. Shak. Johnson, 
 [hi t.'ie two lattrr senses, the icortl, I believe, is never 
 
 used in .America, unle,^ in'tant //iMff'imj'r.] 
 BKO'KF.R-AGE, n. The business or employment of a 
 
 broker. Burke. 
 2. The fee, reward, orcommission given or charged 
 
 for transacting business as a broker. 
 
 .^iiderson^s Comm. 
 RRO'KF.R-I,Y, a. Meau ; servile Jonson. 
 BRO'KER-Y, II. The business of a broker. [Aut 
 
 used.] Hall. 
 BRr)'KI.\f!, ppr. Transacting business as a broker; 
 
 practiced by brokers. SJiaA-. 
 BRO'.M.M., n. An oily, colorless fluid, obtained by the 
 
 action of bromine oil alcohol. 
 BRO'.M.VTE, II. A coni|iound of bromic acid with a 
 
 base. 
 
 BROME, n. A term used by the French chemists for 
 
 bromine, [See llHoMirtE.] 
 BRO.ME'-GKaSS, ri. A name common to dilTerent 
 
 species of grass, of the genus Bromus. 
 BRO'MIC .\CID, n. An acid compound of bromine 
 
 and oxygen. 
 
 BRO'MIL), n. .\ compound of bromine with a metal- 
 lic or combustible base. 
 
 BRO'MI.NE, n. [(Jr. li..,.u,o<:, fetid.] 
 
 An elementary, acidifying and b.asifying substJince, 
 found in sea water and marine productions. It is a 
 di'ep-ri d Huid, whose smell is very olfensive. 
 
 BRO.Nt'iri-.fi, 
 
 HRO.Veil" 
 
 BRO.Xeil 
 
 BRO.NCH'I-AL, a. [Gr. ilpiyxof, the windpipe.. 
 
 Belonging to the bronchia;, or ramifications of the 
 windpi|ie in the lungs. 
 
 The hronehial arteries, are branches from the supe- 
 rior part of the descending aorta, accompanying the 
 bronrhiie, or branches of the tnu-he.i. 
 
 BroiirAuii ir/aiirfa ; lymphatic glands, situ.ited near 
 the root of the lungs, at the bifurcation of the tra- 
 chea, and at the subdivisions of the bronchiie. 
 
 Bronchial membrane; the mucous membrane lining 
 the bronrhisp. 
 
 [The term bronchial has been applied, also, to the 
 whole extent of the air tiibe of animals, including 
 the trachea (bronchus) and its ramifications, (bronchi, 
 or bronckM.) The terms bronchial membrane and 
 bronchitis have also been used coextensivelv. Oood. 
 P. Cyc] 
 
 ri-fi i 
 
 j([ ' ( n. pi. The subdivisions or mmifica- 
 ' ^ lions of the trachea in the lungs. 
 
 KRONCirie, «. 'I he same as 1)ri>n> iii m.. 
 Blt().\Cll I'TIS, n. All iiillaininalioii of any part of 
 
 the broiirliial membrane. 
 BR<J.Nt;ir()-<'f:I.r., «. [(;r. /J//oj\i)5, the windpipe, 
 
 and v//Xi/, a tiiiiior.] 
 
 * An eniargcil tliymid gland; a tiiiuor on the fore 
 part of the neck, called ifotter, and Derbj/shire neck. 
 
 Qainey. Core. 
 BRONeil-OPIl'O-NV, n. [Gr. 0p-yX'>i and 'i^uvn, 
 voice. J 
 
 In auscultation, the .sound of the voice audible in 
 the bronchial tubes ; occurring only in certain dis- 
 eases. 
 
 BRONCII-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. 0poyxoi, the windpipe, 
 and rl<^l>|, a cutting.] 
 
 An incision into the windpipe or larynx, between 
 the rings ; called, also, tracheotomy, or laryngotumy. 
 
 (^uincy. Coze. 
 BRONCH'US, 71. [I,.; Gr. /?p.7yv''S-] 
 
 The trachea or wiudpiiie. 
 BRd.NO, n. A sword. [See Brand.] 
 UKON-TOI.'O CY, n. [Gr. liuovni, thunder, and 
 Aoi ov, discourse.] 
 
 A discourse or dissert.ation upon thunder, contain- 
 ing an explanation of its causes and phenomena. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 BROXZE, (brJinze or hr5nze,) n. [Ft.brome; Krm. 
 bron^z ; It. bronzo ; Sp. bronce. Ill Ital. bronzinn is 
 sunburnt. It may take its name from its color, from 
 6ur/i, brotcju.] 
 
 1. .\ compound of copper and tin, to wliich other 
 metallic siilistaiices are sometimes added, especially 
 zinc. It is brittle, hard, and smiorims, and used for 
 statues, bells, and cannon, the [iroportions of the 
 respective ingredients being varied to suit the partic- 
 ular purposes. JSTicholson. Enetjc. 
 
 a. .\ color prepared for the purpose of imitating 
 bronze, of two kuids, the yellow and the red. The 
 yi llow is made of fine copper dust ; the reil, of cop- 
 per du«t with a little pulverized reil oclier. Enntfe^ 
 
 3. Among anto/uaries, a term applied to figures of 
 men or beasts, urns, or otiier pieces of sculpture, 
 which the ancients iiiatle of bronze. Kncyc. 
 
 4. Any statue or bust cast of bronze, whether 
 original or a copy of an .antique. Kncyc. 
 
 5. Among medalists, any copper medal. Encye. 
 BRONZE, 17. t. To imitate bronze, by means of cop- 
 per dust or leaf listened on the outside, as gold leaf 
 is in gilding. Encye. 
 
 2. " To harden, or make like brass. Young. 
 X To make of tlie color of bnuize. 
 
 BRO.\Z'/CD, (brOnzd or broiizd,) pp. or a. Made to 
 
 resemlile bronze ; browned. 
 BRO.VZ'I.XG, ppr. Imitating bronze ; turning to the 
 
 color of bronze. 
 BRO.VZ'I.XG, n. The act or art of imitating bronze, 
 
 by means of copper dust or leaf, or by any other 
 
 method. Eneyc. 
 BRO.NZ'ITE, 71. [from iroTiic] A variety of liorn- 
 
 blende, having nearly the luster of bronze, and allied 
 
 to hy^rsthene, called by Ilaiiy, diallage rnetallv'ide. 
 
 It is by some regarded as a distinct specii^s. 
 BRoOCII, (brOche,) ii. [Slav, obrutch, a ring, a circle, 
 
 a bracelet.] 
 
 1. .An ornamental utensil for fastening the vest, or 
 the bosom of a shirt, as formerly used in America. 
 It is usually made of silver, often round, with a 
 tongue crossing its diameter, sometimes with two 
 tongues. It formerly was used ill England, as it was 
 in .America, and is still in the Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 2. A jewel. [Eneyc. 
 
 3. With ;)niM(cr,«, a painting all of one color. Diet. 
 BR0O(;il, f. I. To ailorn or furnish with brooches or 
 
 j<'Wels. Shak. 
 BROOD, r. I. [Sax. ir<)(/, a brood ; nnd briidan,bredan, 
 to dilate or extend, to warm, to divulge, to spread ; 
 1). broeden, to brood ; Ger. brilten, to brood ; brut, 
 brood ; \V. bried, warm ; brydiaw, to warm. The 
 sense is, to warm, or to cover, to sjtread orcr.] 
 
 1. To sit on and cover, as a fowl on her eggs, for 
 the purpose of warming them and hatching chickens, 
 or as a hen over her chickens, to warm and protect 
 them. 
 
 2. To sit on ; to spread over, as with wings ; as, 
 to sit brooding over the vast abyss. jMillon. 
 
 3. To remain a Uing time in anxiety or solicitous 
 thought ; to have the mind uninterruptedly dwell a 
 Icuig lime on a subject ; as, the miser broods over his 
 gold. Dry den. 
 
 4. To mature any thing xvith care. Bacon. 
 BROOD, r. L To sit over, cover, and cherish; as, a 
 
 hen broods her chickens. 
 
 2. To cherish. 
 
 You'd brood joiir torrows on a Uirone. Drydtn. 
 BROOD, 71. [Sax. irorf.] Ofl'spriiig; progeny; formerly 
 used of liuman beings in elegant works, and we have 
 brother from this word ; but it is now more gener- 
 ally used in contempt. 
 
 a. A hutch ; the young birds hatched .at once ; as, 
 a brood of chickens or of ducks. 
 
 3. That which is bred ; six'cies generated ; that 
 which is produced. 
 
 libya's hnjoda of po ton. Addiaon. 
 
 4. The art of covering the eggs, or of brooding. 
 [Vnusmil.] Shak. 
 
 IIROOD'ED, pp. Covered with the wings ; cherished. 
 
 ItROOD'I.N'G, ppr. Sitting on; covering and wann- 
 ing ; rtwi lliiig on with anxiety. 
 
 HROOD'-MARE, 71. A mare kept for breeding. 
 
 BRdOD'Y, a. In a state of sitting on eggs for hatch- 
 ing ; inclined to sit. [UmLiual.] Ray. 
 
 BROOK, n. [Sax. broe, or brooc. As the sense is a 
 stream or Ilowing, it may be the D. brock, G. bruch, 
 a marsh, and allied to Gr. /yue^oj, or /^puw, to niin, 
 to |H>ur, to How, Eolic iitival, a brook. Near the 
 site of ancient Troy is a stream called Thyinbrec, 
 Tltymbrius.] 
 
 A small natural stream of water, or a current flow- 
 ing from a spring or fountain less than a river. In 
 some parts of America, riiH is used in a like sense; 
 but run is also applied to larger streams than brook. 
 BROOK, i;. t, [Sax. frriican,to use, employ or perforin, 
 to eat or chew ; bra'can, brccan,to break ; Gr. fJpo\o)f 
 to eat, to grind the teeth.] 
 
 Literally, to chew or digest, as the Fr. digerir. 
 Hence, 
 
 To bear; to endure; to support; as, young men 
 cannot brook restraint. Jlooker. Dryden 
 
 IIROOK'LET, n. A small brook. 
 
 HKO()K'-LrME, 71. [brook and lime.] A plant, the 
 \'eronica lieccabunga, xvith blue flowers in loose lat- 
 eral spikes. Encye. 
 
 liKOOK'-.Ml.XT, 71. The water mint. 
 
 UU()()K'-\VEE1), II. A plant, water pimpernel, the 
 S.aiimlus. Muhlenberg. 
 
 BROOK'Y, a. Abounding with brooks. Dyer. 
 
 IIROO.M, It. [Sax. bruin; D. brcm, braam ; Ir. brum. 
 This is the simple root of bramble.] 
 
 1. A plant, the S/)ar7(jiirt ^cd/ffiriHfii, Linn. ; (Cytitus 
 5re/Kir/u.>-, Lamarck ;) the ciuiiiiuui broom of the Eng- 
 lish wastes. Dycr^s broom or dyer^s weed, so called 
 because used in (lyeing yellow, is the Ocnisia tincloria. 
 
 Spanish broom, is a species of Spartiuin ; and 
 Butcher^s broom, is the Ruscus. 
 
 2. A besom, or brush with a long handle, for sweep- 
 ing floors; so called from being originally made of 
 the broom plant. In .America, brooms are made of 
 the tops of broom-corn, or of siune species of wood 
 splintered, chiefly ash. The latter species of broom 
 is furnished by the n.atives of the country. The 
 original broom, made of shrubs or twigs, is still used 
 in stables. 
 
 BROOM. See Bream. 
 
 BROO.M'-€ORN, 11. [broom and corn.] A species of 
 Sorghum or Guinea-corn, with a jointed stem, like a 
 reed, or the stem of maize, rising to the liighl of 
 eight or ten feet, bearing a head of which brooms 
 are made. It is the Sorghum saccharatum. 
 BROOM'ING, (a ship.) See Bkeam. 
 BltOO.M'L.A.M), 71. [broom and land.] Land pro- 
 ducing broiun. Mortimer. 
 BROO.M'RaPE, n. The Orobanche.or .strangle weed, 
 a genus of British epiphyte perennial plant.s. 
 i BROO.M'STAFF, ( n. [See SrAt f and Stick.] Tiie 
 j UROO.M'STICK, I stiUf or handle of a broom. 
 ' Shak. Swift. 
 
 : BROOM'Y, a. Full of broom ; containing broom. 
 1 Mortimer. Swifi. 
 
 ; BRO'SEV, a. Burnt. [M u.ied.] 
 I BROTH, (brauth,) 11. [Sax. broth ; It. brodo ; Ir. broUi ; 
 Sp. brodw ; Ir. bruitliim, to boil. (ill. D. broaden, to 
 roast ; W. brotit, a .stirring or tumult.] 
 
 1. Liquor in which flesh is boiled and macerated, 
 usii.TlIy with rice and herbs, or some ingredient to 
 give it a better relish. 
 
 2. In jjmrric«, the word is often applied to foaming 
 water, and especially to a mixture of snow and water 
 in the highways, which is called snow-broth. 
 
 BROTH'EL, II. [A dialectical orthography of Bobdel, 
 which see.] 
 
 A hou.se of lewdness ; a house appropriated 10 the 
 purpo.ses of prostitution ; a bawdy-house ; a stew. 
 BROTH'EI--ER, n. One that frequents brothels. 
 ItROf H'EL-HOUSE, lu A brothel. 
 HROTH'EL-RY, n. Lewdness; obscenity. 
 
 Hall. Jonson. 
 BROTirER, (bruth'er,) n. ; pi. Brothers or Brethre.x. 
 
 ttJotli. broOiar ; Sax. brother or brether ; Sw. and 
 )an. broder ; D. breeder, from broeden, to brood, to 
 breed ; G. bruder ; Sans, brader or bhralre ; Russ. 
 brat i Dalmatian brath ; L. fraUr ; Gr. ^outijo, 
 
 ffipariop ; Pcrs. boradar ; Com. bredar ; Ir. 
 
 brathair : \V. brawd ; Sam. abrat ; Fr. frire, from Ij. 
 f rater ; Sp. frayle, a friar; It. fratello, brother, and 
 frate, friar ; .Arm. breuzr. By the Dutch, it opiM-ars 
 that this word signifies one of the brood or breed. 
 The common pliinU is brothers ; in the solemn style, 
 brethren is used.] 
 
 1. A Human male born of the same father and 
 mother. A m.ale by one of the parents only is called 
 a half-brother, or brother of the half blood. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 2. Any one closely united ; an associate ; as, a 
 band of brothers. 
 
 TCXE, BULL, ITMTE.-A.\"GER, Vr'CIOU3.-€ as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 I.'il 
 
BRO 
 
 3. One that resenililes another in manners. 
 He llu\l is slothfu! in tils work is brulher lo him that is a great 
 wiisler. — Pryv. xviii. 
 
 In Scriptare, the term brotlter is applied to a kins- 
 man by blciiid more remote tiian a son of the same 
 parents ; as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob 
 and Laban. Persons of the same profession call each 
 other brullirr, as judges, clergymen, professors of re- 
 ligion, members of societies united in a common 
 cause, monks, and the like. 
 
 Kinjis give to each other the title of brother. 
 
 Clergymen address their congregations by the title 
 of brethren. In a more general sense, brother or 
 brethren is used for man in general ; all men being 
 children of the same primitive ancestors, and form- 
 ing one race of beings. 
 
 Brother-German is a brother by the father's and 
 mother's side, in contradistinction lo a uterine broth- 
 er, or by the mother onlv. Encyc. 
 BROTH'ER-HOOD, 71. [brother and hood.] The state 
 or quality of being a brotlier. Locke. 
 
 2. An association of men for any purpose, as a so- 
 ciety of monks ; a fraternity. Davies. 
 
 3. A class of men of the same kind, profession, or 
 occupation. Addison. 
 
 BROTH'ER-IN-LAW, n. The brother of a husband 
 or wife ; also, a sister's husband. 
 
 BROTU'ER-LE-SS, a. Without a brother. Shak. 
 
 BROTH'EK-LTKE, a. Becoming a brother. Shak. 
 
 BROTH 'ER LI-XESS, n. State of being brotherly. 
 
 BROf H'ER-LOVE, n. Brotherly alTection. Shak. 
 
 BROTU'ER-LY, (bruth'er-le,) a'. Pertaining to broth- 
 ers ; such as is natural for brothers ; becoming broth- 
 ers ; kind ; affectionate ; as, brotherly love. Bacon. 
 
 Shakspcare uses tliis word as an adverb. '• I speak 
 but brotherly." But tlie use is not authorized. 
 
 BROUGHT, (braut,) pret and pp. of Bring. [See 
 Bring.] 
 
 BROW, n. [Sa.x. braw, bmiea ; D. braauw ; G. braue ; 
 Russ. brov ; Ir. bra^ brai, eyebrow, and abhra, the eye- 
 lid ; Sans, bruican, brtii Gr. otppvnt otpovs; Pers. 
 
 J J JO.- 
 
 tlj.j or jy-J^ or ahro ; and the last syllable of 
 
 L. palpebra. It is probably contracted from brg, and 
 signifies an edge, border, or projection.] 
 
 1. The prominent ridge over tlie eye, forming an 
 arch above the orbit. 'J'lie skin of this arch or ridge 
 is moved by muscles, which contract it in a frown, 
 and elevate it in joy or surprise. Hence, to knit the 
 brows, is to frown. Encyc. 
 
 2. The hair that covers the brow, forming an arch, 
 called the eyebrow. 
 
 3. The forehead. Hence, the general air of the 
 countenance. Shak. Waller. 
 
 4. The edge of a steep place, as the brink of a 
 river or precipice ; as, the brow of a liill. Bacon. 
 
 5. .\ fringe of coppice, adjoining to tlje hedge of a 
 field. jMojion. 
 
 BROW', V. t. To bound ; to limit ; to form the edge or 
 bonier of. Milton. 
 
 BRO W'-ANT-LER, n. [brow and anUcr.] The first 
 stitrt tba^ grows on a deer's head. Bailey. 
 
 BROWBEAT, r. «. [brow and beat.] To depress or 
 bear down with haughty, stern looks, or with arro- 
 gant speech and dogmatic assertions; or, in general, 
 to bear down by impudence. 
 
 BROW'BKAT-f;N, pp. Overborne by impudence. 
 
 BROVV'BeAT-I.NG, ppr. Overbearing with severe 
 brows, stern looks, or positive assertions. 
 
 BROVV'Bl£.\T-Ii\G, 71. .\ bearing down with stern 
 looks, supercilious manners, or confident assertions. 
 
 BROVV'BOUND, a. [brow and bound.] Crowned ; 
 having the head encircled as with a diadem. Shak. 
 
 BROVV'A'I), (browd,) a. Formed into a border. 
 
 BROW'EESS, a. Without shame. AddUon. 
 
 BROW'-PoST, n. [brow and pa.iL] Among builders, 
 a beam that goes across a liuilding. Encyc. 
 
 BROW'SICK, a. [brow and sick.] Dejected ; hang- 
 ing the head. [JVot used.] Sncklini^. 
 
 BROW.\, n. [Sa.v. brun : t>. bruin ; Ger. braun ; Uan. 
 bruun; l"r. brun; Sp. and It. bruno ; from the verb 
 to burn.] 
 
 Dusky ; of a dark or dusky color, inclining to rcd- 
 nesB; but the shades are various, as Spanish brown, 
 London brown, clove brown, tawny brown. Brown 
 results from a mixture of red, black, and yellow. 
 BROW.\, r. (. To make brown or dusky. [Kirwan. 
 
 A trfinWinj twilight oVr tlif welkin moves, 
 Brouma Uie dim voi*!, nti<l darkens deep die groves. Barlow, 
 2. To give a bright brown color to articles of iron, 
 as gun-barrels, by forming a thin, uniform coat of 
 ox\ d on llicir surface. Ure. 
 BR<->VV.\'-I!ILL, n. [brmrn and bill.] A weapon for- 
 merly used by the English fort soldiers. The origin 
 of the name is not stated ; but from it, brown musket 
 in said to have derived its appellation. Johnson. 
 BROWN'-COAL, n. Wood coal, or lignite. [See 
 Lio;«iTt:.] 
 
 BROVVN'IE, n. In Scotluth .mpmititiona, a good-natured 
 Hpirit, who was HiipjHised ofti;n to perform important 
 •ervices around the liousu by night, such as thrash- 
 ing, churning, tec. 
 
 BRU 
 
 BRU 
 
 BROWN'ING, 71. The act or operation of giving a 
 brown color to articles of iron, as gun-barrels, &;c. 
 
 BROWN'ISH, a. Somewhat brown ; inclined to 
 hrown. Kirwan. 
 
 BROV\'N'IS]\J, 71. The doctrines or religious creed of 
 the Browiiists, who maintain that any body of pro- 
 fessing Christians, united under one pastor, or com- 
 muning together, constitutes a church independent 
 of any other. Encyc. 
 
 BROWN'IST, 7!. A follower of Robert Brown, a pu- 
 ritan, or dissenter from the Church of England, who 
 left England with his congregation, and settled at 
 Middleburgli, in Zealand. "He was the head of a 
 party of Independents in church government. Encyc. 
 
 BRO\VN'.NESS, n. A brown color. Sidney. 
 
 BEOWX'-SPAR, n. A sparry or crj'stallized variety 
 of dolomite, of a reddish-brown color, from the jires- 
 ence of a small portion of oxyd of iron and manga- 
 nese. 
 
 BROWN'-STOUT', n. A superior kind of porter. 
 
 BROWN'-STUD'Y, 71. [brown and study.] Gloomy 
 study ; dull thoughtfulness ; meditation directed to 
 no certain object. J^Torris. 
 
 BROWN'-WORT, 71. [brown and wort.] A plant; 
 Brunei l;u 
 
 2. A species of Scropliularia, (the S. vemalis, or 
 yellow figwort,) with brown stalks. 
 
 Encyc. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BROWN'Y, a. Brown. [J^otused.] Shak. 
 
 BROWSE, V. t. [Gr. 0ot,)iTK(j>, to eat or browse, ffuuirii, 
 food ; but probably these words may be from sprouts ; 
 Arm. broui, brouei, or broust, sprouts, buds ; Fr. brout, 
 brouter ; Arm. brotLSta, or brouia, to browse. It is 
 allied lo brush; W. brtrys, luxuriant gi'owth ; rhwys, 
 vigor, luxuriance, wantonness.] 
 
 To eat the ends of branches of trees and shrubs, 
 or the 5 oung shoots, as cattle, or deer. Spenser. SImk. 
 
 BROWSE, 7J. i. To feed on the tender branches or 
 shoots of shrubs and trees, as cattle, sheep, and 
 goats. Mrbutltnot. Shak. 
 
 BROWSE, (brows,) 71. The tender branches or twigs 
 of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and 
 other animals. 
 
 BROWSE'-WOOD, 71. Shrubs and bashes upon 
 which animals browse. 
 
 BROWS'ING, ppr. Feeding on branches, shrubs, or 
 shoots of trees. 
 
 BRO'CI-N'A, ; 71. A vegetable alkaloid, extracted from 
 
 BRu'CINE, i the false angustura, or bark of the 
 Strychiios Nux Vomica. It is now called i-Draici7ic. 
 
 BRu'Cl TE, 71. Native hydrate of magnesia ; a w hite, 
 pearly mineral, having a thin, foliated structure, like 
 tale. It was named in honor of A. Bruce, Esq. The 
 name bruc'ite has also been given, by American min- 
 eralogists, to chondroditc. Vana. 
 
 BRCrI.\, n. A familiar name given to a bear, from 
 the French brun, brown. Pope's Dunciad. 
 
 BROISE, (liruze,) v. t. [Sax. brysan, to brui.se; Fr. 
 briser, to break or bruise ; froisser, to bruise ; Arm. 
 broiutta.] 
 
 To crush by beating or pounding with an instru- 
 ment not edged or pointed. When applied to living 
 animals or vegetables, a bruise is a contusion, or in- 
 jury of a |)art without solution of continuity, as by 
 tlie blow of a blunt instrument. When applied to 
 minerals and similar substances, to bruise signifies to 
 break them, and often to reduce them lo a coarse 
 powder. 
 
 BRUISE, ;i. A contusion ; a hurt upon the flesh of 
 
 animals, upon plants, or other bodies, with a blunt 
 
 or heavy instrument. 
 BR01S'/;i), pp. or a. Crushed; hurt or broken by a 
 
 blunt or heavy instrument. 
 BRulS'ER, 71. A concave tool for grinding the specula 
 
 of telescopes. ChamJicrs. 
 _2. In vnltrar lan^tairr, a boxer. 
 BRuISE'WORT, (bruze'vvurt,) 71. [bruise and wort.] 
 
 A plant ; comfrey. .John.ion. 
 BRuIS'lNG, ppr. Crushing; breaking or wounding 
 
 by a blunt or heavy instrument. , 
 BROIS'I.NG, 7!. In popular language, a beating or 
 
 hiixing. 
 
 BRUIT, (brute,) 71. [Fr.] Report ; minor ; fame. 
 BRU IT, 7). (. To report ; to noise abroad. Ralegh. 
 BRUlT'El), pp. Reported. 
 BRUIT'I.XG, ppr. Reporting. 
 
 BRO'MAL, a. [L. bruma, winter, brumalis ; Span. 
 bruma, winter, log, or mist.] 
 
 Belonging to the winter. Brown. 
 BROME, 71. [Fr. iruj/ic; Sp. JniTno. See Brumal.] 
 
 Mist ; fog ; vajiors. [Little used.] Barlow. 
 BRUN, ) 71. A river or stream. [£iirn is still used in 
 BURN, i Scotland.] [Obs.] 
 
 BRU-NETTE', n. [Fr., from !iru7i, brown. See 
 Brown.] 
 
 A woman with a brown or dark complexion. 
 BRUN'ION, (lirun'yun,) ». [Fr. brugnon.] 
 
 A sort of fruit iietween a plum and a peach. 
 
 BRUNS'WICK-GRF.EN', 71, A compound of one part 
 clilorid of copper, and three parts oxyd of copper, 
 the latter performing the function of an acid ; n ter- 
 cuprate ot clilorid of copper; used for paper hang- 
 ings and ill oil painting. 
 
 BRUNT, 71. [Dan. *rt/nrff, and ftrunst, ardor, ardency, 
 burning heat. It is the Dutch brand, fire, flame, ar- 
 dor, from the common root of bum, brennan, brand. 
 This shows the radical sense of burn. See Burn.] 
 
 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset ; the 
 strength or violence of any contention ; as, the 6ruii( 
 of a battle. 
 
 2. The force of a blow ; violence ; shock of any 
 kind. Hiidibras. 
 
 3. A sudden efl^^rt. Bp. Hall. 
 BRUSH, 71. [Fr. brosse; It. brusca; Sp. brusca, bruza; 
 
 probably allied to browse, W. brwys, tliick, bmnching, 
 from rhwys, vigor, luxuriance, or prys, brushwood. 
 A brush is, primarily, sprouts, shoots.] 
 
 1. An instrument for cleaning any thing of dust 
 and dirt by light rubbing, as floors, furniture, boots, 
 &c. Brushes originally were made of shrubs or small 
 branches of trees tied together, and such are yet used 
 for coarse purposes. But the materials most used are 
 bristles set in wood. Painters use a small brush to 
 lay colors on their large pieces. Silversmiths use a 
 wire brush for scrubbing silver, copper, or brass, in 
 order to gilding ; and there is a method of staining 
 leather by rubbing the color on the skin with a brush. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. Branches of trees lopped off ; brushwood ; a 
 sense common in the United States. 
 
 3. The small trees and shrubs of a wood ; or a 
 thicket of small trees. Encyc. 
 
 4. A skirmish ; a slight encounter ; also, an as- 
 sault ; a shock, or rude treatment, from collision ; as 
 we say a scouring, a rub. 
 
 5. In eief£7-ici(i/, the luminous appearance of electric 
 matter issuing in diverging rays from a point. Encyc. 
 
 6. A bushy tail ; as, the brush of a fox. 
 BRUSH, V. t. To sweep or rub with a brush ; as, to 
 
 brush a hat. 
 
 2. To strike as with a brush ; to strike lightly, by 
 passing over the surface, without injury or impres- 
 sion ; as, to brush the arm in passing ; to brush the 
 briny flood. Dryden. 
 
 3. To paint with a brush ; hence, to brush up, is 
 often used for cleansing in general. Pope. 
 
 4. With off; to remove by brushing ; as, to brush 
 off dust. Also, to carry away by an act like that of 
 brushing, or by passing over lightly, as by wind. 
 
 Bentley. 
 
 5. To move, as a brush ; to pass over with a light 
 contact. Dryden. 
 
 BRUSH, V. i. To move nimbly in haste ; to move so 
 lightly as scarcely lo be perceived ; as, 10 brush by. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 2. To move or skim over, with a slight contact, or 
 without much impression. Dryden. 
 BRUSH'iCD, (brusht,) pp. Rubbed with a brush ; struck 
 lightly. 
 
 BRUSH'ER, 71. One who brushes. 
 
 BRUSH'ING, ppr. Sweeping or rubbing with a brush ; 
 
 striking gently; moving nimbly in haste; skimming 
 
 over lightly. 
 BRUSH'ING, 7!. A rubbing or sweeping. 
 BIIUSII'ING, a. Brisk; light; as, a brushing gallop. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BRUSH'LiKE, a. [brush and like.] Resembling a 
 brush. Jisiat. Res. 
 
 BRUSH'-WHEELS, n. pi. Wheels which move each 
 other without cogs. The rubbing surfaces are often 
 covered with rough hairs, sometimes with woolen 
 cloth or bufl" leather. 
 
 BRUSH'WOOD, 71. [bnu^h and wood.] Brush ; a 
 thicket or' coppice of small trees and shrubs; also, 
 branches of trees cut off. Dryden. 
 
 BRUSH' Y, a. Resembling a brush; rough; siiaggy 
 having long hair. 
 
 BRUSK, a. [Fr. brusque.] 
 Rude ; rough. 
 
 BRUS'SELS SPROUTS, 1 
 
 delicate variety of cabbage. They consist of small 
 green heads, each a cabbage in mini.ature, of about 
 one or two inches in diameter, which sprout forth 
 from an upright stem or stalk. Encyc. Doni. Econ. 
 
 BRUS'TLE, (brus'l,) v. L [Sax. brastlian, to crackle; 
 G. braiisen ; Dan. bruse ; Sw. brusa ; from the root of 
 rtistle.] 
 
 To crackle ; to make a small, crackling noise ; to 
 rustle, as a silk garment ; to vapor, as a bully. 
 BRUS'TLING, ;)/7r. Crackling; rustling; vaporing. 
 BRUT, 7J. i. [Vr. brottter.] 
 
 To browse. [JV*e( in use.] Eueltfr.. 
 BRU'T.VL, a. [See Brute.] Pertaining lo a brute, 
 as, brutal nature. 
 
 2. i^avage ; cruel ; inhuman ; brntish ; unfeeling, 
 like a brute ; merciless ; as, brutal courage ; brutal 
 manners. 
 
 BRU-T,\L'I-TY, 71. Inhumanity ; savageness ; churl- 
 ishness ; insensibility to pity or shame. Locke. 
 
 BKO'TAIy-IZE, V. t. To make brutal, churlish, or in- 
 human. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 Wotton. 
 The popular name of a 
 
 All cruel punishments brutalize the heart. 
 
 Z. Sai/l. 
 
 BRO'TAL-TZE, v. i. To become brutal, inhuman, or 
 coarse and beastly. Adiiiion. 
 
 BRO'TAL-LY, adi: Cruelly ; inhumanly ; in a coarse, 
 churlish, or brutal inauner. ArbuthnoU 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. WQLF BQQK. — 
 
BUC 
 
 UKCTI::, a. [Fr. brut, fruin I., bratu.i, sensrloss, irra- 
 tional ; It. and Sp. bnito. Tliis word may be the Ch. 
 Hn>-v3 forcicn, strange, as tlie ancients expressed 
 wildncss and savageness by verbs wliicli signify to 
 depart or tie distant.] 
 1. Senseless ; unconscious ; as, the brute earth. 
 
 Sentlei/. 
 
 a. Irrational ; ferine ; as, a brute beast. South. 
 3. Uesiial ; in common with beasts ; as, brute vio- 
 lence. Miitcn. 
 
 1. Rough i uncivilized ; insensible ; as, a brute phi- 
 losopher. Pope. 
 
 BROTE, It. A l«mst ; any animal destitute of reason ; i 
 and of course the word rompreliends all animals ex- j 
 cept man, but is applied mostly to the larger beasts. 
 
 2. A brutal person ; a savage in heart or manners ; 
 a luw-hred, unfeeling nun. 
 
 BUCTE, V. I. for Uni iT, to report. [.Vol usfd.1 
 
 BROTE'LV, O'/e. In a rude manner. MiUan. 
 
 BROTE'NESS, n. Itrutality. [06s.] .Spenser. 
 
 BRO'TI-FV, e. I, To make a person a bnite : to make 
 s ns' kss, stupid, or unfeeling. Contfrcce. 
 
 BRO'TISH, a. Like a brute or beast ; as, a brutuih 
 form. JMtUnn. 
 •2. Insensible ; stupid ; as, brutisk men. Oreio. 
 :i. Unfeeling ; savage ; ferocious ; brutal. 
 •1. Gross ; carnal ; bestial. "Shak. Smith, 
 
 ft. Ignorant ; uncivilized ; untaught. Hvoker. 
 
 BRCTI8il-LY, iu/e. In the manner of a brute: gross- 
 ly ; irrationally ; stupidly ; savagely. South. 
 
 BRC'TISII-.NEtfS, n. Stupidity; msensibility ; brutal- 
 itv ; savageness ; the qualities of a brute. Spratl. 
 
 BRi? TIS.M, ». The nature or characteristic qualities 
 or actions of a brute: extreme stupidity, or beastly 
 viilgaritv. Dici::ht. 
 
 BRC rUM FUL'.VEjV, [L.] a loud but harmless 
 threatening. 
 
 BR?'0-iNI.\'E, n. An alkaloid obtained from the root 
 of the white brjony, {B. nlba.) It is a yellowisli- 
 hrown, bitter substance, and is emetic and catliartic. 
 BR?'0-XV, n. [L. bri/onia : Gr. /ipi u^ ia.] 
 
 .\ name common to the different species of the ge- 
 nus llrMinia. The root of the rough or while bryony 
 is a strong, irritating cathartic. Kncyc. Cote. 
 
 Black brt/oHii, is the |Hipular name of a genus of 
 plants called Tainus. Eunjr. 
 BUB, n. A rant word tor strong malt liipior. I'riur. 
 BUB, 0. U To throw out in bubbles. [A»t uxeil.] 
 
 Sucknllr. 
 
 BUB'BLE, n. [D. bobbet; Sw. bubla; from swelling, 
 . inflation.] 
 
 1. .\ small bladder or vesicle of w.iter or other lluid 
 infliited with air. .Vnrton. 
 
 i .\ny thing that w:ints firmness or solidity ; a 
 vain project ; tli:it whii ii is more specious than real. 
 Hence, a false shuW : a cheat ur fniiid. 
 
 Bticon. Dryden. 
 
 3. A delusive scheme .of sp<-ciilation ; an empty 
 pniject to raise nioiiry on imaginary grounds; as, the 
 South Sea bubble. Swift. 
 
 4. .\ person deceived by an empty project. Prior. 
 BUB'BLE, e. i. To rise in bubbles, as liquors when 
 
 boiling or agitated. Shak. Drijtlen. 
 
 9. To run with a gurgling noise ; as, n bubbling 
 stream. Pope. 
 BUII'ULE, V. u To cheat ; to deceive, or hnpose on. 
 
 Ailiiuon. 
 
 BI'R'nLER, n. One who cheats. Digbij. 
 
 BL'B'RLl.N'G, ppr. or a. Rising in bubbles; running 
 with a gurgling noise ; cheating. 
 
 BI'II'IILV, a. .\bounding in bubbles : bubbling. 
 
 BL'B BY, fi. [from the same root as bobble and Anio.] 
 A woman's breast. .^rbiitJinot. 
 
 BO'BO, n. [Gr. .hiv^iw, I,, bubo, a swelling.] 
 
 .\n intlaiiimation, sviih enlargement, of a lymphat- 
 ic gland, particuiarlv in the groin or axilla. 
 
 BU-UO.V'O-CicLE, n. [Gr. ^n/Jui, Uie groin, and 
 nn^'U a tumor.] 
 
 Hernia inguin.alis, or inziiinal rupture ; a tumor 
 in the groin, formed by a iirolajisiis of the intestines 
 or omentum, or both ; the abdominal ring, or opening 
 for the passage of the s{>ermatic chord in the tendon 
 of the exlern:il oblique iiiiisrie of the abdomen, t'.neyc. 
 
 BC'ltl.'-KI.E. M. .\ red pimple. [.Vul aseJ.] Shak. 
 
 BUe eA-.N'EER', j n. [I'r. bourauer, to broil lish or 
 
 BUC-A-.VI icR', t flesh, to hunt oxeu for their skins.] 
 Primarily, a buccaneer is said to be vnc who dries 
 and smokes llesh or fish after the manner of the In- 
 dians. The name was first given to the French set- 
 tlers in llayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to 
 hunt wild cattle oml swiiie. It w;is afterward ap- 
 plied to the pinitical adventurers, chiefly English and 
 French, who combined to make depredations on the 
 Spaniards in .\nicrica. Eneyc. 
 
 BUCCAL, a. [L. bitcea, Ihe che;k ; \V. boe.j 
 
 Pertaining to the cheek. The buccal glands are the 
 cm.all salivary glands situated on the inside of the 
 cheeks, between the mucous membrane of the mouth 
 and the muscles. 
 
 BUe-CEL-Li'TIO.N", n. [L. buccella, 6i«cM,a mouth- 
 fulj 
 
 The act of breaking into large pieces. 
 BUC'tT-NAL, n. Trum|)et-shaped. 
 BUe tT-.S'A'TOR, n. [L. from buccinum, a trumpet.] 
 
 BUC 
 
 A muscle of the chei k, inserted into the angle of the 
 mouth ; so called from its use in blowing the 
 trumpet. 
 
 BUe'CI-NITE, ?i. Fosiiil remains or petrifactions of 
 
 the shells called Buccinum. Jameson. 
 Bl'-CE.NT'AUR. n. A mythological beast, half ox 
 and li:ilf man. Urande. 
 2. The st:ae barge of Venice. 
 BU-CEPH' A LUS, ii. 'I'lic name of Alexander's horse. 
 2. An animal of the gazelle tribe, of the size of a 
 hind. 
 
 Alexander's horse was called Bucephalus from his 
 large head, //u'f, ox-he;::l. 
 
 BC'CE-ROS, n. .\ genus of birds, inhabiting the 
 warmer countries of Africa and Asia. Tlic n;iiiie 
 hornhiU is coiniiion to the dilferent species. The 
 Rhinoceros lioriibill, or horned Indian raven, is 
 ronimon in the Eiist Indies. 
 
 BUUH'OL-ZI TE, II. A fibrous mineral of great hard- 
 ness, and of a grayish or yellowish color, consisting 
 chiefly of silex and ;iluniina. 
 
 BUCK, n. [ii. bauclic, beucbe ; Sp. bu^ada.'\ 
 
 1. Lye in which cloth is soaked in the operation 
 of bleaching ; the liquor in which clothes are washed. 
 
 Encye, .Jiihn.ton. 
 
 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed in lye. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 BUCK, V. t. [Ger. beuchen ; Dan. byire ; Sw. biika ; 
 Arm. btigail : Norm. buer. This verb is retained in 
 the L. imbuo, for imbuco, or imbugo, to steep, tinge, or 
 imbue.] 
 
 To sinak or sleep in lye, a process in bleaching ; to 
 wash or steep in lye or suds. Encyc. .Sluik. 
 
 BUCK, n. [Sax. bur. bucca: D. bok: Ger. and Sw. 
 bock; Sp. botjue; \V. Airf ; It. breca. This Italian 
 word signifies a bill or bfak, the mouth, the helm of 
 nship, tiie pi|ie of a still, and a AiicA-. VVe see it is 
 the same word as bealt, from thnisting; Daii. buli, 
 whence bukkr, to mm or thrust piles. Ir. bor, or pnc ; 
 Com. bij'i ; Fr. bone ; .-Vriii. bouch ; Kalinuc, bugn, a 
 
 Eth. 
 
 nrhn 
 
 bahak, the male of sliccp or 
 
 stag. Qu 
 goats.] 
 
 1. The male of the fallow deer, of the goat, the 
 sheep, the rabbit, and hare. It is applied only to the 
 smaller quadrupeds. 
 
 2. .\ g:iy, dashing young fellow. 
 
 BUCK, e. I. To copulate as bucks and does. Mortimer. 
 BUCK'-BXSK-ET, n. [buck and io-vtrt] .\ basket 
 
 in which clothes are carried to the wash. SImk. 
 BUCK'HkA.N', n. This is properly Bocbea.m, whichsec. 
 BUCK' /-.I), (bukt,) pp. SiKiked iii lye. AA. 
 BUCK'ET, n. [Sax. buc; Fr. baqiui ; Ir. bnicead; Sw. 
 
 t/uc ; Dan. bakT] 
 
 1. The vessel in which water is drawn out of a 
 well ; it is nearly in the form of a [lail. 
 
 2. A vessel or'p;iil used at sea to draw water up at 
 the side of a sliip, for WiLshing the decks, &c. 
 
 M,r. nict. 
 
 3. A vessel made of leather, nearly in the form of 
 a pail, but narrower and deeper, used to convey 
 water by hand for extinguishing fires; a fire bucket. 
 
 4. In a iM'iT ir/icf/, a term applied to cavities (ui 
 the rim of the wheel, into which the water rushes, 
 causing tlie wheel to revolve. 
 
 BUCK'E I'-FfJL, n. As much as a bucket will hold. 
 BUCK'E?E,'n. A tree, the itsculiis Mava, (Facia 
 ftara, U<'cand.,) iniligenous in the Western Stiitcs. 
 
 Hence, the name givi^n to an inhabitant of Ohio. 
 BUCK'I.N'<J, ppr. Soaking in lye, in the process of 
 
 ble.aching; washing. 
 BUCK'I.NG, n. The act or process of soaking cloth in 
 
 lye for bleaching ; also, the lye or liqutir ; a washing. 
 
 Encyc, Jlsli. 
 RUCK'ING-STOOL, n. A washing-block. 
 BUCK'ISH, n. Pertaining to a buck, or gay young 
 
 foll(»w ; foppish. Smart. 
 BUCK'LE, (buk'l,) II. [Fr. boucle^ a buckle, a ring, a 
 
 knocker; bonder, to curl, to ring, to buckle; Ir. 
 
 bucia i Ann. boucL In Sp. &iu/c is hair curled. In 
 
 \V. 6<if u, bafcUu, and An^'/u, signify, to bend, hook, or 
 
 grapple. Sax. bugan, to bow.] 
 
 1. .An instrument made of some kind of metal, for 
 fastening together cert:iin parts of dress, as the strips 
 of siloes, knee-bands, &c., or other stnips and handi, 
 as in a harness. 1'he forms are variiuis ; but it con- 
 sists of a ring or rim with a chajk; and tongue. 
 
 2. A curl, or a state of being curled or crisjied, as 
 hair. Spectator. 
 
 3. In coaL< of arms,a buckle is a token of the surety, 
 faith, and service, of^ the bearer. Enciic. 
 
 BUCK'LE, r. U To fasten with a buckle, or buckles. 
 
 2. To preinre for action ; a metaphor, t.-ikeii from 
 buckling on armor. Spon-ier. 
 
 3. To join in battle. Hayteard. 
 
 4. To confine or limit. 
 
 A span buckltt in bi« tun of Shak. 
 
 BUCK'LE, r. i. To bend ; to bow ; as, to buckle un- 
 der life. Shak. 
 
 To buckle to ; to bend to ; to apply with vigor ; to 
 engage with zeal. Locke. 
 
 T buckle in ; to close in ; to embrace or seize the 
 body, as in a scufHe ; a popular uje in America. 
 
 BUD 
 
 To buckle with; to encounter with eiiibrace; tojiiiii 
 in close combat. Dryden. 
 BUCK'L/^JI), (buk'ld,) pp. Fastened with ii l.iii kfc. 
 BUCK'LEfl, n. [\V. bicccle-> : Fr. bouclirr ; Ir. bmclrir.) 
 A kinti of shield, or piece / .let'erisive yriiiot, 
 anciently used in war. ft w.as Ci iiqHMed of wiM»d, 
 or wickers woven togetlur, covered wilh skin or 
 leather, fortified with plates of brass or oilier metal, 
 and worn on the left Hrm. (Jii the iiiiddli' was nn 
 umbo, boss, or promini'nce, very useful in causing 
 stones and darts to glance ofl". The buckler olVii 
 was four feet long, and covered the whole body. 
 
 Eitcvf. 
 
 BUCK'LER, r. t. To shield ; to defend. [A'ot u.ed.\ 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BUCK'LER-HEAD-ED, ( hcd'ed,) a. Having a head 
 
 like a buckler. 
 BUCK'LER-TIIORN, n. Christ's thorn. Johiu^on. 
 BUCK'LI.NG, II. A listening by a buckle. 
 BUCK'LING, ppr. Fastening with a buckle. 
 BUCK'.MAST, II. [AiicA, that'is, (iffc/i, and mast.] 
 
 The mast or fruit of the beech-tree. Johnnon. 
 BUCK'RAM, n. [Fr. bougran ; It. bucherame : qu. 
 from It. butnre, to make holes.] 
 
 A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue, used in 
 g.'irinents to keep them in the form inleiiiled, and for 
 wrajipers to cover cloths and other merchandise. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 BUCK'RAM, n. Stifl"; precise. 
 
 BUCK'RA.MS,!!. Tlie same as wild garlic. John.'on. 
 
 Bl,'CKS'llOR.\, 71. [ii/d; and Aorii.] A plant, a spe- 
 cies of pK'intain, {Curonopiut plantago.) 
 
 The irarted buck!;'iorn, is a species of ('ochlearia, or 
 scurvy grass, Fam. of PlauLf. 
 
 BUCK'SKI.N, 11, The skin of a buck. As an adj., 
 made of leather prep;ired from tlie skin of a buck. 
 
 BUCK'STALL, ii, [buck and stall.] A toil or net to 
 take d-er. Eneyc. 
 
 BIJVK'TKORX, 71, [buck and thin-n.] The iNipular 
 name of a g.>iins of plants, called R/inmnus, of many 
 species, 1'h<- common purging buckthorn gniws to 
 the liigiit of 12 or 14 feet, and bears a bhick berry, 
 which, when green, is used to dye yellow, and when 
 ripe, green. The bark also dyes yellow. Sea Buck- 
 thorn is the popular name of a genus of plants, called 
 Hippnphne. Encyc. Fam. of PlanLt. 
 
 BUCK'VVHk.AT, n. [D. boek-weit: (irr. buchweif.en. 
 Literally, beech-wheat, so called from its seed re- 
 semliliiig in shape the mast of the beech.] 
 
 A plant, a specii^s of Polygonum, (P. Fagopyrum,) 
 the seed of which is u.sed as a gnin ; called also 
 brank. It is cultivated as food for beasts, and the 
 flour is much used in America for breakfa.-t cakes. 
 
 BU-eoL'IC, o. [Gr. ffu-jKoKos, a herdsman ; ii.v>. ,X- 
 iK pastonU ; L. bucula^, an ox ; biicolicus, per- 
 taining to cattle, pastoral ; \V. and Corn, bu^aii or 
 bygd; Ir. ftua<-/«n7, a shepherd. See Bjvine.] 
 
 Pastoral ; relating to country affairs and to a shep- 
 herd's life and occupation. Johnson. 
 
 BU-COL'ie, n. A p:Lslor.il poem, re|iresentiiig rural 
 aft'airs, and the life, iiiaiiners, anil o<'cup:ition of 
 shepherds ; as, the liucalics of I'heocritiis and Virgil. 
 
 Dryden. Kncyc. 
 2. A writer of pastorals. ffurUin. 
 
 BUD, n. [D. but ; Fr. boutun ; It. bottone, a bud or but- 
 ton; Ir. abaidh, a bud; Sp. boton ; .\rm. bouton,\\l- 
 cnilly a push ; Sp. botar, to push or thrust, to vow ; 
 Gr. ipvToi/ ; i/ivui, to plant or beget, contracted from 
 
 ipVTU ; Ch. IS33 ; Ar. 
 
 nabata ; allied to ;iout, 
 
 Fr. bouder. See Class Bd, ,\'o. 34.] 
 
 1. A gem ; the shoot of a plant ; a small protuberance 
 on the stem or branches of a plant, coiit:iiniag the 
 rudiments of future leaves, or of a flower. !t is 
 called by botanists a hybernaele, or winter lodg.':. or 
 receptacle of the leaves or flowers of plants. ^;if2 is 
 an epitome of a flower, or of a shoot, whi-.h is to be 
 unfolded the succeeding summer. It is cover**d with 
 scales, which are intended to defend the i!iclosed 
 rudiments from cold and other external injuries. 
 
 Buds are of three kinds ; tiiat C4)ntaiiiiiig the 
 flower ; that coiit. lining the leaves ; and tli:it C4in- 
 Uiiriing both flower and leaves. Milue. .Martyn. 
 
 2. An iinexpanded flower ; as, the bud of a rose. 
 BUI), V. L To put forth or produce buds or gems. 
 
 Job xiv. 9. 
 
 2. To put forth shoots ; to grow as a bud into a 
 flower nr shcxit. Dryden. 
 
 3. To begin to grow, or to issue from a slock in the 
 manner of a bud, as a horn. Dryden. 
 
 4. To be in bloom, or growing like a young plant 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 BUD, r. t. To inoculate a plant ; to insert the bud of 
 a plant under the bark of another tree, for the pur- 
 pose of raising, upim :iiiy stock, a species of fruil 
 dirt^erent from th:it of the stock. 
 
 BUD'DED, pp. Put forth in buds ; inoculated. 
 
 BCD'DIIA. See Boodh. 
 
 BCD'DHISM, n. The doctrines of the BuddhisU in 
 
 Asia, [See Boodh.] 
 BUD'DLNG, ppr. Pulling forth buds ; inoculating. 
 
 TO.N'E, BULL, q.MTE. — A.N"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS 
 
 20 
 
BUF 
 
 BUG 
 
 BUL 
 
 HUD'DING, H. Tile process of inserting a bud of one 
 tree under the bailt of anotlier, for propasiatiiin ; 
 call 'd also hincii/atiim. P. Cyc. 
 
 l!UD'DtXa-NE!^.S, n. State of biiddinff. 
 
 HUD DLE, n. In mining, a large, square frame of 
 biianis, used in washing tin ore. ^sh. Eiiajc. 
 
 liUD'DLE, V. i. Among miners, to wash ore. 
 
 Bailey. Ash. 
 
 UODE'-LIGHT, )i. [from Budr, the residence of the 
 inv. iitor, G. Giirney.] i\n intense white light, pro- 
 duced by burning a purified coal-gas in a compound 
 Aruanil lamp, of a peculiar coustruetiou. Ure. 
 
 liUDGE, i: I. [Fr. and .Xcriu. hunsrrr, to stir or wag.] 
 To move oil; to stir; to wag. lii America, wag 
 is much used as eipiivident to budge ; but the use of 
 both words is vulgar. Sluik. 
 
 BUDGE, «. The ilressed skin or fur of laml)s. Bailey. 
 
 nUDGE, n. Brisk ; jocund. Bailey. 
 Q. Surly; still"; fiirnuil. [OA--.] John.<un. 
 
 BUDGE-BACH'E-LORS; a company of men clutlied 
 in k>ng gowns lined with kinib'sfiir, who accompany 
 the lord mayor of London at his in;iugur.at!.)n. 
 
 iliiUctj. Jlsk. 
 
 BUDCiE'-BAR-KKL, h. a snmll barrel with only one 
 head ; on the other end a piece of li'ather is nailed, 
 which is drawn together upon strings like a pnr.se. 
 It is used for carrying powder, with a gun or mortar. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 BUDGE'NESS, n. Sternness; severity. [.Vol used.] 
 BUDG'ER, n. One who moves or stirs from his place. 
 
 SItak. 
 
 BUD6'E-R0, li. .\ large Bengal pleasure-boat. 
 
 J\Ialcom. 
 
 BUDl>'ET, H. [Fr. bougctte; Arm. bougeden ; Norm. 
 boiige : perhaps from the n)0t of bag.] 
 
 1. .-i bag ; a little sack, with its contents. Hence, 
 a stock or store ; as, a budget of inventions. 
 
 L'E<traiiire. 
 
 2. The papers respecting the finances of the Brit- 
 ish nation. This word is now used, ii\ a similar 
 sense, in France. 
 
 To open the budget ; to lay before a legislative body 
 the financiiil estimates and plans of the executive 
 government. Priee. 
 BUDG'Y, tf. Consisting of fur. [JVnf iLsed.] 
 BUD'LET, H. [from ftw/.] A little bud springing from 
 a parent buil. 
 
 We have a criti'rion to dislinffuish oiip IhuI from tinottipr, or (he 
 piip'nt bud tVom tUe iiuiiicromi burilels which art- its otV- 
 apritijr. Dnnptn. 
 BUFF, 71. [Contracted from buffalo, or huff-.<l;in.] 
 
 1. BulT-skin ; a sort of I allier, pr,-pared from the 
 skin of the bulfaln, dressed Willi oil. like chamois. It 
 is used for making bandoleers, belts, pouches, gloves, 
 and other articles. The skins of oxen, elks, anil 
 other animals, dressed in like manner, are ;ilso called 
 buffs. ■ Kncyc. 
 
 •2. A military co.at, made of bulf-skin or similar 
 leiilher. Slink. 
 X The color of buff; a light yellow. 
 4. A yellow, viscid coat, f irni.'il on the surf;ice of 
 blood drawn under certain circuiiKtances, 
 BUFF, u. To strike. [See Blfket.] 
 BUF'FA-LO, n. [It. and Sp. bufalo : Fr. boffe : L. bu- 
 balus.] 
 
 A specifrs of the bovine g-nus, the Bos bubalus, 
 originally from India, bat now foan.i in most of tie.; 
 warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is 
 larger anil less docile than the common ov, and is 
 fond of marshy places and rivers. The name is ;ilso 
 applied to wild oxen in general, and particularly to 
 the bison of North America. [See Bison.] 
 
 Cue. Cniner. 
 
 BUF'FA-LO-KoBE, n. The skin of the bison of 
 North America, incorrectly called buffalo, prepared 
 with the hair on. 
 
 BUFF'-€o.\T, ». A close, military bodice, without 
 sleeves, made of hutfalo-skin, or other elastic materi- 
 als. BunUl. 
 
 BUF'FEL-DUCK, n. Biifi' l's head duck, or bufiel- 
 licaded duck, {.^nas bucejilinhi. Linn.,) a bird with a 
 short, blue bill, and a head whose apparent size is 
 greatly increased by the fulliii'ss of its leathers, 
 found, in winter, in the rivers of Carolina. 
 
 Cat.esbij. Pennnnt. 
 
 BUFF'ER, n. A cushion, or :i[)par.atiis with strong 
 springs, to deaden the buffor concussion between a 
 inoving body and one on which it strikes, as at the 
 ends of a railway carriage ; sometimes called buffing- 
 apiinrata.-i. Smart. 
 
 BUFF'ET, n. [Fr. buffet : It. bnffnto ; Pp. bujrte.] 
 
 A ciijjboard, or si.t of shelves tor plates, class, chi- 
 na, and otlu r like furniture. It was formerly, and 
 ia still in Kome parts of the rimiitry, a closet or apail- 
 mi-nt erei ied on one side of a riiom , but in more 
 fashionable houses, it has been laid aside, and a side- 
 board siili>titiited, wliirli is now i oiisiilereil as tlK^ 
 buffet. But, as far as my kiiowleilge extends, the 
 name h.as become, in a gre.it measure, obsolete, ex- 
 cept among the common people, by wliom it ih pro- 
 nounced bo/nt. 
 
 ni'FF'ET, n. [It. buffrlto: ftp, and Port, bufur, Ut 
 blow, to puff I .Norm, buffe, a blow ; VV. pujiaw, to 
 thump. Hfc BuKooM and I'rtK.] 
 
 A blow with the fist ; a box on the ear or face ; a 
 ship. Milton. 
 
 BUFF'ET, 11. t. To strike with the hand or fist ; to 
 box ; to beat. 
 
 Tlii-y spit ill his luce nnd hn^eted him. — M.iU. xxvi. 
 
 !2. To beat in contention ; to contend against; as, 
 to buffet the billows. Otinaij. 
 
 BUFF ET, !'. i. To exercise or phiy at boxing. Sliak. 
 
 BUFF'ET-ED.pp. Struck ; be:iten. l(;or. iv. 11. I 
 Pet. ii. 20. 
 
 BUFF'ET-ER, 71. One who bufi'ets ; a boxer. Johnson. 
 
 BUFF'ET-ING, fpr. Striking with the hand ; boxing; 
 contending against. 
 
 RUFF'ET-ING', n. A striking with ihe li.md. 
 
 •2. A succession of blows ; contention ; attack ; op- 
 position. 
 
 He sfems to have heen a pl;int of blow growth, but formed for 
 tliinilion, .mil lilted to endure the buffclio^s of ihe ruih.st 
 storm. It^irl. 
 
 BUFF'IN, M. A sort of coarse stufi'; as, buffin gowns. 
 
 MlL^.-iiwrer. 
 
 BUF'FLE, II. [Fr.] The bulTalo. 
 
 BUF FLE, r. i. To puzzle ; to be at a loss. t^irift. 
 
 This is probtibly the same word as Baffle. 
 BUF'FLG-llEAD," ( lied,) n. {bnffle and head.] tine 
 
 who has ;i larse head. 
 BUF'FLE-IIEAD-El), (buf'fi-lied-ed,) o. II;iving a 
 
 large head, like a buiT:ilo ; dull ; stupid ; foolish. 
 BUF'FO,n. [It.] The comic actor ill an opera. 
 BUF-FUQN', n. [Fr. bouffon ; It. buffo: Sp. a 
 
 biitroon, comical ; It. beffare and hiiffnre, to tritte, 
 
 joke, play the fool; Sp. be/'nr, to mock or ridicule; 
 
 bufur, to blow, or puff with anger, to snort ; Port. id. 
 
 These verbs indicate the oriuin of buffoonery. The 
 
 root of buffet, puff, signifies to drive, to push, to strike. 
 
 .^ee Pure.) 
 
 1. .\ man who makes a pr;ictice of amusing others 
 b\' low tricks, antic gestures and postures, jokes and 
 oilier vulgar pleasantries. .\ droll ; a mimic. 
 
 .Johnson. Kncyc. 
 9. lie that uses indecent raillerv. Garlk. 
 BUF-F()(IN', r. t. To make ridieillous. Glaonlle. 
 BUF-FO().\"ER-V, n. The arts ami practices of a buf 
 foon ; low jests ; ridiculous pniiiks ; vulgar tricks and 
 postures. .Johnson. - 
 
 I1r\'den has placed the accent improperly on the 
 first syllable. , 
 BUF-FOON'INO, n. Bufitiouery. 
 
 Drijden. Guthric^s Quint. 
 lU'F Fi KIX'ISII, n. Like a buffoon; consisting in 
 
 low j' sl^ or seslures. 
 Bl' 1' F' )i I.N'ISM, n. The practices of a buffoon 
 BUF FIJI ).\'-LlKE, a. Resembling a buffuou. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 BUF-FOO.V'LY, a. Consisting of low, vulgar tricks. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 BUF'FY, «. Resembling the buff of the blood in color 
 and texture; sis, the biiffy coat of the blood. 
 
 2. Pertaining to liufT on the blood. 
 BO'FO.N'-ITE, rt. [L. biifo, a toiul.] 
 
 Toad-stone, considered as a fossil tooth of the An- 
 .arrliiclias or se.a-wolf, furmerly much esteemed for its 
 imaginary virtues, and worn ill rings. It was named 
 from an opinion that it was found in the head of a 
 load. ' Kncyc. 
 
 BUii, H. [Clii. W. A«f, AiifuH, siiuill.J 
 
 In common language, the n.anie of a vast multitude 
 of insects, which infest houses and plants. In zool- 
 ogy, this word is applied lo the insects arranged un- 
 ci ;r the genus (>iniex, of which several tiiiiiilreil spe- 
 cies are described. Bugs b long to the order lleiiii|>- 
 tera.. They are furnished with an iiirtected rostrum 
 or beak, and with anteiiiue longiT tliiin the thorax, 
 and the wings are folded together crosswise. 'I'he 
 back is Hat, the throat margined, and the feet are 
 formed for riiniiino. Some species have no wing.s. 
 The house-bug, or bed-bug, is a troublesome and dis- 
 gusting insect. Eocijc. Cyc. 
 
 The insects of the senus Cinu'X (Linn.) now form 
 an extensive group, divided into tribes, families, and 
 genera. Kit. Kncijc. 
 
 HUG, j H. [W. biDg, a hobgoblin or scarecrow ; 
 
 BUG'BE.XR, y bugodu, to terrify ; iUiss. buka, a sprite 
 
 or goblin. In I'cis. bunk, is fear.] 
 
 A frightful object; a walking specter; anything 
 imaginary that is considered as frightful. 
 
 Locke. Pope. 
 
 BUG'BEaR, v. I. To alarm or frighten with idle phan- 
 toms. JJrchbp. King. 
 
 BUti'GER, n. [Fr. bougrc ; Sp. biijarron ; I), boggcrcn, 
 verb.] 
 
 One guilty of the crime against n.'itnre. A vile 
 
 wretch ; a term of reproach. 
 I!U(;'(;E11-Y, «. The unnalural and detestable crime 
 
 of cai-nal intercourse of man or woman with a beast ; 
 
 or of human beings unnaturally with each other. 
 
 Soilomv. Kneifc, 
 BUG'r;i -NE.SS, 71. [from buggy.] The state of being 
 
 infected with bugs. 
 BUG'GY, fl. [from fcij/.'. ] .\bouniling with bugs. 
 
 John.ion. 
 
 BUG'GY, u. A light vehicle, to be drawn by one 
 horse. 
 
 Bu'tiLE, (71. [W. J«™7, -a shepherd (See 
 
 Bf"GLE-110RN, i BicoLic.) The shepherd's horn, 
 or from the s.ime root as the Fr. beugler, to bellow, 
 from its sound.] 
 
 I. A Imiiliug horn. Spenser. Shak. 
 
 5. A military instrument of music. 
 
 BCGLK, u. .Vii elongated glass be:id, of various col- 
 ors, tlioiiirh more coiiimonlv black. .VcCnlloch. Shak. 
 
 BO'GLE, H. [L. bng.da, or hugillo.] 
 
 A mmo coiiinion to difl'erciit species of plants, of 
 the genus .Ajiiga, natives of Europe. Kncyc. 
 
 Bu'GLK, * ». .Names that have been given, 
 
 BU'GLE-\VEED, \ in America, to the Lyciipiis sin- 
 iiatus, and Lycopus virgiiiiciis, valued by some as 
 remedies for hemoptysis, or spitting of blood. 
 
 BO'GLE, H. [L. huculus, ail ox.] 
 
 \ sort of wild ox. Phillips. 
 
 Bu'GLOSS, n. [L. buglnssus : Gr. /3oV) Xoicr :,. ,,, 
 lioi'i, an ox, and > Ac-wu.i, tongue.] 
 
 The [lopular name of a genus of plants, called 
 .\iiehusa, used in dyeing and colorini;. 
 The small loild bngloss, is the .Asperugo 
 'I'lie eipir\i bugloss, is the Echiiim. 
 
 HUG'-VVOllT, u. A plant, the Ciiulcifiiga. JMiihlenbt rg. 
 
 BuHL, (bfile,) n. A name given to light and coiiiplicat il 
 figures of brass, unbiirnished gold, i;c., set, as an 
 ornament, into surfaces of ebony or other ihirk wood, 
 or of tortoise-sliell. Brandc. Kucii. Dom. Kcoo. 
 
 BCHL'\VORK,(bule'wurk,)H. Woik'in which wood 
 is inlaid \\ ith buhl. 
 
 BUIIR'STo.\E,(biir'stone,)H. .4 subspecies of silexor 
 quartz, occurring in aniorfihous masses, compact, like 
 hornsloiie, but containing a greater or less number ol 
 irregular cavities. It is used for mill-stones. 
 
 Clcaveland. 
 This word is often written Blrrstone. 
 
 BUILD, (bild,) v. t. : pret. Bu.-lt; pp. BeiLr, (hilt.) 
 The regular pret. and pp., Builded, is some- 
 times used. [.Sax. byldau, to confirm ; buhl, bijlJc. 
 bijhio, constancy, firnniess ; hilith, a model, an 
 image ; Sw. bildn. ; D. afbceldeu, rerbeelden '. Ger. 
 bilden, abbildcu : Dan. bildc ; afbilile, to sha[>e, form, 
 design, delineate, represent, counterfeit ; Sw. and 
 Ger. bild : D. 4ccW, image, statue, figure, represeiita 
 tion. 'I'lie primary .sense is to set, fix, or make, ami 
 the ortlioirrapliy bild would be more accordant with 
 the derivation.] 
 
 1. To frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice or 
 fabric of almost any kind, as a house, barn, shop, 
 shi[i, or vessel, a w;ill, or other structure of art ; In 
 unite materials into a regular structure fur use or 
 convenience. 
 
 2. To raise by art ; to frame or shape into a partic- 
 ular form ; as, to 4i(i;i/ up a liead-ilress in a cone. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 3. To raise any thing on a support or foundation ; 
 as, to build our hopes on air. 
 
 4. In Scripture, to increase and strengthen ; to ce- 
 ment and knit together ; to settle or est:iblisli, and 
 preserve. jlcl.i xx. y2. Kpli. ii. 22. 1 Sum. ii. 3.i. 
 
 BUI LD, (bild,) K. i. To exercise the art or pr;ictice 
 the business of building. 
 
 To build, lo pl.iiit, whatever ynu intend. Pope. 
 2. To construct, rest, or depend on as a fouiiila- 
 tioii ; as, to build on the o|iinioiis of others, jlildison, 
 BUILDER, (liild'er,) ii. One who builds; one whose 
 occupation is to build ; an architect, a shipwright, a 
 mason, &.c. 
 2. A creator. 
 
 Wlmse builder and maker is God. — Heb. xi. 
 BUILD'I.N'G, (bild'ing,) jjpr. Framing and erecting; 
 resting on. 
 
 BUILI)'L\(;, (bilil'ing,) 71. A fabric or edifice con- 
 structed for use or convenience, as a liou.ie, a church, 
 a sho|i, &C. 
 
 BUILT, (liilt,) pp. Framed and r.aised ; constructed. 
 
 BUILT, (bilt,) n. Form ; shape ; general figure of a 
 structure ; as, the 6iiiV( of a ship. Dryden. .Mur. Diet. 
 2. Species of building. Temple. 
 
 BUL, n. The coiuinon flounder. Chninbrrs. 
 
 BULB, 71. [Gr. lioXli'H : L. bolbns, a bulb or round 
 root , Fr. bulbe ; It. bnlbo : Sp. bulbo, an onion, or 
 bulbous root ; VV. hal, bol, protuberance.] 
 
 A scaly body fiirmed on a plant, above or beneath 
 the surface of the ground, emitting roots from its 
 base, and producing a stem from its center. It is al- 
 w;iys formed of imbricated scales. .\ solid bulb has 
 no existence. Limlh ij. 
 
 BULB, I), i. To bulb out, is to [iroject or be protuberant. 
 \ Little used.] Kl'clyn. 
 
 BULB-A'CEOUS,a. Bullions, [f believe, not used.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 BULB'KD, (bulbd,) a. Round headed. 
 
 BULB-IF'ER-OUS, a. Producing bulbs; tLSt, bulbifer- 
 ous stems. Katon. 
 
 BULB'OUS, a. Containing bulbs or a bulb; grinymg 
 from bulbs ; roiiiiil or roundish. jVarlyn. Mdne. 
 
 2. Containini; a knob, or i>roIuber;iiit part ; swell- 
 ing out ; presenting rounded elevations. Kirwan. 
 
 BUI. 'BUL, n. The nichtiiigale of the Persians, rep- 
 resented by Ihe poets ;is eiiaiiiored of the opening 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, PUfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
BUL 
 
 riisi lmd, iiiul peirlind oil soiim neighboring stem, as 
 poiirinu' (Hit liis sonj; ill tier ear. Booth. 
 I.'CIII.X, n. A yiHiiig male calf. Dekkrr. Jtlarslon. 
 HULGU, n. A (litlVreiit ortliopnipliy of BiLiii;. [\V. 
 bwh', hulk ; bale, prominent ; S,ix. bulgian, to bellow, 
 from :fwrttiiiir out.] 
 
 The bilge or protuberant part of a cask ; protu- 
 bcrauee. 
 
 itlll.GR, I), i. Toswellout; to be protuberant. Mntun. 
 
 3. To bilge, a.s a ship. [See Biloe.] Dnjdcn. 
 HI' l.lj'dVU, ppr. or n. Swellinj; out ; hiljlinj;. 
 
 S. As an mlj., protuberant, 
 m" l.I-.MV, ) II. [[.. bulimia; Or. .Onv^itua, ffoi', 
 LIM'I-.A, ( great, and >i/i>t, hunger.j 
 A vor.iiious appetite; a disease in wliich the pa- 
 li-nt has a perpetual and iniatialile appetite for food, 
 and oflen faints, if not indulged. Enciic. 
 lll'l.K, II. [\V. Iiirts, bulk; bnlnnir, to swell, to be 
 pioiid ; Ir. bale, great, strong ; Kuss. bulkaiju, to boil, 
 to hulible ; I), bulkeii, to low or bellow ; Dan. bulk, a 
 bunch lui the back ; Sax. bitl^jian, to low.] 
 
 1. .Magnitude of mali-rial substance ; whole dinien- 
 .■iioiis ; size of a thing ; as, an ox or ship of great 
 bulk. 
 
 2. The gross ; the inajorily ; the ni.iiii iii:iss or 
 body ; as, the 6ii;/{ of a debt; the bulk of a nation. 
 
 Swift, .^ililnuii. 
 
 3. Main fabric. Slink, 
 i. The whole coiiteni of a ship's hold for tlif stow- 
 age of goods. Eiicijr. 
 
 5. .\ part of a biiildin2 jutting out. Sliak. 
 
 To break bulk, in se;iHieii's language, is to brain to 
 unload. .V«r. Vicl. 
 
 In bulk : in a mass, or scdid state ; as, pork iii bulk, 
 or bulk pnrk, i. c. pork not cut up or prepared for 
 packing. 
 
 Lailrn III bulk : having tile cargo liHise in the hold, 
 or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or c isks. 
 
 jt sale bij bulk, is a sali^ of good.s as they are, with- 
 out weialit or measure. Bnurier. 
 nr I, K'-1!1;AI), II. [bulk nmX heail.] .V partition in a 
 - ship, made with boards, ice, to form separate apart- 
 ments. F.ncyc. Mar. Diet. 
 BULK'I-NESS, It. Greatness in bulk, size, or stature. 
 
 Loeke. 
 
 BL'LK'Y, a. Large ; of great dimensions ; of great 
 size. Dn/deu. 
 
 BJJliL, R. [«. bull; \V. bwla; Riiss. vol. Uii. from 
 iiis sex, or from bellowing ; ."^w. b'dla : Dan. bulr.j 
 
 1. The male of bovine ipiadrupi^ils, or of the dil- 
 TiTent species of the genus Hos, of wliich coio is the 
 fem;ile. 
 
 2. Ill a scriptural sense, an enemy, powerful, fierce, 
 and violent. 
 
 M iny biiHf h.ivt? contpnxsi'd inc. — Ps. 
 
 3. Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 
 IIIM.L, II. (It. bulla, a bubble, a blister, a seal, or 
 
 .st;Miip, the pope's bull ; f'r. biUJe : L. bulla, a boss, 
 and an ornament worn on a child's neck. This 
 name was given to the seal which was appended to 
 tlie edicts and briefs of the pope, and, in process of 
 time, applied to the edict itself. Sp'Imaii.] 
 
 A leltrr, edict, or rescript of the pope, published or 
 traiisinitted to the churches over which he is head, 
 coiitainiui: some decree, order, or decision. It is 
 us -d cbielly in matters of justice or of gnice. If the 
 former, the lead or seal is hung by a hempen cord ; if 
 til.' latter, by a silken thread. The lead or bull is 
 impressed on one side v/itli the heads of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul, on the other with the name of the pope 
 and the year of his pontilicate. The writing is in 
 the old round Gothic letter; and the instrument has 
 about it a cross, with some text of Scripture or reli- 
 gious motto. Lunier, Kucjje. 
 
 The Guillen Bull, so called from its golden seal, is 
 an edict or imperial constitution, made by Ihi' eni- 
 jii ror (^harles | v., (i:)5iU) containing the fundanien- 
 t:il law (if the German empire. 
 
 leaden bulls u ere sent by the emperors of Constan- 
 tinople to patriarchs and princes, and by the gnindres 
 of the empire, of France, Sicily, &c., and by patri- 
 archs and bislnips. 
 
 IVaien bulls were in freipient use with the Greek 
 emperors, who thus seabed letters to their relations. 
 
 F.iieue. 
 
 Bulls and bears : a cant term among st<x-k-brokers 
 for buyers and sellers of stocks on speculation. 
 I1|;LL, II. -A blunder or contradiction ; more exactly, 
 an apparent congriiity, but real incongruity, of ideas, 
 suddenly discovered. Her. Sydii'eij SmilJi. | 
 
 UIJLL (a prefix) signifies a ball, or large, or having a 
 
 larse head. ! 
 Ii!,'l-L'-B.\IT-I.NG, II. [6ii« and iin7.] The practice ] 
 of Iraitine or exciting bulls with dogs. Adli^ou. I 
 Hi;i,L-KEEK, n. [bull and beef.] The (lesh of a i 
 
 bull ; coarse beef. Shtik. 
 lUJLL'-REG-GAR, ii. [bull and bensar.] Somelliiiig • 
 terrible or frightful. Jiiiliffe. | 
 
 Bt.'I.L'-e.m.K, (-kif,) n. [bull and calf.] A male 
 c;Of ; a stupid fellow. Shak. \ 
 
 I Bl. l.!.'-D(JG, n. [bidl -.mA doif.] A variety of dog, of 
 a particuLir form, and of remarkable courace ; so 
 named, prolKibly, from being employed in bailing 
 bulls, or from the size of the head. 
 
 iiUL 
 
 BULL'-FAC-£D, (-Hstc,) a. Having a large face. 
 
 Drydciu 
 
 BULIi'-FKAST. See Bl'll-Fioht. 
 
 ByLI.'-FIClIT, II. f6i(«aiul./iV'('-l A combat with 
 a bull \ an amusement among the Sp;iniar(ls and 
 Portuguese. ,'\ liorseiiian, called a torrrailor or pica- 
 dor, attacks a bull in a circus or inclosed arena, in 
 presence of multitudes of spt-ctiitors, irrit;itiug him 
 with a spear, tilt bull ruslhfs upon the hois", .and 
 perhaps dismounts tin; rider. After the bull has 
 bi^en tormented a lung tiuii', the horseiuan leaves 
 him, and some persons on foot attack Itiiii, and 
 phinge darts into his neck ; and, at a signal given 
 by the presiih ni, the barbarous sport is ended by the 
 dagger of a imituilnr. Kacyr. 
 
 Bl.M.'-FlNt'Il, n. [A;i« and /iic/i.1 A bird allied to 
 Ilie grosslieak, whose breast, cheeks, and throat, are 
 of a crimson color; the Lojia pyrr'iulii, Linn., (I'or- 
 rltulii luil^riiris, Hrisson,)and Uit' /i«/iici7/(i of the older 
 nalurali.Is. 
 
 BliLil.'-l'l.V, I n. Thegadrtv,a stiiigipg insect which 
 Bl'M/-l!Ei;, ( torments c.iltl-. Philip-: 
 l)i.'l,L'-Fl£()G, II. [4i(/; and /niir.l The Kaiia (.eel- 
 lata, a lariie spi'ci(;s of frog, loiind in North America, 
 of a dusky-l^ro^^'ll color, mivi-d w ilh a jcllowish- 
 greeii, anil s[)(iri''d with bbiek. Thesi; frogs live in 
 slaiinant water, aini utter a louil, cro:ikiiig sound, 
 fr(Uii wliicli lb y pmlialily received their name. The 
 bull fri)!ro( New England, is til.' R,iiia pipieiK. 
 
 .Must. Hi p. l.iiislni. 
 Bl.'l.L'-llEAD, II. [bull and hea l.] A genus „f lish. s, 
 the ('ottus, with a h 'ad broader tli:in the bod>', 
 whence the name. The Cotlas I'Dii -, or Twi r bull- 
 head, of England, is also called the Miller's thumb. 
 
 Kncijc. Cijc. 
 
 9. .\ stupid fellow ; a lubber. Jnhiisuu. 
 n. A siirill, black water vermin. Philips. 
 B}jr.I/S'-E?E, II. [/)«;/ and c;i..] .Among .vc/oiicii, a 
 piece of wood, in the firm of a ring, answering the 
 purpose of a thimblt.'. Mitr. /}.et. 
 
 •2. Aldebaraii, a star of the first magnitude in the 
 constellatiiui Taurus. .1<h. 
 
 ;i. Among seamen, a small, obscure cloud, ruddy in 
 the iniddb', portending a great storm. Encijc. 
 
 •t. In ur, liilecturc, a small, circular or elliptical o]ii;ii- 
 iiig or window. 
 B!.'LL'S'-N(")SE, II. In architecture, the external angle 
 of a polvgoii, or of two lines which meet at an ob- 
 tuse an;;"le. Oieilt. 
 BIJI,I/-TK()UT, II. [hull and Irinil.] A large species 
 of trout, {Salnio trutiii ;) called, also, s«/iiieii Iniiif, and 
 seit-triHit, thicker tlriii the comuKui sort, which, like 
 the salmon, ;i-;ceu(ls rivers p -riodieally to sp;iwn. Its 
 back has a bluisb-i-'reen gloss, ;inil there are sevenil 
 black splits on the sides. Cue. Diet, of JV'.iI. Ilist. 
 Bl'I.I.'-Wl'.El), II. Knapweed. Johnson. 
 Bl'l.l.'-W'Oin", II. Hisliopsweed. ./ohnsim. 
 BL'L'I.A, n. The name of a genus of uiiivalvular tes- 
 taceous .Molliisca. 
 
 a. A bleb . a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle 
 containing a transparent watrry tluld. 
 BJJIjE'ACE, II. Till' will! plum, a species of Primus, 
 {P. insititia ;) called, al>o, bullaee-plani, and bullact- 
 trre ; a iiativi? of England. >'um. of Plants. Kneije. 
 
 3. The bullti-tree ; a species of ("lirj'sophi llniii, a 
 native of the \Vest Indies. F.im. nf Plants. 
 
 Bl'M.-A.N'Tie, a. [from bull.] Desigiiiiting certain 
 oriKimental capil:il b'tters, used in apostolic bulls. It 
 is iisiul also as a noun. Fry. 
 Bl,'I.L'A-I!V', H. A collection of papistic;il bulls. 
 BL'L'LATE, (I. [L. hnllntus.} [Suulk. 
 Having elev.atiiuis like blisters. In botany, a biil- 
 late le;it", is one the membranous part of which rises 
 between the veins in elevations like blisters, 
 
 .^fartyn, 
 
 BJJL'LE.N-N'AlI.S, n. pi. .Xails with round heads and 
 short shanks, turned and lackered. Oicilt. 
 
 BJJLL'ET, II. [Fr. AoiJet, dim, of /io«/c, a ball. See 
 Bai.i,.] 
 
 A ball of irmi or lead, called also shot, used to load 
 guns for killing man or beast. B;ills for cannon are 
 made of iron ; iiin<ket-b:ills are made of K-ad. 
 BIJEE'E-Tl.N, II. [Fr. 6ii//f(in, a ballot, a packet, a 
 certificate ; Sp. bidettn, a tickiit, or warrant ; boleta, a 
 ticket, a ii//c/ ; Port, boleta ; It, bulletta, bulleltino ; 
 pro|ii'rly, a roll.] 
 
 I. .\ rejkirt of a stale of facts, issued by authority, 
 as of military operations, or of the licaith of some 
 d ist in gii islied personage, 
 
 •2. In a wider sense, any public notice or announce- 
 ment, especiallv of news recenllv received. 
 B!.'1,1,'E-TIN-B6AKD, «. a biiard on which nn- 
 nounceiiieiits of news lue put up, particularly ut 
 news-rooms, printiiig-oHices, &c, 
 Bl. I.I.'l-f.l), (biil'lid,) pp. Insulted. 
 Bi;Ll.'It).\', (bul'yun,) ii. [Fr. billon, base coin.] 
 
 IJncoiii('(l gold or silver in the mass. The precious 
 metals are called bullion, when smelted and not per- 
 fectly refined ; or, when refined, but in b;irs, ingots, 
 or in any form uncoined, ,-is in plate. Eneye. 
 
 In politieal economy, this word is used to denote 
 gold and silver, both coined and uncoined. P. Cyc. 
 BI,'L'I,I-U.\(i, r. ^ To insult in a bullviiig manner. 
 
 Tudd. 
 
 BUN 
 
 ByLL'LSII, a. Partaking of the nature of a or 
 blunder. Milton, 
 
 niJLL'lST, n, A writer of Papal bulls, Hnrnmr. 
 
 BL'L'LITE, n. A petrified shell, or the fossil reiiiainii 
 of shells, of the genus Bulla. Jameson. 
 
 BUL l.r'TION, ( li.-h'un,) ii. [L, hulliu. See Boil,] 
 The act ur state of boiling. Superseded by Eiiul- 
 tiTiuN, Bacon, 
 
 B5,!LL'(>CK, II, [Sax, hulluca; G, bullocks.] 
 
 All ox, or castrated bull. In America, it is applied 
 to ;i t'ull-growii ox. 
 
 1U.'LI.'I)CK'S-E?E, (-1,) n. A smaJI, thick pla-^s or 
 sk>liirlit, in a covering or roof. 
 
 BI.'LL'V, n. [Sw. Wi/ii, to bellow ; iii/Zcr, a tumuli ; 
 I)an. bullen, swelled, piilfed up ; or, more directly, 
 from Sax. buhjian, to bellow.] 
 
 A noisy, blustering, overhejiring fellow, more dis- 
 tinguished foi indolence and ein|)ty menaces than for 
 courajie, and disposed to provoke ipiarrels. Mdison. 
 
 BIJI.L'V", e. (. To insult and overbear with noise and 
 blu'^tering menaces, Kinfr. 
 
 \\\]\A-,'\', o. i. To be noisy and (piarrelsome. John.-*on, 
 
 Rt LL'V-ING, II, Act of bullying, or state of being 
 finllied. 
 
 BLLL'V'-ING, ;iiir. Insulting with threats. 
 
 Iii' 1,'IUjSII, II. \lwU; or boll, and rii..A.] A large kind 
 of ru.-ii, growing in wet land or water, and wiihout 
 knots, s.'ij s Johnson ; but Drydiui calls it iUv, knotty 
 bulrush. 
 
 The name bulrush is applied, in England, to the 
 Seirpus lacuitris, and also to the Tiipha latifnlia, and 
 7'. anfruslifolia, {P. Cye. ;) in America, to the Jancua 
 effusHS, 
 
 BI.'LSE, II, A certain quantity of diamonds, H'razall. 
 [India.] 
 
 DIj L'TEL, II, [See Boi.t,] A bolter or bclting-clotli j 
 also, bran. [.\'i/( used.] 
 
 BJJL'VVAKK, II. [Sw. bolndrck : D. iolirerk : Gcr. boll, 
 ircrk; Dan. dii/eni-A- ; from D. in/, plump, nhd a ball. 
 Sw. buhl, W. bal, a protuberance, and leork ; a pro- 
 jecting or outwork. Fr. boulcrard ; Sp. and Port. ba~ 
 luarte ; U. luihiaedo.] 
 
 1. li] foriijiriiiiiin, a bastion, or a rampart ; a mound 
 of earth round a place, capiiiile of resisting caniion- 
 sliot, and formed \\ itii 1t;istions, curtains, &.c. Eneyc. 
 
 2. A fiirtificatioii ; also, any means of defense; as', 
 a navy is the bnlieark of a nation. 
 
 3. 'i'hal which si'cures against an enemy or exter- 
 n.'il annoyance ; a screen or shelter ; means of pro- 
 tection iiiid safety, 
 
 S.ilvniion u'itl Goil ;i])poiii( lot vf.xW* niiil tnUitarks. — Is, xxvi, 
 
 BI'I.'WARK, r.t. To torlify with a rampart ; to se- 
 cure by a fortification ; to protect. .Addison. Bnrloic. 
 BU.M, II. The buttocks ; the part on w hich we sit. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Bl'M, r, I. To make a noise. Mnrston. 
 
 BU.M-B.AlL'IFF, II. [.\ corruption of bound-bailiff] 
 In Eiii'/iiiirf, an under-bailitf ; a subordinate civil 
 otiieer, aiipoiuted to serve writs, and to make arrests 
 and executions, and bound w itli sur<^ties for a faith- 
 ful discharge of his trust. [.1 vuli;ar irord.] 
 
 Bt'M'BAlU), II. See Bombard. [Blaekstime. 
 
 BlI M'BAST, H, [A dilTerent ortliogniphy of BosimsT, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. .-V cloth made by sewing one stuff upon another; 
 patchwork. Orctr. 
 
 2. Linen stuffed with cotton ; stulTing ; wadding. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BIT.M'BLE-BEE, ii. [L. bo,nbu.<, a buzzing.] 
 
 A large bee, siunetimes called huir.blc-bee ; so named 
 
 from its sound. 
 Bl'.M'lioAT, n. A small boat for carrying provisions 
 
 to a ship at a distance from shore. .War, Diet. 
 
 BC.'^rKI.'V', II. [.See BrM?Ki!<.] .\ short boom project- 
 ing from each bow of a ship, to extend the clew of the 
 
 foresail to windward. 
 2. A small out-rigger over the stern of a boat, to 
 
 extend the inizzeii. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BI^MP, II. [\V. picnip, a round mass; pirmpiaw, to 
 
 thump ; allied to L. botnbus, and Eng. pomp, from 
 
 swelliiiit, thnistiiig out.] 
 
 1. .-V swelling or protulierance. Dryden. 
 
 2. \ thump; a heavy blow. 
 
 Bl'.MP, r, I. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, 
 as the bittern. It is also written boom. [\V. *iriii;i.j 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 BL'.MP, V. I. To strike, as with or against any thing 
 larce or solid ; as, to bump the head against a wall ; 
 to thump. 
 
 BI'MP'RR, n. A cup or glass filb-d to the brim, or till 
 
 the lapior runs over, Dryden, 
 2. .\ crowded house at a theater, &.C., in honor of 
 
 some favorite performer. 
 Bl'.MP Kl.\, n. [iiim/i. Large, swelling, and A'iii, Sa.T. 
 
 cyii, kind, genus.] 
 
 An awkward, heavy rustic ; a cUiwn, or country 
 
 lout. Locke. 
 Bl'MP'KIN-LY.o. Clownish. [,-Vo( «.■>«/.] Bichardson. 
 BVS, II. A kind of cake. 
 
 BUNCH, n. [U". pang! Dan. *uiiAf, bynke, a heap, or 
 beapt'd niea>ure.] 
 
 1. .\ protubenince ; a hunch ; a knob or lump; as, 
 the bunch on a camel's back, Isaiah, 
 
 TONE, BI,LL, UNITE, — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS, — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS, 
 
 LI;-! 
 
BLK 
 
 BUR 
 
 0. A diirtrr ; n niin;ber i.f the saiiif kiiul sruv. iiig 
 iDCcllicr ; as, a hunch of g^ap(*^^. , Dnjdfii. 
 
 ;i. A number of tilings lied together j as, a bunch 
 of keys ; a bunch of rods. Lncke. 
 
 4. A Cdllerlion of things ; a knot ; as, a bunch of 
 hair ; a bunch of trees. Sprnser. 
 
 BU.Nl'H, V. i. To swell out in a protuberance ; to be 
 proliiberaut or rounil. Woodward. 
 
 nUM'll, II. t. To form or tie in a bunch or bunches. 
 
 IiL',\Cir-RACK-£l), (-bakt,) a. [bunch and back.] 
 HavMiK a bunch on the back ; crooKed. Shak. 
 
 liL'NCII'l-NESS, n. The quality of being bunchy, or 
 prowiuc in bunches. Johnson. 
 
 Bl'.NCH'V, a. Growing in bunches; like a bunch; 
 hnving tufts. Orew. 
 
 BUN'OLE, n. [Sax. btmde! ; D. bundet ; G. bund, bun- 
 del ; S\v. bindcl, and bunt. This word is fonned from 
 the root of bind, band, band.] 
 
 1. A number of things put together. 
 
 2. A roll ; any thing bound or rolled into a conve- 
 nient form for conveyance; as, a fiunJ/e of lace ; a 
 bundle of liay. Spectator. 
 
 BUiN'DLE, II. t. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll; 
 often followed by up ; as, to bundle up clothes. 
 
 Locke. Stcifi. 
 To bundle off; to send a person off in a hurry, or 
 pet. Holloway. 
 BUNG, n. [Fr. bondon ; G spund ; D. .^ponds ; VV. bwng, 
 a bung-hole.] 
 The stopple of the orifice in the bilge of a cask. 
 
 Jilortimcr. 
 
 BUN'G, r. (. To stop the orifice in the bilge of a cask 
 with a hung ; to close up. 
 
 BLW' GA-LoW, n. In Bengal, a country house or cot- 
 tage, erected by Europeans, and constructed of wood, 
 bamboo, mats, and thatch. Malcom. 
 
 BUNG'-DllAU'-ER, n. A wooden mallet, of a pecu- 
 liar foriji, for taking the bung out of a cask. [Local.] 
 
 BUNG'-HoLE, /i. [bung a.ni hole] The hole or ori- 
 fice in the bilge of a cask. Sometimes shortened into 
 
 Bl'NG. 
 
 BUN"GLE, (bung'gl,) r. i. To perform in a clumsy, 
 awkward manner ; as, to bungle in making shoes. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 BUN"GLE, V. t. To make or mend clumsily ; to botch ; 
 
 to manage awkwardly ; with up. Dryden. 
 BUN"GLE, 71. A botch ; inaccuracy ; gross blunder ; 
 
 clumsy performance. R,iy. 
 BUN"GLER, n. A clumsy, awkward workman : one 
 
 who performs without skill. Peacham. 
 BU.\"GLING, p/)r. Perlorniing awkwardly. 
 BUN"GLING, a. Clumsy ; awkv/ardly done. Dryden. 
 BUIS""GLING-LY, adv. Clumsily ; awkwardly. 
 
 Bentley. 
 
 RU.\K, n. [Dan. bynlie, a meal-tub; S\v. mjiilk-bunke, 
 a milk-pan.] 
 
 A case or box of boards for a bed ; a word used in 
 some parts of Jinicricn. 
 BUNK'ER, 7!. A large bin or receptacle for various 
 
 things, as coals, &c. 
 BUN, j Ji. [.Scot, bun, bunn : Ir.bunna; Gr. 0ux>iii's, 
 BUNN, \ a hill, and a cake offered to deities. It sig- 
 nifies a mass or collecti(Ui.] 
 
 .\ small cake, or a kind of sweet bread. Gay. 
 BUN'IO.N , (bun'yun,) n. An excrescence or ball on 
 
 the great toe corresp<mding to a corn. 
 BUNT, II. The middle part, cavity, or bellv of a sail. 
 
 Slur. Diet. 
 
 BUNT, V. 1. To swell out ; as, the sail bunts. 
 
 2. In popular language, to push with the horns ; to 
 butt. [Sec Point.] 
 BU.N'T'EH, n. A cant word for a woman who picks 
 up rags in the streets ; hence, a low, vulgar woman. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 BUNT'ING, n. A name common to different species 
 
 of the genns Emberira, as the English or common 
 
 bunting, and the snow bunting. The rice bunting, 
 
 or bobolink, is a species (;f Icterus. 
 BUN'l''I.\f;, «. [Ocr. bunt, I), bont, streaked, or of 
 BUNT'I.\E, i ditlercnt colors.] 
 
 A thin, woolen stuff, of which the colors or flags 
 
 and signals of ships are made. Jifar. Diet. 
 
 BU.NT' LINES, 71. p/. Ropes fastened to cringles on the 
 
 liottoms of square sails, to draw them up to their 
 
 y.irds. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BUOY, (bwiiy,) n. [Fr. bouie, a buoy ; I), boei, a buoy, 
 
 a lodge or hut, a fetter, or shackle, a handcuff; 
 
 borijp.n, to fetter, to buoy; (Jer. boy; l);in. boy; Russ. 
 
 buy; Sp. boyu, a buoy ; probably from the root of Sax. 
 
 byan, to dwell, that is, to set, be fixed, or stationary. 
 
 Dan. bor, boendc] 
 
 1. A float. 
 
 2. A floating mark to point out the position of ob- 
 jects beiiralli the water, as anchors, shoals, rocks, 
 lie. Itiioya are of various kinds ; as, eni-buoys, in 
 the form of a cone ; nun buoys, which are large in the 
 middle, and tapering nearly lo a point at each end ; 
 eablt-bmnjx, empty casks employed to buoy up the cii- 
 ble in rficky anchorage. 
 
 Life buoy: a buoy intended to siipiiort persons who 
 have fallen into the water, uniil a boat can be dis- 
 p,'iti'h''d to save tin m. 
 
 'I'o .itream Utt buoy, is to let it fall by the sliip^fi side 
 into the water, before lettiiii; go the anchor. Mar. Did. 
 
 UrOY, (bv.bj ,) c. I. To keep afloat in a fluid ; to bear 
 up, or keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or 
 air ; with up. Woodward. 
 
 2. To support or sustain ; to keep from sinking into 
 ruin or despo'ndency. King Charles. 
 
 3. To fix buoys, as a direction to mariners. 
 BUOY, V. i. To float ; to rise by specific lightness. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 BUOY'AN-CY, (b\voy'an-sy,) n. The quality of float- 
 ing on the surface of water, or in tlie atmosphere ; 
 specific lightness. 
 
 BUOY'ANT, a. Floating ; light ; that will not sink ; 
 having the ipiality of rising or floating in a fluid. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 2. Rearing up, as a fluid ; sustaining another body. 
 [UniL-tual.] Dryden. 
 BUOY'A.\T-LY, adi\ In a buoyant manner. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 BUOY'Ji-D, (bwoyd,) /p. Kept afloat on water; sup- 
 ported. 
 
 BUOY'ING, ppr. Keeping afloat ; sustaining. 
 BUOY'-Rol'E, 7!. [buoy iind rope.] The rope which 
 
 fastens a buoy to an anchor. 
 BU-PRES'TI-DAN$, 7i. pi. A tribe of coleopterous 
 
 insects, of brilliant metallic colors. Kii-bv. 
 BUR, ) 
 
 BOUR, > [Sax. bur,] signifies a chamber or a cottage. 
 BOR, ) 
 
 BUR, n. [Sax. burre, burdock ; VV. bar, a busily head 
 or bunch; Ir. borr, a bunch or knob; Fr. bourree, 
 bush.] 
 
 1. Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of 
 plants, whether a persistent calj x, pericarp, or proper 
 coat, as of the chestnut and burdock. 
 
 2. A roughness in sounding the letter r. 
 
 3. A broad ring of iron Ix'liind the place for the 
 hand on a spear used in tilting. Encyc. 
 
 BUR'BO'J', 71. [from L. barbatus, so named from its 
 beard.] 
 
 A fisli of tlic genus Gadus, (O. Lota,) shaped like 
 an eel, but shorter and thicker, with a flat head, and 
 on tile nose it has two small beards, and another on 
 the chin. It is disgusting in appearance, but delicate 
 food. It is called also eel-pout. Encyc. 
 
 BUR'DE-L.AIS, 71. .1 sort of grape. Johnson. 
 
 BUK'D£N, (bur'dn.) Written also Burthen. [Sax. 
 byrden,byrtJten; S\V. bUrda: Dan. fii/rt/e ; (i. b^'rde; Ir. 
 beart or btirt; Gr. <J>ofjroi ; Vx.furdeau; Atm.fard; 
 
 from bear; L. fero or porta ; Pers. ,i j,j burdan, to 
 carry. See Beau.] ^ ' 
 
 1. That which is borne or c.nrried ; a load. Hence, 
 
 2. That which is borne with labor or difticulty ; 
 that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. A birth. Shak. 
 
 4. [Fr. bourdon, a drone.] The verse repeated in a 
 song, or the return of the theme at the end of each 
 verse ; the chorus ; so called from the application of 
 this word to the drone or base, and the pipe or string 
 which plays it, in an instrument. A chord which is 
 to be divided, to perform the intervals of music, when 
 open and undivided, is also called the burden. Encijc. 
 
 5. In common language, that wliich is often repeat- 
 ed ; a subject on which one dwells. 
 
 C. .\ fixed (piantity of certnhi commodities; as, a 
 burden of gad steel, 120 pounds. 
 
 7. 'I'lii- contents of a ship ; the quantitv or number 
 of loiis a vessel will carry ; as, a ship of a hundred 
 tuns burden. 
 
 8. ,\ club. [N'oi in ^sc] Spenser. 
 BUR'DKN, {bur'dn,) i: t. To load ; to lay on a heavy 
 
 load ; to encumber with weight. Hence, 
 
 To oppress with any tiling grievous ; as, to bur- 
 den a nation with taxes. 
 3. To surcharge ; as, to burden the memory. 
 
 BUR'DKN-KI), p/i. or a. Loaded with weight ; encum- 
 bered ; oppressed. 
 
 BUR'DKN-ER, n. One who loads ; an oppressor. 
 
 BUR'Df,'N-OUS, a. Grievous ; heavy to be borne ; op- 
 pressive. Sidney. 
 2. Cumbersome ; useless. Milton. 
 
 BUR'DK.N'-.SO.MIO, a. Heavy; grievo'is to be borne; 
 causing um asiness or fatigue ; oppressive. Dryden, 
 
 BUIt'DKN' SfiMi; I.Y, a/to. Ill a burdensome manner. 
 
 BUR'll/;.\-So.Mi: NESS, 71. The quality of being bur- 
 densome ; liea\ mess ; oppressiveness. 
 
 BUR'OOCK, 71. [i.ir and dock.] The [lopular mime 
 of a genus of plants culled Jirctium. They are troub- 
 lesome weeds. 
 'I'llc lesser burdock is a species of Xanthium. 
 
 BO'REAU, (bu'ro,) 71. [Fr. bureau, an ortice, » table, a 
 court, a chest of drawers; Sp. bnreo, a court of jus- 
 tice ; Arm. fciircW; Fr. bare, a cloth. The primary 
 sense is .1 cloth covering a table, like exche(/uer. Lu- 
 uier.] 
 
 1. A chest of drawers, for keeping papersor clothes. 
 
 2. A department for the transaction of business by 
 a public functionary. (In the continent of Europe, the 
 highest departments, in most countries, have the name 
 of bureau; lis, the bureau of the minister of foreign 
 nfliiirs. In England and Jlmrriea, the term is con- 
 fined to inferior and subordinate departments. 
 
 In Spanish, this^word bureo is a court of justice 
 for the trial of persons belonging to the king's house- 
 hold. 
 
 BU-REAU'CRA-CY, (bu-rS'kra-se,) 71. A system in 
 which the business of government is carried on in 
 departments, each under the control of a chief, in 
 contradistinction from a system in which the ofiicers 
 of government have a co-ordinate authority. [/JccMit.] 
 
 Brande. 
 
 BU-RETTE', 71. In chemistry, an instrument, invented 
 by Gay-Luss.ac, for the purpose of dividing a fluid into 
 hundredths or thousandths, consisting of a larger grad- 
 uated glass tube, and a smaller parallel tube, connect- 
 ed with the former at the base, and recurved at the 
 top. P. Cye. 
 
 BURG, 77. [This is the same word as Borough, the 
 only difference being in the pronunciation of the final 
 letter.] 
 
 A borough ; originally, a fortified town, but now a 
 city or town, which sends members to parliament, 
 whether incorporated or not. [See Borough.] 
 
 BURG'.AGE, n. [from burg.] In English law, tenure 
 in burgage, or burgage tenure, is tenure in socage, 
 applied to cities or towns, or where houses, or lands 
 which were formerly the site of houses, in an ancient 
 borough, are held of some lord in common socage by 
 a certain established rent ; a remnant of Saxon lib- 
 erty. Blackstone. 
 
 BURG'A-.MOT, 71. A variety of pear. [See Berga- 
 
 MOT.] 
 
 2. A kind of perfume. [See Bergamot.] 
 BURG'A-NET, } 71. [Fr. bourguignote, from burg, in 
 BURG'O-NET, j the sense of covering or guarding.] 
 
 A kind of lielmet, the Spanish murrion. 
 
 Spenser. Shak. 
 BUR-GEOIS', 77. [Fr. bourgeois, pronounced booriK- 
 war', from bourg, burg.] 
 A burgess. 
 
 BUR-GEOIS', (bur-jois',) 77. A species of type, or print- 
 ing letter, smaller than long primer, and larger than 
 brevier. [See Bourgeois.] 
 BUR'GEON. See Bourgeox. 
 BUR'GESS, /(. [Fr. bourgeois, from bourg, burg.] 
 1. Ail inhabitant of a borough, or walled town, or 
 one who possesses a tenement therein ; a citizen or 
 freeman of a borough. Blackstone. 
 •2. A representative of a borough in parliament. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 3. A magistrate of certain towns. Encyc. 
 
 4. Before the revolution, the representatives in the 
 popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were 
 called burgesses : as, the house of burgesses. It is now 
 called the house of delegates. 
 
 BUR'G ESS-SHIP, 71. The state or quality of a bur- 
 gess. Soiiyi. 
 
 BURG'GRaVE, 77. [G. ?i7(ro-»rrn/; iur^-, a fortress or 
 fortified town, and graf, a count.] 
 
 A title in Germany ; applied, originally, to one ap- 
 pointed to tlie command of a burg ; but aflerivard 
 it became hereditary, with a domain attached. Some 
 of the burggravcs were immediate members of the 
 former German empire. Erseh and Oruber, Encyc. 
 
 BURGH, (burg,) ?7. A different orthography of Burg, 
 Borough, which see. 
 
 BURGII'-lioTE, 71. [iiir-rA and *o«f.] In old laws, a 
 contribution toward the building or repairing of cas- 
 tles, or walls, for the defense of a city or town. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 BURG(I'-BRi?rH, 11. [Jiir^-A and iren/.-.] A fine im- 
 posed on a burgh, for a breach of the peace. [English.] 
 
 BURGIFER, 7!. [from burg.] An inhabitant of a 
 burgh or borougii, who enjoys the privileges of the 
 borough of which he is a freeman. In America, it is 
 applied to any native citizen, especially in the stats 
 of New York. 
 
 BUR(;il'ER-MAS'TER,77. See Burco-Master. 
 
 BURGH'ER-SIIIP, 77. The state or privilege of a 
 burgher. 
 
 BURGH'-.MXS-TER, 77. [burgh and 77ias(fr.] .\ burgo- 
 master ; also, an ollicer in the tin mines, who directs 
 and lays out the mecrs for the workmen, called also 
 builif, and bar-master. ' Eneye. 
 
 BUIl(ill'iM5TE, 77. [Jiir^A and 7ni)(f, meeting.] The 
 court of a iiir^'A or borough. Encyc. 
 
 BURG'LAR, )i. [burgh or burg, a house, and Arm. 
 laer, a thief; whence Fr. larron.] 
 
 One guilty of nocturnal house breaking ; one who 
 breaks and enters a mansion house, with intent to 
 commit a felony. Coke. 
 
 BUli(i-UA'RI-AN, 71. .\ p«'rsoii guilty of burglary. 
 
 BURG-UA'RI-OUS, a. Pertaining to burglary ; con- 
 stituting the crime of burglary. 
 
 To coijie down a diiiimcy is lickl a bierglanout enlrv. 
 
 Ijlac^tetoiy*. 
 
 BURG-I-S'RI-OITS-LY, adv. With an intent to C(-.n- 
 init burglary ; in the manner of a burglar. 
 
 Blackstone 
 
 BURG'I.A RY, 71. The net or crime of noctui.inl 
 liouse-brrakiiig, with an intent to commit n feloi,/. 
 To (-(institute this crime, the act must be committed 
 in tlie night, or when there is not daylight enough 
 to discern a man's face. It must be in a mansiwU 
 house, or in an adjoining building which is a part or 
 parcel of the mansion. There must bo an actual 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/VU., WH^T — MftTE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, UIRU. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, UQQK.— 
 
H i: R 
 
 hrpakiii;; iiiul an rntr) ; b\il an opcniliK niiide by 
 the oftVndiT, ns by taking out a pane of glass, or 
 lirtinK n window, raising a latch, picking n lock, 
 or removing any fastening, ainuiints to a breaking; 
 and putting in of the hand, after snch breaking, is 
 an entry. 'I'lie act must also be done with an in- 
 tent to oonnnit felony. Black.ilonr.. 
 BURtJ'tJ-.MAS-TEIl, n. [bur I ani mrutrr.] A burgli- 
 niaster ; a magistrate, or one employed in the gov- 
 ernnirnl of a city. The burgomaslrrs are the chief 
 inagistratca of the great towns in Holland, Flanders, 
 anil Ceruiany. 
 
 2. \n a(|uatic bird, the glaucous gull, {Lams r;laii- 
 CHU,) common in arctic regions, wliicli lays its eggs 
 in til" holes of rocks. F.il. F.ntyr.. 
 
 iHIR'tiOUT, (Imr'goo,) ri. .\ kind of thick gruel 
 
 n-^ed by seamen. 
 ll'R'C.USVE, n. [burg and G. graf, D. graaf, a 
 
 count.] 
 
 In .111111' Europfan countries, an hereditary governor 
 of a town or ciustle. 
 
 [Properly IU'Rgorwi:, which see.] 
 
 BUR'OL'.N-DY, n. A kind of wine, so called from 
 litirgnndy in Fnince. Shen.^tonr. 
 
 BUR'l"ri;.\-I)V PITCH, II. Turpentine from which 
 the essential oil has been distilled ort", with the addi- 
 tion of water. It is used for plasters. 
 
 BIIRH is the same as burg, burgh, with the aspirate. 
 It is Sa.xon, and signifies a city, a castle, a house, or 
 tower. Hence, in composition, it signifies defense, 
 protection ; as, cwenburh, {fjuern-biirh,) a woman 
 ready to assist ; Citthburh, eminent for assistances. 
 
 GibsotCs Cuiitdeti. 
 
 BUR'I-AL, (ber'ri al,) n. [Sec Bi rv.] The act of 
 burying a deceased person : sepulture ; interment ; 
 the act of depositing a dead body in the earth, in a 
 tomb or vault, or in the water. 
 
 '2. The act of placing any thing under earth or wa- 
 ter ; as, to biirti seed in the earth. 
 
 BI.'R'I-AL-PI.ACE, II. .\ place appropriated to the 
 burial of the dead ; a grave yard. 
 
 BUR'l-AL SERVICE, (ber're-al,) n. The service 
 performed at the interment of the dead. 
 
 BUR'I-KD, (bvt'Tid,) pp. or a. Dciwsited in the earth, 
 or in a gnive. 
 
 BUR'I-KR, (ber'ri-er,) n. One who buries u deceased 
 person. Sltab. 
 
 BC'RIN, II. [Fr. burin ; Port, bnril : It. bidinn.] 
 
 A graver , an instrument for engr.aving. Julinsm. 
 
 BURKE, r. (. [from the name of the Irishman who 
 
 . first c'lrnmitted til.'? crime, in ISaU.] 
 
 To nnirder a person with the intention of selling 
 the body for dissection. 
 
 ni"RK'f:n, (burkt,);)p. Murdered, as above. [Modern.] 
 
 Bl'RK'l.NG, ppr. .Murdering, as above. 
 
 BCRL, V. t. [See BiBLT.] To dress cloth as fullers 
 do. Johnson, 
 
 3. To pick knots and loose threads off from cloth. 
 
 BL'R'I.ACE, II. [.V contraction of burdtlais.] .\ sort 
 of grape. .Johnson. 
 
 niJRI.'ER, II. A dresser of cloth. 
 
 BL'R-I,ES(1UE', c-lesk,) a. [Fr. ; It. buries, from 
 bnrlarr, to ridicule ; burla, mockery, raillery ; Port, 
 and Sp. hnrlar, to jest or scotf; bnrlesco, a wag, a 
 jester. The termination esqiie answers to Eng. i.ib.] 
 Jocular; tending to excite laughter by ludicrous 
 images, or by a contra-st between the subject and the 
 manner of treating it, a^ when a tridiiig subject is 
 treated with gravity. 
 
 BUK-I.ESCil,'E', n. Ludicrous representation ; a con- 
 trast between the suliject and the manner of treating 
 it, which tends to excite laughter or ridicule. 
 
 9. .\ composition in which a trilling subject or low 
 incident is treated with great gravity, as a subject of 
 great dignity or importance ; or a composition in 
 which the ennlrast between the subject and the man- 
 ner of considering it renders it ludicrous or ridic- 
 ulous ; as in Virgil Travestie, the I.utrin of Boileau, 
 Butler's Iliidihns, and TruinbiiH's -McFingal. 
 
 BUR-LESCIL'E', r. f. To turn into ridicule; or to 
 make ludicrous by representation, .as by treating a 
 low or trillina subject with gre:it gravity. 
 
 BCR-I.ESa'l ER, (biir-lesk'er,) ii. One who bur- 
 lesques or turns to ridicule. 
 
 BL'U-LET'TA,ii. [Italian. Sec Bt:BLEs<<fi, Biblt.] 
 .\ coinic opera ; a musical farce. 
 
 BUR'LI-.NESS, II. [See BiBLi.] Bulk ; bhister. 
 
 ./ii.^ii.viin. 
 
 BUR'IjY, a. [The sense probably is .ttrellriL Hence | 
 it accords with Riiss. burh/u, to be noisy, to swell n-s j 
 sound, (iu. \V. brnltaic. See Bcrles^ce.] 
 
 Great in size ; bulky ; tumid ; f;dsely great ; bois- ] 
 teroiis. Dryden. Coicirtj. I 
 
 This word is obsolete, or nearly so, in .Vmerica ; but ' 
 kurl^-burhi is common, in vulgar use, for noise, con- j 
 fusion, uproar. 
 BURN, 1. 1. ; prrt. and pp. Bi ried or Bcrnt. [Sax. | 
 brrnan, birrnan, or byman, to burn ; brijne, a burning I 
 tirr, ardor; Sw. brinna, brdnna ; G. brennen ; Li.} 
 branden ; Diin. brtrttd^, from brand: L. /iruim, and, 
 perhaps, furnns, fornai, a furnatc. The primary 
 sense is, to rage, to act with violent excitement.) 
 
 I, To consume with lire ; to reduce to ashes by 
 
 in H 
 
 the action of heat or lire ; frequently with up : as, to 
 burn up wood. 
 
 2. To expel the volatile parts and reduce to eliar- 
 cnal by fire ; as, to burn wood into coal. Hence, in 
 popular languiige, to barn a kiln of wood, is to cliar 
 the wood. 
 
 3. To cleanse of soot by burning; to inflame; tia, 
 to barn a chimney ; au rj-tensive ii-ie of the wunl. 
 
 4. To liarileii in the fire ; to bake or harden by 
 heat ; :i.s, to burn bricks or ;i brickkiln, 
 
 h. To scorch; to atlect by lieiit ; as, to burn the 
 clothes or the legs by the tire ; to burn meat or bread 
 in cookery. 
 
 ti. To injure by fire ; to alT.ict the flesh by heat. 
 7. To dry up or dissipate ; with up : as, to burn up 
 tares. Dnjdrn. 
 
 i. To dry excessively; to cause to wither by heat ; 
 as, the sun burns the grass or plants. 
 
 y. To heat or intiauie ; to ailecl with excessive 
 stiniiiliis ; .as, ardent spirits burn the stomach. 
 
 10. To heat so much in cookery, as to give the 
 food a disagreeable einpyreuiuatic taste, ilencc the 
 phrase AiinK to. , 
 
 1 1. To calcine with heal or fire ; to expel the vola- 
 tile matter from substances, so tliat they are easily 
 pulverized ; as, to iHrii oyster shells, or limestone. 
 
 12. To affect with excess of heal ; as, the fever 
 burns a patient. 
 
 i:i. To subject to the action of fire ; to heat or dry ; 
 as, to Aiirii colors. Kncijc. 
 
 14. In surgenj, to apply an actual cautery ; to cau- 
 terize. 
 
 7'i< Aiim up ; to consume entirely by fire. 
 To bum out ; to burn till the fuel is all consumed. 
 BUR.N', 1'. I. To be on fire ; to flame ; as, the mount 
 burned with fire. Kzodus. 
 
 2. To shine ; to sparkle. 
 
 O prince I O whcrelore barn your tyn 1 Hove, 
 
 3. To be inflamed with p.-ission er desire ; a.s, to 
 iurii with anger or love. Thomson. 
 
 4. To act with destructive violence, as fire. 
 
 Sh.ill thr »r>lh 6uni lik? lire? — P«. Iiiiix. 
 
 5. To be ill commotion ; to rage with destructive 
 violence. 
 
 The groan ttill ilf^pcns and ihe combat bunta. Pope. 
 C. To lie heated ; lobe in a glow ; as, the face burn.t. 
 
 7. To be affected with a sensation of heat, pain, 
 or acidity ; as, the heart burns. 
 
 8. To feel excess of heat ; as, the fiesh burns by a 
 fire ; a patient burns with a fever. 
 
 To burn out ; to bum till the fuel is exhausted and 
 the fire ceases. 
 B17R.\, n. .\ small stream ; a brook. [ScoffkA.] 
 BURN, n. A hurt or injury of any part of the body, 
 Ciiused by the action of fire. 
 
 2. The operation of burning or baking, as in brick- 
 making; as. they have a good burn. 
 BURN'A-BLE, a. That may be burnt. [Little used.] 
 RUR.N'KD, ) pp. or a. Consumed with fire, scorched 
 BUR.NT, \ or dried with fire or he.it ; baked 
 
 or hardened in the fire. 
 BURN'Ell, II. A person who burns or sets fire to any 
 thing. 
 
 2. .\n appendage to a lamp designed to promote 
 combustion. 
 
 BURN'ET, n. ,\ plant, the I'oteriiim Sangiiisorba, 
 common or garden burnet. The Sanguisorba offici- 
 nalis, is the wild burnet or great burnet. 
 
 BURN'ET-SAX'I-FRAGE, n. A name common to 
 different species of plants of the genus Pimpinella. 
 
 BURN'ING, ;i;ir. Consuming with fire; flaming; 
 scorching; hardening by fire; calcining; charring; 
 raging as fire ; glowing. 
 
 BUR.N'I.NG, II. Combustion ; the act of expelling 
 volatile matter and reducing to ashes, or to a c;dx ; a 
 fire ; iiiflainmation ; the heat or raging of passion. 
 In surgrrij, actual caiiterj* : cauterization. 
 
 BURN'I.NG, a. Powerful; vehement; as, a burning 
 shame ; a burning scent. Shck. 
 2. .Much heated; very hot; scorching. 
 
 The burning pl;iini of tmli.\. S. S, .'^tnith. 
 
 BURN'I.NG-GL.KSS, II. [bum and gins,.] .\ convex 
 glass, which, when expo.sed to the direct rays of the 
 .sun, collects them into a small space, or point, called 
 a focus, producing an intense heat. The name is 
 given also to a concave mirror which condenses the 
 sun's ravs. Eneiic 
 
 BURN'I.NG-MIR'ROR, n. A single concave mirror ; 
 or a combination of plane mirrors, so arranged as 
 to combine their ravs in one focus. 
 
 Bl RN'l\G-TllORN''Y-PLA\T, n. A species of 
 Euphorbia or spurge. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BURN'ISII, 11. (. [Fr. brunir : D. bmineercn ; It. 
 brunire: Sp. brunir. This word undoubtedly is of 
 .secondary furinatioii, from the color of flame. See 
 
 Bl'RN.] 
 
 To polish by friction ; to make smooth, bright, and 
 glossy ; :is, to burnish sterl. Drudm. 
 BI R.N'ISH, r. i. To grow bright or glossy. Su:ifU 
 BURN'ISII, n. Gloss; brightness; luster. 
 
 Christ. Observ. 
 BUR.\'ISII-ED, (burn'isht, )pp. Polished; made glossy. 
 
 BUR 
 
 BUR.N'ISII-ER, n. The person who polishe.s ur makes 
 glo«.sy. 
 
 2. An instrument used in polishing, of different 
 kinds. It may be a piece of round polished steel, a 
 dog's or woll^s tooth, a piece of copper, agate, or pel>- 
 h\i-, &c. It is used for giving a gloss or smoothness 
 to metals, to the edges of books, &c. 
 BUR.N'ISIMNG, ///ir. Polishing; making smooth and 
 gloss,. 
 
 BUR.N'OOSE, I II. [Sp. alborno: ; Port, albemoi ; Pers. 
 BURN'OS, i , I „ 
 
 Ljhji ' f^°r*^ biruna.] 
 
 An upper cloak or garment, used by the .Arabs. 
 
 Parkhurst. 
 
 BURNT, pp. or a. from BuR:«. Consumed , scorched ; 
 heated ; subjected to the action of fire. 
 
 BUIl.\T'-i"; AU, 11. A disease in grain, by ivliich the 
 seed is renili red abortive, and its coat covered with 
 a black powder ; the charbon (coal) of the French, and 
 the brand of the Germans. P. Ctic 
 
 BURNT'-OF'FER-ING, ii. [burnt and offer.] .Some- 
 thing offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement 
 for sin ; a sacrifice ; called also barnt-sacrijice. The 
 offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, 
 a calf, a goat, or sheep ; or some species of vegetable 
 substance, as bread, and cars of wheat or barley. 
 
 BURR, II. A roughness in sounding the letter r. 
 
 2. The lube or lap of the car. Diet. 
 
 3. The round knob of a horn next a deer's head. 
 
 4. The sweetbread. [Encyc. 
 nU'RR'-.MILI/STONE, See Buhr-Stose. 
 BURR'-PU.MP, (.1. A pump, having a staff of 6, 7, 
 lilUGE'-PUiMP, ( or 8 feet long, with a bar of wood 
 
 to which the leather is nailed, which serves instead 
 of a box. This stafl" is worked by men who pull it 
 lip and down, with a rope fastened to the middle of it. 
 
 F^ncyc. 
 
 BURR'-.STr).NE, ) ii. A silicious or quartz rock, con- 
 
 BUliR'-riTo.NE, ( taining many irrcgul.ar cavities, 
 and iis(!d for inill-stones. 
 
 BUK'K.\S-PIPE, II. An instniinent or vessel used by 
 surgeons to keep corrndiiig powders in. Johnson. 
 
 BUR'-REEl), II. .\ pl.itil. the Sparganium. .Muhlenberg. 
 
 BUK'REL, II. .\ sort of pear, called also Ihe red but- 
 ter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 BUR'REL-FL7, n. The ox-fly, gad-bee, or breeze. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 BUR'REL-SHOT, ». [Fr. bourrelcr, to torment, and 
 
 shot,] 
 
 Small shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, &c , 
 put into cases, to be discharged among enemies. 
 
 BUR'ROCK, II. .\ small wier or dam where wheels 
 arc laiil in a river, for catching fish. Philips, 
 
 BUR'RoW, II. A different orthography of Burgh, 
 lior.orijH, which see. 
 
 BUR'RoW, II. [Sax. byrgen, a sepulcher, byrian, to 
 bury, or beorgan, to keep.] 
 
 A hollow place in the e.arth, where sm.all animals 
 lodge ,_and sometimes deposit tlieir provisions. 
 
 BUR'RoW, f. 1. To excavate a hole in the earth ; to 
 lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or 
 rabbits. Iii a more general sense,lei lodge in any deep 
 or concealed place. 'I'he word seems to include the 
 idea of excav;Uing a hole for a lodge, as well as 
 lodging in it ; but tlie verb is not often used transi- 
 tively ; as, to burrow the e.irtll. 
 
 BUR'lioW-ING, ppr. Lodging in a burrow. 
 
 Bl.'IlS'.\R, II. [.See Burse.] A treasurer, or cash- 
 keeper ; as, the Z»uro-arof a college, or of a monastery ; 
 a purser. 
 
 2. .A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a 
 burse or fund appropriated for that purpose, as the 
 exhibitioners sent to the universities in Scotland, by 
 each pn'sb\ter>'. F.neyc, Johnson, 
 
 BURS'.SR-.sillP, II. The office of a bursar. Hales, 
 BURS'. \-RY, n. The treasury of a college or mon- 
 astery. 
 
 2. In Seotland, an exhibition. Kncitc. 
 BURSCH, (bursh,) n. ; pi, BunscHES. [Ger.j A youth ; 
 
 especially a student in a German university. 
 BURSE, (burs,) n. [Fr. bourse, a purse, the vesicle of 
 
 the gall, the hull or skin of seeds, an exchange ; D. 
 
 beurs, a purse, an exchange, scrotum ; Ger. bUrse, a 
 
 purse, an exchange; I), biirs, the same; It. borsa ; 
 
 Sp. and Port, bolsa, a purse or bag, r being changed 
 
 into /.] 
 
 1. A public edifice in certain cities, for the meet- 
 ing of merchants to consult on matters of trade and 
 money, and to negotiate bills of exch.mge. 'I'his is 
 the name used in many cities in Europe, but in 
 England and America, such building is called an 
 exchange. 
 
 2. In Prance, a fund or foundation for the main- 
 tenance of piKir scholars in their studies. In the 
 middle ages, it signified a little ctdlege, ar a hall in a 
 university. Encyc. 
 
 BURST, V. L : prrt and pp. Bu«!it. The old p.artici{)le 
 bursten is nearly obsolete. [Sax. byrstan, burslan; 
 D. barsten ; G. berstrn ; Dan. briste; Sw. brista, to 
 burst. The word bristle seems to belong to burst, 
 denoting a shoot.] 
 
 1. To fly or break open with force, or with sudden 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 157 
 
BUS 
 
 iU'S 
 
 BUT 
 
 violence ; to suffer a violent disniption. The |)ecii- 
 liar force of this word is, in expressing a sudden rup- 
 ture, with violence, or expansion, or both. Hence it is 
 generally used to signify the snddi-n rupture of a 
 thing hy internal force, and a lilii nition from con- 
 hneinent ; as, to burst from a prison ; tile lieari bursts 
 with grief Millun. 
 
 2. To breali away ; to spring from ; as, to liurst 
 from the arms. Pope. 
 
 3. To come or fall upon suddenly or with violence ; 
 to rush upon unexpectedly ; as, a sound bursts upon 
 our ears. 
 
 4. To issue sudilt-nly, or to come from a hidden or 
 retired place into miae open view ; as, a river bursts 
 from a valley ; a spring bursts from the earth. 
 
 5. To break forth into action suddenly ; as, to 
 burst into tears. 
 
 6. To break or rush in with violence ; as, to burst 
 into a house or a rootn. 
 
 7. To open spontaneously, as an abscess. 
 
 It is often followed by an intensive particle ; as, 
 otit, forth, await, from, or asuufter. 
 
 BURST, V. t. To break or rend by force or violence ; 
 to ((pen suddenly J as, to 6Hr*-t a chain or a door ; to 
 bur.<t a cannon. 
 
 BURST, 7i. A sudden breaking forth ; a disniption; 
 a violent rending ; more appropriatVfit, a sudden ex- 
 plosion or shonting filth ; a-^. a burst of thunder; a 
 burst of :ippl;liist' ; a tiur^t of ]i:i.-siun. 
 
 9. A ru|ilure or limiia, ur ilic unnatural protrusion 
 of the cinitents of the abdonii'ii. 
 
 BURST, / p)i. or u. Affected with a rupture or 
 
 BURST'/CN, i hernia. 
 
 BURST, (Ip iit d or rent asunder by violence. 
 BI'l{ST'/;\-\l>S. //, Till' stiite of having a rupture ; 
 m'iiST'i;!;, ». Une that liiir-ts. [the hernia. 
 
 BURST'l.XG, ppr. Rending or parting by violence; 
 expkiding. 
 
 BURST'-WORT, n. The Herniaria, a plant said to 
 
 be good against hernia or ruptures. 
 BURT, ». A Hat fi~li of theturbot kind. Johnson. 
 BURTH'iCX. See Bi fdev. 
 
 BUR'TO.V, lu \ small tackle formed by two blocks 
 
 ■ or pul!e}s, used tti set up or tighten the tojimost 
 shrouds, and for various other purposes ; called also 
 top-bartou-tuclde. Mar. Diet. 
 
 BUH'Y, (ber'ry,) n. This word is a different orthog- 
 ra|)hy <jf bur^r, burh, borouofi. Ft signifies a house, 
 habitation, or castle, and is retained in many names 
 of places, as in Shrewsburit, Dunburif, Aldermanburij. 
 The word is used by Grew for barrow. 
 
 BUR'Y, (ber'ry,) r. (. [Sax. byrian, burtraa, to bury ; 
 byriren, a tohib or sepulcher ; allied to beorgan, to 
 save.] 
 
 1. To deposit a deceased person in the grave ; to 
 inter a corpse ; to entomb. 
 
 2. To cover with earth, as seed sown. 
 
 3. To hide ; to conceal ; to overwhelm ; to cover 
 with any thing; as, to bury any one in tile ruins 
 of a city. 
 
 4. To withdraw or conceal in retirement ; as, to 
 bury one's self in a muniisti ry. or in solitude. 
 
 5. To commit to tiie w iiii t ; to deposit in the 
 ocean ; as, dead bodies bnnrd in tlie deep. 
 
 6. To place one thing within another. 
 
 Thy niime so buried in iier. Shak. 
 
 7 To forget and forgive; to hide in oblivion ; as, 
 to bury an injiirj . 
 
 To bury t/ie linlrUet, in the striking metaphorical 
 language of American Indians, is to lay aside the 
 instruments of war, forget injuries, and make peace. 
 
 BUR'Y-I.VG, (ber're-ing,) ppr. Interring; hiding; 
 covering with earth ; overwlielming. 
 
 BUU'Y-ING, (ber're-ing,) n. The act of interring the 
 dead ; sepulture, .hhn xii. 7. 
 
 BUR'Y-UVG-GROUNU, / «. A grave-vard ; a place 
 
 IiUR'Y-l.\G-PLA('E, i approjiriated to the sepul- 
 tur'^ of the dead; a church-yard. 
 
 Bll.SlI, n. [D. boscli i G. huseli ; Dan. busk ; Sw. buskc; 
 it, bosro ; Sp. bosfjue ; Port, bosijue ; whence Sp. bos- 
 cage, Fr. bocage. It. boscala, a grove or cluster of 
 trees, (in. Gr. liooKoi, L. pasco, originally, to feed 
 on sprouts.] 
 
 1. A shrub; particularly a shrub with branches 
 rising from or near the root ; a thick shrub ; also, a 
 cluster of shrubs. With hunt' is, a fox tail. 
 
 Spenser. fViillrr. Eneye. .^sh. 
 
 9. A thicket or placi' abounding in trees or bushes. 
 [This was tlie original sense of the wonl, as in Ihi' 
 Imteh ho.^h^^ wood, and was so used by ( 'liaiirer. 
 In this sense it is extensively used in the British 
 cohinies, especially at the Cape of (Jood Hope, where 
 it may have been borrowed from llie Dutch. ) 
 
 3. A branch of a Im: ri\( il or liiiiig out as a tavern 
 Hign. Hence, since the liraurh has been discontin- 
 ued, a coronated frame of wood, hung out as a tav- 
 ern sign, is HO called. Hence the English proverb, 
 ** Good wine nee<ls no bush." Knrye. 
 
 [I kuoa nut llml tliia in no used in the United 
 Staler. ] 
 
 4. A circle of metal let into the sheaves of siicli 
 blockB OS have Iron pins, to prevent their wearing. 
 
 JUar. Diet. 
 
 The word is aiiplicabla to a like circle in other 
 round holes as to the key-hole of a watch, the vent 
 of a gun, &c. 
 
 This word when applied to sheaves is called bvsh, 
 but when applied to the circular inm of a cart wheel 
 is, ill America, called a box. Ciu. It. basso, the box- 
 tree ; bossolo,-:\ lillle l)o\. JohiHon writes il bushel. 
 
 BUSH, I). /. To crow Iliic k or bushy. Milton. 
 
 BUSH, e. /. To fiirni-h a block with a hush, or to line 
 an\- orifice u itli metal to [irevent wearing. 
 
 BUSH'KL, [Vr. boissrau ; Arm. bocsel ; Norm, bus- 
 sel : probalilv from boiste, boUe, a 1k)X ; It. bos.iolo, 
 that is, a little box.] 
 
 1. A dry mea-ure, cimtaining eight gallons, or four 
 pecks. The Winc hester bushel, used in England 
 from the time of Henry VII. to the year 182(5, con- 
 tains eight giillons of wheat ; each gallon, eight 
 pounds (if wheat, Irny weight ; the pound, twelve 
 ounces tniy ; Ilie oiiiire, twenty sterlings, and the 
 sterling, tiiiri\ -t\\o gniins of wheat growiim in the 
 niidille of lie" ear. l ie- cont'-nts are 2I5').42 solid 
 ineli'-s, ('(luivab iit to IIHI ounces and 14 peniiy- 
 \\eiglits ti()\. hi |s >t;, the jin[n-rial bii^lir] \vas in- 
 troduced into Kii','1 mil, coiUaining a-JIS.Iffi cubic 
 inches ; su tlmi :t:t of the old or Winrhesler bushels 
 are ver\ neatly eijual to imiierial bushels. Bramle. 
 
 The Wmc liester bu~Iiel is used still in the United 
 States. 
 
 Bushel signifies both the quantity or capacity, and 
 the vessel which will contain the quantity. But a 
 vessel of this kind is not in use. The half bushel 
 measure is used. 
 
 2. In popular language, a large quantity, indefi- 
 nitely. Johnson. 
 
 3. The circle of iron in the nave of a wheel ; in 
 America, called a 6ex. [See Bush.] 
 
 Bl'SU'EL At;E, n. A duty payable on commodities 
 
 by till- liii-;iiei. [JVet used in the United Stutcs.] 
 BI SU ET, ». A wood. 
 
 BUSiri-N ESS, «. [from hush, bushy.] The quality of 
 beini: bushy, thick, or intermixed, like tlie branches 
 of a bush. 
 
 BUSH'-.MAN, a. [D. bose'i-man, bosrhjes-man.] 
 
 .\ woodsiiiaii ; a iiiiiiie which the Dutch give to 
 a tribe of wild and iVrorioiis inhabitaitts of .-Vfrica, 
 near the ( 'ape of Good Hope. 
 BUSir.Mi;\'i'. K. [from 4hoA.] A thicket ; a cluster 
 
 of liii-lu-i-. l^Vol used.] Rale.rh. 
 BUSII'V, a. jfroiii bush.] Full of branches; thick 
 and spreading, Iik» a bush ; as, a bushy beard or 
 brier. Bacon. 
 2. Full of bushes ; overgrown with shrubs. 
 
 Drydeu. 
 
 BIIS'I-£:n, (biz'zid,) pp. of Bi'sv. 
 
 BUS'l-LESS, (biz'ze-K'Ss,) a. [See Busy.] Without 
 b:i-;iie >s : at It isllre ; iineniplnyed. Shuk. 
 
 BUff'I-L\', ^lii/.'/.e-iy,) adv. \Vi::i constant occtjpation ; 
 actively ; eanu'stiy ; as, to Ik- busily em;. loved. 
 
 2. \^'lth an air of liinr\ or iinpnrliiiice ; u ith too 
 much eiiiiiisin ; inipnitunatrh- i olHcioiislv. Dnidin. 
 
 BUS'I-.NESS, (biz'ni-ss,) «. [See lU sv.] ' Eiuploy- 
 ni'-iit ; that wliirli in-ni|iie-i tile time, attention, and 
 latior of mi ll, lor Ilie piir[MHe of [iroht or improve- 
 ment ; a ir.'rd of ertrnsire use and indefinite stirniji- 
 eution. Business is a [laiticiilar ocriipiitioii, as aizri- 
 culttire, trade, mechanic art, or iirot'essmii, and when 
 used of a [larticular emplii_\ nicnt, the \^"ord admits of 
 the plural niiiuher, businesses. Busiuesis is also any 
 tempcirary employment. 
 
 2. Alfairs : concerns ; as, a man leaves his iiiiA'iiiejfS 
 in an iniM itleil state, 
 
 3. The siiliject of employment , that which en- 
 gages the care and attention. 
 
 You are so rnucli the business of our boiila. Dryden. 
 
 4. Serious engagement ; important occupation, in 
 distinction from trivial affairs. 
 
 It should Ik the iimin business of life (o serve (iixl, mid ohey his 
 comnLliuis. 
 
 5. Concern ; right of action or interposing ; ;is, 
 what busiurits has a man with the disputes of others 
 
 G. A point ; a matter of question ; something to he 
 examined or considered. 
 
 Fitness to govern is a perplexed business. Bacon. 
 
 7. Something to be done ; employment of impor- 
 tance to one's interest, opposed to amusement; as, 
 we have no biLsiness in to^vn. 
 
 They were fur fn>i 
 one._J,.dse, 
 
 the Zidoiiiniis, and hiul no business with aivy 
 
 S. Duty, or employment that duty enjoins. A 
 lawyer's business is to do justice to his clients. 
 
 7V) do the business for a man, is to kill, destroy, or 
 ruin nini. 
 
 BUS'l-NESS-EIKE, a. Being in tin; true manner of 
 BU.SK, n. [Fr. /yes'/i/c. ] [business. 
 A piece of slerl, whalebout?, or wood, worn by 
 women on the brea.st, to form the shape ; a word dc- 
 pendenl on fashion. Donne. 
 BUSK, n. .\ bush, [.^rot used.] 
 
 HUSK, e. i. To be active or busy. This is |irohably 
 th(^ Saxon word bysgian, to busy, or the Sp. busenr, 
 to search. Busk is still used in .Aini rica. [See 
 Hmv.] Fairfax uses il in tin- sense of prepare. 
 
 transitively, " to Jk.'j/; them to battle." In the Scot- 
 tish dialect, it signifies to dress or uttire. 
 
 BUSK'/;l), (biiskt,) a. Wearing a busk. Pollok. 
 
 BUSK'ET, 71. A small bush, or a compartment of 
 sliriilis in a garden. Spenser. 
 
 BUSK'IiN, n. A kind of half boot, or high shoe, cov- 
 ering the foot and leg to the middle, and tied under- 
 neatli the knee, worn by actors in tragedy on the 
 stage. The buskins of tlie ancients had very thick 
 soles; to raise the actors and actresses to the stature 
 of the persons they represented. Eneyc. 
 2. In classic authors, the word is used for tragedy. 
 
 BUSK'lX-i:U, (busk'ind,) a. Dressed in buskins. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 BUSK'Y, a. Bdshy ; wooded ; sliaded or overgrown 
 with trees or shrubs; generally written ii<«/iy. [See 
 Bush.] Shak. 
 
 BUSS, ?i. [Per. ^i^KjMyJ bosidun; .\r. (j«.Lj bausa, 
 
 to kiss ; L. basio : Fr. baistr ; Norm, beser ; Sp. 
 besar : Port, beijar ; It. boeiare; D. poezen, to kiss. 
 The verb may be from the noun, and perhaps from 
 the name of the lip ; at any rate, from the same 
 radical sense, to push ; Per. pin, the lip ; W. and Ir. 
 bus, the lip ; D. poes, a kiss, a pu.ss, a fur tippet, a 
 girl ; Sp. beso, a kiss ; Port, beieo, the lip ; beijo, a 
 kiss; It. bucio. This word, so venerable for its an- 
 tiquity and general use, has fallen into disreiiule.] 
 
 1. A kiss ; a salute with the lips. 
 
 2. [D. buis : <;. b'ise : Uuss. busu.] A small vessel, 
 from SO to 70 tuns liunlen, carrying two masts, ami 
 two sheds, or cabins, one at each end ; used in the 
 herring fishery. Eneyc. Mar. D.ct. 
 
 BUSS, V. t. To kiss ; to salute with the lips. Shak. 
 BUST, 71. [It. and Sp. busto ; Fr. baste; L. bustuni.] 
 
 1. In sculpture, the figure of aper.son in relief, show- 
 ing only the head, shoulders, and stomach ; ordiiiii- 
 rily placed on a pedestal or console. In speaking of 
 an antique, we say the head is marble, and the bust 
 porphyry, or bronze ; that is, thj shoulders and 
 stomach. 
 
 2. The chest or thorax ; the trunk of the liunian 
 hody. Eneyc. 
 
 BUS'1''ARD, 71. [Ai« and tarda : It. otnrda ; Fr. 
 oularde. .■\ncient Celtic, tarda. Plin. 10, 22.] 
 
 The Otis tarda, a species of bird of the Grallic 
 order, growing to the weight of 2.5 or 27 pounds, 
 with a hreadtli of wing of six or seven feet. It in- 
 habits England, and the temperate regions of Europe, 
 and of parts of .\sia and Africa, feeding on green 
 corn and other vegetaliirs, and on earth-worms. It 
 runs fast and lakes tliglit with difficulty. Eneue. 
 
 BUS'TLE, (biis'l.j c. I. [This word may be allied to 
 busy, or to L. fesiuio.] 
 
 'i'o stir quick ; to be very active ; to he very quick 
 in motion, often or usutilly with the sense of noise 
 or agitation. 
 
 And leave the world for me to busUe in. Slink. 
 
 BUS'TLE, (hiis'l,) «. Hurry ; great stir; rapid motion 
 with noise and agitation; tumult from stirring or agi- 
 tation ; combustion. 
 
 All w'liiKl li ive LK'en well wilhoiit ihis bustle. Speclr.tor. 
 
 Bl'S'TEEl!, (bus'lei,) n. An active, stirring person. 
 
 BUS'TLl.Ni;, (bus ling,) ppr. or a. Stirring; moving 
 actively, with noise or agitatiim. 
 
 BUST U, II. A bust ; sometimes, perhaps, used for a 
 statue. .Idiniole. 
 
 BUS'Y, (biz'zy,) a. [&ix. bysi, bysig ; whence ti/spo-, 
 business, bysgian, to busy ; I), bciig, blisj- ; bc-.igen, 
 to busy, to use. This word apiiears, from the Dutch, 
 to be composed of be, the prefix, and lig, the root of 
 see, contracted in inf. to lien, but retained in the 
 pret. lag, and in the derivatives, ligt, sight, tiglbaar, 
 visible. \\'e find beiigtigen signifies to view. If this 
 opinion is correct, the primary sense is .seeing, or 
 closely inspecting.] 
 
 1. Employed with constant attention ; engaged 
 about something that renders interruption inconve- ] 
 nient ; as, a nitin is busy in posting liis books. 
 
 My iiiislress is busy, mid cull liol com?. Slink. 
 
 2. Actively employed ; occupieil without cesstilion ; 
 constantly in motion ; as, a busy bee. Shak. 
 
 3. Active in that which does not concern the per- 
 son ; nu'ddling with or prying into the alfairs of oth- 
 ers ; orticioiis ; importunate : hence, Iroublesome ; 
 vexatious. Waller. 
 
 4. Much occupied with employment ; as, a busy 
 day. 
 
 BUS'Y, (biz'zy,) »■. I. To employ with constant atten- 
 tion ; to keep engiiged ; to make or keep busy ; as; to 
 busy one's self with books. 
 
 To I.- (ii/«ier/ wiUi grniis .iiid species. Loclce. \ 
 
 BUS'Y-BOD'Y, (biz'zy-bod'y,) H. [hu.iy.mX body.] A 
 nieildling person ; ime who olficiously concerns him- 
 self with the atl'airs of others. Taylor 
 
 BUS'Y-I.\(;, (biz'zv iiig.) /i/.r. Constantly employing. 
 
 BUS'V-iMT.MVEl), ,1. Having an active niind. 
 
 BUT, pari, for bulan. [Sax. bulan, butun, bula, butt, 
 without, on the outside, abroad: 1" ■.ic, except, or 
 excepting, besides ; that is, separated, not included. 
 The verb is not in the Saxon ; but in Dutch we have 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi^T. — MRTE, PKBY. — PI.\E, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQEF, BQpK.- 
 
BUT 
 
 BUT 
 
 the verb in irs primary si-nsc, huileiiy to rove or 
 (li-r, t(i <;(i fri'i'lHMitmj; ; ttinty lunily ; fmifritj itut, willi- 
 oiil, iibroad, bt siili s, except ; biiiirn Iwuril, overlHHiril ; 
 buitcn itnir^ out of (ItHirs ; buiten liiti<^ an t>nt-honse ; 
 biiilcii mail, an <iiit-nian, a slranaerj C bnitr, bcKity ; 
 yw. bijlr, Imoty ; bi/tii, to exclniMjiC ; Dan. bijllr, booty, 
 a partuiL', division, distribution ; bijllr, to jKirt, (lividr, 
 *'xclian<:t', l)artt'r; Sp. butin: It. buttiiio ; Fr. huttn, 
 booty. 'I'bi' primary sense »( buotij is to rove or wan- 
 der, «> pari or separate from ; applied to persons, it is 
 to wandi r ; applied lo Ibiiifis, it may iniliide ^Irip- 
 \i\ns. Bui., tlu n, is a contraction of biiUin, ami pri- 
 marily a participle.! 
 
 1. F.xcept ; besides ; unless. 
 
 Wlm cui il l<, but perjunsl Lycori i Smitfi. 
 That is, removed, separated, excepted. Lycon be- 
 iiii; separated, or excepted, who can it be.' 
 
 AikI, but iiiliniiilv, 
 Which wniti upon worn tiiiH'*, hiith nuiiiethin^ •eizod 
 11)9 wt^lifil iihility, iv hAil hiniiiell 
 
 Thi- litulit itii.l vi-.tU T" moa.tiin-*!. Shnk. 
 That is, except, unless, separate this fact, tlial In- 
 lirmity had seized liis ability, he had measured the 
 laiiils and waters. 
 
 In this use, but, biitan, is a participle, e<piivalent to 
 eTCPptinir, and may be refern'd lo the person speak- 
 ins, or, more naturally, it is equivalent to exrr^tnl, 
 and Willi the followiii» words, or clause, foriniu^ Ihe 
 case absolute. 
 
 Whii cm )( I*, I.ycon beHi» rxcpte<l ? 
 
 Anil, but niv nuhlf Moor is tnie of mind, it were enough lo put 
 liini to III tliiiikiii!;. ShtiJ:. 
 
 iL Clin not l« 6u( Nttlur^ hnlh tome director, of inllnii)* powfi, to 
 gtiiil*' Iter HI Aii Ikt »ny». rtooi'er. 
 
 Thcfp a no qui.stion 6u{ the khiK of Spniu will fetorni must ol 
 tht* nlNiw>». A'ltlisQH. 
 
 It is not iiiipoiaii>le but 1 inHV nllcr the complexion of iiiv phiv. 
 
 iiryjen 
 
 In tile hist three e.xamples,(Aat is omitted after but. 
 
 Jt b not impuKsiUe but that I may aher llie complexion ot my 
 pl.iy. 
 
 In these and all similar phrases, but denotes separa- 
 tion, exception. 
 
 2. Only ; as, there is but one man present. 
 
 .V ^nnttLttile m:\ii but to hts frienils. Dnfieii. 
 
 This use of bat is a modern inniivntion, but per- 
 haps lot» firmly eslablislietl to be yirrerteil. In all 
 such phra-ses, a negative, not, iiutJiiiiir, tir other word, 
 is omitteti. lie is mit a formitiable iiitiii, but to his 
 enemies ; that is, excrpt. There is nut but one man 
 present ; that is, there is not except or Ar,«(/f.< one pres 
 i nt. So, also, " Our lijlil attliction is but for a mo 
 .iiient." 2 Cur. iv. Our alHictioii is not, except for n 
 moment. 
 
 11 they kill us, we shnll Jul ,lie. — i K\i<Tt vii. 
 
 The common people in Anrerica retain the oriitin- 
 al and correct phrase, usually eniployiiis a negative. 
 They tlo not say, I have but one. On the oilier hand, 
 they say, I have not but one ; that is, I lia\ e not ex- 
 cept one ; except tine, ami' I have ntuie. This word 
 but, for butnn, is not a ctmjiincliim, nor h.as it the 
 least athnity to Ihal part of speech. 
 BUT, cimj. [Sax. bate, reparation, satisfaction, com- 
 pensation ; and adverbially, moreover, further, that 
 is, sonielhing added to make gotid, to supply that 
 which is wanted, from bttan, to make britrr, or 
 more, to amend, th:.t is, to advance ; I), buctc; Sw. 
 bote i Dan. bamte ; \V. buz, atlvantace. So, in Oer. 
 abrr, but, is the Eni:. «r*T. In some of tlu'se lan- 
 gtifiges, it denotes a line or penance, that which 
 makes satisfaction. In Danish, profit ; bnaile, to 
 gain or protil ; VV. buziaie : Goth, butijan, id. ; G. 
 bti.<.<e, bits.-ien. We use this wtird as a noun, in the 
 phrase, lie gives a guinea to bout, that is, to make 
 good, to satisfy, or by way of additittn ; and !us a 
 verb, in the phrase, What boulj it.' what gain or 
 pnilil is it.' Il ia radically the same word as iff 
 in britrr: and the radical sense is, to advance.] 
 
 More ; further ; notini; an addition to supply what 
 is wanting to elucidate or modify the sense of the 
 preceding i«rt of a sentence, or of a discourse, or to 
 continue the discourse, or to exhibit a conlrtist. 
 
 Now ftlii>lc Uith, liopr-, ch »rity, these thn-e ; 6u{ the freatcsl of 
 these is chiirity. — I l i-r, xiii. 
 
 When prije cuni<-th, then cuineUi shame ; &ul with the lowly is 
 wis,torn. — Prov. xi. 
 
 Our wiims are many atitl grievous, but quite of another kind. 
 
 The hoiui- nf n'pn.sentatufe« were well ajreed in p.tS8inj the 
 bill ; 6ul tlie ft-nale dissenUfl, 
 
 This word is, in fact, a noun, equivalent to addition 
 or supply ; but, in grammatical constriictiim, no in- 
 convenience results from considering il to be a con- 
 nective. 
 
 BUT, n. [Fr. bout, end, extremity, .md but, end, aim, 
 design ; .\nn. iiit or baul. It is sometimes written 
 fciift, especially when applied to the end of a plank. 
 Il coinciiles, in sense anil eU inenls, with I., prin, Sp. 
 bote, a Ihnist, batnr, to cast, II. bulla, bntio, hollare, 
 Fr. botte, bonder. Eng. poiif, and many other words. 
 See BiTT.] 
 
 1. \n end ; a limit ; a bound. It is used particu- 
 larly for the larger end of a thing, .as of a piece of 
 timber, or of a fallen tree ; that which grows nearest 
 the earth It is not often applied to the bnund or lim- 
 it of land ; yet buUed, for bounded, is often used. 
 
 *X The end of a plank, in a ship's .^id'* nr litittom, 
 which iiiiili -i Willi aiiiiilii r , geni rally wrilteii lii.TT. 
 
 3. .\ mark or iibjerl of ritliciile. 
 
 4. Till' foot or end of a plaj. 
 
 BUT, V, i. 'J'o be boiiniletl l>y ; In lit- contiguous lo ; a 
 tPuril use<l in ^inericiu [.^ee Ahi-t.J 
 
 RL'T'-END, II. [/ii<< and mil.] The largest or blunt 
 end of a thing ; as, th<' but-niil of a musket, or of a 
 piece of timber. TJiis word is tautologit:al, but ami 
 euil si<riiiu iiig the saiii-- thiii<: ; unless but \a coiisiil- 
 ered as eqiiiv.-ilellt lo sirrtlm^r, prutubi runt. 
 
 nU'l l'll'l'.!!, II. [Fr. boiuhiri Ann. bur:rr, a butcher ; 
 Fr. huur/irrir ; II. brrchmu, luilelier\', sinmblcs. TIih 
 primary sense probably is lo stick or stab, as the I'r. 
 bouchrr signifies to stop, that is, to sel, lo tliriisl.] 
 
 1. One who slaughters aiiiiiials fiir iirtrket ; or one 
 whose oeeiipatioii is lo kill animals for the table. The 
 Word may, and often does, include the person who 
 cuts up and sells iii -at. 
 
 a. One who kills men, or coiiiinands troops to kill 
 them ; one wliti shells, or causits to be shed, human 
 binoti in abiindajire ; upplud to iirinrr.t ami coiiijuerurs 
 ipko ttrliirhl in icur, or arr remarkable for dcstruijuij hu- 
 man life. Loekr. 
 BIJTCH'F.K, e. f. To kill or slaughter animals for food, 
 or for market. 
 
 2. To murder , but emplialically applied to murder 
 cuiiiniitled Willi unusual cruelly, or circumstances tif 
 uuromiiKui baii>aril\'. 
 
 IIS'TCII'F.K-lilltD, 11. The shrike ; n name cimimon 
 to difTerent species of birtis, of lite geiitis l.aiiius. 
 One species of lliis g -nus is calh-tl kinsf-bml, friuii its 
 courage in attacking hawks and crows. Unciic. 
 
 The kiuu-biril is now arranged under the g.-niis 
 Mliscicapa, (^V. Iirrannus.) t',d. F.iu iiC. 
 
 BUTCU'EK-fJI), /<;i. or 11. Killed; slatighlereil. 
 
 Itri'C'irER-I.Ni;, ppr. slaughtering. 
 
 Bi;T(;il'EK-l-l-.\KSS, n. .\ cruel, savage, butcherly 
 luaiiner. Jufinsun, 
 
 nilTI'll'ER-I.V, a. [from Aiifr/,n-.] Cruel ; savage ; 
 imirtlerous ; grossl\- and cluiiisih' barltaroiis. Sbuk, 
 
 B!:T('irEK'.«-llKob.M, ,1. A plant, the Uiisciis acii- 
 leatiis, called also knrr. hollij. It is used by butchers 
 for brtioiiis to sweep their blocks. Knciic. 
 
 lil rni'F.R KoW, 11. A row of shambles. IVInilock. 
 
 BrTCiri'.K V, n. The business of slaughtering cattle 
 for the table or for market. Pope. 
 
 a. .Murder, especially murder coniinilted with unu- 
 sual barbarity ; great slaughter. Shuk. Drijdrn. 
 
 X The place where animals are killed for market ; 
 a shambles, or slaugliter-liiiiise ; also, a place wh.-re 
 blootl is shed. S!iiik. 
 
 BUT'l.EK, II. [Fr. ftoi/fciWiVr, from bonteille, a bottle, 
 that is, the boltliT! U. buttlcir, a butler, from buidil, 
 botde, a bi.ttle.] 
 
 .\ Servant or officer in the houses of princes and 
 great men, whose principal business is to lake charge 
 of the liipiors, plate, ,\cc. Formerly, an tdlicer in tlie 
 ctiiirt of France, b -iiii; the same as the grand eclian- 
 son, or great cup bearer, of l.tler limes. F.nnic. 
 
 BUT'LEK-AOK, n. \ duly of two shillings on every 
 tun of wine iui|M>rted iiilo England by foreigners or 
 nierrliaiil strangers. Il was a coiiipositiiui for the 
 privileges grain d lo tlieiii by King John and Edward 
 1., and orimnally r. ceived by the crow n ; but it has 
 been granted to certain noblem. n. It was called fciif- 
 leraire, because originally p.'iid to the king's butler lor 
 the king. Black'Uine. hZucitr. 
 
 BL T'EEK SHIP, n. The oliice of a butler. Ocii. \'l. -Jl. 
 
 BUT'.ME.NT, n. [Old Fr. abuutemcnt, from Aouf, but, 
 end.] 
 
 1. .\ bultre.ss of ,an arch; the siip|)orter, or that 
 part which joins h to the upright pier. Kncijc. 
 
 •2. The mass of stone or stdid work at the end of a 
 bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained. 
 The nia.ss of stone at the end of a timber bridge, 
 without arches, is called by the same name. It is 
 xvritten also .Xkctment. 
 
 BUT'SIIAFT, n. [Aut and »7i<i/"f.] An arrow to shoot 
 at butts with. B. Junson. 
 
 BUTT, 71. [.-^ee But.] Literally, end, furthest point. 
 Hence, a mark lo be shot at ; the point where a mark 
 is set or fixed to be shot at. Onjden. 
 
 2. The iK)int to which a ptirimse or effort is direct- 
 ed. Shak. 
 
 3. The object of aim ; the thing against which an 
 attack is directed. Clarendon. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 4. The person at whom ridicule, jests, or contempt 
 are tlirected ; as, the butt of ridicule. Spectator. 
 
 .■>. A push or thrust given by Ihe head tif an ani- 
 mal ; as, the butt of a mm. Aldo, a thrust in 
 fencing. 
 
 fi. A cask whose contents are 12G gallons of wine, 
 or two hogslieails ; called also a pipe. A Aiiff of beer 
 is 108 gidlons, and from 1.')(I0 to 2200 weight of ciir- 
 miit-s is a Aiif/. [Sax. Aii«c or fci/ff : Sp. fcefa.] Johnson. 
 
 7. The end of a plank in a ship's side or bottom. 
 
 jilar. Diet. 
 
 8. A particular kind of hinge for doors. &c. 
 
 9. Butts and bounds. See Bl'TTs. 
 
 10. Ji bull's length : the ordinary distance from the 
 place nf shooting to the butt, i>r mark ; as, not two 
 pair of butts' length from the town. Rich. Diet. 
 
 Ul' I'T, r. 1. I W. pielittie, to bull, to thrust ; II. builart: 
 Sp. Aefiir ; Port, botar, to thrust er throw ; Fr. balte,n 
 lliriisl ; from the same rtxit, probably, a.s but, bout ; L. 
 
 pel,,.] 
 
 To thrust the head forward ; to strike by thrusting 
 the head against, as an ox or a ram. lyoiion. Dryden. 
 HUT'TED, pp. Struck with Ihe head. 
 
 2. II. Having abuttals ; a<, the land is butted and 
 1)1)11 iided as follows. 
 BUT'TEIt, n. [Sax. ftiifcr, bulira : D. boter : Ger. Aiif 
 ffr: D. bulijrum : (ir. ;<i>"7-« j k.] 
 
 .An oily stib-laiiee obtaineil from cream or milk by 
 churliiiig. Agil.ttioll separates Ihe lat or iiil\ part of 
 milk IrtMu the si'rous anil curil\ part, calU-il butt,-r 
 mi'.k. 
 
 Butler; in the old chenii.-^trij, a name given losonie of 
 the chlorids, from their solt, bulyraceoiis consistence, 
 will n recently prepared ; as. 
 
 Butter of uutnouuij: now called the sesquichlurid of 
 anliiuonij, and oblained by distilling a iniMiire of cor- 
 rosive sublimate and aiiliiiioiiy. 
 
 Buiirr of arsi nie i tile sesipiiclilorid of arsenic, ob- 
 lained l)\' a like process. 
 
 Bull, ,- of bi.^mulli .- the clilorid of bismuth. 
 Butirr of tin : suliliiiiateil iiiiiriale of liii. 
 Butter if zinc: the chloriii of /.inc. 
 Butter ; in eegi tuble ch,-uii.slrii, a name given lo cer- 
 tain concrete f:it oils, wbieli remain solid, or tif a bul- 
 yraceoiis eimsisteiice, at the ordinary teiiiperaliire, as 
 those of the cocoa-nut and the eaciio. 
 
 Botli r if euruo ; an oilv , com rete, white matter, ob- 
 laiii I'd fi'oin the cacao nut, by bruising the nut and 
 boiling it in water, or b>' heat and expression. 
 
 JVieholson. Thomson. 
 liLT'TER, r. (. To smear with butler. 
 
 2. To increase the stakt's at every throw or every 
 galll?^ ; « ,'Uut Irnn aiuowr irujuislirs. .Johnson. 
 BI'T'TER-lir.MI', II. The hillern. .lohii.<on. 
 BUT'TEU-lirRK, ii. A plant, a s|iecies of 'I'lissilago, 
 or colt's-fool, T. PeliLiiles,) growing in wet land, 
 with vei v large leaves. Fuui. of Plants. J'-neyc. 
 BI'T'TER t:!'!', ( «. A name given to a s|iecies of 
 BlIT'TI'll cri'S, i Ranuneiiliis or crow-fool, with 
 bright _\ellii\v (lowers; c;illed also ^rolden-cup and 
 kin^\s-cup ; the euckoo-buds tif Shakspeare. 
 
 Fain, of Plant.1. Lee. 
 BUT'TEK-FLOW-ER, «. A yellow flower; the biil- 
 
 lercup. Gay. 
 BI;T' TER FI.V, ». [So named from the ctdor of a 
 vellow species. Sax. buter-Jle^e or buiter-flco^e. See 
 Flv.] 
 
 A name common lo the tlitferent species of lepidop- 
 leroiis inseets, of the genus Fa[):lio, (I. inn. ;) properly, 
 in file third and hist stage of their exisleiice. They 
 have f.iiir wings imhricatetl \\ ilh a kind of downy 
 seal s ; the tiuigue is convohiled in a s[)i)'al form ; ami 
 the body is h:iiry. The species are niiuieroiis. They 
 are now coiisiilered as forming a group, subdivitled 
 into tribes, fimilies, and genera. Biilterllies proceed 
 from the clirysalidcs of caterpillars ; caterpillars pro- 
 ceed from eggs de|Hisited by buttertlies ; lliey then 
 change into chry salides, which produce biilterllies, 
 w hich again tieposit their eggs. 
 
 Bin 'TER-FLT-SHELl,, n. The popular name of a 
 genus ot' Teslacetiiis .Molltisca, with a spiral unilocu- 
 lar shell, called yoluta. Knnje. 
 
 BIJT'TEIMS, II. .\n instrument of steel set in w-ood, 
 for paring the hoof of a horse. Furrier's Diet. 
 
 BUT'TER-.MIl.K, ii. Th - milk that remains after the 
 butter is separated from il. Johnson c;i!l:i this tehcy ; 
 but whey is tlie thin p;trt of the milk after the curd 
 or cheese is separated. Buttermilk, in .\merica, is 
 not calletl jrheij. 
 
 BUT'TER-.MFT, ». [butter and iiiK.] 
 
 1. The fruit of an .-Xmerican irec, the Juglans cine- 
 rea, so called from the oil il contains. 'I'lie tree 
 hears a reseiiiblancc, in it.s general appearance, to 
 the black walnut, so called. It is sometimes called 
 oiluHt and tekite icatnnt. The tree is called also but- 
 ternut or batternul-tree. Dr. .M. Cutler calls it Julians 
 cathartica. It Is the Julians ciuerea of others. 
 
 Belknap. 
 
 2. The nut of the Caryocar niicifemm, a nalix'e of 
 South America, called also the Saruuri, (vulgarly 
 Suiearroic) nut. 
 
 BUT'TER-I'RI.NT, ) n. .\ piece of c.an-ed wood, used 
 
 BIIT'TER-STAMI", j to mark cakes of butter. 
 
 BUT'TER-TOOTII, n. A broad fore tooth. Johnson. 
 
 BlJT'TER-WlFE, ) «. A woman who sells but- 
 
 BUT'TER-WO.M'AN, ( ler. Johiuson. 
 
 BUT'TER-WORT, n. A species of Pingiiicula, (P. 
 vulgaris,) a plant growing on hogs or soft grounds. 
 The leaves are covered with soft, pellucid prickles, 
 which secrete a glutinous liquor; and milk, which 
 has been strained through il, acquires, in a day or 
 two, consistency, and is an agreeable food, used in 
 the north of Sweden. F.ncye. 
 
 BUT'TER-Y, a. [from butUr.] Having the qualities 
 or appearance of butler. Uareey. 
 
 BI,'T'TER-Y, n. .An apartment in a house where but- 
 ter, milk, provisions, and utensils are kept. In some 
 colleges, a room where liquors, fniit, and refreshiuenis 
 are kept for sale to the stitdeiiLs. 
 i BL'T'TI.NG, ppr. Striking with the head. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJXITE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
1 
 
 BUY 
 
 BY 
 
 BYR 
 
 BUT'TOCK, n. Tile ruiii|), or the protuberant p:irt 
 bf hiiiU. 
 
 2. Tlie convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 BtTT'TON, (but'n,) n. [Fr. boulon, a button, a bud ; 
 VV. buttuii, or boiwm ; ("orn. butlum : It. buttnne ; Sp. 
 botun, a button or bud ; from the ro(<t of bud^ that is, 
 a push or protuberance. See Hl'tt.] 
 
 I. .A linuli , a Binall ball; a catch, used to fasten 
 together the ditTereut parts of dress, made of nieuil, 
 silk, mohair, wood, &r. 
 
 ■2. Any knob or ball fastened to another body; a 
 small protuberant body. Boijtc. Pope. 
 
 3. A biul ; a gem of a plant. Sluik. 
 
 4. The button of the reins of a bridle, is a ring of 
 leather, with the reins passed through, which runs 
 along the length of the reins. Encyc. 
 
 j I 5. A rtat piece of wood, turning on a nail or screw, 
 ; I to fasten doors. 
 
 \ i;. A small, round m.iss of metal, found at the bot- 
 
 1 1 torn of a crucible, in chemical experiments, or which 
 i I remains on the cupel, in the process of assaying. 
 
 I i J\''ichnlsa7i. Brandt. 
 
 i j 7. The sea-urchin, an animal which has prickles 
 !; instead of feet. Jiinswortk. 
 |i liUT'TO.N', (but'n,) i\ t. To fasten with a button or 
 i! buttons; to inclose or make secure with buttons; 
 
 I I often followed with vf ; as, to button up a waistcoat. 
 I ' 2. To dress or clothe. [A'ot u.^ed.] 
 
 , BUT 'ro.N-lll SIl, ;i. The popular name of the Cepli- 
 1 1 alaiitbiis occlilentalis. 
 
 ji BUT'TO.\-Kl), ftv. Fastened with a button. 
 
 It BUT'TO.N-lloLE, n. The hole or loop in which a 
 
 ! j button is caught. 
 
 1 1 BL'T'TO.N-INU, p;)r. Fastening with a button, 
 jl BL'T'TON-M.aK-ER, n. One whose occupation is to 
 I make buttons. 
 
 j I BUT'TON'-SToNE, ii. A species of figured stone, or 
 hard flint, resembling a button, consisting of two 
 bodies which appear to be the filling up of holes in 
 shell. .'V species has been found finely striated, like 
 a mohair button. This name is given also to a spe- 
 cies of slate found in the marquisate of Bareith. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 BL'T'TOX-TREE, n. The Conocarpus, a genus of 
 plants, natives of the West Indies. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. Encijr. 
 
 BUT'T OX-WEED, )i. The popular name of a genus 
 of plants, the Spermacoce. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 BL'T'TON-WOOD, n. The Platanus occidentalis, 
 Western plane-tree, a large tree, growing in North 
 America, [iroducing rough balls, from which it is 
 named. The wood is hard, and used for windlasses, 
 wlieels, and blocks. Belknap. Mca.^e. 
 
 BV'V'TRE;^^, n. [This word appears to be composed 
 of but, end, and truss, or some word of that family.] 
 
 1. A prop ; a wall or abutment, built archwise, 
 serving to support another wall on the outside, when 
 vi-ry high, or loaded with a heavy superstructure. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. Any prop or support. South. 
 Bt'T'TUESS, e. (. To support by a buttress ; to prop. 
 BLT'TKE.SS-£D, (lmt'trcst,)pi>. or a. Supported With 
 
 a buttress. IVard. 
 
 Birj'TS, H. pi. [from iu«.] .\ [Hace where archers 
 meet to shoot at a mark. .\lsu, short pieces of land 
 in arable ridges and furrows. F.neyc. 
 
 Bulls and bounds are the abuttals and boundaries 
 of land. Jlotloway. 
 
 BUT'WINK, n. A bird. Johnson. 
 
 BI'T-V-KA'(;E0IJS, ( a. [from bulnrum, butter.] 
 
 BL'T'V'-IIOL'S, j Having the (pialities of but 
 ter ; resembling butter. Encyc. J^icholson. Floyer. 
 
 BU-TYR'IC, a. Butyric arid is an acid found in but- 
 ter ; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid 
 butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetisli after-taste, 
 like that of ether. 
 
 BO'TYll-INE, n. A peculiar oily m.itter, existing in 
 butter, associated with olcine and stereine. 
 
 BUX'E-OU.S, a. Belonging to the box-tree. 
 
 BUX'I-NA, / n. An alkahiid obtained from the Buzua 
 
 BI-'X'I.NE, j .wn;)fr«ire«s, or common box. 
 
 BUX'O.M, a. [Sax. bocsuin, from bug, a bow, bugan,lo 
 bend, and sum, some.] 
 
 1. Obedient; obsequious, ready to obey. [Obs.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Gay; lively; brisk. Milton. 
 
 3. Wanton ; jolly. Dryden. 
 BUX'O.M-LY, «rfc. Obediently. [Obs.] 
 
 2. Waiitonlv ; amorously. Johnson. 
 BUX'OM-NES.S, 71. iMeekness; obedience. [Obs.] 
 
 2. Briskness; amorousness. [Chaucer. 
 BUY, (b),) r. t. ; prci. and pp. Hoi-oht, (bawt.) [Sax. 
 bij!"n, lit bycgan, biigan ; (ioth. bugijan, to buy.] 
 
 1. 'i'o acquire the property, right, or title, to any 
 thing, by paying a consideratiiui or nn equivalent in 
 money. It dilTerM from Aarttr only in tins — that in 
 barter, the consideralion or eipiivalent is some spe- 
 cieii of commodity ; in purchase, the consideration is 
 money paid or promised. 'I'o purchase ; to acquire 
 by paying a price to the satisfaction of the seller ; op- 
 puiied to sell. 
 
 2. 'I'o procure by a consideration given, or by 
 ■omcthing that is deemed worth the thing bought ; 
 
 to procure at a price ; as, to buy pleasure with praise ; 
 to buy favor with flattery. Drnham. 
 
 3. To bribe ; to corrupt or pervert the judgment, 
 by paying a consideration. 
 
 To buy off; to influence to compliance , to cause to 
 bend or yield by some consideration ; as, to buy off 
 conscience ; -to detach by a consideration given ; as, 
 to buy ((/Tone from a party. 
 
 To buy out i to buy oft', or detach from. Shak. 
 
 2. To purchase the share or shares of a person in 
 a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is 
 separated from the company, and the purchaser 
 takes his place ; as, A buys out B. To purchase 
 stock in any fund or partnership, is to buy in. 
 
 To buy on credit, is to purchase a thing, on a prom- 
 ise in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. 
 
 To buy the rrfusol, is to give money for the right of 
 purchasing, at a fixed price, ,at a future lime. 
 
 To buy the small-poi, ill South Wales, is to receive 
 it by inoculation. Encyc. 
 
 In popular language, to buy is to pay dear for, as in 
 Chaucer. 
 
 BU5, e. i. To negotiate, or treat about a purchase. 
 
 I will buy Willi yyii ;\ii.l 8"l! with you. Shak. 
 BUY'ER, K. One who buys ; a purchaser. fVotton. 
 BU5'ING, (by'ing,) ppr. Purchasing. ^J ^ 
 
 BUZZ, r. i. [It. iuiiicarf, to whisper ; Pcrs. ^iXjV.j 
 baiidan, to blow, as wind.] - 
 
 1. I'o make a low, humming sound, as bees ; to 
 make the sound of i, with an expiration of breath be- 
 tween the tongue and the roof of the mouth or upper 
 teeth. 
 
 2. To whisper ; to speak with a low, humming voice ; 
 to make a low, liuinining sound. Shak. Hayward. 
 
 BUZZ, V. t. To whisper; to spread, as report, by 
 
 whispers, or to spread secretly. Bentley. 
 BUZZ, H. The noise of bees ; also, a whisper. 
 
 South. Bacon. 
 BUZZ'.\RD, «. [D. buzaard; G. bussaar, busshard ; It. 
 
 bozza^ro ; Fr. buze, buse, or busard; Pers. bauz, a 
 hawk.] 
 
 1. A species of Faico, or hawk, the Falco buteo; 
 a rapacious, but sluggish bird ; the breast usually of 
 a yellowish white ; the upper parts of a deep brown. 
 In some parts of America, according to Pennant, it 
 is called the great hen-hawk, friun its feeding on 
 poultry. Pennant. Encyc. 
 
 The bird referred to by Pennant is the Falco btiteoi- 
 des, or short-winged buzzard. Mass. Rep. 
 
 2. A blockhead ; a dunce. Johnson. 
 BUZZ'.\RD, (I. Senseless ; stupid. MUtoii. 
 BUZZ'ARD-ET, n. A species of Fidco, or hawk, re- 
 
 sein'uling the buzzard in most respects ; but its legs 
 are, in proportion, rather longer. Pennant. 
 
 r.UZZ'EH, (I. .4 whisperer; one who is busy in tell- 
 in:; tales secretly. Shak. 
 
 BL"/./.'l.M5, ppr. or a. Making a low, humming sound ; 
 whispering ; tattling in secret. 
 
 BUZ''ZIi\G-LY, adi\ With a \ovi, humming sound. 
 
 BY, prep. [Sax. be or big ; Goth, bi ; Sw. ;ind Dan. be : 
 D. by ; G. bri : all contracted from big. This «'ord, 
 in composition, is often written be, as in because, be- 
 siege. In Sw. and Dan. it is used only in composi- 
 tion. The Sw. and Dan. paa, and Rnss. po, may be 
 from a dilTcrent root, although they are nearly ailied 
 in signification, and may be the same word diff'er- 
 ently written. This preposition occurs as a prefix in 
 all tile Shemitic languages, contracted, indeed, into a. 
 (See the Introduction.) The primary sense is, press- 
 ing, close, near, at; but in Goth, and Sax. it signi- 
 fies, also, about, according to, on, with, against, after, 
 &c. In some of these senses, it coincides with the 
 Kiiss. po. The original verb to which this word be- 
 longs, most probably signifies to pass, to go, or come, 
 to drive, to press.] 
 
 1. Near; close ; as, sit by me ; that house stands 
 by a river. So in It. presso, from L. pressus ; Fr. pri-s, 
 auprcs. Hence, by was formerly used for against : 
 as, in our translation of the Bible, " though I know 
 nutliing by myself, {nvihi' £fiai)T';i nvnoiin,) 1 Cor. 
 iv. 4. This use of the word continued down to the 
 time of Baxter. 
 
 2. Near, in motion ; as, to move, go, or pass, by a 
 church. But it seems in other plirases, or witii a 
 verb in the past time, to signify past, gone beyond ; 
 as, the procession is gone by; the hour is gone by; 
 John went by. We now use past as an equivalent 
 word ; the procession is gone post. Oone by, is in 
 strictni'ss tautology, as now used ; but I apprehend 
 by signifies priiiiarilv 'icar 
 
 Through, or with, denoting the agent, means, 
 instrument, or cause ; us, a city is destroyed by fire ; 
 profit is made by commerce ; to take by force. 
 This use answers to that of the Latin per, through, 
 denoting a passing, acting, agency, or instrii mentality. 
 
 4. " Day by day ; " " year by year ; " " article by 
 article." In these plirasi s, denotes passing from 
 one to another, or each paniciilar separately taken. 
 
 5. " Bii the space of seven years." In this phrase, 
 by denotes through, passing, or continuing, during. | 
 
 C. " By this time, the sun had risen." The word 
 here seems to denote at, present, or come to. 
 
 7. According to; as, Ibis appears by his own ac- 
 count ; these are good rules to live by. 
 
 8. On ; as, to [lass by land or water : great battle;i 
 by sea and land. In the latter phrase, at or on might 
 be substituted for by. 
 
 9. It is placed before words denoting quantity, 
 measure, or proportion ; as, to sell by the pound ; to 
 work by the rod or perch ; this line is longer by a 
 tenth. 
 
 10. It is used to represent the means or instrument 
 of swearing, or aflirming ; as, to swear by heaven, 
 or by earth ; to aflirm by all that is sacred. 
 
 11. In the phrase, " He liasa cask of wine by him," 
 by denotes nearness or presence. 
 
 12. " To sit by one's self," is to sit alone, or with- 
 out company. 
 
 13. " 'J'o bt present by attorney." In this phr.ase, 
 ii/ denotes means or instrument ; through or in the 
 presence of a siib.stitute. 
 
 14. In the phrase, " north by west," the sense 
 seems to be, north passing to the west, inclining or 
 going westwaril, or near west. 
 
 As an adverb, by denotes, also, nearness, or pres- 
 ence ; as, there was no person by at the time. But 
 some noun is understood. So, in the phrase "to 
 pass or go by," there is a noun understood. 
 
 By and by, is a phrase denoting nearness in time ; 
 in a short time after ; presently ; soon. 
 
 When persecution ariselh, Ijecaiise of Ihe word, by and by, he u 
 oMeiideU. — Mati. xiii. 
 
 By the by, signifies, as we proceed or pass, [Fr en 
 passant,] noting something interposed in the progress 
 of a discourse which is distinct from the main sub- 
 ject. The old phrase, "on the by," on the passage, 
 is now obsolete. 
 
 To stand by, is to stand near, or to support. 
 
 By, in lullaby, and in the nursery, a word used in 
 lulling infants to sleep, is evidently allied to words 
 found in many languages, signifying to rest, or be 
 quiet, or to appease ; that is, to press, to stop, as the" 
 Gr. navijj, L. paco. It is used in Russia, as with us — 
 bayu bai. This, probably, is the same word as the 
 foregoing. 
 
 By, or Aye, in by-law, [Sax. bilage,] is probably the 
 Sw. by, Dan. tye, a village, town, liorough, or city, 
 from .iw. byggia, D;in.bygger,G. bauen, D. bouicen, to 
 build. Sax. byan, to inhabit; that is, a town-law, a 
 municipal law. 
 
 In the common phrase gnod-by, by signifies pass- 
 ing, going. The phrase signifies, a good going, a 
 prosperous passage, and it is precisely equivalent to 
 fareacll, [Sax. faran, to go, go well,] may you have a 
 good going, etpiivaleut to good speed in the phrase " to 
 bid one good speed." [Not Qod speed, as is generally 
 read and understood.] 
 
 By is useil in many compound words, in most of 
 which we observe the sense of nearness, closeness, 
 or a withdrawing or seclusion. 
 BV'.ARD, n. A piece of leather crossing the breast, 
 used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 BY'-BLOW, 71. A side or incidental blow. 
 
 Ii?'-BUS'I-NESS, (-biz'ness,)u. Business aside of the 
 common mode. 
 
 Bt'-eOF'FEE-HOUSE, ti. A coffee-house in an ob- 
 scure place. Mdison. 
 
 BY'-t'ON-UERN'MENT, ti. .An afi"air distinct from 
 the main business. Lhryden. 
 
 BV '-€ORN-ER, 7i. A private corner. 
 
 B?-DE-PEND'ENCE, n. An appendage ; that which 
 depends on something else, or is distinct from the 
 main dependence. Shak. 
 
 B7'-DE-SIGN', (-de-sin',) 7i. An incidental design or 
 purpose. Hudibrus. 
 
 B7'-1)R1NK-ING, n. A private drinking. 
 
 B?'-END, 71. Private end ; secret purpose or advan- 
 tage. L'' Estrange. 
 
 B?'-GONE, (-gawn,) a. Past ; gone by. Let by-gones 
 be by-goncs, let the past be forgotten. [Scottish.] 
 
 Grew. 
 
 Bt '-I.\'TER-EST, n. Self-interest ; private advantage. 
 
 J^ttcrbury. 
 
 B?'-LANE, n. A private lane, or one out of the usual 
 road. 
 
 BT'-LAW, n. [Dan. by, a town.] ,\ town-law ; the 
 
 law lii" a city, town, or private corporation. Bacon. 
 B?'-.MAT-TER, n. Something incidental. Bacon. 
 B?'-Na.ME, ii. Nickname ; incidental appellation. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 B'V'-.'JAME, r. (. 'I'd give a nickname to. Cuwden. 
 Bt'-PAS'SAGE, n. A passage by the by or way ; or a 
 by-wav. 
 
 BY'-P-i^ST, «. Past ; gone by. [Scots dialect.] Cheyne. 
 
 BV'-P.\TII, Jl. A private path ; an obscure way. Sliuk. 
 
 BV'-PL^Y, n. On Uie stage, a scene which is carried 
 on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the 
 main action proceeds, with a view, ordinarily, to en- 
 hance the sport. 
 
 BS'-l'lIR'POSE, n. An indirect or concealed purpose 
 or design. 
 
 B?'-UE-SPE€T', n. Private end or view. 
 
 Bacon. Ur\iaen. 
 
 riTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 I 
 
CAB 
 
 BV-ROAD, 11. A private or obscure road. Saift. 
 11 V-ItilO.M, n. A private room or apartment. Slwk. 
 liY'-j:iM:ECII. n. All iiicidfiital or casual speccli, not 
 
 ilirci'tlv rrlatiiiK to the [loint. Hooker. 
 RV"..<PK|,I,, „. [Sax. 6i>.v/«>;/.] A proverb. [JVoI imw/.] 
 U?'S'l'.\.\l)-l'.lt, H. [Sa,\. bigslamlan, to stand by. J 
 t)iie who stands near ; a spectator ; one who has 
 
 no coiircrn witli the business transacting. Lnckr. 
 I)T'-S'ri{l".l'.'l", n. A seiiar.ite, private, or obscure street. 
 ItY'-S'l'KoKE, 71. An incidental or sly stroke. 
 li?'-'rUKN-!.\'(!, II. An obscure road. Sldtiey. 
 C9'-VIJ0VV, (-VU,) II. Private view; self-interested 
 
 jiurpose. JiHerburij. 
 Wt'-W.W.K, II. A secluded or private wall<. Dnjilrn. 
 li?'-VV.A Y, II. A secluded, private, or obscure way. 
 
 BV'-WRST, ni/f. Westward; to the west of. Duvics. 
 UV'-WII'E, II. A secret stroke or sarcasm. Milton. 
 li^'-WOKI), n. [Sax. hi, or bii;, and irord, as in iij-- 
 
 cwid, and l/i/riqicll. Kitlior a piissing word, or a to« n- 
 
 sayiiie.] 
 
 CAB 
 
 A common saying ; a proverb ; a saying that li:is a 
 general currency. Haroii. 
 Bti;, n. [Sax.] A dwelling. 0<A,v,/h. 
 2. In ]daij or games ; a station or place of uii indi- 
 vidual player. 
 B?IIE, 71. A cow-house. [Scolti.-^h.] 
 
 BYS'SUS, i 1^""""^' '"'■"'0 
 
 1. A silk or linen hood. [Au( in itsc] Gowrr. 
 
 2. The threads or libers by which the molluscous 
 animals of the geneni Pinna, Bypomya, .My'i!us,and 
 others, attach themselves to oxtraiicous bodies. 
 
 BYS'SINE, a. Made of silk ; having a silky or flax- 
 like app<'arance. C'i//c.». 
 
 BYS'SO-LITE, 71. [Gr. 0vaao(, fine fiax, and 
 stime ; so called from its resemblance to moss.] 
 
 A variety of amianthus or hornblende asbestos, oc- 
 curring ill short, silky fibers. 
 
 BYS'SL'S, II. [L. btjssus; Gr. 0vrrnaf, fine linen, or 
 cotton. 
 
 1. Among the anrirnts. a cloth of exceedingly fine 
 
 CAB 
 
 texture, It is disputed whether of cotton, linen, or 
 silk. 
 
 2. A tuft or Ihrtrad of fibers by which the .Mytilus, 
 Pinna, and other shells, are atluched to contiguous 
 bodies. 
 
 3. The generic name of a genus of filamentous 
 fungi. Most of the species, arranged under this ge- 
 nus, are now regarded as the young of otlirr fungi. 
 
 4. Till! asbestos, composed of iiarallel fibers, is by 
 siunc called by this name. JVicAolvoii. 
 
 BY/'A.NT, ) n. [from Byiantium.] A gold coin 
 BY Z'A.N'-TIN'E, \ of the value of filleon pounds sti r- 
 ling,Ko calli'd from being coined at Ilyzantiiiin. Also, 
 a piece of gold, of the value of fifteen pounds, offi red 
 by the king on certain festivals. Camden. Jl.ih. 
 I!Y ZA.V'TI.N'E, j a. Pertaining to By/.antium, an an- 
 HY-ZA.\''TI.'\N, i cient city of 'J'hrace, situated on 
 the Bosphorus. In the year 330, Constimtine the 
 Great took possession of By/aiitium, enlarged and 
 embellished it, and changed its name to Constanti- 
 nople. lyjinviUe. Eneye. 
 
 c. 
 
 Cthe third letter in the English alphabet, and the 
 9 second articulation or cousonaiit, is a palatal, 
 nearly corresiKUiding in sound with the Greek », 
 kappa, and with the Hebrew 3, capli. It bears a 
 middle place, in pronunciation, between the aspirate 
 n, and the palatal J. It is a Koman character, bor- 
 rowed from the Gr. <f, or from the Oriental 0, which 
 was used in languages written from right to left, and 
 when inverted, and the corners rounded, becomes C 
 In the old Etruscan, it was written O, with the cor- 
 ners rounded, hut not inverted ; in Arcadian, C, as 
 now written. That its sound in Latin was the same, 
 or nearly the same, as that of kajipn, may be known 
 from the fact that the Greeks, while the Latin was 
 a living language, wrote kappa for the Roman C. 
 Perhaps the same character may be the basis of the 
 
 Arabic 
 
 As an abbreviature, C. stands for Cains, Carolwt, 
 CtPsar, coiidemno, &.C., and CW for coii.<m/i&ii.v. As a 
 
 ' numeral, C. stands for lUO ; CC. for 200 ; &c. 
 
 In tnu.iic, C after the clef is the mark of common 
 time, in wliich each measure is a semibreve, corre- 
 sponding to C is also the name of a note in the 
 scale ; the key note major, and the third minor, of 
 the natural scale. , Encijc. 
 
 In English, has two" sounds, or rather it repre- 
 sents two very dilferent articulations of the organs; 
 one close, like K, which occurs before a, o, and u ; 
 the other a sibilant, precisely like,<, which occurs be- 
 fore e, i, and ij. The former is distinguished in this 
 vocabulary by C, w'hich may be called Ac. In Russ., 
 C is precisely the English s, as it was in the old Greek 
 alphabet C before k is mute ; as in brick, sick. 
 
 CA-a'B.\, n. A square stone in the temple at Mecca, 
 regarded with adoration by Mohammedans, as pre- 
 sented by an angel to Abraham. The entire temple 
 is sometimes cidled by this name. Br^de, 
 
 C.Mt, n. A covered carriage with two or four wbcels, 
 drawn bv one horse. 
 
 eAB, H. [Ileb. t'h. 2pkab.] 
 
 An Oriental dry measure, being the sixth part of a 
 seah or satuin, and the eighteenth of an ephah, con- 
 taining two pints and five sixths English and Amer- 
 ican corn measure. 
 
 e.\-B.\L', 71. [Fr. cabale, a club, society, or combina- 
 tion ; It. caiu)a, knowledge of secret things ; i>p. ca- 
 6a/a, secret science ; caia^, perfect, just, exact ; Heb. 
 Vap kabol, to take, receive, accept ; Cli. to cry out, to 
 bald ! also, to take or receive ; also, to be dark ; to 
 obscure ; Syr. to accuse, oppose, or censure, to cavil ; 
 Elh. to acce|it, to pour out ; Sam. to accept, and to 
 darken; Ar. to admit or accept, as agreeable; to 
 coine ; to be surety ; to give 4a//. ^See Class Bl.) 
 This word seems to include the significations of sev- 
 eral biliteial roots. Clu. \V. cafael, to get or obtain ; 
 or gacadu, to hold. The primary sense of the root 
 seems to be, to catch or seize by rushing on, or, in 
 general, to press, to drive ; hence the sense of collec- 
 tion, combination, and accusation.] 
 
 1. A number of persons united in some close de- 
 sign ; usually to promote their private views in church 
 or state by intrigue. A junto. It is sometimes sy- 
 nonymous with faction, but a cabal usually consists 
 of fi « er men than a party, and the word generally 
 implies close unicui and secret intrigues. This name 
 was gi\-en to the ministry of Charles II., Clitford, 
 Ashley, Buckingham, .Arlington, and Lauderdale, the 
 initials of whose names compose the word. 
 
 2. Intrigue ; secret artifices of a few men united in 
 a close design. Onjilen. 
 
 e.\B'A-LA, 71. [See the preceding word. It is from 
 the sense of reception.] 
 
 Tradition, or a mysterious kind of science among 
 Jewish nibbins, pretemled to have been delivered to 
 the ancient Jews by revel.ition, and traiismittod by 
 oral tradition ; serving for the interpretation of the 
 hidden sense of Scripture. This science consists 
 chiefiy in understanding the combination of certain 
 letters, words, and numbers, which are alleged to be 
 significant. Kvery letter, word, number, and accent 
 of the law is supposed to contain a mystery, and the 
 cabalists pretend even to foretell future events by the 
 study of this science. Encyc. Bark. 
 
 €A-BAL', r. i. To unite in a small parlj- to promote 
 private* views by intrigue; to intrigue; to unite in 
 secret artifices to effect some design. Drudni. 
 
 CAB'A-LI.IS.M, 71. The secret science of the ca'balists. 
 
 e.AB'A-LIST, 71. A Jewish doctor who professes the 
 study of the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish tra- 
 ditions. 
 
 €AI!-A-LIST'ie, \a. Pertaining to the cabala; or 
 CAB-.V-LIST'IC-AL, ( mysterious science of Jewish 
 
 traditions ; containing an occult meaning. 
 CAB-A-UST'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of the 
 
 cabalists. Herbert. 
 €AB'.<\-Ll/,E, II. I. To use the manner or language of 
 
 the cabalists. [A^iit much u-vri/.] 
 CA-B.VL'LEK, n. One who unites with others in close 
 
 designs to efli'Ct an object by intrigue ; one who cabals. 
 e,\B'.\L-l,I.\K, a. [L. cabailinu.i, from caballus, a 
 
 horse ; Russ. kobda, kobiela, a marc ; Ir. capail ; Er. 
 
 clicral, a horse ; cavaie, a mare ; It. eavallo ; Sp. 
 
 caballo.] 
 
 Pertaining to a horse ; as, caballine aloes, so called 
 frimi its being given to horses as a purgi^. Encyc. 
 eA-B.\L'LLNG, ppr. Uniting in a cabal; Intriguing 
 
 in a small party. 
 €AB'A-RET, II. [Fr. : allied, probably, to raJ/n.] 
 A tavern ; a house where liquors are retailed. 
 
 Brani/talt. 
 
 e.\B'BA6E, 71. [It. cappuccio ; Corn, kavaisk ; Ir. 
 gabaisde, ffabaiste. This word is probably from the 
 root of caput, a head ; It. capiiccio, a head ; Sp. ca- 
 beza; Fr. caboche, a head. Hence D. kabnii-kool, 
 head-cole, or hcadrd-cale. In Fr. cAouz-cabus is cab- 
 ba*rc-hfadcd, or cabbatrc-hcad. See Cap, CoeE.] 
 
 1. The popul.ar name of a genus of plants, c.illed in 
 botany Brassica, of several species, some of which 
 are cultivated for food. The leaves are large and 
 fleshy, the pods long and slender, and the seeds 
 globular. 7'lie kinds most cultivated are the common 
 cabbage, called, with us, the drum-head, the Savoy, 
 the broccoli, the cauliflower, the sugar-loaf, and tlie 
 colcjeort. 
 
 Dog's cabbage; a name given to the Tlielygonum 
 cynocrambe. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 Sea-cabbage ; the sea-beach kale, or sea-colewort, 
 a genus of plants, called Cramlie. They are herba- 
 ceous esculents, with perennial roots, producing 
 large leaves, like those of cabbage, spreading on the 
 ground. Encyc. 
 
 3. Cloth purloined by one who cuts out garments. 
 
 Perry. 
 
 €.\B'B.\GE, r. i. To form a head in growing ; as, a 
 
 plant cabbages. Johnson. 
 e.VB'BAOE, r. f. [p. kaiassen, to steal ; kabas, a 
 
 hand-baski t ; Old Fr. cabasser.] 
 To purloin or embezzle, as pieces of cloth, after 
 
 cutting out a garment. .^rbuthnoL 
 €AB'BAG-£I), (kab'bajd,) pp. Purloined, as cloth by 
 
 him who cuts out a garment. 
 e.MI'Ii.\G-ING, ppr. Purloining, as pieces of cloth. 
 
 eAB'BA6E-NET, 71. A small net to boil cabbage in. 
 
 Shenstoue. 
 
 CAB'BAGE-TREE, 71. The cabbage-palm, a s|)ecics 
 of .Sreca, the olrraeea, a native of warm climates. 
 This tree grows, with a straight stem, to the bight 
 of 170 or 200 feet. Its branches grow in a circular 
 manner, and the lowermost ones spread horizontally 
 with great regularity. The fibers of the leaves are 
 used for making cordage and nets. On the top 
 grows a substance called cabbage, lying in thin, snow- 
 white, brittle flakes, in taste resembling an almond, 
 but sweeter. This is boiled and eaten with flesh, 
 like other vegetables. When this is cut out, the 
 tree is destroyed. Encyc. 
 
 eAB'BAGE-VV'0RM,(-wurm,)7i. An insect. Johnson. 
 
 €AB'Ia-I, II. An animal of .South America resem- 
 bling a hog, living on the margins of lakes and riv- 
 ers, and feeding on fish. It is a species of Cavy, 
 called, also, thick-noscd tapir. 
 
 Diet. ofJVat. IFist. Eneye. 
 The cibiai is now ranked in a distinct genus, of 
 which it is the only species, {llydrochrrus Capybnra.) 
 
 e.AB'LN, II. [Fr. cabane, a cabin, a cottage; caban, 
 a cloak ; It. capanna, a cottage ; Sp. and Port, cabana, 
 a hut or cottage; Ir. caban; W. caban, from eab, a 
 hut, cot, or booth, made in the form of a cone, with 
 rods set in the ground, and tied at the top ; Gr. 
 KaTTavri, from Kanr), a stable or inclosed place.] 
 
 1. .\ small room ; on inclosed place. Spenser. 
 
 2. A cottage ; a hut or small house. SwifL 
 
 3. A tent ; a shed ; any covered [dace for a tempo- 
 rary residence. Fairfax. 
 
 4. An apartment in a ship for rflicers and passen- 
 gers. In large ships, there are several cabins, the 
 principal of which is occupied by the commandtr. 
 In small vessels, there is one cabin in the stern for 
 the accommodation of the olficers and passengers. 
 The bed-places in ships are also called cabins. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. Diet, 
 €.\B'IX, r. i'. To live in a cabin ; to lodge. Shak. 
 CAB'IN, 7). f. To confine in a cabin. Shai. 
 G.\B'IX-BOY, 71. A boy whose duty is to wait on 
 
 the officers and passengers on board of a ship. 
 €A]1'IS-ED, pp. or a. Inclosed in, or furnished with, 
 
 a cabin. Milton. 
 €AB'I.\-ET, 71. [Fr. cabinet; It. gabinetto; Sp. get- 
 
 binele. See Cabin.] 
 
 1. A closet ; a small room, or retired apartment. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. A private room, in which consultations are held. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. The select or secret council of a prince or exec- 
 utive government ; so called from Uie apartment in 
 which it was originally held. Encyc. 
 
 4. A piece of furniture, consisting of a chest or 
 box, with drawers and doors. A private box. Steifl. 
 
 5. Any close place, where things of value are re- 
 posited Ibr safe keeping. Taylor. 
 
 6. A but ; a cottage ; a small house. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 eAB'IX-ET, r. (. To inclose. [LitUe u.«crf.] Howel. 
 
 eAB'I.\-ET-eOUN'CIL, 71. A council held with 
 privacy ; the confidential council of a prince or ex- 
 ecutive magistrate. Bacon. 
 
 2. The members of a privy council ; a select num- 
 ber of confidential counselors. Gay. 
 
 e.AB'IN-ET-ED, pp. Inclosed in a private apartment, 
 or in a cabinet. 
 
 eAB'IN-ET-.MAK-ER, tu A man whoso occupation 
 is to make cabinets, tables, bureaus, liedsteads, and 
 other similar furniture. 
 
 eAB'lN-ING, ppr. Inclosing in a cabin. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, U.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CU as SB ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 161 
 
CAD 
 
 CAD 
 
 t;AB'IN-MATE,n. One who occupies the same cabin 
 
 with another. Btaam. 
 €AB-I-Re'AN, 71. [See the. woriis below.] One of 
 
 tlie Cabiri. Fubrr. 
 €A-BIR'l-AN, ) 0. [Oriental to be strung or 
 
 €A-BIR'ie, > powerful, to be great; whence it 
 €AB-I-RIT'ie, J signifies man, a loril, anil, in some 
 languages, a giant. It is common to all the She- 
 mitic dialects. Perhaps L. vir, with a prefix.] 
 
 Pertaining to the C'abi'ri, certain deities greatly 
 venerated by the ancient pagans in Greece and 
 Phenicia. The accounts of these deities are con- 
 fused and contradictory. Some authors limit tiieir 
 number to four ; some to three ; others to two ; 
 while Sanchuniatlion makes then\ to be eight. 'J'hey 
 were worshiped with particular honors in the Isle 
 of Samothrace ; and their worship and mysteries are 
 said to have been introduced into Greece by the 
 Pelasgians. They were supposed to have a particu- 
 lar inriuence over the sea anil maritime affairs. 
 
 In truth, the name, which signifies frrcat, or the 
 viightij ones, seems to have been applied to the su|)- 
 poscd beings that presided over the more striking 
 operations of nature. Herod, ii. 51. Paus. ix. 25. 
 
 Bryant. Faber. Jl^iat. Researches, 
 €a'BLE, (ka'bl,) n. [Sp. and Fr. rabic : D. Dan. and 
 G.kabel; Arm. ckabl ; li. cabia or t^tibla; Kuss. kubala, 
 a bond ; Heb. Ch. Syr. and .Ar. Sas, a chain ; as a 
 verb, to tie or bind ; or "^^n, to tie or make fast, and 
 a rope. If the first letter of the Oriental word is a pre- 
 fi.\, this coincides with bale, a package, that is, a tie.] 
 A large, strong rope or chain, used to retain a ves- 
 sel at anchor. It is made usually of hemp or iron, 
 but may be made of other materials. Kope cables 
 are of different sizes, according to the bulk of the 
 vessel for which they are intended, from three to 
 twenty inches in circumference. A cable is com- 
 posed of three strands, each strand of three ropes, 
 and each rope of three twists. A ship's cable is usu- 
 ally 120 fathoms, or 720 feet, in length. Hence the 
 expression, a cablets lentrth. 
 
 Stream cable, is a hawser or rope, smaller than the 
 bower cables, to moor a ship in a place sheltered 
 from wind and heavy seas. 
 
 To pay vut, or to veer out the cable, is to slacken it, 
 that it may run out of the ship. 
 
 To serve the cable, is to bind it round with ropes, 
 canvas, &c., to prevent its being worn or galled in 
 the hawse. 
 
 To slip the cable, is to let it run out end for end. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 Cables ; in architecture, wreathed circular moldings, 
 resembling a rope. 
 eA'BL^D, a. Fastened with a cable. 
 
 2, Having the architectural ornament called a cable. 
 eAB'LET, A little cable. Jilar. Diet. 
 €a'BLE-TIeR, n. The place where the cables are 
 
 coiled awav. Jl/ur. Diet. 
 
 C.V-BOCiriJD, ) (ka-bosht',) a. In heraldry, having the 
 e.\-BOSH'£D, ( head cut close, so as to have no 
 
 neck left. Vict. 
 CA-BOOSE', ) 71. [G. kabase, a little room or hut ; 
 CA.M-BOO.SE', j Dan. kabijse, a cook's room in a 
 
 ship. Ciu. Ch. ttfia, to hide or cover, or Ueb. Ch. 
 
 Jiris, a kiln or furnace. In Dutch, kombuis is an 
 
 oven, furnace, or cook's room.] 
 
 1. The cook-room or kitchen of a ship. In smaller 
 vessels, it is an inclosed fireplace, hearth, or stove, 
 for cooking, on the main deck. In a ship of war, 
 the cook-room is called a galley. jVar. Diet. 
 
 3. A box that covers the chimney in a ship. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 GAB-RI-O-LET', (kab-re-o-la',) n. [Fr. cabriolet, from 
 cabriole, a goat-leap; h. capra.] 
 
 A one-horse chaise, with a calash top, and a cov- 
 ering for the legs and lap. ■ Smart. 
 
 GAB'URiNS, 71. pi. Small lines made of spun yarn, to 
 bind cables, seize tackles, and the like. Kncyc. 
 
 GA-Ga'O, (ka-ki'o,) n. The clioc(jlate-trce, a species 
 of Theobroma, a native of the West Indies. This 
 tree grows about twenty feet high, bearing pods 
 which are oval and pointed. The nuts or seeds are 
 numerous, and lodged in a white, pithy substance. 
 
 Kncifc. 
 
 €.\CM'A-L0T, 71. A cetaceous fish, the Physeti-r or 
 spermaceti whale. The principal species are, the 
 black-headed, with a dorsal fin, and the round head- 
 ed, without a fin on the back, and with ;i fi^iiila in 
 the snout. From this whale is oblaini-d the sperma- 
 ceti. F.onie. 
 
 €.^CltF.. (kash,) 71. [Fr.] A hole in the ground fiir 
 liidnig and preserving provisions which it is incon- 
 venient to carry ; used by setlliTS in the west. 
 
 CACIIEf'TIt;, (a. IS.e (•*> MKVv.] Having an 
 
 CA-CIIF.C'TIC-AI,, ( ill habit of boily ; of a de- 
 ranged or vitiated state of the body, without fitver. 
 
 Coj-c. 
 
 2. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, a 
 cachexv. 
 
 €AOll-KT', 'kash i',) n. [Fr., from car.hcr, to conce.al.] 
 A Heal. Lritre dc cachet ; a [)rivate letter of state, 
 
 for the irntiriKoninent of some one. 
 e.\-Clll'..X'Y, 71. [(;r. (oiyifoi, from Kaxot, ill, and 
 
 ■(ii, habit, from ix'"t '<* have.] 
 
 A vicious state of the powers of the body ; a de- 
 ranged state of the cimstitiUion, without fever or 
 nervous disease. F.ncyc. Coze. 
 
 Properly, any chronic morbid affection of the func- 
 tions, dependent on the great sympathetic nerve, not 
 including fever or intlamination. 
 eAeil-IN-NA'XION, 71. [L. cadiinnatio. ] 
 
 Loud laughter, [f.ittle used.] 
 €ACIl'0-LOi\G, (kash'o-long,) n. [Said to be from 
 Cach, the name of a river in Bucharia, and cholo/i, a 
 Calinuc word for stone.] 
 
 An opaque or milk-white chalcedony, a variety of 
 quartz. It often envelops common chalcedony, and 
 is sometimes associated with Hint. 
 CJl-CI^UE', (ka-seek',) ii. The Mexican word from 
 
 which came Cazique, which see. 
 eACK, ?'. 1. [L. caco.] 
 
 To ease the bodv by stool. Pope. 
 eACK'ER-EL, II. [Said to be from L. caco.] 
 
 A fish which is said to void excrements when pur- 
 sued. Others say, a fish which eaten produces lax 
 bowels. Skinner. .Johnson. 
 
 e.\CK'LE, V. i. [D. kaakelen, to chatter ; Ger. wackrrn, 
 to cackle, to gaggle; li. trairtrelen, to chatter; Eng. 
 gagitle and giggle Dan. katrlc, to cluck, as a hen ; 
 Sp. cacarear, to cackle or crow.] 
 
 1. To make a particular noise, as a goose or a hen. 
 
 Dryden. Shah. 
 
 2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling 
 of a goose ; to giggle, which is a word from the same 
 root. Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 3. To prate ; to prattle ; to tattle ; to talk in a silly 
 manner. Johnson. 
 
 GACK'LE, 71. The broken noise of a goose nr hen. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Idle talk ; silly prattle. Johnson. 
 
 eACK'LER, n. A lowl that cackles. 
 
 2. A telltale ; a tattler. Johnson. 
 
 GACK'UNG, p;)r. or a. Alaking the noise of a goose 
 or hen. Johnson. 
 
 GACK'LING, 71. The broken noise of a goose or hen. 
 Rome was saved by the cacklinff of a goose. 
 
 €A€-0-€HYM'ie, ( a. [See C.u ocHVMy.] Hav- 
 
 eA€-0-€HYM'ie-AL, i ing the fiuids of the body 
 vitiated, especially the blood. F.ncyc. 
 
 eAe'O-eilYM-Y, «. [Gr. KuKoxvixiii, of ic.otos, ill, and 
 Xviioi, juice.] 
 
 A vitiated state of the humors of the body, espe- 
 cially of the blood. 
 
 eAC-O-DE'MON, n\ [Gr. ku/coj, evil, and iaijiuv, a 
 demon.] 
 
 An evil spirit. Shak. 
 CAC-O-E'THES, 71. [Gr. KanoriOeia ; Kanoi, vicious, 
 and i/Odj, manners.] 
 
 1. A bad custom or habit ; a bad disposition. 
 
 2. In medicine, a bad quality or disposition in dis- 
 ease ; an incurable ulcer. Parr. Coie. 
 
 CjIC-O-F'T/IEU SCRI-BEA''DT, [L.] A diseased 
 
 propensity for writing. 
 GA-eoG'RA-PHY, 7i. [Gr. ko«'s and jpa^oj.] 
 
 Bad spelling. 
 e.\-eol-'0-GV, 11. [Gr. KaKos and Xoj uf.] 
 
 Bad speaking. 
 
 iAe:aPHON'''ie-AL, i ^"'""""s "='^^'"y- 
 
 eA-€OPH'0-NOUS, a. Harsh-sounding. 
 eA-eOPH'O-NY, 71. [k ot ill, and ipwr,, voice.] 
 
 1. In rhetoric, an uncouth or disagreeable sound of 
 words, proceeding from the meeting of harsh letters 
 or syllables. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In medicine, a depraved voice ; an altered state 
 of the voice. Core. F.ncyc. 
 
 3. In music, a combination of discordant sounds. 
 eAe'O-TEeil-NY, «. [Gr. KOKos and rt^vn-] 
 
 A corrupt art. 
 eA-eOT'RO-PIIY, 71. [Gr. xaKos and 7(j(o0i).J 
 
 Bad food or bad nutrition. Core. 
 e.VCOX'EiN'E, II. [Gr. Kflit IS and i n?.] A mineral 
 occurring in yellowish, radiating tufts, and consisting 
 of phosphoric acid with alumina, tiuoric acid, and 
 water. 
 
 e.V eO'.MIN-.ATE, V. t. To make sharp or pointed. 
 
 €Ae'TIJS, II. A genus of plants, remarkable for their 
 large and beautiful (lowers, and the grotesque shapes 
 these plants often assume. Brande. 
 
 CAD, II. A boy at the door of an omnibus. 
 
 2. A runner or messenger; sometimes called cadie. 
 
 C.9 DA' yFli, n. [h.] A corpse. ]Seolli.ih. 
 
 CA-DA V'ER-OUS, a. [L. cadaver, a de.td carcass, 
 from rado, to fall.] 
 
 1. Having ihi- appearance or color of a dead human 
 body ; pale ; wan ; ghastly ; as, a cadaiwrons look, 
 
 2. Having the ipialilies of a dead body. .Irbuthnot. 
 eA-IUV'ER-OirS-EY, (ii/ii. In a cadaverous form. 
 GA-DAV'ER OUS-NESS, n. Tin- cpuilily of being 
 CAD'DIS, II. [Qu. 1,. c(i(/iis, a cask.] [cadaverous. 
 
 1. A kind of tape or ribbcui. Shak. 
 
 2. A kind of worm or grub found in a case of 
 straw. .Johnson. 
 
 The caddis iporms (caddicc iporm.^, or ca.fe vornis) 
 are tlii^ larvea of neuropterous insects, of the genus 
 Phryganea, which live inside of tubes, constructed 
 by llii iii-ii Ives, of diU'eri'iit extraneous materials, as 
 grains of sand, shells, or bits of wood, leaves, &.C. 
 
 They inhabit fresh water, streams, or ponds, each 
 carrying about its portable dwelling, from which the 
 head and fore feel protrude. When disturbed, they 
 withdraw entirely within their tubes. 
 
 CAD' I low, II. A chough ; a jackdaw. Bay. 
 
 C.AD'DV, II. A small box for keeping tea. 
 
 G.aDE, a, [Uu. W. cadw, to keep or guard ; or Ar 
 
 ^L.J kauda, to lead or govern, to be led, to be sub- 
 missive.] 
 
 Tame ; bred by hand ; domesticated ;as, acorfolamb. 
 CADE, f. (. 'J'o bring up or nourish by hand, or with 
 
 tenderness ; to lame. 
 CADE, II. [L. cadus: Gr. it'ii'of, a cask, koS.ov, a pur.se 
 
 or little cask ; allied, perhaps, to W. cadw, to hold, to 
 
 keep.] 
 
 A bane 1 or cask. A catle of herrings is the quan- 
 tity of five hundred ; of sprats, a thousand. J'lncyc. 
 
 CaDE'-OIIj, II. In the materia wed ca, an oil used in 
 Germany and France, obtained by distillation from 
 the wood of the Juniperus Oiyccdrus, called in those 
 countries cada. Kncyc. JViemann. 
 
 CaDE'-WORM, n. The same as Ciuuis. 
 
 Ca'DENCE, I II. [Fr. cadence; Sp. and Port, caden- 
 
 Ca'DEN-CY, i cia; L. cadens, from cado, to fall ; W. 
 cwyiaw ', Corn, kodha i Arm. kuedha, or kueza i Ir. 
 coduni, cudaim; It. caderci Sp. caer; Port, co/iir; Fr. 
 ckeoir.] 
 
 1. A fall ; a decline; a state of sinking. Milton. 
 
 2. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking, as at 
 the end of a sentence ; also, the falling of the voice 
 in the general modulation of tones in reciting. In 
 reading or speaking, a certain tone is taken, which is 
 called the key, or key-note, on which most of the words 
 are pronounced, and the fall of tlie voice below this 
 tone is called cadence. Kncyc. 
 
 The ordinary cadence is a fall of the last sj llable 
 of a sentence only. 
 
 3. The general tone of reading verse. " The eii- 
 dence of one line must be a rule to that of the next ; 
 as the sound of the former must slide gently into that 
 which follows." Dryden. 
 
 4. Tone ; sound ; as, hoarse cadence. Milton. 
 
 5. In music, repose ; the termination of a harnioni- 
 cal phrase on a ri'pose or on a perfect chord. Kncyc. 
 
 Also, the manner of closing a song ; embellisimient 
 at the close. Busby. 
 
 6. In horsemanship, an equal measure or proportion 
 observed by a horse in all his motions. Kncyc. 
 
 7. In Ari'uWri/, the distinction of families. Chalmers. 
 Ca'DENCE, ii. t. To regulate by nuisical measure. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 CA'DENC-ED, (ka'denst,) pp. or o. Having a parlic- 
 ular cadeiice ; as, well-cai/ciicfrf music. Rousseau. 
 
 e.\-DKi\E', II. A sjiecies of inferior carpet imported 
 from the Levant. Kncyc. 
 
 Ca'DENT, a. [L. cadens.] 
 
 Falling down ; sinking. Johnson. 
 
 CA-DEA'ZA, 71. [It. See Cadence.] The fall or 
 modulation of the voice in singing. 
 
 CA-DET', 71. [Fr. cadet; It. cadctto ; Sp. cadcte. In 
 French, properly, the second son. Oebelin. But in 
 general, the younger son or brother, or the j'oungest.] 
 
 1. The younger of two brothers ; the youngest son. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 2. A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, 
 as a private man, with a view to acquire military 
 skill, and obtain a commissiim. His service is vol- 
 untary, but he receives pay, and thus is distinguished 
 fro|j a volunteer. Kney:. 
 
 3. A young man in a military school. 
 CA-DEW', (ka du',) 71. A straw worm. [See Caduis.] 
 
 2. An Irish mantle. 
 CADGE,!'./. To carry a burden. [JVot in use.] Ray. 
 CADG'ER, II. One who brings butter, eggs, and ]iuiil- 
 try to the market from the country ; a huckster. 
 [/ bilicL-c nut used in the United States.] [Johnson. 
 
 CA'DI, (ki'de,) n. [Ar. Ajli' k"idon, a 
 
 governor. 
 
 from >Li' kauda, to lead, rule, or govern ; Eng. guide. 
 
 Hence alcaide.] 
 
 In the Turkish dominions, a judge in civil allairs ; 
 usually the judge of a town or village, for the juilge 
 of a city or piw\"iuce is called moula. I'.ociic 
 CA DIL'i. AC, II. A son of pi ai. .Johnson. 
 CAD-.MK'AN, j a. Relating to (■;idinus, a reputed 
 CAD'iMI-AN, t prince of Thelies, who introduced 
 into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet 
 — > » '» ^> /!» ' ) "i /ii "^j r, II. These 
 are calleil Cadmean letters, Bryant. 
 
 This personage maj' be a fabulous being, or, if such 
 a person ever existed, he may have been named from 
 his knowledge of leltiTS ; for in the ancient Persian, 
 kadeem signilii'd language; Ir. euailhom, to tell or 
 relate ; ceadoch, talkative ; ceadal, a story. Or he may 
 have bi eii named frimi liis eiiiineiice or anticpiity, 
 D"ip kadam, to precede ; Arabic, to exctd ; whence 
 the sense of priority and antiquity ; or his name may 
 denote a man from the East. 
 
 FATE, FXB, FAUi, WH^kT, — METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. 
 
CAI 
 
 eAI)'.MI-A. II. An oxj J of zinc whicli collects on Ilie 
 sides ol" I'urnnccs wliL-re zinc is sublirnuil, iu in liriiss 
 founclfries. This substnncc is readily volatilized on 
 charcoal, by tliu oxy-liydrogen lilo« |iii>c, and it burns 
 with the iisiiul beautiful combustion of /.inc. Pul- 
 verized, mixed with charcoal powder, wrapped in 
 shi;i^t copper, and heated with the com|K)und blow- 
 pipe, it readily forms brass. Sillimaii. 
 
 Cmlniia foi.iitii : a term by which calamine, or the 
 common ore of zinc, was forini rly known ; whence 
 the name given to the new nietal cadmium, first dis- 
 coveri'd in that ore. 
 
 eAD'.MI-LJ.M, II. A metal discovered by Siromeyer, in 
 1817, in carbon.ite of zinc. Its color is a tine white, 
 with a shade of bluish Bray, resembling that of tin. 
 Its texture is compact, its fracture hackly, and it is 
 susceptible of (xilish. It is ductile and malleable, 
 and, when fused, crjstallizes in octahedrons. It 
 ni Its below a red heat, and sutlers but slight change 
 in air. Ure. Clfavetaiid. 
 
 C A-DO'CE-AN, a. Belonging to Mercury's wand. 
 
 CA-DO'CE-US, n. [L.] In nntiqiiitij. Mercury's rod ; 
 a wand eiitwisted l>y two serpents, borne by .Mercu- 
 ry as an ensign of quality and ollice. On medals 
 the Caduceus is a symbol of good conduct, pence, 
 and prosperity. The rod represents power ; the ser- 
 pents, wisdom ; and the two wings, diligence and 
 activity. F.ncijc. 
 
 e.\-l)U'l'I TY, n. [L. caituciis, from cado, to fall.] 
 Tendencv to fall. [Little used.] Chesterfield. 
 
 €.\-0C eOUS, a. [L. supra ] 
 
 Falling oft" quickly, or soon after development ; 
 as the enveU>pos of a flower, when they fall oti" 
 nearly as soon as they are expanded. 
 
 C.E'CI-AS, II. [L.] .\ wind from the nnrth-ea.n, 
 [and in Latin, according to .\insworth, from the 
 north-west.] Milton. 
 
 C-E'€U.M, n. [L.] In' ano/omy, the commencement 
 of the large intestine, forming a cut-de-saCf or closed 
 tube, before the insertion of the small intestine, and 
 having near its closed extremity a small process or 
 appendage called the vermiform appendage, (appeii- 
 dteitU oermiformis.) The term eaca (plural) is ap- 
 plied to small Lateral appendages of the intestinal 
 canal, similar to the vermiform appendages, as in 
 birds and fishes. 
 
 C.« S.v'IM-AN. Sec Cesarian. 
 
 C.E-SO'U.V or C.'E-SO'llA, n. [Fr. cisiire ; It. ccsura ; 
 L. cuesiira, from ctedo, ciesuin, to cut otT.] 
 
 A pause in verse, so introduced as to aid the re- 
 cital, and render the versification more melodious. 
 
 . It divides a verse or line into equal or unequal parts. 
 Its most pleasing effect is produced when it is 
 placed at the end of the second foot, or in the mid- 
 dle, or at the end of the third foot. Sheridan. 
 
 C.E SO'RAL,, u. Pertaining to the ca!sura. 
 
 a-JfE, (kaffi,) n. [Fr.] A coffee-house. 
 
 eAF'E-.VET, n. [Fr. cafe.] 
 
 In TurUeij, a hotel or liouse of rest for travelers. 
 
 CVF-Fic'ie, a. Caffiic acid; an acid obtained from 
 coffee, in the form of a white powder, which, when 
 heated, yields the peculiar aromatic odor of coffee. 
 
 €.\F Fii'iN, n. A white, bitter, cry.«t.illizablc sub- 
 stance, obtained from coffee, and having the com- 
 position of an alkaloid. 
 
 e.\F'KllE, (-fer,) n. [.\rabic ; whence Caffraria, in 
 Afiie.n.l .\n unbeliever; a name given to a people 
 in South .\frica, who reject the .Mohammedan faith. 
 
 €.\F'TA.\, n. [Persic] A Persian or Turkish vest, 
 or garment. John.ion. 
 
 C\C,, II. [Fr. caque : Dan. in <:: allied probably to 
 ca;'e, that which holds ; Sax. cnggian, to make fast. 
 See Keo.] 
 
 A sm.all ca.sk, or barrel, differing from the barrel 
 only in size, and containing a few gallons, but not of 
 any definite capacity. It is genenily written Keo. 
 €aOE, n. [Fr. ca'je : D. koine, and kooi. See Cag.] 
 
 1. .K box or inclosure, made of boards, or with lat- 
 tice* work of wood, wicker, or wire, for confining 
 birds or beasts. Fur the confinement of the more 
 strong and ferocious beasts, a 'cage is sometimes 
 made of iron. Knciie. 
 
 2. .An inclosure made with palisades for confining 
 wild bejusls. Johnson. 
 
 3. .A prison for petty criminals. Johnson. 
 
 4. In earprnlni, an outer work of timber, inclosing 
 another within it ; as, the cage of a windmill, or of 
 a staircase. F.nem. 
 
 Ca6E, r. (. To confine in a cage ; to shut up or confine. 
 
 C\(i'KV>,pp. Confined in a cage. [Donne. 
 
 CAO'I.NO, ppr. Confining in a cage. 
 
 t;.\(;'.M.\C;, ». Tough, old geese sent to market; 
 tough, drv meat. Smart. 
 
 €Jl-inKR', (ka-heer',) n. [Fr.] Literally, a niinilier 
 of sliei ts of paper put loosely together ; but now ap- 
 plied to the successive portions of a work when 
 printed in parts or numbers. 
 
 e.V-I.N'Cie, a. Caincic acid: an acid obtained from 
 the bark of the root of a Brazilian shrub, the coAinca, 
 a species of Chiococca. It is now called the chiacoc- 
 eic acid. 
 
 €A'ie, ) n. [Fr. enique.] A skiff belonging to a 
 eA'mUE, i gallev. 
 CAr.MA.\. See Cavmas. 
 
 CAL 
 
 CA I-RA, (sa-c-ril',) H. [Fr. Literally, it (the revo- 
 lution) shall L'o on.] The liiirden of a famous song 
 during the French revolution. liraiide. 
 
 eAIll.N, «. [Gaelic and Welsh cam.] 
 
 A heap of stones ; a term ajiplied to heaps of 
 stcmes of a rounded or ctuiieal form, erected by the 
 early inhabitants of the lirilish Isles, apparently as 
 sepulchral moniiinents. 
 
 €aIRi\'(;o|{.M STD.N'E, «. a yelU.w or brown vari- 
 ety of rock-crystal, or crystallized quartz, found in 
 the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland. lirandr. 
 
 CaIS'SO.V, ?i. [Fr. fnuii eaisse, a chest. See Case.] 
 1. A wooden chest into which sevenil bombs art! 
 put, and sometimes gunpowder, to be laid in tlie way 
 of an enenn', or under some work of which the 
 enemy intend to possess themselves, and to be fired 
 wlieii lliey get possession. Knciic. 
 
 0. A wooden frame, or chest, used in lajiiig the 
 foundation of the pier of a bridge. Eiicijc. 
 
 3. .An ammunition chest, or wagon. 
 eSI'TIFF, n. [Fr. chrtif : It. cattivo, a cnptivo, a 
 slave, a rascal cattivare, to master, to enslave. 'J'his 
 word is from the L. cupticn.t, a captive, frcmi capio or 
 captn, to lake. The sense of knarrrij is from the nat- 
 ural connection between the degradation of a slave 
 ami vice. This word, from its derivation, should be 
 siwit raid/.] 
 
 .A mean villain ; a despicable knave j it implies a 
 mixture of xviekedness and misery. Johnson. 
 CXI'TIFF, n. Ilebuiging to a caitiil"; base; vile. 
 e.AJ'E-PUT, n. An essential oil from the East Indies, 
 resembling that of cardamoms, obtained from the 
 leaves of a species of .MelaliMicii, (.V. cnjnpoti.) Knc. 
 
 This word is now written cnjnpiil, (pronounced 
 cayoi>poot,) from its Hindoo name, Kaijupnti. 
 G.A-JoLE', V. t. [Fr. cajoter, enjolrr; Arm. enn^reoli. 
 It apiiears by the derivatives of rnjoler, that the Last 
 part of these words is from joli, prelty.] 
 
 To Hatter ; to soothe ; to coax ; to deceive or delude 
 by flalterv. Jliidibras. 
 CA-JoI/Eil, n. A flatterer; a wheedler. 
 e.A-JoL'Ell-V, «. Flattery ; a wheedling to delude. 
 
 Uurke. 
 
 GA-JoL'ING, ppr. Flattering ; wheedling ; deceiving. 
 CAKE, n. [D. kock ; G. kurhcn; Dan. kage ; Sw. 
 
 kaka ; Ch. ^y3 ; Pers. liTl^ kaiJca ; Syr. ^300 
 koha. Tlie sense seems to be, a mass, or lump.] 
 
 1. A small mass of dough baked ; or a composition 
 of flour, butter, sugar, or other ingredients, baked in 
 u small mass. The name is applied to various com- 
 positi(ms, baked or cooked in diflerent shapes. 
 
 2. Something in the form of a cake, r.ather flat than 
 high, but roundish ; .as, a cake on a tree. 
 
 3. A mass of matter concreted ; <as, a cake of ice. 
 
 Drijdcn. 
 
 In JVew England, a piece of floating ice in a river 
 or lake. 
 
 4. .A hard swelling on the flesh; or rather a con- 
 cretio'ii without such swelling. 
 
 e.AKE, V. t. To form into a cake, or mass. 
 e.KKE, p. I. To concrete, or form into a hard mass, as 
 dough in an oven, or as flesh, or any other substance. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 eSKE, r. I. To cackle. [J^'otu-ied.] Ray. 
 
 CAK'iCD, (kakt,) pp. Formed into a hard mass. 
 
 CAK'I.N'G, ppr. Forming into a hard mass. 
 
 e.AK'I.VG, n. The act of forming into concretions. 
 
 CAL'A-Ii.ASH, 71. [Sp. caZ(i4o:o, a pumpkin, a gourd, 
 a calabii-sh ; Port, cal, 'la^a. Uu. Gr. miAir^, a water- 
 pot, or pitcher.] 
 
 L A vessel m.ade of a dried gourd-shell, or of the 
 shell of a calabash-tree, used for containing liquors, 
 or goods, as pitch, resin, and the like. Kncijc. 
 
 2. A popular n.ame of the gourd plant, or Ciicur- 
 bita. Fain, of Plants: 
 
 eAL'A-IiASII-TnEE, n. A tree of two species, 
 known in botanij by the generic name of Crescen- 
 tia. The Ciijete h.as narrow leaves, but a Large, 
 round, or oval fruit. The Latifoliahas broad leaves. 
 The shell of the fruit is used for cups, bowls, dishes, 
 and other utensils. Kiicijc. 
 
 e.AL-.A-It(JOSE', ?i. A corruption of the Spanish 
 word calubo:o, prison. Used in the South-western 
 States. 
 
 GA-LaDE', n. The slope or declivity of a rising 
 manege-ground. Kneyc. 
 
 e.A-LA'ITE, n. A name given to the turqiiois, 
 which see. 
 
 e.AL-.A-M.A.NG'O, n. [Fr. callimanque, eatmande ; D. 
 kalmink ; G. kalmaak ; Sp. calamaco. du. Sp. maca, 
 a spot.] 
 
 A woolen stuff, of a fine gloss, and checkered in 
 the warp. F.iie.yc. 
 €AL'A-M;\R, \n. [Sp. calamar ; It. cnlomaia, an 
 e.AL'.A-.M.A-UY, i inkhorn, and this animal.] 
 
 An animal having an oblong body, and ten legs. 
 On the belly are two bladders containing a black 
 fluid, which the aniin.al emits when pursued. It is 
 called also sea-sleeve, and cuttle-fish; Loligo vulgaris, 
 preke, or pen-fish. Sp. Dut. Diet. ofMU. ItisL 
 eAL'AM-BAC, n. [Sp. calai,J,uco.] 
 Agallocliuni, which see. 
 
 CAL 
 
 e.AL'.A.M-ItOUR, ». A species of agallochiim, or aloe4- 
 wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable 
 te.vtiire, and less fragrant than calambac. 'I'hia 
 wood is used by cabinet-makers and iiilayers. F.nciie. 
 
 eAL-A-.MIF'EK-Ol'S, «. (L. ciilnmus and fero.] A 
 term deiiotinj; plants liaving a long, hollow, knotted 
 stem. Chambrrs. 
 
 e.AL'.A-MI.\E, n. Lapis calaminaris, an ore of zinc, 
 consisting of oxyd of zinc and carb<mic acid, (carbon- 
 ate of zinc.) Its color is white, often with grayish, 
 greenish, or brownish shades. It occurs usually in 
 spheroidal or stalactitic concretions, and soiiK tmies 
 cry stallized in acute rhoniboliedrons. 
 
 FJiclric calamine ; an ore of zinc, (silicioiis oxyd of 
 zinc,) formerly considered a variety of the preceding, 
 C(msisting of silica and oxyd of zinc, with several 
 per cent, of water. It crystallizes in prisms, w hich 
 become electric when heated. It does not, like cala- 
 mine, dissolve with effervescence in nitric acid. 
 
 CAL'.A-.Ml.NT, 71. [L. ealuininUia; Gr. xuAii/iiiOi > 
 pnUa, in'-ntha, menta, mint.] 
 
 ,A plant, of the genus Calainintha, an aromatic 
 plant, and a weak corroborant. Knnjc. 
 Water calamiiit is a species of Mentha, or mint. 
 
 eAL-.A-MIS'TIlA'i'E, v. I. To curl or frizzle the 
 hair. [jYot vsid.] Colgrare. 
 
 eAL-.A-.MlS-TKA'TIOX, ti. The act of curling the 
 hair. [J\rot used.] 
 
 CAL'.A-.MI'I'E, n. [L. ealamus, a reed.] 
 
 A variety of hornblende, allied to tremolite. It 
 occurs in imperfect or rounded prismatic crystals, of 
 a vitreous luster, longitudinally striated, and some- 
 times resembling a reed, whence the name. 
 
 C.A-L.\M'I-'I'OUS, a. [Fr. culamileuz. See C iLASiiTr.] 
 
 1. Very miserable ; involved in deep distress ; op- 
 pressed with infelicity ; wretched from misfortune ; 
 applied to men. Johnson. Calamij. 
 
 2. Producing distress and misery ; making wretch- 
 ed ; applied to external circumstances ; as, a calamitous 
 event. Milton. 
 
 3. Full of misery ; distressful ; wretched ; applied 
 to state or condition. South. 
 
 eA-L.A.M'I-Tt)L;S-LY, adv. In a manner to bring 
 great distress. 
 
 eA-LA.M'I-TOUS-NE.SS, 71. Deep distress ; wretch- 
 edness; misery ; the quality of producing misery. 
 
 e.A-LAM'I-TY, 71. [L. calamitns. Ou. Ar. 
 
 kalama, to wound ; Ileb. Ch. oSa, kalam, to make 
 ashamed. Under this root the Syriac has calamity. 
 'I'he sense of the verb is, to strike, to beat down. 
 But the origin of the word is uncertain.] 
 
 Any great misfortune or cau.se of misery ; gener- 
 ally applied to events or di.sa.sters which produce ex- 
 tensive evils, as loss of crops, earthquakes, conflagra- 
 tions, defeat of armies, and the like. But it is 
 applied also to the misfortunes which bring great 
 distress U|ion individuals. Milton. Prior. 
 
 Tiie drliticniuonf of catamily arc rvrcly wi»c. Burke. 
 
 e.AL'A-.MUS, 71. ^L., from Gr. KuXapnf, a stalk or 
 
 '» — 
 
 stem, a reed, stubble ; Etb. and Ar. ^Xj), kalaman, 
 
 calamus scriptorius, a writing reed, or pen. The 
 verb in Arabic signifies to cut or pare. But qu., for 
 it would seem to be allied to culmus.] 
 
 1. The generic name of the Indian cane, called 
 also Rotang. It is without branches, has a crown at 
 the top, and is beset with spines. Kneyc. 
 
 2. In antiquity, a pipe or fistula, a wind instrument, 
 made of a reed or oaten stalk. Kn,:yc. 
 
 3. A reed, used anciently as a pen to write on 
 parchment or pap>TUS. Encijc. 
 
 4. The root of a sort of reed, or «wpet-s< enled 
 cane, used by the Jews as a perfume. It is a knotty 
 root, reddish without and white w ithin, and filled 
 with a s|)ongy substance. It has an aromatic smell. 
 
 liroim. Calmet, 
 ."i. The sweet flag, called by Linnieus Acorus 
 Calam*^. F.ncye. 
 
 e.A-L.AN'DO, [It. eaiure, to decrease,] in miisic, 
 directs to a diiiiiniitit)n of time and sound, till the 
 sound is ni'arly lost to the ear. 
 
 e.\-L.A.\"'I)RA, 71. .A siiecies of lark, xviih a thick 
 bill, the upper p.art of the body of a reddish brown, 
 spotted with black, with a body thicker than the 
 sk\lark. Pennant. 
 
 eA-i-.A.\'DRE, 71. The French name of a species of 
 insect of the beetle kind, very destructive in grana- 
 ries ; the common grain weevil. 
 
 €A-L.AN"G.AY, 71. A species of white parrot. Ash. 
 
 GA-LASH', II. [Fr. caleche; D. kales; Sp. catesa ; 
 Uuss. kotiaska.] 
 
 1. A light chariot or carriage with very low wheels, 
 used for Laking the air in parks and gardens. It is 
 open, or covered with mantlets of cloth, that arc let 
 down .at pleasure. F.ncijc. 
 
 2. A cover for the head sometimes used by ladies. 
 
 3. .A himd or top of a carriage w hich can be thrown 
 back at pleiLsure. 
 
 TO.VE, BULL, TJNITE — A.\"GER, Vl"CIOUS € as K ; 6 ai J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 163 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL'€A-DIS, n. White vitriol. 
 
 GALe'AR, 71. In glass works, a kind of oven, or re- 
 verberaturj* furnace, used for tlie calcination of sand 
 and potash, and converting them Jito frit. Encyc. 
 
 eAL€'AR-ATE, a. [L. calcar, a pur, caU, the lieel ; 
 Ir. calfr, a sting or goad.] 
 
 1. Furnished with a spur; as, a calcarate corol, in 
 larkspur. Martyn. 
 
 2. In shape, resembling a cock's spur ; as, a calcarate 
 nectarv. 
 
 €AL.eA'RE-0-.\Jl-GIL-L.5'CE0US, a. Consisting 
 
 of IT contalninff calcareous and argillaceous earth. 
 eAL eA'RE O-UI-Tu'.MIN-OUS, a. Consisting of or 
 
 containing lime and bitumen. Lyell. 
 €AL-eA'RE-0-SI-LI"C10US, a. Consisting of or 
 
 containing calcareous and silicious earth. 
 eAL-€A'RE-0-SUL'PHUR-OUS, a. [See Calx and 
 
 Sulphur.] 
 
 Having lime and sulphur in combination, or par- 
 taking of both. Kirwaii. 
 e.\L-€A'RE-OUS, 0. [L. cakariiis. See Call] 
 
 Partaking of the nature of lime ; having the quali- 
 ties of lime ; containing lime ; as, calcareous earth or 
 stone. - Kiicuc. Kirwan. 
 
 Calcarenas earth ; a term formerly applied to lime. 
 
 Calcareous spar ; crj'stallized carbonate of lime. 
 C.AL-eA'RE-OUS-NESS, n. auality of being calca- 
 reous. 
 
 €.\L-e.\-VAL'LA, n. A kind of sweet wine from 
 Portugal. Mason. 
 
 CAL'CE-A-TED, a. [L. calceatus, from calccus, a shoe.] 
 Shod ; fitted with or wearing shoes. Johnson. 
 
 €AL'CE-DON,7i. [See Chalcedony.] With jewelers, 
 a foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones. 
 
 eAL-CE-DON'ie, ) rc <^ i MsA- 
 
 CAL-CE-Do'NI-AN, r- [See Chalcedony.] L 
 Pertaining to, or resembling chalcedony. Encyc. 
 
 <v.AL-CED'0-NY. See Chalcedony, the more correct 
 orthotrraphy, 
 
 eAL-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [of calx, lime, and fero, to 
 produce.] 
 Containing lime. 
 iOAL'CI-FOR.M, a. [of calx, lime, and /orma, form.] 
 
 In the form af calx. 
 €AL-CI-.MO'-RITE, n. [of calx, lime, and TTiuria, salt 
 water.] 
 
 A species of earthy mineral, of the muriatic genus, 
 of a blue or olive green color, of the consistence of 
 clay. It consists of calcareous earth and magnesia 
 tinged with iron. The term is now obsolete. 
 
 Kirwaiu 
 
 e.\L-CI.\'A-BLE, a. [See Calcine.] That may be 
 calcined ; capable of being reduced to a friable state 
 bv the action of fire. Encyc. 
 e.AL'CI-NATE, V. t. To calcine. [See Calcine.] 
 CAL-CI-NA'TION, n. [from calcine.] The operation 
 of expelling from a substance, by heat, some volatile 
 matter with which it is combined, and thus disin- 
 tegrating it and reducing it to a friable state. Thus 
 carbonate of lime is reduced to lime by calcination, or 
 the expulsion of carbonic acid. 
 
 2. The operation of reducing a metal to an oxyd, 
 or metallic cal.x. This, in niodern^themistry, is called 
 oxydation. 
 
 €AL-CIN''A-TO-RY, ti. A vessel used in calcination. 
 CAL-CINE', or CAL'CINE, v. L [Ft. calciner ; It. 
 calcinare ; calcinar ; from calx. See Calt.] 
 
 1. To reduce a substance to a powder, or to a 
 friable state, by the action of heat ; or to expel from 
 a substance some volatile matter, combined with it, 
 as the carbonic acid from limestone. 
 
 2. To oxydize, as a metal ; to reduce to a metallic 
 calx. 
 
 3. To dissolve ; to destroy the principles which 
 unite. Denliam. 
 
 CAL-CI.NE', or GAE'CINE, v. i. To be converted 
 
 into a powder oi friable substance, or into a calx, 
 
 by the action of heat. J^ewlon. 
 €AL-CI.\'f;U, pp. Reduced to a friable state by heat. 
 €AL-CI.\'INf;, jipr. Rendering friable by he.'it. 
 CAL'CI-TRaTE, r. U [L. calcitro.} To kick. 
 €AL-CI-TRS'TIO.V, n. The act of kicking. Rons. 
 e.\L'CI-U.\I, n. [from L. calx.] The metallic basis 
 
 of lime. Davy. 
 CVLC'-SIN-TER, n. Calcareous sinter; stalactitic 
 
 carbonate of lime. 
 C.\LC'-.TAR, n. Calcareous spar, or crj stallized car- 
 
 l)on.ate of liriic. 
 GAIiO'-TUFF, n. Calcareous tufa. A loose, porous 
 
 deposit of carbonate of lime, from waters holding it 
 
 in sfilution. 
 
 CAL'CU-EA-BLE, a. [.Sec Calculate.] That may 
 
 he calculated, or ascertained by calculation. 
 eAL'CIJ-I.A-RY, 71. [L. calculas, a pebble.] 
 
 A congeries of little stony knots dispersed through 
 
 the parenchyma of the pear and other fruits. Encyc. 
 CAI,'CU-LA-RY, a. Relating to the disease of the 
 
 stone in the bladder. 
 e.\I..'CU-LATE, r. t. [Fr. calculer ; It. ealculare ; Pp. 
 
 calcalar ; L. calculo ; from calculus, a |>ebble j Ar. 
 b 
 
 Syr. ^^iXi'i kalkai, gravel.] 
 
 CAL 
 
 1. To compute ; to reckon ; to add, subtract, mul- 
 tiply, or divide any sums, for the purpose of finiling 
 the amount, difference, or other result. Thus, te 
 calculate the expenses of erecting a house, is to esti- 
 mate and add together the several sums which each 
 part of the materials and the work will cost. 
 
 2. To ascertain by tlie use of tables or numbers ; 
 as, to calculate an eclipse. 
 
 3. To form tables upon mathematical principles, 
 as logarithms, ephemerides, (tc. 
 
 4. To compute the situation of the planets at a 
 certain time, for astrological purposes ; as, to calca- 
 lafe the birth of a person. Shah. 
 
 5. To adjust by computation ; to fit or prepare by 
 the adaptation of the means to the end ; as, to calcu- 
 late a system of laws for a free people. 
 
 Roli^on 13 calculated for our benefit. 
 
 Tiitolson. 
 
 e.\L'€U-LATE, ». i. To make a computation; as, 
 we calculate better for ourselves than for others. 
 
 In J\i"ew England, this word is often equivalent to 
 intend or purjiose, that is, to make arrangements, and 
 form a plan ; .as, a man calculates to go a journey. 
 This use of the word springs from the practice of 
 computing or estimating the various circumstances 
 which concur to influence the mind in forming its 
 determinations, but it is not sanctioned by English 
 usage. 
 
 CAL'ClJ-L.A-TED, pp. Computed ; reckoned ; suited ; 
 adapted by design. 
 
 eAL'€U-LA-TIXG, ppr. Computing ; reckoning ; 
 adapting by design ; adjusting. 
 
 CAE-CU-LA'TION, 71. The art, practice, or manner, 
 of computing by numbers ; the use of numbers, by 
 addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division, for 
 the purpose of arriving at a certain result. Thus 
 computations in astronomy and geometry, for making 
 tables of numbers, are called calculations. Encyc. 
 
 2. The result of an arithmetical operation ; com- 
 putation ; reckoning. Hooker. 
 
 3. Estimate formed in the mind by comparing the 
 various circumstances and facts which influence its 
 determination. 
 
 e.\L'eU-LA-TIVE, a. Pertaining to calculation ; 
 
 tending to calculate. Burke. 
 CAE'CU-La-TOR, 71. One who computes or reckons ; 
 
 one who estimates or considers the force and effect 
 
 of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of 
 
 the effects. . 
 eAL'eU-LA-TO-RY, a. Belonging to calculation. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CAL'CULE, 71. Reckoning; computation. [06s.] 
 
 CAL'eLI-Ll, 71. pi. of Calculus, which see. 
 
 e.\L'eU-LOUS, a. [Supra.] Stony; gritty; hard, 
 like stone ; as, a calculous concretion. Brown. 
 
 2. Affected with the gravel or stone ; as, a calculous 
 person. Sharp. 
 
 €.\L'eU-LUS, 71. [L. See Calculate.] Any hard, 
 solid concretion, formed in any part of^lhe body, as 
 the stone in the bladder or kidneys, called urinary 
 calculus, or a gall-stone, called biliary calculus. 
 
 2. In mathematics, the term calculus is applied to 
 various branches of algebraical analysis. Thus the 
 differential and integral calculus is a method of calcu- 
 lation in which quantities are supposed to undergo 
 certain variations of value, to facilitate investigations 
 respecting them. The integral is the inverse of the 
 differential calculus. The object of the latter is to 
 deduce, from given algebraic expressions, certain 
 other exi)ressions, called differentials : that of the 
 former is, from given expressions, to find others, of 
 which they are the differentials. The expressions 
 sought in the latter case are called integral, the terms 
 integral and differential being correlative. The calcu- 
 lus of variations may be regarded as a department 
 of the differential and integral calculus, in which 
 the investigations are of a peculiarly general and 
 recondite character. .d. D. Stanley. 
 
 €AL'DRO.\, (kawl'dron,) n. [Old Fr. chauldron, now 
 chaudron ; Basque galda, to lieat ; galdarea, a great 
 kettle ; It. caldaia, or caldaro, a caldron ; caldo, lieat 
 and hot ; Sp. caWa, heat ; caldcar, to heat, to weld 
 iron ; caldera, a caldron ; Port, caldcira, a caldron ; 
 Ij. caldarium, id. ; calda, hot water ; caliilus, hot, from 
 caleo, to be hot. This is from the root of Eng. scald.] 
 A large kettle or boiler, of copper, or other metal, 
 furnished with a movable handle or bail, with which 
 to hang it on a chimney-hook. Mdison. 
 
 CA-LBCHE', (ka-lash'.) See Calash. 
 
 e.\L-E-DO'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Caledonia, an 
 ancient name of Scotbind. The termination ia sig- 
 nifies a country, and was added by the Romans. 
 Calrdon signifies, probably, the hill or town of the 
 Gaels, or CaeLt, tlic primitive inhabitants. 
 
 CVE-E-Do'NI-AN, 7i. A native of Caledonia, now 
 Scotland. 
 
 eAL'E-DON-ITE, 7i. A mineral of a green color, con- 
 sisting of thu sulphate and carbonate of lead, and 
 carbonate of comer. 
 
 eA!,-E-FA'CIENT, a. [Sec Calefactiob, Caleft.] 
 Warming ; heating. 
 
 CAly-E-FA'CIENT, 71. That which w.arms or heats. 
 
 C\E E-FACTION, 71. [L. calrfactio, from calefacio, 
 to make warm. See Calekt.] 
 
 CAL 
 
 1. Tho- act or operation of wanning or heating ; 
 the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, 
 or by the communication of heat from other bodies. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. The state of being heated. Johnson. 
 eAI^E-FAC'TIVE, ( a. [See Calefactios.] That 
 e.\L-E-FAe'TO-RY, ( makes warm or hot ; that 
 
 communicates heat. 
 eAL'E-FV, V. i. [L. calefio, to become warm or hot; i 
 
 from caleo and fio or facio.] | 
 To gritw hot or warm ; to be heated. Brown. 
 €AL'E-F1?, ti. «. To make warm or hot. Johnson. 
 CaVEM-BOURG, n. [Fr., from a German Count 
 
 Kahlemberg, noted for his blunders in the French 
 
 language.] A pun. Brande. 
 GAL'EX-D.\R, 71. [L. calendarium, an account-book. 
 
 See Calends.] 
 
 1. A register of the year, in which the month-s, 
 weeks, and days, are set down in order, with the 
 feasts observed by the church. Sec. ; an almanac. It 
 was so named from the Roman Calendte, the name 
 given to the first day of the month, and written, in 
 large letters, at the head of each month. [See 
 
 . Calends.] Encyc. 
 
 2. .Kn orderly table or enumeration of persons or 
 things. Encyc. 
 
 3. In congress, a list of bills prepared for the action 
 of that body. 
 
 4. In English courts, a list of criminal causes which 
 stand for trial. In some of the American States, the 
 term is extended to embrace civil causes, as arranged 
 for trial. 
 
 Calendar month ; a solar month, as it stands in 
 almanacs. 
 
 CAL'EN-DAR, v. t. To enter or write in a calendar. 
 CAL'EN-DER, r. t. [Fr. calendrer : Sp. calentar, to 
 
 heat, to urge, or press forward ; from caleo, to be 
 
 hot.] 
 
 'I'o press between rollers, for the purpose of making 
 smooth, glossy, and wavy ; as woolen and silk stuffs 
 and linens. 
 
 CAL'EN-DER, 71. A machine or hot press, used in 
 manufactories to press cloths, for the purpose of 
 making them smooth, even, and glossy, laying the 
 nap, watering them, and giving them a wavy ap- 
 pearance. It consists of two thick rollers or cylin- 
 ders, placed between boards or planks, the lower one 
 being fixed, the upper one movable, and Loaded with 
 a great weight. Encyc. 
 
 €AE'EN-DER-£D, pp. Smoothed by calendering. 
 
 e.^IVEN-DER-ING, ppr. iMaking smooth and glossy, 
 by being pressed between rollers. 
 
 CAL'EN-DRER, 71. The person who calenders cloth. 
 
 eA-LE.\"DRI€;-AL, a. Pertaining to a calendar. 
 
 e.^L'ENDS, n.pl. [h. calendis, from calo, Gr. xaXcoi, 
 Eng. to call. See Call.] 
 
 Among the Romans, tiie first day of each month 
 The origin of this name is differently related. Varro 
 supposes it to have originated in the practice of noti- 
 fying the time of the new moon, by a priest, who 
 called out or proclaimed the fact to the people, and 
 the number of the calends, or the day of the nones. 
 Others allege that, the people being convened, the 
 pontifex proclaimed the several feasts or holidays in 
 the month — a custom which was discontinued in the 
 year of Rome 450, when the fasti or calendar was 
 set up in public places, to give notice of the festivals. 
 
 Encyc. .Adam's Rom. Jintiq. 
 
 eAL'EN-TTJRE, 71. [Sp. cdlentura, heat, a fever with 
 irregular pulse ; calentar, to heat ; from L. caleo, to 
 be hot. Russ. kalyu, to heat, to make red or red hot.] 
 A violent fever, attended with great heat, incident 
 to persons in hot climates, especially natives of cooler 
 climates. It is attended with delirium, and one of 
 the symptoms is, that the person affected imagines 
 the sea to be a green field, and sometimes, attempt- 
 ing to walk in it, is lost. Encyc. Coxe. 
 
 eA-LES'CE.\CE, 71. [L. calcsco.] 
 Growing warmth ; growing heat. 
 
 eXLF, (kiff,) 71. ; pi. Calves, (kUvz.) [Sax. cenlf; Sw. 
 half; Dan. halv ; D. half; and the verb kalccn, to 
 calve, to vomit ; G. kalb ; kalbrn. The primary sense 
 is issue, from throwing out. Hence the word is ajv 
 plied to the protuberant part of the leg, a jmsh, a 
 swell.] 
 
 1. The young of the cow, or of the bovine genus 
 of quadrupeds. 
 
 2. In contempt, a dolt ; an ignorant, stupid person ; 
 a weak or cowardly man. Drayton. 
 
 3. The thick, fleshy part of the leg behind, so 
 called from its protuberance. If'isrrnan. 
 
 4. The calves of the lips, in Ilosea, signify the pure 
 offerings of prayer, praise, and thanksgiving. Brown. 
 
 exLF'-LIKE, a. Resembling a calf. Shah. 
 eXLF'-SKlN, 71. The hide or skin of a calf; or 
 
 leather made of the skin. 
 CAI/I-BER, ) 
 CAL'I-BRE, ) 
 
 1. The diameter of a body ; as, the calihrr of a 
 column, or of a bullet. Encyc. 
 
 2. The bore of a gun, or the extent of its bore. 
 
 3. FiffUTtttively, the capacity of a man's mind. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 Caliher-compasses, calibers, or calipers f a sort of 
 
 [Fr. and Sp. calibro.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 164 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 compasses niiiile with nrchi'd Ipys, to take the diam- 
 eter of rouiul bddii s, as masts, slicit, &c. The \rgs 
 move on an arch of hniss, on which are marked tlie 
 inches and half inches, to show how far the points 
 of tlie compasses are opened asunder. Encijc. 
 
 Caliber-rule; Runner's calipers, an instrument in 
 which a ri^ht lino is so divided, as that, the first part 
 beins equal to the diameter of an iron or leaden ball 
 of one pound weight, the other parts are to the first 
 as the diameters of balls of two, three, four, &c., 
 pounds are to the diameter of a ball of one pound. 
 It is u.sed by engineers to determine, from a ball's 
 weight, its diameter or caliber, and vice ver.<a. Eiicijc. 
 e.\L'lCK, n. [Ij. calix; Fr. calice; Sax. calic, a cup; 
 Gr. Kvkil. It is usually written chalice, but on ety- 
 mological principles, incorrectly.] 
 
 A cup ; appropriately, n couimunion-cup, or vessel 
 used to admmister the wine in the .sacrament of the 
 Lord's sup)>er It is used by the Roman Catholics in 
 the mass. 
 
 e.\L'I-eo, n. [.''aid to be from Cnlicut, in India.] A 
 kind of cotton cloth, lu Knglaud, whiti' or imprint- 
 ed cotton cloth is called calico. In the United States, 
 calico is printed cotton cloth, having dilferent colors. 
 I have never heard this name given to tlie uiipriiit< d 
 cloth. Calico was originally imported from India, 
 but is now manufactured in Europe and the United 
 States. 
 
 eAL'I-eO-PRlNT'ER, ji. One whose occupation is 
 to print calicoes. 
 
 eAL'I-eO-PRI.NT'ING, n. The art or process of 
 printing or impressing figured patterns on calico. 
 
 C.VL'ID, a. [L. caliJus, fr<«n caleo, to bo hot.] 
 
 Hot ; burning ; ardent. Johnson. 
 
 €A-LID'1-TY, II. Meat. Broien. 
 
 e.'VL'I-DUCT, 11. [L. caleo, to be hot, cator, heat, and 
 duco, to lead.] 
 
 A pipe or canal used to convey heat to the apart- 
 ments of a bouse, by the transmission of hot air or 
 steam. 
 
 €A'LIF, ;i. Written also CiLirH and Kali r. [fromAr. 
 
 khalafa, to succeed. Hence a calif is a suc- 
 cessor, a title given to the successors of Moh.ammed.] 
 A successor or vicar ; a representative of iMoliam- 
 med, bearing the same relation to him as the pope 
 claims to bear to St. Peter. Among the Saracens, 
 or Mohammedans, a cnlif is one who is vested with 
 supreme dignity and power in all matters relating to 
 religion and civil iKilicy. This title is borne by the 
 grand seignior in Turkey, and by the soplii of Persia. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 f \T 'IP ATF ^ 
 
 iiPH l-ri' The office or dignity of a calif ; or 
 
 KAI'IF-ATE 5 the government of a calif JlarrU. 
 
 eAI,-I-GA'TIO\, n. [L. caligalio, dimness, from coZ- 
 iVo, to be dark.] 
 
 Darkness; dimness; cloudiness. 
 In medical auUtorg, caVfratian, or calirro, is a dimness 
 of sight, from any obstruction to the passage of light 
 to the retina, whether from opacity of the cornea, or 
 of the crystalline or other humors', or their capsules, 
 or from an obstructed pupil. 
 
 eA-I.IG I.N'-OUS, a. Dim ; obscure ; dark. 
 I CA-LlG'l\-Ol'S-LY, n,lr. Obscurely. 
 
 eA-LlG'l.\-OUS-NESS, n. Dimness ; obscurity. 
 
 €AL-I-GRAPII'ie, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to elegant 
 penmanship. IVarton. 
 
 e.\-LIG'RA-PinST, n. An elegant penman. 
 
 CA-LIG'KA-PHY, ?i. [Gr. xaX.i, fair, and ypa<po), to 
 write ; ^aWijoafi".] 
 Fair or elegant writing, or penmanship. Pridrauz. 
 
 GA'LIN, n. A compound metal, of which the Chinese 
 make tea-canisiers and the like. The ingredients 
 seem to be lead and tin. Encyc. 
 
 €AL'I-PASH, ( n. That part of a turtle which be- 
 
 e.\L'l-PEE, ! longs to the up|H'r shell is called 
 atlipash, and that part which belongs to the lower 
 shell, calipee. Knctfc. of Dom. Econ. 
 
 CAL'I-PERS, > n. fl. Compasses with 
 
 fAL'I-PER-fOM'PAP-SES, < curved legs, for 
 measuring the caliber, or diameter, of round bod- 
 ies. Brande. 
 
 €AL-IS-THE.N"'ie, a. Pertaining to calisthenics 
 
 CAHS-TllE.N'ieS, n. [Gr. /cuAof, beautiful, and 
 o(*cio?, strength.] 
 
 The art, science, or practice, of healthful exercise 
 of the body and limbs, to promote strength and grace- 
 ful movement. 
 
 CAL'I-VER, n. [from caliber.] .\ kind of hand gun, 
 musket, or arquebuse. Shak. 
 
 GA'LIX, B. [L. caVu-; Gr. »«XiJ.] A cup. 
 
 It is sometimes erroneously used for Caltx, which 
 see. 
 
 CALaUE, i «<»'7""-. to chalk.] 
 
 To copy a drawing, by rubbing the back of it 
 with red or black chalk, and thi n tracing the lines 
 through on paper, &,c., by means of a blunt style or 
 needle. 
 
 (kauk,) r. t. [Clu. the connection of this word 
 with the Sp. ealafetcar : lu calafilare : Port, calafrtar : 
 Arm. ealefeti; Fr. calfeter. to smear with cement or 
 
 mortar ; Ar. i_jL]lj» katafa, to stop the seams of ships 
 (vith fine moss, &,c., and pay tlirm over with pitch ; 
 Sam. id. It may be corrupted from this word ; if not, 
 it may be from the Dan. kalk, calx, liiiii', or niortat ; 
 but this seems not pnibable. The GeniiMiis and Dunes 
 have borrowed the Spanish and French word to ex- 
 press the idea. Skinner deduces the word from Fr. 
 cala<Te, tow.] 
 
 1. To drive oakum, or old ropes untwisted, into 
 the seams of a ship, or other vessel, to prevent tin ir 
 leaking or admitting water. After the seams are 
 filled, they are covi'red with hot, melted pitch or 
 resin, to keep the oakum from rotting. 
 
 2. In some parts of .America, to set iipim a horse or 
 ox 8h(M^s armed with sharp points of iron, to prc^vent 
 their slipping on ice ; that is, to slop from slipping. 
 
 GALK, (kauk,) «. In JVne Enslaiid, A sharp-pointed 
 piece of iron on a shoe for a horse or an ox, called in 
 Great Uritaiii calkin ; used to iireveiit the animal from 
 slipping. 
 
 Also, an instrument with sharp points, which per- 
 sons wear on their feet to prevent slipping on the 
 ice. [U. i'.l 
 
 eALK'r.R, (kauk'cr,) n. A man who calks ; some- 
 times, perliaps, a c<i/4 or pointed iron on a horse-shoe. 
 
 eALK'f-'D, (kaukd,) pp. Having the seams stopped ; 
 furnished with shoes with irim points. 
 
 €ALK'IN, n. A calk, or sharp point in a horse's shoe, 
 to prevent slipping. 
 
 €ALK'Ii\G, (kauk'ing,) 7>;)r. Stopping the seams of 
 a ship ; putting on shoes with iron points. 
 
 e.VLK'I.N'G, (calk'ing,) n. In painting', the covering 
 of the back side of a design with black lead, or red 
 chalk, and tracing lines through on a waxi'il plate, 
 or wall, or other m.itter, by passing lightly over each 
 stroke of the design with a point, which leaves an 
 impression of the color on the plate, paper, or wall. 
 
 C/iambrrs. 
 
 eALK'ING-r-ROX, (kauk'ing-I-urn,) n. An instru- 
 ment like a chisel, used in calking ships. 
 
 eALl., r. f. [L. calo ; Gr. it.iAi' i; Sw. kalla : D.in. 
 kalde ; W. fralw, to call ; D. kallrn, to talk ; Ch. h'^S 
 in /\ph. to call, to thunder; Heb., to hold or restrain, 
 which is the Gr. xwXvu, L. caula ; Syr. Sam. and 
 Eth., to hold or restrain ; Ar., to keep ; I., cclo. The 
 primary sense is to press, drive, or strain. We find 
 the like elements and signification in Sax. ^iellan, or 
 trijllan, to yell ; Dan. <rale, to crow. Class GI. The 
 W. i'flho is connected in origin with iralla, to be able, 
 to have power, may, can. Eng. could, the root o( gal- 
 lant, L. oallu.t, &c.] 
 
 In a general sense, to drive ; to sU-ain or force out 
 sound. Hence, 
 1. To name ; to denominate or give a name. 
 
 And God called the li^ht day, and the darknen he eaiUd night. 
 — Ucn. i. 
 
 i2. To convoke ; to summon ; to direct or order to 
 meet ; to assemble by order or public notice ; often 
 with togeUier ; as, the king called his council to- 
 gether : the president called together the congress. 
 
 3. To request to meet or come. 
 
 Ill- wnt hi* d-TTanlj to cxiU them that were bidden. — Matt xxii. 
 
 4. To invite. 
 
 Bwwisc I have atlltd, and ye rr-fajwd. — Prov. f. 
 
 5. To invite or summon to come or be present ; to 
 invite, or collect ; as, call all your senses to you. 
 
 6. To give notice to come by authority ; to com- 
 mand to come ; as, call a scr\'ant. 
 
 7. To proclaim ; to name, or publish the name. 
 Nor pariih clerk, who catU the psnJm lo clear. Oay. 
 
 8. To appoint or designate, as for an office, duty, 
 or employment. 
 
 Soe, 1 have called by name R*ialeel. — Ex. xxxi. 
 Paul, allied tu be an apostle. — R m. L 
 
 9. To invite ; to warn ; to exhort. Is. xxii. 19. 
 
 Cruden. 
 
 10. To invite or draw into union with Christ ; to 
 bring to know, believe, and obey the gospel. Jiom. 
 viii. 28. 
 
 11. To own and acknowledge. Ileb. ii. li. 
 
 12. To invoke or appeal to. 
 
 I 00^/ God Tor a wilnesa. — 2 Cor. i. 
 
 13. To esteem or account. Is. Iviii. .5. .Malt. iii. 1.5. 
 To call down ; to invite, or to bring down. 
 
 To call back ; to revoke or retract ; to recall ; to 
 summon or bring back. 
 
 Tu call fen's to demand, require, or claim; as, a 
 crime calLi for punishment ; or to cause to grow. 
 Ezek. xxxvi. Also, to speak for ; to ask ; to request ; 
 as, to call for a dinner. 
 
 To call in : to collect ; aSj to call in debts or money ; 
 or to draw from circulation ; as, to call in clipped 
 coin ; or to summon together; to invite to come to- 
 gether ; OS, to cull in neighbors or friends. 
 
 To cnll forth ; to bring or summon to action ; as, to 
 caH forth all the faculties of the mind. 
 
 To call off: to summon away ; to divert ; as, to call 
 off the attention ; to call off workmen from their em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Tn call up. lo bring into view or rerfdlectioii ; as, 
 to call up till! image of a deceased frienil ; also, to 
 bring into action, or discussion ; as, tu call up a bill 
 bi:fiire a legislative body. 
 
 Tu call over : to read a list, name by name ; to re- 
 cite separate particulars in order, as a roll of names. 
 
 Tu call out ; to siimmtm to fight ; to challenge ; al- 
 so, to summon into service ; as, lo call out the militia. 
 
 'Tu call tu mind : to recollect ; to revive in memor>'. 
 G.\I.L, ('. I. To utter a loud sound, or to address by 
 name ; to utter the name ; sometimes with to. 
 Till' anj>-l of lio.1 mlltd lo ll.i[,'nr. — G'n. ni. 
 
 2. To slop, without inli ntioii of staving ; to make 
 a short stop ; as, to call at the inn. Phis use John- 
 son supposes tti have originated in the custom of de- 
 noting one's presence at the door by a call. It is 
 comiiion, in this phra.se, to use at ; as, to call at the 
 inn ; or o/i ; as, to c<i// on a friend. This application 
 seems to be equivalent to speak, D. kallen. Let lis 
 speak at this place. 
 
 Tu call on ; to make a short visit to ; also, to solicit 
 piiymeiit, or make a demand of a debt. In a Mro- 
 logical sen.ie, to pray to, or worship ; a«, to call on t.'ie 
 name of the Lord. Oen. iv. To rc|)eat solemnly. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 To call out ; to utter a loud voice ; to bawl ; o pop- 
 ular use of tlie phrase. 
 eALL, n. A vocal address, of summons or invitation ; 
 as, he will not come at a call. 
 
 2. Demand ; reipiisition ; public claim ; as, listen 
 to the calls of justice or humanity. 
 
 3. Divine vocation, or summons ; as, the call of 
 Ahraliam. 
 
 4. Invitation ; request of a public body or society ; 
 3X, a clergyman has a call to settle in the ministry. 
 
 5. A summons from heaven ; impulse. 
 
 St. P iul beliere<l he had a call, when he pelMCUted the Chri>- 
 liani. Loeke. 
 
 6. Authority ; command. Denham, 
 
 7. A short visit ; as, to make a call ; to give one a 
 call: tli.tt is, a speaking to ; D. kallen. To give one" 
 a call, is to stop a moment and speak or say a word ; 
 or to have a short conversation w ith. 
 
 8. Vocation ; employment. In this sense, calling 
 is generally used. 
 
 U. A naming ; a nominatiim. Bacon, 
 
 10. Among hunters, a lesson blown on the horn, to 
 comfort the hounds. Encye. 
 
 11. Among seamen, a whistle or pipe, used by the 
 Itofswain and his mate, to summon the sailors to 
 tncir duty. Eneye, 
 
 12. The English name of the mineral called by the 
 Germans tungsten or wolfram. Eneye. 
 
 13. .\mong fowlers, a noise or cry in imitation of a 
 bird, or a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. 
 
 Enajc. Bmiley. 
 
 14. In legi.'tlative bodies, the call of the house, is a 
 calling over Ihr- names of the members, to discover 
 who is absent, or for other purpose ; a calling of 
 names with a view to obtain answers from the per- 
 sons named. 
 
 CALL'/;D, (kauld,) pp. Invited ; summoned ; ad- 
 dressed ; named ; apiwinted ; invoked ; assembled 
 by oriler ; recited. 
 
 eALL'ER, n. One who calls. 
 
 e AE'L^^t' I "• ^ •"'"' scold. [A"o( lued.] Shak. 
 
 eAL'LET,' T. I. To rail ; to scold. [Aot in use.] 
 
 eAL'LID, a. Cunning. 
 
 GAL-LID'I-TY, n. [L. callidita.i.] 
 Skill ; discernment ; shrewdness. 
 
 eAL-LlG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. KtKXiypa<f)ta.] 
 Fair or elegant penmanship. 
 
 CALL'l.N'G, ;i7>r. Inviting ; summoning ; naming; ad- 
 dressing ; invoking. 
 
 GALL'IN'G, 71. A naming, or inviting; a reading over 
 or reciting in order, or a call of names with a view 
 to obtain an answer, as in legislative bodies. 
 
 2. Vocation ; profession ; trade ; usual occupation, 
 or employment. Pope. StetfL 1 Cor. vii. 20. 
 
 3. Class ol persons engaged in any profession or 
 employment. Hammond. 
 
 4. Divine summons, vocation, or invitation. 
 
 Giv.? all diligence to make your calling and election luir. — 3 
 
 Prt. 1. 
 
 C\L-LI'0-PE, (k.al-II'o-py,) ti. In pagan mythology, 
 the muse that presides over el(X|ucnce and heroic 
 poetry. 
 
 CALLIPERS. SecCALiPEBS. 
 CAI^LIS-TIIE.V'ies. See Cai.ijthk^ics. 
 CAL-LOS'l-TY, n. [Fr. caUusile ; L. cailositas. See 
 Calloi's.] 
 
 Hardness of skin, which .assumes a homy consist- 
 ence in places ex|x>sed to constant pressure ; the 
 hardness of the cicatrix of ulcers. Coie. 
 e.AL'LOUS, a. [L. callus, hardness ; ealleo, to be hard, 
 to know or be skilled ; Eng. could, which sec.] 
 
 1. Hard ; hardened ; indurated ; as an ulcer, or 
 some part of the body. Ifiseman. 
 3. Hardened in mind ; insensible ; unfeeling. 
 
 Zh-yden. 
 
 e.\L'LOUS-LY, adv In a hardened or unfeeling 
 manner. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 21 
 
 i6r> 
 
CAL 
 
 eAL'LOUS-XESS, n. Hardness, iiiiluiatiun, applied 
 to Vie body ; insensibility, applied to the mind or heart. 
 
 Chct/ne. Betitleij, 
 CAL'LoAV, a. [Ir. calbh ; L. cahus, bald ; G. kald ; D. 
 
 kaal , 
 
 Ft. chauve ; Ters. ^ kal ; Rus9. gol, bald, 
 
 naked ; i^oleyu, to be stripped.] 
 
 Destitute of feathers ; naked ; unfledged ; as a 
 youna bird. Milton, 
 GAL'LUS, n. [L. callxis, from cciUeo, to be liard ; Sans. 
 kalla, stone.] 
 
 1. Any preternatural hardness in the body, partic- 
 ularly of the skin, as on the hands or feet, from fric- 
 tion or pressure, or the hardened edges of a wound 
 or ulcer. 
 
 2. The new (rrowth of osseous matter between the 
 extremities of fractured bones, serving to unite then). 
 
 eXL.M, (kam,) a. [Fr. cahne ; Sfp. calma ; It. caliua ; D. 
 kalni. Qu. Gr. \iiXac> ; It. calarc, to decrease or 
 abate ; Pp. calar, to sink.] 
 
 1. Still; quiet; being at rest, as the air. Hence, 
 not stormy or tempestuous ; as, a calm day. 
 
 a. Undisturbed ; not agitated ; as, a calm sea. 
 
 3. Undisturbed by passion ; not agitated or excited ; 
 quiet ; tranquil, as the mind, temper, or iittention. 
 
 exL.M, n. Stillness ; tranquillity ; quiet ; freedom from 
 motion, agitation, or disturbance ; applied to the cle- 
 wents^ or to the mind and pa^jnions. Sout/t. 
 
 e.^iLM, 1-. (. To still ; to quiet, as the wind or elements ; 
 to slill, appease, aJlay, or pacify, as the mind or p.as- 
 sion-!. Dnjdrn. j^ttcrbitrij. 
 
 r AL.M'-BROVV-ED, a. Wearing the look of calmness. 
 
 CAL.M'ER, 71. The person or thing that calms, or has 
 the power to still, and make quiet ; that which allays 
 
 €\LM'KR, a. comp. More calm. [or pacifies. 
 
 eXLM'EST, fl. superl. Most calm. 
 
 €SLM'ING, ppr. Stilling; appeasing. 
 
 €AL.M'IiY, arfu. In a quiet manner ; witho\it disturb- 
 ance, agitation, tumult, or violence ; without passion ; 
 quietly. 
 
 €XL.M'N'ESS, n. Ciuietness ; stillness ; tranquillity ; 
 applied to the elements. 
 
 2. Ciuietness ; mildness ; unruffled state ; applied 
 to the miiid^ passions^ or temper. 
 
 €AL.M'Y, (kini'e,) a. Calm; quiet; peaceable. 
 
 Spenser. Cowley. 
 €A-LOG'RA-PIIY, n. [Gr. Ka\-( and > on.jjr.] 
 Elegant penmanship. [See Oalligraphv.] 
 
 €AI/0-:MEL,7i. [Qu. Gr. (to>os, fair, and fi£Aa>, black, 
 or ^thiops mineral.] 
 
 A preparation of mercury, much used in medicine. 
 It is the dichlorid of mercury, or a compound of two 
 equivalents of mercury and one equivalent of chlo- 
 rine. It is usually formed by rubbing tog."llifr mer- 
 cury and corrosive sublimate, in certain definite j>ro- 
 l)ortious, and then subliming. 
 CA-I.OR'ie, 71. [L. color, heat.] 
 
 The principle or matter of heat, or the simple ele- 
 ment of heal. Liiroi.iier. 
 
 The agent to which the phenomena of lieat and 
 combustion are ascribed. Ure. 
 
 Ca/oru: expjiuia all bodict. Henry. 
 
 €A-I,OR'ie, 17. Pertaining to the matter of heat. 
 CA-LOR'I-FuRE, 7i. [L. color, heat, and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 .\n apparatus for conveying and distributing heat ; 
 a term particularly applied to an apparatus for heat- 
 ing conservatories, *ic., by means of hot water cir- 
 culating in tubes. Ure. 
 
 eAI,-0-RIF'l€, a. That has the quality of producing 
 heat ; causing he.at ; heating. 
 
 Calorific ray.t: the invisible, heating rays which 
 emanate from the sun, and from burniti;; and heated 
 bodies. The calorific rai/s of the sun ajid other lu- 
 minous bodies, are different Iron) the luiniuous or 
 colorific ravs, and possess diffi*reut refraiiLnbilities. 
 
 eA-KOR-I-FI-eX'TION, 71. The produitiun of heat, 
 e-pecially animal heat. 
 
 CAL-O-RI.M'E-TER, n. [L. caZor, heat, and Gr. ,c;r- 
 , measure.] 
 
 An apparatus for measuring relative quantities of 
 heat, or the specific caloric of bodies ; or an instrn- 
 ni-nl for measuring the heat given out by a body in 
 cooling, from the quantity of ice it melts ; invented 
 by Lavoisier and Laplace. 
 e.'^-l.OR-l-.Mfi'TUK, n. [caloric, and L. 77io(or, mover.] 
 
 A galvanic instrument, for evolving^ caloric, in 
 which the calorific influence or effects are attend- 
 ed by scarcely any electrical, but great maL'ni tic 
 power. Jlure. 
 
 1. A rap or roif, ofhnir, sntin, or othor i»tufr, worn 
 In R(tin:iii Catholic countries, us an ecclesiastical 
 omaiiM-nt. 
 
 2. \u archiUcturf.j n Tonnt] cavity or dcprnswion, in 
 form of a nip or cap, lathed and plasicnMl, UHt'd to 
 diinini'<h the elevation of a chapel, crihimrt, alcove, 
 5fcc., whirh would otherwise be too hiyh for other 
 piece*) of the apartment. I/arris. F.ncyc. 
 
 CAI/O-'I'VPE, n. [Gr. ifriXot, beautiful, and rw/roc, 
 
 CAL 
 
 type.] A name given by .^ir. Fox T;!lh;.t to his in- 
 vention for making pictures on paper or oilier suli- 
 st;inces, bv the agency of light. Gilbert, 
 
 €A-LOY'ERS, \ , . , ■, 
 
 CA-LOO'E-RI, \ ' """-^S-] 
 
 Monks of the Greek church of three orders ; arch- 
 ari, or novi/:es ; oniinury protesseil, or miernchemi ; 
 and the more perfect, called meiralochcmi. They are 
 also divided into cenobites, who live in cloisters, and 
 perform all the services of the choir ; aiichuret-i, i\ ho 
 live in separate cells, at a distance from the cloister, 
 which they attend on Sundays and fast-days ; and 
 recluses, who shut themselves up in grottos and cav- 
 erns, on the mountains, and live on alms furnished 
 to them by the monasteries. Kncyc. 
 
 €.\LI', H. A variety of carbonate of lime, of a bluish- 
 black, gray, or grayish-blue, but its .=treak is white ; 
 called also ar irillo-ferru.<rinoits limestone. It is inter- 
 mediate between compact limestone and marl. 
 
 Kirican. Cleaccland. Philips. 
 
 eALaUE, 1-. U See Calk. 
 
 €.AL'TRUP, 71. [Sax. collra^ipe, a species of thistle, 
 rendered by Lye, Rhamnus, and Carduus stellatus. 
 The French has chausselrape. The Italian calcatrep- 
 polo is from calcare, to tread, and Inbolo, a thistle ; L. 
 tribuhis.'] 
 
 1. A kind of thistle, the Latin Tribulus, with a 
 roundish, prickly pericarp, composed of five united 
 capsules, each of which is, on <me side, gibbous, of- 
 ten armed with three or four daggers ; on the other 
 side, angular, converging with transverse cells. It 
 grows in France, Italy, and Spain, among corn, and 
 is very troublesome, as the prickles run into the feet 
 of cattle. Vum. of Plant-:. Mdler. 
 
 2. In military affairs, an instrument with four iron 
 points disposed in a triangular form, so that, three of 
 them being on the ground, the other points upward. 
 These ure scattered on the ground, where an enemy's 
 cavalry are to pass, to impede their progress by en- 
 dangering the horses' feet. Kncyc. Dr. Jjddison. 
 
 €.V-LUiM'B.'\, 71. [from katutnb, its native name in 
 Mozambique.] 
 
 A plant, the Cocculus palmatus, growing in Mo- 
 zambique. The root of tliis plant, a bitter tonic, is 
 much used in medicine. 
 
 CAL'lf-.MET, 71. Among the aboritrinals of .America, a 
 pipe, used for smoking tobacco, whose bowl is usually 
 of soft red stmie, like marble, and the tube a long 
 reed, ornamented with feathers. The calumet is used 
 as a symbol or instrument of peace and war. 'J'o 
 accept the calumet, is to agree to the terms of peace, 
 and to refuse it, is to reject them. The calumet of 
 peace is used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, 
 to receive stranjjers kindly, and to travel with safely. 
 The calumet of war, differently made, is used to pro- 
 claim war. 
 
 eA-LUAI'NI-ATE, 7). t. [See Calumhy.] To accuse 
 or charge one falsely and knowingly with some 
 crime, ofiense, or something disreputable ; to slander. 
 
 eA-LU.M'NI-ATE, v. i. To charge falsely and know- 
 ingly with a crime or offense ; to propagate evil re- 
 ports with a design to injure the reputation ofanother. 
 
 €A-LU.M'i\I-A-TED,;);). ora. Slandered; falsely and 
 maliciously accused of what is criminal, immoral, or 
 disgraceful. 
 
 eA-LUM'.\I-A-TING, ppr. Slandering. 
 
 e.A-LUM-i\I-A'TION, 71. False accus.ation of a crime 
 or offense, or a malicious and false representation of 
 the words or actions of another, with a view to in- 
 jure his good name. 
 
 e.\-LU,M'N'l-A-T<JR, 71. One who slanders ; one who 
 falsely and knowingly accuses another of a crime or 
 offense, or maliciously propagates false accusaticuis 
 or re|>orts. 
 
 eA-LUM'NI-A-TO-RY, a. Slanderous. Mmtann. 
 e.\-LUM'NI-OUS, o. Slanderous; bearing or imply- 
 ing calumny ; injurious to reputation. 
 CA-LU.M'iVI-CJUS-LY, adv. Slanderously. 
 €A-LU.M'^'I-OUS-^^ESS, 71. Slanderousness. 
 
 Bp. Morton. 
 
 C\L'UM-NY, 71. [L. calumniai Fr. calomnie; It. ea- 
 lumnia. If m is radical, this word may be allied to 
 calamity, both from the sense of falling upon, rush- 
 ing, or thrtiwing on. If m is not radical, this word 
 may be the Gothic holon, to calumniate, Saxon holan, 
 to rush upon. The word is found in Ir. (rnilimne, 
 calumny, (ruilimfii^him, to calumniate or reproach.] 
 Slander; false accusation of a crime or otfense, 
 knowingly or maliciously made or reported, to the 
 injury of another ; false representation of facts re- 
 proachful to another, made by design, and with 
 knowledge of its falsehood ; sometimes followed 
 by 071. 
 
 N('gl<'CtP<l ealumny Boon expires. Murphy^s Taeitiit. 
 
 eAL'V.\-RY, n. [L. calraria, from <-a;i!ij, a skull or 
 scalp; Ir. calb, the head; Sp. calvario, calva; It. 
 calvo.] 
 
 1. A place of skulls ; particularly the place where 
 Christ wa.s crucified on a small hill west of Jerusalem. 
 In Roman Calholic countries, a kind of chapel raised 
 on a hillock near a city, as a [ilace of devotion, in 
 memory of the place where our Savior suffered. 
 
 2. In heraldry, a cross so called, set upon step.^. 
 
 CAL 
 
 resembling the cross on which our Savior was 
 crucified. 
 
 3. In architrelure, a eha|)rl, erected by Roman 
 Catholics on a hill, in which are represented the mys- 
 teries of Christ's de.ath. FUmes. 
 eXLVE, (kav,) 0. i. [from calf; Sax. calfian.] 
 
 1. To bring forth young, as a cow. 
 
 2. In a. victaphortcol sense, and sometimes by icay of 
 reproach, as irhen applied to the human race, to bring 
 forth ; to produce. 
 
 exLVES'-SNOUT, n. A plant, snapdragon, An- 
 tirrhinum. 
 
 eXLV'Elt, f. (. To cut in slices. [J^Tot in use.] 
 
 B. Jonsort. 
 
 CXLV'ER, !■. i. To shrink by cutting, and not fall to 
 pieces. [J^'ot in use^] Cotton. 
 
 CAL-VILLE', 71. [Fr.] A sort of apple. 
 
 e.\ L'VIN-IS.M, II. The thcoloirical tenets or doctrines 
 of Calvin, who was born in Picardy, in France, and 
 in 153G chosen professor of divinity, and minister of 
 a church in Geneva. The distinguishing doctrines 
 of this system are, original sin, particular election 
 and reprobation, particular redemption, cfiectual 
 grace in regeneration, or a change of heart by the 
 spirit of God, justificatiiui by free grace, perseverance 
 of the saints, and the Trinity. 
 
 CAL'VIN-IST, 71. A follower of Calvin ; one who 
 embraces the theological doctrines of Calvin. 
 
 €AL-VIX-IST'ie, ) a. Pertaining to Calvin, or 
 
 CAI.-VL\-IST'lC-i\L, i to his opinions in theolog)'. 
 
 € A[.'\ I.\ TZE, 7'. t. To convert to Calvinism. 
 
 Calvish, (I. [fromca//.] Like a calf. [.More prop- 
 erly, C.ii.tisH.] Sheldon. 
 
 eAL'VI-TY, 71. Baldness. 
 
 G.'VLX, 71,; pi. Calves or Calces. [L.' caU j Sax 
 cealc, a stone, calculus, and chalk ; D. kalk : G. kalk ; 
 Sw. kalck ; Dan. kalk ; Fr. chauT. 'I'he same word 
 signifies cfmlk, lime, moitar, and the heel, and from 
 that is formed rulculns, a little stone. The word then 
 signifies, priniai-i!y, a lump, or clod, or hard mass, 
 and is allied to callus, it' col r is from \ A'^, the 
 usual orthography was not observed by tile Latins 
 See Calci'i-ate.] 
 
 Properly, lime or chalk ; bnf more appropr'ntely, 
 the substance of a metal or mineral which remains 
 after being subjected to calcination by heat, solution 
 by acids, or di touation by nit T, and which is or 
 may be reduced to a fine powiler. Metallic calxes 
 are now called oryds. The\ weigh more than the 
 metal from which they are produced, being combined 
 with oxygen. Coie. Kncyc. 
 
 Calt natioa : native calx, a kind of marly earth, of 
 a dead whitish color, which, in water, bubbles or 
 hisses, and without burning will make a cement, like 
 lime or gypsum. 
 
 Calx rira, quick lime, is lime not slaked. Eucyc. 
 rA-LYC'IN-.\L, ) a. Pertaining to a calyx ; situated 
 CAL'Y-CLN'E, ( on a calyx. Marlyn. 
 CAL'Y-CLE, 71. [L. culye.iilus. See Calyx.] 
 
 In botany, a row of small leartets, at the base of 
 the calyx, on the outside. The calycle of the seed is 
 the outer proper covering or crown of the seed ad- 
 hering to it, to facilitate its dispersion. Marlyn. 
 
 2. In zoology, a term applied to the small cnp-like 
 prominences, containing each a polyp-cell, covering 
 the surface of many corids. 
 CA-LYCU-L.-VTE, (a. Having a calycle at the base 
 eAL'Y-GLlCD, ) on the outside; used of the 
 calyr. 
 
 e.\-LYP'TRA, 71 [Gr. ^iiXujtttjo, a cover.] 
 
 The calyx of mosses, .according to Linnirus ; but 
 not properly a calyx. It is a kind of veil, or cowl, 
 wliicli covers or is placed over the tup of the anther, 
 like an extinguisher. Martyn. Milne. 
 
 The cahiptra of mosses is an appendage of the 
 capsule, it at first closely invests the capsule, and 
 its summit is the stigma. As the capsule approaches 
 maturity, the cahiptra is detached below, and ap- 
 pended to the stigma like a hood. Cye. Smith. 
 
 The cahiptra of mosses is that part of the mem- 
 branous covering, inclosing the sporangium or theca, 
 (capsule,) which, when the membrane bursts around 
 as the theca approaches maturity, is carried up and 
 sust;iined on the summit of the latter. LiniUey. 
 
 The theca was considered as an anther by Linniciis ; 
 afterwards as a capsule, or proper seed-vessel, sur- 
 mounted by a stigma. It is now regarded as a ,■.710- 
 ran)rium,ox vessel inclosing the spores, winch cor- 
 respond to the seeds in the higher orders of plants. 
 e.A-LYP TRI-FORM, a. Having the form of a ca- 
 lyptra. 
 
 eX'LYX, 71. ; pj. Calyxes. [L. cahjz ; Gr. irnXi f, a 
 Mower not opened, a husk or shell. It has b.'!en con- 
 founded with KvXii, calix, a cup.] 
 
 I. The outer covering of a Mower, being the ter- 
 min.atiiui of the cortical epidermis or outer bark of 
 the plant, which, in most plants, incloses and sup 
 ports the bottom of the enrol. In Liniueus's system, 
 it comprehends the perianth, the involucrum. the 
 ament, the spalh, the glume, the calyptra, and the 
 volva. Milne. Marlyn. Kncyc. 
 
 The opinion of Linnnjus that the calyx is the con- 
 tinuation of the epidermis u now considered erro- 
 neous. Kd. Eiicye. Smith. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, FRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 166 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 Tlie calijr i" Ilie imwl exterior itit«suiiit iit of a 
 flovvrr, <"o!isi>tiri{; ut" several verliciiliite leaves, 
 (.v/in/.,,) uinii il by ilieir iiiarjjiiis <ir distiiiet, usually 
 of a j.'reen color, ami of a less delicate texture tliau 
 till- corol. I.indteij. 
 
 'I'lie citliii, as thus defined, corrcspoiulsi to the 
 prriaiith t)f I.iiinietis. 
 
 •i. A ineinliraiioua sar, inclosing earl) papilla of tlis 
 kidn-y, opening at its apex into the pelvis of the 
 kidney ; called also iiifmitlibitltinu 
 eAI,-'/,(')().NS', H. pi. [Sp. cu/:uMfts.] 
 
 Drawers. [.Vnf KiifrlUli.] Ilrrbrrt. 
 GAM, «. A projection on a u Iiei l, which, hy its ri vo- 
 liitioii, prodiicirs an alternatinK motion in iiiacliinery. 
 CA-.MA'11:C', H. A paintin;; in wliicli there is only 
 Olio color, and where the lislits and shades are of 
 cold wioiijilil on a (lolden or azure Krouiid. When 
 the Rrounil is yellow, the French call itciriiift; w hen 
 gray, j^risailtc. 'i'his work is chietly used to rei)re- 
 seiil basso-rHirvus. These piices answer to the 
 fiiyfu\ij{oftaraf or munoiftrumes, of the (ireeks. 
 
 F.iinie. 
 
 CA.M'BER, lu [Fr. cambrer, to arch, to vault, to liend, 
 iVoin I,, camrrn, a vault, a chaniher.] 
 
 Antony huildrrs^ rjimhrr^ of camber-beaw^ is a piece 
 of liinlier cut aichu ise, or with an ohtuse anule in 
 the middle, used in platforms, where Ions and slroiis 
 heauis are reipiired. As n nrh, this word si^nilies 
 to bend, but I know not that it is used. 
 
 A canibircil tieik, is one which is higher in the mid- 
 dle, or arclu'd, 1 ut drooping or decliiiiiit! toward the 
 stem and stern ; also w lien it is irreguhir. 
 eAM'KlCll-INi;, iipr. or n. Bending; arched; as, a 
 
 deck lies enmbcnng, 
 £'A.M'UI-AL, (I. Belonging to exchanges in commerce. 
 
 Park. 
 
 CAM'BIST, n. [It. comiista, from camiiiu, exchange ; 
 Sp. i./.] 
 
 A hanker; one who deals hi exchange, or is skilled 
 in the science. ChrM. Ubs. 
 
 € A M'lllS T-llV, n. The science of exch.mge, wvights, 
 mi'asures, Alc. Park. 
 
 €.\.M'BI-l'.\l, n. In biilamj, a viscid secretion, which, 
 in the spring, s;'parates the .alburmini of an exoge- 
 nous plant from the liber, or inner bark. LindUy. 
 
 CA.M-lloOK', II. See Ga.mhooe. 
 
 t;.\.M-li()i)f<K', II. [U. kombiiis.] A ship's cook-room 
 or kitchen. [See Caboose.] 
 
 C.V.M'liREI,, 71. A crooked piece of wood, or iron, to 
 hang meat on. [See Gambrel.] 
 
 e.A.M'liliie, 11. A species of extremely fine white 
 linen, made of tlax, said to be named from Cainbray, 
 in 1 landers, where it was first manufactured. Cam- 
 bric is also made of cotton. 
 
 Ca.ME, prrt. of Come, which see. 
 
 e.\MK, n. A term applied to slender rods of cast 
 lead, of which glaziers make their turned lead for 
 receiving the glass of casements. Otcill. Encyc. 
 
 e.V.M'liL, n. [Lucamelus: Gr. aii/j'?Xo< ; D. and Dan. 
 kamcel; G.kameli IIeb..^yr. and Eth. j;amtil;Ch. 
 So- 
 
 N^aj ; Ar. The Arabic verb, to which this 
 
 word belongs, signifies to be beautiful, or elegant, to 
 please, or to bidiave with kindness and humanity. 
 In Sax. gamelr, or gamol, is a camel, and an old 
 man ; gamol-feaj, one that Ihts long liair j gamol- 
 ferhih, a man of great mind. In VV. the word is 
 eammarc, acrwkeil horse.] 
 
 1. A large quadruped used in Asia and Africa for 
 carrj ing burdens, and for riders. As a genus, the 
 camel belongs to the order of Pecora. The charac- 
 teristics are : it lias no horns ; it has six fore teeth in 
 the under jaw ; the canine teeth are wide set, three 
 in the upjH r and two in the lower jaw ; and there is 
 a fissure in the upper lip. The droinedar)', or Ara- 
 bian camel, h.as one bunch on the back, four callous 
 prciluberances on the lore legs, and two on the hind 
 legs. The Bactrian camel has two bunches on the 
 back. The ll.'iina of South America is a smaller 
 animal, with a smooth b.ack, small head, fine bl.ick 
 eyes, and very long neck. The pacos, or sheep, of 
 Chili, has no hunch. Camels constitute the riches 
 of an Anibiaii, without w hich he could m ither sub- 
 sist, ctirry on trade, nor travel over sandy deserts. 
 Their milk is his common food. By the caniePs 
 power of sustaining abstinence troni drink for many 
 d.iys, and of subsisting on a few coarse shrubs, he is 
 peculiarly fitted fur the parched and barren lands of 
 Asia and Africa. 
 
 3. In llollainl, camrl (or kamrrl, as Coxe writes 
 It) is a niarhine for lifting shi|>s, and bearing them 
 over tile I'aiiipus, at the mouth of the River Y, or 
 over other bars. It is also used in other places, and 
 particularly at the dock in Petersburg, to bear vessels 
 over a bar to Cronstadt. Core. Enoic. 
 
 €A.M'EL-BACK-ED, (-hakt,) a. Having a bark' like 
 a camel ; liumpbarked. FalliT. 
 
 e.\-.MK'l.E-0.\ MIX'ER-AL, n. [.«ee Chameleon.] 
 A compound formed by fusing together pure potash 
 and black oxyd of manganese, whose solution in 
 water, at first green, pa.sses sp<int.aneoiislv through 
 the whole series of colored ravs to the red; and bv 
 
 the addition of potash, it returns to its original 
 green. L're. 
 
 This is called mnngannle or miinganr.Mttr of put- 
 n.-ifi i the black oxyd of manganese here performing 
 the functions of an acid. 
 CA-.MEI.'O-PARD or CAJl'EL-0-P.\RD, n. [mme- 
 and parilalis.] 
 
 The giralle, a species constituting the genus cu- 
 mrloparilath. This animal has two straight horns, 
 without branches, six inches long, covi red with hair, 
 truncated at the end, and tiifled. On the fon head 
 is a tubercle, two inches high, resembling anollu r 
 horn. 'I'he fore legs are not much longer than tlii' 
 hind ones, but the shoulders an^ of such a v;isi 
 li'ngtli, as to render the fore part of thi' aniiiial niiK h 
 liiglierlhaii the hind part. The head is like liiat of 
 a stag ; the neck is sleiuler and elegant, funnelled 
 with a slmrt mane. 'J'he color of the whoh; animal 
 is a dirty while, marked with large, broad, rusty 
 spots, 'i'his animal is found in the central and east- 
 ern parts of .\frica. It is timid, and not lleet. 
 
 E»cyr. 
 
 eAM'E-0, 71. [It. c(7M77ira.] A precious stcme carved 
 in relief ; opposed to an intaglio^ irfiick i< rut into the 
 stonr. Originally the onyx, and afterward the agate, 
 wtrre used for this purpose, lu the true cameo, a stone 
 is used having Iwo lav ers, (and sometimes more,) of 
 difierent colors ; and ihe art consists in so cutting, as 
 to appropriate these different colors to difl'erent parts, 
 or elevations of the work. Shells are also used for 
 cheaper work of the same kind. FJmrs. 
 
 e.\.M'E-RA LO'CI-UA, 71. .An optical instrument, 
 which, by means of a style7 lenses, &c., gives the 
 outlines of external objects on paper, or canvas, so 
 that an artist can sketch the snbji'ct. FJmrs. 
 
 eA.M'E-RA OB-SeO'RA, or dark chambrr; in oplir<, 
 an apparatus representing an artificial eye, in w liirh 
 the images of external objects, received through a 
 double r<uivex glass, are exhibited distinctly, and in 
 their native colors, on a white surface placed <*n the 
 focus of the glass within a darkened chamber. 
 
 eA.M'E-R.ADE, 71. [L. cninrra, a chamber.] One who 
 lodges or resides in the same apartment ; now Com- 
 iiADE, wliicli see. 
 
 eA.M-E-RA-LIST'ie,a. [Infra.] Pertaining to finance 
 and public revenue. 
 
 eAiM E-KA-LIST'ieS, 71. [G. famcra/ut, a finan- 
 
 cier. In Sp. cainarista is a minister of state; 
 camariUa^ a small room. 'J'he word seems to be from 
 L. camera, a chamber.] 
 
 The science of finance, or public revenue, compre- 
 hending the means of raising and disposing of it. 
 
 Orimke, 
 
 e.\M'ER-,^TE, V. t. [L. camera, from camera, a cham- 
 ber, properly, an arched roof.] 
 To vault ; to ceil. [/.i/(/c used.] 
 e.V.M'ER-A-TEU, or a. [L. cameratus, from cni7ifrn.] 
 
 1. Arched ; vaulted. 
 
 2. a. In conchology,a. term applied to shells which 
 are divided by transverse partitions into a series of 
 chainbi^rs, traversed by a siphon ; called also cham- 
 bered shells. 
 
 CA.M'ER-A-TING, ppr. Arching. 
 
 eA.M-ER-.A'TIO.X, ;i. .An .ireliing, or vaulting. 
 
 CAM-E-RO'iM-A.V, n. A name given to the follow- 
 ers of Richard Cameron, in Scotland, who refused to 
 accept the indulgence granted to the Presbyterian 
 clergy in the persecuting times of Charles II., lest, by 
 so doing, they should be understood to recognize his 
 ecclesiastical autlioritv. 
 
 eA.M'IS, 11. [It. ramicp.] A thin dress. [JSTot Engliih.] 
 
 €.\M-IS-aDE', 11. [Fr. from chemise, a shirt ; It. ca- 
 TTiicia ; Sp. cairii.va.] 
 
 An attack hy surprise, at night, or at break of day, 
 when the enemy is suppo.sed to be in bed. This 
 word is said to have taken its rise from an attack of 
 this kind, in which the soldiers, as a badge to dis- 
 tinguish each other, wore a shirt over their arms. 
 
 Enoic. 
 
 eAM'IS-,\-TED, a. Dressed with a shirt outward. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 e.A.M'LET, n. [from camel ; sometimes written Came- 
 LOT.] A stiitt originally made of camel's hair. It is 
 now made, sometimes of w(«il, sometimes of silk, 
 s<mietiiiies of hair, especially that of goats, with 
 w(M)l or silk. In some, the warp is silk and woid 
 twisted together, and the woof is hair. The jiiire 
 Oriental camlet is made solely from the hair of a sort 
 of goat, about Angora. Camlets are now niadi^ in 
 Europe. F.neyc. 
 
 eA.\ri.ET-ED, a. Colored, or veined. Herbert. 
 
 e.X.M'MOCK, 71. [Sax. ra77i77i»c or ca77i77i«.] A plant, 
 [H-lty whin, or rest-harrow. Ononis. 
 
 e VMOVs' I [Ff- ca77i, crooked.] 
 
 Flat ; depressed. [.Applied only to the nose, and lit- 
 tle ILsed.] 
 
 €A'.MOUs-KD, (ka'must,) a. Depressed ; crooked. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 CVMOVS-hY, adv. Awry. Skeltnn. 
 
 C.V.MP, II. [L. campus; Fr. camp and ehnmp ; Arm. 
 camp ; It. Sp. and Port, eampo ; Sax. camp. Tiie 
 sense is, an open, level field, or plain. See Cham- 
 pion and Game.] 
 
 I. I'he ground on which an army pitch their teiita, 
 whether for a night or a longer time. 
 
 *J. The order or armngeiiieiit of tents, or disposU 
 tion of an army, lor rest , as, to pilch a ram;*. 
 
 3. .All army, or body of troops, encamped un the 
 same lielil. Itume. 
 e.\.\IP, r. I. or/. To rest, or lodge, as an army, or travel- 
 ers in a wilderness ; to pitch a camp ; to fix tents. 
 [See EvoAMi'.] 
 C.\.MP-lU:i>'S'rEAD, ( bed'sted,) »i. A bedste.id 
 made to fold up within a narrow space, as used in 
 w ar ; a tressel bt'ilstead. 
 C.\.MP'-liOV, 71. A boy that serres in a camp. 
 
 DirighU 
 
 CAMP'-FIGIIT, 71. In fai« writers, n trial by duil, or 
 till' legal combat of two champions, for the decision 
 of a controversy. [Camp in W. is a game, and cam- 
 piaw is to contend.] 
 
 CA.MP'-STtiOL, 71. A seat, or stool, with cross<Jegs 
 to fiild up. 
 
 e.A.MP-VI.N'E-G.AR, n. A mixture of vinegar with 
 Cayenne pepper, soy, walnut-ketchup, anchovies, 
 and L'arlic. 
 
 e.V.M-PAG'.VOL, n. A species of rat with a short tail. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 e.\.M-P.\IG.\', (kani-pine') n. [Fr. campagne ; It. 
 campagna ; Sp. eompaha; Port, companha, from camp. 
 This should be written ca77ipai7i, as Mitford writes 
 it.l 
 
 1. .An open field ; a large, open plain ; an extensive 
 tract of ground without considerable hills. [.See 
 Champaign.] 
 
 2. The tiiiu' that an army keeps the field, cither in 
 action, marches, or in camp, without c-ntering into 
 winter <)iiartei's. .A campaign is usually from spring 
 to aiitiiuiii, III winter ; but in some instances, armies 
 make a wiiii r cam|iaign. 
 
 CA.M-PAIG.N', c. i. To serve in a campaign. 
 
 .Masgrare. 
 
 €.\M-P.XIG.\'ER, 71. One who has served in an army 
 several campaigns ; an old soldier ; a veteran. 
 
 e.A.M-P.A'.VA, 71. [L.J The pasipie- flower. 
 
 e.A.M-P.A .NI- A, 71. A large extent of open country; 
 applied to the country round Iloiiie, &,c. 
 2. .\ campaign. [Oft.v.] 
 
 CA.M-PA.X'l-FOR.M, a. [L. campana, a bell, and 
 forma, form.] 
 
 In imtanii, in the shape of a bell ; applied to jtotrer.i. 
 
 e.A.M-P.A-M'LE, 71. Ill architecture, a doi k or bell 
 lower. /•;/77iM. 
 
 e^jfcPA-.N'OL'O-d Y, n. [L. campana, and Gr. Ao; ..{.] 
 .Art of ringing bells ; propfrrly, a treatisi^ on the art. 
 
 eA.M-PA.N'U-LA, 71. [L.l The bell tlower. 
 
 CAiM-PAN'U-LATE, n. [I.. cn77i/<«7i7/;77, a little bell.] 
 In hnluNii, in the form of a bell ; bell-shaped. 
 
 CA.M Pi;A(,'II'V-\VOOD ; [from Campeadiy, in Mex- 
 ico.] See I.uowouo. 
 
 C.A.M-PES'TR.\I., ( a. [1.. campestris, from campus, 
 
 CAM-PES'l'Rl-A.V, 1 a field.] 
 
 Pertaining to an open field ; growing in a field, or 
 open iiroiind. .Murltmir. 
 
 C.V.M'PHk.NE, 11. [A contraction of ca77ipAoiri,H.] 
 
 .A name reci'ntly pro|H>sed for pure 01/ of turpentine, 
 (commonly called spirit of turpentine,) and lately 
 much used, in order to disguise the n.itiire anil 
 character of the substance, when it is to be sold 
 for burning in lamps. 
 
 e.A.M'PIIO-GE.V, 71. [Gr. icnpipnpat', or Kcppovna, 
 camphor, and ytvva •', to produce, because, by com- 
 bination witfi a certain definite proportion of oxygen, 
 campftoLfen becomes camphor,] 
 
 A hydrocarbon, composed of eight equivalents of 
 hydrogen, and ten of carbon; the basjic of cam- 
 phor. 
 
 e.A.M'PIIOR,7i. [Low L. ca77ipAor« ; Fr. campkre ; It. 
 caufora ; Sp. aUanfor ; Port, canfura ; V. and G. kam- 
 
 fer ; Ar. i^jl^Ej ci{/or, kaforon, from ^X^^ 
 
 ka fara, Heb. Ch. and Syr. kafar, to drive off, 
 remove, separate, wipe away ; hence, to cleanse, 
 to make atonement. It seems to be named from \IA 
 puril'yiiig eRi'cts, or fnun exudation. It will be 
 -seen that the letter 771 in this word is casual.] 
 
 -A solid concrete substance, from the l>aiinis Cam- 
 phora. Linn., or Indian laurel-tree, a large tree crow- 
 ing wild in Borneo, Sumatra, &c. It is a w liitisli 
 tnmsliicent substance, of a granular or foliated frac- 
 ture, and soniewh.at nncliioiis to the feel. It has a 
 bitterisli aromatic taste, and a very fragrant smell, 
 and is a powerful diaphoretic. 
 
 Encyc. Lanier. Jiikin. 
 Camphor is a protoXMl of caiiiphogen. 
 
 C.AM'PIIOR, r. t. To mipregnatt! or wash with cam- 
 phor. [Little iL^etl.] 
 
 CA.M PIloR-A'CEOCS, a. Of the nature of camphor; 
 partaking of camphor. Bartvt. 
 
 e.A.M'PUUR-ATE, r. (. To impregnate witn cain- 
 [ilior. 
 
 CA.M'PIIOR-aTE, n. In chrmiitry, a salt formed by 
 the combination of camphoric acid with a base. 
 
 CAM'PIIOR-.ATE, a. Pertaining to camphor, or Im- 
 pregnated with It. 
 
 TC.NE, B}. LL, liMTE. — A.V'GEU, VI"CI0CS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z; CH as SIl ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 167 
 
CAN 
 
 eAM'PHOR-A-TED, a. Impresiirat-d witli camphor. 
 
 CAM-PHOR'IG, a. Portaiiiiii^ to camplior, or partak- 
 ing of its qualities. 
 
 Camphoric acid; a crj'stallized aciti, produced by 
 long digestion or repeated diistillation of camphor with 
 nitric acid. 
 
 eAiM'PIIOR-OrL, n. A fragrant, lirajtid oil, obtained 
 from the Drrjubalano-ps aroniatica ; considered as cam- 
 plior, not yet concrete. 
 
 eA.M'PHOR-TREE, n. The tree from which cam- 
 phor is obtained. According to Miller, there are two 
 sorts of trees that produce camphor; one, a native 
 of Borneo, which produces tlie best kind ; the other, 
 a native of Japan, which resembles the bay-tree, 
 bearing black or purple berries. But the tree grows 
 also in Sumatra. The stem is tliick, the bark of a 
 brownish color, and the ramification strong, close, 
 and extended. The wood is soft, e.asily worked, and 
 useful for domestic purposes. To obtain camplior, 
 the tree is cut down, and divided into pieces, and 
 the camphor taken out ; it being found in small, 
 wliitish flakes, situated perpendicularly, in irreguhir 
 veins, in and near the center of the tree. It is then 
 repeatedly soaked and washed in soapy water, to sep- 
 arate from it all extraneous matter. It is then 
 passed through three sieves of difl'erent texture, to 
 divide it into three sorts, head, belly, and foot cam- 
 phor. Camphor-oil is camphor, before the operations 
 of nature have reduced it to a concrete Inrm ; and 
 concrete camphor may be reduced to oil by nitric 
 acid. Jlsiat. Res. iv. 1. 
 
 Camphor forms, with nitric acid, a liquid com- 
 pound, (nitrate of camphor.) Qraham. 
 
 Camphor is obtained from the Cnmphora officiiiarum^ 
 (Laurus Camphora, Linn,,) a native of China and 
 Japan, and from the Dryubalaitops (irinn(itica,'d native 
 of Borneo and Sumatra. 'I'he caniplmr from the lat- 
 ter is harder, more brittle, and moie highly valued, 
 particularly in the East. 
 
 eA.MP'ING, p?r. Encamping. 
 
 eAMP'ING, n. A playing at football. Bryant. 
 eA.MP'I-ON, n. A plant ; the popular name of the 
 Lychnis. 
 
 CA.M'US, j n. [L. camisa.] A thin dress. [JVot 
 
 CA.M'IS, i English.] S/iCTiser. 
 
 CA.M'-WOOD, n. A tropical wood, used in dyeing ; 
 said to be the produce of the Baphia nitida^ a native 
 of Sierra Leone. 
 
 eAN, n. [D. kan : Pax. ciimta ; G. kanne ; Dan. kande : 
 Sw. kanna; Corn, hannatk; Sans, kundha; probably 
 from holding, containing ; \V. cannti or ifanu, tlt|»ii- 
 tain, ffan, capacity, a ninrtiso ; Eng. ^^ain, in carpen- 
 try. Hence V\'. cant^ a circle, a hu(t[), a fence round 
 a yard, a hundred ; L. centum ; Teut. kund, in hun- 
 dred. See Cent, and Hundred, and Can, infra.] 
 
 A cup or vessel for liquors, in modern times made 
 of metal ; as, a can of ale. 
 
 €AN, u. 1.; pret. Could, which is from another root. 
 [See Could.] [Can is from tlie Sax. cennan^ to know, 
 to bear, or produce ; Goth, kunnan ; Sax. cnnnan, to 
 know, to be able ; cunnian^ to try, to attempt, to 
 prove ; cind^ ^yn, trccynd^ kind ; L. genus ; D. kunnen^ 
 to know, to understand, to hold, to contain, to be 
 able, like the Fr. .s-acuir ; Dan. kunne, (kan, indie, 
 pres. sing.,) to be able ; kirnde, to know ; Sw. kdnna, 
 to know ; kanna, to be able ; G. kennen, to know ; 
 konnen, to be able. Hence cunnings that is, know- 
 ing, skillful, experienced ; G. konnen, a being able, 
 ability, knowledge , /fun;/, public ; /i:w»f/c, knowledge, 
 acquaintance. The 'J'eutoiiic and Onihic wortls unite 
 with the Greek jCM'd'.', to brgi t, as a male, and to 
 bear, as a female, which is riinnec:ti'il witli yivufint, 
 to be bom or produced. Can, ccnnan, and yei/i aw, 
 are probably the same word ; and the Sax. ginnan, 
 in the compfiunds aginnan, hcginnan, vnginnan, to 
 begin, is from the same root. The primary sense is, 
 to strain, to stretch, to urge or thrust with force, 
 which gives the sense of producing, and of holding, 
 cont;tining, which is the primary sense of knowing, 
 comprehending ; and straining gives the sense of 
 power. The Sax. cunnian, to try, is to strain. (See 
 
 Kem.) Ar. '^[^ kaimn., to be, the substantive 
 verb J also, to become, to be made, to endure ; also, 
 
 to create, to generate, to form ; ^*-S kanina, to 
 
 know ; Hcb. and Ch. n3, to fit or iirepare, to form or 
 fashion ; whunce right, fit ; as wi- have right ; Sa.'S. 
 reht: L. rtcLus, from rcgu, to rule, that is,lo strain, 
 ■trctch, make utraiglit ; Syr. kan, to begin to be, 
 
 and ill dorivalive^, to jilant or establish, to create, 
 
 to be prepared ; Eth. kun, to be, to become, 
 
 to be made ; Ch. and Sam. as the Hebrew. See 
 Clam Gn, No. yi). :)H, and ."iH, -13, 4.^i, &.c. Can, in 
 EngllHh, in treated as an aiwiliary verb, the sign of 
 the infinitiVK being omilled, as in Ihi: phrases / am 
 go, inxtead of / can tn go ; thftu canst go ; hi? can go.] 
 1. To be able ; to have sullicient Htrength or [ihys- 
 
 CAN 
 
 ical power. One man can lift a weight whicli another 
 coil not. A horse can run a certain distance in a 
 given time. 
 
 2. To have means or instruments, which supply 
 power or ability. A man can build a house, or fit out 
 a ship, if he has the requisite property. A nation 
 can not prosecute a war without money or credit. I 
 will lend you a thousand dollars if I can. 
 
 3. To be possible. 
 
 Nicodemus said, How can these tiling be f — John iu. 
 
 4. To have adequate moral power. A man cait 
 indulge in pleasure, or he can refrain. He can restrain 
 his appetites, if he will. 
 
 5. To have just or legal competent power, that is, 
 right ; to be free from any restraint of moral, civil, 
 or politiciU obligation, or from any positive prohibi- 
 tion. We can use a highway for travel, for this is 
 permitted by law. A man can or can not hold an 
 office. The Jews could not eat certain kinds of ani- 
 mals which were declared to be unclean. The house 
 of commons, in England, can impeach, but the house 
 of lords only can try impeachnients. In general, we 
 can do whatever neither the laws of God nor of man 
 forbid. 
 
 How can I do Ltiia grent wickedness and sin against God f — Gen. 
 
 1 can not go beyond the word of the Lord my God, to do less or 
 more. — Num. xxii. 
 
 6. To have natural strength, or capacity ; to be 
 susceptible of ; to be able or free to undergo any 
 change, or produce any effect, by the laws and con- 
 stitution of ntiture, or by divine appointment. Silver 
 can he melted, but can not be changed into gold. 
 
 Can llie nisli grow without mire > — Job viii. 
 Can the fi;^-lii-e liear olive berries? — James iii. 
 Can iiiith 3.ive hiiii ? — James ii. 
 
 7. To have competent strength, ability, fortitude, 
 patience, &,c., in a passive sense. He can not bear 
 reproof. I can nut endure tills impertinence. 
 
 Tliis is a hard saying ; — who can hear it ? — Jolm vi. 
 
 8. To have the requisite knowledge, experience, 
 or skill. Young men ;ire not admitted members of 
 college, lill they can translate Latin and Greek. An 
 astronomer can calculate an eclipse, though he can 
 not make a coat. 
 
 9. To have strength of inclination or motives suf- 
 ficient to overcome obstacles, impediments, incon- 
 venience, or oilier objection. 
 
 1 have married awili', and therefore I can not come. — Luke xiv. 
 I can not rise and ^ve thee ; yet because of liis importunity, be 
 will rise and give hiin. — Luke xi. 
 
 10. To have sufiicient capacity ; as, a vessel can 
 not hold or contain the whole quantity. 
 
 CAN, V. t. To know. [JVu( in use.] Spenser. 
 €AN'-BUOY, n. In seauienship, a buoy in form of a 
 
 cone, made large, and sometimes painted, as a mark 
 
 to designate shoals, &c. ^l/<ir. nict, 
 
 CAN'-HOOK, 71. An instniment to sling a ctisk by 
 
 the ends tif its staves, formed by reeving a piece of 
 
 rope through two flat hooks, and splicing its ends 
 
 togetlier. Mar. Diet. 
 
 CA-Na'DI-AN, a. Pertaining to Canada, an extensive 
 
 country on the north of the United States. 
 eA-\.\'iil-A\, n. An inhabitant or native of Canada. 
 CJl'.VAILLFJ , n. [L. canis, a dog; Fr. canaille; Sp. 
 
 canalla ; Port. ca««//ia ; It. canaglm.] 
 The lowest class of people ; the rabble ; the vulgar. 
 €.AN'.\-KIN, «. A little can or cup. Shak. 
 CA-NAL', n. [L. canalis, a channel or kennel; these 
 
 being the same word differently written; Fr. canal; 
 
 Arm. can, or cnjiol ; Sp. and Port, canal ; It. canale. 
 
 (See Cane.) It denotes a passage, from shooting, or 
 
 passing.] 
 
 1. A passage for water; a water-course ; properly, 
 a long trench or excavtition in the earth, for conduct- 
 ing w.ater, and confining it to narrow limits ; but the 
 term may be applieil to other water-courses. It is 
 chiefly tijiplied to artificial cuts or passages for water, 
 nsed for trtuisportation ; whereas channel is applica- 
 ble to a natural water-course. 
 
 Tlie canal from tlie Hudson to Lake Erie, is one of the noblest 
 works of art. 
 
 9. In anatomy, a diirt or passage in the body of an 
 animal, through whicli any of the juices flow, or 
 other substances ptiss ; or, more generally, any cy- 
 lindrical or tubular cavity in the body, whether oc- 
 cupied by a solid, fluid, or aeriform substance ; as, 
 the canal of the spine, the semicircular canals of the 
 interntd ear, the alimentary canal, cfcc. 
 'J. A surgical instrument ; a splint. Coxe. 
 
 €.A-.NAL'-Ho.\T, n. A bo.at used on canals. 
 
 CAN'AL-e^AL, n. See Cannel-Coal. 
 
 CAN-A-LIC'-I'-LATE, j a. [L. canaliculntus, from 
 
 CA.\-A-Lie'-li-LA-TED, ( canaliculus, a little pipe, 
 from canalis, canna, a pipe.] 
 
 Channeled ; furrowetl. In botany, having a deep 
 longitiiiliiial groove above, and convex underneath ; 
 applied to the stem, leaf, or petiole of plants. Jilartyn. 
 
 €A-.\A'KY, II. Wine inaile in the Canary Isles. 
 
 9. An old danci'. Sliakspeare has used the word 
 as a verb, for tn dance, in a kind of cant phrase. 
 
 eA-NA'RY-iniU), n. A singing bird from the Canary 
 Isles, ii species of Friiigilla. The bill is conical anil 
 
 CAN 
 
 straight; the body is yellowish white; the prime 
 feathers of the wings and tail are greenish. These 
 birds are now bred in other countries. 
 
 €.\-Na'RY-GRASS, n. A plant, the Phalaris, whose 
 seeds are collectetl for canarj'-birds. 
 
 CAN'CEL, V. t. [Fr. canceller ; Port, cancellar; L. can- 
 cello, to deface, properly, to make cross-bars or lat- 
 tice-work ; hence, to make cross lines on writing, from 
 cancclli, cross-bars or lattice-work ; Gr. KiyxXis i Syr. 
 and Ch. Sp^P kankel, id.l 
 
 1. To cross the lines of a writing, and deface them ; 
 to blot out or obliterate. 
 
 9. To annul, or destroy ; as, to cancel an obligation 
 or a debt. 
 
 3. In printing, to suppress and reprint, for the sake 
 of substituting other matter ; as, to cancel a page. 
 
 CAN'CEL, n. In printing, the suppression and reprint- 
 ing of a page or more of a work ; the part thus altered. 
 
 e.\N'CEL-L.\TE, a. Consisting of a network of veins, 
 without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of 
 certain plants. 
 
 €AN'CEL-L.^-TED, a. [L. cancellatus, cancello.] 
 
 1. Cross-barred ; marked with cross lines. Orew. 
 
 2. Cellular, as the porous structure of bones. 
 
 Mantell. 
 
 e AN-CEL-L A 'TION, 71. The act of defacing by cross 
 lines ; a canceling. 
 
 €.\N'CEL-£D, pp. Crossed ; obliterated ; annulled. 
 
 eAN":;EL-ING, ppr. Crossing; obliterating; annull- 
 ing. 
 
 CAiV'CER, 71, [L. cancer; Sax. eancre ; Fi.cancre; D. 
 kanker ; Sp. cangrejo, canern ; It. cancro, canchero ; Gr, 
 Koyxrj. This seems to be the same word, though ap- 
 plied to the shell ; KafiKtvus, a cancer, is a different 
 Word. From the Greek, tlie Latins have concha. 
 Eng. eoncli. But n is not radical ; for this is undoubt- 
 edly the W. cocos. Eng. cockle ; Fr. co'quille, cogue. It. 
 coccia. These words are probably from the same root 
 as Sp. cocar, to wrinkle, twist, or make wry faces ; 
 Ir. cuachaim, to fold ; Eng. cockle, to shrink or pucker ; 
 verbs which give the primaiy sense. It is to be noted 
 that cancer and canker are the same word ; canker be- 
 ing the original pronunciation.] 
 
 ' 1. The crab or crab-fish. The term cancer was ap- 
 plied, as a generic name, by Linnieus, to a very ex- 
 tensive genus of animals, marked by him in his class 
 Insecta, order Aptera, corresponding to the first three 
 orders of Cuvier's class Crustacea, and including the 
 crab, lobster, shrimp, crayfish, &c. The term is now 
 confined to a genus of Crustacea, including only the 
 conimon European crab and a few allied species. 
 
 9. In astronomy, one of the twelve signs of the zo- 
 diac, represented by the form of a crab, and limiting 
 the sun's course northward in summer ; hence, the 
 sign of the summer solstice. 
 
 3. In medicine, a roundish, hard, unequal, scirrhous 
 tumor, which usually ulcerates, is very painful, and 
 generally fatal. In the most limited sense, a morbid 
 
 - affection of the mamma, commencing with an une- 
 ven livid induration, marked by cancriform dilated 
 vessels, and usually terminating in a malignant pha- 
 gedenic ulcer; the carcinus of Good. In a more gen- 
 eral sense, any local affection commencing with an 
 induration, and terminating in a phagedenic ulcer, or 
 any malignant phagedenic ulcer, whether commen- 
 cing with an induration or not. 
 
 €AN'CER-aTE, v. i. To grow into a cancer ; to be- 
 come cancerous. L' Estrange. 
 
 €AN-CEII-a'TION, 71. A growing cancerous, or into 
 a cancer. 
 
 CAN'CER-OU^S, a. Like a cancer ; having the quali- 
 ties of a cancer. Wiseman. 
 
 €A.N'CER-0US-LY, adv. In the manner of a cancer. 
 
 CAN'CER-OUS-NESS, Ii. The state of being canccr- 
 
 CAN'CRI-FORiM, a. Cancerous. [ous. 
 9. Having the form of a cancer or crab. 
 
 CAN'CRINE, a. Having the qualities of a crab. 
 
 CAN'CRITE, 71. [from cancer.] A fossil or petrified 
 crab. Fourcroy. 
 
 eAN-DE-L.^'BRUM, ri. [L.] 
 
 1. A tall support for a lamp. 
 
 2. A candlestick with branches. 
 eAN'DENT, a. [L. candens, from candeo, to be white 
 
 or hot. See the verb to Cant.] 
 
 Verj' hot : heated to whiteness ; glowing with heat, 
 €AN'DI-eANT, a. Growing white. Diet. 
 CAN' DID, fl. [L. Candidas, wliite, from candeo, to be 
 
 white ; W. cana, to bleach. See Cant. J 
 
 1. White. Dryden. 
 [But in this sense rarely used.] 
 
 2. Fair; open ; frank ; ingenuous; free from undue 
 bias ; disposed to think anil juilge accoriling to truth 
 and justice, or without partiality or prejudice ; applied 
 to persons. 
 
 3. Fair ; just ; impartial ; applied to things ; as, a 
 candid view, or construction, 
 
 eAN'DI-D.^'I E, n. [L. candidatus, from Candidas, 
 white ; tlitist! who soiiglit oflices in Koine being 
 obligetl to wear a white gown.] 
 
 1. One who setrks or aspires to some office or priv- 
 ilege, anil who offers himself for the same ; usually 
 followeti by far; as, n candidate for the ollicc of sher- 
 iff ; a candidate for baptism or confirmation. 
 
 2. One who is in ctuitemplation for an ollice, or for 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — Mff.TE, PRBV. — PINE, .MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
CAN 
 
 proferment, hy those who hnve powiT to elect or ap- 
 point, thouch he does not olTcr liimsi^lf. 
 
 3. One \% ho, hy his services or actions, will or inny 
 justly iibuiin prel'i rinent or reward, or whose conduct 
 tends to secure it ; as, a candidaU. for praise. 
 
 4. A man wlio is qualified, according to the rules 
 of the cimrch, to preach the gospel, and take tiie 
 charge of a parish or religious society, and proposes 
 to settle in tlie ministry. [United S(u(m.] 
 
 5. One who is in a state of trial or probation for a 
 reward, in another life ; as,'a candidate for heaven or 
 for etcrnitv. 
 
 CAN'OiD-LY, aJr. Openly; frankly ; without trick 
 or disjiuise ; ingenuously. 
 
 €A.\'1)1D-NESS, n. Oiwnness of mind; frankness; 
 fairness ; ingenuousness. 
 
 €.\.\'l)l-KD, (kan'did,) pp. or a. [from eam/i/.] Pre- 
 served with sugar, or incrustcd wuh it ; covered with 
 crystals of sugar or ice, or with matter resembling 
 them ; as, candied raisins. 
 
 eA.\'DI-FY, r. t. or i. To make or become white, or 
 candid. 
 
 e.\.\'DLE, n. [L. Sp. and It. candela; Ft. chandelle; 
 Sax. candet; Pers. kandil ; Arm. eantot ; W.canwijtt; 
 Ir. cninneal: from L. canileo, to shine, to be white, or 
 its root. The primary sense of the root is, to shoot, 
 to throw, to radiate. See Cant and ("hant.J 
 
 1. A long, but small, cylindrical hodj ol tallow, 
 wax, or spermaceti, formed on a wick com|)osed of 
 linen or cotton threads, twisted loosely, used for a 
 portable light of domestic use. 
 
 2. A light. 
 
 3. A light ; a luminary. In Scripture, the candle of 
 the Lord is the divine favor and blessing, Job x.vix. 3 ; 
 or the conscience or understanding. I'roc. w. 27. 
 
 Ercommunication by inch candle, is when the of- 
 fender is allowed time to repent, while a candle burns, 
 and is then excommunic.iled. 
 
 Sale by inck of candle, is an auction in which per- 
 sons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of can- 
 dle burns out. 
 
 Mrdicated candle ; in medicine, a bougie. 
 
 Rask eandltf, are used in some countries ; they aiB 
 m.-ide of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on 
 one side, and dip|>ed in grease. F.nciic. 
 eA.V'DLE-HEU-KV-i'KEE, n. The Myrica cerifera, 
 or wax-bearing myrtle ; a shrub common in North 
 America, from the berries of which a kind of wax or 
 oil is procured, of which candles are made. I'he oil 
 is obtained by boiling the berries in water ; the oil, 
 rising to the surface, is skimmed off, and when cool, 
 is of the consistence of wax, and of a dull green 
 color. In popular language, this is called bay-berry 
 t'ltlow. 
 
 eAN'DLE-nOMB, (kan'dl bum,) n. A small glass 
 bubble, filled with water, pl.aced in the wick of a 
 candle, where it bursts with a report. 
 
 CAN'OLE-t'oAL. See Caxnel-Coal. 
 
 eA.N'DLE-HoLD'ER, a. [candle and hold.] A per- 
 son that holds a candle. Hence, one that remotely 
 assists another, but is otherwise not of imjmrtanco. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 €AN'DLE-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. [candle and li^lit.] The 
 light of a candle ; the necessary candles for use. 
 
 JMolmeuz. 
 
 C.\X'I)LE-MAS, n. [candle and mass. Sax. nurssa; 
 candle-feast.'] 
 
 Th'- feast of the church, celebrated on the second 
 day of February, in honor of the purification of the 
 Virgm Mary, so called from the great number of 
 lights used on that occasion. This feast is supposed 
 to have originatt-d in the declaration of Simeon, that 
 our Savior was " to be a light to lighten the Cientiles." 
 On this day, the Roman Catholics consecrate all the 
 candles and taiiors which are to be used in their 
 churches during the whole year. In Rome, the pope 
 perf.irms the cereuKiny himself, and distributes wax 
 candles to the c.irdinals and others, who carry them in 
 procession through the great hall of the pope's palace. 
 The ceremony w:is prohibited in England by an or- 
 der of council in 1.>I^. I!ul Candlemas is one of the 
 four terms for paying and receiving rents and inter- 
 est ; and it gives name to a law term, beginning Jan. 
 15, and ending Feb. 3. Encye. 
 e.\N'DLE-STICK, n. [candle and stick ; Sax. candeU 
 sticca,] 
 
 .\n instnunent or utensil to hold a candle, made in 
 different forms and of ditfcrent materials ; originally, 
 a stick or piece of wood. 
 eAN'DLE-STL'FF, n. [candle and stuf.] A material 
 of which candles are made, as tallow, wax, ic. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 eAN'DLE-VVAST'ER, n. [candle and uasie.] One 
 who wastes or consumes candles ; a hard student, or 
 one who studies by candlelight ; a spendthrift 
 
 B. Jonjon. Shak. 
 CAN'DLE-WICK, n. The wick for candles. 
 CA.\'I)LES-E\DS,n.p?. Scraps ; fragments. Beaum. 
 €.VN'DOCK, n. A plant or weed that grows in rivers. 
 
 Walton. 
 
 C.\N'DOR, II. [L. canrfor, from candeo, to be white. J 
 Openne«s of heart; frankness; ingenuousness off 
 mind ; a dispasition to treat subjects with fairness ; 
 freedom from prejudice or disguise ; sincerity. H'atU. I 
 
 CAN 
 
 CAN'DY, V. U [It. candire, to candy, to preserve ; 
 caiulit^), candied ; Fr. candir. This seems not to be 
 the Latin condio, for the Italian has aLso condire. 
 Possibly it may be from L. candeo, to be white. Dut 
 
 in Ar. tXA3 kand, kandon, is the saccharine matter 
 of the sugar-cane, or concrete sugar, and it is the 
 same in Persian ; Sans, khand.] 
 
 1. To conserve or dress with sugar ; to boil in sugar. 
 
 2. To form into congelations or crystals. Shak. 
 
 3. Fiffurativrly, to cover or incrust with congela- 
 tions, or crystals of ice. I>rytlen. 
 
 CAN'DV, r. i. To form into crjstals, or become con- 
 gealed ; to take on the form of candied sugar. 
 
 €AN'DY,n. A species of confectioner)', or compound 
 of sugar with some other substance, as sugar candy, 
 molasses candy, ice. 4 
 2. In Bombay, a weight of 5(j0 pounds. 
 
 e.\N'DY-I.\G, ppr. Conserving with sugar. 
 
 eA\'DY-I.\G, n. The art of preserving simples in 
 substance, bv boiling them in siicar. ICncyc. 
 
 CV.X'DY-TUFTS, n. A plant, Uie Iberis. 
 
 , Fam. of Plants. 
 
 ■2. A CretSn flower. Tale. 
 
 CaXE, n. [Ij.canna; Or. KOvva ; Fr. canne ; \V. caicre; 
 Sp. caria ; Port, cana or canna ; It. canna ; Arm. canen ; 
 Heb. Cli. Syr. and Ar. nap. In the .-Vnibic, a word 
 of this family signifies a subterraneous passiige for 
 water, or canal. It pnibalily signifies a shoot.] 
 
 1. In botany. Ibis term is applied to several species 
 of plants belonging to ditfereiit genera, such as 
 Arundo, Calamus, Saccharuiii, &c. Among these 
 is the bamboo of the East Indies, with a strong stem, 
 which serves for pi|>cs, poles, and walking-slicks. 
 The sugar-cane, a native of Asia, Africa, and Amer- 
 ica, fiimi^jhes the juice from which are made sugar, 
 molasses, and spirit. [See Su(;ar-Ca.ne.J 
 
 2. .\ walking-stick. 
 
 3. .'V lance or dart made of cane. Dryden. 
 
 4. A long measure, in several countries of Europe; 
 at Naples, the length is 7 feet 3.j inches ; in TlioiiUiuse, 
 in France, 5 feet (Jj inches; in Provence, &.C., 6 feet 
 5\ inches. 
 
 e.\NE, r. L_ To beat with a cane or walking-stick. 
 
 eA.\E'-BR.\KE, n. [cane and brake.] A thicket of 
 canes. EUicott. 
 
 e.A.N'E'-HoLE, n. [cine and An/c] A hole or trench 
 for planting the cuttings of cane, on sugar planta- 
 tions. luttcards*s IV. Ittdies. 
 
 CaNE'-MILI., n. A mill for grinding sugar-canes, for 
 thi- manufacture of sugar. 
 
 CaNE'-TRA.'^II, n. [ra/ie and tra.\A. J Refuse of canes, 
 or macerated rinds uf cane, reserved for fuel to boil 
 the cane-juice. Edwards^s IV. Indies. 
 
 e.\-.\ES'CENT, a. [L. cancscens.] 
 Growing white or hoary. 
 
 CA-NICU-LA, ; n. [L. cnnieuta, a little dog, from 
 
 e.\N'I-eULE, \ canis, a dog.] 
 
 A star in the constellation of Canis Major, called 
 also the Do^-star, or SIrius ; a star of the first mag- 
 nitude, and the largest and brightest of all the fixed 
 stars. From the rising of this heliacally, or at its 
 emersion from the sun's rays, the ancient^i reckoned 
 their doir-tlau^. 
 
 e.\--Vie'r;-LAU, o. [L. eanicularis.] 
 Pertaining to the dog-star. 
 
 e.V-.NT.NE', a. [L. eanintis, from canis, a dog.] 
 
 Pertaining to dogs ; having the properties or qual- 
 ities of a dog ; as, a canine ap|ietite, insatiable hunger ; 
 canine madness, or hydrophohi.-i. 
 
 Canine teeth ; the sharp, pointed teeth, on each side, 
 between the incisors and grinders ; so named from 
 their resemblance to a dog's teeth. In man and 
 most of the mammalia, there are two of them in each 
 jaw, one on each side of the incisors. 
 
 Canis Major ; the Greater Dog ; a constellation of 
 the southern hemisphere, under the feet of Orion ; 
 including Sirius or the dug-star. 
 
 Canis Minor ; the Lesser Dog ; a constellation of the 
 northern hemisphere, just below Gemini, including 
 Procyon, a star of the first magnitude. Brande. 
 
 e.\.\'I.\G, n. A beating with a stick or cane. 
 
 CAN'IS-TER,n. [L,. canistram ; Or. Ka'^aorpoi', xairiff, 
 or Kavt n- ; Fr. canastre ; Port, canastra : Sp. canasta,] 
 Properly, a sm.-ill basket, as in Dryden ; but more 
 
 Cenrrally, a small box or case, for tea, coffee, &c. 
 NK'ER, .1. [L. cancer ) Sax. canccre or canere ; D. 
 kanker ; Fr. chancre : It. eancAcro. This is the Latin 
 cancer, with the Roman pronunciation. See Cancer.] 
 
 1. .\ dist'.ise incident to trees, which causes the 
 bark to rot and fall. 
 
 2. A popular name of certain small, eroding ulcers 
 in the mouth, particul.arly of children. They are 
 generallj- covered with a whitish slough. [See 
 ApHTH.t.] Cyc. I 
 
 3. .\ virulent, corroding ulcer ; or any thing that 
 corrodes, corrupts, or destroys. | 
 
 S.-xcnlrp- niajr nrore all *i|jnr mnJter. AtUrbwy. 
 And Uicir word will cal u duUi a ooiiier. 2 Tim. u. 
 
 4. An eating, corroding, virulent humnr ; corro- 
 sion. SAaA. 
 
 5. A kind of rose, the dog-rose. Peacham. Shak. 
 
 CAN 
 
 6. In farriery, a running thnish of the worvt kind , 
 a disease in horses' feet, discharging a fetid matter 
 from the cleft in the middle of the frog. Encyc. 
 C.VN'K'ER, V. t. To cat, corrode, crtrrupt, consume, in 
 the manner that a cancer alfects the body. Herbert. 
 2. To infect or pollute. Addison. 
 CANK'ER, ». i. To grow corrupt ; to decay, or wa.ste 
 avv.ay by means of any noxious cause ; to grow rusty, 
 or to be oxydized, as a nieUil. Bacon. 
 CANK'ER-lUT, a. Bitten with a cankered or enven- 
 omed tooth. Shak. 
 CANK'ER-£D, pp. or a. Eaten, corroded, or corrupted. 
 
 2. a. Crabbed ; uncivil. Spenser. 
 e.\.\K'ER-AOLY, aJe. Crossly; adversely. 
 e.\.\K'ER-FLy, n. A fly that preys on fruit. 
 
 Walton. 
 
 €ANK'ER-LIKE, a. Eating or corrupting like a 
 canker. 
 
 CANK'ER-OUS, n. Corroding like a canker. 
 
 e.\NK'ER-\VOR.M, n. A worm destructive to ^rec^ 
 or plants. In .4nirrica,tlits name is given to a worm 
 that, in some years, destroys the leaves and fruit of 
 apple-trees. This animal springs from an egg de- 
 posited by a miller, that issues from the ground. 
 
 E. C. Hcrriek. 
 
 €ANK'ER-Y, a. Rusty. 
 
 CA.\'.\.\-BL\'E, a. [L. cannaii'niu, from cannabis, 
 hemp.] 
 
 Pertaining to hemp ; hempen. 
 
 €AN'NEL-eo.\L, j n. A fossil coal of a black color, 
 
 CAN'DLE-CoAL, ( siilficiently hard and solid to be 
 cut and polished. It burns readily, with a clear yel- 
 low flame, and on this account has been used as a 
 substitute lor candles. It is sometimes used for ink- 
 holders and toys. 
 
 eAN'NE-aUIN,'n. White cotton cloth from the East 
 Indies, suitable for the Guinea trade. Entyc. 
 
 €A.\'NI-B.\L, n. [This word is probably of Indian 
 origin. Columbus, in his narration of his discov. 
 eries, mentions certain people called Canibals ; but 
 in the isU s, he remarks, the natives lived in great 
 fear of the Caribals, or people of Canba, called, in 
 Hispaniola, Carib. Ileiice it seems that CauibaU and 
 Caribr.e are the same word dirterently pronounced.] 
 
 A human being that eats human llesli ; a man- 
 eater, or anthropophagite. Bacon. Bcntley. 
 
 €A.\'XI-R.\L-1S.M, n. The act or practice of eating 
 human flesli b}' mankind. 
 
 2. .Murderous cruelty ; barbarity. Burke. 
 
 OMVNI-B.'VL-LY, aiie. In the manner of a cannibal. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GAN'NON, n. [Fr. canon ; Arm. canon or eanol ; D. 
 kanon ; G. kanone: Sp. canon; Port, canham ; It. 
 eannone. Probably from L. canna, a tube. See 
 Cane.] 
 
 .\ large military engine for throwing balls, and 
 other instriinienLs of death, by the force of gun- 
 powder. Guns of this kind are made of iron or 
 brass, and of different sizes, carrying balls from three 
 or four pounds to forty-eight pounds' weight. In 
 some countries, they have been made of much 
 larger size. The smaller guns of this size are 
 called frtd-pirces, 
 
 C.\N-NO.\-aDE', n. The act of discharging cannon 
 and throwing balls, for the purpose of destroying an 
 army, or battering a town, ship, or fort. The term 
 usually implies an attack of some continuance. 
 
 e.AN-.NO.V-ADE', r. (. To attack with heavy artillery ; 
 to throw balls, or other deadly weapons, as chain- 
 shot or l-angragc, again.st an enemy's army, town, 
 fortress, or ship ; to batter with cannon shot. 
 
 e.AN-.NON-ADE', T. i. To discharge cannon ; to play 
 with large guns. 
 
 e.\N-.\ON-Al)'ED, pp. Attacked with cannon shot 
 
 C\.V-.NON-aD'I.\G, ppr. Battering with cannon shot 
 
 eAN'XO.\-BALL, n. .\ ball, usually made of cast 
 iron, to be thrown from cannon. Cannon-bullet, of 
 the like signification, is nut now used. Cannon-balls 
 were originally of stone. 
 
 eAN'NO.\'-l!o.\E, «. 'The single metacarpal or meta- 
 tarsal bone of the horse. Brande. 
 
 eA.V'NON-.MET'AL, n. A variety of bronze ; or an 
 alloy of copper and tin, in the proportion of about 
 9 to 1. 
 
 e.\N-NON-F.ER', ( n. A man who manages cannon ; 
 
 CAN-NON-IER', ( an engineer. 
 
 eAN'NO.N-PROOF, a. Proof against cannon-shot 
 
 CAN'NON-SIIOT, n. .\ ball for cannon ; also, the 
 range or distance a cannon will throw a ball. 
 
 e.AN'NOT, [can and not.] These words are iisiuilly 
 united, but ceruiinly without good reason ; canst and 
 not are never united. 
 
 €.V.N'.NI,'-L.\R, a [L. canna, a tube.l 
 
 Tubular ; having the form of a tube. Encyc 
 
 e.AN'NY, (a. Cautious; wary; skillful; dextrous. 
 
 CAN'ME, i [Scottish.] Burns. 
 
 e.\-NOE', (ka-noo',) n. [Fr. ennot; Sp. canoa ; It ca- 
 noe, or canon. This is said to be of Indian origin ; as 
 all the Spanish historians of America, when they 
 first mention the word, give an explanation of it: 
 " Ilia in terrani suis lintribus, quas canoas vocant, 
 eduxerunt" P. .^lartyr.] 
 
 1. A bo.at used by rude nations, formed of the Ixxly 
 or trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting or burning, 
 
 TONE, BULL, QNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 82 
 
 169 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 into a suitable sliape. Similar boats are now used, 
 bv civilized men, I'ur fishin? and other purposes. It 
 IS impelled by a paddle, instead of an oar. 
 2. A boat liiade of bark or skins, used by savages. 
 e.\N'ON, n. [Sax. canon ; Fr. Sp. and Port, canon ; It. 
 canone ; L. canim ; Gr. tit'. Dr. Owen deduces 
 the word from the Heb. njp, a cane, reed, or meas- 
 
 urinc-rod. In Eth. lianan, signifies to set, to 
 
 estiiblish, to form a rule ; whence canon, a rule. But 
 tliis verb is probably from the noun. The word is 
 from one of the root's in Class Gn, which signilies to 
 set, or to strain. 'Hie Welsh unites it with the root 
 of can, L. cano, to sing, VV. canon, a song, a rule, a 
 canon, from canu, to sing, L. ca/io. The sense of can- 
 on i*, that which is set or established.] 
 
 1 In ecclesiastical affairs, a law, or rule of doctrine 
 or discipline, enacted by a council and confirmed by 
 the sovereign ; a decision of matters in religion, or a 
 regulation of policy or discipline, by a general or pro- 
 vincial council. 
 
 2. A law or rule in general. 
 
 3. The genuine books of the Holy Scriptures, called 
 the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and relig- 
 ious duty, given by inspir.ition. 
 
 4. A dignitary of the church ; a person who pos- 
 sesses a prebend or revenue allotted for the perform- 
 ance of divine service in a cathedral or collegiate 
 church. 
 
 A cardinal canon, is one attached to a church, incar- 
 dinatiis, as a priest to a palish. 
 
 Domicellarij canons, are young canons, not in or- 
 ders, having no right in any particular chapters. 
 
 Expectance canons; having no revenue or prebend, 
 but having the title and dignities of canons, a voice 
 in the chapter, and a place in the choir, till a prebend 
 should fall. 
 
 Foreiff-n canons ; such as did not officiate in their 
 canonries ; opposed to inansionary or residentiary can- 
 ons. 
 
 Lav, secular, or honora-nj canons ; laymen admitted, 
 out of honor or respect, into some chapter of canons. 
 
 Regular canons ; who live an ascetic life, in monas- 
 teries or in community, and who, to the practice of 
 their rules, have added the profession of vows. 
 
 Tertiary canmis ; who have only the third part of 
 the revenue of the canon icate. Encijc. 
 
 5. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of the 
 order. ' 
 
 6. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canon- 
 ized in the Roman Catholic church. 4to 
 
 7. Canon of the mass ; the entire office of the mass, 
 but particularly the secret words of the mass from 
 the preface to the pater, in the middle of which the 
 priest consecrates the host. The people are to re- 
 hearse this part of the service on their knees, and in 
 a voice lower than can be heard. 
 
 Ronton Catholic Church. 
 
 8. In ancient music, a rule or method for determin- 
 ing the intervals of notes, invented by Ptolemy. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 9. In modem vmsic, a kind of perpetual fugue, in 
 which the different parts, beginning one after anoth- 
 er, repeat incessantly the same ah-. Busby. 
 
 10. In geometry and algebra, a general rule for the 
 solution of cases of a given kind. 
 
 11. In pharmacy, a rule for compounding medicines. 
 
 12. In surgery, an instrument used in sewing up 
 wounds. 
 
 Canon law, is a collection of ecclesiastical laws, 
 serving as the rule of church government. 
 eAN'0.\-BIT, 71. That part of a bit let into a horse's 
 mouth. 
 
 €.\N'ON-ESS, n. A woman who enjoys a prebend, 
 affixed, by the foundation, to maids, without oblig- 
 ing them to make any vows, or renounce the 
 world. Encyc. 
 
 etN-oN'aelAL,!"- [L-— 
 
 Pertaining to a canon ; according to the canon or 
 rule. • 
 
 Canonical boohs, or canonical Scriptures, are those 
 books of the Scriptures which are admitted by the 
 canons of the church to be of divine origin. The 
 Roman Catholic church admits the Apocrjphal 
 books to be canonical ; the Protestants reject them. 
 
 Canonical hours, are certain stated times of the day, 
 fixed by the ecclesiastical laws, or appropriated to 
 the ofiices of prayer and devotion. In Great Brit- 
 ain, these hours are from eight o'clock to twelve in 
 the foreno(m, before and after which marriage can 
 not be legally |>erformed in the rluirch. Encyc. 
 
 Canonical obedience, is submission to the canons of 
 a church, especially the submission of the inferior 
 clergy to their bishops, and of other religious or- 
 ders to their superiors. 
 
 Canonical punishments, are such as the church 
 may infiict, as excommunication, degradation, pen- 
 ance, tLC. 
 
 Canonical life, is the mi^thod or rule of living pre 
 scribed by the ancient clergy who livi'd in coinmiini 
 ty, a courxe of living nrescribed for clerks, less rigid 
 than tlie monaitic, and more restrained than the sec- 
 ular. 
 
 Canonical sins, in the ancient church, were those for 
 which capital punishment was iniiicted, as idolatry, 
 murder, adultery, heresy, &c. 
 
 Canonical letters, anciently, were letters which 
 passed between the orthodox clergy, as testimoni- 
 als of their faith, to keep up the catholic Commun- 
 ion, and to distinguish them from heretics. 
 
 Canonical 'cpisdes, is an appellation given to those 
 epistles of the New Testament which are called gen- 
 eral or catholic. Encyc. 
 CA-NON'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a manner ^greeable to 
 the canon. 
 
 CA-NON'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being ca- 
 nonical. 
 
 e.\-i\ON'ie-ALS, 7!. pi. The full dress of the clergy, 
 
 worn when they officiate. 
 €.\-NO.\'ie-ATE, 71. The office of a canon. Encyc. 
 €AiVON-IC'r-TY, 71. The state of belonging to the 
 
 canon, or genuine books of Scri[)ture. 
 CAN'0\-IST, 7!. A professor of canon law ; one 
 
 skilled in the study and practice of ecclesiastical 
 
 law. 
 
 e.-VN-ON-IST'I€, a. Having the knowledge of a can- 
 onist. 
 
 e.\N-ON-I-ZA'TION, 77. [See Canonize.] The act 
 of declaring a man a saint, or rather the act of rank- 
 ing a deceased person in the catalogue of saints 
 called a canon. This act is preceded by beatification, 
 and by an examination into the life and miracles of 
 the person ; after which the pope decrees the canon- 
 ization. Addison. Encyc. 
 2. The state of being sainted 
 
 €.\N'0N-IZE, 71. (. [from ca7!u7!.J To declare a man 
 a saint, and rank him in the catalogue called a 
 canon. 
 
 €.\N'OX-lZ-JED, pp. Declared to be a saint. 
 
 €AN'ON-lZ-ING, ppr. Declaring to be a saint. 
 
 C-\N'ON-RV, } 71. An ecclesiastical benefice, in a 
 
 CAX'ON-SHIP, ( cathedral or collegiate church, 
 which has a prebend or stated allowance out of 
 the revenues of the church commonly annexed to 
 it. The benefice filled by a canon. A prebend may 
 subsist without a canonry ; but a canonicate is in- 
 separable from a prebend. Ayliffe. Encnc. 
 
 eAi\'0-PI-£D, (kan'o-pid,) a. [See Canoi'Y.1 Cov- 
 ered with a canopy. Milton. 
 
 e.^N'O-PY, 71. [Gr. K'ovairetov, a pavilion or net 
 spread over a bed to keep off gnats, from Koivto^p, 
 a gnat.] 
 
 1. A covering oVer a throne, or over a bed ; more 
 generally, a covering over the head. So the sky is 
 called a canopy, aud a canopy is borne over the head 
 in processions. 
 
 2. In architecture and sculpture, a magnificent dec- 
 oration, serving to cover and crown an altar, throne, 
 tribunal, pulpit, chair, or the like. Encyc. 
 
 e.\N'0-PY, V. t. To cover with a canopy. Dryden. 
 
 €.\N'0-PY-IN"G, ppr. Covering with a canopy. 
 
 CA-No'ROUS, a. [L. canorus, from cajio, to sing.] 
 Musical ; tuneful. Broicn. 
 
 €A-No'RUUS-NESS, 7!. Musicalness. 
 
 CANT, V. £. [ L. canio, to sing ; Sp. caTitar; Port, irf., 
 to sing, to chant, to recite, to creak, to chirp, to whis- 
 tle ; It. cantare, to sing, to praise, to crow ; Fr. chan- 
 ter ; Arm. cana ; from L. cano, to sing. The primary 
 sense is, to throw, thrust, or drive, as in can ; a sense 
 retained in the phrase to cant over any thing. In 
 singing, it implies a modulation or inflection of voice. 
 In Welsh, con, with a different sound of the vowel, 
 signifies a song, and white, L. cano, canus, and caneo. 
 These are from the same root, and have the same rad- 
 ical sense, to throw or shoot, as rays of light, to 
 shine, probably applied to the sun's morning rays. 
 W. canu, to sing ; Sanscrit, gana; Persic, handam.} 
 
 1. In popular usage, to give a sudden thrust or im- 
 pulse ; as, to cant round a stick of timber, to cant a 
 foot-ball. Furby^s East JInglta. 
 
 2. To incline or pitch forward, as a cask, to make 
 it run more freely. 
 
 3. To speak with a whining voice, or an affected, 
 singing tone. 
 
 \In this sense, it is vsimlly intransitive.^ 
 
 4. To sell by auction, or to bid a price at auction. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 €ANT, 71. A thrust, push, or other impulse, with a 
 sudden jerk ; as, to give a ball a cant. 
 r77n> i^- Vie literal sense.] 
 
 2. An inclination from a horizontal line ; as, to be 
 on the cant. Tetton. 
 
 3. A whining, singing manner of speech ; aquaint, 
 affected mode of uttering words, either in conversa- 
 tion or preaching. 
 
 4. The whining speech of beggars, as in asking 
 alms and making complaints of their distresses. 
 
 5 The peculiar words and phrases of profession.al 
 men ; phrases often repeated, or not well authorized. 
 G. Any barbarous jargon in speech. 
 
 7. Whining pretension to goodness. Johnson, 
 
 8. Outcry at a jmblic sale of goods ; a call for bid- 
 ders at an auction. Sicifl. 
 
 This use of the word is precisely equivalent to 
 auction, ttuctio, n hawking, a crying out, or, in the 
 vulgar dialect, a singing out j but I believe not in use 
 in the United States. 
 
 CANT, 71. [D. kani a corner.] 
 
 An external angle or quoin of a building. Owilt. 
 A niche ; a corner or retired place. B. Jonson. 
 Cant-timbers, in a ship, are those which are situ- 
 ated at the two ends. Mar. Diet. 
 CAJ^-TjIB' I-LE, [It.,] in Tnjii-ic, denotes an elegant, 
 
 smooth, graceful style. 
 €AN-Ta'BRI-AN, a. Pertaining to Cantabria, on the 
 
 Bav of Biscay, in Spain. 
 CAN-TA-BRIG'I-AN, n. A student or graduate of the 
 university of Cambridge, Eng. ; often abridged into 
 Cantab. Smart. 
 €Ai\'TA-LIV-ER, j 71. [cantle and eaves. Qu. canterii 
 e.\N'TI-LEV-ER, ( labrum, the lip of the rafter. 
 Brande.] 
 
 In architecture, a piece of wood, framed info the 
 front or side of a house, to suspend the moldings and 
 eoves over it. Encyc. 
 CAN'TA-LOUPE, I n. A small, round variety of 
 CiN'TA-LEUP, i muskmelon, of a very delicate 
 flavor. 
 
 CAN-TA'TX, 77. [Italian, from cantare, to sing ; L. 
 canto.] 
 
 A poem set to music ; a composition or song, in- 
 termixed with recitatives and airs, chiefly intended 
 for a single voice. 
 €AN-Ta'TION, 71." A singing. Wot used.] 
 CAN- 1 tEN', 71. [It. conlina.] 
 
 A tin vessel used by soldiers for carrying liquor 
 for drink. It is also made of wood, in the form of a 
 keg. Chambers 
 
 CAN'TLe' j '^^^ '''"^ °^ " saddle. Booth. 
 CANT'ER, 7!. i. [Arm. cantreal or eo7!frr7i, to run, to 
 
 rove, or ramble, from tossing or leaping, canting. 
 
 See Cant.] 
 
 To move as a horse in a moderate gallop, raising 
 the two fore feet nearly at the same time, with a leap 
 or spring. 
 
 CANT'ER, r. t. To ride upon a canter. 
 
 CANT'ER, 71. A moderate gallop ; a Canterbury gallop. 
 2. One who cants or whines. 
 
 CANT'ER-BUR-Y, (kant'er-ber-ry,) n. A reeeptacle 
 for music, portfolios, loose papers, &c., being a stand 
 with divisions. Smart. 
 
 CANT'ER-BUR-Y-BELL, 7t. A species of Campan- 
 ula. [See Bell-Flower.] 
 
 eANT'ER-BUR-Y-GAL'LOP, ti. The moderate gal- 
 lop of a horse, commonly called a canter ; said to be 
 derived from the pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this 
 pace. 
 
 CANT'ER-BUR-Y-TaLE, 71. A fabulous story ; so 
 called from the tales of Chaucer. 
 
 CANT'ER-ED, pp. Ridden upon a canter. 
 
 CANT'F.R-ING; ppr. Aloving or riding with a mod- 
 erate gallop. 
 
 CAN-THAK'I-DkS, n. pi. [from cantharis, which see.] 
 Spanish Hies, used to raise a blister. 
 
 €AN-THAR'I-DIN, 71. [Infra.] That peculiar sub- 
 stance, existing in the Cantharis vesicatoria, which 
 causes vesication. Tliomson. 
 
 €AN'THA-RIS, n. [Gr. Koi'Sapig.] 
 
 The Spanish fly or blister-beetle. This fly is nine 
 or ten lines in length, of a shining yellow green or 
 bronze color, mixed with azure, and has a nauseous 
 smell. It feeds upon the leaves of trees and shrubs, 
 preferring the ash. These flies, when bruised, are 
 universally used as a vcsic.itory. The largest come 
 from Italy, but the best from Spain. 
 
 eANTII'US, n. [Gr. aoi tfoj ; D. kant, a corner.] 
 
 An angle of the cy« ; a cavity at each extremity of 
 the eyelids ; the greater is next to the nose, the lesser 
 towards the temple. Encyc. 
 
 e.\N'Tl-GLE, 71. [Sp. and It. cantico ; L. canficura, 
 from canto. See Cant.] 
 
 1. A song. In the plural. Canticles, the Song of 
 Songs, or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the 
 Old Testament. 
 
 2. A canto ; a division of a song. [0^5.] Spemer. 
 CAN'TILE, 7\ t. To cut to pieces. 
 CAN'TIL-L.iTE, r. <. [L. cantillo. See Cant.] 
 
 To chant ; to recite with musical tones. M. StuarL 
 CAN-TIL-La'TION, 71. A chanting ;. recitation with 
 
 musical modulations. 
 C.ANT'ING, ppr. or n. Throwing with a sudden jerk 
 
 or impulse ; tossing. 
 
 2. Speaking with a whine or song-like tone. 
 
 3. 71. Ridiculous pretense of goodness. 
 CANT'ING-LY, adv. With a cant. 
 CANT'ING-NESS, 71. Uuality of uttering in cant. 
 CAN'TION, 71. A song or verses. [JV<i( ii.~n/.] Spenser. 
 CAN'TLE, 71. [Arm. chanteU; Fr. chanteau, whence 
 
 echantilton; Eng. scantling.] 
 
 A fragment ; a corner or edge of any thing ; the 
 hind bow of a saddle. [Obs.] Shak. 
 €.'\N''1"L.E, t>. (. To cut into pieces ; to cut out a piece. 
 
 [Obs.] Dryden. 
 eANT'LET, 71. A piece ; a little corner ; a fragment. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 e.AN'TO, 71. [It. ca7ifo, a song ; L. <:a7ifu.'!. See Cant.] 
 A part or division of a poem, answering to what 
 in prose is called a book. In Italian, canto is a sung, 
 and it signifies also the treble part, first treble, or 
 highest vocal part, or the leading melody. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.— MiiTE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN'TON, 1^ [It. fon(uiip, a corner-stone, and a can- 
 ton ; Sp. canton ; Port. caiUOy a corner ; Fr. canton^ 
 a corner ; a part of a country, a district ; Arm. can- 
 ton ; 1). knnl ; G. kanle ; 1). kanJt, a corner, point, 
 edge, border. The Welsh unites canton with cant, 
 a hundred, L. centum, Sax. Aunt/, for cantrcv is a cir- 
 cuit or division of a country, from cant, a hundred.] 
 
 1. A small portion of land, or division of territory j 
 originally, a portion of territory on a border ; also, 
 the inhabitants of a canton. 
 
 2. A snmll portion or district of territory, consti- 
 tuting a distinct state or government, .as in Switzer- 
 
 3. In hrraUlnj, a corner of the shield. [land. 
 
 4. A distinct part, or division ; as, the cantons of a 
 painting or other representation. BumeL 
 
 e.W'l'O.V, V. t. [Sp. acaiitonar.] 
 
 1. To divide into small parts or districts, as terri- 
 tory ; to divide into distinct portions. Locke. Addison. 
 
 2. To allot separate quarters to different parts or 
 divisions of an army or body of troops. 
 
 CAN'TON-AL, a. Pertaining to a canton ; divided 
 into cantons. 
 
 €A.\'TO.N-£D, pp. Divided into distinct part.s, or 
 
 quarters ; lodged in distinct quarters, as troops. 
 CAN'TON-ING, I'pr. Dividing into distinct districts ; 
 
 allotting separate quarters to each regiment. 
 €Ai\'TON-IZE, V. t. To canton, or divide into small 
 
 districts. Daeics. 
 eAi\'TO.\-MENT, n. .\ part or division of a town 
 
 or village, assigned to a |>articular regiment of troops ; 
 
 separate quarters. jVarshatl. 
 €A.N'TUAP, II. An incantation or spell. 
 
 2. Mischief artfully performed. [ScoUisA.] 
 TAN'TUKD, ; n , 1 
 €A\'TRKF; i "■ ""«""■] 
 
 .\ hundred villages, as in Wales. Fncije. 
 €.\N'VAS, jt. [Fr. canecas, canvas, and cfianvre, 
 
 hemp; Arm. canavas; Sp. canamaio ; Port, c/iriu/fio ; 
 
 It. canacaccio, canvas, and cannpa, hemp ; D. kanefas, 
 
 canvas, and kennep, hemp ; G. kane/ass, canvas, and 
 
 hanf, hemp; Dan. canrfas; I., cannabis, hemp; Gr. 
 
 Knvvaiit-, ; Ir. canbhas, canvas, and ctinaib, hemp; 
 
 Russ. kanephas. It is from the root of caitna, cane ; 
 
 perhaps a dimmutive.] 
 
 1. A coarse cloth made of hemp or flax, used for 
 tents, sails of ships, painting, and other purposes. 
 
 2. A clear, unbleached cloth, wove regularly in 
 little squares, used for working tapestry with the 
 needle. 
 
 3. Among the French, the rough draught or model 
 on which an air or piece of music is composed, and 
 given to a poet to finish. The canvas of a song con- 
 tains certain notes of the composer, to show the poet 
 the measure of the verses he is to make. 
 
 4. Among seamen, cloth in sails, or sails in general ; 
 05, to spread as much canvas as the ship will bear. 
 
 eAN'VAS-ei.T.Mli-Ell, ( klim'er,) n. A sailor that 
 goes aloft to handle sails. Sliak. 
 
 €A.\'VA!*-HACK, n. .A.kind of duck, the Anas ml- 
 lisneria, highly esteemed for the d:'licacy of its flesh, 
 found in the rivers of the Chesapeake Hay, and de- 
 riving its name from the color of its back. F.neijc. Am. 
 
 e.A.N'V/VSS, V. t. [Old Fr. cannabasser, to beat about 
 or shake, to examine. Juniui. Skinner.] 
 
 1. To discuss ; literally, to beat or shake out, to 
 open by beating or shaking, like the L. disculio. 
 This is the common use of the word ; as, to canrass 
 a subject, or the policy of a measure. 
 
 2. To examine returns of votes ; to search or scru- 
 tinize : as, to canva.fs the votes for senators. 
 
 3. To go through in the way of solicitation ; as, to 
 canvass a district for votes. 
 
 €AN'V.ASS, I'. L To seek or go about to solicit votes 
 or interest ; to use efforts to obtain ; to make interest 
 in favor of : followed by far; as, to canrtuts for an 
 office, or preferment ; t(» canrass for a friend. 
 
 CA.N'V.-VSS, II. Examin.alion ; close inspection to 
 know the slate of ; as, a canvass of votes. 
 
 2. Discussion ; deb.ite. 
 
 3. ,\ seeking, solicitation, or effort to obtain. 
 CAN'VASS-£D, (kan'vast,) pp. Discussed ; exam- 
 ined. 
 
 CA.V VASS-ER, n. One who sollcila votes, or goes 
 about to make interest. Burke. 
 
 2. One who examines the returns of votes for a 
 public ofiicer. 
 
 €.\N'VAfS-IXG, ppr. Discussing; examining; sift- 
 ing; seeking. 
 
 €AN'VASS-ING, n. The act of discussing, examin- 
 ing, or making interest. 
 
 CA'W,a. [froinc-ane.] Consisting of cane, or abound- 
 ing with canes. 
 2 Made of canes ; as, cany wagons. .Milton. 
 
 CAjV-ZO'JVF., n. riu, a song. See Cast.] A song 
 or air in two or three parts, with passages of fugue 
 and imitation ; or a poem to which music may be 
 composed in the style of a cantat.a. When set to a 
 piece of instrumental music, it signifies much the 
 same as eantuta ; and when set to a sonata, it sig- 
 nifies allegro, or a brisk movement, Baileij. Busbii. 
 
 GAN-ZO-NET', II, [ll. can-.onetta.] 
 
 A little or short song, in one, two, or three parts. 
 It sometimes consists ot^ two strains, e.ach of which 
 is sung twice. Sometimes it is a species of jig. 
 
 CAP 
 
 €AOUT'CIIOUe, (koo'chook,) n. India rubber, an 
 elastic substance produced from the J/erea Ouinnen- 
 si>, and various other plants. It is iiniiernu able to 
 water. 
 
 €AOt'T'CIIOU-CINE, (koo'choo-sin,) n. A highly 
 inflammable, and very light, vitlatile, oily litpiid, ob- 
 tained by distillation from caoutchouc. Brantlc. It 
 is called caoutchine by Orafunn. 
 
 GAP, n. [Sax. cirpve, a cap, and a cape, a cloak ; D. 
 kap ; G. kappc and hatibe ,■ Dan. kappe, a robe or coat ; 
 S\v. kappa, id. ; It. rajipa, a cap, a cloak ; W. cap ; 
 Fr. chape, chapeau ; Arm. cA«;i or cap. The sense is 
 probably that which i& put on. Class Gb, No. 70 ; 
 also 31, 3t>.] 
 
 1. A part of dress made to cover the head. 
 
 2. The ensign of a cardinalale. SAoJl:. 
 
 3. The toj), or the up|>erniost ; the highest. 
 
 Thou nrl the cap of fooli. Sliak. 
 
 4. A vessel in form of a cap. Wilkins. 
 
 5. An act of respect made by uncovering the head. 
 
 Jj^flftranffe. 
 
 Cap of cannon ; a piece of lead laid over the vent 
 to keep the priming dry ; now called an apron. 
 
 Cap of maintenance : an ornami'iit of state, carried 
 before the kings of England nt the coronation. It is 
 also carried beftire the mayors of some cities. 
 
 In ship'huiltlin'f, a cap is a thick, stnuig block of 
 wood, used to confine two masts together, when 
 one is erected at the head of another. 
 €.\P, I', t. Tit cover the top, or end ; to spread over ; 
 as, a bone is capped at the joint with a cartilaginous 
 substance. 
 
 Th** clottd-cappeH lower*. ShaJc. 
 2. To deprive of the cap, or take off a cap. 
 To cap rrrses, is to name alternately verses begin- 
 ning with .1 partictil.'ir letter ; to name in opposition 
 or emulation ; to name alternately in contest. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 GAP, V. i. To uncover the head in reverence or civil- 
 itv. r.Vdf used.] Shak. 
 
 G.^-PA-BII/I-TV, n. {See Capable.] The quality 
 of being capable ; capacity; capableness. 
 
 Shak. Laroisier, Trans. 
 
 GA'P.\-BLE, a. [Fr. capable, from L. capio, to take. 
 See Class Gb, No. 68, C9, 7a, 83.] 
 
 1. Able to liuld or contain ; able to receive ; suf- 
 ficiently capacious ; often followed by of: as, the 
 room is not capable of receivijig, or capable of holding 
 the company. 
 
 2. Endued with power competent to the object ; 
 as, a man is capable of judging, or he is not capable. 
 
 3. Possessing mental powers ; intelligent ; .able to 
 understand, or receive into the mind ; having a ca- 
 pacious mind ; as, a cn/iaA/cjudge ; a capable instructor. 
 
 4. Susceptible; as, cn/<aWe of |)ain or grii'f. Prior. 
 
 5. (liialified for; su.sceptjl>le of; as, a thing is ca- 
 pable of long duration ; or it is cuyiiiAfc of being colored 
 or altered. 
 
 C. Uualified for, in a moral sense ; having legal 
 power or cajiacity ; as, a b;istard is not capable of in- 
 lieriting an estate. 
 
 7. Hollow. [Aof iioie used.] Shak. 
 eA'P.\-IU,E-.\ESS, II. The state or quality of being 
 capable; capacity ; power of understanding ; knowl- 
 edge. KilUngbcck. 
 GA PAC'I-F?, e. £. To qualify. lUnusual.] 
 
 Barrow. Good. 
 CA-Pa'CIOUS, (ka-pi'shus,) a. [L. capax, from capio, 
 to take or hold.] 
 
 1. Wide ; large ; that will hold much ; as, a capa- 
 cious vessel, 
 
 2. Bro.ad ; extensive; as, a c<ip(i<;ii>t/.« bay or harbor. 
 
 3. Extensive ; comprehensive ; able to take a wide 
 view ; as, a capacwu-i mind. 
 
 G.V-PA'CIOL'S-LV, adv. In a capacious manner or 
 degree. 
 
 GA-P.^'CIOUS-NESS, n. Widencss ; largeness; as 
 of a vessel. 
 
 2, Extensiveness ; largeness; as of a bay. 
 
 3. Comprehensiveness ; power of taking a wide 
 survey ; applied to the mind. 
 
 GA-PAC'I-T.:\TE, v. L [See CAi-ACiTr.] To make 
 capable ; to enable ; to fiirnish with natural power ; 
 as, to capacitate one for understanding a theorem. 
 
 2. To endue with moral qiiiilifications ; toqu.alify ; 
 to furnish with legal powers ; as, to capacitate one 
 for an office. 
 
 GA-PAC'I-T.\-TED, pp. Made capable ; qu.alified. 
 €A-PAC-I-Ta'TION, n. The act of making capable. 
 G.\-P.\C'I-TY, n, [L. capacUas, from capax, capio; 
 Fr- capacite.] 
 
 1. Passive power ; the power of containing, or 
 holding ; extent of room or spiice ; .as, the capacity 
 of a ves.sel, or a cask. 
 
 2. The extent or comprehensiveness of the mind ; 
 the power of receiving ideas or knowledge ; as, let 
 instruction be adapted to the capacities of youth. 
 
 3. Active power ; ability ; applied to men or things ; 
 but less common and correcL 
 
 The woriii doc» not include a ci\u»e endued wiUi luch cnptuititg. 
 
 Btnckmore. 
 
 4. State ; condition ; character ; profession ; occu- 
 pation. A man may act in the capacity of a me- 
 
 CAP 
 
 ehanic, of a friend, of an attorney, or of a sliitesninn 
 He m:iy have a natural or a political cupaeittf. 
 
 5. Ability, in a moral or legal sense ; ipialilication ; 
 legal [Kiwer or right ; !is,a man or a rorpnratiim may 
 have a capacity to give or receive and hold estate. 
 
 6. In geometry, the solid contents of a body. 
 Capacity frr heat ; ill chemistry, that pr(tp*-rly of a 
 
 body which determines the quantity of heal necessa- 
 ry to raise its temperature a given number of degrees. 
 GAP-A-PIE', (kap-a-i)ce',) [from the Fr.] From head 
 
 to foot ; all over ; as, arintrd cap~d-pie. 
 GA-PAR'I-SON, 71. [Sp. eaparazon ; Port, caparazam, 
 a cover put over the saddle of a horse, a cover for a 
 coach ; Fr. cflp«rnfoii.] 
 
 A cloth or covering laid over the saddle or furni- 
 ture of a horse, especially a sumpter liorse or horse 
 of state. Milton. 
 G.\-P.\K'I-SON', r. f. To cover with a cloth, as a 
 horse. Dryden. 
 2. To dress pompously ; to adorn with rich dress. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GA-PAR'T-SON KD, pp. Covered with a cloth ; 
 dressed pompously. 
 
 CA-PAR'I-SO.N-I.\G, ppr. Dressing pompously. 
 
 GAP'-GASE, n. .A covered case. Burton. 
 
 GAPE, II. [.Sp. and Port, cabo: It. capo; Ft. cap; D. 
 kaap ; Dan. kap; L. caput; Gr. kk^hSii ; .Sans, cabala, 
 head. It signifies end, furthest point, from extend- 
 ing, shooting.] 
 
 1. .\ head-land ; properly, the head, point, or ter- 
 mination of a neck of land, extentiiiig some distance 
 into the sea, beyonil the common shore ; and hence 
 the name is applied to the neck of lam! itself, indef- 
 initely, as in Cape Cod, Cape Horn, Cape of Oood 
 Hope. It differs from a promontory in this, that it 
 may be high or low land ; but a promontory is a 
 high, bold termination of a neck of land. 
 
 2. The part of a garment hanging from the neck 
 behind and over the shoulders. 
 
 The word cape, used as a prefix in compound 
 words, as, Cupe-jasmme, Cape-itpurgr, or a-s an ad- 
 jective, as Clipe wines, denotes particularly the Cape 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 G.VP'E-LAN, II. A small fish, about six inches in 
 length, shoals of which appear off the coasts of 
 Greenland, Iceland, and .Vewfoundland. They 
 constitute a large part of the food of the Greenland- 
 ers. Pennant. 
 
 CA-PEL'LA, n. A bright fixed star in the left shoul- 
 der of the constellation Auriga. F.ncxjc. 
 
 GAP'EL-I.ET, n. A kind of swelling, like a wen, 
 growing on the heel of the hock on a horse, and on 
 the point of tlK' elbow. Encijc. 
 
 Ga'PER, v. i. [Fr. cabrer, to prance ; cabriole, a goat- 
 leap, a caper ; It. capriola, a wild goat, a caper in 
 dancing; Sp. cabriola ; L. caper, a goat. But prob- 
 ably caper is from the root of capio, which signifies 
 not merely to seize, but to shoot or reach forward, or 
 to le.ap and sei/.e. Hence it is probable that this 
 word coincides in origin with Dan. kippe, to leap, 
 whence Eng. to skip.] 
 To leap ; to skip or jump ; to prance ; to spring. 
 
 Shal;. 
 
 GA'PER, n. A leap ; a skip ; a spring ; as, in dancing 
 or mirth, or in the frolic of a goat or lamb 
 
 GA'PER, II. [Fr. capre; Arm. capresen ; Sp. and Port. 
 alcaparra ; It. eappcro ; L. capparis ; D. kappcr ; G. 
 
 kapcr; Syr. kapar ; hx. yX.^^ kaiaron. The Ar. 
 
 verb signifies to increase.] 
 
 The flower-bud or iincxpanded flower of the caper- 
 bush, (CapparU spinosa ;) much used for pickling. 
 The buds are collected before the flowers expand, 
 and preserved in vinegar. The bush is a low shrub, 
 generally growing from the joints of old walls, from 
 fissures in rocks, and amongst rubbish, in the south- 
 ern parts of Eurojie. Kncyc. 
 Ga'PER-HUSH. See Caper. 
 
 Ga'PER-GCT-TI.N'G, n. A leaping or dancing in a 
 frolirksome manner. Beaum. and Ft. 
 
 GA'i*ER-ER, «. One who capers, leaps, and skips 
 about, or dances. 
 
 GA'PER-IXG, ppr. or a. Leaping ; skipping. 
 
 GA'PI-AS, n. [U cnpio, to lake.] 
 
 In lair, a writ of two sorts ; one before judgment, 
 called a capifut ail respondendum, where an original 
 is issued, to take the defendant, and make him 
 answer to the plaintiff: the other, which i.ssues after 
 judgment, is of divers kinds ; as, a capias ad satisfa- 
 ciendum, or writ of execution ; a capias pro fine; a 
 capias ut lefratiim ; a capias in withernam. Blackstone* 
 
 GA-PIB'A-R.\, n. .\n animal partaking of the form 
 of a hog and of a rabbit, the cabiai. 
 
 GAP-IL-LA'CEOUS, a. [I,, eapillaeeun, hair>.] 
 
 Having long filaments ; resembling a hair. [See 
 Capillahv.J 
 
 GAP-IL-LaIRE', n. [Fr.] Originally, a kind of sir- 
 up, extracted from Maiden-hair. .Now, any simple 
 sirup flavored with orange-flower water. Brande. 
 
 GA-PII.'LA-.ME.\T, n. [ L. cnpi/^imciifum, from capif- 
 Iws, hair, probably a little shiH>t.J 
 
 1. In boljiny, a filaineol ; a small, fine thread, liko 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AiN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 171 
 
_1_ 
 
 CAP 
 
 a hair, that p-ows in the middle of a flower, with a 
 little knob at the top ; a chive. 
 
 y. One of tlie fine fibers or filaments of which tlie 
 nerves are composed. 
 eAP-II^LAR'I-TY, 71. The state or condition of being 
 capillary. 
 
 eAP'IL-LA-RY or €A-PIL'LA-RY, a. [L. capillaris, 
 from capilltix, hair.l 
 
 1. Resembling a nair; fine, minute, small in diam- 
 eter, though long ; as, a capillary tube or pipe ; a cap- 
 illartj vessel in animal bodies, such as the minute 
 ramifications of the blood-vessels. AriutJmot. 
 
 y. In botany^ capillary plants (herbtE capillare^) was 
 a term applied by Morison, Ray, and Boerhaave, to 
 a class of plants consisting' of the ferns. This class 
 corresponds to the order Filices, in the Sexual meth- 
 od, which bear their flower and fruit on the back of 
 the leaf or frond. Milne. 
 
 This term is applied also to leaves which are longer 
 than the setaceous or bristle-shaped leaf, to glands 
 resembling hairs, to the filaments, to the style, and to 
 the papi)us or down affixed to some seeds. Martyn. 
 
 3. Pertaining to capillary tubes, or to the capillary 
 vessels, or capillaries, in animals ; as, eapillary action. 
 
 Brande. Darwin. 
 
 Capillary attraction and repulsion; terms denoting 
 the cause which determines the ascent or descent of 
 a fluid in a capillary tube above or below the level of 
 the surrounding fluid, when the tube is dipped in 
 that fluid. P. Cyc. 
 
 €AP'IL-L.\-RY, 71. A fine vessel or canal. 
 
 The capillaries are the minute vessels of the san- 
 guineous system, interposed between the arteries and 
 veins. 
 
 e.'VP-IL-LA'TIONjn. A blood-vessel like a hair. [JVo« 
 in use.] Broien. 
 
 CA-PIL'LI-FORM, a. [L. capillus, a hair, and forma, 
 form.] 
 
 In the shape or form of a hair, or of hairs. Kirwan. 
 €.\P'I-TAL, a. [L. capitalis, from caput, the head. See 
 Cape.] 
 
 1. Literally, pertaining to the head ; as, a capital 
 bruise, in .Mflton, a bruise on the head. [This use is 
 not common.] 
 
 2. Fi<ruratively, as the head is the highest part of a 
 man, chief; principal ; first in importance ; as, a cap- 
 ital city or town ; the capital articles of religion. 
 
 3. Punishable by loss of the head or of life ; incur- 
 ring the fiirfeiture of life ; ptmishable with death ; as, 
 treason and murder are capital offl'nses or crimes. 
 
 4. Taking away life ; as, a capital punishment : or 
 affecting life ; as, a capital trial. 
 
 5. Great, important, though perhaps not chief ; as, 
 a town possesses capital advantages for trade. 
 
 6. Large ; of great size ; as, capital letters, which 
 are of ditferent form, and largerthan common letters. 
 
 Capital stock, is the sum of money or stock which a 
 merchant, banker, or manufacturer employs in his 
 business ; either the original stock, or that etock aug- 
 mented. Also, the sum of money or stock which 
 each partner contributes to the joint fund or stock of 
 the partnership ; also, the common fund or stock of 
 the company, whether incorporated or not. 
 
 .\ capital city or town, is the metropolis or chief city 
 of an empire, kingdom, state, or province. The ap- 
 plication of the epithet indicates the city to be the 
 largest, or to be the seat of government, or both. In 
 many instances, the capital, that is, the largest city, 
 is not the seat of government. 
 CAP'I-TAL, 71. [L. capitellum.] 
 
 The uppermost part of a column, pillar, or pilaster, 
 serving as the head or crowning, and jilaced imme- 
 diately over the shaft, and under the entablature. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 Ry the customary omission of the noun, to which 
 the adjective capital refers, it stands for, 
 
 1. The chief city or town in a kingdom or state ; 
 a metropolis. 
 
 2. A large letter or type, in printing. 
 
 3. A stock in trade, in manufactures, or in any 
 business requiring the expenditure of money with a 
 view to profit. 
 
 G.^P'I-TAL-IST, 7!. A man who has a capital or stock 
 in trade, usually denoting a man of large property, 
 which is or may be employed in business. 
 
 Burke. Stephens. 
 eAPT-TAL-LY, ailv. In a capital or excellent man- 
 ner ; nobly ; finely. 
 
 2. In a way involving the loss of life ; as, to pun- 
 ish rajiitalln. 
 
 CAP'I-TAI.-XF.SS, 71. A capital offense. [r.MIe lused.] 
 
 lihcrtcood, 
 
 GAP'I-TATE, a. [L. capilatu.i, from raput, a head.] 
 In botany, growmg in a head, applied to a flower, 
 
 or mipma. Martyn. Lee. 
 
 GAP-l TA'TION, 71. capitatio, from caput, the 
 
 head.] 
 
 1. Numeration by the head ; a numbering of per- 
 Bons. Brown. 
 
 2. A tax, or imposition, upon each head or piTson ; 
 a poll-tax. Hometimea written rapiljition-tux. Kncyc. 
 
 C^P'I-TK, 71. [L. caput, the head, abl.] 
 
 In Enffluih lam, a tenant in capitr, or in chief, is one 
 who holds lands immediately of the king, caput, the 
 
 CAP 
 
 head or lord paramount of all lands in the kingdom, 
 by knight's service or by socage. This tenure is 
 called tenure in capite ; but it was abolished in Eng- 
 land by 12 Charles II. 24. Blackstone. 
 GAP'I-TOL, 7i. [L. capitolium, from caput, the head.] 
 
 1. The temple of Jupiter, in Rome, and a fort or 
 castle, on the Mons Capitolinus, In this the senate 
 of Rome anciently assembled ; and on the same place 
 is still the city hall or town house, where the con- 
 servators of the Romans hold their meetings. The 
 same name was given to the principal temples of the 
 Romans fii their colonies. Encyc. 
 
 2. The edifice occupied by the congress of the 
 United States in their deliberations. In some states, 
 the state house, or house in which the legislature 
 holds its sessions ; a government house. 
 
 eAP-I-To'LI-.\N,n. Pertaining to the capitol in Rome. 
 
 l>'.4>ipine. 
 
 eAP'I-TOL-INE,a. Pertaining to the capitol in Rome. 
 The Capitoline frames were annual games instituted 
 by Camillas in honor of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in 
 commem(»ration of the preservation of the capitol 
 from the Gauls, and other games instituted by Do- 
 mitian, and celebrated every five years. Encyc. 
 
 CA-PIT'lJ-LAR, \ n. [L. capitulum, a head or chap- 
 
 eA-PIT'U-LA-RY, j ler.] 
 
 1. An act passed in a chapter, either of knights, 
 canons, or religious. 
 
 2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of 
 an ecclesiastical council. This name is also given to 
 the laws, civil and ecclesiastical, made by Charle- 
 magne and other princes, in general councils and 
 assemblies of the peo[)le. Some, indeed, have al- 
 leged that these are supplements to laws. They are 
 so called because they are divided into chapters or 
 sections. Encyc. 
 
 3. The member of a chapter. 
 €A-PIT'y-LAR-LY, adv. In the form of an ecclesias- 
 tical chapter. Swift. 
 
 €A-PIT'y-LA-RY, a. Relating to the chapter of a ca- 
 thedral. IVartoiu 
 eA-Pri''lJ-LATE, V. I. [from capitulum, supra.] 
 
 1. To draw up a writing in chapters, heads, or ar- 
 ticles. SUak. 
 
 [But this sense is vot usual.] 
 
 2. To surrender, as an army or garrison, to an ene- 
 my, by tre.ity, in which the terms of surrender are 
 specified and agreed to by the parties. The term is 
 applicable to a garrison, or to the inhabitants of a be- 
 sieged place, or to an army or troops in any sitiiatiim 
 in which they are subdued or compelled to submit to 
 a victorious enemy. 
 
 eA-PIT-lJ-LA'TION, n. The act of capitulating or 
 surrendering to an enemy, upon stipulated terms or 
 conditions. 
 
 2. The treaty or instrument containing the condi- 
 tions of surrender. 
 
 3. A reducing to heads ; a formal agreement. [JVot 
 muck wA'erf.] 
 
 4. In German polity, a contract made by the empe- 
 ror with the electors, in the names of the princes and 
 states of the empire, before he is raised to the impe- 
 rial dignity. 
 
 eA-PIT'lJ-LA-TOR, 77. One who capitulates. 
 
 SheriDood. 
 
 eAP'I-TULE, 71. A summary. [JVo( in use.] IVickliff. 
 
 e.\-PIT'lJ-LUM, 71. [L.] In botany, a species or mode 
 of inflorescence, in which the flowers are sessile, on 
 the same horizontal plane of the peduncle. It differs 
 from the umbel in the circumstance that the flowers 
 of the umbel have pedicels. 
 
 eA-Pl'VI, ( pe've,) n. A balsam of the Spanish West 
 Indies. [See Copaiba.] 
 
 eAP'NO-JlAN-CY, 7!. [Gr. xaTOoj, smoke, and pav- 
 Tcia, divination.] 
 Divination by the ascent or motion of smoke. 
 
 S;7e7isCT'.* 
 
 eAP'NO-MOR, 71. [Gr. itaridij, smoke, and fioipn, a 
 part.] 
 
 A transparent, colorless, oil-like fluid, obtained 
 from the smoke of organic bodies. 
 eA-P6CII', (ka-pootsh',) 71. [Sp. capucho, a hood ; Fr. 
 capuce.] 
 
 A monk's hood ; also, the hood of a cloak. 
 C.\-P0C1I', 71. (. To cover with a hood ; and hence, 
 to hoodwink or blind. 
 
 Capouched your rabbins of the aynod, 
 Ami Biiiipix'd tlicir caiiona with a why-noL 
 
 Uuflibrat. 
 
 This is the sense given in Pickering's Aldine edi- 
 tion, and is much more probable than Johnson's con- 
 jecture, " to take oU' the hood." 
 
 CA'PON, 77. [Sp. capon ; Port, capam ; It. cappont ; Fr. 
 cltapon ; L. capo; It. cabun; I), kapoen ; G. kapaun; 
 Arm. cabon; Sw. and Dan. kapun; Gr. nawiof. (iu. 
 the root of Fr. coupcr.] 
 
 A castrated cock ; a cock chicken gelded as soon 
 as he quits his dam, or as soon as he begins to crow, 
 for the purpose of improving his flesh for the table. 
 
 CA'PON, 7'. To castrate, as a cock. Birch. 
 
 CAP-ON-IP.RE', 71. [Fr. .Sp. caponera ; It. capponiera, 
 a little cut or trench, and it seems to be allied to 
 capon, Sp. caponar, to {-ill or curtail.] 
 
 In /«r(i/ica(iun, a covered lodgment, sunk four or 
 
 CAP 
 
 five feet into the ground, encompassed with a para- 
 pet, about two feet high, serving to support sever.al 
 planks, laden with earth. It is large enough to con- 
 tain 15 or 20 soldiers, and is placed in the glacis, at 
 the extremity of the counterscarp, and in dry moats, 
 with embrasures or loop-holes, through which the 
 soldiers may fire. Harris. Encyc. 
 
 A passage from one part of a work to another, pro- 
 tected on each side by a wall or parapet, and some- 
 times covered overhead. When there is a parapet 
 on one side only, it is called a demi-caponiere. 
 
 e.\'PON-IZE, ». t. To castrate a fowl. Barrington. 
 
 CA-POT', [Fr., probably from L. capio, to seize.] 
 
 A winning of all the tricks of cards at the game of 
 piquet. Johnson. 
 
 CA-POT', V. t. To win all the tricks of cards at 
 piquet. 
 
 e.\-P6TE', 77. [Fr.] A long cloak for females, cov- 
 ering from head to feet. 
 
 eAP'-P.A-PER, 11. .\ coarse paper, so called from be- 
 ing used to make caps to hold commodities. Binjlc. 
 
 e.'VP'PER, 71. [from cap.] One whose business is to 
 make or sell caps. 
 
 CAP'RATE, 71. A salt formed by the union of capric 
 acid with a base. 
 
 CAP'RE-O-EATE, a. [L. eapreolus, a tendril, prop- 
 erly a shoot, from the root of capra, a goat.J 
 
 In botany, having tendiils, or filiform spir.al clas|>- 
 ers, by which plants fasten themselves to other bod- 
 ies, as in vines, peas, &c. Harris. Martyn. 
 
 CAP'RIC ACID, 71. An acid obtained from butter, 
 which crystallizes in needles at 52% and becomes en- 
 tirely litpiid at 64°. It has the peculiar odor of the 
 goat. 
 
 Pi?/C'C/0, (ka-prut'cho,) [It., freak, whim.] A 
 loose, irregular kind of music. 
 
 ■eJl-PRlC-CI-O'SO, (ka-prCt-clie-5'so,) [It.] A term 
 denoting a free, fantastic style of music. 
 
 CA PRICE', (ka-prees',) 71. [Fr. caprice; Sp. and 
 Port, capricho; It. capriccio, a shaking in fever, 
 rigors ; also, whim, freak, fancy. I suspect this 
 word to be formed, with a prefix ca, on the root of 
 freak, break ; denoting, primarily, a sudden bursting, 
 breaking, or starting. So we see, in Italian, ma^lio, 
 and camaglio, a vinil. In early English writers, it is 
 written, according to the Spanish, capricho. If 
 formed from the root of capio, caper, the primary 
 sense is the same.] 
 
 A sudden start of the mind ; a sudden change of 
 opinion or humor ; a whim, freak, or particular 
 fancy. 
 
 eA-PRICH'IO, 71. Freak; fancy. [Ofts.] Shak. 
 
 €A-PRI"CIOUS, (ka-prish'us,) a. Freakish ; whim- 
 sical ; apt to change opinions suddenly, or to start 
 from one's purpose ; unsteady ; changeable ; fickle j 
 fanciful ; subject to change, or irregularity ; as, a 
 man of a capricious temper. 
 
 €A-PRI"CIOUS-LY, adii. In a capricious manner; 
 whimsically. 
 
 eA-PRl"CIOtJS-NESS, 7!. The quality of being led 
 by caprice ; whimsicalness ; unsteadiness of purpose 
 or opinion. 
 
 2. Unsteadiness ; liableness to sudden changes ; 
 as, the capriciousness of fortune.] 
 
 CAP'Rl-CORN, 71. [L. capricornus, caper, a goat, and 
 cornu, a horn.] 
 
 One of the twelve signs of the zodiac, the winter 
 solstice ; represented (in ancient monuments by the 
 figure of a goat, or a figure having the fore part like 
 a goat, and the hind part like a flsh, Encyc. 
 
 C^P'RID, a. [L. capra, a goat.] 
 
 Relating to that tribe of ruminant m.ammals, of 
 which the genus Capra is the type. It compre- 
 hends the genera Antilope, Capra, Oiiis, and Damalis. 
 
 eAP-RI-FI-CA'TION, n. [L. caprificatio.] 
 
 The supposed impregnation of the ovules of the 
 fruit of the fig by an insect, which penetrates it and 
 carries in the polieu adhering to his body. 
 
 This is a process for accelerating the ripening of 
 the^fig, in the Levant, by suspending, on the cultiva- 
 ted'fig, bianrlics of the wild fig, that bring with them 
 a small insert, (a species of Cynips, Linn.,) which, 
 by puiKtiiiing the fruit for the purpose of laying 
 its egg<, simply liasli ns ripening. This effect may 
 be also prodiu ed merely by puncturing the fruit with 
 a needle di|iped in oil. P. Cyc. 
 
 eAP'KI-Ft")LE, 11. [L. cnprifolium.] 
 
 lloiieysiH'kle ; woodbine. Spenser. 
 
 CAP'ltl-l'OR.M, a. [ L. caper, a goat, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of a goat. Eclectic Hcvicw. 
 
 eA-PRlG'E-NOUS, a. Produced by a goat. 
 
 fc'AP'RINE, n. A substance found in butter, which, 
 with butyrin and capione, givi's it its peculiar agreea- 
 ble taste and odor. It is a rom|><>uiid of capric acid 
 and glycrra, (glycerin,) or a raprate of glycer.a. 
 
 eAP'KI-OLE, 71. [Fr., now cabriole; Sp. and Port. 
 cabriola ; It. capriola, a cnpcr.] 
 
 In the maneire, caprioles are leaps that a horse 
 makes in the same place without atlvancing, in such 
 a manner, that when he is at the hight of the leap, 
 he jerks out with his hind legs, even and ne.ir. It 
 differs from the croupade in tills, that, in a croupade, 
 a horse does not show his shoes ; and from a balo- 
 lade, ill wliicli he does not jerk out. Farrier's VUt. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLV, IIQQK. 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAR 
 
 eAP'ia-l'EO, a. [1,. caper, a Suat, and pes, foot.] 
 
 Ilaviiia fiM!t lik(^ tliiise of a (rnat. 
 CAP'RO-ATIi;, n. A salt formed l)y the union of cap- 
 
 roic acid with a base. 
 CAP-RO'ie AC'(I), n. Am acid obtained from butter, 
 
 in tlie form of an oily, limpid fluid, having the odor 
 
 of sweat, and a nauseous, sweetish taste. 
 e.AP'RONE, n. A substance found in butter; a 
 
 compound of caproic acid and glycera, (glycerin,) or a 
 
 capronte of glycera. [tsee Caphink.] 
 CAP'SIItcAF, n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain ; 
 
 the crownei. 
 
 CAP'SI-eUM, n. Guinea pepper. Chambers. 
 e.\P-SIZE', V. t. To upset, or overturn ; a srnman's 
 
 phrase. Mar. Diet. 
 
 €AP-SI7.'ED, (kap-slzd') pp. Overset. 
 CAP-SIZ'I.NG, ppr. Overturning. 
 €.\P'-SUUaRES, ?i. pi. Strong plates of iron which 
 
 come over the trunnions of a cannon, and keep it to 
 
 its place. 
 
 €.AP'STAN, 71. Sometimes written Capsterm. [Fr. 
 
 cabe..itan ; Sp. caheMrante ; Port, ciihrestante, from 
 calrre.-ito, Sp. cabatro, a halter ; L. eopistruin ; Sax. 
 cirp.-iter, or cabestr, a halter. The Hpanisli has also 
 cabria, an axletree, and cabrio, a ratter. Citps-tjin is 
 probably from L. capio, to hold, with some other 
 word.] 
 
 A strong, massy column of timber, formed like a 
 truncated cone, and having its upper extremity 
 pierced to receive b.irs, or levers, for winding a rope 
 round it, to raise great weights, or perforin other ex- 
 traordinary work that requires a great power. It 
 may be let down through tlie decks of a ship, and so 
 fixed that the work is performed by a liorizontal 
 motion. .Afar. DicU 
 
 eAP'SU:LA^RY, I «• "°"<'^- <■> 
 
 2. Cap.\>Uar li^amrnl, is that which surrounds eve- 
 ry movable articulation, and contains the synovia 
 like a bag. Hooper. 
 C.^P'SU-LATE, jo. Inclosed in a capsule ; or as in 
 €AP'SU-L.\-TED, I a chest, or box. [Botany.] 
 €AP'SUI^E, ) 71. [Ij. capgula, a little chest, perhaps 
 CAP'SU-LA, ! from capio, to take.] 
 
 1. In botany, a pericarp which is " one, or many- 
 celled, many-seeded, superior, dr>", dehiscent hy 
 valves, always proceeding from a compound ovari- 
 um." Limlleij. 
 
 2. .\ small saucer made of clay, for roasting sam- 
 ples of ores, or for melting them ; also, a snuill, shal- 
 low, evaporating dish. 
 
 e.XP'T.'M.X, (kap'tin,) 71. [Fr. cnpitnine ; Sp. capitan ; 
 
 . Port, capitam; It, capitano; t'rom Ij. frtpu(, the head. 
 In the feudal laws of Europe, the term Wiis applied 
 to tenants in capite, who were bound to attend their 
 prince in his wars, at the head of soldiers ; and from 
 this practice the naine had its origin, or from their 
 command.] 
 
 1. LitmAly, a head, or chief officer; appropriately, 
 the military otficer who commands a comp.any, 
 whether of infantry, cavalry, artillery, or matrosses. 
 
 2. The commander of a ship of war, or of a mer- 
 chantman. But the latter is often called a master. 
 
 3. The commander of a military band, a sense 
 that occurs in the Scriptures ; as, a captain of fifty. 
 
 4. A man skilled in war, or military aii'airs ; as, 
 Lord Wellington is a great captain. 
 
 5. A chief commander. Shak. But in this sense 
 rarely used, but in composition. 
 
 Captain-General is the commander-in-chief of an 
 army, or of the militia. The governor of a State is 
 captain-general of the militia. [United States:.] 
 
 Captain-lieutenant is an officer, who, with the rank 
 of a captain, and pay of lieutenant, commands a com- 
 pany, or troop. Thus the colonel of a regiment be- 
 ing the captain of the fir^t company, that company is 
 commanded by a captain-lientenant. 
 
 Captain Bashaw, or Captulan Bashaie, In Turkey, is 
 the high admiral. 
 €AP'TA1.\, o. Chief ; valiant. Shak. 
 €AP'TAIX-CY, n. The rank, post, or commission of 
 a captain. fVashin^ton. 
 
 2. The jurisdiction of a captain, or commander, 
 as in South America. 
 CAP'T.MN-RY, 71. The power, or. command, over a 
 
 certain district ; chieftainship. Spenser. Johnsotu 
 eAP'T.\IN-SHIP 71. The condition, or post, of a 
 captain, or chief^ commander. Shak. 
 
 2. The rank, quality, or post, of a captain. In 
 lieu of this. Captaincy is now used. 
 
 3. The command of a clan, or government of a 
 certain district Daeies. 
 
 4. Skill in military affairs. 
 
 e.\P-TA'T10i\, 71. [L. captatio, from capto, to catch.] 
 The act or practice of catching favor, or applause, 
 by flattery, or address. King Charles. 
 
 €AP'TIO.\, n. [L. captio, from capio, to seize.] 
 
 I. In laie, a certificate, stating the time and place 
 of executing a commission in chancery, or of taking 
 a deposition, or of the finding of an indictment, and 
 the court or authority before which such act was per- 
 fonned, and such other particulars as are nccess,ary 
 to render it legal and valid. .\ caption may be placed 
 at the head or foot of a certificate, or on the back of 
 
 an inilietnient. The word caption signifies a taking, 
 but it includes the particulars above mentioned. 
 
 2. The act of taking or arresting a person by judi- 
 cial process. [Little iLie.1l.] 
 
 The use of the word in any other than a technical 
 sense, is not considered to bo well authorized. 
 CAP'TIOUS, (kap'shus,) 0. [L. captiosus, from capto, 
 to catch.] 
 
 1 Disposed to find fault, or raise objections ; apt 
 to cavil, as in popular lar.guage, it is said, apt to catch 
 at : as, a captious man. 
 
 2. Fitted to cAch, or insnare ; insidious; as, a 
 captious (luestion. Locke. 
 
 3. Proceeding from a caviling disposition ; as, a 
 captious objection, or criticism. 
 
 CAP'TIOU.S-LY, aitt). In a captious manner ; with 
 an inclination or intention to object, or censure. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 €AP'TIOUS-NESS, 71. Disposition to find fault ; in- 
 clinaticm to object ; peevishness. Locke. 
 
 CAP'TI-VaTE, i>. t. [L. captivo, from captivas, a 
 prisoner, from cn;j(o, to take ; Fr. captiver ; Sp. cauCt- 
 var ; Port, eativ'ar ; It. cattivarp.] 
 
 1. To take prisoner ; to seize hy force ; as an en- 
 emy in war. [Obs.] Shak. Locke. B. TrumhuU. 
 
 2. To subdue; to nring into bondage. ATi/i;,'- CAoWm. 
 
 3. To overpower and gain with excellence or beau- 
 ty ; to charm; to engage the alTections ; to bind in 
 love. Milison. 
 
 4. To enslave ; with to ; as, captivated to error. 
 
 Lficke. 
 
 eAP'TI-V.\TE, a. Taken prisoner. Shak. 
 
 e.\P'TI-VA-TED, pp. Made prisoner ; charmed. 
 
 €AP'TI-V.A-TIN(J, ppr. or a. Taking prisoner; en- 
 gaging the affections. 
 2. a. Having power to engage the affections. 
 
 CAP-TI-Va'TION, 71. The act of taking a prisoner ; 
 a taking one captive. 
 
 €AP'TIV E, 71. [Fr. eaptif; Sp. cautivo ; It. cattiro, 
 whence Eng. caitiff; L. captious, from ca;i(o, to 
 seize.] 
 
 1. A prisoner taken by force or stratagem in war, 
 by an enemy ; followed by to ; as, a captive to the 
 victor. 
 
 2. One who is charmed or subdued by beauty or 
 excellence ; one whose affections are seized, or who 
 is held by strong ties of love. 
 
 3. One who is insnared by love or flattery, or by 
 wiles. 2 Tim. ii. 2fi. 
 
 4. A slave. Anciently, captives were enslaved by 
 their conquerors. Rut in modern times, they are not 
 made slaves in Christian countries ; and the word 
 captire, in a literal sense, rarely signifies a slave. 
 
 CAP'TIVE, a. Made prisoner in w.ar ; kept in bond- 
 age, or confinement ; as, captive souls. Dnjden. 
 2. Holding in confinement ; as, captive chains. 
 
 GAP'TIVE, 1). t. To take prisoner; to bring into sub- 
 jection. [Olds.] Dnjdcn. Prior. 
 
 €AP-TIV'I-TY, 71. [Fr. eaptiviti ; U captivitas, from 
 capto^o seize.] 
 
 1. The state of being a prisoner, or of being in the 
 power of an enemy by force or the fate of war. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 2. Subjection to love. Mdison. 
 
 3. Subjection ; a state of being under control. 
 Bnn£:incr liitu captivity every Ibouglit to the obedience of Chmt. 
 
 4. Subjection ; servitude ; slavery. 
 
 But I se^ nnoUier law ill my members - 
 liiiily Co the taw of iin. — Rom. vii. 
 
 ■ bringing me into cap- 
 
 To lead captivity captive, in Scripture, is to subdue 
 those who have held others in slavery, or captivity. 
 
 Ps. Ixviii. 
 
 €AP'TOR, 71. [L. capio, to take.] 
 
 One who takes, as a prisoner or a prize. It is ap- 
 propriately one who takes a prfze at sea. 
 
 e.AP'TIiRE, (kapt'yur,) 71. [L. captura i Ft. capture ! 
 from L. capio, to take.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, the act of taking or seizing ; 
 a.s, the capture of an enemy, of a ship, or of booty, 
 by force, surprise, or stratagem. 
 
 2. The thing taken ; a prize ; prey taken by force, 
 surprise, or stratagem. 
 
 3. Seizure; arrest; as, the capture of a criminal or 
 debtor. 
 
 CAP'TIIRE, V. t. To take or seize by force, surprise, 
 or stratagem, as an enemy or his property ; to take 
 by force under the authority of a commission ; as, to 
 capture a ship. 
 
 eAP'TrjR-/;D, (kapt'yurd,) pp. or a. Taken as a prize. 
 
 eAP'TtJR-l.NG, ppr. Seizing as a prize. 
 
 ai-PUCCI-0, (ka-puch'i-o,) 71. [It.] A capuchin or 
 hood. 
 
 €A-PyCH'£D, a. Covered with a hood. [Little used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 €.\P-tT.Cir(\', (kap-yu-sheen',) 71. [Fr. eapucine, from 
 capuce, a hood or cowl.] 
 
 1. A garment for females, consisting of a cloak 
 and hiwid, made in imitation of the dress of capu- 
 chin monks. Johnson. 
 
 2. .\ piceon whose head is covered with feathers. 
 eAP-U-CHf.\', 71. One of the monks of the order of St 
 
 Francis, who cover their beads with a capuce, eap- 
 
 uchon, a stuff-cap or cowl. They are clnlhed in 
 brown or gray, go barefooted, and never shave their 
 faces. Kneyc. 
 
 CAP'U-CINE, n. A species of monkey, the jaimo or 
 
 eAP'P-LlN, 71. The Mexican cherry. [.lai. 
 
 Cl'Pt/r, (ka'piit,) 71. [L., the bead.] In Cambridge, 
 Eng., a council of the university, by which every 
 grace must be approved before it can be subinitted 
 to the senate. It consists of the vice-chancellor, a 
 doctor of each of the faculties of divinity, law, and 
 medicine, and two masters of arts, chii.sen annually 
 by the senate, Camb. Cal. 
 
 CA'PUT MOR'TU-UJtf, [L.] Dead matter; lees; 
 worthless remains. 
 
 2. In chemUtry, the residuum of distillation or sub- 
 limation, after the volatile matter has been driven off 
 by heat. Jiikin. 
 
 Hence, worthless residuum. Junius. 
 GAR, e.AER, CII.\R, in names of places, is sometimes 
 
 the Celtic Cacr, a town or city, a.s in Cacrmartlien. 
 CAR, 71. [VV. car ; Ir. carr, carra, or catrt; Arm. qarr ; 
 D. and G. karre ; Sw. kdrra ; Dan. karre : Sp. It. and 
 Port, earn) ; Ij. c«7-r«,«, or curras ; Fr. char, whence 
 chariot ; Sax. cnrt, a cart. The sense is probably tak- 
 en from nintiiiig un wheels. See Ct;nREN r.] 
 
 1. A small vehicle moved un wheels, usually drawn 
 by one horse. Johnson. 
 
 2 In poetical language, any vehicle of dignity or 
 splendor; a cliariot of war, or of triumph. 
 
 Milton. Prior. 
 
 3. The constellation called Ctuxrles^s H'ain or the 
 Bear. Dnjden. 
 
 4. A carriage for running on rails, in a railroad. 
 
 eXR'iilxl^ ! t^''' ' ^P- caraiiiia ; It. id.] 
 
 A short gun or fire-arm, carrying a ball of 24 to the 
 pound, borne by light horsemen, and lianging by a 
 belt over the left shoulder. The barrel is two feet 
 and a half long, and sometimes furrowed. 
 
 e.AR-A-BI-NEEll', n. .\ man who carries a carabine ; 
 one who carries a longer carabine than others, which 
 is sometimes used on foot. Encijc. 
 
 CAR'.'\C, n. [Port, carraca ; Fr. caraque ; Sp. carraca; 
 allied to It. carico, a burden, cargo.] 
 
 .\ large ship of burden ; a Portuguese Indiaman. 
 
 e.'^R'A-CAL, 71. [Turkish Aara, black, and kal, ear.] 
 A species of lynx, {Felis caracal, Linn. ;) a native 
 of Northern Africa, and South-western Asia. Its col- 
 or is a uniform reddish-brown ; its ears black exter- 
 nally, and tipped with long, black hairs. 
 
 €.\R'.'\-er)LE, 71. [Fr. caracole, a wheeling about; 
 Sp. caracul, a small cone, a winding staircase, a snail ; 
 It. cnracollo. a wheeling.] 
 
 1. In the manege, a semi-round, or h.alf turn, which 
 a horseman makes, either to the right or left. In the 
 army, the cavalry make a caracole after each dis- 
 charge, in order to pass to the rear of the squadron. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In architecture, a staircase in a helix or spiral 
 form. Kneyc. 
 
 €.\R'.A-GoLE, r. 1. To move in a caracole ; to wheel. 
 
 e.\R'.\-e6I.-I.\G, ppr. .Moving in a caracole. 
 
 e.AR'.\-eoL-I, ( kol-e,) Ji. .A mixture of gold, silver, 
 and copper, of which are made rings, pendants, 
 and other toys for the savages. 
 
 €.\R'.A-.MEL, 71. [Fr.] .Anhydrous or burnt sugar ; a 
 black, porous, shining substance, obtained by heat- 
 ing sugar to a high tempentturc. It is soluble in wa- 
 ter, which it colors a dark brown, and is used for 
 coloring spirits, &c. It gives, when heated, a pecu- 
 liar odor, called the odor of caramel. 
 
 eAR'.AT, 71. [It carato; Fr. carat; D. karaat ; G. ia- 
 ro( ; Gr. Kcoarinv, a little horn, a pod, and the berry 
 of a pod, used for a weight of four grains. From the 
 
 Greeks it is said the Arabians borrowed their 
 
 karat, a weight used in .Mecca, equal to the twenty- 
 fourth of a denarius, or denier. See Castell, Col. 
 344a, and Ludolf, 19B.] 
 
 1. The weight of fiiiir grains, used by goldsmiths 
 and jewelers in weighing precious stones and pearls. 
 
 Kttcyc. 
 
 2. The weight that expresses the fineness of gold. 
 The whole mass of gold is divided into 24 cqu.al 
 parts, and as many 24th parts as it contains of pure 
 gold, it is called gold of so many carats. Thus gold 
 of twenty -two parts of pure metal, is gold of twenty- 
 two carats. The carat in Great Britain is divided in- 
 to four grains ; .among the Germans, into twelve 
 parts ; and among the French, into thirty-two. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. The value of any thing. [0S».] B. Jonson. 
 
 O .-,0, 
 
 €AR'.\-V.AN, 71. [Ar. ^\ kairawan, from 
 
 karau, to stretch along, to follow, to proceed from 
 place to place. Sp. caravana ; Fr. caravtLiie. Pers. 
 a.s Ar.] 
 
 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, 
 marching or proceeding in a body over the deserts of 
 Arabia, or other region infested with robbers. 
 
 2. A large, close carriage on springs, for conveying 
 wild bea.sts when carried round as a show. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; IH as in THIS. 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 €AR-A-VAN'SA-RY, ) n. A place appointed for re- 
 
 €AR-A-VAN'SE-RA, ( ceiving and loading cara- 
 vans ; a kind of inn, wliere the caravans rest at 
 night, being a large, square building, with a spa- 
 cious court in the middle. Ennjc. 
 
 GAR'A-VEL, \ 71. [Sp. earavela; It. carat ello ; Fr. ca- 
 
 CXR'VEL, i ravelle.] 
 
 1. A small vessel on the coast of France, vised in 
 the herring fishery. These vessels are usually from 
 25 to 30 tons' burden. 
 
 2. A light, round, old-fashioned ship. Johnson. 
 CAR'A-WaV, n, [Gr. Ka i 'C, k in >v ; Ij. caros^ careum 
 
 Fr. carci ; Sp. dcaravca or alcaraliuei/a : D. kerwe ; Ar. 
 
 t karaviya.'] 
 
 A biennial plant, the cartim carisi of Linnreufs, with 
 a taper root like a parsnep, which, when yo\ing, is 
 good eating. The seeds have an aromatic smell and 
 a warm, pungent taste. They are used in confection- 
 ery, and also in medicine as a carminative. F.ncijc. 
 2. A kind of apple. Mason, 
 
 e.\R-BA-ZOT'ie ACID, n. [Mr*07t and azote.] A 
 yellow, bitter, cr\-stallizable substance, obtained by 
 the action of nitric acid on indigo and some other 
 azotizcd organic substances. It is also called picric 
 arirl, and the hitter principle of Welter. 
 
 eAR'Ri.VE. SeeCAK\BiNE. 
 
 e.VfttBO.V, 71. [I,, eario, a coal ; Sp. tarban : It. car- 
 bone : Fr. charbon. Ciu. Gr. »a,j'Sui, to dry, or the root 
 of cArtr, Russ. ckaryu^ to bum.] 
 
 An elementary, combustible substance, existing 
 pure and crystallized in the diamond, and some- 
 times in graphite, and forming the basis of animal 
 and ^'egetabIe charcoal, and of coke. By means of 
 a galvanic apparatus, it is found to be capable of fu- 
 sion. 
 
 exR-BOX-A'CEOL'S, o. Pertaining or relating to, or 
 containing, or composed of, carbon , as, carbonaceoits 
 matter. 
 
 €aR'BO-NADE, 71. [from carfto, supra.] In cookery, 
 
 ■ flesh, fowl, or the like, cut across, seasoned, and 
 broiled on coals. SItak. 
 
 e.\R'BO-NADE, 7!. «. To cut or hack. Sliak. 
 
 e.\R'BO NaD-ED, pp. Cut for broiling or fn ing. 
 
 €aR'BO NAD-ING,ppr. Cutting for broiling ur frying. 
 
 €aR'BO\-ATE, 71. In ckentistnj, a salt formed by the 
 union of carbonic acid with a base ; as, the carbonate 
 of lime, carbonate of copper. 
 
 exR'BO.V-A-TED, a. Combined with carbonic acid. 
 Carbonated waters : such mineral v. aters as are im- 
 pregnated with carbonic acid. 
 
 e.\R-BO.\'ie ACID, n. An acid composed of one 
 equivalent of carbon, and two equivalents of oxy- 
 gen, or in which oxygen combines in the greatest 
 proportion with carbon. It exists, under ordinary 
 circumstances, when unrximbined, in the state of a 
 gas, but has been liquefied by very powerful pressure. 
 It was formerly called air, atrial acid, mephitic 
 
 ea-'!, and cretaceoxts acid, or acid of chalk. It is 
 found, in some places, in a state of gas ; it exists in 
 the atmosphere, and is disengaged from fermenting 
 liquors, and from decomposing vegetable and animal 
 substances, and is given ofi" in respiration. It is 
 heavier than common air, and subsides into low 
 places, vaults and wells. 
 
 eAR-BOX'ie nX'YD, ti. a gaseous compound of 
 one equivalent of carbon, and one equivalent of 
 oxygen. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes com- 
 bustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming 
 carbimic acid. It apparently possesses combining 
 acid properties, and may be called carbonous acid. 
 
 €aR-BON-IF'ER-OUS, a. [carbo and/fro, to bear.] 
 Producing or containing carbon or coal. 
 
 Klrican, Geol. 
 This term is properly applied to strata or formations 
 containing co il. 
 
 exR-BON-I-ZA'TION, n. The act or process of car- 
 bonizing. 
 
 eAR'BO.V-IZE, r. U To convert into carbon by com- 
 bustion or the action of .fire, or by other means, as 
 by the action of concentrated acids on animal atid 
 vegetable sul)st;inces. 
 
 €AR'UON-IZ-^;d, pp. Converted into carbon or 
 charcoal. 
 
 €AR'l!0.\-IZ-l\G, ppr. Con\'erting into carbon. 
 
 eAR'Bf).N-O-ll?'l)R0US, a. [carbon, and Gr. v6(,>p, 
 water.] Composed of carbon and livdrogen. 
 
 CARMtO-SUI/PIIIJ-RET, n. A term formerly ap- 
 plied to the compounds formed by the action of the 
 disulphiiret of carbon, on the metallic and alkaline 
 metallic sulphurels. 
 
 exR'BOY, 71. A large, globular bottle of green glass, 
 incloHed in ba-iki^t-work for proti-ction ; used es- 
 pecially for carry ing corro>ive liquors, as sulphuric 
 acid, tec. 
 
 eAR'Bi;.\-CLE, rkilr'biink-1,) 71. [L. carhaitculiu, a 
 little c<7al, from carfto.] 
 
 1. An anlhraz ; tin inflammatory tumor, or painful 
 gangrenouH boll or iilc4-r. Coze. Ifuoper. 
 
 2. A beautiful gem, of a deep red color, with a 
 mixture of scarlet, called by the Greekn anthraz ; 
 found in the East Indies. Il is UHually found pure. 
 
 of an angular figure, and adhering to a heavy, 
 ferruginous stone, of the emery kind. Its usual size 
 is nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and two 
 thirds of that in diameter. When held up to the 
 sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes exactly of 
 the color of a buniing coal. Encyc. 
 
 The mineral here described, is probably the 
 Oriental ruby, or, at least, some crystallized variety 
 of corundum. 
 
 The carbuncle of the ancients is supposed to have 
 been a garnet. Cleaveland. 
 
 3. In heraldnj, a charge or bearing consisting of 
 eight radii, four of which make a common cross, and 
 the other four, a saltier. Encyc. 
 eAR'BUN-CLilD, (kilr'bunk-ld,) a. Set with car- 
 buncles ; spotted. 
 eAR-BU\CU-L.\R, a. Belonging to a carbuncle; 
 
 resembling a carbuncle ; red ; inflamed. 
 eXR-BUNG-U-LA'TIO.N, 71. [L. carbunculatio, from 
 carbunculo, to bum to a coal, to blast. See Carron.] 
 
 The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, 
 by excessive heat or cold. Harris. 
 eXR'BU-RET, 71. A combination of carbon with 
 some other substance, the resulting compound not 
 being an acid or base. More exactly, a compound 
 of carbon with a liasifiable or acidifiable substance, 
 in which the carbon is the electro-negative ingre- 
 dient. 
 
 eXR'BU-RET-ED, (I. Combined with carbon in the 
 manner of a carburet ; as, carbureted hydrogen gas. 
 
 Carbureted hydroiren fras, is a term applied to va- 
 rious gaseous compounds of carbon, particularly to 
 two definite compounds, the protoearburct of hydri>~ 
 gen, or heavy carbureted hydrogen, composed of 
 one equivalent each of carbiui and hydrogen, and 
 the bicarburet of hydrogen, or light carbureted hydro- 
 gen, com[iosed of one equivalent of carbon, and two 
 equivalents of hydrogen. 
 
 Carbureted is applied to certain gaseous compounds. 
 Thus we say, carbureted hydrogen. Siltiman. 
 
 eXR'CA-JOU, 71. The glutton, a voracious, carnivo- 
 rous quadruped. 
 
 eXR'CVNET, 71. [Fr. carcan, a chain ; It. carcame.] 
 A chain or collar of jewels. Sliak. Ilakewell. 
 
 CXR'CASS, 71. [Fr. carcasses It. carcame; Norm. 
 carkoiis, a mast, and;i carcass. Qu. Gr. K<ioxT}ai"tJ.] 
 
 1. The body of an animal ; usually, the body when 
 dead. It is not applied to the living boilj' of the 
 human species, except in low or ludicrous language 
 
 2. The decaying remains cf a bulky tiling, as of a 
 boat or ship. 
 
 3. The frame or main parts cf a thing, unfinished 
 or without ornament. This seems to be the primary 
 sense of the word. [See the next word.] Hole. 
 
 CXR'GASS, 71 [It. carcas.?a ; Sp. carcax ; Fr. carcasse: 
 D. karkas.] 
 
 An iron case or hollow vessel, about the size of a 
 bomb, of an oval figure, filled with combustible and 
 other substances, as meal-powder, saltpeter, sul- 
 phur, broken glass, turpentine, &c., to be thrown 
 from a mortar into a town, to set fire to builillngs. 
 It has two or three apertures, from which the fire 
 blazes, and the light sometimes serves as a direction 
 in throwing shells. It is eqiiipjied with pistol-bar- 
 rels, loaded with powder to the muzzle, which ex- 
 plode as the composition burns down to them. 
 This Instrument is probably named from the ribs cf 
 iron that form it, which resemble the ribs of a human 
 carcass. Encvc. Mir. Diet. 
 
 exR'CEL L.\MP, 71. A lamp .if French inveiiti.in, 
 in which the oil is raised through tubes by clock- 
 work, so as continually to overflow at the bottom of 
 the burning wick, thus producing a very beautiful 
 and brilliant light. Encyc. Dam. Econ. 
 
 eXR'CEL-AOE, 71. [L. career.] 
 Prison fees. [^Vot in tuse.] 
 
 eXR'CER, n. [L.] A starting-post. 
 
 €AR'CER-AL, a. Belonging to a prison. 
 
 €.\R-CI-Xo'.M.\, 71. [Gr. /taoxii'w/iLi, from KapKivou, 
 KaiJKti"'i, a cancer.] 
 
 A cancer ; also, a turgescence of the veins of the 
 eve. Coze. 
 
 eXR-CI-Nr)'M.\-TOUS, a. Cancerous ; like a cancer, 
 or tending to it. 
 
 eXRD, 71. [Fr. carte; Sp. Port, and It. carta; L. 
 charta : Gr. \anrni; D. kaart: G. karte; Dan. A-or£ ; 
 Ir. cairl; perhaps from bark, L. coriez, Ir. coirt or 
 cairt, or the same root.] 
 
 1. A pajTcr or pasteboard of an oblong figure, on 
 which an; paiuteil figures or points ; used in ironies. 
 
 2. A piece of pasteboard used for containing a 
 person's name, and often bis address, or an invita- 
 tion, or business advertisement. 
 
 3. A note published by some one in the papers, 
 containing a brief st,-itcincut, explanation, request, &c. 
 
 4. The paper on which the points of the compass 
 arc marked. 
 
 Ri'asun th^ card, bill p.iKion ia the gnle. Pop*. 
 
 CARD, V. i. To plav much at cards ; to gain. John.ion. 
 
 CARD, 71. [D. kaar'd; <;. kardetsche; Dan. karde ; Sw. 
 karda ; Fr. carde ; Arm. encardoner ; Sp. carda, teasel, 
 niid a card , Port, carda, a card, and cardo. a thistle ; 
 L. carduus ; II. carda, a thistle and a carii ; L. caro, \ 
 
 to card : Ir. cir, a comb. It seems that card, and L. 
 airdnus, are the same word, and probably the plant 
 {teasel) is the original word, or both are from a com- 
 mon root. The French carde is a card and the 
 stalks of the artichoke. Artichoke is so written for 
 cardiehoke.] 
 
 An instmment for combing, opening, and breaking 
 wool or flax, freeing it from the coarser parts, and 
 from extraneous matter. It is made by inserting 
 bent teeth of wire in a thick piece of leather, and 
 nailing this to a piece of oblong board, to which a 
 handle is attached. 
 
 But wool and cotton are now generally carded in 
 mills by teeth fixed on a wheel moved by water. 
 
 CARD, V. t. To comb, or open wool, flax, hemp, &c., 
 with a card, for the purpose of cleansing it of extra- 
 neous matter, separating the coarser parts, and mak- 
 ing it fine and soft for spinning. 
 
 €XRD'.A-Ml.\E, 71. [Gr.] The name of a genus of 
 plants ; the popular names of several species cf 
 which are lady's smock, cuckow flower, meadow 
 cress. &.C. 
 
 €XRD'A-.MOM, 71. [Gr. Kaora/ioifiop.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Amomum, and its seeds, a 
 native of India. The seeds of this plant, which 
 grow in a pod, have a warm, aromatic flavor, and 
 are used in medicine. Encyc. 
 
 CaRD'ED, pp. or a. Combed; opened; cleansed 
 with cards. 
 
 exRD'ER, 71. One who cards wool ; also, one who 
 
 plays much at cards. iVutton. 
 CXR'ni-Ae, \a. [h. cardiacus ; Gr. xafiitaKOf, 
 exU-Dl'Ae-AL, ( from KaoSta, the heart.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the heart. 
 
 2. Exciting action In the heart, through the me- 
 dium of the stomach ; having the quality of slima- 
 Kating action in the system, invigorating the spirits, 
 and giving strength and cheerfulness. JHed. Diet. 
 
 The cardiac orifice of the stomach, called also 
 cardia, is the upper or left orifice ; so called from its 
 vicinity to the lieart, or its supposed sympathy with 
 the latter. 
 
 €aR'J)I-A€, 71. A medicine which excites action in 
 
 the stomach, and animates the spirits. 
 GaR'DI-ACE, h. A precious stone. 
 exR-DI-AL'Gl-A, ( 71. [L. ; Gr. Kaoita, the heart, 
 eXR'DI-AL-GY, \ and riXj-oj, pain. 
 
 The heartburn, a violent sensation cf heat and 
 
 acrimony in the upper or left orifice of the stomach, 
 
 seemin!;ly at the heart, but rising into the oesophagus. 
 
 It Is called also the cardiac passion. 
 eXIt'DI-XAL, a. [L. carrfiiiaiii, said to be from cardo, 
 
 a hinge.] 
 
 Chief, principal, preeminent, or fundamental ; as, 
 the cardinal virtues, which pagans supposed to be 
 justice, prudence, tempiirance, and fortitude. 
 GaI{'I)I-X.\L, 71. An ecclesiastical prince in the Roman 
 Catholic church, who has a voice in the conclave at 
 the el 'ction of a pope, who is taken from their num- 
 ber. The cardinals are divided into three classes or 
 orders, containing six bishops, fifty priests, and four- 
 teen deacons, making seventy. These constiiute 
 the sacred college, and compose the pope's council. 
 Originally they were subordinate in tank to bishops ; 
 but they have now the precedence. The dress of a 
 cardln.il is a red soutalne or cassock, a rocket, a short 
 purple mantle, and a red hat. Encyc. Spelman. 
 
 2. .\ woman's short cloak. 
 
 Cardinal flvirer : a plant, a native of North .'\mericaj 
 the Lobelia cardinalis ; so called from its brilliant red 
 flo.vers. 
 
 Cardinal numbers, are the numbers one, two, tliree, 
 &c., in distinction from ^>^-(, sectuu/, t^iiVii, &.C., wiiich 
 are called ordinal numbers. 
 
 Cardinal point-.-, in cosmooraphy, are the four in- 
 tersections of the horizon with the meridian, and the 
 prime vertical circle, or north and south, east and 
 west. In a-itroton-y, the cardinal points are the rising 
 and setting of the sun, the Zenith and Nadir. 
 
 Cardinal siirns, in astronomy, are Aries, Libra, 
 Cancer, and Capricorn. 
 
 Cardinal rirtucs ; prudence, justice, temperance, 
 and fortitude. 
 
 Cardinal winds, are those which blow from the 
 cardinal points. 
 eXR'DI-NAL-ATF., ) n. The office, rank, or dignity 
 exR'DI-NAL-SUlP, j of a cardinal. 
 eAR'DI-N.\L.-IZE, 1). «. To make a cardinal. [Little 
 
 tised.] Sheldon. 
 eXRD'lNG, ppr. Combing, as flax, wool, &c. 
 
 2. Playing at cards. [Little nsed.] 
 e.iiRD'I.N'G, 71. The act of breaking or cleaning with 
 cards. 
 
 eXRD'ING-MA-ClItNE', 71. A machine for comb- 
 ing, breaking, and cleansing wool and cotton. It 
 consists of cylinders, thick set with teeth, and moved 
 by the force of water, steam, &.C. 
 
 CAR'DI-OID, 71. [Gr. «a/Miu, heart, and tiiinf, form.] 
 An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance 
 to a heart. Chambers. 
 
 €AR-DI-UI,'0-GY, 71. The science which treats of 
 the heart. 
 
 Ca R DI'TI.'^, n. Inflammation of the fleshy subst.ance 
 of the heart. Dunglison. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WIl/lT. — METE, PREY.— PINE, M.\RINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 €ARr)'-MAK-ER, n. [card and maker.] A maker of 
 cards. 
 
 €AUl)'-iMATCH, n. [card and match.] A match made 
 by dipping pieces of card in melted sulphur. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 eXR-DOON', n. [Sp. cardan; L. carduus.] 
 
 A species of Cynara, resembling the artichoke, but 
 larKor. Chambers. 
 eXKD'-TS-BLE, n. The table appropriated to the 
 use of gamesters, or used for playing cards on. 
 
 2. A laljle one of whose leaves folds over on to 
 the other. 
 
 €AU'DU-LrS BEN-E-DICT'US, n. The herb Messed 
 
 CaRE, n. [Sax. car, cara ; Goth, kar, kara ; Ir. car; 
 L. cura. In Welsh, cur is care, anxiety ; also, a 
 blow, or beating, a throb; curaw, to beat, strike, or 
 throb, to light ; curiam, to trouble, vex, pine, or 
 waste away. In L. euro signities to care, and to 
 cure. In Sp. eurar is to prescribe medicine ; to salt 
 or cure, as rtesh ; to season, as limber ; to bleach, as 
 cloth ; intransitively, to recover from sickness ; and 
 reciprocally, to take care of one's self. In Italian, 
 ciirnre is to cure, attend, protect, defend, and to 
 value or esteem. In French, curfr is to cleanse; 
 " curer les dens." to pick the teeth ; cure is a ben- 
 efice. The primary sense is, to strain, or stretch, as 
 in care, attention ; and curious is stretching forward ; 
 but the sense of separating, or driving off, is com- 
 prehended, which gives the French sense, and the 
 sense of prying into is included in euriotus. The 
 sense of healing is from that of care, or making 
 found and -strong. The Welsh sense of beating is 
 from driving, tlinisting, coinciding with straining. 
 See Cark and Cune.] 
 
 1. Concern ; anxiety ; solicitude ; noting some de- 
 gree of pain in the mind, from apprehension of evil. 
 
 Thry shAll cat breati by weight and with care. — Ezek. ir. 
 
 2. Caution ; a looking to ; regard ; attention, or 
 heed, with a view to safety or protection, as in the 
 plirase, " take care of yourself." 
 
 A want of mrt does more damage than a want of knowledge. 
 
 fyanklin. 
 
 3. Charge or oversight, implying concern for 
 safety and prosperity ; as, he was under the care of 
 a physician. 
 
 That which Cometh upon me daily, the care of all the cburchci. 
 — 2 Cor. ji. 
 
 4. The object of care, or watchful regard and at- 
 tention ; as, " Is she thy care 1 " Dryden. 
 
 CARE, c. 1. To be anxious or solicitous ; to be con- 
 cerned about. 
 
 Master, carett tiiou not that we perish ? — Mark ir. 
 2. To be inclined or disposed ; to have regard to ; 
 with fur before a noun, and to before a verb. " Not 
 earing to observe the wind." " Great masters in 
 painting never care for drawing people in the fash- 
 ion." In this sense llic word implies a less degree 
 of coni^ern. The ditlerent degrees of anxiety ex- 
 pressed by this word constitute the chief differences 
 in its siiniification or a|>pIications. 
 
 eARE'-eRAZ-t'D, a. [care and cra:e.] Broken or 
 disordered by care or solicitude ; as, a care-craied 
 mother. Shal;. 
 
 €ARE'-DE-F?'ING, a. Bidding defiance to care. 
 
 Shen.stone. 
 
 €aRE'-TON-£D, a. Tuned by care ; mournful. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 eARE'-WOUXD-ED, (-wound-cd or -woond-ed,) a. 
 
 Wounded with care. May. 
 e.\-REE.\', I-. (. [Fr. carencr, from carene, the side 
 and keel of a ship ; L. carina ; Sp. carcnar ; Port. 
 querenar ; It. carenare.] 
 
 In sea lantptagr^ to heave or bring a ship to lie on 
 one side, for the purpose of calking, repairing, cleans- 
 ing, or iKiying over with pitch the other siile. 
 
 jVur. DicL 
 
 CA-REEN', r. i. To incline to one side, as a ship un- 
 tler a press of sail. Mar. DicL 
 
 CA-REEN'£D, pp. Laid on one side ; inclined. 
 
 €.\-REE.\'ING, ppr. Heaving down on one side ; 
 inclining. 
 
 €A-REE.N'ING, n. The act of heaving down on one 
 
 siile, or inclining, as a ship. 
 CA-REER', n. [Fr. carriere ; Sp, carrera ; Port, carrei- 
 
 ra ; It. carriera. It is from the root of car, and I>. 
 
 enrro, from the sense of running.] 
 
 1. A course ; a race, or running ; a rapid running ; 
 speed in motion. Wi/Ai/m. Prior. 
 
 2. General course of action or movement ; proced- 
 ure ; course of proceeding. 
 
 Continue and prt)C«ed in honor'i taif career. Dryden. 
 
 3. The groimd on which a race is run. JoAttson, 
 
 4. In tAe manege, a place inclosed with a barrier, 
 in which Ihey run the ring. Encuc. 
 
 5. In falconry, a Hight or tour of the hawk, about 
 iOO yards. Encye 
 
 CA-REER', V. t. To move or run rapidly. 
 
 When a »hip is decked out in ail her canv;ia, every iail swelled, 
 aiid txreeririg ^ayly over tiie curling waves, liow tolty, how 
 If-dlant she appears 1 Irving. 
 
 CA-REER'ING, ppr. Running or moving with speed. 
 
 ith alt care 3 Kin^ ir. 
 
 ' have done ? Dryatn. 
 
 CARE'FfJL, 0. [See Care.] Full of care ; nnxiou8 ; 
 solicitous. 
 
 Martha, Ihrm art cartfui and troubled about many thinpa. — 
 Luke X. 
 
 2. Provident ; attentive to support and protect ; 
 with of or fur. 
 
 Thou bust been careful for 
 What could a careful lUtlier 
 
 In present usage, cartful is generally followed by 
 of; as, careful of he.ilth, 
 
 3. Watchful ; cautious ; giving good heed : as. be 
 careful to maintain good works ; be careful of your 
 conversation. 
 
 4. Filling with care or solicitude ; exposing to con- 
 cern, anxiety, or trouble ; full of cares. 
 
 R,vlsi-d to a careful hifrlil. Shak. 
 eARE'FyL-LY, adv. With care, anxiety, or solici- 
 tude. 
 
 Tliouijh lie Bought it carefully with teara. — Ileb. zii. 
 
 2. Ilecdfully ; watchfully ; attentively ; as, con- 
 sider these precepts carefully. 
 
 If thou carefully hearken to the Lord. — Deut. xr. 
 
 3. In a manner that shows care. 
 
 Envy, how carefully doet it look I Collier. 
 
 4. Providently ; cautiously, Johnson. 
 CARE'FlJlj-NESS, n. Anxiety ; solicitude. 
 
 Drink ttiy water with trviiibling and with carefulneee. — Exek. 
 
 2. needfulness ; caution ; vigilance in guarding 
 against evil, and providing for safety. 
 CARE'LESS,a. [care and less. HiiX. leas ; Golh. laus. 
 See Loose,] 
 
 1. Having no care; heedless; negligent ; unthink- 
 ing ; inattentive ; regardless ; unmindful ; followed 
 by of or about ; as, a careless mother ; a mother care- 
 less of or about her children, is an unnatural parent, 
 
 2. Free from care or anxiety ; whence undisturbed ; 
 cheerful. 
 
 Thus wisely careless, innocenUy gny. Pope. 
 
 3. Done or said without care ; unconsidered ; as, a 
 careless throw ; a carele.'<s expression. 
 
 4. Not regarding with care ; unmoved by ; uncon- 
 cerned for ; as, careless qf money ; careless of conse- 
 quences. 
 
 5. Contrived without art. Bp. Taylor. 
 CARE'LE.'^S-LY, ado. In a careless manner or way ; 
 
 negligently ; heedlessly ; inattentively ; without care 
 or concern, 
 
 CARE'LESS-NESS, n. Heedlessness ; inattention ; 
 negligence ; manner without care. 
 
 CAR'EN-TANE, n. [Fr. i/uarantaine, forty,] 
 
 A pajKil indulgence, multiplying the remission of 
 penance by forties. Taylor. 
 
 CA-RESS', V. U [Ft. caresser ; Arm. cherif.a, lo ca- 
 rcv A", and lo dieriik; W.caredigaw; It. careiza, flat- 
 tery, a carcssinff; earcggiare, to coax, flatter, esteem ; 
 Sp. cnricia. a caress ; acarieiar, to carets, cherish, fon- 
 dle ; Port. id. It may he from the conuiion root of L, 
 earns, Fr. cher, eherir, W, car. But some dirticultics 
 attend this hypothesis.] 
 
 To treat with fondness, affection, or kindness ; to 
 fondle ; to embrace with tender affection, as a parent 
 a child. South. 
 
 CA-UES.S', n. An act of ende.irment ; any act or ex- 
 pression of affection ; an embracing with tenderness ; 
 as, conjugal caresses. Milton. 
 
 e,\-RESS'f;D, (ka-rest',) pp. Treated or embraced 
 with affection. 
 
 CA-RESS'ING, ppr. Treating with endearment or 
 affection. 
 
 C.\-RI'SS'ING-LY, adv. In a caressing manner. 
 
 CA'RET, n. [L. carrf, there is wanting, from careo, 
 to want,] In writing, this mark, a, which shows 
 that something, omitted in the line, is interlined 
 above, or inserted in the margin, and should be read 
 in that place. 
 
 CAR'GA-SON, n. A cargo, which see, Iloicell. 
 
 CAR'GO, n, [W. car^r, a loatl, cargu, lo load, from 
 car, a vehicle; Port, cargo; Sp. carga, a loati, bur- 
 den, charge ; Sp, cargo, aload ; cargazon, id, , cargar, 
 to load, to charge; It, carico, a load, or charge ; eari- 
 care, to load, to charge ; Fr. cargaison, a cargo ; 
 charge, a charge or load ; charger, to load, burden, 
 charge ; Arm, carg. See Chaiige.] 
 
 The lading or freight of a ship ; the goods, mer- 
 chandise, or whatever is conveyed in a ship or other 
 merchant vessel. The lading within the hoM is 
 called the inboard cargo, in distinction from horses, 
 cattle, and other things carried on deck. The per- 
 son emidoyed by a merchant, lo proceed with, over- 
 see, and dispose of the lading, is called a supercargo. 
 
 CAR'GOOSE, n, A fowl belonging to the genus 
 Colymbus, called the crested diver. The cheeks and 
 throat are surrounded with a long, pendant ruff, of a 
 bright u-iwny color, edged with black. The breast 
 anil belly are of a silvery white. It weighs two 
 pounds and a half, 
 
 eA'RI-A-TED,a, Carious, [Jt'otused.] [See Carious.] 
 
 e.\R'l-ItOO, n. .\ quadruped of the stag kind. 
 
 C'\R'I-G.\, A genus of plants, one species of which 
 is popularly sailed Papaw ; also the trivial name of 
 the species of Ficus, which produces the common fig. 
 
 CAR'i eA-Tl.'Ri;, n, [It, caricalura, formed from 
 carica, a load, caricare, to load. See Cahoo,] 
 
 A figure or descriptitiii in which beauties are con- 
 cealed and blemishes exaggerated, but still beaniig 
 a resemblance tt) the object, Eucye. 
 CAR'I-CA-TURE, 1', <, To make or draw a carica- 
 ture ; to represent as more ugly than the life. 
 
 LyUlrton. 
 
 e.\R'I-eA-Ti;R-J5:D,pp. Made ridiculous by grotesijua 
 resemblance. 
 
 CAR'I-CA-TljR-ING, ppr. Making ridiculous by gro- 
 tesque resemblance. 
 
 CAiri-CA-TUR-IST, n. One who caricatures others. 
 
 eAR-l-COG'R.\-PIIY,n. [L. carejr,sedge, and j f/u.^<j, 
 to describe.] 
 
 A description of the plants of the genus Carex or 
 Sedge. Dewey. Journal of Science. 
 
 CAR'I-COL'H, a. [L. corica, a fig.] 
 
 Keseinbling a fig; an epithet given to tumors that 
 resemble a fig, such as occur often in the piles. Encye 
 
 CA'IU-fiS, n. [L.J The mortification of a hone ; an 
 ulcer of a bone. 
 
 CAR'IL-LO.N, n, [Fr,1 A little bell. Also, a simple 
 air in music, adapted to the performance of small 
 bells or clocks, [See Carol.J Busby. 
 
 e.\R'I-NATE, ) a. [L. earmatus, from carina, n 
 
 eAR-l-NA'TED, ( keel.] 
 
 In botany, shaped like the keel of a ship; having 
 a longitudinal prominency on the back, like a keel ; 
 applied to a calyx, corol, or leaf. Martyn. 
 
 CA-KliN'THIN, n. .\ name given to such ma.ssive 
 varieties of hornblende as are jet-black, shining, and 
 easily cleavable, Shrpard. 
 
 CAR'I-OLE, 71, [Fr.] A small, open carriage. 
 
 2. A covered cart, 
 
 3. A kind of cala.'^h, 
 
 e.\-RI-OS'I-TY, I., [See Cariei.] Mortification or 
 
 ulceration of a bone. }ilsemnn. 
 CA'RI-OL'S, a. Mortified ; ulcerated ; as a bone. 
 
 fViseman. 
 
 CaRK, 71. [W. care, care, restraint ; earear, a prison,' 
 L. career ; Sax, care, care ; cearcian, to cark, to creak, 
 to grumble. The primary sense is, to s(rai«,] 
 
 Care ; anxiety ; concern ; solicitude ; distress. 
 [Obs.] Sidney. 
 
 CARK, V. i. To be careful, anxious, solicitous, con- 
 cerned, [Oii,] Sidney. 
 
 €\RK'ING, ppr. or a. Distressing; perplexing ; giving 
 anxiety. [Obs.] 
 
 CARL, n. [Sax, earl, a male, whence Carolus, Charles, 
 The word signifies primarily, strong, robust ; whence 
 the English carl-cat and carl-hemp ; house-carl, a do- 
 mestic servant ; Ger, kerl, a fellow ; kerl-haft, mascu- 
 line, stout. See Chitrl.] 
 
 1, A rude, rustic, rough, brutal man. [Obs.] [See 
 CHt'nL.l 
 
 2. A kind of hemp. Tusser. 
 CARL, r. I. To act like a churl. [J^Tot in use.] BurUm. 
 
 e\R'0-I*l'\E I s'lver coin in Naples. 
 
 CAR'LI.NE, '(.„,. ,-1 
 C^R'I I\G \ *- carlm^e, or esearltngue.] 
 
 .\ piece of timber in a ship, ranging fore and aft, 
 from one deck beam to another, directly over the 
 keel, serving as a foundation for the body of the 
 ship. On these rest the ledges on which the planks 
 of the deck are made fast. Encye. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Carline knees, are timbers in a ship, lying across 
 from the sides to the hatchway, and serving to sus- 
 tain the deck. Eneyc. 
 
 CAR'LI.\'E-THIS'TLE,(kir'lin-this'sl,) n. The pop- 
 tilar name of some species of plants, 
 
 CARL'ISH, ) „ „ 
 
 CARL'ISII-NESS, ( See Churlish, 
 
 CAR'LOCK, 71. A sort of isinglass from Russia, made 
 of the sturgeon's bladder, and used in clarifying 
 wine. Encye. 
 
 CAR'LOT, 71. A countryman. [See Carle.] [JVot 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 eAR-L0-VI.\'6I-A.\, a. Pertaining to Charlemagne ; 
 as, the Carlovinjrian race of kings. 
 
 CAR'MA.""?, II. [rur and Tiiaji.] .A man whase em- 
 ployment is to drive a cart, or to convey goods and 
 tithcr things in a cart. 
 
 CAR'.MEL-IN, la. Belonging to the order of Car- 
 
 CAR'-MEL-ITE, ( melites. mecer. 
 
 CAR'MEL-ITE, n. A monk of an order established 
 on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the 12th century. 
 The Carmelites have four tribes, and they have now 
 thirty-eight provinces, besides the congregation in 
 Mantua, in which are fifty-four monasteries, under 
 a vicar-general, and the congregations of barefooted 
 Carmelites in Italy and Spain. They wear a scapu- 
 lary, or small woolen habit, of a brown color, thrown 
 over the shoulders. Eneyc 
 2. A sort of pear. 
 
 CAR-MIN'A-TI VE,a, Expelling wind from the body ; 
 warming; antispasniodic. 
 
 CAR-.MI.N'A-TIVE, ii, [L, carmen, a charm, because 
 it acts suddenly, as a charm is supposed lo do, and 
 because, among the ancients, its operation was ac- 
 com^ianied by tlie singing of a stanza,] 
 
 A medicine which tends to eipel wind, or to rem- 
 edy colic and flatulencies. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE, — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; O as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 ITS 
 
CAR 
 
 CXR'.MINE, 71. [Fr. carmin: Sp. cannin ; Port, car- 
 mim i It. carmiiuo ; from the same rout as crimc^on ; 
 Port, carmesim, crimson ; Sp. carmesi, crimson and 
 cochineal powder ; It. ckermUi, crimson, and chcrmts, 
 5 <j 
 
 cochineal, kermes , Ar, ^^^^^ kirmiiy kirmizon, a 
 
 berrj', and an insect, used in dyeing.] 
 
 A powder or pigment, of a beautiful red or crimson 
 color, bordering on purple, and used by painters in 
 miniature, though rarely, on account of its great 
 price. It is prepared by dissolving cochineal in an 
 alkaline lye, and precipitating it by alum. 
 
 Eitctjc. J^ehoJson, 
 This is properly a lake, or a combination of the col- 
 oring principle of cochineal with alumiiie. 
 
 2. The pure coloring matter or coloring principle 
 of cochineal ; precipitated, by spontaneous evapora- 
 tion, from the alcoholic tincture of cochineal, in the 
 form of crj stals of a fine red color. 
 CXR'iVAGE, n. [Fr. carnage; Sp. carnicm'a, carnage, 
 and shambles ; It. cariiaggio, flesh-meat, and car- 
 naccia, carrion ; Port, carnagem, from L. can, flesh.] 
 
 1. Literalhj, flesh, or heaps of tlesh, as in sham- 
 bles. 
 
 2. Slaughter ; gieat destruction of men ; havoc ; 
 massacre. Uaytcard. 
 
 CaR'.XAL, a. [Fr. charnel ; L. camalis, from caro, 
 flesh.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to flesh ; fleshly ; sensual ; opposed 
 to spiritual; as, carnal pleasure. 
 
 9. Being iu the natural state ; unregenerate. 
 
 The carnal mind Lj eniriity .\o::iiilst God. — Rum. viii. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the ceremonial law; as, carnal 
 ordinances. Heb. ix. 10. 
 
 4. Lecherous; lustful; libidinous; given to sen- 
 sual indulgence. Shak. 
 
 Carnal knowledge ; sexual intercourse. 
 eAR'i\.\L-lS.M, 71. The indulgence of carnal appe- 
 tites. 
 
 exR'.VAL-IST, 71. One given to the indulgence of 
 
 sensual appetites. Burton. 
 eXR'N AL-ITE, n. A worldly-minded man. 
 
 Jinderson. 
 
 €AR-NAL'I-TY, 71. Fleshly lust or desires, or the 
 indulgence of those lusts ; sensuality. South. 
 
 2. Crossness of mind or desire ; love of sensual 
 pleasures. Tillotson. 
 
 CaR'NAL-IZE, v. I. To make carnal ; to debase to 
 carnality. Srott. 
 
 €.^R'NAL-LY, adi). In a carnal manner; according 
 to the flesh ; in a manner to gr.atify the flesh or sen- 
 sual desire. Lev. xviii. 20. Roin. viii. G, 
 
 €XR'NAL-MTi\D'ED, a. Worldlv-minded. More. 
 
 €XK'N.AL-.MI.\D'ED-NESS, 71. Crossness of mind. 
 
 KlUs. 
 
 eXR-NA'TION, 71. [Fr. carnation, the naked part of a 
 picture, flesh color ; It. incarnatina ; carnagione, com- 
 plexion ; Sp. carnaia ; Port, carnaz, from L. caro, 
 flesh.] 
 
 1. Flesh color ; the parts of a picture which are 
 naked, or without drapery, exhibiting the natural 
 color of the flesh. Encijc. 
 
 2. The popular name of a species of the genus of 
 plants called DiantUus, so named from the color of 
 the flower. 
 
 €X R-i\ a'TION-KD, a. Made like carnation color. 
 eXR-NEL'IAN, (kir-nCl'yau,) n. [Ft. curualine ; ^p. 
 cornerina.] 
 
 .\ silicious stone, a variety of chalcedony, of a deep 
 red, flesh-red, or reddish-white color. It is tolerably 
 hard, capable of a good polish, and used for seals. 
 
 F.ncyc. Cleareland. 
 eXR'NEIv-WORK, (-wurk,) n. In ' ship-building, the 
 putting together the timbers, beams, and planks, as 
 distinguished from clinch-work. Encyc. 
 CXR'.\E-Oi;s, a. [L. carncus, from caro, flesh.] 
 
 Fleshy ; having the (pialities of flesh. Ray. 
 CXR'i\EY,7i. A disease of horses, in which the mouth 
 
 is so furred that they can not eat. Chambers. 
 eXR-M-FI-eX'TION, 71. [Infra.] A turning to tlesh. 
 
 Chwibers. 
 
 €XR'N!-F7, V. i. [from L. caro, carnis, flesh.] 
 
 To form flesh ; to receive flesh in growth. Hale. 
 CXR'.\I-VAL, 71. [\j. camivalc, farewell to meat.] 
 A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry 
 In Roman Catholic countries, during the week before 
 Lent. 
 
 €XR .MV'O-RA, 71. pi. An order of animals which 
 Hiibsist on flesh, as the hyena. Cui'ier. 
 
 eXR-NIV-O-RAC'l-TY, n. [Infra.] Greediness of ap- 
 petite for flesh. Pope. 
 
 eAR-.NlV'O-ROUS, a. [h. caro, flesh, and voro, to 
 eat.] 
 
 Eating or Ceding on flesh ; an eiiithet applii d to 
 animals which naturally seek flesh fur food, as the 
 lion, tiger, dog, wolf, <tc. 
 eXR-MWI-'PY, 71. [Fr. camositi, from I,, caro, flesh.] 
 
 A little fleshy rxcrencence in the urethra, the neck 
 of the bladder, ice. 
 
 CAk-iioSE', j"^ Fleshy. [See Carweoui.] 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAR'OB, 11. [Bp. algarroba: It. carruba.] 
 
 The carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, a native of Spain, 
 Italy, and the Levant. It is an evergreen, growing 
 in hedges, and producing long. Hat, brown-colored 
 pods, filled with a mealy, succulent pulp, of a sweet- 
 ish taste. In times of scarcity, these pods are eaten 
 by poor people, but they are apt to cause griping and 
 lax bowels. Miller. Encyc. 
 
 CA-RoCHE', (ka-rosh',) n. [It. ca7T0z:a. See Car.] 
 
 A_carriage of pleasure. Burton. 
 €A-RoCn'£D, (ka-rosht',) a. Placed in a caruche. 
 
 Beaum. and Fl. 
 CAR'OL, 71. [It. carola; W. caraiel ; Arm. coroll, a 
 dance ; W. cor, Corn, karol, a choir.] 
 
 A song of joy and exultation ; a song of devotion ; 
 or a song in general. 
 
 Dryden. Spenser. Bacon, Milton. 
 CAR'OL, V. i. [It. carolarc; W.caroli; Aim. carolli, 
 to dance, to sing love-songs.] 
 To sing ; to warble ; to sing in joy or festivity. 
 
 Prior S/tak. 
 CAR'OL, r. (. To praise or celebrate in song. 
 
 Milion. 
 
 CAR-O-LfNA, 71. [from Carolus, Charles II.] The 
 name of two of the Atlantic Slates in North America, 
 called JVorth Carolina and South Carolina. 
 
 €AR'OL-IiVG, 71. A song of praise or devotion. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 €AR-0-LtN'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Carolina. 
 eAR-0-LIN'I-.\N, 71. A native or inhabitant of Car- 
 olina. 
 
 CAU-O-LIT'ie, a. Decorated with branches. 
 eAU'0-i\lEL, 71. The smell exhaled by burnt sugar. 
 
 [See Caramel.] Urc. 
 CVROT'ID, a. [Gr. Kao(oTiS£<:.] The carotid arteries, 
 
 in the body, are two arteries, the right and left, which 
 
 convey the blood from the aorta to the head and brain. 
 
 The ancients supposed drowsiness to be seated in 
 
 these arteries. [Gr. xapo^.] 
 e.VROUS'AL, (ka-rouz'al,) 71. [See Carouse.] A 
 
 feast or festival. Johnson. 
 But, in jltnerica, it signifies a noisy drinking bout, 
 
 or reveling. 
 
 CA-ROUSE', (ka-rouz',) v. i. [Fr. carrouse, hard drink- 
 ing. I know not the real origin of this word. In 
 
 Pers.^^^^^ kcroi, signifies hilarity, singing, dan- 
 cing. In Ger. rttu.se/if7i signifies to rush, to fuddle. In 
 Ir. craosal is drunkenness, from craos, excess, revel- 
 ing.] 
 
 To drink hard ; to guzzle. In tke United States, it 
 signifies also to be noisy, as bacchanalians. 
 CA-ROUSE', (ka-rouz',) 71. A drinking match ; a 
 hearty drink or full draught of liquor ; a noisy drink- 
 ing match. 
 
 CA-ROUS'ER, 71. A drinker; a toper; a noisy revel- 
 er, or bacchanalian. 
 
 CA-ROIJS'LNG, p/ir. Drinking hard ; reve.ing. 
 
 CA-ROUS'ING-LY, adv. In « carousing manner. 
 
 CARP, V. i. [L. carpii, to seize, catch, pick ; It. carpire; 
 Sp. and Port, carpir, to tear or scratch. See Carve.] 
 Literally, to snap or catch at, or to pick. Hence, to 
 censure, cavd, or find fault, particularly without rea- 
 son, or petulantly ; followed by a£. 
 No, not a tooth or nail to scratch, 
 
 AikI at my .tctious carp ntid catch. Herbert. 
 
 C.\RP, 71. [Fr. and Port, carpe.; Sp. carpa : It. carpio- 
 ne ; Arm. carjtcn ; Riiss. karp ; D. karper ; G. karpfen ; 
 Dan. karpe ; Svv. karp ; Low L. carpio, from carpo, to 
 seize.] 
 
 A fish, a species of Cypriiius, an excellent fish for 
 ponds. These fishes breed rapidly, grow to a large 
 size, and live to a great age. Encyc. 
 
 exR'PAL, a. [L. carpus, the wrist.] Pertaining to 
 the carpus, or wrist. Encyc. 
 
 exR-PA'THI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Carpates, a 
 range of mountains between Poland, Hungary, and 
 Transylvania. 
 
 CaR'PEL, J 71. In iofany, a small seed-vessel or 
 
 eXK-PEL'LUM, i pericarp, that is, one of a group 
 produced by a single flower. De Cand. 
 
 A carpel is formed by a ft>lded leaf, the upper sur- 
 face of which is turned inward, the lower outward, 
 and the margins of which develop one or more buds, 
 which are the ovules. Lindley. 
 
 'J'he latter definition is founded on the theory of 
 metamorphosis, or abnormal dtjveloimienl, in plants. 
 
 €AR'PEI/-LA-RY, a. Belonging to carpels, or con- 
 taininj; thi in. Lindley. 
 
 €A U'PE.N-TER, 71. [Fr. eharpmlier: Sp. earpintero ; 
 Port, carpenteiro ; It. rarpentiere, a cartwright, or 
 coach-maker ; L. carpentarius, from carpentuin, a cliar- 
 iot.] 
 
 An artificer who works in timber; a framer and 
 builder of houses niiil of ships. Those who build 
 houses are called house-carpenters ; and those who 
 build ships are called ship-carpenlrrs. 
 
 in New England, a distinclion is often made be- 
 tween the man who frames ami ilie man whoexecutes 
 the interior wood work of a house. The framer is 
 the carpenter, and Ibe fiiiisliir is called a joiner. This 
 distinctitm is noticed by Johnson, ami seems to be a 
 genuine English distinctitui. Hut, in some other parts 
 
 CAR 
 
 of America, as in New York, the term carpenter in- 
 cludes both the framer and the joiner; and, in truth, 
 both branches of business are often performed by the 
 same person. The word is never applied, as in Italy 
 and Spain, to a coach-maker. 
 
 CAR'PE.N-'i'RY, H. The art of cutting, framing, and 
 joining timber, in the construction of buildings ; di 
 vided into house-carpentry and ship-carpentry. 
 2. The work of a carpenter. 
 
 CARP'ER, 71. One who carps; a caviler. 
 
 CAR'PET, 71. [I know not the origin of this word.] 
 
 1. A covering for floors, tables, stairs, &c. 'i'his 
 covering is usually made of wool, wrought with a 
 needle, or more generally in a loom, but is sometimes 
 made of other materials. The manufacture is of Asi- 
 atic origin, but has been introduced into many parts 
 of Europe, and into the United States. 
 
 2. Level ground covered, as with grass ; as, a grassy 
 carpet ; a car-pet of green grass. Shak. hay. 
 
 To be on the carpet, is to be under consideration ; to 
 be the subject of deliberation. The French phrase, 
 to be on Uic tapis, is used in the like sense. 
 
 Carpet knight, in Shakspeare, is a kniglit who en- 
 joys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known 
 the hardships of the field. 
 
 Carpet-monger is used in a like sense. 
 CAR'PET, V. L To cover with a carpet; to spread 
 
 with carpets. Bacon. Derham. 
 
 CAR'PET-ED, pp. or a. Covered with a carpet. 
 CAR'PET-ING, 71. Cloth for carpets ; carpets in gen- 
 eral. 
 
 exR'PET-STRIP, 71. The piece under a door to raise 
 
 it above the carjiet. 
 exR'PET-WALK, (-wawk,) 71. A walk on smooth 
 
 turf. Evelyn. 
 CARP'ING, ppr. or a. Caviling; captious; censorious. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 CARP'ING, 71. The act of caviling ; a cavil ; unrea- 
 sonable censure. 
 CARP'ING-LY, adv. Captiously ; in a carping manner. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 CARP'-MicALS, 71. A kind of coarse cloth, made in 
 
 the north of England. Phillips. 
 eAR'PO-LlTE,7i. [Gr.jtasToj, fruit, and Xitfi<s,stone.] 
 Petrified fruits, of which the most remarkable are 
 nuts converted into silex. 
 CAR-POL'O-CIST, 71. [Gr. Kaoiro;, fruit, and Xeyco, 
 to speak.] 
 One who describes fruits. 
 CAR-POL'O-GY, 71. [Supra.] A description of fruits. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 More strictly, that division of botany which relates 
 to the structure of seeds and seed-vessels, or of the 
 fruit. 
 
 CAR'PUS, 71. [L.] In anatomy, that part of the skel- 
 eton forming the wrist, consisting of eight small 
 bones, arranged in two rows, 
 
 eAR'RA-VVAY, 71. See Carawav. 
 
 QUAR'^UiL I arrow used in cross-bows. 
 
 CAK'RI-A BLE, a. That may be carried. [JVoJ 171 
 
 use.] Sherwood. 
 CAR'RIAGE, (kar'rij,) n. [Fr. charriage, from char- 
 
 rier, to carry ; It. carreggio, or carriaggio. See 
 
 Carrv.] 
 
 1. The act of carrying, bearing, transporting, or 
 conveying ; as, the carrittn'e of sounds. Bacon. 
 
 2. The act of taking by an enemy ; conquest ; ac- 
 quisition. [Oil.*.] Knolles. 
 
 3. That whicli carries, especially on wheels ; a 
 vehicle. This is a general term for a coach, chariot, 
 chaise, gig, sulky, or other vehicle on wheels, as a 
 cannon-carriage on trucks, a block-carriage for mortars, 
 and a truck-carriage. Appropriately, the word is ap- 
 plied to a coach ; and carts and wagons are rarely, 
 or never, called carriages. 
 
 4. The price, or expense, of carrying. 
 
 5. That which is carried ; burden ; as baggage, 
 vessels, furniture, &c. 
 
 And l);tvid i.-fl his carriage in the hands of the kccprr of tht 
 carriage, — I Sam. xvii. [LiUle used.) .'^peiteer. 
 
 6. In a moral sense, the manner of carrying one's 
 self; behavior; conduct; deportment; personal 
 manners. Bacon. Dryden, 
 
 7. Measures ; practices ; management. Shak, 
 e.VR'RlAGE-HORSE, 71. A horse kept for drawing 
 
 a carriage. Booth, 
 
 C.'VR'UIAGE-MAIC'ER, 71. One whose occupation it 
 is to make carriages. 
 
 CAR'RI-BOO. Sec CARinoo. 
 
 C.\R'RICK-BEM), 11. A particular kind of knot. 
 
 CAR'RICK-BITTS, n. pi. In a ship, the bitts which 
 support till- windlass. Mar. Diet 
 
 CAR'RI-Kl), (kar'rid,) pp. Borne; conveyed; trans- 
 ported. 
 
 C.\R'U1-ER, 71. [See Cihrv.) One who carries; 
 that which carries, or conveys ; also, a messenger. 
 
 2. One who is employed to carry goods for oth- 
 ers for a ri^ward ; also, one whose occupation is to 
 carry goods for others, called a eommou carrier j a 
 i«.rter. 
 
 CAR'RI-ER PIG'EON, 71. A pigeon that cimveyi 
 U tters from place to place, the letters being tied 10 
 the neck. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MRTE, PRgV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 176 
 
(;ar 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAll'RI-ON, 71. [It. caroirna ; Sp. carroha ; Fi. clut- 
 rutrne; Ann. crtrofm ; i). kttronjc^ 
 
 1. Tliu (lead and putrefyin); body or flesh of ani- 
 mals ; tlcsli so corrupted as to he unlit for food. Fupe. 
 
 ^. .\ woitliless woman ; a Una vf n-proach. Ishalc. 
 
 eAR'UI-U.\, a. Relating to dead and piitrefyinj; car- 
 casses; feeding on carrion ; as, a cami^/t-cruic. S/icI:. 
 
 eAR-IlO.\-.\Ot;^ n. [It is said to l)u from Carroii, in 
 Scotland, where it was lirsi made.] 
 
 A short piece of ordnance, having a large ralibor, 
 and a cli:unber for the powder, like a mortar. 'I'his 
 species of cannon is carried on the upper works of 
 sliips, as the poop and forecastle, and is very useful 
 in close engagements. Slur. l)\<-t. F.ucye. 
 
 €.\R-ROO.\', n. In Loiulon, a rent received for the 
 privilege of driving a cart. Ash. 
 
 2. A species of cherry. Tot^kr^ Riis.<. 
 C.-VU'ROT,?!. [It.carutti; Vr. ctirottr ; how L. carota,] 
 
 An esculent root, of a yellow color, of tlie genus 
 Daucus, cultivated for the table, and for cattle. 
 
 C\R'ROT-Y, a. Like a carrot in color ; an epithet 
 given to red hair. 
 
 C.\R'RoV\'S, «. pi. In Ireland, people who wander 
 about and get their living by cards and dice ; stroll- 
 ing gamesters. ' Spenser. 
 
 eAIl'RY, r. t. [W. cariaw, from car, a dray, drag, or 
 wagon ; Fr. churricr ; .\rni. charreat, or charreein ; 
 Sp. acarrear i Dan. Iciore ; Sw. kiiira; G. harrrn. 
 These verbs signify, primarily, to carry on a enrt, or 
 car, and are evidently from the noun. I'.ut the 
 English currij coincides also with the l.atin ^cru, 
 our vulgar kernj ; for thi' sense of hrlmrirr can hardly 
 proceed from the moving of a wheel carriage, nor 
 indeed can sonn^ other senses of this word. But the 
 prin)ary sense, in both cases, is to move.] 
 
 1. To bear, convey, or transport, by sustaining and 
 moving the thing carried, either by bodily slrength, 
 upon a beast, in a vehicle, or in any kind of water- 
 craft, in general, it implies a moving from the 
 sp 'aker or the jilace, present or near, to a place more 
 distant, and so is op|>osed to bring and fttch, and it 
 is often followed by from, airmj, off] out. 
 
 He sliall cnmj ihf laiiihs in Itis bosom. — Is. xl. 
 
 \\"bi-n lie diclli, he sh-ill oxr'-y iioUiiiig ;iway. — Ps. xlix. 
 
 2. To convey ; as, sound is carried in the air. 
 
 3. To etVect ; to accomplish ; to prevail ; to gain 
 the obji!Ct ; as, to carry a point, measure, or resolu- 
 tion ; to carry a prize ; sometimes followed by it. 
 
 Wliosf: wills will mrry U over Uie n^. Locke. Burke. 
 
 4. To bear out ; to face through. 
 
 If a loau carries it off, Uietv ia so miicti money s:\ved. 
 
 L'£stmige. 
 
 5. To urge, impel, lead, or draw, noting moral 
 impulse. 
 
 Priile or passion will oirry a man to ^rem leiifrths. 
 M'.-ii are cartifd awiiy wiUi imaginary nrosiiccu. See Epii. iv. 
 14. Hel). lUi. 9. 
 
 C. To bear; to have^. 
 
 In some vegetables, we see KomeUling [hal carries a liinil of 
 analogy to sens-*. Hale. 
 
 I. To bear ; to show, displ.iy, or exhibit to view. 
 Tlic aspect of every one in the family carries satisfaction. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 8. To imply, or import. 
 
 To qnit former tenets carries an imputation of ignorance. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 9. To contain, or comprise 
 
 He Ihonjhi it carried gometliingof ttrginnent in it, to prove that 
 doclnne. Waas. 
 
 10. To extend, or continue in lime ; as, to tarry an 
 historical account to the tirsi a^is of the world ; but 
 usually with a particle ; as, to carry up, or carry 
 back, to carry foricard, 
 
 II. To extend in sp,ace ; of, to carry a line, or a 
 boundary ; or in a moral scii^ ; as, to carry ideas 
 very far. 
 
 12. To support, or sustain. 
 
 iSarry CiUiiomlle on slicks. Bacon. 
 
 13. To bear, or produce, as tree.i. 
 
 Set them a ren8on.ible depth, and they will carry more shoou 
 upon the stem. Ba^n. 
 
 14. To manage, or transact, usually with on ; as, 
 to carry on business. 
 
 1.5. Ta carry onc'j lelf i to behave, conduct, or 
 demean. 
 
 He carried hins^Jf insolenl'j. Clarendon. 
 Sometimes with it : as, he carried it high. 
 
 16. To remove, lead, or drive. 
 
 And he carried away all his catUe. — Gen. xxxi. 
 
 17. To remove ; to cause to go. 
 
 And the king of Assyria (Ld carry away Israel to Assyria. — 1 
 Kii'gs xviii. 
 
 18. To transport ; to affect with extraordinary im- 
 (iressions on the mind. Rn .wii. 
 
 19. To fetch and bring. 
 
 Yonng whelps leani easily to carry. Atcham. 
 
 ao. To transfer; as, to carry an account to the 
 ledger. 
 
 War was 10 be diTeit«d from (ircecc by beini carried intu .wia. 
 
 M>IJo,.l. 
 
 21. In military aj!airs, to obtain possession of by 
 ft>rce ; as, to carry the outworks of a place. 
 
 7'« carry coaU ; to bear injuries. Mason, 
 
 To carry coals to J^cweastlc ; to take things to a 
 place where they already abound ; to lose one's labor. 
 
 To rami off; to remove to a distance ; also, to 
 kill ; as, to be carried off by sickness. 
 
 To carry OH ; to pronrjte, advance, or help forward ; 
 to continue ; as, to carry on a design ; to carry on the 
 administration of grace. 
 
 2. To manage, or prosecute; as, to carry on hiis- 
 bandrj'. 
 
 3. 'J"o prosecute, continue, or pursue ; as, to carry 
 on trade, or war. 
 
 4. To conduct in a wild, rude manner; as, he 
 carrie.t on at a great rate. 
 
 To carry tlirou^li ; to support to the end; to sus- 
 tain, or keep from failing, or being subdued. 
 
 Gr.vcc will carry a man through all ititTicnlties. Hamotond. 
 
 To carrj out ; to bear fri^m witiiin ; also, to sustain 
 to tlii^ end ; to coiitiiiiie to the l uil. 
 
 To carry awriij, in srifnuir^liip, is to break ; to 
 carry sail till a sjiar breaks ; as, to carry avsay a fore- 
 topmast. 
 
 e.Mt'RY, r. i. To run on rotten ground, or on frost, 
 which sticks to the feet, as a hare. Johnson. 
 
 2. To bear the head in a particular manner, as 
 a horse. When a horse holds his head high, with 
 an arching neck, he is said to carnj well. When he 
 lowers his head too m.icli, he is said to carry low. 
 
 3. To convey, to pr;ipel ; as, a gun or mortar car- 
 ries well ; bat tJtis ut elliptical. 
 
 e.\R'RY-ALL, n. [Corrupted from eariolc] A light 
 vehicle for one horse, n.aving, usually, four wheels, 
 anil di signi'd to carr>- a number of persons. 
 
 CAK'KY-I.Vt;, ppr. Hearing, conveying, removing, &c. 
 
 C\R'UY-L\(;, n. A tearing, conveying, removing, 
 transporting. 
 
 Carrying' trade; the trade which consists in the 
 transportation of gotxis by water from country to 
 country, or place to place. 
 
 \Vc are rivals with Uicm in na^ngation and thp cnrrying trfvfe, 
 I-\'teratist, Jay. 
 
 Carrying uind, among hornenten, is a tossing of 
 the nose as high as the horse's ears. F.ncyc. 
 CAR'RY-TaLE, n. A tale-bearer. [A^of u^sed.] 
 e.\RSE, n. Low, fertile land, adjacent to a river. 
 
 [Scottish.] 
 
 €.KRT, n. [W. cart ; Sax. creet, crat ; Ir caiX ; Russ. 
 kareL See Cah.] 
 
 1. A carriage with iwo wheels, fitted to be drawn 
 by one horse, or by a yoke of oxen, and used in hus- 
 bandry, or commerciai cities, for carrying heavy com- 
 modities. In Great Pritain, carts are usually drawn 
 by horses. In America, horse-carts are used mt>slly 
 in cities, and oz-carts in the country. 
 
 2. A carriage in general. Temple. Dryden. 
 eXRT, V. t. To carry or convey on a cart; as, to cart 
 
 iiay. 
 
 2. To expose in a cart, by way of punishment. 
 C.\RT'AGE, n. The act of carrying in a cart, or the 
 
 price paid for carting. 
 eXR'TA-RET, H. r.Vle.tican.] A cot. Strphen.i. 
 e.KRT'-IioTE, Ti. In Enirli.ih lam, «ood to which a 
 
 tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and 
 
 other instruments of husbandry. 
 CXRT'ED, pp. Borne or exposed in a cart. 
 exRT'-HORSE, 71. A horse that draws a cart. 
 €.\RT'ING, ppr. Conveying or exposing in a cart. 
 C.s^RT'l.N'G, n. The a.-l of carrying in a cart. 
 €ART'-JaDE, 71. .\ sorry horse ; a horse used in 
 
 drawing, or lit only for the cart. Sidney. 
 e.\RT'-Lo.\D, >i. A load borne on a cart ; as much 
 
 as is usually carried at once on a cart, or aa is suf- 
 
 ticient ti>^biad it. 
 €.\RT'-RoPE, 71. .\ rope for binding hay or other ar- 
 ticles on a CiU't. 
 €.*iRT'-RUT, 71. The cut or track of a cart-whc. l. 
 
 [See Roi-TE.] 
 
 €.\RT'-TIRE, n. The tire, or iron bands, used to bind 
 the wheels of a carL 
 
 €.\RT'-WaY, 71. ,\ way that is or may be passed 
 w ith carts, or other wheel carriages. 
 
 €.\RT'-W1IEEL, 71. 'I he wheel of a cart. 
 
 CART'-WIIIP, 71. A large whip u-sed in driving ani- 
 mals in cart-s. 
 
 e.KRT'WRKJlIT, >i. An artificer who makes carts. 
 
 CAR rF^BLA.\'CUK', (kirt-blinsli',) 7i. [Fr., white 
 paper.] 
 
 .A blank paper, signed at the bottom with a person's 
 name, and sometiin-'s sealed with his seiJ, given to 
 another person, with permission to superscribe what 
 conditions he plea-sts. Hence, unconditioned terms ; 
 unlimited power to decide. Kncyc. 
 e.KR-TEL' or GXR'TSL, n. [Ft. carUlla ; Fr. Sp. 
 and Port, c/irtel ; fiom L. chartula.] 
 
 1. .\ writing or agreement, between states at war, 
 for the exchange of pri.soners, or for some mutual ad- 
 vantage ; also, a vessel employed to convey the mes- 
 senger on this occasion. 
 
 9. .V letter of defiance or challenge ; a challenge to 
 single combat. Tnia sense the word li.as still in 
 France and Italy ; but with us it is obsolete. 
 
 A cartel, or cartel-ship, is a ship employed in the ox- 
 change of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an 
 eneinv. 
 
 C.\irri:i„ e. i. To defy. [Obs.] B.Jonson. 
 CKR'l''i:i{, 11. 'I'lie man who drives a cart, or whose 
 
 occup^ition is to drive a cart. 
 eXR-Tl'l'SIAN, (kar-te'zhan,) n. Pertaining to tlio 
 
 philosopher Des Cartes, or to his philosophy, wlii.:li 
 
 taught the doctrine of vortexes roiiinl the sun and 
 
 planet^. 
 
 C.ilt-TK'SI.^N, 71. One who adopts the philosophy of 
 Des Cartes. 
 
 eAR-TlI.\-GI.\'I-,\N, a. Pertaining to ancient Car- 
 thage, a celebrated city on the northern coast of 
 Africa, about Iwi lve miles from the modern Tunis. 
 It was founded by the Plienicians, and destroyed by 
 the Kiiiiirilis. 
 
 €AR-'ril.\-Gl.\'I-.\N, 71. An inhabitant or native of 
 Carthage. 
 
 exR'TllA-MIiNE, H. A red coloring matter, obtained 
 from the flowers of the salllower, {CurOuiniuj tiuctu- 
 rtis .) properly, carthamic acid. 
 
 eAR'TllA-.M CS, 71. The generic name of Bastard 
 saffron. [See Safklower.] From its flower is ol>- 
 tained a valuable red dye, and also the rouge used by 
 ladies. Ure. 
 
 exR-TIIU'SIAN, (kar-thu'zhan,) 71. One of an order 
 of monks, so called from Chartreuse, the place of their 
 institution. Tht'y are remarkable for their austerity. 
 They can not go out of their cells, except to church, 
 nor speak to any perstm without leave. Encye. 
 
 eAR-TIIO'SI.A.X, a. Pertaining to the order of monks 
 above named. Chambers, 
 
 €AR'TI-LAGE, 71. [L. car(i7o<ro ; Fr. c«r((7a»c I sus- 
 l>ect this and the English •rristle to be the same word ; 
 the r being transposeil, cartil for cratil.] 
 
 Gristle ; a smooth, solid, elastic substance, softer 
 than bone, of a pearly color and homogeneous tex- 
 ture, without cells or cavities. It is invested with a 
 particular membrane, called perichondrium, which, in 
 the articular cartilage, is a reflection of the synovial 
 membrane. Cyc. Wistar. 
 
 eXR-TI-LA(l'IN-OUS, a. Pertaining to or resembling 
 a cartilage ; gristly ; consisting of cartilage. Ray. 
 
 2. In ichthyology, cartilaginoiLs Jishes arc those whose 
 muscles art; SUjiported by cartilages, instead of bones, 
 or whose skeleton is cartilaginous. .Many of these 
 are viviparous, as the ray and shark, whose j oung 
 are excluded from an egg hatched within them. 
 Others are oviparous, as the sturgeon. Some of them 
 have no gill-covers, but breathe through apertures 
 oil the sides of the neck or top of the head ; othem 
 have gill-covers, but destitute of bony rays 
 
 Kncyc. Kd. Kncyc, 
 
 eXR-TOO'RA-PllER, 71. One who makes charts. 
 
 €AR-'i'0-GKAPIl'l€-AL, a. Pertaining to cartog- 
 rapliv. 
 
 ex R-TO-GR.\Pll'ie-AL-LY, adc. By cartography. 
 eXR-TOG'R.\-PIIY, 71. [Gr. xaprr); L. cliarla, and 
 Gr. -^nattiri.] 
 
 The art or practice of forming charts or maps of a 
 country. 
 
 €AR-TdON'', 71. [It. carlone, pasteboard ; Sj). and Fr. 
 carton; from L. charta, paper.] 
 
 In painting, a design drawn on strong paper, to 
 be afterward calked through, and transferred on the 
 fresh plaster of a wall, to be painted in fresco. Also, 
 a design colored for working in Mosaic, tapestry, &c. 
 
 Kiuyc. 
 
 CAR-TOUCH', (kir-tootch',) n. [Vr. cartouche; Sp. 
 cartucho ; Port, cartuxo ; It. cartuccta, a cartridge, a bit 
 of paper, from carta, paper.] 
 
 1. A case of wootl, about three inches thick at the 
 bottom, girt with niarlin, holding about fourhundretl 
 musket balls, and s-x or eight iron balls of a pound 
 weight, to be fired out of a howitz, for defcntling a 
 pass. A cartouch is sometimes made of a globular 
 form, and filled with a ball of a pound weight ; and 
 sometimes for guns, being of a ball of a half or quar- 
 ter of a pound weight, tied in the form of a bunch of 
 grapes, on a tompion of wood, and coated over. 
 
 Kncyc. j 
 
 2. .\ portable box for charges. [See Cartridge- I 
 Box.] 
 
 3. A roll or scroll on the cornice of a column. i 
 
 Colci. 
 
 4. The name applied by Champollion to the ellip- 
 tical ovals on ancient Egyptian monuments, and in 
 papyri, containing groups of characters expressing | 
 the names or titles of kings or Pharaohs. 
 
 eXR'TRIDGE, 71. [A corruption of cartoucA.l 
 
 A case of pasteboard or parchment, holding Ihe 
 charge of powder, or powder and ball, for a cannon, 
 mortar, musket, or pistol. The cartridges for small 
 arms, prepared for battle, contain the powder and 
 ball ; those for cannon and mortars are made of paste- 
 board or tin. Cartridges, without balls, are called 
 blank cartridge.^. 
 
 eAR'TRlDGE-liOX, n. A case, usually of wood, I 
 covered with leather, with cells for cartridges. It is 
 worn upon a belt thrown over the left shoulder, and ' 
 hangs a little below Ihe pocket-hole on the right side 
 
 CAR'TRIDGE-Pa'PER, 71. Thick, stout paper, ol 
 which cartridges are made. Smart. 
 
 TO.VE, BULL, q.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 aa J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 83 
 
CAS 
 
 CXtt'TU-LA-RY, n. [Fr. cartulaire ; Sp. cartidario, 
 from carta, paper.] 
 
 A ref»ister-b(tok, or record, as of a monastery. 
 Blackstone writes it ckartularij; and, primarily, it 
 sianifies tlie oHicer who has the care of cliarters and 
 €AR'U-eATE, H. [h. caruca.] [other public papers. 
 As much land as one team can plow in the year. 
 
 Enir. Law, Kiiham, 
 eAR'UN'-CLE, (kar'unk-1,) n. [L. caruncula, from 
 caro, rtesh.] 
 
 1. A small fleshy excrescence, either natural or 
 morbid. Coie. 
 
 2. A naked, fleshy excrescence on the head of cer- 
 tain birds, as the wattles of the king vulture, the 
 turkey, &c. 
 
 e.'\-UUXe'L!-L.\R, a. In the form of a caruncle. 
 eA-RUNe't|-LA-TED, a. Having a fleshy excres- 
 cence, or soft, fleshy protuberance. Eiicijc. 
 eXRVE, V. t. [Sax. ceorfan, cciirfan; D. kervcn ; G. 
 
 kcrhcn ; Dan. karve ; L. carpo. See Ar. ^ i ^-^ charaba, 
 
 and (__5j.^ karafa, Heb. rpn, and CIi. 213. Class 
 
 Rb, No. 26, 27, aO.] 
 
 1. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at ta- 
 ble. 
 
 2. To cut wood, stone, or other material, into some 
 particular form, with an instrument, usually a chisel ; 
 to engrave ; to cut figures or devices on hard mate- 
 rials. 
 
 3. To make or shape by cutting; as, to ca7ve an 
 image. 
 
 4. To apportion ; to distribute ; to provide at pleas- 
 ure ; to select and take, as to one's self, or to select 
 and give to another. SouVi. 
 
 5. To cut ; to hew. Shak. 
 To carve out, is to cut out, or to lay out, by design ; 
 
 to plan. 
 
 e.^RVE, t!. i. To cut up meat; followed sometimes 
 by for; as, to carve for all the guests. 
 
 2. To exercise the trade of a sculptor. 
 
 3. To engrave or cut figures. 
 esRVE, n. A carucate. [JVut in use.] 
 exRV'ED, (karvd,) pp. or a. Cut or divided ; en- 
 graved ; formed by carving. 
 
 €aR'VEL, II. A small vessel. [See Car4vel.] 
 2. The Urtica marina, or sea-blubber. 
 
 esRV'ER, 71. One who cuts meat at table ; a scul[)- 
 tor ; one who apportions or distributes at will, or one 
 who lakes or gives at pleasure. Dnjdcn. Shak. 
 2. A large table knife for carving. 
 
 CARVING, pfir. Cutting, dividing, as meat ; cutting 
 in stone, wood, or metal; apportioning; distributing. 
 
 CURVING, 71. The act of cutting, as meat; the act 
 or art of cutting figures in wood or stone ; sculpture ; 
 figures carved. 
 
 CAR' VIST, n. In falconry, a hawk which is of proper 
 age and training to be carried on the hand. [A cor- 
 ruption of carrij-Jist.] Booth. 
 
 CAR-Y a'TF:S,_ ) It. pi. In nrcAifccriirp, figures of 
 
 e.\R-Y-AT'I-I)i";?, i women dressed in long robes, 
 after the Asi.atic n)anner, serving to support entabla- 
 tures. The Athenians had been long at war with 
 the Caryans: the latter being at length vanquished, 
 and their wives led captive, the Greeks, to perpetuate 
 this event, erected trophies, in which figures of 
 women, dressed in the Caryatie manner, were used 
 to support entablatures. Other feuitile figures were 
 afterward used in the same manner, but they were 
 called by the same name. Eitcyc. 
 
 They were called Canjntidcs, from Carya, a city 
 in the l*el()p(mnesus, wiiich sided with the Per- 
 sians, and on that account \vas sacked by the other 
 Greeks, its males butchered, and its females reduced 
 to slavery. Oijc. 
 
 e.\R- Y-AT'IC, a. Pertaining to the Caryans or Caryat- 
 ides. 
 
 €AR-Y-0-PIIYI,-I,A'CEOrs, a. A term denoting 
 plants, or a family of plants, with caryophylleous 
 flowers. 
 
 GAIt V-0-PllYL'LE-OUS,o. [Gr. xa.ouQ^i.XXov, clove- 
 gillyflower.] 
 
 In bui/inij, a term applied to corols having five 
 petals with long claws and expande<l limbs, in a 
 tuliiihir calyx, as in the pink or clove-gillvfloW'. r. 
 €A-KV-f)P'SI.S, 71. [<;r. (c.ioi .i, a walnut, and oarw, 
 to see.] 
 
 Ill bolJimi, a pericarp which is one-,:e;ied, one- 
 needed, superior, iiidehiscent, dry, with the integu- 
 ments of the Sl i d l olii-riiig in'si parably with the 
 endocarp, so that the tivii are UMili^lin^'iiisMalile ; in 
 the ovarium state, i viiii ing its rcjiiipniiiid iialiiie by 
 two or more stigmas, Iml neviriliile>H unilocular, 
 having but one ovule, as the seed of wheat, barley, 
 niid mai/.e. IjnMrij. 
 
 C'A SAKCA, n. A fowl of the genus Anas, called 
 also Riulihi I'onur, larger than a mallard, found in 
 Kussia and Siberia. Ktinir, 
 
 CASTA IIIOI,. 71. [Port. rn.irarrl ; Sp. nmraliil, a little 
 b«ll, a biilton or kiinb at the end of a raiirHiii,] 
 'i'he knob or |>oiiimelof acaiiiiiiii beliiiiil the lireech. 
 
 Mar. Did. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T.— 
 
 €AS-eADE', 71. I^Fr. cascade ; Sp. cascaJa ; It. ca.^cata, i 
 I'rom cascare, to tail.] 
 
 A waterfall ; a steep fall or flowing of water over 
 a precipice, in a river or natural stream ; or an artifi- 
 cial fall in a garden. The word is applied to falls 
 tliat are less than a cataract. 
 
 CAS-CAL'lIO, 71. [Port.] In Brazil, a deposit of 
 pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the 
 diamond is usually found. Part. Diet. Clioi'ilond. 
 
 eAS-CA-RIL'LA, n. The hark of a tree called Croton 
 EleuUieria, a powerful tonic. 
 
 CASE, 71. [Fr. caii.ie; Sp. and Port. caiiT, a box or 
 chest ; It. cassa ; V. kas ; Dan. kasse. The French 
 caisiie is the Sp. cara. The Spanish caxeta, a gasket, 
 seems to be a derivative of cara, and if so, the fact 
 indicates that caia is from an Oriental root, signify- 
 ing to lie or bind, and that the word originally de- 
 noted a bag made of skin, like a bottle, or a basket 
 made of osiers interwoven, like fisc,jL-cus. U.U. Syr. 
 
 I casha, to bind or lie.] 
 
 1. A covering, box, or sheath ; that which incloses 
 or contains ; as, a case for knives ; a case for books ; 
 a watch case ; a pillow case. 
 
 2. ,\ receptacle for tyjies in a printing-oflice. 
 
 3. The outer pari of a building. Mdison. 
 
 4. A certain quantity ; as, a case of crown glass. 
 ."<. A building unfurnished. [Aot used.] 
 
 CASE, 1). t. To cover with a case ; to surround with 
 any material that shall inclose or defend. 
 
 2. To put in a case or box. 
 
 3. To strip off a case, covering, or the skin. [Un- 
 usual.] SImk. 
 
 CASE, 71. [Fr. COS ; It. caso ; Sp. and Port, caso ; Ir. 
 cas ; L. casits, from cado, to fall.] 
 
 1. /.iiera//i/, that which fal is. comes, or happens; 
 an event. Hence, the particular stale, condition, 
 or circumstances that befall a person, or in which he 
 is placed ; as, make the case your own ; this is ihe 
 case with my friend ; this is his present case. 
 
 2. An individual occurrence or particular instance 
 of disease ; as, a case of fever. 
 
 3. The stale of the body, with respect to health or 
 disease ; as, he is in a consumptive case. 
 
 To he in ifood casCj is to be fat ; and this phrase is 
 sometimes abridged, to be in case ; applied to beasts, 
 but nol to men, except in a sense rather ludicrous. 
 
 4. A question ; a state of facts involving a ques- 
 tion for discussion or decision ; as, the lawyer staled 
 llie case. 
 
 .■). A cause or suit in court ; as, the case was tried 
 at the last term. In this sense, case is nearly synony- 
 mous with cause, whose primary sense is nearly the 
 same. 
 
 6. In ip-ammar, the inflection of nouns, or a change 
 of termination, to express a difference of relation in 
 that word to others, or to the thing represented. 
 The variation of nouns and adjectives is called de^ 
 clension; both case and declension signifying /uZ/iii^ 
 or leaning from the first state of the word. Thus 
 liber is a book ; libri, of a book ; libro, to a book. In 
 other words, ca.9c denotes a variation in the termina- 
 tion of a noun, to show how the noun acts upon the 
 verb with which it is connected, or is acted upon by 
 it, or by an agent. The cases, except the nominative, 
 are called obliiiae cases. 
 
 7. A box in which merchandise is packed for 
 transportation. 
 
 In case, is a phrase denoting condition or supposi- 
 tion ; literally, in the event or contingency ; if it 
 should so fall out or happen. 
 
 Put the case ; suppose the event, or a certain state 
 of things. 
 
 .Action on tlie case, in law, is an action in which 
 the whole cause of complaint is set out in the writ. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 CASE, t>. !. To put cases. [JVotinuxe.] L'Estrange. 
 
 t'AS'KI), (kiste,) pp. Covered with a case. 
 
 CASE'-IIa UD-f.'.V, ». (. To harden the outer part or 
 superficies, as iif iron, by converting it into steel, 
 while the interior retains the toughness of malleable 
 iron. This may be done by putting the iron into an 
 iron box, with a cement of animal or vegetable char- 
 coal, and exposing it, for some hours, to a red heat. 
 
 Enn/r. 
 
 GASE'-IIARD-AW-KD, or a. Having the outside 
 hardened. 
 
 eASE'-IIARD -iCN-ING, ;i/ir. Hardening the outer 
 |,art. 
 
 CASE'-IIARD -KN-ING, 71. The act or process of 
 converting the surface of iron into steel. 
 
 CA'SE-IC, a. [I., co.ens, cheese.] 
 Deiioliiig the acid of chei se. 
 
 CA'SE-IN, II. The curd or coagulable portion of milk. 
 A substance identical in properties and conipositinii 
 with casein is found in certain leguminous jilants, and 
 is hence called vegelable ciuicin or leifinnin. Graham. 
 
 CASE'-KNTl'E, (-iiife,) 11. A large table knife, for- 
 merly kept in a case. 
 
 CASE'-.M.\N, 71. Among printers, one who works at 
 the case, or seta type ; a compositor. 
 
 CASE'MATE, 71. j l-'r. easemnir : \l. rusiimatta ; Sp. and 
 Port, casamata; from casa, a h<lus<^] 
 
 1. In fortification, a vault of mason's work in the 
 flank of a bastion, next to the curtain, siimewhat 
 inclined toward the capital of the bastion, serving' as ' 
 a battery to defend the face of the opposite baslinii, |' 
 and the moat or ditch. Chambers. \ i 
 
 2. A well, with its subterraneous branches, dug in j ; 
 the passage of the bastion, till the miner is heard at Ij 
 work, and air given to the mine. Harris. j 
 
 CASE'.MAT-ED, a. Furnished with a casemate. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 CaSE'MENT, 71. [It. casamento, a large house.] 
 
 1. A part of a movable window, sometimes within 
 a larger, made to turn and open on hinges. Kncye. 
 
 2. A hollow molding, usually one sixth or one 
 fourth of a circle. Encyc. 
 
 €ASE'iMENT-£l), a. Having casements. 
 
 CA'SE-OUS, a. [L. cascus, cheese.] 
 
 Pertaining to cheese; like cheese; having the I 
 qualities of cheese. 
 
 The caseous principle ; casein. 
 
 CA'SERN, 71. [Fr. caserne; Sp. co^criia, frimi casa, a 
 shed or house.] 
 
 A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually 
 near the rampart ; barracks. 
 
 CASE'-SIIOT, 71. Musket balls, stones, old irim, &c., 
 put in cases, to be discharged from cannon. 
 
 €!a'SE-UM, 7!. The basis of cheese ; the purified curd 
 of cheese ; casein. 
 
 CASE'-WORM, ( wurm,) 71. A worm that makes it- 
 self a case. [See Caddis.] ./ohnson. 
 
 CASH, 11. [Fr. caisse ; Sp. and Port, caza, a chest, box, 
 coffer. See Case.] 
 
 Money ; primarily, ready money, money in chest 
 or on hand, in bank or at command. It is properly | 
 silver and gold ; but since the institution of banks, 
 it denotes also bank notes equivalent to money. 
 
 To pay in cash, is opposed to payment in gottds, 
 commodities, or labor, as in barter. 
 
 CASH, J). t. To turn into money, or to exchange for 
 money ; as, to c«.i/i a note or an order. 
 
 2. To pay money for ; as, the clerks of a bank cash 
 notes when presented. [Mercantile usage.] 
 
 CASH, 7). t. To discard. For Cashier. [M'ot used.] 
 
 CASH'-AC-COUNT', 71. An account of money re- 
 ceived, paid, or on hand. 
 
 €ASII'-BOOK, 71. A book in which is kept a register 
 or account of money received or paid. 
 
 CASH'JOD, (kasht,) pp. Exdianged for coin, or other 
 money equivalent. 
 
 CASII'EW, 71. [A corruption of .Acajou, the French 
 orthography of the native name.] 
 
 A tree of the West Indies, Anacardium occideiitale, 
 bearing a kidney-shaped nut. The receptacle is as 
 large as an orange, and full of an acid juice, which 
 is often used to make punch. To the apex of this 
 receptacle grows a nut, of the size of a hare's kid- 
 ney, the shell of which is hard, and the kernel, 
 which is sweet, is covered with a thin film. Enciic. 
 
 CASU'EW-XUT, n. A nut at one extremity of the 
 fruit of the cashew-tree, containing a black liquor 
 used ill marking linen, &c. Jlebert. 
 
 CASII IkR', (kash-eer',) 71. [Fr. caissicr; It. caisiere; 
 Sp. caxero ; Port, caxeiro ; from cora, a box, whence 
 cash.] 
 
 One who has charge of money ; a cash-keeper. 
 In a bankinrr institution, the cashier is the ofiicer who 
 superintends the books, payments, and receipts of 
 the bank. He also signs or countersigns the notes, 
 and superintends all the transactions, under the or- 
 der of Jhe directors. 
 GASH-IlcR', I!, t. [Fr. casser, to break ; It. cassarc, to 
 annul, blot out, erase.] 
 
 1. To dismiss from an oflSce or place of trust, by 
 annulling the commission ; to break, as for mai- 
 condiict, and therefiire with reproacii ; as, to cashier 
 an ofiicer of the army. 
 
 2. 'I'o dismiss or discard from service or from 
 society. Jjddiion. Dryden. Swift. 
 
 3. 'i'o reject ; to annul or vacate. Locke. South. 
 CASll-l i^R' /■;!), (k,isli-eerd',) pp. Dismissed; dis- 
 carded ; annulled. 
 
 eASII-li?.R'i;i{, 71. One who rejects, discards, or 
 breaks ; as, a rashierrr of inonarchs. Burke. 
 
 GASH I Kll'INti, pi>r. Discarding; dismissing from 
 
 CASII'IM;, I'/ir. Evclianging for money. [service. 
 
 CASII'-lvEEl'-ER, H. One intrusted with the keeping 
 of iii(iiie\'. 
 
 eASII'.MlcKP., n. A rich and costly kind of shawl; 
 so called IVoiii the country u here first made. 
 
 CASiroo, 71. The juice or Buiii of a tree in the East 
 
 CaS'I NG, /»;ir. Covi riiig willi a case. [Indies. 
 
 CaS'L\<;, II. The act or operation of plastering a 
 house u'ith mortar 011 llie oiilside, and striking it, 
 while wet, by a ruler, wKli the corrler of a trowel, 
 to make it resemble Ihe joints <d' freestmie. Eueyc. 
 2. A covering; a case. 
 
 CJl-Sf'J^rO, (kii sO'no,) 71. [It.] A term applied, on 
 the contiiii nt of Europe, to a club-house, or building 
 used lor soc ial iiieeliugs, having rooms for |)iiblic 
 niiiuseiiient, readiiig-rooiiis, &c. 
 
 €ASK, 71. [Sp. and Port. rii.«-(i. ] 
 
 A close vessel for conlaiuiiig liquors, formed by 
 staves, headings, and hoops. Tiiis is a gi'iieriil term, 
 comprehending the pipe, hogshead, butt, barrel, &c. 
 
 MilTE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, niRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, i.OQK. — 
 
 178 
 
CAS 
 
 fc'ASK'ET, n. [ilim. of cask. Sue Case.] A small 
 cliesl or box, for jewels or other small articles. 
 
 SAuA. 
 
 2. In .mmcii's lunsuagf, n small rope, fastenpd to 
 proini'ts iir lillli.' ring's upim the jariU, used ti> lastcii 
 tlic s;iil to Ilic yard in fiirlins. Kiictjc. 
 This is tisiiallv writti'ii (Jasket. 
 rX^SK'iri", II. (. To |)iit in a littlo chest. Shak. 
 €AS I'l-AN, II. [Caspitc, a word a|)pliid to a pass in 
 the ranai' of Mount Taurus. I'lin. 5,37. D'^iirilti.] 
 An epilliPt given to a large lake between Persia 
 and Astracan, called the Ow/'iun Sea. 
 exSlllJt;, ) II. [Sp. and Port. co.<i:o ; Fr.eaxqite; Arm. 
 CASK, \ casijucn, casi/ed; L. ca^f^is. See Case.] 
 A head-piece ; a helmet ; a piece of defensive 
 armor, to cover and protect the liead and neck in 
 hallle. 
 
 e.\SUUE'-SIlAP-iED, (kilsk'shapt,) a. Shaped like a 
 castpie. 
 
 C.XSS, r. t. [Ft. ca<srr ; L. yiiasso.] 
 
 To ((uasli ; to defeat ; to annul. [JVot how w.se(/.] 
 
 Raleirh. 
 
 e.\SS'A-D.\, ( n. A species of the senus Janipha, 
 
 eASS'A-DO, ] (Jatropha, Linn.) The roots of the 
 inaniliot, or bitter cassada, and of the janipha, are 
 made into a kind of bread, which serves for food to 
 the natives of Africa and the West Indies, and they 
 are also roasted and eaten like potatoes. They yield, 
 also, a great ipiantity of starch, which the Itra/.iliuns 
 e.xport in small lumps, under the ii:imc of tniiiuca. 
 
 e.VS'S.ATE, r. f. [Kr. cav.-rr. See Cashier.] 
 
 To vacate, annul, or make void. [06.~.] J!iii(. 
 
 C.\S-S.\'TI(J.\, H. The act of annulling. In France, 
 the Cuiirt of Cassation is the highest court of appeal, 
 havin<> power to break {auisrr) or reverse the decis- 
 ions of the courts below. Branile. 
 
 e.\S'S.\-VA, H. \ kind of starch or fecula, obtained 
 from the root of the Janipha manihul. [See Cassada.] 
 
 CAS'SIJ-PA-PEII, n. Broken paper; llie two outside 
 quires of a ream. 
 
 €.\S'SI.\, (kash'yu,) n. [Vt. casse ; It. cassia ; Gr. and 
 L. id. du. Heb. mp. 
 
 A genus of plants, of many species, among which 
 is the senna. 
 
 Ca.isia is also the name of a species of Laiirus, the 
 bark of which usually passes under the name of ciii- 
 namon, ditfering from real cinnannm chieriy in the 
 strength of its qualities. Trom a plant of this kind 
 was extracted an aromatic oil, used as a perfume by 
 the Jews. Ei. xxx. Ps. xlv. 8. Encyc. 
 Ca.<sia buds : the unexi>and<'d flowers of a species 
 . of Ciniiamomum, {Lnurns, Linn.,) brought from the 
 East Indies. They ari' of a dark brown color, with 
 an aromatic taste, like that of cinnamon. 
 CAS-SID'E-OUS, a. [L. ca^.^i.--, a helmet.] 
 
 Helmet-shaped ; a term applied to an irregular enr- 
 ol, having the upper petal dilated into a broad, hel- 
 met-shaped leaf, as in aconitiim. 
 €AS'SI-DO-\Y, n. [Fr. mssidoinr.] 
 
 The popular name of a species of Gnaphalium, 
 cottonweed, cudweed, or goldylorks ; also, of La- 
 vandula stiEclias, or Freiicli lavender. 
 CAS'SI-MiSRE, II. fSp. ctt..iiiiira.] 
 
 A thin, twilled, woolen cloth. Encije. 
 e.VS-SI-.N'ET TE', II. A cloth made of a cotton warp, 
 and the woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk. 
 
 Eneijc. of Dom. Econ. 
 CAS-Sl'NO, n. A game at cards. Chnlmers. 
 e.\S'Sl-0-BEK-RY, II. The popular name of the fruit 
 of the genus Cassine; also of the fruit of Viburnum 
 hevigatum._ 
 
 e.AS-Sl-O-PE'I A, (-pe'ya) n. A constellation in the 
 northern hemisphere, situated near to Cepheus, as 
 the fabulous Cassiopeia was wife to Ceplieus, king 
 of Ethiopia. Enctjc 
 e.\S-SI-TK'IU-A, n. [L. ctLisiteron, tin.] 
 
 .\ kind of crystals which appear to have an ad- 
 mixture of tin. The color is brown or whitish. [Obs.] 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 €AS'SI-US (purple of,) ii. [from the name of the dis- 
 coverer, M. Cassius.j A beautiful purple color, ob- 
 tained from the clilorid of gold by means of tin; 
 much valued for the beautiful color which it gives to 
 glass or enamel. 
 
 C.\S'SOCK, n. [Sp. casnca ; It. ca.tacra ; Fr. c^L'otjue.] 
 1. Formerly, a cloak or gown worn over the other 
 garments. Sliak. 
 
 ij. A close garment, resembling a long frock coat, 
 worn by clergymen of the Roman Catholic and Epis- 
 copal churches, under the surplice or gown. Jlook. 
 
 eAS'SOCK-£U,(kas'sokd,)a. Clothed with a cassock. 
 
 The erutockcd htmuiiinii. 
 
 [Fr.] 
 
 Cotoper. 
 
 Cask .sugar ; 
 
 sugar not 
 Encyc 
 
 €AS-SO.\-ADE', n. 
 relined. 
 
 €AS'SO-WA-RY, n. [Sp. ca.<ucl.] 
 
 A large bird of the genus Casuarius, nearly as 
 large as the ostrich, which it much resembles ; but 
 its legs are thicker and stronger in proportion. The 
 wings are so small as not to appear, being hid under 
 the feathers. The head is armed with a helmet of 
 horny substance, consisting of plates one over anoth- 
 er. It runs with great rapidity, outstripping the 
 swiftest racer. The cassowary is found only in the 
 
 CAS 
 
 south-eastern parts of Asia, and nowhere without 
 the tropics. Encyc. Partintjton. 
 
 eAS-SL'-;MO'NAR, n. An aromatic root, Zingiber 
 Cassumimar. 
 
 CAST, V. t.i prcl. and p/i. Cast. [Dan. A<i.s(c ; Sw. 
 kiViUi. Ciu. Arm. carz, pp. cae-.rt, to send, to throw. 
 See Class (;s, No. I,5li. In Dan. <( blind luixt, is a 
 ^ue.1.1, and to cast is the radical sense of I'ur^i. In 
 Norman, i^istcs signides cast up, and this seems tn be 
 the participle of trcjtir, to lie down ; to Iii' down may 
 be to throw one's self down. This verb coincides, 
 in sense, with the VV. eolki, to throw off. See 
 Castle.] 
 
 1. To throw, fling, or send ; that is, to drive from, 
 by force, as from the hand, or from an engine. 
 
 Hrtfpir etiHt l\\f cliild mulrr n slinili. — xxi. 
 UjuLili pn-jiiiml aliiigB to cast btt)tii-8. — 2 Cliruii. xktI. 
 
 2. To sow ; to scatter seed. 
 
 II n man sliould ca*t nciil into the gruDiiil. — Mark it. 
 
 3. To drive or impel by violence. 
 
 A mighty west wiiul cnst tlic locusla into the sf.i. — Ex. x. 
 
 4. To shed or throw off; as, trees cast their fruit ; 
 a serpent cast,t his skin. 
 
 5. To throw or let fall ; as, to cast anchor. Hence, 
 to cast anchor, is to moor, as a ship, the elfect of cast- 
 ing the anchor. 
 
 6. To throw, as dice or lots ; as, to cast lots. 
 
 7. To throw on the ground, as in wrestling. So a 
 horse is c<u(, when entangled on a rope, and thrown 
 down. Sliak. 
 
 8. To throw away, as worthless. 
 
 Ilw wrc.uis uMs cast in the way. — 1 Kii)^ xtii. 
 
 9. To emit or throw out. 
 
 Tliis crt»(* (x Biilphurt'oiis snirll, Woodtoard, 
 
 10. To throw, to extend, as a trench or rampart, 
 including the sense of digging, raising, or forming. 
 
 Thy enemies Bhal] cast a trench itboul thee. — Luke xix. 
 
 11. To thrust ; as, to cast into prison. 
 
 12. 'I'o put or set in a particular state. 
 
 Both chariot .ami horee are cast into a (le.a(l sleep. — Ps. Ixxvi. 
 
 13. To condemn ; to convict ; as a criminal. 
 Both tried, and both wgk cast. DryUn, 
 
 14. To overcome in a civil suit, or in any contest 
 of strength or skill ; as, to cast the defendant or an 
 antagonist. 
 
 15. To cashier or discard. Shak. 
 ll>. To lay a^ide, as unfit for use ; to reject ; as a 
 
 garment. .Addison. 
 
 17. To make to preponderate ; to throw into one 
 scale, for the purpose of giving it superior weight ; 
 to decide by a vote that gives a superiority in num- 
 bers ; as, to cast the balance in one's favor ; a casting 
 vote or voice. 
 
 18. To throw together several paiticulars, to find 
 the sum ; as, to cait accounts. Hence, to throw 
 together circumstances and facts, to find the result ; 
 to compute ; to reckon ; to calculate ; as, to cast the 
 event of war. 
 
 To awl anil »<>c how many things tliere are which a man can not 
 do liimo'll. Bacon. 
 
 19. To contrive ; to plan. Temple. 
 
 20. To judge, or to consider, in order to judge. 
 
 Miltun. 
 
 21. To fix or distribute the parts of a pl.iy among 
 the actors. Mdison. 
 
 22. To throw, as the sight ; to direct, or turn, as 
 the eye ; to glance ; as, to cast a look, or glance, or 
 the eye. 
 
 2:1. To found ; to form into a particular shape, by 
 pouring liquid metal into a mold ; to run ; as, to cast 
 cannon. 
 
 Thou shall eiitt four ringj of jold for it. —Ex. xxr. 
 24. Figuratively, to shape ; to form by a model. 
 
 IVatts. 
 
 To communicate; to spre.ad over; as, to cast 
 a luster upon posterity ; to cast splendor upon actions, 
 or light upon a subject. 
 
 To cn.it a-iide ; to dismi-ss or reject as useless or in- 
 convenient. 
 
 To ca.1t airny ; to reject. Lev. xxvi. /..•. v. Rom. 
 xi. Also, to throw away ; to lavish or waste by pro- 
 fusion ; to turn to no use ; as, to cast away life. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 Also, to wreck, as a ship. 
 
 To ai.it by ; to reject; to dismiss or discard with 
 neglect or hate, or as useles.s. 
 
 ShaJk. Locke. 
 
 To ca.1t down ; to throw down ; to deject or depress 
 the mind. 
 
 Why art Ihou ea*t dovn, my loul ? — Pi. xlii. 
 
 To cfl.it forth ; to throw out, or reject, ns from an 
 inclosed place ; to emit, or senil abroad ; to exhale. 
 
 To east off; to discard or reject ; to drive aw.ay ; to 
 put off; to put away ; to disburden. Among Aiiiits- 
 men, to leave behind, as dogs ; to set loose, or free. 
 Among .leamen, to liHise, or untie. 
 
 To ca.1t out ; to send forth ; to reject, or turn out ; 
 to throw aiit, as words ; to speak or give vent to. 
 
 To ca.<t up ; to ciunpute ; to reckon : to calculate ; 
 
 CAS 
 
 as, tn cast up accounts, or the cosL Also, to eject ; 
 to vomit. 
 
 To cu.1t on ; to refi'r or resign to. South. 
 
 To cii.it onr^.i self on ; to resign or j ield one's self 
 to the disposal of, without reserve. 
 
 To cast youHir ; to miscarry ; to suffer abortion, 
 fjrii. xxxi. 
 
 To rail in the. teeth : to npliraiil ; to charge ; to twit. 
 So, in Danish, " kasle en i niesen," to cast in the 
 nose. 
 
 7'fi co-sf off copy: to ascertain how many printed 
 pages w ill be made by a niiiiiuscri])t, by setting up a 
 jHirtion for tri.-il. Brande. 
 exST, r. i. 'I'll throw forward, as the thoughts, with 
 a view to some determination ; or to turn or revolve 
 in the mind ; to cimtrivc ; sometimes followed by 
 abouL 
 
 I ca*t ill c ip'fiil iniiiil to »eek her ont. Spenier. 
 To cn*l niiijiit how to piTforin or ulitain. Bacon, iienlley. 
 
 2. To receive form or shape. 
 
 .Met^d will rasi and iiiokl. Woodioard. 
 
 3. To warp ; to twist from regular shape. 
 
 Stutf is said to ca«(urwarp, when it alters iu fl;\Uicss or stnl^ht- 
 ness. Moxon. 
 
 JVote. — Ca.it, like throw and 100171, implies a wind- 
 ing motion. 
 
 4. In seamen's laniruage, to fall off, or incline, so as 
 to bring the side of a ship to the wind ; applieil par- 
 ticularly to a ship riding with her head to the wind, 
 when her anchor is first liKisened. 
 
 CAST, 11. The act of casting ; a throw ; the thing 
 thrown ; the form or state of thrt>wing ; kind or 
 manner of throwing. 
 
 2. The distance passed by a thing thrown ; or the 
 space through which a thing thrown may ortlinarily 
 pass ; as, about a stone's cast. Luke xxii. 
 
 3. .\ stroke ; a touch. 
 
 This Wits a aut of Wood's politics. Siei/t. 
 
 4. Motion or turn of the eye ; direction, look, or - 
 glance ; a squinting. 
 
 They let you see l»y one cast of the eye. Addison, 
 
 5. A throw of dice ; hence, a state of chance or 
 hazard. 
 
 It is an even ■■■Ml, whether the army should march this way or 
 that w ay^ South. 
 
 Hence the phrase the tost cast, is used to denote 
 that all is ventured on one throw, or one cfl'ort. 
 
 6. Form ; shape. 
 
 An heroic poem in another cast. Prior. 
 
 7. A tinge ; a slight coloring, or slight degree of a 
 color ; as, acn,<t of green. Hence, a slight altcnition in 
 external appearance, or deviation from natural ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 The n^stive hue of resolution 
 Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak. 
 
 8. Manner; air; mien ; as, a peculiar cmt of coun- 
 tenance. This sense implies the turn or manner of 
 throwing ; as, the neat ca.it of verse. Pope. 
 
 9. A fiight ; a number of hawks let go at once. 
 
 Sidney, 
 
 10. An impression in plaster; a small statue of 
 bronze, plaster, &c. Encyc. 
 
 11. .Among /oiin//frs, a tube of wax, fitted into a 
 mold, to give shape to metal. 
 
 12. A cylindrical piece of brass or copiier, slit in 
 two lengthwise, to form a canal or conduit, in a 
 mold, for conveying metal. 
 
 13. Among plumbers, a little brazen funnel, at one 
 end of a mold, for casting pipes without soderiiig, by 
 means of which the melted metal is poured into the 
 mold. Encyc 
 
 14. Whatever is cast in a mold. 
 
 15. An unexpected opimrtunity or .advantage ; as, 
 she had sometimes the cast of a cart, i. e. opportu- 
 nity of riding. Sir H alter Scott 
 
 hi. -An assignment of the parts of a play to the 
 several actors. 
 
 17. A trick. Martin. 
 e.\S-TA'H-.\.\, 0. Pertaining to Castnlia, a cool spring 
 on Piirnassus, sacred to the muses ; as, Castalian 
 fount. Poetry. 
 C.\S'T.\-NET, n. [Sp. cfl.sfflnfM, ca.iffafiiif/a; Port, ciw- 
 tanhcta ; Fr. cMstatfuette ; It. cajitngnetta. This word 
 seems to be from castaHa, a chestnut, so named from 
 the resemblance to two chestnuts.] 
 
 An instrument com[K)sed of small, concave shells 
 of ivory or hard wo(id,shaiHrd like spoons, placed to- 
 gether, fastened to the thumb, anil beat with the 
 middle finger. This instrument is used by the 
 Spaniards, Moors, and Dohemians, as an accompa- 
 niment to their dances, sarabands, and guitars. 
 
 Span. Did. Encyc 
 eAST'A-W.\Y, n. [ca.1t and atcay.] That which is 
 thrown away. .\ person abandoned by God, as un- 
 worthy of his favor ; a reprobate. 1 Cor. ix. 27. 
 exST'A-VVAV, a. Rejected ; useless ; of no value. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 exSTE, II. [Port, casta, race or lineage.] 
 
 In Ifindostan.n name given first by tlie Portuguese 
 to the several c la-sses into which society is dividi-d, 
 with fixed occu|iations, which liavc come down from 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; (5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
1 
 
 CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 CAT 
 
 the earliest ages. The original castes, called in San- 
 scrit varras, or colors, are four, viz., the Bramins, or 
 s-icred order; tlie C/ickteree, or soldiers and rulers; 
 tiie Bice, Faissya, or husbandmen and merchants ; 
 and the Soodcrs, Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. 
 Numerous mixed classes, or cci.^fc,^, have sprung up 
 in the progress of time. Hence, a separate and fi xed 
 order or class in society. P. Cijc. 
 
 eAS'TEL-L.\N, 71. [Sp. castellan ; Fi. chatelain. See 
 Castle.] 
 
 A governor or constable of a castle, in Poland, 
 the name of a dignity or charge ; a kind of lieuten- 
 ant of a province, commanding part of a palatinate 
 under a palatine. The castellans are senators of the 
 lower class, sitting, in the diets, on low seats behind 
 the palatines. Enr.iic. 
 
 GAS'TEL-LA-XY, n. [See Castle.] The lordship 
 belonging to a castle; or the extent of its land and 
 jurisdiction. Pliilips. 
 
 PAS'TEL-L.VTED, a. Inclosed in a building, as a 
 fountain or cistern. Johnson. 
 
 2. Adorned with turrets and battlements, like a 
 castle. 
 
 eAS-TEL-L.\'TIOX, n. The act of fortifying a house, 
 and rendering it a castle. 
 
 exST'ER, n. [from casu] One who throws or casts, 
 or who makes castings in metal, &c. ; one who com- 
 putes ; a calculator; one who calculates fortunes. 
 
 .iddison. 
 
 9. A small phial or vessel for the table ; as, a set 
 of casters. 
 
 3. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture 
 is cast, or rolled, on the floor, in any direction. 
 
 4. One who makes castings ; a founder. [ors. 
 
 5. One who assigns the |)arts of a play to the act- 
 e.KST'ERS, n.pl. A stand with bottles for oil, vine- 
 gar, &c. 
 
 CAS'TI-GaTE, v. t. [L. castigo, from castiis, chaste. 
 
 au. Eth. )rasts, to chasten, correct, chide. 
 
 The French use ck&tier, from castas, chaste ; Arm. 
 castiza : Sp. and Port, castirrar ; It. castigare.'] 
 
 To chastise ; to punish by stripes ; to correct ; to 
 chasten ; to check. Shale. 
 
 CAS'TI-Ga-TED, jip. Punished ; corrected. 
 
 CAS'TI-Ga-TING, ppr. Punishing ; correcting ; chas- 
 tising. 
 
 €AS-TI-Ga'TIOX, 71. Punishment ; correction ; pen- 
 ance ; discipline; emendation; restraint. 
 
 Boyle. Hale. 
 2. Among the Romans, a military punishment in- 
 flicted on offenders, by beating with a wand or 
 switch. Encijc. 
 
 eAS'TI-G.\-TOR, n. One who corrects. 
 
 eAS'TI-G.\-TO-RY, a. Tending to correction ; cor- 
 rective ; punitive. Bramliall. 
 
 €AS'TI-GA-TO-RY, 7i. An engine formerly used to 
 punish and correct arrant scolds, called also a ducking- 
 stool, or Irebiuket. Black.^tone. 
 
 e.-\S'TlLE-SoAP, 71. A kind of fine, hard, white, or 
 mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda. 
 
 eAS-T[L'I.\N, a. Pertaining to Castile, in Ppain. 
 
 e.'\S-TIL'I.\N, (kas-til'yan,) 71. An inhabitant or na- 
 tive of Castile, in Spain. 
 
 exST'ING, ppr. Throwing; sending; computing; 
 calculating; turning; giving a preponderancy ; de- 
 ciding; running or throwing into a mold, to give 
 shape; assigning parts in a play. [See Cast.] 
 
 exST'IXG, 71. The act of casting or founding. 
 
 2. That which is cast in a mold ; any vessel 
 formed by c:isting melted metal into a mold, or in 
 sand. 
 
 3. The taking of casts and impressions of figures, 
 busts, medals, &c. 
 
 4. The jLssigning of parts in a play. 
 
 5. The warping of a board. 
 
 Casting of draperies: the proper distribution of the 
 folds of garments, in j)ainling and sculpture. 
 €.^.ST'I.\G-XET, 71. A net which is cast and drawn, 
 
 in distinction from a net that is sirt and left. May. 
 exST'IXG-VoTE, ) 71. The vote of a presiding ofli- 
 exST'L\G-VOICE, i cer, in an assembly or coun- 
 cil, which decides a question, when the votes of the 
 assembly or house are equally divided between the 
 affirmative and negative. [ United States.] Coze. 
 
 Wh-^n thorc wa* an equal vol/?, the governor linl the ms&n^. 
 voice. B. Trumbull. 
 
 exST'-I'ROX, (-I'um,) n. Iron run from the smelt- 
 ing furnace, mto pigs or ingots, or into molds for va- 
 rious utensils ; a compound of carbon and iron. 
 
 eAS'TLE, (kas'sl,) n. [Sax. castrl ; L. ea.-tellum, from 
 r.aslrum ; I). ka.ilrel ; Arm. gastell ; Norm, clmilel ; 
 Fr. chtumu ; Port, castello ; U. iil. ; \V. cast, envelop- 
 ment, from ells, a being separ.ited or insulated, ha- 
 tred, envy, a castle; castcll, a castle, whence eas- 
 trltii, to surround ; c<i<ii(, a cloak, a chasuble. The 
 ^Velsh cas gives the primary sense, which is to sep- 
 arate, to drive off; hence, to defend. It is probably 
 from ihiH root the Latins had ca.<«. Wo cdiservi', in 
 the Wi'lsh, cAs pignifies, siparaled, a castle, and 
 hatred, envy ; also, hateful, odious; and ca^tiawr, n 
 hater, a persecutor ; ca.-^nori, to p'Tsecute, to chase. 
 Hence the radical Henw; of lialre(j is a driving off.'\ 
 
 1. A house fortified for defense against an enemy ; 
 a fortress. The term seems to include the house and 
 the walls or other works around it. In old writers, 
 the word is used for a town or village fortified. 
 
 2. The house or mansion of a noblenum or prince. 
 
 3. In a ship, there are two parts called by this 
 name ; the forecastle, a short deck in the fore part of 
 a ship, above the upper deck ; and the hindcostle, at 
 the stern. 
 
 Castle in the air ; a visionary project ; a scheme that 
 has no solid foundation. 
 e.VS'TLE, (k,is'sl,) r. t. In the game of chess, to 
 cover the king with a castle, by a certain move. 
 
 Eiicyc. 
 
 CAS'TLE-BUILD'ER, (kas'sl-bild'er,) 7i. One who 
 forms visionarv schemes. 
 
 eAS'TLE-IiUILD'IXG, 7i. The act of building cas- 
 tles in the air. 
 
 eAS'TLE--eROWN-£;D, a. Crowned with a castle. 
 
 €.\S'TLiCD, (k.as'sld,) a. Furnished with castles ; as, 
 a castled elephant. Drifden. 
 
 e.\.S'TLE-GUXRU, n. A feudal tenure, or "knight 
 service, which obliged the teuanl to perforin service 
 within the reahn, without limitation of time. 
 
 Ltittdton. 
 
 e.\S'TLE-RY, 71. The government of a casile. 
 
 Blount. 
 
 GAS'TLET, 71. A small castle. LvUnd. 
 
 e.\S'TL,E-WARD, ti. An imposition laid upon sub- 
 jects dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, 
 for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in 
 the castle. Encyc. 
 
 exST'LING, 71. An abortion or abortive. Brown. 
 
 e.\S'TOR, 71. [L. castor; Fr. Sp. and Port, id.; Gr. 
 Ki.ffro);). See Ar. Class Gs. No. 42.] 
 
 1. A beaver, an amphibious quadruped, with a 
 flat, ovate tail, short ears, a blunt nose, small fore 
 feel, and large hinil feet. 
 
 2. [L. castoreum.] A substance of a strong, pen- 
 etrating smell, wjien fresh, of a yellowish or light 
 brown color, hut when dried, of a reddish brown ; 
 obtained from two secretory sacs, one in each groin 
 of the beaver. It has been regarded as an antispas- 
 modic. 
 
 3. ' In astronomy, a moiety of the constellation 
 Gemini, called also Apolla. 
 
 Castor and PoUuz*; in meteorology, a fiery meteor, 
 which, at sea, ajipear sometimes adhering to a part 
 of a ship, in the form of one, two, and even three or 
 four balls. When one is seen alone, it is called 
 Helena, which jiortends that the severest part of the 
 storm is yet to ct^me. Two appearing at once are 
 denomin.ited Castor and Pollaz, or Tijndaridj;, and 
 portend a cessation of the storm. Chambers. 
 
 e.-\S-To'RE-U.M, 71. [L.] Castor ; the peculiar sub- 
 stance found in two inguinal sacs of the beaver. 
 
 C\S'TO-IlINE, 71. An animal princifile discovered in 
 castor, and prepared by boiling castor in six times its 
 weight of alcohol, and filtering tiie liquor. From 
 this is deposited the castorine. Brande. 
 
 e.\S'T0R-01L, 71. [A corruption of Ca.stns oil, the 
 plant producing it having formerly been called Agnus 
 castits.] 
 
 The oil of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi, 
 a jilaiit of the West Indies, which grows to the 
 hight of twenty feet in one season. The oil is 
 obtained from the nuts or seeds by expressiim or 
 decoction. That obtained by decoction is preferred, 
 as less liable to become rancid, being free from the 
 mucilage and acrid matter, which is mixed with the 
 oil when expressed. It is a mild cathartic. Encyc. 
 
 C-VS'TOR-Y, II. An oil drawn from castoreum, and 
 used in the preparation of colors. 
 
 eAS-TR.\-.ME-TA'TIOX, n. [L. ca-itrametor, to en- 
 camp, castra, camp, and mctior, to measure or 
 survey.] 
 
 The art or act of encamping ; the marking or lay- 
 ing out of a camp. J\fnrphifs Tacitus. 
 e.^S'TRATE, V. t. [L. cos-tro ; Fr. chatrer, for cliastrer; 
 
 khatsai; Eth. to castrate ; Cli. NSn, to cut 
 
 • out or off. Class Gs, No. 41, 42.] 
 
 1. To geld ; to deprive of the testicles; to emas- 
 culate. 
 
 2. 'J"o take away or retrench, as the obscene iiarts 
 of a writing. 
 
 3. To take out a leaf or sheet from a book, and 
 nuiiler it imperfect. 
 
 CAS'TRA-TEl), pp. or a. Gelded ; emasculated ; pu- 
 rified from obscene <;xpressions. 
 
 C.\S'TRA-TIN(;,7)/ir. Gelding; taking away the ob- 
 scene parts of a writing. 
 
 eAS-TRA'TIO.V, 71. The act of gelding; the act or 
 practice of making eunuchs ; the act of taking away 
 the obscene parts of a writing ; the act of taking out 
 a leaf or sheet of a book. In liolany, the cutting olf 
 of the anthers, or tops of the stamens of flowers, 
 before the ripening of the polU^n. 
 
 GAS-TRa'TO, 71. [It. See Castkate.] A male per- 
 son I'in.asciilaled for the purpose of improving his 
 voice for a singer. Sicifl. 
 
 CAS'TREL, 
 KE.S'TREL, 
 
 A kind of hawk, resembling the 
 lanner in shape and tlie hobby in 
 
 CAS-TREN'SIAN, a. [I.,, castrensis, from castra, a 
 camp.] Belonging to a camp. 
 
 exST'-STEEL, n. Steel that has been fused in a 
 crucible, usually without any addition of charcoal, 
 and then cast into bars. Ure. 
 
 CAS'U-AL, (kazh'yu-id,) a. [Fr. casuel ; Sp. and Port. 
 casual ; It. ciuaale ; from L. casus, a fall See Case 
 and Accident.] 
 
 1 Falling ; happening or coming to pass without 
 design in tile person or persons affected, and without 
 ha ng foreseen or expected ; accidental ; fortuitous ; 
 cr/.ning by chance; as, the parties had a casual ren- 
 counter. 
 
 2. Occasional ; coming at certain times, without 
 regularity, in distinction from stated or regular ; as, 
 i.asuul expen.ses. 
 
 3. Taking place, or beginning to exist, without an 
 eflicieni intelligent cause, and w ithout design. 
 
 Alli'-ists .assen thai the eaiiileiice of tilings i3 casual. Dtvight. 
 C.'\.?'U-AL-LY, ado. Accidentally; fortuitously; 
 
 \\'itlioiit design; by cdhuc*- 
 e.\S'l;-.\L-XESS, 71. A^iderlalness ; the quality of 
 
 b.'ing casual. 
 
 €.\S'n-.AL-TY, 71. Accident; that which conies by 
 chance or without design, or without being foreseen ; 
 contingency. 
 
 2. Any injury of the body from accident, whether 
 resulting in ileath or not ; and by a metonymy, death, 
 or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident. 
 
 In military returns, the head of casualties embraces 
 all men wlio die, desert, or are dismissed. Campbell. 
 
 3. In Scots law, an emolument due from a vassal 
 to his superior, beyond the stated yearly duties, upon 
 certain casual events. Encyc. 
 
 CAS'U-IST, (kazh'yu-ist,) n. [It. Sp. and Port. 
 casuistn ; Fr. c(L-fuistc ; from L. casus ; a case.] 
 One who studies and resolves cases of conscience. 
 The jud^m'-nt of any casuist or learned divine is not siifilcioiil 
 to givt: him c*mtitlciice. South. 
 
 eAS'lJ-IST, V. i. To play the part of a casuist. 
 
 ji/i;<07i. 
 
 eAS-U-IST'ie, ■" ) a. Relating to cases of con- 
 
 €.\S-I j-IST'le-AL, j science, or to cases of doubtful 
 propriety. SouUi. 
 
 €AS'(i-IST-RY, (kazh'yu-ist-re,) 7i. The science or 
 doctrine of cases of conscience ; the science of re- 
 solving cases of diiiibtfiil propriety, or of determining 
 the lawfulness or unliuvfuliiess yf what a man may 
 do by rules and principlL's drawn from the Scriptures, 
 from the laws of society, or from equity and natural 
 reason. Pope. 
 
 CA'SUS FiED'E-RIS, [L.] The case stipulated by 
 treaty ; that which comes within the terms of com- 
 pact. [Law of JVations.] 
 
 e.\T, 71. [Ir. cat; Fr. chat; D. kat ; Dan. kat; Sw. 
 katt; G. kater, or katzc; L. catus ; Vulgar Greek 
 (carif, or j .irot ." It. gatto ; Port, and Sp. gato ; Lap. 
 id. ; Pol. kot ; Russ. kots ; Turkish kcti ; W. caUi ; 
 Corn, kath ; Arm. gai or kai ; Basque calua. In Ar. 
 
 kitla or kaita, is a male cat. Class Gd, No. 56.] 
 
 1. .\ name applied to certain species of carnivorous 
 quadrupeds, of the genus Felis. The domestic cat 
 needs no description. It is a deceitful animal, and 
 when enrageil, extremely sjiiteful. It is kept in 
 houses, cliielly fertile purpose of catching rats and 
 mice. The wild cat is umch larger than the do- 
 mestic cat. It is a strong, ferocious animal, living in 
 the forest, antl very destructive to poultry and lambs. 
 
 The wild cat of Europe is of the same species with 
 the domestic cat ; the catamount of North America 
 is much larger, and a distinct species. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 2. .\ ship formed on the Norwegian moilel, having 
 a narrow stern, jirojecting quarters, and a deep 
 waist. It is strong built, from four to six hundred 
 tuns burilen, and employed in the coal trade. 
 
 3. A strong tackle or combination of pulleys, to 
 hook and ilraw an anchor perpendicularly up to the 
 cat-heatl of a ship. 
 
 4. A doiiblt^ tripod, h.aving six feet. 
 
 Cat of nine tails ; ail instniment of punishment, con- 
 sisting of nine pieces of line or cord faslenetl to a 
 jiiece of thick rope, and having three knots at inter- 
 vals, used to flog otlenders on board of ships. 
 
 Cii( in pan. 'i'lie proverbiid expression, " to turn a 
 cat in a pan," denotes a suddiui change of one's 
 party in politics or religion, for the sake of being in 
 the a.scendant ; as a cat always comes down on her 
 legs, however turned or tbrou'n. Toone. 
 
 eA'P'-BIUn, ( biird,) n. An American bird, whose 
 cr\' resembles that of a cat ; the Tardus feliooi. 
 
 CAt'-RLOCK, 71. A two or three fold block with an 
 iron strop antl large hook, used to draw up an anchor 
 to the cat ht^ud. Mar. Vict. 
 
 eAT'S'-E?E, 71. A variety of quartz, or chalcedony, 
 exhibiting ytdlowish, ttpalescent rellections from with- 
 in, espi^cinlly apparent whtui cut with a convex sur- 
 face. These relleciliuis, which resemble much 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, W1I.^T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.- 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 those observable in the eye of a cat, have given name 
 to the iiiiru'ral. It is lined as a i.'eiii. 
 
 eAT'-KV-y;i), (kai'lUi ,) a. llaviii!; eyes like a cat. 
 
 CAT'-FAl.L, II. Ill .vAi/w, a rope used in hoisting tlie 
 anchor ii[> to (lie cat-head. 
 
 eA T -Fltfll, n. A sjiecies of the squatiis, OT shark. 
 Tile cat-ti.^li of the North American rivers is a spe- 
 cies of ruttiiSf or buU'hcail. 
 
 eAT'S'-FOO T, n. A plant of the genus glechoma, 
 Cround ivv, or gill. 
 
 eAT'-IlAlU'-INd'S, n. pi. Ropes serving to brace in 
 the shrouds of the lower masts behind llieir respec- 
 tive yards, to tighten the shrouds, and give more 
 rooin'to draw in the yards, when the ship is close- 
 hauled. Mar. Diet. 
 
 CAT'-HGAD, n. A strong beam projecliiig liori/.(m- 
 tally over a ship's bows, carrying two or three 
 sheaves, about which a rope, called thecai-/«//, pas.ses, 
 and communicates with the eal-bloek. .Star. Vict, 
 
 CAT'S'-IIEAD, (-hed,) n, A kind of apple. 
 
 eAT'-HpQK, n. A strong liook fitted to the cat- 
 block. Mar. Diet. 
 
 e.\'r'-LIKE, a. Rescmblintf a cat. 
 
 eAT'-MIi\T, n. A plant uf the genus Nepeta, so 
 called because caUt eat it. 
 
 eAT'S'-PAW, «. Among seamen, a liiiht air, perceived, 
 in a calm, by a rippling of the surface of the water; 
 also, a particiiiar turn in the bight of a ro|i:;, made to 
 hook a txirkle im. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. ARupe; the instrument which another uses to 
 accomplish his designs. [Derived from the slorj- of 
 the monkey win used the paws of the cat to draw 
 the ro;isting chestnuts out of the lire.] 
 
 e-VT'-S^ALT, n. A sort of salt bi autilully granulated, 
 formed out of the bittern, or leach-brine, used (ut 
 making hard soap. I'.iioje.' 
 
 CAT'-SIL-VER, M. A mineral ; a variety of mica. 
 
 CAT'-TaIL, M. [cat ■.ini\ tail.] The popular name of 
 a tall reed, Typlui latifulia, having insignificant flow- 
 ers in a long, dense, cylindrical spike, .at the end of 
 the stein. Its long, Hat leaves arc much used fur the 
 bottoms of chairs. 
 2. A substance growing on nut-trees, pines, &c. 
 
 Baileij. 
 
 CAT-A-BAP'TIST, n. [Cr. voro and (icKriarm.] 
 
 One who opposes baptism. Fcatleij. 
 €AT-A-e,\US'Tie, a. [Gr. *araitiiiPT({, a burning.] 
 Cateaiuslic curves, in teeometrij, are that S|)ecie3 of 
 caustic curves which are formed by reflection. 
 
 _ Bailey. Kncyc 
 
 CAT-A-eHRlc'SIS, n. [Gr. irara\pii(nj, abuse, from 
 it>irii, against, and \n io,iai, to use.] 
 
 An abuse of a trope, or of words ; a figure in rhet- 
 oric, when one word is abusively put for another, or 
 when a word is too far wrested from its true signifi- 
 cation ; as, a voice beautiful to the ear. 
 
 Smith. Bailey. Juhnson, 
 A cataehresis is a trope which borrows the name of 
 one thing to express another, or a harsh trope ; as 
 when .Milton, speaking of Raphael's descent from 
 heaven, says, he " sails between worlds and 
 worlds." Here the novelty of the word .laiLs en- 
 livens the image. So in Scripture we read of the 
 " blood of the grape." Dcut. .\xxii. 
 CAT-A-eilRES'Tie, ) a. Belonging to a cata- 
 eAT-A-eilRES'TIG-AL, ! chresis ; forced; far- 
 fetched ; wrested from its natural sense. 
 
 Juknsou. Brown. 
 CAT-A-eitRES'Tie-AL-LY, adv. In a forced man- 
 ner, Kcelyu. 
 e.\T'.\-eLYSM, n, [Gr. nartntXuir/i'js, a deluge, from 
 »aravAi\ I, to inund.ate.] 
 
 .-V deluge, or overflowing of water ; particularly 
 the Hood in Noali's days. [Little used.] Hall. 
 
 In geoloiry. Ibis term h.as been used to denote va- 
 rious inundations, or deluges, supposed to have oc- 
 curred at different periods, and to have deposited 
 different forinalions of diluvian, or drift 
 e.\T'.\-e6.MU, f-kome,) 71. [probably from Gr. xara, 
 and KVfili i(, a hollow, or recess.] 
 
 A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place for the burial 
 of the dead. It is sai<l to have been originally a|>- 
 plied to the chapel of St. Sebastian, in Rome, where, 
 the ancient Roman calendars say, the body of St. 
 Peter was deposited. It is now applied to a vast 
 number of subterraneous sepnlchers, about three 
 miles from Rome, in the Appian Way ; siipiMised to 
 be the cells and caves in which the primitive ("liris- 
 tiaiv! concealed themselves, and in which were de- 
 posited the bodies of the primitive martyrs. These 
 arc visited by devout people, and relics are taken 
 fioin them, baptized by the pope, anil dispersed 
 thnnigh Roman Catholic countries. Each catacomb 
 is three feet broad, and eight or ten high : ahuig the 
 side walls are sepulchral niches, closed with thick 
 tiles, or pieces of marble. Catacombs are found 
 also at Naples, and in other places. J-'.nctjc. 
 CAT-A-eoUS'TieS, n. [Gr. KaruKom.,, to hear.] 
 That part of acoustics, or the doctrine of sounds, 
 which treats of reflected sounds. Rut the distinc- 
 tion is deemed of little use. Knryc. 
 CAT-.V-Ol-OP'TRIC, io. [Gr. «.ira and .ii.ir- 
 C.VT-A-l)l-OP'TRlC-AL, j ro,iai, to se. through.] 
 Reflecting light. 
 
 e.\T'A-l)OPE, 11. [Fr., from Gr. jcaru and Juuirtw, to 
 sound.] 
 
 A cataract, or waterfall. [.\i/( iii use] Brnerr. 
 e.\T-.\ FAL'CO, n. [It., a scalluM.J .A teiiipiirary 
 structure of carpentry, decorated with paintings and 
 sculpture representing a tomb, or cenolaiih, and used 
 ill funeral solemnities. Gtctlt. 
 e.VT-AG-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. m-u; (in, a fragment.) 
 That has the ipiiility of consoliilaliiig broken parts ; 
 promoting the union of fractured bimes. 
 
 Wisemau. Care. 
 e.\T'A-GRAPIt,n. [Gr. xura and j .la/x.p, to descrilie.] 
 The first draught of a picture; also, a profile. 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 e.\T-A-LEe'Tie, a. [Gr. Kara and Xt) m.] 
 
 In prosody, wanting a syllable at the end, or ter- 
 minating ill an imperfect foot ; as, a catalectic verse. 
 e.VT-A-LEP'SIS, j H. [Gr. KaraXnii/is, a seizing, 
 C.VT'A-LEP-SY, i from Karal^anliavui, to take, 
 seize, or invade.] 
 
 A sudden suppression of motion and sensation, 
 in which the patient is speechless, senseless, and 
 fixed in one [iDstiirej with his eyes opim, without 
 seeing or uiiderstauding. The word is applied also 
 to a retention of the lireatli, or of the liiiiiiors, and 
 to the interception of the blood by bandages. 
 
 * Koeyc. Coze. 
 
 CAT-A-LF.P'Tir, a. Pertaining to catalepsy. 
 CAT'A-LO GIZE, V. t. To insert in a catalogue. 
 
 [jViit used.] Coles. 
 e.\T'A-LO(;tJE,(kat'a-log,) n. [Gr. itaroA.i>oj ; itani 
 and A »; oc, according to words.] 
 
 .V list, or cniiinenition of the names of men, or 
 things, disposed in a certain order, often in alphabet- 
 ical order ; as, a catalogue of the students of a col- 
 lege, or of books, or of the stars. 
 
 Catalotfuc rai.voiin<*, (r.i-zon-a';) a catalogue of books 
 classed according to tlr-ir subjects. Brartde. 
 e.VT'A-LOGUE, V. t. [As above.] To make a list of. 
 
 //erbert. 
 
 e.\-TAL'P.\, 71. A large tree of the banks of the 
 Mississippi, which, in blossom, has a beautiful ap- 
 pearance. It is the CaUilpa cordifolia. 
 
 e.i-TAL'Y-SlS, n. [Gr. KuraAuo-ij.] 
 
 1. Dissolution. Taylor. 
 2 In chemistry, a decomposition and new combina- 
 tion produced among the proxim.ate and elementary 
 principles of one or more compounds, by virtue of 
 the mere [iresence of a substance or substances 
 which do not of themselves enter into combination. 
 
 e.VT-A-LYT'ie, a. Relating to catalysis. 
 
 Catalytic force; that modification of the force of 
 chemical afiiuity which determines catalysis. 
 
 C\T'A-.M.\-R.\N', 71. In nacal lanfruage, a kind of 
 r.afl, used for fishing and landing goods, on the 
 Coromandel coast of India, and on tlie coast of Bra- 
 zil. The term was also applied to the flat-bottomed 
 boats constructed by Bonaparte, for the invasion of 
 England. 
 
 eAT-.\-.Mi?'XI-A, 71. [Infra.] The monthly flowings 
 of females. 
 
 €.VT-A-.Me'.\I-.VL, a. [Gr. Karapjivioi ; Kara and 
 pn"> a month.] 
 
 Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual dis- 
 charges. 
 
 e.VT'A-.MITE, 71. [L. calamitus.] 
 
 A liov kept for unnatural purposes. 
 CAT'A-.SlOU.N'T, 71. Cat of the mountain, the w ild 
 cat. 
 
 eAT-AN'-AD'RO-MOUS, a. [Gr. Kira, am, and 
 /ioj.] In ichthyology, p.assing once a year from 
 salt w.ater into fresh, and returning. 
 e.VT-AX'DRU-.MOL'S, a. In ichthyology, moving 
 
 once a year from salt water into fresh. Knoales. 
 €.\T'.\-P.\S.M, 71. [Gr. Karitnaaiia.] 
 
 A dry powder for sprinkling the oody. Coze, 
 CAT-A-PELT'IC, o. Pertaining to the catapult. As 
 
 a iiaun, the catapult. 
 CAT-A-PET'AL-OUS, a, [Gr. Kara and irtruXo^.l 
 A term applied to petals of a flower when held to- 
 gether by stamens, which grow to their b;i.ses, as in 
 the mallow. Brandt. 
 eAT-A-PlK).\"ies, 71. [Gr. itara and ^wni;, sound.] 
 The doctrine of reflected sounds, a tirancli of 
 acoustics. Kncyc. 
 GAT'A-PlIR.VeT, 71. [L. eataphrncta ; Gr. Karai^.^aK- 
 Toi, from Kartv^iia ra ■>, to arm or fortify.] 
 
 1. In the anctrnt military art, a piece of heavy, div 
 fensive annor, formed of cloth or leather, strength- 
 ened with scales or links, used to defend the breast, 
 or whole body, or even Uie horse, as well as the 
 rider. Kncyc. 
 
 2. .\ horseman in complete armor. Milium. 
 e.\T'A-PHRAC'l'-ED, a. In loology, covered with a 
 
 hard, callous skin, or with horny or bony plates or 
 scales, closely joined together, like those ol^ the Ro- 
 man soldiers called catap/iracfi: hence the term. 
 
 C.VT'.X-PL.-VS.M, 71. [Gr. <ararAaa-/ia, from icarti-X'iff- 
 (707, to anoint, or to spread, as a plaster.] 
 
 /\ poultice ; a soft and moist substance to be ap- 
 plied to some part of the body, to excite or repel 
 heat, or to relax the skin, tc. When mustard is an 
 insredient, it is called a sinapism, Knci/c. 
 
 CAT'.V-PUCE, 71. The herb spurge. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 e.\T'.\-l'l'I.'l', 71. [(Jr. niiTuirtAriiv ; I., ealapulta ; 
 Kara and ncXni, a target, or more probalilv from 
 ira.VAi.) or /VuVAi.), to throw, or drive, 1,. pell„.\ 
 
 A iiiililitrv engine used by tile ancienl (ireeks and 
 Romans foi flirnwing stones, darts, anil arrows, ii|iun 
 an eii.'iii)'. Some of these would throw a stone of a 
 hiindreil pounds weight. Miiford. 
 CAT'.V-RACT, «. [I" entaracta ; Gr. Karao'iKrni, 
 from itciriipiiiTiTw, to break, or fall with violence, 
 from (laaaoi, //'i(ii>, to sirike, or da.-li.] 
 
 1. A great fall of water over a precipice, a.t that 
 of Niagara, of the Uliiiie, Danube, and Nile. It is a 
 cascade upon ii gresH scale. 
 
 The treinciuluun cataracu of America thuiKlering in li»rir toll* 
 liitiei. Irving. 
 
 9. In medicine and surgery, an opacity of the crys- 
 tilliiie lens, or its capsule ; a disorder in the eye, by 
 wliirli the pupil, which is usually black and trans- 
 parent, heroines oiKKpie, blue, gray, brown, &.C., by 
 which vision is impairel or destroyed. Kncyc. 
 
 CAT-.V-RACT'OL'S, a. Partaking of the nature of B 
 cataract in the eye. 
 
 e.\-TARRir, (ka-t.lr',) 7i. [L. catarrhas ; Gr. <turo- 
 puos", from K'tru'-p oi, to flow down.] 
 
 1. A defluxioii, or increased secretion of mucus 
 from the meinbranes of the nose, fauces, and bron- 
 chia.', with fever, sneezing, cough, thirst, lassitiiile, 
 and loss of appi'tite, and sometimes an entire loss of 
 taste ; called also a cold, coryza. An epidemic ca- 
 tarrh is called influenza. Hooper. Core. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In popular language, a chronic affection of the 
 ■ mucous iiieiiibrane of the nostrils and fauces. 
 eA-TAURll'AI-, (ka-tir'ral,) ) a. Pertaining to ca- 
 GA-TARRirOUS, (ka-tar'rus,) ( tarrli, produced by 
 
 it or attending it ; as, a catarrhal fever. 
 e.\-T.\S'TE-RISM, 71. [(Jr. Aar.nrrc.ioT/nj, from ica- 
 
 Tarjreoti^io, to dislingiiish with stars, or to place 
 
 among the stars ; Kara and a^Tijo, a star.] 
 \ constellation, or a pl.'iciiig among the stars. 
 eA-T.\S'TR()-PllE, 71. [Gr. ituraTr.io./iri, an end or. 
 
 overthrowing, f'roia KaTaorotipto, tosubverl ; Kara and 
 
 CT'U:jjt').] 
 
 1. The change or revolution which produces the 
 final event of a dramatic piece ; or the unfolding and 
 winilini; up of the plot, clearing up difhciilties, and 
 closins the play. The ancients divided a play into 
 the protasis, epitasis, cafastasis, and catastrophe ; 
 the introduction, continuance, bigliteiiing, and de- 
 velopment or conclusion. Johnjson. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A fin.ll event ; conclusion ; generally, an un- 
 fortunate conclusion, calamity, or disaster. 
 
 3. In geology, a supiiosed change in the globe from 
 sudden physical violence, causing elevation or sub- 
 sidence of the solid parts, or a cataclysm of the 
 waters. 
 
 €A-TAS'TRO-PIIIST, n. In geology, one who be- 
 lieves in catastrophes, or in changes in the globe, 
 from violent physical causes ; a non-uniformist. 
 
 CAT'CALL, 71. [cat and call.] A squeaking instru- 
 ment, used in playhouses to condemn plays. 
 
 Johnson, Pope, 
 
 GATCII, 7). t. : pret. and pp. Catched or Caught. [Sp, 
 eager, to catch, coinriding in elements with Gr. 
 Ki\eo>. The orthography of caught determines the 
 radical letters to be i's ] 
 
 1. To seize or Lay hold on with the hand ; carry- 
 ing the sense of pursuit, thrusting forward the hand, 
 or rushing on. 
 
 Anil lli'-y cune upon him anil mught him. — Act* vi. 
 
 2. To seize, in a general sense ; as, to caUh a ball ; 
 to catch hold of a bough. 
 
 3. 'J'o seize, as in a snare or trap ; to insnare ; to 
 entangle. 
 
 Ttiey it'nl ern.-\in of the Ph-trisrei nnil of Ihc Ilcnxtiana, to 
 
 catch him in Wis wonU. — M.irli xii. 
 
 4. To seize in pursuit ; hence, simply to overtake ; 
 a popular iwc of tlic tcord. 
 
 He nn, bnt cmilif not catch his comp.\nion. 
 
 5. To take hold ; to communicate to. 
 
 The fin caught tlie ndjuinin^ Ijnihlin^, 
 
 G. To seize the affections ; to engage and att.ach 
 to ; as, to catch the fair. Dniden. 
 
 7. To tike or receive by contagion or infection ; 
 as, to cutch the me.asles or small-pox. 
 
 6. To snatch ; to take suddenly ; as, to catch a 
 book out of the hand. 
 
 9. To receive something p-assing. 
 
 The swelling ctilt no mole 
 Catch tlie toft oiri iind WAnton in the tkj. Trumiutl, 
 
 To catch at ; to endeavor to seize suddenly. 
 
 To eruch at nil opportunilies of ■nbrcrling the rule. Addison. 
 
 To eateh up ; to snatch ; to take up suddenly. 
 e.\TCII, V, L To communicate ; to spread by infect- 
 ing ; a.s, a disease will catch from man to man. 
 
 2. To seize and hold ; as, a hook catches. 
 e.\TCH, 71. Seizure; the act of seizing. 
 
 2. Any thing that seizes or lakes hold, as a hook. 
 
 3. The posture of seizing ; a state ol^ preparation 
 to catch, or of watching an opportunity to seize ; as, 
 to lie upon the catch. JIddisim. 
 
 4. A sudden advantage taken. Dryden. 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, IINITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 I 5. The tiling caught, considered as an object of 
 I desire ; profit ; advantage. 
 
 Hector slKill have a ffi^at catck, Shak. 
 
 6. A snatch ; a short interval of action. 
 
 It h^is been writ by cauhes. Locke. 
 
 7. A little portion. 
 
 We reuiiii a "atch of a pretty story. GlanviUe. 
 
 8. In music, a fugue in the unison, wherein, to 
 humor some conceit in the words, the melody is 
 broken, aiul the sense is interrupted in one part, and 
 caiLfrht and supported by anotlier, or a dift'erent sense 
 is given to the words ; or a piece for three or more 
 voices, one of which leads and the others follow in 
 the same notes. Encijc. Busby. 
 
 e.\TCH'-DRAli\, n. A ditch or drain on the side of a 
 hill to catch the surface water. " Also, a ditch on the 
 side of a canal, to catch the surplus water. 
 
 €ATCirA-BLE, a. That may be caught. [Rare.] 
 
 e.\TCH'ER, n. One who catches; that which 
 catchi"«, or in which any thing is caught. 
 
 C.\TCirFL?, H. A plant of the genus Lychnis; 
 campion. 
 
 e.VTCH'ING, Tjpr. Seizing; taking hold; insnaring ; 
 entangling. 
 
 e.\TCH'Ii\G, a. Communicating, or that may be 
 communicated, by cont.igion ; infectious ; as, a dis- 
 ease is catcfiin <r. 
 
 CATCH'-MEAD'OW, (-med'do,) 71. A meadow which 
 is irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the 
 declivity of a hill. 
 
 e.VTCH'ING-BAR'GAIN, n. A bargain made with, 
 an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy, 
 at an inadequate price. Bouriir. 
 
 eATCH'PE.\-NY, n. [catch and pennu.] Something 
 worthless, particularly a hook or |)amphli't, adapted 
 to the popular taste, and intended to gain money in 
 market. 
 
 CATCH'PoLL, n. [cnUh and poll, the head.] A 
 bailiff's assistant, so called by way of reproach. 
 
 CATCH'UP, ) n. A liquor extracted from mushrooms, 
 
 • CAT'SUP, J tomatoes, &.C., used as a sauce. 
 
 €.\TCH'-WORD, 71. Among aclors, the last word of 
 the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is 
 to speak next. 
 
 2. Among printers, the word placed at the bottom 
 of each page, under the last lin-:*, which is to be in- 
 serted as the first word on the following page. 
 
 €.\TE, 7!. See Cates. 
 
 e.VT-E-eHET'ie-AL, a. [.«ee Catechise.] Relat- 
 ing to oral instruction, and particularly in the first 
 principles of the Christian religion. 
 
 2. Relating to or consisting in asking questions 
 and receiving answers, according to the ancient 
 manner of teaching pupils. 
 
 Socrates introducetl a catecbelieal method of arjiiin^. Addison, 
 
 €AT-E-eHET'ie-AL-LY, adv. By question and 
 answer; in the way of oral instruction. 
 
 e.VT'E-CmNE. See Catechlic Acid. 
 
 CAT E-eHr-S.\'TIOX, n. The act of catechising. 
 
 CVfE-CHISE, II. t. fGr. * ir/)xi?M, and x^itiiy-m, to 
 sound, to utter sound, to teach by the voice ; from 
 K'lTJL and r}\tuK to sountl, whence echo. Hence 
 KaTTjxricii, Karri^ta/ioi, catechise, catechism, instruc- 
 tion.] 
 
 1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving an- 
 swers, and offering explanations and corrections. 
 
 2. To question ; to interrogate ; to examine or try 
 by questions, and sometimes with a view to reproof, 
 by eliciting answers from a person, which condemn 
 his own conduct. 
 
 3. .Appropriately, to ask questions concerning the 
 doctrines of the Christian religion ; to interrogate 
 pupils and give instruction in the principles of re- 
 
 liLTIon. 
 
 CAT'E eHT9!-/CD, (kat'e-kl7.d,) pp. Instructed. 
 
 C.\T'E-eHlS-ER, 77. One who catechises ; one who 
 instructs by question and answer, and particularly 
 in the rudiments of the Christian religion. 
 
 e.\'r'E eHIS-I.N'G, ;(;r. instructing in rudiments or 
 principles. 
 
 e.Vr'E-CIIIS.M, (kat'e-kizm,) 71. [Gr. /f«T7!x<<T/i ■<•] 
 
 1. A form of instruction by means of tpiestions 
 and answers, particularly in the principles of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 2. An elementary book cxintaining a summary of 
 principles in any science or art, but appropriately in 
 religion, rcdiiixd to the form of questinns and an- 
 swiTK, and sometimes with notes, explau.ations, and 
 ref reiicei to authorities. 
 
 CAT'E-CinST, 71. [Gr. xfirnxiTT'if.] 
 
 One wlio instnicts viva voce, or by question and 
 answer; n catechiser ; one appiiuited by the church 
 to instnict in the principles of n ngion. 
 I CAT-E-C1II.'<T'IC, (a. Pertaining to a catechisl, 
 I CAT K CIIIHT'ie-AL, ( or catechism. 
 I CAT'E CMIJ, n. A dry, brown astrinnent extract, ob- 
 j tnined by decoction and •ivu|iiiratioii from the Acacin 
 I Catechu, in India. Itcontains a large portiim of tan- 
 nin or tannic acid. 'Jliomson. Ure. 
 I CAT E CIIO'ie Atril), 71. An acid soluble in boil- 
 , ing water, c^intaim il in that [lortioii of catechu which 
 in insoliihiK in cold wau-r. II was nt first considered 
 
 a base, and called catrchinc. It forms with alkalies 
 a black sulutiou, called Japonic aeiii. and with alka- 
 line carbon:ites, a red soliitinu, called Riihrinic acid. 
 
 eAT-E-eilO'.\lEN, 71. [Gr. xar/ixoT.^ti'.i, places 
 where hearers stood to be instructeiL, or buildings 
 adjoining a church, where the catecliist taught the 
 doctrines of religion.] 
 
 One who is in the first rudiments of Christianity ; 
 one who is receiving instruction and preparing him- 
 self for baptism. These were anciently the children 
 of believing parents, or pagans not fully initiated in 
 the principles of the Christian religion. They were 
 admitted to this state by the imp.isiti(m of hands, 
 and the sign of the cross. Kncnc. 
 
 CAT-E-eHLr-MEN'ie-AL, o. Belonging to cate- 
 chumens. * 
 
 €AT-E-eHu'MEX-IST, n. A catechumen. 
 
 Bp. Jilortnn. 
 
 €AT-E-GOR-E-MAT'ie, a. In lo^ic, applied to a 
 word which is capable of being employed by itself 
 as a term, or predicate of a proposition. Brandp. 
 
 eAT-E-GOR'ie-AL, a. [See Category.] Pertain- 
 ing to a category. 
 
 2. Absolute ; positive ; express ; not relative or 
 h)*pothetical ; as, a cateirorical proposition, syllogism, 
 or answer. 
 
 €AT-E-GOR'ie- AL-LY, <vfo. Absolutely; directly; 
 expressly ; positively ; as, to atlirm crdei^orically. 
 
 CAT'E-GO-RY, 71. [Gr. itarTj) o.uia, from Kar„) onno, 
 to accuse, show, demtmstrate ; xara and ri) to 
 speak in an assembly, to harangue or demmnce, from 
 aj npa, a forum, judicial tribunal, or market.] 
 
 In loiric^ a series or order of all the predicates or 
 attributes contained under a genus. The school 
 philosophers distributed all the objects of our thoughts 
 and ideas into genera or classes. Aristotle made ten 
 categories, viz., substance, quantity, quality, relation, 
 action, passion, time, place, situation, and habit. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 C.^T-E-N.\'RI-.\N, ) a. [L. catenarius, from catena, a 
 
 CAT'E-NA-RV, j chain.] 
 
 Relating to a chain ; like a chain. The catenary or 
 catenarian citree, in geometry, is fonned by a rope or 
 chain, of uniform density, hanging freely between 
 two points of suspension, whether the points are 
 horizontal or not. • Harris, Enctfc. 
 
 e.\T'E-i\ATE, 71. f. [h, catena, a chain; G. lielte ; 
 Sans, kett/i, whence kettpnn, to bind.] 
 
 To chain, or rather to connect in a series of links 
 or ties. Darwin, 
 
 C.VT'E-N.\-TED, />;). Connected as links in a chain. 
 
 e.\T'E-NA-TING, ppr. Connecting as links in a 
 chain. 
 
 €.\T-E-Na'TION, 71. Connection of links, union of 
 parts, as in a chain ; regular connection. [See Con- 
 catenation.] 
 
 CA-TEN'li-LATE, a. Consisting of little links or 
 chains. 
 
 In natural hi'itnry, presenting, on the surface, a se- 
 ries of oblong tubercles, resembling a chain. Brande, 
 
 e.^'TER, 7>. i, [In It. eatlare is to get ; aceutlare, to 
 beg or borrow. In Fr. acheter is to buy ; Norm, acat, 
 a buying. The Fr. qivHer, for qaesier, to beg, seems 
 to be a different word. See CATEitER.] 
 
 To provide food ; to buy or procure provisions ; fol- 
 lowed by for ; as, to cater for the sparrow. Shale, 
 
 €.\'TER, 71. A provider. [See Caterer.] Old Eng. 
 aehator, Chaucer, 
 
 C.\'TER, 71. The four of cards or dice ; so written for 
 Fr. quatre, 
 
 eA'TER-COUS'/N, (-kuz'n,) 71. A quatre-cousin, a re- 
 mote relation. Shnk, 
 
 [The term is commonly use/l in ridicule of llie fully of 
 elaimintr remote consanrruinity,] 
 
 Ca'TER-ER, 71. [froin cjiter. In Chaucer, aehator, 
 purchaser or caterer, is evidently from aclielcr, to 
 buy.] 
 
 A provider, buver, or purveyor of provisions. 
 
 ■Chaucer, Cant. Tales, 570. Sotllh. 
 Ga'TER-ESS, 71. A wtiman who caters ; a female pro- 
 vider of food. 
 
 CAT'ER-PIL-LAR, 71. [The etymology of this word 
 is uncertain. 'I'he last component part of the word 
 may be from Fr. piller, to pillage or peel, or from L. 
 pilus, hair.] 
 
 The colored and often hairy lava of the lepidopter- 
 ous insects. This term is also applied to the larviE 
 of other insects, such as the Tenlhredo, or saw-fiy, 
 but is more geiuTally confined to the Irpidopters. 
 Caterpillars are product^d immediately from the egg ; 
 they are fiirnisht'd with si.-veral pairs of feet, and 
 have the sha|)e and appearance of a worm. They 
 cimtain the embryo of the perfect insect, inclosed 
 within a muscular envelope, which is thrown off 
 when the insect enters the nymjih or chrys;ilis state, 
 in which it remains for some time as if inanimate. 
 It then throws off its last envelope, and emerges n 
 pi rfect insect. Caterpillars gimerally feed on It'aves 
 or succulent vegetables, and arc sometimes very de- 
 stnictive. FA. Encye. Kirlnj, 
 
 CAT'ER-PIL-LAR-KAT'ER, 71. A worm bred in 
 the body of a caterpillar, which eats it. F.nriic, 
 
 CAT'ER-WAUL, II. i. [Proliably from cat and waal. 
 It. irnuioUire, Eng. irnii. j 
 
 To crj' or w:,rt 1, as cats in rutting time ; to make 
 a harsh, offensive noise. 
 
 e.VP'ER-WAUL-lXG, 71. The cry of cats ; a harsh, 
 disagieeabie noise or cry. 
 
 €a'TER-Y, 71. 'I'he place where provisions are de- 
 posited. 
 
 CATEiS, 77. pi. Delicitiiis food or viands ; daivities, 
 C.AT'GUT, 71. The intestines of sheep and other ani- 
 mals dried and twisted, used for strings of violins 
 and other instruments. 
 
 2. A sort of linen or canvas, with wide inter- 
 stices. 
 
 eATII'A-RINE-^WIIEEL, 71 In Gothic architecture, 
 ail ornamented window, or compartment of a wia- 
 dow, of a circular form, with rosettes or radiating 
 divisions or spokes. Owdt. 
 
 e.^TH'A-RIST, 71. rCr. KaQaom, pure.] 
 
 One who pretends to more purity than others pos- 
 sess. 
 
 CA-THAR'SIS, 71. [Gr. Infra.] Purgation; alvine 
 discharges ; evacuation. 
 
 eA-Tli;\K'Tie, / a. [Gr. KaOapriKOi, from Ka- 
 
 e.A-THAR'TIC-AI,, ( llaocvw, KaO.upM, to purge, «u- 
 tiaooi, clean, naro and a(p'j,to remove.] 
 
 Purging; cleansing the bowels ; promoting evacu- 
 ations by stool ; purgative. 
 
 CA-THAR'Tie, 71. A medicine that promotes alvine 
 discharges, and thus cleanses the stomach and bow- 
 els ; a purge ; a purgative. 
 
 CA-TllAR'Tie-AL-LY, adc. In the manner of a ca- 
 thartic. 
 
 eA-TIIAR'Tie-AL-NESS, 71. The quality of pro- 
 moting discharges from tlie bowels. 
 
 e.\-THAR'TI-.\A, j 71. A doubtful alkaloid, the ac- 
 
 e.V-THAR'TINE, j tive purgative principle of differ- 
 ent species of Cassia, popularly known as Senna ; 
 more recently called Seimin, 
 
 e.Vl H'E-DRA or CA-THE'DRA, n. [Gr.] A chair; 
 a|ipropriately, the chair or seal of a person in au- 
 tlniritv^ as a chief or lecturer. 
 
 CA-Tll'ls'URAL, 71. [Lat. cathedra; Gr. KaOeSpa, a 
 chair or seat, from Kara and iSpa, a seat.] 
 
 The see or seat of a bishop ; the principal church 
 in a diiicese. 
 
 eA-THK'DR.\L, a. Pertaining to the church which 
 is the bishop's seat, or head church of a diocese ; 
 containing the see of a bishop ; as, a catliedral 
 church ; culhedrul service. 
 
 2. Resembling the aisles of a cathedral ; as, catJie- 
 dral walks. Pope, 
 
 eATirE-I)R.\-TED, a. Relating to the authority of 
 the chair or otfice of a teacher. IVhitlock. 
 
 CATH'E-RINE-PEaR, 11. A sort of small pear. 
 
 CATII'E-TER, 71. [Gr. KaUiTnp, from KaO^npi, to 
 thrust in ; Karn and 'niiii, to send.] 
 
 In sun^ery, a tubular instrument, usually made of 
 silver, to be introduced into the bladder, to draw off 
 the urine, when the natural discharge is suppressed ; 
 also, a sound to search for the stone, or a bougie 
 made of silver or elastic gum. Eneyc. Coze. 
 
 CATU'E-TUS, 71. [Gr. KuDtro;. See Catheter.] 
 In geometry, a line or radius, falling perpendicu- 
 larly on another. Thus, the caUieti of a right-angled 
 triangle are the two sides that include the right an- 
 gle. [ Obs.] Barlow. 
 
 CathctiLs of incidence, in calajitrics, is a right line 
 drawn from a radiant point, perpendicular to the re- 
 flecting line, or the plane of the speculum, or mirror. 
 
 Barlouj, 
 
 Cathetusof refection, or of Vie eye; a right line drawn 
 from the eye, or from any point of the reflected ray, 
 perpendicular lo the plane of reflection, or of the 
 speculum. Barlow, 
 
 In architecture, a eathetus is a perpendicular line, 
 supposed to pass through the middle of a cylindrical 
 body. Also, the center of the Ionic volute. Encyc. 
 
 e-\TiI'OI)E, (kat'ode,) 71. [Gr. Kara, downward, and 
 Mas, way.] In electro-chemistry, the way by which 
 the electric current leaves substances through which 
 it passes, or the surface at which the electric ciirrentv 
 passes out of the electrolyte ; opposed to anode, and 
 equivalent to negative pole. 
 
 CAT' Holes, «. in ships, two small holes astern, 
 above the gun-room ports. 
 
 CATH'O-Lie, a. [Gr. KuOuAiicit, Kurn and nAiirof, 
 from (1A05, the whole ; h. catliolicus ; Vi. cathohque ; 
 Sp. catAilico ; It. cattutico.'] 
 
 1. Universal or general ; as, the cathtUc church. 
 Origin.ally this epithet was given to the Christian 
 church in geni'ral, but is now claimed by the Rinnan 
 Catholic church; and in strictness there is no visible 
 Catholic church, or universal Christian ctunmiinion. 
 The epithet is stimetimes set in opposition to heretic, 
 sectetry^ or schismatic, 
 
 2. Liberal ; not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted ; 
 as, a catholic man. 
 
 3. Liberal ; as, catholic principles. 
 
 4. Pertaining to or alfecting the Roman Catholics ; 
 as. Catholic emancipation. 
 
 Catholic epistles ; the I'pistles of the apostles, which 
 are addressed lo all the faithful, and not to a particu- 
 lar church. 
 
 CATII'O I.IC, 71. An adherent of the Roman Catho- 
 lic church. 
 
 KATE, FAR, FALL, WU/S'V — METE, PR|}Y. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQI.F, BQQK.— 
 
 1fi2 
 
CAT 
 
 €A-TirOI/ie-AL, a. GciuTal. 
 
 eA-TIIOL'l C[!<M or e.\ I'll'-()-U-CISJr, «. Adher- 
 ence tu the KiJinaii ('atlii>lii' rliiirili. 
 
 2. Universality, or tile ortliiidox faith of the whole 
 chiireh. Praraon. 
 
 3. More gencr.Uly, liberality of sentiments. 
 
 This is llie rcMOwiietl fccat I'f Caliioticism. £. D. Grijfin. 
 
 eATII-O-IJC'I-TV, 71. The system of clortriiie, disci- 
 pline, and worship, held by the C'liiircli of Koine. In 
 this sense, the word is used cllielly by Konian Cath- 
 olic writers. 
 
 2. 'I'he system of doctrine, discijiline, and worship, 
 held in comnum by the Latin or Roman (.'atliolic 
 Clriircli, the Oriental or (Jreek Church, and a part 
 of the I'hurch of Knj;land — or the system held by 
 the fiitliers and councils of the liist five centuries. 
 In tliis sense, the word is used by some writers of 
 the Kujjlish Church. /.. Biicon. 
 
 eA-TIIOL'l-CIZK, i: i. To become a Roman Catho- 
 lic. [Little used.] 
 
 CATirO-LieLY, adv. Generally; in a catholic 
 tnanner. Sir L. Ctirij. 
 
 CATirO-Me-XESS, n. Universalitv. Brmnt. 
 
 €A-Tll()L'It'-0>J, n. [Gr. KaUuXinJy in/ia, universal 
 remedy.] 
 
 A remedy for all diseases ; a universal remedy ; a 
 remedy supposed to bi- efficacious in pursing av.ay 
 all humors ; a (Kinacea ; a kind of sott purgative 
 c:lectuary, so called. 
 e.\-TIIUl.'ie-OS!, n. The spiritual head of the Ar- 
 nii-nian Church, who ordains bishops, and conse- 
 crates the sacred oil used in religious ceremonies. 
 
 Ci'tcman. 
 
 e.\T-I.LI-.\.\'RI-AN, a. Resembling Catiline, the 
 Konuiii. 
 
 eAT-l-I,l-.\A'RI-AN, n. One who resembles Cati- 
 line. 
 
 CAT'I-LIX-IS.M, n. The practices of Catiline, the 
 Roman conspirator; conspiracy. 
 
 CAT'Kl.N', n. [fmm cat and kin.] In botanij, an 
 aiin nl, a species of intlorescence, consisting of many 
 scales raiiiied along a stalk, slender ais a thread, 
 which is the c(mimoii receptacle, as in hazi'l, birch, 
 oak, willow, poplar. Sec. ; so called from its resem- 
 blance to a cat's tail. JIartijn. 
 
 CAT' LING, M. A dismembering knife, used by sur- 
 geons. Harris. 
 
 2. The down or mo.ss growing about walnut-trees, 
 resembling the hair of a cat. Harris. 
 
 3. Catgut. Ciu. Shak. 
 CAT' MINT, / n. A plant of the genus Nepeta, some- 
 eAT'.VIP, i what resembling mint. Cats arc fond 
 
 of it, and hence the name. 
 e.\-To'.NI-A.\, a. Pertaining to or resembling Cato, 
 
 the Roman, who was remarkable for his severity of 
 
 manners ; gnive ; severe ; int1e.\ible. 
 CA T-O-NINE'-T.AILS, «. A whip with nine lashes. 
 e.\-'l'01"TKR, ) n. [Gt. «iiroirr/)c<»'. Sec Catop- 
 e.\-T()P'TRON, ) TR1C9.] 
 
 \ reflecting optical glass or mstrument ; a mirror. 
 
 [OAs.] Diet. 
 eA-TOP'TRie, \ ra n ^ 
 C.\-T()P'TRIC-AL, i C^"* Catopthics.] 
 
 Relatini; to citoptrics, or vision by refiection. 
 G.-\-TOP'TRIG?5, H. [Gr. (((I^ottoiico<, from Karon- 
 
 Tnin, a mirror, from k-am, against, and uirro/jui, to 
 
 see.) 
 
 That part of optics which explains tin* properties 
 of reMfcted li::ht, anil particularly that which is re- 
 flected trom mirrors or polisbt'd bodies. Knnic. 
 e.\-TOP'TRO-MA.\'-CY, «. [Gr. .ar jirro-in ii'Tfiu ; 
 *.-riro]Tro'o-, a mirror, and ftavrtia, di\'inati<ui.] 
 
 .\ s{M;cies of divination, among thf aticirnU^ which 
 was |>erformed b>' letting down a mirror into water, 
 for a sick person to look at his face in it. If his coun- 
 tenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill 
 omen : if fresh and health) , it was favorable. Kncyc. 
 e.\T'-PIPE, 71. See Catcall. 
 €.\T'SCP, H. See Cni iiup, Kktchtp. 
 C\T'TLK, n. siit;/. or pt. [Norm, ratal, rha.-itel, and 
 chattrrs. goods, conimoilities, movables ; Ann. rhelal, 
 beai*ts ; Port, ttado. In Syr. and Cli. T\i and r\^i sig- 
 nify a llock, herd, possession, goods. Hut Spelman 
 alleges [hat the word clialtrl is contracted from rayita- 
 lia, capiat, from caput, a wonl iiseil in tlit- middle ages 
 for all giHids, movable and immovable, answering 
 nearly to the use of (Jr. <f'i>uA x-jr. Acts xxii. 28, 
 ir.'AA w »cr/»a\'i( »»•, " with a creat price or sum I ob- 
 tained this freedom." Uii. Sp. caudal, wealth, prop- 
 erty, capital sum. Cattle may be from the root of It. 
 eattare, to get, and denote possessions.] 
 
 I. Beasts or <|uadriipeds in general, siTving for till- 
 age or other labor, and for /(Hid to man. In its pri- 
 mary sense, the word includes camels, horses, asses, 
 all the varieties of doinesticateil horned beasts or the 
 bovine genus, sheep of all kinds, and goats, and per- 
 haps swine. In this generil sense it is constantly 
 used in the Scriptures. See Job i. 3. Hence, it would 
 apiR'ar that the woril properly signifies possessions, 
 goods ; but whether from a word originally signify- 
 ing a beast, — for in early ages beasts constituted the 
 chief part of a man's prop<?rty, — or from a root signi- 
 fying to get or possess, Gr. Kraopai, It. cattare, or 
 
 CAU 
 
 from capitalia, it is not easy to determine. This word 
 is restricted to domestic beasts ; but, in England, it 
 includes horses, which it ordinarily does not in the 
 United States, at li'ast not in New England. 
 
 2. In tke United States, cattle, in coiiiiiion usage, 
 signifies only beasts of the bovine genus, oxni, bulls, 
 cows and their young. In the laws res|M'( iiiig do- 
 mtjslic beasts, horses, sheep, asses, mules and swine 
 are distinguished from cuttle, or neat c.iiile. 'J'lius the 
 hiw in Connecticut, reipiiriiig "that all the owners 
 of any cattle, sheep, or swine, shall e.'iriiiark or brand i 
 all tlieir cattle, sheep, and swine," does not exiriid to ' 
 horses. Yet it is probable that a law, giviiiu dam- 
 ages for a tresjiass {■ommitted hy cartli- breaUin:: into 
 an indosiire, would be adjudgetl to inrlude horses. 
 
 In Great Britain, \wi\sl^ A> ilisliiigiilsl)i-(l info Idaek 
 cattle, including bulls, oxen, cows and their young, 
 and small cattle, including sheep of all kinds and 
 goats. 
 
 3. In rc/7rortrA, human beings are called c(i^//f. Sliak. 
 C.'VT'TLE-SlloW, n. ,\n exhibition of doiiiestii- ani- 
 mals for prizes, or the eiicoiirag"iiieiit of agriculture. 
 
 CAT'TY, n. .\ Chinese weiaht of I J pounds. 
 
 e.\U-€A'SI A.\, ( a. Pertaining to .Mount Caucasus, 
 
 CAU-CA-Sic'.V.N, j in Asia. ji.. Kese,i<-rlies. I'mkerln,,. 
 
 CAU'CUS, M. A word used in .Viiii'rira to denote a 
 meeting of citi/.ens to agree up ni caiidiilales fo be 
 proposed for election to ollices, or to concert meas- 
 ures for supporting a party. 'I'he origin of tlie word 
 is not ascerlaiiii-d. 
 
 CAU'DAL, a. [ L. c«ii(/«, a tail.] 
 
 PerUiining to a tail, or to the thread which termi- 
 nates the seed of a plant. Butuaij. 
 
 CAU'DATE, ; . . ., 1 
 
 eAU'l).\-TED, i " '"''1 
 
 Having a tail ; having a long termination like a 
 tail. Fairfai. 
 
 GAIJ'DEX, 71.; pi. Caudexes. [L.] In butanij, the 
 stem of a tree. Linineiis uses the word for the stock 
 xvhich proceeds from a seed, one part ascending, and 
 forming the botly above ground ; the other descend- 
 ing, and putting forth roots. Jilartijii. Darirm. 
 
 CAU'DLE, n. [Fr. cltandeaa, from chaad, warm or 
 hot, by contraction from L. culidus or its root; It. 
 cald,:] 
 
 A kind of warm drink ; a mixture of wine and 
 other ingredients prepared for the sick. Wiseman. 
 CAU'DLE, c. (. To make or prepare caudle, or to dress 
 
 with caudle. Sliak. 
 CAUK, 71. [Probably from the root of cojpr.] 
 
 A chest with hoies for keeping lish alive in xvater. 
 
 Ask. 
 
 CAUGHT, (kawt,) prcU and pp. of Catch. 
 CAUK. See Cawk. 
 
 GAUL, w. [L. caula, a fold, from the root of hold. See 
 Hold.] 
 
 1. In anafjynnj, a membrane in the abdomen, cover- 
 ing the greati st part of the lower intestines, caMed, 
 from its struclun% reticulam, a net, but more generally 
 tJic omentum ; also, a little membrane sometimes en- 
 compassing a child when born ; the amnion. Encnc. 
 
 2. A kind of net in which females inclose their 
 hair; the hinder part of a cap. Dn/den. 
 
 3. ,\nv kind of net. Grew. 
 GAU-LE.S'CENT, a. [L. caulis, a stalk ; Gr. a u A -j. 
 
 See Cole.] 
 
 In botanii, having an herbaceous stem, which hears 
 both leaves and fructification. 
 GAII-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. caulis, a stem, and fcro, to 
 bear.] 
 
 In botany, the same as Caulescent. 
 GAU'LI-KLUW-Elt, n. [It. cavuljiurc : L. caulis ; \V. 
 caiel, 0. kool, and Jtower!] 
 
 A variety of Unissica or cabbage, well known and 
 much esteemed. 
 GAU'Ll-EORM, a. [L. caulis, a stein, and forma, form.] 
 
 Having the form of a caulis. 
 GAU'LINE, ( lin,) a. [L. caulis, a stalk.] 
 
 Ill butunij, growing immediately on a caulis. 
 GAU'LIS, «. [Gr. «.ii.A,m.] 
 
 An herbaceous stem, bearing both leaves and I'nic- 
 CAULK. ."ee Calk. [tilic alioii. 
 
 GAU-M.\T'IG, n. Of the nature of cauma, which is 
 
 a simple phlogistic fever. 
 GAUP'O-N.^TE, r. i. [L. caii/7(mor.] 
 
 To keep a victualing house. [.Vot in »i.vc.] 
 GAUP'O-NISE, r. U To sell wine or victuals. [.Vat 
 
 in use.] IVarbarton. 
 GAUS'A-ltLE,o. [See Cause.] That may be caused, 
 
 produced, or eirecled. .ish. 
 CAI'S'AL, a. [.-^ee Cause.] Rel.ating to a cause or 
 causes; implying or conluining a cause or causes; 
 expressing a cause. 
 
 Cjiiti it prupiNiUions arr wliir? two pniix»itiuix are joiiir^I by 
 eausal wunb, lu that or Iteraase, Waiu. 
 
 GAUS'AL, 71. In grammar, a word that expresses a 
 cause, or introduces the reason. Harris. 
 
 GAUS-AL'I-TY, n. The agency of a cause; the ac- 
 tion or power of a cause, in producing its elTect. 
 
 2. In phrenology, the faculty of tracing eliects to 
 their causes. 
 
 GA''S'.\L-LY, adv. According to the order or series 
 of causes. Johnson. Brown. 
 
 CAU 
 
 €AUS'Af/-TV, ?i. AinonR miners, Ihe lighU-r, enithy 
 parts of nrr, rarrird dII" by watthing. Eucyc. 
 
 GArS-.\''i'l().N\ «. 'J'lir arl of ransinf; or proiliinng ; 
 llie act or agciuy by wliich an tlU'ct U proiliiccd. 
 
 lirinrtn, 
 
 GATS' A-TIVK, n. Thai expresses a cause or reai^on ; 
 
 also, tliat clt'crts as a causi\ Johu.nm, 
 €At'S'A-'ri VK-LV, adv. In a causative manner. 
 CAL'S-A'TOU, /I. One wlio cauitetf or prudui i'M un 
 
 CAL'SK, (kau/.,) n. [Fr. cause; Hp. Port, and II. camta; 
 it. causa^ from tliu CVlUc ; W'risli acaws, etrfcling 
 power, allied lo rrti,v, cHorl, ceisiaw^ to seek or go af- 
 ter, lo attempt ; Arm. caus or cos. I'lie primary sense 
 is Ui urye, press, impel, like sfquor, whence suit; 
 hi tiee, to f/<((i.vr, lo attack or follow with a charge. 
 Tlx' root of this word coinciden with that of ca.-itle, 
 cast^lk.v.y\\ \\\v\\ expreHs a driving. A caiu<e is that 
 whu h moves, excites, or ini^iels, to action or effect j 
 in /«/r, a pressini; for a claim. (See (Iuestiom.) Cuiue, 
 jfTrtAr, and have the like radical sense.] 
 
 1. A suit or aetioii m court; any legal process 
 whirli a parly iu-^titutes to obtain his demand, or hy 
 which III' .'ireks Ills rit'ht, or his supposed right. This 
 is a lt-u:tl, scriptural, and po|)ular use of the word, 
 coinciding nearly with cascj from cado^ and action^ 
 from aiTu^ lo urge or drive. 
 
 Tiie cniige of Ifolli p.irti' a hIiuII come before th<? )u(lw». — Ek, 
 
 2. That which produces an effect; that which im- 
 pels into existence, or by its agency or operation 
 produers what did n<d before exist ; that by virtue of 
 which any thiiii: is done : that from whirh any thing 
 proceeds, and without which it would not exist. 
 
 Came i« n f^olctt.iiic*? cxcrtiug iU puwrr into act, to inalct* it thing 
 t^ ipii \o Ik-. Locke. 
 
 3. 'J'htr reason or motive that urges, moves, or im- 
 pels the mind to act or decide. 
 
 For ihU muae li!\vt I ru«"d up Phanoli. — Kx. \%. 
 And Daviil \s th'>iv nut a cauat 7 — I Soju xviL 
 
 4. Sake ; account. 
 
 I dill it not ("r caugt di.-^t hr\il done tlie wmiir. — 2 Cor. 
 
 5. That which a party or nation pur.<ue-i ; or rath- 
 er pursuit, prosecution of an object. We say, (lible 
 societies are engagrd in a noble cause, [See the first 
 delinition.] Unice the word cause is used to deimte 
 that which a person or thing favors; that to which 
 the efforts of an intelligent bt;ing are directed , as, 
 to pnunote religion is to advance the aiuse of God. 
 So we say, the cause of truth or of justice. In all 
 its applications, cause retains something of its origi- 
 nal meaning — struggle, impelling force, contest, 
 effort to obtain or to elfect sonn'thing. 
 
 t;. H'ltJiinit. rau.-ic : without good reason ; without 9 
 reason or motive to justify the act. 
 
 Til*')' tiiilc III'.' without cause. — P». xxxv. Ixin. 
 
 GAUSK, r. (. To produce ; lo bring into existence. 
 
 1*li'-y musetl gTviu Juy lo nil ihe brelhn-ii. — Acts xv. 
 
 2. To effect hy agency, power, or influence. 
 
 1 will range i( to run on die rnrth iiirty dnys. — Cien. vii. 
 I uiU cause liiin to UII by Ihe sword. — 2 Kings xix. 
 
 GAl'SK, r. I. To assign insufficient cause. [Obs,] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 €:\V^' F.Uy pp. Produced; effected; brought about 
 
 €.\r?K'LKSS, (kauz'less,) a. Having no cause or 
 producing agent. Blackmore. 
 
 2. Without just ground, reason, or motive; as, 
 causeless hatred ; causeless fear. 
 
 Fairfax. H'aller. Prov. XXVI. 
 
 €AL'?t:'LKSS-LV,(kauz'less-ly,) ode. Without cause 
 or reas{m. Taylor. 
 
 GAr?K'Li:sS-\ESS, (kauz'less-ness,) n. The stat« 
 of being causeless. HammonJ. 
 
 GAI^S'EK, /'. He that causes; the agent by which 
 an effect is produced. Johnson, Si/iney, 
 
 CAIJSK'Wa V, / H. [Norm, caiiay : Fr. ehausce, for 
 
 GAU'SKV, \ chuulsce, a l>ank, or raised "ay; 
 Arm. ehan^zrr^ the bank or mole of a pt>nd. Tiie 
 Spanish has calziula, a causey, or way paved and 
 raised ; Vurt. ral^ntla, a pavement, and stones used 
 in paving. Both these words are evidently from the 
 same root as Sp. caluuiy Port, cal^at/o^ Sp. eai-.attoy 
 hose, loose breeches, trowsers, shoes, Fr. chuus.^e; 
 and the French word is evidently the sann*, with the 
 loss of /. The sense is probably taken from putting 
 on, covering. Port, cal^ar^ to put on shoes or stock- 
 ings, to pave ; Sp. cah.ar, id. ; L. calceoj calceus.] 
 
 A way raised above the natural level of the ground, 
 by stones, earth, timber, f:iscine8, &.C., serving as a 
 dry passage over wet or marshy ground, or as a mole 
 to confine water to a pond, or restrain it from over- 
 flowing lower ground. Also, a road laid regularly 
 with stones. 
 
 G.AL'SE'W.aY-ED, ) a. Having a causey, or raised 
 GAI"SEY-f:D, \ way. Diri^ht. 
 CAl'-SID'IG-.VL, a. [L. causidicus, eatisa and dico.] 
 Pertaining to an advocate, or tu the mamtenance 
 
 and defense of suits. 
 GAUS'ING, ppr. Producing ; effecting ; bringing into 
 
 being. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; G ai J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TII a.s in THIS. 
 
CAU 
 
 CAUS'Tie, ) a. [Gr. KnvcTiKOi, from Kufo, Kavau, 
 eAUS'Tie-AL, ( to bum.] 
 
 Burning; corroding; destroying tlie texture of an- 
 im;il tlfslj. 
 2. Fig-, severe ; as, a caustic remark. 
 Caustic curve ; in geometry, a curve to which the 
 rays of light, reflected or refracted liy anoMior curve, 
 are tangents. This «urve is of two liinds, viz., the 
 eatacaustic, formed by reflection, and tlie diacaustic, 
 formed by refraction. Owilt. 
 CAUS'Tie, )i. In tnedicine, any substance whicli, ap- 
 plied to living animals, acts like fire, in corroding 
 the part and dissolving its texture ; an escliarotic. 
 
 Lunar caustic; a preparation of silver, obtained by 
 solution in nitric acid, and afterward fused in a 
 crucible. It is a nitrate of silver. J^Ticliolson. 
 eAUS-TlC'I-TY, n. The quality of acting like fire 
 on animal matter, or the (juality of combining with 
 the principles of organized substances, and destroy- 
 ing their texture. This quality belongs to concen- 
 trated .acids, pure alkalis, ami some metallic salts. 
 2. Fiir. severity, cutting remark. 
 €AUS'Tie-NESS", n. The quality of being caustic. 
 
 Sciitt. 
 
 GAU'TEL, n. [L. cautria, from cavco, to take care.] 
 Caution. [.VdJ it--o/.] Sliak. 
 eAU'TEL-OUS, n. [Fr. cauteleiu., from L. cautela.] 
 
 1. Cautious; wary; provident. Wotton. 
 
 2. Cunninsr; treacherous; wily. Sjicnscr. 
 €AU'TEL-OUS-LY, adv. Cunningly; slily ; treach- 
 erously. Bacon, 
 
 2. Cautiously ; warily. Brown. 
 eAU'TEL OUS-NESS, n. Cautiousness. 
 CAU'TER, «. A searing hot imn. Minshcu. 
 €AL"TER-IS.M, «. The application of cautery. 
 
 Fcrrand. 
 
 eAU-TEIl-I-Z.\'TION, V. [See Cauterize.] In 
 siirfffri/, the act of burning or searing some morbid 
 part, by the application of fire. This is done by 
 burning tow, cotton, nmxa, Spanish wax, pyramidi- 
 cal pieces of linen, &c., or more generally by a hot 
 iron. Kncifc. 
 
 CAU'TER-IZE, V. t. [Fr. cauteriser; Pp. and Port. 
 cautcrizar i It. cauterizzare ; Gr. Kni'Trtjua^iOj from 
 <tniirr)o, a burning or branding iron, from xaioi, to 
 bnrn.] 
 
 To burn or sear with fire or a hot iron, as morbid 
 flesh. 
 
 €ALr'TER-lZ-£D, pp. or a. Burnt or seared with a 
 hot iron. 
 
 €AU'TER-IZ-IXG, ppr. Burning, as with a hot iron. 
 eAU'TER-lZ-lXG, n. The act of burning, as with a 
 hot iron. 
 
 CAU'TER-Y, 71. [Gr. Ka\'Tepioii ; L. cautrrium. See 
 Cauteiiize.] 
 
 A burning or searing, as of morbid tlesh, by a hot 
 iron, or by caustic medicines that burn, corrode, oi 
 destroy any solid part of an animal body. 'J'lie 
 burning by a hot iron is called actual cautery ; that 
 by caustic medicines, potential cautery. 
 
 €A(J'TIOX, ;i. [L. cautio ; Fr. caution; Sp. caiicion ; 
 from L. cavco, to take care. See Class Gb, No. 3, 52, 
 53, 83. The sense of caveo is probably to retire, or 
 to stop, check, or hold.] 
 
 1. Provident care ; prudence in regard to danger ; 
 wariness, consisting in a careful attention to the 
 probable effects of a measure, and a judicious course 
 of conduct to avoid evils and the arts of designing 
 men. 
 
 (I us against iinposition and the at- 
 
 Oiution U the armor to deP'i 
 uckii of evil. 
 
 2. Security for, nearly the sense of the French 
 caution, bail. 
 
 Till- parliament would ^vr liijt majesty sufFicieiit caution that the 
 war sliould be prosocuteil. Clarendurt. 
 
 3. Provision or security against ; measures taken 
 fi)r security ; as, the rules and cautionn of govern- 
 m-nt. 
 
 •1. Precept; advice; injunction; warning; exhor- 
 tation, intended as security or guard against evil. 
 
 '>. yulaarhj, a warning, or reason for caution ; as, 
 Ib'r manner he brat him wtis a caution. 
 CAI.''TION, B. (. To give notice of danger ; to warn ; 
 to exhort to take heed. 
 
 You cautioned me agfaiiiat ttjfir charms. Sirt/l. 
 eAU'TIO.N'-A-RY, a. Containing caution, or warn- 
 ing to avoid danger; as, caiitionari/ advice. 
 
 2. Given ax a pletlge or in security ; its, a caullon- 
 anj town. 
 
 Ct\V''VlOS-F,n, pp. Warned ; previously admon- 
 ished. 
 
 eAU'TIO.N'-ER, 71. In Srut.i law, the person who is 
 biiiind for another to the perforniiince of an obli- 
 gation. 
 
 eAIJ'TION-I.N'G, ppr. Warning; giving previous 
 
 notice of d-inger. 
 €AU'TIO.\-KV, 71. In Scots law, the art of giving 
 
 KOciirity for another, or tlie obligation by wlji( h one 
 
 {lerMon lieconieH engaged aw Keciirity for I'lnotiiiT, th.'tt 
 le Hhall pay u huiii of money or perform a ih^cil. 
 
 F.nr.iic 
 
 CAU'TIOUH, a. Wary; watchful; careful to avoid 
 cvilH ; attentive to examine probable i lfects anil con- 
 
 CAV 
 
 sequences of measures, with a view to avoid danger 
 or misfortune ; ]irudent ; circumspect. 
 
 CAU'TIOUS-LY, ado. With caution ; in a wary, 
 scrupulous manner. 
 
 ei\U'TIOUS-NE.SS, 71. The quality of being cau- 
 tious ; watchfitlness ; provident care ; circumspec- 
 tion ; prudence with regard to danger. Addison. 
 
 CWAL-CAUE, »i. [Vricai!ulcade; '&p-<:abatjrada; It. 
 cavalcata. See Cavalry.] 
 
 A procession of persons on horseback ; a formal, 
 pompous march of horsemen and equipage, by way 
 of parade, or to grace a triumph, the public entry of 
 a perstm of distinction, &c. 
 
 eAV-A-LlF.R', 71. (Fr. See Cavalry.] A horse- 
 man, especially an armed horseman ; a knight. 
 
 2. A gay, spriglitly^^ditary man. 
 
 3. The appellation of the party of King Charles I. 
 
 Sicift. 
 
 4. In fortification, an elevation of earth, situated 
 ordinarily in the gorge of a bastion, bordered with a 
 parapi't, with embrasures. Encijc. 
 
 5. In the manege, one who understands horseman- 
 ship; on(!_skilled in the art of riding. 
 
 eAV-A-LlliR', a. Gay; sprightly; warlike; brave; 
 generous. [OAs.] 
 
 2. Haughty ; disdainful. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the cavaliers, or party of Charles I. 
 GAV-A-LlliR'lsM, ?i. The practice or principles of 
 
 cavaliers._ Scott. 
 
 CAV-A-LliiR'LY, adv. Haughtily; arrogantly; dis- 
 dainfully^ fVarburton. 
 
 eAV-A-l/lER'NESS, 71. Haughtiness; a disdainful 
 manner. 
 
 C\V'AL-RY, 71. [Fr. caralerie, from cavalier, a horse- 
 man, and this from chevul, a horse, whence cavalcade ; 
 It. cavallo, a horse, cavaliere, cavalcata ; Sp. caballo, 
 cabullern, cahalga^ia, from L. caballiui, a horse ; Ir. 
 capall pcall i Riiss. kobila. a. muTti ; Gr. Kit^aWrj^, 
 a pack-liorse.] 
 
 A body of military' troops on horses ; a general 
 term, including light-horse, dragoons, and other 
 bodies of men, serving on horseback. Encyc. 
 
 e.i'VATE, 71. t. [L. cava, to make hollow.] 
 
 To dig out and make hollow ; but superseded by 
 Excavate. 
 
 €a'Va-TED, pp. Made hollow. 
 
 €AV-A-TI'Na, (kav-a-tG'ir.i,) n. [It.] In music, a 
 short air, witliout a return or second part, which is 
 sometimes relieved bv recitative. Busby. 
 
 Ca'VA-TING, ppr. Making hollow. 
 
 CA-Va'ZION, (ka-va'zhun,) n. [L. cava, to hollow.] 
 In architecture, the itnderdigging or hollowing of the 
 earth, for the foundation- of a building, or for cellar- 
 age, allowed to be the sixth part of the higlit of the 
 building. Johnson. Bailey. 
 
 CAVE, H. [Fr. cai'c; L. cavea ; Sp. cueva ; U. cava ; 
 
 Arm. cfl^j or cou ; W. ogov ; Hindoo, gnpa ; Ar. 
 
 kauha, to dig out or excavate, or ( s L:^ gaiifa, to be 
 hollow. Class Gb, No. 8, 71.] 
 
 .\ hollow place in the earth ; a subterraneoits cav- 
 ern ; a den. 'J'his may be ntitural or artificial. The 
 primitive inhabitants of the earth, in many countries, 
 lived in caves ; and the present inhabitants of some 
 puts of the earth, especially in the high northern 
 latitudes, occupy caves, particularly in winter. 
 
 Lot dwell in a cave, he and his dangliters. — Gen . xix. 
 
 Caves were also used for the burial of the dead. 
 
 Abraham buried S.arah in tlie Cfiue of the field of MactipcUh. — 
 Gen. xxiil. 
 
 Bacon applies the word to the ear ; " the cave of the 
 car;" but this application is unusual. 
 
 CAVE, 7). «. To make hollow. Spenser. 
 
 CaVE, 7\7. To dwell in a cave. Shak. 
 To cave in : to fall in and leave a hollow, as earth 
 on the side of a well or pit. When, in digging into 
 the earth, the side is excavated by a falling of a quan- 
 tity of earth, it is said to cave in. Forbij. 
 
 G.^' VE-A,7i. [L.] In ancient areliitecture, aterm applied 
 to the dens or stables for wild beasts, under the seats 
 and around the arches of an amphitheater. Elmcs. 
 
 G.\'VE-AT, 71. [Ij. caveat, let him bewtire, from ca- 
 vco.] 
 
 1. In lam, a process in a court, especially in a spir- 
 itual court, to stop proceedings, as to stop the proving 
 of a will ; also, to prevent the institution of a clerk 
 to a benefice. Blnckstnne. 
 
 In America, it is used in courts of common law. 
 
 Crunches Reports. 
 
 2. Intimation of caution; hint; warning; admo- 
 nition 
 
 3. In the patent lines of the United States, a descrip- 
 tion of some invi nliiiii, designed to be iiati'Uted, 
 lodged in the ollice b. l'ore the patent right is taken 
 out. It operates as a bar to applications, respecting 
 the same iiiventiiin, fidin any other quarter. 
 
 GA'VE-.VT, r. (. 'J'o enter a caveat. 
 
 .tndtre Innes, Cranch^s Reports. 
 
 €.VyF..rr F..MP'TOn. l.et the purchaser beware; 
 that is, let him examine the quality of what he biiyu, 
 Nince the risk lies with him. Bouvier. 
 
 C A V 
 
 CA'VE-A-TING, n. In fencing, is the shirting the 
 sword from one side of that of your adversary to the 
 other. _ Encijc. 
 CA'VE-A-TOR, n. One who enters a caveat. 
 
 .hidge Junes, Crunches Reports. 
 CAVERN, 7i. [L. caverna ; Sp Port, and It. id. 'J'his 
 word seems to be composed of cams, and the Sax. 
 a:rn, a secret place. See Tavern and Barn.] 
 
 A deep, hollow place in the earth. In general, it 
 differs from cave in greater depth, and in being ap- 
 plied most usually to natural hollows or chasms. 
 Eiirlh with its caverns dark and deep. Watts. 
 GAV'ERN-iJD, a. Full of caverns or deep chasms ; 
 liaving caverns. 
 2. Inhabiting a cavern. Pope. 
 G.'\V'EKN-OUS, a. [L. cavernosas.] Hollow ; full of 
 caverns ; filled with small cavities. IVoodaard. 
 
 [Faber uses caccrnal, which is less regularly 
 formed.] 
 
 €A-VERN'U-LOUS, a. [L. cavcmula.] Full of little 
 cavitiiis ; as, cavernulous metal. Black. 
 
 G.-V-VET'TO, ;i. [from It. cava.] In architecture, a 
 hollowed molding, whose profile is the quadrant of a 
 circle ; used principally in cornices. Otcilt. 
 
 G.\V'E-ZO.^I, j 7i. [Fr. cavc^on, or cavesson ; It. ca- 
 
 GAV'ES-SON, ) vczzone, a muzzle for a horse, from 
 cavare, to draw.] 
 
 A sort of nose-band, of iron, leather, or wood, 
 sometimes fiat, and sometimes hollow or twisted, 
 which is put on the nose of a horse to wring it, and 
 thus to forward the suppling and breaking of him. 
 
 Farrier^s Diet. 
 
 GA-ViARE, (ka-vecr',) ) 71. [Sp. cabiat; It. caviale; 
 
 GAV'I-AR, (kav'e-iir, , 
 _ Ar. 
 
 . khabii 
 
 The 
 
 Arabic verb 
 
 . khabara, from which this word is 
 
 formed, signifies to try, to strain, or press, and to 
 season with fat. It may coincide with the Gr. jriipaoi, 
 L. experior.] 
 
 The roes of certain large fish, prepared and salted. 
 The best is made from the roes of the sterlet, stur- 
 geon, sevruga, and beluga, caught in the lakes or 
 rivers of Russia. The roes are put into a bag with a 
 strong brine, and pressed by wringing, and then dried 
 and put in casks or into cisterns, perforated at bottom, 
 where they are 'pressed by heavy weights. The poor- 
 est sort is trodden with the feet. Tooke. 
 
 Caviare was considered as a delicacy, by some, in 
 Shakspcare's time, but not relished by most. Hence 
 Hamlet sa\'s of a certain play, " ''i'was caviare to the 
 general," i e to the common people, who could not 
 relish or understand it. 
 G.W'i eORN, 77. [L. cni'Ms and cor7i!/.] A ruminant 
 animal having the horns hollowed like a shetilh, and 
 planted on a bony process of the front, as the ante- 
 lope. 
 
 GAV'IL, V. i. [Sp. cavilar ; Port, cavillar ; It. cavillare ; 
 L. caviltor; D. kibbelen ; Oriental h^P ; Ch. to cry out 
 or complain ; Syr. to accuse, oppose, censure.] 
 
 1. To raise captious and frivolous objections; to 
 find fault without good reason ; followed by at. 
 
 It is hotter to re:isoii than to cavil. Anon. 
 
 2. To advance futile objections, (»■ to frame soph- 
 isms, for the sake of victory in an argument. 
 
 GAV'IL, V. t. To receive or treat \\'M\ objections. 
 
 Wilt thou enjoy the good, 
 Then cavil the condiLiuns I 
 
 Mitlon 
 
 [JVot usual.] 
 
 G A\ 'IL, 71. Fitlse or frivolous objections ; also, a fal- 
 lacious kind of reason, bearing some resemblance to 
 truth, advanced for the sake of victorj'. 
 
 John.ton. Kncyc. 
 GAV'IL-ER, n. One who cavils ; one wlm is apt to 
 raise captious objections; a captious disputant. 
 
 Aildison. 
 
 GAV'IL-ING, ppr. or ,r. Raising frivolous obji'Ctions. 
 GAV'IE-I.NG, 71. The raising of frivolous objections. 
 GAV'IL-ING^LY, adv. In a caviling manner. 
 
 Shrritood. 
 
 GAV-IE-La'TION, 71. [L. earillatio.] The act or 
 practice of caviling, or raising frivolous objections. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 G.W'IE-OIJS, <!. Captious; unfair in argument; apt 
 to object without good reason. Ayliffe. 
 
 G.W'lL-OUS-LY, adv. In a caviUms manner ; cap- 
 tiously. Milton. 
 
 GAV'IL-OU.''-NESS, 71. Cnptiotlsness ; disposition or 
 aptitude to raise frivolous objections. 
 
 GAVIN, 71. [Fr., from E. cnvus, hollow.] 
 
 In the militarij art, a hollow wtiy, or natural hollow, 
 adapted to cover troop*, and facilitate their approach 
 t(7 a place. Johnson. Bailey. 
 
 CAVI-TV, 71. [h.cavitas; Fr. cavit6 i from L.cavus, 
 hollow.] 
 
 A hollow place ; hollowness ; an opening ; as, the 
 eavttij of the mouth or throat. \_This is a word qf very 
 general signififntion,] 
 G.\V'()-E1.\-ITE, II. [from Cavolini,a Neapolitan nat- 
 uralist.] 
 
 A variety of Nephelinc, which see. 
 GA'VY, 71. A genus of iiuadrupeds, embracing the 
 
 PATE, FAR, Pi^LE, WIIi>T. — .MKTE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQEF, BQQK.— 
 
CEI 
 
 Guinea pig, linlriiiiR a riiiildle place between the inu- 
 
 lirie and Ii porine tribes. F.ncijc. 
 CAW, V. i. [Probably from the sound; Sax. ceo, a 
 
 crow or a jay.] 
 'I'o cry like a crow, rook, or raven, 
 f AVVK, \ 71. A name given by miners to an opaque, 
 CAUK, \ massive, or compact varieti' of jiiiiiJiate of 
 
 baryta. 
 
 CAWK'Y, a. Pertaining to cawk ; like cawk. 
 
 JVoodtcard, 
 
 CAW-ING, n. The cry of the crow, rook, or raven. 
 €AX'OU, Ti, [Sp.' crtj-a, crti:o/i.] A chest of ores of any 
 
 metal that has been burnt, ground, and waslie<l, and 
 
 is ready to be retined. Ciuthitcr.^. 
 CaY-ENiNE' PEP'PER, n. A very pungent pepper, 
 
 the priidnce of some species of Capsicum. 
 CA Y'MAN, 11. An animal of tlie genus Lacerta, found 
 
 in the U'cst Indies ; the alligator. 
 CA-Zte', ) (ka-zeek',) n. The title of a king or 
 e.\-Z(CilIE', j chief, among several tribes of Indians 
 
 Ml America. 
 
 Cease, v. i. [Fr. cesser; Sp. ccsar; Port, ccssar; It. 
 cessare ; L. cesso.^ 
 
 1. To stop moving, acting, or speaking; to leave 
 ofl"; to give over; followed by from before a noun. 
 
 It is an honor for a man to cease from stjifc. — Pro*, xx. 
 
 2. To fail ; to be wanting. 
 
 The poor shall never cease out of the land. — Deu(. xv. 
 
 3. To stop ; to be at an end ; as, the wonder 
 ceases ; tlie storm has ceased. 
 
 4. To be forgotten. 
 
 1 woukl make the remembrance oftlicmto cease. — Deut. xxKii. 
 
 5. To abstain ; as, cease from anger. Ps. xxxvii. 
 To cease from labor, is to rest ; to cease from strife, 
 
 is to be quiet ; but in such phrases the sense of cease 
 is not varied. 
 Cease, ». u To put a stop to ; to put an end to. 
 
 Cease tills impious mge. ^Viiion. 
 
 \_But in this use the phrase is generally eUipticai.] 
 CEASE, n. Extinction. [JVot in use.] SItak. 
 CF.AS'^;D, (secst,) pp. Stopped ; ended. 
 CeASE'I.ESS, a. Without a stop or pause; inces- 
 sant ; continual ; without intermission. 
 
 All these with ceaseless praise his works behold. Milton. 
 2. Endless ; enduring forever ; as, the ceaseless joys 
 of heaven. 
 
 CeASE'LESS-LY, adv. Incessantly ; perpetually. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 CeAS'ING, ppr. Stopping ; ending ; desisting ; fail- 
 ing. 
 
 CeAS'ING, n. Cessation ; stop ; intermission, 
 CEe-CHfN', (che-keen',) n. A coin of Italy and Bar- 
 
 bary. [See Zechin.] 
 CE'CI-TY, 71. [L. cticitas, from cacus, blind.] 
 
 Rlindness. Brovm, 
 CE-€0'1'IE.\-CY, 71. Tendency to blindness. 
 Ce'D.VR, 71. [L. cedrus , .Fr. cedre ; Sp. and It. eedro ; 
 
 from Gr. xcSpoi i Syr. JlOj Heb. np kadar, to be 
 
 dark.] 
 
 .A. tree. This name is given to different species of 
 the Juniper, and to a species of Pinus. The latter is 
 that which is mentioned in Scripture. It is an ever- 
 green, grows to a great size, and is remarkable for 
 Us durability. 
 
 CK'I).\R-£p, a. Covered or furnished with cedars. 
 
 CF.'DAR-LlKE, a. Resembling a cedar. B. Jonsnn. 
 
 Ck'DARN, a. Pertaining to the cedar. Miltun. 
 
 CeDE, v. t. [Fr. ceder : Sp. and Port, ceder : It. ccdcre ; 
 L.cedo; W ./^adit, gadaw ; Eng. to i^iiit. (See Quit 
 and Conge.) This coincides also with the Gr. xo^^'^i 
 tX«^"i'-] 
 
 1. To yield ; to surrender ; to give np ; to resign ; 
 as, to cede a fortress, a province, or country, by trea- 
 ty. This word is appropriately used to denote the 
 relinquishment of a conquered city, fortress, or terri- 
 tory, to the former sovereign or proprietor. 
 
 2. To relinquish and grant; as, to all claims 
 to a disputed right or territor>-. 
 
 The people must cede lo the fovcmmcnl some of their natural 
 n^hts. Jay. 
 
 CeD'ED, pp. or a. Yielded ; surrendered ; given up. 
 
 CE-DIL'L.\, II. A mark used on the French c, [thus f ,] 
 to show that it is to be sounded like s. 
 
 CF.D'ING, ppr. Yielding; giving up. 
 
 Ce'DRAT, n. A species of citron-tree. Pallas. Tooke. 
 
 Ce'DRINE, (se'drin,) a. Belonging to cedar. 
 
 CE'DRY, a. Having the color or properties of cedar. 
 
 CED'ULE, 71. A scroll ; a writing. Cotgrave. 
 
 CED'lJ-OUS, a. Fit to be felled. Ecelyn. 
 
 C£IL, V. t. [Sp. cielo, heaven, a roof or ceiling ; It. 
 cielo ; Fr. del, heaven, a canopy, a tester ; L. citlmn. 
 Qu. Gr. KOiXoi. This word indicates its original ap- 
 plication to vaulted buildings, without divisions into 
 stories ; such as many of the public edifices in Eu- 
 rope, but which are rarely seen in America.] 
 
 To overlay or cover the inner roof of a building ; 
 or to cover the top or roof of a room. 
 
 And the greater house he ctiled with fir-tree. — 2 Chron. Ui. 
 
 CEIL'ED, (seeldj pp. or a. Overlaid with timber, 
 or with plastering. 
 
 CEL 
 
 CkIL'ING, ppr. Covering the top of a room or build- 
 ing. 
 
 CeII/1<VG, 71. The upper horizontal or curved sur- 
 face of an apartment, opposite the floor. It may be 
 of boards, or of lath and plastering. Hence ceiling 
 is used for the upper part of a room. 
 2. In ship-building, the inside planks of a ship. 
 CiilL'ING-i'.'D, a. Furnished with a ceiling. 
 
 iVurdsiDorth. 
 
 CEL' AX-DINE, n. [D. celedonie : It. celidonia ; h. che- 
 lidonia ; Gr. urAiAinei , from xrXi^wv, a swallow.] 
 
 A plant, swallow-wort, horned or prickly poppy, 
 growing on old walls, among rubbish, and in waste 
 places. The lesser celandine is called pile-wort, a spe- 
 cies of Ranunculus. The name is also given to the 
 Bocconia, a plant of the West Indies, "-ailed the 
 greater tree-celandine. The true orthograpny would 
 be Chelidine. Coze. J^am. of Plants. 
 
 CEL'A-TURE, n. [L. caiatura, from cislo, to engrave 
 or emboss.] 
 
 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing. 
 
 2. That which is engraved. Hakewill. 
 CEL'E-BR.\NT, 7i. One who performs a public relig- 
 ious rite ; applied particularly to the officiating priest 
 in the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 CEL'E^BR.ATE, v. t. [Ir. ccileabradh : Fr. ccKbrer ; 
 Sp. and Port, celebrar; It. eelebrarc ; L. celcbro, from 
 celcber, famous. The Russ. has slavliju. (iu. the 
 root of Gr. nAtiw.] 
 
 1. To praise ; to extol ; to commend ; to give praise 
 to ; to make famous ; as, to celebrate the name of the 
 Most High. 
 
 The grave cannot celebrate th*c. — Is. xxiviii. 
 
 2. To distinguish by solemn rites; to keep holy. 
 
 From even to evon shall ye celebrdte your Sabbath. — Lev. xxiii. 
 
 3. To lionor or distinguish by ceremonies and 
 marks of joy and respect ; as, to celebrate the birth- 
 day of Washington ; to ceUbrate a marriage. 
 
 4. To mention in a solemn manner, whether of joy 
 or sorrow. Johnson. 
 
 CEL'E-BRa-TED, pp. Praised ; extolled ; honored. 
 2. a. Having celebrity ; distinguished ; well- 
 known. 
 
 CEL'E-BRX-TIXG, ppr. Praising ; honoring. 
 
 CEL-E-RRa'TION, 71. Solemn performance ; a dis- 
 tinguishing by solemn rites ; as, the celebration of a 
 marriage, or of a religious festival. 
 
 2. A distinguishing by ceremonies, or by marks of 
 joy or respect ; as, the celebration of a birthday, or 
 other anniversary. 
 
 3. Praise ; renown ; honor or distinction bestowed, 
 whether by songs, eulogies, or rites and ceremonies. 
 
 Clarendon, 
 
 CEL'E-BRa-TOR, 71. One who celebrates. Boyle. 
 CE-Le'BRI-OUS, a. Famous; renowned. [Liule 
 
 used.] Or etc. 
 
 CE-Le'BRI-OUS-LY, adv. With praise or renown. 
 
 [Little jLicd.] 
 
 CE-Le'BRI-OUS-NESS, 71. Fame ; renown. [Little 
 
 used.] 
 
 CE-LEB'RI-TY, 7i. [L. celebritas.] Fame ; renown ; 
 the distinction or honor publicly bestowcti on a na- 
 tion or person, on character or exploits; the distinc- 
 tion bestowed on whatever is great or remarkable, 
 and manifested by pniises or eulogies ; as, the ce/r6- 
 rity of the duke of VVellington ; tlie celebrity of Ho- 
 mer, or of the Iliad. 
 
 Kngland acqiurcd celebrity from the triumphs of Marlborough. 
 
 T. Daices. 
 
 2. Public and splendid transaction ; as, the celebri- 
 ty of a marriage. In this sense, as used by Bacon, 
 we now use celebration. 
 CEL'E-RI. See Celert. 
 
 CE-Le'RI-AC, 71. A variety of celery, called also the 
 
 tnrnip-rooted celery. [See Celerv.] 
 CE-LER'I-TY, 71. [L. celcrUas ; Fr. eelerite : Bp. cele- 
 
 riiiud: It. celeritd, from L. celer, swift; Oriental hp, 
 
 awitt, light ; Gr. <£XA(...] 
 
 1. Rapidity in motion; swiftness; speed; applied 
 most generally to bodies moving on or near the earth ; 
 as, the celerity of a horse, or of a fowl. We speak 
 of tlie velocity of sound or of light, or of a planet in 
 its orbit. This distinction, however, is not general, 
 nor can the different uses of the two words be pre- 
 cisely defined. We apply celerity rather than velocity 
 to Otought ; but there seems to be no reason, except 
 usage, why the two words should not be synon- 
 ymous. 
 
 2. An affection of motion by which a movable 
 body runs through a given space in a given time. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 CEL'E RY, 71. [Fr.ceteri; D. seldery ; G.sellcri; Gr. 
 acXivov ] 
 
 ,K plant, a species of Apium, cultivated for the 
 table. 
 
 CE-LES'TI.\L, (se-Iest'yal,) a. [L. caiestis, from ca^- 
 lum, ceelum, heaven.] 
 
 1. Heavenly ; belonging or relating to heaven ; 
 dwelling in heaven ; as, celestial spirits ; celestial 
 joys. Hence the word conveys the idea of superior 
 excellence, delight, purity, &.c. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Belonging to the upper regions, or visible heav- 
 en ; as, celestial signs ; the celestial globe. 
 
 CEL 
 
 3. Descending from heaven; as, a suit of celeilitl 
 armor. Pope. 
 
 CF^LES'TIAL, 7i. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope. 
 
 CE-LES'TIALr-IZE, (sc-lest'yal-ize,) ti. u To inakB 
 celestial. 
 
 OE-LES'TIAL-tZ-ED, pp. Made celestial. Qti. Rn 
 
 CE-LES'TIAL-LY, adv. In a heavenly or transport- 
 ing manner 
 
 CE-LES'TI-FI-EU, pp. Made heavenlike. 
 
 CE-I<ES'TI-FY, V. L To communicate something of 
 a heavenly nature to any thing. [JVotuseil,] Brutcn. 
 
 CE-LES'TI-FV-ING, ppr. Making heavenlikc. 
 
 CEL.'ES-TIN, ) 71. In mineralogy, native sulphate of 
 
 CEL'ES-TINK, j strontian, a mineral so named from 
 its occasional delicate blue color. Ure. 
 
 CEL'ES-TINS,ii. pi. A religiatis order, founded by Cel- 
 estin V. in the 13th century. They have ninety-six 
 convents in Italy, and twenty-one in France. They 
 rise two hours after midnight to say matins. They 
 eat no flesh except when sick, and fast often. Their 
 habit is a white gown, a capuche, and a black scap- 
 ulary. Encyc 
 
 CE'Ll-.AC, a. [L. ealiacus; Gr. koiXiokos, from KmXta, 
 the belly.] 
 
 Pertaining to the lower belly, or intestines. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 CE-LIB'A-CY or CEL'I-BA-CY, 71. VL. Calebs, an 
 unm.irried person; caiiftatiu, a single life.] 
 
 An. unmarried state ; a single life. It is most fre- 
 quently, if not always, applied to males, or to a vol- 
 untary single life. 
 
 They look on celibacy as an accursed state. Spectator. 
 
 CEL'I-BATE, 71. A single life ; celibacy ; chiefly used 
 when speaking of the single life of the Roman Cath- 
 olic clerg}'. Encyc. 
 2. A person who is unmarried. Ric/i. Vict. 
 
 CEL-ID-OG'R.\-PHY, 71. A description of apparent 
 spots on the disk of the sun, or on planets. 
 
 CELL, 71. [L. cella ; Ir. ceall: Sp. celda ; Port, and It. 
 cella; D. kcUer, a cellar ; G. kcller; Sw. kellare; Dan. 
 kelder ; W. cell. It ha.s the elements of the L. celo, 
 to conceal, and of the English kold.] 
 
 1. A small or close apartment, as in a prison, or a 
 bath. 
 
 2. A cottage ; a cave ; a small or mean place of 
 residence. Prior. 
 
 3. A small cavity or hollow place, variously ap- 
 plied ; as, the cells of the brain ; the celU of a honey- 
 comb, &c. 
 
 4. In botany, a hollow place in a pericarp, particu- 
 larly in a capsule, in which seeds are lodged. Ac- 
 cording to the number of these cells, pericarps are 
 called unilnctilar, bilocular, trilocular, &c. Martyn. 
 
 5. In anatomy, a little bag, or bladder, containing 
 fluid or other matter ; as, the adipose cells, containing 
 fyl Encyc. 
 
 6. A religious house. Chaucer. 
 
 7. In ancient architecture, the ceU, or eella, was the 
 part of a temple within the walls. 
 
 CEL'LAR, 71. [L. cellarium. See Cell.] 
 
 A room under a house or other building, used as a 
 repository of liquors, provisions, and other stores for 
 a family. 
 
 CEL'LAR-.\GE, 71. The room for a cellar; a cellar, 
 or cellars. 
 
 2. Charge for storage in a cellar. Smart. 
 
 CEL-LA-RET', 71. A case of cabinet work, for hold- 
 ing bottles of liquors. 
 
 CEL'LAR-IST, / tu An officer in a monastery who 
 
 CEL'LAR-ER, ( has the care of the cellar, or the 
 charge of procuring and keeping the provisions; 
 also, an officer in chapters, who has the care of the 
 temporals, and particularly of distributing bread, wine, 
 and mtmey to canons, on account of their attendance 
 in the choir. Enenc. 
 
 CEL-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. cella, and fcro, to bear.] 
 Bearing or producing cells. Encyc. 
 
 CEL'LU-LAR, a. [L. cellula, a little cell.] 
 
 Consisting of cells, or containing cells. Kirvan. 
 The cellular membrane or tissue, in aniinat bodtes, is 
 composed of an infinite number of minute cells, 
 communicating with each other. It invests every 
 fiber, and seems to be the medium of connection 
 between all parts of the body. The cells serve as 
 reservoirs for fat. Encyc 
 
 Cellular tissue ; in planLi, that kind of elementary 
 organic matter which answers to the flesh in animals. 
 It is found in all plants, and often, as in mosses, 
 constitutes their entire substance. P. Cyc. 
 
 CEL'LU-L.\R, 71. A plant having no spiral vessels, 
 and which is flowerless. Linitley. 
 
 CEL'LU-La-TED, a. Formed with cells. Caldwell. 
 
 CEL'LULE, 71. A small cell. 
 
 CEL-LU-LIF'ER-OL'S, a. [L. ceUula, a little cell, and 
 fcro, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing or producing little cells. 
 
 DicU of Ji'aL nisU 
 CEL'LU-LOSE, a. Containing cells. 
 CELS'I-TUDE, 71. [L. eelsUado.] 
 
 Hight ; elevation. Chaucer. 
 CELT, 71. One of the primitive inhabitants of the 
 
 south of Europe. [See Celtic] 
 CELT-I-Bf.'R1-AN, a. Pertaining to Celtiberia and 
 
 TONE, B5,'LL, qNITE. — AN"GER, V1"CI0US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1A 
 
 185 
 
CEN 
 
 CEN 
 
 CEN 
 
 ils inhnbitants, the Celtiberi, or Celts of tlie Iberus, 
 
 a river m Spain. 
 CEI/I -[-Be'RI-AN,7i. An inhabitant of Celtiberia. 
 CELT'ie, a. [W. celt, a covert or shelter; ccltiad, 
 
 one thill dwells in a covert, an inhabitant of the 
 
 forest, a Celt; cclu., to conceal, L. cdo ; Gr. KtAroi, 
 
 Celts.] 
 
 Pertaining to the primitive inhabitants of the 
 south and west of Europe, or to the early inhab- 
 itants of Italy, Gaul, Spain, and Britain. We say, 
 Celtic nations ; Celtic customs ; Celtic origin. 
 
 CELT'ie, n. The language of the Celts. 
 
 CELT'1-CISM, Ji. Tlie manners and customs of the 
 Celts. H'arton. 
 
 CELT'IS, 71. The ncttle-tree, a genus of several 
 species ; among which are the Australis, or Southern, 
 a native of Africa and the south of Europe ; the 
 Oriental, growing in Armenia and Taurica ; and the 
 Western, growing in Virginia. Eiicijc. Touke. 
 
 CEM'ENT, «. [h. ctemeiitum ; Fr. cimenl; Arm. ciiimnti 
 Sp. ciinieiito, the groundwork of a building ; It. 
 cimciito, an essay or experiment.] 
 
 J. Any glutinous or other substance capable of 
 uniting bodies in close cohesion, as mortar, glue, 
 solder, &c. In building; cement denotes a stronger 
 kind of mortar than that wliich is ordinarily used. 
 
 Encijc. 
 
 2. Bond of union ; that which unites firmly, as 
 persons in friendship, or men in society. 
 
 3. Powders or jiastes, surrounding bodies in pots 
 and crucibles, for chemical purposes. 
 
 This word is pronounced ce-meiit' by Brando and 
 Sm.irt. 
 
 CE-.MEXT', ti. f. To unite by the application of 
 glutinous substances, by mortar which hardens, or 
 other matter that produces cohesion of bodies. 
 
 2. To unite firndy or closely ; as, to cement all parts 
 of the coninmnity ; to cement friendship. 
 CE-JIENT', V. i. To unite or become solid ; to unite 
 
 and cohere. Sharp. 
 CE.M-ENT-.^'TION, ji. The act of cementing; the 
 . act of uniting by a suitable substance. 
 
 2. In chemistni, a process which consists in sur- 
 rounding a solid" body with the powder of other sub- 
 stances, and healing the whole to redness. Iron is 
 thus converted into steel, glass into porcelain, Sec. 
 
 Brande 
 
 CE-MENT'.4-TO-RY, a. Cementing ; having the 
 
 quality of uniting tirmly. Encijc. 
 CE-.MEXT'ED, pp. or u. United by cement ; changed 
 
 by cement ; firmly united ; consolidated. 
 CE-ME.\T'ER, 71. The person or thing that cements. 
 CE-.MENT'ING, ppr. or a. Uniting by cement; 
 
 changing by ine.ins of a cement; uniting closely; 
 
 consolidating. 
 
 CE.M-Ei\-Tl"TIOUS,(sem-en-tish'us,)n. Having the 
 quality of cementing. Forsyth. Uniting as cement ; 
 congi utinating ; tending to unite or consolidate. 
 CEM'E-TEK-Y, 7i. [L. cmnelcrium; Gr. KuiptnTiipio", 
 from /cKi/iiioj, to sleep.] 
 
 A place where the dead bodies of human beings 
 are buried. Addisim. 
 CEN'A-'J'()-KY, a. [L. ceenatorius, from cana, supper, 
 ceeno, to sup.] 
 
 Pertaining or relating to supper. Brown. 
 CEiN'O-BlTE, «. [Gr. Kiii/a/Jiurz/jja community, from 
 KDiniK, common, and i(3iof, life, ffmu, to live.] 
 
 One of a religious order, who live in a convent, or 
 in community ; in opposition to an anchoret, or 
 hermit, who lives in solitude. Encijc. 
 CE.\-0-Bn'Me, I a. Living in community, as 
 C£.N-0-BIT'ie-AL, ) men belonging to a convent. 
 
 Stillin/rjlect. 
 
 CR'XO-BY, 71. A place where persons live in coin- 
 inunitv. Buck. 
 
 CE-N'O-TAPII, (sen'o-taf,) ti. [Gr. Ktvora^ioi/, from 
 KCfui, empty, and ^ajioi, a tonil).] 
 
 An empty tomb erected in honor of some deceased 
 person ; a monument erected to one who is buried 
 elsewhere. ./o/i«.<u«. Encyc. 
 
 CE.VSE, (sens,) ti. [E. cnisiis. a valuation, a register- 
 ing, a tax ; cen.-ico, to enroll, to tax. Uu. Ch. D3p, to 
 impose a fine.] 
 
 1. A public rate or tax. Bacon, 
 
 2. Condition ; rank. [Ohs.] B. Joiuion. 
 CENSE, ».t. [I'r. enco/ii'CT-. Sec Incense.] 
 
 To perfume with odors from burning substances. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 CENS'ER, 71. [Fr. encensoir; Sp. inccnsarioi It. iii- 
 censiere. See Incensf..] 
 
 A v.ase or pan in which incense is burned. Among 
 the .Jein, a kind of chafiiig-riisli, covered by a dome, 
 an<l HUHpi'iided hy a chain, used to oiler perfumes in 
 HacrifieeH. Encijc. 
 
 CE.V.S'I.N'i;, ppr. Perfuming with odors. 
 
 CE.N'SIO.N, (seii'i-hun,) /i. [L. ceii.tio. See Cense.] 
 A rale, tax, or «ssi ssirient. J. Hall. 
 
 CEN'SOK, n. [\,. centm SeeCrKiiE.] 
 
 1. An olliri r In ancietii Rome, whose business was 
 to register the riX*-r\H of the citizens, to impose taxes 
 ncrordinft to the prii|«'ity w liich e.n h man possessed, 
 and lo iiis[HM-t the inaniiers of tlie riti/.eus, with 
 power to ceiiHurc vice and immorality by inllictiiig a 
 public mark uf ignoinliiy on the oll'eiider. 
 
 2. One who is empowered to examine all manu- 
 scripts and books, beftire they are committed to the 
 press, and to see that they contain nothing heretical 
 or immoral. Encyc. 
 
 3. One who is given to censure. Dryden. 
 CEN-So'RI-AL, j a. Belonging to a censor, or to the 
 CEN-So'RI-AN, j correction of public morals ; as, 
 
 censorial power. 
 
 2. Full of censure. [More properly Censorious.] 
 CEN-So'RI-OUS, a. Addicted to censure ; apt to 
 blame or condemn ; severe in making remarks on 
 others, or on their writings or manners ; often im- 
 plying ill-nature, illiberalily, or uncharilableness ; as, 
 a ceiuiorioiis critic, 
 
 2. Implying or expressing censure ; as, censorious 
 remarks • 
 CEN-So'RI-OUS-LY, adv. In a censorious manner. 
 CEX-So'RI-OUS-NESS, n. Disposition to blame and 
 condemn ; the habit of censuring or reproaching. 
 2. 'J'he quality of being censorious. [Taylor. 
 CEN'SOR-LTKE, a. Censorious. 
 
 CEN'SOR-SHIP, n. The ofiice or dignity of a censor ; 
 
 the time during which a censor holds his office. 
 CEN'SU-.\L, (sen'shu-al,) a. [L. eensualis.] 
 
 Relating to, or containing a census ; liable to be 
 
 rated. Whitakcr. Encyc. 
 
 CEN'SIJR-A-BLE, a. [See Censure.] Worthy of 
 
 censure ; blamable ; culpable ; reprehensible ; faulty ; 
 
 as, a censurable person, or censurable conduct. 
 CEN'SIJR-A-BLE-NESS, 7i. Blamableness ; fitness 
 
 to be censured. IVhillock. 
 CEN-S LJR- A-BLY, adv. In a manner worthy of blame. 
 CEN'SIJRE, (sen'shur,) ii. [L. eensura ; Fr. censnre ; 
 
 Sp. Port, and It. eensura ; from L. censeo, censor,'\ 
 
 1. An estimate or judgment without implying dis- 
 approbation. [ 06.S.] Burnet. 
 
 2. The act of blaming or finding fault and con- 
 demning as wrong; applicable to the moral conduct, 
 or lo the works of men. When applied to persons, 
 it is nearly equivalent to blame, reproof, reprehen- 
 sion, reprimand. It is an expression of disapproba- 
 tion, which often implies reproof. 
 
 3. Judicial sentence ; judgment that condemns. An 
 ecclesiastical censure is a sentence of condemnation, 
 or penalty inflicted on a member of a church for mal- 
 condiict, by vvhicli he is deprived of the communion 
 of the church, or prohibited from executing the 
 sacerdotal office. Encyc. 
 
 CEN'SIJRE, (sen'shur,) v. t. [Fr. censurer ; Sp. cen- 
 surar.] 
 
 To find fault with and condemn as wrong ; to 
 blame ; lo express disapprobation of; as, to censure 
 a man, or his manners, or his writings. 
 
 We laugli at vanity oitener Uian we censure pride. 
 
 Buckmijister. 
 
 2. To condemn by a judicial sentence, as in eccle- 
 siastical affairs. 
 
 3. To estimate. [JVot in use.] SfiaJc. 
 CEN'SIJRE, V. i. To judge. [JVot in rise.] 
 CEN'SUR-£D, (sen'shurd,) pp. Blamed ; reproved ; 
 
 condemned. 
 
 CEN'SqR-ING, ppr. Blaming; finding fault with. 
 CEN'SUR-ING, ;i. A blaming ; reproach. 
 CEN'SUS, Ti. [L. from censeo. See Cense.] 
 
 1. In ancient Rome, an authentic declaration made 
 before the censors, by the citizens, of their names 
 and places of abode. This declaration was regis- 
 tered, and contained an enumeration of all their 
 lands and estates, their quantity and quality, with 
 the wives, children, domestics, tenants, and slaves, 
 of each citizen. Hence the word signifies this enu- 
 meration or register, a man's whole substance, and 
 the tax imposed according to each man's property. 
 
 2. In the United States of America, an enumeration 
 of the inhabitants of all the Stales, taken by order of 
 the congress, to furnish the rule of apportioning the 
 representation among the States, and the number 
 of represeiilalives to which each Stale is entitled in 
 the congress ; also, an enumeration of the inhab- 
 itants of^a State, taken by order of its legislature. 
 
 CEN'I", n. [Fr. cent ^ Sp. cicnto ; Port, cento; It. cento; 
 from L. centum, formed on the Celtic, W. cant, Arm. 
 cant, (yorii. kanz. The Welsh cant signifies a circle, 
 hoop, wheel, or rim, a wattled fence round a yard or 
 corn-floor, hence a complete circle, a hundred. It is 
 probable that the 'I'eutiuiic and Golliic hwid, in hun- 
 
 dred, is the same word. Ar. jXJjfc handon, a hun- 
 dred, and the same root gives India, Hindu. See 
 Hunored.] 
 
 1. A hundred. In commerce, per cent, denotes a 
 certain rate by the hundred ; as tcu per cent, is ten in 
 the hundred, whether profit or loss. Tliis rate is 
 called perccntaire, 
 
 2. In tlie United Slates of America, a copper coin 
 whose value is the hundredth part of a dollar. 
 
 CENT' ACE, Ti. Rale by the cent or humlied. 
 
 CEN'TAUK, 71. [li. centjinrns ; Cr. Mi/ruvpoj. Clu. 
 Kii'TtM, to spur, and r.ii'/ios, a bull.] 
 
 1. Ill myttwloifii, a fabulous being, supposed to be 
 half man and hall horse. It has been supposed that 
 this fancied inuiister originated among the Eapilhie, 
 
 a tribe in Thessaly, who first invented the art of 
 breaking horses, iiut the origin of the fable and of 
 the name is doubtful. 
 2. A coiistellalioii of the southern hemisphere. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 CEN'TAUR-iZE, v. i. To perform the acts of, or lo 
 be like, . centaur ; to be a man, and act like a brute. 
 
 Young. 
 
 CEN'TAUR-LTKE, a. Having the appearance of a 
 centaiir. Sidney. 
 
 CEN'TAU-RY, 71. [L. centaurea; Gr. nevTaviie^'v.] 
 The popular name of various plants. Tlie lesser 
 centaury is a species of Erytliriea. 
 
 CEN-TE-Na'RI-AN, 71. A person a hundred years 
 old. 
 
 CEN'TE-NA-RY, 7t. [L. centenarius, from centum, a 
 hundred.] 
 
 The number of a hundred ; as, a ccntciiart/ of 
 vears. 
 
 CEN'TE-NA-RY, a. Relating to a hundred ; consist- 
 ing of a hundred. 
 
 CEN-TEN'NI-AL, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and an- 
 nus, a year.] 
 
 1. Consisting of a hundred years, or completing 
 thai term. Mason. 
 
 2. Pertaining lo a hundred years. 
 
 3. Happening every hundred years. 
 CEN'TER, ) 71. [Gr. Kivrpop, a point, goad, or spur, 
 CEN'TRE, ) from KCfvoj, to prick ; L. centrum ; Fr. 
 
 centre: Sp. centro ; Port, and It. id.] 
 
 1. A point equally distant from the extremities of 
 a line, figure, or body ; the middle point or place of 
 any tiling. 
 
 2. The middle or central object. In an army, the 
 body of troops occupying the place in the line be- 
 tween the wings. In a fleet, the division between 
 the van and rear of the line of battle, and between 
 the weather division and lee, in the order of sailing. 
 
 3. A single body or house. [Mar. Diet. 
 Tliese iiisiilutions colli'ctetl aJI autliority into one center, V'lugt, 
 
 nobles, and jjeople. J. Adane. 
 
 Center of gravity ; in mechanics, the point about 
 which all the parts of a body exactly balance each 
 other, so that when that point is supported, the 
 whole body is supported. 2). Olmsted. 
 
 Center of nivtion ; the point which remains at rest, 
 while all the other parts of a body move round it. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 CEN'TER, ) V. t. To place on a center ; to fix on a 
 CEN'TRE, \ central point. Milton. 
 2. To collect lo a point. 
 
 Tliy joys are centered all in me alone. Prior. 
 
 CEN'TFR ) 
 
 CEN'TRe' i collected to a point. 
 
 Our hopes must center on ourselves alone. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To be collected to a point ; to rest on. 
 
 3. To be placed in the middle. Milton. 
 CEN'TER-BIT, ; n. An insirumenl turning on a 
 CEN'TRE-BIT, i center, for boring circular holes. 
 CEN'TER-ED, ) pp. Collected to a point or center; 
 CEN'TRKU, i fixed on a central point. 
 CEN'TER-ING, ) ppr. Placing on the center ; collect- 
 CEN''1'RING, \ ing lo a point. 
 CEN'TER-ING, 71. In architecture, the temporary 
 
 woodwork or framing on which any vaulted work 
 is constructed. Choilt. 
 CEN-TES'1-MAE, a. [h. centesimus, from ceiKiim, a 
 hundred.] 
 
 The hundredth. As a noun, the next step of pro- 
 gression after decimal in the arithmetic of fractions. 
 
 .Johnson. 
 
 CEN-TES-I-MA'TION, 71. [L. centesimus, supra.] 
 A military puiiishmenl for desertion, mutiny, or 
 the like, where one person in a hundred is selected 
 for execution. Encyc. 
 CEN'TESM, 71. [I,, centcsimus.] 
 
 The hundredth part of an integer or thing. [JVot 
 used.] Bailnt. 
 CEN 'I I-CIP'IT-OUS, a. Having a hundred heads. 
 CEN-TIF'I-DOUS, a. Divided into a hundred p.irts. 
 CEN-TI-Fo'LI-OUS, a. [L. cciKiim, a hundred, and 
 folium, a leaf.] 
 
 Hiiving a hundred leaves. Bailni. John.wn. 
 CEN'Tl-GRADE, a. [L. centum, a hunilred, and gra- 
 diu!, a degree.] 
 
 Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a 
 hundred divisions or eipial ptirls. 
 
 Ccntigradr llirrmamcter .• a thermometer having the 
 distaiii e In lwi i n the freezing and boiling points of 
 water dividi cl inio 100 degrees. 
 CFJV 7'l-0 ItJiM.M K, II. [L. rnitum and /rram.] 
 
 In French mrujiure, the hundredth part of a gramme. 
 [See Gram.] 
 
 CEN-TIL'l-'rER, (71. [E. cCTitum, and Fr. litre, or 
 CEJ^'ri-r.r-TRE, \ lilmn.] 
 
 The hundredth p.trt of a litre, a little more than 
 
 (i-10 of a cubic inch. 
 CEN-TII,'0-(lUY. 71. [E. centum and loquor.] 
 
 A liundred-foln discourse. Burton. 
 CFM- TlMF.', (sAii teem',) 71. [Fr.] The hundredth 
 
 part of a franc. 
 CEN-TIM'E-TER, ) ». [L. centum, a hundred, and 
 CFMi'l'IMiyrRE, \ Gr. lurpov, measuio.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH>T MUTE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DO.VE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
CEN 
 
 III French mriLiure, till! Iiiindredtli part of a meter, 
 i»il>ei more tlian 39-100 of an iiuli, I^neli^li ineasure. 
 
 Ckruit. Ob/. X. 192. 
 
 CE\-TI.\'0-DY, n. Knotsrass. [M tucd.] 
 CE.N'TI PED, «. [L. ccntipeda; ceiUuin, a nu 
 and pr^, a iVwt.] 
 
 A general term applied to insects having a Ereat 
 number of feet. Tlicy belong to the order Myriapo- 
 da. Among them tlie genus Scolopendra includes 
 large, venomous species, attaining, not unfrccpiently, 
 in irupiral rlimates, a leiigtli of six inches or more. 
 CE.N'TI- PEE, for C'ESTifED, is not used. 
 CE.VT'.NER, M. [L. centum, centinarias.^ 
 
 In metallargy and asiayiit^, a dociniastic hundred ; 
 a weight divisible tirst into a hutidred [Kirts, and 
 then into sniallrr parts. The metallurgists u.sc a 
 weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one 
 pound ; the whole they call a centner • the pound is 
 divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces ; the 
 half ounce into two quarters ; and each of these into 
 two drams. But the assayers use dillen-nt weights. 
 With them a centner is one dram, to which the other 
 parts are proportioned. Encyc. 
 CE.X'TO, n. [L. cento, patched cloth, a rhapsody.] 
 .V composition formed by verses or passages from 
 different author^:, disposed in a new order. Eiicijc. 
 CE.N'TR.VL, a. [L. centralis.] 
 
 Rel.iting to the center ; placed in the center or 
 middle ; containing the center, or pertaining to the 
 parts near the center. 
 
 Central forces ; in mechanics, the two antagonist 
 forces, (the centripetal and centrifugal,) by whose 
 united action bodies are caused to revolve round a 
 centnl point HcberU 
 CEN TRE. See Clkter. 
 
 CE.N-TRAL'I-TV, it. The sf»te of being central. 
 CEN-TRAL-l-7,.\'TIO.\, n. Act of centralizing. 
 CE.N'TR.\L-IZE, r. «. To draw to a central point; 
 
 In brins to a center. Calhoun. 
 CEN'TRAL-LY, aJc. With regard to the center; in 
 
 a central manner. 
 CE.N'TRie, a. Placed in the center or middle. 
 OE.\'TRie-.\L-IA', ailv. In a central positiim. 
 CE.\'TRie-.\L-.NESS, n. Situation in the center. 
 CE.N-TKIF'lI-G.iL, a. [L. centrum and fug-io, to 
 
 flee.] , 
 
 1. Tending to recede from the center. The centrif- 
 ugal force of a body is that force by which all bodies, 
 moving round another body in a curve, tend to Hy 
 ofT from the axis of their motion, in a tangent, to the 
 peripher)' of the curve. F.ncyc. 
 
 2, In botany, e.xpanding first at the summit, and 
 later at the base, as a flower. Lindlry. 
 
 CEX-TRIP'E-T.\L,a. [L. centrum and peto, to move 
 toward.] 
 
 1. Tending toward the center. Centripetal force, is 
 that force which draws or impels a Iwdy toward 
 some point as a center ; as in case of a planet re- 
 volving round the sun,^he center of the system. 
 
 2. In botany^ expanding first at the base of the in- 
 florescence, and later at the summit, as a flower. 
 
 LinUley. 
 
 J^ote. — The common accentuation of centrifugal 
 and centripetal is artificial and harsh. The accent 
 on the first and third syllables, as in circumpolar, 
 would be natural and easy. 
 
 CE.N-TL'.M' VIR, n. ; Cestu m'tiri. [L. centum, a 
 hundred, and vir, a man.] 
 
 A name given to certain judges in ancient Rome, 
 appointed by the pretor, to decide comiiinn caii.ses 
 among the people. At first, three were taken from 
 each of the thirty-five tribes, making one hundred 
 and five, though, for the sake of the round number, 
 they were called centumcirL The number was af- 
 terward increased to one hundred and eighty, with- 
 out a clianze of their title. Smith's Diet, 
 
 CE.N-TL'.M'VI-R.\L,, a. Pertaining to the ccntumvir. 
 
 CE.N-TI;M'VI-R.\TE, n. The office of a centunivir. 
 
 CE.N'TU-PLE, a. [Fr., from L. centuplex, centum, and 
 plico, to fold. ] 
 A hundred fold. 
 
 CEN'TU-PLE, r. (. To mullipiv a hundred fold. 
 
 CEN-TO'PLI-C.aTE, r. £. [L. cfiitura and plicatus, 
 folded ; Sp. cenlupUcar, to make a hundred fold.] 
 To make a hundn d fold. 
 
 CEN-TO'PLI-e.\-TED, pp. Made a hundred fold. 
 
 CEN-TO'PLJ-eA-TI.\G, ppr. .Making a hundred 
 f..ld. 
 
 CEX-TO'RI-.\L, a. [from century.] Relating to a 
 century, or a bundreu years ; as, a centurial .sermon. 
 
 WlKii ihe Ihini etnturial Inbilrt of New Rii^.^nd ilwll comr, 
 who of m wiU then be li^mj to partidpaif lH'* j-ii- taI jiy ? 
 
 J. M'otxtbrvtge. 
 
 CE.N-TO'RI-XTE, r. L [L. cetUurio, to divide into 
 hundreds, or companies.] 
 To divide into hiindreds. Johnson. Bailey. 
 
 CEN-TO'RI-.^ TOR, ) it. [Fr. eenturiaUnr, from' L. 
 CEN'TU-RIST, i cnituria, a century, or from 
 centurio, to divide into hundreds.] 
 
 Anhistoh.tn who distinguishes time intoti'nturies ; 
 as in the Univet^ Church History of .Magd'-niirg. 
 
 jiijl.ffe. 
 
 CEN-TO'RI-ON, a. [L. centurio, from centum, a hun- 
 dred.] 
 
 CER 
 
 Among the Rowans, a military officer who coin- 
 maiidfd a hundred men, a century, or company of 
 infantry, answeriii:; to the captain in moilern armies, 
 CE.N'TU-RY, fscnt'yu-re,) n. [L. eenturia, from 
 cc'itum, a liuntlred.] 
 
 1. In o general sense, a hundred ; any thing con- 
 sisting of a hundred parts. 
 
 2. A division of the Roman people for the purpose 
 of electing magislrales, and enacting laws, the jxjo- 
 ple voting by centuries ; also, a company consisting 
 of a hundred men. 
 
 3. A [jcriod of a hundred years. This is the most 
 common signification of the word ; and as we begin 
 our nUKieru conipiitation of time f'roiii the incarna- 
 tion of Christ, the word is generally applied to some 
 term of a hundred years subsequent to that event ; 
 as, the first or second century, or the tenth century. If 
 we intend to apply the word to a dilTerent era, wo 
 use an explanatory adjiinrt ; as, the third century 
 before the ClirL^tian era, or afXcr tlie reign of Cyrus. 
 
 4. The Centuries of .Ma:;iicbur<r : a title given to an 
 ecclesiastical history, arranged in thirteen centuries, 
 coinpiletl by a great number of Protesianls at jVag- 
 dcburg, 
 
 CEOL. [Sax., a shi|i, L. celor, ot Eng. keel.] This 
 word is sometimes found prefixed to name.s. 
 
 CEPH-.\l^.\L'aie, a. [^Int'rx] Relating to headache. 
 
 CEPir.\L-.\L,-GY, n. [<;r. ni^u-XuAf ici, Kt>l,a\ri, the 
 head, and uX; .5, pain.] 
 The headache. 
 
 CE-PlIAL'ie, a. [Gr. <f.^rt,\/ito5, from KopaXri, the 
 head.] 
 
 Pertaining to the head ; as, cephalic medicines, 
 remedies for disorders in the head. The cephalic 
 vein, which runs al.ing the arm, was so iianied be- 
 c.iuse the ancients used to open it for disorders of 
 the head. Encyc. 
 
 CE-PIi.\L'IC, n. A medicine for headache, or other 
 disorder in the head. 
 
 CEPH'AI^O-E.X-TUAeT'OR, n. An instrument to 
 extract a fetus by clasping the head. Ca.tanoca. 
 
 CEPH'AL-O-POD, ;i. [Gr. KCpaX;, head, and iroJa, 
 the feet.] 
 
 In natural hUtnry, a molluscous animal character- 
 ized by a distinct iiead surrounded by a circle of long 
 arms, by which it crawls and seizes objects. The 
 sepia, or cuttle-fish, is one of these animals. The 
 name cephalopoii alludes to the fact that the feet, or 
 arms, are arranged about the head, or appssar to pro- 
 ceed from it. Dana. 
 
 CEPH-A-LO-POD'ie, ( a. Belonging to the cephal- 
 
 CEPll-A-LOP'O-DOUS, ( opods. 
 
 CE-PHe'US, n. A constellation in the northern hcm- 
 Upherc. 
 
 Ce'PHUS, 7u a water-fowl of the duck kind ; also, a 
 
 species of monkev, the .Moiia. Diet, of jVat. //Lit. 
 CE-Ra'CEOUS, a.' [L. cera, wax.] Wax like; par- 
 taking of the nature of wax. 
 CER'A-Sl.N, n. [L. crra.<us.] 
 
 .\iiy gummy substance which swells in cold water, 
 but does nut readily dissolve ill it. Ure. Dr. John. 
 CER'.Vj^ITE, 71. [L. cernsum, cherrj-.] 
 
 .\ petrifaction resembling a cherry. Cye. 
 2. The native muriate of lead. Dana. 
 CE-R.\S'TkS, n. [Gr. rrou-'if, from rroij, a horn.] 
 In zooln^j, a genus of poisonous .\frican serji..>nt8 
 with horns. Brande, 
 Cli'R.ATE, 71. [L. erratum, from cera, wax.] 
 
 A thick kind of ointment, composed of wax and 
 oil, with other ingredients, applied externally in va- 
 rious diseases. Cyci 
 Ce'R.A-TEI), a. [I., ceratus.] 
 
 Covered with wax. 
 CER'.VTRI.N, 71. The bitter principle of Iceland 
 moss. 
 
 CER'BE-RUS, ». [L.] In mytholoiry, a monster in the 
 shape of a dog, guarding the entrance into the infer- 
 nal regions, and described, by different ancient wri- 
 ters, as having three, fifty, and even a hundred 
 heads. 
 
 Cf.RE, 71. The naked skin that covers the b.tse of the 
 bill in some birds, as in those of the hawk tribe. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 CERE, r. L [L. cera, wax.] 
 
 To wax, or cover with wax. tVisenuin. 
 
 CE'RE-AL, a. [from Ceres.] Pertaining to edible 
 gr^iin, as wheat, rj c, tic. IlumboUt. 
 
 CE-RE-A'LI-.\, 11. pL A technical term for the edible 
 grains. « ProuU 
 
 CER E-BEL'LU.M, n. [L. cerebellum.] 
 
 The hinder and lower part of the brain, or the lit- 
 tle brain. Core. 
 
 CER'E-BRAL, ) . . ..... .. 
 
 CER'E-BRINE i [from L. cerebrum, the brain.] 
 
 Pertaining to the ccrebnim, or brain. 
 CER'E-BRU.M, n. [L.] The front and larger part of 
 the brain. 
 
 CERE'eLOTIl, «. [L. cera, wax, an.l cloOi.] 
 
 .\ cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some 
 gummy or glutinous matter. Bacon. 
 
 But the English word for a cloth used to cover 
 wounds is sear-cloth ; Pax. .tar-cloth, a sore-cloth. 
 Ci^R'fTO, (seerd,) pp. Spread over with melted wax. 
 CkRE'.ME.NT, It. [l^ cera,mrvix.] 
 
 CER 
 
 I Cloths dipiieil in melted wax, with which dead 
 i bodi'-s an* iiifulded, when embalmed. Johnson. 
 CER-IVMoM AI,, a. [Sec C.:REMo;«r.] 
 
 1. Relating to ceremony, or evterii.al rite ; ritual ; 
 according to the forms of established rites ; its, cert- 
 monial exni'liii'ss. It is (nrticiil irly applied to the 
 forms and rites of the Jewish religion ; ■as, the cere- 
 monial law, ur worship, 08 distinguished from the 
 moral and judicial law. 
 
 2. Formal ; observant of old forms ; exact ; precise 
 in manners. Dnjden. 
 
 , In this latter sense, CcREMO^tiocs is now used. 
 
 CER-E-.\1o'.NI /\I,, 71. Outward fimn ; external rite, 
 or established forms, or rites, including all the forms 
 prescribed ; a system of niles anil ceremonies, en- 
 joined by law, or establisfieil by custom, whether in 
 religious worship, in social intercourse, or in the 
 courts of -princes. 
 
 2. The order for rites and fonns in the Roman 
 Catholic church, or the book containing the rules 
 prescribed to be observed tin solemn ticcasioiis. 
 
 CER-E-.M6'.NI-AL-LY, ado. According to rites and 
 ceremonies ; :is, a person ceremonially unclean ; an 
 act ceremonially unlawful. .Milton. 
 
 CER-E-.MO'.N l-()US, a. Consisting of outward forms 
 and rites ; as, the ceremonious part of wt>rsliip. 
 In this sense, Ceremonial is now used. 
 
 2. Full of ceremony, or .solemn fiirins. Shak. 
 
 3. .According to the rules and forms prescribed, or 
 customary ; civil ; formally respectful. " Ceremoni- 
 ous phrases." Mdisuom 
 
 4. Formal ; according to the rules of civility ; as, 
 to take a ceremonious leave. 
 
 5. Forjnal i exact ; precise ; too observant of forms. 
 CER-E-Mo'.NI-OUS-LY, ade. In a ceremonious man- 
 ner ; f'orinallv ; with due forms. 
 
 CER-E^.MO'Nl-OL'.^.NESS, 11. The use of customary 
 forms ; the practice of tt>o much ceremony ; great 
 formalitv in manners. 
 
 CER' E- .Mb- .NY, 71. [L. Sp. It. Port, ccrr iTioma ; Fr. 
 cerc77io7nV.] 
 
 1. Outward rite ; external form in religion. 
 
 2. Forms of civility ; rules established by custom 
 for regulating social intercourse. 
 
 3. Outward forms of state ; the forms prescribed 
 or established by order or custom, serving for the 
 purpose of civility or jnagnificence, as in levees of 
 princes, the reception of embassadors, k.c. 
 
 Master of ceremonies ; an officer wiio superintends 
 the reception of embas,sadors. A person who regu- 
 lates the forms to be tibserved by the company, or 
 attendants, on a public occasion. 
 .CiS'RE-O-LITE, 71. [L. cera, wax, and Gr. .Xi; ,, a 
 stone.] 
 
 A substance which in appearance anil softness re- 
 sembles wax ; sometimes confounded with sti^atitp. 
 
 Cyc Cleaveland. 
 CE'RE-OUS, a. [L. eereus, from cera, wax.] 
 
 Waxen ; like wax. Gayton. 
 Ce'Ri:S, n. [L.l In mtjtholnrpi, the inventor or goddess 
 of corn, or rather the name of corn deified. 
 
 2. One of the asteroids or small planets revolving 
 between the orbits of .Mars "and Jupiter. It »vas dis- 
 covered by .M. Piazzi, .at Palermo, in Sicily, in 1801. 
 Ck'RI.N, 71. [I-. ireru, wax.] 
 
 1. .\ peculiar substance which pn^cipitatt^s, on 
 evajKiration, from alcohol, which ha-s been disested 
 on grated cork. Crt. 
 
 2. The part of common wax which dissolves in 
 boiling alcohol. Brande, 
 
 3. A varieiv of the mineral Allanite. 
 CE-RI.NTll'I-.A.NS,i>. pi. A set of ht^retics, the earliest 
 
 of the Gnostic sects, so called from Cerinthiis, one 
 of the first heresiarclis in the church. They denied 
 the divinity of Christ, hut they held th.al, in his bap- 
 tism, a celestial virtue di-scended on him in the form 
 of a dove, by means of which he was consecrated 
 by the Iltily Spirit antl made Christ. Eneyc. 
 
 Ce'RITE, 71. [See Cerilm.) The silicious oxyd of 
 cerium, a rare mineral, of a p.ale ri>se red color, with 
 a tinge of yellow. iln^hj. Jameson. Cleareland. 
 
 Cit'Rl IJ.M, n. \ metal discovered in Sweden, in the 
 mineral cerite, and so railed from the planet Ceres. 
 It is of a great specific gravity ; its color a grayish 
 white, and its texture lamellar. DicL of jVaL Hut, 
 
 CER'.NU-OCS, a. [L. ccrniiiij.] 
 
 In botanii, having the top curved downward. 
 
 CE-RO-GRAPIl'ie-AI., o. Pertaining to cerography. 
 
 C£^ROG'R.\-PIIIST, 71. One who is versed in, or who 
 practices, cerography. 
 
 CE-ROG'R.\-PHY, n. [L. cera, wax, and Gr. yoa^u, 
 to write.] 
 
 1. .\ writing on wax. 
 
 2. The art of encraving on wax, spread on a sheet 
 of copper, from which a stereotype plate is taken. 
 
 S. F.. Morse, 
 
 CE-R()'M.\, 71. In a7irir7if architecture, that part of the 
 ancient baths and gymnasia in which bathers and 
 wrestlers used l« anoint themselves willi a comptv 
 silion of oil and wax. Elmet. 
 
 CER'0-.M.\.N-CY, 71. Divination by dropping melted 
 wax in water. 
 
 CE-ROO.N', 71. [from the Spanish.] A bale or pack- 
 age made of skins. 
 
 TC.NE, ByLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; SS as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 187 
 
CER 
 
 CE-RO-PLAS'Tie, 7!. In sculpture, the art of model- 
 ing or of forming models in wax. Ehncs. 
 CER'KI-AL, a. Pertaining to the Cerris,or bitter oak. 
 
 Chaucer, 
 
 CER'RIS, 71. [L.] The bitter oak. 
 CER'TAIN, (ser'tin,) a. [Fr. certain; Sp. cierto i It. 
 and Port, ccrto ; from L. certus.] 
 
 1. Sure; true; undoubted; unquestionable; that 
 can not be denied ; existing in fact and truth. 
 
 The dre:\m is certain, anj ihe iiiterpreution eare. — D;\n. ii. 
 
 2. Assured in mind ; having no doubts ; followed 
 by of, before a noun. 
 
 However, I witli lliee have fixed my lot, 
 
 Certain to iiuiier^o like doom of death. 
 
 Consort with thee. Milton, 
 
 To make her certain of the sad event. Dryden. 
 
 3. Unfailing ; alw.iys producing the intended ef- 
 fect ; as, we may have a certain remedy for a disease. 
 
 4. Not doubtful or casual ; really existing. 
 
 Virtue tliat directs our ways 
 Through certain dangers to uncertiin praise. Dryden, 
 
 5. Stated ; fixed ; determinate ; regular. 
 
 Ve shall f atlier a cerlcun rale every day. — Ex. xvi. 
 
 6. Particular. 
 
 ThTe came a certain poor widow. — Mark xij. 
 In the plural number, a particular part or »'.im- 
 ber; some ; an indefinite part, number, or <|uantity. 
 " Hanani came, he and certain men of Judah." " I 
 mourned certain days." i. 2, 6. 
 
 In the latter sense, it is used as a noun ; as, " cer- 
 tain also of vour own poets have said." j^ct-r xvii. 
 CER'TAIN-LY, adv. Without doubt or question ; in 
 truth and fact. 
 
 Certainly this was a righteoiu m.an. — Luke xxiii. 
 2. Without failure. 
 
 He said, I will certainty return to thee. — Gen. xviii. 
 CER'TAIN-NESS, n. Certainty, which see. 
 CER'TAIi\-TY, (ser'tin-te,) n. A fixed or real state ; 
 . truth ; fact. 
 
 Know for a certainty, tliat the T,ord your God will no more drive 
 out these nations. — Josli. xxiii. Luke i. 
 
 2. Full assurance of mind ; exemption from doubt. 
 Cerlatncy is l!ie perception of tlje agreement or disagreement of 
 
 our ideas. Locke, 
 
 3. Exemption from failure ; as, the certainty of an 
 event, or of the success of a medicine. 
 
 4. Regularity ; settled state. 
 CER'TeS, adB. Certainly ; in truth ; verily. [Oi«.] 
 
 Chaucer, 
 
 CER-TIF'I-CATE, 7t. [Fr. certificat; It. certificate. 
 See Certift.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a written testimony not 
 sworn to ; a declaration in writing, signed by the 
 party, and inteniled to verify a fact. 
 
 2. In a more particular sense, the uTitten declara- 
 tion, under the hand or seal, or both, of some pub- 
 lic officer, to be used as evidence in a court, or to 
 substantiate a fact. A certificate of this kinil may 
 be considered as given under the oath of oftice. 
 
 3. Trial by certificate, is where the evidence of the 
 person certifying is the only proper criterion of the 
 point in dispute ; as, when the issue is whether a 
 person was absent in the army, this is tried by the 
 certificate of the raareschall of the army, in writing 
 under his .«eal. Blackstone, 
 
 CER-TIF'I-CaTE, V, t. or i. To give a certificate ; 
 to lodge a certificate with the proper officer, for the 
 purpose of being exempted from the payment of 
 taxes to support the ministry, m a parish or eccle- 
 siastical society. AVw England, 
 
 2. To give a certificate to, acknowledging one to 
 be a parishioner. 
 
 But lucli certificated penton can g;aiii no settlement. 
 
 Bladcetone, 1). 1, ch. 9. 
 
 3. To verify by certificate. 
 CER-TIF'I-eA-TEU, pp. Declared ; verified by a 
 
 certificate. 
 
 CER-TIF'I-CA-TING, ppr. Furnishing with a certifi- 
 cate ; verifying by a certificate. 
 
 CEU-TI-FI-Ca'TION, n. The act of certifying. 
 
 CER'TI-FI-fJD, pp, or a. [Sec Certify.] Testified 
 to in writing ; assured ; made certain ; informed. 
 
 CER'TI-FI-EIl, 11. One who certifies, or assures. 
 
 CER'Tl-F?, t). (. [Fr, certifier; Sp ..erujicar ; It. cer- 
 tificare ; Low L. cerlifico ; from ccrlas, certain, and 
 faciu, to make.] 
 
 1. To testify to in writing ; to make a declaration 
 in writing, under hand, or hand and seal, to make 
 known or establish a fact. 
 
 The Judges thai] certify thnr opinion to the chancellor, and upon 
 such c-rtiftcate the decree is usually founded. 
 
 Ttie Jud^e shall certify under liis hiuid, Uiat Uie freehold came 
 chieny In qucstiun. iilaekntone. 
 
 2. To give certain information to applied to per- 
 sons, 
 
 Wc have sent and cert^fie'l the klnjf. — Kzm iv. 
 
 3. To give certain information n/; applied to things. 
 
 Tliii is desifftied to certify Ihu 
 God's lavor. 
 
 tliinf^s tfiat are confirmed of 
 Hammond. 
 
 CES 
 
 It is foUowt^a by o/, after the p)erson, and before the 
 thing told ; as, I certified you uf the fact. 
 
 CER'TI F?-ING, ppr. Giving a written testimony, 
 or certificate; giving certain notice; making cer- 
 tainly known. 
 
 CER-TIO-RA' RI, n, [Low h, certioror, from certus, 
 certior,] 
 
 A writ issuing out of Chancery, King's Bench, or 
 other superior court, to call up the records of an infe- 
 rior court, or remove a cause there depending, that 
 it may be tried in the superior court. This writ is 
 obtained upon complaint of a party, that he has not 
 received justice, or that he can not have an impartial 
 trial in the inferior court. Enet/c, 
 CER'TI-TUDE, n, [Low L. cer(it«<io, from ce'rtus, 
 certain.] 
 
 Certanity ; assurance ; freedom from doubt. 
 
 Dnjdeji, 
 
 CER'ULE, a, [L. caruleus,] Blue. Lever. 
 CE-Ru'LE-AN, ) a, [L. caruleus ; It. and Sp. cc- 
 CE-RO'LE-OUS, \ ruico.] 
 
 Sky-colored ; blue. Thomson, 
 CER-U-LIF'ie, a. Producing a blue or sky-color. 
 CER'U-LIN, 71. Indigo dissolved in sulphuric acid, 
 
 used in dyeing Saxon blue. Bigelotc, 
 CE-RO'MEN, 7!. [L. cera, wax.] 
 
 The wax or yellow matter secreted by the ear. 
 CE'RUSE, 71. [Fr. ceruse; L. and ll,' cerussa ; Sp. 
 
 cerwia,] 
 
 White lead ; a carbonate of lead, produced by e.\- 
 posing the metal, in thin plates, to the vapor of vine- 
 gar. Lead is sometimes found native in the form of 
 ceruse. 
 
 Ce'RuS-£D, (se'rust,) a. Washed with a preparation 
 of white lead. Beaum, and Fl. 
 
 CER'Vl-CAL, a. [L. cervix, the neck, whence cer- 
 vicalis,] 
 
 Belonging to the neck ; as, the cervical nerves , 
 cervical vessels. Encye, 
 CER'VINE, a. [L. ccrviyius ; Sp. eervino ; from L. 
 cerviis, a deer ; W. carw ; Corn, and Arm. karu ; 
 Kamtchatka, karo,] 
 
 Pertaining to the deer, or to animals of the genus 
 Cervus. 
 
 CE-Sa'RE-AN, o. The Cesarean operation is the tak- 
 ing of a child from tlie womb by cutting ; an opera- 
 tion which, it is said, gave birth to Cssar, the Roman 
 emperor. 
 
 CES-P[-TI"TIOUS, (-tish'us,) a. [L. cespes, turf.] 
 Pertaining to turf ; made of turf. Qough. 
 
 CES'PI-ToSE, a, [L. cespes, turf.J 
 In botany, growing in tufts. 
 
 CES'PI-TOIJS, a. Pertaining to turf ; turfy. 
 
 A cespitfiue or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, 
 tisually forming a close, thick carpet or matting. Alartyn, 
 
 CESS (as a tiouti, a rate or tax, and as a verb, to rate or 
 lay a tax) is probably a corruption of assess, or from 
 the same root. It is not used. Spenser. 
 
 CESS or CESSE. Out of all cesse sans cesse, is with- 
 out stay ; excessively. Shak. 
 
 CESS, V. i. [L. cesso, to cease.] To cease. [ Obs,] 
 
 Spejiser, 
 
 2. To neglect a legal duty. [OJ.?.] Cowel. 
 CESS'ANT, a. Ceasing ; intermitting action. 
 
 Montague. 
 
 CES-Sa'TION, 71. [L. ccssatio, from cesso, to cease.] 
 
 1. A ceasing ; a stop ; a rest ; the act of discontin- 
 uing motion or action of any kind, whether tem- 
 porary or final. 
 
 2. A ceasing or suspension of operation, force, or 
 effect ; as, a cessation of the laws of nature. 
 
 A cessation of arms ; an armistice or truce, agreed 
 to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a 
 capitiilation, or for other purposes. 
 CES-SA' VIT, n. [L. cesso, to cease ; cessavit, he hath 
 ceased.] 
 
 In lair, a writ given by statute, to recover lands, 
 when the tenant or occupier has ceased for two years 
 to perform the service which constitutes the ctmdi- 
 tion of his tenure, and has not sufficient goods or 
 chattels to be distrained, or the tenant has so inclosed 
 the land that the lord cannot come upon it to distrain. 
 
 BlaclcHone, 
 
 CES'SER, 71. [See Cess.] A ceasing ; a neglect to 
 perform services or payment for two years. [See 
 Cessavit.] Blackstone, 
 
 CES-SI-ltlLn-TY, 71. [See Cede and Cession.] The 
 act of g^ing way or receding. [Little used,] Digby. 
 
 CES'SI-HLE,o. [See Cede.] Giving way ; yielding ; 
 easy to give way. Digby, 
 
 CES'SION, (sesh'un,) 71. [\,, cessio ; Ft. cession; from 
 L. cedo, cessum. See Cede.] 
 
 1. The act of giving way ; a yielding to force or 
 impulse. Bacon. 
 
 2. A yielding, or surrender, as of property or 
 rights, to another person ; particularly, a surrender 
 of con(|uercd territory to its former proprietor or 
 sovereign, by treaty. 
 
 3. In the civil lam, a voluntary surrender of a per- 
 son's effects to his creditors, to avoid imprisonment. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 4. In ecclesiastical law, the leaving of a benefice 
 without dispensation %r being otherwise qualified. 
 
 CHA 
 
 When an ecclesiastical person is created a bishop, or 
 when the parson of a parish takes another benelice, 
 without dispensation, the benefices are void by ces- 
 sion, without resignation. Encyc, 
 
 CES'SIOiX-A-RY, a. Having surrendered eflects ; as, 
 a cessionary bankrupt. Martin, 
 
 CESS'MENT, 71. An assessment or tax. [JVot used,] 
 
 CES'SOR, 71. [L. cesso, to erase,] In lam, he that neg- 
 lects, for two years, to perform the seiTice by which 
 he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the 
 writ of cessavit. [See Cessavit.] Cowel, 
 2. An assessor, or taxer. 
 
 CESS'-POOL, 71. A cavity sunk, in the earth, to re- 
 ceive and retain the sediment of water conveyed in 
 drains. 
 
 CEST, 71. [Infra.] A lady's girdle. Collins. 
 
 CEST'US, 71. [L., from Gr. Kcaroi.] 
 
 The girdle of Venus, or marriage girdle, among 
 the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 CE-SU'RA, or CE-SO'RA, 71. [Fr. cisure ; It. eesura ; 
 L. cip.^iira, from c<£do, cissum, to cut ofi'.] 
 
 A pause in verse, so introtiuced as to aid the reci- 
 tal, and render the versification more melodious. It 
 divides a verse or line into equal or unequal parts. 
 Its most pleasing effect is produced when it is placed 
 at the end of the second foot, or in the middle, or at 
 the end of the third foot. Sheridan, 
 
 CE-Stj'RAL, a. Pert.iining to the cesura. 
 
 CE-Ta'CE-A, n, pi, } In natural history, terms applied 
 
 CE-TA'CEAN, n, ( to Ihe order of Cetaceous ani 
 mals ; marine mammalia. [See the next word.] Bell. 
 
 CE-Ta'CEOUS, (se-ta'shus,) a. [L. cete; Gr. Knrus, 
 a whale.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Cetacea; belonging to the whale 
 kind. The cetaceous fishes include the genera Mon- 
 odon, Baloena, Physeter, and Delphinus. They have 
 no gills, but an aperture on the top of the head, and 
 a flat or horizontal tail. They are predaceous in 
 their habits. Encyc, 
 Ce'TATE, 71. A compound of cetic acid, with a base. 
 
 Chevreul, 
 
 CET'TE-RACH, 7t. A trivial name of a species of 
 
 Asplenium, or spleenwort. 
 CE'Tie, a, [L. cetus, a whale.] 
 
 Pertaining to the whale. The cetie acid is a pecu- 
 liar substance obtained from the spermac0ti. Ure. 
 Ce'TIN, 71. [L. cetii^, a whale.] 
 
 A name given to pure spermaceti by Chevreul. 
 €ET-0 LOG'ie-AL, a. [from celology.] Pertaining 
 to cetology. 
 
 CE-TOL'O-GIST, 71. One who is versed in the natu- 
 ral history of the whale and its kindred animals. 
 
 CE-TOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. /tijToj, a whale, and Xuyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The doctrine or natural history of cetaceous ani- 
 mals. " Ed, Encyc, 
 
 Ce'TUS, 71. [Supra.] In astronomy, the Whale, a 
 large constellation of the southern hemisphere. 
 
 CeY'LAN-ITE, 7!. [from Cnjhn,] A dingy blue, 
 or grayish black, variety of spinel. It is also called 
 plconaste, Cyc, Ure, 
 
 CHAB'A-SIE, ) 71. [Gr. xaPa^tni, one of twenty 
 
 CHAB'A-SlTE, ) species of stones mentioned in the 
 poem irepi \iO('W, ascribed to Orpheus. This term 
 was introduced into modern mineralogy by Box 
 d'Antic. Sc.hahasit, Werner.] 
 
 A mineral classcti with the Zeolites, occurring in 
 oblique, glassy crystals, (rhombohedrons,) having 
 nearly the form of the cube. Other crystals have 
 the form of double, six-sided pyramids. It is either 
 colorless or tinged with red or a shade of yellow. 
 The principal constituents are silica, alumina, and 
 lime, with 20 per cent, of water. Gmelinite, leoyne, 
 acadiolite, and sedererite, are considered varieties of 
 this mineral. Dana. 
 
 CHACE. See Chase. 
 
 CHA-COON', 71. [Sp. c/iacnna.] A dance like a saraband. 
 Cll.\D, (shad,) 71. A kind of fish ; the shad. Caretc, 
 CHaFE, V, t, [Fr. echauffrr; Sp. escalfar, to warm ; 
 
 Port, escalfar, to poach or boil slightly ; from the root 
 
 of h. cnleo, whence calefio, calfacio,] 
 
 1. To excite heat or inflammation by friction ; as, 
 to chafe the skin ; also, to fret and wear by rubbing ; 
 as, to cbiife a cable. 
 
 2. To excite heat in the mind ; to excite passion ; 
 to inflame ; to make angry ; to cause to fret ; to pro- 
 voke or incense. 2 Sam. xvii. 8. 
 
 3. To excite violent action ; to cause to rage ; as, 
 the wind chafes the ocean. 
 
 4. To perfume ; rather, to stimulate, or agitate ; to 
 excite by pungent odors. 
 
 Lilies, whose scent chafed the air. Suckling. 
 CHAFE, V, i. To be excited or heated; to rage; to 
 fret ; to be in violent action. Pope. 
 
 2. To act violently upon, by rubbing ; to fret 
 against, as waves against a shore. 
 
 The troiihled TilxT chafing witji his shoivt. Shak. 
 
 3. To be fretted and worn by rubbing; as, a cable 
 CHAFE, n. Heat, excitoil by friction. [chafes. 
 
 2. Violent agitation of the mind or passions ; heat; 
 fret ; passion. Camden, 
 CHAF'KD, (chaft,) pp, or a. Heated or fretted by 
 rubbing ; worn by friction. 
 
 FATE, PAR, Fi^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, AIOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 __ — 
 
CHA 
 
 CHAF'F.K, n. One who chafes. 
 
 CIIAK'KR, n. [Pax. ecufiir; D. kever ; G. kiifrr.] 
 An in.scct, a sjtecics of Scnrabtcus, or beetle. 
 
 CHaF'ER-Y, II. [from chafe] III iron worfct, a 
 forge in wliich the metal is subjected to a welding 
 heat. JVicholson. 
 
 CIIAKE'-W.AX, II. In K/ic/anJ, an otTicer belonging 
 to the lord chancellor, who fits tlie wax fur the seal- 
 ing of writs. Harris. 
 
 CHAFF, n. [Sax. eenf; D. kaf: G. kaff.] 
 
 1. Tlie liiwk or dry calyx of corn and grasses. In 
 common lanrruagr, the word is applied to the Inisks 
 when separated from the corn by thrashing, riddling, 
 or winnowing. The word is sometimes used, rather 
 improperly, to denote straw cut small for the food of 
 
 ^cattle. Miirtijn. EncyC' 
 
 2. Refuse ; worthless matter ; es|)eciaHy that which 
 is light, and apt to be driven by the wind. In Scrip- 
 ture, tlilse doctrines, fruitless designs, hypocrites, and 
 ungodly men, are compared to cluilf. Ps. i. 4. Jer. 
 xxiii. 28. /%. xxxiii. 11. Mall. iii. 12. 
 
 ClIAFF'-eUT-TER, n. A machine for cutting up 
 I straw, *cc., into chart". 
 
 I ClIAF'FER, V. i. [Sax. ccapian ; D. koopcn ; G. kaufen ; 
 
 B\v. kiipii ; Dan. kiobrr, to bargain or buy. It seems 
 to be radically the same word as cheap, cheapen, and 
 chap in chapman. See Cheap.] 
 
 To treat about a purch:ise ; to bargain ; to haggle ; 
 to negotiate ; to chop and change ; as, to chaffer for 
 prefi-rments. Drijden. 
 
 CH.XF'FER, r. f. To buy ; to exchange. Spenser. 
 [In Ihis sense it is oh.-<olete.'\ 
 
 rilAF'FKR, 71. Slerchandisp. [A^o< in lu*.] Skelton. 
 
 ClIAF'FER-ER, n. One who chaflers; a bargainer; 
 a buyer. 
 
 CIIAI"FI'R-ING, ppr. or a. Bargaining; buying. 
 CIIAF'F1;R.\, II. .\ vessel for heating water. [Local.] 
 [l CIIAF'FKR-Y, ri. Traffic ; buying and selling. [Ol>s.] 
 
 I I Spenser. 
 CIIAF'FliVCH, n. [chaff and Jlnch.] A species of 
 
 birds belonging to the Fringillidie or Finch family, 
 which are said to delight in chaff, and are admired 
 for (heir song. 
 
 CIIAFF'I,E.SS, 0. Without chaff. Shak. 
 
 CII.'iFF'\VEED, n. A plant, cudweed, a species of 
 Giiaphalium ; but this name is given also to the Cen- 
 tiinciihis. Jtluhlenberir. 
 
 CHAFF'Y, a. Like chaff; full of chaff; light; as, 
 c/uiffii straws ; chnffy opinions. Brown. GtanviUe. 
 
 CHAF'IN'G, 71. State of being rubbed by friction. 
 
 CHAF'ING, ;>pr. Heating or fretting by friction ; vex- 
 ing or fretting the mind. 
 
 CHAF'ING-Dl.SII, n. [chafe and dish.] A dish or 
 vessel to hold coals for heating any thing set on it ; 
 a portable grate for coals. 
 
 CHA-GRIN', (sba-grin',) n. [Fr. This word, ap- 
 1 plied to a particular kind of skin or leather, is said 
 to be derived from a Turkish word, sai;ri, Fr. croupe. 
 The skin is dressed so as to present on its surface lit- 
 tle eminences. See SHAGBEtX.] 
 Ill-liuinor ; vexation ; peevishness ; fretfulness. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 CHA-GRIN', (sha-grin',) v. t. [Fr. chmrriner.] 
 To excite ill humor in ; to vex ; to mortifv. 
 CHA-GRI\'£D, pp. Vexed ; fretted ; displeased. 
 CH.^ IX, 71. [Fr. chatne, for chaisne ; Norm, cadene, and 
 cheipie ; Arm. chaden, cadenn, or jadenn ; Sp. cadena ; 
 Port, eadca ; It. caUna ; L. catena ; D. keUn ; G. keUe y 
 
 S , 
 
 Sw. kiUia ; Dan. kede ; VV. cadwen ; du. Ar. iLi^^ 
 - - 5 
 
 from iX^=i ttkada, to bind or make fast.] 
 
 1. A series of links or rings connected, or fitted in- 
 to one another, usually made of some kind of metal ; 
 as, a chain of gold, or of iron ; but the word is not 
 restricted to any particular kind of material. It is 
 used often for an ornament about the person. 
 
 2. That which binds ; a real chain ; that which 
 restrains, contines, or fetters ; a bond. 
 
 If Go*i Bp.\rc<1 nut the Migfla lhat sinned, but delirered them into 
 chains of dnrkncu. — 2 Pet. U. 
 
 3. Bondage ; affliction. 
 
 He hath made my chain beary. — I^am. iii. 
 
 4. Bondage ; slavery. 
 
 In drspotism the people deep loimdly in thrir chain*. Amtt. 
 
 5. Ornament. Prov. i. 9. 
 
 6. A series of things linked together; a series of 
 things connected or following in succession ; as, a 
 chain of causes, of ideas, or events ; a chain of 
 being. 
 
 7. A range, or line of things connected ; w, a chain 
 of mountains. 
 
 8. A series of links, forming an instrument to 
 measure land. 
 
 9. A string of twisted wire, or something similar, 
 to hang a watch on, and for other purposes. 
 
 _ 10. In France, a measure of wood for fuel, and Ta- 
 rious commodities, of various length. 
 
 11. In ship-buildina, chains are strong links or plates 
 of iron, bolted, at the lower end, to the ship's side. 
 
 CHA 
 
 used tn contain the blocks called denit-njes, by which 
 the shrouds of the mast are extended. 
 
 12. The warp in weaving, as in French. 
 
 13. Chain, ill surveying land, is in length four rods 
 or perches, or sixty-six feet. It consists of one hun- 
 dred links, each link T-^^^u inches. 
 
 Chain-wales, (of a ship.) See Channel. 
 
 Top-chain ; on board a ship, a chain to sling the sail- 
 yards in time of battle, to prevent their falling, when 
 the ropes that support them are shot away. Encyc 
 CHAIN, V. I. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain ; 
 to fasten or bind with any thing in the manner of a 
 chain. 
 
 2. To enslave ; to keep in slavery. 
 
 And whici) more blest ? who chained hia country, »\y. 
 
 Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a d;iy f Pope. 
 
 3. To guard with a chain, as a harbor or passage. 
 
 4. To unite; to form chain-work. 
 CIIAIN'KD, 77/1. or a. Made fast or bound by a chain ; 
 
 connected by a chain ; bound ; enslaved. 
 
 CIIAIN'ING, ppr. Binding, fastening, or connecting 
 with a chain; binding, or attaching to ; enslaving. 
 
 ClIAIN'LESS, a. Having no chains. 
 
 ClIAIN'-I'U.Ml", 71. .\ pump consisting of a long 
 chain, equipped with a sufficient number of valves 
 or buckets, moving on two wheels, one above, the 
 other below, passing downward through a wooden 
 tube, and returning through another. It is managed 
 by a long winch, on which several men may be em- 
 ployed at once. Knctje. 
 
 CHAIN'-SIIOT, 71. Two balls, or half balls, connect- 
 ed by a chain, and tised in naval battles to cut down 
 masts, or cut awav shroutis and rigging. 
 
 CIIAIN'-VVORK, 71. Work consisting of threads, 
 cords, and the like, linked together in the form of 
 a chain, as lineal cliaining or tambour-work, reticu- 
 lation or net-work, &c. Ed. Eneijc. 
 
 CH.AIR, II. [Fr. ehaire, a pulpit, contracted from Norm. 
 cadiere, as chain frttm calrna; Ann. cudarn, or cador i 
 Ir. caOiaoir; h. caUtedra ; Gr. KnUiiiia, connected with 
 KitQc\"fint, to sit, Kara and i^ojiat ; VV, cadair, a seat 
 or stool.] 
 
 1. A movable seat ; a frame with a bottom made 
 of different materials, used for persons to sit in ; 
 originally, a stool, and anciently, a kind of pulpit 
 in churches. 
 
 2. A seat of justice, or of authority ; as, a chair of 
 state. 
 
 3. A seat for a professor, or his office ; as, the pro- 
 fessor's chair. 
 
 4. The seat for a speaker or presiding officer of a 
 public council or assembly ; as, the speaker's chair ; 
 and, by a metonymy, the speaker himself; as, to ad- 
 dress the chair. 
 
 5. A sedan ; a vehicle on poles borne by men. 
 
 6. A pulpit. Burnet. 
 
 7. A two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse ; 
 a gig. 
 
 8. Supreme office or magistracy. 
 
 When Governor Sbute cinie to the chair, seTertU of the old 
 couiicilore were laid aside. Belknap. 
 
 9. The iron blocks which support and secure the 
 rails in a railway. 
 
 10. Chair, and chair-day, are used by Shakspeare 
 for the evening of life ; as, " In Illy chair-days thus 
 to die in ruffian battle." T'uuiie. 
 
 Should bring tliy fathsr to his drooping cAoir. Shak. 
 Cur>ile chair ; an ivory seat, placed on a car, used 
 by the prime magistrates of Rome. 
 
 CHAIR, V. u To carry publicly in a chair in triumph ; 
 applied to a candidate for office who has gained his 
 election. [Eni;.] 
 
 CII AIR'f:D, pp. or a. Carried or seated on a chair. 
 
 CHAIR'IXG, P/I1-. and n. Carrying a successful can- 
 didate in a chair, in token of triumph. [Eng.] 
 
 CIIAIR'.M.V.\, n. The presiding officer or speaker of 
 an assembly, association, or company ; particularly of 
 a legislative house ; also, the president or senior mem- 
 ber of a committee. 
 2. One whose business is to carry a chair. Dryden. 
 
 CHAIR'MAN-SHIP, n. The office of a chairman or 
 presiding officer of a meeting. Parriana. 
 
 CHAISE, (shize,) n. [Fr. c/uise, a seat or chair. Uu. 
 It. seiriria.] 
 
 A two-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse ; a 
 gig. It is open or covered. 
 €HA-LA'ZA, rt. [Gr.] In botany, a small, brown 
 spot upon the testa of a seed, formed by the union 
 of certain vessels proceeding from the liiliini ; a part 
 of a seed, springing from an expansiim of the raphe, 
 where it communicates with the base of the nucleus. 
 
 Lmdlejj. 
 
 eilAL-CE-nON'ie, a. Pertaining to chalcedony. 
 
 CIIAL-CED'O-NV, or CHAL'CE-DO-NY, it. [from 
 Chalccdon, a town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzan- 
 tium. Pliny informs us that ChaUedim signifies 
 the tmtn of blind men. The last syllable, then, is 
 the Celtic dan, English tmon, a fact that the histo- 
 rian should not overlook. Plin. lib. h, 32.] 
 
 An uncr>'stallized, translucent variety of quartz, 
 haying a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. 
 It is found covering the sides of cavities in amygda- 
 
 CHA 
 
 loid, and forming stalactites in these cavities, and i* 
 a deposit from infiltrated siliricnis waters. When 
 cAa/ccrfony of different cidors is arranged in stn|ies, 
 it constitutes agate; and if the stripes are all hori- 
 zontal, it IS onyr. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony ; 
 carnetian, a flesh-red, and sard, a grayish-red va- 
 rietv. 
 
 eilAh-CED'O-NVX, n. A variety of agate, in which 
 white and gray layers alternate. Clcaveland. 
 
 CIIAI/CITE, n. [Gr. \aXit"f, brass.] 
 
 Sulphate of iron, of a red color, so far calcined as 
 to have lost a considerable part of its acid. Fourcroy. 
 
 €HAL-eoG'RA-PHER, j n. [Infra.] An engraver 
 
 €IIAI^eOG'R.\-PHIST, ( on copper and brass. 
 
 eilAL eOG'RA PIIV, n. [Gr. xu^'xf, brass, and 
 ) pn'iu, to write.] 
 The art or art of engraving on copper or brass. 
 
 eilAIj-DA'ie, a. Pertaining to Chaldea, anciently a 
 country on the Frat or hhiphrates, in Asia, called, in 
 Scripture, Shinar. Of this Babylon was the princi- 
 pal city. 
 
 eilAL-DA'IC, n. The language or dialect of the Chal- 
 deans. 
 
 eilAL'DA-TSM, n An idiom or pcculiaritv in the 
 Clialdce dialect. Parlthurst. 
 
 eHAL-I)i;'A.\, n. .\n inhabitant of Chaldea. 
 
 CHAL'UEE, a. Pertaining to Chaldea. 
 
 eilAL'DEE, 71. The language or dialect of the Chal- 
 deans. 
 
 CHAL'DRO.V, \ n. [Fr. chaudron: Sp. caUleron ; It. 
 CIIAL'DER, > caWrronc, a kettle. The same word 
 eilAtJ'DRO.N", ) as caldron. Chalder is not in use in 
 tlie United States.] 
 
 A measure of coals consisting of thirty-six bushels. 
 [Pronounced, in England, ehawVdron or cha'dron.] 
 CIIAL'ICE, n. [Fr. calice; Sp. culii ; It. calice : D. 
 kelk: G. *c/c/i; L. «n/i-t ; Gr. Kf\ii. It should, from 
 its etymology, have been written Calice.] 
 A cup or bowl ; usually, a communion-cup. 
 CII.\L'IC-/-"I), (chal'ist,) a. Having a cell or cup ; ap- 
 plied by Shakspeare to a flower ; but I believe little 
 used. 
 
 CHALK, (chawk,) 11. [Sax. ceale; D. Dan. and G. 
 kaik ; Sw. kalck ; W. calc ; Corn, kalch ; Ir. cailk ; L. 
 eatz : Fr. chaux. The Latin calx is limestone, chalk- 
 stone, and the heel, and calco is to kick and to tread. 
 In Italian culca is a crowd. The sense then is, a 
 mass made compact, a clod or lump. If the Greek 
 XaAi(, flint, gravel, is the same word, the Latins de- 
 viated from their usual practice in writing calr, for 
 chilli. These words are probably connected in origin 
 with callus.] 
 
 A well-known calcareous earth, of an opaque white 
 color, soft, and admitting no polish. It contains a 
 large portion of carbonic acid, and is a variety of car- 
 bonate of lime. It is used as an absorbent and anti- 
 acid. Cleaveland. J^icholson. Kinran. .^ikin. 
 
 Black chalk is a species of earth used by painters 
 for drawing on blue paper. 
 
 Bed chalk is an indurated clayey ocher used by 
 painters and artificers. 
 
 French chalk is steatite or soapstonc, a soft magnc- 
 sian mineral. 
 
 CHALK, r. (. To rub with chalk ; to mark with chalk. 
 
 2. To manure with chalk, as land. 
 
 3. From the use of chalk in marking lines, the 
 phrase to chalk out is used to signify, to lay out, 
 draw ont, or describe ; as, to chalk out a plan of pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 CHALK'-eUT-TER, n. A man that digs chalk. 
 
 IVoodward. 
 
 CHALK'iTD, (chawkd,) pp. Marked with chalk. 
 CHA LKT-NESS, (chawk'i-ness,) 71. The state of being 
 CHALK'ING, ppr. Marking with chalk. [chalky. 
 •CHALK'-PIT, n. A pit in which chalk is dug. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CHALK'-STONE, n. In medicine, a concretum in 
 the hands and feet of men violently affected by the 
 gout, once supposed to be of a chalky nature, but 
 comptised chiefly of uric acid in combination with 
 soda. Brande. 
 2. A sm.ill lump of chalk. Isaiah. 
 
 ClIALK'V, (chawk'y,) a. Resembling chalk; as, a 
 chalky taste. 
 
 2. White with chalk ; consisting of chalk ; as, 
 chalky cliffs. Rowe. 
 
 3. Impregnated with chalk ; as, chalky water. 
 CHAL'LE.VGE, 71. [Norm, ealrnge^ an accusation; 
 
 chalunge, a claim ; tJiallengrr, to claim ; from the roo\ 
 of call, Gr. k a\£t<), kz\\('>, L. calo. See Call.] 
 
 Literally, a calling, or crying out, the primary sense i 
 of many words expressing a demand ; as, claim, L. 
 clamo. Hence, appropriately, 
 
 1. A calling upon one to fight in single combat ; an 
 invit-ition or summons, verbal or written, to decide a 
 controversy by a duel. Hence, the letter containing 
 the summons is also called a challenge. 
 
 2. An invitation to a contest of any kind ; as, a 
 challenge to a public debate. 
 
 3. The art of a sentry, who challengts those who 
 appear at his post. 
 
 4. A claim or demand made of a right or supposed 
 right. 
 
 There must be do ehallengt of superior4t]r. (^Ui0r, 
 
 TONE, BULL, QNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; B as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 84 
 
 189 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 5. Among Au7i£er«,tlie opening and crj ingof hounds 
 at first finding tlic scent of their game. Eiicyc. 
 
 6. In late, an exception to jurors ; the claim of a 
 party that certain jurors shall not sit in trial upon 
 him or his cause ; that is, a calling them off. The 
 right of challenge is given, both in civil and crhninal 
 trials, for certain causes which are supposed to dis- 
 qualify a juror to be an impartial judge. The right 
 of challenge extends either to the w hole panel or ar- 
 ray, or only to particular jurors, called a challenge U> 
 the polls. A principal cUallenirc, is that which the law 
 allows without cause assigned. A challcnire to the 
 favor, is when the party alleges a special cause. In 
 criminal cases, a prisoner may challenge twenty ju- 
 rors without assigning a cause. This is called a 
 pernnptory clinllenge. Blackstone, 
 
 7. In elections, an exception to a person as not le- 
 gally qualified to vote. [United States.] 
 
 CIlAL'LEi\(5E, V. t. To call, invite, or summon to 
 answer, for an offense, by single coinbat or duel. 
 
 2. To call to a contest of any kind ; as, I challenge 
 a man to prove what he asserts, implying defiance. 
 
 3. To accuse ; to call to answer. Spenser. S/uik. 
 
 4. To claim as due ; to demand as a right ; as, the 
 Supreme Heing chatlcnge.i our reverence and homage. 
 
 5. In law, to call off a juror, or jurors ; or to de- 
 mand that jurors shall not sit in trial upon a cause. 
 [See the noun.] 
 
 C. In election.-', to object to a person as not qualified 
 to vote. [ United Stiitex.] 
 
 7. To call to the performance of conditions. 
 CHAI/I.ENGE-A-BLE, o. That may be challenged ; 
 
 that may be called to an account. Sadler. 
 CHAL'LEi\G-£D, pp. or a. Called to combat or to 
 contest ; claimed ; demanded as due ; called from a 
 jurj'. 
 
 CilAL'LEXG-ER, n. One who challenges ; one who 
 invites to a single combat ; one who calls on another 
 by way of defiance. Sliak. 
 
 •2. One who claims superiority ; one who claims 
 any thing as his right, or makes pretensions to it. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. One who calls a juror, or a jury, from the trial 
 of his cause. 
 
 CHAL'LEN'G-ING, p;jr. Summoning to a duel, or to 
 contest ; claiming as a right ; defying ; calling off 
 from a jury. 
 
 CHAL'LIS, (shal'ly,) n. An elegant, twilled, fine 
 woolen fabric, used for ladies' dresses. 
 
 Eneyc. of Dam. Econ. 
 €HA-LYB'E-AN, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to steel well 
 
 tempered. Milton. 
 CH A-LYB'E-ATE, a. [L. chalybs ; Gr. steel ; 
 
 Qu. from Chalybs, a town near the Euxinc.] 
 
 Impregnated with particles of iron; as, cluUybeate 
 waters. 
 
 eil.^-LYB'E-.^TE, n. Any water or other liquor into 
 which iron enters. 
 
 eH.\.M, (kam,) n. The sovereign prince of Tartaty. 
 I'suallv written Khan. 
 
 CIIA-.MADE', (sha-made',) n, [Fr.,from It.chiamata, 
 a calling; cltiamare, to call; L. clamo ; Sp.llamadai 
 Port, chamada, from chanuir, to call. See Claim.] 
 
 In mar, the beat of a drum or sound of a trumpet, 
 inviting an enemy to a pailey ; as for making a prop- 
 osition for a truce, or for a capitulation. Encyc. 
 
 CIIa.M'BER, n. [Fr. chambre ; .\rin. campr, cambr : It. 
 camera i Port. Sp. camara; h. camera; Gr. xaiiaoa, an 
 arched roof, vault, or upper gallery, a chamber ; D. 
 kamer; G. Icammer : Sw. kammare; Dan. hammer j Ch. 
 
 10 p to arch ; Eth. 't'^C kamare, an arch or vault.] 
 
 1. An apartment in an upper story, or in a story 
 above the lower floor of a dwelling-house, often used 
 as a lodging-rtmm. 
 
 2. Any retired room ; any private apartment which 
 a person occupies ; as, he called on the judge at his 
 chamber. 
 
 Joseph entered into hU chamber and wept. — Gen. xliii. 
 
 3. Any retired place. 
 
 Il'-r \mnv^ is ihe wny to hell, going down to tlie chamhera of 
 drath. — Prov. Tii. 
 
 4. A hollow or cavity ; as, the chamber of the eye. 
 
 Sharp. 
 
 5. A place where nn assembly meets, and the as- 
 sembly itself, applied particularly to legislative and 
 judicial bodies; as, star chamber; imperial chamber; 
 chamber of accounts; ecclesiastical chamber; \mvy 
 chamber ; cliamber of peers, &.C. 
 
 (j. In military affairs, the chamberofa mortar is that 
 pari of the bore where the powder lies. 
 
 7. A powder-chamber, or bomb-chamhcr, a place un- 
 der ground for holding powder and bombs, where 
 they may be safe, and secured from rains. 
 
 8. The chamber of a mine; a place, generally of a 
 cubical form, where the powder iu confined. 
 
 9. A upecii'S of ordnance. Qu. Camden. 
 
 10. The rh.iids. Pt. civ. 
 
 11. Certain southern constellations which are hid 
 from us. 
 
 The thambtrt of the iouth. — Joh if. 
 CIlXM'nER-COUN'CIL, i. A private or secret coun- 
 cil. Shak. 
 
 CHaM'BER-COUN'SEL, n. A counselor who gives 
 his opinion in a private apartment, but does not ad- 
 vocate causes in court. 
 
 CIIaM'BER of eOM'MERCE, n. A board to pro- 
 tect the interests of commerce, chosen from among 
 the merchants and traders of a city. 
 
 CH.\M'BER-VVrN"DoVV, ii. The window of a cham- 
 ber. 
 
 CHaM'BER, v. i. To reside in or occupy as a cham- 
 ber. 
 
 2. To be wanton ; to indulge in lewd or immodest 
 behavior. Rom. xiii. 
 CHAM'BER, t'. (. To shut up, as in a chamber. Shak. 
 CUaM'BER-£D, pp. or a. Shut up, as in a chamber. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. a. In conclwlogy, divided into compartments by 
 walls or partitions ; as, a chambered shell. Buckland. 
 
 CHa.M'BEH-ER, 71. One who intrigues, or indulges in 
 wantonness. Shak. 
 
 CHaM'BER-FEL'LoVV, 71. One who sleeps in the 
 s:tme ai>artment. Spectator. 
 
 CHa.M'BER-HANG'ING, 71. Tapestry or hangings 
 for a chamber. 
 
 CHa.M'BER-ING, 71. Wanton, lewd, immodest beha- 
 vior. Hom. xiii. 
 
 CHaM'BER-LAIN, (-lin,) n. [Fr. chambellan ; Arm. cam- 
 brelan ; Sp. camarero ; Port, camareiro ; It. camcrlingo ; 
 D. kamerling ; Dan. kammer-herrc ; L. camcrarins.\ 
 
 1. An officer charged with the direction and man- 
 agement of the private apartments of a monarch or 
 noble. He was originally keeper of the treasure 
 chamber ; and hence, in some municipal corpora- 
 tions, the term denotes treasurer. The lord cham- 
 berlain of Great Britain is the sixth officer of the 
 crown. To him belong livery and lodging in the 
 king's court ; on coronation day, he brings to the king 
 hi^ apparel, his sword, scabbarti, &c. He dresses and 
 undresses the king on that day, and waits on him be- 
 fore and after dinner. To him also belongs the care 
 of providing all things in the house of lords, in time 
 of parliament. Under him are the gentleman usher 
 of the black rod, and other ofiicers. T'he lord cham- 
 berlain of the household has the oversight of all of- 
 ficers belonging to the king's chambers, except the 
 precinct of the bed-chamber, of the wardrobe, phy- 
 sicians, chaplains, bivbers, &c., and administers the 
 oath to all officers above stairs. 
 
 The chamberlains of the exchequer of London, of 
 Chester, of North Wales, &c., are receivers of 
 rents and revenues. Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 2. A servant who lias the care of the chambers in 
 an inn, or hotel. 
 
 CHaM'BER-LAIN-SHIP, 7t. The office of a cham- 
 
 CHa.M'BER-LYE, K. Urine. [berlain. 
 
 CH.^M'BER-MaID, 71. A woman who has the care 
 of chambers, making the beds, and cleaning the 
 rooms, or who dresses a lady, and waits upon her in 
 her apartment. 
 
 CHaM'BER-POT, 71. A vessel used in bed-rooms. 
 
 CHaM'BER-PRAC'TICE, 71. The practice of coun- 
 selors at law, who give their opinions in private, but 
 do not appear in court. 
 
 CHAM'BREL, ri. The joint or bending of the upper 
 part of a horse's hind leg. In New England, pro- 
 nounced gnnibrcl, which see. 
 
 CHA-.Mi^'LE-ON, 71. [h. chamtsleon ; Gr. xa/iaiAcwi/.] 
 An animal of the genus Lacerta, or lizard, with a 
 naked body, a tail, and four feet. The body is six 
 or seven inches long, and the tail five inches ; with 
 this it clings to the branches of trees. The skin is 
 cold to the touch, and contains small gr.tins, or emi- 
 nences, of a bluish-gray color in the shade, but in 
 the light of the sun, all parts of the body become of 
 a grayish-brown, or tawny color. It has, however, 
 the power of greatly changing its color. It is a na- 
 tive of_Africa andAsia. Encyc. 
 
 CHA-Mlc'LE-ON-IZE, v. t. To change into various 
 colors. Diet. 
 
 CHAM'FER, 7>. (. [Corrupted from Fr. echancrer, to 
 hollow, to cut sloping ; Arm. chancra ; said to be 
 from cancer.] 
 
 1. 'I'o channel ; to cut a furrow, as in a column, 
 or to cut into a sloping ftirin, or bevel. 
 
 Johnson. Bailey. Enn/c. 
 
 2. To wrinkle. Shak. 
 CHAM'FER, ) 71. A small gutter, or furrow, cut in 
 CHAM'FUET, ( wood, or other hard material. 
 
 2. A slope, or bevel. 
 CH AM'FER-/.I), pp. or a. Cut into furrows, or cut 
 
 sloping, or beveling. 
 CHAM'FER-ING, ;)/<r. Cutting a gutter in ; cutting 
 
 in a slope, or bevel. 
 €H AM'ITE, n. Fossil remains of the Chama, a shell. 
 eUAM'LET. Pee Cami.f.t. 
 
 CIIA.M'OIS, (sliam'my or sha-inoi',) Ti. TFr., from It. 
 camoiza : Sp. gamnza, from gamo, a buclt.] 
 
 An animal of file goat kind, whose skin is made 
 into soft letither, called ehamoui, or chamois leather. 
 It is now arranged with the antelopes. Curier. 
 eHAM'O-.MIlJ"., 71. [(Jr. xa/iiii,on the ground, and 
 pnXni., an apple.] 
 
 The popular name of llie Jinthemis nobilis ; a bitter 
 plant, iniicli used in medii-ine. 
 CH/ViMP, V. I. [Kr. champayer, I have not found. Qu. 
 
 Gr. KajTTOJ, for vi is often casual before a labial, and 
 in Gr. yanipai is the jaws.] 
 
 1. To bite with repeated action of the teeth ; as, a 
 horse e/tamps the bit. 
 
 2. To bite into small pieces ; to chew ; to masticate ; 
 to devour. Dryden. 
 
 CHA.MP, V. i. To chew; to perform the action of 
 biting by repeated motion of the teeth ; as, to champ 
 upon the bit. Hooker, 
 
 CH.\.M-PaG.\E', (sham-pine',) 71. A kind of brisk, 
 sparkling wine, from Champagne, in France. 
 
 CHAM-PaIGN', 71. [from camp, or the same root.] A 
 flat, open country. Bacon. Milton. 
 
 CHA.M-PaIGN', (sham-pine',) a. Level, open; as 
 a champaign countiy. 
 
 CHA.M-PaIN', 71. In heraldry, champain, or point 
 champain, is a mark of dishonor in the coat of aruis 
 of him who has killed a prisoner of war after he has 
 asked for quarter. Encyc. 
 
 CIIMIP DE MARS, (shdng de niarz,) [Fr. ;] literally, 
 the field of .Mars ; an extensive, open space in Paris, 
 used for military reviews and public assemblies. 
 
 CII.'VMP'i'.'D, pp. Bitten ; chewed. 
 
 CHAMP'ER, n. One that champs, or bites. 
 
 CHAM'PER-TOR, 71. [See Champertv.] In law, 
 one who is guilty of champerty, which see. 
 
 CHAM'PER-TY, 71. [Fr. champurl, fiuld-rcnt ; champ, 
 L. campus, a field, ^nd part, a share, or partir, to di- 
 vide, campum parlire.] 
 
 A species of maintenance, being a bargain with a 
 plaintiff, or defendant, to divide the land, or other 
 matter in suit, between them, if they prevail ; 
 whereupon the champertor is to carry on the party's 
 suit at his own expense. The purchase of a suit, or 
 of the right of suing. Blackstone. 
 
 CHAM-PIGN'ON, (sham-pin'yoii,) 71. [Fr.] A kind 
 of edible mushroom. 
 
 CH.AMP'ING, ppr. Biting with repeated action. 
 
 CHAM'PI-0.\', n. [Fr. c/ia77i;)(oii ; Arm. cam/ii/oii ; Sp. 
 campeon ; Port, campeam, or campiaoi ; U. campione; 
 D. hamper, or kampvegtcr ; G. kampfcr. In all the 
 Teutonic dialects, camp, or /iamy?, signifies a combat, 
 and in some of them, a camp;. Sax. campa, a camp, 
 anil a combat ; cempa, a soldier, warrior, or gladia- 
 tor; W. camp, a game, a feat; campiaw, to contend 
 in a game. Here we have the origin of the Latin 
 campus. It was originally the plain, or open place 
 appropriated to games, sports, and athletic exercises.] 
 
 1. A man who undertakes a combat in the place 
 or cause of another. Baron. 
 
 2. .\ man who fights in his own cause in a duel. 
 
 3. A hero ; a brave warrior. Hence, one who is 
 bold in contest ; as, a champion for the truth. 
 
 CHAM'PI-ON, 7'. (. To challenge to a combat. ShaJi. 
 CH.\M'PI-ON-£D, pp. Challenged to combat. 
 CHAM'PI-ON-ESS, n. A female champion. Fairfax. 
 CHAM'PI-ON-ING, ppr. Challenging to combat. 
 CHAM'PI-ON-SHIP, 71. State of being a champion. 
 
 JV. J*. Reo. 
 
 CH.\M-PoL'LTON-IST,(sham-p6l'yun-ist,) 71. A fol- 
 lower of Champollion the younger, in respect to 
 Egyptian hieroglyphics. 
 
 CHANCE, 71. [Fr. chance; Norm, cheannce; Arm. 
 chan^i ; D. kans ; G. sclianze. This seems to be from 
 the participle of the French verb cheoir, to fall, Sp. 
 cacr, from the L. cado, or directly from the Littin 
 cadcns, cadentia.] 
 
 1. An event that happens, falls out, or takes place, 
 without being contrived, intended, expected, or fore- 
 seen ; the effect of an unknown cause, or the unu- 
 sual or unexpected effect of a known cause ; acci- 
 dent ; casualty ; fortuitous event ; as, time and 
 chance happen to all. 
 
 By cltance a priest cime down that way. — Luke x. 
 
 2. Fortune ; what fortune may bring ; as, they 
 must take their chance. 
 
 3. An event, good or evil ; success or misfortune ; 
 luck. Shak. 
 
 4. Possibility of an occurrence ; opportunitj-. 
 
 Your lal^yship may have a chance to escape this addresa. Swi/L 
 
 CHANCE, r. i. To happen ; to fall out ; to come, or 
 arrive, without design or expectation. 
 
 If a bird's iHul chance to l>e before tbee. — Deut. xxii. 
 
 Ah, Casca, tell us w liat haUi chanced to day. Shak. 
 
 CHANCE, a. Happening by chance; casual; as, a 
 chance comer. 
 
 CHANCE'A-BLE, a. Accidental ; casual ; fortuitous. 
 CHANCE'A-BLY, adv. C.i-sually ; by chance. 
 CHANCE'-et"5M-ER, ( kuni'er,) »i. One who comes 
 
 unexpectedly. .Addison, 
 CHANCED, (cli.lnst,) pp. of Chance. 
 CIIaNCE'FIJL, (I. Hazardous. Spenser. 
 CHANCING, ppr. Ilaiipening. 
 
 ClIANCE'-MED'LEY, «. [chance and medley, a mix- 
 ture ; but more propiTly, chnudemell. Norm. Fr.,a hot 
 debate, strife, or quarrel ; chnud, hot, from L. calidus, 
 and mellcr, for mesler, to mix.] 
 
 In law, the kilting iif another in self-defense upon 
 a sudden and unpremedilnted enctiunter. The term 
 has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide 
 by misadventure, but, in strictness, .h applicable to 
 such killing only as happens in defending one's self 
 against assault. Blackstone. P. Cyc. Bouvier. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^Ll., WHAT. — METE, PEBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
CH A 
 
 CIIAN'CKL, n. [Fr. chancel, or ehanccau; L. cancetli, 
 IfUlicos, or cross4jar9, inclosing the place ; Sp. cancel, 
 cancitltt,3. wooden screen, a wicker ; It. cnncello, 
 balustrades; Gr. (tijuAij; Cli. SpJp kaiikcl, or kaii- 
 kail, network ; Syr. i/l. See CA^CEL.] 
 
 That part of a clmrcli, between the altar, or coni- 
 niiiriion table, and the balustrade, or railins, that 
 incloses it, or that part where the altar is placed ; 
 formerly inclosed with lattices, or cro.<.-i-bars, as now 
 with rails. Encijc. Johnson. 
 
 ClI.\iN'CEL-LOR, 71. [Fr. chancclier ; Arm. ckanceilher, 
 or cuncdlrr ; Pp. cancitlcr ; Port, chancellcr ; It. can- 
 ccllirre ; I), kansclier ; G. kanztcr; Sw. cant-ilcr; Dan. 
 kantilcr or canlsln ; L. cunccllarius, a scribe, secreta- 
 ry, notary, or chancellor ; from cancelio, to make lat- 
 tice-work, to cancel, or blot out by crossing the lines ; 
 or from cancclli, lattices, because the secretary sat 
 behind lattices.] 
 
 Oriirinallij, a chief notary or scribe, under the Ro- 
 man emperors; but in En/rlaml, in later times, an 
 ollicer invested with judicial powers, and particu- 
 larly with the superintendence of all charters, letters 
 and" other olficial writings of the crown, that required 
 to be solemnly authenticated. Hence this officer 
 brcame the keeper of the greal seal. From the Ro- 
 man empire, this office passed to the church, and 
 hence every bishop has his chancellor. 
 
 yhc lord hiirh cfianccJlor of Great Britain, or 
 kcrprr of the great seal, is the iiighest officer of the 
 crown. He is a privy counselor by his otfice, and 
 prolocutor of the*house of lords by prescription. To 
 him bi kings the appointment of all justices of the 
 p.^ace ; he is keeper of the king's conscience, visitor 
 of :ill hospitals and colleges founded by the king, 
 giiarilian of all cimritable uses, and Judge of the high 
 Court of Chancery. 
 
 Chancellor of an ecclesiastical court, is the bishop's 
 . lawyer, versed in the civil and canon law, to direct 
 the bishop in causes of the church, civil and criminal. 
 
 Chancellor of a caUiedral, is an officer who hears 
 lessons and lectures in the church, by himself or his 
 vicar, inspects schools, hears causes, applies the 
 seal, writes and dispatches letters of the chapter, 
 keeps the books, &c. 
 
 Chancellor of Ulc ezcheiiner, is an officer who pre- 
 sides in that court, and takes care of the interest of 
 the crown. He has power, with the lord treasurer, 
 to lease the crown lands, and with others, to com- 
 pound for forfeitures on penal statutes. He is the 
 highest finance minister of the British government. 
 
 Chancellor of a uniner.iity, is an officer who seals 
 . the diplomas, or letters of degree, &.c. The chan- 
 cellor of Oxford is usually one of the prime nobility, 
 fleeted by Vile students in convocation ; and he holds 
 tne otfice for life. He is the chief magistnite in the 
 government of the university. The chancellor of 
 Cambridge is also elected from among the prime no- 
 bility ; he does not hold his office for life, but may 
 be eh'cted every three years. 
 
 Cli'i'icetlor of tlie order of the Oartcr, and other mil- 
 itary orde rs, is an officer who seals the commissions 
 and riiaiiilates of the chapter and assembly of the 
 knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and 
 delivers their acts under the seal of their order. 
 
 Johnson. En eye. 
 
 In France, a secretary is, in some cases, called a 
 chancellor. In Uic United States, a chancellor is the 
 judge of a court of chancery or equity, established 
 by statute. 
 
 I n Scripture, a master of the decrees, or president 
 of the council. /;:ra iv. 
 
 CIIX\'CEI>-LOR-SHIP, n. The office of a chancel- 
 lor ; the time during which one is chancellor. 
 
 CH.\N'CK-UY, H. [Fr. cluinccllcrie ; Arm. canccllery ; 
 Sp- chnncilleria ; It. canceUeria ; L. cancellaria. from 
 cancelli, lattices, or from the judge, who presided in 
 the court.] 
 
 1. In Great Britain, the highest court of justice, 
 next to the parliament, consisting of two distinct 
 tribunals ; one ordinary, being a court of common 
 law ; the other extraordinary, or a court of equity. 
 The ordin.iry legal court holds ple;is of recogniz,ances 
 acknowledged in the chancery, writs of scire facias 
 for rejM'al of letters patent, writs of partition, and all 
 perscmal actions by or against any officer of the 
 court. Gut if the parties come to issue in fact, this 
 court can not try it by a jury ; but the record must be 
 delivered to the King's Bench. From this court issue 
 all original writs that pass under the great seal, com- 
 missions of charitable uses, bankruptcy, idiocy, lu- 
 nacy, &c. 
 
 'I'lie e.\traordinary court, or Court of Equity, pro- 
 ceeds upon rules of equity and conscience, moderates 
 the rigor of the common law, and gives relief in 
 cases where there is no remedy in the common law 
 
 2. In the United States, a couit of equity. [courts. 
 ClI A.VeilE, (sliank'er,) ii. [Fr. chancre ; Arm. ckancr. 
 
 The same as cancer, cankcr/l 
 .\ venereal ulcer. 
 CIIAN'CROUS, (shank'nis,) o. Ulcerous; having 
 
 the qualities of a chancre. 
 CI1A.N-I)E-LIER', (shan-de-leer',) n. [Fr. id.; Sp. 
 
 candelero ; It. candeliere ; .\rm. eantolozr, or eantuler; 
 
 from L. candela, a candle, from caneo, to shine.] 
 
 CHA 
 
 1. ,\ frame with branches to hold a niiiiiber of 
 candles, to illuminate a public or large room. 
 
 2. In fortification, a movable parapet, strrving to 
 support fascines to cover pioneers. 
 
 CIIAND'LER, n. [Ciu. Fr. chandelier; or rather Teu- 
 tonic handler. See ('oR\-(^H.\NnLKn.] 
 
 A general term for a di aler, the particular meaning 
 being determined by a prefix, as, tallow-cAa/ii/Zer, 
 ship-f /(aiifZ/iT, tec. 
 
 C11.\i\I)'1J:11 LY, a<Zu. Like a chandler. Milton. 
 
 CII.XNl)'LEU-Y, n. The commodities sold by a 
 chandler. 
 
 CHAND'llY, n. The place where candles are kept. 
 
 B. ./onion. 
 
 CII.VN'FRIN, 71. The fore part of a horse's head. 
 
 CHANGE, 71. (. [Fr. chamrer ; \l.cangiarc; .Arm. fce- 
 inch ; Norm, ehuinant; exchanging. Uu. Is this rad- 
 ically the same word as It. cambio, cambiare, Sp. id. ?] 
 
 1. To cause to turn or px«s from, one st.ate to an- 
 other ; to alter, or make diflerent ; to vary in exter- 
 nal form, or in essence ; as, to chanire the color or 
 shape of a thing; to change the countenance; to 
 change the heart or life. 
 
 2. To put one thing in the place of anotlier ; to 
 shift ; as, to change tlve clothes. 
 
 Be dran ami change your gnrmcnl*. — Gen. xxxy. 
 
 3. To quit one thing or stale for another ; followed 
 by for; as, persons educated in a particular religion 
 do not readily change it for another. 
 
 4. To give and take reciprocally ; as, will you 
 change cond itions tcith me 
 
 .'). To barter ; to exchange goods ; as, to change a 
 coach for a chariot. 
 
 0. To quit, as one place for another ; as, to change 
 lodgings. 
 
 7. To give one kind of money for another ; to .alter 
 the form or kind of niimey, by receiving the value 
 in a diflerent kind ; as, to change bank noti s fur silver ; 
 or to give pieces of a larger denominati<m for an 
 equivalent in pieces of smaller denomination ; as, to 
 change an eagle for dollars, or a sovereign for six- 
 pences, or to change a dollar into cents ; or, on the 
 other hand, to change dollars for or info eagles, giv- 
 ing mcmey of smaller denomination for larger. 
 
 tj. To become acid or tainted ; to turn from a nat- 
 ural state of sweetness and purity ; as, the wine is 
 clmnged; thunder and lightning are said lo change 
 milk. 
 
 To change a horse, or to change hand, is to turn or 
 bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, 
 from the left to the right, or from the right to the 
 left. ' Farrier's Diet. 
 
 CHANGE, «. 1. To be altered ; to undergo variatiim ; 
 as, men sometimes change for the better, often for 
 the worse. 
 
 I am Jehovah ; I change iiol. — Mai. iii. 
 2. To pass the sun, as the moon in its orbit; as, 
 the moon wUl change the 14th of this month. 
 CHANGE, 71. Any variation or altenitiiui in form, 
 state, quality, or essence ; or a passing from one 
 state or form to another; as, a change of counte- 
 nance ; a change of habits or principle's. 
 
 2. A succession of one thing in the place of an- 
 other; vicissitude; as, a cA/z/iiye of seasons ; a. cltange 
 of objects on a journey ; a change of scenes. 
 
 3. A revolution ; as, a change of government. 
 
 4. A passing by the sun, and the beginning of a 
 new monthly revolution ; as, a change of the moon. 
 
 5. A diflerent state by removal ; novelty ; variety. 
 Our futhera ilid, for change, to Pniiice repair. Dnjtlen. 
 
 6. Alteration in the order of ringing bells ; variety 
 of sounds. 
 
 Four belli admit twenly.four changes In ringing. Holder. 
 
 7. That which makes a variety, or may be substi- 
 tuted for another. 
 
 Thiny changes of raiinenL — Jutlget xiv. 
 
 8. Small coins of money, which may be given for 
 larger pieces. 
 
 9. The balance of money paid beyond the price of 
 goods purchased ; as, I gave the clerk a bank note 
 for his cloth, and he gave me the change. 
 
 10. The dissolution of the body ; death. 
 
 11. Change, for eichange ; a place where merchants 
 and others meet to transact business ; a building a|>- 
 propriated for mercantile transactions. 
 
 12. In arithmetic, permutation ; variation of nuin- 
 bers. Thirteen numbers admit of 6,227,020,800 
 changes, or different positions. 
 
 CHANGE-A-BIL'I-TY, n. Changeablcness, which is 
 
 generally used. Fleming. 
 CHA.\GE'A-BLE, a. That may change; subject to 
 
 alteration; fickle; inconstant; mutable; variable; 
 
 as, a person of a changeable mind. 
 2. Having the quality of suffering alteration of 
 
 external appearance ; as, changeable silk. 
 CHANGE' A-BLE-NESS, 7i. The quality of being 
 
 changeable ; fickleness ; inconstancy ; instability ; 
 
 mutability. 
 
 2. Susceptibility of change, or alteration. Hooker. 
 CHANGE' A-BLY, adv. Inconstantly. 
 
 CII A.N'O'A'lt. pp. or a Altered ; varied ; turned ; con- 
 
 vi rt'-d ; sliilled. 
 CHA.NGE'FI'I,, a. Full of change ; inconsfant ; 
 
 mutable ; fickle ; uncertain ; subject to alteration 
 
 I'ope. 
 
 CIIa.N'GE'LESS, a. Constant; not admitting aliera- 
 tioll. 
 
 CIlANGE't.ING, 77. [change nu(\ ling. It is said this 
 word originated in a superstitious opinion that fairies 
 steal children, and put others that arc ugly and stupid 
 in their places. Johnson.] 
 
 1. A child left or taken in the place of another. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. .An idiot ; a fool. Dryden. Locke. 
 
 3. One apt to change ; a waverer. Shnk. 
 
 4. Any thing changed and put in the place of 
 another. Sliak. 
 
 Cll.A.VG'ER, 71. One who alters the form of any thing. 
 
 2. One that is employed in changing and discount- 
 ing money ; a money-changer. 
 
 3. One given to change. 
 
 CHaNG'I.NG, ppr. or a. Altering; turning; putting 
 
 one thing for another ; shifting. 
 CllANG'ING, 71. An altering, or putting one thing for 
 
 another. 
 
 CHANG'ING-PIRCE, 71. A term of contempt for one 
 who is fickle or changeable. Shak. 
 
 CH.A.N'NEL, 71. [Ir. cainneal ; Fr. canal; L. canalis; 
 Arm. can, or ca7io/. It is a diflerent spelling of 
 
 ca/ta/.J 
 
 1. In a general sense, a passage ; a place of passing 
 or flowing ; particularly, a water-cotirse. 
 
 2. The place where a river flows, including tho 
 whole breadth of tlitr river. But more appropriately, 
 the deeper part or hollow in which the principal 
 current flows. 
 
 3. The deeper part of a strait, bay, or harbor, where 
 the princip,al current flows, either of tide or fresh 
 water, or which is the most convenient for the track 
 of a ship. 
 
 \. That through which anything pa.sses; means 
 of passing, convt^ying, or transmitting ; as, the news 
 was conveyed to us by different channels. 
 
 5. A gutter or furrow in a column. 
 
 6. An arm of the sea ; a stniit, or narrow sea, be- 
 tween two continents, or between a continent and 
 an isle ; as, the British or Irish channel. 
 
 7. Channels of a ship ; broad pieces of plank bolted 
 edgewise to the outside of a vessel, and used for 
 spreading the lower rigging. ii. //. Dana, Jr. 
 
 CH.A.N'NEL, ti. t. To form a channel ; to cut chan- 
 nels in ; to groove ; as, to channel a field or a column. 
 
 IVuUon. 
 
 CH.AN'NEL-JCD, pp. or a. Having channels grooved 
 
 longitudinally. 
 CH.A.N'NEL-ING, ppr. Cutting channels; grooving 
 
 longitudinally. 
 CHAN'SON, (shan'son,) 71. [Fr.] A song. Shale. 
 CIIA.VT, V. t. [Fr. c/ianter ; L. canto, cantus ; W. 
 
 a^anu; Arm. cana, cannein ; It. cantarc ; Sp. and 
 
 I'tirt. c(7nf<7r; h. cano. See Cant.] 
 
 1. To sing; to utter with a melodious voice ; that 
 is, to cant or throw the voice in modulations. 
 
 The cheerful birti* do chant iweet muaic. Spenser. 
 
 2. To celebrate in song ; as, to chant the praises of 
 Jehovah. 
 
 3. To sing after the manner of a chant. 
 CHANT, V. i. To sing; to make melody with the 
 
 voice. 
 
 They chant to the Bound of the viol. — Amoi Ti. 
 2. To sing after the manner of a chant. 
 CHANT, 71. Song ; melody. 
 
 2. A peculiar kind of sacred music, in which prose 
 is sung svitli less variety of intonation than 111 com- 
 mon airs. 
 
 CIl.'i.NT'ED, pp. Sung; uttered with modulations of 
 voice after the manner of a chant. 
 
 CH.KNT'ER, 11. One who chants; a singer or song- 
 ster. Pope. 
 
 2. The chief singer, or priest of the chantry. 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 3. The pipe which sounds tiie tenor or treble in a 
 bagpipe. 
 
 CH ANT'I-CLEER, 71. [chant and clear, Fr. ^:lair.] 
 
 A cock, so called from the clearness or loudness of 
 his voice in crowing. Dryden. 
 
 CHXNT'ING,ppr. ora. Singing; uttering a melodious 
 voice ; repeating words with a singing voice after 
 the manner of a chant. 
 
 CIL^.NT'ING, n. The act of singing or uttering after 
 the manner of a chant. 
 
 CllXNT'RESS, 71, A female singer. Mdton. 
 
 CHXNT'RY, n. [Fr. chantrerie, from chant.] 
 
 .An endowed chapel where one or more priests 
 daily sing or say mass for the souls of the donors, or 
 such as they appoint. Coirel. 
 
 CH.A-OL'O-GY, 71. A treatise on chaos, or chaotic 
 
 CHA'OS, (ki'os,) 71, [L. chaos ; Gr. x<"'(-] [matter. 
 That confusion, or confused mass, in which mat- 
 ter is supposed to have existeil, before it w;is sep- 
 arated into its different kinds, and reduced to order 
 by the creating power of God : " Rudis indigeslaque 
 moles." Ovut. 
 
 TOXE, BULL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; C H as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CllA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 2. Any mixed mass, \villiout due lorm or order ; 
 as, a chaos of materials. 
 
 3. Confusion ; disorder; a state in which the parts 
 are undistinguished. Donne. 
 
 CHA-OT'ie, a. Resembling chaos ; confused ; as, 
 the earth was originally in a cliaotic state. 
 
 CHAP or CH^¥,v. t. [Ar. (_^J:> jabba, to cut off or out, 
 
 to castrate ; t^\j^jauba, to split, rend, tear, or cleave, 
 
 to cut. It seems to be allied to the G. and D. happen, 
 Dan. kapper. Ft. oouper ; but these agree better with 
 
 Ar, 
 
 kabaa or kayafa, to cut. 
 
 See Chot and Gape.] 
 To cleave, split, crack, or open longitudinally, as 
 
 the surface of the earth, or the skin and tlesh of the 
 
 hand. Dry weather chaps the earth ; cold dry winds 
 
 chap the hands. 
 CHAP or CHAP, v. i. To crack ; to open in long slits ; 
 
 •xs, the eartli chaps; the hands chap. 
 CHAP or CHAP, 71. A longitudinal cleft, g.ip, or 
 
 chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the hands 
 
 or feet. 
 
 Cn.\P, n. [Sax. ecafl, a beak, or chap ; pi. ceaflas, 
 the chaps.] 
 
 The upper ^d lower part of the mouth ; the jaw. 
 It is applied to beasts, and vulgarly to men ; gener- 
 ally in the plural, the chnps or mouth. 
 
 CH AP, II. A man or a boy ; a youth. It is used also in 
 the sen?e of a buyer. " If you want to sell, here is 
 vour chap." In this sense it coincides with chapman. 
 "[!<ee Cheap.] Steele. 
 
 CHAP, »'. i. [Sax. ceapian.] 
 To cheapen. [JVot used.] 
 
 CHJiP-JlR-RAL', n. [Sp., from cliaparra, an evergreen 
 oak.] 
 
 A thicket of low evergreen oaks. J^etcman^s Diet. 
 CH.AP'-BOOK, 71. [See Chapman and Cheap.] A 
 
 small book, carried about for sale by hawkers. 
 CHaPE, II. [Fr. chape, xlie tongue of a buckle, a cover, 
 
 a churchman's cope, the head of an alembic ; Arm. 
 
 cha/i : Sp. chapa, a thin plate of metal covering some 
 
 kind of work. Qu. cap.] 
 
 1. The catch of any thing, as the hook of a scab- 
 bard, or the catcii of a buckle, by which it is held to 
 the back strap. 
 
 2. A brass or silver tip, or case, that strensthens 
 the end of a scabbard. Johnson. Phillips. 
 
 CHAP' EAU, (shap'po,) 71. ; pi. Chapeauh, (.siiap'poze.) 
 
 [Fr.] .\ hat ; in heralJrii, a cap or bonnet 
 CIIAP'EAU BRAS, (shap'po bra,) n. A military hat 
 
 which can be flattened and put under the arm, 
 
 CH.^P'EL, 7!. [Fr. chapelle : L. caprlla; Arm. chapel; 
 Sp. eapilhi, a chapel, a hood or cowl, a chapter of 
 collegians, a proof-sheet; Port, capella ; It. cappclla; 
 D. knpel ; from the same root as cap. It is said th.at 
 the kings of France, in war, carried St. Martin's hat 
 into the field, which was kept in a tent as a precious 
 relic, whence the place took the name capella,a little 
 hat, and the priest who had the custody of the tent 
 was called capcllanus, now chaplain. Hence the 
 word cluipel came to signify a private oratory. 
 Encyc. Lnnier.] 
 
 1. A house (or public worship, erected separate 
 from a church ; primarily, a private oratory, or house 
 of worship belonging to a private person. In Qreat 
 Britain there are several sorts of chapels ; as, 
 parochial chapels, distinct from the mother church ; 
 chapels which adjoin to and are a part of the 
 church ; such were formerly built by honorable per- 
 sons for hurying-places ; cfiapels of ease, additional 
 churches, built in large parishes, for the accommo- 
 dation of the inh.abitants ; free eJiapeU, which were 
 founded by the king of England ; chapels in the uni- 
 versities, places of worship belonging to partic\ilar 
 colleges ; domestic chapels, built by noblemen or gen- 
 tlemen for the use of their families. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In Knirland, a jilace of worship for dissenters. 
 
 3. A printer's work-house ; said to be so called 
 because printing was first carried on in a cliajwl. 
 Aliio, an association of workmen in a printing-ofiice. 
 
 Branilc. Bailey. Kncyc. 
 
 CH A P'F.I., r. «. To deposit in a chapel. Bcaum. 'Sf Fl. 
 
 CHaPE'LESS, o. Without a chape. 
 
 CHAPEL ET,* ... , ,., 
 
 CHAP'I.ET, ("■ [^'-c'^P'i'l-] 
 
 A pair of stirrup leathers, with stirrups, joined at 
 the top in a sort of Icatlinr buckle, by which they are 
 iiiaile fast to the frame-work of the saddle, after they 
 have been adjusted to the length and bearing of the 
 rider. Furrirr s Diet. 
 
 CIIAP'EE-I.NG, 71. The act of turning a ship round 
 in a licht breew of wind, when close-hauled, so 
 lliat »lie will lie the name way as before. Mar. Diet. 
 
 CHAP'EI. IiA-.N'V, 71. A place founded within some 
 rhiireh and drjiendent thereon. Ayltffe. 
 
 CH AP'EL-KY, 71. 1 he boundn or jurisdiction of a 
 chapel. 
 
 CHAP'E-RoN, (shap'e-ron,) n. [Fx.] A hood or cap 
 worn by the knights of the Garter in their habits. It 
 was anciently worn by men, women, nobles, and 
 populace ; afterward appropriated to doctors and li- 
 centiates in colleges. The name then passed to cer- 
 tain devices placed on the foreheads of horses wliich 
 drew the hearse in pompous funerals. 
 
 2. One who attends a lady to public places as a 
 giiide and protector. .Johnson. Enciic. 
 
 CHAP'E-RoN, (shap'e-ron,) v. t. To attend a lady to 
 public places as a guide and protector. 
 
 CHAP-E-RoN'ED, pp. Waited on in a public assem- 
 bly by a friend or protector. 
 
 ChAP-E-RoN'ING, p^r. Attending on a female in a 
 public assemblv. 
 
 CH.\P'-FALL-£N, (chop'fawln,) a. [chap and fall.] 
 Having the lower chap depressed ; hence, dejected ; 
 dispirited ; silenced. B. Jonson. 
 
 CHAP'I-TER, 71. [Fr. chapiUau; It. capitello : L. cap- 
 itellum, from caput, a head. This is a difterent word 
 for Capital.] 
 
 1. The upper part or capital of a column or pillar. 
 [Obs.] [See Capital.] 
 
 2. That which is delivered by the mouth of the 
 justice in his charge to the inquest. Encyc. 
 
 CH.VP'LAIN, (-lin,) 71. [Fr. chapelain ; Sp. capellan ; It. 
 capellano ; L. capellanus ; from chapel.] 
 
 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who per- 
 forms seivice in a chapel. The king of Great Britain 
 h.as forty-eight chaplains, who attend, four each 
 month, to perform divine service for the royal fam- 
 ily. Princes also, and persons of quality, have chap- 
 lains, who officiate in their chapels. 
 
 2. A clerirymaii who belongs to a ship of war, to a 
 regiment of land forces, or to some public institution, 
 for performing divine service. 
 
 3. A clergyman who is retained to perform divine 
 service in a family. 
 
 Chaplains of the pope, are auditors or judges of 
 causes in the sacred palace. Encyc. 
 CHAP'LAIN-C V, 71. The office or station of a chap- 
 lain. 
 
 CHAP'L.'VtN-SniP, 7J. The office or business of a 
 chaplain. 
 
 2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson. 
 CH.\P'LESS, a. Wivhout anv flesh about the mouth. 
 CHAP'LET, 71. [Fr. cliapeht.] [Bailnj. Shak. 
 
 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head ; 
 the circle of a crown. 
 
 2. A string of beads used by the Roman Catholics, 
 by which they count the number of their prayers. 
 They are made sometimes of coral, of wood, of dia- 
 monds, &c., and are called paternosters. The inven- 
 tion is ascribed to Peter the Hermit, who probably 
 learnt it in the East, as the Orientals use a kind of 
 chaplet, called a chain, rehearsing one of the perfec- 
 tions of God on each link, or head. The Great Mogul 
 is said to have eighteen of these chains, all precious 
 stones. The Turks also use a kind of chaplet in 
 reciting their prayers. Encyc. 
 
 3. In architecture, a little molding, carved into 
 round beads, pearls, olives, or the like. 
 
 4. In horsemanship, a chapelet, which see. 
 
 5. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. Johnson. 
 
 6. A small chapel or shrine. Hammond. 
 CH.\P'M.\N, n.;pl. Chaphex. [Sax. ceapman; D. 
 
 koopman; G.kaufmann; D. kidbmand. See Cheap.] 
 L A cheapener ; one that offers as a purchaser. 
 
 Their chapmen they betray. Dryden. 
 
 2. A seller ; a market-man. Shak. 
 CH.\P'P£D, (chapt,) pp. Cleft ; opened, as the sur- 
 face or skin. 
 
 CHAP'PING, ppr. Cleaving, as the surface or skin. 
 CHAP'PV, a. Full of chaps ; cleft. 
 CIIAP.S, 71. p/. The mouth or jaws. [See Chap.] 
 CHAPT. See Chapped. 
 
 CH.VP'TER, 71. [Fr. chapitre ; h. capitulum, ahead; 
 It. rapitoh : Sp. capitulu ; from L. caput, the head.] 
 
 1. A division of a book or treatise ; as, Genesis 
 contains fifty chapters. Hence the phrase. To tlie end 
 of the chapter, that is, throughout ; to the end. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. In ecclesiastical polity, a society or community of 
 clergymen, belonging to a cathedral or collegiate 
 church. Encyc. 
 
 3. An organized branch of some society or frater- 
 nity, as of the freemasons, &.C. 
 
 4. A place where delin<iuents receive discipline and 
 correctiim. Ayliffc. 
 
 h. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe. 
 
 CIIAP'TER, r. t. To tax ; to correct. Dryden. 
 
 CIIAP'TER-HOUSU, 71. A house where a chapter 
 meets. Bailey. 
 
 CIIAP'TREL, n. [from c/ta/iifrr.] The same as im- 
 post. Moron. 
 
 CHAR, 71. A delicious fish inhabiting deep lakes in 
 mountainous regions, and preferred to the salmon. 
 
 Encyc. of Dom. Eron. 
 
 CHAR, 71. In England, work done by the day ; a sin- 
 gle job, or task. l\\ J^ew F.nirland, it is pronounced 
 chore, which see. I know not the origin of the 
 word. In Sai. eerre, cyrr, signifies n time, a turn, 
 occasion, from cerran, cyrran, to turn or return. 
 
 CHaR, t'. t. To perform a business. May. 
 CH-aR, t>. 1. To work at others' houses by the day, 
 without being a hired servant ; to do small jobs. 
 
 Bailey. Johnson. 
 CHaR'-WOM-AN, 71. A woman hired for odd work, 
 or for single days. Johnson. 
 
 [Char-man and Char-woman are, I believe, not ujcd 
 in America.] 
 
 CHXR, V. t. [Russ.jaryu or charyu, to roast or bum ; 
 or goryu, to bum, or be burnt ; and with a prefix, 
 s^arayu or sgorayu, to bum ; Fr. charree. ashes. Qu. 
 Heb. Ch. Eth. -nn. Class Gr, No. 22, 23. This 
 seems to be the root of L. carbo. See Chakk.] 
 
 1. To burn or reduce to coal or carbon ; to reduce 
 to charcoal, by expelling all volatile matter from 
 wood. This is done by burning wood slowly, under 
 a covering of turf and earth. 
 
 2. To expel all volatile matter from stone or earth 
 by heat. 
 
 The Btone or eanh charred from all foreign risible in^edicnta. 
 
 Kirwan. 
 
 CH.^R'ACT, ( 71. [See Character.] An inscription. 
 
 CHAR'ECT, i [JVot iniise.] Skelton. 
 
 CHAR'AC-TER, 71. [L. citaracter ; Fr. caractire; Sp. 
 caracter; It. carattere ; Gr. x'^p'**r77,o, from the verb 
 Xapaoffui, x<^P"rraj, x^P^l^i scrape, cut, en- 
 grave.] 
 
 1. A mark made by cutting or engraving, as on 
 stone, metal, or other hard material ; hence, a mark 
 or figure made with a pen or style, on paper, or other 
 material used to contain writing ; a letter or figure 
 used to form words and communicate ideas. Char- 
 acters are literal, ns the letters of an alphabet; iiu- 
 mcral, as the arithmetical figures ; emblematical or 
 symbolical, which express things or ideas ; and abbre- 
 viations ; as, C. for centum, a hundred ; lb. for libra, a 
 pound ; A. D., Anno Domini ; &c, 
 
 2. A mark or figure made by stamping or impres- 
 sion, as on coins. 
 
 3. The manner of writing; the peculiar form of 
 letters used by a particular person. 
 
 You know the character to be your brother's. Shak. 
 
 4. The peculiar qualities impressed, by nature or 
 habit, on a person, which distinguish him from oth- 
 ers ; these constitute real character, and the qualities 
 which he is supposed to possess constitute his esti- 
 mated character, ^ or reputation. Hence we say, a 
 character is not formed, when the person has not ac- 
 quired stable and distinctive qualities. 
 
 5. An account, description, or representation of 
 any thing, exhibiting its qualities and the circum- 
 stances attending it ; as, to give a bad diaracter to a 
 town, or to a road. 
 
 6. A person ; as, the assembly consisted of various 
 characters, eminent characters, and ow characters ; all 
 the cliaraclers in the piay appeared to advantage. 
 
 The friendship of distiutfuished cttaraclere. RoBCoe. 
 
 7. By way of eminence, distinguished or good 
 qualities ; those which are esteemed and respected ; 
 and those which are ascribed to a person in common 
 estimation. We inquire whether a stranger is a man 
 of character. 
 
 8. Adventitious qualities impressed by office or sta- 
 tion ; the qualities that, in public estimation, belong 
 to a person in a particular station, as when we ask 
 how a magistrate or commander supports his charac- 
 ter. 
 
 9. The peculiar qualities or properties by which 
 one thing is distinguished from another, as animals, 
 plants, and minerals. 
 
 Thes"? properties, when pmnloyed for the purpose of discrimina- 
 ting mnierals, are c;dleil characters. Cteanelatid. 
 
 10. Distinctive quality of any kind strongly 
 marked, particularly energy or force ; as, a man is 
 said to have no citaracter, or a great deal of character. 
 
 eilAR'AC-TER, V. t. To engrave ; to inscribe. 
 
 Milton. Shak. 
 2. To describe; to distinguish by particular marks 
 or traits. Mitford. 
 eHAR'A€-TER-£D, p;7. Engraved; inscribed ; dis- 
 tinguished bv a particular rbamcter. Mitford. 
 €HAR'AC-TER-IS.M, 71. The distinction of character. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 2. A particular aspect or configuration of the 
 heavens. Encyc. 
 eilAR-A€-TER-IS'Tie, ) a. [Gr. xapaKTr\picri- 
 eilAR-AC-TER-IS'Tie-AL, ( «iit, from \npaKTyi>.] 
 That constitutes the character ; that marks the pe- 
 culiar distinctive qualities of a person or thing ; as, 
 generosity is often a characteristic virtue of a brave 
 man. 
 
 It is followed by of; ;is, generosity is characteristic 
 oftme bravery, 
 eii \R-A('-TER-IS'Tie, 71. That which constitutes 
 a character ; that which charaeteri/.es ; that which 
 distinguishes a person or thing from another. 
 
 invruliou is the charxicterisltc of Homer. Pope. 
 
 2. In grammar, the principal letter of a word, 
 which is preserved in most of its tenses, in its deriv- 
 atives and compounds. 
 
 The characteristic qf a logarithm, is its index or M- 
 ponent. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, VTHAT. — METE, PREY. — FINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, UWK.— 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 The characteristic triangle of a eurve^ in geometry, 
 is a rectilinear right-anfled triangle, whose hypot- 
 enuse makes a part of the curve, not sensibly dif- 
 ferent from a right line. Encyc. 
 
 eHAU-A€-TER-lS'Tie-AL-LY, adv. In a manner 
 lliat distinguishes character. 
 
 eUAR-AC TEIl-IS'l'ie-AL-NESS, n. The state or 
 qualities of being characteristic. 
 
 eUAK-Ae-TER-I-ZA'TION, 7i. Act of charactcr- 
 i/ing. 
 
 eUAR'AC-TER-TZE, v. t. [Gr. xaf)a<tTr)|OiCM.] 
 
 1. To give a character, or an account of the per- 
 sonal qualities of a man ; to describe by peculiar 
 qualities. 
 
 2. To distinguish; to mark, or express the char- 
 acter ; to exhibit the peculiar qualities of a person 
 or thing ; as, humility ckaracterizes the true Chris- 
 tian ; tlie hero is characterized by bravery and mag- 
 nanimity. 
 
 Tlie system of mftli.ition haa characterixtd Ihe fntin? scheme of 
 divine ilispi^iiaiition. Tliofley. 
 
 3. To engnive or imprint. [Little used.] Hale. 
 
 4. 'J'o mark with a peculiar stamp or figure. 
 
 Kurupcan, Aiiiitlic, &nU Africiiil fnces arc alt clulracterized. 
 
 AruuUtnot. 
 
 ClfAR'AC-TER-IZ-ED, (kar'ak-ter-izd,) pp. De- 
 scribed or dlstiriiiMislied by peculiar qualities. 
 eUAR'Ae-TER-IZ-LNt;, ppr. Describing or distin- 
 guishing b\' peculiar qualities. 
 eilAR'A€-fER-LESS, a. Destitute of any peculiar 
 
 char.icter. Shali. 
 eilAR'AC-TER-Y, n. Impression; mark ; distinc- 
 tion. LV«« used.] Shak. 
 CHA-RaDE', (sha-ride',) n. [Said to be from the 
 name of the inventor.] 
 
 A composition, in which the subject must be a 
 word of two or more syllables, each forming a dis- 
 tinct Word ; and these syllables are to be concealed 
 in an enigmatical description, first separately and 
 then together. Example : 
 
 My Jirsl, when a Fn-nchman is learning Kn^lisli, s-rvps him 
 lo swear hy. My second is either li.\y or cum. My whole 
 is the delight of the age. Gar-rick. Encyc. 
 
 CH.IR'eOAL, n. [cAar and coal. See Char.] Coal 
 made by charring wood ; the remains of wood burnt 
 under turf, or in other circumstances to exclude air, 
 and from which all watery and other volatile matter 
 has been expelled by heat. It makes a strong heat, 
 and is used in furnaces, forges, private families. Sec. 
 It is black, brittle, light, and inodorous, and, not being 
 di'composahte l)y water or air, will endure for ages 
 
 . without alteration. 
 
 CHXRD, H. [Fr. cliardr : 1,. carduus.] 
 
 The leaves of artichokes tied and wrapped all 
 over, except the top, in straw, during autumn and 
 winter, 'i'his makes them grow white and lose 
 some of their bitterness. Cftambrr.^. 
 
 Cliard'! of beet, are plants of white beet tninsplanted, 
 producing great tops, which, in the midst, have a 
 large, white, tliick, downy, cotton-like main shoot, 
 which is the true chard. Mortimer. 
 
 CHaR'FRON, II. A defense for a horse's head, made 
 of plates of sti;el or pieces <if leather. Brande. 
 
 CIlARCiE, (ch.irj,) V. L [Fr. charter; Ann. carga; 
 Sp. curirar ; Ft. caricare^ or carcare ; Port, carreirar. 
 It would seem from the Welsh, that this word is 
 from ear, a cart or other vehicle, and that the noun 
 chanje or curn-o was first formed, and therefore 
 oiight in arnmgement to precede the verb. If the 
 - verb was first formed, the primary sense would be, 
 to loail, to throw or put on or in. I think the fact to 
 be otherwise. See Cargo.] 
 
 1. To rush on ; to fall on ; to atbick, especially 
 with fixed bayonets ; as, an army chartres the enemy. 
 
 2. To load, as a musket or cannon ; to thrust in 
 powder, or powder and ball or shot. 
 
 3. To load or burden ; to throw on or impose that 
 which oppresses ; as, to charire the stom.ach with in- 
 digestible food ; or to lay on, or to fill, without op- 
 pressing; as, to cAarrrf the inemor>' with rules and 
 precepts ; lo chanre the mind with facts. 
 
 4. To set or lay on ; to impose, as a tax as, the 
 land is charged with a quitreiit ; a rent is charged on 
 the land. 
 
 5. To lay on or impose, as a task. 
 
 The gospel chargefh us with piety tnwurd God. TilloUon. 
 
 6. To put or lay on ; as, to charge a building with 
 ornaments, often implying superfluity. 
 
 7. To lay on, as a duty ; followed by vilh. 
 
 The commander charged die olTi&fr t«lA Uic execution of the 
 project. — See Gen. il. 4. 
 
 8. To intrust to ; as, an otiicer is charged with dis- 
 patches. 
 
 9. To set to, as a debt ; to place on the debit sitle 
 of an account ; as, to cJuirge a man with the price 
 of goods sold to him 
 
 10. To load or lay on, in words, something wrong, 
 reproachful, or criminal ; to impute to ; as, to charge 
 a man witli theft 
 
 11. To lay on in words; to impute to; followed by 
 on before the person ; as, to eJiarge a crime on the 
 offender ; to charge evil consequences on the doc- 
 trines of the Stoics. 
 
 12. To censure ; to accuse. 
 
 In all this Job siinied not, nor charged God foolishly. — Job I. 
 
 13. To lay on, give, or communicate, as an order, 
 command, or earnest request ; to enjoin ; to exhort. 
 
 Charge them that are rich in tills worlil, that they be not hlffh- 
 miiuled. — 1 Tim. vi. 
 
 In this sense, when Ihe command is given in the 
 name of God, or with an oath, the phrase amounts 
 to an adjuration. 
 
 To adjure ; to bind hy an oath. 1 Sam. xiv. 28. 
 
 14. To give directions to; to instruct authorita- 
 tively ; as, the judge charged the gram! jury to in- 
 quire respecting breaches of the peace. 
 
 15 To communicate electrical matter to, as to a 
 
 coated vial, or an electrical battery. 
 CH.sLRGE, r. i. To make an onst't. Thus Glanville 
 
 says, " Like your heroes of antiquity, he charge.-,- in 
 
 iron ; " and we say, to charge with fixed bayonets. 
 
 But in this application, the object is untlerstootl ; to 
 
 charge the enemy. 
 CHARGE, ji. (Fr. charge; Ann. and W. earg; Sp. 
 
 carga, airgo ; Port, cargo, carrega ; It. carica, carco ; 
 
 Eng. cargo.] 
 
 1. That which is laid on or in ; in a general .«cH.-f, 
 any load or burden. It is the same wt)rd radically 
 as cargo. 
 
 2. The quantity of powder, or of powder and b.all 
 or shot, usetl, or pro])er to be iisetl, in loading a mus- 
 ket, cannon, or other like instrument. 
 
 3. .'\n onset ; a rushing on an enemy ; attack ; 
 especially by moving troops witii fixetl ba>'onets. 
 But it is used for an onset of cavalry, as well as of 
 infantry. 
 
 4. An order, injunction, mandate, command. 
 
 Mows gave Joshim a charge. — Num. xxvii. 
 The kuig gave cliarge cuncerning Atwuluin. — 2 Sam. xviii. 
 Hence, 
 
 5. 'J'hat which is enjoined, committed, intrusted, 
 or delivered to another, impl3'ing care, custody, 
 oversight, or duty to be performed by the person in- 
 trusted. 
 
 I gave Hanani charge over Jerusalem. — Nch. vii. 
 
 Hence the word includes any trust or commission ; 
 an office, duty, employment. It is followed by of or 
 over i more generally by of. Hence, 
 
 ti. The person or thing committed to another's 
 custody, care, or managenient; a trust. Thus the 
 people of a parish are called the minister's charge. 
 
 The st;irry guanlian drove his charge away 
 
 To some frestt pasture. Dryden, 
 
 7. Instructions given by a judge to a jury, by a 
 bishop to his clergy, or, among Presbyterians, ic, 
 by a member of an ordaining council to one who is 
 set as pastor over a congregation, or to the congrega- 
 tion themselves. The word may be used as synony- 
 mous with command, direction, exhortution,. or inju?ic- 
 tion, but always implies solemnity. 
 
 8. Imputation in a bad sense ; accusation. 
 
 Lay not this sin to their charge. — Acts vii. 
 
 9. That which constitutes debt, in commercial 
 trans.actions ; an entry of money, or the price of 
 goods, on the debit side of an account. 
 
 10. Cost ; expense ; as, the charges of the war are 
 to be borne by the nation. 
 
 11. Imposition on land or estate; rent, tax, or 
 whatever constitutes a burden or duty. 
 
 12. In military affairs, a signal to attack; as, to 
 sound the charge. 
 
 13. The posture of a weapon fitted for an attack 
 or combat. 
 
 Their armed sl.aves in charge. Shnk. 
 
 14. Among farriers, a preparation of the consist- 
 ence of a thick decoction, or between an ointment 
 and a plaster, used as a remedy for sprains and in- 
 flammations. 
 
 1.5. In heraldry, that which is borne upon the 
 color ; or the figures represented on the escutcheon, 
 by which the bearers are distinguished from one 
 another. 
 
 IB. In etectrical eTperiment.s, a quantity of electrical 
 fluid, communicateti to a coated jar, vial, or pane of 
 glass. 
 
 17. In painting, charge, or overcliarge, is an exagge- 
 ration of character in form, color, or expression. 
 
 Elmes. 
 
 A charge of lead, is thirty-six pigs, each containing 
 six stone, wanting two pounds. 
 CHARGE' A-BLE, a. That may be charged ; that may 
 be set, laid, imposed ; as, a duty of forty per cent, 
 is chargeable on wine. 
 
 2. Subject to be charged ; as, wine is chargeable 
 with a duty of forty percent. 
 
 3. Expensive ; costly ; as, a chargeable family. 
 
 4. Laying or bringing expense. 
 
 Bccansie we would not be chargeable to any of you. — 1 Thess. ii. 
 
 5. Imputable ; that may be laid or attributed as a 
 crime, fault, or debt ; as, a fault chargeable on a man. 
 
 6. Subject to be charged or accused ; as, a man 
 chargeable vith a fault or neglect. 
 
 CHARGE'A-BLE-NESS, n. Expensiveness ; cost; 
 costliness. Boyle. 
 
 CHaRGE'A-BLY, adv. Expensively; at great cost. 
 
 CIIARG'/:D, pp. Loaded ; burdened ; attackea , laid 
 on ; instructed ; imputed ; accused ; placed lo the 
 debt ; ordered ; commanded. 
 
 CIIAR'OE D^AF-FAIRES', (shir'/.hi daf-fSir',) n. 
 [Fr.] A i>erson intrusted with the public interest In 
 a foreign nation, in the place of an cmbajisador or 
 other mini.ster. 
 
 CIIARGE'FIjL, a. Expensive; costly. {Kot wed.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 CIIARGE'LESS, a. Not expensive ; free from ex- 
 pense. 
 
 CH.\RG'ER, 71. In Scots law, one who charges anoth- 
 er in a suit. 
 
 2. A large dish. JVum, vii. 
 
 3. A horse used in battle. 
 CIIXRGE'-IIOUSE, II. A school-house. [Obs.] Shak. 
 CIIXRG'ING, ppr. Loading; attacking; laying on; 
 
 in<tructiiig ; commanding ; accusing ; imputing. 
 CHaR'I-LV, n//i'. [See Chahv.] Carefully ; warily ; 
 
 frugally. [Little used.] Shak. 
 CIIaR'I-NESS, 71. Caution; care; nicety; scnipu- 
 
 loiisness. [Little used.] Shak. 
 CII.aR'ING, for JJhouino, doing chores, is used by 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 CIIAR'I-OT, 71. [Fr. chariot, from char, a car, which 
 see ; Sp. It. earro ; It. carretta.] 
 
 1. A half coach ; a carriage with four wheels, and 
 one seat behind, used for convenience and pleasure. 
 
 2. A car or vehicle, used formerly in war, drawn 
 by two or more horses, and conveying two men 
 each. These vehicles were sometimes armed with 
 hooks or scythes. 
 
 CHAR'1-OT, 7). t. To convey in a chariot. J»/i7fo7i. 
 
 CIIAR'I-OT-ED, pp. Borne in a ch.iriot. Cowper. 
 
 CII.\R-I-OT-EER', 71. The person who drives or 
 conducts a chariot. It is used in speaking of mili- 
 tary chariots, and those in the ancient games, but 
 not of modern drivers. Johnson. .Addison, 
 
 CHAR-I-OT-EER'l.\(;, ppr. Driving a chariot. 
 2. a. fjsiu;; a chariot. 
 
 CHAR'I-OT-.\lAi\, 71. The driver of a chariot. 
 2 Chron. xviii. 
 
 CHAR'I-OT-R.^CE, 71. A race with chariots; a sport 
 in which chariots were driven in contest for a prize. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 CHAR'I-T.\-BLE, a. [Fr. See Charity.] Benevo- 
 lent and kind ; as, a charitable disposition. 
 
 2. Liberal in benefactions to tiie poor, and in re- 
 lieving them in distress ; as, a chariuMe man. 
 
 3. Pertaining to charity; springing from charity, 
 or intended for charity ; benevolent ; as, a charitable 
 institution, or society ; a charitable purpt)se. 
 
 4. Formed on charitable principles ; favorable ; 
 dictated by kindness ; as, a charitable construction 
 of words or actions. 
 
 CH.A.R'1-T.\-BLE-NESS, 71. The disposition to be 
 charitable, or the exercise of charity. 
 2. Liberality to the poor. 
 
 CHAR'l-TA-BLY, adr. Kindly ; liberally ; benevo- 
 lently ; with a disposition to help the ptwjr ; favorably, 
 
 CHAR'I-TY, 71. [Fr. charite ; L. cAnnfo,*, or caritas ; 
 \V. cariad ; Sp. caridad ; Port, caridadc : It. caritd, 
 caritadc. Clu. Gr. X'lotj. The Latin caritas is from 
 carm, dear, costly, whence beloved ; and the word 
 was sometimes written chnriljis, as if from the Gr. 
 X«,ot?. The Latin carus wotild seem to bt; from the 
 verb careo, to want, as dearness arises from scarcity. 
 Of this we have an example in the English dear, 
 whence dcartli, which shows the primary sense of 
 dear to be scarce. But qu. the Oriental ip\ Class 
 Gr, No. 56.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, iovOj benevolence, good-will ; 
 that disposition of heart which inclines men to think 
 favorably of their fellow-men, and to dti them good. 
 In a theological sense, it includes supreme love to 
 God, and universal good-will to men. 1 Cor. liii. 
 Col. iii. 1 Tim. i. 
 
 2. In a 77i»re particular sense, love, kindness, affec- 
 titm, tenderness, springing from n.atiinil rel.itions; 
 as, the charities of father, son, and brother. jVillon. 
 
 3. Liberality to the poor, consisting in alms-giving 
 or benefactions, or in gratuitous services to relieve 
 them in distress. 
 
 4. Alms ; whatever is bestowed gratuitously on 
 the poor for their relief. 
 
 5. Liberality in gifts and services to promote pub- 
 lic objects of utility, as to found and support Bible 
 societies, missionary societies, and others. 
 
 6. Candor ; liberality in judging of men and their 
 actions ; a disposition which inclines men to think 
 and judge favorably, and to put the best constniction 
 on words and actions which the case will admit. 
 
 The highest exercise of charily is charily towanl the uncharitse 
 ble. Buckmineter. 
 
 7. Any act of kindness or benevolence ; as, the 
 charities of life. 
 
 8. A charitable institution. D. Webster. 
 Sisters of charity, in the Roman Catholic church, are 
 
 an order or society of females whose otfice is to at- 
 tend the sick. 
 
 CH.\R'I-TY-S€HOOL is a school maintained by vol- 
 untary contributions for educating [wor children. 
 
 TC.NE, BL'LL, qNITE.— 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
CH A 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHXRK, 7j. t. [Uu.. char, or Ch. Tin, Ar. o '"^ 
 Taka, to bum.] 
 
 To burn to a coal ; to char. [Aot used.] [See 
 Char.] 
 
 CHAR-I-yA-RV, (shir-e-va-ree',) n. [Fr.] A mock 
 serenade of discordant music, Itettles, tin liorns,&c., 
 designed to annoy and insult. It was at first direct- 
 ed against widows who married a second time, at an 
 advanced a2;e ; but is now extended to otlier occa- 
 sions of nocturnal annoyance and insult. 
 
 CHARL'A-T.-VN, (shirl a-tan,) ii. [Fr., from It. ciar- 
 latano, a quack, from ciarlure. to prate ; Sp. charla- 
 tan, from chartar, to prate ; Port, chiirlar, id. ; L. gaf- 
 rulo, frarrio : Gr. yrjoiKo.] 
 
 One who prates much m his own favor, and makes 
 unwarrantable pretensions to skill ; a (juack ; an em- 
 piric ; a mountebank. Brown. Butler. 
 
 CHAKL-.\-TAX'ie-AL, a. auackish ; making un- 
 due pretensions to skill ; ignorant. Cowley. 
 
 CllARL-A-TAN'ie-AL-LY, adc. .After the manner 
 
 CHXRL'A-T.\N-RY, (sliarra-tan-ry,) n. Undue pre- 
 tensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; deception 
 by fair words. Juhtson. 
 
 CHXRLES'S-WaIN, 71. [diaries, Celtic karl, a man, 
 or rustic. See Wain.] 
 
 In astronomy, seven stars, more commonly called 
 the Dipper, in the constellation called Ursa jilajor, or 
 the Great Bear. Encyc. 
 
 [The word seems to denote tlie rustic's wain, or 
 wason, so called from its shape ; the four stjirs cor- 
 responding to the body, and the other three to the 
 tongue or neap. — EJ.] 
 
 CHaR'LOCK, n. [.Sa.\. cerlice. Lea/:, in Saxon, is a 
 leek ; but the same word occurs in hemlock, and it 
 probably signifies a plant or root.] 
 
 The English name of the Rapbanus Raphanistrum, 
 and Sinapis arvensis, very pernicious weeds among 
 grain. One kind has yellow flowers ; another, white, 
 witli jointed pods. Lee. Encyc. 
 
 CHaK.M, n. [Fr. charme ; Norm, carme, or <rarme; 
 Ami. chalm ; L. carmen, a song, a verse, an outcrj', a 
 charm. It coincides with tlie VV. garm, an outcry, 
 
 farmiaw, to shout, Sax. cirm, or cyrm, outcry, noise, 
 ee .\labm.] 
 
 1. Words, characters, or otlier things imagined to 
 possess some occult or unintelligible power ; hence, 
 a magic power or spell, by wliicn, with the supjioseci 
 assistance of the devil, witches and sorcerers have 
 been supposed to do wonderful things. Spell ; en- 
 chantment. Hence, 
 
 2. That which has power to subdue ojiposition, 
 and gain the aflections ; tliat which can please irre- 
 sistibly ; that which delights and attracts the heart ; 
 generally in the plural. 
 
 The siiiilps uf nature ami llie charms of art. Addison. 
 Good Imiuor only tcaebes charms to Pope. 
 
 CHXRII, r. (. To subdue or control by incantation or 
 secret influence. 
 
 I will send serpeuts among you — which will nol be charnud. — 
 Jer. viii. 
 
 2. To subdue by secret power, especially by tliat 
 which pleases and delights the iiiind ; to allay or ap- 
 pease. 
 
 Miisic the fiercest grief can chnrm. Pope, 
 
 3. To give exquisite pleasure to the mind or senses ; 
 to delight ; as, we were charmed with the conver- 
 sation. 
 
 The ;u-ri.-J songster cliarrm us with her meIo<lious notes. Anon. 
 
 4. To fortify with charms against evil. 
 
 I l>;ar a charmed lile, wliich must nol yield. Shak. 
 [JVuf in u.ie.'] 
 
 5. To make powerful by charms. Johnson. 
 0. To summon by incantation. ShaJc. Johnson. 
 7. To temper agreeably. Spenser. 
 
 CHaRM, r. i. To sound harmonically. Milton. 
 CIIXR'.M.V, ;i. A fish resembling the sea-wolf. 
 CHAR.M'/vD, pp. or a. Subdued or defended by 
 
 charms ; ilelighted ; enchanted. 
 CH.\R.M'KR, n. One that charms, or has power to 
 charm ; one that uses, or has the power of enchant- 
 ment. Deut xviii. 1 1. 
 2, One who delight-i and attracts the aflTections. 
 CHAR.M'ER-F.SS, n. An enchantress. Chaucer. 
 i CHAR.M'FJJL, a. Abounding with charms. Cowley. 
 CllAK.M'I.NG, ppr. Using charms ; enchanting. 
 2. a. Pleasing in the highest degree ; delighting. 
 
 Music b but an ekgciitt 4uiJ charming sfyxles of cloctitioii. 
 
 H. Porter. 
 
 CHAR.M'ING-LY, adr. Uelightfully ; in a manner to 
 charm, or to give delight. 
 
 Sh'* sniited very eharmingty. Additon. 
 
 CnAR.M'I.\f;-NES8, n. The |iower to please. John.ion. 
 CHAR.M'I.ESH, a. UeHtitiilc of clianns. Swijl. 
 CHAR-NP.'Cfi, n. A nort of sweet wine. Hhuli. 
 CHAR'.N'EI,, u. [Fr. charnrJ, carnal, tlcxhly ; charnirr, 
 
 a charni'l hoiiKe, a larder ; Arm. rarncU ; Sp. camera ; 
 
 It. carn/iw ; L. caritnlit, carnal, from caro, Ih^sh.] 
 Containmg fleHh or carcaiwcK. Milton. 
 
 CHXR'NEL-HOUSE, 7i. A place under or near church- 
 es, where the bones of the dead are reposited. An- 
 ciently, a kind of portico or gallery, in or near a 
 churchyard, over which the bones of the dead w^re 
 laid, after the flesh was consumed. Encyc. 
 
 UllS'RON, n. [Gr.] In myf/w/ojrv, the son of Erebus 
 and \ox, whose 'oflice was to ferry the souls of the 
 deceased over the waters of Acheron and Styx, for a 
 piece of in()nev. 
 
 CHAR'PIE, (shiV'pe,) n. [Fr.] Lint for dressing a 
 wound. 
 
 CHaRR, n. A fish, a species of Salmo. [See Chab.] 
 CHaR'RKD, (chird, );/;). or o. [from c/iar.] Reduced 
 to coal. 
 
 Charred wood; wood whose outer surface is car- 
 bonized. 
 
 CHXR'RING, p;>r. Reducing to coal; depriving of 
 volatile matter. 
 
 CHaR'RY, a. [See Char.] Pertainin-r to ch.arcoal ; 
 like charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. Luroisier. 
 
 CHART, n. [L. cluirta, the same ;is Card, which see.] 
 An hydiograpliical or marine map; a draught or 
 projection on paper of some part of the earth's super- 
 ficies, with the coast>, isles, rocks, banks, channels, 
 or entrances into harbors, rivers, and liays, the )>oints 
 of compass, soumlings or depth of water, &cc., to reg- 
 ulate the courses of ships in their voyages. The 
 term cliart is applied to a marine map; inap is applied 
 to a draught of some portion of land. 
 
 A plane chart, is a representation of some part of 
 the superficies of the globe, in which the meridians 
 are supposed parallel to each otlier, the parallels of 
 latitude at equal distances, and of course the degrees 
 of latitude and longitude are every where equal to 
 each other. 
 
 Mcrrator's chart : a chart constructed on the prin- 
 ciple of Mercator's prtyection. [See Projection.] 
 
 Olohular chart ; a chart constructed on a globular 
 projection. [See Projection.] 
 
 Sele.no rraphic charts, represent the spots and appear- 
 ances of the moon. 
 
 Topographic charts, are draugbtsof particular places 
 or small parts of the eartli. Encyc. 
 CHaR-Ta'CEOUS, (-shus,) o. Resembling pafwr ; 
 
 quite opaque, like most leaves. Lindley. 
 CHARTE, (sliArt,) 71. Xh*^ '^'"'"l"™^"- 
 ta! law of the French numarchy, as established on 
 the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814. Brande. 
 CH.iR'TEK, n. [Fr. churtre, from L. cliarta. See 
 Card.] 
 
 1. A UTitten instrument, executed with usual forms, 
 given as evidence of a grant, contract, or whatever 
 is done between man and man. In its more usual 
 sense, it is the instrument of a grant conferring pow- 
 ers, rights, and privileges, either from a king, or 
 other sovereign power, or from a private person ; as, 
 a charter of exemption, that no person shall be impan- 
 neled on a jury ; a charter of pardon, ice. The char- 
 ters, under whicli most of the colonies in America 
 were settled, were given by the king of England, and 
 incorporated certain persons, with powers to hold the 
 lands granted, to establish a government, and make 
 laws for their own regulation. These were called 
 charter governments. 
 
 2. Any instrument, executed with form and so- 
 lemnity, bestowing rights or privileges. SonOi. 
 
 3. Privilege ; immunity ; exemption. 
 
 My motlier, 
 
 Who has a charier lo extol her blood, 
 
 \Vhi,*ii she does praise me, grieves me. Shak. 
 
 CHAR'TER, V. t. To establish by chaner. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 2. To hire or let a ship by charter. [See Charter 
 Party.] ^ 
 
 CHAR'TER-LAND, n. Land held by charter, or in 
 socage. Coke. 
 
 CHAR'TER-PAR'TY, 7). [Ft. charte^artie, a divided 
 charter, fnmi the practice of cutting the instrument 
 in two, and giving one part to each of the cimtract- 
 ors.] 
 
 In commerce, an afrreeinent respecting the hire of a 
 vessel, and the freight. This is to be siiincd by the 
 proprietor or m.aster of the shi]), and by the merchant 
 who hires or freights it. It must contain the name 
 and burden of tlie vessel, the names of the master 
 and freighter, the jirice or rate of the freight, the time 
 of loading and unlo<ading, and other stipulated con- 
 ditions. Encyc. 
 CHAR'TER-KD, pp. or a. Granted by charter; as, 
 chartered rights ; chartered power. D. Ramsay. 
 
 2. Invested with [irivileges by charter; privileged. 
 
 3. Hired or let, as a ship. [Sliak. 
 CIIAR'TER-I.NG, ppr. Giving a charter; establishing 
 
 2. Hiring or letting by charter. [by charter. 
 
 CHART'IS.M, 71. [from charter.] In England, the 
 principle of a political parly who desire universal 
 suftYage, the vole by ballot, annual parliaments, and 
 other radical reforms, as set forth in a document 
 calli'd tlie peuplc's charter. P. Cyc. 
 
 CHART'lS'l , n. One infected with chartism, or radi- 
 cal principles. 
 
 CHAKT'LESS, a. Without a chart : of which no chart 
 has been made ; not delineated on pajier ; as, the 
 cliartlcss main. Barlow. 
 
 CHAR-TREUSE' , (shar-trooze',) 7i. [Fr.J A cele- 
 brated monastery of Carthusians, in the mountains 
 of Dauphiny, ip France. The regulations are ex- 
 ceedincly severe. 
 
 CHART'U-LA-RY, n. [Fr. chaHulaire. See Cartu- 
 
 LARV.] 
 
 An officer in the ancient Latin church, who had 
 the care of charters and other papers of a public na- 
 ture. Blackstone uses this word for a record or regis- 
 ter, as of a monastery. 
 
 CHaR'Y, a. [Sax. crarig. See Cabe.] 
 
 (Careful ; warv ; fmgal. Shak. 
 
 CH.^S'.\-I5LE, a'. That may be chased ; fit for the 
 chase. Oowcr. 
 
 CHASE, r. t. [Fr. rkasser ; Arm. chagieal ; Sp. cazar ; 
 Port, cayar ; It. cacciare. The elements are Cg or Ck ; 
 and the change of a palatal to a sibilant resembles 
 that in hracr.] 
 
 1. Literally, to drive, urge, press forward with ve- 
 hemence ; hence, to pursue for the purpose of taking, 
 as game : to hunt. 
 
 2. To pursue, or drive, as a defeated or flying ene- 
 my. Lev. xxvi. 7. Deut. xxxii. 30. 
 
 3. To follow or pursue as an object of desire ; to 
 pursue for the purpose of taking ; as, to chase a ship. 
 
 4. To drive ; to pursue. 
 
 CfLOsed by their brother's endless malice. Knollei. 
 To cliase away, is to compel to depart ; to disperse. 
 To chase metals. See Enchase. 
 CHaSE, 71. Vehement pursuit; a running or driving 
 after, as game, in hunting ; a flying enemy, in war ; 
 a ship at sea, &c. 
 
 2. Pursuit with an ardent desire to obtain, as pleas- 
 ure, profit, fame, &c. ; earnest seeking. 
 
 3. That whicli may be chased ; that which is usu- 
 ally taken by the chase ; as, beasts of chase. 
 
 4. Tliat which is pursued or hunted ; as, seek 
 some other chase. So, at sea, a ship chased is called 
 the chase. 
 
 5 In law, a driving of cattle to or from a place. 
 
 G. An open ground, or place of retreat for deer and 
 other wild beasts ; diflering from a forest, which is 
 not private property, and is invested with privileges, 
 and from a park, which is inclosed. A chase is pri- 
 vate property, and well stored with wild beasts or 
 game. 
 
 7. [Fr. chasse ; Sp. caxa ; It. cassa. See Case and 
 Cash.] An iron frame used by printers to confine 
 types, when set in columns or pages. 
 
 8. A wide groove. 
 
 9. Chase of a ^in : the forward part, from the trun- 
 nions to the swell of the mouth. Park's Pantology. 
 
 10. A term in the game of tennis. 
 
 Chtue guns ; in a ship of war, guns used in chasing 
 an enemy, or in defending a ship when chased. These 
 have their [lorts at the head or stern. 
 
 CHaS'^;D, (chist,) pp. or a. Pursued ; sought ar- 
 dently ; driven ; embossed. 
 
 CHaS'ER, 71. One who chases ; a pursuer ; a driver ; 
 a hunter. 
 
 2. A term applied to guns at the head and stem of 
 a vessel, for firing when in chase. Brande. 
 
 3. An enchaser. [See Enchase.] 
 CHaS'I-BLE. See Chasuble. 
 
 CHAS'ING, ppr. Pursuing; driving; hunting; em- 
 bossing on metals. 
 
 CHaS'ING, 71. The act or art of embossing on metals. 
 
 CHASJI, (kazm,) ti. [Gr. xaa^a, L. chasma, from Gr. 
 Xatu, \aaKoi, xatfco, to open.] 
 
 1. A cleft ; a fissure ; a gap ; properly, an opening 
 made by disrupture, as a breach in the earth or a rock. 
 
 2. A void space ; a vacuity. 
 
 Bet\*cen Oie two propositions, that the gospel is true, and thai it 
 is fidsc, what a Iciirlul chasm I The unsettled rejison hovers 
 over it in dismay, Backminster. 
 
 €H.\SW ED, (ka/.md,) a. Having gaps or a chasm. 
 
 eilAS.M'Y, a. Abounding with chasms. 
 
 CHAS'SE-LAS, 71. A sort of grape. 
 
 CHAS'SEUR, (shis'sSur,) v. [Fr., a huntsman.] In 
 military affiiirs, one of a body of cavalry, light and 
 active, trained for rapid movements. 
 
 CHASTE, a. [Fr. chaste ; Arm. cha.il ; It. Sp. and Port. 
 casta ; from L. castas. Sax. case, 1). kulisch, G. keusch, 
 Sw. kysk, Russ. chistei, are probably from the same 
 root. (in. Ir. caidh. I suppose the primary sense to 
 be, separate, from the Oriental practice of sequester- 
 ing fcniiiles. If so, cn.'itus accords with the root of 
 castle, VV. cds; and, at any rate, the word denotes 
 purity, a sense taken from separation.] 
 
 1. Pure from all unlawful commerce of sexes. Ap- 
 plied to persons before marriage, it signifies pure friim 
 all sexual commerce, iindefiled ; applied to married 
 per.ioiui, tnie to the marriage bed. 
 
 2. Free from obscenity. 
 
 While they tiehold your chaste conversation, — 1 Pet, iii. 
 
 3. In language, pure ; genuine ; uncomipt ; free 
 from barbarous words and phrases, and from quaint, 
 aflected, extravagant expressiims. 
 
 CHAS'I'E'-ET-£I), (-Ide,) a. Having modest eyes. 
 
 Colliiui. 
 
 CHASTF.'-TREE, ti. The Agnus caj>fus, or Vitex ; o 
 tree Ihut grows to the bight of eight or ten lect, pn)- 
 
 FATB, FAR, FiVLL, WH^T.— METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARl.XE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BQQK 
 
 __ - 
 
UH A 
 
 CHE 
 
 CUE 
 
 duciii!; spikes of flowers at the end of every strong 
 shoot in autumn. JilUler. 
 
 CHASTE'LY, aili>. In a chaste manner ; without un- 
 lawful coniincrce of sexes , witliout obscenity ; pure- 
 ly J without barliarisnis or unnatural phrases. 
 
 CHAS'Ti<;N, (clius'n,) v. t. [Fr. Mtier, for chasticr ; 
 Arm. castien ; Kuss. chischu.] 
 
 1. To correct by punishment ; to punish ; to inflict 
 pain for the purpose of reclaiming an oflender ; as, 
 to chasten a son with a rod. 
 
 I will diatten liim with tlifi rod of mtn. — 2 Sam. vii. 
 
 2. To aftlict by other means. 
 
 As miiny as I love I rfbuke and chatlen. — Rev, iii. 
 I dtatuned my sotil with liisling. — Pa. Ixix, 
 
 :). 'I'o purify from errors or faults. 
 
 CHAS''1'K.\ £1), (cliis'nil,) ;)/). or a. Corrected; pun- 
 ished ; afllicted for correction , purified from faults. 
 
 CII.^S'T/'jN-ER, M. One who punishes for the purpose 
 of correction. 
 
 CIIASTE'N'ESS, 71. Chastity; purity. 
 
 CH.aS''I'A\\-1NG, ;);)r. Correcting; afllicting for cor- 
 rection. 
 
 CHA.-i'Ti'X-ING, «. Correction ; suflering inflicted 
 fur the purpose of reclaiming. 
 
 .\o dttiiiteitiiis lor the present seenieth to bu Joyous, l)Ut ^ri'^vous. 
 — lleh. xii. 
 
 CHAS-TlS'A-BLE, a. Deserving of chastisement. 
 
 Shcncood. 
 
 CH.\S-TTSE', V. t. [Fr. ch&tirr ; Arm. castr.a, from 
 c/tnstc^ ctLitii^. The Latin castiiro, Sp. and Port, casti- 
 n^ar, It. jriiMisare, are formed with a diflurent termi- 
 natitm. V\'e have dutstisc from the Armoric dialect.] 
 
 1. To correct by punishing ; to punish ; to inflict 
 pain l)y stripes, or in other manner, for tlie purpose 
 of |>unisliing an offender and recalling liim to his 
 duty. 
 
 I will chastise you levpu times fjr your slii. — Lev. xxvi. 
 
 2. To reduce to order or obedience ; to restrain ; to 
 awe ; repress. 
 
 Tlip giiy, s'jci.il sense, 
 . liy decency chastised. Thomson, 
 
 3. To correct ; to purify by expunging faults ; as, 
 to dittsti.-'e a poem. 
 
 CHAS-TIS'/;D, (chas-tizd',) pp. Punished ; corrected. 
 
 CIIA.S'TrSE-.MENT, (clias'tiz-ment,) n. [Fr. chati- 
 mrnt ; Arm. co^'tti ; from chtmtr.] 
 
 Correction ; punishment ; pain inflicted for pun- 
 ishment and correction, either by stripes or other- 
 wise. 
 
 Shrtll I so much dishonor my fair stars, 
 
 Ou riiual tiTuii to ;rive liim chastisement 7 Shak. 
 1 have Utrtit! chastisemertt ; 1 will not oti'eiid anymore. — Job 
 
 T/ie chastuiement of our peace, in Scripture, was the 
 pain which t'hrist suflered to purchase our peace and 
 rei imi iliatitm to God. Is. liii. 
 CU \.-;-'ri.«'EK, 71. One who chastises ; a punisher ; a 
 corrector. 
 
 Cll Ai^-TIS'I.VG, ppr, Punishing for correction; cor- 
 reejinc. 
 
 CII.\S'T1-TY, 71. [L. castilas ; Fr. chastele ; Sp. casti- 
 dail ; It. ctt-ititd : from L. castas, chaste.] 
 
 1. Purity of the body ; freedom from all unlawful 
 commerce of se.xes. Before tiiarria:re, purity from all 
 commerce of sexes ; after marriage, fidelity to the 
 marriage bed. 
 
 2. Freedom from obscenity, as in language or con- 
 versation. 
 
 3. Freedom from bad mixture ; purity in words and 
 plmises. 
 
 4. l"iirity ; unadulterated state ; as, the cliastity of 
 tlie irospe!. Gibbon. 
 
 CHAS'IT-IiLE, 71. In the Roman Catholic charch, an 
 outward vestment worn by the priest in saying 
 mass, having a large embroidered or gilt cross on 
 the back, and a pillar in front, designed to be em- 
 blematical of Christ's sufferings. 
 
 CH,\T, V. L [G. kosrn, to talk, or prattle ; Ir. ceadach, 
 tiilkative ; ceailac, a story or narnitivc ; 8p. cotorra, a 
 mag|)ie ; eotorrcra, a hen-parrot, a talkative woman ; 
 Gr. '.oiriAA'.', to prate ; I), koetcren, to jabber, and 
 kwetteren, to chatter; konten, id.] 
 
 1. To talk in a familiar manner ; to talk without 
 form or ceremony. .Vilton. Dn/den. 
 
 2. To talk idlv ; to prtite. Johnson. 
 CHAT, ». t. To talk of. [.Vo( in iwc] SItak. 
 CII.\T, II. Free, familiar talk ; idle talk ; prate. 
 CII.\T. n. A twig, or little stick. [See Chit.] 
 CllAT-EAU', (shat-to',) n. [Fr., a castle. See Cai- 
 
 tleJ A castle ; a seat in the rountrj'. 
 OlIAT^E-LET, (shat'e-lct,) ii. A little castle. Chambfrn. 
 CHAT'EL-I,A-NY, n. [Fr. chatcllcnic] 
 
 The lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan, or gov- 
 ernor of a castle. [See Castellant.] 
 CH.\-T0Y'A.\T, a. [Fr. chat, cat, and <ri(, eye.] 
 
 Having a changeable, undulating luster, or color, 
 like that of a cat's eye hi the dark. 
 CHA-TOV''.\NT, 71. A hard stone, a little transparent, 
 which, being cut smooth, presents on its surface and 
 in the interior an undulating or wavy light. It is of 
 a yellowish-gray color, or verging to an olive-green. 
 It rarely exceeds the size of a filbert. 
 
 Diet, of JVat. Hist. 
 
 ClI.\-TOY'.MEi\T, n. Changeabli^ colors, or changea 
 blencss of color, in a mineral ; play of colors. 
 
 Cleaveland 
 
 CHAT PO-TA'ToES, n. pi. Small potatoes fit only for 
 pigs, &c. Bran'dc. 
 
 CHAT'TAII, 71. In Intlia, an umbn lla. 
 
 ClIAT'TED, pp. Talked familiarly, or on light sub- 
 jects. 
 
 CHAT'T/;L, (chat'l,) 7i. [See Cattle.] Primuribj, 
 any article of movalile gootls. In modern usage, Uu: 
 word chattels comiirehends all goods, movable <»r im- 
 movable, except such as have the nature of freehold. 
 " ChatteL are real or jiei sttiial. Chattels real, two. ?iwXi 
 as concern or savor of the realty, as a term for years 
 of litnd, wardships in chivalry, tlie next presentation 
 to a church, estates by .statute merchant, elegit, and 
 the like. Chattels personal, are things niovabh;, as 
 animals, furniture of a house, jewels, corn, &,c." 
 
 Bloekstone. 
 
 CHAT'TER,jm. [See Chat.] To utter sounds rap- 
 idly and indistinctly, as a magpie or a monkey. 
 
 2. To make a noise by collision of the teeth. We 
 say, the teeth chatter, when one is chilly and shiver- 
 ing. 
 
 3. To talk idly, carelessly, oi rapidly ; to jabber. 
 CHAT''1'ER, h. Sountls like tliosc of a pie or monkey ; 
 
 idle talk. 
 
 CHAT'TER-nOX, 71. One that talks inces.santlv. 
 CHAT'TER-EK, 71. A prater; an idle talker. 
 
 2. A name given to some species of dentirostral 
 
 birds, from their loud and monotonous notes. They 
 
 feed chiefly on berries. Swainson. 
 CHAT'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Uttering rapid, inilistinct 
 
 sounds, as birds ; talking idly ; miwing rapidly and 
 
 clashing, as the teeth. 
 CHAT'TER-ING, «. Rapid, inarticulate sounds, as 
 
 of birds ; idle talk ; rapid striking of the teeth, as in 
 
 chilliness. 
 
 CHA'l'''I'ING,p;ir. Talking familiarly. 
 
 tniAT'TY', a. Given to free conversation ; talkative. 
 
 CIIAT'WOOl), 71. Little sticks; fuel. Bailei/. Johnson. 
 
 CHAUF'FER, 71. [Fr. chnnffrr, to heat.] 
 
 In chemistry, a small furnace, a cylindrical box of 
 sheet iron, open at the top, with a grate near the bot- 
 tom. Fijfe- 
 
 CHAII-MON-TELLE', 71. [Fr.] A sort of pear. 
 
 CIIAIJN, ;i. A gap. [JVot iii i/ss.] [See Yawn.] 
 
 CHAUN, 7). t. To open ; to yawn. [JVbt in use.] 
 
 CHAUNT. See Chant. 
 
 CHAV'E.\-DER, ) ri^ i i 
 
 CHEV'EN (77. [!' r. c/ieyf^7ic.J 
 
 The ch'ub, a fish. 
 CHAW, V. t. [S.ix. cc-ovsan ; D. kaauwcn : G. kauen ; Ir. 
 cagoaiin, or cogtiaiin : Arm. jaoga, or chatrucin; coin- 
 citling with jaic, which in Arm. is javed, gai:ed, or 
 chagell, and as cheek and jaw are often united, Miis 
 word coinciiles with Sax. ceac, ceuca. It is most cor- 
 rectly \vrilten and [ironounccd citato ; but chetp is 
 deemed most elegant.] 
 
 1. To grind with the teeth ; to masticate, as food 
 in eating ; to ruminate, or to chew, as the cud. 
 
 2. To ruminate in tluMight ; to revolve and consid- 
 
 CH 
 
 r. [Obs.] 
 
 Aw, K. [A different siN'lling of jaw. S 
 
 supra. 
 
 See Chaw, 
 
 1. '1 he jaw. Ezek. xxix. 4. But, in modern edi- 
 tions of the Ilible, it is printed jaie. 
 
 2. In rulirar langttage, a cud ; as much as is put in 
 file mouth at once. 
 
 CHAWDRON, H. Entrails. Shak. 
 CHAW'Kl), (chaud,) pp. Chewed. 
 C H A VV 1 NG, ppr. Chewing. 
 
 CHaY'-ROOT, 71. The root of the Oldenlandia um- 
 bellata, used in giving the beautiful red to the Ma- 
 dras cottons. It is also called cliaya-root and choij- 
 root. 
 
 CHkAP, a. [Sax. ceap, cattle, business, or trade, a 
 price, a pledge or pawn, a selling any thing that may 
 be bought or sold ; ccapiaii, cijpan, to buy, to sell, to 
 negotiate, to gain ; D. koop, a bargain or purchase ; 
 " le koop zetlen," to set to sale ; " goed koop," cheap, 
 good purchase ; konpen, to buy ; G. /.■uu/c7i ; Dan. ki- 
 Sber ; Sw. kapa : Riiss. kiipayu : L. caupo ; Eng. to 
 cheapen, to chaffrr, chap-man, chap-book, to chop and 
 diange. The sense is, a purchase, anil good cheap is 
 a good purchase or bargain. Hence, prtibably, omit- 
 ting good, we have cheap.] 
 
 1. Bearing a low price in market ; that may be 
 purchased at a low price ; that is, at a price as'low 
 or lower than the usual price of the article or com- 
 niodit)', or at a price less than the real value. The 
 sense is always comparative ; for a price deemed 
 cheap at one time is considered dear at another. 
 
 It is a principle wliich Uie pni|rress of pjiliticsl science has clearly 
 eslahlished, a principle that illustrates at once the wis.loni ol 
 Uie Cifator ami tlv hlindnen of huniaii cupidity, that it is 
 cheaper to hire the labor of freemen tlian to conii*! tiie labor 
 of slaves. I, Bacon. 
 
 2. Being of small value ; common ; not res[)ected ; 
 as, cheap beauty. 
 
 Make not yourself cheap in the eyes of the world. Anon. 
 
 CHk.AP, n. Bargain ; purchase ; as in the phrases, 
 good cheap, betu-r cAf<i;> ; the original phrases from 
 which we liwe elieup. [ Obs.] 
 
 CIir;AP'A'N, (chep'n,)». fc [Sax. ceapia7i. SeeCHEAr, 
 supra.] 
 
 I. '1 o attempt to buy ; to ask the price of a com- 
 modity ; to charter. 
 
 To shops in crowds the dawcfled females fly, 
 
 Preb-'iid to clieapen jfuods, but noUiiii^ buy. Stei/L 
 
 Q. To lessen value. Dnjden. 
 CHl":AP'f;N-KD, (chep'ud,) pp. Bargained fur; beat 
 
 down in price. 
 CII K AP'A.'iV-ER, 71. One who cheapens or bargains. 
 Clir;.\l"i';.\ I\<i, pjrr. Bargaining for; clialftring; 
 
 Inciting down the price of. 
 C1Ik.M"ER, a. co;»;(. More cheap ; less expensive. 
 (; II K,\I"EST, a. ^Hprr/. Most cheap ; least costly. 
 C'Hk.AP'LY, ade. At a small price ; at a low rate. 
 CHkAP'NESS, h. Lovvne.ss in price, considering the 
 
 usual iirice, or real value. 
 CHkAR. See Cheer. ^ , ^ 
 
 CHii.iT, V. t. [Sax. eeatt. In Ar. kliadua, sig- 
 
 nifies to deceive, circ i.T;Vent, seduce ; to fail, to hide, 
 
 to disguise, to defraud; n 1 -» kaiila, signifies to 
 
 deceive, to lay snares ; Eth. chiet uT hiet, sig- 
 
 nifies to cheat, to deceive, to defraud.] 
 
 1. To deceive and defraud in a bargain ; to de- 
 ceive for the purpose of gain in selling. Its proper 
 application is to commerce, in which a person u.ses 
 some arts, or misrepresentations, or withholils some 
 facts, by which he deceives the purchaser. 
 
 2. To deceive by any artifice, trick, or device, with 
 a view to gain an aijvantage contrary to common 
 honesty ; as, to cheat a person at cards. 
 
 3. To imiiosc on ; to trick. It is followed by of or 
 out of, and colloi|uially by into, as to cheat a child inta 
 a belief that a medicine is palatable. 
 
 CHkA'J", 71. A fraud committed by deception ; a trick"; 
 imposition ; imposture. 
 
 2. A person who cheats; one guilty of fraud by 
 deceitful [iracticcs. 
 CHEAT' A-BLE-N ESS, 71. Liability to be cheated. 
 
 Ilaminiind. 
 
 CHl".AT'-BREAD, (-bred,)n. Fine bread purchased, 
 or not made in the family. {Little used.] 
 
 CUkAT'FA), pp. Defrauded by deception. 
 
 CHi:AT'ER, 71. One who practices a fraud in com- 
 merce. 
 
 CHeAT'ING, ppr. or a. Defrauding by deception; 
 iinposing on. 
 
 CIIF.AT'ING, 71. The act of defrauding by deceitfiil 
 arts. 
 
 CllK.\T'ING-LY, adv. In a cheating manner. 
 
 CHECK, V. t. [Fr. echcc, pi. cchecs, which we have 
 changed into che^s; Sp. zaque, a move at che-ss ; 
 laijue de mate, check-mate ; Port. laijite, a check ; 
 lagoate, a rebuke. Sp. and Port, xai/uima, a halter ; 
 It. scacco, the squares of a chess-board ; scacchi, 
 chess-men ; scacco-maito, check-mate ; scaecato, clieck- 
 ered ; Low \,. scaecarium, an exchequer, Fr. echijuier; 
 G. scltach, chess ; schachmatl, check-mate ; D. schaak, 
 chess ; schaak-mat, check-mate ; Dan. slcak, chess, 
 crooked, curving ; skak-mat, check-mate ; skakrer, to 
 barter, chalTer, chop and change ; Sw. scltach, chess ; 
 schach-matt, check-mate ; Russ. schach, check, chess ; 
 sehnch-mat, check-mate. In Spanish, zaque, zeque, is 
 an old man, a shaik, and zaco, a jacket. These latter 
 
 words seem 
 
 to be the Ar. shaich, or 
 
 the latter is rendered to grow oldj to be old, to blame 
 or rebuke, under which we find shailc ; the former 
 signifies to use diligence, quasi to bend to or apply ; 
 also, to abstain or turn aside. In Arabic we find 
 
 also shakka, to doubt, hesitate, halt, and in 
 
 Hebrew the same word T3C signifies to .still, all.ay, 
 sink, stop or check, to obstruct or hedge ; a hedge. 
 We have, in these words, clear evidence of the man- 
 ner in which several modern nations express the 
 
 Shemitic V, or j_pi.] 
 
 1. To stop ; to restrain ; to hinder or repress ; to 
 curb. It signifies to put an entire stop to motion, or 
 to restrain its violence, and cause an abatement ; to 
 moderate. 
 
 2 To rebuke ; to chide or reprove. Shak. 
 
 3 To compare any paper with its counterpart or 
 with a cipher, with a \new to ascertain its authen- 
 ticity ; to compare corresponding papers; to control 
 by a counter-register. 
 
 4. 'i'o make a mark against names in going over 
 a list. 
 
 5. In seaman.ship, to ease ofTa little of a rope, which 
 is too stiffly extended ; also, to stopper the cable. 
 
 Mar. Diet, 
 
 CHECK, r. i. To stop ; to make a stop ; with oL 
 
 The mind checks at any vigorous underukin^. Lack** 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K , G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 195 
 
CHE 
 
 2 To clash or interfere. 
 
 I tove to check with biisinels. Bacon. 
 3. To strike with repression. Dryden. 
 [ These applications are not frequent.'] 
 CHECK, n. A stop; hinderance ; rebuff; sudden re- 
 straint, or continued restraint ; curb ; control ; gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 2. That which stops or restrains,-as reproof, repri- 
 mand, rebuke, sliglit or disgust, fear, apprehension, 
 a person ; any stop or obstruction. Clarendon. 
 
 3. A mark put against names in going over a list. 
 
 4. .\ token given to railroad passengers, serving to 
 identify them in claiming their luggage, &c. Also, 
 in theaters, a similar token, to identify those who go 
 out, expecting to return. 
 
 5. In falconry, when a hawk forsakes her proper 
 game, to follow rooks, pies, or other fowls, that 
 cross her in her flight. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 6. The correspondent cipher of a bank note ; a 
 corresponding indenture ; any counter-register. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 7. A term in chess, when one p.irty obliges the 
 other either to move or guard his king. 
 
 8. .\n order for money, drawn on a banker or on 
 the cashier of a bank, payable to the bearer. 
 
 This is a sense derived from that in definition 6. 
 
 9. In popular use, checkered cloth ; check for 
 checkered. 
 
 Check, or check-roll: a riM or book containing the 
 names of persons who are attendants, and in the 
 pay of a king or great personage, as domestic ser- 
 vants. Bailey Encyc. 
 
 Clerk of the check, in the British king's household, 
 has the check and control of the yeomen of the 
 guard, and all tlie ushers belonging to the royal 
 family, the care of the watch, &c. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 Clerk of the check : in the British royal dock-yards, 
 is an officer who keeps a register of all the men em- 
 ployed on board his majesty's shijjs and vessels, and 
 of all the artificers in the service of the navy, at the 
 port where he is settled. 
 .CHECK'-BOOK, n. A book containing blank checks 
 
 upon a bank. Bounier. 
 CHECK'JED, ) pp. Stopped; restrained; repressed; 
 CHECKT, j curbed ; moderated ; controlled ; rep- 
 rimanded. 
 
 CIIECK'ER, V. t. [from ehedi, or perhaps directly from 
 the Fr. echiquier, a chess-board. Norm, escheqir, or 
 chekere, exchequer.] 
 
 1. To variegate with cross lines ; to fonn into 
 little squares, like a chess-board, by lines or stripes 
 of different colors. Hence, 
 
 2. To diversify ; to variegate with different qual- 
 ities, scenes, or events. 
 
 Our minds aw, ha it were, checkered with truth and fals-hood. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 CHECK'ER, n. One who checks or restrains ; a re- 
 buker. 
 2. A chess-board. 
 
 CHECK'ER, ) n. Work varied alternately as 
 
 CHECK'ER-WORK, ( to its colors or materials; 
 work consisting of cross lines. 
 
 CHECK'ER-£D, pp. or a. Diversified ; variegated. 
 
 CHECK'ERS, n. pi. Draughts; a common game on 
 a checkered board. 
 
 CIIECK'IXG, ppr. Stopping; curbing; restraining; 
 moderating ; controlling ; rebuking. 
 
 CHECK'LESS, a. That can not be checked or re- 
 strained. 
 
 CHECK'.MSTE, n. [>'ce Check. .Vote is from the 
 root of the Sp. and I'ort. m^it'ir, to kill. Ar. Cli. Syr. 
 Heb. Eth. Saiq. nin moth, to die, to kill.] 
 
 1. The movement in the game of chess, which 
 stops all further moving, and ends the game. 
 
 2. FisuratireXy, defeat ; overtlirow. Spenser. 
 CHECK'.MATE, o. t. To make a move in chess, 
 
 which stops all further moving, and ends the game. 
 
 Hence, to arrest and defeat. Skelton. 
 CHECK'.MAT-ED, pp. Stopi)cd in the game of chess. 
 CHECK'MaT-I.NG, ppr. Making a last move in 
 
 chess. 
 
 CHECKS, n. A term applied to a kind of checkered 
 cloth, as ginghams, plaids, &.c. 
 
 CHECK'Y, n. In heraldry, a border tliat has more 
 than twr> rtiws of rhi-rkers, or when the bordure or 
 shielil IS checkrri d, like a chess-board. Encyc. 
 
 CHEEK, n. [Kax ccar, ceorM ; D. kMik ; this is proba- 
 bly the same word as Jaio,Vr. jour, .\nn. traved,juved, 
 connected with jaoira, cha^nem, to chaw, or chew, 
 for the wortis chin, cheek, and jaw, are ctmfoundt^d ; 
 the name word which^ in one diah ct, signifies the 
 che«k, ill aniillier sigiiihe.s the jaw. Oena in I.atin 
 is the Eiigli»h chin.] 
 
 1. The aide of the face hi-low the eyes on each side. 
 
 2. Among mecli.'tiiics, rlierJcs are those piece.<i of a 
 macliine, or other kind of workmanship, wliirh form 
 corresponding sides, or wliicli are double and alike ; 
 as, the eheekt of a printing-press, which stand per- 
 pendicular and support the three Homiiiers, the head, 
 shelve", and winter ; the cheeks of a turner's lathe ; 
 the clieekA (»f a glazier's vise ; the cheeks of a mortar, 
 and of a gun-carriage ; (he cheeks of a miut, which 
 aerve to sustain the tn^stle trees, ice. 
 
 CHE 
 
 Check by_jowl : closeness; proximitv. Beaam. 
 CHEEK'-BoNE, 7i. The bone of the cheek. 
 CIIEEK'£D, (cheekt,) a. Brought near the cheek. 
 
 CoUm. 
 
 CHEEK'-TOOTH, n. The hinder tooth or tusk. Joel 
 CHEEP, V. i. To chirp, as a small bird. [i. 6. 
 
 CHEER, V. u \Ft. chere ; Arm. cher, cheer, entertain- 
 ment ; Ir. gairim, to call, shout, extol, rejoice ; Gr. 
 xaipu, to rejoice, to hail or salute. The primary 
 sense is, to cfill out or shout, as in joy ; a sense re- 
 tained in jovial companies, to gioe cAecrs, and among 
 seamen, to salute a ship by cheers. Orient. Nip 
 kara.] 
 
 1. To salute with shouts of joy, or cheers, or with 
 stamping or other expressions of applause. 
 
 2. To dispel gloom, sorrow, silence, or apathy ; to 
 cause to rejoice ; to gladden ; to make cheerful ; as, 
 to cheer a lonely desert ; the cheering rays of the sun ; 
 good news cheers the heart. 
 
 3. To infuse life, spirit, animation; to incite; to 
 encourage ; as. to cheer the hounds. 
 
 CHEER, !'. i. To grow cheerful ; to become gladsome 
 or joyous. 
 
 -At si jilt of ihee my gloomy soul cheers up, Phiilipt. 
 CIteer up, my laiis. 
 
 CHEER, Tj. .\ shout of joy ; as, they gave three cheers. 
 Also, stamping, or other expressions of applause. 
 
 2. A state of gladness or joy ; a state of animation 
 above gloom and depression of spirits, but below 
 mirth, gayety, and jollity. 
 
 Sou, he of food cheer; Uiy sins are forgfiTen tliee. — Matt. ix. 
 Tiieii wcr; ihi-y idl of good cheer, and they also look some meat. 
 — Acts xxvU. 
 
 3. Mirth ; gayety ; jollity, as at a feast. 
 
 4. Invitation to gayety. Shak. 
 
 5. Entertainment ; tiiat which makes cheerful ; 
 provisions for a feast. Shak. 
 
 The table was loaded with good cheer. Irving. 
 
 6. Air of countenance, noting a greater or less de- 
 gree of cheerfulness. 
 
 His words their drooping clieer 
 Euliglitened. hWlon. 
 
 CHEER'ED, pp. Enlivened ; animated ; made glad. 
 CHEER'ER, II. One who cheers; he or that which 
 gladdens. • 
 
 Thou cheerer of our days. Wotton. 
 Prime cheerer, light. Thomson. 
 
 CHEER'FIJL, a. Lively ; animated ; having good 
 spirits ; moilerately joyful. This is the most usual 
 signification of the word, expressing a degree of an- 
 imation less than mirth and jollity. 
 
 2. Full of life ; gay ; animated ; mirthful ; music- 
 al ; as, tile cheerful birds. 
 
 3. Expressive of good spirits or joy ; lively ; ani- 
 mated. 
 
 A merry heart maketh a chser/ul countenance. — Pror. xr. 
 
 CHEER'FIJLr-LY, ado. In a cheerful manner; with 
 alacrity or willingness ; readily ; with life, anima- 
 tion, or good spirits. 
 
 CHEER'FJJL-XESS, 7t. Life; animation; good spir- 
 its ; a state of moderate joy or gayety ; alacrity. 
 He that showeth mercy, with cheer/ulneee. — Rom. xn, 
 
 CIIEER'I-LY, adv. With cheerfulness ; with spirit. 
 
 CHEEK'I-NESS, n. Cheerfulness. 
 
 CHiIRR'ING, ppr. or a. Giving joy or gladness ; en- 
 livening; encouraging; animating. 
 
 CHEER'ING-LY, ailv. In a cheerful manner. 
 
 CHEER'ISH-NEriS, n. State of cheerfulness. [JVot 
 in u.sv.l Milton. 
 
 CHEER'LESS, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort ; 
 gloomy ; destitute of any thing to enliven or animate 
 the spirits. Spenser. 
 
 CHEER'LESS-NESS, n. State of being destitute of 
 cheerfulness or comfort. 
 
 CHEER'LY, a. Gay; cheerful : not gloomv. 
 
 CHEER'LV, adv. Cheerfully; heartily; brisklv. 
 
 CHEER'UP, ( V. t. To make cheerful ; to enliven ; to 
 
 CHIR'RL'P, i chirp. [Colloquial.] Dr. Cheyne. 
 
 CHEER'Y, a. Gay ; sprightly ; having power to make 
 gay. 
 
 Come, let us hie, anti quafTa cheery bowl. Gay. 
 CHEESE, n. [Sax. msc, or cyse; Ir. cais ; W. caws; 
 Corn, lies ; Arm. cans ; L. caseiis ; Sp. qucso ; Ptirt. 
 queijo ; D. kaas ; G. kdse ; Basque, ga.-ma, or gazta. 
 The primary sense is to curdle, to congeal, from col- 
 lecting, drawing, or driving ; W. casiaw, to curdle. 
 Perhaps it is allied to .iqueeie.] 
 
 1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually by rennet, 
 separated from the serum or whey, and pressed in a 
 vat, hoop, or molil. 
 
 2. A mass of pomace or ground ajiples placed on a 
 press. Enctfc. of Doin. Econ. 
 
 CIIEESE'-CAKE, n. A cake made of soft curds, su- 
 gar, and btiller. Prior. 
 
 CIIEESE'-.MOIV'GER, ( mung'ger,) n. One who 
 deals in or sells cheese. B. Jonson. 
 
 CHEESE'-PAR-ING, v. The rind or paring of cheese. 
 
 Beaum. 
 
 CHEESE'-PRESS, n. A press, or engine for pressing 
 curd in tin; making of cheese. Gay. 
 
 CMEE«E'-RE.\-NET, 71. A plant, ladies' bed-straw, 
 Galium verum. 
 
 CHE 
 
 CHEESE'- VAT, n. The vat or case in which curds 
 are confined for pressing. Olanvitle. 
 
 CHEES'Y, a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, or 
 form of cheese. 
 
 CHEF-D'IEUV'RE, (shef-doov'r,) n. [Fr.] A mas- 
 terpiece or performance in arts, &c. 
 
 CHEG'oe' I small.] 
 
 A tropical insect, that enters the skin of the feet 
 and multiplies incredibly, causing an itching. Encyc 
 It is written, also, churaer, chiaoe, ji<rrrer, 
 €HEI-R0P'TER, n. ) [Gr ^f.o, thS hand, and 
 eHEt-ROP'TEK-A, n. pi. \ ^reoav, wing.] 
 
 Terms applied to animals whose anterior toes are 
 connected by a membrane, and whose feet thus serve 
 for wings, as the bat. Liniier. 
 CHEI-ROP'TER-OUS, a. Belonging to the Cheirop- 
 tera. 
 
 CHEI-RO-THe'RI-UM, 71. [Gr. xeio, hand, and On- 
 piou, beast.] An animal whose footsteps alone have 
 been found in Germany. It is sometimes spelt chiro- 
 therium. 
 
 CHEK-o'A, 77. The Chinese porcelain clay. 
 €HEL'I-DON, 71. [Gr.] A brown fly with silvery 
 wings. 
 
 eHE-LIF'ER-OCS, a. [Gr. xn^l, a claw, and L./cro, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Furnished with claws, as an animal. 
 CHEL'I-FOR.M, a. [L. chela, a claw, and form.] 
 
 Having the form of a claw. 
 €HE-LO'NI-AN, 71. ) [Gr. x£*wi"), a tortoise.] Terms 
 €HE-Lo'NI-.\, 11. pi. J applied to animals of the tor- 
 toise kind. 
 
 €HE-Lo'NI-AN, iz. Pertaining to or designating ani- 
 mals of the tortoise kind. 
 
 CHE'LY, ( ke'le,) 71. [L. chela; Gr. x')A'), a claw.] 
 The claw of a shell-fish. Brawn. 
 
 CHE.M'ie-AL, (kim'i-kal or kem'i-kal.) [See Chem- 
 I9TRT.] Pertaining to chemistry ; as, a chemical op 
 eration. ^, 
 
 2. Resulting from tlie operation of the principles 
 of bodies by decomposition, combination, &c. ; as, 
 chemical changes. 
 
 3. .According to the principles of chemistry ; as, a 
 chemical combination. 
 
 eHEM'ie-.\L-LY, adv. According to chemical prin- 
 ciples ; by chemical process or operation. 
 CHE MISE', (slie-mez',) 71. [Fr. c/ieinise ; Ir. cainwe. 
 
 caimis ; Sp. camisa ; It. camiria Ar. l^ J^^ f ^ kamit- 
 
 ion : Amh. id.] " 
 
 1. A shift, or under-garment, worn by females. 
 
 2. A wall that lines the face of anv work of earth. 
 CJff:~tr i-SET'JE', (shem-e-/.et',) 71. [Fr.] An under 
 
 garment, worn over the chemise. 
 
 CHEM'IST, (kim'ist «r kein'ist,) 71. A person versed 
 in chemistry ; a professor of chemistry. 
 
 eilE.M'IS-TRY, (kiiii'is-try or kem'is-tr}-,) n. [Fr. 
 chimie ; Sp. chimia ; It. and Port, chimico. The 
 orthography of this word, from its derivation and 
 the analogy of other European language^, would 
 
 properly be chimistry. It is the .\rabic Ij^a^^ 
 
 kimia, the occult art or science, from ^t'™^ kamai, 
 
 to conceal. This was originally the art or science 
 now called alchemy ; the art of converting baser 
 metals into gold. The order of Diocletian, directing 
 search to be made for books treating of the wonder- 
 ful art of making gcdtl and silver, and all th.it should 
 be found to be committed to the flames, proves the 
 origin of this art to be as remote as the close of the 
 third century ; and it was probably somewhat earlier. 
 Gibbon, ch. 13. It is not improbable that this art was 
 used in counterfeiting coin.s. The common orthogra- 
 phy is from xiui, to melt or fuse ; the old orthography 
 was from x<:oi, the same word, differently written ; 
 both having no foundation but a random guess. If 
 lexicographers and writers had been contented to 
 take the orthography of the nations in the south of 
 Europe, where the origin of the word was doubtless 
 iindorslood, and through whom the word wa.s intro- 
 duced into England, the orthography would have 
 been settled, uniform, and corresponding exactly 
 with the prontinciatiim.] 
 
 Chcmi.slry is a science, the object of which is to 
 discover the nature and properties of all bodies by 
 analysis and synthesis. Macquer. 
 
 Chemlitry is that science which explains the inti- 
 mate mutual action of all natural bodies. Fourcrmj. 
 
 Analysis or decomposition, and synthesis or combi- 
 nation, are the two methods which chemistry uses to 
 accomplish its purixises. Fourcroy. iloopcr. 
 
 Chemistry may be ilofined, the science which in- 
 vRstigates the composition of material substances, 
 and the permanent changes of constitution which 
 their inutiinl nctiims produce. Ure. 
 
 Chemistry limy be defined, that science, the object 
 of which is to discover and explain the changes of 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^Lh, WHAT. — METE, PRgY. — PINEJ, MARI.NE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BWK.— 
 
 106 
 
Cll E 
 
 btiinpiisltKiii tli:il nrnir hiikiii" the iiitegnint and cun- 
 slittivlit piirla ni" ditrerem bodit-s. JUnry. 
 
 Climni-itrti is the science which treats of tliose 
 events an(l clmnges in natural bodies wliicli are 
 not acconipanii'd by sensible rnntions. Thomson, 
 
 Chemistnj is justly considered as a science, but the 
 practical iiperaiuins may be denominated an art. 
 
 Chniiistrij relates to those operations by which the 
 intimate nature of bodies is clianged, or by which 
 they acquire new |iri>pcrties. Davij. 
 CIIEUUE. See Check. 
 CIlKU'l'ER. SeeCHECKEB. 
 
 CllEll'IFF, n. Written also Sheriff. The prince of 
 
 Mecca ; a high priest among the iMohtiiiinedans. 
 CIIER'ISH, V. t. [Ft. clurin Arm. cAwj:a ; from Fr. 
 
 c/irr, dear ; W. eir, bounty ; ciriatr, to pity, to cherish. 
 
 See Caress.] 
 
 1. To In^at with tenderness and affection ; to give 
 
 warmth, ease, or comfort to. 
 
 \Vp w-'n* ^'iill^ Rnionp you, PTpn R9 ft nune cheritheOt lier 
 
 ctiiUlmi. — I Thcsfi. ii. 
 The dniiiK-t wiu (mt, aiul cjterishtd t)i« king. — I Kings i. 
 
 9. To hold as dear ; to embrace with affection ; to 
 foster and encourage ; as, to cherish the principles 
 of virtue ; to cherish relijiion in the lieart. 
 
 3. To treat in a manner to encourage growth, by 
 protection, aid, attendance, or supplying nourish- 
 ment; as, to cherish tender plants. 
 
 'I. To harbor ; to indulge and encourage in the 
 mind ; as, to cherish ill-will, or any evil passion. 
 
 CIIEK'ISI1.£U, (cher'isht,) pp. or a. Treated with 
 tenderness ; warmed ; comforted ; fostered. 
 
 CIIEK'ISII-ER, n. One who cherishes j an cncour- 
 ager ; a supporter. 
 
 CHER'I.SII-ING, ppr. Warming; comforting; en- 
 couraging; fostering; treating with affection. 
 
 ClIEK'ISil-I.NG, n. Support; encouragement. 
 
 CIIER'ISII-ING-LV, ado. In an affection:ite or chcr- 
 isliinj manner. 
 
 CH ER'tSH-iME.VT, n. Encouragement ; comfort. [ Obs.] 
 
 €I1ER'.MeS. See Kermes. 
 
 CHE-ROOT', n. .\ kind of cigar. _ The genuine che- 
 root is from .Manilla, in the Philippine Islands, and is 
 hichly prized for the delicacv of its flavor. 
 
 eHER-0-POT'A MOS, h. [Gf. \"i'<oi, a hog, and 
 TTorii/jus, river.] An animal of the order of pachy- 
 dermata, allied to the hog, now extinct. 
 
 CIIER'KY, n. [Fr. cerise; L. cerasus ; It. ciriegia : 
 Port, cereja ; Sp. cereza ; Arm. ffcrcsen ; D. karsy or 
 krick : G. kirsche ; Sw. kirsbar ; Dan. kirscbter ; so 
 named, it is said, from Cerasus, a city in Pontus, 
 near the Euxine, whence the tree was imported in- 
 to Italy.! 
 
 The fniit of a tree, a species of Primus, of which 
 there are many varieties, as the red or garden cherry, 
 the red-heart, the white-heart, the black cherry, the 
 black-heart, and several others. The fruit is a pulp 
 inclosing a kernel. It is rehited that this fruit was 
 brought from Cerasus, In Pontus, to Italy, af\er the 
 defeat of Mithridates by Lucullus, .\. R. l>80, and in- 
 troduced into England by the Romans, about 120 
 years afterward, A. 1). .55. 
 
 Barbadors cl<erry, is the genus Malpighia, of several 
 species. The berries are red, cherry-sliaiied, acid, 
 and eatable. 
 
 Bird cherry, is a species of Prunus, the common 
 laurel, or lauro-cerasus. Lee. 
 
 Also, the PruniLS Ptuhw. Encijc. 
 
 Cornelian cherry is the fruit of the Conuis, cornel- 
 tree, or dog-wood. It is a small, acid, cherry-like, 
 eatable berry. 
 
 Dwarf chcrrtj, is the fruit of a species of Lonicern, 
 or honey-suckle. 
 • HotUntot chemjy is the fruit of a species of Cassine. 
 The fruit is a trispermous berry, of a dark, purple 
 color. 
 
 fVinter cherry, is a name of the fruit of the Pliy- 
 salis, a genus of many species. It is a berry of the 
 size of a small cherry, inclosed in an indated, blad- 
 der like c.ilyx. This name is also given to a species 
 of Solanum. Fitm. of Planl.^. 
 
 CUER'RY, a. Like a red cherry in color ; red, ruddy, 
 blooming ; as, a cherry lip ; cherry cheeks. 
 
 CHER'RV, 71. A cordial coniptised of cherry juice 
 and spirit, sweetened and diluted. The wild cherry 
 is most genentlly used for this purpose, being steeped 
 for some days in spirit, which extracts the juice of 
 the fruit; the tincture is then sweetened and diluted 
 to the taste. This cordial is moderately bitter and 
 .astringent. It is sometimes made of the mazzard. 
 
 CHEK'RY-CIIEEK-ED, (-cheekt,) a. Having ruddy 
 cheeks. Con^rrere. 
 
 CIIER'RY-PIT, 71. A child's play, in which cherry- 
 stones arc thrown into a hole. Sluik.' i 
 
 CIIER'RY-TREE, 71. A tree whose fruit is cherries, ' 
 in the more appropriate sense of the word. The 
 name is mastly given to the common cultivated trees, i 
 and to that which produces the black wild clier- \ 
 ry. The wood of the latter is valued for cabinet '. 
 work. 
 
 GHER'SO-NeSE, 71, [Gr. xcftaovriaoi : \coaoi, land, 
 or uncultivated land, and vr)n;f, an isle.] 
 A [leninsula; a tract of land of any indefinite ex- 
 
 cir F. 
 
 tent, which is iit;;irly surrounded by water, but united 
 to a larger tract by a neck of land, or islhiniis ; as, 
 the Cimbnc Chersonese, or Jutland ; the Taurie Cher- 
 sonese, or Crimea. 
 
 CHERT, 71. In mineraloiry, an impure variety of 
 quartz, or flint, of various dull shades of color. It 
 incliules pelrosilez and hornstoiir. 
 
 ClIEHT'Y, a. I.ike chert ; containing chert. Pennant. 
 
 CIIF.R'L'II, n.: pi. ("iiebuhs ; but the Hebrew plural 
 Cherubim is also used. [lleb. krrub. lii Ch. 
 
 and Syr. the corresponilina vi'rb signifies to plow ; 
 and the word is said to signily, propi'rly, any image 
 or figure ; if so, it may have been nami-d from c/i- 
 grai^ing. Hut this is uncertain, and the learned are 
 not agreed on the signification.] 
 
 A figure coinpo.sed of various creatures, as a man, 
 an ox, an eagle, or a lion. The first mention of 
 cherubs is in Of", iii. Q I, where the figuri: is not 
 described ; but their office was, with a flaming sword, 
 to keep or guard the way of the tree of life. The 
 two cherubs which Mioses was coinmandt.-d to m.'ikc 
 at the ends of the mercy-seat, were to be of beaten 
 work of gold ; and their wings were to extend over 
 the mercy-seat, llieir faces toward each other, and 
 between ttiem was the residence of the Deity. Et. 
 XXV. The cherubs, in Ezekiel's vision, had each 
 four heads, or faces, the hands of a man, and wings. 
 The four faces were, the face of a bull, that of a 
 man, that of a lion, and that of an eagle. They h.ad 
 the likeness of a man. E:ek. iv. and x. In 2 Sn77i. 
 xxii. 11, and Psalm xviii. Jehovah is represented as 
 riding on a cherub, and flying on the wings of the 
 wind. In the celestial liierarchy, cherubs are repre- 
 sented as spirits next in order toseraphs. The hiero- 
 glyphicnl and emblematical figures embroidered on 
 the vails of the tabernacle, are called cherubs of cu- 
 rious or skillful w<irk, Kr. xxvi. 
 A beautiful child is c:illed a cherub, 
 
 CHER-U'liie, [a. Pertaining to cherubs ; angelic. 
 
 CHKR-O'Hie-AL, j Sheldon, 
 
 CIIER'lJ-Iil.M, 71. The Hebrew plural of Cheri r. 
 
 CIIER'U-HIN', a. Cherubic ; angelic. Slinl:. 
 
 CI1ER'U-B1.\, 71. A cherub. Dryden, 
 
 CIIER'UP; a corruption of c/iir/7, which see. 
 
 CHER'VIL, 71. [Sax. cerjille, a contraction of L. chtrr- 
 ophylluni ; Gr. ^^aipet/ivAXor, xatfjw, to rejoice, and 
 <pvX\it , leaf.] 
 
 The popular name of a plant, of the genus Chiero- 
 phylluni. 
 
 CHES'.V-Pff.AK, n. A hay of the United States, 
 whose entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape 
 Henry, in Virginia, and which extends northerly into 
 Maryland 271) miles. It receives the waters of the 
 Susqiiehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and 
 James Rivers. 
 
 CHES'I-RLE. See Chasurle. 
 
 CHF.S'LIP, 71. A small vermin that lies under stones. 
 
 CHESS, 71. [Fr. echrcs. See Check.] 
 
 An ingenious game performed by two parties with 
 different pieces, on a checkered boaril, that is, a bo.ard 
 divided into sixty-four squares, or houses. The suc- 
 cess of the game depends almost entirely on skill. 
 Each gamester has eight dignified pieces, called a 
 king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, and two 
 rooks, or castles ; also eight pawns. The pieces of 
 the parties are of different colors. Encyc. 
 
 CHESS, 71. [I do not find this word in any English 
 dictionary ; nor do I know its origin or affinities. In 
 
 Persian, khas, or gas, signifies evil, depraved, 
 
 and a useless weed.] 
 
 In «\Vw England, the Bronius Secalinus, a grass 
 which grows among wheat, and is supposed to be 
 wheat degenerated or changed, as it abounds most 
 in fields where the wheat is winter-killed. It bears 
 some resemblance to oats. This fact is mentioned 
 by Pliny, N:it. Hist. lib. 18, ca. 17. " Prirnnm omni- 
 um f'nimenti vitium aveiia est ; et hordeiini in eam 
 desenerat." This change of wheat and biirley into 
 oats he ascribes to a moist soil, wet weather, 
 bad seed, &c. This opinion cohicides with ob- 
 servations in America, as wheat is most liable to 
 l>ertsh in moist land, and of\en in such places, almost 
 all the wheat is killed, and instead of it chess often 
 appe;irs. But this change of wheat into chess is now 
 denied, and the common opinion is aflirmed, by tlie 
 ablest botanists, to be erroneous. 
 
 C1IESS'-.\P-P1.E, 7u A species of wild service. 
 
 CIIF.SS'-BOARI), 71. The beard used in the game of 
 chess, and from the squares of which chess has its 
 name. 
 
 C1IESS'-M.A\, 71. .\ piece used in the game of chess. 
 CH ESS'-PI.A Y-ER, 71. One who plays chess; one 
 
 skilled in the gome of chess. 
 CHICSS'-TREE, n. In ships, ^ piece of wood bolted 
 
 perpendicularly on the side, to confine the clews of 
 
 the main sail. 
 CHESS'O.M, 7t. Mellow earth. Baeon. 
 CHEST, 71. [Sax. ceM or cyst : L. cista ; W. cist : Ir. 
 
 cisde: Gr. Ki-^rr,; G. kistc : D. kist; Sw. fcista ; Dan. 
 
 kisH. See Chestxut.] 
 
 1. A box of wood, or other material, in which 
 
 CICF. 
 
 ' goods arc kept or transported. It differs from a trunk 
 ill not beiuL' covered with skin or leather. 
 
 2. The trunk of tin- boily from the neck to the 
 belly; the thorav. Hence, broad-chnted, narrov- 
 cliestrd; having a broad or narrow chest. 
 
 '^, In cownierce, a certain quantity ; as, a chest of 
 sugar ; a chest of indigo ; &.c. 
 
 Cltejit of drawers, is a case of movable boxes 
 called drawers. 
 ("HEST, V. t. To reposit in a chest ; to hoard. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CIIEST'EI), a. Having a che.st, as in Ihick-che-sted ; 
 }i:irrn\v-cliested. 
 
 CHE.ST'-FOU.ND-ER I\G, n. A disease in horses, 
 like the pleurisy orperipncumony in the human body. 
 
 VarriiT^s Diet. 
 
 CHEST'NITT, (clies'niit,) 7i. [Sax. eystel, and the 
 tree in Sax. is cy.sUteam or cystenbcam ; L. castanea, 
 the tree and the niit ; Ft. chataigne ; Arm. gistenen, 
 or gestenen ; W. costtin ; Sp. castana ; Port, castanha ,* 
 If. castagna; G. ka^tnnir ; Sw. Dan. kastanie; from 
 Welsh cast, eiivelopmeiif, the root of eastlc, from 
 separating, delVniling ; so named from its shell, or 
 cover. It is often written Chesmt.J 
 
 The fruit, seed, or nut of a tree belonging to the 
 genus Castanea. It is inclosed in a prickly pericarp, 
 which contains two or more seeds, 
 
 CIIEST'.N'UT, a. Being of the color of a chestnut ; of 
 a brown color. It is, perhaps, mrely used as a noun. 
 
 CHEST'N'UT-TREE, ». Castinea vesca ; the tree 
 wliich produci^s the chestnut. This tree grows to a 
 great size, with spreading branches. It is one of 
 the most valuable timber-trees, as the wood is very 
 durable,. and forms in .Vmerica the principal timber 
 for fencing. The timber is also used in building, 
 and for vessels of various kinds. 
 
 Dwarf-chestnnt, or ehincapin, is another species of 
 Casfanea. 
 
 Jlorsc cheslnut is a tree of the genus if;.sculus. 
 The coniinon tree of this sort is a native of the north 
 of Asia, and admired for the beauty of its flowers. 
 It is used for shaile and ornament, and its nuts are 
 esteemed good food for horses. The scarlet-flowering 
 horse-chestnut is a native of Carolina, Brazil, and 
 the East, and is admired for its beauty. 
 
 The Indian Rose-chestnut, of the genus Mesua, 
 bears a nut, roundish, pointed, and marked with 
 four elevated longitudinal sutures. 
 
 Eneifc. Fam, of Planti. 
 niES'TON, n. .\ species of plum. ./ohnson, 
 CHl'^'T.MI, 71. The hunting leopard of India; the 
 Felis jubata. 
 
 CIIEV'A-Clllic, (shev'il-sh«,) n. An expedition with 
 cavalry. [Aut nsrd,] Chaucer. 
 
 CIIEV-.AL', 71. [Fr.] tiftra/fH, a horse : and hence, in 
 composition, a support or fnune. Thus a clietaU 
 glass is a larire swinir-glass mounted on a frame, &c. 
 
 CHEV-AL'-DE-FRISE', generally used in the plural, 
 Chevaui-de-Fri9E, (shev'o-de-freez.) [Fr. cheval, 
 a horse, and frise, any thing curled, rough, en- 
 fjinglcd ; the horse of frise, or frizzled horse. 
 Hence called also turnpike, toumitjnet.] 
 
 1. A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, 
 pointed with iron, five or six feet long; used to de- 
 fend a passage, stop a breach, or make a retrench- 
 ment to stop cavalry. 
 
 2. .\ kind of trimming. 
 
 CHEV-A-MkR', (shcv-a-leer',) n. [Fr., from cAci'oI, a 
 horse ; Sp. ruballero. See Catalrt.] 
 
 1. A knight; a gallant young man. Shak. 
 
 2. Ill heraldry, a horseman armed at all points. 
 CIIEV'E.N, ». [Fr. chrvesne.^ [Encyc 
 
 A river fish, the chub. 
 
 CHEV'ER-IL, 71. [Fr. fAcrrcaii, a kid, from cAm-c, a 
 goat, L. caper, W. gavar, .\rm, gavricq, gavr.'y 
 
 Soft leather made of kid-skin; hence, a yielding 
 disposition ; yielding or pliable. [Used as a noun or 
 adjective.] Shak. 
 
 CIIEV'ER-IL-IZE, r. t. To make as pliable as kid- 
 leather. Montatru, 
 
 CHEV'l-S.K.N'CE, (shev'c-z:lns,) n. [Fr. checir, to 
 come to the end, to perform, to prevail, from chef. 
 the head, literally the end. See Chief ana 
 Achieve.] 
 
 1. Achievement; deed; performance; enterprise 
 accomplished. [06 s.] Spenser. 
 
 2. In late, a making of contracts ; a bargain. 
 Stat. 13 Eliz. 7. 
 
 3. .\» unlawful agreement or contract. 21 Jam. 17. 
 
 4. .\n agreement or composition, as an end or 
 order set down between a creditor and his debtor. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 CHEVRON", n. [Fr., a rafler ; ^Y. cebrr : .\rm. g'ebr.] i 
 
 1. In heraldni,nn honorable ordiiiary, representing 
 two rafters of a liouse meeting at the top. Bailey. 
 
 2. In architecture, an ornament in tho form of zig- 
 zag work. Owil*. 
 
 3. The distinguishing marks on the sleeves of 
 non-commissioned officers* coats. Campbell. 
 
 CHEV'RO.V-£D, (shev'rond,) o. Having a chevron, 
 
 or the form of it. B. Jonson. 
 
 CIIEV'RO.N-EL, (shev'ron-cl,) ti. A small chevron. 
 CHEV-RO-TaIX', 71. [from Fr. chrrrre, a goat] 
 The smallest of the antelope kind. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH ai SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 lift' 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHEW, (chu,) V. t [Sax. ceowan; D. kaauwen; G. 
 kauen. See Chaw. J 
 
 1. To bite and grind with the teeth ; to masticate, 
 as food, to prepare it for deghitition and digestion. 
 
 2. To ruminate in tlie thouglits ; to meditate ; as, 
 to cheu) revenge. SImk. 
 
 3. To cliamp ; to bite, hold or roll about in the 
 mouth ; as, to chew tobacco. 
 
 4. To taste, witliciut swallowing. SkaJc. 
 CHEW, V. i. To champ upon ; to ruminate. 
 
 Old politicians chem on wisdom past. Pope. 
 
 CHEW, n. That which is chevved ; that which is 
 held in the mouth at once ; a cud. [I'lUgar.] 
 
 CHEW'£D, (cliude.) pp. Ground by the teeth ; mas- 
 ticated. 
 
 CHEW'ET, (chu'et,) n. A kind of pie, made of 
 chopped substances. 
 
 CHEWING, ppr. or a. Grinding with the teeth; 
 masticating ; ruminating ; meditating ; champing. 
 
 CHI'A, n. .\ beautiful Mexican plant. 
 
 eHI'-\N, a. Pertaining to C/iios, an isle in the Levant. 
 Cliian earth ; a medicinal, dense, compact kind of 
 earth, from Chios, used anciently as an astringent, 
 and a cosmetic. Enci/c. 
 
 Cfimn turpentine, or Cijpnis turpentine, is procured 
 from the Pistacia Terebinthus. It is of tlie consist- 
 ence of honev, Gj:?ar, and of a yellowish white. 
 
 €HI-.ii'RO OS-€u'KO. See Clare-obscure. 
 
 CHI-AS'TO-LITE, H. [Gr. x'uoroj, decussated.] See 
 Andalusite. 
 
 CHIB'BAL, n. [Fr. cibouU.'\ 
 
 A small sort of onion. Beaumont. 
 
 CHI-CaXE', (she-kane',) n. [Fr. chicane ; Atm. clean. 
 or cicanerez. Ciu. Sax. swican, to deceive.] 
 
 1. In law, shift ; turn ; trick ; cavil ; an abuse of 
 judiciary proceedings, by artifices, unfair practices, 
 or idle objections, which tend to perplex a cause, 
 puzzle the judge, or impose on a party, and thus to 
 delay or pervert justice. 
 
 2. In dispute, sophistry ; distinctions and subtleties, 
 that tend to jjerplex the question and obscure the 
 truth. Lncke. 
 
 3. Any artifice or stratagem. Prior. 
 CHI-€aNE', v. i. [Fr. chicamr.] 
 
 To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Burke. 
 CHI-€a\'EU, n. [Fr. chicautur.] 
 
 One who uses shifts, turns, evasions, or undue ar- 
 tifices, in litigation or disputes ; a caviler ; a sophis- 
 ter; an unfair disputant. Locke. 
 CHI-€aN'ER-Y, (she-kan'er-y,) n. [Fr. chieaneric.] 
 Sophistry ; mean or unfair artifices to perplex a 
 cause and obscure the truth. 
 CHie eO-RY, ft. The Cichorium Intybus ; also called 
 succory. One species is cultivated in England as a 
 salad ; and another species is used in France to adul- 
 terate coffjc. 
 CHICH'ES, 71. pi. Dwarf peas. 
 
 CHICH'LING, ( n. .\ vetch or pea, of the 
 
 CHICH'LL\G-V' ETCH, \ genus Lathyrus, used in 
 Germany for food, but inferior to other kinds. 
 
 Miller. 
 
 CHICK, V. i. To sprout, as seed in the ground ; to 
 
 vegetate. Chalmers. 
 CHICK, \n. [Sax. cicen; D. kuiken; G. kvchleiii; 
 CHICK'EX, i an. Russ. chikaiju, to peep.] 
 
 1. The young of fowls, particularly of the domestic 
 hen, or gallinaceous fowls. 
 
 2. A person of tender years. 
 
 3. A word of tenderness. 
 CHICK-A-REF.', n. The American red squirrel, the 
 
 Scinrus Hudsoniiis. 
 CHICK'EN-HEaRT'ED, a. Timid; fearful; cow- 
 ardly. 
 
 CHICK'EN-PO.X, n. A mild, contagious, eruptive dis- 
 ease, generally appearing in cliildren. 
 
 CHICK'LING, n. A small chick or chicken. 
 
 CHICK'-PkA, n. [L. cicer: G. kicker: Sp. chickaro.] 
 The popular name of a species of the genus Cici'r ; 
 a native of Spain, where it is used iu olios. It is 
 smaller than the common pea. 
 
 CHICK'-WEEI), )i. The popular name of a species 
 of Stellaria. The common chick-weed, with white 
 blossoms, affords a remarkable instance of the sleep 
 of plants ; for, at night, the leaves approach in pairs, 
 and inclose the tender rudiments of the young shoots. 
 The leaves are cooling and nutritive, and are deemed 
 excellent food for persons of a consumptive habit. 
 They are deemed useful also for swelled lircasts. 
 
 Encijc. Wiicinan. 
 
 CHIDE, r. U ! pret. Chid, [Chode is obs. ;] part. Chid, 
 Chiddes. [Sax. clilan, to chide, to scold ; W. cozi, 
 to chide, to press, to straighten ; Ch. laap, to scold, 
 to brawl, to light. <.ln. \V. cml, a battle.] 
 
 Literally, to scold ; to clamor ; to utter noisy words ; 
 that i«. to drive. Hence, 
 
 1. 1 o waAA at ; to reprove ; to utter words in anger 
 or by way of disapprobation ; to rebuke ; as, to chide 
 one for his faults. 
 
 2. To blame ; to reproach ; as, to chide folly or neg- 
 ligence. 
 
 Til chide from, or chiile ateay, is to drive away by 
 ncoldinf! or repriKjf. 
 CHIDE, V. t. To Hcold ; to clamor; to find fault; to 
 
 contend in words of anger ; sometimes followed by 
 with. 
 
 Th? people diil chide with Moses. — Ex. ivii. 
 
 2. To quarrel. Shak. 
 
 3. To make a rough, clamorous, roaring noise ; as, 
 the chidintr^ flood. Shak. 
 
 CHlDE, n. Muruuir ; gentle noise. Thomson. 
 CHlD'ER, n. One who chides, clamors, reproves, or 
 rebukes. 
 
 CHlD'EU-ESS, 71. A female who chides. [JVot used.] 
 
 CItaucer, 
 
 CllTB'ING, ppr. Scolding; clamoring; rebuking; mak- 
 ing a harsh or continued noise. 
 
 CHlD'ING, 71. A scolding or clamoring; rebuke; re- 
 proof. 
 
 CHID'ING-LY, adv. In a scolding or repro\'ing man- 
 ner. 
 
 CHIi;r, a. [Fr. chef, the head, that is, the top or high- 
 est point ; Norm, chief: Sp. xcfe ; Ir. ceap ; It. capo. 
 It IS evidently from the same root as the L. caput, Gr. 
 icrtiiiXri, and Eng. cape, but through the Celtic, prob- 
 ably from shooting, extending.] 
 
 1. Highest in office or rank ; principal ; as, a chief 
 priest ; the chief butler. Oen. xl. 9. 
 
 AiiiQiifj the chief rulera, many believed on liim. — John xii. 
 9. Principal or most eminent, in any quality or 
 action ; most distinguished ; having most influence ; 
 commanding most respect ; taking the lead ; most 
 valuable ; most important ; a word of extensive use ; 
 as, a country chief in arms ; agriculture is the chief 
 employment of men. 
 
 The hand of the princes and rulers hath Ijeen chief in this Ues- 
 p;iss. — Ezra ix. 
 
 3. First in affection ; most dear and familiar. 
 
 A whisperer aeparatelli chief friends. — Ptov. xvi. 
 
 CHIEF, 71. A commander ; particularly a military 
 commander ; the person who heads an army ; equiv- 
 alent to the modern terms commander or general-in- 
 chicf, captain-general, or generalissimo. 1 Ch. xi. 
 
 2. The principal person of a tribe, fiiniily, or con- 
 gregation. Sec. JVi/ra. iii. M xxix. Matt. xx. 
 
 3. In chief: in English law, in capite. To hold 
 land in chief, is to hold it directly from the king by 
 honorable persouji serv'ices. Blacksione. 
 
 4. In heraldry, the upper part of the escutcheon, 
 divided into three points, dczter, middle, and sinister. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 Li chief, imports something borne in this part. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 5. In Spenser, it seems to signify something like 
 achievement, a mark of distinction ; as, chaplets 
 wrought with a chief. Johnson. 
 
 6. This word is often us'bd in the singular number 
 to express a plurality. 
 
 1 took the chief of your tribes, wise men and known, and made 
 
 them [leads over yon. — Dent. i. 15. 
 These were die chief of the oificcrs Uiat were over Solomon's 
 
 work. — 1 Kings ix. 
 
 In these phrases, chief may have been primarily an 
 adjective ; that is, chief men, chief persons. 
 
 7. The principal part; the nmst or largest part of 
 one thing or of many ; as, the chief of the debt re- 
 mains unpaid. 
 
 Tiie people look of the spoil, sheep and oxen, the chief of the 
 tilings which should have been utterly destroyed. — 1 Sam. XV. 
 He smote Uia chief of their strength. — Ps. Ixviii. 
 
 CHIEF, adv. Chiefly. 
 
 CIHkF'AGE, ) 71. A tribute by the head. [Obs.] 
 
 CHia"A6E, i Chambers. 
 
 CHIkF'DO.M, 71. Sovereignty. Spenser. 
 
 CHIkF'ESS, (cheefes,) ii. A female chief. 
 
 CHIkF'-JUS'TICE, 71. The presiding justice ; partic- 
 ularly the presiding judge in the courts of Commcm 
 Pleas, and King's Bench, in England, and of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, and also of the 
 Supreme Court in some of the States. 
 
 CHUcF'-JUS'TICE-SHIP, n. The office of chief- 
 justice. Slory. 
 
 CHIICF'LESS, a. Without a chief or leader. Pope. 
 
 CHIEF'LY, at/o. Principally; eminently; in the first 
 place ; as, it chiefly concerns us to obey the divine 
 precepts. 
 2. For the most part. 
 
 In the parts of the kit 
 chirjiy lay. 
 
 floin where llit: esUitea of the dissenters 
 Smfl. 
 
 CIIIi-.F'RlE, (chef're,) 71. A small rent paid U> the 
 lord pttramount. Spenser's Ireland. 
 
 CI1!EF'TAI.\, ( tin,) 71. [from c/itc/. Norm. cAcccTKetiw, 
 formed like roiituin, cnpitainr.] 
 
 A captain, badcr, or connnandi^r; a chief; flie 
 head of a Iroop, ;iriny, or clan. It is nitist coninionly 
 used in the latter sense. The chieftains of the High- 
 land clans, in .Scotland, were the principal noblemen 
 and gentlemen. Kncyc. 
 
 CHIEF'TAIN-(;Y, jn. Headship; captaincy ; the 
 
 CHIEF'TAIN SHIP, ( governnu nt over a clan. 
 
 Johnson. Smollett. 
 
 CHIl'^V'ANCE, n. [Norm, chivisance. See Cheti- 
 
 8ANCE.] 
 
 An unlawful bargain ; traffic in which money ia 
 extorted. [Ohs.] Bacon. 
 
 CHIEVE', ( I. c . 
 
 CHEYE ( [ chevir. See Achievb J 
 
 To come to an end ; to issue ; to succeed. I Obe 1 
 CHIF-FOJ^-/FM', (shif-fon-eer',) 71. LitcraUy & re 
 ceptacle for rags or shreds. 
 
 2. A movable and ornamental cupboard or recep- 
 tacle. SiTiart. 
 CHIF'FY,7i. An instant. 
 CHIG'GER, ) „ 
 <;H1'G0. ! ^eef-HEORE. 
 
 CHIL'BLaIN, ». lehill; Sax. cele, cold, and blain.] 
 A blain or sore produced by cold ; a tumor affect- 
 ing the hands and feet, accompanied with inflamma- 
 tion, pain,'and sometimes ulceration. Encyc. 
 
 CHIL'BLaIN, v. t. To produce chilblains. 
 
 CHILD, ».; pi. Childbkn. [.Sax. ciW; in Dan. kuld 
 is progeny, kulde is coldness, and kulcr is to blow 
 strong. Child is undoubtedly issue, that which is 
 produced.] 
 
 1. A son or a daughter ; a male or female descend- 
 ant, in the Hrst degree ; the immediate progeny of p.a- 
 rents; applied to the human race, and chiefly to a per- 
 son when young. The term is applied to infants from 
 their birth ; but the time when they cease ordinarily 
 to be so called, is not defined by custom. In strict- 
 ness, a child is the shoot, issue, or produce of the 
 parents, and a person of any age, in respect to the 
 
 An infant. [parents, is a child. 
 
 Hagar cast the cjtild under one of die shrubs. — Gen. xxi. 
 It signifies also a person of more advanced years. 
 
 Jephtha's daughter was his only child. — 1 mips xi. 
 
 The child sliall behave himself prouilly. — Is. lii. 
 
 A curse will be on those who corrupt the nioruls of their children. 
 
 J. Clarke. 
 
 The application of child to a female, in opposition 
 to a male, as in Shakspeare, is not legitimate. 
 
 2. One weak in knowledge, experience, judgment, 
 or attainments ; as, he is a mere child. 
 
 Behold, I can not speak, for I am a child. — Jer. i. 
 
 3. One young in grace. 1 John ii. 
 
 One who is humble and docile. Matt, xviii. 
 One who is unfi.ved in principles. Eph. iv. 
 
 4. One who is born again, spiritually renewed and 
 adopted ; as, a child of God. 
 
 5. One who is the product of another ; or whose 
 principles and morals are the product of another. 
 
 Thou child of the devil. _ Acts xiii. 
 
 That which is the product or effect of something 
 else. 
 
 This noble passion, child of integrity. Shak. 
 
 6. In tlie plural, the descendants of a man, how- 
 ever remote ; as, the children of Israel ; the children 
 of Edom. 
 
 7. The inhabitants of a country ; as, the children 
 of Seir. 2. Chron. xxv. 
 
 To be with child : to be pregnant. Gen. xvi. II. xix. 36. 
 CHILD, V. i. To bring children. SAiii. 
 CHILD'-BEaR-ING, ppr. or a. [See Bear.] 
 
 Bearing or producing children. 
 CHILD'-BEaR-ING,?!. The actof producingorbring- 
 
 ing forth children ; parturition. Milton. Mdison. 
 CHILD'BED,7i. [child and bed.] The state of a wo- 
 man bringing forth a child or being in labor ; par- 
 turition. 
 
 CHILD'BIRTH, (-burth,).7i. [child and birVi.] The 
 act of bringinu forth a child ; travail ; labor ; as, the 
 pains of childbirth, ^ Taylor. 
 
 CHILDE, 71. A cogntjmen formerly prefixed to his 
 name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to the 
 titles of his ancestors, or gained new honors by his 
 own prowess. Booth. 
 
 CHlLD'EI), a. Furnished with a child. [JVuf used.] 
 
 CllILD'ER-JIAS-DAY, ii. [child, mass, anil day.] * 
 An anniversary of the church of England, held on 
 the 2(5th of December, in coirimemoratioii of the 
 children of Bethlehem slain by Herod ; called also 
 Innocents' Day. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 CHILD'llOOl), 71. [Sax. cildhad. See Hood.] 
 
 1. The' state of a child, or the time in which per- 
 sons are children, including the time from birth to 
 puberty. But in a more restricted sense, the state or 
 time from infancy to imberty. Thus we say, infancy, 
 childhood, youth, antl manhood. 
 
 Childhood and youtli urv vanity. — EccliM. xi. 
 
 2. The properties of a child. Dnjden, 
 CIIILD'ING, ppr, [The verb to child is not now 
 
 used.] 
 
 Bearing children ; producing; as, c/ii/rfiii^ women. 
 
 .^rbuUtnot. 
 
 CHTLD'ISH,(7. Belonging toa child ; trifling; puerile. 
 When I became a man, I lait away childish diiiig>i. — I Cor. xiil. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a child ; as, childitih years or age ; 
 childish sptirts. 
 
 3. Pertaining to children ; ignorant; silly; weak; 
 as, childi.ih fear. 
 
 CHTLD'ISII-LY, adv. In the manner of a child; in 
 a trifling wiiv ; in a weak or foolish manner. 
 
 CHIl.D'lSll-N ESS, 11. Triflingness, puerility, the state 
 or qualities of a child, in reference to manners. But 
 in reference to the mind, sinqilicity, liarmlessness, 
 weakness of intellect. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MRTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 _ 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHILD'LESS, a. Destitute of children or offspring. 
 1 Sam. XV. 33. 
 
 CHILD' LESS-NESS, n. State of being witliout chil- 
 dren. EcereU. 
 
 CHILD'LIKE, a. Resembling a child, or that which 
 belongs to children ; becoming a child; meek; sub- 
 missive ; dutiful ; as, childlike obedience. 
 
 CIITLD'LY, a. Like a child. 
 
 CIIIL'DIIEN, n. ; pi. of Child. 
 
 eillL'I-AD, (kil'e-ad,) n. [Gr. x<>ias, from tiXin, a 
 thousand.] 
 
 I. A thousand ; a collection or sum, containing a 
 thousand individuals or particulars. Holder. 
 
 9. The period of a thousand years. Kncijc. 
 eilIL'I-A-GO\, n. [Gr. xi^^ia, a thousand, and 
 J oji'm, a comer.] 
 
 A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. 
 
 Bitrlow. 
 
 CHIL-I-A-IIK'DRON, n. [Gr. X'^'"! a thousand, and 
 t(!.io, a base.] 
 A solid figure of a thousand equal sides or faces. 
 eHIL'I-.iiR€H, (kil'e-lrk,) n. [Gr. x'X'"i a thou.sand, 
 and 'i(i\of, a chief.] 
 
 The military commander or chief of a thousand 
 men. 
 
 einL'1-.X.ReH-Y, n. A body consisting of a thousand 
 men. Mitford. 
 
 €H1L'1-ASM, (kil'e-azm,) n. [Gr. x'Aia.] 
 
 The millennium, or thousand years when Satan is 
 to bo bound. Rev. XX. 
 
 C 1 1 1 L' I-.\ST, 71. [Supra.] One of the sect of millen- 
 narians. 
 
 rillL-l-F ACTIVE. See Chvlifactite. 
 
 CIIII,-I-OI,'I-TER. Si e Kiloliter. 
 
 CHIL-I-O.M'E-TEll. See KiLoMErrn. 
 
 CHILL, ». [Sax. ccle, tyle, cijl, cold ; celan, to be cold ; 
 D. Ml ; allied to Fr. geler, L. i'c/«, •rflidus. See Coi.d, 
 whicli appears to be radically the same word. The 
 word cele in Saxon is a noun.] 
 
 1. A shivering with cold ; rigors, as in an iigue ; the 
 cold fit that precedes a fever ; sensation of cold in an 
 animal body ; chilliness. [See Cold and Heat.] 
 
 2. A moderate degree of cold ; chilliness in any 
 body ; that which gives the sensation of cold. 
 
 3. FiiTurativd;!, a check to feelings of joy ; as, a 
 chill came over the assembly. 
 
 CHILL, a. Cool ; moderately cold ; tending to cause 
 shivering ; as, the chill vapors of night. 
 
 2. Shivering with cold. 
 
 My diUl veini freeze w-ith despair. Howe. 
 
 3. Cool ; distant ; formal ; dull ; not warm, animat- 
 ed, or affectionate : as, a chill reception. 
 
 4. Depressed ; dispirited ; dejected ; discouraged. 
 CHILL, f. U To cause a sliivering or shrinking of the 
 
 skin ; to check circulation or motion ; as, to chill the 
 blood or the veins. The force of this word lies in 
 expressing the shivering and shrinking caused by 
 cold. 
 
 2. To make cold, or cool ; as, the evening air chills 
 the earlh. 
 
 3. To blast with cold ; to check the circulation in 
 plants, and stop their growth. Blackmore. 
 
 4. To check motion, life, or action ; to depress ; to 
 deject ; to discourage ; as, to chill the gayety of the 
 spirits. Rogers. 
 
 CHILL' jEJD, pp. Made cool ; made to shiver ; dejected. 
 
 CHIL'LI,n. The pod of ihtfCayenne orGuinca pepper. 
 
 CHILL'I-NESS, n. A seufaiion of shivering ; rigors. 
 2. A moderate degree of coldness ; as, the chilli- 
 ncjiti of the air, which tends to cause a shivering. 
 
 CHILL'ING, ppr. or a. Cooling ; causing to shiver. 
 
 CHILL'IXG-LV, mic. In a chilling manner. 
 
 CHILL'NES.S, n. Coolness; coldness; a shivering. 
 
 CHILL'Y, a. Cool ; moderately cold, such as to cause 
 shivering ; as, a chillii dav, night, or air. 
 
 €HIL'0-GRA.M. See KiLboaAM. 
 
 CHIL'O-POD, n. [Gr. \ri\of, a lip, and irot.j, a foot.] 
 In looloirtj, an animal of the order of myriapods 
 or ccntipeds, in which the lower lip is formed by a 
 pair of feet. Brande. 
 
 CHIL'TER.X HUXn'REDS, n. A tract in Bucking- 
 hamshire and Oxfordshire, Eng., to which is attatlied 
 the nominal office of steward, under the crown. As 
 members of parliament can not resign their seats, 
 when they wish to go out they accept this nominal 
 office or stewardship, and thus vacate their seats. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 CHIMB, n. The edge of a cask, &c. [See Chime.] 
 CHI.ME, n. [Chaucer, chimbe ; Dan. kiaur, to tinkle, 
 to tingle, to toll a bell ; L. campana, a bell, from its 
 sound, whence It. scampanarr, to chime.] 
 
 1. The consonant or harmonic sounds of several 
 correspondent instruments. 
 
 IiutxunKntt Uuit imule melodious c?Um«. Milton, 
 
 2. Correspondence of sound. 
 
 LoTe — harmonized the chim4. Drydeiu 
 
 3. The musical sounds of a set of bells struck with 
 hammers. Shak. 
 
 4. Correspondence of proportion or relation. Orcw. 
 
 5. .\ kind of periodical music, or tune of a clock, 
 prtMluced by an apparatus annexed to it. 
 
 6. .V set of bells wliicl\ chime or ring in harmony. 
 
 CHI.ME, K. i. To sound in consonance or harmony; 
 to accord. 
 
 To niiilte the ruu^h recital aptly c/iinis. Prior. 
 2. To correspond in relation or proportion. 
 
 Pnllier and son, tmaUind and wife, correlative temm, do reailily 
 
 Ucke. 
 
 3. To agree ; to fall in with. 
 
 IK- oflen cfiimcd \n with the dis( 
 
 4. To agree ; to suit with. 
 
 5. To jingle; to clatter. 
 Tile sely ton^ may wel riiige and chimbe. 
 
 ArbuthnoU 
 
 Locke. 
 SmiOi, 
 Chauctr. 
 
 CHI.ME, V. t To move, strike, or cause to sound in 
 harmony. Ih-iidcii, 
 2. To strike or cause to sound, as a set of bells. 
 CHIME, 71. [U. Ai7n j G. kimme, edge, brim.] 
 
 The edge or brim of a cask or tub, formed by the 
 CIITM'ER, II. One who chimes, [ends of Uie staves. 
 €HI-Mk'R.\, 71. [L. cliivucra; Gr. x'ftai//ii, a goat, a 
 monstrous beast.] 
 
 1. In fabulous histnrij, a monster vomiting flarnes, 
 with tlie head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the 
 tail of a dragon ; supposed to represent a vtilcanic 
 mountain in Lynia, whose top was tlie resort of lions, 
 the middle that of goats, and the foot that of serpents. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. In mndern usage^ a vain or idle fancy ; a creature 
 of the imagination, composed of contradictions or 
 absurdities, that can have no existence except in 
 ttioiight. Encijc. 
 
 eill-.MKllE', (ki-mi-re',) 71. [It. ciamarc] 
 
 The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn 
 sleeves are usually attached. Hook. 
 
 eHI-MER'ie-.\L, a. Merely imaginary ; fanciful ; fan- 
 tastic ; wildly or vainly conceived ; tliat has, or can 
 have, no existence except in thought. 
 
 eilI-.MER'ie-AL-LY, a</o. Wildly ; vainly ; fanciful- 
 ly ; fantastically. 
 
 CH1.M'IX-.\(5E, n. [FT.chcniin; Sp. camiiw, a way.] 
 In lair^ a toll for passage tlirough a forest. Cuwcl. 
 
 CHI.M'IXG, ppr. [from chime] Causing to chime; 
 sounding in accordance. 
 
 eiU.M'IS ■I KY. See Chemistry. 
 
 Clll.M'.NEY, 71. ; p/. Chim.nevs. [Fr. ehnninic ; Arm. 
 ciniinaJ, or chemiital; G. kamin; Corn, chimbla ; Ir. 
 simileuri .Sp. chimenea; It. caiamino; L. caininusi Ch. 
 
 pnp ; Ar. kaminon ; Gr. Kapivoi ; Russ. kamin. 
 
 It seems originally to have been a furnace, a stove, or 
 a hearth.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a bydy of brick or stone, erected 
 in a building, containing a funnel or funnels, to con- 
 vey smoke, and other volatile matter, tlirough the 
 roof, from the hearth or fireplace, where fuel is burnt. 
 This body of materials is sometimes called a stack of 
 chimneys, especially when it contains two or more 
 funnels or passages. 
 
 2. A fireplace ; the lower part of the body of brick 
 or stone which confines and conveys smoke. 
 
 3. A tall glass to surround the fiaine of a lamp. 
 CHIM'XEY-UoARD, n. A fire-lward, which see. 
 CHl.M'XEY-eOR'XER, 71. The corner of a fireplace, 
 
 or the space between the fire and the sides of the 
 fireplace. In the Northern States of America, fire- 
 places were formerly made six or eight feet wide, or 
 even more, and a stool was placed by the side of the 
 fire, as a seat for children, and this often furnished a 
 comfortable situation for idlers. As fuel has become 
 scarce, our fireplaces are contracted, till, in many or 
 most of our dwellings, we have no chimney-corners. 
 
 2. In a 77ior« enlarged sense, the fireside, or a place 
 near the fire. 
 
 CHIM'XEY-HOOK, n. A hook for holding pots and 
 
 kettles over a fire. 
 CIII.M'XEY-MO.N'EY, (-mun'ny,) 71. Hearth-money, 
 
 a duty p,aid for each chimney in a house. IKng.] 
 CHl.M'XEY-PlF.CE, 71. An ornamental piece of wood 
 
 or sttme set round a fireplace. 
 CHIM'.VEV-POT, 71. A cylinder of earthen ware, 
 
 resembling in appearance a stone pot, placed at the 
 
 lop of chimneys to prevent smoking. 
 CHI.M'XEY-S\VEE1"EK, 71. One whose occupation 
 
 is to sweep and scnipc chimneys, to clean them of 
 
 the soot that adheres to their sides. 
 CHI.M-P.A.N'ZEE, 71. An animal of the ape kind ; the 
 
 African orang-outang. Vict. jVat. HisL 
 
 It is now considered a distinct species. Cavier, 
 o 
 
 CHIX, 71. [Sa.x. cinn<; Pers. ^L^jau/i; X).kin; G. 
 
 AijiTi ; Dan. kind, the cheek ; Sw. kind ; L. ^C7ia ; Gr. 
 
 ) rn {. The sense is probably an edge or side, and 
 
 allied to chine.'] 
 The lower extremity of the face, below the mouth ; 
 
 the point of the under jaw. 
 CHI'X.V, 71. A species of earthen ware, made in 
 
 China, and so called from the country ; called, also, 
 
 China ware, and porcelain, [See Porcelain.] 
 CHI'.X.V-OR'.V.N'CE, 71. The sweet orange, said to 
 
 have been originally brought from China. 
 
 CHI'NAR, n. A tree of India. 
 
 CHI'NA-ROOT, II. The root of a spt^cies of Hmilax, 
 brought from llie ICast Indies, of a pale reddish 
 color, with no smell, and very Utile taste. 
 CHINCA-PIX, 71. The dwarf chestnut, Castanea 
 piimila, a tree that rises eight or ten feet, with a 
 tiranching, slmihliy stem, producing a nut. 
 CHIXCH, 71. [tiu. It. cimice, L. cimej, corrupted.] 
 
 A kind of bug of a disgusting smell, which does 
 great injury to wheat and other grains. 
 
 DicU JVat. ITu-t. 
 CHIN-CHIL'LA, 71. A small animal of South Amer- 
 ica, producing a beautiful fur known by this name 
 
 Brande. 
 
 ClIIX'eoiJGH, (-kauf,) 71. [D kind, a child, and kuch, 
 a cough.] 
 
 A disease, often epidemic among children. It con- 
 tinues for some weeks, and is attended with violent 
 paroxysms of coughing. From a particular noise 
 made in coughing, it is also called Atidpin fi--ctni gh. 
 CHf.N'E, n. [Fr. echine ; It. schiena ; Arm. chcin. It 
 may be allied to chin. In German, schienc is the 
 shin, also a clout, a splint ; and rad-schicne is the 
 band of a wheel ; Russ. schina.] 
 
 1. The back-bone or spine of an animal. 
 
 2. A piece of the back-bone of an animal, with 
 the atljoiniiig parts, cut for cooking, corresponding 
 to a baron of beef or a saddle of mutton. 
 
 3. The chime of a cask, or the ridge formed by 
 (he ends of the staves. Stat, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHI.N'E, V. t. To cut through the back-bone, or into 
 chine-pieces. 
 
 CHI.N'Kl), a. Pertaining to the back. Beaum.andFl. 
 
 (MII-XkSE', a. Pertaining to China. 
 
 Clll-.Nl'.SE', n. .linn', and;)/. A native of China ; also, 
 the language of China. 
 
 CHI.\"GLE,"(shing'gl,)7i Gravel free flPom dirt. [See 
 i^HlVGLE.J Donne, 
 
 CHI.\"GLY ; a less common spelling of Shisglt. 
 
 CIIIXK, 71. [This word may be a derivative from the 
 Saxon cinan, or g-inian, gconan, to gape, to yawn ; Gr. 
 \ri(t fj ; or from the common root of these words. 
 Sax. cina, or cinu, a fissure.] 
 
 A small aperture lengthwise ; a cleft, rent, or fi»- 
 Eure, of greater length than breadth ; a gap or crack ; 
 as, tile clunks of a wall. 
 
 CIII.VK, V. i. To crack ; to open. Barret, 
 
 CHIXK, V. t. To open or part and form a fissure. 
 
 CIII.N'K, V. t. [See Jingle.] To cause to sound, by 
 shaking coins or small pieces of metal, or by bring- 
 ing small, sonorous bodies in collision ; as, to cAinA 
 a purse of money. Pope. 
 
 CHIXK, V. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by 
 the collision of little pieces of money, or other sono- 
 rous bodies. Arbuthnot. 
 
 CHIXK'Y, a. Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; 
 opening in narrow clefts. Dryden, 
 
 CHIX'X/;!), o. Having a long chin. Kersey, 
 
 CIII.\'aU.\-PIX. See Chincapin. 
 
 CHIXSE, V. t. In naval affairs, to thrust oakum into 
 the seams or chinks of a ship with a chisel or point 
 of a knife, as a temporary expedient for calking. 
 
 Mar. Vict. 
 
 CHINTZ, 71. [D. chits: G. ziti ; Sans, cheet; Hindoo, 
 chcenl ; Per. cMni, spotted, stained.] 
 
 Cotton cloth, printed with flowers and other de- 
 vices, in a number of different colors. 
 
 CHIOP-Pl.XE', (chop-peen',) n. [Sp. chapin ; Port. 
 chapim. It is said to be of .\rabian origin. It can 
 not be the L. crepis, Gr. jtoijffif, unless a letter has 
 been lost.] 
 
 A high shoe, formerlv worn by ladies. Shak, 
 CHIP, CHl-:AP, CHIP'PiXG, in the names of places, 
 
 imply a market ; from Sax. ceapan, cypan, to buy or 
 
 sell. [See Cheap.] 
 CHIP, 71. [from the root of chop. Fr. coupcau.] 
 
 1. A piece of wood or other substance, separated 
 from a body by a cutting instrument, particularly by 
 an ax. It is used, also, for a piece of stone separated 
 by a chisel or other instrument, in hewing. 
 
 2. .\ fragment or piece broken off; a small piece. 
 CHIP, V. t. To cut into small pieces, or chips ; to di- 
 minish by cutting away a little at a time, or in small 
 pieces ; to hew. Shak. 
 
 CHIP, 1'. 1. To break or fly off in small pieces, as in 
 CIIIP'-AX, 71. An ax for chipping. [potters' ware. 
 CHIP'-IIAT, 71. A hat made of wood split into thin 
 filaments. 
 
 CH1P'P£D, (chipt,)pp. Cut in chips, or small pieces ; 
 
 heU'Cd. 
 
 ClIIP'PER, r. I. To chirp or chirrup. Forbu. 
 In jYew England, this word is colloquially used aj 
 an adjective, for lively, chcerftd, talkattce, as kipper is 
 used in the Craven dialect. 
 CHIP'PIXG, ppr. Cutting off in small pieces. 
 CHIP'PIXG, 71. A chip; a piece cut off or separated 
 by a cutting or engraving instrument ; a fragment. 
 
 2. The flying or breaking off in small pieces of the 
 edges of potter's ware and porcelain. Enaic. 
 eill-RA'GR.A, 71. [See below.] Gout in the hand. 
 eHI-RAG'Rie-.^L, a. [from chiragra, hand-gout; 
 Gr. X"") the hand, and a>^o, seizure.] 
 
 Having the gout in the hand, or subject w that 
 disease. Brown. 
 
 TONE, B^jLL, ITNITE. — AX"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 199 
 
CHI 
 
 CHL 
 
 CHO 
 
 CHIRK, (churk,) a. [Probably allied to chirp ; D. 
 circken, obs. (lu. Sal. cearcian, to-creak. Cliaucer 
 uses the verb to chirks in the sense of chirp, or chat- 
 ter. The word is found in the Russ. chirkayu, to 
 chirp. It is colloquial in New England.] 
 
 Lively ; cheerful ; in good spirits ; in a comfortable 
 state. 
 
 CHIRK, i\ i. To chirp. [ Obs.] Chaucer. 
 CHIKM, r. i. [Sax. cijrman.] 
 
 To sins as a bird. [.Vu( in use.] 
 €HI'RO-GR.\PH, (ki'ro-giaf,) n. [Gr. x"Pt the hand, 
 and yoiiif'oi, to write.] 
 
 1. Anciciitltj, a writing, whicli, requiring a counter- 
 part, was engrossed twice on the same piece of 
 parchment, with a space between, in which was 
 written the word chiro^raphiim, tlirougli which the 
 parchment w;is cut, and one part given to each party. 
 It answered to what is now called a charlrr-partij. 
 
 2. A fine, so called from the manner of engross- 
 ing, which is still retained in the chirographer's office 
 in England. Encrc. 
 
 €HI-ROG'R.\-PHER,7i. [See Chirograph.] He that 
 e.vercises or professes the art or business of writing. 
 In Enghind, the chirographer of fines is an officer in 
 the common pleas, who engrosses fines acknowl- 
 edged in that court, and delivers the indentures to 
 the parties. Encyc. 
 
 CHI-RO-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Pertaining to cliirog- 
 
 eHI-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL, j rapliv. 
 
 CHI-ROG'RA-PHI.ST, n. One who tells fortunes by 
 examining the hand. [A"ot a legitimate word.] 
 
 Arbuthnoi. 
 
 CHI-ROG'R.'V-PHY, n. [See Chirograph.] The art 
 of writing, or a writing with on^-'s own hand. 
 
 €HI-RO-LOG'ie-.\L, a. Pertaining to chirology. 
 
 CHl-ROL'O-GkjT, n. [Gr. x£',o, the hand, and Aaj oj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 One who communicates thoughts by signs made 
 with the hands and fingers. 
 
 €HI-ROL'0-GV, n. [.-^ee Chirologist.] The art or 
 practice of communicating thoughts by signs made 
 by the hands and fingers ; a substitute for language 
 or discourse, much used by the deaf and dumb, and 
 bv others who communicule with them. Badey. 
 
 €Hl'RO-MAN-CER, n. [See Chiromancy.] One 
 who attempts to foretell tuture events, or to tell the 
 fortunes and dispositions of persons, by inspecting 
 the hands. Drvden, 
 
 €Hl'RO-.M.\X-CY, 71. [Gr. xt'.o, the hand, and pav- 
 TSta, divination.] 
 
 Divination by the hand ; palmistry ; the ait oi' prac- 
 tice of attempting to foretell events, or to discover 
 the disposition of a person, by inspecting the lines 
 and lineaments of his hand. Bruwn. 
 
 CHl'RO-.MAN-IST, j n. One who foretells future 
 
 €Hl'RO-M.VN-'ITST, \ events, in relation to an in- 
 dividual, bv inspecting his hands. 
 
 €Hl-RO-.MAl\'Tie, a. Pertaining to chiromancy, or 
 divination by the hand. 
 
 ChiromCfUi: deception. CreUman. 
 
 €HI-RO-NOM'ie, a. Relating to the art of moving 
 
 the hanils in orator)'. 
 eHI-RON'O-.MY, n. [Gr. x«ip, the hands, and vopo(, 
 
 rule.] 
 
 The art or rule of moving the hands in oratory ; 
 gesture. 
 
 eHI'RO-PL.\ST, n. [Gr. xf '."i the hand, and nXaaoui, 
 to form.] 
 
 An instrument to form the hand for playing on the 
 piano-forte. 
 eill-ROP'O-DIST, n. [Gr. x^'" ami toi'S-] 
 
 Lilrrally, one who handles the feet; a surgeon for 
 the feet j a corn-<"iitter. The term is sometimes ap- 
 plied to one wlio removes e.\crescencea from the 
 hands. 
 
 CHI-ROS'O-PHIST, n. A fortune-teller. 
 
 CHIRP, (churp,) v. i. [Ger. lirpm.] 
 
 To make the noise of certain small birds, or of cer- 
 tain insects ; as, a chirping lark, or cricket. Tftomsoit. 
 
 CHIRP, f. t. To make cheerful. Pope. 
 
 CHIRP, n. A particular voice of certain birds or in- 
 sects. Sprclator. 
 
 CHIRP'ER, n. OiV! that chirps, or is cheerful. 
 
 CHIRP'l.VG, ppr. Slaking the noi.se of certain small 
 birds. 
 
 CHIRP'ING, n. The noise of certain small bird.s and 
 insects. 
 
 CHIRP'I.\G-LY, adv. In a chirping manner. 
 
 CHIRKE, V. i. ceorian.] To coo, as a pigeon. 
 
 CHIU'RCP, V. L Tocheerup; to quicken or animate 
 by chirping ; as, to chirrup ()ne's horse. 
 
 CHI-Rl.'R'GEO.N, n. [Gr. xcipon/ywjs, one who oper- 
 aU;s H ilh the hand, \(i<j,the hand, and tr.jos, work ; 
 L. chiruTfTus ; yr^chirurgirii ; Sp. rirujano ; Port, sur- 
 giam, or cirurgiam ; It. chirurgo ; Arm. .fiirgyan.] 
 
 A siirgron ; one whom; profession is to heal dis- 
 eaJves by manual operation!*, instruments, or external 
 applications. [This ill-xounding word is obsolete, 
 and it now ap|>ears in the form of .Sunoso.'*, which 
 »ce.J 
 
 eni-RCK'GE RY, 71. [Gr. x"l><»'py<<'- CHint n- 
 That part of the medical art which consists in 
 
 healing diseases and wounds by instriiiiients and ex- 
 tern.al applications; now written Surgerv. 
 eni-RUR'GlC, i a. Pertaining to surger)-, or to 
 CHi-RUK'GlC-AL, \ the art of healing diseases and 
 wounds by manual operations, instruments, or ex- 
 ternal applications. 
 
 2. Having qualities useful in external applications, 
 for healing diseases or injuries. 
 It is now written Surgical. 
 CHIS'EL, 71. [Ft. ciseau, a chisel ; ciseler, to engrave ; 
 Arm. gtscU; Sp. cinecl ; Heb. Ch. DiJ or NU, or Ar. 
 
 ^r5» cha-.za, to cut, hew, or carve. See Class Gs.] 
 
 An instrument of iron or steel, used in cariK'ntry, 
 joinery, cabinet work, masonry, sculpture, &c., either 
 for paring, hewing, or gouging. Chisels are of dif- 
 ferent sizes and shapes, fitted for particular uses. 
 CHIS EL, V. t. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with 
 a chisel. 
 
 CHIS'EL-J;D, pp. or a. Cut or engraved with a chisel, 
 CHIS'EL-ING, ppr. Cutting with a chisel. 
 
 CHIS'LEu, 71. [Heb. D3, from the Ar.J ...'=^ kasila, 
 
 to be torpid or cold.] ' 
 
 The ninth month of the Jewish year, answering 
 to a part of November and a jiait of December, in 
 the modern division of the year. 
 CHIT, ». [Sax. ci£A, a shoot or twig, from thrusting 
 out.] 
 
 1. A shoot or sprout ; the first shooting or germina- 
 tion of a seed or plant. Hence, 
 
 2. A child or babe, in familiar language. 
 
 3. A freckle ; that is, a push. 
 
 CHIT, !•. i. To sprout ; to shoot, as a seed or plant. 
 CHIT'CHAT, 71. [See Chat, Chatter.] 
 
 Prattle ; familiar or trilling talk. 
 CHIT'TER-LING, 7i. The frill to the breast of a shirt. 
 
 Qascoitfiie. 
 
 CHIT'TER-LINGS, 77. pi The sm.aller intestines of 
 swine, &c., fried for food. 
 
 CHIT'TY, 0. Childish ; like a babe. Johnsm. 
 2. Full of chits or sprouts. 
 
 CHIV',\L-Rie, (shiv;al-rik,) a. Partaking of the char- 
 acter of chivalrv. 
 
 chival rous; (shiv'al-rus,) a. [.See Chivalry.] 
 Pertaining to cliivalry or knight-errantry ; warlike ; 
 bold ; gallant. ' Spenser. 
 
 CHIV'AL-ROUS-LY, (shiv'al-rus-le,) ado. In a chiv- 
 alrous manner ; boldlv ; gallantly. Benjamin. 
 
 CIIIV'AL-RY, (shiv'al-ry,) it. [Fr. chevnlerie, from 
 checalirr, a knight or horseman, from chernl, a horse; 
 Sp. eaballeria; It. cavalleria. See Cavalry.] 
 
 1. Knighthood ; a military dignity, founded on the 
 service of soldiers on horseback, called knights: a 
 service formerly deemed more honorable than service 
 in infantry. Baeon. 
 
 2. The qualifications of a knight, as valor and deXj 
 terity in arms. Shak. 
 
 3. The system of knighthood ; the privileges, char- 
 acteristics, or manners of knights ; the practice of 
 knight-errantry, or the heroic defense of life and 
 honor. Drydr.n. 
 
 4. .\n adventure or exploit, as of a knight. Sidney. 
 
 5. The body or order of knights. Shak. 
 r>. In English lam, a tenure of lands by knight's 
 
 service ; that is, by the condition of performing ser- 
 vice on horseback, or of performing some noble or 
 military service to his lord. This was general or 
 special ; general, when the tenant held per serritium 
 vnUture, without specification of the particular ser- 
 vice ; special, when the particular service was desig- 
 nated. When the tenant held only of the king, the 
 tenure was regal ; when he held of a common per- 
 son, it was called common. This service was also 
 grand scrgeantry, as when the tenant was bound to 
 perform service to the king in his own person ; and 
 petit scrgeantry, when he was bound to yield to the 
 king annu.illy some small thing, as a sword or dag- 
 ger. Chivalry that might be held of a common per- 
 son was called cscuage, scutagium, or shield service. 
 
 Btaekstone. 
 
 Court of chiralry ; a court formerly held before the 
 lord high constable and earl marshal of England, 
 having cognizance of contracts and other matters re- 
 lating to deeds of arms and war. It bad jurisdiction 
 both of civil and criminal causes, but no power to 
 enforce its decisions by fine or imprisonment, not 
 being a court of record. It is now nearly extinct. 
 
 CHIVE. SeeCivi:. [Blaclutone. 
 
 CHIVES, 71. pi. In l-otany, slender threads or filaments 
 in the blossoms of plaiits. [See Stamen.] 
 
 eilLA.M' V-PIIORE, ( 71. [(Jr. x-V./ies, a cloak, and 
 
 CHLA-MYPH'O Rirs, j ^cpoJ, to bear.] 
 
 A small South American quadruped, allied to the 
 armadillo. It is covered with a shell or coat of mail, 
 like a cloak. Harlan. 
 
 CHLA'.MYS, n. [L. and Gr.] A tunic, or loose coat, 
 worn by the ancients ovur the vest or (lonblet. Elmes. 
 
 eHLO-RA-Cr;'TIC AC'IU, 71. An acid formed by the 
 action of chlorine on acetic acid. Dana. 
 
 CHLO'RAL, 71. A liipiiil compound of chlorine, car- 
 
 bon, and oxygen, obtained by the action of chlorine 
 upon alcohoi. 
 
 €HLo'R.\TE, 71. [See Chlorine.] A compound of 
 chloric acid with a salifiable base. Ure. 
 
 CHLo'Rie, a. Pertaining to chlorine, or obtained 
 from it ; as, chUrric acid. Ure. 
 
 Chloric acid is that acid of chlorine and oxygen 
 which contains the greatest proportion of the oxygen. 
 
 CHLo'RID, 71. [See Chlorine.] A non-acid com- 
 pound of chlorine with another element. 
 
 CHLO-RID'ie, a. Pertaining to a chlorid. Ure. 
 
 eULo'RINE, j n. [Gr. x^w/'ofj green; so named 
 
 CLo'RlN, i from its color.] 
 
 Chloric gas ; a new name given to what has been 
 called oxymuriatic gas. This substance has hitlierto 
 resisted all efforts to decompose it ; and, as it is not 
 known to contain oxygen, and is apparently a sinqile 
 substance, it has been denominated, from its color, 
 chlorine, or ehlcric gas. It forms about sixty percent, 
 of common salt ; and is a powerful ageni in bleach- 
 ing and disinfecting. Davy. 
 
 €HLO-Ur'0-DINE, ) 71. A compound of chlorine 
 
 CHLO-RLOO'ie .'VC'ID, ! and iodine. 
 
 CHLo'RIS, 71. [Gr. xXupo;, green.] 
 'I'lie green finch, a small bird. 
 
 CHLo'RITE, 71. [Gr. x^iooo^, green.] 
 
 A soft, olive-green mineral, consisting of minute 
 scales, and somewhat soapy to the touch. It is allied 
 to talc, but contains also silica, magnesia, and alu- 
 mina. Dana. 
 
 CHLo'RITE, 71. A salt formed of chlorous acid and a 
 base. Ure. Kirwan. 
 
 CHLO-RIT'ie, a. Pertaining to or containing chlo- 
 rite ; as, ehloritie sand. Lvell. 
 
 CHLO'RO-CaR-BON'IC, ; a. The terms chloro-car- 
 
 eHLO'RO-CAR'I!ON-OUS, ( bonic acid and chloro- 
 carbonous arid are applied, the former by Thomson, 
 and the latter by Ure, to a compound of chlorine and 
 carbonic oxyd, formed by exposing a mixture of the 
 two gases to the direct solar rays, it was discovered 
 by Dr. J. Davy, and called by him phosgene-gas. 
 
 CHLc'RO-C Y-AN'IC, a. Composed of chlorine and 
 cyanogen. 
 
 CHLO-RO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. xXwuos and pcrpot:] 
 An instrument for testing the decoloring or bleach- 
 ing powers of chlorid of lime. 
 
 CHLO-ROM'E-TRY, 71. Tlie process for testing the 
 bleaching power of any combination of chlorine. Ure. 
 
 €HLO-Ro'P.-\L, 71. [Green opal.] A greenish, earthy 
 mineral, consisting of silica and oiyd of iron, with 
 18 to 21) per cent, of water. Dana. 
 
 CHLo'RO-PHANE, 71. [Gr. x^wpos, green, and ^uivw, 
 to show.] 
 
 A variety of fluor spar, from Siberia. When placed 
 on a heated iron, it gives a beautiful emerald-green 
 light. Cleaveland. Cye. 
 
 CHLO-RO-PHyE'ITE, 71. [Gr. x^w/ios, green, and ipai- 
 05, blackish.] 
 
 A rare mineral found in small nodules ; it consists 
 principally of silica and iron, with a little alumina. 
 It has been supposed to be decomposed olivine. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 CHLo'RO-PIIYL, 71. [Gr. x^wpof, green, and t^vWov, 
 leaf.] 
 
 The green matter of the leaves of vegetables. 
 
 Pelletier. 
 
 eilLO-Ro'SIS, 71. [Gr. xXw/"i{, green.] 
 
 1. The green sicKness, a disease of females, char- 
 acterized by a pale or greenish hue of the skin, weak- 
 ness, palpitation, dyspepsy, &.C. Cujtc. 
 
 2. A disease in plants, causing them to turn of a 
 pale hue. 
 
 CHLO-ROT'IC, a. Pertaining to chlorosis ; as, chlo- 
 rotic afiVctions. Jlled. Rep. 
 
 2. .Effected by chlorosis ; as, ehlorotic nuns. Battle. 
 
 eilLo'ROUS, a. Chlorous acid is that acid of chlorine 
 and oxygen which contains the smallest proportion 
 of oxvgen. 
 
 CHLO "UOX-.\L'ie, a. Chlorozalic ether; an o.xalic 
 ether containing chlorine instead of hydrogen. 
 
 Chlorozalic acid was formerly used for chloracetie 
 acid. Dana. 
 
 CIILo'RU-RET, 71. A compound of chlorine ; a name 
 formerly given to what is now called a chlorid. 
 
 CHo.^K. See Choke. 
 
 eilO'.'VN-ITE, 71. A zoophyte of the chalk. Mantell. 
 CHOCK, r. i. To fill up a cavity, (to choke ;) as, " the 
 wood work exactly chocked into the joints." JfuUer. 
 2. To encounter. [See Shock.] 
 CHOCK, 71. A wedge, or something to confine a cask 
 or other body, by chocking into the space around it. 
 [ilence the word chock-full, meaning completely 
 filled. Todd. So chock up means completely up.] 
 2. An encounter. IJ^ee Shock.] 
 CHOe'O-LA'l'E, n. [Ft. chocolal ; Sp. and Port, cho- 
 colate; It. cioccolata, from cacao.] 
 
 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted kernel 
 of the cacao, with other ingredients, usually a little 
 sugar, cinnamon, or vanilla. The nut is first ground 
 fine, mixed with the ingredients, and put in a mold. 
 
 9. The liquor made by dissolving chocidate in boil- 
 ing water. 
 
 CH0C'0-LATE-H0USE,7i. A house where compooy 
 may be served with chocolate. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
CHO 
 
 CIIOe'0-I.ATi;-Nirr. sen Cacao. 
 ClloDK, the olil prrUrit (if Chide, which sec. 
 CllOICli, «. [I'r. choit ; Arm. choas ; Sax. cyae; D. 
 kciis; See Choose.] 
 
 1. The art i>f < h(iosin(; ; the vohintnry net of se- 
 lecting or separating from two or more things that 
 whicli is preferred ; or tho determination of the 
 mind in preferring one thing to anothen election. 
 
 Ye know how th.M a p»A wliile affo ninilc dtoice iimong ui, 
 llittt tlic Gcntilf^ by my inoiiUi sliould licar the word ol Uie 
 gospt-I, itiul believe. — Act* xv. 
 
 2. The power of choosing ; option. 
 WliiTC lliere i* fore*, llit-rc cjiii be no choice. 
 
 01" th'-se idteniiiuvci we h;\ve our own clioice. Aiion. 
 
 3. Care in selecting ; judgment or skill in distin- 
 guishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a 
 preference. 
 
 1 iinngine Ce«rir*« npophthegnii were collected with judgrment 
 • nd cftoice. Baain. 
 
 4. The thing chosen ; that which is approved and 
 * selected in preference to otiiers ; selection. 
 
 Nor let thy conquests only le b'T choice. Prior, 
 a. The best part of any thing; that which is pref- 
 erable, and properly tlie object of choice. 
 
 In tlic choice of our sepulclirrs bury Uiy dcLul. — Gen. xxiii. 
 6. The act of electing to oincc by vote ; election. 
 To make, clioice of; to choose ; to select ; to separate 
 and take in preference. 
 CIIOICI';, «. Wortliy of being preferred; select; 
 precious ; vcrj' valuable. 
 
 My choiceit houm of life are lost. Sic\/t. 
 My revenue lA better Uian choice silver. — Pn»v. viii, 
 
 2. Holding dear ; preserving or using with care, as 
 valuable ; frugal ; as, to be choice of time, or of ad- 
 vantages, 
 
 3. Selecting with care, and due attention to prefer- 
 ence ; as, to be choice of one's company. 
 
 CIIOICE'-DKAVVN, a. Selected with particular care. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 CIIOICE'LESS, (chois'less,) a. Not having the power 
 of choosing ; not free. Hammond. 
 
 CHOICE'LY, (chois'ly,) ailv. With care in choosing ; 
 with nice regard to preference ; with e.\act clioice ; 
 as, a band of men choicehj collected. 
 
 2. Valuably ; excellently ; preferably ; curiously. 
 
 3. With great care ; carefully ; as, a thing choicehj 
 preserved. 
 
 ClIOICE'iN'ESS, (chois'ness,) n. Valuahleness ; par- 
 ticular value or worth ; as, the cheiccness of a plant, 
 or of wine. 
 
 €IIOIR, (tpiire,) n. [L. cAonts ; Gr. vnoo? ; Fr. ckaiir; 
 Sp. Port, and It. core; Sax. ckori D. choor; G. ehor ; 
 
 Ar.jU 
 
 haura, to go round, to collect, or bind. 
 
 See Chorus.] 
 
 1. A collection of singers, especially in divine ser- 
 vice, in a church. 
 
 2. Any collection of singers. 
 
 3. Tliat part of a church appropriated for the sing- 
 ers. In Congregational and some other churches, 
 the singers are placetl in certain seats in the galleries. 
 
 4. In caOiedralSfanA colleiriate churches and chap- 
 f/.v, that part of a church eastward of tho nave, and 
 separated from it, usually, by a screen of open work. 
 This, in parish churches, is called the chancel. 
 
 5. In nunttertes, a large hall adjoining to tlie body 
 of the church, separated by a grate, where the nuns 
 sing the office. 
 
 eilorR'-SER'VICE, (quire'-) n. The service of sing- 
 ing p;'rformed by the choir. IVarlon. 
 
 CHoKE, v.t. [."^ax. areocan. In .Ann. coitcf, or troucq^ 
 is the neck, with which choke may be coniiectoti, in 
 the sense of narrowness, or compression. 'J'he sense 
 of choke is to sttitT, thrust down, or stop ; or to com- 
 press, or bind tight. (The Sp. ahoonr is the Port. 
 ttfogur, L. sufforo.) It is probably allietl to the Sp. 
 ccffar^ to shut, L. arcu.^j Eng. kett. Sax. rtptr.^ 
 
 1. To stop the passage of the breath, liy hllingthe 
 windpipe, or compressing the neck. The word is 
 used to express a temporary or partial st(ip|)age ; as, to 
 choke with dirt or smoke ; or an entire stoppage that 
 causes death ; to siifTocate ; to strangle. .Mark v. 
 
 2. To stop by filling ; to tibstruct ; to block up ; as, 
 to choke the entrance of a harbor, or any passage. 
 
 3. To hinder by obstruction or imp ' diincnts ; to 
 hinder or check growth, expansion, or progress; as, 
 to choke plants ; to choke the spreading of the fruit. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Thorns choke them. — M.iU. xiii. Luke viii. 
 
 4. To smother, or suffocate, as fire. Driidrn. 
 
 .'f. To suppress, or stifle ; as, to cltoke the slrt»ng 
 conception. Shak. 
 
 t). To offend ; to cause to take an exception ; as, I 
 was choked at this woril. Sieift. 
 
 We observe that this word generally implies crowd- 
 ini, stulHug, or covering. A channel is choked by 
 stones and sand, but not by a boom. 
 CIloKE, r. i. To have the windpipe stopped ; as, cat- 
 tle are apt to choke when eating potatoes. 
 
 2. To be offended ; to take exceptions. 
 
 CHO 
 
 ClIfiKU, n. The filamentous or capillary part of the 
 artirhoke. ./iihnson. 
 
 CIIOKE'-CIIER-RY, n. Tho popular name of a spe- 
 cies of wild cherry, remarkable for its astringent 
 tpialities. 
 
 ClIoK'f.'I), orn. Suffocated; strangled; obstructed 
 by filling; stilled; suppressed ; smothered. 
 
 CHoKE'-DAMP, 71. Noxious vapor (carbonic acid 
 gas) in wells, coal mines, and other pits. 
 
 ClIoKE'-FUMi, 71. [c/iciJic and /«//.] Full as possi- 
 ble ; quite full. 
 
 CIIoKE'-PEaR, 71. A kind of pear that has a rough, 
 astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or 
 which contracts the parts of the nionlli. 
 
 2. An aspersion or sarcasm by which a person is 
 ptit to silence. [.^ lota term.] Clarissa. 
 
 CIIoK'EK, 71. One that chokes another ; one that 
 puts another to silence ; that which can not be an- 
 swered. .Johni!on. 
 
 CIIdKE'WEED, 71. A pl.ant so called. 
 
 CHoK'lNG, ppr. tir n. SulU)eatiiig; strangling. 
 
 ClloK'V,a. That tends to suffocate, or has power to 
 siiffocatt!. 
 
 eilOL'A-GOGUF,, (kol'a-gog,) 7i. [Gr. x">^i)a}of, 
 from X'tXrf, bile.] 
 
 A medicine that has the specific quality of evacu- 
 ating the bile. 
 
 eilOL'EK, (kol'er,) ii. [L. cholera; Gr. X'lXeoa, from 
 XoAt/, bile.] 
 
 1. The bile. Ry the siiperabiiudnnce of this fluid, 
 anger was formerly stipposetl to be produced ; or 
 perhaps the opinion was, that the bilecauseil the in- 
 fiamed appearance of the face in anger. Hence, 
 
 2. Anger ; wrath ; irritation of the passions. 
 eilOI/ER-A, ;i. A sudden evacuation of the aliment- 
 ary canal, both upward and downward ; iioimlarly 
 called cholera viorhns. 
 
 eilOL'liH-A AS-rilYX'I-A, 71. A disease differing 
 from ordinary cholera morbus in a more rapid prog- 
 ress, in proili'iciiig more violent spasms, in aspliyxy, 
 or cessation of pulse, and speedy death. It is ealletl 
 also .^.sialic cholera. 
 
 eilOl.'ER-ie, a. Abounding with clioler. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Easily irritated ; irascible ; inclined to anger ; 
 as, a choleric man. 
 
 3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger: 
 as, a choleric speech. Ralci-}i. 
 
 eilOL'Ell-ie-NESS, 71. Irascibility; anger; peevish- 
 ness. 
 
 eilO-LES'TER-IC, a. Pertaining to cliolesterine, or 
 obtained from it ; as, chnlestcric acid. Crr. 
 
 €I1()-I.ES'TE11-INE, K. [Gr. X"A/j, bile, and ffri„:,,5, 
 solid.] 
 
 A f!itty substance, resembling spermaceti, found in 
 the biie and bili.iry concretions. 
 
 €HU-Ll-A.M'Iiie, 71. [I,, choliamlii.] A verse in jioe- 
 try having an iambic foot in the fiftli place, ami a 
 spondee in the sixth or last. Beiitleii. 
 
 C/I()/.' I'Ry, 71. A Hindoo caravanscra, or empty 
 house, for llie use of travelers. Malrnm. 
 
 enOi\'I)RO-l)ITE, «. A light-yellow, brittle mineral, 
 occurring disseminated through primary limestone, 
 as in New Jersey, and Orange county. New York. 
 Regular crystals can rarely be distinguished. It is 
 sometimes brownish, reddish, or apple-green. 
 
 Chomlrodiie consists of silica, lliiorine, and mag- 
 nesia. It has been called bracile in the United 
 Statics. Dana. 
 
 eilON DROL'O-CY, 71. [Gr. xui,f:i,n%, a cartilage, and 
 
 liistorv of cartilages. 
 eiIO.\'-UUOP-TE-UYG'I-.\N, 71. [Gr. X'""'/'"? a'lJ 
 nrCftv.] 
 
 A term applied to an order of fishes, characterized 
 by the gristly nature of the spines wliich sujiport the 
 fins. Curier. 
 
 eilO.\-I)ROP.TE-RVG'I-AN, a. Gristly finned. 
 
 CHOOSE, fchu/.e,) v. t, ; nrrt. Chose ; pp. Chosen, 
 Chose. [Sax. cro.ian ; 1). kiczcn : G. kiacn ; Sw. 
 kesa ; Ice. kioosa ; Fr. clioisir : Ann. choa-ta : Pers. 
 gho-.idan. The Hebrew has Ifap to collect. See 
 Cla.ss Gs, No. 40, 70, 71.] 
 
 1. To pick out ; to sch^ct; to take by way of pref- 
 erence from two or more things offert il ; to make 
 choice of; as, refuse the evil and choose the giHid. 
 
 The mnn the Lord doth choose shall be holy. — Nutii. xvi. 
 
 2. To take in preference. 
 
 I.'-t us chooee to us Judnrm'-nt. — Job xxxiv. 
 
 3. To pri'fer ; to choose for imitation ; to follow. 
 
 K'lvy not the oppressor, ftud choose nono of liis w;tys. — I'rov. iii. 
 
 4. To elect for eternal happiness ; to predcstiinte 
 to lifo. 
 
 Mniiy are etUled, but few ehoeen. — Matt. xx. 
 
 Knr his t-l.-ci*9 a.ik>-, whom he h.ith chosen. — Mark xiii. 
 
 5. To elect or designate to office or employment by 
 votes or suffrages. In the United State.-', the peojile 
 chnose representatives by votes, tistially by ballot. 
 
 CHOOSE, r. i. To prefer ; a.s, I choose to go. 
 
 2. To liave the pt)Wcr of choice. The phrase, he 
 can not choose but stay, denotes that he has not the 
 power of choice, whether to st.ay or not. 
 
 The verb, in these phra^ies, is really transitive ; 
 
 Clio 
 
 the following Verb staniliiig as the object, instead of 
 a noun. 
 
 CHOOS'ER, 71. Hi; that chooses; he that has the 
 
 power or right of choosing ; an elector. 
 CHOOS'ING, ppr. Selecting; taking in preference; 
 
 electing. 
 
 CHOOS'ING, 71. Clioice ; election. Cluwsin^ notes, 
 in miuric, a term applied to two or more notes, either 
 of which inav be taken at tlii^ option of the (lerformcr. 
 
 CIIOOS'l.Nti I.Y, adr. Ily choosing. 
 
 CHOI", II. (. [G. and 1). kappen ; Dan. knpper ; Gr. 
 KoTru; Fr. couper; Norm, copper or eouper ; Ar. 
 
 or \_ t^ ^—\ kubaclia or kaxjafa, to cut. 
 
 Class Gh, No. 47, ."-.l.] 
 
 1. To cut off or separate, by striking with a sharp 
 instrument, either by a single bhiw, or by repeated 
 blows ; xs, to chop off a head ; to etwp wtMnl. 
 
 2. To cut into small piet;i:s ; to mince ; lus, to chop 
 meat ; to chop straw. 
 
 3. To griiiil and mince with the teeth ; to devour 
 eagerly ; wilh up; as, to dwp up an entertaiiiineiit. 
 
 Drydrn. 
 
 4. To break or open into chinks or fissures ; to 
 crack ; to chap. [Sec Chap.] 
 
 CIKIP, V. I. To catch or attempt to seize with the 
 mouth. [.Vot u.-<ed.] 
 
 To ctiop tit die shadow, and lose the suUbmce. L'Estrauge. 
 2. To light or fall on suddenly. John.ion. 
 If this is a legitimate sense, it hidicales that the 
 priiiiar)' sense is, to throw, thru.st, or strike. It is 
 not in coninum use. 
 
 To chop in; tti become modish. [Aijtu.w/.] 
 
 mhon. 
 
 To cl'.op out ; to give vent to. [JVot u.ieil.] Braum. 
 CHOP, <j. (. [Sax. ceapian, ctjpan, to buy or tell. See 
 Ch7:ap.] 
 
 1. To'l)>;y, or rather to barter, truck, exchange. 
 
 2. To ei.;l.:inge ; to put one thing in the place of 
 another ; t.>, '.o chop and change our friends. 
 
 L^Kstranrrc, 
 
 Z. '.robsi.dy; to altercate; to return one word or 
 thir-i' 1>; auc'jior. 
 
 .101 the council chop with the Judffe. Bacon. 
 
 CHOP, r. i. To turn, v.iiy, change, or shift suddenly ; 
 as, in seamen's phrase, the wind chops, or chaps 
 about. 
 
 The various senses of this verb seem to center in 
 that of Ihnistiiig, driving, or a sudden motion or ex- 
 ertion of force. 
 CHOP, ». A piece chopped off; a small piece of meat ; 
 as, a mutton chop. 
 
 Q. A crack or cleft. See Chap, which, with the 
 broad sound of n, is often [ironounccd chirp. 
 
 3. The rliap; the jaw: pi. the jaws ; the mmith, 
 tlii: sides of a river's mouth or channel. [See Chap.] 
 
 4. Ill China, a permit or stamp. 
 
 CHOP, II. A Cliini se word signifying quality ; as, silk 
 
 or loods of the first chop, 
 ClltiP'-CIHJliCH, n. A exchange or an exchanger 
 
 of benefices. 
 
 CH()I"-1'AI,L £N, (-fawl-n,) o. Dejected; dispirited. 
 
 CHOP'-IIOUSE, 71. A house where provision ready 
 dressed is sold. 
 
 CHOP'IN, 71. [Fr. chojiine.] A liquid mea-sure in 
 France, containing nearly a pint Winchester meas- 
 ure. In Scotland, a quart of wine measure. 
 
 CHOP'PKI), (chopt,) 7>/i. or a. Cut ; minced. 
 
 CHOP'PING, ppr. Cutting; mincing; buying; bar- 
 tering. 
 
 CHOPPING, a. Stout; lusty; plump. Burke. 
 CHOP'PING, )i. [Sp. chapin.] A high-heeled shoe, 
 
 worn by ladies in It:ily. [See Chioppine.] 
 2. ,\ cutting; a mincing; from chop. 
 CHOP'PING-HLOCK, n. A block on which any thing 
 
 is laid to be chopped. 
 ClIOP'Pl.NG-KNIFE, 71. A knife for mincing meat. 
 CHOP'PY, a. Full of clefts or cracks. 
 CHOPS. See Chop. 
 
 CHOP'STICKS, 71. pi. Two small sticks of wood, ivory, 
 &c., held by the Chinese between the thumb and 
 fini:ers, antl used to convey ftKitl to the mouth. 
 
 CIlO-RAG'ie, a. Pert;iining to the cboragus; as, 
 chorocic tiiontinients. 
 
 eilO-HA'GUS, 71. [Gr. X",'"!)"!, i'"' «) ''i-l 
 
 III Jilhen.t, a term applied to thoce who su|M.riiitent!ea 
 a musical or theatrical entertainment, and provided 
 a chorus at their own ex[ien.se. 
 
 €Ilo'R.\L, a. [from chorus.] Relonging to or compos- 
 ing a choir or concert ; as, choral sympbonio«. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 2. Singing in a choir ; fus, choral seraphs. 
 
 CHo'R.\I>-IjY, ado. In the m.inni'r of a c.honis. 
 
 eiK)Ul). (kord,) 71. [L. chorda; Gr. xopi'li an intes- 
 tine, of which strings were made. When it signifies 
 a siring or small ropo, in general, it is written cord. 
 See Cord.] 
 
 1. The string of a musical instrument. Mdton. 
 
 2. In mu.iic, the combination of two or more sounJs 
 uttered at the same time, according to the laws of 
 harmony ; as a third, fifth, and eighth, which ar* 
 
 TONE, BWL.L, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS._€ as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CM as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 201 
 
Clio 
 
 CHR 
 
 CUR 
 
 perfect choriU^ or consoiiancies. The fourth and 
 sixth are imperfect chords. 
 
 3. In sre.umnrij, a rijilit Una, drawn, or supposed to 
 extend, from one end of an arc of a circle to tlie other. 
 Hence the cliord of an arc is a riglit Ime joining tlie 
 extremities of tliat arc. Encijc. 
 
 CHORD, II. (. To string. Dnjdtn. 
 
 eilOllO'ED, pp. Strung; furnished witli strings. 
 
 €HUKD-EE', ?i. [See Chord.] \n meiiicine jtnA sur 
 gfril, a painful erection ol the penis, under which it 
 is considerably curved. 
 
 eH01M)'ING, ppr. Furnishing with strings. 
 
 (;HoIIE, n. [Eng. char.] In Amfricii, tliis word de- 
 notes small work of a domestic kind, as distinguished 
 from the principal work of the day. It is generally 
 useil in the plural, chores, which mchides the daily 
 or occasional business of feeding cattle and other 
 animals, preparing fuel, sweeping the house, clean- 
 ing furniture, &c. [See Char.] 
 
 eHoK-E-Pl.S'CO-l'AL, a. [(Jr. x,w.oo5, place, and £.ti- 
 (7f«T')$, bishop.] 
 
 Pertaining to the power of a suffragan or local 
 bishop. Fell. 
 
 eHoR-E-PIS'eO-PUS, n. A local or sufTragan bishop. 
 
 Jfuuk. 
 
 €HO-n K'US, j ;i. [Gr. \()(.tio5.] \n ancient poiiry. a 
 
 €HO KEE', ( foot of two syllables, the first long 
 and the second shiirt ; tlu; trochee. 
 
 eilO'UI-A.MB, ) /I. [(Jr. \-.o i.s, a trochee, and 
 
 CHI) Ill-A.M'liUS, i ium/^-«, iambus.] 
 
 In ancient poetry, a foot consisting ot four syllables, 
 of which the (irsi .ind last are long, and the others 
 short ; that is. a i "loreus or trochee and an iambus 
 united ; as, nubifilas, am-ietas. Kncyc. 
 
 eHO-lM-.VM'lilC, n. A choriamb. 
 
 eHO-llI-A.\l'Uie, a. Pertaining to a choriamb. 
 
 Mascn, 
 
 eHo'RI-ON, n. [Gr. x"!""" Xi''p'ov : latter 
 sCL-ms lo he allied to xointui, to hoUl, or cojitain.] 
 
 In anatomy, the e.xterior membrane which invests 
 the f 'tus in utero. 
 
 CHO'UIST, n. [Vr. chorU-te.] A singer in a choir. 
 
 CHOR'IST-ER, n. [from chorus, choir.] 
 
 1. Literally, a sniger j one of a choir j a singer in 
 a concert. Dryden. 
 
 2. One w ho leads a choir in churcli music. This 
 is the sense in the United States. 
 
 eHO-ROG'llA-PHER, n. [See Chorogb/iphy.] A 
 person who describes a particular region t>r country ; 
 or one who forms a map or maps of particular re- 
 gions or countries. F.nryc. 
 
 CHO-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to cliorogra- 
 phy ; descriptive of particular regions or countries ; 
 laying down or marking the bounds of particular 
 countries. Kncifc. 
 
 €HO^RO-GRAPH'ie-AI.-LY, adt\ In a chorograph- 
 ical manner ; in a manner descriptive of particular 
 regions. 
 
 €lU)-ROG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. x.'''!'"!, " I'liee or region, 
 and ypattu), to describe.] 
 
 The art or practice of making a map or description 
 of a particular region, country, or province , or of 
 marking its limits, bounds, or [)<»sition. Chonnjrnphy 
 differs from geoirrapliy, as the description ipf a par- 
 ticular country differs from that of the whole e.irtli ; 
 and from topography, as the desciiptitm of a country 
 differs from that of a town, city, or district. F.nryc. 
 
 eilO'KOlI), II. [Gr. \ooioii, a particular membrane, 
 anil I o^ 15, likeness.] 
 
 In anatomy, a term applied to several parts of the 
 body that resemble the chorion ; as the inner nieiii- 
 brane investing the brain, or the pia mater ; the 
 second coat of the eye ; the fold of the carotid artery 
 in the brain, in which is the pineal gland. 
 
 Core. Knryc. 
 
 eHO'RLTS, Jt. [L. c/inrK.9 ; Gr. \"n->s ; Sax. clwr : Fr. 
 c/iftur ; \}. clutor or konr i Sp. and It. coro ; It. corn; 
 VV. cur. In VVelsli, the word signifies a round or 
 circle, a choir. If the primary sense is a circle, or a 
 
 company, the word may be referred to the .\t.^\S 
 
 kaara, to go round, to collect, to bind ; or to ^ 
 
 karro, to return, to repeal. Class Gr, No. .'W, 34. If 
 the radical sense is to sing or shout, it may lie allied 
 to (Jr. \aioiii. The former is most probable.] 
 
 1. A number of singers; a company of pirsmis 
 singing in concert ; hence, a piece p •rformed by a 
 whole coiniKiny in concert. Driiden. I'opr. j]dili.<on. 
 
 2. The persona who are supposed t.i b bold what 
 pa.s8eH in the acts of a tragedy, and sing their seiiti 
 iiients between tire acts. Hhalt. ./ohnsoa. 
 
 a. 'I'lie Kong betwi'i ii the acts of a tragedy. 
 
 ./f/A/i.vnn. 
 
 4. Versen of a »ong in which the coiniKiny Join the 
 linger; or the union of a company with a singer, in 
 repeating certain couplets or verses, at certain peri- 
 ods III n song. .loknaon. I'.ncije. 
 A musical comfiositioii of two or more parts, 
 
 (1. Amuiix the (Jreeks, a clioriiii consisted of a iiiiiii- 
 ber uf Hiiigi;rii and dancem. 
 
 Chose, (shose,) «. [Fr. chose; Sp. cosa, suit, cause, 
 thing; It, cosa ; Fort, coiisa ; h.caiufa. (t^ee (L'ai'se.) 
 The primary sense is, action, urging, prosecution. 
 See Thing and Cause.] 
 
 In law, property in action ; a right to possession ; 
 or that which may be demanded and recovered by 
 suit or action at law. Thus money due on a bond 
 or note is a clio.-ie in action ; a recompense for damage 
 done is a chose in action ; the former proceeding from 
 an express, the latter from an implied, contract. A 
 contract executed is a cluise in possession ; a contract 
 executory conveys only a chose in action, A chose 
 local, is annexed to a place, as a mill or the like ; a 
 chose transitory, is a thing which is movable. 
 
 Blackstone. Encyc. 
 
 CHoSE, pret. and ]>p. of Choose. 
 
 CHoS'^;N, (cho'zn,) pp. Selected from a number ; 
 picked out ; taken in preference ; elected ; predesti- 
 nated ; designated to office. 
 
 2. a. Select ; distinguished by preference ; em- 
 inent. 
 
 His citosen cipUuns are drowned in tlie sea, — Ex. xv. 
 Ye an" ;\ clwseji giMienilioii, a ri)y;il prieslliood. — 1 Pet, ii. 
 
 CHOU'.ANS, (shoo'anz,) «. p;. Royalist insurgents on 
 the River Loire, iluiing the French revolutions. They 
 were inostiv brigands. Brande. 
 
 CHOUGH, (cbiiir,) «. [Fr. choueas f Ir. cag : Sax. ceo 
 or ccogh. This word may be the same as jack, in 
 jackdaw. It appears to be a Cornish word.] 
 
 The Cornish ahough is a bird of the genus Corvus, 
 nearly of the size of the crow, and mi.schievous, like 
 the magpie. It is black, except the bill, legs, and 
 feet, which are red. It is a native of the west of 
 England. Did. ofJVat. Hist. 
 
 Chough is also applied to the jackdaw. Cyc. 
 
 CHfiULE. See Jowl. 
 
 CHoUL'TRY. See Choltrv. 
 
 CHOUSE, V. t. [This word may be from the root of 
 
 cozen J Arm. cou^zein, or conchcza ; Ar. ^j^L::^ khau- 
 
 sa, to deceive or defraud ; Eth. chtLsawa, to 
 
 lie, deceive, or clieat.J 
 
 To cheat, trick, defraud ; followed by of, in Iludi- 
 bras ; but in Anierfca by out of : as, to chouse one out 
 of his money. [/( is notn vulgar.] Dryden. Swift. 
 CHOUSE, ji. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a 
 simpleton. 
 
 2. A trick ; sham ; imposition. Johnson. 
 CHOUS'£U, (chou.st,) pp. Cheated ; defrauded ; im- 
 posed on. 
 
 CHOUS'IiVG, ppr. Cheating; imposing on. 
 
 CHOWDER, n. In JVtw England, a dish offish boiled 
 with biscuit, salt pork, &c. In Spanish, chode is a 
 paste made of milk, eggs, sugar, and flour. In the west 
 of Englami, chowder-beer is a liquor made by boiling 
 black spruce in water and mixing with it molasses. 
 
 CHOWDER, r. t. To make a chowder. 
 
 ('HOWTEK, c. To grumble like a frog or a fro- 
 ward child. Phillips. 
 
 €liKi:-.MA TIS'TieS, n. [Gr. xP'il't^a, wealth.] 
 The science of wealth ; a branch of political 
 ecoiKimv. 
 
 CHRES-TO.M'A-TIIY, n. [Gr. x7")Tr.„,afl£iii.] 
 
 A book introiliirlor)' lo tlie learning of languages, 
 containing sel rted passages, with notes, explana- 
 tions, &.C. [^Oernian.] 
 
 CIIRIS.M, (kriziii,) tt. [Gr. \/>iff/i<j, from x,oi(.i, to 
 anoint.] 
 
 Unguent ; unction. In the Roman Catholic and Greek 
 churches, oil consecrated by the bishop, and used in 
 the adiiiinistration of baptism, confirmation, ordina- 
 tion, and extreme unction. It is prepared on Holy 
 Thursday with much ceremony, and, in some cases, 
 inived with bal.sain. Enciic. 
 
 eilRIS'.M Al,, n. Pertaining to chrism. Brcrint. 
 
 eilRIS-.M.x' TIO.V, n. The act of a|)plyiiig the chrism, 
 or I'onseeraled oil ; in baptism, by the (iriest ; in con- 
 liriiiation, by the bishop. In ordination, it is usually 
 sl\ 1 'd unction. Enn/c. 
 
 CIliUS'.MA-TO-RY, n. A vessel to hold the oil for 
 chrism. 
 
 CIIRIS'O.M, 71. [See Chrism.] A child that dies 
 within a iiiontli after its birth ; so called from the 
 chrisom-cloth, a linen cloth anointed with hidy oil, 
 which was foriiic rly laid over a cliild's face when it 
 was baptized. .M.so, the cloth it.self. Kncyc. 
 
 CHRIST, II. [Gr. xptirT.is, anointed, from xptoi, lo 
 anoint.) 
 
 The Anointed; an appellation given to the Sa- 
 vior of the world, ■Hid sMioiiyiiioiis with the Hebrew 
 ISIksiiah. It was a ciisiniii of aiiliqtiily to conse- 
 crate persons to the sai i'rdotal anil regal ollicc^s by 
 anointing them witli ml. 
 
 CIIKIST'-«;Ross ROW, (kris'kros-ra') n. An old 
 term for the alpbabi l, probably from the cross usual- 
 ly set before it. Whittock. 
 
 CHRIS'TA.'N, (kris'ii,) u. (. [Sax. cristnian s D. kers- 
 tfuen. See ( 'iiiti sr.] 
 
 I. To baptize, or rather to baptize and name ; to 
 initiate into the visible i liiirch of (,'lirist by the appli- 
 caiion of vvatiT ; applied to prrsons. And as a name 
 ii> giviin to the person in the ci'reniony, hence, j 
 
 2. To name ; to denominate ; applied to things. 
 
 Burnet, 
 
 CHRIS'T^r.N-DO.M, (kris'n-dum,) n. "[Sax. cnsteudom. 
 cristen. Christian, and dom, power, judgment, rule, 
 jurisdiction. See Christ.] 
 
 1. The -territories, countries, or regions inhabited 
 by Christi^is, or those who profess to believe in the 
 Christian religion ; parliculurly, ail countries gov- 
 erned by Christian sovereigns and institutions. 
 
 2. The whole body of Christians. Hooker. 
 
 3. Christianity ; the Christian religion ; as, while 
 Christendom prevailed. \ Unusual.] Milner. 
 
 €HRIS'TJEN-£D, (kris'nd,) pp. Baptized and named ; 
 
 initiated into Christianity. 
 eHRIS'T£N-ING, (kris'n-ing,) ppr. Baptizing and 
 
 namin". 
 
 eHRIS'T£N-IN'G, n. The act or ceremony of bap- 
 tizing and naming ; initiation into the Chii.stian re- 
 ligion. 
 
 CHRIS'TIAN, (krist'yan,) n. [Gr. xmaTiamf. L. 
 Christianas ; Sa.v. cristru ; D. kristen ; Fr. chreticu : Sp. 
 cristiano ; Arm. cri-<ten ; W.cristiun, See Christ.] 
 
 1. A believer in the religion of Christ. 
 
 2. A professor of his belief in the religion of Christ. 
 
 3. A real disciple of Christ ; one who believes in 
 the truth of the (Christian religion, and studies to fol- 
 low the exam|ile, and obey the precepts, of Christ ; n 
 believer in Christ who is characterized by real piety. 
 
 4. In a general sense, the word Christians includes 
 all who are born in a Christian country or of Chris- 
 tian parents. 
 
 CHRIS'TIAN, a. [See the noun.] Pertaining to 
 Christ, taught by hiiii, or received from him ; as, the 
 Christian religion ; Christian doctrines. 
 
 2. Professing the religion of Christ ; as, a Christian 
 friend. 
 
 3. Belonging to the religion of Cliri-st ; relating to 
 ('liri.st, or to Ins doctrines, precepts, and example ; as, 
 Christian profession and practice. 
 
 4. Pertaining to the church ; ecclesiastical ; as, 
 courts Christian. Blarkstnue. 
 
 CHRIS'TIAN, c. (. To baptize. [M-ot used.] Falke. 
 eilRIS'TIAN-lS.M, (kriit'yan-izm,) n. [Gr. x 
 vian'jc. See Christ.] 
 
 1. The Christian religion. 
 
 2. The nations jirofessing Christianity. Johnson. 
 eilRIS'TIAN-lTE, n. See Anokthite, with which 
 
 it is identical. 
 eilRIS-TIAN'l-TY, (krist-yan'e-te,) ii. [See Chris- 
 tian, from Christ,] 
 
 The religion of Christians ; or the system of doc- 
 trines and precepts taught by Christ, and recorded by 
 the evangelists and apostles. 
 
 Whilst poliliciaiis are disputing about monarcliies, aiistocracira, 
 and repiililics, Cliristianily is alike applicatile, usi lul, and 
 Iriendiy to llii'i.i all. Palcy. 
 
 eilRIS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION, n. The act or process of 
 converting ttt Christianity. 
 
 CHRIS'TIAN-IZE, v. t. To make Christian ; to con- 
 vert to Christiaiiilv ; as, to Christianize pagans. 
 
 eiIRIS'TIAN-lZ-£0, pp. or a. Converted to Cliris- 
 tianitv. 
 
 eilRIS'TIA.N-IZ ING, ppr. Converting to Cliri.stian- 
 itv , evangelizing. 
 
 CHiUS'TlAN-I.iKE, a. Becoming a Christian. Shak. 
 
 eilRlS'TI AN-LY, adn. In a Christian manner; in a 
 niaiiner becoming the principl.'s of the ('liristian re- 
 ligion, or the profession of that religion. 
 
 eilRlS'TIAN-N.^.ME, ii. The name given in b.ap. 
 tisiii, as distinct froni the geiitilitious or surname. 
 
 eilRIS-TIAN-(JG'RA-l'IIY, ii. A description of 
 Christian nations. [.Wot used.] Pugitt. 
 
 CHRlS-Tie'O-LIST, II. [Christus anA colo, to culti- 
 vate.] A worshiper of Christ. 
 
 eilRIS T'LESS, a. Having no interest in Chri.st. 
 
 C/i. Sped. 
 
 eilRIST'MAS, (kris'mas,) n. [CAri.vf and iiia.>.v, Sax. 
 miessa, a holy day or feast ; D. kersinis.] 
 
 1. The festival of the Christian church, observed 
 annually on the 2,'jth day of December, in iiiemory of 
 the birth of Chri.st, and celebrated by a piiiticiilar 
 church service. The festival incluiles twelve days. 
 
 2. Christmas-day. 
 
 eilRIST'iM AS-liO.\, 71. A box in which little presents 
 
 are deposited at (Miristmas; the presents made. 
 CIIRIST'.M A.-^-D.v Y, II. The i'ith day of December, 
 
 when Christmas is celebrated. 
 CIIIUST'.MAS-FI.OW ER, ii. Hellebore. 
 CIIRIST'.M AS-RfiSE, II. A plant of the genus llel- 
 
 b boiiis, producing beautiful white Mowers about 
 
 Chtisliiias. 
 
 CIlKIS-TOI.'O-t'JY, n. [(Jr. Xfiiar j and Xoym ] 
 \ discourse or treatise concerning Christ. 
 
 eilRrST'S'-TIIOKN, II. The Rhamnus paliurns, a 
 deciduous shrub, a native of Palestine and the 
 south of Europe. It has two thorns at each joint, 
 and is supposed to have been the sort of which the 
 crown of thorns for our Savior was made. Kncyc. 
 
 eilRO-AS'TA-CKS, II. [(Jr. color.] 
 
 Ill natural history, II genus of pellucid gems, coni- 
 prelieiiding all those of variable tailors, as viewed in 
 dill'erent liL'hls. [Mil leilinirid.] Kncyc. 
 
 ClIIU'i'.MATE, II. [See Chuomk.I A salt or com- 
 pound formeil by the chromic acid with a base 
 
 FATE, FAK, Pj^LL, WH^T MKTB, PRpV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VV(?LF, B(?(?IC.— 
 
CHR 
 
 CHU 
 
 V II U 
 
 eilRO-.'MAT'ie, a. [Gr. \«w(i.iri«:uf, from 
 
 ciilor, from \<ji();;..>, to rolor. Xo'iii, \<i'ii<(ii, seem to 
 bo a dialL-ctieal orlhojjTapliy of the same word.] 
 
 1. Ri latiiiK to color. Dnjilen. 
 
 2. Notiiif! a particular species of music, wliicli pro- 
 ceeds hy several semitones in succession, 
 
 BtLsby, 
 
 eilRO-MAT'ie, n. [Supra.] A kind of music that 
 proceed? by several consecutive semitones, or semi- 
 tonic intervals ; or it denotc.^ accidental semitones. 
 
 RinissfttH. 
 
 eni!0-MAT'ie-AL-LY, mle. In the chromatic 
 manner. 
 
 €llllO .M A'l'TeS, ?i. The science of colors ; that part 
 of optics which treats of the properties of the colors 
 ofliaht and of natural bodies. F.ncijc. 
 
 eilRO-MA-TOG'KA PHY, k. [Gr. x.ow/ia, color, and 
 ) /-iiA", deseriiilion.] 
 \ treatise on ccdors. 
 
 eirKS'.M''i'uM,(''- [Gr.X.o<.-M", color.] 
 
 .\ metal consistina of a |)<>rons nia.ss of aRfihiti- 
 nated grains, very hard, brittle, and of a grayish- 
 while color. Its ti xtnre is radiated. In its hijiliest 
 dt'sree of oxydation, it passes into the slate of an 
 acid, of a niby red color. It takes its name fr(mi l\\f 
 various and beautiful rtilors which its oxyd antl acid 
 comiminicate to substances into whose conipcisition 
 they enter. Chrome is employed to give a tine deep 
 green tt> the enamel of porcelain, to glass, &e. 
 
 The oxyd of chrome is of a bright grass green or 
 pale yellow color. CtnirehituL 
 
 eilllo'MlC, a. Pertaining to chrome, or obtained 
 from it ; as, ckroinir acid. 
 
 Cliriiwic ijMuio ; tile artificial chromate of lead, a 
 beautiful pigment. 
 
 €Hll<)N'lt;, (a. [Fr. chronuiae; It. Sp. cronico ; 
 
 emiO-Vie-AL, j Gr. \p<inic.is, from x""''"S, time, 
 
 duration. Pee Ar. karana. Class Rri, No. 1;>.] 
 
 Continuing a long time, as a disi-ase. A rhrtinic 
 disease is one which is inveterate or of long coiiliii- 
 uancH, in distinctitm trrim an acute dise:u^e, wliicli 
 s|ieedily terminates. 
 eilliO.N'l-ei.K, II. [See Chromic] An historical 
 register or account ol facts or events disposed in the 
 ordtT of time. It is nearly synonymous with ntiiuifs. 
 In general, this species of writing is more Mrictly 
 coiitined to chronological order, and is less ditl'use 
 limn the form of writing called liu^tiirij, 
 
 2, I II « iiiorc o-nieru/ .N"r.'i.v?, ,a history. Drijtlfit. 
 
 3. That n liich contains history. 
 
 Europ" — her »crv mi 
 evfry niottlc ring a 
 
 u-tl the liutlory of limn gene l)y, niul 
 If* U a clironivte. ircinz. 
 
 4. Chrnniele^i, pi. ; two canonical hooks uf the 
 Old Testament. 
 eilRO.N'l-CLK, r. f. To record in history or chron- 
 icle ; to rectird ; to register, Spnisfr. S/udc. 
 eilRON'l-CI.KI), Recorded; registered, 
 eilRO.V'l CI.ER, II. A writer of a chronicle; a re- 
 corder of events in the order of lime ; an historian. 
 CHRON'I ei, INC., Ueconhng. 
 CIIRO.N'IUI'E, (kroii'ik,) H. A chronicle. Mdinm. 
 eilRO.N'O-GRAM, (11. [Gr. x/, ii/.,, time,and)f.,l^- 
 eHRO.^"U-GRAPll, ( ^.i, a letter or writing, from 
 J O.I0W, to write.] 
 
 An inscription in which a certain date or ejMich is 
 expressed by nuiiiemi letters ; a-s in the motto of a 
 medal struck bv Gustavus Adolphiis in \Kf2. 
 ClirlstVs DVX ; ergo trl V.MphVs, 
 eHRO.\-0-GRAM-.MAI"ie, In. Ueloiiging to a 
 eilRO.V-n-GRA.\l-.\IAr'ie-AU i clmmogram, or 
 
 ct>iitainiiig one. 
 eHR().\-()-GRA.M'.M.\-TIST, n. A writer of chron- 
 ograms. 
 
 eilRO-.NOG'RA-PIIER, n. [Gr. x."'""!, <inie, and 
 yftai'tti^ to describe.] 
 
 One who writes concerning time or the events of 
 time ; n clinuiologer, Tooke. 
 
 eURO-NOG RA-PHY, n. The description of time 
 past, [LitUe used.] 
 
 eilRO-.\OL'0-GER, ) Ti, [.See CHRortoLonv,] A 
 
 €IIRO \OL'0-GIST, ) person who attempts to dis- 
 cover the true dates of iKist events and tntnsactions, 
 and to arrange them under tlieir proper years, or 
 divisions of time, in the order in which they hap- 
 pened, 
 
 2, One who studies chronolog)-, or is versed in the 
 science. 
 
 eHRO-\0-LOG'ie, (o. Relating to chronology ; 
 ei!RO-XO-LO<S'ie-AL, ( conuiiningan account of 
 
 events in the order of time; according to Uie order 
 
 of time. 
 
 CIIR(>-.\0-LOG'ie-AL-LY, arfr. In a chronological 
 niniincr; in a manner according with the order of 
 time, the series of events, or rules of chronidogy. 
 
 eilRO-.\'()L'0-GY, n. [Gr. \o'ivo\'i\ia ; x.''0'»S. 
 lime, and X>i> 5, discourse or doctrine.] 
 
 The science of time ; the method of measuring or 
 Computing time by regular divisions or periods, ac- 
 cording lo the reviilulions of the sun or moon ; of 
 asceiUiining the tni« periods or years when p;ist 
 
 events or transactions took place, and arranging 
 them in their proper oriler according lo their dates. 
 
 If history' withtjiit cltronolofrij is tinrk anil 
 witliout liistur)' is dry :liiU iiiupid. 
 
 iifu«i-<l, chronology 
 A. Ilitlmet. 
 
 eilRO-NOM'E-TEU, n. [Gr. xpovi'i, time, and iicrpov, 
 measure.] 
 
 Any instniment that measures time, or that divides 
 time into equal portions, or that is used for that pur- 
 p<tse, as a cltick, watch, or tli;il ; particularlij^ an in- 
 slrument that mea.sures lime witli great exactness. 
 Clirvnmcfipc is now rarely used. 
 
 To rate a chrimometcTy is to ascertain the exact rite 
 of its gain or loss as compared with true time, for the 
 sake of making the proper allowance in conipiita- 
 tioMs de|ieiiileiit thereon. Ormi. 
 eilltO-.NO-.Mr.r'Rie, \a. Pertaining to a ciiro- 
 CllR()-.\()-.\li:T'R£e-AL, i nometer; measured by 
 
 a cliniuomeirr. Parriana. 
 eilKO-.NOM'ETRY, n. The art of measuring time ; 
 the measuring t>f time by periods or divis^ions. 
 
 Crtchton. 
 
 eilRV.S'A-1,11), a. Pertaining to a chrysalis, Oood. 
 
 CIIIl\ S'A 1,11), H, See Chkvsalis, 
 
 CIIKVS'A-MS, (kris'a-lis,) k, ; pi. Chbv-sal'i-dks, 
 [Ij, chrijsntLSy Gr, a grub, from its golden 
 
 color, v/»i' gtdd,] 
 
 The particular form which butterflies, moths, and 
 some other insects assume, before they arrive at 
 llieir winged or perlect state. It is called also aurrliii, 
 Irtiiii iiitritm^ gold. In this form, tht; animal is gen- 
 erally in a stale of ri st or insensibility, without tak- 
 ing iioiiristiiiiriit. The external covering is usually 
 sinoolh and glossy ; sometimes hairy. The name is 
 taken IVom tlie yi'llow color of certain species; hut 
 lliev .'ire of diircreiit ctihirs, as green, black, Acc, 
 
 C!lR'Vt;'<> l!ER-YL, n. [Qr. xponof, gold, and (tf/j/yvA- 
 \l ■! , l.eryl,] 
 
 A yelinwish-green gem, next to sapphire in Iiard- 
 iii'ss, coiisisiing of ahimiiia and the earth gliiciiia. 
 On ai'coimt of a peculiar opah^scence preseiitt'tl by 
 the crystals, the mineral has been called cijnioplianp, 
 fr<n:i sc/ni, wavcy and -ixi/i ■■, lo appear, JUrxanilntp 
 is llie name of an emerald variety from tlie Ural 
 .Mountains, Dana. 
 eilUVS'O-CllLORE, «, [Gr, xpuoof, gold, and X'^w- 
 l>tjt,, green.] 
 
 A spi'cii's of mole at the Cape of Good Hope, the 
 fur of » liieli retleets most brilliant metallic hues of 
 green and gold. 
 eilltVS'O-COl^l.A, n. [Gr. XPV''""'>'^''«, g'»e of 
 gold, -^uti-'j? and «<j>Afi.] A name given by the 
 (;ri'i ks to bonix, and also to the green or blue car- 
 bonate of copper. Cleaveland. 
 €I1UVS-()(;'RA-PIIY, 71. [Gr, xputroj, gold, and jpa- 
 tlfscnption.] 
 A writing in letters of gold. 
 CIIRYS'O-LITE, «, [Gr, XH^""!) 6<''<'i f"<l A'6o$, 
 stone.] 
 
 A iiiinenil, called liy llatiy and Brogniart, periilote, 
 and by Jainestui, priamnlic chrijsuUlp. Its prevailing 
 color is some shatle of green. It is liardiT than 
 glass, but less hanl than ipiart/, ; oAeii tiansp.'ireiit, 
 sjiiiietiiiies only Iraiisliict nt. It oeciirs sometimes 
 in cryst.'ils, soiiietimes in small aiiiiirphous nias.ses or 
 grains, ami soniriiiiK's in rolled pieces. Olicine is a 
 variety of this species, of a bottle-green color; it is 
 di.-^semtiiated iVt'ipieiitlv through ba.sall. Cleapdand. 
 
 eilRVS-OI/O GV, II. [Gr, \n«n„s, gold, and Ao; .15,] 
 Thai branch of political economy which relates to 
 the |iriiduciiiui of wealth, 
 
 GHRVS'O.PR,\SE, /I. [Gr, x^^^'^oirpatrof ,* xPtJo-oj, 
 gobi, and ff.xi -u.', a leek.J 
 
 .\ mineral, a variety of ipiartz. Its color is com- 
 monly apple green, ami orten extremely beautiful. 
 It is translucent, or smiietimes semi-transparent; its 
 fracture even and iliill, sometimes a little .«plintery, 
 sometimes smooth and sligblly conchoidal ; its hard- 
 ness litlle inferior lo that of flint, CIcarrluiul. 
 
 CIK'B, II, [This word seems to signify thick head, 
 or a mass or lump. In Pers chub or cAuii is a club. 
 See Class Gh, Nos, 1 and i.] 
 
 .\ rivtT lisb, called also Chf.ven, of the genus Cy- 
 priniis. The bmly is oblong, nearly round ; the head 
 and back green ; the sides silvery, and the belly 
 white. It frciiuents deep holes in rivers shaded by 
 trees ; but in warm weather floats near the surface, 
 ant] furnishes s[Mirt for anglers. 
 
 CHL irUEI), / , ., , . . _ . .. . , 
 
 CHI'li'llY ( "* '''■'^ chub ; short and thick. 
 
 CIIUR'HEI) .\ES.S, », The state of being chubby, 
 CII IjB'FAC-£1), (-laste,) a. ilnving a plump, round 
 
 face. MilLvm. 
 CHUCK, r, i. To make the noise of a hen or partridge, 
 
 w hen she call> her cliicken.s. 
 CHUCK, V. u To call, as a hen her chickens, 
 CHUCK, r, i. To jeer ; to laugh, [See Chi ckuk.] 
 CHUCK, r, t, [Fr. choqaeT: Russ. cAotayu, to strike 
 
 gently ; Port, and Sp. cJwcar.] 
 
 1. To strike or give a gentle blow ; as, to chuck one 
 under the chin. 
 
 2. To throw, with quick motion, a short distance ; 
 to pitch, [fii/i'ar,] 
 
 CHUCK, n. The voice or call of a hen. 
 
 2. A sudden, small noi.se. 
 
 3. A wiird of endearnient, corrupted from chidt, 
 
 4. A slight blow iiudi rthe chin. [rhicken 
 CIIUCK'-FAR-TIII.\G, «. A iday in w liich u farthing 
 
 is pitched into a hole. 
 CIIUCK'-HOLE, n, A steep htdc in a wagon rut. 
 
 [A«c«(,] 
 
 CHUCK'LE, (chuk'kl,) v. L [from chuck.] To call, 
 as a hen her chickens, 
 
 2. To fondle ; to cocker, {Ciu, VV, cncru. See 
 CHUCK'LE, w, A short, suppressed laugh. [Cocker. 
 CHUCK'LE, II. i. [Ch. Tin chuck or hak, lo laugh. 
 See Cla-ss Gk, No. 18, anil Gi(;(:i.i:.] 
 
 To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner; to 
 feid inward triumph or exiiltatimi. 
 CHUCK' LKI), pp. Fondled ; called, as by a hen. 
 CIIUCK'LE-HEAD, {chuk'l lied,) ji. A person with 
 a large head ; a dunce. Kimiittc.':. Itailey says, a rat- 
 tling, noisy, imipty fellow, f fiz/i^ar.] 
 CIIUCK'LE-IIEAD-EU, a. Large or thick headed. 
 
 .Smart. 
 
 CIIUCK'IJ.NG, ppr. Fondling ; calling, as a hen. 
 
 CII U(;K' LL\G, n. Suppressed laughter; inward tri- 
 umph or exult'ition. 
 
 CIIUU, u. (. To champ ; to bite. [Ob.-:] Stafford. 
 
 CHO'ET, H. Forced meat. llaniri. 
 
 CHUFF, II. [PtThaps VV. cijf, a stock or stem ; cyjiatr, 
 to become torpid.] 
 
 A clown ; a coarse, heavy, dull, or surly fellow. 
 
 CIIUFF'I-LV, ailv. In a rough, surly manner; clown- 
 
 CIIUFF'I-NESS, n. Surliness. [i-lily. 
 
 CHUFF' Y, a. OrifriuttUit, fat or swelled out, especially 
 in the cheeks ; as, a cAu/Ty lad. Ricli. Dirt. Hence, 
 2. Fiirurativclij, surly ; angry ; stoiuachful. In 
 JV/ w F.iialand, this word expresses tli.il displeasure 
 which causes a swelling or surly look ami grumbling, 
 rather than li'jat and violent expre.ssions of anger. 
 [Used in i^^.^'.^'^'z and Kent, Euir.] 
 
 CllUK, II. A word used in calling swine. It is the 
 original name of that animal, which our ancestors 
 brought with them from Persia, where it is still in 
 use. Pers. chuk, Zend, ehuk, a hog ; Sans, gu^nra. 
 Our ancestors, while in England, adopted the VVelsh 
 hire, bog ; but chuck is retained in our {Kipular name 
 of tpiioiichuckj that is, rptwd hoir. This is ;i remarka- 
 ble proof of the original seat of the Teutonic nations. 
 I have taken cliuk from Adelung. The French co- 
 ehon may he the same word. 
 
 CHUM, II. [.-Vrm. ckonimy or chommciny or Aam, lo 
 dwell, stay, or loilge; Fr, chdmcr, to rest, tin. Sax. 
 Aam, home,] 
 
 A chamber-fellow ; one who lodges or resides iu 
 
 the same room ; a word luted in coHctres. 
 CHUM, V. i. [from the noun.] To occupy a chamber 
 
 with another. [Used in Jinicrican cidlesrci.] 
 CTIU.MP, II. A short, thick, heavy piece of wood, less 
 
 than a block. , John.fon. 
 
 CHU'.N'K, II. A short, thick piece of wood, nietil, &c. 
 
 [Local ill /^a^rM/ri/, collispiial in -^ilirnca.] 
 CII U-.N.^AI', H. The name in Inilia for fiinc' and hence, 
 
 .•■Incrn, &.C. Jliilcom. 
 CHURCH, II, [S^nx. eirce. circ, or citric; Scots, kirk, 
 
 which retains the Saxon pronunciation ; l). krrk ; 
 
 G.kircltr: Sw, kijrckia ; Dan, ktrkr ; Gr, Kvotnicf, a 
 
 teni|ile of God, from aixi.u ><;, pertaining to a lord, 
 
 or to our Lord Jesus Christ, from ^vpiof, a lord, 
 
 Riiss, tzerkov.] 
 
 1. A house ctinsecraled to the worship of God, 
 among Christians ; the Ixird's hoii.se. This seems to 
 he the original meaning of the word. The Greek 
 f.itAiaoi, from .A w, to call out or call together, 
 denotes an assembly or collection. But <(i'.<iii*o{, 
 Ki»fiia*oi', are from Kvofi^, lorti, a term applied by 
 the early Christians to Jcsii^ Christ ; and the house 
 in w liich they worshiped w as named from that title. 
 So Kvni'iK.i signifies cliureh giKxls, liona eccte.-nasttea ; 
 ifi'OM*r,, sc. 1} nf) I, the Lord^s day, i/ic.v doniuitca. 
 
 2. The collective body uf Chri^tinns, or of tho.se 
 who profess to believe in Christ, and acknowledge 
 him to be the Savior of mankind. In this sense, the 
 cbiireh is soiiietimes called the calludic or universal 
 church. Johiuson. F.ncyc, 
 
 3. The etillective boily of saints in heaven anil on 
 earth, called the iuri.iibie church. 
 
 4. .\ particular nuniber of Christians, united un- 
 der one form of ecclesia.stical government, in one 
 creed, anil using the same ritual and ceri'iiionies ; 
 as, the English church: the Gallicnii church: the 
 Presbyterian eJiurch ; the Roman Catholic church ; 
 the Greek church. 
 
 h. The followers of Christ in a [Kirticiilar city or 
 province ; as, the church of Ephesiis, or of .Xntiiich. 
 
 fi. The tlisciples of t.'hrisl assembled for worship 
 in a giarticiilar jilace, as in a private house. Col. ir, 
 [See No, 9,] 
 
 7, The worshipers of Jehovah, or the tnie God, 
 before the advent oft'hri.st; as, the Jewish c/iiiri.-A, 
 
 8, The body of clerg>', or ecclesiastics, in distinc- 
 tion from the laity, lience, ecclesiastical authority, 
 
 9, .\n as.seiiibly of sacred rulers convened in 
 Christ's name to execute his laws, Crudcn. Broirn. 
 
 10, The ctdlective body of Christians, who have 
 made a public profession tif the t*liristi;in religion, 
 and who are uiuteil under the same pastor; 111 diti> 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, 1;MTE — .\.\"GER, VI"CIOUS — V as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as m THIS 
 
GII.U 
 
 tinction from those who belong to the same parish, or 
 ecclesiastical society, but have made no profession of 
 their faith. 
 
 CHURCH, V. t. To perform with any one the office 
 of returning thanks to the church, after any signal 
 deliverance, as from the dangers of childbirth. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 CHURCH'-aLE, n. A wake or feast commemoratory 
 of the dedication of the church. Johnson. 
 
 CHURCH'-.\T-TIRE', 71. The habit in which men 
 officiate in divine service. Hooker. 
 
 CHURCH'-AU-TIIOR'I-TY, n. Ecclesiastical pow- 
 er ; spiritual jurisdiction. MUrbury. 
 
 CHURCH'-BEN'CH, ru The seat in the porch of a 
 church. 
 
 CHURCH'-BU-RI-AL, (-ber-ry-al,) n. Burial accord- 
 ing to the rites of the church. .9)jliffe. 
 
 CHURCH'-DIS'CI-PLI.NE, n. Discipline of the 
 church, intended to correct tlie offenses of its 
 members. 
 
 CHURCH'DOM, n. The government or authority of 
 the church. 
 
 CHURCH'-FOUND'ER, 71. He that builds or endows 
 a church. Hooker. 
 
 CHURCH'-Go-ER, n. One who usually goes to 
 church. 
 
 CHURCH'-Go-IXG, a. Usually attending church. 
 CHURCH'-HIS'TO-RY, n. History of the Christian 
 
 church ; ecclesiiastical history. 
 CHURCH'ING, n. The act of offering tlianks in 
 
 church after childbirth. 
 CHURCH'-L.AND, n. Land belonging to a church. 
 
 ^'dverton. 
 
 CHURCH'-LTKE, a. Becoming the church. 
 CHURCH'-LIV'ING, n. A benefice in an established 
 church. 
 
 CHURCH'MAN, n. An ecclesiastic or clergyman ; 
 one who ministers in sacred things. 
 
 2. An Episcopalian, as distinguished from a Pres- 
 byterian or Congregationalist, &.C. 
 CHURCH'MAN-SHIP, 7i. State of being a church- 
 man, or of belonging to the established church. 
 
 i'c. Rrv. 
 
 CHURCH'-MEM'BER, n. A member in comnmnion 
 with a church ; a professor of religion. 
 
 CHURCH'-ME.M'BER-SHIP, 11. State of being a 
 church member. 
 
 CHURCH'-MU'Sie, 71. Tlie service of singing or 
 chanting in a church. 
 2. Music suited to church service. 
 
 CHURCH'-PRE-FER'MEXT, 71. Benefice or ad- 
 vancement in the church. 
 
 CHURCH'SHIP, ». Institution of the church. South. 
 
 CHURCH'-WAR'DE.N', n. A keeper or guardian of the 
 church, and a representative of the parish. Church- 
 wardens are appointed by the minister, or elected by 
 the parishioners, to superintend the church, its prop- 
 erty and concerns, and the behavior of the parish- 
 ioners. For these and many other purposes, they 
 possess corporate powers. Johnson. Enn/c. 
 
 CHURCH'-WaY, 71. The way, street, or road, that 
 leads to the cliurch. 
 
 PHURCH'-VVORK, «. Work carried on slowly. 
 
 Chulincrs. 
 
 CHURCH'-YARD, 71. The ground adjoining to a 
 church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CHURL, 71. [Sax. crorl : D. kaerrl; G. kcrl ; Ilan. 
 kiirl. It signifies, primarily, a man or rather a male, 
 for it was applied to other animals, as a carl-cat, a 
 male cat; and males are named from their strength, 
 or the 3CX implies it ; hence, carl-hcmp denoted strong 
 hemp. Huscarla, a house-car!, or servant ; bitscarla, 
 a ship's-carl. See Spelman. Hence the name Charles, 
 Carolus.] 
 
 1. A rude, surly, ill-bred man. Sklney. 
 
 2. A rustic; a countryman, or laborer. Dnjilcn. 
 
 3. A miser; a niggard. Is. xxxii. 
 CHURL'ISII, a. Rude ; surly ; austere ; sullen ; 
 
 rough in tem|>er ; unfeeling ; uncivil. 
 
 2. Selfish ; narrow-minded ; avaricious. King. 
 
 3. [Of tilings.] Unpliant ; unyielding ; cross- 
 grained ; harsh ; uninanageabh: ; as, churlish metal. 
 
 Soroil. 
 
 4. Hard ; firm ; as, a churlish knot. Sliak. 
 
 5. Obstinate; as, a cAiiWiiA war. Bacon. 
 CHI;RI,'ISII-LY, ado. Rudely ; roughly ; in a churl- 
 
 iHh inaiiniT. 
 
 CIIURI/ISII-NESS, 71. Rudeness of manners or 
 
 tein|H^r; but generally the word refers to till' temper 
 
 or disposition of mind ; euUenness ; austerity; iiidis- 
 
 IKtHition to kindness or courtesy. 
 CIII'RL'Y, a. Rude; boisterous. 
 ('lirRME, ; n. [Sax. cijrm, clamor; cyrman, to cry 
 CHIR.M, i out; \V. /.ramu] 
 
 Noise ; clamiir, or confused noise. [06«.] Bacon. 
 CHUR.V, n. [.Sax. ciem, cijrin, or crrcne, a churn, cer- 
 
 nan, to churn ; H. karn, karncn ; Dan. kicrae, kierncr. 
 
 Q,u. Sax. ctjrran, to turn.] 
 A veKHel in which cream or milk is agitated, for 
 
 ncpaniting the oily parts from the caseous and serous 
 
 partM, to make butter. 
 CHI,'lt.\, B. t. To Btir or agitate cream for making 
 
 butler. 
 
 2. To shake or agitate with violence or ccmtinued 
 motion, as in the oiieration of making butter. 
 
 CHURN'£D, pp. Agitated; made into butter. 
 
 CHURN'ING, ppr. Agitating to make butter; shak- 
 ing ; stirring. 
 
 CHURN'ING, 71. The operation of making butter from 
 cream by agitation ; a shaking or stirring. 
 2. As much butter as is made at one operation. 
 
 CHURN'-STaFF, 71. The staff or instrument used 
 in churning. 
 
 CHURR'-WORM, 7>. [Sax. cyrran, to turn, and worm.] 
 An insect that turns about nimbly, called, also, a 
 fan-crickeU Johnson. Bailey. 
 
 CHOSE. See Choose. 
 
 CHtj'SITE, 71. A decomposed variety of chrysolite. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 CriOTE, Cshute,)7i. [Fr.] A fall. 
 eil?-AZ'IC, a. [from the initials of carbon, hydrogen, 
 and azote.] 
 
 A term applied to the compounds of hydrocyanic 
 acid. 
 
 CHS'-La'CEOUS, a. [See Chyle.] Belonging to 
 
 chxie ; consisting of chyle. 
 €HVLE, (kile,) «. [Gr. V'Aot, juice, humor.] 
 
 In animal bodies, a white or milky fluid, prepared 
 from the chyme. It is absorbed by the lacteal ves- 
 sels, by which it is conveyed into the circulation, 
 assimilated into blood, and converted into nutriment. 
 
 Kiici/c. Q^uincy. Coze. 
 CHYL-I-FAC'TION, 71. [chyle km\ L.facio.] 
 
 The act or process by which chyle is formed from 
 food in animal bodies. Arbnthnot. 
 CHYL-I-FAC'TIVE, a. Forming or changing into 
 
 chyle ; having the power to make cin le. 
 eHY-UF'ER-OUS, a. [L. dujlus and/ero.] 
 
 Transmitting chyle. Cheyne. 
 eilY-LO-PO-ET'ie, a. [Gr. x">»S, dijle, and nutiw, 
 to make.] 
 
 Chylifactive ; having the power to change into 
 chyle ; making chyle. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 CHYL'OUS, a. [from chyle.] Consisting of chyle, or 
 partaking of it. Jirbuthnot. 
 
 eil Y.ME, (kTine,) 71. [Gr. \vitnt,, juice.] 
 
 That particular modification which food assumes 
 after it has undergone the action of the stomach. Cyc. 
 
 AnKjng the older auOiors, juice ; chyle, or the finest 
 part of the chyle contjuned in the lacteals and tho- 
 racic duct ; any humor incrassated by concoction, 
 whether fit or unfit for preserving and nourishing 
 the body. Encyc. Coze. Baileu. 
 
 eilYM'ie, eilYM'IST, CHYM'IS-TRY. see Chem- 
 ical, Chemist, Chemistry. 
 
 €HYM-I-FI-e.\'TION, 71. The process of becoming 
 or of forming chyme. 
 
 eilYM'I-FI iJD, pp. Formed into chyme. Oood. 
 
 eHYiM'I-FV, V. t. To form into chyme. 
 
 eilYM'OUS, a. Pertaining to chyme. 
 
 CI-BA'RI-OUS, a. [L. cibarius, from cibns, food.] 
 
 Pertaining to food ; useful for food ; edible. Johnson. 
 
 CIB'OL, 71. [Fr. n7)»ii(c; h. cepula.] 
 A sort of small onion. 
 
 CI-Bo'RI-U.M, 71. [L.] In architecture, an insulated 
 building, composed of an arched vault on four 
 columns. 
 
 2. The coffer or case containing the host in Roman 
 Catholic ceremonies. 
 
 3. The tomb of a martyr, when .sculptured and 
 used as an altar. 
 
 4. Any insulated tabernacle, 
 
 5. A large drinking cup. 
 
 6. The Egyptian bean. 
 CI-€.\'DA, 71. " [L. See Cigah.] A term applied to a 
 
 group of insects of many species, living on trees and 
 sliruhs, and celebrated for their powers of song, or 
 shrill chirp, embracing the tree-hoppers, frog-hopper 
 &c. In .iinerica, they are generally called locust.^: 
 CIC'A-TRie-LE, (sik'a-trik-l,) n. [L. cicatricula, from 
 cicalriz.] 
 
 The germinating or fetal point in the embryo of a 
 seed or the yelk of an egg ; as, germinating cieatricle. 
 
 Barttin. 
 
 Cie'A-TRT-Sl VE, a. Tending to promote the forma 
 tion of a cicatrix. 
 
 CI-C.^'TRIX, / 
 
 CIC'A-TRICE, i 
 
 A scar ; a little scam or elevatiim of flesh remain- 
 ing after a wound or ulcer is healed. Enci/c. 
 
 CIC'.\-TltI Z.WT, n. [from rif«(ri:r.l A medicine 
 or application that promotes tln^ forniatioii of a cica- 
 trix, such as .^rmenian bole, pou'der of tutty, Uc. 
 It is called, also, an cscharotic, cpulotic, incaniative, 
 affirlutinant, &c. Enci/c. 
 
 Cie-A-TRI-ZA'TIOX, n. The process of healing or 
 forming a cicatrix ; or the state of being healed, 
 cicatrized, or skinned over. 
 
 CICA-TRI'/E, i>. (. To heal or induce the formation 
 of a cicatrix, in wounded or ulcerated flesh ; or to 
 apply medicines fur lliat purpose. 
 
 CIC'A-'i"RI/E, r. i. To heal or be healed; to skin 
 over; as, woiindeil flesh cicatrizr.^. 
 
 CICV-TRIZ-Al), pp. or a. Healed, as wounded flesh ; 
 having a cicatrix fiiriued. 
 
 CIC'A-TRI'/-IN(i, ])pr. Healing; skinning over; 
 forming a cicatrix. 
 
 [ L. cicatriz ; Fr. cicatrice.] 
 
 CI(,''E-LY, 71. A plant, a species of Clia^iophyllum. 
 The sweet cicely of Europe is Jlyrihis odorata; the 
 sweet cicely of New England is Osinorrhiza longis- 
 tylis. 
 
 CJC-E-RO'JVE, (chii-che-ro'ne or sis-e-ro'ne,) 71. [from 
 Cicern.] A guide ; one who shows strangers the cu- 
 riosities_of a place. Mdison. 
 CIC-E-Ro'.\'I-AN, a. [from Cirfr-. the Roman ora- 
 tor.] Resembling Cicero, eithcT in style or action ; 
 in style^ diffuse and flowing ; in manner, vehement. 
 CIC-E-Ro'NI-AN-ISM, n. Imitation or resemblance 
 
 of the style or ai'tion of Cicero. 
 CieH-0-R.\'CEOUS, a. [from L. eichorium, succory, 
 or wild endive.] 
 
 Having the qualities of succory. Floyrr. 
 CI-Cl:>'BE-ISM,7i. Tlie state or conduct of a cicisbeo. 
 CIC-fH-BE'O, (che-chis-ba'o or se-sis'be-o,) n. [It.] 
 A dansler about females; the professed g.allant of 
 a married woman. Smollett. 
 CIC't'-lt.A'l'E, 11. (. [L. cicur, tame ; cicuro, to tame.] 
 To t.une ; to reclaim from wildness. [Little used.] 
 CIC-TT-RA' TION, ji. The act of taming wild animals. 
 [ Little used.] 
 
 CI-CO'TA, n. [Ij. cicuta: W. cegid; Fr. cifpie; Arm. 
 chngnd. The VVelsh is from eea, a choking.] 
 
 The Cow-bane, a genus of plants containing three 
 species, one European and two American. The 
 European species is called, popularly, water-hemlock. 
 The name eicuta is soinetinies applied to Coniuni 
 maculatum, or officinai hemlock. It was likewise 
 one of the ancient names of a poison, now unknown, 
 which was used in the execution of criminals. 
 
 CID, 71. [Ar. scid, lord.] The name of an epic potm 
 of the Spaniards. Brande 
 
 CI'DER, 71. [Fr. cidre or sidre ; It. sidro ; Sp. sidra; 
 Arm. cistr: Port, cidra, a citron, and cider. This 
 can not be the Gr. aiKtpa, unless the radical letter has 
 been changed.] 
 
 The juice of apples expressed, a liquor used for 
 drink. The word was formerly used to signify the 
 juicc' of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor; 
 but it is now appropriated to the juice of apples, he- 
 ft tre and after fermentation, 
 
 CT'I-^ER-I.ST, 11. A maker of cider. Mortimer. 
 
 CI'DER-KIN, 71, The liquor made of the gross matter 
 of apples, after the cider is jiressed out, and a quan- 
 tity of biiihd water is added; the whole steeping 
 forty-eight hours. Phillips. 
 
 [The two last words, I believe, are little used in 
 JJmrrica.] 
 
 cr nK-VAMT',{seie-ving',) [Fr.] Formerly ; used 
 to designate men who have been in office and retired. 
 
 CIER'tE, 71. [Fr. Qu. L. eera.] 
 
 A wax candle useil in religious rites. 
 
 CI-G.\R', 11. [Sp. cigarro,?t small roll of tobacco for 
 smoking. In Sp. cigarra is the L. cicada, the balm- 
 cricket, or locust, Port, cifrnrra : and in Sp. citrarron 
 IS a large species of that animal, and a large roll of 
 tobacco.] 
 
 A small roll of tobacco, so fonned as to be tubular, 
 used for smoking. Cigars are of Spanish origin. 
 
 CIL'ER-Y, n. The drapery or foliage carved on the 
 heads of columns. Owilt. 
 
 CIL'I-A, n. pi. [I,.] The eyelids. 
 
 2. In botany, long hairs upon the margin of a vege- 
 table body. Brande. 
 
 3. In z'oologij, very minute filaments, whidi project 
 from animal inembianes, and are enduwed with the 
 power of vibratory motiim. 
 
 CIL'IA-RY, a. [L. cilia, the eyelashes, or edge of 
 tlie eyelid.] 
 
 Belonging to the eyelids ; pertaining to the cilia in 
 animals or vegetables. Ray. 
 
 cIl'1 S-T^'d I E*^^""' ci'iiim, as above,] 
 
 In botany, furnished or surrounded with parallel 
 filaments, or bristles resi nibling the hairs of the eye- 
 lids ; as, a ciliated le:if, Alc. Encyc. JIartyn. 
 CI-I.I"ClOI,'S, (se-lisli'us,) a. [from L. cilium, whence 
 cilirium, hair cloth.] ^ 
 
 Made or consisting of hair. Broxon. 
 CIL'l-O-tiRAPE, 11. [L. cidiini and gradinr.] 
 
 An animal that sivims by means of cilia. The 
 word may be used adjectively. 
 ri'MA. See Cvma. 
 
 (TM'HAL,7i. ciambelltt.] A kind of cake. 
 
 CI-M.\R' See Chimere and Simar. 
 
 CI.M'BIUG, u. Pertaining to the Cimhri, the inhab- 
 itants of the modern Jtilland, in Denmark, which 
 w.is anciently calleil the Cimhric Chersonese. Hence 
 the modern names, Cymru, Wales, Cambria ; C'jmro, 
 a Welshman ; Cymrei^, Widsh, or the Wi lsh lan- 
 guage ; n:iiues indicating the VVelsh to be a colony 
 of the Cinibri, or from the same stock. 
 
 OI.M'BRie, 71. The language of the (,'imhri. 
 
 CI-Mk'LI-.KRCH, II. JtJr. it£i^i)Aios, precious furni- 
 ture, and "oxof. a chief.] 
 
 A superintemli-nt or keeper of valuable things be- 
 longing to a church. 
 
 CI.M'E 'PER, H. [I'r cimiterre; Sp. and Port, cimitarra; 
 It. seimitnrra.] 
 
 A short sword, with a convex edge or recurvated 
 |)oinl, used by the Persians qjid Turks, ['' his word 
 IS variously written ; but it iS a word of foreign ori- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK. 
 
 204 
 
CIN 
 
 gin, aRd it is not material which orthography is used, 
 providi'd it is unirniin.J 
 
 CI'MISS, n. [l..ciniet.] Th.; bed-bus. 
 
 CIiM-Mii'lU-AN, tt. IVrtainiiig to Cimmcriiim, a town 
 at thu inniith oftlie I'alus Ma'otis. The ancii'nts pre- 
 tended thai this country was Involved in dari<nes3 ; 
 whence tlie phnusc Cimmerian ilarknc-m, to (U'note r. 
 dei'p or continual obscurity. 'I'he country is now 
 called Crimea, or Krim-Tartary, 
 
 CIM'O-LTTE, H. [Gr. iti/inAm ; L. cimolia, so called by 
 I'liny ; said to be from Cimvlus, an isle in the Cretan 
 Sea, now Argentiera.] 
 
 A species of clay used by the ancients as a remedy 
 for erysipelas and oilier iuHainniations. It is white, 
 of a loose, soft texture, niolders into a fine powder, 
 and eflervesces with acids. It is useful in takiii;; 
 spots from cUilh. .\nother species, of a purple col- 
 or, is the steatite or soap-rock. From another spe- 
 cies, found in the Isle of Wight, tobacco pip-s are 
 made. Plmij, lib. 3.'), 17. Knciic 
 
 CI.\-eH6'N.A, n. [So named' from the Countess del 
 Cinchon.] 
 
 The Peruvian hark tree, quinquina, of which there 
 
 are numerous species. 
 CI.\-Cllo'.NI-.\ A, ) M. .\n alkaloid obtained from the 
 CI.N'eilO-.NLVK, > bark of several species of Cin- 
 CIN-eilo'Nl-A, ) chona, and one of the medicinal 
 
 active principles of this bark. 
 CINGT'lJUK, (sinkt'yur,) ii. [L. cinctura, from cinjo, 
 
 to surround, to gird ; It. cinlura ; Kr. ceiiiture.] 
 
 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the 
 body. Piipr. 
 
 2. That which encompasses or incloses. Bacon. 
 
 3. In architfclure, a ring or list at the top and bot- 
 tom of a cohunn, separating the shaft, at one end, 
 from the ba.se ; at the other, from the capital. It is 
 supposed to be in imitation of the girths or ferrules 
 anciently used to strengthen columns. Chambers. 
 
 CIN€T'UR-£D, a. Having a cincture or girdle. 
 CIN'DER, n. ChieHy used in the pi.. Cinders. [Fr. 
 centire; It. centre; JSp. ceniza ; L. cinis, ashes. In \V. 
 sindw is the cinders or scoria of a forge ; Sa.'C. sinder, 
 the scoria of metals ; D. ziiiJcl ; Sw. sindcr. (iu. Gr. 
 KoveSy Kuvta, dust, ashes.] 
 
 1. Small coals, or particles of fire ini.\cd with ash- 
 es ; embers. 
 
 [ raw is the iisnal sense of the word in jlmerira.] 
 ii. Small particles of matter, remaining after com- 
 bustion, in which tire is extinct ; as, the cinders of a 
 forge. 
 
 [/ believe Oiis word is never used as synonymous with 
 . ashes.] 
 
 CI.X'DER-WENCII, j n. A woman whose business 
 CI.N'UER-WO.M'A.V, ) is to rake into heaps of ashes 
 
 for cinders. [J^''ut known in .America.] Jofiii.<on. 
 CIN'DER-Y, a. Resembling cinders, or compused of 
 
 Ihem. 
 
 CIX-E-F.^C'TION, n. Reduction to ashes. 
 CIN-E-Ra'CEOUS, I a. .-[I., einereus. from cini.<, ash- 
 CIN-E'RE-OUS, j es.j 
 
 Like ashes ; having the color of the ashes of wood. 
 CIN'E-RA-RV, a. Pertaining to ashes. [Marlyn. 
 CIi\-E-R.\'TIO.\, n. [from I,, cinii, ashes.] 
 
 The reducing of any thing to ashes by combustion. 
 CIN-E-RI"TIOUS, fl. [L. riiiericiiL^-, from cini.i, ashes.] 
 
 Having the color or consistence of ashes. Cheyne. 
 CIX-ER'U-LENT, a. Full of ashes. 
 CIN"GA-LkSE, n. A native uf Ceylon. 
 
 a. Pertaining to Ceylon. 
 CIN"GLE, n. [Ir. ct«M"oi; L. einn^um, from einiro, 
 to gird.] <■ » • ' 
 
 A girth i but the word is little used. [See Sur- 
 cingle.] 
 
 CIN'NA-BAR, n. [Gr. Kivvaiiapt ; L. cinnaioru; Per- 
 
 sian^lA>3 kanbar.] 
 
 Red sulphuret of mercury or quicksilver. It occurs 
 native, in brilliant red cry stals, and also i-i ainnrph- 
 ous masses of different shades of red and brown. 
 It is very heav)-, and gives out fumes of quicksilver 
 when heated. In the arts, it is called vermilion, and 
 is used as a paint. The compound made artilicially, 
 by a union of mercury with suljibur, is the vermilion 
 of commerce. 
 
 Hepatic cinnabar, is an impure cinnabar of a liver- 
 brown color, and sub-metallic luster. IMna. 
 CI.N"N.A-HAR-IXE, a. Pertaining to cinnabar; con- 
 sisting of cinnabar, or containing it ; as, cinnabnrint 
 s«aiid. Journ. uf Science, 
 
 CIN'.\A-MO\, n. [Gr. Kiyviifitiv, OT Kii'i aiiiopof ; L. 
 riniuinioniiini. Qu. It. cannrlln : Sp. raneta; D. ka- 
 neel: Fr. cannelle. It is tlie Ileb. liOJp.l 
 
 The b.ark of two species of Laurus. The true cin- 
 namon is the inner bark of the Laurus Cinnamomum, 
 a native of Ceylon. The b.ase cinnamon is from the 
 Laurus Ca-ssia. The true cinnamon is a most grateful 
 aromatic, of a fragrant smell, moderately pungent 
 taste, accompanied with some degree of sweetness 
 and astringency. It is one of the best cordial, rar- 
 min.ative, and restorative spices. The essential oil 
 is of great price. Encuc. Hooper. 
 
 Cinnamon-Koleria made by distilling'the bark, first 
 
 cm 
 
 infused in barley-water, in spirit of wine, brandy, or 
 while wine. 
 
 Clure-cinnamon is the bark of a tree growing in 
 Brazil, which is often substituted for real cloves. 
 
 JVhite-ciunamon, or (^'inella allia, is the bark of a 
 tree growing in the West Indies, of a sharp, biting 
 taste, like (wpper. 
 
 CL\'NA-MO.\-ST0.\E, n. A rare mineral, from Cey- 
 lon, of a hyacinth-red color, yellowisli-brovvii, or 
 honey-yellow ; sometimes used in jewelry. It was 
 calleil bv Ilaiiy tlssunitc. Cleavelnnd. 
 
 CINCiUE,' (sink,) n. [Fr., five.] A five ; a word used 
 in games. 
 
 Cl.\aUE'-FOIL, n. [Fr. cinque, five, and feuiHc, a 
 leaf, L. folium.] 
 
 A creeping plant, often called firc-Jingered grass ; 
 a species of Potenlilla. 
 
 2. In Gothic arcliitrclure, an ornament.il foliation, 
 having five points or cusps, u.sed in windows, pan- 
 els, itc. 
 
 CIXCIUE'-PaCE, n. [Fr. cinque, five, and pus, pace.] 
 .\ kind of gmve dance. SImk. 
 
 CI.XdUE'-PoRTS, u. pi. [Fr. cinque, five, and porl.i.] 
 , Five havens on the eastern shore of ICnslaiid, lo 
 ward France, viz., Hastings, Roiiiin y, llyllie, Dover, 
 and Sandwich. To these ports Wiiiclielsi a and Rye 
 have been added. These were anciently deemed <»f 
 so much importance, in the defense of the kingdom 
 against an invasimi from France, that they ri ceived 
 royal erants of particular privileges, on roiulition of 
 providins a certain number of ships, iu war, at Iheir 
 own ex|)ense. Over these is appointed a warden, 
 and eacli had, before the Reform Act, a right lo send 
 two members to parliaiiii'iil, called baron.i of the cinque 
 ports. Coirel. hlurk-^tunc. Kncyc. 
 
 CI\ai'E'-SPOT-Ti;r), a. Having five spots. Shak. 
 
 CI.\''i'KK, ». [Fr.] In orchitrrture, tlie timber fram- 
 ing erected in apertures betweiMi piers lo supjiort 
 voiissoirs, or materials of an arch w lien in building, 
 till they are keyi;d. Elmes. 
 
 CT'<>.\, 71. [Fr. cio7i or scion. Different modes of spell- 
 ing the same word are very inconvenient ; and what- 
 ever may have been the original ortlioL'raph\' of this 
 word, cion, the most simple, is well establisiied, and 
 is here adopted.] 
 
 A young shoot, twig, or sprout of a tree, or plant, 
 or rather the cutting of a twig, intended for incraft- 
 iiig oil aiiollier stock ; also, the shoot or slip inserted 
 in a slock for propaiiation. 
 
 CI'PHEK, II. [Fr. rhiffre : .\rm. cinifr or eiifr ; It. clfrrn 
 or cifra ; Sp. and Port, cifra ; D. cyffcr ; G. ziffcr ; Uaii. 
 
 So 
 
 c'Jfer; Sw. liffra; Russ. tsiphir ; Ar.^jX^ siforon, 
 empty, and a cipher.] " 
 
 1. In arithmetic, an Arabian or Oriental character, 
 (of this form, tl,) which, .standing by itself, expresses 
 nothing, hut increases or diminishes the value of 
 ollu r figures, according to its [Hisition. In whole 
 numbers, when placed at the right hand of a fig- 
 ure, it increases its value tenfold ; but in decimal 
 frartions, placed .at ihe left hand of a figure, it di- 
 minishes the valine of that figure tenfold. 
 
 2. A character in general. Ralegh. 
 
 3. An intertcxtiire of letters, as the initials of a 
 name, engraved on a seal, box, plate, coach, or tomb ; 
 a device; an enigmatical character. Anciently, mer- 
 chants and tradesmen, not being permitted to be.ir 
 family arms, bore, in lieu of them, their ciphers, or 
 initials of their names, artfully interwoven about a 
 cross. Kncyc. 
 
 4. .\ secret or disguised mannerof writing; certain 
 characters arbitrarily invented and asreed on by two 
 or more persons, to stand for letters or words, and 
 understood onlV by the persons who invent or agree 
 to use them. 'I'liis is a mode of commiinic.iting in- 
 formation by letters, in time of war, with a view to 
 conceal facts from all enemy, in case the letters 
 should be intercepted. This art has given rise to 
 another art, that of i/cci/i/icrinff ; and hence cipher is 
 used for a key to iinrivel the characters. To Imve, 
 or to Irarn a cipher, is to be able to interpret it. 
 
 CI'PHEK, r, L In popular language, to use figures, or 
 
 to practice arithmetic. 
 CI'I'IIER, r. L To write in occult characters. 
 
 Jlayward. 
 
 2. To designate ; to characterize. Shak. 
 CI'PHEK-I.N'G, ppr. Using figures, or practicing arith- 
 2. Writing in occult characters. [metic. 
 CI'PHER-I.NG, n. The act or art of computing by 
 
 numbers. 
 CI'Plli:R-Ki?,Y, (si'fer-ke,) n, 
 
 A key for deciphering 
 [Clu. It cipolla, an onion, cipollina, 
 
 writing' 
 CII"0-LI.\, 
 a sh.'Uot.] 
 
 .\ green marble, from Rome, containing white 
 zones. It consists chiefly of carbonate of lime, 
 with quartz, shistus, and a small portion of iron. 
 
 .\^ich4)lson. 
 
 CIP'PrS, n. [L.] A small pillar or column, usu.ally 
 having an inscription, used by the ancients for vari- 
 ous purposes, oflen as a funeral monument. 
 
 CIRG. See Circus. 
 
 CIR 
 
 CIRTAR, n. A name, in India, for i/M(ric/ or /irno- 
 irrrr. HenneiL 
 
 CII{-CAS'SIA.\, «. Peruiiiiing to Circassia in Asia. 
 2. A term applied to a kind of woolen cloth. 
 
 CIK-CK'A.V, a. Pertaining to (,'irce, the fabled daugh- 
 ter of .'^ol and Perseis, who was sup|H>sed to jHissesa 
 great knowledge of magic and venomous herbs, by 
 wliirli she was able to charm and fascinate, and tiien 
 chaiise into swine. Hnjant. 
 
 CIK-('F..\'.''<1 A.\, a. [L. circence.i, games of the cirrit.'!.] 
 Pi-rtaining to the Circus, in Rome, where were 
 practiced games of various kinds, as running, wrest- 
 ling, combats, &c. The (,'ireensian games accom- 
 panied most of the fi asts of the Romans ; but the 
 grand caiiies were held five days, commencing on 
 the l.'dh of September. Lrmpriere, Encye. 
 
 ('Ill'Cl .\AI., la. [L. circinus,a compiLss ; circino, 
 
 CIR'CI-.X ATE, j to go rounil. See Circle.] 
 
 Rolled ill spirally downward, the tip occupying the 
 center; a term in foliation or leafing, as in ferns. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 CIR'CI-X^TE, V. t. [L. cirriiio, to go round.] 
 To make a circle ; to compass. 
 
 CIR-CI-Na'TIO.\, n. An orbicular motion. [JVot 
 osril.] Bailey. 
 
 CIU'CLE, (siir'kl,) n. [Fr. cercle; It. circolo : L. cir- 
 cuits, from circus ; Gr. KioKoi ; Sp. cereo ,- It. cerchio ; 
 from the Celtic, W. eyre, from cu>r, a circle, a limit; 
 
 Ar. iiira, to go round. Class Gr, No. .32, 34.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a plane figure, comprehended by a 
 single curve line, calli'd its cireumfirrnre, every jiart 
 of which is eipially distant fidiii a point called the 
 center. Of course all lines drawn from the center to 
 the circiiiiiference, or periphery, are eipial to each 
 other. 
 
 2. In popular use, the line that comprehends the 
 figure, the plane or surlacc comprehended, and the 
 wholl^ body or solid matter of a round substance, are 
 denominated a circle; a ring; an orb; the earth. 
 
 11'? Uiat nitlcth on the circle of (he «mh. — li. xl. 
 
 3. Compass ; circuit ; as. Hie circle of the forest. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. An assembly .surrounding the principal person. 
 Hence, any cimipany, or assembly ; as, a circle of 
 friends, or of beauties. Hence the word came to 
 signify iiidcfinilrly a number of persons of a partic- 
 ular character, whether associated or not ; as, a |X)- 
 lilical circle; Ihe circle of one's ac<iuaintanc(> ; hav- 
 imr, however, refrrence lo a primary a-'socialion. 
 
 .•i. A series ending where it begins, and perpetually 
 repeated ; a going round. 
 
 TliiiA ill a circle runs the pc.isaiit's pain. Dr^iltn. 
 
 6. Circumlocution ; indirect form of words. 
 
 Fletcher. 
 
 7. In (on^ic, an inconclusive form of argument, 
 when the same terms are proved in orbrm by the 
 same terms, anil the parts of the syllogism alternately 
 by each other, directly and indirectly ; or when Ihe 
 foregoini: pmposition is proved by the followine, and 
 the following is inferred from the foregoing ; as, 
 " that heavy bodies descend by gravity, and that 
 gravity is a ipiality by which a heavy body de- 
 scends." Encije. Glancille. IVatts. 
 
 8. Circles if the sphere, are either great circles, which 
 divide the sphere into irqual parts, as the wpialor, 
 &c., or small circles, which divide it into unequal 
 parts, as the polar circles. 
 
 9. Circles of altitude, ot almucantnrs, arc circles par- 
 allel to the horizon, having their common pole in the 
 zenith, and diminishing as they appriKicli the zenith. 
 
 10. Circles of latitude, in astrnnomy, are great circles 
 perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing 
 through its poles and through every star and pl.anet. 
 
 11. Circles of longitude, in astronomy, are lesser cir- 
 cles p,ar.allel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they re- 
 cede from it. 
 
 12. Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given 
 place, is the boiiiidar)' of tliiit space around Ine ele- 
 vated pole, within which the stars never set Its 
 distance from the pole is eqv^l to the latitude of the 
 place. D. Olmsted, 
 
 13. Circle of perpetual (Kcultation, at any given 
 place, is the boundary of th'i sp,ace around the de- 
 pressed |K)le, within which tlje stars never rise. 
 
 n. Olm.-.-teJ, 
 
 14. Diurnal eirelf-s, are immovable circles supposed 
 to be described by the several stars and other points 
 in the heavens, in their diurn.al rot.ation round the 
 earth, or rather in the rotation of the earth round its 
 axis. 
 
 15. Horary eircle.i, in dialing, are the lines which 
 show the hours on dials. 
 
 16. Circle.^ of the empire : the provinces or princi- 
 palities of the former German empire, which had a 
 right to be present at the diet.s. .Maximilian I. divi- 
 ded the empire into six circles at first, and afterwards 
 into ten ; Austiia, Burgundy, Lower Rhine, Bavaria, 
 Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Upper Rhine, 
 Westphalia, and I^ower Saxony. 
 
 17. Druidical circles, in British topography, are 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE — .\N"GER, VI"CIOUS — C asK; 6asJ; SuZ; CHasSH; THasin THIS. 
 
 205 
 
CIR 
 
 CIR 
 
 CIR 
 
 certain ancient inclosures fcirim d by rude stones cir- 
 cularly arranged ; as Stonehenge, near Salisbury. 
 
 Ettiiijc. 
 
 CIR'ei.E, (sur'kl,) b. e. To move round ; to revolve 
 round. 
 
 And oth(?r planets circle other suns. Pope. 
 
 2. To encircle ; to cnconii)ass ; to surround ; to 
 inclose. Prior. Pope. 
 
 3. To circle iu; to confine ; to keep together. 
 
 CIR'CLE, V. i. To move circularly ; a«, the bowl cir- 
 cles; the circlintr years. 
 
 CIR'GLED, ;>;i. Surrounded; encompassed; inclosed. 
 
 CIR'CLii^D, a. Having the form of a circid ; round ; 
 as, the moon's circled orb. Shak. 
 
 CIR'CLER, ?i. A mean poet, or circular poet. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 CIR'eLET, 71. .\ little circle ; a circle ; an orb. Pnpi'. 
 CIR'CLING, />7>r. or (z. Encompassing; going round ; 
 
 iriclosingj as, the circ/in^ years ; the circ/ino- canopv. 
 CIR'eO-CF.LE, (sur'ko-sele,) n. [Gr. >t((io-»5, aiid 
 
 Kn^'i.] A varix or dilatation of the spermatic vein ; 
 
 a variocele ; hernia varicosa. [See Cirsocele.J 
 CIR'eUIT, (sur'kit,) n. [Fr. circuit; L. circuitus ; of 
 
 ctrca, circHjiij and rn, to go.] 
 
 1. The .act of moving or passing round ; as, the 
 
 periodical circuit of the earth round the sun, or of 
 
 the mwn round the earth. Watts. 
 52. The space inclosed in a circle, or within certain 
 
 limits. Mdtoii. 
 
 3. Any space or extent measured by traveling 
 roimd. Addison. 
 
 4. That which encircles ; a ring ; a diadem. Shak. 
 
 5. In England, the journey of judges through sev- 
 eral counties or boroughs, for the purpose of holding 
 courts. In tlic United SiafM, the journey of judges 
 through certain states or counties for the same pur- 
 pose. 
 
 6. The counties or states in which the same judge 
 or judges hold courts and administer justice. It is 
 common to designate a certain number of counties 
 to form a circuit, and to assign one or more judges to 
 
 . each circuit. The courts in the circuits are called 
 circuit courts. In the government of the United 
 States, a certain number of states form a circuit. 
 
 7. .\ long deduction of reason. Dunne. 
 
 8. In /uir, a longer course of proctiedings than is 
 necessaiy to recover the thing sued for. 
 
 Ctnrel. Ennjc. Johnson, 
 Bailey gives this as the definition of Circuity. 
 CIR'eUIT, r. I. To move in a circle ; to go roiiml. 
 
 Pllilips. 
 
 CIR'eUIT, V. t. To move or go round. IVnrlon. 
 
 CIR-eiJtT-EER', n. One that travels a circuit. Pupc. 
 
 CIR-eU-I"TIO.\, (sur-Jtu-ish'un,) n. [I., crcuilio.] 
 The act of going round ; compass ; circumlocu- 
 tion. _ [AifWc Mse</.] Hooker. 
 
 CIR eu'I-TOUS, a. Going round in a circuit; not 
 direct ; as, a circuitous road or course. 
 
 CIU eO'I-ToUS-LY, ailv. In a circuit. 
 
 CIR-eu'I-TV, n. A going round; a course not di- 
 rect. ./JsA. 
 
 CIK'eU-LAR, a, [L. circularis. See Circle.] 
 
 1. In the form of a circle ; round ; circumscribed 
 by a circle ; as, the sun appears to be circular. 
 
 2. Successive in order; alsvays returning. 
 
 Roscommon. 
 
 3. Vulgar ; mean ; circumforaneous ; as, a circular 
 poet. Dennis. 
 
 4. Ending in itself; used of a paralogism, where 
 the second proposition at once proves the first, and is 
 proved by it. Johnson. Baker. 
 
 5. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons 
 having a common interest ; as, a circnlur letter. 
 
 6. Circular lines, are .straight lines pertaining to the 
 circle, a-s sines, tangents, secants, &.c. 
 
 7. Circular numbers, are those whose powers ter- 
 minate in the same digits as the roots themselves ; 
 as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and '.if>. 
 
 Bailni. Barlow. 
 
 8. Circular .miling, is the method of sailing by the 
 arch of a great circle. Kncyc. 
 
 CTR'CL'-LAR, n. A circular letter, or paper. 
 CIR-€U-LAR'I-TY, n. The state of being circular. 
 CIR'CtJ-I.AR-LY, adr. In a circular manner; in the 
 
 form of a circle ; in the form of going and returning. 
 C1R'€U-LATE, (sur'ku-late,) v. i. [Fr. circulcr ; L.. 
 
 circuto.] 
 
 1. 'J'o move in a circle ; to move or pass round ; to 
 move round and return to the same point ; as, the 
 blood Circulates in the body. 
 
 2. To |Bis» from place to place, from person to |)er- 
 Bon, or from hand to hand ; to tte diffused ; as, mon- 
 ey circulates iu the country ; a story circulates in 
 town. 
 
 3. To move round ; to run ; to flow in veins or 
 channelH, or in an incloseil place ; as, the sap of 
 plantu circulates ; water circulates in the earth, or air 
 in a city or houKC. 
 
 CIK'Clj'-LATE, e. f. To cause to pasB from place to 
 place, or from pernon to person ; to put nboiil ; to 
 spread ; an, to circulate a report ; to circulate bills of 
 cri'dit. 
 
 CIR'CU-LA-TED, pp. Caiiacd to pxts round. 
 
 CIR'CU-La-TING, ppr. or a. Moving or passing 
 round; passing from one to another. 
 
 CIR'eU-LA TliNG DEC'I-MAL, n. In arithmetic, a 
 term applied to decimals in which two or more figures 
 are constantly repeated in the same order. Brande, 
 
 CIR'eU-LA-TIi\G Me'DI-UM, 7i. The currency or 
 mtmey of a country. 
 
 CIR-€U-La'T10.\, n. The act of moving round, or 
 in a circle, or in a course which brings, or tends to 
 bring, the moving body to the point where its motion 
 began ; as, the circulation of the blood in the body. 
 
 2. A series in which the same order is preserved, 
 and things return to the same state. 
 
 3. The act of going and returning ; or of passing 
 from place to place, or from person to person ; as, 
 the circulation of money. 
 
 4. Currency ; circulating coin, or notes, or bills, 
 current lor coin. 
 
 5. In chemistry, circulation is an oper.ation by 
 wliicli the same vapor, raised by fire, ffills back to be 
 returned and distilled several times. 
 
 CiR-eU-LA-To'KI-OUS, n. Traveling in a circuit, 
 or from house to house. [LittJe used.] Barrow. 
 
 CIR'eU-LA-TO-RY, a. Circular; as, a cireulatm-y 
 9. Circulating. [letter. 
 
 CIR'CL'-LA-TO-RY, ji. A chemical vessel, in which 
 that which rises from the vessel on the fire is col- 
 lected and cooled in another fi.xed upon it, and falls 
 down again. Johnson. 
 
 CIR-CU.M-AG'I-T.^TE, v. t. To agitate on all sides. 
 
 CIK-eU.M-.\.\l'BI-EN-CY, n. [L.circum, around, and 
 ambio, to go about. See AMniEHT.] 
 
 The act of surrounding or encompassing. Brown. 
 
 CIR-eLr.\l-A.M'Bl-E.\T, a. Surrounding ; encompass- 
 ing ; inclosing or being on all sides ; used particu- 
 larly of the air about the earth. 
 
 CIK-eU.M-,\.M'Blj-L.\TE, v. i. [L. circumambulo, to 
 walk round ; circum and ambulo.] 
 To ^^■alk round about. 
 
 CIR-e(J.M-AM-BU-LA'T10.\, n. The act of walking 
 round. 
 
 CIR-CU.M-CELL'IOJf, n. [L. circum, about, and 
 cella, a cell, or cellar. Hence, a vagrant.] 
 
 In church history, one of a set of illiterate peasants 
 that adhered to the Donatists in the fourth century. 
 
 Jililner. 
 
 ClR'CU.M-CISE, B. t. 'fL. circumcido, circum, around, 
 and cido, to cut ; Fr. circoiicire ; Sp. circoncitlar ; It. 
 circoncidere.] 
 
 1. To cut off the prepuce or foreskin of males ; a 
 ceremony or rite in the Jewish and .Mohammedan 
 religions. The word is applied also to a practice 
 among some nations of jierlbrming the like opera- 
 tion upon females. 
 
 2. To put off the sins of the flesh ; to become 
 spiritual or holy. Cul. ii. II. 
 
 CIR'eiIiM-CIS-i;i>, (sur'kiim-sjzd,) pp. or a. Having 
 the prepuce cut off ; spiritually purified. 
 
 CIR'CU.M-CIS-ER, H. One who performs circumcis- 
 ion. Jfiltun. 
 
 ClR'eUM-CIS-ING, ppr. Cutting olT the prepuce ; 
 purifving spiritually. 
 
 CIR-elJ.M-CIS'lO.N', (sur-kum-sizh'un,) n. The act 
 of cutting off the prepuce or fortiskin. 
 
 2. Rt^jection of the sins of the flesh ; spiritual 
 purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith. 
 
 3. The Jews, as distinguished from Gentiles. 
 
 Cul. iv. II. 
 
 CIR-eU.M-CLO'SION, n. The act of inclosing on 
 all sides. 
 
 CIR-CU.M-CUR-Sa'TION, n. [L. circum, about, and 
 curso, to run.] 
 The act of running about. [JVot used.] Barrow. 
 CIR-ClJiM-DUeT', II. (. [L. circumduco ; circum, 
 round, and duco, to lead.] 
 
 To coiilriveiie ; to nullify ; a term of civil law. 
 [Little used.] Jlyliffe. 
 CIR-CU.M-DCC'TION, n. A leading about. ILitlle 
 used.] Hooker. 
 2. .\n annulling; cancellation. [Little used.] 
 
 ^ijliffe. 
 
 CJR'eUM-EER, V. t. [L. eircumfero.] 
 
 To bear or carry round. [J^ot in use.] Bacon. 
 CIR-CUM'EER-E.\CE, n. [E. circumfcrenlia, from cir- 
 cum, round, and fero, to carry.] 
 
 1. The line that goes round or encompasses a fig- 
 ure ; a periphery ; applied particularly to the line that 
 goes round a circle, sphere, or other figure approach- 
 ing these in form. Milton. 
 
 2. The space included in a circle. Milton. Vnjden. 
 
 3. An orb ; a circle ; any thing circular or orbic- 
 ular; as in .Milton, speaking of a shield. 
 
 Ilungc 
 
 Thi- l.ma,l circum/crenee 
 I Ills vhuttlilcrs Ukr. tlie liluuu. 
 
 CIR-eiJM'FER-ENCE, v. u To include in n circular 
 space. uj<eil.] Brown. 
 
 CIR-CUM-FE-REN'TIAL, a. Pertaining to the cir- 
 cumference. PurkhursL 
 
 CIR-eUM-FE-REN'TOR, n. An instrument u.sed by 
 surveyors for taking angles. It consists of a bra.ss 
 index, and circle, all of a piece, and carries a mag- 
 netic needle mispended above the center of the cir- 
 cle. The circle is gradiiatttu into 300 degrees. Only 
 
 a rough approximation to the truth is obtanied by this 
 instrii incut. Brande. 
 CIR'CUiM-FEEeT, v. U To place the circumflex on a 
 word. 
 
 CIR'eUM-FEECT-ED, pp. Having the circumflex. 
 ClR'eUM-FLECT-ING, ppr. Placing the circumflej 
 on a word. 
 
 CIR'eUM-FLEX, n. [L. circumfiezus ; circum, round, 
 and fiecto, to bend.] 
 
 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and 
 fall on the same syllable. Walker. 
 
 2. A character, or accent, denoting a rise and fall 
 of the voice on the same long syllable, marked in 
 Greek thus (~,) and in Latin thus (*.) 
 
 CIR'eUM-FLEX, V. t. To mark or pronounce with 
 the accent called a circumflex. Walker. 
 
 ClR-€U.M'FLU-E.\CE, ?i. [lj.circumfi.uens; circum, 
 round, and fiuo, to flow.] 
 
 A flowing round on all sides ; an inclosure of 
 watei-g, 
 
 CIR-CU.M'FUJ-ENT, a. Flowing round; surround- 
 ing :is :i fluid ; as, circumfiuent waves. Pope. 
 CIR-eUM'FLLI-OUS, a. [L. circumfiuus. See Cir- 
 
 CUMFLUENCE.] 
 
 Flowing round ; encompassing as a fluid ; circum- 
 fluent. Milton. Pope. 
 
 CIR-CU.M-FO-Ra'NE-AN, jo. [h. eircumforaneus ; 
 
 CIR-CU.M-FO-Ra'NE-OUS, j circum, around, and 
 /oris, a door, or abroad.] 
 
 Going about ; walking or wandering from house to 
 house ; as, a circumforaneous fiddler or piper ; circum- 
 foraneous wits. .Addison, Spect. 47. 
 
 Circumforaneous musicians, male and female, are 
 daily seen at the doors of hotels in France ; and 
 sometimes they enter the room where a company 
 is dining, and entertain them with music, expecting 
 a franc or a few sous as a reward. W. 
 
 CIR-eU.M-FUSE', 1). t, [L. circumfusus ; circum, and 
 fundo, fusus, to pour.] 
 
 1. To pour round ; to spread round, as a fluid. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. To spreail round ; to surround. Milton. 
 CIR-eU.M-FO'SILE, a. [L.circum, and fusUis^ that 
 
 may be melted.] 
 
 That may be poured or spread round ; as, circum- 
 fusile gold. Pope. 
 CIR-eU.M-Fu'SION', n. [See Circumfuse.] 
 
 The act of pouring or spreading round ; the state 
 of being poured round. .fohnson. 
 CIR-€U.M-GES-Ta'TION, n. [L. circum and ges- 
 tario.] 
 
 A carrying about. Taylor. 
 CIR-CU.M'GY-RaTE, Iv.t. [L.circum ai\d mjru.i, a, 
 CIR-eU.M-GYRE', i turning round.] 
 
 To roll or turn round. [Little used.] Ray. 
 CIR-eU.M-GY-RA'TION, n. The act of turning, roll- 
 ing, or whirling round ; the turning of a limb in its 
 socket. Qi/i/icy. Cheyne. 
 
 CIR-eCM-I"TION, (sur-kum-ish'un,) n. A going 
 round. 
 
 CIR-eUM-jA'CENT, a. [L. circumjacens ; circum 
 and jacco, to lie.] 
 
 Lviiig round ; bordering on every side. Johnson, 
 
 CIR-eU.M-LI-GA'TIO.\, 71. [L. circumligo, to bind 
 round ; circum and ligo, to bind.] 
 
 The act of binding round; the bond with which 
 any thing is encompassed. Johnson, 
 
 CIR-'eUM-LO-eO'TlON, 71. [L. circumlocutio ; circum 
 and locutio, a speaking, luquor, to speak.] 
 
 A circuit or compass of words ; a periphrase ; the 
 use of a number of words to express an idea, when 
 a suitable term is not at hand, or when a speaker 
 chooses to avoid the use of a single term, either from 
 delicacy or respect, or with a view to soften the force 
 of a direct expression, or for other reason. 
 
 CIR-eUiM-LOe'II-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to a circum- 
 locution ; consisting or contained in a comjiass of 
 words ; periphrastic. Shcnslone, 
 
 CIR-CU.M-.MOR'£D, a. [L. circum and Jiiuru-s, a 
 wall.] 
 
 Walled round ; encompassed with a wall. Shak. 
 
 CIR-eUiM-NAV'I-GA-BLE, a. [Sec Cibcumn*vi- 
 GATF..J That mav be sailed round. Rai/. 
 
 CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GaTE, j). t. [L. eircumnamgo ; 
 circum and nacigo, to sail, from nucis, a ship.] 
 
 To stiil round ; to pass round by water ; .as, to cir- 
 cumnavigate the globe. 
 
 CIR-CUM-i\AV'I-Ga-TED, pp. Sailed round. 
 
 CIR-CUM-NAVI-Ga-TING, ;i;ir. Sailing round. 
 
 CIR-eUM-NAV-I-GA'TION, 7i. The act of sailing 
 round. .^rhuthnot. 
 
 CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GA-TOR, 71. One who sails rouml. 
 
 CIR-CUM-PEI-eA'TlON, 71. [E. circumplico; circum 
 and plico, to fold.] 
 
 A folding, winding, or wrapping round ; or a state 
 of being inwrapped. [Utile used.] Bailey. 
 
 CIR-CUM-Po'I.AR, a. [E. circion, and Eng. polar.] 
 About the pole ; an appi llation given to stars 
 which are so near the north pole as to revolve round 
 it without setting. The number of these di.'pends on 
 the latitude of the spi'ctator. We anply it to the 
 north polar region and stars, but the word is appli- 
 cabbr lo eilli.'r poh'. 
 
 CIR CUM-PU-!«l"T10i\, 71. [L. circum and positio.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 206 
 
cm 
 
 CIR 
 
 CIT 
 
 The act of placing in a circle, or the state of be- 
 ing s(i placeil. Kcdijn. 
 CIK-€'L'M-K.A'S10N, (-rS'zhun,) n. [L. circmiirasio i 
 circitm ami riitltt, to sliave.J 
 TIk" act of .■.liaviiiR or paring rounil. [Little uscil.] 
 CIU eUiM RO'TA-KY, a. Turning, rollinj;, or uliirl- 
 
 inc rounil. Hhciistone. 
 CIR-eiJM-KO-TA'TION, n. circum and rulalio, 
 
 rotation, frmn rulo, to turn round.] 
 
 The act of roiling or revolving round, as a wheel ; 
 circunivolutiun ; the state of being whirled round. 
 
 Gretrorij. 
 
 CTU-eUM-SCLS'SILE, (-sis'sil,) a. [L. circumscindo, 
 to cut round.] 
 
 Tliis epithet describes a mode of dehiscence in bot- 
 any, occurring by a transverse, circular separation of 
 llii^ sides of the ovarv. 
 
 t ill CUM seKIIi'A-ULE, a. Capable of being cir- 
 f uniscribed. 
 
 CIK-CU.M-BCRIBE', v. t. [L. eircunutcribu ; circum 
 and scriboy to draw.] 
 /,i(ir(i«y, to draw a line round. Hence, 
 
 1. To inclose within a certain liniitj to limit, 
 bound, confine. 
 
 You are iilwvc 
 
 The liul'- forms which circitmscnlje .vmir sfX. Soittltem. 
 
 2. To write round. [f,iUlc useil.] 
 CIR-eU.M-SeitlB'KI), pp. or a. Drawn round, aa a 
 
 line ; limited ; conlined. 
 
 In trcomeirtj, this word is applied to a figure which 
 is drawn round another figure, so that all its sides or 
 planes touch the inscribed tigme. Eiicyc. 
 
 ClR-CLT.M-SCRIIi'l.Nt;, ppr. Drawing a line round; 
 inclosing ; liiuitiii<z ; conliiiing. 
 
 CIK-eiJ.M-S^tUlU" ri-lil.i;, a. That may be circum- 
 scribed or Iimiteil hv bounds. 
 
 CIR-CU.M-.-*CRIl"TI<).\, n. The hne that limits; 
 limitation ; bound ; conlinement. Skak. 
 
 2. The termination or limits of a body ; the ex- 
 terior line wliich di termines the form or magnitude 
 of a body. Kciij. 
 
 3. A circular inscription. Jif^hiiwle. 
 CIR-eU.M-S€RlP'TlVK, a. Defining the eMernal 
 
 form ; marking or inclosing the limits or super- 
 ficies of a body. Greto. 
 
 CIR-CUM-SCRIP'TIVE-LY, adv. In a limited man- 
 ner. Mimtairti. 
 
 CIR'eUiM-SPECT, a. [L. circumnpectus ; circum and 
 speciit, to look.] 
 
 l.ilrrally, looking on all sides; looking round. 
 Hence, 
 
 Cautious; prudent ; watchful on all sides; ex- 
 amining carefully all the circumstances that in.ay 
 adert a determiiialioii, or a measure to be adopted. 
 
 CIR-CUM-SI'EC'TION, n. [L. cireumspectio.] 
 
 Caution ; attention to all the facts and circum- 
 stances of a case, and to the natiind or probable 
 consequences of a measure, with a view to a cor- 
 rect course of conduct; or to avoid danger. 
 
 CIR-eU.M-SPKCT'lVE.o. Looking round every w.iy ; 
 cautious ; careful of consequences ; watchful t)f 
 dauKcr. Fope. 
 
 ClR-eU.M-SPEeT'IVE-LY, adv. Cautiously ; vii;i- 
 lanlly ; heedfully ; with watchfulness to guard 
 niiainst danger. 
 
 CIR'€i;.M-SPEeT-LY,<i(/p. Cautiously; withwatch- 
 fulm!ss every way ; with attention to guard against 
 surprise or danger. Raii. 
 
 CIR'CUM-SPECT-.NESS, ji. Caution ; circunispec- 
 ti<m ; vigilance in guarding against evil front every 
 quarter. Wotion. 
 
 CIR'CU.M-STANCE, n. [L. circumstantia, from cir- 
 cum^tnii.'ty standing about ; circum and sft), to stand.] 
 LUrnilly, that which stands around or near. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. Something attending, appendant, or relative to 
 a fact, or case ; a particidar thing, which, though 
 not essential to an action, in some way atlVcts it ; the 
 same to a moral action as accident to a natural sub- 
 stance ; as, the circunuitauce^i of time, place, and 
 persons, are to be considered. 
 
 2. One of the adjuncts of a fact, which make it 
 more or less criminal, or make an accusation more 
 or less probablt! ; accident ; something adventitious ; 
 incident ; event. Johnson. 
 
 3. Circumstances; in the plural, condition, in re- 
 gard to worldly estate ; slate of properly ; as, a man 
 in low circumstances^ or in easy circuntslanecs. 
 
 CIK'CU.M ST.V.NCE, v. I. ' To place relatively, or in a 
 particular situation. Donne. 
 
 ClR'eU.M-STAi\-C£D, (sur'kum-stanst,) pp. or a. 
 Placed In a particular manner, with reg;ird to attend- 
 ing facts or incidents ; as, circumstanced as we were, 
 we could not esca|)e. 
 
 CIR'eUM-STANT, a. [Surrounding. [Utile used, itr 
 notaloU^ 
 
 CIR-eU.M-STAN'TIAL, a. Attending ; relating to, 
 but not essential. 
 
 2. Consisting in or pertaining to circumstances, or 
 to particular incidents. 
 
 The u*vir1 chiuncler ol' human u-sliinuny is 8iil«(t\iiu.(l Iriitb 
 under ctrcii-n*lat\tiat vatiely. Paiey. 
 
 3. Incidental; ca.sual. Dunne. 
 
 4. .^bounding with circumstances, or exhibiting 
 
 all tlic circumstances; minute; particular; as, a 
 circumstantial acctmnt or recital. 
 
 5. In law, circumstantial evidence is that which is 
 obtained frtim circumstances, «'hich necessarily (tr 
 usually attend facts of a particular nature, from 
 which arises presumption. lIlacL-itone. 
 
 CIR-Cir.Vl-STAN'TIAL, n. Circumstantials, in the 
 plural, are things incident to the main subject, but 
 of less importance ; opposed to essentiuls ; lus, the 
 circumstunliiiL- of religion. Addison. 
 
 CIR-CUiM-STAN-TlAL'I-TY, The appendage of 
 circiiinslances ; the state of anything as modified by 
 circumstances. Johnson. 
 
 ■2. Particularity in exhibiting circumstances ; 
 minuteness ; as, the circumstuntialitij of a story or 
 descripti<ui. 
 
 CIR-eUM-STAN'TIAL-LY, adv. According to cir- 
 cumstances ; not essentially ; accidenlallv. 
 
 Olunrille. 
 
 2. Minutely; exactly; in every circumstance or 
 particular. Broome. 
 CIR-CU.M-STA.\"TIaTE, v. t. To place in particular 
 circumstances ; to invest with particular accidents 
 or adjuncts. Bramliall. 
 
 2. To place in a particular condition with regard 
 to power or wealth. Swift. 
 ['I'his word is tittle nsriL] 
 CIR-eUM-TER-RA'\E-()Utj, «. [I,, circum, about, 
 and term, eartli.] 
 
 .Around the earth. Jlahiirell. 
 CIR-CU.M-U.\'nU-I..\TE, I., t. [I,, circum anil un- 
 dulutus.] 
 
 To llow round, .as waves. 
 CIR-€II.M-VA1/1..^TE, v. t. To siirrouiul with a 
 [l.itllc used.] [rampart. 
 CIR-CII.M-VA1--L.a'T10.\, n. [L. circnmrul;,,, to wall 
 round ; circum and vallo, to fortify with a rampart.] 
 
 1. In tJie art of irnr, a siirritundim: with a wall or 
 rampart ; aNo, a wall, rampart, or par;ip.-l H'lth a 
 trench, surrcainiling the camp of a Iicsirging arm>', 
 to jirevi'Ut desertion, and guard the army against 
 any attempt of an enemy to relieve the place be- 
 sieged. F.ncyc. 
 
 2. The rampart or fortificaticm surrounding a be- 
 sieged place. 
 
 jYolr. — This word, from the Ijatin vallo, or vallum, 
 iviWitx, denotes properly the 7caH or rampart thrown 
 up; but as the rampart is formed by eiilreiichiug, 
 ami the trench makes a part of the furlific ation, the 
 word is applied to both. [See En^. Wall.] 
 CIR-CU.M-VEC'TlUiN, n. [L. circum and nclw, to 
 carry.] 
 
 A carrying about. [JVut «.fcrf.] 
 CTR-CIJ.M-VE.\T', V. t. [h. circumvenio ; circum and 
 vcnio, to come.] 
 
 I.itrrallij, to come round ; hence. 
 To gain advantage over another, or to accomplish 
 a purpose by arts, stratagem, or deception ; to de- 
 ceive ; to prevail over another by wiles or fraud ; to 
 delude ; to impose on. Jililtoiu Dri/den. 
 
 CIR-CII.M VE.\T'ED, pp. Deceived by craft or strat- 
 agem ; deluded. 
 CIIl-Cl'M\'H-N'l"l ppr. Deceiving ; imposing on. 
 CIR-CUM VKN'TIO.V, ;i. The act of prevailing over 
 another by arts, a*ldress,or fraud ; deception ; fraud ; 
 imposture ; ilelusion. South. 
 2. Prevention ; precH Cupation. [ 06.v.] ShiiJc. 
 CIR-CU.M-VE.ST'IVE, a. Deceiving by artifices; 
 deluding. 
 
 CIR-CU.M-VEST' J). L [L. circamvestio ; circum and 
 
 restiu, to clothe.] 
 
 To cover round, as with a garnunit. IVotlun. 
 ClR-€U.M-VO-L.\'TIO.N, )i. [L. circumrulo ; circum 
 
 and voln, to llj-.] 
 
 The act of living round. [Litlle used.] 
 CIR-eUiM-VO-l/0'TIO.\, II. The act of rollinground ; 
 
 the smte of being rolled ; also, the thing rolled 
 
 round another. JlrbuL'inot. IVtllciiut. 
 
 2. In architecture, a turn in the spiral line of the 
 
 Ionic capital. Owili. 
 CIK-ei-'.M-VOLVE', (su. kum-volv',) t>. 1. [L. circam- 
 
 volro ; circum and volvo, to roll.] 
 To roll round ; to cause to revolve ; to put into 
 
 a circular imttion. Olunrille. 
 CIK-CU.M-VUl.VE', V. i. To roll round ; to revolve. 
 CIR-CUM-VOEV'f.D, jjp. Rolled round ; moved in 
 
 a circular manner. 
 CIR-CU.M-VOEV"l.\G,p/)r. Rollinground ; revolving. 
 CIR'CUS, n. ; pi. CraeusEs. [E. circus; Fr. cirque; 
 
 It. circo ; Sp. circo ; Gr. Ktpnoi j whence circle, 
 
 which sec.] 
 
 1. In antiquity, a long, oval edifice, used for the 
 exhibition of games and shows to the people. The 
 Roman circus was encompassed with (lorticos, and 
 furnished with rows of seats, rising one above another, 
 for the accommodation of spectators. The Circus 
 .Maxiinus was nearly a mile in circumference. 
 
 Jidam, F.ncyc. 
 
 2. The open area, or space inclosed, in which were 
 rxhibiled games and shows, as wrestling, fighting 
 with swords, stalTs, or pikes, running or racing, dan- 
 cing, quoits, &c. 
 
 3. In modern times, a circular inclosure for the ex- 
 liibitiim of feaUof horsemanship. 
 
 ("IKIj 71 \n Italian bird alinut the size of a sparrow. 
 
 Ilict oj JVu<. llisL 
 CIR'UIIO POD, 71. See C'ikkiped. 
 CIR UIK'ER-OUS, «. [L. cimu, a tendril, and fero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Producing tendrils or clasiiers, .as a plant. 
 CIU-KU'J'EK-OUS, fl. [L. cirrus and gerii.] 
 
 Having curled locks of hair. 
 CIR'Rl-PED, 71. [E. tirriw, a lock of hair, and pes, n 
 foot.] 
 
 A general term, applied to animals of the barnacle 
 kind. The IVel are long and uleiidiT, and curve to- 
 gether into a kind of curl. They are inclosed in a 
 more or less conical cell, having some resemblance 
 to those of certain inollusca ; yet they belong properly 
 to the class Crustacea. Dunn. 
 CIR'RO-CC'.MU-EUS, i7. [L. ci7tiis and cumulus.] 
 
 In meteoroloiry, a cloud which is composed ol the 
 cumulus broken up into small masses, presenting a 
 fieecy appearance, as in a mackerel-back skv. 
 
 D. Olmsted. 
 
 CIR'RO-STRa'TUS, 71. [L. ci7Tiis anil stratus.] 
 
 In mrteoridoiry, a cloud liaving the characters of the 
 stratus in its main body, but of the cirrus on its mar. 
 gin. D. Ulmsli-d. 
 
 CIR'ROUS, a. [E. cirru.", a curl.] 
 
 In botany, Icrminating in a curl, or tendril ; as, n 
 cirroiuj leaf. Murtyn, 
 CIR'RUS, 71. [E., a lock or curl.] \n mrleoroloify, a 
 name given to one of the four fundamental clouds, 
 from its fibrous appearance, resembling carded wool. 
 
 J}. Olmsted. 
 
 9. A fiTssil turbinated shell of the chalk. Mantrll, 
 CIR'SO-CkI.E, 71. [Gr. mpaos, a dilated vein, and 
 K'iSn, a tumor.] 
 
 A varix, or dilatation of the spermatic vein ; hernia 
 varicosa. (^uincy. Core, 
 
 CIS -A EP'EVE, ft. [E. CIS, on this side, and Jltpes, tWpa, 
 \\ hence alpinus, alpine.] 
 
 On this side of the Alps, with regard to Rome;, 
 that is, on the south of the Alps ; opposed to transal- 
 pine 
 
 CIS-AT-EAi\'Tie, a. Being on this side of the At- 
 lantic < >cean. Story. 
 ClS'l'A DA.N'E, u. [I,, eis, on this side, and Patios, 
 th(! lii\'er Po, \\ hence Padanns.] 
 
 On this side of the Po, with regard to Rome ; that 
 is, on the south side. Stephens. 
 CIS'SOID, II. [Gr. KiTtrojj ivy, and eifo(, form.] 
 
 In ijeometry, a curve ol the second order, invented 
 by Diodes. Bailey. Knr.yc. 
 
 Cl.ST, II. [Gr. Kiarri, a chest.] 
 
 In architecture and sculpture, a chest or basket; 
 usually applied to the baskets employed in processions 
 conm cted with the Eleusinian mysteries. [See also 
 CvsT.I Brande. 
 CIST' El), a. Inclosed in a cyst. j'Sce Cysted.] 
 C1S-TER'CI.\.\, n. [Cisteaux, in France.] 
 
 A ittonk, a reformed Iteiiedictine. 
 CIS'TER.N', II. [E. cislcrna ; cista, and Sax. <mi, place, 
 repository.] 
 
 1. /\ii artificial reservoir or receptsicle for holding 
 water, beer, or other liquids, as in domestic uses, dis- 
 tilleries, and breweries. 
 
 2. A natural reservoir ; a hollow place containing 
 water, .as a fountain or lake. 
 
 CIST'IC, fl. See Cystic. 
 ClST'l'S, 71. [Gr. KinTOi.] 
 
 The ruck-rose, a genus of plants, of many species, 
 most of them natives of the southern [lartsof Europe. 
 Some of them arc beautiful evergreen, flowering 
 shrubs, and ornamental in gardens. Kneijc. 
 CIT, 71. [Contracted from citizen.] A citizen, iii a loip 
 sense; an inhabitant of a city ; a piTt townsman ; a 
 pragmatical tnider. Pope. 
 CIT'A-DEE, 71. [Vt. citadelte ; IL cittadclla ; Sp. ciuda- 
 dclti ; from the It. cittti, city.] 
 
 A fortress or castle, in or near a city, intended for 
 its defense ; a place of arms. Johiufon. Kncyc. 
 CI'T.\L, 71. [from cite.] Reproof ; impeachment. 
 [Litlle used.] Sliak. 
 2. Summons; citation; quotation. [Little used.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CI-Ta'TION', 71. [L. citatio, from cita, to cite, wliich 
 see.] 
 
 1. A summims ; an ofiicial call or notice, given to 
 a person to appear in a court and answer to a de- 
 maml ; a call or notice to appear, in various other 
 cases, and the paper containing such notice or call. 
 
 2. Uuotatioii ; the act of citing a passage from a 
 book, or from another pi'rson, in his own words; 
 also, the p;iiisage or words quoted. 
 
 Watts. Mcrbury. 
 
 3. Enumeration ; mention. Ilarrey. 
 CI'T.'\-TO-R Y, a. Citing; calling; having the |xiwer 
 
 or form of citation ; as, letters eiteitvry. .^yliffe. 
 CITE, 17. I. [L. citii, to call ; Fr. cifcr ; It. ciMrc ; Sp, 
 and Port, citar; Goth, liaitan ; Sax. hatxm, or hatan, to 
 call, order, command ; G. heisseu, whence Eng. be- 
 hest: D. heeten : Sw. Aeta ; Dan. Afder. The same 
 word in Dutch and Danish signifies to heaU The 
 sense, then, is to rouse, push, drive, stimulate. See 
 Excite, Incite.] 
 
 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively ; tosum- 
 
 TO.VE, BIJEL, IINITE. — ■\.\"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z : CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CIV 
 
 CLA 
 
 mon ; to give legal or ollicial notice, as to a (If lend- 
 aiit to appear in court, to answer or defend. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. To enjoin ; to direct ; to summon ; to order or 
 urije. Prior. 
 
 3. To quote ; to name or repeat, as a passage or tlie 
 wcirds of anotlier, eitlier from a book or from verbal 
 I'oninuiiiication ; as, to cite a passage from Scripture, 
 or 10 cite the very words a man utters. 
 
 Bacon. Drytlen. 
 
 4. To call or name, in su[>port, proof, or coufirma- 
 Jiiiu ; as, to cite an authority to prove a point in law. 
 
 I'I'1''EI), /;;). Uuoted ; summoned. 
 C'lT'EU, ;). One who cites or summons into court. 
 2. One who quotes a pjissage or the words of an- 
 other. 
 
 riT'ESS, n. [See CiT.l A city woman. [Litih lued.] 
 
 CITII-A-RIf?'Tie, a. [L. cMuira, a harp or lyre.] 
 
 Pertaining to or adapted to the harp, or appropria- 
 ted to the accompaniment of the harp. J\Iils. Diet. 
 
 CITU'EKX, n. [L. citlmra ; It.citara; citara ! V. 
 cift^'r ; (Jr. Jff^dofj.] 
 
 A stringed musical instrument, among the ancinitt, 
 the precise form of which is not known, but it bore 
 some resemblance to the modern truitnr, the name of 
 which is evidently from this ancient word. 
 
 CI T'I-CISM, n. [from cit.] The manners of a cit or 
 citizen. B. Jonson. 
 
 CIT'I-£D, (sit'id,) n. Belonging to a city. Drmjton. 
 
 CI r'NGRADE, a. Relating to a tribe of spiders whose 
 legs are usually tit only for running. 
 
 CIT'lNtJ, ppr. Uuoting ; suminoning. 
 
 CIT'I-ZA'.V, (sit'e-/,n,) n. [Fr. eitntjen ; ll. cittMlino ; 
 Hp. citulailtLno Port, cidadaiii ,■ from It. ciUa, Sp. ciu- 
 tlail, a city. See Crrv.] 
 
 1. The native of a city, or an inhabitant who enjoys 
 the freedom and privileges of the city in which he re- 
 sides; the freeman of a city, as distinguished from a 
 foreigm;r, or one not entitled to its franchises. 
 
 2. A townsman ; a man of trade ; not a gentle- 
 man. SUak. 
 
 X An iuliabitaut; a dweller in any city, town, or 
 place. Dryden. 
 
 4. In a irriierid sense, a native or permanent resi- 
 dent ill a cily or country ; as, the citizens of London 
 or Philailt lphia ; the citizens t>{ the United .States. 
 
 .">. In llie United States, a person, native or natural- 
 ized, who has the privilege of exercising the elective 
 franchise, or the qualifications which enable him to 
 vote for rulers, ami to purchase and hold real estate. 
 
 If lilt- cilizettg of llie United Stales stiouUI not be free anil happy, 
 Uie l.iiik will Oe enliiely their own. Wnahijigton. 
 
 CIT'l-ZKX, a. Htiving the qualities of a citizen. 
 CIT'l-ZK.N'-ESS, 71. A female citizen. [Rare.] Booth. 
 CIT'I-ZK.\-SHIP, n. The state of being vested with 
 
 the risihts and privih^ges of a citizen. Bp. Home. 
 CIT'I-ZAX-SOL'DIER, (sit'e-zn-sol'jer,) n. One who 
 
 is both a soldier and a citizen, as our militia, or the 
 
 French natitmal guard. 
 CIT'RATE, n. [L. citrus, a citron, or lemon.] 
 
 In clicinistry, a salt fornuni by a union of the citric 
 
 acid, or acid of lemons, with a base. 
 
 Tlic ciiion yieltis ritral£ of lime. Ure. 
 CIT'KENE, )(. A crystalline coinpound of hydrogen 
 
 and carbon, obtained from the essential oil of lemons. 
 CIT'RIt', «. lielonging to lemons or limes; as, citric 
 
 acid. 
 
 CIT'RIC ACID, n. An acid obtained from the juice 
 of lemtuis. It is found also in somo other substances. 
 
 CIT'RIL, 71. A beautiful song-bird of Italy. 
 
 Diet, of .Yat. Hist. 
 
 CIT-RI-\a'TIO.\, j7. [See Citkine.] The turning 
 to a yellow-green color. 
 
 CIT'RI.NE, ( rin,) a. [L. citrinus.] 
 
 Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color; yellow, 
 or gre<'iii>h yclltiw. 
 
 CIT'RI.NE. 71. [T.. citrinus.] 
 
 A \ ellow, pt-tlucid variety of quartz. Dana. 
 
 CIT'RU.N, II. fl'r. citron ; L. citremn, or cilrum.] 
 The fruit of the cition-tree, resembling a lemon. 
 
 CIT'RO.V-'I'KEE, 71. The tree which protluces the cit- 
 ron, of the genus Cilrus. It has an upright, smooth 
 stem, with a branchy head, rising from live to tilteen 
 feet, adorned with large, oval, spear-shaped leavi's. 
 To the same genus belong the lemon-lree, orange- 
 tree, tec. Kncije. 
 
 CIT'RON-VVA-TER, 71. A liquor distilled with the 
 rind of citrons. Pope. 
 
 CIT'RI.'I., 71. The pnmpion or pumpkin, so ntiined 
 from Its vellow cnlor. [/ helieoc not used.] 
 
 Cri''TER.''i. See t.'lTMEHN. 
 
 CIT'Y, II. [Fr. eili : It. cilto, eiltoile, or r.iltole ; Sp. cili- 
 ce; Port, rii/fii/r ; from the i. -.uin cioitas.] 
 
 1. In a trenernl setLte, a large town ; a large number 
 of hoiHes and inhabitants, established in one place. 
 
 2. In a wore approprinte nense, a corporate town ; a 
 town or colli i live body of inliahilants, iiii or|iiirali'<l 
 and governed by jiarticiilar othcers, ;ts a iri:iyi>r and 
 alrfermen. 'I'liis is the sense of the word in the 
 United States. In (*re;il lEritain, a borough town 
 cor|Hirate, which is or has been tlir: seat of a bishop, 
 or the capilal of his see, is railed a city. 
 
 3. The collective body of cltixcnH, or tbe inhab- 
 
 itants ol a city ; as, when we say, the city voted to 
 
 establish a market, and the city repealed the vote. 
 CIT'V, a. Pertaining to a city ; as, city wives ; a city 
 
 feast ; citif manners. SItal:. 
 CIT'Y-t'olniT, 71. The municipal court of a city, 
 
 consi «.ing of Jhe mtiyor or recorder an:l aldermen. 
 ClVES 71. [Fr. cicf ; E. c/'/iu.] [U. S/ules. 
 
 A species of leek, of the genus Allium, growing 
 
 in tufts. 
 
 o - , 
 
 CIVET, 71. [Fr. cieclte; It. libctto ; Pers. la- 
 
 5 :l > 
 
 bail ; the sweet scent of any beast ; Ar. .iLjJ zohba- 
 £> - ^ 
 
 don, cream, and civet; s.iL.'j zihailaton, a civet 
 
 cat. The Arabic verb signifies to make butter, and 
 this substance may be inimed from its resembhmce 
 to it.] 
 
 A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, 
 taken from a bag undtrr tin; tail tif the civet cat. It 
 is of a clear, yello\vish or brownish ctdor ; of a 
 strong smell, and offensive when undiluted, but 
 agreetible \\'hen a small portion is mixed with an- 
 other substance. It is used as a perfume. Enetfc. 
 
 CIVET CAT, 71. The animal that produces civet, a 
 species of Viverra. Tliis animal b.-ars a resemblance 
 to a polecat, or to a fox : it is of a cinereous color, 
 tinged with yellow, nfarked with dusky spots dis- 
 posed in rows. It inhabits India, Giiinoa, Ethiopia, 
 and Madagascar. Kncyc, 
 
 CIVIC, a. [L. cioieu.'S, from cir'is, a citizen.] 
 
 Literally, pertaining to a city or citizen ; relating 
 to civil affairs or honors. Pope. 
 
 The civic crown, in Rtunan affairs, was a crown 
 or garland of oak leaves and acorns, Ijcstowed on a 
 soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle. 
 
 CIVIL, a, [L. civilis, from ciris, a citizen ; Fr. cici7 ; 
 It. cifile; Sp. cieil. Qu. the Welsh roii, to shut, in- 
 close, fence, hedge ; for the rude iniitibitants of an- 
 tiquity fortified their towns with hedges, stakes, or 
 palisades.] 
 
 1. Relating to th« coniniunity, or to the policy and 
 government of the citizens ami subjects of a state ; 
 as in the phrases, cicil rights, cipil government, civil 
 privileges, cioil war, cicil justice. It is opposed to 
 criminal; as, a cicil suit, a suit between citizens 
 alone ; whereas a criminal process is between the 
 state and a citizen. It is distinguished from ecclesi- 
 astical, which respects the church ; and from military, 
 which respects the army and navy. 
 
 2. Relating to any man as a member of a commu- 
 nity ; as, cicil power, civil rights, the power or rights 
 which a man enjoys as a citizen. 
 
 3. Reduced to order, rule, and government ; under 
 a regular administration ; implying some refinement 
 of manners ; not savage or wild ; as, civil life, cicil 
 society. 
 
 4. Civilized ; courteous ; complaisant ; gentle and 
 obliging ; well-bred ; affable ; kind ; having the man- 
 ners of a city, as opposed to the rough, rude, coarse 
 manners of a savage or clown. 
 
 Where civil speech ami soft persuasion hung. Prior. 
 
 5. Grave ; sober ; not gay or showy. 
 
 Till rioiV-snitcd morn appear. Mlllon. 
 
 6. Complaisant; polite; a pajndar colloquial u^e vf 
 the word. 
 
 7. Civil death, in law, is that which cuts off a man 
 from cii:i/ society, or its rights and bem-fils, as baii- 
 ishintuit, outlawry, excommunicition, entering into a 
 monastery, &:c., as distinguished from natnrtil death. 
 
 8. Civil law ; in a ireneral sense, the law of a stale, 
 city, or country ; but in an appropriate sense, the 
 Roman law ; the municipal law of the iionian em- 
 pire, comprised in the Institutes, Code, and I)igi>st of 
 Justinian and the Novel Constitutions. Bliiekslmie. 
 
 9. Civil list ; in England, formerly, a list of the en- 
 tire expenses of the cirii government ; hence, the of- 
 ficers of civil governmt^nt, who are paid from the 
 public treasury ; also, the revenue approiiriated to 
 support the civil govi:rnment. liy a late law, the 
 civil list now embraces only the expenditures of the 
 reigning inonan h's household. Brande. Blackstone. 
 
 The army of J;inif8 11. was paid out of his cioil list. Hamilton. 
 
 10. Cii iV state : the whole boily of the laity or citi- 
 zens, not included iiniler the military, maritime, and 
 ecclesiastical slates. 
 
 11. Civil war ; a war between the people of tire 
 SiiBie state or city ; opposed to foreifrn war. 
 
 12. Cicil year; the legal year, or annual account 
 of time which a govt riiment appoints to be used ifi 
 its own iloiniiiiiuis, tis ilisiiii^'iiislied from the natural 
 year, which is metisiireil by thi; n vululion of Ilie 
 heavenly hollies. Bailey. Kneyc. 
 
 i;i. Ciril arehiieciure ; the ari liiteclure which is 
 employeil in coii'^triM ling biiililiiigs for thi; purposes 
 of civil life, in distiiiclinn fniiii military and naval 
 nrchilectiire, as pnv.ite hoiisrs, pttlai es, churches, &c. 
 
 14. This lerin is oHi n employed in contrast with 
 vtilifary ; as, a civil hospital ; the civil servict;, &c. 
 
 CIVIL Ei\-GI-NEER', 7i. One employed in civil en- 
 gineering. 
 
 CIVIL EiV-OI-NEER'ING, ?!. The science or art of 
 constructing c:iiials, railroads, docks, and other pub 
 lie improvements, as distiiigui.shed from military engi- 
 neering, which is confined to war. 
 
 CI-\'IL'IAN', (sc-vil'yan,) 71. [from cici/.] One who 
 is skilled in the Roman law; a professor or doctor 
 of civil law. Encyc. 
 
 2. In a more extended sense, one who is versed in 
 law and government. 
 
 3. A student of the civil law at the university. 
 
 Graces, 
 
 4. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not 
 military or clerical. 
 
 CI VIL-iST, 71. .\ civilian. [J^ot in use.] 
 CI-VIL'I-TY, 71. [L. cici;i(7is, from ciciTis, civil ; It. 
 cicilita; Sp. civilidnd.] 
 
 1. The state of being civilized ; refinement of man- 
 niTs ; applied to nations, as distinguished from the 
 rudeness of barbarous nations. 
 
 Spenser. Davics. Denham. 
 [7'liis sense is obsolescent or obsolete.] 
 
 2. Good br. eding ; ptditent ss ; complaisance ; cour- 
 tesy ; deroruiii of behavior in the treatment of oth- 
 ers, accompanied with kind oflices, and attention to 
 their wtints and desires. Civility respects manners 
 or cxterieil deportment, and, in the plural, civilities 
 denote acts of politeness. 
 
 Clarendon. South. Dryden. 
 CIV-IL-I-Z.\'T10N, II. [See Civilize.! The act of 
 civilizim:, or the state of being civilizeti ; the state of 
 being refined in manners from the grossness of sav- 
 age life, and improved in arts and learning. 
 
 2. The act of rendering a criminal process civil. 
 [.Vot used.] 
 
 CI VIL-lZE, V. 1. [It. civilizzarc; Fr. civiliscr; Sp. and 
 Port, cirilizar ; from civil.] 
 
 To reclaim from a savage state ; to introduce civil- 
 ity of manners among a people, and instruct them in 
 the arts of regular life. Locke. Waller. Dcnham. 
 
 CI VIL-IZ--f,'U, j)/i. or «. Reclaimed frimi savage life 
 and manners ; instructed in arts, learning, and civil 
 manners. 
 
 Such s;de of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcila- 
 ble with the 'present state of civilized society. J. Quincy. 
 
 CIV'IL-IZ-ER, 71. One who civilizes ; he that re- 
 claims others from a wild and savage life, and teach- 
 es them the rules and customs of civility. 
 2. That which rechtims from savagencss. 
 
 CIV'IL-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. Reclaiming from savage 
 life ; instructing in arts and civility of manners. 
 
 CIVILLY, adv. In a manner relating to govern- 
 ment, or to the rights or character of a member of 
 the coinmtinity. Hooker. 
 
 2. In a manner relating to private rights ; opposed 
 to criminally ; as, a process civilly commenced for the 
 private satisfaction of a party injured. .^yliJTe. 
 
 3. Not naturally, but in law ; as, a man civilly 
 dead. 
 
 4. Politely ; complaisantly ; gently ; with due de- 
 corum ; courteously ; as, we were civilly treated. 
 
 Dryden. Prior. 
 
 5. Without gaudy colors or finery ; as, chambers 
 furnislieti civilly. [Ohs.] Bacon. 
 
 CI VIS.M, n. [L. ciris, a citizen.] 
 
 State of citizenship ; patriotism. 
 CIZ'AR, V. t. To clip with scissors. [•'Vut in use, nor 
 
 correct.] Beaum and Fl. 
 
 (^IZE, for Si7.E, is not in use. 
 
 eL.VIi'HER, j 71. Milk turned, become thick 
 
 RON'NY-CLAB'BER, \ or inspissated. [G. lab, D. 
 leb, rennet.] 
 
 CL.ACK, r. i. [Fr. claqner, to flap or snap; cliquet, a 
 mill-clapper ; cliijueter, to clacJi ; W. cleca, clei^yr ; Ir. 
 clairaini ; I), klakkcn ; Sax. cloccan, to cluck ; L. irlocio. 
 Probably from the root of the Lat. loquor, (ir. aukw, 
 XnKno. See Cli ck, and Class Lg, No. 27.] 
 
 1. To make a sudilen, sharp noise, as by .striking 
 or cracking ; to clink ; to click. 
 
 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with 
 shar|i, abrupt sounds ; to let the tongue run. 
 
 CL.'VCK, 71. [W. rlrc, a sharp noisi;, a crack, tale- 
 bearing ; clcen, cltrian, cleiryr, to clack, to crack, to 
 tattle. See the verb.] 
 
 1. A sharp, abriijit sound, continually repeated, 
 such as is made by striking an object, or by bursting 
 or cracking ; coniintial talk : as, we do not wish to 
 hear his i7ur/.- ; a common expressitui. Hence the 
 word is used for the tongue, the iiistruiiieiit of clack- 
 ing. Bolter. Prior. 
 
 2. The iiistrunient that strikes the luip)ier of a 
 grist mill, to move or shake it, for discharging Ibe 
 corn. And, accoriling to Jnhnson, a bell that rings 
 when more corn is requireil to be pul in. 
 
 7i> dark wool, is to rul nil' llie slieep's mark, which 
 
 makes it weigh less, ami yield It'ss iluly. [Jv'ot used, 
 
 I believe, in .America.] 
 ei.ACK'Elt, II. One that clacks ; that which cl.acks. 
 CLACK'lNf!, /i;ir. or <i. Making a sharp, abrupt 
 
 souiiil, conliiiiKilly re|ieated ; talking coiitiniiiilly ; 
 
 tallliiig ; raltliiig with the tongue. 
 eLACK'INtJ, II. .^ prating. 
 
 FATE, FXK, PALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, UOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 808 ^ ~ 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 ' epic poets have rnrely 
 Anon. 
 
 CLAD, pp. rSce Clothe.] Clothed ; invested, cov- 
 ered as with a ganiicnt. 
 
 Jf nthoam h.ul dad tiitiiai'ir wiUi a new (rarinenl. — 1 Kings xi. 
 The fielila are clcul iu dicerful jivcii. 
 For yclail, see Yclad. 
 eLAI.M, V. L [L. clamo, to cry out, to call upon ; It. 
 claniarCj or chiamare ; I*ort. clamar; >>p.Uamar; Sax. 
 hlemman ; S\v. glamina ; It. gtamaim.} 
 
 1. 'I'o call for ; to ask or seek to obtain, by virtue 
 of authority, right, or sup|x>sed riglit ; to challenge as 
 aright; to 'demand as due; as, to claim a debt; to 
 claim obedience or respect. 
 
 2. To assert or maintain as a right; as, be claims 
 to be the best piwt of the age. 
 
 a. To have a right or title to ; as, the heir claims 
 the estate by descent ; he claims a promise. 
 
 4. To proclaim. [ OAs.] Spenser. 
 
 .">. To call, or name. [Oit.l 
 CL.^I.M, «. A demand of a right or supposed right ; a 
 calling on another fur something due or supposed to 
 be due ; us, a claim of wages for services. A claim 
 implies a right, or supposed right, in the claimant to 
 something which is in another's possession or power. 
 A claim may be nuido in words, by suit, and by otlier 
 means. The word is usually preceded by makf- 
 tail ; to make claim ; to laij claim. 
 
 '2. .\ right to claim or deuuind ; a title to any rtelv. 
 privilege, or other thing in possession of another; 
 as, a prince has a claim to the throne. 
 
 Homer's cinimt to Uic fint ruiik ajiioii 
 been (tig^Hited. 
 
 3. The thing claimed or demanded. 
 
 4. A loud call. Spenser. 
 [ This oriirinul sense of the leord is now obsoleie,] 
 
 €I..Al.M'.A.-BLE, 0. That may be demanded as due. 
 
 ei.Al.\I'.\.NT, n. A person who claims ; one who de- 
 mands any thing as his right. 
 2. A perstm who has a right to claim or demand. 
 
 et.Al.M'iCI), pp. Demanded as due; challenged as a 
 right; asserted; maintained. 
 
 CI.Al.MEK, II. A claimant; one who demands as 
 due. 
 
 ei..\ I.M'IXG, ppr. Demanding as due ; challe nging 
 as a right; asserting; maintaining; having a right 
 
 eLAI.M'LES^!, n. Having no claim. [to demand. 
 
 eL.\Ill'-()l!-SeCRE'. See Clare-Obscl-re. 
 
 CL.^IU-VOY'A.XCE, n. [Fr.] IJtenillij, clear-sight- 
 edness ; a |)owcr attributed to persons in a mesmeric 
 suite, of discerning objects which are not present to 
 the senses. 
 
 CL.^IK-VOY'ANT, a. Discerning objects which are 
 • not present to the senses. 
 
 CLAM, It. [See the verb.] The popular name of 
 certain bivalvular sliell-lish, of many species, and 
 much valued for food. 
 
 ei.AM'-SHELL, It, The shell of a clam. 
 
 CLAM, c. (. [Sax. clatnian, to glue; D. ktam, clam- 
 my ; lijm, glue ; G. klamm, close, clammy ; klemmen, 
 to pinch ; Dan. klamnier, to cling ; klemmer, to 
 squeeze, or pinch ; Urn, glue ; litner, to glue ; limag- 
 tia, clammy. Uii. W cli/mu, to bind or tie a knot. 
 See Lime, and Class Lni, No. I, 5, 9, 13.] 
 To clog with glutinous or viscous matter. 
 
 L'' Kstranire, 
 
 CLAM, r. i. To be moist. [Little used.] Dryden. 
 CLAM, V. L In bell ringing, to unite sounds in the 
 
 peal. [/''!»■.] Smart, 
 CL.A'.M.V.VT, a. [See Claim.] Cr) ing ; beseeching. 
 
 l^hom.'ion. 
 
 CL.VM'BER, r. t. [from climb, or D. klampen, to 
 grapple.] 
 
 To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 CLAM'BER-IXG, ppr. Climbing with effort and labor. 
 
 CLAM'.MI-NESS, n. [SeeCLAMMv.] The st,ite of be- 
 ing viscous ; viscosity ; stickiness ; tenacity of a soft 
 subst^ince. Mozon. 
 
 CLA.M'.MY, fl. [See Clam.] Thick ; viscous ; adhe- 
 sive ; soft and sticky ; glutinous ; tenacious ; as, 
 bodies clammtj and cleaving. Bacon. 
 
 CuM cjit, in clamnuf ilropi, hi* liiiiLs o'eriprcad. Dryden. 
 
 CLAM'OR, n. [L. clamor; Fr. elameur; It. glam; 
 .Sa\. A/em. See Claim.] 
 
 1. A great outcrj- ; noise ; exclamation ; vocifer- 
 ation, made by a loud human voice continued or 
 repeated, or by a miillitude of voices. It often ex- 
 presses complaint and urgent demand. SItak. Prior. 
 
 2. Figuraticelij, loud and continued noise, as of a 
 riviT or other inanimate things. Mdison. 
 
 CLAM'OR, e. f. To sum with noise. Bacon. 
 To clamor bells, is to multiply the strokes. 
 
 Warburton. 
 
 CLAM'OR, r. i. To utter loud sounds or outcries ; to 
 talk loud ; to utter loud voices repeatedly ; to vocif- 
 erate, as an individual ; to utter loud voices, as a 
 multitude ; to complain ; to make iin|>ortunate de- 
 mands. Shak, Bacon. 
 Thotr who most loiuUy elMnor for liberty do not moat liVrillj 
 ^rint tt. Anon. 
 
 " Clamor your tongues," in Sliakspeare, if intend- 
 etl to mean, ** stop from noise,** is not English. 
 Perhnfis the word was clam up, to clog or stop, or 
 used for it. 
 
 CLA.M'OR-ER, ii. One who clamors. Cheslerfield. 
 
 CL.VM'Oli-IXG, ppr. I'tteriiig and rrix'ating loud 
 words; making a great anil continueil noise; par- 
 ticularly in complaint or importunate demands. 
 
 €L.AM'OIl-OUS, a. Speaking and repeating loud 
 words; noisy; vociferous; loud ; turbulent. 
 
 Jfuokrr. Pope. Sicifl. 
 
 CLAM'OR-OUS-LY, ado. With loud noise or words. 
 
 CLA.M'OR-OUS-.NESS, n. The stats or quality of 
 being loud or noisy. 
 
 GLAAlP, It. fD. klamp ; G. klammer, klemmen; Dan. 
 klamp ; \V. ehjmu, to tie.] 
 
 1. In general, something that fastens or binds ; a 
 piece of timber or of iron, used to fasten work to- 
 gether ; or a particular manner of uniting work by 
 letting boards into each other. 
 
 2. An instrument with a screw at one end, used 
 by joiners to hold piect^s of wood together. 
 
 :). In ship-building, a thick plank on the Inner part of 
 a ship's side, used to sustain the ends of the lieaiiis. 
 
 4. A smooth, crooked |il,ite of iron, forelocked on 
 the trunnions of a cannon to keep it fast to the car- 
 riage. Clamps are also used to striMigthen masts, 
 anil to fasten the masts and bowsprits of small ves- 
 sels and of boats. J\lar. Did. 
 
 5. ^ large m.ass or pile of bricks laid up for burn- 
 ing, vliich the end of one brick is laid over 
 anotlii\ and a space is left between the bricks for 
 the fire to ascend. Encyc. 
 
 "^lamp-irons ; irons used at the ends of fires to 
 keep the fuel from falling. Bailey. 
 
 Clamp-nails; nails used to fasten on clamps in 
 ships. 
 
 CLA.MP, V. U To fasten with clamps. 
 
 2. In joinery, to fit a piece of board with the grain, 
 
 to the end of another piece of board ticross the grain ; 
 
 as, to clomp a table to prevent its warping. Mozon. 
 eL.\.Ml"^;D, (klampt,) pp. United or strengthened 
 
 with a rlampl 
 
 €L.\.MI"IN'G, ppr. Fastening or strengthening with a 
 clamp. 
 
 CLA.V, ». [Ir. clann, or c/am/, children, posterity; a 
 tribe, breed, generation, family. Erse, clan or kiaan. 
 Ferlnips G. klcin, small.] 
 
 1. A race ; a family; a tribe. Milton. Dryden. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. In Scotland, a tribe or collection of families 
 united under a chieftain, usu.illy bearing the same 
 surname, and sup{)osed to be descended from a com- 
 mon ancestor. 
 
 3. In contempt, a sect, society, or body of persons 
 closely united by some common interest or [lursiiit. 
 
 JVote. — In Russ. kolieno signifies a knee, and a 
 family, race, or tribe; Irish glnn, the knee, and a 
 eiiAN'eiJ-LAR, a. [L. c/aitcti/ariits.] [generation. 
 
 Clandestine ; secret ; private ; concealed. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 €LAN'eU-LAR-LY, a,lv. Privately ; secretly. [Lit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 eLAN-DES'TINE, (-tin,) a. [L. clandestiiiu.'!.] 
 
 Secret ; private ; liidilen ; withdrawn from public 
 
 view. It oflen bears an ill sense, as implying craft 
 
 or deception, or evil design. 
 eLAJV-DES'TINE-LY, ado. Secretly ; privately ; in 
 
 €LAX-DES'TINE-XESS,n. Secrecy; a state of con- 
 cealment. 
 
 CLA.V-DES-TIX'I-TY, n. Privacy or secrecy. 
 
 €L.\NG, r. t or i. [L. clango, to sound ; G. Uang ; D. 
 klank; Sw. klang ; Dan. klang ; Gr. /fXav) o), «Aa;<.), 
 <[Aa) (o), tK'Say It appears from the Greek, that n 
 is not radical, and that this word belongs to Class 
 Lg, coinciding with cli/ik, clank, and probably with 
 clack.] 
 
 To make a sharp, shrill sound, as by striking me- 
 tallic substances ; or to strike with a sharp sound. 
 
 Thcj clanged their sounding lumu. Prior. 
 
 €L.\NG, n. [L. clangor; G. klang; D. klank. See the 
 verb.] 
 
 A sharp, shrill saiind, made by striking together 
 metallic substances, or sonorous bodies ; as, the clang 
 of arms ; or any like sound ; as, the clang of truinpela. 
 This word implies a degree of harshness in the 
 sound, or more harshness than clink. JifiUon. 
 eLA.\"G()R, (klang'gor,) n. [L.] A sharp, shrill, 
 
 harsh sounil. [See Cla so.] Dryden. 
 eLAN'"GOR-OUS, a. Sharp or harsh in sound. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 €LAN'"GOUS, fklang'gus,) a. Making a clang, or 
 a shrill or harsli sound. Broicn. 
 
 CLANK, It. [See Claso.] The loud, shrill, sharp 
 sounil made by a collision of metallic or other so- 
 norous bodies. Spectator. 
 
 CL.A.NK, r. t. or i. To make a sharp, shrill sound ; to 
 strike with a sharp sound ; as, the prisoners clank 
 their chains. 
 
 GLA.N'NISII, «, Closely united, like a clan ; disposed 
 to adhere closely, as the members of a clan. 
 
 eL.\N'.\ISIl-LY, adc. In a clannish manner. 
 
 €L.\N'N1SH-.\ESS, n. Close adherence ordisposition 
 to unite, as a clan. 
 
 CLAN'SIIIP, II. A state of union, as in a family or 
 clan ; an association under a chieftain. Encije. 
 
 CL.\l',r. t. : prct.nml pp. Claitkd or Clai-t. [D.Uap. 
 
 pen, kloppen ; Dan. klappcr ; Sw. klappa ; (I. ktappen 
 or klaffen; Itiiss. klepliju. The Dutrh and German 
 words signify to clap or strike, and to talk, clatter, 
 prate. Siix. cicopian or clypian, to call, to apeak, 
 whence ycleped, [obs. ;] \V. clepian, to clack, to lialilile, 
 from Uep, n lapping, llepiaw, to lap to lick. The J 
 sense is to send, drive, or strike, L. alapa, n slap.] n 
 
 1. To strike with a quick motion, no as to make I 
 a noise by the collision ; to strike with something 
 broad, or having a flat surface ; as, to clap the hands ; 
 to clap the wings. Locke. Dryden. 
 
 2. I'o thrust ; to drive together ; to shut hastUy ; 
 followed by to ; as, to c/<i^ to the door or gittc. 
 
 Locke. Shak. 
 
 3. To thrust or drive together ; to put tme thing to 
 another by a hasty or siidilen motion ; followed by to, 
 on, iir i« ; as, to clap the hand (o the mouth ; to clap 
 spurs to a horse ; to clap on a saddle. 
 
 IVatls. Mdiiim. Dryden. 
 
 4. To thrust ; to put, place, or send ; followed by 
 in, into, under, over, &.C. ; as, to clap one under the 
 hatches ; to clap one into Iledlaiii ; to c/<ip a board 
 over a pit. Shnk. Spectator. 
 
 5. To applaud ; tti manifest approbation or praise 
 by striking the hands together; as, to clap a per- 
 formance on the stage. 
 
 6. To infect with vcneri'al poison. Wiseman. 
 To clap up ; to make or complete hastily ; as, to clap 
 
 up a peace. Shak. JIowcl. 
 
 2. To imprison hastily, or with little delay. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 CLAP, V. i. To move or drive together suddenly with 
 
 noise. 
 
 The doori around mc etapt. Dryden. 
 
 2. To enter on with alacrity and briskness ; to 
 drive or thrust on ; as we say to reapers or mowers, 
 clap in, or clap to; that is, enter on the work, begin 
 without delay, begin briskly. 
 
 3. To strike the hands together in applause. 
 
 Bid them dap. Shak. 
 CLAP, n. A driving together ; a thrust and collision 
 of bodies with noise, usually bodies with broad sur- 
 faces. 
 
 Give the tloor a dap. Sut^. 
 
 2. A sudden act or motion ; a thrust. 
 
 Pay all debu at one dap. Su^/t. 
 
 3. A burst of sound ; a sudden explosion ; as, a 
 clap of thunder. 
 
 4. An act of applause ; a striking of hands to ex- 
 press approbation. Mdison. 
 
 5. A venereal infection. [Fr. clapoir ; D. klopoor.] 
 
 Pope. 
 
 6. With fidconers, the nether part of the beak of a 
 hawk. Bailey. 
 
 eLAP'BO.VRD, (klab'bord,) n. A thin, narrow board, 
 for covering houses. [J7. Statr.^:] 
 
 The word is also used as a verb for to cover with 
 clapboards. 
 
 In England, according to Bailey, a clapboard is 
 
 what, in .America, is called a stare lor casks. 
 CLAP'-DISII, n. A wooden howl or dish. 
 CLAP'-DOe-TOR, n. One who is skilled in healing 
 
 the clap, or venereal disease. Taller. 
 CLAP'-NET, It. A net for taking larks, united with 
 
 a looking-glass. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 eL.\P'P^;D, (klapt.) pp. Thrust or put on "or together : 
 
 applauded by striking the hands together ; infected 
 
 with the venereal disease. 
 CL.AP'PER, It. A person who claps, or applauds by 
 
 clapping. 
 
 2. That which strikes, as the tongue of a bell, or 
 tlie piece of wood that strikes a mill-hoppcr. 
 
 3. .A burrow or inclosnre. [Obs.] 
 CLAP'PER-CLAVV, v. I. [clap and claw.] To fight 
 
 and scratch. Smart. Hence, 
 2. To scold ; to abuse with the tongue ; to revile, 
 SliaJ:. JIudibras. 
 CLAP'PING, ppr. Driving or putting on, in, over, or 
 under, by a sudden motion ; striking the hands to- 
 gether. 
 
 CL.AP'PING, II. The act of striking the hands to- 
 gether, ordinarily bv way of applause. 
 
 CLAP'-TRAP, It. A trap for clapping in theaters. 
 Hence, a trick or device to gain applause. 
 
 CLARE, II, A nun of the order of St. Clare. 
 
 Chalmers. 
 
 eLAR'EN-CEOX, ) (klar'en-shu,) n. In Great Brit- 
 
 CLAR'E.V-CIEOX, ( am, the second king at arms, 
 so called from the duke of Cl.irence, and ap|>ointe<l 
 by Eilwaril IV. His office is to marshal and dispose 
 the funerals of all baronets, knights, and esquires, on 
 the south of the River Trent, Bailey. Enet/e. 
 
 CLARE'-OB-SeORE', n. [L. clarus, clear, and ohcu- 
 rus, obscure.] 
 
 Light and shade in painting ; or the particular dis- 
 tribution of the lights and shades of a piece, with re 
 spect to the ease of the eye and the effect of tht 
 whole piece ; also, a design of two colors. Encvc 
 
 CLAR'ET, n. [Fr. clairel, from ciuir, clear; lU cla 
 reUo.] 
 
 A species of French wine, of a clear, pale red 
 color. Thomson. 
 
 TONE, BULL, U.XITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 '27 
 
CJ.A 
 
 CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 eLAR'i eHORD, n. fL. dams, clear, and chorda, a 
 siring. See Chord.] 
 
 A musical iiistninient, in form of a spinet, now 
 out of use ; called, also, vianickttrd. 
 
 eLAR-I-FI-eA'TlON, n. [See Cl4Rifv.] The act 
 of clearing; particularly the clearing or fining of 
 liquid substances from all feculent matter by chem- 
 ical means. Bacon, 
 
 €LAR'I-Fl ED, (klar'e-fide,)pp.ora. Purified; made 
 clear or fine ; defecated. 
 
 eLAR'I-FI-ER, n. That which clarifies or purifies ; 
 as, whites of eggs, blood, and isinglass, are clurijiers 
 of liquors. EdwariU. 
 2. A vessel in which liquor is clarified. 
 
 Hig!rins''s Med. Rcpos. 
 
 eLAR'I-F?, r.t. [Ft. clarifier; It. cliiarijicare ; from 
 L. clartLS, clear, and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To make clear ; to purify from feculent matter; 
 to defecate ; to fine ; applied particularly tu liquursi 
 as, to clarify wine or sirup. 
 
 2. To make clear ; to brighten or illuminate ; ap- 
 plied to the miiul or reason. - [Rarely used.] Suitth. 
 
 CLAR'I-F2, V. i. To clear up ; to grow clear or 
 bright. 
 
 His imdeistaiidin^ clarifies, in discoursing wiUi another. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. To grow or become clear or fine ; to become 
 
 pure, as liquors. Cider clarifies by fermentation. 
 eLAR'I-F5-l.\G, ppr. or a. Making clear, pure, or 
 
 bright ; defecating ; growing clear. 
 CLAR'I-ON', 71. [Vl. clairon ; S\\ clartn ; \l. chiarina ; 
 
 Port, clarim ; from L. clarus, clear, from its shrill 
 
 sound.] 
 
 A kind of trumpet, whose tube is narrower and its 
 tone more acute and shrill than that of tlie common 
 trumpet, Encyc. 
 
 €LAR-I-0-NET', j n. [Fr. clarinetlr.] A wind instni- 
 
 CLAR'I-NET, ) nient of music, witli a mouth 
 partaking of a trumpet form, and played on by means 
 of holes and keys. 
 
 CLA-RIS'O-NOUS, a. [L. clarus and somts.'] 
 Having a clear sound. 
 
 CLAR'I-TUDE, n. Clearness ; splendor. [Little 
 used.'] Jlcau'it. and Fl. 
 
 CLAR'^I-TY, n. [Fr. clarte ; L. claritas, from clarus, 
 clear.] 
 
 Clearness ; brightness ; splendor. [Little usrd.] 
 Bacon. Bnncn. 
 
 CLXRT, v.t. To daub, smear, or spread. Grose. 
 
 CLXRT'Y, a. Wet : slippery. Orose. 
 
 CLaR'Y, ». i. To make a loud or shrill noise. [JVo( 
 used.] GoUlin^. 
 
 eLA'RY, n. [A corruption of Sclarea.] A plant of 
 the genus Salvia, or sage ; Salvia Sclarea. 
 
 eLA'RY-VVA-TER, n. A composition of brandy, 
 sugar, clary-flowers, and cinnamon, with a little am- 
 bergris dissolved in it. It is a cardiac, and heli)S di- 
 gestion. Encyc. 
 
 CLASH, v.i. [D. kletsm; G. klatsclien, klitscheii; JJan. 
 klalsker.] 
 
 1. To strike against ; to drive against with force. 
 JVote. — The sense of tliis word is simply to strike 
 
 against or meet with force ; but when two sounding 
 bodies strike together, the effect is a sound. Hence 
 the word often implies, to strike with a noise ; as, 
 clashing arms. Denham. 
 
 2. To meet in opposition ; to be contrary ; to act 
 in a contrary direction ; to interfere, as opposing 
 persons, minds, views, interests, tc. ; as, the opin- 
 ions of men clash ; claskintr interests. South. Bacon. 
 
 lnUc|K-nd<.'nt jurisdicuuns — could not fail lo riask. 
 
 IJmshCs Thiol. 
 
 CLASH, V. U To strike one thing against another, 
 with sound. Dryden. 
 
 CLASH, n. A meeting of bodies with violence ; a 
 striking together with noise ; collision, or noisy collis- 
 ion of bodies ; as, the elfish of arms. Pope. Denham. 
 
 2. Opposition ; contradiction ; as between differ- 
 ing or contending interests, views, jiurposes, &,c. 
 
 Jitterbary. Denham. 
 
 CLASIl'ING, ppr. Striking against witli noise; meet- 
 ing in opposition ; opposing ; interfering. 
 
 CLASII'I.NG, a. Inlcrferiug ; opposite; as, clashing 
 int(;resLs, 
 
 CL.XSII'ING, n. A striking against; c<illision of 
 
 bodies ; opposition. Jlowel. 
 CLASH'IN(M.Y, ado. With clashing. 
 CLASI', 71, \It. elasha ; elapse. Chancer.] 
 
 1. A hook for fastening ; a catch ; a small hook to 
 hoM together the covers of a book, or tlK^ dilfereut 
 parts of a Karmi'nt, of a belt, &c. ./lildison. 
 
 2. Aclode embrace- ; a throwing of the arms around. 
 
 Shalt. 
 
 CLXSP, », t. To shut or fasten together with a clasp. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 S. To catch and hold by twining ; to surrouuil and 
 cling to ; as, the rleuping ivy. Jldiou. 
 
 3. Til incl(M« and hold in the hand ; or simply to 
 Inclouc or encompass with the fingers. Bocua. 
 
 4. To embrace closely ; tu throw the arms round; 
 to catch with the arm". Milton. I>ryden. 
 
 .*). 'I'o inclose anrl prr^ss, 
 CLASP' (kH-pl,) pp. Fastened with a rl:i-p; 
 ■hut ; embraced ; inclosed ; encomiuisseil ; caught. 
 
 CLXSP'ER, n. He or that whicli clasps ; usually the 
 tendril of a vine or utlier plant, which twmes round 
 something for supjiort. 
 
 CLSSP'Ell-ED, a. Furnished with tendrils. 
 
 eLA.SP'ING, ppr, or a. 'J'wiiiing round ; catching and 
 holding; embracing; inchising; shutting or fasten- 
 ing Willi a clasp. 
 
 2. In botany, surrounding the stem at the base, as 
 a leaf. Murtyn. 
 
 CLASP'-KNIFE, ( nife,) 71. A knife which folds into 
 the handle. Johnson. 
 
 CLASS, 71. [L. classis, a class, a fleet, a troop, that is, 
 a collection ; It. classc ; Fr. classc ; Sp. close : Arm. 
 c/af I, anil scla^z ,• Dan. klasse, a class, and klase, a 
 cluster, a bunch. This seems to be a branch of the 
 root of L. claudo, clausus,] 
 
 1. An order or rank of persons ; a number of per- 
 sons in society, supposed to have some resemblance, 
 or equality, in rank, education, property, talents, and 
 the like ; as in the phrase, all classes of men in so- 
 ciety. 
 
 The readpra of poetry may tie distinguished into three dosses, 
 acconling to Lheir capacity of judging. Dryden. 
 
 2. A number of students in a college or school, of 
 the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. In 
 colleges, the students entering or becoming members 
 the same year, and pursuing the same studies. In 
 academies and schools, the pupils who learn the 
 same lesson, and recite together. In some cases, 
 students of diflerent standings-,/pursuing the same 
 studies and reciting together; or' attending the same 
 professor, or the same course of lectures. 
 
 3. Scientific division or arrangement ; a set of 
 beings or things having something in common, or 
 ranged under a common denomination. Hence, in 
 zoolotry, animals are divided into classes, as quad- 
 rupeds, birds, fishes, &c. So, in botany, plants are 
 arranged in classes. Classes are natural or artificial ; 
 natural, when founded on n.atural relations or resem- 
 blances ; artificial, when formed arbitrarily, for want 
 of a complete knowledge of natural relations. Marlyn. 
 
 CLASS, V. t. To arrange in a class or classes, to ar- 
 range in sets, or ranks, according to some method 
 founded on natural distinctions ; to place together, 
 or in one division, men or things which have, or are 
 supposed to have, symething in common. 
 
 2. To place in ranks or divisions students that are 
 pursuing the same studies; to form into a class or 
 chisses. 
 
 CLASS'£;D, (klist,) pp. Arranged in a class or in 
 sets. 
 
 CLAS'Sie, j a. [L. classicus ; Fr. cla.^sique ; It. 
 CLAS'SIC-AL, \ classico ; Sp. clasico ; from L. classis, 
 the first order of Roman citizens.] 
 
 1. Relating to ancient Greek and Roman authors 
 of the first rank or estimation, which, in modern 
 times, have been, and still are, studied as the best 
 models of fine writing. Thus Aristotle, Plato, De- 
 mosthenes, Thucydides, &c., ainimg the Greeks, and 
 Cicero, Virgil, Livy, Sallust, Cesar, and Tacitus, 
 among the Latins, are classical authors. Hence, 
 
 2. Pertaining to writers of the first rank among 
 the moderns ; being of the first order ; constituting 
 the best model or authority as an author ; as, Ad- 
 dison and Johnson are English classical writers 
 Hence, classical denotes pure, chaste, correct, re- 
 filled ; as, a classical taste ; a classical style. 
 
 At Liverpool, Roscoe is like Pompey's column at Alexandria, 
 lowering alone in classic dignity. Irving. 
 
 3. Pertaining to a class or Classis. 
 CLAS'Sie, 71. An author of the first rank ; a writer 
 
 wliose style is pure, correct, and refined ; primarily, 
 a Greek or Roman author of this character; but the 
 word is applied to writers of a like character in any 
 nation. Pope. 
 2. A book written by an author of the first class. 
 CLAS'SIC-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of classes ; 
 according to a regular order of classes or sets. 
 
 It would be impossible to bear all ila specific details in the 
 uiciiiory, if liiey were not ciassically aiT:inged. 
 
 Kerr's Lavoisier. 
 
 2. In a classical manner ; according to the manner 
 of classical authors 
 CLAS-SIC-AL'l-TY, (71. The quality of being clas- 
 CLAS'Sie AL-NESS, j sical. 
 
 CLAS-SIF'IC, a. Constituting a class or classes; 
 noting classification, or the order of distribution into 
 sets. Med, Rrpos. Her. 2. 
 
 CLAS-SI-FI-Ca'TION, 71. [See Classify.] The act 
 of fiirmiiig into a class or classes ; distribution into 
 sets, sorts, or ranks. EnfieWs Phil. Encijc. 
 
 CLAS'Sl-FI-CA TO-KY, a. Pertaining to classifica- 
 tion ; Ihiit admits of classificalion. Jim. Eclectic. 
 
 CL.AS'SI-FI-/CI>, pp. or n. Arranged in classes ; 
 formed into a cl.ass or classes. 
 
 CI..AS'SI-FV, V. I. [L. cla.-isis,a class, and facio, U> 
 make ; a word tif modern coinagt^.J 
 
 To make a cl.tss or classes ; lo distribute into 
 classes ; to arrangi^ in sets according lo some cnm- 
 npm properties or characters. 
 
 Till- diseases ami crutuallleB are in)l ttlentlftcallv etnusilirfl. 
 •/Vote, Ku.». /Cinp. I. .S.'e alio .tlHnV '/.efler., IIW. 
 
 llnel^t CI.eimMlry, I. 1H5. WiUsli, iil. 4i. .Vleimrl. lit. 
 PInl. i. Ib7. 
 
 eLAS'SI-F5-L\G, ppr. Forming a class or classes ; 
 
 arranging in st)rts or ranks. 
 CLASS'LXG, ppr. Arranging in a class or classes. 
 CL.VS'SIS, n. Class; order; sort. Clarendon. 
 
 2. A judicatory in the Reformed Dutch and French 
 churches, corresponding to a presbytery. 
 
 3. A convention or assembly. Milton. 
 CL.\T'TE1!, i,'. i. [D. Idutercn, klettercn : W. clemliaw ; 
 
 Sax. clatningre, a clattering. Uu. Fr. eclutcr ; L. lalro, 
 to bark ; Sax. hlyd, loud. It seems to be a diminu- 
 tive.] 
 
 1. To make rattling sounds; to make repeated 
 sharp sounds, as by striking sonorous bodies ; as, to 
 clatter on a shield. Dryden. 
 
 2. To utter continual or repeated sharp sounds, or 
 rattling sounds, by being struck together; as, clatter- 
 inir arms. 
 
 3. To talk fast and idly ; 10 run on ; to rattle with 
 the ttuigue. Spen.^cr. 
 
 CLAT'TER, V. t. To strike and make a rattling noise. 
 
 you clatter still your brazen kettle. 
 
 Swi/t. 
 
 2. To dispute, jar, or clamor. [Jl low word.] 
 
 Martin. 
 
 CLAT'TER, 77, A rapid succession of abrupt, sharp 
 sounds, made by the collision of metallic or other 
 sonorous bodies ; rattling sounds. Swift. 
 
 2. Tumultuous and confused noise ; a reiietition 
 of abrupt, sharp sounds. Swift. Shak. 
 
 CLAT'TER-ER, 71. Une who clatters ; a babbler. 
 CLAT'TER-IXG, ppr. or a. Making or uttering sharp, 
 abrupt sounds, as by a collision of sonorous bodies ; 
 talking fast, with noise; rattling. 
 CLAT'TER-ING, n. A rattling noise. 
 CLAt'TER-ING-LY, adv. With clattering. 
 CLAU'DENT, a. [L. claudcns ; claudo, to shut.] 
 Shutting; confining; drawing together; as, a clau- 
 dent muscle. [Little used.] 
 eLAU'Dl-CANT,a, Halting; limiiing. [Little used.] 
 CLAU'DI-CaTE, v. i. [L. claudico, to limp, from 
 claadus, lame.] To halt or limp. [Little used, or nut 
 
 at all.] 
 
 CLAU-DI-Ca'TION, 71. A halting or limping 
 
 [Lit- 
 
 tle used.] 
 
 CLAUSE, 71. [Fr. clause ; L. clausura, from claudo, to 
 shut; Gr. icXtitu, K^ctoT'if ; W. claws; Eng. c/osc ; 
 Sax. Iilidan, to cover ; hlid, a cover, a lid, which see. 
 Class Ld, No. 1, 8, 9.] 
 
 Literally, a close, or inclosure. Hence, that which 
 is included, or contained, within certain limits. 
 
 L In language, or grammar, a member of a period 
 or sentence ; a subdivision of a sentence, in which 
 the words are inseparably connected with each other 
 in sense, and can not, with propriety, be separated by 
 a point ; as, " There is reason to think that he after- 
 ward rose to favor, and obtained several honors, 
 civil and military." In this sentence are two 
 clauses. 
 
 2. An article in a contract or other writing ; a dis- 
 tinct part of a contract, will, agreement, charter, 
 commission, or other writing ; a distinct stipulatitm, 
 condition, proviso, grant, covenant, &.C. South. 
 CLAUS'THAL-ITE, 71. Native seleniuret of lead, 
 
 having a lead-gray color. Dana. 
 CLAUS'TRAL, a. [L. claustrujn, an inclosure, from 
 claudo. See Clause.] 
 
 Relating to a cloister, or religious house ; as, a 
 claustral prior. Jiyliffe, 
 CLAU'SU-LAR, a. Consisting of or having clauses. 
 
 SmurL 
 
 CLAUS'IJRE, (klaw'/.hur,) 71. [See Clause.] The 
 act of shutting up or confining ; confinement. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Oeddes. 
 2. In anatomy, an imjierforated canal. 
 
 Coze. Quincy. 
 
 CLA' VA TED i °- t^" '' * ' 
 
 1. Club-shaped ; having the form of a club ; grow- 
 ing gradually thicker toward the top, as certain parts 
 of a plant. Marlyn. 
 9. Set with knobs. IVoodward. 
 CLAVE, /TTrt. of Cleave. 
 
 CLAV'EL-LA-TED, a. An epithet applied to potash 
 and pearlash, (clavrllati cineres,) from the billets of 
 wood with which they were burnt. Smart. Coze. 
 
 CLA'VI-A-RY, 71. [L. Claris, a key; Gr. *Atis, con- 
 tracted from )(Afir"o<j; L. claudo.] 
 
 In music, an index of keys, or a scale of lines and 
 spaces. Encyc, art. Clif. 
 
 CLAVI CHORD, 71. [L, clavLt, it key, and cluinin, a 
 string.] 
 
 A musical instrument of an obhmg figure, of the 
 nature of a spinet. The strings arr; mutih il with 
 Hinall bits of fiiii' woolen cloth, to solteii Ihi: sounds; 
 used in nunneries. [.See Clahichoko.] Encyc. 
 
 CLAV'I CLK, n. [L. elaricula, a tendril, that is, a 
 little key or fastener, from rioris, a key or lock.] 
 
 The l ollar boni'. There are two claricirs, or chan- 
 nel bones, joined at one end to thr^ scapula or shoul- 
 der bone, and at the other to the sternum or brtMisl 
 bone. (inincii. 
 
 CI. AVI CORN, 71. The name of a family of insects. 
 
 CLA' VI Hit, /I. [ L. <-/.iei», a key.) In miesir, an as- 
 semblage of till the keys of an organ or piano-forte, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/yl-L, WH^T.— MRTE, HKBV.^PrNB, MARTNR, mBD/— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BtJQK.— 
 
 ■T\ i\ ' ' " " - - — - 
 
r 
 
 CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 re|>resetitnig all tlie sounds used in melody and 
 hiinnoTiv. 
 
 ei.A Vie'lJ-LiAR, a. Pertaining to the collar bone or 
 clavicle. 
 
 eLAV'l-GER, n. [I,, clavis, a key, and ff^ro, to 
 carry.] 
 
 One who keeps the keys of any place. 
 
 Cli. RcUir. Jlppenh 
 CLAW, n. rSa\. cJaw ; G. klaue; D. kluauw ; Uan 
 kluo ; .'^w. Wi/, or klo.] 
 
 1. The slRirp, hooked nail, of a beast, bird, or other 
 animal. 
 
 Kvory brnsl that partpth the hoof, nntl cipaveth thp cleft into two 
 
 dates, ami chrwlh tht' cinl, v<' shall cat. — Dent. xiv. 
 lliH iiaiU were grown like binlji' claws. — Dan. W. 
 'i. The whole foot of an animal armed with 
 lioukcii nails. 
 :t. Tlie hand, in contempt. 
 CI. AW, r. L [Sax. clawcn.] To pull, tear, or scratch 
 « Illi the nails. Shak. SouUi. 
 
 •2. To scratch or tear in general ; to tickle. 
 
 Shak, Jlud'ibriUi. 
 3. To flatter. [ Oft.<.] Slmk. 
 To clam off or awaij ; to scold or rail at. /.'E-Vrnnn-c. 
 
 2. Ill sraminiship, to turn to wiiithvard and betit, 
 to prevent fallini; on a lee shore. Hence, 
 
 y. In ruhrar luNtruaire, to pet oiTor escape, 
 e LAW BACK, II. [claw and back.] One who flatters ; 
 
 :i sycophant ; a wheedler. Jewel. 
 CLAWED, (klawd,) ;)/). Scratched, pulled, or torn 
 
 Willi cUiws. 
 
 9. n. Furiiislied with claws. Ornr. 
 CI.AW'IXC, ]ipr. I'uUing, tearing, or scratching with 
 
 claws or nails. 
 ei.AW'INC OFF, 71. The act of heating or working 
 oil' froiii a lee shore, or from another vessel. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 CLAW'LESS, a. Destitute of claws. 
 
 Joitrn. of Science. 
 ei.SY, n. [.Sax. cl>rff; G. klei; D. klei; W. clai; Dan. 
 kltPir, viscous. Sticky.] 
 
 1. The name of certain substances which are mix- 
 tures of silex and aluinine, sonietinies with lime, 
 magnesia, alkali, and metallic oxyds. A species of 
 earths which are firmly coherent, weighty, compact, 
 and liard when dry, but still", viscid, and ductile 
 when moist, and smooth to the touch ; not readily 
 diffusible in water, and when mixed, not readily 
 subsiding in iL They contract by heat. Clays ab- 
 sorb watur greedily, and become soft, but are so 
 tenacious as to be molded into any shape ; and hence 
 
 . they are the materials of bricks anil various vessels, 
 domestic and chemical. Kncijc. Cleaveland. 
 
 'J. In poetry and in Scripture, earth in general. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 I also am formed out of the cttty. — Job xr.xiii. 
 
 3. In Scripture, clan is used to express frailty, 
 liablt-ness to decay and destruction. 
 
 They lh.il dwell in h'ousca of clay. — Job iv. 
 
 GLaY, r. /. To cover or manure with clay. Mortimer. 
 
 2. To purify and whiten with clav, as sugar. 
 
 Edwards, IV. fnd. 
 
 Cl,.\T-RR.\t\'ED, a. Stupid. Sliak. 
 CI.AV'-lll'ILr, (kli'bilt,) o. Built with clay. 
 CLAY'-CoLD, a. Cold as clay or earth ; lifules*. 
 
 Rowc. 
 
 GLAY' ED, pp. or a. Covered or manured with clay. 
 2. Purified and whitened with clay ; as, clayed 
 sugar. FjlicardJ. 
 GLAVi;s, n. pi. [Fr. elaie, a hurdle ; W. clwiid.] 
 
 In fiirlification, wattles or hurdles made with stakes 
 interwoven with asiers, to cover lodgments. 
 
 Chnmbers. 
 
 Gli.AY'EY, a. Consisting of clay ; abounding with 
 
 clay ; partaking of clay ; like clay. 
 GI.AY'-<il{()l'.\'I), n. Ground consisting of clay, or 
 
 aboniidins with it. 
 GL.aY'I.VG, ppr. Covering or manuring with clay. 
 
 2. Purify ing with clay. 
 GLAY'lSIl, tt. Paruking of the nature of clay, or 
 
 cont;iining particles of it. 
 GLAY'-I.A.M), j n. Land consisting of clay, or 
 GLAY'—^OIL, j abounding with it. 
 GL.\Y'-.MAUL, n. A whitish, smooth, chalky clay. 
 
 Murtimer. 
 
 CLAY'MfiRE, n. A large sword, used formerly by 
 
 the Scottish Highlanders. 
 GL.AY'-PIT, H. ,\ pit where clay is dug. Woodward. 
 CLA Y'-SLATE, n. In mineralojfy, argillaceous schist ; 
 
 arzillite. 
 
 GL.\ Y'-STO.\'E, n. A mineral, the thon.ttrin of Wer- 
 ner, and indurated clay of Kirwan. It resembles 
 ci>mpat:t limestone or calcareous marl. Its texture is 
 porous, compact, or slaty. Its color is gray, often 
 tinged with yellow or blue ; also rose or pale red, or 
 bniwnish red, and sometimes greenish. Clmreland. 
 
 GLf..\.\, a. [Sax. cltrne ; W. glan or glain ; It. glan : 
 Arm. glan. The primary sense seems to be, to oixn 
 or to remove, to seprirate.]^ 
 
 In a general nense, free from extraneous matter, or 
 whatever is injurious or offensive : hence its signifi- 
 cation di'iiends on the nature and qualities of the 
 substances to which it is applied. 
 
 1. Free from dirt, or other foul matter ; ns, clean 
 water ; a c(ni« cu|i ; a clean floor. 
 
 2. Free from weeds or stones ; as, clean land , a 
 clean garden or field. 
 
 3. Free frimi knots or branches; as, clean timber. 
 In America, clear is generally used. 
 
 4. Free from nuiral impurity j innocent. 
 
 Who can hnug a clean Ihiiig out of an unclean? — Job xiv. 
 Acu xviii. 
 
 !). Free from ceremonial defilement, /.eo. x. 
 JVum. xi.\. 
 
 G. Free from guilt ; .sanctified ; holy. JiJin xiii. 
 Ps. li. 
 
 7. That might be t.aten by the Hebrews. Gen. 
 vii. viii. 
 
 8. That might he used. Luke xi. 
 
 9. Free from a foul ilisease ; cured of leprosy. 2 
 K'ing.'i V. Mult. viii. 
 
 10. Dextrous; adroit; not bungling; free from 
 awkwardness ; as, a clrnii feat ; a clean boxer. 
 
 11. Free from infi'ctioii ; as, a clean ship. A clean 
 bill of health is a certificate that a ship is clean, or 
 free from infection. 
 
 GLk.'VN, adij. Unite ; perfectly ; wholly ; entirely ; 
 fully ; indicatiii!; separation or complete renmval of 
 every part. " The people passed clean over Jordan." 
 Josli.m. " Is his mercy cfai/i gone forever?" /".«. 
 Ixxvii. This use of clean is not now elegant, and not 
 ust;d except in vulgar hmgiiage. 
 2. Without miscarriage ; dextrously. 
 
 Pope came off clean with Homer. Henley. 
 
 GLf.AM, r. t. [Sax. cliLnan ; W. glanau. See the 
 adjective.] 
 
 To remove all foreign matter from ; to separate 
 from any thing whatever is cxtraneims to it, or what- 
 ever is foul, noxious, or ollensive, as dirt or filth 
 from till? hands, body, or clothes ; foul matter from a 
 vessel ; weeils, shrubs, and stones from a meadow ; to 
 purify. Thus a house is cleaned by sweeping and 
 washing ; a field is cleaned by plowing and hoeing. 
 
 GLRA.V'En, pp. Freed from filth or dirt. 
 
 GLK..\N'ER, n. A person or thing that cleans. 
 
 CLICAN'-HA.N'D-El). a. Having clean hands. 
 
 eLl":AN'-H E.!iRT-EI), a. Having a pure heart. 
 
 GLlf.AN'lNG, ppr. Freeing from filth. 
 
 GLEA.V'ING, H. The act of making clean. 
 
 2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, &.C. Gardiner. 
 
 GI.EAN'Ll-.N'ESS, (klen'li-ness,) n. [from cleanly.] 
 Freedom from ilirt, filth, or any foul, extraneous 
 matter. Addison. 
 2. Neatness of person or dress ; purity. Swift. 
 
 GLEA.X'LY, (klen'ly,) a. [from clean.] Free from 
 dirt, filth, or any foul matter ; neat ; carefully avoid- 
 ing filth. Dryden, .Addison. 
 
 2. Pure ; free from mixture ; innocent ; as, cleanly 
 joys. OlanciUe. 
 
 3. Cleansing ; making clean ; as, cleanly powder. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 4. Nice ; artful ; dextrous ; adroit ; as, a cleanly 
 play ; a ci«u«/y evasion. [OAs.] 
 
 Spenser, L* Kstrange, 
 GLE.^N'LYj (klen'ly,) adv. In a clean manner ; 
 
 neatly ; without filth. Sliak. 
 GLi?,AN'NESS, n. Freedom from dirt, filth, and for- 
 eign matter ; neatness. 
 
 2. Freedom from infection or a foul disease. 
 
 3. Exactness; purity; justness; correctness; used 
 of language or style ; as, cleanness of expression. 
 [OAs.] Dryden, 
 
 4. Purity ; innocence. 
 
 In Scripture, cUanness of hands denotes innocence. 
 Cleanness of leelh denotes want of provisions. 
 .^inos iv. 6. 
 
 GLEANS'A-BLE, (klenz'abl,) o. That may be 
 cleansed. Sherwood. 
 
 GLE.\NSE, (kienz,) v, L [Sax. clansian, from clane, 
 clean.] 
 
 1. To purify; to make clean; to remove filth, or 
 foul ni.atter of any kind, or by any process whatever, 
 as by washing, rubbing, .scouring, scraping, purging, 
 ventilation, &,c. ; a-s, to cleanse the hands or face ; to 
 cleanse a garment ; to cleanse the bowels ; to cleanse a 
 ship ; to cieanse an infected house. 
 
 2. To free from a foul or infectious disease ; to 
 heal. /vfu. xiv. 4, 8. Mark i. 42. 
 
 3. To free from ceremonial pollution, and conse- 
 crate to a holy use. Jfum. viii. 15. Kick, xliii. 20. 
 
 4. To purify from guilt. 1 John i. 7. 
 
 5. To remove ; as, to cleanse a crime. Dryden, 
 GLEANS'ED, (kicnzd,) pp. Purified ; made clean ; 
 
 pnrgeil ; healed. 
 CLEANS'ER, (klenz'er,) n. He or that which 
 
 cleanses ; in medicine, n detergent. .Srbuthnul. 
 GLE.\NS'I.\'G, (klenz'ing,) y/ir. Purifying; making 
 
 clean ; purging ; removing foul or noxious matter 
 
 from ; freeing from guilt. 
 GLEA.NS'ING, (klenz'ing,) a. Adapted to cleanse 
 
 and piirifv. 
 
 GLEA.NS'ING, (klenz'ing,) 71. The act of purifying 
 
 or purging. Mark i. 44. Luke v. 14. 
 GLiSAN'-TI.M'BER-ED, a. Well-proportioned. [J^'ol 
 
 in_u.ie.] Shak. 
 CLEAR, a. [^V. elarr, clear, bright, from Uatr, a re- 
 
 flux, Itaeru, to ebb, to clear, or W. eglur, clear, from 
 Ilur, e.vtended, [like Hour;] Ir. glrair, lear, leir, and 
 gtor ; Ann. sclear ; L. clarus ; Fr. clair ; Sp. and 
 Port, elaro ; It. ehiaro ; I), klaar ; G. klar ; Sw. and 
 Dan. klar. See («lare and GLony.] 
 
 1. ()|M'n ; free from obstruction ; as, a clear plat of 
 ground ; the way is clear, 
 
 2. Free from clouds, or fog ; serene ; as, a clear 
 Any. 
 
 3. Free from foreign matter; unmixed ; pure ; an, 
 clear water ; clear sanil ; clear air ; clear glass. 
 
 4. Free from any thing that creates doubt or un- 
 certainty ; apparent ; evident ; manifest ; not ob- 
 scure; conspicuous; thtit is, open to the mind; as, 
 the reason is clear. 
 
 ,■). Unclouded ; luminous ; not obscured ; as, a 
 clear sun ; a clear shining after a rain. 2 Sam. xxiii. 
 (i. Unobstructed; unobsciired ; as, a c/rnr view. 
 
 7. Perspicacious ; sharp ; as, a elrnr sight. 
 
 8. Not clouded with care, or milled by passion ; 
 cheerful ; serene ; as, a clear aspect. Mdtun. 
 
 9. Evident ; undeniable ; indisputable ; as, the 
 victory was clear. Mdton. 
 
 10. Uiiick to understand ; prompt ; acute. 
 
 Moiher of science, now I feel U»y power 
 
 Williin me clear. Millon. 
 
 11. Free from guilt or blame ; innocent ; unspotted ; 
 irreproachable. 2 Cor, vii. 
 
 In action faitliful, anil in honor clear. Pope. 
 
 12. Free from bias ; unprepossessed ; not pretw- 
 cupied ; impartial ; as, a clear judgment. Sitlney. 
 
 i'.i. Free from debt or obligation ; not liable to 
 prosecution ; as, to be clear of debt or responsibility. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 14. Free from deductions or charges ; as, clear 
 gain or profit. Locke. 
 
 I. 5. Not entangled ; unembarrassed ; free ; as, the 
 cable is clear. A ship is clear, when she is so remote 
 from shore or other object, as to be out of danger of 
 striking, or to have sea room sutlicient. 
 
 16. Open ; distinct ; not jarring, or harsh ; as, a clear 
 sound ; a clear voice. 
 
 17. Liberated ; freed ; actpiitted of charges ; aa, a 
 man has been tried, and got clear. 
 
 18. Free from spots or any thing that disfigures ; 
 as, a clear skin. 
 
 Clear is followed by from or by of. 
 
 Thou Shalt be dear from tills my oath. — Gen. xxiv. 
 
 The air is clear of damp exlialations. Temple. 
 
 GLP.AR, orZi). Plainly; not obscurely ; manifestly. 
 2. Clean ; quite ; entirely ; wholly ; indicating 
 entire separation ; as, to cut a piece clear off ; to 
 go clear away ; but in this sense its use is not 
 elegant. 
 
 Clear, or in the clear, among joiners and carpenters, 
 is applied to the nt-t distance between two bodies, 
 where no other intervenes, or between their nearest 
 surfaces ; e. g., to the space within walls, or length 
 and breadth clear or exclusive of the thickness of the 
 wall. 
 
 GLKAR,r. t. To make clear ; to fine ; to remove any 
 thing foreign ; to separate from any foul matter ; to 
 purify ; to clarify ; as, to clear liquors. 
 
 2. To free from obstnietions ; as, to clear the road. 
 
 3. To free from any thing noxious or injurious ; as, 
 to clear the ocean of pirates ; to clear the land of 
 enemies. 
 
 4. To remove any encumbrance, or embarrass- 
 ment ; often followed by off or away ; as, to clear off 
 debts ; to clear aicay rubbish. 
 
 5. To free ; to liberate, or disengage ; to exonerate; 
 as, to clear a man from debt, obligation, or tl\ily. 
 
 C. To cleanse ; as, to clear the hantls from filth ; 
 to clear the bowels. 
 
 7. To remove any thing that obscures, as clouds or 
 fog ; to make bright ; as, to clear the sky ; sometimes 
 followed by up. Dryden, Milton, 
 
 8. To free from obscurity, perplexity, or ambiguity ; 
 as, to clear a question or tiieorj ; to clear up a case or 
 point. Prior. 
 
 9. To purge from the imputation of guilt ; to jus- 
 tify or vindicate. 
 
 How sbatl we c/«jr ourselves ? — fren. xllv. 
 
 That wdl by no means clear die ffnitiy. — Kx. xxxir. 
 
 10. In a legal sense, to acquit on trial, by verdict ; 
 as, the prisoner has been tried and cleared. 
 
 II. To make gain or profit, beyond all expenses 
 and charges ; as, to c(fai- ten per cent, by a sale of 
 goods, or by a voyage. 
 
 12. To remove wood from land ; to cut down 
 trees, remove or burn them, and prepare land for 
 tillage or pasture ; as, to clear land for wheat, 
 
 13. To leap over or pa.ss by without toiichirig, or 
 failure ; as, to clear a hedge or ditch. /f. SculL 
 
 To clear a ship at the custom-lioiuie, is to exhibit the 
 documents required by law, give bonds, or perform 
 other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, 
 and such papers as the law requires. 
 
 'I'o clear tie land, in seamen's language, is to gain 
 such a distance from shore, as to have ojien sea room, 
 and be out of danger from the land. 
 
 To clear tJie hold, is to empty or unload a ship. 
 
 To clear a ship ftnr action, or ta clear far action, a \o 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS G as K ; <S as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 remove all encumbrances fruni tlie decks, and pre- 
 pare for an engagement. 
 GLeAK, v. i. To become free from clouds or fog; to 
 ueconie fair ; often followed by tip, off, or aiDiiy ; as, 
 the sky clears ; the weather clears up ; it clears away ; 
 it clears off. 
 
 2. To be disengaged from encumbrances, distress, 
 or entanglements ; to become free or disengaged. 
 
 He that dears at once will R-lapae. Bacon. 
 
 GLeAR'AOE, 71. The removing of any tiling. [Lit- 
 tle itsed.] 
 
 I eLEAR'ANCE, n. A certificate that a ship or vessel 
 has been cleared at the custom-house ; permission to 
 sail. 
 
 €LeAR'£D, pp. or a. Purified ; freed from foreign 
 matter, or from encumbrance ; made manifest ; made 
 luminous ; cleansed ; liberated ; acquitted ; disen- 
 gaged. 
 
 €LeAR'ER, 71. That which clears, purifies, or en- 
 lightens ; that which brightens. Jlddisoa. 
 
 eLEAR'ING, p/jr. Purifying; removing foul matter, 
 encumbrances, or obstructions; making evident, ur 
 luminous; cleansing ; liberating; diseugnijln^ ; ac- 
 quitting ; making gain beyond all costs and i barges. 
 
 eLEAR'ING, 71. A defense ; justification ; vindica- 
 tion. 2 Cor. vii. 
 
 2. A place or tract of land cleared of wood for 
 cultivation ; a common use of the word in Jiinerica. 
 
 3. The act of making clear. 
 CLeAR'ING-HOUSE, 71. A place in London, where 
 
 bankers meet daily, to e.ichange drafts and settle 
 balances. ^^CuUoch. 
 eLEAR'LY, adv. Plainly ; evidently ; fully ; as, the 
 fact is clearly proved. 
 
 2. Without obstruction ; luminously ; .as, to shine 
 clearly. 
 
 3. With clear discernment; as, to understand 
 cl£arhj. 
 
 4. Without entanglement or confusion. Bacon. 
 
 5. Plainly ; honestly ; candidly. 
 
 Deal clearly and impartially with yourselves. TiUotson. 
 
 6. Without reserve, evasion, or subterfuge. Varies. 
 '€LeAR'N£SS, 71. Freedom from foul or extraneous 
 
 matter ; purity ; as, the clearness of water, or other 
 liquor. 
 
 2. Freedom from obstruction or encumbrance ; as, 
 the clearness of the ground. 
 
 3. Freedom from fogs or clouds; openness; as, the 
 clearness of the sky. It generally expresses less than 
 brightness or splendor. Kx. xxiv. 
 
 4. Distinctness ; perspicuity ; luminousness ; as, 
 the clearness of reason, of views, of arguments, of 
 explanations. 
 
 5. Plainness, or plain dealing ; sincerity; honesty; 
 fairness ; candor. Bacon. 
 
 6. Freedom from imputation of ill. Shak. 
 
 7. Freedom from spots, or any thing that dis- 
 figures ; as, the clearness of the skin. 
 
 €LiiAR'-SEE-ING, a. Having a clear sight or under- 
 standing. 
 
 eLEAR'-SHIN'ING, a. [clear and shine.] Shining 
 with brightness, or unobstructed splendor. Shale. 
 
 eLEAR'-SIGlIT'ED, a. [clear and sight.] Seeing 
 with clearness ; having acuteness of sight ; discern- 
 ing ; perspicacious ; as, clear-sighted reason ; a clear- 
 sisrhted judge. 
 
 €LEAR'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS, 7u Acute discernment. 
 
 Bp. Barlow. 
 
 €LeAR'-STARCH, 7). t. [dear and starch.] To 
 stilTen with starch, and then clear by clapping with 
 the hands ; as, to clear-starch muslin. 
 
 €LeAR'-STaRCH-ED, ( stirclit,) pp. or a. Stiffened 
 with starch, and then cleared by clapping. 
 
 eLEAR'-STARCU'ER, 7i. One who clear-starches. 
 
 eLEAR'-STARCiriNG, ppr. Still'cning with starch, 
 and then clearing by clapping in the hands. 
 
 2. 71. The act of stiffening with starch, and then 
 clearing by clapping in the hands. 
 
 €LeAR'-STo-RV, 71. In Gothic architecture, an upper 
 story, or row ot^ windows in a church, tower, or 
 other erection, rising clear above the adjoining parts 
 of the building. Oloss. ofJirch. 
 
 €LkAR'-ToN-A'D, a. Having a clear sound. 
 
 CLeAT, 71. [tiu. the root of L. claudo, Gr. K^ciOpon, 
 the fastener.] 
 
 1. A narrow strip of wood nailed on in joinery. 
 
 2. A term applied to small wooden projections in 
 tackle, to fasten ropes by. 
 
 OLkAV'A-BLE, a. That may cleave or be divided. 
 >CLeAV'AGE, n. 'i'he act of i leaving or splitting. 
 
 2. In mincralo^ru, the capability observed in crystals 
 to undergo mechanical division in certain fixed 
 I directions. JMna. 
 I -.'Leave, D.i. , pret. Clave or Ci.e\ted. [Siix. clenjian, 
 I cUufian, to split and to adhi:re ; clifian, to adhere ; 
 I D. kteeven ; G. klchen or hleihrn ; Dan. Iiltrhrr, hlcbcr ; 
 I Bw. klibba ; Iluss. lipnu. The old jireterit, claoe, is 
 , obiioleiicent.1 
 
 : 1. To Htlck ; to adhere ; to hold to. 
 
 Mf iMjnc-t cteaot to rii^ xkln. " Pa. cii. 
 . I.CI my Um^ue cleane l/j t)ie roof of tny mouth. — Pa. exxxvii, 
 
 I CUavt to (imt wliich u good. — Hoin. xU. 
 
 ' To unite aptly ; to fit ; to sit well on. Shalt. 
 
 ai2 
 
 3. To unite or be united closely in interest or affec- 
 tion ; to adhere with strong attachment. 
 
 A mail shall leave father and mother, and cleave to his wile. — 
 
 tleu. ii. Malt. xix. 
 Cleave to Jehovah your God. — Josh, xxiii. 
 
 GLeAVE, v. t. ; pret. Cleft ; pp. Cleft or Cleaved. 
 The old pret;, clnve, is obsolete ; dace is obsolescent. 
 The old participle, cloven, is obstjlescent, or rather 
 used as an atljective. [Sax. cleojian, or clijian ; D. 
 klooven ; G. klicben ; Sw. hhjfira^ Dan. hlorcr; Russ. 
 lopayu; Gr. A'--rf.j. This word seems to be connected 
 Willi the L. Itber, free, and bark, book, libera, to free, 
 Fr. lirrcr, whence deiirer.] 
 
 1. To iiart or divide by force ; to split or rive ; to 
 o]ien or sever the cohering parts of a body, by cutting, 
 or l>y the applicatitin of force ; as, to cleave, wood ; to 
 clcaoe a rock ; to clcace the flood. Ps. Ixxiv. 
 
 Milton. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To part or open naturally. 
 
 F.very bi-.vsl that cleaveOi the cleft into two claws. — Deut. xiv. 
 
 CLi^.AVE, V. i. To part; to opi-n ; to crack; to sep- 
 arate, as jiarts of cohering bodies ; as, the ground 
 cleaves by frost. 
 
 The l\fount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof. — Zcch. 
 
 eLTf.AV'ioD, pp. Split ; rived ; divided. 
 
 eLi~:AVE'LAND-lTE, ;i. [from Professor Cleaveland.] 
 A mineral, generally of a white or grayish-white 
 color, sometimes blue, or bluish, or reddish ; called 
 also silicious felspar, or albite. Phillips. 
 
 eLliAV'ER, 71. One who cleaves ; that which 
 cleaves ; a butcher's instninient for cutting animal 
 bodies into joints or pieces. Mrbutlmot. 
 
 GLE.W'ING, ppr. Sticking; adhering; uniting to. 
 Also, splitting ; dividing ; riving. 
 
 CLEAVING, 71. The fiircible separation of a body 
 into parts, particularly of wood in the direction of 
 its fihurs. 
 
 CLkCJIE, 71. In heraldry, a kind of cross, charged 
 with another cross of the same figure, but of the 
 color of the field. Encyc. 
 
 CLEDGE, 71. Among miners, the upper stratum of 
 fuller's earth. 
 
 CLEDG'Y, a. An epithet applied to stubborn, tena- 
 cious soils, or those mixed with clay. HoUoway. 
 
 CLEF, 77. [Fr. r/c/; L. Claris, a key, the fastener.] 
 A character in music placed at the beginning of a 
 staff, to determine the (legree of elevation occupied 
 by that staff in the general claviary or sj stem, and to 
 point out the names of all the notes which it con- 
 tains in the line of that clef. Rousseau. 
 
 CLEFT, pp. or a. from Cleave. Divided ; split ; parted 
 asunder. Mdton. 
 
 GLEFT, 7i. A space or opening made by splitting ; a 
 crack ; a crevice ; as, the cff/£ of a rock. /.«. ii. 21. 
 
 Mdison, 
 
 2. A disease in horses ; a crack on the bought of 
 the pastern. Farrier's Diet. 
 
 3. A piece made by splitting ; as, a cleft of wood. 
 [This word is sometimes written Clift.] 
 
 CLEFT'- FOOT-ED, a. Having a cloven foot. 
 CLEFT'-GRAFT, v. t. [cleft and graft.] To ingraft 
 
 by cleaving the stock and inserting a cion. Mortimer. 
 GLEFT'-GRAFT-ING, 7i. A mode of grafting, in 
 
 which the cion is inserted in a cleft made in the 
 
 stock. Brande. 
 GLEG, 71. The horsefly ; Dan. kUsg. 
 CLEM, ti. f. [G. klewmen.] 
 
 To starve. [JVbf in use.] Jonson. 
 GLE.M'A-TIS, 71. The virgin's bower, a climbing 
 
 plant ; so called from its clemata, or tenilrils. 
 GLE.M'EN-CY, 7i. [L. dementia, from clemcns, mild, 
 
 smooth ; whence Fr. clemence. It. clemenia, Sp. de- 
 
 wencia; W. llitn, smooth ; Heb. Dn"? to be soft, mild, 
 
 gentle.] 
 
 1. Mildness ; softness ; as, the clemency of the air. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Mildness of temper ; gentleness or lenity of dis- 
 position ; disposition to treat with favor and kindness. 
 
 1 pray thee that thou wouldest liear us of thy clemency a few 
 worils. — Acts xxiv. 
 
 3. Mercy ; disposition to treat with lenity, to forgive, 
 or to spare, as offenders; tenderness in punishing; 
 opposed to severity, harshness, or rigor. Addison. 
 
 4. Softness in resjiect to the elunients ; as, the 
 rlemency of the season. Dryden. 
 
 CLE.M'ENT, a. Mild in temper and dispositiim ; 
 gentle ; lenient ; merciful ; kind ; tender ; compas- 
 sionate. 
 
 GLEM'E.NT-!NE, a. Pertaining to St. Clement, or to 
 his coin|>ilatiuns ; or to the constitutions of Clement 
 the Fifth. 
 
 GLEM'ENT-LY, ado. With mildness of temper; 
 
 mercifully. TuyUir. 
 CLENCH. See Clinch. 
 
 GLePE, v. t. or i. [Sax. depan, cleopan, clypan, to cry 
 out ; W. clcpiav), to clack.] 
 'I'o call, or name. [Ofi.v.] Sludc. 
 For yclrprd, see Yclki'ed, 
 CLEP-SAM'MI-A, 71. [Gr. ^XiTrn.., to hide, to steal, 
 and apfi'if, sand.] 
 
 An instninient for mi asuring time by sand, like 
 an hour-glass. Brawn. 
 
 GLEP'SY-DRA, »i. [L., from Gr. KXeipooim ; itAtirn .. 
 to steal, to hide, and I'rd'.io, water.] 
 
 1. A timepiece used by the Greeks and Romans, 
 wliicli measured time by the discharge of a certain 
 quantity of water. Also, a fountain in G/eece. 
 
 2. A chemical vessel. 
 CLeRE'-STo-RY. See Clear-Stort. 
 CLER'GI-C.^L, a. Pertaining to the clergy. [JVot 
 
 nsed.] ^See Clerical.] Milton. 
 GLER'G\, 71. [Fr. clerge ; Norm, clerkus, clc.rcz, 
 clergy, or clerks, and clergie, literature ; Arm. doer, 
 tlie plural o( rUnirccq, a clerk ; Corn, cloireg ; Ir. cleir, 
 clergy, and chirriorh, a clerk or clergyman ; L. 
 elenis, clericus, which wouhl seem to be from the 
 Gr. fc A-r'Oi, lot or portion, inheritance, estate, and 
 the body of those wlio p;;rforin sacred duties ; whence 
 KXqoou), to choose by lot, to make a clerk, clericum 
 facere. In 1 Peter v. 3, tlie word in the plural seems 
 to signify the church or body of believers ; it is ren- 
 dered God's heritage. In W. cler signifies teachers 
 or learned men of the druidical order ; clcrig, belong- 
 ing to the cler, clerical. It. Sp. clero, from the Latin. 
 The apiilication of this word to ministers or eccle- 
 siastical teachers seems to have originated in their 
 possessions, or separate allotments of land ; or from 
 the Old Testament denomination of the priests, for 
 the tribe of Levi is there called tlie lot, heritage, or 
 inheritance of the Lord.] 
 
 1. The body of men set apart, and consecrated, by 
 due ordination, to the service of God, in the Chris- 
 tian church ; tlie body of ecclesiastics, in distinction 
 from the laity. In England the term is confined to 
 ministers of the established church. Hooker. Encyc. 
 
 2. The privilege or benefit of clergy. 
 
 If convicted of a cleri^yable felony, he is enlided oqnally to his 
 clergy alter as l>_-iure conviction. Blackslone. 
 
 Benefit of clergy ; in English law, originally, the 
 exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal 
 process before a secular judge ; a privilege which 
 was extended to all who could read, such persons 
 being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks. But 
 this privilege bus been abriilged and modified by 
 various st:itiites. See Blai kstoiie, b. 4, cli. 28. In 
 flu: United Slates, no benertl of clergy exists. 
 
 GLER'OY-A-BLE, a. Entitled to or admitting the 
 benefit of clergy ; as, a clergyable felony. Blackstone. 
 
 GLER'GY-MAN, ji. A man in holy orders; a man 
 regularly authorized to preach the gospel, and ad- 
 niiuisler its ordinances, according to the forms and 
 rules of any particular denomination of Christians. 
 In England, none but ministers of the Established 
 Church bear the name of clergymen. 
 
 GLER'IC, 71. A clerk or clergyman. Horsley. 
 
 GLER'IG-AL, a. [L. clericus; Gr. KXnp'Kus- See 
 Clergy and Clerk.] 
 Rebating or pertaining to the clergy. 
 
 GLER'I-SY, 71. The literati, or well-educated. 
 
 CLERK, 71. [Sax. cleric, clerc, clere ; L. clericus ; Gr. 
 KXnpiKoi, See Clergy.] 
 
 1. A clergyman, or ecclesiastic ; a man in holy 
 orders. Clerk is still, in England, the legal appella- 
 tion of a clergyman. Ayliffe. 
 
 2. A man tliat can read. 
 
 Every one that could read — being accounted a clerk. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 3. A man of letters ; a scholar. Sidney. South. 
 
 The foregoing significations are found in the Eng- 
 lish laws, and histories of the church ; as, in the rude 
 ages of the church, learning was chiefly confined to 
 the clergy. In modern usage, 
 
 4. A writer ; one who is employed in the use of 
 the pen, in an ortice, public or private, for keeping 
 records and accounts ; as, the clerk of a court. In 
 some cases, clerk is synonymous with secretary; but 
 not al«'ays. A clerk is always an oflicer subordinate 
 to a higher officer, board, corporation, or person ; 
 whereas, a secretary may be either a subordinate 
 officer, or the head of an ortice or department. 
 
 5. An assistant in a shop or store, who sells goods, 
 keeps accounts, &.c. 
 
 C. A layman who is the reader of responses in 
 church service. .Johnson. 
 
 GLERK'-aLE, 71. [cderk and ale.] In England, the 
 feast of the parish clerk. IVarlotu 
 
 GLERK'LESS, a. Ignorant ; unlearned. lVat.erlwu.ie. 
 
 CLERK'LIKE, a. Like a clerk ; learned. Shak. 
 
 CLERK'LY, a. Scholar-like. Cranmcr. 
 
 CLEKK'LY, a/fii. In a learni^d manner, na.miignc. 
 
 CLERK'SHIP, 11. A state of being in holy ordtTS. 
 
 Black.-.-tone. 
 
 2. Scholarship. .Johnson. 
 
 3. The ortice or business of a clerk or writer. 
 
 GLER'O-MAN-CY, 7i. [(ir. kXti.oos, lot, and pafreta, 
 divination.] 
 
 A divination by throwing dice or little bones, and 
 observing the points or marks turned up. Bailey. 
 GLER'-STO-RY. See Clear-Storv. 
 GLeVE, 1 In the composition of names, denote a 
 GLIF, > plact! sitiiati'il oil or ni^ar a cliff, on the 
 GLIVE, ) side of a hill, rock, or precipice; as, 
 
 Cleaveland, Clifton. 
 GLEV'Ell, (1. [1 know not the radical letters of this 
 word. If till! elements are db, or lb, the allinities 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PUgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
CLI 
 
 ni;iy be Uuss. lockie, convenicnl, ilcxtrous, iihrka, 
 devtpritv, craH, Ivrliiu, to take or seize, as if allied 
 to (Jiillnc hifa, Ir. iamli, VV. tlaw, the haiiil. In Ir. 
 lub is a llioiid or lovi/, a plait or folil, and craft, run- 
 ning ; labacli, sly, crafty ; labam, lu bund. In iitU. 
 
 Ant 
 
 MAawi, signifies ingenious, ready, skillful, and 
 the verb, to understand, or be skillful. If r, iu dcKtr, 
 is from g, as in many other words, the atfinitics may 
 be Sax. glraw, knowing, skillftil, industrious, wise, 
 « liich is the G. klua, 1). kloik, Dan. klog, Sw. kloli. 
 Let the reader judge.] 
 
 1. Dextrous; adroit in using tools or other means 
 of accomplishing an end with address and skill ; as, 
 a clecrr artisan, or ciner clianibermai<l. 
 
 2. Expert; ingenious, handling all subjects, requir- 
 ing intelligence and abilityj with skill, dexterity, 
 and success ; as, a clrocr reviewer, a clever debater. 
 
 It dots not, however, denote the highest order of 
 talent, nmch less creative genius. 
 
 3. Kxecuted or performed with adroitness and 
 dexterity ; as, a clever review, a clever speech, or 
 clever device or trick. ^ihlisun. 
 
 4. In JVciB England, good-natured, possessing an 
 agreeable mind or disiKisition. In GrciU Britain, 
 this word is applied to the body or the intellect, in 
 respect to adroitness of action ; in America, it is ap- 
 plied chictly to the temper or (lis|)osition. In Great 
 Britain, a clever man is a dextrous man, one who 
 performs an act with skill or address. In JVVio 
 England, a clever man is a nnin of a pleasing, obliging 
 disposition, and amiable manners, but often imply- 
 ing a moderate share of talents. Fitness, suitable- 
 ness, gives both senses analogically ; the fi>rmer 
 applied to the body or ijitellect ; tlie latter, to the dis- 
 position, or its qtialities. 
 
 In some of tlie United States, this word is applied, 
 as in England, to the Intellect, denoting ingenious, 
 knowing, discerning. 
 CLEV'EK-LY, adv. Fitly ; dc.xtrously ; handsomely. 
 
 Butler. 
 
 CLEV'ER-NESS, n. Dexterity; adroitness; skill. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. Mildness or agreeahlcness of disposition ; oblig- 
 ingness ; good nature. AVia England. 
 
 eLEV'Y,' I "• tau- L. clavU.] 
 
 An iron bent to the form of an ox-bow, with the 
 two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the 
 end of a cart-neap, to hold the chain of the forward 
 liorse or oxen ; or a draft iron on a plow. [Ijtcal in 
 England.] A'V-jo England. 
 
 CLEW, (klu,) 71. [Sax. cteow, cliiee : 1). kluwen ; G. 
 klvben ; L. globivt. The word signifies a ball or a 
 lump. In Welsh, dob is a knob or boss ; elivpa is a 
 r/iiA or knob ; clap is a lump; all from roots in lb; 
 Hob, a lump, a lubber.] 
 
 1. A ball of thread. Spenser. 
 
 2. The thread that forms a ball ; the thread that is 
 used to guide a pt^rson fti a labyrinth. Hence, any 
 thing that guides or directs one in an intricate case. 
 
 IVatls. 
 
 3. The lower comer of a square-sail, and the aft- 
 most corner of a stay-sail. JMar. Diet. 
 
 GLKW, (klu,) V. t In seamanship, to tniss up to the 
 yard, by means of clew-garnets or clew-lines, in 
 2. To direct- [order to furling. 
 
 eLE\V'£D, rkludc.) pp. Trussed up, as sails. 
 
 eLEVV"-G.\ ft'NETS, n. pi. In marine language, a sort 
 of tackle, or rope and pulley, fastened to the clows of 
 the main and foresails, to truss them up to the yard. 
 
 €LE\V'1.\G, (klu'ing,) ppr. Trussing up. 
 
 €LE\V'-LI.\ F.S, n. pi. These are the same tackle, and 
 used for the like purpose, as clew-garneLs, but are 
 applied to the smaller square-sails, as the (op-sail, 
 top-gallaut anil sprit-sails. Mar. Did. 
 
 €LICK, v.i. [D. klikkrn ; Fr. cliqneler, to crack: cli- 
 quet, a mill-clapper. See Clack, to the root of which 
 this word belongs.] 
 Literally, to strike. Hence, 
 
 To make a small, sharp noise, or rather a succes- 
 sion of small, sharp sounds, as by a gentle striking. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 Tbe solemn diMlh-wfttch clicked. 
 
 CLICK, n. In seamen''s language, a pall, or small 
 piece of iron, falling into a notched or ratchet wheel, 
 attached to the winches in cutters, ic. .)Yur. Diet. 
 
 €LI('K, n. .\ small, sliar|i sound. 
 2. The latch of a iovr. [Local.] 
 
 CLICK'ER, II. The servant of a salesman, who stands 
 at the door to invite customers. [A low word, and 
 not iLifrf in the United States.) 
 
 ei.ICK'ET, n. The knocker of a door. [jVot used in 
 the United States.] 
 
 CLICK'IXG, ppr. or a. Making small, sharp noises. 
 
 ("I.ICK'IXG, n. A small, sharp noise. 
 
 Cl.I'EXT, n. [Fr. dicnt ; It. dienU : Sp. id. ; L. diens.] 
 
 1. Among the Romans, a citizen who put himself 
 under the protection of a man of distinction and in- 
 fluence, who, in respect to that relation, was called 
 hispo^ron. Hence, in inoilern usage, 
 
 2. One who applies to a lawyer or counselor for 
 advice and direction in a question of law, or com- 
 mits his cause to bis management in prosecuting a 
 
 CLI 
 
 claim, or defending against a suit, in a court of jus- 
 lice. Bacon. Taylor. 
 3. .\ dependent. B. Jon.ion. 
 
 CI.I-E.NT'AL, n. Dependent. [Unasual.] Burke. 
 
 ei.I'ENT-Kl), a. Su|)plied with clients. Carew. 
 
 t;LI-E.\-Ti'".LE', 71. Tlie condition oroHiceof a dienU 
 [Ubs.] Bp. JIall. 
 
 ei.I'E.N'l'-SHIP, 71. The condition of a client ; a state 
 of being under the protection of a patron. [Clientele 
 is not used.] Dryden. 
 
 CLIFF, 71. [Sax. clif, dyf, or cleof; D. klif, or kl,p ; G. 
 and Dan. klippe ; Sw. klippn ; VV. dip ; L. clivas ; 
 probably from cleaving. Sax. clifian, deo/lan.] 
 
 1. A steep bank ; as, the cliffs of Dover. So, in 
 Saxon, the clij)s of the Ked Sea. Orosiiis, supposed 
 by Alfred. 
 
 2. A high and steep rock ; any precipice. 
 
 This word has been sometimes writteti('i.iFT, and, 
 if from clearing, rending, coincides with c(i// in 
 
 CLIFF, (in music.) See Clef. [ori'iin. 
 
 CLIFF'Y,a. Having clilFs ; broken; craggv. llarmnr. 
 
 CLIFT'EI), ff. Itroki n. Congreve. 
 
 CLI-.MAC'TER, ». [Gr. •.Xi/iaifrTjp, the step of a lad- 
 der, from *fAi;ia^, a ladder or scale ; L. c/tmac(fr.] 
 
 1. A critical year in human life ; but climacteric is 
 more generally used. 
 
 2. .\ certain space of time. [JVnt it.ted.] Brown. 
 eLI-M.\e'TER-ie, la. [C.r. -.X ii'iKmoiKoi ; L. 
 CLl-MAC-TER'ie-AL, ! cliinactericas, from climaz, 
 
 a ladder. See Climax.] 
 
 Literally, noting a -scale, progression, or gradation ; 
 appropriately, denoting a critical period of human life, 
 or a certain number of years, at the end of which a 
 great change is supposed to take place in the liiiman 
 constitution. [See the noun.] 
 
 eLI-.M.\C'TER-ie, II. A critical period in human 
 life, or a period in which some great change is su|)- 
 posed to take place iu the human constitution. The 
 critical periods are supposed, by some persons, to be 
 the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd 
 numbers, 3, 5, 7, and 9 ; to which others add the 
 81st year. The C3d year is called the grand climacteric. 
 It has been supposed that these periods arc attended 
 with some remarkable change in respect to health, 
 life, or fortune. Brown. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 eLI-MA-TXRCH'ie, a. [Gr. xAi/iJ, climate, and apxt, 
 dominion.] 
 
 Presiding over climates. Paus. Trans., JVnle. 
 CLTMATE, 71. [Gr. K.\i/jii ; whence L. c/ima ; It. and 
 S|ian. clima ; Fr. climat. Q,n. from Gr. kXipco, to lean 
 or incline, or the root of climaz.] 
 
 1. In geography, a part of the surface of the earth 
 bounded by two circles parallel to the equator, and 
 of such a breadth that the longest day in the parallel 
 nearest the pole is half an hour longer than that near- 
 est the equator. The beginning of a climate is a 
 parallel circle, in which the longest day is half an 
 hour shorter than that at the end. The climates 
 begin at the equator, where the day is twelve hours 
 long ; and, at the end of the first climate, the longest 
 day is twelve and a half hours long ; and this in- 
 crease of half an hour constitutes a climate, to tlie 
 polar circles ; from which climates are measured by 
 the increase of a month. Johnson. Encyc 
 
 2. The condition of a place in relation to the various 
 phenomena of the atmosphere, as tempeniture, mois- 
 ture, &c. Thus we say, a warm or cold dimale; a 
 moist or dry climate ; a favorable climate; a genial 
 dimate. 
 
 CLI'MATE, V. L To dwell ; to reside in a particular 
 region. Shak. Jlist of SL Domingo. 
 
 [Little iL^e^t, and hardly legitimate.] 
 
 CLI-M.\T'ie, la. Pertaining to a climate or cli- 
 
 CLI-.MAT'ie-.^L, i mates; limited by a clim.ate. 
 
 CLI-MA-TICI-TV, 71. The property of climatizing. 
 
 CLI'MA-TIZE, r. L To accustom to a new climate, 
 as a plant. 
 
 CLI'.MA-TIZE, V. i. To become accustomed to a new 
 climate ; as, plants will climatize in foreign countries. 
 CLI'M A-Tr/-f,'l), pp. Accustomed to a new climate. 
 CLI-MA-TOL'O-CY, 7i. [Gr. ai/ia and \o, as.] 
 
 The science of climates; or an investigation of the 
 causes on which the climate of a place depends. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 eLI'M.\-TURE, 71. A climate. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 CLI'M.XX, 71. [Gr. a scale or ladder; L. 
 
 climax, [lerliaps from the root of the \V, llamu, to 
 step, stridir, leap. Ham, a step, stride, leap, Ir. Ici- 
 7I1II7I, Irim, or from the root of climb.] 
 
 1. Grail.atioii ; ascent ; a figure of rhetoric, in 
 which a sentence rises, as it were, step by step ; or 
 in which the expression which ends one member of 
 the period begins the second, and so on, tdl the pe- 
 riod is finished; as in the following: "When we 
 have practiced good actions a while, they become 
 easy; and, when they are easy, we begin to take 
 pleasure in thein ; and, when they please us, we do 
 them frequently; and, by^frequency of acts, they 
 grow into a habit." Tilloisnn. 
 
 2. A sentence, or scries of sentences, in which the 
 successive meinbets or sentences rise in force, im- 
 portance, or dignity, to the close of the sentence or 
 series. Dryden. 
 
 CLIMB, (kITmc,) r. i.; preL and pp. CLitinEo, or 
 
 CLI 
 
 Clomh, but the latter is nut elegant. [Sax. diman 
 or dimhan ; D. klimmen ; G. id. The corrcs|Kmding 
 word in Dan. is klyven Sw. klifiea.] 
 
 1. To creep up by little and little, or sti'p by step ; 
 to iiioiiiit or ascend, by means of the lianda and feet; 
 to rise on any fixed object, by seizing il with the 
 hands and lilting the body, and by thrusting with 
 the feet ; as. to climb a tree or a precipice. 
 
 Attil h>> ru) ljclor« niiii eiitiibed up into a lycaitiurc-tire. — Luke 
 
 XIX. 
 
 2. To mount or ascend with labor and difficulty. 
 
 Sluik. 
 
 3. To rise or ascend with a slow motion. 
 
 BIjicIi Tapon cliinb nlofL Dryden. 
 
 4. To mount or ascend by means of tendrils or ad- 
 hesive fibers ; applied to plants. 
 
 ei.I.MR, (kliiii,) 1'. t. Til ascend by means of the 
 hands and feet, iiii|ilying labor, dilficulty, and slow 
 [irogress ; as, to climb a wall or a steeji mountain. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 2. To mount or ascend, with labor or a slow mo- 
 tion ; as, to climb the ascents of fame. Prior. 
 
 3. To mount or ascend by means of tendrils or ad- 
 hesive fibers ; applifd to plants. 
 
 CLI.MU'.\-1!LE, (klim'a bl,) a. That may be climbed. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 CLI.MB'KD, (klimd,) pp. Ascended by the use of 
 the hands and feet, or by tendrils ; ascended with 
 labor. 
 
 CLIMB'ER, (klini'er,) n. One who climbu, mounts, 
 or rises, by the hands and feet ; one who rises by la- 
 bor or elforl. 
 
 2. A plant that creeps and rises on some support. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 3. One of an order of birds that climb, as the wood- 
 pecker. They have two toes before ami two behind. 
 
 CLIMB'ER, V. i. [from dimb, or a dillcrunt orthogra- 
 phy lif dumber.] 
 To climb ; to mount with effort. [JVolused.] Tiisaer, 
 
 CLl.MB'l.N'G, ppr. or «. .\scending by the use of the 
 hands and feet, or by tendrils ; ascending with ditfi- 
 ciiltv. 
 
 CLIM'B'ING, (kllin'ing,) n. The act of ascending. 
 CLI.ME, 71. [from climate, or directly from Gr and L. 
 
 clima.] 
 
 A climate ; a tract or region of the earth ; a poeti- 
 cal word, but sometimes used in prose. [Sec Climate.] 
 Wlialevcr clime the suii'a bright circle warm*. Milton. 
 
 CLINCH, r. L [D. klinken, to clink or rivet ; klink, a 
 latch, a rivet ; Dan. klinke, a latch ; Sw. klinka ; Fr. 
 clenche; allietl to ding, link, W. elided, a latch.] 
 
 1. To gripe with the hand ; to make f;u>t by bend- 
 ing over, folding, or embracing closely. Thus, to 
 c/i»c/t a nail, is to bend the point and drive it closely. 
 To clinch the hand or fist, is to contrTict the fingers 
 closely into the palm of the hand. To clinch an in- 
 strument, is to close the fingers and thumb round it, 
 and hold it fiu^l. 
 
 2. To fix or fasten ; to make firm ; as, to clinch an 
 argument. 
 
 CLINCH, 71. A word used in a double meaning ; a 
 pun; an ambiguity; a duplicity of muaning, with 
 identity of expression. Johnson. 
 Here one poor won! a hnndrxM) clinches nuUtM. Pope. 
 
 2. A witty, ingenious reply. Bailey. 
 
 3. In seamen's language, the part of a ctble which 
 is fastened to the ring of an anchor ; a kind of knot 
 and seizings, used to fasten a cable to the ring of an 
 anchor, ami the breeching of a gun to the ring-bolts 
 in a ship's side. Mar. Diet. 
 
 CLINCH'£D, (klincht,) pp. Made fast by doubling or 
 
 embracing closely. 
 CLI.NCH'ER, 71, That which clinches ; a cramp or 
 
 piece of iron bent down to fasten any thing. Pope. 
 
 2. One who makes a smart reply. Bailey. 
 
 3. Fignratirrhi, that which makes fast. 
 CLINCirF.R-lU'iLT, ( , . .„ , I a. .Made of clincher- 
 CLIXK'ER-Bl ll.T, j t""'"'^ j work. 
 CLINCU'ER-WORK, (-wurk,) n. In ship-buiUing,\\\e 
 
 disposition of the planks in the side of a boat or ves- 
 sel, when the lower etlge of every plank overlays the 
 next below it, like slates on the roof of a house. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 CLI.\CH'I.\G, ppr. Making fast by doubling over or 
 embracing citisely ; griping with the fist. 
 
 CLI.NG, r. i ; pret. and pp. Cluxo. [.Sax. tlingan, to 
 atlherc anil to wither ; Dan. klyngrr, to grow in clus- 
 ters ; klynge, a heap or cluster. Sec the transitive 
 verb below.] 
 
 1. To adhere closely ; to stick to ; to hold fa.«t 
 upim, especially by winding round or embracing ; 
 as, the tendril of a vine dmg$ to its support. 
 
 Two thibe* of love cIo«e clinging to her waiil. Pope. 
 
 2. Toatlliere closely ; to stick to, as a riscoui sub- 
 stance, fyiseman. 
 
 3. To adhere closely and firmly, in interest or af- 
 fection ; as, men of a party ding to their eadur. 
 
 CLING, r. U To dry up, or wither. 
 
 Till buninr ctinf ihet. SVi*. 
 In Saxon, dingan is rendered to fade or wither, 
 marcesco, as well as to cling. In this sense is used 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as 7. ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 «7' 
 
I 
 
 CLI 
 
 CLO 
 
 CLO 
 
 fitrrjiiifran^ pp. fiircluntren. The nidical snnsf, then, 
 appears to bp, to contract or draw tocetlier; and di^ - 
 inji, withering, is expressed by shrinkin;;. 
 [ The latter use of the word is ob.-iolcte. ] 
 
 eLIN'G'ING, ppr. Adhering closely ; sticking to; wind- 
 ins round and holding to. 
 
 eLlNG'SToNE, n. [cling and stone.'] A variety of 
 peach, whose pulp adheres closely to the stone. 
 
 eLI.VG'Y, a. Apt to cling ; adhesive. 
 
 eLlN'ie, ) a. [Gr. •Ainvnf, from xAivr, a hed, 
 
 eLI.N'IC-AL, ( from kAikj, to recline. See Leas.] 
 In a fteneral sense, pertaining to a bed. A elimral 
 lecture is a discourse delivered at the bedside of the 
 sick, or from notes taken at the bedside, by a pliy- 
 sician, with a view to practical instruction in tlie 
 healing art. Clinical medicine is the pmctice of med- 
 icine on patients in bed, or in hospitals. A clinical 
 convert is a convert on his death bed. Anciently, 
 persons receiving baptism on their death-beds were 
 cnlU^d clinics. Core, Kncyc. Ttnjlor. 
 
 GLIX'ie, 71. One confined to the bed by sickness. 
 
 eLl.\''ie-.\L-LY, adv. In a clinical manner; by the 
 bedside. 
 
 CLI.NK, r. U [Sw. klinga; Van. klingnr, klinker : D. 
 Idiiiken: G. klingen. This seems to be a dialectical 
 orthogmphy of ctan<r, clank, I,, clanno : and, if « is 
 not radical, they coincide with clack, click, with the 
 radical -sense, to strike.] 
 
 To ring or jingle ; to utter or m.ake a small, sliarp 
 sound, or a succession of such sounds, a.s by striking 
 small metallic or other sonorous bodies together. 
 
 Prior. Qny. 
 
 CLtXK, 71. A sharp sound, made by the collision of 
 small sonorous bodies. Spenser, according to Jutin- 
 son, uses the word for a knocker. 
 
 eLINK'ER, 71. Vitreous matter which collects in fur- 
 naces where stone coal is used. 
 i>. A very hard kind of brick. 
 
 eUNK'ING, ppr. Making a small, sharp sound, or 
 succession of sounds. 
 
 CLINK'SToXE, n. [clink and stone, from its sono- 
 rousness. See Phoi^olite.] 
 
 A mineral which has a slaty structure, and is gen- 
 erally divisible into tabular masses, usually thick, 
 sometimes thin like those of argillite. Tiie cross 
 fracture is commonly splintery. Its colors are dark 
 greenish -gray, yellowish, bluish, or ash-gray ; and it 
 is usually translucent at the edges, sometimes opaque. 
 It occurs in extensive masses, often composed iif co- 
 lumnar or Uibular distinct concretions, more or less 
 regular. It is usually found among secondary rocks; 
 sometimes resting on basalt, and covered by green- 
 stone. Clraoeland. 
 
 eLl-.NOM'E-TER,7i. [Gr. «Xii/w, to lean, and pttriioi; 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the dip of mineral 
 strata. Ure. 
 eLI.N-O-.MET'Rie-AL, a. Performed by a clinom- 
 eter. 
 
 eLI.Va'UANT, (klink'ant,) n. [Fr.] Tinsel ; false 
 glitter. 
 
 eLI.Va^UANT, (klink'ant,) a. [Fr.] Ciitteiing ; dressed 
 in tinsel finery. [.Vol English.] S'liik. 
 
 CLi'O, 71. [Gr. nA iw.] In jnyi/Ki/on-y, the luuse who 
 presided over history. 
 
 eUP, V. t. [Sax. cIiipoTi; Dan. klipper ; Sw. klippn. 
 The sense seems Ut be, to strike, to cut off hy a sud- 
 di*n stroke. The Danish word signifies not only to 
 cut olf with scissors, but to wink orlwiiikle with the 
 eyes. In our popular dialect, a rii/) is a blow or stroke ; 
 as, to hit one a dip. Cut is used in a like sense. The 
 radical sense, then, is, to strike or drive with a sud- 
 den elforl, thrust, or spring.] 
 
 1. To cut off with shears or scissors; to separate 
 by a sudden stroke ; especially, to cut offthe emls or 
 sides of a thing, to make it shorter or narrower, in 
 distinction from shaving and paring, which are per- 
 formed by nibbing the instriinieiil rbwr lo the thing 
 shaved ; as, to c/(/7 the hair ; to clip wings. 
 
 But love hi\d clippfd liis wiiiji, and cm liiin sliart. Dryden. 
 
 2. To diminish coin by paring the edge. Locke. 
 
 3. To curtail ; to cut short ; as, to clip the king's 
 English. JlildLiiin. 
 
 4. To confine ; to hug ; to embrace. [I.ilUe nsrd.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 To flip it, is n vulgar phrase, in J^''rw F.nrrland, for 
 lo run with speed, and was so used in falcoiirx'. So 
 f Hi is used ; rut on, run fast. This seems lo be the 
 meaning of Dryden : — 
 
 S'nii^ fulon ilnwpt At whit hT eye desiyiied. 
 And, widi h'-r r,,^Tii-M lit.- (iiiiirry inu*i-d, 
 8tr4ijrtit t\ f* cTt'-ck, mid cli/ii il duM ii tlio wind. 
 
 This sense would seem to be allied to that of leap. 
 eiJP, 71. A blow or stroke with the hand ; as, he hit 
 him a clip. [.Vew KngUirul.] 
 
 2. An embrace ; that is, a throwing the arms 
 round. Sidney. 
 
 3. A sheep. nhcaring. 
 
 4. The product of sheep-shearing ; ns, there will bo 
 n large c/i;i this year. Forbij. This ih retained in 
 New i'.ngland. 
 
 eMI"PA.'l), / «>. or o. (;iit off; rut short; curtailed; 
 CI.II'T, I diminished by paring. 
 
 eLIP'PP'R, 71. One wlio clips ; especially one Who 
 
 cuts oir tile edges of coin. .Addison. 
 2. A vessel built for fast sailing. 
 eLIP'PING, ppr. Cutting off or shortening with 
 
 shears or scissors ; diminishing coin by paring off 
 
 the edges ; curtailing. 
 eLIP'PING, 71. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or 
 
 diminishing. 
 
 2. That which is clipped off ; a piece separated by 
 clipping. Locke. 
 
 CLfQUE, (kleek,) 71. [Fr.] A narrow circle of per- 
 sons ; a party ; used commonly in a had sense. 
 
 eLIV'ERS, 71. A plant, tlie Galium aparine ; called 
 also goose-grass, or hairiff. It has a stpiare, rough, 
 jointed stem; the joints hairy at the base, with, 
 eight or ten narrow leaves at each joint. Encyc. 
 
 eLIV''I-TY, 71. Inclination; ascent or descent. 
 
 CLOAK, ) 71. [Sax. loch; O. laJicn. In Chaucer, /ate 
 
 CLoKE, ( is cloth.] 
 
 1. A loose outer garment worn over other clothes, 
 both by men and women. 
 
 a. A cover; that which conceals; a disguise or 
 pretext ; an excuse ; a fair pretense. 
 
 ei.O AK, j V. t. To cover with a cloak. 
 
 CLoKE, ( 2. To hide ; to conceal; to use a false 
 covering. Spenser. 
 
 GLoAK'-BAG, jt. A bag in which a cloak or other 
 clothes are carried ; a portmanteau. 
 
 GLoAK'ED, (klokt,) pp. Covered with a cloak; 
 concealed under an external covering. 
 
 eLOAK'ED-LY, adv. In a concealed manner. 
 
 CLoAK'ING, ppr. Covering with a cloak; hiding 
 under an external covering. 
 
 CLO'C 1 1 A RD, 71. [from clock, Fr. cloche.] 
 
 A belfry. [JVoi used.] Weever. 
 
 CLOCK, 71. [Sax. clugga, clucga; D. klok ; G. kUicke ; 
 Dnn. klokke : Sw. klocka; Ft. cloche : Arm. cloch, or 
 deck; Ir. clog; \V. clue; properly, a bell, and named 
 from its sound, from striking. It coincides in origin 
 with clack and cluck, L. glucio, Ch. jSj. Class Lg, 
 No. 27. See Cluck.] 
 
 1. A machine consisting of wheels moved by 
 weights, so constructed, th.at by a uniform vibration 
 of a pendulum, it measures time, and its divisions, 
 htiurs, minutes, and seconds, with great exactness. 
 It indicates the hour by the stroke of a small ham- 
 mer on a bell. 
 
 The phrases, what o'clock is it? it is nine o'clock, 
 seem to be contracted from wliat of the clock 7 it is 
 nine of the clocli. 
 
 2. A figure or figured work in the ankle or side of 
 a stocking. Swift. 
 
 CLOCK, V. t. To call. [See Cluck.] 
 
 CLOCK'-.MaK-ER, 71. An artificer whose occupation 
 is to make clocks. 
 
 CLOCK'-SET-TER, 71. One who regulates the clock. 
 [J*i\it ujte4,]^ Shak. 
 
 GLOCK'-WoRK, 71. The machinery and movements 
 of a clock ; or that part of the movement which 
 strikes the hours on a hell, in distinction Irom that 
 pait which measures and exhibits the time on the 
 face or dial-plate, which is called teatch-icnrk. Encyc. 
 2. Well-adjusted work, with regular movement. 
 
 CLOD, 71. [D. klait, a clod; G. klnts ; Dan. t/(i<is ,■ 
 Sw. Wo(, a log, stock, or stump ; Dan.AWfi; Vi.kluiit, 
 a ball ; G. loth, a ball ; D. Inod, lead, a ball ; Sw. and 
 Dan. lod, id. ; VV. cinder, a heap. Clod and clot seem 
 to be radically one w'ord, signifying a mass or lump, 
 from collecting or bringing together, or from condens- 
 ing, setting, fixiug. In Sax. clud, a rock or hill, may 
 be from the same root. See Class Ld, No. 8, 9, 10, 
 16, 2i;, 3.5, 35, 40. Uu. Gr. k'S^.i'Ji.,, to form a hall. | 
 
 1. A hard lump of earth of any kind ; a mass of 
 earth coln^ring. Bacon. Dryden. 
 
 2. A lump or mass of metal. [Little used.'\ Milton. 
 
 3. Turf; the ground. Swift. 
 
 4. That which is earthy, base, and vile, as the 
 body of man compared to iiis soul. .Milton. Bnrnrl. 
 
 5. A dull, gross, stupid fellow ; a dolt. Dryden. 
 fi. Any thing concrettMl. Came. 
 
 GLOD, V. i. To collect into concretions, or a thick 
 mass ; to coagulate ; as, clodded gore. Milton. 
 [Sec Clot, which is more generally used.] 
 GLOD, I', t. To pelt with clods. 
 
 GLOD'DY, a. Consisting of clods ; abounding with 
 clods. 
 
 2. Earthv ; mean ; gross. Shak. 
 GLOn'lIOP PER, n. A clown ; a dolt. 
 GLOD'PATE, 71. A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thick- 
 skull. 
 
 CLOI)'PaT-ED, a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. MuthnoU 
 GLOD'POLL, 71. A stupid fellow ; a dolt ; a block- 
 head. Shak. 
 GLOG, r. U [W. cltg, n lump ; eliig, n swelling, 
 roundness ; clog, a large stone ; Ihc, a mound, a 
 dam ; llog, an augment ; llogi, to make compact, to 
 hire, L. loco; Ir. loe, a stop; locaiin, to hinder. 
 These coincide with Eng. lock, in primary sense, or 
 may be from the saiiu; root. Ihit clog, though of the 
 same family, seems not to be directly derived from 
 either of these words.] 
 
 1. To load or fill with stnnething that retards or 
 hinders motion ; its, to clog the channel of a river; 
 to clog a passage. 
 
 a. To put on any thing that encumbers, with a 
 view to hinder or restrain leaping ; to shackle as, 
 to clog a beast. 
 
 3. To load with any thing that encumbers; to 
 burden ; to embarrass ; as, to clog commerce with 
 impositions or restrictitms. .^tblison, 
 
 4. To obstruct natural motion, or render it diffi- 
 cult ; to hinder ; to impede. 
 
 GLOG, r. i. To coalesce ; to unite and adhere in a 
 cluster or mass. 
 
 Move it suiiietimps with a broom, that the seeds c/o? not to 
 ther. KotUjn. 
 
 2. To form an accretion ; to be loaded or encum- 
 bered with extraneous matter. 
 
 The teeth of the saw will hejiii to clog. 
 
 Sharp. 
 
 GLOG, 77, Any thing put upon an animal to hinder 
 motion, or leaping, as a piece of wood fastened to 
 his les. 
 
 2. An encumbrance; that which hinders motion, 
 or renders it dillicult ; hiiiderance ; impediment. 
 
 Slavfry is the greatest c^og to speculation. Stri/t. 
 
 3. [Uu. Fr. claque; Sp. and Port, galnchn ; Arm. 
 galoig.] A term applied to overshoes with thick 
 soles of leather or wood for wet weather. 
 
 4. A wooden shoe. [ProrAncial in England."] 
 GL0G'G/.;D, (klogd,) pp. or n. Wearing a clog; 
 
 shackled ; obstructed ; loaded with encumbrance. 
 CLOG'GI-NESS, n. The state of being clogged. 
 GLOG'GING, ppr. Putting on a clog ; loatling with 
 
 encumbrance ; obstructing ; impeding. 
 GLOG'GY, a. Tliat clogs, or has power to clog ; 
 
 thick ; gross. 
 
 GLOIS'TER, 77. [Fr. cloitre i Sax. claustr, or cluster; 
 Arm. claustr, or clnestr; Sp. claiistro ; It. clamtro, or 
 chiostro ; D. klooster ; G. kloster ; Dan. and Sw. klos- 
 trr ; W. claws, cl'rys ; Ir. clabhstur; L. claustrum, 
 from claiisus, pp. of claudo. See Eng. Close.] 
 
 1. Literally, a close ; a close or inclosed place. A 
 monastery or nunnery ; a house inhabited by monks 
 or nuns. 
 
 a. In architecture, an arcade or colonnade around 
 an open court. 
 
 3. In a more limited sense, the principal part of a 
 regular monastery, consisting of a square, erected 
 between the church, the chapter-house, and the 
 refectory, and over which is the dormitory. The 
 proper use of the cloister is for the monks to meet in 
 for conversation. The cloister is square, and has its 
 name from being inclosed on its four sides with 
 buildings. Hence, in architecture, a building is said 
 to be in the form of a cloister, when there are build- 
 ings on each of the four sides of the court. Encyc. 
 GLOIS'TER, V. L To cenfine in a cloister or monas- 
 tery. 
 
 a. To shut up; to confine closely within walls; 
 
 to immure ; lo shut uji in retirement from the world. 
 GLOIS'TER-AL, a. Confined to a cloister; retired 
 
 from the world ; recluse. Sometimes shortened into 
 
 Cloistral. fValton. 
 GLOIS'TER-iH), pp. Shut up in a cloister; iuliabit- 
 
 ing a monastery. 
 
 2. a. Solitary ; retired from the world. Shak. 
 
 3. Built around, as a court ; inclosed. fVntton. 
 GLOIS'TER-ER, 7i. One belonging to a cloister. 
 GLOIS'TER-ING, ppr. Shutting up in a monastery ; 
 
 confining; secluding from the world. 
 GLOIS'TRESS, 71. A nun ; a woman who has vowed 
 
 religious retirement. [Little used.] Shak. 
 CLoKE, 71. See Cloak. 
 CLoKE'-BAG, 71. See Cloak-Bao. 
 GLOAin, prit. of Climr. 
 CLON(;, old part, of Cling. 
 
 GLON'IC, a. [Gr. aAuius, a shaking or irregular 
 motion.] 
 
 Shaking; convulsive; irregular; as, cJo7iic spasm. 
 
 Core. 
 
 Clonic spasm, is that in which the muscles or mus- 
 cular fibers contnirt and relax alternately, in quick 
 succession, producing the appearance of agitation, as 
 in epilepsy ; used in eimtradistinction to t«7iic spasm. 
 
 GLOO.M, V. t. [Sax. cla-man.] 
 
 To close with glutinous matter. [Local.] Mortimer. 
 
 GLoSE, (klo/.e,) 11. (. [Ft. clos ; Arm. verb closa, or 
 closein ; part. clii.iet ; from the L. participle clau.tus,of 
 claudo, to shut; Fr. clorrc ; It. chnidrre ; chiiLio ; D. 
 kluis, an iiiclosure. The D. sluiten, G. scJilics.-'en, 
 sehloss, Dan. .'^hitter, Sw. slula, are from the same 
 root, with a prefix. Gr. kScho, for kXh^om, whence 
 «Arif, a kt'y, clavis, that which shuts or f:istens ; VV. 
 claws, clwys,a close, a cloister; Sax. /i/iV/, a lid, the 
 shutter ; hlidan, lo cover ; Ir. cltithim, clitdainu See 
 Cl.ass Lil, No. 1, 8, i), 10.1 
 
 1. To shut ; to make fast by pressing together, or 
 by stopiiiiig an open place, so as lo intercept a pas- 
 sage, in almost any nianiier ; as, to close the eyes , lo 
 close a gale, door, or window. In these and other 
 cases, closing is performeil by bringing an object be- 
 fore the opening. To close a book, is to bring the 
 [Kirts logi thi'r. 
 
 The I.onl hath closed y-iiir eves. — If. jix\x. 
 Me cloirti the l)oi>k. — l.iike iv. 
 
 2. To end ; to finish ; to ctmclude ; lo complete ; 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fj\LL, WHAT MP.TE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, ItlRI). — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLK, llpQK.— 
 
CLO 
 
 CLO 
 
 CLO 
 
 to bring to a period ; as, to close a karj^aiii, or con- 
 trdCL 
 
 One fritjf.il iiipp<T did trnr itudW clo*e. Oryten. 
 
 3. To unite, as IIil- parts of a breach or fracture ; 
 to make whole ; to consolidate ; often followed by up. 
 
 The Lonl clottil up llif tli-sh iimlfml (h'-rt-ot. — CJ-'il. ii. 
 
 4. To cover ; to inclose ; to encompass ; to over- 
 whelm. 
 
 The ilejitlu closed me round nlwni. — Joii;\h 11. 
 
 5. To incU)se ; to confine. [See Fnclose.] 
 
 fi. To move or bring together ; to unite separate 
 bodies or parts ; as, to doxr tin? ranks of an army. 
 Cl.fisr., e. i. To unite ; to eoab sce ; to come together, 
 as the part-! of a wound or fracture, or parts separa- 
 ted ; often followed by tin or u/imu 
 
 The I'tt f/ojfef/ ttjion tU'? Iil.i.lr. — Jiid^s iif. 
 The rarlh doted upon ihi-in. — Num. xvi. 
 Q. To end ; to termin.ate, or come to a period ; as, 
 the delate cloMil at six o'clock. 
 
 To close on m upon ; to come to a mutual agreement ; 
 to agree on or join in. 
 
 Kr»iice «nd Ilnlland might clofe tipou wine nieasur-s to our 
 di»advauui*e. Tein}tte, 
 
 To close vith ; to accede to ; to cimsent nr agree to ; 
 as, ti» close with the terms proposed. When followeti 
 by the person with wlumi an agreement is made, tt) 
 make an agreement with \ to unite with ; as, to close 
 with an enemy. 
 
 He toolt the lime when RiclmnI w;a depoied, 
 
 And high and low xeiljx li.»p[»y Harry cloied. Drtjden. 
 
 Ill this sense, to close in with is less elegant. 
 
 To close with : ) to unite ; to join closely ; to gra|>- 
 
 To close in inith ; \ pie, as persons in a contest ; 
 
 applied to wrestlers, w hen they come to close eiii- 
 
 bnee for scutHing. 
 CI.CSK, H. An inclosed place ; any place surrounded 
 
 by a ff-nce or other body which defends or eoiilines 
 
 it, iKirticiilarly a small field, or )Hirtion of land. 
 
 3. (Conclusion; tenninalifm ; final end ;' as, the 
 close of life ; the close of day i>r night. 
 
 X A temporary finishing; a pause; rest; cessa- 
 tion ; interinissitui. 
 
 .At every ehse she mad--, Ih' atl' ndiutr thron* 
 R.-ji]i''d, and Iwn* 'If hupli-ii ul tlie song. Vryden. 
 
 4. The manner of shutting. 
 
 Tlie door* ol planK were ; their dote cxqiirsite. tjbnjmian. 
 
 5. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon. 
 CLOSE, a. Shut fast ; light ; made fast, so as to have 
 
 no opening ; as, a close box ; a close vi/.nrtl. « 
 
 2. Having parts firmly iiiiitetl; coniinct ; dense; 
 applied to solid siibslaiices of any kind ; as, the close 
 texture of wiK)d or ineliil. 
 
 3. H.aViiig pans firmly adhering ; viscous ; tcna 
 cioiis ; a.s oil, or glue. IVilkins. 
 
 4. Confineil ; stagnant ; without ventUatioii or mo- 
 tion ; .as, close air. 
 
 5. Confined ; retired. •■ 
 
 While David kept himaeU cbMe. — I Chron. xii. 
 
 R. Hid ; private ; secret ; as, to keep a purjMise close. 
 JVum. V. l.uke ix. 
 
 7. Confined within narrow limits ; narrow ; as, a 
 close alley. 
 
 8. Near ; within a small distance ; as, a chse fight 
 or action. 
 
 9. Jttined ; in contact, or nearly so ; crowded ; as, 
 to sit close. 
 
 10. Compressed, as thtaiglits or words ; hence, 
 brief; cttiicise ; op|H).sed Ut loose or di^ff'iLse. 
 
 Wher*? the Ofi^n.U tt dote, nu veniun can rr.ach It in the 
 9.(me OH^p^lU. Drytlen. 
 
 1 1. Very near, in place or time ; adjoining, or near- 
 ly so. 
 
 I SAW him come dott to the nun. — Dan. viii. 
 They i.iilptl dote hy Cr»*te. — Acu xxvii. 
 Some dire niijlortnne loliowi clott iK^tiind. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 12. Having the tpiality of keeping secrets, thoughts, 
 or designs; cautions; as, a close minister. Hence, 
 in friendship, trusty ; confidential. Shak. 
 
 l:i. Having iin appearance of concealment ; iniply- 
 iiig art, craft, or wariness ; as, a close aspect. Skak. 
 
 H. Intent; fixed; .attentive; pressing uptm the 
 object; as, to give close attention. 
 
 Keep your mind or thou^^hu dote to the busineu or iinl>)ect. 
 
 LMCke. 
 
 I. '). Full to the iKiinI ; home ; pressing ; as, a close 
 argument ; bring the argument close to the iiiieslitm. 
 
 Dnjtlen. 
 
 Ifi. Pressing ; earnest ; warm ; as, a r'<>-r iti-bale. 
 IT. Confined ; secluded fnuii commuiiication ; :ls, 
 n close pris^tner. 
 
 18. Covetous i penurious ; not libenl ; as, a close 
 man. 
 
 19. Applied to the weather or air, close, in jHipiilar 
 language, denotes warm ami damp, cloudy or foggy, 
 or warm and relaxing, occasioning a sense of las.-ii- 
 tiide and depressiim. Perhaps, origiii.allv, confined 
 air. / 
 
 9(1. Piririly adhering to the original ; as, a close 
 Iriiislatiiin. 
 
 •21. In hrraUlry, drawn in a coat of arms « itli the 
 wings close, and in a standing i>osture. Bmlrii. 
 
 Close election ; an election in which the votes for 
 the ditlerent canilidates are nearly eipLd. 
 
 Close vole: an election iii which llie number of 
 votes forditTeri iit persons or dill'i rent sidt^sof a ipies- 
 tion is nt;arly equal. 
 ei-oSI'J, nilo. Closely; nearly; dense.y; secretly; 
 pressiugly. 
 
 B'hinil her death 
 Clote followed pace for pace. Milton. 
 
 ei.oSE'-IIANU-EO, a. Being in close order ; closely 
 united. Milton. 
 
 ei.oSE'-nXR-RED, o. Made close by bars; firmly 
 closed. 
 
 CLOSE'-non-I-iCn, (-Imd-id,) a. Fitting the body ex- 
 
 actlv ; .setting close, as a garment. Jltjliffc 
 eLOS'E-C().M-MC.\'IO.\, n. The practice, in some 
 
 sects, of admitting none even to occasitmal comniiiii- 
 
 ion at the Lord's supper, except those who embrace 
 
 the distinctive peculiarities of the sect. 
 
 Close communion ; with Bapti-'ts, coniintinion in tin? 
 
 Lord's supper with their own sect tmly. 
 ei.oSK'-CO.M-PACT'EU, a. Being in compact order; 
 
 comprict. Jidilison. 
 eL6SE'-C()R-PO-RA'Tin.\, 71. A body or corpora- 
 
 titui which fills its own vacancies, and is not open to 
 
 the public. 
 
 CLOSE'-COUCH-ilD, (-koucht,) a. Ciuitc concealed. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 ei.f)SE'-CUR'T.\I.\-£D, a. Inclosed or surrounded 
 with ciirliiins. Milton. 
 
 ei.oSE'-FIST-EI), a. Covetous; niggardly. Berkeley. 
 
 CI.dSF.'-II ANO-El), n. Covetous; penurious. Ualc. 
 
 ei.f)SE'-II A.ND'ED-.NESS, n. Covettmsness. IloUjday. 
 
 CLoSE'-HAUL-AI), a. In seamanship, having tlie 
 tacks or lower corners of the sails ilrawii close to 
 the siile to winilward, and the sheets hauled close 
 aft, in sailing near the wind, i. e., near that point 
 from which the wind blttws. Encifc. 
 
 ei.tVE'-PE.N'T, a. Shntebise. Dn/d'en. 
 
 CI.OSE'-tiCAR'TERS, n. pi. Strong barriers of wood 
 iiseil in a ship for deftuise when Ihe ship is boartled. 
 Hence, to come to close quarters, is to come into tlirect 
 ctmtact with an enemy. Mar, Diet. 
 
 ei.f")SE'-SII UT, a. Shut closely. 
 
 ei.riSE'-S'l'OOL, n. A chamber utensil for the con- 
 venience of the sick and infirm. 
 
 eLOSE'-T0.\(;U-/;i), (-tuugd,)a. Keeping silence ; 
 cautious in speaking. Shak. 
 
 CLoS'KD, pp. or a. Shut; inadefa.st; ended; con- 
 chideil. 
 
 CLt^SE'l^Y, aih\ In a close, compact manner ; with 
 the parts united, or iiressed together, so as to leave 
 no vent ; as, a crucible closely luted. 
 
 2. Nearly ; with little s|iace intervening ; applied to 
 space or time ; as, to follow closely at one's heels ; one 
 event follows closely upon antrtlier. 
 
 3. Intently ; attentively ; with the mind or thoughts 
 fixed ; with near inspection ; as, to look or attend 
 closely. 
 
 4. Secretly ; slily. [JVut much used.] Carm. 
 
 5. With liear alfectitm, attachment, tir interest ; in- 
 timately ; as, men closely connected in friendship ; 
 nations closely allied by treaty. 
 
 0. Strictly ; within close limits ; without commu- 
 nicatitm abnad ; .as, a prisoner closely cttiifined. 
 
 7. With strict adherence to the origiiuU ; as, to 
 tninslate closely, 
 CLo.^E'.N'ESS, ju The state of being shut, pressed ttv 
 gether, or united. Hence, accortliiig to the nature of 
 tlie thing to which the word is ajiplied, 
 
 2. Coin|»acliiess ; solidity ; as, tlie closeness of text- 
 ure in wtKKi or ftissils. Bacon. 
 
 3. Narrowness ; straitness, as of n place. 
 
 4. Tightness, in building, or in a|iartinents ; firm- 
 ness of texture, in cloth, fitc. 
 
 5. Want of ventilation ; applied to a close room, or 
 to the air confined in it. Sirijl. 
 
 G. Confinement or retirement of a person ; recluse 
 ness ; solitude. Slmk. 
 
 7. Reserve in intercourse ; secrecy ; privacy ; cau 
 titm. Bacon, 
 
 8. Covctoiisness ; penurit)usness. .Addison, 
 
 9. Cimnectiim ; near uiiiim ; intimacy, whether of 
 friendship t>r of interest ; as, the closeness of friend 
 ship, or of alliance. 
 
 10. Pressure ; urgency ; variously applied ; as, the 
 closeness of an argument, or of debate ; the closeness 
 of a tpiestioii or intpiiry. 
 
 11. .Adherence to an original ; as, the closeness of a 
 version. [ishes, 
 
 ei.oS'ER, n. A finisher; one that concludes or fin 
 2. A piece of brick used to citwe a course of brick- 
 CI.OS'EU, rt. ; c(;fn/i. of Close. .Mtjre close. [work, 
 Cl.oS'ES'r, a. ; snperl. of Close. Most close. 
 ei.oS'ET, II. .V small rtKini or aparimenl for retire 
 meiit ; any room for privac)'. 
 
 \Vh--n tliou pr.iy<-»t, enter into thy dotet. — Matt. vi. 
 
 2. An apartment for curiosities or valuable things. 
 
 Drydrn 
 
 3. A small, close apartment, or recess, in the side 
 of a rt>tmt, for rept>siting utensils and furniture. 
 
 CLOS'ET, p. f. To shut tip in a closet ; (o ctuieeal ; to 
 take into a private apiirtmenl for ctuisultation. Saift, 
 CI..()S'ET-EI), pp. Shut up III a closet ; concealed. 
 
 CliOS'ET-ING, pjw. Shutting up in a private room; 
 concealing. 
 
 eLOS'E'l'-SIN, (kloz'et-sin,) tu Sin committed in 
 privacy. Bp, Hall. 
 
 CI'OSII, n. A disease in the feet of cattle, called also 
 the founder. Bailey. 
 
 CI.CS'l.NG, ppr. Shutting ; coalescing ; agreeing ; end- 
 ing. 
 
 Cl.riS'l.Vn, a. That ends or concludes; as, a closing 
 woril or letti^r. 
 
 ei.o.«'IN'(i, n. End ; period; conclusion 
 
 ei.OS'nitE, (kia'zhur,) n. The act of slmttiug; a 
 closing. Boyle. 
 
 2. That which doses, or shuts ; that by which sep- 
 arate jiiirls are fasleneil or made to adhere Pope. 
 ;t. Iiu lo-^iire ; that which confines. SAiiA-. 
 4. Com liisiiui. Shak. 
 
 ei.OT, II. (See Ci.oo.] A concretion, particularly of 
 soft or llnid matter, which concretes into a mass or 
 Itiriip ; as, a clot of blooil. Clod anil clot a|ipi'ar to be 
 radically Ihe same woril ; but we usually apply clod 
 to a hard mass of earth, and clot to a mass of solXer 
 substances, t>r (liiiils coiicrel<;il. 
 
 ei.d'i", V. i. To concrete ; to coagulate, as soft or fluid 
 matter, into a thick, inspissated mass ; as, milk or 
 bltuid clots. 
 
 2. To form into clots or clods ; to adhere ; as, clot- 
 ted glebe. Philips. 
 ei.OT'-HTRI), n. The common fEnanthe or English 
 CI.<)'I''-BI'R, II. [V,. klctte.] Burdock. [ortolan. 
 CEOTII, (klotli or klawth,) n. [Sax. c/.i(A ; 1). kleej, 
 cloth, and klmtrn, lo clothe ; (J. kleid, klridrn ; Sw. 
 klaile, kla^la; Dan. kla'de, klrder, 'I'he plural is regu- 
 lar. Cloths ; but when it signifies garments, it is writ- 
 ten Clothes.] 
 
 1. A mauiitactiire or stuff of wcmiI or hair, or of 
 colton, ll-iv, hemp, or other vegetable filaments 
 formed by weaving or intertextiire of tlireail-t, antl 
 used ftir garments or ol-lier covering, and for variinis 
 other pur|K>>es ; as, woolen clotli, linen cloth, cotton 
 cloth, li.tir clotli. 
 
 But cloth is tdlen useil for a fabric of wotd, in con- 
 tradistiiiclion to that made tif other material. 
 
 2. The covering of a table ; usually called a table- 
 cloth. Pope. 
 
 3. The canvas on which pictures are drawn. \_J\,'ot 
 used.] Dryden. 
 
 4. \ texture or covering put to a particular use ; as, 
 a cloth of state. Huyward, 
 
 5. IJress ; raiment. [See Clothes.] 
 
 ril ne'er distrust my God lur doth and hn:ad. Qtiarlei. 
 
 6. The covering of a bed. [.Yot its/i/.] Prior, 
 
 7. The cloth, is familiarly usetl for the cliTical profes- 
 sion tir clerg)' ; so we say, a |>erson of your c/o//i. Smart, 
 
 CI.(")'i'UE, V, t, ; prcL and pp, Clotheo or Clad, [.•^ee 
 Cluth.] 
 
 1. To put on garments ; to invest the body « ith 
 raiment ; lo cover with tlress, for etincealing naked- 
 ness and defending the body from cold or injuries. 
 
 Th<- I.or.1 tiiMl Ilia.!-- co-u* of tikin and cloOied th'-in. — tien. iii. 
 
 2. To cover with something ornamental. 
 
 Knihroiden-d purple doUtet the g-ilil'-n Ijeds. Pope. 
 
 But clothe, without the aiil of other words, seliloin 
 signifies to adorn, in this example from Po|k>, it sig- 
 nifies merely lo cover. 
 
 3. To furnish with raiment ; to provide with clotlics ; 
 as, a master is to feed and clothe his apprenlict*. 
 
 4. To put on ; to invest ; to cover, as with a gar- 
 ment ; as, to clotlic thoughts with words. 
 
 1 will riotlie her priesm with ■-dvation. — P». exxxii. 
 Urow»in«-» sliall eloUie a man wiili — Prov. xxiii. 
 I.ei thcni he dolhed with Khaine. — xxxv. 
 
 5. To invest ; to stirrtinnd ; to encompass. 
 
 The Lord id doOieft with majesty. — P». xciii. 
 Thou art eloUied with honor ami in.aj.-»ty. — Pi. ei». 
 
 G. To invest ; to give to by commission ; as, to 
 chditr Willi fiowi-r or authority. 
 
 7. To covi-r or spreatl over; as, the earth is riothcd 
 ei.oTliE, V. i. To wear clothe.s. [with verdure. 
 
 (.'are no in<in- to doUie and eat. Shak. 
 
 Cl.iyfll' F.U, pp. Covered with garments; dressi-d ; 
 iuvi'~teil ; fiiniislifd Willi cbithing. 
 
 ei.oTlir.i*, (klolli/. or kliV/.e,) 11. .- pi. of Cloth. Cover- 
 ing for till- human body ; dress ; vestments ; vesture ; 
 a gem ral term for whatever covering is worn, or 
 niatle to be worn, ftir decency or conil'orl. 
 
 II I may touch hul Ills rfotflir» I ahall !«■ whole. — .Mark ». 
 
 2. The covering of a betl ; hed-cltitlies. Prior. 
 CLoniE.s'-ltASK-ET, 11. A large ba:.ket for holdii.g 
 
 or carrying cliilhes. 
 ei.oTlli'.S'-liltl'SII, n. A brush for removing diisl. 
 
 &c., from i l.illis. Booth. 
 C1.6rili;s -I.I.M-;, n, a line on which chithes ate 
 
 Initio Dill III ilrv. 
 Cl.tTnri i:K,(k'lrith'yer,) n. In F.nirli.th authors, a man 
 who nia^es cloths; a maker of cloth. Johnson. 
 
 [In this sen.te, I believe, it is not used in the United 
 States; certainty not in JVeto England.] 
 
 2. In -imrrica, a man wliose occupation is to full 
 and ilress cloth. 
 €L(")TH'1.\G, ppr. or a. Covering with or putting on 
 
 TO.N'E, BCLL, qxiTE. — AX"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CLO 
 
 vestments uf any kind ; providing with garments ; 
 investing ; covering. 
 CLOTH' ING, H. GMments in general ; clothes ; dress ; 
 raiment; covering. 
 
 As for liie — my clothing was sackcloth. — Pa. xxxv. 
 2. The art or practice of maliing cloth. [Unusual.] 
 The kin^ took ine.ism^s to uistiuct U»e rel'ujcc-s from Fl.in.kTS 
 in the in ul cloUdng, Rai/. 
 
 eLOTH'-SHP:.\R-ER, n. One who shears cloth, and 
 
 frees it from supertiiioiis nap. 
 GLOTH' -VVORK-ER, ( wurlc-,) n. A maker of cloth. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 eLOT'POLL, «. A thickskull ; a blockhead. [See 
 Clodpoll.] 
 
 GLOT'TED, pp. or a. Concreted into a mass ; inspis- 
 sated ; adhering in a lump. 
 
 Clotted cream i cream olitained by warming new 
 milk. 
 
 €LO'I''TER, V. i. [from clou] To concrete or gather 
 into lumps. Dnjilni. 
 
 €LOT'TIXG, ppr. Concreting ; inspissating ; ftirming 
 into clots. 
 
 CLOT'TY, a. [from c;o(.] Fnll of clots, or small, hard 
 masses ; full of concretions, or clods. 
 
 CLOUD, 71. (I have not found this wurd in any other 
 language. I'he sense is obvious — a collection. Its 
 elements are those of clod, and Lat. claudo.] 
 
 1. .\ collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, 
 suspended in the atmosphere, at some altitude. A 
 like collection of vapors near the earth is usually called 
 fog. Locke. 
 
 I do set my bow in the cloud. — Gen. ut. 
 Behold a white doitd. — Rev. xiv. 
 
 The clouds are distributed into four fundamental 
 classes, depending on their prevailing forms, viz., 
 cumulus, stratiat, cirru.'f, and nimbus ; and three subor- 
 dinate varieties, composed of mixtures of the others, 
 viz., cirro-cumulus, cirro-stratus, and cumulo-stratus. 
 [See these words.] D. Olmsted. 
 
 2. A collection of smoke, or a dense collection of 
 dust, rising or floating in the airj us, a cloud of dusL 
 
 A cloud ot incense. — Ezek. viii. 
 
 3. The dark or varied colors, in veins or spots, on 
 stones or other bodies, are called clouds. 
 
 4. A great multitude ; a vast collection ; as, a cloud 
 of witnesses. 
 
 Seehi J we .ire encomp.Tssed with so jrcat a doud of u-itnesses. — 
 Heb. xii. 
 
 5. Firurntitrhj, a state of obscurity, darkness, or 
 danger ; as, amidst the clouds of war ; a cloud hung 
 over his character ; there was a cloud thrown over 
 their prospects. 
 
 CLOUD, r. t. To overspread with a cloud or clouds ; 
 as, the sky is clouded ; clouds intercept tlie rays uf the 
 sun. Hence, 
 
 a. To obscure ; to darken ; as, to cloud the day, or 
 truth, or reason. 
 
 :i. 'i'o darken in veins or spots ; to variegate with 
 ci)l()rs ; as, clouded marble. 
 
 4. To make of a gloomy aspect ; to give the appear- 
 ance of sullenness. 
 
 What sullen fury clouds his scornful brow. Pope, 
 fi. To sulty ; to tarnish. Shak. 
 CLOUD, V. i. To grow cloinly ; to become obscure 
 with clouds; sometimes followed by over; as, the 
 skv clouds over. 
 CLdUD'-AS-CEND'ING, a. Ascending to the clouds. 
 
 Sandys, 
 
 CLOUD'-BER-RY, ri. A plant, called also knot-bcrnj ; 
 
 Rulms chainainorus. 
 CLOUD'-BOR.N', a. Born of a cloud. Drt/den. 
 CLOUD'-CAP'J', a. [cloud and cap.] Capped with 
 
 clouds ; touching the clouds ; lofty. 
 
 Thr cloud'Capt towera. ShnJi, 
 
 CLOUD'-CO.M-PEL'LER, n. He that collects clouds ; 
 Jove. 
 
 CLOUD'-CO.M-PEL'MNG, a. Collecting clouds ; or 
 driving clouds ; as, cloud-compelling Jove. 
 
 Waller. Drydcn. 
 
 eLOUD'-eOV'ER-£D, (-kuv'erd,) a. Enveloped w ith 
 clouds. Youriff. 
 
 eLOUD'-DL«!-PEL'LL\G, a. Having power to dis- 
 perse clouds. Drijden. 
 
 CLOUD'-E-eLIPS'£D, (-e-klipst',) a. Eclipsed bv a 
 cloud. siiall. 
 
 CLOL'D'ED, pp. or a. Overcast; overspread with 
 clouds ; obsi'un d ; darkened ; rendered gloimiy or 
 eiillen ; vari' E'Hed with colored spots or veins. 
 
 eLOi;»'-EE.\(;-Kl), (-fenst,) a. I'enred with clouds. 
 
 CL<JCI)'-GTKT, ( gurt,) n. Girt with cl Is. 
 
 eLOUU'l-(,Y, ndr. [from c.loudij.] With clouds; 
 darkly ; olincurelv. Drydcn 
 
 CLOUD'I-NESS, n. The state of being overca.st with 
 clouds ; oJ, the cloudiness of the atmosphere. 
 
 Ifarvnj. 
 
 2. Obicurily ; gloom ; want of brightness. 
 
 3. Darkness of appearance; variegation of colors 
 in a fossil or other biHly. 
 
 4. Appearance uf gloom <ir sullenness ; na, chudi- 
 vtaH of aiipecl. 
 
 CLOUO'INU, ppr. or a. Overspreading with clouds ; 
 
 CLO 
 
 obscuring; giving an appearance of gloom <jr sullen- 
 ness ; variegatin<: with coUirs. 
 
 CLOUD'-KISS-LVG, «. Touching the clouds. Shak. 
 
 CLOUD'LE6S, a. Being without a cloud ; uncloud- 
 ed ; clear ; bright ; luminous ; as, cloudless skies. 
 
 CLOUD'LE.<t5-LY, ndc. Without clouds. 
 
 CLOUD'-PIkRC-ING, a. Penetrating or risinz above 
 the clouds. Philips. 
 
 CLOUD'-TOPT, a. Having the top covered with a 
 cloud. Gray. 
 
 CLOUD'-TOUCH-IXG, ( luch-ing,) a. Touching the 
 clouds. Sandys. 
 
 CLOUD'-WRAPT, (-rapt,) a. Involved in clouds. 
 
 Bowrincr. 
 
 CLOUD'Y, a. Overcast with clouds ; obscured with 
 clouds ; as, a cloudy day ; a cloudy sky ; a cloudy 
 night. 
 
 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds; as, a cloudy 
 pillar. E\. xxxiii. 9. 
 
 3. Obscure ; dark ; not easily understood ; as, 
 cloudy and confused notions. fVatts. 
 
 4. Having the appearance of gloom ; indicating 
 gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature ; not open 
 or cheerful ; as, cloudy looks. Spenser. Shak. 
 
 5. Indicating gloom or sullenness ; as, clourfi; wrath. 
 C. Marked with veins or spots of dark or various 
 
 hues, as marble. 
 
 7. Not bright ; as, a cloudy diamond. Boyle, 
 
 CL5UGH, (kluf,) B. [Sa.x. dough, a cleft.] 
 A cleft in a hill. 
 
 CLOUGH, (klof,) n. In commerce, an allowance of 
 two pounds in every hundred weight, after tare and 
 tret have been deducted, for the turn of the scale, that 
 the commodity may hold out in retailing ; often writ- 
 ten Cloff. It is little used. 
 
 CLOUT, n. [Sax. clat, a patch, a plaster, a plate, a 
 seam or joint ; Sw. A/ii( ; W. diet, a patch, a clout ; 
 dwtiaw, to patch ; Sax. gecluted, sewed together, 
 clouted, patched ; gesceod mid gecludedum scuti, shod 
 with clouted shoes. This undoubtedly signifies 
 patched shoes, for dut, in Saxon, does not signify a 
 nail. The word clout, a nail, may be from the 
 French dou, douter, from L. clavus, from the root of 
 L. claudo, cludo. Whether clouted brogues, in Shak- 
 speare, signify patched shoes or shoes studded with 
 nails, let the critiS determine. Such shoes are com- 
 mon in England, and were formerly worn in Ameri- 
 ca. The primary sense is, to thrust or put on ; hence 
 the sense of blow,] 
 
 1. A patch ; a piece of cloth or leather, &c., to 
 close a breach. 
 
 2. A piece of cloth for mean purposes. Spenser. 
 
 3. A piece of white cloth, for archers to shoot at. 
 [JVot (1010 used.] Shak. 
 
 4. An iron plate on an axle-tree, to keep it from 
 
 5. [Fr. dim, douter.] A small nail. [wearing. 
 
 6. In vulgar language, a blow with the hand. [jVcio 
 England.] Chalmers, 
 
 CLOUT, !!. t. To patch ; to mend by sew ing on a 
 piece or patch ; as, dmited shoon, in Milton. This is 
 the sense as understood by Johnson. Mason under- 
 stands the word clouted to signify nailed, studded 
 with small nails, from the French douter, and the 
 following words in Shakspeare, "whose rudeness 
 answered my steps too loud," give some counte- 
 nance to Mason's interpretation. In this case, the 
 verb clout must signify, to nail, or fasten with nails ; 
 to stud. 
 
 2. To c<iver with a piece of cloth. Spenser, 
 
 3. To join clumsily ; as, clouted sentences. 
 
 ,dsckam, 
 
 4. To cover or arm with an iron plate. 
 
 5. To strike ; to give a blow. Beaum. 
 CLOUT'ED, pp. or a. Patched ; mended clumsily ; 
 
 covered with a clout. 
 
 Clouted cream, in Qay, is evidently used for clotted 
 cream, i. e., cream obtained by u arming new milk. 
 
 Bramle, 
 
 CLOUT'ER-LY, (I. Clumsy ; awkward. Mortimer, 
 
 CLOUT'I.N'G, /)/""• Patching ; covering with a clout. 
 
 CLo'VATE, a. Ill coneholngy, an epithet applied to a 
 shell which is tliicker toward the top and elongated 
 tojvard the base. Gilbert. 
 
 GLOVE, 7Jrc(. of Cleave. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 CLOVE,;!. [D. kloof. See Cleave.] 
 
 A cU ft ; a fissure ; a gap ; a ravine. This word, 
 though properly an appellative, is not often used as 
 such in English ; but it is appropriated to particular 
 places, that are real clefts, or which appear as such ; 
 as, the Clove of Kaaterskill, in the State of New York, 
 and the Stony Clove, It is properly a Dutch vvonl. 
 
 ,/ourn, of Science, 
 
 CLOVE, n. [Sax. clufe ; Fr. dou i Sp. daro ; Port, cru- 
 ra ; from L. clavus, a nail ; so called from its resem- 
 blance to a nail. So in D. kruidnagcl, herb-nail or 
 spice-nail.] 
 
 1. A very pungent aromatic spice, the uncxpanded 
 flower-biid of tin; clove-tree, CaryophjUus, a native 
 of the Molucca Isles, 'i'he tree grows tti the si/.tr of 
 the laiirtrl, and its bark resenvbles that of the olive. 
 No verdure is seen under it. At the extremities of 
 its branches are produced vast niimbt-rs of flower- 
 buds, which are at first white, then green, and at 
 last red and hard. These arc called doves, Encyc, 
 
 CLU 
 
 y. [from cleave.] The parts into which gallic sep- 
 arates, when the outer skin is removed. Tate. 
 
 3. A certain weight; seven j>ounds of wool; eight 
 pounds of cheese or butter. [JV'ut used in JimcricaA 
 
 CLOVE-GIL'LY-FLOW-ER, n. A species of Dian- 
 thus, bearing a beautiful flower, cultivated in gar- 
 dens ; called, also, carnation pink. 
 
 JV(j(e. — Some writers suppose that u-i7(;/-_floicfr should 
 be written yii/(/-^0Mcr. But qu., is it not a corruption 
 of the French giroflc, clou de girofle, cloves ; mroflee, 
 a gilly-flower ; girofiier, a stock-gilly-flower ; L. cary- 
 ophyllits. Chancer wrote doue gilofre. Cant. Tales, 
 13,ti92. The Italians write garofano, probably for 
 garofalo ; Ann. genofies, genofien. Jtdrnson supposes 
 the plant so called from the smell of the flower re- 
 sembling that of cloves ; but it is probably from its 
 shape, the nail-flower, as in Dutch. [See Clove.] 
 
 CLo'ViiX, (klo'vn,) pp. or a. [from cleave.] Di- 
 vided ; parted. 
 
 CLo'V£N-FOOT-ED, \ a. Having the foot or hoof 
 
 CLo'V£N-HOOF-£D, \ divided into two parts, as 
 tli_e ox ; bisulc'ous. 
 
 CLoVE'-PlNK, n. The clove gilly-fiower or carna- 
 tion pink. 
 
 CLo'VER, ) n, [Sax. cla;fer-wyrt clover- 
 
 CLo'VER-GRXSS, ( wort ; G. kite ; D. klaver ; 
 Dan. klerer or klee. The Saxon word is tendered 
 also marigold and violet. The Dutch word signifies 
 a club. The name, then, signifies dub-grass, club- 
 wort, L. clara, from its flower. Dan. klcbbcr, to 
 cleave, to cling.] 
 
 A genus of plants, called Trifolium, trefoil, or 
 three-leafed, Fr. trejie. The species are numerous. 
 The red clover is generally cultivated for fodder and 
 for enriching land. The white clover is also excel- 
 lent food for cattle, either green or diy, and from its 
 flowers the bee collects no small portion of its stores 
 of honey. 
 
 To live in clover, is to live luxuriously, or in abun- 
 dance ; a phrase borrowed from the luxuriant growth 
 of clover, and the feeding of cattle in clover. 
 CLo'VER-£D, a. Covered with clover. Thomson. 
 CLOWN, 71. [L. colonus, a husbandman.] 
 1- A countryman ; a rustic ; hence, 
 
 2. One who has the manners of a rustic ; a churl ; 
 a man of coatse manners ; an ill-bred man. 
 
 Sidney. Drijden. Strift. 
 
 3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, &c. 
 CLOW'N'AGE, Ti. The manners of a clow n. [JVo( t!i 
 
 J^.^r.] B. Jonson. 
 
 CLOWX'ER-Y, n. Ill-breeding ; nistic behavior ; 
 
 rudeness of manners. [Little itsed.] L'Estrange, 
 CLOWN'ISH, a. Pertaining to or resembling clowns; 
 
 consisting of rustics ; as, a clownish neighborhood. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 2. Coarse; hard; rugged; rough; as, clownish 
 hands. Spenser, 
 
 3. Of rough manners ; ill-bred ; as, acZowniiAfellow. 
 
 4. Clumsy ; awkward ; as, a clownish gait. Prior, 
 CLOVVN'ISH-LY, adv. In the manner of clowns; 
 
 coarsely ; rude! v. 
 
 CLOWN'ISH-NESS, n. The manners of a clown ; 
 rusticity ; coarseness or rudeness of behavior ; in- 
 civility ; awkwardness. Drydcn, Locke, 
 
 CLOY, V, t, [from Fr. clouer, or the root of the word, 
 the L. dudo, claudo ; coinciding in elements with 
 glut,] 
 
 1. Strictly, to fill ; as, to cloy a harbor by sinking 
 ships ; to cloy one's couch with tears. Rich, Did, 
 
 Hence, 
 
 2. To glut, to satisfy, as the appetite ; to satiate. 
 And as the appetite, when satisfied, rejects addition- 
 al food, hence, to fill to loathing, to surfeit. 
 
 Who cm cloy the hungry eil^e of tipiictile 
 
 By bare imagination ofii tijasl ? Shak. 
 
 3. To spike up a gun ; to drive a spike into the 
 vent. Bailey, Johnson. 
 
 4. In farriery, to prick a horse in shoeing. Jl.^h, 
 [!n Vie two latter senses, I believe Oic word is little 
 
 vsed. and not at all, in .America,] 
 
 CLOY'£D, (kloyd,) pp. Filled ; glutted ; filled to sa- 
 tiety and loathing; spiked ; pricketf in shoeing. 
 
 CLOY'ING, ppr, or a. Filling ; filling to satiety or 
 disgust. 
 
 CLOY'LESS, a. That can not cloy, or fill to satiety. 
 
 CLOY'ME.N'T, 71., Surfeit; repletion beyond the "de- 
 mands of appetite, [f.ittlc used,] Shnk, 
 
 CLUB, 71. [W. clopn, clwpa, coinciding with clap, a 
 liiinp, and dob, clobyn ; G. kl'dpfel; D. klaver; Sw. 
 klublia; Dan. klubbefl,. dava. The sense is probably 
 a knob or lump, W. llwb. Hob, whence lubber. It is 
 evidently connected with cleave, to stick or cling, 
 Dan. klrbber,] 
 
 1. Properly, a stick or piece of wood, with one end 
 thicker and heavier than the other, and no larger 
 than can bo wielded with the hand. 
 
 2. The name of one of the suits of cards ; so named 
 from its figure. 
 
 3. An a.ssociation of persons who meet lynler ccr 
 tain self-imposed regulations, for the promotiim of 
 some coinint>n object, as littirature, science, hilarity, 
 politics, &c. 
 
 4. An association for the support of a club-house, 
 which see. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/yLL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 216 
 
CLIJ 
 
 CLY 
 
 COA 
 
 5. Tin- dividi'iiil of expense at a dub or sdhic iiieet- 
 llli: ; as, til |);iy oliu's club. /fuilibnui. 
 
 Club of lli rcuh^i. 'I'lu- story of llerciilcs witli his 
 club nri|.'iii.'ilc(i in the use of clubs, as woapoiis of war 
 and uthiT acliicv(.'inriit.s, nniung riiire nations, before 
 the invention of other instrnnients and the use of 
 iron. Ilrncc striking, beating, was the first mode of 
 killing; and licnce jfmiff and slay, properly sijjnifyinB 
 to .<(riAr, canic to signify to *i7/! Hercules was the 
 leader of a savage band, who wicUled the heaviest 
 dull ; and hence the club was the origin of the scep- 
 ter, which is ill the shape of a club, coinciiling willi 
 Latin sc'>io. Any hold warrior at the head of a pred- 
 atory hand was a /lercules. 
 CLUIt, K. i. [VV. clapiuiD, to form into a lump.] 
 
 1. To join, as a number of individuals, to th'^ same 
 end ; to contribute $e|>arate powers to one end, pur- 
 pose, or etfect. 
 
 Tilt frrOK^r ntoiTtf, tumbling in th(* strpnm 
 
 Of fincy, nmtily met, anil clubUd into ii dr?tim. Dryiten. 
 
 2. To pay an equal proportion of a common reck- 
 oning or charge. 
 
 CI.L'B, r. t. To unite for the .accoinplijhinent of a 
 common end ; as, to cliift exertions. 
 
 2. To niise by a proportional assessment ; as, to 
 club the expense. 
 
 3. In common parlance, to raise or turn uppermost 
 the breech or cluli of a musket ; as, the soldiers clubbed 
 their muskets. 
 
 €LU1VUKI), (kluhd,) pp. Collected into a sum and 
 averageil, as dilferent expenses, 
 2. rnited to one end or elfect. 
 ;i. t'haped like a club. JisiuL Researches, V. 91^. 
 
 4. Having the breech turned upward, as a musket. 
 .'). Heavy, like a club. Chaueer. 
 
 ei.UH'HKK, j II. One who belongs to a party, club, or 
 
 ei.rit'lil.-^T, j association. Burke. 
 
 eLl'IS'lil.N'G, ;i/>r. Joining in a club; uniting to a 
 common end. 
 
 €LU1!'-1"IST, n. A large, heavy fist. 
 
 eLUIt'-FIST-ED, a. Having a large fist. Howell. 
 
 CLUIt' rOOT, n. A short, deformed foot. 
 
 eLIJIi'-rrtrtT-ED, a. Having short or crooked feet. 
 
 eLL'll'-llfcAD-CD, a. Having a thick head. Derham. 
 
 CLLi li'-lloUSE, n. An establishment for furnishing 
 iik'als.aiid a place of rendezvous, to a select niiiiilier 
 of individuals, called loosely a club, to which addi- 
 tions can be made only by ballot. Each member pays 
 an annual tax for the support of the house, and re- 
 ceives his meals and other refreshments at their ac- 
 tual cost. Chambers^s Mag. 
 
 ^LL'B'-LAW, n. Government by clubs, or violence ; 
 the use ii'f arms, or force, in place of law ; anarchy. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 eLUn'-M.\N, n. One who carries a club. 
 
 CLUB'-MOSS, n. A kind of moss, Lijcopodium clava- 
 turn, whose minute seeds are burnt in theaters to ini- 
 it:ite lightning. Brande. 
 
 €LUI>'-ROOM, n. The .ap.artinent in which a club 
 meets. Addison. 
 
 CLUB'-RUSII, n. A genus of plants, the Scirpus. 
 
 Muhlenberg. 
 
 ei-UB'-SllAP-KD, (-shipt,) a. Shaped like a club; 
 growing thicker toward the t<ip ; clavated. Martxjn. 
 
 CLUCK, V. i. [Sax. c/occo/i ; Uan, kluliker ; Sv! . Idije- 
 ka : G. glucken ; D* ktokken ; W. cliccian, clocian ; Arm. 
 cluchat ; L. glocio ; It. chiucciare ; Sp. clucar, clorjuear : 
 Ch. jS:. CIilss Lg, No. 27. (See Clack and Clock.) 
 The Gr. is\w^<o seems to be the same word, as it 
 gives ic\io)iios; the guttural passing into <, as in 
 many Greek verbs ; and hence Fr. glousser. See 
 Uii»cj;.] 
 
 To make the noise, or utter the voice, of the do- 
 mestic hen, when silting on eggs for hatching, and 
 when coniiiieliiig her chickens. This voice, with 
 the change of the vowel, is precisely our word clack 
 and c/ticA-, and is probably an onoiualopy. [See Clack 
 and Clock.] 
 
 €LrCK, c. L To call chickens by a particular sound. 
 CLUCK'I.N'G, ppr. or a. Uttering the voice of a lien ; 
 
 calling chickens. 
 €LUCK'I.\G, n. The noise of a hen when she calls 
 
 her chickens, 
 CLCE. See Clew. 
 
 eLIJ.MP, n. [G. klump: D. klomp ; Sw. klimp : Dan. 
 klump, a lump; W. clamp. It is /iimp with a prefix. 
 It coincides with plump, and L. plumbum, lead ; as 
 the 1). loud, G. loth, Uan. lod. Eng. lead, coincide 
 with clod. It signifies a mass or collection. If m 
 13 the final radical, see Cla.ss Lm, No. 1, 4, 5, 9, L. 
 glomus.] 
 
 1. .\ thick, short piece of wood, or other solid sub- 
 stance ; a shapeless mass. Hence clamper, a clot or 
 clod. 
 
 2. .\ cluster of trees or shrubs ; formerly written 
 Plump. In some parts of England, it is an adjective 
 signifying lazy, unhandy. Bailry. 
 
 'J. 'i'he compressed clay of coal stnita, Brande. 
 
 CLU.MP'ER, r. (. To form into clumps or masses. 
 
 CLUMPS, (I [(mm clump.] A stupid felliuv ; a num- 
 skull, [yidgar.] Badey. 
 
 CLU.M'SI-LY, adc. [from clumsy.] In a clumsy man- 
 ner; awkwardly; in an unhandy manner ; without 
 readiness, dexterity, or grace. 
 
 CLITM Sl-NKSS, n. 'i'lii' quality of being short and 
 thick, and iiiiiviiig heavily ; awkwanliicss ; unhand- 
 iness ; uiigaiiiliiiess ; want of readiness, ninibleness, 
 or dexterity. Collier. 
 
 CLUiM'SY, a. [from clump, lump.] Properly, short and 
 thick, like a clump or lump. Hence, 
 
 2. Moving heavily, slowly, or awkwardly ; as, 
 clumsy fingiTs. 
 
 3. Awkward; iing:iinly ; unhandy; artless; with- 
 out readiness, dexterity, or grace ; as, a clumsy man ; 
 a clumsy fellow. 
 
 4. Ill-made ; badly constructed ; as, a clumsy gar- 
 ment ; clumsy verse. 
 
 CLUNCII, H. Among miners, indurated clay, found 
 in coal-pits next to the coal. ICirwun. Bailey. 
 
 CLUNG, pret. and pp. of ('lino, which see. 
 
 CLU.N'G, e. I. To shrink, {.mtused.] See Clino. 
 
 CLO'NI-AC, n. One of a reformed oriler of Benedic- 
 tine monks, so called from Cluni, in Uurgiindy. 
 
 CLUS'TEU, «. [Sax. cluster. It seems to be from the 
 root of close, L. clausus, cluustrum, claudo, a collect- 
 ing or crowding together; .Sw. klasa, a cluster of 
 grapes ; Dan. klase. The lat'er, in orthogra|iliy, co- 
 incide lu'arly with class. In Welsh, elms is compact, 
 neat ; elysa, to make compact ; clioys is a close.] 
 
 1. .\ bunch ; a number of things of the same kind 
 growing or joined together; a knot; as, a c/iistfr of 
 raisins. 
 
 2. A number of individuals or things collected or 
 gather<;(l into a close body ; as, a cluster of bees ; a 
 cluster of people. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 3. A number of things situated near each other; 
 as, a elu^trr of governments in Italy. J. Adams. 
 
 CLUS'TER, r. i. To grow in clusters ; to gather or 
 unite in a bunch, or bunches; as, clustering grapes. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. To collect into masses ; as, the men cluster to- 
 gether ; the cliLitcring snow. Thomson. 
 CLUS'TER, V. t. To collect into a bunch or close 
 bodv. 
 
 CLUS'TER-ED, pp or a. Collected into a cluster, or 
 
 crowd : crowded. 
 CEUS'TER-GllAPE, 71. A small, black grape. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 CLUS'TEK-LXG, ppr. or a. Growing in a cluster, or 
 in bunches ; uniting in a bunch, or in a flock, crowd, 
 or close bodv. 
 
 CLUS'TER-ING-LY, adr. In clusters. 
 
 CLUS'TKK-V, Growing in clusters. Johnson. 
 2. Full of clusters. Bailey. 
 
 CLUTCH, V. t. [This seems to be from the root of 
 Sax. irccan, to seize, whence gel*€ccan, id. If not, 
 I know not its origin. It may be allied to lock and 
 latch.] 
 
 1. To double in the fingers and pinch or compress 
 them together; to clinch. [If n is not radical in 
 clinch, this may be from the same root.] 
 
 2. To seize, clasp, or gripe with tlie hand ; as, to 
 clutch a dagger ; to clutt-h prey. Skak. Herbert. 
 
 3. To seize or grasp ; as, to clutcli the glotie at a 
 grasp. Collier. 
 
 CLUTCH, n, A griping or pinching with the fingers ; 
 seizure ; grasp. 
 
 2, A projecting tooth, or other piece of machinery, 
 for connecting shafts with each other, or witii tvheels, 
 so as to be disengaged at pleasure. IlebcrL 
 CLUTCH'KD, (kluchl,) pp. Seized; gras|ied. 
 CLUTCH'ES, II, pi. The paws or talons of a rapacious 
 animal, as of a cat or dog. 
 
 2. The hands, in the sense of rapacity or cruelty, 
 or of power. t/udibra<. StiltingJlecL 
 
 CLUTCiriNG, ppr. Seizing with the hand. 
 CLUT'TER, n. (VV. c(urfcr, a heap or pile, from clu- 
 daw, to bear, to bring togetlier, to heap. It has the 
 elements of L. claudo.] 
 
 I. .\ confused assemblage ; as, a clutter of words. 
 
 Uei 
 
 A'ltil c eliiuer Uicro 1 
 
 2, Noise ; bustle. [This sense seems allied to 
 clatter, hut it is not the sense of the word in New 
 England.] 
 
 CLUT'TER, r. t. To crowd together in disorder ; to 
 fill with things in confusion ; as, to clutter a room ; 
 to clutter the house. 
 
 CLUT'TER, V. i. To make a bustle, or fill with con- 
 fusion. 
 
 The English lexicographers explain this word by 
 noL<e and bustle, but probably by mistake. 
 CLUT'TER-i-'U, p/j. Encumbered with things in dis- 
 order. 
 
 CLI'T'TER-ING, ppr. Encumbering with things in 
 CLVI"E-ATE, a. [ L. c/y/iru.<, a shield.] [confusion. 
 
 Shaped like a Roman buckler. 
 CLYS'.Mie, a. [C.r. K\vapa.] 
 
 VVashing ; cleansing. 
 CLYS'TER, iL [Gr. hAuotijo, from ic>i\t.), to w.ash or 
 cleanse ; Ij. clyster ; U. klistccr ; G, klystier ; Fr. clis- 
 tzre ; Dan. klistecr.] 
 
 An injection ; a liquid substance injected into the 
 lower intestines, for the purpose of promoting alvine 
 discharges, relieving from costiveness, and cleansing 
 the bowel.s. Sometimes it is administered to nourish 
 and support patients who can not swallow aliment. 
 CLYS'TER-IZE, r. U To apply a clyster. 
 
 CLYS'TER-PIPE, n. A lube or pipe used for injec- 
 tions. 
 
 CI. YS'TER-WISE, adv. In the manner of a clyster, 
 CO ; a prefix, signifying witli, in conjunction, [See 
 Con.] 
 
 CO-A-CERV'ATE, v. U [L. coaeenjo; con and acerto, 
 to heap up ; acertms, a heap.] 
 
 To lii'ap up ; to pile. [Little used.] 
 
 eO-A-CERV'ATE, a. [L. eoacerratui.] 
 
 Heaped ; raiseil into a pile ; collected into a crowil ; 
 accumulated.* [f. it tie used.] Biieon. 
 
 eo-AC-ER-VA'TIO.\, n. The act of heaping, or state 
 of being heaped together. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 COACH, H. [ Fr. riicAe ; Arm. coic/i ; It. cnccAio, a coach 
 or coacli-liox ; S[). eorlie, a coach and a coasting- 
 barge ; Port, cochc ; D. koett, a coach and a couch ; G, 
 kutsclu. This word seems to be radically a couch or 
 bed, (Fr, coitehe, ctiucher,) a covered bed, on wheels, 
 for conveying the infirm.] 
 
 \ close veliicle for coiiiinodinus traveling, borne on 
 four wheels, and drawn by horses or other animals. 
 It ditlers fioin a chariot, in having seats in front as 
 well as lii^liiiid. It is a carriage of state, or for pleas- 
 ure, or for traveling. 
 
 Ilaekncy-eouch ; a coach kept for hire. In some 
 cities, they are licensed by authority, and numbered, 
 and the rates of fare fixi ii by law. 
 Miiil-coach ; a coach thai carries the public mails. 
 Slage-cnuch; a coai li that regularly convejs jias- 
 sengers from town to town. [See Staok.] 
 
 ed.AC'll, ) «. An a|iariiiii'iit in a large ship of w.ir, 
 
 CUU(;il, i near the stern, the roof of w hich is formed 
 by the poop. Mar. Diet, 
 
 CoACII, r. t. To carry in a coach, Hope. 
 
 eo.\Cll-IiO.\, «. The seat on which the driver of a 
 coacll sits. Arbiiihnot. 
 
 CO.ACH'FUL, II. .As many in a coach as it will hold. 
 
 COACir-lilKE, II. .Money paid for the use of a hired 
 coach. Dnjdcu. 
 
 CoACII'-HORSE, n, .\ horse used in drawing 
 coaches. 
 
 Co.\CH'-HOUSR, II. A house to shelter a coach 
 from the weather. fiwlfl. 
 
 CO.VCH'-,\IaK-ER, II. A man whose occupation is to 
 make coaches. Sioift. 
 
 CO.'^CH'.M A.\", n. The person who drives a coach. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Co.\Cir.M.\N-SHIP, 71. Skill in driving coaches. 
 
 .Jcni/ns. 
 
 eO-ACT', r. f. To act together. [JVot used.] S'hak. 
 
 eO-ACT'ED, pp. or a. Forced ; compelled. [jYot 
 lued.] B. Jonsuiu 
 
 CO-AC'TION, n, [Ij. coactio, coactns, cogo ; con and 
 a^'d, to drive.) 
 
 Force; compulsion, either in restraining or impel- 
 ling. South. 
 
 eO-ACT'IVE, a. Forcing ; compulsory ; having the 
 power to iiiipt l or rostr.iiu. Ralegh. 
 2. Acting in coiicurri iice. .S/i«A. 
 
 eO-ACT'I VE-LY, aiU'. In a compulsory manner, 
 
 CO-AD'JU MEN T, 71, Muliial assistance. 
 
 eO-AD'JU-TANT, a. [L. c.ii and adjutan.^; helping.] 
 Helping ; mutually assisting or operating. Philips. 
 
 CO-AD-JU'TOR, n. [L. eon and adjator, a helper ; ad- 
 jiito, to help ] 
 
 1. One who aids another ; an assistant ; a fellow- 
 helper ; an associate in operation, 
 
 2. In the canon lata, one who is empowered or ap- 
 pointed to perform the duties of another. Johnson. 
 
 '.i. In tlir Roman Catholic church, the assistant of a 
 bishop or otlii r pn late. Braiule, 
 CO-AU-JU'TOR-.s|llP, 71. State of a coadjutor ; joint 
 
 assistance. Pope. 
 CO AI)-Ju'TRIX, 71. A female assistant, SmullcU. 
 CO-.\D-J0'VAN-CY, 71. [L, con and iu//'ui-aiu ; a///'u- 
 vo, to assisL] 
 
 Joint help ; assistance ; concurrent aid ; co-opera- 
 tion, [Little u.ied.] Broien. 
 CO-AD-J O'Y ANT, n. In medicine, an ingredient in 
 a prescription designed to aid some other ingredient. 
 eO-AD'lJ-N.\TE, a. [L. coadunalus ; eon, ail, and 
 unitio, from uiiu.<.] 
 
 In botany, coadunate leaves are several, united at 
 the basi'. J'lic word is used also to diMiote one of 
 the natural orders of plants in Linnajus^s system. 
 
 Murtyn. 
 
 eO-AD-tT-NI"TION, (-nish'un,) n. [L. con, ad, and 
 U1111.S-, one.] 
 
 The union of different substances in one mass. 
 [Little used.] Hale. 
 CO-AD-VEN'TIIR-ER, n, A fellow-adventurer, 
 
 llowelt. 
 
 eO-.\F-FOR'EST, II. L To convert ground into a 
 
 forest, Howell, 
 CO-A'OENT, n. An assistant or associate in an act 
 
 ^famii. 
 
 CO-.\G-.MENT', r. U [L. coagmcnto, to join or ce- 
 ment ; con and agtnen, a compact body, from ago^ to 
 drive.] 
 
 To congregate or heap together. [A"ot used.] 
 
 GlanvUIe, 
 
 eO-AG-MENT-A'TION, 71. Collection into a m.-uss or 
 united body ; union ; conjei.4:tion. [LittU used,] 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITa— AN"GER, VI"CIOU6,--€ as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as 6H ; Til as in THIS 
 
 28 
 
 217 
 
COA 
 
 Cri-AG-MENT'ED, a. Congregated ; heaped together ; 
 
 miiteil in one mass. \L.itilt iuicii.\ Glancille. 
 eo-An q-LA-BIL'I-TY, 71. The capacity of being co- 
 
 aatiliitfd. Ure. 
 eo.AG'U-LA-BLE, a. [See Coaoulate.] That may 
 
 be concreted ; ca|)able of congealing or clianeinf! from 
 
 a li(iuid to an inspissated state ; as, cuatrulal/le lymph. 
 
 Boijte. 
 
 eO-AG'lJ-LANT, n. That which produces coagula- 
 tion. Forsyth. 
 
 €0-AG'U-LaTE, v. t. [L. coa<ralo ; Fr. coaguler : It. 
 coarriilare ; Sp. coagular. Usually considered as from 
 coi/o, am and ai^o." But probably the last component 
 part of the word is the VV. ceulaw, to curdle, the root 
 of ffclid and conceal.] 
 
 To concrete ; to curdle ; to congeal ; to cliange 
 from a fluid into a fixed substance, or solid mass ; as, 
 to coatriilate blood ; rennet coagulates milk. This 
 wor I is generally applied to the change of fluids into 
 substances like curd or butter, of a moderate con- 
 sistence, but not hard or impenetrable. 
 
 Bacon, .^rhuthnot. 
 
 t;0-AG'U-L.^TE, V. i. To curdle or congeal ; to turn 
 from a fluid into a consistent state, or fi.\ed sub- 
 stance ; to thicken. Bacon. Boyle. 
 
 €0-AG'U-La-TED, pp. or a. Concreted ; curdled. 
 
 €0-AG'U-La-TING, ppr. Curdling ; congealing. 
 
 €0-AG-1;-La'TION, «. The act of changing from a 
 fluid to a fixed state ; concretion ; the state of being 
 coagulated ; the body formed by coagulating. 
 
 .^rbulhnot. 
 
 eO-AG'U-LA-TIVE, a. That has the power to cause 
 concretion. Boyle. 
 
 eO-.\G'lJ-L.\-TOR, 71. That which causes coagula- 
 tion. jirbutknoL 
 
 eO-AG'U-LUM, n. A coagulated mass ; as curd, a 
 clot of blood, separated by cold, acid, &c. 
 
 Encyc. Coze. 
 
 eO-Al'TI, n. A species of monkey in South America. 
 eoAK. See Coke. 
 
 €oAL, 71. [Sax. coi or coll; G.kokle; D.kool; Dan. 
 knl ; Sw. kol ; Ir. ffual ; Corn, kolan ; Russ. ugot. Qu. 
 Heb. Snj. [t is from the sense of glowing, raging, 
 for in Dan. kuler signifies to blow strong.] 
 
 1. A piece of wood, or other combustible substance, 
 ignited, burning, or charred. When burning or ig- 
 nited, it is called a live coal, or burning cool, or coal 
 vf fire. When the fire is extinct, it is called charcoal. 
 
 % In Uie laniruage of chemists, any substance con- 
 taining oil, which has been exposed to a fire in a 
 close vessel, so that its volatile matter is expelled, 
 and it can sustain a red heat without further decom- 
 position. Encyc. 
 
 3. In mineralogy, -A solid, opaque, inflammable sub- 
 stance, found in the earth, and, by way of distinc- 
 tion, called fossil coal. It is divided by recent min- 
 eralogists into three species, anthracite or glance 
 coal, black or bituminous coal, ami brown coal or 
 lignite ; under which are included tn.any varieties, 
 such as cannel coal, Bovey coal, jet, &c. 
 eOAL, V. t. To burn to coal or charcoal ; to char. 
 
 Carew. Bacon. 
 
 2. To mark or delineate with charcoal. Camden, 
 [.^■t a verb, this word is little used.] 
 
 €oAL.'-Ba.SK-ET, ;i. A large basket for carrying or 
 
 measuring charcoal. 
 eO.'VL'-BLACK, a. Black as a coal ; very black. 
 
 JJryden. 
 
 CoAL'-BOX, 71. A box to carry coal to the fire. Sinift, 
 
 Co AL'-FISH, 71. A species of Gailus or cod, named 
 from the color of its back. It grows to the length 
 of two feel, or two and a half, and weighs about 
 thirty pounds. This fish is found in great numbers 
 about the Orkneys, and the northern parts of Brit- 
 ain. Diet, of J^at. Hist. 
 
 CoAL'-CART, Ti. A cart employed in conveying coal. 
 
 eftAIi'-KVji^D, a. riavinu eyes as liluck as a coal. 
 
 €oAL'-FUcLD, 71. A field for coal; a bed of fossil 
 coal. 
 
 CoAL'-FrRE, 71. A fire of which coal is the fuel. 
 
 eOAL'-FORM-A'TION, n. In geology, the formation 
 or group of strata in which coal is found. 
 
 €oAL'-IIRAV'ER, 7i. One who is employed in car- 
 rying cj}h\, and especially in discharging it from 
 
 er)AI>'-IIOD, 71. A kettle for coal. [coal ships. 
 
 €0 AL'-IIOtJSE, 71. A house or shed for keeping coal. 
 
 eOAL'-,MEAS-qRE, (kole'me/.h-ur,) ii. The meas- 
 ure used in ascertaining the quantity of coal. 
 
 eOAL'-MEAS-tlRES, ( inezh'ur/,,) n. pi. Strata of 
 coal with the attendant rocks. 
 
 eOAL'-.ME'TER, n. One appointed to measure coals. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 er)AI,'-MI.\E, 71. A mine or pit containing mineral 
 coal. 
 
 €'r)AI.,'-MI\'F,R, 71. One who works in a coal-mine. 
 eOAL'-MOUSE, 71. A small species of titmouse, with 
 
 n black head 
 €r)AI/-OF-KICE, 71. An office of a coal-dealer. 
 CfjAIZ-PIT, 71. A pit where coal in dug. In Jlmer- 
 
 ica, a place where charcoal is initde. 
 er)AI/-SC(ri'-TIJl «. a vessel for carrying coal. 
 €OAI/'-SIIIP, 71. A ship employed in transporting 
 
 coal. 
 
 C0AI>'-ST6.\E, ti. A kind of cannel coal. 
 
 COA 
 
 €OAL'-WORK, (-wurk,) n. A coalery ; a place where 
 coal is dug, including the machinery for raising the 
 coal. 
 
 CoAL'-YARD, 71. An inclosure for the deposit of coal. 
 
 €oAIj'ER-Y, k. a coal-mine, coal-pit, or place where 
 coals are dug, with the engines and machinery used 
 in dischargihg the water and raising the coal. Encijc. 
 
 eO-A-LESCE', (ko-a-less',) v. i. [L. coalesco, from 
 coaleo ; con and alesco, from uleo, or oleo, to grow.] 
 
 1. To grow together ; to unite, as separate bodies, 
 or separate parts, into one body, as separate bones in 
 an infant, or the fingers or toes. Encyc. 
 
 2. To unite and adhere in one body or mass, by 
 spontaneous approximation or attraction ; as, vapors 
 coalesce. J^avtoiu 
 
 3. To unite in society, in a more general sense. 
 
 The Jews were incapable o( coalescing with olh'T iiatiuns. 
 
 Campbell, Prelim. Dissert. 
 
 eO-A-LES'CENCE, n. The act of growing together ; 
 
 the act of uniting by natural affinity or attraction ; 
 
 the state of being united ; union ; concretion. 
 eO-A-LES'CING, ppr. Growing or coming together; 
 
 uniting in a body or mass ; uniting and adhering 
 
 together. 
 
 €0-A-LES'CENT, a. Growing together ; united. 
 eOAL'lER, ) „ f 
 eoAL'LIER, \ Coi.L.ER. 
 
 eo'A-UTE, V. t. To unite or coalesce. [JVoi in jise.] 
 
 Bulingbroke. 
 
 GO-A-LI"TION, 71. Union in a body or mass ; a com- 
 ing together, as of separate bodies or parts, and their 
 union in one body or mass ; as, a coalition of atoms 
 or particles. Bentley. 
 2. Union of individual persons, parties, or states. 
 
 eO-A-LI"TION-IST, )n. One who joins or promotes 
 
 eO-A-LI"_TIOi\-ER, \ a coalition. 
 
 Go-AL-LY', 71. A joint ally ; as, the subject of a 
 co-ally. Kent. 
 
 €oAL'Y, a. Like coal; containing coal; of the na- 
 ture of coal. Milton. 
 
 CoAiM'INGS, 71. pi. In ships, the raised borders or 
 edges of the hatches, made to prevent water from 
 running into the lower apartments from the deck. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 eO-AN-NEX', V. t. To annex with something else. 
 eO-AP-PRE-HEND', t>. t. To apprehend with another. 
 
 i Little used.] Brown. 
 -AP-Ta'TION, 71. [L. coTi and apto, to fit.] 
 The adaptation or adjustment of parts to each 
 other. Boyle. 
 eO-ARCT', ) , rr , A . ^ 
 
 ^Q.^ll^yt^^^ I ^' L^* coarcto ; con and arcto.] 
 
 1. To press together ; to crowd ; to straiten ; to 
 confine closely. Bacon. 
 
 2. To restrain ; to confine. .lyliffe. 
 eO-ARCT'ATE, a. Pressed together. Humble. 
 eO-ARC-TA'TION, 71. Confinement; restraint to a 
 
 narrow space. Bacon. 
 
 2. Pressure ; contraction. Ray. 
 
 3. Restraint of liberty. Bramhall. 
 eoARSE, a. [This word may be allied to gross, and 
 
 the Latin crassus; for similar transpositions of letters 
 are not uncommon.] 
 
 1. Thick; large or gross in bulk; comparatively 
 of large diameter ; as, coarse thread or yarn ; coarse 
 hair; coarse sand. This seems to be the primary 
 sense of the word ; opposed to fine or slender. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Thick ; rough ; or made of coarse thread or 
 yarn ; as, coarse cloth. 
 
 3. Not refined ; not separated from grosser parti- 
 cles or impurities ; as, coarse metal ; coarse glass. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. Rude ; rough ; unrefined ; uncivil ; as, coarse 
 
 5. Gross ; not delicate. [manners. 
 
 'J'he coarser tie of human law. Tlioinson. 
 
 6. Rude ; rough ; unpolished ; inelegant ; applied 
 to language. Dryden. 
 
 7. Not nicely expert ; not accomplished by art or 
 education ; as, a coarse practitioner. jlrbuthnot. 
 
 8. Mean ; not nice ; not refined or elegant ; as, a 
 coarse perfume ; a coarse diet. 
 
 e5 ARSE'LY, uf/u. Roughly; without fineness or rc- 
 fineiiii nt ; rudely ; inelegantly ; uncivilly ; meanly ; 
 without art or polish. Brown. Dryden. 
 
 eOARSE'NESS, ji. Largeness of size; thickness; 
 as, the ciiarsenrss of tiiread. 
 
 2. The ipiality of being made of coarse thread or 
 yarn ; whence thickness and roughness ; as, the 
 coarseness of cloth. 
 
 3. Unrefined state ; the state of being mixed with 
 gross particles or impurities ; as, the coarseness of 
 glass. Bacon. 
 
 4. Roughness ; grossness ; rudeness ; a]>plied to 
 manners ; as, the coarseness of a clown. (lartJt. 
 
 5. Grossness ; want of refinemi.nt or delicacy ; 
 wnnT of polish ; as, the coarseness of expression or 
 of language. L^Eitrange. 
 
 6. Aleanncss ; want of art in preparation ; want 
 of nicely ; as, the coarseness of food or of raiment. 
 
 ertAltS'ER, o. : comp. of ("oaiise. 
 CO A US' EST, fl. ; superl. of ('oarse. 
 €0-AS-SESS'OR, ii. [See Assess.] A joint assessor. 
 
 COA 
 
 eO-AS-SuME', 71. f. [con and assume.] 'I'o assume 
 something with another. IVulsall. 
 
 Go AST, II. [L. casta, a rib, side, or coast; W. cost; 
 Fr. cjtc, old Fr. coste; It. casta; Sp. casta; Port, id.; 
 D. kust ; G. kv'ste. Hence, to accost. See Class Gs, 
 No. 18, 2.% 67. The word properly signifies a side, 
 limit, border, the exterior part, from extension.] 
 
 1. The exterior line, limit, or border, of a country, 
 as in Scripture : " From the river to the uttermost 
 sea shall your coast be." Dent. xi. *' And ships 
 shall come from the coast of Chittim." JSTum. xxiv. 
 Hence the word may signify the whole country 
 within certain limits. Ex. x. 4. 
 
 2. The edge or margin of the land next to the sea; 
 the sea-shore. This is the more common application 
 of the word ; and it seems to be used for sea-coast, 
 t)ie border of the sea. Hence it is never used for 
 the bank of a river. 
 
 3. A side ; applied to objects indefinitely, by Bacon 
 and J^ewtnn. [ lliis is a correct use of Vie word, bat 
 now obsolete.] 
 
 4. The country near the sea-shore ; as, populous 
 towns along the coast. 
 
 The coast is clear, is a proverbial phrase, signifying, 
 the danger is over ; the enemies have inarched off, 
 or left tiie coast. Dryden. 
 Co.'VST, i;. i. To sail near a coast ; to sail by or near 
 the shore, or in sight of land. 
 
 The ancients coasted only in their navigation. Arbutltnot. 
 
 2. To sail from port to port in the same country. 
 eoAST, V. t. To sail by or near to ; as, to coast the 
 American shore. 
 2. To draw near; to approach; to follow. [Oiis.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 eo.'\ST'-ROCK, 71. A rock on a coast. Coleridge. 
 eOAST'-SED'I-iMENT, 71. Sediment lodged on a 
 
 coast. PhiUips, 
 COAST' ED, 7)71. Sailed by. 
 
 CoAST'ER, n. One who sails near the shore. Dryden. 
 2. A vessel that is employed in sailing along a 
 coast, or is licensed to navigate or trade from port to 
 port in the same country. In the United States, 
 coasting vessels of twenty tuns burden and upward 
 must be enrolled at the custom-house. 
 
 eoAST'ING, ppr. or a. Sailing along or near a 
 coast. 
 
 GO.'VST'ING, 71. The act of sailing along or near a 
 shore. 
 
 2. The sport of sliding down a hill-side, upon 
 sleds or sledges, in winter. [Used in the Eastern 
 States, and also in New Brunswick, where this appli- 
 cation of the word may possibly have originated among 
 the Acadians, from cole, old Fr. coste, a hill-side. — £/.] 
 
 eoAST'ING-PI'LOT, 71. A pilot who conducts ves- 
 sels along a coast. 
 
 Co.^ST'ING-TRaDE, n. The trade which is carried 
 on between the different ports of the same country, 
 or under the same jurisdiction, as distinguished from 
 foreign trade. 
 
 eoAST'ING-VES'SEL, 71. A vessel employed in 
 coasting ;_a coaster. 
 
 CoAST'WlSE, adi\ By way of or along the coast. 
 
 €oAT, 71. [Fr. colte; It. cotta; Ir. cota; Corn, liota ; 
 Pol. koti. It may be from the root of the Riiss. 
 kulayn, to cover, and be iillied to hut. The primary 
 sense may be, that which is spread over or put on. 
 But such words are sometimes from verbs which sig- 
 nify to strip, or to repel. The Gr. kivOm has the 
 like elements, but the sense seems to be, to with- 
 draw. 1 question whether coat has any connection 
 with the Sheinitic in3, Gr. x:""wi', a tunic. This 
 word in Ch. Syr. and Ar. signifies fiax.] 
 
 1. An upper garment, of whatever material it may 
 be made. The word is, in modern times, generally 
 applied to the garment worn by men next over the 
 vest. 
 
 God made coats of skin and clothed Uicnl. — G^n. iii, 
 Jacnh made Joseph a coat of many colors. — Gen. xxzvii. 
 lie shall put on the holy linen coat. — Levil. xvi. 
 Golialli w.\» armed wiili a coat ol mail.— I Sam. xvii. 
 
 2. A petticoat ; a garment worn by infants or young 
 children. Locke. 
 
 3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indi- 
 cating the order or ofticc. 
 
 Men of his coat should be mindinjr their pi-ayena. Sjiift. 
 
 So we say, " men of his clotli." 
 
 4. External covering, as the fur or hair of a beast, 
 the skin of serpents, the wool of sheep, &c. Milton. 
 
 5. A tunic of the eye ; a membrane that serves as 
 a cover ; a tegument. Derham. 
 
 6. The division or layer of a bulbous root ; as, the 
 coats of an onion. 
 
 7. A cover ; a layer of any substance covering 
 another; as, a coat of tar, pitch, or v.irnish; a ctiat 
 of canvas round a mast ; a coat of tin-foil. 
 
 8. That on which ensigns armorial are portrayed, 
 usually called a coat of arms. Anciently, knights 
 wore a habit over their arms, reaching as low as the 
 navel, open at the sides, with short sleeves, on which 
 were the armories of the knights, embroidered in 
 gold and silver, and enameled with beaten tin of 
 various colors. This habit was diversified with 
 bands and fillets of several colors, placed ulicrnately, 
 and called devices, as being divided und ccinpujed of 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE. MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 218 
 
/ 
 
 COB 
 
 si'vcial pu cea srwcd tojietticr. The representation 
 of tlit;si; IS still calli-d a coat vfaniu. 
 
 9. A coal of mull, is a piece of armor, in form of a 
 sliirt, consisting of a network of iron ring's. 
 
 10. A card ; n coat-card, is one on wliicli a king, 
 queen, or knave, is iiainted. 
 
 eOAT, V. I. 'I'a cover or spread over witli a layer of 
 any substance ; as, to coai a retort ; to coat a ceiling ; 
 to coat a vial. 
 
 2. To cover with clotli or canvas ; as, to coat a 
 mast, or a ]>nnip. 
 
 €6AT'-XU-M(.)K, n. A coat of arms ; armorial en- 
 signs. Blackstoiie. Sliftu-itoitc. 
 
 eo-Vf-exun, n. a card bearing a coated liguri', viz., 
 the king, quei u, or knave ; now corrupted into Coubt- 
 c-ARo. Smart. 
 
 CCi VV-EE', 71. A coat with short flaps. 
 
 fO VT'Kl), pp. (Covered with a coat ; loricated ; cov- 
 eri'd or overspread vvilii any tiling that defends; 
 clotlied with a iiiemhraiie. 
 
 •2. a. Having concentric coats or layers, as a bul- 
 bous root. Marlijn. 
 
 eO-.\'TI, 11. An animal of South America, resembling 
 the raccoon, but with a longer body and neck, 
 shorter fur, and smaller eyes ; the Fivcrra vasua of 
 Linnxus. 
 
 CO.^T'ING, jipr. Covering with a coat j overspread- 
 ing. 
 
 €0.\T'I.NG, n. A covering, or the act of covering ; 
 lorication ; any substance spread over for cover or 
 defense ; as, the coatinir of a rtaort or of a vial. 
 
 2. Clotli for coats ; as, merchants advertise an as- 
 sortment of coatings. 
 
 eo.\X, e. / [W. eocrii, to fondle, to cocker ; cottjr, a 
 coa.\ing, indulgence ; Sp. cocar, to make wry faces, 
 to coax. J 
 
 To wheedle; to (latter; to soothe, appi^ase, or per- 
 suade by Hattery and fondling ; to lead on by kind 
 treatment ; to bring about by management. [jJ coi- 
 
 Uiquial iPorti.] 
 
 Kstrantre. 
 
 CC>\\' EO, (koxt,) pp. Soothed or persuaded by llat- 
 
 eo.X.V'ER, II. A wlieedler ; a flatterer. [tery. 
 
 €OAX'l.\'(J, ppr. VVheedling; Haltering. 
 
 eOA.X'ING, 11. The act of wheedling or leading on 
 bv kind treatment ; managing. 
 
 eOA.\'l.\(;-lA', ado. By coa.\ing. 
 
 €OB, (1. [W. cob or cop, a top or tuft, a thump ; Or. 
 Kvfiii ; G. kopf, the head ; I), kop ; Sax. cop.] 
 
 1. The top or head ; a covetous wretch ; a foreign 
 coin. Badeij. 
 f /« tkfst senses, not used in America.] 
 a. In .America, the receptacle of the maize, or Amer- 
 ican corn ; a shoot in form of a pin or spike, on 
 which grows the corn in rows. This receptacle, 
 with the corn, is called the ear. 
 
 3. .\ sea-fowl, the sea-cob. [Tt. gabbiano, a cob, 
 sea-mew, or gull.] 
 
 4. .\ ball or pellet for fee<ling fowls. Bailey. 
 
 5. In some parts of Eugland, a spider. Old Dutch 
 kop, or koppc, a spider, retained in koppespin, spinue- 
 kop, a spider. 
 
 t). A close-built, strong, hardy kind of pony. 
 
 7. Clay mixed with straw ; as, in cob-walU, which 
 are used in constructing cottages in some parts of 
 England. 
 
 8. .\ large cobble stone. Rich. Diet. 
 COR, r. U Among sailors and soldiers, to punish by 
 
 striking the breech with a Hat piece of wood, or witii 
 a board. JMar. Did. 
 
 CO'H.^LT, n. [D. cobalt This is said to be the G. 
 kobold, a goblin, the demon of the mines ; so called 
 by miners, because cobalt was troublesome to miners, 
 and at first its value was not known.] 
 
 A metal of a reddish-gr.iy or gniyish-wliite color, 
 very brittle, of a fine, close gniin, compact, but easily 
 reducible to powder. It crystallizes in bundles of 
 needles, arranged one over another. It is never 
 found in a pure state ; but usually .is an oxyd, or 
 combined with arsenic or iLs acid, with sulphur, iron, 
 tec. Its ores are amnged under the following spe- 
 cies, viz., arsenical cobalt, of a while cohtr, pasj«ing to 
 steel gray ; its texture is granular, and when heated, 
 it exhales the odor of garlic ; gray cobalt, a com- 
 pound of cobalt, arsenic, iron, and sulphur, of a 
 white color, with a tinge of red ; its structure is 
 foliated, and its crystals have a cube for their prim- 
 itive form ; sulpliuret of cobalt, compact and massive 
 in its structure ; oxyd of cobalt, brown, or brown- 
 ish-hLick, generally friable and earthy ; sulphate and 
 atseniate of cobalt, both of a red or peach -blossom 
 color, the former soluble in \valer. The impure ox\ d 
 of cobalt is called laffer ; but when fused with three 
 parts of siliciuus sand and an nikniinc llux, it is 
 converted into a blue glass, called small. The great 
 use of cobalt is to give a permanent blue color to 
 glass and enamels upon inrt.ils, porcel.iin, and 
 earthen wares. Foureroij. Kncijc. Cleaccland. 
 Cuball-bloom : ncicular arseniate of cobalt. 
 CobaU-eTii.it; earthy arseniate of cobalt. 
 
 CO-BALT'ie, a. Pertaining to cobalt, or consisting 
 of It; resembling cobalt, or containing iu 
 
 eO'll.\I.T-I.\l';, n. A crystallized niinenif, of a silver 
 or yellowish color, composed chiefiy of the arseniate 
 and sulphuret of cobalu Dana. 
 
 coc 
 
 COB'BIXG, ji. A beating on the breech with a flat 
 
 piece of vvootl. 
 COli'lil.U, n. A small fish bo.it. tV. Scott. [Scotti.-ili.] 
 COlI'lihK, / 71. [Kug. copple. This seems 
 
 C01i'I!I,E-STo.\E, i to be of Welsh origin, VV 
 cub, a mass, n cube, or cob, cop, head, top.] 
 
 A roundish stone ; n pebble ; supposed to be a 
 fragment, rounded by tlio attrition of w.ater. We 
 give this name to stones of various sizes, from that 
 of a lien's egg or smaller, to that of large paving 
 stones. These stones are called by the Englisli 
 copple-stonrsj .and bowhlrr-stonrs, or botcltlrrs. Tlie 
 latter name is among us known only in books. 
 
 eOlt'BLE, V. t. [In Persic, jL^^j kobal, is a shoe- 
 inaker.] 
 
 1. To make or mend coarsely, as shoes ; to botch. 
 
 Shuk. 
 
 3. To make or do clumsily or unhandily ; as, to 
 cobble rhymes. Drijden. 
 eOU'BI.EIl, M. A mender of shoes. Mdison. 
 
 2. A clumsy workman. Slink. 
 
 3. A mean person. Drijden. 
 eOB'BI.ES, (kob'blz,) 71. pi. Lumps of coal from (he 
 
 size of an egg to that of a foot-ball. Brunde. 
 COB'liM.NG, ;>;)r. .Meiuling coarselv. 
 COB'HV, a. Stout ; bruk. [Ao( i7i'ii.«.] Chaucer. 
 COIi'CMj, II. A sandal worn by ladies 111 the East. 
 COli'toAI-S or COB'BLES, n. pi. Large rtjund 
 
 coals. 
 
 eO-BEL-LIG'ER-E.\T, «. [.See Belliokbent.] Car- 
 rsiug on war in coiijiiiiclion with another power; 
 ordinarily, in accordance with some previous ar- 
 rangrmeiK or sdpuhiiidii. 
 
 eo-llEL-LlG'EK K.N'l', n. A na(ion or state that car- 
 ries oil war in connection with another. 
 
 CCIIJ'I-K O.N, (kob'i-urn,) 71. [See Cob.] An andiron 
 with a knob at the top. Baron. 
 
 eO-BISII'OI', 71. A joint or coadjutant bishop. 
 
 COB'LE, 71. [Sax. cuople.] [AijUffc. 
 A boat used in the herring fishery. 
 
 eOB'LoAF, 11. [Sax. cop and loaf.] A loaf that is 
 irregular, uneven, or crusty ; applied also to personal 
 nppeanince. Qdbert. 
 
 eOli'NUT, 71. A boy's pl.ay, or a hazel-nut so called, 
 used in play ; the conquering nut. Ash. Barret. 
 
 CO-llOtJSE', II. See Caboose. 
 
 eOB'SToNE, 71. Sec Cobble. 
 
 COB'SVVAN, 71. [cob, head, and swan.] The head or 
 
 leading swan. B. Jonson. 
 
 eOU'-VVALL, 71. A wall made of unburnt clay, mixed 
 
 with straw, Brande. 
 COB'VV'EB, 71. [cob or koppc, a spider; V>. .ipinnckop ; 
 
 Sax. atter-toppa, poison spider. In Ch. is a 
 
 spider's web.] 
 
 1. The line, thread, or filament which a spider 
 spins from its abdomen ; the network spread by a 
 spider to catch its prey. Hence, 
 
 2. Any snare, implying iiisidiousncss and weak- 
 ness. Johnson. 
 
 In this sense, it is used .adjectively, or in composi- 
 tion, for thin, (linisy ; as, a cobweb law. 
 
 Drijden. Swift. 
 Or slender, feeble ; as, the cobweb thread of life. 
 
 Buckminster. 
 
 eOB'WEB-BED, (kob'webd,) a. In botany, covered 
 Willi a thick interwoven pubescence. Martijn. 
 2. Covered with cobwebs. 
 
 eOB'VVEB-Y, a. Covered wilh cobwebs. Hooker. 
 
 Co'CA, II. .\ highly stimulating narcotic, the dried 
 leaf of the KryOtroxylvn coca, a plant found wild in 
 Peru. P. Cyc. 
 
 eoC-AGXE', (kok-ane',) 71. An imaginary coiintiy of 
 idleness, luxury, and delight. Hence applied to 
 London and its suburbs. Smart. 
 
 Go'CV-LON, 71. A large cocoon, of a weak texture. 
 
 £71 cyc. 
 
 eOC-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. coccus and fero, to bear ; 
 
 Gr. <tuAit :s, a berry, gniin, or seed, or a red berry 
 
 used in dyeing ; \V. c&c, red. 
 
 Bearing or producing berries ; as, cocc'iferous trees 
 
 or plants. Q^nincy. 
 eOC'CO-LITE, 71. [Gr. itoititof, a berry, and Ai(*u{, a 
 
 stone.] 
 
 A variety of nngite or pyroxene ; called by Haiiy, 
 granulifortn pyroxene. lis color is usually some 
 shade of green. It is com|>osed of granular, distinct 
 concretions, easily se|Kirable, some of which present 
 the a|ipearaiice of crystals whose angles and edges 
 have been obliterated. 
 
 Clrarcland. Diet. ofjVal. Hifl. 
 
 eOC'CU-LUS IN'DI-CUS, 71. [L.] The fruit of the 
 Anamirta paniciilata, a n.ircotic, emetic, and cath:ir- 
 lic, often added in small quantity to malt liquors. 
 
 eoC'CY.X, 71. [Gr. ,..«ii(.] 
 
 In anatomy, a small bone at the lower extremity of 
 the OS sacrum. 
 
 COCII'I-i\i?AL, 11. [Sp. cocAiniUa, a wood-louse, and 
 an insect used in dyeing ; It. cocciiii^lia ; Kr. coche- 
 nilte ; from the Gr. «ii«c»' {, .as the cochineal w.is for- 
 merly supposed to be the grain or seed of a plant, 
 and this word was formerly defined to be the grain 
 of the Wcx glatu^fera. See Gregoir's Armoric Dic- 
 tionary.] 
 
 COC 
 
 An insect, the Coccus cacti, a native of the warmer 
 climates of America, particularly of (lasaca, in 
 Mexico. It is found 011 several species of c«<-«ii»,iiar- 
 ticularly on that called J^opal or Indian Jig-tree. The 
 female, which alone is valued for iLs color, is ill- 
 shaped, tardy, and stupid ; the male is small, slender, 
 and active. It is of the size of a tick. At a suitable 
 time, these insects arc gathered and put in a |H>t, 
 wliere they are confined for some time, and tiien 
 killed by the application of heal. These insects, 
 thus killed, form a iiia.ss or drug, which is the priqier 
 cochineal of the shops. It is used in giving red colors, 
 especially crimson and scarlet, and fur making car- 
 mine. It has been used in medicine, as a cardiac, 
 sudorific, nh-xiiiliarmic, and febrifuge; but is now 
 used only to give a color to tinctures, Ate. Eiicye. 
 eOCH-LE-AR'l-FOll.M, a. Having tlie form of a 
 
 snail-shell, or of the ear. Dana. 
 eotiJH'LE-A-IlY, )a. [L. coc/i/ca, a screw, tlie .-.heU 
 eoeil'LE-ATE, \ of a snail ; Gr. from 
 COeil'LE-A-TED, ) Kux\' ; to turn or twist.) 
 
 Having the furm of a screw ; twisted like a snnil- 
 sliell ; spiral ; turbinated ; as,a ciichleate\i^ni. Jilartyn. 
 eOCH'LITE, 71. [Gr. itovAmi, a snail.] 
 
 A fossil shell, having a mouth like tliat of a snail. 
 
 Morin. 
 
 eOCK, 71. [Sax. cue ; Ft. eoq : Ann, goeij ; Sam. kuka; 
 Slav, kokosch. 'J'he sense is, that which shoots out 
 orup; It. ci/cca, the tip of a spindle, the top or crown ; 
 L. cacumen.] 
 
 1. The male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous 
 or domestic fowls, which, having no appropriate or 
 distinctive name, are called danghtU fowU, or barn- 
 door fowls. 
 
 2. .\ wi allier-cock ; a vane in shape of a cock. 
 [It is usually called a wrnlher-euck.] [Shak. 
 J. A spout ; an iiistruiiieiit lodraw out ordist liarge 
 
 liquor fioin a cask, val, or pipe ; so naiiieil from its 
 projeclion. 
 
 4. The (irojccting corner of a hat. Addi.iun. 
 
 5. A small conical pile of hay, so shaped for shed- . 
 ding rain, called in England a cop. \Vlien liay is 
 dry, and rolled together for carting, the heaps arc not 
 generally called eoclis, ut least not in New England. 
 A large conical pile is called a stark. 
 
 G. 'i'he style or gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 
 
 7. The needle of a balance. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 8. The piece which covers the balance in a dock 
 or watch. Bailey. 
 
 9. The notch of an arrow. [It. cocca.] Johnson. 
 
 10. The part of a iiiiisket or other fire-arm, to 
 which a Hint is allaehed, and which, being iinpelled 
 by a spring, strikes lire and opens the pan at the 
 same time. 
 
 11. A small boat. [W. ckic, Ir. coca, I), and Dan 
 kaag. It. cocca.] It is now called a cock-boat, which 
 is t.auUilogy, as cock itself is a boat. 
 
 12. A leader ; a chief man. 
 
 Sir AiKlrt 
 
 1 Lhc cock of die club. 
 
 Ad/U4on. 
 
 13. Cock-crowing ; the time when cocks crow in 
 the morning. Shak. 
 
 Cock-a-hoop, or cock-on-the-hoop ; a phrase denoting 
 triumph; triumphant; exulting. [Qu. Fr. coq a 
 hiippe, Bailei/.] Caiildrii. SItak. Iludibras. 
 
 Cock and a bull ; a phrase applied to tedious, trifling 
 stories. 
 
 COCK, r. L To set erect ; to turn up ; as, to cock the 
 nose or ears. Addison, 
 
 2. To set the brim of a hat so as to make sharp 
 corners or points ; or to set up with an air of |iert- 
 ness. Prior. 
 
 3. To make up hay in small conical piles. 
 
 4. To set or draw back the cock of a gun, in order 
 to fire. Dryden. 
 
 COCK, V. i. To hold up the heail ; to strut ; to look 
 big, pert, or menacing. Drydm. Addison. 
 
 2. To train or use fighting cocks. [Litile \ued.] 
 
 3. To cocker. LVot in iwc.l [i?. Jonson. 
 eOCK-ADE', It. [Fr. cocMrde; Sp. cocarda; Port. 
 
 cocar, or cocarda.] 
 
 A ribbon or knot of ribbim, or something similar, 
 worn on tlic hat, usually by otticers of llie army and 
 navy, sometimes by olhers. It most usually desig- 
 nates the military character; sometimes jMilitical 
 parlies. 
 
 €OCK AD'ED, a. Wearing a cockade. Young. 
 COCK'.VL, n. .\ game calleil huckle-bone. Kinder. 
 eOCK-.\-TOO', 71. A bird of the parrot kind. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 eOCK'A-TUICE, n. [Fr. cocatriz, from coc. Junius 
 mentions the word as in D. *:ucAf(ra,-'. The Irish call 
 it rioirh-naViair, the king-serpent, answering to Aa»- 
 Uisk.] 
 
 A serpent imagined to proceed from a cock's egg. 
 
 Bacon. Taylor. Js. xi. 8 ; lix. 5. 
 eOCK'-BILL. In s«aiiifii'.< /aiii'iia^r, the anchor is o 
 coek-bill, when it is sus|Hmded perpendicularly from 
 the cat-head, ready to be let go 111 a moment. 
 
 JHar. Diet. 
 
 COCK'-BOAT, 71. A small boat. [See Cock, .No. ll.J 
 eOCK'-BRAlN-£D, a. Giddy ; rash. Milton. 
 eOCK'-BROTIl, n. Broth made by boiling a cock. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, V1"CI0US C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 210 
 
coc 
 
 COD 
 
 COE 
 
 eOCK'-CHAF'ER, x. The May-bug, or dorr-beetle, a 
 
 spfcies of ScarabiEUs. 
 eOCK'-€ROU', 71. A cock-crowing. Coleridge. 
 €OCK'-eR0\V-I.\G, n. The thne at which cocks 
 
 crow early inoniing. Mark xiii. 
 €0('K'£D, (kokt,) pp. or a. Turned up and forming 
 
 a point, as the brim of a hat. 
 
 2. .Made into a cock, as hay. 
 
 3. Having the cock drawn'back, as a gun. 
 eOCK'ER, r. L [VV. cocru. See Coax.] 
 
 To fondle ; to indulge ; to treat with tenderness ; 
 to pamper. Locke. Swift. 
 
 eOCK'ER, n. One who follows cock-fightins;. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. A sort of spatterdash. Bp. Hall. 
 
 COCK'ER-EL, «. A young cock. Driidcn. 
 €OCK'ER l.\G, n. Indiiljence. .Milton. 
 eOCK'ET, a. Brisk; pert. Shmcooil. 
 €OCK'ET, n. [Qu. Fr. cachet. Arm. cacheot, a seal.] 
 A seal of the custom-house ; a royal seal ; rather, 
 a scroll of parchment, sealed and delivered, by the 
 officers of the custom-house, to merchants, as a war- 
 rant that their merchandise is entered. The office of 
 enlrv. Spelinan. Cowel. Ertct'c. 
 
 €0(;K'ET-BRE,A.D, n. The finest sort of wheat 
 
 bread. Q.\i. stamped head. 
 €0CK'-E5E, (-1,) n. A squinting eye. [A-orf. Hants.'] 
 
 Forby. 
 
 eOCK'-FiG HT, ) n. A match or contest of game 
 
 €OCK'-FIGHT-ING, ( cocks; a barbarous sport of 
 the ancients and moderns, in which cocks are set to 
 fight with each other, till one or the other is con- 
 qtit^red. Bacon. .Addison. 
 
 eOCK'-HEAD-ED, ( hed-ed,) a. Having a head like 
 that of the cock. 
 
 eOCK'-HORSE, o. On horseback; triumphant; 
 exulting. Prior. 
 
 €OCK'ING, ppr. or c. Turning up, as the brim of a 
 hat, &c. [See Cock, the verb.] 
 
 eOCK'ING, lu Cock-lighting. Beaum. and Fl. 
 
 eOCK'LE, (kok'l,) n. [Sax. eoccel, cocel, or eocle; Ir. 
 cagat ; Sp. and Port, jntio ; Fr. cotinelicot.] 
 
 .\ plant or weed that grows among corn, the corn- 
 rose, a species of Agrostemuia. It is also applied to 
 the Lolium or darnel. 
 
 €OCK'LE, li. [Fr. coque, coquille; L. cocMea; VV. 
 coMs, pi.; Gr. <'t\\";, k>\A('ic, from koxXw, to 
 turn or roll. Probably, by giving the \ a nasal 
 sound, Gr. Kuyxri, L. concha, are from the same root, 
 whence ko) \vXiot/, L. concfiylium, It. conchiglia. 
 See Conch.] 
 
 1. A small testaceous shell; or rather a genus of 
 shells, the Cardium. The general characteristics 
 are : shells nearly equilateral and equivalvular ; 
 hinge with two small teeth, one on each side near 
 the beak, and two larger remote lateral teeth, one on 
 each side ; prominent ribs running from the hinge to 
 the edge of the valve. Cnvier. LiitniBns. 
 
 2. A mineral ; a name given by the Cornish miners 
 to shirl, or schorl, J>ricltoUon. 
 
 3. A young cock. [04s.] [See Cockerel.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 COCK'LE, V. i. or (. To contract into wrinkles, to 
 
 shrink, pucker, or wrinkle, as cloth. Bailey. 
 eOCK'LED, pp. Contracted iuto folds or wrinkles ; 
 
 2. Having shells. [winding. 
 eOCK'LER, n. One that takes and sells cockles. 
 
 Orait. 
 
 eOCK'LE-STAIRS, n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs. 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 eOCK'-LOFT, n. [.See Cock.] The top loft; the 
 upper room in a house or other building; a lumber 
 room. Dnjden. Swift. 
 
 €OCK'-MaS-TER, n. One who breeds game cocks. 
 
 V Estrancre. 
 
 eOCK'-MATCH, n. A match of cocks ; a cockfight. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 €OCK'XEY, n, [Most probably from Ij. cor/aina, a 
 kitchen, or coqitino, to cook ; Fr. coquin, idle ; Fr, 
 coeagne, It. cuccagna, an imaginary country of idle- 
 ness and luxury. In some ancient poetry, the word 
 seems to signify a cook. 
 
 " And yel I say, by my noul, 1 have i\o suit l>:icon, 
 Nc no cokenry, iiy ChrisU,*, colirppes to'make." 
 
 " At that fea*i wer* Ihry scrv'-d in rich array, 
 Every five and five hiul a cokeney." 
 
 Sec note on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, line 4206. 
 Edinburgh, 1782. Hence, a citizen who leads an 
 idle life, or never leaves the city.] 
 
 1. A native of London, by way of contempt. 
 
 M'atts. Sliak. 
 
 2. An cflVminate, ignorant, despicable citizen. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 COCK'NEV'-ISM, n. The condition, qualities, man- 
 ner*, or dialect of a cockney. 
 
 €OCK'.\EV-LIKE, o. Resembling the manners of a 
 corknev. Burton. 
 
 €OCK'-I'.\D-DLE, lu The lump fish or sea-owl. 
 
 Kneye. 
 
 COCK'PIT, 71. A pit or area, where the game cocks 
 fight. Shall. 
 
 2 The privy council rixim at VVestniinxler has 
 thi!< name, because buill on (he cockpit of Whitehall 
 palace. Brande. 
 
 3. In ships of tear, a room or apartment, in which 
 the wounded men are dressed ; situated near the 
 after hatchway, under the lower gun-deck. The 
 fore-cockpit is a place leading to the magazine passage 
 and the store-room of the boatswain, gunner, and 
 carpenter. .War. Diet. 
 
 eOCK'RoA'CH, 71. The popular name of a genus of 
 insects, the Blatta, i-f seveml species. They have 
 four semicrustaceous wings, and resemble the beetle ; 
 the head is inflected toward the breast; the feelers 
 are hard like bristles ; the elytra and wings are plain, 
 and resemble parchment. These animals are very 
 troublestime, as they enter chests of clothes, meal- 
 tubs, pantries, and infest beds. They avoid the 
 light, and have a very unsavory smell. Encyc. 
 
 COCKS'CoMB, 71. The caruncle or comb of a cock. 
 
 2. A plant. This name is given to the Celosia 
 cristata, the Pediciilaris or lousewort, and the Rhi- 
 naiithns or yellow rattle. Fam. of Plants. Lee. 
 
 3. A fop, or vain, sillv fellow. [See CoxcoMe.] 
 €OCKS'lIE.\D, (-bed,) '71. A plant, the Hedysaruni 
 
 or sainfoin. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 eoCK'SHUT, 71. The close of the day, when fowls 
 
 go to roost. ShaJc. 
 €OCK'SP(JR, It. Virginia hawthorn, a species of 
 
 medlar. Jfdler. 
 eOCK'SuRE, (shure,) a. Confidently certain. [.4 
 
 low word.] Pope. 
 The term is metaphorically derived from the cock 
 
 of a firelock, as being much more certain to fire 
 
 than the match of the old matchlock. Holloway. 
 eOCK'SWAIN, 71. [Contracted into Coxe>-.] [See 
 
 Swain.] 
 
 An officer on board of a ship, who has the care of 
 the boat and the boat's crew. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 eOCK'-WEED, 71. A plant, called also dittander and 
 
 pepper wort. Johiuson. 
 eo't!oA, (ko'ko,) 71. .\ name given to a simple prep- 
 aration of the ground kernels of the cacao or chocolate- 
 tree, considered more healthy than chocolate. Loudon, 
 [The proper word would be Cacao, the name of the 
 plaiij.] 
 
 CO'CoA, (k5'ko,) 71. [Sp. coco; Port, coco, the nut, 
 and coqiieiro, the tree ; It. cocco ; Fr. coco.] 
 
 ,\ tree belonging to the genus Cocos, of the order 
 of PaliuK ; and the fruit or nut of the tree. 'J'his 
 tree grows in the warm climates of both the Indies. 
 It rises to the liight of 60 feet, and the stem is like 
 an apothecary's pestle, of equal thickness at the ends, 
 but somewhat smaller in the middle. The bark is 
 smooth, of a pale brown color, and the tree often 
 leans to one side. The leaves or branches are 14 or 
 15 feet long, about 28 in number, winged, of a yellow 
 color, straight and tapering. The nuts hang in clus- 
 ters of a dozen each, on the top of the tree. The 
 husk of this nut consists of strong, tough, stringy 
 filaments, resembling coarse oakum. This covers a 
 hard shell, which contains a white kernel, that is 
 wholesome food, and a liquor, which is a cooling 
 beverage. Encyc. 
 
 €o'€o.\-NUT, 71. The nut or fruit of the cocoa-tree. 
 
 €0 eOO.N', 71. [Fr. cocon.] 
 
 .\n oblong hall or case in which the silkworm in- 
 volves itself, formed by threads which compose silk. 
 
 This term is also applied to the envelope of other 
 larva;. 
 
 eO-€OON'ER-Y, 71. A building or apartment for silk- 
 worms, when fe eding and forming cocoons. 
 COCTILE, a. [L. coctilis, from coquo, to cook.] 
 
 .Made by baking or exposing to heat, as a brick. 
 eOC'TlON, 71. [L. coctio, from coquo, to cook.] 
 
 The act of boiling or exposing to heat in liquor. 
 In medicine, that alteration in the crude matter of a 
 disease, which fits it for a discharge ; digestion. 
 
 Coze. Encyc. 
 
 COD, ) 71. .\ species of fish, of the genus Gadus, 
 
 eOD'FI.'SH, 1 inhabiting northern seas, but particu- 
 larly the banks of Newfoundland, and the shores 
 of New England. It is much used for food. [Sec 
 Haouock.] 
 
 €OD, 71. [Sax. codd; W. cod, cwd; G. hode. Probably, 
 in a dirfereiit dialect, Fr. cosse, or rcosojc] 
 
 1. Any husk, envelope, or case, containing the 
 seeds of a plant ; a pod. Mortimer. 
 
 2. .\ bag ; the scrotum. 
 
 3. A pillow. [.Vo£ ill use.] 
 
 eo'D.\, 71. [It.] In 7nitiiic, the close of a composition, 
 or an additional close. 
 
 eOD'DEI), a. Inclosed in a cod. Mortimer. 
 
 eOD'DER, 71. .\ gatherer of cods or peas. Jolin.ion. 
 
 eOD'DV, a. Husky. Shrrrrood. 
 
 CODE, 71. [I,, coder, or enrdcx ; Fr. code; It. codice i 
 Sp. codigo. The Latin word signifies the sli'in of a 
 tree, and a board, or number of boards united, on 
 which accounts were kept. So the Greeks used 
 axcin, a board, for a like purpose, from trxiv^o), to cut 
 or split ; whence L. scheda, a sheet.] 
 
 1. A collectitm of the laws and constitutions of the 
 Roman emperors, made by order of Justinian, con- 
 taining twelve books. The name is al.so given to 
 other collections of Roman laws ; as, the Tlieodosian 
 code. Hence, in general, 
 
 2. Any orderly collection or digest of laws. 
 
 Pope. Blackstone, 
 
 eO-l)K'I-.\.\, 1 
 
 CO-Uf.'IA, > n. [Gr. icwiicia, a poppy-head.] 
 eO-UE'l.\R, ) 
 
 An alkaloid, obtained from opium, and one of its 
 
 medicinal active principles.' 
 Co' VEX, n. [L.] A manuscript; a book ; a code. 
 COD'GEll,7i. [Sp. co^-rr, to catch. Cluilmers. Hence 
 
 he defines the word by miser. But the primary sense 
 
 is by no means obvious. I take it to be a corruption 
 
 of cottjiger, Xorm. coticr.] 
 
 .K rustic ; a clown ; a miserly man. 
 C<)I>'I-C1L, n. [L. codiciUus, dim. o{ coder.] 
 
 >vriting bv way of supplement to a will, 
 t' )[) ICIL'LA-RY, a. Of the nature of a codicil. 
 ei)-L»l-FI-eA'Tinj\, n. The act or process of reducing 
 
 l:iws In a code or system. 
 Co'IJl-l'I f;i), pp. Reduced to a code. 
 CO'DI-FI-ER, j 71. One who forms or reduces to a 
 Co'DIST^ i code. 
 
 CO'Dl-FY, r. (. [corfe and faeio.] To reduce to a 
 
 code or diirest, as laws. 
 Co'UI-FV-I \G, ;;/ir. Forming into a code. 
 eO-DIL'L,^, n. The coarsest part of hemp which is 
 
 sorted out by itself. The term is also applied to the 
 
 coarsest part of flax. APCulloch. 
 eO-DILLE', (ko-dil',) n. [Fr. codiUe; Sp. codillo, the 
 
 knee, a joint ; codo, the elbow, that is, a turn or a 
 
 fastening.] 
 
 .■V term at ombre, when the game is won. Pope. 
 COD'LE, ) f. (. To parboil, or soften by the beat of 
 eOD'DLE, ! water. 
 
 COD'LE, 7'. (. To make much of. [JVot in tise.] 
 t'OD'LIXG, ) 71. .\n apple codled ; or ime suitable fir 
 eOD'LIN, ( codling, or used for that purpose. 
 COD'LING, 71. .\ voung cod. \_Bacon. Mortimer. 
 CO-EF'FI-€A-CY,"7i. [con and efficacy, L. efficio.] 
 
 Joint efficacy ; the power of two or more things 
 acting together to produce an efl^ect. Broirn. 
 eO-EF-Fl"CIEN-CV, ii. [con and efficiency; L. ejUcw.] 
 Co-operation ; joint power of two or more things 
 or causes acting to the same end. Glanrilic. 
 eO-EF-Fl"CIENT, (rtsh'ent,) a. [con and L. efficiens.] 
 
 Co-operating ; acting in union to the same end. 
 eO-EF-FI"ClENT, 71. That which unites in artimi 
 with something else to produce the same effect. 
 
 2. In aJgebra, a number or known quantity put b 
 fore leltei-s, or quantities, known or unknown, and 
 into which it is supposed to be multiplied ; as, in 
 3 z and n i, 3 and a are the coefficients of x. 
 
 3. In fiiirion.^, the coefficient of any generating leriu 
 is the quantity which arises from the division of tliut 
 term bv the generated quanlilv. Cliambers. Baden. 
 
 eO-EF-KI"ClE.\'T-LY, ode. By co-operation. 
 eO-ELD'ER, 71. An elder of the same rank. Trapp. 
 eO-E-LEe'TIOX, 71. Joint election. 
 C(E'L1-Ae, ) a. [Gr. /tiiiAitKoj, from KoiAia, the belly ; 
 Cli'Ll-.\€, ( allied perhaps to KoiAof, hollow.] 
 Pertaining to the belly, or to the intestinal canal. 
 Ca:liac artery, is the artery which issues from the 
 aorta just below the diaphragm. Encyc. 
 
 Cn:luic passion j the lientery, a flux or diarrhea of 
 undigested food. Coze. 
 Caiiac vein ; a vein of the inteslinum rectum. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 eO-E>IP'TION, 7u [L. coemptio ; cm and emo, to 
 buy.] 
 
 The act of purchasing the whole quantity of any 
 
 commoditv. Bacon. 
 eO-E.\-JOV', r. f. To enjoy together. Howell. 
 eO-EX-JOV'j;D, pp. Enjoyed together. 
 eO-EN^OV'LNG, ppr. Enjoying together. 
 eO-lc'UUAL, a. [L. con and equalis, equal.] 
 
 Equal with another person or thing ; of the same 
 
 rank, dignity, or power. Shak. 
 eO-E'UU.AL, n. One who 13 equal to another. 
 CO E-aU.^L'l-TV, n. The state of being equal with 
 
 another; equality in rank, dignity, or ixiwer. 
 eO-F:'aU.\L-LY, adv. With joint equality. 
 eO-ERCE', (ko-ers',) v. U [L. coerceo ; con and arceo, 
 
 to drive or press.] 
 
 1. To restrain by force ; to keep from acting or 
 transgressing, particularly by moral force, as by law 
 or auihoritv ; to repress. .Syliffc. 
 
 2. To compel ; to constrain. 
 
 Tii'-s.* causes — coeretd by those which preceded, and rorrrinf 
 tliose which followed. Dtcighl, Theoi. 
 
 CO-ERC'KD, (ko-erst',) pp. Restrained by force ; 
 compelled. 
 
 eO-ERC 1-BLE, a. That may or ought to be restrained 
 or compelled. 
 
 eo-ERC'l-BLE-i\ESS, n. The state of being coerci- 
 ble. 
 
 eO-ERC'I.N'G, (ko-ers'ing,) ppr. Restraining by force ; 
 constraining. 
 
 eO-ER'ClON, 71. Restraint, check, particularly by 
 
 law or authority ; compulsion ; force. South. 
 CO ERCIVE, a. That has power to restrain, par- 
 ticularly by moral force, as of law or unthorily. 
 
 Hooker. Dryden. 
 2. Compulsory ; constraining ; forcing. 
 eO-ERC'W/'^l.V, aile. By coiKdraint. 
 CO-F.S-SE.\'TIAL, a. [con and cssmtial, from L. 
 tssentialis. See Essence.] 
 
 FATE, FAB, FALL, WH.*T METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. 
 
COF 
 
 Partaking of tlie same essence. 
 
 We bitrm and mftynlfy Oial cota^antial Spiril, etcrnixlly pro- 
 cirriliixg Itoin ihi- l-'.iUier «ii<J Son. Honker. 
 
 eO-ES-SEN-TIAL'I-TY, 7i. Participation of the same 
 essence. Minson. 
 
 eO-ES-SE.\'TI AL-LY, ailv. In a coessenti.il nianner. 
 
 €0-E!5-T.\13'Hs>ll-MEi\T, n. Joint eslaljlishnicnt. 
 
 Bp. of iMiulaff. 
 
 eO-ES-TATE', n. An estate or state of equal rank, 
 or estate iq alliance. 
 
 €0-E-TA'NE-Ol'S, a. [L. coictancus ; can and aULt, 
 age. Uhetankam is rarely usecl.J 
 
 Uf the samt age n itli another ; beginning to exist 
 at the same time ; with to. " Every fault has penal 
 ell'cjcts c»c(u«fiiu,v to the act." But icith may he pref- 
 erahle to la. This word is somelnnes used as synon- 
 ymous with coleiiiporarij : but coetaiieous seems prop- 
 erly to denote cotemporary in origin, rather than co- 
 Icmporary in existence at any other period. It may, 
 howi'ver, he used in both senses. 
 
 eo-E- r.\'NE-0(Jrf-LV, mlo. Of or from the same age 
 or li.'ginning. Vwtsht. 
 
 OU-E-'rElt.V'.\L, n. [L. ran and ifteniits.] 
 
 Eipiallv eternal witli anolln r. Millon. 
 
 eO-E-TEK.\'.-\L-LY, adc. With equal eternity. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 eO-E-TERi\'l-TV, (I. Existence from eternity equal 
 with anollie- 'irrnal being ; equal eternity. 
 
 HanimomL 
 
 eO-E'V.Vl., •- I cuwDits ; con and ircum, age.] 
 
 Uf the siiiii. igc beginning to exist at the same 
 
 time ; of eqiia; .g ; usually and properly followed by 
 
 with. ilali: i'vpc. BentUtj. 
 
 ec)-ic' VAL, n. One of the same age ; one who begins 
 
 to exist at the same time. It is not properly used as 
 
 synoin nious with cotcmporanj. 
 eo l";'Vbrs a. The same as Coeval, but not used. 
 €0-E.\ EtJ'l'-TOR, Ti. ,\ joint executor. [SoiUlu 
 €0-E.\-EC'i;-Tlll.\, Ji. joint executrix. 
 €(J-EX ISi'', f. i. [L. con and eiuilii. Hve Exist.] 
 To exist at tile same time with another ; followed 
 
 by xritli. JIalc. Lochc. 
 
 eO-EX-IST'E.NCE, n. Existence at the sanii; time 
 
 with another ; followed regularly by icifA. Locke. 
 eO-E.\-IST'ENT, a. E.xistiiig at the same time with 
 
 another. 
 
 €0-EX-IST'ING, ppr. or a. Existing at the same 
 time with anoUier ; regularly follow ed by wiUi. 
 
 Locke. BenUcij. 
 €0-EX-TEND', V. i. [L. con and extendo. See Ex- 
 
 TENU.] 
 
 To extend through the same space orduration with 
 another ; to extend etpially ; as, one line cocUeiids 
 with another; or, perhaps, in a transitive stnse, to 
 cocitend a line with another. 
 
 eO-E.\-TE.\'D'ED, j</). Being equally extended. Grew. 
 
 eO-E.X-TE.\l)'l.\G, p/ir. Extending through the same 
 spare or duration with another. 
 
 eO-E.X-TEi\'t510.\, .1. The act of extending equally, 
 or the state of being equally extended. J{ale. 
 
 eO-EX-TE.N'silVE, a. Eqmilly extensive j having 
 equal extent. 
 
 eO-EX-TE.N'SIVE-LY, adv. Of eipial extent. 
 
 eO-E.VTEN'Sl VE-NESS, ii. Equal extension or ex- 
 tent. 
 
 eOK'FEE, n. [Fr. cafe ; It. caffc : Sp. cafe ; Port. id. ; 
 G. kaffee.; 1). koffy; .\t. cahuah, or mlioeli, which the 
 Turks pronounce caJtcch. This plant is said to be a 
 native of Ethiopia.] 
 
 1. The berry of a tree belonging to the genus Cof- 
 fea, growing in Arabia, IN rsia, and in other warm 
 clmuites of Asia and America. It will grow to the 
 highl of 16 or 18 feet, but its growth is generally 
 stinted to 5 feet, for the convenience of gathering 
 the fruit. The stem is upright, and covered with a 
 light-brown bark ; the branches are horizontal and 
 opposite, crossing each other at every joint, and form- 
 ing a sort of pyramid. The liowers grow in clusters 
 at the root of the leaves, and close to the branches ; 
 they are of a pure white, and of an agreeable odor. 
 The fruit, which is a berry, grows in clusters, along 
 the branches, under the axils of the leaves. Knctjc 
 
 2. .\ drink made from the berry of the cotTee-lrec, 
 by decoction. The berry is lir<t roasted, and then 
 ground in a mill, and boiled. The use of it is said 
 to have been introduced into France by Thevenot, 
 the traveler, and into England, in llio2, by a Greek 
 servant called Pasqiia. The best colTee is said to be 
 the .Mocha colTee, from .\rabia Felix. The coffee of 
 Java, Bourbon, and the West Indies, constitutes an 
 important article of commerce. 
 
 COF'FEE-eUP, n. A cup from which coffee is drank. 
 eOF'FEE-HOUSE, tu A house of entertainment, 
 where guests are supplied with coffee and other re- 
 freshments, and where men meet for conversatiim. 
 
 Prior. Swtft. 
 i. A house of entertainment for boarders or lodg- 
 ers; a hotel ; an inn, which, in some cities, is al.so 
 on exchange, where merchants meet to transact 
 business. 
 
 COF'FEE-.M.VN, n. One who keeps a coffee-house. 
 
 .^ddUoju 
 
 eOF'FEE-MILL, lu A small mill for grinding coffee. 
 
 COG 
 
 COF'FEE-PUT, II. A covered pot in which coffee is 
 boilcil, or in which it is brought upon the table for 
 drinking. 
 
 eOF'FEK, n. [Fr. cojfre; Arm. couffr, coffri Ir. cnfra ; 
 Sp. cofre; Port, id.! D. and G. kojfrr ; Dan. kojfert ; 
 Sw, id.; VV. cofawr, from cof, a hollow trunk. The 
 same French word, cojj're, signifies a cojj'er, and the 
 
 S 
 
 trunk of the body, and a coffin. In Ax.^KS kafiron, 
 
 is a chest or basket. The primary sense is probably 
 a holder, or a hollow place.] 
 
 1. A chest cr trunk ; and, as a chest is customarily 
 used for keeping money, hence, 
 
 2. A chest of money ; a treasure. Baron. 
 
 3. In architecture, a sunken panel in the ceiling of 
 a vault or dome, or in tlie under side of a Coriiitliian 
 or Composite cornice, ordinarily decorated with a 
 rose, a pomegranate, or oilier enrichment. Oicilt. 
 
 4. In fortijicationsy a hollow lodgment across a dry 
 moat, from G to 7 feet deep, and from Hi to 18 broad ; 
 the upper part made of pieces of timber, raisiul "2 
 feet above tile level of the iiioat ; which little eleva- 
 tion has liurdlcs laden with earth for its covering, 
 and serves as a parapet with embrasures. It is raised 
 by the besieged to repulse besiegers, when they en- 
 deavor to pass the ditcli. Chambers. Kiicijc. 
 
 eOF'FEll, I'. L To reposit or lay up in a colfer. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 eOF'FER-DAM, n. A curb or close box of timber, 
 made water-tight, and fixed in the bottom of rivers, 
 or other water, as a barrier to exclude the water dur- 
 ing the progress of some work ; used in laying the 
 foundation of piers and abutments in deep water. 
 
 eOF'FEK-/;U, pp. Laid up in a coffer. 
 
 €OF'FEl{-El{, H. The cofferer of the king's house- 
 hold, in Great Britain: a principal officer of the court, 
 next under the controller, lie was also a white-staff 
 olHcer, and a member of the privy -council, lie had 
 the special charge and oversight of the other officers 
 of the household. This office is now suppressed, and 
 the business is transacted by the lord steward and 
 paymaster of the household. Cowcl. Kncijc. 
 
 euF'FEK-IXG, ppr. Depositing in a coffer. 
 
 eOF'FIN, n. [Fr. cofjrc. See CoFKEn. In French/ 
 co£in is a candle-basket; Gr. Kotpivoi: ; Norm. Fr. co- 
 Jin, a basket; Sp.cofm; radically the same word as 
 coffer.] 
 
 1. The chest or box in which a dead human body 
 is buried, or deposited in a vault. 
 
 2. A mold of paste for a pie. Johnson. 
 
 3. A paper case, in the form of a cone, used by 
 grocei"s. Johnson. 
 
 4. In farriery, the hollow part of a horse's hoof; 
 or the whole hoof above the coronet, including the 
 cotfiii bone, which is a small spongy bone in the 
 midst of the hoof, and possessing the wlude.form of 
 the hoof. Batlcij. JhVrrier^s Diet. 
 
 5. In printing, a wooden frame inclosing the stone 
 on which the form is imposed. 
 
 eOF'FI.N, I', u To put in or inclose in a coffin. 
 
 Sliak. Donne. 
 eOF'FIN-ED, jtp. Inclosed in a coffin. 
 eOF'FI.\-LES.S, <7. Having no coffin. fVilson. 
 eOF'FI.\-.M.\K-ER, H. One who makes, or whose 
 
 office is to make, coffins. Taller. 
 eO-FOUNU'F.R, H. A joint founder. fVeever. 
 COG, V. t. [ W. coegiaiD, to make void, to deceive, from 
 
 coeg, empty, vain.] 
 
 1. To Hatter ; to wheedle ; to seduce or draw from, 
 by adulation or artifice. 
 
 1 'Ii cog Uieir hearts from Uicm. Shnk. 
 
 2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or decep- 
 tion ; as, to cojT in a word to serve a purpose. 
 
 StUlinoJleet, TtlloLion. Dennis. 
 To cog a die ; to secure it so as to direct its fall ; to 
 falsify ; to cheat in playing dice. Dryden. Sieift, 
 COG, V. i. To deceive ; to cheat ; to lie. Tusser. Hhak. 
 
 12. To wheedle. 
 COG, n. [W. cocos, cogs of a wheel ; Sw. kugge. Uu. 
 Sp. eager, to catch, or Welsh cocifl, a mass°or lump, 
 ctf^', a mass, a short piece of wmid.] 
 
 The tooth of a wheel, by which it is connected in 
 motion with another wheel or body. 
 2. A trick or deception. [06s.] 
 COG, V. L To fix a cog ; to furnish with cogs, 
 cot;. In. A boat ; a fishing-boau It is probably 
 
 COti'GLE, i the VV. ciec, Ir. coca. [See Cock.J 
 CO'GE.\-CY, n, [L. cogens, from cogo j con and ago, 
 to drive.] 
 
 Force; strength; power of compelling; literally, 
 urgency, or driving. It is used chielly of moral sub- 
 jects, and in relation to force or pressure on the mind; 
 as, the cogency of motives or arguments. Locke. 
 
 eO-GE'j\I-AL, forCo.-<GE.NiAL. IXotused.] IfarUin. 
 
 eO'GENT. a. [See CooEHCY.] 
 
 1. Forcible, in a physical sense; as, the cogent force 
 of nature. Prior. 
 
 2. Urgent ; pressing on the mind ; forcible ; pow- 
 erful ; not eisily resisted ; as, a cogent reason or ar- 
 gument. 
 
 The harmonj of the uniTene furoishea cogent proo& of m 
 Dei'/. Anon. 
 
 COG 
 
 CO'GE.VT-LV, adu. With urgent force; with jmwer- 
 
 fiil iiiipiilst- ; forcibly. Locke. 
 COG'G>-;iJ, fkogdj) pp. Flattered ; deceived ; clieiited ; 
 
 thrust in deceillully ; falsified ; furnished witli cogs. 
 COfJ'fiEU, II. A flatterer, or deceiver. 
 eoG'GEK-Y, 71. Trick ; falsehood. JValsim. 
 COG'GI.N'G, ppr. Wheedling; deceiving ; cheating ; 
 
 inserting deceitfully ; fixing cogs, 
 CO(;'(; ING, n. Cheat; deception; fallacy. Beaum. 
 COG'(;i,E-STd.\E, II. A small pebble. 
 eoG'I-TA-BLE, a. [See Cooitate.] That may be 
 
 thought on ; that may be meditated on. Johnson. 
 eOG'I-TATK, e. i. [L. co^-ifn. Varro says from coifo, 
 
 qua.ii coagito, to agitate in the mind. Hut the Gothic 
 
 huiryun, and Sax, hogian, signify tti think.] 
 'I'o think ; to meditate. [Lttitc used.] 
 eOG-l-'I'.A'TIO.\, 71. The act of thinking; thought; 
 
 meditation ; contemplation. 
 
 Hooker. Benlley. Jlldlon. 
 2. Thouglit directed to an object ; purpose. Bacon. 
 eOG'I-T.\-TI\'E, a. Thinking; h.'iving the power of 
 
 thinking, or meditating; as, a cogUatice substance. 
 
 Brnllry. 
 
 2. Given to thought, or contemplation. H'otlun. 
 GOti'S.Vl'K, II. [I., cognattcs; cuii and ytascor, to be 
 
 1. .Mlii d lij blood ; kindred by birth. [born.] 
 
 2. Related in origin ; proceeding from the same 
 stock ; of the same family ; as, a cognate dialect. 
 
 3. Allied in the manner of formation or utterance ; 
 uttered by the same organs ; as, a cognate letter or 
 sound. 
 
 COG'i\,\TE, 71. In Scots laic, any male rel.ation 
 
 throiigli the mother. Encyc. 
 eOG'.NATE-NESS, ii. State of being cognate. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 eOG-N.X'TIO.\, 71, [U coirnntio. .See CoG^ATE.] 
 
 1, In the civil lav, kimired or natural relation be- 
 tween males and females, both descended from the 
 same father ; as, agnation is the relation between 
 males only descended from the same stock. F.ncyc. 
 
 2. Kindred ; relation by descent from the same- 
 original. 
 
 Pride .md liarU-hrartr lii 
 tilde. 
 
 are of n'^ar eogiviIMn to in|rr&tH 
 H-'olton. 
 
 3, Relation; participation of the same nature. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 eaON'IAC, ) (kon'yak,) n. The best kind of bnindy, 
 CoG'.NAC, ) so named from a town in France, 
 
 Smart prefers the spelling cogniac. 
 COG-.\l-SOR', (or. 
 
 COG-XI *EE' I COGNIZOR, COGNIZEE. 
 
 eOG-NI"TIO.\, (-nish'un,) 71. [L. cognitio; cognoa- 
 co, cognitiui, con and nosco, to know.] 
 
 Knowledge or certain knowledge, as from personal 
 view or exi>erienc.c. Shak. bnmn. 
 
 eOG'iN'l-TlVE, a. Knowing, or apprehending by the 
 understanding ; as, eogiiitice power, [Little used.] 
 
 South. 
 
 €OG'.\I-Z.\-RLE, (kog'ne-za-bl or kon'e-za-bl,) o, 
 [Fr, connoissable, from connoitre, to know ; It. cog- 
 noscere ; Sp. conocer, conocible : Poll, ronhecer ; from 
 L. eognoseo, con and nosco, to know persoinilly ; Gr, 
 ) ii cu(7if(t», id,] 
 
 1. That falls, or may fall, under judicial notice; 
 that may be heard, tried, and determined ; as, a 
 cause or action is cognizable before the Circuit Court. 
 
 Theac wron^ arc co§mzab!e by Uie ccclrsiastical conns. 
 
 Jilackeuine. 
 
 2. That falls, or may fall, under notice or oliserva- 
 tion ; that may be known, perceived, or apprehended. 
 
 Tlie Cluse of many pliniomenn U not cognizable by Ihe vniet. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 GOG'NI-Z.\-BLY, adv. In a cognizable manner, 
 
 IVordsicortJl. 
 
 €OG'.\I-ZAN'CE,(kog'ne-zans or kon'e-zans,) 71, [Fr. 
 connoissance ; It, cognoscenta ; Sp, convcencia ; Port, 
 co/iAccciica.] 
 
 1. Jnificial notice or Knowledge ; the hearing, try- 
 ing, and determining of a cause or action ip a court. 
 
 The Court of Kin^'i Bench take* toy nironce of civil and criminal 
 c.-«us*'s. Biackitons. 
 
 In the t'liited Suttes, Die Dialrict Coiinj have cognizance of 
 in.aritiinc caiti.e3. 
 
 2. Jurisdiction, or right to try and determine 
 causes. 
 
 The Court of Kind's Bench hai original jimsditlion and cofnt- 
 zanre of all actions ol uv&pass pi et armiM. Ula^iUim. 
 
 3. In law, an acknowledgment or confession ; as 
 in fines, the acknowledgment of the cognizor or de- 
 forciant, that the right to the land in question is in 
 the plaintiff or cognizee, by gift or otherwise; in 
 replevin, the acknowledgment of the defendant, th.at 
 he took the goods, but alleging that he did it legally 
 as the bailiff of another person, who had a right to 
 distrain. Blackstone. 
 
 4. A badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to 
 indicate the person or party to which he belonged. 
 
 5. Knowledge or notice ; perception ; observation ; 
 as, the cognizance of the senses. 
 
 B. Knowledge by recollection. Spenser. 
 eOG'NI-Z.\NT, (kog'ne-zant or kon'e zant,} o. Hav- 
 ing knowledge of. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 221 
 
COH 
 
 COI 
 
 COK 
 
 eOG'M-ZAXT, (kog'ne-ZMt or kon'e-zaiit,) a. Hav- 
 ing knowledge of. 
 
 eOG-.\ l-ZEE', {kog-ne-zee' or kon-e-zee',) n. In law, 
 one to whom a fine is acknowledged, or the plaintiif 
 in an action for the assurance of land by fine. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 eOG-NF-ZOR', rkog-ne-zor', or kon-e-znr',) n. One 
 who acknowledges the right of tlie plaintifl" or cog- 
 nizee, in a fine ; otherwise called the defendant or 
 deforciant. Blackstone, 
 
 €OG-No'AlEN, 7!. [L.] A snmame. The last of 
 the three names among the Romans. It described 
 the house or family of a person ; as the nonien did the 
 genu ; while the pra:nomcn was the name of the in- 
 dividual. Brande. 
 
 eOG-NOM'IN-AL, a. [L. cognomen, a. surname; con 
 and nomen, name.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a surname. 
 
 2. Having the same name. \Litlle used.] Brown. 
 €OG-NOJ!-[N-A'TION, n. [L. cognomen.] 
 
 A surname ; the name of a family ; a name given 
 from any accident or quality ; as, Alexander the 
 Great. Brown. 
 eOG NOS'CENCE, n. [See Cognition.] 
 
 Knowledge ; the act or state of knowing. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 COR-JVOS-CEJV™, 71. •• pL Cognoscenti. [It.] A 
 
 connoisseur. [Little itscr/.J 
 eOG-NOS-CI-BIL'I-TY, 71. The quality of being 
 
 cognoscible. 
 
 eOG-NOS'CI-BLE, a. That may be known. [Little 
 iised.] Hale. 
 
 eOG-NOS'CI-TIVE, a. Having the power of know- 
 ing. Cmlworth. 
 
 COO-J^O'Vrr, n. [L., he acknowledges.] In ktw, 
 a term used when the defendant acknowledges the 
 justice of the plaintiff's claim, or a part of it, and 
 suffers judgment to be entered against him. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 €0-GUXRD'I-AN, 7t. A joint guardian. Kent. 
 CoGUE, 71. A small wooden vessel ; a dram. [Local.] 
 eOG'-VVHEEL, 7!. A wheel with cogs or teeth. 
 eO-HAB'IT, V. i. [L. con and liabiUi, to dwell.] 
 I 1. To dwell with ; to inhabit or reside in company, 
 or in the same place or country. Stiles. South. 
 
 2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife ; 
 usually or often applied to persons not legally married. 
 eO-HAB'IT-ANT, ;i. One who dwells with another, 
 
 or in the same place. Decay of Piety. 
 
 eO-HAB-IT-A'TION, n. The act or state of dwelling 
 together or in the same place with another. 
 
 Stiles, F.lcct. Serin. 
 2. The state of living together as man and wife, 
 without being legally married. Bacon. 
 eO-HAB'IT-ING, ppr. or 7!. Dwelling together, or 
 
 the act of doing so. 
 CO-HEIR', (ko-air',) 7t. [L. colueres ; con and hteres, 
 an heir. See Heir.] 
 
 A joint heir ; one who succeeds to a share of an 
 inheritance, which is to be divided among two or 
 more. 
 
 eO-IIEIR'ESS, (ko-air'ess,) -n. A female who in- 
 herits a share of an estate, which is to be divided 
 among two or more heirs or heiresses ; a joint 
 heiress. 
 
 eO-HER'ALD, n. A joint herald. 
 CO-HeRE', v. i. [L. cohareo; con and lutreo, to stick 
 or cleave together.] 
 
 1. To stick together ; to cleave ; to be united ; to 
 hold fast, as parts of the same mass, or as two sub- 
 stances that attract each other. Thus particles of 
 clay cohere ; polished surfaces of bodies cohere. 
 
 2. To be well connected ; to follow regularly in 
 the natural order ; to be suited in connection ; as the 
 pa'ts of a discourse, or as arguments in a train of 
 reasoning. 
 
 3. To suit ; to be fitted ; to agree. Shdk. 
 eO IIf.R'ENCE, ) n. A sticking, cleaving, or hang- 
 eO-IIER'EN-CY, j ing together; union of parts of 
 
 the same body, or a cleaving togi tlicr of two bodies, 
 by means of attraction ; applied to alt substances, solid 
 or fluid. Luclie. Bcnlletj. 
 
 2. Connection ; suitable connection or dependence, 
 proceeding fror> the natural relation of parts or 
 things to each other, as in the parts of a discourse, 
 or ftf any system ; consistency. Hooker. iMche. 
 CO-HkK'ENT, a. Sticking together; cleaving; as 
 the parts of bodies, solid or fluid. ..SrbutJinot, 
 
 2. Connected ; united, by some relation in form or 
 order ; fidlowed by to, but rather by with. Locke. 
 
 3. Suitable or suited ; regularly adapted. Shali. 
 
 4. Consistent ; having a due agreement of parts ; 
 as, a coherent discourse. Or observing due agreo 
 mcnt ; as, a coherent thinker or reasoner. 
 
 €0-H f;R'ENT-LY, ode. In a coherent manner ; with 
 due cftiinection or agreement of parts. 
 
 eO-IIE-SI-BIL'I-TY, 71. 'J'he tendency which one 
 part of matter evinces to unite with anotlii r part of 
 matter, ho as to form, out of diflt-rent bodies, one 
 common m.iss. It is opposed to divisiljility. Good. 
 
 €0-llP:'SI-BhE, n. Capable of cohesiim. 
 
 eO-N P.'SIO.V, ( hCzhiin.) n. [Ir. coesione; from L. 
 cotueifi, pret. of coArfrfo.J 
 
 I. The act of "ticking together ; the state of being 
 
 united by natural attraction, as the constituent par- 
 ticles of homogeneous bodies which unite in a mass, 
 by a natural tendency ; one of the different species 
 of attraction. JVeieton. .^rbuthiioL 
 
 2. Connection ; dependence ; as, the cohesion of 
 ideas. But in this sense, see Coherence. Locke 
 
 €0-Hi:'SIVE, a. That has the power of sticking or 
 cohering; tending to unite in a mass, and to resist 
 separation. jVichoUon. 
 
 CO-Hr.'SIVE-LY, adv. With cohesion. 
 
 eO-HE'SIVE-NESS, 71. The quality of being cohe- 
 sive ; the quality of adhering together ; as particles 
 of matter. 
 
 eO-Hlli'IT, r. t. [h. cohibeo.] To restrain. 
 
 CO-HIB'IT-ED, mi. Restrained. 
 
 eO-HIB'IT-ING, ppr. Restraining. 
 
 CO-Ill-BI"TIOi\, 71. [L. cohilntio.] Hinderance ; re- 
 
 eo'HO-BATE, r. r. [Port, co/wrar.] [straint. 
 Among early chemists, to repeat the distillation of 
 the same liquor, or that from the same body, pouring 
 the liquor back upon the matter remaining in the 
 vessel. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 €o'IIO-B.X-TED, pp. Repeatedly distilled. 
 
 Co'HO-Ba-TING, ppr. Distilling repeatedly. 
 
 CO-HO-BA'TION, ?i. [Sp. coliobacion.j 
 
 The operation of repeatedly distilling the same 
 liquor, or that from the same substance. Encyc. 
 
 eO-HoES', ) 71. A fall of water, or falls ; a word of 
 
 eO-IIoZE', i Indian origin in America. 
 
 CO'HOllT, 71. [L. cohors; Fr. cohorte; It. coorte; Sp. 
 coluirte ; Port, td.] 
 
 1. Among the Romans, a body of about five or six 
 hundred men : each cohort consisted of three mani- 
 ples, and each maniple of two centuries; and ten 
 cohorts constituted a legion. .Sdam, Rom. Ant. 
 
 2. In poetry, a band or body of warriors. Milton. 
 eO-HORT-A'TION, 7t. Exhortation; encouragement. 
 
 [JVoe liscrf.] Diet. 
 eOIF, 71. [Fr. coiffe ; Arm. coeff; It. cuffia, a cap ; Sp. 
 
 cofia, a net of silk or thread worn on the head ; Port. 
 
 coifa, a caul.] 
 
 A kind of caul, or cap, worn on the head by ser- 
 geants at law and others. Its chief use was to cover 
 
 the clerical tonsure. Encyc. 
 COIF, r. L To co,ver or dress with a coif. 
 eOIF'JJD, (koift,) a. Wearing a coif. 
 eoiF'FtlRE, 71. [Fr.l A head-dress. .Addison. 
 eOIGNE, for Coin. [See Coin, a corner.] Shak. 
 eolGNE, tv.i. To live by extortion, [jin Irish word.] 
 COIN'Y, j Bryskett. 
 COIL, 71. t. [Fr. cueillir i perhaps Gr. ei\coi, or /tvAiw. 
 
 See the roots ^hi and 'jnp. Class Gl, No. 5, 48.] 
 To gather, as a line or cord, into a circular form ; 
 
 to wind into a ring, as a serpent, or a rope. 
 COIL, 71. A rope gathered into a ring; on shipboard, 
 
 a single turn or winding is called a fake, and a range 
 
 of fakes is called a tier. 
 2. A noise, tumult, bustle, confusion. 
 
 Bailey. Johnson. 
 COIL'ED, pp. or a. Gathered into a circular form, as 
 
 a rope, or a serpent. 
 eOIL'ING, ppr. Gathering or winding into a ring or 
 
 circle. 
 
 COIN, 71. [Fr. coin, a corner, a wedge ; Ann. coign; 
 Sp. es<)uina, a corner, and cuna, a wedge ; Port. 
 quina; h. euneics ; Gr. yMfin; Ir. cuiiiiie; \V. going, 
 or cyn, a wedge. The pronunciation of this word, 
 by our coinnum people, is quine, or quoin, when ap- 
 plied to a wedging stone, in masonry. See the next 
 word.] 
 
 1. A corner or external angle ; a jutting point, as 
 of a wall. Shale. 
 
 Riistic coins ; stones jutting from a wall, for new 
 buildings to be joined to. Bailey, 
 
 2. A wedge for raising or lowering a piece of ord- 
 nance. Bailey, 
 
 3. A wedge or piece of wood to lay between c;isks 
 on shipboard. Bailey. 
 
 COIN, 71, [^>\\ cuha ; Port, cnnho, a (lie to stamp 
 money ; Sp. aeuhar, to coin or impress money, to 
 wedge ; Port, canliar ; It. conio, a die ; coniarc, to 
 
 coin ; Fr. coin; Ar. ^Ij* kauna, to hammer, forge, 
 
 or stamp. The sense is, to strike, beat, or drive, 
 coinciding with the French coigner, or cogner. 
 Hence we see that coin, whether it signifirs a cor- 
 ner, a wci ge, or a die, is from the same root, from 
 thrusting, driving.] 
 
 Primarily, the die employed for stamping money. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. Money stamped ; a piece of metal, as gold, sil- 
 ver, copper^ or other met.il, converted into money, 
 by impressing on it marks, figures, or characters. 
 To make good money, these impressions must be 
 made under the authority of governnunt. Th.it 
 which IS stamped without authority is called false or 
 counterfeit coin. Formerly, all coin was made by 
 hammering; but it is now impressed by a machine, 
 or mill. 
 
 Current coin, is coin legally stamped, and circula- 
 ting in trade. 
 Jlncient eoin.t, are cliielly those of the Jews, Greeks, 
 
 and Romans, which are kept in cabinets as curios- 
 ities. 
 
 2. In architecture, a kind of die cut diagonally, 
 after the manner of a flight of a staircase, serving 
 at bottom to support columns in a level, and at lop 
 to correct the inclination of an entablature support- 
 ing a vault. Encyc. 
 
 3. That which serves for payment. 
 
 The loss of present ftdviinUije lo flesh atul blood is repaid hi & 
 nobler coin. Hamttiorui, 
 
 COIN, V, t. To stamp a metal, and convert it into 
 money ; to mint. 
 
 3. To niiike or fabricate for general use ; as, to 
 coin words. Shak, 
 
 3. To make ; to forge ; to fabricate ; in an ill sense ; 
 as, to coin a lie ; to coin a fable. Nudibras. Dryden. 
 eOIN'.\GE, 71. The act, art, or practice, of stamping 
 metallic money. Arbuthnot, 
 
 2. Coin ; money coined ; stamped and legitimated 
 metal for a circulating medium. 
 
 3. Coins of a particular stamp; as, the coinage of 
 George III. 
 
 4. The charges or expense of coining money. 
 
 5. A making ; new production ; formation ; as, 
 the coinage of words. 
 
 6. Invention ; forgery ; fabrication. 
 
 This is the verj- coinage ol your brain. Sltak. 
 eO-IN-CIDE', 7'. i. [L. con and incido, to fall on ; in 
 and cado, to fall. See Cadence, Case. Low L. 
 coincido ; Sp. coincidir ; Fr. coincidcr.] 
 
 1. To fail or to meet in the same point, as two 
 lines or bodies ; followed by icitA. 
 
 11' the equator and the ecliiitic li.\d coincided, il would have ren- 
 dered the annual revolution of the earth useless. CUeyne. 
 
 2. To concur; to be consistent with ; to agree; as, 
 the judges did not coincide in opinion. 
 
 The rules of ri^lit Jnil^ment and ofc good ratiocination often 
 coLHcifle with each other. Watte. 
 CO-IN'Cl-DENCE, n. The falling or meeting of two 
 or more lines, surfaces, or bodies, in the same point. 
 
 Bentlcy. 
 
 2. Concurrence ; consistency ; agreement ; as, the 
 coincidence of two or more opinions ; coincidence of 
 evidences. , IJale. 
 
 3. A meeting of events in time ; concurrence : a 
 happening at the same time ; as, coincidence of events. 
 
 CO-IN'CI-DENT, a. Falling on the same point ; 
 meeting, as lines, surfaces, or bodies ; followed by 
 with. A'Vicion. 
 
 2. Concurrent ; consistent ; agreeable to ; followed 
 by wiUi, 
 
 Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly coincident 
 ujilh iJie ruling principles of a virtuous man. South. 
 
 eO-IN'Cl-DENT-LY, adv. With coincidence. 
 CO-IN-CID'ER, 71. He or that which coincides or 
 concurs. 
 
 CO-IN-CID'ING, ppr. oro. Meeting in the same point ; 
 
 agreeing ; concuiTing. 
 eO-IN-Dl-C.\'TION, 71 [L. C071 and indicatio, from 
 
 indico, to show.] 
 
 In medicine, a sign or symptom, which, with other 
 
 signs, assists to show the nature of the tlisease, and 
 
 the proper remedy ; a concurrent sign or symptom. 
 eOIN'SD, pp. or a. Struck or stamped, as money; 
 
 made ; invented ; forged. 
 eOIN'ER, 71. One who stamps coin; a minter; a 
 
 maker of money. Addison, 
 
 2. A counterfeiter of the legal coin ; a maker of 
 base mimey. 
 
 3. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden, 
 eO-IN-HAB'IT-ANT, 71. One who dwells with 
 
 another, or with others. 
 
 eO-IN-HER'IT-ANCE, 71. Joint inheritance. 
 
 €0-IN-HER'IT-OR, n. A joint heir; a coheir. 
 
 eOIN'ING, yipr. Stamping money; making; invent- 
 ing; forging; fabricating. 
 
 eOIN'lNG, n. The act, art, or practice, of making 
 stamped metallic money. 
 
 eO-lN'mJI-NATE, 7'. t, [L. coinquino.] 
 To pollute. [JVot usedJ] 
 
 CO-IN-UUI-Na'TION, n. Defilement. [.Vo( used,] 
 
 eO-lN-STAN-TA'NE-OUS, a. Instantaneous at the 
 same moment. 
 
 COIR, 71. A material for cordage, consisting of the 
 fibers of the cocoa-nut ; also, the cordage made of 
 this material. P- Cyc, 
 
 COIS'TRIL, n. [Said to be from kestrel, a degenemte 
 hawk.] 
 
 1. A coward ; n runaway. Shak. Johnson, 
 
 2. A young lad. Bailey 
 eOIT, 71. A quoit, which sec. 
 
 COIT'ING. See Uuoit. 
 
 eO-I"TION, (ko-ish'un,) 71. [L. coitio, from coeo, to 
 come togetlier; con and eo, to go.] 
 
 A coming together ; cliielly the venereal inter- 
 course of the sexes ; copulatiim. Grew, 
 
 eO-JOlN', I'. (. [L. conjungo. See Conjoin.] 
 
 To join with another in the same office. [Little 
 u.ird.] Shak. 
 
 CO-JC^ROR, 71. One who swears to another's credi- 
 bility. IVotlon. 
 
 COKI'i, n. Fossil coal charred, or deprived of lis bim- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 288 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 COL 
 
 men, sulplmr, or oilier extraneous or volatile matter 
 by fire, ami thus prepared lor excitins; inlense Ileal. 
 
 Kitcyc. CUavcland, 
 
 €OKE, I'. (. To convert into coke. 
 
 eOl.'AN-DEK, (kiil'len-ilur,) «. [L. colo, to strain ; 
 Kr. coiikr, to How, to trickle dow n ; coulaiU, flowing ; 
 cnilfur, a colander.] 
 
 A vessel with a bottom perforated with littli; holes 
 for stniininp liquors. In America, this name is 
 given, I believe, exclusively to a vessel of tin, or 
 other niet'll. In Oreat Britain, the name is given to 
 vessels, like sieves, made with hair, osiers, or twigs. 
 
 May. Ray. Drydcn. 
 
 eO-lM'RP.S, n. The genuine wine of I'ortugal. 
 
 €0-L.^'TIO.V, n. The act of straining, or purifying 
 liquor, by passing it through a perforated vessel. 
 [ Liitie usfil. I 
 
 eoi,' A-TLJRE, n. The act of straining; the matter 
 
 strained. {LitUe used.] 
 COL'ltKK-TINE, «. 'A kind of lace worn by women. 
 
 Jolliuiait. 
 
 €Ot,'CIII-CINE, n. A vegetable alkaloid obtained 
 from Colcliicum Autumnale. 
 
 eoL'CHI-eirM, ». The meadow safTron of English 
 writers, a term applied to a genus of hulbuus-roolrd 
 plants found in many parts of Europe. From the 
 bulbs of the CLilchicum Autumnale, a medicine is 
 prepared, which is used as a remedy for llie gout 
 an(i rheumatism. Partin^tun. /Mudun. 
 
 €OL'eu-THAK, 71. The brown Ted oxyd of iron 
 which remains after the distillation of the acid from 
 sulphate of iron ; used for polishing glass and other 
 subsLinces. It is called by artists crocu.-t, or crocus 
 viartis. Kiteyc, Ure. 
 
 The sulphate of iron is called colcoUtar or chalcile, 
 when the calcination has been carried so far as to 
 drive off a considerable part of the acid. Futtrcruy. 
 [f^ee Chalcite.] 
 
 eOI.l), a. [Sax. cald; G. kalt ; T). knud, contracted; 
 Goth, adds; Risque, ^ulda ; Sw. hall: Dan. kM ; 
 and the noun kulde. The Latter seems to be ciui- 
 nected with kul, a coal, and kaUr, to blow strong. 
 But the connection may be cas'jal. In Swedish, 
 kyla signifies to cool, and to burn ; thus connecting 
 cool, cold, with the L. caleo, to be hot. Hoth cold 
 and heat m.iy bo from r<ishing, raging, and tliis word 
 may be from the same root as frale. If not, cool 
 Would seem to be allied to L. gelo.] 
 
 1. Not warm or hot ; gelid ; frigid ; a relative term. 
 A substance is cold to the touch when it is less warm 
 than the body, and when, in contact, the heat of the 
 biKly passes from the body to the substance ; as, cold 
 air ; a coLi stone ; cold water. It denotes a greater 
 degree of the quality than cool. fSee tile noun.] 
 
 'J. Having the sensation of cold ; chill \ shivering, 
 or inclined to shiver; as, I am cold. 
 
 'X Having cold qualities ; as, a cold plant. Bacon, 
 -I. Frigid; ^vanti^g passion, zeal, or ardor; indif- 
 ft-rent ; unconcerned not animated, or easily ex- 
 cited into action ; as, a cold spectator ; a cold Chris- 
 tian ; a cold lover, or friend ; a cold temper. 
 
 Hooker. Addison. 
 
 Thou art neither cold wot hoi. — Rev. iii. 
 
 5. Not moving; unaffecting; not animated; not 
 able to excite feeling ; spiritless ; as, a cold discourse ; 
 acuWjest. Mdi.ion. 
 
 (i. Reserved ; coy ; not atfectionate, cordial, or 
 friendly ; indicating inditference ; as, a cold liKik ; a 
 coM return of civilities ; a roW reception. Clarendon. 
 
 7. Not heated by seiisu;d desire. SItak. 
 
 8. NtH hasty ; not violent Jolin.ion. 
 
 9. Not alfeciing the scent strongly. Sliak. 
 
 10. Not having the scent strongly affected. Skak. 
 eOLD, 71. (Sax. ceU, cyl, eyle; D. koelte, koudc ; G. 
 
 kalte. See Cool.) 
 
 1. The sensation produced in animal bodies by the 
 escape of heat, and the consequent contraction of 
 the fine vessels. Also, the cause of that sensation. 
 Heat exirands the vessels, and cold contracts them ; 
 and the transition from an expanded to a contracted 
 state is acccmipanied with a sens,ition to which, as 
 well as to the cause of it, we give the denomination 
 of cold. Hence cold is a privation of heat, or the 
 cause of it. Encyc. Bacon. 
 
 a. A shivering ; the effoct of the contraction of 
 tne fine vessels of the body ; chilliness, or chillncss. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. A disease ; indisposition occasioned by cold ; 
 caUirrh. 
 
 eOLD-llI.i'iOD'KD, (-l)lud'ed,) a. Having cold blood. 
 
 2. Without sensibility, or feeling ; hard hearted. 
 eOLD'F.R, a. comp. More cold. 
 
 eOl.lJ'EST, a. jupeW. Most cold. 
 
 C<^LD'-FINCII, n. .\ species of Motacilla, a bird 
 frequenting the west of Eneland, with the head and 
 b,ark of a brownish gray, the belly white, and the 
 quill feathers and tail black. Did. ofMit. Hi'd. 
 
 CoLD'-HEXRT'ED, a. Wanting passion or feeling ; 
 indifferent. * 
 
 eOLU'-HEXRT'ED-LY, adn. In a cold-hearted man- 
 ner. 
 
 €OI-I)'-HEXRT'ED-NESS, tu Want of feeling or 
 sensibility. 
 
 eOLD'-SIlOUiyDER. To give the cold shoulder to 
 
 any one, is to treat him with cool neglect. 
 eoI.D'ISII, a. Somewliiit cold. 
 
 CoLD'IiY, ado. In a coM manner ; without w.iriiitli ; 
 without concern; without ardor or aiiiiiialKjii ; 
 without apparent passion, emotion, or feeling; with 
 indilfereuce or negligence ; as, to answer one culdly ; 
 a proposition is coldly receivtid. 
 
 eOI-O'NESS, ;i. Want of heat ; as, the coldness of 
 water or air. When the lie.al or temperature of any 
 substance is less than that of the animal body ex- 
 posed to it, that state or temperature is called coldness. 
 
 2. Unconcern; indifterence ; a frigid state of tem- 
 per ; want of ardor, zeal, emotion, animation, or 
 spirit; negligence; as, to receive an answer with 
 coldness; to listen with coldness. 
 
 3. Want of apparent alfection, or kindness ; as, to 
 receive a friend with coldness. 
 
 4. Coyness; reserve; indiflerence ; as, to receive 
 addresses with coldness. 
 
 .I. Want of sensual desire; frigidity; chastity. 
 
 eOLD'-SlIORT, a. Brittle when cold, as a iiii tal. 
 
 C6LE, 71. [Sax. caal, caicl, or caweli L. caulis ; Gr. 
 «H'Aii; 1). kool: G. kohl; Svv. kal ; Dan. kaal ; W. 
 cawl ; Ir. colu, coilis ; It. caroto; Sp. col ; Port, couve; 
 Arm. caulin, colen ; Ft. cltou.] 
 
 The general name of all sorts of cabbage or Bras- 
 sica ; hut we generally use it in its coinjiounds, cole- 
 wart, canlijloiner, Sec. 
 
 CoL.E'-.M()USE, «. See Coal-Mouse. 
 
 et)-LE-01"TER-AL, a. Coleopterous. 
 
 €0-LE-OP'rER-AN, ii. ) [Gr. koXcos, a sheath, and 
 
 eO-LE-OP'TER-A, h. pi. \ rrrnni,, a wing. J 
 
 A term applied to an order of insects, having crus- 
 taceous elytra or shells, which shut and form a lon- 
 gitudinal suture along the back, covering the wings 
 which lie beneath, as the beetle. 
 
 eO-L,E-01"TER-OUS, a. Having wings covered with 
 a case or sheath ; belonging to the Coleoptera. 
 
 eoLE'-l'ERCII, n. A small fish, less than the com- 
 mon p)errli. Diet, of J^at. Hist. 
 
 eOLE'-SEED, 71. The seed of the navcw, Napus 
 sativa, or long-rooted, narrow-leafed rapa ; n^ckoiied 
 a species of Brassica or cabbage. Eneyc. 
 2. Cabbage seed. Mortimer. 
 
 GoLE'-VVORT, 71. [cole and wort, Sax. wyrt, an herb.] 
 A particular species of cole, Brassica, or cabbage. 
 
 GOIj'ET, in. A corruption of AcoLVTE, an inferior 
 
 COL'LET, ) church servant, which see. Jlook. 
 
 eOIj'ie, 71. [L. colicus ; Gr. KioKiKoi, from kojXop, the 
 colon.] 
 
 In general, a severe pain in the bowels, of whicli 
 there are several varieties ; as, bilious colic, hysteric 
 colic, nervous colic, and many others. 
 
 Coze. Quincy. 
 
 COT TG ) 
 
 eOL'ieAI i Aff'^'^*'"S ">e bowels. Milton. 
 
 eOIj'ICK-Y, a. Pertaining to colic. 
 
 GOL'IN, n. A bird of the partridge kind, found in 
 
 America and the West Indies, called also a t[uad. 
 eOb-l-SK,'L'.M, 71. [H. coliseo.] The amphitheater of 
 
 Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world ; also 
 
 written Colosseum. 
 eOLL, V. U To embrace. [JVot in use] [See Collar.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 eOL-LAB'O-RS-TOR, n. [Fr. eoUaboraUur.] An 
 associate in labor, especially literary or scientific. 
 [Recent.] Sdliman. 
 
 eOL-l.APSE', n. A falling together, as of the sides 
 of a hollow vessel. 
 2. An extreme depression of the bodily energies. 
 
 eOL-LAPSE', (kol-laps',) v. i. [L. coUabor, collapsus ; 
 con and (aAi7r, to slide or fall.] 
 
 To fall together, as the two sides of a vessel ; to 
 close by falling together ; as, the fine canals or ves- 
 sels of the body collapse in old age. Jlrbutlinot. 
 
 eOL-L APS'A'D, (kol-lai>st',) pp. or a. Fallen together ; 
 closed. 
 
 eOI^LAP'SION, (-shun,) n. A state of falling togeth- 
 er ; a state of vessels closed. 
 
 eOL'L.Ml, 71. [L. cotlare; Fr. eoilier, collet; Arm. 
 colyrr; It. eoUare; Sp. collar; from L. coUuin, the 
 neck.] 
 
 1. Something round the neck, as a ring of metal 
 or a chain. The knights of several orders wear a 
 chain of gold, enameled, and sometimes set with 
 ciphers or other devices, to which the badge of the 
 order is apiK'iided. Encyc. 
 
 2. The part of a garment which surrounds the 
 neck. Job xxx. 18. 
 
 3. .\ part of a harness for the neck of a horse or 
 other beast, used in draught. 
 
 4. .Aniimg seamen, the upper part of a stay ; also, a 
 rope in form of a wreath, to which a stay is confined. 
 
 5. In arc/iiiecdire, an horizontal piece of timber con- 
 necting and bracing two opposite rafters. Brandt. 
 Also, a ring, cincture, or astragal. OailL 
 
 To slip the collar, is to escape or get free ; to dis- 
 entangle one's self from difficulty, labor, or engage- 
 ment. Johnson. 
 
 A collar of brawn, is the quantity bound up in one 
 parcel. [JVot used in .America.] Johnson. 
 €OL'L.\R, V. u To seize by the collar. 
 3. To put a collar on. 
 
 To collar beef, or other meat, is to roll it up and 
 hind it close with a string. [Knjrtish.] 
 
 €OI,'l,AK-A(^l', II. A lax or fine laid for the coKan 
 of wine-drawing horses. [Eni;.] Bailey. F.nevc. 
 
 eol.'L.\K-lii:A.\I, n. In architecture, all liorlzolllal 
 pii'ce of timber connecting and bracing two opposite 
 rafters ; also culled collar. Gwilt. 
 
 COL'I.AR-HONE, 7i. 'J'he clavicle. 
 
 eul.'L.Ml-D.AY, 71. A day on which knights appear 
 at court in their collars. Smart, 
 
 euL'Iw\R-^';D, pp. Seized by the collar. 
 2. Having a collar on the neck. 
 
 eOL-LAT'A-BLE, a. Capable of being collated. 
 
 eOL-EATE', V. t. [h. collatnm, collatus ; con and la- 
 tum, latas ; considered to be the supine and participle 
 of /to, coufrro, but a word of distinct origin.] 
 Literally, to bring or lay together. Hence, 
 
 1. To lay together and compare, by examining the 
 points in which two or more things of a similar kind 
 agree or disagree ; applied particularly to manascriptt 
 and books ; as, to collate copies of the Hebrew Scrip- 
 tures 
 
 2. To confer or bestow a benefice on a clergyman, 
 by a bishop who h.as it in his own gift or patronage ; 
 or, more strictly, to present and institute a clergy- 
 man in a benefice, wlien the same person is both the 
 ordinary and the patron ; followed by to. 
 
 If Itio patron iie'Ifcta to present, the bijiliop mny coltale Ilia 
 clerk 10 the church. Blacktlone. 
 
 3. To bestow or confer. Taylor. 
 
 4. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a 
 book, for binding. 
 
 eOL-LATE', ti. i. To place in a benefice, as by a 
 bishop. 
 
 If tile bishop nejriectg to eaUate within sijl mouths, the ri^hl lo 
 do it devolves on the archtMshop, Eneyc, 
 
 €OIj-I>AT'ED, pp. Laid together and compared ; ex- 
 amined by comparing ; presented and instituted, as a 
 clergyman to a benefice. 
 
 eOI^LAT'ER-AL, a. [L. collateralis ; con and latera- 
 lis, from latus, a side.] 
 
 1. Being by the side, side by side, on the side, or 
 side to side. 
 
 In liis bright ratliance and collaleral light 
 
 Must I be wnilbrled, not in hi« sphere. ShaJc. 
 
 Collateral pressure, is pressure on the side. So we 
 say, collateral circumstances ; circumstances which ac- 
 company a principal event. 
 
 2. In genealofry, descending from the same stock 
 or ancestor, but not one from the other ; as distin- 
 guished from lineal. Lineal descendants proceed one 
 from another in a direct line ; collateral relations spring 
 from a coinnion ancestor, but from different branches 
 of that commim stirps or stock. Thus the children 
 of brothers are ctdlatrral relations, having different 
 fathers, but a common grandfather. Blaekstonc. 
 
 3. Collateral security, is security for the performance 
 of covenants, or the payment of mone}-, besides the 
 principal security. 
 
 4. Running parallel. Johnson. 
 
 5. Diffused on either side ; springing from relations ; 
 as, collateral love. Milton. 
 
 ti. Not direct, or immediate. 
 
 If by tlin'Ct or collnterat hnnd. Shot, 
 
 7. Concurrent ; as, collateral strength. Atterbury, 
 eOL-L.\T'ER-.\L, 71. .V collateral relation or kins- 
 man. 
 
 eoE-L.VT'ER-AL-LY, adv. Side by side ; or by the 
 side. 
 
 2. Indirectly. Drydcn. 
 
 3. In collateral relation ; not in a direct line ; not 
 linealh'. 
 
 eOL-L,VT'ER-AL-NESS, n. The state of being col- 
 lateral. 
 
 eoL-LAT'ING, ypr. Comparing ; presenting and in- 
 stituting. 
 
 €OL-Ea'TION, 71. The act of bringing or laying to- 
 gether, and comparing; a comparison of one copy or 
 thing of a like kind w itii another. Pope. 
 
 2. The act of conferring or bestowing; a gift. Ray. 
 
 3. In the canon law, the presentation of a clergy- 
 man to a benefice by a bishop, who h.as it in his own 
 gifl or patronage. Collation includes both presenta- 
 tion and institution. When the patron of a church 
 is not a bishop, he presents his clerk for admission, 
 and the bishop institutes him ; but if a bishop is the 
 patron, his presentation and institution are one act, 
 and arc called collation. Blackstone. 
 
 4. In common laic, the presentation of a copy to its 
 original, and a comp.arison made by examination, to 
 ascertain its conformity ; also, the report of the act 
 made by the proper oflicers. Encyc. 
 
 5. In Scots lau>, the right which an heir has ol 
 throwing the whole heritable and movable estates ol 
 the decea.sed into one moss, and sharing it equally 
 with others who arc of the same degree of kindred. 
 
 6. A repast between full meals ; as, a cold collation 
 Collation of seals, denotes one seal set on the sam« 
 
 label, on the reverse of another. F.neuc, 
 €OL-L.\-Tl"TIOUS, (-tish'us,) a. Done by the dis- 
 tribution of money. 
 eOL-LA'TIVE, a, Advowsons are presentative, rot 
 lative, or donative. An advowion collatint is v lier* 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, q.NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z : CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 the bisliop and patron are one and the same person ; 
 in wiiicli case the bishop can not present to liiinself, 
 but he does, by one act of collation or coiiferrinj; the 
 benefice, the whole that is done, in common cases, 
 by both presentation and institution. BlacksUme. 
 eOL-LA'TOR, n. One who collates or compares man- 
 uscripts or copies of books. Addi.wn. 
 
 2. One who collates to a benefice, as wlien the or- 
 dinary and patron are the same person. Ayliffe. 
 €OL-LAUD', v.L [L. cullaudo.] 
 
 To unite in praising. [Little u^ed,] HoweU. 
 €OL'LeAGUE, (kol'leeg,) n. [L. colle^a : Fr. col- 
 Ufrue ; It. colleira ; Sp. cole^a ; L. con and Ic^Oy to 
 choose, or lego, to send, or lirro, to bind. 'I'his word 
 is differently accented by different speakers and lexi- 
 cographers. I have followed the latest authorities.] 
 
 A partner or associate in tlie same otfice, employ- 
 ment, or commission, civil or ecclesiastical. 
 I Milton. SitifL 
 
 ' It is never used of partners in trade or manufac- 
 tnres. 
 
 eOL-LliAGUE', (kol-leeg',) i'. L or i. To unite with 
 in the same office. 
 
 eOL-LEAGU'£D, (kol-leegd',)pp. United as an as- 
 sociate ill the same office. 
 
 eOL'Li?AGUEI-SHIP, )t. Partnership in office. Mdtnn. 
 
 COL-LECT', V. t. [L. coUi^o^ coUectum ; con and lego, 
 to gather ; Gr. Acj w.] 
 
 1. To gatlier, as separate persons or things, into 
 one body or place ; to assemble or bring together ; as, 
 to colleei men into an army ; to collect ideas ; to collect 
 particulars into one sum. 
 
 2. To gain by observation or information ; as, from 
 all that can be collected, the public peace will not soon 
 be interrupted. 
 
 3. To gather from premises ; to infer as a conse- 
 quence. 
 
 Wiiich consequence, 1 conceive, is very ill coltecied. Locke. 
 
 4. To gather money or revenue from debtors ; to 
 demand and receive ; as, to collect taxes ; to collect 
 tlie customs ; to collect accounts or debts. 
 
 5. To gather, as crops ; to reap, mow, or pick, and 
 secure in proper repositories ; as, to collect hay, corn, 
 or fruits. 
 
 6. To draw together; to bring into united action; 
 as, to collect all the strength, or all the powers of the 
 
 7. To obtain from contribution. [mind. 
 To collect one's self, is to recover from surprise, or 
 
 a disconcerted state ; to gain command over the 
 thoughts, when dispersed ; over the passions, when 
 tumultuous; or the mind, when dismayed. 
 
 Sliuk. Jfliltnn. 
 eOL-LECT', I'. !. To run together ; to accumulate ; 
 as, pus collects in an abscess ; sand or snow collects 
 in banks. 
 
 eOL'LEGT, 71. A short, comprehensive prayer; a 
 prayer adapted to a particular day or occasion, and 
 reail together with otlier parts of the church service. 
 
 Brande. Tuijlor. 
 2. ,\ collection or gathering of monev. [LitUe used.] 
 eOT^LEC-TA'.XE-X, n. p/. [L., things collected.] In 
 literature, a term applied to a selection of passages 
 from various authors, usually made for the purpose 
 of instruction. Brande. 
 eOL-LEe-TA'ME-OUS, a. [L. cuUectaneus.] 
 
 Gathered ; collected. 
 €OI^LE€T'ED, pp. or a. Gathered ; assembled ; con- 
 gregated ; drawn together. 
 
 2. a. Recovered from surprise or dismay ; not dis- 
 concerted ; cool ; firm; prepared. 
 ; €OL-l-EeT'LD-LY, arfr. In one view ; together ; in 
 • one bodv ; in a cool, prepared state of mind, 
 i eOE-LECT'ED-NESS, n. A collected state of the 
 
 mind ; recovery from surprise, 
 i €OL-LEer'I-BLE, a. That may be collected or gath- 
 : ered ; that may be inferred. 
 
 a. That may be gathered or recovered ; as, the 
 I debts or taxes are or are not collectible. 
 '. eOL-LEeT'I.\G, ppr. or a. Gathering; drawing to- 
 gether; assembling. 
 I €OL.-LEe'TIO.V, n. The act of gathering or assem- 
 bling. 
 
 2. The body formed by gathering ; an assemblage, 
 or assembly ; a crowd ; as, a collection of men. 
 
 n. A contribution ; a sum collected for a charitable 
 purpose. 
 
 I Nov/ concerning ihe eoUection for the RninU. — 1 Cor. xrl. 
 4. A gathering, as of matter in an abscess. 
 .5. The act of deducing conseipiences ; reasoning ; 
 I Inference. 1 Little used.] Johnson. Hooker. 
 
 (i. A corollary ; a consectary ; a deduction from 
 premises ; consequence. Johnson. Hooker. 
 
 7. A book compiled from other books, by the put- 
 ting logi ther of parts ; a compilation ; as, a collection 
 of essays or sermons. 
 COI,-I.EC-TI"TIOlJS. (-tish'iis,) a. Gathered up. 
 eoi^MCCT'IVE, o. [L. c<iUectioi« ; Kr. coUectif; It. 
 colletltro.] 
 
 1. Kornied by gathering; gathered into a mass, 
 ■uni, or body ; congregated, or aggregated. Swift. 
 
 2. Deducing cnnsequcnces ; reasoning; inferring. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 3. In grammar, expreasing a number or multitude 
 
 united : as, a collective noun or name, which, though 
 in the singular number itself, denotes more than one ; 
 as, cumpniiif, artnii, troop, assembltj. 
 eOL-LEGT'lVE-LY, adv. In a mass, or body ; in a 
 collected state ; in the aggregate ; unitedly ; in a state 
 of combination ; as, the citizens of a state coUcclivclt/ 
 considered. 
 
 eoi>-LEeT'IVE-NESS, 71. A state of union ; mass. 
 eOL-LEGT'OR, n. One who collects or gathers things 
 which are scattered or separate. 
 
 2. A compiler ; one who gathers and puts together 
 parts of books, or scattered pieces, in one book 
 
 jldilison. 
 
 3. In botany, one who gathers plants, without 
 studj'ing botany as a science. Kncije. 
 
 Also, a term applied to the dense hairs covering 
 the styles of some phints. Brande. 
 
 4. .\n oflicer appointeil and commissioned to col- 
 lect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 5. .\ bachelor of arts in Oxford, who is appointed 
 to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. 
 
 TodJ. 
 
 eOL-LECT'OR-SHIP, j 71. The office of a collector 
 eOL-LECT'OR-ATE, ) of customs or taxes. 
 
 2. The jurisdiction of a collector. Asiat. Researches. 
 eOL-LEG'A-T.\-RY, n. [L. con and lego, to send.] 
 
 In the civil laic, a pefson who lias a legacy lef^ to 
 him, in common with one or more other persons. 
 
 Cliainbers. Johnson. 
 GOL'LEGE, n. [Ij, collegium ; con and £c^o, to gather.] 
 
 In ifs primary sense, a collection or assembly. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 1. In a general sense, a collection, assemblage, or 
 society of men, invested witli certain powers and 
 rights, performing certain duties, or engaged in some 
 common employment or pursuit. 
 
 2. lx\ a pnrticulur sense, an assembly for a political 
 or ecclesiastical purpose ; as, the college of electors, 
 or their deputies at the diet in Ratisbon. So, also, 
 the college of princes, or their deputies ; tlie college 
 of cities, or deputies of the imperial cities ; the col- 
 lege of cardinals, or sacred college. In Russia, the 
 denomination college is given to councils of state, 
 courts, or assemblies of men intrusted with the ad- 
 ministration of the government, and called imperial 
 collrges. Of these, some are supreme, and others 
 subordinate; as, the supreme imperial college; the 
 college of foreign affairs ; the college of war ; the ad- 
 miralty college ; tlie college of justice ; the college of 
 commerce ; the medical college. 
 
 IVm. TooUe, ii. 335, 350. 
 In Great Britain and the United States of America, a 
 society of physicians is called a college. So, also, 
 there are colleges of surgeons ; and in Britain, a col- 
 lege of philosophy, a college of heralds, a college of 
 justice, &,c. Colleges of these kinds are usually in- 
 corporated or established by the supreme power of 
 the state. 
 
 3. -All establishment or edifice appropriated to 
 the use of students who are acquiring the languages 
 and sciences. 
 
 4. The society of persons engaged in the pursuits 
 of literature, including the officers and students. 
 Societies of this kind are incorporated and endowed 
 with revenues. 
 
 5. In foreign uniuersitics, a public lecture. 
 
 C. A collection or comiiiuiiity ; as, a college of 
 bees. [Unusunl.'] Dri/thn. 
 eOL'LEGE-LIKE, a. Regulated after the manner of 
 a college. 
 
 eOL-Li'/OI-AL, a. Relating to a college ; belonging 
 to a college ; having the properties of a college. 
 
 eOL-LF,'Gl-.\N, 71. .\ member of a college, particu- 
 larly of a literary institution so called ; an iiiiiab- 
 itant of a college. Johnson. 
 
 eOL-Ll"l:'GI-ATE, a. Pertaining to a college ; as, col- 
 legiate studies. 
 
 2. Containing a college ; instituted after the man- 
 ner of a college ; as, a collegiate society. Johnson. 
 
 3. A collegiate church is one that has no bishop's 
 see, but has the ancient retinue of a bishop, caiunis, 
 and prebeiuls. f)f these, some are of royal, others 
 of ecclesiastical foundation ; and each is regulated, 
 in matters of divine service, as a cathedral. Some 
 of these were anciently abbeys which have been 
 seculari/.ed. Enciic. 
 
 eOL-LF:'GI-ATE, 71. The member of a college. " 
 
 Barton. 
 
 COI/LET, 71. [Fr. collet, a collar, or neck, from L. 
 
 Co//m?/(.] 
 
 1. Among jewf/crA-, the horizontal face or plane at 
 the bottom of brilliant-s ; or the part of a ring in 
 which the stone is set. Kncnc. John.^on. 
 
 2. In glass-malcing, that part of glass vessels which 
 sticks to the iron iiistruiiient used in taking the sub- 
 stance from the melting pot. Kncyc. 
 
 3. Anciently, a hand or collar. 
 
 4. A term used by turners. ./ohnson, 
 .'). In botany, the ni rk or part of a plant from 
 
 which spring the asceniling and descending axes. 
 
 LtnJIry. 
 
 eOI,-LET'ie, a. Having the property of gluing ; 
 agglutinant. Kntyc. 
 
 eOL-LET'ie, 71. [Gr. koXAtjt-kcos.] 
 
 An agglutinant. Encyc. 
 eOL-LIUE', V. L [L. collido ; con and lado, to strike.] 
 
 To strike or dash against each other. Brown. 
 eOL-LID'ING, ppr. Striking or dashing against. 
 eOLL'IER, (kol'yer,) h. [from coal.} A digger of 
 coal ; one who works in a coal mine. Johnson, 
 
 2. A coal merchant, or dealer in coal. Bacon. 
 
 3. A coasting vessel employed in the coal trade, or 
 in transporting coal from the ports where It is re- 
 ceived from the mines, to the ports wiiere it is pur- 
 chased for consumption. 
 
 eOLL'IER-Y, (kol'yer-y,) Ji. Tlie place where coal 
 
 is dug. [See Coalert.] 
 2 The coal trade. Ciu. 
 eOL'EI-FLOW-EH. See Caulifloweb. 
 eOE'LI-GATE, V. t. [L. colligo ; con and ligo, to 
 
 bind. J To tie or bind together. 
 
 The pieces of isinglass are eoUigated in rows. Nich. Diet. 
 
 eOL'LI-GA-TED, pp. Tied or bound together. 
 
 eOL'Ll-GA-TI.\G, ppr. Binding together. 
 
 eOL-LI-GA'TION, 71. A binding together Brotrm. 
 
 €OL-LI-.Ma'TIO.\, 71. [L. collimo ; con and limes, a 
 limit. Ainsworth suggests that it may be an error, 
 and that collineo, con and linea, is the real reading; 
 but collimo is in perfect analogy with other words of 
 like signification. To aim is to direct to the limit or 
 end.] 
 
 1. The act of aiming at a mark; aim ; the act of 
 leveling, or of directing the sight to a fixed object. 
 
 Asiat. Research. 
 
 2. In a telescope, the line of collimation, is the line of 
 sight, or a straight line passing through the center of 
 the object-glass. 
 
 eOL-LI-.MA'TOR, n. An instrument for ascertaining 
 
 the horizontal point. 
 eOL-LIX-E-A'TION,7i. [L. collinea; con and linea, 
 
 a line.] 
 
 The act of aiming, or directing in a line to a fi.xed 
 object. Johnson. 
 
 eOL'LING, 71. [L. fottiiTTi, the neck.] An embrace; 
 dalliance. [jVo( used.] Chaucer. 
 
 eOL-I.I.\"GU.\L, (-ling'gwal,) a. Having or pertain- 
 ing to the same language. 
 
 €OL-Lia'UA-BLE, (kol-lik'wa-bl,) a. [Sec Colli- 
 qUATE.] That may be liquefied, or melted ; liable 
 to melt, grow soft, or become fiuid. 
 
 eOL-Lia'U.\-MEN'T, 71. The substance formed by 
 melting ; that which is melted. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 •2. Technically, the fetal part of an egg ; the 
 transparent fiuid in an egg, containing the first rudi- 
 ments of the chick. Coxc. Encyc. 
 
 3. Tlie first rudiments of an embrj o in generation. 
 
 Core. 
 
 eOL'LI-QUANT, a. That has the power of dissolv- 
 ing or melting. 
 
 eOL'LI-ULlATE, r. 1. [L. colliqueo ; con and liquco, 
 to melt. See Liqcio.] 
 
 To melt ; to dissolve ; to change from solid to 
 fluid ; to become liquid. Brown, 
 
 eOL'LI-UUATE, I-. t. To melt or dissolve. 
 
 eOL'LI-UL'A-TEU, ;»;7. Melted; dissolved; turned 
 from a solid to a fluid substance. Boiile, Jiarveii. 
 
 eOL'LI-aUA-TlNG, ppr. Melting; dissolving. 
 
 €0Lr-LI-aUA'T10i\", 71. The act of melting. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 2. .\ dissolving, flowing, or wasting; applied to 
 the blood, when it does not readily coagulate, and to 
 the solid parts, when they waste away by excessive 
 secretion, occasioning fluxes and profuse clammy 
 sweats. Coze. Encyc. Quineit. 
 
 eO^-LU^'UA-TIVE, (k-ol-llk'wa-tiv,) a. Melli'iig; 
 dissolving; applied to excessive evacuations, which 
 melt down, as it were, the strength and substance of 
 the boilj'. 
 
 eoL-LUi-UE-FAe'TION, (kol-lik-we-fak'shun,) 71. 
 
 [L. colliqnefacio.] 
 A nielling together; the reduction of dilferent 
 
 bodies into one mass, bv fusion. Bacon. 
 eOL-Lr'SIO.\, (kol-li/.li'un,) n. [L. collisio, from 
 
 collido, collisi ; con and Udo, to strike or hurt.] 
 
 1. The act of striking together ; a striking together 
 of two hard bodies. Jtldton. 
 
 2. The state of being struck together; a clash- 
 ing. Hence, 
 
 3. Figuraiirely, a state of opposition ; interfe- 
 rence ; as, a collision of interests, or of parties. 
 
 4. A running against each other, as ships at sea. 
 
 JIarshal on Insurance. IVaUh. 
 eOI,-LIT'I-G.\NT, 71. One who litigates or wrangles 
 with another. 
 
 eOI/l,() GATE, r. t. [L. colloco : con and loco, to set 
 
 or place.] To set or place ; to set ; to station. 
 eOl/EO-CATE, a. Set ; placed. Bacon, 
 eOL'L.O.CA-TEn, pp. Placed. 
 eoL-Lt)-eA-TI.\(;, ppr. setting; plating. 
 eOL-LO-CA'TlON, 71. [I,, collocatio.] 
 
 1. A setting ; the act of placing ; disposition in 
 place. 
 
 2. The slate of being placed, or placed with some- 
 thing rise. Baron. 
 
 eOL-LO eO'TION, 71. [I,, eollocutio; eon and locu- 
 tio, from loquor, to speaK.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 _ _ _ _ _ - 
 
CO I, 
 
 COL 
 
 COL 
 
 A spraking or conversing together ; conference; 
 iniitiinl di-iconrse. BaiUii. Johnson. 
 
 eoi,-LO-eO'TOU, n. One of the speakers in a dln- 
 logne. 
 
 eoL I.OfiUE', r. t. To wheedle. [JVot in u.if.] 
 eOL.'L01', n. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh. 
 
 Vnjden. 
 
 2. In burlesque, n child. Sliak. 
 
 '^. In Job XV. 27, it seems to have the sense of a 
 thick piece or fleshy lump. '* lie maketh culhp.^ of 
 fat on liis rfanks." This is the sense of tlie word in 
 New Rni-lnnd. 
 eoL-Lfi'tiUI-AL, o. [See CoLLociL'v 1 Pertaining 
 to roinmon conversation, or to mutual discourse ; as, 
 rolloifuial laniiuage ; a coUoiiuial phrase. 
 CdL-La'UUI-ALi-IS.M, n. A colloquial form of ex- 
 pression. 
 
 COI, 1,6'UIII-AULY, adv. n.vmulnal conversation. 
 COL'LO-UUIST, n. A speaker in a dialuj;ni'. 
 
 JMalone. 
 
 GOL'LO-QUy, n. [L. colloquiums con and /u^uvr, to 
 ^peak.] 
 
 Conversation ; mritiial discourse of two or more ; 
 conference ; dialogue. MUton, Taijlor 
 
 eOL'LOW. Sec CoLLV. 
 
 €OL-LUe'TAX-CV, n. [L. colluct<rr; con and luctor, 
 to struggle.] 
 
 A struggling to resist; a striving against; resist- 
 ance ; opposition of nature. 
 
 eOI.-LUC-T.X'TIO.V, n. .\ stnigcling to resist; con- 
 test ; re^i-stance ; opposition ; contrariety. IVooilwiird. 
 
 COL-LCnB', r. 1. iy. coUuda ; con and ludo, to play, 
 to banter, to mock.] 
 
 To play into the hand of each other; to conspire 
 in a fraud ; to act in concert. Johnson. 
 
 eOL-LCO'EU, n. One who conspires in a fraud. 
 
 eoL-Lf'O'l.N'G, ppr. Conspiring with another in a 
 
 eol.-I.CD'INt;, II. A trick ; collusion. [fraud. 
 
 eOL-LO'SION, (-zhun,) n. [L. collusio. See Col- 
 
 1. In /fltr, a deceitful agreement or compact be- 
 tween two or more persons, fur the one party to bring 
 an action against the other, for some evil pur|iose, as 
 to defraud a third person of his right. Cowrl. 
 
 .K si'cret nnderst^inding between two parties, who 
 plead or proceed fraudulently against each other, to 
 the prejudice of a third person. Encijc. 
 
 2. In general, a secret agreement and co operation 
 for a fraudulent puri>ose. 
 
 eOI.-l.O'SI VE, a. Fraudulently concerted between 
 two or more ; as, a collusivf agreement. 
 
 •eOL-LO'SI VE-hV, adc. By collusion; by secret 
 agreement to defraud. 
 
 €Ol,-L0'SIVE-\ESS, n. The quality of being col- 
 lusive. 
 
 eOL-LO'SO-RY, a. Carrying on a fraud by n secret 
 concert; containing collusion. 
 
 eoL-LO'VI-ES, n. [L.] Filth; a sink ; a mixed 
 mass of refuse matter. 
 
 eOL'LV, ( n. [Supposed to be from cna/.] 
 
 eoL'LOW, i The black grime or soot of coal or 
 burnt wood. ffbodward. Burton. 
 
 COE'LV, r. L To make foul ; to grime with the snmt 
 of coal. Shak, 
 
 eoL'LY-RlTE, n. [Gr. »oX.\foio. , infra.] 
 
 .\ variety of clay, of a white color, with shades of 
 gray, red, or yellow. Clcarclnnd. 
 
 eOL-LYR'I-UM, n. [U ; Gr. .oXAioi-.i. Uu. frtm> 
 xuAcu, to check, and p q<, defluxion.] 
 
 A lotion intended to prevt'ut excessive discharges, 
 now applied cuilv to eve-waters. Brandt. 
 
 eo L' .M A K , «. [ Fr. ] A sort of pear. 
 
 eoL O-CY.VTH, n. [Gr. ko\ ..u.O.f.] 
 
 The coloquinlida, or bitter apple of the shops, a 
 kind of cuciuulier, from Aleppo anil from Crete. It 
 contains a liill. r pulp, which is a drastic purge. F.ncuc 
 
 eOL-O-CYNTiriN, n. The supposed active medici- 
 nal principle of the colocyiitM. P. Cue. 
 
 eO-I.oG.NE'-EARTH, (k.v-16iie'erth,) n. A kind of 
 light bastard ocher, of a deep brown color, not a 
 pure native fossil, but containing more vegetable 
 than mineral matter; supiHised to be the remains of 
 wood long buried in the earth. IIUL 
 It is an eiirlliy variety of lignite or brown coal. 
 
 Clearrlund. 
 
 eO-LOGNE'-WA TER, (ko-lOne'Wfl ter,) n. A liipior 
 composed of sjiirits of wine, oil of lavender, od of 
 riweinary, essence of lemtui, and oii of cinn.-unon. 
 
 eoL'O UTE, n. [Gr. KuAor, tile colon, and 
 stone.] 
 
 A name given to the fossil intestines of fi'^hes. 
 €0'LON, n. [Gr. k^Xov.. the colon, a member or 
 limb.i 
 
 1. In anatomy, the largest of the intestines, or 
 rather the largest division of the intestinal canal ; 
 beginning at the caiciim, and ascending hv the right 
 kidney, it passes under the hollow part of the liver, 
 and the b.itiom of the stomach, to the spleen ; thence 
 descending by the left kidnev, it passes, in the form 
 of an S, to the upper part of the os saeriiiii, where, 
 from Its straight course, the canal lakes the name of 
 
 Encjc. Quincu. 
 
 2. In jrmmntar, a point or character f.iriiied tliiis '[:], 
 used to mark a pause greater than that of a semi- 
 
 colon, but less than that of a period ; or rither, it is 
 used when the sense of the liivisiun of a period is 
 complete, so as to admit a full point; but something 
 is added by way of illustration, or the description is 
 continued by an additional remark, without a neces- 
 sary dependence on the foregoing members of the 
 sentence. Tlius, 
 
 A bnil-; arrive" (\t a point of jy^rf'-ctioil lin c^n never paw : fn n 
 
 t"\v years he tiu all lite eiittowmi'iiU tie is CJilnUie oC. 
 
 S/xcl. No. lii. 
 
 The colon is often used before an address, quota- 
 tion, or example. " Mr. Grey was followed by Mr. 
 Ersklne, who spoke thus: ' I rise to second the mo- 
 tion of my honorable friend.' " But the propriety of 
 this depends on the pause, and this depends on the 
 form of introducing the quotation ; for after .wiy, 
 said, or a like word, the colon is not used, and seems 
 to be improper, 'i'hus, in our versiim of the Scrip- 
 tures, such members are almost invariably followed 
 by a comma : " Hut Jesus said to them, ' Ye know 
 not what ye ask.' " 
 The use of the colon is not uniform ; nor is it 
 . easily defined and reduced to rules. Indeed, tlic use 
 of it'inight be dispensed with without inncli incon- 
 venience. 
 
 eOL'O-NEL, (kur'nel,! n. [Fr. cotonrl ; It. cohmneUn ; 
 Arm. coronal ; Sp. coroncl ; Port, corond ; from It. 
 colonna, Fr. eolonnc, a coliiiiin, It. coionnello, the col- 
 umn of a hook.] 
 
 The chief commander of a regiment of troops, 
 whether infantry or cavalry. He ranks next below 
 a brigatlier-general. In Erigl.Tiid, colonrl-linitcnant is 
 the commander of a regiment of guards, of which 
 the king, [iriiice, or oilier person of eminence, is 
 colonel. Licutcnant'Colonel is tlie second otticer ill a 
 regiment, and commands it in the absence of the 
 colonel. 
 
 eOL'O-NEF^CY, (kiir'nel-cv,) ( n. The oflice, 
 eOI/O-NEL-SIIIP, (kur'iiei-ship,) i rank, or com- 
 mission of a colonel. Swift. Wa.-ihin<rton. 
 eO-LO'.VI-.'VL., a. [See Colonv.] Pertaining to a 
 colony ; as, colonial government ; colonial rights. 
 
 iCoi.osicAL is not in use.] 
 I/O-NIST, n. " '- 
 
 [See Coi.o:»v.] An inhabitant of a 
 colonv. Blachitone. Morshull, Life of ii''ashin trton. 
 eOL-O-NF-ZA'TION, n. The act of colonizing, or 
 state of being colonized. 
 
 Colonization .loeirty ; a society in the United Suites 
 designed to aid free blacks in emigniting to Africa. 
 eOL-O-M-ZA'TION-IST, h. A friend to coloniza- 
 tion, particularly to the colonization of Africa by 
 emigrants from the colored population of the Uni- 
 ted States. 
 
 eOL'O-NIZE, r. «. [See Colony.] To plant or estab- 
 lish a colony in ; to plant or set'.le a niiiiiber of the 
 subjects of a kingdom or state in a remote counlrj' 
 for the purpose of cultivation, commerce, or defense, 
 and for [lermanent residence. Bacon. 
 The Greeks roloftized Uie sotilh of lexly nii.1 of Fr^iiice. 
 2. To migrate and settle in, as inhabitants. 
 
 English PuriUiw eoloniznJ .New Kii^I:ui(l. 
 
 €OL'0-NTZE, r. i. To remove and settle in a distant 
 
 coiintrv ; as, to cft/o/o;f in India. Buchanan. 
 €OV<J-SV/.-F.D, pp. Settled or planted with a colony. 
 et)l.'0-NTZ-I.\G, ppr. or a. Planting with a colony.' 
 eoL'0-.MZ-h\G, II. The act of establishing a colony. 
 Tbi* slate papf*r liai lieen adopted as the tkisu of all )irr t lU-r 
 cih'onirin's. Tbote, t. 6*^. 
 
 eOI^ON-N.ADE', n. [It. cnlnnnala, from colonna, a 
 column; colanata ; I'r. colonnade. See Column.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a series or range of coliiiiins, 
 placed at regular intervals. Bnddrr's Diet. Jlddison. 
 
 2. .Any series or range of columns. When dis- 
 posed in a circle, or when surrounding a building 
 of any shape, they are callt'd a peri.itylc ; when the 
 rows of columns are double or more, they form 
 a poltjsttde. Pope. 
 
 eol/O-iN'Y, n. [L. colonia, from eolo, to cultivate.] 
 
 1. A company or body of people transplanted from 
 their mother Country to a remote province or coun- 
 try, 10 cultivate and inhabit it, and remaining subject 
 to the jiirisdiclion of the parent .state ; as, the liritish 
 cotvnir^ ill .America, or the Indies; the Spanish colo- 
 nies in Soiilli America. When such settlements, 
 in later times, cease to be subject to the parent state, 
 they are no longer denominated colonics. 
 
 The first BTUlrn of Srw Knj;I.inil werr the best of En^lUhrnen, 
 w.-U-o^liicatetl, ilfvoilt Chri»Unil. ana Z'-aloun luvt-rs of lib- 
 (rly. Ther« was never a coloni/ lonned of better materials. 
 
 Amta. 
 
 2. The coiintr>' planted or colonized ; a plantation ; 
 also, the iKMly of iiihabit;iiiLs in a territory colonized, 
 iiieliiiliiig the descendants of the first planters. The 
 people, thoimh born in the territory, retain the name 
 of colonutLi, till they cease to be subjects of the pa- 
 rent st.'tte. 
 
 3. A collection of animals ; as, colonics of shcU- 
 fi.sh. Kncijc 
 
 €OI,'0-PIIA-NY. Sec Colophonv. 
 
 eOL'O-PHON, n. An inscription on tlie last page of 
 a book, before title-pages were used, containing the 
 place or year, or both, of iu publication, the print- 
 er's name, tc. The word is derived fr a Greek 
 
 proverb respecting the people of Colophon, in Ionia 
 that they always came liiiideriiiost. 
 
 Brande. fVarton 
 eOL'O-PIION-ITE, n. [Supra, from the city, or iU 
 resin color.] 
 
 A variety of garnet, of a resinous fracture, and a 
 reddish yellow or brown color, occurring in small, 
 amorphous, granular ina.sses. Dirt. A'u(. Il1.1t. 
 €OL,'0-PIIO-NY, «. lilack rosin ; the dark -colored 
 resin obtained by the distillation of liirpeiitiiie. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 It is so named from Colophon, in Ionia, whence 
 the best was formerly brought. The spelling Cdlo- 
 piiANv, given by Uic, seems, therefore, to be erro- 
 neous. 
 
 eOL-O-aUINT'I-DA, n. [Gr. koXokwQh ; L. eoloetpi- 
 
 Uiis.) 
 
 The colocynth, or bitter ttppic, the fruit of a plant 
 of the genus Ciicnniis, a native of Syria ami tif 
 Crete. It is of the size of a small orange, conlaiiiing 
 a pulp which is violently purgative, but soiiietiiiies 
 useful as a medicine. Chambers. 
 eOI.'Olt, (kul'liir,) n. [L. color; It. colore; Sp. Port. 
 color; Fr. cou/ei/r.] 
 
 1. In physics, a property inherent in light, which, 
 by a ditiereiicc in theniys and the laws of refraction, 
 or some other cause, gives to bodies particular ap- 
 pearances to the eye. The principal colors are red, 
 oninge, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. 
 White is not properly a color; as a white body re- 
 flects the rays of light without separating tlieiii. 
 Black btidies, on the ctnitrary, absorb all the rays, or 
 nearly all, and therefore black is no distinct color. 
 But ill common discourse, vihitc and black are de- 
 nominateil colors ; and all the colors admit of many 
 sliaili;s of ditferencc. 
 
 2. Appearance of a body to the eye, or a quality 
 of sensation, caused by Ilie rays of light ; hue ; dye ; 
 £is the color of gold, or of indigo. 
 
 3. .A red color ; the freshness or appearance of 
 blood in the face. 
 
 My cKeeia no loncfr tlitl their color boast. Drydtn. 
 
 4. Appearance to the mind ; as, prejudice puts a 
 false color uptin objects. 
 
 5. Su|)erficial cover ; palliation ; that which survci 
 to give ail appearance of rigiit ; as, their sin ailiiiit- 
 ted no color or excuse. ^'ug Cburles. 
 
 I"). External appearance ; false show ; pretense ; 
 guise. 
 
 Under llie color of commeiidinj iJin, 
 
 1 have acc'ss my owu love to pilfer. Shak. 
 
 [See .^ets x.\vii. 30.] 
 
 7. Kind ; species ; character ; complexion. 
 
 8. That which is used for coloring; paint : as red 
 lead, ocher, orpimeiit, eiiiiiaiiar, or vermilion, &c. 
 
 9. Colors, with a plural temiination, in the mili- 
 tary art, a liag, ensign, or standard, borne in an army 
 or ileet. [See Flao.] 
 
 ID. In lam, color, in pleading, is when the defendant, 
 in assize or tresjiass, gives to the plaintilf a color or 
 appearance of title, by stating his title specially ; 
 thus removing tlie cause t'roni the jury to the court. 
 
 Black.stune. 
 
 ff'afer colors, are such as are used in (minting with- 
 out being mixed with oil. Eneye. 
 eOL'OR, (kul'lur,) v. L To change or alter the exter- 
 nal appearance of a body or substance ; to dye ; to 
 tinge ; to paint ; to stain ; as, to color cloth. Gen- 
 erally, to color is to change from white to some other 
 color. 
 
 2. To give a specious appearance ; to set in a fair 
 light ; to palliate ; to excuse. 
 
 He colors the falsehottd of ALieas by au express command of 
 Jupiter to fontilti; :he queifn. Hn/den. 
 
 3. To make plausible ; to exaggerate in representa- 
 tion, .'iddison. 
 
 To color a slranirtr's goods, is when a freeman al- 
 lows a foreigner to enter goods at the custom-house 
 in his name, to avoid the alien's duty. 
 
 COL'OR, T. i. To turn red ; to have cidor come into 
 the cheeks from embarrassment, anger, 4ic. 
 
 eOL'OR-A-BLE, a. Designed to cover or conceal ; 
 specious; plausible; giving an ap|>earancc of right 
 or justice ; as, a colorable pretense ; a colorable ex- 
 cuse. Spciuser. Hooker, 
 
 eOL'OR-A-BLE-XESS, n. Speciousness ; plausible- 
 iiess. 
 
 eOI.'OR-A-BLY, arfii. Speciously; plausibly; with a 
 
 fair external appearance. Bacon. 
 eOL'OR-ATE, a. [L. eoloratus, from coloro,ta color.] 
 Colored; dyed, or tinged with some color. [LH- 
 tie used.] Ray, 
 eOI^OR-.X'TIO.V, (kiil-Iur-i'shtin,) n. [L. eoloro.J 
 The art or practice of coloring, or the state of be- 
 ing colored. Bacon, 
 eOL'OR-A-TlIKE, n. In mujiir, all manner of varia- 
 tions, trUls, &.C., intended to make a song agreeable. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 eOI.'OR-ED, (kul'liird,) pp, or a. Having tiie exter- 
 nal appearance changed ; dyed ; tinged ; jiainted or 
 stained. 
 
 TONE, BULL, U.MTE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
COL 
 
 COM 
 
 2. PIroakcd ; striped ; having n diversity (if lines. 
 
 :). Having a speciiiiis appearance. [Bucuit. 
 
 Cloriii people ; black people, Africans or their 
 <lesceii(l:ints, mixed or unniixed. 
 C0L-1)1MF'!€, (kul'liir-,) a. [culnr, and L. fado.'\ 
 
 Thai has the ipiality of tinging ; able to ^'\ve color 
 or tint to other bodies. Kirwan. 
 eOL'OU-IN'G, ppr. or <!. Dyeing; staining; tinging. 
 
 2. Giving a fair external appearance ; palliating ; 
 excusing. 
 
 eOL'OR-ING, n. The act or art of giving a color; 
 the state rf being colored ; color. 
 
 2. \ specious appearance ; fair artificial represen- 
 tation ; as, the story has a coloring of truth. 
 
 3. Among palmers. \\\e manner of applying colors, 
 or the mixture of ligiit and shade formed by the va- 
 rious colors employed. 
 
 €OL'OR-1ST, 71. [Supra.] One who colors ; a painter 
 wlio excels in giving the proper colors to his designs. 
 
 Drijden. 
 
 eOI/OR-LESS, o. [Supra.] Destitute of color; not 
 distinguished by any hue ; transparent; as, colorless 
 \%';Uer, glass, or gas. JSTeioton, 
 
 GO LOS'SAL, la. [Sec Colossus.] Like a colos- 
 
 €01.-0S-!?r:'.\X, i sus ; very large ; huge ; gigantic. 
 
 eOI.-OS-Sl'c'L'.M, 71. The name given to the largest 
 amphitheater in the world, that of Vespasian ; also 
 written Coliseitm. 
 
 eO-LOS'SUS, 71. [L. and Gr.] A statue of a gigan- 
 tic size. The most remarkable colossus of anticpiity 
 was one at Rhodes, a statue of Apollo, so high that 
 it is said ships might sail between its legs. 
 
 eO-LOS'Sb'S-WlSE, lulv. In the manner of a co- 
 lossus. Shale. 
 
 eOL'Pf)RT-.\GE, 77. The system of distributing tracts, 
 &r., by colporteurs. 
 
 eOL'PdHT-EUR, ) 71. [Fr. colporteur, a carrier on his 
 
 eOL'PoKT-EU, ( neck.] 
 
 Litcrul/ii, a peddler ; but in recent usage, one who 
 travels for the sale and distribution of religious 
 tracts and books. 
 
 eOL'S'l'AFF, K. A staff for carrj'ing burdens by two 
 pei-sons on their shoulders, [/.uca/.] 
 
 eoLT, 71. [Sax. coit.] 
 
 1. The young of the equine genus of animals, or 
 horse kind. In America, colt is equally applied to 
 tlie male or female, and this is unquestionably cor- 
 rect. The male is called a horse-coll, and the female 
 is called a filly. 
 
 2. A young, foolish fellow ; a person without expe- 
 rience or stability. Shah. 
 
 €oLr, t!. 7. To frisk, riot, or frolic, like a colt ; to be 
 licentious. [Aot iiscrf.] Spenser. 
 
 eoLT, V. t. To befool. [JVyf useil.'] Shale. 
 
 €oLT'S'-FOOT, n. The popular name of Tussilago 
 Farfara, a plant whose leaves were once much em- 
 ployed in medicine. The name is also given to a 
 species of Cacalia. Fain, of Plants. 
 
 eoLT'S'-TOOTH, 71. An imiierfect or superfluous 
 tooth in young horses. Johnson. 
 2. A love of youthful pleasure. [LiUlc vsed.] 
 Well sai.l, l.or.l S.uids: 
 
 Your colt's-tooth is iiol yet cwt. Sltalt. 
 
 €oLT'ER, 71. [L. cuUer, a colter or knife ; that is, 
 the cutter; Fr. coutre ; It. coltro ; W. cijlltauir ; D. 
 kouter i G, kolter.] 
 
 The fore iron of a plow, with a sharp edge, that 
 cuts the earth or sod. 
 
 eOLT'ISU, a. Like a colt; wanton; frisky; gay. 
 
 eOL't'-HER, 71. [L., a serpent or adder.] [Chaucer. 
 In -.oohgii, u genus of serpents. Linuffius placed 
 under this genus all serpents, whether venomous or 
 not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in 
 pairs ; but Cuvier and later authors restrict it to 
 those having transverse plates on the belly, the 
 plates under the tail forming a double row, a Hat- 
 lened head, with nine larger plates, teeth almost 
 equal, and no poison fangs. P. Cijc. 
 
 eOL'tJ-BRINE, a. [L. colubriniL':.] 
 
 Relating to the coluber, or to serpents ; cunning ; 
 crafty. [Utile used.] Johnson. 
 
 eOL'lJM-BA-RY, 71. [L. columbarium, from coluniba, 
 a pigeon ; \V. culomcn ; Ir. colni or colam ; Arm. 
 c»«(i;i ; Russ. golub, a pigeon or dove. In Russ. 
 gotubei signifies, of a sky-blue azure.] 
 A doveM:ot ; a pigeon-house. 
 
 eO-LU.M'nATE, 71. A salt or compound of columbic 
 acid with a base. 
 
 eO-LU.M'HI-AN, a. Pertaining to the United States, 
 or to America, discovered by Columbus. 
 
 €0-LL'.M'BIC', a. Pertaining to coluinbium ; as, co- 
 lumhir. acid. 
 
 eOL ir.M-BIF'ER-OUS, a. Producing or containing 
 coluinbium. Phillips. 
 
 eOL'U.M-lilNE, 0. Like, or pertaining to, a pigeon 
 or dove ; fif a dove color, or like the neck of a dove. 
 
 eOL'UM-BI.N'E, n. [L. colunibina.] 
 
 1. 'J'lic pupiiinr name of Acpiilegia, u genus of 
 plants of several upccies. The Thalictriiin, or 
 meadow-rue, is also called featlierefl columhinr. 
 
 2. The heroine in paiitoniiine entertainments. 
 
 i^C 71 71171^. 
 
 The name of the niiHtress of Harlcipiin in our 
 pantomimes. Todd^s Johnson. 
 
 [Colombina is, in Italian, a diminutive term of en- 
 dearnieiit, " pretty little dove," (Plant. Cas. 1, 50, 
 " Mens iiiillus passer, mra coluniba, mi lepiis ; " 
 Asin. 3,3, 1(13, " Die igitiir ine auaticulain, culuiiibani, 
 vel catelhini, Hiriiiidiueiii, iiHinediilam, passerouluin, 
 putillum ; ")and it di'uotes, in old Italian comedy, the 
 name of a maid-servant, who is a perfect co(pielte, in 
 which respect the character familiar to our English 
 stage varies from the prototype. — E. H. B.] 
 
 eO-LU.M'BlTE, 71. The ore of columbium. 
 
 €0-LU.M'BI-U.M, 71. [from Columbia, America.] 
 
 A metal first discovered in an ore or oxyd, found 
 in Connecticut, at New London, near the house of 
 Governor Wintlirop, and by him transmittecr to Sir 
 Hans Sloane, by whom it was deposited in the Brit- 
 ish Museum. The same metal was afterward dis- 
 covered in Sweden, and called tantalum, and its ore 
 tantalite. Cleaveland. 
 
 eO-LUM'BO. See Calumda. 
 
 eOL-U-JlEL'LA, 71. In botany, the central column in 
 a capsule, taking its rise from the receptacle, and 
 having the seeds fixed to it all round. Martyn. 
 The axis of the fruit. Linillcy. 
 2. In concholngy, the ujiright pillar in the center of 
 most of the univalve shells. Humble. 
 
 eOL'U.MN, (kol'lum,) n. [L. cohunna, columen; W. 
 colov, a stalk or stem, a prop ; culovyn, a colunin ; Ir. 
 colbh, a stalk, a column ; Ann. enuhuenn ; Fr. colonne; 
 It. colonna ; Sp. columna ; Port, coluinna, or coluna. 
 This word is from the Celtic, signifying the stem of a 
 tree, such stems being the first cciliiniiis used. The 
 primary sense is a shoot, or that which is set.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a long, round body of wood or 
 stone, used to support or adorn a building, composed 
 of a base, a shaft, and a capital. 'J'he shaft tapers 
 from the base, in imitation of the stem of a tree. 
 There are five kinds or orders of columns. 1. The 
 Tuscan, rude, sinqile, and massy ; the jiiglit of which 
 is fourteen senii-diameters or modules, and the diiiii- 
 niititm at the top from one sixth to one eighth of the 
 inferior diameter. S. The Doric, which is next in 
 strength to the Tuscan, has a robust, masculine as- 
 pect; its higlit is sixteen modules. 3. Tlie Ionic is 
 more slender than the Tuscan and Doric ; its hight is 
 eighteen modules.' 4. The Corinthian is more deli- 
 cate in its form and proportions, and enriched with 
 ornaments ; its hight should be twenty modules. 
 5. The Composite is a species of the Corinthian, and 
 of the same higbl. Encyc. 
 
 In strictness, the shaft of a column consists of (>ne 
 entire piece; but it is often composed of different 
 pieces, so united as to have the appearance of one 
 entire piece. It differs, in this respect, from a pillar, 
 which primarily signifies a pile, composed of small 
 piecss. But the two things are unfortunately con- 
 founded ; and a column, consisting of a single piece 
 of timber, is called a pillar, or pile. 
 
 2. All erect or elevated structure, resembling a col- 
 umn in architecture ; as, the astronomical column at 
 Paris, a kind of hollow tower, with a spiral ascent to 
 the top; gnomonic column, a cylinder on which the 
 hour of the day is indicated by the shadow of a style ; 
 military column, among the Komans ; triuniplial col- 
 umn, &c. 
 
 3. Any body pressing perpendicularly on its base, 
 and of the same diameter as its base ; as, a colunin of 
 water, air, or mercury. 
 
 4. In the military art, a large body of troops drawn 
 up in deep files, with a narrow front ; as, a solid col- 
 umn. So, also, numbers of ships in a fleet following 
 each other in order. 
 
 fj. Among printers, a division of a page ; a perpen- 
 dicular set of lines separated from another set by a 
 line or blank space. In manuscript books and pa- 
 pers, any separate perpendicular line or row of words 
 or figures. A page may contain two or more columns ; 
 and, in arithmetic, many columns of figures may be 
 added. 
 
 e. In botany, the aggregate stamen of a plant when 
 the filaments are united into a tube around the styles, 
 as in the Malvaceous plants, which have been called 
 Columniferee, i. e., column-bearers. The united sta- 
 mens and -styles of the plants of which the genus 
 Orchis is the type, is called a column. 
 eO-LUM'NAl{, a. Formed in columns ; having the 
 form of columns ; like the shall of a column ; as, co- 
 lumnar spar. 
 
 eOL'UMN-KD, (kol'umd,) a. Having columns. 
 
 eO-LORE', 71. [Gr. koXudo /j ; KoXof, mutilated, and 
 o'loa, a tail ; so named because a part is always be- 
 neath the horizon.] 
 
 In astronomy and gcoirraphy, the colurcs are two 
 great circles, supposed to intersect each other at right 
 angles, in the poles of the world, one of them pass- 
 ing through the solstitial and the other through the 
 equinoctial points of the ecIi|)liCj viz.. Cancer and 
 Capricorn, Aries and Libra, dividing the ecliptic into 
 four equal parts. The points where these lines in- 
 tersect the ecliptic are called cardinal points. Barlow. 
 
 eOL'/A, 71. A variety of cabbage whose seeds all'ord 
 an oil used in laln|>s. Ure. 
 
 eO.M, in c(mip()sition, as a prefix, Ir. comh, or coimh, VV. 
 f 1/771 or cyt), L. com or cum, denotes with, to, or against. 
 
 eO'MA, 71. [Gr. KJ;ia, lethari;y.] 
 
 Lethargy; dozing: a preternatural pro))ensity to 
 sleep ; a kind of -stupor of diseased persons. Coxe. 
 CO'AIA, 71. [L., from Gr. Kopri, a head of hair.] 
 
 1. In botany, a species of bract, terminating the 
 stem of a plant, in a tuft or bush ; as in Crown-im- 
 perial. Martyn. 
 
 2. In astronomy, the envelope of a comet ; a dense 
 nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus, or 
 body of a comet. 
 
 Co'M.'iRT, 71. [con and mart.] A treaty; article; 
 agreement. [Ubs.] Shak. 
 
 GO'iM-^TE, 0. [L. co/iiafiis, from coma ; Ir. riam/i, ciuWi.] 
 Hairy ; encoinj)assed with a coma, or bushy appear- 
 ance, like hair. Shak. 
 
 Co'.MaTE, 71. [co and mate.] A fellow-mate or com- 
 panion. _ Shak. 
 
 eo'MA-ToSE, ) a. [See Coma.] Preternaturally dis- 
 
 CO'MA-TOUS, i posed to sleep; drowsy; diizing, 
 without natural sleep ; lethargic. Coze. Grew. 
 
 eS.MB, (koiiie,) 71. [Sa.x.] A valley between hills or 
 niuuiitains. [Local.] Brown. 
 
 eO-MB, (kome,) 71. [Sax. camb, a comb ; cembun, to 
 comb; G. kamm; D.kam; Sw. kamm ; Dan. kam, ^ 
 comb ; Ir. ciomaim, to coinb or card. Qu. L. como, to 
 dress, trim, or comb, which seems to be allied to the 
 Gr. Mi/iii f. But the noun may be the radical word 
 in our language, and from scratching, scraping ; Eth. 
 
 1^0 
 
 gamra, to shave or scrape.] 
 
 1. An instrument, with teeth, for separating, cleans- 
 ing, and adjusting hair, wool, or flax. Also, an in- 
 strument of h 'rn or shell, for keeping the hair in its 
 place when dressed. 
 
 2. The crest, canincle, or red, fleshy tuft, glowing 
 on a cock's head ; so called from its indentures, which 
 resemble the teeth of a comb. 
 
 3. The substance in which bees lodge their honey, 
 in small, liexuguiial cells. 
 
 4. A dry measure of four bushels; properly Coomb. 
 [^N'ot used in the United States.] 
 
 CO.MB, V. I. To separate, disentangle, cleanse, and 
 adjust, with a comb ; as, to comb hair ; or to separate, 
 cleanse, and lay smoi th and straight; as, to comb 
 wool. 
 
 GoMB, V. i. In the language of seamen, to roll over, as 
 
 the top of a wave ; or to break with a white foam. 
 
 ^Clii. Sp. combur, to bend, or from the English comb.] 
 Go.MB'-BiKU, (koiiie'burd,) 71. A gallinaceous fowl 
 
 of .■\frica, of the size of a turkey-cock. 
 Co.MB'-BRUSII, 71. A brush to clean combs. 
 Go.MB'-MaK-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to 
 
 niake combs. 
 
 Go.MB'-.MaK-ING, 71. The art or business of making 
 combs. 
 
 GO.M'BAT, ti. 1. [Fr. combatire, com and battre, to beat 
 with or against; It. combiUterc ; Sp. combatir ; Port. 
 combater ; Arm. combadti or conibatein. See Beat.] 
 
 1. To fight ; to struggle or contend with an op- 
 posing force. 
 
 Pardon me ; I will not combat in my shirt. Shak. 
 This word is particularly used to denote private 
 contest, or the fighting of two persons in a duel ; but 
 it is used in a general sense for the contention of 
 bodies of men, nations, armies, or any species of an- 
 imals. 
 
 Aflcr the full of (he republic, the Romans combated only (or Uie 
 ctioicc of mnjtcrs. Gibbon. 
 
 2. To act in opposition. Jllilton. 
 It is followed by with before the person, and for 
 
 before the tiling sought ; as, A combats with B for his 
 right. 
 
 GO.M'B.\T, r. t. To fight with ; to oppose by force; 
 as, to combat an antagonist. 
 
 2. To contend against ; to oppose; to resist ; as, to 
 combat arguments or opinions. 
 
 GOM'BAT, 71. A fighting ; a struggling to resist, over- 
 throw, or comiuer ; contest by force ; engagement ; 
 battle ; as, the combat of armies. 
 
 2. A duel ; a fighting between two men ; formerly, 
 a formal trial of a doubtful cau.se, or decision of a 
 controversy between two persons by swords or batons. 
 
 eOiM-BAT'A-HLE, a. That may be disjiuted or op- 
 posed. 
 
 GO.M'BAT-.\NT,a. Contending ; disposed to contend. 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 CO.M'BAT-ANT, 71. .\ person who combats; any per- 
 son who fights with another, or in an army, or fleet. 
 
 2. A duelist ; one who fights or contends in battle, 
 for the decision of a private quarrel or diflfereiice ; a 
 champion. 
 
 3. A person who contends with another in argu- 
 ment or controversy. 
 
 GO.M'BA'l'-ED, ;i;7. Opposed ; resisted. Locke. 
 GOM'BAT-ER, 11. One who fights or contends. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 GOM'BAT-ING,;>;)r. Striving to resist ; fighting; op- 
 posing by fiirce or by argument. 
 
 GO.M-BAT'IVE, a. Disposed to combat. 
 
 GOM-BAT'IVE-NESS, 71. Ainonft phrenologists, nn 
 organ which predisposes a person to fight ; disjwsitiou 
 to contend. 
 
 GOMU'/CD, (kamd,) ;)p. or a. Separated, cleaned, or 
 dressed with a comb. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — MfiTE, PREY. — PINE, .MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 3S6 
 
COM 
 
 C 0-M 
 
 COM 
 
 eOMU'lIU, (kOiii'i r,) ;i. One who combs ; one whose 
 
 ornip'itum is to conili wool, &c. 
 eOM'lilCU, (kiiin'her,) ii. Eiiciinibrrince. [JVot h.w/.] 
 e<).M'l!i;it, n. A hm;;, slenilcr fish, with a red back, 
 
 t'ound in Cornwall, England. 
 eoM-UIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of combining. 
 
 ClitsterficU. 
 
 eOM-BIN'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being combin- 
 ablK. 
 
 eO.M'llI-NATE, /I. [See CoMniM.-.] Espoiiscd ; be- 
 trothed. [JVu« H.W.J Shak. 
 
 eo.M-lil-.VA'TION, ?i. [Fr. coniliinaison. Pec Com- 
 niNE.] In general, close union or connection, 
 lience, 
 
 1. Intimate union, or association of two or more 
 persons or thinRs, by set purpose, or ajrecnicnt, for 
 elfictinR some object, by joint operation ; in a aond 
 sense, when the object is laudable ; in an ill seiu^e, 
 when it is illecal or iniquitous. When the word 
 stands by itself, it is conmionly taken in a bad 
 sense ; as, combinaJions have been formed anions tlie 
 people, it is sometimes equivalent to leaarne, or to 
 conspiracy. We say, a combinatiun of men to over- 
 throw government, or a combination to resist op- 
 pression. 
 
 2. An assemblage ; union of particulars ; as, a 
 combination of circumstances. 
 
 3. Connnixture ; union of bodies or qualities in a 
 mass or compound ; as, to make new conipounils by 
 new combinations. Boyle. 
 
 4. Chemical union ; union by affinity. 
 
 i\lix iirv ncui ui larinr wim tiry ciirUjimle of potnah ; no comtA' 
 'tohon will eii3Utf, till WAler U mUlcil. Henry. 
 
 5. In mnthemattc.1, the term combinations denotes 
 the dilTcrenl collections that may be formed out of a 
 given number of things, taken a certain number at a 
 time, w ithout regard to the oruer in wnirh they are 
 arranged; and are thus distinguished from pcrmiiM- 
 tions, or changes, which have reference to the order 
 in which the'sevenil quantities may be arranged. 
 
 Bartow. 
 
 (i. Combination room ; in the University of Cam- 
 bridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw 
 after dinn-r, for wine, dessert, and conversation. 
 eO.M-l!I.\'I", V. t. [Fr. combiner: It. combinare; Sp. 
 combinar ; from the Low Latin coinbino, of com and 
 binus, two and two, or double.] 
 
 1. To unite or join two or more tilings ; to link 
 closely together. 
 
 FrieiiilBliip combinea ihe hearts of men. .Anon. 
 
 2. To azrce ; to accord ; to settle by compact. 
 [JVuf usual ] Skak. 
 
 X To join words or ideas together; opposed to 
 analyze. Jolin.ion. 
 
 4. To cause to unite ; to bring into union or con- 
 federacy. 
 
 K.i 
 
 >nc*» of revolnlionfffj" Franco iu^t-bined Ihe powers of 
 
 ope ill oppoiiiiull.' 
 
 eOM-BINE', V. i. To unite, agree, or coalesce; as, 
 honor and polity combine to justify the measure. 
 
 2. To unite in friendship or design ; to league to- 
 gether. 
 
 You Willi yotir foes combine. Dryden. 
 
 3. To unite by aflinity, or natural attraction. 
 
 Two ■iih«f.iiic'>> which will nol coi. btne of ihcins-lvrs, inny 
 bo ni.uli; to corii^iw by the iiuer^entioii uf a third. 
 
 4. To confe-lemte ; to unite as nations ; as, the 
 powers of Europe combined acainst France. 
 
 eO.M-BI\'f;0, (koiu bind') ]ip. or a. United close 
 ly ; associated ; leagued ; confederated ; chemically 
 -united. 
 
 eOM-ni.V'ER, B. He or that which combines. 
 
 efi.M B'l.N'n, (kom'ing,) ppr. Separating and adjusting 
 hair, wool, &c. by means of a comb. 
 
 €OMn'I.N'f;, n. Borrowed hair combed over a bald 
 part of Ihe head. [Local.] Bp. Taylor. 
 
 eO.M-BI.\'l.\G, p/ir. or a. Uniting closely ; joining in 
 purpose i confederating; uniting by chemical aHiuity. 
 
 COMB'LBSS, a. Without a comb or crest; as, 'a 
 comblejs cock. Sliak. 
 
 eO.M-llUST', a. [L. eombiuitus, comburo.] 
 
 When a planet is in conjunction with the sun, or 
 apparently very near it, it is said lo be com*ii.<(, or 
 in combustion ; an old mathematical term now dis- 
 used. 
 
 eO.M-BUST'I-RLE, a. [Fr. combuHibU ; Sp.id. ; from 
 L. coniburo, combiLstum.] 
 
 That will lake fire and burn ; capable of catching 
 fire ; thus, wihkI and coal arc combustible bodies. 
 
 eOM-BUST'I-BLE, n. A substance that will take 
 fire and burn ; a body which, in its rapid union with 
 ollirrs, disengates heat and light. Ure. 
 
 €O.M-BL'ST'l-BI,E-i\E.SS, ( n. The quality of taking 
 
 eOM BIIST-I-BIL'I-TY, \ fire and burning ; the 
 quality of a substance which admits the action of 
 fire upim it ; cap.acily of being burnt. Ijiroi.^ier. 
 
 2. The quality of throwing out hi^at and light, in 
 the rapid combination of its substance with another 
 bod v. Ure. 
 
 eOM-BUS'TION, {kom-bust'yun,) n. [Low L. com- 
 bastio. See CnMRi-sT.] 
 
 1. The o|>«ration of fire on inflammable substances ; 
 
 or, according to niodurn clieniistry. the union of an 
 inllamiiialdc substance with oxygen, attended with 
 light, and in most instances witji lie.it. In the com- 
 bustion of a substance, heat or caloric is disengaged, 
 and oxygen is absorbeil. Laroisitr. 
 
 This theory of Lavoisier being found soniewli.it 
 defective, the following definition is given. Com- 
 bustion is the disengagementof heat and light which 
 accompanies chemical combination. Ure. 
 Combustion cult not he n'giirileii ns dependent on nny p<'culi,ir 
 principle or form of intim-r, but must bo consiilTcil :»» a 
 general rcsnlt of Intense chenildil nclioii. Brandt. 
 
 G. In popular languat;c, a burning ; the process or 
 action of file in consuming a body, attended with 
 heat, or heat and tlaine ; as, the combustion of wood 
 or coal. 
 
 3. Conflagration ; a great fire. Hence, from the 
 violent agitation of fire or flame, 
 
 4. Tuiniilt ; violent agitation with hurry and 
 noise ; confusion ; uproar. 
 
 Hooker. Jiflton. Dryden. 
 €OM-BUST'IVE, a. Disposed to take fire. 
 eOME, (kum,) I', i. ,' pret. Came; part. Come. [Sax. 
 
 cuman, or cwimun ; Goth, cwiman, pret. cioom ; D. 
 
 koomen, pret. kwum : G. kommcn ; Sw. komma ; Dan. 
 
 kommer, to come. Ciu. W. cam, Ir. ccim, a step. 
 
 And qu. the Ar. ^\!s kauma; Heb. Oh. Dip to rise, 
 
 or stand erect ; to set or establish ; to subsist, con- 
 sist, remain ; to rectify, or set in order ; and in 
 Arabic, to be thick, .stilf, or congftuled. The senses 
 of the words appear lo lie very diflerent ; but we use 
 ciiiiie in the sense of rising or springing, applied to 
 corn ; the corn corner or comes up, G. krimcn. So the 
 butter comes, when it separates from the wlu y and 
 
 becomes thick or stilf Anil is mil our ci noil use 
 
 of come, when we invite anoiner io begin some act. 
 or to move, equivalent to rise, being originally 
 directed to persons sitting or reclining, in the Ori- 
 ental manner Coming implies moving, driving, 
 shooting along, and so we use set; we say, to set 
 forward; the tide sets northerly.] 
 
 1. To move toward ; to advance nearer, in nny 
 manner, and from any distance. We say, the men 
 come this way, whether riding or on foot ; the wind 
 comes from the west ; the ship comes with a fine 
 breeze ; light comes from the siin. It is applicable, 
 perhaps, to every thing susceptible of motion, and is 
 0[)posed to tro. 
 
 2. To draw nigh; to approach; to arrive; to be 
 present ; as, the time has come. 
 
 Come thou ftnd (\li ihv house into the nrk. — Gen. vii. 
 All my lime will 1 w.ni, lill my ch.uige come. — Job xir. 
 When shall I come anil app'ar Ijelore Goil f — P«. xUi. 
 Then shall the eiul eouui. — Matt. xxiv. 
 Thy kinj^lom coin* ; Uiy w ill be done. — Malt. vi. 
 
 3. To advance and arrive at some state or condi- 
 tion ; as, the ships came to action ; the players came 
 to blows ; is it come to this.^ 
 
 His sons comt to honor, anil he Iniowclh it nol. — Job xir. 
 
 I wonder how he came to know what had been 
 done; how diil he come by his knowledge.' the heir 
 comes into po.ssession of his est,ate ; llie man will 
 co77if, in time, to abhor the vices of his youth ; or 
 he will come to be piMir and despicable, or to pov- 
 erty. 
 
 In these and similar plinises, we observe Ihe pro- 
 cess or advance is applied to the body or to the mind, 
 inditTf rently ; and to persons or events. 
 
 4. To liapiieii or fall out; as, how comes ihixt? let 
 come what will. Hence, when followed by an ob- 
 ject or person, with to or on, to befall ; to light on. 
 
 After all ihai has ror/w on us lor our evil deeds. — Ezra ix. 
 All ihinjrs come alike lo nit. — Ecr.Ies. ix. 
 
 5. To advance or move into view ; to appear; as, 
 blood or color comes and goes in the face. 
 
 Spenser. SAoA*. 
 
 6. To sprout, as plants ; to spring. The corn 
 comes or comes up. 'Mil the coining or sprouting of 
 malt, as it must not come too liltle, so it must not 
 come too much." Mortimer. So Bacon uses the 
 word ; and this use of it coincides nearly with the 
 sense of Cp, f/im/zi, 2 /Cings xix. 2G, and in the same 
 chapter inserted in Liaiali xxxvii. 27. It is the G. 
 keimc", Icelandic keima, to bud or gerinin.ate. 
 
 7. To become. 
 
 So moie 1 a » iilow. Sliai. 
 
 8. To appear or be formed, as butter ; to advance 
 or change from cream to butter; a common use of 
 the word ; as, the butliT corner. fludibras. 
 
 9. Come, in the impenitive, is used to excite atten- 
 tion, or to invite to motion or joint action ; come, let 
 us go. 
 
 This is the heir; come, let us kill him. — Malt. xxi. 
 \Vhcn repeated, it sometimes expresses haste ; 
 come, come. Sometimes it expresses or introduces 
 rebuke. 
 
 As the sense of come is to move, in almost any 
 manner, in its various applications, that sense is 
 modified indefinitely by olher words used in con- 
 nection with it. Thus, with words expressing ap- 
 
 proacli, it denotes adrancing nearer ; with words ex- 
 pressing departure, as from, of. out of, Slc, it denotes 
 
 motion from, 
 
 To come about ; to happen , to fall out ; to come to 
 pass; to arrive. How did the.se things come about J 
 So the French venir d bout, to come to the end, that 
 is, to arrive. 
 
 7'i) come about ; to turn ; to change ; to comr round. 
 The wind will come about from west to east. The 
 ship conies about. It is applied to a change of senti- 
 ments. 
 
 On lietler thousrhts, ami my urjred reasons, 
 
 'I'hcy are comenbout, anil won to the true side. B. Joneon. 
 
 To comeajain; to return, len. xxviii. Lev. xiv. 
 
 To come n//rr; to follow. . xvi. Also, to come 
 to obtain ; as, to cowic after a book. 
 
 To come at; to reach; to arrive within reach of ; 
 to gain ; to come so near as to be able to take or pos- 
 sess. We ))ri/.e those most who are hardest lo come 
 at. To come at a true knowledge of ourselves. 
 
 Also, to come toward, as in attacking. [^Iddi.f0n. 
 
 To come away ; to defiart from ; to leave ; to issue 
 
 To come bock ; to ri turn. [from. 
 
 7"o come by ; to pass near ; a popular phrase. Also, 
 to obtain, gain, acquire ; that is, to come near at, or 
 close. 
 
 Kxaminc how you came by all your sIti--. Dryden. 
 This is not an irregular or improper use of this 
 word. It is precisely equivalent lo pos.He.ss, to sit by. 
 [See Possess.] So in Ger. bekommen, D. bekoomen, to 
 get or obtain ; the by or be prefixed. 
 To come down ; to descend. 
 
 The Lord will come doion on Mount Sinai. — Ex. xix. 
 Also, to be humbled or abased. 
 
 Yonr principalities shall come down. — Jer. xin. 
 Cotiit aown Iroin thy (fiory. — Jer. xlviii. 
 
 To come for . to come to eet or obtain : t» come 
 afle.. 
 
 7'o come forth ; to Issue or procceu Ironi. Oen. xv 
 Is. xi. Micok V. 
 
 Also, to depart from ; to leave. .Mark ix. 
 
 Also, to come abroad. Jer. iv. 
 
 7'o come from ; to depart from ; to leave. In popu- 
 lar language, this phrase is equivalent to, where is 
 his native place, or former place of residence ; where 
 did this man, this animal, or this plant, originate. 
 
 To come home ; that is, to come to home, or tile house ; 
 to arrive at the dwelling. Hence, to come close ; to 
 press closely ; to touch the feelings, interest, or rea- 
 son. [See iloME.] 
 
 To come in ; to enter, as into an inclosiire. 
 
 Also, to comply ; to yield ; as, come in and submit. 
 
 Also, to arrive at a port, or place of rendezvous ; 
 as, the fleet has come in. 
 
 Also, to become fashionable ; to be brought into 
 use. 
 
 Silken garments did nol come in Lill lale. ArbuthnoL 
 Also, to enter as an ingredient or part of a compo- 
 sition. 
 
 A nice sense of propriety comte in to hijhten the character. 
 
 Also, to grow and produce ; to come to maturity 
 anti j'ielil. If the corn comes in well, we shall have 
 a supply without iiiqiortalion. ('rops co?nc in light. 
 
 Also, to lie carnally with. Gen. xxxviii. 
 
 To come in for; to arrive in time to take a share. 
 Johnson says this phrase is taken from hunting, 
 where the slow dogs take nothing. Ciu. But the 
 sense in which we now use the phrase h;us no refer- 
 ence to time or slow movement. It is, to unite with 
 others in taking a part. 
 
 The rest came in for subsidies. Swift. 
 
 To come into ; to join with ; to bring help. 
 
 Also, and more generally, to agree to ; to comply 
 with ; to unite with others in adopting ; as, to come 
 into a measure or scheme. 
 
 7'o come near ; to approach in place. Hence, meta- 
 phorically, to approach in quality ; to arrive at nearly 
 the same degree in a quality, or accomplishment; to 
 resemble. Temple. 
 
 To comr nigh, is popularly used in like senses. 
 
 To come no near, in .seamanship, is an order to the 
 helmsman not to steer so close lo the wind. 
 
 To come of; to issue from ; to proceed from, as a 
 descendant. 
 
 Of I'n.un'B royal r^ce my mother came. Dryden. 
 Also, to proceed from, as an effect from a cause. 
 This comet of jud^iij by Ihe eye. V Eatmngt. 
 
 Whence come wars? Cume they not oy your luslsf — James ir. 
 
 To come off; to depart from ; to move from on. 
 .\lso, to depart or deviate from a line or point ; to 
 become wider ; to dilate. Bacon. 
 Also, to escape ; to get free. 
 
 If Ihey come off s;*!**, cill Iheir deliverance a mimcle. Addinn. 
 
 Hence, to end ; to arrive .at the final issue; as, to 
 come off with honor or disgrace. 
 
 To come off from : to leave ; to quit. Frlton. 
 
 To come off, is also used for take place ; as, the meet- 
 ing came off at such a time. 
 
 7*0 come on ; to advance ; to proceed ; as, CJtme on, 
 brave boys ; night is coming on. So we say, the young 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 "St 
 
COM 
 
 man comes on well in his studies ; and the phrase of- 
 ten denotes a prosperous advance, successful im- 
 pniveuient. So we say of plants, they come on well, 
 they crow or thrive ; that is, they proceed. 
 Also, to fall on ; to happen to. 
 
 Lesl itiMt co:iie on you xviiich is spoken of in the prophets. — 
 Acts xlii. 
 
 Al.so, to invade ; to rush on. 
 
 To come over; to pass above or across, or from one 
 side to another. In distillation, to rise and pass over, 
 as vapor. 
 
 Also, to pass from one party, side, or army, to an- 
 other ; to change sides. 
 
 To come out : to depart or proceed from. 
 
 riiev sn.-.u come oat wntti greai sut»L-vnce. — Gen. IV. 
 
 Also, to become public : to escape from conceal- | 
 mem or privacy ■ to be discovered ; as. the tnith is j 
 come out at I.isl. 
 
 .\l>o, to be puDiisneu, as a Dock. The worK comes 
 out in (juarto. 
 
 .\lso, to end or come to an issue ; as, how will this 
 alfair come outl he has come out well at last. 
 
 Also, to appear after being clouded, and to shine ; 
 as, tlie sun has come out. 
 
 To come out of; to issue forth, as from confinement, 
 or a close place ; to jiroceed or depart from. 
 
 Also, to issue from, as descendants. 
 
 Kinc^s shall come out of thee. — Gen. xvii. 
 
 To come nut icith ; to give publicity to ; to disclose. 
 
 To come short ; to fail ; not to accomplish. [Boijle. 
 
 All buve sinnej and co'/ic s/ior/of t!ie glory of God. — Roin. iu. 
 
 To come to ; to consent or yield. Sicift. 
 
 Also, to amount to ; as, the taxes come to a large 
 
 Also, to recover, as from a swoon. [sum. 
 
 To come together ; to meet or assemble. 
 
 7'« come to pass ; to be ; to happen ; to fall out ; to 
 be effected. The phrase is much used in tlie com- 
 mon versiim of the Scriptures, but is seldom found 
 in modern English writings. 
 
 To come up : to ascend ; to rise. 
 
 Also, to spring ; to shoot or rise above the earth, as 
 a plant. Bacon. 
 
 Also, to come into use, as a fashion. 
 
 7'> come up tlie capsteru, in seamanship, is to turn it 
 the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. 
 
 To come up the tackle fall, is to slacken it gently. 
 
 To come up to ; to approach near. 
 
 Also, to amount to. 
 
 Also, to advance to ; to rise to. 
 
 To come up witli; to overtake, in following or pur- 
 suit. 
 
 To come upon ; to fall on ; to attack or invade. 
 
 To come : in futurity ; to happen hereafter. In limes 
 to come. Success is yet to come. 
 
 Take a le,ise for yeare to coma. Locke. 
 
 Come is an intransitive verb, but the participle come 
 is much used with the substantive verb, in the pas- 
 sive form. "The end of all tiesh is come." lam 
 come, thou art come, he is come, we are come, &.C. 
 This use of the sub.stantive verb, for hane, is perhaps 
 too well estabfished to be rejected ; but liat-e or has 
 should be used iu such phrases. In the phrase, " come 
 Friday, come Candlemas," there is an ellipsis of cer- 
 tain words ; as, wtien Friday sluiU come. 
 
 Come, come, tlie repetition of come, expresses haste, 
 or exhortation to hasten. Sometimes it introduces a 
 threat. 
 
 fTiME, (kum,) 71. A sprout. [J\rot used.] Mortimer. 
 f/O.ME'-OFF, n. Means of escape ; evasion ; excuse. 
 
 We do not want this fome-ojf. GreiljTULn, 172. 
 
 CO-Mk'DI-AN, «. [See Comedy.] An actor or play- 
 er in comedy ; or a player in general, male or female. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 G. .\ writer of comedy. Pencliam. 
 COM'IvDY, ». [h. conia-dia; Gr. K'opioiia. Clu. from 
 K'.'/ii, a village, and M^n, a song, or r.-ilhcr lut^io, to 
 sing, and denoting that the comedian was a strolling 
 singer ; or whether the first syllable is from xi.i/jnj, a 
 merry feast, whence comic, comical, the latter indicat- 
 ing tiiat the comedian was characterized by buffoon- 
 ery. The latter coincides in elements with the Eng- 
 lish o-ame.] 
 
 A dramatic composition, intended to represent the 
 lighter passions and actions of mankind, which are 
 to be imitated in language, dress, and manner, by 
 twtors on a stage, for the amusement of spectators. 
 The termination of the intrigue is happy, and the 
 design is amustrment. 
 eOME'I'f-'jY, (kiim'lo-ly,) n/i«. In a suitable or de- 
 cent nianii'ir. [/.iitJc u.ml.] Shcrirood. 
 eOME'M-NE.S.S, (kum'lc ness,) n. [See Comei.v.] 
 That which in l)e('oniing, fit, or sniuible, in form or 
 manner. Comeliness of perstm implii'S symmetry or 
 due proportion of parts; cnmrlivas o{ ninfinor Implies 
 deconun and propriety. ** I( signifies something less 
 forcible than lieautij, less elegant than gracr., ami less 
 light than pretUness." Johnson. 
 A <yir«-I'^« eotntUneMt witli comely crtre. S'ulney 
 
 llf laOt no fori 
 
 r eoitulineaa. — li. lill. 2. 
 
 COME'l.Y, (kum'ly,) a. (from come. The ncnse of 
 suilablunevs ia oflicn from meeting, coming together. 
 
 COM 
 
 whence adjusting, putting in order. So, in Latin, 
 
 convenicTis, from convenio.] 
 
 1. Properly, becoming; suitable; whence, h.ind- 
 some ; graceful. .Applied to person or form, it denotes 
 symmetry, or due proportion ; but it expresses less 
 than bcauOfal or elegant. 
 
 I h;ive seen a son of Jesse — a comely pereon. — I Sann. xvi. 
 1 will not conceal liis comely proportjon. — Job xli. 
 
 2. Decent ; suitable ; proper ; becoming ; suited to 
 time, place, circumstances, or persons. 
 
 Praise is comely for tlie iiprijlit. — Ps. xxxiii. 
 
 Is it comely lli.it a woman pray to God uncovered ? — 1 Cor. xi. 
 
 0. what a world is this, when'whal is comely 
 
 Envenoms him that bears it I SliaJc. 
 
 eOME'LY. (kum'ly,) adv. Handsomely ; gracefully. 
 
 ./isckam. 
 
 eOM'ER. 71. One that comes; one wno approacnes . 
 
 one who has arrived, ami is present. 
 eO-M-ES-S-X'TION, ?i. JL. comcssattn.' i 
 
 Feasting or reveling. ' [{all. 
 €0-MES'Tl-BLE, a. [Fr.J Eatame. [.Voj used.] 
 
 fVotton. 
 
 eOJI'ET, 71. [L. cmneta; Gr. Kopnrns > from KOpn, 
 coma, hair ; a hairy star.] 
 
 A term applied to those members of the solar sys- 
 tem which consist either wholly or in part of nebu- 
 lous matter. They usually move in very eccentric 
 orbits, having the sun in the focus, approaching very 
 near to the sun in their perihelion, ;ind receding to a 
 very great distance from it at their aphelion. A 
 comet, when perfectly formed, consists of three 
 parts, the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the 
 tail ; but one or more of these parts is frequently 
 wanting. D. Olmsted. 
 
 eOM'ET, 71. A game at cards. Southmie. 
 
 eO.M-ET-A'RI-UM, 71. An astronomical instrument, 
 intended to represent the revolution of a comet round 
 the sun. Encyc. 
 
 eOM'ET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to a comet. Cheyne. 
 
 eo MET'ie, a. Relating to a comet. 
 
 eO.M'ET-LTKE, a. Resembling a comet. Shak. 
 
 eO.M-ET-OG'RA-PHY, 71. [comet, and Gr. ypaifiw, to 
 describe.] 
 
 A description or treatise of comets. 
 
 eO.M'FlT, (71. [D. konfyl; G. confect; Dan. 
 
 eO.M'FIT-IJRE, ) confcct; Fr. conft, confiture; It. 
 eonfrtio, confcttura, or confezione; Sp. conftte; Port. 
 confeito ; from the L. confectura, confectus, conjicio, 
 con and facio, to make.] 
 
 A dry sweetmeat ; any kind of fruit or root pre- 
 ser\'ed with sugar and dried. Johnson. 
 
 GO.M'FIT, (kum'fit,) v. t. To preserve dry with sugar. 
 
 Cowley. 
 
 eOM'FIT-MAK-ER, n. One who makes or prepares 
 comfits. 
 
 eO.M'FORT, (kum'furt,) v. t. [Low L. conforto ; Fr. 
 conforter ; Arm. cdnforti, or conforta ; It. conforiare; 
 Sp. and Port, confortar ; Ir. comli-fhurtuch, comfort, 
 and fnrtachd, id. ; furlaighim, to relieve or help ; from 
 the L. copt and forlis, strong.] 
 
 1. To strengthen; to invigorate; to cheer or en- 
 liven. 
 
 LL-rht excellcth in comfoTting the tplrita of men. Bacon. 
 Comfort ye your he.aru, — Gen. xviii. 
 
 i2. To strengthen the mind when depressed or en- 
 feebled ; to console ; to give new vigor to the spirits ; 
 to cheer, or relieve from depression or trouble. 
 
 liis friends came to mouni witli liim and to comfort h'un, — 
 Job ii. 
 
 3. In lato, to relieve, assist, or encourage, as the 
 accessory to a crime after the fact, Blackstone. 
 
 eO.M'FORT, 71. Relief from pain; ease; rest, or 
 moderate pleasure after pain, cold, or distress, or 
 uneasiness of body. Tlie word signifies, properly, 
 new strength, or animation ; and relief from pain is 
 often the effect of strength. In a popular sense, the 
 word signifies, rather negatively, the absence of pain, 
 and the consetiuent quiet, than positive animation. 
 
 2. Relief from distress of luiiid ; the ease and 
 quiet which is experienced when pain, trouble, agi- 
 tation, or affliction, ceases. It imjilies, also, some 
 degree of positive animation of the spirits, or some 
 pleasurable sensations derived from hope, and agree- 
 able prospects ; consolation. 
 
 I.rt me alone, that I may take comfort a little. — Job x. 
 Uaufjhl'T, be of good comfort ; Uiy faiUi liath made thee whole. 
 — Matt. ix. 
 
 3. Support ; consolation under calamity, distress, 
 or danger. 
 
 I,et thy merciful kindnesB he lor my comfort. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 4. That which gives strength or support in distress, 
 difiiculty, danger, or infirmity ; as, pious children 
 are the comfort of their aged parents. 
 
 .5. In law, supiiort; assistance; countenance; en- 
 couragement; as, an accessory affords aid or emn- 
 forl to a felon. 
 
 6. That which gives security from want, and fur- 
 nishes moderate enjoyment ; as, the comforts of life. 
 eO.M'FORT-A-BLE, n. Deing in a state of ease, or 
 moderate enjoyment ; as a person after sickness or 
 pain. This is tJie most common use of the toord in the 
 United States. 
 
 COM 
 
 2. Admitting comfort ; that may afford comfort. 
 Who can promise him a comfoTtnbte appearance b-fore his 
 
 dreadful Judge ? SouUi. 
 
 3. Giving comfort ; affording consol.ition ; as, be 
 comfortable to my mother. [ Obs.] Shall. 
 
 The word of my lord the king shall now be comfortable. — 3 
 S.im. xiv. 
 
 4. Placing above want, and affording moderate 
 enio\iiiei)t ; as, a comfortable provision for life. 
 
 eO.Vl'FOR'l'-A-IiLE, 71. A warm coverlet for a bed, 
 containing down or cotton quilted in. [j^merica.] 
 
 eOM'FORT-A-BLE-NESS, 71. The state of enjoying 
 comfort. 
 
 CO.M'F()RT-.\-BI,Y, culo. In a manner to give com- 
 fort or consolation. 
 
 Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. — Is. xl. 
 2. With comfort or cheerfulness : without despair. 
 
 How co'iirortnotv aim cneeriuliv lor uroa s iwriorniance. 
 
 eOM'FORT-ED. pp. Strengthened- consoled en- 
 coiiratied 
 
 eO.M'FORT-ER, 71. one wno administers comfon "r 
 consolation ; one who strengthens and supports the 
 mind in distress or danger. 
 
 1 looked for comforters, but found none. — Ps. Ixix. 
 Miserable comforters are ye all. — Job xvi. 
 
 2. The title of the Holy Spirit, whose office it is 
 to comfort and support the Christian. 
 
 Eut the Comforter, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send 
 in my name — lie will leach you all things. — John xiv. 
 
 3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. 
 CmrFORT-FUL, a. Full of comfort. 
 eOM'FORT-ING, ppr. or a. Giving strength or spir- 
 its ; giving ease ; cheering; encouraging; consoling. 
 
 CO.M'FORT-LESS, a. Without comfort ; without any 
 thing to alleviate misfortune or distress. 
 
 1 will not leave you coptfortless. — John xiv. 
 
 e5M'F0RT-LE,*S-LY, adv. In a comfortless manner. 
 
 eO.M'FORT-LESS-NESS, 71. State of being comfort- 
 less. 
 
 eOM'FORT-RE.SS, 71. A female that affords comfort. 
 eO.M'FREY, ( (kum'frv.) n. [Uu. L. confirmo, equiv- 
 eO.M'FRY, S . alent to consolido.] 
 
 The popular name of a genus of jilants, the Sym- 
 phytum. 
 
 €OMMC,rt. [It. cojnicns ; Gr. KtoiiiKOi;- See Comedy.] 
 
 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. 
 
 2. Raising mirth ; fitted to excite merriment. SbaJi. 
 eOM'lG-AL, a. Relating to comedy ; comic. Oay. 
 
 2. Exciting mirth ; diverting ; sportive ; droll. 
 
 j^ddison. 
 
 We say a buffoon is a comical fellow, or his story 
 or his manners are comical. 
 €OM'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a manner befitting comedy. 
 2. In a comical manner ; in a manner to raise 
 mirth. 
 
 eo,\I'ie-AL-NESS, 71. The quality of being comical ; 
 
 the power or quality of raising mirth. Johnson. 
 eO.M'ING, ppr. [SeeCoME.] Drawing nearer or nigh ; 
 
 approaching ; moving toward ; advancing. 
 
 2. a. Future ; yet to come ; as, in coming ages 
 
 3. Forward ; ready to come. 
 
 How comirg to the poet every muse. Popl. 
 [ The latter sense is noto nnitstial.] 
 €OM'ING, 71. The act of coming ; approach. 
 2. The state of being come ; arrival. 
 
 The Lord hath blessed thee since my coming. — Gen. xxx. 
 eOM'ING-IN, 71. Entrance. 
 
 1 know thy going-out and thy coming.in. — 2 Kings xix. 
 
 2. Beginning ; commencement ; as, the coming-in 
 of the year. 2 Kings xiii. 
 
 3. Income ; revenue. [JYot now used.] Shak. 
 
 4. Compliance ; submission. [JVot in tise.] 
 
 Jilassinger. 
 
 CO-MI" TI-.^, (ko-mish'e-a,) n. pi. [L.] In ancient 
 Rome, a term applied to the assemblies of the 
 people, for electing officers and passing laws. 
 
 €0-.MI"Tr.\L, (ko-mish'al,) a. [L. cnmilin, an assem- 
 bly of the Romans ; prohtibly formed from cum and 
 CO, Ir. coimh, \V. cym, or cyv.] 
 
 1. Relating to the comitia or popular assemblies of 
 the Romans, for electing officers and passing laws. 
 
 Middlcton. 
 
 2. Relating to an order of Presbyterian assemblies. 
 
 Bp. Bancroft. 
 
 CO.M'I-TY, 71. [L. comitas, from comes, mild, affable; 
 Ir. caomh.] 
 
 Mildness and suavity of manners ; courtesy of in- 
 tercourse between individuals or communities ; civil- 
 ity ; good-breeding. Well-bred people are character- 
 ized by comity of manners. 
 eOM'jM A, n. [Gr. av./i/iu, a segment, from Konn.', to 
 cut off.] 
 
 1. In 7cn(ino-and printing, this point [,] denoting 
 the shortest pause in reading, and separating a sen- 
 tence into divisions or members, according to the 
 construction. Thus, " There is not a just man upon 
 earth, that ilocth good, and sinneth not." " Virtue, 
 wit, knowledge, arc excellent nccomplishmcnts." 
 " Live .soberly, righteously, and piously, iu the pres- 
 ent world." 
 
 2. In music, n name applied to the interval between 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 2S8 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 the major ami tlie minor lone ; also applied to some 
 other small iiiterv-als. Ed. F.ncyc. 
 
 3. Dialinction. MilUon. 
 eOM-MANU', V. t. [It. comaniiare.; Sp. comaniiar, mnn- 
 tlur ; Arm. coumandi ; Fr. cuuimandrr ; con, or enm, 
 ami L. maiidu, to comniuml, to cnmmit to ; Ba.sqiie 
 manatn ; litenilly, to send to, to send forth, from thn 
 same root as eommend, demand, and L. moneo. Sec 
 Class Mn.l 
 
 1. To bid ; to order ; to direct ; to charge ; imply- 
 ing niitliorily, and power to control, and to require 
 obedience. 
 
 \Vc will iscriliw to llis Lonl our God, m he •Imll commani 
 m. — Kj. Tiii. 
 
 1 k»o\v lliiit he (Abmhaiii] will command hii chiMrpn :\nd 
 hii houatholil ufur liiiii, and they will keep llie wnjr of tlic 
 Lord. —Gen. iviil. 
 
 2. To govern, lead, or direct ; to liave or to exer- 
 cise supreme authority over ; as. Lord Wellinjiton 
 commanded an army in Spain ; lie cummanded the 
 arniv at the lialtle of Waterloo. 
 
 .L To have in power : to be able to exercise power 
 or aulliiiritv over : .as. a inililary post ri>.nni««</j( the 
 surroiiiidiii!: country ; a fort commands the harbor 
 
 \. To overlooK, or have in the power of the eve, 
 without obstruction. 
 
 One 6ide comtnandt a view of the fineat garden in the world. 
 
 AddUon, 
 
 5. To direct ; to send. 
 
 Th-* Ix'ol shtll command the blessing on thee. — Dent, xxviii. 
 The Lonl will comnuxnd his loving kindncas. — Pa. xtii. 
 
 6. To have or to exercise a controlling influence 
 over; as, a sood magistrate commands the respect and 
 atVections of the people. 
 
 €OM-.MXND', I', i. To h.ave or to exercise supreme 
 aiilflority ; lo possess the chief power ; to govern j 
 as, the general command.i Willi dii;iiity and human- 
 ity. What pener.il cotnmands in I'anada 
 
 eoNl-M.>iM)', n. The right or power of governing with 
 chief or exclusive authority ; supreme power; con- 
 trol ; as, an officer has a brigade under his command : 
 he takes command of the army in France ; on appro- 
 priate militani term. 
 
 2. The power of controlling ; governing influence ; 
 sway. 
 
 He aisiniied an aljaolnte command over h\s rcailera. Drydcn. 
 
 3. Cogent or absolute authority. 
 
 Commanil and force may often create, but cau never cure, an 
 aversion. Locke. 
 
 4. The act of commanding ; the mandate uttered ; 
 order given. 
 
 The captain jives command. Dryden, 
 
 5. The power of overlooking, or surveying, with- 
 out obstmction. 
 
 The Blrepy strrtnil 
 \\'tiich overlooks the vole with witlc command. Drydcn. 
 
 6. The power of governing or controlling by force, 
 or of defending and protecting ; as, the fortress has 
 complete command of the port. 
 
 7. That which is commanded ; control ; as, a body 
 of troops under command. .Mar^liall. 
 
 8. Order ; request ; message : any communication 
 desired, or sent ; a complimentary use. 
 
 9. A body of troops, or any naval or military force, 
 under the commantl of a purliciilar officer. 
 
 eOM-.MA.\I)'A-BLF,, a. That may be commanded. 
 eOM-.MA.N-UANT', n. [Fr.] A cum m.ander ; a com- 
 manding ofliccr of a place or of a bt>dy of forces. 
 
 Smollett. 
 
 eOM-M.\XD'A-TO-RY, a. Having the force of a com- 
 mantl. 
 
 eo.M-M.XN'D'ED, ]ip. Ordered; directed; governed; 
 controlled. 
 
 eOM-.MA .ND'ER, n. A chief ; one who has supreme 
 aiitlinrity ; a leader ; the chief officer of an army, or 
 of any di\nsi(iii of it. The terra may also be applied 
 to the admiral of a fleet, or of a squadron, or to any 
 supreme officer ; as, the commander of the land or of 
 the naval force ; the commander of a ship. 
 
 2. In the nary, an officer who ranks above a lieu 
 tenant and below a captain. 
 
 3. One on whom was bestowed a commandry. 
 
 4. .\ heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in pav- 
 ing, &.c. 
 
 [This gives ns the primary sense of L. mando, to 
 lend, to drive.] 
 h. .\n insiniment of surgery. mseman. 
 
 eO.M-M.\.\D'RY, i """"a"'''"' ] 
 
 Among several orders of iniVAt», a district under 
 the control of a member of the order, who received 
 the inci>nie of the estates bclimging to the knights 
 within that district, and expended jKut for his own 
 use, and accounted for the rest. Brandt. 
 
 There are strict and regular commandries, obtained 
 by merit, or in order ; and others are of grace and 
 favor, bestowed by the grand master. There are al- 
 so commandries for the religious, in the orders of SL 
 Bernard and St. Anthony. Encyc. 
 eO.M-.MAND'ING, ppr. or a. Bidding; ordering; di- 
 recting with aiilhoriiy ; governing; bearing rule ; ex- 
 ercising supreme authority ; having in power; over- 
 looking without obstruction. 
 
 2. a. Cimtrolliiig by iiilliii ncc, aiitlmrity, or dig- 
 nity ; as, a man u( commandinjr manners ; a command- 
 111 o- eltK|iienre. 
 €OM-MANl)'i.\G-LY, adv. In a commanding man- 
 ner. 
 
 €O.M-IMANf)'MENT, n. A command; a mandate; 
 an order or injunction given by authority; charge; 
 prece|)t. 
 
 Why do ye transcrress the comtnnndment of God t — Matt. xv. 
 This in th'" first niul fjn»;>l commanthnenl. — Mutt, jtxii. 
 A new commandmejit 1 give to you, that ye love one another. 
 — John Xlii. 
 
 2. By way of eminence, a precept of the decalogue, 
 or moral laWj written on fables of stoiu^, at Mount 
 Sinai ; one tif the ten commandments, Ec. xx.xiv. 
 
 3. Authority ; coercivi; power. Shnk. 
 eOM-MXND'KESS, n. A woman invested with su- 
 preme authority. Hooker. 
 
 €O.M'M.\IlK, II. \Vt. cnmarqut \ Sp. comarca.] 
 
 The frontier ol^ a country. Sheltm. 
 
 eOM-MA-TP.'RI-AI,, a. [etm and mofrna/.] Consist- 
 ing of the same matter with another thing. Bacon. 
 
 eO.M-.MA-TE-lll-AL'I-TY. ii. Participation of the 
 same matter Johnson. 
 
 CO.MM AT'ie, 0. Having snort clauses or sentences ; 
 I'rief . rtmcise 
 
 €OM'M A-TIS.M, n. ^Irom comma.\ Briefness: con- 
 ciseness in writing. Bp. Horstei/. 
 
 eOiM-MEAS'lJR-A-BLE, a. [See Measirk.] Hav- 
 ing a common measure. But Comme.nsi'rable is 
 generally used. 
 
 COMMK 'if. FJlUT, (kom-il-fo,) [Fr.] As it should be. 
 
 COM-ME.M'O-RA-BI.F,, a. IMi iiiorablc ; worlliy to be 
 remembered, or noticed with honor. [See iMi:mura- 
 
 RLE.j 
 
 eO.M-MEM'O-RATE, r. t. commemoro; ton and 
 rndnorii, to mention. See Memorv.] 
 
 To call to remembrance by a solemn act ; to cele- 
 brate with honor and solemnity ; to honor, ns a per- 
 son or event, by some act of respect or affection, 
 intended to presene the remembrance of that per- 
 son or event ; as, the Lord's supper is designed to 
 commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our 
 Savior. 
 
 €0.M-.MEM'0-Ra-TED, pp. Called to remembrance 
 by some act of solfinnily. 
 
 eO.M-ME.M'O-R.X-TING, ppr. Celebrating with hon- 
 or by stime solemn act. 
 
 eO.M-ME.M-O-RA'TIO.V, n. The act of c.illing to re- 
 memliraiice by some stilt^mnity ; the act of htmoring 
 the memory oi"soine person or event by solemn cel- 
 ebration. The feast of shells at I'lymouth, in Massa- 
 chusetts, is an annual commemoration of the first 
 landing of our ancestors in KiQO. 
 
 Commemoration day, at the university of Oxford, 
 Eng., is an annual solemnity in honor of the benefac- 
 tors of tlie university, when orations are delivered, 
 and prize compositions are read in the Uieater. It 
 is the great ilav of fi stivity for the year. Huber. 
 
 eO.M-MEM'O-U.V-TIVE, a. Tending to preserve the 
 remeiiibniice of something. Merburv. 
 
 eo M-M E.M'0-R.\-TO-RY, a. Serving to preserve the 
 memory of. 
 
 eO.M-.\IE.\'CE', (koin mens',) v. i, [Fr. commciicfr ; 
 Port, comcfar; Sp. comenzar: It. eominciare; Arm. 
 coiiiiiaii^i. Perliai»s cfmi ami iin'fio.] 
 
 1. To begin ; to take rise or origin ; to have first 
 existence ; as, a state of glory to commence after this 
 life ; this empire commenced at a late period. 
 
 2. To begin to be, as in a change of character. 
 
 Let not learning, too, commence Its foe. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To take a degree, or the first degree, in a uni- 
 versity or college. Bailey. 
 COM-.ME.\CE', r. f. To begin ; to enter upon ; to per- 
 form the first act ; .a-s, to commence operations. 
 
 2. To begin ; to originate ; to bring ; as, to com- 
 mence a suit, action, or process in law. 
 eO.M-ME.\C'£D, (kom-menst',) pp. Begun; origi- 
 nated. 
 
 eOM-ME\CE'ME.\T, (kom-mens'ment,) «. Begin- 
 ning ; rise ; origin ; first existence ; as, the firni 
 inf««mcnt of New Style, in 1752 ; the commencement 
 of hostiliti«6 in 1775. 
 
 2. The time when students in colleges commence 
 bachelors ; a d.ay in which degrees are publicly con- 
 ferred in the English and American universities. 
 
 eO.M-ME.NC'IXG, ppr. or a. Beginning; entering on ; 
 originating. 
 
 CO.M-.ME.Nl)', r. U [L. eommendo ; eon and mando: It. 
 commendare ; Port, encommcndar ; Fr. reeommander ; 
 Sp. cnmandar, to command, and formerly to commend. 
 This is the same word as command, differently ap- 
 plied. The primary sen.se is, to send to or throw ; 
 hence, to charge, bid, desire, or entreat.] 
 
 1. lo represent as worthy of notice, regard, or 
 kindness ; to speak in favor of; to recommend. 
 
 1 commtnd to you Phebe, our sister. — Rom. xvl. 
 
 2. To commit ; to intrust or give in charge. 
 
 Father, Into thy hands I comm4nd my spirit. — l.uke xxiii. 
 
 3. To praise ; to mention with approbation. 
 
 The pTinc..s commanded S.irai before Pharaoh. 
 
 The Lorxt commtndtd the unjtist steward. Bihte. 
 
 A. 'i'o make acceptable tir more acceptable. 
 
 But meat commtntltlh us not to (»o<l. — 1 Cor. viii. 
 5. To produce or present to favorable notice. 
 The chnnis had an oc<a«on of commending tbetr voics to tlM 
 Hii*. DrytUn. 
 
 f To send or bear to. 
 
 These draw the chariot which Latlnns ai^nds, 
 And the rich pri-sent to the prince eommetuls. Ihyflen. 
 eo:\I-MEND', 71. Commenilation. [JWif xtsed.] Shak. 
 eO.M-MEND'A-BLE, a. [Fr. reeommandabit ; It. ciim- 
 mendable. Formerly accented iiiiproiierly on the 
 first syllable.] 
 
 That may be commended or praised ; worthy of 
 approbation or praise ; laudable. 
 
 Order and decent cerx-nioiues in tlie church are commtndnh'e. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 €OM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being com- 
 mendable. 
 
 €O.M-.MEND'A-BLY, adc. Laudably; in a praise- 
 worfhv manner. 
 
 CO.M-.ME.ND'A.M, n. [L.] In fw/e.-iWica/Mic, in Eng- 
 land, a benefice or living commeiuted, by the king or 
 head of the church, lo the rare of a clergyman, to hold 
 till a proper pastor is provided. This may be tempo- 
 rary or pfrpetiial. Blucli.'itane. 
 
 The trust or administration of the revenues of a 
 benefice given to a layman, lo litdd as a de|xisit tor 
 six months, in order to repairs. Sec, or to an ecclesi- 
 astic, to perform the pa.storal duties, till the benefice 
 is providi>rt wilh a regular incumbent. Encyc, 
 
 eO.M-.ME.\U'A-TA-RY, n. f .-'r. commendataire ; It. 
 commendatario, commcndatore. j 
 One who holds a living in cnminendam. 
 
 eO.M-MEMf-A'TION, ii. [L. comiiiriK/ado.] 
 
 1. The act of commending ; praise ; favorable rep- 
 resentation in words ; declaration of esteem. 
 
 Need we, assume oihcri, k-lters of commeni/alion 7 — 2 Cor. 
 
 XXXi, 
 
 2. Ground of esteem, approbation, or praise; that 
 which presents a person or thing to anotlier in a fa-' 
 vorable light, and<renders worthy of regard or accept- 
 ance. 
 
 Good-nature is llie most godlike «omnundauon of a man. 
 
 Drydtn. 
 
 3. Service ; respects ; message of love. Shak. 
 
 J\'ote. — In iinifation of the French, we are accus- 
 tomed to use recommendation. Sec, for commendation. 
 But, in most insmnces, it is belter to use the word 
 without the prefix re. A letter of commendation is 
 the preferable phrase. 
 
 eO.M-.MEND'A-TOR, n. One who holds a benefice 
 
 in comineiidiim. Chalmers. 
 eO.M-MEND'A-TO-RY, a. Which serves to com- 
 mend ; presenting to favorable notice or reception ; 
 containing praise ; as, a commendatoni letter. 
 
 Bacon. Pope. 
 2. Holding a benefice in commendam ; as, a com- 
 mendatoni bishop. 
 eO.M-,MES'D'.\-TO-RY, n. A commendation ; eulogy. 
 
 South. 
 
 eO.M-ME.N'D'ED, pp. Praised; represented favorably ; 
 committed in charge. 
 
 CO.M-.MEN'D'ER, n. One who commends or praises. 
 
 CO.M-.ME.\'D'I.NG, ppr. Praising; representing favor- 
 ably ; committing or delivering in charge. 
 
 eOM-ME.\S'.\L, II. [L. con and mensa, table.] 
 
 One that eats at the same table. [ Obt.] Chaucer. 
 
 eO.M-.ME.\-S.\L'I-TY, ji. [Sp. commensalia ; L. eom- 
 mensalisi eon and mcnsa, a table.] 
 
 Fellowship at table ; the act or practice of eating 
 at the same table. [LiUJe used.] Brown, Oillies. 
 
 eOM-MEN-SU-R.VBIL'I-TY, ( n. [Fr. commensura- 
 
 eO.M-ME.N'SU-RA-BLE-NESS, \ ii/ite.] 
 
 The capacity of being compared with another in 
 measure, or of being measured by another, or of 
 having a common measure. Broven, Hole. 
 
 eO.M-.ME.X'SU-RA-BLE, a. [Fr., from con and L. nien- 
 sura, measure. See Measi/re.] 
 
 That have a common measure ; that may be meas- 
 ured by the same number or quantity. Thus a yard 
 ami a foot are commensurable, as both may be meas- 
 ured by inches. Commensurable numbers arc those 
 which may be measured or divided by another num- 
 ber without a remainder, as 12 and 18, which may 
 be measured by li and 3. 
 
 Commen.furable surds, are those which, being re- 
 duced to their least terms, become fnie figurative 
 quantities of their kind, and are therefore as a ra- 
 tional tpiantitv to a rational one. Barlotc. 
 
 CO.M-.ME.N'SL'-RA-BLY, ode. In a coramensurable 
 manner. 
 
 eO.M-MEN'SIJ-RATE, a. [IL eonmcn.eiirar* ; Sp. con- 
 mctu^irar, whence conmensurativo ; con and L. mensu- 
 ra, measure.] 
 
 1. Having a common mea-sure. 
 
 2. Equ.al ; pro|Kirtional ; having equal measure or 
 extent ; .is, we find nothing in this life commensuraU 
 to our desires. 
 
 eOM-MEN'SU-RATE, v. £. To reduce to a common 
 measure. 
 
 eOM-.MEN'SU-RA-TED, pp. Reduced (o a common 
 measure. 
 
 TONE, BlILL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 29* 
 
COM 
 
 €OM-MEN'SU-RATE-L,Y, ndv. VVitli the capacity 
 of measuring or being measured by some otiier 
 tiling. Holder. 
 2. With equal measure or extent. 
 
 eOM-MEN'SIJ-RATE-NESS, n. Quality of being 
 commensurate. Foster. 
 
 €O.M-.MEN"SU-Ra-TI.\G, j>pr. Reducing to a com- 
 mon measure. 
 
 eO.M-JIEN-StJ-RA'TIOX, 7i. Proportion, or propor- 
 tion in measure ; a state of having a connnon measure. 
 
 All IUnes£ lies in ft p;iriic!il.ir commensurotio/i, or propurdon 
 ol i">e thiii^ to 411'jilirr. Sijulh, 
 
 COM'MENT, V. i. [L. commentor, to cast in the mind, 
 to thinlt, to devise, to compose ; from ciui anil mens, 
 mind, or the same root. It. cuniciitare ; Fr. coinmenter ; 
 Sp. cimieiitur; Port, commentar. See .Mind.] 
 
 1. To write notes on the works of an author, with 
 a view to illustrate his meaning, or to exjilain par- 
 ticular passages ; to explain; to expound; to anno- 
 tate ; followed by on. We say, to ciymincnt on an au- 
 thor, or on his writings. Drydcn. Pope. 
 
 2. To make remarks, tibservations, or criticisms, 
 either on a book, or writing, or on actions, events, or 
 opiniiuis. Siink. 
 
 eo.M'MENT. f. f. To explain. Fuller. 
 2. To feign ; to devise. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 €O.M'ME.\'T. n. A note, intended to illustrate a writ- 
 Mi:;, rr a ditficult passage in an author : annotation ; 
 ►'XplaiiaTuiii . exposition ; as. tile comments of ^^coll on 
 tne Scriptures 
 
 2. That which explains or illiisiraie!. , as, a man's i 
 conduct is the best comment on his declarations. Pov- ' 
 erty and disgrace are very significant comme7its on 
 lewdness, gambling, and dissipation. 
 
 3. Remark ; observation. 
 
 In such a time as (iiis, it is not meet 
 
 'rha{ ever/ nice oticnse shuuhl bear its comment. Shdk 
 
 eOM'.MENT-A-RY, n. A comment ; exposition ; ex- 
 planation ; illustration of diflicult and obscure ptis- 
 sages in an author. 
 
 2. A book of comments or annotations. 
 
 3. An historical narrative ; a memoir of particular 
 transactions ; as, the Commentaries of Cesar. 
 
 €O.M'MENT-A-RY, v. t. To write notes upon. [Lit- 
 tle llsedA 
 
 eO.M'MEN'-TATE, ». (. To make comments ; to write 
 
 notes upon. Purs, of Lit. 
 
 eO.M'.ME.\T-A-TOR, n. One who comments; one 
 
 who writes annotations ; an expositor ; an annotator. 
 
 [The accent on the first syllable and that on the third 
 
 are nearly equal.] 
 eO.M-.ME.'VT-A'TO 
 
 inentat(»r, 
 
 eO,M'.ME.\'T-ER, n. One that writes comments ; an 
 2. One who makes remarks. [annotator. 
 eO.M'.MEi\1"-I.\G, ppr. Making notes or comments 
 
 on something said or written. 
 €O.M-.MEN-TI"TIOUS, (kom-men-tish'us,) a. [L. coni- 
 
 mcnlitiiis.^ 
 
 Invented ; feigned ; imaginary. Olanville. 
 GO!\I'.MERCE, n. [Fr. commerce; L. commercivm; con 
 and mercor, to buy ; mcrz, merco. See Class .Mr, No. 
 3. ll. comtnercin ; ^\). cotntircio ; Port, cojnmercio. For- 
 merly accented on the second syllable.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, an interchange or mutual 
 change of goods, wares, proiliictions. or property of 
 any kind, between nations or individuals, either by 
 barter, or by purchase and sale ; trade ; trallic. Com- 
 merce is foreign or inland. Foreign commerce is the 
 trade which one nation carries on with another; in- 
 land commerce, or inland trade, is the trade in the ex- 
 change of commodities between citizens of the same 
 nation or state. .Active commerce. See Active. 
 
 2. Intercourse between individuals ; interchange 
 of work, business, civilities, or amusements ; mutual 
 dealings in common life. 
 
 3. Familiar intercourse between the sexes. 
 
 4. Interchange ; reciprocal communications ; as, 
 there is a vast commerce of ideas. D. fVtb.stcr. 
 
 €O.M-.MF.RCE', v. i. To tratlic ; to carry on trade. 
 2. To hold intercourse with. [Riileiffh. 
 
 Ami look, commereing » illi the ski-s. Milton. 
 
 eOM-MER'CIAL, (kom-mer'.ihal,) a. Pertaining to 
 commerce or trade ; as, commercuU concerns ; commer- 
 cial rtdations. 
 
 2. (Jarryingon commerce ; as, a commercial nation. 
 
 3. Proceeding from trade ; as, commercial benefits 
 or profiis. 
 
 €O.M-iMER'CIAI^LY, adv. In a commercial view. 
 
 BllrliC. 
 
 €OM-MER'CI.\G, ppr. Holding intercourse with ; as, 
 and looks cimmercing with the skies. Mdton. 
 
 eO.M'.MERE, ( mire,) n. [Fr. mere.] 
 A connnon mother. 
 
 COM-MET'ie, a. Giving a gloss or beauty. 
 
 eOM'MI-GRATE, ti. t. [L. commigro ; con a 
 to inigmle.] 
 
 To migrate togcthr-r ; to move in a body from one 
 country or placo to another, fur permanent residence. 
 [LtUir iijw/.l 
 
 eO.M-VII-GRX'TION, n. The moving of a body of 
 pixjple from one country or place to another, with a 
 view to permanent rc*idence. Woodward. 
 
 roU-SHIP, n. The office of a com- 
 
 1 and migro. 
 
 COM 
 
 CO.M-.MI-Na'TION, n. [I>. comminalio : con and mi- 
 natin, a threatening, from minor, to threaten. See 
 Menace.] 
 
 1. A threat or threatening ; a denunciation of pun- 
 ishment or vengeance. 
 
 2. The recital of God's threatenings on stated ilays ; 
 an oflice in the Liturgy of the Church of England, 
 appointed to be read on Ash Wednesday, or on the 
 first day of Lent. Encyc. 
 
 €0,M-!V11N'A-T0-RY, a. Threatening; denouncing 
 punishment. B. Jonsun. 
 
 eO.M-.MIN"GLE, (-ming'gl,) v. t. [con and 7ni)!o/e.] 
 To mix together ; to mingle in one mass, or inti- 
 mately ; to blend. [See MiNoLE.] Sliak. 
 
 eo.M-.MIN"GLE, ti. i. To mix or unite together, as 
 different substances. Bacon. 
 
 eO.M-.MIN"GLi!D,pp. Mingled together. 
 
 eOM-MIN"GL(NG, ppr. Mingling together. 
 
 eOM-MI.N'li-ATE, V. t. To grind [JVot used.] [See 
 
 CoMM I NUTE.] 
 
 eOM-.MIN'y-I-BLE, a. Reducible to poVder. Brown. 
 COM'i\U-NuTE, V. t. [L comminuo; con and minuo, 
 to lessen, from the root of minor; Jr. mion, min, fine, 
 
 small, tender ; W. main, man ; At. ^.^j manna, to di- 
 minish. Class Mn, No. 5.] 
 
 To make small or fine : to reduce to minute parti- 
 cles, or to a fine powder, by breaking, pounding, rasp- 
 ing, or grinding : to pulverize : to triturate ; to levi- 
 g.afe. It is chielly or wholly applied to substances 
 not liquid. Boron. 
 
 eOM'MI-Nu-TED, pp. or a. Reduced to fine particies , 
 pulverized ; triturated. 
 
 eOM'JII-Nu-TING, ;ipr. Reducing to fine particles; 
 pulverizing; levigating. 
 
 €OM-Ml-Nu'TION, ;i. The act of reducing to a fine 
 powder or to small particles ; pulverization. 
 2. Attenuation ; as, co;H»ii««tioH of spirits. Bacon. 
 
 eO.M-MIS'EK-A-BLE, a. [See Commiserate.] De- 
 serving of commiseration or pity ; pitiable ; that may 
 excite sympathy or sorrow. 
 
 This commiserdblt person, Edward. Bacon. 
 
 i Little used.^ 
 .M-.MIS'ER-aTE, v. t. [L. commiseror; con and 
 misereor, to pity. See Miserable.] 
 
 1. To pity ; to compassionate ; to feel sorrow, pain, 
 or regret, for another in distress ; applied to persons. 
 
 We shouM eommiBernte those who ^roan beneuLh the weiglit 
 of age, disease, or want. Denham. 
 
 2. To regret ; to pity ; to be sorry for ; as, to com- 
 miserate our mutual ignttrance. Locke, 
 
 eO.M MIS'ER-a-TEI), pp. Pitied. 
 €OM-MIS'ER-A-TlNG, /);)r. Pitying; compassionat- 
 ing ; feeling sorrow for. 
 eO.M-.MIS-ER-A'TION, n. Pity ; compassion ; a sym- 
 pathetic suffering of pain or sorrow for the wants, af- 
 tlictions, or distresses of another. 
 
 I can not think of these poor delniled crentures hot with 
 eommtKeration. 
 
 eOM-MIS'ER-A-TIVE-LY, adv. From compassion. 
 
 eo.M-MIS'ER-A-TOR, 71. One who pities. Bromn. 
 
 eO.M-MIS-SA'KI-AL, a. [See Commissakv.] Pertain- 
 ing to a commissary. 
 
 Smollett uses Commissobial ; but this is not regu- 
 lar nor authorized. 
 
 eO.M-MIS-SA'llI-AT, 71. [Sp. comisariato. See CoM- 
 
 MI.S9ARV.] 
 
 The office or employment of a commissary ; or the 
 whole body of officers in the comniissary'.s d^^part- 
 ment. TooUe, Ross. i. 57.^>. 
 
 eO.M'MIS-SA-RY, 71. [Fr. commi.isaire ; It. and Port. 
 commissario ; Sp. comisario ; Low L, cmnmissarins ; 
 from commiisus, comrnitto ; con ami mitto, to send.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a commissitmer ; one to whom 
 is commitled some charge, duty, or office, by a supe- 
 rior power ; one who is sent or delegated to execute 
 some ollire or duty, in the place, or as the represent- 
 ative, of his superior. 
 
 2. In ecclesitt.itieal law, an officer of the bishop, who 
 exercises spiritual jurisdiction in places of the dio- 
 cese so far distant from the episcopal see, that the 
 chancellor can not call the people to the bishop's 
 principal consistory court, without putting thi iii to 
 inconvenience. Aijti.fe. F.ncyc. 
 
 3. In a tnilitary .sense, an offirer who has the charge 
 of furnishing provisiims, clothing, &c., for an army. 
 Commissaries are distinguished by different names, 
 according to their duties ; as, commissary-general , who 
 is .at the head of the department of supplies, and has 
 under him deputy comviUsaries and issuing commu'sa- 
 rii's; the latter to issue or distribute the supplies. 
 
 4. An officer who mii.sters the army, receives and 
 inspects the muster-rolls, and keeps an account of 
 the strength of the army. lie is called the commis- 
 sary-general of jnustrrs. The commi.tsary of horses 
 has llie inspiTtiim of the artillery lior.st^s ; and the 
 commissary of stores has charge of all the stores of 
 the nrtilh fv. F.neyc. 
 
 COM'MIS-SA-RY-GEN'ER-AL, ii. The head of Iho 
 
 commissary department. 
 €OM'WIS-SA-UY-SIIIP, n. The ollicc of a coinmis- 
 
 sary. Ayliffe. 
 
 COM 
 
 « 
 
 eOM-MIS'SIOi\, (-niish'iin,) n. [Fr. commissinn ; It. 
 cotnmisiune : Sp. comision; L. commissio, with a differ- 
 ent application, from comrnitto ; con and mitto, to 
 send.] 
 
 1. The act of committing, doing, performing, or 
 perpetrating ; as, the commission of a crime. 
 
 2. The act of committing or sending to ; the act of 
 intrusting, as a charge or duty. 
 
 3. A writing from proper authority, given to a per- 
 son as his warrant for exercising certain powers, or 
 the perfiirmance of any duty, whether civil, ecclesi- 
 astical, or military. Hence, 
 
 4. The thing committed, or power and authority 
 given. 
 
 5. By a metonymy, a number of persons joined in 
 an office or trust. 
 
 G. In commerce, the state of acting under authority 
 in the purchase and sale of goods for another. To 
 trade or do business on commission, is to buy or sell 
 for another by his authority. Hence, 
 
 7. The allowance made to a factor or commission 
 merchant fiir transacting business, which is a certain 
 rate per cent, of the v.ilueof the g<iods bought or sold. 
 
 8. To put a skip into commission, is to send it forth 
 on public .service after it has been laiil up. 
 
 9. 7V put the great seal ijito commission, is to place 
 it in the hands of commissioners dtiring the period 
 that intervenes between the going out of one lord 
 keeper and tne accessitm of another. 
 
 Commu'ision of bankruptcy, is a commission issuing 
 from the chancellor in Great Britain, and in other 
 countries from some proper authority, uppoiutiiig 
 and empowering certain persons to examine into 
 the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, jna to 
 secure the bankrupt's lands and efi'ects lor the 
 creditors. 
 
 Commission of lunacy, is a commission issuing from 
 the Court of Chancery, to authorize an inquiry 
 whether a person is a lunatic or not. 
 
 Commission officer, in the army or nary, is an officer 
 who has a commission, in distinction from subaltern 
 officers. 
 
 eOM-.MIS'SION, (kom-mish'un,) r. t. To give a 
 commission to ; to empower or authorize by com- 
 mission. The president and senate appoint, iiut the 
 president commissions. United States. 
 
 2. To send with a mandate or authority. 
 
 A chos:-n K.nil 
 He fir>l commisBtonB to tin- Lali.iii land. Dryden. 
 
 3. To authorize or empower. 
 
 Mite. — CoMMissioNATE, iu a like sense, has been 
 used, but rarely. 
 
 eO.M-MIS'SION-AL, ) a. Appointed by warrant. 
 
 eOM-MIS'SION-A-RY, ( [Little used.] 
 
 eOM-MlS'SION-ED, pp. or a. Furnished with a 
 commission ; empowered ; authorized. 
 
 eO.M-MIS'SION-ER, n. A person who has a com- 
 mission or warrant from proper authority, to perfiirm 
 some office, or execute .some liusini^ss, for the person 
 or government which employs him, and gives liiin 
 authority ; as, commissioners for settling the bounds 
 of a state, or for adjusting claims. 
 
 eO.M-MIS'SION-lNG, ;)/)r. Giving a commission to ; 
 furnishing with a warrant ; empowering by letters 
 patent or other writing ; authorizing. 
 
 eOM-MlS'SION-MER'CHANT, n. A merchant who 
 transacts business as the agent of other men, in 
 buying and selling, and receives a rate per cent, as 
 his commission, or reward. 
 
 eO.M'lMIS-StJKE, ». [L. commissura, from comrnitto, 
 commissus ; literally, a sending orthriistingtogether.] 
 
 1. A joint, seam, or closure ; the place where two 
 bodies, or ptiits of a body, meet and unite ; an inter- 
 stice or cleft between particles or parts, as between 
 plates or laiiielhe. 
 
 2. In architirture, the joint between two stones, 
 or a|jplic;itioiiof the surface of one to that of another. 
 
 3. In anatomy, a suture of the cranium or skull ; 
 articulation ; tile corners of the lips. Also, certain 
 parts in the ventricles of the brain, uniting flit two 
 lieiiiisplieres. Core. 
 
 COM-.MIT', )•. (. [L. comrnitto, to send to, or thrust 
 together; con and miUo, to send ; Fr. metlrc, to put, 
 set, or lay; commcltre, to commit; It. mctlrre, com- 
 mcttrre : .Sp. meter, comctcr : Port, meter, romcter.] 
 
 Literally, to send to or upon ; to throw, put, or lay 
 upon. Hence, 
 
 1. To give in tnist ; to put into the hands or power 
 of another; to intrust ; with to. 
 
 Qymmit thv wav lo the Lord. — Ps. xxxvii. 
 The lhin/;« thou lia«t hinid of im-, commit lo faithflfl n.en. — 
 'i Tint. ii. 
 
 2. To put into any place for preservation ; to de- 
 posit; as, fo commit a [lassage in a book to memory ; 
 to commit the body to flic grave. 
 
 3. To put or send to, for ctmfinement ; as, to com- 
 mit an offender to prison. Hence, for tlui sake of 
 brevity, commit is used for imprison. The sherili' has 
 commitled the offender. 
 
 These two were comtnideff, at least reitraliied of their lilirrty. 
 
 Ctartmloti. 
 
 4. To do ; to effi^ct or perpetrate ; as, to commit 
 murder, treason, fidony, or trespass. 
 
 Thon ihalt not commit ailullery F.x. XX. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 230 
 
COM 
 
 5. To join or put toRetlior, for a contest ; to match ; 
 followed by loM ; a Latinisni. 
 
 How (Io.-8 PliilopolU commit Ihc opponent mth Ihn reipondent. 
 uttil.] Mart. 
 
 fi. To place in a state of hostility or incongruity. 
 " Cimmilting short am) long words." But this seeins 
 to be the same si|;niricntion as the foregoing. 
 
 7. To expose or unUan^'er by a preliminary step or 
 decision which can not be recalled; as, to commil 
 the peace of a country by espousing the cause of a 
 belligerent. 
 
 You inii^hl have gntiided eTrry duty of politicnl frieu<Uhip with- 
 out cornmitliiif the honor oT your 6ovcrci*n. Juniua. 
 
 8. To engage ; to pledge ; or to pledge by implica- 
 tion. 
 
 The genernl addrewed letteri to Gen. GnteB and to Gen. 
 Henlh, ciiulioning them a^ithist any sudden nssent to the 
 propoiAl, which Nii^ht poiwildy be conxiiiered .tv comtmttiug 
 the liilh of the United Stales. MarsUatl. 
 
 And tvith the reciprocal proiir>iin, to commit one^s 
 selfy is to do stinie act, or make some di^claration, 
 wiiich may bind the person in honor, good faitli, or 
 consistency, to pursue a centiin course of conduct, or 
 to adhere to the tenure of that di claration. 
 
 9. To refer or intrust to a committee, or select 
 number t>f persons, for their consideration and report ; 
 a term of U>rislation ; as, the petition or the bill is 
 committed. Is it the pleasure of the house to commit 
 the bill > 
 
 10. To commit fullij, is to commit to prison for trial, 
 in distinction from a temporary commitment while 
 under examination. Bomutr. 
 
 eO.M-MIT'ME.\T, n. The net of committiiii; ; a 
 sending to prison ; a putting into prison ; imprison- 
 nicnl. It is etpiivalcnt to setitlinir or puttiittr in sim- 
 ply ; as, a commitment to the Tower, or to iVowpate ; 
 or, for the sake of brevity, omitting the name of the 
 place, it is equivalent to putting into prison; as, the 
 olfentler is secured by commitment. 
 
 2. An order for confining in prison. But more 
 generally we use ntittiwtts. 
 
 3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee 
 for consitleration ; a term in legi.'ilation : as, the com- 
 viitment t)f a petitittn or a bill to a select number of 
 persons for consideration and report. 
 
 4. The act of delivering in charge, or intrusting. 
 
 5. A doing, or perpetration, as of sin or a crime ; 
 commission. Clarendon. 
 
 C. The act of pledging or engaging ; or the act of 
 exposing or entlangering. [See the verb, Nos. 7 
 antl 8 1 Hamilton. 
 eo.M-.MIT'T.\I., n. A pledge, acttuil or implied. 
 eO.M-.MlT'TED, pp. Delivered in trust; given in 
 charge ; depi>sited ; imprisoned ; dime ; (lerpetrated ; 
 engaged ; exposed ; referred to a committee. 
 Fnihi cnmmiUed; committed to prison for trial. 
 
 iSee tjoM.MiT.l 
 >I-MIT'TEE, n. One- or more persons elected or 
 appointed, to whom any matter or business is referred, 
 either by u legislative body or either branch of it, or 
 by a court, or by any corporation, or by any society, 
 or collective body of men acting together. In legis- 
 lative bodies, a htiiise or branch of that body may 
 resolve or form itself into a committee, called a com- 
 mittee of the uilwle Itoiue, when the speaker leaves 
 the chair, and one of the members acts as chairman. 
 Standing commitlces are such as continue during the 
 existence of the legisl.iture, and to these are com- 
 mitted all matters that fall within the purposes of 
 their ap|H>intment ; as, the committee of elections, or 
 oC printegr^f, Slc. Special committee.i are appointed to 
 consiiler anil report tm particular subjects. 
 eO.M-MIT''|-EE-SHlP, n. The otfice and profit of 
 
 committees. Milton. 
 eO.M-.MlT'TER, ». One who commits; one who 
 
 d(H'S or perpetrates. South. 
 €O.M-MIT'TI-BLE, a. That may be committed. 
 
 ILiUle it.»«rf.J Brown. 
 eO.M-MIT'TING, ppr. Giving in trust; depositing; 
 imprisoning; perpetrating; engaging; referring to a 
 coininiltee ; exposing. 
 CO.M-.MIX', r. t. [Ij. eommuiceOy commixtus ; con and 
 mLseeo, to mix. [See .Mix.] 
 
 To mix or mingle ; to blend ; to mix, as different 
 siibstiinces. Bacon. A'tirtuii. 
 
 €O.M-.MI.\', p. I. To mix ; to mingle. Shnk. 
 eO.M-.MI.\'ED, (kom-mixt',) pp. .Mixed; blended. 
 eo.\| iMIX'ING, ppr. .Mixing; blending. 
 €O.M-.MIX'TIO.V, (ktmi-niix'chun,) n. Mixture; a 
 blending of different ingredients in one mass or 
 com|H>uhd. Brown. 
 
 CoMMixioN is used by Shakspeare, but is hardly 
 legitimate. 
 
 eO.M-MIXT'lJRE, (kom-mixt'ytir,) n. The act of 
 niixing ; the state of being mingled ; the blending of 
 ingreilients in one mass or compound. Baron, 
 
 2. The mass formed by mingling different things; 
 composition ; compound. Baron. Shak. fVotton. 
 
 3. In Sco/j (aui, a method of acquiring property, by 
 blending different substances belonging to different 
 proprietors. F.najc. 
 
 etj.M-.MODE', n. [Fr , from L. commodus, conveni- 
 ent ; con, or com, and modtu, manner. See Mode.] 
 
 COM 
 
 1. A kind of head dress formerly worn by lathes. 
 
 Mddi.-^on. 
 
 9. A chest of drawers, often with shelves added, 
 and other coiiveiiifuces. 
 €OM-iMo'UI-OUS, a. [Fr. commode; ll.comodo; pp. 
 id. ; L. commodity, i^rit Mode.] 
 
 Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; adapted to its 
 use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; as, a 
 commodious house or rt)om. 
 
 Tiie iiaven wna not CQinmotitoitt to whtter i 
 
 . 12. 
 
 It is followed by for before a noun ; as, a place 
 commodious for a camp. 
 
 eOM-Mo'UI-OUS LY, (tdv. Conveniently ; in a com- 
 motlious manner; suitably; in n manner to afford 
 ease, or to prevent tineasiness ; as, a house comniodir- 
 oiuly situated ; we may pass life cotnmodiously with- 
 out the restraints of ceremony. 
 
 eO.M-MO'DI-OUS-NESS, 11. Convenience; fitness; 
 suitableness for its purpose ; as, the commodioiuiness 
 of a house or an apartment ; the commodiousntgs of a 
 situation for trade. 
 
 eO.M-MOD'I-TY, II. [L. commoditas ; It. comoditd : Fr. 
 commoditc ; P]>. comodidud ; Port, contniodidade. See 
 Commode.] 
 
 1. I'rimarihj, convenience; profit; advantage; 
 interest. " .Slen seek their own commodity." In 
 this sense it was iiseil by Hooker, Sidney, &c. ; but 
 this is nearly or wholly obsolete. 
 
 2. That which affords ease, cimvenience, or advan- 
 tage ; any thing that is useful, but particularly in 
 commerce, including every thing movable that is 
 bought and sold, goods, wares, merchandise, produce 
 of land and miiniil'actures. Unless, perhaps, ani- 
 mals may be excepted, the word includes all the 
 movables which are objects of commerce. 
 
 Commotlitie* nre ti.oviilles, valu;vljle by money, the common 
 nieaiiiirc. Locke. 
 
 The princii>il use of money is 10 save the commiilaiion ol more 
 bulky commoditiea. Arbullinot. 
 
 Staple cimmodilics, are those which are the produce 
 or inamifacture of a country, and constitute the prin- 
 cipal articles of exportatiim. Thus tlour is the staple 
 commodity of New York and Pennsylvania ; rtour 
 and tobacco, of Marj land and Virginia ; cotton and 
 rice, of South Carolina and Georgia ; cotton and 
 sugar, of Louisiana. 
 €O.M'M(J-DoRE, II. [This wtird is probablya corrup- 
 tion of the Itiilian camandatore, a commander; or 
 the Spanish comendndor, a superior of a monastery, 
 or a knight who holds a couiiuandiy.] 
 
 1. The officer who commands a squadron or de- 
 tachment of ships, destined on a particular enter- 
 prise. In Vie British marine, a naval officer having 
 the temporary rank of rear-admiral. Brandc. 
 
 2. A title given by courtesy to the senior captain, 
 when two or more ships of war are cruising in com- 
 pany. Totlcn. 
 
 3. The convoy or leading ship in a fleet of mer- 
 chantmen, which carries a light in her top to conduct 
 the other ships. 
 
 eOM-.MOD-y-I.A'TlON, n. [L. con and modutatio.] 
 Measure ; agreement. [Little u.ied.] Jfakeicill. 
 
 eOM'.MOlGXE, ( iiioin,) n. [Fr.] A monk of the 
 same convent. \j\^ot in use.] Sclden, 
 
 CO.M'MO.V, a. [L. communis: Ft. commim; Arm. 
 cournun ; It. comune : Sp. comun ; Port, commuin ; Goth. 
 gamaiiwi ; Sax. gr.micn ; G. gemein : D. gemeen ; &w. 
 gcmen : l>an. gemeen ; It. cumann ; Goth, gamana, a fel- 
 low, fellowship. This word may be composed of cum 
 and man, men, the plural men being equivalent to 
 people and vulgus. The last syllable is clearly from 
 the root of many, which seems to belong to the root 
 of man, and mean is of the same family. Hence we 
 see the connectiim between common and mean, as 
 vulgar, from valgus. Eng. folks.] 
 
 1. Belonging etpially to more than one, or to many 
 indefinitely ; as, life and sense are common to man 
 and betust ; the common privileges of citizens ; the 
 common wants of men. 
 
 2. Belonging to the public; having no separate 
 owner. The right to a liighway is common. 
 
 3. General ; serving for the use of all ; as, the 
 common prayer. 
 
 4. Universal ; belonging to all ; as, the earth is 
 said to be the common motiier of mankind. 
 
 5. Public ; general ; frequent ; as, ommoii report. 
 
 6. Usual ; ordinary ; as, the common operations of 
 nature ; liie common forms of conveyance ; the com- 
 mon rules of civility. 
 
 7. Of no rank or superior excellence; ordinary. 
 ApplirA to men, it signifies, not noble, not distin- 
 guished by noble descent, or not distinguished by 
 office, character, or talents ; as, a common man ; a 
 common soldier. Jipplied to things, it si^ifies, not 
 distinguished by excellence or superiority ; as, a 
 common essay ; a common exertion. It, however, is 
 not generally equivalent to mtaii, which expresses 
 something lower in rank or estimation. 
 
 8. Prostitute ; lewd ; as, a common woman. 
 
 9. In grammar, such verbs as signify both action 
 and passitin are called common : as, a<pcmor, I 
 despise or am despised ; also, such nouns as are both 
 masculine and feminine ; as, parens. 
 
 COM 
 
 10. A common bud, in botany, is one that coiitiiiiis 
 both leaves and fluwers ; a cnmmon peduncie, one 
 thai bt^ars several tlowers , a coinoion perianth, one 
 that incloses several ilislincl fructifications; a cm/i- 
 innii receptacle, one that connects several distinct 
 fructiftcatioiis. Martyiu 
 
 Common dioisor, or meiv^ure. In mathematicH, is a 
 nuir.ber or quantity that divides two or more num- 
 bers or quantities without a remainder. 
 
 Common law ; in Great Britain and the United 
 States, the unwritten law, the law that receives its 
 bintling force from immemorial usage and universal 
 reception, in distinction from the written or statute 
 law. That body of rules, principles, and customs, 
 which have been received from our ancestors, ami 
 by which courts have been governed in tlii-ir judi- 
 cial decisions. The evidence of this law is to be 
 found in the reports of those decisions, and the 
 records of tlie courts. Some of these rules may 
 have originated in eilicts or statutes which are now 
 lost, or ill the terms and conditions of particular 
 grants or charters ; but it is most probable that many 
 of tliem origiiiatcil in judicial decisions founded ou 
 natural justice and equity, or on local custinus. 
 
 Common plias ; ill Great Britain, one of the king's 
 courts, now held in Westminster Hall. It consists 
 of a chief justice and three other justices, and has 
 cognizance of all civil c.iuses, real, personal, or 
 mixed, as well by original writ as by removal from 
 the inferior courts. A writ of error, in the nature of 
 an apiieal, lies from this court to the Court of King's 
 Bench. Btackstone, 
 
 In some of the .American States, ti court of common 
 pleas is an inferior court, whose jurisdiction is lim- 
 ited to a cfiunly, and it is siunetimes called a county 
 court. This court is variously constituted in ilirt'er- 
 ent States, and its powers are defined by statutes. It 
 has juristlictit.il of civil causes, and of minor of- 
 fenses ; but its final jurisdiction is very limited ; all 
 causes of iiiagiiitiide being removable to a higher 
 ctjurt by appeal, or by writ of error. 
 
 Common prnifrr: the liturgy of the Church of Eng- 
 land, wliii li all the clergy of the church are enjoined 
 to use, under a penall}-. Knryc. 
 
 Common recovery: a legal process for barring en- 
 tails, reiuaiiulers, &.c. [See Kecoverv.] 
 
 Common time ; ill music, the name given to those 
 varieties of time, in which the measure consists of 
 two or of four etpial portions, Edin. Enryc. 
 
 In common: etptally with another, or with others; 
 to be equally used or participated by two or more ; 
 as, tenants in common : to prtivide for children in 
 common ; to assign lantis to two persons in common, 
 or to twenty in common ; we enjoy the bounties of 
 Providence in common. 
 eO.M'.MO.X, n. A tract of ground, the use of which 
 is not appropriated to an individual, but belimgs to 
 the public, or to a number. Thus we apply the 
 word to an open ground or space in a highway, re- 
 served for public use. 
 
 2. Ill law, an open ground, or that soil the use of 
 which belongs equally to the inhabitants of a town 
 or of a Itirtlship, or to a certain number t)f proprie- 
 tors ; or the [irofit which a man has in the land of 
 anotlier ; or a right which a person has to pa.stiire his 
 cattle on land of another, or to dig turf, or catch fish, 
 or cut wood, or the like ; called common of pasture, 
 of turbary, tif piscary, and of estovers. 
 
 Common, or right of common, is appendant, appurte- 
 nant, breaiise of vicinage, or in gross. 
 
 Common appendant, is a right belonging to the own- 
 ers or occupiers of arable land to put commonable 
 beasts upon the loril's waste, and upon the lands of 
 other persons within the same manor. This is a 
 matter of most universal right. 
 
 Common appurtenant, may be annexed to lands in 
 other lordships, or extend to other beasts, besides 
 those which are generally commonable ; this is not of 
 common right, but can he claimed only by immemo- 
 rial usage and prescription. 
 
 Common because of vicinage, or neighborhtxid, is 
 where the inhabitants of two townships, lying con- 
 tiguous to each other, have usually interctnniiioned 
 with one another, the beasts of the one straying into 
 the other's fields ; this is a permissive right. 
 
 Common in gross, or at large, is annexed to a man's 
 perstin, being granted to him and his heirs by deed ; 
 or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a 
 parson oi" a church or other corporation sole. 
 
 Blackstajie, 
 
 eOM'MON, V. i. To have a joint right with others in 
 common ground. Johnson, 
 2. To board together ; to eat at a table in common. 
 
 Kncyc 
 
 eOM'MON, adv. Commonly. Shak. 
 
 eO.M'MO.\-eAR RI-ER, n. One who iindertases 
 for hire, to transport goods from one place to another 
 Such a carrier is liable for all losses and injuries V 
 the goods, except those which have liappenetl in con 
 sequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of 'Ji^ 
 country, or of the owner of the property hims. lf. 
 
 Bo trier. 
 
 eOM'MOX-eOU.N'CIL, n. The council of a my or 
 corporate town, empowered to make by-laws for ilia 
 
 TOXE, BULL, qXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 _ _ _ 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 tiovernment of the citizens. The common-council 
 of London consists of two houses ; the upper house, 
 coniposfd of tlie U)rd niaj'or and aldermen ; and the 
 lower house, of tlie common-council -men, elected by 
 the several wards. In most of the American cities, 
 the mayor, aldermen, and common-council-men con- 
 stitute one body, called a Court of Common-Council. 
 
 [The common-councils sometimes consist of two 
 houses, chambers, or courts, (as at Norwich,) and 
 sometimes form only one. The city of London is 
 divided into twenty-four wards ; the supreme magis- 
 trate of each ward has the title of alderman; the 
 twenty-four aldermen, with the lord mayor, form the 
 Court of Milermen ; each ward annually chooses a 
 certain number of the inhabitants, who are sworn to 
 assist the aldermen with their advice in all public 
 affairs, and they form the Court of Common-Council. 
 — E. II. B 1 
 
 eOM'.MO.X-eOU.N'CILr-MAN, n. A member of a 
 common-council. 
 
 t;0.\l'MO.V-€lll'ER, n. A crier whose occi*pation is 
 to give notice of lost tilings. 
 
 €O.M'.MO.\-HALL, n. A hall or house in which citi- 
 zens? m^et for business, 
 
 <;O.M'MO.V-LAVV. See Law and Common. 
 
 €OM'MON-LA\V'YER, ;i. One versed in common- 
 law. Spelinan. 
 
 eO.M'MOX-LOOK'INO, a. Having a common ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 f;O.M'.MO.\-PLE.\S, n. p7. A court for trial of civil 
 
 causes. [See Common. 1 
 CO.M'MO.N-SE.\SE, n. 'Sound practical judgment ; 
 
 the instantaneous decision of unperverted reason. 
 eO.M'.MO.\-.\-BLE, a. Held in common. Bacon. 
 2. That may be pastured on common land. 
 
 Cbmoionoi.'c tx-asts nr** cilhcr beasts of Ihe plow, or such as 
 ni.iii.iru llie ground. Blackslone. 
 
 €O.M'.MON-AGE, n. The right of pasturing on a com- 
 mon ; the joint right of using any thing in common 
 w'lh others. Johnson. 
 eO.tl'.MO.X-AL TY, 71. The common people. In Great 
 Britjiin, all classes and conditions of people who are 
 below the rank of nobility. 
 
 Tlie eommomiUy, like llis noljility, are tlivide<I into sev-ral 
 degrL'^6. Blac!(slone. 
 
 In the United Slates, commonalty has no very defi- 
 nite signification. It is, however, used to denote 
 that part of the people who live by labor, and arc not 
 liberally educated, nor elevated by office or profes- 
 sional pursuits 
 2. The bulk of mankind Hooker. 
 eOM'.MON-ER, (1. One of the lower r.ank, or common 
 people ; one under the dc'gree of nobility. Addison. 
 
 2. A member of the house of commons. Smift. 
 
 3. One who has a joint right in common ground. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 4. A student of the second rank in the University 
 of Oxford, Eng., (corresponding to a pensioner at 
 Cambridge,) wiio is not dependent on the foundatii a 
 for support, but pays for his board or commons, to- 
 gether with all other charges. Hnher. 
 
 5. .\ prostitute. Sluik, 
 
 6. A p irtaker. Fuller. 
 €OM-.MO-.\I"T[OX, ( nish'un,) n. [L. commonitio. 
 
 See -Monition.] 
 
 Advice ; warning ; instruction. [Little itsfrf.] 
 €O.VI-.\IO.\'I-TIVE, tt. Warning ; monitory. [Little 
 used. ] 
 
 €O.M-MO.N'I-TO-RY, a. Calling to mind ; giving ad- 
 
 moniiion. For. 
 eO.M'.MO.X-LY, adv. Usually ; generally ; ordinarily ; 
 
 frequently ; for the most part ; as, confirmed habits 
 
 commonly continue through life. 
 eOM'.MO.V.N'ESS, 71. Frequent occurrence ; a state 
 
 of being cominmi or usual. 
 2. Eqi-.al participation by two or more. [Little 
 
 used.] 
 
 eOM'MOX-PL.^CE, a. Common, trite, not new or 
 
 extraordinary. 
 eO.M'.\10N-PL.*CE, 71. A memorandum ; a common 
 
 topic. 
 
 eO.M'.MOM-PL.\CE, V. t. To enter in a common- 
 place-book, or to reduce to general heads. Fellon. 
 
 eo.M'MO.V-PLACE'-BOOK, 71. A book in which 
 things to be ri niemhered are recorded. 
 
 eO.\r.M(J.\-PL.xC-£D, (-plist,) u. Entered in a com- 
 tnoni»lacn-book. 
 
 eO.M'MOiNS, 71. pi. The common people, who inherit 
 or possens no honors or titles ; the vulgar. 
 
 Chancer. Shak. Dnjden. 
 
 2. In F.njland, the lower house of parliament, con- 
 sisting of the reprrsentatives of cities, boroughs, and 
 comities, chosen by men possessed of the property or 
 qualifications required by law. This body is called 
 the hiiute uf r/immimj. The lioimc of representatives, 
 in North C'arolinn, bears the name name. 
 
 3. Common ffrouwLi ; land |Mn*s*'Sscd or used by two 
 or more persons in ciininion. [Sec Common.] 
 
 4. Food provided at a common table, as in colleges, 
 where many peravn* eat at the same table, or in the 
 ■aine hall. 
 
 Tti«lc tommont, thou|^ but coarse, were nothing teaiit. 
 
 Alry^n. 
 
 Doctors Commons, in London; a college founded by 
 Dr. tlarvey, for the professors of the civil law, where 
 the civilians common together. The house was con- 
 sumed in the great fire in 16GG, but rebuilt in 1G72. 
 To this college belong thirty-four proctors. Enctjc. 
 eOM'MON-TY, n. In Scots law, land belonging to 
 two or more common proprietors ; or a heath or iiiuir, 
 of which there has been a promiscuous possession 
 by pasturage. Enctjc. 
 €OM-MOi\-VVi5AL', ) n. [See Weal and 
 eOM'.MO.N'-WEALTH', \ Wealth.] 
 
 L An established form of government, or civil 
 polity ; or, more generally, a state ; a hotly politic, 
 consisting of acerUiin portion of men, united, by com- 
 pact or tacit agreement, under one form of govern- 
 ment and system of laws. This term is applied to 
 the government of Great Britain, which is of a mixed 
 character, and to other governments, which are con- 
 sidered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, 
 to jn absolute government. A commonwealth is 
 properly a free stale ; a popular or representative gov- 
 ernment ; a republic ; as, the commonweattfi of Mas- 
 sachusetts. The word signifies, strictly, the common 
 good or happiness : and hence, the form of govern- 
 ment supposed best ti- secure Ihe public good. 
 
 2. The whole body of people in a state ; the pub- 
 lic. Shnk. 
 
 3. The territory of .t state ; as, all the land within 
 the limits of the cummontccalth. J\lassachnsetts. 
 
 4. 'I'he Commonwenllh : in F-nglLih history, the form 
 of government established on the di-ath of Charles I., 
 and which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his 
 son. 
 
 eO.M-MOX-WEALTH'ft MAN, 7t. One who favored 
 the English commonwealth. [See Commonwealth, 
 No. 4.) 
 
 GOM'MO-RANCE, ) 71. [L. commorans, commoror ; 
 eO.M'MO-R.\N-CY, i con and moror, to stay or de- 
 lay.] 
 
 A tl welling or ordinary residence in a place ; abode ; 
 habitation. 
 
 Commorancy consists in usually lying there. BlackfU>ne, 
 
 eO.M'.MO-RANT, a. Dwelling; ordinarily residing ; 
 inhabiting. 
 
 All freeliMl Iers within th^ precinct — and all persons commorant 
 tti r-jn — art obiigej to attenti Ihe cmrt leel. BiacksUirte. 
 
 eOM-Mo'RI-ENT, a. [L. commoriais.] 
 
 living at the same time. Buck. 
 eO.M'M(^TII-ER, n. A godmother. [Little used.] 
 COM-.Mo'TION, n. [h. commotio, commoveo ; con and 
 vioveo. See Move.] 
 
 1. .Agitation ; as, the commotion of the sea. 
 
 2. Tumult of people ; disturbance; disorder, which 
 may amount, at times, to sedition or insurrection ; 
 as, the commotions of a state. 
 
 ars and commotions, be not terrilied. — 
 
 3. Agitation ; perturbation ; disorder of mind ; 
 heat ; excitement. 
 
 lie could not dk-'ti.tte without commotion. Qarendon. 
 
 eOM-.Mo'TION-ER, 71 One who excites commotion. 
 [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 €O.M-.\10VE', p. ^ [I., commoveo. See Move.] 
 
 To put in motion ; to disturb ; to agitate ; to unset- 
 tle ; a poetic word. Thomson. 
 
 eo.M-.MfiV'SD, pp. Moved ; agitated. 
 
 eOM-Mi'iV'ING, ppr. Agitating. 
 
 eO.M-.MON'AL, a. Pertaining to a commune. 
 
 COM-.MuNE', V. i. [Fr. communter; \V. cymunaw ; 
 Arm. communya. The Welsh word is, by Owen, con- 
 sidered as a compound of cy, a prefix tMiuivalent to 
 CO antl con in Latin, and ymun ; ym noting identity, 
 and utiatp, to unite. If the worti is formed from cy 
 or cum aiitl unus, it is rtidically different from com- 
 mon. But tile Ltitin communico acctirtls with this 
 Word, ami willi common.] 
 
 1. To converse ; to tiilk together familiarly ; to im- 
 part SLUlimeiits mutually, in private or familiar dis- 
 course ; followed by with before the person. 
 
 And there will I meet and commune leith thee, — Ex. xxr. 
 
 2. To have intercourse in contemplation or medi- 
 tation. 
 
 Commune with your own heart on your bed. — Ps. W. 
 
 3. To partake of the sacrament or Lord's supper; 
 to receive the ctimmunion ; a common use of the word 
 in .America, as it is in the IVelsh. 
 
 CO.II'MUJVF,, 71. A small territorial district in France, 
 one of the siiboriliiiate divisions of the country in- 
 troduced in the late revolution. In the conntrii, a 
 commune sometimes t;mbr:ices a number of villages, 
 while some large citii^s are divided into a number 
 of communes. 
 
 COM-MCJVI-BUS .^JV'JVIS; one year with another ; 
 on an average. 
 
 COM-MO'JVI-BUS LO'CIS; one place with another; 
 on ;t medium. 
 
 eOM-.MU-Nf-eA-RIL'I TY, 71. [Sec Communicate.] 
 The quality of being communicable; capability of 
 being imparted from one to another. Johtison. 
 
 eOM-.\I0'NI CA-BLE, a. [Fr.] That may be com- 
 
 municated ; capable of being imparted from one to 
 another; as, kntiwledge is communicable by words. 
 
 Lost bliss, to thee no more communicable. fifiUon. 
 
 Eternal life is communicat/te to all. Hooker, 
 
 2. That may be recounted. JirUtoiu 
 
 3. Communicative ; ready to impart. [Au( u-sed.] 
 
 B. Jaiison. 
 
 eOM-Mu'NI-eA-BL&NESS, 71. The state of being 
 cominiiiiicable. ^ 
 
 €O.M-MC'NI-eA-BLY, adv. With communication. 
 
 eO.M-.Mu'NI-CANT, 71, One who communes at the 
 Lord's table ; one who is entitled tt> partake of the 
 sacrament, at the celebration of the Lord's supper. 
 
 JJooker. ..^tterbury. 
 
 eOM-Mu'NI-CATE, V. t. [L. communico: from cotti- 
 mu7tis, common ; It. comunicare ; Sp. comunicar ,* Fr. 
 comjnunit/utT.] 
 
 1. To impart ; to give to another, as a partaker ; 
 to confer for joint possession ; to bestow, as llitit 
 which the receiver is to hold, retain, use, or enjoy ; 
 with to. 
 
 Where God is worshiped, there he communicatee his hlessingi 
 I holy iuflnencri. Taylor. 
 
 Let him that i 
 
 tf-ichetli in ull < 
 
 in the word communicate to hn 
 I things. —Gal. vi. 
 
 2. To impart reciprocally, or mutually ; to have or 
 enjoy a share of ; followed by with. 
 
 Common benefits are to be communicated teith all, but pecu- 
 
 li.tr benefits with choice. Bacon. 
 But Dionte le desires my company, 
 
 And still eommanieates his praise with me. Dryden. 
 
 3. To impart, as knowledge ; to reveal ; to give, 
 as infonnation, either by words, signs, or signals ; 
 a-s, to communicate intelligence, news, opinions, or 
 facts. 
 
 Formerly, this verb had with before the person re- 
 ceiving ; as, " He coniviunicated those thoughts only 
 with the Lord Digby." Clarendon. But now it has 
 fii only. 
 
 4. To deliver ; as, to communicate a message ; — to 
 give ; as, to communicate motion. 
 
 eoM-Mu'-M-CATE, v. L To partake of the Lord's 
 supper. Taijlor. 
 
 Instead of this, in Jlmerica, at least in JVna Eng- 
 land, commune is generally or always used. 
 
 2. To have a communication or passage from one 
 to another ; to have the means of passing from one 
 to another; as, two houses co/nmu/ftcatc with eairh 
 other ; a fortress communicates with the country ; the 
 canals of the body communicate with each other. 
 
 .^rbutlmot. 
 
 3. To have intercourse ; applied to persons. 
 
 4. To have, enjoy, or suffer, reciprocally ; to have 
 a share with another. 
 
 Ye have done well that ye did communicate with my affliction. 
 — Phil. iv. 
 
 eOM-JIU'NI-C.A-TED, pp. Imparted from one to 
 
 another ; bestowed ; delivered. 
 eO.M-.Mu'Nl-CA-TING, p;jr. Imparting; giving or 
 
 bestowing; delivering. 
 
 2. Partaking of the sacrament of the Lord's supper. 
 
 3. Leading or conducting from place to place, as a 
 passage ; connected by a passage or channel ; as, two 
 lakes communicating with each other. 
 
 4. Having intercourse by words, letters, or mes- 
 sages; correspoiuling. 
 
 eO.M-MU-Nl-CA'TlON n. The act of imparting, 
 conferring or deliveiing, from one to another; as, 
 the communication of knowledge, opinions, or facts. 
 
 2. Intercourse by worils, letters, or messages ; in- 
 terchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or 
 other means. 
 
 AUner had communication with the elders of Israel, sayinj, 
 Ye sought lor David in times past to be king over you. — 
 2 Sam. lii. 
 
 Let your communication be, yea, yea ; nay, nay. — Matt. v. 
 
 In I Cor. XV. 33, " Evil communications corrupt 
 good manne s," the word may signify cimversalion, 
 colltiquial discourses, or customary association and 
 familiarity. 
 
 3. Intercourse ; interchange of knowledge ; cor- 
 rcsponilence ; good undcrsttiniling between men. 
 
 Secrets may l"-' carri'-d so far as to stop tho eommunicalion 
 iR-cessa'rr amoiiif all vvho have the manageiuenl ol ..II lirs. 
 
 4. Connecting passage ; means of passing from 
 place to placir ; as a strait or channel between se.as 
 or lakes, a road between cities or countries, a gallery 
 between apartments in a house, an avenue between 
 streets, &c. Keep open a communication with Ihe 
 besiegetl place, 
 
 5. That which is communicated or imparted. The 
 house receivetl a communication from the governor 
 resp<;cting the hospital. 
 
 0. In rhetoric, a trope, by which a speaker or 
 writer takes his hearer or reader as a parlner in his 
 sentiments, anil says we, instead of / or you. Beattie. 
 €OM-M0'NI e.\-TI VE,n. Iiiclineil to communicate ; 
 ready to impart to others. In the sense of liberal of 
 benefits, though legitimtite, it is little used. 
 
 2. Disposed to impart or disclose, as knowledge, 
 opinions, or facts ; free to communicate ; not reserved. 
 
 We have paid for our want of prudence, and determine ftir th« 
 future to tie Ifs* Tommunicatttitf. Sa\fL 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T MUTE, PREY. — PINE, M.UllNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 _ . - 
 
COM 
 
 eO.M-MC'M eA-TIVE-NESS, n. The qiKility of be- 
 iiil coiiiiiuinicative ; readiness to iiiipurt to others ; 
 I'ri'cdom friiin reserve. JSTurrU. 
 
 eOiM-JIO'M-eA-TOR, 71. One who comniiinicates. 
 
 I>wifrkt. 
 
 eOM-MCNI-CA-TO-RY, a. Importing know ledge. 
 
 Barrow, 
 
 eOM-MPN''I\G, ;);>r. Conversing familiarly ; having 
 familiar intercourse. 
 
 CO.M-.M0.\'I.NG,n. Familiar converse ; private inter- 
 course. K. 7". Fiuh. 
 
 COM-IIOX'ION, (koni-mun'ynn,) n. [L. coinmuiiio; 
 Ft. cammunion ; It. comuniniiei Sp. cum union ; Port. 
 communkam. See Commu.v.] 
 
 I. Fellowship; intercourse between two persons 
 or more ; interchange of transactions or offices ; a 
 state of giving and receiving ; agreement ; concord. 
 We 
 
 Willi cammuiifon hath liahl wllli il\rkii'»!?— S 
 Tlie cointnunion o( Uio liuly Kpirit be wilh >u 
 
 — 2Cor. 
 
 2. Mutual intercourse or union in religions wor- 
 ship, or in doctrine and discipline. The Protestant 
 churches have no communion wilh the Roman Catlt- 
 olic church. 
 
 3. 'I he body of Christians who have one common 
 faith and discipline. Tlie three grand commnnion.i 
 into which the Christian church is divided, are those 
 of the Greek, the Roman Catholic, and the I'rutestaiit 
 churches. 
 
 4. The act of communicating the sacrament of the 
 eucharist; the celebration of the Lord's supper; the 
 participation of the blessed sacrann iil. The fourth 
 council of Laleran decrees that everj' believer shall 
 receive the communion at least at Easter. Encyc. 
 
 5. l.'nion of professing Christians in a particular 
 church ; as, members in full comtnnnion. 
 
 CommunioHscrrice, in the litiirg}' of the Episcopal 
 church, is the office for the administration of tlie 
 holy sacrament. 
 €O.M-.M0X'IO.V-IST, n. One of the same communion. 
 
 Viiri/. 
 
 €O.M'.MU-NISM, n. [Fr. comnnnic, common.] 
 
 Comiminity of property among all the citi7.ens of a 
 state ; a state of things in whicii tliere are no indi- 
 vidual or separate rights in property ; a new French 
 word, nearly synonymous with a^rarianism, sociali^nty 
 and raiUcaliifm. 
 eOM'.MU-NIST, B. An advocate for a community of 
 property among citizens. Some persons of this sect 
 contend also for a community of females, or a pro- 
 miscuous intercourse of the se,tes. 
 €0.\I-.MO'NI-TY, n. [L. communitas; It. comunitd ; 
 Pp. comuniihil ; Fr. communaute. See Commox.] 
 
 1. Proyjir/K, common possession or enjoyment ; as, 
 a community of goods. 
 
 It U 11 cuiifirmalioQ of tlie original communili/ uf :ill tlifnirs. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 0. .\ society of people having common rights and 
 privileges, or common interests, civil, political, or 
 ecclesiastical ; or living uutler the same laws and 
 regulations; a-s, a caminuniri/ of monks. 
 
 3. Society at" large ; a commonwealth or state ; a 
 body politic ; the public, or people in general. 
 
 [In this sense, the term sliould not be used abso- 
 lulchj, like the word society ; as, the interests of com- 
 munity require Uiis ; but, the interests of tJte commu- 
 nity, kc] 
 
 4. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.] SIuA; 
 eO.M-MO-TA-BIL'l-TY, ii. [See Commuti:.] The 
 
 quality of being capable of being exchanged or put, 
 one in the place of the other. 
 
 €O.M-.M0'TA-I!LI:, n. [U commutaHth. See CoM- 
 ut'TE.] That may be exchanged, or mutually 
 changed ; that m.\v be given for another. In ;>Ai- 
 lolo^jy that may |>ass from one into another ; as, the 
 letter b is commutablc with r; or, in Celtic, b and niA 
 are commutabU. 
 
 eOM-.MU-TA'TIOX, n. [L. commutatio. See CoM- 
 muteJ 
 
 1. Change ; alteration ; a passing from one st-nte to 
 another. SoulA. 
 
 5. Exchange ; the act of giving one thing for an- 
 other ; barter. 
 
 The in*- of mimry U to nve the commubation of more biilkjr 
 c >ininoitiliea. ArbutJtitol. 
 
 3. In /(IK), the change of a penally or punishment 
 from a greater to a less ; as banishment instead of 
 death. 
 
 Suiti *re kllownble in Ih-* •plriliial courtt Tor mon^y njrreeil to 
 be giftn lu a commuloxion (ht penance. BlacJcttont. 
 
 eOM-SlO'TA-TIVE, a. [Fr. commutatif; It. commu- 
 tatiro. See Commute.] 
 
 Relative to exchange ; interchangeable ; mutually 
 pa-osing from one to another ; as, commutatice justice, 
 justice which is mutually done and received, between 
 men in stKiety. 
 
 To ciiltir^te Kii h.iUtna] rr^rd to commulatttM Justice. Burke, 
 
 €OM-M0'TA-TIVE-LY, adv. Pv way of reciprocal 
 exchanac. Brown, 
 
 COM-.MOTE', V. L eommuto ; con and muto^ to 
 
 change. See AIutable and Mi'tation.] 
 
 COM 
 
 1. To exclu»nge ; to put one thing in the place of 
 nni>lher ; to give or receive one thing for another ; 
 as, to commute our labors ; to commute pain for pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 2. In law, to exchange one penalty or punishment 
 for another of less severity ; as, to commute death for 
 transportation. 
 
 eOM-MOTE', r. 1. To atone; to compensate; to 
 stand in the place of; us, one penally commuliu for 
 another. 
 
 eo.M-.MOT'ED, pp. Exchanged. 
 
 CO.M-MOT'ING, ppr. Exchanging. 
 
 eO.M-.MO'TU-AL, a. [con Vit\d mutual.] Mulu;il ; re- 
 ciprocal ; used in poetry. 
 
 Tiiere, with commutunl zeot, we botli ha.l tttovo 
 
 111 acu of ilear bciievulciicc aiiU love. Pope. 
 
 Co'MOSE, a, [L. comosu-i, hair)'.] 
 
 In botany, ending in a lull or kind of brush. 
 
 Bn?nilr. 
 
 CO.M-P.\eT', a. [Ij. rompnrluf, cowpin^o : con and 
 pan^o, pnctiu, ti> tlinist, drive, fix, make fist or close ; 
 antiti. /irti'ii, /larii ; (Jr. rrr/j I'uoi. Pee Pack.] 
 IJlrralln, driven, thi iisi, or pressed together. Hence, 
 
 1. Cliisi'ly and lirnily united, as the particles of 
 solid tioities ; lit'iii ; close ; Sfilid ; dense. Stone, iron, 
 and woiid are compact boflies. A compart leaf, in bot- 
 any, is one liaving the pulp of a close, firm texture. 
 
 2. Couiposing; consisting. 
 
 A w:inilrrin? fire, 
 Compact of unctuous vapor. Milion. 
 
 This sense is not common. [Sec the verb.] Com- 
 pact seems to be used for compacted. So in the fol- 
 lowing example. 
 
 3. Joined ; held together. [Little used.] 
 
 A pipe of seven recils, compact with wax togethrr. Peaeham, 
 
 4. Brief ; close ; pithy ; not dilTuse ; not verbose ; 
 as, a compact disctuirsc. 
 
 eOiM'P.lCT, JL. [L. compactum.] 
 
 An agreement ; a contract between parties ; a 
 word tlitit may be applied, in a general sense, to any 
 covenant or contract between individuals ; but it is 
 more generally applied to agreements between na- 
 tions and states, a.s treaties and confederacies. So 
 the constitution of the United States is a political 
 contract between the States ; a national compact. Or 
 the word is ajiplied to the agreement of the individu- 
 als of a community. 
 
 Tlic Inw of nations depends on mutu;il comparlt. treaties, 
 leagues, &c. Itiackttone. 
 
 In the Dt-giniiings of speech there was an implicit comjyacl, 
 founded on common consent. South. 
 
 eOM-PAeT', V. L To thrust, drive, or press closely 
 together ; to join firmly ; to consolidate ; to make 
 close ; as the parts which compose a botly. 
 
 Now the Ijriglit sun compacts the precious sloiie. BiOcTcmore. 
 
 This verb is not much used. The participle is 
 more frequent ; as, the earth's compacted sphere. 
 
 Roscommon. 
 
 The solids are more strict and eompaeted. Arhuthnot, 
 
 2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. 
 
 The wtiole body fitly Joined togvUier and c^mpaeud, — Eph. Iv. 
 
 3. To league with. 
 
 Thou pernicious woman. 
 Compact with her dint's gone. Shak, 
 
 4. To compose or make out of. 
 
 If he, compact of Jars, grow musical. Shak, 
 In the two last examples, compact is used for com- 
 pactcfl. 
 
 eOM-PAeT'ED,pp.ora. Pressed close ; firinlyunited 
 
 or connected. 
 eO.M-PAGT'ED-LY, adv. In a comiwct manner. 
 eOM-PACT'ED-NESS, n. A st.ate of being compact ; 
 
 firmness ; closeness of parts ; density, whence results 
 
 hardness. Digby. 
 eO.M-PACT'ER, n. One who makes a compact. 
 eCM-PACT'l-HLE, a. That m.ay be joined. 
 eOM-P.\eT'ING, ppr. Uniting closely ; consolidating. 
 eo.M-PAe'TIO.\, II. The act of making compact ; or 
 
 the state of being compact. Bacon. 
 €O.M-P.\eT'IA', udL-. Closely; densely; with close 
 
 union of part4. 
 eO.M-PACT'XESS, n. Firmness ; close union of parts ; 
 
 density. Boyle. 
 eOM-P.-ieT't^RE, 71. Close union or connection of 
 
 parts; structure well connected ; manner of joining. 
 
 Spcn.^cr. 
 
 €O.M-PA'CkS, 7». [L.] A system of structure of many 
 
 parts united. Jtaii, 
 eOiM-PAG-IN-A'TION, 71. [L. compaso. See Com- 
 
 FACT.] 
 
 Union of parts ; structure ; connection ; context- 
 ure. [Little used.] Brown. 
 eO.M'PA-NA-nLE, a. Companionable. [Obs,] 
 eO.M'PA-NA-BLE-NESS, 71. Sociableness. [Obs.] 
 
 Sianet/. 
 
 €OM-PAX'I-A-BI,E, a. Social. [Obs.] Bacon. 
 eO.M-P.\.\'I-A-BLE-XESS, n. Sociableness. [Obs,] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 COM'PA-M-Kll, pp. Associated with ; attended. 
 eo.M-PAN'IO.V, (kom-p.an'yun,) 71. [Fr. coBipaoTioTi ; 
 
 COM 
 
 Arm. compaitrnun; It. cumpatrno; Sp. ccmpanero; 
 Vurl. cooipanheiro ; Ir. companack. See CoiPAirr.] 
 
 1. One who keeps company with another; nno 
 with whom a pi:rson frequently associates antl con- 
 verses. " It differs from friend," says Johnson, " n« 
 acquaintance from confidence,** 'i'he word does not 
 necessarily imply friendship ; but a companion is 
 often or generally a friend. 
 
 A companion of fools shall be destroyed. — Pror. ziil. 
 
 2. One who accompanies another ; as two persons 
 meeting casually anil traveling together are called 
 companions. So soldiers are called companions in 
 
 3. .\ partner ; an associate. [arms. 
 Epapliro.liiiis, niv brother, and companion in I.ibor, and fellow* 
 
 soMiur. — ri.il. ii. 
 
 4. A fellow ; a mate. Shak. 
 .S. A term someliines apjdied to a knight ; in distinc- 
 tion from the knights coiniiianders of the same order. 
 
 6. A sort of wooden Jiorch, placed over the en- 
 trance or staircase of the cabin, in merchant ships. 
 Hence the cabin stairs are called the companion^ay, 
 and the ladder by which otlicers ascend to and de- 
 scend from tlie ijuarter deck is called the companion 
 ladder, jVar. Diet. 
 
 eOM-PAN'IOX A-lft.E, a. Fit for good fellowship ; 
 qualified to be agreeable in company ; sociable ; 
 agretjalile as a companion. Clarendon. 
 
 eO.M-P.\X'IOX-A-BLY, ado. In a companionable 
 manner. 
 
 €OM-I'A.\'IO.\-LESS, o. Having no companion. 
 eo.M-P.\.\'10X-SllIP, 71. Fellowship; association. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. Company ; train. Shak. 
 eO.M'PA-XY, (kum'pa-ne,) 71. [ft. compagnia; Sp. 
 compania ; Von. eompanhia ; Fr. compainiie : not from 
 cum and panis, Ijread, a mess or number of men eat- 
 ing together, as is coninumly supposed ; but from 
 cujn anti pannu.t, cloth, Teutonic fahne or vaan, a Hag. 
 The word denotes a band or number of men under 
 one flag or standard. What decides this question is; 
 the Spanish mode of writing the word with n tildi, 
 titled «, compania, for this is the manner of writing 
 paho, cloth; wheri'as pant.'!, bread, is written poTi. 
 'I'he ortliograjihy of the word in the other languages 
 is confirmatory of this opinion.] 
 
 1. In military affairs, tile stddiers united under the 
 command of a captain ; a subdivision of a regiment, 
 consisting usually of a number from sixty to one hun- 
 dred men. But the number is indefinite. 
 
 2. Any a.ssemblage of jwr-sons ; a collection of men, 
 or other animals, in a very indefinite sense. It may 
 be applied to a small number, or any multitude what- 
 ever ; as in Scripture we read of a company of jiriests, 
 a company of prophets, and an innumerable company 
 of angels ; also, a company of liorses, 
 
 3. An assemblage of pe^rsons for entertainment or 
 festivity ; a party collected by invitation or other- 
 wise. 
 
 4. Persons that associate with others for conversa- 
 tion or pleasure ; society ; as, let your children keep 
 gtxid company. 
 
 5. The state of being a companion ; the act of ac- 
 companying ; fellowship; society; as, we cannot 
 enjoy the company of licentious men. 
 
 I will keep thee company, Drydtn. 
 
 6. A number of persons united for the same pur- 
 pose, or in a joint concern ; as, a company of mer- 
 chants or mechanics ; a company of players. Th© 
 wortl is applicable to private partnerships or to incor- 
 porated bodies of men. Hence it may signify a firm, 
 house, or partnership ; or a corporation ; as, the Ea.st 
 India Company, a banking or insurance company, 
 
 7. The crew of a sliip, including the ofticers ; also, 
 a fleet. 
 
 To bear company; to accompany ; to attend ; to go 
 with ; denoting a temporary association. 
 
 His fnidiful dug sit.ill bear hini company. Pope. 
 To keep company ; to accompany ; to attend ; also, 
 to associate wilh ireqtieiilly or habitually ; hence, to 
 frequent public houses. Broo. xxix. 
 eO.M'PA-XY, V. u To accompany; to attend; to go 
 with ; to be companion to. [But AccoMfANr is gen- 
 erally used.] 
 
 eOM'PA-XY, V. i. To associate with ; to frequent 
 tlie company of. 
 
 I wrote you not to comjiany with fornicators. — 1 Cor. v. 
 
 2. To be a gay companitm. [Oii.] Spenser. 
 
 3. To have commerce w ith the otlier sex. 
 
 Bp. HalL 
 
 €OM'PA-XY-IXG, ppr. Associating with ; accompa- 
 
 nving ; attending. 
 €0!m'PA-RA-BI,E,o. [l..eomparal>ilis. See Cohpare.] 
 That may be compared ; worthy of comparison ; 
 
 being of equal regard ; that may be estimated aa 
 
 equal. 
 
 There [s no blessing of life eomparahU to the enjoyment of a 
 
 discreet and virtuous frienJ. Addieon, 
 The precious sons of Zion, camparabU to fine ^Id. — l.am. iv. 
 
 eOM'PA-RA-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree wor- 
 thv to be comp-ired, or of equal regard. IVoUon. 
 
 €O.SrP.\-R.\TES, n. pi. In /o£tc, the two things com- 
 pared to one another. 
 
 TONE, BJjLL, U.XITE. — AX"GEyi, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 €OM-PA-Ra'TION, 71. Provision ; a making pro- 
 vision. 
 
 €OM-PAR'A-TIVE, a. [L. comparativus ; It. com- 
 jiarativo; Fr. cowparatif. See Compare.] 
 
 1. Estimated by comparison ; not positive or ab- 
 solute. Tile cmnparalive weight of a body is tliat 
 which is estimated by comparing it with the weight 
 of another body. A body may be called heavy, when 
 compared with a feather, wliich would be called 
 light, when compared with u-on. So of ctmparative 
 good or evil. 
 
 2. Having the power of comparing different things ; 
 as, a comparative faculty, Ciu. OlanvUle. 
 
 3. In grammar, expressing more or less. Tlie com- 
 parative degree of an adjective expresses a greater or 
 less degree of a quantity, or quality, than the pos- 
 itive; as, brighter, or more bright; smaller j Jiner ', 
 stronger ; weaker* 
 
 Comparative anatomy ; that branch of anatomy 
 which treats of tlie anatomy of man and of other 
 animals in one connected view, in order to compare 
 them together, and arrive at general conclusions. 
 
 Kiicyc. Am, 
 
 eOM-PAR'A-TIVE, n. One who is equal, or pretends 
 to be an equal. [J^ot now used.] Skak. 
 
 €O.M-PAR'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In a state of compari- 
 son ; by comparison ; according to estimate made 
 by comparison ; not positively, absolutely, or in itself. 
 A thing is comparatively heavy, when it is compared 
 with something less heavy. Paper is comparaticeUj 
 light or heavy ; light, when compared with lead; and 
 heavy, when compared with air. 
 
 How few, comparatively, are the instances of a wise arpl'calion 
 of time aiij talents 1 Anon. 
 
 €OJI-PaRE', v. t. [L. comparo, to prepare, to provide 
 or procure, to make eqtial, to compare ; con aiKi para, 
 to prepare ; It. parare, to dress, trim, adorn ; also, to 
 parry ; Sp. parar, to prepare, to halt, to stop, to pre- 
 vent, to detain, to stake at cards ; Port, parar, to 
 stop or cease to go forward ; to meet or conline 
 upon ; to touch or be bounded ; to tend ; to drive at 
 some end; to aim at; to come to; to hinder; to 
 parry, or ward off ; to turn or change in inclination 
 I or morals ; to lay or stake, as a wager; Sp. parada, 
 ! I a halt, stop, pause ; a fold for cattle ; a relay of 
 I ' horses or mules ; a dam or bank ; a bet, stake, or 
 I ' wager ; a parade, or place of exercise for troops ; Port. 
 Y id.; Arm. para ; W. parof/t, to prepare. This seems 
 to be the N13 bara, of the Shemitic languages. The 
 primary sense is, to throw, drive, or strike ; hence, 
 to drive or force off, to separate, to p'ire ; hence, to 
 trim, or dress, which may be from separating, as in 
 the French parer des cuirs, to dress or curry leather ; 
 I or from setting off, as we express the idea, that is, by 
 enlargement, or display ; or from setting in order, as 
 we say, to fix. The sense of compare is allied to the 
 Portuguese application of tlie word, to come to, to 
 meet ; and the L. par, equal, belongs to the same 
 root, and seems to be included in comparo. One of 
 the principal significations is, to stop ; that is, to set ; 
 to fix. In fencing, it is to intercept by thrusting the 
 weapon aside. In gaming, it is to lay or throw 
 down. All the senses unite in that of extending, 
 thrusting, or driving. VV. par, that is, contiguous, 
 preparedness, a pair, a fellow. Eng. peer, L. par. The 
 latter word seems to signify, extended, or reaching 
 to, and to be closely allied to the Portuguese sense 
 of contiguity.] 
 
 J. To set or bring things together in fact or in con- 
 templation, and to examine the relations they bear 
 to each other, with a view to ascertain their agree- 
 ment or disagreement ; as, to compare two pieces of 
 cloth, two tables, or coins ; to compare reasons and 
 arguments ; to compare pleasure with pain. 
 
 In comparing movable things, it is customary to 
 bring them together, for examination. In comparing 
 things immovable or remote, and abstract ideas, we 
 bring them together in the mind, as far as we are 
 able, and consitler them in connection. ^Comparison 
 therefore is really collation, or it includes it. 
 
 2. To liken ; to represent as similar, for the pur- 
 pose of illustration. 
 
 Solon compared tlie people to the sea, and ontors and coun- 
 I' llorB to the wiikU ; for that the eea would be calm and 
 fl'ii'-t, if the winds did not trouble it. Bacon. 
 
 In this sense compare is followed by to. 
 
 :). To examine the relatiims of things to each 
 other, with a view to discover their relative propor- 
 tions, quantities, or qualities ; as, to compare two 
 kingdoms, or two mountains, witJi each other ; to 
 compare the number ten wtth fiftetm ; to compare ice 
 with crystal ; to compare a clown witJi a duncing- 
 manier or a dandy. 
 
 In thlM B(!nse compare is followed by with. 
 
 4. In urammar, to form an ailjfjctive in the dc- 
 ({rec« of comparison ; as, blackish, black, blacker, 
 blackest, 
 
 5. To got ; to procure ; to obtain ; as in I.ntin. 
 rOfr/t.l Sprnser. 
 
 eoM-PXRE', V. i. To hold comparison ; to be like or 
 cquil. 
 
 2. To vie. ^Obs.] Spnser. 
 €0.M-PAKE', » The slate of being compared ; cnip- 
 
 parative estimate ; comparison ; possibility of enter- 
 ing into comparison, or being considered as equal. 
 Their small galleys may not hold compare 
 With our tall ships. Walter. 
 
 2. Simile ; similitude ; illustration by comparison. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 [This noun is in use, but can not be considered as 
 elegant.] 
 
 eOM-PAR'ED, pp. Set together and examined with 
 respect to likeness or unlikeness, agreement or dis- 
 agreement ; likened ; representee! as similar. 
 
 CO.M-PaR'ER, n. One who compares or makes a 
 comparison. 
 
 eOJI-PAR'ING, ppr. Examining the relations of 
 
 things to each other ; likening. 
 eOM-PAR'ING, 71. Act of comparing. Baiter. 
 eOM-P.\R'I-SON, li. [It. comparaiione ; Sp. com- 
 
 paracion ; Fr. comparaison ; Port, compara^am; L, 
 
 comparatio. See Compare.] 
 
 1. The act of comparing ; the act of considering 
 the relation between persons or things, with a view 
 to discover their agreement or resemblance, or their 
 disagreement or difference. 
 
 We lenrn to form a correct estimate of men and their actions 
 by comparison. Anon. 
 
 2. The state of being compared. 
 
 If we lightly estimate what we call good and evil, we shall find 
 it lit.'S much in comjKirison. Locke. 
 
 3. Comparative estimate ; proportion. 
 
 Who is left amonw you that saw ihii house in its first glory ? 
 And how do ycu see it now i Is it not in your eyes in 
 comparison of it as nothijig ? — Hag. ii. 
 
 4. In grammar, the formation of an adjective in its 
 several degrees of signification ; as, strong, stronger, 
 strongest ; greenish, green, greener, greenest ; glorious, 
 more glorious, most glorious. In English, there are 
 strictly four degrees of comparison 
 
 5. A simile ; similitude, or illustration by si- 
 militude. 
 
 Whereunfo shall we lilren the kingdom of God f Or with what 
 comparison shall we compare it f — Mark iv. 
 
 6. In rhetoric, a figure by which two things are 
 considered with regard to property or quality, which 
 is ctunmon to them both ; as, a hero is like a litm 
 in courage. Here courage is common to hero and lion, 
 and constitutes the point of resemblance. Encyc. 
 
 The dislinction between similitude and comparison is, that 
 the former has relerenc; to the quality; llie latter, to the 
 quantity. Comparison is between more and less ; simili- 
 tude is tietween good and bnd. Hannibal — hung like a 
 tempest on the declivities of the Alps — is a likeness by 
 eimililude. The sublimity ol the scripniral prophets ex- 
 ceed« that of Homer, as much as thunder is louder than a 
 whisper — is a likeness by comparison. 
 
 J. Q. Adams, lect. ix. 
 
 But comparison has reference to quality as well 
 as quantitv. 
 
 eO.M-PXRT', V. t [Fr. eompartir; It. compartire; Pp. 
 compartir, con, or com, and partir ; L. partio, to divide. 
 See Part.] 
 
 To divitle ; to mark out a plan or design into its 
 several parts or subdivisions. Wotton. 
 
 CO.M-PXRT'ED, pp. Divided into parts or apartments. 
 
 eOM-PXRT'ING, ppr. Dividing or disposing into 
 parts. 
 
 eo.Vl-PXR-TI"TION, 71. The act of dividing into 
 parts. In architecture, the division or disposition 
 of the whole groundplot of an edifice into its va- 
 rious apartments. Encyc. 
 
 2. Division ; part divided ; a separate part ; as, 
 amphitheaters needed no compartitions. JVotton. 
 
 eOM-PXRT'MENT,7i. [Fr. comparlinient ; It. compar- 
 timento.] 
 
 1. A division or separate part of a general design, 
 as of a picture, or of a groundplot. Po/ie, Peacliam. 
 
 2. A design composeti of several different figures, 
 disposed with symmetry, for ornament ; as, a com- 
 partment of tiles or bricks, duly amanged, of various 
 colors, and varnished, to decorate a building. In irar- 
 dening, compartments are assemblages of beds, plots, 
 borders, walks, &c. In heraldry, a compartment is 
 called also a partition. Encyc. 
 
 COM-PAKT'NER, n. A sharer. ■ Pearson. 
 
 eOM'PASS, (kum'pas,) 71. [Ft.compas; Pp. com pas ; 
 It. compasso ; Port, compasso ; con, or com, and Fr. pas, 
 Sp. pa-w. It. passo, a pace or step, L. passtis, which co- 
 incides with the participle of panilo, to open or stretch. 
 (See Pace and Pass.) A compass is a .s'tr/j/iinj- togeth- 
 er. So in Spanish and Portuguese, it signifies a beat- 
 ing of time in music] 
 
 1. Stretch; reach; extent; the limit or boundary 
 of a space, and the space included ; applied to time, 
 space, sound, &c. ■ Our knowledge lies within a very 
 narrow compa.ts. The universe extentls beyond the 
 compass of our thoughts. So we say, the compass of 
 a year, the compass of ;in empire, the compass of rea- 
 son, the compass of the voice. 
 
 And In that compass all the world conbilni. Dryden. 
 
 2. A passing round ; a circular course ; a circuit. 
 
 Time U come round ; 
 And where 1 did begin, there itliall I end : 
 My life has run ila compass. .S^rifc. 
 They felched a comjtasi of si-vcn ilays' Journey. - 2 Kin^s ill. 
 V Mam. V, Acts xxviii. 
 
 3. Moderate bounds ; limits of truth ; moderation ; 
 due limits. ■ 
 
 In two hundred years, (I speak within compass,) no such ' 
 commission had been executed. Davics. ' 
 
 This sense is the same as the first, and the peculiar 
 force of the phrase lies in the word within, ^ 
 
 4. The extent or limit of the voice, or of sound. 1 
 [See No. 1.] ■ 
 
 5. An instrument, often called the mariner's com- I 
 pass, used for directing or ascertaining the course of 
 ships at sea. It consi.sts of a circular box, containing 
 
 a paper card marked with the thirty-two points of di- 
 rection, and fixed on a magnetic needle, that always 
 points to the north, the variation excepted. The nee- 
 dle, with the card attac"lied to it, turns on a pin in the 
 center of the box. The box is covered with glass, to 
 prevent the motion of the card from being disturbed , 
 by the wind, and is so suspended as to remain al- I 
 ways in an horizontal position, notwithstanding tlie ■ 
 motion of the ship. Encyc. 
 
 6. An instrument used in surveying land, con- 
 structed, in the main, like the mariner's compass ; 1 
 but with this difference, that the needle is not fitteil ' 
 into the card, moving with it, but plays alone ; the 
 card being drawn on the bottom of the box, and a 
 circle divided into 3G0 degrees on the limb. This in- 
 strument is used in surveying land, and in directing 
 travelers in a desert or forest, miners, Slc. Encyc. 
 
 eOM'PASS, (kum'pas,) v, t. Literally, to measure with I 
 a compass. Hence, | 
 
 1. To stretch round ; to extend so as to embrace j 
 the whole : hence, to inclose, encircle, grasp, or 
 seize ; as, to compass with the arms. 
 
 2. To surrounil ; to environ ; to inclose on all 
 sides ; sometimes followed by around, round, or 
 about. 
 
 Now, all the blessings 
 Of a glad fatlier compass thee about. ShnJc. 
 With lavor will thou compass him as wilh a shield. — Ps. v. 
 The willows of the brook compass him about. — Job xl. 
 
 3. To go or walk round. 
 
 Ye shall compass the city — and the sevenUi day ye shall 
 
 compass the city sev^n times. — Josh. vi. 
 For ye compass sea and ianil, — Matt, xxiii. 
 
 4. To besiege ; to beleaguer ; to block up. 
 
 This is not a diflerent sense, but a particular appli- 
 cation 
 
 Thine enemies shall cast a trench aiout thee, and compass 
 thee round, and keep [bee in on every side. — Luke xix. 
 
 5. To obtain; to attain to; to procure; to bring 
 within one's power; to accomplish. 
 
 If 1 can check my erring love, 1 will ; 
 
 If not, to compass her I'll use my skill. ShaJe. 
 
 How can you hope to compass your designs? Denham. 
 
 6. To purpose ; to intend ; to imagine ; to plot ; to 
 contrive ; as we say, to go about to perform, but in 
 mind only ; as, to compass the death of the king. 
 
 Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synon.v- 
 luoiis lerms ; compass signifying the purpose or design of 
 the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the 
 carrying such design to etli?cl. Jitackstone. 
 
 eOM'PASS-BOX, (kum'pas-) n. A box for a compass. 
 COiM'PASS-NEE'DLE, n. The needle of the compass. 
 eO.M'PASS-SAVV, 71. A saw that cuts in a circular 
 manner. 
 
 eO.M'PAs^S-A-BLE, a. That may be compassed. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 €OM'PASS-ED, (kum'past,) pp. Embraced ; surround- 
 ed ; inclosed ; obtained ; imagined. 
 
 €0M'PASS-ES,7i.pi. [Or II pair of compasses, so named 
 from its legs ; but pair is superHuous or improper, and 
 the singular number, compass, is the pri^ferable name.] 
 An instrument for describing circles, measuring 
 figures, &.C., consisting of two pointed legs or 
 branches, made of iron, steel, or brass, joined at 
 the top by a rivet, on which they move. There 
 are also compasses of three legs, or triangular com- 
 passes, cylindrical and spherical compasses, with 
 four branches, and various other kinds. Encyc. 
 
 eO.M'PASS-INO, ppr. Embracing; going round ; in- 
 closing ; obtaining ; accomplishing; imagining ; in- 
 tending. 
 
 2. Ill ship-building, incurvated ; arched. Mar. Diet. 
 eOM-PAS'SION, (kom-pash'uu,) n. [It. compa-isione ; 
 Sp. compasion ; Fr. compa.-ision ; Low L. compassio, 
 compalior; con and patior, passus, to suffer. See Pa- 
 tience.] 
 
 A suffering with another; painful sympathy; a 
 sensation of sorrow exciteil by the ilistress or misfor- 
 tunes of another ; pity; commiseration. CompaA-<ion 
 is a mixed passion, compounded of love and sorrow ; 
 at least some portion of love gemrrally attelitls the 
 pain or regret, or is excited by it. ICxtreme distress 
 of an enemy even changes enmity into at least tem- 
 porary affection. 
 
 lie, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity. — Pa. 
 Ixxvni. 
 
 Ills father hall cotnmssion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and 
 kissed him. — I.uke iv. 
 COM-PAS'SION, »>. (. To pity. [JVof used.] Shak. 
 COM-PAS'SION-A-BLE, a. Deserving of pity. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Barrow. 
 eOiM-PAS'SION-ATE, a. Having a temper or riispo- 
 sition to pity ; inclined to show mercy ; merciful ; 
 
 FiTE, FXR, FALL, WH^T. — MftTE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, IlIltD. - NfjTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 834 
 
COM 
 
 iKiving a heart that is tender, and easily moved by 
 tlie distresses, sullerings, wants, and infirmities u( 
 others. 
 
 TIktc never wn» a heiirt truly prcnt nnit generous, llml wa» 
 not iilno (entlvr And comjxutionate. Suuth, 
 
 COM-PAS'SION-ATE, v. t. To pity ; to commiserate ; 
 lo have compassion fur. 
 
 CoinpattioftaUt niy p.tii)s. and pitiei me. Additon. 
 
 eoM I'AS'SION-S-TED, p;i. Pitied. 
 
 CUM-l'AS'srDN-ATE-LY, adv. With compassion ; 
 niircifiilly. Clarenilun. 
 
 COM PAS'SION-ATE-NESS, n. The quality of be- 
 in;: compassionate. 
 
 COM l'A.s'.siOi\-A-TING, p;)7-. Having pity on j com- 
 niisrraling. 
 
 CO.M'l'ASi.-^ LKSS, o. Havi ig no compass. Knowhs. 
 
 €X).M-P.V-TER.\'I-TY, «. [con and palcrnitij.] 'I'he 
 relation of a godfather to the person for whom he an- 
 swers. Daviea. 
 
 eO.M-PAT-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [See Compatible.] Con- 
 sistency ; the quality or power of coiixisling with 
 something else ; suitableness ; as, a cumpattl/Uity of 
 tempers. 
 
 COM PATT-BI.E, a. [Fr. compatible; Pp. id.; Port. 
 compalii'rl ; from the L. compcto, to sue or seek for the 
 sariic Ihins, lo agree ; con and pcto, to seek.] 
 
 Cuiisislent ; that may exist with ; suitable ; not 
 ini-on;;ruous ; agreeable; followed by wit/i; some- 
 times by U>, but less properly. 
 
 The poelt hnve joined qualiuei which by nature are the mo«t 
 
 coiitpaliblt. Broome, 
 The ottice of a IcgUInlor and of a Judge are deemed not com- 
 patibte. 
 
 To (uirdoii oflondem is not alwaya compatible vith public 
 aaleiy. 
 
 eO.M-PAT'I-BLE-NESS, 71. Consistency; fitness; 
 
 agreement; the same as CoufAriuiLiTr, which is 
 
 generally used. 
 CO.M-I'AT'I-BLV, (w/r. Fitly; suitably; consistently. 
 eo.M P.^'TIE.NT, (-shcnt,) a. [L. fu/i and palior.] 
 Sntforing together. [Little nsrd.] Buck. 
 COM-PA'TIU-OT oreO.M-P.\T'RI-OT, n. [It. cora- 
 
 patriotla ; Sp. compatriota ; con, or com, and patriot.] 
 One of the same country, and having like interests 
 
 and feelings. Burke. 
 eo.M-PA'TRI-OT or €O.M-PAT'RI-OT, a. Of the 
 
 same founlr\'. Mcnside. 
 eoM-PA'TRUOT-ISM or €OM-PAT'Rl-OT-ISM, n. 
 
 Fellow patriotism. 
 eo.M PEER', n. [L. compar ; eon and par, equal. 
 
 See Peuh.I 
 
 An etpial ; a companion ; an associate ; a mate. 
 
 Phdips. 
 
 eO.M-PEER', V. (. To equal ; to match ; to be eiptal 
 with. S/iaJi. 
 
 eO.M-PEER', r. i. [L. compareo.] 
 To appear. [Ob.<.] 
 
 COM-PEL', V. t. f L. compelloj compeUtre ; con and 
 prilo, to drive ; bp. compeler ; Port, compcllir. See 
 Pkal and .-Vppeal.] 
 
 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly ; to 
 constrain ; to oblige ; to necessitate, either by phys- 
 ical or moral force ; as, circumstances compel us to 
 practice economy. 
 
 Tliou shall not compel him to serve as a tx>nd servant. — Levit. 
 zxv. 
 
 And they compel one Simon to l>eftr Iiis cross. — Mark xv. 
 Go out into tne highways and hetl^s, and compel them to 
 conio in, that my house may lie tilled. — Luke xiv. 
 
 S. To force ; to take by force or violence ; to 
 seize. 
 
 The subJ'XIs' fri'-f 
 Comes through commissions, which cotnpel from each 
 A sixth part ofbis suljstauc«. SKak. 
 
 [This sense is harsh, and not very common.'] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. I'o drive together ; to gather ; to unite in a 
 crowd or company. ,A Latinism ; compellere gregetn. 
 
 In one troop compelled. Dryden, 
 A. To seize ; to overpower ; to hold. 
 And easy sleep tbeir weary limljs compelled. Dryten, 
 [Unusual.] 
 
 To call forth ; Ij. comprllrre. [Ob.i.] Spenser. 
 
 eO.M-PEL'LA-BLE, a. That may be driven, forced, 
 or constrained. 
 
 eo.M PEl.'LA BLY, adv. By compulsion. 
 
 €O.M-PEULA'TION, n. [L. compeUatio : compello, 
 eampeUarr, the same word as the preceding, applied 
 to the voice ; lo send or drive oul the voire.] 
 
 A ceremonious appellation ; the word of salutatiim. 
 The comps.'fatton of the kings of France is by sire. Temple. 
 
 COM-PEL'LA-TO-RY, a. Compulsive. 
 
 CO.M-PEL'LKI), pp. Forced ; constrained ; obliged. 
 
 t'O.M-PEL'LER, n. One who compels or constrains. 
 
 COM-PEL'LING, ppr. Driving by force; constrain- 
 ing ; obliging. 
 
 eo.M'PENl), I rr j -i 
 
 €O.M-PE.\D'I-UM, i L'* compendium.] 
 
 In literature, an abridgment ; a summary ; an 
 epitome ; a brief compilation or coniposititm, con- 
 taining the principal heads, or general principles, of 
 a larger work or system. 
 
 COM 
 
 eOM-PEND-I-A'UI OUci, a. Short ; contracted, [tit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 eOM-I'E.VnT-ATE, f. (. To sum or collect together. 
 [JV„< «.«•</.] 
 
 eOM-PENlrl-OUS, a. Short ; summary ; abridged ; 
 comprehensive ; ctiiilaining the substance tir general 
 principles of a subject or work in a narrow compas.s ; 
 as, a compendious system of chemistry ; a compendi- 
 ous grammar. ' 
 
 2. Short; direct; near; not circuitous; as, acorn- 
 prndious way to actpiire science. 
 eo.M-PEXl)'I-OUS-LY, «(/(>. Ill a short or brief man- 
 ner ; suniiiiuril}' ; in brief ; in epitome. 
 
 The Bubstance of Chrijitiuii belief is cumpendiousty expre^ged in 
 a few articles. Anon. 
 
 eOM-PEND'I-OUS-NES.S, n. Shortness ; brt^vity ; 
 
 ct>iiiprebf'iisif>n ill a narrow compass. Bcntleti. 
 eo.M-I'l"..NS' A HI.i:, a. [See L upensate.] 'fhat 
 
 may bf ciiiii|i( iis;iti'il. [f.iltlc u.«ci, 1 
 eO.M-PE.\'SA l E or eO.\l'PE.\-SATE, r. t. [L. com- 
 
 peuso ; con and penso, to prize t)r value, from pcndo, 
 
 to weigh, to value. See Pendent.] 
 
 1. To give eipial value to ; to recompense ; to give 
 an equivalent for services, or an aiiioiint lost or be- 
 stowetl ; lo return or bestow that which makes good 
 a loss, or is estimated a sutlicieiit reiiiitni'ralion ; as, 
 to compensate a laborer fur his work, or a merchant 
 for his losses. 
 
 2. To be equivalent in value or effect to ; to coun- 
 terbalance ; to make amends for. 
 
 The length of the night and the dews do compensate the heat 
 of the tl«y. i*ilion. 
 
 The pleasures of sin never compenente the sinner fur the mis- 
 eries he suflers, even in this life. Ation. 
 
 €OM-PEN'SATE or CO.M'PEN-SATE, v. t. To 
 make amenils ; to supply an equivalent ; followed 
 by for : as, nothing can compensate for the loss of 
 reputation. 
 
 This word is generally accenteil on the second syl- 
 lable, most uiifortunateiy, as any car will ili'terinine 
 by the feebleness of the last syllables in the parti- 
 ciples eompen' sated, compen' sating. 
 
 E*ic!i seeming want compensated of course. Pope. 
 
 With the primary accent on tlm first syllable, and 
 the si^coiidary accent on the tliini, tijis defui t, and 
 the ditfii ulty of uttering distinctly the last syllables, 
 are reiiietlietl. 
 
 €OM-PEi\'SA-TED or COM'PEN-S A-TED, pp. Rec- 
 ompensed ; supplied with an equivalent in amount or 
 effect ; rewarded. 
 
 eO.M-PEN'SA-TING or eOM'PEN-SA-TING, ppr. 
 Giving an equivalent ; recompensing ; remunerating ; 
 making good a dehciency. 
 
 eOM-PEN-SA'TION, n. That which is given or re- 
 ceived as an etpiivalent for services, debt, want, loss, 
 or suffering ; amends ; remuneration ; recompense. 
 
 All other debts may compeniation find. _ Dryden. 
 The pleasures of lile are no compensation for the loss of liivinc 
 favor and prolccliuil. 
 
 2. That which supplies the pl.ace of something 
 else, or makes good a deficiency. Palcy. 
 
 3. In law, a set-otf ; the payment of debt by a 
 credit of equal amount. 
 
 €OM-PEi\"SA-TlVE, a. Making amends or com- 
 pensation. 
 
 eo.M-PEN'SA-TO-RY,a. Serving for compensation ; 
 
 making amends. 
 eo.M-PE.N'SE', (kom-pens',) v. t. To recompense : 
 
 found in Bacon, but not now in use. [delay. 
 eOM-PE REN'Dl-NATE, r. L [L. comperendino.] To 
 tiO.M-PK.TE', V. i. [L. compcto; con and pcto.] 
 
 1. Toseck, or strive for the same thing as another ; 
 to carry on competition or rivalry. 
 
 Our manufacturers compete with the English in making cotton 
 cloths. 
 
 2. To strive or claim to be equal. 
 
 The sa(res of antiquity will not dare to compete with the In- 
 spired authnrs. MUnsr. 
 
 eOM'PE-TEN'CE, j n. [L. competens, ecmpeto, to be 
 f;0.\rPE-TEN-CY, ( meet or fit ; c«7i and pcto, to 
 
 seek ; properly, lo press, urge, or come to.] 
 
 Primarily, fitness ; suitableness ; convenience. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 1. Sufficiency ; such a quantity as is sufficient ; 
 properly or means of subsistence sufiicient to fur- 
 nish the necessaries and conveniences of life, with- 
 out superfluity. 
 
 Be,ison'» whole pleasure, nil the Joys of sense, 
 
 Lie in three words — health, peace, and competence. Pope, 
 
 2. Sufficiency, applied to other things than prop- 
 erty ; but this application is less common. 
 
 li. Legal c.ap.acily or qualifications ; fitness; as, the 
 competence of a witness, which consists in his liaving 
 the qualifications required by law, as age, soundness 
 of mind, impartiality, &c. 
 
 4. Right or authority ; legal power or cap.tcity to 
 tike cognizance of a cause ; as, the competence of a 
 judge or court to examine and decide. Kent. 
 
 .■■). Fitness ; adequ.acy ; suit-ibleness ; legal suffi- 
 ciency ; as, the competency of evidence. Setcall. 
 eO.M'PE-TENT.o. Suitable ; fit ; convenient ; hence, 
 sufficient, that is, fit for the purpose ; adequate; ful- 
 
 COM 
 
 lowed by to; as, competent supplies of food and cloth- 
 ing ; n competent force ; an army competent lo the 
 jireservation of the kingdom or slate ; a competent 
 knowledge of the worlil. This word usually implies 
 a moderate supply, a siitficicncy without HU|H'rfliiity. 
 
 2. Uualified ; fit ; having leg.'d cajiacity or [Hiwer ; 
 as, a competent judge or court; a competent witness. 
 In a judge or eoiirl, it im|>lies right or authority to 
 hear ana detimiiine ; in a witness, it implies a legal 
 right or capacity to ti\slify. 
 
 'i. Incident; belonging; having adequate power 
 or right. 
 
 That is the privilege of the infiidte Author of things, who never 
 t.Iiiiiili'TS nor sleeps, but is not competent to any finite 
 l«iii-. Cocke. 
 It is not competent to llie defendant lo allege fraud in tlie 
 
 till. 
 
 eO.M'PE-TENT-LY', atlv. Sufficiently ; adeqiiaK ly ; 
 suitably ; reasonably ; as, the fact has been conipc- 
 tentlii jirovf-rl ; a church is competently endowed. 
 
 eOM-PET'I-BI,E, a. [Ao£ note used.] See Com- 
 patible. 
 
 eO.M-PicT'lNG, ppr. Striving In riv,alry. 
 eOiM PE-TI"TIO.\, (kom-pe-tish'un,) n. [Low L. 
 coinpetitio.] See Compete and Competenck. 
 
 1. Tjie act of seeking, or endeavoring to gain, 
 what anotlii r is endeavoring to gain at the same 
 time; rivair)' ; mutual strife fiir the same object; 
 also, strife for superiority ; as, the competition of two 
 canilidates for an office, or of two poets for superior 
 reputation. 
 
 2. A state of rivalsbip; a state of having equal 
 claims. 
 
 A portrnit, with which one of Titian'* cotlld not come in 
 competition. Dryden. 
 
 3. Double claim ; claim of more than one to the 
 same thing; formerly with to, now with for. 
 
 Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be. Baeon, 
 There is nu competilion but for the accond place. Diyden. 
 
 eOM-PET'I-TOR, n. One who seeks and endeavors 
 to obtain what another seeks ; or one who claims 
 what another claims ; a rival. 
 
 Tiiey can not brook competitore In love. Shak. 
 
 2. An opponent. Shak. 
 eOM-PET'l-TO-RY, a. Rivaling ; acting in compe- 
 tition. Dangers of the Country. 
 eO.M-PET'I-TRE.SS, ) , r , 
 eOM-PI'T'I-TRIX i A female competitor. 
 eO.M-PI-LA'TIo"\', n. [See Compile.] 
 
 1. A collection of certain parts of u book or books 
 into a separate book or pamphlet. 
 
 2. A collection or assemblage of other substances ; 
 or tlie act of collecting and forming an aggregate. 
 
 ff'oodward. 
 
 €OSI-PI-LA'TOR, n. A collector. [JVot used.] Chaucer. 
 
 CO.M-PILE', V. t. [Ij. compUo, to pilfer or plunder; 
 con and jnlo, to pillage, to peel, and to drive close; 
 compilatio, a pillaging; IL compilare ; Fr. compiler; 
 Sp. and Port, compilar. 'i'he L. pilo is the English 
 to peel, to strip ; but pUo, to make thick, or drive to- 
 gether, is the Gr. Ki\'>io, lanos cogo, coarcto, consti- 
 po. Compile is probably from peeling, picking out, 
 selecting, and putting together.] 
 
 1. To collect parts or passages of books or writings 
 into a book or pamphlet ; lo select and put together 
 parts of an author, or to collect parts of different au- 
 thors ; or to collect and arrange separate papers, laws, 
 or customs, in a bt>ok, code, or system. 
 
 2. To write ; to compose. 
 
 In poetry, they compi^ the praises of virtuous men and ac- 
 tions. Temple. 
 
 3. To contain ; to comprise. [J^'ot used.] Spenser. 
 
 4. To make up ; to compose. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 
 5. To put together ; fo build. [JVot u.ied,] Spenser. 
 €O.M-PIL'£l), pp. Collected from authors; selected 
 
 and put logt!ther. 
 
 eOM-PILE'.MENT, n. The act of piling together or 
 heaping ; coacervation. [Little used.] Woodicard. 
 
 eOiM-PIL'ER, n. A collector of parts of authors, or of 
 separate pa|)ers or accounts ; one who forms a book 
 or composition from various authors or separate pa- 
 pers. Bacon. Swift 
 
 eo.M-PIL'IXG, pi>r. Collecting and arranging parts 
 of books, or separate papers, in a body or compo- 
 sition. 
 
 eOM-PLA'CENCE, ) [L. complaeens, eomplaceW^ 
 eo.M-PLA'CE.\-CY, j con and placco, to please ; Fr. 
 
 complaire, complexisatit ; It. eompiacere, eompiaccnte ; 
 
 Sp. eomplacer.] 
 
 1. Pleasure ; satisfaction ; gratification. It is more 
 tlian <ipproftati<m,.and less than delight or joy. 
 
 Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man wuh satisfaction 
 and complacency, it they discover none of tlie like ui 
 llieinselves. Addison. 
 
 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. Milton. 
 
 3. Complaisance ; civility ; soUnrss of manners ; 
 deportment and address that afford pleasure. 
 
 Complacency, and truth, and inaidy sweetness, 
 Dwell ever on Ins tongue, and smooth his thoughts. 
 
 Addieon. 
 
 In the latter sense, ComplaI9a:(ce, from tba 
 French, is now used. [See Complaiiancc I 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, TINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 I 
 
1 
 
 COM 
 
 eOM-PLA'CENT, a. Civil ; complaisant. 
 The; look up wiLli t 
 
 eOM-PLA-CEN'TIAL, a. Marked by complacence ; 
 
 accommodating. CA. Reli^. Appeal. 
 
 eOM-PLA-CEN'TIAL-LY,adB. Ilia complacential or 
 
 accommodating manner. 
 €0 JI-PLa'CENT-LY, adv. Softly ; in a complacent 
 
 manner. 
 
 €OM-PLaIN', v. i. [Fr. cnmplaindre ; eon, or com, and 
 plaindre, plaint, to lament, to bewail ; Sp. planir ; It. 
 compmirnere, OT contptantsere ; from llie L. planrro, to 
 8trike,''to lament. If n is not radical, the original 
 word was ptago, coinciding with pla^a, Gr. ^Ai/j >?. 
 But this is doubtful. The primary sense is to drive, 
 whence to strike and to lament, th.at is, to strike the 
 hands or breasts, as in extreme grief, or to drive forth 
 the voice, as in appelln.] 
 
 1. To utter e.'cpressions of grief ; to lament. 
 I will complain in tlie bitlerness of my spirit. — Jo!) vii. 
 
 I complained, and n»y spirit was overwlieln)e<l. — Ps. Ixxvii. 
 
 2. To utter expressions of censure or resentment ; 
 to murmur ; to find fault. 
 
 AuJ when the people complained, it displeased the Lord. — 
 Num. li. 
 
 3. To utter expressions of uneasiness or pain. lie 
 complains of thirst. He complains of a headache. 
 
 4. To charge ; to accuse of an offense ; to present 
 an accusation against a person to a proper officer. 
 
 To A B, one of the justices of the peace for llie county of S, 
 complains C D. 
 
 This verb is regularly followed by of, before the 
 cause of grief or censure ; as, to complain of thirst, of 
 ignorance, of vice, of an offender. 
 
 5. To represent injuries, particularly in a writ of 
 audita querela. 
 
 €OM-PLaIN', v. t To lament ; to bewail. 
 
 They might the g^rievance inwardly coTTj^jJain. Dan. Gp. War. 
 
 This use of complain is uncommon, and hardly le- 
 gitimate. The phrase is properly elliptical. 
 eO.M-PLAlN'A-BLE, a. That may be comi)lained of. 
 
 [JVof in itsc] FclUiam. 
 eO.M-PLAlN'ANT, n. [Fr. complaiirnant.] 
 
 1. A prosecutor ; one who prosecutes liy complaint, 
 or commences a legal process against an offender for 
 the recovery of a right or penalty. 
 
 He shAil forf<=it one moiety to tlie use of the town, and the other 
 moiety to the use of the complainant. 
 
 i>Iat. of i^tassachusetts. 
 
 Q. The plaintiff in a writ of audita querela. Ibiil. 
 eOM-PLAIN'ER, 7U One who complains, or expresses 
 grief ; one who laments ; one who finds fault ; a mur- 
 murer. 
 
 These are murmurers, complainert, walking after their own 
 lust., — J.Kle 16. 
 
 eOM-PLAlN'FUL, a. Full of complaint. [JVot iised.] 
 
 eO.M-PLAlN'lNG, ppr. or a. Expressing grief, sor- 
 row, or censure ; finding fault ; murmuring ; lament- 
 ing ; accusing of an offense. 
 
 eO.M-PLAIN'lNG, n. The expression of regret, sor- 
 row, or injury. 
 
 €O.M-PLaIi\T', n. [Fr. complainte; It. compianto.] 
 
 1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or re- 
 sentment ; lamentation ; murmuring ; a finding fault. 
 
 Even (o-day is my complaint bitter. — Job xxiii. 
 I mourn in my comp'M.int, and mal(e a nuise. — Ps. \v. 
 The Jf ws laitl many and grievous compUuntt against Paul. — 
 AcU XXV. 
 
 1 find no cause complaint. Hooker. 
 
 2. The cause or subject of complaint, or murmur- 
 ing. 
 
 The poverty of the cleryy hath been the complaint of all who 
 wijih well 10 tlie ehurcli. 
 
 3. The cause of complaint, or of pain and uneasi- 
 ness, in the body ; a malady ; a disease ; usually a]>- 
 plied to disorders not violent ; as, a complaint in the 
 bowels or breast. 
 
 4. Accusation ; a charge against an offender, made 
 by a private person or informer to a justice of the 
 peace, or other proper officer, alleging thtit the of- 
 fender has violated the law, and claiming the pen- 
 ally due to the prosecutor. It differs from an infor- 
 mation, v/bich is the prosecution of an offender by 
 the attorney or solicitor-general ; and from a prctent- 
 mnl and indictment, which are the accusation of a 
 %rand jury. 
 
 5. lleprcsentation of injuries, in o general sense : 
 and approprintrhi, in a writ of audita tpierehu 
 
 eO.M'PLAI-SANCK, (kom'pla-zans,) n. [Vt. complai- 
 sance, from complaisant, the participle of complaire ; 
 eon, or COTrt, and pUiire, to please, whence plaisant, 
 pleading, ptaisir, pleasure, L. placeo, ptacere, the in- 
 finitive changed into ptaire ; It. compittcrnza, from 
 eojnpiactre, ptacere ; Hp. eomplarencia, e^tinpl/u.er. This 
 Ih the same word as complacence : the latter we liiive 
 from the I^atin orthography. Thin word affords an 
 example of a change of a palatal letter, in the Latin, 
 into a sibilant, in French ; c into s.] 
 
 1. A pleasing deportment j courtesy ; that manner 
 of address and behavior, in Mu ial inlercourse, which 
 )(ives pleasure ; civility ; obliging condeHccnsion ; kind 
 and affabli! reception and Ircalmcnl of guesu ; exlc- 
 
 COM 
 
 rior acts of civility ; as, the gentleman received us 
 with complaisance. 
 
 2. Condescension ; obliging compliance with the 
 wishes or humors of others. 
 
 In complaisance poor Cupid mourned. Prior. 
 
 3. Desire of pleasing; disposition to oblige; the 
 principle for the act. 
 
 Your complaisance will not permit your guests to be incom. 
 moded. Anon. 
 
 €OM'PLAI-SANT,(kom'pIa-zant,)a. Pleasing in man- 
 ners ; courteous j obliging ; desirous to please ; as, a 
 complainant gentleman. 
 
 2. Civil ; courteous ; polite ; as, complaisant deport- 
 ment or treatment. 
 
 eO.\l'PL.\I-SANT-LY, (kom'pl,a-zant-ly,) adc. In a 
 pleasing manner; with civility; with an obliging, 
 affable adilress or deportment. Pope. 
 
 eo.M'PL.\I-S.\.\T-NESS, lu Civility ; complaisance. 
 [Little iisfj.] 
 
 eo.M'PL.\-.\ATE, a. Flat or laminate ; having thin 
 plates. 
 
 €O.M'PLA-N.\TE, ) v. t. [L. com piano ; eon and pla- 
 CO.M-PLaNE', i ntis, plain. See Plane and 
 Plain.] 
 
 To make level ; to reduce to an even surface. 
 
 Derham. 
 
 eOM'PL.'V-NS-TED, ) pp. Planed to an even sur- 
 eO.M-PLAN'^:D, j face. 
 
 eo.M'PLA-NA-TING, ) ppr. Reducing to a level sur- 
 €U.M-PLaN'ING, i face. 
 
 CO.M'PLE-MENT, 71. [L. complementum, from compleo, 
 to fill ; con and pleo, to fill. Literally, a filling.] 
 
 1. Fullness ; completion ; whence, perfection. 
 Th -y, as tliey feas:ed, had their fill, 
 
 Fo. a full complement of all tlieir ill. Hub. Tales. 
 
 2. Full quantity or number ; the quantity or num- 
 ber limited ; as, a company has its complement of men ; 
 a ship has its complement of stores. 
 
 3. That which is added, not as necessary, but as 
 ornamental ; something adventitious to the main 
 thing; ceremony. [See Compliment.] 
 
 Garnished and decked in modest complemenL Shah. 
 
 4. In trigonometry, the complement of an arc or an- 
 gle, is the difference between the arc or angle and 
 ninety degrees. Thus, if the arc taken is thirty de- 
 grees, its complement is sixty. Day. 
 
 5. In geometry, the complements of a parnllelngram 
 are the two spaces which, with the parallelograms 
 about the diagonal, make up or complete the whole 
 parallelogram. Brande. 
 
 6. In astronomy, complement is used to denote the 
 distance of a star from the zenith. Barlow. 
 
 7. .Arithmetical complement of a number, is the dif- 
 ference between the number and 10, 100, 1000, &c. 
 Its principal use is in working proportions by loga- 
 rithms. £>ay. 
 
 8. In fortification, the complement of the curtain, is 
 that part in the interior side which makes the deini- 
 gorge. 
 
 eoM-PLE-MENT'AL, a. Filling; supplying a de- 
 ficiency; completing. 
 
 eO.M-PLE-MENT'A-RY, n. One skilled in compli- 
 ments. [JV'ot in use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 €OM-PLeTE', a. [L. complettLt, from compleo ; con 
 and pleo, inusit., to fill ; It. compiere. The Greek has 
 7rA'ia),to approach, to fill, contracted from tcXom, the 
 primary sense of which is, to thrust or drive ; and if 
 the Latin pleo is from the Greek, which is probable, 
 then the original orthography was peleo, comprleo ; in 
 which case nXaco, izcXau), pleo, is the same word as 
 the English .W. The Greek TrXryOw is said to be a de- 
 rivative. Literally, filled ; full.l 
 
 1. Having no deficiency ; perfect. 
 
 And ye are complete in him who is the head of all princip.ility 
 and power. — Col. ii. 
 
 2. Finished ; ended ; concluded ; as, the edifice is 
 complete. 
 
 This course of v.inity almost complete. Prior. 
 In strict jiropriety, this word admits of no compar- 
 ison ; for that which is complete, can not be more or 
 less so. But as the word, like many others, is used 
 with some indefiniteness of signification, it is cus- 
 tomary to (lualify it with more, most, less, and least. 
 More complete, most complete, less complete, are common 
 expressions. 
 
 3. In botany, a complete flower is one furnished with 
 a calyx and corolla. VaUlant. 
 
 (jr having all the parts of a flower. Martim. 
 COM PLETE', V. t. To finish ; to end ; to perfect ; 
 as, to complete a bridge or an edifice ; to complete an 
 education. 
 
 2. To fill ; to accomplish ; as, to complete Iiopes or 
 dc.iires. 
 
 3. To fulfill ; to accompli.'-h ; to perform; as, the 
 prophecv of Daniel is completed. 
 
 eoM-PLltT'ED, pp. Finished ; ended ; perfected ; ful- 
 
 filleil ; ncconipllshed. 
 eO.M-PLiiTE'LY, ado Fully ; perfectly ; entirely. 
 
 Sm'ift, 
 
 eOM-PLicTE'MENT, n. The act of completing ; a 
 finishing. Dnjden. 
 
 COM 
 
 eOM-PLiiTE'NESS, n. The state of being complete ; 
 perfection. Walls. 
 
 eO.M-PLKT'ING,pj)r. Finishing; perfecting; accom- 
 plishing. 
 
 €O.M-PLe'TIOX, n. Fulfillment : accomplishment. 
 
 There was a full, entin; harmony and consent in the divine 
 preitictions, receiving their completion in Christ. South. 
 
 2. Act of completing ; state of being complete ; ut- 
 most extent ; perfect state ; as, the gentleman went 
 to the university for the completion of his education 
 or studies. 
 
 eO.M-PLE'TIVE, a. Filling; making complete. 
 
 Harris 
 
 CO.M-PLe'TO-RY, a. Fulfilling; accomplishing. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 COM-PLk'TO-RY, 71. The evening service ; the com- 
 plin of the Roman Catiiolic church. Hooper. 
 eo.M'PLE.X, ) a. [L. complexus, 
 
 eOM-PLEX'ED, (kom-plekst',) ( complex, embra- 
 cing, from coinplfctvr, to embrace; con and plecto, to 
 weave, or twist; Gr. jrX£*(u; L. plieo ; W. plygu; 
 Arm. plega; Fr. pliers It. piegare ; Sp. plegar j D. 
 plooijen, to fold, bend, or double.] 
 
 1. Composed of tn o or more parts or things ; com- 
 posite ; not simple ; including two or more particu- 
 lars connected ; as, a complex being ; a complex idea ; 
 a complex term. 
 
 nade up of several simple ones, I call < 
 auly, gratitude, a man, the universe. 
 
 mplex ; such at 
 Locke. 
 
 2. Involved ; difficult ; as, a complex subject. 
 eo.M'PLE.X, 71. Assemblage; collection; complica- 
 tion. ILittle used.] 
 
 This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the 
 whole complex of all the bleasmgs aua privileges of the 
 gospel. - South. 
 
 eOM-PLE.X'ED-NESS, n. Complication; involution 
 of parts in one integral ; compound state ; as, the 
 ccmpleiedness of moral ideas. Locke. 
 
 CO.M-PLEX'IO.V, (kom-plex'yun,) n. A complex 
 state ; condition ; as, to this complexion we nmst 
 come at last. [Little used.] S/iak. 
 
 2. The color of the skin, particularly of tlie face; 
 the color of the external parts of a body or tiling ; as, 
 a fair complexion ; a dark complexion ; the complexion of 
 the sky. 
 
 3. The temperament, habitude, or natural disposi- 
 tion of the body ; the peculiar cast of the constitu- 
 tion, which gives it a particular physical character ; 
 a medical term, but used to denote character or descrip- 
 tion ; as, men of this or that complexion. 
 
 'T\s ill, though dilTerent your co77i;)/en'ons are ; 
 
 The family of heaven for men should war. Dryden. 
 
 eO.M-PLEX'ION-AL, a. Depending on or pertaining 
 to complexion ; as, eomplexional efflorescences ; coni- 
 plcximml prejudices. Brown, Fiddes, 
 
 eO.M-PLEX'IOA'-AL-LY, ode. By complexion. 
 
 Broton, 
 
 COM-PLEX'ION-.\-RY, a. Pertaining to the complex- 
 ion, or to the care of it. Taylor. 
 
 €OM-PLEX'ION-£D, (kom-ple.x'yund,) a. Having a 
 certain temperament or state. jSddison. 
 
 €O.M-PLEX'I-TY, n. The state of being complex; 
 comiilexness. Burke. 
 
 CO.M'PLEX-LY, adi). In a complex manner; not sim- 
 ply. 
 
 eO.M'PLEX-XESS, 71. The state of being complex or 
 involved. Smith. 
 
 eO.M-PLEX'tJRE, 71. The involution or complication 
 of one thing with others. 
 
 €O.M-PLI'A-BLE, a. [See Comply.] That can bend 
 or yield. Milton. 
 
 CO.M-PLI'ANCE, 71. [See Comply.] The act of com- 
 plying ; a yielding, as to a request, wish, desire, de- 
 mand, or proposal ; concession ; submission. 
 Let the king meet compliance in your looks, 
 A free and ready yichhng to hie wishes. Howe. 
 
 2. A disposition to yield to others. 
 
 He was a man of lew words and great compliance. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 3. Obedience ; followed by with ; as, compliance with 
 a command or precept. 
 
 4. I'erformanee ; execution ; as, a compliance with 
 the ctmditions of a contract. 
 
 eoM-PLI'ANT, a. Yielding; bending; as, the com- 
 pliant boughs. [See Pliant, which is generally 
 used.] jMilton. 
 2. Yieldini to request or desire ; civil; obliging. 
 
 C0M-PI.I'.\NT-LY, adv. In a yielding manner. 
 
 CO.M'I'LI-CA-CV, 71. A state of being complex or in- 
 tricate. Milford. 
 
 COM'PLi eATE, V. L [L. eomplieo: eon and plieo, to 
 fold, weave, or knit. See Complex.] 
 
 1. Literally, to interweave ; to fold and twist to- 
 gether. Ilenrc, to m:ike complex ; to involve ; to en- 
 tangle ; to unite or connect niiitually or intimately, 
 as different tilings or parts; fullowed by jri(/i. 
 
 Our ollonte iig- 
 men. 
 
 So we say, a complicated disea.'C ; a complicated affair. 
 Commotion In the parts may complicate and dispose them 
 after the manner r'-quisllc to tnuke them stick. Boyle. 
 
 5. To make intricate. 
 
 sttiod hath been com/>.'tc ulecf with Injury to 
 Ttllotson. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, DIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. 
 
 ^36" 
 
 1j 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 Complex ; cuiiiposcd uf two or 
 
 ■ ciionsof wnr (ir« comjilicau in ficl, yel 
 ml >IUtiiicl III rifrlit. Bacon. 
 
 eOM'PLI-CA'I'lO, a. 
 iTKirc p;irts iiiiilcd. 
 
 Tlioiigh the particiilii 
 llipy «rir v'|iAmlo 
 
 2. In lioiiniii, fiildcd toKctluT, as the valvpH <if the 
 •lliinif or I liiilV ill suiiie jjnisscs. Martini. 
 
 eo.M'l'I,I-t)A-TEI), jjp. oro. Interwoven ; entansled ; 
 invdived ; intricate; composed of two or more things 
 or parts united. 
 
 €()M'l'LI.e.\'''K-l'Y, ttili}. In a complex manner. 
 
 eO.M'PLI-eATE-NKSS, n. Tlie -state of bein}; com- 
 plicated ; involution ; intricacy ; perple.vity. Jlnlc. 
 
 eo.M'I'LI-eA-TI.\G, iipr. Interweaving ; infoldi»g ; 
 uniting. 
 
 eoM-l'LI-e.^'TION, n. The act of interweaving, or 
 involving two or more tilings or parts ; the state of 
 being interwoven, involved, or intimately blended. 
 'I'lie nutioiii of a coiirunrd knowledge are always rull of per- 
 pienily niul coni;/fi('a/lori«. MUkins. 
 
 9. The integral, consisting of many things involved 
 or interwoven, or mutually united. 
 
 By ndmittiiig a contfitication of ideas, Oic mind ie bewiid'^rc<l. 
 
 Walls, 
 
 eO.M'PLI-eA-TIVE, o. Tending or adapted to in- 
 volve. 
 
 €OM'PLICE, (-plis,) n. [U. complice ; Fr. Port, and 
 Sp. id, ; L. canijilicuj comphcitumy coiiipliccj, See CuM- 
 FLicATE and Complex.] 
 
 One who is united with another in the commis- 
 sion of a criinaf or in an ill design ; an associate or 
 confederate in some unlawful act or design j an 
 accomplice. The latter is now used. [See Accom- 
 plice.] SkaJi. Ctareiiilon, 
 
 €O.M-PLIC'I-TY, (-plis'o-tc,) n. [Kr. complicite.] 
 The state or condition of being a complice or ac- 
 complice. {Little iLsed.] 
 
 f OM-PU'W), prct. of Comply. 
 
 CO.M-PLI'EK, H. One who complies, yields, or obeys ; 
 a person of ready compliance ; a man of an easy, 
 vii'lding temper. Swift. 
 
 eo.M'PLI-.ME.NT, n. [Fr. id.; It. complimevtn ; !?p, 
 cttmplimieittOy completion, perfection, compliment j 
 Port. comprimnttOj length, fultillment ; coniplinient, 
 obliging words, from the verb comprir, to fiiltill, to 
 perform ; Sp. cumplir ; It. compiere ; h, compleo. See 
 Complete.] 
 
 1. .\n expression of civility, respect, or regard ; as, 
 to send or make one's cmnpliments to an absent 
 friend. In tliis application, the plural is always used. 
 
 He ottoenred fvv tomjiUmenlt in niatler of arma. ^'idiiey. 
 
 2. ,\ present or favor bestowed. My friend made 
 ine a complimriit of Homer's Iliad. 
 
 eo.M'PLI-.MENT, r. t. To praiie ; to flatter by ex- 
 pressions of approbation, esteem, or respect. 
 
 Munnrchs 
 
 Rliould cvinplitntnt llipir foes, and shnn their friends. Prior, 
 Slie comptiintntt M'-nel.ius very liaiidsuinely. P,'pe, 
 
 2. To congratulate; as, to compliment a prince on 
 the birth of a son. 
 
 3. To bestow a present ; to manifest kindness or 
 regard for, by a [iresent or other favor ; as, he com- 
 plimentpd us with tickets for the exhibition. 
 
 eOM'PI,I-.ME.\T, r. i. To pass compliments; to use 
 ceremony, or ceremonious language. 
 
 i nialce tile inlerloculors, upon occasion, Cjmptimtnt wilti encti 
 other. Boytt, 
 
 eOM-PH-MEN'T'AL, a. Expressive of civility or 
 res[)ect ; implying compliments. 
 Lniigr-.;»ffes (Trow rich and abund.tiil in comptimentai phrases, 
 ami such froth. Hodon. 
 
 COM PLI-.ME.NT'AI^LY, adr. In the nature of a 
 compliment ; by way of^ civility or ceremony. 
 
 Broome, 
 
 eOM-PLI-ME.VT'A-RY, o. Expressing civUity, re- 
 
 gartl, or pniise. 
 eOM'PI.I-ME.NT En, pp. Praised. 
 eo.M'PI.l .ME.\T-ER,'i. One who compliment.-! ; one 
 
 given to compliments ; a tlalterer. .lohnson. 
 eO.M'PLI-.ME.NT-l.NG, ppr. Praising, bestowing on 
 
 as a present. 
 
 eO.M'PMN'E, ) n. [Fr. compile ; It. eompiria; from L. 
 GO.M'PLIN, \ compleo., caniplendo, com/dctiuf.] 
 
 The last division of the Roman Calhnlic breviarj- ; 
 the last prayer at night, to be recited after sunset ; so 
 called because it closes the service of the day. 
 
 Johnson, Encijc, Taylor, 
 GOM'PLISH, for Accomplish, is not now u.«ed. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 eOM'PLOT, n, [French, of eon, or com, and plot,] A 
 
 plotting together ; a joint plot ; a plot ; a confederacy 
 
 in some evil tiesign ; a conspiracy. 
 
 I know their complot is to h.tTe my life. Sftak. 
 eOM-PI.OT', c. (. To plot together ; to conspire ; to 
 
 form a plot j to join iu a secret design , generally 
 
 criminal. * 
 
 We find ihem eomploUing toweiher, and contririnr a new 
 scene of miseries to Iho Trujaiis. Popt, 
 
 eoM-PrOT'MENT, n. A plotting together; con- 
 ''\or.uy, ic,„„. 
 
 C()M-PI,0T'TED, pp. Plotted tocethcr ; contrived. 
 
 CO.M-PLOT'TER, n. One joined in a plot ; a con- 
 "P'™«»r- Dnjden, 
 
 eO.M-PI.O'I''Tl.\(i, ppr. Ploltiiig together; conspir- 
 ing ; coiitrix'ing an evil tlcsigii or crime. 
 
 e(J.M-PI.U'l'' ri.\(;-LV, a.li>. Ily loiiiplottinc. 
 
 CO.\l-Pl-U-TE.N"SlA.\, H, The Compliilni.--,un co|iy of 
 the Bible is that of Compliitum or .Mi ala de lleiiiires, 
 hrst published iu lu73, by Cardinal Xiii'eiies, in 
 .'^paiii. 
 
 €O.M-PL?', V. i. ! prct. Complied. [The Italian com 
 piacere, to humor, to comply, is the Latin complurro 
 Ft. complain', 'i'he Sp. citmptir is frtuu complt-o, for it 
 is rendered l<i disciiarge one's dul\', to jirovidt: or 
 supply, to reach one's birtliday, to fulfill one's prom- 
 ise, to be (it or convenient, to sulUre. The Portu- 
 guese changes / into r ; comprir, to fullill, to perform ; 
 iience, coiiiprimrnto, a complement, and a compliment. 
 Comply seems to lie from the Spanish ciimplir, or 
 I., compleo ; formeti, like siipptij, from siippleo ; yd in 
 some of its u.scs, the sense is deiliicible from the 
 root of Lat. plico, (See AprLV and Plv.) It is fol- 
 lowed by wilJi,] 
 
 1, To comply with ; to fulfill ; to perfect or rarry 
 into ellect ; to complete ; to perform or executt' ; as, 
 to comply Willi a promise, with an award, with a 
 command, with an order. So to comply with one's 
 expectations or wishes, is to fulfill them, or complete 
 them. 
 
 2. To yield to ; to be obsequious ; to accord ; to 
 suit ; followed by with ; as, to comply with a man's 
 liunior. 
 
 The truth of tilings will not comply vilh our conceits. 
 
 TilloHon, 
 
 €OM-PL?'ING WITH, ppr. Fulfilling ; performing ; 
 yielding to. 
 
 eo.M-PO.\K', V, U To compose; to settle. [Ois.] 
 [See t'liMPosE.] 
 
 GO.M-Po.NE', i In heraldry, a bordtire,or compone, is 
 
 CO.M-Po.V'^.'l), ( that formed or eonijiosed of a row 
 of annular parts <ir checkers of two colors. 
 
 eo.M-Po'NE.NT or CO.M'PO-NENT, a, [L. compo- 
 nent, compono ; con and pono, to place.] 
 
 Literally, setting tir placing together ; hence, com- 
 posing ; constituting ; forming a com(ioiind ; as, the 
 component of a plant or fossil substance ; the 
 
 component parts of a society. 
 
 eO.M-Po'.N'E.\'T or CO.M'PO-.N'ENT, n, A constitu- 
 ent part. DiiTby, 
 
 eO.M-PoRT', I), i. [It, comporlarc ; Yt. comporler ; Sp. 
 and Port. comporUir ; con anil L. porta, to bear. (See 
 Sear.) It is followed by willi.] 
 
 To comport witJi ; literally, to bear to or with ; to 
 carry together. Iience, to agree with ; to suit ; to 
 accord ; as, to consider how far our charity may 
 comport with our prudence. His behavior does not 
 comport with his station. 
 
 eo.M-PoRT', V. t. With the reciprocal pronoun, to 
 behave ; to conduct. 
 
 It is curious to ot«ery» how Lord Somers — comporltd himself 
 ou timt occasion. Burke. 
 
 [Little used,] 
 
 2. To bear ; to endure ; as in French, Spanish, 
 and Italian. [JVotnsed.j Daniel, 
 CO.M'PoRT, 71, Behavior ; conduct ; manner of 
 acting. 
 
 1 knew them well, and marked their rude coJ7i7>orL Dryden. 
 
 This woril is rarely or never used, but may be ad- 
 missible in i>oetr>'. We now use deportment. The 
 accent, since Oryden's time, has been transferred to 
 the first syllable. 
 eO.M-POKT'A-BLE, o. Suitable ; consistent. 
 
 We cast the rules of this art Into some comporlable methor), 
 
 VKoUon. 
 
 eOM-PORT'ANCE, n. Behavior ; deportment. [ Obs,] 
 
 Spen.scr, 
 
 eOM-PORT-A'TION, n. An assemblage. [Au( «.«rf.] 
 
 Bp, RicluiriUon, 
 eOM-PORT'ED, pp. Behaved ; suited. 
 eOM-PoRT'l\(;, ,rpr. Behaving; suiting. 
 eo.'Sl-PnRT'ME.NT, n. Behavior ; demeanor ; man- 
 
 ner of acting. [Aot now iiso/.] Hale, Addison. 
 CU.M'POS MfJiTTIS, " - - - 
 
 of /w-v.^um, potLi,] 
 
 [L. con and pos, from the root 
 
 Possessed of mind ; in a sound state of mind. 
 COM-P(iSE', f;. t, [ Fr. cora/jiMcr ; .\im, composi : from 
 the participle of the L. compono, compositus ; con and 
 pono, positiLs, tti set, put, or lay ; Fr. poser, and in a 
 dilfercnt dialect; Eng. to put; Sp. componcr ; It. 
 comporre,] 
 
 Literallij, to place or set together. Iience, 
 
 1. To form a compouml, or one entire body or 
 thing, by uniting two or more things, parts, or intli- 
 viiluals; as, to compose an army of raw soldiers; 
 the parliament of Great Britain is composed of two 
 houses, lords and commons ; the senate <if the 
 I'liited States is composed of two senators from each 
 State. 
 
 Ze*l o-iffhl to be compoitd of the highest degrees of all pious 
 atfi:ctioiis. ■ SpiaU. 
 
 2. To invent and put together words and sen- 
 tences ; to make, as a discourse or writing ; to write, 
 as an author ; as, to compose a sermon, or a book. 
 
 3. To constitute, or form, as pans of a whole; as, 
 
 letters compose syllables, syllables compose Words, 
 words compose .sentences. 
 
 A few useful thnl^, rniifoiiiKled with many trifles, fill their 
 nieiiioriua, hiiA compose their inlellecluMrpobsesAiuns. 
 
 Malts. 
 
 4, To calm ; to ipiiet ; to ap|)ease ; to traii<piilli/.e ; 
 that is, to set or lay ; as, to compo.^e p:issloiis, lears, 
 disorders, or whatever is agitated or excited. 
 
 .5. To settle ; to atljitst ; as, to compose ditfeTeiices. 
 
 (i. To place in proper form, or in a quiet state. 
 
 In A p-iic«'fol gr.ive niy corpa« compose, Dtydm, 
 
 7. To settle into a tftiet state. ■ 
 
 The sea composes its'df to n level surface. It requires nliont 
 t\*o iliiys to compose it alter a fiile. W. 
 
 8. To dispose ; to put in a proper state for any 
 purjiose. [Oifs.] 
 
 Tile army se'-nied well composed to obtain that by their swords 
 wbich they could not by tlii-ir pen. Clarendon. 
 
 9. In prinlinir, to set types or characters in a com- 
 pu.iinir stick, from a copy, arranging the letters in the 
 proper oriler. 
 
 11). Ill mii.iic, to form a tunc or piece of music with 
 notes arranging tlieiii on the stafl' in such a manner, 
 as, when sung, to proilttce harmony. 
 CO.M-POS'i-'l), pp. Set together, or in due order ; 
 formed ; constituted ; calmed ; quieted ; settled ; 
 adjusted. 
 
 2. a. Calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil; free from 
 agitation. 
 
 The Miintuan there in solxr triumph s«t, 
 
 Com/iosed his |>osttire, and his look sedate. Pope. 
 
 eO.M-POS'ED-LY, adv. Calmly ; seriously ; sedately. 
 The inun Tory composidty answered, I am he. Oarenclon. 
 
 eOM-PoS'ED-NKSS, n. A state of being composed ; 
 calmness ; seuateness ; trantpiillity. fVilkitis, 
 
 eo.M-PoS'ER, II. One who composes; one who 
 writes an original work ; as distinguished from a 
 compiler; an author; also one who forms tunes, 
 whether he adapts them to particular words or not. 
 
 2. One who quiets or calms ; one who adjusts a 
 difference. 
 
 eO.\l-P()?'ING,7>;)r. ora. Placing togoth^r ; forming; 
 constituting; writing an original work ; quieting ; 
 settling; ailjusting; setting tvpes. 
 
 eOM-Po-S'ING-STICK, n, Aiiiong printers, an in- 
 strument in which types are set from the cases, ad- 
 justed to the length of the lines. 
 
 eo.M-POS'ITE, a. Made up of parts ; as, a composite 
 language. Coleridire, 
 
 2. In architrctiirr, the composite order is the last of 
 the five orders of roltimiis ; so called because its 
 capital is composed of the Ionic onler grafted upon 
 the Corinthian. It is of the same proportion as the 
 Corinthian, and retains the .same general character, 
 with the exception of the capital, in which the Ionic 
 volutes and ccJiinus are introduced, and the Corin- 
 thian caulicoli (or smaller branches) and scrolls are 
 left out. It is called also the Roman or the Italic 
 order. Olos.i, of ArchiL 
 
 Compo.nte number ; one which can be measured 
 exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3 ; 
 so that 4 is the lowest composite number. Encyc, 
 
 eO.M-PO-Sl"TIO.\, II. In a general sense, the art of 
 composing, or that which is composed ; the .act of 
 forming a whole or integral, by placing together and 
 uniting dilferent things, parts, or ingredients ; or the 
 whole body, mass, or coinponntl, thus formed. 'J'hiis 
 we speak of the composition of medicines, by mixing 
 divers ingredients, and call the whole mixture a 
 compo.tition, A composition of sand and clay is used 
 for luting chemical vessels. 
 
 Vast pillars of stone, cased ever with a composition that looks 
 Itlte inurl)le. Addison. 
 
 ilent and vivacity, in n^e, is sn excellent composilion for 
 business. Baton, 
 
 2. In literature, the act of inventing or combining 
 ideas, clothing them with words, arranging them in 
 order, and, in generil, committing them to paper, or 
 otherwise writing them. Hence, 
 
 X A written or printed work ; a writing, pam- 
 phlet, or btiok. Addison, 
 
 4. In niiL<ic, the act or art of forming tunes ; or a 
 tune, sting, anthem, air, or other iitiisical piece. 
 
 5. The state of being placed together ; union ; 
 conjunction ; combination. 
 
 Coiiteiiipt it<! tiling first in their simple natures, and then view 
 Iheiti in composi:ion. Watts. 
 
 6. In tlie fine arts, that combination of the several 
 parts, in which each is presented in its due propor- 
 tion. 
 
 By composition Is r 
 tiling, tiolh in 
 
 ant Ihe distribution and orderly placing of 
 nera! aial parliciilnr. Or^dtn, 
 
 7. Adjustment ; orderly disposition. Ben Jonson 
 speaks of the composition of gesture, look, pronunci- 
 ation, and motion, in a preacher. 
 
 8. .Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the 
 settlement of a difference or controversy. 
 
 Thus we are agn-e.l ; 
 I crave our composilion may te written. Shak. 
 
 9. Mutual agreement for the discharge of a debt, 
 on terms or by means dilferent from those requireti 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, Vf'CIOUS.— C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
COM 
 
 by the original contract, or by law, as by the pay- 
 ment of a different sum, or by mailing other com- 
 pensation. Hence, the sum so paid, or compensation 
 given, in lieu of that stipulated or required. 
 
 A real composidon is when an agreement is made between 
 Ihe owner oi lands and the parson or vicar, with the consent 
 of the ordinary and the patron, lliat such lands shall for the 
 future tje discharged from the payment of utiles, l>> reason 
 of some land or other real recompense given to the parson, 
 in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Biackslone. 
 A bankrupt is cleared by a commission of bank- 
 ruptcy, or by composition with his creditors. 
 
 10. Consistency ; congruity. [Little used.] Shtik. 
 
 11. The act of uniting simple ideas in a complex 
 idea or conception •, opposed lo analijsis. JVewton. 
 
 li The joining of two words in a compound, as 
 in book-case ; or the act of forming a wtird with a 
 prefix or affix, which varies its signification ; as, re- 
 turjij from turn ,■ preconcert, from concert i endless, from 
 end. 
 
 13. The synthetical method of reasoning ; syn- 
 thesis ; a method of reasonmg from known or admit- 
 ted truths or principles, as from axioms, postulates, 
 or propositions previously demonstrated, and from 
 these deducing a clear knowledge of the thing to be 
 proved ; or the act of collecting scattered parts of 
 knowledge, and combining them into a system, so 
 that the understanding is enabled distinctly to follow 
 truth through its different stages of gradation. This 
 method of reasoning is opposetl to anolysis, or resolu- 
 tion. It begins with first principles, and, by a 
 train of reasoning from them, deduces the proposi- 
 tions or truths sought. Coinposition, or synthesis, pro- 
 ceeds by collecting or combining ; anahjsis, or resolu- 
 tion, by separating or unfolding. Harris. Encyc. 
 
 14. in priiUing, the act of setting types or charac- 
 ters in the composing-stick, to form lines, and of ar- 
 ranging the lines in a galley, to make a column or 
 page, and from this to make a form. 
 
 15. In chemistry, the combination of different sub- 
 stances, or substances of different natures, by affin- 
 ity ; from which results a compound substance, dif- 
 fering in properties from either of the component 
 parts. Thus water is a composition of hydrogen and 
 oxygen, which are invisible gases. 
 
 16. Composition of forces, in mechanics, is the finding 
 of a single force which shall be equal to two or more 
 given forces when acting in given directions. Hebert. 
 
 17. Composition of proportion, in matliematics, is 
 when, of four proportionals, the sum of the first and 
 second is to the second as the sum of the third and 
 fourth to the fourth. Barlow. 
 
 eO.M-POS'I-TIVE, o. Compounded ; having the 
 
 power of compounding or composing. 
 €O.M-POS'I-TOR, 71. In printing, one who sets types, 
 
 and makes up the pages and forms. 
 2. One who sets in order. 
 €OM-POS-SESS'OR, 71. A joint possessor. 
 eO.M-POS'SI-BLE, o. [con and possible.] Consistent. 
 
 [JV«( itscrf.] Ckillingworth. 
 GO.M'PoST, 7!. [It. composta; L. compositum, from 
 
 compono. See Compose.] 
 
 In agriculture, a mixture or composition of various 
 
 manuring substances for fertilizing land. Compost 
 
 may be made by almost every animal and vegetable 
 
 substance in nature, with lime or other earthy 
 
 matter. 
 
 2. A mixture or composition for plastering houses, 
 usuallv called compo. Smart. 
 €0M'P6.ST, v. t. To manure with compost. Bacon. 
 eO.M-POST'UEE, 71. Soil; manure. [Xot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 eO.M-PoS'CRE, (kom-p5'7.hur,) ti. [See Compose.] 
 
 1. The act of composing, or tliat which is com- 
 posed ; a composition ; as, a form of prayer of pub- 
 lic composure f a hasty composure. 
 
 In the eompoturet of men, remember you are a man. WalU. 
 In this use,thii word has given way to Composition. 
 
 2. Composition; combination; arrangement; or- 
 der. [Liule used.] 
 
 From the various compotureg of these corpuscles, happen all 
 ihe varietii's of Ijodics formed out of them. Woodward. 
 
 3. The form, adjustment, or disposition of the va- 
 rious parts. 
 
 In compotUTt of hU face. 
 
 Lived a lair but manly grace. Crathate. 
 The otitward form and compoture of (he body. Duppa. 
 
 4. Frame ; make ; temperament. 
 
 Ilih eompoattrt rnnst be rari* indeed, 
 
 Whom these things cajniot lileinish. SluJc. 
 
 .5. A nettled state of tlic mind ; sedatencss ; calin- 
 nesH ; tranquillity. 
 
 When the [Auiona are silent, the mind enjoys Its most perfect 
 cumpoiurt. Watta. 
 
 [TliU is the most common u,ie of this word.] 
 fi. Agreeiiicnl ; xi ttlenient of diirercnces ; compo- 
 flition. [Little %Lied.] 
 
 The treaty at Uzbridgefavt the fairest hopes of a hnnpy com. 
 foturt. Kiog Criarlet. 
 
 €OM-PO-TA'TION, n. compotalio ; con and po- 
 
 IMia, from polo, to drink, j 
 'J'hc act of drinking or tippling togcthi'r. 
 
 Brown. Philipa. 
 
 COM 
 
 €OM'PO-Ta-TOR, 71. One who drinks with another. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 €01I-POUND', V. U [L. compono : con and pojio, to 
 set or put ; Sp. componcr ; It. comporre, for componcrc ; 
 Port, compor.] 
 
 1. To mix-or unite two or more ingredients in one 
 mass or body ; as, to compound drugs. 
 
 Whoever eompoundeth any like it, shall be cut off from his 
 people. — Ex. xxx. 
 
 2. To unite or combine. 
 
 We have the power of altering and compounding images into 
 all the varieties of picture. Addieon. 
 
 3. To compose ; to constitute. [JVut used.] Shak. 
 
 4. In grammar, to unite two or more words ; to 
 form one word of two or more. 
 
 5. To settle amicably ; to adjust by agreement ; as 
 a difference or controversy. Bacon. ShaJc. 
 
 [In this sense we nmo use Compose.] 
 
 6. To pay by agreement ; to discharge, as a debt, 
 by paying a part, or giving an equivalent different 
 from that stipulated or required ; as, to compound 
 debts. Oay. 
 
 But we now use, more generally, to compound with. 
 [See the verb intransitive.] 
 
 To compound felony, is for a person robbed to take 
 the goods again, or other compensation, upon an 
 agreement not to prosecute the thief or robber. This 
 offense is, by the laws of England, punishable by 
 fine and imprisonment. Blackstone. 
 eo.M-POUND', V. i. To agree upon concession ; to 
 come to terms of agreement, by abating something 
 of the first demand ; followed by for before the thing 
 accepted or remitted. 
 
 They were glad to compound for his bare commitment fo the 
 Tower. Oat-endon. 
 
 9. To bargain in the lump ; to agree ; followed by 
 Kith. 
 
 Compound vdUi this ftllow by the year. Sludc. 
 
 3. To come to terms, by granting something on 
 each side ; to agree. 
 
 Cornw.ill compounded to furnish ten oxen for thirty pounds. 
 
 Paracelsus and his admirers have compounded with the Galen- 
 isls, and brought into pnictice a mixed use ofcbentic il riied- 
 iciiies. Temple. 
 
 4. To settle with a creditor by agreement, afid 
 discharge a debt by paying a part of its amount ; or 
 to make an agreement to pay a debt by means or in 
 a manner different from that stipulated or required 
 by la\v. A bankrupt may compound with his credittirs 
 for ten shillings on the pound, or fifty cents on the 
 dollar. A man may compound witli a parson to pay a 
 sum of money in lieu of tithes, [See Composition, 
 No. 9.] 
 
 To compound with a felon, is to take the goods 
 stolen, or other amends, upon an agreement not to 
 prosecute him. Blackstone. 
 €O.M'POUND, o. Composed of two or more ingre- 
 dients. 
 
 Compound substances are made up of two or more simple 
 substances. If alts. 
 
 2. In grammar, composed of two or more words. 
 Ink-stand, writing-desk, carelessness, are compound 
 words. 
 
 3. In botany, a compound flower is a species of ag- 
 gregate flower, containing several florets, inclosed 
 in a common perianth, on a common receptacle, 
 with the anthers cimnected in a cylinder, as in the 
 sunflower and dandelion. Martyn. Harris. 
 
 A compound stem, is one that divides into branches. 
 
 A compound leaf, connects several leaflets in one 
 petiole, called a common petiole. 
 
 A compound racem^ is composed of several race- 
 mules or small racemes. 
 
 A compound spilic, is composed of several spicules 
 or spikelets. 
 
 A compound corymb, is formed of several small 
 corymbs. 
 
 A compound umbel, is one which has all its rays or 
 peduncles bearing umbcllules, or small umbels, at 
 the top. 
 
 A compound frurtijiration, consists of several con- 
 fluent lliircts : iip])osed to simple. 
 
 4. Compound interest, is interest upon interest ; 
 when the interest of a sum is added to the principal, 
 and then bears interest ; or when the interest of a 
 sum is put upon interest. 
 
 5. Compound motion, is that which is effi'ctrd by 
 two or more conspiring powers, acting in dilfereiit 
 but not in oppositt^ din-ctions. Barlow. 
 
 G. Compound or Composite number, is that u'liich 
 may be divided by soine other number great(;r than 
 unity, without a remainder ; as 18, which may be 
 divided by 2, (i and 9. 
 
 7. Compound ratio, is that which the product of the 
 antecedents of two or more ratit>s lias to the product 
 of their consequent.-". Thus fi to 72 is in a ratio com- 
 pounded of 2 to 0, and of 3 to 12. Day. 
 
 8. Compound ijuantity ; in algebra, a quantity com- 
 poseil of two or more simple quantities tir terms, con- 
 nected by the sign -f (plus,) or — (minus.) Thus 
 a — e, and bh — b, are compound (piantities. liay. 
 
 9. Compound larceny, is that which is accompaiiietl 
 
 C03I 
 
 with the aggravation of taking goods from one's 
 house or person. Blaclisivne. 
 
 10. Compound time; in 77!!i.</c, a term applied to 
 those varieties of time in which each mi :ustire is 
 diviiled into six equal parts. T. HiL^tinos. 
 
 eO.M'POUiVD, H. A nia.ss or body foriiieil by the 
 union or mixture of two or more iiigreilieiiis or ilif- 
 ferent substances ; the result of composition. Mor- 
 tar is a compound of lime, sand, and water. 
 
 Man is a compound of flesh and spirit. South. 
 
 2. In Ihe F.ast Indies, a yard round a building ; a 
 corruption of the Portuguese worti campania. 
 
 eo>I-POUi\'D'.\-BLE, a. Capable of being com- 
 pounded. Sherwood. 
 
 eoM-POUND'ED, pp. Made up of diflerent mate- 
 rials ; mixed ; formed by union of two or more sub- 
 stances. 
 
 COM-POUND'ER, 71. One who compounds or mixes 
 different things. 
 
 2. One who attempts to bring parties to terms of 
 agreement. [Liule used.] Swift. 
 
 3. One who compouims with a debtor or felon. 
 
 4. One at a university who pays extraordinary 
 fees, according to iiis means, for tlie degree he is to 
 take. Smart. 
 
 eO.M-POU.VD'IXG, ppr. Uniting diflerent substances 
 in one botly or mass ; forming a mixed body ; agree- 
 ing by concession, or tibateiiient of denianils ; dis- 
 charging a debt by agreement to pay less than the 
 original sum, or in a diflerent manner. 
 
 €OM-PRE-e.\'TIO.\, 71. [L. cim and precatio.] 
 A praving together. [Little used.] 
 
 eOM-PRE-HE.N l)', c. fc [L. comprehendo ; con and 
 prehendo, to seize or grasp ; It. comprendere, prendere ; 
 Sp. and Port, compreficndcr, prendcr ; Fr. comprendre, 
 
 . prendre. This word is a compound of the Latin con 
 and pra, and the Saxon hendan or hentan, to take or 
 seize ; ge-hentan, id. Hence forehend, in Spenser.] 
 Literally, to take in ; to take with, or together. 
 
 1. To contain ; to include ; to comprise. 
 
 The empire of Great Britain comprehends England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland, with their dependencies. 
 
 2. To imply; lo contain or include by implication 
 or construction. 
 
 If there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended 
 in this saying, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as tliysell. — 
 Rotii. xiii. 
 
 3. To understand ; to conceive ; that is, to take, 
 hold, or contain in the mind ; to possess or to have 
 in itlea ; according to the popular phrase, " I take 
 your meaning." 
 
 Goddoeth great things, which we can not com^e^enii. — Job 
 xxxvii. 
 
 It is not always safe 10 disbelieve a proposition or ^statement, 
 because we do not comprehend it. 
 
 eO.M-PRE-HEXD'ED, pp. Contained ; included ; im- 
 plied ; understood. 
 
 eO.M-PRE-HE.ND'ING, p;)r. Including; comprising; 
 understanding; imphiiig. 
 
 eO.M-PRE-HE.\'SI-15LE, a. [L. comprchensibilis.] 
 
 1. That may be comprehended or included ; pos- 
 sible to be comprised. 
 
 2. Capable of being understood ; intelligible; con- 
 ceivable by the mind. 
 
 €OiM-PRE-IlEN'Sl-BLE-NESS, 71. Capability of be- 
 ing understood. More. 
 
 eO.M-PRE-HEN'SI-nLY, adr. With great extent of 
 embrace, or comprehension ; with large extent of 
 signification ; in a manner to comprehend a large 
 circuit. 
 
 The words wisdom and righteousness are commonly used very 
 comprehensively, so as to signify all religion and virtue. 
 
 niotson. 
 
 This word is rarely used. [See Comprehen- 
 
 SIVELV.] 
 
 eO.M-PRE-IIEN'SION, 71. [L. cemprehensio.] 
 
 The act or quality of comprehending or contain- 
 ing ; a comprising. 
 
 In the Old Testament there is a dose comprehention of the 
 Nem ; ill the Neie, an open ihscovcry of the Old. Hooker, 
 
 2. An including or containing within a narrow 
 compass ; a summary ; an epitome or coinpend. 
 
 Thiswise nnrl religious aphorism. In the text, is the sum and 
 cooipreheneton of all the ingrvdienls of human h-ippiness. 
 
 Jtogert. 
 
 3. Capacity of the mind fo understand ; power of 
 the iinderstiinding to receive and contain ideas ; ca- 
 pacity of knowing; as, the nature of sjiirit is not 
 w itliin our comprehension. 
 
 4. In rhetoric, a trope or figure, by which the name 
 of a wliolt' is put for a part, or th.at of a part for a 
 whole, or a definite number for an indefinite. 
 
 Harris. 
 
 eOM-PRE-IIEN'SIVE, n. Having the qu.-ility of com- 
 prising much, or inrliiiling a great extent ; extensive ; 
 as, a comprehensive charity ; a comprehensive view. 
 It seems sometimes to convey the sense of compre- 
 hending much in a small compass. 
 
 2. Having the power to comprehend or understand 
 many things at once ; comprehensive ]\vnA. Pirpe. 
 
 COM PRE-IIE.\'SIVE-I>Y, a/Zi'. In a comprehensive 
 manner ; \\ iili tirr'at (\\tent of embrace 
 
 COM-Pin: III'.N'SIVE-NESS, 71. The quality of bc- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. — 
 
 238 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 CON 
 
 ing comprehensive, or of including much extent ; as, 
 tile comprfikensioenrss (tf a view, 
 
 2. The quality of including much in a few words, 
 or narrow compass. 
 
 Compare Iho iM^KUty anil comprthtnttttenea* of Ipyendi on 
 aiicit^nl coiiit, Adtliton. 
 
 COM-PRE-HEN'SOR, n. One who has obtained 
 know liMlge. [jVi/f in use] Hull. 
 
 eO.M-I'RES-BY-'rE'K(-AL, a. Pertaining to the Pres- 
 liytcrian fotm of ecclesiastical ministration. MlUin. 
 
 GOM-PllESS', V. t, [L. comprfssiiji, cnmprbno ; con 
 ami premn, prrsstis, to press. But the verb premo and 
 participle pressus may be from difl'ercnt roots. I''r. 
 pre.iser ; D. pressen ; Sp. aprclar, and preiusar. See 
 Press.] 
 
 1. To press together by external force; to force, 
 urge, or drive, into a narrower compass ; to crowd; 
 as, to compress air. 
 
 TUc weight of i\ lliomniul nirnoaphcrci will compress water 
 twelve iinj a lialf ptT cent. Pcrkitts. 
 
 2. To embrace carnally. Pope. 
 
 3. To crowd ; to bring within narrow limits or 
 space. 
 
 Events of centuries — cotnurejtecf williin tlie ron!p(i.!a of a 
 siiijlc life. D. Wrbsler. 
 
 eOM'PUESS, 71. In surgery, n holster of soft linen 
 cloth, with several fulils, used by surgeons to cover 
 a plaster or dressing, to keep it in its place, and de- 
 fend the part from the external air. Kuciic. 
 
 eOM-PKESS'KII, (kom presi',) pp. or a. Pressed or 
 sipieezed together ; forcetl into a narrow or narrower 
 coiii|>ass ; embraced carnally. 
 2. In 6utany, Hatted ; having the two opposite sides 
 
 I plane or flat ; as, a compressed stem. JMarti/ii. 
 eo.M PRESS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being 
 
 compressible ; the quality of being capable of com- 
 pression into a smaller space or compass ; as, the 
 cojiiprcssibUity of elastic fluids, or of any sol\ sub- 
 stanre. 
 
 CO.M-PRESS'I-BLE, a. Capable of being forced or 
 tiriven into a narrower compass ; as, elastic tluitls 
 are compressible ; water is compressible in a small 
 iii'i;ree. 
 
 CO.M-PttESS'l-BLE-.\ESS, n. Compressibility: tlic 
 I qualit\' ttf being cttmpressible. 
 
 I I rO.M-PitESS'lNG, p;ir. Pressing together. 
 
 i eOM-PRES'SION, (kom-presh'un,) n. The act of 
 I rtimprt;ssing, or of pressing into a narrower ctimpti^^s ; 
 the act of forcing the parts of a boily into closer 
 union, or density, by the application of force. 
 2. The state of being compressed. 
 t| CO.M-PRESS'lVE, a. Having power to compress. 
 1 Smith. 
 I eOM-PRESS'^RE, n. Tlic act or force of one body 
 I pressing against another ; pressure. Soule. 
 
 CD.M'PRlliST, /I. A fellow-priesL [JVut in ii.<c] 
 I ■ MiUnn. 
 
 eOM-PRI.NT', t>. C [See PnisT.] To print together. 
 It is taken, in laio, for Hit! deceitful printing of 
 another's copy or book, to the prejudice of the pro- 
 prietor. ^LitUe used.] Philips. 
 eo.M'PRIN r, n. The siirrepititious printing of a work 
 belonging to another; a work thus printed. Smart 
 eo.M-PllIS'AL, 7u The act of comprising or com pre- 
 
 henilliig. Barroio. 
 eu.M-PRISE', r. ^ [Fr. eompris, participle of com- 
 prcmlre; L. comprehendo. See Comprehend.] 
 
 To comprehend ; to contain ; to incltide ; as, the 
 substance of a discourse may be comprised in a few 
 worils. 
 
 COMPKIS'iCn, p7>. Comprehended; contained. 
 eu.M-PRIS'lNti, ppr. Containing; including; com- 
 prehending. 
 
 eo.M'PKO-B.ATE, r. i. To agree in approving; to 
 concur in testimony. Elyol. 
 
 eO.M-PRO-B A'TIO.\, 71. [L. comprobatio, comprobo ; 
 con and prvbo, lit prove.] 
 
 Proof ; joint altestatiim. [Little used.] Brown, 
 
 COM'PRO-iMTSE, n, [L. compromitsum, from com- 
 promitto, to give bond to stand to an award ; con and 
 promitiu, to promise ; It. compromesso ; Fr. compromis ; 
 Sp. compromiso. See Promise.] 
 
 1. A mutual promise or contract of two parties in 
 controversy, to refer their dilferences to the decision 
 of arbitrators. 
 
 2. An amicable agreement between parties in con- 
 troversy, to settle their differences by mutual con- 
 cessions. 
 
 3. Mutualngreement ; ailjiistment. Judge Chipman. 
 [This is its usual siirnifieation.] 
 
 eoM'PRO-MISE, V. t. to atljust and settle a dilTer- 
 ence by mutual agreement, with concessions of 
 cLiiins by the parties ; to coin|>uund. 
 
 2. To agree ; to accord. Shai. 
 
 3. To cunimil ; to put to hazard ; to pledge by 
 sonic act or declaration. Smart. 
 
 (/ft this sense, see Cumprouit, which is ffencraUy 
 used.] 
 
 eo.M'PRO-M'S-KD, (kom'pro-mT7.d,) pp. Settled by 
 
 agreement, with mutual concessions. 
 GO.VI'PRO-.MIS-ER, n. One whti compromises. 
 CO.M'PRO-.MIS-IiXG, ppr. Adjusting by agreement. 
 
 TOXE, BJJLL, IJNITE 
 
 €O.M-PRO-MIS-S0'RI-AL, a. Relating to a compro- 
 mise. Chalmers. 
 
 eOM'PRO-MlT, V. t. [Fr. compromeiire : It. compro- 
 viettere ; Sp. comprometcr ; L. compromitlo ; com and 
 promitto, to promise.] 
 
 1. To pleilgc or engage, by some act or declaration, 
 which may not be a direct iiromise, but which ren- 
 ders necessary some future act. Hence, 
 
 2. To put to hazard, by some previous act or 
 measure, which cannot be recalled ; as, to compromit 
 the honor or the safety of a nation. 
 
 eO.M'PRO-MIT-EU, pp. X'ledged by some previous 
 
 act or declaration. 
 eO.M'PRO-MIT-lNG, ppr. Pledging; exposing to 
 
 hazard. 
 
 eo.M-PRO-VIN'CI AL, (-shal,) n. [cor, and prorincial.] 
 One beU)ngiiig to the same province or ari-Iiicpis- 
 copal jurisdiction. .^yliffc. 
 
 eOMPT, (kount,) n. [Fr. compte, from computo.] 
 Account ; computation. [OA.s-.] sltuk. 
 
 eOMPT, II. t. 'i'o compute. [Ub.i.] [Sec Count.] 
 
 eO.MPT, «. [J., comptiis.] Neat; spruce. [JVut u.icil.] 
 
 eOMPT'I-BLE, (koiint'e-bl,) a. Accountable ; sub- 
 ject ; submissive [ Ohs.] SImlc. 
 
 eO.MPT'LV, at/e. Neatly. [JVo( i/i ii-sf.] Sherieood. 
 
 eO.MPT'iV'ESS, n. Neatness. [JVu( in k.<c] Shrnrood. 
 
 eO.MP'T().\.ITE, It. A niincr.al from Vesuvius, iden- 
 tical with Thonisonite, which see. 
 
 eOiMP-TROLL', (kou-trol'.) See Control, the true 
 spelling. 
 
 eo.M-PUL'SA-TIVE, )a. [L. com;)«/sii.t, from com- 
 e(3.M-PUL,'SA-TO-RY, j pcllo ; Low L. eompulso. 
 See Compel.] 
 
 Comfielling; forcing; constraining; operatini by 
 force. ShaJi. 
 eo.M-PUL'SA-TIVE-LY, adv. By constraint or com- 
 pulsion. 
 
 eO.M-PUI/SION, n. [Low L. compalsio. See Compel.] 
 
 1. The act of driving or urging by force, physicitl 
 or moral ; force applied ; constraint of the will; the 
 application of a force that is irresistible. 
 
 If rfiuiona were tts iilenty as blacklierries, I woiiltl give no man 
 n rrasoii on compulsion. Sliak. 
 
 A niitn \s exc(i»Ml lur acts done through unavoidable forC' anil 
 contputtion. Jilacletlone. 
 
 2. The state of being compelled or urged by 
 violence. 
 
 CO.M-PUL'SIVE, a. Having power to compel; driv- 
 ing ; forcing ; constraining , applying fort;e ; as, uni- 
 formity of opinions cannot be ellected by computsice 
 measures. 
 
 eo.M-PUL'SI VF^LY, adv. By compulsion ; by force. 
 COM-PUL'SIV*;-NESS, 71. Force; compulsion. 
 CO.M-PUL'SO-RI-LY, adv. In a compulsory manner ; 
 
 by force or constraint. 
 CO.M-PUIVSO-RY, a. Having the power or quality of 
 compelling; applying force; driving by violence; 
 constraining. 
 
 Ill the correction of vicious propensities, it tnajr be necessary to 
 rvsori to compulsory nieiuui\-8. 
 
 COM-PUNG'TIOi\, 71. [h. compunctio, eompuntro ; eon 
 and punifo, to prick or sting ; It. compunzione, com- 
 puirnere, or compunirere ; Sp. compuncion ; Fr. componc- 
 tion. See Pungency.] 
 
 1. A pricking ; stimulation ; irritation ; selilom used 
 in a literal sense. Brown. 
 
 2. A pricking of heart ; poignant grief or remorse 
 proceeding from a consciousness of guilt ; the pain 
 of sorrow or regret for having otfended GtMi, and in- 
 cuiTed his wrath ; the sting of conscience proct:eding 
 from a conviction of having violated a moral duty. 
 
 Ho acltnowlcilp-d hit disloyalty to the king, with expn-neions 
 ol gnrat compunction. Clarendon. 
 
 eOM-PUNC'TION-LESS, a. Not feeling compunc- 
 tion. 
 
 eo.M-PUNC'TIOUS, (kom-punk'slius,) a. Pricking 
 the conscience ; giving pain for ollenses committed. 
 Let no comfmnctiout vtsitin«s of nature 
 Shake my Icll purpose. ShaJc. 
 eOM-PU.Ve'TIVE, a. Causing remorse. Johiuon. 
 eOM-PO'PII., 71. A fellow-pupil. [LiUle useil.] 
 
 H'alton. 
 
 COM-PUR-O.I'TION, 71. [L. compurgo ; con and pur- 
 go, to purify.] 
 
 In law, the act or practice of justifying a man bv 
 the oath of others, who swear to tliijir belief of his 
 venicity ; wager of law, in which a man, who has 
 given security to make his law, brings into rourt 
 eleven of his neighbors, and having made o.uli him- 
 self that he does not owe the plaintilf, the eleven 
 neighbors, called compurgators, avow on their oaths 
 that iliey believe in their consciences he has atririned 
 the truth. Blaclistone. 
 
 CO.M-PUR-fiS'TOR, 71. One who bears testimony or 
 swears to the veracity or innocence of another. [See 
 
 CoMPL'BOATION.l 
 
 eo.M-POT'A-BLE, a. [See Compute.] Capable of 
 being computed, numbered, or reckoned. Jlale. 
 
 eO.M-PU-TA'TlON, n. [L. computatio, from computo. 
 See Compute.] 
 
 1. The act of computing, nuniberini, reckoning, or 
 estimating; the process by which oirterent sums or 
 particul.irs are numbered, estimated, or compared, 
 with a view to ascertain the amount, aggregate, or 
 
 other result depending on such sums or particulars. 
 We finti by computation the tpinntity of provisions 
 necessary to supiKirt an army for a year, and the 
 amount of money to p:iy them ; making the ration 
 and pay of eacli man the basis of the compatuiion. 
 By computations of time or years, we ascertain the 
 dates of event.s. 
 
 2. The sum, quantity, or amount ascertained by 
 computing or reckoning. 
 
 We pass for women of fitly : many additional years aro thrown 
 into fem.ilc computatione of UlLb nature. Addieon. 
 
 3. Calfiilation. 
 
 eO.M-POTE', ti. /. [Ii. computo, eon and puto, to hip or 
 prune; to think, count, reckon ; to cast up. The 
 senst; is probably to cast or throw together.] 
 
 1. To number; tti count; to reckon; to cast lo- 
 gt-tlier several sums or particulars, to ascertain the 
 amount, aggregatt;, or other result. Compute the tpian- 
 tity of water that w'll] lilt a vessel of t^'rtain dimen- 
 sions, or that will cover the surface of the earth. Com- 
 pute the expiMises of a campaign. Compute time by 
 weeks or tiays. 
 
 2. To cast or estimate in the mind ; to estimate the 
 amount by known or supposed data. 
 
 3. To calciilalt\ 
 
 eOM-POTE', n. Computation. [JiTot used.] Brown. 
 eO.M-POT'EU, pp. Counted; numbered; reckoned; 
 estimated. 
 
 eo.M-POT'ER, n. One who computes ; a reckoner; a 
 calculator. Swift. 
 
 eo.M-PuT'ING, ppr. Counting ; numbering ; reckon- 
 ing ; estimating. 
 
 CO.\I'Pi;-TI.<T, H. A computer. IFoUon. If. More. 
 
 CO.M'RAUE, H. [Fr. camnradc ; It. camerata ; i^yt.cama- 
 raila ; Port, camarada ; from camara, camera, a c/tain- 
 brr.] 
 
 LitcruUii, one who lodges in the same room. Hence, 
 in a more ifeiieral sense, a fi'lltiw, a mate, or compan- 
 ion ; an assttciate in occupation. 
 eo.M'RADE-SIIlP, n. .State of being comrades. 
 eO.M'ROGUE, n. A fellow-rogue. [j\'u£ in «.«.] 
 
 B. Junson. 
 
 GON, [with or again.-it.] A Latin inseparable preposi- 
 tion or prefix to otiier words. Ainsworth remarks 
 that con anil cam have the same signification, but that 
 cum is used separately, and con in composition. Con 
 and cum may be radic^illy distinct words. The Irish 
 comli,, or coimJi, is ei|iiivalent to the Latin con ; and 
 the \V'elsh cijm, convertible into cyv, appears to be the 
 same word, tienoting, says Owen, a mutual act,(pial- 
 ity, or ctfect. It is precisely equivalent to the Latin 
 com, in cumparo, compono; and the Latin com, in com- 
 position, may be the Celtic coinA or cym. But, gener- 
 ally, It seems to be con, changed into com. Ainsworth 
 deduces CUM from the (ireek cvn ; for originally it was 
 written cyn. But this is probably a mistake. 
 
 Con coincides, in radical letters and in significa- 
 tion, with the Teulonic j^ain, gen, gcan, igen, igien, 
 in the English again, against ; Sax. gcan, ongean ; 
 Sw. iVen ; Uaii. iVicn. Whatever may be its origin 
 or alfinities, the primarj' sense of the word is proba- 
 bly from some root that signifies to meet or oppose, or 
 turn and meet ; to approach to, or to be with. This 
 is the radical sense of most prepositions of the like 
 import. [.See the English With, Again.] SoinIri.sh, 
 coinne, a iiierting; as coinne, opposite. 
 
 Con, in compounds, is changed into / before /, a-s in 
 colhgo, to collect, and into m before a labial, as in 
 cumparo, to compare. Before a vowel or A, the n is 
 droppL'fl ; as in coalcsco, to coalesce, to co-operate ; co- 
 hibeo, to restrain. It denotes union, a-s in conjoin; 
 or opposition, as in coujlict, contend, (iu. W. gan, 
 with. 
 
 GO.\, [abbreviated from Latin contra, against.] In the 
 phrase pro and con, for and against, con denotes the 
 negative side of a question. As a noun, a |>crson who 
 is in the negative ; as, the pros and cons. 
 
 GO\, r. t. [Sax. eeniian, connan, cunnan, to know, to 
 bi^ able, to be skillful or wise ; and ernnan, to bear or 
 bring Ibith, (Jr. )t>'i'iiM; and cunnian, to try, to at- 
 ttMiipt, to prove, L. ronor ; whence cunning, skillful, 
 expi-riencetl, or skill, exjierience ; the latter word, 
 cunnian, coinciiles in sense with Sax. anginnan, on- 
 ginnan, to begin, to try, to attempt, L. ci^nnr. I), ^rn- 
 >icn, to know, understand, or be acquainted ; kunnen, 
 to be "able, ran, to knowi'ir understand, to hold orcoii- 
 tain ; the last signification coinciding with the W. 
 ganu, to roiilain. C kennen, to know ; and kiinncn, 
 to be able. Dan. kan, to be able, pri t. kunde, whence 
 kundskab, knowledge, skill, experience. Sw. kanna, 
 to know ; kuna, to be able, to be skilled, to know. 
 The primarj' sense is, to strain or stretch, which gives 
 the sense of sirengtli, [xiwer, as in i;an, anil of hold- 
 ing, containing, comprehending ; as, contain, from con- I 
 tineo, leneo, Gr. retvto, L. tendo. And this significa- ) 
 tion connects these words with gin, in its coni|Kiunils, 
 begin. Sax. beginnan, anginnan, Alc, to strain, to try, . 
 to stretch forward and make .m elTort ; also with the I 
 Gr. } cvvau), L. gignor, to beget, or to bring forth. See 
 Class Gn, No. 29, 3(j, 40, 42, 4.'>, 58. In the sense of 
 know, con signifies to hold or to reach.] 
 1. To know. [Obs.] 
 
 or muses, Hobhinol, 1 ronne no skill. Spenser. 
 
 — A\"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 " I shall not canne answer." I shall not know or 
 be able to answer. Chaucrr. 
 
 2. To make one's self master of ; to fix in the mind, 
 tr commit to memory ; as, to con a lesson. 
 
 Milton .Hohhr. 
 To con thanks; to be pleased or obliged, or to thank. 
 [Obi.] Chaucer. Sliak. 
 
 COjV .^-J^IO'RE, rit.] With love or pleasure. 
 eO-.N'A'TUS, n. [L.] Effort; attempt. Pnleij. 
 2. The tendency of a body toward any point, or to 
 piirsne its course in the same line of direction. Paleij. 
 eO.N'-CAM'ER-ATE, r. t. [L. concamero, to arch ; con 
 and camera, an arch, arched roof, or chamber.] 
 
 To arch over ; to vault ; to lay a concave over ; as, 
 a covcamerated bone. Orew. 
 eO.VCAM'ER-A-TED, pp. Arched over. 
 €OX-e.\.M-ER-A'TION, n. An arching; anarch or 
 
 vault ; an arched chamber. OlunciUe. 
 €ON-eAT'E-NATE, v. t. [It. eoneatmcrc, to link to- 
 gctlier ; concatcnato ; Low L. concatenatiL^ ; con and 
 catena, a chain ; Sp. concadenary and encadcnar, fron) 
 cadeiia, Fr. cadene, a chain.] 
 
 To link together ; to unite in a successive series or 
 chain, as thinss depending on each other. Harris. 
 €OX-e.'\T'E-XA-TED, pp. Linked togetlier ; united 
 in a series. 
 
 €ON-€.\T'E-Na-TING, ppr. Linking together in a 
 serii'S. 
 
 €0.\-eAT-E-NA'TION, n. A series of links united ; 
 a successive series or order of things connected or 
 depending on each other ; as, a concatenation of causes. 
 
 €ON-€AUSE', n. Joint cause. [Jt'otused.'lFuthcrbij. 
 €O.V-eA-V.\'TIOX, 71. [See Co.ncate.1 TI ' " 
 making concave. 
 
 ;.] the act of 
 
 eO.\'C.AVE, a. [L. concavus; con and cavus, hollow. 
 See Cave.] 
 
 1. Hollow, and arched or rounded, as the inner 
 surface of a spherical body ; opposed to convex ; as, a 
 concave glass. 
 
 2. Hollow, in a general sense ; as, the concave shores 
 of the Tiber. Shak. 
 
 3. In botany, a concave leaf is one whose edge stands 
 above the disk Martijn. 
 
 eoX'e.^VE, n. A hollow ; an arch, or vault ; as, the 
 
 ethereal concave. 
 eOX'e.AVE, V. U To make hollow. Seward. 
 €ON'€aV-ED, pp. .Made hollow. 
 €OX'e.AVE-XESS!, n. Hollowness. 
 €OX'e.\V-I\G, ppr. Making hollow. 
 €0.\"-e.-VV'I-TY, TI. [It. concavitd ; Fr. concavite ; Sp. 
 
 concavidad.] 
 
 Hollowness ; the internal surface of a hollow 
 spherical body, or a body of other figure or the 
 spare within such body. IVotlon. 
 €OX-€A'VO-€OX'eAVE, a. Concave or hollow on 
 both surfaces. 
 
 €O.V-€a'VO-COX'VEX, a. Concave on one side, 
 and convex on the other. [See Convex.] 
 
 eOX-e.\'VOUS, a. [L. concavus.'] Concave, which 
 see. 
 
 eO.\-e.\'VOUS-LY, adv. With hollowness ; in a 
 manner to discover the internal surface of a hollow 
 sphere. 
 
 €0X-CeAL',7-. (. [LowL. concelo; con and crfo, to with- 
 hold from sight ; Sax. helan,h>elan,^ehj'1an,tTchelnn, to 
 heal and to conceal ; G. hehlen, to concral, and heilrn, to 
 heal; D. /t*?^Zen, to heal and to conceal ; Dan. Atf'/cr, to 
 conceal ; W. celu, to hide ; Fr. celer ; It. celare ; Sp. 
 callar, to keep silence, to dissemble, to abate, to 
 grow calm ; Port, catar, to conceal or keep close, to 
 jHill or let down ; " cala a boca," hold your peace ; 
 also intransitive, to be still or quiet, to keep silence ; 
 coinciding in origin with whole, all, liohj, hold, &c. 
 The primary souse is to strain, hold, stop, restrain, 
 make fast or strong, all from the same root as the 
 
 Shemitic '713, nVs, yv:£=5, Tl^i A halca, Gr. kuXdw. 
 
 Cl.ass Gl, Xo. 33, 30.] 
 
 1. To keep close or secret ; to forbear to disclose ; 
 to withhold froui utterance or declaration ; a.s, to 
 conceal one's thoughts or opinions. 
 
 I hrtvc not concealtd ihe words oflh<? Holy OriP. — Job vi. 
 
 2. To hide ; to withdraw from observation ; to 
 cover or keep from sight ; as, a party of men con- 
 cealed Ihenisetvcs behind a wall ; a mask conceals 
 the face. 
 
 What piofil ii l( If we liny our bro!li''r iiiul conceal blood ? 
 Oi-n. ixxvii. 
 
 €0,\-CkAL'A-I1LE, a. That may be concealed, hid, 
 or kept close. Hmieii. 
 
 €O.N-Ci"AL'/;D, (kon-»eeld',) pp. or a. Kept close 
 or flecrel ; hid ; withdrawn from sight ; covered. 
 
 eO.N'-CF;AL'KI)-LV, mie. So as not to be detected. 
 
 eO.N'-CRAL'EI)-.\E.-<S, 11. A state of lu ing concealed. 
 
 CO.N-CP.AL'KK. n. One who conceals ; a«, the con- 
 cealer of n iTimo. Clarendon. 
 
 eO.N'-CRAL'IXG, p]rr. Keeping close or secret; for- 
 bearing to dihrlone ; hiding ; 1 civering. 
 
 €<J.N' <'P.AL'LN'C;, n. A hiding; a witliholding from 
 disrloBurc. 
 
 eON-C£AL'MENT, n. Forbearance of disclosure ; a 
 
 keeping close or secret ; as, the concealment of opin- 
 ions or passions. 
 
 2. 1'he act of hiding, covering, or withdrawing 
 from sight ; as, the concealment of the face by a mask, 
 or of the person by any cover or shelter. 
 
 3. The state of being hid or concealed ; privacy ; 
 as, a project formed iu concealment. 
 
 4. The place of hiding; a secret place; retreat 
 from observation ; cover from sight. 
 
 The cleft tree 
 OlTers its kind concealment to a few, 
 
 'I'h-ir food its iiiiects, .Old its moss their nests. Thomson. 
 eOX-CEDE', 11. (. [L. concedii ; con and ccdo, to yield, 
 give way, depart, desist ; It. concedere, cedere : Sp. 
 conceder, ceder ; Fr. conceder, coder ; Ir. ceadaiirhinL ; 
 W. gadael, and ^adaw, to quit or leave, to permit. 
 The preterit cessi indicates that this word may be 
 from a root in Class Gs. See that Class, Xo. ()7, 
 Samaritan. See also Class Gd, and Cede and 
 
 CoXGE.] 
 
 1. To yield ; to admit as true, just, or proper ; to 
 grant ; to let pass undisputed ; as, the advocate con- 
 cedes the point in question ; this must not be conceded 
 without limitation. Boyle. 
 
 2. To allow ; to admit to be true. 
 
 eOX-Ci-.D'ED, pp. or a. Yielded ; admitted ; grant- 
 ed ; as, a question, proposition, fact, or statement, is 
 concednl. 
 
 €OX-CkD'IXG, ppr. Yielding ; admitting ; granting. 
 
 COX-CtilT', (kon-seet',) n. [It. concetto ; Sp. concep- 
 to i Port, conceito ,• L. conceptus, from cuncipio, to con- 
 ceive ; con anti capio, to take or seize.] 
 
 1. Ctmception ; that which is conceived, imagined, 
 or formed in the mind ; idea ; thought ; image. 
 
 In lau^hin^ ttiere ever precedeth n coy 
 lolls, and therefore it is proper to 1 
 
 2. Understanding ; power or faculty of conceiving ; 
 apprehension ; as, a man of quick conceit, [JVearty 
 antiquated.'] 
 
 How ol\eii dill her eyes say lo me that they loved ! yet I, not 
 looifing for soclt a matter, had not my conceit op^n to un. 
 dersland them. Sidnty. 
 
 3. Opinion ; notion ; fancy ; imagination ; fan- 
 tastic notion ; as, a strange or odd conceit. 
 
 I thou 
 
 conceit ? there is r 
 
 I hope 
 
 of a fool than ol Jiim. — Prov 
 
 4. Pleasant fancy ; gayety of imagination. 
 
 On the w^v to the oribbet, a ixeak took him in the he.id fo go 
 olf -.vitli a conceit. L*£strange. 
 
 5. Affected or unnatural conception. 
 
 Some to conceit aUine th?ir works confine. Pope. 
 
 6. Favorable or self-flattering opinion ; a lofty or 
 vain conception of one's own person or accomplish- 
 ments. 
 
 By a little study and a gr^at conceit of liimself, he has lost liis 
 
 religion. Benl'ty. 
 Out of conceit with ; not having a favorable opinion 
 of; no longer pleased witli ; as, a man is out of con- 
 ceit with his dress. Hence, to put one out of conceit 
 with, is to make him indifferent to a thing, or in a 
 degree displeased with it. Tillotson. Swift. 
 
 eOX-CKiT', I', t To conceive ; to imagine ; to 
 think ; to fancy. 
 
 Tlie strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are liiereby ren- 
 dered inactive. -South. 
 
 eOX^-CElT'ED, pp. Conceived ; imagined ; fancied. 
 
 2. part, a. Endowed with fancy or imagination. 
 [Ohs.] Knolles. 
 
 3. a. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's 
 self; having a vain or too high conception of one's 
 own i)crson or accomplishments ; vain. 
 
 If )oii think me too conctited. 
 
 Or 10 passion quickly ht-ated. Sioifl. 
 
 Followed by of before the object of conceit. 
 
 The Allienians were conceited of tlieir own wit, science, and 
 politeness. Benlley. 
 
 eON-CElT'ED-LY, adv. In a conceited manner ; 
 fancifully ; whimsically. 
 
 Co;iffitmi/y dress Iier. Donne. 
 
 eON-Cr:IT'EI)-XESS, H. The state of being con- 
 ceited ; conceit ; vanity ; an overweening tVmdnt^ss 
 of one's own person or endowments. Collier. 
 
 eOX-Cl'.lT'LESS, a. Of dull conce|)tion ; stupid; 
 dull of apprehension. [JVo/ in uxe.] Shah. 
 
 eOX-CKlV'A-Iil.E, a. [Fr. concevahle ; It. concepi- 
 bile; coneeptible. See Concei ve.] 
 
 1. Tliat may be imagined or thought ; capable of 
 being framed iu the mind by the fancy or imagina- 
 tion. 
 
 If It were possi'ile to contrive nn Invention, wlierr'by any con- 
 c«ivabu wvielit may be moved by any conceivable power. 
 
 2. That may l)e understood or believed. 
 
 It it not conceivalilt that it slioold be the very person, whoir 
 •hnpe and voic is nssnincil. Atlerbnry. 
 
 eON-CKl V'A-BLE-XESS, n. The quality of being 
 conceivable. 
 
 eoN-CEl V'A-nLY, aJu. In a conceivable or intelli- 
 gible manner. 
 
 eOX-CKlVE', (kon-seeve',) ». t. [Fr. concevoir ; It. 
 concepire; Sp. conccbir i Port, conceber ; L. concipio ; 
 con and capio, to take.] 
 
 1. To receive into the womb, and breed ; to begin 
 the formation of the embryo or fetus of an animal. 
 
 Then shall she be free and conceio* seed. — Num. v. Heb. xi. 
 E!i7alietli li.itli conceived a sou iu her olj a*e. — Luke i. 
 Iji sin did iny niullier conceive nie. — Ps. ll. 
 
 2. To form in the mind ; to imagine ; to devise. 
 They conceive miscliief and brin» forth vanity. — Job jcv. 
 Nebuctiaduezzar hath cor4Ccii>«i a purpose against you. — Jer. 
 
 xlix. 
 
 3. To form an idea in the mind ; to understand ; 
 to comprehend ; as, we cannot conceive the manner 
 in which spirit opeiates upon matter. 
 
 4. To think ; to be of opinion ; to have an idea; 
 to imagine. 
 
 You c.m )i \rdly conceive this man lo have been bred in the 
 same climate. Stpi/t. 
 
 eOX-CKIVE', ». !. To have a fetus formed in the 
 womb ; to breed ; to become pregnant. 
 
 Thou shall conceive and bear a son. — Judges xiii. 
 
 2. To think ; to have a conception or idea. 
 
 Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures. 
 
 Walts. 
 
 The grieveil commons 
 Hardly conceive of me. Shale. 
 
 3. To understand ; to comprehend ; to have a com- 
 plete idea of ; as, I can not concetve by what means 
 this event has bt^en produced. 
 
 eOX-CElV'i'D, (kiin-seevd',) pp. Formed in the 
 womb ; framed in the mind ; devised ; imagined ; 
 understood. 
 
 eOX-CElV'ER, n. One that conceives; one that 
 comprehends. 
 
 eOX-Ci5IV'I.\G, ppr. Forming a fetus in the womb ; 
 framing in the mind; imagining; devising; think- 
 ing; fxjmprehending. 
 
 €0IV-CkIV'IXG, n. Apprehension; conception. 
 
 S/iaJc. 
 
 eON-CEL'E-BR.\TE, v. t To celebrate together. 
 
 [JVot used.] Sherwood. 
 eOX-CEXT', n. [L. concentus, from coiicino, to sing 
 
 in accordance ; con and cano, to sing.] 
 
 1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; har- 
 mony ; as, a concent of notes. Baam. 
 
 2. Consistency ; accordance ; as, in concent to a 
 man's own principles. .^ttcrbury. 
 
 eOX-CEXT'ED, ;>ar/. a. Made to accord. Spenser. 
 eO.\-L'EX'TEIi, ( I'. 1. [Fr. conccntrcr ; It. concen- 
 €OX-CEX'TRE, ( trare ; Sp. and Port, concentrar; 
 con and L. centrum, a. center i Gr. K£i Toov,a goatl, 
 a sharp point, a center i kcvtcm, to prick or goad. 
 The primary sense is a point.] 
 
 To come to a point, or to meet in a common cen- 
 ter ; used of converging lines, or other things that 
 meet in a point. 
 
 All these are like so many lines drawn from several objects, 
 that in some way relate to him, and concenter in him. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 eOX-CE.\'TER, ) r. t. To draw or direct to a com- 
 €OX-CEX'TRE, j mon center; to bring to a point, 
 as two or more lines or other things. 
 
 The having a part lees lo animate, will serve to concenter the 
 spirits, and make Uiem more active iu the rest. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 €OX-CEX'TER-£D, ) pp. Brought to a common ccn- 
 €OX-CEN'TRED, j ter ; united in a point. 
 €OX-CEN'TEK-ING, >ppr. Tending to a common 
 €OX-CEX'TRIXG, ) center ; bringing to a cemer. 
 eOX-CEXT'FUL, a. Harmonious. Fotherbu- 
 eOX-CEX'TRATE, v. U [See Concenter.] To 
 bring to a common center, or to a closer union ; to 
 cause to approach nearer to .a point, or center ; to 
 bring nearer to each other ; as, to concentrate par- 
 ticles of salt by evaporating the water that holds 
 them in solution ; to concentrate the troops in an 
 army ; to concentrate rays of light into a focus. 
 2." To incri^ase the specific gravity of a body. 
 JVofc. — The verb concentrate is sometimes accented 
 on the first syllable. 'I'he reason is, with the pri- 
 mary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary 
 accent on the third, the pionnuc iation of the par- 
 ticiples, concentrating, concentrated, is much facil- 
 itated. 
 
 eO.\-CEX'TRA-TED, pp. or a. Brought to a point or 
 center ; brought to a closer union ; reduced to a nar- 
 row compass ; collected into a closer hotly. 
 
 eOX-CEX'TRA-TIXG, ppr. Hringing to a point or 
 to closer unitm ; collecting into a clo.ser body, or 
 narrow compass, 
 
 eON CE.\-TR A'TIOX, n. The art of concentrating ; 
 the act of bringing netirer togi'ther ; collection into 
 a central point ; compression into a narrow space ; 
 the st.nte of being brought lo a point. 
 
 2. In chemistrij, the volatilization of part of a 
 liquid, in order to increase the .strength of the re- 
 mainder. 
 
 CON-CEN'TRA-TIVE-XESS, n. ,\in(mg phrenolo- 
 f^ist.-i, tilt? power or faculty of concentnting the in- 
 It-llecttial force. 
 
 eOX-CE.N'TlUt', a. [It. coneentrieo ; Fr. conctntrique ; 
 L. eonccntricus \ con and centruni, center.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 840 
 
CON 
 
 Having a common center ; as, the concentric coats 
 of an onion ; the concentric orbits of Itje planets. 
 t'ON-CEN'TRie-AL-LY, adw. In a concentric man- 
 ner. 
 
 €ON-CEi\-TRIC'I-TY, ii. Sfate of beinc concentric. 
 eON-Cr.NT'lJ-AL, a [from concent.] ilarnionious ; 
 
 accordant.] }V<irltin. 
 €ON-Ct;i"'X A-CLE, n. [L. concept/iculum ; from con- 
 
 cipio. See Conceive.] 
 
 1. That in wliicli any thir.g is contained ; a vessel ; 
 a receiver, or receptacle. IfooUward. 
 
 2. In botany, a follicle ; a pericarp of one valve, 
 opening longitudinally on one side and having the 
 seeds loose in it. The term has also been applied to 
 the cases containing the reproductive organs of snch 
 plants as ferns. JIartiin. 
 
 €Oi\-CEl"'i'I-BLE, a. [See Conceivable.] That 
 may be conceived ; conceivable j intelligible. [jVu( 
 used.} llutc. 
 
 €ON-CEP'TION, 71. [L. coneeptio, from conr.ipio. 
 (See Conceive.) It. concexione; Sp. concepcion ; Vr. 
 conception.] 
 
 1. The act of conceiving ; the first formation of the 
 embryo or fetus of an animal. 
 
 1 will greatly niuluply thy sorrow nnd tliy conception. — 
 Ucii. iii. 
 
 2. The state of being conceived. 
 
 Joy had the like conceplion in our eyes. Shak. 
 
 3. In pneumatuloirti, apprehension of any thing by 
 the mind ; the act of conceiving in the mind ; that 
 mental act, or combination of acts, by which an idea 
 or notion is formed of an absent object of perce|>lion, 
 or of a sensation formerly felt. Whi n we see an 
 olij'Tt with our eyes open, we have a perception of 
 it ; when the same object is presented to the mind 
 with the eyes shut, in idea tmly, or in memory, we 
 have a conception of it. AVimeo-. Stctnart. Knetjc. 
 
 4. Conception may be sometimes used for the 
 power of conceiving ideas, as when we s;iy, a thing 
 IS not within our conception. Some writers liave de- 
 fined conception as a distinct faculty of the mind; 
 but it is considered by others as memory, and per- 
 haps with propriety. 
 
 Purpose conceived ; conception with reference 
 to the performance of an act ; as, note his dangerous 
 conception in this point. Snak, 
 G. \'iew or opinion ; apprehension ; knowledge. 
 
 All'l a* i( Ijeast* coiiceivf.l "li 
 Aiul thnl conception bhuiiM (I 
 
 7. Conceit ; affected seiilimcut or thought. [Rare.] 
 
 lie is too full of conceptions, ooiiilsor cnigram, (tnd witiicisii^s. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 €0.\-CEP'TIOUS, (kon-sep'shns,) a. Apt to con- 
 ceive ; fruitful ; pregniint. [A'ut now used.] Sliak. 
 
 €0.\-CEP'TlVE, a. Capable of conceiving. [Little 
 n.<rd.] Brawn. 
 
 CO\-CEP'Tir-.\L-IST, n. . One who maintains that 
 conceptions are the only universals in pliilosophy ; a 
 niiniinalist. J. .Murdoch. 
 
 eO.N'-CEUN', F. (. [Fr. conccriicr; li. concernerc ; ^p. 
 concrrnin tt> concern, to regaril, to belong to; Low 
 Latin concemo ; con and cernu, to separate, sift, di- 
 vide ; to see. If this is the true origin, as I suppose, 
 the primary sense is, to reach or e.\tend to, or to look 
 to, as we use retrard.] 
 
 1 . To rebate or belong to. 
 
 Prcuchin^ the kin<>^oin of CImt nnil teaching those thin^ 
 wLich concern tita LorU Jesus Christ. — Acts xxviii. 
 
 Q. To relate or belong to^ in an cmpliatiral man- 
 ner; to affect the interest of; to l»e of importance to. 
 Our wars with Prance h.^ve nlTected us in our mo«l tender 
 interests, and cuncsrnoi us iiiurc than those with any 
 « other iiAiion. Artditon, 
 It much concern* :it to fcure the favor and protection of 
 Uwl. Anon. 
 
 3. To interest or affect the passions ; to take an 
 interest in ; to engage by feeling or sentiment ; as, a 
 good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his 
 EUhjecls ; a kind parent concerns himself in the vir- 
 tuous education of his children. 
 
 ice, and no 
 Hogtrt. 
 
 4. To disturb ; to make uneasy ; as, to he much 
 concerned for the safely of a friend. Drrham. 
 
 5. To intermeddle ; as, we neetl not concern our- 
 selves with the affairs of our iieichbors. 
 
 CON-CER.\', n. That which relates or belongs to 
 one ; business ; affair ; a very general term, express- 
 ing whatever occupies the time and attention, or 
 BlVects the interests of a person. 
 
 Intermeddle not in the private concerns of a fam- 
 ily. Religion is the main eoiuern of a ratitnial being. 
 We have no concern in the private quarrels of our 
 neighbors. The industrious and jiriident occupy 
 their time witli their own concern.--. 
 
 2. Interest ; importance ; moment ; that which 
 affects the welfare or happiness ; as, to live in peace, 
 is a matter of no small concern to a nation. 
 
 Mysterious secreu of a hiyh concern, 
 
 And W'-i^hty truths, solid convmcini; sense, 
 
 explained hj uuaifected elM^uence. Roacommon. 
 
 3. Affection ; regard ; careful regard ; solicitude ; 
 
 ' They think themsokes 
 longer concerned t 
 
 It of the reach of Pn 
 ohcil his Uiat. 
 
 CON 
 
 anxiety ; as, why all this concern fur the poor things 
 of this life .' 
 
 Murcia, let nie hope thy kind concemt 
 
 And gentle wishes follow ine to hitltlc. Ad/liton. 
 An iiiipeiiileiit man feels no concern tor his soul. ^non. 
 
 4. Persons connected in business, or their affairs 
 in general ; as, a debt tliie to the \vht)Ie concern; a 
 loss afftH'tiiig tlie whole concern. Mercantile Usairc. 
 eo.\-CEllN'/';l), pp. or «. Interested ; engaged ; hav- 
 ing a connection with that which may affect the 
 intt;rest, welfare, tir h.'tppiness ; as, all men are con- 
 cerned in the pr()p:it.':iti(iii tif truth; we are concerned 
 in the virtuous ettiu atioii of our children. 
 
 2. Interi;sted in business ; liaving connection in 
 business ; as, A is concerned with U in the East 
 Intlia trade. Of an advocate or counselor we say, 
 he is concerned in tin; cause of A against ii. 
 
 3. Uegariliiig with care ; solicittms ; anxious ; as, 
 we an; concerned for the fate of our fleet. 
 
 €ON-CEUN'EI)-LY, adr. With affection or interest. 
 eON-CEIti\'INt;,/);<r. Pertaining to ; regarding; hav- 
 ing relation to. 
 
 The I.onI hath spoken pood concerning Israel. — Num. x. 
 
 1 have acccpteil tliec concerning tills thin*. — Gen. xix. 
 This woril has been considered as a prejiosition, 
 
 but most improperly; concerning, when so called, re- 
 fers to a verb, sentence, or pro|)osition ; as, in the first 
 example, the word applies tt) the preceding aflirma- 
 tion. Tlie Lord hath spoken good, which speaking 
 good is concemino Israel. Concerninir, in this case, 
 refers to the first clause of the sentence. 
 eoN-CERN'MENT, n. The thing in which one is 
 concerned or interested ; concern ; affair ; business ; 
 interest. 
 
 To mix with thy concernments I desist. btilton. 
 
 Propositions wlilcli extend only to the present life, are small, 
 coiiipiiretl with those that have inlluence upon our everlast- 
 ing concernnienls. Hairs. 
 
 The great concernwicnf of men is willi men. Locke. 
 
 2. A particular bearing upon the interest or hap- 
 piness of one; importance; moment. 
 
 Experimental truths are matters of great conccmmeni to 
 mankind. Boyle. 
 
 3. Concern ; interposition ; meddling ; as, the 
 father had no concernment in the marriage of his 
 dauglitt'r. In this sense, we generally use concern. 
 
 4. Emotion of mind ; solicitude ; as, their ambition 
 is manifest in ilieir concernment. In this sense, con- 
 cern is generally use»!. 
 
 eO.N-CEKT', r. U [It. concerfire. So contrive; Sp. 
 concerlar, to agree, to aiijust, to coven.int ; Port. id. ; 
 Fr. cnncertcr; from L. concerto, to slrive together; 
 r.on and certo, to strive. Ths i;ri!ns.'fy sense is, to set 
 or act together.] 
 
 To contrive and settle by mutual communication 
 of opinions or propositions ; to settle or adjust, as a 
 plan or system to be pursued, by conference or agree- 
 ment of two or more parties ; lus, to concert meas- 
 ures ; to concert a plan of operations. 
 
 €ON'CERT, 71. Agreement of two or more in a de- 
 sign or plan ; union formed by mutual coininunica- 
 tion of opinions and views ; accordance in a sclieme ; 
 harmony ; as^ the allies were frustrated for want of 
 concert in tlicir operations ; the emperor and the pope 
 acted in concert. 
 
 2. A number or company of musicians, playing 
 or singing the same piece of music at the same 
 time ; or the music of a company of players or sing- 
 ers, or of both united. 
 
 3. A singing in company. 
 
 4. Accordance ; harmony. 
 eON'CERT-PITClI, 71. In wu.tie, the pitch or degree 
 
 of elevation generally adopted for a given note, and 
 bv which the other notes are governed. P. Cijc. 
 €0'N-CERT-A'T10.\, n. Strife ; contention. [LtUle 
 tiscd. ] • 
 
 eON-CERT'A-TIVE, a. Contentious; quarrelsome. 
 CON-CERT'ED, pp. or a. Mutually contrived or 
 planned. 
 
 €Oi\-CERT'I.\0, ppr. Contriving together. 
 
 eO.V-CEItT'0, 71. [It.] A piece of music composed 
 for a particular instrument, which bears tlie greatest 
 part in it, or in which tlie performance is partly 
 alone, and partly accomiianied by other parts. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 eON-CES'SION, (kon-sesh'un,) ti. [L. conccssio, from 
 concedo. Sec Concede.] 
 
 1. The act of granting or yielding ; usually imply- 
 ing a demand, claim, or retpiest, from the party to 
 whom it is made, and thus distinguished from ^^ii;- 
 in^, which is voluntary or spontaneous. 
 
 The concsssion of these charters was in a parliamentary way. 
 
 Hals. 
 
 2. The thing yielded ; as, in the treaty of peace, 
 each power made large conces.<!ions. 
 
 3. In rhetoric, or debate, the yielding, granting, or 
 allowing, to the op|>osite party, some point or fact 
 that may bear dispute, with a view to obtain some- 
 thing which can not be denied, or to show that, even 
 ailmitting the point conceded, the cause is not with 
 the adverse party, but can be maintained by the ad- 
 vocate on other grounds. 
 
 4. Acknowledgment by way of apology; confes- 
 sion of a fault. 
 
 CON ii 
 
 eO.\-CES'SION-A-KY, o. Yielding by indulgence or 
 allowance. 
 
 eON-CES'SION-IST, n. One who is in ftivor of mak- 
 ing concessions. 
 
 eON-CES'SIVE, a. Implying concession; as, a con- 
 cessive conjunction. Lmelli. 
 
 eON-CES'SI VE-LY, ai/ij. Hy way of ctmcession or 
 yielding ; by way of admitting what may be dis- 
 putable. Brown. 
 
 €0.\-CES'SO-RY, a. Conceding; yielding. 
 
 €Oi\-CET''l'0, 71. [It. See Conceit.] Allected wit ; 
 conceit. [JV*i;( F.ntrlisk, nor in use.] Hhcjistone. 
 
 eo.NCll, (koiik,) H. [L. ciineha; Gr. Koyxji ; It. canca f 
 Sp. cunr/m; Fr. conqur ; jirobably W. i;octf^, cockles, 
 and pi'rlin|is allieil to cofiatr, to frown, to knit the 
 brows, that is, to wrinkle. See Cancer.] 
 A marine shell. 
 
 Adds orient pearls, which from the conctis he drew. 
 
 Vryden. 
 
 eONCII'I-FER, (koiik'e-fer,) n. [L. concAa, a shell, 
 
 and ftro, to bear.] 
 An animal that prtxltices or is covered with a shell, 
 
 as the tortoise ; applied particulartij to bivalvt; mol- 
 
 lilsks. Cuvier. Kirby. 
 
 eOiVeiMF'ER-OUS, a. Producing or having shells. 
 eONCH'ITE, (konk'ite,) n. A fossil or petrificil conch 
 
 or shell. Aul. Uisl. 
 
 eONeil'Oin, (konk'oid,) n. [coiii;/i, supra, and Gr 
 
 tir!o{, form.] 
 
 The name of a curve, given to it by its inventor, 
 Nicoinedes. 
 
 CONCH-OID'AL, a. In mineraloiry, having curved 
 elevations or depressions, in form like the valve of a 
 bivalve shell ; applietl only to a stirtace produced by 
 fracture; the fracture, when of the kind described, 
 is saiti to be conchoiilol. Dana. 
 
 eOXeH-0-LOG'IC-AL,o. [SeeCoNCHOLoov.] Per- 
 taining to conchology. 
 
 eoNCII-OL'O-CilST, II, One versed in the natural 
 history of shells ; one who studies the nature, prop- 
 erties, and litibits, of shells and their included 
 animals. 
 
 eO.N'eil-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. <to) xr,, a shell, and Aoj oj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 'I'he doctrine or .science of shells and the animals 
 
 that inhabit them. 
 eo\€II-Oi\I'E-TER, 71. [Gr. kojx'i, a shell, and 
 
 ptrpzo), to measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring shells. Barnes. 
 eONCH-YL-I-A'CEOUS, (-shiis,) a. [from concA] 
 
 Pertaining to shells ; resembling a shell ; a.s, conchyC- 
 
 iaceons impressions. Kincan. 
 eONeH-YL-I-OL'O-OlST, ) [from L. concliylinm, a 
 eo\eiI-YL-I-OL'0-CY. i shell-fish.] See Conch- 
 
 OLOGIST alltt ClINCHOLOcy. 
 
 eONeil-YL-I-OiM'E-TRY, 7i. [L. conchylium, and Gr. 
 
 p€T00l:] 
 
 T. he art or science of measuring shells or their 
 curves. 
 
 €Oi\CII-YL'I-OUS, a. Of the nature or species of 
 shells. _ 
 
 COX'CIa-TOR, 71. In ffl4L^.-!-icorIis, the person who 
 weighs and proportions the sail on ashes and sand, 
 and who works and tempers them. Enci/c. 
 
 COJV-CIERdE', (kon-sarj',) n. [Fr.] A keeper, as 
 of a prison, a palace, &c. 
 
 eON-CIL'I-A-BLi:, 71. [L. eonciliabutum.] 
 
 A small .assembly. [.Vot in use.] Bacon. 
 
 eON-CIL'I-.'\R, a. [from L. concilium, a council.] 
 Pertaining or relating to a council. [Little used.] 
 
 eON-CIL'I-ATE, (kon-sil'e--.te,) v. t. [L. roncilio, to 
 draw or bring together, to unite ; a coiiipoiiiid of cun 
 and coin, Gr. miXk.i, to call ; Cli. ^S^N in .\\ih., from 
 •'^D, nV^, or nVi, to hold or keep, to trust, to finish, 
 to call, to thunder; W. galic. The primary sense of 
 the root is, to strain, stretch, tirive, or tiraw. Calling 
 is a straining or driving of voice. .See Class Gl, No. 
 32, 36, 48, 4!) ; and see Coe.Neii..] 
 
 1. To lead or draw to, by moral influence or 
 power; to win, gain, or engage, as the affections, 
 favor, or good-will ; as, politeness and hospitality 
 conciliate affection. 
 
 2. To reconcile, or bring to a state of friendship, 
 as persons at variance. We say, an attempt has 
 been made to conciliate the contending parties 
 
 eON-CIL'I-A-TEI), pp. Won ; gained ; engaged by 
 moral inlluence, as by favor or affection ; reconciletJ. 
 
 eO.N'-CIL'I-A-Tl.\G, ;i;/r. Winning; engaging; rec- 
 onciling. 
 
 2. a. Winning ; having the quality of gaining 
 favor ; as, a cnncihatinir adtiress. 
 
 eOX-CIL-I-A'TIO.N', 71. The act of winning or gain- 
 ing, as e.stcem, favor, or affection ; reconciliation. 
 
 eOi\-CIL'I-A-TOIl, 71. One who conciliates or recon- 
 ciles. 
 
 €ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RV, a. Tending to conciliate or 
 reconcile ; tending to make jM-ace between iK'rsons 
 at variance ; pacilic ; as, the general made concilia- 
 tory prtiiKisitions to the insurgents ; the legislature 
 adopted concdiatory measures. 
 
 CON-CIN'NI-TY, 71. [L. concinnita."*, from eondnnus. 
 fit, concinno, to fit or prepare ; either friun con anil 
 caiio, to sound in accord, tir the last constituent of 
 the word may be the Ileb.and Ch. "3, to fit or adapt.] 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C a* K ; 6 aj J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THI3. 
 
 31 
 
 241 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 1. Fitness; suitabltiiess ; neatness. [Little used.] 
 
 2. A jinslinj: of words. Ti/nclutt. 
 eON-CUVNOUt", a. [L. concinnus. See Concin- 
 
 NITV.] 
 
 Fit ; suitable ; agreeable ; becoming ; pleasant ; as, 
 a coiicinnoa.' interval in music ; a concinnous system. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 COJVCr-O AD CLE'RUM, (kon'she-o,) [L.J A ser- 
 mon to tile clergv. 
 
 eO.N'ClO-JVA-Tui!, n. [Infra.] A preacher. [JV«« 
 in tis€.\ 
 
 eO.\'Cl6-N.\-TO-RY, a. [L. concimatorius, from 
 
 cmtcin^ an assembly.] 
 Pertaniing to preaching or discourses to public 
 
 assemblies. Howel. 
 eON-ClSE', a. [L. concistis, cut off, brief, from con- 
 
 cijlo; cm and cieUo, to cut. See Class Gd, Mo. 2, 4, 
 
 8, 49, 59.] 
 
 Brief; short, applied to l.mguage or style; con- 
 taining few words ; comprehensive ; couiprtlu nding 
 much in few words, or the principal matters only ; 
 as, in Genesis we have a cuncise account of the 
 creation. 
 
 Tlie concise style, which expresS'-lh not enough, but leaves 
 
 soinewhal io be uniieniloutl. ^ B. Junson. 
 
 Where tiie author is too briet'aiid concise^ amplify .i hdlrr. 
 
 WutU. 
 
 €OX-CISE'LY, adv. Briefly ; in few words ; com- 
 prehensively. 
 
 eOX-CISE'.VESS, n. Brevity in speaking or wri- 
 ting ; as, concL-ieness should not be studied at the ex- 
 pense of perspicuity. 
 eoX-CIS'ION, (kon-sizh'un,) n. [Low L. coucisio, 
 from concisuTity ojncido, to cut olT; It. coucisioiie.] 
 Literal!]/, a cutting otf. Hence, 
 In Scripture, the Jews, or those who adhered to 
 circumcision, which, after our Savior's death, was 
 no longer a seal of the covenant, but a mere cutting 
 of the flesh. 
 
 Beware of (lo^s ; beware of the concision. — Phil. iii. 
 eON-CI-TA'TIOX, n. [L. concitntio, from concito, to 
 stir or disturb ; con and cito, to stir.] 
 The act of stirring up, exciting, or putting in nio- 
 eON-ClTE', V. U [L. conciio.] [tion. 
 
 To excite. [A'oi in twe.] 
 eOX-CIT'ED, ;;;). Excited. 
 €ON-CIT'ING, ppr. Exciting. 
 €0.\-CIT'I-Z£.\, n. A fellow-citizen. 
 €0X-CL.-V-.Ma'T10N, n. [L. ctmclamatio, from con- 
 clamo : con and clamo, to cry out. See Claim.] 
 An outcrj- or shout of many together. Did. 
 COX'CLaVE, n. [L. conclace, an inner room; con 
 and clacis, a key, or from the same root, to make 
 fast.] 
 
 1. A private apartment, particularly the room in 
 which the cardinals of the Roman C;itholic church 
 meet in priv;icy, for the election of a pope. It con- 
 sists of a range of small cells, or apartments, stand- 
 ing in a line along the galleries and hall of the Vati- 
 can. Kncyc. 
 
 2. The .assembly or meeting of the cardinals, shut 
 up for the election of a pope. Encyc. 
 
 3. A private meeting ; a close assembly. Oarth. 
 €ON'€L.\-VIST, H. All allcniiant whom a cardinal 
 
 is allowed to take with him into the conclave for the 
 choice of a pope. Encyc. Jim. 
 
 €OX-€LuDE', V. U [L. concludo : cm and clauiln, or 
 cUdo, to shut; Gr. tXti^'iw, or (tXtio), contracted ; 
 It. cunchiudrre ; Sp. concluir ; Port. id. ; Ft. cuiiclure. 
 The sense is, to stop, make f;ist, shut, or rather to 
 thrust together. Hence, in Latin, claiulo signifies to 
 halt or limj), that is, to stop, as well as to shut. See 
 
 1. To shut. 
 
 The very j>?rsoii of Christ — was only, touching bodily sub- 
 stance, corMuded in ili'r grave. JJookir. 
 [This use of the word is imcommon.] 
 
 2. To include ; to comprehend. 
 
 For God Iiath concluded Iheiii all in unbelief. — Rom. xi. 
 The Scripture liath conclatUd all umtcr sin. — Gal. iii. 
 
 The meaning of the word in the latter passage may 
 be, to declare irrevocably, or to doom. 
 
 3. To coUea by reasoning ; to infer, as from prem- 
 ises ; to close an argument by inferring. 
 
 Therefore we conclude, ih il a man is justifieil by faith willioul 
 the deeds of the law. — Koin. iii. 
 
 4. To decide ; to determine ; to make a final judg- 
 ment ur determination. 
 
 As touching the Geuiiks who believe, we have written and 
 concluded that Ihey observe no such thing. — iluni. xi. 
 
 5. To end ; to finish. 
 
 1 will eonctwU Uiis part with the speech of b counselor of 
 ■tiite. Bacon. 
 
 6. To slop or restrain, or,a» in law, to estop from 
 further argumimt or prnceeiliiigs ; to oblige or bind, 
 a-t by autliority, rtr by tme's own tirgitinenl or ctm- 
 cension ; ctrnt'r.'illy in tjie passive ; us, llie d<;fendaiil 
 is concluded by his otvn plea. 
 
 If lliey will appeal to revelation for tbelr creation, tliey must be 
 eonetudM^t hy U. /JaU. 
 
 I do nut cuiuider Itie dscislun of Ibat motion, upon artldavlta, lo 
 aniuinit to a rta Judicata, 4rhich ou;;ht tu cone/u//tf the 
 prevent intjuiry. Kent. 
 
 eOX-CLuDE', 
 determine. 
 
 ■the world will conclude I had 
 
 To infer, as a conseiiuencc to 
 
 But this verb is really transitive. The world will 
 
 conclude that I had a irnilty conscience — tjiat is here 
 the object, teferritig to the subsetjuent clause of the 
 sentence. [See verl) transitive, .No. 3.] 
 
 2. To settle opinion ; to form a final judgment. 
 
 Cm\ -Af. conclude upon Luther's instability, as our author has 
 done t Alleriury. 
 
 3. To end. 
 
 A train of lies, 
 
 That, made il^ Inst, conclude in perjuries. Dry len. 
 
 The old fonn of expression, to conclude of, is no 
 louL'cr in use. 
 
 eoX-CLuD'ED, pp. Shut; ended; finished; deter- 
 mined ; inferred ; comprehended ; stopped, orbtnind. 
 
 eOX-CLUD'EX-CY, n. Inference ; logical deduction 
 from premises. Hale. 
 
 eOX-€LUL)'EXT, a. Bringing ttf a close ; decisive. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 eON-CLtSD'ER, n. One who concludes. Mountanu. 
 
 eOX eLOD'IXG, ppr. Shutting ; ending ; determin- 
 ing ; inferring; comprehending. 
 
 2. a. Final; euiling; closing; as, the concluding 
 sentence of an essay. 
 
 eOX-CLuD'IXG-LY, adv. Conclusively; with in- 
 controvertible evidence. [Little i/wct/.] Digby. 
 
 eOX-€LC'SI-BLE, a. That may be concluded°or in- 
 ferred ; determinable. [Little used.] Hammond. 
 
 eOX-CLC'SIOX, (kon-klQ'zhun,) n. [L. conclasio.] 
 
 1. End ; clt>se ; the last jiart ; as, the conclusum of 
 an address. 
 
 2. The close of an argument, debate, or reasoning; 
 inference that ends the discussion ; final result. 
 
 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter ; Pear God, 
 and keep his connnandinents ; for this is the whole duty of 
 man. — Ecctes. xii. 
 
 3. Determination ; final decision ; as, after long 
 debate, the housa of commons came to this conclusion. 
 
 4. Consequence ; inference ; that which is col- 
 lected or drawn from premises ; particularly deduc- 
 tion from jiropositions, facts, experience, or reasoning. 
 
 5. The event of experiments ; experiment. _ 
 We practice all conclu. 
 
 Ue used.\ 
 
 C. Confinement of the thoughts ; silence. [jVot 
 ■tLied.] Shak. 
 eO.\-eLu'SIOX-AL, a. Concluding. [JVot used.] 
 eOX-CLU'SIVE, a. [It. conclu.>ico.] [Hooper. 
 
 1. Final ; decisive ; as, a conclusive answer to a 
 proposition. . 
 
 2. Decisive; giving a final determination; pre- 
 cluding a further act. 
 
 The agreeing votes of both houses were not, l>y any law or 
 reasoti, conc.'ustue lo my judgment. J^ing Charles. 
 
 3. Decisive ; concluding the question ; putting an 
 end to debate ; as, a conclusive argument. 
 
 4. Regularly consequential. 
 
 Men, not knowing the true forms of syllogisms, can not know 
 whether they are made in right and coiKlusive utodes 
 and figures. Locke. 
 
 eON-CLu'SIVE-LY, adv. Decisively; with final 
 tletcrinination ; as, the point of law is conclusively 
 settled. 
 
 etJX CLO'SIVE-XESS, 71. The quality of being 
 cttndusive, or decisive ; the jiower of determining 
 the opinion, or of .settling a qiU!stion ; as, the eunclu- 
 sincne-HS of eviilence, or of an argument. Hale. 
 
 eOX CLu'SO-RY, a. Conclusive. 
 
 eUX-e(>-AG'U-LATE,i;.(. [t;i.ii and cou^u/afe.] To 
 curdle or congeal one thing with another. Bot/le. 
 
 eOX-eO-AG'U-L.^-TED, pp. Curdled ; concreted. 
 
 eO.X eO-AG'U-LA-TIXG, p;ir. Concreting; curdling. 
 
 eOX-eO-AG-l|-LA'TIOX,M. a ciagulating together, 
 as different substances, or bodies, in one mass. 
 Crystallization of different salts in the same men- 
 struum. Coxe. 
 [ This word w little used.] 
 
 GO.N-CO.C1'', f, /. [L. concoqtto, concoctum ; con and 
 coijuo, to cook. See Cook.] 
 
 1. To digest by the stomach, so as to turn food to 
 chyle or nutriment. 
 
 The vital functions are performed by general and constant laws; 
 the food i» concocted. Cheyne. 
 
 2. To purify or sublime ; to refine by separating 
 the gross or extraneous matter ; as, concocted venom. 
 
 Thunuon, 
 
 3. To ripen. [Obs.] 
 
 Fruits and grains are half a year in concaclini;. Bacon. 
 
 4. Fiiruraticchj, to form and prepare in the mind ; 
 as, to concoct a sfbi'iiie. 
 
 eo.N'-CDCT'ED, pp. or (I. Digested ; purified ; rijicned. 
 CI).\-e<)CT'ER, n. A person who concocts. 
 CON eOCT'l.S'G, ;);»r. Digesting ; purifying ; ripening, 
 cox COC'TION, n. [L. concoctio.] 
 
 I. Digestion or solution in tlie stomach ; the pro- 
 cess by which ftmil is tiinifil into chyle, t»r otherwise 
 prepareil to ninirisli tlii^ bmly ; thi; change which 
 fiKjd undi.'rgoes in the stomach. Coxc. Kncyc, 
 
 3. iMaturiition ; the procesH by which morbid mat- 
 
 ter is sep:irati il I'lum the blood or liuiiiurs, or iXlier- 
 wise cliaiigeil and prepared to be thrown off. Coxe. 
 
 3. A ripening ; the acceleratitni of any thing to- 
 ward perfection. ./ohnson. 
 
 eO.V-COCT'IVE, a. Digesting; having the power of 
 digesting or ripenintr. jMiltim. 
 
 eoX'COL-OR, (-kul-lur,) a. Of one color [.V..( in 
 use.] Bniien. 
 
 eoX-eO.M'I-TAXCE, ) n. [L. con and comitor, to 
 
 €0.\ CO.M'I-T,i.\-CY, j accompany, from comes, a 
 companion. See CotJNT.] 
 
 .\ being together, or in connection with another 
 thing. 
 
 The secun lary action siHisisteth not alone, but in concomitanar 
 with th" other. Brown. 
 
 eOX eO.M'I-T.^XT, a. .Accompanying ; conjoined 
 with ; concurrent ; attending. 
 
 iiex to severil objects a 
 Locke. 
 
 It has ple.as''d our wise Creator to 
 ronfo'/iiM;»l ple.isure. 
 
 eO.\-€O.M'I-TAXT, 71. A ct.inpanion ; a person or 
 tiling that accompanies another, or is collaterally con- 
 nected. It is seldom applied to persons. 
 
 The other cojtcomilant ol ingratitude is liard-heartedness. 
 
 South. 
 
 Reproach is a cotico/riitant to greatness. Addison. 
 
 eOX eOJI'I-TAXT-LY, adv. In company with oth- 
 ers. Pearson. 
 
 €0.\ eOM'I-TATE, V, t. To accompany or attend ; 
 to be collaterally connected. [JVot used.] Harvey. 
 
 COX'CORD, 71. [Fr. cnncorde: L. conrordia, from con- 
 cars, of con and cor, cordis, the heart. See Accord.] 
 
 1. Agreement between persons; union in opinions, 
 sentiments, views, or interests ; peace ; harmony. 
 
 What concord liath Christ with Reli.al ? — 2 Cor. vi. 
 
 2. Agreement between things ; suitableness; har- 
 mony. 
 
 If, nature's concord iToite, 
 Among the constellations, war were sprung. Milton. 
 
 3. In miuiic, consent of sounds ; liarmoRy ; the re- 
 lation between two or more sounds which are agree- 
 able to the ear. [See Chord.] 
 
 Th- man that hatli not music in himself, 
 
 ,1 with concord of sweet sounds. 
 
 N..I 
 
 Is fit for tre.ts 
 
 Snak. 
 
 4. A compact ; an agreement by stipulation ; treaty. 
 
 Dacies. 
 
 5. In law, an agreement between the parlies in a 
 fine, made by leave of the court. This is an ac- 
 knowledgment from the deforciants that the land in 
 question is the right of the complainant. 
 
 Blockstonc. 
 
 6. In grammar, agreement of words in constnic- 
 tion, as atljectives with nouns in gender, iiiiiiiber, 
 and case, or verbs with nouns or pronouns in niiin- 
 ber and [lerson. Or concord may signify the system 
 of rules for construction called syntux. 
 
 Form of concord, in ccclesia..:ticai history, is a book 
 among tiie Lutherans cimtaining a system of doc- 
 trines to he subscribed as a condition of communion, 
 composed at IVirgau in l^ld. Knci/c. 
 eoX-CORD'A-ULE, «. That may accord ; agree'ing; 
 hariiioiiious. 
 
 eOX-CORD'.A-RLY, «f/c. With agreement. Rogers. 
 eOX-CORD'.A.NCE, H. [Fr. concordance : It. conror- 
 
 dunia; L. concordans, (ritm concordo, to agree. See 
 
 Concord.] 
 
 1. Agreement. In this sense Accordance is gencr- 
 
 2. In grammar, concord. [JVof u.ied.] [ally u.sed. 
 
 3. .\ tlictionary or iiiilex in which all the principal 
 words used in the Scriptures are arranged aljiliabet- 
 ically, and the book, chapter, and verse, in w liich 
 each word occurs, are noted ; designed to assist an 
 inquirer in finiling any passage of Scripture, by 
 means of any leading word in a verse which he can, 
 recollect. 
 
 eON-COKD'AX-CY, n. Agreement. Mouatagu. 
 eOX-CORD'.'VXT, a. Agreeing; agreeable; corre- 
 
 sponilent ; harmonious. Brown. 
 eOX-eORD'AXT, 71. That which is accordant. 
 
 .Mountagu. 
 
 eO.\'-CORD'.\XT-LY, adv. In ctmjiinction. 
 eoX-C<JKD'.\T, 11. An .-icreenu nt matle tiy a tem|X>- 
 
 ral sovereign with the pope relatiw to ecclesiastical 
 
 in;itters. 
 
 2. In the canon law, a compact, covenant, or agree- 
 ment concerning some beneticinry matter; as, a res- 
 ignation, permutation, |>romotion, and tlie like. 
 eON CORD'lST, 71. The compiler of a coiict>rdance. 
 
 Ch. Ob.icrrer, March, Ii*ll. 
 eO.V-COR'PO-UATE, V. u [L. concorporo, of can and 
 corpus, a bod\".J 
 
 'I'o unite diflerent things in one mass or body ; to 
 incorporate, [/.illle luicd.] Taylor. 
 eo.N'-COR'PO-UATE, p. i. To unite in one nuuss or 
 
 btitly. Clcavcland, 
 CO.\ 'COR'PO-R.^ TF.D, pp. United in n mass or body. 
 CO.V-C(.>R'PO-R.\-TI.NG, p;>r. Uniting in a mass or 
 btnlv. 
 
 CO.X COR PO RA'TIO.X, n. Union of things In one 
 mass or body. 
 
 eo.N'C(")rRSi;, «. [Fr. concnurs; Sp. conciirso; It 
 cnncorso ; L. ctmriir.vH.v, from concurro, to riltl tugelll- 
 er ; con tfiitl curro, to run.] 
 
 FATE, FAtt, FiVLL, WH*T. MSTE, PllfiV. piNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, .MOVE, WQLl-, ItQQK.— 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 1. A moving, flowing, or running togetlicr ; con- 
 fluence ; as, a furtuitous conco-^rae of atoms ; a con- 
 coiime of men. 
 
 2. A meeting ; an assembly of men ; an assemblage 
 of tilings j a collecti(m formed l)y a voluntary or spon- 
 taneous moving and meeting in one place. Jicts xix. 
 
 ;t. The place or point of inecling, or a meeting ; the 
 point of junetiou of two bodies. 
 
 Thf (Irup begin to niuvu toward tbe concourtt of Iho 
 j*l.tsa.'.i. yewton. 
 
 f Tills application Li uniufual.] 
 CON t'RE-ATE', V. t. [con and cre/ite; It. concreare.] 
 To create with, or at the same time. 
 
 Dr. Taylor iiiki^tt thit it is incoiisi^ttMit with ttie nature of 
 virtiif tliAt il klioiiltt Lie concrcated willi any (htsuii. 
 
 EdtoaMe^ Orig. Sitt, 
 
 eoN-CRK-AT'CD, pp. or a. Created at the same 
 tliii", or ill union witli. 
 
 t"0.\' t'KKD'IT, r. f. To intrust. [Ml aseJ.] Barrow. 
 
 CON'-CIIK-.MA'TIOX, ii. coiicrciiio, to burn to- 
 
 gether; con and crniwj U) Imrn.] 
 
 The net of htirning dilferent things togetlier. [Lit- 
 tlr iised.] 
 
 ei)N"eRG-.ME.N"r, «. n,ow L. concremcntum, from 
 roiicrcsro^ to grow together. See Cqncreti:.] 
 
 .\ growing logetlier , the collection or mass fiirmeil 
 hy concretion, tir natural union. Half. 
 
 CO.N-CHKS'CICN'CE, h. [L. concresceiitiay concrcsco. 
 
 t»ee (.*i)SCRETK.] 
 
 (Jrowth or increase ; the act of growing or increas- 
 ing by spontaneous union, or the coalescence ttf sejv 
 ante particles. Ralegh. 
 eON CKKS'Cl-BLE, a. Ca|Kiblo of concreting ; that 
 may congeal or be changed from a liquid to a solid 
 state. 
 
 Tlicy r^rmnl .1 g^enuiiit*, (ixrd, concretciltle oil. J^ureroy. 
 eo\'CllK'I'E, a. [L. coHcreliis, from coiirrr.ico, to grow 
 together ; con and cresco, to grow. See tfRow.] 
 
 1. /.iterallij, united in growth. Hence, formed by 
 coalition of sepanite particles in one body ; consist- 
 ent in a mass ; united in a solid form. 
 
 Th<r 6r»t coticriU st.-ite or txtiiisistenl surface of tiic chnos. 
 
 Burnt I. 
 
 2. In loirie, existing in a subject ; not abstract ; as, 
 the white siiotD. Here whiteness is considered as ex- 
 isting in the snow, and not as a sc|)arate thing. 
 
 Concrete termi, while th'-y expr»-f* the qnality, <lo niso ex- 
 preu, or u»[>Iy, or rel'T to .i •uljecl to which thev l*"loiig. 
 
 ■ Walls. 
 
 3. A concrete number expresses or denotes a parlic- 
 • ular subject ; .is, three men ; but when we use a 
 
 number without reference to a particular subject, as 
 three or /of, we use the term in the abstract. 
 
 Barlow. Bailnj. 
 
 4. In phonoloaij, a concrete sound, dV movement of 
 the voice, is one which slides lontinuoiisly up or 
 down, as distinguished, from a discrete movement, 
 in which the voice leaps nt once from one line of 
 pitch to another. Rush. 
 
 eo.VeRKTE, 71. .\ compound ; a mass formed by 
 concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of sep- 
 arate particles of matter in one body. 
 
 Gold is A porous eontreu. Bentley. 
 2. In philosophy^ a mass or compound body, made 
 up of dilTerent ingredients ; a mixed body or mass. 
 
 Soitp is n fauilious concrete. Encyc. 
 
 X In logic, a concrete term ; a term that includes 
 both the quality and the subject iu which it exists ; 
 a:?, nitrrum, a black thing. .^inswnrth. 
 
 A. In architecture, a mass of stone chippings, jwb- 
 bles, gLc.j cemented by mortar, laid at the foundation 
 of walls 111 s|H>ngy soils. Brande. 
 
 CO.N'-CRkTE', r. i. To unite or coalesce, as separate 
 particles, into a mass or solid IxHly, chiefly by spon- 
 taneous cohesion, or other natural process ; as, saline 
 particles concrete into crysL'iIs ; blood conrreic* in a 
 bowl. Applied to soiiit^ substances, it is equivalent 
 to indurate : as, metallic matter co/icrrtcs* into a hard 
 botty. .Xpplieti to other substances, it is equivalent 
 to C4}nirealf thicken^ in.tpi.tAate, coagulate^ as in the 
 concreliiin of blootl. Arbulhiiot, M'oodicard. .Vcteton. 
 
 C().\-t'RF.TE', r. f. Ti) form a mass by the cohesion 
 or malescence of separate particles. Hate. 
 
 Co.N'-CRioT'EI), pp. or a. L'liited into a solid mass; 
 coiim nli'd, inspissated, clotted. 
 
 CD.N'-CKiJTE'EY, adr. In a concrete manner ; in a 
 manner to include the subject with the predicate ; 
 not abstractly. .Vurrw. 
 
 eoX-CRK TE'.NESS, >i. A slate of being concrete ; 
 rtKiinilalion. 
 
 CON'-CRkT'I.VG, pjyr. Coalescing or congealing in a 
 mass; becoming thick ; making solid. 
 
 eo.N-CRK'TlO.N, (kon-krC'shiin,) 11. The act of con- 
 creting ; the process by which soft or fliiiil bodies 
 become thick, consistent, .solid, or hard ; the .act of 
 growing together, or of uniting, by other natural pro- 
 cess, the small particles of matter into a nuuss. 
 
 2. The ina-ss or solid matter formed by growing to- 
 gether, by congelation, condensalioii, coagulation, or 
 indumlitin ; a clot ; a lump ; a solid substance formed 
 in the wn parts or in the cavities of animal bodies. 
 
 €0.\-eRK'T10\-AL, a. Pertaining to concretion. 
 
 eON-CRK'TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to or made 
 up of ciMicretions ; producing concretnms. Hitchcock. 
 
 GOi\-eRl';''i'l VE, a. Ctiusing to concrete; having 
 power to produce concretion ; tending to form a 
 soliil nuuss from separate particles ; as, concrclire 
 juices. _ Brown. 
 
 eO.N'-CRK'TIiRE, M. A mass formed by concretion. 
 [JV(i( u.srd.] 
 
 eoN-CREVV', (kru',) r. i. To grow together. [JVof 
 w.tTt/?^ Sprn.-icr. 
 
 €0.\-t:RI,M-I.\-A'TIO.\, n. A itiint accusation. 
 
 €Oi\-eu'I!I.\-AGE, n. [Fr. See Coni i'hi.m:.] The 
 act or practice of cohabiting, as man and wimiau, iu 
 sexual commerce, without the aiiliiority of law or a 
 legal marriage. In a more acniral scn.^r, litis word 
 is used to express any criminal or pridiibileil si \ual 
 commerce, including adultery, ince.sl, and foriii- 
 catioii. 
 
 Ill some countries, concubinage is marriage of an 
 interior kinil, or performed with less soleiiiiiity tli:iii 
 a true or formal marriage ; or marritige with a 
 woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband 
 does not convey his rank or quality. This is .said to 
 be .still in use in (iermaiiy. F.neyc. 
 
 In hur, couciibintige is usetl as an exception against 
 111 r lh:il sill th lor ilowi r ; in wliii li it is allrgeil that 
 she was not l;iwl'iilly inarrieil In tin* mail in wintst' 
 lauds slit; seeks to be endowed, but tlitit site was his 
 concubine. Cowel. 
 
 eo.\-eO'lil\-.\I., a. Pertaining to cimctibinage. 
 
 eU.\-€0'UI.\-A-KV, n. One who indulges in concu- 
 binage. 
 
 e().\-eO'l!I.\-.\-RY, a. Relating to concubinage. 
 eo.\-eC"BI.\-ATE, 71. Whoredom ; lewdness. [JVol 
 
 in i<-%r.j 'I\tttlor. 
 eoX'CIJ-ni.NE, {konk'yu-liTne,) 71. [Fr., from L. con- 
 
 cubiiia, from concnoibo, to lie together; can and ciim- 
 
 bo, or cubo, tt) lie ilown.] 
 
 1. A woman who cnliabits with a man without 
 the authtirity t>f a legal marriage ; a woman kept for 
 lewd piiriioses ; a kept mistress. 
 
 Bacon. Slink. T>ryden. 
 
 2. A wife of inferior conilition ; a lawful wife, but 
 not unitetl to the man by the usual cereniouii's, and 
 of inferior ctuidition. Such were llagar and Ki tu- 
 rah, the coiiciibint;s of Abralitim ; and such concu- 
 bines were allowed by the Roman laws. 
 
 Encijc. Crudcn. 
 eON-eUL'e.ATE, v. t. [U canculco.] To tread on ; 
 
 to tnimple uniler ftiot. Monnt4i"u. 
 eOX-eUL'C.A-TEl), w<. Tramiileil tm. 
 eON-eUL'CA-TlM;, ;i;ir. Treading im. 
 eO.V-eUE-CA'TIO.V, «. a trampling under foot. 
 
 [A'V;! 77(«trA M.-T//.] 
 €C)N-eO'PIS-C:E.\CE, Ji. [L. concupLicentia, from con- 
 
 cupUcn^ to covet or lust alter ; con and ciipioy to desire 
 
 or covet.] 
 
 Lust ; unlawful or irregular desire of sexual 
 pleasure. In a more <rrnrrol sense^ the coveting of 
 carnal things, or an irregular appetite for worldly 
 gCKKt ; inclination for unlawful enjtiyinents. 
 
 We know even secret concu;jifcrnc< to Ije sin. Hooker, 
 Sin, tHkin? occisioii by tlio coniin.mtlinenl, wrought in nie all 
 manner of ro'ini/>iscenc«, — Koiii, vii. 
 
 eON CO'PIS-CE.VT, a. Desirous of unlawful plea.s- 
 ure ; libiiliuotis. Shak. 
 
 eo.V eU-PlS-CEN'TI.VL, a. Relating to cimcu- 
 piscence. 
 
 eo.\ CC'PIS-CI-RLE, a. Exciting or impelling to the 
 enjoyment of carnal ple.istire ; inclining to the at- 
 tainment of ple:i:^ure or goiKi ; as, cuncupi^cible appe- 
 tite. • SouUi. 
 
 eO.N'-GL'R', r. i. [L. conciirro, to nin together; con 
 and curroy to run; It. concorrere ; Sp. conciirriri 
 Port, concorrer : Fr. coiicuurtr,] 
 
 1. To meet in the same iNiint ; to agree. 
 
 Kcason anil sense concur. Temple. 
 
 2. To agree ; to join or unite, as in one action or 
 opinion ; to miu't, mind with mind ; a.s, the two 
 houses of parliament concur in the measure. 
 
 It has with before the {lerstin with whom one 
 agrees ; as, Mr. Hurke eancurrai with Lord Chatham 
 ill opinion. 
 
 It has to before the eflfect. 
 
 Kltrcmes in in.tn concur t> ^ener.il use. Pojie. 
 
 3. To unite or be conjoined, with the consetpien- 
 trnl sense of aitling, or contributing powt^r or in- 
 fluence to a coinintin object ; as, various t:auses may 
 concur in the changes of teniperaturi.-. 
 
 eo.VeUR'KENCE, 71. A meeting or coming to- 
 gether ; union ; conjunction. 
 
 Wc h.ive no other ine.^snre bin of our own iile.t8, wtlh the 
 concurrence of other probable reasons, to jwrsuaile us. 
 
 Lockt. 
 
 2. A meeting of minds ; agreement in opinion ; 
 union in design ; implying joint approbation. 
 
 Tarqnin the Proiiil wa* expellcti bjr lite univer^l eoncurrenct 
 of not'les and people. Sifi/l. 
 
 3. A meeting or conjunction, whether casual or 
 intended ; combination of agents, circumstances, or 
 events. 
 
 Struck with Uieae gre.it eonevrrenceM of things. Cra^fiau. 
 
 4. Agri^einent ; consent ; approbation. See No. 2 
 
 5, Agreeiiieiit or con.'.i'iit, impl)iiig joint aid ur 
 contribution of power or inllueiice. 
 
 From these siiblinie images we collect the greatness of ttis 
 work, mill the necessity ol the divine concurrence to it. 
 
 Hogert. 
 
 G. A meeting, an of claims, or power ; joint rigliti, 
 implying etpiality in tliflereiit persons or Inxiitrs ; iu4, 
 a concurrence of jurisdiction in two ililli rtMtl courts, 
 
 CU.\-CinfRE.\-CV, 71. The .saiiie as CoxtLiiiitJicL. 
 
 eoN-CC R'RE.S'T, <i. Meet.llg"^ iiniliiig ; accompany- 
 ing; aciiiig in Cfiiijiiucliiui ; agret-iitg in the same 
 act ; contribiiling to 'he same event or cHect ; 'o|)- 
 crating with. 
 
 1 Join with tiiese laws the {>..rsonal nn-y-nce of the king's sun, 
 aj a concurrent cause ot tills reforiniiiiun. Uaview. 
 All coinliincd, 
 Your beauty, nii'l my impotence of mind, 
 And his coficurrenl ilaiiie, that blew niy Ore. llrydcn. 
 
 2, Conjoined ; associate ; conroinitant. • 
 
 There is no dili"renc<* iietween the concurrent echo iinil the itt> 
 r.iiit, but ilie (juickiiess or slowness nl tie- return. Batvn. 
 
 3. Joint anil etjiial ; existing ttigiriher and tiperat- 
 ing on tile same objects. The courts of lite L'liited 
 States, aiitl Ihose of the St.ites, have, in some cases, 
 concurrent jtiristliction, 
 
 eoN-Cl'R'RENT, 71. That which ciuicurs ; joint or 
 contributory cause. 
 
 To all nltitirs of iini-oruince there ure three nec sB iry concur*, 
 rent* — time, induatry, and Ijculties, Decay of Piety. 
 
 eON-eUR'RENT-LY, adv. With concurrence ; unit- 
 edly. 
 
 eO.\-€UR'RI.\G, ppr. or a. .Meeting in the same 
 point; agreeing; running or acting together; unit- 
 ing in action ; contributing to the same event or 
 eft'ect ; consenting. 
 
 A concurring figure, in geometry, is one whirli, 
 being laid on another, exactly meets every part of il, 
 or one which corri>spontls with it in all its |Kiit,s. 
 
 eo.\-C(JS-S.\'TIO.V, 71. [See Co.vei'ssio.s.] A vio- 
 lent shock or agitalitiii. 
 
 €()N-('('S'S/;|), (koii kust',) 77. Shaken. 
 
 CO.N'-CCS'SIO.V, (kiin-ktish'un,) n. [L. concasnia, 
 from coocutiiiy to shake, frniu con ami i/uatio^ r/i/r7.v.vo, 
 to shake or slitilli r. Knmi the sense of ditcutio and 
 prrculio, we may Inter tlittt the primary sense is to 
 beat, to strike, or to beat in pieces, to bruise, 10 beat 
 down, Fr. cn.<.irr, Eng. to qua.ih, L. cirilo, eudo. See 
 Class Gd, No. 38, 4(>, 7(1, and Class Gs, .\o. 17.] 
 
 1. 'J'he act of shaking, particularly and properly 
 by the stroke or iin(iitlse of another btjtly. 
 
 It is l.elieyed that great riii^iiij of iiells, in j.opulon* cities, hath 
 dissipate*! iicstiletit air, which may l« fruiii the concueeion 
 of the air. Bacon. 
 
 2. The State of being shaken ; a shock ; as, the 
 conciuision of the bniin Iiy a stroke. It is usetl also 
 for shaking or agitation "in general ; as, the mnciui- 
 siiin of the earth. Woodward. 
 
 €0.\-Cl,'S'Sl VE, u. Having the [lower or quality of 
 shaking. Jahn.son. 
 
 GO.Xl), 0. t. [Fr, conduirr.'\ In seamen's language, to 
 contltict a ship ; to direct the mail at the helm how 
 to steer. Bailey. F.neyc. 
 
 €0.\-DE.M.\', (kon-dcm',) v. t. [L. condemnor con 
 ami dainno, to couilemti, to disapprtive, Iti tlooin, to 
 tievtite ; IL eondnnnarc, daunarc ; Port, condcnur ; Sp. 
 id.: Vr. condainnar ; .Ann. condauni : \}. dnrnien, ver^ 
 doemen ; G. verdanimcn i Sw, diima, Jordi>nia ; Dan. 
 fiornnirr,fordt>aiiner; Sax, dema 1, fordrman, to derm, 
 to doom, to juilge, to condemn. See Da.mx, Deem, 
 
 DtloM,] 
 
 1. To pronounce to be utterly wrong; to utter s 
 sentence of disapprobation against ; to censure ; to 
 blame. Hut the word often expresses mure than 
 censure or blame, and seems to incltide the itlea of 
 uttt r rejection ; as, to enmUmn heretical opinions ; to 
 condemn oue*s coiltlllct. 
 
 We condemn niialakea with .tspcrity, where wc p.a»i over sins 
 with gentleness. Bueitmifieler, 
 
 2. To determine or judge to be wrong, or guilty ; 
 to disallow ; to tlisapprove. 
 
 B'-luved, ii our he irt ctndernn us not, wc hnve coiilideoce to 
 ward (iod. — 1 John lii. 
 
 3. To witness against ; to show or prove to be 
 wrong, or guilty, by u contrary pnictice. 
 
 The men of Nineveh shall rise in Judgment with Ulit gvnenUioD, 
 and sh.dl condemn it. — Matt, xii. 
 
 4. 1\i prtinotince to be guilty ; to sentence to pun- 
 ishment ; to utter sentence against jutlicialiy ; to 
 ilooni ; opposed to aaiuit or o//.*n/rc; with to before 
 the penalty. 
 
 The Son of man shall tie betrayed nnto tbe chief priests, anu 
 unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death. — 
 
 Matt. XX. 
 
 He diAt beheveth on hiin is not condemn^. — John iii. 
 
 5. To doom or sentence to pay a fine ; to line. 
 
 And the king of Kgypt — cuttdematd the land in a hundred tal- 
 ents of silvei. — 'i Chron. xxxvi. 
 
 G. To judge or prnnnuncc to he iinflt for use, 
 or service ; as, tlie ship was condemned as not sea- 
 worthy. 
 
 7. To jinlge or pronounce to be forfeited ; as, the 
 ship and her cargo were condemned. 
 
 TCXE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 243 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 eO.\-DE.M'XA-BLE, a. That may be conli^■mllcd ; 
 blamable ; culpable. Brown, 
 
 eON-DEM-NA'TION, n. [L. cnndemnatio.1 The act 
 of condemning ; the judicial act of declaring one 
 guilty, and dooming him to punisliment. 
 
 For Oie judgment was bj one to condejnnalion. — Rom. t. 
 
 2. The state of being condemned. 
 
 Dost Ihou not fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemna- 
 tion? — L.ul{e xxiii, 
 
 3. The cause or reason of a sentence of condem- 
 nation. John iii. 
 
 eON-DEM'N.\-TO-RY, a. Condemning ; bearing con- 
 demnation or censure ; as, a condemnatory sentence 
 or decree. 
 
 eON-DE.MN'£D, (kon-demd') pp. or a. Censured ; 
 pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or for- 
 feited ; adjudged or sentenced to punishment. 
 
 eON-DEM'NER, n. One who conilcmns or censures. 
 
 €ON-DEM'NING,ppr. or o. Censuring; disallowing; 
 pronouncing to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or for- 
 feited ; sentencing to punishment. 
 
 €ON-DEXS'A-BI,E, «. [See Condense.] Capable 
 of being condensed ; th.it may be compressed into a 
 smaller compass, and into a more close, compact 
 slate ; as, vapor is condensable. 
 
 eO.V-DENS'ATE, v. t. [See Condense.] To con- 
 dense ; to compress into a closer form ; to cause to 
 take a more compact state ; to make more dense. 
 
 CON-DENS'aTE, v. i. To become more dense, close, 
 or Iiard. 
 
 €ON-DENS'.aTE,o. Made dense; condensed; made 
 more close or compact. Pcacham. 
 
 eON-DENS'A-TED, pp. Condensed ; made more 
 compact. 
 
 €ON-DENS'a-TING, ppr. Making more close or 
 compact. 
 
 €0.\-DEX-Sa'TION, n. [L. condensatio. See Con- 
 dense.] 
 
 The act of making more dense or compact ; or the 
 act of causing the parts that compose a body to ap- 
 proach or unite more closely, either by mechanical 
 pressure or by a natural process ; the state of being 
 condensed. Dew and clouds are supposed to be 
 formed by the condensation of vapor. It is opposed to 
 rarefaction and eipansion. Condensation is applica- 
 ble to any compressible matter ; and from condensa- 
 tion proceeds increased liardness, solidity, and weight. 
 €0N-DE.\S'A-TI\'E, a. Having a power or tendency 
 to condense. 
 
 eON-DENSE', (kon-dens',) e. t. [L. condense ; con 
 and dcTiso^to make thick or close; It. condensare; 
 Sp. and Port, condensar ; Fr. condenser. See Dense.] 
 
 1. To make more close, thick, or compact ; to cause 
 the particles of a body to approach, or to unite more 
 closely, either by their own attraction or affinity, or 
 by mechanical force. Thus vapor is said to be con- 
 densed into water by the application of cold ; and air 
 is condensed in a tube by pressure. Hence the word 
 is sometimes equivalent to cornpress. 
 
 2. To make thick ; to inspissate ; applied to soft, 
 compressible substances. 
 
 3. To compress into a smaller compass, or into a 
 close body ; to crowd ; applied to separate individuals. 
 Thus we say, to condense ideas into a smaller com- 
 pass. Dnjden. 
 
 CON-DE\SE', V. i. To become close or more com- 
 pact, as the particles of a body ; to approach or unite 
 more closely ; to grow thick. 
 
 Vapors contlense and coalesce into smnll parcels. Neuiton. 
 
 CON'-DENSE', a. Close In texture or composition ; 
 compact ; firm ; dense ; condensated. [See Dense, 
 which is generally used.] Milton. 
 
 €0N-DENS'/;D, (kon-denst',) pp. or a. Made dense, 
 or more close in parts ; tiiatie or become compact ; 
 compressed into a narrower compass, 
 
 CO.N'-DE.N'.S'ER, n. A pneumatic engine or syringe, 
 in which air or other elastic fluids may be compressed. 
 It consists of a cylinder, in which is a movable piston 
 to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent 
 the air from csca|>ing. Encyc. 
 
 2. A vessel, or part of machinery, in which aqueous 
 or spirituous vapors are reduced to a liquid form. This 
 may be done either by injecting a quantity of cold 
 water into the condenser, as in th.at of a steam-en- 
 gine, or by immersing the condenser in another vessel, 
 through which cold water continually Mows. IleberL 
 
 eON-DE.N.S'I.NG, ppr. or o. Making more close or 
 compact. 
 
 €ON-I)i:.\.S'I-TY, n. The state of being condensed ; 
 
 denseness ; density. [ The latter are irencrally used.] 
 eO.VD'ER, 71. [Vr. cuna'utre ; L. conduro. See CoND.1 
 J. A perHon who stjinds upon a rlifl", or elevati d 
 
 part of the sea-coast, in the time of the herring fish- 
 
 rr>', to point out to the fishermen, by signs, the course 
 
 of the shoals of fish. Cowrl. 
 2. One who gives directions to a helmsman how 
 
 to steer the ship. Kncyc. 
 CON-DE-SCE.NCE', n. Descent from suiieriority. 
 eON-DE-SCEND' v. i. [It. cimdesctndcrc ; Sp. condc- 
 
 tcender ; Fr. comuscendre ; con and L. dcscendo. See 
 
 Descend.] 
 
 r 
 
 1. To descend from the privileges of superior rank 
 or dignity, to do some act to an inferior, which 
 strict justice or the ordinary rules of civility do not 
 require. Hence, to submit or yield, as to an inferior, 
 implying an occasional relinquishment of distinction. 
 
 Mind not V^h ttiinofs, but condescend to men of low estate. — 
 Rom. xii. 
 
 9. To recede from one's rights in negotiation, or 
 common intercourse, to do some act, which strict 
 justice does not require. ^ 
 
 Spain's mighty monarch, 
 In gracious clemency, does cotulescend. 
 On tliese conditions, to become your friend. Dryden. 
 3. To stoop or descend ; to yield ; to submit ; im- 
 plying a relinquishment of rank, or dignity of char- 
 acter, and sometimes a sinking into debasement. 
 Can lliey ttiinli ni" so broken, so debjised, 
 Wiih corporal sTvilude, that niy inind ever 
 Will condescend to such absurd commands 1 ^lilion. 
 
 €0N-DE-SCEND'EXCE, n. A vohuitary yieliling or 
 submission to an inferior. 
 
 You will observe [in the Turks] nn insnhin^ condescendence, 
 wliich tx'speaks their contempt of yuu. " Eton. 
 
 eON-DE-SCEiXD'ING, ppr. Descending from rank 
 or distinction in the intercourse of life ; receding 
 front rights or claims ; yielding. 
 
 2. a. Yielding to inferiors ; courteous ; obliging. 
 €ON-DE-SCEND'ING-LY, nJr. By way of yielding 
 
 to inferiors ; with voluntary submission; by way of 
 kind concession ; cotirteousiv. Mtrrhury. 
 eOX-DE-SCEX'SION, n. Voluntary; descent from 
 rank, dignity, or jiLst cl.iims ; relinquishment of strict 
 right ; submission to inferiors in granting requests or 
 performing acts which strict justice does not require. 
 Hence, courtesy. 
 
 It forbids pride and commands humility, modesty, .ind conde- 
 scension to others. 7^/^ot«on. 
 
 Raph let, amidst his tenderness, shows snch a dignity and con- 
 descension in all his behavior, as are suitable to a superior 
 nature. Addison. 
 
 eON-DE-SCEN'SIVE, a. Condescending ; courteous. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 eON-DE-SCENT', n. Condescension. [JVot used."] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 eOX-DiGN', (kon-dlne',) a. [1,. condigntis ; con and 
 dignus, worthy. See Dignity.] 
 
 1. Deserved ; merited ; suitable ; applied usually to 
 punishment ; as, the malefactor has sulTered condign 
 punishment. 
 
 2. \Vorthy ; merited ; as, condia-n praise. 
 
 tin the latter sense, seldom used.] [Spetiser. Sfialc. 
 
 €ON-DIG'XI-TY, n. Merit ; desert. In school divin- 
 ity, the merit of human actions, which claims re- 
 ward on the score of justice. Milner. 
 
 eON-DIGX'LY,(kon-dine'ly,) adv. According to merit. 
 
 €OX-DlGN'NESS, (kon-dine'ness,) iu Agreeableness 
 to deserts ; suitableness. 
 
 COX'DI-MEXT, n. [L. coiidimentiim, from condio, to 
 season, pickle, or preserve.] 
 
 Seasoning; sai'.ce ; that which is used to give relish 
 to meat or other food, and to gratify the taste. 
 
 As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not for 
 nourishment. Bacon, 
 
 eOX-DIS-Cl'PLE, Tt. [L. condiscipulus ; con and dis- 
 
 cipulus. See Disciple.] 
 A school fellow ; a learner in the same school, or 
 
 under the same instructor. 
 eON-DITE', V. L [L. condio, cnnditum.] 
 
 To prepare and preserve with sugar, salt, spices, or 
 
 the like ; to pickle ; as, to cun-Jitc pears, plums, quinces, 
 
 mushrooms, &c. [Little ujsed.] Orew. Taylor. 
 COX-DITE'AIEXT, n. A composition of conserves, 
 
 powders, and spices, in the form of an electuary. 
 
 [Little used.] Bniley. 
 €0.\-DIT'IXG, ppr. Preserving. [Little used.] Greio. 
 eOX-DI"TIO.N, (kon-dish'un,) n. [L. conditio, from 
 
 condo, to build or make ; to ordain ; properly, to set 
 
 or fix, or to set together, or in order ; con and do, to 
 
 give; prnjicrly, to send.] 
 
 1. Stale; a particular mode of being; applied to 
 external circumstance, to the body, to the mind, and to 
 things. We spe.ik of a good condition, or a bad con- 
 dition, in reference to wealth and poverty ; in refer- 
 ence to health and gickness ; in reference to a cheer- 
 ful or depressed disposition of mind ; and with 
 reference to a sound or broken, perishing state of 
 things. The word signifies a setting or fi.xing, and 
 has a very general and indefinite application, coin- 
 ciding nearly with state, from .^to, to stand, and de- 
 notes that particular frame, form, mode, or disposi- 
 tion, in which a thing exists, at any given tune. A 
 man is in a good condition, when he is thriving. A 
 nation with an exhausted tretisury, and burtiencd 
 with taxes, is not in a condition to make war. A 
 poor man is in a humble condition. Religion affords 
 consolation to man in evt^ry condition of life. Ex- 
 hortations should be adapted to the condition of the 
 mind. 
 
 ConWilt'on, circumstance. Is not the thinf ; 
 
 lihsa ii the sunie in subji ct or in king. Pope. 
 
 2. duality ; property ; attribute. 
 
 It Kemed to iia n conrtilton aiul property of divine powers and 
 beings to b« hidden und imscen to others. Bacon. 
 
 3. Stale of the mind; temper; temperament; com- 
 plexion. [See Xo. 1.] Shak. 
 
 4. Moral quality ; virtue or vice. Raleigh. South. 
 [Thesesenses, hcwever,fall within the first definition.] 
 
 5. Rank, that is, state with respect to the orders or 
 grades of society, or to property ; as, persons of the 
 best cctndition. Clarendon. 
 
 6. Terms of a contract or covenant ; stipulation ; 
 that is, that which is set, fixed, established, or pro- 
 posed. What are the conditions of the treaty 
 
 Make our conditions wilh yon capiive king. Dryden. 
 He sendeth aiul desireth conditions of peace, — Luke xiv. 
 
 7. A clause in a bond, or other contract, containing 
 terms or a stipulation that it is to be performed, and, 
 in case of failure, the penally of the bond is to be in- 
 curred. 
 
 8. Terms given or provided, as the ground of some- 
 thing else ; that which is established, or to be done, 
 or to happen, as requisite to another act ; as, I will 
 pay a sum of money on condition you will engage to 
 refund it. 
 
 9. That which must exist, as the ground or neces- 
 sary adjunct of something else. 
 
 eOX-Dr"TIOX, (kon-dlsh'un,) v. i. To make terms ; 
 to stipulate ; as, it is one thing to condition for a good ' 
 office, and another to execute it. ' 
 
 eOX-DI"TIOX, V t. To contract ; to stipulate. \ 
 
 It was conditioned l^tween Saturn and Titan, that Samm j 
 sliould 1.01 to death all his male children Ralegh. \ 
 
 eOX-DI"TIOX-AL, a. Containing or depending on a 
 condition or conditions ; made with limitations ; not 
 absolute ; made or granted on certain terms. A con- 
 ditional promise is one which is to be performed when 
 something else stipulated is done or has taken place. 
 A conditional fee, in law, is one which is granted upon 
 condition that, if the donee shall die without such par- 
 ticular heirs as are specified, the estate shall revert to 
 the donor. Hence it is a fee restrained to particular 
 heirs, to the exclusion of others. 
 
 2. In grammar and Ionic, expressing a condition or 
 supposition ; as, a canddional word, mode, or tense ; 
 a conditional syllogism. 
 
 eOX-Dl"TIOX-AL, 71. A limitation. Bacon. 
 
 eOX-DI"TIOX-AL'I-TY, 71. The quality of being 
 conditional, or limited ; limitation by certain terms. 
 
 €OX-DI"TION-AL-LY, adc. With certain limita- 
 tions ; on particular terms or stipulations ; not abso- 
 lutely or positively. 
 
 We see hrsre preferments tendered to hira, but conditiojuUIy, 
 upon his doin;j wicked offices. Houth. 
 
 eOX-DI"TIOX-A-RY, (-dish'un-,) a. Conditional ; 
 
 stipulated. [.Vol useiL] .Vifrrti. 
 eOX-DI"TIOX-ATE, a. Conditional ; established on 
 
 certain terms. [JVot used.] Hammond. 
 eOX-DI"TION-ATE, V. t. To qualify ; to regulate. 
 
 [JVot 171 u^e.] Brown. 
 eOX-DI"TIOX-£D, (kon-dish'imd,) pp. Stipulated ; 
 
 containing terms to be performed. 
 2. a. Having a certain state or qualities. This 
 
 word is usually preceded by some qualifying term ; 
 
 as, good-conditioned, ill-conditioned, best-conditionrd. 
 eoX-DI"TIOX-IXG, ppr. Making terms or conditions 
 
 in stipulations. 
 eOX-DI"TIOX-LY, adv. On certain tenns. [JVot 
 
 tised.] Sidney. 
 €OX'DI-TO-RY, 71. [L. conditorium, from condo, to 
 
 hide.] 
 
 A repositorv for holding things. 
 eOX-Do'LA-TO-RY, a. Expressing condolence. 
 CON-DOLE', r. i. [L. condolco', con, wilh, and dolco, 
 to ache, or to grieve.] 
 
 'I'o feel pain, or to grieve, at the distress or misfor- 
 tunes of another. 
 
 your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condolt 
 with you. 
 
 It is followed by 7citA before the person for whom 
 we ffcl grief. 
 
 eOX-DoLE', !■. (. To lament or bewail with another, 
 or on account of another's misfortune. [ Unusual.] 
 Why should our noet petition Uis for her safe delivery, and af- 
 ter^ ard fonao/« her miscarriage ? Dryden. Milton. 
 
 eON-DoLE'MENT, n. Grief; pain of mind at an- 
 other's loss or misfortune ; sorrow ; mourning. Shak. 
 
 GOX-I)6'LENCE, 71. Pain of mind, or grief excited 
 by the distress or misfortune of another. -irbuUtnot. 
 
 eON-I)Ol/EK, 71. One who condoles. 
 
 eOX-Dol.'IXt!, ppr. Grieving at another's distress. 
 
 eoX-DoL'IXG, 71. Expression of grief for another's 
 loss, 
 
 €OX'I)0-.MA, 71, An animal of the goat kind, as large I 
 as a stag, and of a gray color. J)ict. of JVat. Hist, i 
 It is a spt!cies of antelope, the A. strrpsicrros. 
 eON-DO-NA'TION, 71. [L. condono.] 
 
 The act of pardoning. [Little used.] 
 eON'DOR, 71, .\ large bird, of the genus yuUur, found 
 in the most elevuttMl parts of the Amirs, in South 
 America. It flies higher than any other bird. The 
 reports of Its si/,e have been much exaggerated. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 eON-DOCE', V. i. [L. conduco ; con and duco, to lead ; 
 Sp. conUucir f It. condurre.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE. PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 244 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 To lead ur tend : to contribute ; followed by to. 
 
 They ni.iy fow/uce to lurlher discoTcrii'i for comitlt't'iip (he 
 Iheury of li-lil. Newton. 
 
 To conduce lo, im liidi'.i thi; sense of ftidins, trnding 
 to produce, or furnishing tlie means ; lieni e it is 
 SHnu'liines equivalent to promote, advance, or furtlior. 
 Virtue conduces to the welfare of society. RcliRion 
 conducts to ti niporal happiness. Temperance conduces 
 lo heallh and long life. 
 
 In the transitive sense, to conduct, it is not author- 
 ized. 
 
 €O.\-D0CE'MENT, «. A leading or tending to ; tcn- 
 
 diiuv. Grcgonj. 
 €0.\-l)C''CENT, o. Tending or contributing to. Laud. 
 €ON-U0'C'MU,E, a. [L. condncibilis.] 
 
 Leading or tending tu; having the power of con- 
 ducing i having a tendency to promote or forward. 
 Our Snvior hiilh nijoliicd iis a renioiinblc service ; nil his laws 
 Bf ill tlieinsf Ives conduci6/< to Uiu leiiipural interest of tlicin 
 llint observe tliein. Benltey. 
 
 [This leord is Ujts used than Conditive.] 
 eON-DO'CI-BLE NESS. n. The quality of leading or 
 
 contributing to any end. More. 
 eO.\-I)0'L'r-l3LY, adv. In a manner to promote. 
 €0\-DC'CIXG, ppr. Tending or contributing. 
 €ON-D0'CIVE, a. That may conduce or contribute ; 
 
 liaving a tendency to promote. 
 
 An action, however fonrfurit7e lo tiie gooA of our country, will 
 t»e reprfsenteil as prejudicial to it. Addison. 
 
 eON-nO'ClVE NESS, II. The quality of conducing 
 or lending to promote. Boyle. 
 
 eO.N'DUeT, n. [Sp. conducia; It. condotta; ¥r. con- 
 duite ; from the 1,. conductu.i, but with a dilferent 
 sense, from conduco, to Icatl ; con and duco. Sec 
 
 DUKE.J 
 
 1. Litcralhi, the act of lending; guidance; com- 
 mand. So VVuller has used it. 
 
 Corufuel of itrmies is n prince's art. 
 
 9. The act of convoying or guarding ; guidance, or 
 bringing along under protection. Sliak. 
 
 3. Guard <m the way; convoy; escort. Shak. 
 [Tfiese senses are now uniisuaf, thouirh not improper.'] 
 
 4. In a general sense, piTsoual hchavior; course of 
 actions; deportment; appUcnble rijuaUij to a trood or 
 bad course of actions i as, lauttahle conduct ; detestable 
 coiuluct. The wortl seems originally to have been 
 followed with life, action:i, affairs, or other term ; as, 
 the conduct of life ; the conduct of actioits ; that is, the 
 leading along of life or actions. 
 
 Yiiiiii^ men, in the eondttcl and manage of actiont, einbnico 
 
 iiioiie ihtn they cm hold. Bacon. 
 Wh;it in the conrluct o/ our ti/e :ipp<'nrs, Dryden. 
 
 But, by custom, conduct alone is now nsetl to ex- 
 press the idea of behavior, or course of life and man- 
 ners. 
 
 5. Ei.act behavior ; regular life. [Unusual.] Sw{fL 
 
 6. .Management ; mode of carrying on. 
 Christinnity hss liunuiniriitl the conduct of war. Paley. 
 
 7. The title of two clergymen appointed to read 
 prayers at Eton College, in Eiiglanii. Mason. 
 
 €ON-rjUeT', 1). I. [Sp. conducir; Port, conduzir, to 
 conduct, and to conduce ; Fr. conduire ; It. condurre ; 
 h. conduco. But the English verb is from the noun 
 conduct, or the Latin participle.] 
 
 1. To lead; to bring along; to guide; to accom- 
 pany nnd show tlie way. 
 
 3. To lead ; to direct or point out the way ; as, 
 the precepts nf Christ will conduct us to happiness. 
 
 3. To lead ; to usher in ; to intriKluce ; to attend 
 in civility. 
 
 Pr.iy, receive them no!>ly, Knil conduct them 
 
 Inlo our presence. ShaJc. 
 
 A. To give a tlirertion to ; to manage ; a/ijdied to 
 things : as, the farmer conducts his affairs with pru- 
 dence. 
 
 5. To lead, as a commamler ; to direct ; lo govern ; 
 to command ; as, to conduct an army or a division of 
 troops. 
 
 6. With the reciprocal pronoun, to conduct one's 
 self, is to behave. Hence, by a customarj' omission 
 of the pronoun, to conduct, in an intransitive sense, 
 b to behave ; lo direct personal actions. [See the 
 
 7. To escort ; to accompany and protect on the 
 way 
 
 €0>"-l»L'eT'ED, Led; guided; directed; intro- 
 duced , commanded ; managed. 
 
 €ON.DUeT-l-niL'I-TY, n. Capability of being con- 
 ducted ; as, the conductibilUy of the electric fluid. 
 
 €ONl)UeT'IXG, ppr. or a. Leading; escorting; 
 introducing; commanding; behaving; managing. 
 
 eON-DUe'TIO.N, n. The act of training up. (Aot in 
 «"<•] B.Jonson. 
 
 2. Transmission through or by means of a con- 
 ductor. Ilcnrv'^ Chrm 
 
 eONDUe-Tf'TIOUS, (tish us,) a. [L. conductuius, 
 from conduco, to hire.] 
 
 ^v.J'mll^-if,'"'''"^'''* Jlyliffe. 
 eON-IJUeT'IVE, o. Directing ; leading ; managing. 
 
 eON-DUCT'OR, n. A leader ; a guide ; one who 
 goes before or accompanies, and shows the way. 
 
 2. A chief; a commandtT; one who lends an army 
 or a pet)pl('. 
 
 ;i. A ilireclor; a manager: a superintendent; as, 
 the conductor of a railroad train. 
 
 4. In surgery, an instrument which serves to di- 
 rect the knife m cutting for the slone, and in laying 
 up siiiiisi s and fistulas ; also, a machine to secure a 
 frat^red iiml). Coie. F.nryc. 
 
 5^n physics, a substance which forms a medium 
 for the transmission of some other substance or fluid, 
 particularly of heat or elitctricity. Hence, 
 
 G. ,\ metallic rod erecti:d by btiilitings or in shi|is, 
 to condiM't li:;liliiing to the earlh or water, and pro- 
 tect till' biilliliii^ ['roTU its effects. 
 eON-DUeT'O-KY, «. Having the property of con- 
 ducting. 
 
 €ON-DUeT'RESS, n. A female who leads or di- 
 rects ; a directress. 
 
 eON'DUlT, (kon'dit,) n. [Fr. conduit, the participle 
 of contluire, L. conducrre, to conduct ; Sp. conducts ; 
 It. condotto ; Port, condiuta.] 
 
 1. In ancient architecture, a narrow passage, usually 
 under ground, for the purpose of secret communica- 
 tion between apartments. Brande. 
 
 2. A canal or pi()e for the conveyance of water ; 
 an a(|ueduct. Conduits are made of lead, stone, 
 cast iron, wood, &.C., above or below tJie surface of 
 the e.arth. 
 
 3. A vessel that conveys the blood or other fluitl. 
 
 The conduitt of my blood. Shak. 
 
 4. A conductor. 
 
 These or»iuis are tlie nerves, which are the conduitt to convey 
 th.in from without to tlieir audience in the bnuu. Locke. 
 
 5. .\ pi|)C or cock for drawing off liquor. Shak. 
 G. Any channel that conveys water or fluids; a 
 
 sink, sewer, or drain. 
 eON-DO'I'LI-CATE, a. [L. conduplicatus, from con- 
 duplico, to double or fold ; con and duplico. See 
 DounLE.] 
 
 Doubled or folded over or together, as the leaves of 
 a buil. Martyn. 
 
 eON-Du'PLI-e.\TE, t. To double ; to fold together. 
 
 eON-DU'Pl.I-CA-THD, a. Doubled ; foliled together. 
 
 €0N-UU-PI,l-e.\'T10N, n. [L. coii(/ii;</ic«(/o.] 
 
 .\ doubling ; a duplicate. Johnson. 
 
 eON'DYLE, (kon'dil,) n. [L. condyhis: Gr. KoviSoUi.] 
 A protuberance on the end ol a bone ; a knot, or 
 joint ; a knuckle. Coic. 
 
 eoN'DYL-OID, a. [Gr. Kov?,v\of and tiilof, form.] 
 Tlie coiulyloid process is the posterior protuber- 
 ance .It the extremities of the under jaw ; an oblong 
 rounded head, which is received into the fossa of 
 the temporal bone, forming a movable articulation. 
 The anterior is calleil the coronoid process. Encyc. 
 
 eON'DYL-Oin, n. The apophysis of a bone ; the 
 projecting soft end, or process of a bone. Coie. 
 
 eON'DYL-OPE, ) M. [Gr. KovdoUf, a joint, and 
 
 eON-DYL'O-POn, j iron?, foot.] 
 
 A general term applied by Ctivier to insects, Crus- 
 tacea, and spiders, in allusion to the fact that tht^y are 
 articulated annuals with jointed feet. Dana. 
 
 CoN E, n. [ Fr. cone ; It. and Sp. cono ; from L. conus : 
 Gr. KOV'oi ; VV. con, that which shoots to a point, 
 from extending ; VV. connyn, a tail ; conyn, a stalk ; 
 cono, a spruce fellow. It coincides in radical sense 
 with the rtKJt of can and begin.] 
 
 1. ■\ solid body or figure having a circle for its 
 base, and its top terniinatt^d in a point or vertex, like 
 a sugar-loaf. 
 
 2. In botany, the conical fruit of several evergreen 
 trees, as of the pine, lir, cedar, and cypress. It is 
 com|>osed of wooily scales, usually opening, and has 
 a seed at the base of each scale. Martyn. 
 
 A cone of rays, in o])tics, includes all the rays of 
 light which proceed from a radiant point anti fall 
 upon a given surface, as of a glass. Barlow. Brandt. 
 
 A right cone, is when its axis is perpendicular to 
 the plane of its base, and its sides equal. It is formed 
 by the revolution of a right-angled plane triangle 
 about one of its sides. Brande. 
 
 An obliifue or scalene cone, is when its axis is in- 
 clined to the plane of its base, and its sides unequal. 
 eO-.\F.'I.NE. See CoitiiNA. [Bailey. Brande. 
 
 CO'NE-PaTE, ) n. The .Mexican popular name of an 
 eO'NE-P.\TL, j animal of the wf.-usel kind in Amer- 
 ica, resembling the polecat in form and size, and in its 
 fetid stench. It is the .Mephitis Americana, commonly 
 called .ikunk in New England. 
 eSNE'-SIIAP-iJD, ( shipt,) a. Having the form of a 
 eO'NEY. See Coxv. [cone. 
 eoN-FAB'i;-LATE,r. 1. f L. eon/oftiJor ; con and/ofr- 
 ulor, to tell. See Fable.] 
 To t.-ilk familiarly together ; to chat ; to prattle. 
 If birds con/o^u/ole or no. [Little uted.] Coxeper. 
 
 eON-FAn-t;-LA'TION, n. [L. confahttlatio.] 
 
 P'amili.ar t.alk ; ea.sy, unrestrained, unceremonious 
 
 conversation. Familiarly abridged into confab. [j\'ot 
 
 an elegant word, and little used.] 
 eo.\-FAB'tJ-LA-TO-RY, a. Belonging to familiar 
 
 talk. [LitlU used.] 
 
 eON-FA-.MIL'IAR, ( fa-mil'yar,) a. Very familiar. 
 [JVii( in use.] 
 
 eoN-FAR RF.-A'TION, ii. [L. con/urrcatio ; con and 
 fnrreo, to join in marriage with a cake, from far, 
 corn or meal.] 
 
 The solemnization of marriage among the Romans, 
 by a cereinoii}' in which the bridegrtiom antI bride 
 tasted a cake made of Hour, with salt anil water, 
 called far or panis furreus, in presence of the high 
 priest antI at least ti n witnesses. Ayliffe. Mum. 
 CO.V-FaT'EI), a. Fated together. [A'lit in use.] 
 CO.N' FECT', 0. (. To make sweetmeats. [See Coh- 
 
 KIT.] * 
 
 eON'FEGT, n. [I,, confrctits, conficio. See Comfit.] 
 Soiiuthing preparetl with sugar or honty, as fruit, 
 
 herbs, roots, and the like ; a sweetmeat. Jlurvey. 
 CON-FEC T'El), pp. Maile into sweetmeats. 
 CON-FECT'l.N't;, ppr. .Making into sweetmeats. 
 eON-FE8'TIUN, n. [L. confectio, from conficio i con 
 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. .Any thing prepared with sugar, as fniit; a 
 sweetmeat ; something preserved. Bacon. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A composition or mixture. Bacon. 
 
 3. .\ sort electuary. Encyc. 
 €ON-FE€'TIO.\-ER, n. One whose occupatitin is 
 
 to make, or to sell, sweetmeats, &,c. 
 
 Boyle. Sfiak. 
 [Confectionery in this sense is obsolete.] 
 €0.>I-FEC'T10N-ER-Y, n. A place for sweetmeats ; 
 
 a place where sweetmeats and similar things are 
 
 made or sold. 
 2. Sweetmeats in general; things prepared or sold 
 
 by a confectioner. 
 eON-FE€'TOR, n. [L.] An officer in Ww Roman 
 
 games, whose business was lo kilt any beast that 
 
 was dangerous. Mttncr. 
 eo.\-FEC'TO-R V, a. Pertaining to the art of making 
 
 sweetmeats. Beaum. 
 eON-FEl)'ER-.\-CY, n. [Low L. confaderalio ; con 
 
 and fotlcrutio, from fitdus, a league. Sec Feuekal' 
 
 and Wed.] 
 
 1. A league or covenant ; a contract betwet^n two 
 or more persons, bodies of men or st.ites, combined 
 in support of each other, in some act or enterprise j 
 mutual engagement ; fetleral coiiipnct. 
 
 The friendships of the worlil are olt 
 
 Con/e'teracies in vice. A'ldieon, 
 A confederacy of princjs to check inn )v.itioii. .Irtun. 
 
 2. The persons, states, or nations united by a 
 league. 
 
 Viri;il has a whole confeieracy against him. Dryden. 
 
 3. In law, a combination of two or more persons to 
 commit an unlawful act. Encyc. 
 
 eO.V-FElVER-ATE, a. [Low L. con/cricra(i<.s-.] 
 
 United in a league ; allied by treaty ; engitged in 
 a confederacy. 
 
 These werv confederate with Abrnm. — Gen. xiv. 
 Syria \i eonfedtrale with Kphraim. — Is. vii. 
 
 eON-FEl)'ER-ATE, ri. One who is united with oth- 
 ers in a league ; a person or nation engagt il in a con- 
 federacy ; an ally. Uliak. Dryden. 
 eO.\-FED'EK-ATE, v. i. [Fr. confederrr ; Low L. 
 confa-dero. But the English verb seems to be directly 
 from the aiijective, supra.] 
 
 To unite in u league ; to join in a niiilual contract 
 or covenant; as, the colonics of America confeder- 
 ated in I77G ; several states of Euroiic have some- 
 times confederated for mutual safety. 
 
 Bywords m-'ii come to know one another's minds; by these 
 they ctveiLini and confederate. South. 
 
 eO.N-FED'ER-ATE, i-. u To unite in a league ; to 
 ally. 
 
 With these the Piercies thetn con/edernte. Daniel, 
 
 eON-FED'ER-A-TEO, pp. or a. United in a league. 
 CON-FEl)'Ell-A-TING, pjtr. Uniting in a league. 
 eON-FED-ER-A'TION, n. [Fr. confrderotion . It, con- 
 fedcrazione: haw h. confaderatio ; coti ami firderatio.] 
 
 1. The act of confediratlng ; a league; a compact 
 for mulual suppoit ; alliance, particularly of princes, 
 nations, or stAtes. 
 
 The three princes enter into a strict league and confederation. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. The United States of America are sometimes 
 called the confetlrration. 
 
 C().\-FER', r. i. [Fr. conferer : It. confrrire : Sp. eon- 
 fcrir : Tj. cnnfcro i con and fero, lo bear, to bring forth, 
 to show, to declare. See Hear.] 
 
 To discourse; lo converse; to consult together; 
 implying conversation on some serious or iin)>ortant 
 subject, in distinction from mere talk, or light, famil- 
 iar conversation ; followed by iritA, 
 
 Adoiiijah ror^erred ailh Joab an<l Abiaihar. — 1 Kin^s i. 
 Festus conferred isith the council. — Acts xxv. 
 
 eON-FER', 1. 1. To give or bestow ; fallowed by on, 
 
 Corination confers on the tin? no royal authority. South, 
 This word is particularly used to express the grant 
 of favors, benefits, and privileges, to be enjoyed, or 
 rights which are to be iK-rmanent ; as, to confer on 
 one the privileges of a citizen ; to confer a title or an 
 honor. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 31 
 
 245 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 9. To compare ; to examine by comparison ; lUer- 
 alhj, to bring together. [See Compare.] 
 
 It' we confer these observations with others of the like luiture. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 [TTiw sen.-ie^ though genuine, w note obgotete.'] 
 3. 'J'o contribute ; to conduce to; tliat is, to bring 
 to. The closeness of parts confers mncli to the 
 strength of the nnion ; or, intransitivehjy cimfcrs to 
 tlie strenglli of the union. [OAs.] Olanrille. 
 €OX'FER-E.\X'E, n. [Fr. conference: Sp. confcrencia ; 
 It. confcrenza. See Cunfer.] 
 
 1. The act»of con^'ersing on a serious stibject ; a 
 discoursing between two or more, for tlie purpose 
 of instruction, consultation, or deliberation ; formal 
 discourse ; oral discussion ; as, the ministers had a 
 conference at Ratisbon. 
 
 For they who seetiieti lo somewh.-vt, in conference atltleil 
 iiolhiiig to nie. — Gal. ii. ^ 
 
 2. \ meeting for consultation, discussion, or in- 
 struction. 
 
 3. Comparison ; examination of things by com- 
 parison. 
 
 The mutual conference of obser**alions. Tlie conference of dif- 
 ferent p.iss;iges of Scripture. Hooker. 
 
 [nii'< sense is, T believe, noiB obsoletc.~\ 
 
 4. .\ meeting of the two brauches of a legislature, 
 by th:;ir committee, to adjust difterences respecting 
 bills, &.Q. 
 
 5. \ stated meeting of preachers in the Wesleyan 
 Methodist church, for trans.icting business. 
 
 €0.\-FER'Rf;D, Given; imparted; bestowed. 
 CO.V-FER'REK, //. One who confers; one who con- 
 verses; one who bestows. 
 €ON'-FER'RI.\G, ;);)r. Conversing together ; bestow- 
 eO.X-FER'RING, n. The act of bestowing. [ing. 
 
 9. Comparison ; examination. 
 eON-FER-Ru'.MIX-A-TED, o. Sodered together. 
 
 Wmker, 
 
 eO.V-FER'VA, n. ;;»/. CoNFERv.K. [L.] \nbutany,l\\e 
 name tif an extensive sectitin of the jiltrie, consisting 
 of simple, tubular, joiuteti water-weeds. P. Cyc. 
 
 €ON-FESS', r. (. [Fr. confesser: It. confessare : Sp. 
 confr.^-ar ; Port, confcssnr : fnun 1.. cnnfitctrr, confe^sum ; 
 con ami fateitr, to own or acknowledge ; Ir. faoisdin.l 
 
 1. To own, acknowledge, or avow, as a crime, a 
 fault, a charge, a debt, or something that is against 
 one's interest or reputation ; as, I confess the argu- 
 ment against nie is good, and not easily refuted ; let 
 tis frankly confess our sins. 
 
 iluin.tn faults with human grief confess. Prior. 
 
 " Confess tliee freely of thy sins," used by Shak- 
 speare, is not legitimate, unless in the sense of 
 Koinan Catholics. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic church, to acknowledge 
 sins and faults to a priest ; to disclose the state of the 
 conscience to a priest, in private, with a view lo ab- 
 solution ; sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun. 
 
 The beautiful votary confeaeed herself lo this ceiebrateH father. 
 
 A'idison. 
 
 3. To own, avow, or acknowledge ; publicly to 
 declare a belief in and adherence to. 
 
 Whoever shall confess nie liefore men. — Matt. x. 
 
 4. To own and acknowledge, as true disciples, 
 friends, or children. 
 
 Him will I confess t>efore my Father who is in heaven. — 
 Mati. I. 
 
 .'■>. To own ; to acknowledge ; to declare to be true, 
 or to admit or .asssnt to in words ; opposed to deny. 
 
 Then will I confess to thee that thy own rijlit hand can save 
 thee. — Jul' 3tl. 
 
 Th^se — confessed that they were stntngers and pili^ims on tbe 
 earih. — lieb. x't. 
 
 6. To show by the effect ; to prove ; to attest. 
 Tall, thrivin* trees confessed the fruitful mold. Pope. 
 
 7. To hear or receive the confession of another ; 
 as, the priest confessed the nuns. 
 
 eO.N'-FESS', V. i. To make confession ; to disclose 
 faults, or the state of the conscience ; as, this man 
 went lo the priest to confess. 
 
 eO.\-FESS'.\.\T, n. One who confesses to a priest. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 eo.\-FESS'.\-RY, 71. One who makes a confession. 
 rjV«)( n.ieil.] {fall. 
 
 eO.\-FESS'>;i), {kon-fest',) pp. or a. Owned ; ac- 
 knowledged ; declared to be tnie ; admitted in words ; 
 avowed ; admitted to disclose to a priest. 
 
 eO\-FESS'EI)-r<V, Hj/r. I)y confession or acknowl- 
 edgment ; avowedly ; undeniably. Dcmo.sthcnes 
 waN ronfes^rdly the greatest orator in Greece. 
 
 9. Willi avowed purpose ; as, his object was coii- 
 fessrdty to secure to hiuHelf a benetice. 
 
 eo.V-Ffi.^.S'I.NG, ppr. Owning; avowing; declaring 
 to be true or real ; crauting or ailmitting by assent ; 
 receiving discltMure of sins, or the state of the con- 
 science of another. 
 
 eO.N FE.'»'.'<IO.\, (kon feHh'iin,) n. The acknowl- 
 edgment of a crime, fault, or Bomelhing to one'K 
 ^iHadvantage ; open declaration of guilt, failure, 
 debt, accuaation, &c. 
 
 with lh«.MOUlh confession ij rrade li> Mlvallon. — Rom, X. 
 
 2. Avowal; the act of acknowledging ; profession. 
 Who, before Pontius PILite, witnessed a ?ood coufesaion. — I 
 
 Tim. Ti. 
 
 3. The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest ; 
 the disburdtjning of the conscience privately to a 
 confessor ; somelinies called auricular confession. 
 
 4. Concession, or confession of faith : a formulary in 
 which the articles of faith are comprised ; a creeti to 
 be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admis- 
 sion into a church. • 
 
 .•j. The acknowleilgment of a debt, by a debtor, 
 before a ju.stice of the peace, &c., on which judgment 
 is enteretl and execution issued. 
 eON-FE.S'SION'-.AL, »i. The seat where a priest or 
 confessor sits lo hejir confessions ; a confession- 
 eo.\-FE.S'SIOX-.\-RV, n. [Pp. confesionario.] [chair. 
 
 A confession-chair, ;is above. 
 eON-FES'SION-.V-RY, a. Pertaining lo auricular 
 ettnfessiou. 
 
 eoX-FKS'SION-IST, n. One who makes a profession 
 
 of failh. j\lounta(TU, 
 eo.N'-FESS'OR, n. [Fr. confcsseur; Sp. confesor.) 
 
 1. One who confesses ; one who acknowledges 
 his sins. 
 
 2. One who makes a profession of his faith in the 
 Christian religiim. The term was particularly ap- 
 plied, in the early church, to one who confessed the 
 doctrine of Christ before persecuting nianistmles, and 
 firmly endured punishment for defending the faith. 
 If such a one died under his torments, he was called 
 a martyr. Hook. The term was used, also, for such 
 Christians as Jived a good life, and died with the 
 reputation of sanctity. Encyc. 
 
 3. A priest of the Roman Catholic church, who 
 hears the confessions of others, and has power to 
 grant them absolution. 
 
 eOX-FEST', p;). or a. [For Confessed.] Owned; 
 open ; acknowletiged ; apparent; not disputed. 
 
 eoX-FEST'LY, ado. [For Confessedly.] Avowed- 
 ly; indisputably. [Little ujcJ.] 
 
 eo.V'FI-DAXT. ji. m. ( One intrusted with secrets ; 
 
 eOX'FI-DAXTE, «./. i a contidential or bosom 
 friend. [This word has been spelt confident by Jlit- 
 ford, Co.xe, and others, and this spelling would be 
 preferable, as more conformed to the derivation of 
 the word.1 
 
 eoX-FIDE', E. f. [L. confido; con and yirfo, to trust ; 
 It. confidare ; Sp. Port, confiar ; Fr. confer ; Arm. 
 JizyouL See Faith.] 
 
 To trust ; to rely on, with a persuasion of faith- 
 fulness or veracity in the person trusted, or of the 
 reality of a fact; lo give credit to; to believe in, 
 with assurance ; followed by in. The prince confiiies 
 in his ministers ; the minister confides in the strength 
 and resources of the nation ; we confide in the veraci- 
 ty of the sacred liistorians ; we confide in the truth 
 of a report. 
 
 eOX-FIDE', ». t. To intrust ; to commit to the charge 
 of, with a belief in the fidelity of the person intrust- 
 ed ; to deliver into possession of another, with assur- 
 ance of safe keeping, or good management ; followed 
 by to. We confide a secret to a friend ; the common 
 interests of the United Slates are confided to the 
 congress ; the prince confides a negotiation to his 
 envoy. 
 
 They would take the property out of the hands of those to whom 
 it »«s conjvled by the charier. Hopkinson. 
 
 Congress niay, under the constitution, coryiie to the Circuit 
 Court jurisdiction of all ollenses against the United Slates. 
 
 Judge Story. 
 
 eOX-FID'ED, pp. Intrusted ; committed to the care 
 of, for preservation, or for performance or exercise. 
 
 eoX'FI-DENCE, n. [L. confitlentia : It. confidrnza ; 
 Sp. confianza ; Fr. eonftance, cotifidcnce See Con- 
 fide.] 
 
 1. .'\ trusting or reliance ; an assurance of mind or 
 firm belief in the integrity, stability, or veracity, of 
 another, or in the truth and reality of a fad. Mu- 
 tual riinfiilrnce is the basis of social happiness. I place 
 cottfidence in a statement, or in an otficial report. 
 
 It is lieltrT to trust in the LonI, than to put confidence in man. 
 - Ps. cx.iii. 
 
 I re^'ice tliat 1 have confidence in you in all thiu^. — '2 
 
 2. Trust ; reliance ; applied to one's own abililies or 
 fortune ; belief in one's own competency. 
 
 ills tiiTi'-s hchi^ r:tiher prosperous than calm, had raised his 
 confidence by success. Bacon. 
 
 3. That in which trust is placed ; ground of trust ; 
 he tir that which supports. 
 
 l»rii l was a.h.HTneil i)f B. lli el their ron>ien«. —Jcr. llviii. 
 J.-huvah >hiill b.- thy confitlence. — Pros' . iii. 
 
 4. Saft^ty, or assurance of safely ; security. 
 
 They .hxll l)"iid hou,.-« ai 
 tlwelt with confi/tence. 
 
 1 plant vinevards ; yea, they Bh:\l 
 -tv-y. xxvin. 
 
 5. Bolflness ; courage. 
 
 Pieachiii; tlie kliigdorn of Go-l with all confidence, ~ Acts 
 xxviii. 
 
 6. Excessive boldness ; assurance, proceeding from 
 vanity or a falne opinion of one's own abilities or ex- 
 cellencies. 
 
 Their eonfidtnce arlieth from too much credit |fi»»-n to their own 
 wiu. Hooker. 
 
 eOX'FI-DEXT, a. Having full belief; trusting ; rely- 
 ing ; fully assured ; as, the troops rush on, cmifideiit 
 of success. 
 
 1 am confi'lent that much may be done toward the improvement 
 
 of philosophy. Boyle. 
 ■ 2. Positive ; dogmatical ; as, a confident talker. 
 
 3. Trusting ; without suspicion. 
 
 Rome, be as Just and srrxcious unto me. 
 
 As 1 am confidsnl and^kiiid to thee. Shak. 
 
 4. Btild to a vice ; having an excess of assurance. 
 
 The fi.c.l rajeth and is confllenl. — Prov. xiv. 
 
 eOX'FI-DE.NT, n. One intrusted with secrets ; a con- 
 fidential or bosom frienil. Dnjden. Coze. Jifitfurii. 
 
 [Thi.s leord Itas been usually written Confidant. 
 The regular Knglish ortho^rrnphy tcould be Co.sfident, 
 (7< triren bit Core and Jltlfitrd.] 
 
 €0.\-FI-DEX'TI.\L, a. Enjoying the confidence of 
 another ; trusty ; that may be safely trusted ; as, a 
 confidential frientl. 
 
 2. That is to be treated or kept in confidence ; pri- 
 vate ; as, a confitlential matter. 
 
 3. .Admitted to special cimfidence. 
 eOX-Fl-DEX'TIAL-LY, ado. In confidence; in re- 
 liance or secrecy. 
 
 eOX'FI-DEXT-LV, ailv. With firm trust ; with strong 
 assurance ; without doubt or wavering of opinion ; 
 positively ; as, to believe confidently ; lo assert confi- 
 de ntl>i. 
 
 eOX'Fl-DEXT-XESS, n. Confidence ; the quality or 
 
 st.tte ijf having full reliance. 
 COX-FID' ER, 71. One who confides ; one who intrusts 
 
 to another. 
 
 COX-FID'IX'G, ppr. or a. Trusting ; reposing confi- 
 dence. 
 
 eOX-FIG'U-R.\TE, V. i. [L. configuro. See Config- 
 ure.] 
 
 To show like the aspects of the planets toward 
 each other. Jordan. 
 eOX-FIG-U-R.\'TIOX, 77. [Fr., from L. configuro.] 
 
 1. External f rm, figure, shape ; the figure which 
 bounds a body, ami gives it its external appearance, 
 constituting one of the principal diflerences between 
 bodies. Enctjc. 
 
 2 Relative position or aspect of the planets ; or 
 the face of the horoscope, according lo the relative 
 positions of the planets at any time. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 3. Resemblance of one figure lo another. 
 
 Bailey. Jones. 
 
 GOX-FIG'URE, r. t. [L. configure ; con and figuro, to 
 form ; figura, figure.] 
 
 To form ; to dispose in a certain form, figure, or 
 shape. Bentien. 
 
 €OX-FIG'L3R-£D, (kon-fig'yurd,) pp. To dispose in a 
 certain form. 
 
 eOX-FlG'UR-IXG, ppr. Forming to a figure. 
 
 €0.\-FrX'A-BLE, a. That may be confined or lim- 
 ited. Bp. H.tU. 
 
 eOX'FIXE, 71. [L. confinis, at the end or border, ad- 
 joining; cotifiniuin, a limit; co;i anA finis, end, bor- 
 der, limit ; It. confine, confiito ; Sp. confin ; Fr. and 
 Poll, confins. See Fine.] 
 
 Border ; edge ; exterior part ; the part of any territory 
 which is at or near the end or extremity, it is used 
 gener.illy in the plural, and applied chiefly to coun- 
 tries, territory, cities, rivt rs, &c. We say, the cott- 
 fines of France, or of Scotland ; and, figuraticelij, the 
 confines of light, of death, or the grave ; but never 
 the cntifines of a book, table, or small piece of land. 
 
 eOX'FiXE, a. Bordering on ; lying on the border; 
 atljacent; having a common boundary. Johnson. 
 
 eOX'FIXE, V. i. [Ft. confiner; Sp.confinar; ll. confi- 
 nare.] 
 
 To border on ; lo touch the limit ; to be adjacent 
 or contiguous, as one territory, kiiigtlom, or state, to 
 another ; usually followed by u7i ; sometimes by icith. 
 England confines on Scotland. Connecticut confines 
 on M.Tss:ichuselts, New York, Rhode Island, and the 
 Sound. 
 
 eO.N-FiXE', r. t [Sp confinar ; Fr. confiner. See 
 supra.] 
 
 1. To bound or limit ; to restrain within limits ; 
 hence, lo imprison ; lo shut up ; to restrain from es- 
 cape by force or insurmountable tibstacles, in a gen- 
 eral .sense; as, to confine horses or cattle to an iuclt)- 
 siire ; to confine water in a pond, to dam ; lo confine a 
 garrison in a town ; lo confine a criminal in prison. 
 
 2. To iminure ; to keep close, by a voluntary act ; 
 to b<^ much at home, or in reliremeul ; as, a man con- 
 fiites himself lo his studies, or to his house. 
 
 3. To limit or restrain voluntarily, in some act or 
 practice ; as, a man may confine himself to tlie use of 
 animal fooil. 
 
 4. To lie or bind ; to make fast or close ; as, to 
 confine air in a bladder, or corn in a bag or sack. 
 
 5. To restrain by a moral force ; as, to confine men 
 by laws. The constitution of the United Si;itesc««- 
 fines the States to th« exercise of powers of a local 
 nature. 
 
 eoN-FI.N'KI), pp. or a. Restrained within limits ; im- 
 prisoned ; limited ; secluded ; close. 
 
 eoX'FINE-LESS, a. llountUess ; unlimited ; without 
 enil. S/iuA. 
 
 eoN-FINE'.MEXT, 71. Restraint within limits ; im- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— 
 
 846 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 1 
 
 prisonnu-nt ; any restr.iinl of liberty by forcr nrnlher 
 obstiu If, or necessity ; lis, tlii; cunjlnement of a debtor 
 or criuiiniil to a prison, or of troops to a besieged 
 town. 
 
 2. V'uluntc-y restraint ; sechisiiin ; as, tbc confine- 
 ment of II man In bis boiise, or to liis studies. 
 
 :). Viiliinlary restraint ni action or inactice ; as, 
 cnnjinrinrnt to a iiarlicnlar diet. 
 
 4. Restraint frnni !;oinj; abroad by sickness, partic- 
 ularlv l>v einldbirlli. 
 eo.N-KTN'i;U, II. He or tliat wliicb limits or restrains. 
 eO.\"l''Ii\-Klt, a. A iKirdi rer; one wlio lives on eon- 
 lines, or near ibe border of a eonnlry. SItuli. 
 
 •2. lie orlbatttliieb is nearlbe limit; a near neigh- 
 bor ; be or lliat w bieli is adjacent or cnntignons ; as, 
 ronliiier.-) in art ; conjinerj between plants and ani- 
 mals, as iiN'sters. H'tUtim. Itucun. 
 Cl).\-l"I.\''l.\(J, ;v<r. Restraining; liniitins;; imprison- 
 in l'. 
 
 C;0.\ FIN''I-TY, ». [I., conjinitas.] Contiguity ; near- 
 ness ; neiubbiirbood. Dicf, 
 
 eo.N'-FIR.M', (kon-furm',) v. t. [L.co!\firmoi con and 
 JirmtK to make lirm. See Kihm.] 
 
 1. 'J'o make lirm, or more linn ; to adil strength 
 to ; to strengtlieii ; as, health is cunjirmed by e.ter- 
 cise, 
 
 2. To fix more firmly ; to settle or establish. 
 
 Olitfirmin^ IIk- huiils cf Ihr »ItscillU'§. — Acl» xiv. 
 
 1 miijinn ilu-i' in ilic pri«atlio„.). M(tetxibet9. 
 
 fuit/irm llie crown lo iiic .iii.l (o mine heirs. S.'iok, 
 
 :t. 'I'o make firm or certain ; to give new assurance 
 of truth or certainty ; to put past doubt. 
 
 'I'lie li-*linionj' of C'lirifct was iim/tnnetl in >oii. — 1 Cor. i. 
 
 4. To fi\; to iRdicate ; as, the patient has a cok- 
 firmed dropsy. 
 
 ;'). 'I'o strengthen ; to ratify ; as, to confirm an agree- 
 ment, promise, covenant, or title. 
 
 ti. To make more firm ; to siri nslhjn ; as, to con- 
 firm an opinioi;, a i»urpose, or resolution. 
 
 7. To admit to llii' full privileijes of a I'liristian, by 
 the inipiisition of a bishop's hanils. Jolin.ion. 
 
 8. Xn tJiC iritvfrnincnt of the United S(a£c*", lo estab- 
 lish, assent to, or ratify ; as, the senate confirmn or 
 rejects the appointments proposed to tllcni by the 
 pri sideni of the United Stales. 
 
 eo.\-KIR.M'A-HLK, (kon furin'abl,) a. That maybe 
 confirmed, eslablished, or ratified ; capable of being 
 made more certain. Brown. 
 eON'-FlR.M-.\'T10iV, n. The act of confirming or es- 
 tablishing ; a fixins, scttlinn, establishing, or making 
 more certain or firm ; establishimnit. 
 
 In the cU fctisc .mtl coiijtiinntion of the pospcl, ye .■^r« nU j)i\rtak- 
 cra of tny gntco. — Phil. i. 
 
 9. The act of ratifying ; as, the confirmation of a 
 promise, covenant, or stipiilalicm. 
 
 3. The act of giving new strength j as, the con- 
 firmation of health. 
 
 4. The act of giving pew evidence ; as, the con- 
 firmation of opinion or report. 
 
 5. That which rimfirms ; that which gives new 
 strength or .xssurance ; additional evidence; proof; 
 convincing testiimniy ; as, this fad or this argument 
 is a confirmation of what was before alleged. 
 
 (i. In laiD, an assurance of title, by the conveyance 
 of nn esu\te or right in esse, from one man to ;iiiolh- 
 er, by which a voidable estate is made sure or una- 
 voidable, or a iKirticular estate is increased, or a pos- 
 session made |)erfecL Blackstone, 
 
 7. In church affairs, the act of ratifying the elec- 
 tion of an archbishop or bishop, by the king, or by 
 persons of his ap|Hiintmenl. hlackxtone. 
 
 8. "The act or ceremony of laying on of hands, in 
 the admission of bapti/.eil persons to the enjuyment 
 of Christian privileges. The p- rsoii to be coiiiiriiied 
 brings his codf.illier and godmother, and takes upon 
 himself the baptismal vnws. This is practiced in 
 the Greek, Roman, and Episcopal churches. 
 
 Hammond. F.ncye, 
 eON-FIRM'.\-TIVE, (kon-furin'a-tiv,) a. Having 
 
 the power of confirming; tending to establish. 
 eo.N'-FIR.M'.i-TIVl'.-lA', adr. In a manlier tending 
 
 to confirm. 
 
 eO.N-FIRM-A'TOR, n. lie or that which confirms. 
 eO.\-FIRM'.\-TO-RY, (kon furiii'a-to-ry,) a. That 
 
 serves to confirm ; giving adtlitlonal strength, fiirce, 
 
 or stability, or adtlition.al assurance or evidence. 
 3: Pertaining to the rite of confirin.ation. 
 eO.\-FlUM'f;i), (koii-furind',) pp. or a. Made more 
 
 finn ; slrenglliened ; established, 
 a. Admitied lo the full privileges of the church. 
 CO.N'-FIRM'ED-.NESS, (kon-furiii'ed-ncss,) n. A fi.ved 
 
 stale. 
 
 C0.\ FIRM-EE', n. One to whom any thing is con- 
 finned. ^sA. 
 
 eo.N-FIRM'ER, (kon-furm'er,) n. He or that which 
 confirms, esijibhshes, or ratities; one that prodnces 
 new evidence ; an atlester. Shai. 
 
 eoX-FIR.M'ING, (kon-furin'ing,) ppr. Making firm 
 or more firm; strengthening: ratifying; siviiig aildi- 
 tional evidence or proof; establishing ; administering 
 the rite of confirm ilimi. 
 
 e()N-FlR.\I'I.N(;-I,Y, {k.m-furm'ing-ly,) adv. In a 
 manner to strengthen or make firm. B. Jonson. 
 
 et)N-FIS'CA-llLE, n. (See C.mriscATE.] That may 
 
 be confiscated ; li.'ibltt to forfeiture. Browne. 
 €0\-FI.'^'f' aTI: or t;(l.N"Fl< C.\TE, r. I. [I,, con- 
 fi.fco ; con anil /iVcm.v, a basket, hamper, or bag ; 
 hence, revenue, or Ihe em|ieror's treasure; It. conjii- 
 core: Fr. eoojisi/ner ; .^p. confi.-icar.] 
 
 To ailjiiilge to be forfeited lo the public treasury, 
 as ihi' goods or estate of a liailor or other criminiil, 
 by v. ay of penally ; or to condemn private forfeited 
 phjperly to public use. 
 
 Th^stnl'' of the rcU'Ia vf:\a tn iiii\ i\n,l confiacale'l. Atioti. 
 eO.-V-FlS'e.^TE or t;().\'FIS-€.\TE, o. Forfi iteil 
 and ailjiidged to the public trea.sury, as the goods of 
 a erimttial. 
 
 €ON-Fl.S'eS-TF,D or eON'FI.«:-e.vTF.n, p;>. or «. 
 Atljndged to the public treasury, as forfeited goods 
 or esiat,'. 
 
 eoN-FIS'C^ -TING oreON'FIS-eA-TING, ppr. Ad- 
 judging lo the public use. 
 
 €<JN-FIS-t;.\'TK)\, n. The act of condemning as 
 forfeited, and adjudging to the public treiusiiry, as 
 the goods of a criminal who has committed a public 
 ofl'cnse. F.-.ra vii. 
 
 eON'Fl!<-eA-TOJ{, 11. One who confiscates. Burke. 
 
 €0.\-FI.S't;A 'J'O-KY, a. Consigning to forfeiture. 
 
 Bnrkc. 
 
 eo.VFIT, n. A sweetmeat. [See Confect.I 
 
 eO.\'FI-'i'E.\T, II. [h.confiteni. See CoNfEss.] One 
 who confesses his sins anil faults. [JV'oJ niiicA used.] 
 
 e().\'FIT-URE, II. [Fr., from cuiiyirc, confit ; L. coii- 
 fectura, eonfirio ; con and /«ciii. 'I'his word is cor- 
 rupted into CoMKiT, which is now used. J 
 
 A sweetmeat ; cinifection ; comfit. Bacon. 
 
 €ON-FI.\', r. t. [ij. confiiro, confixnm ; con and fiiro, to 
 fix, to Ihriist to or on. Sec Fix.] 
 'I'o fix down ; to fasten. Shak. 
 
 eo.\'-FlX'i;U, (-fixt,) ;>;i. Fixed down or to; fast- 
 ened. 
 
 eo.N-FlX'l.NG, p/ir. Fixing to or on ; fastening. 
 €().\'-FI.\'lJRE, 11. The act of fastening. Jfountairu. 
 GON-FL.A 'G R ANT, a. [L. confiairrans, confia^ro ; con 
 and fiit^rro, to burn. See Flagrant.] 
 
 Burning together in a common fiaine. J\filton. 
 €O.N-FLA-GR.\''nO.\, II. [L. confiM^rratio. See Fla- 
 
 GltA.NT.] 
 
 I. .\ great fire, or the burning of any great mass 
 of combustibles, as a house, but more especially a 
 city or forest. Bentleij. 
 
 a. The burning of the world at the consiiniinaiion 
 of tilings, when "the elements shall melt with fer- 
 vent heat." 
 
 eON'-FL.A'GRA-TIVE, a. Causing conflagration. 
 eo.\-FLA'TIOi\, 11. [\.. confialio, from conflo ; con 
 
 and fio, to blow. See Bi.ow.] 
 
 A blowing together, as of many instruments in a 
 
 concert, or of many lirtis in melting metals. Smart. 
 eO.\'-Flj;.\M-RE, II. A beii.ling. [jYot vsed.] 
 €0.\'FLIC T, II. [L. conflictus, from confli^w : con and 
 
 fiif^Oy to Strike, Eng. to fio^, to lick; !Sp. confiicto ; It. 
 
 confiitto f Fr. confitt.] 
 
 1. A striking or (lashing against each other, as of 
 two moving bodies in opposition ; violent collision 
 of substances; as, a confltcl of eleinenis or waves; 
 a coofiict of particles in ebullition. 
 
 2. A fighting ; cimibat, as between men, and ap- 
 plicable to individuals or to armies ; as, the confiict 
 was long and desperate. 
 
 a. Contention ; strife ; contest. 
 
 Ill our last conJUct, four of his five wits went linlUiio: off. ShaJc. 
 
 4. A struggling with difiiculties ; a strivina to op- 
 pose or overcome ; as, the good man has a perpetual 
 conflict with his evil propensities. 
 
 ."i. A struggling of the mind ; distress ; anxiety. 
 Col. ii. 
 
 li. The l!Lst struggle of life ; agony ; as, the confiict 
 with death. 'I'homson. 
 
 7. Opposing operations; countervailing action; 
 collision ; opposition. . 
 
 In exercising the li^lil of frerinen, tlie mf\n of rrli^inn t-xperi- 
 eiiccs no coojticl hetweeii his duly iinil his iiicim -lion. 
 
 /. AppUlon. 
 
 eO.\-FLieT', V. i. To strike or dash against; to 
 meet and opixisc, as bodies driven by violence ; as, 
 conflicting waves or elements. 
 
 2. To drive or strike against, as contending men 
 or armies; to fight; to contend with violence; a.s, 
 conflicting armies 
 
 3. To strive ors(rn"2le to resist and overcome; as, 
 men conflicting with difiiculties. 
 
 4. To be in opposition, or contradictory. 
 
 The l iws of Ihe Uiineil States nnil of the iiulivi.hi il Snios msy. 
 In some crises, confiict with e.ich other. ^ W'hrnloiCs Hep. 
 
 eON-FEieT'I\G, ppr. Striking or dashing together ; 
 fighting; contending; struggling to resist and over- 
 come. 
 
 2. a. Being in oppasition ; contrary ; contradictory. 
 
 In Ihe nl'vncc of all c^nfiicting cvhlence. &tory. 
 
 eO.N'-FLIC r'IVE, «. l ending to confiict. 
 eo.N'FIiU-EXCE, II. [U eonflaentia, from confluo ; 
 
 con audyliio, to fiow. See Flow.] 
 
 I. .\ tlowing together ; the meeting or junction of 
 
 two or more streams of water, or other finid ; also. 
 
 the place of meeting ; as, the confluence of the Tigris 
 and Euphrates, or of Ihe Ohio and .Mississippi 
 
 2. The rillillilig tou'elher of people; the acl of 
 meeting and ciowdiiig in a jilaci' ; a crowd ; a con- 
 course ; the latter word ts inure ^rnrrullij used. 
 
 Temple. Hhok 
 
 3. A collection ; meeting ; assemblage. Boitte 
 eo.N'FEU-E.NT, a. [L. <:n«;li<c/i.v.] Flowing togeth- 
 er ; meeting ill their coiir.se, as two streaiiM ; as, 
 confluent strcEMis. BlncUmore. 
 
 2. In medical .vi^iViifi^, running together, and spread- 
 ing over a large surface of the body ; as, the confluent 
 smallpox. Eneije. 
 
 3. In botany, united at llie base ; growing in Itilts ; 
 as, confluent leaves; running into ciicli olher ; as, 
 confluent lobes. Jfartijn. 
 
 GO.X'FEI-'X, TI. [Low L. coiiflufio, from confluo. 
 See CoNKLCEr«eE.J 
 
 1. A llowiiig together; a in,-etiiig of two or more 
 currents of a Miiid. S/iak. 
 
 2. .\ collc'ction ; a crowd ; a multitude collected ; 
 as, a general etnifiui of people. Cturendon. 
 
 eON-Fl.l'X-l-HII/I TY, II. The tendency of fiuids 
 lo run loaellier. [/.illlru.^rd.] Boijle. 
 
 CON-FORM', II. [ L. ct/ii/(ir/iii.t ; con and forma, form.] 
 Matle to resemble ; assuming the same form; like; 
 resembling. [Little u.-iv/.] Bacon. 
 
 GO.N'-FOR.M', V. t. [L. ronformo ; con and fornw, to 
 form, or shape, from forma, form.] 
 
 1. To make like in external appearance; to re- 
 duce to a like shape, or frrin, with something else ; 
 with to i as, to conform any thins to a model. 
 
 2. More generally, to retiuce to a likeness or cor- 
 respondence in manners, opinions, or moral qual- 
 ities. 
 
 Kor wtiom he <li<l foreltnow, he niso tliil pn-ilesllnnte In be 
 
 con/ormed to the iina'^-- iit his S<.n. — Roin. viii. 
 Be not eon/ormed to this world. — Itoin. xii, 
 
 3. To make agreeable to ; to sipiare with a rule or 
 directory. 
 
 Dcni.tnd of them why they conform not tUemselves to Ibe 
 Older ot the church. « Hooker, 
 
 eON-FOR.'M', ». i. To comply with or yield to; to 
 live or act according to ; as, to conform to the fashion 
 or to custom. 
 
 2. To comply with ; to obey ; as, to conform to the 
 laws of the state. 
 
 eoX-FOR.M'A-HLE, a. Correspondent ; having the 
 same or similar external form or shape ; like ; re- 
 sembling ; as, an edifice conformable lo a model or 
 draft. 
 
 2. Having the same or similar manners, opinions, 
 or moral qualities. 
 
 Tlic Gentiles were not m.ide conformable lo the Jews, in thai 
 which was to cease at the coiiiinjr of Christ. Hooker. 
 
 3. .Agreeable; suitable; consistent ; as. Nature is 
 conformable lo herself. AVwton, 
 
 4. Compliant; ready to follow directions ; submis- 
 sive ; obsequious ; peaceable ; disposed to obey. 
 
 I li;ive U-en to you a tiue and hurnl.lc wde, 
 
 At all time to yotir will cott/orinabte. Shak. 
 
 k 5. In geology, when the planes of one set of strata 
 are generally parallel to those of another set lying in 
 contact, they are said to be conformable. Luell. 
 
 It is generally ft>IIowed by to, but good writers 
 have used with. In ils etyinolouical sense, that may 
 be conformed, capable of being conformed, it seeins not 
 lo be used. 
 
 eON-FOR.M'A-BLY, aih. With or in conformity ; 
 suitably ; agreeably ; as, let us settle in our own 
 minds what rules to pursue, and act conl'ormahly. 
 
 eo.\ FOR.M-A'TIO.X, 11. The manner in which a 
 body is formed ; the jiarticular texture or structure of 
 a body, or disposition (if the parts which compose it; 
 form ; structure ; often with relation lo stune olher 
 body, and with adaptation to s^me purpose or elTecl. 
 Light of difi't reiit colors is rerti'Clcd from bodies, ao 
 cording to their diirereiit conformation. Varieties of 
 sound depend on Ihe conformation of the organs. 
 
 2. The act of conforming ; Ihe act of producing 
 suitableness or conformily ; with f<i ; iis, the conform- 
 ation of our hearts and lives to Ihe duties of true 
 religion H'att.<. 
 
 3. In medical science, the particular make or con- 
 struction of the body peciili.ir to an individual ; .as, a 
 gtiod or bad ciinformation. F.nrye. 
 
 eo.N FOR.M'AI), pp. Made lo resemble ; reduct-d to 
 a likeness of; made agreeable to ; siiiletl. 
 
 ei ).\-F< IR.M'ER, 71. One who cimforins ; one who 
 complies with established forms or doctrines. 
 
 eo\-F()ll.M'l.XG,ppr. Kediiciiig to a likeness ; adapt- 
 ing : complying with. 
 
 eO\-FOR.M'l.'^T, n. One who conforms or complies j 
 appropriately, one who complies with the worship of 
 the Church of England, or of the established church, 
 as dislinsiiislicd from a dissenter or non-conformist. 
 
 €O.N-FOR.M'l-TV, II. Likeness ; corres|K>ndence with 
 a model in form or manner ; resemblance ; agreement ; 
 congmity with something else ; followed by to or ifitA. 
 A ship is consirticled in conformity to a model, or in 
 I conformity with a model. True happiness consists in 
 i conformity of life to Ihe divine law. 
 
 TONE, BULL, TJNITE. — AN"GEa, VI"CIOL'S. — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; T H as in THIS. 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 2, Consistency ; tigreenient. 
 
 Many instances prove ilie con/ormUy ul llie essay with tlie no- 
 tions of Hippocratus. Arbulhnol. 
 
 3. In theology, correspondence in manners and 
 principles ; compliance with established customs. 
 
 Live no! in conforndty with the worKi. Anon. 
 
 •€ON-FOR-Ta'TION, n. [See Comfort.] The act 
 of comfurtiiig or giving strength. [JVo£ used.] 
 
 Bactnu 
 
 €ON-FOUND', c. L [Ft. confondre; L. confundo; con 
 and fundo^ to pour out ; It. confondtre ; Sp. and Port. 
 confundir. Literalhj^ to pour or throw together.] 
 
 1. To mingle and biend ditidrent things, so that 
 tlieir forms or natures can nut be distinguished ; to 
 mix in a mass or crowd, so tliat individuals can not 
 
 2. To throw into disorder [be distinguished. 
 
 lyM US go tlown, and lliere coit/ound tlieir lAiigiLige. — Geil. li. 
 
 3. To mix or blend, so as to occasion a mistake of 
 one thing for another; as, men may con/omul ideas 
 with words. 
 
 A tlLii-1 iKniy and n welling liquor, lycause tliey agree in inftny 
 ihin^e, are woiit 10 be confounded. Boifle. 
 
 4. To perple.t ; to disturb the apprehension by in- 
 distinctness of ideas or words. Men may cunfuund 
 each other by unintelligible terms or wrong applica- 
 tion of words. 
 
 5. To abash ; to throw the mind into disorder ; to 
 cast down ; to make ashamed. 
 
 Be Uiou confounded, and bear Ihy shame. — Ezek. xvi. 
 Saul confounded the Jews at D.tmasciis. — Acts ix. 
 
 6. To perplex with terror ; to terrify ; to dismay ; 
 to aston ish ; to throw into consternation ; to stupefy 
 with amazement. 
 
 So spake l)ie Sen of God ; and Saltan stood 
 
 A while as tnilte, confounded what to say, Milton. 
 
 The multitude came together, aii'i were confounded. — Acts ii. 
 
 7. To destroy ; to overthrow. 
 
 So deep a malice to confound the race 
 
 Of mankind in one rcou yfltton. 
 
 €OX-FOUND'ED, pp. Mixed or blended in disorder; 
 
 perplexed ; abasheil ; dismayed ; put to shame and 
 
 silence ; astonished. 
 2. a. Very great ; enormous ; as, a confounded 
 
 tory. [ Vidtrnr.j 
 eOX-FOtTND'EU-LY, nrfr. Enormously; greatly; 
 
 shamefully ; as, he was ctmfoundtilly avaricious. [A 
 
 low word.] 
 
 €O.N-FOUXD'ED-NESS, n. The state of being con- 
 founded. jMUtoi:. 
 
 eOX-FOL'ND'ER, n. One who confounds ; one «Tio 
 disturbs the mind, perplexes, refutes, frustrates, and 
 puts to shame or sik nee ; one who terrifies. 
 
 eON-FOUXD'IXG, ppr. Mixing and blending; put- 
 ting into disorder ; perplexing; disturbing the mind; 
 abashing, and putting to sliame and sdence ; as- 
 tonishing. 
 
 eON-FRA"-TER'NI-TY, n. [h. confraternita : Fr.can- 
 fralernite ; con and L. fratcntitaji, fraternity, from 
 frater, brother.] 
 
 A brotherhtxid ; a society or aod}' of men united 
 for some purpose or in some profession ; as, the con- 
 fraternity of Jesuits. 
 eOX-FRI-e.\'TIO.\, 71. [ft. cnnfricazionc, friction ; 
 L. confrico ; con and frico, to rub. See Friction.] 
 A rubbing against ; friction. Bacon. 
 €Oi\-FRI'ER, n. [Fr. confrere.] 
 
 One of the same religious order. TVeever. 
 €O.\-FR0.\T', (kon-frunt',) r. (. [It. confrontare ; 
 Sp. and Port, confruntar : Fr. confronter ; con and 
 front, the forehead, or front, L. fron.^.] 
 
 1. To stand face to face in full view; to face; to 
 stand in front. 
 
 He (poke, and then confronts the bull. Dryden. 
 
 2. To stand in direct opposition ; to oppose. 
 
 The CAst and west churchei did both confront the Jews and 
 concur with thenj.* Hooker. 
 
 3. To set face to face ; to bring into the presence 
 of ; as an accused person and a witness, in court, 
 for examination and discovery of the truth ; fol- 
 lowed by icUli. 
 
 The witnei«et are confronted with the accused, the accused 
 wil^i one another, or the witnesses vilh one another. 
 
 4. To set together for comparison ; to compare one 
 thing with another. 
 
 When 1 confront a merlal with a vene, I only show you the 
 same ficsign executed by dilTerent hands. Additon. 
 
 C0.\ FROX-Ta'TION, n. The act of bringing two 
 persons into the presi'nce of each other for examina- 
 tion and rtiwoverj' of truth. 
 
 CO.V-FKi'j.VT'EI), ';.7>. Set face to face, or in oppoei- 
 liim ; broiisht intti the presence of. 
 
 eo.\-FKO.\T'I.N'<;, ppr. .Selling or standing face to 
 face, or in opjHiHitit>ii, or in pre^^cnce of. 
 
 efJX-KKONT'.MEN'l', n. I 'ouipnrison. Oley. 
 
 eO.VFCSE', a. .Mixed ; confounded. Barret. 
 
 COX-FCISE', v. I. [L. coiifnuua ; Fr. confas ; from L. 
 confundo. i^vM <-'oni-iH7M).] 
 
 1. To mix or blend things, no that they can not be 
 dintinguishcd. 
 
 Klunnlnjf loundi and Tolc/*! all confuted. Milton. 
 £very battle of the warrior la with confuted noise. — Is. Ix. 
 
 2. To disorder, as, a sudden alarm confused the 
 troops ; a careless book keeper has confused the ac- 
 counts. 
 
 3. To perplex; to render indistinct ; as, the clamor 
 , confused his ideas. 
 
 4. To throw the mind into disorder ; to cast down 
 or abash ; to cause to blush ; to agitate by surprise 
 or shame ; to disconcert. A sarcastic remark con- 
 fused the gentleman, and he could not proceed in 
 his argument. 
 
 Confused and sadly she at length replied. Pope. 
 
 eON-FuS'£D, (kon-fuzd',) pp. or a. Mixed ; blended ; 
 so tliat the things or persons mixed can not be dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 Some cried one thin^, and some another; for the assembly was 
 confused. — Acts xix. 
 
 2. Perplexed by disorder, or want of system ; as, a 
 confused account. 
 
 3. Abashed ; put to the blush or to shame ; agitated ; 
 discoiicerted. 
 
 COX-Ft)S'ED-LY, adv. In a mixed mass ; without 
 order or separation ; indistinctly ; not clearly ; tu- 
 multuously ; with agitation of ntind ; without regu- 
 larilv or system. 
 €OX-FuS'ED-.\ESS, n. A state of being confused; 
 want of order, distinction, or clearness. 
 
 The cause of tlie confusedness of our notions is want of atten- 
 tion. KorrU. 
 
 eOX-FCSE'LY, ad. Obscurely. BarreU 
 eOX-FrS'IXt;, ;;;)r. Mixing; confounding. 
 €OX-FU'SIOX, n. In a general sense, a mixture of 
 several things promiscuously : hence, disorder ; ir- 
 regularity ; as, the confusion of tongues at Babel. 
 
 2. Tumult ; want of order in society. 
 
 Tiie whole city was filled with confusion. — Acts xix. 
 God is not the author of confusion. — I Cor. xiv. 
 
 3. A blending or confounding ; indistinct combi- 
 nation ; opposeil to distinctness or perspicuity ; as, a 
 confusion of ideas. 
 
 4. Abashment ; shame. 
 
 O Lord, let me never be put to confusion. — Ps. Ixxi. 
 
 We lie in shanie, and our confusion covereth us. — Jer. iii. 
 
 5. Astonishment ; agitation ; perturbation ; distrac- 
 tion of mind. 
 
 Confusion dwelt in every face. Spectator. 
 
 6. Overthrow ; defeat ; ruin. 
 
 The makers of itlols shall go to confusion together. — Is. xlv. 
 
 7. \ shameful blending of natures ; a shocking 
 crime. Lerit. xviii. 23; xx. 12. 
 
 eOX-FuT'.A-BLE, a. [See Coxflte.] That may be 
 confuted, disproved, or overthrown ; that may be 
 shown to be false, defective, or invalid ; as, an 
 argument or a course of reasoning is confutable. 
 
 eOX-Fu'TAXT, n. One who confutes or undertakes 
 to confute. Milton. 
 
 eOX-FU-TJ\'TION, 71. The act of confuting, disprov- 
 ing, or proving to be false or invalid ; refutation ; 
 overthrow, as of arguments, opinions, reasoning, 
 theor\', or error. 
 
 eOX-Fu'TA-TlVE, a. Adapted or designed to con- 
 fute. _ Rich. Diet 
 
 eOX-FuTE', V. U [L. confuto ; con and ant./uto ; Sp. 
 confutar ; It. confutare. Class Bd.] 
 
 1. To disprove ; to prove to be false, defective, or 
 invalid ; to overthrow ; as, to confute arguments, rea- 
 soning, theory, error. 
 
 2. i'o prove to be wrong; to convict of error, by 
 argument or proof; a-s, to confute an advocate at the 
 bar ; to confute a writer. 
 
 eoN-FOT'EU, pp. Disproved ; proved to be false, 
 
 defective, or unsound ; overtlirown by argument, 
 
 fact, or proof. 
 eOX-FuTE'.MEXT, n. Cimfutation ; disproof. Milton. 
 COX-FOT'ER, 71. One who disproves or confutes. 
 €OX-F0T'IXG, ppr. Disproving ; proving to be false, 
 
 defective, or invalid ; overthrowing by argument or 
 
 proof. 
 
 COX'Ce, (kon'jee.) n. [Fr. congi, leave, permission, 
 discharge, contracted frtuii conned ; verb, conircdirr, to 
 dismiss ; It. con<jedo, leave, permission ; congedarc, to 
 give leave ; Arm. congea. The verb is a compound 
 of con and ged ; \V. gadatt, to i^uit, to leave, tti per- 
 mit ; gad, leave. Oadaic is the Celtic form of the L. 
 ccdo. Conged is therefore concedo.] 
 
 1. Leave; farewell; parting ceremony. Spenser. 
 
 2. The act of respect performed at the parting of 
 friends. Hence, the customary act of civility, on 
 other occasions ; a bow or a cotirt/'sy. 
 
 The c-iptaiu salutes you with conge profound. SwifL 
 eOX'fiP., V. i. To take leave with the customary ci- 
 vilities ; to bow t)r courtesy. 
 
 The preterit, CoNtjcKi), is tolerable in English ; bill 
 CoiTGk:ir<io will not be tiilmitted, and CoNOEEiNt; is 
 an anomaly. 
 
 COJV' ZJ'/^/.J'/i^;', (konV.h.'t-ila-leer',) [Fr.] Infc- 
 cle.iia.itical affair.i, the king's license or permission to 
 a dean antl chapter to choose a bishop ; or to an ab- 
 bey or priory of his own touiiiltttion to choose tlu;ir 
 abbt)t or prn)r. The king t)f (Jreat Britain, as sovts 
 reigii patron, hntl formerly the nppt)inlment of all ec- 
 cieHiastical dignities ; investing by crosier and ring. 
 
 and afterward by letters patent. But now the king, 
 on demand, sends his conge d^elire to the dean and 
 chapter, with a letter missive, containing the name 
 of the person he would have them elect, and if they 
 delay the election twelve days, the nomination de- 
 volves on the king, who may appoint by letters pa- 
 tent. Encyc, Cowel. BUickstcme. 
 
 eOX'CE, 71. In architecture, a molding in form of a 
 quarter round, or a cavetto, which serves to separate 
 two members from one another; such as that which 
 joins the shaft of the column to the cincture, called 
 also apophyge. Also, a ring or ferrule, formerly used 
 on the extremities of columns to keep them from 
 splitting ; afterward imitated in stone-work. Encyc. 
 
 COS-Ck.\1j', (kon-jeel',) v. t. [h. congelo ; con and 
 gelo, to freeze ; Fr. congeler ,• It. congelare ; Sp. coh 
 gelar; Ann. culedi. This may be connected with the 
 Xv. cculaic, to curdle or coagulate, from caul, a calPs 
 maw ; also, rennet, curd, and cliyle. The L. gelo 
 has the elements of cool, but it may be a different 
 word.] 
 
 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state, .as by 
 cold, or a loss of heat, as water in freezing, liquid 
 metal or wax in cooling, blood in .stagnating or cool- 
 ing, &c. ; to harden into ice, or into a substance of 
 less solidity. Cold congeals water into ice, or vapor 
 into hoar-frost or snow, and blood into a solid mass, 
 or clot. 
 
 2. To bind or fix with cold. Applied to the circu- 
 lating blt>od, it does not signify absolutely to liarden, 
 but to cause a sensation of cold, a shivering, or a re- 
 ceding of the blood from the extremities; as, the 
 frightful scene congealed his blood. 
 
 €OX"-CeAL', v. i. To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from 
 loss of heat ; to pass from a lluid to a solid state ; to 
 concrete into a solid mass. Melted lead congeals; 
 water congeals ; blood congeals, 
 
 eOX-<5EAL'.A-BLE, a. That may be congealed ; ca- 
 pable of being converted from a fluid to a solid state. 
 
 COX-<iEAL'£D, pp. or a. Converted into ice, or a 
 solid mass, by the loss of heat, or other process ; 
 concreted. 
 
 €OX-CeAL'ED-XESS, 71. State of being congealed. 
 
 €OX-Gp;.AL'1XG, ppr. Changing from a liquid to a 
 solid state; coricreting 
 
 €OX-GeAL'MEXT, 71. A clot or concretion ; that 
 which is formed by congelation. Also, congelation. 
 
 €OX-GE-La'TIOX, II. [L. eongclatio.] 
 
 The process of passing, or the act of converting, 
 from a fluid to a solid state, by the abstraction t»f 
 heat ; or the state of being congealed ; concretitm. 1 
 It differs from crystallization in this: in congelation, j 
 the whole substance of a fluid may become solid ; in 1 1 
 crystallization, when a salt is formed, a portion of 
 liquid is left. But the congelation of water is a ] 
 real cr\'stallization. Ennic. i 
 
 eo\liE.\I-I-X.VTIOX, 71. Act of doubling. [Ois.] 
 
 COX'GE^XER, 71. [L. congener; con and gener, kintl, 
 race.] 
 
 A thing of the same genus, kind, or nature. 
 
 The cherry-tree has been often gratted on the laurel, to which it 
 is a congener. Miller. 
 
 eOX'GE .\ER, j a. Of the same genus, kind, or 
 
 eOX-GEX'ER-OUS, ] nature ; allied in origin or 
 cause ; as, congenerous bodies ; congenerous diseases. 
 
 Broicn. .^rbtlOinoL 
 
 eOX-GEX'ER-.A-CY, 7i. Similarity of origin. 
 
 €OX-GE-XER'ie, a. Being of the same kind or na- 
 ture. 
 
 eoN-GE.\'ER-OUS-XESS, 71. The quality of being 
 from the same original, or of belonging to the same | 
 kind. jDict. 
 
 eoX-Gi5'XI-AL, a. [L. con and genus, whence geni- 
 alis, genial. See Generate.] 
 
 1. Partaking of the same genus, kind, or nature ; 
 kindred ; cognate ; as, congenial souls. 
 
 2. Belonging to the nature; natural; agreeable to 
 the nature ; usually followed by to; as, this severity 
 is not congenial to him. 
 
 3. Xatural ; agreeable to the nature ; adapted ; as, 
 a soil congenial to a plant. 
 
 €().\-CE XI-.AL'I-TV, j 71. Participation of the same 
 €<).N-Ge'XI-AL-NESS, J genus, nature, or original; 
 
 cognation; natural affinity ; suitableness. fVoUon. 
 eo.N-Gr.'XI-AL-IZE, V. t. To make congenial. 
 CO.\-GE.\'ITE, la. [Ij. congenitus ; con and geni- 
 €0N-GEX'I-T.\L, S (lis, born, from g-ig-no, to beget, 
 gignor, to be born.] 
 
 Of the same birth ; born with another , connate ; 
 begotten together. 
 
 Many coiiclusiuns, of moral and intellectual trutlia, aeem to be 
 
 conseuxCe with us. Hole. 
 Native or congetiiUU varieties of animals. Lawrence. 
 
 eOX"GER, j (kong'gur,) n. [I., conger, ot con^ 
 
 €0N"GER-EEL, i grus; Or. tayypos, or yoyypos; 
 It. gongro; Fr. congre.] 
 
 The sea-eel ; a large species of eel, of the genus 
 Anguilla, sometimes growing to the length of ten 
 fix't, and weighing a hundred pounds. In Cornwall, 
 England, it is an article of commerce, being shipped 
 to Spnjn and Portugal. P. Cyc 
 
 eOX-GlC'Rl KS, 71. [I.., from congern, to bring togeth- 
 er, to amass ; c<;ii anil gero, to bear.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T. — METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 _ 
 
CON 
 
 A collection of severul purticlcs or bodies in one 
 muss or asi-regate. Boyle. 
 eON-GEST', V. i. fL. congero, congestam; con and 
 gcrOj to bt'ar.] 
 
 To collect or gather into a mass or aggregatr. 
 
 Ralc^li. 
 
 eON-GEST'I-BLE, a. That may be collected into a 
 mass. 
 
 eON-CiKS'TlON, (kon-jest'ynn,) n. [L. convestio.] 
 An unnatural accumulation of blood in any part of 
 tho bo<lv, or uny subordinate system of parts. Tulhj. 
 
 eON-GEST'IVE, a. Indicating or attended by an 
 accumulation of blood in some part of the body. 
 
 eo.\'Cl-A-UY, V. [L. congiariiim, from congiii.i, a 
 measure ; Fr. con(riairc.] 
 
 Proptrlij, a pre.sent madi^, by the Roman emperors, 
 to the people ; originally, in corn or wine nuasured 
 out to llii.'m in a r.o«g^ui.<, a vessel holding a gallon or 
 rather more. In present ii.iii!;c, a gift orilonative rep- 
 resented on a medal. Kiiciic. Jlihlisaii. 
 
 COX-GLa'CI.\TE, v. i. [L. conirliirin ; am and i;liir,io, 
 to freeze ; glacies, ico.J 
 To turn to ice ; to freeze. Brown. 
 
 eO.\-GLJ-CI-A'TION, n. The art of changing into 
 ice, or the state of being converted to ice ; a freez- 
 ing ; congelation. Bruwn. 
 
 eON-GI.O'li.VrE, a. [h. conglobntii.'!, Cmm conirlubo; 
 con and gloho, to collect, or tti make round ; gtobtis^ a 
 ball. .«ee Globe.] 
 
 Formed or gathered into a ball. A cunirlohnic gland 
 is a single or lymphatic gland, a small, smooth body, 
 covered in a fine skin, admitting only \u\ artery and 
 a lymphatic vessel to pass in, and a vein and a lym- 
 phatic vessel to pass out. Parr. Coir. 
 
 eoN'-GLo'BATE, r. t. To collect or form into a ball, 
 or hardj^ round substance. Orcw. 
 
 eO»\-GLo'BA-TED, jip. Collected or formed into a 
 ball. 
 
 eOi\-GL0'BATE-LY, ado. In a round or roundisli 
 form. 
 
 CON'-GLO-Ba'TIOM, n. The act of forming into a 
 
 ball ; a round body. 
 eo.\-GLOl!E', V. i. [L. conglobo; con and globo, 
 from globus, a round body.] 
 To gather into a ball ; to collect into a round mass. 
 
 Mllon. 
 
 eOX-GI.OBE', V. i. To collect, unite, or coalesce in 
 a round mass. jMUton. 
 
 COS V.\.C)\i'F.D, pp. Collected into a ball. 
 
 CO.N'-OLoB'ING, />/>r. Gathering into a round mass 
 or ball. 
 
 eO\-GLOB'tJ-L5TE, v. i. To gather into a little 
 ■ round mass, or globule. Johnson. 
 eO.V-GLO.M'ER-ATE, a. [I., conglomero ; con and 
 
 glomrro, to wind into a ball, from glomus, a ball, a 
 
 clew. See Glomehatk. j 
 
 1. Gathered into a ball or round body. A conglom- 
 erate gland is comiK>sed of many smaller glands, 
 whose excretor)' ducts unite in a eonunon one, as 
 the liver, kidneys, pancreas^ parotids. &,c. Each lit- 
 tle grandnlated portion furnishes a small tube, which 
 unites with other similar ducts, to form the common 
 excretory duct of the gland. Coic. Encijc. 
 
 2. In botany, conglomcrolc flowers grow on a 
 branching peduncle or fiHilstalk, on short pedicles, 
 closely compacted together without order ; opposed 
 to difftiscd. jifurtyn. 
 
 3. Conglnmcrate rocks. Pee PuoniNr.-PTo.iE. 
 eON-GLO.M'EK-ATE, v. I. To gather into a ball or 
 
 round bodv ; to collect into a round mass. Grew. 
 
 eO.^'-GI,0^i'ER-.VTE, n. In geology, a sort of |>ud- 
 ding-slonc, or rock, composed of [Ktbbles cemented 
 together by another mini mi substance, either calca- 
 reous, silicions, or argillaceous. Brande. 
 
 €0.\-GL().M'ER-.\-TEU, pp. or a. G.ithered into a 
 ball or round mass. 
 
 €0.\-GI.O.M'EU-A-TI.\G,;;;.r. Collecting into a ball. 
 
 eO.\-GLO.M-Ell-A'TK)\, n. The act of gathering 
 into a ball ; the state of being thus collected ; collec- 
 tion ; .accumulation. 
 
 €ON-GL0'TI-NANT, a. [Seo Concluti.hate.] Glu- 
 ing; uniting; healing. Bacon. 
 
 CO.N*-GLO'T1-NA.\T, n. A medicine that heals 
 wounds. 
 
 eO.\-GI,0'TI-XATE, r. (. [L. eonglatino ; con and 
 glutino, from gluten, glue. See Gli'e.] 
 
 1. To glue together ; to unite by some glutinous or 
 tenacious substance. 
 
 2. To heal ; to unite the separated parts of a 
 wound bv a tenacious substance. 
 
 €ON-GLC'TI-XaTE, v. i. To coalesce; to unite by 
 the intervention of a callus. Jolmson. 
 
 eo\-(;i,0'TI-i\A-TED, or a. Glued together; 
 united by a tenacious substance. 
 
 CON-GLO'TI-Na-TING, ppr. Gluing together ; uti- 
 ting or closing bv a tenacious substance. 
 
 e().\-GL0-TI-.\A'TION, n. The act of gluing to- 
 getlier; a joining by means of some tenacious sub- 
 stance ; a healing by uniting the parts of a wound ; 
 union. JlrbuUinoL 
 
 eO.\-GL0'TI-N,\-TIVE, a. Having the power of 
 uniting bv ghie or other substance of like nature. 
 
 eO.\-GL0'TI-NA-TOR, n. That which has the power 
 of uniting wounds. IVooduard. 
 
 CON 
 
 ics of black lea. 
 ing in participation. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 eON"n(), (kong'go,) n. A specie 
 eON-GKAT'lj-LANT, a. Kejoic 
 
 €ON-GRAT'II-LATE, (kon-gr.it'yu-lite,) v. t. [U. 
 congrntulor ; con and gratulor, from grata.'!, grateful, 
 pleasing. See Gbace.] 
 
 To profess one's pleasure or joy to another on ac- 
 count of an event deemed liappy or fortunate, as on 
 the birth of a child, success in an enterprise, victory, 
 escape from danger, iScc. ; to wish joy to another. 
 We eougratulatc the nation on the restoration of 
 peace. 
 
 Kormerly this verb was followed by to. "The 
 subjects of England may congratulate to themselves." 
 Drydrn. But tliis use of lu is entirely obsolete. The 
 use of teith after this verb, ** I concralulate trith my 
 country," is^ perhaps, less objectionable, but is rarely 
 used. Thi^ intransitive sense of the verb may there- 
 fore be considered as antiquated, and no longer legit- 
 imate. 
 
 eO.\-GRAT'U-LA-TF,r), pp. Complimented with ex- 
 pressions of joy at a happy event, 
 
 eON'-GRAT'l|.LA-TIN(ij ppr. I'rofessing one's joy 
 or satisfaction on account of some happy event, 
 pros|>eritv, or success, 
 
 CUN-GR.VT-II La'TIDX, n. The act of professing 
 one's joy or good wishes at the success or happiness 
 of another, or on account of an event deemed for- 
 tunate to both partii'S or to the coinniunitv, 
 
 eo,\-GRAT'lI-L,\-TOR, h. One who otfcrs congrat- 
 ulation, Millon. 
 
 eo.V-GltAT'lT-LA-'i'O-RY, a. Expressing joy for the 
 good fortune of another, or for an event fortunate 
 for both parties, or for the conimunitv. 
 
 eo.V-tiREE', r, I, To agree. [JVot iii use.] Sbak. 
 
 eo.\-GKEET', V. t. To salute mutually. [-V»t in 
 vsr.] ahak. 
 
 eOi\"GUE-GATE, (kong'gre-gate,) v.t. [h. coiigrego ; 
 con and grrx, a herd, VV. gre. See Grkcarious,] 
 
 To collect separate pers(ms or things into an as- 
 semblage ; to assemble ; to bring into one place, or 
 into a crowd or united body ; as, to congregate men 
 or animals ; to congregate waters or sands. 
 
 Hooker. MUton. Shah. 
 
 eON"GRE-GATE, ». i. To come together; to as- 
 semble ; to meet. 
 
 Eq'i;il3 witii eqUAls oflcii congregate. Denham. 
 
 eO.\"'GRE-GATE, a. Collected ; compact ^ close, 
 
 [Little used.} 
 eo.\"GKE-GA-TE 
 
 Bacon 
 
 ED, pp. or a. Collected ; assembled 
 in one place, 
 
 eO,\"GUE-GA-TING, j<pr. Collecting; iissembling; 
 
 coining together. 
 etJi\"GRE-GA'TION, (kong-gre-ga'shun,) n. The act 
 
 of bringing together, or :isseinbling. 
 
 2. A collecti(m or assemblage of separate things ; 
 as, a congregation of vapors, ShaJ:. 
 
 3. More generally, an assembly of persons ; and 
 appropriately, an assembly of persons met for the 
 worship of God, and for religious instruction. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 4. An assembly of rulers. JVum. xxxv. 
 
 5. An assenibiy of ecclesiastics or cardinals ap- 
 pointed by the pt>pe; as, the congregation of the 
 holy office, &c. Also, a company or society forming 
 a subdivision of a monastic order. Encyc. 
 
 (!. At Orford and Canibriilgc, the assembly of mas- 
 ters and doctors for transacting the ordinarj' business 
 of conferring degre<>3. Brande. 
 eOi\"GRi:-GA'T10N-AL, a. Pertaining to a congre- 
 g;ition. 
 
 2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism ; 
 appropriately used of such Christians as maintain 
 that each congregation is independent of others, and 
 has the right to choose its own pxstor and govern 
 itself; as, a Congregational church or mode of wor- 
 ship. J. Murdock. 
 
 eoN"GRE-GA'Tin\-AI.-IS.M, n. That .system of 
 church government which vests all ecclesiastical 
 [lower in the iissembled brotherhood of each local 
 church, as an iiiilepend«nt body. J. Murdock. 
 
 €0.\"GRE-GA''I'I0N-,\L-1ST, ii. One who belongs 
 to a Coiigregation;il church or society ; one who 
 holds to the independence of each congregation or 
 church of Christians, and the right of the assem- 
 bled brethren to elect their p,xstor, and to determine 
 all ecclesiastical matters, J. .burdock. 
 
 eO.V'GRESS, (kong'gress,) ii. [L. eongrcssus, from 
 congralior, to come together ; con and gradior, to go 
 or step ; grarliu, a step. Sec Grade and Deoree.J 
 
 1. A meeting of individuals ; an assembly of en- 
 voys, commissioners, deputies, &.c. ; particularly, a 
 meeting of the n^presentatives of several courts, to 
 concert measures for their common good, or to adjust 
 their mutual concerns. Europe. 
 
 2. The assembly of delegates of the several Brit- 
 ish colonies in America, which united to resist the 
 claims of Great Britain in 1774, and which, in 177G, 
 declared the colonies indeiicndent. 
 
 3. The assembly of the delegates of the several 
 United suites, after the declaration of independence, 
 and until the adoption of the present constitution, 
 and the organization of the government in 1789. 
 
 CON 
 
 During tln^se |ieriods, the congress consisted of one 
 houst! only. 
 
 4. The assembly of senators and representatives 
 of the United Slati'S of America, according to the 
 present ciuistitiilion, or political coni|iact, by which 
 they arc united in a fi deral republic ; the legislature 
 of the United States consisting of two houses, a 
 senate and a house of representatives. Mcmbi rs of 
 the senate are elected for six years, but the mem- 
 bers of the house of representatives are chosen for 
 two years only. Hence, the united body of senators- 
 and representatives for the two years, (luring which 
 the representatives hold their seats, is called one con- 
 gres.-!. 'i'hiis we say the first or second session of 
 the sixteenth congress, 
 
 f>. .\ meeting of two or more persons in a contest ; 
 an eneounler ; a conflict. Drydrn. 
 
 C,. The meeting of the sexes in sexual cominerce. 
 eo\-i:i!ES'SIO.\, », A company, [J^ot in use.] 
 CO.N-tiKES'SIO.N-AL, (koii-gre.s"h'un-al,) a. Per- 
 taining to a congress, or to the congress of the United 
 States ; as, congressional debates. 
 
 Th*? congrestitntal in. 
 
 iitioa i>r Ainphictyoiu In Gnw. 
 
 eO.N'-GRES'SrVE, a. Meeting, as the sexes. Brown. 
 
 2, Encountering, 
 eON'GllEVE ROCK'ET, n, A very destructive en- 
 gine of war, invi'uted by Sir William Congrevc, It 
 is tilled with highly intlamniable materials, and im- 
 pelK d forward, like the common sky-rocket, with a 
 continual acceli-ration, Brande. 
 eON-GKOE', t), i. To agree, [JVot xised.] Shal:. 
 eOi\"GRU-EN(.'E, ( n, [L, congruentia, from conirruo, 
 eON-GRC'E.\-CV, i to agree, or suit,] 
 
 Suitableness of one thing to another ; agreement ; 
 consistency. More. 
 eON"GRU-ENT, a. Suitable ; agreeing ; correspond- 
 ent, Davics. 
 eoX-GRO'I-TY, 71. Suitableness ; the relation of 
 agreement between things, 
 
 Th?re id no cougruity U*twM>n ft m<?an subject and (i lofty ilyle : 
 but an obviuuB con^ruily between un derated MAUon auu 
 (ii^nilk'J dc'ponnicut, 
 
 2, Fitness; pertinence. 
 
 A whole Kutence may foil ofita congrtttty by wanting a jiarticlc. 
 
 Stitney. 
 
 3, Reason; consistency; propriety. Hooker. 
 
 4, In sclwol divinity, the good actions which are 
 supposed to render it meet and equitable that God 
 should confer grace on those who perform them. 
 The merit of congruity is a sort of impiTfert qualifi- 
 cation for the gift and reception of God's grace, 
 
 Milner. 
 
 5, In geometry, figures or lines, which, when laid 
 over one another, exactly coincide, are in romrruity. 
 
 eON"GRU-OUS, a, [U congruus.] [Johnson. 
 
 1, Accordant; suitable; consistent; agreeable to. 
 Light, airy music, and a soleinii or mournful occa- 
 sion, are not congruous. Obedience to God is congru- 
 ous to the light of reason, Loclic, 
 
 2, Ration.al ; fit. 
 
 It U not eongritoug tbat (lod shouM be alw,iy» frightening men 
 iiito an acknowledgment oT tW trutn. Auerbury. 
 
 eOX"GRU-OUS-LY, <i(/». Suitably ; pertinently ; 
 
 agreeably ; consistently. Boyle. 
 CON'IC ) 
 
 GON'Ic'aTj ( nfoftKO^. See Cone.] 
 
 1. Having the form of a cone ; round and decreas- 
 ing to a [loint ; as, a conic figure ; a conical vessel. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a cone ; as, conic sections. 
 
 Conic section ; a curve line formed by the intersec- 
 tion of a cone and plane. The conic sections are 
 the parabola, hyperbola, and ellipse. Bailey. 
 
 eO.\'ie-.\L-LY, ado. In the form of a cone. Boyle. 
 
 eO.\'ie-.Vt,-NESS, n. The state or quality of being 
 conical. 
 
 eo.N'ICS, n. Th.at p.irt of geonietrj' which treats of 
 the cone and the curves which arise from its sec- 
 tions. Johnson. 
 
 Go'NI-FER, n. FL.] A plant bearing cones. 
 
 CO-J\rjF'ER-.^, [L, infra.] n. pi. All order of plants, 
 which, like the fir and pine, bear cones or tops in 
 which the seeds are conlaineit. Lyelt. 
 
 eO-XIF'ER-(JUS, a. [I., conifer, con\ferus ; from 
 conus antl fero, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing cones ; producing hard, dry, scaly seed- 
 vessels, of a conical figure, as the pine, fir, cypress, 
 and beech. Martyn. Encyc. 
 
 Co'.N'I-FOR.M, a. [cone and form.] In form of a 
 cone ; conical ; as, a coniform mountain of Potosi. 
 
 eO-.\I-ROS'TEIlS, 71, pi. [L, conus, a cone, and rot- 
 trum, a beak.] A tribe of insessorial birds, including 
 those which have a strong bill of a ctiiiical form, as 
 the crows and finches. Brande. 
 
 ioNpfrxV [Gr. .....no..] 
 
 ?0 \ir'I VA •''"<'''"'<l obtained from Coni- 
 
 *^n \ T' \ f ummaculatum,the modem officinal 
 
 t^M vT'ivV I hemlock, and its active medicinal 
 
 e8-xft'iNJ-, j P""^'P'«- 
 
 eO-XI-ROS'TR.\L, a. Having a thick, conical beak, 
 
 as crows and finches. Steainson- 
 eo-NlS'TR.\, 71, [Gr,] The pit of a theater. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, yXITE, — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; C as J ; S aa Z ; CU as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 82 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 efi'MTE, n. [Gr. kovis, ttiii-t.] 
 
 A variety oi iiia?in*siun carbonate uf lime, occur- 
 ring massive or in stalactites. It contains tliree parts 
 of carbonate of magnesia to one of carbonate of 
 linio. Dana. 
 
 eON-JECT', V. t. To throw together, or to throw. 
 [JVo( used.] Muuntagu.. 
 
 eON-JECT', E. i. To guess. [JVo( iW.] Sliak. 
 
 COiV-JEeX'OK, 71. [ L. conjicio, to cast logetlier ; con 
 and jacio, to throw.] 
 
 One wlio guesses or conjectures. [See Conjec- 
 ture.] Swifl. 
 
 eON-JE€T'tT-RA-BLE, a. Tliat maybe guessed or 
 conjectured. 
 
 eOX-JECT'lI-RAL, a. Depending on conjecture ; 
 dcme or said by guess ; as, a cmijeclural ojHriion 
 
 eON-JEeT'U-RAL-LY, adu. Without proof or evi- 
 dence ; by conjecture ; by guess ; as, this opinion 
 was given conjecturafly. 
 
 €ON-JEeT'L;KE, (kon-jekt'yur,) n. [L. conjutura ; 
 Ft. conjecture ; It. coniretlara-, or congiiiettttra ; Sji. 
 coiijcfura ; Port, conjectura, or conjeitHra. See Con- 
 
 JECTOR.] 
 
 1. LiteralUj, a casting or tjirowing together of pos- 
 sible or proltable events ; or a casting of the mind to 
 something future, or souielliing past but unknown ; 
 a guess formed on a supposed possibility or proba- 
 bility of a fiict, or on slight evidence ; preponder- 
 ance of opinion without proof; surmise. We sjieak 
 of future or unknown things by cunjectare, and of 
 probable or unfounded conjectures. 
 
 2. Idea ; notion. Shak. 
 eO.\-JEeT'URE, (kon-jekt'yur,) r. t. To guess; to 
 
 judge by guess, or by the probability or the possibil- 
 ity of a fact, or by very slight evidence ; to form an 
 opinion at random. What will be the issue of a 
 war, we may conjecture, but can not know. He coft- 
 jectured that some misfortune had happened. 
 
 eON-JEGT'lIR-BD, pp. Guessed; surmised. 
 
 €ON-JEeT'UR-ER, n. One who guesses; a guesser; 
 one who forms or utters an opinion witliout proof. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 eO.V-JEeT'UR-I.\G, ppr. Guessing; surmising. 
 eON-JOB'BLE, V. t. To settle ; to concert. [ l^ulffar.] 
 CON-JOIN', u. (. [Fr. conjoindre; It. cuniriutrnere, ar 
 
 congiunffcre ; L. conjungo ; con and jungo, to join. 
 
 See Join.] 
 
 1. To join together, without any thing intermedi- 
 ate ; to unite two or more persons or things in close 
 connection ; as, to conjoin friends ; to conjoin man 
 and woman in marriage. Drijden. Slialc. 
 
 2. To associate or connect. 
 
 Let tiiat which lie Icarus 
 knows already. 
 
 CON-JOIN', V. i. To unite ; to join ; to league. Sluik. 
 eON-JOIN'£D, pp. or a. Joined to or with ; united ; 
 associated. 
 
 eo.\-JOIN'ING, ppr. Joining together; uniting; 
 connecting. 
 
 CON-JOINT', a. United ; connected ; associated. 
 Conjoint degrees; in music, two notes which follow 
 each other immediately in tlie order of the scale ; as 
 ut and re. Jofnison. 
 
 Conjoint tetracknrds ; two tetrachords or fourths, 
 where tlie same note is the highest of one and the 
 lowest of ttie other. Encyc. 
 
 eON-JOINT'LY, ado. Jointly ; unitedly ; in union ; 
 together. Dnjilen. 
 
 CON-JOINT'.\ESS, 71. St.ite of being joined or united. 
 
 eON'JU-GAL, a. [L. cojijugalis, from conjugiuin, 
 marriage ; conjugo, to yoke or couple ; con and jugo, 
 id. See Join and Yoke.] 
 
 I. Belonging to marriage ; raatriinouial ; connu- 
 bial ; as, conjugal relation ; conjugal lies. 
 
 a. Suitable to the married state ; becoming a hus- 
 band in relation to his consort, or a consort in rela- 
 tion to iif.t husband ; as, conjugal alTi'ction. 
 
 CON'JU-GAL-LY, ado. M.atrimonially ; connubially. 
 
 eO-VJU-GATE, V. t. [L. conjugo,' eonjugatus, to 
 couple; c»n and jugo, to yoke, to marry. See Join 
 and Yoke.] 
 
 1. To joui ; to unite iu marri.ige. [JVot now u.ied.] 
 
 fVollon. 
 
 2. In grammar, to distribute Die parts or inliec- 
 tions of a verb into the several voices, modes, 
 tenses, numbers, and persons, so as to show their 
 C4innection'', distinctions, and niodt s of formation. I 
 LilrralUj, to connect all the inllections of a verb, ac- 
 cord mg to their derivation, or all the variations of 
 one verb. In Kngl'ish, as the verb undergoes few 
 variations, conjugation cimsi«ts chielly in combiniDg I 
 the words which unitedly form tlie several ti.nses in : 
 the several persons. ' 
 
 eON'JIMiA'I'E, ji. A word agreeing in deriv.ation ' 
 with another word, and therefore generally resem- 
 bling it in signification. | 
 
 We Mtc l»Mmwl, in lo^ic, ll..it conjugatts lire •oiriftlm-* in 
 Kaiiic ou\y, aiii) Itui in il'-ed. UrtunlMll. 
 
 CO.\"JIT-GATK, a. In botany, a conjugnlr. leaf is a' 
 piniiatJ- leaf which has only i>iie p:iir of le:illets ; a { 
 conjugate raceme has two racemes only, iinil'-d b\' a I 
 conilnitll (NrfluiK'le. .Mnrtijn. | 
 
 Conju/(aU diameter ; in geometry, a diameter parni- 1 
 
 exl be nearly conjoined wilh what he 
 
 lei to a tangent at the vertex of the primitive diame- 
 ter. j4. D. Stanley. 
 
 CON'JU-GA-TED, pp. Passed through its various 
 f()rms, as a verb. 
 
 eON'JU-GA-TING, ppr. Passing through its modes 
 of formation. 
 
 CON-JU-GA'TION, n. [h. conjugatio.] 
 
 1. A couple or pair ; as, a conjugation of nerves. 
 \_Little used.^^ Brown. 
 
 2. The act of uniting or compiling ; union ; as- 
 semblage. Bcntlry. Taylor. 
 
 3. In grammar, the distribution of the several in- 
 flections or variations of a verb, in their dill'erent 
 voices, modes, tenses, numbers, and persons ; a con- 
 nected scheme of all the derivative forms of a verb. 
 
 CON-JUNCT', a. [L. conjunctus, from conjungo. See 
 Conjoin.] 
 
 Conjoined ; united ; concurrent. Shak. 
 CON-JUNCTION,;!. [Y,. conjunctio. See Conjoin.] 
 
 1. Union ; connection ; association by treaty or 
 otherwise. Bacon. South. 
 
 2. In astronomy, the meeting of two or more stars 
 or planets in the same degree of the zodiac ; as, the 
 conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter 
 and .Saturn. 
 
 Heavenly bodies are said to be in unijunction when 
 they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or 
 have the same longitude. The inferior conjunction 
 of a planKt is its position when in conjunction on the 
 same side of the sun with the earth ; tiie superior 
 conjunction is its position when on the side of the 
 sun most distant from the earth. D. Olmsted. 
 
 3. In grammar, a connective or connecting word ; 
 an indeclinable word which serves to unite sen- 
 Jj'iices or the clauses of a sentence and words, join- 
 ing two or more simple sentences into one compound 
 one, and continuing it at the pleasure of the writer 
 or speaker. This book cost one dollar ten cents. 
 Virtue and vice are not compatible. 
 
 God called Uie hjht day, and Ihe darkness he called night. — 
 Gen. i. 
 
 The hupe of the ri^liteons shall he gladness, but the exjiectation 
 ol the wicked sliail perish. — Prov. x. 
 
 4. The copulation of the sexes. Smith's Tour. 
 CON-JUNC'TIVE, a. Closely united. Shak. 
 
 2. Uniting ; serving to unite. 
 
 3. In grammar, the conjunctive mode is that which 
 follows a conjunction, or expresses some ctuidition 
 or contingency. It is more generally called sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 CbN-JUNC'TlVE-LY, adv. In conjunction or union ; 
 together. Brown, 
 
 eO.\-JUNC'TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of conjoin- 
 ing or uniting. 
 
 CON-JUN€T'LY, adv. In union ; jointly ; together. 
 
 eON-JUNCT'IJUE, (kon-junkt'yur,) u. [Fr. con- 
 jonctnre. See Conjoin.] 
 
 1. A joining ; a combination or union, as of 
 causes, events, or circumstances ; as, an unhappy 
 conjuncture of affairs. 
 
 2. An occasion ; a critical time, proceeding from a 
 union of circumstances ; as, at that conjuncture, 
 peace was very desirable. Juncture is used in a like 
 sense. 
 
 3. Union ; connection ; mode of union ; as, the 
 conjunctures of letters iu words. Holder. 
 
 4. Connection ; union ; consistency. 
 
 1 w;i5 willing tt) grant to Prestrylery what with reason il can pre- 
 tend to, in a conjuncture willi Ejiiscopacy. Kin^ CfiarUs. 
 
 €0N-JU-Ra'T1ON, (kun-ju-ra'shun,) n. [See Con- 
 JL'RE.] The act of using certain words or cere- 
 monies to obtain the aid of a superior being ; Ihe act 
 of summoning in a sacred name ; the practice of arts 
 to ex|iel evil spirits, allay storms, or perform super- 
 natural or extraordinary acts. 
 
 eON-JCKE', V. t. [Ij. conjuro, to swear together, to 
 conspire ; con and juro, to swear ; It. congiurare ; 
 Sp. conjuror : Fr. conjurer.] 
 
 1. To call on or summon by a sacred name, or in 
 a solemn manner ; to implore with solemnity. It 
 seems originally to liave sigjiifled, to bind by an oath. 
 
 1 conjure yon I let him know, 
 Wliate'rr Wils done against him, Llato diil it. Addison. 
 
 2. To bind two or more by an bath ; to unite in a 
 rommon design. Hence, intransitively, to conspire. 
 [JVu( usnul.] Milton. 
 
 CON'JUKE, (knn'jur,) v. L To affect, in some man- 
 ner, by magic arts, as by invoking the Supreme 
 Being, or by the use of certain words, characters, or 
 ceremonies, to eiigagi" supernatural intluencc ; as, to 
 conjure up evil spirits, or to conjure down a tempest ; 
 to conjure tin? stars. 
 
 J\''olr. — It is not easy to define this word, nor any 
 word of like import ; as the practices of conjurers 
 ari' little known, or various and indefinite. 'J'hc 
 use of this word indicates that an oath or solemn in- 
 vocation originally formed a part of the ceremonies. 
 
 2. 'I'll conjure up; to raist! up or bring info exist- 
 ence without ii asiin, or by uiiiMitural means; as, to 
 conjure up a phantom, to conjure up a story. 
 
 CriN'JIIltE, (kun'jiir,) n. i. 'I'o practice the arts of a 
 conjurer ; to use arts to engage the aid of spirits iu 
 performing some extraordinary act. Sttak. 
 
 2. In a vulgar se:ise, to behave very strangely ; to 
 act like a witch ; to play tricks. 
 
 eON-JuR'£D, i>p. Bound by an oath. 
 
 CON-JURE'.MENT, »i. Serious injunction; solemn 
 ilemanil. Milton. 
 
 eO.V'JU-RER, (kun'jur-er,) 71. One who practices 
 conjuration ; one who pretends to the secret art of 
 performing things supernatural or extraordinary, by 
 the aid of superior powers ; an impostor who pre- 
 tends, by unknown mtans, to discover stolen goods, 
 &.C. Hence, ironically, a man of shrewd conjecture ; 
 a man of sagacity. Jiddison. Prior. 
 
 eON-JuR'ING, pi>r. Enjoining or imploring solemnly. 
 
 eON-NAS'CENCE, 71. [L. con and itttscor, to be 
 born.] 
 
 1. "The common birth of two or more at the same 
 time; production (.f two or more together. 
 
 2. A being born or produced with another. Brmnii. 
 
 3. The act of growing together, or at the same 
 time. _ JViseman. 
 
 CON'NaTE, a. [L. 071 and -natiix, born, from nascor.] 
 
 1. Born with another: being of the same birth ; as, 
 connate notions. South. 
 
 2. In holtmy, united in origin ; growing from one 
 base, or united at their bases ; united into one body ; 
 as, connate leaves or anthers, Martyn. 
 
 eON-NA'TION, 71. Connection by birth ; natural 
 union. 
 
 eON-NAT'U-RAL, a. [con and natural.] 
 
 1. Connected by nature ; united in nature ; born 
 with another. 
 
 These affections are conruUaral to us, and as we grow up, ^A^ tlo 
 they. L'Eslraiige. 
 
 2. Participating of the same nature. 
 
 And mix witli our coniuUural dust. Milton. 
 
 €ON-NAT-U-RAL'I-TY, 71. Participation of the 
 same nature ; natural union. John.ion. Hale. 
 
 eON-NAT'U-RAL-IZE, v. t. To connect by nature. 
 
 eON-NAT'U-RAL IZ-KD, pp. Connected by nature. 
 
 CON-NAT' Q-RAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Connecting by na- 
 ture. 
 
 eON-NAT'U-RAL-LY, culv. By the act of nature; 
 
 originallv. Hale. 
 eON-NAl'-'U-RAL-NERS, 71. Participation of the 
 
 same nature ; natural union. Johnson. Pearson. 
 GON-NECT', n t [L. cunnecto : con and vectu ; It. 
 
 connettere. See Class Ng, No. 32, 38, 40, 41.] 
 
 1. To knit or link together ; to tie or fasten to- 
 gether, as by something intervening, or by weaving, 
 winding, or twining. Hence, 
 
 2. To join or unite ; to conjoin, in almost any 
 manner, either by junction, by any intervening 
 means, or by order and relation. We connect letters 
 ami words in a sentence ; we connect ideas in the 
 mind ; we connect arguments in a discourse. The 
 Strait of Gibraltar connects the Mediterranean with 
 the Atlantic. A treaty connects two n.itions 'J'he 
 interests of agriculture are connected with those of 
 commerce. Families are connected by marriage or 
 by friendship. 
 
 CON NECT', r. i. To join, unite, or cohere ; to have 
 a close relation ; as, this line of stage-coaches connects 
 with another ; this argument connects with another. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 eON-NECT'ED, pp. or a. Linked together ; united. 
 
 eoN-NECT'ElJ-LY, adt>. By connection ; in a con- 
 nected manner. 
 
 eON-NECT'ING, ppr. or a. Uniting ; conjoining. 
 
 eON-NEC'TION, 71. [L. conncxio ; It. conncssione. 
 See Connect.] 
 
 1. The .act of joining, or state of being joined ; a 
 state of being knit or fastened together: union by 
 junction, by an intervening substance or medium, 
 by depenilencc or rehitioii, or by order in a series ; ij 
 word of very general import. There is a connection of 
 links in a chain ; a connection between all parts of 
 the human body ; a connection between virtue anil 
 happiness, and between this life and the future ; a 
 connection between parent and child, master and 
 servant, hiisb;ind and wife; between motives and 
 actions, and between .actions and their conseipiences. 
 Ill short, the word is applicable to almost every thing 
 that has a dependence on or relation to another 
 thing. 
 
 2. A relation by blood or marriage. 
 
 3. A religious sect, or united body ; as, the Meth- 
 odist connection. 
 
 CON-NECT'I VE, a. Having the power of connecting. 
 
 CO.\-NECT'IVi;, w. In grammar, n word tliat con- 
 nects other witrds anil sentences ; a conjunction. 
 Harris uses the word for conjunctions and prejKisi- 
 tious. Hermes. 
 
 CON-NECT'I VE-I.Y, ado. In union or conjunction ; 
 jointlv. Swift. 
 
 eON-NE.X', 7'. I. [I,. eoKveium.] 
 
 To link together ; to join. [JVof in use.] Hull. 
 
 eON-NE.\'ION, ». Connection. [But for the sake 
 of regular aiinlogy, I have inserted Connkctioh, 
 as the di rivative of the English connect, and would 
 discard Connexion.] 
 
 eoN-NE.V'IVi;, (I. (,'onncctive ; having the power 
 to connect ; tiuifing; conjunctive; as, coii/im/'f par- 
 ticles, [/.itlle. iLscd.] tVatLi. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T.-MJITE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 eON-NtV'ANrE, n. [Sec Connive.] Propn-ly, the 
 ai t of \viiikiii<;. llciia:, Jiirurativehj, voluntary blind- 
 ness to an ai t ; intention;il foil)i;aranci; to st'C a 
 fault or other act, (!enerally implying consent to it. 
 Kvcry vio? inl<<rpivU a conmaance lo be appniUilion. Soulh. 
 
 eON-NIV'E', V. i. [h. conniveo, eonnivi or cnnnUi : 
 can and the root of nkto, to wink. Class Np.J 
 
 1. To wink ; to close and open the eyelids rap- 
 idly, SpccUitor, 
 
 2. In a Hguraliec sen.ie^ to close the eyes upon a 
 fault or other act ; to pretend ignorance or lilinduess ; 
 to forbear to see; to overlook a fault or other act, 
 and suffer it lo pass unnoticed, uncensured, or un- 
 punished ; as, tlic father connwcs at the vices of 
 iiis son. 
 
 eO.\-NI V'E.\-CY, n. Connivance ; which sec. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 e().\-NIV'Ei\T, a. Shutting the eyes ; forbearing to 
 see, Milton. 
 
 2. In anatomij, the connivent valves are those wrin- 
 kles, cellules, and vsiscules, which are found on the 
 inside of the intestines. Encijc. 
 X In botmiii, closely united ; converging together. 
 
 CON-NIV'EK, H. who connives. [Eaton. 
 
 €0.\'-i\'I V'L\i;, ppr. Closing the eyes against faults ; 
 permitting faults to pass uncensured. 
 
 eoN-NOlii-SEOU', (kon-nis-sur' or kon-nis-saur',) 7i. 
 [ Kr., from the verb connoitn), from L. cognosco, to 
 know.] 
 
 A person well versed in any subject ; a skillful or 
 knowing person ; a critical judge or lyaster of any 
 art, particularly of [Kiiuting and sculpture. 
 e(>.N-.Nt)lS-SEOK'Sllli', n. The skill of a connois- 
 seur. 
 
 e0.\''.\O-T.\TE, e. t. [cnn and note, L. nolo, notatu.t.] 
 To designate witli something else ; to imply. [Lit- 
 tle usal.] llammoml. 
 
 CO.V'MJ-Ta TED, pp. Designated. 
 
 €1).\'NO-Ta-T1.NG, ppr. Designating. 
 
 CO.N'-.VO-Ta'TION, h. The act of making known or 
 di'sigiiating with something ; implication of some- 
 thing beside itself; iiilVreuce. [Liule xLstil.\ Hate. 
 
 CO.N-NoTE', f. t. [L. coil and nota; noto, to mark, 
 fciee Note.] 
 
 To make known together ; to imply ; to denote or 
 designate ; to include. [LitUc tuicd.] Suntli. 
 CO.N-.NoT'EI), pp. Denoted. 
 
 eO.N'-.NU'Bl-Al., a. [L. coniiiiiiioiw, from connuiiam ; 
 con and nnOo, to marry.] 
 
 Pertaining to marriage ; nuptial ; belonging to the 
 state of luisbaiul and wife ; as, connubial rites ; con- 
 Hubiai love. 
 
 eoN-NU-.MER-A'TION, n. A reckoning together. 
 
 Porsoiu 
 
 e>>N'NU-SANCE, n. [Fr. connoijssancc, from connoitrc, 
 to know, L. co«"«w.*crt.] 
 
 Knowledge. [See Cocsizance.] 
 eOX'NU-S.VNT, o. Knowing; informed; apprised. 
 
 A nciuml vaa--], bnaVwz blocliailc, u lUble to confidciition, if 
 connusatit ul Uitr lluckaile. Brototte. 
 
 €0N-NC-.«!OR'. .=!ee Cogniior. 
 e().\-.N'i;-TKl"TIUi;.S, a. Nourishing together. 
 eON'NY, a. [\V. cunu.] Brave ; line. [Local.] 
 
 Grose. 
 
 eO'NOID, lu [Gr. KiovociSnf > Koifo{, a cone, and ciSus, 
 form.J 
 
 1. In Ereometrijj a solid formed by the revolution of 
 a conic section about its axis. If the conic section is 
 a parabola, the resulting solid is a parabolic conoid, 
 or par.iboliud ; if an hyperbola, the solid is an hyper- 
 bolic conoid, or hyperiioliiid ; if an ellipse, an ellip- 
 tic conoid, a splieroid, or an ellipsoid, tjlin. Knctjc. 
 
 2. In analiimij, a gland in the third ventricle of the 
 brnin, resembling a cone or pine-apple, and called the 
 pineal gland. F.ncyc. 
 
 eO-NOID'AL, a. Nearly but not exactly conical. 
 
 Lindlctj. 
 
 eO-NOID'ie, la. Pertaining to a conoid ; having 
 
 eo-NOID'ie-AL, i the f.irm of a conoid. 
 
 CU-NO.M-l-.\EE', n. One nominated in conjunction 
 with another . a joint nomiiu-e. Kirby. 
 
 eoN-UUAO'R.xTE, c. f. To bring into a square. 
 
 eo^-al.'.'VS'^^ATE, r. L [L.. co/K/ii<i.«u.] 
 
 To shake. [LitHe u.ird.] Ilartcy. 
 
 CON-(llJAf!'.sS-TEI), pp. Shaken. 
 
 eON-UL'AS'!<.\-TIN(;, ppr. .^baking. 
 
 eON'UUER, (kiink'er,) r. (. [Kr. conijuerir, from the L. 
 canquiro; con and qiurro, to seek, to obtain, to con- 
 quer; Ann. cii;.v;fiiri. As //mrru is written, it belongs 
 lo Class Gr, and ils preterit lo Class Gs. fee .\r. 
 
 \jj karan or yuuruu, and llcb. Cli. ">pn lo seek. 
 Class Gr, No. .'>l, .■«.] 
 
 , 1. To subdue ; lo reduce, by physical force, till re- 
 alnance is no longer made ; lo overcome ; to van- 
 quish. Alexander conquered Asia. Tile Uomans eon^ 
 qutreil Cartlmge. 
 
 2. To g;iin by force ; to win ; to take possession by 
 violent means ; to gain dominion or sovereignty over, 
 ns the subduing of the iwwer of an enemv generally 
 implies possession of the persim or thing subdued by 
 
 the conqueror. Thus, a king or an amiy conquers a 
 country, or a city, which is arterward restored. 
 
 W. To subdue tipptisitioii or resistance of the will 
 by moral force ; to overcome by argument, persua- 
 sion, or other influence, 
 
 Anna conquert but to K\Te, 
 
 A lul governs liilt to blcts. Smith. 
 lie wi lit lonh conquering and to conquer. — Rot. vi. 
 
 4. To overcome, as dilticulties ; to surmount, as 
 obstacles ; to subdue whatever opposes ; as, to cun~ 
 qurr the passions ; to conquer reluctance. 
 
 r>. To gain or obtain by etVort ; as, to conquer free- 
 dom ; to conquer peace ; a Frcncli application of tJic 
 irord. 
 
 eo.N'CiUER, (konk'er,) ». i. To overcome; to gain 
 tile victory. 
 
 The cl«\mi>ioiia resolvcil to coii^u^r or to die. Waller, 
 
 €ON'aUEll-A-BEE, a. That may be conquered, 
 overcome, or subdued. South. 
 
 eON'aUER-A-HLE-NESS, n. A state that admits of 
 being conquered. 
 
 eON'ttUEU-A;i), (konk'erd,) pp. or a. Overcome; 
 subdued ; vanquished ; gained ; won. 
 
 eON'tiUER-ESS, n. A female who conquers; a vic- 
 torious female. Fairfax. 
 
 eoN'ClUER lNG, ppr. or a. Overcoming ; subduing ; 
 vanquishing; obtaining. 
 
 eON'tiUEll-lNG-LY, (konk'er-) ado. By conquering. 
 
 eO.\'UUER-()R, (konk'er-iir,) n. One who conquers ; 
 one who gains a victory ; one who subdues and 
 brings into subjection or possession, by force or by 
 inlluence. The man who defeats his antagonist in 
 combat is a conqueror, as is the general or admiral 
 who defeats his enemy. 
 
 eON'ClUE.ST, (konk'west,) n. [Fr. conquHe; It. eon- 
 qui-tta ; Sj>. id. ; I,, conquisitu.^, qutc-iitusy qn^estus, from 
 qutrro, to seek. The L. qiue^ici, qutesitu,-<y coiiicitles in 
 
 elements with the W. cci.HaiB, Eth. Class 
 Gs, No. 35. 'IMie primary sense is to seek, to press or 
 drive toward.] 
 
 1. The act of conquering ; the act of overcoming or 
 vanquishing opposition by force, physical or moral. 
 Jipptie4t to pcr.^ons, territory, and the lilcc, it usually im- 
 plies or includes a taking possession of; as, the con- 
 quest of Cawnia by the British troop.s. So we speak 
 of the conquest of the heart, the passions, or the will. 
 
 2. Victory; success in arms; the overcoming of 
 opposition. 
 
 In Jnys of conquest he resijjns his breath. Addison. 
 
 3. That which is conquered ; possession gained by 
 force, physical or moral ; as, Jamaica was a valuable 
 conqae.it for England. 
 
 4. In a fciulal sciuc, acquest ; acquisition ; the ac- 
 quiring of property by other means than by inherit- 
 ance, or the acquisition of property by a nuiiiber in 
 community, or by one for all the others. 
 
 Blachstvne. Encyc, 
 
 5. In the law nf nations, the acquisition of sove- 
 reignty by force of arms. 
 
 The right o( conquest is ileriveil from the laws of war. Eneye. 
 G. The act of gaining or regaining by effort ; as, the 
 conquest of libertv or peace ; a French phrase. 
 eO.\-.s.\N-GUI.\'E-OUS, a. [I.. coiuian<:utiieus, infra.l 
 Of the same blood; related by birth; descended 
 from the same parent or ancestor. Shak. 
 eON-S.A.\'-GUI.N"l-TV', n. [L. consangvinitiLi; con 
 and saniruu-t, blood.] 
 
 The relation of persons by blood ; the relation or 
 connection of [icrsons descended from the same stock 
 or common ancestor, in distinction frotn aOinity or 
 relation by marriage. It is lineal or collateral. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 eON-SAR-CIN-A'TION, n. The act of patching to- 
 gether. 
 
 eON'SCIENCE, (kon'shens,) 71. [Fr., from L. con.iei- 
 cntia, from conscto, to know, to be privy to ; con and 
 jcio, lo know ; It. ccnjfcicnza, or coscienza; )Sp. conci- 
 eneia.] 
 
 1. Internal or self-knowledge, or judgment of right 
 and wrong ; or the faculty, power, or principle with- 
 in us, which decides on the lawfulness or unlawful- 
 ness ofuurown actions and affections, and instantly 
 approves or condemns them. 
 
 Conscience is calh-'d, by some writers, the moral 
 sense, and considered as an original faculty of imr 
 nature. Others question the propriety of considering 
 conscience as a distinct faculty or principle. They 
 consider it rather .as the general principle of moral 
 approbation or disapprobation, applied to one's own 
 conduct and affections ; alleging that our notions of 
 right and wrong are not lo be deduced from a single 
 jirinciple or faculty, but from various powers of the 
 understanding and will. 
 
 Encyc Jiutchtson. Rcid. EdiruEncye. 
 
 Being contict'Hj by tlioir own corucvnce, they went out one by 
 
 one. — John viii. 
 Tlie enninenct manifrsU itself In the feeline of obij^tJon we 
 
 expeneiice, wliich pnxeilcs, Attends, and fellows o':r actions. 
 
 E. T. Filch. 
 
 Contdenee is Arsl occupied in sscertalnin^ our duty, brf.in; we 
 pruceeil to action ; Uien ia Jud^g of our acuuns when 
 pertomied. J. M. Mnson. 
 
 2. The estimate or delermiimllon of conscience ; 
 justice ; honesty. 
 
 What you requip! can not, in coriarunce, lie ilpfi-rre<l. Milton, 
 
 3. Heal sentiment ; private thoughts; truth; as, du 
 you in coivtcience believe the story 
 
 4. Consciousness ; knowledge of our own actions 
 or thoughts. 
 
 The sweeunl conlial wc p'c-ive, at last, 
 
 Is coiisnen^'e of uur virtuous aclious pssL Denham. 
 
 [ This primary seme of the word is nearly, perliaps 
 wholly, ob.mlete.] 
 
 5. Knowledge of the actions of othem. 
 
 B. Jffnson. 
 
 6. In ludicrous Umtrua^e, reason or rea.sonablenesa. 
 llalf*a-doien fools are, in all eooMCitnce, as many as you should 
 
 ntjnire, Stm/L 
 
 To make conscience, or a matter of conscience, is to 
 act according to the dictates of conscience, or to scru- 
 ple to act contrary to ils dictates. lAicMe. 
 
 Court of conscience: in England, a court established 
 for the recovery of small debts, in London and other 
 trading cities and districts. BLjcksfane. 
 eoN'SClE.VCE-LESS, a. Having no conscience. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 eON'SClENCE-PROOF, a. Proof against the com- 
 punctions of conscience. 
 
 eON'SCIENCE-S.MIT'TEN, a. Smitten by con- 
 science; stung with remorse. .^Uen. 
 
 eON'SCIENC-£D, (kon'shenslit,) a. Having con- 
 science. South. 
 
 eON'SCIENT, a. Conscious. [JVof ujied.] Bacon. 
 
 eoN-SCI-EN'TIOlIS, (kon-she-en'shus,) a. InMu- 
 enceil by conscience ; governed by a strict regard to 
 the dictates of conscience, or by the known or siip- 
 po.sed rules of right and wrong ; as, a conscientious 
 judge. 
 
 2. Regulated by conscience ; according to the dic- 
 tates of conscience ; us, a canscientious probity. 
 
 L'Estrantre. 
 
 eON-SCI-EN'TIOUS-LY, adv. According to the di- 
 rection of conscience ; with a strict regard to right 
 and wrong. A man mav err conscientiously. 
 
 eON-SCI-EN'TIOU.S-NESS, n. A scrupulous regard 
 lo the decisions of conscience ; a sense of justice, 
 and strict conformity to its dictates. Locke. 
 
 All his conduct seenied marked with an exact and unyaryiup 
 conaci^ntiousnett. 
 
 J. L. Kingsley, Eulogy jn Pro/. Fiahtr. 
 
 eON'SCION-A-BLE, a. According to conscience ; rea- 
 sonable ; just. 
 
 Let my debtors Imve conscionable satisfiction. Wotlon. 
 
 CON'SCION-.V BLE-NESS, 11. Reasonableness ; equi- 
 ty. DicL 
 
 eON'SCION-A-BLY, ailv. In a manner agreeable to 
 conscience ; reasonably ; justly. Taylor. 
 
 eON'SCU)i;s, (kon'shus,) a. [L. con.icius.] 
 
 1. Possessing the faculty or power of knowing 
 one's own thoughts or mental ojierations. Thus, 
 man is a conscious being. 
 
 2. Knowing from memory, or without extraneous 
 information ; as, I am not conscious of the facL 
 
 The damsel ihen to Tancred sent, 
 
 Who, conscious of Uie occ^ision, feared tlic event. Drydtn. 
 
 3. Knowing by consciousness, or internal percep 
 lion or persuasion ; as, I am not conscious of having 
 given any offense. Sometimes followed by to ; as, I 
 am not cotu-icious to myself. 
 
 £neas only, conscious to the si^, 
 
 Pn-*s.iged tlie event. Dryden. 
 
 So we say, conscious of innocence, or of ignorance, 
 or of a crime. 
 
 eO.\'SCIOUS-LY, adr. With knowledge of one's 
 own mental operations or actions. 
 
 If Uiese peiceplions, with their consciousness, always remained 
 in the mind, the s.une tliinkinj thing would be always eoi»- 
 tcioutty present. Locke. 
 
 eO.X'SCIOUS-NESS, n. The knowledge of sensa- 
 tions and mental operations, or of what passes in 
 one's own mind ; the art of the mind which makes 
 known an internal object. Locke, Rcid. Encye. 
 
 Conteioutnett of our t..ns.ations, and eonseiausneat of our 
 
 exiKti'iici', si-em to be sininlLaneous. Edin. Eneye. 
 
 Consciousness must be an e»*nual attribute of spirit. Vf'aas. 
 
 2. Internal sense or knowledge of giiill or inno- 
 cence. A man may betray his consciousness of guilt 
 by his countenance. 
 '3. Cert;iin knowledge from observation or experi- 
 ence. Gibbon. 
 eON'PCRIPT, a. [I^. conscriplus, from eonscribo, lo 
 enroll ; con and .icribo, lo write.] 
 
 Written ; enrolled ; as, conscript fathers, the sena- 
 tors of Rome, so called because their names were 
 written in the register of the senate. 
 eoN'SCRIPT, 71. One taken by lot from the conscrip- 
 tion list, and compelled to serve as a soldier or sailor 
 [.^ tpord used in France.] 
 eON-SCRlP'TION, It. [L. amscriptio.] 
 
 1. .^n enrolling or registering. 
 
 2. A compulsory enrollment of individuals of a 
 cert.iin age, held liable to be drafted for niililnry or 
 naval service ; a system which existed among tlie 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CON 
 
 Rumans, and was first introduced into France at the 
 time of the revolution. Brande. 
 eON'SE-€RATE, v. t. [L. ctmsecro ; con and sacro, to 
 consecrate, from sacer, sacred. See Sacred.] 
 
 1. To malce or declare to be sacred, by certain cer- 
 emonies or rites ; to appropriate to sacred uses ; to set 
 apart, dedicate, or devote, to the service and worship 
 of God ; as, to consecrate a church. 
 
 Thou slialt consecrate Aaron ami his sona. — Exod. xjcix. 
 All tlie silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are con- 
 secrated to Ihe Lord. — Josh. vi. 
 
 9. To canonize ; to exalt to the rank of a saint ; to 
 enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor. 
 
 3. To set apart and bless the elements in the eucha- 
 rist. 
 
 4. To render venerable ; to make respected ; as, 
 rules or principles consecrated by time. 
 
 eON'SE-CRATE, a. Sacred ; consecrated ; devoted ; 
 dedicated. 
 
 They were assembled in tliat consecrate place. Bacon. 
 
 [TViis word is now seldom used., unless in paetrij.'} 
 eOiN'SE-CRA-TED, pp. or a. Alade sacred by cere- 
 monies or solemn rites ; separ;ited from a common to 
 a sacred use ; devoted or deiiicated to the service and 
 worship of God ; made venerable. 
 eON'SE-€RA-TED-NES.S, n. State of being conse- 
 crated. 
 
 €0N'SE-€R.5-TING, ppr. or a. Making sacred ; ap- 
 propriating to a sacrf d use ; dedicating to tlis service 
 of God ; devoting ; rendering vencrabie. 
 
 eON-SE-CRA'TION, n. The act or ciT^niony of sep- 
 arating from a common to a sacred use, or of devo- 
 ting and dedicating a person or thing to the service 
 and worship of God, by certain rites or solemnities. 
 Consecration does not make a person or thing really 
 kolti, but declares it to be sacral, that is, devoted to 
 God, or to divine service ; as, the cun.<ecration of the 
 priests among the Israelites ; the consecration of tlie 
 vessels used in the temple ; the consecration of a 
 bishop. 
 
 2. Canonization ; the act of publicly enrolling or 
 numbering among the acknowledged saints or gods ; 
 the ceremony of the apotheosis of an emperor. Male. 
 
 3. The benediction of the elements in the euch.i- 
 rist ; the act of setting apart and blessing the elements 
 in the communion. Encijc. 
 
 eON'SE-CRA-TOR, n. One who consecrates ; one 
 who performs the rites by which a person or thing 
 is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. Atterburij. 
 
 eON'SE-CR.VTO-RY, a. Making sacred. 
 
 Bp. Morton. 
 
 eON-SEC-TA'NE-OUS, o. Following of course. 
 
 Oilbert. 
 
 eON'SEC-TA-RY, a. [L. consectarius, from comector, 
 to follow ; con and sector, sequor. See Seek.] 
 Following ; consequent ; consequential ; deducible. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 eON'SEC-TA-RY, n. That which follows ; conse- 
 quence ; deduction from premises ; corollary. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 €ON-SE-eO'TION, n. [L. con.iecutio, from consequor, 
 to follow ; con and sequor, to follow. See Seek.] 
 
 1. A following or sequel ; train of consequences 
 from premises ; series of deductions. JIale. 
 
 2. Succession ; series of things that follow each 
 other ; as, a consecution of colors. JVcwton. 
 
 eON-SEClI-TIVE, a. [It. consecutivo ; Fr. consccutif. 
 See Consecution.] 
 
 1. Following in a train ; succeeding one another in 
 a regular order ; successive ; uninterrupted in course 
 or succession ; as, fifty consecutive years. Arbutltnot. 
 
 2. Following ; consequential ; succeeding ; as, the 
 actions of men consecutive to volitii.n. Locke. 
 
 3. Consecutive cliords, in music, '.mply a succession 
 or repetition of the same consonance in similar mo- 
 tion. Enajc. 
 
 eON-SEC'tl-TIVE-LY, ado. By way of consequence 
 or succession, in opposition to antecedently or casually. 
 
 . Diet. 
 
 eON-SEC'lI-TIVE-NESS, n. State of being consec- 
 utive. 
 
 eON-SE-NES'CENCE, ) «. [L. consenesco, to grow 
 
 eON-SE-NES'CEN-CY, ( old.] 
 
 A growing old : deray from ago ; a.s, the consenes- 
 cence (»f the world. Ray, 
 
 GON-SE.\''SI().\, n. [L. consensio. See Consent.] 
 Agreement ; accord. [Little used.] Bcntley. 
 
 GON-SE\T', n. [Vi. consensus ; it. consenso ; Fr. con- 
 aentemcnl : Sp. consentimicnto ; from L. consentio, to be 
 of one mmd, to agree ; con and senlio, to think, feel, 
 or perceive ; Sp. conaentir ; Port Fr. id. ; It. consentire. 
 See Sense and Assent.] 
 
 I. Agreement of the mind to what is proposed or 
 iitaled by another ; accord ; hence, a yielding of the 
 mind or will to that tvhicli i.^ propos<;d ; as, a parent 
 gives his consent to the marriage of his daughter. 
 
 Wc generally use this word in caxcs where power, 
 rightJi, and claims, are concerned. We give consent, 
 when we yiebl that which we have a right to with- 
 hold ; but we do not give cotucnt to a mere opinion 
 or abstract proixmition. In this ciwe, we give our as- 
 senL Itut a-nsent if* aUo used in conceding what we 
 may withhold. Wo give our assent to the marriage 
 
 CON 
 
 of a daugliter. Consequently, assent liaa a more ex- 
 tensive application tlian conscnU But the distinntion 
 is not always observed. Consent often amounts to 
 
 Defnud ye nol one another, except with consent for a time. — 
 1 Cor. vu. 
 
 2. Accord of minds; agreement; unity of opinion. 
 
 All with one consent bp^n to make excuse. — Luke xiv. 
 The company of jiriesla murder by consent. — Hos. vi. 
 
 3. Agreement; coherence ; correspondence in 
 parts, qualities, or operation. 
 
 Such is the world's great harmony, thit upringa 
 
 From union, order, lull sonsenl of Oiings. Pope. 
 
 4. In the animal economy^ an agreement, or sympa- 
 thy, by which one alfected part of the system affects 
 some distant part. This consent is supposed to exist 
 in, or be produced by, the nerves, and the affections 
 to be communicated from one part to another by 
 means of tlieir ramifications and distributions through 
 tlie body. Thus tlie stone in the bladder, by velU- 
 cating the fibers, will produce spasms and colic in 
 the bowels ; a shameful thing seen or heard will pro- 
 duce blushing in the cheeks. Quincy. Encyc. 
 
 But many facts indicate that other causes than 
 nervous communication produce sympathy. 
 CON-SENT', V. i. [L. consentio. See the noun.] 
 
 1. Literally^ to think with another. Hence, to 
 agree or accord. More generally, to a^ree in mind 
 and will ; to yield to wliat one has the power, the 
 right, or tiie disposition to witlihold, or refuse to 
 grant. 
 
 If sinners entice tliee, consent thou not. — Prov. i. 
 Aiut Said was consenting to Stephen's death. — Acts viii. 
 Only let us consent to Uiem, and they will dwell with us. — 
 Gen. rxxiv. 
 
 2. To agree. 
 
 When Uiou sawest a tJiief, thou consentedst with him. — Pa. 1. 
 
 3. To assent, 
 
 I consent lo the law, tliat it is gootl. — Rom. vii, 1 Tim. vi, 
 €(>N-SEN-TA-Nk'I-TY, 7i. Mutual agreement. 
 €ON-SKN-Ta'NE-OUS, a. [L. consent^meus. See 
 
 Agreeable ; accordant ; consistent with ; suitable. 
 
 The pructice of virtue i 
 he Art. 
 
 nol consentaneous lo the unrenewed 
 Auon. 
 
 eON-SEN-TA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. Agreeably ; con- 
 sistently ; suitably. 
 
 eOi\-SEN-TA'NE-OUS-NESS, n. Agreement; ac- 
 cordance ; consistency. DicL 
 
 eO.\-SENT'ER, 71. One who consents. 
 
 eON-SEN'TIEN"T, (kon-sen'shent,) a. [L. consenticns, 
 consentio.] 
 
 Agieeing in mind ; accordant in opinion. 
 
 The Rulhorily due to the consentient jutlgmeiit of the cUurch. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 eON'SE-QUENCE, n. [L. conscquenlia, from conse- 
 quor; con and sequor, to follow. See Seek.] 
 
 1. That which follows from any act, cause, princi- 
 ple, or series of actions. Hence, an event or efl'ect 
 produced by some preceding act or cause. 
 
 Slmn the bittrr consequence ; lor know. 
 The day thou eatesl (hereof, tiiou shalt die. Aii/lun. 
 The conseijiieiices of uitempeniice are disgrace, poverty, liisease, 
 and premature death. 
 
 2. In logic, a proposition collected from the agree- 
 ment of other previous propositions ; the conclusion 
 which results from reason or argument ; inference ; 
 deduction. 
 
 Every rational beinj is accountable to bis Midier ; man is a 
 rational bcinff ; the conse^tieitee then must be, that man is 
 accnuiiUible to his Maker. 
 
 From tiiiji tniin of argument, the consequence is obvious. 
 
 3. Connection of cause and efl'ect ; consecution. 
 
 1 felt 
 
 That I must after thee, with this my son ; 
 
 Such fatal consequence unites us tiiree. MUton. 
 
 4. Influence ; tendency, as tp etfects. The sense 
 of consequence, in this use, is modified by the words 
 connected with it; as, "it is of little consequence,'^ 
 that is, of little importance, small effects will follow ; 
 *' it is of 710 consequence,^' of no moment, no ellectof 
 importance will follow ; '* it is of trreat consequence," 
 of great importance, great effects will follow. 
 
 5. Importance ; extensive influence ; distinction ; 
 as, a man of great consequence in society. 
 
 In consequence ; by means of; as the effect of. 
 eON'SE-aUE.\T, a. [L. consequens.] 
 
 1. Following as the natural effect ; with to or on. 
 The rii^ht was consequent to, and built on, .an act perlVctly per- 
 
 son:iI. Locke. 
 His poverty was eonseq^tent on his 
 
 2. Following by necessary inference or rational 
 deduction ; as, a proposition conset/uent lo other prop- 
 ositions. 
 
 eON'SE-aUENT, n. Effect ; that which foUows a 
 cause. 
 
 They were HI governed, which Is always a consequent of in- 
 payment. Davtcs. 
 
 2. That which follows from propositions by rational 
 deduction ; that which is di^duced from reasoning or 
 argumentation ; a ctmclusimi or inference. 
 eON-SB-aUEN'TIAL, a. Following as the efl'ect; 
 
 CON 
 
 produced by the connection of effects with causes; 
 as, a consequential evil. 
 
 2. Having the consequence justly connected with 
 the premises ; conclusive. 
 
 These argumenlB are highly consequential and coucludent to my 
 purpose. Hale. 
 
 3. Important. 
 
 4. Assuming the air of a person of consequence ; 
 pompous ; applied to persons. 
 
 eON-SE-aUEN'TI AL-LY, adv. With just deduction 
 of consequences ; with right connection of ideas. 
 
 Jlddison. 
 
 2. By consequence ; not immediately ; eventually. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. In a regular series ; in the order of cause and 
 efl'ect. Mdison. 
 
 4. With assumed importance ; with conceit. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 eON-SE-aUEN'TIAL-NESS, 71. Regular consecu- 
 tion in discourse. Diet. 
 
 eON'SE-QUENT-LY, adv. By consequence ; by ne- 
 cessarj- connection of effects with their causes ; in 
 consequence of something. 
 
 eON'SE-aUENT-NESS, n. Regular connection of 
 propositions following each other ; consecution of 
 discourse. [Little used.] Di^by. 
 
 eON-SER'TIOi\, 71. [L. consero, consertum.] 
 
 Junction; adaptation. Youmr. 
 
 eON-SERV'A-BLE, a. [See Conserve.] That may 
 be kept or preserved from decay or injury. 
 
 eON-SERV'AN-CY, 71. [L. conservans. See Con- 
 serve.] 
 
 A court of conservancy is held by the lord mayor 
 of London, for the preservation of the fisherj- on the 
 Thames. Johnson. 
 
 eON-SERV'ANT, a. Preserving ; having the power 
 or qualitv of preserving frtun decay or destruction. 
 
 eON-SER-VA'TION, n. [L conservatio. See Con- 
 serve.] 
 
 The art of preser\'ing, guarding, or protecting; 
 preserv,iti(m from loss, decay, injury, or violation ; 
 the keeping of a thing in a safe or entire state ; as, 
 the conservation of botiies from perishing ; the conser- 
 vation of the peace of society ; the conservation of 
 privileges. 
 
 eON-SERV'A-TISM, 71. The desire and eflbit of 
 preserving what is established. 
 
 €ON-SERV'A-TIVE,n. Preservative; having power 
 to preserve in a safe or entire slate, or from loss, 
 waste, or injnn'. Peacham. 
 
 eON-SERV'A-TIVE, 71. One who aims to preserve 
 from ruin, innovation, injurj', or radical change ; 
 one who wishes to maintain an institution, or form 
 of government, in its present state. [.Modern usane.] 
 
 eON-SER-VA'TOR, n. A preserver ; one who |>re- 
 serves from injury or violation. .Appropriately, an 
 officer who h.is the charge of preserving the public 
 peace, as judges and sheriffs ; also, an officer who 
 has the charge of preserving the rights and privileges 
 of a city, corporation, or community, as in Roman 
 Catholic universities. It is a word of extensive ap- 
 plication. 
 
 2. In Connecticut, a person appointed to superintend 
 idiots, lunatics, &c., manage their property, and pre- 
 serve it from waste. 
 
 eON-SERV'A-TO-RY, a. Having the quality of pre- 
 serving from loss, decay, or injury. 
 
 eON-SER V'A-TO-RY, n. A place for preserving any 
 thing in a state desired, as from loss, decay, waste, 
 or injury. Thus, a fish-pond for keeping fish, a 
 granary for corn, an ice-house for ice and other 
 things, a receptacle for water, &c., are called coTt- 
 scrvatorics. 
 
 2. A greenhouse for exotics, otlen attached to a 
 dwelling-hou.se .as an ornament. In large con-wea- 
 (oi ie.*, properly so called, the plants are reared on 
 the free soil, and not in pots. Brande. 
 
 3. A society for promoting, or for preserving, music 
 in good taste. 
 
 eOi\'-SERVE', (kon-scrv',) v. t. [L. conservo ; con 
 and servo, to hold, keep, or guard ; Fr. conserver : It. 
 consei-vare ; Sp. consenmr. Sec Class Sr, No. 34, 38, 
 39, 40, 4.1, and Class Ur, No. 32.] 
 
 To keep in a safe or sound state ; to save ; to pre- 
 serve from loss, decay, waste, or injury ; to defend 
 from violation ; as, to conserve bodies from perishing ; 
 to conserve the peace of society ; to conserve fruits, 
 roots, and herbs, wifh sugar, &c. 
 
 CON'SERVE, 71. A sweetm(!at made of fresh fruits, 
 &c., beat into one uniform mass, with tine sugar, anil 
 without boiling. Encyc. ofDom. Econ. 
 
 2. In /)/i(irHi(;r>/, a similar preparation, designed to 
 preserve the flowtys, herbs, roots, or fruits of sim- 
 ples, as nearly as possible, in their natural fresh 
 state. Fresh vegetables and sugar of the consistence 
 of honey. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 3. A conservatory. [JVat usual.] Evelyn. 
 eON-SERVi';D, pp. Preserved in a safe and sound 
 
 state ; guarded ; kept ; maintained ; protected ; pre- 
 jiared with sugar. 
 et)N-SEIlV'ICR, 71. One who conserves; one who 
 keeps from loss or injury ; one who lays up for pres- 
 ervation ; a preparer ol" conserves. JIayieard. Temple. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, FRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVR, MOVH, W9I-F, BOOK.— 
 
 !252 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 eON-SERV'tNG, m.r. KocpiHB in safety ; defentling ; 
 Kiiiitriiiiin^ ; prrparini; wilh sugar, 
 
 CON-SKS'SION, n. [L. caiuiessin, Seo Session.] 
 
 A sitting logotlior. [Little used.] 
 eON-SES'SOR, n. One that sits with others. [LitUe 
 iisetl.] 
 
 €()N-.SIl)'ER, t). L [L. oonsiilero, to consider, to view 
 attentively, from coiiaido or con^ideo, to sit by ; con 
 and sedeo, to siL (See Si r.) The literal sense is, to 
 .■«'£ by or close, or to set tJie mind or the eye to ; hence, 
 to view or examine with attention.] 
 
 1. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful ex- 
 amination ; to think on with care; to ponder; to 
 study ; to meditate on. 
 
 Know, therefore, thii day, niid consider it in lliy heart. — 
 Deut. iv. 
 
 Hnut thou conevlered my servtiiit Job ? — Job i. 
 
 Contider Ihc lilic« ol Ute field liow they ;rrow. — Malt. v{, 
 
 2. To view attentively ; to observe and examine. 
 
 The prieKl sliali consuler tlie leprosy. — Ijcv. xiii. 
 
 3. To attend to ; to relieve. 
 
 Blessed is he lliat coruiikreth the poor. — Ps. xll. 
 
 4. To have regard to ; to respect. 
 
 Let 111 eonndfT one unoUier, to provoke to love and to good 
 works. —lleb. x. 
 
 ;;. To take into view in examination, or into ac- 
 count in estimates ; a.s, in adjusting accounts, ser- 
 vices, time, and expense, ought to be considered. 
 
 (i. ill the imperative, rii?i.«iV/cr is equivalent to, think 
 with care, attend, examine the subject with a view 
 to Iriith or the consetpiences of a measure. So we 
 ust? see, obserre, tAiiiA', attend. 
 
 7. To requite ; to reward ; particularly for gratui- 
 tous services. 
 
 €ON-SII)'EK, V. i. To think seriously, maturely, or 
 carefully ; to reflect. 
 
 None contidereth in liis heart, neither is there knowled^ or 
 
 iinilentiinding. — Is. xliv. 
 In the day of nUvcreity consider, — Eccles. vii. 
 
 2. To deliberate ; to turn in the mind, a.s in the 
 case of a single person ; to deliberate or consult, as 
 numbers ; sometimes followed by of; as, I will co;i- 
 sider yoiir csise, or of your case. 
 
 The apt»sil.'s and rliiers conie lojellier to consider of this 
 inatv-r. — Acts xv, 
 
 3. To doubt ; to hesitate. Dryden. 
 eON-SlD'EK-.VBLE, a. [Fr. andSp. See Consider.] 
 
 That may be consiileretl ; that is to be observed, re- 
 marked, or attended to. 
 
 It is considerable, that some urns hare had inscriptions on them, 
 expressing tliat Ifie lanl|is were burning. Wilkins. 
 
 [ This primary use of the word is obsolescent, or very 
 rarely iL-ied.] 
 
 2. Worthy of cousidcrntioii ; worthy of regard or 
 attention. 
 
 Eternity is in5nitffly tlie most coneiderable dnralion. 7^/^Cson. 
 As that which is worthy of regard is in some 
 measure important, hence, 
 
 3. Kesi>ect;ible ; deserving of notice ; of some dis- 
 tinction ; applied ta persons. 
 
 Men considemble in all worthy pnifessions, eminent in many 
 ways of life. SpraU. 
 
 4. Important ; valuable ; or moderately large, ac- 
 cording to the subject. Considerable aid was ex- 
 jicctetl front the allies. .\ man has a considerable 
 estate in Norfolk. .-V considerable sum of money was 
 collected. Formerly it was sometimes followed by to. 
 lie thought his aid cunsidrrable to liiin. 
 
 €0.\-SlI)'Ell-A-IlLE-XE.-<S, n. Some degree of im- 
 port;Lnce, int>inent, or dignity ; a degree of value or 
 importance that deser\'es notice. 
 
 The consiiteralilenste ol thin^ ts to be estimate by their useful- 
 ness, or by Uieir ertects on society. 
 
 €ON-SID'ER-.\-BI.Y, adv. In a degree de.serving no- 
 tice ; in a degree not trifling or uniin|>ortant. 
 
 And Euttipe »till contidembly ^run*, 
 
 lloUi by tfieix good exaniph*« and llieir pains. i?o«co;nmon. 
 
 €0\-SID'ER-.\.\CR, M. Consideration; reflection; 
 sober thought. [Aut used.] [Sec Co.nsidebatios.J 
 
 SAaA". 
 
 eoN-Sin'ER-ATE, a. [L. connidcralas. See Co.-s- 
 
 • IDER.] 
 
 1. Given to consiilenition or to sober reflection ; 
 thoughtful ; hence, serious ; circiinis|iect ; careful ; 
 discreet ; prudent ; not hasty or ra-sh ; not negligent. 
 £nru is p«\tient, eonsid^mu, and Cirrfnl of Iiis people. Dryden, 
 % Having respect to ; regardful ; as, considcraU of 
 praise. [IMtlensed.] 
 3. Moderate ; not rigorous. .Tohnson. 
 eON-SIU'EH-ATK-LY, ado. With deliberation ; with 
 
 due consideratioi. , calmly ; prudently. Bacon. 
 eoX-SID'ER-A i t, NESS, n. Prudence ; calm delib- 
 eration 
 
 eON-SID-ER-A'TION, n. IL. consideratio. SeeCorr- 
 
 1. The act of considering ; mental view ; regard ; 
 notice ; as, let us take into con.tidcration Uie conse- 
 quences of a hasty decision. 
 
 2. Mature thought ; serious deliberation. 
 us ihinlt wiUi coruvirrruiafi. Sidi ey. 
 
 3. Contemplation ; meditation, 
 li.ati brought you Uj tli ' onei'tertu 
 
 Sitlitey, 
 
 4. Some degree of importance ; claim to notice, or 
 regard ; a moderate degree of respectability. 
 
 Lucan is an author of coneitlcration among the Latin i>oets. 
 
 A'bhson, 
 
 5. That which is considered ; motive of action ; in- 
 fluence ; ground of conduct. 
 
 He was ol)liired, antecedent to all other contldertitions, to sKMrcli 
 an ftsyluni. JJnjrUn, 
 
 6. R<!ason ; that which induces to a detcriiiiiia- 
 tion ; a.s, he was moved by the considerations set be- 
 fore him. 
 
 7. In law, the reason which moves a contracting 
 party to enter into an agreement ; the material Ciiiise 
 of a contract; the price or motive of a stipulation. 
 In all contracts, each party gives something in e.v- 
 change for what he receives. 
 
 A contract is an agreement, upon sutlicicnt CTn.9i(/- 
 eraiion. This ctuisitleration i^s erprcss or implied ; ex- 
 press, when the thing to be given or done is spaci- 
 lied ; imiiUrd, when no specific consideration is agreed 
 upon, but justice requires it and the law implies it; 
 as, when a man labors for another, without stipu- 
 lating for wages, the law infers that he shall receive 
 a reasonable consideration. A gootl consideration is 
 that of blood, or natural love ; a valuable consideration 
 is such as money, marriagi;, &c. Hence, a considrra- 
 tivn is an equivalent or rixoinpeiise ; that which is 
 irincn as of etpial estimated value with that wliiclr' i.s 
 receired. 
 
 eO\-SID'ER-A-TIVE, a. Taking into consideration. 
 [Little ii.,-r./.] 
 
 etJN-SIU'ER-ED, pp. Thought of with care; pim- 
 dered ; viewed attentively ; deliberated on ; exam- 
 ined. 
 
 CO.\-SlD'ER-KR, ?i. A thinker; one who considers ; 
 a man of reflection. [Considehator is not in use.] 
 
 eON-SIU'EU-INC, ppr. Fixing the mind on ; medi- 
 tating on ; pondering ; viewing with care antl atten- 
 tion ; deliberaling on. 
 
 Myle. — We have a peculiar use of this word, 
 which may be a corruption for considered, or which 
 may be a devitition t'roiii analogy by an insensible 
 change in the structure of the phrase." " It is not pos- 
 sible for us to act otherwise, considerin.'r the weakness 
 of our nature." As a [larticiple, this word must here 
 refer to tis, or the sentet ice can not be resolveii by any 
 rule of English syntax. It would be correct ttj say, 
 " It is not possible for us to act otherwise, the weak- 
 ness of our nature being considered;" or, " We, eon- 
 siderinrr the weiikness of our nature, can not act oth- 
 erwise." But the latter phrase is blotter grammar 
 than it is senst?. We use other participles in like 
 manner ; as, ".^lloirinir for tare, ilie weigiit could not 
 be more than a hiiiulred iiouiid^." 'J'liese and simi- 
 lar phrases arc r.nomaltjiis. But eonsidcrinir is no 
 more a bind of conjunction, in such a phrase, than it 
 is a TUiun. 
 
 eON-SID'ER-ING, »i. The act of deliberaling, or 
 carefully atteiuling to ; hesitation ; as, many ina/ed 
 Considrrin^s. S/ltlk. 
 
 eOi\'-SU)'EK-I.\G-LY, adv. With consideration or 
 deliberation. Ifltole Duly of Man. 
 
 eo.N'-SIG.N', (kon-sino',) v. t [ L. con-<i »-no, to seal or 
 sign ; con .and sij^no, to seal or stamp ; .W«7ium, a sign, 
 seal, or mark ; It. con,^etrnare, to deposit, deliver, con- 
 sign ; Sp. coM.<ii?'/irtr ; Vt. consigner. (See Sign.) The 
 sense is, to set to, to lhrn.it, or .lend.] 
 
 1. To give, send, or set over; to tniiisfer or deliver 
 into the possession of another, or into a dilferent 
 state, with the sense of fixedness in that stjite, or 
 permanence of possession ; as, at death the body is 
 cunsiirned to the grave. 
 
 At the d;iy of p-neral account, good men are to bp consigned 
 ooer ut another stale. AUerbury, 
 
 2. To deliver or trinsfer, as a charge or trust ; to 
 commit ; as, to consis'n a youth to the care of a pre- 
 ceptor ; to eon.iifrn giHids to a factor. 
 
 3. To set over or commit, for |>ermancnt preserva- 
 tion ; as, to c<»i.sij,m a history to writing. Jlddison, 
 
 4. To appropriate. Dn/dcn. 
 €ON-SI(;.N', (ktm-slne',) r. i To submit to the same 
 
 terms with another ; also, to sign ; to agree or con- 
 sent. [ 0/«.l Shak. 
 €C)N SIG-N.^'TlON, 71. The act of consigning ; the 
 act of delivering or cominiltiiig to another person, 
 place, or state. 
 
 Despair is a cerlain consignation to eternal ruin. 
 
 Tilylor. Park. 
 
 r/.itt/< K.W.] [See Consignment.] 
 
 €()N-.-J|<5'NA TrRE, II. Full signature ; joint sign- 
 ing or stamping. 
 
 eON-SKJN'i,!), (kon-slnd',) pp. Delivered ; com- 
 mitted for keeping or management ; deposited in 
 trust. 
 
 eoN-SIGN-EE',(kon-se-nee') n. The |)erson to whom 
 goods or other things are delivered in trust, for sale 
 or sup"rinienilence ; a factor. 
 eoN-SIG.N'ER, (ktm-siu'er,) ) n. The person who 
 eON-SlG.\-OR', (koii-sc-nor',) j consigns; one who 
 
 dense, rare, fan^ble, 
 Vocon. 
 
 sends, delivers, or commits goods or other things iu 
 tru.<t to aniitlier for sale, or su|M'rintendence. 
 
 €0.\-SI(; .M Kl-CA'TIOX, n. [Seo Sionikv.] Joint 
 signification. Harris. 
 
 C'ON-SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIVE, a. [Sec Signify.] Hav- 
 ing a like significatiim, or Jointly significative. 
 
 yallaticetl, Oram. 57. 
 
 eUN-SKiN'ING, (kon-sine'-,)/>/ir. Deliveriiii: to anoth- 
 er in trust; sending or committing, as a po.ssession 
 or charge. 
 
 eo.\-Sli;N'.Ml:NT, (kon-slne'-,) n. 'I'lie act of ctm- 
 signing ; coiisigii.-itioii ; the act of sending or eoni- 
 mittiiig, iLs a cliftrgr tor s;tfe keeping or iiiaiiagemeiit ; 
 the act of tle|iosttiiig willi, as goods tor sale. 
 
 2. The thing consigned ; the goods sent or deliv- 
 ered to a factor for sale ; as, A received a large con- 
 siiTnnient i;f gootis from 11. 
 
 3. The writing by wliieli any thing is consigni'd. 
 CO.\-SI.M'l-I,.\R, (1. Having coiiiiiioii resuiiiblance. 
 
 [Lit lie nsed.\ 
 
 eoN SI-.MIL'1-TUnE, n. Resemblance. [Little used.] 
 GUN-SIST', V. i. [ Ij. cnnsi.-ito ; con antl si,tttt, to st.aiid ; 
 Sp. eonsi,-itir ; It. eonsisttre ; ['"r. consi..!trr,] 
 
 1. To stanil togcflier ; to be in a fixed or perma- 
 nent statt-, as a body composed of ptirts in union or 
 connectitui. Hence, to be ; to exist ; to subsist ; to 
 be supported and maintained. 
 
 lie was Iji-llire nil tbiiig., ancl by him all tilings consist. — 
 Col. i. 
 
 2. To stand or be ; to lie ; to be contained ; fol- 
 lowed by III ; as, the beauty of epistolary writing 
 con,-tists in ease and freetloiii. 
 
 3. To be coiniKtsed ; fid lowed by of; as, a land- 
 scape should consist of a variety of scenerj'. 
 
 7'o consist logetlicr ; to coexist ; to have being con- 
 currently. 
 
 Necevsily ami election can not consist togetbsr in Uie same act. 
 
 Brainhatt. 
 
 To consist with ; to agree ; to be in accordance with ; 
 to be compatible. 
 
 Health consists with tempernncc alone. Pope. 
 eON-SIST'ENCE, ) «. A standing together ; a be- 
 €0.\-SIST'E.\-CV, \ ing fixed in union, as the parts 
 of a body ; that state of a body, in which its com- 
 ponent parts reiiiain fixed. 
 
 Tfie consistency of lioilies is diver 
 pneiiinalical, volatile, ic. 
 
 2. A degree of density or spissitiide, but indefinite, 
 
 Lel-tlie juices or liipior be boiled into the consistenaj of simp. 
 
 .irbulhnot, 
 
 3. Substance; make; firmness of constitution ; as, 
 friendship of a \astmg coiu^isteney ; resolutions of du- 
 rable eonsi-itenee, Soutli. JIammond. 
 
 4. .\ standing together, as the parts of a system, 
 or of conduct, &c. ; agreement or liarmoiiy of all 
 parts of a complex thing among llieinselves, or of the 
 same thing with itself at diHerent times; congruity ; 
 uniformity ; as, the con,ii,itcney of laws, regulations, 
 or judicial decisions ; con.iistency of opinions ; con- 
 sistency of behavior or of character. 
 
 There is harmony and consistency iu all Gwl's works. 
 
 J, LaOirop. 
 
 5. A Standing ; a state of rest, in which things 
 capable of growth or decrease remain for a time at 
 a stand. Cluimbers. 
 
 eON-SI.<T'ENT, a. [L. coii.twtoM. Sec Consist.] 
 
 1. Fixed ; firm ; not fluid ; as, the consistent parts 
 of a body, distinguished from the fluid. Ilarrey. 
 
 2. Standing together or in aEreeinent ; compatible; 
 congruous; uniform; not contnidictorj- or opposed ; 
 as, two opinions or schemes are consi.ttcnt ; let a man 
 be consistent with himself; the law is consistent with 
 justice and iwlicy. 
 
 So Iwo consistent motions act the soul. Pope. 
 
 eON-SIST'ENT-LY, arfc. In a con.sistent manner ; 
 in agreement ; agreeably ; as, to command confidence 
 a man must act consistentlti. 
 eo.N-SIS-To'RI-AL, ) a. "[See Consistobv.] Per- 
 eO.VSIST'O-RY, j t.aining or relating to a can- 
 ,iistonj, or ecclesiastical court of an archbishop or 
 bishop. Jiyhffe. 
 Every archbishop and bishop of a dioa-se hath a consistory court. 
 
 tfncyc. 
 
 €ON-SIS-To'RI-AN, a. Relating to an order of Pres- 
 byterian assemblies. Hp. Hancrofl. 
 
 C(^.V-SIST'<.>-RY, n. [L. eonsistorium, from eonsisto. 
 See Consist.] 
 
 Primarily, a place of meeting ; a council-house, or 
 place of justice. Hence, 
 
 1. In Uie Knirlish church, a place of justice in the 
 spiritual court, or the court itself ; the court of every 
 diocesan bishop, held in their cathedral churches, 
 for the trial of ecclesiastical causes arising within the 
 diocese. Tlie bishop's chancellor or his ciuninissary 
 is the judge. Black.itone. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic church, an assembly of 
 prelates ; the college of cardinals at Kume. 
 
 Pius was then hearing ciuses in consistory, Bonn. 
 
 3. A solt^mn assembly or council. Milton. Pope, 
 
 4. A place of residence. [A'ot u.ir</.J Shak. 
 
 5. In some churches, as the Dutch, a consistory is 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE— AN"GER, VI"CIOU8.-e as K ; C as J : 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
CON 
 
 tlie lowest tribuiiul, correspoiidiii!: to a church session, 
 and in others is composed of ministers and elders, 
 corresjjondins to a presbytery. 
 €ON-So'CIATE, ti, [L. coyisociatus. See the next 
 word.] 
 
 An associate ; a partner or confederate ; an accom- 
 plice. _ Hayward. 
 eON-So'CIATE, V. t. [L. coTtsociatu-i, from consocio ; 
 cnn and sucio, to unite j socius, a companion. See 
 Social.] 
 
 1. 'J'o unite ; to join ; to associate. Wottnn. 
 
 2. To cement or iiold in close union. BiirneU 
 
 3. To unite in an assembly or convention, as pas- 
 tors and messengers, or delegates of ciuirclx^s. 
 
 Saybrook Platform^ 
 eON-SO'CIATE, V. i. To unite ; to coalesce. 
 
 Bentlni. 
 
 9. To unite, or meet in a body ; to form a consoci- 
 ation of pastors and messengers. Smibrook Plalfirrm. 
 
 CON-So'ClA-TED, pp. or a. Associated in a body. 
 
 €OX-5o'CI.\-TING,p;7r. Uniting in a body. 
 
 €OX-So-CI-A'TION, (kon-so-slie-a'slmn,)'n. Inti- 
 mate union of persons ; fellowship ; alliance ; com- 
 panionship ; union of tilings. [The word is less iised 
 than .AssncjATioN.] Wotton. 
 
 2. All assembly of the pastors and delegates of the 
 Congregational churches within a certain district, 
 forming a court of appeal from the decisions of the 
 churches. TrnmbulVs History nf Connc^tiait. 
 
 eOX-SO-C!-A'TIOX-AL, a. Pertaining to a consoci- 
 ation. TnimbnU, 
 
 CON-SoL'A-BLE, a. [See Console.] That admits 
 comfort ; capable of receiv i.ig consolation. 
 
 €0.\'SO-LaTE, v. t. To comfort. [Obs.] [See 
 Console.] 
 
 eON-SO-LA'TIO:<l , 71. [h. consoUitio. See Console.] 
 1. Comfori ; alleviation of misery, or distress of 
 n'.iiiQ ; refreshment of mind or spirits ; a compara- 
 tive degree of hap|>iness in distress or misfortune, 
 s, 'ringing from any circumstance that abates the 
 evil, or supports and strengthens the mind, as hope, 
 joy, courage, and the like. 
 
 Af^iinsl such cruelties, 
 With inward consolations recomi.eiiscti. Milton. 
 We have ^ent joy and consolation in thy love. — Pliilrin. 7. 
 
 9. That which comforts or refreshes the spirits ; 
 the cause of comfort ; as, the consolation of Israel. 
 Luke ii. 
 
 €O.\'SO-La-T0R, 71. One who comforts. 
 
 CON-SOL' A-TO-RY, a. [L. cortsolatoriu.'s.] 
 
 Teniliug to give comfort ; refreshing to the mind ; 
 assuaging grief. Howell. 
 
 CON-SOL' A-TO-RY, 7i. A speech or writing con- 
 taining topics of comfort. Milton. 
 
 eO.N' SoLE', f. t. [V..cunsolor! It. consolare ; Sp. co7i- 
 solar ; Fr. consoler. The primary sense is either to 
 
 set or allay, to give rest or quiet, Ar. i^^w sala, Heb. 
 T\^Zt ; or the sense is to strengthen, in which case it 
 coincides with the root of solid. I'iie latter is most 
 probable.] 
 
 To comfort ; to cheer the mind in distress or de- 
 pression ; to alleviate grief, and give refreshment to 
 the mind or spirits ; to give contentment or moderate 
 happiness, by relieving from distress. The promises 
 of the gospel may well console the Christian in all 
 the afflictions of life ; it is a consoling reflection that 
 the evils of life are temporary. , 
 
 I am ninch consoled hy the n-fl'-ction that the religion of Christ 
 has b^-en attacked in vain l»y all tlie wits and nliilosopliers, 
 and its triumph has been complete. P. Henry. 
 
 eON'SoLE, 71. [Fr.] In architecture, a br.acket, or 
 shoulder-piece ; or an ornament cut upon the key of 
 an arch, which has a projcctiire, and, on occasion, 
 serves to support little cornices, figures, busts, and 
 va.ses. Kncyc. 
 
 eON-SoL'ED, pp. Comforted ; cheered. 
 
 CO.V-SdL'ER, n. One that gives comfort. 
 
 CO\-t^()L'I UA.NT, a. [See Consolidate.] Having 
 the (pialitv of uniting wounds, or forming new flesh. 
 
 CON-SOL'i-n.\.\T, 71. A medicine that heals or 
 unites the parts of wounded flesh. Core. 
 
 eON-SOL'I-DATE, v. t. [ll. consolidnre ; Ft. consoli- 
 der ; Sp. consolidar ; con and L. solidus, solid. See 
 Solid.] 
 
 1. To make solid ; to unite or press together loose 
 or ficparatt; [larts, and form a compact mass ; to 
 harden or make tirnse and firm. 
 
 He fix'rl and cimsoti^laud the earth aliove the watenf. Burnet. 
 
 2. To unite the parts of a broken bone, or the lips 
 of a wound, by means of applications. Kncyc. 
 
 3. Ill a mure genn-al sense, to unite various partic- 
 ulars into one nia.S3 or body ; as, to consolidate the 
 forces of an army ; to coti.snfidate vaiions funds. 
 Hence, in parUnmentnry usage, to con.solidate two 
 billa is to unite them into one. In late, to consolidate 
 benirficcN is to combine them into one. 
 
 CO.N-KOL'r-DATK, r. i. To grow firm and bard ; to 
 unite niid become Hulid ; an, inoisl clay consolidate) 
 by drying. 
 
 In huru and ulc^n of the head, dryni 
 to conMlidaU. 
 
 I moketli thrm moiv apt 
 Bacon. 
 
 CON 
 
 €0N-S0L'I-DaTE, a. Formed into a solid mass. 
 
 Klyot. 
 
 eON-SOL'I-DA-TED, pp. or a. Made solid, hard, or 
 compact ; united. 
 
 eOi\-SOL'I-DA-TING, ppr. Making solid ; uniting. 
 
 eON-SOL-I-D'A'TION, n. The act of making, or pro- 
 cess of becoming, solid ; the act of fonning into a 
 firm, coiniiact mass, body, or system. 
 
 2. The uniting of several particulars into one body ; 
 as, a consolidation of the funds. Hence, 
 
 3. The annexing of one bill to anotlier in parlia- 
 ment or legislation. 
 
 4. The combining of two benefices in one. Cmecl. 
 
 5. The uniting of broken bones or wounded flesh. 
 eOjV-SOL'I-D.V-TlVE, a. Tending to consolidate; 
 
 healing. 
 
 eON-SoL'IXG, y;)r. Comforting; alleviating grief. 
 
 CON-lSoL'ING, rt. Adapted to console or comfort ; as, 
 consoling news. 
 
 eON'SOLS, n. pi. In England, three per cent, annui- 
 ties, granted at diflerent times, and at last consoli- 
 dated into one stock or fund. They constitute near- 
 ly half the public debt, and hence their rise or fall is 
 takeitas an index of the state of stocks. Brande. 
 
 eON'SO-NANCE, 7i. [Fr., from L. cotuionantia, con- 
 simuns, from consono, to sound together ; con and sono, 
 to sound. See Sound and Tone.] 
 
 1. Accord or agreement of sounds. In music, con- 
 sonance is an accord of sounds, simultaneously pro- 
 duced, which creates an agreeable sensation in the 
 ear, as the third, fifth, and eighth. It denotes, also, 
 the according intervals. When the interval of a con- 
 sonance is invariable, it is called perfect ; but when 
 it may be either major or minor, it is termed imperfect. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 2. Agreement ; accord ; congruity ; consistency ; 
 agreeableness ; suitableness ; as, the con.-ionance of 
 opinions among judges ; the consonai>ce of a ritual 
 to the Scriptures. 
 
 eON'SO-NANT, a. Agreeing ; according ; congru- 
 ous ; consistent ; followed generally by to ; sometimes 
 by with ; as, this rule is consonant to Scripture and 
 reason. 
 
 2. In music, composed of consonances ; as, cotiso- 
 vant intervals. 
 eON'SO-NANT, 71. A letter, or element of speech, 
 having either no vocality, as p and the other mutes, 
 or only an imperfect vocality, as b, I, &.c. For this 
 reason, consonants are ordinarily sounded only in 
 connection with a vowel, and hence the name. The 
 consonants are better called articulations, as they are 
 the names given to the several closings or junctions 
 of the organs of speech, which precede and follow 
 the openings of the organs with which the vowels 
 are uttered. These closings are perfect, and wholly 
 intercept the voice, as in the syllables ek, ep, el, or 
 imperfect, and admitting some slight sound, as in 
 cm, en. Hence, some ai ticulations are called viutes, 
 and others semi-vowels. The consonants begin or 
 end syllables, and their use is to determine the man- 
 ner of beginning or ending the vocal sounds. These 
 closings or configurations of the organs, being vari- 
 ous, serve to diversify the syllables, as in uttering ba, 
 da, pa, or ab, ad, up; ami, although b and p may be 
 considered as representing no sounds at all, yet they 
 so modify the utterance of ab, ap, or ba, pa, that the 
 slight ditiereiice between these aiticulalious may be 
 perceived as far as the human voice can be distinctly 
 heard. 
 
 eON'SO-N.\NT-LY, ado. Consistently; in agree- 
 ment. 
 
 eON'SO-NANT-NESS, 7i. Agreeableness; consist- 
 ency. 
 
 eON'SO-NOUS, a. [L. cnnsonus.] 
 
 Agreeing in sound; syiiiphonious. 
 eO.\-So'l'l-.ATE, )'. t. To lull asleep. [Mused.] 
 eON-.'^0-PI-A'TIO.\, 71. A lulling asleep. [^Totused.] 
 CON'SO-l'ITE, V. t. [L. consopio.} 
 
 To compose ; to lull to sleep. [JVoi used.] 
 eON'SO-rri'E, a. Calm ; composed. [JVut used.] 
 
 Mure. 
 
 eON'SORT, 71. [L. consors ; con and surs, sort, state, 
 kind.] 
 
 1. A companion ; a partner ; an intimate associate ; 
 particularly, a |>artiier of the bed ; a wife or husband. 
 
 lie single chose to live, and iiluiin)e<l to wed, 
 
 Well pieajsed to watit a consort o( his bed. Dryden. 
 
 2. An assembly or association of persons, convened 
 for consultation. Spen.ier. 
 
 3. Union ; conjunction ; concurrence. Attcrburtj. 
 
 4. A number of instruments played together ; a 
 symphony ; a concert. In this sense concert is now 
 used. 
 
 5. In navigation, any vessel keeping company with 
 another. 
 
 Qiiccn consort ; the wife of a king, as distinguished 
 from a qtieen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen 
 doiroger, the widow of a king. 
 eo.N'-SORT', r. i. 'I'o associate ; to unite in company ; 
 to keep company ; followed by witJi. 
 
 Which of the Cnxi.m chi Ik cons'irts unth Uiec t Dnj'ten. 
 
 eON-SORT', B. t. To join ; to marry. 
 
 Willi his consorted Eve. Milton. 
 
 CON 
 
 2. To unite in company. 
 
 He begins to consort himself i 
 
 ill^en. Locke. 
 3. To accompany. [JVot used.] Sltak. 
 eON-SORT'A-BLE, a Suitable. JVntton. 
 eON-SORT'ED, pp. United in marriaap, Mdum. 
 CON-SORT'ING, ppr. Uniting in company with ; as- 
 sociating. 
 
 eON-SOll'TION, 71. Fellowship. [Jfotttsed.] Brown. 
 eON'SOKT-SHIP, n. Fellowship ; partnership. 
 eON'SOUND, 71. The name of several species of 
 plants. 
 
 eON-SPEC'TA-BLE, a. Ea.sy to be seen. 
 eO.^-SPEC'TIIlN, 71. A beholding. [^Tot u.ied.] 
 eON-SPF.e Tu'l-TY, «. Sight; view. [J^ut lued.] 
 eOX-Sl'EU'.<Ki\, rt. A sprinkling. [A"o£k.v«/.] 
 eON-SPI-CC'I-TY, )i. Conspicuousness ; brightness. 
 
 [Little used.] Shak. 
 eON-SPlC'lI-OUS, a [L. consplenus, from cojuipicio, 
 
 to look or see ; con and speeio, to see. See Species.] 
 
 1. Open to the view ; obvious to the eye; easy to 
 be seen; manifest; as, to stand in Si conspicuous 
 place. 
 
 Or come I less conspicuous. Milton. 
 
 2. Obvious to the mental ej e ; clearly or extensive- 
 ly known, perceived, or understood. Hence, emi- 
 nent ; famous ; distinguished ; as, a man of conspic- 
 uous talents : a lady of cotispinioiis virtues. 
 
 eO.\-SPIC'IJ-OUS-LY, orff. In a conspicuous man- 
 ner; obviously ; in a manner to be clearly seen ; em- 
 inentlv ; reiiiarkalilv. 
 
 eON-SPlC'li-OUS-NESS, 71. Openness or exposure 
 to the view ; a state of being visible at a distance; 
 as, the conspicuousness of a tower 
 
 2. Eminetire : fame ; celebrity : renown ; a state 
 of being extensively known anil distinguished ; as, 
 the cnnspicunusnrss of an author. 
 
 eON-SPIK'A-CV, 71. [L. conspiratio, from conspire. 
 See Conspire.] 
 
 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose ; an 
 agreement, between two or more persons, to commit 
 some crime in concert ; particularly, a combination 
 to commit treason, or excite setlitioii or insurrection, 
 against the government of a state ; a plot ; as, a con- 
 spiracy against the life of a king ; a conspiracy against 
 the government. 
 
 More than forty had made this conspiracy. — Acts xxiii. 
 
 2. In law, an agreement between two or more per- 
 sons, falsely and maliciously to indict, or procure to 
 be indicted, an innocent person of felony. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 3. A concurrence ; a general tendency of two or 
 more causes to one event. Sidney. 
 
 eON-SPIK'ANT, a. [L. conspirans.} 
 
 Conspiring; plotting; engaging in a - plot to com- 
 mit a crime. Shak. 
 
 CON-SPI-Ra'TION, 71, Conspiracy ; agreement or 
 concurrence of things to one end. 
 
 eON-SPIU'A-TOR, 71. One who conspires ; one who 
 engages in a plot to commit a crime, particularly 
 treastm. 
 
 2. In lair, one who agrees with another falsely and 
 maliciously to indict an innocent person of felony. 
 By the British statute, a conspirator is defined to be 
 one who binds himself by oath, covenant^ or other 
 alliance, to assist another falsely and maliciously to 
 indict a person, or falsely to maintain pleas. Encyc. 
 eON-SPIKE', V. i. [L. eonspiro, to plot ; coii and .s7>i- 
 ro, to breathe. Hut the primary sense is, to throw, to 
 winti ; hence spira, a fold, circle, wreath, or baiitl ; 
 and the sense of the verb is, to breathe together, or, 
 more probably, to wiiiil or band together.] 
 
 1. To agree, by oath, covenant, or otherwise, to I 
 commit a crime ; to plot ; to hatch treason. 
 
 The servants of Amnion conspired against hun, and slew 'ho 
 
 king in his own house. — Kings xxi. 
 Tliey coTLspired ag-ainsl Joseph to slay him. — Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 2. In lata, to agree falsely and maliciously to indict 
 an innocent person of felony. 
 
 3. To agiee ; to concur to one end ; as, all things 
 conspire to make us prosperous. 
 
 The pn-ss, the pulpit, and the stage, 
 Conspire to censure and expose our agx:. Roscommon. 
 
 eON-SPIR'ER, 71. One who conspires or plots ; a con- 
 spirator. Shak. 
 CON-SPIR'ING, ppr. or a. Agreeing to commit a 
 crime; plotting; uniting or concurring to one end. 
 
 2. In jneelianics, cun.tpiring forces are forces acting 
 obliipiely to each other, but which may be severally 
 resolved into two parts, one of which, in each cast:, 
 acts in the same direction with the other ; ctMijierat- 
 ing powers. D. Olmsted. 
 
 eoiN'-SPIR'ING-LY, adv. In the manner of a conspir- 
 acy ; by conspiracy. Milton. 
 eON-SPlS SA'TION, 71. [L. conspissatas.] 
 
 The act of making thick or viscous ; thickness. 
 
 More. 
 
 eON-SPUR-CA'TION, n. [L. conspurco ; con and spur- 
 co, to defile.] 
 
 'i'lie act of defiling; defilement; pollution. [JVut 
 in use.] Bp. Ilall. 
 
 CON'STA-BLE, fkun'sta-bl,) 71. [Sp. condestnblei Port. 
 id. ; It. cone.itabue ; Fr. connetuble ; Sp. conde, it. conte, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRI). — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 254 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 a Cdimt, ami L. .itubulum, a stable; L. cuines stubuti, 
 couiil of llie stable.] 
 
 1. A olliceriii tliu moiiarcliical establishments 
 of the niiilille a};es. Brande, 
 
 The loril Itiijh l uiistaMc uf Enirlmiil was the seveiitli 
 otiii i r of llie crown. He had the care of tlie coiiiinon 
 peace, in deeiU of arms and matters of war, bL'ing a 
 jiidfie of the court of chivalry, now called the court uf 
 huiwr. To this ollicer, and to the earl marshal, he- 
 longed the co'^ni/.ance of contracts, deeds of arms 
 w ithout the realm, and combats and blazonry within 
 the realm. The power of this officer w;is so gre.it, 
 and so improperlv used, that it was ahriilged by tlie 
 i:»h Richard II., and was afterward forfeited in the 
 person of Edward Stall'ord, duke ol liiii kinf;liain, in 
 l.VJl. It has iu!Ver been granted to any person since 
 tliat time, except pro liac vice, or on a particular occa- 
 sion. Kitnjc. 
 
 2. An (ifllcer of the peace. In K/iWhhi/, there are 
 high con.stables, petty coiistabhs, and constables of 
 London. The high constabh s are chosen at tlK" court 
 leets of the franchise or hiindreil over w hich they 
 preside, or, in default of that, hy tile justices of the 
 <iuarter sessions, and urc removable by (he same au- 
 thority that appoints them. The p:'tty constables are 
 chosen by the jury of the court leet, or, if no court is 
 held, they are appointed by two justices of the peace. 
 In Ijcuidon, a constable is iiominated in c,'\cll precinct 
 by the inhabitants, and confirmed at the court of 
 wardmote. The duty of constables is to keep the 
 jieace , and for this purpose they arc invested with 
 the (mwer of arresting and imprisoning, and of break- 
 ing open houses. 
 
 In Uie United Stales, constables are town or .city 
 oflicers of the peace, with powers similar to those 
 possessed by the constables in (Jreat ISritaiii. 'I'hey 
 are invested also with powers to execute civil as weil 
 as criminal process, and to levy executions. In j\yw 
 F,n!,'land, they are elected by tlie inhabitants uf towns 
 in legal meeting. 
 
 To orrrrun tilt constable : to spend more tlian a man 
 is worth or can pay ; a viiltrar phrase. 
 
 €ON'ST.\-ULKIl-Y, (kun'sta-bler-y.) h. The body or 
 jurisdiction of constables. 
 
 et'i.N'ST.'V-BLK-.^IIll', n. The office of a constable. 
 
 €0N'ST.'V-BI,E-\V1CK, n. The district to which a 
 constable's power is limited. Hale. 
 
 eo.N'-STAB'Ii-L.\-KY, o. Pertaining to constables ; 
 consisting of constables. 
 
 CON'ST.\.\'-CY, n. [L. constantia, from coiista; con 
 and sto, to stand.] 
 
 1. Fixedness ; n standing firm ; hence, applied to 
 God or his works, immutability ; unalterable contin- 
 uance ; a (leriiianent state. Hooker. 
 
 2. Fixedness or lirmness of niind ; persevering res- 
 olution ; steady, unshaken deteriniiiatioii ; particu- 
 larly applicable to tirinness of mind under sntferings, 
 to steadiness iu attachments, and to perseverance in 
 ent<'rprise. Lasting at&ctioii ; stability in love or 
 friendship. 
 
 :i. fcrtaiiitv ; veracity ; reality. Sliak. Johnson. 
 CON"STA.\T,"n. [L. co'nslans.] 
 
 1. Fixed ; firm ; opposed to JIniil. 
 
 To tiini two tttiitl Ikiuors into iv tonslant bot\y. Boyie. 
 
 \In this sT/isff wot M^e^.] 
 
 2. Fixed ; not varied ; unchanged ; permanent ; lin- 
 mulablc. 
 
 Th- vvorlil ' 
 
 CotiiMitt, ill 
 
 * of clnn^vi, and to be 
 w.'rv incotikttiicv. 
 
 Cowley. 
 
 X Fixed or firm in inind,»j)urj)Ose, affection, or 
 principle ; unshaken ; unmoved ; as, a constant friend 
 or lover. 
 
 4. Certain ; steady ; lirinly adherent ; with to ; as, 
 a man consinnt to his purpose or to liis duties. 
 
 €l).N''f>TANT, n. In ;;/ii/.«if.«, that w hich remains un- 
 changed or invariable. Thus a tpiantity, force, law, 
 &c., when it coiitinues unclianged, is called a cun- 
 stant. P. Cifc. 
 
 eO.N-STAN-TI-NO-l'OL'I-TAN, a. Relating to Con- 
 stantinople, the nietro|iolis of the empire of Turkey. 
 
 €O.N'ST.\.VT-LY, (!(/. Firmly; steadily; invariably; 
 continually ; perseveringly. 
 
 RlinU corulanVy itlliniK'il that it w:u even so. — AcU xii. 
 Thpsi; things I wilt Uiai ihuu alfirm cvnttanUif. — Tit. iii. 
 
 eON'STAT, n. [L., it appears.] In F.nsland, a cer- 
 tificate given by the clerk of the pipe and auditors of 
 the excheipier to a perstm who intenils to plead or 
 move fora discharge uf any thing in that court The 
 cffc'ct of i is to show what appears upon the rccoril 
 respecting the matter in ipiestion. 
 
 2. An exemplification under the great seal of the 
 enrollment of anv letters patent. F.ncyc. 
 
 eON'STEULATE, r. L [Low L. consUUalas ; con 
 and stello, to sliino ; Stella, a star.] 
 
 To join luster ; to shine with united radiance or 
 one general light. [Little used.] 
 
 Thr wercnX l]iin*i wliich engage our aflections •hiiic fonh aiui 
 eoTuUUau bi Gotl. lioyU. 
 
 eON'STEULSTE, r. t To unite several shining 
 h"dies in one splendor. [Little ii.iert.] Brown. 
 
 CO.\'STf;L-LA-TED, pp. or a. United in one splen- 
 tlor. Broien. 
 
 •2. Starry ; set or adorned with starx or constella- 
 tions. ./. Burloic. 
 eON STEL-LA'TION, 71. A cluster, assemblage, or 
 group, of rixetl stars ; a number of stars which appear 
 as if situated near each other in the heavens, and 
 are considered as furiiiiiit;a particular division. Tlie 
 constellations are reduced mostly to the figures of 
 certain animals or other known things, as the bear, 
 the bull, the ram, the balance, &c. 
 
 Fur tlic efiirs uf h<-iiven, and the cottetcllationt Uicrcuf, &h.Lll not 
 gtvf tln'ir lisht. — In, xiii. 
 
 9. An assenililage of splendors or excellences. 
 
 e()N-STEU-N.\'TK)N, 11. [L. constrrnntio, from cun- 
 stcnw : con and ,-<civi«, to tlirow or strike down.] 
 
 Astiiiii^hni.'nt ; aiiiazeiiieiit or horror that confounds 
 the faculties, and incapacitates a person for consulta- 
 tion and (^xel.ulioll ; excessive terror, wonder, or siir- 
 jirise. South. 
 
 et).\''STI-I*.\TE, r. t. [Ij. constipo ; cnn and sd>(i, to 
 crowd, or cram. Eng. to stuff, to stvp. See .Stukf ami 
 Srop.l 
 
 I. To crowd or cram into a narrow comjiass ; to 
 thicken or cuiuleiise. Duron. 
 
 9. To sttip, by filling a p.assage, and preventing 
 motion ; as, Iti constipate capillary vessels. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 3. To fill or crowd the intestinal canal, and make 
 costive. Brotan. 
 
 e< i.V'STI r.A 'PEO, pp. Made costive. 
 
 C()N'ST!-1'.A-Tl\(;,;i;ir. .Making costive. 
 
 CO.N-STI r.\'Tl().\, n. The act of crowding any 
 tiling into a less cunipiuss ; a pressing together; con- 
 densation ; as, a close c«H,'.7(/;n^(«n t)f particles. Bcntleij. 
 
 9. j\tvre trrnrrnlly, a crowding or filling to hartl- 
 ness the intestinal canal, from defective excretion ; 
 costiveiiess ; ob.-itipation. Encyc. Cote. 
 
 etJ.V tiTlTM!-E.\-CV, n. The act of cimstituting, or, 
 more freipieiitly, the boily of constituents. [Modern 
 
 M>V(WT.] 
 
 eo.N'-HTITMJ-E.N'T, a. [L. constitucn.i, constituo ; con 
 and stiUuo, to set. See ST.\Tt'E, Statute.] 
 
 Setting ; constituting ; applied to parts of a iking 
 Hiut are essential to it. Ilence, 
 
 1. Necessary or essential ; elemental ; forming, 
 composing, or making, as an essential jiarl; as, oxy- 
 gen and hyilrogen are the con.ttilu.enl parts of water. 
 Uuily, soul, ;inil reason, arc Uie three cons^Luenl parts of a man. 
 
 lyry'len. 
 
 9. Having the power of constituting or appointing. 
 
 A (Hiesliuii of right arises l»-tween the con^Iilueril unci rcpr.'S 'iit- 
 ative tiovly. Junius. 
 eO.\-STIT'lI-E.\T, Ji. lie or that which sets, fixes, 
 or forms ; he or that which constitutes or composes. 
 
 Their first rompomire and ori-rination rcqnires a higher ami no 
 bl'T consdtuenl Uiaii chance. Hale. 
 
 9. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, 
 or an essential part. 
 
 The lymph in those glands Li a necessary eonglituent of the all* 
 mt'iit. ArbuOinot. 
 
 3. A term applied to those who appoint or elect 
 some one as their representative to an oltice or eni- 
 ploMnetit. Burke. 
 e< '.N'STI- TOTE, r. t. [L. constituo: con and statuo, 
 to set. (See Statue, Statute.) It. constituire ; Sp. 
 constit-uir : Fr. constituer.'\ 
 
 1. To set ; to fix ; to enact ; to estjiblish. 
 
 We iiiiisl oU'v laws appoiiiteil and cont&tuted by lawful author- 
 ity, not a^.iiiist Uie law of Uod. 7\lylor. 
 
 9. To form or compose ; to give formal existence 
 to ; to make a thing what it, is. Perspicuity consti- 
 tutes the prime excellence of style. 
 
 Truth and n-asuli ronstilule that Intellectual ^Ul tliat defies de- 
 struction. Johnson. 
 
 3. To appoint, depute, or elect, to an office or em- 
 ployment ; to make and empower. A sherilf is con- 
 slituted a consiTvator of the peace ; A has constituted 
 B his attorney or agent. 
 
 eo.N'STI-TOTE, H. An est.ablished law. [Oi.?.] 
 
 eON'STI-TC-TEI),pp. ora. Set; fixed; established; 
 in.ade ; elected ; ap|H>iiited. 
 
 eo.S'STI-TC-TEO AU-THOR'I-TIES, n. pi. The 
 macistnites or governors of a people. H. .Mora. 
 
 et).\'STI-TO-TEll, n. One who constitutes or ap- 
 fMiints. 
 
 CI).\'STI-T0-T1XG, ppr. Petting ; establishing ; com- 
 
 ptvsiuir; electing; a]))H)inting. 
 en.V-STl-TO'TlO.X, «. The act of constituting, 
 
 enacting, establishing, or appointing. 
 
 2. The state of being; that form of being, or pe- 
 culiar stnicture and connection of parts, which 
 makes or characterizes a system or body. Hence, 
 the iKirticnlar fnime or temperament of the human 
 hotly is called its constitution. VVe speak of a robust 
 or fi»'ble constitution: a cold, phlegmatic, sanguine, 
 or irritable constitution. W'e speak of the constitution 
 of the air, or other substance ; the cotistilutiun of the 
 solar system ; the constitution of things. 
 
 3. The frame or temper of mind, aflections, or 
 passions. 
 
 4. The established fonn of government in a state, 
 kinsdom, or country ; a system of fundamental 
 niles, principles, and ordinances, for the government 
 
 of a .state or nation. In free stales, the constiiiitinn 
 is paramount to the statutes or laws eitai ted by the 
 legislature, limiting anil controlling its pow<-r ; and 
 in the United Slates, Uii- legislature is created, and 
 its powers tlesignated, by thtr constittiiiiui. 
 
 fi. .\ particular law, oriltnance, or re:;iilatiiiii, ninde 
 by the aiilluirily of any superior, civil or ecclesiasti- 
 cal ; as, the con.ftitutions of the chiirclit;s; the novel 
 conslilulwns ii( Jnstlni,'in and his siiccesstirs. 
 
 G. A system of fiiiiibimeiitnl principles for the gov- 
 ernment uf rational and social beings. 
 
 The New Teslaiiieiit is tlic iiKiril c-onslixulion of inoilern soeietj. 
 
 (jriinkt. 
 
 eO\-STI-T0'TIO.\-AL, a. Bred or inherent in the 
 constitution, or in the natural frame of body or 
 mind ; as, a con.itilalionnl infirmity ; can.slituliunal 
 ardor or dullness. 
 
 2. Consistent with the constitution ; authorized by 
 the ctuistitution or fundamental rules of a govern- 
 ment; legal. 
 
 An act of cangMa pr^ihiljitjn^ llt<* {mpon.tlion of staves into tJie 
 United Sljit'-s is constitutwtioj . 
 
 3. Relating to the constitution ; as, a constilulional 
 doubt. Paleij. 
 
 eo.N'-STI-TP'TlOX-AL-IST, «. An adherent 10 the 
 ctiustiliition tif government. 
 
 2. An innovator of tin; old constitution, or a 
 framer or fru nd of the new con.stitution, in Fnince. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 eON-STI-TO-TIOX-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being 
 constitutiimal ; the sLate of being inherent in the 
 natural frame ; as, the constitutionalitij of tlisease. 
 
 Coze. Alrd. Rrpository. 
 2. The st.ate of being consistent with the constitu- 
 tion or frame of government, or of being authorized 
 by its provisions. 
 
 The jiidijes of the Supreme Court of lite Uniteil State* have the 
 power ol tieteniuiiiiig the eonstUaliOntUUt/ uf laws. 
 
 eON-STI-TO'TION-AL-LY, adv. In consistency " 
 with the ctmstittition or frame of government. 
 
 eON-STI-TP'TION-A-RY, a. Constitutional. [Bad.] 
 
 eoN-STI-TO'TION-IST, n. One who adheres to the 
 constitution of the cotiiitrv. Bolini;hruke. 
 
 eoX'STI-Tu-TlVE, n. That constitutes, forms, or 
 cumposes ; elemental ; es.sential. 
 
 The constilalive pirls ol a schismatic bein^ th-? esteem of him- 
 self and contempt of others. Decay of Piety. 
 
 2. Having power to enact, establish, or create ; 
 instituting. 
 
 eON'STI-Tu-TIVE-LY, ailc. In a constitutive man- 
 ner. 
 
 €ON-STRaIX', v. t. [Fr. cnntraimlre ; It. eonstriirnere, 
 OT coslrintTcre ; Sp. constrenir ; VoTl. constrin^ir ; from 
 L. constrin<ro ; con and stringo, to strain, to bind. 
 Sec Strain.] 
 
 In a general sense, to strain ; to press ; to urge ; to 
 drive ; to exert force, [ihysical or moral, either in 
 urging to action or in restraining it. Ilence, 
 
 1. To compel or force ; to urge with irresistible 
 power, or with a power sufficient to produce the 
 eflect. 
 
 The spirit within me eonstraineth me. — Job xxxii. 
 I was eonstmined to ap|xntl to Cesar. — Actjf xxviii. 
 For tlie love of Christ eonstraineth us. — 2 Cor. v. 
 
 2. To confine by force ; to restrain from escape or 
 action ; to repress. 
 
 My sire in caves eorurtratrts the winds. Drvien. 
 
 3. To hold by force ; to press ; to confine. 
 
 How the strait stays tlie slender waijit eonstrain I Oay. 
 
 4. To constringe ; to bind. 
 
 When winter frosts eonsrroin tlie tietd with cold. Dryden. 
 
 5. To tie fast ; to bind , to chain ; to confine. 
 
 He hinds in chains 
 The drowsy prophet, ami his limbs eonstrains. Dryden. 
 
 6. To necessitate. 
 
 Did fati; or we the aduUerous act constrain? Pope. 
 
 7. To force ; to ravish. [JVot wted.] Shak. 
 
 8. To proiluce in opposition to nature ; as, a ron- 
 slrained voice ; con.-flrained ntites. fVallrr. 
 
 eoX-STR.AlX'.\-BLE, a. That maybe constrained, 
 lorced, ttr repressed ; liable to constraint, or to re- 
 straint. Hooker. 
 
 eo.\-STK.\l.\'f;n, />;>. or n. Urged irresistibly or 
 powerfully ; compelled ; forceil ; restrained ; con- 
 fineil ; bounil ; iniprisoiietl ; necessitated. 
 
 eo\-STU.\IX'ED-LY, o<ir. By constraint; by com- 
 pillsioll. Hooker. 
 
 €;().\-STK.\IX'ER, 71. One who constrains. 
 
 GO.N-STlt aI.S"I.\G, ppr. or a. Urging with irresisti- 
 ble or powerful force ; coin|n'lling ; forcing ; repress- 
 ing ; confining ; holding by fiircc ; pressing; binding. 
 
 €OX-STRAI.\T', 71. [Fr. conrraiiitf.] 
 
 Irresistible force, or its etl'ect ; any force or power, 
 ph>'sical or moral, whitdi comiiels to act or to forbear 
 action, or which urges so strongly as to produce its 
 eflect upon the body or mind ; compulsion , restraint ; 
 confinement. 
 
 Not by constnunl. but by my rKoJce, I came, Drydtn. 
 Feed the flock tiod, LaJbnjf the overaigtit tlvrrof, not by eow- 
 straini, but wUiinfly. — 1 Pel, v. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UXITE, — AN"GER, VI-'CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as In THIS. 
 
CON 
 
 eON-STRAlNT'IVE, a. Having power to compel. 
 
 Carew, 
 
 eON-STRICT', V. U [L. constringo, constrictum. See 
 Constrain.] 
 
 To draw together ; to bind ; to cramp ; to draw 
 into a narrow compass ; hence, to contract or cause 
 to slirink. Arbtitlmot. 
 eON-STRICT'ED, pp. Drawn togetlier ; bound ; con- 
 tracted. 
 
 eON-STRICT'IXG, ppr. Drawing togetlier ; binding ; 
 contracting. 
 
 eON-.STUIt;'TrON, ;i. A drawing togetlier or con- 
 traction, by means of some inlierent power, or by 
 spasm, as distinguished from compression, or tlie pres- 
 sure of extraneous bodies ; as, tlie constriction of a 
 muscle or fiber. It may, perhaps, be sometimes used 
 as synonymous with compression. 
 
 eON-STRICT'OR, n. Tliat which draws together or 
 contracts. In anatemy, a muscle which draws to- 
 gether or closes an orifice of the body ; as, the con- 
 strictor labiorum, a mus(!le of the lips. Knctjc. 
 
 9. A term applied to large serpents which crush 
 their prey in their folds, as the Boa Constrictor, &c. 
 
 Branile. 
 
 eON-STRI.\GE', (kon-strinj',) v. t. [L. constringo. 
 See Constrain.] 
 
 To draw together ; to strain into a narrow com- 
 pass ; to contract ; to force to contract itself. 
 
 Strong liquors cunsliingc, haRlen the fiLjers, and coasrulate the 
 fluids. ArhuOmoU 
 
 eOX-STRlN0'J:D, pp. Contracted ; drawn together. 
 eO\-S TRIXC'EXT, a. Having the quality of con- 
 
 tractiiiL', hiii'liuir, or compressing. Bacon. Thomson. 
 eON-STRl.\'t;'h\G, ppr. Druuing or compressing 
 
 into a smaller com[)ass ; contriicliiii: ; hiiuliiii;. 
 eON-STRUCT', v.t. [L. co,i..iriu,, cuottnulum; con 
 
 and strtin, to lay, dispf)se, or set in oj'dcr; ^'[i. con- 
 
 struir ; Fr. con^'truire ; It. id. See Stri'cture.] 
 
 1. To put together the parts of a thing in their 
 proper pliice and order ; to build ; to form ; as, to 
 coiLstrnct an edifice. 
 
 2. To devise and compose ; as, to construct a new 
 system ; or simply to frtime or form ; as, to construct 
 a telescope. The word may include the invention, 
 with the formation, or nut, at the pleasure of the 
 writer. A man constructs a ship according to a 
 model ; or a grammar liy a new arrangement of prin- 
 ciples ; or a planetarium of a new form. 
 
 3. To interpret or understand. [See Construe.] 
 
 4. 7\i construct an equation, in geometry, is to form a 
 geonulrical figure corresponding to the etiuation. 
 
 Stanley. 
 
 eON-STRUCT'ED, pp. Built ; formed ; composed ; 
 compiled. 
 
 eON-STRIJCT'ER. n. One who constructs or frames. 
 eOiX-STRUCT'l.Ni;, ;;;)r. Building; framing; com- 
 eON-STRUC'TlO.V, n. [L. construrlio.] [posing. 
 
 1. The act of building, or of devising and forming ; 
 fabrication. 
 
 2. The form of building; the manner of putting 
 together the parts of a building, a machine, or a sys- 
 tem ; structure ; conformution. The sailiim of a ship 
 and its capacity depend chiefly on its conMructioo. 
 
 :i. In grammar, syntax, or the arrangement and con- 
 nection of words in a sentence, according to established 
 usages, or the practice of gooii writers and speakers. 
 
 4. Sense ; meaning ; interpretation ; explanation ; 
 or the manner of understanding the arrangement of 
 words, or of understanding facts. Let us find the 
 true construction ; or lot us give the author's words a 
 sound, rtitional, consistent construction. What con- 
 struction can bit put upon this alfair, or upon the con- 
 duct of ;i man ? 
 
 .'). The manner of describing a figure or problem 
 in geometry. Johnson. 
 
 The drawing of such lines, such figure, &c., as are 
 previously necessary for milking any demonstration 
 appear more |)lain and undeniable. Kneyc. 
 
 C. 'i'he construction of fin equation, in geometry, is 
 the drawing of such lines and figiirt^s as are neces- 
 sary for the solution of a problem or ihe demonstra- 
 tion of a tbeortim. • Stanleii. Johnson. 
 eO.\-STRIJC"'i'Ii)X-,\L, a. Pertaining to construc- 
 tion ; deduced from (lonstruction or interpn^tation. 
 [UniLxual] ' IVaterlaud. 
 eO.N'-STRl/c'TION-IST, ». One who construes a 
 
 writing or piililic instrument. 
 CON-STKUCT'l VE, a. By consirnrtion ; created or 
 dedinied by constrm tion, or mode of interprt tation ; 
 not ilirectly cxpri-ssed, but inferred ; as, coustrueticc 
 treason. Blar.lcsl.one. 
 
 Htipuljtionit, irxprr^Mcd or iinpli'-d, foiinul or comlrucdve. 
 
 Foley. 
 
 eON-.STRi;eT'IVE-I,Y, oaIv. In a ronstrnctive man- 
 ner ; by way of conntruction or interpretiition ; by 
 fair inference. Chaunccy. United States. 
 
 A Dfulril must have noUc'* of a Ijlutkade, citln'r actually by a 
 fonihii inrurmalioii, or conttrucUocli/ Ity notice u> Iiih govern, 
 "irnt. Kent. 
 €ON-HTRUeT'IVE-NESH, n. Among phrrnologisti, 
 the faculty which litadfi to the formation of parts 
 into a wlKile. Combe. 
 eON HTKUeTMIRE, (kon-»trukt'yur,) n. An edifice ; 
 
 CON 
 
 pile ; fabric. [For this, Structure is more generally 
 used.] Blackmore. 
 eOX'STRuE, ?!. [h. constrao. See Construct.] 
 
 1. To arrange words in their nattiral order ; to re- 
 duce from a transposed to a nattiral order, so as to 
 discover the sense of a sentence ; hence, to interpret, 
 and, when applied to a foreign language, to translate ; 
 to render into English; as, to construe Greek, Latin, 
 or French, 
 
 2. To interpret ; to explain ; to show or to under- 
 stand the meaning. 
 
 1 pray that 1 may not he so understood or construed. Hooker. 
 Tlius we are put to construe and paraplir.isj onr own words. 
 
 .StUliugJIeel. 
 
 eON'STRU-JED, pp. Arranged in natural mder ; in- 
 terpreted ; understood ; tninslated. 
 
 CON'STRU-ING, ppr. Arranging in natural order; 
 expounding; interpreting; translating. 
 
 eOiX'STLF-I'RATE, v. t. [L. conslui)ro ; con and stuirro. 
 To violiite ; to tlebauch ; to defile. [to ravish.] 
 
 eON'SvTU-l'RA-TED, Debauched. 
 
 €OX'STir-PRA-TL\G, ppr. Violating. 
 
 €ON-STU-PRa'TION, n. The act of ravishing ; vi- 
 olation ; defilement. Bp. Hull. 
 
 eON-SUB-SIST',J). i. To subsist together. [See Sud- 
 
 SIST.] 
 
 CO.X-SUB-STAN'TIAL, (-stan'shal,) a. [L. consub- 
 stantialLs i con tixifi substantia. See Substance.] 
 
 1. Having the same substance or essence ; coes- 
 scntial. 
 
 Tlie orthodox believe the Son to be consubslaiiluil with the Fa- 
 ther. Kncyc. 
 
 2. Of the same kind or nature. 
 
 It continu''th a body consubst^rUial with ours. Hooker. 
 
 €ON-SUB-STAN'TIAL-IST, n. One who believes 
 in consubslantiation. Barrow. 
 
 eON-SUB-STAN-TI-AL'I-TY, (-stan-she-al'e-ty,) 71. 
 The existence of more than one in the same sub- 
 stance ; as, the coeternity and consubstantiality of the 
 Son with the Father. JIaoimond. 
 2. Participation of the same nature. Johnson. 
 
 CON'-SUB-STAN'TIaTE, v. t. [L. con and substantia, 
 substance.] 
 
 To unite in one common substance or nature. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CON-SUB-STAN'TIaTE, v. i. To profess consub- 
 sttintiation. Drydcn. 
 
 eON-SLTB-STAN'TI.x-TED, United in a common 
 substance. 
 
 eON-SUB-STAN'TlA-TING, ppr. Uniting in a com- 
 mon subst;)llC(\ 
 
 eON-SUB-STAN-TI-A'TION, (-sho-a'shun,) n. The 
 union of the body of otir blessed Savior with the sac- 
 ramental elements. The Ltitlierans maintain that, 
 after consecration of the elements, the botly and 
 blood of Christ are substantially present with the 
 substance of the bread and wine ; which is called 
 consuhst.antiation, or impanation. Enci/e. 
 
 eON'SUE-TuDE, )i. Custom ; usaie. Scott. 
 
 €ON-SUE-Tu'DIi\-AL, a. Customary. 
 
 CON'SUL, n. [L. consul, from consulo, to consult.] 
 
 1. The chief magistrate of the ancient Roman re- 
 public, invested with regal authority for one year. 
 There were two consuls annually chosen in the Cam- 
 pus Martins. In the first ages of Rome, tlu^y were 
 elected from patrician families or noblemen ; bat, in 
 the year of Rome 388, the" people obtained the |)i ivi- 
 lege of electing one of the consuls from their own 
 body, and sometimes both were plebeians. ICuryr. 
 
 2. .\ chief magistrate, among the f'rrnch, during 
 their revolution, in imitation of the Romans. Brande. 
 
 3. A person commissioned by a king or state to re- 
 side in a foreign country as an agent or ri'presenta- 
 tive, to proti!ct the rights, commerce, merchants, and 
 seamen, of the state, and to aid the gtiveniinent in any 
 commercial transactions with such foreign countrj'. 
 
 4. All adviser. [J^ot loell autliorized.] Bacon. 
 eON'SIJL-AGi^, 7!. A duty laid by the British Levant 
 
 company on imports and exports for the sujiport of 
 
 the comptiny's affairs. Kton. 
 GON'SUL-AR, a. Pertaining to a consul ; as, consular 
 
 power ; consular dignity, or jjrivileges. 
 eoN'SUL-ATE, n. [L. consulatu.<:.] The office of a 
 
 consul. .Addison. 
 [ This is applicable to modern consuh, aji well as to 
 
 Vie Roman.] 
 
 9. The jurisdiction or extent of a consul's authority. 
 3. The residence of a consul. [Kent. 
 eON'SUL GEN"ER-AL, Ji. A consul, in Uie commer- 
 cial sense, appointed for several iilaces or over sevi^ral 
 consuls. Kncuc. Jim. 
 
 CO.\'Si:i--SIl!P, 71. The oflice of a consul; or the 
 
 term of his ollice ; npplicable onlit to Roman consuh. 
 CON Siri.T', II. i. IE. eonsulto, from consulo, to con- 
 sult, to ask counsel. The last syllable mtiy be from 
 
 the ,Ar. ^JLw suala, lleb. Cli. Sam. F,th. Vnb', to ask.] 
 1. To seek the opinitin or atlvict* of another, by a 
 atatemi nt of facts tinil suitable inquiries, for Ihe pur- 
 pose of directing one's own judgment ; followed by 
 with. 
 
 Hehotoiin comulUid tnlli tli- ul,l nw-ii. — I Kini[» xli. 
 
 Ilavid consulted mill the c.iptaiiin ol' thuuuandB. — 1 Uliron. xlll. 
 
 CON 
 
 2. To take counsel together ; to seek opinions and 
 advice by mutual statements, inquiries, and reason- 
 ings ; to deliberate in common. 
 
 The chief priests cousulled lliat tliey miglit put Lazanu to death. 
 John xii. 
 
 3. To consider with deliberation. LuJce xiv. 
 CONSULT', V. t. To ask advice of; to seek the 
 
 opinion of another, as a guide to one's own judg- 
 ment; as, to consult a friend or parent. 
 
 2. To seek for information, or facts, in something; 
 as by examining books or papers. Thus, I consulted 
 sevend authors on the subject ; I consulted the official 
 documents. 
 
 3. To regard ; to have reference or respect to, in 
 juilging or acting ; to decide or to act in favor of. 
 We are to consult the necessities, rather than the 
 pleasures, of life. We are to consult public as well 
 as private interest. Ho consulted his own safety in 
 (light. 
 
 Kre fancy you coneutt, consult your purse. i-Vanik/in. 
 
 4. To plan, devise, or contrive. 
 
 Thtou hast consulted shame to thy house, by cutting off many 
 people. — Hab. ii. 
 
 \ litis sense Li ttnusual, and not to be countenanced.] 
 eo:N-SULT', 71. 'J'lie act of consulting ; the etfect of 
 consultation; determination; a council, or deliber- 
 ating tissembly. Drydcn. Bacon. 
 
 This word is, I believe, entirely obsolete, except in 
 poetry. It would be naturiilly accented on the first 
 syllable, but the poets accent the Itist. 
 COiN-SULT-A'TlON, 71. The act of consulting ; de- 
 liberation of two or more persons, with a view to 
 syme dtM-ision. 
 
 The chief priests held a consullalion with tlie elders and 8cribes. 
 — Mark xv. 
 
 2. .\ meeting of persons to consult together ; a 
 cotmcil for deliberation, as of leg;d counsel retauied in 
 a cause, or of phj sicians in a dangerous disease. 
 
 H'iscman. 
 
 Writ 0/ consultation ; in iaip, a writ awarded by a 
 superior court, to return a cause which had been re- 
 moved by prohibition from the court Christian to its 
 original jurisdictiuii ; so called, because the judges, 
 on consultation, find the prohibition ill founded. 
 
 Blac.kstonc. 
 
 €ON-SULT'A-TIVE, a. Having the privilege of 
 consulting. Brumhall. 
 
 CON-SULT'ED, pp. Asked ; inquired of, for opinion 
 or advice ; regarded. 
 
 COX-.SULT'Eli, «. One who ctmsults, or asks coun- 
 sel or information ; as, a consulter with familiar 
 S[)irits. JJrut. xviii. 
 
 CON-SULT'IiNG, ;j/i7'. or a. Asking advice ; seeking 
 information ; deliberating and inquiring mutually ; 
 regarding. 
 
 eON-SOM'A-BLE, a. [See Consume.] Thtit may 
 be consumeil ; possible to be destroyed, dissipated, 
 wasted, or spent; as, asbestos is not co7!sKi;ia4;c by 
 fire. Wilkins. 
 The iniport^itiun and exportation of consumahle commodities, 
 
 Locke. 
 
 CON-SuME', 7'. t. [L, constimo ; con and sumo, to 
 take. So, in English, we say, it talces up time, 
 that is, it consumes time. Sp. consamir ; It. consu- 
 viarc ; Fi: con.su mer. Class Sni,] 
 
 1. To ilestniy, by sejiarating the parts of a thing, 
 by di coTijposiiicin, as by fire, or by eating, ilevour- 
 iiig, ami annihilating the form of a substance. Fire 
 consumes woiid, coal^ stubble ; animals consume flesh 
 and vegetables. 
 
 2. To destroy by dissipating or by use ; to expend ; 
 to waste ; to sqnautler ; as, to consume an estate. 
 
 Ye asl(, and n-ceive not, becaus - ye ask amiss, that ye may con- 
 sume it upon your lusts. — Jiuiits iv. 
 
 3. To spend ; to cause to pass away, as time ; as, 
 to consume the day in iillcness. 
 
 Their days tlid he consume in vanity. — Pa. Ixxviii. 
 
 4. To cause to disappear ; to waste slowly. 
 
 My flesh is consumed away, — Job xx xviii. 
 .5. To destroy ; to bring to utter ruin ; to exter- 
 minate. 
 
 Let me alone — that 1 may co"si*7ii# them. — Ex. xxxii, 
 
 eON-SC'.ME', 11. i. To waste away slowly; to be 
 exhausted. 
 
 Their flesli — their eyes — llicir tongue shall consU7n« away. — 
 Z,ch. xiv. 
 
 The wicked shall [wrish — Uiey shiill consuvu:. — P«. xxxvll. 
 
 eOiV-SO.M'Kl), pp. Wiisteil ; burnt up ; destfoyed ; 
 
 dissipated ; squandered ; expended. 
 GON-Sl'.M'ER, One who consumes, spends, 
 
 wtistes, or tleslmys ; that which consumes. 
 et>N-Su.\l'IN(i, /'//'•. Binning; wiisting; destroying; 
 
 expentUng; ealiiig; devouring. 
 2. a. That drstro>s. 
 
 The I.unl thy Cod ii. a connuming fire, — Deut, Iv, 
 
 eO.\-SU.\I'MA'l'E or CON'SUM-MATE, 1). (. [I.. 
 consnmmo, consummotus ; con and summo, from sum- 
 ma, sum ; I'r, rou.-<ummer ; S]i, consnniar. See Sum,] 
 To end ; to finish by completing what was in- 
 
 FATF,, FAU. FALL, WU^T METE, PREY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, UQQIC — 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 tonded ; to perfect; to bring or carry to the utmost 
 
 ptjiiit or dcpree. 
 
 f ie li:id a mind to eontumuuiu tlie happiiiCM of the da;. TiUler, 
 t'ON-SUM'MATE, a. Complete; perfect; carried to 
 
 tile utmost extent or degree ; as, consummate grcat- 
 
 nrss or felicity. 
 eoN-SU.M'.MA-TED or eO.V'SUM-MA-TED, pp. 
 
 (,'(mipleted ; perfected ; ended. 
 eON-SU.M'JlATE-LY, ado. Completely ; perfectly. 
 
 fVarton. 
 
 eON-SII.M'M.^-TING or CON'StJiM-IM.^-TING, ppr. 
 
 (^oinplclin!; ; accomplishing; pcrfectinf;. 
 CON-SUM. .M.X'TION, n. [L. contummatio.] 
 
 1. Completion ; end ; perfection of a work, pro- 
 cess, or scheme. JldtiUoit. 
 
 2. The end or completion of the present system of 
 things ; the enil of the world. Hooker. 
 
 :). Oeath ; the end of life. Shak. 
 
 Consummation of marriage ; the most intimate 
 union of the sexes, which completes the connuliial 
 reliition. 
 
 eo.X-SU.MP'TION, n. consiimpth. See Consume.] 
 
 1. The act of consuming ; waste ; destruction by 
 burning, eating, devouring, scattering, dissipation, 
 slow decay, or by passing away, as time; as, the 
 consumption of fuel, of food, of commodities or 
 estate, of time, Ate. 
 
 2. The state of being wasted or diminished. 
 
 Etna nnil Vesuvius h \vc not sulfcred any coniiderAlii'* dimintilion 
 ur consumption. WoodMird. 
 
 3. In medicine^ a wasting of flesh ; a gradual decay 
 or diminution ot the botly ; a wirrd of extrn-tioe .-■iVni- 
 fcation. Hut particularly^ the disease called plit/iisi'i 
 pulmonali^j pulmonic consumption, a disease seated 
 in the liings, attended with a hectic fever, cough, &c. 
 
 €0.\-Sr.Ml"TlVE, a. Destructive; wasting; ex- 
 hausting; having tlie quality of consuming, or dis- 
 sipating ; as, n long, cousumptire war. Mili-ton. 
 
 2. Affected with a consumption or pulmonic dis- 
 ease ; as, con..--umptit'e lungs ; or inclined to a con- 
 sumption ; tending to the phthisis pulmonalis ; ap- 
 plied to the incipient state of tJie disease, or to a constitu- 
 tion predisposed to it. 
 
 eON-SUMI>'TIVE-LY, adu. In a way tending to 
 consumption. Bedducs. 
 
 eON-SUMl"TIVE-\ESS, n. A state of being con- 
 sumptive, or a tendency to a consumption. 
 
 eON-TAlJ'lI-LATE, r. t. [L. conlabulo; con and 
 tabula.] 
 
 To rioor with boards. Gaulon. 
 eON-TAB'lI-LA-TED, pp. Floored with boards. 
 eo.\-TAl!'tT-L.A-TING, ppr. Flooring witli boards. 
 eON-TAB-lJ-LA'TION, n. The act of laying with 
 
 boards, or of flo<^ring. 
 CON'T.VeT, n. [L. contactus, from contingo, to touch ; 
 
 eon and taniro, to touch, originally tii;ro; Gr. tiijoj. 
 
 See ToieH.J 
 A touching ; touch ; .close union or juncture of 
 
 bodies. Two bodies come in c«n<nc( when they meet 
 
 without any sensible intervening space ; the parts 
 
 that touch are called the points of contact. 
 €0.\'-TAe'TIO.\, II. The act of touching. Brown. 
 eON-TA'OION, (-ta'jun,) ii. [L. contagio, from the 
 
 root of contintTo, tantro, primarily, tniro, to touch.] 
 
 1. Literallii, a touch or touching. Hence, the 
 communication of a disetisc by cont.ict, or the mat- 
 ter communicated. More gcnerallij. that subtile mat- 
 ter which proceeds from a diseased person or body, 
 and communicates the disease to another person, as 
 in cases of small-jiox, measles, &c., diseases which 
 are communicated without contact. This contagion 
 proceeds from the breath of the diseased, from the 
 perspiration or other excretiims. 
 
 2. That which communicates evil from one to 
 another ; infection ; that which propagates mischief; 
 as, the contagion of vice or of evil examples. Mdtoit, 
 
 3. Pestilence ; a pestilential disease ; venomous 
 exhalations. Shak, 
 
 eON-TA'GlON-i'D, (kon-ti'jund,) a. Affected by 
 contagion. 
 
 eON-TA'OION-IST, n. One who believes in the 
 contagious character of certain diseases, as tlic 
 plague, Ate. 
 
 eOX-TA'GIOUS, a. Containing or generating conta- 
 gion ; catching ; that may be communicated by con- 
 tact, or by a subtile excreted matter ; as, a conlagijias 
 disease. 
 
 2. Poisonous ; pestilential ; containing contagion ; 
 as, contagious air ; contagious clothing. 
 
 3. Containing mischief that may be propagated ; 
 as, contagious example. 
 
 4. That may be communicated from one to anoth- 
 er, or may excite like affections in others. 
 
 Hi« «;fiiius rendcird lus courage more •onXarioiM. WxrL 
 rON-TA'ftlOUS-LY, adv. By contagion. 
 eO.VTA'GlOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being con- 
 tagious. 
 
 €ON-TaIN', «. (. [L. eontineo ; con and tenro, to hold ; 
 It-contenrre; Ft. contmir ; Sp.contcner. See Tenet, 
 
 1 ENt'HE.l 
 
 I. To hold, as a vessel ; as, the vessel contains a 
 pllon. Hence, to have capacity ; to be able to 
 hold ; applied to an empty vessel. 
 
 2. 'I'o comprehend ; to hold within specified limits. 
 
 Bcliolil, (lie Ikmvcii Rn<l Uiti licaveu of huaveiui biiHiul contain 
 Uice. — 1 Kings viii. 
 
 3. To comprehend ; to comprise. The Jiistory of 
 Livy contains a hundred and forty books. 
 
 4. To holil within limits prescribed ; to restrain; 
 to withhold from trespass or disorder. 
 
 The Itiii^'s person contains the unruly people from evil occ.-isioiis. 
 
 [Ol)s.] Spenerr. 
 Kear not, my Ion! ; we can rorifoin oiinii'lves. Sliak. 
 
 5. To include. This article is not contained in the 
 account. This number does not contain the article 
 specified. 
 
 G. To inclose ; as, this cover or envelop contains 
 a letter. 
 
 eON-TAIN', V. i. To live in continence or chastity. 
 
 Jirhitlhnot and I'opr. I Cor. vii. 
 
 eON-TAIN'A-BLE, a. That may \k contained or 
 comprised. Boyle. 
 
 e0N-TAIN'£D, pp. Held; comprehended; com- 
 prised ; included ; inclosed. 
 
 eOiV-TAIN'EK, n. Th;it which contains. 
 
 eON-TAlN''I.\G, ;v)r. Holding; having capacity to 
 hold ; comprehending ; comprising ; including ; in- 
 closing. 
 
 eO.\-TAM'I-i\ATE, r. (. [\..contamino; con and ant. 
 tamino. (ill. Heb. Cli. fvr. N3a to defile. Class 
 Uin, No. 19.] 
 
 To corrupt the jiiirity or excellence of; to pol- 
 lute ; as, to contaminate the. blood. It is employed, 
 u.siially, in a figurative si'iise ; to sully ; to Uiriiish ; 
 to taint. Lewdness con(UHii«<i<MCliaracter ; cowaid- 
 ic ' contaminates honor. 
 
 Slmll we tiow 
 
 Cktnlamtnnle our fini»er* Willi Uise bribes f SfiaJc, 
 
 eON-TAM'I-NATE, a. Polluted ; defiled ; cormpt. 
 eON-TA.M'I-NA-TED, pp. Polluted ; defiled ; tar- 
 nished. 
 
 eON-TA.M'I-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Polluting ; defiling ; 
 tarnishing. 
 
 eoN-TA.M-I-NA'TrON, n. The act of polluting ; pol- 
 lution ; defilement ; taint. 
 
 €0.\-TAM'I-NA-TIVE, a. Adapted to contaminate. 
 
 eON'TECK, n. Uuarrel ; contention. [JVui i'-ng- 
 lish.] Speiiser. 
 
 eON-TEC'TION, 71. [L. conUgo.] 
 
 A covering. rj\''o! used.] Sir T. Browne. 
 
 eON-TEM'EIl-A-TEU, a. Violated ; polluted. 
 
 GON-TE.MN', (-tern,) v.U contemno ; cun VLnilemno, 
 
 dhaama, to drive 
 
 to despise ; It contcmncrc; At. 
 
 away, to despise. Class Dm, No. 1, 4.] 
 
 1. To despise ; to consider and treat as mean and 
 despicable ; to scorn. 
 
 In whose eyes a vile person [i conlemnsd. — Ps. xv. 
 
 2. To slight ; to neglect as unworthy of regard ; to 
 reject with disdain. 
 
 Wherefore do the wicked contjemn fiod ? — Ps. x. 
 They contemn the counsel of the Most High. — I*s. evil. 
 
 eON-TEM'NED, (kon-tenid',) pp. Despised ; scorned ; 
 
 slighted ; neglected, or rejected with disdain. 
 eo.V-TE.M'NER, 71. One who contemns ; adespiser; 
 
 a scorner. 
 
 eON-TE.M'NING, ppr. Despising ; slighting .is vile 
 or despicable ; neglecting or rejecting, as uhworthy 
 of regard. 
 
 eO.\-TE.M'PER, v. t. [Low L. contempero ; con and 
 tempera, to mix or temper. See Temper.] 
 
 To moderate ; to reduce to a lower degree by mix- 
 ture with opposite or different qii.alities ; to temper. 
 
 The le;\V' s (jualify and conlemper the heal. Ray. 
 
 eON-TEM'PEU-A-MEXT, ti. Moderated or qualified 
 degree ; a degree of any quality reduced to that of 
 another ; teniperaiiieiit. Derliam. 
 
 €ON-TE.M'PEII-aTE, v. t. (See CoNTEMPEn.j To 
 temper ; to reduce the quality of, by mixing some- 
 thing opposite or different ; to modenttc. 
 
 Brown. IViseman. 
 
 eON-TEM-PER-A'TION, 71. The act of reducing a 
 quality by admixture of the contrary ; the act of inod- 
 cmtiiig or tinnpering. Brown. 
 
 2. Teinperamonl ; proportionate mi.xture ; as, the 
 eontemperament of humors in different bodies. Hale. 
 
 [Instead of these words, Temper and Tempera- 
 ment are now generallv used.] 
 
 eoN-TEM'PER-A-TlillE, n. Like temperature or 
 tem|)crainenL 
 
 eON-TE.M'PLATE or CON'TEM-PLATE, v. L [L. 
 contemplor. If m is radical, sec Cl.iss Dm, No. 3, 
 4, 35.1 
 
 1. To view or consider with continued attention ; 
 to study ; to meditate on. This word expresses the 
 attention of the mind, but sometimes in connection 
 with that of the eyes ; as to conUmplate the heavens. 
 More generally, the act of^the mind only is intended ; 
 as, to contemplate the wonders of redemption ; to con- 
 template the state of the nation and its future pros- 
 pects. 
 
 Teach me to contemplate ihy grape. Mrs, Delany. 
 
 2 To consider or have in view, In reference to a 
 fiiliire act or event ; to intend. 
 
 A decree of the naduunl iua. Mil.ly of France, June M, 1792, 
 
 conleinfitiuet a sup|)ly froni the United 8lAles of four niillioiiA 
 
 of livrin 
 
 There p>niaiu nunc ptirticuhrs to complete the Infonnatlon owv 
 ternptatert by llios'r resoluiioris. llamiUun't fteporl. 
 
 If R tr)M(y cotilaiiis any slipuhilions which conteinjiUue a ilale of 
 future Will. Kent's Commsntariss. 
 
 eON-TE.M'PLATE or CON'TEM-PLATE, v. L To 
 think studiously; to study; to muse; to medit.ite ; 
 as, he delights to contemplate on the works of crea- 
 tion. 
 
 eON-TEM'PLA-TED or eON'TEM-PLA-TEl), jrp. 
 or a. Considered with attention ; meditated on ; 
 intended. 
 
 eON-TEM'PLA-TIXGoreON'TE.M-PLA-TING,ppr. 
 
 Ctmsidering with continued attention ; meditating 
 
 on ; musing. 
 CON-TKM I'La'TION, 71. [1.. eonlemplalio.] 
 
 1. Tlie act irf file iiiinil in considering with ntten- 
 tiiiii ; nieilitaliiin ; stiiily ; continued attention of the 
 mind to a particular suliject. 
 
 Contemplation is Iteepii 
 time uclU'illy ill vi>? 
 
 2. Holy meditation ; attention to sacred things; a 
 particular application of the foregoing definition. 
 
 To have in contemplation ; to intend or purpose, or 
 to have uiiiler consideration. 
 
 eo.N-'lXM'PLA-TIST, «. One who coiitim plates. 
 
 eON-Ti;.M'PI,A-TIVE, (7. Givi u to cDiilenipiation, or 
 continued application of the mind to a subject ; stu- 
 dious ; thouglitfiil ; a-s, a contemplative philosopher or 
 mind. 
 
 2. Employed in study ; as, a eonlewplatire life. 
 
 3. Having the appearance of stuily, or a studious 
 habit ; as, a contemplatire look. nenham, 
 
 4. Having the power of thought or meditation ; as, 
 the contemplatire faculty of man. Raij. 
 
 eON-TEM'PL.\-Tl VE-LY, adc. Wilh contemplation ; 
 attentively ; thoughtfully ; with deep attention. 
 
 eON'TE.M-PLA-TOK, 71. One who contemplates ; one 
 employed in study or meditation ; an intpiirer after 
 knov\iedge. Ralegh. Brown. 
 
 eON-TE.M-PO-RA'NE-OUS, a. [.See Cotemporary.] 
 Living or being at the same time. 
 
 eON-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. At the same 
 time with some oilier event. 
 
 eON-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-NESS, 71. The state or 
 qualitv of being contemporaneous. Gliddon. 
 
 eON-TE.M'PO-R A-RI-NE.SS, 71. Existence at the same 
 time. Howell. 
 
 eOX-TEM'PO RA-RY, n. [It. Sp. cnnUtnpornnco ; Fr. 
 cuntewporain ; L. eonteinporalis eon and trwporaliSj 
 tcmporarius, from tempus, time. For the sake of ea- 
 sier pronunciation, and a more agreeable sound, this 
 word is often changed to CoTEMPORARy ; and this is 
 the prrO rable word.] 
 
 Coetaueoiis ; living .at the same time, applied to 
 persons : being or existing at the same time, applied 
 to things ; as, contemporary kings ; contemporary events, 
 [See CoTi MPORARv, the preferable word.] 
 
 eoN-TE.M'PO-KA-RY, w. One who lives at the same 
 time with another ; as, Socrates and I'lato were con- 
 temporaries. 
 
 eON-TEM'PO-RIZE, r. t. To make contemporary; 
 
 to place ill the same age or time. [Oft...] Brown. 
 eON-TE.M'P(;-RIZ-KU, /■/). Placeil in the same time 
 
 or age. 
 
 eON-TE.M'PO RIZ-INC, ppr. Placing in the same 
 time. 
 
 CON TEMPT', (kon-teiiit',) 71. [L. contcmptus. See 
 Contemn.] 
 
 1. Tlie act of despising; the act of viewing or con- 
 sidering and treating as mean, vile, and worthless; 
 disdain ; hatred of what is mean or deemed vile. 
 This word is one of the strongest expressions of a 
 mean opinion which the language affords. 
 
 Nothing, says I.oii^nus, cm be great, the conl<m;>( of which b 
 ^nrau A'ldison. 
 
 2. The state of being despised ; whence, in a aerip- 
 tural sense, shame, disgrace. 
 
 Some shall awake to cverl:»stin^ contempt. — Dan. xli. 
 
 3. In late, disobedience of the rules and orders of a 
 court, which is a punishable offense. 
 
 eON-TEMPT'I-BLE, a. [L. cnntemptibilit.] 
 
 1. Worthy of contempt; that deserves scorn or dis- 
 dain ; despicable ; mean ; vile. Intemperance is a 
 contemptible vice. No plant or .animal is so contempt.- 
 Hie as not to exhibit evidence of the wonderfUI 
 |x)wer ami wisdom of the Creator. The pride that 
 leads to dueling is a c^mtemptible fkission. 
 
 2. Apt to despise ; contemptuous. [A'ot leg'dimate.^ 
 
 Shak. 
 
 eON-TEMPT'I-BLFv-NE-SS, ti. The stale of being 
 contemptible, or of being despised ; dcspicableness ; 
 meanness ; vilencss. 
 
 eO.\ TEMPT'I-BLY, a,ie. In a contemptible man- 
 ner ; meanly ; in a manner deser\'ing of contempt. 
 
 eON-TEMPT'lJ-OUS, o. Manifesting or expressing 
 contem[it or disdain ; scornful ; as, eo7i(f7npttK7ii.» -tin- 
 guage or manner ; a conlemptuoiLs opinion. JippUed 
 to men, apt •■> dospise ; haughty ; insolent ; a*, a na- 
 tion proud, se**ere, contemptuous. ^Ulton. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS C'as K; as J j 
 
 B as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON-TEMPT'U-OUS LY, adi: In a contemptuous 
 manner; with scorn or disdain; despiteliilly. 
 
 The apostles and most eminent Cliristians were ix>or, and 
 treated conUmptuously. Taylor. 
 
 eON-TEMPT'l^-OUS-NESS, 71. Disposition to con 
 tempt ; act of contempt ; insolence ; scornfulness ; 
 haughtiness. 
 
 eON-TEND', V. i. [L- contendo; con and taido, to 
 stretch, from teneo, Gr. rcii'io. See Tend, Tenet.] 
 
 1. To strive, or to strive against ; to struggle in op- 
 position. 
 
 Distress not the Moabites, nor contend viilh them in battle. — 
 Deut. ii. 
 
 2. To strive ; to use earnest efforts to obtain, or to 
 defend and preserve. 
 
 You sit above, and see vain men below 
 
 Contend for what you only can bestow. Dryden. 
 Ye sliould eami-slly contend /or the faith onc« deliveretl to the 
 saints. — Jude 3. 
 
 3. To dispute earnestly ; to strive in debate. 
 
 They that were of the circumcisiou contended with hhn. — Acts 
 xi. Job LT. 
 
 4. To reprove sharply ; to chide ; to strive to con- 
 vince and reclaim. 
 
 Then contended I with the rulers. — Neh. xiii. 
 
 5. To strive in opposition ; to punish. 
 
 The Lord God calletl to contend by fire Amos vii. 
 
 fi. To quarrel ; to dispute fiercely ; to wrangle. 
 The parties conteud about trifles. 
 
 To contend for ; to strive to obtain ; as, two compet- 
 itors coninid for tile prize. 
 eON-TEND', V. I. To dispute ; to contest. 
 
 Wlien Carthage shall contend tlie world with Rome. Diyden, 
 
 This transitive use of contend is not strictly legiti- 
 mate. Tlie plirase is elliptical, /ur being understootL 
 after contend ; but it is admissible in poetry. 
 eON-TE.\D'ED, pp. Urged in argument or debate : 
 
 disputed ; contested. 
 GON-TEND'Ei\T, n. An antagonist or opposer. 
 
 UK^slrange. 
 
 eON-TEND'ER, )i. One who contends ; a combat- 
 ant ; a champion. Locke. Watts. 
 eON-TEiND'ING, ppr. Striving; struggling to op- 
 pose ; debating ; urging in argument ; quarreling. 
 
 ■2. a. Clashing ; opposing ; rival ; as, contending 
 claims or interests. 
 euN-TEN'E-MENT, n. [con and tenement.'] Land 
 or freehold contiguous to a tenement. 
 
 Blackstune. J^orm. Diet. 
 eON-TENT', a. [L. contetitus, from contineor, to be 
 held ; con and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 Lilerally, held, contained within limits ; hence, 
 quiet ; not disturbed ; having a mind at peace ; easy ; 
 satisfied, so as not to repine, object, or oppose. 
 
 Content with scienty? in the vale of peace. Pope. 
 Having food and ituiiient, let us be therewith content. — 1 
 Tnn. vi. 
 
 eON-TEi\T', V. t. To satisfy the mind ; to make 
 quiet, so as to stop conipluiiit tir opposition ; to ap- 
 pease ; to make etisy in iiiiy situation ; used cliiefitj 
 wtUi the reciprocal pronoun. 
 
 Do not content yuunii-lves with obscure and conftlsed ideas, where 
 clearer arvi to be olitained. Watte, 
 
 Pilate, willing to content tlie people, released BanU^bas. — 
 Mark XV. 
 
 2. To please or gratify. 
 
 It doth much cont£r\t me 
 To hear liitn so inclined. Shak. 
 
 eON-TENT', n. Rest or quietness of the mind in the 
 present condition ; satisfaction which holds the mind 
 m peace, restraining complaint, opposition, or further 
 desire, and oftim implying a moderate degree of hap- 
 piness. 
 
 A wise content iiis even soul securetl, 
 
 By want not shiiken, nor by wealth allured. Smith. 
 
 3. Acquiescence ; satisfaction without examina- 
 tion. 
 
 'I'he style is excUent ; 
 The stMise they huniljly Hke ujion content. Pope. 
 
 3. The power of containing ; capacity ; extent 
 within limits ; as, a ship of great content. Bacon. 
 
 [ Hut in this Hcnac the plural is genrrnllij used.] 
 
 4. The term used in the hiiiise of lords, in Eng- 
 land, to express an assent to a bill or motion. 
 
 eO.N-TEN'l'-A'TION, n. Content ; satisfaction. [Obs.] 
 
 .^rbuthnut. 
 
 eO.V-TENT'KI), pp. or a. P.itisfied ; quiet ; e:u^y in 
 mind ; not complaining, opposing, or demanding 
 more. The good man is contrntcd with his lot. It is 
 our duty to he cuntrnlcd with the disjieiisations of 
 Providence. 
 
 eON-TEN'J"Er) I,Y, <H/n. In a contented manner ; 
 quietlv ; without r^incr rn. 
 
 ;€OK-TE.\T'i:i) NE,«H, n. auiu- of resting in mind ; 
 quiiit; salisl'actltjn of mind with any comlition or 
 event. IVallon. 
 
 eON-TENT'l'Jjl,, a. Full of contentment. [A"..* 
 
 used.] Ilorriiw. 
 
 CON-TEN'TION, o, [\.. cimlcntin. See Cintcnd.] 
 1. BUife ; Htnigijle ; n violent effort to obtain Mjnie- 
 
 thiiig, or to resist a person, claim, or injurj' ; con- 
 test ; quarrel. 
 
 Multitudes lost their lives in a tumult raised by c07ifention among 
 the partisans of the several colors. Adam. 
 
 2. Strife in words or debate ; quarrel ; angry con- 
 test ; controversy. 
 
 Avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions, and 
 
 strivings about the law. — Tit. iii. 
 A fool's lips enter uito contention. — Prov. xviii. 
 
 3. Strife or endeavor to excel ; emulation. Shak. 
 
 4. Eagerness ; zeal ; ardor ; vehemence of en- 
 deavor. [Obs.] 
 
 This is an end worthy of our utmost contention to obt.iin. 
 
 Jiogcrs. 
 
 eON-TEN'TIOUS, (kon-ten'shus,) a. [Fr. conlen- 
 tieux ; It. contenzioso.] 
 
 1. Apt to contend ; given to angry tlebate ; quar- 
 re^ome ; perverse. 
 
 lual di 
 alike. 
 
 2. Relating to contention in law ; relating to liti- 
 gation ; having power to decide causes between con- 
 tending parties ; as, a court of contentious jurisdic- 
 tion. Black.-'-tone. 
 
 3. Exciting or adapted to provoke contention or 
 disputes ; as, a contentious subject. Mtlner, 
 
 eOi\-TEN'TIOUS-LY, ado. In a contentious man- 
 ner ; quarrelsomelv ; perversely. Brown. 
 
 eON-TEN'TIOUS-NESS, n. A disposition to con- 
 tend ; proneness to contest; perverseness ; quarrel- 
 someness. Benilcy. 
 
 eON-TENT'LESS, a. Discontented ; dissatislied ; un- 
 easy. Shak. ' 
 
 eON-TENT'LY, o'/c. In a contented tv ay. [Obs.] 
 
 eON-TEi\T'MENT, n. [Fr. coulenlcmrnt.] 
 
 1. Content ; a resting or satisfactitm of mind with- 
 out dis(|uiet ; acquiescence. 
 
 Contentment, wiUiuut external honor, is humility. Grew. 
 Go^lliiiess, with contentment, is great g;tui. — 1 Tim. vi. 
 
 2. Gratification. 
 
 At Paris the prince spent a day, to give bis mind some content- 
 ment. Wullon. 
 
 eON'TENTS or CON-TE.^TS', n. pi. That which is 
 contained ; the thing or things held, included, or 
 comprehended within a limit or line; as, the conl.enU 
 of a cask or bale ; of a room or a ship ; the contents of 
 a book or writing. 
 
 2. In geometrij, the quantity of matter or space in- 
 cluded in cerlain lines. Barlotn. 
 
 3. Heads ot" uiial a book contains; an index. 
 €ON-TERi\riN .\-liLE, o. [L. con and lermimis.] 
 
 Capable of the same bounds. Wotton. 
 eON-TER.M'IN-ATE, a. Having the same bounds. 
 
 B. Jouson. 
 
 €ON-TERM'IN-OUS, ) a. [L. eontemiinus , con and 
 eON-TERM'IN-AL, j terininu.9, a border.] 
 
 Bordering upon ; touching at the bounilary ; con- 
 tiguous ; as, a people conterminous to the Roman ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 eON-TER-RA'iVE-AY, ) a. [L. conterrancns ; eon 
 
 eON-TER-RA'NE-OUS, ( and (frra, country.] 
 Being of the same country. [JVol used.] Vict. 
 
 eON-TES-SE-R.A'TION, n. Assembly ; collection. 
 
 eO.'iI-TEST', ?i. t. [Fr. cojilf.vjcr, to dispute. The Sp. 
 and Port, cotitestar, and L. eontestvr, htive a tlifferent 
 sense, being equivalent to the Eng. attest. See Test.] 
 
 1. To dispute ; to strive earnestly to htdd or main- 
 tain ; to struggle to defend. The troops contested 
 every inch of ground. 
 
 2. To dispute ; to argue in opposition to; to con- 
 trovert ; to litigate ; to oppose ; to call in question ; 
 as, the advocate contested every point. 
 
 None have conteeted the proportion of these ancient pieces. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 eON-TEST', V. i. To strive ; to contend ; followed by 
 with. 
 
 The tlifhculty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting 
 witli it, when there are hopes el victory. ISurnct. 
 
 2. To vie ; to emulate. 
 Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest. Pope. 
 eON'TE.'^T, 71. Strife ; struggle for victory, superior- 
 ity, or in defense ; strnggle in arms. All Europe en- 
 gaged in the contest against France. The contest was 
 furious. 
 
 2. Dispute ; deb,ate ; violent controversy ; strife in 
 argument. 
 
 Leave all noisy contents, all immotlest clamors, and brawling lan- 
 guaije. Watu. 
 
 €ON-TEST'A-I!I,E, a. That may he disputed or de- 
 bated ; disputable ; ccinIrovertibh\ 
 
 eON-TEST'A Itl.i; NE.^S, n. I'tissibility of being 
 rontesled. 
 
 eOX-TEST-A'TION, n. The act of contesting ; strife ; 
 dispute. 
 
 AfUT yeiin spent m domestic conteifationf, she found means to 
 wiUidriw. Cliireiulon. 
 
 9. Testimony ; proof by witnesses. Barroic. 
 CON-TI>T'EI)! pp. or a. Disputed. 
 (;f)N 'rr.ST'I.NG, ppr. Disputing. 
 CDN-TF.ST'ING, h. The act of contending. Barter. 
 eoN-TlCST'ING-LY, ado. In a contending manner. 
 
 eON-TEST'LESS, a. Ntit to be disputeil. Hill. 
 eON-TEX', V. t. To weave together. [JVot u.ird.] 
 
 Boiile. 
 
 eON'TEXT, n. [L. conteztus, from cantezo ; con anil 
 tezoy to weave.] 
 
 The general .series or composition of a discourse; 
 more particularly, the parts of a discourse which pre- 
 cede or follow tlie sentence iiuoled ; the passages of 
 Scripture which are near the text, either before it or 
 after it. The sense of a passage of Scripture is often 
 illustrated by the context. 
 
 eON-TEXT', a. Knit or woven together; close ; firm. 
 
 Drrham. 
 
 eON-TEXT', V. t. To knit together. [JVoi used.] 
 eOX-TEXT'U-RAL, a. Pertaining to contexture, or 
 
 to the human frame. Smith. 
 eON-TEXT'lTRE, (kon-te,\t'yur,) n. The interweav- 
 ing several parts into one boily ; the tlisposition :ind 
 union of the ctmstituent parts of a thing, with re- 
 spect to each other; composition of parts ; constitu- 
 tion ; as, a silk of admirable contexture. 
 
 He was not of any delicJtte contexture ; his limbs rather slurtly 
 than damty. Wotton. 
 
 eON-TEXT'UR-ED, a. Woven ; formed into texture. 
 CON-TIG-Na'TION, n. [L. contignalio ; con tinil 
 tignuin, ,a beam.] 
 
 1. A frame of beams ; a story. IVotton. 
 
 2. The act of framing together, or uniting betims 
 in a fabric. Burkr. 
 
 €0N-T1-GU'I-TY, n. [See Contiouous.] Actual 
 contact of boilies ; a touching. Hale. 
 
 GOA^-'i'IG'U-OQS, a. [L. contigttus j con antl tangOy 
 tago, to touch.] 
 
 Touching; meeting or joining at the surface or 
 border ; as, two contiguous bodies or countries. 
 
 The houses in ancient Rome were not contiguous, Encyc. 
 
 Tills word is sometimes used in a wider sense, 
 
 though not with strict propriety, for ailjaccnt, or near, 
 
 without being absolutely in contact. 
 Usually followed by to. Bacon uses wiOi, but he 
 
 has not been followed. 
 eO.'V-TIG'U-OITS-i.Y, «f7e. In a manner to toiu h ; 
 
 without intervcniuii space. Dritdcn. 
 eO.\-TI(;'li-Ol'S-.\K.<.S, H. a state of contact'; close 
 
 union of surfaces or borders. 
 CON'TI-NENCIC, \ n, [L. continentia, from enntinen, 
 eo.N'TI-NEN-CY, i to hold, or withhold; con and 
 
 teneo, to hold. See Tenet.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, l]ie restraint which a person 
 imposes upon his desires and ptissions ; self-coni- 
 inand. 
 
 2. Jipitroprintehj, the restraint of the passion for 
 ^X'ual enjoyment; resistance of concujiiscence ; 
 forbetiraii :e of lewd pleasures: hence, chastity. 
 But the term is usu.ally applied to males, as elia.itity 
 is to females. Scipio the younger exhibited the no- 
 blest example of continence recorded in pagan his- 
 tory ; an example surpassed only by that of Joseph 
 in sacretl history. 
 
 3. Forbearance of lawful pleasure. 
 
 Content without lawful vcncry, is continence ; without uidawful, 
 is ch;istity. Greet). 
 
 4. Moderation in the indulgence of sexual enjoy- 
 ment. 
 
 Chastity is either .alstinence or continence ; alstinence is tliat of 
 virgins or widows ; continence, tliat of married persons. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 .'). Continuity ; uninterrupted course. [JVot non 
 tisril.] Aijliffe. 
 eO;\"ri-NENT, n. [L. eontitmis.] 
 
 1. Refiaiiiiug from unlawful sexual commerce, or 
 modertite in the indulgence of lawful |)leasurc; 
 
 2. Restrained'; nioilerate ; temperate. [chaste. 
 
 Have a continent forbeanuice. Sltak. 
 
 3. Opposing; restraining. Shak. 
 
 4. Continuous ; connected ; not interrupted ; as, a 
 continent fever. More generally we now say a coii- 
 tinned fever. 
 
 The north-e.ist part of Asia, if nut rona'ncuf with America. 
 
 Hrereirood. 
 
 CON'TI-NENT, ti. In geography, a great extent of 
 land, not disjoined or intemipt<'d by a sea ; a coii- 
 necteil tract of lauil of great extent ; as, the eastern 
 and western cnntinenl. It dilli rs from an isle only 
 in extent. New Holland may be ili nominateil a 
 continent. liiitaiii is called a continent, ;is opposeil 
 to the Isle of Anglesey. 
 
 J{e,mj, riisl. Brit. I, 31. 
 In Spenser, continent is used for ground in general. 
 2. That wbirh contiiins any thing. [.Vof used.] 
 eON-Tl-.NHNT'.Al,, «. I'ertttiuing or relating to a 
 rtintineut ; as, the cnnlinrnlal powers of Europe. In 
 .America, pertaining to the United States ; as, conti- 
 nental intiney, in distinrtion from what pt;rtains to 
 the separate States ; a irord much vsetl during the rev- 
 olution. 
 
 eON'TI-NENT-LY, ailv. In a continent manner ; 
 
 cliastelv ; motleratelv ; temperately. 
 eON-TlNrtE', r. i. 1'o ttuieh ; to happen. [Obs] 
 e()N-TlN'OEN("H, j 71. f \j. contingcns ; eontingo, to 
 eoN-TIN'GEN-CY, ( fall or hajipen to ; co« antl 
 
 tungo, lf» ttmch. St!o 'i'utren ] 
 
 J'— 
 
 fiXe, f'AR, FALL, WH;(VT. — METE, PRBY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 1. Tlic quality of heing contingent or casual; a 
 liappening; or tlie possibility of coming to p;iss. 
 
 Wc are nut to build ccruun mica on tlic contingency ol liiiinuii 
 iictiuns. iioulh, 
 
 2. Casualty ; accident ; fortuitous event. Tlie 
 success of the attempt will depend on coiUingeiicies. 
 [See Accident and Casualty.] 
 
 eOM-TIN'CENT, a. Falling or coming by chance, 
 that is, without design or expectation on our part ; 
 nccidentiil ; casual. On our part, we spsak of 
 chance or ctmtiiigcnc.ir^ ; but with an inlhiite being, 
 nothing can be coutitirrrnt. 
 
 2. In law, depending on an uncertainty ; as, a cnn- 
 tiiiirciit remainder. Ilfurlist.tme. 
 
 CON-TIN'GENT, n. A fortuitous event , that whiili 
 Climes without our design, foresight, or expectation. 
 
 2. That which falls to one in a division or appor- 
 tionment among a number ; a quota ; a suitable 
 sharii ; proportion. Each prince furnishes his con- 
 tin^rciit of men, money, and nuinitions. 
 
 C<)N-ThV'<5ENT-LY, adv. Accidentally; without 
 ilesigu or foresight. 
 
 eON-TIN'GE.VT-NESS, n. The state of being con- 
 tinuent ; fortuitousness. 
 
 CO.N-TIN'li-A-DLE, o. That may be continued. 
 
 Jr^fcrson. 
 
 eON-TIN'lI-AL, a. [Fr. coniinud; I., mttinuus. 
 See CoNTiist'E.] 
 
 1. Proceeding without interruption or cessation ; 
 unceasing ; not intermitting ; used in reference to 
 tune. 
 
 He thai hath a merry heart hatli a continual fcaj»L — Pnjv. xv. 
 1 have gr^xl hcaviiiciis iiml continual sorrow of heart. — 
 Rom. ix. 
 
 2. Very frequent ; often repeated ; as, the charita- 
 ble man has continual applications for alms. 
 
 3. Cimtinual fever, or continued fever : a fever that 
 abates, but never entirely intermits, till it comes to a 
 crisis ; thus distinguished from remitting and inter- 
 miltitti' fever. 
 
 4. Continual claim ; in lam, a claim that is made 
 from time to lime, within every year or day, to land 
 or other estate, the possession of which can not be 
 obtained without liazard. Cowdl. 
 
 a. Perpetual. 
 
 Continual proportional-i ; quantities in continued 
 proportion. [J^ee Continukd.] Brandc, 
 eoN-TIi\a;-AI.-LY, adv. Without pause or cessa- 
 tion ; unceasingly ; as, the ocean is contimuMij roll- 
 ing its waves on the shore. 
 
 2. Very often ; in repeated succession ; from time 
 to time. 
 
 Tho\i shall cat brcail at my t;ible continually. — 2 Sam. ix. 
 
 eO.X-TIN'U-AL-NESS, n. Permanence. Hulrs. 
 
 eoN-TIN'Q-ANCE, «. [See Continue.] A holding 
 on or remainiuR in a particular state, or in a course 
 or series. Applied to time, duration ; a static of last- 
 ing ; as, the contimtance Of rain or fair weather for 
 a day or a week. Sensual pleasure is of short con- 
 tinnanec. 
 
 2. Perseverance ; as, no excuse will justify a con- 
 tinuance in sin. 
 
 By patient continuance in well doin^. — Rom. ii. 
 
 3. Abode ; residence ; as, during our covlinuance 
 in Paris. 
 
 4. Succession uninterrupted ; continuation ; a pro- 
 longing of e.vistence ; as, the brute regards the con- 
 tinuance of his species. .Addison. 
 
 5. Progression of time. 
 
 6. In /air, the deferring of a suit, or the giving of 
 a day for the parties to a suit to appear. After issue 
 or demurrer joined, .-us well as in some of the previ- 
 ous stage.^f proct'ediiii:, a day is continuathj given, 
 and entered upi>n record, for the parties to appear on 
 from time to time. The giving of this day is called 
 a continuance. Bfack.^Utne. 
 
 7. In Uie United S(/ito, the rtoferring of a trial or 
 suit from one stated term of the court to another. 
 
 8. Continuity ; resistance to a separation of parts ; 
 a holding together. [jYot n.ird.] Baron. 
 
 €().V-TI.\'IJ-aTE, v. t. To join closely together. 
 e(JN-TI.\'II-.\TE, o. [h. conlinuatH..:] [Potter. 
 
 1. Immediately united ; holding together. [Little 
 I""'-! Jfookcr. 
 
 2. Uninterrupted; unbroken. [Little u<e,t.] 
 
 Peacham. 
 
 €ON-TIN'U-A-TF.D, pp. Closelv joined. 
 eoN-TIN'U-ATE-LY, adc. With continuitv : with- 
 out interruption. [LilUe used.] IVUkiits. 
 '■^'^^-'^ TING, I'pr. Closely uniting. 
 COX-Tl.\-lf-A'Tl()N, !,: [I,, contimmtio.] 
 
 1. Kxtensiim of existence in a series or line ; suc- 
 cession uninterrupted. 
 
 The»- tliiiij, muM be works of Providence, for the continuation 
 '* 'peciet. it^y, 
 
 2. Extension or carrj ing on to a further point ; as, 
 the continuation of a story. 
 
 3. Extension in space ; production ; a carrying on 
 m length ; as, the continuation of a line in survey- 
 
 ing. 
 
 €ON-TIN'y-A-TIVE, n. An expression noting per- 
 manence or duration. 
 
 To lliese may beniMed continuativet ; na, Ri>nie remains to thij 
 day ; wtiich includes at Icist two propositions, viz., Rome 
 wiui, and Rome ijt. Wntit. 
 2. In m-ainmnr, a word that continues. Harris. 
 €ON-TlN'tI-A-TOIl, n. One who continues or keeps 
 
 up a series or succession. 
 eOiN-TI.V'lJE, (kon-tiu'yu,) v. i. fFr. continuer; L. 
 contimio; can and tcHco, to hold; It. continuare; Sp. 
 contiutiar. See Tenet,] 
 
 1. To remain in a state or place ; to abide for any 
 thue indefinitely. 
 
 'I'lte multitude coiifiriue widi mo now three d.ays, and have noth- 
 ing to eat, — .M.itl. XV. 
 
 2. To last ; to be durable ; to endure ; to be pcr- 
 ninnent. 
 
 Thy kingdom shall not contlTtuff. — 1 Sam. xlii, 
 
 3. To persevere ; to be steadfast or constant in any 
 course. 
 
 If ye ron(inue in my woni, tlioii are ye my disciples indeed. — 
 Joini viii. 
 
 €0N-T1N'1;E, v. U To protract; not to cease from or 
 to terminate. 
 
 to them that know tlice. — Ps. 
 
 2. To extend from one thing to another ; to pro- 
 duce or draw out in length. Continue the line from 
 A tt) n ; let the line be continued to the boundary. 
 
 3. To persevere in ; not to cease to do or use ; as, 
 to continue the same diet. 
 
 4. To hold to or unite. [JVot used.] 
 
 Tlie navel continues the infant to its mother. lirown. 
 
 eO.N-TIN'IIKn, (kon-tin'yude,) ;);). or a. Drawn out ; 
 protracted ; produced ; extended in length ; extended 
 without interruptioti. 
 
 2. a. Extended in time without intermission ; pro- 
 ceeding without cessation ; uninterrupted ; unceas- 
 ing ; as, a continued fever, which abates, but never 
 entirely intermits ; a continued base is performed 
 thpmgh the whole piece. 
 
 Continued proportion, in ariOimetlc and alirebra, is a 
 proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in 
 which the conseipieut of each preceding ratio is the 
 same with the antecedent of the following one ; as, 
 4 : 8 : 8 : IG : : 16 : 32. Day. 
 
 eON-TIN'tJ-ED-LY, adv. Without interruption ; 
 without ceasing. Jifvrri.i. 
 
 eON-Tli\'TJ-EK, n. One who continues; one that 
 has the power of perseverance. Sliatc. 
 
 eON-TlN'LI-ING, ppr. Remaining fixed or perma- 
 nent; abiding; lasting; enduring; persevering ; pro- 
 tracting: producing in length. 
 2. a. Permanent. 
 
 Iter? we have no continuing city. — Ileb. xiii. 
 
 eON-TI-NC'I-TY, 71. [L. continititas.] 
 
 1. Connection uninterrupted ; cohesion ; close 
 union of parts ; unbroken texture. Philosophers 
 talk of the solution of contintiity. 
 
 2. Imw of continuity; in physics, the principle that 
 nothing passes from one state to another, without 
 passing through all the intermediate states. Brande. 
 
 e()i\-Tl\aj-(). [It.] In mH.«c, continued. 
 eON-TlN'U-OUS, a. [L. continuus.] 
 
 Joined without intervening space ; as, continumts 
 
 depth. Thomson. 
 eON-Th\'n-OUS-LY, adv. In continuation without 
 
 interruption. 
 
 COJ^-TOR-JVI-A' TT, n. [It. contomo, contorTiafo.] 
 In numiginaties, a species of meiials or medallions 
 of bronze, having a curved furrow, (coHtorno,) on 
 each side, and supposed to have been struck in the 
 days of ('onstantine and his successors. F.ncijc. Am. 
 
 C(-).\-TOUT', v. t, [h. cotttorquco, contortu^ ; con and 
 tortpteo, tortus.] 
 To twist together ; to writhe. 
 
 eO.\-TORT'EI), pp. or a. Twisted over each other 
 in oblique directions. A contorted corol, in botany, 
 has the edge of one petal lying over the next, in an 
 oblique direction. Martyn. 
 
 eON-T01l'TIO.\, n. [Fr. conlorsion; L. eonturtm.] 
 
 1. .\ twisting ; a writhing ; a wresting ; a twist ; 
 wry motion; as, the contortion of the muscles of the 
 face. SicifL 
 
 2. In medicine, a twisting or wresting of a limb or 
 member of the body out of its natural situation ; the 
 iliac [lassion ; partial dislocation ; distorted spine ; 
 cjintracted neck. Kncyc. Coje. 
 
 eo.N'-TOIJR', (kon-toor',) n. [Fr. contour; It. coii- 
 torno ; Sp. id. ; con and tour, tomo, a turn.] 
 
 The outline ; the line that bounds, defines, or ter- 
 minates a figure. Kuciic. ./»Ah,>-.i)i. 
 
 eO.\'-T0UR'M-.\-TEI), n. Having edges appi arinz 
 as if liirned in a lathe. Kncye. 
 
 COjV'J'RA ; a Latin preposition, signifying mrumsi, 
 in opposition, cnlvring into the conipiisition of .some 
 English words. 
 
 It appears to he a compound of con and tra, like 
 intra ; tra for AV. tras. Fr. centre. 
 
 eo.\'TRA-B.\ND, a [It. cantrabhando, contrary to 
 proclamatiim, prohibited; Sp. contrabaiulo ; Fr. con- 
 Irebandc. See Ban.] 
 
 Prohibited. Ciuitraband goods are such ils aie 
 prohibited to be imported or exported, either by the 
 laws of a particular kingdom or state, or by the law 
 of nations, or by special treaties. In time of war, 
 arms and munitions of war are not [lermilted by one 
 belligerent to be transiiorted to the other, but are held 
 to be contraband, and liable to capture and condem- 
 nation. 
 
 eON'TR.\-llANr), 71. Prohibitiim of trading in goods 
 contrarv to the laws of a state or of nations, 
 a. Illegal tratlic. 
 
 eoN'TRA-lSANI) 1ST, B. One who traffics illegally. 
 
 COJ<--TRJI BJiS'SO. [It.] The largest kind of bass- 
 viol, usu.illv called the double Ws. Brande. 
 
 COJVTRA BO'jVOa MO'REH. [I,.] Against good 
 mirals. 
 
 eON-'PRACT', I'. ( [Ij. contralto, eontractum ; con and 
 tralio, lit draw; It. contrarre; Sp. conlraer ; Port, eon- 
 traliir ; Vt. eontrartrr. See Duaw.] 
 
 1. To draw together or nearer ; to draw into a less 
 compass, either in length or breadth ; to shorten ; to 
 abridge ; to narrow ; to lessen ; as, to contract an in- 
 closure ; to contract the faculties ; to contract the pe- 
 riod of life ; to contract the sjdiere of action. 
 
 2. To draw the parts together ; to wrinkle ; as, to 
 contract the brow. 
 
 3. To belroth ; toafiiancc. A c^nfracfcrf his daugh- 
 ter to 1! ; the lady was contracted to a man of merit. 
 
 4. To draw to; to bring on ; to incur; to gain. 
 We contract vicious habits by intlulgcnce ; we <w7t- 
 tract debt by extravagance. 
 
 5. To shorten by omission of a letter or syllable ; 
 as, to contraeX a word. 
 
 6. To epitomize ; to abridge ; as, to contract an 
 es,sav. 
 
 eoN-TKACT', ». i. To shrink ; to become shorti;r or 
 narrower. Many bodies contract by the' application 
 of cold ; a hempen cord contracU by moisture. 
 
 2. To bargain ; to make a mutual agreement, as 
 between two or more persons. We have contracted 
 for a loail of Hour ; or we have contracted with a 
 farmer /or a quantity of provisions. 
 
 eoN-TR.\CT', [for Contuacteu,] pp. Affianced ; 
 betKithed. aiiak. 
 
 eoN'TR ACT, 71. An agreemeiit or covenant between 
 two or more persons, in which each i>arty binds him- 
 self to do or forbear some act, and each acipiires a 
 right to what the other promises ; a mutual promise, 
 U|iiiii lawful consideration or cause, which binds the 
 parties to a performance ; a bargain ; a compact. 
 Contracts are executory or cxt'cuted. 
 
 Stip. Court, Cranch's Rep. 
 
 2. The act by which a man and woman are be- 
 trothed, each to the other. Sliak. 
 
 3. The writing which contains the agreement of 
 parties with the terms and conditions, and which 
 serves as a proof of the obligation. 
 
 eO.X-TRAC'i'ED, pp. Drawn together, or into a 
 shorter or narrower compass; shrunk; betrothed; 
 incurred ; bargained. 
 
 2. a. Drawn togirthcr ; narrow ; mean ; selfish ; 
 as, a man of a contracted soul or mind. 
 
 Contracted vein, or vena contracta ; a term denoting 
 the diminution which takes place in the diameter 
 of a stream of wate r issuing from a vessel, at a short 
 distance from the discharging aperture. Ilrbert. 
 eON-TIl.\eT'ED-LY, adc. In a contracted manner. 
 
 Bp. JVctpton. 
 
 eON-TRACT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being con- 
 tracted. 
 
 2. Narrowness ; meanness ; excessive selfishness. 
 
 eO.N-TRACT-I-BIL'I-TY, n. Possibility of being 
 contracted ; quality of siidVrin'.; contraction; as, the 
 contractibiliiii and dilatabilitv of air. Jirbulhnot. 
 
 eoN-TRACi-'l-liLE, a. Capable of contraction. 
 
 Sm.UI air-l.I.uldets dilal.il.le and ronlmclii/e. Arliuthnot. 
 
 eON-TRACT'I-BLE-.\ESP, 71. The quality of siilTer 
 ing contraction ; coiitractibilitv. DicL 
 
 et).\-TR.\CT'lLE, a. Tending to contract; having 
 the power of shortening or of drawing into smallei 
 dimensions ; as, the contraetile force of certain elastic 
 bodies. Darwin. 
 
 €0.\-TRACT-II,'I-TY, 11. The inherent quality or 
 force by whic h bodies shrink or contract. Bediloes. 
 
 eo\-TR.\eT'l.\(;, ppr. shortening or narrowing; 
 drawing together ; lessening dimensions ; shrinking ; 
 making a baritain ; betrothing. 
 
 2. n. Making or having made a contract or treaty; 
 stipulating ; as, the coiitractinrr parties to a league. 
 
 eOiN-TUAC'TIO.N, 71. [L. contractio.] 
 
 1. The act of drawing togittlier, or shrinking ; the 
 act of shortening, narrowing, or les.-!»'niiig, extent or 
 ilimrnsions, by causing the parts of a body lo ap- 
 proach nearer to each other; the stale of being con- 
 tracted. 
 
 Oil of VTtnoI will throw the siumaeh into involuntary conlrflc- 
 
 ttona. Arbut/inoi. 
 Til.' contrnclion of tile he irt is call-nl syse-Ie. 
 Some thin^ iiidn&; a cimtrnclion of the nerv es. Bacon. 
 
 2. The act of shortening, abridging, or reducing 
 within a narrower compass by any means. A poem 
 may be improved by omissions or contractions. 
 
 3. Ill grammar, tlie shortening of a word, by the 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; «S as J ; ? as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
I 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 omission of a letter or syllable ; as can^t for can not ; 
 burst for bursted or butsten; Sw. and Dan. ord, a 
 word. 
 
 4. A contract ; marriage contract. [JVot nsedJ 
 
 5. Abbreviation. [Slmic. 
 €ON-TRA€T'OR, 71. One who contracts ; one of the 
 
 parties to a bargain ; one who covenants to do any 
 thing for another. Taylor. 
 
 2. One who contracts or covenants with a govern- 
 ment to furnish provisions or other supplies, or to 
 perform any work or service for the public, at a cer- 
 tain price or rate. 
 
 eON'TRA-DANCE, n. [Fr. contredanst ; It. contrad- 
 danza i Sp. contradanza,] 
 
 A dance in which the partners are arranged in 
 opposition, or in ojipo^ite lines. 
 
 [The word is now more generally spelt and pro- 
 nounced CouNTRT-DA>cE, though in opposition to the 
 meaning and derivation.] , 
 
 eON TKA-UieT', V. t. [L. coniradico ! contra and 
 dico, to speali.] 
 
 1. To oppose by words ; to assert the contrary to 
 what has been asserted, or to deny what has been 
 affirmed. 
 
 It b not lawful to contradict a point of history known to all the 
 world. Dryrleri. 
 
 The Jews — spoke affniiist those things whicli wer^ spuken by 
 Paul, contrajlicltng and bl.isphenimg. — Acts xiii. 
 
 2. To oppose i to be directly contrary to. 
 
 No truth can contradict another Irnth. Hooker. 
 
 eON-TRA-DICT'ED, pp. Opposed in words ; opposed ; 
 denied. 
 
 eON-TRA-DICT'ER, n. One who contradicts or de- 
 nies ; an opposcr. Swifl. 
 
 eON-TRA-DICT'ING, ppr. AflirmiMg the contrary to 
 what has been asserted ; denying; apposing. 
 
 eON-TRA-Die'TION, n. [L. contradictio.] 
 
 1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been 
 said or affirmed ; denial ; contrary declarati(;n. 
 
 2. Opposition, wliether by words, reproaches, or 
 attempts to defeat. 
 
 Consider him that endured such contra/liclion of sinners against 
 himself. — Ueb. xii. 
 
 3. Direct opposition or repugnancy ; inconsistency 
 with itself; incongruity or contrariety of tilings, 
 words, thoughts, or propositions. These theorems 
 involve a contradiction. 
 
 If we perceive truth, we thereby perceire whatever is f dse in 
 contradiction to it. GreiB. 
 
 eON-TRA-Die'TION-AL, a. Inconsistent. [JVot in 
 tise.l Milton. 
 
 €ON-TR.\-Die'TIOUS, (-dik'shus,) a. Filled with 
 contr.idictions ; inconsistent. Collier. 
 
 2. Inclined to contradict ; disposed to deny or cavil. 
 
 3. Opposite ; inconsistent. 
 eON-TRA-Die'TIOUri-NESS, n. Inconsistency ; 
 
 contrariety to itself. JVbrri?. 
 2. Disposition to contradict or cavil. 
 eON-TRA-DICT'IVE, a. Containing contradiction. 
 eON-TKA-DICT'IVE LY, ado. By contradiction. 
 eON-TRA-DICT'O-RI-LY, adv. In a contradictory 
 
 manner ; in a manner inconsistent with itself, or 
 
 opposite to others. Brown. 
 €ON-TRA-DI€T'0-RI-NESS, 71. Direct opposition ; 
 
 contrariety in assertion or effect. Baxter. 
 €ON-TRA-DieT'0-RY, a. Affirming the contrary ; 
 
 implying a denial of what has been asserted ; as, 
 
 contradictory as-sertions. 
 2. Inconsistent ; opposite ; contrary ; as, contradic- 
 
 tcini schemes. 
 
 eON-TRA-DICT'O-RY, n. A proposition which de- 
 nies or opposes another in all its terms ; contrariety ; 
 inconsistency. 
 
 It is common with princes to will contratlictories. Bacon. 
 
 eON-TRA-DIS-TINCT', a. Distinguislied by opposite 
 qualities. Smith. 
 
 CON-TRA-DIS-TINC'TION, n. [contra and distinc- 
 tion,] 
 
 Distinction by opposite qualities. 
 
 We speak of sins of infirmity, in conlradigtinctitm to those of 
 pn-aumption. South. 
 
 eo\-TRA-DIS-TINeT'IVE, a. Distinguishing by 
 oppositcs. Harris. 
 
 eoN-TRA-DrS-TIN"GUISn, (-ting'guish,) v. t. [con- 
 tra antl di.itifttruish.'l 
 
 To distiiiguisli not merely by differential, but by 
 opposite qualities. 
 
 are our complex lileas of soul and bodv, aa contra/lintin- 
 gtiitlitd. Locke. 
 
 eO.V-TRA-DIS-TIN"GUISH-Ji;D, ( ting'gwisht,) pp. 
 DiHtiuKuishcd by opposites. 
 
 €ON.TRA-Dia-l'lN"0(JISI 
 Ing hv opposites. 
 
 eON-'i'ttA-FI.S'HtIRE, (-fish'yur,) n. [contra and fis- 
 ture.] In surgery, a fiHsun- or fracture in the cra- 
 nium, on the Hide opptisitr to that whic h rereivt^d the 
 blow, or at some diMtance froiri it. Cure. Knciic. 
 
 CON-TRA-IN'i)I-eANT, n. A «yiriptoin th.il forbids 
 to treat a dinorder In the u.sual wav. Hurhr.. 
 
 eON-TRA-I.\'I)I-CATE, v. I. [contra ttnil indicate.] 
 In medicine, to indicate Kome method of cure, c(m- 
 trary to that which the general tenor of the diHcase 
 
 JIJISIMNG, ppr. DistinguLsli- 
 
 requires ; or to forbid that to be done which the main 
 scope of the malady points out. Harvey. Encyc. 
 
 eON-TRA-IN'DI-eA-TED, pp. Indicating a method 
 contrary to the usual one. 
 
 eON-TRA-IN'DI-€A-TING, ppr. Indicating a con- 
 trary method of cure. 
 
 eON-TRA-IN-DI-CA'TION, n. An indication, from 
 some peculiar symptom or fact, that forbids the 
 method of cure which tlie main symptoms or nature 
 of the disease requires. .MrbntlinoL 
 
 €ON-TRAL'TO, n. [It.] In mnsic, the part imme- 
 diately below the treble, called also the counter tenor. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 eON'TRA-MURE, n. An out wall. [See Counter- 
 mure J 
 
 €ON-TRA-N.\T'IJ-RAL,a. Opposite to nature. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Bp. Rust. 
 
 eON-TRA-NI'TEN-CY, n. [L. contra and nitor, to 
 strive.] 
 
 Reaction ; resistance to force. 
 
 eON-TRA-PoSE', V. t. To set in opposition. 
 
 eON-TRA-PO-SI"TION, (-zish'un,) n. [contra and 
 positio7t.] A placing over against ; opposite position. 
 
 €ON-TRA-PUNT'AL, a. Pertaining to counterpoint. 
 
 eON-TRA-PUNT'IST, n. One skilled in counter- 
 point. Mason. 
 
 eON-TRA-REG-IJ-LAR'I-TY, n. [contra and regu- 
 larity.] 
 
 Contrariety to rule, or to regularity. JVorris. 
 eON-TRA'RI-ANT, a. [Fr., from cuntrarier, to con- 
 tradict, or run counter.] 
 
 Contradictory ; opposite ; inconsistent. [Little 
 ziseil.] .Syliffe, 
 eON'TRA-RIES, (kon'tra-riz,) 71. pZ. [See Con- 
 TRARv.] In logic, propositions which destroy each 
 other, but of which the falsehood of one does not 
 establish the truth of the other. 
 
 If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries ; as, every 
 virte IB a tree ; no vine is a tree. These can never lie botii 
 true together ; but they may be both false. Watts. 
 
 eON-TR.VRI'E-TY, 71. [L. contrarietas. See Con- 
 
 TR.VRY.] 
 
 1. Opposition in fact, essence, qti-ality, or princi- 
 ple ; repugnance. The expedition failed by means 
 of ' a Cf)?(£ran>(f/ of winds. There is a contrariety in 
 the nature of virtue and vice ; of love and hatred ; 
 of truth and falsehood. Among men of the same 
 profession, we find a contrariety of opinions. 
 
 2. Inconsistency; quality or position destructive 
 of its opposite. 
 
 How can these contrari£tieB agree ? Sltak. 
 
 eON'TRA-RI-LY, adv. In an opposite manner ; in 
 
 opposition ; on the other side ; in opposite ways. 
 €ON'TRA-RI-NESS, 71. Contrariety ; opposition. 
 
 Vict. 
 
 eON-TRA'RI-OUS, a. Contrary ; opposite ; repug- 
 nant. Milton. 
 €ON-TRA'RI-OUS-LY, adv. Contrarily ; oppositely. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 eON'TRA-RI-WISE, adv. [contrary and wise, man- 
 ner.] On the contrary ; oppositely ; on the other 
 hand. 
 
 Not rendering: evil for evil, nor railing for railing ; but contrarU 
 wise, blessing. — 1 Pet. iii. 
 
 eON'TR A-RY, 71. [L. contrarius, from cpntra, against ; 
 Fr. contraire ; Sp. and It. contrario.] 
 
 1. Opposite ; adverse ; moving against, or in an 
 opposite direction ; as, contrary winds. 
 
 2. Opposite ; contradictory ; not merely different, 
 but inconsistent or repugnant. 
 
 The flesh lusleth ag-ainst the spirit, and the spirit against the 
 flesh ; and tliese are contrary, Uie one to tlie other. — 
 Gal. v. 
 
 This adjective, in many phrases, is to be treated 
 grammatically as an adverb, or as an atljective re- 
 ferring to a sentence or affirmation ; as, this hap- 
 pened contrary to my expectations. The word here 
 really belongs to the affirmation or fact declared — 
 this happened; for contrary dttes not, like an adverb, 
 express the manner of happening, but that the fact 
 itself was contrary to my expectation. .According, 
 agreeable, pursuant, antecalent, prior, anten-ior, &.C., 
 are often used in the like manner. 
 eON'TRA-RY, 71. A thing that is contrary or of op- 
 posite qualities. 
 
 No confrrtriea hold more anllpaUiy 
 
 Than 1 and such a knave. Shdk. 
 
 2. A proposition contrary to another, or a fart con- 
 trary to what is alleged ; as, this is stated to be a fact, 
 but I will endeavor to show tlie contrary. 
 
 On the contrary ; in opposition ; on the other side. 
 
 Sinift. 
 
 To tlie contrary ; to an opposite^ purpose or fact ; a-s, 
 he said it was just, but I told him to tlie contrary. 
 They did It, not for w.ant of instruction to tlie contrary. 
 
 Slilimgjlcet. 
 
 CON'TRA-RY, r. t. [Fr contrarier.] 
 
 To contradict or opiiosc. [OA.?.] 
 eON'TRA-RY-MIND'ED, a. Of a different mind or 
 
 ouinion. Hall. 
 Gl^N-'J'RAST', V. t. [Fr. conlraster. Norm, id., to co7i- 
 
 Irast ; It. contrajtare, Sp. and Port, contraslar, to re- 
 
 sist, withstand, strive, debate, quarrel. The primary 
 sense is, to set against, or to strain, to strive.] 
 
 1. To set in opposition different tilings or quali- 
 ties, to show the superior excellence of one to ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 To contrast the goodness of Cod with our rebellion, will tend 
 to make us humble and thankful. 
 
 Clark, Serm., July 4, 1814. 
 
 2. In painting and sculpture, to place figures in 
 such opposition or dissimilitude, that the one shall 
 give greater visibility and effect to the other. 
 
 The figures of the groups must con(rasI each other. Dryden. 
 eON-TRAST', V. i. To stand in contrast or opposi- 
 tion to. 
 
 The Joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely %vith the 
 divisional planes which separate tiie bas.Ul into pillars. 
 
 Lyetl. 
 
 eON'TRAST, 71. Opposition of things or qualities ; 
 or the placing of opposite things in view, to exhibit 
 the superior excellence of one to more advantage. 
 AVliat a contract between modesty and impudence, or 
 between a well-bred man and a clown ! 
 
 2. In pamii«^ and 5cu/;j(iirf, opposition or dissimil- 
 itude of figures, &c., by which one contributes to 
 the visibility or effect of the other. Johnson. 
 
 Contrast, in this sense, is applicable to things of a 
 similar kind. We never speak of a contrast between 
 a man and a mountain, or between a dog and a tree ; 
 but we observe the contrast between an oak and a 
 shrub, and between a palace and a cottage. 
 
 eON-TRAST'ED, pp. or a. Set in opposition ; exam- 
 ined in opposition. 
 
 eON-TRAST'ING, ppr. Placing in opposition, with a 
 view to discover tlie difference of figures or other 
 things, and exhibit the advantage or excellence of 
 one beyond tliat of the other. 
 
 eON'TRA-TEN'OR, 7i. In music, a middle part be- 
 tween the tenor and treble ; contralto ; counter. 
 
 eON'TRATE-WHEEL, 7i. A wheel, the teeth of 
 which lie contrary to those of the other wheels ; i. e., 
 parallel to the axis ; used chiefly for cloek-work. 
 
 eON-TRA-VAL-LA'TION, 7i. [L. contra and vallo, 
 to foitify ; Fr. contrecallation.] 
 
 In fortification, a trench guarded with a parapet, 
 formed by tlie besiegers between their camp and tlie 
 place besieged, to secure themselves and check sal- 
 lies of the garrison. Brande. 
 
 eON-TRA-VliNE', v. t. [L. contravenio ; contra and 
 venio, to come.] 
 
 Literally, to come against ; to meet. Hence, to op- 
 pose, but used in a figurative or moral sense ; to op- 
 pose in principle or effect ; to contradict ; to obstruct 
 in operation ; to defeat ; as, a law may contravene the 
 provisions of the constitution. 
 
 eoN-TRA-Vr:N'£D, pp. Opposed ; obstructed. 
 
 eON-TRA-VEN'ER, ii. One wlio opposes. 
 
 eON-TllA-VEN'ING, ppr. Opposing in principle or 
 effect. 
 
 eON-TRA-VEN'TION, 71. Opposition ; obstruction ; 
 a defeating of the operation or effect ; as, the pro- 
 ceedings of the allies were in direct contravention of 
 the treaty. 
 
 eON-TRA-VER'SION, 71. [L. contra and vcrsio, a 
 turning.] 
 
 A turning to the opposite side ; antistrophe. 
 
 Corigreve. 
 
 eON-TRA-YER'VA, 7t. [Sp. contrayerba ; Poit. C071- 
 traherva ; contra and yerba, herva, an herb, L. hei'ba ; 
 a counter herb, an antidote for poison, or, in general, 
 an antidote.] 
 
 The popular name of various jilants, as of some 
 species of Dorstenia, Passiflora, &c. 
 
 eON-TREC-TA'TION, 71. [L. contrectatio, tracto.] 
 A toucliing or handling. Ferrand. 
 
 COJiT-TRK-TKMPS', (kon-tr-tilng',) n. [Fr.] An un- 
 expected accident, which throws every thing into 
 confusion. ' 
 
 eO.N-TRI H'U-TA-BLE, a. That can be contributed. 
 
 eON-TRlB'lf-TA-RY, a. [See Contriuute.] Pay- 
 ing tribute to the same sovereign ; contributing aid 
 to the same chief or principal. 
 
 It was situated on the Oanp^es, at the place where this river re- 
 ceived a contribulary sii-cam. lyAnvitle, An. Ocog. 
 
 eON-TRIB'yTE, V. t. [L. conlribuo ; con and tribuo, 
 to grant, assign, or impart; It. contribuire i Sp. con- 
 tribuir; Fr. contribucr. See Tribe, Tribute.] 
 
 1. To give or grant in common with others ; to give 
 to a common stock or for a common purpose ; to pay 
 a share. It is the duty of Chri.stians to contribute a 
 portion of their substance for the propagation of the 
 gospel. 
 
 England coti(ri6u(e« much more than any otJier of the allies, 
 
 Atldison. 
 
 2. To impart a portion or share to a common jmr- 
 pose ; as, let each man contribute his iiiffucnce to cor- 
 rect public morals. 
 
 eON-TRIB'liTE, V. i. To give a part ; to lend a por- 
 tion of power, aid, or inlluence ; to have a share in 
 any act or effect. 
 
 There li not a sln^fle beauty In the piece, to wliich the Invention 
 must not contribute. Pope. 
 
 eON-TRin'lI-TEI), pp. Given or advanced to a com- 
 mon fund, stock, or jmrpiwe ; paid as a share. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WliyP — ME'I'B, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— 
 
 860 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 eON'TRO-VEKT-ED, fp. or a. Disputed ; opposed 
 in (lcl):ite. 
 
 eON'TUO-VERT-ER, 71. One wlio controverts ; a 
 controversial writer. B, Jonsoiu 
 
 eON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE, a. Tlmt may bo dls|.uted ; 
 disputable ; not too evident to excliKle diirurence of 
 opinion ; as, this is a controvertible point of law. 
 
 eON-TUO-VEKT'I-BLY, culc. In a controvertible 
 manner. 
 
 eO.V'TB.O-VERT-ING,ppr. Disputing; denyingand 
 
 attrni|it;ns to refute. 
 €0.\'TKO-VERT-IST, n. One who controverts ; a « 
 
 disputant ; a man versed or engaged in controversy 
 
 or di^iputation. 
 
 How unfriendly is liie irpiril of Ihc coniroverUit to th«' rli-wm- 
 iiifnt U Uv; criuc I CampUU. 
 
 eON-TO'BER-NAL, a. [I,, eontubemalin, from conttt- 
 brrnium : con and ttibema.] 
 
 I'erlainin;; lo IVIlowship in a mess or lodging ; dc- 
 notinir a species of concubinage. 
 
 eO.\ TU-.Ma'CIOUS, (konUu-ma'shus,) a. [L. cm- 
 tuynoj, from con and tuntcOy to swell.] 
 
 1. Litcrallii, swelling against ; haughty. Hence, 
 obstinate ; perverse ; stubborn ; inllexilile ; unyield- 
 ing ; disobedient ; as, a contmnacious child. 
 
 a. In law, willfully disobedient to the orders of a 
 court. Blackstonc, 
 
 eON-TU-MA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Obstinately ; stub- 
 bornly ; perversely ; in disobedience of orders. 
 
 eoN-TU-MA'CIOUS-NESS, 71. Obstinacy; pervcrse- 
 ness ; stubbornness ; contumacy. 
 
 eON'TU-M.\-CY, 71. [L. contumacia.l 
 
 1. stubbornness ; unyielding obstinacy ; inflexi- 
 bility. Millun. 
 
 2. In law, a willful contempt and disobedience to 
 any lawful summons or order of court ; a refusal 
 to appear in court w hen legally summoned, or diso- 
 bedience to its rules and orders. Jiyliffr. 
 
 €ON-TU-Mis'IJ-OUS, a. [L. contumcliosus. See 
 
 Co.NTUMtLY.l 
 
 1. Haughtily reproachful ; contemptuous ; inso- 
 lent ; rude and sarcastic ; as, contumelious lansuage. 
 
 SicifU 
 
 2. Hauglity and contemptuous ; disposed to utter 
 reproach, or to insult ; insolent; proudly nide ; asfa 
 contumvimus person. SItak. 
 
 3. Keproacliful ; shameful ; ignominious. 
 
 Decay of Piety, 
 eON-TU-.ME'Ll-OUS-LY, ath: In a contumelious 
 
 manner ; with i)ride and contempt ; reproachfully ; 
 
 rudely ; insolentlv. 
 eON-TU-Mr.'LI-dUS-XESS, 71. Reproach ; rudeness; 
 
 contempt. 
 
 eON'TU-.\lE-LY, 71. [L. contumclia, from eonlumeo; 
 con and tumeo, to swell.] 
 
 Rudeness or reproach compounded of haughtiness 
 and contiinpt ; conteniptuousncss ; insolence; con- 
 temptuous language. 
 
 eO.\-TRIlt'IJ-TINH, ppr. Giving in common with 
 others to some stock or purpose; imparting a share. 
 
 eON-TKl-liO'TIO-V, 71. The act of giving to a com- 
 mon stock, or in common with others ; the act of 
 lending a portion of power or inlluence to a common 
 purpose ; the jiayment of each nuin's share of some 
 cotinnon expense. 
 
 •2. That which is given to a common stock or pur- 
 pose, either by an individual or by many. We speak 
 of the contribution of one person, or the contribution 
 of a society. Contributions arc involuntary, as taxes 
 and imposts ; or voluntary, as frtr some undertaking. 
 
 3. In a military sense, iinpositions paid by a frontier 
 country, to secure themselves from being plundereil 
 by the enemy's army ; or impositions upon a country 
 in the power of an enemy, which are levied under 
 various jiretenses, and for various purposes, usually 
 for the support of the army. 
 
 eON-TRin'U-TIVE, a. Tending to contribute ; con- 
 tributing; having the power or ijuality of giving a 
 portion of aid or influence ; lending aid to promote, 
 iu concurrence with ethers. 
 
 This measure is contribalive to the K\me einL Tai/hr. 
 
 eOX-TRIU'IJ-TOR, 71. One who contributes; one 
 who gives or pays money to a comm(>n stock or fund ; 
 one who gives aid to a common purpose, in conjunc- 
 tion with others. 
 
 eoN-TRlIl'lJ-TO-RY, a. Contributing to the same 
 stock or purpose; promoting the same end ; bringing 
 assistance to some joint design, or increase to some 
 common stock. 
 
 CON'-TRIS'TaTE, 7;. t. [L. contristo.] 
 
 To make sorrowful. [JVnt useil.] Bacon. 
 
 eON-TUIS-TA'TION, 71. The act of making sad. 
 [.Vo( iwrrf.] Bacon, 
 
 GO-N'TRITE, a. [L. contritus, from contcro, to break 
 or bruise ; con and tero, to bruise, rub, or wear. See 
 Trite.] 
 
 Literally, worn, or bruised. Hence, broken-liearted 
 for sin ; tleeply aflected with grief and sorrow for 
 having olTendcd God ; humble ; penitent ; as, a con- 
 trite siniier. 
 
 A brok'-n and .1 contrite heart, God, thou wilt not despise. — 
 I's. li. 
 
 eO.N'TRITE-LY, adv. In a contrite manner; with 
 penitence. [for sin. 
 
 eo.N'TRITE-XESS, 71. Deep sorrow and penitence 
 eON-TRI"TIO.\, ( trish'un,) n, [L. contritio.] 
 
 1. The act of grinding or rubbing to powder. 
 
 At' IP £071. 
 
 2. Penitence ; deep sorrow for sin ; grief of heart 
 for having done wrong, especially towards an infi- 
 nitely holy and benevolent God. The word is usu- 
 ally understood to mean genuine penitence, accom- 
 panied with a deep sense of ingratitude in the sin- 
 ner, and sincere resolution to live in obedience to the 
 divine law. 
 
 Fruits of more pleasing-a-iror, from thy seed 
 
 Sown witti contrition iu his hean. Antton. 
 
 Imperfect repentance is by some divines called at- 
 trition. 
 
 eOM-TRIV'A-BLE, a. [Sec Contrive.] That may 
 be contrived; capable ot being planned, invented, or 
 devised. 
 
 Pfr[»etual motion may seem easily contrivable. Wilkin*. 
 eO.N-TRIV'ANCE, 71. [See Coxtrite.] The act of 
 invonting,,devi?iag, or planning. 
 
 'I'here is no work impossible to these contrionnce^. Witkins. 
 Q. The thing invented or planned ; a scheme ; plan ; 
 disposition of parts or causes by design. 
 
 Our bodies aic made according to the most orderly contrivanct, 
 
 atanviae. 
 
 3. Artifice ; plot ; scheme ; as, he has managed his 
 ctm/rirflilce well. 
 
 eOX-TRIVE', V. U [Fr. controurer; eon and trouvcr, 
 lo find ; It. controvare.^ 
 
 1. To invent ; to devise ; to plan. 
 
 Oui T)0!l h.TS always some ht'autiful di*si*ii, which h" fir^t rstalv 
 Ushrs, anil then contriitet Uie means w*hich will nauir.illy 
 conduct tiim to his end. Dryden. 
 
 2. To wear out ; as, three ages such as mortal 
 men ct77Urit7c. Spenser. [Obs.'\ 
 
 [This must he from the L. contcro, eontrivi, and If 
 the Fr. c«7itr(iucer, and Italian cuntrorarr, are the 
 same word dilTerently applied, the primary sense is, 
 to invent by rubbing, that is, by ruminating, or lo 
 strike out, as in forae. But the word Ls probably 
 from (rowrer, to findj 
 eON-TRIVE', V. i. To form or design ; lo plan ; to 
 scheme ; as, how shall we contrive to hide our 
 gh.ame ! 
 
 [This verb is really transitive.balfuUoujed by a verb, 
 ^ in the place, of an object or name.] 
 , eON'-TRIV'£;D, pp. or a. Invented; planned; de- 
 vised. 
 
 CO.VTRIVE'MENT, n. Contrivance ; invention. 
 
 eOiN'-TRIV'ER, n. An inventor ; one who plans or 
 devises ; a schemer. Swiji. Shak, 
 
 eON'-TRtV'ING, ppr. Planning; forming in design. 
 
 €ON-TR6L', 71. [Fr. controlle, a counter register ; 
 eoTifire and roUe, a roll, list, or catalogue : Arm, coun- 
 ter roll.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a book, register, or account, kept to 
 correct or check another account or register ; a coun- 
 ter register. Hence, check ; restraint ; as, to speak 
 or to act without control. Tlie wind raged without 
 control. Our passions should be under the control of 
 reason. 
 
 2. Power ; authority ; government ; command. 
 Children should be under the control of their parents. 
 The events of life are not always under our ccr.tiol. 
 
 3. lie or that which restrains. Burlu. 
 eON-TRoL', 7'. u To keep under check by a coimcer 
 
 register or double account. The proper officer con- 
 trols the accounts of the treasury. 
 
 2. To check ; to restrain ; to govern. 
 I feel my virtue stniggling in my soxil ; 
 
 But stronger jKission tioes its powi-r control. Dryden. 
 
 3. To overpower ; to subject to authority ; to 
 counteract ; to have under command.. The course 
 of events can not be controlled by human wisdom or 
 power. 
 
 4. To direct or govern in opposition ; to have suiie- 
 rior force, or auUiority over. 
 
 A reciuil can not control the plain wonia in the f^.ui'.iiig fwirt of 
 a deed. Johnson's Hejiorts. 
 
 eON-TRoL'LA-BLE, a. Th.at may be controlled, 
 checked, or restrained ; subject to command. 
 
 Passion is the tinnikcnness of the mind, and not always cofttrol- 
 table by reason. 6'oul/i. 
 
 eON-TRoL'L£U, (kon-trold',) pp. Checked ; re- 
 strained; governeil. 
 eON'-TRoL'LER, 71. [Norm, cowitrc-rouler.] 
 
 1. One who controls or restrains ; one that has the 
 power or authority to govern or control. 
 
 The gr^Mt Controller of our fate 
 Deigned to lie man, and lived in low estate. Drytien. 
 
 2. An ofllcer appointed to keep a counter register 
 of accounts, or to oversee, control, or verify the ac- 
 counts of other ollicers ; as, in Great Britain, the 
 controller of thi! hanaper, of the household, of the 
 pipe, and of tlie pells. In tlie United States, the 
 duty of the controller i)( Ihc treasury is to superintend 
 the adjustment and preservation of the public ac- 
 counts ; to examine all accounts settled by the audi- 
 tor, and certify to the register the balances due there- 
 on ; to countersign all warrants drawn by the 
 secretarj' of the treasury which shall be warranted 
 by law ; to rejiort to the secretaiy the oflicial forms 
 of all pa])ers to be issued in the diflVreiit oliices for 
 collecting the public revenue, and the manner and 
 form of keeping and stilting the accounts of the 
 persons employed in them, &c. 
 
 Stat, of the United State-t. 
 
 eOX-TRoL'LKR-SIIIP, n. The oflice of a controller. 
 
 eON"-Tl!C)L'LlM;, ;i;ir. or o. Clii^cking ; governing. 
 
 eoX-TKUI/.ME.NT, 11. The power or act of con- 
 trolling ; the state of being restrained ; control ; 
 restraint. 
 
 2. Opposition ; resistance ; counteraction ; refu- 
 tation. 
 
 For this word, ConTnoi. is now genendly used. 
 eON-TRO-VER'SA-RY,a. Disputatious. Bp, Hall. 
 €0.\'TRO-VER.-'E, n. and v. Controversy, and to 
 
 dispute. ''-^''■-'•] 
 €().N''J'l{n-Vr.RS-ER, I 71. A disputant. [Obs.] 
 eo.N'TRO-VEUS-OR, ( Monnta^. 
 eOX-TRO-VER'SIAL, (-shal,) a, [See Controvert, 
 
 CoNTROVEUSV.] 
 
 RelaLiug ttt tlisputes ; .as, a controversial discourse. 
 eO.N-TK(J-VER'SI.\L-IST, 71. One who caiTies on a 
 controversy; a disputant. [The proper word is Cos- 
 
 TROVERTIST, wllicll See.] 
 
 eON-TRO-VER'SI.\L-LY, adv. In a controversial 
 manner. 
 
 eo.\-TRO-VER'.«iION, 71. Act of controverting. 
 eO.\'TRO-VER-6Y, 7i. [L. conirovcrsia. See Con- 
 trovert.] 
 
 1. Dispute ; debate ; agitation of contrary opin- 
 ions. A iliipule is commonly oral, and a controversy 
 in writing. Johnson. Dispute is often or generally 
 a delmte of short duration, a teniponiry debate ; a 
 controversy is often oral, and sometimes continued in 
 books or in law for months or years. 
 
 This left no nx»ni for cvntroverty about the tide. Locke, 
 Wiliiout controversy, gi\;at is the mystery of godliness. — t 
 
 2. A suit in law ; a case in which opposing par- 
 ties contend for their respective claims btfore a 
 tribunal. 
 
 And l»v their wnnl shall every controversy ajid every stn>ke l)e 
 in.il. — Ueui. xxi. 
 
 3. Dispiitt! ; opiwsitioii carried on. 
 
 The l.or\l liath a controversy with the nations. — Jer. ixv. 
 
 4. OpiKTsition ; resistance. 
 
 Ami steuiiniug it (the tnrrvnl] witll hearts of controversy. Shak. 
 
 €ON'TRO-VERT, P. (. [L. controverto, eontroversor ; 
 contra ami verto, verso, lo turn. Literally, lo turn 
 against. J 
 
 To dis|>ute ; lo oppose by rea.soning ; lo contend 
 acninst in words or WTitings ; to deny and attempt to 
 ilis|irove or confute ; to agitate contrary opinions ; 
 as, to rontrnvrrl opinions or principles ; to controvert 
 the justness of a conclusion. 
 
 The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely. Shak. 
 
 eOX-TUND', I', t. [L. co«(u7i7/n.] 
 
 To boat ; to bruise by beating. [Little u.scd,] 
 eO\-TCSE', p, t. [L. coiititsii-s, contundo.] 
 
 To beat ; to bruise ; to injure the flesh or substani^e 
 of a living being or other thing without breaking the 
 skin or substance, sometimes with a breach of the 
 skin or substance. Bacon. 
 eON-Tu.«'£D, pp. or a. Bruised. 
 €ON-TuS'lNG, ppr. Bniising. 
 
 eON-TO'SION, (kon-tu'/.hun,) 11. [X,. coiifiisio, from 
 contundo ; con and tnndo, to beat ; San. tutl.] 
 
 1. The act of beating and bruising, or the state of 
 being bruised. 
 
 2. The act of reducing to powder or fine particles 
 by beating. Bacon. 
 
 3. In surgery, a. bniise ; a hurt or injury to the 
 flesh or some part of the body by a blunt instrument, 
 or by a fill, producing no breach or apparent wound. 
 
 eo-.XL'N'DRL M, 71. A .sort of riddle in which some 
 odd resemblance is proposed for discovery between 
 things ([uite unlike ; a quibble ; a low jest. Smart. 
 
 CO.N'I -SA-I!1,E, a. Liable to be tried or judged. 
 
 GOX'lJ-S.VNCE, M. [Fr. connoissance.] 
 
 Cognizance ; knowledge ; notice. [See Co.nnu- 
 
 SAXCE.] 
 
 €0.\'r-S.\.N'T, a. Knowing ; having notice of. 
 CO.\'-r-SOR'. .«ee Coosizor. 
 
 eo.N-V.\-LE.SCE',{kon-va-less',)!J.i. To grow better 
 
 after sickness ; to recover health. ; 
 eOi\-VA-LES'CE.\CE, (71. [ L. cniira/rsco, to grow I 
 eOX-VA-I.ES'CE.V-CY, \ stronger ; con and vale.ico, 
 
 to get strength, raleo, to be strong. Eng. well. See 
 
 Well and Avail.] 
 Renewal of health ; the insensible recover>' of 
 
 health and strimgth after disease ; the state of a 
 
 bodv renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness, i 
 CO.N-VA-LES'CENT, <i. Recovering health and 
 
 strength after sickness or debilitv. 
 eO.\-VA-LES'Cl.\G, ppr. Recovering health. 
 eON-VEC'TION, n. [L. coTii-Mfio, from comcho, lo 
 
 convey.] 
 
 A carrying ; the act of carrying or conveying ; as, 
 the eonrcctton of heat. Prout, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K; 0! as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Tll as in THIS. 
 
GON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 eON-VEN'A-BLE, a. [See Convene ] That may 
 be convened or assembled. Panitplist, May, 1809. 
 2. Consistent. [06s.] Spenser. 
 
 CON-VeNE', v. i. [h. convemo; cm and vetiio, to 
 comej 
 
 1. To come together ; to meet; to unite; as things. 
 
 [Unusual.] 
 
 The mys of light converge and convene in the eyes. Neu/ton. 
 
 2. To come together ; to meet in the same place ; 
 to assemble ; as persons. Parliament will conocne in 
 November. The two liouses of the legislature con- 
 vened at twelve o'clock The citizens convened in 
 the state house 
 
 €ON-VeNE', v. t. To cause to assemble ; to call to- 
 gether ; to convoke. The president has power to 
 convene the congress on special occasions. 
 2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. 
 By the papal canon law, clerks con be conoened only before an 
 ecctesiaslical juj*^. Aytijfe. 
 
 eON-VEN'ED, pp. Assembled ; convoked. 
 COX-VkN'ER, iu One who convenes or meets with 
 others. [ Ohs.] 
 
 2. One who calls an assembly together. Hence, 
 
 3. The chairman of an organizecl body, as a com- 
 mittee, it being his province to convene or call tliera 
 together. [ficiMi.sh.'] 
 
 eON-VE.V'IENCE, j ji. [L. convenicntia, from con- 
 eON-VE.\'IEN-Cy, i venio.] 
 
 ii«cra((y, a coming together ; a meeting. Hence, 
 
 1. Fitness ; suitableness ; proi)riety ; adaptation 
 of one thing to another, or to circumstances. Jlooker. 
 
 2. Ctmunodiousness ; ease ; freedom from diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 Every man must want sometliing fur the convenience of his life. 
 
 Calamif. 
 
 There is another convenience in lliis method. Swift. 
 
 3. That which gives ease ; accommodation ; that 
 which is suited to wants or necessity. A pair of 
 spectacles is a great convenience in old age. 
 
 4. Fitness of time or place. ShaTi. 
 eON-VEN'IENT, a. Fit ; suitable ; proper ; adapted 
 
 to use or to wants ; commodious ; followed by to or 
 for ; usually by for. 
 
 Some arts are peculiarly conveniejit to particular nations. 
 
 TUlulton. 
 
 Feed me with food convenient for me. — -Prov. xxx. 
 
 €ON-VeX'IENT-LY, adv. Fitly; suitably; with 
 adaptation to the end or elTect. That house is not 
 conveniently situateil for a tradcsnuin. 
 
 2. Commodiously ; with ease; without trouble or 
 difficulty. He cannot coiicni/oif/;/ accept the invitation. 
 
 COX-VEiVING, ppr. Coining together ; calling to- 
 gether. 
 
 eO.\-VEN'ING, n. The act of coming together; 
 ctinvention. 
 
 CON'VENT, n. [L. conventus, from concenio, to as- 
 semble ; Fr. convent.l 
 
 1. An assembly of persons devoted to religion ; a 
 body of monks or nuns. 
 
 2. A house for persons devoted to religion ; an 
 abbey ; a mon.astery ; a nunnery. 
 
 eON-VENT', v. t. [L. ionoentus, eonvenio.'} 
 
 To call before a judge or judicature. Slink. 
 eON-VENT', v. i. To meet ; to concur. [JVnt used.] 
 
 Branrn, 
 
 €ON-VENT'I-€LE, n. [L. convcnticulum, dim. of 
 conventus.] 
 
 1. An assembly or meeting ; usually applied to a 
 meeting of dissenters from the established church, 
 for religious worship. In tliis sense it is used by 
 English writers and in English statutes. Hence, an 
 assembly, in contempt. AtUrbnnj. 
 
 In the United Stjiirs, this word lias no ap|iropri;ite 
 application, and is little used, or not at all. 
 
 2. A secret assembly or cabal ; a meeting for plots. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 fiON-VENT'I-CLE, v. i. To belong to a conventicle. 
 
 Sontli. 
 
 eON-VENT'I-CLER, 71. One who supports or fre- 
 quents conventicles. Dryden. 
 eo.\-VE.'V'T10i\, n. [Ti. conventio. See Convene.] 
 
 1. The act of coming together ; a meeting of sev- 
 eral persons or individuals. Boyle. 
 
 2. Union ; coalition. 
 
 3. An assembly. In this sense, the word includes 
 any formal mircting or collection of num for civil or 
 ecclesiastical |iiirposi,'s ; particularly an assembly of 
 delegates or ri'presi'iitatlves for consultation on im- 
 portant concerns, civil, political, or ecclesiastical. 
 
 In Gnat Uriljiin, convention is the name given to an 
 exiraorilinary assembly of the estates of the realm, 
 held williinit the king's writ ; as the assembly wliii h 
 restored Charles II. to the throne, anil tb;it which 
 declared the throne to be abdicated by .lames II. 
 
 In llie United Sljitrs, tills name is given to the as- 
 sembly of representativirs which forms a constitution 
 of government, or political association ; as, the con- 
 vention which funned the constitution of the United 
 States in I7H7. 
 
 4. An agreemtrnt or contract between two parties, 
 aji betwetm the romiiianrltTs of two armies; an 
 agreement previous to, or in the place of, a definitive 
 treaty. 
 
 eON-VEN'TION-AL, a. [Fr. comentionncL] 
 
 1. Stipulated ; formed by agreement. 
 
 Conventional services reserved by tenui'es on grants, made out 
 of the crown or icniglil^ s<Tvice. //ri/e. 
 
 2. Arising out of custom or tacit agreement ; as, a 
 conventional use of language. 
 
 eON-VEN'TlON-AL-lSM, n. That which is received 
 or established by convention or agreement. 
 
 eON-VEN-TION-AL'I-TY, n. A conventional mode 
 of living and acting. 
 
 eON-VEN'TlON-AL-LY, ad. In a conveiition.il 
 manner ; by tacit agreement. 
 
 eON-VEX'TlOX-A-KY, a. Acting under contract ; 
 settled by stipulation ; conventional; as, concenfion- 
 ant tenants. Carciv. 
 
 eON;VEN'T10X-Ell, n. One who belongs to a con- 
 vention. 
 
 eOi\-VEN'TIOX-IST,7i. One who makes a contract. 
 eON-VENT'U-AL, a. [Fr. conventnet.] [Sterne. 
 Belonging to a convent; monastic; as, convcittual 
 priors. 
 
 €ON-VENT'IT-AL, n. One that lives in a convent ; 
 
 a monk or nun. Mdison. 
 €OX-\'ERGE', (kon-verj',) v. i. [Low L. convcr^n ; 
 con and vento, to incline. See Veroe.] 
 
 To tend to one point; to incline and aiiproacli 
 nearer together, as two lines which continually ap- 
 proach each other ; opposed to diverge. lAnea which 
 converge in one direction diverge in the other. 
 
 The niountiiins converge into a sing;le ridge. Jtgerson. 
 
 eON-VERG'E\CE, ) n. The quality of converging ; 
 eON-VEKG'EN-CY, \ tendency to one point. 
 
 Oretrory. 
 
 eON-VERG'EXT, a. Tending to one point; ap- 
 proaching each other, as they proceed or are extend- 
 ing. 
 
 €ON-VERG'ING, ppr. or n. Tending to one point ; 
 approaching each other, as lines extended. 
 
 Convergiuir rnijs; in optics, those raj'S of light, 
 which, proi iTiliiii; IVoin different points of an object, 
 tend toward a sint'le point. At tliis point they cross, 
 and become diverging rays. Kncyc. 
 
 Converging series, in mathematics, is that in wliicli 
 the magnitude of the several terms gradually di- 
 minishes. Bartow. 
 eOj\-VEItS'A-nLE, a. [It. conversahile ; Fc. conver- 
 sable. See Converse.] 
 
 tiualified for conversation, or rather disposed to 
 converse ; ready or inclined to iiuitiial coiniiiiinica- 
 tiim of thoughts ; sociable; free in discourse. 
 
 ./iddisnn. 
 
 eON-VERS'A-liLEJ^ESS, 71. The quality of being 
 free in (-onversation ; disposition or readiness to con- 
 verst! ; sociability. 
 
 CON-VERS' A-lil.Y, adv. In a conversable manner. 
 
 eON'Vi'.R S A.N'CE, ) n. Disposition to associate ; 
 
 eON'VER SA.\-cy, | habit of familiaritv. 
 
 eoN'VER-SANT, a. [It. conversanle. See Con- 
 verse.] 
 
 1. Keeping company ; having frequent or custom- 
 ary intercourse ; intimately associating; familiar by 
 fellowship or cohabitation ; acquainted. 
 
 Bill the men were very ffoirl to us — as long as we were conuer- 
 
 snnt miU, lle in. — 1 .S ml. XXV. 
 N-ver lo !«■ ijikxled with d-li^ht, 
 
 Nor conversant witli e;iae and idleness. SJiaJc. 
 
 2. Acquainted by familiar use or study. We cor- 
 rect tiiir style, and improve our taste, by being co7t- 
 versant leith {Iw best classical writers. 
 
 In the fiiregoiiig applications, this word is most 
 geniirally fidlowed by witli, according to present 
 usage. In was formerly used ; anil botli in and 
 among may be iistul. 
 
 3. Concerning ; having concern or relation to ; 
 liaving for its object ; followed by uhoat. 
 
 Kducation is coriversant aliotit children. Wotton. 
 
 eON'VER-SANT-LY, adv. In a conversant or famil- 
 iar manner. 
 
 eoN-VER-SA'TIO.V, 71. General course of manners ; 
 behavior ; deportment ; especially as it respects mor- 
 als. 
 
 I.et your conversation be aa bccomcth the gospid. — I'liil. i. 
 Be ye holy in all luanncr of conversation. — 1 Pet. i. 
 [In tJtis .^cn.ve nearly ohsolcte.] 
 
 2. A kei^ping comgiany ; familiar intercourse ; inti- 
 mate fellowship or association ; commerce in social 
 life. Knowletlge of men and nianners is best ac- 
 quireil by conversation with the best company. 
 
 3. Intimate and familiar a(-(|iiaint;tiice ; as, a co/i- 
 versatiiin with botiks or other olij(;cts. 
 
 ■1. I'ainiliar discourse ; general intercoiir.se of sen- 
 timents ; chat ; unrestrained talk, opjiosed to u for- 
 mal cimferelici^ 
 
 What 1 mentioned in conversation w.m not a new thouirht. 
 
 .SVi/-l. 
 
 [This is TtotD the most general itse of the ivord.] 
 eOiN-VER-SA'TION-AI,, a. Pertaining to conversa- 
 tion ; dime in iniitutil discourse or talk. 
 eoN-VEIl-SS'TION-AL-lST, 71. One who excels in 
 conversatitui. 
 
 CON-VER-SA'TION-Kl), a. Acquainti!d with the 
 manner of acting in life. [JVot vseil.] Beanm. and Fl. 
 
 eON-VERS'A-TIVE, a. Relating to an intercourse 
 with men ; opposed to eontcniplativc. 
 
 She chose to endtic liini with conoersatioe qualities of youth. 
 
 Wotton. 
 
 COJV yER-SAZ-I-O'JVE, (kon'ver-sit-zc-6'na,)7i. [It.] 
 A meeting for conversation, particularly on literary 
 subjects. Gray. 
 
 CON- VERSE', V. i, [L. conversor ; con and versor, to 
 be turned ; Fr. converser ; It. conversare ; Sp. conver- 
 sor. Literally, to be turned to or with ; to be turned 
 about.] 
 
 1. To keep company ; to associate ; to cohabit ; to 
 hold intercourse and be intimately aciiuaiutcd ; fol- 
 lowed by with. 
 
 • for him who lonely loves 
 
 To seek the disutut hills, and tliere converse 
 
 With natur*;. T'^iomson. 
 
 2. To have se.\u.al commerce. Guardian. 
 
 3. To talk familiarly ; to have free intercourse in 
 mutual comniunicatiuu of thoughts and opinions ; to 
 convey thoughts reciiirocally j followed by with be- 
 fore the person adilressed, anil 071 before the subject. 
 Converse as friend tcith friend. We have often coti- 
 verscd with each other 071 the merit of Milton's 
 poetry. 
 
 [ This is now the most general use of the word.] 
 CON'VERSE, 71. Conversation ; familiar discourse or 
 talk ; free interchange of thouglits or opinions. 
 
 Fv'rmed hy thy coimerse happily to steer 
 
 From ^rave to g.iy, from lively to severe. Pope, 
 
 2. Acquaintance by frequent or customary inter- 
 c^uirse ; cohabitation ; familiarity. In this sense, the 
 word may include discourse, or not ; as, to hold coti- 
 vcrse with iiersons of different sects ; or to hold con- 
 verse with terrestrial things. 
 
 3. In logic, the converse of a proposition is that 
 which arises from interchanging the terms; i. e., 
 putting the predicate for the subject, and the subject 
 for the predicate. It should not (as is often done) be 
 confounded with the contrary or opposite of a propo- 
 sition, which is formed by introducing the negative 
 7i«t or no. 
 
 4. In mathematics, an inverted proposition ; thus, 
 after drawing a conclu.<<ion from something supposed, 
 we invert the ortlor, making the conclusion the siip- 
 imsition or premises, and draw from it what was 
 first supposed. Thus, if two sides of a triangle are 
 equal, the angles opposite the sides are eiiual ; and the 
 coiwcrse is true, i. e., if these angles are equal, the 
 two siiles are equal. Barlow. Brande. 
 
 €ON'VERSE-LY, adv. With change of order; in a 
 
 contrarv order ; reciprocally. Johnson. 
 eON-VER'SlON, 7!. [L. conversio. See Convert.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a turning or change from one 
 state to another ; witli regard to substances, traiis- 
 nmtation ; as, a conversion of water into ice, or of 
 food into chyle or blood. 
 
 2. In military affairs, a change of front, as when a 
 body of troops is attacked in the fiank, and they 
 change their position to face the enemy. 
 
 3. In a thrologiral or moral sense, a change of heart, 
 or dispositions, in wiiich the enmity of the heart to 
 God and his law, and the obstinacy of the will, are 
 stibduetl, tind are succeetled by supreme love to CJoil 
 and his moral government, and a reformation of lile. 
 
 4. Change from one side or party to another. 
 
 That conversion will be suspected that apparency concurs with 
 interest. , Johnson. 
 
 5. A change from one religion to another ; as, the 
 conversion of tile Gentiles, .^cts xv. 
 
 G. The act of appropriating to private use ; as, in 
 trover and cottversion. 
 
 Conver.'iion of equations ; in algehra, the reduction of 
 equations by multiplication, or the manner of alter- 
 ing an equation, when the quantity sought, or any 
 nieiiiber of it, is a fraction ; the reducing of a frac- 
 tional equation into ;in integral one. 
 
 Kncyc. Baileif. Johnson, 
 
 Conversion of proportion, in niatliematics, is when of 
 four propoitionals it is inferred that the first is to its 
 evct^ss above the second as the third to its excess 
 above the fourth. Barloto. 
 
 Conversion of propo.\it.ion.tyin logic, is a changing of 
 the subject into the place of the predicate, and still 
 retaining the quality of the proposititm. Bailey. 
 eoN-VERS'lV'lC, a. Sociable; conversabU?. 
 C()N-VI''RT', V. t. [L. converto i con and verto, to 
 turn; coiiiiiiling in rliinents and signification with 
 barter, and probably from the root of vani, vario, veer, 
 Sji. birnr, Port. iii7-ar, to turn. Class Hr.] 
 
 1. To change or turn into another .siib.stance or 
 form ; as, to convert gases into water, or water into ice. 
 
 2. 'i'o change from one state to nnothtT ; as, to 
 convert a barren waste into a fruitful field ; to convert 
 a wilderness into a garilen ; to convert rude savages 
 into civilized men. 
 
 3. To change or turn from one religiim to another, 
 or from one party or sect to another ; as, to convert 
 pagans to Christianity ; to convert royalists into re- 
 publicans. 
 
 4. To turn from a bad life to a good one ; to change 
 the ht^art and moral character, from enmity to God 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, niRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IIQOK.— 
 
 362 
 
CON 
 
 iind from vicious luibits, to lovu of God and to a holy 
 life. 
 
 Rc[x*nl yc thcn'fon-', tind be converted^ lhat your lina iiiiiy l« 
 
 blouckl oul. — Acu iii. 
 IK' tli.il coni'ert'Uh u hiiiikt from Ih-s i-rror of IliH way, »h-tll siivc 
 
 u soul Iruiii ili'iiih, — J;iiiiL'» V. 
 
 5. To turn toward a point. 
 
 CryBLil will aMify in(o ilcclricily, »nJ convert IhJ nmllc fVvcly 
 pl.iikil. l£/7iu»uoi.l Broim. 
 
 6. To turn from one use or destination to another ; 
 as, to concert lilx'rty into an engine of oppression. 
 
 7. To appropriate or ai)ply to one's own use, or lo 
 I)ersonal lieuelit ; as, to convert public pro|K;rty to our 
 own use. 
 
 8. 'J'o change one proposition into anotlier, so that 
 what was the subject of the first becomes the predi- 
 cate of the second ; as, all sin is a transgression of 
 the law : but every transgression of the law is sin. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 9. To turn into another language. B. Jonsun. 
 eON-VEKT', V. i. To turn or be changed ; to under- 
 go a change. 
 
 The love of wicked rriemU coitocrtx to fear ; 
 
 Thul fear, 10 lule. SiMk. 
 
 eON'VEUT, n. A person who is converted from one 
 opinion or practice to anotlier ; a person wlio re- 
 nounces one crei d, rcligimis system, or party, and 
 embraces another ; applied particularly to those who 
 change their religious opinions, but applicable to po- 
 litical or philosophical sects. 
 
 2. I n a more strict sciise, one who is turned from 
 sin to holiness. 
 
 Zion sh:^ll U' rrdc^med with Jud^iient, and her converts with 
 righU'ouiiu'ss. — la. i. 
 
 3. In monasteries, a lay friar or brother, admitted to 
 the service of the housi?, without orders, and not al- 
 lowed to sing in the choir. F.iicijc. 
 
 eO.V-VERT'En. pp. or a. Turned or changed from 
 one substance or state to another ; turned fioin one 
 religion or sect to another ; changed from a state of 
 sin to a state of holiness ; aiiplied to a piurticuhir 
 use ; appropriated. 
 
 eo.N-VEllT'EK, II. One who converts ; one who 
 makes converts. 
 
 eoN-VEUT-l-lilli'I-TY, 71. [from conBcrf/Wc] 
 
 1. The capability of being converted or cliaiiged 
 from one substance, form, or state, to another ; as, 
 the cunvertiliility of land into money. Burke. 
 
 2. The quality of being i haui;eable from one let- 
 . ter to another ; a-s, the cuiiocrtiOilitij of in with b, or of 
 
 d into t. .4s. Rrsearckes. 
 
 eON-VERT'I-rtl.E, a. [Ft., from cniii-ndr.] 
 
 1. That may be changed ; susceptible ot change ; 
 tninsinutable ; transformable. 
 
 Miitendi ^re not conitcrUbte into anotlier species, though of the 
 «.iiiie ^:UU3. liiiroey. 
 
 2. So much alike that one maybe used for another. 
 ITsiir)' and interest are not now cmwertMe terms, 
 though formerly tliey were. 
 
 3. That may be changed, as one letter for another; 
 as, b, p, and / are eoncertible letters. 
 
 eON'-VEHT'l-ltI.E-.NESS, ii. Convcrtibilitv. 
 
 eON-VERT'l-l!LY, adc. Kcciprociilly ; w'ith inter- 
 change of terms. SouUi. 
 
 CO.V VEUT'l.N't;, ppr. Turning; changing. 
 
 €ON-VERT'IN(.;, a. Adapted to convert ; tliat con- 
 verts I'roni a state of naturi; to a state of grace. 
 
 eo.N'VERT-ITE, n. .\ convert. [JVot in iise.] 
 
 eo.V'VEX,!!. [I,, conveztts ; ll. coiwejso.] 
 
 Rising or swelling on the exterior surface into a 
 spherical or round form ; gibbous ; opposed to can- 
 care, which e.\pr( s.ses a round form of the interior 
 surface, ; as, a coiicer mirror or lens. 
 
 COiV'VEX, n. A convex body ; as, heaven's convex. 
 
 Tukel. 
 
 eON'VE.X-El), (kon'vext.l a. Made convex ; protu 
 
 bemut in a spherical form. Broan. 
 eON-VEX'EI)-LY, adr. In a convex form. Brown. 
 eON-VEX'I-TV, n. [L. eonrezitas.] 
 
 The exterior surfaiu! of a convex body ; a gibbons 
 
 or globular form ; roundness. JVeirlon. Bentlcii. 
 eON'VE.V-LY, ado. In a convex form; as, a body 
 
 eoHveztti conical. 
 eO.N'VEX-NE.Ss!, n. Convexity ; which see. 
 eON-VEX'O-eON'eSVE, «. convex on one aide 
 
 and concave on the other ; liaving the hollow on the 
 
 inside corresponi'' .g to the convex surface. 
 e().\-VEX'0-e.^iS'VEX, a. Convex on both sides. 
 GON-VgY', (kon-vii',) v. U [L. ampeho ; con and rr- 
 
 ho, Wt carry, ??ax. w<r^an, wegan. Eng. to aeigh. See 
 
 VVsioH antl Wat.] 
 
 1. To carry, bear, or transport, either by land or 
 water, or in air ; as, to cnnrry a letter or a ptickage ; 
 to convey goods from Englam't to France. 
 
 2. To pass, or cause lo pass ; to transmit ; as, to 
 coKveija right or an i^st;ite from father to son. 
 
 3. To transfer; to p.iss a title to any thing from 
 one person to another, as by deed, assignment, or 
 other\vise ; as, to convey lands by bargain and sale. 
 
 ■t. To cause to piuss ; to transmit ; lo carry, by 
 any medium ; as, air coitery^ sound ; words convey 
 ideas. 
 
 CON 
 
 ,5. To iiitiiiagi^ with privoiy. \_S^ot used.] 
 
 I will convey tlie bumni-Hii lu i Khali Oiid incaiui. .^hak. 
 
 fi. To impart ; to communicate. 
 eON-VEY', (kon vu',) r. /. To play the thief. Shak. 
 COi\-V6Y'A-HLE, (kon-vi'a bl,) a. Thai may be 
 
 ctmveved or Iransferrt;!!. Burke on the Sublime. 
 eo.N-VEV'ANCi;, (koii-vS'aus,) n. 'J'he art of con- 
 veying ; tile act of hearing, carrying, or Iransptirt- 
 ing, by land or water, or through any medium. 
 
 2. 'J'he act of transmitting, or transferring, as ti- 
 tles, estates, or claims, from one person to another ; 
 transmission ; traiisferrence ; assignment. 
 
 3. The instniinent or means of passing a thing 
 from place to place, or person to pi ison ; as, a ve- 
 hicle is a conveyance for persons or goods ; a canal or 
 a(|iieduct is a conveyance for water ; a deed is a coii- 
 veyancc of laiitl. 
 
 4. Removal ; the act of removing or carrying. 
 
 Skaj!. 
 
 5. Managenumt ; artifice ; secret practices. [In 
 this sense, obsolete.] SpeiL-ier. 
 
 eON-VEV'A.V-CER, (kon-va'an-ser,) n. One whose 
 occupation is to draw conveyances of property, deeds, 
 
 &.C. 
 
 C()\-VEY'AN-CIi\<J, n. The act or practice of draw- 
 ing deeds, leases, or olhi r writings for transferring 
 the title to property from one jn^rson to amither. 
 
 eo.\-VEY'/;i), (kon-vude',) pp. Carried ; transmit- 
 ted ; transfi'rri'd. 
 
 eON-VlJY'ER, (kon-vfi'er,) 71. One who conveys ; 
 he or that which conveys, carries, transports, trans- 
 mits, ortr.insfers from one person or place to another. 
 
 2. A juggler. Skalc. 
 eO.N'-VEV'I.N't;, (kon-vi'ing,) ppr. Carrying, trans- 
 porting ; transferring. 
 
 eUi\-Vl-Ck\"l-TY, H. Neighborhood ; vicinity. 
 
 IVarto* 
 
 GOX-VICT', V. t. [L. convinco, convictnm ; con and 
 vinco, to vampiish or subdue ; Sp. convencer ; It. con- 
 vineere; Fr. coneainere, (See Convince.) The verb 
 vinco is allied to vincio, to bind, the primary sense of 
 which is, to strain, force, make fast ; hence, to sub- 
 ilue ; and as « appears to be ciusual, the root is Vg or 
 Vc] 
 
 1. To determine the truth of a charge against one ; 
 to prove or tind guilty of a crime charged ; to dettrr- 
 miiie or decide to be giiilly, as by the verdict of a 
 jury, by ctinfcssion, or oIIkm" legal decision. The 
 jury enuricled the prisoiii^r of fi loiiy. 
 
 a. To convince of sin ; to prove or determine to bo 
 guilty, as by the consciencl^ 
 
 'I'hey who heanl it, lieiii^ convicted by Iheir own coiiscienc*!, went 
 oot one by one. — Joliii »iii. 
 
 3. To confine ; to prove or show to be false. [06.i.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 4. To show by proof or evidence ; as, to convict a 
 person of error. Hooker. 
 
 CO.N-VICT', pp. for Convicted. I'roved or found 
 guillv. .S/i«A-. 
 
 eoN'VICT, n. A person proved or found guilty of a 
 crime alleged against him, either by the verdict of a 
 jury or otiu r legal decision. 
 
 eoN VIGT'El), pp. or a. I'roved or determined to be 
 guilty, eitlier by verdict of a jury or by the decision 
 of conscience. 
 
 eo.N-VICT'l.NC, ppr. or a. Proving or finding giiiltv. 
 
 CO.V-Vie'TIO.N, 11. The act of proving, tindiiig, or 
 determining to lie guilty of an olfense charged against 
 a iierson before a legal tribunal ; as by confession, by 
 the verdict of a jury, or by the sentence of other tri- 
 bunal, ;is in the summary convictions before commis- 
 sioners of the revenue. 
 
 2. The act of convincing, or compelling one to ad- 
 mit the tnith of a charge ; the act of convincing of 
 sin or sinfulness ; the state of being convincetl or 
 convicted by conscience ; the state of being sensible 
 of guilt ; as, the convictions of a sinner may he tein- 
 portirj', or lasting and etlicacious. liy conviction, a 
 sinner is brought to repentance. Men often sin 
 against the conviction of their own consciences. 
 
 3. The act of convincing of error; confutation; 
 the act of compelling one to acknowledge his error, 
 or the truth of what is alleged; as, the conviction u{ 
 a heretic may induce him to abandon liis errors. 
 
 4. Strong belii^f on the ground of satisfactory evi- 
 dence, without any implication of previous error ; as, 
 a conviction that there is nothing honorable which is 
 not acconi|Kinied with innocence. Steele. 
 
 eo.N'-VICT'IVE, a. Having the power to convince 
 or convict. 
 
 €ON-VieT'IVE-LY, adv. In a convincing manner. 
 
 More. 
 
 eON-VICT'IVE-.VEPS, ji. Power of convicting. 
 eON-VI.NCE', (kon-vins',) v. t. [L. eonrinco ; con and 
 
 vince, to vanquish ; Sp. convencer ; It. convinccre ; Fr. 
 
 convaincre.] 
 
 I. To persuade or s.atlsfy the mind by evidence ; 
 to subdue the opposition of the mind to truth, or to 
 what is alleged, and compel it to yield its assent ; as, 
 lo convince a man of bis errors ; or to convince him of 
 the truth. 
 
 Tor he ini^itily eonrnnctd the Jews, showing by the Scriptures 
 that J'-soi w;u the Christ. — Acts xviii. 
 
 CON 
 
 2. To convict ; to prove guilty ; to constrain one 
 lo admit or acknowledge himself to be guilty. 
 
 If ye have p'specl to pcrsoni, ye coinmil sin, nnd air conpinr«d 
 of [by) the law jis traiisirreNHOre. — J.iTiies ii. 
 
 To convince all tji.at are nngoiUy uiiiong tliciii of oil tlieir ungixl- 
 ly deeds. — Joile xv. 
 
 .1. To convince ; to prove. [04s.] Shak. 
 4. To overpower ; to suniiount ; to vantjuish. 
 [Obs.] Sliak. 
 e<)iV-Vi.N"("/;i), (kon-vinst',) pp. or a. Persuaded in 
 
 mind ; satisfied with evidence ; convicted. 
 eoN-VlNCE'.ME.XT, (kon-vins'ment,) n. Convic- 
 tion. [Little used.] 
 eON-VliN'CER, II. lie or that which convinces ; that 
 
 which makes manifest. Mort. 
 €Oi\'-Vl.\'Cl-l!EE, a. (Capable of conviction. 
 
 2. Capable of being disproved or refuted. [Little 
 vsed.] Broicn. 
 eo.X-VI.V'CfN'f!, ppr. Persuading the mind by evi- 
 tleiice ; foii\'KtiiiL'. 
 
 2. u. PerMiailiiig the mind by evidence ; capable of 
 subduing the opposition of the mind and ciniipelling 
 its asstuit. We iiave convincing proof of tU« truth of 
 the Scriptures, and of God's moral goveriiiiieiit of the 
 world 
 
 eON-VIN'CI.XG-LY, ailv. In a convincing manner ; 
 in. a mttnuer to leave no room to doubt, or to compel 
 assent. Clarendon, 
 
 e().\-VI.\"'(:i.\(;-NE.SS, n. The power of convincing. 
 
 eoN-Vl"Tl()IJS, (kou-vish'us,) a. [L. coneitior.] 
 Reiiroarhful. [Obs.] 
 
 eON-VIViy, V. t. To entertain; to feast. [.<Viit in 
 use.] Shak. 
 
 eC).\-VI V'l-.Mi, a. [L. convirulis, from convirn, a 
 guest, or convivo, to live or eat and drink together ; 
 con and vivo, to live. See Vh-ti;ai.9.] 
 
 Relating to a feast or entertaiiiiiient ; festal ; so- 
 cial , jovial ; ;ls, a convivial meeting. Venhum. 
 
 eo.\-VIV-I-AI.'I-TY, n. The good humor or mirth 
 indulged at an entertainment. 
 2. A convivial spirit or disposition. 
 
 eON'VO-C.ATE, V. t. [\j. convoco, to convoke; cm 
 and voco, to call. See Voice.] 
 
 To convoke ; to call or summon to meet ; lo as- 
 semble by summons. [See Convoke.] 
 
 eON-V()-C.\'Tl()N, 71. [L. convocntio.] 
 
 1. Th(^ art of calling or assembling by summons. 
 
 2. An assembly. 
 
 In the firel day there shall be a holy conoocation. — Kx. xK. 
 
 3. In the Church of England, an assembly of the 
 clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesti- 
 astical all'airs. It is summoned to meet at the same 
 time will! parliament ; but, for more than a century 
 past, it li;us been prorogued iininediatidy upon its as- 
 seiuliliiig. Edin. Encye, Brandc. 
 
 4. In the University of Oxford, an acadtrinic.al as- 
 sembly, lu which the business of the university is 
 ti:tn«arled. Brande. 
 
 C( >.\-VoK E', e. f. [L,. eonvoco ; Fr. convoqucr. See 
 
 VoltrE.] 
 
 'J'o call together ; to summon to meet; to .i-s.scm- 
 ble by summons. It is the jirerogative of the presi- 
 dent of the United .States to convoke the senate. 
 eo.N-VoK'A'I), pp. Siimiiioned or a.s.seinl)led by 
 order. 
 
 eo.\-VOK'I.\G, pyir. Summoning to convene ; as- 
 sembling. 
 
 eo.X'VO-EUTE, ) a. Rolled together, or one part 
 C(JN'V()-EIJ-TEn, j on another ; as, the sides or 
 margins of nascent leaves in plants, or as the petals 
 and stigmas in Crocus. Marlyn. Lee. 
 
 €ON-Vt)-I,0'TI().\, 71. [I., eonrnlulio.] 
 
 1. The ai t of rolling or winding together, or one 
 thing on another; the state of being ridled together. 
 
 2. A winding or twisting ; a wiiutlng motion ; as, 
 the convolution of certain vines; the convolution of an 
 eddy. Thomson, 
 
 et>i\-VOI.VE', V, U [h.conTolco; con and iw/ni, to 
 roll. See Wai.i.ow.] 
 To roll or wind togetln r ; to roll one part on anotliet. 
 eON-V01,V'7;i), ,i;i. Roll. d together. 
 eo\-V(tI.V'l.\G, ppr, Rtdling or winding together. 
 eO.N-VOLV'U-ms, n. [I,., from eonrolvo.] 
 
 Bindweetl, a genus of plants of many sjiecies. 
 GON-VOY', r. t. [Ft. convoyer; II. eonriare : Sp. con- 
 roynr ; Port, comboyur ; rnn and rote, via, way, or the 
 same rotil ; <ir more tlirertly from tht; ro<>t of I., veho, 
 to carry ; Sax. ttd-gan, tcegan, to hear or carry, to 
 bring along.] 
 
 To accompany im the way for protection, either by 
 sea or land ; as, ships of war conrnyed the Jamaica 
 fleet ; the troops couroyed the baggage wagons. 
 
 When persons are to be protected, the word fjicort 
 is used. 
 
 GO.VVDY, n. A protertinc force accompanying ships 
 or properly on their \^'ay from jdace lo place, eitliei 
 by sea or iand. liy sea, a ship or ships of war which 
 accompany mi rcliantmen for protection fl-om an en- 
 emy. By land, any body of trtiops which accom- 
 pany provisions, aniniiinition, or other property, for 
 protection. 
 
 2. Tin; ship or fleet conducted and protected ; 
 that which is conducted by a protecting force ; thai 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C is K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; 3FI1 as in.TiHS. 
 
coo 
 
 wliich is convoyed. Tlie word sonietinios inclndi's 
 both tlie protecting and protected fleets. Ailmtraltij 
 Reports. Anderson. Burclutt. Eiicye. Stale PtipcrJ. 
 
 3. Tlie act of attending fur defense. Jliltun. 
 
 4. Conveyance. [0A.<.] Sliak. 
 eOM-VOV'£D, (lion-voydO pp. Attended on a pas- 
 sage by a protecting force. 
 
 eON-V6Y'ii\G, ppr. Attending on a voyage or pas- 
 sage, for defense from enemies ; attending and 
 guarding. 
 
 €ON-VULSE', 17. t. [L. convello, convulstivi, eonvulsus ; 
 con and vello, to pull or pluck.] 
 
 1. To draw or contract, as the muscular parts of 
 an animal body ; to affect by irregular spasms j as, 
 the whole frame may be coiwufsed by agony. 
 
 2. To .shake ; to atfect by violent, irregular action. 
 
 Conculsing heaven and earlll. Tliornson. 
 
 COti-VUhS'ED, (kon-vulst',) Contracted by 
 
 spasms; shaken violently. 
 
 eON-VULS'I.\G, ppr. AtTeeting by spasmodic con- 
 tractions ; shaking with violence. 
 
 eOX-VUL'SION, n. [L. convuUn.] 
 
 1. A preternatural, violent, and involuntarj' con- 
 traction of the muscular parts of an animal body. 
 
 Enctjc. 
 
 2. Any violent and irregular motion ; tunmlt ; 
 commotion ; as, political cnnvutsiotis, 
 
 eON-VUL'SION-A-KV, a. Pertaining to convulsion. 
 €ON-VUL'SlVE, a. That produces convulsion ; as, 
 
 co/iuu/.yiff rage ; convtiUivc son'ow. Dryden. Prior, 
 9. Attended with Convulsion or spasms J as, cu?juui- 
 
 sice motions ; conrtdsirc a\.t\(c. Drijdcn. Hale. 
 €ON-VUL'SIVE-LY, adv. With violent sliaking or 
 
 agitation. 
 
 Co'NY or eOJJ'Y, n. [D. konyn ; G. kanin ; Svv. 
 kaiiin; Dan. kanine; Fr. conin, or coiiil ; L. ciinkulus; 
 It. coniglio ; Sp. coiirjo ; Ir. euiniii : W. cinuntr. Tile 
 primary sense is, a shoot, or a shootius-ai.Mi^.] 
 
 A rabbit ; a quadrupeil of the genus Lrpus, which 
 has a short tail and naked ears. In a wild state the 
 fur is brown, but the color of the domestic rabbit is 
 various. 
 
 eo'XY-nUR-RoVV, (ko'ne- or kun'ne-,) n. A place 
 
 where rabbits burrow in the earth. 
 €0'NV-e.-VTCH, (ko'ne- or kun'ne-,) v. i. [cony and 
 
 calcli.'\ In tlie cant of tldeces, to clieat ; to bite ; to 
 
 trick. Shak. 
 eo'NY-CATCH-ER, n. A thief; a cheat ; a sharper. 
 
 J.0/«.] 
 
 €o'.\Y-eATCH-ING, n. Banter. [Obs.] Sliak. 
 COO, V. i. [Probably from tlie sound.] 
 
 To cry, or make a low sound, as pigeons or doves. 
 
 T/wmson. 
 
 eOO'£D, (Rood,) pret. of Coo. 
 
 eoO'ING, ppr. or a. Uttering a low sound, as a dove. 
 eCn'IXG, ;i. Invitation, as the nuti' of the dove. 
 t'OOK, c. t. [Sax. (recocniaii : Sw. ko/ca ; Dan. koger : 
 
 i). kooken ; G. kochen : It. cuocere Sp. cocer, and 
 
 cocinar ; Port, cozinhar; L. cotjuo.^ 
 
 1. To prepare, as victuals for the table, by boiling, 
 roasting, baking, broiling, &c. To dress, as meat or 
 vegetables, for eating. 
 
 2. To prepare for any purpose. Shak. 
 
 3. To throw. [ Obs. or local.} Orosc. 
 COOK, V. i. To make the noise of the cuckoo. 
 eOOK, n. [Sax. coe ; D. kok ; D. koch ; Sw. kock ; Dan. 
 
 kok ; It. cuoco ; Ir. coca ; L. coijhils.] 
 One whose occupation is to prepare victuals for 
 
 the table ; a man or woman who dresses meat or 
 
 vegetables for eating. 
 eopiv'AT), (kwkt,) pp. or a. Prejjared for the table. 
 €OOK'EK-Y, ;i. The art or the practice of dressing 
 
 and preparing victuals for the labb^ 
 COOK'IN'G, ppr. or a. Preparing victuals for the table. 
 COUK'-.MAID, n. [cook ami maid.] A female servant 
 
 or maid who dresses provisions. 
 GOOK'-ROOM, n. [cook ami room.] A room for cook- 
 cry ; a kitchen. On board of ships, a galley or 
 
 caboose. 
 
 epOK'Y, 71. [D. koekj kockje, a cake.] 
 
 A small cake, moderately sweet. 
 eOOL, a. [Sax. col : D. koel ; G. knU : Sw. kail ; Dan. 
 
 kold, cold ; kiiilcr, to cool ; kiddc, chilliness ; krder, to 
 
 blow strong.] 
 
 1. Moderately cold ; being of a temperature be- 
 tween hot and cold ; as, cool air ; cool water. 
 
 2. Not ardent or zealous ; not angry : not fond ; 
 not excited by p,assion of any kind ; indinerent ; as, 
 II cool friend ; a cool temper ; a ciml lover. 
 
 3. Not liasty ; deliberate ; iis, a cool purpose ; a cool 
 falsehood or deception. Hence, 
 
 4. Impudent in a very high dcrgree, as, when speak- 
 ing of Mome trick, pretension, &.C., we say, " That is 
 coo/.'* * 
 
 5. Not n taining heat ; liglil ; as, a cool dress. 
 €OOL, n. A moderate state of cold ; moderate tem- 
 perature of the air betwei n hot and cold ; as, the 
 cool of the d.'iy ; the cool of the morning or evening. 
 
 COO\j, V. t, [.Sax. coliun, acoliun ; I), koeltn ; G. kith- 
 Icn i Dan. kiiilrr.] 
 
 1. 'J'o allay heat ; to make co<jI or cold ; to reduce 
 tlie temperature of a Hubxtance ; nn, ice cooU water. 
 Suiui IjAiaruB, tlint tiR may itip (lie Up uf tiU ftiigor In watur, and 
 090/ my tuiijfiir, — . Liika xvi. 
 
 COO 
 
 COF 
 
 2. To moderate excitement of temper; to allay, 
 as passion of any kind ; to calm, as anger ; to abate, 
 as love ; to moiliTate, as desire, zeal, or ardor; to 
 render imlifl'erent. 
 
 eoOL, V. i. To become less hot ; to lose heat. Let 
 tea or coffee cool to the temperature of the blood be- 
 fore it be drank. 
 
 2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion ; to 
 become less ardent, angry, zealous, or affectionate ; 
 to become more moderate. Speak not in a passion ; 
 first let your temper cool. 
 
 COOL'-eLTP, ;i. A beverage that is cooling. 
 
 eOOL'KD, pp. Made less hot, or less ardent. 
 
 GOOL'ER, «. That which cools ; any substance 
 which abates heat or excitement; as, acids are 
 coohers to the body. 
 
 2. A vessel in which litpiors or others things are 
 cooled. 
 
 eoOL'-HEAD-ED, (-hed-od,) a. Having a temper not 
 easily excited ; free from passion. Burke. 
 
 COOL' ING, ppr. Abating heat or excitement ; making 
 or bi'coming cool. 
 
 eOOI/ING, a. Adapted to cool and refresh; as, a 
 cooliti^ drink. 
 
 eOOL'lSH, a. Somewhat cool. Oohlsinilk. 
 
 eOOWlA', adr. Witliout heat or sharp cold. 
 
 2. In a cool or inditi'erent manner: not cordially ; 
 without passion or ardor. He was coolly received at 
 court. 
 
 3. Without haste ; calmly ; deliberately. The 
 design was formed coolly, and executed with iirmuess. 
 
 eOOL'NESS, H. A moderate degree of cold ; a tem- 
 perature between cold and heat ; a.s, the coolness 
 of the summer's evening. 
 
 2. A moderate degree, or a want of passion ; want 
 of ardor, or zeal; indirference ; want of affection ; 
 as, they parted with coubiess. 
 
 eOOL-TANK'ARl), n. An old English beverage of 
 various composition, but usually of ale with a little 
 wine, or wine and water, with an addition of lemon 
 juice, spices, and burrage, or other savory herbs. 
 
 Kncyc. Dom. Kcon. 
 
 eOOL'Y, 71. An East Indian porter or carrier. 
 
 eOOM,/(. [¥i:. cnmboais ; Sw. /ii<7i, soot.] 
 
 Soot that g.itlu rs over an oven's mouth ; also, the 
 matter that works out of the naves or boxes of car- 
 riage wheels. In Scotland, the useless dust which 
 falls from coals. 
 
 eOO.Mli, (kooni,) ( 77. [Clu. L. cnmuliis, or Gr. <ci>u- 
 
 eo.MB, (kom,) j /j„i.] 
 
 A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. 
 
 eOOP, n. [D. kuip, a Uih ; kiiipcr, a cwiper ; G. kufe ; 
 Fr. ciii!c; L. ciipa, from bending, liollowuess, or con- 
 taining, holding. Ciu. Gr. KVifiog. The Latin cupa 
 seems to be both coop and cup. See Cue.] 
 
 1. A box of boards, grated or barred on one side, 
 for keeping fowls in confinement. U is usually ap- 
 plied to lo..„ boxes for keeping poultry for fattening 
 or coiivej ance on board of ships, as cage is used for 
 a small box to keep singing-birds in houses. I do not 
 know that it is ever used in America for a pen to con- 
 fine other animals. 
 
 2. A pen ; an inclosed place for small animals. 
 
 .Johnson. 
 
 3. A barrel or cask for the jireservation of liquors. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 4. A tumbrel, or close cart. Kncyc. Jamicson's Diet. 
 [The three last senses not .American.] 
 
 eOOP, V. t. To put in a coop ; to confine in a coop. 
 Hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; 
 usually followed by up ; to coop up; sometimes by in. 
 
 The 'I'mjans cotijied tpiUtiit Iti. ir walla. Diydcn. 
 They arc- cooped tn clow: by Uie laws ot the country. Locke. 
 eOOVEU, (koopt,) pp. Shut up in a coop ; confined 
 
 to narrow limits. 
 eOO-PEE', 71. A motion in dancing. 
 eOOP'ER, 71. [from coop ; D. kniper ; G. kiifer.] 
 
 Om' \\'liose occupation is to make barrels, hogs- 
 heads, butts, tubs, and casks of various kinds. 
 COOP'F.li, V. t. To do the work of a cooper ; to mend 
 
 or put in order, as a cooper does casks. 
 CpOP'KU-.AGE, n. The price paid fur cooper's work. 
 
 2. A place where cooper's work is doiu;. Jameson. 
 
 3. Tin; work or business of a cooper. Perry. 
 CO-OP'ER-aTE, v. i. [L. con and opero, to work ; Fr. 
 
 cooperer ; U. cooperare ; Hi), cooperar.] 
 
 1. To act or operate jointly with another or others, 
 to the same end ; to work or labor with mutual elfoits 
 to promoti! the same object. It litis icitli bt fiire the; 
 jigeiit, anil to before the end. Russia co-operated with 
 Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia, to reduce the 
 power of llontiparte. 
 
 2. To act tiigittlier; to conctir in producing the 
 same I'U'ect. Natural and moral events co-operate in 
 illustraling the wisilom of the Creator. 
 
 CO C)l"i;il-A-TING, ppr. Acting or operating to- 
 gether. 
 
 CO-OP KR A'TION, n. The act of working or opt!r- 
 ating together to one enil ; joint operatiim ; concur- 
 rent ellort or labor; as, the co-operation i>(,l\)u com- 
 bini d powers ; the co-operation of the understanding 
 and till' will. 
 
 eo-OP'KRA-TIVE, o. Operating jointly to the same 
 end. 
 
 eO-OP'Elt-A-'I'OR, 77. One who endeavors jointly 
 
 witli others to promote the same end. 
 eOOP'ER-ING, ppr. Making casks, or putting them in 
 
 order. 
 
 eOOP'ER-ING, 71, The occupation of a cooper 
 
 CO-OP'TaTE, 7). t. [L. cooplo.] 
 
 To choose, or choose with another. [JVot itserf.J 
 
 eO-OP-TA'TlON, 71. Adoption ; assumption. Howell 
 
 eO-OR'DI-NANCE, n. Joint ordinance. 
 
 eO-OR'DI-NATE, a. con and ordinatus, lioin 07-- 
 dino, to regulate. See Oiider.] 
 
 Being of cqiittl order, or of the same rank or de- 
 gree ; not subordinate ; as, two courts of co-ordinate 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 eO-OR'I)l-i\ATE LY, adv. In the same order or 
 rank ; in eipial degree ; without subordination. 
 
 €0-OU'DI-NATE-NESS, n. The state of being co- 
 ordinate ; equtilitv of rank and authority. 
 
 CO-OR-DI-Na'TION, 71. 'J'he sttite of holding equal 
 rank, or of standing in the same relation U> some- 
 thing higher or lower. 
 
 In the high court f parliament there is a i^re co-ordination ot 
 power. JloictU. 
 
 COOT, 71. [D. koet ; W. cjctiar, from cwta, short, bob- 
 taHed.] 
 
 A Water fowl of the genus Fu/icu, frequenting lakes 
 and other still waters. The common coot has a bald 
 fiirehetid, a black body, and lobated toes, and is 
 about fifteen inches in length. It makes its nest 
 among rushes, with grass and reeds, floating on the 
 water. 
 
 COP, 71. [Sa.T. cop, or copp ,vW. cop, cob ; D. kop ; G. 
 kopf; Ft. coupeau; Gr. Kviiq.] 
 
 1 The head or top of a thing, as in co4-castle, for 
 co/>-castle, a castle on a hill ; a tuft on the head of 
 birds. This word is little used inAnierica, unless cob, 
 the spike of maize, may be the same word. Chaucer. 
 
 2. The conical ball of thread formed on the spin- 
 dle of a wheel or spinning-frame. 
 
 eO-PAI'BA, ; H. [Sp. and Port.] Balsam of copaiba, 
 
 eO-PAI'VA, j or capivi, is a liquid, resinous juice, 
 flowing from incisions made in the stem of a tree 
 called Copuifera officinalis, growing in Spanish Amer- 
 ica, in the province of .\ntioquia. This juice is clear, 
 transparent, of a whitish or pale-yellowish color, an 
 agreeable smell, and a bitterish, pungent taste. It is 
 of the consistence of oil, or a little thicker. 7Vs a 
 medicine, it is corroborating and detergent. Eneyc. 
 
 Go'PAL, 71. [Mexican copalli, a generic name of res- 
 . ins. Clavigero.] 
 
 The concrete juice of a tree growing in South 
 America and tlie East Indies, hard, shining, transpa- 
 rent, citron-colored, and inodorous. It is not strictly 
 a gum, nora resin, as it has not the solubility in water 
 common to gums, nor that in spirit of wine common 
 to resms. In these respects it rather resembles am- 
 ber. It may be dissolved by digestion in linseed oil, 
 with a heat little less than sufficient to boil or de- 
 compose the oil. This solution, diluted with spirit of 
 turpentine, forms a beautiful transparent varnish. 
 
 Encyc. J^icholson. 
 
 eO-PAR'CE-NA-RY,.7i. [co, or con, and Norm, parce- 
 nier, parceiiery. See Coparcener.] 
 
 Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint 
 right of succession or joint succession to an esttue of 
 iiihentance. 
 
 CO-I*,\ R't.'1-I-IVER, 77. [con and parcener, from part, 
 Fr. parti, L. pars, or the verb partir, to divide.] 
 
 A coheir ; one who lias an equal jiortion of the in- 
 heritance of his or her ancestor with others. 
 
 All the coparceners together make hut one heir, ami have but 
 
 one osteite amon^ lliein. Blnckstone, 
 Coparceners take by descent ; joint-tenants, by purchase. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 CO-PXR'CE-NY, 71. An equal share of an inheritance. 
 CO-PaRT'iMENT, 71. The same as CoMi'Ai<T.Mf;\r. 
 
 ij^ot in use.] IVorton. 
 -PaRT'NER, 71. [con and partner. Svc Cofar- 
 
 CENEK.] 
 
 1. One who has a share in a common stork for 
 transacting business, or who is jointly concerned 
 with one or more persons, in carrying on trade or 
 other business ; a partner; an associate, particularly 
 in trade or manufactures. 
 
 2. A sharer ; a partaker ; as, copartners of our loss. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 eO-PART'NER SHIP, 71. Joint concern in business ; 
 a slate of having a joint share a coiniiuiu stock, or 
 a joint inli irst and cnncein in business, particularly 
 in traile and man nfaet ores. 
 2. 'I'lie persons who have a joint concern. 
 
 eO-PART'NI'.l!-Y, H. The slate of being copartners 
 in any umb rtaking ; not confined, like coparlnrrship, 
 to trade or liiisiiiess. King. 
 
 Co'PA-T.MN, 11. [See Cor.] High-raised; pointed. 
 [Alif in use. ] Shtili. 
 
 eO PA'TRl-OT or CO-PAT'lUO'l', n. A joint pa- 
 triot. (}. Morris. 
 
 eO-PAY'VA. See CorAinA. 
 
 COPK, 71. [W. rOli: Sax. arppe ; I), kap ; Dan knppe, 
 kaabc ; Sw. kapiia or knpa ; Fr. cliape, whence chapcnu, 
 a hat ; Sp. capu : It. cnppa ; Port, ciiyia.] 
 1. A cover for the lietid. 
 
 FA TE, F/^LL, WH^T — MRTE, PRfiV. — nNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, .MOVE, WQLF, OQQK.- 
 
COP 
 
 COP 
 
 COP 
 
 3. A sacerdotal cloak worn in sacred ministrations. 
 An urnauient worn hy chanters and siilu'lianlers 
 wlien tliey uiriciute in solemnity. It readies from 
 the shoulders to the feet. 
 
 3. Any thing spread or extended over the head; 
 the arch or concave of the sky ; the roof or covering 
 of a hou^e ; the arch over a door, &.c. 
 
 4. An ancient tribute due to the kinj; or lord of the 
 soil, out </ the lead mines in some parts of Derby- 
 shire Eiicijc. 
 
 COl'E, V. L To cover as with a cope. MUL-ion. 
 
 2. To pare the be.ik or talons of a hawk. Bailnj. 
 
 3. To embrace. [Obs.] S/iak. 
 €C>\'E, V. i. [Dan. Iciv, contention ; kives, to strive ; 
 
 kappes, to strive, to e<pial, to envy ; Sw. kif, strife ; 
 kifwUj to contend or quarrel ; kUppa^, to strive ; to em- 
 £^ — 
 
 uhite ; Ar. 1 1 i kafaa, to turn back, to drive away, 
 
 to thrust, to oppose, to equal ; i kiifai, to be 
 
 .lufficient, to be equal, to be like, to be a substitute. 
 Class Gb, No. 53, 53.] 
 
 1. To strive or contend on equal terms, or with 
 equal strength ; to equal in combat ; to matcll ; to op- 
 pose witli success. 
 
 Tlieir ff^neraU iiave not been »blo lo coj/e vj'ilh Ui(* troo|is of 
 
 AU'ieiia. Adtitsvn. 
 Till LuUier rose, no power could cope with Ihe pop-. 
 
 U. .1. Clark. 
 
 Ite wu too open ami direct in his conduct, niul (MMyv-ised tuo lit. 
 Uc [ii.ui.t^>incnt, lo coyie willi so cool and skilllul uii ndver- 
 s.'xry. Wirt, 
 
 2. To contentl ; to strive or struggle ; to combat. 
 Host coped will) host ; dire wiut the din of wiir. PltiUjis, 
 
 3. To encounter; to interchange kindness or sen- 
 tinients. Slink. 
 
 4. To make return ; to reward. [Ofo.] Slwk. 
 .'). To exchange or barter. [jViit I'li u^cj BaUeij. 
 
 Co'l'IX'lv. See Kopeck. 
 
 t'ol'TCD, (kopt,) pp. or a. Covered with a coi)e. 
 
 €o1M:'.MA.\, «. A ch;ipman. [.Yot ilicI.] Skiik. 
 
 CO-PlCR'Ni eAN, a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a 
 Prussian by birth, who taiiglit tlie world the solar 
 system now received, called the Cnprrnican system. 
 
 tj'Ol'KS'.MATE, n. [cu/je and luute.] A companion or 
 friend. [Ohs.] Hubbard. 
 
 COI'G'STo.Vli, n. Head or top stone. 
 
 eO-Pllo'Slt!, n. [Gr.] Deafness. 
 
 euP'I-KU, (kop'itl,) ;)/'• Copv.] Taken off; 
 
 w rilten or transcribed from an original or form ; imi- 
 tated. 
 
 eoP'l-ER, j 71. One who copies ; one who writes or 
 eOP'V-IST, t transcribes from an original or form ; 
 
 a transcriber ; uii imitator ; also, a plagiary. 
 
 jidtlUoii, Drydcn, 
 €OP'I.\G, ppr. Striving ^ contending. 
 GoP'l.VG, It. [See Cope, h.] The top or ci>ver of a 
 
 wall, usually made sloping to carry off the water. I 
 
 King.^ vii. 9. .\ coping over, is a projecting work 
 
 ht^veliiig on its under side. 
 eo'PI-Uij'S, a. [Vt. copirux ; It. copioso ; Sp. id.; L. 
 
 C4}piu;nLSy from copia, abundance, Ir. tMtb. (Xn. Cli. 
 
 3rj to collect, gather, accumulate ; Ar. Lxi» jabau, 
 id. Class Gb, No. 2, 5, .55.] 
 
 I. Abundant ; plentiful ; in great quantities ; full ; 
 ample ; furnishing full supplies. 
 
 The tender heart is peace, 
 And kindly pnun its cvpiotn uvasurea fortJi 
 In V 
 
 Thanuon. 
 
 2. Furnishing abundant matter ; not barren ; 
 
 rich in sup|ilies. The reilrmption of man is a eopi- 
 
 otu subject of contemplation. 
 
 tl:iit. Son of tfO<l, S;ivior of men ! tjiy name 
 
 Slutll Ije Uie copious iiwiiu-r ol' my sung. Milton. 
 
 CO'PI-OUS-I.Y, flrfr. Abundantly ; plentifully ; in 
 large quantities. 
 2, Largely ; fully ; amply ; diffusely. 
 
 ili<ltiity Iuve birn cojkootli/ it<-scrilM-<( I»y triv. 
 
 .\ittluon. 
 
 eO'PI-OUS-NESS, n. Abundance ; plenty ; great 
 quantity ; full supply. 
 
 2. Diffusiveness of style or manner of treating a 
 subject ; as, the copiou.inf.i.< of Homer. Dnjden. 
 GOP'IST, n. A copier ; an iU-formed irord. 
 eoP'LAXD, 11. A piece of ground terminating in a 
 
 rop or acute angle. [jV..( usrd in America.] Diet. 
 eO-Pl,ANT', r. 1. To plant together. [A'ot in «.>e.] 
 
 IIowcl. 
 
 eO-POR'TION, n. Equal share. [JV,i( u.sed.] Spenser. 
 €OP'Pf:n, I a. [See Cop.] Rising to a iKjint, or 
 eOP'PL£D, j head. 
 
 Copped like a sugnr-loo/. tfufiTwin. 
 COP'PEU SeeCuPEu 
 
 COP'PER, n. [D. koper ; G. kupfer : Sw. koppar; Ir. 
 copnr: Corn, caber; L. cuprum; Ft. cairre : Sp. 
 cohre ; Port. ii. ; Arm. caetir, coecrc ; snp|Kised to be 
 so called from Cyprus, an isle in the .Mediterra- 
 Tliis opinion is probable, as the Greeks called 
 
 The remnins of ii 
 eleiu. 
 
 ncan. 
 
 it \>i\ko^ KviriiK'i, Cyprutn liMss, bntss of Cyprus. 
 In this case, copper was originally an adjcrlive. ] 
 
 A metal of a p ile red color, lingi d with yellow. 
 Next to gold, silver, and platiiiiiiii, it is the most 
 ductile and malleable of the metals, and it is more 
 clastic than any metal exci;pt steel, and the most 
 sonorous of all the metals. It is found native in 
 laminie or fibers, in a gang almost always quart/.iiiis ; 
 it is also found crystallized, and in grains or super- 
 ficial laminu! on stones or iron. It is not altered by 
 water, but is tarnished by exposure to the air, and is 
 at last co\'errd with a green carbonated oxyd. (Jop- 
 per in sheets is miii h used for covering the bottoms 
 of ships, for boilers, anil other ulensils ; mixed with 
 tin and zinc, it is used in enaiiiel-paiiiliiig, dyeing, 
 Ulc; mixed with tin, it forms bell metal ; with a 
 smaller |>roportioii, bronze ; and with zinc, it itirms 
 brass, pinchlieck, &.c. When taken into the body, it 
 operates as a violent emetic, and all its preparations 
 are violent poisons. Fourcroy. Encyc. Ilonpfr. 
 
 COP'PER, a. Consisting of Copper. Clenrelund. 
 
 etJP'Pl'.R, H. A vessel made of copper, particularly a 
 large boiler. 
 2. Formerly, a small copper coin. 
 My friends filled iny pocket witli coppert. FVaniiin. 
 
 eOP'PER, V. L To cover or sheathe with sheets of 
 copper ; as, to copper a ship. 
 
 eoP'PER-AS, n. [Fr. coupcrose ; D. knperrood, that 
 is, red copper, anti koperroesl is copper rust, verdigris ; 
 Ami. coupcrosa, or couperas.] 
 
 Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol ; a salt of a pecu- 
 liar astringent taste, anil of varitius colors, green, 
 gray, yellowish, or whitish, but more usually green. 
 It is much used in dyeing black and in making ink, 
 and in medicine, as a tonic. The coppi'ias of com- 
 merce is usually made by the decomposition of iron 
 pjrites. The term cnpprriK w.is fonin rly synony- 
 mous with ritrtol, anil inrluiled the green, blue, and 
 \\'hite vitriols, or the sulphates t>f iron, copper, and 
 zinc. Cleaveland. Fourcroy. 
 
 €()P'PEll-l!i;i/I,Y, 71. An American serpent, the 
 Coluber eri/tftroirustrr. 
 
 eoP'PER-liOT-l'U.M-ED, a. Having a bottom 
 sheathed with copper. 
 
 €()P'PER-A'I), pp. or a. Covered with sheets of cop- 
 per ; sheathed. 
 
 eoP'PER-F.\ST-K.\-i!D, (-f.is'snd,) a. Fastened 
 Willi copper bolts. 
 
 eOP'PER-llEAD, ( bed,) 71. [from its color.] A 
 poisonous American serpent, the Trigoiiocepfialas 
 conlortrix ; the Boa contorlrix of hinna-tis. 
 
 COP'PER-ISII, n. Containing copper ; like copper, or 
 partaking of it. 
 
 eoP'PER-NoSi;, 71. A red nose. Shak. 
 
 eOP'PER-Pl.ATE, 71. .\ plate of polished copper on 
 which concave lines are engraved or corroded, ac- 
 cording to some tieliiieateil figure or design. This 
 plate, when charged with any cohiri d lliiid, imparts 
 an impression of the figure or design to pa|K:r or 
 parcliment. Encyc, 
 
 2. A print or impression on paper, &c., from a cop- 
 perplate. 
 
 eoP'PER-S.MITII, 71. One whose occupation is to 
 inamifactiiri! copper utensils. 
 
 eoP'PER-U'ORK, (-wiirk,) 71. A place where copper 
 is wrought tir manufactured. Woodicard. 
 
 eoP'PER-WOR.M, ( wurin,) 71. A little worm in 
 ships ; a worm that frets garments ; a worm that 
 breeils in one's hand. Jiinsicorlh. 
 
 eOP'I'ER-Y, (I. iMixeil with copper ; containing cop- 
 per, or made of copi>cr ; like copper in taste or smell. 
 
 Woodieard. 
 
 eoP'PICE, ) 71. [Norm, eoupiz, from coupcr, to cut, 
 
 eoPSE, t Gr. K...T7U.] 
 
 \ wood of small growth, or consisting of under- 
 wood or brushwood ; a wood cut at certain times for 
 fuel or other purposes. 
 
 The i^Oe of coppice lands will fall on Uie discovery of coal mines. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 eoP'PI.F^eROWN, n. A tuft of feathers on the 
 head of a fowl. lloUmony. 
 
 eop'PI.KI), j a. [from cop.] Rising to a point ; con- 
 
 COP'P/CD, \ ical. Woodteard. 
 
 eoP'PEF:-nuST, 71. Powder used in purifying met- 
 als ; properly, cupel dust. 
 
 eOP'PI.?V-ST"0.\ES, 71. ;)(. Lumps and fragments of 
 stone broke from the ailjacent cliU's, rounded by 
 being bowled and tumbled to and ag.ain bv the action 
 of water. Johnson. IVondmard. 
 
 In A'eie England, we pronounce this word cobble, 
 cobble-stones, and if the word is a diminutive of cob, 
 cop, a head, or enb, a heap, we follow the Welsh cob, 
 as the English do the same word cop, in the Saxon 
 dialect. We apply the word to small round stones, 
 from the size of an inch or two, to five or six inches 
 or more, in diameter, wherever they niav be found. 
 
 eoP'RO-LITE, n. [Gr. luirpof, dung, and XiWos, a 
 stone.] 
 
 Petrified dung of carnivorous reptiles. Buckland. 
 eO-PROPH'A-GOirS, a. Feeding on excremenls. 
 eoP-RO-LIT'lC, a. Containing or resembling cop- 
 
 rolitrs. Humble. 
 eoPSE, a. A wood of small growth. [See Coppice.] 
 
 eoP.SE, V. t. To preserve iinderwiHids. SmifL 
 
 COP'.'iY, a. Having copses. Dyer 
 
 COP'TIC, a. Pertaining to the descendants of ths 
 ancient Egyptians, called Cnpti, or Copbti,;\A distinci 
 from the Arabians and other inhabitants of modern 
 Ei:\pt. The name is supposed to be taken from 
 Copios, the nietrofKilis of the Thebaid ; as E^n/pt, 
 Aij iiTroj, is probably from that name ; Sanscrit, 
 atrupta, inclosed, fortified. So Misrann niid Mniur 
 are from to inclose, to bind, to fortify. Whatever 
 may be tin? origin of Copt, the adjective Coptic now 
 refers to the people called Copts, who are t'hristians, 
 and to their language. Hence, 
 
 eoP'TIC, II. The lan>»-\.4c of the Cu;<M. [Sec Class 
 <;b, .\o. H, 14.] 
 
 GOP'U-LA, II. [L. Sec Copulation and Cot pLE.] 
 In logic, liiK word which unites the subject and jired- 
 icate of a proposition. Religion is indispensable to 
 happiness. Here is is the copula, joining religion, the 
 siiliject, with indispensable la happiness, the predicate, 
 
 COP'1-J-L.Vn;, a. Joined. [Lilllc used.] 
 
 COP'l^-LATE, r. copulo,Ui couple; Sp. copular ; 
 It. cop iilarc ; Vt. coupler. See Couple.] 
 To unite ; to join in pairs. [l.itlJc u-ieJ.] 
 
 €OP'U-LATE, r. i. To unite in sexu.al embrace; 
 applied to animals in general. 
 
 eui'MT-LA-TED, pp. Joined in pairs. 
 
 COP'I|-La-TL\G, ppr. Uniting in pairs; embracing. 
 
 COP-IJ-LA'TION, H. [L. copulatip.] 
 
 The act of coupling ; the embrace of the sexes in 
 the act of generation ; coition. 
 
 eoi"(i-LA-TI VE, a. That unites or couples. In 
 grammar, the copulative conjunction connects two or 
 more subjects or pri'ilicates, in an allirniative or neg- 
 ative prupiKition ; as, riches and honors are tenipta- 
 tiiins to pride ; tlii: Rniuans conquereil Sp:iiii, and 
 Gaul, and llritain ; iii illier wealtii nor honors will 
 purchase immortal happiness. 
 
 eoi"li-LA-Tl VE, 11. .\ Copulative conjunction. 
 2. Ciiunection. [jVnt m use.] 
 
 GOP'V, 71. [ I'V. r(//iir ; Ann. copy; It. copiu ; S|). and 
 Port, cii/iia .■ Ir. coib, coibeadk. 'I'llis word is from 
 the root of cope, in the sense of likeness, rest:m- 
 
 blancc, .\r. 
 
 kiifai, to be like ; or it is from 
 
 doubling, and the root of cuff, Ar. ( s l * — . Uaifa. 
 Class Gil, No. 50. See Cope and Cukk.] 
 
 Literally, a likeness or resemblance of any kind. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. A writing like another writing ; a tninscript 
 from an original ; or a book printed accortling to the 
 original ; hence, 
 
 2. .Any single book, or set of books, containing a 
 composition reseiiililing the original work ; as, the 
 copy of a ileed, or of a bond ; a copy of Addison's 
 works ; ,a copy of the laws ; a copy of the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 3. The form of a picture or statue according to tlie 
 original ; the imitation or likeness of any figure, 
 draught, or aliiiost any object. 
 
 4. original work ; the autograph ; the arche- 
 type, lli-ni e, that which is to be iinitiiled in writ- 
 ing or printing. Let the child write arcunling to the 
 copy. The copy is in Ilie hands of the printer. Hence, 
 a pattern tir example for imitation. His virtues are an 
 excellent copy for imitation. 
 
 5. Abundance. [L. co/»i«.] [O&s.] 
 
 eOP'V, 1'. (. To write, print, or engrave, accortling to 
 an original ; to form a like work or composition by 
 writing, printing, or engraving; to transcribe ; often 
 followed by out, but the use is not elegant. The 
 men of Ilezekiah copied certain proverbs of Solo- 
 mon. 
 
 2. To paint or draw according to an origin.al. 
 
 3. To form accortling to a model, as in archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 4. To imitate or attempt to re-seinble ; to follow an 
 original, or pattern, in manners or ctnirse of life. Copy 
 the Savior in bis liiiniilil>' and tihetlieiice. 
 
 eOP'V, 7'. I. To imitate or endeavor lo be like ; to do 
 any thing in iiiiilation of something else. .\ painter 
 copies from the life. An obedient child copies nfter 
 his parent. 
 
 They n-'ver Ml, when they copy, lo follow the lud as well ns tlie 
 gwj^i. Dryleii, 
 
 eOP'Y-ROOK, 71. A book in which copies are written 
 or printed for learners to imitate. 
 
 COP'Y-^.'D, (kop'id,) pp. Transcribed ; imit.tted ; usu- 
 ally written Copieo ; but copyed is preferabh', 
 
 COP'Y-ER, 71. One who copies or transcrilx^s ; usiial- 
 Iv written Copier ; but enpyer is most regular. 
 
 etiP'Y-IIOLD, 71. In England, a tenure of estate by 
 copy of court roll ; or a tenure for w hich the tenant 
 hath nothing to show, except the mils made by the 
 steward of the lord's court. Blackstune. 
 
 eOP'Y-HoLD'ER, n. One who is {xx^iised of land 
 in copy-hold. 
 
 eOP'Y-ING, ;>7>r. Transcribing. 
 
 COP'Y-ING-PHESS, 71. A machine for taking an ex- 
 act copy of any manuscript recently writt4'n. Hebert, 
 eOP'Y-IST, 71. A copier ; a transcrilRT. 
 
 TCNE, BI;LL, qNlTE. — AN' GER, VI"CI0US.^€ a« K; G as J j S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 3-1 
 
coil 
 
 COR 
 
 eoP'Y-RIGHT, ( rile,) n. TIil- suIc right which an 
 author has in his own original literary compositions ; 
 the exclusive rijjlit of an author to print, puhlish, 
 and vend his own literary works, for his own ben- 
 efit ; the like right in the hands of an assignee. 
 
 eo-UUAL'LlN, n. A small quadruped, of the squir- 
 rel kind, but incapable of climbing trees. 
 
 JJict. nf JV«t. //;,■.•(. 
 
 eoaUE'LI-eOT, ( (kSke'le-ko,) n. [Fr.] Wild pop- 
 
 eoUUE'LI-eO, i py ; hence, the color of wild 
 poppy, viz., a mixture of orange and scarlet. 
 
 RO-UUET', (ko-ket',) v. t. To attempt to attract no- 
 tice, admiration, or love, from vanity ; to treat with 
 an appearance of tenderness or regard, with a view 
 to deceive and disappoint. 
 
 You -AK vjquttung a in.'uci of honor. Siei/t. 
 
 eO-QUET', I', i. To tritie in love ; to treat a person 
 with an appearance of favor, but with a design to de- 
 ceive and disappoint. 
 
 eO-aUET'RY, II. [Fr. coquHtcrie.] 
 
 Atlenjpis to attract admiration, notice, or love, 
 from vanity ; afl'ectalion of amorous advances ; tri- 
 fling in love. Mdisoii. 
 
 eo aUETTE', (ko-ket',) ii. [Fr. coyiirt, a beau, a 
 general lover, a cock-boat ; coquette^ a jilt ; from the 
 Welsh or Celtic coe^en, a vain, saucy wench, a co- 
 quette, from cueg, vain ; Sp. aiqueta ; It. ciDetlM, an 
 owl ; civettare, to play tlie wag, to trifle, to coquet ; 
 ctDfttfriti, coquetry ; civettiiio, a vain young fellow.] 
 
 A vain, airy, trifling girl, wlio endeavors to attract 
 admiration and advances in \vvc, from a desire to 
 gratify vanity, and then rejects her lover ; a jilt. 
 
 The li^lu corjuelles in svijilis alofl r"?p:ur, 
 And spDrt autl flutter in the lieliU of air. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Mote. — In French, coquet is masculine, and coquette 
 feminine ; but, as our language has no such termi- 
 nation for geiuler, it may be better to write coquet for 
 both sexes, and for distinction prefix male to the word 
 . vvlien applied to a man. 
 
 eO-UUET'TEI), prel. and pp. of CoquET, which see. 
 
 eO-aUET'TL\G, ppr. Attracting notice to gain ad- 
 mirers, and then rejecting them. 
 
 €0-aUET'TISH, (ko-ket'fsh,) a. Pr;u:ticing coquetry. 
 
 €0-aUET'TISH-LY, (ko-ket'isli-ly,) ado. In a co- 
 quettish manner. 
 
 eOIl. H. The measure of a pottle. 
 
 eOR'A-CLE, H. [W. cwnoirle.] 
 
 A boat used, in Wales, by fishermen, made by 
 covering a wicker frame with leather or oil-clotli. A 
 similar boat was used by the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 Braiide. 
 
 €OR'A-eOID, 71. [Gr. Knoai, a crow, and cidu,, fcjrm.J 
 A small, sharp process of the scapula, shaped like 
 a crow's beak. The name has been extended to a 
 bone in birds, &c., near the shoulder-joint. Brande. 
 eOR'A-€OIU, a. Shaped like a crow's beak. 
 
 Bnrhlanil. 
 
 COR'AL, n. [L. coralliiim ; Gr. KnoaWi'tv^ from \non, 
 damsel, and uAf, sea ; Fr. coruil, or cnral : It. curMu ; 
 Sp. coral ; D. kiiraal ; G. korulle : Dan. koruL] 
 
 In zoology, a substance consisting chiefly of carbo- 
 nate of lime. It is the solid secretions of /.oophytes, 
 produced within the tissues of the polyps, ami corre- 
 sponding to the skelettui in higher atiinials. Corals 
 have often the form of trees, shrubs, or assume hem- 
 ispherical and nodular shaptss. Sucli are madrepores, 
 astrea.t, and bruiti-coral. The surface is usually cov- 
 ered with radiated cells, each of which marks the 
 position of one of the jiolyps ; and, when alive, the 
 animals appear like (lowers over every part <if the 
 zoophyte. Dana. 
 
 2. A piece of coral, used by children as a play- 
 thing. 
 
 €OR'AIj, «. M.ide of coral; resembling coral. 
 eOR'Alj-R.\G, n. In geolugij, a curallifeious deposit, 
 forming a member of the middle division of oolite. 
 
 Ifuinblc. 
 
 €OR'AL-TREi;, n. A genus of plants, Erylhrina, of 
 sever.il sfiecies, natives of Africa and America. They 
 are all shrubby, flowering plants, adorned chiefly 
 Willi trifoliate or tliree-lobed leaves, and scarlet 
 spikes of papilionaceous flowers. 
 
 eOll'.X I>-WOKT, n. The popular name of cerUiin 
 species of plants, Dentaria, called also toot/i-irort, or 
 tuoth-vwier. Font, of Plnnt.i. 
 
 eOR-AL-LA'CEOUS, a. Like coral, or partaking of 
 its (pialitirs. 
 
 eOR-Ab-MF'KR OUS, n. Containing coral. OMert. 
 
 COR'AI.-I.I-FIJll.M, a. fciW and form.] Resembling 
 coral ; forked and crooked. Kiricun. 
 
 eoR-AL-l.lO'E.N-OU.S, a, Producing coral. Ilumhle. 
 
 eOR'AL-M.VK, ( lin,) a. Consisting of coral ; like 
 conil ; containing coral. 
 
 eOK'AL-I.I.M-;, «. A suiimirine, seini-cnitareous or 
 calcareous plant, consisting of many jointird brunches, 
 resembling some K|ieries of moss. Thi^ term has also 
 been applied to certain minute corals growing in 
 moHS like fornn. Dona., 
 
 CaW \\i-l.\S WE,, n. A fossil polypier or coralline. 
 
 /M. JViU. Jlul. 
 
 eOIl'AI.MTE, n. A mineml Hiibstanceor petrifac- 
 liiin, in llic form of coral ; or a fiMHil polypii:r, larger 
 than a mrallinite. kiraan. Did. ML Jfuit. 
 
 eOR'AL-LOII), ) r I 4 1 r 1 
 
 cor-aE-luid'al, 1 "■ [""■"'' -'"'^ 
 
 Having the form of coral ; branching like coral. 
 
 Diet. Mat. ;/;.<(. 
 
 eOR'AL-LOID, n. A term formerly applied to a spe- 
 cies of minute corals called Escara, and also some- 
 times to the Qorgonias. Encyc. 
 
 CO'RJIM JC'DI-CE, [L.] Before the judge. 
 
 CO'RjIM MOM JU'Df-CE, [L.] Before one not a 
 judge ; before one who has not jurisdiction. 
 
 CO-KANT', It. [Fr. courant, running ; courir, to run ; 
 L. curro.] 
 
 A lofty, sprightly dance. Johiuou. Temple. 
 
 GORB, n. [Ij. eorbi.s. See the next word,] 
 
 1. A basket used in coaleries. 
 
 2. 4" ornament in a building. Spenser. 
 eORB'AN, ji. [L. curbis ; D. korf; G. korh ; Sw. kurg ; 
 
 Dan. kurv ; Fr. corbeille ; Eth. karbu, a wicker 
 
 basket ; Russ. korhan, a church box or chest, a treas- 
 ury. But, in Ethiopic, korban is an oblation, that 
 which is oflered to God, a gift, s.acrifice, coinciding 
 with the Heb. P"^p, from 2-\p, to approach, to cause 
 to approach, to bring or otTer.] 
 
 1. In Jewish antiquity, an offering, sacrifice, or 
 oblation of any kind, presented before Goil. Gesenius. 
 
 It is a gift, corban, hy whatsoever thou ini?titesl be profited by 
 nie ; that is, 1 have devoted tliat to God which you :isk of 
 me, and it is no longer m'uie to give. Encye. 
 
 2. An alms-basket ; a vessel to receive gifts of 
 charity ; a gift; an alms ; a treasury of the church, 
 where offerings are deposited. Culmet. 
 
 3. Among Mohamtnedans, a ceremony performed at 
 the foot of Mount Arafat, in Arabia, near .Mecca. 
 It consists in killing a number of sheep, and distrib- 
 uting them among the poor. Encyc. 
 
 €ORBE, a. [Fr. courbc.] Crooked. [Mot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 eORB'EIL, (kor'bel,)n. [Fr. corbeille ; It. corbello. See 
 Corban.] 
 
 In fortification, a little basket, to be filled with earth, 
 and set upon a parapet, to shelter men from the fire 
 of besiegers. Johnson. 
 eORB'EL, Ji. [See the preceding words.] 
 
 1. In architecture, the representation of a basket, 
 sometimes set on the heads of caryatides. 
 
 2. The va.se or tainbor of the Corinthian column ; 
 so called from its resemblance to a basket. Encyc. 
 
 eORB'EL, ?i. A short piece of timber, iron, &c., in a 
 wall, jutting sixoreiglit inches, .as occasion requires, 
 in the manner of a shoulder-piece ; sometimes placed, 
 for strength, under the semigiriler of a platform. 
 The under part is sometimes cut into the form of a 
 boultin, sometimes of an ogee, or of a face, &c. 
 
 Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 2. A niche or hollow left in walls for images, fig- 
 ures, or statues. Chambers. 
 
 eOR'HY, n. A raven. [Mot in use.] 
 COR'CIJLE, / u. [L. corculum, but in a different 
 COR'CEE, \ sense. It is a diminutive, from cor, 
 the heart.] 
 
 In botany, the heart of the seed, or rudiment of a 
 future plant, attaclieil to and involved in the cotyle- 
 dons. It consists of the plume, or ascending part, 
 and the rostel, or radicle, the simple descending part. 
 
 Jllartyn. 
 
 CORD, 71. [W. cord; Fr.corde; It. corda; Sp. cucrda; 
 ii. koord : E. chorda; Or. X'l'iArj. According to the 
 Welsh, tills word signifies a twist, from cOr, the root 
 of choriL'<.] 
 
 I. A string, or small rope, composed of several 
 strands twisted together. Rahab let down the spies 
 by a cord through the window, ./osh. ii. 
 
 9. A tpiantity of wood or other matt!rial, originally 
 measured with a cord or line. The cord is a pile 
 containing 108 cubic feet ; or a pile eight feet long, 
 four feet high, and four feet broad. 
 
 3. In Scripture, the cords of the wicked, are the snares 
 with which they catch the unwary. Ps. cxxix. 
 
 The cords of sin, are bad habits, or the consequences 
 of sill. Pruo. V. 
 
 The cords of a man, are the fair, gentle, or natural 
 means of alluring nii'u to obeilieiice. Hos. xi. 
 
 The cords of vanity, ■.m worhlly vanities and pleas- 
 ur<:s, profit, or iireferinent ; or vain and deceitful 
 arguments and jiretenses, which draw men to sin. 
 
 Is. v. 
 
 To stretch a line or cord about a city, is to level it, 
 or utterly to di^stroy it. l.am. ii. 
 
 Till? cords of a tent, denote stability. To loosen or 
 breiUi Vie cords, is to weaken or d(;stroy ; to lengUien 
 the cords, is to enlarge, ./ob xxx. is. liv. Jer. x. 
 eoRI), t'. t. To bind with a cord or rope ; to fasten 
 with cords. 
 
 9. 'J'o pile wood or other material for measurement 
 and sale by the cord. 
 
 eoRD'.MXK-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to make 
 ropes ; but in America called rojirotakrr. 
 
 eoRD'VVOQI), 71. Wood nil and iiiled for sale by the 
 iMird, in distinction from long wood ; properly, wood 
 cut to the length of four feet ; hut, in this respect, 
 the practice is not uniform. In Scotland, cordwoud is 
 wood conveyed to mtirket on btiard of vessels, in op- 
 position to that which is floated. Encye. 
 
 CURD' AGE, 0. rsp. cordage: Fr. id.; from cord.] 
 .\ Icriii applied to all sorts of cords or ropes used in 
 the running rigging of a ship, or kept in reserve, to 
 supply the place of that which may be rendered uii- 
 servic(!able. In a more general sense, the word in- 
 clutles all ropes and lines used on board of ships. 
 
 CDUn'ATE, la. [L. cordatus, with a difl"i;rent 
 
 CORD'a-TEII, j signification, from cor, the heart.] 
 Having the form of a heart ; heart-shaped ; a term 
 used by naturalists ; as, a cordate leaf, in botany, re- 
 sembling the longitudinal section of the heart. 
 Hence, cordate-oblong, heart-shaped lengthened ; cor- 
 date-lanceolate, heart-sliap*'il, gnidually tapering to- 
 ward each extremity, like the head of a lance ; 
 cordate-sagittate, heart-shaped, but resembling the 
 head of an arrow. Martytu 
 
 eoRD'ATE-LY, adv. In a cordate form. 
 
 CORD'ED, pp. or a. Btiiind or fastened with cords. 
 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord. 
 "3. Made of cords ; furnished with cords. Sliak. 
 
 4. Striped or furrowed, as by cords. 
 
 5. In heraldry, a corded cross is one wound with 
 cords, or made of two pieces of wood. Encyc. 
 
 eoR-HE-LlKR', (kor-de-leer',) ii. [Fr., from corde, a 
 girdle or cord worn by the order.] 
 
 A Franciscan friar; one of a religious order found- 
 ed by St. Francis ; a gray friar. The Cordeliers wear 
 a thick gi-.iy cloth, a little cowl, a cha[)eron, and a 
 cloak, with a girdle of rope or cord, tied with three 
 knots. Encyc. 
 
 eOR'UEL-ING, a. Twisting. 
 
 €ORD'I-Ali, a. [Fr. and Sp. corc/ia; ; M.cordtalc; from 
 L. cor, the hetiit.] 
 
 1. Proceeding from the heart ; hearty ; sincere ; 
 not hypocritical ; warm ; atrectionate ; as, we give 
 our friends a cordial reception. 
 
 Willi looks of cordi/tX love. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Reviving the spirits ; cheering ; invigorating j 
 giving strength or spirits ; as, cordial waters. 
 
 Wiseman. 
 
 eORD'I-.AE, 71. In medicine, that which siiildenly e.x- 
 cites the system, and increases the action of the 
 heart or circulation when languid ; any medicine 
 which increases strength, raises the spirits, and 
 gives life and cheerfulness to a person when weak 
 and depressed. 
 
 2. Aromatized and sweetened spirit, employed as 
 a beverage. Cooley. 
 
 3. Any tiling that comforts, gladdens, and exhila- 
 rates ; as, good news is a cordial to the mind. 
 
 eORD'I-AE-HEART'EI), a. Having cordial afTec- 
 lion. 
 
 eoRD-I-AL'I-TY, 7i. Relation to the heart. [Mot 
 
 iLsed.] Brown. 
 2. Sincerity ; freedom from hypocrisy ; sincere 
 
 affection and kindness ; as, our friends were received 
 
 with cordialitq. 
 €ORD'I-AL-lZE, II. (. To render cordial. Ec. Reo. 
 €0RD'I-AL-l7,-£n,;);;. Rendered cordial. 
 eORD'I-AE-IZ-IX(;, ppr. Making cord i.al. 
 eORD'I-AL-LY, adv. Heartily ; sinceri-ly ; without 
 
 hypocrisy ; with real aft'ection. The Christian cor- 
 
 dialh, receives the doctrines of gnice. 
 eORD'I-AL-N'ESS, 71. Cordi.ality ; hearty good will. 
 eoKIVIE-RlTE, 71. The mineral called otherwise 
 
 iolite and dichroite. 
 eORD'l-FOR.M, a. [L. cor, the heart, and forma, 
 
 form.] 
 
 Heart-shaped ; having the form of the human 
 heart. 
 
 eORU'I-NER, 71. [Mot used.] See Cobdwaixer. 
 eORD'I.VG, jipr. Binding with cords ; piling for meas- 
 urement. 
 
 eoR'DON, 71. [Fr. anil Sp. cordon; It. cordone; Port. 
 cordam. See Coud.] 
 
 1. In fortification, a row of stones jutting before 
 the rampart, and the basis of the parapet ; or a row 
 of stones betwi^en the wall of a fortress whirli Mrs 
 aslope, and the parapet, which is perpendicular; serv- 
 ing as an ornament, and used only in fortifications 
 of stone-work. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 2. In military language, a line or scries of military 
 posts ; as, a cordon of troops. 
 
 3. Cordon sanitaire ; a line of troops or military 
 posts on the borders of a district of cminlry infected 
 with disease, to cut ofl' cninimiiiicalion, and thus 
 prevent the disease from spreading. 
 
 eOR'IX) VAN. 11. Spanish leather. 
 eoR-DU-ROY', 71. A thick cotlon stuff, corded or 
 ribbed. 
 
 eOltD'VVAIN, 71. [Sp. con/uAnii ; Port. cnn/nMTn ; Fr. 
 cordouan ; from Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain.] 
 Spanish leather; goat-skin thinned and dressed. 
 
 Spenser. Sp. Diet. 
 €ORD'VVJIi\-ER, 71. [from co7-(/wui;i.l A shoemaker. 
 This word was formerly written cordiners. It is evi- 
 dently from file French cordouan, cordouonnier ; 
 properly, a worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather. 
 CoRI'I, 71. \Vr. cirur ; Norm, core; Sp. corazon ; Port. 
 corafum; It. cuore ; from E. cor, the heart, Gr. Kiai>. 
 See Cliuss Gr.] 
 
 1. The heart or inner part of a thing; particularly 
 the central part of fruit, coiiininiiig the kernels or 
 
 FATE, FAE, PALL, WH^T.t-METE, PKfiV PINE, MABINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLK, UQQK — 
 
C () K 
 
 COK 
 
 seeils ; as, the core iif ail apple or quince. It was 
 funnerly applied o place \ as, in the core of a sipiare. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 2. The inner part of an ulcer or boil. Dnjden. 
 
 3. (n arelutccture, tile interior part of any thing; 
 as, the cure of a colnnin or wall. GiniU. 
 
 ■\. A body. [Fr. nir/i.*.] [A'nt used.] Bacon. 
 5. A disorder of sheep, occasioned by worms in 
 
 the liver. Chamhrrs. 
 eOU'^.'l), (kord,) n. In iJie herring fishery, rolled in 
 
 salt, and pri'pared for ilrvinj;. jf.</i. 
 eO-llif.'tSK.N'T, II. A ji>iiit regent or niler. JVraraU. 
 eo-UK-LA'TION, M. Corresponding n-lation. A'i.W. 
 et)RF, K. A basket for carrying co;ils and other inin- 
 
 enils in a mine. Gilbert. 
 €()-RI-.\'CE()US,(ko-re-i'shus,) a. [ L. coriaccui, from 
 
 coriuiiiy leather.] 
 
 1. Consisting of leather, or resembling leather ; 
 tough ; as, coriaceotu concretions. .^rbuthnoU 
 
 •2. In botany, stiff, like leather or parchment ; ap- 
 litird tv a Irttf, a calyx, or cap.sulc. Martyn. 
 eO-lU-.\N'I)Ell, n. [Ij. coriandrum; Gr. kooioi', kooi- 
 
 a>...l.] 
 
 The po|iiilar name of a genus of plants of one spe- 
 cies. The seeds of this species have a strong smell, 
 anil, in medicine, :irc considered as stoinacliic and 
 carminative. 
 
 eo UI.V'OO.N. Sec CoRi-NDUM. 
 
 eOR'I.\TII, 11. A city of Greece. Hence, 
 
 2. A small fruit, now called Ci.'rr.oit ; which see. 
 
 Philips. Broome. 
 
 e(1-KI\Tin-Ae, «. Pertaining to Corinth. V'.inrille. 
 
 eO-RI.\TH'l-AN, a. Pertaining to Corinth, a celebra- 
 ted city of Greece ; as, Corinthian column ; Corinthian 
 order ; Corintliiun bniss. The Curintliian order, in 
 architecture, is the most delicate of all the orders, 
 and enriched with a profusion of ornaments. The 
 capiu-il is usually adorned with olive leaves or acan- 
 thus. Encyc. 
 
 ert-RI'V'.VL, n. [con and rival; written improperly 
 
 CoRRITAL.] 
 
 .•\ rival, or frllow-rival ; a competitor. Shak. 
 CO-RI'VAI,, r. t. To rival ; to pretend to equal. Shak. 
 eO-RI'VAL-RV, ) I , , 
 
 eo-ui'VAL-sinp, \ "■ •"<""' '"■"^'y- 
 
 CORK, «. [D. kurk ; G. kork ; Sw. korcli ; Dan. korJc ; 
 S[K corchv ; Rnss. korka i Ft. ccorce; L. cortex, bark, 
 rind, shell, crust.] 
 
 1. A glandiferous tree, a species of Ouercns, grow- 
 ing in Spain and Portugal, having a thick, rough, 
 
 . fungous, cleft bark. 
 
 2. The oul<T bark of the tree, or epidermis, of 
 which stopples for bottles and casks are made. This 
 
 ■ outer bark is taken off, and a new cpidennis is 
 formed, which, in six or seven years, becomes fit 
 for use. This bark is also burnt to make a kind of 
 light black, called Spanish black. 
 :i. A stopple for a botlk' or cask, cut out of cork. 
 
 CORK, c. t. To stop bottles or casks with corks ; to 
 confine or make fast with a cork. [See also Cilk.] 
 
 €ORK'/;n, (korkt,) pp. Stopped with a cork. 
 
 CORK'I.NG, ppr. Stopping with corks. 
 
 t'Oi(K'l.\G-Pl.V, n. .\ pin of a large size. Sicifi. 
 
 etJRK'SCREW, (-skrQ,) (u A screw to draw corks 
 from bottles. y 
 
 eORK'Y, o. Consisting of cork ; resembling cork ; dry 
 and tough like cork. 
 
 Bind fiut his eorty arm*. Shak. 
 
 eOR'MO-RANT, n. [Fr. cormoran ; Sp. corvejon. 
 Cormorant is sup|X)sed to be cornipted from Cnrvits 
 m/iriniuf, se.a-raven. 'I'lie Welsh also called the bird 
 murcran, sea-crow.] 
 
 1. .\ genus of sea-birds, (Phalacro corax,) often 
 called the sra~raren, and distinguished for its voraci- 
 ty. The head and neck are black ; the coverts of 
 tile wings, the scapulars, and the back, are of a deep 
 green, edged with black, and glossed with blue. The 
 base of the lower mandible is covered with a naked, 
 yellow skin, which extends under the chin, and forms 
 a sort of pouch. This bird occupies the clilTs by the 
 sea, feeds on fish, and is extremely voracious. Encyc 
 
 2. A clutton. 
 
 eOR'.MUS, n. [Gr. >o/)^oi.] In botany, the generic 
 name of a stalk or stem of uny plant. 
 
 T). C. tntldeninri. 
 2. The dilated base of the stems of monocotj li ihv 
 nous plants, intervening between the root and the 
 first buiU, and forming the reproductive (Kirtion of 1 
 such plants, when they are not caulescent. Lindlcy. 
 eOR.N, n. [Sax. com .' I), kimrn; G. korn : Dan. and | 
 Sw. korn. .Not improbably this word is the 1* jrra- 
 iiBin. ."^urli imns|K>sitions are not uncommon. The 
 word signifi,"5 not only the hard seeds of certain 
 plants, but hail and shot, L. urandn, Ir. frdii, grain, 
 hail, shot Johnson quotes an old Runic rhyme : 
 " llagid er kaldastnr korna," 
 Hail is the coldest corn. Sec Grai^.I 
 
 1. A sinale seed of ceruiii plants, as wlieat, rye, 
 b.irlcy, and .naize ; a grain. In this sense it has a 
 plural : as, three bariey corns make an inch. It is 
 generally applied to edible seeds, which, when ripe, 
 are hard. 
 
 2. The »eed« of certain plants in general, in bulk 
 
 or quantity ; as, corn is dear or scarce. In this sense, 
 the word comprehends all the kinds of grain which 
 constitutit the food of men and horses. In Great 
 Britain, corn is generally applied to wheat, rye, oats, 
 anil barley. In the United Statr.i, it ha.s thi' same gen- 
 eral sense, but by custom it is np|iropriati'd to niai/.e. 
 We are aecustmned to say, the crop of wli at is good, 
 but the corn is bad i it is a good j'ear for wheat anil 
 rjc, but bad for corn. In this sense, corn has no 
 plural. 
 
 3. The plants which priuliice corn, when growing 
 in the field ; the .stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, 
 and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. We 
 say, a field of corn, a sheaf or a shock of rum, a load 
 of corn. The plants or stalks are im luded in the 
 term corn, until the seed is separated from the ears. 
 
 4. In surgery, a hard excrescence, or induration of 
 the skin, on the toes or some part of the fei't, occa- 
 sioned by the pressure of the shoes ; so calL d from 
 its hardness and resemblance to a corn. 
 
 5. A small, hard panicle. [^See Grain.] 
 CORN, r. L To preserve and scasim with salt in 
 
 grains ; to sprinkle with salt ; as, to corn beef. 
 2. To gnmulate ; to form into small grains. 
 eOR.\'-H.\SK-ET, «. A large basket for carrying the 
 
 ears of maize. 
 eOR.N'BI.M), n. Climbing buckwheat. [Local.] 
 
 Grose. 
 
 €OR.\''-IlL.\DE, n. The leaf of the maize. Corn-blades 
 are collected and preserved :us fodder, in some of the 
 Southern Slates of .■\merica. 
 
 ecJK.X'BRASH, n. A coarse, shelly limestone, form- 
 ing a soil celebrated, in Wiltshire, England, for the 
 growth of corn. Bmni/r. .Mimltll. 
 
 eOKN'-RREAD, ( bred,) 71. A kind o( bread or bread- 
 cake made of the meal of Indian corn. 
 
 eoRN'-CilAXD-I.ER, 71. [Chandler, a dealer in can- 
 dles, is supposed to be from the Fr. chandelier ; but 
 what has this word to do with corn and ship, in eorn- 
 ch/indler iim\ ship-chandler ? In these words, chandler 
 seems to be a corniptiim of the Teutonic handler, a 
 trader ; Sw. kornhnndlarc, a corn-dealer ; Dan. handler ; 
 G. id. s D. hundelaar.] 
 A dealer in corn. 
 
 CORN'-CLAD, a. Covered w ith growing com. 
 
 Bilrloio. 
 
 eORN'-GRAKE, 71. The crake or land-rail ; the corn- 
 crow ; for kriika, ill Sw., and krage in Dan., is our 
 word croip, and the name is probaltly taken Irom its 
 cry. 'I'he Dutch krnai, a crow, is contnicled from 
 kraag, and kraaijcn is to crow, to vaunt, to tell tales ; 
 G. krdhe, krdJien. 
 
 eORN'-CUT-TER, 71. [ci7r7i and cut.] One who cuts 
 corns or jndurati<ms of the skin. 
 
 eORN'FlKM), 71. A field where corn is growing. 
 
 eUU.V-FLAG, 71. The |H>pular name of a genus of 
 plants, the Gladiolus, of several species, bearing red 
 or white fiowers. 
 
 €OR.\'-Fl.oOR, 77. A floor for corn, or for thrashing 
 corn. Is. xxi. Ifos. ix. 
 
 eOR.\'-FLO\V-ER, 71. A flower or plant growing 
 among corn, as the blue-bottle, wild poppy, *ic. 
 
 Baeoti. 
 
 eORN'-IlKAP, 71. A heap of corn. l/all. 
 
 eORN'-I..\.Nl), 71. Land appropriated or suitable to 
 the production of corn or grain. 
 
 eOR.N'-LAWS, 71. pi. In Great Britain, laws prohib- 
 iting the iin|H>rtation of foreign corn or grain for home 
 consumption, except whi n the price rises beyond a 
 certain rate. Repealed in 18-li>. JPCnlloeh. 
 
 eOR.N'-LOFT, 71. An apartment for com ; a granary. 
 
 Shcru:uod. 
 
 eOR.\'-MAR'Y-GoLD, n. The popular name of a ge- 
 nus of plants, the Clir^'santheinuiii. 
 
 eOR.\'-.MXS-TER, n. One who cultivates com for 
 sale. [.\'ot used.] Bacon, 
 
 eoR.\'.Ml";-TER, 11. One who measures com. 
 
 eoR.N'-MI LL, II. ,\ mill for grinding corn, more gen- 
 erally called a grist-inilL 
 
 eoK.N'-PARS-LEY, n. The popular name of a genus 
 of plants, the Sison. 
 
 €OR.\'-PIPE, 71. .\ pipe made by slitting the joint of 
 a green stalk of corn. Johnson. 
 
 eoR.N'-ROCK-ET, n. The pojiular name of a genus 
 t)f plants^ the Biinias. 
 
 eoR.N'-RoSE, 11, A species of poppv, or Papaver. 
 
 eoRN'-SAI^AD, n. A plant, a species of Valeriana, 
 wbost; top leaves are said to be a good salad. 
 
 eoR.N'STALK, r-stawk,) ». A sUilk of corn, [lartic- 
 uliirly a stalk of the maize. .America. 
 
 eOR.V- VI O LET, 11. A species of CampaiiuUu Tate. 
 
 rORN'-W.XI.N', 11. A wagon that carries corn. 
 
 COK.\'.\GE, II. [from Fr. eorne, L. cornu, a horn.] 
 An ancient tenure of lands, which obliged the ten- 
 ant to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn. 
 
 €OR.N"E-A, 11. [from L. cornit, a horn.] [Blackstone. 
 The strong, homy, transparent membrane in the 
 fore part of the eye, through which the rays of light 
 pass ; situated in the sclerotica, and considered by 
 some as a portion of it. 
 
 eOR.N'i'.'n, (koriid,) pp. or a. Sprinkled with salt ; 
 cured by salting ; as, carnal beef. 
 
 2. Drunk. [Aoir.] Grose. 
 
 COll'N'EL, ) 71. [ L. rernii-v, from ciiiiiu. a 
 
 eoR'.VEl^TREE, > horn, or its riMit, from toe 
 eoR-Nr:L'!A.\-TREE, > hardness of the Wood ; 8p. 
 corno : \t. coroioto : Ft, cornoniller.] 
 
 7'lie cornelian cherry or dogwniNl, the popular name 
 of a spi'cies of Coriius. The CorniLs maseula, or cor- 
 nelian cherry-tree, hius a stein of twenty feet high, 
 branching and forming a large head, garnished with 
 oblong leaves and small unibi ls lif yellowish-green 
 flowers, succeeded by small, red, acid, eatable, cher- 
 ry-like fruit. EncyC 
 eo'R..\r:L'IAN. Sec Carmeliaw. 
 C<)It\l",'.Mf'#E, j 71. [Fr. cornemu.fe ; corne, a horn, 
 eOR.V'A Mf'TE, ( andiniue,' It. curiiaiiiu.<a.] 
 
 .\ lia::pipe. Drayton, 
 COR.VE Ol'S, o. [h, eornrus, from cornu, a horn. 
 See IluRN.J 
 
 Horny ; like horn ; consisting of a homy substance, 
 or substance resembling horn ; hard. Bruten, 
 COR'XER, 71. [W. cornel, from corn, a point or pro- 
 jection, a horn ; Corn, komal ; Arm. cwrii ; Ir. ceama ; 
 Sw. liiirn. (."^l e Horn and Gkain.) Uu. Ileb. Ch. 
 Syr. and Ar. pp karan, to shoot.] 
 
 1. The point where two converging lines meet; 
 properly, the external point; an angle; as, we met 
 at the corner of the state house, or at the c&mer of 
 two streets. 
 
 2. The interior point where two lines meet ; an 
 anL'le. 
 
 3. The space between two converging lines or 
 walls which meet ill a point. Hence, 
 
 4. -Vii inclosed place; a secret or retired place. 
 Tills tiling w.ui hot ilonc In a corner. — AcUj ixTi. 
 
 5. Ind^finitehi, any part; a part. They searched 
 every cenier of the forest ; they explored oil corners 
 of the country. 
 
 fi. The end, extremity, or limit; OS, the eomtrs of 
 the head or beard. Lev. xix. 
 
 Corner teetli of a horse ; the fore teeth between tlie 
 niiiliUing teetli and the tushes, two above and two 
 below, on each side of the jaw, which shoot when 
 the horse is four years and a half old. Farrier's Diet. 
 
 eOR'.\ER-f;i), (kor'iierd,) a. Having corners; hav- 
 ing three or more angles. 
 
 eoU'.VEll-eAP, II. The chief embellishment or or- 
 nament. Shak. 
 
 eOR'.VER-STo.NE, 71. The stone which lies at the 
 corner of two walls, and unites them ; the principal 
 stone, and especially the stone which forms the cor- 
 ner of the foundation of an edifice. 
 
 VVIio liijit the roi'ner-ttone (li'*n?of ? — Job xzxviii. 
 Christ liiinsclf being the cliiel comtT'ttone. — Kpb. ii. 
 
 €OR'NER-TEETH, 71. The four teeth of a horse, be- 
 tween the middle teeth and the tushes. 
 
 eOR'.N'ER-VVISE, oi/i'. Diagonally; with the corner 
 in front ; not parallel. 
 
 €ORX'ET, 71. [Fr. cornet, eornetie ; It. eornelta, cor^ 
 netto I Sp. corneta, from L. ciirnw, a horn. See IIuRx.] 
 
 1. .An instrument of music, in the nature of a 
 trumpet, soiiiidid by blowing with the mouth. It 
 was of a winding shape, like d horn ; used in armies, 
 and on occ;isions of joy. 
 
 David pl.iycil Itctijn: llie Lonl on cometM. — 2 Sajn. tU 
 
 2. In modem usage, an officer of cavair)', who bears 
 the ensign or colors of a troop. He is the third oflicer 
 in the company. Encyc 
 
 3. .\ company of cavalry ; a troop of horse. '{jVot 
 used.] Clarendon, Bacon. 
 
 4. The cornet of a horse, [coronet,] is the lowest part 
 of his pastern, that mns round the cotlin, and is dis- 
 tinguished by the hair that joins and covers the unoer 
 part of the hoof. Farrier's Di&t 
 
 5. A little cap of paper in which retailers inclose 
 small wares. 
 
 6. .\ scarf anciently worn by doctors. Diet. 
 
 7. A luad-dress. DicL 
 COR'^TET-Ji-PIS'TOKS, [Fr.] A brass, wind, mu- 
 sical instrument, like the Frencli horn, but capable of 
 niii«li greater inflection, from the valves and pistons 
 with which it is furnished. Brande. 
 
 eoR.\'ET-CY, It. The commission or rank of a 
 
 cornet. Chesterjield. Stephens. 
 
 eOR.V'ET-ER, 71. One who blows a cornet. IlakntiU, 
 eoR'NICE, 11. [It. cornice ; Fr. ciyrnichc ; Sp. c<>nii<a ; 
 from L. eoronis, Gr. icii/xjm;, ko^iuh i), a siiminit, a 
 cniini.] 
 
 1. In arehitretiire, the iipjicr grand division of . v; 
 entablature of a column, or the highest projectiire . 
 that which crow'ns an order. Brandt. 
 
 2. .\ little projecture in joiner)' or masonry ; as, the 
 cornice of a chimney. Eneyc. 
 
 Cornice-ring of a cannon, is the ring next from the 
 inuzzb -ring backward. Eueye. 
 eoR.N'l-CLE, n. [L. cimiicuium, from cornu, a horn.] 
 
 .\ little horn. Brown 
 eOK-MC'U-LATE, o. [from U turnu, a horn.1 
 
 1. Horned ; having horns. More. 
 
 9. In botany, producing homed pods ; bearing a 
 little spur or horn. Chambers, 
 eOR.N-IF'ie, a. PriHiiiring horns. 
 eoR.N'I-FOR.M, o. Having the shape of n horn. 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, IT.MTE. — .\N"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; as J ; .« as Z ; ClI as SII ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 -i67 
 
COR 
 
 (jOR-iN'IO'EIl-OL^S, a. [L. eonii^er ; cornn, a licni, 
 uimI "rero, to bear.] 
 
 Hiirned ; having horns ; as, cormVrroiis animals. 
 
 CORN'LN'G, p/jr. pprinliling wilh salt. [Brown. 
 
 eORN'IiNG-lIOUSE, n. A house or pl.ice where pow- 
 der is granulated. 
 
 eoRN'ISH, a. Pertaining to Cornwall, in England ; 
 and, as a uuun, the language of Cornwall. 
 
 CORN' 1ST, n. A performer on the cornet or horn. 
 
 eORN'LESS, a. Destitute of corn ; as, comless dwell- 
 ing-places. Tooke's RiLs.sia. 
 
 eoR.N'-SXAKE, 71. The Coluber guttatus of the 
 Southern United States. 
 
 COJi'JVU-^M-jMO'JVIS, n. [L.] A fossil shell, like 
 a ram's horn ; an ammonite. 
 
 eoR-NU-eo'PI-A, 71. ; CoRNUcopi.t. [L. co7-nu, a 
 Iiorii, and copia, plenty.] 
 
 1. The horn of plenty, an emblem of abundance 
 of fruits. 
 
 2. In architect.itre and smlpturey tlie figure of a horn, 
 fruui which fniits and flowers are represented as 
 proceeding. 
 
 eoR-NuTE', V. t. [L. cornutus, from coi-nu, a horn.] 
 To bestow horns ; to cuckold. Burtun. 
 
 eOR-NOT'ED, pp. or a. Grafted with horns ; horned ; 
 •2. In botany^ horn-shaped, [cuckolded. 
 
 eoR-Nu'TO, 71. [It.] A man that wears the horns ; 
 a cuckold. 
 
 eoR-.N u'TOR, 71. .\ cuckold-maker. Jordan. 
 
 eollN'Y, a. [L. contu, a liorn.l 
 
 Horny ; strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn ; resem- 
 bling horn. JiliUon. 
 
 GORN'Y, a. [from corn.] Producing corn ; contain- 
 ing corn. Prior. Drtjdtn. 
 
 G(->R'0-DV, \ 71. [It. corredOf provision ; corrcdare, 
 
 eoR'RO-DY, i to furnish.] 
 
 An allowance of meat, drink, or clothing, due to 
 the king from an abbey, or other religious house, for 
 the sustenance of such one of his servants as he 
 ihinUs good to bestow on it. An allowance fur the 
 iniiintrnanco of any of the king's servants living in 
 an abbey. Cowcl. 
 
 Curndie.i are a right of sustenance, or to receive 
 certain allotments of victuals and provision for one's 
 maintenance ; in lieu of which, a pension or sum of 
 money is sometimes substituted. Blacksttnie. 
 
 The king is entitled to a corody out of every bish- 
 opric ; that is, to send one of his chaplains to be 
 maintained by the bishop, or to have a pension 
 allowed till the bishop promotes him to a benefice. 
 \_This Juvt fallen into disti^e.] BlncU.^tonc. 
 
 .According to the Italian, the latter word is the cor- 
 rect orthography. 
 
 f o'ltljl 'l \ I " crown.] 
 
 In biitany, the inner covering of a flower. The 
 corol surrounds the parts of fructification, and is 
 composed of one or more flower leaves, called prtuh. 
 It is distinguished from the perianth by the fineness 
 of it.-! texture and the gayness of its colors ; but 
 there are many exceptions. It is sometimes inaccu- 
 rately called Zi/o.M«;/! and/»!Cfr. 
 
 Martyn. Kncyc. Darwin. 
 
 eOR-OL-LA'CEOUS, a. Pertaining to a corol; in- 
 closing and protecting like a wreath. 
 
 A corollnceous covi 
 
 Lee. 
 
 €OR'OL-L.\-RY, n. [E. corotlarium, a coronet, from 
 corolla, a crown. Finis coronal optLs. Johnson. Fr, 
 corollaire.] 
 
 1, An inference from a preceding proposition. 
 
 J. Day. 
 
 9. A consequent truth which follows immediately 
 from some preceding truth or demonstration. Barlow. 
 ^ 3. A surplus ; [because the word originally de- 
 noted a gratuity to a person beyond his due.] iikak. 
 €1 )R'OI,-I,aTE, (a. Like a corolla; having co- 
 fJOR'OI.-I.A-Tlil), j rollas. 
 
 COR'OL-EET, ) 71. One of the partial flowerswhich 
 eoR'OL-I.lJLE, i make a com))ound one; the floret 
 
 in an aggregate flower. Martyn. ICncyc, 
 
 eO-Ro'NA, 71. [L., a crown.] In architr'rtnrr, a large, 
 flat member of a cornice, usually of considerable 
 projection, to carry oH" the rain that falls on it, and 
 calli d by workmen the drip. Owitt. 
 
 2. In anatomy y the ujtpcr surface of the molar teeth 
 or grinders. 
 
 :t. In tmiany, the circumference or margin of a ra- 
 diated compound flower. Enr.yc. 
 
 An npp<^nrlage of the corol or petals of a flower, 
 proceeding from the base of the limb. Lindlcij. 
 
 Alfo, the apprriilage to the to|) of seeds, which 
 enables them In disperse. Mirtijn. 
 
 4. In optici, a halo or luminous circle around the 
 «un, moon, or st.-irs. Encyc. 
 COR'O-.N'AI., a. lielonging to the crown or top of the 
 
 head ; a**, tlle coronal suture. 
 COR'<J-NAI., 71. A crown ^ wreath 1 garland, .'fpenser. 
 
 2. The first suture ol' the skull. F.ncyc, 
 eOR'O-N.A-llY, u. Ri'lating to a crown ; seated on 
 the top of the liead, or pl.iced as a crown. Brown. 
 
 Coronary vaneii. and lij^anirnu, in anatomy, art! 
 thooe which spread round certain viscera, bones, 6lc. 
 
 BraiuU. 
 
 COR 
 
 Coronary arteries ; two arteries which spring from 
 the aorta, before it leaves the pericardium, and sup- 
 ply tlie substance of the heart with blood, Encyc. 
 
 Coronary vein ; a vein difl'used over the exterior 
 surface of the heart, receiving the blood from the 
 heart, Cexc, Encyc. 
 
 Stomachic coronary ; a vein inserted into the trunk 
 of the splenic vein, which, by uniting with the mes- 
 enteric, forms tile vena i>orta, Encyc. 
 eOR'O-N A-TEl), a. In cnncltoloiry, crowned, or girt 
 toward the apex with a single row of eminences, 
 
 //«77i6;e, 
 
 eOR-0-NA'TIOi\, 71, [from L, corona, a crown,] 
 
 1, The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign ; 
 the act of investing a prince with the insignia of roy- 
 alty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty, 
 
 2, The pomp or assembly attending a coronation, 
 
 Ptrpc. 
 
 Coronation-oath ; the oath taken by a monarch at 
 his coron;ition, 
 eOR'O-.N'EL, (kur'nel,) 71, [Sp, coronet; Port, id. : Fr, 
 colonel; It, colonello. We follow the Spanish and Por- 
 tuguese orthography in our pronunciation,] 
 The ofiicer who connnands a regiment, [ OZ»s.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 eOR'O-NER, 71, [Law L, coronator, from corona, a 
 crown,] 
 
 In Entrland, an officer whose office is concerned 
 principally with i)leas of the crown. One chief jiart 
 of his duty is, when a person dies, or is supposed to 
 die, a violent death, to in<piire into the manner of his 
 death. This must be done by a jury, cm sight of the 
 body, and at the place where the death happened. 
 In England, the coroner is to inipiire, also, concern- 
 ing shipwrecks, and certify whether wrecks or not, 
 and who is in possession of the goods ; also, con- 
 cerning treasure-trove. As a ministerial officer, the 
 coroner is the sherilf's substitute ; and when an ex- 
 ception can be taken to the sheriff", for suspicion of 
 partiality, process is awarded to the coroner. 
 
 Blaclcslone. 
 
 In some of the States in America there is a coroner, 
 but his [)rincipal or iinly duty is to inquire into the 
 causes of violent death, !u Connecticut there is no 
 such officer, tlie duty being performed by a constable, 
 or justice of the peace, 
 eOR'O-NET, 71, [from L, corona, a crown,] 
 
 1. An inferior crown worn by noblemen. The cor- 
 onet of a duke is adorned with strawberry li'aves ; 
 that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed ; 
 that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves ; 
 that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only ; 
 that of a baron iias only four pearls. Johnson. 
 
 2. In poetical language, an ornamental head-dress. 
 Coronet of a horse. See Cuhnet. 
 
 eOR'O-NET-Ei), a. Wearing, or entitled to wear, a 
 coronet. 
 
 €0-RON'I-FORM, 0. [L, corona, a crown, and/urma, 
 form,] 
 
 Having the form of a crown. 
 eOR'O-NOIU, a. [Gr. Kopui/Ji, a crow, and titSoj, 
 form.] 
 
 Noting the upper and anterior process of the end 
 of the lower jaw, called the coronoid process. Coze. 
 eOR'O-NULE, 71. [from L. corona, a crown.] 
 
 A coronet or little crown of a seed ; the downy tuft 
 on seeds. Jilartiin. 
 eoR'PO-RAL, 71. [It. caporale; Fr. caporal; Sji. ca- 
 poral; from L. caput, head, or more diri'ctly from the 
 Celtic root of capnt, Sp. cabo. It. capo. Eng. cape. Our 
 orthography is a corruption.] 
 . 1, 'I'he lowest officer of a comp,iny of infantry, 
 next below a Serjeant, He has charge over one of 
 the divisions, places and relieves sentinels, &c. 
 
 2, Tlie corporal of a ship of war, is an officer under 
 the master at arms, employed to teach the sailors the 
 use of small arms ; to attend at the gangways on en 
 tiering ports, and see that no spirituous liquors are 
 brought, except by permission ; to extinguish fire and 
 candles, &c. 
 
 COR'PO RAL, a. [L. corporalis, from corpus, body.] 
 
 1. lielonging or relating to the body ; as, corporal 
 pain, opposed to oientol. 
 
 2. Material ; not spiritual. [See Corpohe.il.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 COR'PO-RAL, ) 71. A fine linen cloth, used to cover 
 COR-PO-Ra'LR, ( the sacred elements in the eu 
 charist, or in which the sacrament is put. 
 
 ' I'aletj. Chalmers. 
 
 Corporal oath; a solemn oath, so called from the 
 ancient usage of touching the eorporale, or cloth that 
 covered the consecrated elements. Valry. 
 COR ro RAL'I-TY, 71. The slate of being a body or 
 em.rudied ; opposed to spirituality. 
 
 If Itilt tight liiiUi any corporalily, It i 
 
 lUl'tlc ftinl niirc. 
 
 flaleeh- 
 
 eOR'PO RAL LY, adr. llodily ; in or with the body ; 
 
 as, to be roriiorath) present, 
 eoll'I'O RAI, SIIII", n. [fnun corporal.] A corporal's 
 
 fiftice or command. In the ranks, a cf)rpt>ral dot:s 
 
 the tluty of a private, but his pay is greater, 
 COR'PO-RAS, 71, The old name of the corporal or 
 
 communion-cloth. 
 
 COR 
 
 GOR'PO-RATE, a. [L. corporatas, from corporor, lo 
 be shai^ed intt) a body, from coquis, body.] 
 
 1. United in a body, or community, as a number 
 of individuals, who are empowered to transact busi- 
 ness as an individual ; formed into a body ; as, a cor- 
 porate assembly, or society ; a corporate town. Swift. 
 
 2. United ; general ; collectively one. 
 
 They answer in a cor^torate Toice. Shak. 
 
 €OR'PO-R.\TE-LY, adv. 'In a corporate capacity. 
 
 eOR'PO-RATE-!VESS, 7t. The state of a corporate 
 body. Diet. 
 
 COR-PO-Ra'TION, 71. A body politic or corporate, 
 formed and authorized by law to act as a single per- 
 son ; a society having the capacity of transacting 
 business as an individual. Corporations are ajrirrc- 
 gate sole. Corporations aggregate consist 01 two 
 or more persons united in a society, whicli is pre- 
 servetl by a succession tif members, either forever, 
 or till the corporation is dis.solved by the power that 
 formed it, by the death of all its members, by surnui- 
 tler of its charter or franchises, or by forfeiture. Such 
 corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, 
 the head and fellows of a college, the dean and cha|)- 
 ter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank 
 or insurance company, Acc. \ corporation sole con- 
 sists of one person only and his successors, as a king 
 or a bishop. Blackstonc. 
 
 COR'PO-Ra-TOR, 71. The member of a corporation. 
 
 Ser-rcant. 
 
 eOR'PO-RA-TlTRE, 71. The state of being embodied. 
 [JV/'t ill use.] More. 
 
 €OR-Po'RE-AL, ) 0. Having a body ; consisting of 
 
 eOR-PO'RE-OUS, ( a ni.aterial body ; inateriid ; op- 
 posed to spiritual or immaterial ; as, our corporeal 
 iVamej corporeal substance. 
 
 eOR-Po'RE-AL-IST, 71. One who denies the exist- 
 ence t)f s[)iritual substances. 
 
 eOR-PO-RE-AL'I-TY, 71. The state of being corpo- 
 real. 
 
 eOR-Po'RE-AL-LY, adv. In body ; in a bodily form 
 or manner. Richardson. 
 
 eOR-PO-Ric'I-TY, 77. The state of having a body, or 
 of being embodied ; materiality. 
 
 Tlie one atlrilnilej corporeily to God. SlUlin^ett. 
 
 eOR-POR-r-FI-CA'TION, 71. The act of giving body 
 or palp:ibilit\'. 
 
 eOR-POR'I-EY, V. t. To embody ; to form into a body. 
 
 [.Vet used.] But/le. 
 COR'PO-SAiN'T, 71. [Sp. currpo sanio, holy boily.'] 
 
 A name given by seamen to a luminous appearance 
 often beheld, in dark, tempestuous nights, about the 
 decks and rigging of a ship, but particnltirly at the 
 mast-heads and yard-arms, supposed to be electrical. 
 
 Mor. Diet. 
 
 Corps, (kOre ; pi. korz,) 71. sing, and pi. [Fr., from 
 L. corpus, body. Being pronounced kore, it is tin 
 ill word in English.] 
 
 1. In mUttary language, a body of troops ; any di- 
 vision of an army ; as, a corps de reterce. 
 
 2. A body, in contempt, ;is used by Milton and 
 Dryden, but probably pronounced in the English 
 manner, as corpse. 
 
 3. A carcass ; a dead body. [See Corpse.] Shak. 
 
 4. In architecture, any part that iirojects beyond a 
 wall, serving as the ground of some decoration. 
 
 Gwilt. 
 
 CORPS DrP-r.O-MA-TrQUE', (kSre di|)-lo-m.i-teek',) 
 [Fr.] The body of ministers or diplomatic charac- 
 ters. 
 
 CORPSE, (korps,) 71- [L. corpus, a body ; Ir. corp ; W. 
 core; Arm. cf77^; It. cor/io ; Sp. enerpo.] 
 
 I'he deal! body of a human being. .Addison. 
 eOR'I'U-LENCE, (71. [L. ceTjiniciitia, from ror;)!!,*, a 
 C0R'PU-LE.\-1;Y, i body.] 
 
 1. Flesliint^ss ; excessive fatness ; a state of being 
 loaded with flt^sh, as the body of a human being. 
 
 Jlrbnthnot. 
 
 2. Rpissitude ; grossness of matter ; as, corpulence 
 of water. [hitUc imed.] Ray. 
 
 eOR'PU-LEIVT, a. Fleshy ; having a great or exces- 
 sive quantity of ftit or flesh, in proportion to the frame 
 of the body ; as, a corpulent child. 
 
 COR'PU-LENT-LY, adv. In a corpulent manner. 
 
 COR' PUS CHRIS' Ti, (body of Christ.) Alestivid 
 of the church of Rome, kept on the next Thursday 
 after Trinity-Sunday, in honor of tile eucharist. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 COR'PUS JCRIS CJI J^OJ^I-Cl, [L.] The body 
 
 or code of canon law. 
 COR'PUS JO'RIS CI-VFUS, [L.] lloily of civil 
 
 law. 
 
 eoR'PUS CLE, (kor'ptis-sl,) 71. [L. eorpusculum, dim. 
 of corpus, b(nl>'.] 
 
 A niiiiuli! particle, or physical atom ; ciiriiu.iclrs are 
 the very small bodies which conijiose large bodices, 
 not the elementary principles of matter, but such 
 small particles, simple or compound, as are not dis- 
 solveil tir (lissip;ited b}' ordinaiy heat. 
 
 ll will imM ithicIi In iiiir Biiliftl.iction, if UioM corpuielel cmi l« 
 ilitici)Vfrcil liy inicruiici»j)ri. I^cwton. 
 
 eOR-PnS'CtJ-LAR, a. Pertaining to corpuscles, 01 
 Binall particl(!S, supposed to be the constituent mate 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH.»T. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 268 
 
COR 
 
 COK 
 
 COR 
 
 rials of ull liirge bodies. The corpuscular pliilosupliy 
 :Uti'iii|)ls to arcoiiiil fur the plii'iioiiieiiii of nature, by 
 tlic inutioii, figure, rest, position, &.C., uf the minute 
 particles (jf matter. Kitctjc. 
 
 COR-lH'«-CU-L.A'lU-AN, a. Corpuscular, as above. 
 
 COK rUS-t'U-L.\'UI-AN, n. An advocate lor the cor- 
 pnscii/ar philo.'fopliv. 
 
 COIM'US'CUI.K. See CoRPrscLE. 
 
 C()IM(Al)K', 1). t. To rub oti". 
 
 CdH KAll'KD, pp. Rubbed off. 
 
 COK KAD'ING, ppr. Uulibing off. 
 
 eOK-K.\-l)l-.\''noN, n. [L. con and radialio. See 
 Kav.] 
 
 A conjunction of rays in one<polnt. Bacon. 
 
 GOR-KKCT', «. corrcctus^UtMn cnrritro ; con and 
 rcn-n, to set riclit ; rectus, right, straight. See Kioht.] 
 Literullij, set right, or made straight, llencc, right ; 
 conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or con- 
 formable to a just slaiulard ; not faulty; free from error. 
 A correct edition of a book is exactly according to the 
 original copy. Correct manners correspond with the 
 rules of morality and received notions of ilecorum. 
 Ct r'cet principles coincide with the truth. Correct 
 language is agreeable to established usage. 
 
 COK-KECT', V. t. [L. correctus, corrigo ; con and 
 rc^o. Sec Right.] 
 
 1. To make right ; to rectify ; to bring to the 
 standard of truth, justice, or propriety; as, to correct 
 manners or principles. Hence, 
 
 a. 'J'o amend ; to remove or retrench faults or er- 
 rors ; to set right ; as, to correct a book ; to correct a 
 copy I'or the press ; or in printing, to correct the 
 prt!ss, or errtirs of the press. 
 
 3. To bring back or attein|it to bring hack to pri>- 
 priety in monils ; to punish for faults or deviations 
 from moral rectitude ; to chastise ; to discipline ; as, 
 a child should be corrected for lying. 
 
 Correct (hy son, nnd he bIkxII jivc llieo TviA, — Prov. xxix. 
 
 t. To obviate or remove whatever is wrong or in- 
 co'iveiiieiit ; to rt^diico or change the (pialities of any 
 thing by mixture, or other application ; to counteract 
 whatever is injurious ; as, to correct the acidity of 
 the stoin.ach by alkaline preparations ; to correct the 
 I rebxing (jiiality of water by boiling it with animal 
 
 substances. Jjrbuthnot. 
 I COR RKCT'KD, pp. or a. Set right; freed from er- 
 rors ; amended ; punished. 
 eoR RKCT'liNCJ, ppr. liringing to the standard of 
 
 tnilli, justice, or propriety ; amending ; chastising. 
 eoK-KKC'TIO.N', n. [L. corrcctio.] 
 I 1. The act of correcting ; the act of bringing back, 
 
 from error or deviati<in, to a just standard, as to 
 truth, rectitude, justice, or propriety ; as, the correc- 
 tion of opinions or manners. 
 
 .All Scripuire is prDfiliilde for correction. — 2 Tim. iii. 
 
 2. Retrenchment or emendation of faults or errors ; 
 amendment ; as, the correction of a book, or of the 
 
 : press. 
 
 \ 3. That which is substituted in the place of what 
 ; is wrong ; as, the corrections of a copy are numer- 
 ous ; set the corrections in the margin of a proof- 
 j sheet. 
 
 ' 4. That which is intended to rectify, or to cure 
 I faults; punishment J discipline ; chastisement; that 
 
 which corrects. 
 ^ Wilhliolil iiol correction from the child. — I*ri>T. xxiii. 
 
 ] 5. In .vrri/jfj/rrt/ ^mo-Krtifc, whatever tendsto correct 
 
 the moral conduct, and bring back from error or sin, 
 
 as alllictions. 
 
 They luive n-fiL-trd lo receive correction. — Jer. T. 
 My »on, itraj>i»i< nol tha diiivleiiiiig of the LjonI, nor be weaiy 
 of liu correctiofi. — Pn»v. iii. 
 
 G. Critical imtiec ; nnimadverston. Brozon, 
 7. .\batenient of noxious (pnilities ; the counterac- 
 tion of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; 
 as, the correction of acidity ill the stomach. 
 
 House of correction : a house where disorderly per- 
 sons are conrined ; a bridewell. 
 €0R-REC'T10N-.\L, a. Tending to or intended for 
 
 correction. IVaUh. 
 eOR-REC'TION-ER, ii. One that has been in the 
 
 house of correction. [JsTol imt*/.] Shak. 
 eOR.RECT'IVE, a. llaving the power to correct; 
 having the quality of removing or obviating what is 
 wrong or injurious ; tending to rectify ; as, corrective 
 penalties. 
 
 I Mollriri -* an* prctomi, corrccljM of hilioilB .ilknli. Arbuthnol. 
 
 COR-RKCT'IVE, n. That which has the power of 
 correiting ; that which has the cpiality of altering or 
 obviating what is wrong or injurious; as, alkalies 
 are corrrcdrM of acids ; penalties are corrcctioes of 
 iininomi c*>nduct, 
 y. I.iiiiit.-ition ; restriction. [Liulc luieil.] Hale. 
 
 COR-RECT'I.V, nilt). In a correct manner ; in con- 
 formity with truth, justice, rectitude, or propriety ; 
 according to a slamlard ; agreeable to a co|iy or 
 original ; exactly ; accuratelv ; without fault or er- 
 ror ; as, to behave correctly ; lo write, s|)eak, or 
 think enTTtctlu; to judge corrrctlii. 
 
 COR-RECT'.NESS, k. C'mifornii'ty to tnitli, justice, 
 or propriety ; as, the correctness of opinions, of jiidg- 
 
 I I ment, or of nianil^rs. « 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE.— 
 
 34* 
 
 3. Conformity to settled usages or rules ; as, cor- 
 rectness in writing or speaking. 
 
 3. Conformity to a copy or original ; as, the cor- 
 rectness of a bo<ik. 
 
 4. Conformity to established rules of taste or pro- 
 portion ; as, the correctness of design in painting, 
 sculpture, or architecture. 
 
 eOR-REeT'OR, n. One who corrects ; one who 
 amends faults, retreni In s error, and renders con- 
 formable to truth or propriety, or to any standaril ; 
 as, a corrector of the press ; a corrector of abuses. 
 
 2. One who punishes for correction ; one who 
 amends or ri forins by chastisement, reproof, or in- 
 struction. 
 
 3. That which corrixts ; that which abates or re- 
 moves what is noxious or inconvenient ; an ingre- 
 dient ill a composition wliich abates or counteracts 
 the force of another ; as, an t..kali is u corrector of 
 acids. 
 
 Turpentine \n a corrector of qnickulver. Quincy. 
 eOR-REO'I-DOR, n. [Sp.] A Spanish magistrate. 
 
 SmotleU. 
 
 eOR'RE-I,ATE, ;i. [I,, con and relatus. See Relate.] 
 lie or that which stanils in a reciprocal relation to 
 soinelliing else, as falhi r and son. South, 
 
 e0R-RE-I..\'T10N, II. Reciprocal relation. Paleij. 
 
 €OR-REL'.\-'ri VE, a. [L. con and relativus. See 
 Relate and Relative.) 
 
 Having a reciprocal relation, so that the existence 
 of one in a reciprocal state depends on the existence 
 of another ; as, father and son, husband and wife, 
 are correlative terms. The term son is correlative to 
 that of father. 
 
 eOR-REL'.\-TlVE, II. That wliich is opposed to 
 something else in a certain relation. The son is the 
 correlalioe of his father. Darkness and light are cor- 
 relatives. Rest is the correlative of motion. 
 
 COR-REl/.\-TIVE-I,Y, adv. In a correlative relation. 
 
 COR-REL'A-TlVE-NESri, ii. The state of being 
 
 eOR-REI"T10N, 11. [\.. corripio,] [correlative. 
 Chiding; reproof; reprimand. Jlammond, 
 
 €OR-KE-SrOM)', II. i. [It. corrLiponderc ; Fr. cor- 
 respondre ; Sp. corresponder ; from 1*. con and respon- 
 deo, to answer ; re and spondeo, to promise. See 
 SpoNsor.] 
 
 1. To suit; to answer; to agree; to fit; to be 
 congruous ; to be adapted to. Levity of manners 
 does not correspond irith the dignity of the cb riral 
 character. The length of a room should correspond 
 Kith the breadth. Actions siiould correspond icitli 
 words. 
 
 2. To be equal ; to be ad"<iuate or proportioned. 
 Let the means of prosecuting a war correspond with 
 the magnitude of the contest. 
 
 3. To communicate by letters sent and received ; 
 to hold intercourse with a person at a distance by 
 sending and receiving letters. We delight to cor- 
 respond with those we love and respect. 
 
 4. To have direct intercourse or communion. 
 Thus Milton speaks of man as created iiiagnani- 
 inons, to corre^-tpond with Heaven. [Rare.] 
 
 eOIl-RE-Sl'0.\I)'E.\CE, ) «. Rel.ation ; Illness ; con- 
 eOR-RF.-Sl'OND'E.\-CY, ( griiity ; mutual adapta- 
 tion of one thing to another. There is no correspond- 
 ence between a [lolite education and clownish man- 
 ners. 
 
 2. Intercourse between persons at a distance, hy 
 means of letters sent and answers received. The 
 ininisttTS of the two courts have had a correspoiid- 
 eme on the subject of commerce. Hence, 
 
 3. The letters which pass between correspond- 
 ents. The correspondence of the ministers is pub- 
 lished. 
 
 4. Friendly intercourse ; reciprocal exchange of 
 ofliccs or civilities ; connection. 
 
 Ijel militnfy penoits holtl good correeporulence Willi Ihe other 
 gTV.\l men in die suic. liacon. 
 
 eOR-RE-.SPONI)'ENT, a. Suitable; fit ; consruoiis ; 
 
 agreeable ; answerable ; adapti'd. Let behavior be 
 
 correspondent to profession, and both be correspondent 
 
 to good monds. 
 eOR-Ri:-SI'ONI)'ENT, n. One who corresponds ; 
 
 one with whom an intercourse is carried on hy letters 
 
 or messages. When A is the corrcipondenl of Ii, 
 
 IJ is the correspondent of A. 
 eOR-RE-Sl'0.\l)'ENT-LY, oc/d. In a corresponding 
 
 manner. 
 
 eOR-RE-SPON'D'I.NG, ppr. or 0. Carrying on inter- 
 course by letters; answering; agreeing; suiting. 
 Corresponding memhrr of a society, one residing at a 
 distance, who is invited to hold intercourse with the 
 societv, and aid in carrying out its designs. 
 
 eoR-RE-SPON'SlVE, a. Answerable; adapted. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 eOR-RE-SPON'SlVE-LY, adv. In a corresp<mding 
 manner. 
 
 eoR'RI-l)OR, n. [Fr. ; Sp. corredof, from correr ; It. 
 correre ; L. curro, to run, to tlow. The termination 
 dor may, [K-rhaps, be the L. lor, as in curator, cursi- 
 tor. C"rr«/«r signifies a runner; hence, a running, 
 llowinc, or long line.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a gallery or open communication 
 round a building, leading to severil chambers .it a 
 dist;incc from each other. BramLc. 
 
 2. In fortification, the covered way 1) iiig round the 
 whole compass of the fortifications of a place. 
 
 //tfrri.t. 
 
 COR RI (iF.\"nA,n.pl. [L.] Things or wiirds to 
 be corrected. 
 
 eoR'Rl-GI-llI.i;, a, [I'r., from J,.eorrigo, to corri-cl.J 
 
 1. That may be set right, or amended ; ius, a curri- 
 gible defect. 
 
 2. 'i'hat may be reformed ; as, the young man may 
 ^_^e rorri'/il 'r. 
 
 3. riiiiisfiablc ; that may be chastised for eornr- 
 tinii. Mr \\ as adjiiilged corri'jdile for abusive worils. 
 
 eoK'KI-Cil ItLE-NESS, ii. The quality of being cor- 
 rigible. 
 
 eOK-RI'VAL, n. A fellow rival; a competitor. 
 
 More corri elly, Corival, which see. 
 eoR'RI-VATE, V. L [L. con and rivus,] 
 
 To draw water out of several streams into one. 
 
 [Little used.] Burton. 
 eOK RI-VA' I'lON, II. The running of dim-reni 
 
 stri^ains into one. [..Vot much used.] Jiurtnn. 
 eoR KOli'o lt.\.\ r,«. [SeeCoRBoiioRATE.] .■^tri iiiilh [ 
 
 cning ; h.iving the power or quality of giving 
 
 strength ; as, a corroborant medicine. 
 €OR-RoirO-RA.\"l', II. .\ medicine that strengthens 
 
 the liiiinaii bnilv \\'lien weak. 
 eOR-KoH'O RaTK, v. t. [I., corroboro; con and 
 
 roboro, to streiiglheii, from robur, strength. Class 
 
 Rli.] 
 
 1. To strengthen ; to make strong, or to give addi- 
 tional strenjrtlito; as, lo corro&ftrafc the nerves; lo 
 corroborate the judgment, authority, or habits. 
 
 tVutls. IVotton, 
 
 2. To confirm ; to make more certain. The news 
 was doubtful, but is corroborated bv recent advices. 
 
 eOR-R01!'0-R.'\ Ti;!), pp. or a. Strengthened ; con- 
 firmed ; reiidereil more e*Tlaili. 
 
 eOR-RfJIi'O-K.A-TI.Ni;, ppr. or a. Strengthening; 
 giving tirmiiess or additional assii ranee. 
 
 eOR-R01!-(J-RA'TIO.\, «. The act of strengthening ' 
 or confirming ; addition of strength, assurance, or 
 security ; cciiiliniiatinii ; as, the corroboration of an 
 argument, or of iiitelltgeiice. 
 
 eOR-ROIi'O-RA-TIVi;, a. Having the power of 
 giving strength, or additional strength ; tending to 
 confirm. 
 
 eOR-RCJB'O RA-TIVE, ii. A medicine that strength- 
 ens ; a corroborant. 
 eoR-RoDE', v.t, [\„eorrodo; con and ror/o, to gnaw, 
 
 Ar.jjiiji arorfAa, to eat or gnasv, (qii. rata and crude ;) 
 
 It. corrodere, rodere ; Fr. corroder; Sp. corrocrj W. 
 rhwtiaw, to corrode, to rub or fret.] 
 
 1. To eat away by degrees ; t<i wear away, or dimin- 
 ish by gnutually separating small particles from a body, 
 in the manner an animal gnaws a substance. Thus 
 nitric acid corrodes copix-r. 
 
 2. To wear away by degrees ; to prey uiKin ; lo 
 impair ; to consume or diminish by slow degrees. 
 Jealousy and envy corrode the constitution. Sub- 
 stances are corroded by time. The anxious man is a 
 victim to eorrodina care. 
 
 eOR-RoD'ED, />/<. or a. Eaten away gradually; 
 
 worn ; diminished, impaired, by slow degrei^s. 
 eOR-Ro'I)E.\T, a. Having the power of corroding 
 
 or wasting by degrees. 
 eOR-Ro'UENT, lu Any substance or medicine that 
 
 corrodes. Coze. 
 COK-Ro'DI-ATE, v, I, That eats away by degrees. 
 
 Sandys, 
 
 eoR-RO-DI-BlL'l-TY, n. The quality of being cor- 
 rodible. 
 
 €OR-Ko'I)I-HI,E, a. That may be corroded. Brown. 
 
 Cf)R-Rdl)'I.N(J, /i/ir. or a, Ealing away gradually; | 
 impairing ; wasting. ! 
 
 eoR'RO-DY. [See Coroov.] But Corrody would j 
 be the most correct orlhograpliy, ' 
 
 COR-RO-Sl-IUL'l-TY. Sec CoRRoDiBiLiTy. ,| 
 
 eOR-Rn'SI RLE. .S-e Corrouirle. 
 
 COR-Ro'SI-HLF^NESS, n. The quality of being cor- I 
 rosihie. 1 1 
 
 eoK-Ro'?ION, (kor ro'/.hun,) n. [from romirfc] The 
 action of eating or wearing away by slow degrees, as I 
 by the action of acids on iiiet^ils, hy which the sub- It 
 stance is gradually changed. This is effected by the 
 affinity of the menstruum with the comixuient parts 
 of the substance, in consequence of wliirh the two I 
 substances unite and form new combinations. 
 
 eOR-RO'SIVE, o. Eating; wearing away; having . 
 the power of gradii.ally wearing, cunsuiiimg, or im- 
 pairing ; as, corrosive sublimate ; corrosive care ; a 
 corrosive ulcer. 
 
 2. llaving the quality of fretting or vexing. 
 Citrrosive sublimate ; an acrid ptiisuii of great viru- 
 lence. It is a bi-chlorid of iiierciir\'. 
 
 eOR-RO'SIYE, 71. That which has the quality of 
 eating or wearing gr.adiially. 
 2. That which has the |x)wer of fretting. Hooker. 
 
 COR-RO'SI VE-LY, arfr. Like a corrosive; with the 
 p<iwer of corrosion ; in a corrc«ive manner. 
 
 COR-Rfi'SIVf^.NESS, n. Tht quality of corroding, 
 eating away, or wearing ; acrimony. Boyle. 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; (5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SB ; TH as in THIS. 
 
COR 
 
 €0R'UU-(;A.NT, a. [See CoRRuciXE.] Haviii!,' tlie 
 
 power (if rontmcting into wrinkles. 
 eOU'RU-GATE, B. (. [L. comiiro; con and ru<rn, to 
 
 wrinkle, in our vulgar language, to ruck, W. rhygu, 
 
 to furrow.] 
 
 To wrinkle ; to draw or contract into folds ; as, to 
 
 corrueratp the skin. Bacuru 
 eOR'RU-GATE, a. Wrinkled. Young. 
 €OR'RU-Ga-TED, pp. or a. Wrinkled. 
 eOR'RU-GA-Th\G, ppr. Contrai ting into wrinkles. 
 €OR-RU-Ga'TION, n. A wrinkling; contraction 
 
 into wrinkles. 
 €OR'RU-Ga-TOR, n. A muscle which contracts the 
 
 skin of the forehead into wrinkles. Coze. 
 COR RUPT', t'. (. [L. corruptus, from corrumpo, con 
 
 and TtimpOy for rupo, to break ; Fr. corrompre ,* It. 
 
 corromprrc ; Sp. corroniper. Class Rb.l 
 Literally, to break, separate, or dissolve. Hence, 
 
 1. To change from a sound to a putrid or putres- 
 cent state ; to separate the component parts of a 
 body, as by a natural process, which is accompanied 
 by a fetid smell. 
 
 2. To vitiate or deprave ; to change from good to 
 bad. 
 
 Evil commuiiicationa corrupt g^ood manners. — 1 ("or. xv. 
 
 3. To waste, spoil, or consume. 
 
 Lay not up for yoursdves treasures on eturth, where moth and 
 rust dolli corrupt. — Matt. vi. 
 
 4. To defile or pollute. Ex. xxxii. 
 
 5. To entice from goad,and allure to evil. 2 Cor. xi. 
 C. To pervert ; to break, disobey, or make void. 
 
 Jtlai. ii. 
 
 7. To pervert or vitiate integrity ; to bribe ; as, to 
 corrupt a judge. 
 
 8. To debase or render impure, by al'.erations or 
 innovations ; as, to corrupt language. 
 
 9. To pervert ; to falsify ; to infect with errors ; 
 as, to corrupt the sacred te.\t. 
 
 eOR-RUPT', V. i. To become putrid ; to putrefy ; to 
 rot. Animal and vegetable substances speedily cor- 
 rupt in a warm and moist air. 
 
 2. To become vitiated ; to lose purity. 
 
 eOR-RUPT', a. [L. corruptiis ; It. corr'otto.] 
 
 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state, as by 
 natural decomposition. 
 
 2. Spoiled ; tainted ; vitiated ; unsound ; as, cor- 
 rupt air or bread. Kiiolles. 
 
 3. Depraved ; vitiated ; tainted with wickedness. 
 
 Tiiey are corrupt ; tliey have done abominaljle works. — Ps. 
 xiv. 
 
 The earth was corrupt before Goil. — Gen. vi. 
 
 4. Debased ; rendered impure; changed to a worse 
 state ; as, corrupt language. 
 
 5. iS'ot genuine ; infected with errors or mistakes. 
 The text is corrupt. 
 
 eOR-RUPT'ED, pp. or a. Putrefied ; vitiated ; de- 
 praved ; spoiled ; marred ; bribed ; infected with 
 errors. 
 
 eOR-RUPT'ER, 71. One who cornipts ; one who 
 vitiates or taints ; as, a corrupter of morals, or of 
 Christianity. 
 
 2. One who bribes ; that which depraves or de- 
 stroys integrity. 
 
 3. One who introduces errors. 
 eOR-RUPT-l-BIL'I-TY, n. The possibility of being 
 
 rorrujiti'd. 
 
 e01!-RUPT'I-IiLE,n. [Fr. corrttptiMe ; It. comittibilr..] 
 
 1. 'J'hnt may be corrupted ; that may become pu- 
 trid ; subject to decay and destruction. Our bodies 
 are corruptible. 
 
 2. That may be vitiated in tpialitics or principles ; 
 susceptible of deiiravation. Manners are corruptible 
 by evil example. 
 
 €OR-RUPT'I-HI>E, n. That which may decay and 
 perish ; the human body. 
 
 ThiA corruptible M)n*t put on incorruption. — 1 Cor. xv. 
 
 €OR-Ri:PT'I-nLE-NESS, n. Susceptibility of cor- 
 ruptiim ; corruptibility. 
 
 eOR-IUIPT'I-RLY, a/ie. In such a manner as to be 
 corrupted or vitiated. 
 
 eOR-RIj'PT'lNG, ppr. Putrefying; depraving; viti- 
 ating. 
 
 eOR-UnPT'IXG, a. Fitted or tending to deprave or 
 eOR-RliP'TKJX, n. [L. corruplio.] [vitiate. 
 1. 'I'lieact of ciirriipiing, or state of being corrupt 
 or putrid; (he rlestruction of the natural form of 
 bodies, by the si paration of the component parts, or 
 by disorganization, in the proce.ss of putrefactitui. 
 
 Thou wilt not tulTer thy Holy One to KC carruplion. — P«. 
 xvi, 
 
 S. Putrid matter ; pus. 
 
 3. Pulrencencc ; a foul state occasioned by putre- 
 faction. 
 
 4. Depravity ; wickedness ; perversion or deterio- 
 ration of moral principles ; loss of purity or integrity. 
 
 ILivinff eicnp^I tjie corruption thai U in the worlcl ihrou'rh lu»t. 
 - JIVt I. 
 
 Corruption in el'-cllona ll Ihfl ffreftt enemy of frcejotn, 
 
 J. Adams. 
 
 5. Debaiiemcnt ; taint ; or tendency to a worse 
 date. 
 
 Knrrp my honor from corruptum. Shak. 
 
 COR 
 
 6. Impurity ; depravation ; debasement ; as, a cor- 
 ruption of language. 
 
 7. Bribery. He obtained his suit by corruption. 
 
 8. In laio. taint ; impurity of blood, in consequence 
 of an act of attainder of tre.ason or felony, by which 
 a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor, 
 nor can retain those in his possession, nor transmit 
 them by descent to his heirs. 
 
 Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of parliament. 
 
 Blachetone. 
 
 eOR-RUPT'IVE, a. Having the quality of corrupting, 
 tainting, or vitiating. 
 
 It should be endne<l with some corruptive qu:dity. Fay. 
 
 eOR-RUPT'LESS, a. Not susceptible of corruption 
 ortiecav. Dnjden. 
 
 eOR-RUPT'LY, atlv. In a comipt manner ; with 
 corruption; viciously; wickedly; without integrity. 
 
 We have dealt very corruptly against thee. — Neh. i. 
 
 2. I?y bribery. A judgment was obtained corrapfZy. 
 eOR-RUPT'NESS, «. The state of being comipt; 
 putrid state or putrescence. 
 
 2. A state of moral impurity ; as, the corruptness 
 of a judge. 
 
 3. A vicious state ; debasement ; impurity ; as, the 
 corruptness of language. 
 
 eOR-RUPT'RESS, n. A female that corrupts others. 
 
 Beaitm. and Ft. 
 
 eOR'SAIR, 7!. [Fr. corsaire ; Sp. cnrsario, a cruising 
 by a privateer ; corscar, to cruise ; It. corsare, a pi- 
 rate, from eorso, a course or career ; L. cursus, from 
 curro, to run.] 
 
 A term applied, especially in the south of Europe, 
 to a pirate ; one who cruises or scours the ocean, 
 with an armed vessel, without a commission from 
 any prince or state, to seize and plunder merchant- 
 men ; also, a piratical vessel. 
 
 GOR'S.\K, n. A species of fox. Pennant. 
 
 eORSE or Corse, «. [Fr. corps ; L. corjius.] 
 
 A corpse ; the dead body of a human being ; a 
 portiriil word. Jiddison. 
 
 CORSE'-EN-CUM'BER-ED, a. Loaded with dead 
 bodies ; as, the corse-cnctttnbcred plains. Barlow. 
 
 CORSE'-PRES-ENT, 71. A mortuary or present paid 
 at the interment of a dead bodv. JSlnckstone. 
 
 CORSE'LET, n. [Fr. corselet; It. corsaletto ; from 
 
 1. A little cuirass, or an armor to cover the body 
 for protectitm, worn formerly liy pikemen. Encyc. 
 
 2. That part of a winged insect to which the 
 wings and legs are attached, and which answers to 
 the breast of other animals. 
 
 CORSE'LET, V. U To encircle with a corselet. 
 
 BeaiLm, 
 
 eORSE'LET-ED, pp. Encircled with a corselet. 
 eORSE'LET-ING, ppr. Encircling with a corselet. 
 eOR'SET, 71. [Fr., from coT-se.] A bodice ; jumps; 
 
 something worn to give shape to the body ; used by 
 
 ladies and dandies. 
 eOR'SET, V. t. To inclose in corsets. 
 COR'SET-ED, pp. Confined in corsets. 
 COR'SET-ING, ppr. Confining in corsets. 
 eOR'SET-ING, 71. The act or practice of binding with 
 
 corsets. 
 
 eORS'NED, 71. [Sax. corsnccde, comp. of corse, curse, 
 and Sliced, a mouthful, piece, or bit. It is called also 
 ned-bread, need-bread, bread of necessity.] 
 
 Tiie morsel of execration, or curse ; a piece of 
 bread consecrated by exorcism, and to be swallowed 
 by a suspected person, as a trial of his innocence. 
 If guilty, it was supposed that the bread would pro- 
 duce convulsions and paleness, and find no passage, 
 if innocent, it was believed it would turn to nourish-, 
 meiit. Blackstonc. 
 
 COW TEdE, (kor'tazh,) n. [Fr., from the It. corteggio, 
 from corte, court.] 
 
 A train of attendants. 
 
 eOR'TES, (kor'ti'z,) ii. pi. [from corte, court.] The 
 Spanish and Portuguese name of the states of the 
 kingdiini, composed of nobility, clergy, and repre- 
 sentatives of cities ; the assembly of the states, 
 answering, in some measure, to the parliament of 
 Gre;it Hrit.-iiu. 
 
 €OR' J-KX, n. [1,.] Hark, as of a tree. 
 
 COR'Tl-CAL, II. [from L. cortex, bark. See Chart.] 
 Helonging to bark ; (Consisting of bark or rind ; re- 
 sembling bark or rind; external; belonging to the 
 extiTiial covering ; as, the cortical part of thic brain. 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 A cortical l>utl,in plants, proceeds from the scales of 
 the bark. Martijn. 
 eoR'TI-C.\Ti;, ) a. [L. cort.ir.aius, from cortex, 
 COR'TI-CA TED, ( bark.] 
 
 Having or resembling the bark or rind of a tree. 
 
 Brtnpti. 
 
 eOR-TI-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [cortex and fero, to pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 Produring b;irk, or that which resembles it. Diet. 
 eOR-'I'IC'I-FOR.\I, (kor tis'c-lorm,) a. [cortex and 
 fortu.^ 
 
 Resembling bark. 
 
 eOR'Tl'-COUS i '•arky; full of bark. DicL 
 
 COS 
 
 COR'TILE, 71. [It.] The area or open internal court- 
 yard of a (Iwelling-liouse or other building. Brandc. 
 
 CO-RUi\'DU Jl, n. A crystallized or massive mineral of 
 extreme hardness, consi.sting of nearly pure alumina. 
 It is allied to the sapphire, and is sometimes called 
 adantautine spar. Brande, 
 
 eO-RUS'CVNT, a. [See Coruscate.] Flashing ; 
 glittering by fiashes. 
 
 eOR'US-e.\TE, V. i. [L. corusco, to flash.] 
 
 To Hash ; to lighten ; to glitter. Barlow. 
 
 COR-US-Ca'TIOX, ;i. [L. coruscatio.] 
 
 1. A Hash ; a sudden burst of light in the clouds 
 or atmosphere. Bacon. 
 
 2. The light produced by the combustion of in- 
 flamiiialile gas in the earlli. J\rcwton. 
 
 3. Figuraiivebj, intellectual brilliancy ; as, the cor- 
 usratioiis of genius. 
 
 Artijicial r.oru.scittions are produced by iiliosphorus 
 and sulphuric acid, or by sulphuric acid and iron 
 filinss. Encyc. 
 
 COR-VEE' , (kor-va',) 71. In feudal law, an obligation 
 to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, 
 &(■., for the feudal lord or sovereign. Brande. 
 
 COR-VETTE', n. [Fr. corvette; Sp. cororta, a leap, a 
 curvet, a boat.] 
 
 A sloop of war, ranking next below a frigate, and 
 carrying not more than about twenty guns. Original- 
 ly, corvettes and sloops of war were light vessels 
 with only one mast, but they are now frigate-rigged, 
 with three masts, and built for fast sailing. Lunier. 
 
 eOR-VET'TO. See Corvette. 
 
 eOR'VI.XE, a. [from coruH.v.] Pertaining to the 
 eOR'VO-RANT. See Cormorant. [crow. 
 COIl'VUS, 71. [L. corvus, a raven.] 
 
 1. In astronomy, a constellation of the southern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 2. A military engine or galley used by the Romans 
 for boarding ships in war. It was a strong platform 
 of boards at the prow, movable as on a spindle, and 
 thrown over the side of the enemy's vessel when 
 grappled. Encyc. 
 
 COR-Y-lSAN'Tie, a. Madly agitated ; inflamed like 
 the Corybantes, the frantic priests of Cybele. 
 
 Cudtrerrth. 
 
 COR-Y-DAL'IN-A, ) 71. An alkaloid obtained from 
 COR-Y-Da'LIA, \ the root of Corydalis tuber- 
 €OR-YD'A-HNE, ) osa. 
 
 eOR'YMn, I rr 1 r- n ^ 
 
 eO-RYM'I!US, i "■ IL. (;<^./"'"«s; Gr. «o,oii(i/<os.J 
 
 Primarily, a top, head, or cluster. In modern botany, 
 a species of iiiHoiescence, in which the lesser or par- 
 tial flower-stalks are produced along the common 
 stalk on both sides, and, though of unequal length, 
 rise to the same height, so as to form an even sur- 
 face, as in Spiraea opulifolia, scurvy-grass, &c. 
 
 Milne. Marti/n. 
 
 eO-RYM'BI-A-TED, a. Garnished with clusters of 
 berries or blossoms in the form of corymbs. 
 
 COR-YiM-BIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. corytnbifer ; corynibus 
 and fero, to bear.] 
 
 Producing corymbs ; bearing fruit or berries in 
 clusters, or producing flowers in clusters. jMdne. 
 
 eO-RY,M'BOUS, a. Consisting of corymbs ; in clus- 
 ters. Barton. Lrr. 
 
 eO-RYM'BU-LOUS, a. Having or consisting of little 
 corymbs. Barton. 
 
 COR'Y-PHENE, 71. A fish with a sloping, truncated 
 head, and the dorsal fin extending the whole length 
 of the back. Pennant. 
 
 eOR-Y-PIlE'US, 71. [Gr. K'>nv,patof.] The chief of 
 a chorus; any chief or leader; as, the corypbnis of 
 theologians. Soutli. 
 
 eoS-ClX'O-MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. Koamvor, a sieve, and 
 pamia, divination.] 
 
 The art or practice of divinatiim, by suspending a 
 sieve and taking it between two fingers, or by fixing 
 it to the point of a pair of shears, then repeating a 
 formula of words, and the names of persons sus- 
 pected. If the sieve trembles, shakes, or turns, 
 when any name is repeated, the person is deemed 
 guilty. This divination is mentioned by 'i'heocritu.s, 
 and is said to be still practiced in some parts of 
 England. The practice and the name arc strangers 
 in .America. 
 
 CO-Si5'C.\NT, 71. [See Secakt.] In geometry, the 
 secant of the complement of an arc or angle. 
 
 COS'/'.'N. See Cozen. [Barlow. 
 
 COS'A'iV-AGE. See Cozknace. 
 
 €f)-SEN'TIEi\T, (-.sen'shent,) n. Perceiving together. 
 
 Co'SEY, 0. Snug ; comfortable. 
 
 2. Chatty or talkative. SniarL 
 
 erVSI-LY, atlv. Snugly ; comfortably. Smart. 
 
 Co'SlER, (ko'zlicr,) 71. [t'r. eou.tu,coiidrc.] A botcher. 
 [JVot u.srd.] Shak. 
 
 eos'lN-AGE, (kuz'in-iyc,) 71. [Fr. cousinage, kin- 
 dred. Sec Cot'siN.] 
 
 In lain, a writ to recover jMissession of an estate in 
 lands, when a stranger has entered and abated, after 
 the death of the tresail, or the grandfather's grand- 
 father, or oilier collateral relation. Blarkslone. 
 
 Cd'-SIi\E, 71. [See Sine.] In geometry, the sine of 
 the (•oiiipleuieiil of an arc or angle. Barlow, 
 
 eos-.MET'IC, a. [Gr. Kotr/jriri/tof, from Koapu{, order, 
 beauty.] * 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi\T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 270 
 
COS 
 
 BeautilyiiiK ; improving beauty, |):irtii iiliiily the 
 beauty of th<; skin. 
 
 COS-MET'ie, II. Any external application tliat ren- 
 ders the skin soft, pure, and white, and helps to beau- 
 tify and improve the ct)mplexion. ICiicijc. 
 
 e(JS'iMie, «. Cosniical ; relating to the universe. 
 
 eos'.MIC-AI., a. [Gr. Koa^iKJi, from »o<Jf(uf, order, 
 the world.] 
 
 I. Relatuig to the world, or to the whole system 
 (if visible bodies, including the eartli and .stars. 
 
 'J. In ancient aslronmnij, rising or setting with the 
 sun ; not acronical. Brandc. 
 
 eOS'.Mie-AL-liV, adv. With the sun at rising or set- 
 ting ; a star is said to rise or set cosmically, wlii n it 
 rises or sets with the sun. lirande. 
 
 €OS-iMOG'0-.\IST, n. [Sec Cosmooony.] One who 
 treats of the origin or formation of the universe ; one 
 who is vi>rsi'd in cosmogony. F.nfirld. 
 
 eOS-.MOG'O-.NY, n. [Gr. kuit/io) oun ; <("(r/it<{, world, 
 ^o»'»/, generation.] 
 
 Tlie generation, origin, or creation of the world or 
 universe. In phijiics, the science of the origin or for- 
 mation of the universe. Enfield. Knciic. 
 
 €OS-iMOG'KA-I'lIER, ii. [See CosMocnAPHV.] One 
 wlio describes the world or universe, including the 
 ht-avens and the earth j one who is versed in cos- 
 mography. 
 
 €OS-MO-GRAPIl'ie, )a. Relating to the general 
 
 eOS-MO-GRAl'iri€-AL, j description of the uni- 
 verse ; pertaining to cosmography. 
 
 eoS-.MO-GRAPH'ie-AI^LY, oi/r. In a manner re- 
 lating to the science of describing the universe, or 
 corresponding to cosmography. 
 
 eOS-iMOG'R.\-l'llY, H. [Gr. koth 'ypaipia ; ko(Tiio{, 
 the world, and j dh^o, to describe.] 
 
 A description of the world or universe ; or the 
 science which teaches the constitution of the whole 
 system of worlds, or the figure, disposition, and rela- 
 tion of all its parts, and the manner of representing 
 them on a plane. Brande. 
 
 ei )S'.MO-L.\UE, n. [Gr. Knaim, world, and Xanliavu, 
 to take.] 
 
 An ancient instrument for measuring distances in 
 the heavens or <ui earth. Bnrlaw. 
 
 eoS-.MOL'A-TRY, ji. [Gr. KoufnH, world, and Aa- 
 ri>' i w, to worship.] 
 The worship paid to the world or its parts by 
 heathens. CudworUi. 
 
 eOS-MO-LOG'ie-AL, a. [See Cosmolixjv.] Rela- 
 ting to a discourse or treatise of the world, or to the 
 science of the universe ; pertaining to cosmology. 
 
 eOS-.MOL'O-GlST, H. One who describes the uni- 
 verse ; one who is versed in cosuntlogy. 
 
 €0S-.M0L'0-(5Y, n. [Gr. Koa^rnXoy ,a i jtoff/ioj, the 
 universe, and \oyo(, discourse.] 
 
 The science of the world or univertse; or a treatise 
 relating to the structure and parts of the system of 
 creation, the elements ofbodies, the modifications 
 of material things, the laws of motion, and the order 
 and course of nature. Encyc. Knjitld. 
 
 €OS-.MO-rLAS'Tie, o. [Gr. Kotr/ios, world, and 
 TrAa(T<T(i>, to fiirni.] 
 
 World-forming ; |>ertaining to the formation of the 
 world. Ilalhiaell. 
 
 eOS-.MO-POL'I-TA.\, ) n. [Gr. Kna,i>H, world, and 
 
 €OS-.MOP'0-I,ITE, ( TToX.rrii, a citizen.] 
 
 A person who has no fixed residence ; one who is 
 nowhere a stranger, or who is at home in eveiy 
 place; a citi/en of the world. JfutcelL 
 
 €OS-MO-POL'I-TAi\-lS.y, n. Citizenship of the 
 world. 
 
 €OS-.MOP'0-LIT-ISM, n. The suitc of men, in 
 which all nations form one social community, free 
 from natioii.'il prejmlices and attachments, or in 
 which the common interest of tlie whole is the object 
 of public measures. 
 sL Superior regard to the public weal. Chalmers. 
 
 €OS-MO-RA'.\IA, n. [Gr. *uff/iu>, world, and o/>uu, 
 to see.] 
 
 A picturesque exhibition, consisting of a number 
 of dniwini;s, which arc laid hori/.ont;illy round a 
 semicircular table, reflected by mirrors placed oppo 
 site to them diagonally, and viewed through a con- 
 vex lens placed in front of each mirror. Tlie pic 
 tnres are illuminated by lamps so situated as not to 
 be seen by the siK'ctator. Brande. 
 
 COS-MO-RAM'ie, a. Pertaining to a cosmoranuu 
 
 eOS'MO-SPIIEKE, II. [Gr. K.xT^ojaud <r^.ii.)u.] An 
 appiimtus for showing the position of the earth, at 
 any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It 
 consists of a hollow gl.a.ss globe, on which are de- 
 picted the stars forming the constellations, and with- 
 in which is a U rrestrial globe. J/chcrt. 
 
 €0."*S, II. A Hindoo measure of ore English mile and 
 a quarter, nearly. jixiuf. Bej. 
 
 2. Alacbm, when first brought into Europe, was 
 called the Rule of Co.«s, probably from the Italian 
 Rrgola di Cum, the rule of the thing, the unknown 
 number being called eosa. Hence, old writers speak 
 nf cii.tU numbers, and the eo.isic art. Braiulr. 
 
 COS'S.\C"K, II. One of a military people, skillful as 
 horsemen, who inhabit the Ukraine, in the Russian 
 empire. 
 
 COS 
 
 eOS'S.AS, «. pi. Plain India muslins, of various qual- 
 ities anil breadths. 
 
 eoS'SE'l", ri. [(III. G. kn.imt, like I), kiiidnm, and 
 from the root of cut, or hotue; It. ca,vuxifi, from ca.va, 
 a house. J 
 
 A laml) brought up by hand, or without the aid of 
 tlie dam. Hence, a {H't. 
 eOS'Sie, a. Relating to algehnu [See Com.] 
 
 Bp. Hull. 
 
 COST, II. [G. D. Sw. and Dan. host ; It. coadns ; W. 
 cost, coast and cost ; Fr. cuOt ; Arm. coiut. See the 
 verb.] 
 
 1. The price, value, or equivalent of a thing pur- 
 chased ; the amount in value paid, charged, or en- 
 gaged to be paid, for any thing lioiiglit or taken in 
 barter. The word is equally npplicalile to the price 
 in money or commodities ; as, the cost of a suit of 
 clothes ; the cost of a house or farm. 
 
 2. Expense ; amount in value expended or tn be 
 expended ; charge ; that which is given, or to be 
 given, for another thing. 
 
 1 will not utIVr bunil-otfi-riiin witliout cott. — 1 Clitxii). xxl. 
 
 Il.ivr we PMi'ii M nil lit tllc kiiig'n ro«l7 — 2 Sum. xix. 
 
 The cott of maintaining nrintt's is iinmeiw, anU uflen ruinoua. 
 
 ^fion. 
 
 3. In law, the sum fixed by law, or allowed by the 
 court, for charges of a suit awarded against the parly 
 losing, in favor of the party prevailing, &c. The 
 jiir)' find that the plaintiir recover of the defendant 
 ten dollars with costs of suit, or with his cost. 
 
 4. Loss or expense of any kind ; detriment ; pain j 
 suffering. The vicious man intlulges his propen- 
 sities at a great cost. 
 
 5. Sumptiiousncss ; great expense. Sliuk. 
 €OST, V. L ; prrl. and pp. Cost. [G. and D. luisten ; 
 
 Dan. kostcr; Sw. kosta; Fr. caittrr, for coiutrr : 
 Ann. cousta, coiuttcin ; W. aistiaw ; It. costare ; Sp. 
 costar; I'ort. cicstar ; Ir. cosnam. 'J'lic noun cast 
 coincides in most of these languages with codst and 
 L. casta, a rib, the exterior part. The primary 
 sense of the verb is, to throw or send out, to cast, as 
 
 we say, to lay out. Ciu. the Ar. and Pers. (j<,Ltl.«^" 
 
 kostason, a balance, or pair of scales, from l^^M-i 
 tecaa, to distribute. I call this a transitive verb. In 
 the phrase, a hat costs six dollars, the sense is, it ex- 
 penils, lays out, or causes to be laid out, six dollars.] 
 
 1. To require to he given or expended in barter or 
 purchase ; to be bought for ; as, this book cost a dol- 
 lar ; the army and navy cost four millions a year. 
 
 2. To require to be laid out, given, bestowed, or 
 employed ; as, Johnson's Dictionary cost him seven 
 years' labor. 
 
 3. To require to be borne or siifit red. Our sins 
 cost us many pains. A sense of ingratitude to his 
 llaker costs the penitent sinner many pangs and 
 sorrows. 
 
 €OST'AL, a. [Fr. costal, from Ij. casta, a coast, side 
 or rib ; Sp. casta, cost, and a coast ; casttar, to pay 
 co,«t.s', to ciia.<( along. A coast or side is the extreme 
 part, a limit, from extending, throwing or shooting 
 out, Eng. to cast.] 
 
 Pertaining to the side of the body or the ribs ; as, 
 costal nerves. 
 
 eOST'ARD, >u A head. rjV„t used.] Sliak. 
 2. An apple round and uulky, like the head. 
 
 Johnjtov. 
 
 €OST'ARD-MON"GER,) (-miing'ger,) n. An applc- 
 eOST'ER-MON"GEK, j seller ; applied to hawk- 
 ers and peddlers who sell fruit ; a fruiterer. 
 
 Brande. Rick, Did. 
 
 eOS'TATE, ( , , 
 
 eOS'TA-Tl^D,!'^ (L.«sta.] 
 
 Ribbed ; having ribs, or the nppearancv of ribs. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 eOS'TIVE, a, [Contracted from It. castipoto, costi- 
 pare, from the L. coitstipo, to cram, to stitjf, can and 
 stipa, to cram.] 
 
 1. Litertdtii, crowded, stulTcd, as the intestines ; 
 hence, bound in body ; reUiining fecal matter in the 
 bowels, in a hard and drj' state ; having the excre- 
 ments obstructed, or tlie motion of the bowels too 
 slow. 
 
 2. Dry and hard ; as, costive clay. [JVu« tused.] 
 
 Jilurtimer. 
 
 eOS'TIVE-LY, adv. With costiveness. 
 
 eos'TIVE-NESS, n. A pretcniatunU detention of 
 the fecal matter of the bowels, with hardness and 
 dryness ; an obstruction or preternatural slowness of 
 evacuations from the bowels. Medicine. 
 
 COST'IiES.S, a. Costing nothing. Barrow. 
 
 eoST'I.I-EK, a. camp. More costly. 
 
 COST'M EST, a. superl. Most cos'tly. 
 
 eoST'I,I-.\ESS, n. [See Costly.] Expensiveness ; 
 great cost or expense ; sumptuoasness. Rev. xviii. 
 10. Sidney. 
 
 eOST'LY, a. [from co.st] Of a high price ; sump- 
 tuous ; expensive ; purchased at a great expense ; as, 
 a eastty habit ; costly furniture. 
 
 .M.iry twii a pound of apikennnl, Tery cotUy. — John xii. 
 
 COT 
 
 eoST'MA-llY, n. [Gr. kuctus, I., castas, an aromatic 
 plant, and Maria. Ar. and Pers. It ..^ «' ka.it.] 
 A sjiecies of tansy, or Tanacetiiin ; alecoHt. 
 COS'TREI,, n. A bottle. [JVat in nse.] 
 CU.S-TC.ME', II. [Fr. costume, custom.] 
 
 1. In paintinif, a rule or precept by which an artist 
 is ciijoiiird to make every person and thing sustain 
 its proper cli:iractcr, observing the scene of action, 
 the country or place, and making the lialiit'<, arms, 
 manners, and proportions correspond. Hence, the 
 observance of this rule in execution. Encyc. 
 
 2. An t-stalilished mode of dress, particularly that 
 which is appro[>riatc to a given age, place, per- 
 son, &CV. 
 
 eO-SUF'FER-ICR, n. One who sufit rs with another. 
 €()-.'^l.'-PItr;.\IE', II. A partaker of supremacy. SUak. 
 eO-SC'RE'TY, ( shure'ti-,) n. One who is surety with 
 
 another. Mass. Rep. 
 
 eo'SY. See Cosev, or Cozt. 
 
 COT, ) n. [Sax. cot, cote, cyte ; G. kotli; D. kot; W. 
 
 CoTE, j cwt. In \Velsh, tlie word signifies a cot, a 
 hovel or stye, an abrupt termin.'ition, a rump, a tail, 
 a skirt. Ctrta, short, abrupt, bob-tailed ; cwtau, to 
 shorten. This indicates that cot is from cutting olf, 
 anil hence defending.] 
 
 1. A small house ; abut; n mean habitation ; also, 
 a shed or inclosiirc for beasts. 2 Chron. xxxii. 
 
 2. .\ leathern cover for a sore finger. 
 
 3. .\n abridgment of coU/ucan. 
 
 4. A cade lamb. [Local.] Orase. 
 .'j. A little boat. 
 
 eo'i'T j [Sax. coi, cuW, a bed. Qu. Gr. jcoirij.] 
 
 1. A small bed. 
 
 2. On board of .<:kips, a bed frame suspended from 
 the beams, for the othcers to sleep in, between the 
 decks ; a jiiece of canvas, extended by n frame. 
 
 eo-TAi\'GENT, n. The tangent of the complement 
 
 of an arc or angle. Barlow. 
 CoTE, II. A sheepfold. [See Cot.] 
 Co TE, V. t. To pasa*by and turn before ; to gain 
 
 ground in coursing, and give a competitor the turn. 
 
 [Little used.] Shak. Chapman. 
 
 eo-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS, o. [Infra.] Living or 
 
 being at tin? same time. 
 eo-TElI-PO-RA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. At the same 
 
 time with some other event. _ 
 eO-TE.M'PO-RA-UY, a. [L. can, co, an? tempos, 
 
 time.] 
 
 Living or being at the same time ; as, catrmparary 
 authors. Josephus was colemporary with Vespasian. 
 
 iMke. Blackstone. 
 
 eO-TEM'PO RA-RV, n. One who lives at the same 
 time with another. 
 
 [I consider this word as preferable to contemporary, 
 as being more easily pronounced.] 
 
 eO-TE.\'ANT, n. A tenant in common. Kent. 
 
 CO-TE-RIK', (ko-te-ree',) ii. [Kr.] A circle of fa- 
 miliar friends ; a meeting, for social or literary inter- 
 course. Brande. 
 
 eO-TERM'IN-OUS, a. [See Contermlnoi s.] Bor- 
 dering upon ; adjacent in territory. .lefferson. 
 
 eo-THL'RN'ATE, I a. Buskincd ; relating to trage- 
 
 eO-TIIURN'A-TED, i dy. Cackrram. 
 
 eO-TIC^-LAU, a. [L. coticula, from cos, a whet- 
 stone.] 
 
 Pertaining to whetstones ; like or suitable for whet- 
 stones. Kirwan. 
 eO-TIL'LON, / ,■.„,;,?,.„„■, (n. [Fr., a petticoat.] 
 eO-TIL'LIO.\, i C^o-td'yun,) j ^ J^^^ ' ^^„^^J 
 
 performed by eight persons together ; also, a tune 
 
 which regulates the dance. 
 eOT'LANU, II. Land apjiendant to a cottage. 
 eOT'tilJK.\N, n. A man who busies himself with 
 
 the afiairs which properly belong to women. 
 eO-TRUS-TEE', II. A joint trustee. KenL 
 eOTS'WoLD, JI. [Sax. coU and aald.] 
 
 A term applied to sherpcotes in an open country. 
 COT'T.AGE, 11. [from cot.] /'ro/irWy, a cot ; a li^it ; 
 
 a small habit.'ition for poor persons. 
 
 Th«! soi-coiut shidl be tlwellin^j* and eounget for tlwrphcrds. — 
 Z<ph. ii. 
 
 The term is also now applied to small but neat and 
 tasteful dwellings. 
 eoT'TA-G/:D, a. Set or covered with cottages. 
 eOT'T.\-GER, n. One who lives in a hut or cottage. 
 2. In law, one who lives on the common, without 
 paving any rent, or liavinc land of his own. 
 eof'TER, COT'I'AR, or COT'TI-ER, ii. A cottager. 
 eOT'TOiN", (kot'n,) ii. [Fr. c<)(<iii ; It. cofoiic ; Ir. rn- 
 d4is ; Sp. al^odon, the cotton plant, or th<! wool ; 
 eaton, printed cotton ; Port, altradani ; I), katvea ; W. 
 catwm, cotton, dag-wool, as if from cet, a short tail. 
 
 S <J } 
 
 But it seems to be an Arabic word, JtsJi kotun, cor- 
 
 responding with a word in Ethiopic and Syrinc, 
 which signifies to be thin or fine. And with a com- 
 mon dialectical variation, it may coincide with the 
 first syllable of ^ossypium and ffossamrr.] 
 
 I. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wooi, 
 
 TONE, BJjLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — 6 as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 - . _ 
 
 -J| 
 
COIJ 
 
 cou 
 
 cou 
 
 Die c(itton. 
 
 Silk-cotton tree ; the popular name of a genus of 
 plants, the Bombax, growing to a great size in the 
 Indies, and producing a kind of cotton in cai)sules. 
 
 Encijc. 
 
 eOT'TON, (kot'n,) a. Pertaining to cotton ; made 
 of cotton ; consisting of cotton ; as, cotton clo'li ; 
 cotton stockings. 
 eoT'TON, t). i. To rise with a nap. Johnson. 
 2. To agree ; to unitely closely with ; a cant word. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 eOT'T0X-G[N, n. A machine to separate tlie seeds 
 from cotton, invented by that celebrated mechani- 
 cian, Eli Whitney. 
 
 COT'TON-GKSSS, n. The popular name of a genus 
 of plants, the Eriophorum. 
 
 eOT'TON-GRoW'ING, a. Producing cotton. 
 
 eOT'TOX-.MA-CHINE', (kot'n-ma-cheen',) n. A 
 machine for carding or spinning cotton. 
 
 eOT'TO.\-.MILL, n. A mill, or building, with ma- 
 chinery for carding, roving, and spinning cotton, by 
 the force of water or steam. 
 
 eOT'TON-PLANT, * n. A plant of the genus Gos- 
 
 eOT'TON-SHRUii, j sypium, of several species, 
 all growing in warm climates. The principal spe- 
 cies are, 1. the herbaceous cotton, with smooth 
 leaves and yellow flowers, succeeded by roundish 
 capsules, full of seeds and-cotton ; 2. " the hairy 
 American cotton, with hairy stalks and leaves, and 
 yellow flowers, succeeded by oval pods ; .1. the liar- 
 badoes shrubby cotton has a shrubby stalk, yellow 
 flowers, and oval pods ; 4. flie arboreum, or tree 
 cotton, with a woody, perennial stalk, bears yellow 
 flowers and large pods. The first three species are 
 annual plants ; the last is perennial. Encijc. 
 
 In the Syiitkern States nf .America, the cotton culti- 
 vated is distinguished into three kinds; the nankeen 
 cotton, so called from its color ; the green seed cotton, 
 producing white cotton with green seeds. These 
 grow in the middle and upper country, and are called 
 short staple cotton. The black seed cotton, cultivated 
 in the lower country, near the sea, and on the isles 
 near the shore, produces cotton of a tine, white, 
 silky appearance, very strong, and of a lung staple. 
 The seeds of the long staple cotton are separated by 
 roller-gins. The seeds of the short staple cotton are 
 separated, with more difliculty, by a saw-gin, invented 
 bv Eli Whitney. Rarmay. Drayton. 
 
 eoT'TON-PRESS, n. A machijie for pressing'cotton 
 into bales. 
 
 eOT'TON-THIS-TLE, (kot'n-this-1,) n. A plant, the 
 Onopordum. .MiMenbenr. 
 
 eOT'T ON-WEED, n. A plant, the Filago. The 
 name is given also to the Gnaplialium, cudweed, or 
 goldvlocks. 
 
 eOT'tO.\-WOOD, n. A tree of the poplar kind, 
 
 the Populus Canadensis. 
 €OT'TO.\-Y, j a. Downy; nappy; covered with 
 euT'TO.N-Ol.'S, \ hairs or pubescence, like cotton. 
 
 9. Soft, like cotton. [jVartim. 
 eOT'Y-LE, ; n. [Gr. Korv\ri.] 
 
 €OT'Y-LA, j The cavity of a bone which receives 
 the end of another in articulation. 
 
 CO-TVL-E'DON, n. [Gr. icoruAr/JciJi', from KorvXn,^ 
 hollow or cavity. 1 
 
 1. In botany, the perishable lobe of the seeds of 
 plants. It involves and nourishes the embryo plant, 
 and then perishes. Some seeds have two lobes; 
 otiiers one only, and others none. Mirlyn. Encyc. 
 ,2. In anatomy, a cup-shaped vascular body, adher- 
 ing to the Chorum of some animals. hraiule. 
 
 'i. A genus of plants, navel-wort, or kidney -wort, 
 of several species. Encyc. 
 
 eO-TYL-E'DO-NOUS, a. Pertaining to cotyledons; 
 having a sci-d-lobe. 
 
 eO-TYL'I-FOK.M, a. In physinloav, an epithet applied 
 to such organs as have a rotate figure with an erect 
 limb. QUbert. 
 
 eOU'CIl, ». t. [Fr. couche, a bed ; ronrhrr, to lie 
 down; Norm, cout/ic, a couch, and laid double; Sp. 
 gaclio, bent down sloiicliing ; a)racharsr, to stooji, to 
 crouch ; Port, affacharse , aca^apar.ie, to stcMip, crouch, 
 or Kcpiat ; Arin.raarha and Moac/m, our vulgar .vcoocA ; 
 D. hukkrn ; C. hockrn; Dan. hagrr. The primary 
 Hcnsc is, lo lay or throw down. See Class Cg, Gk, 
 No. 7, 8,0.] 
 
 1. 'I'o lie down, as on a bed or place of repose. 
 
 2. To lie down on the knees ; lo stoop and recline 
 on the knees, as a beast. 
 
 Pi'-re* lip^rt couched »rufiii<I. Dryfltn. 
 
 .1. To lie down in secret or in ambush ; to lie clow 
 and conc>-nled. 
 
 I'hr ^nrl of Anftif muchtd In a furrow. flayward. 
 JuiIaIi couehtd u a lion. — <ii-n. xlix. 
 
 4. To lie ; to lie in a bed or stratum. 
 
 BleeseJ of ihf I,oril lie Ills l:uid — for tlic .lew, and for tlie deep 
 lh.it coucheOi lienenth. — Dent, xxxiii. 
 
 5. To stoop ; to bend the body or back ; to lower 
 in reverence, or to bend under labor, pain, or a 
 burden. 
 
 Iss:ictiar is a Btron* ass, couching down between two bunlens. — 
 Gen. xlix. 
 
 These eoucldngs, and these lowly courtesiea. SbaJt. 
 
 GOUCH, V. u To lay down ; to place on a bed or 
 place of rest. 
 
 Where nnbruised youth, with uiistufled brain, 
 
 Doth couch his liinlis. Sliak. 
 
 9. .To lay down ; to spread on a bed or floor ; as, 
 to conch malt. Mortimer. 
 
 3. To lay close, or in a stratum. 
 
 The waters couch lliemselvea, as close as may he, to the center 
 of the globe. BurneL 
 
 4. To hide ; to lay close, or in another body. 
 
 It is in use, at this day, to couch vessels in walls, to gather the 
 wind from the top, and p;iss it down in spools into rooms. 
 
 B<u:on. 
 
 5. To include secretly ; to hide ; or to e.vpress in 
 obscure terms, that imply what is to be understooil ; 
 with under. 
 
 All this, and more, lies couched under tliis alleffory. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 6. To involve ; to include ; to comprise : to com- 
 prehend or express. 
 
 This great argument for a future suate, which St. Paul hath 
 coudied in die words read. AtLerbury. 
 
 7. To lie close. Spenser. 
 
 8. To fix a spear in the rest, in the posture of 
 attack. 
 
 They couched their spears. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 9. To depress the conilenscd crystalline humor or 
 film that overspreads the pupil of the eye. Johnson. 
 
 To remove a cataract, by entering a needle through 
 the coats, of the eye, and pushing the lens to the 
 bottom of the vitreous humor, and tlien downward 
 and outward, so as to leave it in the under and out- 
 side of the eye. Encyc. 
 
 The true phrase is, to couch a cataract ; but we 
 say, to couch the eye, or the patient. 
 €OU(JH, n. A bed ; a place for rest or sleep. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 9. A seat of repose ; a place for rest and ease, on 
 which it is common to lie down undressed. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 
 3. A layer or stratum of barley prepared for malt- 
 ing ; as, a couch of malt. Brande. 
 
 4. In painting, a lay or impression of color, in oil 
 or water, covering the canvas, wall, or other matter 
 to be painted. Encyc. 
 
 5. Any Lay or impression used to make a thing firm 
 or consistent, or to screen it from the weather. Eneyc. 
 
 (i. A covering of gold or silver leaf, laid on any 
 substance to be gilded or silvered. Enctjc. ' 
 
 eOUCH'ANT, a. [Fr. See Couch.] Lying down ; 
 sijuatting. In heraldry, lying down with the head 
 raised, which distinguishes the posture of couchunt 
 from that of dormant, or sleeping ; applied to a lion 
 or other beast. Encyc. 
 
 Lecant and couchant ; in Zair, rising up and lying 
 down ; appli(!d to beasts, and indicating tliat they 
 have been limg enough on land to lie down and rise 
 up to feed, or one night at least. Blackstime. 
 
 eOUCir/^D, (koucht,) pp. Laid down ; laid on ; hid ; 
 included or involved ; laid close ; fixed in the rest, 
 as a spear ; depri'ssed or removed, as a cataract. 
 
 COUCirEE,(]iMKh'ee,) n. [Fr.] liedtime, or visits 
 received about bedtime ; opposed to leoce. Dryden. 
 
 COUCll'EU, 71. One who couches cataracts. 
 
 2. In (iW English statutes, a factor; a resident in a 
 country for traflic. Encyc. 
 
 3. A book in which a religious house register their 
 acts. Encyc. 
 
 eoUCir-FEL-LoW, 71. A bed-fellow ; a companicm 
 in lodging. 
 
 eoUCII'-GRASS, 71. Agropyron or triticum repens, 
 a species of gr;iss, very injurious to other plants. 
 
 €0(JCH'IN(i, ppr. Lying tlown ; laying down ; l>'ing 
 close ; involving ; inelutling; expressing; depressing 
 a cataract. 
 
 €OUCII'L\G, 71. The act of stooping or bowing. Sha];. 
 2. The act of removing a cataract. 
 X 'I'he spreading of malt to dry. 
 eOUCH'LE.S.S, 11. Having no couch or bed. 
 COIJ'G.MI, 71. An American carnivorous quadruped, 
 
 al.st) calletl pnnia and panther. Encyc. Am. 
 
 eOUGH, (kauf,) n. [till. 1). kuch.] The elements 
 are not bolli of the same organ ; but gh and / are 
 sunietimes interchangeil, as in rough, ruff. See Class 
 
 Cg, No. 29, 3(5. In Pcrs. Aijlii chitftah, and 
 ehttfa, is a cough.] 
 
 A violent ell'ort of the lungs t* throw off offending 
 matter; n violent, Ronietimes invtiluntary and stjno- 
 roiis, expirnlion, Kiiildi nly expelling the air through 
 the glottis. The violent action of the muscles serv- 
 
 ing for expiratitui gives great force to the air, while 
 the contraction tif the gltittis produces the sound. 
 The air, forced violently, carries along with it the 
 phlegm, or irritating matter, which causes the eflbrt 
 of the muscles. Encyc. 
 
 eOUGlI, (kauf,) V. i. To make a violent efl"ort with 
 noise, to expel the air from the lungs, and evacuate 
 any oflending matter that irritates the parts, or ren- 
 ders respiration dilficult. 
 
 eOUGII, (kauf,) «. (. To expel from the lungs by a 
 violent eflbrt, with noise ; to expectorate ; followed 
 by up; as, to couirh up phlegm. 
 
 eOUGH'ER, (kauf'er,) >i. One that coughs. 
 
 eOUGH'lNG, (kauf-,) ppr. Expelling from the lungs 
 by a violent effort, witli noise ; expectorating. 
 
 eOUGH'ING, (kauf-,) ii. A violent effort, with noise, 
 to expel the air from the lungs. 
 
 eOULD, (kopd.) [The past tense of can, according to 
 our customary arrangement in gnimmar, but, in real- 
 ity, a distinct word, can having no past tense. 
 Could, we receive tlirough the Celtic dialects, W. 
 gallu. Corn, golly. Arm. gallout, to be able ; Heb. 
 
 Sji, Ch. Sns, Eth. to be able, to prevail ; L. 
 
 calico. Either of the Oriental verbs may be the root, 
 and all may be of one family. In the past tense, 
 could signifies, was able, had power.] 
 
 1. Had sufficient strength or physical power. A 
 sick man could not lift his hand ; Isaac was old, and 
 could not see ; Alexander could easily conquer the 
 effeminate Asiatics. 
 
 2. Had adequate means or instruments. The men 
 could defray th-ir own expenses ; the country was 
 exhausted, and coiiW not support the war. 
 
 3. Had adequate moral power. We heard the 
 story, but coul^l not believe it ; the intemperate man 
 could have restrained his appetite for strong drink ; 
 he could have refrained, if he would. 
 
 My mind could not be toward lliis people. — Jer. xv. 
 
 4. Had power or capacity by the laws of its nature. 
 The tree could not grow for want of water. 
 
 5. Had comjietent legal power ; had riglit, or had 
 the requisite qualifications. Fonnerly, a citizen could 
 not vote for officers of government without the pos- 
 session of some property ; A B could not be elected 
 to the office of senator, for want of estate ; B C, not 
 being of the blood of the ancestor, could not inlierit 
 liis estate. 
 
 6. Had sufficient capacity. The world could not 
 contain the books. John xxi. 
 
 7. Was capable or susceptible, by its nature or 
 constitution, as of some change. He found a sub- 
 stance that could not be fused. 
 
 8. Had adequate strength or fortitude ; as, he coiiU 
 not endure the pain tir the rejiroach. 
 
 9. Had motives sufficient to overcome objections. 
 He thought, at first, he cuiiW not comply with the 
 retpiest; but, after consideration, he determined lo 
 comply. 
 
 11). Had competent knowledge or skill. He could 
 solve the most difficult pmblems. 
 
 C0(7'Z.£(/« /)£ flO.».'E, (koo'laur-de-roze,) [Fr.] Lit- 
 erally, of a rose color; hence, under an aspect of 
 beauty and attractiveness ; as, to see every thing 
 couleur de rose. 
 
 CoUL'TER. See Colter. 
 
 COU'.MA-RI.fil, 71. A vegetable proximate principle, 
 obtainetl from the Tonka bean, Coumaruuna odorata, 
 anil from the flowers of the nielilot. It is u.sed in 
 medicine ; ami it gives flavor to the Swiss cheese, 
 called schabzieger. 
 
 eOUN'CIL, 71. [Fr. concile: Sp. coneilio ; It. ennri- 
 glio, concilia i from L. cmtcithtm ; con and tvi/o, to t ;tll, 
 Gr. KiiXeio, W. guho, Ch. nV^ in Aph., to call. (See 
 Hold.) Class Gl. This word is often confouiult^d 
 with counsel, with which it has no connection. 
 Council is a collection or assembly.] 
 
 1. An assembly of men sunnnoned or convened 
 for consultation, deliberation, and ailvice. The kings 
 of England were formerly assisted by a gnind councd 
 of peers. 
 
 The chief priests and till die council Bought false witness. — 
 Matt. XX. 
 
 The word is applir.alile to any body of men, ap- 
 pointed or convened for consultation and .advice in 
 im|>ortant affairs ; as, a council of divines or clergy- 
 nu'ii, with their lay ilelegates ; a council of war, con- 
 sisting of the principal officers, to advise the com- 
 mander-in-chief tir ailmiral ; a fuunrii of physicians, 
 to consult and advi.se in iliflicult cases of dise.ise. 
 
 2. A body of men specially designaleil to advise a 
 diief magistrate in the ailministration of the govern- 
 ment, as in Gri^at Britain. 
 
 3 In .tonte nf the American States, a branch of the 
 legislature, corresponding with the senate in other 
 States, antl called legislatire council. .Wiu .lecsey. 
 
 4. An assembly of pi'el.ites and tloctors, convened 
 for regulating matters of doctrine and discipline in 
 the church. 
 
 5. Act of deliberation ; consultation of a council. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 Common -council of a city ; in London, a court con- 
 sisting of the lord mayor and aldermen in one house, 
 
 growing In the capsules or pods of Gossypiuin, the 
 cotton-plant. It is the material of a large' proportion 
 of cloth for apparel and furniture 
 2. Cloth made of cotton. 
 
 Lavender-cutton ; the popular name of a genus of 
 plants, Santolina, of several species ; shrulis culti- 
 vated in gardens. One species, the chamtecyparLisus, 
 or Abrotanum ftpmina, female southern-wood, is 
 vulgarly called brotany. Encyc. 
 
 Philosophic cotton ; flowers of zinc, which resem- 
 
 PATE, FAR, PALL, WH^T. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, DQQK — 
 
 279 
 
cou 
 
 cou 
 
 and of rcpresentiitives of tlio sevenil wards, called 
 coiiimon-councilmeny in the otlier. Uut mure generally, 
 Itie coninion-council is considered as the body of 
 representatives of the citizens, as distinct from tlie 
 mayor and aldermen. Tlius, in Connreticut, tlie 
 cities are incorporated by tlie name of " The Mayor, 
 Aldermen, CommoH-CouucU, and Freemen, of the 
 City of Hartford, New Haven, &.c." 
 
 Kcummical council ; in church history, a general 
 council or assembly of prelates and doctors, repre- 
 scntin"; the whole church ; as, the council of Nice, of 
 Ephesus, and of Chalccdon. Enciic. 
 
 Privy council ; a select council for advising a king 
 in the administration of the government. 
 ^ulic council. See Aulic. 
 
 C'OU.\'(;lL-I(oARD. n. Council-table ; the tabic 
 round which a council holds consultation. Hence, 
 the council itself in deliberation or session. 
 
 eoiJN'CIL-OR, n. The member of a council. [See 
 Counselor,] 
 
 €OUN'CILr-TA-nLE, n. Council-board. 
 
 €0-UN-DER-STANl)'ING, n. Mutual understanding. 
 
 €0-U-NITE', V. L To unite. [JVut used.] More. 
 
 eOUN'SEL, j<. [Fr. con.-seil ; Arm. consailh ; U. con- 
 si^lio ; Sp. conseju ; Port, consclho ; from L. consUiuni, 
 from tlie root of ctiii^u/o, to consult, which is probably 
 
 the Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. bttw, Ar. ^Lw saula, 
 
 to ask. Class SI, No. IG, 42. The radical sense of 
 the verb to ask is, to set upon, urfj:e, or press. 
 Hence the Oriental verb is probably the root of the 
 L. salio, assilio, or from the same root. See the like 
 analogies in L. peto, to ask, to assail.] 
 
 1. Advice ; opinion, or instruction, given upon re- 
 quest or otherwise, . for directing the judgment or 
 conductof another J opinion given upon deliberation 
 or consultation. 
 
 Every purpose is esublished liy counsel. — Prov. xi. 
 Thuu h;ul nol licarkc ir-iI 10 niy cuamet. — 'i C'broii. xxt. 
 
 2. Consultation ; interchange of opinions. 
 
 We took sweet counsel lo^i-lher. — Ps. Iv. 
 
 3. Deliberation ; examination of consequences. 
 They all confess that, in tlie workii!^ of itiat firet c vuse, eounse.' 
 
 is used, leason lolloweil, and a way otjserved. J/ooktr. 
 
 4. Prudence; deliberate opinion or judgment, or 
 the faculty or habit of judging with caution. 
 
 0. how comely is Uie wisdom of old tn.'n, and undcrataiuliug and 
 
 counsel to men of honor 1 — Kcclus. xxv. 
 The law shall perish from tlie priest, iiad counsel from the an- 
 cients. — Lzek. vii. 
 
 5. In a bad smse, evil advice or designs ; art ; 
 machination. 
 
 The counjei of the frowanl is carried hcadlon j. — Joh v. 
 
 6. Secrecy ; the secrets intrusted in consultation ; 
 secret opinions or purposes. Let a man keep his 
 own counsel. 
 
 7. In a scriptural seme, purpose ; design ; will ; 
 decree. 
 
 Whnt thy eou)i*tt delermineil ijefote to be done. — Acta ir. 
 To show the unmuubility of his couiuel Heb. tl 
 
 8. Directions of God's word. 
 
 Thou slialt /^lide mo by liiy counsel — Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 9. The will of God, or his truth and doctrines con- 
 cerning the way of salvation. 
 
 1 have not slmimed to decliue to you till the counsel of God 
 
 Acu XX. 
 
 10. Those who give counsel in law ; any counselor 
 or advocate, or any number of counselors, barristers, 
 or sergeants ; as, the plaintilf's counsel, or the de- 
 fendant's counsel. The attorney-general and solicit- 
 or-general are the king's counsel. In this sense the 
 word has no phiral ; but, in the singular number, is 
 applicable to one or more persons. 
 
 eOUN'SEL, f. t. [L. consilior.] 
 
 1. To give advice or deliberate opinion to anotlier 
 for the government of his conduct ; to advise. 
 
 1 eounstl Uiec to buy of me j^tild tjieil in tiie fire. — Rct. iii. 
 
 2. To exhort, warn, ndmtmish, or instruct. We 
 ought frequently to counsel our children against the 
 vices of the age. 
 
 They th&t will not be counseled can not be helped. Fmnihn. 
 
 3. To advise or recommend ; as, to counsel a crime. 
 [A'ot much used.] Drydeiu 
 
 eOUN'SEL-KEEP'ER, n. One who can keep a se- 
 cret. Hhak. 
 
 €OUN'SF.L-KEEP'IXG, <i. Keeping secrets. Shak. 
 
 €OUN'SEL-A-BLE, a. Willing to receive counsel ; 
 disposed to follow the advice of others. Clarendon. 
 
 €OUN'SEL-i.'D, pp. Advised ; instructed ; admon- 
 ished. 
 
 eOUN'SEL-ING, ppr. Advising ; instructing ; ad- 
 monishing. 
 
 eOUN'SEL-OR, n. Any person who gives advice ; 
 but properly one who is authorized by natural rela- 
 tionship, or by birth, oflice, or profession, to advise 
 aniither in regard to his future conduct and measures. 
 Ahithoplicl was David's counselor. His mother was 
 his counselor to do wickedly. 2 Chron. x.xii. In 
 
 Oi eat Britain, Ilie peers of the realm are hereditiiry 
 counselors of the crown. 
 
 2, One of the members of a council ; one appointed 
 to advise a king or chief magistrate, in regard to the 
 administration of the government. 
 
 3. One who is consulted by a client in a law case ; 
 one who gives advice in relation to a tpiestion of law ; 
 one whose profession is to give advice in law, and 
 manage catises for clients. 
 
 Privv counselor; a member of a privy council. 
 
 €OUN'S'EL-OR-SHIP, n. The oliice of a counselor, 
 or privy counselor. 
 
 COUNT, V. t. [Kr. cmler; It. contarc; Sp. Port, con- 
 tar; Arm. coii'ita or eontein. (la. the root. 'I'he 
 Fr. has compter, also, from the L. computo ; the Sp. 
 and Port, computar ; and the It. cumpulare. 'I'lie 
 Eng. count is directly from conlcr; and it may be 
 a question whether contcr and cuntar arc from the 
 L. computo.'] 
 
 1. To number; to tell or name one by(me,or by 
 small numbers, for ascertaining the whole number 
 of units in a collection ; as, to jpi/nt the years, days, 
 and hours of a man's life ; to count the stars. 
 
 Who can count the dust of Jacob? — Niun. xxiii. 
 
 2. To reckon ; to preserve a reckoning ; to com- 
 pute. 
 
 Some tribes of rude nations count their years by Uie coming of 
 C'-rtttin binls among them at cert^iin seasons, and Icavuig 
 thent at ollieis. Locke. 
 
 3. To reckon ; to place to an account ; to ascribe 
 or impute ; to consider or esteem as belonging. 
 
 Abraham tK lieved in God, and he counted it to hira for righteous- 
 ness. — Gen. XV. 
 
 4. To esteem ; to account; to reckon; to think, 
 judge, or consider. 
 
 I i-ount them my enemies. — Ps. cxxxix. 
 Neillier count 1 my life dear to myself. — Acts XX. 
 1 count all tilings loss. — Pliil. iii. 
 
 5. To impute ; to charge. Rowe. 
 COUNT, V. i. To count on or upon; to reckon upon ; 
 
 to found an account or scheme on ; to rely on. We 
 can not count on the friendship of nations. Count not 
 oil the sincerity of sycophants. 
 
 2. To swell the number, or count; as, each addi- 
 tional one counLs. 
 COUNT, 71. [Fr. conte and comple; Sp. cuenta and cii- 
 ento; It. conto. The Spanish has also computo, and 
 the It. id.] 
 
 1. Reckoning ; the act of numbering ; as, this is 
 the number according to my count. 
 
 2. Number. Spenser. 
 
 3. In law, a particular charge in an indictment, or 
 narration in pleading, setting forth the cause of com- 
 plaint. There may be different counts in the same 
 declaration. 
 
 COUNT, n. [Fr. comte ; It. conte ; Sp. eonde ; Port. id. ; 
 Arm. condt ; from L. comes, comitis, a ctimpanion or 
 associate, a fellow-traveler. Clu. cent and eo.] 
 
 A title of foreign nobility, equivalent to the Eng- 
 lish earl, and whose domain is a county. An earl ; 
 the alderman of a shire, as the Saxons called him. 
 The titles of English nobility, according to their rank, 
 are duke, marquis, earl, viscount, and b.iron. 
 
 Blackstont. Eneye. 
 COUNT' A-BLE, a. That may be numbered. 
 
 Spfnser. 
 
 COUNT'ED, pp. Numbered ; told ; esteemed ; reck- 
 oned ; imputed, 
 
 COUN'TE-NANCE, n, [Fr. contenance, from ccmtenant, 
 containing, from contenir, to contain, L. continco ; con 
 and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 1. Literally, the contents of a body ; the outline 
 and extent which constitutes the whole figure or ex- 
 ternal aiipearance. .Appropriately, the human face ; 
 the whole form of the face, or system of features ; 
 visage. 
 
 A merry heart maJceth a clwcrful counlsnatioe Prov. xv. 
 
 Be not, as tlte hypucritos, of a sad countenance. — Matt. vi. 
 
 2. Air ; look ; aspect ; appearance of the face ; as 
 in the phrase, to change or alter the countenance. 
 
 3. The face or look of a beast ; as, a horse of a good 
 countenance. 
 
 4. Favor; good-will ; kindness. 
 
 Thou lust mode him glad with thy countenance, — • Ps, xxi. 
 
 Hence, in scriptural laniruage, the /i<TA£ of Ood's 
 countenance is his smiles or favorable regards, his fa- 
 vor and grace ; and to hide his face or countenance is 
 to manifest his displeasure, and withdraw his gra- 
 cious aids. So the rebuke of his countenance indicates 
 his anger and frowns, Ps. lixx. 
 
 This application of face or countcvance, which 
 seems to be tif high antiquity, proceeded probably 
 from the practice of turning away the face to express 
 anger, displeasure, and refusal — a practice stdl com- 
 mon, but probably universal among rude nations. 
 The opposite conduct would, of course, express fa- 
 vor, 'i'he grant of a petition is accompanied with a 
 look directed to the petitioner; the refusal or denial, 
 with .an averted face. Hence, 
 
 5. Support ; aid ; patronage ; encouragement ; fa- 
 vor in promoting and maintaining a pt;rson or cause. 
 
 Let religion enjoin the eauntenance of the laws. Givfl 
 no cuunlettance to violations of moral duly. 
 
 It is the province of Uie nuigislrau to give counUnanee to piety 
 and virtue, AUdrbury. 
 
 6. Show; resemblance; superficial appearance. 
 The election l;eiug done, lie made countenartcs of great rtlseoQ, 
 
 lent thereat. A$cham. 
 
 7, In law, credit or estimation. CoweL 
 To keep the countenance, is to preserve a calm, com- 
 posed, or natural look, unruHled by passiim ; to re- 
 frain from expressing laughter, joy, anger, or other 
 passion, by an unchanged countenance. 
 
 In countenance ; in favor ; in estimation. 
 If the profession of religion were in countenance among men of 
 distinction, it would have a liappy etl<:ct on society. 
 
 To keep in countenar\ee ; to give assurance or cour- 
 age to ; to support; to aid by favor; to prevent from 
 shame or dismay. 
 
 To put in coitntenanre ; to give assurance ; to en- 
 courage ; or to bring into favor ; to support. 
 
 Out of countenance ; confounded; abashed; with 
 the countenance cast down ; not bold or assured. 
 
 To put out of countenance: to cause the counte- 
 nance to fall ; tu abash ; to intimidate ; to disct ncert. 
 COUN'TE-N,\NCE, v. t. To favor ; to encourage by 
 opinion or words. 
 
 The desii^n wo* made known to the minister, but lie said nothing 
 tu counlejvlnce it, Anon, 
 
 2. To aid ; to support ; to encourage ; to abet ; to 
 vindicate, by any means. 
 
 Neither sluUt thou countenance a poor man In liis cause, — Ex, 
 
 xxiii. 
 
 3. To encourage ; to appear in defense. 
 
 He countsnanceri the landing in his long.Loat. tVbtton. 
 
 4. To make a show of. 
 
 Each to tliese lailies lure did countenance. Speneer. 
 
 5. To keep an appearance. Sliak. 
 
 COUN'TE-NANC-fJl), f koun'te-nanst,) pp. Favored ; 
 encouraged ; supported. 
 
 eOUN'TE-N ANC-EK, n. One who countenances, fa- 
 vors, or supports. 
 
 COUN'TE-N ANC-ING, ppr. Favoring ; encouraging ; 
 supporting. 
 
 COUNT'ER, 71. [from coiinf.] A false piece of money 
 or stamped metal, used .as means of reckoning ; any 
 thing used to keep an account or reckoning, as in 
 games. 
 
 2. Money, in contemjit. Shak. 
 
 3. A table or board on which money is counted ; a 
 table on which goods in a shop are laid for e.xamina- 
 tion by purchasers. 
 
 In lieu of this, we sometimes see written the French 
 CoMPToiit, from compter, computo; but counter is the 
 genuine orthography. 
 
 4. The name of certain prisons in London. 
 
 5. One that counts or reckons ; also, an auditor. 
 
 6. Encounter. [.Not used.] 
 
 7. In skips, an arch tir vault, whose upper part is 
 terminated by the bottom of the stern. The upper 
 or second counter is above the former, but not 
 vaulted. 
 
 8. A telltale ; a contrivance in an engine or car- 
 riage to tell numbers, as of strokes or revolutions. 
 
 9. In music, counter is the name given to an under 
 part, to serve for contrast to a principal part ; as, 
 eoimfcr-tenor, &c. 
 
 Counter of a horse; the breast, or that part of a 
 horse's forehand which lies between the shoulder 
 and under the neck. Farrier's Diet. 
 
 COUN'TER, ado. [Fr. contre; L. contra; Sp. and It 
 contra ; probably a compound of con and tra, as in ex- 
 tra, ultra.] 
 
 1. Contraiy ; in opposition ; in an opposite direc- 
 tion ; used chiefly with ran or /ro ; as, to run counter 
 to the rules of virtue ; he iccnf counter to his own in- 
 terest 
 
 2. The wrong way ; contrary to the right course. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Contrariwise ; in a contraiy manner. Locke. 
 
 4. The face, or at the face. fjVut used.] Sandys. 
 This word is prefixed to many otlirrs, cliietly verbs 
 
 and nouns, expressing ojrpo.-tition. 
 
 COUN-TER-ACT', v. (. [counurand act] To act in 
 opposition to ; to liiniler, defeat, or frustrate, by con- 
 trary agency. Good precepts will sometimes counter- 
 act the effects of evil example ; but more generally 
 good precepts arc counteracted by bad examples. 
 
 COU.\-TER-AeT'ED,;»p. Hindered; frustrated ; de- 
 feated bv contrirv agency. 
 
 eOUN-TER-AeT''l.\G, ppr. or a. Acting against ; hin- 
 dering ; fru.strating, 
 
 COUN-TER-AC'TION, n. Action in opposition ; hin- 
 derance. 
 
 eoUN-TER-ACT'IVE, n. One who or that which 
 counteracts. 
 
 COU.\-TER-,\CT'IVE, a. Tending to counteract 
 COU^<-TER-Ae T'lVE-LY. adv. By counteraction. 
 COUN'TER-AT-TRAC'TIO.V, n. [counffr and at 
 
 (ruction,] Opposite attraction. Shensloni 
 COCX'TER-.\T-TRAeT'IVE, a. Attracting in ar. op. 
 
 posite way. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IJNITE, — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS, — C as K ; G as J , S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 S3 27:? 
 
 \ 
 
cou 
 
 cou 
 
 eOUN-TER BAI/AXCE, B. «. {counter and balance.'] 
 To weigh against ; to weigh against with an equal 
 weight ; to act against with equal power or effect ; to 
 counterviiU. A column of thirty inches of quiclcsil- 
 ver, and a column of thirty-two feet of water, coun- 
 terbalance the weight of a like column of the whole 
 atmosphere. The pleasures of sin never counterbal- 
 ance the pain, misery, and shame, which follow the 
 commission of it. 
 
 eOU\'TEIl-B.\L-ANCE, n. Equal weight, power, or 
 agency, acting in opposition to any thing. 
 
 Money is ihe counUrrbalaiice of ail Uiings purchasiible. Locke. 
 
 eOUN-TER-BAL'ANC-ED, (-bal'anst,) pp. Opposed 
 by equal weight, power, or effect. 
 
 eOUN-TER-IiAL'ANC-ING, ppr. or a. Opposing by 
 equal weight, power, or operation. 
 
 eOUN'TER-BOXD, n. [counter and bond.] A bond 
 to save harmless one who has given bond for an- 
 other. 
 
 eOUX-TER-BUFF', v. U [conntcranA buff.] To strike 
 back or in an opposite direction ; to drive back ; to 
 stop bv a blow or impulse in front. Dnjiien. 
 
 eOUN'TER-BUFF, n. A blow in an opposite direc- 
 tion ; a stroke that stops motion or causes a recoil. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 eOUN-TER-BUFF'£D, (-buft,) pp. Struck with a 
 blow in oj)position. 
 
 COUX'TER-CaST, n. Delusive contrivance ; contra- 
 ry cast. Spenser. 
 
 eOUN'TER-CAST-ER, n. [counter and caster.] A 
 caster of accounts ; a reckoner ; a book-keeper, in 
 contempt. Sliak. 
 
 eOUX'TER-CHANCE, 71. [counter ani chancre.] Ex- 
 change ; reci(irocation. 
 
 €OUN-TER-CHANGE', v. L To give and receive ; or 
 to cause to change places. 
 
 €OU.\-TER-CHaNG'£D,pp. Exchanged. In herald- 
 rti, intennixed, as the colors of the field and charce. 
 
 ■€0"UX-TER-CHaN6'ING, ppr. Exchanging ; inter- 
 mixing. 
 
 eOUN'TER-CH.KRGE, n. An opposite charge. 
 
 eOlJX'TER-CHXR.M, n. [counter and clurm.] That 
 which has the power of dissolving or opposing the 
 effect of a charm. Pope. 
 
 €OUX-TER-CH.\.RM', v. U Tr- destroy the effect of 
 enchantment. 
 
 eOUX-TER-CHARM'jED, pp. Defeated by contrary 
 charms. 
 
 COUX-TER-CHaRJI'ING, ppr. Destroying the effect 
 
 by opposite charms. 
 eOUX-TER-CHECK', (. [counter and cAcci-.] To 
 
 oppose or stop by some obstacle j to check. 
 eOUX'TER-CHECK, n. Check; stop; rebuke ; or a 
 
 censure to check a reprover. Bailey. 
 €OUX-TEU-CUECK'£D, (-chekt,) pp. Opfiosed ; 
 
 stopped. 
 
 eOUN-TER-CHECK'ING, ppr. Checking by hinder- 
 ance. 
 
 eOUX'TER-€lTR-RENT, a. [counter and currcnL] 
 Running in an opposite direction. Klrwan. 
 
 €OUX'TEE-eUR-UENT, n. A current in an oppo- 
 site direction. 
 
 eOUX'TER-DIS-TINe'TIOX, n. Contradistinction. 
 
 31 ore. 
 
 eOUX'TER-DRSIN, n. A drain parallel to a canal 
 or embanked water-course, for collecting the soak.ige 
 water. Oa'dU 
 
 eOL'X-TER-DRAW, v. t. [counter and draw.] In 
 painting., to copy a design or painting, by means of a 
 fine linen cloth, an oiled paper, or other transparent 
 matter, whereon the strokes appearing through, they 
 are traced with a pencil. The same is done on glass, 
 and with frames or nets divided into squares with 
 silk or thread, or by means of instruments, as the 
 parallelogram. Kncyc. 
 
 €OUN-TER-DKA\\''IXG, ppr. Copying by means of 
 lines drawn on <orne transparent matter. 
 
 eOUX-Ti;R-l)UA \VX', pp. copied from lines drawn 
 on soni'-ilunL' ei.-r. 
 
 €0UX-TI;K i:V'l DEXCE, 71. [cou7iternm\ eridence.] 
 Opposite <!Vi(li iii :e ; evidence or testimony which op^ 
 poses otii'-r < \ iili-nce. Burnet. 
 
 eoUX'TLR-FErr,(koun'ter-fit,) v. t. [Fr. contnfuirc. 
 contrcfuit ; contre and /aire, to make ; L. contra and 
 facto; It. contraffarcj contrujjtillo j t^p. contraJiaccr,con~ 
 traJieeho.] 
 
 1. To forge ; to copy or imitate, without authority 
 or right, and with a view to deceive or defraud, by 
 passing the copy or thing forged for that which is 
 original or genuine; as to counterfeit coin, bank- 
 note", a seal, a bond, a deed, or other instrument in 
 writing, the liandwriting or signature of another, &c. 
 To make a likeness or resemblance of any thing with 
 a view to defraud. 
 
 2. To imitate ; to copy ; to make or put on a re- 
 semblance ; an, to counterfeit the voice of another 
 [lerson ; lo rountrrfeit piet\'. 
 
 eOUN'TER-KElT, p. i. To feign ; to dissemble ; to 
 carry cm a fiction or deception. Shulc. 
 
 COU.N'TER-KEIT, a. Forged; fictitious; false; fab- 
 ricated without right ; inad(! in imitation of some- 
 thing else, with a view to defraud, by piissing the 
 false copy for genuine or ongioal ; as, counterfeit cuiu ; 
 
 a counterfeit bond or deed ■ a counterfeit bill of ex- 
 change. 
 
 2. Assuming the appearance of something ; false ; 
 hypocritical ; as^ a counterfeit friend. 
 
 .3. Having the resembl.'uice of ; false , not genuine ; 
 as, counterfeit modesty. 
 eOUX'TER-FEIT, (koun'ter-fit,) n. A cheat ; a de- 
 ceitful person ; one who pretends to be what he is 
 not; one who personates another ; an impostor. 
 
 2. In law, one who obt.ains money or goods by 
 counterfeit letters or false tokens. Encyc. 
 
 3. That which is made in imitation of siiniething, 
 but without lawful authority, and with a view to de- 
 fraud, by passing the false for the tme. We say, the 
 note is a conntcrf<:it. 
 
 eOUNTER FElT-ED, pp. or a. Forged ; made in 
 imitation of something, with a view to defraud ; cop- 
 ied ; imitated ; feigned. 
 
 eoUX'TER-FElT-ER, n. One who counterfeits ; a 
 forger. 
 
 2. One who copies or imitates; one who assumes 
 a false appearance. 
 
 3. One who endSavors to set off a thing in false 
 colors. 
 
 eOUX'TER-FEIT-ING, n. The act of forging ; the 
 
 making of a counterfeit resemblance. 
 eOUX'TER-FEIT-IXG, ppr. Forging ; feigning. 
 eOUX'TER-FEIT-LY, ado. By forgery ; falsely ; fic- 
 
 titiouslv. 
 
 eOUX-f ER-FER'MEXT, n. [counter and ferment ] 
 Ferment opposed to ferment. Mdison 
 
 eOUX-TER-FK'SANCE, «. [Fr. contrefaisance.] 
 The act of forging ; forgery. [ 04.5.1 
 
 eOUX'TER-FOIL, ( n. That part of a tally struck 
 
 eOUN'TER-STOCK, \ in the exchequer, which is 
 kept by an officer in that court, the other being deliv- 
 ered to the person who has lent the king money on 
 the account, and is called the stock. Bailey. 
 
 eOUN'TER-FoRT, n. [counter anii fort.] A buttress, 
 spur, or pillar, serving to support a wall or terrace 
 subject to bulge. Chambers. 
 
 €OUX'TER-GAGE, n. [counter am\ saije.] In car- 
 pentry, a method used to measure the joints, by trans- 
 ferring, as, for instance, the breadth of a mortise to 
 the place where the tenon is to be, in order to make 
 them fit each other. (rwilt. 
 
 eOUN'TER-GUARD, 71. [counter mi guard.] \n for- 
 tification, a small rampart, or work raised before the 
 point of a bastion, consisting of two long faces par- 
 allel to the faces of the b;istion, making a salient an- 
 gle, to preserve the bastion. It is sometimes of a 
 different shape, or differently situated. Encyc. 
 
 eOUX-TER-lX'FLU-EXCE, v. t. To hinder by op- 
 posing inliuence. [Liade used.] Scott. 
 
 eOUX-TER-IX'FLU-EN-Cf;D, (-in'flu-enst,);;;). Hin- 
 dered by opposing influence. 
 
 eOUX-TER-lX'FLU-EN-ClNG, ppr. Opposing by 
 opposing influence. 
 
 eOUX'TER-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. [coiHitfi- and liglit.] A 
 light opposite to any thing, which makes it appear to 
 disadvantage. Chambers. 
 
 eOUN-TER-.MXND', v. U [Fr. contremandcr ; cmitre 
 and mander, L. maiulo, to coinniand.] 
 
 1. To revoke a former command ; or to give an or- 
 der contrary to one before given, which annuls a for- 
 mer command, and forbids its execution ; as, to coun- 
 termand orders. 
 
 2. To oppose ; to contradict the orders of another 
 
 3. To prtihibit. [Little used.] Harvey. 
 eOUN'TER-MAXD, n. A contrary order; revocation 
 
 of a former order or command. Shck. 
 eOUX-TEll-MXND'ED, pp. Revoked ; annulled, as 
 an order. 
 
 COUN-TER-.MAND'IXG, ppr. Revoking a former 
 order ; giving directions contrary to a former com- 
 mand. 
 
 eODN-TER-MSRCH', ». i. [counUr a.ni march.] To 
 i.-.arch back. 
 
 eOUN'TER-MXRCH, n. A marching back ; a return 
 ing. Collier. 
 
 2. .\ change of the wings or face of a battalion, so 
 as to brmg the right to the left, or the front into the 
 rear. Cyc. 
 
 3. A change of measures ; alteration of cimduct. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 eOUN-TER-.M.\RCII'£D, (-mircht,) pp. Marched 
 back. 
 
 eoP;.\-TER-.M\RCIl'ING, ppr. or n. Marching back. 
 
 €01;N'TER-.MARK, «. [counter and mark.] A second 
 or third mark put on a bale of goods belonging to 
 several merchants, that it may not he opened, but in 
 the presence of all the owners. 
 
 2. The mark of the goldsmiths' company, to show 
 the uietul to be standard, added to that of the arti- 
 ficer. 
 
 3. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses, 
 that have outgrown their nalural mark, to disguise 
 their agl^ 
 
 •1. A mark added to a medal, a long time after it 
 has been struck, by which its severiU changes of val- 
 ue may be known. Chambers. 
 €Oi;X-TER-iMARK', v. t. 'i'o mark the corner teeth 
 of a horso by un artificial cavity, to disguise his age. 
 
 Farrier's Vict. 
 
 eOUX'TER-MiXE, H. [io«;i(cr and m/ne.] In military 
 affairs, a W(^ll and gallery sunk in the earth, and 
 running under ground, in search of the enemy's 
 mine, or till it meets it, to defeat its effect. 
 
 Military Diet. 
 
 2. Means of opposition or counteraction. Sidney. 
 
 3. A stratagem or project to frustrate any contriv- 
 ance. L'Estraufre. 
 
 eOUX-TER-MIXE', ». (. To sink a well and gallery 
 in the earth, in search of an enemy's mine, to frus- 
 trate his designs. 
 
 2. To counterwork ; to frustrate by secret and op- 
 posite measures. 
 
 €OLfN-TER-MIX'£D, pp. Counterworked. 
 
 eOUN-TER-MIX'IXG, ppr. Sinking a mine to frus- 
 trate another mine. 
 
 eOUN'TER-.Mo-TIOX, n. [counter and motion.] An 
 opposite motion ; a motion counteracting another. 
 
 Digby. Collier. 
 
 eOUN-TER-Mo'TIVE, n. An opposite motive. 
 
 eoUX-TER-MciVE', b. (. or i. To move in a contrary 
 direction, or in oppositicm to another. 
 
 eOUX'TER-.MOVE-MEXT, «. A movement in op- 
 position to another. 
 
 eoUX-TER-MOV'JNG, ppr. Moving in an opposite 
 direction. 
 
 eOUN'TER-MuRE, n. [Fr. eo/itremitr ; contre and 
 
 mur, L. inuriu, a wall.] 
 
 A wall raised behind another, to supply its place, 
 
 when a breach is made. 
 eOUN'TER-MORE, v. t. To fortify with a wall be- 
 
 hin<i another. 
 
 eOUX'TER-MuR-£D, pp. Fortified by a wall behind 
 another. 
 
 eOUN'TER-MuR-ING, ppr. Fortifying by a wall be- 
 hind another. 
 
 eOUX'TER-NAT'U-R.\L, a. - [counter and natural] 
 Contrary to nature. Hureey. 
 
 eOUX'TER-XE-GO-TI-A'TIOX, ri. [counter and ne- 
 gotiation.] Negotiation in opposition to other negoti.i- 
 tion. 
 
 eOUX'TER-NOISE, 71. [counter and noise.] A noise 
 or sound by which another noise or sound is over- 
 powered. Calamy. 
 
 eOUX'TER-6'P£X-IXG, 7i. [counter and opening.] 
 An aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a dif- 
 ferent place. Sharp. 
 
 €OUX'TER-P.\CE, 71. [counter and pace.] A step or 
 measure in opposition to another; contrary nieasin- 
 or attempt. S:r'r't. 
 
 €OUX'TER-PaL-£D, a. [counter and pale,] nih.r- 
 aldry, is when the escutcheon is divided into twelve 
 pales parted perfesse, the two colors being counter- 
 changed, so that the upper and lower are of diil'erent 
 colors. Enciic. 
 
 €OUN'TER-P5NE, 71. A particular kind of coverlet 
 for a bed. [See CouNTERfoiNi.] 
 2. One part of an indenture. [Ofts.] B. Jonson. 
 
 eOUN'TER-PART, n. [counter and part.] The cor- 
 respondent part ; the part that answers to another, 
 as the two papers of a contract or indentures ; a copy ; 
 a duplicate. Also, the part which fits another, as ilie 
 key of a cipher. .Addison. Johnson. 
 
 2. In maoic, the part to be applied to another ; as, 
 the base is the counterpart to the treble. 
 
 Badeii. Encyc. 
 
 eOUX-TER-PAS'SANT, a. [counter anA'pas.iant,] in 
 heraldry, is when two lions in a coat of arms are rep- 
 resented as going contrary ways. Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 eOUX'TER-PE-Tl"TION, ( pe-tish'un,) n. A \k- 
 tition in opposition to anollier. Clarendon, 
 
 eOUN'TER-PLE.V, 71. [counter and pica.] In /nic, a 
 replication to a plea, or request. Cotecl. 
 
 eOUX-TEll-PLOT', e. (. [counter and plot.] To oii- 
 poseone plot to another ; to attempt to frustrate strat- 
 azem by stratagem. 
 
 eOlTiN'TER-PLOT, 71. .\ plot or artifice opposed to 
 another. L'Estrangr. 
 
 eoUN-TER-PLOT'TING, 71. A plotting in opposition 
 to a stratagem. 
 
 eOUX'TER-POINT, 71. [Fr. confrr/joi'iitc ; Arm. co«- 
 treppentenn ; It. contrappunto ; contre and point.] 
 
 1. A coverlet ; a cover for a bed, stitched or woven 
 in squares. It has been corrupted into Counter- 
 pane. 
 
 2. In mitsie, counterpoint is when the musical char- 
 acters by which the notes in each part are signified, 
 are placed in such a maimer, each with respect to 
 each, as to show how the parts answer one to an- 
 other. Kncyc. Busby. 
 
 'J'lie term is now synonymous with harmony, and 
 nearly S(» with composition. P. Cyc. 
 
 3. An opiKisite |Hiiiit. Sandys. 
 eOUN'TEIl-PUlSE, 11. U [Fr. contrepeser ; It. eoutrap- 
 
 pesare ; Sp. contrapesar i contre, contra, and peser, pe- 
 sar, to weigh. See PonE.] 
 
 1. To counterbalance ; to weigh against with ccpial 
 weight ; to be equiponderant to ; to e(pial in weight. 
 The fonic and {|i»lAiuv» of wcigliu cuunterjioieini! tucli oUrTi 
 
 ought to p-ciprtic.il. Di^by. 
 The lifiivincM of ti»<lif'n must br counterpoited hy n nliiuiiiict 
 fiiilL'iu'a ;ilK/ut Ih'- \m\W\ to tlir ;txU. Wilkint. 
 
 Q. To act against with i^tpial power or effect ; to 
 balance. The wisdom of the siuiate may be able lo 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — MftTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE. BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQU^ BQQK.— 
 
cou 
 
 eounterpoiae the rash impetuosity of a democratic 
 house. 
 
 €OUN'TER-rOrsE, n. [Fr. contrcpoiiU; It. contrap- 
 yeso ; Sp. rontrHitrso.'\ 
 
 1. Ecmal weij-ht iictinR in ojumaition to something ; 
 equijionili-riince ; a w eight suHicient to balance imot'i- 
 cr in the opposite scale ; equal balanre. Milton. 
 
 Q. Equal power or force acting in opposition ; a 
 force sulticient to balance another force ; ecjuipol- 
 lence. 
 
 The K'cond nobles ore » ttmnterpoiit to lh( liisliir iioliilily. 
 
 lliicon. 
 
 3. In the vianege, a position of the rider in which 
 his body is duly balanced in his seat, not inclined 
 more to one side than the other. F.ticijr. 
 
 eOUN''TER-l'OIS-KI), pp. Balanced by an equivalent 
 opposing wei^'lit, or by e<iual power. 
 
 eol'N' I'Ell roIS INGjPpr. or a. Balancing by equal 
 weight in the opposite scale, or by 0(pial power. 
 
 eoUN'TKl'.-POI -SO.V, f-poi'/.n,) n. [countfrand poi- 
 son.] Oni: po'.'on that destroys the ellect of another ; 
 an antidote ; a medicine that obviates the effects of 
 
 poison. 
 
 Jlrbutlinot. 
 
 eulJi\'TEll-f RAe-TICE, n. Practice in opposition 
 to another 
 
 eOUN'TER-PRESC-TIRE, n. [toimtcr and pres.--urr.] 
 Opposing pressure ; a force or pressure that acts in a 
 contrary direction lllarknioye. 
 
 eOUN''! EK-PROJ EGT, 71. [counter anA project.] A 
 project, scheme, or proposal, of one party, given in 
 opposivion to another, before given by the other par- 
 ty ; as in the neg illation of a treaty. Swift. 
 
 edUN'TEK-l'ROOF, 71. [coiiiifcr and ;>riw/.] In ra- 
 gravinn, a print taken otT from another fresh printed, 
 which, by l)t'ng passed through the press, gives the 
 figure of the former, but inverted. Brandt. 
 
 eOUN'TER-PROVE, r. (. [eounter and pruic.l To 
 take off a design in black lead or red chalk, by 
 passing it ilirough a rolling press with another piece 
 of paper, both being moistened with a sponge. 
 
 Chmnbcrs. 
 
 €OUN'TER-PR0V-KD, pp. See the verb. 
 
 €OU.\'TEK-PltOV-I.\(;, ppr. See the verb. 
 
 eOL'i\-TER-REV-0-Lu''l'IOi\, 71. .\ revolution op- 
 posed to a former one, and restoring a former state 
 of things. 
 
 eOUA"TER-REV-O-l,0'TIOi\-\-RY, a. Pertaining 
 
 to a counter-revolution. 
 e0Ui\'TER-REV-O-Eu'TIO.\-IST, 71. One engaged 
 
 in or befriending a counter-revolution. 
 €OUN'TER-KOL.L, 71. [counter and roll.] In law, a 
 . counterpart or copy of the rolls, relating to appeals, 
 
 inquests, &c. Baitetj. 
 2. As o verb, this word is contracted into Control, 
 
 which see. 
 
 eOUN-TER-RoL'.MENT, 71. A counter account. [See 
 Control.] 
 
 eOUN-TER-SA'LI-ENT, a. [Fr. contre and saitlir, to 
 leap.] 
 
 In heraUlry, is when two beasts are borne in a 
 coat, Ie;iping from each other. Bailey. 
 eOU.\'TER-SeXRP, 71. [Pr. contresearpe ; It. contra 
 Scarpa ; Sp. contracscnrpa ; contre and e^carpe, scarpa, 
 escarpa, a slope, from the root of carve.] 
 
 In fortification, tlie exterior talus or slope of the 
 ditch, or the talus that supports the earth of the cov- 
 ered way ; but it olten signiries the whole covered 
 way, with its parapet and glacis ; as when it is said, 
 the enemy have lodged themselves on the counter- 
 scarp. Harris. Encyc. 
 eOlJX'TER-PeUP-FLE,77. Opposite scuffle ; contest. 
 eOU.\'TER-Sli.\L, r.t. To seal with another. Sliak. 
 eOU.N'TER-SK.\L-A,D, ;>p. Scaled with another. 
 eOU.\'TER-SKAI,-l.Vi;, ppr. Sealing with another. 
 eOUN'TER-SE-eCRE', i: L [counter and secure.] 
 
 To secure one who has civen security. 
 eOt'N'TER-SE-eO'Rl-TY, 11. Security given to one 
 who has entered into bonds or become surety for 
 another. Bailey. 
 eOU.N'TER-SENSE, 71. Opposite meaning. Houeell. 
 €OUN'TER-SIGi\, (-sine,) r. t. [counter and .viirii.] 
 Literally, to sign on the opposite side of an instrument 
 or writing ; hence, to sign, as secretary or other sub- 
 ordinate ollicer, a writing signed by a principal or 
 Bupc-rior, to attest the authenticity of the writing. 
 Thus charters signed by a king are connter.^igned by 
 a secretary Bank notes, signed by the president, 
 are countersiirned by the cashier. 
 COUX'TER-SIGN, 71. A private signal, word, or 
 I phrase, given to soldiers on guard, with orders to let 
 no man p<iss unless he tirst names that sign ; a niili- 
 tar>' watchword. Advance, and give the countersii^n. 
 
 2. The signature of a secretary or other subordi- 
 nate oificcr to a writing signed by the principal or 
 superior, to attest its authenticilj-. 
 ' €OU.\''TER-SIG-N.\L, 71. A signal to answer or cor- 
 respond to another ; o nanal term. 
 eOLX'TER-SlG'NA-TURE, n. The name of a sec- 
 retary or other subordinate officer countersigned to 
 ' a writing. 
 
 Below Uw umwrial luime ia eommonl ; a eounter-tifnaturt of oae 
 of Uw uvbiucl iiiinjatcn. Tooke. 
 eOUN'TER-SIGN-ED, pp. Signed by a. uccreury or 
 other subordin.ite olhcer. 
 
 COU 
 
 €OUN'TER-SIGN-ING, ppr. Attesting by llie signa- 
 ture of a subordinate officer. 
 
 eOUN'TER-SliN'K, v. t. To drill a conical depression 
 in wood or im lal, as in a hole for a screw. 
 
 eOUN'TER-SliVK, 71. A drill or bracebit for counter- 
 sinking. 
 
 tJOUN'TER-SI.NK-ING, ppr. Sec the verb. 
 
 eOUN-TER-STAT'Ti rE, 71. 4 contrary statute or 
 ordinance. JSlilton. 
 
 eOUN'TER-STRoKE, 71. A contrary stroke; a stroke 
 returned. Spenser. 
 
 COUN'TER-.SUNK, pp. See the verb. 
 
 €OUN-TER-S0RE'TY, 71. A counter-bond, or a 
 surety to secure one that has given security. 
 
 eOU.N'TER-SWAY, 71. Contrary sway ; opp<^site in- 
 fluence. Milion. 
 
 eoi;N'TER-T.\I.,-LY, n. A tally corresponding to 
 another. 
 
 eoUN'TER-TASTE, n. [counter and taste.] Oppo- 
 site or false taste. Slienstone. 
 
 €OUi\-TER.TEN'OR, ) »i. [counter and tenor.] In 
 
 eOUN'TER, j music, one of the middle 
 
 parts, between the tenor and the treble ; high tenor. 
 
 eoUX'TER TIDE, k. [counter and tide.] Contrary 
 tide. Dryilen. 
 
 eoU.N'TER-TI.ME, 71. [counter and time.] In Die 
 maneire, the defense or resistance of a horse, that in- 
 terrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, 
 occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad t< inp)er of 
 the horse. Encyc. 
 2. Resistance ; opposition. Dryuen. 
 
 eOllN'TER-TUR.V, ti. 'I'lie height of a play which 
 puis an end to exgiectation. Dryden. 
 
 €0U.\-TER-Va1L', t'. L [co«7i<er and L. valco, to 
 avail or be strong.] 
 
 'I'o act against with equal force or power ; to 
 eqii.al \ to act with equivalent eir<;ct against any 
 tiling; to balance ; to compensate ; as, the profit wiil 
 hardly countcrvaii the inconveniences. 
 
 AlUiou llic enemy could not counlervatt the Icing's damage. — 
 Eslh. vii. 
 
 eOUN'TER-VAlL, 71. Equal weight or strength; 
 
 power or value suthcieiit to obviate any effect ; 
 
 eipial weight or value ; compensation ; requital. 
 
 Spenser. South. 
 eOUN-TER-V.\lL'£D, pp. Acted against with equal 
 
 force or power ; balanced ; compensated. 
 eOUN-TEIl V.AlL'INt;, Pin-, or a. Opposing with 
 
 equal strength or value ; balancing ; obviating in 
 
 effect. 
 
 eOUN'TER-VIEW, ( vii,) 71. [counter and vine.] An 
 
 opposite or opposing view ; opposition ; a posture in 
 
 which two persons frimt each other. Mdton. 
 2. Contrast ; a position in which two dissimilar 
 
 things illustr.itc each other by opposition. Swifl. 
 eOUiN'TER-VoTE, v. t. To vote in opposition ; to 
 
 outvote. Scott, 
 eOU.N'TER-VVBIGH, (-w5,)ii. <. [See Weich.] To 
 
 weiL'h against ; to counterbalance. Jlscliain. 
 eoUX'TER-WIlEEl,, v. L To cause to wheel in an 
 
 oiiposite direction. 
 eOlfi\'TEK-\VIIEEL-ING,p/7r. Causing to move in 
 
 an opposite direction. 
 eOUN'TER-\VIM), n. Contrary wind. 
 eOUN TER-\V<")RK', (-wurk,)e.«. [See Work.] To 
 
 work in ojiposition to ; to counteract ; to hinder any 
 
 effect by contrary operations. 
 
 That counlerieorkt each folly and a\pria'. Pope. 
 
 eOUX-TER-VVORK'ING, ppr. Working in opiiosi- 
 tion ; counteracting. 
 
 eoUX-TER-VYllOUGIlT',(-rawt,);)p. Counteracted; 
 opposed by contrary action. 
 
 eOUXT'ESS, 71. [Fr. co77i(c«e; lUcontcssa; Sp. con- 
 <ic.<a. See Count.] 
 The consort of an earl or count. 
 
 eOU.N'T'l.N'C, ppr. Xuiiibering; reckoning. 
 
 eoi'XT'IX(;-HOUSE, l n. [.-Jee Count, the verb.] 
 
 eOL'NT'lXG-ROOM, j The house or room appro- 
 priated by merchants, traders, and inantilacturers, to 
 the business of keeping their books, accounts, letters, 
 and papers. 
 
 eoU.NT'l.NG, n. The act of computing or reckoning. 
 
 eOUXT'LESS, a. [count and le.ss.] That which can 
 not be counted ; not having the number ascertained, 
 nor a-scertiinable ; inniinierable. The sands of the 
 sea shore are eounllejs. 
 
 eOUX'TRI-FI-KI), (kun'tre-flde,) a. Rustic; rural; 
 having the appearance and manners of the country. 
 
 Todd. Rich. Diet. 
 
 eOUN'TRY, (kiin'tr)-,) n. [The correct orthograiihy 
 would be Contrv, Fr. conlree, It. conlraila, contracted 
 from L. coiifcrro, co7i anil terra, land adjacent to a 
 city. Hencj!, the citizens say, " Let us go into the 
 country." The I>atin has conte7Ta7icu.«, acouiilryinan.] 
 
 1. Properly, the land lying about or near a city ; 
 the terriloo' situated in the vicinity of a city. Our 
 friend has a seat in the country, a few miles from 
 town. Sec Mark v. Luke viii. Hence, 
 
 2. The whole territory of a kingdom or slate, as 
 opp<ised to city. We say, " The gentleman has a seat 
 in the country," at any distance from town indefinitely. 
 Hence, 
 
 3. Any tract of land, or inhabited land ; any re- 
 
 COU 
 
 gion, as distinguished from other regions ; a king- 
 dom, state, or lesser district. We speak of all tha 
 countries of Eurojie or Asia. 
 
 And they came into the (ounlry of Moah, — Rutli i. 
 
 4. The kingdom, state, or territory, in which one 
 is born ; the land of nativity ; or the particular dis- 
 trict indefinitely in which one is born. America is 
 my coutary, or England is my country. 
 
 Laban laid, It muit not be so done in our country. — Geo. 
 xxlx. 
 
 5. The region in which one resides. 
 
 He soJournrU in the land of promise, as in a fonrign country. — 
 lleh. xi. 
 
 6. Land, as opposed to water ; or inhabited territory. 
 Tlie Khipmen dreined that they drew neur to some country. — 
 
 Acu xxvii. 
 
 7. The inhabitants of a region. 
 
 Alt Ui'- couiilTtj wept with a loud voice. — 2 S:un. xr. 
 
 8. A place of residence ; a region of permanent 
 habitation. 
 
 They d'-dare pliiinly that they 8'*elt a country. — Heb. xi. 
 Tliey desiiv u U-tt-T country, that IB, a heavenly. — Heb. xi. 
 
 9. In law, a jury or jurors ; as, trial by the coun- 
 try, per pais. 
 
 COU.X'TRY, (kun'try,) 0, Pertaining to the country 
 or territory at a tlistance from a city ; rural ; rustic ; 
 as, a country town ; a country seat ; a country squire ; 
 a country life ; the country party, as opposed to city 
 party. 
 
 2. Pertaining or peculiar to one's own country. 
 
 He spoke in hi» country language. Alaccabttt. 
 
 3. Rude ; ignorant. Dryden. 
 eOU.\"TllY DAXCE, 71. [Ft. eontre danse.] A dance 
 
 in which the partners are arranged opposite to each 
 other ill lines. Originally and properly, Contra- 
 
 DANCE. 
 
 eOUX'TRY-.MAN, 71. One bom in the same country 
 with another. This man is my countryman. See Q 
 Cor. .xi. 21). 
 
 2. One who dwells in the country, as opposed to a 
 citizen ; a rustic ; a fanner or husbandman ; a man 
 of plain, unpolished manners. 
 
 3. An inhtibitant or native of a region. What 
 countryman is he ? 
 
 eOUX'TRY Si!AT, 71. A dwelling in the country 
 used as a place of retirement from the city. 
 
 eoUNT'-WHEEL, n. The wheel in a clock which 
 moves round and causes it to strike. 
 
 eoUX'TY, 71. [Fr. compte ; Sp. condado ; It. coTit^a ; 
 L. comilatus. See Count.] 
 
 1. Originally, an earldom ; the district or territory 
 of a count or earl. JVotc, a circuit or particular 
 portion of a state or kingiloiii, separated from the 
 rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the ad- 
 ministration of justice. It is called also a shire. 
 [See Shire.] Each county has its slicriir and its 
 court, with other olficcrs employed in the adiniuis- 
 tration of justice, and the execution of the laws. In 
 England there are ftl\v-two counties, and in each is 
 a lord-lieutehant, who has command of the militia. 
 The several States of America are dividi d by law 
 into counties, in e.ich of which is a county court of 
 inferii>r jurisdiction ; and in each the supreme court 
 of the State holds stated sessions. 
 
 2. A count ; an earl or lord. [ 04s.] Shak. 
 County palatine, in England, is a county <}istin- 
 
 giiishi^d by particular iirivileges ; so called a palatio, the 
 palace, because the owner had tiriginally royal pttwers, 
 or the same powers, in tlii! administration of justice, 
 as the king had in his p.alace ; but their [Kjwers are 
 now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, 
 are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. 
 
 County corporate, is a county invested with partic- 
 ular privileges by charter or royal grant, as Lon- 
 don. York, Bristo'l, &.c. 
 
 eOUX'TY, a. Pertaining to a county ; as, county court. 
 
 eol '.V'TY eOCRT, 71. A court whose jurisdiction is 
 limited to a county, anil whose powers, in America, 
 depend on statutes. In England, it is incident to 
 the jurisdiction of the sheriff. 
 
 eoUX'TY TOWN, 71. 'I'liat town where Uie various 
 courts of a county are held. In the IVestcra Slates, it 
 is improperlv called a county seat. 
 
 COUP DE OKA CE', (koo-de-gris',) [Fr.] Literally, the 
 stroke of mercy by which an executioner ends the 
 siitrerings of one on the rack, &c., by deatli. Hence, a 
 decisive, finishing stroke ; a finisher. 
 
 COUP DE .JM/.V-', (kt>o-<le-niang',) [Fr.] An in- 
 sUantaiieoiis aiitl unexpected attack or enterprise. 
 
 COUP yj'CE/Z,, (koo-dile',) [Fr.] Shght view ; glance 
 of the eve. 
 
 COUP D'E-T.IT, (koo-d.1-til',) [Fr.] A sudden, de- 
 cisive blow, in politics ; a stroke of policy. 
 
 COUP DE SO-LEIL', (koo-de-so-lile',) [Fr.] A stroke 
 of the sun. 
 
 COU-PK', (koo-pa',) 71. The front apartment of a 
 French diligence. 
 
 €OU-PEE', (k(M>-|)ee',) 71. fFr. i;ouprr, to cut.] 
 
 A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, 
 and suspended from the ground, and with the other 
 a motion is made forward. Chambers. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
cou 
 
 cou 
 
 cou 
 
 €X5U1"LE, (ktip'pl) :i. [Fr. couple: h. copula: It. Pp. 
 id. ; Arm. rouble ; t). kuppct ; G. kupprl ; Sw. koppet : 
 Dan. kobbel ; Ht-b. hs>:> ; Cli. iJ., and hsp, to double 
 or fold ; Syr. id. ; Sam., to shut.] 
 
 1. Two of the same species or kind, and near in 
 place, or considered together ; as, a couple of men ; a 
 couple of oranges. I liave planted a couple of cherry- 
 trees. We can not call a horse ami an ox a couple, 
 unless we add a generic term. Of a horse and ox 
 feeding in a pasture, we should say, a couple of ani- 
 moLs, .Among huntsmen and soldiers, brace is used 
 for couple : as, a brace of ducks ; a brace of pistols. 
 Couple differs from pair, which implies, strictly, not 
 only things of the same kind, but likeness, equality, 
 or customary association. A pair is a couple, but a 
 couple may or may not be a pair. 
 
 •2. Two things of any kiiid connected or linked to- 
 gether. 
 
 3. A male and female connected by marriage, be- 
 trothed, or allied ; as, a married couple ; a young 
 couple. 
 
 4. That which links or connects two things togeth- 
 er ; a chain. 
 
 eOUP'LE, (ku|)'pl,) V. U [Fr. coupler; L. copula; Sp. 
 copular ; It. copularc] 
 
 1. To link, chain, or connect one thing with an- 
 other ; to sew or fasten together. 
 
 Thou Shalt couple the curtains with hooks. — Ex. xxv\. 
 
 2. To marry ; to wed ; to unite, as husband and wife. 
 €OUP'LE, V. i. To embrace, as the sexes. Dryden. 
 eOUP'L£D, (kup'pld) pp. or a. United, as two things ; 
 
 linked ; married. 
 
 Coupleii colttinns; in ardiitecturc, columns arranged 
 ' in pairs half a diameter apart. 
 
 €0UP'LE:-BEG-GAR, n. One who makes it his busi- 
 ness to mam' beggars to each other. Sicift. 
 eOL'P'LEME.XT, (kup'pl-ment,) n. Union. Spenser. 
 eOUP'LET, (kup'let,) «. [Fr.] Two verses ; a pan- 
 of rhymes. 
 
 2. A division of a hymn or ode, in which an equal 
 number or equal measure of verses is found in each 
 part, called a strophe. 
 
 3. .\ pair ; as, a couplet of doves. [JVot used.] 
 COUP'LING, ppr. Uniting in couples; fastening or 
 
 ( connecting together ; embracing. 
 
 I €OUP'LING, 71. That which couples or connects, as 
 
 a hook, chain, or bar ; as, the coupling of a railroad 
 
 car. 2 Chroii. xxxiv. 
 2. The act of coupling. 
 I eOUP'LING-BOX, (kup'pling-box,) v. In machinrry, 
 I something that permanently connects two shafts ; 
 ' usually, a tube or strong cylinder embracing the end 
 
 of each shaft, with a pin or bolt passed throush each. 
 
 HeberU 
 
 eOUP'LI.N'G-PIX, 71. A pin used for coupling or join- 
 1 1 ing U)gether railroad cars and other machinery, 
 li COU-PO.V, (koo-pong',) 71. [Fr.] An interest cer- 
 tificate, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds, 
 (state, railroad, &.c.,) given for a term of years. 
 There are as many of these certificates as there are 
 payments of interest to be made. At each time of 
 payment one is cut off, and presented for payment. 
 Hence its name, coupon, or cut off. 
 €0UR'.\6E, (kur'raj) 71. [Fr., from caur, L. cor, the 
 heart : Arm. eouraich ; Sp. curagc ; Port, corageiii ; It. 
 coragffio.'] 
 
 Bravery ; intrepidity ; that tiuality of mind which 
 enables men to encounter danger and ditiiculties with 
 firmness, or without fear or depression of spirits ; 
 valor ; boldness ; resolution. It is a constituent part 
 o{ fortitude; but fortitude implies patience to bear 
 continued suffering. 
 
 Courage that grows from constitution oflffn forsakes a man when 
 he has ocaisi.jn for it ; courage whicii arises from a sense of 
 duly act* in .-i unilorin ni:itiner. Addison. 
 
 Be strong and of food courage. — Deut. xxxi- 
 
 €OUR-A'GEOUS, (kur ra'jus,) a. Brave ; bold ; dar- 
 ing; intrepid; hardy to encounter difficulties and 
 dangers ; adventurous ; enterprising. 
 
 Hi: thou strong and courageoue. — Josh. i. 
 
 eOUR-S'GEOUS-LY, ode. With courage ; bravely ; 
 boldlv ; stoutly. 
 
 COUR-A'GEOlfS-NESS, 71. Courage; boldness ; brav- 
 ery ; intrepidity ; spirit ; valor. 
 
 eOU-ttAN'TO, ! f^''- 'O"™"'*- running.] 
 
 1. A piece of music in triple time ; also, a kind of 
 dance, consisting of a lime, a step, a balance, and a 
 coupee. Encyc. 
 
 2. A title of a newspaper, so called from its rapid 
 circulation. 
 
 eOU-RAP', 71. .\ distemper in the E.ist Indies ; a kind 
 of herpcH or itch in the armpits, groin, breast, and 
 face. Encyc. 
 
 eOURB, V. i. [Fr. courber.] 
 To bend. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 eOURB, a. Crooked. [JVot in i«e.] 
 
 eOUR'BA RIL, n. Anime, a resinous substance which 
 flown from the llymenoea, a tree of South America ; 
 I used for varnishing. Fourcroy. 
 
 €0U'R!-ER, (koo're-er,) n. [Ft. couritr, Uom courir, 
 to run, L. eurro.] 
 
 1. .\ messenger sent express for conveying letters 
 or dispatches, usually on public business. 
 
 2. 'i'he name of a newspaper. 
 
 Course, n. [Fr. course; Sp. curso ; It. eorso ; It. 
 cursa; from t. cursus, from curro, to run, W. ffyru. 
 Eng. hurry. See Class Gr, No. 7, 15, 32, 34.J 
 
 1. In its general sense, a passing; a moving, or 
 motion forward, in a direct or curving line ; applica- 
 ble to any body of substance, solid or fluid. 
 
 jSpplied to animals, a running, or walking ; a race ; 
 a career; a passing, or passage, with any degree of 
 swiftness indefinitely. 
 
 .Applied to fluids, a flowing, as in a stream in any 
 direction ; as, a straight course, or winding course. 
 It is applied to water or other liquids, to air or wind, 
 and,to light, in tlie sense of motitm or passing. 
 
 ..Applied to solid bodies, it signifies motion or pass- 
 ing ; as, tlie course of a rolling stone ; the course of a 
 carriage ; the course of the earth in its orbit. 
 
 .Applied to navigation, it signifies a passing or mo- 
 tion on water, or in balloons in air ; a voyage. 
 
 2. The direction of motion; line of advancing; 
 point of compass, in which motiim is directed ; as, 
 what course shall the pilot steer In technical lan- 
 guage, the angle contained between the nearest me- 
 ridian and that point of compass on which a ship 
 sails in any direction. Jl/ar. Vict. 
 
 3. Ground on which a race is run. 
 
 4. passing or process ; the progress of any thing ; 
 as, the course of an argument, or of a debate ; a 
 course of thought or reflection. 
 
 5. Order of proceeding or of passing from an an- 
 cestor to an hen- ; as, the course of descent in in- 
 heritance. 
 
 G. Order ; turn ; class ; succession of one to an- 
 other in office or duty. 
 
 Solomon appointed the courses of the priests. — 2 Clirou. viii. 
 
 7. Stated and orderly method of proceeding ; usual 
 manner. He obtained redress in due course of law. 
 Leave Nature to her course. 
 
 8. Series of successive and methodical procedure; 
 a train of acts or applications ; as, a course of med- 
 icine administered. 
 
 9. A methodical series, applied to the arts or sci- 
 ences; a systeniized order of principles in arts or 
 sciences, for illustration or instruction. We say, 
 the author has completed a course of principles or of 
 lectures in philosophy. Also, the order pursued by 
 a student ; as, he has completed a course of studies 
 in law or physics. 
 
 10. Manner of proceeding ; way of life or conduct ; 
 deportment ; series of actions. 
 
 That I might finish my course with Joy. — Acts xx. 
 Tli'-;r course is eTil. — Jer. xiiii. 
 
 11. Line of conduct ; manner of proceeding ; as, 
 we know not what course to pursue. 
 
 12. Natural bent ; propensity ; uncontrolled will. 
 Let not a perverse child take his own course. 
 
 13. Tilt ; act of running in the lists. 
 
 14. Orderly structure ; system. 
 
 The ton^aie setteth on Jire the course of nature. — James iti. 
 
 15. Any regular series. In architecture, a contin- 
 ued range of stones, level or of the same hight 
 throughout the whole length of the building, and not 
 interrupted by any aperture. A laying of bricks, &c. 
 
 10. The dishes set on table at one time ; service 
 of meat. 
 
 17. Regularity ; order ; regular succession ; as, let 
 the classes follow in course. 
 
 18. Empty form ; as, compliments are often words 
 of course. 
 
 Of course ; by consequence ; in regular or natural 
 order ; in the common manner of proceeding ; with- 
 out special direction or provision. This effc-ct will 
 follow of course. If the defendant resides not in the 
 State, the cause is continued of course. 
 €otJRSE, V. t. To hunt ; to pursue ; to chase. 
 
 Wc coursed him at the heels. ShaJc. 
 
 9. To cause to run ; to force to move with speed. 
 
 May. 
 
 3. To run through or over. The blood courses the 
 winding arteries. The bounding steed courses the 
 dusty plain. 
 
 Course, v. i. To run ; to move with speed ; to run 
 or move about ; as, the blood courses. Shalt, 
 The grcyhoumls courted through the fields. 
 
 eOURS'£D, (korst,) pp. Hunted ; chased ; pursued ; 
 caused to run. 
 
 COURS'ER, 71. A swift horse; a runner; a war 
 horse ; a word used chiefly in poetry. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 2. One who hunts ; one who pursues the sport of 
 coursing hares. Johnson. 
 
 3. An order of birds which have short wings, and 
 move chiefly by running, as the ostrich, dodo, and 
 cassowary. Kirby. 
 
 4. A disputant. [JVo( in use."] Wood. 
 eOURS'ES, 71. pi. In a ship, the principal sails, as the 
 
 main-sail, fore-sail, and miz/.en : soaietimes the 
 name is given to the stay-sails on the lower masts ; 
 also to the main stay-sails of all brigs and schooners. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. Catamenia ; menstrual flux. 
 
 eoURS'EY, n. Part of the hatches in a galley. 
 _ Sherwood. 
 
 CoURS'ING, ppr. Hunting ; chasing ; running ; flow- 
 ing ; compelling to run. 
 
 CoURS'ING, n. The act or sport of chasing and hunt- 
 ing hares, foxes, or deer. 
 
 Court, 71. [Sax. curt; Fr. eaur; Arm. court; It. 
 corte ; Sp. carte ; Port. cort£ ; L. curia ; Ir. cui7^ 
 The primary sense and application are fiot perfectly 
 obvious. Most probably the word is from a verb 
 %vhich signifies to go round, to collect. W. cwr, a 
 
 circle ; Ar.^LT kaura. to go round, to collect, to 
 
 bind. Hence applied to a yard or inclosure. See 
 Class Gr, No. 32, 34. It may possibly be allied to 
 yard, Goth, gurds ; or it may be derived from a verb 
 signifying to cut off or separate, and primarily sig- 
 nify tlie fence that cuts off or excludes access. The 
 former is most probable.] 
 
 1. An uncovered area before or behind a house, or 
 in its center, and in the latter case usually surround- 
 ed on all sides by the buildings ; in popular language, 
 a court-yard. Owilt. 
 
 2. A space inclosed by houses, broader than a 
 street ; or a space forming a kind of recess from a 
 public street. 
 
 3. A palace ; the place of residence of a king or 
 sovereign prince. Europe. 
 
 4. The hall, chamber, or place where justice is ad- 
 ministered. 
 
 St. Paul was brought into Uie highest court in Athens. 
 
 Allerbury. 
 
 5. Persons who compose the retinue or council of 
 a king or emperor. Temple. 
 
 6. The persons or judges assembled for hearing 
 and deciding causes, civil, criminal, militarj', naval, 
 or ecclesiastical ; as, a court of law ; a court of 
 chancery ; a court martial ; a court of admiralty ; an 
 ecclesiastical court ; court baron, &c. Hence, 
 
 7. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesias- 
 tical. 
 
 8. The art of pleasing ; the art of insinuation , 
 civility ; flattery ; address to gain favor. Hence the 
 phrase, to make court, to attempt to please by flattery 
 and address. 
 
 9. In Scripture, an inclosed part of the entrance 
 into a palace or hotise. The tabeniacle had one 
 court; the temple, three. The first was the court of 
 the Gentiles; the second, the court of Israel, in 
 which the people worshiped ; the third was the 
 court of the priests, where the priests and Levites 
 exercised their ministry. Hence, places of public 
 worship are c:illed the courts of tlie Lord. 
 
 10. In Me United States, a legislature consisting of 
 two houses ; as, the Oeneral Court of Massachusetts. 
 The original constitution of Connecticut established 
 a General Court in 1639. B. TrutnbuU. 
 
 11. A session of the legislature. 
 
 Court, 7). t. in a general sense, to flatter ; to en- 
 deavor to please by civilities and address ; a use of 
 the word derived from the manners of a courL 
 
 2. To woo ; to solicit for marriage. 
 
 A thuiis.and court you, though they court in Tain. Pope. 
 
 3. To attempt to gain by address ; to solicit ; to 
 seek : as, to court commendation or applause. 
 
 COURT, V. i. To act the courtier ; to imitate the 
 manners of the court. 
 
 CoURT-B.\R'ON, 71. A baron's court ; a court inci- 
 dent to a manor. Blackstone. 
 
 CoURT'-BRED, a. [See Bried.] Bred at court. 
 
 eOURT'-BREED-ING, 71. Education at a court. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 CoURT'-BUB-BLE, 71. The trifle of a court Bcaum. 
 CoURT'-CHAP'L.4.IN, n. A chaplain to a king or 
 prince. 
 
 CoUUT'-CUP'BO.'VRD, 71. The sideboard of ancient 
 days. Slutk. 
 
 CoURT'-Da Y, 71. A day in which a court sits to ad- 
 minister justice. 
 
 COURT'-DUESS, 71. A dress suitable for an appear- 
 ance at court or levee. 
 
 CoURT'-l)RESS-ER, 71. A flatterer. Locke. 
 
 CoURT'-FASH-lON, n. The fashion of a court. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 CoURT-FA'VOR, 71. A favor or benefit bestowed by 
 a court or prince. L'K^trange. 
 
 COURT'-HAND, 71. The hand or manner of writing 
 used in records and judici.al proceedings. Shall. 
 
 COURT'-HOUSE, n. A house in which established 
 courts are held, or a house appropriatcil to courts 
 and public meetings. Anerica. 
 
 eOURT'-LA-DY, 71. A lady who attends or is con- 
 versant in court. 
 
 COURT'-LEET, 71. A court of record held once a 
 year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, be- 
 fore the steward of the leet. Blackstone. 
 
 COURT'-MXR'TIAL, 71. ; pi. CouRTs-MAnxiAL. A 
 court consisting of military or naval officers, for the 
 trial of ottenses of a militarv or naval character. 
 
 eOURT'-PLAS-TER, 71. Sticking-plaster made of 
 silk, with some adhesive substance, commonly gum 
 benzoin, on one side. Ure. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T MftTE, PKgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 875 
 
 J. 
 
cou 
 
 GOV 
 
 GOV 
 
 €oIJRr'-YXRD, n. A court or inclosure round a 
 liouse 
 
 €5U11T'ED, ;>p. Flattered ; wooed ; solicited in mar- 
 riage ; soiiglit. 
 
 eOURT'E-OUS, (l<urt'e-iis,) a. [from court ; Fr. cour- 
 tois ; It. ciyrtc^e : Sp. coWc.v.] 
 
 1. Polite ; well-bred ; being of elegant manners ; 
 civil ; obliging; condescending ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Polite i civil; graceful; elegant; complaisant; 
 applied to manners^ ^'c. 
 
 €OLrRT'E-OUS-LY, adv. In a courteous manner ; 
 vvitii obliging civility and coMdescensin ; complai- 
 xanllv. 
 
 eOURT'E-OUS-NESS, n. Civility of manntrs; obli- 
 ging condescension ; complaisance. 
 
 eOURT'ER, n. One who courts; one who solicits in 
 marriage. SUerwtwd. 
 
 €OURT'E-SAN, (kurt'e-zan,) n. [Ft. courtisane ; Sp. 
 cortesana; from court.'] 
 
 A prostitute ; a woman who prostitutes herself for 
 hire, especially to men of rank. 
 
 €OURT'E-SY, (kurt'e-sy,) n. TFr. couHoi.iic ; Sp. It. 
 cortcsia ; Port, cortczia ; from Fr. courtoisj Sp. ci/rtcSj 
 courteous, from court.] 
 
 1. Elegance or politeness of manners ; especially, 
 politeness connected with kiiulness ; civility ; com- 
 plais^ince ; as, the gentleman shows great courtf^n to 
 strangers ; he treats his friends with great rourtr.-^ij. 
 
 2. An act of civility or respect ; an act of kindness 
 or favor performed with pelili ness. S/ioA. Bacon. 
 
 3. A favor ; as, to liolil upon courtcsij, that is, not 
 of right, but by indulgence. 
 
 Tenure by courtrgij, or curtesy, is where a man mar- 
 ries a woman seized of an estate of inheritance, and 
 has by her issue born alive which was capable of in- 
 heriting her estate ; in tliis case, on the death of his 
 wife, he holds the lands for his life, as tenant by cur- 
 tesy. Blachitone. 
 
 COURTE'SY, (kurt'sy,) n. The act of civility, re- 
 spect, or reverence, |)erforme(l by a woman ; a fall or 
 inclination of the body, corresponding in design to 
 the bow of a gentleuuin. Dryden. 
 
 eOURTE'SY, (kurt'sy,) p. ». To perform an'act of 
 civility, respect, or reverence, as a tvoman. 
 
 JVot«. — This word was formerly applied to the 
 other sex ; but is now used only of the acts of rever- 
 ence or civility performed by women. 
 
 €OURT'E-SY, V. I. To treat with civility. [A"o£ in 
 use.] 
 
 €OUETE'SY-ING, (kurt'sy-ing,) ppr. Making an act 
 
 of civilitv or respect, as females. 
 CoURT'IER, (kort'yur,) n. [from court.] A man who 
 attends or freijucnts the courts of princes. 
 
 Bacon. Dryden. 
 2. One who courts or solicits the favor of another ; 
 one who tiatters to please ; one who possesses the art 
 of gaining favor by address and ciunplaisancc. 
 
 There was not among n\\ our princci a gp-atcr coitrtUr of tite 
 people Ui»n Rich.mt 111. Suckling, 
 eOURT'IER-Y, u. The manners of a courtier. [JVot 
 
 used.] B. Jotuton. 
 
 €oURT'ING, ppr. Flattering; attempting to gain by 
 
 address ; wooing ; soliciting in marriage. 
 CoUKT'ING, II. The act of paying court ; the act of 
 
 soliciting in marriage. 
 t'Ol- RT'LIKF,, a. Polite ; elegant. Camden. 
 t'oUIlT'LI-NESS, II. [See Colbtlv.] Elegance of 
 manner ; grace of mien ; civility ; complaisance with 
 dignity. Digby. 
 €oURT'LING, n. A courtier ; a retainer to a court. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 COURT'LY, a. [court and like.] Relating to a court ; 
 elegant ; |M)lite with dignity, applied to men and man- 
 ners ; flattering, applied to lau^naue. Pope. 
 
 €01IRT'LY, aiir. In the manner of courts ; elegantly ; 
 in a flattering manner. 
 
 eOURT'SIIIP, n. The act of soliciting favor. Swift. 
 
 2. The act of wooing in love ; solicitnti<m of a 
 woman tn marriage. Dryden, 
 
 3. Civility; elegance of manners. [Obs.] Donne. 
 eOUS'/\, (ku/.'n,) lu [Fr. con-mh. (In. contracted 
 
 from L. consobrinusy or consanguincuSy or is it allied 
 O 
 
 to the Persian (jXo y ~~- related, kindred 
 
 1. In a trenirai sense, one coll.-itcrally relat<-d more 
 remotely than a brother or si>tor. Hut, 
 
 2. .Appropriately, the son or daugliter ttf an uncle 
 or aunt; the children of brothers and sisters being 
 usually denoniin.ated coa.tin,i, or coitsin'trermans, (from 
 germanus, of the same slock.) In the second gener- 
 ation, they are called second cousins. 
 
 3. A title given by a king to a nobleman, p.articii- 
 larly to those of the council. Johnson. 
 
 eOrsy.V, (kuz'n,) a. Allied. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 eOl'S'/.N'-LY, (kuz'n-ly,) a. Like or becoming a 
 cousin. 
 
 eOU.-^'SI-NET, (koos'si-net,) n. [Fr., a cushion.] 
 
 In architecture, a stone placed on the impost of a 
 pier for receiving the first stone of an arch. Also, 
 that p.irt of the Ionic capital betwwn the abacus and 
 quarter round, which serves to form the volute. 
 
 Oicilt. 
 
 eOU-TEAU', (ko.^to',) II. [Fr., a knife.] A hanger. 
 
 eOVE, K. [Sax. cof, cofe, an inner room, a den. (In. 
 Obs. L. covum. The Spanish li.is the word with the 
 Arabic prefix, a/cu4a and alcore ; Port alcora : It. alco- 
 vo. It may be allied to cubby, W. cwb, a hollow place, 
 
 a cote or kennel ; or to cave, At. i_o kabba, to arch, 
 
 or (_iLj kauba, to make hollow.] 
 
 A small inlet, creek, or bay ; a recess in the sea- 
 shore, where vessels and boats may sometimes bi; 
 sheltered from the winds and waves. 
 COVE, V. L To arch over; as, a cored ceiling. 
 
 Sirinbume. 
 
 eOV'E-NA-BLE, a. [Old Fr.] Fit ; suitable. [Obs.] 
 
 IVickhffe. 
 
 eOV'E-NANT, (kuv'e-nant,) n. [Fr. conrenant, the 
 participle of conrenir, to agree ; L. convenio, con and 
 venio, to come ; Norm, contvence, a covenant ; It. con- 
 venzione, from L. conventio. Literally, a coming to- 
 gether ; a meeting or agreement of minds.] 
 
 1. A mutual consent or agreement of two or more 
 persons, to do or to forbear some act or thing , a con- 
 tract ; stipulation. .\ covenant is created by deed in 
 writing, sealed and executed ; or it may be implied 
 in the contract. Kneye. Blackstone. 
 
 2. .\ writing containin5.the terms of agreement or 
 contract between parties ; or the clause of agreement 
 in a deed containing the covenant. 
 
 3. In theology, the covenant of works, is that implied 
 in the comniaiiils, prohibitions, and promises of God ; 
 the promise of God to man that man's perfect obedi- 
 ence should entitle him to happiness. This do, and 
 live : Oiat do, and die. 
 
 The covenant of redemption, is the mutual agree- 
 ment between the Father and Son, respecting the re- 
 demption of sinners by Christ. 
 
 The covenant of grace, is that by which God en- 
 gages to bestow salvation on man, upon the condition 
 that man shall believe in Christ, and yii ld obedience 
 to the terms of the gospel. Crnden. F.ncyc. 
 
 4. In chureJi affairs, a solemn agreement betwi-en 
 the members of a church, that they will walk together 
 according to the precepts of the gospel, in brotherly 
 aft"ection. 
 
 eOV'E-N AiVT, (kuv'e-nant.) r. i. To enter into a for- 
 mal agreement ; to stipulate ; to bind one's self by 
 contract. A covenants with B to convey to him a 
 certain estate. When the terms are expressed, it 
 has for before the thing or price. 
 
 They eoverumted teith him for Uiirly piecci" of silrer. — Mutt, 
 xxvi. 
 
 €OV'E-NANT, V. t. To grant or promise by cove- 
 nant. 
 
 €OV'E-NANT-ED, pp. or a. Pledged or promised by 
 covenant. 
 
 eOV-E-N.\NT-EE', II. The person to whom a cove- 
 nant is maile. Blackslone. 
 eO V'E-NANT-ER, ii. He who makes a covenant. 
 
 Blackslone. 
 
 2. A subscriber to the Scotch national covenant, 
 in the reign of Charles I. .Mso, one of the Scotch 
 seccders, who, in 1743, renewed the same covenant. 
 
 J. Murdock. 
 
 eOV'E-NAN'T-ING, ppr. Making a covenant ; stipu- 
 lating. 
 
 CnV'E.V-OUS. PeeCovisand Covinous. 
 
 eOY'E.NT, II. [Old Fr. covent, for c<i«»e7it.l 
 
 A convent or mcmasterj-. Bale. 
 Hence, Cm'cnt Garden, in lAmdon, is supposed to 
 have been the garden of a convent on that spot. 
 
 eOV'E.\T-RY, II. y'o.WK/to Ciirciitry, denotes, among 
 military men, to exclude from the society of the mess, 
 to shut out from all social interc(uir<e, for conduct re- 
 garded as mean or iingentlemanly. Orose. 
 
 [This phrase has been traced to the times of Charles 
 I., though with great doubt as to its origin. The fol- 
 lowing facts, mentioned by Baxter in the narr;itive 
 of his life, may, perhaps, furnish an explanation. 
 Oiventry was a stronghold of the Puritans ; and, at 
 the commencement of the troubles, many of this de- 
 spised sect, in the neighboring country, " that would 
 fain have lived ipiietly at home, were forced (by the 
 royalists) to be gone, and to Coventry they came." 
 Hence, the phrase to send to Coventry may have been 
 handed down by the Cavaliers to military men, and 
 obtained its present application. — F,d.] 
 
 eOV'EN-TRY BI.OE, ii. Blue thread of a superior 
 dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for em- 
 broidery. B. Jonson. Tooke. 
 
 eOY'ER, (kuv'er,) r. t. [Fr. coutinV; Sp. and Port, eu- 
 brir ! It. coprire ; Norm, coverer and convcrer ; from 
 Ij. cooperio.] 
 
 1. To overspread the surface of a thing with an- 
 other subst;ince ; to lay or set over ; as, to cover a ta- 
 ble with a cloth, or a floor with a carpet. 
 
 Th' TftU*»,T« nrf covered with com. — Vs. Ixt. 
 
 The lociula shall cover the face of the enrth. — Ex. z. 
 
 2. To hide ; to conceal by something overspread. 
 
 if 1 sny, Siin-Iy th- darkness sh.ill co«r me. — Ps. cxxxix. 
 
 3. To conceal by some intervi ning object ; as, the 
 enemy was covered from our sight by a forest. 
 
 4. To clothe; as, to cover with a robe or mantle ; 
 to cover nakedness. 1 Sam. xxviii. 14. /Ir. xxviii. 42. 
 
 5. To overwhelm. 
 
 The wiitera covered the chariol* anil hownien. — Kx. xi». 
 1.1-1 tliein he covered with reproach. — P*. Uxi. 
 
 6. To conceal fi-oin notice or punishment. 
 
 Cliarity shall cover the iniilUluile of sins. — I Pel. ir. 
 
 7. To conceal ; to refrain from disclosing or con- 
 fessing. 
 
 He tliiil eovereth his sin shall not prosper. — ProT. xxTiii. 
 
 8. To parrlon or remit. 
 
 Bl'-iu"(l is he vv]i(«e sin is covered. — Ps. zzzii. 
 
 9. To vail, applied to women. 1 Cor. xi. 
 
 To wear a li.it, applied to men. Be covered, sir. 
 II). 'J'o wrap, infold, or envelop; as, to cover a 
 package of goods. * 
 
 11. To shcltiT ; to protect ; to defend. A squadron 
 of horse covered the troo|)s on the retreat. 
 
 Ami the sufl win;^ of jie.ace cover him around. Covley. 
 
 12. To brood ; to incubate ; as, a hen covering her 
 • eggs. Mdison. 
 
 13. To copulate with a female. 
 
 14. To equal, or be of eipial extent ; to be equiva- 
 lent to ; as, the reci^pts do not cover the expenses ; a 
 mercantile use of the word. 
 
 15. To disguise; to conceal hypocritically. 
 
 IG. To include, embrace, or comprehend. This 
 land wascorercf/ by a mortgage. Johnson*s Rep. 
 GOV'EU, (kuv'er,) ». .Xny thing which is laid, set, 
 or spread over another thing ; as, the cover of a ves- 
 sel ; the cover of a bed. 
 
 2. Any thing wliirh vails or conceals ; a screen ; 
 disguise ; superficial appearance. .Aflected gravity 
 may serve as a r^rrr ft»r a deceilful heart. 
 
 3. Shelter ; defense ; protection. The troops fought 
 under i-oefr of the batteries. 
 
 4. (concealment and jirotection. The army ad- 
 vanced uniirr r.m'rr of the nijiht. 
 
 5. The woods, underbrush, ^c, which shelter and 
 conceal game ; shelter ; retreat. 
 
 G. A plate set on the table. 
 eOV'ER-ClIlKF, II. A cuveruig for the head. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 eOVER-CLE. 71. [Fr. ] A small cover ; a Ird. 
 COY'Ell-iED, (kuv'erd,) />;<. or o. Spread over; hid; 
 concealed ; clothed ; vailed ; having a hat on ; wrap- 
 ped ; inclosed ; shelteri'<l ; proteetrd ; ilisguised. 
 €OV'ER-ER, n. He or that which covers. 
 COV'ER-INti, ;ipr. Spreading over ; laying over ; 
 concealing ; vailing f cluthing ; wrapping ; inclo*- 
 ing ; protecting ; disguising. 
 €OV'EK-I.\G, n. That which rovers ; any thing 
 spread or laid over another, whether for security or 
 concealment. 
 
 Noah removeil li.f cov^nvf of the ark. — Gen. Tiii. 
 He spn'ail a cloml (or a covering. — Ps.'cT, 
 Dfstniclion hath n-> covering. — Job xxjL 
 
 2. A cover ; a lid. 
 
 Kvcry open Tossel that hath no corerin^. — Num. zix. 
 
 3. Clothing ; minieiit ; garments ; dress. 
 
 They fcuise the naked to IimI je without clothing, tliat Utey hare 
 no covering in the c*>ld, — Joh xxiv. 
 
 eOV'ER-I.ET, n. [cover, and Fr. lit, a bed.] The 
 cover of a bed ; a piece of furniture designetl to be 
 spread over all Die oih. r covering of a bed. Dryden. 
 
 eOV'ER-SH.i.ME, n. Something used to conceal in- 
 famy. Dryden. 
 
 eOV'Etl-SI,UT, II. Something to hide sluttishness. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 eOV'ERT, (kiiv'ert,) a. [Fr. couvert, participle of 
 ceiirrir, to cover.] 
 
 1. Covered ; hid ; private ; secret ; concealed. 
 
 Whether of open war, or covert guile. Alilion. 
 
 2. Disguised ; insidious. 
 
 3. Sheltered ; not o|R'n or exposed ; as, a corerf 
 alley or place. Bacon. Pope. 
 
 4. Under cover, authority, or protection ; as, a 
 feme-covert, a married »'oman who is considered as 
 being under the influence and protection of her hus- 
 band. 
 
 COVERT, n. A covering, or covering place ; apl.ace 
 which covers and shelters ; a shelter ; a defense. 
 
 A til«'niacli. — for a cop»-| fri>m atonn and rain . — Is. It. 
 I wiil tniHl Ml llie corert of thy wings. — P*. Ixi. 
 
 2. A thicket ; a shady place, or a hiding-place. I 
 Sam. XXV, Job xxxviii. 
 
 3. A term applied to feathers of diOVrent sizes on 
 or under the wings of birds. Brandt. 
 
 eOV'ER'l"-LY, adv. Secretly ; closely ; in private ; 
 insidiously. 
 
 Among the p«ets, Penius covtrllx/ strikes .at NV.-o. DryUn. 
 
 eOV'ERT-NESS, n. Secrecy; privacy. 
 
 eOV'ERT-URE, (kuv'ert-yur,) n. Covering; shel- 
 ter ; defense. Milton. Bacon. 
 
 2. In iaiff, the state of a married woman, who is 
 considered as under cover, or the power of her hus- 
 band, and therefore calleij a feme-covert or /cmm»- 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K; <3 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 86' 
 
 87f' 
 
cow 
 
 convert. The coverture of a woman disables her 
 fi um making contracts to the prejudice of herself or 
 husband, without his allowance or confirmation. 
 
 €OV'ERT-\VaY, n. In fortificutiun, a space of ground 
 level with the field, on the edge of the ditch, three or 
 four fathoms broad, ranging quite round the half 
 moons, or other works, toward the country. It has a 
 parapet raised on a level, together with its banquets 
 and glacis. It is called, also, tlie corridor, and some- 
 times the counterscarp, because it is on the edge of 
 the scarp. Harris. Eiicijc. 
 
 €OV"ET, (kuv'et,) v. U [Fr. eonvoittr, to covet ; Norm. 
 coreitant, covetous ; cocctise, greediness ; VV. q/iyi, a 
 c6vetous man ; cijbrjzu, to covet. The Welsh word 
 is pronounced cijhyihn ; and cy has the power of con, 
 and may be a contraction of it. The last constituent 
 part of the word coincides in elements with the Latin 
 feto, and more nearly with the Gr. ttoBcw, to desire.] 
 
 1. To desire, or wish Sir, with eagerness ; to desire 
 earnestly ; to obtain or possess j in a ^ood setise. 
 
 Corel earnesUy Uie l>?st gifu. — I Cor. xii. 
 
 2. To desire inordinately ; to desire that which it 
 is lawful to obtain or possess ; in a bad sense. 
 
 Thou shilt not covet thy neighbor's house — wife — or ser- 
 vant. — Kx. XX. 
 
 eOV'ET, V. i. To have an earnest desire. 1 Tim. vi. 
 €f)\"ET-A-BLE, a. That may be coveted. 
 eOV'ET-ED, ]ip. or a. Earnestly desired ; greatly 
 
 wished or longed for. 
 eOV'ET-ER, (kuv'et-er,) n. One who covets. 
 eOV'ET-IXG, ppr. Earnestly desiring or wishing for ; 
 
 desiring inordinately to obtain or possess. 
 eOV'ET-ING, 71. Inordinate desire. Sliak. 
 eOV'ET-ING-LY, adc. With eager desire to possess. 
 €OV'ET-ISE, (-is,) n. Avarice. [yVo! in use.] Spenser. 
 eOV'ET-OUS, (kuv'et-us,) a. [Fr. cotwoitcuz.] 
 
 1. Very desirous ; eager to obtain ; in a good sense ; 
 as, covetous of wisdom, virtue, or learning. 
 
 Taylor. Skak. 
 
 2. Inordinately desirous ; excessively eager to ob- 
 tain and possess ; directed to money or goods, avari- 
 cious. 
 
 A bishop, then, must not be covetous, — I Tim. iii. 
 
 €0V'ET-OUS-I,Y, adv. With a strong or inordinate 
 
 desire to obtain and possess ; eagerly ; avariciously. 
 €OV'ET-OUS-NESS, n. A strong or inordinate de- 
 sire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good ; 
 usually in a bad sejise, and applied to an inordinate de- 
 sire of wealth, or avarice. 
 
 Out of the heart proceedeth covetousness. — Marie vii. 
 Mortify your members — and coveloasmss, wliich is idolatry. — 
 Col.'iu. 
 
 2. Strong desire ; eagerness. SAoA-. 
 COV'EY, (kuv'y,) n. [Fr. couvee, a brood ; coucer, to 
 Bit on or brood, to lurk or lie hid ; It. covare ; Sp. co- 
 bijar, to brood, to cover ; L. cubo, incubo. See Class 
 Gb, No. 14, 25, 31, 36, 88.] 
 
 1. A brood or hatch of birds ; an old bird with her 
 brood of young. Hence, a small flock or number of 
 birds together j applied to game : as, a covey of par- 
 tridges. .Addison. 
 
 2. A company ; a set. 
 
 €OV'IN, (kuv'in,) n. [Q,u. Ar. j^j-*^ gabana, to de- 
 fraud. More probably this word belongs to some 
 verb in Gb, signifying to conceal, or to agree. In 
 Norm. Fr. covyne is a secret place or meeting.] 
 
 In law, a collusive or deceitful agreement between 
 two or more persons to prejudice a third. Cowel. 
 
 €o'VIN"G, 71. [See Cove.] The projection of the up- 
 per stories of houses over the lower ones ; formerly 
 a prevalent style of building. Otoilt. 
 
 €0V'IN-OUS, a. Deceitful ; collusive ; fraudulent. 
 
 €OVV, 71.; p/. Cows ; old pi. Kine. [Sax. cit; D. 
 ioc ; G. kuli ; .Sw. ko : Dan. koe ; L. ceva ; Hindoo gaj 
 or gou ; Pers. koh : Pahlavi gao ; Sans, go, a cow, 
 and irau, an ox, godama, a cowherd ; Heb. nyj, to 
 low. J 
 
 The female of the bovine genus of animals ; a 
 quadruped with cloven hoofs, whose milk furnishes 
 an abundance of food and profit to the farmer. 
 
 Sea-cow ; the Manatee, a cetaceous herbivorous 
 mammal. (See Sea-Coh.J 
 
 €OW, V. t. Ui\i. Ice. kiifwa, or kuga, to depress.] To 
 depress witli fear ; to sink the spirits or courage j to 
 oppress with habitual timidity. StiaJc. 
 
 eoW'-BANE, 71. [i:o7fl and 6a/ic.J A popular name 
 of the Cicuta, a genus of poisonous aquatic plants, of- 
 ten destrnrtive to cattle. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 eOW'HAOE, / n. [Ill Bengalee, fflf /loWicc] A legu- 
 
 COW'-ITCII, \ niiiioiiH plant, the Jf/HCu/ia pruricTi,^^ 
 a native of wann climates. It has a fibrous root anti 
 an herbaceous, climbing stalk, with red papiliona- 
 ceous flowers, and IrgiiiniiioiiH, coriaceous pods, 
 crooked, and covered with sharp hairs, which pene- 
 trate the Hkiii, and cause an itching. A sirup made 
 from these pods lia« been iimciI as a venniruge. 
 
 COW'IlKltl), 71. [Sec IIebii.] One whose occupa- 
 tion it IS to altenil cows. 
 
 eOW'-IIOIIHE, 71. \ house or building in which 
 cows are kept or stabled. .Mortimer. 
 
 COW 
 
 eOW'-KEEP-ER, 71. One whose business is to keep 
 cows. Broome. 
 
 eOW'-LEECH. 71. [See Leech.] One who pro- 
 fesses to heal the diseases of cows. 
 
 €OW'-LEECH-ING, n. The act or art of healing 
 the disleiilpers of co«'s. Mortimer. 
 
 COW'LICK, re. .\ tuft of hair turned up over the 
 forehead, as if licked bv a cow. Farby. 
 
 eoW'-P.KRS-.XEP, 71. .K plant of the genus Heracle- 
 iim ; the wild parsiiep. 
 
 eOW'-PE.\, 71. .\ pen for cows. 
 
 eOW'-POX, H. The vaccine disease. 
 
 €OW'-Q,UaKES, 71. Quaking grass, the Briza, a 
 genus of plants. 
 
 GOW'SLIP, I n. A plant of the genus Primula, or 
 
 eOW'S'-LIP, ( primrose, of several varieties. The 
 , American cou'slip belongs to the gentis Dodecatheon ; 
 the Jerusalem and mountain cowslip, to the genus 
 Pulmonaria. 
 
 eoW'S'-LU.VG'WORT, 71. A plant of the genus 
 €0W'-TREE, 71. [Sp. ^alo de vac.a.] [Verbascum. 
 A tree of .South America which produces milk, a~ 
 nourishing tluid ; the Galactodendron utile. 
 
 HnmbolJt, 
 
 eOW'-WEED, 71. A plant of the genus Chairophyl- 
 
 lum, or chervil. 
 eOW'-VVHK.\T, 71, A plant of tlie genus Jlelampy- 
 
 rum. 
 
 COW'ARD, 71. [Fr. covard ; Arm. couhard: Sp. and 
 Port, cobarde. The original French orthography was 
 culvert, and it has been supposed to be from citiutn 
 vertere, to turn the tail. This suggestion receives 
 countenance from the corresponding word in Italian, 
 codardo, codardia, which would seem to be from coda, 
 the tail ; and it derives confirmation from tlie use of 
 the word in heraldry. In Welsh, it is cujaii, ca^gi, 
 from the same root as L. caco.] 
 
 1. A person who wants courage to meet danger ; 
 a poltroon ; a timid or pusillanimous man. 
 
 A coisard does not always eswpe with disgrace, but sometimes 
 loses his lile. South. 
 
 2. In heraldry, a term given to a lion borne in the 
 escutcheon with his tail doubled between his legs. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 COWARD, a. Destitute of courage ; timid ; base ; 
 as, a coward wretch. 
 
 2. Proceeding from or expressive of fear or timid- 
 ity ; as, coicard cry ; coieard joy. Shak. Prior. 
 eOW'.^RD, r. t. To make tinnjroiis. 
 eOW'ARD-ED, pp. Made cowardly. 
 eOW'ARD-ICE, (-is,) 71. [Tr. couardise ; Sp. cobardia.] 
 Want of courage to face danger ; timidity ; pusil- 
 lanimity ; fear of exposing one's person to danger. 
 
 Qjmardice alone is loss of fame. Dryden. 
 Did cou>aTdjce, did injustice, ever save a sinkings state f Ames. 
 
 eOW'ARD-IXG, ppr. Making cowardly. 
 eOW'.\RD-lZE, V. I. To render cowardly. 
 COW'ARn-IZ--ED, pp. Rendered cowardly. 
 eOW'ARD-lZ-ING, ppr. Rendering cowardly. 
 eOW'ARD-LiKE, a. Resembling a coward ; mean. 
 eOW'ARD-LI-NESS, 71. Want of courage ; timidity ; 
 cowardice. 
 
 €OW'ARD-L\'^, a. Wanting courage to face danger ; 
 timid; timorous; fearful; pusillanimous. Bacon. 
 
 2. Mean; base; befitting a coward ; a.s, a cowardly 
 action. 
 
 3. Proceeding from fear of danger ; as, cowardly 
 silence. South. 
 
 €OW'ARD-LY, adv. In the manner of a coward ; 
 
 meanlv ; basely. Knolles. 
 eOW'ARD-OUS, a. Cowardly. [JVe< used.] Barret. 
 eO\V'ARD-SHIP, 71. Cowarilice. [JVo( used.] SliaJc. 
 eoW'ET), (kowd,) pp. Depressed with fear. 
 eOW'ER, II. i. [W. cwrian, to squat or cower ; ctcr, 
 
 a circle ; G. kauern. See Class Gr, No. 32, 34, 37.] 
 To sink by bending the knees ; to crouch ; to 
 
 squat ; to bend down through fear. 
 
 Our dame sits cowering o'er a kitchen fire. Dryden. 
 
 eOW'ER, 7'. (. To cherish with care. [JVotuscd.] 
 eOWEK-Kl), pp. Cherished with care. [Spen.ier. 
 eOW'ER-ING, ppr. or a. Bending down ; crouching ; 
 timorous. 
 
 eOW'HIDE, 71. The hide of a cow made, or to be 
 made, into leather. 
 2. A coarse riding-whip made of cow's hide. 
 COWHIDE, V. L To beat or whip with a cowhide. 
 
 .America. 
 
 eoW'HID-ING, 71. A beating with a cowhide. Jim. 
 
 COWING, ppr. Depressing with fear. 
 
 eOW'ISlI, a. Timorous ; fearful ; cowardly. [Little 
 
 used.] SAaJc. 
 eOWL, 71. [Contracted from Sax. eugle, eugele; L. 
 
 cucullus ; Ir. cochal : Sp. cogulla ; Port, cogula, cucula.] 
 
 1. A monk's hixul, or habit, worn by the Bernard- 
 ines and Benedictines. It is either white or black. 
 
 What dilli'r more, yon cry, than crown and eoiol? Ptpe. 
 
 2. A vessel to be carried on a pole betwixt two 
 persons, for the conveyance of water. Johnson. 
 
 eOWL'-STXFF, n. A staff or pole on which a ves- 
 sel is supported between two persons. Suckling. 
 
 COWL' Eli, a. Wearing a cowl; hooded; in shape 
 of n cowl ; ilh, a cowled leaf. 
 
 CRA 
 
 COW-LIKE, a. Resembling a cow. Pope. 
 
 €0-WORK'ER, (-wurk'er,) 71. One that works with 
 another ; a co-operator. 
 
 COWRY, 71. A small shell, the Ctjpriea moneta, used 
 for mimey in Africa and the East Indies. Malcom 
 states that 8000 are equivalent to a dollar at Calcutta, 
 and 10,000 at Bankok ; but the value varies at differ- 
 ent places. 
 
 eOX'Co.MB, (-koin,) 71. [cock^s comb.] The top of 
 the head. SItak. 
 
 2. A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a 
 cock, which licensed ftMiIs wore formerly in their 
 caps ; also, the cap itself. Shak. 
 
 3. A fop; a vain, showy fellow ; a superficial pre- 
 tender to knowledge or accomplishments. Dryden. 
 
 4. A kind of red flower ; a name given to a spe- 
 cies of Celosia, and some other plants. 
 
 eOX'CoMB-LY, ( kbm-) a. Like a coxcomb. [JVof 
 tmed.] Beaum. a<id Fl. 
 
 COX'Co.MB-RY, (ko-f kom-ry,) 71. The manners of a 
 coxcomb. Ec, Hev. 
 
 eoX-CO.M'ie.^L, a. Foppish; vain; conceited; a 
 low word. 
 
 COY, (1. [Fr. cot, or coy, quiet, still ; contracted, proba- 
 bly, from the L. ijuietus, or its root, or from caiitus.] 
 
 Jlodest ; silent ; reserved ; not accessible ; shy ; 
 not easily condescending to f^imiliarity. 
 
 Like Daphne slie, as lovely and as coy. Waller, 
 
 eOY, II. i. To behave with reserve ; to be silent or 
 distant ; to refrain from speech or free intercourse. 
 
 Drydai. 
 
 2. To make difficulty; tobe backward or unwill- 
 ing ; not freely to condescend. Shak. 
 
 3. To smooth or stroke. Shak. 
 COY, for Decoy, to allure. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 COY'ISH, a. Somew hat coy or reserved. 
 eOY'LY, adc. With reserve ; with disinclination to 
 
 familiarity. Clmpman. 
 eOY'NESS, 71. Reserve ; unwillingness to become 
 familiar ; disposition to avoid free intercourse, by 
 silence or retirement. 
 
 When the kind nymph would coynesB feign, 
 
 And hides but to be tuund again. Oryden. 
 
 eOYS'TREL, 71. A species of degenerate hawk. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 eOZ, (kuz.) A contraction of Cousiw. Sliak. 
 
 COZ'-KN, (kuz'n,) v. t. [Q.U. Arm. couczyein, couchiein, 
 conchcza, to cheat, or to waste and fritter away. In 
 Russ. kos-nodei is a cheat, (iu, chouse and cheat.] 
 
 1. To cheat ; to defraud. 
 
 He tliat suffers a government to be abused by carelessness and 
 neglect, does the same thing with him that corrupUy sets 
 himself to cozen it. L'Eslrange. 
 
 2. To deceive ; to beguile. 
 
 Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters. 
 
 I,ocite. 
 
 €0Z'£N-AGE, (kuz'n-aj,) 71. Cheat ; trick ; fraud ; de- 
 ceit; artifice ; the practice of cheating. Dryden. Sicift, 
 
 eOZ' EN-ED, (kuz'nd,) pp. Cheated ; defrauded ; 
 beguiled. 
 
 €6Z' F.S-ER, 71. One who cheats or defrauds. 
 
 €07.' F.y -ING, ppr. Cheating; defrauding; beguiling. 
 
 Co'ZI-LY, ad. Snugly ; comfortably. fV. Irring. 
 
 eo'ZY, a. Snug ; comfortable. W. Irving. 
 
 2. Chatty ; talkative. Smart. 
 
 CRAB, 71. [Sax. crabba and hrefen ; Sw. krabba ; Dan. 
 krabbe, kriebs ; D. larab, krecft ; G. krabbe, krcbs : Fr. 
 ecrevisse ; W. crav, claws ; cravanc, a crab ; cravu, 
 to scratch ; Gr. Kapaiios; L. carabus. It may be al- 
 lied to the Ch. 3"\3 kerabh, to plow. Eng. to grave, 
 enirrave, L. scribo, Gr. ) pu<jj(o, literally, to scrape or 
 scratch. See Class Rb, No. 30, 18, &c'.] 
 
 1. An animtil of the class Crustacea, having the 
 whole body covered by a crust-like shell called the 
 carapax ; it has ten legs, the front pair of which ter- 
 minate in claws. Crabs differ from lobsters and 
 shrimps in having the tail very small, and concealed 
 at all times under the body. There are several 
 genera, among which the Cancer and Lupa atibrd 
 the most coiiiiiion edible species. 
 
 2. A wild apple, or the tree producing it; so 
 . named from its rough taste. 
 
 3. A peevish, morose person. Johnson. 
 
 4. A species of crane much used by masons for 
 raising large stones. Qwilt. 
 
 5. A wooden engine, with three claws, for launch- 
 ing ships and heaving them into the dock. Phdips. 
 
 G. A pillar used sometimes for the same purpose 
 as a capstan. Mar. Dicu 
 
 7. Cancer, a sign in the zodiac. 
 
 CrabKt ctaw ; in the materia mcdica, the tips of the 
 claws of the common crab ; used as absorbents. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Crab*s eyes; in pharmaty, concretions formed in 
 the stomacii of the crny-fish. They are rounded on 
 one side, and depressed and sinunted on the other, 
 considt^rably heavy, moderately hard, and without 
 smell. They are absorbent, discussive, and diuretic. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Crab-lice; small insects that stick fa-st to the skin. 
 €RAB, a. Stmt; rough; ihistere. [Qu. crab, supra, 
 
 or L. acerbus.] 
 €RAB'-AP-PLE,7i. A wild apple. [See Crab, No. 2.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 878 
 
CRA 
 
 CR \ 
 
 CRA 
 
 eUAR'-GRXSS, n. A genus of plants, the Dinilaria. | 
 
 eRAIl'-TllKK, n. Tlie tri'u that bears crab-apples. 
 
 eUAB'-YAVVS, H. 'I'lie name of a diseiise ill the 
 West Indies, beinj; a kind of ulcer on the soles of 
 the feet, with hani, callous lips. F.neijc. 
 
 C1!AH'BI;D, a. [fniiii crnb.] Roiinh ; harsh; aus- 
 len- ; sour j peevish ; morose ; cynical ; applied to 
 the temper. HJtak. 
 
 2. Uducli ; harsh ; applied to things. 
 
 3. DilKcult ; perplexing ; us, a crabbed author or 
 subject. J)njile.n. 
 
 eRAU'HKD-LY.orfo. Peevishly; roughly; iiiimisely; 
 with perplexitv. Joliiuioiu 
 
 CRAU'llED-NESS, n. Roughness; harshness. 
 9. Sourness ; peevishness ; asperity. 
 3. Dilliculty ; perplexity. 
 
 CRAH'UV", a. Ditticult. Moron. 
 
 CUA'HKU, H. The water-rat. Walton. 
 
 tKAli'S'-EVF.?, ( i/.e,) II. p(. Concretions formed in 
 the stiunach of naw-tish, and used in medicine. 
 
 CRACK, V. t. [I'V. craijiier ; 1). kraakcn ; G. krachen ; 
 \y.\n. krakker ; It. erocenre ; W. rhecaiii ; Sp. rajar ; 
 Port, racltar ; probably from the root of break, wreck, 
 and coinciding with the Gr. epeiicco, ^qyvvo); also 
 with Eng. creak, croak. 'I'lie W. has also cria, a 
 crack, from Wiii', a notch. Otoen. See Class Kg, 
 No. 34.] 
 
 1. To rend, break, or burst into chinks ; to break 
 partially ; to (lix'ide the parts a little t'rom each other ; 
 as, t<t crack a board or a rock ; or to break without an 
 entire severance, of the parts; as, to crack glass 
 or ice. 
 
 3. To break or rend asunder with a sharp, abrupt 
 sound ; as, to crack nuts. 
 
 3. To break with grief ; to atTect deeply ; to pain ; 
 to torture ; as, tocrac/tthe heart. VVe now use break 
 or rend. Shak. 
 
 4. To open and drink ; as, to crack a bottle of 
 wine, [/.oip.] 
 
 5. To thrust out, or cast with smartness ; as, to 
 tn-ack a joke. 
 
 fi. To produce a sharp, abrupt sound, like that of 
 rending ; to snap ; iis, to crack a whip. 
 
 7. To break or destroy. 
 
 8. To impair the regular exercise of the intellectual 
 faculties ; to disorder ; to make crazy ; as, to crack 
 the brain. 
 
 CR.ACK, V. i. To burst ; to open in chinks ; as, the 
 earth cracks by frost ; or to be marred witliout an 
 opening ; as, glass cracks by a siiilden application of 
 
 2. To fall to ruin, or to be impaired. [heat. 
 Thccr.Htit ofthi^ rxcti«iii.>r cracks when Itulc cornea in nni! much 
 
 gu''« out. [.Vol eV^anl.) Dryden. 
 
 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound ; as, the 
 clouds crack; the whip cracks. SUak. 
 
 4. To boast ; to brag ; that is, to utter vain, pomp- 
 ous, blustering words ; with of. 
 
 The Kthiops of tivrir sweet cuin))lexioa crack. [Sot tlegant.] 
 
 SttaJt. 
 
 CRACK, n. [Gr. jjujof.] 
 
 1. A disruption ; a chink or fissure ; a n.-irrow 
 breach ; a crevice ; a partial separation of the parts 
 of a substance, with or without an o|)ening; as, a 
 er<uk in timber, in a wall, or in glass. 
 
 5. A burst of sound ; a sharp or loud sound, uttered 
 suddenly or with vehemence ; the sound of any 
 tiling suddenly rent; a violent report ; us, the crack 
 of a falling house ; the crack of a whip. 
 
 3. Change of voice in puberty. Shak. 
 
 4. Craziness of intellect : or a crazy person. 
 
 5. A boast, or boaster, [ioio.] [.Iddison. 
 
 6. Breach of chastity ; and a prostitute. [Loie.] 
 
 7. A lad ; an instant. [.Vut iised.] 
 
 CRACK, a. Of superior excellence, having qualities 
 to be boasted of. [Familiar, or law.] lioUoway. 
 
 €UACK'-15R.\1.\-A0, a. Having intellects i mpaired ; 
 crazy. 
 
 CRACK'KD, (krakt,) pp. or a. Burst or split ; rent ; 
 broken ; partially severed. 
 S. Impaired ; crazy. 
 CRACK'EU, n. A noisy, boasting fellow. Shak. 
 
 2. A firework ; a ipianiity of gunpowder confined 
 so as to explode with noisel 
 
 3. .V hard biscuit. Smart. 
 
 4. That which cracks ,iny thing. 
 CRACK'-HEMP, J n. .\ wretch fated to the gallows ; 
 
 ' eR.\CK'-R5PE, i one who deserves to be hanged. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 CRACK'IXG, ppr. or o. Breaking or dividing par- 
 tially ; opening ; impairing ; snapping ; uttering a 
 sudden, sharp or loud sound ; boasting ; casting 
 jokes. 
 
 CRACK'I.N'G, B. .A breaking or dividing ; a sharp, 
 abrupt sound. 
 
 CRACK'LE, (krak'l,)r. i. [dim. of crocA-.] To make 
 slight cracks ; to make small, abrupt noises, rapidly 
 or frequently repeated ; to decrepitate ; as, burning 
 thorns crackle. 
 
 CR.VCK'LING, ppr. or o. .Making slight cracks, or 
 abrupt noises. 
 
 CR.VCK'l.l.N'G, n. The making of small, abrupt cracks 
 or re|K>rts, frequently repeated. 
 
 Tb-- eracktinf at Uiunu under s pol. — Ecclei. Tii. 
 2. The rind of roasted pork. Perry. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, qMTE.— 
 
 CRACK'NEL, n. .\ hard, brittle cake or biscuit. 
 I Kings xiv. 3. 
 
 CRA'UhE, II. [Sax. cradcl; W. cryd, a rocking or 
 shaking, a cnuile ; cnjdu, to shake or tremble ; cry- 
 dian, crijdiaio, id. ; from rhyd, a moving ; It. creatJiam, 
 to shake ; Gr. xpaiaw, id., and to swing ; lli b. "nn 
 to tremble or shake, to palpitate ; Syr. in Etiip., to 
 rub or scr.ape. Without the first letter, W. rhijil, 
 Hcb. Ch. Eth. iyi to tremble, to shake. In Ar. 
 
 tS£j ruada, to thunder, to impress terror, to trem- 
 ble ; and rada, to run hither and thither, to 
 move one w.ay and the other, to tremble or shake. 
 
 The Arabic »XEj 'o thunder, coincides with the 
 
 Latin rndo, to roar, and the AV. grtjdiaw, to utter 
 a rough sound, to shout, whoop, or scream, grydwst, 
 a iiiiiriimr, from gryd, a shout or whoop, and this 
 from rhyd; so that crydiuw, and grydiaw are from 
 the same root, and from this we have cry, and cry 
 implies roughness, coinciding with the Syriac, supra, 
 to scrape, whence grate, gride, &c. See Owen's 
 IVelsh Dictionary, and Castell's /feptaglot.] 
 
 1. A movable machine of various constructions, 
 placed on curved pieces of board, for rocking chil- 
 dren or infirm persons to sleep, fur alleviating pain, 
 or giving moderate exercise. 
 
 Me let the lender office Ion» en^^ 
 
 To rock tlie cradle ot a'poiiiig nge. Pope, 
 
 2. Infancy. From the cradle, is from the state of 
 infancy ; in tJie cradle, in a state of infancy. 
 
 3. That [Kirt of the stock of a cross-bow, where the 
 bullet is put. llncye. 
 
 4. In surgery, a case in which a broken leg is laid, 
 after being set. F.ncyc 
 
 5. In ship-building, a frame placeil under the bot- 
 tom of a ship for launching. It supports the ship, and 
 slides down the timbers or po-ssage called the ways. 
 
 Ilebert. 
 
 6. A standing bedstead for wounded seamen. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 7. In engraving, an instrument formed of .steel, 
 and resembling a chisel, with one sloping side, used 
 In scraping mezzotintos, and preparing the plate. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 8. In husbandry, a frame of wood, with long, bend- 
 ing teeth, to which is fastened a scythe, for cutting 
 and laying oats and other grain in a swath. 
 
 eR.\'DLE, c. (. To lay in a cradle ; to rock in a cra- 
 dle j to compose or quieL 
 
 It cradles their feaii to sleep. D. A. Oark. 
 
 2. To nurse in infancy. D. Webster. 
 
 3. I'o cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. 
 CR.a'DLE, c. i. To lie or lodge in a cradle. Shak. 
 CRa'DLE-CLoTHES, n. pi. The clothes used for 
 
 covering one in a cradle. 
 CR-A'DLf-'U, pp. I-aid or rocked in a cradle ; cut and 
 
 laid with a cradle, as grain. 
 eRA'I)LE-SCYTllE,(kri'dl-s!the,)ji. A scythe used 
 
 in a cradle for cutting grain. 
 CRa'DLING, p/<r. Laying or rocking in a cradle; 
 
 cutting and laving with a cradle, as grain. 
 CRA'DLING, n. The act of using a cradle. 
 
 2. In archileeture, a term applied to the timber, 
 ribs, and pieces in arched ceilings, to which the 
 laths are nailed. Owilt. 
 
 CRAFT, n. [Sax. crirft, art, cunning, power, force; 
 G. Sw. anJ Dan. krafl, power, faculty ; \V. crev, 
 cryv, strong; crcru, to cry, to scream, to crave; 
 eryrau, to strengthen, to wax strong; crnf,a cl.isp ; 
 crafu, to hold, to comprehend, to perceive ; crafus, of 
 quick perception. The primary sense is, to strain or 
 stretch. Hence strength, skdi, a crying out, hold- 
 ing, &c.] 
 L Art ; ability ; dexterity ; skill. 
 Poesy is Uie poet's skill or cro/l of in.ikin^. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense, or applied 
 to bad purposes ; artifice ; guile ; skiU or dexterity 
 employed to efiTect purposes by deceit 
 
 The chi.'f prieau and scribes sou^t how Ihe^ mi^ht take him by 
 crn/t, and put him to deAth. — M:irk xiv. 
 
 3. Art ; skill ; dexterity in a particular manual 
 occupation ; hence, the occupation or employment 
 itself; manual art ; trade. 
 
 Ye know that by this crajl we have our wealth. — Acts xii. 
 
 4. A term applied to all sorts of vessels. Totten. 
 Small cruft, is a tenn given to small vessels of all 
 
 kimis, as sloops, schooners, cutters, &c. 
 
 CRAFT, r.i. To pby tricks. [jVot in usf.l Shak. 
 
 CRAFT'I-LY, n</c. fSce CnAFTT.] With craft, cun- 
 ning, or guile ; artfully ; cunningly ; with more ort 
 than honesty. 
 
 CRAFT'I-NESS, n. Artfulness; dexterity in devis- 
 ing and effecting a purpose ; cunning ; artifice ; 
 stratagem. 
 
 He laketh the wise in their own emj^ness. — Job r. 
 Not wnlkinj in craflintss, nor hanUlmr the word of God deceit- 
 fully. — a Cor. iv. * 
 
 CRAFTS'.MAN, n. An artificer ; a mechanic ; one 
 
 skilled in a manual occupation. 
 CRAFTS'MAS-TER, n. One skillird in his craft or 
 
 tntile. 
 
 CRAFT'Y, a. Cunning; artful; skillful in devising 
 and pursuing a scheme, by deceiving others, or by 
 taking advantage of their ignorance ; wily ; sly ; 
 frttuduleiit. 
 
 He dltippointcih llie devices of the crafty. — S'Ai t. 
 2. Artful ; cunning ; in a good sense, or in a laud- 
 able iiiirsuit. 
 
 r« ini' crafty, I cauglit you with guile. —2 Cor. xii. 
 
 CR AG, n. rw. Scot, and Ir. craig ; Gaelic, creag ; 
 (/'orii. karak ; Arm. garreai ; probably (Jr. pa\ia, 
 ^a\i!, from the root of ,'>/) n oj, to break, like rapes, 
 111 Latin, from the root of ruinpo, riipi, ami crepido, 
 from crepo. (.-^ee Crack.) The name is taken from 
 breaking, L. frangn, fur fragu ; anil fragosus nnil 
 craggy are the same word with ditferent prefi\i:s ; 
 Eng. ragged. The Knayn? in Cilicia, mi-ntionecl by 
 Strabo and Pliny, retains the Celtic orthography.] 
 
 1. A stei'p, rugged rock ; a rough, broken rock, or 
 point of a rock. 
 
 2. In geology, a tertiary deposit of gravel mixed 
 with shells. Lyell. 
 
 eR.\G,»i. [Sax. /iracra, the neck ; Scot, era »■ or crai» ; 
 Gr. /<u\;i5. The same word probably as the pre- 
 ceding, from its roughness, or break. We now 
 call it rack.] 
 
 The neck, formerly applied to the neck of a hu- 
 man being, ns in Spenser. We now apply it to the 
 neck or neck-piece of mutton, and call it a rack of 
 mutton. 
 
 CRAG'-BCILT, ( bilt,) a. Built with crags. Ining. 
 CRAG'GED,a. Full of crags or broken rocks ; rough; 
 
 rugged ; abounding with prominences, jioints, and 
 
 ini'i|ualities. 
 
 eKAi;'(;i;i) NESS, n. The state of abounding with 
 cr:i!i-:, or hrokeii, pointed rocks. 
 
 CRAfJ'lil-NESS, n. The state of being craggy. 
 
 CR.AtJ'G Y, a. Full of crags ; abounding with broken 
 rocks; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as, 
 the craggy side of a mountain ; a craggy clitT. 
 
 CRAKE,;!. ,\ bo-tst. [See Crack.] Spenser. 
 
 CRAKE, H. [Uu. Gr. ifo£(, from kock;!.] 
 
 The corn crake, a migratory fowl, is a species of 
 the rail, Rallns, found among grass, corn, broom, or 
 furze. Its cry is very singular, crek, crrh, ami is 
 imitated by rubbing the bladt^ of a knifi> on an in- 
 denteil bone, by which it may be decoyed into a net. 
 
 F.nriie. 
 
 CRAKE'-BER-RY, n. A species of Einpetruiii or 
 
 berry-bearing heath. 
 GRA.M, V. t. [Sax. crammian ; Sw. krama ; coinciding 
 
 in sense, ana probably in origin, with ram.] 
 
 1. To press or drive, particularly in filling or thrust- 
 ing one thing into another; to stutf; to crowd ; to 
 fill to siipertltiity ; as, to rram any thing into a basket 
 or bag ; to cram a room witli people ; to cram victuals 
 down the throat. 
 
 2. To fill with food beyond satiety ; to stuff. 
 Children would U' more free from diwiues, if they werp not 
 
 crammed so iimch by loud nmtli'.-rs, Locke. 
 
 3. To thrust in by force ; to crowd. 
 
 Fate baa crammed us all into one lease. Gryden. 
 
 CRAM, V. i. To eat greedily or beyond satiety ; to 
 stuff. Pope. 
 
 CRA.M'BO, 71. A play in which one person gives a 
 word, to wliicli another finds a rhyme. Sw\fl. 
 
 CR.^.M'.MKD, (kramd,) pp. Stull'ed ; crowded ; thrust 
 in ; filled with food. 
 
 CRAM'.MIXG, ;i/)r. Driving in ; stuffing; crowding; 
 eating beyontl satiety or stifticieiicy. 
 
 CRA.M'.MI.N'G, n. A cant term, in ric British universi- 
 ties, Uw the act of preparing a student to pass an 
 examination, by going over the topics with him be- 
 forehand, and furnishing him with the requisite 
 answers. 
 
 CR.A.MP, n. [Sax. hramma; D. kramp ; G. Dan. and 
 .Sw. kranipe : It. rampone, a cramp-iron. Uu. Ir. 
 crampa, a knot. If m is radical, this word may ac- 
 cord with the Celtic crom,0. krumm, crooked, from 
 shrinking, contracting. But if ;> is radical, this word 
 accords with the W. craf, a cl.asp, a cramp-iron, rra- 
 /«, to secure holil of, to compreliend, Ir. crapadh, to 
 shrink or contract. The sense is, to strain or stretch.] 
 
 1. The spa-smodic and involuntary contraction of a 
 limb, or some muscle of the body, attended with 
 pain, and sometimes with convulsions, or numb- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Restraint ; confinement ; that which hinders 
 from motion or expansion. 
 
 A narrow fortune is a cramp to a grcal mind. Estrange. 
 
 3. A piece of iron bent at the ends, serving to hold 
 together pieces of timber, stoties, <tc. ; a cramp-iron. 
 [Fr. crampon ; It. rampone.] 
 
 4. An irtm instrument, having a screw at one end 
 and a movable shoulder at the other, used for closely 
 compressing the joints of framework. 
 
 (iwilt. Ilebert. 
 CRAMP, V. L To pain or affect with spasms. 
 
 2. To confine ; to restrain ; to hinder from ac- 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CtOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SlI ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 270 
 
CRA 
 
 RA 
 
 CRA 
 
 tion ur expiinsiiin ; as, to cramp the exertions of a 
 nation ; to cramp the genius. 
 
 3. To fasten, confine, or hold with a cramp or 
 cramp-iron. 
 
 €RA.MP, «. Difficult ; knotty. [LitOe nsed.l 
 
 eRAMP'BD, (kramt,) pp. or a. .\ffected with spasm ; 
 convulsed ; confinei ; restrained. 
 
 eR.\MP'-FISH, «. The torpedo, or electric ray, the 
 touch of which affects a person like electricity, 
 causing a slight shock, and producing numbness, 
 tremor, and sickness of the stomach. 
 
 CRA.MP'I.N'G, ppr. .Effecting with cramp ; confining. 
 
 eUAMP'-I-ROX, (-I-urn,) H. An iron used for fast- 
 ening things together ; a cramp, which see. 
 
 €RA.M-POOXS', n. pi. Hooked pieces of iron some- 
 thing like double calipers, fur raising stones, lumber, 
 and other lieavy materials. OilherU 
 
 CRA'.NWGE, «. [from crane. Imw li. cranas-iitm.] 
 The liberty of using a crane at a wharf for rais- 
 ing wares from a vessel ; also, the money or price 
 paid for the use of a crane. Cowcl. Eiicyc. 
 
 eUA.\'BER-RY, n. [crane and bcrrtj.] The fruit of 
 a si)ecies of Oxycoccus, (sour berry,) a berry that 
 grows on a slender, bending stalk. It is also called 
 moss-bcrni, or moor-bernj, as it grows only on peat- 
 bogs, or swampy land. The berry, when ripe, is red, 
 and of the size of a small cherry, or of the hawthorn 
 berry. These berries form a sauce of exquisite tla- 
 vor, and are used for tarts. The cranberry of the 
 United States is the O. macrocarpiis. that of Europe 
 is O. paliLstris. [The common pronunciation, cra/n- 
 berrtj, is erroneous.] 
 
 €RXNCH. See Ckauivch. 
 
 GRaNE, 71. [Sax. cran ; G. krahn ; D. kraan ; Sw. kran, 
 or trana ; Dan. kraiie, or trane ; \V. fraran ; Corn, kra- 
 na ; Arm. ^aran ; Gr. > coai"'?, whence geranium., the 
 plant, crane's-bill. The word in Welsh signifies a 
 shank or shaft, a crane or heron. This fowl, then, 
 may be named from its long legs. [du. pp, to 
 shoot.] 
 
 1. A migratory bird of the genus Grus, belonging 
 to the grallic order. The bill is straight, sharp, and 
 long, with a furrow from the nostrils toward the 
 point ; the nostrils are linear, and the feet have four 
 toes. These birds have long legs, and a long neck, 
 being destined to wade and seek tiieir food among 
 grass and reeds in marshy grounds. The conmion 
 crane is about four feet in length, of a slender body. 
 
 2. A machine for raising great weights, and mov- 
 ing them to a distance. It consists of a horizontal 
 arm, or piece of timber, projecting from a post, and 
 furnished with a tackle or pulley. 
 
 3. A siphon, or crooked pipe', for drawing liquors 
 out of a cask. 
 
 €RaNE'-FL5, n. An insect of the genus Tipula, of 
 many species. The mouth is a prolongation of the 
 liead ; tlie upper jaw is arched ; the palpi are two, 
 curved, and longer than the head ; the proboscis is 
 short. Encyc. 
 
 CR.^XE'S'-BILL, n. The plant geranium, of rnany 
 species ; so named from an a])pendage of the seed- 
 vessel, which resembles the beak of a crane or stork. 
 Some of the species have beautiful flowers and a 
 fragrant scent, and several of them are valued for 
 their astringent properties. [.See Crane.] Encyc. 
 2. A pair of pincers usedliy surgeons. 
 
 eRA-NI-OG'NO-.\IY, n. [Gr. Kpafiov, L. cranium, the 
 skull, and Gr. yi'w/i'.u', index.] 
 
 The doctrine or science of determining the proper- 
 ties or characteristics of the mind by the conforma- 
 tion of the skull. Oaod. 
 
 €Ra-.\I D-LOG'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to craniology. 
 
 eilA-XI-UL'O-GIST, n. One w ho treats of craniolo- 
 gy, or one wlio is versed in the science of the cra- 
 nium. 
 
 €Ra-NI-OL'0-GY, 71. [Gr. Kpapiof, the skull, and 
 Xoyos, discourse.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on the cranium or skull ; or 
 the science which investigates the structure and uses 
 of the skulls in v.arious anim.als, particularly in rela- 
 tion to their specific character and intidlectual pow- 
 ers. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 €Ra-NI-O.M'E-TER, 71. [Gr. Koapiov, the skull, and 
 ptrni'v, measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the skulls of animals. 
 
 €RA-iNI-0-.MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to craniome- 
 try. 
 
 eRA-.M-O.M'E TRY, 71. The art of measuring the 
 cranium, or skulls, of animals, for discovering their 
 specific diirvTenres. 
 
 €RA-NI-OS'CO-i'Y, 7t. [Gr. x/iiuiac, supra, and ir/co- 
 v'.w, to view.] 
 
 The sciena; of the eminences produced in the cra- 
 nium by the brain, intended to discover the particu- 
 lar part of the brain in which ri^side the organs which 
 Inllui nce lartictilar px'isions or facidlics. fjl. Encyc. 
 
 €UA'M-IIM, n. [I,. ; from Gr. Koavw.] 
 
 The xkull of an animal ; the assemblage of bones 
 which inclose (he brain. 
 
 GRA.N'K, n. [This word jmjbably belongs to the root 
 of crinfff, krinkU, to bend. I), krinkrt, a curl ; kron- 
 kd, a bend or winding ; and /iruii/t, weak, is probiibly 
 from bending ; Ir. frcanc, to make crooked. Uu. y-t3, 
 or the root of crook.] 
 
 1. Literally, a btnd or turn. Hence, an iron axis 
 with a part bent like an elbow, for producing a hori- 
 zontal or perpendicular motion by means of a rotarj' 
 motion or tlie contrary'. Thus the saw in a saw-miil 
 is made to rise and fall at every turn of the axis. 
 
 2. Any bend, turn, or winding. Slialc. 
 
 3. A twisting or turning in speech ; a conceit 
 which consists in a change of the form or meaning 
 of a word. 
 
 duips, and cranks, and wanton w-iles. Afillon. 
 
 4. An iron brace for various purposes. 
 
 Jtlar. Did. 
 
 €RA^^^, a. [D. krank ; G. id., weak ; Sw. krdncka, 
 to afflict ; Dan. krtBnker, id., or krtenger, to careen a 
 ship.] 
 
 1. In seameii^s lanr^uage, liable to be oversetj as a 
 ship when she is too narrow, or has not siifhcient 
 ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail. 
 
 2. Stout ; bold ; erect ; as, a cock crowing crank. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 CRANK, )v.i. [See Crank, ti., and Crinkle.] 
 CR.\N'K'LE, \ To run in a winding course ; to bend, 
 
 wind, and turn. 
 
 .Si'c how tliis river comes me cranklinff in ! Skak. 
 CRANK'LE, (krank'l) v. t. To break into bends, 
 
 turns, or angles ; to crinkle. 
 
 Old Va^'s stream 
 
 Crarikling her tMnl». Philipt. 
 
 CRANK'LE, 71. A bend or turn ; a crinkle. 
 CRANK'L£D, pp. Broken into unequal surfaces. 
 CRAXK'LiCS, (krank'lz,) n. pi. .Angular prominences. 
 CRAXK'LING, ppr. Breaking into bends, turns, or 
 angles. 
 
 CRAXK'NESS, 71 Liability to be overset, as a ship. 
 
 2. Stoutness ; erectness. 
 CR.\NK'Y. See Crank, a. 
 
 €RAN'NI-£:D, (kran'nid,) a. [See Crasnt.] Havin: 
 rents, chinks, or fissures ; as, a crannied wall. 
 
 Brown. S/iak. 
 
 CRAN'NY, 71. [Fr. cran ; Arm. cran, a notch ; L. cre- 
 na ; from the root of rend. Sax. hrcndan, or rendan 
 Ann. ranna, to split ; crenna, to cut otf ; W. rkanu, to 
 divide ; rhan, a piece ; Ir. roinnim, or ruinnim, to di- 
 vide ; Gr. A-o;i'(o ; L. cemo. See Class Rn, No. 4, 
 13, 16.] 
 
 1. Properly, a rent ; but commonly, any small, nar- 
 row opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall 
 or other substance. 
 
 — In a firm hiiilding, the cavities ought to be filled with brick or 
 stoue, fitted to the crannies. Dryden. 
 
 2. A hole ; a secret, retired place. 
 
 He peeped into every cranny. Arbu'Jinot. 
 
 5. In irlass-making, an iron instrument for forming 
 the necks of gla.sses, Encyc. 
 
 CRAN'NY, a. Pleasant ; praiseworthy. Bailey. 
 
 CRAN'NY-ING, a. Making crannies. 
 
 CRANTS, n. pi. [G. kranz.] 
 
 Garlands carried before the bier of a maiden, and 
 hung over her grave. Shak. 
 
 CRAPE, n. [Fr. crepe and cr'per, to curl, to crisp, to 
 frizzle ; .\rm. crep ; Sp. crespon, crape ; crcspo, crisp, 
 curled ; cre.tjinr, to crisp or curl ; Port, crcipam. Crape 
 is contracted from cresp, crisp. D. krip, G. krepp, Dan. 
 krcp. See Crisp.] 
 
 A thin, transparent stuff", usually black, made of 
 raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill, woven 
 without crossing, and much used in mourning. Crape 
 is also used for gowns and the dress of the clergj'. 
 A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn. Pope. 
 
 CRAPE, V. t. To curl ; to fonn into ringlets ; as, to 
 crape the hair. 
 
 CRAP'/;D, (krapt,) pp. Curled ; formed into ringlets. 
 
 CR.'iP'ING, ppr. Curling ; forming into ringlets. 
 
 CRAP'LE, n. [\V. crai:] 
 
 .\ claw. Spenser. 
 
 CRAP'.NEL, 71. A hook or drag. [Qu. grapnel.] 
 
 CRAP'U-LA, 11. [L.] a surfeit. 
 
 CRAP'lj-I^ENCE, 71. [L. crapula, a surfeit. See 
 Crop.] 
 
 Cropsickness ; drunkenness ; a surfeit, or the sick- 
 ness occasioned by intemperance. Diet. 
 CRAP'T-LENT, J a. Drunk ; surcharged with liquor; 
 CR.^P'C-LOL'S, j sick by intemperance. Diet. 
 CRaRE, n. An unwieldy trading vessel. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. Toone. 
 
 CRASH, V. t. [Fr. ccraser, to crush. Crash seems to 
 be allied to crash and to rush. Sax. kreosan.] 
 To break ; ti> bruise. Shak. 
 
 CRASH, 7'. i. To make the loud, clattering, multifa- 
 rious sound of many things falling and breaking at 
 once. 
 
 Wlien cnnviiUions cl'-ave the lalrorinp eanh. 
 Bi.'fore the diftiiiiii yawn R[i|ji'ant, the ^oiiiiii 
 Trembles and licavcs, Uie nodding houses crash. Smith. 
 
 CRASH, 71. The loud, mingled sound of many things 
 falling and breaking at once ; as, the sound of a large 
 tree falling and its branches breaking, or the sound 
 of a falling house. 
 2. [L. crassu.i.] Coarse hempen cloth. 
 
 eRASII'KD, (kra.sht,) pp. Broken or bruised. 
 
 €RASII'I.N'(;, ppr. or a. Making or denoting a loud, 
 clattering noise. 
 
 CRASH'ING, 71. The sound of many things falUng 
 and breaking at once. 
 
 There shall be a great crashing from the hills. — Zeph. i. 
 
 CRA'SIS, 71. [Gr. Kpa(7is, from xcpawvpi, or Kipaw, 
 to mix, to temper.] 
 
 1. The temper or healthy constitution of the blood 
 in an animal body; the temperament .which forms a 
 particular constitution of the blood. Coze. 
 
 2. In grammar, a figure by which two different let- 
 ters are contracted into one long letter, or into a 
 diphthong; as, uAijOta into aXridii ; rvxeos into tv- 
 
 CRASS, a. [L. crassus, the same as Gross, which see.] 
 Gross ; thick ; coarse ; not thin, nor fine ; applied 
 to fluids and solids ; as, crass and fumid exhalations. 
 [Little used.] Brown. 
 CRASS' A-MENT, n. The thick, red part of the blood, 
 as distinct from the serum, or aqueous part ; the clot. 
 CRASS' I-MENT, 7!. Thickness. SmarU 
 CRASS'l-TUDE, 71. [L. crassitudo.] 
 
 Grossness; coarseness ; thickness ; applied to liquids 
 or solids. Bacon. fVoodward. 
 
 CR.^SS'NESS, 71. Grossness. Glancille. 
 CRATCH, 71. [Fr. creche.] 
 
 A manger or open frame for hay. Spenser. 
 The childish amusement called making cratch-cra- 
 dle is an intended representation of the figure of the 
 cratch. Toone. 
 CR.^TCH. See Scratch. 
 
 CRATCH'ES, 7!. pi. [G. krdtze, Uie itch, cratches ; 
 kratzen, to scratch.] 
 
 In the manege, a swelling on the pastern, under the 
 fetlock, and sometimes under the hoof of a horse. 
 CRATE, 71. [L. crates.] 
 
 A kind of basket or hamper of wicker-work, used 
 for the transportation of china, crockery, and sunilar 
 wares. 
 
 CRA'TER, 71. [L. crater, Gr. Konrnp, a great cup.] 
 
 1. The aperture or mouth of a volcano. 
 
 2. A constellation of the southern hemisphere, con- 
 taining 31 stars. 
 
 CR-I-TERT-FORM, a. Having the form of a crater. 
 
 Mantell. 
 
 CRSUNCH, (kranch,) v. L [D. schransscn; vulgar 
 scraunch.] 
 
 To cmsh with the teeth ; to chew wjth violence 
 and noise. 
 
 CRAUNCH'ING, ppr. or a. Crushing with the teeth 
 
 with violence. 
 CRA-VAT', 71. [Ft. cravate; It. cravntta; Sp. orbata; 
 
 Port, caravata. In Dan., kragc, and krave, is a collar, 
 
 a cape, the neck of a shirt, &.C.] 
 
 A neckcloth ; a piece of fine muslin, or other cloth, 
 
 worn by men about the neck. 
 CRA VE, V. t. [Sax. crafian, to crave, ask, implore ; 
 
 \V. crrvu, to cry, to cry for, to crave ; crev, a cry, a 
 
 scream ; Sw. krajia ; Dan. krtEVcr ; Ice. krefa. (See 
 
 Class Rb, No. 2, 4, Syr.) So also D. roepen: Sax. 
 
 hreopen, Goth, hropyan, to cr)- out, as our vulgar 
 
 phrase is, to rip out. The primary scn?e is, to cry 
 
 out, or call.] 
 
 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity ; to be- 
 seech ; to implore ; to ask with submission or humil- 
 itj', as a dependent ; to beg ; to entreat. 
 
 As for HIT nobler friends, I crave their panlons. Shak, 
 Joseph — went in boliily to Pilate, and craved Uje body of Jesits. 
 — Mark xv. 
 
 2. To call for, as a gratification ; to long for ; to re- 
 quire or demand, as a passion or appetite; as, the 
 stomach or appetite craves food. 
 
 3. Sometimes intransitively, with for before the 
 thing sought ; as, I crane for mercy. 
 
 eRAV'£D, pp. Asked for with earnestness ; implored ; 
 
 entreated ; longed for ; required. 
 ^''^ly^'J' ) n. [Qu. from ercre, that ia, one who 
 
 CRA' V A NT ) ^'"^^ '"^ '■'"'^ 
 
 1. .\ word of obloqnv, used, formerly, by one van- 
 quished in trial by battle, antl yielding to the con- 
 queror. Hence, a recreant ; a coward ; a weak-heart- 
 ed, spiritless fellow. Shak. 
 
 2. A vanquished, disi)irited cock. Shak. 
 CRA'V/C.\, (kra'vn,) v. t. To make recreant, weak, 
 
 or cowardlj'. Shak. 
 
 CRa'V KN-ED, (kra'vnd,) pp. Made recreant or cow- 
 
 CRA'V/;N-ING, ppr. Making cowardly. [ardly. 
 
 CR.aV'EK, n. One who craves or begs. 
 
 eRAV'ING,p;)r. or n. Asking with importunity ; urg- 
 ing for earnestly ; begging ; entreating. 
 
 2. Calling for with urgency ; requiring ; demanding 
 gratification ; as an appetite craeing food. 
 
 CRAV'INt;, 71. Velieiuenl or urgent desire, or calling 
 for ; a longing f(*r, 
 
 eRAV'ING-I,Y,n(ie. In an earnest or craving manner. 
 
 CP.aV'ING-NESS, 71. The .state of craving. 
 
 CRAW, 71. [Dan. *rof; Sw.;.rc(A''i. This word coin- 
 cides in elements with crop; W. cropa : Sax. cropi 
 V.kropsG. kropf. The Danish troc signifies the 
 craw, and a victualing-house, t.avern, or ale-house. 
 It seems to be named from gathering.] 
 The crop or first stomach of fowls. Ray. 
 
 CRAW'-FISH, ) ». [CraiD is contracted from craJ, 
 
 CRXY'-FISH, i or from the Welsh craj, a shell ; 
 
 FATB, PAR, PALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
CRE 
 
 py.i<rod cragni, shell -fish. (Sue Char.) Uii. is not 
 Jish, in these \vi)r<ls, from tlic last sjihihle of tlie 
 Frencli ecrccutse ?] 
 
 A s|)i cies of Cni-itacra of tlic same Ronus witli Ihe 
 lohster, (A.-Haeus,) liiit smaller, anil fimnd in fresh- 
 water streams. It is esteemed very delicate food. 
 eUAWL, 1'. i. [D. kriclm ; Scot, croicl; Dan. I.rap- 
 Ic'r, to crawl up, to climb ; Sw. krUla, to crawl, to 
 swarm 1 IJ. irriclcn, to swarm; fp-iUeii, to shiver or 
 shudder ; Fr. frrouiUer, to stir about, to crawl with 
 insects ; It. g-riUare, to sinnncr. Uii. Uan. krillcr, to 
 itch.] 
 
 1. To creei»-; to move slowly by thrusting or draw- 
 ing the body along the ground, as a worm ; or to 
 move slowly on the hands and knees or fei t, as a 
 human being. A worm cratolx on the earth ; a boy 
 crawU into a cavern, or up a tree. 
 
 •J. To move or walk weakly, slowly, or timor- 
 ously. 
 
 Hf wtut hunlly able lo craiel nlnjiit tlic room. ArUuOinot. 
 
 3. To creep ; lo advance slowly and slyly ; to in- 
 sinuate one's self; as, to crniol into favor. ['I'his 
 vsi^ i-i vutirar.] 
 
 4. To move about; to move in any direction; 
 itsed in coidempU 
 
 Aluord opinions crawl ;ilxiut llic worUl. South, 
 
 5. To have the sensation of insects creeping about 
 the body ; as, tlie llesh crawls. 
 
 eUAVV'L, H. [Uu. 1). kraal.] A pen or inclosure of 
 slakes and hurdles on the sea-coast for containing 
 fish. Mar. Diet. 
 
 eUAVVL'ER.n. He ortliat which crawls ; a creeper; 
 a reptile. 
 
 eUAWL'IN'G, ppr. or a. Creeping ; moving slowly 
 along the ground, or other substance ; moving or 
 walking slowly, weakly, or timorously j insinuating. 
 
 €R AVVL'ING-LV, ado In a crawling manner. 
 
 CK^Y'ER S A small sea .vessel. [M'otinuse.] 
 eU.AY'-FISH, n. The river lobster. [See Cuaw- 
 
 FlSH.l 
 
 CU-^V't).\, n. [Fr., from craic, chalk, from L. crrla, 
 Sp. ffreda.] 
 
 1. A general name for all colored stones, ejirths, or 
 other minerals and substances, used in drawing. 
 
 Kncvc. 
 
 9. A kind of pencil, or colored C) linder, to itraw 
 lines with. It is usually made of pipe-clay, colored 
 with some pigment. IJrydcn. 
 3. A drawing or design done with a pencil or 
 • crayon. Jflhinton, 
 €U.\Y'ON, I), t. To sketch with a crayon. Ilcjice, 
 
 2. To sketch; to plan ; to tonnuit to papi'r one's 
 first thoughts. Biilin'jbruke. 
 
 eRAY'Oi\-/;i), pT>. Sketched with a crayon. 
 €KaY'0.\-ING, ppr. Sketching or planning with a 
 cravon. 
 
 CRa Y'ON-P.AlNT-ING, ft. The act or art of drawing 
 
 with crayons. 
 CK.aZE, e. t. [Fr. ecraser; Sw. Aro,vs<i ; to break or 
 bruise, to cri/.«A. See Cni-sH.] 
 
 1. To break ; to weaken ; lo break or impair the 
 natural force or energy of. 
 
 Till l-ii?tli of jfjirs, 
 Anil tc4leiitary luiiitl>i>ett&, craze ni> liinlM. •filUton. 
 
 S. To crush in pieces ; to grind to powder ; as, to 
 craze tin. 
 
 3. To crack the brain ; to shatter ; lo impair the 
 intellect ; as, to be crazed with love or grief. Sluik. 
 
 CR.^Z'Kl), pp. or a. Broken; brni.sed ; crushed; im- 
 paired ; deranged in intellect ; decrepit. 
 
 €RaZ'EI)-.M;SS, 11. .\ broken state; decrepitude; 
 an impaired state of the intellect. lluakcr. 
 
 eR.^7,i;'-.MlI,I,, \ n. i\ mill re-sembling a gri.st 
 
 eKAZ'hXG-.MILL, \ mill, used for grinding tin. 
 
 F.ticijc. 
 
 CRa'ZI-IA', ode. [Sec Crazy.] In a broken or 
 
 crazy manner. 
 CRA'ZI-NESS, 71. [See Cbaty.] The state of being 
 
 broken or weakened ; as, the craziiuss of a ship, or 
 
 of the limbs. 
 
 The state of being broken in mind ; imbecility 
 
 or weakness of intellect ; derangement. 
 CRXZ'ING, ;;pr. Urcaking, crushing; making crazy. 
 CRA'ZY, a. [Fr. ecrasi.] 
 
 1. Broken ; decrepit ; weak; feeble ; applied to the 
 bodijy or coiuititutioit^ or any structure; as, a crazy 
 body ; a crazy constitution ; a crazy ship. 
 
 2. Broken, weakened, or disordered in intellect ; 
 deranged, weakened, or shattered in mind. \Ye 
 sav, tile man is crazy. 
 
 eRE.\GHT, ru [Irish.] Herds of cattle. [.Vot used.] 
 
 Dartrs. 
 
 CRE.AGIIT, r. «. To gaze on lands. [.Vot «-.r./.] 
 
 Dartrs. 
 
 CRE.\K, V. i. [\V. crecian, to scream, to crash ; crrc,a 
 scream, a shriek ; connected with cre/r, cry^, rough, 
 hoarse, harsh, from rAyjr, Eng. ri/r, but the sense of 
 which is rough, rugaed. Indeed, this is radically 
 Ihe same word .as rough, L. raucus. The L. rugio is 
 proliably from the same root, and perhaps rugo. 
 The Sax. cearcian, to creak, may be the same word, 
 the letters transposed ; as may the Sp. cruxir, to 
 
 CRE 
 
 rustle, Gr. HftcicM, to comb, scrape, ralte, and Russ. 
 crik, a cry, krichu, to cry. On this word are formed 
 shriek and screech.] 
 
 To make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, of some 
 continuance, as by the frirtiiin of hard siibstaiiees. 
 Thus, the hinge of a door creaks in turning ; a light, 
 firm shoe creaks in walkin;;, by the friction of the 
 leather. 
 
 CReAK'ING, ppr. or «. Making a harsh, grating 
 sound ; as, creakiit^r hinges or shoes. * 
 
 CRk.'VK'ING, n. A harsh, grating sound. 
 
 CRk.'V.M, 71. [Fr. crSttte ; l<. cremor; G. rahm ; Sax. 
 reaiti ; Icc. rioiite ; i), ruoiii ; Sp. crc/ria. Class Rm.] 
 
 1. In a general .tcii.ie, any part of a liipior that sep- 
 arates from the rest, rises and collects on the surface. 
 More particularly, the oily part of milk, which, 
 when Itu^ milk stands uiiagitated in a cool place, 
 rises and forms a scum on the surface, as it is sjk-- 
 cifically lighter than the olln r part of the liipior. 
 This, by agitation, forms biilter. 
 
 2. The best part of a tiling; as, the cream of a 
 jest or story. 
 
 Creatn of lime ; the scum of lime-water ; or tliat 
 part of lime which, aller being dissolviMl in its caus- 
 tic state, separates from the water in the mild state 
 of chalk or limestone. Kncye. 
 
 Cream of tartar; purifii'd tartar or argal, being the 
 bi-tartrate of potassa ; so callfil, because it rises like 
 creain to the surface of the liquor in which it is pu- 
 rified. Ure. Ctiie. 
 CRlc.-V.M, t'. (. To skim; to take olT cream by skim- 
 ming. 
 
 2. To lake oS the quintessence or best part of a 
 thing. 
 
 eUfi.V.M, V. I. To gather cream ; to llower or mantle. 
 
 2. To grow stiif or formal. ^lu/;. 
 CRK.\M'-ltO\Vl., n. A bowl for holding cream. 
 CRlC.V.M'-Cll KESE, 71. Cream dried by exposure to 
 the air till it forms a .solid mass. It is not properly 
 cheese, not being formed into curd. 
 
 Kncyc. of Dutn. Kcon. 
 eRF;.\.M'£I), pp. Skimmed olf from milk, as the best 
 pari. 
 
 CUkA.M'-F.aC-KD, (kreme'niste,) a. White; pale; 
 
 having a coward look. Shale. 
 eRE.V.M'-XUT, 71. 'I'he fruit of Ihe Bertholletia ex- 
 
 celsa, of South America ; more commonly called 
 
 Brazil nut. Ilaliiermtui. 
 CRf.A.M'-I'OT, n. A vessel for holding cream. 
 CREA.M'Y, a. Full of cream; like cream; having 
 
 the nature of cream ; luscious. 
 GRE'ANCE, n. [Fr., from L. credo, cralens.] 
 
 In falconry, a fine, small line, fastened toa hawk's 
 
 lea.sh, when she is first lured. Bailey. 
 €REASE, 71. [Uu. G. krduscn, Sw. krusa, Dan. krtuicr, 
 
 Scot. croiV, to curl, to crisp. Class Rd, .\o. 73,83; 
 
 or Fr. crcuser, to make hollow, from crcui, hollow. 
 
 Class Rg. See Ckisp.] 
 A line or mark made by folding or doubling any 
 
 thing ; a hollow streak, like a groove. 
 CKkASE, p. (. To make a crease or mark in a thing 
 
 bv folding or doubling. 
 €lt'KAS'/;i), (krecst,) ;i;i. Marked by doubliii-;. 
 ClU-:AS'l.\i;, ppr. Making creases by folding. 
 CIlK'A-.'^tJTE. See Creusotb. 
 
 CRi;'.\T, n. [Fr.] In Vic manege, an usher to a 
 riding-master. Enciic. 
 
 eilE-ATE', V. t. [Fr. crcer ; It. creare; Sp. and I'ort. 
 criar; L. creo : Arm. croui ; Corn, gurci. In \V. 
 crcu signifies to cmife, and crew, to cry, to crave, lo 
 caw, to beg. \V. crete and crez, constitiilion, tempi'r ; 
 also, a trembling or shivering with cold. Ir. crotJi 
 or cruth, form, shape ; cruthaighim, to create, to prove, 
 assert, maintain. From the Celtic, then, it appears 
 that the E. creo is contracted by the loss of a d or th. 
 The Welsh has also cri, a cry, and criaw, to cry, both 
 deduced by Owen from ere; but ere is a contraction 
 <if creru, to cry, or of gryd, a crj ing or whooping, 
 or cnjd, a shaking. In Welsh, also, eri signifies 
 rough, rate, cruiie ; all which unite in the root of cry, 
 eraillr, I,, rudo, to bray. The primary sense of cre- 
 ate and of cry is the same, lo throw or drive out, to 
 produce, to bring forth, precisely as in the Sheniitic 
 N"<3. Hut the Welsh cr^u and creu may, iwrhaps,be 
 from ditferent roots, both, however, with the same 
 primary sense.] 
 
 1. To produce ; to bring into being from nothing ; 
 to cause to exisL 
 
 In Uic ir^mt'mg, God ereaUd tlic bcAven i 
 G.-n. i. 
 
 id tllJ earth. — 
 
 2. To make or form, by investing with a new char- 
 acter ; as, to create one a peer or baron ; to create a 
 manor. 
 
 I ereau you 
 
 Coinpnnioiu to our pcnoii. ShaJe. 
 
 3. To produce ; lo cause ; to be the occwicm of. 
 Long abstinence cre/itfs uneasiness in the stomach ; 
 confusion is created hurry. 
 
 Your eye. In ScoU.ind, 
 Would ertau aoldlen, ami nialie women fi'hL ShaJt. 
 
 4. To beget ; to generate ; to bring forth. 
 
 llic ^opli', wliicli shall be crtaud, •hall praiac the IxirU. — 
 
 CRE 
 
 5. To msike or produce, by new combinaliimn of 
 matli'r alre.idy cre.'iled, and by investing these com 
 binalions with new foriiis, coiistitutiuns, and quali- 
 ties ; to shape and organize. 
 
 Uoil created in.iii in liii own iiiuii;**. — Gen. I. 
 
 n. To form anew ; to change the slate or charac- 
 ter ; to renew. 
 
 Crinte in me n dean heiin. — li. 
 
 We are hit workinaniliip, created in Chrut Ji'tui. — Eph. II. 
 
 eUE-ATE', a. Begotten ; coin|Hised ; created. Shak. 
 
 eUE-AT'EI), pp. or a. Formed from nothing; caused 
 to exist ; produced ; generated ; invested with a new 
 character ; forined into new combinations, with a pe- 
 culiar shape, constitution, and properties ; renewed. 
 
 GRE-AT'LNG, ppr. or a. Forming from nothing ; origi- 
 nating ; producing ; giving a new character ; consti- 
 tuting new beiiig» from matter by shaping, organiz- 
 ing, and investing with new properties ; forming 
 anew. 
 
 CRE-A'TICV, n. The act of creating ; the act of 
 causing to exist ; and especially, the act of bringing 
 this World into existence. Roin. i. 
 
 2. 'J'he act of making, by new combinations of 
 matter, invested willi new forms and proi>erties, and 
 of subjecting to ditlereiit laws ; the act of shaping 
 and organizing; as, Ihe creation of man and other 
 animals, of plants, miner.als, itc. 
 
 3. The act of investing with a new character ; as, 
 the creation of peers in l-^tigland. 
 
 4. The act of producing. 
 
 5. The things creati.'d ; creatures ; the world ; the 
 universe. 
 
 At siilijecls then the wh<>Ie creittion came. Denttam. 
 
 C. Any part of the things created. 
 
 Before the low crealion swarmed with men. Parnell. 
 7. Any thing proiliiced or caused to exist. 
 
 A false rrertlion 
 
 Proceeiling from llio heat-oppresaej bnuiv Shak. 
 
 eRE-J'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to creation. 
 
 CRE-A'TIVE, a. Having the power to create, or ex- 
 erting the act of creation ; as, crcatiee fancy ; creativt 
 power. 
 
 eUE-A'TIVE-NESS, n. State of being creative. 
 CRE-A'TOR, 71. [L.] The being or person that cre- 
 ates. 
 
 R>..inr.nib.*r thy Creator in the days of Ihy youth. — Kcciai. xii. 
 2. The thing that creates, produces, or c.-iuscs. 
 CRE A'TOR-Sllll', 71. The state or condition of a cre- 
 ator. 
 
 CRK-A'TRESS, 71. A female that creates any thing. 
 
 CRi;.\T'l!R-.\L, (kret'yur-al,) a. Belonging to a crea- 
 ture ; having the qualities of a creature. 
 
 CRi:AT'l|RE, (krCt'yiir,) 71. [Fr.] That which is 
 creati'd ; every being besides the I'reator, or every 
 thing not self-existent. The sun, moon, and stars; 
 the earth, animals, plants, light, darkiies.s, air, water, 
 Slc., are the creatures of God. 
 
 2. In a rc.strictA-d scitse, an animal of any kind ; a 
 living being ; a beJist, In a more restricted seiuie, 
 man. Thus we say, he was in trouble, and no crea- 
 ture was present to aid him. 
 
 3. .'\ human being, in cimteinpt ; .is, an idle crea- 
 ture; a \nwr crenture ; what a crend/rc' 
 
 4. With words of endearment, it denotes a human 
 being beloved ; as^ a prettj' creature ; a sweet creature. 
 
 ft. That which is produced, formed, or imagined ; 
 as, a creature of the imagination. 
 
 fi. A person who owes his rise and fortune to an- 
 other ; one who is made to be what he is. 
 
 Great princes tints, whi-n lavnriles ihey rtise, 
 To jiislily their ^,ic^*, their crealuree |>r.use. 
 
 Drydei 
 
 7. A dependent ; a person who is subject to the 
 
 wjll or intliicnce of another. 
 eRr;.\T'l'RE-EY, a. Having the qualities of a crea- 
 
 liire. [/Mile iiseil.] Clieiine, 
 eRi-.AT'l'RE-Sllll',7i. The state ofa creature, [flare.] 
 eitK'HROIJS, a. Frequent. 
 
 CRK'DE.N'CE, 71. crcilenza : Fr. creance ; from L. 
 credens, from credo, to believe. See Crekd.] 
 
 1. Belief; credit ; reliance of the mind on evidence 
 of facts derived from other sources than [lersunal 
 knowledge, as from the testimony of others. We 
 give credence to an historian of uiisuspccled integrity, 
 or lo a story which is related by a man of known 
 veracity. 
 
 2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or 
 confidence ; as, a letter ofcre-dence, which is intcntled 
 to commend the bearer to the confidence of a third 
 person. [See Pbothesis.] 
 
 CRk'DE.N'CE, p. L To give credence to ; lo believe. 
 CRE-DFJ^' DA, n. pi. [L. Sue Creed j In tAcoJ- 
 ogy, things to be believed ; articles of faith ; distin- 
 giiishetl from agenda, or practical duties. Johnson. 
 CRK'DE.N'T, a. Believing; giving credit; easy of 
 belief. Sliai, 
 2. Having credit ; not lo be questioned. Shak. 
 [ This itiin-d is rarely used, and in the latt»r stnsA is 
 improper.] 
 
 eRE-DE.N'TIAE, a. Giving a lille to credit. 
 eRE-I)Ei\'TIALS, (-sbalz,) 71. pL [Rarely or nnfr 
 used in tlie singular.] 
 T)kat which gives credit ; that which gives > title 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJXITE. — A.N"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; OH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 36 
 
 281 
 
CRE 
 
 or claim to confidence ; the warrant on which l>e- 
 lief, credit, or authority, is claimed, among strangers ; 
 as the letters of commendatiun and power given by a 
 government to an embassador or envoy, wliich give 
 him credit at a foreign court. So tile power of work- 
 ing miracles given to the apostles may be considered 
 as their crfdcntia's^nuthuriz'i})^ them to propagate the 
 gospel, and entitling them to credit. 
 eRED-I-BlL'I-TY, lu [Fr. credibUilc, from L. credib- 
 Uis.] 
 
 Credibleness ; the quality or state of a thing which 
 renders it possible to be believed, or « hich admits 
 belief, on rational principles ; the ipiality or state of 
 a thing which involves no contradiction or absurdi- 
 ty. Credibility is less than certaintij^ and greater 
 than possibility; indeed, it is less than prubability^ 
 but is nearly allied to it. [See Crkdible.] 
 eRED'l-BLE, a. [L. crtdibtlis.] 
 
 1. That may be believed ; worthy of credit. A 
 thing i.s credible, when it is known to be possible, or 
 when it involves no contradiction or absurdity ; it is 
 vtitre credible, when it is known to come within the 
 ordinary laws or operations of nature. With regard 
 to the divine Being and his operations, everj' thing 
 is credible which is consistent with his perfections, 
 and supported by evidence or unimpeaeliable testi- 
 mony, for his power is unlimited. With regard to 
 human affairs, we do not apply the word to things 
 barely possible, but to things which come within the 
 usual' course of human conduct, and the general 
 rules of evidence. 
 
 2. Worthy of belief ; having a claim to credit ; ap- 
 plied to persons. A credible person is one of known 
 veracity and integrity, or whose veracity may be 
 fairly deduced from circumstances. We believe the 
 history of .\ristides and Themistocles, on tlie author- 
 itv credible historians. 
 
 €RKl)'l-n[.E-i\liy.s, n. Credibility; worthiness of 
 belief; just claim to credit. [See Credibility.] 
 
 €REl)'l 1!1,Y, a(lt\ In a manner that deserves be- 
 lief ; with good authority to support belief. 
 
 CREU'lT, n. [Fr. credit; It. credito ; Sp. id.; L. cred- 
 itiun. See Creed.] 
 
 1. Belief ; faith ; a reliance or resting of the mind 
 on the truth of something said or done. We give 
 credit to a man's declaration, when the mind rests 
 on the truth of it, without doubt or suspicion, which 
 is attended with wavering. We give credit to testi- 
 mony or to a report, wlien we rely on its truth and 
 certainty. 
 
 a. Reputation derived from the confidence of oth- 
 ers ; esteem ; estimation ; good opinion founded on 
 a belief of a man's veracity, integrity, abilities, and 
 virtue ; as, a physician in high credit with his breth- 
 ren. Hence, 
 
 3. Honor ; reputation ; estimation ; applied to me?t 
 or things A man gains no credit by profaneness ; 
 and a [wem may lose no credit by criticism. The 
 credit of a man depends on his virtues ; the credit of 
 his writings, on their worth. 
 
 •1. That which procures or is entitled to belief ; 
 testimimy ; authority derived from one's character, 
 or from the confidence of others. We believe a story 
 on the credit of the narrator. We believe in miracles 
 on the credit nf inspired men. We trust to the credit 
 of an assertion made by a man of known veracity. 
 
 5. Influence derived from the reputation of ve- 
 racity or integrity, or from the good opinion or confi- 
 dence of others ; interest ; power derived from 
 weight of character, from friendshi)), fiilelity, or 
 other cause. A minister may have great credit with 
 a prince. He may t^mploy his credit to good or evil 
 purposes. A man uses his credit willi a friend ; a 
 servant, with his masti:r. 
 
 (3. In enmnierce, trust ; transfer of goods in confi- 
 dence of future payment. Wiien the merchant gives 
 a credit, he sells his wares on an expressed or implied 
 promise that the purchaser will p;iy for them at a 
 future tiiin-. 'I'he si-ller belieres in the solvability 
 and probity of the purchaser, and delivers his goods 
 on that belief or trust ; or he delivers thi iii on llie 
 err/tit or reputaliou of the purchaser. 'I'he purch:tser 
 taki's what is sold, on credit. In like manner, money 
 is loaiii-d on the rrriht uf the borrower. 
 
 7. The capacity of bi-iiig trusted ; or the reputation 
 of stdveiiey and probity which entitles a man to be 
 trusted. A customer has good credit or no credit with 
 a merchant. 
 
 8. In bonk-keqtinrr, the sid" of an account in which 
 payment is entered ; opprised to debit. This article 
 IS earned to one's credit, and that to his debit. We 
 Hpi'ak of the credit side (tf an account. 
 
 !). Public credit ; the confidenci; u hich men enter- 
 tain in the ability and disposition of a nation, to 
 make good its engagriin uts with its rri'ilitors ; or 
 the esthnati<in in wliirli imlividioili holil the public 
 promises of payiiii-nt, whether such proimsis are 
 expressed or implied. The li rni is alsci applied. to 
 the neneral credit of individuals in a iiatimi ; when 
 merchants and others are wealthy, and piiuctnal in 
 fiillilling engagements ; or when tiiey tran-^act busi 
 neifs with honcir and fidelity; or whi'ii traiisiv-rs of 
 prop<Tly are made with ea-e for ready payment. So 
 wo Hjieuk of the credit of a bank, whi n general con- 
 
 CRE 
 
 fidence is placed in its ability to redeem its notes; 
 and the credit of a mercantile house rests on its sup- 
 posed ability and probity, which induce men to trust 
 to its engagem^-nts. When the public credit is ques- 
 tionable, it raises the premium on loans. 
 
 Clierish public credit. Wasitin^on. 
 
 10. The notes or bills which are issued by the pub- 
 lic, or by corporations or individuals, which circulate 
 on the confidence of men in the ability and dispo- 
 sition in those who issue them, to redeem them. 
 Tliey are sometimes called bills of credit. 
 
 11. The time given for payment for lands or goods 
 sold on trust ; its, a long credit, or a short credit. 
 
 12. A sum of money due to any person ; any 
 thinjg valuable standing on the creditor side of an ac- 
 count. A lias a credit on the books of B. The 
 credits are more than balanced by the debits. 
 
 [In tlti^ sense, the word has die plural number.'^ 
 CRED'IT, V. t. [from the noun.] To believe ; to 
 confide in the truth of; as, to credit a report, or the 
 man who tells it. 
 
 2. To trust ; to sell or loan in confidence of future 
 pa.x inent ; as, to credit goods or luone}-. 
 
 3. 'I'o procure credit or honor ; to do credit ; to 
 give reputation or honor. 
 
 M ly fieri; her moniiniPnl stand so, 
 
 To credit this nid'- age. Waller. 
 
 4. To enter upon the credit side of an account; 
 as, to credit the amount paid. 
 
 To set to the credit of; as, to credit to a man 
 the interest paid on a bond. 
 €RED'IT-A-BLE, a. Reputable ; that may be en- 
 joyed or e.vercised with reputation or esteem ; esti- 
 mable. A man pursues a creditable occupation, or 
 way of living. .^rbutlinot. 
 CRED'IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. Reputation ; estimation. 
 
 Joliiison. 
 
 eRED'IT-A-BLY, ado. Reputably; with credit; 
 without disgrace. 
 
 CREU'IT-EI), pp. Believed ; trusted ; passed to the 
 credit, or entered on the credit side of an account. 
 
 eRED'lT-I.VG, ;;;)r. Believing; trusting; entering to 
 the credit in account. 
 
 eRED'lT-OR, »i. [L. See Creed.] A person to 
 whom a sum of money or other thing is due, by ob- 
 ligation, promise, or in law ; properly, one who gives 
 creait in commerce ; but in a general sense, one who 
 h.as a just claim for money ; corr< l.itive to debtor. 
 In a figuTotioe sense, one who has a just claim for 
 services. Mdi-son. 
 Creditors have liefter memories than dehtors, Fraulclin. 
 2. One who believes. [JVof used.] Shak. 
 
 CRED'I-TRIX, H. A female creditor. 
 
 eilE-DO'LI-TY, II. [Fr. crr.dulile, L. crcdulitas, from 
 credo, to believe. See Creed and (_.'reduloi;s.] 
 
 Easiness of belief; a weakness of mind by which 
 a person is disposed to believe, or yield his assent to 
 a declaration or proposition, without suflicicnt evi- 
 dence of the truth of what is said or proposed ; a 
 disposition to believe on slight evidence or no evi- 
 dence at all. 
 
 CRED'tl-LOUS, a. [L. credulus, from credo. See 
 Creed.] 
 
 Apt to believe without sufficient evidence ; unsus- 
 pecting ; easily deceived. 
 
 eRED'U-LOUS-LY, ado. With credulity. 
 
 CRED'U-UJUS-NESS, n. Credulity; easiness of be- 
 lief ; readiness to believe without suflicient evidence. 
 
 Beyond all crediitily is the ei-edulouaiiess of aUieUU, who ^>elieve 
 Ih.tt chance couki make the worUI, when it can not build a 
 house. iS'. Clarice. 
 
 CREED, 71. [W. credo ; Sax. creda ; It. and Sp. credo. 
 This word seems to have been introduced by the use 
 of the Latin cre^lo, J believe, at the beginning of the 
 Apostles' Creed, or brief .system of Christian faith. 
 li. credo ; VV. credit; ('orn. credzhi ; .Arm. cridi ; It. 
 creidiin ; It. credere ; Sp. creer ; Port, crer ; Fr. croire ; 
 Norm, r.rere, crucr. The primary sense is probably 
 to throw, or throw on ; or to set, to rest on. See 
 Creed. Class Rd.] 
 
 1. A brief summary of the articles of Christian 
 faith ; a symbol ; as, the Apo.stolic creed. 
 
 2. That which is believed ; any system of princi- 
 ples which are believed or jirofessed ; as, a political 
 creed, 
 
 €REKK,j'. «. To make a harsh, sharp iioist,'. [See 
 Creak.] Shak. 
 
 CREEK, (kreek,) ii. [Sax. creeea; D. Ure.ek ; Fr. 
 criipie ; W.crig. a crack; ci-iiryll,ti creek; rhig, a 
 notch or groove. See (!rack.] 
 
 1. A small inlet, bay, or cove; a recess in the 
 shore (d' tin; sea, or ot* a river. 
 
 Tlii-y iliiicov.-n-il a c-rtain creek with u lllurc. — AclJ xxvH. 
 
 2. Any turn or winding. Shak. 
 '•i. A prominence or jut in a winding coast. 
 
 Davits. 
 
 [ThLt sense is probably not leicitijnate.] 
 i. Ill Home of the JImrrican States, A small river. 
 This is contrary to English usage, and is not justi- 
 fied by I'tymology ; but as streams often enter into 
 cree-ks and small bays, or lorm them, the name ban 
 been (fXteiided to small stri^ams in general. 
 
 CRE 
 
 CREEK'Y, (kreek'y,) a. Containing creeks ; full of 
 
 creeks; winding. Spenser. 
 CREEL, 11. An osier basket, such as aivglers iise. 
 
 Brocket. 
 
 CREEP, V. i.;prct. and pp. Crept. [Sax. crropan, 
 trypan; W. crepian, cropian ; D. kruipen ; ."^w. krypa, 
 to creep ; Dan. kryben, a creeping ; [r. drrapam : Sp. 
 and Port, trepar; L. repo; Gr. to-w. The sense is, 
 to catch, to grapple ; and the latter is from the same 
 root, Welsh, crapiaw, allied to L. rapio, and to W. 
 cripian, to scrape or scratch. Class Rb.] 
 
 1. To move with the belly on the ground, or the 
 surface of any other body, as a worm or serpent 
 without legs, or as many insects witli feet and very 
 sliort legs ; to crawl. 
 
 2. To move along the ground, or on the surface of 
 any t»ther body, in growth, as a vine ; to grow along. 
 
 3. To mtwe slowly, feebly, or timorously ; as, an 
 old or infirm man, who creeps about his chamber. 
 
 4. To move slowly and insensibly, as time. 
 
 To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-inorrow, 
 
 Creeps in tins pett.v pice from day to day. Shak. 
 
 5. To move secretly ; to move so as to escape de- 
 tection, or prevent suspicion. 
 
 01 this sort art; they who creep into houses, and lead cajjiive silly 
 women. — 2 Tim. iii. 
 
 6. To steal in ; to move forward unheard and un- 
 seen ; to come or enter unexpectedly or unobserved ; 
 as, some error has crept into the copy of a history. 
 
 7. To move or behave with servility ; to fawn 
 
 Shak. 
 
 CREEP'ER, n. One who creeps ; tliat which creeps , 
 a reptile ; also, a creeping jilaiit, which moves ahnig 
 the surface of the earth or attaches itself to some 
 other body, as ivy. 
 
 2. An iron used to slide along the grate in kitch- 
 ens. Jiihnson. 
 
 3. A kind of patten or clog worn by women. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 4. Creeper or Creepers; an instrument of iron with 
 hooks or claws, for drawing up things from the bot- 
 tom <if a well, river, or harbor. Forby. 
 
 5. A small bird of the genus CertJiia, of many spe- 
 cies, allied to the wooilpeckers and wrens. These 
 birds run along the body or branch of a tree, and 
 when they observe a person near, they run to the 
 side opposite, so as to keep out of sight. Kiicyr. 
 
 CKEEP'-HoLE, n. A hole into which an animal may 
 creep to escape notice or danger; also, a subterfuge ; 
 an excuse. .Jolinsoii. 
 
 CREEP'ING, 71. Act of creeping. Dicighl. 
 
 CREEP'ING, ppr. or a. Moving on the belly, or close 
 to the surface of the earth or other body ; moving 
 slowly, secretly, or silently ; moving insensibly ; 
 stealing along. 
 
 CREEP'ING-LY, adv. By creeping ; slowly ; in the 
 manner of a reptile. Sidney. 
 
 CREEP'LE. [JVot iLied.] See Cripple. 
 
 CREESE, 11. A .Malay dagger. 
 
 CRE-.M.a'TION, 71. [L. crematio, from crnno, to burn.] 
 A burning ; particularly, the burning of the dead, 
 according ttt the custom of many ancient nations. 
 
 Eiicyc. 
 
 CRE-Mo'NA, 7!. A superior kind of violin, made or 
 invented at ('remona, in It;ily. 
 
 2. A name erroneously given to a stop in the 
 organ. [See Cromorna.] Brande. 
 
 CRE'MOR, 71. [L. See Cream.] Cream ; any ex- 
 pressed juice of grain ; yeast ; scum ; a substance 
 rt;seinbling cream. Coze. 
 
 CRK.'N.yi'E, I a. [L. erena, a notch, wlience ere- 
 
 CRE'Na-TED, \ vatits, notched. See Cran.mv.] 
 Notched ; indentetl ; scolloped. In botany, a crs- 
 note leaf has its edge, as it were, cut with circular 
 incisurt^s, not inclining toward either extremity 
 When the scallops are segments of small circles, i( 
 is saiti to be obtusely crenated ; when the larger seg- 
 ments have smaller ones upon them, a leaf is saiti to 
 be doubiti crcnate. Miirtyn. . 
 
 CREN'A-TUKE, 7i. A scallop, like a notch, in a leaf, 
 or in the style of a plant. Bigclow. 
 
 CREiVK'LE, / „ n 
 
 CRENG'LE. ( ^'^'^ Cringle. 
 
 CREN'l'-LATE, a. [dim., used by Linnaeus.] Hav- 
 ing the edgt;, as it were, cut into very small scallops. 
 
 .Martyn. 
 
 CRk'OLE, 71. A native of Spanish America or the 
 West Indies, descended from European ancestors. 
 
 CRk'O-SO'J'I:, II. [Gr. Kiicois, gen. of upcat, llesh, 
 and lu^iT'iii, preserver.] 
 
 An aiitiseplir principle, tiften called fiesh-preservcr, 
 the protluct ol the decoiiipositioii of wttod in a cer- 
 ttiiii manner; an oily, colorless liipiid, having the 
 smell of smoke. It is obtained from the pyroligiious 
 acid antl the tarry matter u'hich distills over from 
 wood. It Is a powerful irritant. Knight. Urc. 
 
 CRC'PANEf'! [I^.-'Y"', to burst.] 
 
 A cliop or cratch in ii horse's leg, caused by iUc 
 shoe of one hind toot crossing! and striking the other 
 liind fuut. It nonu'liiiies de^enerati^-s into an nicer. 
 
 Kiiet/c. 
 
 eilKr'l-TATK, V. i. crcpito, to crackle, from 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T.-MKTE, PKBY. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF. BQQK. 
 
 282 
 
CRE 
 
 erqio, to cmck, to hurst witli n sharp sound ; It. 
 erepitATf.^ crcpart- ; Fr. crcrrr ; Sax. hreo/itin ; Golli. 
 hropynn i D. rvfpen; allied t4> Vav^, ri;/, and probably 
 from llic root of rumpOy rupi^/SiLC. Sue D^n and 
 
 kharofa. Class Rb, No. 27, and No. I8,2G,:iO.] 
 
 Tocrarl'lP ; to snap ; to burst with a small, sharp, 
 abrupt •"Uinl, rapidly repeated, as .salt in lire, or 
 durine cslcination. It differs Ironi Ueluiiatr, whirli 
 siLMiilies, to burst with a sin;;le loud report. 
 
 GR r.l" l-T.\-'riNG, ppr. Crarklinj;; snappine. 
 
 eRI'.l' l-TA'TION, H. The art of bursting' with a 
 fre<|uent re|)etilion of sharp sounds ; the noise of 
 some salts in nilcinntiim ; cracklinf;. Ouc. Kncijr. 
 
 2. The noise of fractured bones, when moved by 
 n surcmn to ascertain a fracture. Encyc. 
 
 GRKPT, prrt. and pp. of Creep. 
 
 eUK-I'lISTI.E, (-si,) j n. [L. crrpiutculum, from crrpo, 
 eRK-l'US'fULIi, ( or its root, a little burst or 
 
 bri ak of light, or broken light. Crepcrus is from 
 ' the same root,] 
 
 Twilight; the light of the morning from the first 
 
 dawn to sunrise, and of the evening from sunset to 
 
 darkness. It is occasioned by the refraction of the 
 
 snn*s rji\"s. ' 
 eUK-PLIS'CU-L.'VR, I a. I'ertainins to twilight ; 
 CRE-PUS'eU-LUUS, ! glimuiering; notingtheim- 
 
 P"rfect light of the morning and evening ; hence, 
 
 impertVctlv clear or luminous. Brown. Gtanviltf. 
 CRK-PIIS'C'II-MNE, a. Crepuscular. [JVu< ii-wrf.] 
 eRES-CK.N'DO, [ll.l in music, denotes with an 
 
 iui'reasing volume of voice. 
 eRES'CK.V T, a. [1.. cmcrns, from ctmco, to grow; 
 
 Fr. cruii.^ant. See (Jrow.] 
 
 • Increasing ; growing ; a.**, crrscrnt horns. Milton. 
 eRES'CKNT, ;i. The increasing or new mcKin, which, 
 when receding from the sun, shows a curving rim of 
 light, lermiMating in points or horns. It is ap|ilied 
 to the old or decreasing mwn, in a like state, but less 
 properly. DnjUen, 
 
 •2. The figure or likeness of the new moon, as 
 that borne in the Turkish Hag or national standard. 
 The standard itself, and f^urativclij, the Turkish 
 power. Gibtiuit. 
 
 3. In heraldry, a hearing in the form of a half 
 moon. 
 
 4. The name of a military order, instituted by 
 Renatus of Anjou, king of Sicily ; so called from 
 its symbol or badge, a crescent of gold enameled. 
 
 Eucyc. 
 
 eRES'CENT, V. L To form into a crescent. 
 
 Seward. 
 
 t-RK.'S'rKNT-En, a. Adorned with a crescent. KraLi. 
 €RES'CENT-FOR.M-£U, a. Formed like a crescent. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 eRES'CENT-.SIHP-f:D, f-shipt,) a. In botany, 
 lunate; lunated ; shappd like a crescent; as a leaf. 
 
 eRES'CIVE, a. [U crrsco, to grow.] ■'Wurty/i. 
 Increasing ; growing. Shak. 
 
 GRESS, M. [Fr. cre.ison; It. cresciane ; Arm. crcfton ; 
 D. A-(*r.v ; G. kresse ; Sax. eterst or crcssciu tiu. its 
 alliance to crojix, or to L. crrjco.] 
 
 The name of several species of plants, most of 
 them of the class Tetradynamia, \Vater-cresses, of 
 the genus Sisyniliriuni, are used as a salad, and are 
 valued in medicine for their antiscorbutic qualities. 
 The leaves have a moderately pungent taste. They 
 grow on the brinks of rivulets and in other moist 
 grounds. The word is generally used in the plunil. 
 
 CRESS'ET, n. [Fr. croisette, dun. of croix, cr(»s9, be- 
 cause beacons formerly had crosses on their tops. 
 Sec Cross.] 
 
 1. A great light set on a beacon, light-house, or 
 watch-tower. Johnson. Shak. 
 
 2. A lamp or torch. Muton. Holinshrd, 
 eREST^ II. [Fr. crftr : L. crista: It. cresta ; Sp. cru- 
 
 ton. This is, probably, a growing or shooting up, 
 from the nxH of cresco, Fr. croitre ; Norm, crest, it 
 rises, it accnies ; Riiss. rastu or rostu, to grow ; rost, 
 growth, size, lallness.] 
 
 1. The plume of feathers or other material on tlie 
 top of the ancient helmet ; the helmet itself. Shak. 
 
 2. The ornament of the helmet in heraldry. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. The comb of a cn-k ; also, a tuft of feathers on 
 the head of other fowls. 
 
 4. Any tuft or ornament worn on the head. 
 
 Drydrn. 
 
 5. Loftiness; pride; courage; spirit; alonvmien. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 €REST, r. L To furnish with a crest ; to serve as a 
 crt.n for. Shak. 
 2- _To mark with long streaks. 
 ^''''•''^''''ED, pp.or a. [from cres/.] Wearing a crest ; 
 adorned with a crest or plume ; having a comb ; as, 
 a rrrstrd helmet ; a crested cock. 
 2. In naturat history, having a lufl like a crest. 
 CRE.-^T'-FAI.L-EN, (fawl-n,) a. Dejected; sunk; 
 bowed ; dispirited ; heartless ; spiritless. 
 
 Shak. Howell. 
 2. Having the upper part of the neck hanging on 
 one side, lu a hone. Enciic 
 
 CRI 
 
 eREST'lNG, ppr. Furnishing with a crest. 
 eR E.ST'I,i:.-*S, a. Without a crest ; not di^-iiified with 
 coat-armor ; not of an eminent family ; of low birth. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 €RERT-MA-UtNE', (-ma-reen',) jr. Rock samphire. 
 CRE-T.A'(^I'iOUS, rt. cretnceu.^, from crrM, chalk. 
 
 Sp. It. id. ; Fr. cra/> ; I), krijt : (J. krridr. ; .'!w. krita.] 
 Chalky; hiiving tlii' ipialitiesof chalk ; like chalk ; 
 
 nlionniling with chalk. 
 ei!l-;''l".^-TEl), a. Kubbed with chalk. 
 CRk'TIC, n. [Gr. -ro.jn. .(.] 
 
 .\ poetic foot of liirec syllables, one short between 
 
 t«'o long syllables. lirntlry. 
 eUl~;'TL\, w. .'\ name given to certain deformed and 
 
 helpless idiots in llie valleys of the .Alps. 
 CKk'TIN-IS.M, n. The st;iio of a cretin. Kidd. 
 CKlO'TISM, n. A falsehood ; a Cretan jiractice; from 
 
 the reputation of the Cretans as liars and deceivers. 
 eRK'TOSE, a. Chalky. 
 
 CHF^y.^SSE', n. [Fr.] A deep crevice; a breach. 
 
 This term is applii'd on the Mississippi to a breach in 
 
 the levee or einbaukiiient of the river. 
 GREV'ICE, n. [Fr. crerasse, from crcver, to burst, to 
 
 crack; Iv. ereputura; L. crepo, to burst. See CREri- 
 
 TATE and Kip.] 
 
 A crack ; a cleft ; a fissure ; a rent ; an opening ; 
 
 as, a crerice in a wall. jiddL^vn. 
 CREVICE, r. «. To crack ; to flaw. Wollon. 
 CREV'IS, n. The craw-fish. [Little wsed.] 
 CREW, (kru,) n. [Contrac-ted from Sax. crctul, or crulh, 
 
 a crowd; I), rot ; G. rotte ; Sw.rote; Eng. rout, an 
 
 assemblv, a collection, from gathering or pressing. 
 
 Cliuss Ild.] . b bis 
 
 1. A company of people associated ; as, a noble 
 crew ; a gallant crci/". Spcii.irr. Chevy Chase. 
 
 2. A conipaiiy, in a lom or bad sense, which is now 
 most usual ; a herd ; as, a rebel crcir. Jldton. 
 
 So we say a miserable crew. 
 
 3. The company of seamen who man a ship, ves- 
 sel, or boat ; the company belonging to a vessel. 
 Also, the company or gang of a cnrpeiiter, gunner, 
 boatswain, Sec. It is appropriated to the common 
 sailors. 
 
 GREW, prcl, of Crow; but the regular preterit and 
 
 participle, crowed, is now most commonlv used. 
 eUKWEl,, H. [Uu. I), klewe.t.] 
 
 Two-threaded worsted yarn slarkly twisted. 
 
 Johnson. Bailey. 
 
 CREWET. See Cruet. 
 
 CRIB, n. [Sax. crybb ; D. krib ; Sw. krubba ; Dan. 
 krybbe: Ir. irrih. Uu. the root of irrapple, to catch.] 
 
 1. The manger of a stable, in which oxen and 
 cows feed. In Jlmcrica, it is distinguished from a 
 rack. 
 
 Where no oxen are, the crib is clean. — Pror. xiv. 
 The manger for other beasts. 
 
 The »»s knowelh his m:\ster's crib. — !■. i. 
 
 2. A small habitation or cottage. Shak. 
 
 3. A stall for oxen. 
 
 4. ,V c;ise or box in salt-works. Encyc. 
 .'>. A small building, raised on posts, for storing 
 
 Indian corn. U. Stales. 
 
 G. A small frame for a child to sleep in. 
 
 CRIB, r. t. To shut or confine in a narrow habita- 
 tion ; to cage. Shali. 
 
 CRIH'R.VGE, n. A game at cards, in which the dealer 
 makes lip a third baud for himself, partly out of the 
 hand of his opponent. Smart. 
 
 eRIirKKI), (kribd,) pp. Shut up; confined ; caged. 
 
 eiUH'ItlNG, ;>pr. Shutting in a crib ; confining. 
 
 eRIll'llLE, II. [L. eribellum, from criftri/m, and this 
 from cri*ro, to sill ; Sp. criiiu, cribar ; Port, cnco ; It. 
 cribro, cribrarr, and erivello, erivrllare ; Fr. crible, 
 cribler ; W. cribaw, to c<unb or card ; Arm. kribat ; 
 Ir. riobhar, a sieve; allied to Eng. garble. See Ch. 
 i> , 
 
 Sai3, Ar. ^Jj^ garbala ; Ch. ^31, to sift or riddle. 
 
 Class Rb, Xo. 30, 31, 4(1. ] 
 
 1. A coarse sieve or screen. Brandr. 
 
 2. Coarse flour or meal. [J\'u( used in Oie United 
 S(a ((•,«. 1 
 
 eRIB'BEE, p. t. To sift ; to cause to pass through a 
 
 sieve or riddle. 
 CRIB'BI.KI), Sifted. 
 eRIB'BLlNG, ppr. Sifting. 
 
 CRI-BRa'TION, II. [See Crirri.e.) The art of sitt- 
 ing or riddling ; used in pharmacy. 
 
 GRIB'RI-FOR.M, o. [L. cribrum, a sieve, and furma, 
 form.] 
 
 Resembling a sieve or riddle ; a term applied to the 
 lamina of the ethmoid hone, through which the fibers 
 of the olfactory nerve pass In the nose. Anat. 
 
 eRICH'TO.X ITE, n. A mineral, so called from Dr. 
 Crichton, physician to the emperor of Russia. It has 
 a velvet bhick color, and crystallizes in very acute, 
 small rhomboids. It occurs in primitive rocks, with 
 octahcdritc. Ure. 
 
 CRICK, n. [Sec Creak.] The creaking of a door. 
 [^Vv( u,srrf,] 
 
 2. .\ spasmodic affection of somi; part of the body, 
 as of the neck or back, rendering it dillicult to move 
 the part affected ; local spasm or cramp. 
 
 CRI 
 
 CRICK'ET, 71. [D. krrkrl, from the root of creak ; W. 
 cricrll, cricket, and cricctlu, to chirp or chatter; eng, 
 u crack.] 
 
 An insect of the genus Grylliis, belonging to the 
 order Heniiptera. There are several species, so 
 named, probably, on account of their creaking or 
 chirping voice. 
 
 The cricket chirping In the hearth. CoUUinilh. 
 
 CRICK'ET, 71. [Qii. Sax. cricf, a stick.] 
 
 1. A play or exercise with bats and ball. Pope. 
 
 2. A low stool. [British kmrrt, a little elevation. 
 Whilakrr. Uu. Sw. kryekn, stilts or crutches.] 
 
 eiUCK'ET-EK, n. One who plays at cricket. 
 
 Daiuombe. 
 
 CRICK'ET-MATCH, 71. A match at cricket. 
 
 eitt'A.'l), pret. and part, of Crv. [Duncombr. 
 
 eiU'ER, n. (See Crv.] One who cries; one who 
 makes prorlaiiiation. The crier of a court is an 
 officer whose duly is to proclaim the orders or coin- 
 niamls of the court, to open or adjourn the court, 
 keep silence, &c. A crier is also employed to give 
 notice of auctions, and for other pur|Hises. 
 
 CIll.M. CoX. Criniiiial ciiiiversalion ; unlawful intcr- 
 coiirsi; with a married woiii;tii. 
 
 eHI.ME, 71. [L. crimen ; Gr. ympn ; It. crime ; Port, id, ; 
 Sp. crimen ; Fr. crtme ; Arm. rrim ,■ Norm, crisnie. 
 This word is from the root of Gr. k-piKo, L. ecrno, to 
 separate, to judge, to decree, to cimdemn. But this 
 verb seems to be composed of two distinct riMils ; 
 for, in Latin, the pret. is crrri, which can not be 
 formed from cr.rno; and in Greek, the derivatives, 
 Kuilho, KfJtaif, if..irr/s, Can not be regularly formed 
 from The (Jr. Koifnt is iindoiilitedly a con- 
 
 traction ; for in Norman the word is crisme. The 
 root, then, of these derivatives is the same as of the 
 Ir. crintliar, a sieve, W. rliidyll. Eng. riddle ; W. 
 rhidiaw, to secrete, to separate. We have screen, a 
 riddle, from the root of Kotp:; and riddle, from the, 
 Oltic root of Kniaif, KuiTqi.. To judge is to decide, 
 to si'parate, or cut off, hence to condemn ; a crime is 
 that which is condi'iuned.] 
 
 1. An act which violates a law, divine or human ; 
 an act wliich violates a rule of mora! duly ; an of- 
 fense against the laws <if right, prescribed by God or 
 man, or against any rule of duty plainly implied in 
 those laws. A crime may consist in omLision or neg- 
 lect, as well as in commi-ision, or positive transgres- 
 sion. The commander of a fortress, who suffers the 
 enemy to take possession by neglect, is as really 
 criminal as one who voluntarily opens the gates with- 
 out resistance. 
 
 But, in a more common or restricted sense, a crime 
 denotes an offense, or violation of public law, of a 
 deeper and mure atrocious nature; a public wrong; 
 or a violation of the commands of God, and the 
 offenses against the laws made to preserve the pub- 
 lic rights ; as treason, murder, robbery, theft, arson, 
 <LC. The minor wrongs, conimined against individ- 
 uals or private rights, are denoniinatrd trespasses ; 
 and the minor wrongs against pnhlir rmliis are called 
 viisdemeaniirs. Crimes and misdi iiieaiiors are i>un- 
 ishable by indictment, infiirniation, or public prose- 
 cution ; trespasses or private injuries, at the suit of 
 the individuals injured. But, in many cases, an act 
 is considered both as a public offense and a tresjass, 
 and is punishable both by the public and the individ- 
 ual injured. 
 
 2. Any great wickedness ; iniquity; wrong. 
 
 No crime wa* Uiine, if 'lit nu crime to lo»e. Pope. 
 
 Capital crime: a crime punishable with death. 
 GRIME'l'lJl,, a. Criiiiiiinl ; wicked; partaking of 
 
 wrong , contrary to law, right, or duty. S/mk. 
 CRI.ME'I.ESS, a. F'ree from crime ; innocent. Shak. 
 €R1 M'I.\-.\L, a. Guilty of a crime ; applied to per.ions. 
 2. Partaking of a crime; involving a crime ; that 
 violates public law, divine or huniaii ; as, theft is a 
 crimuial act. 
 .1. That violates moral obligation ; wicked. 
 4. Rttlating to crimes ; opposed to cicil ; as, a crim- 
 inal code ; criminal l;iw. 
 CKI.M'I.V-.M-, 71. .\ person who has committed an 
 orfense against public l:iw ; a violator of law, divine 
 or liiimaii. Mire parltcularly, a person inilicteil or 
 charged with a public offense, and one who is found 
 guiltv, by Verdict, confession, or proof. 
 CRI.M IN AL'I-TY, j ii. The qualilv of being crimi- 
 eRl.M'IN-AI.NESS, j nal, or a violation of law; 
 guiltiness ; the quality of lieing guilty of a crime. 
 
 Tliii ii by no me.in* Ui^ only crit'-rion of crirntruT/ily. 
 
 liladtetone, iv. ch. 17. Panoptiet. Encye. 
 
 eRI.M'IN-AI^LY, a//r. In violation of public law ; in 
 violation of divine law ; wickedly ; in a wrimg or 
 iniquitous manner. 
 
 CRIM'1.\-aTE, r. (. criminor, eriminattis.] 
 
 To acci AC ; to charge with a crime ; to allege to 
 be guilty of a crime, offense, or wrong. 
 
 Our ninn)ci|Ml laws do iiol p^iitin- the olP'oii-T to pl-ad "piilty or 
 erimtmile hiiiwir. .Vcull on jL*^. ti. Beloe'e iierod. 
 
 €RIM'IN-A-TED, pp. Accused ; charged with ■ 
 crimi'. 
 
 eRI.M'IN-A-TI.N'G, ppr. Accusing; alleging to be 
 guilty. 
 
 TONE. BtJLL, UNITE. -AN"GER. VI"C[OUS.-e as K ; G as J , S as Z ; CH as SII ; TII as in TIII.S. 
 
 283 
 
OKI 
 
 CRl 
 
 cm 
 
 eUIM-IN-A'TIO\, 71. [L. criminatio.] 
 
 The act of accusing ; accusation ; charge of hav- 
 ing been guilty of a criminal act, offense, or wrong. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 CRIJI'IN-A-TO-RY, a. Relating to accusation ; ac- 
 cusing. 
 
 €RIM'IN-OUS, o. Very wicked; heinous; involving 
 great crime. [JVot used.] Hammond. 
 
 eRIM'IN-OUS-Ly, adv. Criminally ; heinously ; enor- 
 mously. r.Vot used.] 
 
 eRI.M'IN-OUS-NESS, n. Wickedness ; guilt ; crimin- 
 ality. [.Vot used.] King Charles. 
 
 €RI-M'0-SL\. See Crimson. 
 
 CRI.MP, a. [?ax. acrymman, to crumble ; D. kruim, a 
 crum ; kruimelen, to crumble. ?ee Crumble.] 
 
 1. Easily crumbled ; friable ; brittle. ILittle used.] 
 
 The fowler — treads Uie crimp earth. PhUips. 
 
 2. Not consistent. [Q.U. Dan. knim, crooked, or 
 supra, easily broken.] [Jv'ul used.] ArbuUinot. 
 
 €RI.\1P, ti.-f. [W. crimpiaw, to pinch, to form into a 
 ridge or rim.] 
 To catch ; to seize ; to pinch and hold. [See 
 
 CniMPLE.] 
 
 CRI.MP, r. t. [Pax. gecnjmpt.] 
 
 1. To pinch up in ridges, as a ruffle or the hair. 
 
 2. In cookerij, to crimple or cause to contract, as 
 the flesh of a live fish, by gashing it with a knife, to 
 give it greater hardness, and make it more crisp. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 This is evidently the same worif as the foregoing. 
 CRIMP, 71. In England, an agent for coal merchants, 
 and for persons concerned in shipping. Bailey. 
 
 2. One who decoys another into the naval or mili- 
 tary service. 
 
 3. One who decoys sailors in any way, for the sake 
 of getting them in his power. 
 
 4. A game at cards. [Ofo.] 
 
 CRIMP'LXG^' i '^'•^ °^ crimping. 
 
 eRIAlP'IXG-MA-CmNE', (-ma-sheen',) ti. A machine 
 consisting of two fluted rollers, for crimping ruffles. 
 
 Encyc. of Dom. Kcon. 
 
 CRIMP'LE, (krimp'l,) v. t. [D. krimpen ; G. id. : Sw. 
 krimpa ; Dan. krymper ; Scot, crimp ; V\'. crimpiaw, to 
 shrink, to pinch; crwm, crom, curving, bending, 
 shrinking ; crymu, to bend. See Crumple and Ru.M- 
 PLE, from the same root, W. rhimp, rim, a rim.] 
 
 To contract or draw together; to shrink : to cause 
 to shrink ; to curl. IfUemaiu 
 
 €RI.MP'LA"D, pp. Contracted; shrunk; curled. 
 
 CRI.MP'LIXG, ppr. Contractiag ; shrinking ; curling ; 
 hobbling. .^.ili. 
 
 CRIiM'SU.V, (krim'zn,) ti. [U. creniisi, cremisino ; Fr. 
 cramoisi; !^p. carmesi ; Arm. carmoasy ; D. karmozyn : 
 G. karmo.iin ; Sw. karmcsin ; Dan. kannesic ; from Ar. 
 
 kinnizon, kermes, the cochineal insect or 
 
 bi-rrj'.] 
 
 A deep-red color ; a red tinged with blue ; also, a 
 red color in general ; as, the virgin crimson of mod- 
 esty. S/iak, 
 
 He m.ioe the vail o( blue, «nd purple, and crimson. — 2 
 Chron. iii. 
 
 CRIM'SON, a. Of a beautiful deep red ; as, the crim- 
 
 SOH blush of modesty ; a crimsoji stream of blood. 
 eRI.M'SON, V. t. To dye with crimson ; to dye of a 
 
 deep-red color ; to make red. 
 eRI.M'SON, V. i. To become of a deep-red color ; to 
 
 be tinged with red ; to blush. Her cheeks crimsoned 
 
 at the entrance of her lover. 
 €RI-M'SO.N-£D, (krim'znd,) pp. Dyed or tinged with 
 
 a deep red. 
 
 €RI.M'SON-HO-£D, (krim'zn-hude,) a. Of acrimson 
 color. 
 
 eRI.M'SON-ING, ppr. Dyeing oi tinging with a deep 
 red. 
 
 CRIM'SO-V-WARM, a. Warm to redness. 
 CRI'NAL, a. [L. crinis, hair.] 
 
 licit. nging to hair. 
 CRl.N'C'U.M, n. A ci-amp ; a contraction; a turn or 
 
 bend ; a whimsy. [.^ vulvar irvrd.] Ihtdibras. 
 eRIi\6E, (krinj,) r. L [Probably from the root of 
 
 crank, crinkle, lleb. and Ch. yi3 ; or from the root 
 
 of crook, with a nasal sound of tlie last consonant ; 
 
 G. krifc/un ; W. crycu, to curl.] 
 
 Properly, to sliriiiK ; to contract ; to draw together ; 
 
 a jiopular iikc of the word. [Vulgarly, scringe] 
 
 Yuti •(■c him crin^f hi* Caw. AVirtA. 
 
 CRI.N6E, (krinj,) r. i. To bow ; to bend with servil- 
 ity ; to fawn ; to make court by mean compliances. 
 
 Kidtter^ni are alwaya b<>winp and cringing. Arbulhnot. 
 
 €RI.N"6E. (krinj,) n. A bow ; servile civility. Philips. 
 CRI.N6e'I,ING, 71. One who cringes meanly. 
 eRING'ER, n. One who criiigcii, or bowa, and flatters 
 
 with servility. 
 €ltI.N6'I.NG, ppr. w o. Shrinking ; bowing Bervilely. 
 CRI.N"<;LE, (kring'gl,) 71. [0. krin/:, krinkcl, kronkel 
 
 a bend, turn, ring, or twiat. See CntNK and 
 
 Ckiroe.] 
 
 1. A withe for faHtcning a gate, [l^ea/.] 
 
 2. In marine language, a hole in the bolt-rojie of a 
 sail, formed by intertwisting the division of a rope, 
 called a strand, alternately round itself, and through 
 the strand of the bolt-rope, till it becomes threefold, 
 and takes the' shape of a ring. Its use is to receive 
 the ends of the ropes by which the sail is drawn up 
 to its yard, or to extend the leech by the bow-Une- 
 bridles. 
 
 Iron cringles, or hanks, are open rings running on 
 the stays, to which the heads of the stay-sails are 
 made fast. Mar. Did. 
 
 CRIN-I-CUL'TITR-AL, 0. Relating to the growth of 
 hair. 
 
 €RI-NIO'ER-OUS, a. [h. criniger ; crinis, hair, and 
 gero, to wear.] 
 
 Hairy ; overgrown with hair. Diet, 
 CRI'iNITE, a. [L. eriniius, from crinis, hair. Q,u. W. 
 crinaw, to parch, to frizzle.] 
 
 Having the appearance of a tufl of hair. 
 CRINK'LE, (krink'l,) v. i. [D. krinkclen, to winA OT 
 twist. Qii. crank and ring. Sax. hring.] 
 
 To turn or wind ; to bend; to wrinkle ; to run in 
 and out in little or short bends or turns ; as, tlie light- 
 nini; crinkles. 
 
 CRIN'K'LE, T.t. To form with short turns or wrink- 
 les ; to mold into inequalities. 
 
 CRINK'LE, 71. A wrinkle ; a winding or turn ; sinu- 
 osity. 
 
 CRINK'LKD, pp. Formed into short turns. 
 
 CRINK'LING, pp. Bending in short turns. 
 
 CRI-NOID'E-AN, 71. \ [Gr. (foaoi, a lily, and eiloi, 
 
 CRI-NOID'E-A, 7>. pi. \ likeness.] 
 
 In geology,teTms applied to extinct, fossil, radiated 
 animals, related to some of the star-fish and asterias, 
 but growing on a long, jointed st.ilk. The name in- 
 cludes the encrinitrs, to which the term stone-lily has 
 often been applied. Dana. 
 
 €RI-NOID'AL, a. Containing the fossil remains of 
 crinoideans. Jlumble. 
 
 CRl'.NoSE, o. Ilairv. [See CRivtTE.] [Little used.] 
 
 CRl-NOS'I-TY, 71. "Hairiness. [Little used.] 
 
 CRIP'PLE, (krip'I,) 71. [D. kraipel; G. kriipprl ; Dan. 
 krypling, krSppel, and krobling, from kr'6h,a creeping 
 animal ; Icel. crypen, to move crooked. It would 
 seem that this is from the root of creep.] 
 
 A lame person ; primarily, one who creeps, halts, 
 or limps ; one who has lost, or never enjoyed, the use 
 of his limbs, jjcts xiv. 
 
 The word may signify one who is partially or to- 
 tally disabled from using his limbs. 
 
 See the LjUiiJ beggar dauce, the cripple sing. Pope. 
 
 CRIP'PLE, a. Lame. Sliak. 
 
 CRIP'PLE, V. t. To lame ; to deprive of the use of 
 the limbs, particularly of the legs and feet. 
 
 2. To dis.ible ; to deprive of the power of exertion. 
 We say, a fleet was crippled in the engagement. 
 
 CRIP'PLED, (krip'pid,) pp. or a. Lamed ; rendered 
 impotent in the limbs ; disabled. 
 
 CRIP'PLE-NESS, 71. Lameness. 
 
 CRIP'PLING, ppr. Laming; depriving of the use of 
 the limbs ; disabling. 
 
 CRIP'PLINGS, 71. pi. Spars or timbers set up as sup- 
 ports, (crutches,) against the side of a building. 
 
 .Smart. 
 
 CRI'SIS, 71. ; p!. Crises. [Gr. Kntcis,Ij. crisis, from 
 the root of x/kkw, to separate, to determine, to de- 
 cide. See Crime.] 
 
 1. In medical science, the change of a disease rrMch 
 indicates its event ; that change which indicates re- 
 covery or death. It is sometimes used to designate 
 the excretion of something noxious from the Ijody, 
 or of the noxious fluids in a fever. Encyc. Parr. 
 
 2. The decisive state of things, or the point of time 
 when an affair is arrived at its bight, and must soon 
 terminate or suffer a material change. 
 
 This hour 's tlie very crisis of your fate. Dn/den. 
 CRISP a. [L. crispus ; U. crespo ; G. kraus. Seethe 
 verb ] 
 
 1 Curled : formed into curls or ringlets. 
 
 2. Indented ; winding ; as, cri.yj} channels. Shak. 
 
 3. Dritlle; friable ; easily broken or crumbled. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 CRISP, tJ. (. [L. crispo; It. crespare ; Sp. crespar ; Fr. 
 erf per ; Dan. kru-ier ; Sw. krusa ; VV. rri.s', a crust ; 
 crisb, a crisp coating ; crisbin, crisp, friable ; from 
 rhis, broken into points, mince ; allied to crcsu, cra- 
 su, to roast or parch. From the Gothic dialects, we 
 observe that p is not radical. Class Rd, No. 20, 73, 
 ^T.] 
 
 1. '''o curl ; to twist ; to contract or form into ring- 
 lets, as the hair ; to wreathe or interweave, as the 
 branches of trees. B. Jonson, Milton. 
 
 2. To indent. Johnson. To twist or eddy. 
 
 Mason. 
 
 lint the sense is, to curl ; to wrinkle in little undu- 
 lations, as a fretted surface. 
 
 From tliat aapphlrv fount the crisped bn)oI«, 
 
 Rolling on orient pearl acul sandA of gold, 
 
 U.m necliir, vUiliiig each plant. Milton. 
 
 CRISP'A-^n'D, ! ""' '"B a crisped appearance. 
 CRI.SP-A'TION, n. The net of curling, or state of be- 
 ing curled. Bacon. 
 
 eUlyP'.\-TliRE, 71. A curling; the state of being 
 curled. Lee. Bnlany. 
 
 CR1SP'£D, (krispt,) pp. or a. Curled ; twisted ; friz- 
 zled. 
 
 CRIS'PIN, 71. An appeflation given familiarly to shoe- 
 makers, from their patron saint, Crispinus. 
 
 CRISP'ING, ppr. Curling; frizzling. 
 
 CRISP'ING-PIN, 71. A curling-iron. I.miah. 
 
 CRIS-PI-SUL'CANT, a. Wavy or undulating, a, 
 lightning is represented. 
 
 CRISP'LY, ado. With crispness ; in a crisp manner. 
 
 ClUSP'NESS, 71. A state of being curled ; also, brit- 
 tleness. 
 
 CRI.SP'Y, a. Curled ; formed into ringlets ; as, cri^y 
 locks. Shak. 
 
 2. Brittle ; dried so as to break short ; as, a cnspy 
 cake. 
 
 CRIST'aTE, i a. [L. cristatus, from crista, a 
 CRIST'A-TED, \ crest.] 
 
 In botany, crested ; tufted ; having an appendage 
 like a crest or tuft, as some anthers and flowers. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 CRl-TE'RI-ON, 71. ; pi. Criteria. [Gr. Kfimuiiov, 
 from the root of koivu}, to judge. See Crime.] 
 
 A standard of judging; any established law, rule, 
 princiiile, or fact, by which facts, propositions, and 
 opinions are compared, in order to discover their 
 truth or falsehood, or by which a correct judgment 
 may be formed. 
 
 CRITH'O-.MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. KpiBn, barley, and pa^- 
 TCia, divination.] 
 
 A kind of divination by means of the dough of 
 cakes, and the meal strewed over the victims in 
 ancient sacrifices. Encyc. 
 
 CRIT'IC, 71. [Gr. KoiTiKOf, from Koirns, a judge or 
 discerner, from the root of Kpifw, to judge, to sepa- 
 rate to distinguish. See Crime.] 
 
 1. A person skilled in judging of the merit of lite- 
 rary works ; one who is able to discern and distin- 
 guish the beauties and faults of writing. In a more 
 general sense, a person skilled in judging with propri- 
 ety of any combination of objects, or of any work 
 of art ; and particularly of what are denominated 
 the Jine arU. A critic is one who, from experience, 
 knowledge, habit, or taste, can perceive the differ- 
 ence between propriety and impropriety, in objects 
 or works presented to his view ; between the natu- 
 ral and unnatural ; the high and the low, or lufty 
 and mean ; the congnious and incongruous ; the 
 correct and incorrect, according to the established 
 rules of the art. 
 
 2. An examiner ; a judge. 
 
 And maJie each day a critic on the last. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. One who judges with severity ; one who cen- 
 sures or finds fault. Pope. IVatts. Swift. 
 CRIT'IC, a. Critical ; relating to criticism, or the art 
 of judging of the merit of a literary performance, or 
 discourse, or of any work in the fine arts. [See 
 Critical.] 
 
 CRIT'IC, V. i. To criticise ; to play the critic. ILit- 
 tle iised.\ Temple. 
 
 CRIT'IC-AL, a. [L. criticus ; Gr. koitikos. See 
 Critic] 
 
 1. Relating to criticism; nicely exact; as, a crit- 
 ical dissertation on Homer. 
 
 2. H.iving the skill or power nicely to distinguish 
 beauties from blemishes ; as, a critical judge ; a crit- 
 ical auditor ; a critical ear ; critical taste. 
 
 3. .Making nice distinctions ; accurate ; as, critical 
 rules. 
 
 4. Capable of judging with accuracy; discerning 
 beauties and faults ; nicely judicious in matters of 
 literature and the fine arts ; as, Virgil was a critical 
 poet. 
 
 5. Capable of judging with accuracy; conforming 
 to exact rules of propriety ; exact ; particular ; as, to 
 be critical in rites and ceremonies, or in the selection 
 of books. 
 
 fi. Inclined to find fault, or to judge with severity. 
 
 7. [."^ee Crisis.] Pertaining to a crisis; marking 
 the time or slate of a disease which indicates its ter- 
 mination in the death or recovery of the [latient; as, 
 critical days, or critical symptoms. 
 
 8. Producing a crisis or change in a disease ; indi- 
 cating a crisis ; as, a critical sweat, 
 
 9. Decisive ; noting a time or state on which the 
 issue of things depends; important, as regards the 
 conseipiences ; as, a critical time or moment ; a criti- 
 cal juncture. 
 
 10. Formed or situated to determine or decide, or 
 ha. iiig the crisis at command ; important or essential 
 for detcnnliiiiig ; as, a (-nfica/ post. Mitfurd. 
 
 11. Ki specting criticism. 
 eRIT'IC-AL-LV, adr. lii a critical manner; with 
 
 nice discernment of triilh or falsehood, propriety of 
 impropriety : with nice scrutiny ; accurately ; ex- 
 actly ; as, to examine evidence critically ; to observe 
 
 2. \t the crisis ; at the exact time. [critienlly 
 
 3. In a critical situation, place, or cimdilion, so as 
 to command the crisis ; a.s, a town critically situated. 
 
 Mitfurd. 
 
 €RIT'1C-AT.-NF,SS, 71. The st.ale of being critical ; 
 incidence at a particular point of time. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Vf^XA., WMfyrT METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, HOQK.— 
 
 «<4 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 S. F;\;idiiess ; accuracy ; nicely ; minute caro in 
 f-Xiiuii[i;iticiit. 
 
 eitlT'I-L'TSii;, II. I. To I'xauiine and judue critical y ; 
 to jiuljjr Willi atliMiliou to lu-autics ami faults; as, to 
 crifiri.-e on a literary work, on an arKument or dis- 
 coursi-. 
 
 2. To write reinarka on the merit of a perform- 
 ance j to nutico beauties ami faults. 
 
 C«yit you ni;iy, but iiovt-r critiriee. Pope. 
 
 3. To animadvert upon as faulty ; to utter censure ; 
 iui, to criticise on a niaii's manners, or liis expenses. 
 
 L(tcke, 
 
 €RIT'I-CISF., V. t. To notice beauties and blcMuisbea, 
 or faults, in ; to utter or write remarks on the mi rit 
 of n performance ; as, to criticise the writings of 
 Milton. 
 
 2. To pass judgment on with respect to merit or 
 blame ; as, to criticise an author ; to crilicise the 
 conduct. 
 
 eRIT'I-CIS-KD, (krit'e-sizd,) pp. Examined and 
 jiidsed with res|>ect to beauties anil faults. 
 
 eUl T'l-CtS-l.NO, ppr.oTtt. Kxamining and judsing 
 with regard to beauties and faults ; remarking on ; 
 animadverting on. 
 
 GRIT'I-CISM, n. The art of judging with propriety 
 of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, 
 or of any production in the tine arts j as, the rules of, 
 criticism, 
 
 2. The act of judging on the merit of a perform- 
 ance ; animadversion ; remark oil beauti<!s and faults ; 
 critical observation, verbal or written. We say, the 
 author's criliciinna are candid, or they are severe. 
 eUl-TlUI'K', (kre-ti-ek',) ii. [Kr. critique.] A critical 
 examination of the merits of a performance ; remarks 
 or animadversions on beauties and faults. Addison 
 wrote a critique on Paradise Lost. 
 
 2. 5»cicncc of criticism ; standard or rules of judging 
 of the merit of performances. [Often spelt Cnmc.] 
 
 h iitfA* mill wonU were <li*linctly ttTi^lirtt, .yul duly considered, 
 lh.ey would alVonl us aiioUiiT son of logic niid cnlic. 
 
 Locke, 
 
 CRIZ'ZKI., \n. [See Crisp.] .\ kind of rougli- 
 eRIZ'ZEL. ING, i ness on the surface of glass, which 
 
 clouds its transparency. Eucyc, 
 GROAK, r. i. [Sax. crucrttan; Goth, hrukijan : \j, cro- 
 ciOj criicito : Sp. croaxar ; It. crocciarc ; Ft. criiasser ; 
 Arm. croiiU; G. kraclizen ; D. krtinijcii, to crow, and 
 kruchirrn, to groan; \t, s^rag, frrairain; coinciding 
 in elements with W. creir, cry/s, lioarse, crijirii, to 
 make rough or hoarse ; Sax. hreog, rough, and lircuw- 
 irt», to rue ; dr. jfoi.^M, Koto) /loj, and kou^m, t'tay rij. 
 These all appear to be of one lamily, and from the 
 root <if rough and creaky \X. rhy<r, See Crow.] 
 
 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a 
 frog or other animal. 
 
 2. To caw ; to cry as a raven or crow. 
 
 3. To make any low,.inntterine sound, resembling 
 that of a frog or raven ; as their bellies croak, l^cke. 
 
 4. Figuralively, to complain ; to forebode evil ; to 
 grumble. Rich. Vict. 
 
 a. In contempt, to speak with a low, hollow voice. 
 CRf)AK, n. The low, harsh sound uttered by a fro; 
 
 or a raven, or a like sound. 
 CRo.VK'ER, n. One that croaks, murmurs, or grum- 
 
 bli's ; one who complains unreasonably. 
 CROAK'I.NG, ppr, or a. Uttering a low, h.arsh sound 
 
 from the throat, or other similar sound ; foreboding 
 
 evil ; grumbling. 
 CROAK'I.NG, n. A low, harsh sound, as of a frog, or 
 
 the bowels. 
 2. The act of foreboding evil ; grumbling. 
 CRO'.'VTt!, n. pi. Troops, natives of Croatia. 
 CKOC'AI^ITE, n. (from frociis, sntrroii.] A variety 
 
 of the mineral natrolite, one of the zeolites. Il has 
 
 an orange or brick-red color, and occurs in reniforiii 
 
 or globular masses, having a radiated structure. 
 GRo'CEOL'S, (krO'shus,) a. [L. croccu.i, from crocu-t, 
 
 saffron.] 
 
 Like saffron ; yellow ; consisting of saff'ron 
 CR6'CilES, n. pi. Little buds or knobs about the tops 
 
 of a deer's horn. Bailey. 
 CROC-I-TA'TIOX, n. [L. crocito.] 
 A croaking. 
 
 CROCK, It. [Sax. cruce, croeca ; D. kruik ; G. krug ; 
 
 D. krukke : Sw. kruka ; I'r. cruche! VV. cregen, an 
 
 earthen vessel ; eroeati, a fMit.] 
 .\ii earthen vessel ; a pot or pitcher ; a cup. 
 CROCK, n. [Uu. from crock, supra, or from Ch. T^f", 
 
 Ar. '3j *- eharaka, to bum.] 
 
 Soot, or the black matter collected from combustion 
 on pots and kettles or in a chimney. Ray. 
 
 CROCK, r. (. or i. To black with siMit, or other mat- 
 ter collected front combustion ; or to black with tile 
 fidiiring matter of cloth. Forby. jWw Kngtand, 
 
 CRO<-'K'KR-V, n. [VV. crocan, a boiler or pot ; crocenu, 
 to make earthen vessels ; croccnyz, a potter. See 
 Crock.] 
 
 Earthen ware ; vessels formed of clay, glazed and 
 baked. The term is applied to the coarser kinds of 
 ware, the finer kinds being usually called china or 
 porcelain. 
 
 CROCK'ET, n. [I'r. croc, cruchel.] In Gothic arrhi- 
 lerline, a term applieil to curved and bent foliage, 
 used to ornameiil canopies, spiles, and pinnacles. 
 
 Klines. 
 
 CROCK'Y, a. Smutty. Forby. 
 CROC'O-UILE, n. [Fr. KponnSct^of t (qu. kook^c, 
 
 sall'ron, and duXn^, fearing;) L. croeodilus ; It. coc- 
 
 coilrillo ; Sp. cocoilrila.] 
 
 1. An amphibious animal of the genus Croeodilus. 
 Tt has a naked body, with four feet and a tail ; il has 
 five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind feet. 
 It grows to the length of sixteen or eigliti en feet, 
 runs swiftly on land, but doi;s not easily turn iLself. 
 It inhabits the large rivers in Africa ami .Asia, and 
 lays its eggs, resembling those of a goose, in the 
 .sand, to be hatched by the heat of the sun. [See 
 Allioator.] F.iiryc. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, a captious and sophistical argument, 
 contrived to draw one into a snare. 
 
 CROC'O-DILE, n. I'lrtiiiiiing to or like a crocodile; 
 as, crocodile tears, that is, t'alse or allected tears, hyp- 
 ocritical sorrow ; alluding to the fictions of old trav- 
 elers, that crocodiles shed tears over those they de- 
 vour. 
 
 CROC-O-DIL'I-AN, a. PertJiining to the crocodile. 
 
 Buckland. 
 
 CROC-O-DIL'I-TY, II. In (n;'!!;, a captious or si)|iliis- 
 
 tiral mode of arguing. 
 CRo'Cl'S, n. [Gr. «,uu<tos, from the Shemitic pii, and 
 
 its yellow color.] 
 
 l'. Sallroii, a genus of jilanUf. 
 
 2. In chrmi.-itry, u yellow powder; any metal cal- 
 cined to a red or dee|) yellow color. I'.ncyc. 
 CROFT, n. [Sax. cro/t : allied, probably, to L. crypta, 
 Gr. KnvTTTto, to conceal.] 
 
 A small field adjoining or near to a dwelling-house, 
 and used for pasture, tillage, or other purposes. 
 
 Braiide. 
 
 CROI-SADE', 71. [Fr., from rroi>, a cross.] A holy 
 war ; an expedition of (;hristians against the infidels, 
 for the coiKpii'st of Palestine. [Sec the more com- 
 mon word, Crusaoe.] 
 
 CROIS'ES, II. pi. [See Cross.] Soldiers enzaged in 
 a croisade, and wearing the badge of it. Burke. 
 
 2. Piliirims wearing the same badgi?, and acconipa- 
 nving the military expedition. ./. .Mnrduck. 
 
 CRo'KER, ». .\ water fowl that inhabits the Chesa- 
 |i. ;Lk and the larL'e rivers in Virginia ; sometiiiK S of 
 three feet in lenglli. Feiiiianl. 
 
 CRO.M'LECII, (krom'lek,) n. [W. cromlc<; ; crom, 
 bent, concave, and Ilec, a Hat stone.] 
 
 A term applied to huge flat stones, resting on other 
 stones, set on end for that [lurpose; supposed to be 
 the remains of druidical altars. Rowland, JiUin. Jinliq. 
 
 CRO-MOR'.N' A, ». [I'r. cromorne; Ger. krummhorn, 
 crmiked horn.] 
 
 The n.-niie of a reed stop in the organ, voiced like 
 the oboe, but of a dillereiit (piality, bearing the same 
 relatioji to the oboe as the stopped diap.ason to the 
 open. Corniptlv written Cremona. 
 
 CROM-\VEL'l,l-AN, a. Pertaining to Cromwell. 
 
 CKO.N E.n. [Ir. crKimi, old ; crinn, withered ; crionaim, 
 to wither, fade, decay ; \V. crinaw, to w ither, to be- 
 come brillle ; (Jr. ycowf, old.] 
 
 1. An olil woman. Sliak. Dnjdcn. 
 
 2. 4ii old ewe. Tusser. 
 CRo'.N'ET, n. [corniicf.] The hair which grows over 
 
 the top of a horse's hoof. Johnson. 
 2. The iron at the end of a tilting spade. Bailey. 
 CRO.N'IC-AL, CRO.V'VC-AL. See Acrosicau 
 CRO'NV, 71. [See Crone. Hut this word seems to 
 
 carry the sense of fcUowship, and is precisely the Ar. 
 
 karana, to join, to associate ; whence its deriv- 
 ative, an associate.] 
 
 An intimate companion ; an associate ; a familiar 
 friend. 
 
 To olili^* your crony, Svvifl, 
 
 Dvitg our iLiine .1 new yejir s gift. S-Aft. 
 
 Hence, nn old crony is an intimate friend of long 
 standing. 
 
 CR(.)OK, II. [Sw. krok : Dan. krog ; Fr. croc, crochet; 
 Arm. crocq : Ir. crura ; \V. crtcg, crieca, croca Goth. 
 hrugg, a shepherd's crook, which in lUilian is rocco : 
 VV. crug, a heap, a rick; Sax. Aric ; Eng. a ridge; 
 G. rilcken, the back or riilge of an animal. These 
 words apiiear to be connected with L. ruga, a 
 wrinkle, Russ. kryg, okrug, a circle. Wrinkling 
 forms roughness, and this is the ra<lical sense of 
 lUKirseness, It. ruco, hoarse, L. raucits. Eng. rough, 
 VV. cryg, rough, hoarse. The radical sense of crook 
 is, to strain or draw; hence, to bind.] 
 
 1. .\ny bend, turn, or curve ; or a bent or curving 
 insiriiinent. VVc speak of a crook in a stick of tim- 
 ber, or in a river ; and any hook is a crook. 
 
 2. .\ shepherd's stalT, curving at the end ; a pas- 
 toral staff. When used by a bishop or abbot, it is 
 called a crosier. 
 
 Re left his crook, he left his flocks. 
 
 3. A gibbet. 
 
 4. An artifice ; a trick. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Cranmer. 
 
 CRO 
 
 eUfVIK, r. (. (Fr. crocher ; Sw. krUka ; Dan. irHgtr; 
 VV^. crtreau, rrocau.] 
 
 1. To bend ; to turn from a straight line ; lo make 
 a curve or hook. 
 
 2. To turn from rectitude ; to pervert. Bacon, 
 
 3. To thwart, [/.itlle u.^^ed.] 
 
 CRQQK, v. i. To bend or be bent ; to be turned from 
 
 a right line ; to curve ; to wind. Camden, 
 CKOOIv'-I!,\CK, 71. A crooked back ; one who hag a 
 
 crooked back or round shouldiTS. Shak. 
 CliOQK'-ItACK-KI), ( bakt,) a. Having a round back, 
 
 or" shoulders. Vryden, 
 CROOK'El), (/)nr(. krookt, adj. krook'ed,) ;</>. or a. 
 
 ISeiit ; curved ; curving ; winding. 
 2. Winding in moral conduct ; devious; froward ; 
 
 perverse ; going out of the path of rectitude ; given 
 
 to obliquity, or wandering from duty. 
 
 'rii-y ap_' A iMTventi- luul crooked ^nfmlion. — Deut. xxxii. 
 CROOK'ED-LV, adc. In a winding manner. 
 
 2. Cntowardly ; not com|iliantly. 
 CROOK'ED-NESS, n, A winding, bending, or turn- 
 ing ; ciirvity ; curvature ; infiection. Hooker. 
 
 6. Perverseness ; iiiitowardness ; deviation from 
 rectitude; inii|iiity ; obliquity of conduct. 
 
 3. Deformity of a gibbous body. 
 
 .Johnson, Taylor, 
 €\lCiOK' F.'S , V. t. To make crooked. [Mil in it»e.] 
 CRtVlK'l.NG, ppr. Rending ; winding. 
 Cl!OOK'-K.\HEI),«. Having crooked knees. Shak. 
 eROOK'-SIloLL-DKR-£D, a. Having bent shoul- 
 ders. 
 
 CROP, 71. [Sax. crop, cropp, the crop of a fowl, a 
 cluster, ears of com, grapes, grains of corn ; D. 
 Urop ; G. krnpf; VV. crop, the crop or craw ; cropiatl, 
 a gathering into a heap, a creeping; cropian, to creep. 
 Here we see that crop is a gathering, and that it is 
 ctmnected \\'itli creep, whose radical sense is to catch 
 or take hold. Hence crop coincides with L. carpn, 
 corpus, ami perhaps with reap, rapio, as ij, does with 
 jrnipple. Hence we see how the crop of a fowl, and 
 a rrii/> of grain or hay, are consistently the same 
 word.] 
 
 1. The first stomach of a fowl ; the craw. 
 
 2. The top or highest jKirt of a thing ; the end. 
 [A"f in use.] Chaiicfr. 
 
 3. That wliieli is grithered ; the corn or fruits of 
 the earth collected ; harvest. The word includes 
 every species of fruit or produce, gathered for man 
 or beast. 
 
 4. Corn and other cultiv;ited plants while growing ; 
 a popular m.s-c of the icurd. 
 
 .■>. Any thing cut off or gathered. 
 
 (i. Hair cut close or short. 
 CROP, V. t. To cut ofT the ends of any thing ; to eat 
 ort'; to pull off; to pluck ; to mow ; to reap; a:i, to 
 crop (lowers, trees, or grass. Man crops tree.M or 
 plants with an instnimnit, or with his fingns; a 
 beast crops with his teeth. 
 
 2. To cut off" prematurely ; to gather before it falls. 
 
 While force our youth, like fniils, untimely crop*. DejiJtam. 
 
 3. To cause to bear a crop ; as, to crop a field. 
 CROP, r.i. To yield harvest. [.Vot iji u,ic.l Shak. 
 CROP'-IOAR, n. [cr«;i and rnr.] A horse v.'Iiose ears 
 
 are crojiped. Shak. 
 CROI"-i;.\R-£D, a. Having the ears cropped. 
 
 B, Jonton, 
 
 CROP'FIIL, a. Having a full crop or belly ; s.-itiatcd. 
 
 Jililton. 
 
 CROP'-OUT, r. i. To ripen to a full crop. 
 
 2. When an inclined stratum, as of coal, appe.irs 
 
 on the surface, it is said to crop ouf. I.urll. 
 CROP'PA.D, / pp. or a. Cut off; plucked ; eaten ofT; 
 CROPT, j reaped or mowed. 
 CROP'PER, II. A pigeon with a large crop. 
 
 Johnson. Wallofn, 
 eV.OV'\'\'SG,ppr. Cutting off"; pulling off"; rating of; 
 
 reaping or mowing. 
 CROP'PI .\"G, II. The .act of cutting off". 
 
 2. The raising of crops. 
 CROP'-SICK, a. Sick or indisiiosed from a sur- 
 
 cliargiul stomach ; sick with excess in eating or 
 
 drinking. Tate, 
 CROP'-SICK-NESS, n. Sickness from rcpletiim of 
 
 the stomach, [h. craputa,] 
 CRo'SIER, (kro'zhur,) n. [Fr. erosse, a ero.nrr, a hat 
 
 or gatr stick ; crasser, to play at cricket ; Arm. crt/f! ; 
 
 from the root of cross.] 
 
 1. .\ bishop's crtHik or pastoral staff, a symbol of 
 pastoral authority and care. Il consists of a gold or 
 silver staff, crtutked at the ti>p, and is carried occa- 
 .•ionally befiirc bishops and abbots, and held in the 
 hand when they give solemn benedictions. The use 
 of crosiers is ancient. Originally, a crosier was a 
 staff" with a cross on the top, in form of a crutch or T. 
 
 F.ncye, 
 
 2. A term sometimes applied to four stars in the 
 southern hemisphere, in the form of a cross ; the 
 Southern Cross. FMcyc 
 
 CROS'LET, n. [See Cross.] A small cross. In 
 heraldni, a cross crossetl at a small di-stance from 
 the ends. F.ncye. 
 
 CROSS, II. (VV. crocs; .Ann. croaz; G. Jtrcii: ; Sw 
 kors; Dan. kryds and kors; Kuss. krest. Class 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IGNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 36* 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 Rd. But the English cross would seem to be from 
 the L. cruZj through the Fr. croixj crosier ; It, crace ; 
 Sp. cruz ; \V. crotr^ coinciding witli the Ir. re^h, 
 riagh. Qu. the identity of these words. The Irish 
 h;is cros, a cross ; crosa'dh, crosaim, to cross, to hinder. 
 If the last radical is g or c, this word belongs to the 
 root of crook, Chaucer uses croucke for cross.] 
 
 1. A gibbet consisting of two pieces of timber 
 placed across .each other, either in form of a T or of 
 an X. That on which our Savior suffered, is repre- 
 sented, on coins and other monuments, to have been 
 of the former kind. Kiicijc. 
 
 2. Tlie ensign of the Christian religion ; and hence, 
 figuratively, the religion itself. Rome. 
 
 3. A monument with a cross upon it, to excite de- 
 votion, such as were anciently set in market-places. 
 
 JohiiA-on. Shak. 
 
 4. Any thing in the form of a cross or gibbet. 
 
 5. A line drawn through another. Johnson, 
 
 6. Any thing that thwarts, obstructs, or perplexes; 
 hinderance ; vexation ; misfortune ; opposition ; trial 
 of patience. 
 
 Heaven prepares good men with crosses. B. Jonson, 
 
 7. A mixing of breeds in producing animals. 
 
 8. Money or coin stamped with the figure of a 
 cross. Dryderu 
 
 9. The right side or face of a coin, stamped with 
 a cross. Kncyc. 
 
 10. The mark of a cross, instead of a signature, 
 on a deed, formerly impressed by those who could 
 not write. Encyc. 
 
 11. Church lands in Ireland. Davies. 
 
 12. In theology, the sufferings of Christ by cruci- 
 fixion. 
 
 Tl»t he might reconcile both to God in one body by the crofi*. — 
 Epii. ii. 
 
 13. The doctrine of Christ's sufferings and of the 
 atonement, or of salvation by Christ. 
 
 The preaching of the cross is to tliem that perish foohahnesa. — 
 
 1 Cor. i. Gal. v. 
 To take up the cross, is to submit to troubles and 
 afflictions from love to Christ. 
 
 14. In mining, two nicks cut in the surface of the 
 earth, thus, -j-. 
 
 Cross and pile { a play with money, at which it is 
 put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side 
 up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called 
 pile, (pilcB,) or reverse. 
 €ROSs, a. Transverse ; oblique ; ptissing from side 
 to side ; falling athwart ; as, a cross beam. 
 
 The cross refraction of a second prism. Newton. 
 
 2. Adverse ; opposite ; obstructing ; sometimes 
 with to ; as, an event cross to our inclinations. 
 
 3. Perverse ; untractable ; as, the cross circum- 
 stances of a man's temper. South. 
 
 4. Peevish ; fretful ; ill-humored ; applied to per- 
 sons or things; as, a cross woman or husband; across 
 answer. 
 
 5. Contrary ; contradictory ; perplexing. 
 Contradictions that seem to lie cross and uncouth. South. 
 
 6. Adverse ; unfortunate. 
 
 Beliold llie cross and unkicky issue of my design. Glanvilte. 
 
 7. Interchanged ; as, a cross marriage, when a 
 brother and sister intermarry with two persons who 
 have the same relation to each other. Bailey. 
 
 8. Noting what belongs to an adverse party ; as, a 
 cross interrogatory. Kent. 
 
 €ROS.S, prep. Athwart : transversely ; over; from side 
 to side ; so as to intersect. 
 
 Ami cross thf-ir limits cut a sloping way. Dryien. 
 This is admissible in poetry, as an abbreviation of 
 Across. 
 
 CROSS, V. t. To draw or run a line, or lay a body 
 across another ; as, to cross a word in writing ; to 
 cross the arms. 
 
 2. To erase ; to cancel ; as, to cross an account. 
 
 3. To make the sign of the cross, as Roman Cath- 
 olics in rievotitui. 
 
 4. To pass from side to side ; to pass or move over ; 
 as, to cross a road ; to cross a river or the ocean. 1 
 crossed the English Channel, from Dieppe to llrigh- 
 ton, in a steamboat, Sept. 18, 1824. JV. IV. 
 
 5. To thwart ; to obstruct ; to hinder ; to embar- 
 ra-HS ; as, to cross a purpose or design. 
 
 (). To counteract ; to clash or interfere with ; to be 
 incimsi»t<mt with ; as, natural appetites may cross 
 our principles. 
 
 7. To counteract or contravene ; to hinder by au- 
 thority ; to stop. [See No. 5.] 
 
 8. To contradict. Bacon. Honker. 
 
 9. To debar or preclude. Sltuk. 
 To crofts the breed of an animal, is to produce young 
 
 from different varieties of the species. 
 CROSS, V. I. To lie or be athwart. 
 
 2. 'i'o move or pass laterally, or from one side toward 
 the oilier, or from place to place, eithiT at right an- 
 gles or oblitpiely ; as, to cross from Nantucket lo New 
 Bedford. 
 
 3. To be incimsistent ; an, men's actions do not al- 
 wayii eroM with reason. [JVot luirrf.] Sidney. 
 
 eROSS'-ARM-^;D, a. With arms across. In botany, 
 brachiate ; decussated ; having brandies in pairs, 
 each at right angles with the next. Jlartyn. 
 
 eROSS'-BAR-R£D, (-bird,) a. Secured by transverse 
 bars. ' Milton. 
 
 CROSS'-BAR-RoW, 71. An .arrow of a cross-bow. 
 
 CROSS'-BAR-SHOT, 71. A bullet with an iron bar 
 passing through it, and standing out a few inches on 
 each side ; used in naval actions for cutting the ene- 
 my's rigging. Encyc. 
 
 €ROSS'-BE.\R-ER, n. In the Roman Catholic church, 
 the chaplain of an archbishop or primate, who bears 
 a cross before him on solemn occasions. Also, a cer- 
 tain officer in the Inquisition, who makes a vow be- 
 fore the inquisitors to defend the Roman Catholic 
 faitji, though with the loss of fortune and life. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 CROSS'-BILL, 71. In chancery, an origin.il biil by 
 which the defendant prays relief against the plaintiff. 
 
 Blaclcstone. 
 
 €ROSS'-BILL, 7t. A species of bird, the Lozia curvi- 
 rostra, the mandibles of whose bill curve opposite 
 wavs and cross each other. Encyc. 
 
 €R08S'-BlTE, 71. A deception ; a cheat. L'Estrange. 
 
 CROSS'-BtTE, V. t. To thwart or contravene by de- 
 ception. Collier. 
 
 eitOSS'-BIT-ING, ppr. Thwarting or contravenuig 
 by deception. 
 
 eROSS'-Brr-T£N, pp. Contravened by deception. 
 
 CROSS'-BoW, 71. In archery, a weapon used for 
 shooting, and formed by placing a bow athwart 
 a stock. Bailey. 
 
 CROSS'-BoW-ER, 71. One who shoots with a cross- 
 bow. Ralegh. 
 
 €ROSS'-BREED, 71. A breed produced from the male 
 and female of dilferent breeds. 
 
 €ROSS'-BU.\, 71. ,\ bun or cake with a cross marked 
 
 CROSS'CUT, r. t. To cut across. [on it. 
 
 €ROS.S'eUT-SAVV, 71. A saw managed by two men, 
 one at each end. 
 
 €ROSS'£D, (krost,) pp. Having a line drawn over; 
 canceled ; erased ; passed over ; thwarted ; opposed ; 
 obstructed ; counteracted. 
 
 eilOSS-ETTE', 11. [Fr.] In architecture, a term ap- 
 plied to the sini'll, projettiug pieces in arch stones, 
 which hanc upon the adjacent stones. Brande. 
 
 €K0SS'-r.X-A.M-l.\-A'T10.\', n. 'J'he examination or 
 intcrrii^ali'Ui of a witness, called by one party, by 
 tlie ii|>p.isitc' party or his counsel. 
 
 CROS.-^-EX A.M'IN'E, V. t. 'i'o examine a witness by 
 the upfKisnc |);irTy itr his counsel, as the witness for 
 the plaintiti' by the defendant, and vice versa. 
 
 The opportunity to cross-exajnme the witnesses has been ex- 
 pressly waived. Kent, 
 
 CROSS-EX-AM'IN-iO), pp. Examined or interroga- 
 ted by the op[)osite party. 
 
 CROSS-EX-AiM'IN-l.\G, ppr. Examining or interro- 
 gating bv the opposite party. 
 
 €ROSS'-E?-£:i), (-Ide,) a. Having that kind of squint 
 by which both the eyes turn toward the nose, so that 
 the rays, in passing to each eye, cross the other. 
 
 Forby. 
 
 CROSS'-FLoW, 7t. I. To flow across. Milton. 
 
 eROSS'-GR.\lN-AD, a. Having the grain or fibers 
 across or irregular, and hence difficult to work ; as in 
 timber, t\'here a branch shoots frtun the trunk, there 
 is a curling of the grain. 
 
 2. Figuratively, perverse ; untractable ; not conde- 
 scending. 
 
 eUOSS'ING, ppr. Drawing ; running or passing a 
 line over ; erasing ; canceling ; thwarting ; ojiposing ; 
 ctmnteracting ; passing over. 
 
 CROSS'INO, 71. A thwarting; impediment; vexation. 
 
 2. A passing across. 
 
 3. The place of passing; as, the crossings of the 
 streets. 
 
 CROSS'-JACK, (kro'jak,) n. A sail extended on the 
 lower yard of the mizzen-mast, but seldom used. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 €ROSS'-LEG-G£D, (-legd,) a. Having the legs 
 across. 
 
 CROSS'-UKE, a. Having the form of a cross. 
 CKOS.S'LY, mill. Athwart ; so as to intersect some- 
 thing else. 
 
 2. Adversely ; in opposition ; unfortunately. 
 
 3. Peevishly ; fretfully. 
 
 eilOSS'NESS, n. Peevishness; frctfulness ; ill-hu- 
 mor ; perverseness. 
 
 CROSS'-PATCH, 71. An ill-natured persmi. [Still 
 heard in JWw England.] Mem, of II, More, 
 
 eilOSS'-PIicCE, H. A rail of timber extending over 
 the windlass of a ship, furnished with pins with 
 which to fasten the rigging, as occasion requires. 
 
 E,ncyc, 
 
 CROSS'-PUR-POSIO, 71. A contrary purpose ; contra- 
 dictory sysft'in ; also, a conversation in which one 
 person does or pretends to misunderstand another's 
 meaning. An enigma; a riddle. Maaon. 
 
 eilOSS-UUES'TION, e. (. To cross-examine. 
 
 Killingbeck, 
 
 CROSS-anES'TION-lNG, ppr. Cross-examining. 
 eROSS'-Rl":AD-lNG, 71. The reading of the lines of a 
 newspaper directly across the page, through the ad- 
 
 joining columns, thus confounding the sense, and 
 often proihicing a ludicrous combination of ideas. ^ 
 
 €Rl)SS'-RoVV, ( ro ) 71. Tiie alphabet, so named be" 
 cause a cross is placed at the beginning, to show 
 tluu tile end of learning is piety. Johtison. Sluilc 
 2 A row that crosses others. 
 
 CROS!^' SKA, 71. Waves running across others; a 
 swell running in diflerent tiirectitms. 
 
 CROSS'-S'l AFF, 71. An instrument to take the alti- 
 tude of the^sun or stars. 
 
 €ROSS'-SToNE, n See H.vsuoto.me and Stauro- 
 
 LITE. 
 
 CROSS'-TIN-ING, 71. in hu.ihandry, a harrowing by 
 drawing the harrow or drag back and forth on the 
 same ground. Encyc, 
 
 CROSS'-TREES, 71. pi. In ships, certain pieces of tim- 
 ber, supported by the cheeks and trestle-trees, at the 
 upper ends of the lower niast-s, to sustain the frame 
 of the top, and on the topmasts, to e.xteud the top- 
 gallant shrouds. Mar, Diet, 
 
 CROSS'-W.A Y, ( 71. A way or road that crosses an- 
 
 €ROSS'-Ro.\li, ( other road or the chief road ; an 
 obscure path intersecting the main road. Shak, 
 
 CROSS'-WIND, 71. A side wind ; an unfavorable 
 wind. Boyle, 
 
 GROSS'WTSE, adv. Across ; in the form of a cross. 
 
 C!tOS8'-WORT, 71. A plant of the genus Valantia. 
 
 CROTCH, 71. [Fr. croc, a hook. See Crook and 
 Crutch.] 
 
 1. A fork or forking ; the parting of two legs or 
 branches ; as, the crotch of a tree. Bacon, Forby, 
 
 2. In ships, a crooked timber placed on the keel, in 
 the fore and aft parts of a sliip. 
 
 3. A piece of wood or iron, opening on the top and 
 extending two horns or arms, like a half moon, used 
 for supporting a boom, a spare topmast, yards, &c. 
 
 Mar, Diet, 
 
 eROTCH'f;n, (krotcht,) a. Having a crotch ; forked. 
 CROTCH'ET, 71. [Fr. crochet, croche, from croc. See 
 Crook.] 
 
 1. In printing, a term applied to brackets or hooks 
 including U'ortls, a sentence, or a passage, distin- 
 guishi'd from the rest, thus [- ]. 
 
 2. In music, a note or character, equal in time to 
 
 half a minim, and the double of a quaver, thus. 
 
 3. A piece of wood resembling a fork, used as a 
 support in building. 
 
 4. .\ i>eculiar turn of the mind ; a whim, or fancy ; 
 a perverse conceit. 
 
 All the devi&'s and crotchets of new inventions. Howell. 
 eROTCH'E l'-ED, a. Marked with crotchets. 
 CROTCH'ET-Y, a. Having perverse conceits, or 
 
 crotchets of the brain. 
 CRO'TON OIL, 71. Oil from the Croton tiglium,a plant 
 
 of the East. It is a violent cathartic, and causes 
 
 small pustules when rubbed on the skin. Brande. 
 eROUClI, t>. i. [G. kriechen, kroch, kriiche, to creep, 
 
 to stooj), to cringe, probably allied to crook, Fr. 
 
 crochn, as cringe to crank. Class Rg. Vulgarly, 
 
 crooch, scrooclL.'\ 
 
 1. To bend down ; to stoop low ; to lie close to the 
 ground ; as an animal. A dog crouches to his mas- 
 ter ; a lion crouches in the thicket. 
 
 2. To bend servilely ; to stoop meanly ; to fawn ; 
 to cringe. 
 
 Every one that is left in thy house shall come and crouch to hiro, 
 for a piece of bread. — 1 S.am. ii. 
 
 CROITCH, t'. (. [See Cross.] To sign with the cross ; 
 to bless. [JVof 111 iisf.] Chancer. 
 
 CROUCU'ED-FRI-ARS, 71. pi. An order of friars, 
 so called from the cross which they wore. 
 
 CROUCIl'lNG, ;>pr. or o Bending'; stooping; cring- 
 ing. 
 
 CROUP, (kroop,) 71. [Fr. croupe, a ridge, top, but- 
 tocks, Sp. grnpa ; Port, garupa ; It. grappa; W. 
 criA; Riiss /fr.eei, crooked ; Aric/yii, to bend.] 
 
 The rtiinp of a fowl ; the buttocks of a liorse or 
 extremity of the reins above the hips. 
 
 CROUP, (kroop,) 71. [Scot, croup, cropc, crupe, crowp, 
 to croak, to cry or speak with a lioarsc voice ; Goth. 
 hropyan : Sax. hreopan, to call out.] 
 
 'I'he disease called technically cynanche trachealis, 
 an inflanmiatory affection of the trachea, accompa- 
 nied with a hoarse cough and difficult respiration. It 
 is vulgarly called rattles, 
 
 CROU-PAliE', 71. [from croup, or its root.] In the 
 maneire, a leap in which the horse pulls up his hind 
 legs, "as if he drew thein up to his belly. Encyc. 
 
 CROU'PI-ER, (kroo'pe-<'r,) II. [Fr.] He who watclu's 
 the cards and collects the money at a gaming-table 
 
 2. One who, at a public dinner parly, sits at the 
 lower end of the table as assistant chairman. Smart. 
 
 KROUt' i "■ t**' •^"'•''"fi'^' • D.*r«irf.] 
 
 Sour crout is made by laying minced or chopped 
 cabbage in layers in a barrel, with a handful of salt 
 and caraway seeds between the layers; Ihen raiii- 
 niing down the whole, covering it, pressing it Willi a 
 heavy weight, and suffering it lo stand, till it has 
 gone through fermentation. It is an efficacious pre- 
 servativt^ against scurvy in long voyages. F.neijc, 
 
 FATE, FAR, Vfiljh, WH-ST. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, ByQK — 
 
 286 
 
CRO 
 
 CRU 
 
 CRU 
 
 eitOVV, (krO,) n. [Sux. craicf. : Dan. kra<re; Sw. 
 kniku : D. kra/ii : G. krdhe : ho named fnini its cry, <J. 
 kratirn, 1). kraaijcn, GdIIi. AruA, a croaking, hrukijan, 
 tucruoA or crow, L. cruciu, Gi. «,iiu;(.>, >t;<n(u),«c<|Oa) a. 
 It lias no Lonni'clion with L. eonits, but rook is of 
 liie same fiimily.] 
 
 I. A large black bird, of the genun Corvus ; the 
 beak is convex and ciiltratcd, the nostrils are cover<-(l 
 with brisjly feathers, the lonsnc is forked and car- 
 tilaginous. This is a voracious bird, feeding on car- 
 rion and cmin, particularly maize, which it iiulls up, 
 just aftiT it ap|iears above pround. 
 
 To iiluck or iiiill n cruie, is to be industrious or con- 
 tentious about a tride, or thing of no v.aliie. Johnson. 
 
 a. \ bar of iron with a beak, crook, or two claws, 
 used in raising and moving heavy weights, drawing 
 spikes, etc. Mozon. 
 
 3. The voice of the cock. [See the verb.] 
 
 4. The iiieseiitcry or rtiBie of a beiust, so called by 
 butchers. 
 
 eUOVV, t>. i. ■• prrL and pp. Cboweu ; formerly pret. 
 CiiEW. [Sax. craiDan ; 1). kraaijen ; O. krdhen ; Gr. 
 Aou^di. See the noun.] 
 
 1. To cry or make u noise as a cock, in joy, gay- 
 cty, or defiance. 
 
 a. To boast in triumph ; to vaunt ; to vapor ; to 
 swagger. [A popular, but not an elegant use of Uic 
 trnri/.] Orandisoa. 
 
 CROW'-HXR, It. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, 
 used as a lever for raising heavy bodies. 
 
 CROVV'-llKll-KY, n. A plant of the genus F.inpetriiin, 
 or bi-rrv-bearing heath, One species bears the crow- 
 crake berries. F.nciir. 
 
 eUoW'S'-Bll.L, n. In surgery, a kind of forcejis for 
 extractmg bullets and other things from wounds. 
 
 Kiicijc. 
 
 GROW'S'-FEET, n. pi. The wrinkles nndi r the 
 eves, which are the effects of age. [ Oft.--.] Cliauccr. 
 
 eHoW'-FLOW-ER, n. A kind of camiiion. 
 
 eR6\V'-FOQT, II. l)n board nfsMps, :t complication 
 of small cords spreading out from a long block ; used 
 to suspend the awnings, or lo keep the top-sails from 
 striking and fri tting against the lops. Kncije. 
 ■>. In botiinti, the Raiiuiicuhis, a genus of plants. 
 
 €R0\V"S'-Fq6 |", n. In the inilitary art, a machine of 
 iron, with toiir points, so formed" that in whatever 
 way it falls, there is one point upward, and intiMidi d 
 to stop or embarrass the approach or inarch of the 
 enemy's cavalry ; a caltrop. F.ncijc. 
 
 CKOW'INtJ, ppr. Uttering a particular voice, as a 
 cock ; bo-asiing in triumph ; vaunting ; bragging. 
 
 CROVV'-KEEP-ER, n. A boy employed to scare off 
 crows from new-sown land. 'I'his was fttrmerly 
 soiiietinies done by shooting at them with a bow ; 
 and hence Lear says, that fellow handles his bow 
 like a crow-kerper, i.e. awkwardly, as one not tniined 
 to its use. . Furbtj. 
 
 eUOW'-NKT, n. In England, a net for catching wnd 
 fowls ; the net used in New England for catching 
 wild pigeons. 
 
 CROW-SILK, lu A plant, the Conferva rivalis. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 
 CROW-TOE, (kro't5,) n. A plant; as, the tufted 
 crou^-ioe. .Milton. 
 
 CROWD, ill. [Ir. eruit; W. trwth, a swelling or 
 
 CROWTII, i bulging, a musical instrument.] 
 
 An instrument of music with six strings ; a kind 
 of violin. 
 
 CROWD, n. [Sax. cruth, crtad. Sec Crew.] 
 
 1. Pn»pfr/i/, a collection ; a number of things col- 
 lected, or closely pressed together. 
 
 2. .\ number of persons rongregated and pressed 
 together or collected into a close body without order; 
 a throng. Ilence, 
 
 3. .V multitude ; a great number collected. 
 
 4. .\ niiniber of things near together ; a number 
 promiscuously assembled or lying near each other ; 
 as, a erouid of isles in the Egean Sea. 
 
 5. The lower orders of people ; the populace ; the 
 vulgar. Dryden. 
 
 CROWD, r. (. To press ; to urge ; to drive together. 
 
 2. To fill by pressing numbers together without 
 order ; as, to crowd a ri>om with people ; to croted the 
 memory with ideas. 
 
 3. To fill to excess. Volumes of reports crowd a 
 lawyer's library. 
 
 4. To encumber by multitudes. Shak. 
 
 5. To urge ; to press by solicitation ; to dun. 
 
 t). I n seaman.ihip, to crowd sail, is to carry an extra- 
 ordiniuy force of sail, with a view to accelerate the 
 cour?te of a ship, as in chasing or escaping from an 
 enemy ; to carry' a press of sail. 
 t'ROWb, r. i. lo press in numbers; as, the multi- 
 tude crowdtd through the gate or into the room. 
 
 2. To press ; to urge forward ; as, the man eroaded 
 into the room. 
 
 3. To swann or be numerous. 
 
 CROWD'ED, pp. or fl. Collected and pressed ; pressed 
 together i urged ; driven ; filled by a promiscuous 
 iiiiillitnde. 
 
 CROWD'ER, «. A fiddler; one who plays on a 
 
 crowd 
 
 CROWD'I.NG, ppr. Pressing together; pushing; 
 
 tlirii^tiiig ; driving; assriiibling in u promiscuous 
 
 iiiultilude; filling; urging. 
 CROWD'I.Vt;, «. Tlic act of crowding; the state of 
 
 being crowded. 
 GROWN, H. [Fr. couronne; Ann. cwrun ; W.eoron; 
 
 D. kroon: G. kranr : Sw. krona ; Dan. krone ; Ir. 
 
 coroin; L. corona; Sp. and It. id.; Gr. xup-.-nrj. The 
 
 radical letlei-s appear to be Cr, as corolla, witluiul n, 
 
 indicates, (in. a top or roundness. See (/"hokus. | 
 
 1. .'Vn orii.'unent worn on the head by kings and 
 soviTeign princes, as a b.idge of imperial or regal 
 power and dignity. Figuratively, regal power; 
 royalty ; kingly government, or executive authority. 
 
 '2. \ wreath or garlanil. 
 
 3. Honorary distinction ; reward. 
 
 Tlioy ilo it to obtiii) a comiiiUble croirn ; wc, oil liicumipliljif. 
 — 1 Cor. ii. 
 
 4. Honor; splendor; dignity. 
 
 TIr. crown h.ia f.ill' n (mm our hc.uU. — l..im. v. Phil. i». 
 A virtuous \^oii).tii Ih ii croutn lo Uci liiiNkiiid. — Prov. xii, 
 
 5. The top of the lieaii ; the toj) of a mountain or 
 other elevatetl object. The end of an anchor, or the 
 point from which the arms proceetl. 
 
 ti. The part of a hat which covers the top of the 
 head. 
 
 7. A coin anciently stamped with the figure of a 
 crown. The English crown is five shillings sterling. 
 The French crown is a hundred and nine cents. 
 Other coins bear the same n;uiie. 
 
 8. Conipletitm ; accoiiipli-^liiiK'nt. 
 
 9. Clerical tonsure in a circular fiirni ; a little cir- 
 cle shaved on the top of the head, as a mark of eccle- 
 siastical odicc or disiinclion. 
 
 10. Among jewelers, the upper work of a rose 
 diamond. 
 
 11. In botany, an appendage to the top of a seed, 
 which serves to bear it in the wind. 
 
 12. In archilrctarr, the uppermost member of the 
 cornice, calletl al.so the corona or larmier. 
 
 CROWN, r. t. To invest with a crown or regal orna- 
 ment. Hence, to invest with regal dignity and 
 power. 
 
 2. To cover, as with a crown ; to cover tlie top. 
 
 Ao.l p-^ircr..l oliv, s cro:c„el lil) l.,.,ry h.Mil. Drgilen. 
 
 3. To houoi ; to dignify ; to adorn. 
 
 'J'hou liitst cr iwned him with glory ami lioiior. — Ps. viii. 
 
 4. To reward ; to bestow an honorary reward or 
 distinction on ; as, the victor croicned with laurel. 
 
 ."). To reward ; to ri:eoiii|>eiisc. 
 
 Slu'*ll crown a irniti'l'iil aiiil a coiMlant llanie. lioseommon. 
 
 fi. To teriniiiate or finish ; to complete ; to perfect. 
 7. To terminate and rew.ard ; as, our efforts were 
 crownni with success. 
 CROW.N'KD, pp.arii. Invested with a crown, or with 
 regal power and iliguily ; honoreil ; dignified ; re- 
 warded Willi a crown, wreath, garland, or ilistinrtion ; 
 reeoiiipi'nsed ; terniiiiated ; coiiipletetl ; perfected. 
 CROW.N'EK, n. He or tli.at which crowns or com- 
 pleles. 
 
 eRO\V.\'ET, II. A conuiet, which see. Shakspeare 
 has used It for chief end or last purpose; but this 
 sense is singular. 
 
 CROW.V'-flL.KSS, n. The finest sort of English win- 
 dow-glass. 
 
 CROWN-l.M Pl";'Rl-.\L, n. A p"ant of the genus 
 Prilillaria, having a beautiful flower. 
 
 CROW.N'I.N'tJ, ppr. or o. Invested with a crown, or 
 with royally or supreme power; honoring with a 
 wre.atli or with distinction ; adorning ; rewarding ; 
 finishing ; perfecting. 
 
 CROW.N'I.Sf;, n. In architecture, the upper termina- 
 tion or finish of a member or any ornamental work. 
 
 2. In marine language, the finishing part of a knot, 
 or interweaving of the strands at the end of a rope. 
 
 CROW.N'LESS, a. Without a crown. Bi/ron. 
 
 CROWN'-OF'KICE, n. In England, an oflice i), long- 
 ing to the Court of King's llencli, of which the king's 
 coroner or attorney is commonly master, and in which 
 the attorney-general and clerk exhibit informations 
 for crimes anil misdemeanors. 
 
 CROWN'-POST, n. In budding, a post which stands 
 upright in the middle, between two principal rafters. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 CROWN'-SCAB, n. A scab formed round the cor- 
 nets of a horse's hoof, a cancerous ami painful sore. 
 
 Farricr^s Diet 
 
 CROWN'-TIIIS-TI.E, (-this-sl) n. A flower. 
 
 CROWN'-WIIEEL, n. .\ wheel with cogs set at right 
 angles with its plane. 
 
 2. In a wauh, the upper wheel next the balance, 
 which drives the balance, and in royal pendulums, is 
 called the swing-wheel. 
 
 CROW.N'-WORK, (-wiirk,) n. In /ffr(iffcn(ion, an out- 
 work running into the field, consisting of two demi- 
 bastions at the extremes, and an entire b,a,stion in the 
 middle, with curtains. It is designed to gain some 
 hill or advantageous post, and cover the other works. 
 
 CROYL'STONE, ii. Crystallized cawk, in which the 
 cr\ stals ari^ sm.all. Woodward. Johnson. 
 
 CRO/.E, n. A cooper's tool. 
 
 CRO'tMAL, (kru'shal,) a. [Fr. erudale, from L. crux, 
 
 In surgery, transverse ; pxssiiig across ; intersect- 
 ing ; in form of a itoss ; as, crucial ini:isiori. Sharp. 
 
 2. Severe; trying; s<-archiiig, as if bringing to the 
 cross ; as, a crucial experiment. 
 CRO'CIA.N, II. A short, thick, broad fish, of a deep 
 
 yellow color. Diet, of jVat. Hist. 
 
 CRO'CI.aTE, (kru'shite,) v. L [L. crucio, to torture, 
 from erne, a cross.] 
 
 To torture ; to torment ; to afflict with extreme 
 pain or distrt.'ss; but tlic verb is seldom used. [See 
 Esent'ciATj:.] 
 CRC'CIA'l'E, n. Tormented. [IMtle used.] 
 2. In botany, having the form of a cross. 
 CRi;-CI-.\'TION, n. The act of torturing; torment. 
 
 [/.ittle used.] Hall, 
 CRO'CI-liLE, n. [It. crogiaolo, and eroeiuolo ; Sp. 
 crL-iol ; Port, ehrijsol or erisol ; Fr. creuset: I). Atom, 
 smelt -kroes. It is from criir, a cro.<s, as Lunier sup- 
 poses, friini till' figure of the cross formerly attached 
 
 to II. lint (|I1.] 
 
 1. A clieiiiic.al ve.asel or meltinc-|>ot, usually made 
 of earth, and so tempered and baked as to entlure 
 extreme heat wilhoiit melting. It is used for melting 
 ores, metals, Jtc. 
 
 2. In mitiilhirgu, a hollow place at the bottom of a 
 fiiriiaett lo receive the melted met;Ll, Fourcroy. 
 
 CRIJ-L'lF'F.U-OU.'<, a. [L. crncifer; crux, a cross, and 
 /(TO, to lii'ar.] Hearing the cross. Diet. 
 
 2. In botany, a t- rni applied to the Cruciferu;, a 
 family of plants having the four petals of the flower 
 in the form of a cross. Partington. 
 
 CRO'i;i-FI-f;D, pp. or a. Put to death on the cross. 
 
 CRO'CI-FI-ER, 11. [See Cure in .] A person who 
 crucifies ; one who puts another to dealli on across. 
 
 CRO'CI-FIX, II. [L. cruc{fixus, from crueifigo,tu fix 
 to a cross ; crux and .tigo, to fix.] 
 
 1. .'V cross on whicli the body of Christ is fastened 
 in elfigy. Encue. . 
 
 2. A representation, in painting or statuary, of our 
 Lord fastened to the cross. Johnsoti. 
 
 'J. Figuratively, the religion of Christ. [Little usetl.] 
 
 'J'anlor. 
 
 eRL'-CI-FI.\'IO.\, (km se-fix'yun,) n. [See Cruci- 
 fix.] Thi; nailing or fastening of a person to a cross, 
 for llie purptise of putting Iiiiii to tleath ; the act or 
 puiiisliiiieiit of pulling a eniiiinal to de.atli by nailing 
 him to a cross. jjddison. 
 
 CKO'L'l-FOK.M, o. [L. crux, a cross, and forma, forin.J 
 
 1. Cross-shaped. 
 
 2. In botany, cimsisting of four eipial petals, dis- 
 poseil in the form of a cross. Mirlyn. 
 
 The crneiform plants, or Crueifera^, compre'liend 
 nearly all culinary plants, except spinach, as the cab- 
 bage, liiniip, radtlisli, miistnrd, &c. Farm. F.ncyc. 
 CRO'Cl-F?, c. t. [L. crucijigo ; criu:, cross, and Jigo, 
 to fix ; Fr. erucijier ; It. crocifiggere ; Sp. cruciJiearT\ 
 
 1. To nail to a cross; to put to de.itli by nailing 
 the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet, sometimes, 
 anciently, by fastening a criminal to a tree with cords. 
 
 B'lt Ih'-y cried, C> aci/ij liiin, crucify hiin. — Luke xxiii. 
 
 2. In scriptural language, to subdue ; to mortify ; 
 lo destroy the power or ruling influence of. 
 
 Ttiry lh.it HFp Chrijit'i have cruci/ted the tVsh, with Uic afl'cctioni 
 un.l lusU. — Ual. V. 
 
 3. To reject and despise. 
 
 They croH/y lo thonwrlveji the Son of God nTn^sh. — Hel>. vi. 
 
 7'o be crucified with Chriit, is to become dead to the 
 law and to sin, and to have indwelling corrupticm 
 subdued. Gal. ii. and vi. 
 
 4. To vex or torment. [J\'</( used.] Burton. 
 eRC'("I-F?-l.\G, ppr. Putting to death on a cross or 
 
 gibbet ; subduing ; destroying the life and (lower of. 
 CUU-CIC'ER-OUS a. Bearing the cross. 
 CllUl), II. Curd. [See Cc Ru, the usual orthography.] 
 CRI 'D'DLE, r. i. To curdle ; also, lo sli.op. BrockeU 
 CRCDE, a. [L. cradiut ; Fr. erud, cru ; Sp. and It. cru- 
 do ; Port, crn : .\rin. criz ; W. cri ; I), raauw ; Sax, 
 hream ; C. roh : Eng. raw ; either from the r<Kit of cry, 
 from roughness, (\V. cri, a cry, and crude,) or from 
 
 the Ar. aradha, to cat, lo corrode, to rankle, to 
 
 become raw, L. rodo, rosi. Class Rd, .\o. 3.1.] 
 
 1. Raw ; not ctKiked or preparcil by fire or heat ; in 
 its natural slate ; undressed ; as, criirfr flesh, crude 
 meat. In this sense, raw is more generally used. 
 
 2. Not changed from its natural state ; not altered 
 or prepared by any artificial process ; as, crude salt, 
 crude alum. 
 
 3. Rough ; harsh ; unripe ; not mellowed by air or 
 other means ; as, crude juice. 
 
 4. Unconcocted; not well digested in the stomach. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 5. Not brought to perfection : unfinished ; imma- 
 ture ; as, the crude materials of the earth. .Vdtun, 
 
 H. Having indigested notions. Milton, 
 
 7. Indigested ; not matured ; not well formed, ar- 
 ranged, or prepared in Ihe intellect ; as, crude notions ; 
 a crude plan ; a crude theory. Milton. 
 
 8. In painting, a term applied to a picture when the 
 colors are rudely laid on, and do not blend or har- 
 monize. Brandt, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AiV'GER, VI"CIOU8 — € asK;6asJ;SasZ;CHa!iSH;THa3Ui THIS. 
 
 . __ 
 
CRU 
 
 CRU 
 
 CRU 
 
 CRuDE'LY, a</u. Williuut due preparation ; without 
 form or arrangement ; vvithotit uiaturity or digestion. 
 CRC'DE'N'ESS, ?i. Rawness; unripeness; an undi- 
 gested or unprepared state ; as, tlic cnuleiie^s of Aesh 
 or |)lants, or of any body in its natural state. 
 
 2. A state of being unformed or iiuligested; inima- 
 Inreness ; as, tlie crudeiiess of a theory. 
 eUO'DI-TY, n. [L. cruditas.] 
 
 Rawness ; crudeness ; sonjething in a cnide state. 
 Among pkysicians, a term ajiplied to undigested sub- 
 stances in the stom.icli, or unconcocted humors not 
 well prepared for expulsion ; excrements. 
 
 Coze, Encyc. 
 
 eRu'DLE, V. t. To coagulate. Rut this word is gen- 
 erally written Curdle ; which see. 
 GRC'liV, a. Concreted; coagulated. [JVof in use.] 
 [See Curd.] Spenser. 
 2. Raw ; chill. [JVot used.] [See Crude.] Sliak. 
 CKP'EL, a. [Fr. cruel; h. cradelis ; It. crudcle. See 
 Crude and Rude.] 
 
 J. Disposed to give pain to others, in body or mind ; 
 willing or pleased to torment, vex, or afflict ; inhu- 
 man ; destitute of pity, compassion, or kindness ; 
 fir^rre ; ferocious ; savage ; barbarous ; hard-hearted ; 
 applied to persons or Oieir dUpositions, 
 
 'I'ivy arc crael, ami li.ive no mercy. — Jer. vi. 
 9. Inhuman; barbarous; savage; causing pain, 
 grief, or distress, exerted in tormenting, vexing, or 
 afflicting. 
 
 Ciiraetl !« Uieir wmlli, for it wmcriul. — G?n. xlix. 
 Ttu- u-iuler iiit- rcii-s the wickpil are cruel. — Prov. xii. 
 Otlicrs li.ul trials of cruel inocliiilgs. — Helj. Jti. 
 
 eRO'EL-LY, wlv. In a cruel manner ; with cruelty ; 
 inhumanly; barbarously. 
 
 Because iic cruelly oppressed, he sh:ill tlie in his iniquity. — Ezek. 
 
 9. Painfully ; with severe pain or torture ; as, an 
 instrument may cut the flesh most cruelty. 
 CRC'EE-XESS, n. Inhumtmity ; cruelty. Spenser. 
 CRU'EL-TY, H. [h. crudcUtas : Fr. crtiaute.] 
 
 1. Inhumanity; a savage or barbarous disposition or 
 temper, which is gratified in giving unnecessary pain 
 or distress to others; barbarity; applied to persons; 
 as, the cruelty of savages ; the cruelty and envy of 
 the people. Shak. 
 
 2. Barbarous deed ; any act of a human being 
 which inflicts unnecessary pain ; any act intended 
 to torment, vex, or afflict, or which actually torments 
 or afflicts, without necessity ; wrong ; injustice ; op- 
 pression. 
 
 With force and with cruelty have ye ruled tliem. — Ezek. 
 
 CRO'EN-TaTE, a. [L. cruentaius.] 
 
 Smeared with blood. [JUttle used.] Glanvillc. 
 
 €RU-ENT'OUS, a. lilooily ; cruentale. 
 
 €RO'ET, n. [Ciii. Fr. crciu, hollow, or eruehette,{iora 
 cruc/te. See Cruse.] 
 A vial or small glass bottle, for holding vinegar, 
 
 CRUISE,/!. See(;BU»E. [oil, *ic. 
 
 CRUlSE, (kruze,) v. i. [D. kriiisscn, from kruis, a 
 cross ; (J. kreuzen ; D. krydser ; Fr. croiscr. See Cross.] 
 To sail back and forth, or to rove on the ocean in 
 search of an enemy's ships for capture, or for protect- 
 ing commerce; or to rove for pluniler, as a pirate. 
 The admiral cruised between the liahaina Isles and 
 Cuba. VVe cruised oft" Cape Finisterre. A i)irate 
 was cruising in the Oulf of .Mexico. 
 
 eilCISE, 71. A voyage made in croismg courses; a 
 sailing to and fro in search of an enemy's ships, or 
 by a pirate in search of pluiuler. 
 
 eitf'IS'ER, (kruz'er,) n. .\ person or a ship that 
 cruises ; usually an arnied ship that sails to and fro 
 for capturing an enemy's ships, for protecting the 
 commi;rce of the country, or for plmiili r. 
 
 CRUlS'I.NC;, ppr. Sailing fur the rapture of an ene- 
 my's ships, or for protecting commerce, or for plun- 
 der, as a pirate. 
 
 €RUL'LER, n A kind of crisped cake boiled in fat. 
 [See KnuLLEB.] 
 
 CRIJ.MB, \ n. [Sax. cnima ; D.kruim; G. krume ; Ileb. 
 
 CilU.M, i Cli. D-13 to gnaw, or break. Class Rm, 
 .\o. 14, II), 19, 2.1, 2ii.] 
 
 .\ small fragment or piece ; usually, a small piece 
 of bread or other food, broken or cut off; the soli 
 part of bread. 
 
 Liunu, druring to br fed witli the crumbt which fell from tlie 
 ricli nian'B Ublc. — [.uke xvi. 
 
 CRUMlt, j II. (. To break into small pieces with the 
 CItl'.M, i fingers ; ns, to (-rum/; lin ad into milk. 
 eKi;M'lil,E, I!, t. (1). kruimrlen ; (i. kmmelyi.] 
 
 To break into small pieces ; to divide into minute 
 part-^. 
 
 CKU.M'Ill/E, r. i. To fall into small pieces ; to break 
 or |urt into Hinall fragments. 
 
 If a itoiie U Ijrittle, It will cruiiijjle into gravel. ArltuOinot. 
 
 2. To fall to di.'cay ; to perish ; as, our flesh will 
 crumble iiitii dust, 
 en I'.M'1II,/;IJ, ;</<. or a. Broken or parted into aniall 
 
 pieces. 
 
 eUI.'.M'llI.I.VJ. ppr. or a. Breaking into small frag- 
 ments; falling into small j>iec<« ; decaying. 
 eRUMB'-fcLOTII, n. A cltjth to be laid under a ta- 
 
 ble, to receive falling fragments, and keep the 
 
 carpet or floor clean. 
 CRO'.ME-NAL, n. [L. crumena.] A purse. [JVot 
 
 iL^ed.] Spenser. 
 CRVM'MA-TihE, a. That may be broken into small 
 
 pieces bv the fingers. 
 CRU.M'MV, a. Full of crumbs ; soft. 
 CRU. MP, a. [Sax. cr«m;) ; U. krum ; G. kriimm ; Dan. 
 
 kruui ; W. crom, crwiUj crookeil ; Ir. crom, whence 
 
 croinaim, to bend, crotnan^ the hi|»-bone, tin; rump. 
 
 Crump., rump^ rumple, crumple, crimplc, are doubtless 
 
 of one family.] 
 
 Crt>t>ked ; as, cri/mp-shouldered. 
 CRUiMP'ET, n. A soft cake baked upon an iron 
 
 plate. 
 
 €RLJ.M'PLE, t'. I. [from crump. See Rumple, the 
 same word without :i prefix.] 
 
 To draw or press into wrinkles or folds ; to rum- 
 ple or crook. .Addison. 
 
 eilU.M'PLE, u. !. To contract ; ti) shrink. Smitti. 
 
 CRL'M'PLED, pp. or a. Drawn or pressed into wrin- 
 kles. 
 
 CRU.M'PLING, p/ir-. Drawing or pre.s.sing into wriii- 
 CRUJl'PLING, n. A small, degenerate apple, [kles. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 CRI^NK'LE j '■ To cry like a crane. [AM used.] 
 ,CRU'OR,u. [L.] Gore ; coagulated blood. 0«cH/iiU. 
 
 CROUP { "■ """^ l'""™^''^' 
 CRLIP d. Short; brittle. [Md in use.] 
 CRUP'PER, (kronp'i r,) n. [Fr. croupiere ; It. 
 yif.ra ; Sj). a-riiprrn : I'roni croupe^ S^''^PP^^ ll''*^J><^y <i 
 ridge, tlie buttocks nf a iiorso. See Crol'p.j 
 
 1. In the manege, the buttocks of a horse ; tlie 
 rump. 
 
 2. A strap of leather wliich is buckled to a saddle, 
 and, parsing under a horse's tail, jireventsthe saddle 
 from bein^ cast forward on lo the horse's neck. 
 
 €RyP'PER, V, t. To put a crupper on j as, to crupper 
 a horse. 
 
 CRu'RATj, a. [L. cruralis, from cms, cruris, the le?.] 
 
 1. Belonging to the leg ; as, the crural arteries, 
 which convey blood to the legs, and the crural veins, 
 which return it. Quhicy. Coxc. 
 
 2, Shaped like a leg or root. Brands. 
 GRU-SaDE', n. [Fr. croisade ; lUcrociata; ^-p, cruza- 
 
 (la ; from L. crux, Fr. croiz, Sp. cruz, It. croce, a crons. 
 Class Rg.] 
 
 A military expedition undertaken by authority of 
 the Roman CatlKilic church, for the recdvery ttf the 
 Holy Land, the scene of our Savior's life and siiifer- 
 ings, from the power of infidels or Mohamnu-dans. 
 Several of these expeditions were carried tm from 
 Europe, under the banner of the cross. The soldiers 
 had crosses of ditferent colored cloth sewed upon 
 their outer garments, and were hence called cru- 
 saders. The term has also been applied to military 
 expeditions against the Waldenses and others who 
 di^Jsonted from the church of Rome. 
 CRU-SaUE', n. A Portuguese coin, stamped with a 
 cross._ 
 
 €RU-SaD'ER, n. A person engaged in a crusade. 
 
 Ruhertsott. 
 
 €I10SE, 11. [D. kroes. See CnufinLE.] A small cup. 
 
 Tak? with thee a cruve uf ii.ui'-j-. — 1 Kiiig^s xiv. 
 
 In J^eio Enffland, it is useil chietjy or wholly for a 
 small bottle or vial for vinegar, called a vinegar-cruse. 
 €Ru'SET, n. [Fr. creusct, formerly cruisct. See Cru- 
 cible.] 
 
 A goldsmith's cnicible or melting pot. Philips. 
 CRUSH, V. t. [Fr. ecraser ; Ir. scriusam. In Sw. 
 krossa, iji Dan. krystcr signifies, to stptceze. In It. 
 croscio is a crushing ; and crosciare, to throw, strike, 
 pttur, or rain hard. There are many words in the 
 Shemitic languages which coincide with crush in 
 elements and signification. Ch. ileb. Syr. D"^i, to 
 
 break in pieces j Ar. ^jt^^s^ garasa, id. ; Eth. 
 
 ehnrats, to grintl, whence ^ist ; Ileb. and 
 Ch. "pn, and Ch. Syr. Ileb. V^"', 'o break, to crush ; 
 
 Ar. y_vSj "ic same. See crash, in English, and Fr. 
 
 brisrr. Arm. frrnsu, lo bruise. See Class Rd, ."Mo. IG, 
 20, 22, -11, -18, iiiiil Syr. N'o. HI!. See Rush.] 
 
 1. To press and bruise belwt^en two haiil bodies ; 
 to .stiuee/.e, so as to force a thing out of its natural 
 shapi: ; to liriiise by pressure. 
 
 The liNH — crunht'l Ualaain'* foot Hgiiilist the wall. — Num. xxii. 
 
 To crush grapes or apples, is tti sipireze them till 
 bruised and broken, st> that the juice escapes. 
 Hence, tt> crush out, is to force tint \ty prtrssure. 
 
 2. To press with violence ; to force together into 
 a mass. 
 
 ;t. 'I'o overwhelm by pressure ; to beat or force 
 down by un incumbent weight, with breaking or 
 bruiHing; as, the man was crushed by tile fall of a 
 tree. 
 
 4. To overwhelm by power; to subdue; to con- 
 quer beyond resistance ; as, to crush one's enemies ; 
 to crush a rebtrllion. 
 
 5. To oppress grievously. 
 
 Thoti shall Ije only oppressetl anil crushed alw.iya. — DeuL 
 xxviii. 
 
 G. Tti bruise and break into fine particles by beat- 
 ing or grinding ; to comininute. 
 
 'J'o crush a cup of wine ; to master or drink it. Shak, 
 CRUSH, i). i. To be pressed into a smaller compass by 
 
 external weight or force. 
 CRUSH, n. A violent collision, or rusliing together, 
 which breaks or bruises the bodies ; or a fall that 
 breaks or brui.ses into a confused mass ; as, the cntsk 
 of a large tree, or of a building. 
 
 The wreck of matter ami the crush of worlds. Addison. 
 
 CRUSH'iiD, (krusht,) jrp, or a. Pressed or squeezed 
 so as to break or bruise ; overwhelmed or subdued 
 by power ; broken or bruised by a fall ; grievously 
 oppressed ; broken ttr bruised to powder; coinniinu- 
 
 CRUSU'EK, 71. One who crushes. [ted. 
 
 CRUSH'ING, ppr. or a. Pressing or squeezing into a 
 mass, or until broken or bruised ; overwhelming . 
 subtluing by force ; oppressing; comminuting. 
 
 CRUST, 71. [Ij.crusta; Fr. croiite: It. crosta; 1). korst ; 
 G.krustc; W. crcsf, from cresu, to parch or scorch, 
 cres, a hardening by heat. But the primary sense is 
 probably to shrink, contract, harden, whether by 
 colli or heat, and it is probably allied to crystal, 
 freeze, cri.^p, &.c. See Class Rd, No. 19, 33, 73, 7G, 
 83, &), 88.] 
 
 1. An external coat or covering of a thing, which 
 is hard or harder than the internal substance ; as, 
 the crust of bread ; the crust of snow ; the crust of 
 drt)ss ; the crust of a pie. 
 
 2. A deposit from wine as it ripens, collected on 
 the interior of bottles, &c., and consisting of tartar 
 and ctdoring matter. Encyc. of Dom. Eco7i. 
 
 3. A piece of crust ; a waste piece of bread. 
 
 ' Dryden. L* Estrange, 
 
 4. A shell, as the hard covering of a crab and 
 
 5. A scab. [some other animals. 
 U. The siiperfici.al substances of the earth are, in 
 
 geology, calletl its crust, 
 CRUST, i>. t. To cover with a hard case or coat ; to 
 spread over the surface a substance harder than the 
 matter covered ; to incrust ; as, to cru.vt a thing with 
 clay ; to crust cake with sugar ; crusted with bark. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 2. To cover with concretions. Suiift. 
 eUUST, !'. I. To gather or contract into a hard cov- 
 ering ; to concrete or freeze, as su|)erficial matter. 
 CRUS-Ta'CE-A, (-she-a,) n. pi. One of the classes of 
 the Mrtteulata, or articulated animals, including lob- 
 sters, shrimps, and crabs; so called from the crust- 
 like shell with which the body and legs are covt^red. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 CRUS-Ta'CEAN, n. or a. See Crust.icea. 
 CRUS-Ta-CE-OL'O-GY, n. [L. Crustacea, and Gr. 
 
 Aovo?.] The science which treats of the Crustacea. 
 eRUS-TA-CE-0-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to crus- 
 
 taceolog\'. 
 
 eRUS-TA-CE-OL'O-GIST, ». One versed in crusta- 
 ceology. 
 
 CRUS-Ta'CEOUS, (krus-ta'shus,) a. [Fr. critst<ii:<!e, 
 frt)m L. crasta,] 
 
 Pertaining to or of the nature of crust or shell ; 
 belonging to the Crustacea, which see. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 CRUS-Ta'CEOUS-NESS, 71. The quality of having a 
 soft and jointed shell. 
 
 CRUST' A-'I'ED, a. Covered with a crust ; as, crustated 
 basalt. Enci/c. 
 
 CRUST-A'TION, 71. An adherent crust; incrustation. 
 
 CRUST'ED, pp. Covered with a crust. 
 
 CRUST'I-LY, ado. [from crusty.] Peevishly ; harsh- 
 ly ; morosely. 
 
 CRUST'I-NESS, 71. The quality of crust ; hardness. 
 9. Peevishness; moroseness ; surliness. 
 
 CRUST'ING, ppr. CoveriUL' with crust. 
 
 CRUST' Y, o. Like crust ; of the nature of crust ; per- 
 taining to a hard covering ; hard ; as, a crusty coat ; 
 a crusty surface or substance. 
 
 2. Peevish ; snappish ; int>rt»sc ; surly ; a wonl used 
 in familiar discourse, but not deemed elegant. [In the 
 old writers Crust is used.] 
 
 CU UT, 71. The rough, shaggy part of oak bark. 
 
 CRUTCH, n. [It. croccia, or gruceia; D. kruk; G. 
 krtieke ; Sax. kryekn ; Dan. krykkc ; radically the same 
 as crotch and crook.] 
 
 1. A stair with a curving cross-piece at the head, 
 to be placed iinili r the arm or sliouldi^r, to support 
 the lami' in walking. 
 
 2. Figuratirehi, old age. Shak. 
 CRUTCH, I. f. To suppt)rt on crutches; to prop oi 
 
 sustain, with miserable helps, that which is leeble. 
 
 Ta c) f.i.iln that crutch their feeljc »cii«>' un veme. VryiUn. 
 
 CIUJT('I1'1"J>, pp. or a. {part. pro. kriilcht, and adj 
 kriitcb'rd.) Siipporteil willi criilches. 
 
 CRU rcH'EI) I'RI'ARSI. See Crouched Fbiars. 
 
 CRU.X, 71. [I,, criij, a cross.) 
 
 An)' thing that puzzles, vexes, or tri(*s, in the high- 
 est dt'gree. [/Attle used.] Dr, Sheritiait, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 _JI 
 
^ CRY 
 
 CRY 
 
 CVli 
 
 CRCYS-HAGE, n. A flsli of the shark kind, having 
 a triangular liuad and nioiitli. Did. of Jfat. Hist. 
 
 CRY, V. i. i }iret. and pp. Crilu. It ouf^ht to be CnvtD. 
 [Fr. crifr. 'I'llu VVtdsli has cri, a cry, and ruligli, 
 raw, muio, to cry, clamor, or weep ; and crevu, to 
 cry, to crave; both deduced by Owen from cru, a 
 combining cause, a principle, beginning, or fir(<t mo~ 
 tion ; also, what pervades or penetrates, a cnj. This 
 is tlie root of create, or from the same root. Crc, 
 Owen deduces from rhe, Willi the prefix cy; and rite, 
 he renders a run or swift motion. This is certainly 
 contracted from rlieJ, a race, the root of ride ; Owen 
 to the contrary notwithstanding. All the senses of 
 these words unite in that of shooting forth, driving 
 forward, or producing. There is a class of words a 
 little different from the foregoing, which exactly 
 give the sense of cry. It. gridarc ; Sp. and Port, gri- 
 iar ! Sax. gnedan ; Sw. grata ; Dan. grtrJer ; U knj- 
 len ; VV. grydiaic, to utter a rough sounil, from rliijil, 
 the Welsh root ofcrijdu, to shake or tremlilc, wlienre 
 cradle. (\V. creUi, a trembling or shivering with cold, 
 . from ere ; also, constitution, disposition.) The latter 
 root, rhydf crydu, would give cri, rough, raw, crude. 
 Cyy is a contracted word ; but ^\'liether from the ftir- 
 mer or latter class of roots may be less obvious — pos- 
 sibly, all are from one source. If not, I think cry is 
 from the French crier, and this from gridure, grilur.] 
 
 1. To utier a loud voice ; to speak, call, or ex- 
 claim with vehemence ; in a very general seiuie. 
 
 a. To call importunately ; to utter a loud voice, by 
 way of earnest request or prayer. 
 
 The ptopic crird lo Pliiir.ioll fur —Gen. ili. 
 
 Th"? {lewjile cried lo Mu*-*, ami lie pr.iy>:.i. — Num. xi. 
 
 3. To utter a loud voice in weeping ; to utter the 
 voice of sorrow ; to lament. 
 
 Bui yi- Mh:\\\ cry for sorrow of li'-nrt. — In. Uy. 
 >^iu cried wilh a ^n'al and l>Uu<r cry. — Ucii. xxvii. 
 
 Also, to weep or shed tears in silence ; a popular 
 use nf the word. 
 
 4. Ti> litter a loud sound in distress ; as, Ileshbon 
 shall cry. Is. XV. 
 
 \lv givelh fuod lo iJie joung ravens which cry. — Pa. cxivil. 
 
 5. To exclaim ; to utter a loud voice ; with out. 
 Anil, lo, K fpiril Ulcclh hira, and he luddunly crieOt out 
 
 Luke ix. 
 
 C. To proclaim; to utter a loud voice, in giving 
 public notice. 
 
 Go, and cry in Ihc ean of JeniMlem. — Jer. ii. 
 
 The voice of him Ihnl crielh in tlie wilderness, — Is. zU 
 
 7. To bawl ; to squall ; as a child. 
 
 8. To yelp, as a dog. U may be used for the ut- 
 tering of a loud voice by other animals. 
 
 To cry agaiiuH ; to exclaim, or utter a loud voice 
 by way of reproof, threatening, or censure. 
 
 Arise, go to Nineveh, and cry agtunst iu — Jonah i. 
 
 To cry out ; to exclaim ; to vociferate ; to scream ; 
 to clamor. 
 
 2. To complain loudly. 
 
 To cry out against ; to complain loudly, with a view 
 to censure ; to blame ; to utter censure. 
 To cry to : to call on in prayer ; to implore. 
 CRT, r. t. To proclaim ; to name hiudly and publicly 
 for giving notice ; as, to cry goods ; to cri^ a lost 
 child. 
 
 To cry down ; to decry ; to depreciate by words or 
 In writing ; to dispraise y to condemn. 
 
 Men of disMhile Urea cry down religion, because ihey would not 
 te under Ule reslnunls of II. 7^'oUon. 
 
 2, To overbear. 
 
 Cry dotBn ihls fellow's insolence. Shak. 
 
 To cry up ; to praise ; to appl.itid ; to extol ; asi, to 
 cry up a man's tjilents or patriotism, or a woman's 
 beauty ; to cry up the administration. 
 
 2. To raise the price by proclamation ; a.s, to cry 
 up certain coins. [.Vol in u.«c] Temple. 
 
 To cry off; in the tulgar dialect, is to publish inten- 
 tions of marriage. 
 €RV, n. ; pL Crie*. In a general seitse, a loud sound 
 uttered by the nioiitli of an animal ; applicable to the 
 voice of man or be.-i.st, and articulate or inarticulate. 
 
 2. A li>ud or vehement sound, uttered in weeping, 
 or lamentation ; it may be a shriek or scream. 
 
 And Uiea' slull be a grvxt cry in ail lire land of hlgvpl. — 
 F.X. xi, 
 
 3. Clamor ; outcry ; as, war, war, is the public cry. 
 
 And Oiere arose a efreal cry. — AcU xxiii. 
 
 4. Exclamation of triumph, of wonder, or of other 
 passion. 
 
 ■ 5. Proclamation ; public notice. 
 
 At midnight there was a cry maile. — Mall. xxv. 
 
 6. The notices of hawkers of wares to he sold in 
 Ihe street are called cricj : as, the cries of Ix>ndon. 
 
 7. Acclamation j expression of popular favor. 
 
 The cry wenl once for thee. ShaJt. 
 
 8. .\ loud voice in distress, prayer, or request : im- 
 portunate call. 
 
 He forfrlleth not Uie cry of die humble, — P.. Ix 
 Theiewas a fnu cry in Egypi. — Kx. xu. 
 
 1 1 
 
 9. Public rcport.s or complaints j noiso ; fame. 
 BeCiiuse the cry of Sodom nntl Gumormh is jrenl — I will 
 
 down, and see wlieliicr Ihe^ have done allugi-tlier according 
 10 the cry of it. — Gen. xviii. * 
 
 10. nit'ter complaints of oppression and injustice. 
 
 Ho luolied for righteousness, and IkIioM a cry. — Ii*. v. 
 
 11. The sound or voice of irrational animals ; e.x- 
 prtission of joy, fright, alarm, or want ; as, the cries 
 of fowls, the yell or yelping of dogs, &c. 
 
 12. A pack of dogs. Shak. 
 CR?'AL, n. I W. crcffyr, a screamer.] 
 
 The heron. ^iiiswortlu 
 CRY'KR, »i. See Crikr. 
 
 t"R?'Kll, iu A kind of hawk, called the falcon gentle, 
 an enemy to pigeons, and v**ry swift Aingworlk. 
 
 eUVl-VG, ppr. Uttering a loud voice ; proclaiming, 
 &c. 
 
 CRV'IN'G, a. Notorious ; common ; great ; as, a cry- 
 ing sin or abuse. Mdisvn. 
 
 eilt'I.N'G, n. Importunate call j clamor; outcry. 
 
 CKV'O-I.ITE, 11. [Gr. itpuoj, cold, and AiUos, stone, 
 ice-stone.] 
 
 A lliiorid of sodium and aluminum, found in 
 GriHrnland, of a pale, gniyisli-wliite, snow-white, or 
 yellowish-brown. It occurs in masses of a foliated 
 structure. It has a glistening, vitreous luster. Dane. 
 eUV-OPII'O-UUS. B. [Gr. Kpvoi, frost, and '/.o.ottj, 
 to bi;ar.] 
 
 Frost-bearer , an instrument contrived by Dr. Wol- 
 lastoii for freezing water by its own evaporation. 
 CRYPT, II. [lir. (cuurrw, to hide.] [Braude. 
 A siihternineaii cell or cave, especially under a 
 church, for the interment of persons ; al.so, a subter- 
 ranean chapel, or orator)', and the grave of a martyr. 
 CKYP'Tie, jo. [Supra.] Hidden; secret; oc- 
 CKVP'TIC-AI., I cult. fVatU. 
 CKYI"TIC-AL,-LY, ado. Secretly. 
 CKYP-TO-GA'MI-A, i n. [Gr. -cpurrof, concealed, 
 CRYP-TOG'A-MY, ( and > u^.<s, marriage.] 
 
 Concealed fructification. In botany, a class of 
 plants whose stamens and pistils are not distinctly 
 visible. Linrunus. Kd. JCncyc. 
 
 CRYP-TO-GA'lMr-AN, ) a. Pertaining to plants of the 
 CRYP-TO-GAM'IC, > class Cryptogamia, includ- 
 CRYP-TOG'A-.MOUS, ) ing ferns, mosses, sea- 
 weeds, mushrooms. Sec. 
 CRYP-TOG'A-MIST, M. One who is skilled in ciyp- 
 toganiic botany ; one who favors the sj stein of cryi)- 
 tOL'amy in plants. Liiidlcy. 
 CRYP-TOG'KA-PllER, ji. One who writes in secret 
 characters. 
 
 CRYP-TO-GRAPII'IC-AL, a. Written in secret char- 
 acters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink. 
 
 CRYP-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. k^vjttos, hidden, and 
 ) pait>w, to write,] 
 
 'i'lie act or art of writing in secret characters ; also, 
 secret characters or cipher. 
 
 CR YP-TOL'O-G Y, n. [Gr. xpurroj, secret, and Aoj ot, 
 discourse.] 
 Secret or enigmatical language. 
 
 eRYS'T.\L, 71. [L. crystaUas; Gt. KpviTaWof ; Fr. 
 crislal ; cristtil ; It. cnstalto ; D. kristal; O. krys- 
 tall : W. crisial, from cris, it is said, a hard cr«.if. It 
 is from the same root a-s crLip, and VV. cresu, to parch, 
 crest, a crust, cra.iu, to roast. The Greek, from 
 which we have the word, is composed of the root of 
 Kpvuf, frost, a contracted word, probably from the 
 root of the Welsh words, supra, and urcXXoi, to set. 
 The primary sense of the Welsh words is to shrink, 
 draw, contract; a sense equally applicable to the 
 
 effects of heat and cold. Qu. Ar. (j^yi karasa, CIi. 
 
 ir-ip kerash, to conneal. Class Rd, No. 83, 65.] 
 
 1. In chemiitry and mineralogy, an inorganic body, 
 which, by the operation of affinity, li.is assumed the 
 form of a regular solid, termin.ated by a certain num- 
 ber of jilane and smooth surfaces. CleaoelantI . 
 
 2. A factitious bwly, cast in glass-houses, called 
 crystal glass ; a species of glass, more perfect in its 
 composition and manufacture, than common glass. 
 The best kind is the Venice crj sial. It is called also 
 factitious crystal or paste. Encyc. J^ichulson. 
 
 3. A substance of any kind having the form of a 
 
 4. The glass of a watch-case. [crystal. 
 Rock crystal, or mountain crystal ; a general name 
 
 for all the transp,arent cr)stals of quartz, particularly 
 of limpid or colorless quartz. 
 
 Iceland crystal ; a variety of calcareous spar, or 
 crystallized carbonate of lime, brought from Iceland. 
 It occurs in laminated masses, easily divisible into 
 rhombs, and is remarkable for its double refraction. 
 
 Clcavetand. 
 
 CRYS'T.XL, 0. Consisting of crystal, or like crjstal ; 
 clear ; transparent ; lucid ; pellucid. 
 
 By cryttni streams thai murmur through the meads. Dryden. 
 eRYS'TAL-FOR.M, a. Having the form of crj-sl.il. 
 
 Knritc 
 
 CRY.S-TAL'LI-NA, n. An alkaloid obtained from 
 
 Inriigofera tinctoria, the Indigo plant. 
 eRYS'T.\L-LI.NE, o. IL. crystallinas ; Gr. ipvaraX- 
 
 1 Consisting of crystal ; as, a crystalline palace. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. Resembling crjstal; pure; clear; transparent; 
 pellucid ; as, a crystalline sky. Milton. 
 
 Crystulline heavens ; in ancient astronomy, two 
 spheres imagined between the primuni mobile and 
 the firmament, in the Ptolemaic system, which sup- 
 posed the heavens to be solid and only susceptible of 
 a singli! motion. Harlow. 
 Crystalline humor, j a Icntiform, pellucid boily, com- 
 Crystalline tens ; ) posed of a very white, trans- 
 parent, firm substance, inclosed in a membranous 
 capsule, and situated in a depression in the anterior 
 part of the vitreous humor of the eye. it is some- 
 what convex, and serves to transmit and refract the 
 rays of light to the vitri'oiis humor. F.ncyc. Hooper. 
 
 CRYS'TAI.-LITE, n, A name given to whinstone, 
 cooled slowly after fusion. Hall. Thomson. 
 
 eRYS'TAL-U7.-A-HLE,a. [from crystallize.] That 
 may be crystallized ; that may form or be formed into 
 rr>'slals, Clnvigero. iMvoisier. 
 
 CRYS-TAI- Lf-ZA'TION, n. [from crystallize.] The 
 act or process by which the parts of a solid body, 
 separated by the intervention of a fluid or by fusion, 
 again coalesce or unite, and form a solid body. Ifthe 
 process is slow and undisturbed, the particles assume 
 a regular arrangement, each substance taking a de- 
 ferniinate and regular form, according to its natural 
 laws ; but if the process is rapid or disturbed, the 
 substance takes an irregular form. This process is 
 the effect of refrigeration or evaporation. 
 
 Jjavoisicr. Kirwan. 
 2. The mass or body formed by the process of crys- 
 tallizing. It'oodward. 
 
 CKYS'T.VL-LIZK, r. (. To cause to form crystals. 
 Common salt is crystallized by the evaporation of sea 
 water. 
 
 CR VS'T.\L-LIZF,, r. i. To be converted into n crys- 
 tal ; to unite, as the separate particles of a substance, 
 and form a determinate and regular solid. 
 
 E.icli ajx-cii's of »;ilt crysUillizea in a peculi;ir fonn. Lanoitier. 
 
 CRYS'TA \.-lA'/.-F.V), pp. or a. Formed into crvstals. 
 
 eRVS'TAL-I.IZ-I.NG, ppr. Causing to cry,stallize ; 
 forming or uniting in crvsjal.s. 
 
 eRYS-TAL-LOG'RA-PHEK, n. [Infra.] One who 
 describes crystals, or the manner of their formation. 
 
 eRVS-TAL-LO-GRAPIl'IC, \a. Pertaining to 
 
 €RYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH'lC-AI,, | crystallography. 
 
 eRYS-TAL-LO-GKAPII'ie-AL-LY,arfr. In the man- 
 ner of cry.stallography. 
 
 eKYS-TAI^LOG'UA-PilY, «. [crystal, as above, and 
 paipT], description.] 
 
 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teach- 
 ing the principles of the process, and the forms and 
 structure of crystals. • 
 
 2. A discourse or tn^atise on crystallization. 
 CTE-NOIU'I-ANS, (te-noid'-) n.pl. [Gr. »TCi5,comb, 
 
 and £!(!»{, form.] The third order of fishes, estab- 
 lished by .Xgassiz, characterized thus : skin covered 
 with jagged, pectinated, unenameled scales. 
 CUH, «. [Allied perhaps to Ir. caubh, a branch, a 
 shoot. But the origin of the word is uncertain.] 
 
 1. The young of certain quadrupeds, as of the bear 
 and the fox ; a puppy ; a whelp. Waller uses the 
 word for the young of the whale. 
 
 2. A j oung boy or girl, in contempt. Shak. 
 CUH, n. A stall for cattle. [.N'ol in use.] 
 
 CUH, V. t. To bring forth a cub, or cubs. In coti- 
 
 templ, to bring forth young, :us a woman. Dryden. 
 eUIi, f. 1. To shut up or confine. [JVbt in «.>■<•. ] 
 
 Burton. 
 
 €U-Ba'TIONj 71. [L. cubatio, from cubo, to lie down.] 
 The act ot lying down ; a reclining. Diet. 
 
 eu'B.\-TO-IlY, a. Lying down; reclining; incum- 
 bent. Diet. 
 
 Cti'BA-TORE, 71. [from cube.) The finding ex.actly 
 the solid or cubic contents of a bodv. Brande. 
 
 €Vn'i\KU, (kiibd,) pp. Brought forth ; shut up ; con- 
 fined. [UseJ vf beast,i.] 
 
 eUB'BIXtJ, p,ir. Bringing forth, as beasts; shutting 
 up in a stall. 
 
 eUB'-DRAWN, a. Drawn or sucked by cubs, applied 
 by Sliakspearc to the bear. 
 
 CORE, 71. [Gr. Ai'/io( ; L. cubns, a die or cube ; Fr. 
 cube; U. cubo ; Sp.cubo; Port. cubo. In the two latter 
 languages, it signifies also a pail or tub, and in Port, the 
 nave of a wheel. W. cub, n bundle, heap, or aggre- 
 gate, a cube ; Cli. to square, to form into a cube ; 
 NOip, the game of dice, Gr. Kv/Scia. It seems to be 
 allied to I,, cubo, to .set or throw down, and to signify 
 that which is set or laid, a solid mass.] 
 
 1, In geometry, a regular solid body, with six equal 
 square sides, arid containing equal angles. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, the product of a number multiplied 
 into itself, and that product multiplied into the same 
 number ; or it is formed by multiplying any number 
 twice by itself; as 4 x4 = Hi, antl 16 X4 = 04, the 
 cube of 4. 
 
 llie law of the planets u, that the iriuam of the times of their 
 revolutions are in proportion to the eubet of tlicir mean di>- 
 tances. 
 
 Cii*« roof, is the number or quantity, which, mul- 
 tiplied into itself, and tlien into the prtiduct, produces 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — G as K ; G as J ; g as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
» 
 
 cue 
 
 CUE 
 
 CUL 
 
 the cube ; or which, twice multiplied into itself, pro- 
 duces the number of which it is the root ; tlius, 
 3 is the cube root or side of 27, for 3x3 = 9, and 
 3 X 9 = 27. 
 
 efillE, V. t. To raise to the third power, by multiply- 
 ing a number into itself twice. 
 
 COBE'-oRE, 71. An ore of a green color, consisting of 
 arsenic acid and iron. 
 
 £S 
 
 €0'BEB,7i. [Ar. X,[^'=-, kababan ; Indian kehaha, 
 
 Ciass Gu, No. 45. Sp. cuheba.'\ 
 
 The small, spicy beriy of the Pipercubcba, from Ja- 
 va, and the other East India isles. It was formerly 
 called, from its short stems. Piper candatmn, or tailed 
 pejiper. It resembles a grain of pepper, but is some- 
 what longer. In aromatic warmth and pungency, it 
 is far inferior to pepper. Coze. Eiiojc. 
 
 eO'lilCAL I [L. ciiiiois, from cuJiis. See Cube.] 
 Having the form or properties of a cube ; that may 
 be or is contained within a cube. A cubic foot of 
 water is the water that may be contained within six 
 equal sides, each a foot square. 
 
 Cubic e</uali<m ; in ni^ebra, an equation in which 
 the highest or only power of the unknown quantity 
 is a cube. BarUno. 
 
 Cubic number, is a number produced by multiply- 
 ing a number into itself, and that product by the 
 same number; or it is the number arising from the 
 multiplication of a square number by its root. [See 
 Cube.] 
 
 eu'Bie-.\L-LY, adv. In a cubical method. 
 eD'Hl€-AL-NE.SS, ji. The state or quality of being 
 €U-BI€'U-L.'\R, a. [L. cubiculum.] [cubical. 
 
 Belonging to a chamber. 
 eU-Bie'l^-L.'V-RY, a. [L. cubiculum, a bedroom.] 
 
 Fitted for the posture of lying down. [Liulc used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 eO'BI-FORM, a. Having the form of a cube. Coze. 
 eO'BIT, JI. [L. cubitus, the elbow ; Gr. xvptrof ; prob- 
 ably allied to L. cubu, and signifying a turn or corner.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the fore arm ; the ulna, a bone of 
 the arm from the elbow to the wrist. Cnze. Encyc. 
 
 2. In mcnsjiration, the length of a man's arm from 
 the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. The 
 cubit, among the ancients, was of a different length 
 among different nations. Dr. Arbuthnot states the 
 Roman cubit at seventeen inches and four tenths ; 
 the cubit of the Scriptures at a little loss than twen- 
 ty-two inches ; and the English cubit at eighteen 
 niches. Encyc. 
 
 €U'B1T-AL, a. Of the length or measure of a cubit. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the cubit or ulna ; as, the cubital 
 nerve ; cubital artery ; cubital muscle. Hooper. Coze. 
 
 eO'BIT-ED, a. Having the measure of a cubit. 
 
 eUB'LESS, a. Having no cubs. [Skeldon. 
 
 eO'BO-DO-DEC-A-HE'DRAL, a. Presenting the two 
 forms, a cube and a dodecahedron. Cleavcland. 
 
 Cu'BOID, a. Having nearly the form of a cube. 
 
 eiJ-BC)ID'AI,, a. [Gr. Kv/ios, cube, and ci6i>{, form.] 
 Nearly in the shape of a cube ; as, the cubotdal 
 bone of the foot. )Valsh. 
 
 eO'BO-OC-TA-HE'DRAL, a. [cube a.nA octahedral.] 
 Presenting a combination of the two forms, a cube 
 and an octahedron. Cleaoeland. 
 
 eUCK'ING-STOOL, 71. [Qu. from choke.] A duck- 
 ing-stool ; an engine for punishing scolds and refrac- 
 tory women ; also brewers and bakers ; called, also, 
 a tumbrel and a trcbuchet. Tile culprit was seated on 
 the stool, and thus inmiersed in water. 
 
 Old Eng. Law. 
 
 eUCK'OLD.Ti. [Chaucer, CDtfjfoZA The first sylla- 
 ble is Fr. cocu, which seems to be the first syllable 
 of coucou, cuckoo ; W. cog ; Sw. gok ; Dan. giiig: 
 The Dutch call ■» cuckold koorndraagcr, a /torn- 
 wearer ; and the Germans, hahnrei, from liakn,i\ cock ; 
 the Spaniards and Portuguese, coriiudo, Ital. cornuto, 
 liorned ; Fr. cornard, (obs.) See Spelman's Olossw- 
 ry, voc, jjrfffl.] 
 
 A man whose wife is false to his bed ; the hus- 
 band of an adulteress. Swift. 
 
 €UCK'OLU, V. t. To make a man a cuckold by crim- 
 inal conversation with his wife ; applied to the se- 
 ducer. Skak. 
 
 2. To make a husband a cuckold by criminal con- 
 versation with anotlier man ; applied to Vie mfc. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 eUCK'OLD ED, pp. Made a cuckold by criminal 
 conversation. 
 
 €U(;K'OL-DO.VI, n. The act of adultery ; the state 
 of a cuckold. Johnson. Drydcn. 
 
 eUCK'OLD-LY, a. Having the qualities of a cuck- 
 old ; mean ; sneaking. ShaJc. 
 
 eUCK'OLD-.MAK ER, 7i. One who has criminal con- 
 VKr><ati(jn with another mau'a wife ; one who makes 
 a cuckold. Dnjdcn. 
 
 €IJCK'0(J, (kwk'oo,) 71. [L. cucidm ; Gr. kokkv[ ; Fr. 
 coucou : Arm. coucouq ; Hax. ffeac ; liiiti. ffiii g ; Sw. 
 ffUh : W.cok; I), ht/ekork i G. kuckuck f Sp. cuco or 
 cucUllo ; It. ciLculo. See Gawk.] 
 A bird of tbc genua CucuIuh, whoHe name is sup- 
 
 posed to be called from its note. The note is a call 
 to love, and continued only during the amorous sea- 
 s<ui. It is sanl the cuckoo lays its eggs in a nest 
 formed by another bird, by which they are hatched. 
 €ljCK'00-BtID, 71. The plant crowfoot or buttercup. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 eiJCK'OO-FLOVV-ER, Ti. A plant, a species of Car- 
 
 dainine or Lady's Smock. 
 eyCK'OO-UKE, (kook'oo-) a. Like the cuckoo. 
 €ijCK'00-PiNT, 71. A plant, of the genus Arum. 
 eijCK'OO-SPIT, ) 71. A dew or exudation 
 €[jCK'00-SPIT-TLE, ( found on plants, especially 
 
 about the joints of lavender and rosemary. Brown. 
 Or a froth or spume found on the leaves of certain 
 
 plants, as on white field lychnis or catchfly, called, 
 
 sqinetiines, spatling-poppy. Encyc. 
 eUe'aUEAN, 71. [Fr. coquine.] 
 
 A vile, lewd woman. [J\'V)« in use.] B. Jonson. 
 Cu'GUL-LATE, ) a. [L. cucullatus, from cucullus, 
 €u'€UL-La-TED, i a hood, a cowl.] 
 
 1. Hooded ; cowled ; covered as with a hood. 
 
 9. Having the shape or resemblance of a hood ; or 
 wide at the top and drawn to a point below, in shape 
 of a conical roll of paper ; as, a cucullate leaf. 
 
 €0'CUM-BER, 71. [Fr. coucombre, or coJtcombre, from 
 L. cucumer or cucumis ; Sp. eokovibro ; D. kommommer ; 
 It. cucamhar.] 
 
 The name of a plant and its fruit, of the genus 
 Cucumis. Tlie flower is yellow and bell-sha|)ed ; and 
 the stalks are long, slender, and trailing on the 
 ground, or climbing by their claspers. 
 
 eu'€UR-BIT, ) 7t. [L. cucurbita, a gourd ; It. id. ; 
 
 €U'€UR-BITE, j Fr. cueurbite; from L. curvitas.] 
 A chemical vessel in the shape of a gourd ; but 
 some of them are shallow, with a wide mouth. It 
 may be made of copper, glass, tin, or stone ware, and 
 is used in distillation. This vessel, with its head or 
 cover, constitutes the alembic. 
 
 €U-eUR-Bl-TA'CEOUS, a. Resembling a gourd ; as, 
 eucurbitaceous plants, such as the melon and pump- 
 kin or pompion. Mdne. Martyn. 
 
 eU-eUR'BI-TIVE, a. A word applied to small worms 
 shaped like the seeds of a gourd. 
 
 €UD, 71. [As this word is often vulgarly pronounced 
 (piid, I suspect it to be a corruption of the D. kaauwd, 
 gekaauwd, chewed, from kaauwen, to chew. Arm. 
 ch..^~uein, Sax. ceowan. See Chew and Jaw.] 
 
 J. The food which ruminating animals chew at 
 leisure, when not grazing or eating ; or that portion 
 of it which is brought from the first stomach and 
 chewed at once. 
 
 2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and 
 chewed. 
 
 3. The inside of the mouth or throat of a beast 
 that chews the cud. Encyc. 
 
 eUD'BE.AR, 71. [A corruption of Cuthbert, with a 
 French pronunciation, so called after a man of this 
 name, who first brought it into notice.] 
 
 A plant, the Lecanora Tatarea, of the order of Li- 
 chens, much employed in dyeing. It gives a purple 
 color. 
 
 €UD'D£N, ) 71. A clown ; a low rustic ; a dolt. [JVot 
 eUD'DY, ( used.] Dryden. 
 eUD'DLE, V. i. [Ann. cuddyo ; W. cuiiaw, to hide, to 
 lurk, to cover or keep out of sight ; Sa.t. cudcle, the 
 cuttlr-Jish. (lu. hide and cheat. See Class Gd, No. 
 2G, 30, 31, 38.] 
 To retire from sight ; to lie close or snug ; to squat. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 eUD'DLE, V. t. To hug ; to fondle. Forby. Holloway. 
 CUD'DY, 71. A small cabin in the fore part of a lighter 
 or boat. Totten. Hence, 
 
 2. A very small apartment. 
 
 3. The cole-fish. 
 
 eUD'GEL, 71. [W. cogcl; from e&g, a mass, lump, or 
 short piece of wood. The Scot, cud, Teut. kodde, 
 kudse, is a different word ; dg in English being gen- 
 erally from g, as in pledge, bridge, &.C.] 
 
 A short, thick stick of wood, such as may be used 
 by the hand in beating. It differs strictly from a 
 club, which is larger at one end than the other. It 
 is shorter than a pole, and thicker than a rod. 
 
 Dryden. Locke. 
 To cross the cudgels; to forbear the contest ; a 
 phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel-players, 
 who lay one cudgel over another. Johnson. 
 eUD'GEL, 0. t. To beat with a cudgel or thick stick. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 Q. To beat in general. Shall. 
 
 eUD'GEI.-KD, pp. Beaten with a cudgel. 
 
 eUI)'GEL-ER, JI. One who beats with a cudgel. 
 
 eiJD'GEL-lNG, ppr. Beating with a cudgel. 
 
 CUD'GEL-PROOF, a. Able to resist a cudgel ; not 
 to be hurt by beating. JJudibras. 
 
 eUD'LE, fkud'l,) 71. [au. Scot, cuddie.] 
 
 A small sea-lish. Carew. 
 
 eUD'WEED, 71. A plant of the genus Gnaphalium ; 
 called, also, everlasting, goldylocks, or eternal flower, 
 of many species. The flowers are remarkable for 
 retaining tlioir beauty for years, if gathered in dry 
 weather. Encyc. 
 
 eOE, (kii,) 71. [Fr. quew, I,, cauda; It. and Sp. coda,] 
 1. The tail ; the end of a thing ; as tho lung curl 
 of a wig, or a long roll of hair. 
 
 2. The last words of a speech, which a player, who 
 is to answer, catches and regards as an intimation to 
 begin. A hint given to an actor on "the stage, what 
 or when to speak. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 3. A hint ; an intimation ; a short direction. 
 
 4. The part which any man is to play in his turn. 
 
 Were it my cue to figlit. Sliak. 
 
 5. Humor; turn or temper of mind. [Vulgar.] 
 fi. A farthing, or farthing's worth. Beaum 
 7. The straight rod, used in playing billiards. 
 
 eUER'PO, (kwer'po,) 71. [Sp. cuerpo, L. corpus, body.] 
 To be in cuerpo, or to walk in cuerpo, are Sp;mish 
 phrases for being without a cloak or upper garment, 
 or without the formalities of a full dress, so that the 
 shape of the body is exposed. Encyc. 
 
 Hence, to be in cuerpo, also denotes to be naked or 
 unprotected; as, exposed in cuerpo to their rage. 
 
 Iludibras. 
 
 eUFF, 71. [Pers. Liji kafa, a blow ; Ch. «)P3, id. ; Ar. 
 
 t_jOU nakafa, to strike ; Hcb. c)p3, to strike off, to 
 sever by striking to kill. The French coup coin- 
 cides with cii^ in elements, but it is supposed to be 
 contracted from It. eolpo, L. colaphus. Cuff, however, 
 agrees with the Gr. Kunru.] 
 
 1. A blow with the fist ; a stroke ; a box. 
 
 2. It is used of fowls that fight with their talons. 
 Tn be utjisty-cuffs; to fight with blows of the fist. 
 
 eUFF, 7'. t. To strike with the fist, as a man ; or 
 
 with talons or wings, as a fowl. Cdngreee. Dryden. 
 eUFF, V. i. To fight ; to scutfle. Dryden. 
 eUFF, 71. [This word probably signifies a fold, or 
 
 doubling ; Ar. ( jL^i kaufa, to double the border 
 
 and sew together ; Ch. «)0, to bend ; Heb. e)B3 ; Gr. 
 KvnTu ; Low L. cippus. Chiss Gb, No. 65, 68, 75.] 
 
 The fold at the end of a sleeve ; the part of a sleeve 
 turned back from the hand. Arbutknot. 
 
 €UFF'£D, (kuft,) pp. S'ruck with the fist. 
 
 eUFF'ING,p;ir. Striki.ig with the fist. 
 
 CO'FIt", a. An epithet applied to the older characters 
 of the Arabic language, used at the time of Mo- 
 hammed, and about three centuries after, when those 
 now in use were invented. Encyc. An. 
 
 CUIBO'J^O, (kl-bo'no,) [L.] For whose benefit, 
 (cui est bono ?) 
 
 eUIN'AGE, (kwin'aje,) 71. The stamping of pigs of 
 tin, by the proper officer, with the arms of the duchy 
 of Cornwall ; corrupted from coinage. JilcCulloch. 
 
 eUl-RASS', (kwe-ras',) 71. [Fr. cuirasse; It. eorazia; 
 Sp. coram ; Port, coura^a W. euros. Qu. from cor, 
 the heart ; or from Fr. cuir, L. eorium, leather.] 
 
 A breastplate ; a piece of defensive armor, made 
 of iron phite, well hammered, and covering the 
 body from tjie neck to the girdle. Encyc. 
 
 €U1-RAS-SIeR', (kwe-ras-seer',) 71. A soldier armed 
 with a cuirass, or breastplate. JUilton. 
 
 eUlSH, (kwis,) 71. [Fr. cuisse, the thigh or leg ; VV. 
 coes ; Ir. cos.] 
 
 Defensive armor for the thighs. Shak. Dryden. 
 
 CUl-tSlJ^E', (kwe-zeen',) 71. [Fr.] The cooking de- 
 partment ; cookery. 
 
 eUL'DEE, 71. [L. cuUorcs Dei, worshipers of God.] 
 A monkish priest, remarkable for religious duties. 
 The Culdees formerly inhabited Scotland, Ireland, 
 and Wales. Encyc 
 
 CUL-DE-SAC, [Fr.] Z,i(cra%, the bottom of a b.ag, 
 and Jiguralioely, a street which is not open at both 
 ends. Bouvier 
 
 eUL'ER-AftE.n. [Ft. cul] 
 
 Another name of the Arse-sm.art. 
 
 eU-LlC'I-FOR.M, (ku-lis'c-forin,) a. [L. culei., a gnat 
 or flea, and forma, form.] 
 Of the form or shape of a flea ; resembling a flea. 
 
 CU'LI-NA-RY, a. [L. culinarius, from cuUna, a kitch- 
 en, W. eyl. See Kiln.] 
 
 Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery ; 
 used in kitchens ; as, a culinary fire ; a culinary ves- 
 sel ; culinary herbs. JVewton. 
 
 eULL, V. t. [Uu. Fr. cueillir. It. coglierc, to gather ; 
 Norm, culliir ; It. scegliere. To cull is rather to sep- 
 arate, or to take.] 
 
 To pick out ; to separate one or more things from 
 others ; to select from many ; as, to cull flowers ; to 
 cull hoops and staves for market. 
 
 Pope. Prior. Laws of Conn. 
 
 eilLL'KD, pp. Picked out ; selected from many. 
 
 eUL'LEN-DER, 71. A strainer. 'I'his, which is the 
 more regular spelling, is now used in some standard 
 English works. [See Colander.] 
 
 eULL'ER, n. One who picks or chooses from many. 
 2. An inspector who selects merchantable hoops 
 and staves for marki^t. /mws of J\In.ts. and Conn. 
 
 CUL'LET, 71. Broken glass, to be melteil over. Brande. 
 
 eUL-LI-BIL'I-TY, «. [from cii;/;/.] Credulity ; easi- 
 ness of being gulled. [A"i/( elegant.] SwifL 
 
 EVlAj'lNO, ppr. Selecting ; choosing from many. 
 
 eULI.'ING, 71. Any thing separated or selected from 
 a mass ; refuse. Drayton. 
 
 eULL'ION, (kul'yun,) 71. [It. coglione.] 
 
 FATE. FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRgY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
CUL 
 
 1. A mpan wretch. If from ciUly, one easily de- 
 ceived ; 11 diipn. Driiden. 
 
 2. A round or bulbous root ; Orchis. [L. cateus.] 
 ei."LL'10N-LY, a. .Mean; base. bad ward, and 
 
 not used.] Shak. 
 €UL'L(S, 71. [Fr. eoulis, from coaler, to strain.] 
 
 1. Broth of N>iled meat strained. Beaum. and Fl. 
 
 2. A kind of jelly. Marsloti. 
 eni/LY, n. {.See the verb.] A person who is meanly 
 
 deceived, tricked, or imposed on, as by a .sliari)er, 
 jilt, or strumpet ; a mean dupe. Hudibras. 
 €UI/I.V, V. t. [V>. kullen, to che.-it, to trull.] 
 
 To deceive ; to trick, cheat, or impose on ; to jilt. 
 etn,'I,Y-I.\G,ppr Deceivins; tricking. 
 eUL'I.Y-ISM, n. The slate of a cully. 
 
 [CuWy and its derivatives are not elegant words.] 
 €IJI<M, n. [L. culmus; Ir. colbk; VV. co/ou, a stalk or 
 stem; L. caulU; D. kool. See (Ii'ill and Haulm.] 
 
 1. In botany, the stalk or stem of corn and gr.asses, 
 usually jointed and hollow, and supporting the leaves 
 and fnictilicalion. Martijn. 
 
 2. The straw or dry stalks of corn and grasses. 
 
 3. .\ntliracito coal ; a species of fossil coal, found 
 in small masses, not adhering when heated, dillicult 
 to bo ignited, and burning with little llanie, but 
 yielding a disagreeable smell. 
 
 jVichohon. Jotim. of Science. 
 
 4. Comminuted anthracite coal. QMcrt. 
 eUL'MEN, li. [L.] Top; summit. 
 eUL-MIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. culmus, a st.-ilk, and fcro, 
 
 to bear.] 
 
 1. Bearing culms. Culmifrrous plants have a 
 smooth, jointed stalk, usually hollow, and wrapped 
 about at each joint with singb', narrow, shar|>- 
 poinled leaves, and their seeds ronlained in chatly 
 busks, 03 wheal, rye, oats, and barley. 
 
 Milne. Qitincij. 
 
 2. .Abounding in culm or glance coal. Sedjpoick. 
 
 3. Containing culm. 
 
 eUL'lII.V-.^TE, n. I. [L. culmen, a top or ridge] 
 To be vertical ; to come or be in the meridian ; to 
 be in the highest point of altitude ; as a planet. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 eUL'MIX-ATE, a. Growing upward, as distin- 
 guished from a lateral growth ; a term applied by 
 Dana to the growth of corals. 
 
 eUL'Mr\-.^-TI.\(}, ;;;)r. or a. Being at the meridian ; 
 having its highest elevation. 
 
 eUI^MIN-A'TlON, n. The transit of a heavenly 
 body over the meridian, or highest point of alti- 
 tude for the day. Barlow. 
 2. Top ; crown. 
 
 eUL-PA-BIL'l-TY, n. [See Culpahle.] Blamable- 
 ni'ss ; culpableness. 
 
 eUL'PA-BLE, a. fUiw Ij. eulpahilis : Fr. coupable; 
 it. colpabile : from L. culpa, a fault ; \V. cml, a fault, 
 a flagging, a drooping, like /mi//, from/oi/.] 
 
 1. Blaiuable ; deserving censure, as the person 
 who has done wrong, or the act, conduct, or negli- 
 gence of the pi'rson. We say, the man is culpable, 
 or voluntary ignorance is culpable. 
 
 2. Sinful ; criminal ; immoral ; faulty. But gener- 
 ally, culpable is a|>plied to nets less atrocious than 
 crimes. 
 
 3. Guilt>- of; as, culpable of a crime. [JVot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 €UL'PA-BLE-NESS, n. Blamablcness ; guilt; the 
 qiuility of deserving blame. 
 
 eilL'P.i-BLY, adr. Blaniably ; in a faulty manner; 
 in a manner to merit censure. 
 
 eUL'PRIT, >i. [Supposed to be formed from cti/, for 
 culpable, and prit, ready ; certain abbreviations used 
 by the clerks in noting the arraignment of criminals ; 
 till prisoner is guilty, and the king is ready to prove 
 him so. ] Blackstoiu. 
 
 1. A person arraigned in court for a crime. 
 
 Drijden. 
 
 2. Any person convicted of a crime ; a criminal. 
 
 eUL'TEK, ;i. [h.] A colter ; winch .see. 
 eULr-TI-ROS'TRAL, ( '" 
 trum, a beak.] 
 
 , a. [L. culler, a colter, and ros- 
 
 Huving a bill shaped like the colter of a plow, or 
 like a knife, as tha heron. Partington. 
 €UL'TI-VA-ULE, a. (See Cultivate.] CaiKiblo of 
 being tilled or cultivatcil. 
 
 .Med. Repnu. Edaards's JV. Ind. 
 eUL-TF-V.^'TA-BLE, a. Cultivable. Edu:ard.i. 
 €UL'TI-VATE, r L [Fr. culticrr ; Pp. and Port. 
 tulticar ; It. cultirare ; from L. colo, cultas, to till, to 
 dwellj 
 
 1. To till ; lo prepare for crops ; to manure, plow, 
 dress, sow, and reap; to labor or miinagc and im- 
 prove in husbandry ; as, to cuUivaU land ; to cultivate 
 « farm. Sinclair. 
 
 2. To improve by labor or study ; to advance the 
 (frowth of; to refine and improve by correction of 
 faults, and enlargement of powers or good finali- 
 ties ; as, to eullitcaU talents ; to cultieate a taste for 
 poetrj-. 
 
 3. To study ; to labor to improve or advance ; as, 
 to cuitiraU philosophy ; to cultivate the mind. 
 
 4. To cherish ; to foster ; to labor to promote and 
 Incrc.ise ; .15,10 cultirate the love of excellence ; to 
 cuUiraU gracious alTeclions. 
 
 CUM 
 
 5. To improve ; to meliorate, or to labor to make 
 better; to correct; to civilize; as, to culUvate tlie 
 wild savagi!. 
 
 0. 'J'o raise or produce by tillage ; as, to cultivate 
 corn or grass. SinrlaiA 
 
 €UL'Tl-VA-TEn, pp. or a. Tilled ; improved in ex- 
 cellence or condition ; corrected and enlarged ; 
 cherished ; meliorated ; civilized ; produced by til- 
 lage. 
 
 eUL'TI-VS-TING.p/ir. Tilling; preparing for crops ; 
 improving in worth or good iiualities ; meliorating ; 
 enlarging; correcting; fostering; civilizing; produ- 
 cing by tillage. 
 
 eUL.-TI-V.\'T10.\, n. The art or practice of tilling 
 ami preparing for crops ; husbandry ; tht; manage- 
 ment of land. Land is often made better by cultiva- 
 tion. Ten acres under good cultivation will produce 
 more than twenty when badly tilled. 
 
 2. Study, care, and practice directed to improve- 
 ment, correction, enlargement, or Increase ; the ap- 
 plication of the means of improveifcent ; as, men 
 may grow wiser by the cultivation of talents ; fhey 
 may grow blotter by the cu//ti^u/it>7i of the mind, of 
 virtue, and of piety. 
 
 3. The producing by tillage ; as, the cultivation of 
 corn or grass. 
 
 eUI.'TI-VA-TOR, n. One w)io tills, or prepares land 
 for crops ; one who manages a farm, or carri(;s on the 
 operati(ms of husbandry in general ; a fanner ; a 
 husbandman ; an agriculturist. 
 
 2. One who studies or labors to improve, lo pro- 
 mote, and advance in good qualities, or in growth. 
 
 3. A kind of harrow. 
 
 CIIL'TRATE, la. [I,, cultratus, from culter, a 
 Ci;i/TKA-TE1), i knife.] 
 
 Sharp-edged and |>oiiiti'd ; shaped like a pruning- 
 knifc ; as, the beak of a bird is convex and eullrated. 
 
 ' Encifc. art. Corcus. Loudtin. 
 eUL'TlJRE, fkult'yur,) ;t. "[L. cultura, from colo. See 
 Cultivate.) 
 
 1. The .act of tilling and preparing the earth for 
 crops ; cultivation ; the application of labor or other 
 means of imiirovcnient. 
 
 We ou^ht to bUime Uie culture, not the soil. Pope. 
 
 2. The application of labor, or otlier means, to im- 
 prove good qualities in, or growth ; as, the culture of 
 the mind ; the culture o( virtue. 
 
 3. The application of labor, or other means, in pro- 
 ducing ; as, the culture of corn or grass. 
 
 4. Any labor or means employed for improvement, 
 correction, or growth. 
 
 eUL'Tl^RE, V. t. To cultivate. Thomson. 
 eUL'TlIR-i-T), pp. Cultivated. 
 eUL'TlJRE-I.ESS, a. H.iving no culture. 
 CUL'TIIR-ING, ppr. Cultivating. 
 eUL'TlJR-IST, n. A cultivator. 
 
 CUL'VER, 71, [Sax. culfer, culfra ; Arm. colm ; L. co- 
 lumba.] 
 
 A pigeon, or wood-pigeon. Thomson. 
 
 eUL'VER-IIOUSE, 71. .\ dove-cote. Ilarmar. 
 
 eUL'VER-IN, 71. [Fi. coulcuvrine ; U. colubrina ; Sp. 
 culebrina ; from L. colubrinus, Irora coluber, a ser- 
 pent.] 
 
 A long, slender piece of ordnance or artillery, serv- 
 ing to carry a ball to a great distance. Knci/c. 
 
 eUL'VER-Kl"? Y, (-ke,) 71. A pl.ant, or flower. IFdlton. 
 
 eUL'VERT, 71. .\ passage under a roail or canal, cov- 
 ered with a bridge; an arched drain for the passage 
 of water. Cue. 
 
 eUL'VER-TAIL, n. [culoer and tail.] ' Dovetail, in 
 joinery and carpentry. 
 
 eUL'VER-TAIL-ED, ( tild,) a. United or fastened, 
 as pieces of timber, by a dovetailed joint ; a term 
 used bij shipwrights. Encuc. 
 
 €II.M'BE\T, a. [L. eumJo.] 
 Lying down. 
 
 CUiM'BER, V. t. [Dan. i«i7i77ifr, distress, encumbrance, 
 grief; I), kommcren G. kiimmern, to arrest, to ctm- 
 cern, to trouble, to grieve ; Fr. C7i(;<77/i6rer, to eucum- 
 lier.] 
 
 1. To load, or crowd. 
 
 A varioly of frivoloui ar^menU evmbrrt the memory to no pur- 
 pot-^. Locke. 
 
 2. To check, stop, or retard, as by a load or weight ; 
 to make motion dilhcult ; to obstruct. 
 
 Why iuk« hr wh.\t aYAili lum not in fi"ht, 
 Ami woiUil but cumber and rPLird tli< night / 
 
 Drydei 
 
 3. To perplex or embarrass ; to distract or trouble. 
 M-irtlta waa cumbered about much Krrin^. Luke z. 
 
 4. To trouble ; to be troublesome to ; to cause 
 trouble or obstniction in, as any thing useless. 
 Thus, brambles cumber a garden or field. [See 
 Encumker, which is more generally used.] 
 
 eU.M'BER, 71. Ilinderance ; obstruction ; burdensome- 
 ness; embarrassment; disturbance; distress. 
 
 Thua f^itlc thy hi*liM, i\nii thua thy cu;n^ra apring. ^>ena«r. 
 [This word is nov) scarcely used.] 
 eU.M'BER-KI), pp. Lo,idcii; crowded. 
 eU'.M'BER-I.Nt;, ppr. Loading ; crowding ; obstructing. 
 GU.M'BER-SO.ME, o. Troublesome ; burdensome ; 
 embarrassing ; vexatious ; as, cumbersome obedience. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 r heaping together ; a 
 
 CUN ; 
 
 9. I.'nwieldy ; unmanageable; not eiLsily borne or | 
 maiiagud ; as, a cumbersome load ; a cumbersome iiia- | 
 chine. 
 
 CCM'BER-SO.ME-LY, adv. In a manner to encum- 
 ber. Sherwood. 
 
 eUM'BER-ROME-NESS, n. Burdensomene.ss ; the 
 quality of being cumbersome and troublesome. 
 
 eU.M'HRANCE, 7i. That which obstructs, retards, or 
 renders motion or action diflicult and toilsome ; bur- 
 den ; encumbrance ; hindcrance ; oppressive load ; 
 embarrassment. Milton. 
 
 CU.M'IIROUS, a. Burdensome ; troublesome ; render- 
 ing action dilhcult or toilsome ; oppressive ; as, a 
 cumbrous weight or charge. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 2. Giving trouble ; vexatious ; as, a cloud of cutii- 
 broas gnats, Spenser. 
 
 3. Confused ; jumbled ; obstructing each other; 
 as, the cumbrous elements. Mdton. 
 
 CL'.M'liR01)S-LY, adv. In a cumbrous manner. 
 
 CIJ.M'liKOlTS-NESS, h. State of being cumbrous. 
 
 CI/.M'1'1U:Y, (kum'fry,) 71. .\ genus of plants, the 
 Syiiiphylum ; sometimes written Comi rev, Comfrt, 
 Jind (.'oMi'imv. 
 
 eUM'IN, 77. [L. cuminum ; Gr. Kvntviiv ; Oriental ims, 
 kumon. The verb with which tliis word seems to be 
 connected, signifies, in Ar. <'h. Syr. and Sam., to re- 
 tire f'rtini sight, to lie concealed.] 
 
 An annual plant whose seeds have a bitterish, 
 warm taste, with an aromatic flavor ; Cuminum 
 cvminuni. 
 
 eu'M'MLVG-TON-ITE, 77. A new mineral discovered 
 by Dr. J. Porter, in Cii<77i7ii7ii<-/07i and Plainfield, Hamp- 
 shire county, Massachusetts, and named by Prof. 
 Dewey. It is massive, the coinposititm thin, colum- 
 nar, scapiforiii, stellular, rather incoherent, libers 
 somewhat curveil, luster silky, color ash-gray, trans- 
 lucent to opatpie, brittle. Porter. Slupard. 
 
 CC'.MC-La'I'E, v. I. [li.cumulo: Riiss. Auiti, a mass 
 or lump; L. ci/;7iii/i/.s', a heap; Fr. combler, cumuler ; 
 Sp. cumular i It. ci/77tu/nrc.J 
 
 To gather f)r throw into a heap ; to form a heap ; 
 to heap together. H'oodward. 
 [Accumulate is more generally used.] 
 
 eU-.\IU-LA'TION, 71. The act of heaping 
 hi\ip. [See .Accumulation. 
 
 eO'iMU-LA-TIVE, o. Comiiosed of parts in a heap; 
 forming a mitss. Bacon. 
 
 2. That augments by addititm ; that is added to 
 something else. In lute, that augments, as evidence, 
 facts, or arguments, of the same kind. 
 
 CO'iMU-LoSE, a. Full of heaps. 
 
 e0'iMU-I-O-STR.\'TIJS, 71. [L. cumulus and stratus.] 
 In meteoroloiry, a name given to a cloud having, in 
 its main body, the characters of the stratu.i, but in 
 its mtirgin, small tufts like the cumulus. D. Olmsted. 
 
 eO'M U-LUS, 71. [L., aheap.] In 777cto>re;o»'y, a name 
 given to one of ilie four fundamental clouds, from its 
 structure in convex masses piled one upon another. 
 
 D. OlmsUd. 
 
 eUN, r. L To know. [JVot used.] [See Coy.] 
 
 2. To direct the course of a ship. [See Co.nd, the 
 
 true orthography.] 
 eUNC-TA'TIO-N, «. [L. cunctor, to delay.] 
 
 Delay. [A**/ mueJi used.] 
 eiI.\e-TA'TOR, 71. One who delays or lingers, [tit- 
 
 tle used.] Hammond. 
 eiJND, p. /. To give notice. [Sec Co:»d.] 
 CO'NE-AL, a. [L. chiicu.*, a wedge. See Coin.] 
 
 Having the form of a wedge. 
 eO'NE-ATE, / ,,r 1 u J 
 eO'NE A-TED, i Wedge-shaped. 
 CU-.\K'l-FOR.M, ) a. [L. euTieiu, a wedge, and/omw,' 
 eO'M-FOR.M, j form.] 
 
 Having the shape or form of a wedge. 
 eUN'NER, 71. A vulgar local name for the limpet or 
 
 patella. OUberU 
 eUN'.NING, a. [Sax. cuTiTian, co7i77a7i ,- Goth. /4ii7i7ia7i, 
 
 tt) know ; Sw. hunna, to be able, to know ; kunnig, 
 
 known ; also, knowing, skillful, cunnint;; D. A'u7in£7t, 
 
 can, to be able, to hold, contain, understand, or 
 
 know ; G. kdnnen. See Can.] 
 
 1. Knowing; skillful ; experienced ; well-instnict- 
 ed. It is applied to .all kinds of knowledge, but gen- 
 erally and appropri.ately, to the skill and dexterity of 
 artificers, or the knowledge acquired by experience. 
 
 Eaui waa a cunning hiintfr. -Gon. xjiii. 
 
 1 will uilcc away the cunning Rrulicr. — li. iii. 
 
 A cunning workman. — Ex. xxxviiL 
 
 2. Wrought with skill ; curious ; ingenious. 
 
 With cherubs of cunning work ahidt thou make them ^Ex. 
 
 zavi. 
 
 [ The foregoing senses occur frequently in our version 
 of the Scripture.^, but are nearly or tjuite obsoletr..] 
 
 3. Artful ; shrewd ; sly ; crafty ; astute ; design- 
 ing ; as, a cunning fellow. 
 
 They are reaolved to be cunning; let otheta run the hoiArd of 
 tx-ing aiiiorie. South. 
 
 In this sense, the purpose or fin.al end of the per- 
 son may not be illaudable ; but cunning implies the 
 use of artifice to accomplish the purpose, rather than 
 o[>en, candid, or direct means. Ilence, 
 
 4. Deceitful; trickish ; employing stratagems for > 
 bad purpose. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJ.MTE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 801 
 
CUP 
 
 CUR 
 
 CUR 
 
 5. Assumed witli siibtilty , artful. 
 
 Accounting his iutcgrily to be but a cunning face of falsehood. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 eUN'NING, 71. Knowledge : art ; skill ; dexterity. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 I^et nij ri^ht hand forget her cunning. — Ps. cxxxvii. 
 12. Art ; artifice ; artfulness ; craft ; shrewdness 
 the faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish 
 a purpose. Hence, in a bad sense, dcceitfulness or 
 deceit ; fraudulent skill or dexterity. 
 
 Discourage cunning in a clilld ; cunning b the ape of wisdom. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 €UN'NIiVG-LY, adv. Artfully ; craftUy ; with subtil- 
 ty ; with fraudulent contrivance. 
 
 We liave not followed cunningly devised fables. — 2 Pet. i. 
 
 €UN'.VIXR-JI.A.N, n. A man who pretends to tell for- 
 tunes, or teach how to recover stolen or lost goods. 
 
 BnUer. 
 
 €UN'NING-NESS, n. Cunning ; craft ; deceitfulness. 
 
 CUP, 71. [Sax. cop or cupj) ; D. hop ; Ban. id. ; Sw. kopp ; 
 Fr. coupe ; Arm. coupen ; It. coppa ; Sp. copa ; Ir. capa, 
 or capan ; W. cwb, ciopan ; L. cupa, cuppa, whence 
 
 S J 
 
 cupella, a cupel, a 1 ittle cup ; Ch. 30 i«6 ; Ar. ■ -> 
 
 liubon. Class Gb, No. 48. See also No. 6. The 
 primary sense may be, hollow, bending, Russ. kopatju, 
 or containing ; most probably the latter, and allied 
 to L. capio. See No. 51), 52, 68, and Coop.] 
 
 1. A small vessel of capacity, used commonly to 
 drink out of. It is usu.illy made of metal ; as, a sil- 
 ver cup ; a tin cup. But the name is also given to 
 vessels of like shape, used for other purposes. It is 
 usually more deep than wide ; but tea-cups and cof- 
 fee-cups are often exceptions. 
 
 9. The contents of a cup ; the liquor contained in 
 a cup, or that it may contain ; as, a cup of beer. See 
 1 Cor. xi. 
 
 3. In a scriptural sCTisf, sufferings and afflictions; 
 that which is to be received or endured. 
 
 O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me. — 
 Matt. xxvi. 
 
 4. Good received : blessings and favors. 
 
 My cup I 
 
 eth over. — Ps. xxiii. 
 
 Take t!ie cup of salvation ; that is, receive the bless- 
 ings of deliverance and redemption with joy and 
 thanksgiving. Crudcn. Brown. 
 
 5. Any thing hollow like a cup ; as, the cup of an 
 acorn. The bell of a flower, and a calyx, is called a 
 Jiower-cup, 
 
 C. A glass cup or vessel used for drawing blood in 
 scarification. 
 
 Cup and can ; familiar companions ; the can being 
 the large vessel out of which the cup is filled, and 
 thus the two being ctmstantly associated. Swift. 
 
 Cups, in the plural; social entertainment in drink- 
 ing ; merry bout. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Thfruce from cups to civil 
 
 CUP, 71. «'. In surgery, to apply a cupping-glass to pro- 
 cure a discharge of blood from a scarified |)art of the 
 body. Encijc. 
 2. 'J'o supply with cups. [06.;.] Shak. 
 
 €UP'-IiE.\R-i;K, n. An attendant of a prince or at a 
 feast who conveys wine or other liipiors to the guests ; 
 an officer of the king's household. JWA. i. 
 
 eUP'BOAIll), (kub'burd,) 7i. [cup and board.] Origi- 
 nalbj, a board or shelf for cups to stand on. In mod- 
 ern houses, a small case or inclosure in a room, with 
 shelves destined to receive cups, plates, dishes, and 
 the like. Bacon. Drifden. 
 
 €UP'no.\Rn, V. t. To collect into a cupboard ; to 
 hoard. ijVut used.] SJiaJc. 
 
 eUP'IiOAKD-EH, pp. Deposited in a cupboard. 
 
 CO'PEL, 71. [I,, cupella, a little cup.] A small cup or 
 vessel used in refining precious metals. It retains 
 them while in a metallic state, but when changed by 
 fire into a lluid scoria, it ab.sorbs them. Thus when 
 a mixture of lead with gold or silver is heated in a 
 strong fire, the lead is oxydatcd, and sinks into the 
 substance of the cupel, while the gold or silver re- 
 mains pure. This kind of vessel is made usually of 
 phosphate of liuu^ or the residue of burnt bones, 
 ninimed into a mold, which gives it its figure. 
 
 Kncyc. Lavoisier. Mckolson. 
 
 eO'P£I--IJUST, 71, I'owder u.sed in purifying uutals. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 CU PEIv-LA'Tro.-V, 71. The refining of gold, silver, 
 and some other metals, In a cupel, or by scorification. 
 
 iML'oisirr. JVieliolson. Kncyc. 
 
 eUP'-GALL, 71. A singular kind of gall found on the 
 leave.') of oak, tc. It contains the worm of a small 
 fly. F.ncyc. 
 
 eO'Pin, 71. [I<. eupido.] In mythology, the god of love. 
 
 CU-PID'i-TY, 71. [1*. cupiitiUis, from cupidus, from ca- 
 pio, to desire, to covet. Sec ( 'lass Gb, No. 22, 24.] 
 
 An eager desire to poHHess something; an ardent 
 wishing or longing ; inordinate or unlawful desire of 
 wealth or power. It is not used, I believe, for the 
 
 anim.il appetite, like lust or concupiscence, but for 
 desire of the mind. 
 
 No property is secure when it becomes large enough to tempt the 
 cupiditi/ of indigent power. Burke. 
 
 €UP'-MOSS, 71. A vague term for a sort of moss, or 
 some plant called a moss, whether correctly or not is 
 uncertain. 
 
 eO'PO-LA, 71. [It. cupola ; Sp. cupula ; from the root 
 of cii;i, or rather from W. cop, a top or sumtuit.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a spherical vault on the top of an 
 edifice ; a dome. 
 
 2. The round top of a structure ; as, the cupola of a 
 furnace. Encyc. 
 
 €u'PO-L.\£D, o. Having a cupola. [JVof used.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 CUP'P£D, (kupt,) pp. Bled by means of cupping- 
 glasses. 
 
 CUP'PER, 71. [from cup.] One who applies a cup- 
 ping-glass; a scarifier. 
 
 CUP'PING, ppr. or 71. Applying a cupping-glass, with 
 scarification ; a drawing blood with a cupping-glass. 
 
 eUP'PING-GLASS, 71. A glass vessel like a cup, to 
 be applied to tlie skin, before and after scarification, 
 for drawing blood. 
 
 CU'PRE-OUS, a. [L. cupreus, from cuprum, copper.] 
 Coppery ; consisting of copper ; resembling copper, 
 or partaking of its qualities. Encyc. Boyle. 
 
 CU-PRIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. cuprum, copper, and fero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Containing or afTording copper ; as, cupriferous sil- 
 ver. Tooke. Russ. 
 
 €UP'-RoSE, 7!. The poppy. 
 
 eUP'-SHAP-£D, (-shapt,) a. Shaped like a cup. 
 
 Cu'PU-LA, j n. [L. cupula.] In botany, the cup of 
 
 Cu'PULE, i the acorn, husk of the filbert, chestnut, 
 &e. ; a peculiar combination of bracts. P. Cue. 
 
 eU-PU-LIF'ER-OUS, a. Bearing cupules. 
 
 CUR, 71. [Q,u. Lapponic coira; Basque chauirra; Ir. 
 gT/r, gaier, a dog.] 
 
 A tiegenerate dog ; and, in reproach, a worthless 
 man. .addison. ShaJc. Dryden. 
 
 COR'A-BLE, a. [See Cure.] That may be healed 
 or cured ; admittnig a remedy; as, a curable wound 
 or disease ; a curable evil. Dryden. 
 
 CUR'A-BLE-NESS, 71. Possibility of being cured, 
 healed, or remedied. 
 
 eU-RA-CoA', (ku-ra-s6',) 71. A liqueur or cordial, fla- 
 vored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace, and 
 deriving its name from the Island of Curacoa, where 
 it is best made. Brande. 
 
 €0'RA-CY, j 71. [See Cure and Curate.] The 
 
 eO'RATE-SHIP, j office or employment of a curate ; 
 the employment of a clergyman who represents the 
 incumbent or beneficiary of a church, parson, or vic- 
 ar, and officiates in his stead. Swift. 
 2. A benefice held by license from the bishop. 
 
 €U-R.AR'I-NA, 71. An alkaloid obtained from the La- 
 siostoma Curare, or the Woorara-tree of South Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 CU'RATE, 71. [L. curator, or curatus, from cura, care. 
 See Cure.] 
 
 1. A clergyman in the Church of England, who is 
 employed to perform divine service in the place of 
 the incumbent, parson, or vicar. Encyc. 
 
 There are two kinds ; stipendiary being one who is 
 hired by the rector or vicar to serve for him, and per- 
 petual being one who is not dependent on the rector, 
 but is supported by a part of the tithes or otherwise. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 2. One employed to perform the duties of another. 
 
 Vnjdcn. 
 
 eO'RA-TIVE, a. Relating to the cure of diseases; 
 
 tendjug to cure. .^rbuthnot. 
 eU-RA'TOR, 71. [L. See Cure.] One who has the 
 
 care and superintemlence of any thing. Swifl. 
 
 2. A guardian a|)pointed by law. .^yliffe. 
 
 3. Among Vie Romans, a trustee of the afl'airs and 
 interests of a person emancipated or interilicted. 
 Al.so, one appointed to regulate the price of mer- 
 chandise in the cities, and to superintend the cus- 
 toms and tributes. Encyc. 
 
 ,4. In the United Provinces, or Holland, the curator 
 of a university superintends the affairs of the institu- 
 tion, the administration of the revenues, the ctmduct 
 of the professors, &.c. Encyc. 
 
 eU-RA'TRIX, 71. She that cures or heals. Cudworth. 
 
 CURB, 77. [Fr. courher, to bend; Russ. koroblyu, to 
 bend, to draw in, to straiten.] 
 
 1. In the manege, a chain of iron made fast to the 
 upper part of the branches of the bridle, in a hole 
 called the eye, and running over the bi ard of the 
 horse. It consists of three parts ; the hook, fixed to 
 the eye of the branch ; the chain or links ; and the 
 two rings or mails. Encyc. 
 
 2. Restraint ; check ; hinderance. Religion should 
 operate as an eflectual curb to the passions. 
 
 3. A frame or a wall round the mouth of a well. 
 
 4. [Fr.courbe; U. corba, a disease and a basket.] 
 A hard and callous swelling on the hind part of tlio 
 hock of a horse's leg, attended with stilfness, and 
 sometimes pain and lamimess. Encyc. 
 
 eURH, V. U To restrain ; to guide and manage, as a 
 horse. Milton. 
 
 2. To restrain ; to check ; to hold back ; to con- 
 fine ; to keep in subjection ; as, to curb the passions 
 
 And wisely learn to cur6 tliy sorrows wild. MiHon. 
 
 3. To furnish or surround with a curb, as a well. 
 
 4. To bend. [J^otuscd.] 
 
 €URB'£D, pp. Restrained ; checked ; kept in subjec- 
 tion ; furnished with a curb. 
 
 CURB'ING, ppr. Holding back ; checking ; restrain- 
 
 CURB'ING, 71. A check. [ing. 
 
 eURB'LESS, a. Hr.ving no curb or restraint. 
 
 eURB'-ROOF, 71. A roof having a double slope on 
 each side \_ a gambrel roof. 
 
 eURB'-SToNE, 71. A stone placed at the edge of a 
 pavement, to hold the work together. It is written 
 sometimes Kerb or Kirb. 
 
 CUR-Cu'LI-0, 71. [L.] A general name, in the United 
 States, for the coleopterous insects which devour 
 fruits, or the larvie of which do so. Oardner. 
 
 eURD, 71. [Ir. criiWi; Scot.criirfs. Sometimes, in Eng- 
 lish, Crud. The primary sense is, to congeal or coag- 
 ulate. See Crystal.] 
 
 The coagulated or thickened part of milk, which 
 is formed into cheese, or, in some countries, eaten as 
 common food. The word may sometimes, perhaps, 
 be used for the coagulated part of any liquor. Bacon. 
 
 CURD, V. t. To cause to coagulate; to turn to curd. 
 
 €URD'ED,pp. Coagulated. [Shak. 
 
 eURD'LE, (kurd 1,) v. i. [Sometimes written Cbu- 
 DLE. See Curd.] 
 
 1. To coagulate or concrete ; to thicken, or change 
 into curd. Milk curdles by a mixture of runnet. 
 
 2. To thicken ; to congeal ; as, the blood curdles 
 in the veins. 
 
 CURU'LE, r. t. To change into curd ; to cause to 
 thicken, to coagulate, or concrete. Runnet or brandy 
 curdles milk. 
 
 At FlorenQe they cunlle their milk with artichoke flowers. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 9. To congeal or thicken. The recital curdled my 
 blood. 
 
 eURD'LED, pp. or a. Coagulated ; congealed. 
 CURD'LING, ppr. Concreting ; coagulating. 
 eURD'Y, a. Like curd ; full of curd ; coagulated. 
 
 Arbutlinot, 
 
 CORE, 71. [L. cura ; Fr. cure ; L. euro, to cure, to take 
 care, to prepare ; VV. etir, care, a blow or stroke, af- 
 fliction ; curaw, to beat, throb, strike ; curiam, to 
 trouble, to vex, to pine or waste away ; Fr. curcr, to 
 cleanse ; " se curer les dents,'' to pick the teeth ; It. 
 cura, care, diligence ; curare, to cure, attend, protect ; 
 also, to value or esteem ; Sp. cura, cure, remedy, 
 guardianship ; curar, to administer medicines ; to 
 salt, as meat ; to season, as timber ; to bleach thread 
 or linen ; to cake care ; to recover from sickness ; 
 eurioso, curious, neat, clean, handsome, fine, careful. 
 The radical sense of this word is, to strain, stretch, 
 extend, which gives the sense of healing, that is, 
 making strong, and of care, superintendence. But 
 the Welsh has the sense of driving, a modified ap- 
 plication of extending, and this gives the sense of 
 separation and purification. In its application to 
 hay, timber, provisions, &c., the sense may be, to 
 viake right, as in other cases ; but of this I am not 
 confident.] 
 
 1. A healing ; the act of healing ; restoration to 
 health from disease, and to soundness from a wound. 
 We say, a medicine will effect a cure. 
 
 2. Remedy for disease ; restorative ; that which 
 heals. 
 
 Colds, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure. Dryden. 
 
 3. The employment of a curate ; tlie care of souls ; 
 spiritual charge. 
 
 CORE, r. t. [L. euro. See the noum] 
 
 1. To heal, as a person diseased, or a wounded 
 limb ; to restore to health, as the body, or to sound- 
 ness, as a limb. 
 
 The child was cured from that very hour. — Ma«. xvii. 
 
 2. To subdue, remove, destroj', or put an end to ; 
 to heal, as a disease. 
 
 Christ gave his disciples power to cure diseases. — I.uke ix. 
 
 When the person and the disease are both men- 
 tioned, cure is followed by n/ before the disease. The 
 physician cured the man n/his fever. 
 
 3. To remedy ; to remove an evil, and restore to a 
 good state. Patience will alleviate calamities which 
 it can not cure. 
 
 4. To dry ; to prepare for preser^'ation ; as, to cure 
 hay ; or to prepare by salt, or in any manner, so as to 
 prevent speedy putrefaction ; as, to cure fish or beef. 
 
 eOR'Kl), pp. or a. Healed ; restored to health or 
 soundness; removed, as a di.se.tse ; remcdit^d ; dried, 
 smoked, or otherwise prepared for preservation. 
 
 eORE'I.ESS, a. That can not be cured or healed ; 
 incurable ; not admitting of a remedy ; as, a cureless 
 disorder ; a cureless ill. Dryden. 
 
 eOR'ER, 71. A hetiler ; a physician ; one who heals. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 eUR'FEW, (kur'fu,) 71. [Fr. courre feu, cover-fire.] 
 1. The ringing of a bell or bells nt night, as a sig- 
 nal to the inhabitants to rake up their fires and retire 
 to rest. This practice orignateil in England, from an 
 order of William the Ciuiqueror, who directed that, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^VLL, WIl^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, DIED NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BQQK. 
 
CUR 
 
 CUR 
 
 CUR 
 
 at the riiifiinK of the bell at eight o'clock, ever)' one 
 shuiilil put out his light and go to bod. This word 
 is not used in America ; although the practice of 
 ringing a bell at nine o'clock continues in many 
 places, and is considered, in New England, as a sig- 
 nal for [wople to retire from company to llieir own 
 abodes ; and, in general, (ho signal is obeyed. 
 2. A cover for a fire ; a fire-plate. [jW£ used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 eU-UI-A-LISt'ie, a. [L. curittlis.] 
 
 Pertaining to a court. 
 €U-KI-AL.'I-TY, n. [L. curialis, from curia, a court.] 
 'I'he privileges, prerogatives, or retinue, of a court. 
 [.Xot luseii.] Bacon. 
 COK'ING, ;>;(r. Healing; restoring to health or sound- 
 ness ; removing, as an evil ; preparing for preserva- 
 tion. 
 
 eOK'I.XG-HOU.SE, ji. A building in which sugar is 
 drained and dried. Edicards, IV. Ind. 
 
 eU-Kl-0-LO<S'ie, a. [Gr. xu/xoXoj la, propriety of 
 spraking.] 
 
 Designating a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which 
 a thing is represented by its picture. IVarburloiu 
 eU-IU-OS'I-TY, n. [la. curioaitas. See Cl-riul's.] 
 
 1. A strong desire to see something novel, or to 
 discover something unknown, either by research or 
 inipiiry ; a desire to gratify the senses with a sight of 
 what is new or unusual, or to gratify the mind with 
 new discoveries ; inquisilivcness. A man's curiosity 
 leads him to view tlie ruins of llalhec, to investigate 
 the origin of Ilcuner, to discover the component parts 
 of a niiner.il, or the motives of aiiollicr's actions. 
 
 2. Nicety ; delicacy. Shak. 
 
 3. Accuracy ; exactness ; nice performance ; curi- 
 ousne.ss j as, the cun'o,«i7i/ of workmanship. Raij. 
 
 4. A nice experiment; a tiling unusual or worthy 
 of curiosity. 
 
 There lialh bwn pnicticctl n curio$ity. to act a ure on the north 
 ■iilu or a wall, nnd at a little higiit, to draw it through tlie 
 wail, &c. Btuvn. 
 
 a. An object of curiosity ; that which e.vcites a 
 desire of seeing, or deserves to be seen, as novel and 
 extraordinary. 
 
 Wo took a luniUe together to tee the curiotiUet of this great 
 town. Addison. 
 
 [TlieJIrst and thf last senses are chicfiy used.] 
 eU RI-O'SO, n. [It.] A curious person ; a virtuoso. 
 eO'RI-OUS, a. [L. eurwsus, from euro, care. See 
 Cure.) 
 
 1. Strongly desirous to sec what is novel, or to dis- 
 ■ rover what is unknown ; solicitous to see or to know ; 
 
 imiuisitive. 
 
 Ik not <Mriou« In unnfWMary matters, nor to pry into the 
 coniU'mj of your iieighbunt. Anon. 
 
 Q. Habitually in()uisitive ; addicted to research or 
 iniiuiry ; ns, a man of a curious turn of mind ; some- 
 times followed by after, and sometimes by of. Curi- 
 ous aflrr things elegant and beautiful ; curious of 
 antiquities. IVoodaard. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Accurate ; careful not to mistake ; solicitous to 
 be correct. 
 
 Men were Dot curoim what sjUablet or particles they umsI. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 4. Careful ; nice ; solicitous in selection ; difficult 
 to please. 
 
 A Icniperata nuui la not curioiM of dclictciei. Taylor. 
 
 5. Nice ; exact ; subtile ; made with care. 
 
 lioth th^ tenaen embrace their objocta — with a more cun'ou* 
 diacrimioaliuii. Holder. 
 
 6. Artful ; nicely diligenL 
 
 Fwich ornament alout her •eemty liea, 
 
 By cwrioua cli.vncc, or cvrelcas art, compoaed. F>urfax. 
 
 7. Wrought with care and art ; elegant ; neat ; 
 finished ; as, a curious girdle ; curiaiu work. £z. 
 xxviii. XXX. 
 
 8. Requiring care and nicety ; as, curious arts. 
 Acts xix. 
 
 9. Rigid ; severe ; particular. [lAttle used,] Shak. 
 
 10. Rare ; singular ; what was hardly to be ex- 
 pected ; as, a curious fact. Hume. Burke. Southeji. 
 
 CO'RI-OUS-LV, orfD. With nice insjiection ; inquisi- 
 tively ; attentively. 
 
 I saw iiotliinir at fint, but ohaenring it moT« curiautly, tlx apota 
 apiicateJ. Neteum. 
 
 2. With nice care and art ; exactly ; neatly ; ele- 
 gantlv. Ps. cxxxix. 
 
 3. In a singular manner; unusually. 
 eO'Rl-OUS-NE.-<S, n. Fitness to excite curiosity ; ex- 
 actness of workmanship. 
 
 2. Singularity of contrivance. 
 
 3. Curiosity. 
 
 eURL, c. t. [D. kruUen ; Dan. kroUer, to curl, to crisp : 
 Com. kriUia.] 
 
 1. To turn, bend, or form into ringlets ; to crisp ; 
 a-1 the hair. 
 
 2. To writhe ; to twist ; to coil ; as a scrpenL 
 
 3. To dress with curls. 
 
 The inakj lodl 
 Thai earUd Mepcra. MilUm. 
 
 A. To raise in waves or undulations ; to ripple. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Having curling hair. 
 
 Se** would be jmola, wUiout Um bruahin? air 
 To curl the wa<ea. 
 
 eURL, V. i. To bend in contractitm ; to shrink into 
 ringlets. Boyle. 
 
 2. To rise in waves or undulations ; to ripple ; and 
 particularly, to roll over at the summit ; as, a curling 
 wave. 
 
 3. To rise in a winding current, and to roll over at 
 
 the ends ; as, curling smoke. 
 
 4. To writhe ; to twist itself. 
 
 Thrn round hrr alL-nder waist he curled. Dnjden. 
 
 5. To shrink ; to shrink b.ick ; to bend and sink. 
 He curled down into a corner. 
 
 6. To play at the game called curling. [Scottisli.] 
 eiTRL, II. A ringlet of liair, or any thing of a like 
 
 form. 
 
 2. Undulation; a waving; sinuosity; flexure. 
 
 M'ewl.an. 
 
 3. A winding in the grain of wood. 
 
 4. A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at 
 their first appearance, seem curled, and shrunk up. 
 
 Brnmtr. 
 
 eURL'KD, pj). or a. Turned or formed into ringlets ; 
 
 crisped ; twisted ; undulated. 
 eURL'ER, n. Oiw that curls. 
 
 2. t)ne that plays at the game called curling. 
 
 [Scottisli.j 
 
 eUK'LKW, (kur'lii,) n. [Fr. courlis, or eorlieu.] 
 
 An atpiatic bird, of the genus Nuinenius, and the 
 grallic order. It h:is a long bill ; its color is diversi- 
 fied with ash and black ; an<l the largest species 
 spread more than three feci of wing. It frequents 
 the sea-shore in winter, and in summer retires to the 
 mountains. This bird is of the same family with 
 the woodcock and sandpipt^r, and is much priz.ed for 
 food. Its various species are widely scattered on 
 both continents. 
 
 eUIU/l-NESS, n. .\ state of being curly. 
 
 CURL'ING, n. A winter game among the Scotch, 
 which consists in launching from the hand a heavy 
 weight, (as a large stone or mass of iron,) along the 
 surface of the ice, so as to strike another heavy weight 
 and propel it in a given direction, thus resembling 
 billiards. Jainieson*s Scotti.sh Vict. 
 
 eURJL'ING, ppr. or a. Bending ; twisting; forming 
 into ringlets ; playing at the game of curling. 
 
 eiJRL'ING-I-RONS, ) n. pi. An instrument for curl- 
 
 CURL'ING-TONGS, j ing the hair. 
 
 eURL'ING-LY, adv. In a waving manner. 
 
 CURIi'Y, a. liaving curls; tending to curl; full of 
 ripples. 
 
 eURL'Y-HEAD-ED, 
 
 €URL'Y-PA-TED, 
 
 eUR-MUD'OEON, fkur-mud'jun,) n. [Fr. caur, 
 heart, and mediant, evil. JYares. Qu.] 
 
 An avaricious, churlish fellow; a miser; a nig- 
 gard ; a churl. Hwdibras. 
 
 eUR-iMUD'GEON-LY, a. Avaricious; covetous; 
 niggardlv ; churlish. L'Estrange. 
 
 eUR'KANT, »u \Uom Corinth.] The fruit of a well- 
 known shrub belonging to the genus Ribes, of which 
 Grossularia is now considered a species ; the gross- 
 berry or gooseberry and the currant falling under the 
 same genus. Currants are of various species and 
 varieties ; as, the common red and white currants, 
 and the black currant. 
 
 2. A small kind of dried grape, imported from the 
 Levant, chiefly from Zante and Ceplialonia ; useil in 
 cookery. jir CuUoch. 
 
 eUR'llEN-CY, n. [See CtBKF.!«T.] Literally, a flow- 
 ing, running, or passing; a continued or uninter- 
 rupted course like that of a stream ; as, the currency 
 of time. Ayliffe. 
 
 2. .\ continued course in public opinion, belief, or 
 reception ; a pa.ssing from person to person, or from 
 age to age ; as, a report has had a long or general 
 currency. Johnsoiu 
 
 3. A continual passing from hand to hand, as coin 
 or bills of credit ; circulation ; as, the currency of 
 cenLs, or of English crowns ; the currency of bank 
 bills, or of treasury notes. 
 
 4. Fluency ; readiness of utterance ; but in this 
 sense we generally use fluency. 
 
 5. General estimation ; the rate at which any 
 thing is generally valued. 
 
 He t^kea cTeatneaa of kingdom! according to tlicir bulk nnd 
 currency, and not after uitrinaic raiue. Bacon. 
 
 6. That which is current or in circulation, as a 
 medium of trade. The word may be ajiplied to 
 coins, or to bills issued by authority. It is often ai>- 
 plied to bank notes, and to notes issued by govern- 
 ment. Crawford. 
 
 eUR'KENT, a, [I,, currens, from curro, to flow or 
 run ; Fr. courir, whence courier, and discourir, to 
 discourse, coneourir, to concur, &c. ; It. correre ; Sp. 
 and Port, ctrrrrr, to run ; W. gyru, to drive or run ; 
 Eng. hurry. It seems to be connected with the root 
 
 of ear, cart, chariot, like currus. See Ar.jLT karua, 
 
 and <i^j-^ garaL Class Gr, No. 7, 32, 15.] 
 
 1. Literally, flowing, rtinning, passing. Hence, 
 passing from person to person, or from hand to hand ; 
 
 circulating ; as, ciirrciif opinions ; current coin. 
 Hence, common, general, or lasliinnabl.! ; generally 
 received ; popular; ns, the current imlions of the 
 day or age ; current folly. WalLi. Strifl. Pope. 
 
 2. Established by common estimation ; generally 
 received ; as, the current value of coin. 
 
 3. Passable ; that may be allowed or admitted. 
 
 Shall. 
 
 4. Now piissing ; present in its course ; as, the cur- 
 rent month or year. 
 
 eUR'RKiNT, n. A flowing or passing ; a stream ; 
 applied to fluids ; as, a current of water, or of air. 
 
 2. A progressive motion of the Wal4*r of the sea, a 
 lake, and at a certain place. The Gulf Stream is a 
 remarkable current, in the Atlantic. A current sets 
 into the Mediterranean. 
 
 3. Course ; progressive motion or movement ; 
 continuation ; as, the current of time. 
 
 4. A connected series; successive course; as, the 
 current of events. 
 
 r>. General or main course ; as, the current of 
 opinion. 
 
 CUU-RFJ^'TF. CaL'JiMO, [L.] The pen running j 
 with the pen running. 
 
 ei;K'Ri;.\''I'-LY, «</<•. in constant motion; with 
 continued propression. Hence, coniinonly ; gener- 
 ally ; popularly; with general receplitm ; as, the 
 story is currently reported and believed. 
 
 CLJR'RENT-NESS, h. Currency ; circulation ; gen- 
 eral reception. 
 
 2. Fluency ; easiness of pronunciation. [JVof 
 much used.] 
 
 eUR'RI-CLE, n. [L. curriculum, from curro, to nin.] 
 
 1. A chaise or carriage with two wheels, drawn by 
 two horses abrexst. 
 
 2. A chariot. [Au( in use.] 
 
 3. A course. [.Vot in use ] 
 €ini-Rie'i;-LUM, n. [L.] A race-course; a place 
 
 for running ; a chariot, &c. Hence, 
 2. A course, in general ; applied particularly to the 
 
 course of study in a university, 4cc. 
 €UR'RI-KD, (kur'rid,);)p. or n. [See Curry.] Dressed 
 
 by currying ; dressed as leather ; cleaned ; prepared. 
 CUR'RI-ER, n. [L. coriarius; Fr. corroyeur. See 
 
 Cl'rrv.] 
 
 A man who dresses and colors leather, after it is 
 tanned. 
 
 eUR'RlSH, a. [See Cur.] Like a cur ; having the 
 qualities of n cur; brutal; malignant; snappish; 
 snarling ; churlish ; intnictablc ; quarrelscmie. 
 
 Sidney, Kairfai. Shak. 
 CUR'R1SH-I,Y, adv. Like a cur ; in a brutal manner. 
 CUR'RISH-NESS, 71. Moroseness ; churlishness. 
 
 Feltham. 
 
 CUR'RY, r. t. [Fr. corroyer ; Arm. eourreza ; Sp. cur- 
 tir ; Port, cortir. The French and Arnioric word 
 seems to be compounded of L. corium, a hide, and 
 the root of rado, lo scrape, or of a word of like sig- 
 nification. The Sp. and Port, word seems to be al- 
 lied lo cortex, bark, from stripping; or to L. curtus, 
 short, from cutting. Hut tliu L. corium is probably 
 from a root signifying to scrape, or to peel. See 
 Class Gr, Nos. 5 and 6.] 
 
 1. To dress leather after it is tanned ; to .soak, 
 pare, or scrape, cleanse, beat, and color tanned hides, 
 and prepare them for use. 
 
 2. To rub and clean with a comb ; as, to curry a 
 horse. 
 
 3. To scratch or claw ; to tear, in quarrels. 
 
 By Bi'tling brother .ijidnst brother, 
 To claw and curry one another. 
 
 Duller. 
 
 4. To rub or stroke ; to make smooth ; lo tickle by 
 flattery ; to humor. But generally used in the 
 phr.Tse, 
 
 To curry furor ; to seek or gain favor by flattery, 
 caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. [.Vut elt- 
 gant.\ Uookcr. 
 GUR'RV, n. A kind of sauce much used in India, 
 containing red pepper and other strong spices. It is 
 poured on the food, which is hence spoken of as 
 curried rice, fowl, &c. 
 
 2. A stew of fowl, fish, ice, cooked with curry- 
 sauce. Spalding, 
 CUR'RY-CO.MB, n, [See Comb.] An iron instru- 
 ment or cimib, for rubbing nnd cleaning horses. 
 €UR'RY-1NG, ppr. Scraping and dressing ; clean- 
 ing ; scratching. 
 2. Rubbing down, as a horse. 
 eUR'RY-ING, n. Rubbing down a horse. 
 
 2. The art of dressing skins after they are t.anned, 
 or of giving them the necessary smooliiuess, luster, 
 color, and suppleness. Ure. 
 CURSE, V. L ; pret. and pp, Cursid or Curst. [Sax. 
 
 cursian, eorsian ; Arm. argeunL Qu. Ar. 
 karatha.] 
 
 1. To utter a wish of cvU against one ; to impre- 
 cate evil upon ; to call for mischief or injury to fall 
 upon ; to execrate. 
 
 Thou ihalt not cum the rulrr of thy people. — Ex. xxii. 
 
 Blesa, and curie not. — Roni. xii. 
 
 Cure* me Ihia people, for they ore toa inlgktj for me. — Num. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AlV'GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CUR 
 
 2. To injure ; to subject to evil ; to vex, harass, or 
 torment witli great calamities. 
 
 On impious realms and barbarous liiiis^s impose 
 
 Thy plao^ucs, and curse 'em wiUl eucil sous as those. Pope, 
 
 3. To devote to evil. 
 
 CURSE, V. i. To utter imprecations ; to affirm or 
 deny with imprecations of divine vengeance. 
 Then began he to curse aiid to swear. — Matt. xxvi. 
 CURSE, n. Malediction ; tlie expression of a wish of 
 evil to another. 
 
 Sbimei — who cuTsed me with a ^ievous curse. — 1 Kings li. 
 
 2. Imprecation of evil. 
 
 They entered into a curse, and into an oath. — Neh. X. 
 
 3. Affliction ; torment ; great vexation. 
 
 I will make tliis city a curse to all nations. — Jer. xxvl. 
 
 4. Condemnation ; sentence of divine vengeance 
 on sinners. 
 
 Christ bath redeemed iw from the curse of the law. — Gal. iii. 
 
 5. Denunciation of evil. 
 
 The priest shall write all these curses in a book. — Num. v. 
 
 CURS'SD, (kurst,)pp. Execrated; afflicted; vexed; 
 tormented ; blasted by a curse. 
 '2. Devoted to destruction. 
 
 'I'Lou art cursed from tlic earth. — G-n. iv. 
 
 CURS'ED,a. Deserving a curse ; execrable; hateful; 
 detestable ; abominable. 
 2. Vexatious ; as, a cursed quarrel ; cursed thorns. 
 
 Drydai. Prior. 
 
 eURS'ED-LY, arfti. In a cursed manner ; enor- 
 mously ; miserably ; in a manner to be cursed or 
 detested. \A low ioord.] 
 
 eURS'ED-NESS, v. The state of being under a curse, 
 or of being doomed to execration or to evil. 
 
 eURS'ER, n. One who curses, or utters a curse. 
 
 eUR'SHIP, n. [See Ci;B.j Dogship ; meanness ; ill- 
 nature. Hudihras, 
 
 eURS'ING, ppr. Execrating; imprecating evil on 
 denouncing evil; dooming to evil, misery, or vexa- 
 tion. 
 
 eURS'ING, Ji. Execration ; the uttering of a curse ; 
 a dooming to vexation or misery. 
 
 CUU'SI-TOR, n. [from tlie L. carso, cursito, to run.] 
 In England, a clerk in the Court of Chancery, whose 
 business is to make out original writs. In the stat- 
 ute 18 Edward III., the cursitors are called clerks of 
 course. They are twenty-four in number, and are a 
 corporation among themselves. To each are assigned 
 certain counties, to which he issues writs. Encyc. 
 
 CUR'SIVE, a. [It corsivo, running. See Course and 
 Ct;nRENT.] 
 
 Running; flowing. Cursive hand, is a running 
 hand. Fry. 
 CUll'SO-RA-RY, 0. Cursory; liasty. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 CUR'SO-RI-LY, adv. [.See Cursory.] In a running 
 or hasty manner; slightly; hastily; without atten- 
 tion ; as, I read the pafter cursorily. 
 
 eUR'SO-RI-NESS, 71. Slight view or attention. 
 
 eUR'SO-RY, a. [L. cursorius, from cursus. See 
 Course.] 
 
 1. Running; hasty; flight; superficial; careless; 
 not with close attention ; as, a cursory reading ; a 
 cursory view. 
 
 2. Running about ; not stationary. 
 CURS']', pp. of Curse. [.See Cursep.] 
 
 CURST, a. Hateful ; detestable ; froward ; torment- 
 ing ; vexatious ; peevish ; malignant ; mischievous ; 
 malicious; snarling; a word, liowever, which can 
 be hardly -said to have a definite signification. It is 
 applied to any thing vexatious. In some of its ap- 
 plic'itions in old autliors, it appears to be the Dutch 
 korsl, crust, and to signify crusty, crabbed, surly. 
 
 eURST'NESS, n. Peevishness; malignity; frovvard- 
 ness ; crabbedness ; surliness. 
 
 CURT, a. f L. ctirtus.] 
 
 .Shf>rt. \Rarcly used, and not ele!Tanf,.1 Brown. 
 
 CUR TAIL', T). (. [Composed of Ii. citrtus, Fr. ce>i<r(, 
 short, and tailler, to cut ; tiiille, edge.] 
 
 To shf)rten ; to cut ofi* tlie end or a part ; as, to 
 curtail wortls. Ilenre, in a more general sense, to 
 shorten in any manner; toabridce ; to diminish; as, 
 to cur(uii our privileges. It is followed by o/ before 
 the thing shortened. His name was currai/eti o/ three 
 lifters ; we are curtailed n/'our rights. 
 
 eUR'TAII^DOG, 71. A dog whose tail is cut off, ac- 
 cording to the forest laws, and therefore hindered 
 from fotirslng. Shak. 
 
 CUK'TAII>-STEP, 71. The lowest step in n flight of 
 rtairs, ending, ai its outer extremity, in a scroll. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 eilR-TAIL'Kf), pp. Cut short or shorter ; abridged. 
 eUR-TAII/ER, 71. One who cuts off any thing. 
 eUR-'l'AIL'ING, ppr. Cutting short or shorter; 
 abriilging. 
 
 CUR-TAII,'1,'>IG, 71. Abridgment; abbreviation. 
 
 CUR'TAIN, (knr'tin,) n. J It. rorlina : l.nw L. Hp. 
 and Port. ; U.ffordyn; Ir. rf/nrtfn/', in fortification. 
 Thin wtird may bo from the rotit of court, and from 
 the sense of separating. I think it is not a contrac- 
 tion of the It. copertina.] 
 
 CUR 
 
 1. A cloth hanging round a bed, or at a window, 
 which may be contracted, spread, or drawn aside, at 
 pleasure ; intended for ornament, or for use. Also, 
 the hangings about the ark, among the Israelites. 
 
 2. A cloth-hanging used in theaters, to conceal the 
 stage from the sjiectators. This is raised or let down 
 by cords. Hence the phrases, to drop the curtain, to 
 close the scene, to end ; to raise the curtain, or the 
 curtain will rise, to denote tlie opening of tlie play. 
 And to draw the curtain, is to close it, to shut out the 
 light, or to conceal ,in object ; or to open it, and dis- 
 close the object. Behind tlie curtain ; in concealment ; 
 in secret. 
 
 3. In /ort(/7fa(ion, that part of the rampart which 
 is between the flanks of two bastions, bordered with 
 a parapet five feet high, behind which the soldiers 
 ^tand to fire on the covered way, and into the moat. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. In Scripture, tents ; dwellings. Hab. iii. 7. 
 CUR'TAIN, V. t. To inclose with curtains ; to furnish 
 
 with curtains. Shak. 
 CUR'TAIN-£D,pp. Inclosed with curtains. 
 CUR'TAIN-ING, ppr. Inclosing or surrounding with 
 
 curtains. 
 
 eUR'TAIN-LEC-TI^RE, n. Reproof given in bed by 
 
 a wife to her husband. .Sddison. 
 eUR'TAlN-LESS, a. Having no curtain. 
 CURT'AL, 71. A horse, and also a dog, with a docked 
 
 tail. B. Jmson. 
 
 CURT'AL, a. Curt ; brief. Milton. 
 2. Belonging to the court gate; as, the curtal friar, 
 who was porter of the monastery. Smart. 
 CUR'TaTE, a. [L. curtains, from curto, to shorten.] 
 The curtate distance, in astronomy, is the distance 
 of a planet from the sun, reduced to the plane of the 
 ecliptic ; i. e. to that point where a perpendicular, 
 let fall from the planet, meets with the ecliptic. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Or the interval between the sun or earth, and that 
 point where a perpendicular, let fall from tlie planet, 
 meets the ecliptic. Barlow. 
 
 CUR-Ta'TION, 71. [See Curtate.] The interval 
 between a planet's distance from the sun and the 
 curtate distance. Barlow. 
 
 CUR'TI-LAGE, 71. In laic, a yard, garden, inclosure, 
 or field, near and belonging to a messuage. [This is 
 probably from court, or tlie same radix.] 
 
 CURT'LY, adv. Briefly. [JVot in use.] 
 
 CURT'NESS, 71. S-ho-iness. 
 
 CO'RULE, a. [L. curulia, from cumis, a chariot.] 
 Belonging to a ciiariat. The curule chair or seat, 
 among the Romans, was a stool without a back, 
 covered with leather, and so made as to be folded. 
 It was conveyed in a chariot, and used by public 
 officers. Smitli^s Diet. 
 
 eURT'SY. See Courtesy. 
 
 CURV'A-TED, a. [See Curve.] Curved ; bent in a 
 regular form. 
 
 eURV-A'TION, 71. The act of bending or crooking. 
 CURV'A-TIIRE, 71. [L. c«7T)a(iira. See Curve.] 
 The continual flexure or bending of a line from a 
 rectilinear direction. Encyc. 
 CURVE, (kurv,) a. [L. curvus, bent, crooked ; eurvo, 
 to bend, turn, or wind ; Fr. courbe, courber ; It. curvo, 
 curvare; Sp. curvo, corvar. If b is not radical, this 
 word belongs to Class Gr, W. cbr, a circle ; but qu. ; 
 for in Russ. it is krivei.] 
 
 Bending ; crooked ; inflected in a regular form, 
 and forming part of a circle ; as, a curve line, whicii 
 may be cut by a right line in more points than one. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 A curve line is that which is neither a straight line 
 nor composed of straight lines. Ci/c. 
 
 CURVE, 71. A bending without angles ; that which 
 is bent ; a flexure. In geometry, a line of whicli no 
 three consecutive points are in the same direction or 
 straight line. Brande. 
 
 CURVE, I', t. [L. curvo; Fr. courber; Russ. krivtyu.] 
 To bend ; to crook ; to inflect. 
 
 CUR V'/';il, ;</). or a. Bent; regularly inflected. 
 
 CURVET, n. [It. corvctta; Fr. courbctte; Sp. corvcta. 
 See Curve.] 
 
 1. In the maneire, a particular leap of a horse, when 
 he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, 
 and, as his fore legs are falling, he raises his hint! 
 legs, so that all his legs are raised at once. Eneyc. 
 
 2. A prank ; a frolic. 
 
 CURVET, V. i. [It. corveltare; Fr. caurieOer ; Sp. 
 corvetear.] 
 
 1. To leap ; to hound ; to spring and form a curvet. 
 
 2. To leap and frisk. 
 
 CUR V'l-FOR.M, a. Having the form of a curve. 
 CUR-VI-LIN'E-AR, I a. [L. curvus, bent, and linea, 
 eUR-VI-LIN'E-AL, j a line.] 
 
 Consisting of curve lines ; bounded by curve lines ; 
 as, a curvilinear figure. 
 CUR-Vl-LIN-E AR'I-TY, n. The state of being cur- 
 vilinear, or of consisting in curve line.s. 
 
 Guth. Quiiwtilian, Prtf. 
 CUR VI-LIN'E-AR-LY, arfi). In a curvilinear manner. 
 CURV'IN(;, n. A curve; a winding form. 
 CURVING, ppr. Bending in a regular form ; crooked. 
 CURVI-'i'V, n. [I., curvitxis.] 
 
 A bending in a regular form ; crookedness. Holder. 
 
 cus 
 
 CIJSH'AT, (k99sh'at,) n. Tlie ring-dove or wood- 
 
 Scott. 
 
 pilieon. ocetc. 
 CySlI'ION, (koosh'un,) n. [Fr. coussin ; It. cuscino ; T>. 
 kusscn ; G. kvsscn ; Sp. cozia ; Port, cuxim ; Arm. 
 
 cou^zm. Qu. ^r f'l vfi*^— ■ kisaian: Ch. 1D3 keesi, 
 
 a little cushion for the elbow.] 
 
 1. A pillow for a seat ; a soft pad to be placed on 
 a chair; a bag, stuffed with wool, hair, or other soft 
 material. 
 
 2. A bag of leather filled with sand, used by en- 
 gravers to support the plate. 
 
 3. In gilding, a stuffing of fine tow or wool, cov- 
 ered by leather, on a board ; used for receiving the 
 leaves of gold from the paper, in order to its being 
 cut into proper sizes and figures. Encyc. 
 
 Lady's cushion ; a |)Iant, a species of Saxifraga. Lee. 
 Spa-cushion ; sea-piiil^, or tlirift, a species of Statice. 
 CUSH'ION, 7!. (. To seat on a cushion. [Lee. 
 2. To furnish witli ciisliiims ; as, to cushion a 
 chaise. 
 
 eiJSH'ION-ED, (knosh'und,) pp. or a. Seated on a 
 cushion ; supported by cushions ; furnished with 
 cushions. Johnson. 
 
 CIJSH'ION-ET, 7i. A little cushion. jBeaiim. ajtd Fl. 
 
 CUSK, 71. A salt water fish, Brosmius vulgaris, highly 
 esteemed for food. D. H. Storer. 
 
 CUSK'IN, 71. A kind of ivory cup. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 CUSP, n. [L. cuspis, a point.] 
 
 1. Tlie point or horn of the moon or other lumi- 
 nary. Encyc. 
 
 2. In architecture, a projecting point in the foliations 
 of Gothic tracery, arches, panels, &.C. ; and also a 
 projecting point, forming a pendent of a pointed 
 arch, &c. Brande. 
 
 CUSP'A-TED, a. [L. cuspis, a point.] 
 
 Pointed ; ending in a point. 
 CUSP'l-DAL, a. Ending in a point. More. 
 CUSP'I-DATE, I a. [L. cuspidatus, from cuspis, a 
 CUSP'I-Da-TED, ( point.] 
 
 Having a sharp end, like the point of a spear; ter- 
 minating in a bristly point ; as, a cuspidate leaf. 
 
 J\Iartyn. 
 
 CUS'PIS, 71. [L.J A point. 
 
 CUS'TARD, 71. [Cymbric eicsJarrf. Junius. I suspect 
 the first syllable to be W. caws, curd, cheese.] 
 
 A composition of milk and eggs, sweetened, and 
 baked or boiled, forming an agreeable kind of food. 
 
 Custard-coffin ; a cant term used by Sliakspeare 
 for a piece of raised pastry, or upper crust, which 
 covers or coffins a custard. Todd. 
 
 CUS'TARD-AP'PLE, n. A plant, a species of Anona, 
 growing in the West Indies, whose fruit is of the 
 size of a tennis ball, of an orange color, cimtaining a 
 vellowish pulp, of the consistence of custard. Encyc. 
 
 CilS'TODE, 71. See CusTODIA^. 
 
 CUS-To'DI-AL, a. [from custody.] Relating to cus- 
 tody (ir guardianship. 
 
 CUS-TO'DI-AN, 71. One who has the care or custody 
 of some public building, &c. PV. Irvinrr. 
 
 CUS'TO-DY, 71. [L. custodia ; It. and Sp. id. ; from 
 L. custos, a watchman, a keeper. This word has the 
 elements of castle, W. cas, the primary sense of 
 which is, to separate, to drive off"; Jience, to defend, 
 to hold. See Chaste.] 
 
 1. A keeping; a guarding ; care, watch, inspec- 
 tion, for keeping, preservation, or security. 'J'he 
 prisoner was committed to the custody of iJie 
 sheriff. 
 
 Under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari shall be the 
 boards of tlie tabernacle. — Num. iii. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Imprisonment ; confinement ; restraint of lib- 
 erty. 
 
 3. Defense from a foe ; preservation ; security. 
 There wi\s prepared a fleet of thirty ships for the custody of tho 
 
 narrow seas. Hacon. 
 CUS'TOM, 71. [Fr. coitdmc, from <;oi/j<iimc ; \\. costu- 
 ma, costume ; Sp. costumhre; Port, costume ; Arm. cus- 
 tum. Qu. L. cavsuctus.] 
 
 1. Fri;quent or common use, or practice ; a frequent 
 repetition of the same act ; hence, way ; established 
 manner; habitual practice. 
 
 The priest's custom with the people was. — 1 Sam. ii. 
 
 We have no s.icli custom. — 1 t^or. xi. 
 
 The custotiu of Uie p<!oplo are vain. — Jer. x. 
 
 2. A buying of goods ; practice of frequenting a 
 shop, and purchasing or procuring to be dbne. The 
 shopkeeper has extimsivc cuslojn, or a good run of 
 custom. A mill or a manufacturer has extensive cus- 
 tom, or little cu.stom. 
 
 Let liim have your custom, hut not your votes. Addison. 
 
 3. In latr>, long-established practice, or usage, 
 which constitutes the unwritten law, and Itmg con- 
 sent lo which gives it authority. Custojns nrc gen- 
 eral, which extend over a state or kingdom, anti par- 
 ticular, which arc limited to a city or district. Enajc 
 
 CUS'TOM, V. t. To make familiar. [See Accustom, 
 which is the word used.] 
 2. To give cuHlom to. Bacon. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T. — MltTE, PRfiV. — PINE, lUARlNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 • 294 
 
CUT 
 
 CUT 
 
 CUT 
 
 CUS'TOM, V. i. To acciistoiii. Spenser. 
 eUS'TOM, n. [Fr. cou<ume, from codter, fut coupler, 
 to cost.] 
 
 Tribute, toll, or tax ; that is, cost or charge paid to 
 the public. 
 
 Ruiider cuilom to whom euttom u due. — Rom. xiii. 
 Citsloms, in the plural: the duties imposed by law 
 on merchandise ini|)iirted or exported. In Great 
 Britain and the United States, thin word id limited to 
 these species of duties, 
 eUS'TOM-A-BLE, a. Common ; habitual ; frequent. 
 
 Johtison, 
 
 2. Subject to the payment of the duties called cus- 
 toms. I'nw of Jilassachiisctts. 
 
 eUS'TOM-A-BLE-NESS, n. Frequency ; conformity 
 to custom. [Little used.] 
 
 eUS'TO.M-A-HLY, adv. According to custom ; in a 
 customary manner. llaijioard. 
 
 eUS'TOM-A-RI-LV, ado. [See Customarv.] Habit- 
 ually ; commonly. ^"W- 
 
 €US'TO.M-A-Kl-NESS, n. Frequency; commonness; 
 habitual use or practice. 
 
 €US'TO.M-A-RY, a. [Fr. coutumier.] 
 
 1. .According to custom, or to established or com- 
 mon usage ; as, a customary dress ; customanj compli- 
 ments. 
 
 Si. Habitual ; in common practice ; as, customary 
 vices. 
 
 3. Holding by custom ; as, ejistomary tenants, who 
 are copy-holders. 
 
 4. Held by custom ; as, a customary freehold. 
 eUS'TO.\l-A-RY, n. [Fr. coutumier, coustumier.] 
 
 A book containing laws and usages, or customs ; 
 as, the customary of the Normans. Cowel. 
 eUS'TO.M-£0, (kus'tumd,) a. Usual ; common ; to 
 which we are accustomed. [See Accustomed.] 
 
 •2. Furnished with customers. Bacon. 
 eUS'TO.M-ER, n. One who frequents any place of 
 sale for the sake of purchasing goods ; one who pur- 
 chases goods or wares. 
 
 •J. One who frequents or visits any place for pro- 
 curing what he wants. We say a mill has many cus- 
 tomers. Hence, a |)crson who receives supplies is 
 called a customer ; l/e smith, the shoemaker, and 
 the tailor, have their customers ; and the coll'ee-house 
 has its customers. Hence, perhaps, the phrase an u"-- 
 ly customer, meaning one who is dilticult to deal with 
 
 3. .\ toll-gatherer. [ Obs.] [or manage. 
 
 4. ,\ connuon or lewd woman. Shak. 
 eUS'TOM-HOUSE, it. The house where vessels en- 
 
 " ter and clear, and where the customs are paid, or se- 
 cured to 1m» paid. 
 
 eUS'TO.M-SIIRUNK, o. Having a diminished num- 
 ber of customers. Shak. 
 
 CUS'TOS,n. [L.] A keeper ; as, cujjfo* ftre'cium, the 
 principal clerk of the common pleas ; castas rotulo'- 
 rum, the principal jusliceof the pence in a county, 
 who is keeper of the rolls and records of the sessions 
 of the peace. England. 
 
 eUS'TREL, n. [Qu. Old Fr. coustillier, from L. scu- 
 tum.] 
 
 A buckler-bearer. Also, a vessel for holding wine. 
 fjVu/ in use.] 
 
 eUS'TlI-.M.\-RY, n. A book of laws and customs. 
 
 CUT, V. t. ! prru and pp. Ci T. [.\orm. coin, cut. This 
 word coincides in elements with the VV. cat, a piece, 
 ealeia, to cut, cicta, short, cwtau, to shorten, and with 
 ysgythru, to cut off, to lop, to slired, to carve, which 
 Owen dttduces from ysgtctJi, a push, from irwth, a push 
 or llmist, gielhiatc, to push, thnist, press. Whether 
 cut is derived to us from the Welsh or not, may be a 
 question ; but I have not found the word in any of 
 the Oolhic or Teutonic languages. It is obviously 
 from a common root with the L. cado and cudo, and 
 the primary sense is, to thrust, to drive, to strike ; 
 and to cut off is primarily to strike off. We have 
 proof of this in our own language ; for a stroke 
 with a whip is called a cut, and our common peo- 
 ple, when they urge a person to nde or run with 
 haste, cry out, Cut on, cut on. The fact is the same 
 with many other words which now signify to sepa- 
 rate with an edged tool. See Cl,iss Gd, No. 2, 4, 8, 
 43, 49, 5ti, T)!), and, in a different dialect. Class Gs, 
 No. 5, 6, 28, 32, 40, 41, 42, 67.] 
 
 1. To sciKirate tile parts of any bixly by an edged 
 instrument, either by striking, as with an ax, or by 
 sawing or rubbing ; to make a gn.sh, incision, or 
 notch, which separates the external part of a body ; 
 03, to cut the flesh. It signifies, also, to cut into 
 pieces; to sever or divide; as, to cut timber in the 
 forest. Rut when an entire sep,aratioii of the body 
 is intended, it is usually followed by off, doicn, asun- 
 der, in tifo, in pieces, or other word denoting such 
 severance. "\e shall not cut yourselves," that is. 
 Ye shall not gash your flesh. Deut. xiv. 
 
 2. To hew. 
 
 Tlijr ■rrranu can tJtiU to cut Umber. — 2 Chron. il. 
 
 3. To carve, as meat ; to carve or engrave in sculp- 
 ture JIddison. 
 
 4. To divide ; to cleave, by passing through ; as, a 
 ■hip cuts the briny deep. 
 
 5. To penetrate ; to pierce ; to oflccC deeply ; as, a 
 caicasin cuts to the quick. 
 
 6. To divide, as a pack of cards ; as, to cut and 
 shuflle. 
 
 7. To intersect ; to cross. One line cuts another at 
 right angles. The ecliptic cuts the equator. 
 
 8. To castrate. 
 
 To cut across ; to pass by a shorter course, so as to 
 cut off an angle or distance. 
 
 To cut asunder; to cut into pieces; to divide; to 
 sever. 
 
 He hnUi cut asunder the conU of 'he wicked. — P». cxxix. 
 To cut down ; to fell ; to cause to fall by severing. 
 
 Yc iliall cut douin Uii-ir giov. s. — Kl. xxiiv. 
 
 Hence, to depress ; to abash ; to humble ; to shame ; 
 to silence ; as, his eloquence cuts down the finest ora- 
 tor. Jiddison. 
 [This phrase is not elegant, but is in popular itsr.] 
 To cut off; to separate one part friim another; as. 
 to cut off 11 finger, or an arm ; to cut ojf the right hand 
 figure ; to cut off a letter or syllable. 
 
 2. To destroy ; to extirpate ; to put to death un- 
 timely. 
 
 Jpicly-l ait of the prophets of the Lord. — 1 Kings xviii. 
 E»il-doera shidi !«-■ cut o/. — 1'«. xxxrii. 
 
 3. To separate ; to remove to a distance, or to pre- 
 vent all intercourse. A man in another country, or 
 in prison, is cut off from his country or his friends. 
 
 4. To interrupt ; !is, to cut off communication. 
 
 5. To separate ; to remove ; to take away ; as, to 
 cut off ten years of life. 
 
 G. To intercept ; to hinder from return, or union. 
 The troops were cut off from the ships. 
 
 7. To end ; to finish ; as, to cut off:M controversy. 
 
 8. To prevent or preclude ; as, to cut off' all occa- 
 sion of blame. 
 
 9. To preclude or shut out. The sinner cuts him- 
 self off from the benefits of Christianity. 
 
 10. To stop, interrupt, or silence. 
 
 The jutlg« cut o_/rtIic couniiel yery short. Bacon, 
 
 To cut on ; to hasten ; to run or ride with the ut- 
 most speed ; a vulgar phrase. 
 
 2. To urge or drive in striking; to quicken blows ; 
 to hasten. 
 
 To cut out ; to remove a part by cutting or carving ; 
 as, to cut out a piece from a board ; to cut out the 
 tongue. Hence, 
 
 2. To slia|)e or form by cutting ; as, to cut out a 
 garment ; to cut out an image ; to cut out a wood in- 
 to walks. Hence, 
 
 3. To scheme ; to contrive ; to prepare ; as, to cut 
 out work for another day. So vvc say, to strike out. 
 
 4. To shape ; to adapt. He is not cut out for an 
 author. [JVol elegant] 
 
 5. To debar. [A*ot common.] Pope. 
 
 6. To take the preference or precedence of ; as, to 
 cut out a prior judgment creditor. Kcnt^ 
 
 7. To step in and t:ikc the place of, as in courting 
 and dancing. [j3 vulgar phrase.] 
 
 8. To interfere as a horse, when the shoe of one 
 foot beats off the skin of the pastern joint of another. 
 
 To cut out a ship, is to enter a harbor, and seize and 
 carry off a ship by sudden attack. 
 
 To cut short ; to hinder from proceeding by sudden 
 interruption. 
 
 Achilles cut him thorU Dryden. 
 
 2. To shorten ; to abriilge ; as, to cut short of pro- 
 visions or pay ; to cut the matter short. 
 
 To cut up ; to cut in pieces ; as, to cut up beef. 
 
 2. To eradicate ; to cut off; as, to cut up shrubs. 
 
 7*0 cut aequaiiUaiue with any one, or to cut onc^s 
 acquaintance, is to meet him in tlie street or else- 
 where, and pretend not to see or recognize him. 
 CUT, u. I. To pass into or through and sever ; to enter 
 and divide the parts ; as, an instrument cuts well. 
 
 2. To be severed by a cutting instrument ; as, this 
 
 3. To divide by passing, [fruit cuts easy or smooth. 
 
 The teeUi are ready to cut. Arbuihnot, 
 
 4. To prrfonn a surgical operation by cutting, es- 
 pecially in lithotomy. 
 
 He irtTe<l lire* by cutting for the alone. Pope. 
 
 5. To interfere, as a horse. 
 
 To cut in ; to divide, or turn a card, for determining 
 who arc to play. 
 CUT, pp. or a. Gashed ; divided ; hewn ; carved ; 
 intersected ; pierced ; deeply affected ; castrated. 
 
 Cut and dried ; prepared for use ; a metaphor from 
 hewn timber. 
 
 CUT, II. The action of an edged instrument ; a stroke 
 or blow, as with an ax or sword. 
 
 2. A cleft ; a gash ; a notch ; a wound ; the open- 
 ing made by an edged instrument, distinguished by 
 its length from that maile by perforation with a point- 
 
 3. A stroke or blow with a whip, [cd instrument. 
 
 4. A channel made by cutting or digging; a ditch ; 
 a groove ; a furniw ; a canal. 
 
 5. A part cut otT from the rest ; as, a good cut of 
 beef; a cut of timber. Also, any small piece or 
 shretl. 
 
 6. A ne,ar passage, by which an angle is cut off; 
 05, a shorter cut. 
 
 7. A picture cut or carved on wood or metal, and 
 impressed from it. Brown. 
 
 8. The stamp on which a picture is carved, and jy 
 wliirh it is impressed. 
 
 9. The act of dividing a park of cards. Also, the 
 right to divide ; as, whose cut is it .'' 
 
 10. Manner in which a tiling is cut ; form ; shape ; 
 fa.sliion ; as, tliu cut of a garment ; the rut of hia 
 bearil. Stitlingjleet. 
 
 11. A fool ; a cully ; a gelding. [JVat m use.] 
 
 To draw cuti, is to draw lots, as of I>aper, 4ic., cut 
 of unetpial lengths. Rich. Diet. 
 
 Cut and long lad ; men of all kinds ; a proverbial 
 erpression borrowed from dogs. 
 
 eU-TA'NE-OUS, a. [Sec Cuticle.] Rclonging to 
 the skill, or cutis ; exLsting on, or affecting the skin ; 
 as, a cutaneous disease ; cutaneous eruption. 
 
 COTE, a. [acute.] Clever ; sharp, [f'ulg.] .9sh. 
 
 eUTll, in Saxon, signifies known, or famous. Hence, 
 Cuf/iwin, a famous conqueror; CufArcd, a famous or 
 knowing counselor ; CuUibert, known bright, or fa- 
 mous for skill. Gibson. 
 
 eC'TI-CLE, «. [L. cutieula, dim. of cutis, skin, the 
 same as hide, wliich see.] 
 
 1. The scarf-skin ; the thin, exterior coat of the 
 skin, which rises in a blister; a thin pellucid mem- 
 brane covering the true skin. 
 
 2. The thin, external covering of the bark of a 
 plant. It serves to prevent too rajiid perspiration, 
 and is furnished with respiratory openings called 
 stomata. Brandc. 
 
 3. A thin skin formed on the surface of liquor. 
 
 J^~ewton. 
 
 CU-TIC'lJ-I.AR, a. Pertaining to the cuticle or exter- 
 nal coat of the skin. 
 
 CUT'L.\SS, 71. [Fr. coutrlas ; Arm. contelaf.en ! IL 
 eoltellaccio ; Port, cutelo. This word seems tit be from 
 the L. cultellus, at lea.st the Italian and French are 
 so ; and n in the .Ariiioric is casual, as in other words 
 in that dialect. 'I'he curteleaxi or curtelax of some 
 authors, and curtojr, seem to be corrupted, or they are 
 from Sp. cortiir, L. curto, to cut. Cutlas would, 
 from the etymology, be a more correct orthography.] 
 A broad, curving sword; a hanger; usetl by sol- 
 diers in the cavalry, by seamen, &c. 
 
 CUT'LER, 71. [Fr. coutelier; Norm, cotcllcr ; Arm. 
 contellcr (IT couldUiur ; VoTt. cutileiro ; It. coUellinaio ; 
 from L. culter, a knife.] 
 
 One whose occupation is to make knives and other 
 cutting instruments. 
 
 eUT'LER-Y, »!. The business of making knives ; or, 
 7iiorc generally, knives and other edged instruments 
 in gi iieral. 
 
 CUT'LET, n. [Fr. cutellctte, a little side or rib; cSti, 
 side.] 
 
 A small piece of meat for cooking; as, uveal cutlet. 
 
 eUT'PlJRSE, 71. [cut and purse.] One who cuLs 
 purses for stealing them or their contents ; a practice 
 said to have been common wliirn men wore purses at 
 their girdles. One who steals from the person ; a 
 thief; a robber. Sh^il:. Bentley. 
 
 eUT'TER, 71. One who cuts or hews. 
 
 2. An instrument that cuts; as, a straw-eutter. 
 
 3. .\ fore tooth, that cuts meat, as distinguished 
 from a grinder. 
 
 4. .\ small boat used by ships of war. .Also, a ves- 
 sel with one mast and a stniight running bowsprit, 
 which may be run in upon deck ; rigged nearly like 
 a sloo|). Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. A small one-horse sleigh. .America. 
 G. All officer in the exchequer that provides wood 
 
 for the tallies. 
 7. A ruffian ; a bravo ; a destroyer. [04s.] 
 CUT'-TIIRo.VT, 71. A murderer; an ass,^ssill ; a ruf- 
 fian. South. Dryden. 
 CUT'-TIIRO.VT, a. Murderous ; cruel ; barbarous. 
 
 Carca. 
 
 CUT'TING, ppr. or a. [See Cut.] Dividing by an 
 edged instrument ; cleaving by the stroke or motion 
 of an edged instrument, as by a knife, ax, or saw ; 
 hewing; carving; intersecting; piercing. 
 
 2. a. Piercing the heart ; wounding the feelings ; 
 deeply affecting with shame or remorse; pungent; 
 pitpiant ; satirical ; as, a cutting refiectiun. 
 
 CUT'TING, 71. A separation or division. 
 
 2. A piece cut off; a twig or cion cut off for the 
 purpose of grafting ; as, the cuttings of vines. 
 
 3. An excavation through a hill in constructing a 
 railroad, canal, &c. 
 
 4. The operation of removing a stone from the 
 bladder. 
 
 CUT'TI.NG-LY, adv. In a cutting manner. 
 CUT'TLE, ) n. [Sax. cudel; from the sense of 
 
 CUT'TLE-FISII, j withdrawing or hiding, allied to 
 
 cuddle, W. euiiaa, to hide, Ann. cutoff, or cuddyo, to 
 
 hide.] 
 
 1. A genus of molluscous animals, of the order 
 Cephalopoda and genus Sepia, They have small arms, 
 with serrated cups, by which they lay fast hold of 
 any thing. They have also two tcniacula longer 
 than the arms ; the mouth is in the centre of the 
 arms, and is horny, and hooked like the bill of o 
 liawk. They feed on sprats, lobsters, and other 
 shell-fish. They have a little bladder under the 
 throat, [near the liver, Curier,] from which, when 
 pursued, they throw out a black liquor that darken* 
 
 TONE, BULL, ^NITE. — AN"GER, VT'CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; B as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
CYC 
 
 the water, by which moans Ihey escape. Hence, 
 euttle is used for a foul-moutlied fellow ; one who 
 blackens the character of another. Encyc Shak, 
 2. A knife. [jVut in lue.] Sliak. 
 
 eUT'TY-STOOL, n. A small raised seat or gallery 
 in old Scottish churches, where female offenders 
 against chastity were formerly seated during three 
 Sundays, and publicly rebuked by their minister. 
 
 JValUr ScutU Jamieson, 
 
 eUT'-WA-TER, n. The fore part of a ship's prow, 
 or knee'of the head, which cuts the water. Also, a 
 water-fowl, a species of gull ; or rather, the Rhyn- 
 cops, or razor-bill. 
 
 eUT'-WORK, (-wurk,) n. Embroidery. {JVot in iise.] 
 
 eUT'-WOR.M, n. A name given to any caterpillar 
 dwelling on the earth, which eats or cuts away the 
 young plants of cabbage, corn, beans, &c. Oardiier. 
 
 CWT. ; an abbreviation of hundred weight. , 
 
 CY'.\N-ATE, 71. A saline compound of cyanic acid 
 with a base. Ure. 
 
 CY-A.\'ie ACID, n. A compound of cyanogen and 
 oxygen. 
 
 CY'A.V-ID, n. A basic compound of cyanogen with 
 
 some other element or compound. 
 CV'.\-.\rTE. See Kva.mte. 
 
 CY-A.\'0-GEN, h. [Gr. K\>avo(, blue, and ■jtvvaui,r.o 
 beget.] 
 
 A compound acidifying and hasifying principle, 
 composed of one equivalent of nitrogen and two of 
 carbon. It is an essential ingredient in prussian 
 blue, and is a gas which has an odor like that of crush- 
 ed peach leaves, and burns with a rich purple flame. 
 
 C5-AN-O.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. Kvavoi and //troto).] 
 An instrument to ascertain degrees of blueness, or 
 the azure color of the ocean or sky. Humboldt. 
 
 CY-AN'U-RET, 71. A basic compound of cyanogen 
 and some other element or compound. More cor- 
 rectly, CVANID. 
 
 C?-AX-l|'R[e AC'ID, 71. A crjstallizable acid ob- 
 tained by decomposing urea by heat. Brands. 
 
 CS-.-VTiri-FOR-M, a. [L. ctjalhus, a cup; Gr. 
 
 In the form of a cup, or drinking-glass, a little 
 widened at the top. Lee. 
 CV-e.\'DE-.\, n. A natural order of plants, holding 
 an intermediate place between paluiri, ferns, and tlie 
 pine-tribe or coiiiferce, hut approaching nearer to the 
 last. They are natives of tropical climates. 
 
 PartingtoTU 
 
 CYe'LA-Di5S, 71. [Gr. /tDvXrjs, a circle.] 
 
 A number of isles arranged round the [sle of Delos, 
 
 in the Grecian Sea, in the form of a circle. 
 CYCLA-MEN, «. [h.] In botany, sow-bread. 
 CV'GLE, 71. [Gr. <i.<cAu4, L. cijclus, an orb or circle ; 
 
 It. cioiral. (iu. Eng. g-i>,- Ch. Ileb. Jin. Class Gk, 
 
 No. 16.] 
 
 1. In chronology, a period or series of numbers, 
 which regularly proceed from first to last, and then 
 return to the first, in a perpetual circle. Hence, 
 
 2. The cycle of the moon, or golden number, or me- 
 tonic cycle, so called from its inventor, .Meton, is a 
 period of nineteen years, which being completed, tlie 
 new and full moons return on the same days of the 
 month. 
 
 3. The cycle of the sun, or solar cycle, is a period of 
 twenty-eight years, which having elapsed, the do- 
 minical or Sunday letters return to their former place, 
 and proceed in the former order, according to the 
 Julian calendar. 
 
 4. Cycle of iiuliclion, a period of fifteen yea.-s, at 
 the end of which the Roman emperors imposed an 
 extraordinary tax, to pay the soldiers, who were 
 obliged to serve in the army for that period and no 
 longer. 
 
 5. A round of years, or period of time, in which 
 the same course begins again ; a periodical space of 
 time. Holder. 
 
 6. An imaginary orb or circle in the heavens. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 CyI'u^'aL, i Pertaining to a cycle. 
 
 Cyclic poets { a term applied to certain epic poets 
 who followed Homer, and wrote merely on the Tro- 
 jan war, keeping within the circle oivi single subject. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 Cyclic rjioriui; the chorus which performed the 
 songs and dances of the Dithyrambic odes at Ath- 
 ens, dancing round the altar of Uucchus in a circle. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 CYe'LO-GRAI'H, n. [Gr. /tuxXos, circle, and > ji,t^o>, 
 to describe.] 
 
 An instrument for describing the arcs of circles, 
 where compassirs can not he conveniently employed. 
 It is chiefly used in drawing flat segments, or curva- 
 tures which approiich nearly to straight lijies. Qwdt. 
 CY'CLOII), 71. [Gr. <rtii[A»s, circle, and ii/m, form.] 
 
 A geometrical curve on which depends the doc- 
 trine of pendulums. 
 
 The genesis of a cycloid may be conceived by 
 imagining a nail in the circumference of a wheel ; 
 the line which the nail describes in the air, whde the 
 whc«l rcvolvei in a right line, is the cycloid. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Cf-CLOID'AL, a. Pertaining or relating to a cycloid ; 
 
 CYM 
 
 as, the cycloidal space is the sjiace contained between 
 a cvcloid and its base. Chambers. 
 
 CY-€LOID'I-ANS, 7i. pi. The fourth order of fishes, 
 according to the arrangement of Agassiz, having 
 smooth scales, as the herring and salmon. 
 
 CY€'LO-LlTE, 71. A name given to Madrepores. 
 
 DicU JVat. IRst. 
 
 CV-CLOM'E-TRY, ji. [Gr. kvkXos, circle, and perpcw, 
 to measure.] 
 The art of measuring cycles or circles. Wallis. 
 
 Cf-eLO-PlO'AN, a. [from Cyclops.] Pertaining to 
 the Cyclops, fabulous giants of antiquity ; vast ; ter- 
 rific. Hall. 
 
 The term is also applied to the remains of a rude 
 and very massive kind of architecture, of the earli- 
 est ages, demanding an enormous exertion of physi- 
 , cal force. Fosbrooke. 
 
 CY-CLO-FE'DI-A, ) 7!. [Gr. KfitXot, circle, and thi- 
 
 CS-€LO-P.«;'DI-A, i 6ii J, discipline, erudition.] 
 The circle or compass of the arts and sciences ; 
 circle of human knowledge. Hence, the book or 
 books that contain treatises on every branch of the 
 arts and sciences, arranged under proper heads, in 
 alphabetical order. [See Encyclopedia.] 
 
 C5-€LOP'ie. a. Pertaining to the Cyclops ; gigantic ; 
 savage. Bryant. 
 
 C^'CLOPS, 71. 5171^. and pi. [Gr. KvxXuxp; kvkXo;, a 
 circle, and oji//, an eye.] 
 
 1. In /u/ih/ous /iiston7, a class of giants, thesons of 
 Neptune and Ampliitrite, who had but one circular 
 eye in the midst of the forehead. They inhabited 
 Sicily, and a.ssisted Vulcan in making thunderbolts 
 for Jupiter. Lcmpriere. 
 
 2. A family of minute Crustacea, found both in 
 fresh and salt water. They are so abundant in some 
 parts of the ocean as to afford food for the whalebone 
 whale, and give a reddish tint to the waters. These 
 animals were so named because the two eyes form a 
 single minute spot on the center of the head, and till 
 lately they were supposed to have but one eye. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 CS'-€LOS'TO-MOUS, 0. [Gr. kvk\o( and trro/ia.] 
 Having a circular mouth or aperture, as certain 
 molluscous animals. Kirby. 
 C^'DER. See Cider. 
 
 CYG'NET, 71. [L. cy^us, cycnus, a swan; Gr. kvk- 
 
 fOf.] 
 
 A young swan. S7i«/f. 
 CYL'IN-DER, 71. [Gr. icuXii'^.oof, from K\i\ivf:u>, to 
 roll, from KvAiCJ, id.; Ij. cylindriis i Sp. cilindro ; It. 
 
 id. ; Fr. cylindre ; Ileb. Ch. hh^, Ar. jL::> gaula, to 
 roll.] 
 
 In geometry, a solid body supposed to be generated 
 by the rotation of a parallelogram round one of its 
 sides ; or a long, circular body, of uniform diameter, 
 and its extremities forming equal parallel circles. 
 
 Encyc. Bailey. 
 CYL-I.\-DRA'CEOUS, a. Cylindrical. [£Me used.] 
 
 Lee. Bot. 
 
 CYL-IN'DRie, j a. Having the form of a cylin- 
 CYL-IX'DRIC-AL, j der, or partaking of its prop- 
 
 CYLr-lN'DRie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a cyl- 
 inder. 
 
 CYL-IN-DRIC'I-TY, 71. A cylindrical form. 
 CYL-IN'DRI-FOR.VI, a. [cylinder and form.] Having 
 
 the form of a cylinder. 
 CYL'IN-DROID, 71. [cylinder and ci6oi, form.] A 
 
 solid body, approaching to the figure of a cylinder, 
 
 but having the bases or ends elliptical, but parallel 
 
 and equal. Brande. 
 CYL-IN-DRO-MET'Rie, a. Belonging to a scale used 
 
 in measuring cylinders. Jlsh. 
 CS'M.\, 71. [Gr. itu/ia, a wave.] 
 
 In architecture, a member or molding of the cornice, 
 
 the profile of which is waving, that is, concave at 
 
 the lop and convex at the bottom. 
 
 There is also another form, called cyma revcrsa, 
 
 which is concave at the bottom and convex at the 
 
 top, called also ogee. [See, also. Cyme.] Brande. 
 CY-.\1AR', 71. A slight covering; a scarf; properly, 
 
 SiM\n. 
 
 CY-Ma'TIUM, 71. [L. ; Gr. KvpaTiov, a little wave.] 
 A top molding to certain parts of the orders in 
 classic architecture. 
 
 CY.M'B.\L, 71. [L. cymbalam; Gr. KVpffaXov ; It cem- 
 balo.] 
 
 1. A musical instrument of brass, in a circular 
 form, like a dish, producing, when two are struck 
 together, a sharp, ringing sound. 
 
 2. A mean instriinient used by gypsies and va- 
 grants, made of a steel wire, in a triangular form, on 
 which are passed five rings, which are touched and 
 shifted alimg the triangle with an iron rod held in 
 the left hand, while it is supported in the right by a 
 ring, to give it fn e motion. Encyc. 
 
 CYM'UI-FOR.M, a. [L. cymba, a boat, and forma, 
 form.] 
 
 Shaped like a boat. Martyn. 
 
 CS'Ma' i "■ I-''''" 'etusi from swell.] 
 1. Literally, a sprout, particularly of the cabbage. 
 
 CYP 
 
 Technically, an aggregate of flowers composed of sev- 
 eral florets sitting on a receptacle, producing all the 
 primary peduncles from the same point, but having 
 the partial peduncles scattered and irregular ; all fas- 
 tigiate, or forming a flat surface at the top. It is 
 naked or with bracts. Martyn. 
 
 2. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications 
 of which is arrested, so that it has the appearance 
 of an umbel. Lindley. 
 
 CYM'LING, 71. A sort of squash. Virginia. 
 
 CVMOID, a. Having the form of a cyme. 
 
 CYM'O-PHaNE, 71. [Gr. itu;ia, a wave, and ijiaivu, 
 to appear.] 
 
 A mineral, called also chrysoberyl. Its color is 
 green, of different shades ; its fracture conchoidal or 
 undulated, and in hardness it ranks next to the sap- 
 phire. Hariy. Cleavelnnd. 
 
 CY-MOPH'A-NOUS, o. Hav/hg a wavy, floating light; 
 opalescent ; chatoyant. 
 
 CY'MoSE, ) a. Containing a cyme ; in the form of a 
 
 CY'MOUS, \ cvme. Martyn. 
 
 CY-N.\N''eHE, (se-nan'ke,) 71. [Gr. Kvvayxii, a dog- 
 collar, angina ; Kinov, a dog, and ajx<^> '0 press or 
 bind ; to suffocate.] 
 
 A disease of the throat or windpipe, attended with 
 inflammation, swelling, and difficulty of breathing 
 and swaUowing. It is of several kinds, and compre- 
 hends the quinsy, croup, and malignant sore throat. 
 
 CY-NAN'THRO-PY, 71. [Gr. kvuiv, a dog, and uitf.ow- 
 iTos, man.] 
 
 A kind of madness in which men have the quali- 
 ties of dogs. Chalmers. 
 CY-VAP'I-NA ^ 
 
 QY^.^,pj^ ' f 71. An alkaloid obtained from iEthu- 
 CYN'A-PINE J Cynapium, or fiiols'-parsley. 
 CYN-ARe-TO.M'A-CHY, ?i. [Gr. Kvuiy, a dog, aoKTo;, 
 a bear, and fiaxn, a fight.] 
 
 Bear-baiting with a dog. [-4 barbarous word.] 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 CYN-E-6ET'ieS, 71. The art of hunting with dogs. 
 
 CYN'ie, a. Pertaining to the dog-star. The year de- 
 termined by the heliacal rising of the dog-star, (3(i5 
 days, G hours,) was called the Sothic, Cynic, or Ca- 
 nicular year; that of 3115 days, (the civil year,) was 
 called the vague year, from its continually changing 
 in relation to the sejisons : the period from one coin- 
 cidence of the Sothic and civd years to another, 
 (1400 Sothic and 1461 civil years,) was cahed the 
 Sothic period and the cynic cycle. 
 
 CYN'ie, ) a. [Gr. /fun/cos, canine, from Kvojf, a 
 
 CYN'ie-AL, ( dog.] 
 
 Having the qualities of a suiiy dog ; snarling ; cap- 
 tious ; surly ; currish ; austere. 
 
 Cynic spasm ; a kind of convulsion, in which the 
 patient imitates the howling of dogs. Encyc- 
 
 CYN'ie, 71. A man of a canine temper; a surly or 
 snarling man or philosopher; a misanthrope. [See 
 Cynics.] Shali. 
 
 CYN'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a snarling, captious, or mo- 
 rose manner. Bacon. 
 
 CYN'ie-AL-NESS, 77. Moroseness; contempt of rich- 
 es and amusements. 
 
 CYN'I-CIS.M, 71. The practice of a cynic ; a rnorose 
 contempt of the pleasures and arts of life. 
 
 Prof. Emerson. 
 
 CYN'ieS, 71. pi. [Gr. Kwcs, dogs.] 
 
 In ancient history, a sect of snarling philosophers, 
 who valued themselves on their contempt of riches, 
 of arts, sciences, and amusements. Diogenes be- 
 longed to this sect. They are said to owe their ori- 
 gin to .■\ntisthenes of Athens. Encyc. 
 CYN'O-SURE, (sin'o-shure or si'no-shure,) 71. [Gr. 
 icui'OffoDpa, the tail of the dog.] 
 
 A name given to the constellation of the Lesser 
 Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes 
 of mariners and travelers were formerly directed. 
 Hence, the term has been used by poets to describe 
 any thing to which attention is strongly turned ; as 
 in the lines of Milton .- 
 
 Where pprhiips some beauty lici, 
 The cynosure of neighhohng eyo«. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 C^'ON. See Cion. 
 
 CY'PHER. See Cipher. 
 
 CYPH'ON-IS.M, 71. [Gr. KV'Pof.] 
 
 A species of punishment frequently used by the 
 ancients, consisting in the besmearing of the crimi- 
 nal with honey, and exposing him to insects. 
 
 C^'PRESS, 71. [L. cuprcssus; Gr. Kvirnoicraos.] 
 
 I. The popular name of a genus of [ilants or trees. 
 The most remarkable are the sempervirens, or com- 
 mon cypress, the evergreen American cypress, or 
 white cedar, and the disticha, or deciduous Ameri- 
 can cypress. 'I'he wood of these trees is remarkable 
 for il.s durability. The coftins in which the Athenian 
 heroes and the mummies of Egypt were deposited, 
 are said to have been made of the first species. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 a. The emblem of mourning for the dead, cypress 
 branches having been anciently used at funerals. 
 Hail BUCCCM ntlciuled lh« Ainericaiia, the deftlh of Wiirrcn would 
 
 have been mlficient to (Imnp the Joyi of victory, and tiit 
 tvpTM wouM have been uiiitiid wlLli the laiin-l. 
 
 £lilll'< Biof. 
 
 FITE, FAE, PALL, WHAT MttTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- 
 
 296 
 
DAC 
 
 DAG 
 
 DAI 
 
 CYP'RI-AN, a. BcloiiKiiiK to the Island of Cyprus. 
 
 2. A U-tm applii il to u lewd wmnan. 
 CYP'RIN, o. Pertaining totlie fi.-ili of the genus Cyp- 
 rinus. 
 
 CYP'IM-OT, II. An inhabitant of Oypnis. 
 
 Ct'PKlS, n. ; pi. C'vi'k.uks. A sprcies of frcsh-walftr 
 Crustacea, which swim by means of cilia; they 
 swarm in stagnant water. Jlantrll. 
 
 CV'l'ltllS, «. A thin, transparent, black stutV. Shale 
 
 CYK-K-NA'ie, a. Pertaining to Cyrene. 
 
 CVR-I-O-L()0'ie, a. [Gr. Kupias, chief, and Xoyo;, 
 discourse.] 
 
 Relating or pertaining to oapital letters. Encyc. 
 CyT'TIS ("• [Gr.«i'<7r<«, a bladder.]" 
 
 A bag or tunic which Include!) morbid matter in 
 animal bodies. Knr.yc. 
 
 CYST'ie, o. Pertaining to a cyst, or contained in a 
 cyst. 'J'hc cijxtic duct is the menibninous canal that 
 C(mveys the bile from tlic hepatic duct into the gall- 
 bladder. The cij.'^tic artery is a branch of the hepatic. 
 
 CYST'INK, n. A kind of calculus formed in the hu- 
 man lilac'der. It was formerly called ci/sdV nitjj. 
 CYti-TI'Tf.S, n. Inllannnatiou of the bladder. 
 
 Uranilt'. 
 
 CYS'TO-CiiLE, )i. [Gr. Kvam, a bladder, and kiiX'i, 
 a tumor.] 
 
 A hernia or rupture formed by the protrusion of 
 tlie urinary bladiler. Hooper. 
 
 CYST'C^SE, a. Containing cysts. 
 
 CYS-TOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. Kvanf, a bladder, and TtpL- 
 tio>, to cut.] 
 
 Tlic act or practice of opening cysts ; particularly. 
 
 the operation of cutting into the bladder for the ex- 
 traction of a stone or otlicr extraneous matter. 
 
 _ Brande, 
 
 CVTH-K-Kk'AN, a. Pertaining to the goddess Venus. 
 
 CYT'I-SIi\, II. A vegemble proximate principle found 
 in the Cytisus laburnum, and otlier plants. It is an 
 active medicine. 
 
 CYT'I-SCS, n. A slirub or tree ; also, a genus of trees ; 
 treetrefoil. 
 
 CZ.'iR, n. A king ; a chief; a title of the emperor of 
 Russia; pronounced (tar, and so written by good 
 authors. 
 
 CZA-RT'NX, (za-re'na,) n. A title of the empress of 
 Russia. 
 
 CZAU'lSH, a. Pertaining to the cz.ir of Russia. 
 CZAR'O-WITZ, n. The title of the eldest son of the 
 c/.ar of Russia. 
 
 D. 
 
 Din the English alphabet, Is the fourth letter and 
 ; th<^ third articulation. It holds the sniiie place in 
 the Enclish as in l\\r Chaldee, S> ri:ic, Hebrew, 
 Samaritan, Greek, and l.atiu alplialitts. In the 
 Arabic, it is the eiglilh ; in the Russian, the fifth ; 
 and in the Elhiopic, the niiieti enth letter. 
 
 1) is a dent.al articulation, formed by placing the 
 end of the tongue against the gum just abovi; the 
 upper teeth. It is nearly allied to T, but is not so 
 close a letter, or rather it does not interrupt the voice 
 so suddenlv as T, and in forming the articulation, 
 there is a lingual and nasal sound, which h.is induced 
 some writers to rank D among the lingual letters. 
 It has but one sound, as in ilu, din, bad; and is never 
 quiescent in English words, except in a rapid utter- 
 ance of such words as handkerchief. 
 
 As u numeral, I) represents j!cc hundred, and when 
 a dash or stroke is placed over it, thus, D, it denotes 
 Jive thousand. 
 
 As an abbreviation, D. stands for Doctor ; as, M. D. 
 Doctor of Medicine ; D. T. Doctor of Theoloiry, or 
 S. T. D. Doctor of Sacred Theology ; I). D. Doctor of 
 Divinity, ot dono dcdil : D. D. D. dot, dicat, dedicat; 
 and D. D. D. D. dignum Deo donum dcdit. 
 DAD, c. (. [Fr. daiiAcr, or from the same root. It has 
 the elements ofdip, dub, and tap, Gr. ruirroj, and of 
 daub. Class Db, .\o. a, 21, 28, 5S.] 
 
 1. To strike gently with the hand ; to slap ; to 
 box. Baitnj. 
 
 2. To strike gently vvith some soft or moist sub- 
 stance ; as, to dab a sore with lint. Sharp. 
 
 DAB, n, A gentle blow with the hand. 
 
 2. A sni.ill lump or mass of any thing soft or moist. 
 
 3. Something moist or slimy thrown on one. 
 
 4. In sportire language, an expert man ; as, a dab 
 at making an index. Ooldsmith. 
 
 5. A small, flat fish, allied to the flounder, of the 
 genus Platissa, of a dark brown color. 
 
 D.AH'HKD, (dabd,) pp. Struck with something moist. 
 D.AB'Bl.N'G, ppr. Striking gently with something 
 moist. 
 
 D.\B'BI.E, F. f. [llcb. S3a tabnl, or from the root of 
 dip, Goth, daapyan, Belgic dabbcn or dabbelen. Sec 
 Dip.] 
 
 Literally, to dip a little or often ; hence, to wet ; to 
 moisten ; to spatter ; to wet by little dips or strokes ; 
 to sprinkle. Sif(/'/. IVuiemaiu 
 
 DAB'BLE, r. i. To play in water; to dip the hands 
 throw water, and spl.ish about ; to play in mud and 
 water. 
 
 2. To do any thing in a slight or superficial m.in 
 ner ; to tamper ; to touch here and there. 
 
 You have, I Uijiik, bc^-fi dnhbiing with Uic Icxl. Atterbury. 
 
 3. To meddle ; So dip into a concern. 
 DAB'BLER, n. One who plays in water or mud. 
 
 2. Une who dips slightly into any tiling ; one who 
 
 medilles without going to the bottom ; a superficial 
 
 meddler; .xs, a dabbler in politics. 
 D.\B'HLL\G, ppr. or 0. Dipping superficially or 
 
 often ; playing in water, or in mud ; nicddlinc. 
 DAU'lil.I.NG, n. The art of dipping su|icrfici.ally into 
 
 or luecldling with any thing. 
 I)AU1!I,I.\G-LY, a/r. In a dabbling manner. 
 DAlt'CllICK, n. [rf.iA, or </ij), and cAici.] A water 
 
 fowl, a sjiecies of grebe. Jardine. 
 DAB'STER, n. [Uu. from adept, with sUr, Sox 
 
 stioran, to steer.] 
 One who is skilled ; one who is expert ; a mxster 
 
 of his business. [J^'ot an elegant aord.] [Sec Dap 
 
 PER.] 
 
 DX CX'PO, (di-kA'po,) [It.] In miuie, a direction 
 to return to, and eu 1 with, the first stniin. 
 
 D.\CE. 11. [ I), dans. Ciu. Fr. rcndtfivc] 
 
 .\ tish, the Cyprinus IcueiMus ; a small river fish of 
 a bright silvery color. IValton. 
 
 DACTYL, II. [Gr. iaKrvXuf, a finger; L. dactylus ; 
 
 probably a shoot. See Digit.] 
 
 A poetical foot, consisting of three syllables, the 
 
 first long, and the others short, like the joints of a 
 
 fincer; as, t^gmtni, ctlrm'fnt'. 
 D.\e'TYL-.\R, a. Pertaining to a dactyl ; reducing 
 
 from three to two syllables. Scott's Kssat/.*. 
 
 DAC'TYL-ET, n. A dactyl. Bp. Hall. 
 
 D.AC-TYI.'ie, a. Pertaining to or consisting chiefly 
 
 or wholly of dactyls ; as, dactylic verses ; a dactylic 
 
 flute, a flute consisting of uneipial intervals. Kncyc. 
 D.\C-TYL'ie, H. Aline consisting chiefly or wholly 
 
 of dactvls. 
 
 D.\e'TYL-IST, n. [from dactyl.] One who writes 
 
 flowing verse. tVarlon. 
 DAC-TYL'O-GLYPH, n. [Gr. (5a«riiXuj, 'finger, and 
 
 vXmtiw, to engr.ive.] 
 The inscription of the name of the artist on a 
 
 finger ring or gem. Brandc. 
 DAC-TYL-OG'RA-PHY,7i. [Gr.JukruAos and yoaipu, 
 
 to write.] 
 
 The science or art of gem engraving. Brande. 
 DA€-TYI,-0L'0-6Y, n. [Gr. doKrvUs, finger, and 
 Xoyo^, discourse.] 
 
 1. The act or the art of communicating ideas or 
 thoughts by the fingers. Deaf and dumb persons ac- 
 quire a wonderful dexterity in this art. 
 
 2. The science which treats of the history and 
 qualities of finger rings. Klma. 
 
 DAC-TYL'O-.MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. iuKTuXos and pau- 
 
 Tticn, divination.]^ 
 Divination by hnger rings. Elme.^. 
 DAD, j 71. [W. tad; Ir. laid; Arm. tad; Com. 
 D.\D'DY, i tad or Mi; ancient L. tata; Port, (nifa; 
 
 Gypsy, dad, datla ; Sans, tada ; Hindoo, dada ; Kuss. 
 
 tiatia ; Finn, taat.] 
 
 Father ; o mini used by infanU, from whom it is 
 
 taken. The first articulations of infants or young 
 
 children are dental or labial ; dental, in tad, dad, and 
 
 labial, in mamma, papa. 
 D.XD'IJLE, r. i. To do anything slowly; to w;ilk 
 
 with tottering, like a child or an old man. [LUtle 
 
 used.] 
 
 DADE, V. t. To hold up by leading-strings. [Little 
 tLtcd. ] Drayton. 
 
 DA'DO, 71. ('Ital., a die.] The die or square part of a 
 pedestal ; the cubical base of a column. Tlwmson. 
 
 DAD'DOCK, n. The rotten body of a tree. 
 
 D.'E'D.AL, a. [L. Decdalus, Gr. AllltnXo(^ an ingenious 
 artist, who made the Cretan labyrinlii.j 
 
 1. Various ; variegated. Spenser. 
 
 2. Skillful. 
 
 D.*;-DA'LI-AX, a. [See Djedal.] Formed with art ; 
 intricate ; m,izc-like. 
 
 DiED'A-LOUS, a. [from Dadalus.] Having a mar- 
 gin with various windings and turnings; of a beau- 
 tiful and delicate texture ; a term applied to the Irnvej 
 of planU. Jilartyn, Lee. 
 
 D \FFk j "• t'*^*" ^'"■^■^ 
 
 A stupid, blockish follow. [04s.] Chaucer. 
 DAFF, r. t To daunt. fi,ocaJ.] Orose. 
 D.AFF, r. (. To toss aside; to put otr. [See Doff.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DAF'FO-DIL, 71. [D. affodille; G. doppcltc narcisse, 
 double narcissus ; IL a^odillo ; Fr. asphodelc ; L. 
 a.-fpbodelus ; Gr. aciJio^cXoi.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Narcissus, of several species. 
 These have a bulbous root, and beautiful flowers of 
 a deep yellow hue. Encyc. 
 Da FT, a. Insane; foolish; thoughtless; giddy. 
 
 [ ScoUish.] 
 D.VG, n. [Fr. dague, twin thrusting.] 
 
 A dagger; a hand-gun; a pistol. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Burton. 
 
 DAG, 71. Dew. [M>t in use.] 
 
 DAG, 71. [Sax. dag.] 
 
 1. A loose end, as of locks of wool ; called also 
 da^-tocks. Bailey. 
 
 2. A leathern latcheL 
 
 DAG, V. t. To daggle. [JVol in use.] 
 
 2. 'i"o cut into slips. [Oft.?.] Chaucer. 
 DAG'GER,7i. [Vr.daguc; l).ttagge; Arm.dager; Sp. 
 
 daga ; Port, adnga ; It. daga; Ir. daigcar. In G. and 
 
 D. degen is a sword.] 
 
 1. A short sword ; a poniard. Sidney. 
 
 2. In fencing nchools, a blunt blade of iron with a- 
 basket hilt, used for defense. 
 
 3. With printrr.t, an obelisk, or obelus, a mark of 
 reference in the form of a dagger ; thus (f). 
 
 D.\<J'<JER, V. t. To iiierce with a dagger ; to stab. 
 
 DAG'GERS-DR.:\\V-ING, 7i. The act of drawing 
 dajigers ; approach to open attack or to violence ; a 
 quaiTel. SaifL 
 
 D.VG'GLE, (dag'gl,) ». t. [Probably from dag, dew, 
 or its root.J 
 
 To trail in mud or wet grass ; to befoul ; to dirty, 
 as the lower end of a garment. 
 
 DAG'GLE, V. i. To run through mud and water. 
 
 DAG'GL/il), pp. Dipped or trailed in mud or foul 
 water ; befouled. 
 
 D.\G'GLE-TaIL, a. Having the lower ends of gar- 
 ments defiled with mud. 
 
 D.\G'GLir<G, jipr. Drawing along in mud or foul 
 water. 
 
 D.\G'-LOCK, 71. [dag, dew, and lock.] A lock of 
 wool on a sheep that hangs and drags in the wet. 
 [Often pronounced tag-lock.] Orose. 
 
 dAg'-HWA1i\, 71. [rfrtir, a shred.] A kind of carpet. 
 
 D.VG'-TaIL-£D, a. The same as dagglc-tail ; trailed 
 in mud. 
 
 DA-GUERRE'I-AX, (da-gcr're-an,) a. Pertaining to 
 Daguirrc, or to his invention of the daguerreotype. 
 
 DA-GUERRE'O-TYPE, (da-ger'ro-tjpe,) 71. [from 
 Dagucrre, the discoverer.] A method of fixing im- 
 ages of objects by the camera obsciira. A copper 
 sheet, plated with silver, well cleaned with dduted 
 nitric acid, or polished, is exposed to the v.ipor of 
 iodine, which forms a very thin coating. This sheet 
 is placed in the camera obscura, in which it remains 
 a very short time ; it is then taken out and ex- 
 posed to the vapor of mercury ; then heated to 167' 
 Fahrenheit, and the images apjiear as by enchant- 
 ment. 
 
 Da1I'LI,\, 71. [from Da}d,\.\\c name of a Swedish 
 botanist.] 
 
 A South American plant, introduced into Europe 
 by the Spaniards in 1769. It bears a large, beauti- 
 ful, compound Ilower, of every variety of liuo. 
 
 Partington^ 
 
 [This name originally belonged to a shrub grow- 
 ing at the Cape of Good Hope, with flowers of but 
 little beauty.] 
 
 DXH'LINE, n. Inulin, the fecula obtained from ele- 
 campane, resembling starch. Ure, 
 DAl'LI-NESS, 71. Daily occurrence. Taylor. 
 DAI'LY, a. [Sax. dirglic, from dag, day.] 
 
 Ha|ipening or being every d.iy ; done day by day ; 
 bestowed or enjoyed every day ; as, daiiy labor ; a 
 daily allowance. 
 
 Give uj OiU tl.'»y our dnily bread. lard** Prayer. 
 
 DAI'LY, adv. Every day; day by day; as, a thing 
 
 happens daily. 
 D.AINT, n. Something of exquisite taste; a dainty. 
 DAI.\T'I-LV, o</r. [from (/ainty.] Nicely ; elegantly ; 
 
 as, a hat daintily made. [JVot legitimate, nor in use.] 
 
 Bacon 
 
 2. Nicely ; fastidiously ; with nice regard to what 
 is well tasted ; .is, to eat daintily. 
 
 3. Dcliciously ; as, to fare daintily. 
 
 4. Ceremoniously ; scrupulously. 
 
 TONE, BULL, tINITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SB ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 38 
 
 W7 
 
DAL 
 
 DAM 
 
 DAM 
 
 DAINT'I-NESS, n. Delicacy ; foftness : elegance ; 
 nicety ; as, the daintiness of tlie limbs. [ 06s.] 
 
 B. Jiinson. 
 
 9. Pelicacy ; delicioiisness ; applied to food j as, 
 the daintiness of pri)visions. 
 
 3. Nicety in taste ; sqiieamishness ; fastidious- 
 ness ; as, the daintiness of tlie taste. Ifotion. 
 
 4. Ceremoniousness ; scrupulousness ; nice atten- 
 tion to manners. [Ofo.] 
 
 D.AlNT'REL, 71. A delicacy. [JVu< in use] 
 DaINT'Y, a. [W. deintiait; Scot, dainty: from dant, 
 daint, the teeth, L. dens, Gr. ojuuc, Sans, danla.] 
 
 1. Nice; pleasing to the palate; of exquisite taste ; 
 delicious ; as, dainty food. 
 
 HU soul abhorrelh dainty meat. — Job xxxiii. 
 
 2. Delicate ; of acute sensibility ; nice in selecting 
 what is tender and good ; squeamish ; soft ; lu.turi- 
 ous ; as, a dainty taste or palate ; a dainty people. 
 
 3. Scrupulous in manners ; ceremonious. Sliak. 
 
 4. Elegant ; tender ; soft ; pure ; neat ; elfeini- 
 nately beautiful ; as, dainty hands or limbs. Sliak, 
 
 5. Nice ; att'ectedly line ; as, a dainty speaker. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 D.\INT'Y, 71. Something nice and delicate to the 
 taste ; that which is exquisitely delicious ; a delicacy. 
 Be not desirous of dainties, for Uiey are dcceilful meat. — Prov, 
 xxiii, 
 
 2. A term of fondness. [JVot much used-l 
 
 Wliy, tliat's my dainty. Sftak. 
 
 DaI'RY, 71. [This word I have not found in any 
 other language. In Russ. doya signifies to milk, and 
 Junius mentions dey, an old word for milk, and Ice- 
 landic de!^n-ia, to milk. It may be, and probably is, 
 a contracted word.] 
 
 1. Milk, and all Itet concerns it, on a farm ; or 
 the business of managing milk, and of making but- 
 ter and cheese. The whole establishment respecting 
 milk, in a family, or on a farm. 
 
 Grounds were tnrin^d much in England either to feeding or 
 dairy ; and tliis adv.inced llie trade of English butter. 
 
 Temp'A. 
 
 2. The place, room, or house, where milk is set 
 for cream, managed, and converted into butter or 
 cheese. Dryden. 
 
 3. A milk farm or pasture land. Bacon. 
 DaI'RY-HOUSE, j 77. A house or room ap])ri)priated 
 DaI'RY-ROO.M, i to the management of milk. 
 DaI'RY-MaID, 71. A female servant whose business 
 
 is to manage milk. Addison. 
 DaI'RY-ING, 71. The business of conducting a dairy. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 DaIS, (da'is or dase,) 7i. A raised floor at the upper 
 end of the dining-hall, where the high table stood. 
 
 W. Scott. 
 
 Also, a canopy with its scat at the high table. 
 
 DaI'SI-JJD, (di'zid,) a. [See Daisv.] Full of daisies ; 
 adorned with daisies. Shak. 
 
 DaI'SY, 71. [Sax. dxges-egc, day's eye.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Rellis, of several varieties. 
 The blue daisy belongs to the genus Globularia, as does 
 the globe daisy ; the greater or ox-eye daisy belongs 
 to the genus Chrysanthenmm ; and the middle daisy, 
 to the Doronicum. J^arTi. of Plants. 
 
 Da'KER, 71. A dicker ; the number of ten. 
 
 Da'KER-HEN, 71. The corn-crake or land-rail, a 
 bird of the grallic order of Liniiaius. Eil. Encyc. 
 
 Da'KIR, 71. In F.nirlisli statutes, ten hides, or the 
 twentieth part of a lait of hides. Encyc. 
 
 Dale, 71. fGoth. daici; Dan. and Sw. dal ; G. thai; : 
 D. dal; W. dbl; Russ. dol, udol, and doline ; allied, 
 perhaps, to dell. The Welsh d&l signifies a winding, 
 bend, or meaniler, and a dale through which a river 
 runs; a band, a ring, cfcc. In D. daalcn signifies to 
 descend, to sink.] 
 
 A low place between hills ; a vale or valley ; a 
 poetic word. 
 
 DAL'LI-ANCE, 71. [See Dai.lv.] /.iVcraHy, delay ; a 
 lingering ; appropriately, acts of fondness ; inter- 
 change of caresses ; toying, as males and females ; 
 as, youthful dalliance. Milton. 
 
 2. Conjugal embraces ; commerce of the sexes. 
 
 Jl/l//071. 
 
 3. Delay. [Obs.] Shak. 
 DAI,'LI./2I>, (dai'lid,) pp. Delayed ; deferred. 
 DAI,'LI-ER, 71. One who fondles; a triller ; as, a 
 
 dullier with pleasant words. Ascliam. 
 DAI/I-Y, V. i. l\V. ddl or dala, to hold, bear, keep, 
 Btop ; Ann. duira, lo slop or retard ; Ir. dail, delay ; 
 Kuss. dlyu. The sense of holding is often connected 
 with that of extending, drawing out in time ; Ar. 
 
 ^LjS taula, to prolong, to delay. Class III, No. 20. 
 Sec, also, No. 24, 99.] 
 
 1. /.itrrally, lo delay; to linger ; to wait. Hence, 
 
 2. To trifle ; to lose tinii' lu iilleness and tridi;8 ; 
 to amuse one'u self with idle play. 
 
 IC is madiim to lUUty any Iuh^"t. Qdamy. 
 
 3. To toy and wniiton, as man and woman ; to 
 Interchange care»iicii j lo fondle. Shalt. 
 
 4> To aport ; to piny. 
 
 8lK dallitt witli Uw wind. Shak. I 
 
 DAL'LY, V. t. To delay ; to defer ; to put off; to 
 amuse till a proper opportunity ; as, to daily off the 
 time. [jVot much used.] Knolles. 
 
 D.WJ LY-l!<G, ppr. Delaying; procrastinating; tri- 
 flmg; wasting time in idle amusement; toying; 
 fondling. ■ 
 
 D.AL-.M.-VT'I-C.^, 71. A long white gown with sleeves, 
 
 worn by deacons in the Roman Catholic church. 
 DAM, 77. [Supi)osed to be from U'lme, which see.] 
 
 1. A female parent ; used of beasts, particularly 
 of quadrupeds. 
 
 2. A human mother, in contempt. SImk. 
 
 3. [Fr. dame, l\ie queen; Sp. daina.] A crowned 
 man m the game of (Iraughts. 
 
 D.\i\I, 71. [D. darn; G.damm; Sw. id.; Dan. dam, a 
 pond. See the verb.] 
 
 ^ A mole, bank, or mound of earth, or any wall, or 
 a frame of wood, raised to obstruct a current of 
 water, and to raise it, for the purjiose of driving 
 mill-wheels, or for other purposes. Any wttrk that 
 stops and confines water in a pond or basin, or 
 catises it to rise. 
 DAM, 7;. (. [Sax. dcmmanj G. d'dmmen ; D. dammen ; 
 Dan. daminver ; Ch. ailfl to stop, lo shut ; Ileb. and 
 
 Ch. DUN, Ar. 
 
 atama, to stop or shut. Qu. 
 
 Ch. aao, Ar. jt^LlA^ satama. Id. This is the root 
 
 of dumb. See Class Dm, No. 17, 18, 23, 39.] 
 
 1. To make a dam, or to stop a stream of water 
 by a bank of earth, or by any other work ; lo con- 
 fine or shut in water. It is common to use, after 
 the verb, in, up, or out; as, to dam in, or to dant up, 
 the water, and lo dam out is to jirevent water from 
 entering. 
 
 2. To confine or restrain from escaping ; to shut 
 in ; vsed by Slmkspeare of fire, and by Milton of litrht. 
 
 DAM'AGE, n. [Fr. dommai^e ; Arm. douniaich ; Norm. 
 domatre ; Sax. dem ; L. damnum ; Sp. daiio ; Port, da- 
 710 ,• It. danno ; Ir. damuUte. This word seems to be 
 allied to the Greek i^npi", a fine or mulct, Ch. not or 
 ■■ni, to impose a fine. But qu. See Damn.] 
 
 1. Any hurt, injury, or harm, lo one's estate ; any 
 loss of properly sustained ; any hinderance lo the in- 
 crease of property ; or any obstruction to the success 
 of an enterprise. A man sulTers damage by the de- 
 struction of his corn, by the burning of his house, by 
 the detention of a ship which defeats a profitable 
 voyage, or by the failure of a profitable undertaking. 
 Damage, then, is any actual loss, or the prevention 
 of profit. It is usually and properly applied lo prop- 
 erty, but sometimes lo reputation and other things 
 which are valuable. Dut, in the latter case, injury 
 is more correctly used. 
 
 2. The value of what is lost. 
 
 3. Damages; in late, the estimated reparation in 
 money for detriment or injury sustained ; that which 
 is given or adjudged to repair a loss. It is the prov- 
 ince of a jury lo assess damages in trespass. 
 
 DAM'AGE, v. t. [It. danneggiare ; but Norm, damager 
 is to oppress.] 
 
 To hurt or harm ; to injure ; to impair ; to lessen 
 the soundness, goodness, or value of. Rain may dam- 
 age corn or hay ; a storm may damage a ship ; a house 
 is often damaged by fire when it is iicl destroyed ; 
 heavy rains damage roads. 
 
 DAM'AGE, v. i. To receive harm ; to be injured or 
 impaired in soundness or value ; as, green corn will 
 damage in a mow or slack. 
 
 DA.M'AGE-A-BLE, a. That may be injured or im- 
 paired ; susceptible of damage ; as, damageable goods. 
 2. Hurtful ; pernicious. [Rare.] 
 
 DAM'AG-iJI), p;). or a. Hurt; impaired; injured. 
 
 DAM'AGE-FEaS'ANT, (dam'aj-fuz'ant,) a. [Fr./ai- 
 sant, from faire.'\ 
 
 Doing injury ; trespassing, as cattle. Blackstone. 
 
 DAM'AG lNd, /ipr. Injuring; impairing. 
 
 DAM'AR. See Dammar. 
 
 DA.M'AS-CK.XE, n. [L. damaseenus, from Dama.^cus.^ 
 
 1. A particular kind of ])luni, now pronouncetl 
 Damsom ; which sm. 
 
 2. It may be locally applied to other species of 
 plums. 
 
 DA.M'A.SK, 71. [It. dommnsco ; Fr. damns ; Sp. darnasco; 
 from Daniasrns, in Syria.] 
 
 1. A silk stuff, having some parts raised above the 
 ground, repri scnting flowers and other figures, origi- 
 nally from liamasciis. 
 
 2. A kinil of wrought linen, made in Flanders, in 
 itnttation of damask silks. 
 
 3. Red color, friun the damask-rose. Fairfar. 
 Damask-steel is a fiue steel from the I^evant, chief- 
 ly from Dainascii'i, nsi (I for swoiil and nillass blades. 
 
 DA.M'ASK, 71. To form flowers on sluli's ; also, to 
 variegate ; lo diversify ; as, a bank damasked with 
 flowers. Milton. 
 2. To adorn steel-work with figures. [See Damas- 
 
 KKEN,] 
 
 D.^.M'ASK-ED, (dam'askt,) pp. Varlegattui with flow 
 
 DAM'ASK-EN, (v.t. [Fr. damasquiner. See Dam- 
 
 DA.M-ASK-EEN', \ ask.] 
 
 To make incisions in iron, steel, &c., and fill them 
 with gold or silver wire for onianu nt ; used chii'tlv 
 for adorning sword_-blades, guards, locks of iiistuls, 
 &c. ' Chambers. 
 
 DAM-ASK-EEN'£D, pp. or a. Cut into figures and 
 inlaid \^'itii tiuld or silver wire. 
 
 DAM-ASK i:E.\'1,N(;, ppr. Engraving and adorning 
 witl! L'"M iir silvrr wire inlaid. 
 
 DA,M-A.<K 1:E.\'1.\G, ii. The act or art of beautify- 
 ing iron or steel, by engraving and inlaying it with 
 gidd or silver wire. 
 
 DAM'ASK4N, 71. A saber, so called from the manu- 
 facltire of Damascus. 
 
 D.'V.M'ASK-ING, p»r. Variegating with flowers. 
 
 DA.M'ASK-PEU.M, 71. A small black plum. 
 
 DA.M'ASK-1U).«E, ii. A species of rose which is red, 
 and anothiT which is wiiite. 
 
 DA.M'AS-SI.\, 71. A kind of damask with gold and 
 silver flowers woven in the warp and woof. Ure. 
 
 Da ME, n. [Fr. dame; Sp. Port. It. damn; from L. 
 domina, a mistress or governess, frtim domo, Gr. fl<i- 
 /I'u.i, to subdue, Eng. to £U77ie. Class Dm, No. 3, 4, 
 23, 24.] 
 
 Literally, a mistress ; hence, a lady ; a title of htmor 
 to a woman. It is now generally applied to the mis- 
 tress of a family in the common ranks of life ; as is 
 its compound, viailam. In poetry, it is applied to a 
 woman of rank. In short, it is applied with propri- 
 ety to any woman who is or has been the mistress of 
 a family, and it sometimes comprehends women in 
 general. 
 
 DaME'S-.VI'O-LET, j n. A plant of the genus Hes- 
 DaME'VCORT, ! peris ; called also yiiff/i'-s-i,--!/- 
 
 ly-flower, or rocket. It is remarkable for its fragrant 
 odor, and ladies are fond of having it in their apart- 
 ments. 
 
 Da'MI-AN-ISTS, n. pi. In church history, the followers 
 of Damianus, patriarch of Alexandria, in tlie fourth 
 century, who concentered all the personal attributes 
 of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, in the one God ; 
 and therefore was accused of teaching Sabellianisni. 
 
 DA.M'M.^R, 71. A name applied to a resinous sub- 
 stance obtained in the East Indies from a species of 
 Agathis or Daminara, a tree allied to the pine. 
 
 DAM'M£D, pp. Confined or shut in by means of a 
 dam. 
 
 D.\M'MING, ppr. Confining water by means of a 
 dam. 
 
 DAMN, (dam,) v. t. [L. dam no ; Fr. damncr; .\rm. 
 dauna ; It. dannare ; Sp. danar ; Port, donor. The 
 Portugutise word is rendered to hurt, to damnify, to 
 corrupt or spoil, lo undo or ruin, to bend, to crook, to 
 make mad. The latter sense would seem to he from 
 the L. dcotens^ and damnum is by Varro referred to 
 demendo, demo, which is supposed to be a ctunpnund 
 of de and cmo. Hut qu., for damno and condemno co- 
 incide with the Eng. doom.] 
 
 1. To sentence to eternal torments in a future 
 state ; lo punish in hell. 
 
 He tliat Lielieveth not shall tie damned. — Mark xvi. 
 
 2. To condemn ; to decide lo be wrong or worthy 
 of punishment ; lo censure ; lo reprobate. 
 
 He Uiat doiiliti-lli iti damned ii lie i-at, — Roni. xiv. 
 
 3. To condemn ; to explode ; to decide to be bad, 
 mean, or displeasing, by liissing or any mark id" dis- 
 approbation ; as, to damn a play, or a mean author. 
 
 4. A word used in profaneness ; a term of execra- 
 tion. 
 
 DAM'N.\-BLE, a. That may be damned or con- 
 demned; deserving damnation; worthy of eternal 
 punishment. More gene rally, tliat which subji ets or 
 renders liable lo damnalKui ; as, damnable heresies. 
 2 Pet. ii. 
 
 2. In a low or ludicrous sejise, odious, detestable, or 
 pernicious. Shiil;. 
 DA.M'NA HEE-NESS, n. The .sl.itc or quality of de- 
 serving damnation. 
 DAM'NA-liEY, adv. In a manner to incur eternal 
 punishment, or so as lo exclude mercy. South. 
 
 2. In a low sense, odiously ; detestably ; soiiR-tuiuis 
 excessively. 
 DAM-NA'TION, n. [h. ilamnntio.] 
 
 1. Sentence or coiidemnatltui to everlasting piin- 
 islimenl in the future state; or the slate of eternal 
 torments. 
 
 How can ye escajn' llie linmnation of li'-II ? — Matt, xxiil. 
 
 2. Coiideninalioii. Taylor. 
 r).\M'NA-T(> RV, «. Containing a sentiiire (if ciui- 
 
 tleiniiatitui. tVatrrUind. 
 DA.M'.N'/'.'I), ((blind ; adj. in serious discourse, daiii'- 
 neil,) /V'. or a. Sentenced to everlasting punishment 
 in a future state ; condi-iniitMl. 
 
 2. a. Hateful ; detestalile ; abominable ; a word 
 chiefiy used in profaneness by persons of vulgar man- 
 ners. 
 
 D.\.M-NIF'ie, o. [f>ec Damnify.] Prociiting lose ; 
 mischievous. 
 
 DAM'NI-FI U), /I/). [See 1)a,m;<ii v.] Injured ; en- 
 damaged. 
 
 DA.M'Nl-i''?, t>. t [h, damnifico ; damnum and facio; 
 If. damn{/lcare.] 
 
 FATE, FAE, FJ^hU, WHAT — METE, PR|JV PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQI.F, ByQK.— 
 
DAM 
 
 1. T<) cause loss or (laiiiasc to ; to hurt in estate 
 or interest ; to injure ; to enUaniago ; as, to ilamnifij 
 a man in his [^(mxIs or estate. 
 
 2. To hurt ; to injure ; to impair ; applied to the per- 
 son. Spenser. 
 
 l)A.\r\I-F?-l.\G, pi>r. lUirting ; injuring ; impairing. 
 U.\.M'.N'I.\(J, ;/pr. Dooming to endless punishment; 
 a condemning. 
 
 2. a. That condemns or exposes to damnation ; as, 
 a (laiiiiiiiifr sin. 
 D.V.M'.M.VU-NESS, it. Tendency to bring damnation. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 D.1M'.YU.W .iBS'QaR LV-JfRl^, [I,.] Losswitli- 
 out any injury of the wliich the law can take cog- 
 \i\/.;\nef. 
 
 DAM I', a. [G. Hampf; D. iamp ; Sw. lUmh ; Dan. damp, 
 -steam, vapor, fog, smoke ; perhaps stram is from the 
 same riH)t, from wasting ; Sans, dhmna. See Class 
 Dm, No. a3.] 
 
 1. Moist ; humid ; being in a stale betivecn drj' 
 niid wet ; as, a damp cloth ; damp air ; sometimes fog- 
 gy ; as, the atmosphere is damp ; but it may be damp 
 without visible vapor. 
 
 2. Dejected ; sunk ; depressed ; chilled. [ Unusual.] 
 
 Jilittoiu 
 
 D.VMP, n. Moist air ; humidity ; moisture ; fog. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 2. Dejection ; depression of spirits ; chill. \ye say, 
 to strike a damp, or to cast a damp, on the spirits. 
 
 jVillon. 
 
 3. Damps, pi. ; noxious exhalations, or rather gas- 
 es, issuing from the earth, and deleterious or fatal to 
 animal life. These are often known to exist in wells 
 whicli continue long covered and not used, and in 
 mines and coal pits; and sometimes they issue from 
 the old lavas of volcanoes. These damps are usually 
 the carbonic acid gas, vulgarly called choke-ilamp, 
 which instantly sutfocates ; or carbureted hydrogen, 
 called Jire-damp. 
 
 D.AMP, r. t. To moisten; to make humid, or mod- 
 erati lv wet. 
 
 2. i'o chill ; to deaden ; to depress or deject ; to 
 abate ; as, to damp tile spirits ; to damp the ardor of 
 IKission. Sicifi. 
 
 3. To weaken ; to make dull ; as, to damp sound. 
 
 Bacun. 
 
 4. To check or restrain, as action or vigor ; to 
 make languid ; to discourage ; as, to damp industry. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 H.VMP'ED, (dampt,) pp. Chilled ; depressed ; abated ; 
 
 weakened ; checked ; discouraged. 
 D A.MP'A'.V, ((lanip'n,) r. t. To make damp or moist, 
 D.\.MP'K.\-I\g, ;v>r. Making damp. Judge Miisoiu 
 D.V.MP'Klt, n. That which damps or checks. 
 
 2. A valve or sliding plate in a furnace to stop or 
 lessen the quantity of air admitted, and thus to reg- 
 ulate the heat or extinguisb tlie lire. 
 
 F.daards, tV. Ind. Rumfard. 
 
 3. A part of a piano-forte, by which the sound is 
 deadened. 
 
 D.VMP'I.NG, ;>pr. Chilling; deadening; dejecting; 
 abating; checking; weakening 
 
 D.\.MP'[SH, a. Moderately damp, or moist. 
 
 D.VMP'lSll l.V, adc. In a dampish manner. 
 
 D.VMP'ISH-.N'ESS, n. .\ moderate degree of damp- 
 ness, or moistness; slight humidity. 
 
 D.A.MP'.NESS, n. Moisture; fogginess ; moistness; 
 moderate humidity ; as, the dampness of the air, of 
 Uie ground, or of a cloth. 
 
 DA.MP.-^, n. p(. Sec Dam 1". 
 
 DA.MP'Y, a. Dejected ; gloomy, [tittle ustd.] 
 
 Haijteard. 
 
 D.VM'SEL, n. [Fr. damoisrlle and demoiselle, a gentle- 
 woman, and damov-eau, a spark or beau ; Norm. 
 damoisells, or demirelles, nobles, sons of kings, princes, 
 knighLs, lords, ladies of (juality, and damoijsejes, dam- 
 sels, female infants ; Sp. damisula, a young gentle- 
 woman, any girl not of the lower class. The .Arm. 
 ma-mesell, ra-mesrll, or man-meselt, a woman or mad- 
 am, seems to indicate that the first syllable is a pre- 
 fix, and me.iell. Eng. miss, a distinct word. Hut 
 damoitelle. Norm, demicelle, from which we have dam- 
 sel, is doubtless from the IliUian damigella, a diminu- 
 tive, formed from (/ama, like the L. <//>mici/(um, from 
 damns, and penicdtus, from the root of penna. 'i'he 
 Italian dami:;ello, in the masculine gender, shows the 
 propriety of the ancient application of damsel to 
 males.] 
 
 .A young woman. Formerly, a young man or wo- 
 man uf nutde or genteel extraction ; as. Damsel Pepin ; 
 Damsel Rirliard, prince of Wales. It is mtw used 
 only of young women, and is applieil to any class of 
 yiMiiig unmarried women, unless to the must vulgar, 
 and siHnetunee to countr}- girls. 
 
 With iki^r train q( dam*€t$ »lie wiu rrm^. Dryden, 
 lltcii B<AU aaui. Wboac doriwci U iTiu — Ruth u. 
 
 This word is rarely used in conversation, or even 
 in prose writings of the present day ; but it occurs 
 frequently in the Scriptures, and in poetry. 
 DAM'SO.N, (dam'7.n,)n. [('oiunicted fiom damascene, 
 tile Damascus plum.] 
 
 The fruit of a variety of Oie Frunus domcstica ; a 
 ■mall black plum 
 
 DAN 
 
 D.AX, ?i. [Sp. don. Clu. from dominus, or Ar. 
 
 dauna, to be chief, to judge, Ileb. Ch. .Syr. and Ktli. 
 jn. Class Dn, No. 2, 4.] 
 
 .A title of honor etpuvalent to master; used by 
 Shakspeare, Prior, &.C., but now obsolete. 
 DANCE, e. 1. [ Fr. dnnsrr ; itanzar ; Vort. dnn^nr i 
 Arm. dan^zal ; It. dnnznrc ; G. tanzcn ; Sw. dunsa ; 
 Dan. dandser i D. dunssrn ; Basipn^, dantza ; Unss. 
 tantziju. (111. the radical letters, and tlie Oriental 
 fit, with a casual n.] 
 
 1. /Vminri(y, to leap or spring; hence, to leap or 
 move with measured steps, regulated by a tune, sung 
 or played on a musical instrument ; to leap or step 
 with graceful nuitions of the body, corresiionding 
 with the sound of the voice or of an instriiuu iit. 
 
 Thrrc iji 11 tint'' lo mourn, and n time to — Eccli-a. iii. 
 
 2. To leap and frisk about; to move nimbly or up 
 anil down. 
 
 7*11 dance attendance : to wait with obsequiousness ; 
 to strive to please and gain favor by assiiliious atten- 
 tions and olHcious civilities ; an, lo dattcc attendance 
 at court. 
 
 D.\NCE, r. f. To make to danre; to move up and 
 down, or back and forth ; to dandle ; as, to dance a 
 child on the knee. Baron. 
 
 D.\NCE, II. Inn ^cncrnl sdi.«p, a leaping and frisking 
 about. JlppropriatrUj, a li'aping or stepping with 
 motions of the body adjusted to the measure of a 
 tune, particularly by two or more in concert. A 
 lively, brisk exi'rcise or amiiseineiit, in w liich the 
 movements of the persons are regul;ited by art, in 
 figure, and by the sound of instruments, in measure. 
 
 2. A tune by which dancing is regulated, as the 
 minuet, the wait/., tlie cotillon, &c. 
 
 D.\NC'f.'U, (dilnst,) pp. iMoved up .and down, back- 
 ward or forward, in measured sti:ps. 
 
 D.XN'CER, n. Une who practices dancing, or is skill- 
 ful in tile perforinance. 
 
 D.KN'CI.N'G, ppr.ot a. Leaping and stepping to the 
 sound of the voice or t)f an instrument ; moving in 
 measured steps; frisking about. 
 
 DX.N'Cl.N'G, n. The act of moving in measured step ; 
 frisking. 
 
 Da.\'CI.NG-MXS-TER, n. One who teaches the art 
 of dancing. 
 
 D.>iN'CI.\G-SeiIOOI,, n. A school in which the art 
 of dancing is taiigli* 
 
 DAN'DK-l.T-ON, ii. [Fr. dent de lion, lion's tooth.] 
 A well-known plant of the genus Leontodon, hav- 
 ing a naked stalk, Willi one large llower. 
 
 DAN'DER, B. i. To wander about; to talk incohe- 
 rentlv. 
 
 DAN'UI-PRAT, n. [Fr. rfandm, a ninny ; It. dondo- 
 lone, a loiterer; dondolo, any thing swinging; rfoii- 
 dnlnre, to swing, lo loiter. The Sp. and Port. luiUn, 
 a dolt, may be of the same family. Qu. prat.] 
 
 A liltle fellow; an urchin ; a icorii of fondness or 
 contempt. Johnson. 
 
 D.AN'DLE, V. L [G. tdmletn, to toy, to trifle, to lounge, 
 to dailille ; Fr. danilinrr, to jog ; It. dondolare, to 
 swing, to loiter ; Sp. and Port, tuntear, to dole, to talk 
 nonsense ; Scot, danddl, dander. These words seem 
 to be allied.] 
 
 1. To sliaKC or jolt on the knee, as an infant; to 
 move up and down in the hand ; literally, to amuse 
 by play. 
 
 Ye *li.iU be dandled on her knees. — Is. Ixvi. 
 
 3. To fondle to amuse ; to treat as a child ; to toy 
 witlu 
 
 1 am ashamed to b« dandled thus. Addison, 
 3. To delay ; to protract by tritles. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 D.VN'DI./'^D, pp. Danced im the knee, or in the arms ; 
 fondled ; amused by trilles or play. 
 
 D.A.N'Dl.ER, n. One who dandles or fondles children. 
 
 D.A.N'DLI.N'G, ppr. Shaking and jolting on the knee ; 
 moving about in play or for amusement, as an infant. 
 
 D A.N' 1)1,1 Nt;, n. Act of fondling, or jolting on the knee. 
 
 DA.\'l)Rt"FF, n. [Qu. Sax. tan, a scab, tetter, and 
 drof, sordid ; or Fr. teitrne. Arm. titrn, or tai^n.] 
 
 .A scurf which forms on the head, and comes cfT in 
 small scales or particles. 
 
 D.VN'DV, n. [Fr. dandin, a ninny, n silly fellow.J 
 A fop; a coxcomb ; one who dresses liiiiisell like 
 a doll, and who carries his character on his back. 
 
 DAN'DV-ISII, a. Like a dandy. 
 
 DA.N'DV-IS.M, n. The manners and dress of a dandy. 
 
 I).^.^■E, n. .A native of Denmark. 
 
 DA.NE'GELT, n. [Dane .and gelt, getd, mnnry.] 
 
 In Kn^land, an annual tax formerly laici on the 
 English n.ation, for maintaining forces to oppose the 
 Danes, or to furnish Iribiite to procure peace. It was 
 at first one shilling, afterw.ard two, and at last .seven, 
 for every bide of land, except such as belonged to the 
 church. Kncijc. 
 
 At a subsequent period, when the Danes became 
 masters, the danegell was a tax levied by the Danish 
 princes on every hide of land owned by the Anglo- 
 Saxons, p. Cijc. 
 
 Da.NE'WORT, u. a plant of the genus Sambucus; 
 a species of elder, called dwarf-elder or wall-ieorL 
 
 DaN'«jER, n. [Fr. .Arm. Scot, danger; Norm, rfaiin- 
 
 DAK 
 
 eerous, dubious. This word in .Scottish, .•ircording To 
 Jaiiiitr.son, signifies peril, power, nr duiiilnion, doubt, 
 hesitation. Ill Chaucer, it signifies peril, and coy- 
 ness, sparingness, or custody. In old English laws, 
 it denotes a payment in money by forest leiiantS| lo 
 their lord, for |K'rmi.ssioii to pbiwaiidsow in the time 
 of pannage or iiia»t-feediiig. The primary sense is 
 not obvious. Speii.ser has tlic fidlowing coujilel : — 
 Vntiimt he shouUl tje M fire, 
 Sliuwing danger mure Lli^ii ire.] 
 Peril ; risk ; hazard ; exposure to injury, loss, pain, 
 or otln r evil. It is ea.sy lo boost of despising tleath 
 when there is no dan/gcr. 
 
 Our cmA ia in danger tu be set at nati^ht. — AcU zix. 
 
 DAN'OElf, e. To put in ha/.ard ; to expose to loss 
 or injury. Shal:. Ihit rarely used. [See E.nda.nukh, 
 whirli is generally used.] 
 
 DaN'OEII-LGSS, a. Free from danger ; without 
 risk. [Little used.] Sidney. 
 
 DiN'CJEIi-OUS, a. Perilous; ha/.ardous ; exposing 
 to loss ; unsafe ; full of risk ; as, a dangerous voy- 
 age ; a dangerous experiment. 
 
 2. Creating danger; causing risk of evil ; as, a 
 dan<rerous m:in ; a dangerous conspiracy. 
 
 DaN'GER-OUS-LA', ai/p. With danger; with risk of 
 evil ; with exposure to injury or ruin ; hazardously ; 
 perilously ; as, to be dangerously sick ; dangerously 
 situated. 
 
 DaN'GEU-OU.S-.NESS, n. Danger; h.azard ; pivil ; a 
 stale of being exposed to evil ; as, the dangcrousncss 
 of ciuidition, or liisease. 
 
 D.AN"(;LE, (dang'gl,) e. i. [Dan. dingier, to swing 
 to and fro. llu. dandle, or Ch. .Syr. Spn.] 
 
 1. To hang loose, (lowing, shaking, or waving; 
 to hang and swing. 
 
 IIcM rulier on a gil>bet dangle. Itnd'ihnu. 
 
 2. To hang on any one ; to be a humble, officious 
 follower; vvilh after or about; as, to dangle about ^ 
 woman ; to ilanglc after a minister for favors. 
 
 D.AN"GLER, «. One who dangles; applied parlicu- 
 larhi to men who hang about women. 
 
 D.AN''(i M.N'G, ppr. 01 a. Hanging loosely; busily or 
 otfiriously adhering to. 
 
 D.A.N'ISII, a. Helonging to the Danes or Denmark. 
 
 I).\N'ISII, 71. The language of the Danes. 
 
 D-ANK, a. [Qu. G. tunken, to dip.] 
 Daiiiji ; moist ; humid ; wet. 
 
 D.AIS'K, II. Moisture ; humidity. Milton. Shah. 
 
 DANK'ISH, a. Somewhat damp. 
 
 DANK'ISII-.NESS, n. Dampness; humidity. 
 
 I).A-NO'BI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Danube. 
 
 D.\'OU-RITE, n. A mineral, called rubciltte, resem- 
 bling sliorl, bill differing from it in chemical charac- 
 ters. Its color is red, of various shades. Cleavcland. 
 
 DAP or DaPE, r. i. [Goth, daapynn, to dip.] 
 
 To drop or let fall the bait gently into the water; 
 to raise or sink it ; a word used by anglers. IValton. 
 
 DA-PAT'ie-AL, a. [L. dapes.] 
 
 Sumptuous in cheer. [JVut in use.] 
 
 D.APII'.NI', II. A nvmph ol Diana. 
 
 D.VPir.M.N, n. The bitter principle of tlie Daphne 
 Mezereiiiii, discovered by Vauquelin. It is obtained 
 in small cry stals, hard, transpareiit^of a grayish color, 
 and a bitter t:iste. 
 
 DAP'I-FER, n. [L. dapes, feast, and fcro, to bear.] 
 One who brings meat to the table. Formerly, the 
 title or office of the grand-master of a king's house- 
 hold. It still subsists in Germany. Eneyc. 
 
 D.AP'PER, a. [D. dapper, brave, valiant; Sw. .and 
 D.an. tapper; G. lapfer. See Class Db, No. 13, 28.] 
 
 Active ; nimble ; brisk ; or little anil active ; neat ; 
 lively ; as, a dapper fellow ; a dapper spark. 
 
 D.AP'PER-LING, n. A dwarf; a dandiprat. 
 
 DAP'PLE, a. [.Most probably allied to tabbij, and from 
 dipping, or to W. darnu, to drop. The word signi- 
 fies .ipotted, and spots are often from drojiping or 
 sprinkling.] 
 
 .Marked with spots ; spotted ; variegated with spots 
 of different colors or sliades of color ; a-s, a dapple- 
 bay or dapple-gray : applied to a horse or other beast. 
 It may sometimes express strcaJicd, but this is not its 
 true signification. 
 D.AP'PLE, B. t. To spot ; to variegate with spots. 
 
 The senile liny 
 Dnpplet the drowsy east with epou ol'^ray. ShaJc. 
 The dapplcl pinit and hliishm^ ruse. Prior. 
 
 D.AP'PLKI), pp. or a. Spotted ; variegated with spots 
 of (iillVreiit colors or shades of color. 
 
 DAP PLING, ;>;ir. A'ariegating with spots. 
 
 !)\RT j A fish found in the Severn. Badry. 
 
 D.\UI),'n. [Vt.dard.] What is thrown out, or is cast 
 forward, as a dart is thrown. 
 
 DaRE, c. i. ; prft, DuBsT. [Sax. rfrarran, durran; D, 
 darren, dureen ; G. dttrfen : Sw. dierf, bold ; dierfcas, 
 to dare, and tSras, to dare ; Dan. (Sr. to dare, anil 
 (or, dry, torrid, L. torreo; Dan. tiirhed, dryncs.s, bar- 
 renness ; Virstig, Ihirst)-. The German durfen, com- 
 pounded, bedrirfen, signifies to want, to need, to 
 Lack, and this, in Dutch, is drrren. The Sw. dare, 
 rash, mad, sottish, dura, to infatuate, Dan. daarer. 
 may be of the same family. The Gr. ^apptoi, and 
 
 •I»ONF,, BJJLL, TINITE AN"GEB, VI"CIOUS G as K ; Cs as J ; S as Z ; CH as Sil ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 200 
 
 II 
 
DAR 
 
 DAR 
 
 DAS 
 
 Rass. derzayu, to dare, are evidently the same word. 
 
 Ar. ,!i dhaura, to be bold, audacious ; to be angry, 
 
 or averse ; to be terrified, to flee. So in Sw. darra, 
 to tremble. The sense of boldness, daring, is some- 
 times from the sense of advancing ; but some of the 
 senses of these words indicate the sense of receding.] 
 To have courage for any purpose ; to have strength 
 of mind or hardihood to undertake any thing ; to be 
 bold enough ; not to be afraid , to venture ; to be ad- 
 venturous. 
 
 I dare do all thr.t may become a man. Shak. 
 Dare anv of you 'o lo law btfore the vmjiist ? — 1 Cor. vi. 
 None of his disciples durst .ask liim, Who art thou ? — Jolm xxi. 
 
 In this intransitive sense, dare is not generally fol- 
 lowed by tlie sign to before another verb in the in- 
 finitive ; though to may be used with propriety. In 
 German, the verb is numbered among the au.xiliaries. 
 In the transitive form, it is regular, thus : 
 DaRE, !). t. ; prct. and pp. Dared. To challenge; to 
 provoke ; to defy ; as, to dare a man to fight. 
 Time, 1 dare thee to discover 
 
 Such a youth, and such a lover. Dryden. 
 To dare larks ; to catch them by means of a look- 
 ing-glass, or by keeping a bird of prey hovering aloft, 
 which keeps them in amaze till caught by a net 
 thrown over them ; to terrify or flinaze. 
 
 Johnson. Dryden, 
 DaRE, n. Defiance ; challenge. [JVot used.'] Shak. 
 DARE, 71. A small fish, the same as the dace. 
 
 Eticyc. Johnson. 
 
 DaR'ED, pp. Challenged ; defied. 
 
 DARE'FIJL, a. Full of defiance, f JVbe used.] Shak. 
 
 DaR'ER, n. One who dares or ilefies. 
 
 DAR'I€, n. A gold coin of Darius the Mede, value 
 
 about 556 cents. 
 DaR'ING, n. A bold act ; a hazardous attempt. 
 
 Southey. 
 
 DaR'ING, ppr. Having courage sufficient for a pur- 
 pose ; challenging; defying. 
 
 2. a. Bold ; courageous ; intrepid ; fearless ; ad- 
 venturous ; brave ; stout. 
 
 Grieve not, O daring prince, that noble heart. Pope. 
 
 3. Audacious ; impudently bold and defying, as 
 in hrarcn-dariniTj defying almighty power. 
 
 DaR'ING-LY, adv. Boldly; courageously; fearless- 
 ly ; impudently. 
 
 The principles of our holy religion are daringly attacked from 
 the press. Anon. 
 
 DaR'ING-NESS, 71. Boldness ; courageousness ; au- 
 daciousness. ^ 
 
 DARK, a. [Sa.T. dcorc ; Ir. dorcka ; Pers. Ji^jJO tirah, 
 
 o ^ - 
 
 dark ; i*5CjjLj tarik, dark, darkness. See Class 
 
 Dr, No. 15.] 
 
 1. Destitute of light ; obscure. A dark atmos- 
 phere is one which prevents vision. 
 
 9. Wholly or partially black ; having the quality 
 opposite 10 white ; as, a dark color or substance. 
 
 3. Gloomy ; disheartening ; having unfavorable 
 prospects ; as, a dark time in political affairs. 
 
 There is, in every true woman's l^eart, a spark of heavenly fire, 
 which beams and bUazes in tlte dark hour of adversity. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 4. Obscure ; not easily understood or explained ; 
 as, a dark passage in an author ; a dark saying. 
 
 5. Mysterious ; as, the ways of Providence are 
 often dark to human reason. 
 
 6. Not enlightened with knowledge ; destitute of 
 learning and science ; rude ; ignorant ; as, a dark 
 age. 
 
 7. Not vivid ; partially black. Lev. x'ni. 
 
 8. Blind. [JVot in use.] Dryden. 
 
 9. Gloomy ; not cheerful ; as, a dark temper. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 10. Obscure ; concealed ; secret ; not understood ; 
 as, a dark design. 
 
 11. Unclean j foul. Milton. 
 
 12. Opatpin. But dark and opaque are not synony- 
 mous. Chalk is opaque, but not dark. 
 
 13. Keeping designs concealed. 
 
 Tlie dark, unn lenfinff Tiberius. Oibbon. 
 
 DARK, 71. j.'^ans. tarrki.] Darkness ; obscurity ; the 
 absenrx; of light. We say, we can hear in the dark. 
 Shall thy wooden be known in the dark? — ft. Ixxxviil. 
 
 2. Obscurity ; secrecy ; a state unknown ; as, 
 things done in the dark. 
 
 3. (Jhsciirity ; a state of ignorance ; as, wc arc all 
 in the dark. 
 
 DARK,r. (. To darken ; to obscure. [Obs.] 
 DARK'-HROVV-/;i), a. Stem of aspect ; frowning; 
 
 as, dark-browed Jlnt^pur. JPern/s Masnae 
 
 DXUK'-e0L-Oll-i;i), ( kul'Iurd,) a. Having a dark 
 
 hue. Smith. 
 DARK'KN, (rliirk'n,) v. I. TSaT. ailrnreian.] 
 
 1. To make ilark ; to ilrprivi: of light ; as, close 
 
 ibo Bhuttcm and darken the room. 
 
 2. To obscure ; to cloud. 
 
 His confidence seldom darkened liis foresight. Bacon. 
 
 3. To make black. 
 
 The lociistjs darkened die land. — Ex. x. 
 
 4. To make dim; to deprive of vision. 
 
 Let their eyes be darkened. — Rom. xi. 
 
 5. To render gloomy ; as, all joy is darkened. Is, 
 xxiv. 
 
 6. To deprive of intellectual vision ; to render ig- 
 norant or stupid. 
 
 Their foolish heart was darkened. — Rom. i. 
 Having the understanding darkened. — Eph. iv. 
 
 7. To obscure ; to perplex ; to render less clear or 
 intelligible. 
 
 M'lio is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge ? 
 
 Job XXXViil. 
 
 8. To render less white or clear ; to tan ; as, a 
 burning sun darkens the complexion. 
 
 9. To sully ; to make foul. Tillotson, 
 OaRK'EN, V. i. To grow dark or darker; also, to 
 
 grow less white or clear. 
 
 DARK'-EN-£D, (dark'nd,) pp. Deprived of light ; ob- 
 scured ; rendered dim; made black ; made ignorant. 
 
 DARK'£N-ER, n. That which darkens. 
 
 DARK'£N'4NG, ppr. Depriving of light; obscuring; 
 making black, or less white or clear ; clouding. 
 
 DXRK'-Ey-£D, (-ide,) a. Having dark eyes. 
 
 DARK'-IIOUSE, 7t. An old word for a mad-house. 
 
 DARK'l.SH, a. Dusky ; somewhat dark. [S/io/j. 
 
 DARK'LING, a. Being in the dark, or without light; 
 a poetical word. JMilton. Shak. 
 
 DARK'LY, adv. Obscurely ; dimly ; blindly ; uncer- 
 tainly ; with imperfect light, clearness, or knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 DARK'-MIND-ED, a. Having a dark, close, or re- 
 vengeful mind. Baxter. 
 DARK'NESS, n. Absence of light. 
 
 And darkness was on the face of the deep. —Gen. 1. 
 
 2. Obscurity ; want of clearness or perspicuity ; 
 that quality or state which renders any thing difficult 
 to be understood ; as, the darkness of counsels. 
 
 3. A state of being intellectually clouded ; igno- 
 rance. 
 
 Men love darkness rather than light. — John iit. 
 
 4. A private place ; secrecy ; privacy. 
 
 What I tell you in darkness, Uiat speak ye in light. — Matt. x. 
 
 5. Infernal gloom ; hell ; a-, atter darkness. Matt. 
 xxii. 
 
 C. Great trouble and distress ; calamities ; perplex- 
 ities. 
 
 A day of clouds and thick darkness. — Joel ii. Is, viii. 
 
 7. Empire of Satan, 
 
 Who hath deUvered us from tlie power of darkness. — Col. 1, 
 
 8, Opaqueness, 
 
 Land of darkness ; the grave. Job x, 
 DAHK'SOME,(dilrk'sum,)a, Dark ; gloomy ; ob.scure; 
 
 as, a darksome house ; a darlcsome cloud, 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 DARK'-S5Ul.-£n, a. Having a dark soul, 
 DARK'-VVORK-ING, (-wurk'ing,) a. Working in 
 
 darkness, or in secrecy, Shak. 
 DAR'LING, a, [Sax. deorhng ; dear, dear, and linjr, 
 
 which primarily denotes likeness, and, in some words, 
 
 is a diminutive. So in G, liebling, Joveling, D, Ueve- 
 
 lintr. See Dear,] 
 Dearly beloved ; favorite ; regarded with great 
 
 kindness and tenderness ; as, a darling child ; a 
 
 darling science, ' fVatts. 
 
 DAR'LlNG, 7t, One much beloved ; a favorite ; as, 
 
 that son was the darling of his father, 
 DARN, V. t. [ W. darn ; Arm, dam ; Fr. dame ; a piece 
 
 or p.itch,] 
 
 To mend a rent or hole, by imitating the texture of 
 the cloth or .stuff" with yarn or thread and a needle ; 
 to sew together with yarn or thread. It is used par- 
 ticularly of stockings, Qay. SwijX. 
 
 DARN, 71, A place mended by darning, 
 
 DARN'ED, pp. Mended by imitating the te.\ture of 
 the cloth, 
 
 D.KR'NEL, 77. A plant of the genus I,olium, a kind 
 of grass ; the most remarkable species are the red 
 darnel^ or rye-grass, and the ivhite darnel. 
 
 DAUN'ER, 71. One who mends by darning. 
 
 I)AR.\'ING, p;>r. Mending in imitation of the origi- 
 nal texture; sewing together, as a torn stocking, or 
 cloth. 
 
 DARN'ING, 71. The act of mending, as a htde in a 
 garment, 
 
 DAR'RaIN, v. t. [Norm, darcigner, drrenrr, drrcigner, 
 deraiirner, to prtiVe, to t(;stify, to ch^ar himstrlf, to in- 
 stitute ; noun, (/arrcm, or drreiie, or d''rn<riie, i)foof; 
 also, derreiner, to endeavor. In Chaucer, the word 
 is interpreted to contcsL 
 
 But fur thou art a worthy pentil kniirlif, 
 And wilncst to darraine hire by bataille. 
 
 The word is probably compound. But neither the 
 origin nor the signification is obvious.] 
 
 To prepare, or to order ; or to try ; to cnileavnr ; to 
 prove; to apply to the contest. [OAs.] 
 
 _ Carew. Spenser. Shak. 
 
 DAll'REiN, a. [Corrupted from Fr. dernier.] 
 
 Last ; as, darrein continuance, the last continu- 
 ance. ^ Buuvicr. 
 DA RT, 71. [Fr. dard ; Arm. dared or dard ; It. Sp. and 
 Port, dardo ; Russ. drot. In Sw. dart is a dagger. 
 The word is from some verb signifying to throw or 
 thrust. In Gr. Sonv is a spear or lance.] 
 
 1. A pointed, missile weaiion, to be thrown by the 
 hand ; a short lance. Dryden. 
 
 2. Any missile weapon ; that which pierces and 
 wounds. 
 
 And from about her shot darts of desire. 
 DART, V. t. To throw a pointed instrument with a 
 sudden thrust ; as, to dart a javelin. Dryden. 
 
 2. To throw suddenly or rapidly ; to send ; to 
 emit ; to shoot ; applied to small objects which pass 
 witit velocity ; as, the sun darts his beams on the 
 earth. 
 
 Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart. Pope. 
 
 DART, 1'. i. To fly or shoot, as a dart ; to fly rapidly. 
 2. To spring and run with velocity ; to start sud- 
 denly and run ; as, the deer darted from the thicket. 
 
 D.KR'TARS, 71, A scab or ulceration under the chins 
 of lambs. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 DART'ED, pp. Thrown or hurled, as a pointed in- 
 strument ; sent with velocity, 
 
 DART'ER, 71, One who throws a dart. 
 
 2, A Brazilian bird, of the Pelican family, which 
 darts into the water after its prey, Partington. 
 
 DART'ING, ppr. Throwing, as a dart ; hurling darts ; 
 flying rapidiv, 
 
 DART'ING-LY, adv. Rapidiv ; like a dart, 
 
 DAR'TROUS, a. [Fr, dartre, tetter,] 
 
 A vague term relating to a kind of cutaneous dis- 
 ease of no definite character, 
 
 DASH, V. t. [In Dan. dusk signifies a blow ; in Sw. 
 daska, to strike; in Scot, dusch, to rush. In Persian, 
 u „ 
 
 jlj <a: or (an:, is an assault on an enemy. See 
 
 Class Ds, No, 3, 4, 5, 14, 92, 30, 31, 40,] 
 
 1, To .strike suddenly or violently, whether throw- 
 ing or falling ; as, to dash one stone against another. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Lest thou dash tliy foot against a stone. — Matt, iv, 
 
 2, To strike and bruise or break ; to break by col- 
 lision ; but usually with the words in pieces. 
 
 Thou shall dash them in pieces, as a potter's vessel. — Ps. ii. 
 
 3, To throw water suddenly, in separate portions ; 
 as, to dash water on the head. 
 
 4, To bespatter ; to sprinkle ; as, to dash a gar- 
 ment. Shak. 
 
 5, To strike and break or disperse. 
 At once the brushing oars and brazen prow 
 
 Dash up tlie sandy waves, aud ope the depth below. 
 
 Dryilen. 
 
 6, To mix and reduce or adulterate by throwing in 
 another substance ; as, to dash wine with water ; the 
 story is dashed with fables. 
 
 7, To form or sketch out in haste, carelessly. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 8, To erase at a stroke ; to strike out ; to blot out 
 or obliterate ; as, to dash out a line or word. Pope. 
 
 9, To break ; to destroy ; to frustrate ; as, to dash 
 all their schemes and hopes, 
 
 10, To confound ; to confuse ; to put to shame ; lo 
 abash ; to depress by shame or fear ; as, he was 
 dashed at the appearance of the judge. 
 
 Dash die proud gamester in liis giUled car. Pope. 
 DASH, V. i. To strike, bre.ak, scatter, and fly off"; .as, 
 agitate water and it will dash over the sides of a ves- 
 sel ; the waves dashed over the side of the ship, 
 
 2, To rush, strike and break, or scatter ; as, the 
 waters dash down the precipice, 
 
 3, To rush with violence, and break through ; as, 
 he dashed into the enemy's ranks ; or, be dashed 
 through thick and thin, 
 
 DASH, 71, Collision ; a violent striking of two bodies ; 
 as, the dash of clouds, '/'hom.ion. 
 
 2, Infusion ; .idmixture ; something thrown into 
 another substance ; as, the wine has a dash of 
 water. 
 
 Innocence with a dash of folly. Addison. 
 
 3. Admi.xture; as, red with a dash of purple. 
 
 4. ,\ rushing, or onset, with violence ; as, to make 
 a dash upon the enemy. 
 
 5, A sudden stroke ; a blow ; an act. 
 
 She takes upon her bravely at first dash. Sliak. 
 
 f). A flourish ; blustering parade ; as, the young 
 fop made a dash, [yulgar.] 
 
 7. A mark or line, in writing or printingj noting a 
 break or stop in the sentt nro ; as in Virgil, (/uos 
 ego — ; or a pause ; or the division of the sentence. 
 '8. In iHitiir, a small m.ark [thus (] denoting that 
 the note over which it is placed is to be performed 
 In a short, distinct manner. Brande. 
 DASH'-I1(")ARI), 71. Aboard placed on the fore pnrt 
 of a chaise, sleigh, or other vehicle, to prevent water. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PAI-L, WHjST — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 300 
 
DAT 
 
 miirt, or snow, from bi'ing thrown upun those in tlie 
 
 vehicle by the htx'ls of the horses. 
 DASll'KI), (daslil,) pp. tftruclc violently ; driven 
 
 ncaiiist ; kniisud, broken, or scattered, by collision : 
 
 bespriiiliU'd ; mixed or adulterated j erased ; blottea 
 
 out ; broken ; cast down ; confounded ; abashed. 
 D.VSiriXc;, ppr. Drivini! and slrikinK against ; strik- 
 
 inc suddenly or violently ; breakins; or scattering by 
 
 collision i infusing i nii.\ing; confounding; blotting 
 
 out ; rushing. 
 *i. a. Rushing ; driving ; blustering ; making a 
 
 dasit ; as, a itiishin^ fellow. 
 
 :). a. Precipitate ; rushing carelessly on. Burke. 
 D.\S'T,\RD, 7». [In Sax. ailastrisan is to frighten, to 
 
 deter.] 
 
 \ coward ; a poltroon ; one who meanly shrinks 
 from danger. Dnjtlni. 
 UAS'T.'VUl), a. Cowardly ; meanly shrinking from 
 danger. 
 
 Ciine on thi-ir dattard loiils. Ad^lison. 
 
 D.AS'TARD, V. t To make cowardly ; to intimidate ; 
 to dispirit. Dnjdt-ii. 
 
 D AS' TAUn-IZE, r. (. To make cowardly. JlowcU. 
 
 I)A.-<' rAKI)-rZ-f;i), pp. Made cowardly. 
 
 UAS'TAKD-IZ-I.VC;, ppr. Making cowardly. 
 
 DAt«'T.\UD-LI-NESS, ii. [from dastardly.] Coward- 
 liness. Barrett, 
 
 D.VS'TAUO-LY, a. Cowardly ; meanly timid ; h.isc ; 
 sneaking. Herbert. 
 
 D.\S'T.\IiD-NESS, ». Cowardliness ; mean timor- 
 onsness. 
 
 I)AS''1'.\RD-Y, 71. Cowardliness; base timidity. 
 D.VS'Y-URE, n. [Gr. d iffus and ovita.] A iiuadruped 
 
 of New Holland and Van Diemen's Land, allied to 
 
 the opossum. 
 D.\'T.\, H. pi. [L. data, given.] 
 
 Thmgs given, or admitted ; quantities, principles, 
 
 or facts given, known, or admitted, by which Co lind 
 
 things or results unknown. 
 DA-T.\'R!-.\, B. The papal ch.incerj- at Rome, from 
 
 which all bulls are issued, so called from the sul>- 
 'scription. Datum apud Sanctum Pctrum, i. e., in tile 
 
 Vatican. Kncyc. Jim. 
 
 Ua'T.V-R V, n. A high otficer of the chancery of Rome, 
 
 who atlixes the datum Roma to the pope's bulls, 
 •i. The employment of a datary. 
 DATE, 11. [Kr. date ; It. and Sp. rfafo; L. datum, given, 
 
 from do, to give ; Sans, da, data.] 
 
 1. That addition to a writing which specifies the 
 year, month, and day, when it was given or execu- 
 
 ' ted. In letters, it notes the time when they are writ- 
 ten or sent ; In deeds, contracts, wills, and other pa- 
 pers, it specifies the time of execution, and, usually, 
 the time from which they are to take elTect and o[i- 
 crate on the rights of person. To the dale is usually 
 added the name of the place where a writing is exe- 
 cuted,. and this is sometimes included in the term dale. 
 
 2. The time when any event happened, when any 
 thing w;is transacted, or when any thing is to be 
 done ; as, the date of a battle ; the date of Cesar's 
 arrival In Britain. 
 
 3. End; conclusion. [I7muiia/.| 
 
 What Umc would spare, from Blecl receirca ils dale. Pope. 
 
 4. Duration ; continuance ; as, ages of endless date. 
 
 .Milton. 
 
 DATE, r. t. To write or note the time when a letter 
 is written, or a writing executed ; to express, in an 
 instrument, the year, month, and day, of it-s execu- 
 tion, and, usually, the place ; as, to date a letter, a 
 bond, a deed, or a charter. 
 
 i2. To note or fix the time of an event or transac- 
 tion. Historians date tlio fulliUiuent of a prophecy at 
 dilTerent periods. 
 
 3. To note the time when something begins ; a.s, 
 to date a disease, or a calamity, from a certain cause. 
 DATE, r. i. To reckon. 
 
 2. To begin ; to have origin. 
 
 The BaLiTi&n republic daUt Trom the succeates of (he FVnch 
 amis. E. Eeertit, 
 
 DATE, n. [Ft. datte, for dacte; It daUero; Sp. dalil; 
 1*. dactylus ; Gr. (irtjtrtjAof.] 
 
 The fruit of the great palm-tree, or date-tree, the 
 Phanix dactylifera. This fruit is somewhat in the 
 shape of an .icorn, composed of a thin, light, glossy 
 membrane, somewhat pellucid and yellowish, con- 
 taining a soft, pulpy fruit, firm and sweet, esculent 
 and wholesome, and In this is inclosed a hard kernel. 
 DATE'-TREE, n. The tree that bears dates ; the great 
 palm-tree. 
 
 D.^T'ED, pp. Having the time of writing or execu- 
 tion specified ; having the time of happening noted. 
 
 DAT K' LESS, a. Having no date; having no fixed term. 
 
 D.yrKU, n. One th.at dates. [SAa*. 
 
 UAT'l.NG, ppr. Expressing the time of writing, or of 
 executing, a paper or instrument ; noting the time of 
 happening, or originating. 
 
 DA'TIVE, a. or n. [L. rfaiiru.!, from rfo, to give.] 
 
 In grammar, a term applied to the case of nouns 
 which usually follows verbs that express giving, or 
 some act directed to an object. Thus, datur tibi, it is 
 given to you ; miji,»iim est illi, it was sent to him ; fecit 
 mihi, he made, or did, to, or for, me ; loquebatur itles, 
 he spoke to ttiem. It also follows other words ex- 
 
 a piaili vieiuiiig >ee(i ui a iiieuiuiii 
 DA-TO'RI-.\A, ) 71. All alkaloid ol 
 I)A-TO'Rl-.\, > ra .■.tramonium, i 
 DA-TO'RIXl::, > identical with j 
 
 She look for him nn nrk < 
 nil.! with pilch. — Kx 
 
 villi ye have daubed with luitciitpered 
 
 DAU 
 
 pressing something to be given to a person, or lor his 
 benefit ; as, utili.i vobi.i, useful to you. In English, 
 this relation is expressed by to or for. 
 
 Dative eiecutur : in /aic, one appointed by the judge 
 of probate; an ailministrator. 
 
 D.\T'()-1jITE, j II. A mineral, occurring in small, 
 
 U.\TH'0-LITE, i complex, glassy crystals, usually 
 colorless, or a little yellowish. It consists of silica, 
 horacic acid, and lime, with five per cent, of w,ater. 
 A variety presenting botryoidal or iiiamiiiillary forms 
 is calh^d botryolltr. Dana. 
 
 D.A'TUM, 71. ; pi. Data. [L.] Something given or ad- 
 mitted. [See Data.] 
 
 DA'TU.M-LINE, ti. In civil en^ineerinir, the horizon- 
 tal or base line, from which the surface-points are 
 reckoned, or measured, in the plan of a railwav, &c. 
 
 Oitbert. 
 
 DA-TPra STRA-MO'm-UM, n. The thorn-apple, 
 a pl.ant yielding seed of a medicinal quality. 
 
 All alkaloid obtained from /)a«ii- 
 now supposed to be 
 Atropiiia. 
 
 DAUn, V. t. [\V. (iicAiaw, to daub; dirb, mortar; Ir. 
 dobhaimh, to dtiub ; doib, plaster ; allied probably to 
 Fr. dauber, to strike, that is, to throw or put on, and 
 the root of this word probably occurs, contracted, in 
 the L. iiiduo.] 
 
 1. To smear with soft, adhesive matter ; to plaster ; 
 to cover with muJ, slime, or other soft substance. 
 
 hulrushcs, unil daubed it with blime 
 
 ■ ith pi 
 itk do 
 iiiortiir. — Kzek, 
 
 2. To paint coarsely. 
 
 If n picture b dauted with m.in7 bright colors, the vuljrir nd- 
 niiie it. M'alts. 
 
 3. To cover with something gross or specious ; to 
 disguise with an artificial covering. 
 
 So smooth lit.- daubed his vice witli show of virtue. SbaJe. 
 
 4. To lay or put on without taste ; to deck awk- 
 wardly or ostentatiously, or to load with affected 
 finery. 
 
 Iy?t him he daubed with lace. Dryden. 
 
 5. To flatter gros.sly. 
 
 Conscience will not daub nor fl.iUcr. South. 
 
 DAUB, V. I, To practice gross flattery ; to play the 
 hypocrite. Slialc. 
 
 DAUB'£D, (dawbd,) pp. Smeared with soft, adhesive 
 matter ; plastered ; painted coarsely ; disguised ; load- 
 ed with ill-chosen finery. 
 
 DAUB'ER, 71. One who daubs ; a coarse painter; a 
 low anil gross flatterer. 
 
 DAUB'ER-V, ) n. A daubing; any thing artful. 
 
 DAUB'RY, j Sliak. 
 
 DAUB'ING, ppr. Pl.astering ; painting coarsely; dis- 
 guising clumsily ; decking ostentatiously ; flattering 
 grossly. 
 
 DAUB'iiVG, n. Plastering; coarse painting; gross 
 rtattery. 
 
 DAUB' Y, a. Viscous; glutinous; slimy; adhesive. 
 
 Dnjden, 
 
 DAUGH'TER, (daw'ter,) ti. [Sax. doliter ; D. dosler; 
 ii. tochtcr; Sw. and Dan. dolteri Gr. dvyarrip ; Goth. 
 
 dauJitar; Russ. JncA; Fcrs. jji^^ d«cA<ar, a daugh- 
 o J 
 
 ter; also, i"' N docht, daughter, and a virgin ; also, 
 strength, power ; Sans, dumda, or duhita. The latter 
 words coincide with the Sax. dunan., to avaih, to be 
 good ; dugoth, strength, grace, L. dccus. See De- 
 cency.] 
 
 1. The female offspring of a man or woman ; a fe- 
 male child of any age. 
 
 2. .\ daugliter-in-law ; a son's wife. Ruth iii. 
 
 3. A woman ; pL female inhabitants. 
 
 Dbah went out to see the daughlere of the land. — Gen. xxx\v. 
 
 4. A female descendant ; lineage of females. 
 Luke i. 
 
 5. The female penitent of a confessor. Shak. 
 This word is used, in Scripture, fiir the inhabitants 
 
 of a city or country, male and female. xvi. 2. 
 Matt. xxl. Also, a term of affection or kindness. 
 Daughter, be of good comfoit. — MaW. ix. 
 
 DAI;GH'TER-LI-.\ESS, n. The state of a daugh- 
 ter. Mure. 
 2. The conduct becoming a daughter. 
 
 DAl.'GH'TER-LY, a. Becoming a daughter ; dutiful. 
 
 DAI'K. See Dawk. [drcndwA. 
 
 D.\U.\T, r. t. [In Scot rfan(, danfon, signify to sub- 
 due. In Dan. daaner, Sw. dana, signifies to faint or 
 swoon, (iu. L. domito, Fr. domptrr, contracted.] 
 
 To repress or subdue courage ; to intimidate ; to 
 dishearten ; to check by fear of danger. It expresses 
 less than fright and terrify. 
 
 Some prrsencfa daunt and discourage us. ClanviUe. 
 
 DXIJXT'ED, pp. Checked by fe.ar ; intimidated. 
 
 DXU.NT'l.NG, ppr. Repressing courage ; intimidating ; 
 disheartening. 
 
 DAY 
 
 D.\UNT'LESS, a. Bold; fcirless ; not timid ; not dis- 
 couraged ; as, a dauntless hero ; a dauntte.is spirit. 
 
 DAUNT'LES.><-I,Y, adv. In a bold, fearless manner. 
 
 I)AU,\T'I.ESS-M:.SS, «. Fearles-^ness ; iiitrepiilily. 
 
 DAU'PIIIN, n. [Vt. dauphin, a dolphin; L. delplun, 
 delpbiuu.t ; Gr. (I/Ai^if.' It. delfmo ; .Sp, deljin.] 
 
 The eldest son of the king of France, and pre- 
 sumptive heir of the crown. Since tin/ detlirone- 
 nienloflhe elder branch of the Bourbon family, in 
 IKtil, the title has been discontinued. P. t'l/c. 
 
 DA I 'I'lll.V KSS, n. The wife or lady of the dauphin. 
 
 Da'VII) IS'l'S, (11.;)/. The followers of 
 
 Ua'VII) (iEOR'Gl-ANS, i D.ivid George ; a sect of 
 quiet mystics in the Kith century, who were accused 
 of very erroneous sentiments. 
 
 D.\-V1'5>'.\, n. A new Vcsuvian mineral, of a hexahe- 
 dral form and laminar texture ; so called in liiiiior of 
 Sir II. Davy. It is the same with mpheline, 
 which see. 
 
 D.Wrr, 71. A beam used on board of ships, as a 
 crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of 
 the bow, without injuring the sides of the ship ; an 
 operation called fishinir tite anchor. 
 
 2. The term is also applied to pieces of timber or 
 iron, projecting over a ship's side or stern, having 
 tackle to raise a boat by ; these are called bout dacitn. 
 
 Totten, 
 
 DAW, 71. A word that Is found in the compound names 
 of many species of birds ; as, the Jackdaw ; the blue 
 daw ; the purple daw. 
 
 n.WV, e. i. To dawn. [JVof I'li lise.] [Seo Da« :<.1 
 
 DAW'DLK, f. i. To waste time ; to trifle. \Obs.\ 
 
 DAVV'Dl.KR, >i. .'V trirter. [06».] 
 
 DAVV'ISil, adv. Like a daw. 
 
 DAWK, 71. A hollow, rupture, or incision in timber. 
 {Lucal.^ Moxon. 
 2. [ijindoo d&k.] The mall post in India. 
 
 DAWK, 1'. (. To cut or mark with an incision. 
 [1 know not that this word is used in Ameriea.] 
 
 DAWN, r. i. [i^iix. daoian ; G.tagen; D. daagen ; Sw. 
 dagat ; from the rtxit of day, which see. The primary 
 sense is, to shoot, as rays ; hence, to open or expand, 
 to shine. We observe in this word the n of the 
 Saxon infinitive is retained.] 
 
 1. To begin to grow light in the morning ; to grow 
 light ; as, the day dawns ; the morning dawns. 
 
 It be^an to claim toward tlic fint day of the week. — MatU 
 
 KXviii. 
 
 2. To begin to open or expand ; to begin to show 
 intellectual light, or knowledge; as, the genius of the 
 youtii begins to daicn. 
 
 When Ufe aw;\l£rt and dawnt at every line. Pope. 
 
 3. To glimmer obscurely. Locke. 
 
 4. To begin to open or appear. Dryden. 
 DAW.N', II. The break of day ; the first appearance of 
 
 light in the morning. 
 
 They arose about (he daten of day. — Jcxsh. ri. 
 The word may express the whole time from the 
 first appearance of light to sunrise. 
 
 2. First opening or expansion ; first appearance of 
 intellectual light ; as, the dawn of genius, intellect, 
 or mental powers. 
 
 3. Beginning; rise; first appearance ; aa,lhe daum 
 of time. Shak. 
 
 4. A feeble or incipient light ; first beams. 
 
 These tender circumstances diil'u«e a daien of serenity ovrr the 
 soul. Pope. 
 DAWN'ING, ppr. or a. Growing light ; first appear- 
 ing luminous; opening; as, the dawning titiy. 
 
 2. Opening ; expanding ; beginning to show intel- 
 lectu.al light; beginning. 
 DAWN'I.NG, 71. The first appearance of light in the 
 morning. 
 
 2. The first opening or appearance of the intellect- 
 ual powers; beginning; as, the first dawning o{ no- 
 tions in the understanding. Locke, 
 DAY, 71. [Sax. dj-g, deg, dag; Goth, dags; D. daa- ; 
 0. tag ; Sw. dag ; Dan. dag ; Sans, dyu ; Celtic di,dm; 
 W'.diidh: IM. die.'!. See Dawn.] 
 
 1. That part of the time of the earth's revolution 
 on its axis, in which it;, surface is presented to the 
 sun ; the part of the twenty-four hours when it is 
 light ; or the space of time between the rising and 
 setting of the sun ; called the aT^i^iai day. 
 
 And Goil c^lcd die light '/<sy. — Gen. L 
 
 2. The whole lime or period of one revolution of 
 the earth on its axis, or twenty-four hours ; called the 
 natural day. 
 
 Ami (he fvcning and tlie morning were the first day. —Gen. I. 
 
 In this sense, the day may commence at any period 
 of the revolution. The Bab\ loniaiis began Ihe day 
 at stinrisiiig; the Jews, at siinselting ; the Egyp 
 tians, at midnight, as do several nations In modern 
 times, the British, French, Sp.anish, American, &c. 
 This d.ay, in reference to civil transactions, is called 
 the cirii day. Thus with us the day when a legal 
 instrument is dated, begins and ends at midnight. 
 
 The sidereal day, is the period In which the earth 
 makes one complete revolution on its axis, and is 
 about four minutes shorter than the mean sol.ar day, 
 owing to the motion of the sun in Its orbit. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
DAY 
 
 DEA 
 
 3. Light kunsliine. 
 
 Let d) walk lioiiesliy, as in ihe day. — Rom. xiii. 
 
 4. Time specified ; any period of time distinguished 
 from other time ; age ; time with reference to the 
 existence of a person or tiling. He was a useful man 
 in his day. 
 
 Ill the fiaythou eatfst Ihercof, ttioii shall surely die. — Gen. U. 
 
 In this sense, the plural is often used ; as, from the 
 (Iniis v{ the jiulges ; in the rfay? of our fathers. In 
 this sense, al.so, the word is often equivalent to life, 
 or earthly e.vi.stence. 
 
 5. The contest of a day ; battle ; or day of combat. 
 The day is his own. He won the day; that is, he 
 gained the victory. 
 
 6. An appointed or fixed time. 
 
 If my dehlorsdo not keep llieir <iny. Dryrlen, 
 
 7. Time of commemorating an event ; anniversary ; 
 the same day of the month, in any future year. VVe 
 celi'brate the day of our Savior's birth. 
 
 Day by day ; daily ; every day ; each day in suc- 
 cession ; continually ; without intermission of a day. 
 
 Day by day we magnify tliee. Common Prnyer. 
 
 But or only from day to day ; witliuut certainty of 
 continuance ; temporarily. Slialc. 
 
 To-day, adv. [Sax. «o-rf<rn-.] On tlie present day ; 
 this dav ; or at tlie present time. 
 
 Day'of ^acc ; in tlicology, the time when mercy 
 is offered to sinners. 
 
 To-day, if ye wiil hear his voice, harden not your hearts. — 
 
 Ps. XCVr. 
 
 Davs of grace ; in law, are days granted by the 
 court for delay, at the prayer of the plaintiff or de- 
 fendant. Kncyc. 
 
 Tiiree days, beyond the day naufed in the writ, in 
 which the person summoned may ajipear and answer. 
 
 Blades tone. 
 
 Days of grate ; in commerce, a customary number 
 of days, in Great Britain and .America three, allowed 
 for the payment of a note or bill of exchange, after 
 it becomes due. A note due on the sevcnUt of the 
 month is payable on the tenth. 
 
 The days of grace are different in different coun- 
 tries. In France, they are ten : at Naples, eight ; at 
 Venice, .\m.sterdam,'and ,\ntwerp, .iU ; at Ham- 
 burg, twelce i in Spain, fourteen ; in Genoa, thirty. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 Day in court, is a day for the appearance of parties 
 in a suit. 
 
 Daiji in hank: in England, days of appearance in 
 the Conrt of Common Bench. Days in court are gen- 
 erally at the distance of about a week from each 
 other, and have reference to some festival of the 
 church. On some one of these days in bank, all orig- 
 inal writs must be made returnable. Blark.^tone. 
 
 DAY'-liK.V.M, n. The light of the day. Bowring. 
 
 Da Y'-liED, n. A bed used for idleness, indulgence, or 
 rest, during the day. Shale. 
 
 D.\Y'-I'.On'\. 71. .\ journal of accounts ; a hook in 
 will, 'uc recorded the debts and credits or accounts 
 '"i day. 
 
 DaY'-BREaK, n. The dawn or first appearance of 
 
 light in the morning. 
 Da Y'-eo.M., n. A name given by miners to the upper 
 
 stratum of coal. Kncyc. 
 D.iY'-DKl£.\iM, n. A vision to the waking sen.ses. 
 
 Jl/Uion. 
 
 D.^Y'-FLO\V-ER, ». The popular name of a genus 
 of plants, the t'onimelina. Muhlrnbcrg. 
 
 DaY'-FLV, n. One of a genus of insects that live 
 one day only, or a vi^ry short time, called Kfihemera. 
 The species are numerous, some of which live 
 scarcely an hour, others several days. Eucyc. 
 
 DaY'-FL?-E11, n. An animal that Hies in the day- 
 time. 
 
 DaY'-LA-EOR, n. Labor hired or performed by the 
 day. 
 
 DaY-La'BOR-ER, n. One who works bv the day. 
 DSY'LKJHT, ( lite,) n. The light of the day ; the 
 
 light of the sun, as oi)posed to that of the moon or 
 
 of a lamp or candle. 
 UAY'-l.ll..-Y,7i. The same with asphodel. Johnson. 
 
 A spiH'ies of Hemerocnllis. Botany. 
 D.^Y'LV, a. The more regular orthography of Daily. 
 Da V'-MaID, ;i. A dairy maid. Shale. 
 DAVS'.\I.\N, n. An umpire or arbiter ; a mediator. 
 
 N' ilh-r in lli- re My daytnvtn l^etwixt in. — Job ix. 
 
 D.XY'-HPKIXG, n. The dawn ; the beginning of the 
 day, or first appearance of light. 
 
 Wliep-ljy the dnytjiTing from on li)<;h Iiatli vUil.-d us. — Luke I. 
 
 DAY'-MTAR, n. The mornitig star, Luc ifer, Venus ; 
 the star which precedes the morning light. Milton. 
 
 UAV'-TI.ME, ». 'I'he time of the sun's light on the 
 earth ; opiiosed to night, 
 
 DAV'-VVkA-RI-KD, (di'wC-rid,)a. Wearied with the 
 labor of the day. Shak. 
 
 DA Y'-VVnM-A.N, n. A dairy maid. 
 
 DAY'-WOKK, (work,) n. Work by the day; day- 
 labor. 
 
 DAV'S'-WORK, n. Tho work of one day. Among 
 teamrn, the account or reckoning of ft ship's course 
 for twenty-four houn, from noon to noon. Kncyc. 
 
 DaZE, v. t. [Ciu. Sax. dicics, dy.4, dysig. Eng. dizzy. 
 See 13az7.le.] 
 
 To overpower with light ; to dim or blind by too 
 strong a light, or to render the sight unsteady. 
 [A'of nu?c used, unless in poetry.] Dryden. 
 DAZE, n. Among yniners, a glittering stone. 
 DAZ'ZLE, V. U [In Sa.x. dwms is dull, stupid, foolish ; 
 dioascan, to extinguish ; dysi or dysig, dizzy. J 
 
 1. To overpower with light ; to hinder di.stinct 
 vision by intense light ; or to cause to shake ; to 
 render unsteady, as the sight. We say, the bright- 
 ness of the sun dazzlct the eyes or the sight. 
 
 2. To strike or surprise with a bright or intense 
 light ; to dim or blind by a glare of light, or by 
 splendor, in a literal or figurative sense ; as, to be 
 daztlcd by resplendent glory, or by a brilliant ex- 
 pression. 
 
 D.AZ'ZLE, V. i. To be overpowered by light; to shake 
 or be unsteady ; to waver, as the sight. 
 
 I daT« not tnist these eyes ; 
 They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprise. Dryden, 
 
 DAZ'ZLED, pp. or a. Made wavering, as the sight ; 
 overpowered or dimmed by a too strcmg liglit. 
 
 DAZ'ZLE-.MENT, 71. The act or power of dazzling. 
 [JVot used.] Donne, 
 
 DAZ'ZLING, ppr. or a. Rendering unsteady or waver- 
 ing, as the sight ; overpowering by a stitmg light ; 
 striking with splendor. 
 
 D.\Z'ZLIXG-LY, adv. In a dazzling manner. 
 
 DE, a Latin prefix, denotes a mtjviiig from, separa- 
 tion ; as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. 
 Hence, it often expresses a negative, as in derange. 
 Sometimes it augments the sense, afi in deprave, de- 
 spoil. It coincides nearly in sense with the French 
 dcs and L. dis. 
 
 The Latin phrase de jure denotes by right ; de 
 .facta in fact, or actually existing. 
 
 DHA'eoy!, (de'kn,) n. [L. diucomis, from Gr. 
 (tQi/oj, a minister or servant ; iia, by, and koi tw, to 
 serve ; Fr. diacre ; Ann. diagon ; It. and Sp. diacono ; 
 D. diaken,] 
 
 1. A person in the lowest degree of holy orders. 
 The office of deacon was instituted by the apostles, 
 .4cts vi., and seven persons were chosen, at first, to 
 serve at the feasts of Christians, and distribute bread 
 and wine to the communicants, and to minister to 
 the wants of the i>oor. 
 
 In tlie Roman Catholic church, the office of the dea- 
 cons is to incense the officiating priest ; to lay the 
 corporal on the altar ; to receive the cup from the 
 subdeacon, and present it to the person officiating ; 
 to incense the choir ; to receive the pax from the 
 officiating prelate, and carry it to the subdeacon ; 
 and at the pontifical mass, to put the miter on the 
 bishop's head. Encyc. 
 
 In the church of England, the office of deacons is 
 declared to be to assist the priest in administering 
 the holy communion ; and their office in Presbyterian 
 and Independent churches is to distribute the bread 
 and wine to the communicants. In the latter, they 
 are elected by the members of the church. 
 
 2. In Scotland, an overseer of the poor, and the 
 master of an incorporated company. 
 
 DE.VeON-ESS, (de'kn-ess,) n. A female deacon in 
 
 the primitive church. Encyc. 
 DK.V'eo.\-RY, j H. The office, dignity, or minis- 
 DiiA'eoN-SHIP, j try of a deacon or deaconess. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 DEAD, (dcd,) a. [Sax. dead, probably contracted from 
 detred ; D. dood ; G. todt ; Sw. dUd ; Dan. diid. See 
 
 Dt'E.] 
 
 J. Deprived or destitute of life ; that state of a 
 being, animal or vegetable, in which the organs of 
 motion and life have ceased to perform their func- 
 tions, and have become incapable of performing 
 thein, or of being restored to a state of activity. 
 The men arerferwi who sou<^lit thy hfe. — Ex. iv. 
 
 It is sometimes followed by of before the cause of 
 death ; as, dead of hunger, or of a fever. 
 
 2. Having never had life, or having been deprived 
 of vital action before birth ; as, the child was born 
 
 a. Witliout life ; iiiaiiiiiiate. [dead. 
 All, all but tnilh, drops dend-itom from the press. Pope. 
 
 4. Willioiit veget.ible life ; as, a dead tree. 
 
 ."i. Imitating death; deep or sound; as, a dead 
 sliM'p. 
 
 Ci. Perfectly still ; motionless as death; as, a rfcarf 
 calm ; a dead weiglit. 
 
 7. Empty ; vacant ; not enlivened by variety ; as, 
 a dead Void space ; a dead plain. Dryden, 
 
 We say, also, a dead level, for a perfectly level 
 surface. 
 
 8. Unemployed ; useless ; unprofitable. A man's 
 facullit^s may lie i/mi/, or his goods remain dead on 
 his hands. So dead capital or stock is that which 
 |)rodures no profit. 
 
 1). Dull ; inactive ; as, a dead sale of commodities. 
 
 10. Dull; gloomy; still; not enlivened ; ns, a 
 dead winter ; a dead season. Mdison. 
 
 11. Slill ; deep; obscure; as, the dead darkness 
 of the night. 
 
 12. Dull ; not lively ; not resembling life ; ns, the 
 dcjut coloring of a piece ; a dead eye. 
 
 iJ. Dull ; Iieavy ; as, a dead sound. Boyle. 
 14. Dull; frigid; lifeless; cold; not animated; 
 not atFecling ; u.-ied of prayer. AddtAun, 
 \h. Tasteless ; vapid ; spiritless; used of liquors. 
 If). Uninhabited ; as, dead walls. Arbathnot. 
 
 17. Dull ; without natural force or crt'icacy ; not 
 lively or brisk ; as, a dead fire. 
 
 18. In a state of spiritual death; void of grace; 
 lying under the power of sin. 
 
 19. Impotent ; unable to procreate Rom. Iv. 
 
 20. Decayed in grace. 
 
 Thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dea/l. — Rev. iii. 
 
 21. Not proceeding from spiritual life; not pro- 
 ducing good works; as, faith without works is 
 dead, .lames ii. 
 
 22. Proceeding from corrupt nature, not from spir- 
 itual life or a gracious principle ; as, dead works. 
 Hcb. ix. 14. 
 
 23. Perfect or complete; as, a dead level, a dead 
 certainty ; so, also, a dead shot, i. c., a perfect or un- 
 erring marksman. 
 
 24. In lam, cut off from the rights of a citizen ; 
 deprived of the power of eiijo> ing the rights of 
 property ; as. one banished or becoming a monk is 
 civilly dead, Blark.slone. 
 
 Dead language; a language which is no longer 
 spoken or in cttininon use by a people, and known 
 only in writings, as the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. 
 
 Dead rising, or ri.ting line ; the parts of a ship's floor 
 or bottom throughout her length, where the floor tim- 
 ber is terminated on the lower futtock. Mar. Diet 
 
 Dead set. See Set. 
 DE.\D, (ded,) n. Tlie dead signifies dead men. 
 
 Ye shall not make cuttiiio^s for the dead. — Lev. xix. 
 
 2. The state of the dead ; or death. 
 This is John the B.iptist ; ho is risen from the dead, — Matt. xiv. 
 This may be understood thus — he is risen from 
 among the dead. 
 DEAD, (ded,) ?i. The time when there is a remarka- 
 ble stillness or gloom ; depth, as the midst of win-, 
 ter or of night. 'J'lie dead of winter, the dead of 
 night, are familiar expressions. 
 DEAD, (ded,) v. i. To lose hfe or force. [Ois.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 DE.\D, (ded,) V. t. To deprive of life, force, or vigor. 
 [ Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 DEAD-COL'OR-ING, (ded kul'liir-ing,) 7i. In paint- 
 ing, tlie first layer of colors, usually some shade of 
 gray, on which are su[)criiidiiced tlie finishing colors 
 which give life and beaiitv to Ihe picture. Broirn.. 
 
 DE.\D'-DO-ING,a. Destructive ; killing. [Obs.] 
 
 Spen.^er. 
 
 DEAD'-DRtJNK, (7. So drunk as to be incapable of 
 
 helping onii's self. 
 DE.\D'£.\, (ded'n,) r. t. [D. doodrn : G. tddlen.] 
 
 1. To deprive of a portion of vigor, force, or .sen- 
 sation ; to abate vigor or action ; as, to deaden the 
 force of a ball ; to deaden the natural powers or 
 feelings. 
 
 2. To blunt ; to render less susceptible of feeling ; 
 as, to deaden the senses. 
 
 3. To retard ; to lessen velocity or motion ; as, to 
 deaden the motion of a ship, or of the wind. 
 
 4. To diminish spirit ; to make vapid or spiritless ; 
 a.s, to deaden wine or beer. 
 
 5. To ilcprive of gloss or brilliancy ; as, to deaden 
 gilding by a coat of size. 
 
 DEAD'£N-/;D, pp. or a. Deprived of force or sensa- 
 tion ; made vapid ; to give a dead appearance. 
 
 DEAD'£.\-ING, ppr. Depriving of force, velocity, or 
 sensation. 
 
 DE.VD'-E\'E, (ded'i,) «. [dead-maii''s eye.] Among 
 seamen, a round, flattisli, wooden block, encircled by 
 a rope, or an iron band, and pierced with three holes, 
 to receive the laiiiaiil, used to e.xtend the shrouds 
 and stays, and for oilier purposes. 
 
 DE.\D'-HKaKT-ED, a. Having a dull, faint heart. 
 
 Jlall. 
 
 DEAD'-HEXRT-ED-NESS, 71. Pusillanimity. 
 
 DE.\I)'-1.E I'-TER, n. A li iler which lies for a cer- 
 tain pei ioil uncalled for at the post-oflice, and is then 
 seiil 10 Ihe general post-oflice to be ojiened. 
 
 DE.\l)'-I.II'"r, The lilUiig of a thing at the ut- 
 most disadvaiilnge, as of a dead body; hence, an 
 extreme rxigriiev. lludibrns. 
 
 DEAD'-l.Kill T, (ded'llte,) 71 A strong wootleii shut- 
 ter, made lo suit a cabin window, in which it is fixed, 
 to pri vciil till- water Irom entering a ship in a storm. 
 
 DEAD'LI-11091), H. The suite of the dead. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 DEAD'LI-NESS, (ded'li ne.ss,) 71. The quality of be- 
 ing ilradlv. 
 
 DEAD'LV, (ded'lv,) a. That may occasion death ; 
 mortal ; fatal ; destructive ; as, a deadly blow or 
 wound. 
 
 2. Mortal; implacable; aiming to kill or destroy; 
 as, a deadly ciieiiiy ; deadly malice ; a deadly feud. 
 DH.MI'LY, (ded'ly,) adr. In a manner resembling 
 death ; as, deadly pale or wan. Shale 
 
 2. Mtirtally. 
 
 VTith ^roiiiiiiii^ii utadewlly wounded man. — Ku'k. xxx. 
 
 3. Implacably ; destructively. 
 
 KATE, FAR, F^LL, WHyi'. — METE, PRgV. — PINK, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DQVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 3(W 
 
DEA 
 
 4. Ill a I'u/i'ur or liulirrous sense. Vi;iy ; extreiiiPly ; 
 as, n ilruillii ciiniiiii'j iinui. ^^rbitthiiuL 
 I)i;.\l)'l,V-CAK lll/l', K. A lil:iiit of tlie griius 
 'riia|)-<i;i. 
 
 IJKAD'I.Y-NIGirr'SIlAnE, n. A poisnnous plant 
 
 i>r llic Eciiiis Atropa, tlii; bi'lliiiluna. 
 DKAD'.MMU.'II, II. A piece .>!" siilumii music, played 
 
 at till' inl. rmenl o( llii- ileail. 
 1)KAI)'M;ss, (ili-.l'iiess,) ,1. Want of natural lifo or 
 
 vital pmvrr in an animal iir plant ; as, the tleadiiess of 
 
 a linili, iif a luiilv, I'l i4' ii tree. 
 Q. Wan! of aiiiiiiatioii ; dullness; languor; as, the 
 
 dea'Iiie>:< of the eve. 
 
 3. Want of warmlli or aid ir ; coliliiess ; frigidity ; 
 as, the tleadiiess of the alli ctions. 
 
 4. Vapidiioss ; want of spirit ; as, the deadiiess of 
 liqiu)rs. 
 
 5. State of bein? incapalile of conception, accord- 
 ing to the ordinary laws of nature, liniii. iv. 111. 
 
 6. Indiirerence ; mortilicatiim of the natural de- 
 sires ; alienation of heart from temporal pleasures ; 
 as, dendiifss In the world. 
 
 Di:Al)'-.\i;'r-TI,K, «. a plant of the genus I.amium, 
 and another of the genus (laleopsis. 
 
 DKAD'-l'LKOOE, h. A mortgage or pawning of things, 
 or thing pawned. Bailey. 
 
 DKAI)'-lll'.CK-ON-I.\G, (ded'rck-ninE,) n. In Huei- 
 iriilion, the judgment or estimation of the |)lace of a 
 ship, without any observation of the heavenly bod- 
 ies ; or an account of the distance she has run by 
 the log, and of the course steered by the coiup.iss, 
 and tins rectitied by due allowances for drift, lec- 
 wav, itc. Mur. Diet. 
 
 DKAi) -STRUCK, a. Confounded ; struck with Inuror. 
 
 l)r..\l)'-\V.\-TEU, II. The eddy water closing in with 
 a ship's siern, as she passes through the water. 
 
 I)i;AI)'-\Vr,U;HT, (ded'wat,) n. A heavy or oppres- 
 sive burden. 
 
 2. .\ name given to an advance by the Bank of 
 England to the government, on account of hall-pay 
 and pensions to retired olficers of the army or navy. 
 
 Gilbei-t. 
 
 DEAD'-WOQO, n. Blocks of timber laid on the keel 
 of a sliip,'|)'articularly at Ihe extremities. 
 
 I)EAL)'\V(5UKti, The pans of a ship which are 
 
 above the surface of the water when she is laden. 
 
 DEAF, (def in En>rland, more coiiimniilij dcef in Amer- 
 ica.) a. [Sax. deaf; Ice. daiif: I), doof: G. tnub ; 
 Dan. lUiB ; Sw. diif; D. duocen : to ipieiich or stitle ; 
 Dan. doner, lo deafen ; coinciding with Ch. Nsa to 
 . extinguish, L. stipo. Ft. etouj'rr, to stuff. Hence we 
 say, thick of keariiiir. The true English pronuncia- 
 tion of this woril is derf, as appears from the poetry 
 of Chaucer, who uniformly makes it rhyme with 
 leaf: and this privof is conlirmed by jMietry in the 
 works of Sir \V. Temple. Such was tlie prcmuncia- 
 tion which our ancestors brmight fnuii England. 
 The word is in analogy with leaf, sheaf, and the long 
 sound of the vowels naturally precedes tile semi-vowel 
 /. Def, from the Danish and Swedish pronuncia- 
 tion, is an anomaly in English of a singular kind, 
 there being not another word like it in the language. 
 See Chaucer's " Wife of Bath's rrologue."] 
 
 1. Not perceiving siujiids ; not receiving impres- 
 sions from sonorous bodies through tlie air ; as, a 
 deaf e.ir. 
 
 2. Wanting the sense of hearing; having organs 
 which do not peruiive sounds; as, a r/c<//nian. It is 
 followed by (u before that which ought to be heard ; 
 as, deaf to the voice of the orator. 
 
 Blinil air tht'ir eye*, their c-ire An: deaf, 
 
 Nor ln'.\r wlu*n iiiurtils pr\y : 
 Mon.tlii thil w.iitttir (h.-ir bpIu-I, 
 
 Arc «ii.l lUn/nt Ui. y. Wattt, P: 135. 
 
 3. In a nirta;)Aoric«' souf, not listening ; not regard- 
 ing ; not moveil, [K'rsuadod, <ir convinced ; reject- 
 ing; a-s, rfca/lo reason or arguinenU. Men are deuf 
 to the calls id' the gospel. 
 
 4. Without the ability or will to regard spiritual 
 things ; unconcerned ; as, hear, yc druf. Is. xlii. 
 
 5. Deprived of the [Kiwer of hearing ; deafened ; 
 as, deqf with Nainor. 
 
 6. Stitied ; imperfect ; obscurely heard ; as, a deaf 
 noise or murmur. Dnjdeii. 
 
 DE.\F, c. t., to deafen, is used by Dryden, but is obso- 
 lete, unless, perhaps, in i>oetry. 
 
 DEAF' K.N, (deef-n or dern,) r. I. To make deaf; to 
 deprive of the power of hearing; to impair the or- 
 gans of hearing, so as to render them unimpressible 
 tu sounds. 
 
 2. To stun ; to render incapable of perceiving 
 sounds distinctly ; as, deafened with clamor or lu- 
 imill. 
 
 3. In arehitecture, to deafen a floor, is to reniler it 
 impervious to sound, by lilling liie space beneath it 
 with ninrtar and oilier substances. Gicilt. 
 
 DEAF'/;X-i:D, (deefud or dernd,) pp. Made deaf, 
 stunned. 
 
 I)E.\F'K.\-I.\0, pnr. Making deaf; rendering im- 
 pervious to soiimi. 
 
 DEAI 'LY, (deefle or deric,) adc. Without sense of 
 sounds ; obscurely heard. 
 
 DE.VF'.N'E.^S, (deefness or defness,) n. Incapacity 
 of perceiving sounds; the state of the organs which 
 
 DEA 
 
 prevents the impressions which cimstitute hearing ; 
 
 as. thtr deafness of the ears ; hence, applied to persons, 
 
 want of the sense of hearing. 
 •J. tJiiwillingness to hear and regard ; voluntary 
 
 rejei'ti(ui of what is addressed to the ear and to the 
 
 understanding. Kin^r Charles. 
 
 Dl'.AF'-MOTE, n. A deaf and dumb [lerson. Oallaudet. 
 DK.M., v. L ! pert, ami Dealt, (dell.) [Sax. dirlan, 
 
 bctltflan, ireilti-lan ; tioth. dailijan ; Sw. dela i Dan. 
 
 dreler : G. theilen ; I), deelen ; beilrelrn ; Russ. detitu ; 
 
 W. dijdoli, to separate ; dij ami tawl, separation, a 
 
 throwing olf, tawlii, to throw olT, to si parate ; Ir. and 
 
 Gael. daUim, to give ; dail, a part, Eng. dole ; ileb. and 
 
 Ch. Sia to separate or divide ; Ar. bailala, to 
 
 exchange, or give in exchange; ^>>o badhala, to 
 
 give, lo yield. (Uu. \V. goioli, to endow.) There 
 IS a remarkable coinciileiice between the Sliemitic 
 word and the Sax. and Dutch, bedalan, bcdcelen. 
 The Welsh tairlu gives the true original sense.] 
 
 1. To dividi^ ; to part ; to separati; ; hence, to di- 
 vide in portions ; to ilislributc ; often followed by out. 
 
 Is it iMJl \oileal lliy hread to the hungry. — In. Iviii. 
 
 Ami Hoini-' fleaU ovil her blrsaiiigK ;iiul lu-rgolil. Ticket. 
 
 2. To scatter ; to throw about ;^ as, to deal out 
 feathered deaths. Vnjdcn. 
 
 3. To throw out in succession ; to give one after 
 another ; as, to deal out blows, to deal out cards, to 
 dial out curses. 
 
 Dti.AL, V. i. To traffic ; to trade ; lo negotiate. 
 
 Th'-y hny nml »ftl, they tieat iitnl iniilic. South. 
 
 2. To act between man anil man ; to intervene ; 
 to transact or negotiate between men. 
 
 Ho th:it dealt U.-t\vecn inuii and man, ifviaclh \\\m own cn'dit 
 uilhlkjth. liatyjii. 
 
 3. To behave well or ill ; to act ; to conduct <me's 
 sell" in nlation to others. 
 
 'Diuii shall not stciii, nor ileal fiiiscly, nor lie. — Lev. xix. 
 
 4. To distribute cards. 
 
 To deal bij ; to treat, either well or ill ; as, to deal 
 well bij domestics. 
 
 Such one (teats not fairly by his own mind. Loclie. 
 
 To deal in ; to have to do with ; to be cngtigeil in ; 
 to practice. They deal in political iiuitters ; they deal 
 in low humor. 
 
 2. To trade in ; as, to ileal in silks, or in cutlery. 
 
 To deal wOli i to tr>->t in !uiy manner ; to use well 
 or 111. 
 
 Now will we lietu wonf letth thee. — Gen. xix. 
 Return — luiil I will ileal well with thee. — Urn. xxxii. 
 
 2. To contend with ; to treat with, by way of o|>- 
 position, check, or correction ; as, he has turbulent 
 passions to deal iriOi. 
 
 a. To treat with, by way of discipline, in ecclesi- 
 astical affairs ; to .admonish. 
 Dl":.\L, w. [Sax. da-l, dnl, iredal ; Ir. dal : Yt. deel ; G. 
 tlteit ; Dan. i/fcZ ; i>\v . del ; li\iss. dolia. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Litirallij, a divisiim ; a part or portion ; hence, 
 an indetiuite i|uaiitity, degree, or extent ; as, a deal 
 of tiim; and trouble ; a deal of cold ; a deal of sjiace. 
 Formerly it was limited by some : as, some deal ; but 
 this is niiw obsidete or vulgar. Ill geni^nd, we now 
 (lualify the word tvith o-rcut ; as, a irreiU deal of labor ; 
 a o-reat deal of time and pains ; a great deal of land. 
 In the phrases, it is a ffreat deal better or worse, the 
 words irreat deal serve as modifiers of the sense of 
 belter ami worse. The true construction is, it is, bij 
 a great deal, better; it is better bi/ a great deal, that 
 is, by a great part or dilferelice. 
 
 2. The division or distribution of cards ; the art or 
 practice of dt^aling cards. 
 
 The deal, the shnille, and the cut. Swi/t. 
 
 3. The division of a piece of timber made by saw- 
 ing ; a pine boartl or plank : a seiue much more used 
 in Enirland than in the United States. 
 
 DE-AI/BaTE, r. /. ri,. dealho; de and albus, white.] 
 To whiten. [LiUlc ;i..f<;.) 
 
 DE-AE-B.A'TIO.N, H. The act of bleaching ; a whit- 
 
 Dk.M.'KD, pp. Divided ; thrown out. [ening. 
 
 Dk.Mj'ER, n. One who deals; one who has to do 
 with any thing, or has concern with ; as, a dealer in 
 wit and learning. Swijl. 
 
 2. A trailer; a trafficker ; a shopkeeper; a broker; 
 a merchant ; a leord of eery eztensive use ; as, a dealer 
 in dry giKids ; a dealer in liardware , a dealer ill 
 storks; a dealer in leather; a dealer in lumber; a 
 dealer in linens or woolens ; a small dealer in groce- 
 ries ; a money-^/c<i/fr. 
 
 3. One who distributes cards to the players. 
 DE.Mj'I.NG, pjir. Dividing; dislribiitiiig ; throwing 
 
 2. Trading ; tratlickiiig ; negotiating. [out. 
 
 3. Treating ; behaving. 
 
 Dk.\L'I.\G, II. Practice; action; conduct ; behavior; 
 as, observe the dealings of the men who administer 
 the government. But it is now more generally used 
 of the acliims of men in private life. 
 
 DE.VLT, (dell,) pr«. and ;jp. Scattered; given in suc- 
 cession ; traded ; conducted. 
 
 DEA 
 
 2. Conduct in relation to others ; treatini^nt ; as, 
 the dealings of a father with his chililreii. God's 
 </f«/oH'.< with men are the disjiensations of his prov- 
 idence or moral government. 
 
 3. Intercourse in buying and selling ; traffic ; busi- 
 ness ; negotiation. American merchants have ex- 
 tensive dealings with the nierchaiils of I,iverpiH)l. 
 
 4. Interctmrse of business or friendship; concern. 
 
 Tli" J'-wa li.iv- no ilenliitga with tlie S.ini.irit.itn. — John ir. 
 
 DE-A.M'BI' L.aTE, r. i. [L. deambulo.] 
 
 To walk abroad. (jVot lued.] 
 DE-A.M-BU-LA'TION, n. The act of walking abroad. 
 
 Klijot. 
 
 DE-AM'BU-I.A-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to walks. 
 
 DE-A.M'lU;.|,A-TO-RY, n. A place to walk in. 
 
 Dean, n. [I'r. doyen, tUt: eldest of a corporation ; .\rm. 
 dean; Sp. ///(i/i, deeano; Port, deitm, derano ; It. drea- 
 no; from I., dccanus, the leader of a file ten deep, the 
 head of a colltfge, from decent, Gr. hKti, W. deg, ti'ti ; 
 so named because originally he was set over ten can- 
 ons or prebendaries. Jiyliffe.] 
 
 1. In /'.'ni'/d/K/, an ecclesia-stical dignitary in cathe- 
 dral and collegiate churches, and the head of a chap- 
 ter ; the second dignitary of a diocese. Ancient deans 
 are elected by the chapter in virtue of a eonge d'elire 
 from the king and letters missive of recoiimieiidation ; 
 but in the ch ipters founded by Henry VIII. out of the 
 spoils of dissolved monasteries, the deanery is dona- 
 tive, and the installation merely by the king's letters 
 patent. Encijc. 
 
 2. An officer in each college of the universities in 
 England. IVarton. 
 
 3. In the United States, a registrar of Ihe faeiilly in 
 some colleges, and especially in nieilical iiisiitiitinns. 
 
 Rural dean, or arcli-presb) ter, had oniruially juris- 
 diction over ten cliiiielies; bill afl. rward he became 
 only the bishop's siibstiliile, with no ahsuliite judicial 
 power in himself, but the orileriiig of ecclesiastical 
 affairs within his d. aiiery, by the direction of the 
 bisli<»p or archdeacon. Gilbert. 
 
 Dean if a inonusti ry ; a superior established under 
 the abbot, to ease him in taking care of ten monks. 
 Hence his name. F.neyc. 
 
 Dinn and chapter, arc the bishop's council, to aid 
 him with their advice in atfairs of religion, anil in the 
 temporal concerns of his see. F.neyc. 
 DE.-\.\'ER-Y, «. The office or the revenue of a dean. 
 
 Clarendon. Sipift. 
 
 3. The house of a dean. Shak. 
 
 3. The jurisdiction of a dean. 
 
 E;ich archrl'MConry is diviiled into rural deniieyiea. anri each 
 deanery is div-i<led into p.tris)i<-H. BtaeKtlone. 
 
 Dk.\ N'SH1I', n. The office of a dean. 
 
 DE.\R, a. [Sax. deor ; G. theuer, di ar, rare; theure or 
 thearang, dearness, scarcity, dearth ; D. f/»'/r, dear ; 
 duarte, iliiarlh ; Sw. ilyr, dear ; dyrlirt, di-arlh ; Dan. 
 diire, dyrtid, id. It seems that the primary sense is, 
 scarce, rare, or close, narrow ; this is idiviotis from 
 dearth. So in I., earns, earitas. Class Dr, No. 7, 8, 
 19, and Class Sr, No. 4, 34, 47.] 
 
 1. Scarce ; not plentiful ; as, a dear year. [0/«.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. Bearing a high price in comparison of the usual 
 price ; more cosily than usual ; of a higher price than 
 the customary one. Wheat is dear at a ilollar a bush- 
 el, when the usual price is sevenly-live cents. This 
 sense results from tlie former, as tycar/ic^-.v is the ellect 
 of scarcity and ileniaiiil. 
 
 3. Of a high value in estimation ; greatly valued ; 
 beloved ; precious. 
 
 And th'- last Joy waa dearer than the rest. Pojie, 
 Ue ye iidiowrrs ol (jixl, as dear chil.l(^-n. — K|)h. v. 
 
 Dr. \R, a. rSax. dirinn, to hurt; Scot, derc or iZrir, lu 
 aiiiiuN', ami dere, to fear.] 
 
 Hurtful ; grievous ; hati-ful. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 DEAR, r. (. To make dear. [.Vol ii..ri/.] Shelton. 
 
 DEAR, 71. .\ darliii"; a word denoting lender alfec- 
 tion or endearment ; as, my drar. 
 
 Di;.\R'BOR.V, n. .\ light four-wheel carriage. 
 
 DEAR'-BOUGIIT, (-b.aut,) a. [See Bouoiir.] Pur- 
 chased at a high price; as, dear-bought experience; 
 dear-bought blessings. 
 
 DE.\R'EST, a. taperl. Bearing the highest price ; of 
 the Ereatest value. 
 
 DE AR'ES T, w. Darling : a term denoting the tenderesl 
 
 DEAR'I.ING. See DiRiiNC. [affiction. 
 
 DEAR'-I.i1V-/:D, ( liivil,) a. Greatly beloved. Shuk. 
 
 DE.VR'I.V, o</r. .U a high price; as, he pays dearly 
 for his rashness. 
 2. With Kreat f.mdness ; as, we love our children 
 
 DE.VR.N, a. [Sax. </riirji.] [dearly; dearly beloved. 
 
 1, (111 -ly ; solitary; melancholy. (06.v.] Shak. 
 DEAR'.S'F.SS, n. .<carcily ; high price, or a higher 
 
 price than the customary one ; xs, the dearae.<s of 
 corn. 
 
 2. Fondness^ neaniess lo the heart or nfTections ; 
 great value in estimation ; preciousness ; tender love; 
 as, the dearness of friendship. 
 
 DE.\R.\'EY, adr. Secretly; privately; mournfully. 
 
 [Oftv.] [ficp. Dernlv.] 
 DEARTH, (derth,) 11. [See De.ib.] Scarcity ; lus, a 
 
 deartli of corn. 
 2. Want ; neeil ; famine. Shak. 
 
 TONE, BI;lL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as Sil ; Til ns in THIS. 
 
 303 
 
DEB 
 
 DLB 
 
 3. Barrenness ; sterility ; as, a dearth of plot. 
 
 Dnjdcn. 
 
 nE-AU-Tie'U-LATE, V. t. To disjoint. [JVut wscA] 
 DE.\TH, (deth,) n. [Sax. death ; D. dood ; G. tod ; S\v. 
 diid; Dan, dSd. See Die and Dead.] 
 
 1. That state of a being, animal or vegetable, but 
 more particularly of an animal, in n liicli there is to- 
 tal and permanent cessation of all the vitiil fiimtions, 
 when the organs have not only coa-eil to act, but 
 have lost the susceptibility of renewed action. 'J'lms 
 the cessation of respiration and circulation in an an- 
 imal may not be death ; for during hybernation, some 
 animals become entirely torpid, and some animals 
 and vegetables may be subjected to a li ved state liy 
 frost, but being capable of revived activity, they are 
 not dead. 
 
 2. The state of tlie dead ; as, the gates of death. 
 
 3. The manner of dying. [Juft xxxviii. 
 
 Thou sliult tile ihedea'Jts of them thai are slain in llic in.ilst of 
 
 the seas. — Ezek. xxviii. 
 Let me die the deallt of the righteous. — Num. xxiii. 
 
 4. The image of moitality represented by a skele- 
 ton ; as, a death's head. Shal:. 
 
 5. Murder ; as, a man of death. Bacon. 
 
 6. Cause of death. We say, he caught his death. 
 O thou man of God, there is dealli in the pot. — 2 Kings iv. 
 
 7. Destroyer or agent of death ; as, he will be the 
 death of his poor fatlier. 
 
 8. In poetry, the means or instrument of death ; as, 
 an arrow is called the feathered death ; a ball, a lead- 
 en death. 
 
 Deaths invisible c«me winded witli fire. fhyden. 
 
 9. In theolorry, perpettial separation from God, and 
 eternal tonnents ; culled the second death. Rev. ii. 
 
 10. Separation or alienation of the soul from God ; 
 a being under the dominion of sin, and destitute of 
 grace or divine life ; called spiritual death. 
 
 We know that we have passed from deaOi to life, because we 
 love the brethren. — 1 John iii. Lultei. 
 
 Civil death, is the separation of a man from civil 
 society, or from the enjoyment of civil rights ; n.s by 
 banishment, abjuration of the realm, entering into a 
 monasterv, &c. BlacUstone. 
 DE.ATH'-BED, (deth'bed,) rt. The bed on which a 
 
 person dies or is confined in his last sickness. 
 DE.VrH'-BoD-ING, a. Portending death. Shak. 
 DEATH' -DaRT-I.XG, a. Darting or inllicting death. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 DE.ATH'-DO-ING, a. Inflicting death. 
 DEATH'-DOOM-£D, a. Doomed to death. Coleridge. 
 DEATH'FUL, o. Full of slaughter ; murderous ; de- 
 structive. 
 
 Tliese eves bcluild 
 The ical^.^ii; scene. Pope. 
 
 DEATII'FUL-NESS, n. Appearance of death. Taylor. 
 DE.\TH'LESS, a. Immortal ; not subject to detith, 
 
 destruction, t)r extinction ; as, deathless beings j dtatJir- 
 
 less fame. 
 
 DE.\TH'LlKE, a. Resembling death ; gloomy ; still ; 
 
 calm ; quiet ; peaceful j motionless ; like tieath in 
 
 horror or in stillness ; as, deatlilihe slumbers. 
 2. Resembling death ; cadaverous. 
 DEATH'-RAT-TLE, (deth'rat-tl,) n. A rattling in 
 
 the throat of a dving person. 
 DE ATH'-SH.'VD-6VV-£D, a. Surrounded by the shades 
 
 of death. More. 
 DEATH'-STRoKE, n. The stroke of death. 
 DE.ATH'S'-DoOR, (deths'dor,) n. A near approach 
 
 to death ; the gates of tleatli. Taylor. 
 DE.\TirS'-.M.\?{, n. An executioner ; a hangman. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DE.\TH'-To-K;^:X, n. That which indicates approach- 
 ing death. Skuk. 
 
 DEATH'VVARD, w/i'. Toward death. Bcaum. and Fl. 
 
 DEATH'-VVATCII, n. A small kind of beetle, whose 
 ticking, which is really the call of the male for its 
 mate, lias been weakly supposeil, by su[)i rstitions anil 
 ignorant people, to prognosticati; death. Oay. 
 
 DE-AU'RSTE, f. (. [L. deauro.] 
 'I'o gild. [Little used.] 
 
 DE-AU'RATE, a. GilditL 
 
 DK-iiAC'CHATE, v. i. To rave and bluster, as a hac- 
 
 I)i; DAC-eilA'TION, 71. A raving. [chanal. 
 
 DE-IiAC'LK, (dc-bak'l,) n. [Fr.] A breaking or 
 bursting forth. Buekland. 
 
 A violent rush of waters, Iiaving so great force as 
 to liiivc conveyed the fragments of rocks, and the re- 
 mains of animals and vegetables, to a di.stance from 
 their native localities. FjI. Encyc. 
 
 DE-UAR', r. t. [de and liar.] To cut off from en- 
 trance ; to preclude ; to hindi'r from approach, entry, 
 or cnjoymeiil ; to shut out or cvclitde ; as, we are not 
 debarred from any ralionttl enjoyment ; religion de- 
 bars UM from no real pleasure. 
 
 UE-llA RK', V. U [Fr. dcbarqucr ; de and barque, a boat 
 or veHnel.l 
 
 To lanil from a ship or boat ; to remove from on 
 board any wati r-( raft and placi- on land ; to ili.scm- 
 bark ; as, to drhark nrldli ry. [It is less us(m1, es- 
 pecially ill a traiiHitive si-nsr, than liiiKMiiAnK.] 
 DE-HAUK', r. i. To h ave a ship or boat and pass to 
 the land ; an, the troops debarked at four o'clock. 
 
 DE-BXRK-A'TION, n. The act of disemjiarking. 
 
 DE-BARK'£D, (de-bArkt',) pp. Removed to land from 
 on board a shi]) or boat. 
 
 DE B.iRK'IJv'G, pirr. Removing from a ship to the 
 land ; goiiig from on board a vessel. 
 
 DE-BAR'Ri-'D, (de-b.ird',) ;>;). [from rfcJar.] Hindered 
 from approach, entrance, or possession. 
 
 DE-IiAR'RI.XG, ;)/)(•. Preventing from approach, en- 
 trance, or enjoyment. 
 
 DE-BaR'RING, n. Hinderance from approach. 
 
 DE-BaSE', v. t. [de and base.] To reduce from a 
 higher to a lower state in tpiality or respectability. 
 The drtinkard debases himself and his character. In- 
 temperance and debauchery debase men almost to a 
 level with beasts. 
 
 2. To reduce or lower in quality, purity, or value ; 
 to adulterate ; as, to debase gold or silver by alloy. 
 
 3. To lower or degrade ; to make mean or despica- 
 ble. Religion should not be debased by frivolous dis- 
 putes. Vicious habits debase the mind as well as the 
 character. 
 
 4. To sink in purity or elegance ; to vitiate by 
 meanness ; :is, to debase style by the use of vulgar 
 words. 
 
 DE-BaS'£D, (de-baste',) pp. or a. Reduced in esti- 
 mated value ; lowered in estimation ; reduced in 
 purity, fineness, quality, or value ; adulterated ; de- 
 graded ; rendered mean. 
 
 DE-BaSE'MENT, 7!. The act of debasing; degrada- 
 tion ; reduction of purity, fineness, quality, or value ; 
 adttltertition ; a state of being debased ; as, debase- 
 ment of character, of our faculties, of the coin, of 
 style, &c. 
 
 DE-BaS'ER, n. One who debases or lowers in esti- 
 mation or in value ; one who degrades or renders 
 mean ; that which debases. 
 
 DE-BaS'IXG, ppr. or a. Reducing in estimation or 
 worth ; adulterating ; reducing in purity or elegance ; 
 degrading ; rendering mean. 
 
 2. a. Lowering ; tending to debase or degrade ; 
 as, debasiiifr vices. 
 
 DE-l!.At;'l.\(3-LY, adv. So as to debase. 
 
 DE-BaT'A-BLE, a. [See Debate.] That may be 
 debated ; disputable ; subject to controversy or con- 
 tention ; as, a debatable question. 
 
 DE-BaTE', 71. [Fr.dcl.at; Sp.debaU; Port, id.; de 
 and battre, to beat,] 
 
 1. Contention in words or arguments ; discussion 
 for elucidating truth ; strife in argument or reasoning, 
 bjtween persons of different opinions, each endeav- 
 oring to prove his own opinion right, and that of his 
 opposer wrong; dispute; caniroversy ; as, the de- 
 bates in patliamenpor in coa^Tess 
 
 2. Strife ; contention. 
 
 BehoKl, ye fast for strife and debase. — Is. Ivlii. 
 
 3. The power of being disputed ; as, this question 
 is settled beyond debate ; the story is true beyond de- 
 bate. 
 
 4. Debate m debates ; the published report of argu- 
 ments for and against a measure ; as, tlie debates in 
 the conventitm are printed. 
 
 DE-BaTE', 7'. f. [Fr. debattre ; Sp. debatir ; Port, de- 
 bater. See Beat and Abate.] 
 
 To contend for in words or arguments; to strive 
 to maintain a cause by reasoning ; to dispute ; to dis- 
 cuss ; to argue ; to contest, as opposing parties ; as, 
 the question was debated till a late hour. 
 
 Debate Uiy cause with thy neighbor himself. — Prov. xxv. 
 DE-BSTE', V. i. To debate on or in ; to deliberate ; to 
 discuss or examine different arguments in the mind. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To dispute. Taller. 
 
 3. To engage in con>bat. [JVot in use.] 
 DE-ISaT'ED, pp. or a. Disputed ; argued ; discussed. 
 DE-BaTE'FJJL, 0. Of thinirs, contested ; occasion- 
 ing contention. Spenser. 
 
 2. Of persons, quarrelsome ; contentious. [Little 
 vsed.] 
 
 DE-BaTE'FUL-LY, adv. With contention. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 DE I!ATE'MENT,7t. Controversy; deliberation. [Lit- 
 tle ii.vr./.l Shak. 
 
 DE-B.\T'ER, n. One who debates; a disputant; a 
 controverli.st. 
 
 DE-BaT'I.\'(!, ppr. or a. Disputing; discussing; con- 
 tending by arguments. 
 
 DE-B.^T'[.\'(i l.Y, adv. In the manner of a debate. 
 
 DE-BaT'ING-SO-CI'E-TV, «. A society for the pur- 
 pose of debtite and imiirovement in extemporaneous 
 speaking. 
 
 DE BAUCH', V. t. [Fr. dcbauchcr; Arm. dibaueha. This 
 is said by Lunier to be compounded of de and an old 
 French word, signifying a shop, {bauehe,) and that 
 its primary sense is tt) draw t>r entice one frtun his 
 shop or work ; and in this sense it is still used. 
 Ili nce, embaurhrr is to help a journeyman to employ- 
 nii iit, and to enlist as a solilier. The general sense, 
 then, of debauch, in English, is to lead astray, like 
 seduce.] 
 
 1. To corrupt or vitiate ; as, to debauch a jirince or 
 youth ; to debauch good principles. 
 
 2. To corrupt with lewdness ; as, to debauch a 
 woman. 
 
 3. To seduce from duty or allegiance ; as, to de- 
 bauch an army. 
 DE-BAUCH',n. [Fr. (/cJaitc/ic ; Arm. Aftaucft.] 
 
 Excess in eating or drinking ; intemperance ; 
 drunkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness. 
 DE-HAUCH'SD, (de-bauclit',) pp. or a. Corrupted ; 
 
 vitiated in morals or purity of character. 
 DE-BAUCIl'ED-LY, adv. In a profligate manner. 
 
 Coirleti. 
 
 DE-BAITCH'ED-NESS, 71. Intemperance. Bp. Hall. 
 DEB-AU-CHEE', (deb-o-shee',) n. A man given to 
 
 intemperance or bacchanalian excesses. But, chiefly, 
 
 a man habitually lewd. 
 DE-BAUCH'ER, 71. One who debauches or corrupts 
 
 others ; a seducer to lewdness, or to any dereliction 
 
 of duty. 
 
 DE-BAUCH'ER- Y, 7!. E.xcess in the pleasures of the 
 table ; ginttuny ; intemperance. But, chiefly, habit- 
 ual lewdness ; excessive unlawful indulgence of lust. 
 
 2. Corruption of fidelity ; seduction from duty or 
 allegiance. 
 
 The republic of Pans will endeavor to complete the debauchery 
 of the army. Burke. 
 
 DE-BAUCH'.AIENT, 71. The act of debauching or 
 coniipting ; tlie act of seducing from virtue or duty. 
 
 DE-BEL'LaTE, J!. J. [L.dcbello.] [Taylor. 
 To subdue. [JVut used.] Bacon. 
 
 DE-BEL-La'TION, 7!. The act of conquering or sub- 
 duing. [JVui used.] More. 
 
 DE BE'.VE ES'SE, [L.] Well being, or condition- 
 al allowance. In law, to take an order or testimf)ny 
 de bene esse, is, to take or allow it for the present, but 
 subject to be suppressed or disallowed on a further 
 or full examination. Cowcl. 
 
 DE-BENT'lIRE, 71. [Fr., from L. dcbco, to owe. Class 
 Db.] 
 
 1. A writing acknowledging a debt ; a writing or 
 certificate signed by a public officer, as evidence of a 
 debt due to some person. This paper, given by an 
 officer of the customs, entitles a merchant, exporting 
 goods, to the receipt of a bounty, or a drawback of 
 duties. When issued by a treasurer, it entitles the 
 holder to a sum of money from the state. 
 
 2. In Vie customs, a certificate of drawb.ack ; a 
 writing which states that a person is entitled to a 
 certain sum from the government, on the tjxportatiou 
 of specified goods, the duties on wliicli had been p:iid. 
 
 DE-BENT'UR-£D, a. Debentured goods are tl)o>e for 
 which a debenture has been given, as being entitled 
 to drawback. 
 
 DEB'ILE, a. [L. debilis ; Fr. dcbile; U. dcbile : Sp. de- 
 bit. See Class Db, No. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 47, 51.] 
 
 Relaxed ; weak ; feeble ; Uuiguid ; faint ; without 
 strength. Shak. 
 
 DE-BIL'I-TaTE, v. t. [L. debilito, from debilis.] 
 
 To weaken ; to. impair the strength of; to enfee- 
 ble ; to make faint or languid. Intemperance dtbdi- 
 tates the organs of digestion. Excessive indulgence 
 debilitates the system. 
 
 DE-BIL'I-Ta-TED, pp. or a. Weakened ; enfeebled ; 
 relaxed. 
 
 DE-BIL'I-Ta-TING, ppr. Weakening; enfeebling; 
 impairing strength. 
 
 DE-BIL'I-Ta-TING, a. Tendingor adapted to weaken. 
 
 DE-BIL-I-Ta'TION, 71. The act of weakening ; re- 
 laxation. 
 
 DE-BIL'I-TY, 71. [L. debilitas, from dciiVi.*.] 
 
 Relaxation of the solids; weakness; feebleness; 
 languor of body; faintness ; imbecility; as, mor- 
 bid sweats imluce debility. [It may be applied to 
 the viind, but this is less comuwn.] 
 
 DEB'IT, )i. [L. debitum, from debeo, to owe, Fr. de- 
 voir, Sp. deber. It. dovere, (See Duty.) The sense is 
 probably to press or bind ; Gr. 6110.] 
 
 Debt. It is usually written Debt. But it is used in 
 mercantile language ; as, the debit side of tin account. 
 
 DEB'1'1', 7'. (. To charge with debt ; as, to debit a pur- 
 chaser the amount of goods sold. 
 
 We debit congress wilh this whole sum. Ji[{Terson. 
 
 2. To enter an account on the debtor side of a 
 botik ; as, to debit the sum or amount of goods sold. 
 DEB'IT-EI), pp. Charged in debt; made debtor on 
 account. 
 
 2. Charged to one's debt, as money or good.s. 
 DEB'IT-ING, ppr. Making debtor on ttccount, as a 
 person. 
 
 2. Charging to the debt of a person, its goods. 
 DEB'ITOR, 71. A delitor. Shak, 
 I)E-l!l-TU-iMIN-I-'/.A'TIOiV, 71. The act of depriving 
 of bitumen. 
 
 DE-Bl-TO'.MIN-IZE, v. U To deprive of bitumen. 
 
 Lycll. 
 
 DE-BI-TO'MIN-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Deprived of bitu- 
 men. 
 
 DEB-l)-N'AIR',<J. [Fr.] Civil ; gentle ; complaisant ; 
 elegant. Milton. 
 
 DEB-O N.^IR'I.V, adv. In a meek and gentle manner. 
 
 DEB-O-NAIR'NESS, 11. Gentleness; meekness; kind- 
 ness. 
 
 DE-BOUOir, (de boosh',) v. i. [Fr. dcboucher; de and 
 bourhe, month.] 
 
 To issue or march out of a confined place, or from 
 defiles, as troops. 
 
 FATE, FXK, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 304 
 
DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 X>£-BR/S' (da-lirce',) II. [Fr.] iitcraWi^, ruins or frag- 
 lueiits. in trfotoirtiy masses of rock atui ollirr siih- 
 slances detnclied frum llii- suinniit and sides of a 
 moiuitnin, and piled U|> bcloiv. Brande. 
 
 DEBT, (d.-t,) n. [L. drbUum, contracted ; Fr. </<«(•; Sp. 
 and it. drbito. Sou Deiiit.] 
 
 1. That »iiicli is due from one person to another, 
 wlietlier money, ijoods, or services ; tliat w liiili one 
 person is bound to pay or |)i'rfonn to anotlier ; as, the 
 debts of a b.'iukrupt ; the dcbU uf a nobleman. It is 
 « common misfortune or vice to be in debt. 
 
 When you nio in d€bl, you give to another power over ^our 
 Itluny. Pmnkim, 
 
 2. That which any one is oWiged to do or to sutfer. 
 Vour un, my lord, paid n solili'-r's dtbt, ShaJc, 
 
 Hence death is called the debt of nature. 
 
 3. In taut, an action to recover a debt. This is a 
 customary ellipsis. He brought debt, instead of an 
 action of debt. 
 
 4. In Hrri/iture, sin; trespass; guilt; crime; that 
 Which renders liable to punishment. 
 
 Korjjive us our debu. Lord^t Prayer. 
 
 DEBT'ED, (det'ted,) pp. Indebted ; obliged to. [JVot 
 
 mted.] Shak. 
 DEHT-EE', (det-tee',) n. A creditor ; one to whom a 
 
 debt is due. Bluckstoiir. 
 DEU T'LESS, (det'less,) a. Free from debt. Chaucer. 
 DEHT'OIl, (del'tor,) n. [L. debitor.] 
 
 1. The person who owes another either money, 
 goods, or services. 
 
 la Athens an insolvent d€btor bccAme slave to his cmlitor. 
 
 A/if/ord. 
 
 •2. One who is under obligation to do somelliing. 
 
 I am n debtor to llif tireeks mil lurturinti*. — Rotn. i. 
 lie IS a debtor to ilo the whole law. — Gal. v. 
 
 3. The side of an account in tvhicli debts are 
 
 chareed. [See Di;bit.1 
 DElt-I'h LC'TION, M. A bubbling or seething over. 
 DK-BUr,(,ii:\-b!x',)n. [Fr.] 
 
 Beginning ; a tirst appearance before Ilie public, as 
 
 of an actor or public speaker, Sec. ; the beifiiining of 
 
 an enterprise. Brande. 
 DKB- U- TAjyT", (deb-u-tang',^ n. A person who makes 
 
 his tirst ap|M>arance before the public. 
 DEe'A-eilOUl), j n. [Cr. 6tKa, ten, and x"pin, 
 l)Ee A-eilOlin'Oi\, \ string.] 
 
 1. .\ musical instrument of ten strings. 
 
 2. .Siiiiething consisting of ten parts. n'a/.<o7i. 
 DF.C'.\-I) AI., a. Pertaining to ten ; consisting of tens. 
 DECADE, n. [L. decas, deeadii; Fr. decade ; Sp. deca- 
 
 da ; from Gr. isica, ten. Sec Ten.] 
 
 The sum or number of ten ; an aggregate consist- 
 ing of ; as, a decade of years ; the decades of Livy. 
 
 SE:€vl;Ei:;?S',!-- [SeeD.c.r.] 
 DEC A-tiO.V, n. [Gr. ScKn; ten, and ) una, a comer.] 
 In rreinuctry, a plane figure having tell sides ana 
 ten angles. 
 
 DEe'A-GRAM, ) n. [Gr. hita, ten, and £-ram, a 
 
 DEC^GRJiMME,] weight.] 
 
 .\ French weight of 10 gniins, or 1.">I grains, 44 
 decimals, eijiial to G pennyweights, 10 gniins, 44 deci- 
 mals, equal to 5 drams, (j5 Imndredllis, avoirdupois. 
 
 DEC-A-CYN"I-A, n. {Hi. h-.a, ten, and ) uvji, a fe- 
 male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of plants having ten styles. 
 
 LtntuetLs. 
 
 DE-^ \(? YN-Oi;?' i botany, having ten styles. 
 
 DEe-A-IIF;'DRAL', a. Having ten sides. 
 DEC-A-IIE'DRO.N, n. (Gr. i):«u, ten, and Ilpa, a 
 base. J 
 
 In geometry, a solid figtire or body having ten sides. 
 
 ^c'^^Lm:, \ ■• '""■] 
 
 .K French metisnre of capacity, containing 10 litres, 
 or (ilO.28 cubic inches, equal to 2 gallons and 44231 
 cubic inches. 
 
 DE-eAl,'O-0lST, n. [See Decalogue.] One who 
 explains the decalogue. Oregon/. 
 
 DECX-LOGUE, (dek'a-log,) n. [Gr. i?e«d, ten, and 
 Ao) Of, speech.] 
 
 The ten commandments or precepts given by God 
 to .Moses at .Mount Sinai, and originally written on 
 two tables of stone. 
 
 DE-e.V.M'ER-U.\, n. [Gr. fcKa, ten, and tiinof, part.] 
 .\ volume consisting of ten books ; applied (Kirtic- 
 ularly to the celebrated collection of tales by Boccac- 
 cio. 
 
 DE-eAM'E-TER, ) n. [Gr. ^t»a, ten, and iicruoi, 
 
 DECI MlWrER. i measure.] 
 
 \ French measure of length', consisting of ten me- 
 tres, and equal to 393 English inches, and 71 deci- 
 mals. 
 
 DE-CA.MP', r. i. [Fr. decamper; Pp. decampar ; de and 
 cdmp.1 
 
 1. To remove or depart from a camp; to march olT ; 
 as, the army decamped at six o'clock. Hence, 
 
 2. In a vidrr sense, \o dejKirt ; to take one's self oflfj 
 as, he decamped hastily. 
 
 DE-CA.MP'ME.VT, n. Departure from a camp; a 
 marcliing otr. 
 
 DEC'.A-.\.\L, a. [See Dean.] Pertaining to a dean- 
 ery. 
 
 DE-CAN'DRl-A, n. [Gr. 6:k'<, ten, and avtio, a male.] 
 in botanij, a class of plants having ten stamens. 
 
 Limueus. 
 
 DE-C^VDROUS,' 1 «• ""''"'8 stamens. 
 DEC-.W'G IJ-L.VR, a. [Gr. icita, ten, and angular.] 
 Having ten angles. Lee. 
 DE-CANT', r. L [\,.dee.anU) ; </c and canto, to sing ; 
 literally, to throw ; Fr. decanter, to pour oil"; Sp. de- 
 cantar : ll. ilecantare. See Cawt.] 
 
 To |X)ur otr gently, as liquor from its sediment ; or 
 to pour from one vessel into anotlier ; as, to decant 
 wine. 
 
 DE-eANT-.X'TIOxV, n. The act of pouringoffa clear, 
 supernatant fluid gently from its lees or sediment, or 
 frimi one vessel into another. 
 
 DE-CANT'ED, pp. Poured off, or from one vessel 
 into another. 
 
 DE-e.VNT'ER, n. A vessel used to decant liquors, or 
 for receiving decanted liquors. A gl.iss vessel or 
 bottle used for holding wine or other liquors, for fill- 
 ing the drinking-glasses. 
 2. One (vlio decants liquors. 
 
 DE-e.\NT'l.N'G, ppr. Pouring off, as liquor from its 
 lees, or from one vessel to another. 
 
 DE-eAPH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. c'.ao, ten, and ^vMop, 
 a leaf.) 
 
 Having ten leaves. Marttjn. 
 DE-CAP'I-TATE, r. L [ L. decapito ; de and caput, 
 head.) 
 
 To lieheail ; to cut off the head. 
 DE-CAP'I-T.A-TEI), pp. Beheaded. 
 »E-CAP'I-T.\-TI.\G, ppr. Belic.uling 
 DE-CAP I-T.\'TIO.\, n. The .act of beheading. 
 DEC.\-P01), II. [Gr. (itirj, ten, and -oe$, foot.] 
 
 .\n animal with ten feet or legs. Kirby. 
 DE-e.\R'nON-STE, V. L To deprive a carbonate of 
 iLs acid. 
 
 DE-e.\R-HO.\-I-ZA'TIO\, ii. The action or process 
 of depriving a substance of carbon. Bdl. 
 
 DE-eXR'BO.X-IZE, I'. (. [i/c and corioni:!-.] To de- 
 prive of carbon ; as, to decarbonize sttri'l. Chemistry. 
 
 DE-e.JlR'HO.N-IZ-L'l), pp. Deprived of carbon. 
 
 DE-eXR'BO.\-rZ-I.\G, ppr. Depriving of carbon. 
 
 DECAR'DI.V-AL-IZE, t. <. [</c and c«r</<nai.] Tore- 
 move from the rank of a cardin.il. Hotoell. 
 
 DECA-STICH, (dek'a-stiU,) ii. [Gr. icKa, ten, and 
 art\oi, a verse.] 
 A poem consisting of ten lines. 
 
 DEe'A-ST?LE, n. [Gr. i!t«ta, U-n, and arvXos, a col- 
 umn.] 
 
 .A portico with ten columns in front. Encyc. 
 DEe-A-SYL-LAB'ie, a. Consisting of ten syllables. 
 DE-GAY'', ti. t, I'Fr. dechoir, from Ij. de and corfo, to 
 fall, or decedo ; It. scadere ; Sp. decaer; Port, dcscahir.] 
 
 1. To pass gnidually from a sound, prosperous, cr 
 perfect state, to a less jierfect state, or toward destruc- 
 tion ; to fail ; to decline ; to be gradually impaired. 
 Our bodies decay in old age ; a tree decays ; buildings 
 decay ; fortunes decay. 
 
 2. To become weaker ; to fail ; as, our strength de- 
 cays, or hopes decay. 
 
 DE-eAY'', r. t. To cause to fail ; to impair ; to bring 
 to a worse state. 
 
 Infimuty, that dtcayt the wise, iloth ever make better thi^ fool. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 [The transitive sense of the verb is now rarely 
 used.] 
 
 DE-eAY', B, Gradual failure of health, strength, 
 soundness, prwperity, or any species of excellence 
 or perfection ; decline to a worse or less perfect stale ; 
 tendency toward dissolution or extinction ; a state of 
 depravation or diminution. Old men feel the decay 
 of the body. VVe perceive tlie decay of the faculties 
 in age. We lament the decay uf virtue and p^itriotisiu 
 in the state. The northern nations invaded the Ro- 
 man empire when in a state of decay. 
 
 2. Declension from prosperity ; decline of fortune. 
 
 If Uiy trotlier be waxen poor, ami fallen Into decay. — Lev. 
 zxv. 
 
 3. Cause of decay. [Ao( usuaL] 
 
 He th,at plots tn be the only figure among ciphers, is the dectiy 
 of the whole agr. Bacon. 
 
 DE-CAY'ED, pp. or a. Having fallen from a good or 
 sound state ; impaired ; weakeneil ; diminished. 
 
 DE-CAY' ED-NESS, it. A stale of being inqiaircd; dt>- 
 caved stale. 
 
 DE-CAY'ER, II. That which causes decay. Shak. 
 DECAY'l.VG, ppr. or a. Failing; declining; passing 
 
 from a gcKid, pnwperous, or sound state, to a worse 
 
 ronilition ; [lerisliing. 
 Di:-e.\ V'l.NG, n. Dec.iy ; decline. 
 DE-CF;ASi;', n. [I,, decessus, from decedo, \o depart; 
 
 de and cedo, to withdraw ; Fr. decfs.] 
 
 Literally, departure ; hence, departure from this 
 
 life ; death ; applied to human beings only. 
 
 Miwes an.I F.ii-u, who apncnrni in fflory, and spoke of hU d*. 
 crui, wlucli he JioulJ .acconipliih at Jenibilem. — Luke ix. 
 
 DE-CkASE', r. i. To depart from this life ; to die. 
 General Washington deceased, December 14, 1799, in 
 the ti8tii year of his age. 
 
 DE-CkAS'KD, (de-seest',) pp. or a. Departed Irom 
 life. This is used as a passive participle. He it de- 
 ceased, for he has deceased ; he was tieceaseil, for ne 
 had tleceaseil. This use of the participle of an in- 
 tmnsitive verb is not infrequent, but the word omit- 
 ted is ris'tlly has. He has deceased. It is properly 
 an adjective, like dead. 
 
 DE-CIC.A.'^'IXG, ppr. Departing from life ; dying. 
 
 DE-tio'DENT, n. [L. decedens.] 
 
 A deceased ptTSon. Laws of Penn. 
 
 DE-ClcIT', (de-scet',) n. [Norm, deccut, contracted 
 from L. deceptio. See Deceive.] 
 
 1. Literally, a catching or insnaring ; hence, the 
 misleading of a person ; the leading of anoilier per- 
 son to believe what is false, or not to believe what is 
 true, and thus to insnarc him ; fraud ; fallacy ; cheat ; 
 any declanition, artifice, or practice, which nii.'ileads 
 another, or causes him to believe what is fal.se. 
 
 My ti|« iih dl not spealr wickedness, nor my tongue utter deceit. 
 — Job xxvii. 
 
 2. Stratagem ; artifice ; device intended to mislead, 
 Tlify imagine deceits all tlie day long. — Ps, xxxviil. 
 
 3. In Scripture, that which is obtained by guile, 
 fraud, or oppression. 
 
 Th.'ir hous s arc full of dcrcil. — Jrr. v. Z^pli. 1. 
 
 4. In law, any trick, device, craft, collusion, shift, 
 covin, or underhand practice, used to defraud an- 
 other. Ctneel. 
 
 DE-CEIT'FITL, a. Tending to mislead, deceive, or 
 insnare ; as, deceitful words ; deceitful practices. 
 Favor is deceitful. — Prov. xxxi. 
 2. Full of deceit ; trickish ; fraudulent ; cheating ; 
 as, a deceitful man. 
 DI",-CP.IT'FlJIy-I.Y, orfe. In a deceitful manner; 
 fraudulently V with deceit; in a manner or with a 
 view to deceive. 
 
 :I Shechrm aoil Uainor his fivtlier 
 
 Tlie sons of Jacob 
 
 deeeit/itily. — Gen. 
 
 DE CE1T'F}JL-NESS, n. Tendency to mislead or 
 deceivt; ; as, the deccitfulness of sin. 
 
 2. The quality of being fraudulent ; as, the deceit- 
 fulness of a man's practices. 
 
 3. Tlie disposition to tieceivc ; as, a man's deceit- 
 futnrss mav be habitual. 
 
 DE-Cf?.ri"Li;ss, a. Free from deceit. Hull. 
 
 DE-CEIV'.A-BLE, a. [See Decei vs.] Subject to de- 
 ceit or imposition ; cap.able of being misled or cn- 
 trappeil ; exposed to im|)oslure ; as, young persons 
 are very deceivnble. 
 
 2. Subject or apt to produce error or deception ; de- 
 ceitful. 
 
 Fair promises often prove deceioabte. ^fiUon. Hayicard. 
 [ The latter ttse of the word is incorrect, and, I beliece, 
 not HOW prevalent.] 
 DE-Cl".I V'A-BMv.NESS, n. Liablencss to be deceived. 
 2. Liableness to deceive. 
 With all dectieaUencMt of uiirtghtcoiuiiess. — 2 Thrss. ii. 
 DE-Cf.IV'A-BLV, adv. In a deceivable manner. 
 
 DE-CeI VE', (de-siive',) p. t. [L. rfccipio, to lake aside, 
 to insnare; de and capia ; Ft.dccecoir; Arm. dccevL 
 Set! Cai"ahle.] 
 
 1. To mislead the mind ; to cause to err ; to cau.se 
 to believe what is false, or disbidieve what is true ; 
 to impose on ; to delude. 
 
 Tak.- h«^!d lint no man iteceioe you. — Malt. xxiv. 
 
 If we say we have uo sin, wc deceive ouniclV'--s. — 1 John i. 
 
 2. To beguile ; to cheat. 
 
 Your faUier hatli rleceioed me, and chansped my wagrs ten 
 times. — Gen. xxxi. 
 
 3. To cut off from expectatiiui ; to frustrate or dis- 
 a|>|ioiiit ; as, his hopes were deceived. Dryden. 
 
 4. To take from ; to rob. 
 
 Plant frii!l-m-rs in larffe Uirlers, anil m-t llieirin fine Bowers, 
 hut thill and Bp:uiiigly, lest Uiry r/eceiee the \rera. {The 
 literal sense, biu not nois used.] Bacun. 
 
 DE-Cl~:IV'KD, (de-seevd',) pp. or a. Misled; led into 
 
 error; beguiled; cheated; deluded. 
 DE-CkIV'ER, II. One who deceives ; one who leads 
 
 into error ; a cheat ; an impostor. 
 
 I shall sci-m to my father as a deceioer. — Gen. xxvii. 
 
 DE CEIVING, ppr. Misleading; insnaring; beguil- 
 ing ; cheating. 
 
 DE-l'EM'liER, n. [L. December,fmm decern, ten ; this 
 being the tenth mimtli among the early Romans, who 
 beg;tn the year in March.] 
 
 The la.st month in the year, in which the sun en- 
 ters the tropic of Capricorn, and makes the winter 
 solstice. 
 
 DE-CE.M-DEN'TATE, a. [L. decern, ten, and denta- 
 tus, toothed.] 
 
 Havinc ten points or tertli. 
 DE-CE.M'FIl), a. [I... decern, ten, and /do. to divide.] 
 Ten-cleft ; divided into ten parts ; having ten di- 
 visions. Martyn. 
 DE-CE.M-LOG't^I,AR, a. [L. decern, ten, and loculua, 
 a little hag or cell.] 
 
 Having ten cells for seeds. .Martyn- 
 DE-CEM'PE-DAI., a. [L. dcnrni. ten, and pes, a fooC) 
 Ten feet in length. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, yXlTE -AN"GEH, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 39 
 
DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 1)E-CEM'V1R, 71. ; pt. Decemviri or Decemvirs.] [L. 
 
 aeciitj ten, auil vir, a man.] 
 One of ten magistrates, who liad absolute autlior- 
 
 i v in ancient Kome. 
 DF Ci;.M' Vl-IIAL, a. Pertaining to the decemvirs in 
 
 Unnie. Encyc. 
 DE-CKM'VI-RaTE, n. [L. decemviralus. See De- 
 
 CKMVIR.J 
 
 1. Tlie office or term of office of tlie decemvirs, or 
 ten magistrates, in Kome, vvliohad absolute authority 
 fcr two years. 
 
 2. A body of ten men in authority. 
 Dk'CEN-CY, 71. [Fx.decence; L. decentia, from dccens, 
 
 decco^ to be fit or becoming ; Sp. decencia ; It. dccenza. 
 The L. dece.o coincides in elements with the G. tau- 
 ffciiy to be good, or fit for; D. deugen, to be good or 
 virtuous ; Sax. dugan, to avail, to be strong, to be 
 worth ; duiriuk, virtue, valor ; dohtig, doughty ; 
 doliter, dauihter ; VV. tijgiaw, to prosper ; to befit ; to 
 succeed. The Teutonic and Welsh words have, for 
 their radical sense, to advance or proceed, to stretch 
 forward. In Welsh, also, teg signifies clear, fair, 
 smooth, beautiful ; tegu, to make smooth, fair, beauti- 
 ful, which would seem to be allied to dcceo, whence 
 dectLS, decaru. See Class Dg, No. 18, 25.] 
 
 1. That which is fit, suitable, or becoming, in 
 words or behavior ; propriety of form in social in- 
 tercourse, in actions, or discourse; proper formality; 
 becoming ceremony. It has a sjiecial reference to 
 behavior; as, rfecPHci/ of conduct ; riccciici/ of worship 
 But it is used, also, in reference to speech ; as, be 
 discoursed with decency. 
 
 Tlios? thousand decencies^ that daily flow 
 
 Frum all U'-T words and actions. Millhn. 
 
 2. Suitableness to character ; propriety. 
 
 3. Propriety in speech ; modesty ; opposed to rib- 
 aldry, or obscenity. 
 
 Want o{ decency is want of sense. Pope. 
 It may be also used for propriety of speech, op- 
 posed to rudeness, or disrespectful language ; and for 
 'propriety in tiress, opposed to raggediiess, exposure of 
 nakedness, filthiness, &c. 
 DE-CEi\''NA-RY, n. [L. deccjinis, decennium, from 
 decern., ten, and annnSj a year.] 
 
 1. A period of ten years. 
 
 2. A tithing consisting of ten freeholders and their 
 families. Blackstone. 
 
 DE-C'EN'NI-AL, a. [L. decemialis, as above.] 
 
 Continuing for ten years ; consisting of ten years ; 
 or happening eveiy ten years ; as, a decennial period ; 
 decennial games. 
 DE-CE.\'i\'0-VAL, la. [L. rfccein, ten, and jioym, 
 DE-C1;N'N0-V.A.-RY, ( nine.] 
 
 Pertaining to the number nineteen ; designating a 
 period or circle of nineteen years. [iit^Ze itscrf.] 
 
 Holder, 
 
 Dk'CENT, a. [h. decens ; Ft. decent. See Decency.] 
 
 1. Becoming ; fit ; suitable, in words, behavior, 
 dress, and ceremony ; as, decent language ; decent 
 conduct or actions ; decent ornaments or dress. 
 
 2. Comely ; not gaudy or ostentatious. 
 
 A saljle style of Cypnis lawn, 
 
 O'er the decent shoulders drawn. MilUin. 
 
 3. Not immodest. 
 
 4. In popular language^ moderate, but competent ; 
 not large ; as, a decent fortune. So a decent person 
 is one not highly accomplished nor offensively rude. 
 
 De'CENT-LY, ade. In a decent or becoming man- 
 ner ; with propriety of behavior or speech. 
 2. Without immodesty. 
 
 P;u*t hops of safely, 'twils his latest care, 
 
 Like liiiling Caaiar, decenlli/ to die. Dryden. 
 
 Df.'CENT-NESS, 71. Decency. 
 
 DE-CEP-TI-BILT-TY, 77. The quality or state of be- 
 ing capable or liable to be deceived. Glanville. 
 
 DE CEP''I'I-H1>E, a. 'I'hat may be deceived. Brown. 
 
 DE-CEP'TION, (de-sep'shun,) n. [L. deceptio, from 
 dccipio. See Deceive.] 
 
 1. The act of deceiving or misleading. 
 
 All deception ia a iiiuapplic^ilion of liic cstahlishcd si^s ns^d to 
 coiniiiutiicate thouglits. Anon. 
 
 2. The state of being deceived or misled. Incau- 
 tious and inexperienced youth is peculiarly exposed 
 to drcrption. 
 
 •t. Artifice practiced ; cheat ; as, a scheme is all a 
 deception. 
 
 DE-CEP'TIOtJS, (dc-sep'shns,) a. Tending to de- 
 ceive : deceitful. Sllutl. 
 
 DE-CEP''1'I VE, «. Tending to deceive; havingpower 
 to iiiisli-ad, or impress faNe opinions ; as, a decejdioe 
 couiitfiiance or appearance. 
 
 DE CEP'TI VE-LY, n//ii. In a manner to deceive. 
 
 DE-<JEP'TIVE NE.SS, 71. 'J'hc power of deceiving ; 
 the li iidency or uptiieKs to deceive. 
 
 UE (;EP'T()-KY, a. Tending to deceive ; containing 
 (pialiti'r^ or ine'ans adapteil to mislead. 
 
 DE CKR.N', V. t. I L. dcci-rno.] 
 'I'o jridg7r. (Aot 171 njte.] 
 
 I)l',-CEI!\'/;r», ;<p. Judged; estimated. 
 
 DE-Ci:!t,N''l.\(;, /i/TT. Judging; estimating. 
 
 DE cnitPJ"', a. ( I,, drrerplne.] 
 <>ro|)|>ed. [A'lit u^ied.] 
 
 DE-CERP'TI-BLE,a. That may be plucked or taken 
 off. 
 
 DE-CERP'TION, n. [L. dccerpo, to pluck off; dc and 
 carpo.] 
 
 A pulling plucking off ; a cropping. Olanville. 
 DE-CER-TA'TION, 71. [L. dcccrtatio ; de and certo, to 
 strive.] 
 
 Strife ; contest for mastery. [Little used.'] Brown. 
 DE-CES'SION, (de-sesh'un,) 71. [L. dccessio ; de and 
 cedo, to pass.] 
 
 Departure. [Little used.] 
 DE-CI1XK.M', r. t. [Fr. decliarmer. See Charm.] 
 
 To remove aspell or enchantment; to disenchant. 
 DE-CHXRM'KD, pp. Disenchanted. [IlarveT/. 
 DE-CII.^IlAriXG, ppr. Removing a spell. 
 D^;-CHRIS'TIAN-IZE, r. (. [rfe and Christianize.] 
 To turn from Christianity ; to banish Christian be- 
 lief and principles from. J. P. Smith. 
 DE-eHRIS'TIAN-IZ-£D, (-krist'yan-izd,)/);;. Turned 
 
 from Christianity. 
 DE-CURIS'TI AN-IZ-ING, ;i;>r. Turning from Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 DE-ClD'A-BLE, a. That may be decided. Jones. 
 DE-CIDE', V. t. [L. decide ; de and caido, to strike, to 
 cut.] 
 
 Literally, to cut off, and thus to end. Hence, 
 
 1. To end ; to determine, as a controversy, by ver- 
 dict of a jury, or by a juilgment of court. We say, 
 the court or the jury decided the cause in favor of the 
 plaintiff, or of the defendant. 
 
 2. To end or determine, as a dispute or quarrel. 
 
 3. To end or determine a combat or battle ; as, a 
 body of reserve, brought to the charge, decided the 
 contest. 
 
 4. To determine ; to fix the event of. The fate of 
 the bill is decided. 
 
 5. In general, to end ; to terminate. 
 DEtCiDE', v. i. To determine ; to form a definite 
 
 opinion ; to come to a conclusion. We can not de- 
 cide how far resistance is lawful or practicable. The 
 court decided in favor of the defendant. 
 DE-(;II>'ED, pp. Determined; ended; concluded. 
 DE-€iD'ED, a. That implies decision; clear; un- 
 equivocal ; that puts an end to doubt. 
 
 1 find much cuise to reproach myself that I have lived so long, 
 and have given no decided and nnlilic proofs of my being a 
 Christian. P. flenry, Wirt'e Sketches. 
 
 2. Resolute ; determined. 
 DE-CiD'ED-LY, adv. Ill a decided or determined 
 manner ; clearly ; indisjiutably ; in a manner to pre- 
 DE-CI'DENCE, 71. [L. decidens.] [elude doubt. 
 
 A falling off. [ JVoi 171 iisf . ] Brown. 
 DE-CiD'ER, 71. One who determines a cause or con- 
 test. 
 
 DE-CID'ING, ppr. Determining ; ending ; conc.uding. 
 DE-CID'll-OUS, a. [L. dcciduus, decido ; dc and cado, 
 to fall.] 
 
 Falling; having but a temporary existence, as in 
 animals, certain kinds of hair, horns, and teeth, are 
 deciduous ; not perennial or permanent. In botany, a 
 deciduous leaf is one which falls in autumn ; a decid- 
 uotis calyx is that which falls along with the corol 
 and stamens; distinguished from permaitcni. Jilartyn. 
 DE-CID'lI-OUS-NESS, 71. The tpiality of falling once 
 a year. 
 
 DEC'l-GRAM, ) 71. A French weight of one tenth 
 
 DKC'i ajt^MMK, i of a gramme. 
 
 DE'CIL, 77. An aspect or position of two planets, 
 when they are distant from each other a tenth part 
 of the zodiac. [Olisolcte.] Encyc. 
 
 DE-CIL'I-TER, I 71. A French measure of capacity 
 
 DEC I IJ-TRE, \ equal to one tenth of a lUre. 
 
 DE-CIEL'ION, (de-sil'yun,) n. According to the Eng- 
 lish notation, a mWWon involved to the tenth power, 
 or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed ; according to 
 the French notation, a thousand involved to the elev- 
 enth power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers an- 
 nexed. 
 
 DE-CILL'IONTH, a. Pertaining to a deciilion. 
 DEC'l-iM.\L, a. [L. rfeciwiii.?, tenth, from i/cccm, ten ; 
 Gr. icKa ; Goth, tig, ten, Sax. a tie.] 
 
 1. Numbered by ten ; as, (/ecimfl! progression. Locke. 
 
 2. Increasing or diminishing by tens; as, decimal 
 numbers ; decimal fractions. 
 
 3. Tenth ; as, a decinuil part. 
 
 necimal arithmetic, is that in which we count tens. 
 DEC'l-MAIi, 71. A tenth ; a fraction having some 
 
 power of ten for its denominator. 
 DEC'l-.MAE-EY,a(/i). By tens; by means of decimals. 
 DEC'l-MATE, V. t. [L. dccimo, from decern, ten.] 
 
 1. 'I'o tithe; to lake the tenth part. 
 
 2. To selert by lot and jiiinish with death every 
 tenth man ; a practice in armies for punishing iiiu- 
 tiiioiis or unfaithful troops. 
 
 3. 'J'o take ('Very tenth. Mitford. 
 DEC'I-.MA-TICI), pp. Tithed ; taken by lots. 
 DEC-I-MA-TIN(!, ppr. Tithing; selecting every 
 
 tenth. 
 
 DEC-l-SIA'TIO.\, 71 A tithing; a selection of every 
 tenth by lot. 
 
 2. The selecling by lot for punishment every tenth 
 man in a company or regiment, &c. 
 I)E(;'I-M A-TOR, 71. One who selects every tenth 
 man for punishnienl. South. 
 
 DE-CI.M'E-TER, j 71. A French measure of length 
 DEC'I-MF.-THE, \ equal to the tenth part of a me- 
 ter, or 3 inches and 33710 decimals. 
 DEC'IM-O-SEX'TO, 71. [L.] A book is in decimo- 
 serto, when a sheet is folded into sixteen leaves. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 DE-CI'PIIER, (-si'fer,) v. t. [Fr. dechiffrer; de and 
 chijfre, a cipher ; It. deciferare ; Sp. dcscifrar ; Port. 
 dccifrar. See Cipher.] 
 
 1. To find the alphabet of a cipher ; to explain 
 what is written in ciphers, by finding what letter 
 each character or mark represents ; as, to decipher a 
 letter written in ciphers. 
 
 2. To unfold ; to unravel what is intricate ; to ex- 
 plain wh.at is obscure or difiicult to be understood ; 
 as, to decipher an ambiguous speech, or an ancient 
 manuscript or inscription. 
 
 3. To write out ; to mark down 'ji characters. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 [This tLse is now uncommon, and perhaps improper.] 
 
 4. To stamp; to mark; to characterize. [Unu- 
 sual.] S/tak. 
 
 DE-Cl'PIIER-A-BLE, a. That may be deciphered, or 
 interpreted. 
 
 DE-CrPllER-£D,pp. Explained ; unraveled ; marked. 
 
 DE-Cl'PHER-ER, 71. One who explains what is 
 written in ciphers. 
 
 DE-Cl'PHER-ING, ppr. Explaining ; detecting the 
 letters represented by ciphers ; unfolding; marking. 
 2. JI. The act of explaining or unfolding. 
 
 DE-CIS'ION, (de-sizh'un,) n. [L. decisio. See De- 
 cide.] 
 
 1. Determination, as of a question or doubt; final 
 judgment or opinion, in a case which has been under 
 deliberation or discussion ; as, the decision of the Su- 
 jireme Court. He has considered the circumstances 
 of the case and come to a decision. 
 
 2. Determination of a contest or event; end of a 
 struggle ; as, the decision of a battle by arms. 
 
 3. In Scotland, a narrative or report of the proceed- 
 ings of the Court of Sessions. Johnson. 
 
 4. Report of the opinions and determinations of 
 any triliunal. We say, read the decisions of the 
 Court of King's Bench. 
 
 5. Act of separat'^n ; division. [A^ot used.] 
 
 6. Unwavering firmness. 
 
 DE-CI'SIVE, a. Having the power or quality of de- 
 termining a question, doubt, or any subject of delib- 
 eration ; final ; conclusive ; putting an end to cim- 
 troversy ; as, the opinion of the court is decisice of 
 the question. 
 
 2. Having the power of determining a contest or 
 event ; as, the victory of the allies was decisive. 
 
 DE-CI'SIVE-LY, adv. In a conclusive manner ; in a 
 manner to end deliberation, controversy, doubt, or 
 contest. C'hcsterjirld. 
 
 DE-CI'SIVE-NESS, 71. The power of an argument or 
 of evidence to terminate a difference or doubt ; con- 
 clusiveness. 
 
 2. The power 01 an event to i)iit aJi end to a con- 
 test^ 
 
 DE-CI'SO-RY, a. Able to decide or determine. 
 
 Shencond. 
 
 DECK, 1). t. [D. dekken ; G. decken ; Sw. tackia ; Dan. 
 tdikker ; Sax. gedecan, and thecan, and t/ieccan ; L. 
 tego, to cover, whence tectum, a roof, Fr. toil. The 
 Gr. has rcj os, a roof, but the verb has a prefix, orfi w, 
 to cover. Hence, L. tegula, a tile, 'i'he Ir. teach, a 
 house, contracted in Welsh to (;/, may be of the same 
 family. In Ger. dach is a roof, and thatch may be also 
 of this family. Class Dg, No. 2, 3, 10. The primary 
 sense is, to put on, to throw over, or to press and 
 make close.] 
 
 1. Primarily, to cover ; to overspread ; to put on. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. To clothe ; to dress the person ; but usually, to 
 cloUie witli more than ordinary elegance ; to array ; 
 to adorn ; to embellish. 
 
 The itew wilh spangles decked the ground. Dryden. 
 
 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. 
 
 DECK, 71. The covering of a ship, which constitutes 
 a floor, made of timbers and planks. Small vessels 
 have only one deck ; larger ships have two or three 
 ducks. A flush deck is a continued floor from stem to 
 stern, on one line. 
 2. A pack of cards piled regularly on each other. 
 
 GrflP. 
 
 DECK'A'D, (dekt,) pp. Covered ; adorned ; furnished 
 with a deck. 
 
 DECK'ER, 71. One who decks or adorns; acoverer; 
 
 ns, a tahtr-decher. 
 
 2. Of a ship, we say, she is a two-decker or a threb- 
 
 decker: that is, she has two decks or three decks. 
 nE('K'li\G, ppr. Covering; arraying; ailorning. 
 DECK'iNC!, 71. Ornament ; embellishment. Homilies. 
 DE-CLAIM', I'. 1. [E. '/rr/fii7ii7 ; dc and clamo,to cry 
 
 out. Sec Claim and (-'i.amub.] 
 
 1. To speak a set oratiim in public ; to speak rhe- 
 torically ; to make a formal speech or oration ; as, 
 the students declaim twice a week. 
 
 2. To liarangui' ; to speak loudly or earnestly, to a 
 public body or iissenibly, with a view o convince 
 their minils or move their passions. 
 
 PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRBV. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. — 
 
DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 1 
 
 DE-GLAIM', V. t. To spciik in public. 
 
 Q. To spfak in favorof ; to atlviiciile. [J^'ot in u,<r.] 
 DE-ei<Al.M'A.\T, I n. One who lU-clainw ; a speaker 
 UE-CI.Al.M'ER, ( in public ; one who attempts to 
 convince by an harangue. 
 
 2. One who speaks clamorously. 
 DE-CL.Al.M'lNG, ppr. Speaking rhetorically; ha- 
 ranmimg. 
 
 UE-eL.II.M'ING, II. The act of speaking in public. 
 
 2. An harangue. Bp. Taylor. 
 DEC-LA .M.^'T[ON, 7i. [L. declamath.] 
 
 1. .\ speech made in public, in the tone and man- 
 ner of an oration ; a discourse addressed to the pas- 
 sions ; a set s|)eecli ; an harangue. The word is ai>- 
 plied especially to the public spt-aking and speeches 
 of students in colleges, practic?d for exercises in 
 oratory. It is applied also to piiblic speaking in the 
 legislature and in the pulpit. Very often it is used 
 for a noisy haningue, without solid sen<c or argu- 
 ment ; as^ mere declamation ; nitptij tlcclamotion. 
 
 3. A piece spoken in public, or intended for the 
 public. 
 
 DEG'L.V-.M.A-TOR, n. A declaimer. [JVut used.] 
 
 Tuylor 
 
 DE-CLAM'A-TO-RY, a. [L. dfchmatorius.] 
 
 1. Relating to the practice of di claiming ; per- 
 taining to declamation ; treated in the manner of a 
 rhetorician ; as, a declamatorij theme. tVoUon. 
 
 2. Appealing to the passions ; noisy ; rhetorical 
 without solid sense or argument ; as, a declamatory 
 way or style. 
 
 DE-eL.AR'A-BLE, a. [Sec Declabe.] That may be 
 
 declari'd or proved. 
 nK-Cl..\U'A.\ T. H. One who declares. 
 DEe i.A-R.^'TIO.N, n. [I., dcelaralio.] 
 
 1. .\n alRrmation ; an ojien expression of facts or 
 opinions ; verbal uttennce ; as, Ui- declared his sen- 
 timents, and I rely on his declaration. 
 
 2. Expression of facts, opinions, promises, pre- 
 dictions, &c., in writings ; records or reports of what 
 has been declared or uttered. The Scriptures 
 abounil in declarations of mercy to penitent sinners. 
 
 3. I'liblication ; manifestation ; as, the declaration 
 of the greatness of Mordecai. F.stli. x. 
 
 4. A public annunciation ; proclamation ; as, the 
 declaration of independence, July 4, 1776. 
 
 5. In iau>, that part of the process or pleadings in 
 which the plainlilf sets forth at large Ills cause of 
 complaint ; the narration or count. 
 
 DE-eL.\R'.\-TIVE. n. Making declaration ; explan- 
 . atory ; making show or manifestation ; as, the name 
 of a thing may be declaratice of its form or nature. 
 2. Making pnH'lam.ition, or publication. [Grew. 
 DE-CLAR'.\-TO-RI-LY, ado. By declaration or exhi- 
 bition. 
 
 DE-eLAR'A-TO-RY, a. Making declaration, clear 
 manifestation, or exhibition; expressive ; as, this 
 clause is declaratory of -the will of the legislature. 
 The declaratory part of a law, is that which set.s 
 forth and defines what is right and what is wrong. 
 A declaratory act, is an act or statute which sets 
 forth more clearly and explains the intention of the 
 legislature in a former act, 
 
 DE CL.XRE', V. t. [L. declaro; de and claro, to make 
 clear ; Ir. glnair, or gleair ; VV. eolur, clear, bright ; 
 eirlnraie, to make clear or plain, to manifest, to ex- 
 plain ; Fr. declarer : Sp. decUirar ; It. dichiarare. (See 
 Clear and Glort.) The sense is tu open, to sepa- 
 rate, or to spread.] 
 
 1. To clear ; to free from obscurity ; to make plain. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 r/n this literal sense, the word is no longer in u.<«.J 
 
 2. To make known ; to tell explicitly ; to manifest 
 or communicate plainly to others by words. 
 
 1 will dtclnrt what he h-Mh done for my ioul. — Pi. Ixri. 
 
 3. To make known ; to show to the eye or to the 
 understanding ; to exhibit ; to manifest by other 
 means tlian words. 
 
 The hf-.ivi?n» dtclart %\ory of God. — P«. xix, 
 
 4. To publish ; to proclaim. 
 
 Dtclnrt \iu ylory nmoiij thr hr:ah«*n. — 1 Chnin. rri. 
 Dtciaring Ihe coiiveraiuii ul ihc Gentiles. — Acu xv. 
 
 5. To assert ; to alfinn ; as, he declares the story 
 to be false. 
 
 To declare one's self: to throw off respr\'e and 
 avow one's opinion ; to show openly what one 
 thinks, or which side he espouses. 
 DE-CI<ARE', c. i. To make a declaration ; to pro- 
 claim or avow some opinimi or resolution in favor or 
 in opposition ; to make known explicitly some de- 
 termination ; With for or against ; as, the prince de- 
 clared for the allies ; the allied powers declared 
 agaiiut France. 
 
 Lilc r.iwnin; coiini^n, toTKwxem Ihry wiiit ; 
 
 And then coiiir ■milinj, and dtclart jot fAte. Dryden. 
 
 2. In fain, to recite the causes of complaint against 
 the defendant; as,^he plaintitT i/M^arM in debt or 
 trespa.sH. 
 
 ,1. To show or manifest the issue or event ; to de- 
 cide in favorof; as, victory had not declared for 
 either party. 
 
 DE CLAIl'i;i),pp. or o. Made known ; told explicitly ; 
 
 avowed ; exhibited ; manifested ; published ; pro- 
 claimed ; recited. 
 
 OK-ei.AR'f.ii-l.Y, adv. .\vowedlv ; exiiliritly. 
 
 DE-eLAK'El)-NESS, «. ftalc of being dei;lared. 
 
 DE-CI,Altl'.'.ME.\T, n. Declaration. 
 
 DE-CLAR'Ell, n. One who makes known or pub- 
 lishes : that which exhibits. 
 
 DE-eLAR'ING, ppr. Making known by words or by 
 other miians ; manifesting; publishing; alhrniing; 
 reciting the cause of complaint. 
 
 DE-Gl.AR'I.NG, B. Declaration; proclamation. 
 
 DE-(,'LEM'SION, n. [L. dcclinatio, from decline. See 
 Decline.] 
 
 1. /.itrrallij, a leaning back or down ; hence, a 
 falling or declining toward a worse state ; a tendency 
 toward a less degree of excellence or perflation. 
 The dcdriision of a state is manifested by corruption 
 of mor.'ils. \Vc speak of tlie declension of virtue, of 
 manners, of taste, of the sciences, of the fine arts, 
 and sometimes of life or years ; but in the latter ap- 
 plication, decline is more generally used. 
 
 2. Declination; a declining; descent; slope; as, 
 the declension of the shore towaril the sea. Burnet. 
 
 3. In grammar, inllection of nouns, adjectives, 
 and pronouns ; the declining, deviation, or leaning 
 of the termination of a word from the termination of 
 the nominative case ; change of termination to form 
 the obliipie cases. Thus from rei in tlie nominative 
 case, arc formed regis in the genitive, regi in the 
 dative, regem in the accusative, and rege in the 
 ablative. 
 
 DE-eLI.\'A-nLR, a. Tiiat may bo declined ; chang- 
 ing its termination in the oblitpie cases ; as, a declina- 
 
 DEC'I.I NATE, a. [U drclinatus.] [Wc noun. 
 
 In bulimy, bending or bent downward, in a curve ; 
 tleclinini:. Martyn. 
 
 DKe-LI-.\ A'TIO.V, n. .\ leaning ; the .act of bending 
 down ; as, a declination of Ihe head. 
 
 2. A declining or falling into a worse st.ate ; change 
 from a better to a worse condition ; decay ; deleritira- 
 tion ; gradual failure or diminution of strength, 
 soundness, vigor, or excellence. 
 
 3. .\ deviation from a right line, in a literal sense ; 
 oblit^ue motion ; as, tiie declination of a descending 
 body. Bcntlcy. 
 
 4. Deviation from rectitude in behavior or morals ; 
 obliquity of conduct; ;is, a dcclinalion from the path 
 of integrity. 
 
 5. In astronomy, the distance of any object from 
 the celestial equator, either northward or southward. 
 
 D. Olm-slcd. 
 
 6. Declination of the, eompns*. or needle, is Ihe varia- 
 tion of the needle from the true meridian of a place. 
 
 BarUun. 
 
 7. In dialing, the declination of a wall or plane, 
 is an arch of the \\m\/.un, contained between the 
 plane and the prime vertical circlt:, if reckoned from 
 the east or west, or between the meridian anil the 
 plane, if you reckon from the northor south. Barlom. 
 
 8. In grammar, decleiisitm ; or the iiiHection of a 
 noun through its various terminations. Johnsem. 
 
 DEG-I.I-NA'TOR, 71. .\n instrument for taking the 
 declination, or inclination of a reclining plane ; an 
 instrument in dialing. Barloto. 
 
 DE-eM.\'A-T()-RY, a. Declinatory plea; in law, a 
 plea before trial or conviction, intended to show that 
 the party was not liable to the penalty of the law, 
 or wiis specially exempted from the jurisdiction of 
 the court. The plea of benefit of clergy is a declina- 
 tortt plea. Blackstone. 
 
 DE-eUN'A TtlRE n. A declining. [Rare.] G. Combe. 
 
 DE-CI.I\E', V. t. [L. dccltno ! de and clino, to lean. 
 See Lean.] 
 
 1. To lean downward ; as, the head declines to- 
 ward the earth. 
 
 2. To lean from a right line ; to deviate ; in a 
 literal sense. 
 
 3. To lean or deviate from rectitude, in a moral 
 sense; to leave the path of truth or justice, or the 
 course prescribed. 
 
 Yet do 1 not dtclint from thy testimonies. — P$. cxix. 157, 
 
 4. To fall ; to tend or draw toward the close ; as, 
 Ihe day declines. 
 
 5. To avoid or shun ; to refuse ; not to comply ; 
 not to do; as, he declined to take any part in the 
 concern, 
 
 6. To fall ; to fail ; to sink ; to decay ; to be im- 
 paired ; to tend to a less perfect state ; a^, the vigor 
 of youth rffc/iiiM in age; health declines; virtue rfe- 
 clmes ; religion declines; national credit and pros- 
 perity decline under a cornipt administration. 
 
 7. To sink ; to diminish ; to fall in value ; as, the 
 prices of land and goods decline at the close of a 
 war. 
 
 DE-eLI.VE', t. L To bend downward; to bring 
 down. 
 
 In melancholy deep, with head dteiintd. Thomson. 
 
 2. To bend to one side ; to move from a fixed 
 point or right line. 
 
 3. To shun or avoid ; to refuse ; not to engage in ; 
 to be raiitioiis not to do or interfere ; not to accept or 
 comply with ; as, he declined the contest ; he de- 
 clined the offer ; he declined the business or pursuit. 
 
 4. To iiillert • to change the termination of a woid 
 for forming the oblique cases ; as, Dominus, Domini, 
 Domino, Doininum, Domuie. 
 
 DF.ei.I.NE', n. Literally, a leaning from; hence, a 
 falling off; a tendency to a worse slate ; diiiiiniition 
 or decay ; delerionition ; as, the decline of life ; the 
 decline of strength ; the decline u( virtue and religion ; 
 the decline of revenues ; the decline of agriculture, 
 commerce, or manufactures ; the decline of learning. 
 2. A gridual decay of health ; consumption. 
 
 DE-t'M.N'KI), p/). Bent downward or from ; inllected. 
 
 Dli-ei.I.N'l.N't;, ppr. or a.. Leaning; deviating; fall- 
 ing ; failing ; decaying ; tending to a worse state ; 
 avoiding; refusing; iiitlecting. 
 
 DEG-LI-.N'OM'E-TER, n. An instrument for measuring 
 the declination of the magnetic needle. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 
 DE-GLIN'OUS, 0. In botany, decimate ; bent down- 
 ward. 
 
 DE-CLIVI-TV, 71. [L. declivita.1, from dcclivis, slop- 
 ing ; de ami clirns. See Clifk.] 
 
 Declination from a horizontal line ; descent of 
 land ; inclination downward ; a slope ; a gradual 
 descent of the earth, of a rock or other thing; 
 chiefly used of the earth, and opposed to aeclirity, 
 or ascent ; the same slope, considered as descending, 
 being a declivity, and considered as ascending, an 
 acclivity. 
 
 DF.-eLI'VOUS, ) a. Gradually descending ; not 
 DE-CLIV't-TOlTS, i precipitous ; sloping. 
 DE-COCT', I'. (. [i.. decoquo, decoctum; de and coquo, 
 to cook, to boil.] 
 
 1. To prepare by boiling ; to digest in hot or boil- 
 ing water. Bacon. 
 
 2. To digest by the heat of the stomach ; to pre- 
 pare as food for nourishing the body. Dacies, 
 
 3. To boil in water, for extracting the principles or 
 virtues of a substance. Bacon. 
 
 4. 'i'o boil up to a consistence ; to invigorate. Sliak. 
 [This verb is Utile used, and, in its la^t sense, is hard- 
 ly proper.] 
 
 DE-eOCT'l:D, pp. Prenared by boiling. 
 DE-eoeT'l-ULE, a. That may be boiled or digested. 
 DE-eoe'TIO.\, (dc-koU'shun,) n. [Fr decoction; It. 
 dccozione. Sec DecocT.] 
 
 1. The act of boiling a substance in water, for ei- 
 tracting its virtues. 
 
 2. The liquor in which a substance has been boiled ; 
 water impregnated with the principles of any animal 
 or vegct.ihle substance boiled in it ; as, a weak or 
 a strong decoction of Peruvian bark. 
 
 DE-eOC T'IVE, a. That may be easily decocted. 
 DE-eoeT'URE, 71. A siihstanee diawn by decoction. 
 DE-eOL'LATE, i>. t. [L. dccollo.] 
 
 To behead. Burke. 
 DF.-COL'LA-TED, pp. Beheaded. 
 I)E-eOL'LA-TI\G, ppr. Beheailiiig. 
 DE-eOL-LA'TIO.\, n. [L. decvllatio, from dccollo, to 
 
 behead : de and collum, the neck.] 
 The act of beheading; the act of cutting off tJie 
 
 neck of an animal, and severing the head from the 
 
 body. It is especially used of St. John the Baptist, 
 
 and of a painting which represents his beheading. 
 DE-eOL'OR, (-kul'lur,) v. t. To deprive of color ; to 
 
 bleach. Ure. 
 DE-t'OL'OR-ANT, 71. A substanr.e which removes 
 
 color, or bleaches. 
 DE-e0L-O-RA'TIO.\, ( kul-lur-a'shun,) 71. [L. de- 
 
 Coloratio.] 
 
 The removal or absence of color. Fcrrand. 
 
 DE eOL'Oli-l.NG, ppr. or <7. Depriving of color. 
 
 DE-ei^L'OR I/.E, V. t. To deprive of color. 
 
 Dk'CO.M-PLEX, a. [de and complei.] Compounded 
 of compli'x ideas. Gregory. Locke. 
 
 DE-eo.M-POS'A-BLE, a. [See Decompiije.] That 
 may be decomposed ; capable of being resolved into 
 its constituent elements. Davy. 
 
 DE-eO.M-PoSC, r. t. [Fr. decomposer ; de and C0771- 
 poser, to compose, from L. eompono, eomposittts.] 
 
 To separate the constituent parts of a body or sub- 
 stance ; to disunite elementary particles combined 
 by affinity or chemical attraction ; to resolve into 
 oriixinal elements. 
 
 DE CO.M-PoS'/:D, pp. or a. Sep,aratcd or resolved into 
 the constituent parts. 
 
 DE-COM-PoS'l.\G, j);ir. Separating into constituent 
 parts. 
 
 DE-eoM-POS'ITE, (de-koin-poz'it,) a. [L. de and 
 cumpositus. See Compose.] 
 
 Ci>mpoiind(Ul a second time ; compounded with 
 thinsis already composite. Bacon. 
 
 DE-eoM-PO-SI"TIO.\, 71. Analysis ; the art of sc|>- 
 aniting the constituent parts of a com|K>unii body or 
 substance. Decomposition differs from mechanical 
 divisiim, as the latter effects no chanue in the prop- 
 erties of the body divided, whereas the parts decom 
 posed have properties very dirferent from those ol 
 the siibsunce itself. 
 
 2. .\ second composition. [In this sense, not now 
 «.■.<•//.] Boyle. 
 
 Decomposition of forces ; the same 03 resolution oj 
 forces ; which see. 
 
 DE-€O.M-Pt)L'.VD',r. (. [dennA compound.] To com- 
 pound a second ; to compound or mix with that 
 
 TO.\E, BULL, qXITE.-A.N"GER, VI"CIOi;S.-e as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 307 
 
DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 wtiich i3 already compound : to form by a second 
 O'jmposiiion. Botjlc. Locke. JSTewton. 
 
 3. To reduce to simple parts liy uieclianical di- 
 vision ; to drcompose. [LiHle usctl^ or not at a//.] 
 DK-eOM-POUND', a. Compound of things or words 
 already compounded ; com])ounded a second time. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 2. A decompound leaf, in botany, is wlien tlie pri- 
 mary petiole is so divided tliat eacli part forms a com- 
 pound leaf. A decompound Jlnwer, is formed of com- 
 pound flowers, or containing, vvitliin a common 
 calyx, smaller calyxes, common to several floAvers. 
 
 Martijn, 
 
 DE-€OM-POUND'A-BLE, a. That may be decom- 
 pounded. 
 
 DE-€O.M-POUND'ED, pp. Compounded a second 
 time ; composed of things already compounded. 
 
 T)E-CO>l-POUND'lSG, ppr. Compounding a second 
 time. 
 
 DEC'O-R.VMENT, iu Ornament. [JVot used.] 
 DECO-RaTE, v. t. [L. decoro, from decus, decor, 
 comeliness, grace. See Decency.] 
 
 1. To adorn ; to beautify ; to embcllisli ; used of 
 external ornaments or apparel ; as, to decorate the 
 person ; to decorate an edifice ; to decorate a lawn 
 with flowers. 
 
 2. To adorn with internal grace or beauty ; to ren- 
 der lovely ; as, to decorate tile mind with virtue. 
 
 3. To adorn or beautify with any thing agreeable ; 
 to emhellisii ; as, to decorate a hero with honors, or a 
 lady with arcomplisluuents. 
 
 DEC'O-il.A-TED, pp. or a. Adorned ; beautified ; 
 embellished. 
 
 DECO-Ra-TING, ppr. Adorning ; embellishing ; 
 rendering beautiful to the eye, or lovely to the 
 mind. 
 
 DEC-O-UA'TION, n. Ornament ; embellishment ; 
 sny thing added which renders more agreeable to the 
 eve or to the intellectual view. 
 
 % In architecture, any thing which adorns and 
 ••nriches an edifice, as vases, paintings, figures, 
 festoons, &c. 
 
 3. In theaters, the scenes, which are changed as 
 occasion requires. 
 
 DEC'O-RA-TIVE, n. Adorning ; suited to embellish. 
 
 DEC'O-RA-TIVE-NESS, n. duality of being deco- 
 rative. 
 
 DECO-Ra-TOR, n. One who adorns or embellishes. 
 
 DE-€6'R0USorDEe'0-R0US,a. [h. decorus. See 
 Decencv.] Decent ; suitable to a character, or to 
 tilt; time, place, and occasion : becoming ; proper ; 
 befitting; as, .i deairou^ speech; decorous behavior; 
 a decorous dress for a judge. 
 
 UE-€o'ROUS-LV or DECO-ROUS-LY, ado. In a 
 bfroniiug manner. 
 
 DE CO'KUL S NKSS or DECO-ROUS-NESS, n. De- 
 cency or -(iriiiii il ly of behavior. 
 
 DE-C( )II'T1-CaTE, v. u [L. dccortico ; dc and cortez, 
 bark.] 
 
 To strip ofl' bark ; to peel ; to husk ; to take off 
 the exterior coat ; as, to decorticate barley. 
 
 .^'^rbuthnot. 
 
 DE-€0R'TI-€-A-TED, pp. Stripped of bark ; peeled ; 
 husked. 
 
 DE-eOR'TI-CA-TINC, ppr. Stripping off bark or the 
 
 external coat ; peeling. 
 DE-eOR-TI-CA'TION,' n. The act of stripping off 
 
 bark or husk. 
 DE-€o'RUiM, «. [L. from rfcceo, to become. See De- 
 
 CENCy,] 
 
 1. Propriety of speech or behavior; grace arising 
 from suitahlencRS of speech and behavior, U> one's 
 own character, and to the characters present, or to 
 the place and occasion ; seemliness ; decency ; op- 
 posed to rudeness, licentiousness, or levity. To 
 speak and behave with decorum is essential to good 
 breeding. 
 
 2. In architecture, the suitableness of a building, 
 and of its parts and ornaments, to its place and 
 ti.ses. 
 
 DE-eOY', V. t. [D. Iiooi, a cabin, berth, bed, fold, 
 cage, decoy ; Icooijen, to lie, to bed.] 
 
 'I'd lead or lure by artifice into a snare, with a 
 view to catch ; to draw into any situation to be 
 taken byafo*;; to entrap by any means which de- 
 ceive. The fijvvler decoijs ducks iutt) a net. Troops 
 may be dreotjed into an ambush. One .sbij) decoys 
 nnotber within reach of licrshiil. 
 
 DE-CO V', 71. Any Ihuig inli niliil to lead into a snare; 
 any lure or alhin ijii iil lli.il (lori'ives and misleads 
 into t'vil, daiiEi r, or the power of an enemy. 
 2. A place for catcliini; wild fowls. 
 
 DE-eoV'-DIJCK, n. A duck employed to draw oth- 
 ers into a net or situation to hi\ taken. 
 
 DE-COy'A'I), pp. Lured or drawn into a snaie ornct ; 
 allured into danger by deception. 
 
 DE COY'INC, ppr. Euriiig nito a snare or net by de- 
 cefition ; l)*ading into evil or flanger. 
 
 DE-C')V'-.M A.\, II. A man employed in decoying and 
 catching fowls. 
 
 DE-CRl~;A.SE', r. t. [li. decrescn; Je and cre.no, to 
 grow ; Kr. drcroUre ; It. dccreaccre ; Sp. dccreeer ; Arm. 
 di^isi^. Hee Ohow.] 
 Tu become Icm ; to be diminiiihcd gradually, in ex- 
 
 tent, bulk, quantity, or amount, or in stnuigth, qual- 
 ity, or excellence ; a.s, the days decrease in length from 
 June to December. 
 
 He mu^l increase, but 1 must tUcrcase. — John iii. 
 
 DE-€ReASE', v. t. To lessen ; to make smaller in 
 dimensions, amount, quality, or excellence, &c. ; to 
 diminish gradually or by small deductions ; as, ex- 
 travagance decreases the means of charity ; every 
 payment decreases a debt ; intemperance decreases 
 the strength and powers of life. 
 
 DE-CReASE', 71. A becoming less ; gradual diminu- 
 tion ; decay ; as, a decrease of revenue ; a decrease of 
 strength. 
 
 2. The wane of the moon ; the gradual diminu- 
 tion of the visible face of the moon from the full 
 to tlu|_change. 
 
 DE-CRk AS'f;r), pp. Lessened; diminished. 
 
 DE-CKi; Af^'IN'G, P2>r. or a. Becoming less ; diminisli- 
 intr ; pruning. 
 
 DE-CHkA.S'I.VC-LY, ac/i). By diminishing. 
 
 DE-CREE', n. [L. dccretum, from decerno, to judge ; de 
 and crrno, to judge, to divide ; Fr. decret; It. and Sp. 
 dccreto.] 
 
 1. Judicial decision, or determination of a litigated 
 cause ; as, a decree of the Court of Chancery. The 
 dfcisi<ui of a court of ecpiity is called a decree ; that 
 of a c<jurt of law, a judgment. 
 
 2. In the civil law, a determination or judgment of 
 the emperor on a suit between parties. Knnjc. 
 
 3. An edict or law made by a council for regula- 
 ting any business within their jurisdiction ; as, the 
 decrees of ecclesiastical councils. Encyc. 
 
 4. In general, an order, edict, or law, made by a 
 sui)erior, as a rule to govern inferiors. 
 
 There went a decree from Cesar Au^stus, that all the world 
 should he tixed. — Luke ii. 
 
 5. Established law, or rule. 
 
 He made a decree Tor the rain. — Job xxviii. 
 
 6. In theology, predetermined purpose of God ; the 
 purpose or determination of an immutable Being, 
 whose plan of operations is, like himself, unchange- 
 able. 
 
 DE CREE', V. t. To determine judicially ; to resolve 
 by sentence; as, the court decreed that the property 
 should be restored ; or, they decreed a restoration of 
 the property. 
 
 2. To determine or resolve legislatively ; to fix or 
 appoint ; to set or constitute by edict or in purpose. 
 Thou shall decree a tiling, and it sliall be established. — Job 
 
 Let lis not be solicitous to know what God has decreed con- 
 cerning U3. Anon. 
 
 DE-CREED', pp. Determined jiulicially ; resolved; 
 appointed ; established in purpose. 
 
 DE-CREE'ING, ppr. Determining; resolving; ap- 
 pointing ; ortlering. 
 
 DEC'RE-AIENT, n. [L. dccrementmn, from decresco. 
 See Decrease.] 
 
 1. Decrease ; waste ; the state of becoming gradu- 
 ally less. 
 
 Rocks and mountains suffer a continual decrement. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 2. The quantity lost by gradual diminution or 
 waste ; opposed to increment. 
 
 3. In heraldry, the wane of the moon. 
 
 4. In cryslulogrnphy, a successive dimiiuition of the 
 lamens of molecules, applied to the faces of the prim- 
 itive form, by which tlie secondary forms are sup- 
 posed to be produced. Havy. 
 
 DE-CREP'IT, a. [L. decrepitus, from de and crepo, to 
 break.] 
 
 Broken down with age ; wasted or worn by the 
 infirmities of old age ; beiiig in the last stage of de- 
 cay ; weakened by age. Milton, Pope. 
 
 Tliis word is sometimes erroneously written and 
 pronounced Decrepid. 
 DE-CREP'I-Ta'I'E, v. t. [L. decrepo, to break or burst, 
 to crackle ; de and crepo.] 
 
 To roast or calcine in a strong heat, with a contin- 
 ual bursting or crackling of the substance; as, to de- 
 crepitate salt. 
 
 DE-CRICP'I-TaTE, v. i. To crackle, as salts when 
 roasting. 
 
 DE-CREP'I-Ta-TED, pp. Roasted with a crackling 
 noise. 
 
 DE-CREP'I-Ta TING, ppr. Crackling; roasting with 
 a crackling noise ; suddenly burstuig when exposed 
 to heat. 
 
 DE-CREP-I-TA'TION, n. The act of roasting with a 
 
 continual crackling ; or the separation of parts with 
 
 a crackling noise, occasioned by heat. 
 DE-CREP'IT-M;sS, ( n. [See Decrepit.] The bro- 
 DE CRi;P'IT-l'l)E, i kiui, crazy state of the body, 
 
 proiluced by ilr cay and the infirmities of age. 
 DE-CRES'CENT, a. [L. dccresccHs. See Decrease.] 
 Decreasing ; bi commg le.ss by gradual diminution ; 
 
 as, a decrescent mtK>n. 
 DE-CRlc'TAL, n. [.See Decree.] Appertaining to a 
 
 decree ; containing a decree; as, a decretal epistle. 
 DE-CRk'TAL, n. An authoritative order or decree. 
 2. A letter of the pope, determining some [M>int or | 
 
 question in ecclesiastical law. The decretals form the 
 second jiart of the canon law. Encyc. 
 3. A collection of the pope's decrees. Howell. 
 DE-eRE'TIOi\, (de-kre'shiin,) n. [See Decrease.] 
 
 A decjreasing. [JVot used.] Pearson. 
 DE-CRe'TIST, 71. One who studies or professes the 
 
 knowledge of the decretals. 
 DE-CRe'TIVE, o. Having the force of a decree. 
 
 Rich. Diet. 
 
 DEC'RE-TO-RI-LY, adv. In a definitive n}anner. 
 
 Goodman. 
 
 DECRE TO RY, a. Judicial ; definitive ; established 
 by a decree. 
 
 The decretory rigors of a condemning sentence. South. 
 
 2. Critical ; determining; in which there is some 
 definitive event ; .as, critical or decretory days. Brown. 
 
 DE-CREW', V. i. To decrease. [JVot iu use.] 
 
 DECRI'AL, 71. [See Decrv.] A crying down; a 
 clanuirous censure ; condemn;itii>n by censure. 
 
 DE-CKI'/CD, (de-kride',) pp. Cried down ; discredit- 
 ed ; brouglit into disrepute. 
 
 DE-CRl'ER, 71. One who decries or clamorously cen- 
 sures. 
 
 [It would be better to write Decry al, Decryed, 
 Decryer.] 
 
 DE-CROVVi\', V. t. [de and crown.] To deprive of a 
 
 crown. [Little used.] Ovcrbuni. 
 DE-CUUST-a'TION, 71. The removal of a crust from. 
 DE-CR5', I', t. [Fr. decrier ; de and crier, to cry.] 
 
 1. To cry down ; to censure as faulty, mean, or 
 worthless ; to clamor against; to discredit by finding 
 fault ; as, to decry a poem. 
 
 2. Tu cry down, as improper or unnecessary ; to 
 rail or clamor ag.iinst; to bring into disrepute ; as, 
 to decrit the measures of adniinistration. 
 
 DE-CRY'I.N'G, ppr. Crying down. 
 DEC-IJ-Ba'TION, 71. [L. decumbo.] 
 
 The act of lying down. Evelyn. 
 DE-CUM'BENCE, j ;i. [L. deeumbens, from decumbo, 
 DE-CUiM'BEN-CY, ( to lie down ; de and cutnbo, to 
 lie down.] 
 
 The act of lying down ; the posture of lying down. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 DE-eUM'BENT, a. In botumj, declined, or bending 
 down ; having the stamens ami pistils bending down 
 to the lower side ; as, a decumbent Hower. Martiin. 
 
 DE-CUAl'BEN'T-LY, adv. In a decumbent posture. 
 
 DE-CU.M'Bl-Tl^RE, n. The time at which a person 
 takes to his bed in a disease. 
 
 2. In a.^trology, the scheme or aspect of the heav- 
 ens, by which the prognostics of recovery or death 
 are discovered. 
 
 DEC'li-PLE, (dek'yu-pl,) a. [L. decuplus ; Gi. icKa- 
 nXovi, from itxa, ten.] 
 Tenfold ; containing ten times as many. 
 
 DEC'lj-PLE, 71. A number ten times repeated. 
 
 DEC'U-PLE, 1). (. To make tenfold. 
 
 DECU-PLA'D, ppr. Made tenfold. Coleridge. 
 
 DE-CO'RI-OM, 71. [L. decurio, from decent, Gr. Scxa, 
 ten.] 
 
 An officer in the Roman army, who commanded a 
 decuria, or ten soldiers, which was a third part of the 
 tunna, and a thirtieth of the legion of ctivaliy. 
 
 Eneitc Temple. 
 DE-CO'RI-ON-ATE, n. The state or office of a decu- 
 rion. 
 
 DE-CUR'REN'T, a. [I-. dccurrens, from decurro, to run 
 down ; dc and curro, to run.] 
 
 Extending downward. A decurrent leaf, is a ses- 
 sile leaf, having its base extending downward along 
 the stem. Lindley. 
 DE-CUR'RENT-LY, adv. In a tiecurrent manner. 
 DE-CUR'SION, 71. [L. deeursio, from decurro ; dc and 
 curro, to run.] 
 The act of running down, as a stream. Hale. 
 DE-eUR'SIVE, a. Running down. 
 
 Dccursively pinnate ; in botany, applied to a leaf 
 having the leaflets decurrent, of running along the 
 DE-CURT', V. t. [L. deeurto.] [petiole. 
 
 To shorten bv cutting off. [JVol in use.] 
 DE-CURT-A'TION, 71. [L. deeurto, to shorten ; de 
 and curto.] 
 The act of shortening or cutting short. 
 DECU-RY, 71. [L. decuria, from dcccm, Gr. 6eKa, ten.] 
 
 A set of ten men undiu- an oflicer called decurio. 
 DE-CUS'SaTE, t). t. [L. decusso, to cut or strike 
 across.] 
 
 In general, to intersect ; to cross, as lines, rays, or 
 nerves in the body ; usually, to intersect at acute an- 
 gles, or in till! form of an X. Brown. Encyc. 
 DE-CUS'SATE, (a. Crossed ; intersected. In 
 DE-CUS'S-^-TED, \ any, decussated leaves and 
 branches, are such as grow in pairs which alter- 
 nately cross each other at right angles, or in a reg- 
 ular manner. Mnrtyn. Lte. 
 
 Ill rhetoric, a deeu.isoted period is one that consists 
 of two rising and two falU|ig clauses, placed in 
 alleruale opposition to each other. For example, 
 " If impudence could effect as much in courts of 
 justice, us insolence sometimes do(!s in the country, 
 Ciesina woulil now yield to the impudence of 
 Ebutius, U8 he then yielded tu his insolent assaiilu" 
 Mm Q. Mams, LccL 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WU^T — METE, I'llfiY. — PINE, MAIUNB, BIUD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 308 
 
 I 
 
DED 
 
 DEE 
 
 DEE 
 
 l)E-e(JS'SATE-I^Y, od'i'. In a decussate maimer. 
 DK-CUS'SA-TING, ppr Crossing ; intersecting at 
 nciite iin,i.'lrs. 
 
 DE-eUSt!A''rtO\,n. The act of crossing; the cross- 
 
 iiiR of two lines, rays, or nerves, wliicli ni<'('t in a 
 
 point, and tlien proceed and diverge. lliMotu 
 'Xr A crossing in tlie form of an X. 
 DE-CUS'SA-TI VK-LY, uc/o Crosswise; in the form 
 
 of an X. Broioii. 
 PR Da'M-AN, a. See I).kd*uian. 
 l)KI)'A-IX)i;S, a. Sec D.i:dalous. 
 l)E-m:C'0-KATE, B. t. [I,, dedecaro.] 
 
 To disgrace. LV)t iwfj.] 
 ni; I)i:t: O-llA'TION, II. a disgracins. [J^nt used.] 
 ni: l)IX"() nous, «. Dissraci fnl ; unlieconiiiig. 
 l)i;-l)i;.N- l'l"'l'IO.\, (-dcn-tish'un,) n. [dc and denti- 
 
 tinn.] Tlie slieddinK of teetli. Brown. 
 DED'i eATE, V. t. [h. dcdico ; de and rfico, dicarc, to 
 
 vow, promise, devote, dedicate. See Class Ug, i\o. 
 
 IQ, 45. The sense is, to send, to throw ; lience, 
 
 to set, to appoint.] 
 
 1. To set apart and consecrate to a divine Beins, 
 or tt> a sacred piirposi' ; to devote to a sacred use, hy 
 a st»Iemn act, or liy reli«;imis ceremonies ; as, to drdi- 
 Cttic vessels, treasures, a temple, an altar, or a church, 
 to God or to a religious use. 
 
 Vf»'*I« of iiilvfr, oC ffulil, mill of bn\M, wliich Kiiij D.iviil tlUl 
 dtdicnte lo tin' Lunl. — "i Sum. viii. 
 
 2. To appropriate solemnly to any person or pur- 
 pose ; to give wholly or chielly to. The ministers of 
 the gospel dedicate ihemsclves, their time, and their 
 studies, to the st rvice of I'lirist. A soldier dedicates 
 himself to the professi|>ii of arms. 
 
 3. 'I'o inscribe or address to u patron ; as, to dedi- 
 cate a hook. 
 
 DEU'I-e.VTE.o. Consecrated ; devoted ; appropriated. 
 
 Sllak. 
 
 DED'I-CA-TED, pp. or a. Devoted to a divine Heing, or 
 to a sacred use ; consecrated ; appropriated ; given 
 wholly to. 
 
 DED-1-C.\-TEE', n. One to whom a thing is dedica- 
 ted. Ell. lice. 
 
 DED'I-eX-TINO, ppr. Devoting to a divine Being, or 
 to a sacred purpose ; consecrating ; appropriating ; 
 giving wholly to. 
 
 DED-I-e.^'TIO.\, n. . The act of consecratins to a 
 divine Being, or to a sacred use, oflen with religious 
 solemnities ; soleiiin appropriation ; as, the dedication 
 of Solomon*s temple. 
 . 2. The act of devoting or giving to. 
 
 3. An address to a patron, prefixed to a book, tes- 
 tifyina respect, and recommending the work to his 
 protection anil favor. Pope. 
 
 DED'i eA-TOU, II. One wlio dedicates ; one who 
 iiiscribi s a book to the favor of a patron. Pope. 
 
 DEI)'l-t'.\-TO-RY, a. Composing a dedication; as, 
 an epistle dedicatory. 
 
 DF.iy l:MUS,n. [L.) A writ to commission private 
 persons to do some act ill place of a judge, as to ex- 
 amine a witness, &,c. Bouvier. 
 
 DE-l)l"TION, (de-dish'iin,) n. [L. dcditio, from dedo, 
 to yield.] 
 
 The .act of yielding any thing: surrendry. Hqlt. 
 DED'0-I>E.\T, a. [L. daiolco.] 
 
 Feeling no compunction. [Aut used.] 
 DE-DOCE', r. U [h. deiluco : de and diico, to lead, 
 bring, or draw. The L. daco is the Sa.\. tco-^an, teon, 
 Eng. to (uf, to Ivis, G. ucJien; lience L. dax. Eng. 
 duke. (Sec DuKi.) Class Dg, No. 5, 12, 15, 37, 
 62, 6A.] 
 
 1. To draw from ; to bring frjin. 
 
 O ofixlili^, m\y, ■hnll I detluct my rhyine* 
 
 Knjiii thi; ilin: nation in iu iMrljr Uinci i Pop*. 
 
 2. To draw from, in reasoning ; to gather a truth, 
 opinion, or pro|x>sition, from premises ; to infer soine- 
 Uiing from what precedes. 
 
 K«.i«onin^ ii nothing bill the rnculty o( deducing unknoWD 
 irutlia from pritiaptn nlrriuly known. Lock*. 
 
 3. To deduct. [JVu( in iwr.] B. Jon.ion. 
 
 4. To transplant. [.Vo/ in ii.«c.] Sridcn. 
 DE-DOC'SD, (de-duste*,)pp. Drawn from ; inferred; 
 
 as a consequence fnuii principles or premises. 
 
 DE-DOCE'iME.\T, n. The thing drawn from or de- 
 duced ; inference ; that which is collecti'd from 
 premises. Dniilcn. 
 
 DE-I)OC'I-nLE,o. That may be deduced ; infenible ; 
 collectible by reason from premises ; consequential. 
 
 The properti<>t of n triAn^Ie are dtduciUt from Uic comntrx liica 
 « ihivc lines including a apace. Lock*. 
 
 DE-DOC'ING, ppr. Drawing from; inferring; col- 
 lecting from principles or facts alrcadv established or 
 known. 
 
 • DE DO'CIVE, a. Performing the act of deduction. 
 [l.iUU used] 
 
 DE-DUCT', t>. t. [L. dedaeo,deduaum. See Deduce.] 
 To take from ; to subtract ; to separate or remove, 
 in numbering, estimating, or calculating. Thus wo 
 say, from the sum of two numbers deduct the lesser 
 number ; from the amount of profits deduct the 
 charges of freight. 
 
 DE-UL'CT'ED, pp. Taken from ; subtracted. 
 
 DE-DUeT'ING,ppr. Taking from ; subtracting. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IfNITE.— 
 
 DE-DUe'TION, (de-diik'shun,) n. [I,, dcductio.] 
 
 1. The act of deducting. 
 
 2. That which is deducted ; sum or amount taken 
 from another; defalcation; ahatement ; as, this sum 
 is a deduction from the yearly rent. 
 
 3. That which is drawn from premises ; fact, 
 opinion, or h)'potliesis, ctillected from principles or 
 facts slated, or established data; inference; conse- 
 quence drawn ; conclusion; as, this opinion is a fair 
 deduction from the princijiles you have advanc<rd. 
 
 DI'.-DUCT'IVE, a, Deducible ; tliat is or may be de- 
 duced from premises. 
 
 All knowledge is deductive. GlanvUle. 
 
 DE-DUCT'IVE-LV, lulv. By regular deduction ; by 
 way of inference ; by consequence. Brown. 
 
 DEED, II. [Sax. du-d : D. daad : G. that! Dan. ditad ; 
 the jiarticiple of Sax. don, Goth. Utuijan, G. tJiun, D. 
 doen, to tlo , probably a contracted word.] 
 
 1. That which is done, acted, or effected ; an act ; 
 a fact ; a word of extensive application, including 
 whatever is done, good or bad, great or small. 
 
 Anil Josi.ph anitl 10 Uiem, What deed is this wtilcli ye hitvc ilonc t 
 — (ii-il^lliit. 
 
 We ivci ive the due rewiinl oP out deeds, — I, like xxv. 
 
 2. Exploit ; achievement ; illustrious act. 
 Whiwie decde soiiio nobler poem sli;ill adorn. Urylen. 
 
 3. Power of action ; agency. 
 
 Wiih will iinii deed created free. Ardton. 
 
 4. A writing cniitaining some contract or agree- 
 ment, and the evidence of its execution ; particular- 
 ly, an instrument on paper or parchment, conveying 
 real estate to a purchaser or donee. This instrument 
 must be executed, and the execution ottesled, in the 
 manner prescribed by law. 
 
 Indeed ; in fact ; in reality. These words nretinited, 
 and called an ailverb. But sometimes they are sei>- 
 arated by very, in very deal ; a more cmpliatical ex- 
 pression. Er. ix. 
 
 DEED, r. t. To convey or transfer by deed ; a popular 
 use of Uie word in America i as, he deeded all his estate 
 to his eldest son. 
 
 DEED'-A-CHIeV-ING, 0. That accomplishes great 
 deeds. 
 
 DEED'LESS, a. Inactive ; not performing or h.aving 
 performed deeds or exploits. Pope. 
 
 DEED'-POLL, n. A deed not indented, that is, shaved 
 or even, made by one party only. Blackstone. 
 
 DEED'Y, a. Industrious ; active. 
 
 DEEM, r. t. [Sax. deman ; D. doemen ; Sw. doma ; 
 Dan. fiomiiicr; whence i/odm. Russ. (/umni/u, to think, 
 reflect, reckon, believe ; duma, a thought or idea, a 
 privy council ; rinmnoi, a privy counselor. See Class 
 Dm, No. .5, 36, 39, and Cla.ss Sin, No. .";.] 
 
 1. To think ; to judge ; to be of opinion ; to con- 
 clude on consiileration ; as, he deems it prudent to be 
 silent. 
 
 For never can T deem him less tli.in god. Dryden. 
 The slitpmen deemed tlial Uicy drew near to some country. — 
 Acts xxvii. 
 
 2. To estimate. [Obs.] Spen.ier. 
 DEE.M, n. Opinion ; judgment; surmise. [04i.] 
 DEEM, V i. To judge ; to think ; to estimate. 
 DEEM'/oD, 71/1. Thought; judged; supposed. 
 DEE.M'INti, /lyir. Thinking ; judging ; believing. 
 DEE.M'STER, n. [derm and sUr. See Steer.] 
 
 A judge in the Isle of Man and in Jersey. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 DEEP, a. [Sax. rfc.ip, dypa; D. diep ; G. tirf; Sw. 
 diiip , Dan. </i/». It seems to be allietl to and (/ice, 
 whose radical sense is, to thrust or plunge, tin. \\. 
 
 dwvtfn.] 
 
 1. Extending or being far below the surface ; de- 
 scending far downv.aid ; profound ; opposed to sAo^ 
 low ; as, deep water ; a deep pit or well. 
 
 2. Low in situation ; being or descending far be- 
 low the adjacent land ; as, a deep valley. 
 
 3. Entering far ; piercing a great way. A tree 
 in a good soil takes deep root. A spear struck deep 
 into the flesh. 
 
 4. Far from the outer part ; secreted. 
 
 A spider deep amUislied in her deo. Dryten. 
 
 So deep, when applied to soldiers drawn up in rank 
 and file, means di.suincc from the front; as, drawn 
 up three deep. 
 
 5. Not superficial or obvious ; hidden ; secret. 
 He discoreieUi deep tilings out of darkness. — Job xii. 
 
 6. Remote from comprehension. 
 
 O liOnl, thy UioughU are »ery deep. — Ps. xcii. 
 
 7. Sagacious ; pent^trating ; having the power to 
 enter far into a subject ; as, a man of deep thought ; 
 a deep divine. 
 
 8. Artful ; contriving ; concealing artifice ; insid- 
 ious ; designing ; as, a friend, deep, hollow, treach- 
 erous. 
 
 9. Grave in sound ; low ; as, the deep tones of an 
 orgtin. 
 
 10. Very still ; solemn ; profound ; as, deep silence. 
 
 1 1. Thick ; black ; not to be penetrated by the 
 sight. 
 
 Now deeper darkness brooded on the ground. Hoole. 
 
 12. Still ; sound ; not easily broken or disturbed. 
 
 1'he I.unl (Joil caiiKil a deep ilei p lo fall on Ad.iiii. — >Jen. II. 
 
 1.1. Depressed; sunk low, mc«a;iAori(;a% ; as, deep 
 poverty. I 
 
 M. Dark; intense; strongly colored; as, a deep 
 brosvn ; a deep crimson ; a deep blue. 
 
 15. Unknown ; unintelligible. 
 
 A people of deeper speech than thou tmst pereelre. — Is. xxxil . 
 111. Heartfelt ; penetrating ; affecting ; as, a deep 
 sense of guilt. 
 
 17. Intricate ; not easily understood or unrave'ed ; 
 as. :i deep plot or intrigue. 
 
 This word often qualifies a verb, like an adverb. 
 Drink deep, or liuite not the I'i'Tian spring. Pope. 
 DEEP, n. The sea ; the abyss of waters ; the ocean. 
 He niaketh the deep to lioil like a pot. — Job xli. 
 
 2. A lake ; a great collection of water. 
 
 Launch out Into the deep, and let down your neu. — T.ukc v. 
 
 3. 'i'hat which is profound ; not easily fathomed, or 
 incomprehensible. 
 
 Thy jiidi^iiients are a great deep. — Ps. xxxvl. 
 
 4. The most still or solemn part ; the midst ; as, in 
 i/ir/i of iiiKht. Shah. Philips. 
 
 DEEP'-l)KAVV-IN(;, a. Sinking deep into the water. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DEEP'-DRAVVN, a. Drawn from a depth. 
 DEEP'f.'.N, (dee'pn,) r. (. To make deep or deeper; 
 
 to sink lower ; as, to deepen the channel of a river or 
 
 harbor ; to deepen a well. 
 
 2. To make dark or darker ; to mako more thick 
 or gloomy ; as, to deepen the shades of night ; to 
 deepen gloom. 
 
 3. 'I'o give a darker hue, or a stronger color ; as, to 
 deepen a color; to deepen a red, blue, or crimson 
 color. 
 
 4. To make more poignant or absorbing ; as, to 
 deepen grief or sorrow. 
 
 5. To make more frightful ; as, to deepen the hor- 
 rors of the scene. 
 
 C. To make more sad or gloomy ; as, to deqien tho 
 murmurs of the flood. 
 
 7. To make more grave ; as, to deepen the tones of 
 an organ. 
 
 DEEI"£N, r. i. To become more deep ; as, the water 
 
 deepens at every cast of the lead. 
 DEEP'A'N-KD, (deep'iid,) pp. .Made more deep. 
 DEEI"i5.\-INO, ppr. or a. Sinking lower ; making 
 
 more deep; growing deeper. 
 DEEP'ER, a. comp. More deep. 
 DEEP'EST, a. supcrl. Most deep. 
 DEEP'-LAID, a. Laid deep; formed with cunning 
 
 and sagacity. 
 
 DEEP'LY, adv. At or to a great depth ; far below the 
 surface ; as, a passion derpiij rooted in our nature ; 
 precepts dcepht engraven on the heart. | 
 
 2. Profoundly ; thoroughly ; as, deeply skilled in 
 ethics or anatomy. 
 
 3. To or from the inmost recesses of the heart ; 
 with great sorrow ; most feelingly. 
 
 He siglvii deeply in his spirit. — Mark viii. 
 
 He wiui deeply atlected at the sight. Anon. 
 
 4. To a great degree ; as, lie has deeply offended. 
 
 They have deeply corrupted themselves. — Hos. ix. 
 
 .'). With a dark hue, or strtmg color; as, a deeply- 
 red liquor ; deeply colored, 
 t). (Jravely ; as, a deeply-ltmod instrument. 
 7. With profound skill ; with art or intricacy ; as, 
 a dceply.\:iu\ plot or intrigue. 
 
 This word can not easily be defined in all its va- 
 rious applications. In gent-ral, it givtis emphasis or 
 intensity to the word which it qualifies. 
 DEEP'-M0UTI1-^;D, a. Having a hoarse, loud, hol- 
 low voice ; ns, a deep-mouthed dog. Shak. 
 DEEP'-MC'S-I.NG, a. Contemplative ; thinking closely 
 
 or profoundly. Pope. 
 DEEP'NESS, II. Depth ; remoteness from the surface 
 in a desceniling line ; interior di.stancc from the sur- 
 face ; profundity. 
 
 And forthwith they sprung up, lecausc they had no deepnett 
 of earth. — .Malt. xiii. 
 
 2. Craft; insidioiisness. I r/ii«.--i/a/.] 
 DEEP'-READ, ( red,) a. Having fully read ; pro- 
 
 fountily versed. U Estranrre. 
 
 DEEP'-RE-VOLV'ING, a. Profoundly revol\-1ng or 
 
 meditaling. Slink. 
 DEEP -se.\K-RKD, (-skird,) a. Having deep scars. 
 DEEI"-Sr;AT EI), a. Seat.d deeply. 
 DEEP'-SOrXD-I.Nt;, a. Having a low .sound. I 
 DEEP'-THINK ING, fl. Thinking profoundlv. 
 DEEP'-THRO.VT-ED, a. ILaving a deep tiiroat or 
 
 voice. jMilton. 
 DEEP'-TON-KD, a. Having a very low or grave 
 
 tone. 
 
 DEEP'-VAULT-ED, a. Formed like a deep vault or 
 arch. Milton. 
 
 DEEP'-WAIST ED, a. Having a deep waist, as n 
 ship when the quarter-deck and foreca-stle arc raised I 
 from four to six feet above the level of the main | 
 deck. Mar. Diet. 
 
 DEEP'-WoRN, a. Worn to a great depth. Hovkinson. 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 L.ll 
 
DEF 
 
 DEER, 71. sin^. and pi. [Sax. dcor: D. ii'irr; G. Viicr : 
 S\v. dtur ; Dan. dyr ; Polish iioiers i Gr. 5^/0, a wild 
 beast. The primary sense is simply roving, wild, 
 untamed ; hence, a wild beast.] 
 
 A quadruped of the genus Cervvs, of several spe- 
 cies, as the stag, the fallow-deer, the roe-buck, the 
 rane or reindeer, &c. These animals are wild, and 
 hunted in the forest, or kept in parks. Their flesh, 
 called venison, is deemed excellent food. 
 
 DEER'-NECK, n. In Iwrsernaiiskip, a thin, ill-formed 
 neck. Farm. Knc}fc, 
 
 DEER'-SKIN, n. The skin of a deer, of which a 
 very supple leather is made. 
 
 DEER'STALIv-ER, ( stawk-er,) n. One who prac- 
 tices deerstalking. Booth. 
 
 DEEU'STALK-IXG, (-stawk-ing,) 71. The lying in 
 wait to shoot deer, or pursuing them as much as pos- 
 sil>le under cover. 
 
 DEER'STkAL-ER, n. One who steals deer. 
 
 DEER'STkAL-ING, 71. The act or crime of stealing 
 
 Dli'ESS, 71. [Fr. deesse.'] [deer. 
 .A goddess. [JVoJ in 77.ve.] Cioft. 
 
 DE-FACE', V. t. [Arm. difagza; de and L. fiicio; Fr. 
 defiiire, to undo or unmake.] 
 
 1. To destroy or m;ir the lace or surface of a thing ; 
 to injure the superficies or beauty ; to disfigure ; as, 
 to deface a monument ; to deface an edifice. 
 
 2. To injure any thing ; to destroy, spoil, or mar ; 
 to erase or obliterate ; as, to deface letters or writing ; 
 to deface a note, deed, or bond ; to deface a record. 
 
 3. To injure the appearance ; to disfigure. 
 VE-FaC'F.U, (de-fiste',) pp. or a. Injured on the sur- 
 face ; disfigured ; mairt d ; erased. 
 
 DE-FaCE'.ME.VT, 71. Injury to the surface or beauty ; 
 rasure ; obliteration ; that which mars beauty, or dis- 
 figures. 
 
 DE-FaC'ER, 71. He or that which defaces ; one who 
 injures, mars, or disfigures. 
 
 DE-FaC'I.\'G, ppr. Injuring the face or surface ; mar- 
 ring; disfisuriiig; erasing. 
 
 DE-FaCT.N'G-LY, adv. In a defacing manner. 
 
 DE FJIC'TO, [L.] Actually; in fact; in reality; 
 existing ; as, a kmg dc facto, distinguished from a 
 king de jure, or by right. 
 
 DE-Fa1L'ANCE,7i. [Fr. See Fail.] Failure; mis- 
 carriage. [Ohs.] Taylor. 
 
 DE-FAE'CaTE, v. t. [Fr. dcfalqiicr ; It. dcfalcare ; 
 i^p. desfalcar : Port, desfalcar ; from ij.defalco; i/e and 
 falco, fnmi fall, a sickle.] 
 
 Liieralltj, to cut off ; hence, to take away or deduct 
 a part ; used chiefly of money, accounts, rents, in- 
 come, &c. 
 
 DE-FAL'Ca-TED, pp. Taken away ; deducted, as a 
 ' part. 
 
 DE-FAL'e.\-TING, ppr. Deducting from a money 
 
 account, rents, &-c. 
 DE-FAL-e.\'TIO.\, 77. That which is cut off; as, 
 this loss is a defalcation from the revenue. 
 
 Literally, a cutting off; and hence, a diminution, 
 deficit, or withdrawment. [In recent 7i.s-un-f.] 
 DE-FALK', V. t. To def;dcate. [Mt in me.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 DEF-A-M.A'TION, 7t. [See Defame.] The uttering 
 of slanderous words, with a view to mjure another's 
 reputtition ; the malicious uttering of falsehood re- 
 specting another, which tends to destroy or impair 
 his good name, character, or occupation; slander; 
 calumny. To constitute defamation, in law, the 
 words must be false, and spoken maliciously. De- 
 famatory words, written and published, are called 
 a libel. Blackstone. 
 
 DE-FAM'A-TO-RY, a. Calumnious ; slanderous ; 
 containing defamation ; false and injurious to repu- 
 tation ; as, defamatory words ; defamatory reports or 
 writings. 
 
 DE-Fa.ME' 7). t. [Fr. diffamer: It. diffamarc ; Sp. dis- 
 famar ; frt)m L. dijfamo ; de, or di.s, nndfataa, fame.] 
 
 1. To slander ; falsely and maliciously to utter 
 words respecting another which tend to i7ijure his 
 reputation or occupaticm ; as to say, a judge is cor- 
 rupt ; a man is perjured ; a trader is a knave. 
 
 2. To speak evil of; to dishonor by false reports ; 
 to calumniate ; to libel ; to impair reputation by acts 
 or words. 
 
 B*-inp defamed, we rnlrcal. — 1 Cor. iv. 
 
 DE-FA. M'TCD, pp. Slandered ; dishonored or injured 
 by evil reptirts. 
 
 DE-FAiM'EK, n. A slanderer; a detractor; a calum- 
 niator. 
 
 DE-Fa.M'ING, p/)r. Slandering; injuring the charac- 
 ter by false reports. 
 DE-FA M'l.N'G, n. Defamation; slander. .Jeremiah. 
 DE-FA.M'l.N'G-I.Y, adv. In a defaming manner. 
 DE-FAT'l-GA-ULE, a. Liable to be wearied. (_JVot 
 I much ujted.] lllanviUe. 
 DE-FAT'I-GXTE, ». (. [I,, defatigo ; dc and fatigo,to 
 tire. See Fatioi'c] 
 To weary or lire. [lAlile used.] Herbert. 
 DE-FAT-I-GA'TI0.\, 71. VVcarinesa. [Little ilmL] 
 I Ha eon. 
 
 DE-FAULT', 71. [Fr. rff/nuf, for </r/n«/(, from i/r/uiHir. 
 Ui fail ; de and fadlir, to fail. Fail and Fault.] 
 
 I 1. A failing, or failure ; an omissiiin of Hint winch 
 
 ought to be done ; neglect to do what duty or law 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T 
 
 DEF 
 
 requires ; as, this evil has happened through the 
 governor's default. A default, or fault, may be a 
 crime, a vice, or a mere defect, according to the na- 
 ture of the duty omitted. 
 
 2. Defect '; want ; failure. 
 
 Coolts couUl make artificial binb, in default of real ones. 
 
 ArbuUmot. 
 
 3. In law, a failure of appearance in court at a day 
 assigned, particularly of the defendant in a suit when 
 called to make answer. It may be applied to jurors, 
 witnesses, &c. ; but a plaintiff's failing to appear by 
 himself or attorney is usually called a non-appear- 
 ance. 
 
 To suffer a default, is to permit an action to be 
 called without appearing or answering ; applied to a 
 defendant. 
 
 DE-FAULT', 71. i. To fail in performing a contract or 
 agreement. Johnson, 
 
 DE-FAULT', V. t. In law, to call out a defendant, 
 [according to the common expression.] To call a 
 defendant officially to appear and answer in court, 
 and on his failing to answer, to declare liim in de- 
 fault, and enter judgment against him; as, let the 
 defendant be defaulted. 
 
 No costs are to be awanled for such town, if defaidled. 
 
 Mass, Laws. 
 
 2. To call out a cause, in which the defendant 
 does not appear, and enter judgment on the default ; 
 as, the cause was defaulted. 
 
 3. To fail in performance. JtlUlon. 
 DE-FAULT', 1'. (. To offend. [OIis.] 
 DE-FAULT'ED, pp. Called out of court, as a de- 
 
 2. a. Having defect. [fendant or his cause. 
 
 DE-FAULT'ER, 71. One who makes default ; one 
 who fails to appear in court when called. 
 
 2. One who fails to perform a public duty ; partic- 
 ul.iily, one who fails to account for public money 
 intrusted to his care ; a delinquent. 
 DE-FAULT'ING, 2);)r. Failing to fulfill a contract; 
 delinquent. 
 
 2. Failing to perform a duty or legal requirement; 
 as, a defaulting creditor. fVabh. 
 
 3. Calling out of court, and entering judgment 
 against for non-appearance, as a defendant. 
 
 DE-FEAS'ANCE, (de-Rz'ans,) n. [l^urm. defesance ; 
 Fr. defesant, from defaire, to undo ; de and /aire, L. 
 faeio.] 
 
 1. Literally, a defeating ; a rendering null ; the 
 preventing of the operation of an instrument. 
 
 2. In law, a condition, relating to a deed, which 
 being performed, the deed is defeated or rendered 
 void ; or a collateral deed, made at the same time 
 with a feoffment or other conveyance, containing 
 conditions, on the performance of which the estate 
 then created may be defeated. A defeasance, on a 
 bond, or a recognizance, or a judgment recovered, is 
 a condition which, when performed, defeats it. A 
 defeasance differs from the common condition of a 
 bond, in being a separate deed, whereas a common 
 condition is inserted in the bond itself. Blackstone. 
 
 3. The writing containing a defeasance. 
 
 4. Defeat. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 DE-FEAS'I-1!LE, (de-fez'e-bl,) a. That may be de- 
 feated, or annulled ; as, a defeasible title ; a defeasible 
 estate, 
 
 DE-FeAS'I-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being de- 
 feasible. 
 
 DE-Fi'cAT', 71. [Fr. defaite, from defaire, to undo; de 
 and faire.] 
 
 1. Overthrow ; loss of battle ; the check, rout, or 
 destruction of an army by the victory of an enemy 
 
 2. Successful resistance ; as, the defeat of an at- 
 tack. 
 
 3. Frustration; a rendering null and void ; as, the 
 defeat of a title. 
 
 4. Frustration ; prevention of success ; as, the de- 
 feat a plan or design. 
 
 DI^FliAT', r. t. To overcome or vanquish, as an 
 army ; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory ; to 
 overthrow ; applied to an army, or a diri.-ton of troops ; 
 to a fieel, or to a commander. The English army de- 
 feated the French on the Plains of Abraham. Gen- 
 eral Wolf defeated Montcalm. The French defeated 
 the Austrians at Marengo. 
 
 2. To frustrate ; to prevent the success of; to dis- 
 appoint. We say, our dearest liopes are often de- 
 feated, 
 
 Tlien mayest thou for mc defeat the counsel of Ahitliophrl. — 2 
 S.iin. x». anil ivii. 
 
 3. To render null and void ; as, to defeat a title or 
 an estate. 
 
 4. To resist with success ; as, to defeat an attempt 
 or assault. 
 
 DE-FP.A'I''ED, pp. or a. Vanquished ; rffertually re- 
 sisted ; overtlirowu ; frustrated ; disappointed ; ren- 
 dered null or inoperative. 
 
 DE-FP.AT'ING, ppr. Vanquishing; subduing; op- 
 posing successfully ; overthrowing ; frustrating ; dis- 
 appointing ; rendering null and void. 
 
 DE-FE.\T'IJRE, ( fot'yur,) 71. Change of feature. 
 
 Shah. 
 
 2. Overthrow ; defeat. [ Oi.«.] Beamn. 
 DEF'E CATE, v. U [L. defeco ; dc and fier, dregs.] 
 
 DEF 
 
 1. To purify ; to refiuo ; to clear from dregs or 
 impurities ; to clarify ; as, to defecate liquor. 
 
 2. To purify from admi.\tiire ; to clear ; to purge 
 of extraneous matter. 
 
 DEF'E-€A-TED, pp. Purified ; clarified; refined. 
 DEF'E-eA-Tli\G, ppr. Purifying ; purging of lees 
 or impurities. 
 
 DEF-E-CA'TION, 71. The act of separating from lees 
 or dregs ; purification from impurities or foreign 
 matter. 
 
 DE-FECT', 71. [L. defcctus; It. difttto ; Pp. defetto ; 
 from L. defcin, to fail ; de and facia, to make or do.] 
 
 1. Want or absence of something necessary or 
 useful toward perfection ; fault ; imperfection. We 
 say, there are numerous defects in the plan, or in the ; 
 work, or in the execution. 
 
 Errors have been correctetl, and defects supplied. DaiMS. 
 
 2. Fading ; fault ; mistake ; imperfection in moral 
 conduct, or in judgment. A deep conviction of the 
 defects of our ' -'es tends to make us humble. 
 
 Trust not ^'ourwlf ; but, your defects to know, 
 
 Make use of every friend and every foe. Pope. 
 
 3. Any want, or imperfection, in natural objects ; 
 the absence of any thing necess.ary to perfection ; 
 any thing unn.atural or misplaced ; blemish ; deformi- 
 ty. We speak of a defect in the organs of seeing or 
 hearing, or in a limb ; a defect in timber ; a defect in 
 an instrument, &c. 
 
 DE-FECT', 7-. i. To be deficient. [JVot in vse.) Brown. 
 DE-FECT-l-BIL'I-TY, 71. Deficiency; imperfection. 
 
 [Liltic used.] Digby. Hale. 
 
 DE-FECT'I-BLE, a. Imperfect; deficient ; wanting. 
 
 [Little ii.ifrf.] Hale. 
 DE-FEC'TION, (de-fek'shun,) n. [L. defectio. See 
 
 Defect.] 
 
 1. Want or failure of duty ; particularly, a falling 
 away ; apostasy ; the act of abandtining a person or 
 cause to which one is bound by allegiance or duty, 
 or to which one has attached himself. Our defection 
 from God is proof of our depravity. The cause of 
 the king was rendered desjierale by the defection of 
 the nobles. 
 
 2. Revolt ; 7Lsed of nations or states. 
 DE-FECT'IVE, a. [L. dcfeclirus. See Defect.] 
 
 1. Wanting either in substance, quantity, or qual- 
 ity, or in any thing necessary ; imperfect ; as, a de- 
 fective limb ; defective timber ; a defective copy or 
 book ; a defective account. Defective articulation, in 
 speaking, renders utterance indistinct. 
 
 2. Wanting in moral qualities ; faulty ; blamable ; 
 not conforming to rectitude or rule ; as, a defective 
 character. 
 
 3. In grammar, a defective noun is one which 
 wants a whole number or a particular case ; an in- 
 declinable noun. 
 
 4. A defective verb, is one which wants some of the 
 tenses. 
 
 DE-FECT'IVE-LY, adv. In a defective manner ; im- 
 perfecllv. 
 
 DE-FECt'IVE-NESS, 71. Want ; the state of being 
 
 imperfect ; faultiness. 
 DE-FECT-IJ-OS'I-TY, 71. Defectiveness; faultiness. 
 
 \J\rot used.) .Montagu. 
 DE-FECT' y-O US, a. Full of defects. [Little used.] 
 
 IVortllington. 
 DEF-E-Da'TION, 71. Pollution. [JVot i7t 71.sc] 
 
 Bentley. 
 
 DE-FENCE', 71. Protection against injury ; vindica- 
 tion when attacked. 
 
 2. The art or .science of defending against ene- 
 mies ; skill in fencing, &e. 
 
 3. In laic, the defendant's answer or plea. | 
 [For remarks on the spelling of the word, see 
 
 DE-FENCE'LESS, a. Without defense. [See De- I 
 
 FENSELE99.] 
 
 DE-FEND', 1;. (. [L. dcfendo ; de and obs. frndo : Fr. 
 defendre ; It. difendrre ; Sp. defender ; Port. id. ; .Arm. 
 difenn, or dircnn ; VV. rfi/i/ii ; Norm, fcndu, struck ; 
 defender, to oppose, to prohibit. The primary sense 
 is, to strike, thrust, or drive off; to repel.] 
 
 1. To drive from ; to thrust back ; hence, to deny ; 
 to repel a demand, charge, or accusation ; to oppose; 
 to resist ; the effect of which is to maintain one's 
 own claims. 
 
 2. To forbid ; to prohibit; that is, to drive from, 
 or back. Milton calls the forbidden fruit the de- 
 fended fruit. 
 
 The use of wine in some place* is defended by cuBtoips or lawi. 
 
 Ttmple. 
 
 [This application is nearly obsolete.] 
 
 .3. To drive back a foe or ilanger ; to repel from 
 any thing that which assails or annoys ; to protect by 
 opposition or resistance ; to support or maintain ; to 
 prevent from being injured or destroyed. 
 
 Tlii-n' aros.', to defend Israel, Tola, the son of Puah. — Jud^ X. 
 
 4. To vindicate ; to assert ; to uphold ; to maintain 
 uninjured, by force or by argument ; as, to defend our 
 cause ; to defend rights and privileges ; to defend tep- 
 ulation. 
 
 a. 'I'o secure against attacks or evil ; to fortify 
 against danger or violence ; to set obstacles to llie 
 approach of any thing that can annoy. A garden 
 
 METE, PilfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 810 
 
DEF 
 
 DEF 
 
 DEF 
 
 may be defeiulrd hy a grove ; a camp may be defended 
 
 by a wall, a hill, or a river. 
 DI;-1'1;N'I)', v. i. To make opposition; as, the party 
 
 enm -s into couit, defeiulji, and says, 
 nr. I'|;N1)'.\-IU,E, a. That may be defended. 
 I'K.N'D'A.VT, a. [Fr. participle of drftndrt.] 
 
 1. l)i fi'Msive ; proper fur defense. Shak. 
 G. Making defense ; being in the character of a de- 
 fendant. IVhcatim^s Rr-p. 
 
 DE-1"E.\D'.\NT, 71. lie that di-fends against an as- 
 sailant, or against the approach of evil or danger. 
 
 2. In law, the party that opposes a complaint, de- 
 mand, or charge ; he that is snmmoncd into court, 
 and defends, denies, or oppose.'!, the demand or charge, 
 and maintains his own right. It is apjdied to any 
 party of whom a demand is made in court, vvhetlier 
 the "party denies and defends, or admits the claim and 
 sulTers a default. 
 
 DK-FK.VD'KD, pp. Opposed ; denied ; prohibited ; 
 maintained by resistance ; vindicated ; preserved un- 
 itijiired ; secured. 
 
 DK-FK.VD'EH, n. One who defends by opposition ; 
 one who mainl.ains, supports, protects, or vindicates ; 
 an assertor ; a vindicator, either by arms or by argu- 
 ments ; a champion or an advocate. 
 
 DK-FE.\D'ING, ppr. Denying; opposing; resisting; 
 forbidding ; maintaining uninjured by force or by rea- 
 son ; securing frotn evil. 
 
 DE-FENS'.\-TIVE, n. Guard; defense; a bandage, 
 plaster, or tlie like, to secure a wound from external 
 injury. Johnson, 
 
 DE FENSE', (de-fens',) n. [L. drfmsio.'] 
 
 1. Any tiling that opposes attack, violence, danger, 
 or injury ; any thing that secures the person, the 
 rights, or the possessions, of men ; fortilication ; 
 guard ; protection ; security. A wall, a parapet, a 
 ditch, or a garrison, is the defense of a city or for- 
 tress. The .\linighty is the defense of the righteous. 
 Ps. lix. 
 
 2. Vindication ; justification ; apology ; that which 
 repels or disproves a charge or accusation. 
 
 M..I1, brvlhn-n, f.ahera, lio.ir ye my de/eine, — AcU xxU. 
 
 3. In /aw, the defendant's reply to the plaintiff's 
 decl.aration, demands, or charges. 
 
 4. Prohibition. [OAs.) Temple. 
 
 5. Resistance ; opposition. Shali. 
 
 6. The science of defending against enemies; skill 
 in f..'ncing, &.C. 
 
 7. In furtijication, a work that flanks another. 
 (This word, like expense, has, till of late, been 
 
 spelled with a c, though Bailey gtive it with s. It 
 ought to undergo the same change with expense, the 
 reason being the same, viz., that s must be used in 
 defensme as in ezpensivc. Defense was the original 
 spelling in the French, and defcnsio in the Latin. It 
 is therefore desirable, on. every ground, to exchange 
 the c for s.] 
 
 DE-FE.\.-*E', (de-fens',) v. L To defend by fortifica- 
 tion. [Obs.] Fairfax. 
 
 DE-FENS' ED, (de-fenst',) pp. Fortified. 
 
 DE-FE.\SE'LESS, (de-fens'less,) a. Being without 
 defense, or without means of repelling assault or in- 
 jury ; applied U> a town, it denotes unfortified or uii- 
 garrisoned ; open to an enemy ; applied to a person, it 
 denotes naked ; unarmed ; unprotected ; unprepared 
 to resist attack ; weak ; unable to oppose ; uncov- 
 ered ; nnshellered. 
 
 DE-FENSE'I,ESS-NESS, (de-fens'les.s-ncss,) n. The 
 state of being unguarded or unprotected. 
 
 DE FEN'S'I-BLE, a. That may be defended ; as, a (ie- 
 fensible city. 
 
 2. That may be vindicated, maintained, or justi- 
 fied ; as, a defensible cause. 
 DE-FEXS'I VE, a. ( Fr. defen.i\f.] 
 
 1. That serves to defend ; proper for defense ; as, 
 dtfensice armor, which repels attiicks or blows, op- 
 posed to offensive .arms, which are used in attack. 
 
 2. Carried on in resisting .attack or aggression ; as, 
 defensive war, in distinction from offensive war, which 
 ie aggressive. 
 
 3. In a slate or posture to defend. Miltun. 
 DE-FENS'IV£, n. Safeguard ; that which defends. 
 
 Wftn preventire, upon Jiist tcan, arc Inie dtftnsivet. Bacon, 
 
 To be on the defensive, or to stand on the difensive, is 
 to be or stand in a state or posture of defense or re- 
 sistance, in opposition to aggression or attack. 
 
 DE-FENS'l VE-LV, aiir. In a defensive manner; on 
 the defensive ; in defense. 
 
 DE- FER', r. I. [ L. diffrro ; </i,>-, from, and fero, to bear.] 
 
 1. To delay ; to put off ; to postpone to a future 
 time ; as, to defer the execution of a design. 
 
 When li\ou vowrii a vow, rie/er not lo p»y il. — F^clcfl. t. 
 Hope dt/errtd nwkelh Uic liciirt iick. — Prov. xiii. 
 
 2. To refer ; to leave to anotlicr's judgment and 
 detrrmin.ation. Bacon. 
 
 [In this sense, Refeb is now used.] 
 DE FER', r. i. To yield to another's opinion ; to sub- 
 mit in opinion ; as, he defers to the opinion of his 
 father. 
 
 DEF'ER-E.VCE, n. A yielding in opinion ; submission 
 of judgment to the opinion or judgment of another. 
 Hence, regard ; respect. We often decline acting in 
 
 opposition to those for whose wisdom we liave a 
 great deference. 
 
 2. Complaisance ; condescension. Locke, 
 
 3. Submission. Jiddison. 
 DEF'ER-E.\T, a. Bearing; carrying ; conveying. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Bacon, 
 
 DEF'ER-E.NT, n, Tli.at which carries or conveys. 
 
 2. A vessel in the human body for the cimveyance 
 of fluids. Chambers, 
 
 3. In the Ptolemaic astronomy, a circle surrounding 
 the earth, in whose pcripliery the center of the epi- 
 cycle moves round. D. Olmsted. 
 
 DEI'-lClt-KN'TIAL, f-en'shal,) a. Expressing defcr- 
 I)1;F-1:U-I;N"1'IAL-LY, adv. With deference, [ence. 
 1)IM'|;K',M1:NT, )i. D.^lay. Suckling. 
 Di'.-l'V.R'UyA), pp. Delayed; postponed. 
 DE-FKR'RER, «. One who delays or puts off. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 f)F,-FER'RI\G, ;>;jr. Delaying; postponing. 
 DE-FI'.\NCE, H. [French, in a dillereiit sense. See 
 
 DEKV.j 
 
 1. .V daring; a challenge to fight; invitation to 
 combat ; a call to an adversary to encounter, if he 
 dare. Goliath bid defiance to the army of Israel. 
 
 2. .'V challenge to meet in any contest ; a call upon 
 one to make good any assertion or charge ; an invi- 
 tation to maintain any cause or point. 
 
 3. Contempt of opposition or danger ; a daring or 
 resistance that implies the coiiteiiipt of an adversary 
 or of any opposing power. Men often transgress tlic 
 law, and act in defiance of authority. 
 
 DE-Fi'.\-TO-RV, a. Bidding or bearing defiance. 
 
 Shelford. 
 
 DE FI"CIEN-CY, j n. [L. deficicns,(rom dificio,\.o(a.i\, 
 DE-FI"CIENCE, \ rfc and /ucio, to do.] 
 
 1. A failing; a falling short; imperfection; as, a 
 deficiency in moral duties. 
 
 2. Want ; defect ; something less than is neces- 
 sary ; as, a deficiency of means ; a deficiency of reve- 
 nue ; a deficiency of blood. 
 
 DE-FI"CIENT, (de-fish'ent,) a. Wanting ; defective ; 
 imperfect ; not sutiicient or adequate ; as, deficient es- 
 tate ; deficient strength. 
 
 2. Wanting ; not having a full or adequate supply ; 
 as, the country may be deficient in the means of car- 
 rj iiig on war. 
 
 Deficient numbers, in arithmetic, arc those numbers 
 whose aliquot parts, added together, make less than 
 the integer whose parts they are. Brande. 
 
 DE-FI"CIE.\T-LY, adv. In a defective inanuer. 
 
 DEF'I-CIT, n. [L.] Want ; deficiency; as, a deficit 
 in the taxes or revenue. 
 
 DE-FI'£D, (de-flde') pp. Challenged ; dared to com- 
 bat. 
 
 DE-FI'ER, 71. [See Defy.] A challenger ; one who 
 dares to combat or encounter ; one who braves ; one 
 who acts ill contempt of opposition, law, or authori- 
 ty ; as, a deficr of the laws. [Better written Ue- 
 
 I'VEB.] 
 
 DE-FIG-U-RS'TION, n. A disfiguring. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Hall. 
 
 DE-FIG'URE, (-fig'yur,) v. U To delineate. [-Vut in 
 use.] JVeercr. 
 
 DE-FiL'.aD-ING, n. In fortification, the raising of the 
 exposed side of a fortress, so as to shelter the inte- 
 rior works, when they are in danger of being com- 
 manded by the enemy from some higher point. 
 
 DE-FILE', V. L [Sa.\. afylan, befylan, gefijlan, afidan, 
 
 from ful, fula, foul. (See Fouu) gy ^ 
 
 Ufnl, is almost precisely the English word. CasL 
 1553.1 
 
 1. 'To make unclean ; to render foul or dirty ; in a 
 general sense, 
 
 2. To make impure ; to render turbid ; as, the wa- 
 ter or liquor is defiled. 
 
 3. To soil or sully ; to tarnish ; as reputation, &c 
 He i< ainoujf llie frralcst prrl.Alei of Ihe age, liowever his 
 
 cliaraclcr mav he defiled by itiny h.in(ls. Swift. 
 Tli. y ili.iU di^fiti thy brighlncn. — Ei. xxviii. 
 
 4. To pollute ; to make ceremonially unclean. 
 ThAt which dielh of ilself, lie shall not eat, to defit* liiiiuetf 
 
 tiieivwiih. — La'v. xxii. 
 
 5. To corrupt chastity ; to debauch ; to violate ; to 
 tarnish the purity of character by lewdness. 
 
 Shfchein defiled Dinah. — Gen. xxxiv. 
 
 6. To taint, in a moral sense ; to corrupt ; to vitiate ; 
 to render impure with sin. 
 
 Defile not youivlTcs with the idols of F.^pt. — Ezek. xx. 
 II'.- hath defiled the sanctuary of ifie Lonf. — Num. xix. 
 
 DE-FILE', r. i. [Fr. defiler ; de and file, a row or line, 
 from L.//«>n, a thread.] 
 To march off in a line, or file by file ; to file off. 
 
 Roseoe, 
 
 DE-FTLE', II. [Fr. defili, Ctom fit, file, a thread, a line.] 
 A narrow pinssage or w.iy, in which troops may 
 
 march only in a file, or with a narrow front ; a long, 
 
 narrow p,iss, as between hills, Ice, 
 DE-FIL'ED, pp, or a. Made dirtv or foul; polluted; 
 
 soiled ; corrupted ; violated ; vitiated. 
 DE-FIL'EO, preL Marched off in a line. 
 DE-FILE',MENT n. The act of defiling, or state of 
 
 being defiled ; foulness; dirtiness; uncleaniiess. 
 
 2. Corniptiim of morals, princijdes, or character ; 
 impurity ; polltitioii by sin. 
 
 The chiiali* &U1 nut rake into such filth without ilnn?<*r of de- 
 filement. Attili4vn. 
 
 DE-FIL'EK, 71. One who defiles; one who coriupts 
 
 or viidatrs ; that which polliiti s. 
 DE-FIL'ING, ppr, or a, I'ulliitiiig ; making inipiirc, 
 
 2. Marching in a file, or with a narrow front. 
 DE-FIN'A-BLE, a. [St^e Define.] Lilerally, tli.it 
 
 m.'ty be limited, or have its limits ascertained ; 
 
 hence, ca|)able of having its extent .ascertained with 
 
 precision ; capable of being fixed and determined. 
 
 The e.xtent of the Russian empire is hardly definable ; 
 
 the limits are hardly drflnnblr, 
 
 2. That may be delnicd or described ; capable of 
 having its signification rendered certain, or expressed 
 with certainty or precision ; as, definable words. 
 
 3. That nuiy be fixed, determined, or a-scertained ; 
 as, lint time tir period is not definable. 
 
 DE-FIN' A-BLY, adv. In a definable manner. 
 DE-FINE', 11. t, [L, definin : de and finio, lo end, to 
 
 limit, from finis, end; Fr. definir; Sp. defuiir; It. 
 
 definire.] 
 
 1. 'I"o determine or describe the end or limit; as, 
 to define the extent of a kingdom or country. 
 
 2. To determine with precision ; to ascertain ; as, 
 to define the limits of a kingdom. 
 
 3. To mark the limit ; to circunLicribe ; to bound. 
 
 4. 'i'o determine or ascertain the extent of the 
 meaning of a word ; to ascertain the signification of 
 a term ; to explain wli.'it a worti is understood to ex- 
 press ; as, to define the words virtue, courage, belief, 
 or charity, 
 
 5. To describe ; to ascertain or explain the distinc- 
 tive properties or circumstances of a thing ; as, to 
 define a line or an angle. 
 
 DE-FI.N'E', c. i. To determine ; lo decide. [A"o( used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 DE-Fl\'£D, (de-fInd,) pp. Determined ; having the 
 extent ascertained ; liaving the signification deter- 
 mined. 
 
 2. Having the precise limit marked, or having a 
 determinate limit ; as, the shadow of a body is well 
 
 defined. 
 
 DE-FIN'ER, n. He who defines ; he who nscertains 
 or marks tile limits ; he who determines or explains 
 the signification of a word, or describes the distinc- 
 tive pioperties of a thing. 
 
 DE Fl.N'I.N'G, ppr. UT a. Determining the limits; ns- 
 ceilaiiiing the extent ; explaining the meaning; de- 
 scribing the properties. 
 
 DEF'IN-ITE, a. [L. definitas.] 
 
 1. Having certain limits ; bounded with preci^lOn ; 
 determinate ; as, a definilc extent of land ; dcfiniu 
 dimensions ; definite measure. 
 
 2. Having certain limits in signification ; determi- 
 nate ; certain ; precise ; as, a definite word, term, or 
 expression. 
 
 3. Fixed ; determinate ; exact ; precise ; as, a defi- 
 Tiite time or period. 
 
 4. Defining; limiting; deteniiining the extent ; as, 
 a definite word. 
 
 DEF'IN-ITE, H. Thing defined. .^yliffe. 
 I)EF'I.N-ITE-LY, adr. In a ilefinite manner. 
 DEF'IN-ITE-NESS, 71. Certainfv of extent ; certainty 
 
 of signification; detciniinateiiess. 
 DEF-Ii\-I"TION, (dcf-t--nish'un,) n. [L. definUio. 
 
 See Defi ne.J 
 
 1. A brief description of a thing by its properties; 
 as, a definition of wit, or of a circle. 
 
 2. In loiric, the explication of the essence of a 
 thing by its kind anil difference. 
 
 3. In lexicoirraphy, an explanation of the significa- 
 tion of a word or term, or of what a word is under- 
 stood lo express. 
 
 DE-FIN'I-TI VE, a. [L. defmilivus,] 
 
 1. Limiting the extent ; determinate ; positive; ex- 
 press ; as, a definitive term. 
 
 2. Limiting; ending ; determining; final; opposed 
 to conditional, proeisiorial, or interlocutory ; as, a drfiit- 
 itive sentence or decree. 
 
 DE-FIN'I-TI VE, 71. In grammar, an adjective used 
 to define or limit the extent of the signification of an 
 ai>ellalive or common noun. Such are the Greek o, 
 il, TO ; the Latin hic, illr, ipse ; the, tJiis, and that, in 
 English ; le, la, /eji, in French ; i7, la, lo, in Italian. 
 Thus, free is an appellative or common noun ; (At j 
 tree, this tree, Viat tree, designate a particular tree, i 
 determinate or known. J/omo signifies man; hie 
 homo, ille homo, a particular man, &c. But, in some 
 langua!:es, the definitives have lost their original use, 
 in a great degree ; as in tlie Greek and French. 
 Thus, " La force de la vertu " must be rendered, in 
 English, tJie force of virtue, not Ihe force of the virtue. 
 The first la is a definitive ; the last has no definitive 
 effict. 
 
 DE-FIX'I-TI VE-LY, adv, Determinately ; positively ; 
 expressly. ^ 
 
 2. Fin.ally ; conclusively ; unconditiorally : ns, the 
 points between the parlies are definitireb' settled. 
 DE-FI.\'I-TIVE-.\ESS, 71. Dcterminot aess ; deci- 
 siveness ; conclusiveness. 
 DE-FIX', u. t. [L,drfigo.] 
 
 To fix ; to fasten. (.\ol used,] Herbert, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as Sil ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 an 
 
DEF 
 
 DEF 
 
 DEG 
 
 DEF-LA-GRA-BIL'I-TY,n. [See DEFLiGR*TE.] Tlie 
 quality of burning with a sudden and spiirklinp; com- 
 bustion, as a metallic wire ; a chemical term. Boyle. 
 
 DE-FLa'GRA-BLE, a. Having tlie quality of burning 
 with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as alcohol, 
 oils, &c. Boyle. 
 
 DEF'LA-GRaTE, v. L [L. defiagro ; de andJla^To, to 
 burn ] 
 
 To bum with a sudden and sparkling combustion ; 
 as, to deflairrate oil or spirit. 
 
 DEF'LA-GRa-TED, pp. Burned ; consumed. 
 
 DEF'LA GR.^-TING, 7);)r. Burning; consuming. 
 
 DEF-LA-GRa'TION, 71. A sudden and sparkling com- 
 bustion. 
 
 The strength of spirit is proved by deflagration. Encyc. 
 A rapid combustion of a mixture, attended with 
 much evolution of flame and vapor, as of niter and 
 charcoal. Cyc. 
 
 This term is also applied to the rapid combustion 
 of metals by galvanism. 
 DEF'LA-GR.A-TOR, ji. A galvanic instrument for 
 producing rapid and powerful combustion, particu- 
 larly the combustion of metallic substances. Hare. 
 DE-FLEGT', v. i. [L. deflccla ; de and Jlecto, to turn or 
 bend.] 
 
 To turn from or aside ; to deviate from a true 
 course or right line ; to swerve. 
 
 The neeille deflects from liie mericUiin. Broion. 
 DE-FLEGT', ». t. To tuni aside ; to turn or bend from 
 
 a right line or regular course. 
 DE-FLEeT'ED, pp. Turned aside, or from a direct 
 line or course. In botany, bending downward arch- 
 * wise. 
 
 DE-FLEGT'ING, ppr. Turning aside ; turning from 
 
 a right line or regular course. 
 DE-FLECTION, ii. Deviation ; the act of turning 
 
 aside ; a taming from a true line or the regular 
 
 course. 
 
 2. The departure of a ship from its true course. 
 
 3. A deviation of the rays of light toward the sur- 
 face of an opaque body ; intiection. Jlooke. 
 
 DE-FLEX'liRE, (de-flek'shur,) n. A bending down ; 
 a turning aside ; deviation. 
 
 DE-FLo'RaTE, a. [L. dejloratus, from defiuro, to de- 
 tlour; c/s and jloreo,fios. See Flower ] 
 
 In botany, having cast its farina, pollen, or fecun- 
 dating dust. Martyii. 
 
 DEF-LO-Ra'TIO\, n. [Fr. See Defloub.] 
 
 1. The act of deflouring; the act of depriving of 
 the (lower or prime beauties ; particularly the act of 
 taking away a woman's virginity. 
 
 2. A selection of the flower, or of that which is 
 most valuable. 
 
 Tile Invvs of Normandy arc, in a ^eat measure, the dejloralion 
 ol the Knglish huvs. Ha:e. 
 
 DE-FLOUR', V. t. [L. defloro : de and floreo, or flos, a 
 flower; Fr. drjiflrer ; It. dejlorare, or dejiorare ; Sp. 
 de.^Jlurar. See Flowei!.] 
 
 1. To deprive a woman of her virginity, either by 
 force or with consent. When by force, it may be 
 equivalent to ravUh or violate. 
 
 2. To take away the prime beauty and grace of any 
 thing. 
 
 The sweetucss of his soul w.is dejtoured. Taylor. 
 
 3. To deprive of flowers. Montagu. 
 DE-FLOUR'£D, pp. or «. Deprived of maidenhood ; 
 
 ravished ; robbed of |>riuie beauty. 
 DK-FI.OUR'Ell, /!. One who deprives a woman of 
 her virginity. 
 
 DE FLOIJR'iiVG, ppr. Depriving of virginity or maid- 
 enhood ; robbing of prime beauties. 
 DE-FLOVV, V. i. [L. drjluo.] 
 
 To flow down. fA'/t in use.] Brown. 
 DEF'LU-OU.S, a. [L. drfinus : de and flno, to flow.] 
 
 Flowing down ; falling ofl". [Little u-ted.] 
 DE-FLL'X', H. [L. drfliuus ; de atiil ftuo,ftiuus. See 
 Flow.] 
 
 A flowing down ; a running downward ; as, a de- 
 Jlu J- t,f iminttr^. [See Defloxion.] Bacon. 
 DE-FLUX'IO.N, (de-fluk'shun,) n. [L. drjluzio, from 
 dejluo, to flow down ; de and Jluo, to flow. See 
 Flow.] 
 
 1. A flowing, running, or falling of humors or fluid 
 mattiT, from a superior to an inferior part of the 
 body ; propi:rly, an inflammation of a purl, attended 
 with incre;isi.(i secretion. 
 
 2. A discharge or flowing ofl" of humors ; as, a dc- 
 fiuzion from the nose or head in ratnrrlL 
 
 DEF'LY, arfi). Dextrously ; skillfully. [Ob.s.] [Sec 
 . Deft.) Spenner. 
 DEF U;-!)A'TI(J.V, (def-e-di'sliun,) n. The act of 
 
 making filthy. 
 DE-FO-LI-A'l'IO.V, n. [L. de and folialio, foliage, 
 
 from foliuia, a leaf or folwr. See Folio.] 
 
 Aiferaf/i/, the fall of the leaf, or shedding of leaves ; 
 
 but ttckntcalty, the tltm; or beason of shedding 
 
 leaven in autumn ; applied to trcca aiid alirub.t. 
 
 Linjutu^. 
 
 DE FORCE', II. t. [de and force.] To disseize and 
 kc'-pout of lawful [HiHsetiHion of an estate ; to with- 
 finld the [HisMessioii of an estate from the rightful 
 owner ; applied to any )>ossesHor wiiosc entry wils 
 
 originally lawful, but whose detainer is become un- 
 la\\fiil. Blaclistone. 
 
 DE-FoRC'^JD, pp. Kept out of lawful possession. 
 
 DE-FoRCE'.ME.\T, n. The holding of lands or ten- 
 ements to which another person has a right ; a gen- 
 eral term, including ahateinent, intrusion, disseisin, 
 discontinuance, or any other species of wrong, by 
 which he that hath a right to the freehold is kept out 
 of possession. Blackstone. 
 
 2. In Scotland, a resisting of an officer in the ex- 
 ecution of law. 
 
 DE-FoR'ClANT, n. He that keeps out of possession 
 the rightful owner of an estate ; lie against whom a 
 flctitious action is brought in fine and recovery. 
 
 Black:>tone. 
 
 DE»F6RC'IXG, ppr. Keeping out of lawful posses- 
 sion, 
 
 DE-FORM', V. t. [L. deformo ; de and forma, form ; 
 Sp. de^furmar ; It. defonnare.] 
 
 1. To mar or injure the form ; to alter that form or 
 disposition of parts which is natural and esteemed 
 beautiful, and thus to render it displeasing to the eye ; 
 to disfigure; as, a hump on the back deforms the 
 body. 
 
 2. To render ugly or displeasing, by exterior appli- 
 cations or appendages ; as, to deform the face by 
 paint, or the person by unbecoming dress. 
 
 3. To render displeasing. 
 
 Wintry blasts deform the year. Tliomson. 
 
 4. To injure and render displeasing or disgusting; 
 to disgrace ; to disfigure moral beauty ; as, all vices 
 deform the character of rational beings. 
 
 .5. To dishonor ; to make ungraceful. Dnjden. 
 DE-FOKM', a. [L. deformis.] 
 
 Disfigured ; being of an unnatural, distorted, or 
 disproportioned form ; displeasing to the eye. Spenser. 
 
 Si^ht so deform what heart of rock could loiij 
 
 Dry-eyed behold i MUton. 
 
 DEF-ORiM-A'TION,n. A disfiguring or defacing. 
 
 Baxter. 
 
 DE-FORM'£D, pp. or a. Injured in the form ; disfig- 
 ured ; distorted; ugly; wanting natural beauty or 
 symmetry. 
 
 2. Base ; disgraceful. JS. Jonson. 
 
 DE-FORM'ED-LY, adv. In .an ugly manner. 
 DE-FOR.M'ED-NESS, n. Ugliness ; a disagreeable or 
 
 unnatural fijrm, 
 DE-FORM'ER, n. One who deforms. 
 DE-FOR.M'L\'G, ppr. Marring the natural form or 
 
 figure; rendering ugly or displeasing; destroying 
 DE-I'ORM'I-TY, n, [h. drformita..:] [beauty. 
 
 1. Any unnatural state of the shape or form ; want of 
 that unifiirinity or syininelry which constitutes beau- 
 ty , distortion ; irregularity of shape or features ; 
 disproportion of limbs; defect; crookedness, &c. 
 Hence, ugliness ; as, bodily deformity. 
 
 2. Anything th.it destroys beauty, grace, or propri- 
 ety ; irregularity ; absurdity ; gross deviation from 
 order, or the established laws of propriety. Thus we 
 speak of deformity in an edifice, or deformity of char- 
 acter. 
 
 DE-FoRS'ER, 71. [from force.] One that casts out 
 by force. Blount. 
 [Jll formed, and not in tise.] 
 
 DE-FOUL', !'.(. To defile. 
 
 DE-FOUL'£D, Defiled; made dirty. 
 
 DE-FOUI/IN'G, ppr. Rendering vile. 
 
 DE-FRAUD', i>. (. [L. defraudo ; de and frando, to 
 clitsit ; frausi, fraud ; It. drfraiidare ; Sp. defraudar.] 
 
 1. To deprive of right, either by obtaining some- 
 thing by deception or artifice, or by taking something 
 wrongfully without the knowledge or consent of the 
 owner ; to cheat ; to cozen ; followed by of before 
 the thing taken; as, to </c/rai»/ a man «/his right. 
 The agent who embezzles public property drfrauds 
 the state. The man who by deception obtains a price 
 for a commodity above its value, drfrauds the pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 >Ve have corrupted no man, we have defrauded no ma.n. — 2 
 Cor. vii. 
 
 2. To withhold wrongfully from another what is 
 due to him. Defraud not the hireling of his wages. 
 
 3. To prevent one wrongfully from obtaining what 
 he may justly claim. 
 
 A man of forlinur who permila his son to consume the season 
 ol cducaliijii ill huiilins, Bhootiiig, or in fr-quentiuij horso 
 races, iisM'iiiMii'i, dc. defraud u the conununity of a itcno- 
 factor, and Ix-iiucatiis tliein n nuisance'. Paley. 
 
 4. To defeat or frustrate wrongfully. 
 
 By tile duiica dewrted — by the claims defrauded. Paley. 
 
 DE-FRAUD-A'TION, n. The act of di;fraiiding. 
 
 DE-FRAUI)'EI), pp. D(!prived of property or right by 
 trick, artifice, or deception ; injured by the withhold- 
 ing of wluit is dui'. 
 
 DE-FRAUD'KR, n. One who defrauds ; one who 
 takes from aimtlier his right by deception, or with- 
 holds what is his due ; a cheat ; a cozener ; an em- 
 bezzler ; n peculator. 
 
 DE-FKAUI)'iNG, p/>r. Depriving another of his prop- 
 erty or right by deception or artifice ; injuring by 
 withholding wrongfully what is due. 
 
 DE-FRAUD'MENT, 7l The act of defrauding. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 DE-FRaY', (de-fra',) ». t. [Fr. defrayer; de and frais, 
 fratz, expense ; Arm. defraei.] 
 
 1. To pay ; to discharge, as cost or expense ; to 
 bear, as charge, cost, or expense. It is followed 
 chiefly by expau'te, chnroe, or cost. The acquisitions 
 of war seldom defray the expenses. The profits of a 
 voyage will not always rff/ray the charges, or even 
 the cost of the first outfits. 
 
 2. To satisfy ; as, to </f/>aj/ anger. [OJs.] Spenser. 
 
 3. To fill ; as, to (/r/rai/ a bottle. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 DE-FRaY'£;D, pp. Paid ; discharged, as expense, 
 
 or cost. 
 
 DE-FRaY'ER, 77. One who pays or discharges ex- 
 
 DE-FRaY'ING, ;)pr. Faying ; discharging, [penses. 
 
 DE-FRaY'MENT, ?!. Payment. Slicltoji. 
 
 DEFT, a. [Sax. daft.] 
 
 Neat ; handsome ; spruce ; ready ; dextrous ; fit ; 
 convenient. [Obs.] Shak. Dryden. 
 
 DEFT'LY, adv. Neatly; dc.xtrously; in a skillful 
 manner. [Ofo.] Slmk. Gray. 
 
 DEFT'NESS,m. Neatness ; beauty. [Obs.] Drayton. 
 
 DE-FUNCT', a. [L. dcfunctus, from defungor ; to 
 perform and discharge ; dc and fangor, id.] 
 
 Having finished the course of life ; dead ; de- 
 ceased. Shak. 
 
 DE-FUNCT', 71. A dead person ; one deceased. Shak. 
 
 DE-FUNCTION, n. Death. [JVoI vsed.] Shak. 
 
 DE-FY'j V. t. [Fr, defter; de, des, from, and ./icr, to 
 trust ; It. sfulare; Sp. desnfiar ; des ami far; Port. id. ; 
 Arm. difyal; Low L. di^i/ure, and </(^i/iicinrc, fnun 
 fido, to trust. (See Faith.) The vitnidilfidare seems 
 originally to have signified, to dissolve the bond of 
 allegiance, as between the lord and his vassal ; op- 
 posed to njjidare. Spelman, ad voc. Hence it came to 
 be used for the denunciation of enmity and of war. 
 Hence, to challenge. If we understand defer to sig- 
 nify to distrust, t\\t:n to defy is to call in question the 
 courage of another, according to the popular phrase, 
 " You dare not fight me."] 
 
 1, To dare ; to provoke to cotnbat or strife, by ap- 
 pealing to the courage of another; to invite one to 
 contest ; to challenge ; as, Goliath defied the armies 
 of Israel. 
 
 2, To dare ; to brave ; to offer to hazard a con fl ict 
 by manifesting a contempt of opposition, attack, or 
 hostile force ; as, to defy the arguments of an oppo- 
 nent ; to defy the power of the magistrate. 
 
 Were we to .alwlish the common law, it would rise triumphant 
 above its own ruins, deriding and defying its impotent 
 enemies. Dupotieeau. 
 
 3, _To challenge to say or do any thing. 
 DE-FY', 71. A challenge. [JVot used.] Dryden. 
 DE-FY'ER, 71. One who defies. [See Defier.] 
 DE-F?'ING, ppr. Challenging; daring to combat. 
 DEG, V. t. [Sax. deagan.] 'Tn sprinkle. Orose. 
 DE-GXR'NISH, v. t. [Fr. dcgarnir ; de and gariiir, to 
 
 furnish. [.See Garnish.] 
 
 1. To unfuriiisli ; to strip of furniture, ornaments, 
 or apparatus. 
 
 2. To deprive of a garrison, or troops necessary for 
 defense ; as, to drgornish a city or fort. 
 
 rVashington's Letter, JVnv. II, 1788. 
 
 DE-G.KR'NISH-iJD, (ilc-g.ir'nisht,)pp. Stripped of fur- 
 niture or anparatiis ; deprived of troops for defense. 
 
 DE-Ga R'NISH-ING, ppr. Stripping of furniture, dress, 
 apparatus, or a garrison. 
 
 DE-Ga R'NISH-MENT, ii. The act of depriving of 
 furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. 
 
 DE GEN'DEK, 1'. i. To degenerate. [04s.] Spenser. 
 
 DE-GE.\'ER-A-CY, 71. [See Degenerate, the verb.) 
 
 1. A growing worse or inferior ; a decline in good 
 qualities ; or a state of being less valuable ; as, the 
 degeneracy of a plant. 
 
 2. In moruLt, decay of virtue ; a growing worse ; 
 departure from the virtues of ancestors ; desertion of 
 that which is good. \Vc speak of the degeneracy of 
 men in modern times, or of the (/e/.ri neraci/ of niaii- 
 ners, of the ago, of virtue, &c., sometimes without 
 reason. 
 
 3. Poorness; meanness; as, a (/(•"■fiTacy of spirit. 
 DE-GEN'ER-aTE, 7-. i. [L. degenero, from degener, 
 
 grown worse, ignoble, base; de and gener, genus; 
 Fr. degenerer; Sp. degenerar.] 
 
 To become worse ; to decay in gooil qualities ; to 
 pass from a good to a bad or worse state ; to lose or 
 sufl'er a diininnlion of valuable qualities, either in the 
 natural or moral world. In the iiuliir.il world, plants 
 ami animals degenerate w\u-i\ tlii y grow to a less size 
 than usual, or lose a part of the valuable qualities 
 which belong to the species. In the nmral world, 
 men degenerate when they decline in virtue, or other 
 good qiralities. .Manners degenerate when they be- 
 conio corrupt. Wit may degcneraie into indecency or 
 impiety. 
 
 DE GEN'ER-ATE, a. Having fallen frtmi a perfect or 
 good state into a less ext i lleni or worse state ; hav- 
 ing lost something of Ilie good qualities possessed; 
 having declined in natural or moral worth. 
 
 The degenerate plant of a strang;o vine. — Jer. U. 
 
 2, Low ; base ; mean ; corrupt ; fallen from primi- 
 tive or natural excellence ; having lost the good qual- 
 ities of the specii's, Man is considered a drgrncraU 
 being. A coward is a man of degenerate sjiirit. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FJ^Lh, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, DIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 
 
 312 
 
DEG 
 
 DEI 
 
 DEJ 
 
 1)E-GEN'ER-A-TKD, ;>;>. or a. Grown worse. 
 
 l)E-CEN'Ell-ATli-LY, adc. In a degenerate or base 
 inimner. Milton. 
 
 DE-GEN'ER-ATE-NESS, n. A dcRrnerute stale; a 
 utate in which the natnral good qualities of the spe- 
 cies are decavi d or lost. 
 
 OE-GE.N'EK-X-TING, fpr. or a. Decaying in good 
 (Qualities. 
 
 DE GE.\-ER-a'T[0.\,«. a growing worse, or losinn 
 ot' good qualities j a decline from the virtue and 
 w (irlh of ancestors ; a decay of the natural good 
 qualities of the species ; a falling from a more excel- 
 lent state to one of less worth, either in the natural 
 or moral world. 
 2. The thing degenerated. Brmfn. 
 
 DE 0E.N"EIM)US, a. Degenerated ; fallen from a 
 stale of excellence, or from the virtue and merit of 
 ancestors. Hence, 
 
 2. Uivv ; ba.se ; mean ; unworthy ; as, a rfcjc/icr- 
 nii-- passion. Dnnleii. 
 
 DE'0E.\'ER-OUS-LY, ailv. Ina degenerous manner ; 
 basely ; meanly. . 
 
 DE4iI.C'TI.V-ATE, c. f. [J., degliitmo ; tie ami •rlii- 
 (iiifi, to glue. SeeGn E.] 
 
 To unglue; to loosen or separate substances glued 
 together. Hcotl. 
 
 DE-GEO'TI.\'-.\-TED, ]tp- Unglued ; loosened or 
 separated ; as of substances glued together. 
 
 DKG-M'-TI 'TION, (deg-lu-tish'un,) 71. [L. deglutio, 
 to swallow ;(/« and^/ufiu. SeeGn r rox.] 
 
 1. The act of swallowing ; as, di'i'tutuion is dilli- 
 cult. 
 
 2. The power of swallowing ; as, dtglutition is lost. 
 DEC UA-Ua'TI().\, m. [Er. t^ee Deoraoe.] 
 
 1. .\ reducing in rank ; the act of depriving one of 
 - a degree of honor, of dignity, or of rank ; also, dep- 
 osition ; removal or dismission from otlice ; as, the 
 d'-irnidationai a peer, of a knight, or of a bishop, in 
 Englaiul. 
 
 2. The stale of being reduced from an elevated or 
 more honor.ible station, to one that is low in fact or 
 in estimation ; baseness ; degeneracy. 
 
 Di-)ilur.tblo is (he degradation oroiir nature. South. 
 
 3. Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy, or 
 value. 
 
 4. In painting, a lessening and obscuring of the 
 appearance of distant objects in a landscape, that 
 they may appear as they would do to an eye placed 
 at a distance. Johivson. Eiicijc. 
 
 . 5. In aeuloff]), diminution ; reduction of altitude 
 or magnitude j as, the degradation of rocks. 
 
 Jour II of Science. 
 DE-GR.\DE', F. t [Fr. degrader ; Sp and Port, de- 
 grndar : It. degradore ; L. dc and g-radiUy a step, a 
 degree. See Gkaoe.] 
 
 1. To reduce from a higher to a lower rank or de- 
 gree ; to deprive one of any oliice or dignity, by 
 which he loses rank in society ; to strip of honors ; 
 as, to degrade a nobleman, an archbishop, or a gen- 
 eral officer. 
 
 2. To reduce in cstim-ttion ; WIessen the value of; 
 to lower; to sink. Vice degrades a man in the view 
 of others ; often in his own view. Drunkenness de- 
 grades a man to the level of a beast. 
 
 3. In geology, to reduce in altitude or magnitude, 
 as hills and mountains. 
 
 AlUioii^h the riilg« is ttill there, the riJ^c ifsrlf hna !>Tn d*. 
 gmtletl. Journ. of Scitnct. 
 
 DE-GR.aD'ED, pp. oro. Reduced in rank ; deprived 
 of an office or dignity ; lowered ; sunk ; reduced in 
 estimation or value ; reduced in bight. 
 DE-GRAUE'ME.\T, n. Deprivation of rank or otTice. 
 
 DE-GR.aD'ING, ppr. Reducing in rank ; depriving 
 of honors or oHices ; reducing in value, estimation, 
 or altitude. 
 
 2. a. Dishonoring; disgracing the character; as, 
 degrading obsequiousness. 
 
 The iiionlinate Iotc of money sind of fanie are base ajid tlei^ra~ 
 ding pnstfioiu. K'irl. 
 
 DE-GRaD'ING-LY, adr. In a degrading manner, or 
 
 in a way to depreciate. 
 DErr-R.\-VA'T10N, 11. [h.degraco; dt and gratis, 
 
 heavy. ] 
 
 The art of making heavy. [JVot in vsr.'] 
 DEGREE', 11. [Er. dcgri : Norm, degrtl ; from L. 
 gradus, Sp. and It. grailo, \V. rhai, Syr. |)y radah, to 
 go. See Grade and Degrade.] 
 
 1. A step ; a distinct portion of sp,aceof indefinite 
 e.\tent ; a space in progression ; as, the army gained 
 the hill by degrees ; a balloon rises or descends by 
 slow degrees ; and figuratively, we advance in knowl- 
 edge by slow degrees. Men arc yet in the first degree 
 of improvement. It should be their aim to attain to 
 the furthest degree, or the highest degree. There are 
 degrees of vice and virtue. 
 
 2. .\ step or portion of progression, in elevation, 
 quality, dignity, or rank ; as, a man of great degree. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 We speak of men of liicli degree, or of low degree : 
 of sup<Tior or inferior degree. It is supposed there 
 are difiVrent degrees or orders of anzels. 
 
 Tfiey puichaK toUiemaelTr* a good ilegrtt. — 1 Tim. iii. 
 
 3. In gcnenlogtj,n. certain distance or remove in the 
 lini^ of descent, determining the proximity of blood ; 
 as, a relation in the third or fourth degree. 
 
 4. Mt^asiire ; extent. Tlie light is intense to a 
 degree that is intolerable. We sutler an extreme de- 
 gree of heat or coUi. 
 
 5. lu geometry, a division of a circle, inrliiiling 
 a three hundred and sixtieth part of its circumfi r- 
 ence. Hence, a degree of latitude is the 3G0th part of 
 the earth's surface nortli or south of the equator, and 
 a degree of longitude, the same part of the surface 
 cast or west of any given nieriilian. 
 
 6. In algebra, a term applied to equations, to de- 
 note the highest power of the unknown quantity. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 7. In miusic, an interval of sound, marked by a 
 line on the scale. Rousseuu. huslni. 
 
 6. In arithmetic, a degree consists of tliree figures ; 
 thus, 270, 3ljO, compose two degrees. 
 
 9. A division, space, or interval, marked on a 
 mathematical orotlicr instrument, as on athernioin- 
 cter or barometer. 
 
 10. li\ colleges and jinircrsiViM, a mark of distinc- 
 tion conferred on students, as a testimony of their 
 protici(>ncy in arts and sciences ; giving them a kind 
 of rank, and entitling them to certain privileges. 
 'J'liis is usually evidenced by a diplom.a. Degrees are 
 conferred pro meritis oi\ the alumni of a college ; or 
 they are honorary tokens of respect, conferred on 
 strangers of distinguished repiitatitm. 'J'he frst de- 
 gree is that of baekclor of arts ; the second, that of 
 master of arts. Honorary degrees are those of doc- 
 tor of divinity, doctor of lairs, &c. Physicians also 
 receive the degree of doctor of medicine. 
 
 By degrees ; step by step ; gradually ; by little and 
 littli; ; by moderate advances. Frequent drinking 
 forms by degrees a confirmed habit of intemperance. 
 DE-GUST', V. U [L. degusto.] 
 
 To taste. rj\'ot used.] 
 DEG-US-TA'TION, n. [U degnsto.] 
 
 A tasting. Bp. ILill. 
 
 DE-GUST'ED, pp. Ta.sted. 
 DE-GUST'ING, ppr. Tasting. 
 
 DE-KISCE', (de-bis',) ». i. [Infra.] To gape ; in lot- 
 any, to open, as liic capsules of plants. Lindtey. 
 
 DE-HI.S'OE.\'CE, n. [L. dchisccns, dcliisco, to gape ; dc 
 and hisco, id.] 
 
 A gaping. In botany, the opening of capsules in 
 plants, and of the cells of anthers for emitting pollen, 
 &c. ; the season when capsules open. jMarttin. 
 
 DE-HIS'CENT, a. Opening, as the capsule of a plant. 
 
 DE-HO-N'ES'TaTE, v. U [L. dchonesto.] [Eaton. 
 To disgrace. 
 
 DE-HO.\-EST-A'TION,7i. A disgracing; dishonoring. 
 
 DE-HORS', (de-h8rz,) [Fr.] Out of; without; for- 
 eign ; irrelevant; chiefly used in law language. 
 
 DE-HORT', V. t. [L. dchortor, to dissuade; dc and 
 hortor, to advise.] 
 
 To dissuade ; to advise to the contrary' ; to counsel 
 not to do nor to undertake. IVilkins. Ward. 
 
 DE-HORT-.\'TION, m. Dissuasion ; advice or coun- 
 sel against something. 
 
 DE-HORT'.\-TO-UY, a. Dissuading; belonging to 
 di-ssirasion. 
 
 DE-HORT'ED, pp. Dissuaded. 
 
 DE-IIORT'ER, u. A dissuadcr ; an adviser to the 
 DE-HOUT'ING, ppr. Dissuading. [contrary. 
 DK.'I-CIDE, n. [It. dcicidio ; L. Vcus, God, and ca:d'o, 
 to slay ] 
 
 1. The act of putting to death Jesus Christ, our 
 Savior. Prior. 
 
 2. One concerned in putting Christ to death. 
 DE-IF'ie, jo. [L. deas, a god, and facio, to 
 DE-IF'IC-AL, i make.] 
 
 1. Divine ; pertaining to tlie gods. 
 
 2. Making divine. [Trans, of Pausanias. 
 DE-IF-ie-.\'TIO.\, n. [;See Deify.] Theact of dei- 
 fying ; the act of exalting to the rank of, or enroll- 
 ing among the heathen deities. 
 
 Dk'I-FI-£D, (de'e-f ide,) pp. or a. Exalted or ranked 
 among the gods ; regarded or praised as divine. 
 
 Dr:'I-F?^ER, I 
 
 Db'I-FOR.M, o, [L. dcus, a god, and forma, form.] 
 Like a god ; of a godlike form. 
 
 Tbeae kuIj cxtiibit a dei/ortJipowr.T. 
 
 J>»ri». o/Paiiinniu. 
 DE-I-FORM'I-TY, n. Resemblance of deity. 
 Dk'I-F?, v. t. [L. dciuf, a god, and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To make a god ; to exalt to the rank of a 
 heatlicn deity ; to enroll among the deities ; as, Ju- 
 lius Cxsar was deified. 
 
 2. To ex.alt into an object of worship ; to treat as 
 an obiect of supreme regard ; as, a covetous man 
 deifies his treasures. Prior. 
 
 3. To exalt to a deity in estimation ; to reverence 
 or praise as a deity. The pope w.as formerly extolled 
 and de{fied by his votaries. 
 
 DK'I-Ft-I.N'G, ppr. Exalting to the rank of a deity ; 
 
 treating as divine. 
 DEIG.V, (dine,) r. i. [Fr. daigner ; It. degnare : Pp. 
 dignarse ; Port, id, ; L. dignor, Uon\ digitus, worthy.] 
 To think worthy ; to vouchsafe ; to ctuidesccnd. 
 O, deign to visit our fonairQ geau. Pope. 
 
 DEIGN, (dine,) v. t. To grant or allow ; to conde- 
 scend to give to. 
 
 Nor would we deign him buriiil of hji m<>n. Shak. 
 
 DEIGN' J^D, (dand,) pp. Granted ; condescended. 
 
 DEIGN'ING, (din'ing,) ppr. Vouchsafing; thinking 
 wonliv. 
 
 £»i,-'; f;«y}'r/-y(, (d.Vl-gra'she-a,) [I..] By the grace 
 of Go<l — words used in the ceremonial disciplim: of 
 the title of a sovereign. Brande. 
 
 DEf-NO-THE'RI-UiM, k. [Gr. icivo{, terrible, and 
 Orinioi/, a wild beast.] 
 
 A name given to the fossil remains of gigantic 
 Pachyderinata, remarkable for enormous tusks pro- 
 jecting from the lower jaw. Dana. 
 
 DE1.\'TE-(;RaTE, v. t. To disintegrate. [M 
 used.] [See DisinTLCRATE.] 
 
 DE-ll"^.\-ROirS, o. [E. dciparu.1.] 
 
 Hearing or bringing forth a god ; an epithet applied 
 to tlte Virgin Jilary. 
 
 DEII'-NOS'O-PHIST, (dlpe-nos'o-fist,) n. [Gr. ijtiiri'ov, 
 a feast, and ampi^in, a sophist.] 
 
 One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who were 
 famous for their learned conversation at meals. 
 
 jJ«A. Observer. 
 
 DF.'ISM, n. [Fr. deistne ; Sp. dcixmo ; It. id. ; from L. 
 ZJcits, God.] 
 
 'i"he doctrine or creed of a deist ; the belief or 
 system of religious opinions of those who acknowl- 
 edge the existence of one God, but deny revelation ; 
 or deism is the belief in natural religion only, or 
 those truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is 
 to discover by the light of re.ason, indeiwiideirt and 
 exclusive of any revelation from God. llence deism 
 implies infidelity, or a disbelief iu the divine origin 
 of the Scriptures. 
 
 The view which the rising grenlneta of our country present* to 
 my eyes, is ga-atly taniisii'Hf l-y Uie genenU prtv.ileiicc of 
 deitm, wluch, wiUi me, is but nnoUier name for vice and 
 d' i>r.ivity. P. Henn/, WirVt SktlcU: 
 
 Dii'I.<T, n. [Fr. dcUe; It. rfci.s(a.] 
 
 One who believes in tile existence of a God, but 
 denies revealed religion; one who professes no 
 form of religion, but follows the liclit of nature and 
 re;ison, as his only guides in doctrine and practice ; a 
 freethinker. 
 
 DE-I.ST'ie, ) a. Pertaining to deism or to deists ; 
 DE-IST'ie-.\L, i embracing deism ; as, a deutical 
 
 writer ; or containing deism ; as, ndcistictU book. 
 DE-IST'ie-AL-LY, ad. After the manner of deists. 
 
 jlsh. 
 
 Dk'I-TY, n. [Fr. deilc ; It. deild; Sp. dcidad ; L. 
 deltas, from deus, Gr. Oeos, God ; W. date ; Ir. dia ; 
 Arm. done ; Fr. ilicu ; It. dio, iddio ; Sp. dios ; Port. 
 dcos ; Gipsy, dctce, dcwcl ; fiixus. dcca. 'J'he latter 
 orthography coincides with the Gr. (iois, ^tej, Jupi- 
 ter, and L. dims, a god, and dium, the open air, or 
 light. So in W. dyin, is day ; Hindoo, dia ; Gipsy, 
 ditces, day. Uu. Chinese Ti. The word is probably 
 contracted from dg, and may coincide with day, Sa.x. 
 da!g, the primary sense of which is, to open, expand^ 
 or to shoot forth, as the morning light. But the pre- 
 cise priniar)' meaning is not certain.] 
 
 1. Godhead; divinity; the nature and essence of 
 the Supreme Being ; as, the deity of the Supremo 
 Being is manifest in his works. 
 
 2. God ; tlie Supreme Being, or infinite self-exist- 
 ing Spirit. 
 
 3. A fabulous god or goddess ; a superior being, 
 supposed, by heathen nations, to exist, and to pre- 
 side over particular departments of nature ; as, Ju- 
 piter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, &c. 
 
 4. The supposed divinity or divine qualifies of a 
 pagan god. Spenser. Ralegh, 
 
 DE-JECi"', V. t [L. dejicio ; de and jacio, to throw.] 
 
 1. To ca.st down ; usually, to cast down the coun- 
 tenance ; to cause to fall with grief; to make to look 
 sad or grieved, or to express discouragement. 
 
 But gloomy were his eyes, dejected wtis his f.icc. Dn/den. 
 
 2. To depress the spirits ; to sink ; to dispirit ; to 
 discourage ; to dishearten. 
 
 Nor tiiinlt to die dejects my lofty mind. Pope. 
 
 DE JECT', a. [L. dejectus, from dejicio.] 
 
 Cast down ; low-spirited. Shak, 
 
 DE-JECT'ED, pp. or a. Cast down; depressed; 
 grit^ved ; discouraged. 
 
 DE-JE€T'ED-LY, ai/D. Ina dejected manner; sad- 
 ly ; heavilv. Bacon. 
 
 DE-JECT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being cast 
 down ; lowness of spirits. 
 
 DE-JECT'I.NG, ppr. Casting down; depressing; dis- 
 piriting. 
 
 DE-JEC'TION, n. A casting down; depression of 
 mind ; melancholy ; lowness of spirits, occasionci| 
 by grii-f or misfortune. Millon, 
 
 2. Weakness; as, (/ejection of appetite. [Unusual,] 
 
 .IrbtttJinoL 
 
 3. The art of voiding the excrements; or tlie 
 matter ejected. Ray, 
 
 DEJECT'LV, ndr. In a downcast manner. 
 
 DE-JECT'O-RY, a. Having power or tending to cast 
 down, or to promote evacuations by sttxjl. Ferrand, 
 
 DE-JECT'l^RE, n. That which is ejected; excre- 
 ments. Arbulhnot. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GEK, WCIOUa.— C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 40 
 
 li 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 DE-IFM-JVER', ) , ,- , „ -, , ( n. [Fr.l Breakfast. 
 DE^rEU-JVE', \ (J^' '■I'l-n^'.) j aIsu, used of late 
 
 in the fasliitmable world for lunch. Gilbert. 
 DE JU'RE, [L.1 Of right. [See De Facto.] 
 DE-LAC-ER-A'T ION, 71. [L. ddacero.] 
 
 A tearins; in pieces. [.Yat used.] 
 DE-LAe-RY-JlA'TIOX, ;i. [L. delacrijmalio : dc and 
 locrymatio, a weeping.] 
 
 A preternatural discharge of watery humors from 
 the eyes ; waterisliiiess of the eyes. Diet. 
 DEL-AG-Ta'TION, n. [L. delactatio.] 
 
 A weaning. LVot used.] Diet. 
 DEL-AP-Sa'TIOX, n. A falling down. Ray. 
 DE-LAPSE', (de-laps',) v. i. [L. dclabor, delapsus; de 
 and labor, to slide.] 
 To fall or slide down. 
 DE-LAPS'£D, (de-lapst',) pp. Fallen down. 
 DE-LAP'SION, 11. A falling down of the uterus, 
 anus, &c. 
 
 DE-L.\TE', r. t. [L. delatus ; dc and latus, part, of 
 fern, to bear.] 
 
 1. To carry ; to convey. [Little ttsed.] Bacon. 
 
 2. To accuse ; to inform against ; that is, to bear 
 a charge against. J3. Jonson. 
 
 DE-La'TIOM, n. Carriage ; conveyance ; as, the de~ 
 lation of sound. [Little used.] Baeon. 
 
 2. Accusation ; act of charging with a crime ; a 
 term of the civil law. 
 DE-L.\'T0R, 71. [L.] An accuser ; an informer. 
 
 Sartdy.9, 
 
 DE-LaY', (de-la',) v. t. [Ft. dcla', delay ; Sp. dilatar ; 
 Port, id., to delay ; It. dilata, delay ; dilatarc, to' di- 
 late, to spread ; from L. dilatus, differo. We see tliat 
 delay is from spreading, extending. See Dilate.] 
 
 1. To prolong the time of acjng, or proceeding; 
 to put oft" : to uefer. 
 
 My lord delayeOi \m comin*. — Matt. xxiv. 
 
 2. To retard ; to stop, detain, or hinder for a time ; 
 to restrain motion, rr render it slow ; as, the mail is 
 delayed by bad roads. 
 
 Tliyrsia, whcwe ftjtfril strains have oft delnyed 
 Tlie liuJdliii;; broolt I© hear his madri^ai. 
 
 3. To allay. [JVot in u^e, nor proper.] Spenser. 
 DE-LaY', v. i. To linger ; to move slow ; or to stop 
 for a time. 
 
 There ar« certain bounds to the qiiicloiesB and slowness of the 
 succe-tsion oride.t£, beyond which tiiey can ueiUier delay nor 
 hastej. Looit. 
 
 DE-L.^Y', 71. A lingering ; stay ; stop. 
 
 2. A putting off or deferring ; procrastination ; as, 
 the delay of trial is not to be imputed to the plaintift". 
 
 3. Hinderance for a time. 
 
 DE-L.\Y'£D, (de-lade',) pp. Deferred; detained; hin- 
 dered for a time ; retarded. 
 
 DE-LaY'ER, 71. One w ho defers ; one who lingers. 
 
 DE-LaY'ING, ppr. Putting oft"; deferring; procrasti- 
 nating; retarding; detaining. 
 
 DE-LaY'ME.\T, n. Hinderance. Gower. 
 
 DEL CRED'ER-E, n. [It.] A guaranty given by fac- 
 tors, binding them to warrant the solvency of the pur- 
 chasers of goods which they sell on credit. This is 
 done for a premijm. 
 
 A del credere commission is one under which an 
 agent, on selling goods, in consider.ition of an ad- 
 ditional premium, insures to his principal not only 
 the ultimate solvency of the debtor, but the punctual 
 discharge of the debt. Boucier. 
 
 DE'LE, V. t. [L. imperative of deko.] 
 Pjlot out ; erase. 
 
 DEL'E-ULE, a. [I>. delehilis.] 
 
 That can be blotted out. More. 
 
 DE-EEC'TA-BLE, a. [I.. delcctabilL", from delcctor, to 
 delight. See Delight.] 
 
 Delightful ; highly pleasing ; that gives great joy 
 or pleasure ; as, a deleciMble garden. Milton. 
 
 DB-LEe'TA-HLE NESS,7!. Delightfulness. BarreU 
 
 Dli-LEe'TA-ItLY, adv. Delightfully. 
 
 DR-l-Ee-TA'TION, 7i. Great j)leasure ; delight. More. 
 
 DEL'E-GA-CY, n. A number of persons delegated. 
 [We now use Delecation.] Laud. 
 
 DEI/E-GATE, ». f. [L. delc^o ; de and lego, to send. 
 See Leoate.I 
 
 1. To send away ; appropriately, to send on an 
 embassy ; to send with power to transact business, 
 as a representative. The president delegated three 
 commissioners to the court of St. Cloud. 
 
 2. To intrust ; to commit; to deliver to anothi^r's 
 care and exercise ; as, to delegate authority or jiower 
 to an imvoy, ri'presentative, or judge. 
 
 DEI.'E-G.ATE, u. A person appointed and sent by 
 another willi powers to transact business as his 
 representative ; a deputy ; a couunissioner ; a vicar. 
 In tite United Staten, a p.;rson elected or aj)pointed to 
 represent a Hl.ite or a di-.lrict, in the congress, or in 
 a convention fur forming or altering a constitutitm. 
 
 2, In Grrnl Britntn, a Commissioner appointed by 
 the kins, under the great seal, to hear anil iletermiiie 
 nppcals from the ecclesiastical court. Ih nie the 
 Cmirt iif /Jelerairt, is the great court of appeal in all 
 cccb;»iaHtlnn| i :|i|se!'. I', is UMcd also fur the court of 
 app 'alt from Ilril of the Admiralty. Blarkilmir. 
 
 i). A liiyiii:in n|i|Miuted to ullt iid an eci lusinsticul 
 council. 
 
 DEL'E-GATE, a. Deputed ; sent to act for or repre- 
 sent another; as, a </f/(?^n(e jiulgc. Taylor. 
 
 DEL'E-Ga-TED, pp. or <i. Deputed; sent with a 
 trust or commission to act for another ; appointed a 
 judL'e ; coinftiitted, as authority. 
 
 DEL'E-Ga-TE\G, ppr. Deputing; sending with a 
 commission to act for auotiier ; appointing ; com- 
 mitting ; intrusting. 
 
 DEL-E-Ga'TION, 71. A sending away ; the act of 
 putting in commission, or investing with authority to 
 act for another ; the appointment of a delegate. 
 The duties of religion can not be ix-rfornied by detegalion. 
 
 S. iMiUer. 
 
 2. The person deputed to act for another, or for 
 others. Thus, the representatives of Massachusetts 
 in« congress are called the delegation, or whole delega- 
 tion. 
 
 3. In the civil law, the assignment of a debt to an- 
 other, as when a debtor transfers to another jierson 
 the obligation to pay, or a creditor makes over to a 
 third person the right to receive payment. 
 
 DE-LEjY'DA est CAR-TIIA'GO. [L.l Carthage 
 
 must be annihilated — our rival must be (icstro\'ed. 
 DEL-E-NIF'IG-AL, a. Having the virtue to case or 
 
 assuaiie pain. 
 DE-LeTE', v. t. [L. deleo.] 
 
 To blot out. \jVot used!] Fuller. 
 DEL-E-Te'RI-OUS, a. [L. dcleterius, from deleo, to 
 
 blot out or destroy ; W. diicaw, diliu. tiu. Ir. dal- 
 
 laiiii, to blind.] 
 
 1. Having the quality of destroying, or e-xtinguish- 
 ing life; destructive; poisonous; as a deleterious 
 plant or quality. 
 
 2. Injurious ; pernicious. 
 DEL'E-TER-Y, a. Destructive ; poisonous. 
 
 Ilitdihras. 
 
 DE-LE'TION, 7!. [L. deletio, from deleo, to blot out.] 
 
 1. The act of blotting out or erasing. 
 
 2. Destruction. [Little used.] Hale. 
 DEL'E-TO-RY, n. That which blots out. Taylor. 
 DELF, 7t. [Sax. dclfan, to delve, to dig."' 
 
 1. A mine ; a quarry ; a pit dug. [Rarely used.] 
 
 2. Earthen ware, covered with enamel or white 
 glazing, in imitation of China ware or porcelain, 
 uiade at Delft, in Holland ; properly, Delft-ware. 
 
 De'LI-AG, 71. [from Delos.] In the arts, a kind of 
 sculptured vase ; also, beautiful bronze and silver. 
 
 Elmes. 
 
 DEL'I-BaTE, v. t. [L. delibo ; de and libo, to taste.] 
 
 To taste ; to take a sip. [Little used.] 
 DEL-I-Ba'TION, 71. A taste ; au essay. [Littleiised] 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 DE-EIB'ER-.ATE, v. I. [L. dclibero ; de and libra, to 
 weigh ; It. librare. See Librate.] 
 
 To weigh in the mind ; to consider and examine 
 the reasons for and against a measure ; to estimate 
 the weight or force of arguments, or the jirobable 
 consequences of a measure, in order to a clioice or 
 decision ; to pause and consider. A wise prince 
 will deliberate before he wages war. 
 
 Tlie woman that deliberates is lost. Addison. 
 
 DE-LIB'ER-aTE, v. t. To balance in the mind ; to 
 weigh ; to consider. Laud. 
 
 DE-LlB'ER-ATE, a. Weighing facts and arguments 
 with a view to a choice or decision ; carefully con 
 sidering the probable consequences of a step ; cir- 
 cumspect ; slow in determining; applied to persons 
 as, a deliberate judge or counselor. 
 
 2. B'ormed with deliberatitm ; well advised or con 
 sidered ; not sudden or rash ; as, a deliberate opinion 
 a deliberate measure, or result. 
 
 3. Slow ; as, a deliberate death or echo. [Hardly 
 legitimate.] Bacon. 
 
 DE-LIB'ER-A-TED, pp. Balanced in the mind ; con- 
 sidered. 
 
 DE-LIB'ER-ATE-EY, adv. With careful considera 
 tion, or deliheratitui ; circumspectly; not hastily or 
 rashly ; slowly. This purjHise was dehbcratehi formed. 
 
 Dniden. Goldsmitli. 
 
 DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS, n. Calm'consideration ; cir- 
 cumspection ; due attention to the arguments for and 
 against a measure ; caution. A*. Charles. 
 
 DE-I.IB'F.B-A-TING, ppr. Balancing in the mind ; 
 weighing; considering. 
 
 DE LIB-ER-A'TION, «. [T,. deliberatlo.] 
 
 1. The act of deliberating; the act of weighing 
 and examining the reasons for and against a ciioice 
 or measure ; consideration. We say, a measure has 
 been taktui with drlibereition. 
 
 2. IMutiial disciissitm anil examination of the rea- 
 sons for iiud against a measure ; as, the deliberations 
 of a legislative body or council. 
 
 DH-EIB'ER-A-'I'I VE, a. Pertaining to deliberation; 
 proceeding or acting by deliberation, or by mutual 
 discussiim and exaininution ; as, the legislature is a 
 deliberative body. 
 2. Having a right or power to deliberate or discuss. 
 
 In councils, the bisliups linve n lUlibcratioe voice, Snaje. 
 n. Apt or diH|iost'd to consider. Bp. Barlow. 
 
 DE MH'KR A-TIVi;, n. A discourse in which a 
 ipieKlion IS discussed, or weiijhed and examined. A 
 kind of rhetoric eniployed in proving u thing and 
 
 convincing others of its truth, in order to persuade 
 them to aihipt it. Eiicyc. 
 DE-LIB'ER-A-TIVE-LY, adc. By deliberation. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 DEL'I-eA-CY, 71. [Fr. dclicatrs-se ; Sp. deliciidcza : It. 
 deltcate-.ia ; but more directly from delicate, which 
 see.] 
 
 Ui a general scrue, that which delights or pleases. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. Fineness of texture ; smoothness ; softness ; 
 tenderness ; as, the delicacy of the skin ; and nearly 
 in the same sense, applicable to food ; as, the delic,:cy 
 of flesh, meat, or vegetables. Hence, 
 
 2. Daintiness ; pleasantness to the taste. 
 
 3. Elegant or feminine beauty ; as, delicacy of 
 form. 
 
 4. Nicety ; minute accuracy ; as, the delicacy of 
 coloring in painting. 
 
 5. Neatness in dress ; elegance, proceeding from a 
 nice selection and adjustment of the several parts of 
 dress. Spectator. 
 
 6. Softness of manners ; civility or politeness, pro- 
 ceeding from a nice observance of propriety, and a 
 desire to please ; as, delicacy of behavior. 
 
 7. Indulgence ; gentle treatment ; as, delicacy of 
 education. 
 
 8. Tenderness ; scrupulousness ; the quality man- 
 ifested in nice attention to right, and care to avoid 
 wrong, or offense. Bp. Taylor. 
 
 9. Acute or nice perception of what is pleasing to 
 the sense of tasting. Hence, figuratively, a nice 
 perceiition of beauty and deformity, or the faculty of 
 such nice percejjtion. 
 
 Delica^ of taste tends to invigorate tlie social alTeclions, and 
 moderate those ih.it are selrish. Kaiiies. 
 
 10. That which delights the senses, particularly the 
 taste, applied to eatables; as, the peach is a great deli- 
 cacy. 
 
 11. Tenderness of constitution; weakness; that 
 quality or state of the animal body which renders it 
 very impressible to injury ; as, delicacy of constitution 
 or frame. 
 
 12. Smallness ; fineness ; slenderness ; tenuity ; as, 
 the delicacy of a thread or fiber. 
 
 13. TeniJerness ; nice susceptibility of impression ; 
 as, delicacy of feeling. 
 
 DEE'l-CATE, a. [Fr.delicat: f^p. drlicado ; It. drlica- 
 to ; L. delieiifiui, connected witli dtiiciw, delight, de- 
 lecto, to delight ; probably a compound of de with the 
 root of like. See Delight and Like.] 
 
 1. Of a fine texture; fine ; soft ; smooth; clear, or 
 fair ; as, a delicate skin. 
 
 2 Nice ; pleasing to the taste : of an agreeable fla- 
 vor ; as, delicate ftiod ; a delicate dish. 
 
 3 Nice in perception of what is agreeable ; dainty ; 
 as, a delicate taste; a.nii, figuratively, nice and dis- 
 criminating in beauty and deformity. 
 
 4. Nice ; accurate; fine ; soft to the eye ; as, a del- 
 icate color. 
 
 5. Nice in forms ; regulated'by minute observance 
 of propriety, or by contlt^scensitui and attention to the 
 wishes anil feelings of others; as, delicate behavior or 
 manners ; a delicate address. 
 
 ti. Pleasing to the senses ; as, a delicate flavor. 
 
 7. Fine ; slender ; minute ; as, a delicate thread. 
 
 8. That can not be handled without injury or dan- 
 ger ; that must be touched with care ; as, a delicate 
 point or topic ; a delicate question. 
 
 9. Composed of fine thr(^ads,or nicely interwoven ; 
 as, delicate texture ; hence, soft and smooth to the 
 touch ; as, delicate silk. 
 
 10. Tender ; cfTeminate ; not able to endure hard- 
 ship ; very impressible to injury ; as, a delicate frame 
 or constitution. 
 
 11. Feeble ; not sound or robust ; as, delicate health. 
 DEL'I-e.\TE, n. Any thing nice ; a nicetv. f Obs.] 
 
 Jer. li. 34. Drydeu. 
 DEL'I-CATE-LY, adv. In a delicate manner ; with 
 nice regard to propriety and the feelings of others. 
 
 2. Daintily ; luxuriou.dy. 
 
 Tliey that live delicately are in kinjs' courts. — I.nlie vii. 
 
 3. With soft elegance; as, iin expression delicately 
 turned. 
 
 4. Tenderly ; with indulgence in ease, elegance, 
 and iuxurv. Prov. xxix. 
 
 DEL'I-€A'I'E-NESS, 71. The slate of being delicate; 
 
 tenderness ; softness ; eneininai-y. Dent, xxviii. 
 I)E-LI"Cl(^nS, (de lish'us,) a. [Fr. dclicieiu; L. deli- 
 
 caliis, dclieia: ; ^yi. drlieioso ; It. deliiioso.] 
 
 1. Highly phasing to the taste; most sweet or 
 grateful to the senses; ati'oriling exquisite pleasure; 
 as, a delicious viand ; delicious fruit or wine. 
 
 2. Most pleasing to the mind ; very grateful ; yield- 
 ing e.xquisite delight; as, this [loeni affords a deiiciuus 
 entertainment. 
 
 DE-LI"CIOlJS-LY, o(/r. In a delicious manner ; in a 
 manner to plea.se the taste or gratify tlie mind ; sweet- 
 ly ; pleasantly; delightfully; as, to feed deliclously; 
 to be deliriouslii entertained. 
 
 DE-LI"CIOlIS-NESS, ii. The quality of being de- 
 licious, or very grateftil to the taste or iiiiinl ; as, tli° 
 deliciouirness of a repast. 
 2. Delight ; great pleasure. 
 
 FATE, VAU, KiV'-'-'i WH.eiT MP.TK, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BUID,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BOQK.- 
 
DEL 
 
 UKI. I OA'TION, n. [L. deligatiu, ddijro ; de ami lij^o, 
 to bind.] 
 
 In sur'Trni, n binding up ; ii b.mdagins. 
 DK-l.I<;il'r','(dc-litc',) n. [Fr. rfftec ( ddicin ; It. 
 ddiiia ! L. (/WicKB, connected with detcctvri probablj 
 allii'd to Kng. like.] 
 
 1. A blRti degree of pleasure or satisfaction of 
 niiud ; juy. 
 
 llla'delight a in Uie l«w of Iho Ijonl. — Tn. I. 
 9. Tliat wbieli gives great pleasure ; that wliieli 
 all'urds delight. 
 
 1 wiu» iliiily liiH (leiig/il. — I'rov. viii. 
 
 Dryilm. 
 
 DrUxht is a more permanent pleasure than joy, ami 
 not dependent on sudden excitement. 
 Di;-LI(i IIT', (de-lite',) v. U ddcijtnr ; Port, ddeitar ; 
 L. delrctor; Vt. ddecter. bee Ueliomt and IjIKk.1 
 
 1. To all'ect witli great pleasure ; to please liiglily ; 
 to give or alUml high satisfaction or joy ; as, a beau- 
 tjlul landscape deliifhu the ej-e ; harnujii)' dtiitrhts the 
 ear ; the good conduct of children, and especially 
 their piety, ddights their parents. 
 
 1 will delight myscU in tliy sUluUs. — Pi. cxix. 
 
 S2. To receive great pleasure in. 
 
 1 deiishl to do tliy will. — I'd. xl. 
 
 DE-LIGHT', V. i. To have or take great pleasure ; to 
 be greatly pleased or rejoiced ; followed by in. 
 1 (leligitt in tilt' Ixw ofOod iiitor tlic iiiw;inl niiiii, — Roin. vii. 
 
 DK-LKJHT'ED, pp. Greatly i>leased ; rejoiced; fol- 
 loweil by witlu 
 
 Tli.tt m.iy (jc deligfiUd teiOi tliu abunduucc of hor ^lory. — Is. 
 Ixvi, 
 
 a. «. Tiill of delight. Sliuk. 
 
 nE-l.Ii;ilT'r.Il, «. l)ne who takes delight. Barroio. 
 
 DE-UCIl T'l'ljl,, (de-IIte'fiil,) <i. Highly |)lt;asing ; af- 
 fording great pleasure and satisfaction ; as, a ddight- 
 /«/ tlioiiclit ; a ddif;htful prosp<'Ct. 
 
 DlM.I(iirr'F!JI<-LY, ade. In n manner to receive 
 great pleasure ; very agreeably ; as, we were ddight- 
 fullij employed or cntert;iincd. 
 
 3. In a dirligbtfiil manner : charmingly ; in a man- 
 ner li> ali'ord great pleasure ; as, the lady sings and 
 plavs ddi^'hrfullu. 
 
 DE-LIGII l 'l'l.I.-.N'ESS, 7(. The qnrJity of being de- 
 lightful, or of atlbrding great pleasure ; as, the ddiglit- 
 fuliif.^.-i of a prospect, or of scener>'. 
 
 fin at pli astire J delight. [Lc.n prnpcr.] 
 
 l)i:-LI(;U T'lNG, ppr. Giving great pleasure ; rojoic- 
 in?;. 
 
 DK-LIGHT'LESS, a. Alfording noplca-surc ordelighL 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UE-I.IOHT'SO.ME, (dc-lit'sum,) a. Very pleasing; 
 driiahlful. Orcw. 
 
 l)lM.It;ilT'SOME-l,Y, ado. Very pleasantly; in a 
 drli^'liifiil tiittiiner. 
 
 I)E-LIUUT>O.ME-NESS!,n. Delightfulness ; pleasant- 
 ness in a liigli degree. 
 
 l)E-LI.\'E-.\-.ME.\T, n. [Intra.] Representation by 
 delineation. Sddcn. 
 
 PE-IjI.N' K .\TE, v. (. [ddiiieo; de and linco, from lia- 
 ea, a line.] 
 
 1. To draw the lines which e.\hibit the form of a 
 thing ; to mark ottt with lines ; to make a dratight ; 
 to sketch or design ; as, to ddincatc the form of tlie 
 earth, or a diagnim. 
 
 'J. 'I'o paint J to represent in a picture ; to draw a 
 likeness of; as, to delinfiite Nestor like Atlonis, or 
 Time with Absalom's lieail. Broum. 
 
 X Fi:^nratirdij^ tit describe ; to ri^present to the 
 mind or unilerstaniling : to exhibit a likeness in 
 words ; as, to ddiiinitc the character of Newton, or 
 . the virtue t^f Aristides. 
 
 DI>LIN'E-A-TEU, ;<;i. Drawn; marked with lines 
 exhibiting the form or tigure; sketched; designed; 
 painted ; described. 
 
 UE-LIN'E-.^-TI.\(;, ppr. Drawing the form ; sketch- 
 ing ; painting ; describin::. 
 
 DE-LI\-E-.\'TION, 71. [I,. (Wiifcafio.] 
 
 1. First dratight of a thing; outline; representa- 
 tion of a torm or tigure by lines ; sketch : design. 
 
 a. Represenlatioit in words; description; as, the 
 ddiiieittiuH t>f a character. 
 
 DK-LIN'E A-TOR, ii. One who delineates. 
 
 DE-LIN'E A-TO-RV, o, Uescnbiiig; drawing the out- 
 line. Seoll'd Hisiiijs. 
 
 DE-l,IX'i;..\-TirRE, n. Delincatitm. I.\ of m u..c.l 
 
 DE-Ll\'l-.\IE.\1', ti. [I.. </f/»iim<-Ht«m.] 
 Mitig.itiim. [.Vot u.ied.] 
 
 Dr.-LlN'li('EX-t;Y, (de-ltnk'wen-sy,) n. [L. ddin- 
 V«"j to fail or omit iliity : de and liiiquo, to leave.] 
 
 Kaihire or omission of duty ; a fault ; a misdeed ; 
 and iKisitively, an olfense ; a crime. It is particular- 
 ly, but not exclusively, applied to neglect of duty in 
 olhcers of public trust. 
 
 DE-I.IN'UI.'E.NT, (dislink'went,) a. Failing in duty ; 
 iiireniliiig hy neglect of dtity. 
 
 OI'.-l.I.N'UUENT, n. One who fails to perform his 
 I hity, partictilarlv a public offtcer who neglects his 
 iliity ; aa uaeniler ; one w ho commits a fault or 
 crime. 
 
 A dtluu,ymt oiiiht to he titi^ In the place or luri»liction » h.-re 
 
 DEL 
 
 DI-:-bl\'(lUi;.\T-lA', ado. Ho as to fail in diilv. 
 
 UEI/I-UI'ATK, e. (. or i. ( h. ddiquro, to mi It.'] 
 
 'I'o melt or be dissolved. [See Ui;Linui:»eE and 
 DEi.Mif lA ry..] 
 
 DEI.'l-tlUA-TlID, ;.p. Melted; dissolved. 
 
 DEL-I-UUA'TION, ii. A melting. [.See Deliuues 
 eK.ver, iind Dklhiuiation.] 
 
 UI'.L-l-UUE.SCE', (tlel-e kwes',) r. i. [I,. dd!<i,irsco, 
 to iiiidt ; de and /ii/iicsro, from liquco, to melt or be- 
 come soft. See I.niuiu.] 
 
 To melt gradually and become liquid by attracting 
 and absorbing iiioisttirc frtuii the air, as certain salts, 
 aciils, and alkalies. 
 
 D1;L-I tiUE.'i'l'E.NCr,, (del e-kwes'scns,) 7i. Spiuita- 
 iieims lic|iiel'actiim in the air; a gradual melting or 
 becoming liiiuid by absorption of wati r from the at- 
 mosphere. Funrcriii/. 
 
 DEL-I-UUES'CEN'T, a. Liquefying in the air ; capa- 
 ble of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and 
 becoming litpiid ; as, dftiijuc-iccnt salts. Fourcroy. 
 
 I)E-l,Ui'Ul-ATE, (ile lik'we-;ite,) r. i. [See Dkli- 
 (lUATK.j To melt and become litpiid by imbibing 
 water Irom the air. [Sec l)ELi(ii:K9t;K.] Fonrcnni. 
 
 DE-IJU-UI A' TION, 71. A melting by attracting "wa- 
 ter iVoin the air. 
 
 DE-MU'UMJM, (de-lik'we-um,) 71. [U] In cAreii.*- 
 (ri/, a iiieltiiig or dissolution in the air, or in a moist 
 piace. Kilcyc. 
 ~>. A liquid state ; as, a salt falls into a ddiquium, 
 
 Fuurcroij. 
 
 3. In medicine, a swooning or fainting ; called also 
 .vifnri'pc. Kncyc. Core. 
 
 DE M'KA-CY, 71. Delirium. SancrnfL 
 UE-I.lll'A-Mi;.\T, 71. A wandering of the iumd ; 
 
 foolish fancy. [lAltle tL.<ed.] 
 DE-I,I'RATE, V. 1. I I,. ddini.] 
 
 To rave, as a mauitian. [J\'ol in use.] 
 DEI>-I-RA'TI().\, n. [L. dclinilin.] 
 
 .\ wandiTiiig of mind ; delirium. Kd. Ilrv. 
 
 DE-LIH'I-OIJS, rt. [L.ddirus. See Dklirh m.J 
 
 Roving ill iiiiiid ; light-headed ; disordereil in in- 
 tellect ; having ideas that are wilil, irregular, and 
 iincminected. 
 DE-MR'I-OUS-LY, adv. In a delirious manner. 
 UE-LI K'l-OUS-.NESS, 7i. The state of being delirious ; 
 
 fleliriiiin. Julin.ion. 
 DE-I-IR'I-U.AI, 71. [Ij., from drUrn, to wantler in mind, 
 to rave ; de and liru, to make balks in plowing, that 
 is, to err, wander, miss.] 
 
 A state in which the ideas of a person arc \\'ild, 
 irregular, and uiiconnectird, or do not corres|i(ui(l 
 with the truth or willi external objects ; a roving 
 or wandering of the niintl ; disorder of the intellect. 
 Fevers often protliice ddiritun. 
 An alienation of mind connected with fever. Cyc. 
 Syinptiunatic derangement, or that which is de- 
 pendent on some other disease, in distinction from 
 idiopathic ilerangement, or mania. 
 DK.-I.IR' I- UM TRK'.WICjVS, n. A disease of the brain, 
 indiict'd by the excessive and prolonged use of intox- 
 icating litpiors. 
 DEl.-I-'l'ES'CENCE, 71. [h. dditcsccntia ; do and 
 lutro.] 
 
 Retirement ; obscurity. Juhiuson. 
 DE-I.IT'I-GATE, r. t. [L. ddiligo.] 
 
 To chide, or etuitend in words. [A'bt in use."] 
 DE-LIT-I-GA'TION, 71. A chiding ; a brawl. [JVot 
 la «,sT.] 
 
 DE-LIV'ER, V. L [Fr. ddivrer; i/e and forcr, to de- 
 liver ; Sp. librar ; Tttrt. Ucrar ; L, liber, free, disen- 
 gagetl ; tidibru, to free, to peel ; Ann. ddiora. See 
 
 LillKRAL, LlllRARV, LiBRATE.] 
 
 1. 'i'o free ; to relciLse, as from restraint ; to set at 
 liberty ; as, to delirer one from captivity. 
 
 2. 't'o rescue, or save. 
 
 DtUvtr nie, my G«t, from the hand of the wiclc-xl. — Ps. Ixxi. 
 
 3. To give or transfer ; to put into another's hand 
 or power ; to commit ; to pass from tnie to another. 
 
 Thou ktutit deliver Fharioh** cop into hii hand. — (jen. xl. 
 So we say, to deliver goods to a carrier ; to delicer a 
 letter ; to deliver possession of an estate, 
 
 4. To surrender ; to yielil ; to give up ; to resign ; 
 as, to deliver a fortress to an enemy. It is often I'ld- 
 lowed by iip ; as, to deliver up the city ; to deliver up 
 stolen goods. 
 
 Th' exalted mind 
 All iensc of woe d^livere to lUe wind. Pupe. 
 
 5. To disburden of a child. 
 
 (">. To utter ; to pronounce ; to speak ; to send forth 
 . in words ; as, to deliver a sermon, an address, or an 
 oration. 
 
 7. To give forth in action ; as, the ship delivered a 
 broadside ; the troops delivered their lire ; to deliver a 
 blow . M.-.VII. 
 
 To delirer to Vie wind ; to cast away ; to reject. 
 
 To deliver over; to transfer ; to give or pass from 
 one to another ; as, to deliver over goods to another. 
 
 2. To surrender or resign ; to put into another's 
 power; to commit to the discretion of; toabanilon to. 
 
 Deliver ine not owr to tlio will of my eneniirs. - - Ps. xx 
 
 To delirer up ; to give up ; to surrender. 
 DE LIVER, a. [L. liber.] 
 
 Free ; nimble. [Ofts.J Chauerr. 
 
 DEL 
 
 I)E-L1 V'ER-A-1!LE, a. That may be, or is to be, de- 
 livered. 
 
 A tilll of ladlntf may ntiito Uiat the gomU are deliverable to a 
 partlcnlai |ieni>ii tlivrctn named. [^Jercandle ueage.^ 
 
 Ainer. fievuw. 
 
 DE-LIV'ER-ANCE, 71. [Fr. delirrance.] 
 
 1. Reli^iise from captivity, slavery, oppression, or 
 any restraint. 
 
 lie hAlh eeiit me to heal the t)roIien.licuTlcd, to preach deliver- 
 anre to the &iptivf«. ~ Luke i<r. 
 
 2. Rescue from danger or any evil. 
 
 liud It' lit nie u> nave your livt;i hy a grcal delieeraiice. — Ijcn. 
 xlv. 
 
 3. The act of bringing forth children. Biicon. 
 
 4. The ;ict of giving or transfeiriug from one to 
 another. 
 
 5. The act of speaking or pronouncing ; utterance. 
 [In the three last senses, Delivehv is now used.] 
 li. Aeipiittal of a prisoner by the verdict of a jury. 
 
 God senil you a gootl deliverance. 
 DE LI V'KR-AJU, pp. Freed ; released ; tninsferred or 
 transmitted; p;issed from one to another; coiiiiuit- 
 ted ; yielded ; surreudered ; rescued ; uttered ; pro- 
 nounced. 
 
 DE LI\"Ell-ER, 71. One who delivers ; one wlio re- 
 leases or rescues ; a preserver. 
 
 Tlic l,onJ raiiitMl up a dclioerer to Imucl. — Judges iii. 
 2. One who relati^s or communicates. Boyle. 
 DE-LI V'ER-1\G, ppr. Releasing; si:tting fit;e ; res- 
 cuing ; saving ; surrendering ; giving over ; yielding ; 
 resigning. 
 
 DE-LI V'ER NEPS, 71. Nimbleness ; agility. 
 DE-LIV'ER-Y, 71. The act of delivering. 
 
 2. Ridease ; rescue, as from slaverj , restraint, op- 
 [iression, or danger. 
 
 3. Surrender; a giving up. 
 
 4. A giving or passing from one to another ; as, the 
 delivery of goods, or of a deed. 
 
 5. Utterance, pronunciation, or manner of speak- 
 ing. He has a good delivery. 1 was charmed « itli 
 his graceful delivery. 
 
 fi. Childbirth. I.i. xxvi. 
 
 7. Free motion or use of the limbs. [Ob.t.] 
 
 Sidiiei/. WoUon. 
 DELL, 71. [Qu. dale, or W'.dell, a clelt or rift ; or is it 
 conlraclt d from Sax. dealel] 
 
 A hdllow ])lace; a small, narrow valley between 
 two lulls. Gilbert. 
 DELI'II. See Delf, No. 9. 
 
 DEL'I'llI-AN, j a. [iVom Delphi, a town of I'hocis, 
 DEL'Pllie, \ in Greeci-.] 
 
 Relating to Delphi, and to the celebrated oracle of 
 that place. 
 
 DEL'PIIIN, a. Pertaining to the dauphin of France ; 
 applied particularly to an edition of tlie Latin classics, 
 prepared under Louis XIV., in usuni Ddphint, i«i ihe 
 dauphin's use. Braiuie. 
 
 DEL'l'HINE, n. [\.. delphinus.] 
 
 Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes. 
 
 DEL-PIII.\'1-A, •) 71. A vegetalile alkaloid di.scovered 
 
 DEL-Plll'N.A, I in Ihe I)el|'!iinium staphvsagrix 
 
 DEL'I'lll-A, ( Its tastiMs hitler and acrid.' When 
 
 DEL'PHIM;, J heated it melts, but on cooling 
 becomes hard and brittle like resin. Ure,. Brande. 
 
 DEL'I'HIN-ITE, 71. A mineral, calleil also pi.-<lacitc 
 and epidotc. Ure. 
 
 £)A'Z, S/COjV'O, (del san'yo.) [It.] In Tnuiic, a direc- 
 tion to rejieat from the sikii. 
 
 DEL'TA, 71. Tliir (ireek letter A. A tract of alluvial 
 land in the form of that letter, or triangular. It is 
 particularly applied to such a tract of laml in Eirypt, 
 formed by two main branches of the .Nile, and the 
 Mediterranean Sea; but the word is applieil to any 
 tract of land of a similar tigure and formation. 
 
 DEL'TOID, a. [Ur. ic\Ta, the letter .i, and titloj, 
 form.] 
 
 1. Resembling the Greek A, (delta;) triangular; 
 an epithet applied to a muscle of the shouldi r; which 
 moves the arm forward, ujiward, and backward. 
 
 CozK 
 
 9. In botany, shaped somewhat like a delta or 
 rhomb, having four angles, of which the lateral onirs 
 are li-ss distant from the base than the others ; as, a 
 deltiiid leaf. Linn/eits. Martijn. 
 
 Trowel-shaped, having three angles, of which the 
 terminal one is much t'uriher from the base than the 
 lateral ones. Smith, 
 
 DE-LuD'A-HLE, a. [See DELrns- ] That may be de- 
 ludeil or deceived ; liable to be imposed on. Broien. 
 
 DE-LCI)E', r. U [L. ddiulo ; de and liido, to play, to 
 mock ; Oh. ami Ueb. p^. Class Ls, No. 3, 5, 
 30, 41!.] 
 
 1. To deceive ; to impose on ; to lead from truth 
 or into error; to mislead the mind or judgment; to 
 beguile. Cbeat is generally applied to deception in 
 bargains ; delude, to deceptitui in opinion. An artful 
 man deludes his followers. We are often deluded by 
 lalse appearances. 
 9. To frustrate or disappoint. 
 DE-LOD'ED, pp. or a. Deceived ; misled ; led into 
 error. 
 
 DE-LCD'ER, 71. One who deceives ; a deceiver ; an 
 ini|K>stor ; one who holds out ftilse pretenses. 
 
 TO.NE, BJJLL, IJ.VITE — A.VGER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 31.-) 
 
DEM 
 
 JE-LCD'ING, ppr. Deceiving ; leading astray ; mis- 
 
 leartmg the opinion or judgment. 
 DK-LuU'ING, n. Tile act of deceiving ; falsehood. 
 
 Pridcaux. 
 
 DEL'UGE, (del'luje.) n. [Fr. deluge; Arm. diluick ; 
 Sp. dilavio ; It. id. ; L. dtliivies, diluvium, from diluo, 
 dtluvio ; di and luo, lavo, to wash. If deluge and di- 
 luvium are the same word, of which there can be 
 little doubt, the fact proves that luo, lavo, is con- 
 tracted or clianged from lugo, and that the primitive 
 word was lugo ; and it is certain that tlie radix of 
 Jluo is fiugo. See Flow.] 
 
 1. Any" overflowing of water; an inundation; a 
 flood ; a swell of water over the natural banks of a 
 river or shore of the ocean, spreading over the adja- 
 cent land. lint appropriutelij, the great flood or 
 overflowing of the earth by water, in the days of 
 Noah ; according to tlie common chronology, Anno 
 iMundi 1656. Oen. vi. 
 
 2. A sweeping or overwhelming calamity. 
 DEL'UGE, V. t. To overflow with water ; to inun- 
 date ; to drown. The waters deluged tlie eaith, and 
 destroyed the old world. 
 
 2. To overwhelm ; to cover with any flowing or 
 moving, spreading body. The northern nations del- 
 uged the Roman empire with their armies. 
 
 3. To overwhelm; to cause to sink under the 
 weight of a general or spreading calamity ; as, the 
 land is deluged with corruption. 
 
 DEL'UG-£D, pp. Overflowed ; inundated ; over- 
 whelmed. 
 
 DEL'UG-ING, ppr. Oveiflowing; inundating; over- 
 wliihnlng. 
 
 I)E-L0'SION, (de-lu'zhun,) n. [L. delusio. See De- 
 lude.] 
 
 1. 'Ihe act of deluding; deception ; a misleading 
 of the mind. We are all liable to the delusions of 
 artifice. 
 
 9. False representation ; illusion ; error or mistake 
 proceeding from false views. 
 
 Aiul fondly mourned llie dear delusion gone. Prior. 
 
 JiE-LC'SIVE, a. Apt to deceive: tending to mislead 
 the mind; deceptive; beguiling; as, delusive arts; 
 delusive appearances. 
 
 ])IVLO'SIVE-LY, adv. In a delusive manner. 
 
 DE-LO'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being delu- 
 sive ; tendency to deceive. 
 
 IiE-LU'SO-llY, a. Apt to deceive; deceptive. 
 
 Glaiiville. 
 
 DELVE, (delv,) v. t. [Sax. dclfan ; D. dclven ; Russ. 
 dolblyu ; to dig. du. Arm. toulla, to dig or make a 
 hole, VV. twU, a hole, and L. talpa, a mole, perhaps 
 the d elver.] 
 
 1. To dig ; to open the ground with a spade. 
 Delve of convenient depth your tlirasliing-lloor. Dryden. 
 
 2. To fathom ; to sound ; to penetrate. 
 
 I can not delve him to the root. Shale, 
 DELVE, (delv,) n. A place dug ; a pit ; a pitfall; a 
 ditch ; a den ; a cave. [Aot now used.] Spenser. 
 
 Delve of coals; a quantity of fossil coals dug. [JVot 
 used, or local.] 
 DELV'TID, pp. Dug ; fathomed. 
 DELV'ER, n. One who digs, as with a spade. 
 DELV'I.XG, ppr. Digu'ing. 
 
 DE-.MAG-NET-I-ZA'TION, n. The act or process of 
 depriving one of magnetic influence. 
 
 DE-.MAG'NET-IZE, v. t. To deprive of magnetic in- 
 fluence ; to restore from a sleep-waking state 
 
 DE.M'A-GOG-IS.M, n. The practices of a demagogue. 
 
 DEM'A-GOGIIE, (dem'a-gog,) n. [Gr. Smayoiyos, from 
 (5/7/ioS, the populace, and nyu, to lead.] 
 
 1. A leader of the people ; an orator who pleases 
 the populace, and influences them to adhere to Inm. 
 
 9. Any leader of the populace ; any factious man 
 who has great influence with the great body of peo- 
 ple in a city or community. 
 
 de-Ma IN'. 
 
 DE-MESNE',(dc-menc,) 
 
 I 71. [Norm, demainer. This 
 
 might be from L. dominium, Fr. domaine. In old law 
 books, it is written demesne, as if derived from meisaii, 
 maison, house. In J^orman, it is written also dc- 
 mayirne, demeigne, as well as demeine.] 
 
 1. A manor-house and the land adjacent or near, 
 which a lord keeps in his own hands or immediate 
 occupation, for the use of his family, as distinguished 
 from his tenemental lands, distributed arwmg his 
 tenants, called hook-land, or charter-land, and folk- 
 land, or estates held in villenagc, from which sprung 
 copyhold estates. Bladistone. 
 9. Estate in lands. Sliali. 
 DE-MA ND', V. t. [I'r. demandcr ; Sp. and Port, de- 
 manilar ; It. domandarc or dimandare ; Arm. mennat ; 
 de and L. mando, to command. The L. mando sig- 
 nifies to send ; hence, to commit or intrust. To ask 
 is to press or urge. Sw. maiia ; Dan. mancr ; to put 
 in mind, to urge, pres.H, dun ; to admonish, L. moneo. 
 It ap|)earn that mando, moneo, and mens, mmd, are all 
 of one family ; as also Ir. muinim, to teach ; \V. 
 mynu, to will, to neck or procure, to insist, to obtain 
 or have; Sax, maniaa; G. mahncn. See Class Aln, 
 No. 7, 9.] 
 
 1. To ask or call for, aa one who has a claim or 
 
 DEM 
 
 right to receive what is sought ; to claim or seek as 
 due by right. 1'he creditor demands principal and 
 interest of his debt. Here the claim is derived from 
 law or justice. 
 
 2. To ask by authority ; to require ; to seek or 
 claim an answer by virtue of a right or supposed 
 right in the interrogator, derived from his office, sta- 
 tion, power, or authority. 
 
 The officers of the children of Israel — were beaten, and de. 
 manded, Wherefore have ye not fulfilled your task iii making 
 brick f — Kx. v. 
 
 3. To require as necessary or useful ; as, the exe- 
 cution of this work demands great industry and care. 
 
 4. To ask ; to question ; to inquire. [Little used.] 
 Ttie soldiers also demanded of liim, saying, What shall we do ? 
 
 — I.uke iii. 
 
 5. To ask or require, as a seller of goods ; as, what 
 price do you demand ? 
 
 C. To sue for ; to seek to obtain by legal process ; 
 as, the plaintiir, in his action, demands unreasonable 
 damages. 
 
 In French, dcmander generally signifies simply to 
 ask, request, or petition, when the answer or thing 
 askeii for is a matter of grace or courtesy. But in 
 English, demand is now seldom used in that sense ; 
 and rarely indeed can the French demander be ren- 
 dered correctly in English by demand, except in the 
 case of the seller of goods, who demaiuU [asks, re- 
 quires] a certain price for liis wares. The common 
 expression, " a king sent to demand another king's 
 daughter in marriage," is improper. 
 DE-.MAND',n. An asking for or claim made by virtue 
 of a right or supposed right to the thing sought ; an 
 asking with authority ; a challenging as due; as, the 
 demand of the creditor was reasonable ; the note is 
 payable on demand. 
 
 He tliat has confidence to turn his wishes into demands, will be 
 but a little way from tliinking he ought to obtain Uieni. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. The asking or requiring of a price for goods 
 offered for sale ; as, I can not agree to his demand. 
 
 3. That whicli is or may be claimed as due ; debt ; 
 as, what are your demands on the estate 
 
 4. The cal ing for in order to purchase ; desire to 
 possess ; as, the demand for the Bible has been great 
 anil extensive ; copies are in great demand. 
 
 5. A desire or a seeking to obtain. We say, the 
 company of a gentleman is in great demand; the lady 
 is in great demand or request. 
 
 6. In law, the asking or seeking for what is due 
 or claimed as due, either expressly by words, or by 
 implication, as by seizure of goods or eutiy into 
 lands. 
 
 DE-MXND'A-BLE, a. That may be demanded, 
 
 claimed, asked for, or required ; as, payment is de- 
 
 mandable at the expiration of the credit. 
 DE-.MaND'ANT, n. One who demands ; the plaintiff" 
 
 in a real action ; any plaintiff^. 
 DE-MaND'ED, pp. Called for ; claimed ; challenged 
 
 as ilue ; requested ; required ; interrogated. 
 DE-MaND'ER, 71. One who demands; one who re- 
 quires with authority ; one who claims as due ; one 
 
 who asks ; one who seeks to obtain. 
 DE-MAND'ING, ppr. Claiming or calling for as due, 
 
 or by authority ; requiring ; asking ; pursuing a claim 
 
 by legal process ; interrogating. 
 DE-MAND'RESS, n. A female demandant. 
 DE-SIXRe-A'TIOX See Demarkation. 
 DE-MARCH', 71. [¥t. demarche.] 
 March ; walk ; gait. [OJi-.J 
 DE-MARK-a'TION, 71. [Sp. demarcacion, from demar- 
 
 car ; de and marcar, to mark ; viarca, a mark ; Port. 
 
 demarc-ar. See Mark.] 
 
 1. The act of marking, or of ascertaining and set- 
 ting a limit. 
 
 2. A limit or bound ascertained and fi.xed ; line of 
 separation marked or determined. 
 
 The speculative line of denuirkation, where obedience ought to 
 end and resistance begin, is faint, obscure, and not e:isily 
 definable. Burke. 
 
 DE-MeAN', V. t. [Fr. demener; Norm, dcmesner, dc- 
 mcncr, to lead, to manage, to govern, to stir ; It. we- 
 7iarc Sp. vtencar.] 
 
 1. To behave ; to carry ; to conduct ; with the re- 
 ciprocal pronoun ; as, it is our duty to demean our- 
 selves with humility. 
 
 2. _To treat. Spenser. 
 DE-MicAN', v. t. [de and 7j!fan.] To debase ; to un- 
 dervalue. [JVi;« used.] Shnk. 
 
 DE-MEAN', 71. Behavior ; carriage ; demeanor. [Obs.] 
 
 Speiu;er. 
 
 2. Mien. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 DE-MlcAN'i'.Tt, /);). Behaved well ; i'ti a good sense. 
 
 Lessened ; debased ; in a bod .frnse. 
 DE-MeAN'L\G, yiyir. Behaving; also, debasing one's 
 
 self. 
 
 DE-MRAN'OR, 71. Behavior; carriage; deportment; 
 
 as, (h'Cent demeanor ; s:ul demeanor. Mdton. 
 DE-MkAN-IJRE, 7t. Behavior. [JVotinuse.] 
 DE ME-DI-E-TA'TK, [L.] A jury de medirtalr. in 
 one composed of half natives and half furrigners — 
 used in actions in which a foreigner is a party, or 
 half of common jurors and half of men of the class 
 to which one of the parties belongs. Bluckstane. 
 
 DEM 
 
 De'MEN-€Y, 71. [L. dementia.] 
 
 Madness. [JVu£ in use.] 
 DE-MEN'TATE, a. Mad; infatuated. 
 
 Skelton.' 
 Hammond. 
 
 DE-.MEN'TaTE; v. t. [L: dcmento ; de and mens.] 
 
 To make mad. Burton. 
 DE-MEN'TA-TED,pp. Rendered mad. 
 DE-JIEN-Ta'TION, 7u The act of making frantic. 
 
 H'hiUock. 
 
 DE-MENT'ED, a. Crazv ; infatuated. Quart. Rev. 
 DE-MEPH-I-TI-Za'TION, 71. [See Demephitize.] 
 The act of purifying from mephitic or foul air. 
 
 jMed. Repository. 
 DE-MEPH'I-TiZE, v. t. [de and mephitis, foul air, or 
 ill smell.] 
 
 To purify from foul, unwholesome air. 
 
 DE-MEPH'I-TlZ-/!D, pp. Purified ; freed from foul air. 
 
 DE-MEPH'I TIZ-ING, ppr. Purifying from foul air. 
 
 DE-MER'IT, »i. [Fr. demerite; de and merite, merit, 
 li. meritum, from mereo, to earn or deserve. The Latin 
 demereo is used in a good sense. See Merit,] 
 
 1. That which deserves punishment, the opposite 
 of merit ; an ill-de'^erving ; that which is blainable or 
 punishable in moral conduct ; vice or crime. 
 
 Mine is the merit, tiie demerit thine. Dryden. 
 
 2. Jlnciently, merit ; desert ; in a good sense. Shah. 
 DE-MER'IT, 71, t. To deserve blame or punishment. 
 
 [/ believe not in iise.] 
 DE-MERS'£D, (de-merst',) a. [L. demersus.] 
 
 Plunged ; situated or growing under water. 
 DE-MER'SION, (de-mer'shun,) ;i. [L, dcmersio, from 
 
 demcrgo, to plunge or drown,] 
 
 1, A plunging into a fluid ; a drowning. 
 
 Trans, of Pausanias. 
 
 2, The state of being overwhelmed in water or 
 earth, Ray. 
 
 3, The putting of a medicine in a dissolving liquor. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 DE-MES'MER-iZE, v. t. [from Mesmer.] To excite 
 or relieve from mesmeric influence. [See Mesmer- 
 
 DE-,MeSNE', (de-meen'.) See Demain. 
 
 DE-MeSN'I-AL, (de -me'ni-al,) a. Pertaining to a de- 
 mesne. Maunder. 
 
 DEM'I, a prefix, [Fr, f/cmi, from the h. dimidium,] signi- 
 fies half. It is used only in composition. [Sue also 
 Demv.] 
 
 DE.M'I-BATH, ) 7i. A bath in which only the lower 
 
 DEM'I-BaIN, \ half of the body is immersed. 
 
 DEJI'I-BRI-GaDE', 71. A half brigade. [Gilbert. 
 
 DEJI'I-Ca'DENCE, 71. In music, an imperfect ca- 
 dence, or one that falls on any other than the key- 
 note. Buiby. 
 
 DE.M'I-CAN'NON, 7i. The obsolete name of a kind 
 of ordnance carrying a ball of from 30 to 3i) pounds 
 in weight. 
 
 DE.M'l-eUL'VER-IN, n. The obsolete name of a kind 
 of ordnance carrying a ball of 9 or 10 pounds in 
 weight. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 DEM-I-De'I-F?, v. t. To deifv in part. Coirper. 
 
 DE.M'I-DEV-/L, (-dev'l,) 71, Half a devil. Shah. 
 
 DEM'I-DIS'TANCE, 71. In fortif cation, the distance 
 between the outward polygons and the flank. 
 
 DEJI'I-Di'TONE, ». In music, a minor third. Busbri. 
 
 DEM'I-GOD, 71. Half a god ; one partaking of the ili 
 vine nature ; a fabulous hero, produced by the cohab- 
 itation of a deity with a mortal. Milton. Pope. 
 
 DEM'I-GOD'DESS, 71. A female demi-god. Campbell. 
 
 DEM'I-GOKGE, 71. In fortification, that part of the 
 polygon which remains after the flank is raised, and 
 goes from the curtain to the angle of the polygon. It 
 is half of the vacant space or entrance into a bastion. 
 
 Encfic. 
 
 DEM'I-GROAT, (grawt,) n. A half groat. Sheustune. 
 
 DEiM'I-JOIlN, (dem'i-jon,) 7i. [Fr. dame-jeannc.] 
 
 A glass vessel or bottle with a large body and small 
 neck, inclosed in wjcker-work. 
 
 DEJI'I-LANCE, 71, Alight lance; a short spear; a 
 half-pike. Dryden. 
 
 DEM'I-LuNE, 71. A work constructed beyond the 
 main ditch of a fortress, and in friiiit of the curtain 
 between two bastions ; its object is to defend the cur- 
 tain. P. Cyc. 
 
 DE.M'I-M.'VN, 71. Half a man ; a term of reproach. 
 
 Knowles. 
 
 DEM'I-NA-TTJR-£n, a. Having half the nature of 
 
 another animal. Sliak. 
 DE,M'I-OF-FI"CI.\L, ( of-fish'al,) a. Parlly oflicial 
 
 or authori'/.eil. O. Morris. 
 
 DEM'l-PRHM'l-SESS, 71. pi. Half premises. JIaokcr. 
 DE.M'1-UIJa-\ ER, n. A note, in music, of half the 
 
 length of the quaver. 
 DEM'I-RI '.-l.lL'VO, n. [It.] In sciJy.fHir, half relief, 
 
 or the standing out of a figure from the background 
 
 by half its thiikness. 
 I)E"M'I RHP 71. A woman of suspicious chastity, 
 
 [Drmi-rrpulntion.] 
 DE.M'l-SE.M'I-UUA-VER, 71, A short note in music, 
 
 two of which are equal to a si ini-quaver. 
 DEM'I-TINT', 71. [Demi anil lint.] In painting, a 
 
 gradation of color between positive light and positive 
 
 shade. tUnies. 
 DE.M'l-Tu.\E, 71, In iiiiisic, an interval of half a tone ; 
 
 a semi-tone. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII>>T. — MeTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARKNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 316 
 
DEM 
 
 DEM 
 
 DEM 
 
 DE.M'I-VII.Ij, n. A Imlfvill, consisting of fivu free- 
 nn ii or IraiikpluilKi's, Sinlman. BlacLitone. 
 
 DK.M'I-VOI.'I", n. [r/rmiand cult, vaulL] Oneol'the 
 8i'Vt'M artiticiul iiioliiins uf a liorstr, in wtiicli lie 
 raisi s his liire legs iii a particular innnni'r. 
 
 DK.M'I-VVOLF, II. Haifa wolf; a mongrel (loE, be- 
 tween a <li>s and a wolf; lycisca. Shalt. 
 
 I)K.M'I-(;|JaT1:, r. /. [l,. Uemigro.] 
 To iiiiiirale, which see. 
 
 DK.M-l-lillA' I'IO.N, n. KniiEration, which sec. 
 
 l)i:MIS'.\-Iil,E, a. [See Demise.] That may be 
 leased ; !us an estate demisable by copy of court roll. 
 
 UE-.MISE', «. [Er. demis, demise, from dcmetlre, L. 
 demitto, deinissio ; de and mitto, Fr. vietlre. Literally, 
 a laying down, or sending from ; a rcmovini;.] 
 
 1. In Kngland, a laying down or removal, applied 
 to the crown or roy.ii authority. The demise of the 
 crown is a transfer of the crown, royal auiliorily, or 
 kiilgdoin, to a .successor. Thus, when Edward IV. 
 was driven from his throne for a few months hy the 
 house of Lancaster, this lemponiry traiisl'er of his 
 dignity was called a demise. I'litis the natural death 
 of a king or queen came to be denominated a demue, 
 as by that event tiie crown is transferred to a suc- 
 cessor. Blaek.tttnte. 
 
 'J. In later usa^e, the death of any distinguished 
 individual ; as, the demise of .Mr. Vitt. Trotter. 
 
 'i. A conveyance or transfer of an estate, by lease 
 or will. 
 
 Demise and redemise; a conveyance where there 
 are imitiial leases made from one to another of the 
 same land, or something out of it. Encijc. 
 DE-.MISE', e. t. To transfer or convey ; toIca.se. 
 
 2. To hequeatli ; to grant by will. Swift 
 nE-.MIS'f;i), pp. Gnintcd or lert by will. 
 I)E-.MIS'I.\'li, ppr. Bequeathing; granting by will. 
 DE-MIS'S10.\, (de-niisii'un,) «. A lowering; degra- 
 dation ; depression. L' Estran«e. 
 
 DE-.Ml!?S'IVE, ) a. Humble, [iift/e used.] 
 
 DE-.MI.-*S', j Sltenstone. 
 
 1)E-MIS.'»'LY, m/p. In a humble manner. Wot used.] 
 
 UE-.MIT', r. (. fL. demitlo.] 
 
 To let fall ; to depress ; to submit. [JVot used.] 
 
 DE.M'l-L'RcJE. tt. [Ur. Uniiiot'oyos ; Snpioi, a public 
 servant, ana coyof, work.] 
 
 In t/te jnyUttilva-y of Kttstern philosophers, a subordi- 
 nate deity or eon, employed in the creation of the 
 world ; a subordinate workman. Encyc. 
 
 DE.M-I-lJKG'ie, a. Pert.ainiug to a demiurge. 
 
 Trans, of Pau^anias. 
 
 J)R-MOe'RA-CY, n. [Gr. ^njioiroana ; Sripos, people, 
 and fparcui, to possess, to govern.] 
 
 Itoverniiu'nt by the people ; a form of government, 
 in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands 
 of the people collectively, or in which tlie people 
 exercise the [wwers of legislation. Such was the 
 government of Athens. 
 
 DE.M'0-€RAT, n. One who adheres to a government 
 by the people, or favors the e.ttension of the right of 
 siinVage to all classes of men. 
 
 DE.M-O-CKAT'IG, ) a. Popular ; pertaining to 
 
 DE.M-O-GKAT'ie-.VL, j democracy, or government 
 bv the iieople ; as, a democratical fonn of government. 
 
 DEM-O-eil.VT'ie-AL-LY, ado. In a democratical 
 manner. Sidney. 
 
 DE-Moe'RA-TIST, n. The same as Deuocrat. 
 
 DE-Moe'RA-TY, n. Democracy. 
 
 DE-.MO-GOR'GO.\, n. [Gr. (iui/iwi-, divinity, and 
 joojnj, dreadt'iil.] 
 
 Literally, terrible deity ; a mysterious divinity 
 among the ancients, mentioned by Milton. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 DE-XIOL'ISII, r. (. [Ft. demoUr, demolii.nnt : fip. de- 
 moler ; It. demotire ; L. demoUor ; de and molior, to 
 build. Cla-ss Ml, No. 12, 15.] 
 
 To throw or pull down ; to raze ; to destroy, as a 
 heap or structure ; to separate any collected in.ass, or 
 the connected parts of a thing; to ruin ; as, to de- 
 molLih an edifice, or a mound ; to demotuh a wall or 
 fortilic.ation. 
 
 DE-MOL'ISII-KD, (de-mol'isht,) pp. or a. Pulled 
 down i thrown down ; razed ; destroyed, as a fab- 
 ric or structure. 
 
 DE-.MOL'ISII ER,n. One who pulls or throws down ; 
 one who destroys or lays waste ; as, a dcmolisher of 
 towns. 
 
 DE-.MOL'ISII-I.\G, ppr. Pulling or throwing doivii ; 
 destro^ iiig. 
 
 DE-MOL'ItiII-.ME.\T, n. Ruin; overUirow. 
 
 Beaum, 
 
 DEM-0-LI"TIO\, (dem-o-Iish'un,) n. The act of 
 overthrowing, pulling down, or destroying a pile or 
 stnicture; niin ; destruction; as, the demolUion of a 
 house, or of miliUiry works. 
 
 Dittos, n. [L.dirmon ; Gr. faipuy ; Sp. It, demonio ; 
 Ft. demon i Ir. deamal, or deamon, Tlie origin and 
 primary sense of Uiis word I have not been able to 
 
 ascertain. Qu. Ar. 
 
 dahima, daima, to fall sud- 
 
 denly, to nish, to overwhelm, to obscure, to blacken ; 
 whence misfortune, black, blackness, evil, a mon- 
 ster. Or is it a comiMUnd of dea, dm, deus, and man. 
 
 a word signifjing evil, from the Persian.' I place 
 little coiilidence in these conjectures.] 
 
 A spirit, or imtiiaterial being, holdiiig a middle 
 place between men and the celestial deities of the 
 pagans. The ancients believed that there were good 
 and evil demons, which had influence over the 
 minds of men, and that these beings carried on an 
 intercourse between men and gods, conveying the 
 addresses of men to the gods, and divine benefits to 
 men. Hence demons became the objects of worship. 
 It was sujiposed, also, that Imni.in spirits, after their 
 departure from the body, became demons, and tiiat 
 the souls of virtuous men, if highly iiiirified, were 
 c.valteil from demons into gods. In the Scriptures, the 
 Greek Saiitiov is rendi red dciil, and sometiines, at 
 least, improperly ; for nothing is more certain than 
 that dilierent beings are intended by ft>i/l and 
 ('ai;<<i>i' The demons of the New Testament were 
 supposed to be spiritual beings which vexed and tor- 
 mented men. And, in general, the word, in modern 
 use, signifies an evil spirit or genius, which iiillu- 
 ences the conduct or directs tlic fortunes of mankind. 
 £See Campbell's Dissert.] 
 Di:'.MO.\-ESS, n. A female demon. Mcde. 
 
 Di'm'o NI' \e' \L \ P<"''>'»'"'"S '0 demons or evil 
 
 de^.mo'ni-an',' 'S 
 
 From Ihy defnoniac lioliU. MUton. 
 
 2. Influenced by demons ; produced by demons or 
 evil spirits. 
 
 Demonku ptirentjr. MUton, 
 
 DE-MO'NI-.\G, n. A human being pos.sessed by a 
 demon ; one whoso volition and other mental facul- 
 ties are overpowered, restrained, or disturbed, in 
 their regiil.ar oiierition, by an evil spirit, or by a cre- 
 ated spiritual being of superior power. Encyc. 
 
 DE.M-O NI'.Ve-.\L.-LY, adv. In a demoniacal man- 
 ner. 
 
 DE-.MO-NI'A-CISM, n. The state of being demoniac ; 
 or thv. practice of demoniacs. J\Idman. 
 
 DE-.MO'.NI-ACS, n, pi. In church history, a branch of 
 the .\nabaptists, whose distinguishing tenet w.as, 
 that, at the end of the world, the devil will be saved. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 DE-MO'NI-AN-IS.M, n. The stale of being possessed 
 
 by a demon. Warburton. 
 Dk'MON-IS.M, 7(. The belief in demons or false gods. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Dk'SION-IZE, v. t. To convert into a demon ; to in- 
 fuse the principles or fury of a demon. 
 
 DE-.MON-ue'R.\-CY, n. [Gr. iaii^uf, demon, and 
 Knareuj, to hold.] 
 Tile power or government of demons. 
 
 DE-MON-OL'A-TRY, n. [Gr. iai^Loji/, detnon, and 
 Xarocia, worship.] 
 
 The worship of demons, or of evil spirits. Campbell. 
 
 DE-MO.\-0-LOC'ie, ( a. Pertaining to deraonol- 
 
 DE-MON-O-LOG'ie-AL, j ogy. 
 
 UE-MON-OL'O-GIST, n. One who writes on demon- 
 ology. 
 
 DE-.MON-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. 6aipcoi', demon, and 
 
 Xojos, discourse.] 
 A discourse on demons ; a treatise on evil spirits. 
 
 So King James entitled his hook concerning witches. 
 DE-.MON'O-.MIST, n. [Gr. dtti;/ui', demon, and vopas, 
 
 law.] 
 
 One that lives in subjection to the devil, or to evil 
 spirits. HcrberU 
 DE-.MOX'O-MY, 71. [Supra.] The dominion of de- 
 mons, or evil spirits. Herbert. 
 Dk'MON-RY, n. Demoniacal influence. 
 
 Miss J. Baillie. 
 
 Dk'MON-SIIIP, n. The state of a demon. Mede. 
 
 DE-.MON'STRA-BLE,a. [See DEMossTRtTE.l That 
 may he demonstrated ; that may be proved beyond 
 doubt or coiitradicti<m ; capable of being shown by 
 certain evidence, or by evidence that admits of no 
 doubt ; as, the principles of geometry are demonstrable. 
 
 DE-MON'STRA-ULE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 demonstrable. 
 
 DE-.MO.N'STR.\-BLY, arfr. In a manner to preclude 
 doubt ; beyond the possibility of contradiction. 
 
 DE-MON'STRATE or DEM'ON-STRATE, r. «. [L. 
 demunstro ; de and monstro, to show ; Fr. demontrcr ; 
 Sp. and Port, demostrar; It. dimostrare. See Muster.] 
 1. To show or prove to be cert.iin ; to prove beyond 
 the possibility of doubt ; to prove in such a manner 
 as to reduce the contrary |>osition to evident absurd- 
 ity. We demonstrate a problem in geonietrj-, or a 
 proposition in ethics, by showing that the contrary is 
 absurd or ini|xi.ssible. 
 a. In anafK'/iv, to exhibit the p.arts when dissected. 
 
 DF^MON'STRA-TED or DE.M'ON-STRA-TED, ;>;i. 
 Proved beyond the possibdity of doubt ; rendered 
 certain to the mind. 
 
 DE-MON'STRA-TI.\G or DEM'ON-STRA-TING, ppr. 
 Proving to be certain ; evincing beyond the possibil- 
 itv of ildiibt. 
 
 DE.Sl-ON-STRA'TION, n. Literally, a showing forth 
 or exhibition, commonly in the plural ; as, denwnstra- 
 tions of joy. Jlilford. 
 
 9. The act of demonstrating, or of exhibiting cer- 
 tain proof. 
 
 3. Tlie liiglie.st degree of evidence ; certain proof 
 exhibited, or such proof as esUiblislies a fact orjiro))- 
 osition 'leyond a possibility of dieibt, or iu< shows 
 the contrary position to be absurd or impossible. 
 
 4. Iiidubitiible evidence of the senses, or of reasim ; 
 evidence which satisfies the mind of the certainty of 
 a fact or proposition. Thus, we hold that the works 
 of nature exhibit demonstration of the existence of a 
 God. 
 
 5. In lopie, a series of syllogisms, all whose prem- 
 ises are either definitions, self-evident truths, or jirop- 
 ositions already established. Encyc. 
 
 G. In anatomy, the exhibition of parts dissected. 
 
 7. In military affairs, a movement of troops toward 
 a given point, as if to make an att.ack. Hence, 
 
 S. Any movement against or attempt upon ; as, 
 Napoleon made his first demonstration on Holland. 
 
 .^lison^s Europe. 
 DE-MO.\'STRA-TIVE, a. Sliowingor proving by cer- 
 tain evidence ; having the |Kiwer of demon.stration ; 
 invincibly conclusive ; as, a demonstrative argument, 
 or demonstrative reasoning. 
 
 2. Having the power of showing with clearness 
 and certainty ; as, a demonstrative figure in paiiifiiig. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. Among the Latin rhetoricians, that lays open or 
 explains with clearness, force, and beauty ; as, de- 
 monstrative eliMpieiice. Blair. 
 
 DE-.MON'STRA-TIVE-LY, ailv. With certain evi- 
 dence ; with proof wliicli can not be questioned ; 
 certainly ; clearly ; convincingly. 
 
 DE-MO.\'STRA-f IVE-NESS, 71. Quality of being' 
 demoiisfralive. 
 
 DE.M'O.N-STRA-TOR, n. One who demonstrates ; one 
 who proves any thing with certainty, or with indu- 
 bitable evidence. 
 
 2. In anatomy, one who exhibits the parts when 
 dissected. 
 
 DE-.MO.\'!5TRA-T0 RY, tt. Tending to demonstrate ; 
 having a tendency to prove beyond a possibility of 
 doubt. 
 
 DE-.MOR-AL-I-ZA'TIO.\, 71. [See Demoralize.] 
 The act of subverting or corrupting morals ; destruc- 
 tion of moral principles. 
 
 DE-.MOR'.\Lr-IZE, v. t. [(/c and moralize or moral.] 
 To corrupt or undermine the monils of ; to destroy 
 or lessen tile effect of moral jiriiiciplcs on ; to render 
 corrupt in morals. 
 
 The cfTccl would be to dtTnonlize mixiikin<l. 
 
 Orauau, on Catholic Petition. 
 
 The native vj^r of the »oul must wholly <UaitppeAr, viii<irr the 
 sl'Mily iiimi*fiicc uml the drmomtizmg fXiiinpIe of i n.tlii^li) 
 powiT aiid prosperous cninc. Walsh, l.euert on Fiance. 
 
 l)F,-MOR'.\L-IZ-ioD, pp. Corrupted in morals. 
 DE-.MOR'AL-IZ-Ii\G, ppr. Corrupting or destroying 
 morals or mural principlt^s. 
 2. a. Ti'ndiiig to dcstrov morals or moral principles. 
 DEM-OS-THEN'ie, a. PLrtaining to Demosthenes, 
 
 the Grecian orator. 
 DE-.MOT'ie, a. [Gr. ^ijjioriirof , from iriiiof, people.] 
 Popular ; common ; pertaining to the people. 
 
 RiL-^sell. 
 
 Demotic characters, among the ancient Egy ptians, 
 were a conversion of hieroglyphics into a kind of 
 current hand, for popular use, approaching very 
 nearly to alphabetical writing. Brande. 
 DE-MULCE', (de-muls',) i). t. [h. demulceo.] 
 
 To soothe ; to soften or pacify. [Aof used.] 
 DE-MUL'CENT, a. [L. demuleens, demulceo ; de and 
 mulcco, to stroke, to soften ; allied, perhaps, to mollis, 
 mclloie,] 
 
 Softening ; mollifying ; lenient ; as, oil is demul- 
 cent. 
 
 DE-.MUL'CENT, n. Any medicine which lessens the 
 effects of irritation on the solids ; that which softens 
 or mollifies ; as gums, roots of marsh-mallows, and 
 other mucilaginous substances. 
 
 DE-.MUR', V. i. [Fr. demeurer ; Sp. danorar ; Port. 
 demorar ; It. dimorare ; L. devioror ; de and moror, to 
 stay or delay, mora, delay ; Arm. mirff, to hold ; Sax. 
 nerran, myrran, to hintler; allied to L. miror, and 
 Eng. to mour, Sp. amarrar.] 
 
 1. To stop ; to pause ; to hesitate ; to suspend pro- 
 ceeding ; to delay determination or conclusion. On 
 receiving this information, the minister demurred, till 
 he could obtain ftlrther instructions. 
 
 2. In late, to stop at any [Kiint in the pleadings, 
 and rest or abide on that point in law for a decision 
 of the cause. Thus the defendant may demur to the 
 plaintifTs decl.iration, alleging it to be insufficient in 
 law ; the plaintiff may demur to the defendant's plea 
 for a like reason. 
 
 DE-.MUR', r. f. To doubt of. [JVot legitimate.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 DE-MIIR' 71. Stop; pause; hesitation as to the pro- 
 priety ol^ proceeding ; suspense of proceeding or de- 
 cision. 
 
 AU my demur* but itout4e lua ■ttacks. Pop*. 
 DE-MCRE', a. [Perhaps from demur, that is, set, fixed, 
 st.ayed, silent.] 
 
 Sober ; grave ; modest ; downcast ; as, a demure 
 countenance ; a denture abasing of the eye. Bacon. 
 DE-.MC'RE', r. i. To look with a grave countenance. 
 [JVut used.] Shak. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IJNITE — AN"GER, Vl"ClOUS. — G as K ; G as J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 40* 317 
 
DEN 
 
 DEN 
 
 DEN 
 
 DEv'^IURE'LY, adv. With a grave, solemn counte- 
 nance ; with a fixed look ; with a solemn gravity. 
 Esop's damsel s^t demurely at the board's end. Bacon. 
 
 DE-5ICRE'NESS, n. Gravity of countenance ; sober- 
 ness ; a modest look. Sidney. 
 
 DE MUR'RACE, ii. [See Demur.] An allowance 
 made to the owner of a trading vessel, for delay 
 or detention in port beyond the appointed time of 
 departure. This expense is paid by the merchant 
 who causes the detention. 
 
 DE-MUU'RKD, (de-murd',)pp. Stopped; objected to. 
 
 DE-MUR'RER, n. One who demurs. 
 
 2. In law, a stop at some point in the pleadings, 
 anil a resting of the decision of the cause on that 
 point ; an issue on matter of law. A dennirrer con- 
 fesses the fact or facts to be true, but denies the suf- 
 ficiency of the facts in point of law to support the 
 claim or defense. .\ demurrer may be tendered to 
 the declaration, to the plea, to the replication, to the 
 rejoinder, &.C. Black-tlnfie. 
 
 DE-.MUR'RING, pi>r. Stopping ; pansing ; suspending 
 proceedings or decision ; resting or abiding on a point 
 in law. 
 
 DE-.MY', n. [Fr. demi, half.] 
 
 1. A particular size of paper ; a kind of paper of 
 small size. 
 
 3. A half fellow at JIagdalen College, Oxford. 
 DEX, n. [Sax. den, dene, dcnii, a valley ; It. Uma ; Fr. 
 
 ianicre; Ir. tuinnrdJie.] 
 
 1. A cave or hollow place in the earth : usually ap- 
 plied to a cave, pit, or subterraneous recess, used for 
 concealment, shelter, protecticm, or security ; as, a 
 lion's den; a den of robbers or thieves. 
 
 The beasts go into tfens. — Job xxxvii. 
 
 The childrcn of Israel made iheiiiselves dens. — Judges vi. 
 
 2. As a termination, in names of places, it denotes 
 the place to be in a valley or near a wood. 
 
 DEN, V. i. To dwell as in a den. 
 
 DE-N,\R'eOT-lZE, v. t. [dc and narcotlr.] To de- 
 prive of narcotine j as, to denarcotize opium. 
 
 .Tourn. of SelcJice, 
 
 DE-N.\'RI-US, n. : p?. Denabii. [L., from (/cm, ten.] 
 A Roman coin of the value of about sixteen or 
 seventeen cents ; so called from the ktter X upon it. 
 In lnvj-book<, it is used for an English penny. 
 
 DEN'A-RV, a. [L. denarius.] 
 Containing ten. 
 
 nEX'A-RY, 7!. The number ten. Dighy. 
 
 DE-Na'TION-AL-IZE, (-na'shun- or -tiash'un-,) v. t. 
 [de and natiim.] To divest of national character or 
 rights, by transference to the service of another 
 nation. A ship built and registered in the United 
 Slates, is denationalized by being employed in the 
 service of another nation and bearing its flag. 
 
 French Decrees. Dec. of the Prince Regent. 
 
 DE-X.5'TION-AL-iZ-£D, pp. Deprived of national 
 rights. ' 
 
 DE-jNA'TION-AL-IZ-INGjPpr. Deprivinj^v.f national 
 rights. 
 
 DE-.NAT'UR-AT.-IZE, r. f. [de anA naturalize.] To 
 
 render unnatural ; to alienate from nature. 
 DE-.\AT'UR-AL-IZ-£D,7>p. Made unnatural. FA. Rer. 
 9. Deprived of naturalization or acquired citizen- 
 ship in a foreign country. 
 DE-N.\T'ITR-.\L-IZ-I.\G, p;ir. Making unnatural. 
 2. Depriving of acquired citizenship in a foreign 
 country, 
 
 DE-.\SY', 71. Denial ; refusal. [Ohs.] Sliulc. 
 DE-NaY', r. To deny. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 DE.N'DRA-eilATE, n. [Gr. otvipof, a tree, and 
 
 aV"'''5> agate.] 
 
 Arborescent agate ; agate containing the figures of 
 
 shrubs or parts of plants. Fncvc. 
 DE.N'DRI-FOK.M, a. Having the appearance of a 
 
 tree. Gdberl. 
 DE.N'DRITE, n. [Gr. hflnov, a tree, and XiWoj, a 
 
 stone, a contraction of dciulrolite.] 
 A stone or mineral, on or in which are the figures of 
 
 shrubs or trees ; an arborescent mim.'ral. Fourermj. 
 DE.N'-DRlT'ie, j a. Containing the figures of 
 DKN-DRIT'ie-.'VI-, i shrubs or trees, as stones, &c. 
 DE.N'DROII), «. [(Jr. f^evipoi', a tree, and tiiJuv, form.] 
 
 Ri scinbling a shrub. 
 DEN'fJIlOIT, 7!. A fossil which has some resem- 
 blance in form to the branch of a tree. 
 
 Did, oj JVat. Hist. 
 DE.N'DRO-UTE, n. [Gr. ht'ipoti, a tree, and XiOi;s, 
 
 a stone.] 
 
 A petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a plant. 
 
 Diet, ofj^at. IIi.-<t. 
 DE.\-DROL'0-CY, n. [Gr. (5£n!pof,a tree, and Adjoj, 
 a dijiconrst!.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on trees ; the natural hi.s- 
 tiiry of trees. Diet. 
 DEN DROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. hi„\pov, a tree, and 
 liiriti.1,1, to meiLsure.] 
 
 An instrument to measure the higlit ami ilianieter 
 c»f IreeH. FncijC. 
 DE.N'i; GaTE, r. (. [I.,, denego.] 
 
 To deny. \J\%t wted.] 
 DRN-E-GA'TIO.N, n. Denial. [■N'ni in v-ir.] 
 DE.V'GI.'Bi (deng gi,) n. A pixuliur nor! of fugitive 
 and erratic epidemic rheumatism. 
 
 [This disease, when it first appeared in the British 
 West India isla ds, \va~ calli il Ilie dandi/ [ever, from 
 tlie still'iiess and conslraiiil u hich it gave to tlie limbs 
 and body, ^'he Spaniards of llie neighboring islantls 
 niistotik the term for their \\"ord drm/ne, deiu)liiig 
 pruderj', whirh might also well express still'ness, and 
 lience the term dengue became, at last, the name of 
 the disease. Tulhi.] 
 
 DE-NrA-liLE, fl. [See Deny.] That may be denied 
 or contradicted. Brown. 
 
 DE-NI'.\L, 7!. [See De.vv.] An affirmation to the 
 coiitrarj' ; an assertion tliat a declaratiiui or fact 
 stated is not true ; negation ; contradiction. It is 
 often expressed by no or not, simply. 
 
 2. Refusal to grant ; the negation of a request or 
 potition ; the contrary tti i^rant, allowance, or cnnces- 
 sion; as, his request or application met with a direct 
 denial. 
 
 3. .A rejection, or refusing to acknowledge ; a dis- 
 owning ; as, a lU liml of ( Jod ; or a refusing to receive 
 or enilirace ; as, a iltwal t)l'the faith or the truth. 
 
 4. .\ denial of vnr^s setf, is a declining of some 
 gratification ; restraint of one's appetites or pro- 
 jiensities. 
 
 DE-i\I'ER, 7!. One who denies or contradicts ; one 
 who refuses or rejects; a disowner ; one who does 
 not own, avow, or acknowledge ; as, a denier of a 
 fact, or of the faith, or of Christ. 
 
 [It \vi>iild be better written Denver.] 
 DE-XiljU', (de-neer',) n. [Fr.,froni L. denarius ; It. 
 danaio, dnnaro ; Sp. dinero/\ 
 
 A small denomination of French money, the 
 twelfth part of a sol ; a small copjier coin. 
 DEi\'I-GR.\TE, V. t. [L. dcnigro ; de and nigra, from 
 iiiger, black.] 
 
 To blacken ; to make black. Boyle. 
 DEN-I GRA'TIOiN, 7i. The act of making black; a 
 blacking. 
 
 DEN-1-TRa'TION, 71. A disengaging of nitric acid. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 DEN-[-Za'TION, 71. [See Denizen.] The act of 
 making one a denizen, subject, or citizen. This, in 
 England, is done hj- the king's letters patent. 
 
 DEN'I-Z/^.V, (den'e-zn,) n. [In W. dinastor is a citi- 
 zen, from dinas, din, a fortress or fortified tt>wn, a 
 city. But in denizen, the last syllable seems to be the 
 same as in citizen.] 
 
 1. In England, an alien who is made a subject by 
 the king's letters patent, holding a midille state be- 
 tween an alien anti a natural born subject. He may 
 take land by purchase or devise, which an alien can 
 not ; but he can not take by inheritance. Enctjc. 
 
 2. A stranger admitted to residence in a foreign 
 country. 
 
 Ye ^ofls, 
 
 Natives, or denizens, of Ucsl abodes. Dryden. 
 
 3. A dweller; as, the dcHiicas of air. Pope. 
 DEN'I-ZiJN, V. t. To make a denizen ; to admit to 
 
 residence with certain rights and privileges ; to in 
 franchise. 
 
 DEX'I-ZK.V-ZCD, (den'e-znd,) pp. Infranchised. 
 DEX'I Z/.N'-SIIIP, 71. State of being a denizen. 
 UEX'.MaRK SAT'IN, 71. A kind of lasting; a stout 
 
 worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for 
 
 ladies' shoes. 
 
 DE-NO.M'IN-A-BEE, a. [See Denomikate.] That 
 may be denominated or named. Brown, 
 
 DE-NOM'IN-aTE, v. t. [L. denomino ; de and nomino, 
 to name. See Name.] 
 
 To name ; to give a name or epithet to ; as, a race 
 of intelligent beings denominated man. Actions are 
 denominated virtuous or vicious, according to their 
 character. 
 
 DE-NO.M'IN-a-TED, pp. Named; called. 
 DE-.\().M'IN-.\-TING, ppr. Naming. 
 DE-NU.M-IN-a'TIO.V, n. The act of naming. 
 
 2. A name orappellation ; a vocal sound, customarily 
 used to express a tliingor a quality, in discourse ; as, 
 all men fall nntler the denominutiun of sinm;rs ; ac- 
 tions fall under the denomination of good or bad. 
 
 3. A society or collection of individuals, ctdleil by 
 the same name ; a sect ; as, a denomination of 
 Christians. 
 
 DE-NO.M-IN-a'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to a de- 
 nomination, or a number of indivitluals c:illed by 
 the same nam**. 
 
 DE-NOM-IN-A'TION-AL-LY, ado. By denomination 
 or sect. 
 
 DE-NO.M'IN-ATIVE, n. That gives a name; that 
 
 confi.'rs a distinct appellation. 
 DE-NOM'IN-A-TIVE-EY, ado. By denomination. 
 
 Baztcr. 
 
 DE-NOM'IN-A-TOR, n. He that gives a name. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, that number placed below the 
 line in vulgar fractions, which shows into how 
 many parts the integt^r is divided. Thus, in ?, 5 is 
 the denominator, showing that the integer is divided 
 into five parts ; and the numerattir, 3, shows how 
 many parts are taken, that is, three fifths, 
 DE-NOT'A-BLE,a. 'J'liat intiy be denoted or marked. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 DEN-O-TA'TION, 71. [\„ dcnolalio. See Denote.] 
 I Tile act of deiititing. Hammond. 
 
 DE-XOT'A-'I'I VE, a. Having power to ilenote. 
 
 DE-NoTE', II. (. [L. denoto ; de and nntu, to note or 
 mark; Ft. denoter; i^ii. dcnotar : It. dcnotarc.] 
 
 I. To mark ; to signil'y by a visible sign ; to indi- 
 cate ; to express. The character X t'f'iftc.v niulii|ili- 
 calion. Daif.s Jilgrbra. 
 
 9. To show ; to betoken ; to indicate ; as, a quick 
 pulse denotes fever. 
 
 DH-NoT'EI), pp. Marked; signified; indicatetl. 
 
 DE-NoTE'ME\T, ;i. Sign ; indication. Shal;. 
 
 DE-NoT'l.\G, ppr. Marking; expressing; indicttting. 
 
 DE-J^OUE'MEJ\"T, (tie-noo'm'ing,) 71. [Fr., from t/c- 
 nouer, to untie ; de and nouer, to tie, L. nodo,] 
 The unravelling or discovery of Ji plot. IVarton, 
 
 DE-NOUNCE', (de-nouns',) p. (. [Fr. dcnonrn- ; .-'p. 
 denunciar ; It. denunziare ; L. dcr.nncio ; de and nuneio, 
 to tell, or declare, from nomen, or its root.] 
 
 1. To declare solemnly ; to proclami in a threaten- 
 ing manner; to announce or declare, as a threat. 
 
 1 denounce to you, litis day, that ye shall surely perish. — Dent. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 So we say, to denounce war ; to denounce wrath. 
 9. To threaten by some outward sign or expres- 
 sion. 
 
 His look denounced revenue. MUton, 
 3. To inform against ; to accuse ; as, to denounce 
 one for neglect of duty. 
 DE-.NOUNC'£D, (de-notinst',) pp. Threatened by open 
 declaration ; as, punishment is denounced against the 
 ungodly. 
 
 2. Accused ; proclaimed ; as, he was denounced as 
 an enemy. 
 
 DE-NOUNCE'MENT, 71. The declaration of a men- 
 ace, or of evil ; denunciation. Brown. 
 
 DE-NOUNC'ER, 71. One who denounces, or declares 
 a menace. 
 
 Hen? t:omes th"? sad deitouncer of my fate. « Dryden, 
 
 DE-NOUNC'ING,ppr. Declaring, as a threat ; threat- 
 ening ; accusing. 
 DE myvO, [I..] Anew ; again. 
 DENSE, (dens,) a. [L. den.iiui; Fr. dense; Sp. and It. 
 denso. Q.U. Gr. Soars, n being casual.] 
 
 1. Close ; coinpact ; htiving its con.stitiient parts 
 closely united ; applied to soliiL or fluids ; as, a dense 
 body ; dense air. 
 
 2. Thick ; as, a dense cloud or fog. 
 
 DENSE' LY, nJi'. In a close, coinpact manner. Lerer. 
 DENSE'NESS, (deiis'ness,) n. The same as De.nsitv. 
 DENS'I-TY, n. [L. den.'.-itas.] 
 
 1. Closeness of constituent parts ; compactness. 
 Deu.^itij is opposed to 7'a7-/(i/ ; and, in philosophy, the 
 density of a body indicates the quantity of inaltercon- 
 taiiieti in it under a given bulk. If a body of eiiiial 
 bulk Willi another is of double llie density, it contains 
 double the quantity of matter. 
 
 2. Thickness ; as, the densitij of fog. 
 
 DENT, 71. [Ann. danto, to gap or notch. It seems to 
 be from d/iot, a tooth ; Fr. dtnt; L. deus t Gr. fu^jts- ,• 
 W. dant; It. dcute; Sp. diente, whence dcntar, enden 
 
 tar, to tooth; Port, dente; Pers. '.^iSa^ dandun ; 
 
 ' ' «_> 
 
 Gipsy and Hindoo, dont, danda. Hence Fr. dentcUr, 
 to dent or indent, to jag or notch.] 
 
 1. Literally, a tooth or projecting point. But it is 
 used to express a gap or notch, or rather a depression 
 or small hollow in a .solid body ; a hollow made by 
 the pressure of a harder boily on a softer ; intlenta- 
 tion. In this sense, it is in customary use in the 
 United States. 
 
 2. A stroke. Spenser. 
 DENT, x\ t. To make a dent or small hollow. [See 
 
 Indent.] 
 
 DENT'AL, n. [J., dentulis.] 
 
 Pertaining to the ti l th ; as, dental surgery. In 
 grammar, formed or pronounced by the tetdh, with 
 the aid of tlie tongue ; as, d and t are dental U tters. 
 
 DENT'AJj, 71. An articulation or letter fornird by 
 placing the end of the tongue against the upper teeth, 
 or against the gum that covers the root of the upiier 
 teeth ; as (/, t, an d th. 
 
 2. A genus of shell fish, Dentalium, of several spe- 
 cies. The shell consists of one tubultjus straight 
 valve, open at both ends. Enciic. 
 
 DE.\T'AL-ITE, n. A fossil shell of the genus Denta- 
 lium. 
 
 DENT^A-TCl), I "■ f^" ''"'""""' ''"'"-^ 
 
 Toothed ; having sharj) teeth, with concave edges. 
 
 LififHea. 
 
 A dentated root, is a fleshy, branched root, having 
 toolh-like prolongations. D. C. IVilld. 
 
 DENT'.\TE-SIN'i;-,\TE, n. A term denoting a form 
 inlernii'diate bet» ( 1 11 dentate and sinuate. 
 
 DEIVT'EI), a. Indented ; impressed with little hol- 
 lows. 
 
 DEN-TEI/IiT, (-tcl'le,) n.pl. [It. dentello. See Dentiw] 
 Motlillions. Spectator. 
 
 DENT'1-CIJ;, (dent'e-kl,) 71. [L. dcnticultu,] 
 
 A small loolh or projecting point. /.'•''. 
 
 DEN-TIC'U-E.\Ti;, ( «. [ E. (/oificii/ofu', from dens, 
 
 I)K.\-TIC'i;-l,.^-Ti;n, | a tooth.] 
 
 Having small teeth ; as, a denticulate leaf, cnly.t, or 
 seed. Bolanij. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WII^T. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRU.-NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BOQK.— 
 
 ai8 
 
DEO 
 
 1)EN-Tl€'i;-LATE-LY, aJo. In a ilunticulate inaii- 
 
 Il'T. 
 
 I)i;.\-Tie-lI-l.A'TION, II. 'l lie st:iU' ofliciiig set witli 
 
 fiwxW Ici'tli. Ornr. 
 I)E.\ T'l-l'OU.M, a. [1,. liens, a tooth, and/urao, form.] 
 
 Il:ivina llie furm oC a tuotli. h'iritaii. 
 DENTM KKICE, (-l'ris,)ji. [Fr., from L. acns,a tootli, 
 aiid /rico, to l uli. [ 
 
 A pow iturj)r otncr suhstanre to bi- used in cleaninK 
 llio trrili. liunit sliflls and clinrcual imlvorizt-d make 
 an r.\rrlli"nl dentifrice, 
 DE.NT'IL, n. [ I« Jrai, a tooth.] 
 
 In archilecUire, an ornament in rorniios hrarinj 
 some rcseuililanrc to tfillf; tisi'il p:irlii:iilarly in tlic 
 Ionic, (^irintltian, and C\>mposilf ord^T. 
 DE.\'!"I\C!. SeK Indentino. 
 
 UK.N TI-l!OS''I"l{.AL, o. [L. ilcnx, a tootli, and ri),<- 
 trtnn, a beak.] 
 
 Ilavinu a toothed hill ; npiilird to n jronii of insrs- 
 sorial birds, having the hill conspicuously notchrd, 
 and feeding chiclly on insects, lis the shrikes and 
 thrushes. Hicuiusvn. 
 
 DE.N"l"lfT, 71. One whose occupation is to clean and 
 evtract teeth, or repair them when diseased. 
 
 DE.N'T'IST-KY, it. The art or practice of a dentist. 
 
 DE.V-T1"TU).\, (^-tish'un,) ii. [L. dcntilh, from dcitlUi, 
 to breed teeth, Irom (/r;i.s',] 
 
 I. The breedins or cultinj; of teeth in infancy. 
 
 0. The time of brcediuf; teeth. 
 DE.NT'IZE, r. I. or i. [L. dens, a tooth.] 
 
 T<i renew the teeth, or have them renewed. Bacon, 
 DR\T't/,-KD, pp. Havinc the teeth renewed. 
 DE.\T'I/.-LN(;, ppr. Ilenewins the tei-th. 
 DE-.NOD'.aTE, j c. t. [L. denudoi dc and hikJo, to make 
 DE-.NOUE', i bare ; nii/hw, naked.] 
 
 'I'o strip ; to divest of all covering ; to make bare 
 or naked. Rutf. Shtirp. 
 
 DE-.\U-I),\'TI0X, n. The act of stripping off cover- 
 in: ; a making bare. 
 
 i2. In i'cu/u»!/, the laying b.arc of rocks by the ac- 
 tion of running water, removing earth, &c., from 
 above ; slmt.a f.X|M»sed. BucUand. 
 DK-SOiyjiU, pp. I:>trippeii; divested of covering; laid 
 bare. 
 
 DE-.NOO'I.VO, ppr. Stripping of covering; making 
 DE-i\U.N"ClATE, (-sh.">te,) e. t. [L. iknuncio.] [bare. 
 
 To denounce ; wiiieh see. 
 DE-NU.\-Cl-.\'TIO.\, H. [L. dcttunciatio, from denun- 
 cio, S*'e Demu'nce.J 
 
 Solemn or formal ilei laration, accompanied with a 
 "menace ; or the declaration of iuleuiled evil ; procla- 
 nialion of » threat; a public menace ; as, a denuncia- 
 tion of war or of wratli, 
 DE-Nli'\'CI-A-TC)ll, II. He that denounces ; one who 
 publishes or proclaims, especially intended evil; one 
 who threatens. 
 3. An accuser; one who informs against another. 
 
 DE-Ni;.V'CI-A-TO-RV, a. Containing a public threat; 
 
 minalor)'. .luhnson. 
 DE-NT', e./. [Vt. denier; li.denrf^o; de and nc^o, to 
 
 deny, Sw. nrkn, \V. nam. Hence, ninjy Dan. nrj. The 
 
 sense is, to thrust from.] 
 
 1. To contradict ; to gainsay ; to declare a st.ite- 
 ment or position not to he true. We drnij what an- 
 other says, or we drnij a proposition. We deny the 
 truth of an assertion, or the assertion itself. The 
 sense of this verb is often expressed by no or naij. 
 
 a. To refuse to grant ; as, w e asked' for bread, and 
 the man denied us. 
 
 3. Not to atToril ; to withhold. 
 
 Wlio finds iioi Pruvi tf-ncf nil ^ond nnH wije, 
 
 Aliko ill wh;U lie gitn, aiitl what dtmt* 7 Pope. 
 
 A. To disown ; to rcfuso or neglect to acknowl- 
 edge ; not to confess. 
 
 lie Uint denUth iiip Iw-forc irn'ii ih JI lie detueil the aiigrla 
 
 oriiotl. — Liiki* xii. 
 
 5. To reject ; to disown ; not to receive or em- 
 brace. 
 
 He ti.ith dewJ tlie faith, nnJ k wonc thnn nn iiiridrl. — 1 
 Ti.ii. V. 
 
 Denying un§;oiUinrss mtil uorl Jljr tusu. — Tit. ii. 
 
 (i. Not to adltrd or yield. Kinean. 
 To denij one's self, is to decline the gmtifii atioii of 
 appetites or desires ; to refrain from ; to abstain. The 
 teni|i"nite man dnnes liimsrif the free use. tif spinlii- 
 OU8 liipiors. i denied nnjsrlfthe pleasure of your roni- 
 pany. " God can not i/i:/ii/ rtinisW/." He can not act 
 in contradiction to his character and promises. He 
 can not h ■ unfaithful. 'J /'nn. ii. 
 
 DE .\ VI .VG, mir. Contradicting; gainsaying; dis- 
 owning ; refusing. 
 
 DE-Oll-STRl'CT', r. L [I.. * and obtlruo, to stop ; ob 
 and .vfruii, to pile.] 
 
 To remove obstructions or impedinienLs to a pas- 
 sage ; to clear from anv thing that hinders the |>as- 
 sage of fluids in the proper diictd of the body ; as, to 
 deoh.tirnri the pon-s or lacteals. 
 
 DE-DIt-STRUeT'EI), pp. Cleared of obstrucUons; 
 opened. 
 
 DE-on STRreT'I.N'G, ppr. Removing impediments 
 to a p;Lss,age. 
 
 DE-(Jlt'STRU-E\T, o. Removing obstructions ; hav- 
 
 DEP 
 
 ing power to clear or open the natural ducts of the 
 fluiils and secretions of the body , resolving viscidi- 
 ties ; nperit nt. Core. F.ncvc. 
 DE-Oli'STRlJ i;\T, 71. Any medicine which removes 
 ohstriictiiins and opens the natural passagi^s of the 
 fluids of the body, as the pores and lacteal vessels ; 
 an aperient. Calomel is a powerful dcuhstruenU 
 l)K'0-IJANn, 71. [L. Deo dnndns, to he given to God.] 
 1. In England, a personal chattel which is the im- 
 mediate occasion of the tleath of a rational creature, 
 anil for that reasim, /riien to God : that is, forfi ileil to 
 the king, to he apjilied to pious uses, anil distributed 
 in alms by his high almoner. Thus, if a cart runs 
 over a man and kills liim, the cart is forfeited as a dc- 
 odand. Bitickstone. F^nir. Line. 
 
 a. In popnJarnsn^e^n fine impos(;d by way of com- 
 mutation for the tiling thus forfeited. England. 
 01".-()N'EII-aTE, r. (. [I,, dconero ; i/e and uiiiu.] 
 
 To unload. [J\'ot awn/.] 
 I)E-().\-T0I,'0-GY, n. [Gr. tVoi- and ,\ oc] 
 
 'I'he science of duty. T. Clialiners. 
 
 DE-01"I'I-I.aTE, v. t. [I,, de and oppilo.] 
 
 To f rec from obstructions ; to clear a piissage. [Lit- 
 tle ns-rd.] 
 
 DE-Ol'-IM-L.^'TION, n. The removal of ohstriic- 
 
 lioiis. [Little used.] Broirn. 
 r)E-Or'Pl-l..\-TIVE, a. Deobstruent ; npcrieni. 
 
 I/tircey. 
 
 DE nu 1)1 NA'TION, a. [L. dc and ordinalio.] 
 
 Disorder. f.Viit in use.] Haielcn, 
 
 DE-().S'eU-EATE, r. U [L. deosculor.] 
 To kiss. r.Vcit in itsc.J 
 
 I)E-OS-eU-LA'TIO.V, M. A kissing. [JV'i.f in i/.^c] 
 
 Stlllinaprt^ 
 
 DE-OX'Y-D.ITE, v. t. [dc and orijdate, from Gr. of i {, 
 acid.) 
 
 To deprive of oxygen, -or reduce from the state of 
 an oxvit. Clie.mi.tlrii. 
 DE-0.\'V-DA-TED, pp. Reduced from the state of an 
 o.vvd. 
 
 I)E-0.\'Y-DA-TI\G, ppr. or <i. Reducing from the 
 
 state of an ox\ il. 
 DE-O.X-Y-Da-TIO.V, 71. The act or process of reduc- 
 ing from the state of an o.wd. 
 DE-OX-Y-DI-Za'TION, h. Deoxvdation. 
 DIVOX'Y-DIZE, f. t. 'J'o deowdate. 
 DE-OX'V-DlZ-ED, pp. Deoxvilated. 
 DE-UX'V-UIZ-IXG, ppr. Deiixydating. 
 
 J^ote. — Deoiydatc and drofydiic are synonymous ; 
 
 but the former is preferalile, on account of the length 
 
 of the word drorttdization. 
 DE-OX'Y-CiE\-.AtE, V. U [de and ozyirenale.] To 
 
 deprive of oxygen. Davy, Med. Rep. 
 
 DR-OX'Y-GEN-A-TED, pp. Deprived of owgeii. 
 DE-OX'Y-rtEN-S-TlNG, ppr. Depriving of oxygen. 
 DE-OX-Y-CEN-a'TION, 71. Tlie .act or oi>cnition of 
 
 depriving of oxygen. 
 DE-P.^ IN'P', 7'. t. [Vt. depcindre, depeint ; de and pcin- 
 
 drc, L. pintro, to pa:nt.] 
 
 1. To paint ; to picture ; to represent in colors, as 
 
 by painting the resemblance of. Spenser, 
 'i. To describe in words. Oay. 
 DE-PAI.VT'ED, pp. Painted; represented in colors; 
 
 described. 
 
 DE-P.UNT'ER, n. A painter. nou^Ias. 
 
 DE-P.ilNT'lNt;, /i;ir. Painting; representing in col- 
 ors ; describing. 
 
 DE-P.'vRT', I', i. [Fr. drpartir ; dc and partir, to sep,a- 
 rate ; Sp. departir. See Part.] 
 
 1. To go or move from. 
 
 Depart (mm me, ye cuned, into everlasting (ire. — Matt. xxv. 
 
 It is followed by from, or from is implied before the 
 place left. " I will depart to my own land ; " that is, 
 I will ili |nrt /ni7;i this jilace to my own land. jVuni. x. 
 
 2. To go from ; to leave ; to ilesist, as from a prac- 
 tire. Jehu departed not from the sins of Jerohoaiii. 
 Ji hoshaphat departed not from the way of .Asa li:s 
 father. 
 
 3. To leave ; to rtevi.atc from : to forsake ; not to ad- 
 here to or foflow ; as, we can not i/c;iiir( from our rules. 
 
 I hare in,l departed from tliy J'l-lg iit». — cMX. 
 
 4. To di!sisl ; to leave ; to abandon ; as, he would 
 not depart from his pur|)ose, resolution, or demand. 
 
 5. To be lost ; to perish ; to vanish ; as, his glory 
 has departed. 
 
 G. To die ; to decease ; to leave this world. 
 
 Loni, now kttp«t Ihon Uiy servant depart in pence, uceonlin^ to 
 tiiy wiinl, — t^iikf ii. 
 
 To depart Uua life, is elliptical, from being under- 
 
 BtOtMl. 
 
 7. To leave ; to forsake ; to abandon ; as, to depnH 
 
 8. To cease. [from evil. 
 
 The prey depnrteOx not. — Nah. iii. 
 
 9. To deviate ; to vary from. 
 
 II tJie plan of the coorentfoii Is: found to depart from r»pohlicnn 
 piiiiaples. Madison, 
 
 10. To vary; to deviate from the title or defense 
 in pleading. Blackstone. 
 
 1 1. To iKirt with. [JVot in «.«.] Shak, 
 To depart from Odd, is to forsake his service and 
 
 live in sin ; to a|iosiutizc ; to revolt ; to desert his 
 government and laws. 
 
 DEP 
 
 God departs from men, when he abandons them to 
 their own sinful inclinaticms, or ceases to bestow on 
 them his favor, llnsra ix. 
 
 DE-PA IIT', V, U To divide or separate; to part. 
 [A^iif nsed,] Shak. Spcnsrr, 
 
 DE-P.\RT', B. The act of going away ; de.ith. [A'ot 
 used.] Sfiak. 
 9. Tlivision ; separation. [Aoi iLied.] Bacon. 
 
 DE-PART'ED, |)/;. oro. .Gone from; vanished; dead. 
 
 DE-PA RT'ER, II. One who refines metals by separa- 
 tion. f.Vijf used.] 
 
 DE-PART'ING, ppr. or a. Going from; leaving; de- 
 sisting; forsaking; vanishing; dying. 
 
 DE-PA KT'I.N'G, II. A going away; separation. Sliak. 
 
 DE-PA RT'.MEX r, n. [Fr. departemenl ; Sp. dcpar- 
 ttwiento.] 
 
 I. Literally, a separation or division ; hence, a sep- 
 arate part, or portion ; a division of territory ; as .he 
 depart nieiifs of France. 
 
 •J. A separate allotment or part of business; a dis- 
 tinct province, in which a class of duties are allotted 
 to a particular person ; as, the department tif state, as- 
 f igneil to the secretary of state ; the treasury depart- 
 ment ; the department of war. 
 
 X A separate station; as, the admirals had their 
 respective departments. Nearly in this sense, during 
 war, were used, in .America, the terms Northern and 
 Southern departments. 
 
 4. In France, the largest territorial division, of 
 whirli there are Sli in the kingdom. 
 DE-PA KT-,MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to a department 
 or division. 
 
 DE PART'URE, (de-pirt'yur,) 71. The act of going 
 away; a moving from or leaving a place; Sis, a. de- 
 parture from London. 
 
 •J. Death ; decease ; removal from the present life. 
 Th'" time of my tlrftttrture is nt haml. — 2 Tim. iv. 
 A forsaking; abandonment; as, a departure 
 from evil. 
 
 4. A desisting; a«, a departure from a purpose. 
 
 5. Kuin ; destriictiou. Kzek. x\vi. 
 
 6. A deviation from tlie title or defense in pleading. 
 
 7. In navigation, the distance a ship h.as gone to 
 the east or west of the meridian from w hich he de- 
 parted. Brande. 
 
 DE PAS'CEXT, a. [\„ depasccns, depascor ; de and 
 
 pasenr, to ferd.] Feeding, 
 DE-PaS' TCRE, (de p.ist'yur,) r. t. [L. depascor.] 
 
 To eat up; to consume. Spenser. 
 DE-PAS'THRE, V, i. To feed ; to graze. 
 
 ll u in^ii Lik'-s in a li<ir*e, or other cattle, to graze and depneture 
 ill lii^ ^utiiiLls, U'tiicli tlie law calls ugistnient. HLactceioue. 
 
 DE-PA S'TtJR-£D, pp. Eaten up ; consumed by gra- 
 zing upon. 
 
 DEPAS'Tl'R-IXG, ppr. Feeding; grazing; eat 
 ing up. 
 
 DE-PAU'PER-.aTE, r. t, [L. depaupcro : de and 
 paupero, to beggar, from pauper, [wor ; Sp. em;7<i- 
 breeer,] 
 
 To make poor ; to impoverish ; to deprive of fer- 
 tility or richness; as, to depauperate the soil or the 
 blood. Mtn-timer, .^rhathnot. 
 
 DE-PA(J'PER-.X-TED,pp. Impoverished; m.ade poor. 
 DE-P.AI"PEIt-.X-Tl.\(;,;>/>r. Impoverishing ; making 
 DE-Pi;e'Tl-liI.E, a. [ L. depecto, to comb.] [pi.or. 
 
 ToiiL'h; tliii k. [.Vut used.] 
 DE-Pt;C-l"-L.\ TIO.V, 71. [L. depeculatin.] A rob- 
 bing of the coiiiiiionwe.alth. Cockeram. 
 DE-PEl NCT', {ile-iuiile',) i'. U [L. depinno.] 
 
 To paint. [Aot ttsed.] Spenser, 
 DE-PE.ND', r. 1. [ I,, dependeo ; de and pendeo, to hang ; 
 depeitdcr ; It. dipcnderci Fr. dependrc ; .Arm. lYc- 
 ;ia iifii.l 
 
 1. To hang; to be sustained by being fastened or 
 ait.iehed to something above ; foliowed by from. 
 
 Prom ilio frozen ticard 
 \M\^\<:\c\f*dejtend. Dryden. 
 
 2. To he connected with anything, a« the cause of 
 its existence or of its openition and etl'. cts ; to rely 
 on ; to have such connection with any thing as a 
 cause, that, without it, the elTect would not be pro- 
 duced ; followed by on or upon. We depend on God 
 for existence ; we depend on air for respiration ; vege- 
 tation depends on heat and moisture ; the inf^int de- 
 pends on its parents for support; the peace of society 
 depends on good la^vs and a faithful adminUtr;ftion. 
 
 ;t. To adhere; to hold to; to be n tainjd. [See 
 DEiT.Nor.MT.] Skak, 
 
 4. To be in suspense ; to be undetermined ; .as, the 
 cause still depends, I'.nt the verb is seldom used in 
 this .sense. We use the participle; as, the suit is 
 still depcndiwr in court. [See Penoino.] 
 
 5. To rely ; to rest with confid- ;ce ; to trust ; to 
 confide ; to' have full confidence or belief. We de- 
 pend on till- wortl or assurance of our friends. We 
 depend on the arrival of the mail at the usaal hour. 
 Depend on it, the knave will deceive us. 
 
 To depend on, or upon ; to rely ; to trust in with 
 confidence. 
 
 DE-PEND'A-ni,E, a. Th.at may be depended on ; as, 
 
 rfepe;i//<jWc frienilships. [Aor in iijir.] Pope, 
 l)F.-PEND'F.\("E, ( 71. A state of hanging down 
 DE PE.ND'i;.N-CY, i from a supporter. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE — AN"GER, Vr'ClOL'S — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 319 
 
DEP 
 
 2. Any thing hanging down ; a series of things 
 hanging to anotlier. 
 
 And made a long depend£nce from the byii^h. Dnjden, 
 
 3. Concatenation ; connection by wliich one thing 
 is sustained by another in its place, operations, or 
 ellects, or is alTected by it. 
 
 Bui of Ifiis frame the bearing and the ties, 
 
 The sttong conncctiuus, i\\ix:Mepend€ncies. Pope, 
 
 4. A s'ate of being at tlie disposal of anotlier; a 
 stale I I being siihjpct to the will (jf an iiittlligent 
 cause, or to the power and operation of any other 
 cause ; inability to sustain itself without the aid of. 
 We ought to feel our dependence on God for life and 
 support. The child shouhl be sensible of his de- 
 pendence on his parents. In the natural and moral 
 world, we observe the dependence of one thing on 
 another. 
 
 5. Reliance ; confitlence ; trust; a resting on ; as, 
 we may have a firm dependence o\\ the promises of God. 
 
 6. Accident ; that of which the existence presup- 
 poses the existence of something else ; that which 
 pertains to something else ; as, »m(/es which are con- 
 sidered as dependencies or aifections of substances. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 7. That which is attached to, but subordinate to 
 something else ; as, this earth and its dependencies. 
 
 JBurnet. 
 
 8. A dependency ; a teriitorj- remote from the king- 
 dom or state to which it belongs, but subject to its 
 duiitinion, as distant isles or countries. Great Brit- 
 ain has its dependencies in Asia, Africa, and America. 
 
 DE-PEND'ENT,a. Hanging down ; as, a de;<eHi;e«( leaf. 
 
 The furs in the tails were deperulenl. Petmham. 
 
 2. Subject to the power of ; at the disposal of ; 
 not able to exist or sustain itself without the will or 
 power of. Thus, we are dependent on God and his 
 providence ; an effect may be dependent on some un- 
 known cause. 
 
 3. Relying tm for support or favor ; unable to sub- 
 sist or to p. rform any thin;, without the aid of. 
 Children are dependent on their parents for food and 
 clothing. The pupil is dependent on his preceptor for 
 
 ■* instruction. 
 
 DE-l'E.VD'ENT, n. One who is at the disposal of 
 another; one who is sustained by another, or who 
 relies on another for support or favor ; a retainer ; as, 
 the prince was followeti by a numerous train of de- 
 pendents, 
 
 DI>1'E.\D'ENT-LY, adv. In a dependent manner. 
 Ui^PEND'ER, )!. One who depends ; a depentlent. 
 
 SImk, 
 
 DE-PEXD'ING, ppr. Hanging down ; relying. 
 
 2. a. Fending ; undecided ; as a suit or question. 
 DE-PER'DIT, a. \h, depcrditus,'] 
 
 That whii li is lost or destroyed. Paleij. 
 DEP-ER-DI"TIO.V, (-dish'un,)")i. Loss; destruction. 
 
 [.*^ee f*EKDiTioN.] Brown. 
 DE-PHLEG'.MaTE, v.t. {de and Gr. (pUypa, phlegm, 
 from 4iXiyi,>, to burn.] 
 
 To deprive of superabundant water, as by evapo- 
 ration or distillation, used of spirits and acids ; to 
 clear spirit or acids of aqueous matter ; to rectify. 
 
 [l)i:PHLEt:M is used by IJoyle.l [Coxf. Knciic 
 
 " " -a. Fn ■ " 
 
 roncentraled. Burke. 
 
 DE-PHLEG'.Ma-TED, pp. or i 
 
 Freed from mixture ; 
 
 UI>P11LEG-.\Ia'TIOX, n. The operation of separa- 
 ting water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or 
 repeated distillation ; called also concentration, par- 
 ticularly when acids are the subject. Kncyc. 
 
 DE-PIILEGM'EIJ-.\ES.'<, (de-tlem'ed ness,) n. A state 
 of being freed from water. [J\rot used,] Boyle. 
 
 DK-PHLU-GIS'TI-e.\TE, v. t. [de and (Jr. (/.Aoyitrmj, 
 burnt, intlainmable, from ^Auj-i^cj, to burn. See 
 Phlogiston.] 
 
 To deprive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle 
 of intlainmability. Pneslleij. 
 
 DE-PIiEO-GlS'TI-eA-TED, pp. or a. Deprived of 
 phlogiston. Dephlii gLsticuted air, is an clastic fluid 
 capable of suiiportiiig animal life and Hame much 
 longer than common air. It is now called oxygen, 
 ozyiren gas, or vital air. Oxygen was first called by 
 Prii'sllev dephFotrtstimtrd air. 
 
 DE.PilI,6-Gl.-5'TI-eA-TI.\G, ppr. Depriving of 
 phlogistfjn. 
 
 DE-PICT', V. I. [L. dcpingo, depictum ; de and pingo, 
 to paint.] 
 
 1. To paint ; to portray ; to form a likeness in 
 colors ; as, to depict a lion on a shield. Taylor. 
 
 2. To describe; to repri«ent in words; as, the 
 pwt depicU the virtues of his hero in glowing lan- 
 guage. 
 
 IJE PICT'ED, pp. Painted; represented in colors; 
 de!<rribcd. 
 
 DE-PICT'I.NG, p;>r. Painting; representing in colors, 
 
 or in wordn. 
 DE-PIC'TIO.V, n. A painting or depicting. 
 UK PIC'TIiRE, v.t. [(/e anil picture.] 'i'o paint ; to 
 
 picture ; to represent in colors. [See Dkpict.] 
 
 IVccner. 
 
 DE PIC'TIJU-KD, 7>p. Painted ; n-presented in colon. 
 DEP'IL-ATE, V, t. [L. depilit f dc and piliUy hair.] 
 
 To "trip of hair. 
 DEP'IL-A-TED, pp. Deprived of hair. 
 
 DEP 
 
 1)EP'IL-A-TL\G, ppr. Depriving of hair. 
 DEP-IL-A'TIO.\, n. The act of pulling oiT the hair. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 DE-PIL'A-rO-RY, a. Having the quality or power to 
 take off hair and make bald. 
 
 DE-PII/A-TO-RY, 71. Any application which is used 
 to take off the hair of an animal body ; such as 
 lime and orpiiiient. Encyc. 
 
 DEP IL-OU8, a. Without hair. Brown. 
 
 DE PLA.\T-A'TIO.\, n. | L. deplanto,] 
 The act of taking up plants from beds. 
 
 DE-PLe'TIOX, n. [L. depleo ; de and pleo, to fill.] 
 The act of emptying ; particularly, in tlie ynedical 
 art, the act of diminishing the quantity of blood in 
 Uie vessels by venesection ; blootlU tting. 
 
 DE-PLE'TO-RY, a. Calculated to obviate fullness of 
 habit. 
 
 DEP-LI-e.\'TION, n. [L. de and pUeo, to fold.] 
 An unfolding, untwisting, or unplaiting. 
 
 Jitontarrue. 
 
 DE-PLoR'A-BLE, a. [See Deplore.] That may be 
 deplored or lamented ; lamentable ; that demands or 
 causes lamentation ; hence, sad ; calamitous ; griev- 
 ous ; miserable ; wretched ; as, the evils of life are 
 deplorable i the pagan world is in a. deplorable conili- 
 [Deplorate, in a like sense, is not used.] [tion. 
 2. In popular use, low ; contemptible ; pitiable ; as, 
 deplorable stupidity. 
 
 DE-PLoR'A-BLE-XESS, n. The state of being de- 
 plorable ; misery ; wretchedness ; a miserable state. 
 
 DE-PLoR'A-BLY, adv. In a manner to be deplored ; 
 lamentably ; miserably ; as, manners are deplorably 
 corrupt. 
 
 DEP-LO-Ra'TION, 71. The act of lamenting. In 
 
 music,_a. dirge or mournful strain. 
 DE-PLoRE', f. t. [h. deploro ; de and ploro, to howl, 
 
 to wail; Fr. dcplorcr; It. deplorare; Sp. deplorar, 
 
 Uorar.] 
 
 To lament ; to bewail ; to mourn ; to feel or ex- 
 press deep and poignant grief for. We deplored the 
 deathjif Washington. 
 DE-PLoR'£D, pp. Lamented ; bewailed ; deeply 
 regretted. 
 
 DE-PLoR'ED-IiY, adv. Lamentably. [JVoi w.srf.] 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 DE-PLoR'ER, 71. One who deplores, or deeply la- 
 ments ; a deep mourner. 
 
 DE PLoR'IXG, ;i;)r. Bewailing; deeply lamenting. 
 
 DE-PLoR'I.\G, 71. Act of deploring. 
 
 DE-PLoR'IN'G-LY, adv. In a deploring manner. 
 
 DE-PLO V, V. t. [Fr. deployer ; dc and ployer, or plier, 
 to fold ; L. plico ; Gr. ttXckio ; Arm. plega; Sp. pie- 
 gar ; It. pieirare ; W. phjtru. Hence, Sp. desjdegar, 
 to display ; It. spiegare. Deploy is only a ditferent 
 orthograph.y of deplier, Sp. desplegar, to display.] 
 To display ; to open ; to extend ; a military term. 
 
 DE-PLOY', V. i. To open ; to extend. Thus a col- 
 umn is said to deploy when the front spreads out on 
 each side, as is cominonlv done in making an attack. 
 
 DE-PLO Y'£D, pp. Opened ; displayed ; extended. 
 
 DE-PLO Y'ING, ppr. Opening ; extending; displaying. 
 
 DEP-HJ-A1a'T1U\, 71. [See Deplume.] The strip- 
 ping or fulling olf of plumes or feathers. 
 2. A tumor of the eyelids with loss of hair. Coxe. 
 
 DE-PLu.ME', V. U [L. dcplumo ; de and pluma, a 
 feather ; Sp. dcsplumar ; It. spiumare,] * 
 
 To strip or pluck off feathers ; to deprive of plu- 
 mage. Hayicard. 
 
 DE'PLO.M'i^D, pp. Stripped of fteathers or plumes. 
 
 DE-PLu.M'IN'G, ;i/>r. Stripping off jilumes or feathers. 
 
 DE-Po-L.AR-I-Za'TION, 71. The act of depriving of 
 polarity, as the rays of light. Francis. 
 
 DE-Po'LAR-IZE, ti. t To deprive of polarity. [See 
 PoLAPiTV.] Urc. 
 
 DE-Po\E', <. ['L.depono.] 
 
 1. To lay down as a pledge ; to wage. [JVot in 
 use.] lludibras. 
 
 2. To testify under oath. State trials. In Scotland, 
 the word is used in this sense. Depose is used in 
 Knglaud, Rich. Diet. 
 
 DE-Po'NENT, a. [L. deponens, depono f de and pono, 
 to lay.] 
 
 1. Laying down. 
 
 2. A deponent verb, in the Latin grammar, is a 
 verb which has a passive termination, with an active 
 signification, and wants one of the passive partici- 
 ples ; as, loipior, to speak. 
 
 DE Po'.NE.NT, 71. One who deposes, or gives a depo- 
 sitiim under oath ; one who gives written testimony 
 to be used as evidence in a court of justice. With 
 us in New England, this word is never used, I be- 
 lieve, ftir a witiu?ss who gives oral testimony in 
 court. In England, a deponent is one who gives an- 
 swers under oath to interrogatories exhibited in 
 Q. A deponent verb. [chancery. 
 
 DE-POP' q-L ATE, ». t. [L. dcpopulor ; de and popii- 
 lor, lo ravage or lay waste, from populus, people ; Sp. 
 de.fpoblar ; h. spopolare i Vr. depcnpler.] 
 
 To dispeople ; to unpeople ; to deprive of inhab- 
 itants, whether by death, or by expulsion. It is not 
 Rynonyinous with l.wing waste or destroying, being 
 limited to the loss <i( inhabitants ; as, an army or a 
 faiiiim? may ii/';7f?;)w/'ifr a country. It rarely expresses 
 an entire loss uf inhabitants, but often a great dim- 
 
 DKP 
 
 iniition of their numbers. The deluge nearly depop- 
 ulated the earth. 
 
 DE-POP' I I-LaT E, 7-. To become dispeopled. 
 
 DE-POP' U-LA-TED, pp. or o. Dispeopled ; deprived 
 of inhabitants. 
 
 DE-POP'lI-LA-TlXG,;7pr. Dispeopling; depriving of 
 inhabitants. 
 
 DE-POP-II-LA'TION, 71. The act of dispeopling; 
 
 destruction or expulsion of inhabitants. 
 DE-POP' U-LA-'l'OR, n. One who depopulates; one 
 
 w ho destroys or expels the inhabitants of a city, town, 
 
 or country ; a dispeopler. 
 DE-PoRT', V. u [Fr. ieparter; Sp. depoHar; L. de- 
 
 porto ; de and porta, to carry.] 
 
 1. therccij)rocal pronoun, toctiTTy; to demean; 
 to behave. 
 
 Let an einbnssador deport himself la the most grateful manner 
 before a prince. Pope. 
 
 2. To transport ; to carr}' away, or from one coun- 
 trj- to another. 
 
 He told us, he had Ijeen deported to Spain, with a litindred 
 otiieis lUie liiniself, WaiatL, 
 
 DE-PoRT', 71. Behavior ; carriage ; demeanor ; de- 
 portment \_ as, goddess-like deport, [j3 poetic word,] 
 
 DEP-OR-Ta'TION, 11. A cariying away ; a removal 
 from one country to another, or to a distant phice ; 
 exile; banishment. In France, :i punishment corre- 
 sponding to transportation in England. .Syhffe. 
 
 DE-PoRT'ED, Carried away; transported; ban- 
 ished. 
 
 DE-PoRT'ING, ppr. Carrj ing away ; removing to a 
 distant place or country' . transporting ; banishing. 
 
 DE-P6RT'iME.NT, n. [Fr. deportement.] 
 
 Carriage ; manner of acting in relation to the du- 
 ties of life ; behavior ; demeanor ; conduct ; man- 
 agement. Swift. 
 
 DE-PoS'.\-BLE, a. That may be deposed or deprived 
 of office. Howell. 
 
 DE-PoS'AL, 71. The act of deposing, or divesting of 
 offline. Fox. 
 
 DE-PoSE', (de-poze',) v. t. [Fr. deposcr ; L. depono, de- 
 posituni ; de and pono, to lay or put ; Sp. deponer f It. 
 dcpurre,] 
 
 1. To lay down ; to throw ; to let fall ; [obs,, De- 
 posit being now used ;] as, the fiood deposed fine par- 
 ticles of earth on the bank of the river. In this si use, 
 we now use Deposit. Woodward, 
 
 2. To reduce from a throne or other high station ; 
 to ilethrone ; to degrade ; to divest of otlice ; as, lo 
 depose a king or a pope. 
 
 3. To put under oath, as an evidence. [ Obs,] Shak. 
 
 4. To lay aside. Burrow. 
 
 5. To take away ; to strip ; to divest. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 fi. To examine on oath. [JVut in use] Shak, 
 DE-PoSE', ti. i. To bear witness. Sidney. 
 DE-P6S'£I), pj7.or a. Dethroned ; degraded ; testified. 
 UE-PoS'fiR, II. One who deposes or degrades from 
 office. 
 
 DE-PoS'ING, y/)r. Dethroning; degrading; bearing 
 witness. 
 
 DE-POS'ING, 71. The act of dethroning. Srlden. 
 DE-POS'IT, r. (. [L. drposdum, from dipono.] 
 
 1. To lay down ; to lay ; to throw down. A croc- 
 odile deposits her eggs in the sand. A bird deposits 
 eggs in a nest. An inundation deposits particles of 
 earth on a meadow. 
 
 2. To lay up ; to lay in a place for preservation. 
 We deposit the produce of the etirth in barns, cellars, 
 or storehouses. We deposit goods in a warehouse, 
 anil books in a library. 
 
 3. To lodge in the hands of a person for safe-keep- 
 ing or other purpose; to commit to the care of; to 
 intrust ; to commit to one as a pledge. We say, the 
 bond is deposited in the hands ol^ an altorney ; money 
 is deposited as a pledge, or security. 
 
 4. 'J"o lay aside. ILittlc \ised.] 
 
 DE-POS'IT, 71. That which is laid or thrown down ; 
 any matter laid or thrown down, or lodged. 
 
 The deposit .already funne<l aflbrding to the succeedinir ponions 
 of the charged 'flu-il a b.iais. Kirwan. 
 
 2. Any thing intrusted to the ctre of another; a 
 pledge ; a pawn ; a thing given as security, or for pres- 
 erNiition ; as, these papers are conimitli d to you as a 
 sacred deposit; he has a deposit of money in his hands. 
 
 3. A place wiiere things are deposited ; a deposi- 
 torv. 
 
 4. A city or town where goods are lodged for safe- 
 keeping or for reshipment. [Vr. depSt.] ■ 
 
 In deposit, in a state of pledge, or for safekeeping. 
 DE-POS'IT-A-RY, 71. [Fr. depositaire; Low L. depu.^ 
 it^irius.] 
 
 1. A person with whom any thing is left or lodged 
 in trust ; one to whom a thing is committed lor sal'e- 
 kee|)ing, or to be used for the be nefit of the owner; 
 a trustee; a guardian. The Jews were the deposita- 
 ries of the sacred writings. 
 
 2. In laui, one to whom gooils arc balled, to he kept 
 for the bailor wilhoiit a p compense. Kent. 
 
 DE-P()?'1T El), pp. 01 II. Laid down ; putaway ; in- 
 trusted. 
 
 DE-POS'IT-ING, 2i/7r. Laying down ; pledging; fB- 
 positiiig. 
 
 FATE, FAtt, PALL, WHA.T.— METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD - NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 320 
 
DEP 
 
 I)KP-0-Sl"TIO\, (ilcp o -zisli'uii,) M. [L. deiiosi'io.] 
 1 Tlii^ act of layiiis; or thron ing down ; a«, soil is 
 fornii'd liy (lio deposition of fine particles, during a 
 flood. 
 
 •i. That whii li is thrown down ; that which is 
 lodsed ; ns, hanks are sometimes drposiUons of allu- 
 vial matter. 
 
 S. Tin; act of Rivinj written testimony under oath. 
 
 4. TIk! attested written testimony of a witness ; an 
 allidavit. 
 
 5. The act of dethroning a king, or the degrading 
 of a person from an otlice or station ; a divesting of 
 sovereignty, or of otlice and dignity ; a depriving of 
 clerical orders. A deposition dilfors from abdication ; 
 an abdication being voluntary, and a de|>osition com- 
 pulsont. 
 
 DIM'OS'IT-Oll, n. One who makes a deposit. 
 I)l'M'().S'IT-0-llY, II. A place where any thing Is 
 
 lodged for safe-keeping. A warehouse is a depository 
 
 for goods ; a'clerk's office for records. 
 l)K-l'l)S'IT-UiM, >^ A deposit. pVut Knirliisk, nor in 
 
 tuie^ ] 
 
 1)1M>OT', (de-po',) n. [Fr.] A place of deposit. 
 Hence, in mililary affairs, a place where stores and 
 pnivisions are kept, and where recruits are trained. 
 
 2. A buililing for the occupation of passengers, &c., 
 at the termination, or at a wav station of a railroad. 
 
 0Kr-UA-VA'TlO.\', H. [L. 'depravalio. See 1)e- 
 
 PKWE.] 
 
 1. The act of making bad or worse ; the act of 
 corrupting. 
 
 2. The state of being made bad or worse ; degen- 
 eracy ; a state in which good tpialities are lost or im- 
 paired. We speak of the depraration of nnirals, 
 manners, or government ; of the heart, or mind ; of 
 nature, t.asle, &c. 
 
 'X Censure ; defamatiiui. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 UK I'U.\ VE', e. £. [L. depravo ; de and prai-as, crooked, 
 perverse, wicked.] 
 
 1. To make bad or worse ; to impair good quali- 
 ties ; to make bad qualities worse ; to vitiate ; to 
 corrupt ; as, todeproM manners, morals, government, 
 laws ; to deprarc the heart, mind, will, understand- 
 ing, tiLstc, principles, &.C. 
 
 2. To defame ; to vilify. [^Xoi now used.] 
 
 Skak. bpenser. 
 
 DE-?RAV'ED, pp. Made had or worse ; vitiated ; 
 tainted ; corrupted. 
 
 2. a. Corrupt ; wicked ; destitute of holiness or 
 good principles. 
 
 Dp. I'K.A VED-LY, ado. In a corrupt manner. 
 
 UE-l'IliV'EO-.NESS, n. Corruption; taint; a vitia- 
 ted state. Hammond. 
 
 DE-PR.^VE'MENT, n. A vitiated state. Bnncn. 
 
 DE-1'UaV'EII, n. A corrupter; he who vitiates; a 
 vilifier. 
 
 DEI'Ka V'l.N'G, ppr. Makipg had; corrupting. 
 
 Dii-PR.^V'ING, n. ,\ corrupting or traducing. [Obs.] 
 
 DE-I'U.\\''I.\(;-LV, adr. In a depniving manner. 
 
 DE PK \V'[-TY, «. Corruption ; a vitiated state ; as, 
 the drprai'ilij of manners and morals. Burke. 
 
 2. .\ vitiated state of the heart ; wickedness ; cor- 
 ruption of moral principles ; destitution of holiness 
 or good principles. 
 
 DEP'llE-eA-l!l,E, a. Th.at is to be deprecated. 
 
 DEP'KE-e.iTE, r. (, [h. deprrcor i de and preeor, to 
 pray. See Phw and Preach.] 
 
 1. To pray against ; to pray or entreat that a pres- 
 ent evil may he removed, or an expected one averted. 
 VVe should all deprecate the return of war. 
 
 The Jiul^mrntj we woutj deprecate an nol rvmovM. 
 
 Smaltri/ige. 
 
 2. More frenrratly, to regret ; to have or to express 
 deep sorrow at a present evd, oral one that may occur. 
 This word is seldom used to express actual prayer ; 
 but it expresses deep regret th.at an evil exists or may 
 exist, wliicli implies a strong desire that it m.ay be 
 removed or averted. 
 
 3. To implore mercy of. [Improjier.'] Prior. 
 DEP'RE-eA-TED, pp. Prayed against ; deeply re- 
 gretted. 
 
 DEP'RE-eS-TINR, p;>r. Praying against ; regretting. 
 DEP'KE-CJ-TI.NG-LY, adv. By deprecation. 
 
 Mamiatt. 
 
 DEP-RE-e.\'TIO\, n. A praying against ; a praying 
 
 that an evil may l>e removed, or prevented. Milton. 
 2. Entreaty; petitioning; an excusing; a begging 
 
 pardon for. Johnson. 
 nr.l' KE-CA-TOR, n. One who deprecates. 
 DKI' RE CA-TO-RY, j a. That s<-rves to deprecate ; 
 I)KI"R1-Ve.\-TIVE, i tending to remove or avert 
 
 evd by prayer ; as, drprecatury letters. Bacon. 
 2. IJavniE the form of praver. 
 I)E-PKli'CIATE, V. L [Low L. drprrtio; de and pre- 
 
 tium, price ; Fr. drpriser. See Phici:.] 
 
 1. 'I'o lessen the price of a thing ; to cry down the 
 price or value. 
 
 2. To undervalue : to represent as of little value or 
 merit, or of less value than is commonlv sup|Kised ; 
 as, one author is apt to depreciate the works of anoth- 
 er, or to depreciate their worth. 
 
 ;i. To lower value. The issue of a superabundance 
 of notes depreciates them, or depreciates their value. 
 DE-PRE'CIATE, c. i. To fall in value ; to become of 
 
 DEP 
 
 less worth. A paper currency will depreciate, unless 
 it is convertible into specie. Estates are apt to depre- 
 ciate in the hands of tenants on short leases. Conti- 
 nental bills of credit, issued by the congress, during 
 the n^volution, depreciated to the one hundreiltti part 
 of their nominal value. 
 
 DE-PRE'CIA-TEl), pp. or a. Lessened in value or 
 prici: ; undervalued. 
 
 DE-PRl";'CIA-TI.\G, ppr. Lessening the price or 
 worth ; undervaluing. 
 2. Falling in value. 
 
 DF.-PRE-C1-a'TION, (de-pre-she-a'shun,) n. The act 
 of lessening or crying down price or value. 
 
 2. The falling of value ; reduction of worth ; as, 
 the depreciation of bills of credit. 
 
 DE-PRE'CIA-TIVE, a. Undervaluing. 
 
 DEP'RE-D.aTE, v. L [L. dcprj:dor; de and prtedor, to 
 plunder, prieda, prey.] 
 
 1. To plunder ; to rob ; to pillage ; to take the 
 property of an enemy, or of a foreign country, by 
 force; as, the army depredated the enemy's country. 
 
 Ttuil kiiitl ufwu vi\u<\\ deprtdnue mid iki^ln'Mex iiuii%'i>lii;ilii, 
 
 Marthalt. 
 
 2. To prey upon ; to waste ; to spoil. Baeva. 
 
 3. To devour ; to destroy by eating ; as, wild ani- 
 mals depredate the corn. 
 
 DEP'RE-D.aTE, v. L To take plunder or prey ; to 
 commit waste ; as, the troops depredated on the coun- 
 tr\-. 
 
 DEP'RE-DA-TED,pp. Piwiled ; plundered ; wasted ; 
 pillaged. 
 
 DEP'RE-DA-TING, ppr. Plundering; robbing; pil- 
 laging. 
 
 DEP-RE-Da'TION, 71. The act of plundering ; a rob- 
 bing ; a pillaging. 
 
 2. \Vaste ; consumption ; a taking aw.ay by any act 
 of violence. The sea of\en ni.'ikes depredalivns on the 
 land. Intemperance conunits depredations on the con- 
 stitution. 
 
 DEP'RE-D.A-TOR, n. One who plunders or pillages ; 
 a spoiler ; a waster. 
 
 DEP'RE-l).\-T()-ltY, a. Plundering ; spoiling ; con- 
 sisting in pillaging. Encye. 
 
 DEP-RE-HE.\I)', e. t. [h. deprchcndo ; dc anA prehcn- 
 do, to lake or seize.] 
 
 1. To catcli ; to take unawares or by surprise; to 
 seize, as a person committing an unlawful act. 
 
 More. Hooker. 
 
 2. To detect ; to discover ; to obtain the knowledge 
 of. Bacon. 
 
 DEl'-RE-IIE\I)'nn, pp. Taken by surprise ; caught ; 
 
 sei/.»-(i ; (ti-^rovereil. 
 DEI" Iti; IIi;M) i.VC, ppr. Taking unawares; calch- 
 
 in;; ; >;ri/uig ; (lisc.nveriug. 
 DEP UK llEN'SI-liEE, a. That may he caught or 
 
 disctivered. 
 
 DEP-RE-IIEN'SI-RLE-iNESS, n. Capablencss of be- 
 ing cauglit or discovered. 
 
 DEP RE-ilEN'SIO.V, n. A catching or seizing ; a dis- 
 covery. 
 
 [DKeRRHEND and its derivatives are little used.] 
 DE-PRESS', e. (. (L. deprcssus, dtprimo ; de and pres- 
 sus, prcmo, lo press.] 
 
 1. To press down ; to press lo a lower state or po- 
 sition ; as, ti» depress the end of a lube or the mu/./le 
 of a gun. 
 
 2. To let fall ; to bring down ; as, lo depress the 
 eye. 
 
 3. To render null or languid ; to limit or diminish ; 
 as, lo deprejs conunerce. 
 
 •I. 'I'o sink ; to lower ; to deji'ct ; lo make sad ; as, 
 to depress the spirits or the mind. 
 
 5. To huudde ; to abase ; as, to drpre.is priile. 
 
 G. To sink in altitude ; lo cause lo appear lower or 
 nearer the horizon ; ;ls, a man sailing toward the 
 etpiator depresses the p(»le. 
 
 7. To iin|Hiverish ; to lower in temporal estate ; 
 as, misfortunes and losses have depressed the mer- 
 chants. 
 
 (j. 1'o lower in value ; as, to depress the price of 
 slock. 
 
 DE PRESS' ED, (de-prest',) pp. or a. Pressed or forced 
 down ; lowered ; tlejecteil ; dispirited ; sad ; liniii- 
 bled ; sunk ; rendered languid. 
 
 2. In botany, a depressed leaf is hollow in the mid- 
 dle, or having the disk more depressed llian the sides ; 
 used of succutent leaves, and opposed to Convex. 
 
 Martyn, 
 
 DE-PRESS'I\G, ppr. or a. Pressing down ; lowering 
 in pl.ice ; letling fill ; sinking ; dejecting ; abashing ; 
 iin|Miverishiug ; rendering languid. 
 
 DE PRESS'LVG-EY, ailv. In a depressing manner. 
 
 DE PRES'SIO.N, (de-presh'iin,) n. The act of press- 
 ing down, or the state of being pressed down ; a low 
 suite. 
 
 2. .V hollow ; a sinking or falling in of a surface ; 
 or a forcing inwani ; as, roughness consisting in little 
 protiiberanci^s and depressions ; the depression of the 
 skull. 
 
 3. The act of humbling; abasement; as, the de- 
 pression of pride ; the depression of the nobility. 
 
 A. A sinking of the spirits ; dejectiim ; a state of 
 sadness ; want of courage or animation ; as, depres- 
 sion of the mind. 
 
 DEP 
 
 5. A low state of strength ; a state of body succeed- 
 ing debility in the fonnatiim of disease. Cote. 
 (». A low slate of business or of properly. 
 
 7. In astronomy, the angular distance of a celestial 
 object below the horizon. Tin- depression of the pole, 
 is its angular approach to tlie horiznn, as the specta- 
 tor recedes from the pole toward the equator. 
 
 D. Olmsted. 
 
 8. In al^elrra, Ihe depression of an equatim, is the re- 
 duction of the equation to one of lower dimensions. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 DE PRESS'IVE, a. Able or lending to di-press or cast 
 down. 
 
 DE-PRESS'OR, 71. He that presses down ; an op- 
 pressor. 
 
 2. in anatomy, a muscle that depresses or draws 
 down till' part to which il is attached ; as, the de- 
 pressor of the lower jaw or of the eyeball. It is 
 called also deprimcnt or drprimens. 
 
 DEP'RI-.MEN'T, n. [L. deprimo, to depress.] 
 
 Depres.sion. Drprininu is the epithi'l given to a 
 muscle whii h depresses, as that which depresses the 
 globe of the eve. 
 
 DE-PRIV'A-ULE, a. [See Depbive.] That may be 
 deprived. 
 
 A cluiptitin shnit be deprivabte by tlic fuilndcr, nut by llie bt«)iop, 
 
 [See Dei'HI VE, Xo. 4.] 
 DEP-RI-VA'TION', «. [.Sec Deprive.] The act of 
 depriving ; a taking away. 
 
 2. A stale of being deprived ; loss ; want ; bcreave- 
 menl by loss of friends or of goods. 
 
 3. In law, the act of divesting a bishop or other 
 clergyman of his spiritual promotion or dignity ; the 
 taking away of a preferment ; deposition. Tliis is of 
 two kinds ; a benrfcio, and ab officio. 'I'lie fiiriiier is 
 the deprivation of a minister of his living or prefer- 
 ment ; the latter of his order, and othersvise called 
 deposition or de^rradatioii. F.ncyc. 
 
 DE PRIVE', e. (. [ E. //e and priro, to take away ; Sp. j 
 pnrar ; It. pricare ; V{. prircr. See Private.] 
 
 I. To take frniii ; to bereave of somelhing pos- 
 sessed or eiijujt'd ; followed by of; as, to deprive a 
 man n/siglit ; to deprive one of strength, of reason, or 
 of property. This h;us a general signification, appli- 
 cable to a lawful or unlawful taking. 
 
 God Imth deprioed lier of wisdom. — Job xxxix. 
 To hinder from possessing or enjoying ; to de- 
 
 bar. 
 
 From iiin Tacc 1 tlLill be liid, deprived 
 or bis ble&aed couiiU'iiaiicj.*. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 [TVlis tuse of the icord is nol leiritiinate, but common,] 
 
 3. To free or release from. Spctuer. 
 
 4. To divest of an ecclesiastical preferment, dig- 
 nity, or office ; to divest of orders, as a bisliop, preb- 
 end, or vicar. 
 
 DE-l'RIV'/CD.pp. Rerefl ; divested ; hinder<-d ; stripped 
 of office or diifiiity ; deposed ; degraded. 
 
 DE-PRIVE'.ME.\T, 7i. The stale of losing or being 
 deprived. 
 
 DE-PRiV'ER, 71. He or that which deprives or be- 
 reaves. 
 
 DE-PRiV'ING, ppr. Bereaving; taking away what is 
 |K>ssessed ; divesting; hindering from enjoying ; de- 
 posing. 
 
 DEPTH, 71. [from deep.] Deepness ; the distance or 
 me.isure of a thing from the surface to the bottom, 
 or lo the extreme part downward or inward. The 
 depth of a river may be ten feel. Tlie depth of the 
 ocean is unfathomable. The rfcptA of a wound may 
 he an irii li. In a vertical direction, depth is opposed 
 
 2. A tieep place. [to hight. 
 
 3. The sea ; the ocean. 
 
 'VUr de/ith cIo»<hJ in*» round nlwou — Jott^h ii. 
 
 4. The abyss ; a gulf of infinite profundity. 
 
 Wlii-n h-* wl :i roiii)).i!M nn Uie Uc*; of Oic depdi. — Pruv. viii. 
 
 !t. The miildle of a season ; a«, the depth of winter ; 
 ortlie miihlle, the darkest or stillest part ; as, ilrpth 
 of night ; or the inner part, a part remote from Iho 
 border ; as, the depth of a wood or forest. 
 
 6. Ahstriiseiiess ; obscurity ; that which is not 
 e.xsily explored ; as, the depth ol a science. 
 
 7. Unsearcliableness ; infinity. 
 
 O 111'' depth of ihf richi-s bolb of Uio wiadom und linowted^ of 
 (iod ! — flom. xt. 
 
 8. The breadth and depth of the love of Christ, are 
 its vast extent. 
 
 9. Profoundness; extent of penetration, or lif the 
 capacity of penetrating ; as, depth of understanding ; 
 depth of skill. 
 
 10. The </<-p(A of a sipiadron or battalion, is the num- 
 ber of tnen in a file, which forms tlie extent from the 
 front lo the rear ; as,arff;itA of three men or six men. 
 
 11. Depth of a .<ai{, the extent of the square sails 
 from the huad-rope to the foot-rope, or the length of 
 the after-leech of a stav-sail or boom-sail. .l/ar. Diet. 
 
 DEPTH'LESS, a. Having no depth. Coteridire. 
 DE-PO'CE-LATE, v. t. To dellour ; to bereave of 
 virginitv. 
 
 DE-PULSE', r. «. To drive away. Coekeram. 
 I)E-PI;LS'£D, (de-pulsf.) pp. Driven away. 
 DE-Pl'L'SIO.\, n. [L. depulsio : de and pello, todrive 1 
 .\ driving or thrusting away. [See Rkpuuioh.1 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — A.N"GER, VI"CIOUS— C as K ; G ns J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 41 
 
 321 
 
DER 
 
 DER 
 
 DER 
 
 WE-PUL'SO-KY, a. Driving or tliruslingiiway ; avert- 
 iiis. 
 
 DEP'TJ-RaTE, p. t. [Fr. depurcr; It. depurare; Sp. 
 depurar ; from r/c and pii^^ puris.'] 
 
 To purify ; to free from impurities, heterogeneous 
 matter, or feculence ; a chemical term. 
 
 1)E1"U-Ka-TED, pp. or o. Purified from lieterogene- 
 ous matter, ir from impurities. Hiirke. 
 
 I)EP'CI-Ra-T1NG, j'pr Purifying ; freeing from im- 
 purities. 
 
 I)EP-U-Ra'TIOX, ?i. The act of purifying or freeing 
 fluid's from hctcrogeJ.eoiiS mailer. Tliis is done by 
 decantatiiui, wlien the feculent matter is deposited 
 uu tlie butloni of tlie ves.^el ; or liy despumation, ef- 
 fected by boiling or fermentation, and skimming; or 
 by filtration ; oi by fining or clarification. Purr. 
 2. The 1 Iransing of a wound from impure matter. 
 
 I)EP'l/-RA-TO-KY, a. Cleansing; purifying; or 
 tending to purily. .\ dcpuraUinj fever, is a fever 
 that expels morbid matter by a free perspiration. 
 
 DE-POKE', r. t. To depurate. [JVu£ used.] 
 
 DEP-i;-lU"TION, (dep-yu-risli'un,) n. The removal 
 of impurities in tlie humors of tiie body ; the clarifi- 
 cation of a liquid. Oilbert. 
 
 DEP-U-TA'TION, n. [Fr. id.; It. deputazioiie ; Sp. 
 dipuiacion. See Depute.] 
 
 \ 1. The act of appointing a substitute or represent- 
 ative to act for another; the act of appointing and 
 sending a deputy or substitute to transact business 
 for another, as his agent, cither with a special com- 
 mission and authority, or witii general powers. This 
 word may be used for the election of representatives 
 to a legislature ; but more generally it is employed to 
 express the appointment of a special agent or com- 
 missioner, by an individual or public body, to traus- 
 tict a particular business. 
 
 2. A special conmiission or authority to act as the 
 substitute of another ; as, this man acts by deputation 
 from the sherilf. 
 
 3. The person deputed ; the person or persons au- 
 tliori/.ed aiul sent to transact business for another ; 
 as, the general sent a deputation to the enemy to oUcr 
 terms of peace. 
 
 DE-PuTE', V. t. [Fr. depatcr ; It. deputare ; Port, de- 
 putar ; Sp. diputar ; L. deputo, but dift'erently apjilied ; 
 de and puto. 'J'he primarj' sense of puto is to thnist, 
 throw, send ; but it has various applications. See 
 Class lid. No. 13, 19.] 
 
 'J'o appoint as a substitute or agent to act for an- 
 other ; to appoint and send with a special commission 
 or authority to tr.ansact business in another's name. 
 The sheritf deputes a man to serve a writ. 
 
 Tli'-Te U no m:ih tlrpuud liy Oie kiii» lo hear. —2 Sum. xv. 
 
 Tbe bishop may depuu a iiricsl to auiiiinisler llie sacniiufnt. 
 
 DE-POT'ED, pp. or a. Appointed as a substitute ; ap- 
 IMiinted and sent with sjiccial authority to act for 
 another. 
 
 DE PC'T'IXG, ppr. Appointing as a substitute; ap- 
 pointing and sending with a special commission to 
 transact business for another. 
 
 DEP'lI-TIZE, V. t. To appoint a deputy ; to empower 
 to act forTinotlier, as a sherilT. [A'ot used in Eng., 
 and veni little iji tke U. S.] 
 
 DEP'li-TY, 71. [Fr. depute.'] 
 
 1. A person appointed or elected to act foranotlier, 
 especially a persim sent with a special commission to 
 act in the place of another ; a lieutenant ; a viceroy. 
 A prince sends a deputy to a diet or council, to repre- 
 sent him and his dominions. A sherilf appoints a 
 deputy to execute the duties of his otlice. Tbe towns 
 in New England send deputies to the legislature. In 
 the latter sense, a deputy has general powers, and it 
 is more common to use the word represeuUitwe. 
 
 2. In lau>, one that exercises an ofiice in another's 
 right, and the forfeiture or misdemeanor of such 
 deputy shall cause tile person he represents to lose 
 Ills olficc. Philip.i. 
 
 DEP'I^-TY-€OL-LF,eT'OR, n. A person appointed 
 to perform the duties of a collector of the customs in 
 lilace of the collector. 
 
 DEP'U-TY-MXU'SHAIi, 71. One appointed to act in 
 the place of the marshal. 
 
 DEP'U-TY-POST'.MXri-TER, n. A person who is 
 appointed to act as postmaster, in subordination to 
 the ptistmaster-generaJ 
 
 DEP'y-TY-SHER'lFF, n. A person deputed or au- 
 thorized to perform the duties of the sherifi", as his sub- 
 stitute. In like manner, we use drpuly-cummissary, 
 deputij-pauma-itrry &c. 
 
 DE-CHJAiVTI-T.\TE, v. L To diminish the quantity 
 of. [Mil in use.] 
 
 DER, pri'lixi d to namen of places, may be from Sax. 
 deuTy a wild beast, or from dur, water. 
 
 I)E-i£.\C'I-NATE,». (. [Vr. deraciiicr ; de iitul racine, 
 a root. ] 
 
 To pluck up by the roots; lo extirpate. [IMtle 
 u.ieiL ] Shale 
 DE-RAC'I-NA-TED, pp. Plucked up by the roots ; 
 extirpated. 
 
 DE-RAC'I-NA-TIXG, ppr. Tearing up by the roota ; 
 eitirpatinit. 
 
 DK-IIAU-I-NA'TION, n. The net of pulling up by the 
 root*. Maumler. 
 
 ' / 1 , 7 ^ S [Nor n. dercner, dc- 
 
 ' (de-rane',) ' . l . » 
 \ ^ '^ ( rctjrucr, dtratiruery or de- 
 
 DE-RAIGN' 
 DE-RAIN', 
 rainer.] 
 
 To prove ; to ju.stify ; to vindicate, as an assertion ; 
 to clear one's self, [.^n old law terui, now distued.] 
 
 DE-RaKJX'jMENT, ) 71. Theact of deraining; |>roof ; 
 
 DE-RAIN'MENT, ( justificiition. 
 
 A like word was formerly used in the sense of dis- 
 ordering, derangement, a discharge from a profes- 
 sion, or departure from a religious order. [Fr. de- 
 rauircr ; de and ra7ii,''fr.J 
 
 DE-RANGE', v. t. [Fr. deranger; de and ranger, Xjo 
 set in order, from rung, rank ; Arm. dirtncqa,] 
 
 1. To put out of order ; to disturb the regular oi- 
 def of ; to throw into confusion ; as, to derauge the 
 plans of a commander, or the afl;iirs of a nation. 
 
 I had long siipjwsL-J that iioltiiiig couM derange or iiit'Triipl the 
 "(Xiiinie ot piurifaclion. Lavoisier, Tran. 
 
 2. To embarrass ; to disorder ; as, his private af- 
 fairs are deranged. 
 
 3. To disorder the intellect ; to disturb the regular 
 operations of reason. 
 
 4. 'J'o remove from place or oflice, as the personal 
 staff of a principal military officer. Thus, when a 
 general ofiicer resigns or is removed from oflice, the 
 personal stafT, appointed by himself, are said to be 
 deranged. JV. H, Sumner. 
 
 DE-IIAN(>'£D, pp. or a. Put out of order ; disturb- 
 ed ; embarrassed ; confused ; disordered in mind ; 
 delirious ; distracted. 
 
 DE-RaNGE'iMENT, 71. A putting out of order; dis- 
 turbance of regularity or regular course ; embarrass- 
 ment. Wnsltingtim. 
 
 2. Disorder of the intellect or reason ; delirium ; in- 
 sanity ; as, a derangement of the mental organs. Pulcy. 
 
 DE-RANO'INt;, ;7/)r. Putting out of order ; disturb- 
 ing regularity or regular course ; embarrassment; 
 confusion. Hamilton. 
 2. Disordering the rational powers. 
 
 DE-Ra\'', 71. (. [from the French.] Tumult; disor- 
 der ; merriment. [J^ut in use.] Douglas. 
 
 DER'BY-SHIRE-SPAR, )i. Fluor sjiar, or tltioriil of 
 calcium, a beautil'ul mineral, found in Derbyshire, 
 Eiigbuul, and wrougllt into vases and other orna- 
 mi'Tital work. Brande. 
 
 DliR E, V. L [S:ix. derian ] 
 To hurt. [ Obs.] 
 
 DER'E-LICT, a. [L. derelictus, derelivquo ; de and re- 
 liuqno, to leave, re and linquo, id. Class Lg.] 
 Left ; alKUuloned. 
 
 DER'E-LieT, 71. In law, an article of goods, or any 
 commodity, thrtiwn away, relintpiished, or aban- 
 iloueil by the owner. 
 
 a. A tract of land lefl dry by the sea, and fit for 
 cultivation or use. 
 
 DER-E-Lie'TION,7!. [I,, derelictio.] 
 
 1. The act of leaving with an intention not to re- 
 claim ; an utter forsaking ; abandonment. 
 
 2. The state of being left, or abaniloned. Hooker. 
 
 3. A leaving or receding from ; as, the dereliction 
 of the sea. Blaclistone. 
 
 DE-RIDE', ». t. [L. derideo; de and ri(/fi<, to laugh; 
 It. dyidere. In Fr. dcrider \s to unwrinkle ; from 
 ride, a wrinkle. Probably the primary sense of L. 
 riitro is, to wrinkli^, ti> grin.] 
 
 To latigh at in contempt; to turn to ridicule or 
 make sport of; lo mock; to treat with scorn by 
 laughter. 
 
 The Pharisees also — der't/led him. — Luke jcvi. 
 Some, wlio uilore Newton for liis fluxions, deride him for his 
 religion. Berkeley. 
 DE-RI1)'ED, j»;7. Laughed at in contempt; mocked; 
 ridiculed. 
 
 DE-KlD'ER, 71. One who laughs at another in con- 
 tempt ; a mocker; a seofier. Hooker. 
 2. .\ droll or Imtroiin. 
 DE-UII)'1N(;, ppr. Laughing at with contempt ; mock- 
 ing ; ridiculing. 
 DE lilD'lNG-LV, ai/i'. liy w.iy of derision or mock- 
 Dt''.R'l.\(;, /i/ir. Hurting ; injuring. [J^'nl used.] [erv, 
 l)E-RIS'IOi\, (de-rizh'un,) ii. [L. dertsio. See Dk 
 niDK.J 
 
 1. 'I'he act of laughing at in contempt. 
 
 2. Contempt manifested by laughter ; .scorn. 
 
 1 uin hi deiiyion daily. — ler. xx. 
 
 3. An object of derision or contempt ; a laughing 
 stock. 
 
 1 wiu a derision to all my people, — f.ani. iii. 
 DE-Rt'SIVE, a. Containing derision ; iWcking ; rid- 
 iculing. 
 
 Derisive tiuiils. Pope, 
 
 DE-RI'SIVE-LY, ado. With mockerv or contempt. 
 
 DE-RI'SI VE-NESS, 71. The Mate of "being derisive. 
 
 DE-»I'SO-RY, «. Mocking; ridiculing. Stiajlesbury. 
 
 DE-RIV'A-HLE, o, [See Dkhive.] That may be de- 
 rived ; that may be ilrawn, or received, as frimi a 
 guiirce. Income is deriiiabU from land, money, or 
 stocks. 
 
 2. That may be received from ancestors; as, an 
 estato ileritable from an iincestor. 
 
 3. That may be drawn, as iVoni premises; deduci- 
 lile ; as, an argument dirieabte from facts or preced- 
 ing propositions. 
 
 A. That may be drawn from a radical word ; as, a 
 word derivable from an Oriental root. 
 DE-RIV'A-IILY', ado. By derivation. 
 DER'I-VATE, 71. [L. derivatus.] 
 
 A word derived from another. Stuart. 
 DER'I-VATE, V. t. [L, dcrico.] 
 
 To derive. 
 DER'I-Va-TED, pp. Derived. 
 DER'I-VA-TING, ppr. Deriving. 
 DER-I-Va'TION, 71. [L. dcrieatio.] 
 
 1. The act of deriving, drawing, or receiving from 
 a source ; as, the derivation of an estate from ances- 
 tors, or of profits from capital, or of tnith or facts 
 frtiiu aiitiquity. 
 
 2. In grammar, the drawing or tracing of a word 
 from its root or original ; as, derivation is from the 
 Ii. derivo, and the latter from rtvus, a stream. 
 
 3. A drawing from, or turning aside from, a natu- 
 ral course or channel ; as, the derivation of water 
 from its channel Itv lateral drains. 
 
 4. A drawing of^huinors from one part of the body 
 to another ; as, the derieation of humors from the 
 eye, by a blister on the neck. 
 
 5. The thing derived or deduced. Glanvillc. 
 DE-RIV'A-TIVE, a. Derived ; taken or having pro- 
 ceeded from another or something preceding ; sec- 
 ondary ; as, a derivative perfection ; a derivative con- 
 veyance, as a release. Blackstone.^ 
 
 2. A derivative chord, in music, is one derived 
 
 from a fundamental chord. 
 DE-RIV'A-TIVE, 77. That which is derived ; a word 
 
 which takes its origin in another word, or is formed 
 
 from it. Thus, depravity is a derivative from the L. 
 
 depravo, and acknowledge, from knowledge, and this 
 
 from know, the primitive word. 
 2. In music, a chord not fundamental. 
 DE-RIV'A-TIVE-LY, atiu. In a derivative manner; 
 
 by derivation. 
 
 DE RI V'A-Tl VE-NESS, n. The state of being deriv- 
 ative. 
 
 DE-RlVE', V, t, [h. derive ; de and rinits, a stream ; 
 Fr. deriver Sp, derivar ; It. derivare.] 
 
 1. To draw from, as in a regular course or chan- 
 nel ; to receive from a source by a regular convey- 
 ance. The heir derives an estate from his ancestors. 
 We derive from Adam mortal bodies and natures 
 prone to sin. 
 
 2. To draw or receive, as from a source or origin. 
 We derive ideas from the senses, and instruction 
 from ctiod books. 
 
 3. To deduce or draw, as from a root, or primitive 
 word. A hundred words are often derived from a 
 single monosyllabic root, and sometimes a much 
 greater number. 
 
 4. To turn from its natural course ; to divert ; as, 
 to derive water from the main channel or current 
 into lateral rivulets, 
 
 5. To communicate from one to another by descent. 
 An excellent disposition is derived to your lordship from j oiir 
 
 parents. Pclton. 
 
 6. To spread in various directions ; to cause to flow. 
 The streams of justice were derived into every part of the 
 
 kingdom. Davies, 
 
 DE-RlVE', V. i. To come or proceed from. [J\'"o« 
 
 C(;77777107i.] 
 
 Power from heaven derives. Prior. 
 
 DE-RIV'£D, pp. or a. Drawn, as from a source ; de- 
 duced ; received ; regularly conveyed ; descended ; 
 comiminicated ; transmitted. 
 
 DE-RIVER, 77. One wlio derives, or draws from a 
 source. South. 
 
 DE RIVING, ;);J7-. Drawing; receiving; deducing; 
 communicating; diverting or turning into another 
 
 DER.M, 71. [Gr. ^en/ia, skin.] [clianiiel. 
 'I'he organized tegument, or natural covering of an 
 animtil. 
 
 DER.M'AL, 77. [Gr. Icpiia, skin.] 
 
 Pertaining to skill ; consisting of skin. Fleming. 
 
 DEKM'A-TINE i "' P"taini"K s"^'"- 
 DERM'A-T01I)| u. [Gr. (!£<7,;a, skin, and cu]us, form.] 
 
 Like the skin, without being skin. 
 DERM-A-TOL'O-GIST, 71. One who discourses on 
 
 the skill and its diseases. 
 DER.M-A-T0L'0-CY, 7i. [Gr. (Ufi/ia, skin, and Aoyoj, 
 
 discourse.] A treatise or history of the skin and its 
 
 diseases. 
 
 DEIt.M'OII), a. Resembling skin ; dermatoid. 
 
 DEKM-SKEL'E-TON, 11. [Gr. iippa and .ricrAtroi', 
 skin-skeleton.] A term aiiplied to the oiitwartl 
 case or covering of numerous classes of animals, as 
 the lobster, &.c. This covering not only |)rotects the 
 soft parts of the biitly from injury, but acts .as a fixed 
 point tif attachment for the moving powers, as the 
 internal skeleton tloes in tither animals. Brande. 
 
 DEItN, a. [Sax. dcurn.] 
 
 Solitary ; sad ; cruel. [ Obs.] More. 
 
 DERN'FfJL, «. Sail ; intiurnful. [Obs.] 
 
 DER'NI-Ell, (der'iii-ererderii-yar',) a. [Fr.] Last; 
 final ; ultimate ; as, the dernier resort. [/ know not 
 that it is used in anif other phrtu^e.] 
 
 DERN'LY, (7(/ii. Sadly ; niouinfiilly. rois.] Jl/n" 
 
 DK . . ^ 
 
 IIN'LY, (7(/ii. Badly ; niouinlully. iOOs.] Mori. 
 ll'O-GATE, V. (, [L. derogo; de and rogo, to ask, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, Wll/yr — METE, PKBV. — PINE, MARINE, RIKD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
DCS 
 
 to propose. In ancii'iit lUtini*, rotro was vi.-^ed in pro- 
 posinK now laws, anil dcru<;o, in rc|)ealing some sec- 
 tion of a law. llrni-i' the sense is, to talte from or 
 uiinul a i)art. riass Kg.] 
 
 1. To repeal, annul, or destroy the force anil ellect 
 of soniu part of a law or established rule ; to lessen 
 the e.xtcnt of a law ; distinguished from abragnle. 
 
 By Bcvcml ciiutniry ciistoini, liisiny yf llio civil iiiul c;iii<m l iwi 
 iiiv cuiilrullfd niid dtragnted. Hn!e. 
 
 Q. To lessen the worth of a person or thins ; to 
 disparage. 
 
 [Ill llic furegoing senses, Uie word is now seldom 
 K.vr//.] 
 
 DEll'U-G.^TE, r. i. To take away, to detrart; to 
 lessen by taking away a part ; as, say nothing to 
 derogate fnwn the nn rit or reputation of a brave man. 
 [ 7'he word is generuHy used in Utis sense,] 
 
 2. To act beneath one's rank, plate, or birth. [Un- 
 usual.] SliuU. 
 
 DBU'O-GA-TEI), pp. Diminislied in value ; degraded ; 
 ilaniageil. [Shakspeare uses Derooate in this sense.] 
 
 l)Klt'()-(;.\lT;-LY, ado. In a manner to lessen or 
 ■ lake from. Shali. 
 i Di;K'0-ti.\-TIi\0, ppr. Annulling a part ; lessening 
 I bv taking from. 
 
 [ DEU-0-(5.\'TIi).\, ri. The act of annulling or revok- 
 ing a law, or some part of it. jMorc generathj, the 
 act of taking away or destroying the value or effixt 
 of any thing, or of limiting its extent, or of rc.sinin- 
 ing its operation ; as, an act of parliament is passed 
 in derogation of the king's prerogative ; wo can not 
 do any thing in derogation of the moral law, 
 
 3. The act of taking something from merit, repu- 
 tation, or honor ; a lessening of value or estimation ; 
 detraction; disparagement; with from or of: as, I 
 say not this in derogation of Virgil ; let nothing be 
 saiil in derogation from his merit, 
 
 DE-KOG'A-TtVE, a. Uerogatorj-, [The latter is 
 mostly used.] 
 
 rtE-ROG'A-TO-RI-I.Y, i7(/b. In a detracting manner. 
 UE-UOG'A-TO-RI-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 derogatorj-, 
 
 DE UOG'.A-TO-UY, a. Detnicting or tending to les- 
 sen by taking something from ; that lessens the ex- 
 tent, etfect, or V;iluc ; with ((I. Let us entertain no 
 opinions derogatory to the honor of God, or his moral 
 government. Lot us s:iy nothing derogatory to the 
 merit of our neighbor. 
 
 2. A derogatory clause, in a testament, is a sentence 
 or secret character inserted by the testator, of which 
 he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condi- 
 tion that no will he may make hereatler shall be 
 valid, unless this clause is inserted word for word ; 
 a precaution to jjnard against later wills extorted by 
 violence, or obtained by suggestion. Kneyc. 
 
 DER'RICK, II, An instrument or contrivance for'niis- 
 ing heavy weights by means of a pulley. It is differ- 
 ently constnictcd, according to circumstances. 
 
 Brandt. 
 
 DER'RING.a. Daring. [JS'of in iiic] Spenser. 
 l)ER'Vl'sE, ) [•"<■'■■''•■>"•] A Turkish or Persian 
 
 monk, who professes extreme poverty, and leads an 
 
 austere life. Knciic. 
 DES'e.V.NT, B. [Pp, di.<!eanle, ditcantar ; dis anil L. 
 
 ciinUi, to smc. (See C'a.n i.) Tiie Fr. dechanlcr has a 
 
 ditferent st^nse.] 
 
 1. A song or tunc composed in parts. 
 
 2. A song or tunc witli various modulations. 
 
 Tlic « ak. riil nil'iliiif .le 
 Ali niglit toii^ tt *r (iiiiuruufl detcanl tiiii^, MUton, 
 
 3. .\ discourse ; discussion ; dispuUitlon ; animad- 
 version, comment, or a series of coininents, 
 
 4. The art of ominsing music in several parts. 
 Dcscnnl is pUitn^fignrative^ and double. 
 
 Plain dc-icanly is the groundwork of musical com- 
 positions, consisting in the orderly disposition of con- 
 cords, answering to simple counler[Hiint. 
 
 Figuratiee ur florid descant, is that part of an air in 
 which some discords are concerned. 
 
 Double deseant, is when the parts are so contrived, 
 that the treble may be made the base, and the base 
 the treble. Bailry. F.ncye. 
 
 DES-e.\.\T', r. i. To run a division or variety with 
 the voice, on a miisiciU ground .n true meiisure ; to 
 •ilig. Ba//ri;. Jolinson. 
 
 2. To discourse ; to comment ; to niake a variety 
 of remarks; to animadvert freely, 
 
 A Tinnoui rn.in thouM Ijc pj'*.uctl lo fiiij projjc dttenntinf on 
 tus actioiia. Ad/iuon. 
 
 r)E."^C.\NT'ER, n. One who descanw, 
 UES-C\.\T'I\G, ppr. Singing m (larts or with vari- 
 ous modulations; discoursing freely ; commenting. 
 DE.*-e.'\XT'I.\R, n. Remark ; conjecture. BurneU 
 DL-SCE.\D', ;de-scnd',) r. i, [L. descendo ; de and 
 nando, to climb ; \V. diseimu, from ckiim, to rise, 
 cjon, top ; l\. discendcrt : Fr. dcseendrc : ^p. desceiulrr ; 
 Arm. disgenn. The root cien is from extending, 
 ■hooting, thnisting, as gin in begin.] 
 
 1. To move or p,xss from a higher to a lower place ; 
 to move, come, or go downward ; to fall ; to sink ; '. 
 lo run or flow down ; applicable to any kind of motion \ 
 
 or of body. Wo descend on the feet, (m wheels, or by 
 fulling. A torrent descends from a mountain. 
 
 The mills i!fic€futtdf and the llootU cuiiif . — M.tit. vil. 
 
 2. To go down, or to enter, 
 
 Hu sh.iU tiencrnd into Utttio and p'fish. — 1 .Sntii, xrvi. 
 
 3. To come suddenly; to fall violently. 
 
 And on llie iiiitors li*t thy wrath descend. Pope. 
 •I. To go in ; to enter, 
 
 llo, with iinnost meditntiont I-hI, 
 Into \iiiuK'-\i itrscenrlefi. Milton. 
 
 5. To rush ; to invade, as an enemj'. 
 
 Til-' Cin.-ci.m lie I rlesceruling on tlif luwn. Pnflcn. 
 
 ft. Tt) proceed from a source or original ; to be de- 
 rived. The beggar may descend frtmi a prince, and a 
 prince from a beggar. 
 
 7. To proceed, as from father to son ; to pass from 
 a preceding pixsessor, in the order of lineage, or 
 according to the l:iws of succession or iiitn'ritaiice. 
 Thus, an inheritance descends to the son or next of 
 kin ; a crown descends to the heir. 
 
 8. To pa.ss from general to pailiciil.ir considera- 
 tions; a.s, having explained the general siiliject, we 
 will descend to particulars. 
 
 D, 'J'o come down from an elevated or honorable 
 station ; in a fgurattre sense, ri.ivius is an homira- 
 ble man ; he can not descend lo acts of meanness. 
 
 lU. In vtiisic, to fall in sound ; to pass from any 
 note to another less acute or shrill, or from sharp lo 
 flat. HotL^seua. 
 
 DE-SCENT)', r. t. To walk, move, or pass downward 
 on a declivity ; as, to descend a hill ; to descend an 
 inclined plain. [But this may be considered as 
 elliptic.;!, on or ulon-r being iinili rstotid.] 
 
 DE-SCEN1)'ANT, «. fFr. dcsccyidnnt : L. descendens.] 
 Any perstin prticeeiling from an anee-slor in any 
 degree ; issue ; offspring, in the line of generation, 
 ad infnitum. We are all the descendants of Aiiam 
 and Eve. 
 
 DE-SCEND'ED, pp. Jloved downward from a higlit ; 
 proceeded from a source, as a son from a fatlier. 
 
 DE-St'E.\»'E.\T, a. Descending; falling; shiking. 
 2. Troceeding from an original or ancestor. I'opc. 
 
 DE-SCE.NT)-I-1!11/I-TY, n. The quality of being de- 
 scendible, or capable of being transmitted from an- 
 cestors ; as, the descendibility of an estate or of a 
 crown, Blackstonc. 
 
 DE-SCE.\I)'I-HLE, a. That may be descended or 
 passed down ; as, the hill is descendible. 
 
 2. That may descend from an ancestor to an heir ; 
 as, a descendible estate. 
 
 DE-S(,'E.M)'1NG, ppr. or a. Moving downward ; pro- 
 ceeding from an ancestor. 
 
 DE-SCEN'SION, (de sen'shun,) ii. [L. descen.-.-io.] 
 
 1. The act of going downward ; tteseent ; a falling 
 or sinking . declension ; degradalitm, 
 
 2, In astronomy, right dcscension is the arc of the 
 equator which descends, with, the sign or star, below 
 the horizon of a right sphere. Barlow. 
 
 Oblique dcscension, is the arc of the equator which 
 descentis, with the sign or star, below the hori/.on of 
 an oblitpie sphere. Barlow. 
 
 DE-SCE.N'SION-AL, a. Pertaining to ileseeiil. 
 
 DE-SrE.\'SI VE, a. Descending ; tending downward ; 
 having [Kiwer lo descend, Sherwood. 
 
 DF^SCE.N-SO'RI.IJ.M, H. ,\ chemical furnace, 
 
 DE-SCE.NT', (lie-sent',) n. [Fr. descente ; L. descensus.] 
 
 1. The act of descending ; the act of passing from 
 n higher to a li>wer place, by any form of motion, as 
 by walking, riding, rolling, sliding, sinking, or 
 falling. 
 
 2. Inclination downward ; obliquity ; slope ; de- 
 clivity ; as, the descent of a hill, or a roof. 
 
 3. Progress downward ; as, the descent from higher 
 to lower orders of beings. LueJu: 
 
 4. Fall from a higher'to a lower state or station. 
 
 J\Idton. 
 
 5. A laniling from ships ; invasion of troops from 
 the sea ; aSj to make a descent on Cuba. 
 
 6. A passing from an ance.stor to an heir ; transmis- 
 sion by succession or inheritance; iis, the descent of 
 an esUate or a title from the father to the son. De- 
 scent is lineal, when it proceeds directly from the 
 father to the son, .and from the son to the grandson ; 
 collateral, when it proceeds from a man to his brother, 
 nejihew, or other collateral representative, 
 
 7. A proceeding from an original or progenitor. 
 The Jews boast of their descent from Abraham. 
 Hence, 
 
 8. Ilirth ; extr.aclion ; lineage ; n.s, a noble descent. 
 
 9. A generation ; a single degree in the scale of 
 genealogy ; distance from the comniim ancestor. 
 
 No m.\» i* a Uiouund detcenu from Adiim. Hooker. 
 
 10. Offspring ; issue ; descendants. 
 
 The car* of our lUtetnt perplf xn mint. Milton. 
 
 11. A rank in the scale of subordination. Milton. 
 
 12. U)west place. Shak. 
 
 13. In music, a pa-islng from a note or sound to one 
 more grave or less acute. 
 DE-SeRIIl' A-llLE, a. That may be described ; capa- 
 ble of description. 
 
 DE-PCRIHE', V. t. [L, describe ; de and tcribo, lo 
 write; Sp de.^cribir ; lU descnvcre i Fr.decrirs; Anu. 
 discriva. See ScniiiE,] 
 
 1. To delineate or mark the form or figure ; as, to 
 describe a circle by the compasses, 
 
 2. To make'or exiiiliil a figure by motion ; ."W, a 
 star describes a circ e or an ellipsis m Ihe lii avens, 
 
 3. To sliow or represent to otiiers in words ; to 
 comniiinicate an idea of a thing, by naming its na- j 
 lure, form, or properli^'s. The poet describes Ihe 
 Trojan horse ; llie hi>lori.'in describes the battle of 
 I'liarsalia ; the moralist describes the ellects of ciirnipl ' 
 manners ; the geographer dacribes cowntriwfl and I 
 cities. I 
 
 4. To repr sent by signs. A deaf and dumb man ' 
 may describe a distant objiet ; our p:issions maybe I 
 described by external motinns. 
 
 5. To draw a pliin ; lo represent by lines and other 
 marks oti paper, or uiliiT material ; as, to describe the 
 siirl'aee of Die earth by a map or cliart. 
 
 6. To give a clear and vivid exliibiliim in language; 
 as, iMiltiin dcscribc.1 with uucoinniuii force and hi aiity. 
 
 7. To define laxly. Orntj. 
 DE-i^ClMlS'A'D, ;)/). Represented in form by marks 
 
 or ligiires; deline:Ued ; represented by words or 
 signs. 
 
 DE-seilin'ER, n. One who describes by marks, xyords, 
 or signs. 
 
 DE SCRIIVI.N'G, ppr. Representing the form or figure 
 of, by lines or marks; communicating a view of, by 
 words or signs, or by naming the nature and prop- 
 erties. 
 
 DE-SCKr£l), pp. [See Descbt.] Espied ; discov- 
 ered ; seen. 
 
 DE-SGRI ER, n. [Sec DEscnv.] One who espies or 
 
 discovers; a discoverer ; a detecter. Crashaw. 
 DE .■^CltlP'TlON, n. [L. descriptio.] 
 
 1. T he ael of delineating, or representing the figure |i 
 of any Ihiiig by a plan, lo lu^ presented to the eye. 
 
 2. 'I'lie figure or appearaiict! of any tiling deline- 
 ated, or reiireseiiteil by visilili; lines, marks, etilors, i 
 &e. ; as, the description of a country, or of Solomon's ' 
 tenipli'. 
 
 3. 'I'he act of reprt-si ntiiig a thing by xvords or by 
 signs, or the passagi; conlaniing siieli ref>resenlation ; 
 a re|)resi niatioii of nanu s, nature, or [iropiTlies, that 
 gives to aiiolhcr a view of the tiling. Ilonii r ahininds 
 Willi beautiful and sinking descriptions. Hence, 
 
 4. A definition. All definitions must be less per- 
 fect descriptions of a material thing, than a visible 
 figure or di^lineation. i > 
 
 5. 'J'he qualities expressed in a representatifui ; as, j 
 a man of this description. Burke. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 6. The persons having the qualiii' s expressed ; a 
 class of persons to wliiun a <l . ^eriiition is applicable, 
 or who are in a similar condiliuii. 
 
 The srcn-ury proc/'etla to cxaininr, whi-ihcr a diirerrnce ou^lil 
 to In: ixTiiiitifd to irintiiii between llw.'ni and aiiolh^-r (/«• 
 teriplion of put,lic ciTditora. Hamiiton. 
 PiT*oiia uf dilU'rt-'nl detcriptiont. Scott. 
 DE-SeRIP'Tl VE, a. Conlaining description ; tend- 
 ing lo tlescribc ; having the quality of representing; 
 as, a descriptirc figure ; a descriptive narration j a 
 story descripliee of the age. 
 
 Descriptive geometry, consists in the application of j 
 geometrical rules to the representation of the figures | 
 and various relations tif the fnrins of bodies accord- 
 ing lo certain conventional methutis, Brande. 
 Dli-SeRIP'TIVE-LY, a(/r, IJv description. 
 DE-S€Kir'TIVE-.\ESS, n. State of being descrip- 
 tive. 
 
 DE-SCRV, f. [\ornr. descrier or discricer, and dis- 
 cecer, to discover.] 
 
 1. To espy; lo explore; to examine by obserx'a- 
 tion, 
 
 Th'? Iioimi? qf Joseph srni to descry Bclhol. — Judgt^ i. 
 
 2. To detect; to find out; to discover any thing 
 concealed, 
 
 3. To see ; to behold ; to hax-e n sight of from a 
 distance ; a.s, the seamen descried land. 
 
 4. To give notice of something suddenly discov- 
 ered, [A"ii( in use.] Hall, 
 
 DE-seilV', n. The thing descried, as an army si>cn 
 at a distance. [Unusual.] Shak. 
 
 DE-.-JCRt'l.N't;, ppr. Discovering; espying. 
 
 DES'E-eR.^TE., V. t. [L, desecro ; de and sacro, to 
 consecrate, from sacfr, sacreil,] 
 
 1. To tliveTt from a sacred purjiose or appropria- 
 tion ; opposed to con.iccrate ; as, to desecrate a dona- 
 tion lo a church. 
 
 2. To divest of a sacred cliaricter or oflice. 
 
 The cI'Tiry cnn nnl sn!T-r Corporal pnniahin^nt, wiUionl l>-ing 
 pn-viiiii»ly deucraled. Tooke't ttuMtia. 
 
 DES'E-eU.X-TED, pp. or a. Diverted from a s.-irred 
 purpose or appropriation , divested of a sacred char- j 
 acter or office. ' 
 
 DES'E-€R.X-TI.\G, ppr. Diverting from a purpose to | 
 which a thing is consecrated ; divesting of a sacred 
 character or office. 
 
 DES-E-eilA'TlO.N, 71. The art of diverting from a ' 
 sacred purpose or use to which a thing had been de- 
 voted ; Jie act of diverting from a sacred character 
 or office. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS._e as K ; G as J : S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 323 
 
DES 
 
 DES KRT, a. [L. ile.^ertu.s, dc-'ero ; dc iirnl sn-o, to 
 NOW, plant, or scatter ; Fr. desert ; Sp. desierto,] 
 
 1. Ltferalliiy forsaken ; hence, uninhabited ; as, a 
 desert isle. Hence, wild ; untilled ; waste ; unculti- 
 vated ; as, a desert land or country. 
 
 2. Void ; empty ; unoccupied. 
 
 Full many a flower is bom to bhish unseen, 
 
 And Wiiste iu sweeuiess on die deserl air. Gray. 
 
 DES'ERT, n. [h. deseHitm.] 
 
 An uninhabited tract of land ; a region in its nat- 
 ural state ; a wilderness ; a solitude ; particularly^ a 
 vast sandy plain, as the deserts of Arabia and Africa. 
 But the word ni.iy be applied to an uninhabited 
 country covered with wood. 
 
 DE SERT', c. t. [Fr. deserter, from the adjective, and 
 this from the L. descrtus, descro, Xo forsake.] 
 
 1. To forsake; to leave utterly; to abandon; to 
 quit with a view not to return to ; as, to desert a 
 friend ; to desert our countrj- ; to deicrt a cause. 
 
 2. To leave, without permission, a military band, 
 or a ship, in which one is enlisted ; to forsake the 
 service in which one is engased, in violation of duty ; 
 as, to desert the army ; to desert one's colors ; to de- 
 sert a ship. 
 
 DE-SERT', V. i. To run away ; to quit a scnice with- 
 out permission ; as, to desert from the army. 
 
 DE-SERT', n. [from deserve.] A deserving ; that 
 which gives a right to reward or demands, or which 
 renders liable to punishment ; merit or demerit ; that 
 which entitles to a recompense of equal value, or de- 
 mands a punishment equal to the offense ; good con- 
 ferred, or evil done, wliich merits an equivalent re- 
 turn. A wise legislature will reward or punish men 
 accorfling to their deserts. 
 
 2. Tliat which is deserved ; reward or punishment 
 merited. In a future life, every man will receive 
 llis dest-rf. 
 
 DE-SEKT'ED. pp. or a. Wholly forsaken ; abandon- 
 ed ; left. 
 
 DE SERT'ER, n. A person who forsakes his cause, 
 his post, or his party or friend ; particularhj,a soldier 
 or seaman whoquits the service without permission, 
 and in vii)lation of his engageme?it. 
 
 DE-SEKT'FIJL, a. High in desert ; meritorious. 
 
 Bcaum. S,- Fl. 
 
 DE-SERT'IN'G, ppr. Forsaking utterly : abandoning. 
 
 DE-SER'TIO.\, n. The act of forsaking or abandon- 
 ing, as a party, a friend, a country, an army, or mil- 
 itary band, or a ship; the act of quitting with an in- 
 tention not to return. 
 
 2. The state of being forsaken by God ; spiritual 
 despondency. 
 
 The agonies of a soul under desertion. South. 
 
 DE SERT'LESS, a. Without merit or claim to favor 
 or reward. Dryden. 
 
 DE-SERT'LESS-LY, adv. Undesen edly. Braiim. 4" Ji"i. 
 
 Rl^ ^Sn'rlol^"^' ! n- A female who deserts. Mdtan. 
 DE-ShRl'KlX, \ 
 
 DE-SERVE', (de-zerv',) v. t. [L. descrvio; de and ser- 
 rio, to serve. The Fr. deservir is not used. J 
 
 1. To merit; to be worthy of; applied to good or 
 evil. 
 
 2. To merit by labor or services ; to have a just 
 claim to an equivalent for good conferred. Tiie la- 
 borer deserves his wages ; he deserves the value of 
 his services. 
 
 3. To merit by good actions or qualities in gen- 
 eral ; to be worthy of, on account of excellence. 
 The virtuous man deserves esteem and commenda- 
 tion. A work of value deserves praise. 
 
 4. To be worthy of, in a bad sense ; to merit by an 
 evil act ; as, to deserve blame or punishment. 
 
 God exacu-lh of Ujec lew th.'Ui thine iniquity deeervelh. — Job xi. 
 
 DE-SERVE', (de-zerv',) v. i. To merit ; to be worthy 
 of or deserving; as, he deserves well or ill of liis 
 neighbor. 
 
 DE-SERV'ED, pp. or a. Merited ; worthy of. 
 
 DE SERV'ED-EY,- adv. Justly; according to desert, 
 
 whether of good or evil. .'\ man may be deservedly 
 
 praise<l, Wamed, or punished. 
 DE-SERVER, ii. He who deserves or merits; one 
 
 who is worthy of; used generally in a good sense. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 DE-SERV'IN'G, ppr. Meriting; having a just claim 
 to reward ; justly meriting punishment. 
 
 2. a. Worthy of reward or praise ; meritorious ; 
 possessed of good qualities that entitle to approba- 
 tion ; as, a deserving olhcer. 
 
 DE SERV'LN'G, «. The act of meriting; desert; 
 meriL 
 
 If jro have (lotie to him accord^g to the deterving of hb hantU. 
 -Ju.J({<« IX. 
 
 DF^?KRV'I.\G-LV, adv. Meritoriously; with just 
 dfjM-rt. 
 
 OKfy^llA fJir.r.K', (des-a-bil',) n. [Fr., from de and 
 hahillrr, to clothe. I have restored the true orthog- 
 raphy.) 
 
 An undress ; n loose morning dress ; hence, any 
 home dress ; aJ«, the lady is in deshabille. 
 
 DE-SIC'CANT, a. [.See Desicc»ti:.] Drying. 
 
 DE-Sre'e.\NT, n. A medicine or application that 
 drien a sore. Wutfman. 
 
 DES 
 
 DE-.«ie'eATE or DES'IG-CaTE, ». t. {Ij. desicco ; 
 de and sicco, to dry.] 
 
 To dry ; to exhaust of moisture ; to exhale or re- 
 move moistdre from. 
 
 DE-Sie'CATE or DES'ie-CATE, c. i. To become 
 dry. Bacon. Hale. 
 
 DE-Sie'€A-TED, pp. Dried. 
 
 DE-SIC'Ca-TING, jipr. Drying; exhausting moisture. 
 DES-ie-CA'TlON, n. The act of making dry; the 
 
 state of being dried. Bacon. 
 DE-SIC'CA-TI VE, n. An application which tends to 
 
 dry up secretions. 
 DE-Sie'CA-TIVE, (I. Drj-ing; tending to dry ; that 
 
 has the power to dry. 
 DE,SID'ER-aTE, r. t. [from the L.] To want ; to 
 
 miss. Brougftam. 
 DE-SID'ER-.A-TIVE, a. Denoting desire ; as, dcsid- 
 
 rratire verbs^ 
 
 DE-SI D-ER-A'TUM, n. ; pi. Desiderata. [L. desid- 
 eratuSy -»m, from desidcro, to desire.] 
 
 That which is desired ; that which is not pos- 
 sessed, but which is desirable ; any perfection or im- 
 provement which is wanted. 'J'he longitude is a 
 dcsiilcratum ill navigation. A tribunal to settle na- 
 tional disputes without war is a great desideratum. 
 
 DE-SID'I-OSE, a. Idle ; lazy. 
 
 DE-SlGX', (ile-sinc' or de-zinc',) r. t. [L. dciigno ; de 
 and sigjto, to seal or stamp, tliat is, to set or throw ; 
 Sp. dcsignar, discnar ; It. designarCy disegnare i Fr. 
 designer, dessiuer.'\ 
 
 I.'To delinetite a form or figure by drawing the 
 outline; to sketch ; as in painting and other works 
 of art. 
 
 0. To plan ; to form an outline or representation 
 of any thing. Hence, 
 
 3. To iiroject ; to form an idea, as a scheme. 
 Henre, 
 
 4. To purpose or intend ; as, a man designs to 
 write an essay, or to study law. 
 
 5. To mark out by tokens. [JVot used.] Locke. 
 
 6. To intend to apply or appropriate; with /or; 
 as, we design this ground /t*r a garden, and lliat for 
 a park. The worii design may include an adapting 
 or planning a thing for a purpose, or mere intention 
 or scheme of the mind, whicli implies a plan. The 
 father dr,■!i^rns his son fur the profession of the law, 
 or fur the ministry. It was f.irinerly followed by to, 
 but this use is now uncommon. 
 
 DE-SIG.N"', (de-sine' or de-zine',) n. [Fr. desscin.] 
 
 1. A plan or representation of a thing by an out- 
 line ; sl<etcli ; general view ; first idea represented 
 by visible lines, !is iu painting or architecture. 
 
 2. A scheme or plan in the mind. A wise man is 
 distinguished by the judiciousness of his dc^-iigjis. 
 
 3. Purpose ; intention ; aim ; implying a scheme 
 or iilan in tlie mind. It is my design to educate my 
 son for the bar. 
 
 4. The idea or scheme intended to be expressed by 
 an artist ; as, the designs of medals. .Addison. 
 
 5. In manufactories, Ihe figures with which work- 
 men enrich their stuft's, copied from painting or 
 draughts. Encyc. 
 
 6. In mnsic, the inventitm and conduct of the sub- 
 ject; the disposition of every part, and the general 
 order of tlie whole. Huusseau. 
 
 DF^SIGN'A-F.LE, (de-sln'.a-bl or de-zin'a-bl,) a. Ca- 
 pable of being tlesigned or marked out. 
 2. Distinguishable. Digby. 
 DES'!G-NaTE, j). t. [L. designo, dcsignntum.] 
 
 1. To mark out or show, so as to make known ; to 
 indicate by visible lines, marks, description, or some- 
 thing known and determinate ; as, to de-iignatc the 
 limits of a country ; the limits are designated on the 
 map; rifyiVdafc the spot where a star appears in the 
 heavens ; designate tlie place where our ancestors 
 first landed. 
 
 2. To point out; to distinguish from others by in- 
 dication ; as, to be able to designate every individual 
 who was concernetl in a riot. 
 
 3. To appoint ; to selert or distinguish for a partic- 
 ular purpose ; to assign ; with for ; as, to dcsigntUe an 
 officer for the command of a station ; or with to ; as, 
 this captain was designalcA to that station. 
 
 DE.S'IG-.NaTE, a. Appointed ; marked out. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 DES'IG-.Na-TEI), pp. Marked out ; indicated ; shown ; 
 pointed out ; appointed. 
 
 DES'IG-.\A-Tl.\(i, ppr. Marking out; indicating; 
 pointing out ; appointing. 
 
 DE.S-I(;-i\A'Tl().\, 71. The art of pointing or marking 
 out by signs or objects ; as, the designation of an es- 
 tate by boundaries. 
 
 2. Indication; a showing or pointing; a distin- 
 guishing from others. 
 
 3. Appointiin nt ; direction; as, a claim to a throne 
 grounded on Ihe designation of a predecessor. 
 
 4. Ap|>ointiiient ; a selecting and appointing ; as- 
 signment ; as, the designation of an officer to a par- 
 
 5. Import; distinct application, [ticular coininand. 
 finite anil Inftnito are priin^nly attributed In tiifir firit cf<»i;?fux- 
 
 iion to UiiiiK« which have parti. L/tcke. 
 
 DES'IG-NA-TIVE, a. Serving to designate or indi- 
 cate. Pritchard, 
 DES'IG-NA-TOR, n. A Roman officer who assigned 
 
 DES 
 
 to each person his rank and place in public shows 
 and ceremonies. 
 
 DES'IG-\A-'i'0-RY, a. That which designates. 
 
 DE-SlGN'£D,(de-sInd' or de-zind',) pp. or a. Marked 
 outj delineated ; planned ; intended. 
 
 DE-SiGX'LD-LY, a<Zi-. By design; purposely; inten- 
 tionally ; opposed to accidentally, ignoraiUiy, or inad- 
 vertentty. 
 
 DE-SIGN 'ER, (de-sln'er or de-zin'er,) n. One who 
 designs, marks out, or plans ; one who frames a 
 scheme or project ; a contriver. 
 
 2. One who plots ; one who lays a scheme ; in an 
 ill sense. 
 
 DE-SIGN'F{JL-NESS, n. Abundance of design [JVot 
 use^L] Barrou). 
 
 DE-SlGN'I.VG, (de-sin'ing or de-zin'ing,) ppr. Form- 
 ing a design; planning; delineating the outline; 
 drawing figures on a plane. 
 
 2. a. In an ill sense, artful ; insidious; intriguing; 
 contriving schemes of mischief; hence, deceitful. 
 Desi'sning men are always liable to suspicion. 
 
 DE-SlGN'lNG, 71. The art of delineating objects. 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 DE-SIGX'LESS, a. Without design or intention ; in- 
 advertent. 
 
 DE-SIGX'LESS-LY, ado. Without design ; inadver- 
 tently ; ignorantly. 
 DE-SlGN'MEiNT, 71. Design; sketch; delineation. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Design ; purpose ; aim ; intent ; scheme. 
 [This jCL'^d is note little used.] [Olonville. Shak. 
 DES^I-.VENfE, n. [L. desino.] 
 
 End ; close. Bp. Hall. 
 
 DES'!-NE.\T, o. Ending; extreme; lowermost. 
 DE-SIF'I-ENT, a. [L. dcsipiens, dcsipio, to dote ; de 
 and sapio, to be wise.] 
 
 Trifling ; fo(»lish ; playful. 
 DE-SIR'.VBLE, a. [See Desire.] Worthy of de- 
 sire; that is to be wished for with sincerity or earn- 
 estness. .\n easy address is a desirable accomplish- 
 ment ; real virtue is still more desirable. 
 2. Pleasing; agreeable. 
 
 All ol them desirable young men. — Kzek. xxiii. 
 DE-SIR'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being desir- 
 able. Ooodnian. 
 DE-SiR'A-BLY, adv. In a desirable manner. 
 DE-SIRE', 71. [Fr.deMr- It ■iesio ; i^p. dcsco ; Port. 
 dcsrjo ; Aim. dc^ir. (iu. W. iiais.'j 
 
 1. An emotion or excitement ot the mind, directed 
 to the atlainmtmt or possession of an object from 
 which pleasure, sensual, intellectual, or spiritual, is 
 expected ; a p;i-ssiiin excited by the love of an object, 
 or uneasiness at the want of it, and directed to its 
 attainment or possession. Desire is a wish to possess 
 some gratification or source of happiness which is 
 supposed to be obtainable. A icish may exist for some- 
 thing that is or is not obtainable. Desire, when di- 
 rected solely to sensual enjoyment, differs little from 
 appetite. In other languages, desire is expressed by 
 Umging or reaching towanl, [Gr. opt) w, L. apprto,] 
 and when it is ardent or intense, it approaches to 
 longing; but the word iu English usually expresses 
 less than longing. 
 
 We endeavored — to see your f.tc< with great deeirt. — 1 Thcsa. 
 ii. 
 
 Thou 5atisfi'_-st tlie desiret of every living thin^. — Ps. cxIt. 
 Desire in tliat internal act, which, by ioiluencing Uie will, makes 
 us ptticeed to .action. El. of Critidtm. 
 
 2. A prayer or request to obtain. 
 
 He will fulfill the desire of them that fear him. — Ps. cxlv. 
 
 3. The object of desire ; that which is desired. 
 
 The desire of all nations shall come. — Hag. ii. 
 
 4. Love; aflection. 
 
 llis rfesire is toward me. — Cant. vii. 
 .5. .Appetite ; lust. 
 
 Fulfilling the desires ot the flesh. — Eph. ii. 
 DE-STRE', r. t. [Fr. desirer: Arm. desira ; It. desiare, 
 or de-yirare ; Sp.dcsear; Purl, drsejar ; supposed to be 
 contracted from I., desidero, from dr.iido, to sink or 
 sellle, to want. The latter seems to be the primary 
 sense.] 
 
 1. '1 o wish for the possession and enjoyment of, 
 with a greater or less degree of earnestness ; to 
 covet. It expresses less strength of affection than 
 longing. 
 
 N.'Uher shall any man desire thy land. — F.x. x xxiv. 
 KoUuw after charity, and desire spiritual gilUi. — 1 Cor. xW. 
 
 2. To express a wish to obtain ; to ask ; to re- 
 quest ; to petition. 
 
 Tiien she said, Did I desire ft son of my Lord t —2 Kings iv. 
 
 3. To require?. [A"o(m n.«c] Spenser. 
 DE-SIR'f.'D, pp. or a. Wished for ; coveted ; rt^qucst- 
 
 <rd ; entreati'd. 
 DK-STRE'l.ES.'^, a. Free from desire. Donne. 
 DE-.<TR'ER, n. One who desires or asks ; one wht. 
 
 wishes. 
 
 DE SIK'ING, ppr. Wishing for; coTeting; asking; 
 
 expressing a wish ; soliciting. 
 DE STR'OUS, a. Wishing for ; wishing to obtain ; 
 coveting ; solicitous to possess and enjoy. 
 Be not desirous of his dainties. — Prov, xxill. 
 Jesus knew tltcy wer' desirous to ask him. — John xri. 
 
 FATE, FAH, F^LL, Wll^T METE, PRgV PtNE, &IARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
ir= 
 
 DES 
 
 DE Slll OU!> l.Y, alio. W illi ilusiio ; with eanit-st 
 wishes. 
 
 I)E SIK'OUS-NESS, n. The state or affection of be- 
 in^ (le.sirous. 
 
 DE SIST', V. i. [L. tlesLito ; rfcand sistu, to st;incl.] 
 'I'o stop ; to ce.isc to act or proceed j to forbear ; with 
 
 from ; as, he ticsistcit from his purpose j let us desist. 
 DE-SIST'.VNCE, n. A ceasing to act or proceed ; a 
 
 stoppiiiR: Boyle. 
 DE-SlST'lNd, ppr. Ceasing to act or proceed. 
 I)i: SI"TION, (de-sish'un,) n. [I., dcsitus.] End. 
 
 CE^^ls^i^WE.! «• [L-"-"-] 
 
 Kinal ; coucUisive. [Obs.] Wutl.i. 
 1)E.-:K, II. [U. dUch, a table, a dish; Sax. disc; (J. 
 tisch : Dan. and Sw. disk ; Kuss. doska ; L. ducus : 
 Gr. (JiTKov. See DuH.l 
 
 1. An inclinins table for the use of writers and 
 readers ; usually niaile with a box or drawer under- 
 neath, and sometimes with a book-c;ifie above. Po/ic. 
 
 •J. Tlie pulpit in a church, an<l fiiruratifcUj, the 
 clerical profession. The luau appears well in the 
 desk, lie intends one son for the bar, and nnollicr 
 for I be desk. 
 
 DESK, r. t. Toshut up in a desk ; to treasure. J. IlalU 
 
 l)i;sK'A"D, (deskt,) /i/<. Slnit up in a desk. 
 
 DI'.SK'I.S'i;, ppr. ShultiuK up in a desk. 
 
 DES'Ml.N'E, n. .\ mineral that er) stalli7.es in little 
 sdken tufts, which accomimny spinellane in the lava 
 of extinct volcanoes on Ihe banks of the Rhine. 
 
 DES'0-L.'\TE, u. [\.. desolatit-t. .«ee the verb.] 
 
 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants ; ilesert ; 
 uninhabited ; denoting either stripped of inliabitants 
 or in'ver having been inhabited j as, a desolate isle ; a 
 desolate wilderness. 
 
 1 wilt n).alw llic citk-c of Jmlnh desolate, witlioilt oji iiili-ibiunt. 
 — Jir. ix. 
 
 2. Ijiiid waste ; in n minons condition ; neglected ; 
 destroyed j as, desolate altars j desolate towers. Ezek. 
 Zepk. 
 
 3. Solitary ; without a companion ; alDictcd. 
 Taiii.ir p'lii.iiii'^l tietolalt in AIicUoiii'* iioii*". — 2 Sam. xiiL 
 Have Diorcy oii me, for 1 am ittuutau. — Ps. xxv. 
 
 4. Deserted by God ; deprived of comfort. 
 
 My hfnrt wiliitn tnc is desolate. — Pi. cxtiii. 
 
 DES'O-EaTE, r. (. [L. de.iolo, desohtus ; dc and solo, 
 to lay waste, solus, alone ; Sp. desular ; Fr. dcsolcr ; 
 It. desntare.] 
 
 ■ 1. To deprive of inhahiuints ; to make desert. The 
 earth was nearly desolated by the flood. 
 
 2. To lay waste ; to ruin ; to ravage ; to destroy 
 improvements or works of art. An inundation r/f,Mi- 
 lates tii lds. \Vhole countries have been desolated by 
 armies. 
 
 DES'0-1,A-TED, pp. or o. Deprived of inhabitants ; 
 wasted ; ruined. 
 
 DES't).L.\TE-I.Y, orfr. In a desolate manner. 
 
 DES'O-LATE-.NESS, n. .\ state of being desolate. 
 
 DES'O-La-TEK, n. One who lays waste or desolates ; 
 that which desolates. 
 
 DES'0-La-T1.\G, ppr. ox a. Depiiving of inhabitants ; 
 wasting ; ravaging. 
 
 DES-O-La'TION, n. The act of desolating ; destruc- 
 tion or expiUsion of inhabitants; destruction ; ruin; 
 waste. 
 
 2. A .pl.icc deprived of inhabitants, or otherwise 
 wasted, nivaged, and ruined. 
 
 How il B.ibyloii AdesotaUon amon^ the nations I — Jcr. i. 
 
 3. A desolate slate ; gUx-niiness ; sadness ; destitu- 
 tion. Skiik. Thomson, 
 
 The abomination of desolation ; Roman armies which 
 ravaged and di*slrt»yed Jerusalem. Matt. xxiv. 
 DES'0-l,.\-TO-RV, a. Causing desolation. 
 DE-SPA I II', n. [Fr. desespoir. See the %-erb.] 
 
 1. llo|H'lessness; a liojieless state ; a destitution of 
 hope or expectation. 
 
 We lire perplexed, but not in despair. — 2 Cor. ir. 
 
 All Kilety in despair ol Mfely plitCNl. Denham. 
 
 2. That which causes despair ; that of which there 
 is no hope. 
 
 The mere drtprtir oTtiir^ry tie ctirei. Shak. 
 
 3. Loss of hope in the mercy of God. Sprat. 
 DE-SPAIR', r. i. | Fr. desesperer ; des and espercr, to 
 
 hope ; lu di.-prrare ; Sp. desesperar ; Ann. dise^peri ; 
 from L. drspero ; dc anil .v^irro, t(» hope.] 
 
 To be without hope ; to give up all hope or expec- 
 tation ; followed by of. 
 
 We denaired even o/Iife. —2 Cor. 1. 
 
 Never atspair o/ GoU'i t>les»ing« h»'"e, or of hU rewani hei^ 
 "fi'T. ir«i«. 
 
 DE-.«PAIR'ER, n. One without hope. Dnplen. 
 DE-SPAIR-K^L, o. Hopeless. Sidney. 
 DE-SP.\1R'ING, ppr, or a. Giving up all hope or expec- 
 tation. 
 
 DE-SPA [R'lXG-LY, adv. In a despairing manner; in 
 a manner indicating ho|K'lessne,«s ; as, he speaks de- 
 fpairinglii of the sick man's recovery. 
 
 DE-SPAIR'ING-.\ESS, n. State of being despairing. 
 
 DES-PATCH'. SeeDiirATCH. 
 
 DES 
 
 DE-SPEC''l'IO.\, «. [L. drsfiectio.] 
 
 A looking down ; a despising. [Little used.] 
 
 DES-PE-KA'I)(), n. [from desperate.] A desperate 
 fi^llow ; a furious man ; a madman ; a person urged 
 by furious passions; one fearless or regardless of 
 safety. 
 
 DES'PE-RATE, a. [L. dcsjicratus, from despero, to de- 
 spair.] 
 
 1. vVithout hope. 
 
 I iiin deepcrale of ohl'iinin J tier. S/tnJc, 
 
 2. Withtitit regard to danger or safety ; as, a despe- 
 rate elfort. Hence, 
 
 .'). Abandoned to despair ; furious; as, he has be- 
 come desperate, 
 
 4. llopiless ; despaired of; lost beyond hope of re- 
 covery ; irretrievable ; irrecoverable ; forlorn. W'c 
 speak of il desperate c:isetif ilisease, desperate fortunes, 
 a desperate situation or ctuidition. 
 
 5. In a popular sense, great in the extreme ; as, a 
 desperate sot or fool. Pope. 
 
 DES'PE-R.\TE-LY, adv. In a desperate manner, as 
 in despair; hence, furiously; with rage; madly; 
 without regard to danger or safety; as,.tlie troops 
 fought desperately. 
 2. In a popular sense, greatly ; extremely ; vitjiently. 
 
 She fvll desperately in lure will) hiin. Addison. 
 
 DES'PE-RATE-.NESS, ii. Madness ; fury ; rash pre- 
 cipitance. 
 
 DES-l'E-RA'TlON, n. .\ despairing ; a giving up of 
 hope ; as, desperation of success. J/ammond. 
 
 2. Hopelessness ; despair ; as, the men were in a 
 state of desperation. Hence, 
 
 3. Fury ; rage ; disreg.ird of .safety or danger; as, 
 the men fought with desperation ; they were urged to 
 desperation. 
 
 DES'l'l-CA-llLE, a. [Low L. dcspicabilis, from de.i- 
 piclo, to look down, to despise ; dc and specie, to 
 l(M>k.] 
 
 That may be or deserves to be despised ; contem[)l- 
 ible ; iiu-aii ; vile ; worthless : opplteable ci/ually to per- 
 sons and thinirs ; as, a despicable man ; despicable coin- 
 panv ; a despicable gift. 
 DES'PI-C.A-HLE-N'ESS, n. The quality or state of 
 being despicable; iiieaiiiiess ; vileiiess; worttiless- 
 ness. 
 
 DES'Pl-CA-HLY, arfo. Meanly; vilely; contempti- 
 blv ; as, despicabht poor. 
 
 DES-P1"C1E.\-CY,' (des-pish'cn-sc,) n. [L. despicio.] 
 A looking down ; a despising, [/.iltle used.] JUedc. 
 
 DE-SI'IS'A-liLE, o. Despicable ; contemptible. 
 
 DE-SPIS'AL, Ti. Contempt. [Obs.] 
 
 DE-SPISE', (de-spize',) r. t. [I tloubt whether this 
 word is formed from the L. despicio. In Sp. and 
 Port, pisar is l{) tread down, and to despL-iC. It ;ip- 
 pears to be of dillurent origin from despite, and to be 
 formed on the riiot of the Spanish word. We pntb.a- 
 bly sec its alhiitties in Sp. pisou, a rammer, and the 
 L. pi.so, to stamp, whence pi.stiUam, Eng. pestle, pisUm, 
 &c. The primary sense, then, is, to thrust, drive, 
 anil hence to cast otT or tread ilown, to despise.] 
 
 1. To contemn ; to scorn ; to disdain; to have the 
 lowest opinion of. 
 
 Fimli denj/ise wisdom and liiBtniclion. — ProT. i. 
 
 2. To abhor. Shak. 
 DE-SPIS'KD, pp. or a. Contemned ; disdained ; ab- 
 horred. 
 
 DE-SI'TS'ED-NESS, n. The state of being despised. 
 
 DE-SPIS'ER, n. A contemner ; a scorner. 
 
 DE-SI'T;*'I.V(!, ppr. Contemning; scorning; disdain- 
 
 DE-SI'IS'IM;, h. Contempt. [ing. 
 
 DE sns l.NG-I.Y, adv. With contempt. 
 
 DE-SPITE', M. [ Fr. depit ; Norm, despite ; Ann. desped ; 
 It. despetto, spite, malice. Uu. from L. despeclus, de- 
 spicio. See SfiTE.] 
 
 1. Extreme malice; violent hatred; m,ilignity ; 
 malice irritated or enraged ; active nualignity ; angry 
 haired. 
 
 Wiih «tl thy despite nfainrt Ihe land of luael. — l^lc. xxv. 
 Thou wretch ! ae*pte o'erw lietin Uiee. ^'iioJIc. 
 
 2. Defiance with contempt, or triumph over oppo- 
 sition. He will rise to fame in despite of his enemies. 
 [See Spite.] 
 
 3. .An art of m-ilice or contempt ; as, a desT>ite to the 
 Most High. Milton. 
 
 DE-SPri'E', r. t. To vex ; to offend ; to tease. Rale-rh. 
 DE SPIT'ED, pp. Vexed ; offended. 
 DE-SPrrE'F},'L, o. Full of spite ; malicious ; malig- 
 nant; as , a despiteful enemy. ^'ng Charles. 
 llaten of tiod, desjnte/ul, proud, boniterv. — Rom. i. 
 
 DE-SPTTE'FJJULY, adt>. With despite ; maliciously ; 
 contemptuously. 
 
 FnT for ihem that despite/ulli/ ute you. — Malt. v. 
 
 DE-SPITE'FUL-NESS, n. Malice; extreme hatred; 
 nialignitv. 
 
 DES-PIT'E-OUS, o. Malicious. [Obs.] Miltx>rt, 
 I)ES.PIT'E-OUS-LY, o/Zn. Furiously, (obs.] Spenser, 
 I)E-.'*Pn"L\G, p/rr. Offending; teasing. 
 DE-SPOIL', <•. L [L. despolio; de and spolio, to spoil ; 
 
 Fr. depouiller; IL spofliare; Sp. despojar; Port. id. 
 
 See Spoil.] 
 
 1. To strip ; to take from by force ; to rob ; to de- 
 
 DES 
 
 prive ; followed by "/,• as, to despoil one of arms ; to 
 despoil of honors ; to despoil of innocence. 
 2. To strip or (livest by any means. IVoodward. 
 DE-SPOIL' /•-D, ;>p. Slri|ii>ed ; robbed; bereaved ; de- 
 prived. 
 
 DH^SPOIL'EK, n. One who strips by force ; a plun- 
 derer. 
 
 DE-SPOIL'ING, ppr. Depriving; stripping; rolibiiig. 
 DE-SPOIL'ME.NT, n. Act of despoiling; a plunder- 
 ing. 
 
 DE SPO-LI-A''J'l().\, n. 'J lie act of despoiling ; a strijf- 
 piiig. 
 
 DE-SPOXl)', V. i, [\j. desponden ; dc and spondeo, to 
 promise : litrrally, In throw to or forward.] 
 
 1. 'i'o b<; cast down ; to be depressed or dejected 
 ill mind ; to fail in spirits. 
 
 1 hIiouUI drspriir, or at U-iut despond. .Scott's Letters. 
 
 2. I'o lose all courage, spirit, or resolution ; to sink 
 by loss of hope. 
 
 Otheni (lepr^-8s tiieir own niiiida, and despoitd ut tiie Tint dilli. 
 ciilly. Locke. 
 
 JVote. — The distinction between despair and de- 
 spond is well marked in the foregoing passage from 
 Scott. Hut although despair implies a total loss of 
 hope, which despond dues not, at least in every case, 
 yet despondency is followed by the abandonment of 
 effort, or cessation of action, and despair sometimes 
 impels to violent action, even to rage. 
 
 DE SPO.N'I)', n. Despontlency ; as in the phra.se, the 
 Slough of Despond. Bwiynn. 
 
 DE-Sl'l)ND'EN-C'Y, n. A sinking or dejictiou of 
 spirits at tlie loss of hope ; loss of courage at the 
 failure of hope, or in di^^p aflliction, or at the pros- 
 pect of insiirmountiible ditficulties. 
 
 DE-SPO.ND'E.\T, a. Losing courage, at the loss of 
 hope; sinking into dejection; depressed and inac- 
 ti\i' in ilcspajr. Bentlri/. Thtniison. 
 
 DH-SI'<).\l)'i:.\T LV, adiK Witliimt hope. Barrow. 
 
 DK-PI'O.ND'LK, n. One destitute of hope. 
 
 DE-Sl'O.N'D'LNti, ppr. or a. Losing courage to net, in 
 conseipujnce of loss of hope, or t>f ileep calamity, or 
 of ditliitulties deemed insurmountable ; sinking into 
 dejection ; depressed in spirit. 
 
 DE-SPO.\l)'I.\G-LY, ttdr. In a desponding manner ; 
 « itli dejection of spirits ; desptiiringly. 
 
 DE Sl'( I.N'SATE, r. I. [L. desponso.] 
 To hetridh. [.\'ot in use.] 
 
 DES-I'O.N-SA'TIO.N, n. A betrothing. [A'ot in use.] 
 
 DES'PfiT, n. [(Jr. (i irTfyrijj, a ma.ster or lord ; It. 
 despoto i Vt, despolc ; Sp. despotn.] 
 
 An emperor, king, or |)riiice, iiive.»ti (I with abso- 
 lute power, or ruling without any control from men, 
 constitution, or laws. Hence, in a general sense, a 
 tyrant. Burke, 
 
 DES-PoT'lC, I a. Absolute in power ; inde- 
 
 DES-POT'IC-.AL, ( pendent of control from men, 
 constitution, or laws ; arbitrary in the exercise of 
 power ; as, a de-^-potic prince. 
 
 2. Unlimited or iinri sltaiiied by constitution, laws, 
 or men ; absolute ; arbitrary ; as, despotic authority 
 or power. Mdison, StcifL 
 
 3. Tvrannical. 
 
 DES-POt'ie-AL-LY, adr. With unlimited power ; 
 arbitrarily ; in a despotic inaniitT. Blnekstone. 
 
 DES-POT'IC-AL-NESS, n. Absolute or arbitrary au- 
 thority. 
 
 I)ES'P(')T-ISM, 71. [i'p. drspoli.smo ; Fr. despotisme.] 
 
 1. Absolute power; aiithnrity iiiiliniited and un- 
 controlled by men, constitution, or laws, and depend- 
 ing alone on the will of the prince ; as, the despotism 
 of a Turkish sultan. 
 
 2. An arbitrary government, as that of Turkey 
 and Persia. 
 
 DES'PLf-.M ATE, v. i. [L. de.spumo ; de and spuma, 
 froth or scum.] 
 To foam ; to froth ; lo form froth or scum. 
 DES-PU-MA'TIO.\, )i. The ai t of tliniwing off ex- 
 creineiititious matter and forming a t'rotli or scum on 
 the surface of liiiuor ; clarilication ; scumming. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 DES-CiU A-.MA'TIO.\, n. [L. desquamo ; de and squama, 
 a scale.] 
 
 .A .sealing or exfoliation of bone ; the separation of 
 the cuticle in small scales. Coze. 
 DESS, for Desk. [jVot in "-•'^.l^ Chaucer. Spenser, 
 DES-SEIIT', (dez-zert',) ii. [Fr. dessert, from desser- 
 vir, to clear the table ; de and .servir, to serve.] 
 
 .A service of fruits and sweetmeats, nt the close of 
 an enti rt;iinment ; the last course at the table, after 
 the meat is removed. l>rydeiu 
 DES-TEM'PER, ) j - n 
 
 DIS-TE.M'PER, i [^'- ''^'•■""P'-] 
 
 In paintinfTj a sort of painting with opaque colors, 
 ground and diluted with w.iter, glue, eggs, fee Elmeji. 
 DES'TI-.N'ATE, v. t. [L. destinn, drstinatw | 
 
 To design or apiMjinL [Seldom used.] ^See Dn- 
 
 TINE.l 
 
 DES'TI-NATE.a. Appointed ; destined ; determined. 
 
 Morton, 
 
 DES'TI-NA-TI.N'G, ppr. Designing; appointing. 
 DES-TI-.\A'TION, n. [L. desimalio.] 
 
 1. The act of destining or appointing. 
 
 2. The purpose for which ony thing is intended or 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ as K ; G a3 J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til ns in THI8. 
 
 "41"^ BB ^ 
 
 II 
 
DES 
 
 DET 
 
 DET 
 
 appoiiittMl ; eiiil or ultimate design. Every animal 
 is fitlf'd fur its drstintitiim. 
 
 3. Tlie place to which a thing is ajipointed, as, the 
 ship left tor her destination ; btil it is more usual to 
 sa\', for the place of lier destination* 
 DES'TINE, r. (. [L,. dcjitino : probably rfc and stino, 
 or slano. There seems to have been a root of tliis 
 orthography, different from L. sto, which wc find in 
 obstinate, obstino, jtrtsstino, a;id in Kuss. stanacliju. is 
 to set or place, Stan is stature, and we have stancliion, 
 and stone. Sax. stan, perha))s from the same root. 
 The words beginnins; with st, as stable, steady, stage, 
 stand, signify to set, but the ilifl'erence of final artic- 
 ulation seems to indicate a dift'erence of roots, 
 stab, stad, stag, stan.^ 
 
 1. To set, ordain, or appoint to a use, purpose, state, 
 or place. We destine a son to the ministerial otiice ; 
 a house fur a place of worship; a ship for the Lon- 
 don trade, or to Lisbon ; and wc are all destined to a 
 future state of happiness or misery. 
 
 2. To fix unalterably, as by a divine decree ; as, 
 the destined hour of death. 
 
 3. To doom ; to devote ; to appoint unalterably. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 DE3'T[N-£D, pp. or a. Ordained ; appointed by pre- 
 vious determination ; devoti'il ; fixed unalterably. 
 DES'TIN-LNG, /!/»■. Ordaining; appointing. 
 DES'TL\-IST, n. A believer in destiny. 
 DES'TI-NV, 71. [Fr. destin ; It. destino ; Sp. id.] 
 
 1. State or condition appointed or predetermined ; 
 ultimate fate ; as, men are solicitous to know their 
 future destiny, which is, however, hajipily concealed 
 from them. 
 
 2. Invincible necessity ; fate ; a necessity or fixed 
 order of things established by a divine decree, or 
 by an indissoluble connection of causes and effects. 
 
 But wlio can turn the stream of destiny? Spenser 
 
 Destinies; the fates, or supposed powers which 
 preside over human life, spin it out, and determine it ; 
 called by the Latins Pare.cji. 
 DES'TI-TUTE, a. [L. dcstitutns, destitm ; it and 
 statuo, to set. Literally, set from or away.] 
 
 1. Not having or possessing ; wanting ; as, desli- 
 tiuc of virtue, or of piety ; destitute of food and cloth- 
 ing. It differs from deprived, as it does not necessa- 
 rily imply previous possession. 
 
 2. Needy ; abject ; comfortless ; friendless. 
 
 He will regard tlie prayer of the destitute. — Ps. cii. 
 
 DES'TI-TUTE, ii. One who is without friends or 
 comfort. 
 
 DES'TI-TUTE, f. t. To forsake. [.Vot used.] 
 
 Fotherby. 
 
 2. To deprive. [jYot used.] Bacon. 
 
 DES-TI-TO'TION, n. Want ; absence of a thing ; 
 a state in which something is wanted, or not pos- 
 sessed ; poverty. Hooker. Taulor. 
 
 DE-STllOY', V. t. [L. deslrun ,- de and .struo, to pile, 
 to build ; Fr. Uetndre ; It. distruggcre ; Sp. and Tort. 
 destruir. See S raucTfnE.] 
 
 L To demolish; to pull down; to separate the 
 parts of an edifice, the union of which is necessary 
 to constitute the thing ; as, to destroy a house or tem- 
 ple ; to dejitroy a fortification. 
 
 2. To ruin ; to annihilate a thing by demolishing 
 or by burning ; as, to destroy a city. 
 
 3. 'l"o ruin ; to bring to naught ; to annihilate ; as, 
 to destroy a theory or scheme ; to destroy a govern- 
 ment ; to destroy influence. 
 
 4. 'J'o lay waste ; to make desolate. 
 
 (jo lip a^aiiut this IliikI, and destroy it. — Is. xxxvi. 
 
 5. 'I"o kill , to slay ; to extirpate ; ajipUed to men or 
 other animals. 
 
 Ye Bhall dettroy all this people. — Num. xxxii. 
 All the wicked will he deslroij. — Pit. cxlv. 
 
 C. Totiikcaway ; to cause to cease ; to put an end 
 to ; as, pain destroys happint-ss. 
 
 That the body of sin mi^ht be dettroijed, — Rom. vi. 
 
 7. To kill ; to eat ; to devour; to consume. Birds 
 destroy insects. Hawks destroy chickens. 
 
 8 In general, \.n put an < nd to; to annihilate a 
 thing, or the form in which it exi.sts. An army is 
 destroyed by slatighter, capture, or dispersion ; a 
 forest, by the ax, or by fire , towns, by fire, or inun- 
 d.ition, &c. 
 
 9. In ehemistry, to resolve a body into its parts or 
 elements. 
 
 DE-STROY'.\-I!LE, a. That may be destroyed. 
 
 PUnlK KCarcly i/riro-oi/a/i/e by the weath-T. fitrrltnm. 
 [f.iUtr. used.] 
 
 DE STKOV'/;n, pp. Di rnnlisbed ; i)u!led down ; 
 
 ruined ; anmhilafi d ; drvonred ; swept away, &.C. 
 DE S TUOV'EH, n. One who di vtroy9,or lays wasti- ; 
 
 one who kills a man, or an animal, or who ruins a 
 
 country, cities, ice, 
 DE-STllOV'I ppr. or a. Demolishing ; l.iying 
 
 waHti> ; killing ; annihilating ; putting an end to. 
 DE-STROY'l.Vf;, n. I)e»truclion. Mdton. 
 DE STK1.'(;T', for DKiTimr, i» not used. 
 DE-STllUCT-l-llIL'I 'I'Y, ji. The quality of being 
 
 cupuble of dcHtriiction. ' 
 
 DE-STRUeT'I-BLE, a. [L. destruo, destruetuin.] 
 
 Liable to destriii^tion ; capable of^ being destroyed. 
 DE-STRUCT'I-BLE-NESS, ji. The state of being de- 
 structible.' 
 
 DE-STRUe'TION, n. [L. destructin. See Destroy.] 
 1. The act of destroying; demolition; a pulling 
 down ; subversitm ; ruin, by whatever means ; as, 
 the destruetion of builtlings, or of towns. Destruc- 
 tion consists in the annihilation of the form of any 
 thing, that form of parts which constitutes it what it 
 is ; as, the destruetion of grass or herbage by eating ; 
 of a forest, by cutting down the trees ; or it denotes 
 a total annihilation ; as, the destruetion of a particu- 
 lar government ; the (ir.<(r«c(iu« of happiness. 
 , 2. Death; murder; slaughter; nuissacre. 
 
 There was a deadly destruction Uiroughout all the city. — 1 
 Sam. V. 
 
 3. Ruin. 
 
 Destruction .and miser)' are in Uieir ways. — Rom. iiu 
 
 4. Eternal death. 
 
 Broad is the way that learletli to fieslruction. — Matt. vii. 
 
 5. Cause of destruction ; a consuming plague ; a 
 destroyer. 
 
 The destruction that wasteth at noonday. — Ps. xci. 
 
 DE-STRUe'TION-IST, n. One in favor of destroy- 
 ing 
 
 DE-STRU€T'IVE, a. Causing destruction ; ha-ving 
 the quality of destroying ; ruinous ; mischievous ; 
 pernicious; with o/ or to; as, a destruetire fire or 
 famine. Intemperance is destructive of health ; evil 
 examples are destructive to the morals of youth. 
 Destructive distillation. See Distillation. 
 
 DE-STRUeT'IVE-LY,arfi!. With desti'uctiim ; ruin- 
 ously ; mischievously ; with power to destroy ; as, 
 destructivehi lev/d t>r intempertite. 
 
 DE-STRUe r'!VE-NESS, n. The quality of destroy- 
 ing or ruining. 
 
 DE-STRUGT'OE, n. [L.l A destroyer; a consumer. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 DES-IJ-Da'TION, n. [L. dcsudo ; de and sudo, to 
 sweat.] 
 
 A sweating; a profuse or morbid sweating, suc- 
 ceeded by an eruption of pustules, called keat-pimples. 
 
 Core. En eye. 
 
 DES'UE-TUDE, (des'we-tiide,) 71. [L. rfe.-KrtH(/n, "from 
 desucsco ; de and sue^co, lo accustom one's self.] 
 
 The cessation of use ; disuse ; discontinuance of 
 practice, custom, or fashion. Habit is contracted b)' 
 practice, and lost by desuetude; words in every lan- 
 Eiiage are lost hv desuetude. 
 
 DE SUL'PllU-RATE, v. t. [de and sulphurate, or sul- 
 phur.] 
 
 To deprive of sulphur. Chemi-itry. 
 DE-SUL'PIIU-Ra-TEI), /)/). Deprived of sulphur." 
 DE-SUL'rilU-RA-TI.\(;,;.;)r. Depriving of siilidiur. 
 DE-SUL-PIHJ-Ra'TIO.\, n. The act or operation of 
 
 depriving of siilpliur. 
 DES'UL-TO-RI-LY, adr. [See Desultory.] In a 
 
 desultttry maTiiu r: witiiout method; loosely. 
 DES'UL-TO-RL.M'.SS, H. A desultory manner; nn- 
 
 connecteduess ; a passing from one thing to another 
 
 witiiout order tir method. 
 DES-UL-To'RI-OIJS, e. Dosultorv. Barroto. 
 DES'UL-'JX)-RY, a. [L. dcsultorius, from desilio ; de 
 
 and stdio, to leap.] 
 
 1. Leapirtg; passing from one thing or subject to 
 another, without order or natural connection ; un- 
 connected ; immetliodical ; as, a desultory conver- 
 sation. 
 
 2. Coming suddenly ; started at the moment ; not 
 proceeding from natural order or connection with 
 what precedes ; as, a desultory thouglit. 
 
 DE-Su.ME', )'. t. [L. desumo.] 
 
 'i'o take from ; to liorrow. [A^'ot in use.] JIale. 
 DE-TACir, V. t. [Fr. detacher; Arm. di.-.tagai Sp. 
 
 and I'ort. destacar; It. staexare; de and the rottt tif 
 
 Eng. tack. See ATi;Ai:H.] 
 
 1. To separate or disiiniti^ ; to disengage ; to part 
 from ; as, to dr.taclirthv, coats of a bulbous root from 
 each other ; to detaeli a nuin from the interest of tlie 
 minister, or from a party. 
 
 2. 'I'o separate men from their companies or regi- 
 ments ; to draw from companies or rc giini:nts, as a 
 party of men, ami si nil them on a particular service. 
 
 3. To si li cl ships from a (li'el, and seuil them on 
 a separate ser\'ice. 
 
 DE-T.\Cir/:i), (de-taclit',) pp. Separated; parted 
 from ; disiiuilrd ; drawn and sent <m a separate 
 service. 
 
 2. a. Separate ; as, detached parcels or portions. 
 
 DE-TACII'l.\(;,;</ir. .'^eiKiiating ; parting from ; draw- 
 ing and sending on a separate i'm|ilovuieiit. 
 
 I)E-TA(;ir.MH.\ T, n. The act of dtitaching or sep- 
 arating. 
 
 2. A body of troops, selected or taken from the 
 main ariii\-, and i niploycd on some special service or 
 cxpialilion. 
 
 3. A number of ships, taken from a fleet, and sent 
 on a separate scrvit-e. 
 
 DE-TAIL', r. I. [Fr. delailler, to cut in pieces ; de and 
 laiUer, lo cut, Sp. tailor. It. tagltare.'J 
 
 I. To reliitt!, report, or nairatc, in particulars; to 
 
 recite the particulars of; to particularize; to relate 
 minutely and ilistinctly ; as, he detailed all the facts 
 in due order. 
 
 2. To select, as an officer or soldier from a divis- 
 ion, brigade, regiment, or battalion. 
 
 Laio of jMassachusctt-i. 
 DE TAIL', 71. [Fr.] /.KtraZ/j/, a cutting ofl' into parts 
 or portions, and hence the parts or jiortioiis them- 
 selves ; as, the details of a scheme ; tlie details of a 
 work in the fine arts, as distinguished from the 
 whole mass. • 
 
 2. In military affairs, a selecting of certain individ- 
 uals or bodies of men for a particular ser%'ice. 
 
 3. A minulo and iiarlicular narration, dwelling on 
 the distinct parts of a subject. 
 
 DE-TAIL'EU, /);). or ii. Related in particulars ; minute- 
 ly recited ; selected. 
 
 DE-TaIL'ER, «. One who details. 
 
 DE-TaIL'INC, ppr. Relating minutely; telling the 
 2. Selecting stddiers for some service, [particulars. 
 
 DE-Ta1N', v. t. [L. detineo; de and tenco, to hold; 
 Fr. detenir ; Sp. dcteuer. See Te.nant.] 
 
 1. To keep back or from ; to withhold ; to keep 
 what lielongs to another. Detain not the wages of 
 the hireling. Taylor. 
 
 2. To keep or restrain from proceeding, either going 
 or coming ; to stay or stop. We were detained by the 
 rain. 
 
 Let us detain thee, till we have made ready a kid. — Judges xiii. 
 
 3. To hold in custody. Blackstone. 
 DE-TAIN'DER, ii. A writ. [Sec Detinue.] 
 DE-TAIN'f:i), pp. Withheld; kept back; prevented 
 
 frimi going or coming; held; restrained. 
 DE-TaIN'ER, 7!. One who withholds what belongs 
 to another ; one who detains, stops, or prevents from 
 going. 
 
 •2. In lain, a holiling or keeping possession of what 
 beltings to another ; detention of what is another's, 
 though tlie original taking may be lawful. Blackslone. 
 
 DE-TAIN'ING, ppr. Witiiholding wliat belongs to 
 another; holding back ; restraining from going or 
 coming; holding in custody. 
 
 DE-TaIN'iMENT, 71. Tlie act of detaining ; deten- 
 tion. Blackstone. 
 
 DE-TECT', 71. (. [L. detego, delectus; de and tego, to 
 cover, W. toi. Eng. to deck, which see.] 
 
 Literally, to uncover ; hence, to discover ; to find 
 out ; to bring to light ; as, to detect the ramifications 
 and inosculations of the fine vessels. But this word 
 is especially applied to the discovery of secret crimes 
 and artifices ; we detect a thief, or the crime of steal- 
 ing; we delect the artifices of the man, or the man 
 himself ; we detect what is concealed, especially what 
 is coiH'traled by design. 
 
 DE-TEeT'ElJ,p/). or «. Discovered; found out; laid 
 open ; broil !;ht to light. 
 
 DE-TECT'ER, 7!. .\ discoverer; one who finds out 
 what another attempts to conceal. 
 
 DE-TECT'ING, iipr. Discovering; finding out. 
 
 DE-TEC'TION, n. The act of detecting ; discovery 
 of a persi7n or thing attempted to be concealed ; as, 
 the detection of a thief or biirglarian : the detection 
 of fraud or forgery ; the detection of artifice, device, 
 or a plut. 
 
 2. Discovery of any thing before hidden or un- 
 known. 
 
 The sea and rivers arc insfiumental to the detection of amber 
 and other fossils, by washing away the earth that con. 
 cealed tiiem. M'oo-lifard. 
 
 DE-TE.N'E-BRATE, v. t. JL. de and tenebra:.] 
 
 To remove darkness [J^'ot in use.] Broicn. 
 DE-TKNT', 71. [L.dctentus; I'r. detente.] 
 
 A stop in a clock, which, by being lifted up or let 
 down, locks and unlocks the clock in striking. F.nciie. 
 DE-TEiN'TION, h* [See Detain.] The act of de- 
 taining; a withholding from another his riglit ; a 
 keeping what belongs to another, and ought to be re- 
 stored. Blackslone. 
 
 2. Coufiiieuient ; restr.iint ; as, rfcfcwrioii in custody. 
 
 3. Dilav IVoui necessity; a detaining; as, the de- 
 tention of the mail by bad roads. 
 
 DE-TEK', r. t. [L. dtlerreo ; dennA terrra, to friizhten.] 
 
 1. To discourage and stop by fear ; to stop or pre- 
 vent I'loiii acting or proceeding, by daiigi-r, difiiciilty, 
 or oilii r Cdiisidi'niliiiii, which disheartens or counter- 
 vails tlie iiiuiive fur an act. We are often deterred 
 from our duly by trivial dilliciilties ; the stale of the 
 road or a cloudy sky may deter a man from undertak- 
 ing a journey. 
 
 A liiilliiin of fnuttrritoil hopes will not f/*ler ua fruin new exiieri. 
 mi nla. J. jl/. Masun, 
 
 2. To prevent by prohibition or danger. JMilford. 
 DE-TER6E', (de-te"rj',) v. t. [L. de.lergo ; de and tergo, 
 
 to wipe or scour.] 
 
 To cli^nnsi- ; to purge nway foul or ofl'ending m.it- 
 ter lYom the biid\ , or IVom an ulcer. IViseman. 
 
 DE-TEIit'i'A.'l), w". Clcausrd; purged. 
 
 DE-TEItr.'E.VT, rt. Cleansing; purging. 
 
 I)E-TEIU';'Ei\T, H. A medicine that bus the power 
 of cleansing the vesselsor skin from oll'eiidiug matter. 
 
 DE-TERCi'IN(;,/i/>r. Cleansing; carrying off obstruc- 
 tions or fiiiil inalter. 
 2. a. Having the quality of cleansing. 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALI-, WH*T METE, PltBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIllD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 »i6 
 
DET 
 
 DET 
 
 DEU 
 
 UE-Til'Rl-O-USTK, I', i. [Vt. deteriurcr ; ll. drtcrio- 
 rare Sp. ilrtrrioriiry (utm flftcrior^ wiirso, L. drterior,] 
 To Kf'xv wiiisc ; to he iiiipairvU in (iiiality ; lo de- 
 Ci'ncnitf ; opposcil to mdiurate. 
 
 UK'I'K'lll-O-ltA'I'i;, V. t. To make worse ; to reduce 
 ill i)u;ility ; as, to deteriorate a race of men, or llieir 
 coiiilitn.li. llmjley. Palnj. 
 
 OKTic RI-O-RS-TED, pp. Made worse; impaired 
 ill (|ii:ililv. 
 
 iJlv'I'K'KI-O-RA-TINO, ppr. Becoiiiing worse or in- 
 tVrior ill qiialilv. 
 
 Di:-TI-;-l{|-()-llA'TIO.\, n. A growing or making 
 worse ; tlie state of growing worse. 
 
 DE-'l"i:-RI-OU'l-TY, H. Worse state or quality; as, 
 drirrinrilii of diet. Ran. 
 
 DIvTEU'ME.N'I', II. [See Dkteii.] The act of deter- 
 ring ; the cause of deterring ; that which deters. 
 
 DI: T1;U.M'I.\ A-nLK, a, [See Detkrmi ne.] [RnyU. 
 1. Tliat may he decided with certainty. Uorjlt. 
 Q. That may end or lie determined. 
 
 DK-TEK.MM.S'-ATB, u. [I,, dclrrminatus.'] 
 
 1. Limited; tixed ; definite; as, u determinate 
 qiiaiitily ol matter. 
 
 'J. Estalilislied ; settled; positive; as, a Jc(cnni|iatc 
 rule or order. 
 
 The determinate counsel of God. — Acts ii. 
 
 3. Decisive ; conclusive ; as, a determinate resolu- 
 tion or jinlgmenL 
 
 4. Resolved on. S/tak, 
 
 5. Fived ; resolute. Sidnni. 
 Dr.-TKRM'I.\-.\TE, r. (. To limit- [Aut itsifJ.] [See 
 
 Detkkmi sr..] 
 DE-TEIl.M'l.\-ATE LY, adv. With certainty. 
 
 Tlw priiicintt's of n-Iirioii are detentutuUcly iruc or fil^. 
 
 TilloUait. 
 
 2. Resohitelv ; witli fixed resolve. Sidnrii. 
 DE-TERM'I.N .XTE NKSS, ;i. The state of being de- 
 
 trriiiinate, certain, or precise. 
 I)E-'l'ER.M-l.\'-.\'TION, 11. The actof determining or 
 deciding. " 
 
 2. Decision of a question in the mind ; firm reso- 
 lution ; settled piir|Hise ; as, tlie^ have acquainted me 
 Willi their determination, 
 
 3. Judicial decision , the ending of a controversy. 
 
 4. Strong direction to a given point; as, a determ- 
 malion of blood lo tile head. 
 
 5. Absolute direction lo a certain end. 
 
 R*>mi*»ncils cin by no inrans consMl willi n conslnnl detentuna^ 
 txon of t)ic will lo die ^Mtf»t iipp.ip-nt ^uo.l. Locke. 
 
 6. An ending ; a putting an end to ; as, the dcler- 
 minatiim of a wilt. Blacli.-ilone, 
 
 7. In phijsicid science, the referrins of minerals, 
 plants, &c.,to the species to which lliey belong ; as, 
 I am indebted to a friend for the dclerniiimtion of the 
 m'e.'iti r part of these shells. Liiell. 
 
 DE-TI:R.M'I.\-A-TIVE, That uncontrollably di- 
 rixts to a certain end. 
 
 TEir ileUriruntUiM power of a Jtiit cuise. Bmnihatt. 
 
 2. Limiting; that limits or bounds; as, a word 
 may \u- determinnlkrr, and limit the subject. 1Vatt.i. 
 
 3. That is employed in determining; as, determin- 
 atioe tables in the natiind sciences, i. e., tables ar- 
 ranged for determining the specific character of min- 
 erals, plants, &.C, and assigning them their names. 
 
 Dana, 
 
 DE-TERM'IX-.X-TOR, n. One who determines. 
 
 DE-TKR.M'I.\E, c. t. [L. delrrmino: de and termino, 
 to bnund ; terminus, a boundary or liiiiit ; W. tcmjn, 
 an extremity or limit; trrc, outward, extreme; (rr- 
 nmu, lo fix a bound, lo limit, to determine ; term, a 
 term, extreme point ; tenniaic, lo limit ; Ir. tcora, a 
 border or limit ; (ir. rom i, r n/i'io'. See Term.] 
 
 1. To end ; particularly, to end by the decision or 
 conclusiim of a cause, or of a doubtful or contro- 
 verted point ; applicable to the decisions of the mind, 
 or to juilicial decisions. We s;iy, I li.id determined 
 this ipiestiiin in my own mind ; the court lias deter- 
 mined the cause. 
 
 3. To end and fix; to settle ultimately; as, this 
 event determine-l his fate. 
 
 3. To fix on ; to settle or establish ; as, lo deter- 
 mine the proper season for planting seeds. 
 
 GoA — haOi determintd (ji- t:i.i'-» NYorc appoiiiletl. — Act* xril. 
 
 4. To end ; to limit : to bound ; to confine. Yon- 
 der hill determines our view. Knowledge is determined 
 by the sight. Bacon. 
 
 5. To givi' a diirclion to ; to influence the choice ; 
 that is, to linul to a particular purpose or direction ; 
 as, this rircninsumce drtrrminni him to the study of 
 law. Also, to give a direction to maleri:il bodies in 
 their course ; us, impulse may detemune a moving 
 body to this or that point. 
 
 (b. To resolve ; that is, to end or settle a point in 
 the mind, as in definition first. 
 
 I dturminetl Uitt Willi myself. — Q Cor. ii. 
 
 PjuI hid tUlermiiml lo sail bT Kptiesua. — Acu xx. 
 
 7. To destroy. [Aof used.] Shak. 
 
 8. To put an end to ; as, to determine n will. 
 
 Btac/citone. 
 
 9 To settle or ascertain, as something uncertain. 
 The clvmOer of ihe soul is detenmned by ihe ch irmrter of lis 
 J. Ulu-ardi. 
 
 DE-TER.M'I.NE, v. i. To resolve; to conclude: to 
 come to a decision. 
 
 ile shiill p:iy as llie \m\gi^ determine.— fit. xxi. 
 It is iiiilirlen-nl liow Ihe learneii stkoll datertntite coneenilTi:; this 
 niiillcT. Aiwn. 
 
 9. To come to an end ; to terminate. The danger 
 determined by the death of the conspirators. Revo- 
 lutions often determiiie in si lting up tyranny at home, 
 or in conquest from abroad. 
 
 Some csuitcs inuy deteriniite on fiilure coiiuii^iicies. 
 
 Illacketone. 
 
 DE-TERM'rN-ra,pp. Ended ; concluded ; decided ; 
 limited ; fixed ; settled ; resolved ; directed. 
 
 2. a. Having a firm or fixed purpose, as a deter- 
 mined man ; or manifesting a firm resolution, as a de- 
 termined countenance. 
 
 DE-TI".RM'I.N-i;i)-LV, adi: In a determined manner. 
 DE-TEU.M'IN-ER, ;i. One who decides or determ- 
 ines. 
 
 DE-TERM'IN-ING, p;n-. Ending; deciding; fixing; 
 
 settling; resolving; limiting; directing. 
 DE-TER-R.\'TIO.\, n. [L. * and frrrn, earth.] 
 
 The uncovering of any thing which is buried or 
 covered with earth ; a taking from out of the earth. 
 
 tVoodward. 
 
 DE-TER'R^TD, pp. [See Deter.] Discouraged or 
 prevented from proceeding or acting, by fear, diHi- 
 culty, or danger. 
 
 DE-TEIl'RI.\(;, ppr. Discouracing or influencing not 
 to proceed or act, by fear, diiriciilly, danger, or pros- 
 peel of evil. 
 
 3. a. Discouraging ; frightening. A-A. 
 DIv-TEK'SION, (-shun,) ii. [ L. delcrsus, detergo. See 
 
 Deterce.] 
 
 The act of cleansing, as a sore. Wiseman. 
 DE-TER'SIVE, a. [ll. dctcrsico; Fr. detersif. See 
 Deteroe.] 
 
 Cleansing ; having power to cleanse from offend- 
 ing matter. 
 
 DE-TER'SIVE, n. A medicine which has the power 
 of cleansing ulcers, or carrying off foul matter. 
 
 DE-TEST', i: t. [L. dete.-itor ; dc and (c.vfor, to affirm 
 or beiir witness; It. dctcstare ; Sp. detcstar ; Er. 
 dcte.-itcr. 'I'he primary sense of testor is to set, throw, 
 or thrust. To detest is to thrust away.] 
 
 To abhor ; lo abominate ; to h:ite extremely ; as, 
 lo drfr.^t crimes or meanness. 
 
 DE-TEST'.\-liLE, a. Extremely liateful ; abomina- 
 ble; very odious ; deserving abhorrence. 
 
 Thou h:ist defiled my sanctuary witJi all tliy deteitfihle tilings. — 
 Kiek. V. 
 
 DE-TEST' A-I!I,E-NESS, n. Extreme h.itefulness. 
 DE-TEST'A-I!LV, ado. Very hatefully ; abominably. 
 DET-ES-T.A'T10.\,n. Extreme hatred : nbhorrenre ; 
 
 with of. The good man entertains uniformly a dct- 
 
 e.-itation of sin. 
 
 DE-TE.ST'ED, pp. or a. Hated extremely ; abhorred. 
 DE-TEST'ER, ii. One who abhors. 
 DE-TEST'I.Mi, pjir. Hating extremely; abhorring; 
 alioiiiiiialiiig. 
 
 DE-TIIRo.N'E', r. f. [Fr. (/«(ra«<T ; Sp. i/f,«(ro;iar; It. 
 stronnre; de and tJtrone, L. t/lronus.] 
 
 1. To remove or drive from a throne ; to depose ; 
 to divest Xif royal aulbority and iliL'iiily. 
 
 2. To divest of rule or power, or of supreme 
 power. 
 
 The Prolccuir w.ia dethroned. Iliune. 
 
 DE-TIIRON'^D, pp. or a. Removed from a throne ; 
 deposed. 
 
 DE-rilRo.\E'ME.\T, n. Removal from a throne; 
 de|Kisitiiin of a king, einpenir, or prince. 
 
 Dl-VrilRfS.N'ER, II. One who delliroiies. 
 
 DE-TIIRo.\'I.M;, ppr. Driving from a throne; de- 
 priviiii: of renal power. 
 
 Dl'.-TIIR().N''rZE, r. (. Tonnthrime. Cot'jrare. 
 
 DET'l-.N'C'E, n. [ I'r. drlrnu, delained ; delmir, to detain.] 
 Litfrnthi, a person or tiling detained. 
 Ill Into, a wrd of detinue is one that lies against 
 him who wrongfully detiuns goods or chattels ileliv- 
 ered to him, or in his po.sse.ssion. This writ lies for 
 n thing certain and valuable, as for a horse, cow, 
 sheep, plati-, cloth, ice, to recover the thing itself, or 
 d.'images fur the detainer. Blackslnne. 
 
 DET'0-.\ ATE, 0. (, [L. delono ; de and fuiiw, lo thun- 
 der.] 
 
 In cAcnii.«fry, to cause to explode; to burn or in- 
 flame with n sudden re|)orL 
 
 DI'.T'O-.VATE, r. i. To explode ; lo burn with a sud- 
 den report. .N'iter detonates with sulphur. 
 
 DET'0-.\A-TED, pp. Expbided ; burnt with explo- 
 sion. 
 
 DET'O-.N'A-TIN'O, ppr. or o. Exploding; inflaming 
 with n sudden re|Hirt. 
 
 DET-0-NA'T10.\, II. .\n explosion or sudden report 
 m.-iile by the inflammation of certain combustible 
 bodies, .as fulminating gold. Detonation is not de- 
 crepitation. 
 
 DET-0-.M-7.A'TI0N, n. The act of exploding, as 
 
 certain combustible bodies. 
 DET'O NIZE, r. t [See Deto:«»te.] To cause to 
 
 explmie ; to burn with an explosion ; to calcine with 
 
 detonation. 
 
 DET'O-NIZE, v. i. To explode ; to burn with a »u(>- 
 deii report. 
 
 This precipitate — detonixe* v>ltli a considerable noise. 
 
 Fkjurertry 
 
 DET'O-NIZ-JvD, pp. Exploded, as a combustible 
 body. 
 
 DET'l)-NIZ-l.\G, ppr. Exploding with a sudden 
 ri'iHirt. 
 
 DE-TOKT', J). L [L. dctortus, of detorqueo! de and 
 tori/nco, to twist.) 
 
 To twist ; to wrest ; to pervert ; to turn from the 
 oriainal or plain meaning. Dryden. 
 
 DE-TOKT'EI), pp. Twisted; wrested ; perverted. 
 
 DE-TORT'LN'C, ppr. Wresting; perverting. 
 
 I)E-'1'()R'TI0.\, Ji. :\ turning or wresting; per- 
 version. 
 
 I)F>TOUR', (da-toor',) n. [t"r.] .\ turning; a cir- 
 cuitous way. 
 
 DE-TRAGT', u. f. [L. delrnetum ; del recto : detrahoi 
 de and trafio, to draw ; Sp. drtractar ; ly. dctrarre i 
 Fr. detrneter. See Duaw and Dbii;.] j 
 
 1. Lileralhj, to draw from. Hence, to lake away 
 from reiiiilation or merit, Iliroiigli envy, malice, or I 
 other motive ; hence, to detract from, is to lessen or 
 depreciate reputation or worth ; to derogate from. 
 
 Never cireulatc n-porls lli;it detract from the reputation or honor 
 of your neighbor, witliuut obvioiu necessity to justify the 
 act. Anon. 
 
 2. To take a« ay ; to withdraw, in a literal sense. 
 
 IVotton. Boyle. 
 DE-TRAeT'I.NG, ppr. or a. Taking away ; dero- 
 gating. 
 
 DE-TRACT'IXO-LY, ndr. In a detracting manner. 
 
 DE-TRAC'TIO.N', n. [L. detractio.] 
 
 The act of taking something from the repiit.ition 
 or Worth of another, with the view to lessen him in 
 esliiiiation ; censure; a lessening of worth; the act 
 of depreciating aiiotlier, from envy or malice. De- 
 traction may consist in representing merit .as less than 
 it really is; or in the imputation of faults, vices, or 
 crimes, which impair reptitiition ; and if such impu- 
 tation is false, it is slander, or defain.ation. 
 
 DE-TRAC'TIOUS, (-slius,) a. Containing detraction ; 
 lessening reput:ition. [A'ot in lue.] 
 
 DE-TRACT'IVE, a. Having the quality or tendency 
 to lessen the worth or esliiiiation. 
 
 DE-TRAeX'OR, n. One who takes away or impairs 
 the reputation of another injuriously ; one who at- 
 tempts to lessen the worth or honor of another. 
 
 DE TUAeT'O-RY, a. Derogatory ; defamatory by 
 denial of desert ; with from. .Johnson. Boole. 
 
 DE-TRACT'RESS, H. A female detractor; a censo- 
 
 DE-TRECT', V. t. [L. detrecto.] [rioiis woman. 
 
 To refuse. [A'ot iii uj>e.] Fotherby. 
 
 DET'RI-.MEi\T,7i. [I,, detrimentum. ftu. defer, worse, 
 or detero, dctritum, worn olf.] 
 
 Loss; damage; injury; mischief; harm; diminu- 
 tion. We speak of detriment to interest, property, 
 religion, morals, reputation, and lo land or buildings. 
 // is a iBord of very general application. 
 
 DET-R[-.ME.\T'AL, a. Injurious; hurtful; causing 
 loss or damage. 
 
 A ej'iril of speculation may be detrimental to regular commerce. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 nr.T'RI-MEN'T-ED, a. Injured : made worse. 
 DE-TRI'T.\L, a. rertainiiig to or consisting of de- 
 tritus. 
 
 DE-TRI"TIO.\, (dc-trish'un,) n. [L. dctcro.] 
 
 .\ wearing oil". Stevens. 
 DE-TRI'TI'S, n. [L. detritus, worn ; detero, to wear.] 
 Ill L'eolofry, a mass of substances worn off from 
 solid bodies by attrition, and reduced lo small por- 
 tions ; as, diluvial drfrifn.". When the portions are 
 large, the word debris is used. Buckland. 
 DE-TRf'DE', e. L [L. detrudo ; dc and Uudo, to 
 thrust.] 
 
 To thrust down ; to push down with force. | 
 Locke. Thomson | 
 DE-TRf'D'ED, pp. Thrust or forced down. 
 DI'.-TRC'D'l.N'G, fipr. Thrusting or forcing down. ' 
 DE-TRi;.\C'ATE, r. t. [L. detruneo ; de and truneo, I 
 to cut shorler ; truncus, cut short; Fr. trancher ; ' 
 Arm. troucha, or traincha. .See Tre.'*ch.] 
 To rut otl'; to Inp ; lo shorten by cutting. 
 DE-TRi;.\e'A-TED, pp. Cut otf; shortened. 
 DE-TRn\C A-TI.\(i, ppr. Cutting or lopping off. 
 DET-Rl'.V CA'TKJ.N, ii. Tlie .act of culling otT. 
 DE-TRC'SIO.V, (de lru'7.liun,) n. [See DExnuoi.] j 
 
 The act of thrusting or drivint; down. 
 DE-TrR'PATE, r. I. [L. dcturpo.] 
 
 To defile. [ LiUle u.srd.] Taylor. 
 DECCE, (iluse,)" u. [Fr. drut, two.] 
 
 Two ; a card with two sjiots ; a die with two 
 siKits : a term used in ^amin*r. 
 DEl't'E, { n. [£>u.>iiu, the name of a kind of evil 
 DECsT., t spirit.s. Se.' Dhe.1 
 
 .\n evil spirit ; a demon. \yul"ar.] 
 DEC'-TER-OG'A-.MIST, ii. [liifra.] One who mar- 
 ries the second lime. Goldsmith. 
 DEO-TER OG'A-.MY, n. [Gr. rletrto f, second, and 
 J u/ios, marriage.] 
 
 .•\ second marriage .ifter the death of the first hus- 
 band or wife. OoUUmith. 
 
 I TO.VE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US € as K ; tS as J ; S as Z ; Cfl as SH ; TH as in THIS. I 
 
DEV 
 
 DEV 
 
 DEV 
 
 DEU-TER-ON'O-MY, n. [Gr. Jturtp is, second, and 
 vojtcij law.] 
 
 Tlie second law, or second (living of the law by 
 Moses ; the name given to tlie fifth book of the Pen- 
 tateuch. 
 
 DEu-TER-O-Pa'THI-A, I n. [Gr. i^cvrcpos, second, 
 DEU-TER-OP'.A-THY, \ and r.iW.s.] 
 
 A sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as 
 headache from an overloaded stomach. 
 DEu-TER-OS'eO-PY, ji. [Gr. dtvrci^os, second, and 
 GKOTTswy to see.] 
 
 The second intention ; the meaning beyond the 
 literal sense. 
 
 DEoT-IIV-DROG'U-RET, ) n. In chemistry, a 
 DEU-TO-HY-DROG'U-RET, S compound of two 
 
 equivalents of hydrogen with one of some other 
 
 element. 
 
 DEu-TOX'YD, n. [Gr. hvTcpos, second, and oznjd; 
 strictly, Deuteroxyd.] 
 
 A compound of two equivalents of o.\ygen with 
 one of a base. 
 DE-VAP-O-Ra'TION, v. [dr and L. vapnratio.] 
 
 Tlie change of vapor into water, as in the genera- 
 tion of rain. Darwin. 
 DE-VAST', V. t. [L. dcrasto.] 
 
 To lay waste ; to jjundcr. [JVot in use."] Sandys. 
 DEV'AS-'TaTE, v. t. [D. devasto; dc and va-tto, to 
 waste; Ft. devastcr ; Sj). devastar ; It. devastare. See 
 Waste.] 
 
 To lay waste ; to waste ; to ravage ; to desolate ; 
 to dc^^trov iinpiDvements. 
 DEV'AS-f.A-TED, ;)/). Laid waste ; ravaged. 
 DEV'.\S-'I'A-TIi\G, ppr. Laying waste; desolating. 
 DEV-.'VS-T.^'TION, H. [L. d'cra-Ktatio.] 
 
 1. Waste ; ravage ; desolation ; destruction of 
 works of art and natural iiroductions which are 
 necessary or useful to man ; havock ; as by armies, 
 fire, flood, &c. 
 
 2. In law, waste of the goods of the deceased by 
 an executor or administrator. Blackstone. 
 
 DE-VEL'OP, JI. L [Fr. develupper : It. si-iliippare, to 
 unfold, to display ; viluppo, a packet or bundle, in- 
 tricacy.] 
 
 1. To uncover ; to unfold ; to lay open ; to dis- 
 close or make known something concealed or with- 
 held from notice. The general began to develop the 
 plan of his operations. 
 
 These serve lo develop its tenets. ' MUner. 
 
 2. To unravel ; to unfold what is intricate ; as, to 
 develop a plot. 
 
 DE-VEL'OP-£D, (de-vel'opt,) pp. Unfolded ; laid 
 open ; unraveled. 
 
 DE-VEL'OP-EK, 71. One who develops or unfolds. 
 
 DE-VEL'OP-ING, ppr. Unfolding ; disclosing ; un- 
 raveling. 
 
 DE-VEL'OP-MENT, n. An unfolding ; the discover- 
 ing of something secret or withheld from the know! 
 edge of others; disclosure ; full exhibition, 
 y. The unraveling of a plot. 
 
 DEV-E-NUS'TaTE, v. t. [L. de and venustas, 
 bcaiity.] 
 To deprive of beauty or grace. 
 
 DE-VERG'Ei\-CY. See Divergence. 
 
 DE VEST', V. t. [Fr. devetir ; de and vetir, to clothe, 
 L. vestio, id., vestis, a vest, a garment. Generally 
 written Di test.] 
 
 1. To strip; to deprive of clothing or arms; to 
 lake off". Dcniuim. 
 
 2. To deprive ; to take away ; as, to devest a man 
 or nation of rights. [See Divest.] 
 
 3. 'I'o free from ; to disengage. 
 
 4. In law, to alienate, as title or right. 
 DE-VEST', V. i. In law, to be lost or alienated, as a 
 
 title or an estate. 
 
 [This word is generally written Divest, except in 
 the latter and legal sense.] 
 
 DE-VEST'ED, pp. Stripped of clothes; deprived; 
 freed from ; alienated or lost, as title. 
 
 DE-VEST'ING, ppr. Stripping of clothes; depriv- 
 ing; freeing from ; .alienating. 
 
 DE-VEX', a. [L. devr.zas.] 
 
 Rending down. [JV'uf in ■use.'] 
 
 DE-VE.\'1-TY, n. [L. devezitas, from de and veho, to 
 cany.] 
 
 A bending downward ; a sloping ; incurvation 
 downward. Davies. 
 Dk' VI-aTE, ti. i. rit. dcuiare; Sp. dcsviarsc; L. de- 
 uiu.v; dr, from, and via, way.] 
 
 1. To turn aside or wander from the common 
 or right way, course, or line, cither in a literal or fig- 
 urative sense ; as, to deviate from the common truck 
 or path, or from a true course. 
 
 Tli'-re imuin- deaiatri, arxl Ijerc wnntjeni will. Pope. 
 
 2. To stray from the path of duty ; to wander, in a 
 moral sense ; to err ; to hIii. 
 
 DE-VI A''I'I0.\, n. A wandering or turning asiddfrom 
 the right way, rourse, or liiii'. 
 
 2. Variation from a commoil or trstablislied rule, or 
 from analogy. 
 
 3. A wainlrriiig from the path of duly ; want of 
 conformity to the rules prescribed by God ; error ; sin ; 
 obliquity of conduct. 
 
 4. In commerce, the voluntary departure of a ship, 
 
 without necessity, from the regular and usual course 
 of the specific voyage insured. This discharges the 
 underwriters from their responsibility. Park. 
 DE-VICE', rt. [Fi.devis, devise; It. divisa; from L. 
 divisns, divido.] 
 
 1. That which is formed by design, or invented ; 
 scheme ; artificial contrivance ; stratagem ; project ; 
 sometimes in a <roud sense ; mure grnerallij in a bad sense, 
 as artifices arc usually employed for bad purposes. 
 In a good sense : 
 
 His device is against Babylon, to destroy it. — Jcr. li. 
 In a bad scTise ; 
 
 lie (Iisapix)inleth the devices of the crafty. — Job v. 
 They imagined a niischicvous device. — Ps. xxi. 
 
 9. An emblem intended to represent a family, per- 
 son, action, or quality, with a suitable motto ; used 
 in painting, sculpture, and heraldry. It consists in a 
 niet:iphi>ri( ;\l siiTiilitude between the things represent- 
 ing ami irpie^riited, as the figure of a plow repre- 
 senting agriculture. 
 
 Knights-errant tlsed to distinguish themselves by devices on tlieir 
 siiields. Aildisoii. 
 
 3. Invention ; genius ; faculty of devising ; as, a 
 man of noble device. Sh'ik. 
 
 4. A spectacle or show. [Ois.] Bcaum. (( Fl. 
 DE-VICE'F}JL, a. Full of devices ; inventive. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 DE-VICE'FJJL-LY, adv. In a manner curiously con- 
 trived. Donne. 
 
 DEV'/L, (dev'vl,) n. [Sax. dinfol; D. diiivel ; G. teufel; 
 Sw. diefvul ; Dan. diarvel ; Russ. diavol ; Tartar, diof ; 
 L. diabolus; Gr. (iia/^ '^ 's, said to he from (Im/)' lAXu, 
 to calumniate ; Fr. diable ; Sp. diablo ; Pert, dinbo : It. 
 diavolo. The Armoric is diaul ; W. diawl, which Ow- 
 en supposes to be compounded of di, a negative, and 
 atcZ, light — one without light, (prince of darkness.) 
 The Irish is diabhail, which, according to O'Brien, is 
 composed of dia, deity, and bhal, air, (god of the air.) 
 If these Celtic words aie justly exiilained, they are 
 not connected with diabolus, or the latter is enoiie- 
 ously deduced.] 
 
 1. In tlie Christian thcoluiry, an evil spirit or being ; 
 a fallen angel, exjielled from heaven for rebellion 
 against God ; the chief of the apostate angels ; the 
 ini]ilacal)le enemy and temirter of the liiiman race. 
 In the New Testament, the word is frequently and 
 erroneously used for dcmon.^ 
 
 9. Avery wicked person, and in ludicrous Ian f^uai/e, 
 any great evil. In profane lann-uasre, it is an exple- 
 tive expressing wonder, vexation, &c. 
 
 3. An idol, or false god. Lev. xvii. 9 Chron. xi. 
 
 4. A machine for cutting up rags and old cloth for 
 manufacturing purposes. 
 
 f>. A printer's errand-boy. [Low.] 
 DEV'/L, I), a. To cut up cloth or rags in an instrument 
 called a devil. 
 
 2. To pepjier excessively. Smart. 
 DEV'/L-ING, n. A young devil. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Beaum. 
 
 DEV'/L-ISH, (dev'vl-ish,) a. Partaking of the qual- 
 ities of the devil ; diabolical ; very evil and mischiev- 
 ous ; malicious ; as, a devilish sclieme ; devilish yvick- 
 edness. Sidney. 
 
 2. H.'iving communication with the devil ; pertain- 
 ing to the devil. Skak. 
 
 3. Excessive ; enormous ; in a vulgar and ludicrous 
 sense ; as, a devili.-ih cheat. Jiddison. 
 
 DEV'/L ISH-LY, <ulv. In a manner suiting the devil ; 
 diabolically ; wickedly. South. 
 2. Greatly; excessively; in a vulgar sense. 
 DEV'/L ISH-NESS, n. The qualities of the devil. 
 DEV'/L-IS.M, n. The state of devils. [JVot used.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 DEV'/L-iZE, 7) t. To place among devils. [JVot used.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 DEV'/L-KIN, (dev'vl-kin,) 71. A little devil. Clarissa. 
 DEV'/L-SllIP, 7!. The character of a devil. 
 DEV'/L-TRY, 71. Diabolical conduct. [Low.] 
 Dk' VI-OUS, a. [L. dcvius ; de and via, way.) 
 
 1. Out of the common way or track ; as, a devious 
 course. 
 
 2. Wandering ; roving ; rambling. 
 
 To lil'-ss llie wildly devious morning Widk. Tfioinson. 
 
 3. Erring ; going astray from rectitude or the di- 
 vine prccejits. 
 
 One devious step at first may lead into a course of habitnal vice. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 In a devious manner. 
 
 Reynolds. 
 
 DP,'VI-OUS-NESS, 71. Departure from a regular 
 
 course ; wandering. 
 DE-VIR'GIN-ATE, (-vur'gin-) i'. L [Low L. derirg-ino.] 
 
 To detlour. Sandys. 
 DF.-VIH'GIN A-TED, 71;). Deprived of virginity. 
 DE- Vlfi'A-liLE, (de-vl/.'a-bl,) a. See the verb. 
 
 1. That may be bequeathed or givi n by will. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. That can he invented or contrived. Sadler. 
 DE-VI!«E', 7'. t. |Fr. drrisrr, tn talk or interchange 
 
 thoughts ; It. divi.iare, lo think, divide, or share ; from 
 L. dirisus, dividii.] 
 1. To invent ; lo contrive ; to form In the mind by 
 
 DE'VI-OUS-LY, adv. 
 
 new combinations of ideas, new applications of prin- 
 ciples, or new arrangement of parts ; to excogitate ; 
 lo strike out by thought ; to plan ; to scheme ; to pro- 
 ject; as, to dcywe an engineer machine; to devise 2l 
 new mode of writing ; to devise a plan of defense ; 
 to devise arguments. 
 
 To devise curious works in gold and silver. — Ex. xxxv. 
 In a bad sense ; 
 
 Devise not evil against tliy neighbof. — Prov, iii. 
 2. To give or bequeath by will, as land or other 
 real estate. Blaclcstone. 
 DE-VISE', V. i. To consider ; to contrive ; lo lay a 
 plan ; to form a scheme. 
 
 Devise how you will use him when he comes. Shak. 
 Formerly followed by of; as, let us devise of ease. 
 
 Spejiser. 
 
 DE- VISE', 71. Primarilii,a dividing or division ; hence, 
 the act of giving or distribitling real estate by a tes- 
 tator. The term is also sometimes afiplied, though 
 improperly, to bequest of personal estate. 
 
 Blackstone. Bouvier. 
 
 2. A will or testament. " 
 
 8. A share of estate bequeathed. 
 
 DE-VTSE', 71. Contrivance ; scheme invented. [OJs.l 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 DE-VlS'£D, pp. Given by will ; bequeathed ; con- 
 trived. 
 
 DEV-l-SEE', 71. The person to whom a devise is 
 made ; one to whom real estate is bequeathed. 
 
 DE-VlS'ER, n. One who contrives or invents ; a con- 
 triver ; an inveiutir. Grew. 
 
 DE-VIS'LXG, ppr. Contriving ; inventing ; forming 
 a scheme or plan. 
 
 2. Giving by will; bequeathing. 
 DE-VIS'OR, 71. One who gives by will; mie who be- 
 queaths lands or tenements. Blackstone. 
 
 DEV'I-TA-KI.E, a. Avoidable. [Mit in use.] 
 DEV-I-Ta'T10X, 71. An esca|)ing. [JVot in use.] 
 DE-VIT-RI-FI-eA'TIOX, 71. The act of depriving 
 glass of its transparency, and converting it into a 
 gray, opaque substance. Ure. Bigelow. 
 
 DEV-O-CA'TrON, 71. [L. devocatio.] 
 
 A calling away ; setluctiun. [JVot in u.^e.] 
 
 Hallywell. 
 
 DE-VOID', a. [de and void, Fr. vuide, vide. See Void.] 
 1. Void ; empty ; Vacant ; applied to place. Spenser. 
 
 9. Destitute; not possessing; devoiil of under- 
 standing. 
 
 3. Free from ; as, devoid of fear or shame. 
 DF,-yOlR' , (dev-wor') 71. [Fr. devoir; It. dovcre ; from 
 
 L. drbeo, to owe.] 
 
 Primarily, service, or duly. Hence, an act of ci- 
 vility or resjiect ; respectful notice due to another ; 
 as, we paid our devoirs to the queen, or lo the ladies. 
 DEV-O-LO'TION, 71. [L. drrolutio.] 
 
 1. The act of rolling down; as, the (/fee/iit/OTi of 
 earth into a valley. Wundirard. 
 
 9. Reiiuival from one person to another ; a passing 
 or falling upon a successor. JIale. 
 DE-V01,VE', (de-volv'J !•. (. [L. dcvolvo ; de and 7^0;- 
 1*0, to roll, Eng. to wallow.] 
 
 1. To roll down ; to pour or flow with windings. 
 
 Through splendiil kingdoms h.- devolves his maze. Thomson. 
 
 2. To move from one person to another ; to deliver 
 over, or from one possessor lo a successor. 
 
 The king devolved tlie care and disposition of affaire on th" iluke 
 of Orniontt. Temple. Oibbon. 
 
 DE-VOLVE', (de-volv',) v. i. Literally, to roll down ; 
 hence, to pass from one lo another ; to fall by suc- 
 cession from one possessor lo his successor, in the 
 absence of the commauder-in-chief, the command 
 devolved on the next oflicer in rlink. On the death 
 of the prince, the crown drvnlved on his elilest son. 
 
 DE-VOLV'/CD, pp. Rolled drwn ; passed over to an- 
 other. 
 
 DE-VOLV'ING, /,v77-. Rolling down ; falling to a suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 DE-VOLVE'MEXT, 71. The art of devolving. 
 DEV-O-Ka'TION, «. The act of devouring. 
 DE-Vo''i'A-RY, n. .\ votary. [JVot in lusc] Gregory. 
 DE-VoTE', V. t. [L. dcvoveu, devotas ; de and vavro, 
 to vow ; Fr. deroner.] 
 
 1. To appropriate by vow ; to set apart or dedicate 
 by a solemn act ; to consecrate. 
 
 No devoted ihin? that a man shall devote to the Lord, shall be 
 sold i.r r.-dfi iiicd. Kvi-ry devoted thing is most holy to the 
 I.ortl. — Lev. xxvii. 
 
 9. To give u[) wholly ; to addict ; lo direct the at- 
 tention wholly or chiefly ; lo attach ; as, lo devote 
 one's self to science ; It) devote tmrselvt^s lo our 
 friends, or lo Iheir interest or pleasure. 
 
 3. To give ii[>; to resign; as, alii'us were i/cuofrii 
 lo raiiine ; the city was devoted to the flames. 
 
 4. To doom ; to ctmsign over ; as, to devote one to 
 destriirtioii. 
 
 ,'). To execrate ; to doom to evil. Rnwe. 
 DE-V^^TE', a. Devoti d. Md'on. 
 DI^-VfiTE', 71. A devotee. San<lys. 
 DE-VoT'EI), pp. Appropriated by vow ; solemnly 
 
 set apart or diulicateil ; consecrated ; addicted ; given 
 
 up ; duomtrd ; consigned. 
 
 2. a. Ardent ; zealous ; strongly attached. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WU^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpQK — 
 
 _ 
 
DEV 
 
 I)E-V6T'ED-NESS, n. The state of being devoted or 
 
 given ; aildicleilness ; as, ilecotedneis to reU(!ioii. 
 HKV-O-TEIV, II. [Ft. decot.] [Orrm. Jllibirr. 
 One « lio is wholly devoted ; jmrticidarly, one 
 given wholly to religion ; one wlio is siiperstitiously 
 given to religious duties and ceremonies ; a bigot. 
 UE-VoTE'ME.NT, ii. Dcvotedness ; devotion. 
 
 Mem. uf BuchanaH. 
 2. Vowed tledication. Mlioh. 
 I)E-VOT'ER, n. One that devotes ; al-so, n worshiper. 
 I I)E-V0T'1NG, piir. Giving or appropriating by vow ; 
 I suleinnly setting apart or dedieatiiig ; consecrating j 
 giving wholly; addicting: dooming; consigning. 
 DK-Vo'TION, II. The state of hoing dr dicated, con- 
 secrated, or solemnly set apart for a iKirliciilar pur- 
 pose. 
 
 'J. A solemn attention to the Supreme Ileing in 
 worship: a yielding of the heart and alFections to 
 Odd, with reverence, faith, anil piety, in religious 
 duties, particularly in prayer anil meditation ; de- 
 vOutness. 
 
 i. E.vtemnI worship ; act.s of religion ; perform- 
 ance of religious duties. 
 
 At I pa&sctl \ij ami Ik-lictd yuur deootiana, — Acu xvit. 
 A. Prayer to the Supreme Being. A Christian will 
 be regular in his morning and evening dccutions. 
 5. .\n act of reverence, respect, or cereinonv. 
 
 liliak. 
 
 C. Ardent love or affection ; attachment mani- 
 fested by constant ;itteulion ; as, the duke was dis- 
 tinguished by his deration to the king, and to the 
 interest of Ilie nation. Clarendon. 
 
 7. Earnestness ; ardor ; eagerness. 
 
 lie iiwfci their hate witli greaUT ilepotioH Uuiil tlirv Mil muler 
 it him. ShaJc. 
 
 8. Disposal ; power of disjiusing of; state of de- 
 pendence. 
 
 Arufutrl Castle would keep tlmt rich cvnirr ol Ihe country at hi« 
 ii).ij<-jily'« dtpoUon, Ciareiidon. 
 
 IE-V5'TIOX-.\L, a. Pertaining to devotion ; used 
 in devotion ; as, a dcrotioiud posture ; drvotivntU ex- 
 ercises. 
 
 'J. Suited to devotion ; as, a devotional frame of 
 mind. 
 
 DE-Vf)'TIO\-AI^IST, ( II. A person given to devo- 
 DE-VO'TIOX-IST, \ lion ; orone supcrsiilitins- 
 
 ly or fiirmally devout. tiprctator. 
 Di;-Vt")'TION-.\l, LY, adr. In a devout manner. 
 l>E-VO'Tt), II. [It.] .\ devotee. [jYot in u.<f.] 
 
 Spciv/er. 
 
 DE-VO'TOR, n. One who reverences or worships. 
 
 [Oh.'.] Beaum. i,- Fl. 
 
 DE-VOUR', r. t. [L. deroro : de and n/ri), to eat ; It. 
 
 TorarPy dtvorare deeorar i Fr. derorrr ; Arm. rfe- 
 
 reri; \V. piiri, to feed ; Gr. fSnntt, pasture; Ileb, Ch, 
 
 lya, to consume. Class flr. No. (>.] 
 
 1. Toe.at up; toe.it with greediness; to eat mv- 
 enously, as a beast of prey, or as a hungry man. 
 
 We W'll KIT, Some evil h-.rit U\th deeaurfl him, — Gen. xxxvii. 
 Ill tlie muining he »h.ill devour the prey. — tjen. llix. 
 
 2. To destroy ; to cinisniue with ra|iidity and vio- 
 lence 
 
 1 vilt vn'l a fire into the house of Hax.irl, which ihtll decour 
 
 the pulaceaof Ben-h.i'teil. — Amos i. 
 Famine and pestilence al»ll lUvour him. — Vj- v;i, 
 
 3. To enter upon and pursue with great eagerness. 
 
 He ».rmed m lwU\neu tu tUrour the way. St^ak. 
 
 4. To waste ; to consiiiiie ; to spend in dissipation 
 &nd riot. 
 
 At soon aj thti tli^ ion had come, who hath lUooured thy Itrln^ 
 with harlots. — l.uke xe. 
 
 5. To consume wealth and substance by fraud, 
 oppression, or illegal exactions. 
 
 Ye depour widows' hou*^. — Matt, xxili. 
 
 6. To destroy spiritually ; to ruin the soul. 
 
 Tour Bdren;\ry, the deri], as a roaring lion, waiketh about, 
 •eekinj wtiunvhe may itcvour. — 1 I'ct. T. 
 
 7. To Slay. 
 
 Ttw swonl shall devour the youn^ lions. — N'ah. U. 
 
 8. To enjoy with avidity. 
 
 Longing they look, and geipinjr at the sijht. 
 
 Devour her o'er and o'er with v.Lst delt*iiu Dryden. 
 
 DE-VOUR'ED, pp. Eaten ; swallowed with greedi- 
 ness ; consumed ; destroyed ; wasted ; slain. 
 
 DE-VOUR'ER, n. One who devours ; he or that 
 which cats, consumes, or destroys ; he that preys on. 
 
 DE-VOI'R'ING, ppr. or a. Eating greedily ; con- 
 suming ; wasting; destroying; annihilating. 
 
 Dr.-VOL'R'I.\G-LY, a</r. In a devouring manner. 
 
 DE-VOLT', o. [It. devoto; Fr. detot ; L. dceodu. 
 See Deiote.] 
 
 1. Yielding a tolemn and reverential attention to 
 God in religious exercises, p.irticularly in prayer. 
 
 We must be constant snd devout in tjie woiship of God. Roftrt. 
 
 2 Pious ; devoted to religion ; religious. 
 
 Sim-on was a Just man and devnul. — I.uke ii. 
 Lkvout men came^l Steptien to his burial. — AcU riii. 
 
 3. Expressing devotion or piety ; as, with eyes 
 
 MiUon. 
 
 devout 
 
 DEX 
 
 4. Expressing a lively interest; sincere; solemn; 
 earnest ; as, you liavo my devout wishes for your 
 safety. 
 
 ni;-V()UT'. 71. A devotee. [:?<rot used.] ShcUlon. 
 OE-VOUT'LESS, a. Desjitute of devotion. 
 I)E-VOUT'I,ESS-LV, aiJo. Without devotion. 
 UE-VOUT'LESS-NESS, n. Want of devotion. 
 
 Bp. of Cltiche.'ter. 
 DE-VOUT'LY, adv. With solemn attention and rev- 
 erence to God ; with ardent devotion. 
 
 He was deoouUy en^j-il in prayer. Anon. 
 
 2. Piously ; religiously ; with pious thoughts ; as, 
 he viewed the cross devoutly. 
 
 3. Sincerely; solemnly; earnestly; as, a consum- 
 mation dniitnllij to be wished. 
 
 DE-VOUT'NESS, n. 'J'he quality or state of being 
 devout. Olanville. 
 
 DE-VOW', »J. t. To give up. [JVut in «.«.] B. Jonson. 
 
 DKW, (da,) n. [Sax. deaw ; D.dauw; G. than; Sw. 
 da/r^r ; nan. i/u"-;'. See Class Dg, .\o. 24, CI), r,2, (53. 
 It is probalily from the same primary root as tJiam ; 
 G. (A«t/, dew, OirtHen, to thaw.] 
 
 IMoisliiro preripilrited from the atinospliere on the 
 surfaces of bodies. It is thus distinguished from fog, 
 which is moisture precipitated within the atiiios- 
 phi re. />. Olmsted. 
 
 DF.W, r. t. To wet with dew ; to moisten. Driiden. 
 
 I)r,W'-l!E.\T, II. Bent bv the dew. Thumson. 
 
 l)i:\V'-HER-RY, n. The fruit of a species of brier or 
 lirambU^ ; the low-vined blackberry, that creeps along 
 the ground, of the gi iiiis Riibu.s. 
 
 DEW-.Iii:-SPA.\"GI,;;U, (du-be-spang'gid,) a. Spang- 
 led with dew-drop=. Oran. 
 
 DEVV-I!i;-SPKENT', a. Sprinkled with dew. [ O/..*.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 DEW-BE-SPRINK'L£D, (du-be sprink'ld,) a. Sprink- 
 led with ili'W. Slienslone. 
 
 DEW'-DRE.\CII-/iD, (du'drenslit,) a. Drenched with 
 dew. 
 
 DE\\''-DR(iP, n. A drop of dew, which sjiarkles at 
 sunrise ; a spangle of dew. Milton. 
 
 DEW'-nROP-PIi\G,a. Wettingas with dew. Thomson. 
 
 Dr.W'Kl), (dude,) pp. Moistened with dew. 
 
 I)E\V-I.M-Pi;ARL'fn), a. [See Peaki.] Covered 
 with dew-drops, like pearls. Drayton. 
 
 DEW'I-N ESS, 11. State of being dewy. 
 
 DKW'I.XG, ppr. Wetting or moistening with dew. 
 
 Di:VV''-LAP, n. [driv and /a;>, to lick.] The Hesh 
 that hangs from the tliroat of oxen, which laps or 
 licks the dew in grazing. Mdijun. 
 2. In Shak-ipearc, a lip flaccid with age. 
 
 DEW'-LAPT, a. Furnished with a dew-lap. 
 
 DF.W'IiESS, a. Having no dew. 
 
 DEW-POINT, II. 1"he temperature or point of the 
 Ihermometer, at which dew begins to form. It va- 
 ries according to the humidity of the atinivspliere. 
 
 Brunde. 
 
 DEW'-WORM, (dii'wurm,) ii, A worm, called other- 
 wise farlA-ioorin, a species of Lunibricus, which 
 lives just under the surface of the ground. 
 
 DEW'Y, (du'e,) a. Partaking of dew ; like dew ; as, 
 dewy mist. 
 2. Moist with dew ; as, detry fields. 
 
 His ii<isy locits distilled 
 Ambrosia. 
 
 Afi/Ioii. 
 
 DEX'TER, o. [L. derter; Gr. ^cfioj ; Ir dtis.] 
 
 Right, as opposed to le(\ ; a tenn used in heraldry, 
 
 to denote the right side of a shield or coat of arms ; 
 
 as, liend-fleiter ; dexter-point. Enciic. 
 DEX-TER'I-TY, II. [U. dextcrUas,Uom lifxtcr, right, 
 
 fit, prompt.] 
 
 1. Readiness of limbs; adroitness; activity; cx- 
 pi-rtness ; skill ; that readiness in perfunning an 
 action, which proceeds from experience or practice, 
 united with .activity or qiiick motion. We say, a 
 man handles an instrument, or eludes a thrust, with 
 dcitrrity. 
 
 2. Readiness of mind or mental faculties, as in 
 contrivance, or in\-enting means to accomplish a 
 pur|M>se ; promptness in devising expedients ; quick- 
 ness anil skill in managing or conducting a scheme 
 of operations. We say, a negotiation is conducted 
 with dexterity. Qibbon. 
 
 DEX'TR.M,, a. Right, as opposed to left. Broirn. 
 DE.\-TR.VE'I-TY, lu The state of being on the right 
 side. 
 
 DE. \'TRI.\E, n. A substance of a giininiy appear- 
 ance, into which the interior molecules of starch are 
 converted by di.istase or acids ; used in cookery. It 
 is named from its turning the plane of polarization 
 to the right hand. Vrc. 
 
 DEX-TRnR'S.AL, a. [dexlerand versus, versus, from 
 rcrt/i, to turn.] 
 Rising from right to left, as a spiral line or helix. 
 
 Henry. 
 
 DF. X'TROUS, ) a. Ready and exjicrt in the use of 
 DEX'TER-OUS, ( the lK>dy and limbs ; skillful and 
 
 active in manu.al employment; adroit; as, a dex- 
 trous hand ; a dextrous workman. 
 
 2. Ri-aily in tlie use of the mental faculties ; prompt 
 in contrivance .and management ; expert ; quick at 
 inventing expedients ; as, a dextrous manager. 
 
 Dtxtroue the craTing, fawning crowd to quit. Pope. 
 
 1>1 A 
 
 3. Skillful ; artful ; done with dexteri'y ; as, da- 
 
 trous iiianagemeiiL 
 DEX'TR()t;S-L,V, I ailv. With deitentv ; expertly ; 
 DEX'TEll-OUS-LY, | akilUully ; artfuUy ; adroitly ; 
 
 promptly. 
 
 DEX'TRtmS-NESS, ) n . . 
 
 UEX'TER-OUS-NfJs, Celerity ; adroitness. 
 
 DfiY, (da,) II. A Turkish title of dignity given to the 
 governor of Algiers before the French crnqiiest. 
 
 DI, a prefix, [a contraction uf du,] denotes Jrom, sepa- 
 ration, or 7icj^a/.ioii, or ttco. 
 
 DI'A, (Greek,) a prefix, denotes tlirov<;h. 
 
 DI'.A-U.VSE, n. Another name of greenstone. 
 
 DI-AIl-A-Ti;'RI-AL, a. [Gr. iialJatfuh] 
 
 Uorder-jiassing. Mtford, 
 
 DI-A-Uk'TicS, 71. [Gr. finflriri!!, fnmi SmUaciidi, to 
 pass through ; liin and ii<iii oi, to go or pass.] 
 
 An excessive and morbid discharge uf saccharine 
 urine. 
 
 DI-A-BET'lC, a. Pertaining to diabetes. 
 DT-AIi'LE-RV, II. [Fr. diablerie.] 
 Deviltn'. 
 
 Dr-A-noi/ir, ; rr i ■ i .. j n 
 
 I)I-A-BOI,'rC-AI., 1 devil.] 
 
 Devilish ; pert.iiiiiiig to the devil ; hence, extreme- 
 ly iiialiciiiiis ; impious ; atrocious ; nef.irioiis ; out- 
 rageously wicked ; partaking of any quality ascribed 
 to the devil ; as, a diabolical temper ; a diabolical 
 scheme or action. 
 
 DI-A-liOI,'l€-AL-LY, ai/p. In a diaboUcal manner; 
 very wickedlv ; nefariously. 
 
 DI-A-noL 'I-FV, V. L To ascribe diabolical qualities 
 to. 
 
 DT-A-nOL'ie-AL-NESS, n. The qualities of the devil. 
 DI-AB'O-LISM, II. The actions of the devil. 
 
 a. Po.-session by the devil. Warburton. 
 DI-A-CAUS'Tie, a. [Gr. oiaxuibi, to burn or in- 
 flame.] 
 
 Belonging to curves formed by refraction. Bailey. 
 DI-ACII'Y-LUM, ; „ , J > , 
 Dr-A€II'Y-LON, ( "• ['^'- X^^oi.] 
 
 A pl,ister, originally composed of the juices of sev- 
 eral plant.s, (wlience its name,) but now made of an 
 oxyd ci^f lead and oil. Brande, 
 DI-A-Co'DI-UM, 71. The simp of poppies. 
 DI-A€'0-NAL, a. TL. diaconus.] 
 
 Pertaining to a deacon. 
 Dt-Ae'0-.\.VTE, n. Tlie office of a deacon. 
 DI-A.eOL'.S'TI€, a, [Gr. ijiaitoua), to hear; 6ia and 
 o/toui.i, to hear.] 
 
 Pertaining to the science or doctrine of refracted 
 sounds. 
 
 DI-A-eoUS'Ties, n. That branch of natural philos- 
 ophy which tre.its of the properties of sound refract- 
 ed by p:issing through different mediums ; called also 
 diaphonic:t. 
 
 DI-A-CKIT'ie-AL, fn. [Gr. ^i 
 
 DI-A-CRIT'ir, i to separate ; .iiH and vfjii".., to 
 separate.] 
 
 'I'hat separates or distinguishes ; distinctive; iu<, a 
 diacritical point or mark. 
 
 Tlie lihoft vowel is never si^iifted by any diacritical mark. 
 
 DI-.A-DEI,PII'I-A, n. [Gr. .iif, <!i, twice, and aft\4,uf, 
 a brother.] 
 
 In botany, a class of plants whose stamens are 
 uniti:d into two bodies or bundles by their tilaiiieiit!!. 
 
 Linntpus, 
 
 DT-.\-ni;LPll'I- A.\, ) a. Having stamens united in 
 DT-A-DF.I.PH'OUS, j two bodies by their filaments. 
 DI'A-DE.M, II. [Gr. Mai'nua, from I'.iaieui, to gird ; rio 
 and ijroi, to bind ; I,, diadema.] 
 
 1. Jinciently,a head band or fillet worn by kings as 
 a badge of royalty. It was made of -silk, linen, or 
 wool, and tietl round the temples and forehead, the 
 ends being tied behind and li t fall on the neck. It 
 was usually white and plain ; sometimes embroidered I 
 with gold, or set with pe:irls and precious stones. 
 
 2. In modem tisage, the mark or badge of royalty, 
 worn on the head ; a crown ; sinA, figuratively, em- 
 pire ; supreme power. Oibbon. 
 
 3. A distinguished or principal omamenL 
 
 A diadem of beauty. — U. xxrli]. 
 
 DI'.\-DEM-tT), a. Adorned with a diadem ; crowned ; 
 
 ornamented. Pope. 
 DI'A-DRO.M, n. [Gr. iji.ic'iioui!, a ninning about ; liia- 
 
 ioopft y ; ^ta anil r/)f\w, to run.] 
 .V course or p.-issing; a vibration; the time in 
 
 which the vibration of a pendulum is performed. 
 
 [06.1.1 Locke. 
 
 DT-.ER'E-PIS, ) rr- t a 
 
 DI-ER'E-SIS, i l^'- '^'aipnais-] 
 
 The dissolving of a diphthong ; the mark " , de- 
 noting that the vowels are to be pronounced as dis- 
 tinct letters. 
 DI-.\(;-NO'SIS, n. [Gr. ftay voinif.] 
 
 Thedi.stinctiveordiscriminating knowledge of any 
 thing, but es|iccially of a disexse. 
 DI-AG-NOS'Tie, a. [fir. ^tay vocrtKOi ; StaytyuaKtit ; 
 6ia and > ivoiaviu, to know.] 
 
 Distinguishing; characteristic; indicating the na- 
 ture of a dise.ise. 
 DI-AG-.\OS'TI€, n. The sign or symptom by which 
 a disease is known or distinguished from others. Di- 
 
 TO.\E, nULL, IINITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS._€ as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TI! as in THIS 
 
DIA 
 
 DIA 
 
 DIA 
 
 a!rnostics are of two kinds ; the ailjunct, or such as 
 are coinmou. to several diseases, and the pathogno- 
 monic, which always attend the disease, and distin- 
 guish it from all otiicrs. Encijc. 
 CI-AG'O-NAL, o. [Gr. o'lOf wi-iof ; Jia and ^uinu, a 
 corner.] 
 
 1. In geometry, extending from one angle to an- 
 other of a quadrilateral or nniltilateral figure, and di- 
 viding it into two parts. 
 
 2. Being in an angular direction. 
 DI-AG'O-NAL, K. A right line drawn from angle to 
 
 angle of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure, and di- 
 viding it into two parts. It is sometimes called the 
 diameter, and sometimes the diametral. Barluw. 
 DI-AG'O-NAL-LY, adv. In a diagonal direction. 
 Dl-AG'O-NOUS, a. In botany, having four corners. 
 DX'A-GRA.M, It. [Gt. liiayoaiiiiii; iut and j-oa/.u.] 
 In ireometry, a figure, draught, or scheme, delinea- 
 ted for the purpose of demonstrating the properties 
 of any figure, as a square, triangle, circle, &c. 
 Jlneienthi, a musical scale. 
 DI'A-GRAPH, 71. [Gr. rSia and ypa'PM.] 
 
 A recently-invented instrument used in perspective. 
 ni-.\-GRAPH'ie, ( a. [Gr. iia and jpu^oj, to de- 
 DI-A-GRAPH'ie-AL, \ scribe.] 
 Descriptive. 
 
 Dl-A-GRYD'I-ATES, n. pi. Strong purgatives made 
 with diagrydiuni ; a preparation of scammony and 
 quince juice. 
 
 Dl'AL, [Ir. diail ; probably from day, dies.} 
 
 An instrument for measuring time by the shadow 
 of the sun. It is a surface, on which lines are drawn 
 in such a manner that the shadow of a wire, or of 
 the upper edge of a plane, erected perpendicularly on 
 that surftice, may show the true time of the day. The 
 wire, or edge of the plane, which shows the time, is 
 called the style or gnomon ; and this must be parallel 
 to the axis of the earth. The line on which this 
 style or gnomon is erected is called the substyle ; and 
 the angle included between the substyle and style is 
 called the elevation or fiitrht of the style. 
 
 DI'AI^PLaTE, 71. The plate of a dial, and also of a 
 clock or watch, on which the lines are drawn to show 
 the hour or time of the day. Oilbert. 
 
 DI'A-LECT, 71. [Gr. doiAt^m? ; dio and Xt) w, to 
 speak ; It. dialetto ,■ Fr. diahcte ; Sp. diatecio.'] 
 
 1. The form or idiom of a language peculiar to a 
 province, or to a kingdom or state, consisting chiefly 
 in differences of orthography or pronunciation. The 
 Greek language is remarkable for four dialects ; the 
 Attic, Ionic, Doric, and Eolic. A dialect is the 
 branch of a parent language, with such local altera- 
 tions as time, accident, and revolutions may have 
 introduced among descendants of the same stock or 
 family, living in separate or remote situations. But, 
 in regard to a large portion of words, many Ian 
 guages, which are considered as distinct, are really 
 dialects of one common language. 
 
 2. Language ; speech, or manner of speaking or 
 e.\pression. South. 
 
 DI-A-LECT'ie, j a. Pertaining to a dialect or di- 
 
 DI-A-LEeT'ie-AL, t alects ; not radical. 
 
 2. Pertaining to logic ; logical ; argumental. Boyle. 
 
 DI- A-LEGT'ie- A l^ L Y, adi<. I n the manner of a dialect. 
 
 DI-.\-LEe-TI"CIAN, n. A logician ; a reasoner. 
 
 DI-A-LEeT'ies, 71. That branch of logic which 
 teaches the rules and modes of reasoning. Encyc. 
 
 DT-A-IiEGT'OK, 71. One learned in dialectics. 
 
 DI'AL-ING, 71. The science which unfolds the prin- 
 ciples of measuring time by dials ; or the art of con- 
 structing dials. D. Olmsted. 
 
 DI'AI. IS T, 71. A constructer of dials ; one skilled in 
 dialing. 
 
 DI-AL'LA-GE, 71. [Gr. luiKXa) 11, difference.] 
 
 A rhetorical (igure by which arguments are placed 
 
 in various points of view, and Ihen turned to one 
 
 point. Smart. 
 DI'AI. LAGE, 71. [Gr. (5iaA*(i) J), difference, alluding 
 
 to the dillerence of luster between its natural joints.] 
 A dark green or bron/.e-colored laminate mineral, 
 
 considered a variety of hornblende or augite. Dana. 
 DI-AI.'O-GlS.M, «. A feigned speech between two 
 
 or more. Fullie. 
 DI-AL'O-GIST, 71. [Sec Dialogue.] A speaker in a 
 
 dialogue ; also, a writer of dialogues. Johnson. 
 Dt-AL-O-GlST'ie, a. Having the form ofa dialogue. 
 DI-AL-O Gl.ST'ie-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of 
 
 dialogue. 
 
 DI-AL'O-GIZE, ». i. [Sec Dialogue.] To discourse 
 in dialogue. Fotherby. 
 
 OrA-LOGUE, (dl'a-log,) 71. [I'r. dialogue ! It. dialo- 
 ffo t Sp. id.; from Gr. ha^oy^, from SiaXcyofiai, to 
 dispute ; (!iii and Aijoi, to speak.] 
 
 1. A conversation or rtuifen'nce bet^veen two or 
 more persons ; particularly, a formal converKatioii in 
 theatrical performances ; also, an exercise in colleges 
 Hnd schools, in which two or more permms carry on 
 a discourse. 
 
 2. A written convemation, or a roinposiiion in 
 which two or more persims are rejiresenicd as coii- 
 vermng on some topic ; as, the Oinluguct of Cicero de 
 Oratore, and de Naliira l>'*oruiii. 
 
 DI'A-LOGUE, V. i. To dmcourite tji|;elher ; to confer. 
 [Ai>( uted.] ShjiJL. 
 
 DI'A-LOGUE-WRIT'ER, 71. A writer of dialogues 
 
 or feigned conversations. 
 Dl-AL'Y-SIS, 71. [Gr. ^laAno-ij ; ^laAuw, to dissolve ; 
 
 6ia and \v(lt, to dissolve.] 
 
 1. A mark in writing or printing, consisting of two 
 points placed over one of two vowels, to dissolve a 
 diphthong, or to show that the two vowels are to be 
 separated in pronunciation ; as, aer, mosaic. 
 
 2. In medicine, debility ; also, a solution of conti- 
 nuity. 
 
 Dl-A-MAG-NET'ie, 71. or a. [Gr. Sia, through or 
 across, and jiayvri^, a magnet.] 
 
 A term applied to a class of substances which, un- 
 der the inrtuence of magnetism, take a position, 
 \Hhen freely suspended, at right angles to the mag- 
 netic meridian, that is, point east and west. 
 DI-A-MAN'TINE, for Adamantine. [JVot in use.] 
 Dl-AM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. (Jia/Jtrpuf ; 6ia and /itr/joe, 
 measure through.] 
 
 1. A right line passing through the center of a cir- 
 cle, or other curvilinear figure, ti'rminated by the 
 curve, and dividing the figure symmetrically into 
 two equal parts. 
 
 2. .\ right line passing through the center of apiece 
 of timber, a rock, or other object, from one side to 
 the other ; as, liie diameter of a tree, or of a stone. 
 
 DI -A-M' KTR AL, n. Diametrical, which see. 
 
 DI-A.M'H-TIIAL-LY, ado. Diametricallv. 
 
 DI-A-MET'RIC-AL, 0. Describing a diameter. 
 
 2. Observing the direction of a diameter; direct; 
 as, diametrical opposition. 
 
 Dl-A-JIET'Rie-AL-LY, ado. In a diametrical direc- 
 tion ; directly; as, r/ya;/ir^ricn//7/ opposite. 
 
 Dl'A-MOND, "(di'a-mond or di'inond,) 71. [Fr. dta- 
 viant; It. and Sp. diamante: G. and D. dianiant ; L. 
 adamas : Gr. ada^'ti, ar^ofiai'Toi, whence adavmnt, 
 from the Celtic ; VV. ebedvaen, moving stone ; c/tcd, 
 to Hy or move, and maen, stone ; a name first given 
 to the lode-stone. See Adamant.] 
 
 1. A mineral, gem, or precious stone, of the most 
 valuable kind, remarkable for its hardness, as it 
 scratches all other minerals. When pure, the dia- 
 mond is usually clear and transparent, but it is some- 
 times colored. In its rough state, it is commonly in 
 the form of a rounitish pebble, or of octahedral crys- 
 tals. It consists of pure carbon, and u^hen heated to 
 14° Wedgwood, and exposed to a current of air, it is 
 gradually, hut completely, combustible. Duimonds 
 are said to be of the first water, when very trans- 
 parent ; and of the second or third icatrr, as the 
 transparency decreases. Encyc. Kirican. Cleaoeland. 
 
 2. A very small printing letter, the smallest used in 
 English printing. 
 
 3. A figure, otherwise called a rhombus. 
 DI'A-MONIl, a. Resembling a dianuuid ; as, a dia- 
 mond color; or consisting of diamonds; as, a dia- 
 mond chain. 
 
 DI'A-l«OND-ED, )a. Having the figure of an 
 
 DI'A-MOND-SHaP-KD, ( ol.lique-anglcd iiaiallelo- 
 
 gram, or rhombus. Fuller. 
 DI'A-MOND-HILT-ED, a. Having a hilt with dia- 
 monds. 
 
 DI'A-MOND-MINE, 71. A mine in which diamonds 
 arc found. 
 
 Dl-AN'DRI-A, 71. [Gr. Jis, ^i, twice, and uj-ijo, a 
 male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of plants having two stamens. 
 
 DI-AN'DROUS; I "=^^"'8 
 DI'A-PAS.M, 71. [Gr. Sia7taaoo>, to sprinkle.] 
 
 A powder or perfume. [Obs.] B Jonson. 
 
 DI-A-Pa'SON, / rr^ < ., 1. 11 n 
 
 DI'A-PASE i "• [ ■ "■""■""'i through all.] 
 
 1. In music, the octave or interval which includes 
 all the tones. 
 
 2. Among musical instrument-makers, a rule or scale, 
 by which they adjust the pipes of organs, the holes 
 of Mutes, ic, in due proportion for expressing the 
 several tones and .semitones. Busby. 
 
 Diaiiuson-diapente ; a compound consonance in a 
 triple ratio, as 3 to 9, consisting of 9 tones and a 
 semitone, or 19 semitones ; a twelfth. Encye. Busby. 
 
 Diapason-diatessaron; a compound concord, found- 
 ed on the proportion of 8 to 3, consisting of eight 
 tones and a semitone. 
 
 Diapason-ditone ; a compound concord, w hose terms 
 are as 10 to 4, or H to 2. 
 
 Diapason-semiditone ; a coinjtound concord, whose 
 terms are in the proportion of 12 to ,'>. Encyc. 
 DI-A-PEN'TE, 71. ((Jr. i^ui and r,i/ri, five.] 
 
 1. In music, an ancient Ii rm denoting a fifth ; an 
 interval making the second of the concorils, ami, with 
 the diatessariui, an octave. Encyc. 
 
 2. In medicine, a composition of five ingredieiils. 
 WA PER, 11. [Fr. r/«i;ir^, diapered ; said to he from 
 
 Ypre.i, in the .Nellierlands. jinder.wn.] 
 
 Figured lin. ii cloth ; a cloth wove in flowers or fig- 
 ures, miii h used for towels or napkins. Hence, a 
 towel or napkin. 
 
 DI' A PER, ''. /. To variegate or diversify, as cloth, 
 with figures ; to flower. Siiensrr. J/owcl. 
 
 DI'A-PEK, «. 1. 'I'o draw flowers or figiiri s, as upon 
 cloth. 
 
 If you dinjier on toUln. Pcacham. 
 
 DI'A-PER-£D, pp. Flowered. 
 
 DI'A-PHaN-£D, (di'a-fand,) a. Transparent. [Little 
 
 used."] 
 
 DI-A-PHA-Ne'I-TY, 71. [Gr. (Jia^oi-cia; ilia^aitu, to 
 shine through ; iSiu and tpaivui, to shine.] 
 
 The power of transmitting light ; transparency ; 
 pellucidness. Ray. 
 DI-A-PHAN'ie, a. [Gr. Sia0nvr,i. See supra.] 
 Having power to transmit light ; transparent. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 Dt-APII'A-NOUS, a. [See supra.] Having power to 
 transmit rays of light, as glass ; pellucid ; transpa- 
 rent ; clear. 
 
 DI-A-PHON'ieS, 71. [Gr. 6ta and ^ou-t;, sound.] 
 
 The doctrjne of refracted sound. Brande. 
 DI-A-PHO-RE'SIS, 71. [Gr. (iia0/)/)i?(ri5 ; 6iatjioi>iu, to 
 
 carry thnmgh ; (ii<i and <Jj'ineo>, to carry.] 
 Augmented perspiration or sweat ; or an elimin.a- 
 
 tion of the humors of the body through the pores of 
 
 the skin. Coze. Encyc. 
 
 Di-A-PHO-RET'IC, a. [Supra.] Having the power 
 
 to increase perspiration ; sudorific ; sweating. 
 Dl-A-PIIO-RET'ie, n. A medicine which promotes 
 
 perspiration ; a sudorific. Coxe. Encyc. 
 
 Diaphoretics differ from sudorifcs ; the former only 
 
 increase the insensible perspiration, tlie latter excite 
 
 Jhe sensible discharge called sweat. Parr. 
 Dl'A-PHRAG.M, (di'a-fram,) 71. [Gr. <5ia.,',pa) /i,i ; rim 
 
 and {/>/ja'j(Tc), to break off, to defend.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the midriff', a muscle separating the 
 chest or thorax from the abdomen or lower belly. 
 
 Coxe. Encyc. 
 
 2. A partition or dividing substance, commonly 
 with an opening through it. fVoodwurd. 
 
 3. In astronomy, '.\ circular ring, used, in optical in- 
 struments, to cut off marginal portions of a beam of 
 light. D. Olmsted. 
 
 DI-A-PHRAG-MAT'ie, a. Pertaining to the dia- 
 phragm. 
 
 DI-A-PO-Ric'.SIS, 71. [Gr. Siawopijais ! Siawopcot, to 
 doubt.] 
 
 Jn r.'irtoric, doubt ; hesitation. Bailey. 
 DI-A'Rl-AN, a. [SecDiARV.] Pertaining to a diary ; 
 daily. 
 
 DI'A-RIST^ 71. One who keeps a diarv. 
 DI^AR-RHe'A, (di-ar-re'a,) 71. [Gr. oi'ioporn ; <5i.ip- 
 
 pCM, to flow through ; dm and /'fii>, to flow.] 
 
 A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines ; 
 
 a lax. 
 
 DI-AR-RIIET'ie, a. Producing diarrhea or lax. 
 DI-aR-TIIUo'SIS, 71. [Gr.] The movable connection 
 of bones. 
 
 DI'A-KY, 11. [Ij. diarium, from dies, a day.] 
 
 An account of daily events or transactions ; a jour- 
 nal ; a register of daily occurrences or observations ; 
 as, a diary of the weather. 
 
 A diani fev.er, is a fever of one day. 
 DI-A-SeiliS'.MA, (-ski/.'ina,) 71. [Gr. I'lOfrvifpn, a 
 piece cut off; 6ina\ii,oi; rhfi and (7.\i^(.), to cut otf.l 
 In music, the difference between the ciunma ami 
 enharmonic diesis, commonly called the lesser com- 
 ma, Encyc. 
 DI'AS-PORE, 71. [Gr. fliaffucipw, to disperse.] 
 
 A rare mineral, occurring in lamellar masses, and 
 in (ibliqiii^ prisms, with a brilliant cleavage, having a 
 grayish, greenish, or brownish color, and character- 
 ized by decrepitating with violence (as the name im- 
 plies) befiire the blowpipe. It consists of alumina 
 and water. Dana. 
 Dl-AS-TAL'Tie, a. [Gr. SiaraXriKos, dilating.] 
 
 Dilated ; noble ; bold ; an epithet given by the 
 Greeks to certain intervals in music, as the major 
 third, major sixth, and niajor'seventh. BnJiy. 
 DI'.\S-TASE, 71. [Gr. diu and larnpi.] 
 
 A peculiar substance generated during the germi- 
 nation of grain for the brewery, tending to acri lerate 
 the formation of sugar during the fermeiitaiion of 
 worts. Ure. 
 DI'AS-TE.M, 71. [Gr. Am<r.!/.<i.] 
 
 In music, a simple interval. • 
 I)I-,\S'TO-LE, 71. [Gr. <li.ir"Ar,, (ImyfAAw ; I'ui and 
 i7Tc\\io, to set, or send fMin.] 
 
 1. .\iuong pliysician.i, a dilatation of the heart, au- 
 ricles, and arteries ; opposed to systole or contraction. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In grammar, the extension of a syllable ; or a 
 figure by which a sjllalile naturally short is made 
 
 Dr'A-S'l"9'l,E, II. [Gr. rli.. ami un.A s.] [long. 
 An edifici' in wliii li three diauu ters of the coluimis 
 are allowed for intcrcoliiuiniations. Harris. 
 DI-A-'/'ICS'SA RON, 11. [(Jr. I'u., and T:nnara, four.] 
 
 1. Among musicians, a concord or harmonii! inter- 
 val, composed of a greater tone, a lesser tone, and 
 one greater semitone. Its ]iriip<ii'tion is as 4 to 3, and 
 it is called a prrfeel fourth. Harris. 
 
 2. In Biblical literature, a harmony of the four 
 Gospels. 
 
 DT-;\-TIIER'MAIj, a. Possessing free permeability to 
 heat. 
 
 DI-A-TIIER'MA-NOI'S, (7. [Gr. ilia, throngli, and 
 
 f/ip/irui r.', to heat.] 
 
 Possessing free pcrmealiility to heat. 
 l)I-.\ f'lI'E SI.-!, „. H'.r.i Particular disposition or 
 
 habit of body, good or bad. Coze. 
 
 FATE, I'AR, FALL, WII.^T. — METE, PafiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, VQOK.— 
 
Die 
 
 DID 
 
 DIE 
 
 DI-AT'OM-OUS, a. [Gr. <!io, throiigli, and rtjji'w, to 
 cloavc] 
 
 In mtncrnlnjrij, a term applied to crystals witll one 
 distinct, diagunul clwiViige. Mails. 
 DI-A-TOi\'ie, o. [Ur. iu, by or tliroiiph, and roi of, 
 sound.] 
 
 In music, a term applii^l to the natural scali>, which, 
 proceeding by degrees, includes botii tones and semi- 
 tones. Hniuitr. 
 
 1)1 A-'rON'ie-AI,-I<Y, ailv. In a diatonic manner. 
 
 DfA-'l'iailK, n. [Or. .iuirpi ->/.] 
 
 ,\ conliniH'd discourse or disputation. Bailrtj. 
 
 l)r-.\ T'lMH-IST, n. One who prolongs his discourse 
 or tliscussion. IlamHwntl. 
 
 DI-A-'/.KC'TIC, o. [Gr. dmCtt') fi'/i', to disjoin?] 
 
 A ilinzriitic tone, in ancient Greek music, disjoined 
 two I'ourths, one on each side of it, ami which, bein^ 
 joined to either, made a fiftli. This is, in our music, 
 IVoiil F to (i. i'^'i/f. Knciic. Brantlc. 
 
 DIB'ltLi;, 71. [Probably from the root" of tttp, tip, a 
 point, and denoting u little sharp point ; or allied to 
 dip, to thrust in.] 
 
 A (minted insiniinent, used in gardening and ag- 
 riculture, to make holes for plantittj; seeds, &c. 
 
 DIR'ULK, c. (. 'I'o plant with a d.lddc ; or to make 
 holes for planting .seeds, &c. 
 
 DIlt'BLK, V. I. 'i'o dibble or dip ; a term in anglin<r. 
 
 OIU'KLKK, n. One who makes holes in the ground 
 Ui receive seed. 
 
 DIll'S'l'fi.NK, n. A little stone which children throw 
 at another stone. Locke. 
 
 DI-e.A'CI()US, (de-ka'8hiis,)(i. Talkative. Maunder. 
 
 Dl-CAC'I-TY, (de-kas'c-te,) lu [L. dicacita.i.] 
 
 I'ertness. [IMlle used.] Graves. 
 
 DI'e.AST, II. [Gr. I'lAor'/Si f™™ i'xai^w, to judge, 
 from (lini), justice.] 
 
 In aHcicnt Greece, an olficcr answering nearly to 
 our juryman. Mitfitrd. 
 
 PIl'K, n, of Dii; ; also, a game with dice. 
 
 )'tCi;, I-. 1. 'I'o play with dice. Sliak. 
 
 UtCK'-HO.X, n. A box from which dice are thrown 
 in camins. Adtlison. 
 
 DiCE'-.MaK-ER, ?!, A maker of dice. 
 
 m-CEI'lI'A-LOUS, a. [Gr. (!({, and KCij,a\n, head.] 
 Having two heads on (me body. Lindlcij. 
 
 Die Ell, n. A player at dice. 
 
 UlCH ; a corruption for do it; as, "much good dich 
 thv heart." SItak. 
 
 DI-f;HAST'A-SIS, n. [See Dichastic.] Spontane- 
 j>us subdivision. Dana. 
 
 DI-eUAST'ie, o. [Gr. ii\ai:^M, to subdivide sponta- 
 neously.] Callable of subdividing s|)ontaneously. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 DI CIILAM-YD'E-OUS, a. [Gr. <!.$, and x^az-'-Si a 
 garment.] 
 
 In botany, having two coverings, a calyx and a 
 corol .• Lindlrij. 
 
 DI eilOT'O-MtZE, (dl-kot'o-mize,) v. U [See the 
 ne.xt \tord.] To cut into two parts; to divide into 
 pairs, 
 
 DI-CHOT'O-MOUS, a. [Gr. iixa, doubly, by pairs, 
 and Tfjii'M, to cut,] 
 
 In ho'ni.y, regularly dividing by pairs, from top to 
 bottom ; its, a dtcJitilimwus stem. Martijn. 
 
 DI-eilOT'O-iMOl'S-eoK'Y.Mll-Jtrn, ( dl-kot'o-mus- 
 kor'inul,) <i. Composed of corymbs, in which the 
 IK'dirles liivide and subdivide by pairs. Marlijn. 
 
 DI-CIIOT'O-MOUS-LY, adn. In a dichotomous man- 
 ner. 
 
 DI-CIIOT'O-MY, (dl-kot'o-me,) n. [Gr. i.xorouia, a 
 division into iwo parf; ; /n\ii and TiftvM, to cut.] 
 
 L Division ni distribution of things by pairs. \l.it- 
 lituaed.\ Watt.i. 
 
 Q. In a.itronoir.\\ 'hat pha.se of the moon in which 
 it apiwars bisect>'d, or shows only half it3 disk, as at 
 the qiiailntures. Encyc. 
 DI'CIIKO-l*.M, n. fGr. fi<, twice, and \poa. color.] 
 I'lu- pro|)erty obbTived in ."onie crystids of present- 
 ing dili'erent colors when viewed ill two different 
 directions. Dana, 
 DI'eilKO ITE. Pee Iolite. 
 
 DT eilRU-MAT'ie,o. [Gr. and x/)W(ia.] Having 
 
 or producing two colors. Gilbert 
 DICING, i>. The practice of plaving at dice. 
 
 Ricli. Diet 
 
 DIC'ING-IIOUSE, n. A house where dice is played ; 
 
 a gaiuiuK-house. [Utile tutrd.] 
 DI<;K'E.\'S j a vulg:ir e.\claination in old writers for 
 
 the devil. S/iak. 
 DICK'EU, II. [Probably from Gr. c'txa, ten, W. deff, 
 
 L. (Orcein.] 
 
 In old uiKAur.i, the number or quantity of ten, par- 
 ticularly ten hides or skins ; but apfilied to other 
 thiiiRS, as a dicker of gloves, &.c. [/ believe not used 
 in Jiinrrica.] 
 
 DlCK"V,i«. A seat behind a carriage, for scr\-ants,&,c 
 
 •2. A sham bosom of a shirt. (trose. 
 DIC'LI-.NATE, a. [Gr. in, twofold, and kXivw, to 
 incline.] 
 
 In mineralotry, an epithet applied to crystals, in 
 which two of the axes are oblitiuely inclined, as in 
 the oblique rect-mgiilar prism. Dana. 
 DI eOCeOUS, a. [Cr. 6if and (roxitof, L. eocciu, a 
 pain.] 
 
 Two-grained ; consisting of two cohering grains 
 or cells, with one seed in each; as, a dict>rc-an.-i cap- 
 sule. Martyn. 
 DI-CO-TYL-E'DON, ii. [Gr. 6is, twice, and ito ruA,/r!wi , 
 a cavity.] 
 
 A |ilaiit whoso seeds divide into two lobes in ger- 
 minating. Martyn. 
 
 DI Gt)1'YL-K'DON-OUS, a. Having two hibes. A 
 difntijlri/onnus plant is one whose steeds have two 
 lobes, ami coiiseipiently rise witll two seminal leaves. 
 
 DIC'KO-TOS, H. [Gr. liic and k,,otu{.] [Milne. 
 A double or rebounding pulse. 
 
 Die' T.^TE, V. I. [Ij. ditto, from dieo, to sp(!ak ; Hp. 
 dictor ; it. dcttarc ; Vr. dicier; Ir. dcachtuim. Class 
 Dg.] 
 
 1. To tell with authority ; to deliver, as an onler, 
 command, or direction ; as, what (jod has dictated, it 
 Is our duly to brlieve. 
 
 2. To order or instruct what is to be said or writ- 
 ten ; as, a gtuieral dictates orders to his troops. 
 
 il. I'o suggest ; to admonish ; to direct by impulse 
 on the mind. We say, the Spirit of God dictated the 
 messages of the jirophets to Isr.ael ; conscience ofli n 
 dictates to men tlio rules by which they arc to govern 
 their conduct. 
 DICTATE, H, An order delivered ; a command. 
 
 S. A rule, maxim, or precept, delivered with au- 
 thority. 
 
 I cn-ilit wimt the Grrd.in dietaut wy. Prior. 
 
 3. Suggestion ; rule or direction suggested to the 
 mind ; as, the dictates of reason <ir conscience. 
 
 DI€'TA-TED,;>p, Delivered witll authority ; ordered; 
 directed ; suggested, 
 
 DICTA-TING ppr. Uttering or delivering with au- 
 thority ; instructing what to say or write ; ordering ; 
 suggesting to the mind. 
 
 Die-TA'TION, n. The act of dictating ; the act or 
 practice of prescribing. 
 
 It allonls s^'Ciirily njiiinal the ttirtaaon of law*. Paley. 
 
 Die-TA'TOK, 71. [L.] One who dictates ; one who 
 prescribes rules antl maxims for the direction of 
 others. 
 
 2. One invested with absolute authority. In aii- 
 cient Rome, a magistrate, created in times of exigence 
 and distress, and invested with unlimited power. 
 He remained in otiice six months. 
 
 Die-TA-1'O'llI-AL, a. PerUiiniiig to a dictator; ab- 
 soluttf; unlimited ; uncontrtillalile. 
 
 2. Imperious ; dogmatical ; overbearing ; as, the 
 officer assumed a dictatorial tone. 
 
 DIC-TA-TO'KI-AL-LY, ade. In an imperious, dog- 
 matical manner. 
 
 Die-TA'TOU SIirP, It. The office of n dictator ; the 
 term of a dictator's office. 
 
 2. Authority ; imperiousncss ; dogmatism. Drxjden. 
 
 DIC'TA-TO KY,a. Overbearing; dogmatical. Mdton. 
 
 Die-TA'1'IU.\, II, [L.] A female who dicUites or 
 commantls. 
 
 DICTA-TIJRE, n. The olfice of a dictator; dicta- 
 torshi)). 
 
 2. Absolute authority ; the power that dictates. 
 
 Yooke. 
 
 Die'TION, (dik'shtin,) Ji. [L. ^ctio, from dtco, to 
 speak. Cbiss Dg.] 
 
 Expression of itleas by words; style; manner of 
 expression. Dryden. 
 DICTION-A-RY, n. [Fr. dietimnaire ; It. diiimutrio ; 
 Sp. diccionario ; from L. dictio, a word, or a speaking.] 
 A book containing the words of a language, ar- 
 ranged in alphabetical order, with explanations of 
 their meanings ; a lexicon. Johnson. 
 DICTUM, 71.; pi. DicTi. [L.] An authoritative 
 
 saying or assertion. 
 DID, prcL of Do, contracted from doed. I did, thou 
 ditlst, he did ; we did, you or ye did, they did. 
 
 Hare ye not trail wliat David did when he wa* huiiffry f — 
 MivlL lU. 
 
 The proper signilic.ition is, made, executed, per- 
 formed ; but it is used, also, to express the state of 
 health. 
 
 And Monlccal walltrd evrry »l.tjr before the court of the women's 
 huuac, tu Itnow how Katlicr did. — Kstlt, li. 
 
 Did is used as the sign of the past tense of verbs, 
 particularly in interrogative and negative sentences ; 
 as, did he command you to go He did not command 
 me. It is also useil to express emphasis ; as, I did 
 love him beyond measure. 
 
 DI-DACTie, ) o. [(;r. MaKTtKos, from SiSacKu,, 
 
 DI-DACTie-AL, i to teach.] 
 
 Adapted to te.ach ; preceptive ; containing doc- 
 trines, precepts, princijiles, or rules ; intended to 
 instruct ; as, a didactic )>oein or essay 
 
 DI-DAC'TI€-AL-LY, a</e. In a didactic manner ; in 
 a form to teach. 
 
 DI I).\CTYI>, n. An animal having two toes. 
 
 DI DAC'TYL-OITS, o. [Gr. ii, ii(, and iuKToSoi.] 
 Having two toes. 
 
 DI'D/VP-PER, n. [from dip.] A bird that dives into 
 the water, a species of grebe, Podiceps minor. 
 
 DI I)AS-eAL'ie,it [Gr. iiiaaxtX iKof, from itiaffKo), 
 to te.ach.j 
 
 Didactic ; preceptive ; giving precepts. [Little 
 used.] Pnor. 
 
 DID'DEK, V. i. [Tent, diddern ; qii. titter, taUrr.] 
 
 To shiver with nild. [J^'ot used.] Sherwood. 
 DID'DLE, e. «. To cheat or overreach. Ilalloveay. 
 DID'DI.E, V. i. To totter, as a child in walking. 
 Dl-DEC-A-HlC'DKAI,, a. [di and drcaliedral.] In 
 
 cri/stalloitrapliy, having the form of a decahi-dral 
 
 prism, with pentalietlral summits. Clcavrland. 
 DI-DEL'PHYe, a. Relating to animals of the genus 
 
 Didelplivs, tu which the o|K)ssum belongs. 
 DI-DEL'PIIY.'<,ii. [(;r. 1^15, twice, and dt A (;,ii«, litems.] 
 
 A genus of marsupial animals, including the opossum. 
 DI-l)O-DI0e-A-IIF:'I)RAI., a. [di and dodrcahrdral.] 
 
 In crystalloirraphy, having the form of a dodrcalie- 
 
 dral prism with hexahiMlral suniinit.s, Clenvcland. 
 DI DKACIl'MA, (di-drak'ma,) 11, [Gr,] A piece of 
 
 money, the fourth of an tuiiiee of silver. 
 DIDST. *i'he second person of the pretiirit of do. 
 DI-DUC'TIO.V, H. [1,. diductio ! di and dnco. to draw,] 
 Separation by withdrawing one part from the other, 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 DI DY M'l-I.'.M, 71. A metal recently discovered by 
 M. Mosaiuler, in the ores of Cerium. 
 
 Ure. Dr. Bridjres. 
 DID'Y-MOi;.*^, 17. [Gr. (!ii!M,ioi.] />. Cyc 
 
 In botinni, growing in pairs or twins. 
 DID-Y-.\ A'.\ll-A, 71. [Gr. il , .'n, and Hiu nfti;, power.] 
 In botany, the name tif a class of jilaiits of four sta- 
 mens, dis|Hi.se(i in twt> pairs, one being shorter than 
 the other. 
 
 DI l)-\'-.\.\'MI-,'\N, } a. Cont.'iining four stamens, dis- 
 Dr-1)YN'.\-.M(JUS, ( posed in pairs, one shorter than 
 the other. 
 
 DIE, V. i. fSw. do ; Daii. dUrr. .This appears to be a 
 coiitractc ii word, and llie r.iilieal I' tter lost is not ob- 
 vious. The word th/e, to linge, is conIr:icted from 
 Dg, and the .Arjliir nml siL'itilir.s not only to fotjrf, 
 but to pi risk : whicli l irclilii^Iatice would I<*ad one to 
 infer that Ihey are railn allt 0111.' word, and that the 
 primary sense is, to plunge, fall, or sink. The Saxon 
 dradiun is evidently a ilerivalive of the particijile dead. 
 See DvE.] 
 
 1. I'o be deprived of respiration, of the circulation 
 of blood, and otlirr bodily I'linrtidiis, and rendered 
 incapable of resuscitation, as aniiii.-ils, either by nat- 
 ural decay, by dise;t.se, or liy violence ; to cease to 
 live ; to expire ; to deectse ; to perish ; and, with 
 respect to man, tu depart from this world. 
 
 All the fintl-Iiorn in the laiul of Karypt sImII die. — Ex. xi. 
 The liiih th.it a in the river •liall die. — Kx. vii. 
 
 This word is followed by of or by. Wen die of dis- 
 ease ; of a fever; of sickness; of a fall; of grief. 
 They die by the sword ; bit faiiiine ; by |)estileiice ; by 
 violence; by sickness; fcy disease. In some cases, 
 custom has establislieil the use of the <me, to the ex- 
 clusion of the other; but, in many cases, eitliiT by or 
 of may be used at the pleasure of the writer or speak- 
 er. The use of /or, he died for thirst, is not elegant 
 nor common. 
 
 2. To be punished with death ; to lose life for a 
 crime, or for the sake of another. I will relieve my 
 master, if 1 die for it. 
 
 Chrint died for tlieatn^llT. — Rom. T, 
 Ctirist died for our sins. — 1 Cur. xv. 
 
 3. To come to an end ; to cease ; to be lost ; to per- 
 ish or come to nothing ; as, let the secret die in youi 
 own breast. 
 
 4. To sink ; to faint. 
 
 His he.irt dud witliin hiin, ami he hecarne as a stone. — 1 S.im. 
 
 5. To languish with pleasure or tenderness ; fol- 
 lowed by away. 
 
 To souiiiis orhe.tTenIy harp slie diet aieay. Pop*. 
 
 6. To languish with affection. 
 
 The young men ackuowleil^ed that they died tor Rebecca. 
 
 Tiultr. 
 
 7. To recede, as sound, and become less distinct ; 
 to become less and less ; or to vanish from the sight, 
 or disappear gradually. Soiinil or cidor dies atray. 
 
 8. To lose vegetable life; to wither ; to (icrish ; as 
 plants or seeds. Plants die for want of water ; some 
 plants die annually. 
 
 9. To become vapid or spiritless, .as liquors ; mostly 
 used in the participle ; as, the cider or beer is dead. 
 
 10. In Uteolo/ry, to perish everlastingly ; to suffer 
 divine wrath and punishment in the future world. 
 
 11. I'o become indifferent to, or to cease to be un- 
 der the power of; as, to die to sin. 
 
 12. To endure great danger and distress. 
 
 1 itit daily. — 1 Cor. XT. 
 7*11 die airay ; to decrease gradually ; to cease to 
 blow ; as, the wind dies array. 
 DIE, 11. ; ;)/. Dk.e. [I'r. di ; It. dado ; Sp. and Port id. : 
 Arm. diei ; Ir. disle.] 
 
 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with numbers 
 from one to six, used in gaming, by being thrown 
 from a box. 
 
 He ventunsl his all on the cut of a (fM. 
 
 2. Any cubic btxiy ; a flat tablet. Watts. 
 
 3. In arehileclure, the cubical part of the |iedestal, 
 between its base and cornice. 
 
 4. Hazard ; chance. 
 
 Such is the <fi« of war. Spender, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE — A,\"GER, Vf'ClOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
DIF 
 
 DIF 
 
 DIF 
 
 Dre. n. : pi. Dies. A stamp used in coining money, in 
 
 foundenes, &c. 
 DI-E'CIAN and DI-E'CIOUS. See DifficiiN and 
 
 DlCECIOUS. 
 
 Di'ER. SeeDTER. 
 
 DI-ER'E-SIS, n. See DiaiREsis. 
 
 DI'B^SIS, n. [(Jr. 6ieiTi(, a division.] 
 
 In music, the division of a tone, less than a semi- 
 tone ; or an interval consisting of a less or imperfect 
 semitone. Eiicyc. 
 
 Dl'ES vVO.V, [L. dies non juridiau:.'] A day on which 
 courts are not held, as the Sabbath, &c. IVood^s InsU 
 
 DI'ET, 71. [L. duEta; Gr. Itaira, manner of living, 
 mode of life prescribed by a physician, food, a room, 
 parlor, or bedroom ; Sp. dirtu ; Fr. dieU ; It. dieta. In 
 the middle aees, this word was used to denote the 
 provision or food for one day, and for a journey of 
 one day. Spelman. Hence it seems to be from dies, 
 day, or its root ; and hence tlie word may have come 
 to signify a meal or supper, and the room occupied 
 for eating.] 
 
 1. Food or victuals ; as, milk is a wholesome diet; 
 flesh is a nourishini; diet. 
 
 2. Food regulated by a physician, or by medical 
 rules ; food prescribed for the prevention or cure of 
 disease, and limited in kind or quantity. I restrained 
 myself to a regular diet of flesh once a day. 
 
 3. Allowance of provision. 
 
 For his di n Uiere was a continual diet given Kim by tlie liiuf . — 
 Jer. lii. 
 
 4. Hoard, or boarding ; as, to pay a certain sum for 
 diet, washing, and lodging. 
 
 DI'ET, n. [b. ryksdag: G. rcic/Lsta^; Sw. riksdag ; 
 Dan. rigsdag ; empire's day, imperial diet. These 
 words prove that diet is from dies, day. So in Scots 
 law, diet of appearance.] 
 
 An assembly of the .states or circles of the empire 
 of Germany and of Poland ; a convention of princes, 
 electors, ecclesiastical dignitaries, and representatives 
 of free cities, to deliberate on the affairs of the em- 
 pire. There are also diets of states and cantons. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 DI'ET, r. t. To feed ; to board ; to furnish provisions 
 for ; as, the master diel-s his apprentice. 
 
 2. To take food by rules prescribed ; .as, an invalid 
 should carefully diet himself. 
 
 3. To feed ; to furnish aliment ; as, to diH re- 
 venge. Shak. 
 
 DI'ET, V. i. To eat according to rules prescribed. 
 
 2. To eat sparingly. Shak. 
 
 3. To eat ; to feed ; as, the students diet in com- 
 mons. 
 
 DI'ET-A-RY, n. Rule of diet ; allowance of food, es- 
 pecially for the poor in alms-houses and prisons. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 DI'ET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to diet or the rules of 
 diet. 
 
 Di'ET-DRINK, n. Medicated liquors ; drink prepared 
 with medicinal ingredients. 
 
 DI'ET-ED, pp. Fed ; boarded ; fed by prescribed rules. 
 
 Dl'ET-ER, n. One who diets ; one who prescribes 
 rules for eating ; one who prepares food by rules. 
 
 DI-E-TET'ie, ) rrr \„,^„..,r,^ 
 
 DI-E-TET'ie^AL, i ''"'"■''-""'■J 
 
 Pertaining to diet, or to the rules for regulating the 
 kind and quantity of food to be eaten. 
 
 DI-E-TET'ies, 11. Tliat part of medicme which re- 
 lates to diet or food. 
 
 Dl'ET-I\E, 71. A subordinate or local diet ; a cantonal 
 convention. 
 
 DI'ET-I.NG, ppr. Taking food ; prescribing rules for 
 eating ; taking food according to prescribed rules. 
 
 DIEU ET MOJV DROIT, (de-u'a-mon-drwi,) [Fr.] 
 God and my right. 
 
 DIF-FAR-RE-a'TIO\, 71. [L. dis and farreatio.] 
 
 The parting of a cake ; a ceremony among the Ro- 
 mans, at the divorce of man and wife. Encijc. 
 
 DIF'FER, V. i. [L. diffrro, dis and fcro, to bear or move 
 apart ; It. diffcrire : Fr. diffcrer. See Hear.] 
 
 1. Literally, to be separate. Hence, to be unlike, 
 dissimilar, distinct, or v.arious, in nature, condition, 
 form, or qualities ; followed hy from. Men differ from 
 brutes ; a statue differs from a picture ; wisdom differs 
 from folly. 
 
 One sur difftrtlh from another itar In glory. — 1 Cor. xt. 
 
 2. To disagree ; not to accord ; to be of a contrarj' 
 opinion. We arc all free to diffrr in opinion, and 
 sometimes our sentiments differ less than we at first 
 suppose. 
 
 3. To contend ; to be at TOriance ; to strive or de- 
 bate in words ; to dispute ; to quarrel. 
 
 We'll iifTT d^^tr with a crowdpil pil. lioist, 
 
 DIF'FER, tj. U To cause to be different or various. 
 A diflercnt dialect and pronunciation differs persons 
 of divers countries. Derham. 
 
 [ Tins transitive use of the verb is not common, nor to 
 be commended.] 
 
 DIF'FEK-KD, pp. Made different ; disagreed. 
 
 DIF'FER E.N'CE, ti. The HUale of being unlike or dis- 
 tinct ; distinction ; disagreement ; want of sameness ; 
 variation ; dissimilarity. Difference may be total or 
 partial, and exist in tlie nature and essence of things 
 In the form, the qualities, or degrees. There Is a dif- 
 
 ference in nature between animals and plants ; a dif- 
 ference in form between tlie genera and species of 
 animals; a. difference of quality in paper; and a dif- 
 ference in degrees of heat, or of light. 
 
 2. The quality which distinguishes one thing from 
 another. 
 
 3. Dispute ; debate ; contention ; quarrel ; contro- 
 versy. 
 
 What was the difference 7 It was a contention in public. ShaJc. 
 
 4. The point in dispute; ground of controversy. 
 
 5. A logical distinction. [Shak. 
 
 6. Evidences or marks of distinction. 
 
 The marks and differences of sovereignty. DavUs, 
 I 7. Distinction. 
 
 8. In mathematics, the remainder of a sum or quan- 
 tity, after a lesser sum or quantity is subtracted. 
 
 9. In logic, an essential attribute, belonging to 
 some species, and not found in the genus ; being the 
 idea that defines the species. Encyc. 
 
 10. In heraldry, a certain figure added to a coat of 
 arms, serving to distinguish one family from another, 
 or to show how distant a younger branch is from 
 the elder or principal branch. 
 
 DIF'FER-ENCE. r. £. To cause a difference or dis- 
 tinction. A rtgular administration of justice accord- 
 ing to fixed '.a\YS, differences a civilized from a savage 
 st.ite. 
 
 DIF'FER-ENC-£D, (dif 'fer-enst,) pp. Caused to dif- 
 fer ; separated. 
 
 DIF'FER-ENC-ING, ppr. Causing a difference ; mak- 
 ing different. 
 
 DxF'FER-ENT, a. Distinct ; separate ; not the same ; 
 as, we belong to different churches or nations. 
 
 2. Various or contrarj' ; of various or contrary na- 
 tures, forms, or qualities; unlike; dissimilar; as, 
 different kinds of food or drink ; different states of 
 health ; different shapes ; different degrees of excel- 
 lence. 
 
 DIF-FER-EN'TIAL, (dif-fer-en'shal,) <z. 
 
 1. In commerce, creating a ditference ; as, differential 
 duties. England. 
 
 2. In mathematics, an epithet used in fluxions, or 
 t!ie doctrine of infinitesimals; as, the differential cal- 
 culus, (see Calculus,) a differential quantity, (see 
 the noun Differextial.) ' 
 
 DIF-FER-EN'TIAL, 71. In the differential and integral 
 calcidvs, if two or more quantities are dependent on 
 each other, and subject to variations of value, their 
 differentials are any other quantities whose ratios to 
 each other are the limits to which the ratios of the 
 variations approximate, as these variations are re- 
 duced nearer and nearer to zero. .4. D. Stanlexi. 
 
 DIF-FER-EN'TIAL THER-MOM'E-TER, 71. A ther- 
 mometer for measuring very small differences of 
 temperature. Brande. 
 
 DIF'FER-ENT-LY, <zi?p. In a different manner ; va- 
 riously. Men are differently affected with the same 
 eloquence. 
 
 DIF'FER-ING, ppr. Being unlike or distinct ; disa- 
 greeing; contending. 
 
 DlF'FER-Ii\G-LY, adv. In a different manner. 
 
 DIF'FI-CILE, (dif'fe-sil,) a. [L. difficUis.] 
 
 Difficult ; hard ; scrupulous. [JVut itscd.] Bacon. 
 
 DIF'FI-CILE-NESS, n. Difliculty to be persuaded, 
 f JVo( used.'] Bacon. 
 
 D1F'FI-€ULT, a. [L. difficilis ; dis ani faeilis, easy 
 to be made or done, from facio, to make or do ; Sp. 
 difcuUcso ; It. diffcoltoso.] 
 
 1. Hard to be made, done, or performed ; not easy ; 
 attended with labor and pains ; as, our task is difficult. 
 It is difficult to persuade men to abandon vice. It is 
 difficult to ascend a steep hill, or travel a bad road 
 
 2. Hard to be pleased ; not easily wrought upon ; 
 not readily yielding ; not compliant ; unaccommo- 
 dating ; rigid ; austere ; not easily managed or per- 
 suaded ; as, a difficult man ; a person of a difficult 
 temper. 
 
 3. Hard to be ascended, as a hill ; traveled, as a 
 road ; or crossed, as a river, &c. VVe say, a difficult 
 ascent ; a difficult road ; a difficult river to cross, &c. 
 
 DlF'Fl-eULt-LY, aJ. Willi difficulty. 
 DIF'FI-eUL-TY, 71. [Fr. difficulte; It. difficoltd; Sp. 
 d{ficullad : L. difficultas.] 
 
 1. Hardness to be done or accomplished ; the state 
 of any thing which renders its performance labori- 
 ous or perplexing ; opiTOsed to easiness or facility ; as, 
 the difficulty of a task or enterprise ; a work of labor 
 and difficulty. 
 
 2. That which is hard to be performed or sur- 
 mounted. We often mistake diffir.iillirs for impossi- 
 bilities. To overcome difficulties, is an evidence of a 
 great mind. 
 
 3. Perplexity ; embarrassment of affairs ; trouble ; 
 whatever renders progress or execution of designs 
 laborious. We lie under many difficulties, by reason 
 of bad markets, or a low state of trade. 
 
 4. Objection ; obstacle tobelief; that which ran not 
 be easily understood, explained, or believed. Men 
 often raise difficulties concerning miracles and myste- 
 ries in religion, which candid research will remove. 
 
 5 In o popular sense, bodily complaints ; indispo- 
 sition. 
 
 DIF'FlDE, t). i. [L. diffido ; dis and fdo, to tnisi.] 
 
 To distrust ; to have no confidence in [Aaif.J 
 DIF'FI-DENCE, 71. [It. diffidania ; Sp. difideneia , from 
 L. diffidcns, diffido ; dis and jido, to trust. See Faith.] 
 
 1. Distrust ; want of confidence ; any doubt of the 
 power, ability, or disiiosition of others. It is said 
 there was a general diffidence of the strength and re- 
 sources of the nation, and of the sincerity of the 
 king. 
 
 a More generally. (J jotrust of one's self; want of 
 confidence in our own power, competency, correct- 
 ness, or wisdom ; a doubt respecting some personal 
 qualification We speak or write with diffidence, 
 when we doubt our ability to speak or write cor- 
 rectly, or to the satisfaction of others. The effect of 
 diffidence is some degree of reserve, modesty, timid- 
 ity, or bashfulness. Hence, 
 
 3. Modest reser\'e ; a moderate degree of timidity or 
 bashfulness ; as, he addressed the audience or the 
 prince with diffidence. 
 DIF'FI-DENT, a. Distrustful ; wanting confidence ; 
 doubting another's power, disposition, sincerity, or 
 intention. 
 
 Be not diffident of wisdom. Milton. 
 
 2. Distrustful of one's self; not confident ; doubt- 
 ful of one's own power or competency 
 
 Distress niaJtes Uie humble heart dijjident. Clarissa. 
 
 3. Reserved ; modest ; timid ; as, a diffident youth. 
 DIF'FI-DEi\T-LY, adv. With distrust ; in a distrust- 
 ing manner; modestly. 
 
 DIF-FI.VD' I', e. [L. diffindo.] To split. 
 DIF-FIN'I-TIVE, a. Determinate ; difinitive. 
 DIF-FLa'TION, 71. The act of scattering by a gust of 
 wind. 
 
 DIF'FLU-ENCE, ) rr j« i 
 DIF'FLU EN-CY, \ '''M'">-i 
 
 A flowina or fallin<; away on all sides. Brown. 
 DIF'FLU-ENT, a. Flowing away on all sides; not 
 fixed. 
 
 DIF'FORM, <7. [L. dis and forma. But it appears to 
 have been adopted from the French or Italian dif- 
 forme, which we write deform.] 
 
 1. Irregular in form ; not uniform ; anomalous ; 
 as, a diffurm flower or corol, the parts of which do not 
 correspond in size or proportion ; so, difform leaves. 
 
 2. Unlike : dissimilar • [.l/artyn. 
 
 The unequal refractions of difform rays. iNViclon. 
 DIF-FOR.M'I-TY, 71. Irregularity of form; want of 
 
 uniformitv. Brown. 
 DIF-FR.\eT', V t. [L. diffractum, diffringo.] 
 To break or separate into parts, as light. 
 DIF-FRACT'ED, pp. Broken or separated into parts. 
 DIF-FRAC'TIOX, n. [from L. diffringo, diffractum, to 
 
 break in pieces.] 
 In optics, a change which light undergoes, when, 
 
 by passing very near the borders of an opaque body, 
 
 it forms parallel bands or fringes. D. Olmsted. 
 DIF-FRAN'CHISE, ) „ „ 
 
 DIF-FRAN'CHISE-.MENT, \ uisfbanchise, 
 
 which is the word in use. 
 DIF-FUSE', (dif-fuze',) v. t. [L. diffasus ; d iff undo ; 
 
 dis and fundo, to pour, to spread. If 71 is casual, as 
 
 it probably is, the root belongs to Class Bd or Bs.] 
 
 1. To pour out and spread, as a fluid ; to cause to 
 flow and spread. The rivet rose and diffused its 
 waters over the adjacent plain. 
 
 2. To spread ; to send out or extend in all direc- 
 tions. Flowers diffuse their odors. The fame of 
 ^Vashington is diffused over Europe. The knowl- 
 edge of the true God will be diffiusetl over the earth. 
 
 DIF-FuSE', a. Widely spread ; dispersed. 
 
 2. Copious ; prolix ; using many words ; giving 
 full descriptitms ; as, Livy is a diffuse writer. 
 
 3. Copious ; verbose ; containing full or particular 
 accounts ; not concise ; as, a diffuse style. 
 
 DIF-FUS'£D, (dif-fuzd',) pp. Spread ; dispersed. 
 2. Loose ; flowing ; wild. Shali. 
 
 DIF-FUS'ED-LV, (dif-fuz'ed-ly,) adv. In a diffused 
 manner ; with wide dispersion. 
 
 DlF-FuS'ED-\ESS, (dif-fuz'ed-ness,) 71. The state 
 of beini; widely spread. Sherwood. 
 
 DIF-FUSE'LV, <«/ii. Widely ; extensively. 
 2. Copiously ; with many words ; fully. 
 
 DIF-FCS'ER, 71. One who diffuses. 
 
 DIF-Fu-Sl-BIL'I-TY, (dif-fu-z^bil'i-ty,) 71. The qual- 
 ity of being diffusible, or capable of being spread ; 
 as, the difftisihility of clay in watiT. ICtnran. 
 
 DIF-FO'SI-BLE, (dif fu'ze-ble,) a. That may flow or 
 be spread in all directions ; that may he dispersed ; 
 as, diffusible stimuli. Brown. 
 
 DIF-FC'S!I-HI,E-NESS, 71. Diffusibilitv. 
 
 DIF-FOS'LN'G, ppr. Spreading; extending. 
 
 DIF-FO'SlOX, (dif-fu'zhun,) ?i. .\ spreading or flow- 
 ing of a liquid substance or fluid, in a lateral as well 
 as a lineal direction ; as, the diffusion of water ; tlie 
 diffu-iion of air or light. 
 
 2. A spreading or scattering; dispersion; as, a 
 diffusion of dust or of seeds. 
 
 3. A spreading ; extension ; propagation ; as, the 
 diffusion of knowledge, or of good principles. 
 
 FATE, FAE, FALL, WHAT METE, PKBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQOK.— 
 
 332 
 
DIG 
 
 •1. Oiipiousne<i?i, extiburance, as of style. [Little 
 I,.-,/.) 
 
 DIK-rO'SIVE, u. llavitiR tlie qniilily of (lin'iisins, or 
 sprtadiriL' l>y llowiii:;, as li(|iiUl substancfs or Huiila ; 
 or of (lis|wrsiii?, as iniiiulc particles. Water, air, 
 nnd liglit, dust, smoke, and odors, are dijfiuicc sub- 
 stances. 
 
 2. Extended ; spread widely ; extending in all di- 
 rections ; extensive ; as, diffmiot charity or benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 DIF-FO'SIVE-LY, adc. Widely ; extensively ; every 
 way. 
 
 DIF-FO'SIVE-NESS, n. The power of diflusing, or 
 state of being dill'iised ; dispersion. 
 
 2. Extension, or extensiveness ; as, the diffusivr- 
 ness of benevolence. 
 
 3. The quality or state of beinfj dilfiise, as, an au- 
 thor or his style ; vcrboseiiess ; copiousness of words 
 or expression. Jlddison. 
 
 DIG, t!. t, prct. DiooED or Duo; jip. Diooeu or I)uu. 
 [Sw. dika ; Dan. diger, to ilig, to ditch : Sw. dike, a ditch, 
 Dan. digc ; U. dijk, a dijke ; G. deich, Sax. die, id. ; 
 
 Sax. dician, to ditch ; Elh. dachi. Cl.iss Dg, 
 
 No. 14. 'I he Irish luclUaim, tachlaim, to dig, may be 
 from the sauie rool.l 
 
 1. To open and break, or turn up the earth, will) 
 a spade or other sharp instrument. 
 
 Bo first to (//* tJte ;rroiind. Drytlen, 
 
 2. To excavate ; to lorm an ojiening in the earth 
 by digging and removing the loose earth ; as, to diffa. 
 well, a pit, or a mine. 
 
 3. To pierce or open with a snout or by other 
 means, as svvine or mules. 
 
 4. To pierce with a |x)inlrd instrument ; to thrust in. 
 
 Still fur till? frowiiig liver diggett hi« ba-i»t. Drylen. 
 
 To diff down, is to undermine and cause to fall by 
 digging ; a**, to di;r dotrn a wall. 
 
 To liiir out, or to dig from, is to obtain by digging ; 
 as, to ditt coals from a mine ; to di<^ out fossils. Hut 
 the preposition is ortni omitted, and it is said, the 
 men are diirtrinjr coals, or fti'^'jintr iron ore. In such 
 phrases, some woril is understood : They are digrring 
 out ore, or digging for coals, or digging ore from the 
 earth. 
 
 To dig np, is to obtain .something from the earth by 
 opening it, or uncovering the thing with a spade or 
 other instrument, or to force out from the earth by a 
 bar ; as, to dig up a stone. 
 DIG, p. i. To work will) a spade or other piercing in- 
 Btrtmient ; to do servile work. 
 
 1 cm not t/iy ; 1 urn a.ili.im»t to bt-j. — Luke xvl. 
 3 To work in search of ; to search. 
 
 Thry dig for it nion; ilinn for llkl tirasuivl. —Job iii. 
 
 To dig in, is to pierce with a spade or other pointed 
 instrument. 
 
 Son of man, Jig now in t)ic wall. — F^-lc. viil. 
 
 To dig through: to o|)en a pa-ssage through) to 
 make an o|>eiiing from one side to the other. 
 DI-GA.M'.M.\, 11. [Gr. I'l, and > a.";/a, double gamma.] 
 The name of a letter in the early language of 
 Greece, which gradually fell into disuse, except 
 among the Eolics. It has very nearly the sound 
 of the English f, and was callcil digamma from its 
 resemblance to two gammas, one placed above tlic 
 other. , 
 DIG'.\-MY,n. Second marri.igc. [JVo* in u-ic] Herbert. 
 DI-G AS'TR IC, a. [Gr. ,'.5 and , .ir>; ', belly.] 
 
 Having a ilouble belly ; an epithet given to a mus- 
 cle of the lower jaw. Bailey. 
 DIG'ER-EXT, a. [I,, digerrns.] 
 
 Dieesiing. [jVot in use.] 
 DI'fiEST, 71. (I., dige.ttus, put in order.] 
 
 1. A collection or body of Koman laws, digested or 
 arranged under proper titles by order of the emperor 
 Justinian. A pandect. 
 
 2. Any collection, compilation, abridgment, or 
 summary of laws, disposed under proper heads or 
 titles ; as, the Digest i>( Comyii. 
 
 DI-GEST', r. t. [1,. digr.-tiim, from digrro, to distrib- 
 ute, or to dissolve ; di, ordi.i, and gero, to ho.ir, c.irry, 
 or wear; Vr.digerer; h.digrrire: digrrir.] 
 
 1. To distribute into suitable classes, or under 
 proper heads or titles ; to arrange in convenient or- 
 der ; to disimsc in iliie method ; as, to dige.it the Ro- 
 man laws or the common law. 
 
 2. To arrange methodically in the mind; to form 
 with due arrangement of parts ; as, to digest a plan 
 or scheme. 
 
 3. To separate or dissolve m the stomach, as food ; 
 to reduce to minute parts lit to enter the lacteals and 
 circulate ; to concoct ; to convert into chyme. 
 
 Coze. Knctjc. 
 
 4. In chemistry, to soften and prepare by heat ; to 
 expose to a gentle heat in a boiler or matrass, as a 
 preparation for chemical operations. 
 
 5. To bear with patience ; to brook ; to receive 
 without resentment ; not to reject j as, s.iy what 
 you will, he will digest it. ShaJt. 
 
 6. To prepare in the mind ; to dispose in a manner 
 that shall improve the undersuinding and he:irt; to 
 
 DIG 
 
 prepare for nourisiiing practical duties ; as, to digest 
 a discourse or sermon. 
 
 7. To dispose an ulcer or wound to suppurate. 
 
 8. To dissolve and prepare for manure, as [ilants 
 and other substances. 
 
 DI-<jES'1'', v. L To be prepared by heat. 
 
 2. To suppurate ; to generate laudable pus ; as an 
 ulcer or wound. 
 
 3. To dissolve and be prepared for manure, as sub- 
 stances in compost. 
 
 DI-GEST'Et), pp. or a. Reduced to method ; arranged 
 in ilue order ; concocted or prepared in the stomach 
 or by a gentle heat ; received without rejection ; 
 borne ; disposed for tise. 
 
 Dr ORST'ED-I. Y, ni/e. In a well arranged manner. 
 
 DI-GE.S T'EIl, 11. He that digests or disposes in order. 
 
 2. One wlio digests his food. 
 
 3. A medicine or article of food th.at aids diiies- 
 tion, or strengthens the digestive power of the stom- 
 ach. 
 
 4. A strong vessel, contrived by Pnpin,in which to 
 boil bony substances with a strong heat, and reduce 
 them to a tluid state ; or, in general, to increase the 
 solvent power of water. 
 
 DI-GE.ST-I-ltIL'I-TY, n. The qu.alily of being di- 
 gestible. 
 
 1)1-0 E.ST'1-HLE, a. Capable of being digested. Briroii. 
 
 1)1 (jEf T'IiN't;, ppr. .\rranging in due order, or under 
 projier heads ; dissolving and preparing for circula- 
 tion in the stomach ; softening and jircparing by 
 heal; disposing for practice; disposing to generate 
 pus ; brooking; reducing by heat to a tluid state. 
 
 DI-GES'TIO.N', (de-jest'yun,) 71. [h. digcslio.] 
 
 1. The conversion of food into chyme, or the pro- 
 cess of decomposing aliment in the stomach anil re- 
 composing it ill a new form, and thus preparing it 
 for circulation and iiuurishiiient. A ^itoil digestion is 
 essential to liealLli. 
 
 2. In chrmt.stni, the operation of exposing httdies to 
 a gentle heat, to prejiaie them for some action on 
 each other ; or the slow actitm of a solvent 011 any 
 substance. 
 
 3. The act of methodizing and reducing to order; 
 the maturing of a design. Temple. 
 
 4. The process of maturing an ulcer or wound, 
 and disposing it to generate pus; or the generation 
 of matter. 
 
 5. Tlie process of dissolution and preparation of 
 substances for inarnire, as in compost. 
 
 DI-<5EST'I VE, a. Having the power to cause diges- 
 tion in the stomach; as, a digestive pieparalion of 
 medicine. 
 
 2. CaiKible of softening and preparing by heat. 
 
 3. Methudi/.ing ; reducing to order ; as, dige.-:live 
 thought. hryden. 
 
 A. Causing maturation in wounds or ulcers. 
 .">. Dissolving. 
 
 DI-GEST'IVE, 11. In medieine, any preparation or med- 
 icine which increases the tone of the stomach, and 
 aids digestion ; a stomachic ; a corroborant. 
 
 2. In snrgrnj, an application which ripens an ul- 
 cer or wound, or disposes it to suppurate. 
 
 Digr-itire .mil, the muriate of potash. 
 DI-GESTTKE, n. Concoction; digestion. [/iar«.] 
 DlG'GA-liLE, <i. That niav be digged. 
 DIC.'CA.l), (digil,) ;)rft. and pp. of Dig. 
 DIG'GEK, II. One who tligs ; one who opens, throws 
 
 up, and breaks the earth ; one who opens a well, pit, 
 
 trench, or ditch. 
 lUG'GlS<J,ppr. Opening or turning the earth with a 
 
 spade. 
 
 DIGHT, (dite,) p. L [Pax. dihl, disposition, order, com- 
 mand ; dilitan, to set, establish, prepare, instruct, 
 dicuite. This si^'ins to be from the same source as 
 the I., dieo, dieti'.] 
 
 To prepare ; to put in order : hence, to dress, or 
 put on ; to army ; to adorn. [Obsolete, or used onlij 
 111 piirtnj. .Milton. 
 
 DIij'IT, 11. [L. digitus, a finger, that is, a shoot ; Gr. 
 t'axri'A'jj.j 
 
 1. The measure of a finger's breadth, or three 
 fourths of an inch. Boyle. 
 
 9. The twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or 
 miKin ; a term used to express the qnantity of an 
 ecli|ise ; as, an eclijise nf six digits is one which 
 hides one half of the disk. 
 
 3. In arilhmetie, any integer under 10; so called 
 from counting on the fingers. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 
 7, 8, 9, are calleil iligiLs. 
 
 DIGTl'-AI., a. [I,, digilnlis.] 
 
 Pertaining t^i the lingers, or to digits. 
 DIG I-Ta'I,I-A, ) n. .\ snpiKised alkaloid obtained 
 DI-GI-Ta'I,INE, ( from the foxglove or Digitalis 
 pnrpurrn. It has not been obtained in a perfectly pure 
 DIG l-TA'LIS, 11. [I,. i/iinfM, a finger.] [slate. 
 The plant cMl-iI foxglove ; the name of a genus of 
 plants. 
 
 DIGIT-aTR, r. L To point out as with Ihe finger. 
 
 DIG'IT-.ATE, I a. In bot/iny, a digitate leaf is one 
 
 DIG'IT-A-TED, t which branches into several dis- 
 tinct leaHeLs, like fingers ; or when a simple, undi- 
 viiled p<tiole connects several leafiet^ at the end 
 of it. MaHyn. 
 
 DIG'IT-ATE-LV, adv. In a digit.atc manner. 
 
 DIG 
 
 DIG IT-S'TION, II. [L.] A division into finger-like 
 proci^sses. Odhcrt. 
 
 DlG'IT-I-GR.ADE, n. [L. digitus, a finger or toe, and 
 gradior, to walk.] 
 
 An anim.al that walks or steps on his toes, as the 
 lion, wolf, &c. Bell. 
 
 DIG'IT-I-GRADE, a. Walking on the toes, as the 
 cat and dog. 
 
 DI-GLA'DI-ATE, r. U [L. digladior.\ 
 To fence ; to quarrel. [Little uselL] 
 
 DI-GLA-DI-A'TION, n. A combat with swords ; a 
 quarrel. B. Jonson. 
 
 DI'GLYl'II, n. [Gr. ^if, twice, and j-Ati^oi, to carve.] 
 In architecture, a projecting face having two panels or 
 channels sunk in. The triglypli has three. Owilt. 
 
 DIG-M-Fi eA'TlON, n. [See DioMty.] The act 
 of dignifying ; exaltation; promotion. IValton. 
 
 DlG'.\l-fT -^.D, fdig'ni-fide.) 71/). [^Sce Dionikv.) Ex- 
 alted ; honoretl ; invested with dignity ; as, the dig- 
 jiijied cler::y. 
 
 2. 17. Marked with dignity; noble; as, dignified 
 conduct or manner. 
 
 To the ^PRt nBloniahment of the Jew*, the mann^ra of Jrstis ftre 
 familiar, yet digtiified. Buekmintter, 
 
 DIG'NI-F?, V. I. [Ifp. dignificar ; L. </i>nuj, worthy, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To invest with honor or dignity; to exalt in 
 rank ; to promote ; to elevate to a liigh ofiicc. 
 
 2. i'o honor; to make illustrious; to distinguish 
 by some excellence, or that which gives celebrity. 
 
 Your worth will dignify our fc^t. B. Jonson. 
 
 DIG'XI-T.\-RY, 71. An ecclesiastic who holds a dig- 
 nity, or a benefice which gives him some iiri'-eini- 
 neiice over mere priests and canons, as a bishop, 
 dean, archdeacon, prebendary, &.c. Kncye. Swift. 
 
 DIG'NI-TY, n. [L. dignitas, from dignus, worthy ; ' 
 Pp. digno ; It. degno ; Fr. digne: Arm. dign or din. 
 (ill. its relation to Sax. dugan, to be good, to avail, to 
 be worth, to be prtifitable. It is probable that g 
 and n arc not both radical, but it is uncertain 
 which.] 
 
 1. True honor ; nobleness or elevation of mind, 
 consisting in a high sense of propriety, truth, and 
 justice, with an abliorri^nce of mean and sinful ac- 
 tions ; opposed to meanness. In this sense, we speak 
 of the dignity of mind, and dignity of sentiments. 
 This dignity is based on moral rectitude; all vice is 
 inroiiipatible with true dignity of mind. The man 
 who deliberately injures another, whether male or 
 female, has no true dignity of soul. 
 
 2. Elevation ; honorable place or rank of eleva- 
 tion ; degree of excellence, either in estimatiim, or 
 in the order of nature. Man Is superior in dignity to 
 brutes. 
 
 3. Elevation of aspect ; grandeur of mien ; as, a 
 man of native dignity. 
 
 4. Elevation of deportment ; as, dignity of man- 
 ners or behavior. 
 
 .S. An elevated office, civil or ecclesia-stical, giving 
 a high rank in society ; advancement ; preferment, 
 or the rank attached to it. We say, a man enjoys 
 his dignity with moderation, or without haughtiness. 
 Among ecclesiastics, dignity is olBce or preferment 
 joined with power or jurisdiction. 
 
 Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 6. The rank or title of a nobleman. Kncye. 
 
 7. In iinilory, one of the three parts of elocution, 
 consisting in the right use of tropes and figures. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 8. In astrology, an advantage which a planet has 
 on account of its being in some particular place of 
 the zodiac, or in a particular station in respect to 
 other planets. Bailrti. 
 
 9. A general maxim or principle. [A'at 
 
 Broicn, 
 
 DIG-NO'TION, n- [h. dignosen.] 
 
 Distinguishing mark ; distinction. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Brotciu 
 
 DIG'O-NOUS, a. [Gr. and >.<oeia, an angle.] 
 
 In botany, having two angles, as a stem. Lee. 
 DI'GllAl'H, (dl'graf,) 71. [Gr. dij and ypa<l>u, to 
 write.] 
 
 A union of two vowels, of which one only is pro- 
 nounced, as in Af<7'/, breath. Shrridan, 
 DI-GRESS', r. i. [L. digresnu, digredior ; di, or dis, 
 and gradior, to step. Sec Graoe.] 
 
 1. Literally, to step or go from the way or road ; 
 hence, to depart or wander from the main subject, 
 design, or tenor of a discourse, argument, or narra- 
 tion ; used only of speaking or writing. 
 
 In the pursuit of an .arpiinoni there ia linnlly room to digrttt 
 into n particular <li-liiiilion, as oHeii 00 a man vari « \iva 
 nigiiiiicilioit of any term. Lock*. 
 
 2. To go out of the right wav or common track ; 
 to deviate ; in a literal sense, f JYut note in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DI-GRESS'I.\G, ppr. Departing from the main sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Dl-GRE.S'SIO.\, (de-grcsh'un,) n. [Ij. digressio.] 
 
 1. The act of digressing; a departure from the 
 m*in subject under consideration ; an excursion of 
 speech or writing. 
 
 2. The part or passage of a discourse, argument, or 
 
 TONE, BULL, y.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
DIL 
 
 DIL 
 
 DIM 
 
 narration, which deviates from tlie main subject, 
 tenor, or design, but wliicU may have some relation 
 to it, or be of use to it. 
 
 3. Deviation from a regular course ; as, the digres- 
 sion of the sun is not equal. [Little used.] Brown, 
 DI-GRES'SION-AL, a. Pertaining to or consisting in 
 digression ; departing from the main purpose or sub- 
 - ject. fVarton. jidaviSj Lect. 
 
 DI-GKESS'IVE, a. Departing from the main sub- 
 ject ; partaking of the nature of digression. 
 
 J. Q. ^darns. 
 DI-GRESS'IVE-LY, adv. By way of digression. 
 Dl-GYN'I-A, ?i. [Gr. ^ij, twice, and j i'k/, a frmale.j 
 In botany, au order of plants iiaving two styks. 
 
 LinntBus. 
 
 DT-GVN'I-'\N ) 
 
 DIG'Y.X o'u-^ ' i '"'""f' having two styles. 
 
 DI-He'DRAL, a, [Gr. Sts, twice, and iSpa, a seat or 
 face.] 
 
 Having two sides, as a figure. 
 DI-He'DRON, n. [Supra.] A figure with two sides 
 or surfaces. 
 
 DI-HEX-A-He'DRAL, a. [di and hezahedral.] In 
 crystidlnffriijihy, Iiaving tlie form of a hexahedral 
 prism with triliedral summits. Cleavcland. 
 
 DI-I-AiM'BUS, n. In prosody, a double iambus ; a foot 
 consisting of two iambuses. 
 
 DI-JC'D1-€.aTE, r. (. [L. dijudico.] 
 
 To judge or determine by censure. Hates. 
 
 DI-JU'Di eA-TED, pp. Judged or determined by 
 censure. 
 
 Dl-JU'Di eA-TING, ppr. Judging or determining by 
 censure. 
 
 Di-Ju-UI-€a'TION, n. A judging between ; judicial 
 distinction. 
 
 DIKE, n. [fiax. die ; Sw. dike ; Dan. dige ; D. dyk ; G. 
 deick ; Ir. diog ; Scot, dike, dyk ; Fr. digue ; Sp. dique ; 
 from digging. (.See Dig.) It *is radically tile same 
 word as ditcfi, and this is its primary sense ; but by 
 an easy transition, it came to signify also the ban.k 
 formed by digging and throwing up earth. Jn- 
 trenchment is sometimes used botli for a ditch and a 
 rampart.] 
 
 1. A ditch ; an excavation made in the earth by 
 digging, of greater length tlian breadth, intended as 
 a reservoir of water, a drain, or for otlier purjiose. 
 
 Dnjden. Pope, 
 
 2. A mound of earth, of stones, or of other mate- 
 rials, intended to prevent low lands from being in- 
 undated by the sea or a river. I'he low countries of 
 Holland are thus defended by dikes. 
 
 3. A vein of basalt, greenstone, or other stony sub- 
 stance ; or an intrusion of melted matter into rents 
 or fissures of rocl<s. Cleaceland. Maiitell. 
 
 DIKE, V. t. To surround or protect with a dilce ; to 
 
 secure by a bank. 
 DIKE, V. i. To dig. [JVo« in use.] 
 DIK'£D, (dlkt,) pp. Surrounded with a dike. 
 DIK'ING, n. Tlie act of diking, or surrounding with 
 
 dikes. 
 
 DIK'I.VG, ppr. Surrounding with a dike ; making 
 a dike. 
 
 DI-LACER-ATE, t;. U [L. ddacero ; di and lacero, to 
 tear.] 
 
 To tear ; to rend asunder ; to separate by force. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 DI-LAC'ER-A-TED, pp. Torn ; rent asunder. 
 
 Dl-LAC'ER-A-TING, ppr. Tearing ; rending in two. 
 
 DI-LAC-ER-A'TION, n. The act of rending asunder ; 
 a tearing, or rending. [In lieu of these words. Lac- 
 erate, Laceration, are generally used.] 
 
 DI-La'NI-aTE,!". t. [L. dilanio ; di and lanio, to rend 
 in pieces.] 
 
 To tear; to rend in pieces; to mangle. [Little 
 used.] Howell. 
 
 DI-La-XI-a'TION, n. A tearing in pieces. 
 
 DI-LAP'I-DaTE, v. i. [L. ddapido; di and lapido, to 
 stone, from lapis, a stone. It seems originally to 
 have signified to pull down stone-work, or to suffer 
 such work to fall to pieces.] 
 To go to niin ; to fall by decay. 
 
 DI-LAI"1-D.\TE, r. (. ' 'I'o pull down ; to waste or de- 
 stroy ; to sufl'er to go to ruin. 
 
 If tlic bUhop, piinion, or vicar, &c., ditapidatet thf! building, or 
 cute down ttic timber of Uie patrimony ol tliu church. 
 
 Blacketone. 
 
 2. To waste ; to squander. 
 
 DI-LAP'I-DA-TED,p;).or«. Wasted; ruined; pulled 
 down ; suflenMl to go to ruin. 
 
 DI-LAP'I 1)A-TL\'(;, ;,pr. Wasting; pulling down; 
 suirering lo go to ruin. 
 
 Di-LAP-I DA''i"I(jN, 7(. Ecclesi.'istical waste; a vol- 
 ■ ntary wa.sling or snriering to go to decay any build- 
 ing in po.s.sc«iiion of an incumbent. Dilapidation is 
 voluntary, or active, when an incumbent pulls down 
 a building; prrmUiive, or passive, when he suffers it 
 to decay and neglects lo repair it. Dilapidation cx- 
 tendf to the waste or destruction of wood, and other 
 liropcrty of the church. BlarlMone. 
 
 2. Destruction ; demolition ; decay ; ruin. 
 
 Bryant. 
 
 3. Peciilnllr>n. fttrphens. 
 DI-LAP'LDA TOR )i. One who causes dilapidation. 
 DI-LA-TA lilL'I-'I Y, n. [«ec Dilate.] The (|uulUy 
 
 of admitting expansion by the elastic force of the 
 body itself, or of another elastic substance acting 
 upon it ; opposed to eontractihility. 
 DI-LaT'A-BLE, a. Capable of exp.insion ; possessing 
 elasticity ; 'elastic. A bladder is dilatable by the 
 force of air ; air is dilatable by heat. It is opposed 
 to contractible, 
 
 DIL-A-Ta'TION, n. The act of expanding ; expan- 
 sion ; a spreading or extending in all directions ; the 
 slate of being ex]>aiided ; opposed to contraction. 
 Dilatation differs from eiten.sion, as the latter is ap- 
 plied to lines and surfaces ; the former to bodies that 
 spread, open, or enlarge in all directions. A line or 
 a plain is extended ; a bladder, an artery, a balloon, 
 is diluted. 
 
 <2. The expanding of a body into greater bulk by 
 its own elastic power. 
 DI-LaTE', v. t. [L. dilato ; di and latus, wide; Fr. 
 ddater ; It. dilatarc ; Sp. dilatar. See Delay.] 
 
 1. To expand ; to distend ; to enlarge or extend in 
 all directions; opposed to contract. The air dilates 
 the lungs ; air is dilated by rarefaction. 
 
 2. To enlarge ; to relate at large ; to tell copiously 
 or diffusely ; as, to dilate upon the policy of a meas- 
 ure. In this sense, it is generally used intransitively. 
 Spenser and Shakspeare have used it in a transitive 
 sense ; as, to diUite a tlieme. 
 
 DI-L.^TE', v. i. To widen ; to expand ; to swell or 
 extend in all directions. 
 
 Ilis heart diUilee ami glories in his strength. Addison. 
 2. To speak largely and copiously; to dwell on in 
 narration. An advocate may weaken his argument 
 by dilating on trivial circumstances. 
 
 DI-LaTE', a. Expanded ; expansive. 
 
 DI-LaT'ED, pp. or a. Expanded ; distended ; enlarged 
 so as to occupy a greater space. 
 
 DI-LaT'ERj 71. One who enlarges; that which ex- 
 pands. 
 
 Dl-LAT'ING, ppr. Expanding ; enlarging ; speaking 
 
 DI-La'TION, 7i. Delay. [largely. 
 
 DI-LaT'OR, 71. That which widens or expands ; a 
 muscle that dilates. 
 
 DIL'A-TO-RI-LY, adv. With delav ; tardily. 
 
 DIL'A-TO-RI-NESS, 7!. [from (WaiuiT/.] The quality 
 of being dilatory or lalt^ ; lateness ; slowness in mo- 
 tion ; delay in jiroceeding; tardiness. 
 
 DIL'A-TO-RY, a. L^r. dilatoire ; ll. dilatorio : Low 
 L. dilatorius, from diffcro, dilatus. See Delay and 
 Dilate.] 
 
 1. Literally, drawing out or extending in time : 
 hence, slow ; late ; tardy ; applied to tilings ; as, dila- 
 tory councils or measures. 
 
 2. Given to procrastination ; not proceeding with 
 diligence ; making delay ; slow ; late ; applied lo per- 
 sons ; as, a dilatory messenger. A man is dilatory 
 when he del.iys attendance, or performance of busi- 
 ness, beyond the proper time. 
 
 3. In law, inteniled to make delay ; tending to 
 delay ; as, a dilatory jilea, which is designed, or 
 which tentls, to delav, the trial of a cause. Blaclistone. 
 
 DI-LEG'TION, n. [L. ddcelio.] 
 
 A loving. Martin. 
 DI-LEM'.MA, 71. [Gr. f:i\n\Hia, a syllogism which 
 
 strikes on each side; tlis and Xypiia, an assumption, 
 
 from Xii/j/yiii/w, to take.] 
 
 1. In logic, an argument which presents an antag- 
 onist with two or more alttsrnatives, hut is etiually 
 conclusive against him, \\'iiicliever alternative he 
 chooses. Aytmiig rhetorician sttid to an old sophist, 
 " Instruct me in pleading, and I will pay you when 1 
 gain a cause." The master sued for the reward, 
 and the scholar endeavored to elude the claim by a 
 dilemma. " If I gain my cause, I shall withhold 
 your jiay, bectiiise the award of the judge will be 
 against you. If I lose it, I may witlilicilil it, because 
 I slitill nut yet have gained a cause." The master 
 replied, " If you gain your cause, yoinnust pay me, 
 because you are to [jtiy mc when you gain a cause ; 
 if you lose it, you must jiay me, because tlie judge 
 will award it." Johnson. 
 
 2. A diliiciilt or doubtful choice ; a state of things 
 in which t^vils or obstacles present themselves on ev- 
 ery side, and it is difiicult to determine what course 
 to pursue. 
 
 A strong dilemma in a desperate case I 
 
 To act Willi inlaniy, or quit the place. Sun/l. 
 
 Dir^F.T rJiJ^TK, (dil-el-tan'ta,) 7i; pi. Dilettanti. 
 
 [\l.] An admin r or lover of tlie line arts ; one who 
 
 delights in promoting science or the line arts. Burke. 
 DIL ET-TAN'TE-ISiM, ji. The pursuits and feelings 
 
 of a dilettante. 
 DIL'I-GEiN'CE, 71. [L. diligentia, from diligo, to love 
 
 earnestly ; di and lego, lo choose.] 
 
 1. Steady application in business of any kind ; con- 
 stant ( ll'ort to accompli.sh whtit is undertaken ; exer- 
 tion of body or mind, without unnecessary delay or 
 shith ; due nltention ; industry ; assiduity. IHli- 
 gence is the pliilo.soplier'8 stone, that turns every 
 thing to gold. 
 
 Brethren, (five dSigence lo make your Ciiliiiig and eleclioii sure. 
 — 2 P. L I. 
 
 2. Cnrc; lieed ; heedfulness. 
 
 Keep itiy heart wilh all dUig*nce. — Prov. iv. 
 
 (liligeitt in his business? He shall stand 
 Prov. xx'ii. 
 
 DIL'I-QFJ^CE, (dil-e-zhanse,) ti. The name of a kind 
 
 of stage-coach used in France. 
 DIL'I-GENT, a. [L. diligent.] 
 
 1. Steady in application to business ; constant in 
 effort or exertion to accomplish what is undertaken ; 
 assiduous ; attentive ; industrious ; not idle or negli- 
 gent ; applied to persons. 
 
 Secsl Ihou a r 
 belore king; 
 
 2. Steadily applied ; prosecuted with care and 
 constant efl'ort ; careful ; assiduous ; as, make dili- 
 gent search. 
 
 The judges shull make (Wi'irent inquisition. — Judges xix. 
 DIL'I-GENT-LY, adi: With steady application and 
 care ; with industry or assiduity ; not carelessly ; 
 not negligently. 
 
 Ye shall diligenlty keep tlie commandmenta of the Loitl your 
 Ood. — Deul. vi. 
 
 DILL, 71. [Sax. dil, dile ; Sw. dill ; Dan. dild ; D. diUe ; 
 G. dill] 
 
 An annual plant of the Anethum graveolens, the 
 seeds of which are, moderately warming, pungent, 
 and aromatic. 
 
 DI-LO'CIl), n. [L. dilucidus.] 
 Clear. [.Vof m use.] 
 
 DI-LO'CID-ATE, t. To make clear. [Miniise.] 
 [See Elucidate.] 
 
 DI-LIJ-CID-A'TION, n. The act of making clear. 
 
 Dl-LO'Cl D-LY, o(/i'. Clearly. 
 
 DlL'tJ-E.\T, a. [Uddiiens. See Dilute.] 
 
 1. Making liquid or more fluid ; making thin ; at- 
 tenuating. 
 
 2. Weakening the strength of, by mixture with 
 water. 
 
 DIL'y-ENT, 71. That which thins or attenuates ; that 
 
 which makes more liquid. 
 2. That wliich weakens the strength of, as water, 
 
 which, mixed with wine or spirit, reduces the 
 
 strength of it. 
 DI-LuTE', V. t. [Ij. diluo, dllidus ; di, dis, and lavo, 
 
 luo, lo w^ash, contracted from lago or lugo. See 
 
 Deluoe.] 
 
 1. Literally, to wash ; but appropriately, to render 
 liquid, or more liquid ; to make thin, or more fluid. 
 Tliiis sirup or molasses is made thin or more liquid 
 by an admixture with water; and the water is said 
 to dilute it. Hence, 
 
 2. To weaken, as spirit or an acid, by an admix- 
 ture of water, which renders the spirit or acid less 
 concentrated. Thus, we dilute spirit, wine, or a de- 
 coction, by adding to it W'ater. 
 
 3. To make weak or weaker, as color, by mixture. 
 
 JSTetcton. 
 
 4. To weaken; to reduce the strength or standard 
 of; as, to ddute virtue. Mdnrr. 
 
 DI-LuTE', a. Thin ; attenuated ; reduced in strength, 
 as spirit or color. JVewton. 
 
 DI-LuT'ED, pp. or a. j\Iade liquid ; rendered more 
 fluid ; weakened ; made tliiii, as liiiiiids. 
 
 Dl-LuT'ED-LY, adr. In a diluted C.riii. 
 
 Dl-LOT'ER, 71. That which makes thin, or more 
 liquid. 
 
 DI-LOT'ING, ppr. Making thin or more liquid ; 
 «'eakening. 
 
 Dl-LO'TION, H. The act of making thin, weak, or 
 more liquid. Opposite to dilution is coagulation or 
 tliickrning. Mrbutlinot. 
 
 DI-L0'V1-.\L, ) a. [L. diluvium, a deluge, from diluo. 
 
 DI-LU'VI-A.\, i See Dillte.1 
 
 1. Pertaining to a flood or xlehige, more especially 
 to the deluge iu Noah's days. 
 
 2. Ert'ecteil or produced by a deluge, particularly 
 by tin: great Hood in the days of Noiih. Bucklund. 
 
 DI-I,0'VI-,\L-IST, 71. One who explains geological 
 plieiioiiiena liy the deluge. Lyell. 
 
 DI-LC Vl-ATE, V. i. To run as a flood. [JVot 7;iucA 
 
 . used J Sandys. 
 
 Dl-LO'VI-UM, JI. [L.] In geology, a deposit of su- 
 perficial loam, sand, gravel, pebbles, &.C., caused by 
 the deluge, or ancient currents of water. Buckland. 
 
 DI.M, a. [Sax. dim; Dan. dum, dark, obscure, dim, 
 and dumb ; dummer, lo dim ; dumnies, lo grow dim 
 or dull, to stupefy. Eng. dumps, dumpish ; Sw. dimba, 
 fog, mist, a clouii ; \r.dcimhe, darkness ; Riiss. ^iinmn, 
 fog ; tcmnei, dark, obscure ; Saiis. lamn, black, Finn. 
 tuinma. It seems to be allied to damp, vapor, Russ. 
 dim or deim. (See Damp.) If dim and dumb are of 
 the same family, the sense is close, thick.] 
 
 1. Not seeing clearly; having the vision obscured 
 and indistinct. 
 
 When ls;iac Was old, and liii eyes were dim. — Gen. xxvii, 
 
 2. Not clearly seen ; obscure ; imperfectly seen or 
 discovered ; as, ii dim prospect. 
 
 3. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; not luminous ; ns, a 
 dim shade. Spenser. 
 
 4. Dull of apprehension ; having obscure concep- 
 tions. 
 
 The underMandiii!^ is dim. Rogtra. 
 
 5. Iiaving its luster obscured ; sullied ; tarnished. 
 
 How Is ihe gold l«-coiiie rfim /— Lam. iv. 
 DIM, V. t. To cloud ; to impair the powers of vision ; 
 as, to dim the eyes. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 334 ~ 
 
DIM 
 
 DIN 
 
 DIO 
 
 2. To obscure ; as, to dim tlio sijjlit ; to dim tlip 
 prospict. 
 
 a. To rcniler rtiiU llic powers of coiicoplion. 
 
 4. To iiiakt' le:is bright ; to obscure. 
 
 Kach {lAs^uii tliinined Ids Uct:. liWton, 
 
 5. To render less briglit ; to tarnish or sully ; ns, 
 to dint fiolJ. 
 
 DI.M'BLE, ?i. A bower; a cell or retreat. [JVot in 
 
 usr.] I^' Jutuioti, 
 
 Dr.Mtl, Ti. [Fr. ; contracted from dizieme or disme. 
 
 Norm, dieme, tentli.l 
 A silver coin of the United States, of the value of 
 
 ten cents ; the tenth of a dollar. 
 I)l-ME.\"SIOi\, (de-inen'shun,) h. [L. dimetislo, from 
 
 dimetior, to measure ; di, or dit, and mrtior, to mete ; 
 
 lir. iicTiicio. See .Mkte and Mevsure.] 
 
 1. In geomelnj, the extent of a boify, or lonfith, 
 breadth, and thickness or depth. A line has one 
 dimension or lenalh ; a superliries has two dimen- 
 sions, len<;lh and breadth; and a solid has three 
 dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness cr depth. 
 The word is generally nsed in the phiral, and de- 
 notes the whole space occupied by a body, or its 
 capacity, si/e, measure ; as, the dimfiisiuiu of a 
 riH>m, or of a ship ; the dimeit^iions of a farm, of a 
 kingdom, &e. 
 
 2. I)imcnsii>n of an equation, in algebra, a term 
 used to denote the highest |Hiwer of the unknown 
 quantity contained in an equation ; the sanu^ as dr- 
 frrer. Bartuic. 
 
 ni-MEN'PION-LES.S, a. Without any definite meas- 
 ure or extent ; boundless. .Mdlon. 
 
 I)!-^^■'..^■'.•^I-TV, II. Extent; capacity. Ifowell. 
 
 DI-ME.N'SIVE, a. That maiks tlie boundaries or 
 outlines. 
 
 Who can (Iriw the touri dimensiv€ lines I Damtt. 
 
 Pni'E-TER,a. [L ] Having two poetical measures. 
 DIM'r^TEll, II. A verse of two measures. [Tiirwliill. 
 I)I-.MET'4{ie, II. [Ur. itij, twofold, and lurpov, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 In minrraloiry, an epithet applied to crystals with 
 the axes of two kinds, the vertical being unequal to 
 the lateral, as the sipiare prism and sipiare oct.ihe- 
 drtm. Dana. 
 Dl.M-l-e.\'TIOX, n. [L. dimicatio.] 
 
 A battle or tight ; contest. 
 DI-M1I)'1 aTE, f. /. [U dimidio.] 
 To divide into two equal [Kirts. 
 PI-MID'I-.\-TRl), pp. or a. [L. dimidiatus ; di and 
 mediKs, inidille.] 
 
 Divided into two equal parts ; halved. 
 DT-MID'I-.x-Tl.NG, ppr. Dividing into two equal 
 
 puric ; halving. 
 DI-.MlD-l-A'TION, n. The act of halving; division 
 
 into two equal parts. 
 DI-.MI.\'ISII, r. t. [L. rfiVniiiiio ; di and niiiiuo, to les- 
 sen ; minor, less; It. (/ifiiiiiuirr ; Fr. dimiititer : Sp. 
 diminuir ; Ir. mm, fine ; inion, small ; \V. rimiii, 
 meinw, small, slender ; Russ. meiuhc, less ; uinen- 
 
 thayu, to diminish ; .\r. 
 
 irianiin, to cut off, to 
 
 weaken, to diminish. Class Mn, No. 5.] 
 
 1. To lessen ; to make less or smaller, by any 
 means ; opposed to iiicrea.-ie and ausmenl ; as, to 
 diminvih the size of a thing by contraction, or by cut- 
 ting otr a part ; to dimiui.ili a number by subtraction ; 
 to diminuh the revenue by limiting cmiimercc, or re- 
 ducing the customs ; to diminUh strength or safety 
 to diminuh the heal of a room. It is particularly ap- 
 plied to bulk and quantity, as .ihortrn is to length. 
 
 2. To lessen ; to iin|iair ; to degrade. 
 
 I win diminuK Ui'*m, lhal Uw-'y slull no mon rule orer tlie 
 nations. — Fjrk. xxix. 
 
 3. In music, to take front a note by a sharp, flat, or 
 natural. 
 
 To diminiih from; to take away something. [OAa*.] 
 
 Nciliier sh.ill you diminith aught /rom iL — Deuu iv. 
 
 Dl-MIN'ISH, p. i. To lessen ; to become or appear 
 
 less or smaller. The apiKirent size of an object 
 
 dimini^hf3^ as we recede from it. 
 D1-ML\'ISI!-A-BLE, a. Capable of being reduced in 
 
 size or quality. 
 DI-.MI.\'ISII-f:i), (de-inin'isht,) pp. or a. Lessened ; 
 
 made smaller ; reduced in size ; contracted ; de- 
 
 gratled. 
 
 t)l-MI.\'ISH-ER, 71. He who, or that which dimin- 
 ishes. 
 
 Dl-MlX'ISII-ING, ppr. Lessening; contracting; de- 
 grading. 
 
 D1-.MI.\'ISH-ING-LY, adv. In a manner to lessen 
 reputation. Locke. 
 
 ni-.Ml.V-U-F.ynO, or DI.V., in mu-iic, directs to a de- 
 creasing viilume of sound. 
 
 DI-.MI.\'i;-EXT, a. Lessening. [LitUe used.] 
 
 Sanderson. 
 
 DIM'I-XOTE, a. Small. LVi.f in OorTes. 
 DI.\!-I-.\0'TION,«. [L. </i.»i,mrio. 
 
 1. The act of lessening; a ni.aking smaller; op- 
 
 po«e<l to ang-mentatian : as, the diminution of size, of 
 
 wealth, of power, of safety. 
 
 2. The sliile of becoming or appearing less; o|)- 
 posed to incretLte ; as, the diminution of tht; apparent 
 diameitrr of a receding body. 
 
 y. Discredit ; loss of dignity ; degradation. Pliillps. 
 
 4. Deprivation of dignity ; a lessening of estima- 
 tion. JJddLion. 
 
 5. In arcAilfctiire, the contraction of the uppi'r part 
 of a column, by which its diameter is made less than 
 that of the lower |)art. 
 
 C. In music, the imit.aIion of or n^ply to a subject 
 ill notes of half the length or value of those of the 
 subject itself. Buslni. 
 UI-iMlN'II-TI VE, a. [Fr. diminutif; It. diminuitwo ; 
 Sp. diminutivo.] 
 
 Small ; little ; narrow ; contracted ; as, a diminu- 
 tive race of men or other animals ; a diminutive 
 tliouglit. 
 
 DI-.MI.N'II-TIVE, 71. In grammar, a w< rd formed 
 from another word, usually an appellative or generic 
 term, to express a little thing tif the kind; as, in 
 liatin, lapillus, a little stiuie, from lapU : cellala, a 
 little cell, from cclla, a cell ; in French maisonnette, a 
 little house, frt>in maison, a house ; in English, mani- 
 kin, a little man, from innn. 
 
 DI-.MI.\'II-TI VE LY, In a dimiiuitive manner; 
 
 in a manner to lessen ; as, to speak diminuticdy of 
 auothi'r. 
 
 DI-.MI.\'MT-TIVE-\ESS, 7i. Smallness ; littleness; 
 
 « aiit of bulk ; want of dignity. 
 DIM'ISII, a. [from i/im.] Somewhat dim, or obscure. 
 DI-.\ll^'SIO.\, (ile inish'un,) it. Leave to depart. 
 DI.M'IS-SO-KY, n. [\,. dimissorius. See Dismiss.] 
 
 1. Sending away ; dismissing to another jurisdic- 
 tion, letter dimissoni, is tuie given by a bishop 
 dismissing a person wjio is removing into another 
 diocese, and recommending hiiii for reception there. 
 
 Jfook. 
 
 2. Granting leave to tlepart. Pridcauz. 
 DI-MIT', r. (. [L. dimdui.] 
 
 To permit to go ; to grant to farm ; to let. [jVut 
 III use.\ 
 DI.M'l-'rY, 71. [n. diemit.] 
 
 A kiiiil of white cotton cloth, ribbed or fimriMl. 
 DIM'LY, adv. [See Dim.] In a dim or obscure man- 
 ner; with imp rfect sight. 
 2. .Not brightly, or eUarly ; with a faint light. 
 DI.M'M/;i), (diiiul,) pp. Clouded ; obscureil ; rendered 
 tliill. 
 
 Dl.M'iMI.Vd, ppr. Clouding; obscuring the sight or 
 concept ion. 
 
 DIM'.MI.NC, n. Obscurity. Shik. 
 DI.M'.NE.SS, II. Dullness of sight ; as, tile dimness of 
 the eyes. 
 
 2. Obscurity of vision; impeifeet siglit ; .as, the 
 dimness of a view. 
 
 3. Faintness ; imperfection ; as, the dimness of a 
 color. 
 
 4. Want of brightness ; as, the dimness of gold or 
 silver. 
 
 5. Want of clear apprehensitm ; stupidity; as, the 
 dlinnrss of perceptitm. 
 
 DI-.MOKI'H'IS.M, n. [Gr. i''?, twice, and /i"o<,'"i> form.] 
 The projierty of crystallizing in two distinct forms 
 not derivable from one another. Sulphur iissiinies 
 one form when crystallizing at a high temperature, 
 and another wholly ditferent when becoming solitl at 
 the ordinary temperature. Dana. 
 
 DI-.MOItl'iroUS, a. [Gr. <!i< and iio,„l,t,.] A term 
 applied to a siibstxince whose crystals lielong to dif- 
 ferent systems, or, if they are of the stiine system, 
 are so ditfen nt that lliey can not be referreil to the 
 same primary form. Dana. 
 
 DI.M'IM.E, II. [(ill. G. laumeln, to reel, to indent.] 
 A small natural cavity or depression in the cheek 
 or other |)art of the face. Prior. 
 
 OI.M'PLE, I', i. To form dimples; to sink into de- 
 pressions or little inequalities. 
 
 Anil smilin* cihltos dimpied on the main. Dryltn. 
 
 DIM'PLED, a. Set with dimples ; a-s, a dimpled cheek. 
 
 DI.M'PLY, a. Full of dimples, or small dejiressions ; 
 as, the ditnpUi tlood. IVarton. 
 
 DI.M'-SIGllT-ED, (-sit-cd,) a. Having dim or obscure 
 vision. Mdison. 
 
 DIM'-TWIN'K-LING, a. Twinkling dimly. .More. 
 
 DIN, n. rSax. dyn, noise ; dyna, to sound ; Ice. di/na, 
 to thuntler ; L. tinnio, tonit.-t, tono. This word proba- 
 bly belongs to the rtiot of tone and thunder, and de- 
 *^otes a rumbling or rattling noise. Sax. eorth-dyne, 
 an earthquake.] 
 
 Noise ; a loiiii sound ; icirticularly, a rattling, clat- 
 tering, or mmbling sound, long continued ; as, the 
 din of arms, the din of war. 
 
 DI.\, r. (. To strike with continued or confused 
 sound ; to stun with noise : to harass with clamor ; 
 as, to rfiii the ears with cries ; to din with clamor. 
 
 DIN'AIl-eilY, n. [Gr. <!ij and uoxi.] 
 
 .\ form of government in which the supreme 
 power is vested in two persons. 
 
 DI.S'E, r. i. dynan, to dine. The Ft. diner, is 
 
 supposed to be contracted from It. desinare, to dine, 
 L. desino, to ce.xse ; in which case dinner must have 
 been so named from the intermission of business. 
 The ."^axon and the French, in this case, are proba- 
 
 bly fmm dilferent sources. The Gr. has iaifvpai, 
 and Uotvato, to feast.] 
 
 To eat the chief meal of the day. This meal 
 seems originally to have been t:iken about the mid- 
 dle of the day, at least in northern climates, as it 
 still is by laiioring people. Anioitg fx-ople in the 
 higher w;ilks of lite, antl in commercial towns, the 
 time of dining is frtmi two Co live or six o'clock in 
 the afternoon. 
 
 DINE, r. t. 'I'll give a dinner to : to furnish with the 
 principal meal; to feed;~as. the landlord dined a 
 liunilriMl men. 
 
 DI.N'KD, (dind,) pp. Having eaten a dinner or en- 
 terlaini'd with a dinner. 
 
 DI-NET'lC-AL, a. [Gr. ihfnriKoi.] 
 
 Whirling round. [.Yot used.] Brown. 
 
 DING, I'. (. ; prit. Di'NO or Dinoed. [Sax. dcnejran.to 
 beat ; Scot, i/in^', to drivt- or strike.] 
 
 To thrust or daili with violence. [fAtlte used.] 
 A7i.v/i. .Marston. 
 
 DING, V. i. To bluster, to bounce, [ji l"7r imrd.] 
 
 .^rbutJinot. 
 
 DING'-DO.VG. A term used to express the sound of 
 bills. Shali. 
 
 DIN'GI-NESS, II. [Sec Dinov.] A dusky or dark 
 hue ; brownness. 
 
 DI.\"GLE, (ding'gl) 71. A n.arrow dale or valley be- 
 tween hills. Mdtiin. 
 
 DIN"GLI-:-I)A.\"GLE, (ding'gl dang'gl.) Hanging 
 loosely, or something daiiuluiL'. IVarlon. 
 
 DI.X'GY, a. Soiled ; sullied ; of a dark color; brown ; 
 dusky ; dun. 
 
 I)T.\'I.\(;, ppr. or a. Eating the principal meal in the 
 ilay ; giving a dinner ; pertaining to dinner. 
 
 DT.V'I.N'G-IIALL, ii. .\ hall for a company to dine in. 
 
 DI.\'I.\G-K( iO.M, n. A rtKiiii for a family or for com- 
 paiiv to dine in ; a room for entertainments. 
 
 DI.\'IN(;-T.\'BLE, 71. A table used for the purpose 
 of dining. 
 
 DI.V.N'f.'D, pp. Stunned with a loud noise. 
 Dl.V'.NEK, II. (Fr. i//nri- ; Ir. f/iniirr. See Dise.] 
 
 1. The meat taken about the middle of the day : 
 or thi! principal iiieid of the day, eaten between noon 
 and evening. 
 
 2. An entertainment ; a feast. 
 
 B.-lu)lil, I have pn-fKiretl my dinner. — M;itL xxii. 
 DI.X'XF.Il-LE.'^.S, rt. Having no dinner. fuller 
 DlN'.NEIU'I'.A'liLi:, II. .\ Uible at which dinner is 
 taken. 
 
 DI.V'.NEK-TIME, 71. 'J'he usual time of dining Pope 
 DI-NO-TllK'RI U.M, II. [Gr. iui-oj, terrible, and 
 
 tiqinov, beast.] 
 
 .V gigantic, herbivorous, aquatic animal, fifteen or 
 
 eighteen feet long; now extinct. [See Dei.nothe- 
 
 Rli'M.] Bucklund, 
 DI.VT, II. r.Sax. dynt, a blow or striking. It may be 
 
 coiinec.leif with dm and din^.] 
 
 1. A blow ; a stroke. .Mdlon. 
 
 2. Force ; violence ; power exerted ; as, to win by 
 dint of arms, by dint of war, by dint of argument or 
 importunity. 
 
 3. The mark made by a blow ; a cavity or impres- 
 sion matle by a blow or by pressure on a substance ; 
 often pronounced dent. 
 
 His han^U luul ni.itle a dint. Dn/den. 
 
 DI.N'T, 7'. (. To make a mark or cavity on a substance 
 by a blow or by pressure. [See Indemt.J Donne. 
 
 DI.N'T'EI), .Marked by a blow or by jiressure ; as, 
 deep-diiitrd furrows. Spenser. 
 
 DI.Vr'I.N'c;, ppr. Impressing marks or cavities. 
 
 Dt-NL'-.M i;il-A'TIO.\, n. The act of numbering sing- 
 ly. [Little used.] 
 
 DI'O Ck-S.V.N', a. [See Diocese. The .accent on the 
 first ami on tile third syllable is nearly equal. The 
 accent on the antepenult given to this word in most 
 of the English books is wrong, almost to ridiculotis- 
 ni!ss.] i'ertaiiiing to a diocesi;. 
 
 DI'0-CP;-S.\.\, II. .\ bishop; one in possession of a 
 diocese, and having the ecclesiastical jurisdiction 
 over it. 
 
 DI'O-t'ESE, n. [Gr. itioiarqai;, administration, a prov- 
 ince or jurisdiction; iia and niKnoii, residence; 
 aiKcio, to dwell ; "i» s, a house. This word is often 
 spelt (/iiicc^.v but this ortliogntphy is opfxised to the 
 derivation, and is not sanctioned by the best English 
 authority.] 
 
 The circuit or extent of a bishop's jurisdiction ; an 
 eccli.sia,stical division of a kingilom or state, subject 
 to the authority of a bi'-hop. In F.nsiland, tliere are 
 two provinces or circuits of arclibi>liops' jurisdiction, 
 Canterbury and Ytirk. The province of Canterbury 
 contains twenty-one dioceses, and that of Ytirk tliri-e, 
 bcsitles the Isle of .Man. Everj' diocese is divideil 
 into archdeaconries, of which there are sixty ; and 
 each arclideaconrj', into niral deaneries ; ami every 
 deanery, into p;trishes. Hlackstone. 
 
 \ diocese was originally a divisitm of the Roman 
 empire for the pnrptwe i>f civil government, a prefect- 
 ure ; but the term is now exclusively appropriated 
 1 to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. f'.iteye. 
 I I)T-Oe-TA-lll";'l)RAL, n. [dis and nrtahedral.] In 
 I cry.it/illfltrrnptiy. having the form of an octahedral 
 I prism wUh tetrahednil siimmiLs. Cteareland. 
 
 TC.VE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER. YI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH on in THIS. 
 
 _ 
 
DIP 
 
 DIP 
 
 DIR 
 
 DI'O-DON, n. The globe-fisli ; a ^cniis of plectognatliic 
 fislies, with uiuliviileil juws, eacli with a single and 
 continuous dental plate. Brande. Partiiiirton. 
 DI-CE'CI-A, 71. [Gr. and oix"--] A class of 
 plants having the stamens on one plant, and the 
 pistils on the other. P. Cijc. 
 
 DI-CE'CIAN, - Jo. In botany, belonging to the class 
 I DI-CE'CIOUS, ( Diircm ; havini; the stamens on one 
 1 plant, and tlie pistils on another. 
 I DI-OP'!<IUE, n. [Gr. 6i„xl,i,.] 
 
 I A foliated variety of augite, of a clear grayish- 
 I green color. Dana. 
 j DI-OP'TASE, n. A rare ore of copper, consisting of 
 silica and copper, with twelve per cent, water. It 
 I occurs in rich, euierald-green crystals, having the 
 ' form of six-sided prisms, terminated at each end by 
 ■ a three-sided prism. Dana. 
 I DT-OP'TRie, )a. [Gi:fimTpiKO!,fmmSionToiiai, 
 I Dl-OP'TRie-AL, i to see through ; [)iri and iiTr<)/<ni, 
 I to see. Sometimes written Dioplic nitil Dinjitiral.] 
 
 1. Affording a meduim for the sight ; assisting the 
 sight in the view of distant ijbjpcts ; as, ntliiqiirk glass. 
 
 2. Pertaining to dioptric.s, or the science of re- 
 fracted light. 
 
 Dl-OP'TRies, II. That part of optics which treats of 
 the refractions of light passing through dill'ercnt me- 
 diums, as throuyli air, wali r, or glass. Harris. 
 [ DI-0-RX'M.\, ;i [Gr. lii i and from u/iatii.] 
 I A contrivance for giving a high degree of optical 
 
 I illusion to paintings exhibited in a building prepared 
 1 for the purpose. This is done chiefly by a peculiar 
 distribution of light. By means of folds and shutters 
 concealed in the roof, the intensity of the ilhiiuina- 
 tion may be increased or diminished at pleasure, and 
 the picture may thus be made to change its appear- 
 ance from bright sunshine to cloudy weather, or the 
 obscurity of twilight. Some parts of the painting, also, 
 are transparent, and through these places increased 
 light is at times admitted with .surpassing effect, giv- 
 ing to the diorama a character of nature and reality 
 beyond that of any other mode of painting. Brande. 
 2. A building used for the purpose above described. 
 DI-O-RA.M'ie, a. Pertaining to diorama. 
 Dl'O-RlS.M, n. [Gr. (]io,nat,a.] 
 
 Definition. yRarcbj u.vf(/.] More. 
 DI-O-RIS'Tie, a. Distinguishing ; defining. [liurely 
 used.] 
 
 Dl-O-RIS'Tie-AL-LY, adi: In a distinguishing man- 
 ner. [Rarely used.] 
 
 DI'O-RITE, 71. A variety of trap rock. 
 
 Dl-OR-THo'SIS, 71. [Gr.] A surgical operation, by 
 which crooked or distorted limbs are restored to their 
 proper shape. 
 
 DI-OS-POL'I-T.\N, a. Pertaining to Diospolis, a city 
 in Egypt, called also Tliebes. Gliddon, 
 
 DI-O'TA, 71. [L. and Gr.] In ancient sculpture, a sort 
 of vase with two handles, used for wine. Elmes. 
 
 DI-OX'Y-LITE, 71. [Gr. two, of i.j, acid, (in allu- 
 sion to its containing two acids,) and Aiflus, stone.] 
 
 A native salt of lead, of a pale greenish or yellow- 
 ish color, consisting of the carbonate and sulphate of 
 lead. Dana. 
 
 DIP, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Dipped or Dipt, [Sax. dip- 
 pan; Goth, dan pyan ; D. doiipen ; G.tupftn: i^w.diipa, 
 duppa; Dan. diipper ; It. tiiffare ; Russ. tojdtfu ; Gr. 
 SinrTM ; allied, probably, to dtve, Hcb. Ch. yao. The 
 primary sense is to thrust or drive, for the same 
 word, in Syr. and Ar., signifies to stamp or impress 
 a mark, Gr. rviruu, whence tijpe; and Tuirrij, to 
 strike, Eng. tap, seems to be of the same family. 
 Class Db, No. 28.] 
 
 1. To iilunge or immerse, for a moment or short 
 time, in water or other liiiuid substance j to put into 
 a fluid and withdraw. 
 
 The nricst shiill dip hia finger in the bloyj. — Lev. iv. 
 
 Let him dip tiis fuut in oil. — Deut. xxxiii. 
 
 One dip Uie pencil, uiiil one string the lyre. Pope. 
 
 2. To take with a ladle, or other vessel, by immers- 
 ing it in a fluid ; as, to dip water fnim a boiler; oflen 
 with nut ; as, to dip out water. 
 
 I X To engage ; to take lujnccrn ; ^iscd intransitively, 
 I but the passive participle is used. 
 
 He wim a little dipt in the reltcllion of tlie conniions. Dryden. 
 
 I 4. To engage as a pledge ; to mortgage. [Little 
 used.] Dryden. 
 
 5. I'o moisten ; to wet. [Unusual.] Milton. 
 
 6. To baptize by immersion. 
 
 I DIP, v. i 'I'o Hink ; to imiiu-rge in a litpiid. LT^stranire. 
 j 2. 'i'o enter ; to pierce. Oranville. 
 
 ' ;t. Til engage ; to take a concern ; as, to dip into 
 
 the funds. 
 
 To enter Bliglitly ; to look cursorily, or here and 
 ] ttlere ; as, to dip into a viilnme of history. Pope. 
 I 5. To choose by chance ; to thrust ami take. 
 
 G. To incline downward ; aa, the magnetic needle 
 I dips. (_See DippiMi;.] 
 
 1 DII', 71. Inclination downward ; a sloping ; a direction 
 hclow a horizontal line ; depression ; as, the dip of 
 the needle. 
 
 Tin; dip of a Hlratum, in ifeidotry, \ti it^ greatest iii- 
 rlination to the hon/on, or that on a line ))i-rpeiidic- 
 iilar to itH directiiiii or coiirsi- ; c.-illed, also, the pitcli. 
 DIP'-CmC'K, 71. A Himill bird that diven. 
 
 Dl-PET'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. di; and ;r£7u,\oi., a leaf or 
 petal.] 
 
 Having two flower-leaves or petals ; two-petaled. 
 
 Martiin. 
 
 DIPII'TIIONG, (difthong,) n. [Gr. r5,00uj, o{," 6is 
 and i/iOj) j of, sound ; L. diplithon'rus.] 
 
 A coalition or union of two vowels, pronounced 
 in one syllable. In uttering a diphthong, both vow- 
 els are pronounced ; tlie sound is not simple, but the 
 two sounds are so bleu tied as to be considered as 
 forming one syllable, as in jay, noise, bound, out. 
 [The proniincialHin dm'ilion'r is vulgar.] 
 DIPH-T[IO.N"GAL, ((rn-tlu.ng'gal,) Belonging to 
 a (iiphtiiotig ; cfinsisting of two vowel sountls, pro- 
 nouiH i il ill I'lic syllable. 
 DlPll-rili).\"!:AL-LY, (dif-thong'gal-ly,) adv. In a 
 
 diplitliongal iii;tiuier. 
 DIPII'VL-LOUS, «. [Gr. rlis and it>vXXov, a leaf.] 
 
 In liotii/iti, li:i\'ing two leaves, as a calyx, &,c. 
 DIP'I.O-E, /i. [(ir. /irrAiMis, double.] 
 
 The SdtY nicihtiiliiiim, medullary substance, or 
 jiorous part between the plates of the skull. 
 
 Coze. Kncyc. 
 
 DI-PLO'iMA, 77. [Gv. JittXwuo, from Si-rXoot, to double 
 or fold. .Anciently, a letter or other composition 
 written on paper or parchment, and folded ; after- 
 ward, any letter, literary monument, or public doc- 
 ument.] 
 
 A li'tter or writing conferring some power, author- 
 ity, privilege, or honor. Diplomas are given to 
 graduates of crilleges on their receiving the usual 
 degrees; to cleig\iiun Who are licensed to exercise 
 the ministerial f'liiictions ; to jihysicians who are 
 licensed to practice their profession ; and to agents 
 who are authorized to transact business fur their prin- 
 cipals. A dtploina, then, is a writing or instrument, 
 usually under seal, and signed by tile jiroper person 
 or officer, conferring merely honor, as in the case of 
 graduates, or authority, as in the case of physicians, 
 agents, Ike. 
 
 DI-PLo'MA-CY, 71. [This word, like supremacy, re- 
 tains the accent of its original.] 
 
 1. The customs, rules, and privilt^ges of embassa- 
 dors, envoys, and other representatives of princes 
 and states at foreign courts; forms of negotiation. 
 
 2. A diplomatic body ; the whole boiiy of minis- 
 '" ters at a foreign cnutt. 
 
 3. The agency or management of ministers at a 
 foreign court. Ccvallos, 
 
 4. Dexterilv or skill in managing negotiations, &c. 
 DIP'LO-MATE, 71. One skilled in diplom.acy ; a d\p- 
 
 loniatist. 
 
 DIP'LO-Ma-TED, a. .Made by diplomas. Rennet. 
 Dll'-LO-MAT'ie, a. Pertaining to diplomas; privi- 
 . leged. 
 
 2. Furnished with a diploma ; authorized by let- 
 ters or credentials to transact business for a sovereign 
 at a foreign court. Ministers at a court are denomi- 
 nated a diplomatic botl\'. 
 
 3. Pertaining to or consisting of ministers at a 
 foreign court, or men authorized hy diploma ; as, a 
 diplomatic character ; the diplomatic corps ; diplomatic 
 managemenf. 
 
 DIP-LO-JI.-VT'IC, n. A minister, oflicial agent, or en- 
 voy to a foreign court. 
 
 DIP-LO-.MAT'ie-AL-LY, ado. According to fho rules 
 of di|iloiiiacy. 
 
 DIP-EO-llAT'ieS, 71. The science of diplomas, or of 
 ancient writings, literary and public documents, let- 
 ters, decrees, charters^ codicils, &.C., which has for 
 its object to decipher old writings, to ascertain their 
 authenticity, their date, signatures, &.c. 
 
 Kncyc. Lunier. 
 
 DI-PI,ryM.\-TIST, 71. A person skilled "in diplomacy. 
 
 DIP'PKD, (ilipt,) Plunged; immersed. 
 
 DIP'l'ER, K. One that dips ; he or that w liich dips. 
 
 2. A ves.sel used to dip water or other liquor; a 
 ladle. 
 
 3. One of a genus of birds, of the. thrush family, 
 which delight in water ; the Cinclus. 
 
 4. 7Vic dipper ; a name popularly applied to seven 
 stars in the constellation of the Great Bear ; other- 
 wise called Charles's IVitin. 
 
 DIP'PING, ppr. Plunging or immersing into a liquid 
 and speedily withdrawing ; as, to ascertain the tem- 
 perature of water by dipping Ibe finger in it; bap- 
 tizing by immersion. 
 
 2. Engaging or taking a concern in. 
 
 3. Looking into, here and there; examining in a 
 cursory, slight, or iiasty luanmT. 
 
 4. Inclining downwaril, as the magnetic needle. 
 
 5. Breaking; iiirlining; as a vtun of ore. 
 DIP'PlNf!, n. The ai t of pliiiigiiig or immersing. 
 
 2. The act of iinliiiing toward file earth ; iiicliua- 
 tioii downward ; as, the dijtjnnir t)f the imedle. 
 
 3. 'I'lie iiiterniplion of a vein of ore, or stratum of 
 a fossil, in a mine ; tu- a slojiing downward. 
 
 4. 'I'he act of b:i|itizing hy the iiiiinersion of the 
 whole body in water. 
 
 DIP'PIN'iJ-.'NJEK DLi;, n. An instrument which 
 shows the iui linaliiin of the magnetic needle to the 
 horizon at any given jilace. It is found by ob.serva- 
 tion, that when a magnetic iietMlle is lialanced on its 
 centre of gravity, it usually does not maintain n 
 
 horizontal position, but dips or inclines to the hori- 
 zon in a certain angle. In certain places in the 
 equatorial regions, however, points are found where 
 the needle becomes horizontal, and the line ctuinect- 
 ing these points is called the magnetic equator; and a 
 certain point within the polar circle, wliere the nee- 
 dle becomes perpendicular, is called the magnetic 
 pole. The pole of the dipping-needle, is the elevated 
 point in the heavens toward which the upper end 
 of the dipping-needle is directed. D. Olmsted. 
 
 DI-PRIS-MAT'ie, a. [di and ;>7-is7na£i<:.] Doubly 
 prismatic. Jameson. 
 
 2. Having cleavages parallel to the sides of a four- 
 sided verlical prism, and at the same time, to a hori- 
 zontal prism. MoIls. 
 
 DIP'SAS, n. [Gr. dii/zat, dry, thirsty; iixpaui, to 
 thirst.] 
 
 A serpent whose bite produces a mortal thirst. 
 See Dent, viii. 
 DIP'TER-.-\, 71. ;)/. [Gr. Ai; and nrepcv, a wing.] 
 
 'J'lie diptera are an order of insects having only 
 two wings, and two poiscrs, as the house-fly. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 DIP'TER-AL, o. Having two wings only ; belonging 
 to the order of Diptera. 
 
 I)IP'TER-.\L, a. or ii. In ancient architecture, a term 
 denoting one of the seven orders of sacred buildings, 
 viz., a temple which had a double row of columns 
 on each of its flanks, as well as in front and rear. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 DIP'TER-OUS, 0. Having two wings; belonging to 
 the order of insects called diptera. Gilbert. 
 
 DIP'TOTE, K. [Gr. ; from and nirrroi, to fall.] 
 In grammar, a noun which has only two cases ; 
 as, siippetiw., suppetias. Encyc. 
 
 DIP'TY€II, ( 7t. [Gr. Siirrvxa;; Sis and Trri'ffcrw, 
 
 DIP'TY-CIIUM, j Trrufcj, to fold.] 
 
 In ancient history, ;i sort of book or tablet, so called 
 because it consisted of two leaves folded, but it 
 sometimes contained three or more leaves. The 
 term was applied particularly to <a public register of 
 the names of consuls, and other magistrates among 
 pagans ; and of bishops, martyrs, and others, among 
 Christians. The sacred diptych was a double cata- 
 logue, in one of which were registered the names of 
 the living, and in the other the names of the dead, 
 which were to be rehearsed during the oflice. 
 
 Elmes. Encyc. 
 
 DI-P^RE', 71. A mineral occurring in minute prisms, 
 either single or adhering to each other in fascicular 
 groups. Before the blowpipe, it melts with ebulli- 
 tion or intumescence, ami its powder on hot coals 
 phosphoresces with a feeble light. Its name, from 
 Gr. (iu", two, and ttbo, fire, indicates the double ef- 
 fect of fire, in producing fusion and phosphorescence. 
 It has been considered a variety of scapoliie. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 DI-Ra-DI-a'TIOX, h. [L. diradiatio.] 
 
 The rays of light emitted and diffused from a lu- 
 minous body. 
 
 DIRE, (7. [L. dims. If the primary sense is terrible, 
 this word may belong to the root of tcrrco. But it 
 may be great, wonderful, Syr ioiZ. ""''■) 'o wonder ; 
 or it may be raging, furious, as in L. dirx.] 
 
 Dreadful; dismal; horrible; terrible ; evil in a 
 great degree. 
 
 Dit e \v;is the tossing, deep the groans. Alilton. 
 DI-REGT', a. [L. directus, from dirigo ; ili and rego, 
 rceliis, to make straight. See Rioht.] 
 
 1. Straight; right; as, to pass in a direct line from 
 one hotly or place to another. It is opposed to a-ook- 
 ed, winding, ublirpie. It ife also opposed to refracted ; 
 as, a direct ray of light. 
 
 2. In astronomy, appearing to move forward in the 
 orilcr of the signs, i. e., from west to east ; opposed 
 to retrograde : as, the niotiim of a planet is direct. j 
 
 3. In the line of father and stm ; opposed toco;- j 
 lateral ; as, a descemiaiit in the direct line. ] 
 
 4. Leading or tending to an end, as by a straight 
 line or course; not circuitous. Thus we speak of \ 
 direct means to effect an object ; a direct course ; a 
 direct way. 
 
 Open ; not ambiguous or doubtful. Bacon. 
 
 6. Plain ; express ; not ambiguous ; as, he said 
 this in direct words ; he made a direct acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 7. In music, a direct interval is that which forin.i 
 any kiiul of harmony on the fiimlamental sound 
 which produces it; as the fifth, major third, and 
 octave. Ronnsean. | 
 
 Direct tax, is a tax assessed on real estate, as houses 
 and lands. 
 
 DI-RECf', V. t. [Ij. directum, directus, from dirigo.] 
 
 1. To point or aim in a straight line, toward a 
 place or object ; as, to direct an niTow or a piece of 
 ordnance; to direct the eye; la direct a course or 
 flight. I 
 
 2. To point ; to show the right road or course ; as, 
 he directed ine to the h rt-liantl road. 
 
 .3. To regiihile ; to guide or load; to govern ; to 
 cause to proceed in a particular manner ; us, to di- 
 rect the affairs of a nation. 
 
 Winilmii 1h piiilitiihle to direct. — Kcclfii. X. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WUAT. — METE, PKBY PINE, MARINE, niRD.-NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 336 
 
DIR 
 
 4 To prescribe a course ; to niiirk out a way. 
 Job xxxvii. 
 
 5. To order ; to instruct; to point out n course of 
 procrcdins, with autlu)rily i to coinuinud. U\il direct 
 is a sorter term tliau cuiiiinaiul. 
 
 DI-REG'I'', H. In U1II.HC, a diameter placed at tlie end 
 of a slalf to direct tlie performer to tlie tirst note of 
 tile next start". Bu-ibij. 
 
 UI-IlKe'l''Eh, pp. or a. Aimed ; pointed ; guided ; 
 reL'Ulated ; governed ; ordered ; instructed. 
 
 I)|.1{K(' I"KR, N. A director, wliicli see. 
 
 Ul lUX'T'l.S'O, ppr. Aiming! ; pointing; guiding; 
 regulating; governing; ordering. 
 
 DI-KKC ril).\, M. [I,, ilirrctio.] 
 
 1. Aim nt a certain point ; a pointing toward, in a 
 straight line or course ; as, the direction of good 
 works to a giKMl end. Sinulrid-jr. 
 
 2. The line in which a body moves by impulse ; 
 course. Matter or boil)' can nut alter the direction of 
 ibi own motion. 
 
 3. .\ straight line or course. A star appeared in 
 the direction of a certain tower. The ship sailed in 
 a solltll-ellsterly direction. 
 
 4. The act of governing; administration; nian- 
 ngenicnt ; guidanee; siiiKTintenilence ; as, the <//>rc- 
 tion of public atfairs ; direction of domestic concerns ; 
 the direction of a bank. 
 
 5. Regularity ; adjustment. 
 
 All cliiiiiCL-, direction, wliicli thou cnml not «y. Pope. 
 B. Order; prescription, either verbal or written; 
 instruction in what manner to proceed. The em- 
 pK»yer gives directiuiut to Ills workineH ; the physi- 
 cian, to his patient. 
 
 7. The superseripliou of a li tter, including the 
 name, title, and place of abode of the person for 
 whom it is intended. 
 
 8. A body or biKird t>f directors. 
 
 ni-RKC T'l Ti;|)E, .1. A word put by Shakspoare 
 into the mouth of a servant, a^ a blunder for dis- 
 credit. Malone. 
 
 DI-RKCT'IVK, n. Having the power of direction ; as, 
 a directire rule. Hooker. 
 2. Inforniing ; instructing ; showing the way. 
 
 DI-Ri;CT'I.Y, n</e. In a stniight line or course; 
 rectiliiieally ; not in a winding course. Aim directly 
 to the object. Gravity lends directly to the center 
 of the earth. As a direct line is the shortest course ; 
 hence, 
 
 2. Immediately; soon; without delay ; as, lie will 
 • be with us direciJii. 
 
 3. Openly ; expressly ; without circumlocution or 
 ambiguity ; or without a train of inferences. 
 
 No iiiiiii lintlt l^'n m liiipiuOA, lu direcUy u> coiutemii pntvor. 
 
 DI-REGT'NESS, n. Strnightncss ; a straight course ; 
 nearness of way. Hentltij. 
 
 ni-RECT'OK, II. One >yho directs; one who super- 
 intends, governs, or manages ; tme who prescribes 
 to others, by virtue of aiithurily ; an instructor ; a 
 counselor. 
 
 2. Th.at which directs ; a rule ; an ordinance. 
 
 3. One a|>pi>inled to trans.art the artiiirs of a com- 
 pany ; as, the director of a bank, or of the India 
 Coinjiany, 
 
 4. That which directs or controls by inHuence. 
 
 S.ifi* >■ fniin oxi'-nml il.\ii^<r U Uic tuusl iviwrrful riirertiyr of 
 ii iU'iital cuii.liict. t\ileral\it, Haimllon. 
 
 5. Ill ^uri'cri/, a grcxived probe, Intended to direct 
 the eili'e of the knife or scissors in o|H*ning sinuses 
 or flstula.' ; a guide f*r an incision-kiiife. 
 
 F.nciie. Coze. 
 
 DI-REt'-To'RI AL, a. Pertaining to directors or di- 
 rection , coiitaiiiiiig direction iir coiniiiand. 
 
 DI RIXT'Oll-SIJII', «. The condition or ortice of 
 director. 
 
 DIREGT'O-R V, a. Containing directions; enjoin- 
 ing; instructing!. 
 Dl-RECT'O-R V, n. A guide ; a rule to direct; par- 
 ticalarly^ a book ciuit'iiuing directions for public 
 worship, or religious services. The liiblc is our best 
 directory in faith and pricltce. 
 
 2. A iMHik containing an alphabetical list of the 
 InhabitanLs of a city, with their jdares of abode. 
 2. The su|ireine executive council of Knincej in 
 4. A hoard of directors. [the revolution. 
 
 PI-RECT'RESS, B. A f -male who directs or manages. 
 DI-REGT'RIX, «. .\ female who governs or ilirects. 
 2. In seometry^ a certain striiglit line (H'r|>endicu- 
 lar to the o-xis of a conic section, [."^ee also Dm- 
 ir.cNT.l 
 
 DIRE't'JJL, 0. [See Dire.] Dire ; dreadful ; terri- 
 ble ; calamitous ; as, liirefnl fiend ; a direful misfor- 
 tune. Spenser Dn/dcn. Pope. 
 
 DIRE'FI'L-I,V, adp. Dreadfully ; terribly; wofully. 
 
 DtRE'K!. I.-.\ES:s, n. ralaniitousness. 
 
 DIRE'-I.QOK I.NG, o. IxiokiuR direfully. 
 
 DI REMI"tlO.\, «. [I., dircmptio.] 
 
 .\ s.;i>aralion. ' Bp. Hall. 
 
 DIRE'.\E."!8, n. Terrihieness ; horror; dismaliiess. 
 
 l)l-REP'TIO.N,». [Udirrpii,.] [shak. 
 The act of plundering. 
 
 DIRCE, (diirj,) n. [Usually supposed to be a con- 
 traction of L. dirige, a word used in the funeral ser- 
 
 I) IS 
 
 vice. In Sw. dyrkit, Dan. dijrkcr, sigiiilies to wor- 
 ship, honor, reverence.] 
 
 A song or tune intended to express grief, sorrow, 
 and iiioiiniing ; as, a funeral </iri'c. 
 
 Dlll'l OiE.NT, ( «. (See DiKKex.] In n-conicfn/, the 
 
 UI-RECT'RIX, t line or plane along which aiiollier 
 line or plane is supposed to move in the generation 
 of a surface or solid. Barlow. 
 
 niR'l CENT, «. Directing. Baztcr. 
 
 DIRK, (durk,) ii. [Scot, dark.] 
 A ki 'd of dagger or poniard. 
 
 DTltK, (iliirk,) (1. Dark. [OA.,-.J Sprn.ier. 
 
 DIKK, (durk,) r. (. To darken. [Qbs.] Spenser. 
 2. To poniard ; to stab. 
 
 fflfRK'f.'l), (durkt,) ;)/). Stabbed. 
 
 DTRK'I.NG, ;;//r. Stabbing. 
 
 DIRT, (diirt,) «. [Sax. i'ri/)-i(a« ; D. dryten ; Ice. rfrit, 
 cacare. ] 
 
 1. Any foul or filthy substance ; excrement ; earth ; 
 mud; mire; dust; whatever, adhering to any tiling, 
 renders it foul or unclean. 
 
 Th'' tit cloapil, :inil Ihi? dirt cami* out. — Judy* iii. 
 Wliow; \vut<-n cut up iniru niui dirt. — U. Ivii. 
 
 2. Meanness; sordidness. tJVot in lue.] 
 
 DIRT, (durt,) c. I. To make fiiiil or filthy ; to soil; 
 
 to bedaub ; to jiollute ; to detile. Sicift. 
 DTRT'I-KD, (durt'id,) pp. .Made filthy. 
 DIRT'1-LY, (diirt'i-ly,) adv. (from dirty.] In a dirty 
 
 manner ; foully ; nastily ; filthily. 
 2. Meanly ; sordidly ; by low means. 
 DIRT'I-NESS, (durt'iness,) n. Filtliiness ; foulness; 
 
 Hastiness. 
 2. Meanness; baseness; sordidness. 
 DIRT'Y, (diirt'y,) a. Foul; nasty; (iltliy ; not clean ; 
 
 as, dirt.j hands. 
 
 2. Not clean ; not pure ; turbid ; as, dirty water. 
 
 3. Cloudy ; dark ; dusky ; as, a dirty white. 
 
 4. Mean; liase ; low; despicable; groveling; as, 
 a dirtii fellow ; a dirty einployiiient. 
 
 DIRT'Y, (durt'y,) r. t. To foul ; to make filthy ; to 
 soil ; ;u«, to dirty the clothes or hands. 
 
 2. I'o tiiriiisli ; to sully ; to scandalize ; applied to 
 reputation. 
 
 DIRT'Y-INC, ppr. Making filthy ; soiling. 
 
 DI-RUP'TIO.\, n. [L. diriiplio ; dirumpo, to hurst.] 
 A bursting or rending asunder. [See DisnuerioN.] 
 
 DIS; a prefix or inseparable preposition, from the Latin, 
 whence Fr. des^ Sp. dts, and //c, may in some in- 
 stances be the same word contracted. Dis denotes 
 separation, a parting from ; hence it has the force of 
 a privative and negative, as in disarm, disoblige, dis- 
 tt'eree. In some cases, it still signifies separation, as 
 in distribute, disconnect. 
 
 DIS-A-HII,'I-TY, n. [from rfouiic] Want of compe- 
 tent natural or bodily power, strength, or ability ; 
 weakness ; impotence ; as, disability arising from in- 
 firmity or broken limbs. 
 
 2. Want of competent intellectual power, or 
 strength of mind ; incapacity ; as, the diiabilily of 
 a deranged person to reason or to make contracts, 
 
 3. \\'ant of coniiM'teiit means <ir instruments, 
 [In this sense, Imabilitv is geiienilly used.] 
 
 4. Want of legal qualifications; incafKicity ; as, a 
 disability to inherit an estate, when the ancestor has 
 been attainted. [Yn tjiis sense, it has a plural.] 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 Disability dilTersfnim inability, in denoting drprira- 
 tion of ability ; whereas inability ilenotes destitution 
 of ability, either by deprivatitm or otherwise. 
 DIS-A'KLE, c. t. [dis and aMc] To render unable; 
 to deprive of conipetenl natural strength or |>ower. 
 A man is diiabled to walk, by a broken or paralytic 
 leg, by sickness, &c. 
 
 2. I'o deprive of mental power, as by destroying or 
 weakening the understanding. 
 
 3. To deprive of adeipiale means, instruments, or 
 resources. A nation may be diiableil to carry on 
 war by want of money.' The loss of a ship may 
 disable a man to prosecute cuninierce, or to pay his 
 debts. . 1 / 
 
 4. To destroy the strength ; or to weaken and 
 impair so a.s to render incapable of action, service, 
 or resistance. A Heet is di.iablcd by a storm, or by a 
 battle. A ship is disabled by the loss of her masts or 
 8p:irs. 
 
 5. To destroy or iin|>air and weaken tlie means 
 which render any thing .active, erticaciotis, or u.seful ; 
 to destroy or diminish any coni|H'teiit means. 
 
 6. To deprive of legal <pialifications, or competent 
 power ; to incapacitate ; to render incapable. 
 
 An nlt-iiiitifT of ih^ aiio^r cornipu the t>lucd, anti ftieable* h'lM 
 chiMn-ii to iiiSent. i^tig. Uuo. 
 
 DIS-A'BLKD, pp. or a. Deprived of competent ix)wer, 
 c<ir|Hireal or intellectual ; rendered incapable ; de- 
 prived of means. 
 
 DI.S-A'III.E-.MENT, n. Weakness ; disability ; legal 
 inipediment Bacon. 
 
 DIS A'llM.N't;, ppr. Rendering unable or incapable; 
 depriving of adee,uate power or cajiacity, or of legal 
 qualifications. 
 
 DIS-A'HIJ.NG, a. That dis.able3 or disqualifies; de- 
 priving of moral power or right ; as, a disablimr 
 statute. " 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-A-liCSE', (di»-a-buze',) B. f. [Pr, c<r<iiiiiMer, Se« 
 
 AHrsK.] 
 
 To free from mistake ; to undeceive ; to dis- 
 engage from fallacy or di:ception ; to set right. It !• 
 our duty to disabuse ourselves of false notions aiiU 
 prejudices. 
 
 If ini^ii are now iiitlieti^ntly enli^hU'ii'il to rtieahme i\vii\v\rf% 
 of urttfli^, liypucriav, luiil »ii|MTi.[ilioii, lJu-y will contnlcr 
 tlib evfnt .u all em in (lii'lr hintury. J. ArUti/n. 
 
 DIS-A-HC'»'f;i), (dis n-hu/.d' ) pp. rndeceived. 
 I)IS-A-KCS'I.\G, (.lis-a-bu//ing,) ppr. Undeceiving. 
 DIS-AC COM'MO DATE, v.t. [disaiiiiaccommuilaU.] 
 
 To put III inciiiiveiiieiice. 
 DIS-AC CO.M'.MO Da-TEI), pp. Put to inconve- 
 nience. 
 
 DIS-AC €O.M'MO-DA-TI.\G, ppr. Putting to incon- 
 venience. 
 
 DIS-Ae-eO.M-MO-DJ'TIO.\, n. [dis and aexommoda- 
 
 tlON.] 
 
 A stall' of being iiiiaccununoilated ; a state of being 
 miprtpMri'il. Hale. 
 
 DIS-AC CdltD', r. i. f(/i.< and accon/.] To refuse 
 assent. [A~iit ti^eil.] Spenser. 
 
 DIS-AC-CI S' Tt ).\1, 0. t. [dis and acmstom.] To 
 neglect faiiiiliar or customary practice ; to destroy the 
 force of lialiii hv disine. 
 
 DIS-AC-Crs' TOM/.I), Disused; having neg- 
 
 lected practice or familiar use. Tnokr. 
 
 DIS-AC-CCS'TOM-LN't;, ppr. Disusing ; neglecting 
 familiar or ciistoiuarv piaciice. 
 
 DI.S-Ae-K.\<nvi,'EI)OE, r. t. [dii and acknowledge.] 
 To deny ; !o disown. South, 
 
 DI.S-Ae-k.\()\\ l,'i;OG-f;D, pp. Denied; disowned, 
 
 DlS-Ae-I<Nt>WL'EDG-I.\G, /vr. Denying; disown- 
 ing. 
 
 DI.S-Ae-aiJAI.N'T', r. f. [See Acijuaint.] To dis- 
 solve acquaintance, [l.ittlc used.] 
 
 DIS-Ae-tii:Al.\l"A.\(E, n. .Neglect or disuse of fa- 
 miliarity, or familiar knowledge of. South. 
 
 DIS-A-D6r,\'', » t To deprive of ornaments. 
 
 Con irreve. 
 
 DIS-A-DOR\'KD, pp. Deprived of ornaments. 
 DI.'<-A-I)()R \'I.\'G, ppr. Dejiriving of ornaments. 
 DIS-AD-VA.\CE', f. t. or i. To ch>jck ; to halt. [JVot 
 
 in use.] Sueiu^er. 
 DIS-AD VA.\"TAGE,n. fFr. desavantaire.] 
 
 1. That which prevents success, or renders it dif- 
 ficult ; a state not favorable to successful operation. 
 The army commenced an attack on the enemy, not- 
 withstanding the disadvttiitaire of its position. 
 
 2. Any unfavorable state; a stale in which some 
 loss or injur)' may be sustained. Hence, 
 
 3. Loss; injury; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, 
 profit, or other good ; as, to sell goods to disadcan- 
 tntre. 
 
 DIS-.'\D-VA\'TAGE, c. fc To injure an interest; to 
 prejudice. 
 
 DIS-AD-VA.V'TAGE-A-BLE, a. Not advantageous, 
 [ JV at in use.] Bacon, 
 
 DIS-AD-VAN'TA-Gn), Injured in interest. 
 
 DI.S-AD-VA\-T.A'GEOUS, a. Cnfavorable to suc- 
 cess or prosperity ; inconvenient ; not adapted to 
 promote interest, reputation, or other good ; as, the sit- 
 uation of an army is disaitvantaseoiLs for attai k or de- 
 fense. We are apt to view characters in the most 
 disadrantageons lights. 
 
 DIS-AD-VA.N-Ta'OEOUS-LY, adr. In a manner not 
 favorable to success, or to interest, profit, or reputa- 
 tion ; with loss or inconvenience. 
 
 DIS-AD-VAN-Ta'OEOUS-NESS, )i. Unfavorableness 
 to success ; inconvenience ; loss. 
 
 D1S-AD-VE.\'T1;RE, II. Misfortune. [JVot tiserf,] 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 DI.<-AD-VE.\'Tl^R-OUS, a. Unprosperous. [J^ot 
 used.] Spenser. 
 
 DIS-AF-FEeT',r, t. [dis ani affect.] To alienate af- 
 fi'Clion ; to make less friendly to ; to make less faith- 
 ful to a jK-rson, party, or cause, or less zealous to 
 support it; to make discontented or unfriendly ; as, 
 an attempt w.is made Ui disaffccl the army. 
 
 2. To disdain, or dislike. Hall. 
 
 3. To throw into disorder. Hammond, 
 DIS-.\F-FE€T'ED, pp. or a. Having the atl'ections 
 
 alienated ; indisposed lo favor or siipptirt ; unfriend- 
 ly ; followed by with or to ; as, these men are disaf- 
 fected teith the govt riiiiieiit, or disaffected to the king, 
 or to the adniiiiistralioii. 
 DIS-A1'"-FECT'ED-LY, ade. In a disotTected man- 
 ner. 
 
 DIS-AF-FECT'ED-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 disalficted. 
 
 DIS-AF-FECT'ING, ppr. Alienating the alTections ; 
 making less friendly. 
 
 DIS-AF FEe'TIO.V, n. Alienation of afiection, at- 
 tachment, or good will ; yvant of afl'eclion ; or, more 
 generally, positive enmity, dislike, or unfriendliness ; 
 disloyalty. It generally signifies more than inditTer- 
 ence ; as, the disaffection of petijile to their prince or 
 governiiieiit ; the disaffection of allies ; disc^ffictwn lo 
 religion. 
 
 2. Disorder ; bad constitution ; in a physical sense. 
 [Little vsed.] 'iViseman. 
 DIS AF FEe'TION-ATE, o. Not well disposed ; not 
 friendly. BlounL 
 
 TONE, BJjLL, liNlTE.-AM"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K j as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH us in THIS, 
 
 43 
 
 CC 
 
 337 
 
J)1S 
 
 DIS-AF-FlKM', ((lis-:if-iinii',) v. t. [dis anil affirm.] 
 Ti) deny ; tci cniilnulict. Dat'ie.i. 
 
 9. To ovcitlinuv or unmil, as a judicial decision, 
 by a contrary jiiclynient of" a superior trilmnal. 
 
 DIS-AF-FIll.M'ANCE, 71. Denial ; negation ; dis- 
 proof; confutation. Hale. 
 
 2. Overtlirow or annulment, by the decision of a 
 superior tribunal ; as, ilL^njUnitimcc of judjiuient. 
 
 DIS-AF-FIll.M'i'-U, jjp. Denied; coiitratlicted ; over- 
 thrown. 
 
 DIS-AF-FIR.M'ING, ;);)r. Denying; contradicting; 
 annulling. 
 
 DIS-.\F-FOIl'E«T, 1'. I. [^-feand nffuri-at.] To reduce 
 from the privdeges of a lor'St to the state of connuon 
 ground ; to strip of forest laws and their oi)pressive 
 privileges. 
 
 By cliarter 9 Ili ii. HI. [iiauy furesli; were disajfovested. 
 
 DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ED, ;)/). Stripped of forest privi- 
 leges. 
 
 DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ING, ppr. Deiniving of forest 
 privileges. 
 
 DIS-.\G'GRE-G.\TE, 11. t. [dis and agip-cgate..'] To 
 separate an aagreL'atu mass into \\» conip.inent parts. 
 
 DIS-AG'GRE-G.A-TED, pp. Sejjarated, as an aggre- 
 gate mass. 
 
 DIS-AG'GUE-G.X-TI.\G, ppr. Separating, as the parts 
 of an afrirr. i::it" hmly. 
 
 DIS-AG-i;i!i; Ca' TIDN, n. The actor operation of 
 separating' an a?;;regata body into its component parts. 
 
 DIS-A-GUEE', I-. (. [dis aiid agree.'] 'J'o differ; to 
 be not accordant or coincident ; to be not the same ; 
 to be not exactly similar. Two ideas dUagree, when 
 they are not the same, or when they are hot exactly 
 alike. The histories of the same fact often dinagree. 
 
 2. To differ, as in opinion; as, the best judges 
 sometimes disagree. 
 
 Who shall Oecicle when doctors disagree 7 Pope. 
 
 3. To be \insuitable. ^ledicine sometimes disa- 
 grees irilh the patient ; food oflen disagrees witli the 
 stomach or the taste. 
 
 4. To differ; to he in opposition. 
 
 Men oKeii reject tii phiiiiest sense of Scripture, Ijecause it dis- 
 agrees Willi III ir reiisoii or prccimceivetl opioioiis. Anon. 
 
 It is usually followed by with. But we say, I disa- 
 gree Jii your pn>posal. The use of /rum after disagree 
 is nttt coniinun. 
 
 DI.^'-A-GREE'.V-liEE, «. Contrary; unsuitab e ; not 
 conformable ; not congruous. [Little itsei/.j 
 
 'I'liis coinluci u Rs disagrep.iible to her iiiitiinil sincerity. BroQii\€. 
 9. Unpleasing ; offensive to the mind, or to the 
 senses ; but expressing less than disgusting and 
 odious, liehavior may be r/iMioniv/i/c to our uiinils; 
 food may be di.iagrrealih to the taste ; many tilings 
 are disagreeable 16 the siglit ; siriinds may be ilisagree- 
 able to the ear, and odors to the smtdl. Whatever is 
 di.iagre.ea hie gives some pain or iiuejLsiness. 
 
 DIS-A-GREE'.VliLE-NEriS, 71. Uiisuitableness ; con- 
 trariety. 
 
 2. Unpleasantne.ss ; ofTensiveness to the minil, or 
 to the senses; as, disagreeahleness of annlJier's 
 manners ; the dtsagreeable.iicss of a taste, sounti, or 
 smell. 
 
 DIS-A-GRF,E'.\-I!LY, aw. Unsuitalily; unjileas- 
 
 antly ; oU'ensively. 
 DIS-A-GREED', pret. and ;/;) of Disaguee. 
 DIS-A-GREE'ING, jjpT-. Differing; not according or 
 
 coinciding. 
 
 D1S-A-GREE',ME.\'T, n. DiU'erence, either in form or 
 essence ; di-ssimilitiide ; diversity ; as, the di.iagree- 
 vient of two ideas, of two i)ictures, of two stories or 
 narrations. 
 
 2. Difference of opinion or senliinents. Hooker. 
 
 3. Ilnsuilableness. 
 
 DIS-AL-I,I'£1), (-al-llile',) pp. Improperly allietl. 
 2. a. ^<eparateil from alliance. 
 
 DIS-AL-Mr.CiE', v. l. To alientite from allegiance. 
 [JVol in use] Miltou. 
 
 DIrf-AI.,-EC)W', V. t. [dis and allow.] To refuse iter- 
 mission, or not to permit ; not to grant ; not to make 
 or suppose lawful ; not to itiilhori/.e ; to ilisprove. 
 (Jod lhat I 'hri^tians should conform to the 
 
 immoral i>ractices of the worht. A gooti man di.sa.l- 
 luws evirry kind of profaneiujss. 
 
 2. To testify dislike or disapprobation ; to rt'fusc 
 assent. 
 
 But ir tier f.alier ■hall tliioltoiB her in the tlay that he h'MP'th, 
 not uny of her vow* or her Ijonila .... shall stanil. — Niiiu. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 3. Not to approve ; not to receive ; to reject. 
 
 To whom cuiolnjr, 11* to ft llvlnjf stone, diuatlomd tiiticcd hy 
 men, Lot cli,.» n hy an.l pn-ciou.. — 1 l>el. ii. 
 
 4. Not to all()W <ir admit a** just ; to rtjject ; as, lo 
 disallow ail ar:couiil or i hiirgi'. 
 
 DIS-AL-LOW, V. i. To refuse pcrniisHion ; ni>l to 
 grant. 
 
 DIH-AIy-LOVV'A-ni.E, a. Not allowable ; not to be 
 HulTered. 
 
 DIS-AI^I,OV\"AN('E, 71 Disapprobation; refusal to 
 admit or permit; )irohihition ; rejei:tion. 
 
 DIH.AL-1>0VV'/;D, pp. Not granted, |M;rmilled, or 
 ndniilU'd ; diiiapprovi;d ; rejixled. 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-.\L-LOW'ING. ppr. Not permitting ; not admit- 
 ting; disapproving; rejecting. 
 
 DIS-AL-IA'', y. t. [dis and lilhj.] To form an im- 
 proper alliance. Miltim. 
 
 DIS-AL-L^'ING, ppr. Forming a disadvantageous 
 alliance. 
 
 DIS-ANeiI'OR,v. (. [dis and anchor.] To force from 
 
 its anchors, as a ship. 
 DIS-ANeil'Oll-KD, pp. Forced from its anchors. 
 DlS-AN'eil'OR-ING, ppr. Forcing a ship from its 
 
 anchors. 
 
 DIS-AN-(5EL'ie-AL, a. Not angelical. [.Vof vsed.] 
 
 Cocentnj. 
 
 DIS-AN'I-M.XTE,i>. (. [dis and animate.] To deprive 
 of life. [JVot ii.sed.] 
 
 2. To deprive of spirit or courage ; to discourage ; 
 to dishe.'irten ; to deject. Doijle. 
 
 DIS-AN'I-.M.^-TED, /);). Discouraged ; dispirited. 
 
 DIS-.AN'I-.MA-TING, ppr. Discouraging; disheart- 
 ening. 
 
 DI.S-AN-I-Ma'TION, 71. The act of discouraging; 
 dejaession of spirits. 
 9. Privation of life. [J^ot used.] Brown. 
 DI.S-AN-NEX', 0. t. To ilisunite ; to separate that 
 
 wliii-li has been annexed. 
 DLS-AN-NLTl/. Jin improper word. [See Annul.] 
 DIS-.\N A'UL'.ME.NT. See Annolmext. 
 DIS-A-NUINT', t'. (. To render consecration invalid. 
 
 Mdlon. 
 
 DIS-AP-PAR'EL, 7'. I. To disrobe ; to strip of raiment. 
 
 Junius. 
 
 DIS-AP-PAR'EL-£D, pp. Disrobed ; stripped of gar- 
 ments. 
 
 DIS-AP-PAR'EL-ING, ppr. Disrobing. 
 
 DIS -AI'-l'iiAR', 71. t. [dis and appear.] To vanish 
 from the sight ; to recede from the view ; to become 
 invisilile by vanishing or departing, or by being en- 
 veloped in any thing that conceals, or by the interpo- 
 sition of an ohjert. Darkness di.saiipears at the ac- 
 cess of light, :ind light disappeais ;it the approach of 
 darkness. .\ ship disappears by departure to a dis- 
 tance ; tlie sun disappears in a ftjg, or behind ii cloud, 
 or in setting. 
 
 2. To cease ; as, the ejiidemic has disappeared. 
 
 3. To withdraw from ohservation ; the debtor dis- 
 appears when he abscontls. 
 
 DIS-AP-Pe.\R'ANCE, 71. Cessation of appearance ; 
 a removal from sight. 
 
 DIS-AP-PeAR'£D, pp. Removed from sight ; van- 
 ished ; become invisible. 
 
 DIS-AP-PEAR'ING, ppr. Vanishing; receding from 
 the siglitj becoming invisible. 
 
 DIS-AP-PiiAR'ING, n. A vanishing or removal from 
 sight. 
 
 DIS-AP-POINT', v.t. [dis and appoint; properly, to 
 unfix or unsettle.] 
 
 1. To defeat of^ exiiectation, wish, hope, desire, or 
 intention ; to frustrate ; to lialk ; to hinder from the 
 possessitm or enjoyment of that which was intend- 
 ed, desired, hopi'il, or expected. We say, a man is 
 dusappointat of Ills lio])es or expecltitions, or bis ho|>es, 
 desires, intentions, or expectations, are dUappainted. 
 A b;id season disappoints the farmer of his crops ; a 
 defeat disappoints an enemy of his spoil. The man 
 promised me a visit, but he disappointed me. 
 
 Without counsel purposes are disappointod. — Prov. xv. 
 
 2. To frustrate ; to prevent an effect intended. 
 
 The relirin* foe 
 Shrinks fiuni the wouiul, ami dimp})oints the lilow. Addison. 
 
 DIS-AP POI.NT'ED, pp. or a. Defeated of expecta- 
 tion, hope, desire, or design ; frustrated. 
 
 Disappointed is itseil by Shakspeare, in Hamlet, uct 
 i. scene 5, for unprepared^ correspoutling to well-ap- 
 pointed, which unmans well-furnished or prepared. 
 
 DIS AP-PDINT'hNG, ppr. Defeating of expectation, 
 hope, desire, or purpose ; frustrating. 
 
 DIS-AP-POINT'JIE.NT, 71. Defi:at or failure of expec- 
 tation, hopi', wish, ilesire, or intention; miscarriage 
 of design or plan. 
 
 Wc are npt to couiphiin of the ilisajipoinliMnt of our hopes ami 
 Bch-'inea ; but dieappaintirutnts oHell pwve hlessinirs, and 
 save us Ironi Ciitainity or ruin. Anon. 
 
 DIS-AP-PKi~;'CIATE, V. t. [dis and appreciate.] To 
 undervalue ; not lo esteem. 
 
 DIS-AP I KP.'ClA TED, pp. Undervalui^d. 
 
 DlS-AP PRlf.'CIA-TlNG, ppr. Undei-valuing. 
 
 DIS-AP-PIU)-ll.\'TI().\, u. ['/;.< ami approbation.] A 
 disapproving; tlislike ; the act of the mind which 
 coiiilemns what is supposeil to be wrong, whether the 
 act is expressed or not. Wt; ol'teii disapprove when 
 wt! ilo not exprt'Ss disapprobation. 
 
 DIS-AP'PRO HA 'PO RV, a. Containing disapproba- 
 titin ; teniliug to disapprove. 
 
 I)IS-AP-PR6'I'RI-ATE, a. [(//.< and appropriate.] Not 
 appropriateil,or not having appropriateil church jiroi^ 
 erty ; a disappnipnate chtin lt is one from which the 
 appropriated parsonage, glebe, and tithes, are sev- 
 ered. 
 
 The appropriation may Iw 1 
 ajijtrojirinte, two ways. 
 
 vered ami the church liecomo dit- 
 Blackttone. 
 
 DIS-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE, o. t. To sever or sepnmte, Dl.'^-A- V(JW, u. t. [dis and avow. See Vow] 
 
 as an appropriation ; to withdraw from an appropri- 
 ate use. 
 
 The appropriations of tlie several parsonages would have t^en, 
 liy the rules of the counnou law, dtsapjirojtriated. 
 
 Blackttone. 
 
 2. To deprive of appropriated property, as a church. 
 DIS-AP-PROV'AL, 71. Disapprobation ;" dislike. 
 DIS-AP-PROVE', (-ap-proov'j) v. t. [Fr. desappruuver ; 
 dis ami approre.] 
 
 1. 'J'o (iislike ; to condemn in opinion or judgment ; 
 to censure as wrong. W^e often disapprove the con- 
 iluct of others, or public measures, whether we ex- 
 press an opinion or not. It is often followed by of; 
 as, to disapprove of behavior. But modern usage in- 
 clines to omit of. 
 
 2. To manifest dislike or disapprobation ; to reject, 
 as tlisliked, whtit is projiosed for sanction. The sen- 
 tence of the court-martial was disapproved by the 
 commander-in-chief. 
 
 DIS-AP-PROV'iD, pp. Disliked; condemned; re- 
 jected. 
 
 DIS-AP-PIiO V'ING, ppr. Disliking ; condemning ; re- 
 jecting from dislike. 
 
 DIS-AP-PROV'ING-LY, adv. By disapprobation. 
 
 DIS'ARD, 17. [Sax. dijsig, foolish.] 
 
 A prattler; a bo.asting talker. [Oi.f.] 
 
 DIS-AR.M', (diz-arm',) v.t. [Fr. dcsarmcr ; Sp. and 
 Port, desannar ; dis and arm.] 
 
 1. To deprive of arms ; to take the arms or weap- 
 ons from, usually by force or authority ; as, he dis- 
 artftcd his foes ; the prince gave orders to disarm his 
 sulijects. With of before the thing taken away ; as, 
 to disarm one of his weapons. 
 
 2. To deprive of means of attack or defense ; as, 
 to disarm a venomous serpent. 
 
 3. To deprive of force, strength, or means of an- 
 noyance ; to render harmless; to quell; as, to disarm 
 rage or passion. 
 
 4. To strip; to divest of any thing injurious or 
 threatening; as, piety disarms death of its terrors. 
 
 D1S-aI{.M'A-MENT, 71. Act of disarming. 
 
 DIS-A R.M'f.'D, pp. or a. Deprived of arms ; stripped of 
 tlie means of tiefense or annoyance ; rendered harm- 
 less ; subdued. 
 
 DIS ARM'ING, ppr. Stripping of arms or weapons; 
 subduing ; rendering harmless. 
 2. 71. The act of depriving of arms. 
 
 DIS-.\R-RAN6E', v. I. [dis and arrange.] To put 
 out of order ; to unsettle or disturb the onier or due 
 arrangement of parts. IVarton. 
 [See Deranoe, which is more gener.ally tised.] 
 
 DIS-AR-RaNG'ED, pp. Put out of order ; disturbing. 
 
 DIS-All-RANGE'MEN'P, 71. The act of disturbing or- 
 der or method ; disorder. Baxter. 
 
 DIS-AR-RANG'ING, pjrr. Putting out of order; dis- 
 turbing the arrangement of. 
 
 DIS-AR-RAY', (-ar-ra',) r. U [dis and array.] To un- 
 dress ; to divest of clothes. Spenser. 
 9. To throw into disorder ; to rout ; as troops. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 DIS-.^R-RaY', 71. Disorder ; confusion ; loss or want 
 of array or regular order. Drijden. 
 9. Uiidress. Spenser. 
 
 DIS-AR-RaY'£D, (-ar-i ade',) pp. Divested of clothes 
 or anay ; disordered. 
 
 DIS-AR-RaY'ING, ;j;)r. Divesting of clothes; throw- 
 ing into disiirilitr. 
 
 DIS-.\S-St-DU'I-TY, 71. Want of assiduity or care. 
 [Jt'ot n.sed.] IVotton. 
 
 DlS-AS-SfyCIATE, v. t. To disunite ; to disconnect 
 tilings associated. 
 
 DIS-AS-So'CI A-TED, pp. Disunited. 
 
 DIS-.\S-So'CIA-TfNG, ppr. Disuniting. 
 
 DIS-AS'TER, (di/.-as'ler,) 71. [Fr. dcsastre; Sp. and 
 Port. id. : It. disastro ; dis and astre, Gr. uarrtp, a star; 
 a wortl of astroltigical origin.] 
 
 1. A blast or stroke of an unfavorable planet. 
 [Obs.] Shah. 
 
 2. Misfmtune ; mishap ; calamity ; any unfortunate 
 event, especially a sudtlen misfortune ; as, we met 
 with many disasters on the road. 
 
 DIS-AS'TER, 71. t. To blast by the stroke of an un- 
 lucky jilanet ; also, to injure ; to afflict. 
 
 Shah. Thimsiin. 
 
 DIS-AS'TER-A'D,;)p. Blasted; injured ; alliicteil. 
 
 DIS-AS'TROUS, «. Unlucky; unfortunate; calami- 
 tous ; occasioning loss or injury ; as, the iliiy was 
 disastrous ; the battle proved disastrous ; their fate was 
 disastrous. 
 
 Fly the pursuit of niy disnstrous luve, Dryden. 
 2. Gloomy; dismal; threatt^ning disaster. 
 
 The moon, 
 
 In tlim eclipse, disastrous twilight shetls. Milton. 
 DI$-AS'TROU.S-I,Y, adv. Unfortunately ; in a disiniil 
 manner. 
 
 DlSi-AS'TllOUS-NESS, 71. Unfortiinaleness ; calam- 
 itoiisnesa. 
 
 Dl.'<-AU''l'IIOR-IZE,i'. f. [(& and niifAomc] To de- 
 prive of credit or authority. [/Jttle used.] Wotton. 
 DIS-A-V()IJ(;iI', ». /. [i/i's and (JiioiifA. See Vow.] 
 To retract profession; to deny ; to disown. \Littli 
 used. ] Vinies. 
 IS-A-V 
 
 Po 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PUJJY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
DIS 
 
 deny ; to disown j to deny to be true, as a fact or 
 ctiiiri,'e rcspucting one's self; as, lie was cliaryed 
 with embezzlement, bnt lie (lisaumDs the fact. A 
 man may liLiacom his name or sif;natnrc ; lie nny 
 disasoiri a knowledge of u fact, or his concern ill a 
 transaction. Opposed to own or acknowledge. 
 
 •2. To d 'iiy ; to disown ; to reject. 
 
 3. To diisseiit from ; not to admit as true or justifi- 
 able ; not to vindicali'. The envoy disavowed some 
 parts of the president's proclamation. 
 UlS-.\-VO\V'.\L, n. Denial ; n disowning. 
 
 A iluami-cal uf lu.ir ult' ii pn)e':'-iU fri'iii tear. Ctaritta. 
 
 2. Uejei tioii ; a decliniii!; to vindicate. 
 niS-.W'OW'/'.'I), Denied; disowned. 
 Ult!-A-V()\V'1.N'(;, ;i;ir. Denying; disowning; re- 
 
 j.Ttinu as soniulliing not to be maintained or vindi- 
 
 catril. 
 
 DIS-A-VO\V'ME.\T, n. Denial ; a disowning. 
 
 H''otton. 
 
 1)1S-HA\D', r. f. [rfis and ifliirf ; Fr. dcbaiidcr.] 
 
 1. To dismiss from military service ; tolireak npa 
 band, or body of men enlisted ; as, to dUbaiid an army 
 or a reniiiieiit ; to dultand tniops. 
 
 2. 'I o sc.itter ; to disperse. Woodward. 
 DIS-I!A.N'D', r. I. To retire from military service ; to 
 
 separate ; to break up ; as, the army, at the close of 
 the war, di^band.-i. 
 •2. To separate ; to dissolve connection. 
 
 lliiiiiui) 8Lx:ii-ty Miay dxtbatvt, \lmprciKr,] TilloUon. 
 
 3. To be dissolved. [JVo4 iiscrf.] 
 
 WIv-ii Intti rncki un.l nil Uitiij^ rIkiII (fubtrwi. Herbert. 
 DIS-llAND'ED, ;);>. or a. Dismissed from military 
 
 service ; separatetl. 
 niS-BA.NU'lMJ, ;>/»r. Dismissing from military ser- 
 vice ; sep;iratiiig ; dissctlviiig cimnectioii. 
 DIS-IIXUK', V. L [I'r. dibaniwr, or i/is and bark ; a 
 word not well formed, and Utile used. We now use 
 DKHAnx and DisEMn.MtK.] 
 To laud from a ship ; to put on shore. Pope. 
 DIS-I!E-HkK', n. [</« and Mif/.] Ucfusal of credit 
 or faith ; denial of belief. 
 
 Our l»-Uef ur diabeli^ot a tiling docs not alter tlie nntiire of the 
 tliutg. TUlotton. 
 
 DIS-IIE-I.IkVE', i>. t. [dis and bdicrr.] Not to be- 
 lieve ; to hold not to be true or not to exist ; to refuse 
 to credit. Some men disbilici-c the inspiration of the 
 Scriptures, and the immortality of the soul. 
 • DIS-liE-LlKV'KD, pp. Not believed ; discredited. 
 
 DIS-BIVLIEV'EU, H. One who refuses belief; one 
 who denies a thing to be true or real. IVaUs. 
 
 DIS-UE-LIkV'ING, ppr. Withholding belief; dis- 
 crediting. 
 
 DIS-UE.\CH', t [dii and ieiicA.] To drive from a 
 
 bench or seat. Shak. 
 DIS-BLAMB', r. t. To dbar from blame. [JVut used.] 
 
 Chnuccr. 
 
 DIS-BOD'I-KD, (-bod'id,) o. Disembodied, which is 
 the word now used. 
 
 DIS-BOW'EL., 0. L [dis and bowel.] To take out the 
 intestines. Spenser. 
 
 DIS-BOW'EL-JED, pp. Eviscerated ; deprived of in- 
 testines. 
 
 DIS-BOW'EL-IXG, ppr. Taking out the intestines. 
 DIS-BRX.\Cir, c.t. [dit -.mA braiuJt.] To cut oil" or 
 8e|>anite,as the branch of a tree. [/i((/c lucW.l 
 •i. To deprive of branches. [Liuic usrjl.] Kvelijn. 
 DIS-BUD', D. L To deprive of buds or shoots. 
 
 Gardeners. 
 
 DIS-BUR'D£X, (-btir'dn,) r.f. [rfis and /iim/en. Pee 
 BuRDGX.] To remove a burden from ; to unload ; 
 to discharge. MiUun, 
 
 2. To throw off a burden ; to disencumber ; to 
 clear of any thing weighty, troublesome, or cumber- 
 some ; as, to dt.ibunUu one's self of grief or care ; to 
 disburden of sii|K r!liioiis ornaments. 
 
 DI3-BUK'D£.\, V. i. To ease the mind ; to be re- 
 lieved. JMiltoit. 
 
 DIS-BUU'n£N KD, ( bur'dnd,) pp. Eased of a bur- 
 den ; iinloaili'd : dis< nciiiubercd. 
 
 DIS-BlIU'D/;.N-I.\'i;, ;>;'r. Unloading; discharging; 
 throwing otf a biirili n ; disencumbering. 
 
 D18-RURSE',(dis-biirs',) t.U [Ft. deboarscr ; de,(tTdis, 
 and bourse, a purse.] 
 
 'I'o pay out, as money ; to spend or lay out ; prima- 
 rily, to pay money from a public chest ur treasury, 
 but applicable to a private purse. 
 
 DtS-BUR.-5'KI), (dis-burst',) />;>. Paid out ; c.vpendi^d. 
 
 UlS-BL'KSE'.MENT, (dis-burs'meiit,) h. [Fr. de- 
 bvursemenl.] 
 
 1. The act of paying out, as inonay from a public 
 or private chest. 
 
 '3. The money or sum paid out ; as, the annual dis- 
 bar.-^rinenu exceed the income. 
 DIH.Rriltf'EU, n. One who pays out or disburses 
 money. 
 
 DIS IlL RS'INO, p/ir. or a. Paying out orexpcnding. 
 DISC, II, [L. discus. .See Dim.] The face or visible 
 
 pfoji'Ction of a celestial boily. 
 DIS-CAh'CE- A TE, c. L [L. discaUeatus ; dis and cal- 
 
 ceus, a shoe.] 
 'I'o pull otr the shoes or sandals. 
 DIS-CAL'CE-A-TED, pp. Stripped of shoes. 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-GAL-CE-A'TION, n. The act of pulling off the 
 shoes or samials. Brown. 
 
 DIS-eAN'DY, w. i. [Ji's and candi/.] To melt ; to dis- 
 solve. Shak. 
 
 DIS-GARD', V. t. [Sp. deseartar; Port, id.; dis and 
 card.] 
 
 1. To tlirow out of the hand such cards as are 
 usidess. 
 
 2. To dismiss from service or employment, or from 
 society ; to cast off; as, to discard spies and intVirin- 
 ers ; to discard an old servant ; to discard an asso 
 ciate. 
 
 3. To thrust away ; to reject ; as, to discard preju- 
 dices. 
 
 DIS-C\KI)';;D, pp. or a. Thrown out; dismissed 
 from service ; ri-jecleil. 
 
 DlS-e\Rl)'IN(;, piir. Throwing out; dismissing from 
 eiiiplovmi'iit ; ri'jeeliiig. 
 
 DlS-e.\R'N ATE, n. [dis and L. euro, tiesh.l 
 
 Stripped of llesh. Otunville. 
 
 DIf!-€A.SE', II. f. [i/i.i and cn.<c.] To take off a cov- 
 ering front ; to strip ; to undress. Shak. 
 
 D1S-1;1".I'-Ta''1'1()N, «. Controversy. 
 
 DIS-OEP-TA'TOR, ii. [L.] One who arbitrati^s or 
 decides. [J^ol used.] 
 
 DIS-CER.N', (diz-zerii',) e. L [I., disceruo ; dis nnd 
 ccrnu, to separate, or distinguish, Gr. ci ; It. i/t.<- 
 cernerci Sp. disccrnir ; Fr. discernnr ; Eng. screen. 
 The sense is, to sepirate.] 
 
 1. To separate by the eye, or by the uiidcrsinnd- 
 ing. Hence, 
 
 2. To distinguish ; to see the difference between 
 two or more things; to discriuiinate ; as, to dLiccrn 
 the blossom-buds from the leaf-buds of plants. 
 
 Jioijle. 
 
 Ditcern tliou wlr.it is tliine. — tien. xxxi. 
 
 3. To make the difference. [Obs.] 
 
 For nothing clae discemt tlie virtue or tlie vice. B. Jonton. 
 
 4. To discover ; to ace; to distinguish by the eye. 
 I discerned tirnoiig the ^-ouilu a young innn void uf under- 
 
 Btnndin^. — Pruv. vii. 
 
 ,'>. To discover by the intellect ; to distinguish ; 
 lience, to have knowletlge of ; to juilge. 
 
 So is my lonl tlie kins; to digcern ^imrl ami U»d. — 2 .Sam. xiv. 
 A Wise nian*£ lu'iirt digcerimlh time ami jiidjfiiient. — KccicB. viii, 
 
 DIS-OERN', (diz-zern',) v. i. To see or understand 
 the difference; to make distinction; as, to discern 
 between good and evil, trutli and falsehood. 
 2. 'I'o have judicial cognizance. [OAs.] Bacon. 
 
 DIS-CERiN'f-D, (diz-zcrud',) pp. D istingiiishud ; seen ; 
 discovered. 
 
 D1$-CERN'ER, (diz-zern'er,) ?i. One who sees, dis- 
 covers, or distinguishes ; ail obsi'rver. 
 
 2. One who knows and judges ; one wlu» has the 
 power of disliuguisliiiig. 
 
 He wiis a ^rcat oiiservT am! diieerntr of men's nUtip'sand 
 iuinioni. CInretidun. 
 
 3. That which distinguishes; or that which causes 
 to understand. 
 
 Tlie wopl of Ood is qnicic and po»-crfuI — a diacenttr of the 
 tiuHii^liU .md inl>?nu of Uie h-art. — Heb. iv, 
 
 DIS-CERN'l-BLE, (diz-zern'e-bl,) a. That may be 
 seen distinctly ; discoverable by the eye or the iiii- 
 derstaiitliiig ; disliiigiiishable. ;\ star is discernible 
 by the eye; the identity or difference of ideas is dis- 
 e'rrnilde bv tile iindersuindiiig. 
 
 DIS-CER.VI HI.E-NESS, II. Visiblcness. 
 
 DI*-CER.N'l-lUiV, ado. In a manner to be discerned, 
 seen, or discovered ; visibly. Jlammimd. 
 
 DIS-CER.\'1N<;, (diz-zern'ing,) ppr. Distiiiguisliing ; 
 seting; discovering; knowing; judging. 
 
 2. a. Having power to discern ; capable of see- 
 inc, discriiuiiiating, knowing, and judging ; sharp- 
 sighted ; iH'iietratiiig ; acute ; as, u discerning man ur 
 mind. 
 
 DIS-CER.N'I.NG, n. The act of discerning ; discern- 
 ment. Speelalar. 
 
 D1S-l;ERX'I.\(5-IA', ii'/c. ^\^ilh discernment; acutely; 
 with jtidiiment; skillfiillv. Garth. 
 
 DIS-CER.V'.ME.VT, n. The act of discerning; also, 
 the power or faculty of the mind, by which it dis- 
 tinguishes one thing from another, as truth from 
 falsehood, virtue from vice ; aciitencss of judgment ; 
 power of iierceiving ditferciices of things or idtias, 
 and their relalioiis and tendencies. The errors of 
 \-oiiIli often procerti from the want of duccnimcnL 
 
 DfS-CERI", II. (. [L. di.<ccrpo.] 
 
 To tear in pieces ; to separate. [JVot used.] 
 
 DIS-CERP-I-BIL'I-TY, B. Capability or liablencss to 
 be lorn asunder or disunited. 
 
 DI.S-CERP'I-liI.E, o. [L. ditcrrpo ; dis and cnrpo, to 
 seiz.-, to tear, in some dictionaries it is written i/i..- 
 crrplMr, on the authority of Glaiiville and .More ; an 
 error indeed, hut of little const;iiueiice, as the woril 
 is rarely or never used.) 
 
 That m.ty be torn asunder; separable; cap:ible of 
 beine disunited by violence. 
 
 DIS-CERP'TIOX, (dis-serp'shun,) n. fhe act of pull- 
 ing to pieces, or of separating tlie jKirt's. 
 
 DIS-CES'Slo.N', (-sesh'iin,) ii. [L. discessio.] 
 
 Departure. [jVut used.] Hall. 
 
 DIS-CIIAKOE', r. L [Ft. dechar^er ; Sp. descargar : 
 
 UIS 
 
 It. scarieare ; dis and charge, or cargo, from ear, a cart 
 or vehicle ] 
 
 1. To unload, as a ship ; to take out, as a cargo; 
 applied both to tJie ship and the loading. We say, to 
 di.vcAari'e a ship ; but more gem rally, to (/i-vcAur^'e a 
 cargo or the lading of the ship. 
 
 2. To free from any load or burden ; to throw off 
 or exoneriitft ; as, discharged of business. Dryden. 
 
 3. 'I'o throw oir a load or charge ; to let lly ; to 
 shoot ; applied to Jire-arins ; as, to discharge a pistol 
 or a caiiiio'.l ; or to discharge a ball or grape-shut. 
 
 4. 'I'o f.ny ; as, to discliargc a debt, a bond, a note. 
 .*). 'I'o send away, as a creditor by payment of what 
 
 is due to him. He ducharged his creditors. 
 
 G. To free from claim or demand ; to give an ac- 
 quittance to, or a receipt in full, as to a debtor. 'J'ho 
 creditor discharged his debtor. 
 
 7. To free from an obligation ; as, to discharge a 
 man from further duty or service ; to disclmrge a 
 Buri'ty. 
 
 8. To clear from an accusation or crime ; to ac- 
 quit ; to absolve ; to set free ; with o/i as, to dis- 
 charge a iiiaii uf all blame. Jfooker. 
 
 9. To throw off or out ; to let fly ; to give vent 
 to ; as, to discharge a horrible oath ; to discharge fury 
 or vengeance. Shak. Pope. 
 
 10. 'I'o perliirin or execute, as a duty or office con- 
 sidered as a charge. One man discharges the ollico 
 of a slierilf; another that of a priest. We are all 
 bound to discharge the duties of piety, of benevo- 
 lence, and charity. 
 
 11. To divest of an office or employment ; to dis- 
 miss from service; as, to discharge a steward or a 
 servant ; to discharge a soldier or seaman ; to dis- 
 charge a jury. 
 
 12. To ilismiss ; to release ; to send away from 
 any business or ap]iuintnieiit. 
 
 Discharge your poweni to tlieir sevend counties. Shale. 
 
 13. To emit or send out ; as, an ulcer discharges 
 pus ; a pipe discharges water. 
 
 M. To release ; to liberats from confinement ; as, 
 to discharge a prisoner. 
 
 1. '). To put away ; to remove ; to clear from ; to 
 destroy. In general, to throw off any load or encuia- 
 bninre ; to free or clear. 
 
 DIS CHARGE', II. i. To break up. 
 
 Tlie clotid, if it were oiiy or fatty, would not discharge. Bacon. 
 
 DI.S-CHARGE', n. An unloading, as of a ship; as, 
 the discharge of a cargo. 
 
 2. A throwing out ; vent ; emission ; applied to a 
 fluid, a rtowing or issuing out, or a throwing out ; as, 
 the discharge of water from a spring, or from a 
 spout ; applied to fire-arms, an explosion ; as, a dis- 
 charge of cannon. 
 
 3. That which is thrown out ; matter emitted ; as, 
 a thill, serous discharge ; a purulent discharge. 
 
 4. Dismission from office or .service ; or the writing 
 which evidences the dismi.ssion. The general, the 
 soldier, obtains a discharge. 
 
 5. Release from obligation, debt, or penalty ; or 
 the writing which is evidence of it ; an acipiittancc ; 
 as, the debtor has a discharge. 
 
 G. .'\bsolution from a crime or .icciisation ; acquit- 
 tance. South. 
 
 7. Ransom; liberation; price paid for deliverance. 
 
 .l/i7t<m. 
 
 8. Performance ; execution ; applied to an office, 
 trust, or dutij. A good man is faithful in the discliargc 
 of his duties, public and private. 
 
 9. Liberation ; release from iiuprisonment or other 
 confinement. 
 
 10. Exemption ; escape. 
 
 Tlieru is no discharge in lh.at war. — Ecclcs. f iiL 
 
 11. Payment, as of a debt. 
 
 12. In architecture, to relieve or distribute a weight 
 to be borne. Thus, discharging arches are placed in 
 a wall over a lintel, to discharge the lintel of too 
 great a pressure from above. Bramle. 
 
 DIS-CHARG'fl), /!/) or a. Unloaded ; left olF; shot; 
 thrown out ; dismissed from service ; paid ; re- 
 leased ; acquitted ; freed from debt or penalty ; lib- 
 erated ; performed ; executed. 
 
 DIS-CHARO'ER, n. He that discharges in any man- 
 ner. 
 
 2. One who fires a gun. 
 
 3. Ill rlreiricitij, an instrument for discharging n 
 Leyden phial, jar, &r., by opening a communication 
 hi.'lweeii the two surfaces. Cj/c. 
 
 DIS-CIIARG'l.\'G,;i;»r. Unlading ; letting fly ; shoot- 
 ing ; throwing out ; emitting ; dkioissing from ser- 
 vice ; paying ; releasing from debt, obligation, or 
 claim ; acquitting ; liberating ; perforuiing ; exe- 
 cuting. 
 
 DIS CIIARGT.NG ARCH, n. An arch over a door, 
 window, 6ic., to distribute < r relieve tlio pressure. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 DIS-CIIARG'ING ROD, n. In eJi-c/rirify, a bent wire, 
 armed at both ends with knobs, and insul.iled by a 
 glass handle. It is employed for discharging a I>!y- 
 deii jar or an electrical battery. D. Olmsted. 
 
 DIS-CllURCir, c. u To deprive of the rank of a 
 church. HaU. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOU3 — C as K ; G aa J ; S as Z ; CH as SI! ; TU aa in THIS. 
 
 339 
 
J)IS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-CllURCH'/il), (dis-clmrclit',) pp. Deprived of 
 
 the rar.k of a cliiircli. 
 DIS-CIOE', V. I. To divide ; to cut in pieces. [JVot 
 
 DIS'Cl-FORM, a. [L. dbnts, a disk, and forma.] 
 
 Having the form of a disk, or circuhir plate. 
 DrS-CINeT', a. Ungirded. 
 
 DIS-C'IND', ». (. To cut in two. [JVot used.] Boyle. 
 DIS-CI'PLE, n. [L. du-icipulus, from disco, to learn.] 
 
 1. A learner ; a .scholar ; one who receives, or pro- 
 fesses to receive, instruction from another ; as, the 
 discipfcs of Plato. 
 
 2. A follower ; an adherent to the doctrines of an- 
 other. Hence, the constant attendants of Christ 
 were called his disciples : and hence all Christians 
 are called his disciples, as they profess to learn and 
 receive his doctrines and precepts. 
 
 DIS-CI'PLE, V. I. To teach ; to train, or bring up. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. To make disciples of ; to convert to doctrines 
 or principles. 
 
 This .nilliority he employed in sending missionaries to disciple 
 rII n.uiu.is. E. a. Gnffiit. 
 
 3. To punish j to discipline. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 DIS-CI'PLKD, pp. Taught ; trained ; brought up ; 
 made a disciple. 
 
 DIS-CI'PLE-LIKE, a. Becoming a disciple. Milton. 
 
 DIS-Cl'PLE-SHIP, 71. The state of a disciple or fol- 
 lower in doctrines and precepts. Hammond. 
 
 DIS'CI-PLI.\-A-BLE, a. [See Discipline.] 
 
 1. Capable of instruction, and improvement In 
 learning. 
 
 2. That may be subjected to discipline ; as, a disci- 
 plinable otTense, in church government. 
 
 3. Subject or liable to discipline, as the member of 
 a church. 
 
 DIS'CI-PLIN-A-BLE-NESS, n. Caiiacity of receiving 
 instruction by education. Hale. 
 2. The state of being subject to discipline. 
 DIS'Cr-PLIN-,\NT, n. One of a religious order, so 
 called from their practice of scourging themselves, or 
 other rigid discipline. Smollett. 
 DIS-CI-PLIN-a'RI-AN, a Pertaining to discipline. 
 
 Olanvillc. 
 
 DIS-CI-PLIN-A'RI-AN, n. One who disciplines ; one 
 versed in rules, principles, and practice, and who 
 teaches tliem with precision ; particularly, one who 
 instructs In miHtary and naval tactics and nianoeu- 
 vers. It is chiefly used in the latter sense, and es- 
 pecially for one who Is well versed in, or teaches 
 with exactness, military exercises and evolutions. 
 
 2. A Puritan or Presbyterian ; so called from his 
 rigid adherence to religious discipline. Sanderson, 
 [I believe not now used,] 
 
 DIS'tl-PLIN-A-RY, a. Pertaining to discipline ; In- 
 tended for discipline or government ; promoting dis- 
 cipline; as, certain canons of the church are disci- 
 plinartf. 
 
 2. Relating to a regular course of education ; in- 
 tended for instruction. Milton. 
 'i'be evils of life, piiiii, sicioieBSj losses, sorrows, (landers, and 
 di$.ippoinLmeiiLs, are disciplinary and reinedi.tl. 
 
 Backminster . 
 
 DIS'CI-PLINE, n. [L. disciplina, from disco, to learn.] 
 
 1. Education ; iiislriu tiou ; cultivation and im- 
 provement, comprehending iusti'uction in arts, sci- 
 ences, correct seiiiimc^nts, morals, and manners, and 
 due subordination to authority. 
 
 2. Instruction and government, comprehending 
 the coiiiinunlcation of knowledge and the regulation 
 of practice ; as, military discipline, which Includes 
 Instruction in manual exercise, evolutions, and sub- 
 ordination. 
 
 3. Rule of goveniinent ; method of regulating 
 principles and practice ; as, the discipline prescribed 
 for the church. 
 
 4. Siibjectiim to laws, riili-s, order, precepts, or 
 regulations ; as, the troops are under excellent disci- 
 pline ; the passions should be kejit under strict dis- 
 cipline. 
 
 !>. Correction ; chastisement ; punishment Intend- 
 ed to correct crimes or errors ; as, the diicipliiie of the 
 strap. Jlddison. 
 
 6. In ecclesiastical njfliirs, the execution of thi^ laws 
 by which the church is governed, and infliction of 
 the penalties enjoined against offenders, who profess 
 the religion of Jesus Christ. Kncije. 
 
 7. Chastisement or bodily punishment inflicted on 
 a delimpient in the R<mi;in (;alholic church ; or that 
 chiistiucinent or external mortilicaticjii which a reli- 
 gious person inflicts on himself. '/'aijlur. Knci/e. 
 
 I)IS'CI-PI,1.\'E, ?>. (. To instruct or educate; to in- 
 form the mind ; to prepare by instructing in correct 
 principles and haliiN ; in, u> discipline youth for a 
 profession, or for future usefulness. 
 
 2. To instruct and govern ; to teach rules and 
 practice, and acnistom to order and subordination ; 
 OS, Ui diMci/iline troops or an army. 
 
 3. To correct ; to chastise ; to punish. 
 
 4. To execute the laws of tlKM'hiirch on onV ndcrs, 
 with a view to bring them to repentance and rel'uriiia- 
 tion of life. 
 
 5. Tu advance and prepare by instruction. Milton. 
 
 UIS'(7I-PL1N-KD, pp. or a. Instructed ; educated ; 
 subjected to rules and regulations ; corrected ; chas- 
 tised ; punished ; admonished. 
 
 DIS'CI-PLIN-ER, n. One who disciplines or teaches. 
 
 DIS'CI-PLIN-ING, ppr. Instructing; educating ; sub- 
 jecting to order and subordination ; correcting ; chas- 
 tising; admonishing; punishing. 
 
 DIS-CLaIM', 1). t. [rfw and claim.] To disown; to 
 disavow ; to deny the possession of ; to reject as not 
 belonging to one's self. A man disclaims all knowl- 
 edge of a particular transaction; he disclaims every 
 pret(uision to elociuence ; he disclaims any right to in- 
 terfere in the affairs of his neighbor; he disclaims all 
 pretension to military skill. It is opposed to claim or 
 ckalle/iire, 
 
 2. To renounce ; to reject ; as, to disclaim the au- 
 thority of the pope. 
 
 3. "I'o deny all claim. A tenant may disclaim to 
 hold of his lord. En^. Law. 
 
 DIS-CLaI.M', I', i. To disavow all part or share. [Un- 
 usual.] 
 
 Nature disclaims in thee. Shak. 
 
 DIS-CLaIM'SD, pp. Disowned ; disavowed; reject- 
 ed ; denied. 
 
 DIS-CLaIM'ER, n. A person who disclaims, disowns, 
 or renounces. 
 
 2. In lam, an express or Implied denial or renunci- 
 ation of certain things in question. Hence, 
 
 3. A public disavowal, as of [iretensions, &c. 
 DIS-GLaIM'ING, ppr. Disowning; disavowing ; de- 
 nying ; renouncing. 
 
 DIS-CLA-Ma'TION, n. The act of disclaiming ; a 
 disavowing. [JVot used.] Scott. 
 
 DlS-CLoSE', (dis-kloze',) i>. t. [(lis and close ; Fr. de- 
 clorre, declos ; L. discludo. See Close.] 
 
 1. "To uncover ; to open ; to remove a cover from, 
 and lay open to the view. 
 
 The shells being broken, tlie stone included in them is disclosed. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 2. To cause to appear ; to lay open to the view ; to 
 bring to light. Events have disclosed the designs of 
 the ministry. 
 
 3. To reveal by words ; to tell ; to utter ; as, to 
 di.sclose the secret thoughts of the heart. 
 
 4. To make known ; to show in any manner. A 
 blush may disclose a secret passion In the breast. 
 
 5. To open ; to hatch. [JVut used.] 
 
 The ostrich layeth iter ejrg's under sand, wheiB the heat of the 
 sun discloscdi them. Bacon. 
 
 DIS-GLoSE', n. An uncovering. lounn-. 
 
 DIS CLOS'ED, pp. Uncovered ; opened to view ; made 
 known ; revealed ; told; uttered. 
 
 niS-CLdS'ER, H. One who discloses or reveals. 
 
 DIS-CLOS'ING, ppr. Uncovering; opening to view ; 
 revealing; making kui)wn ; telling. 
 
 DIS-CLoS'IfRE, (dis-klo'zhur,) n. The act of dis- 
 closing; an uncovering and opening to view. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. The act of revealing ; utterance of what was 
 secret ; a telling. 
 
 3. The act of making known what was concealed. 
 
 4. 1'hat which is disclosed or made known. 
 DIS-CLO'SION, (dis-klu'zhun,) n. [L. disclusus, dis- 
 cludo ; dis and claudo.] 
 
 An emission ; a Ilirowing out. [Little used.] More. 
 DIS-COAST', i). i. To depart from ; to (luit the coast. 
 [JVot u.w/.] 
 
 DIS-CO-HeR'E.VT, a. Incoherent. [The latter is gen- 
 
 eralltj used.] 
 nit^'Cbll), n. [L. discus; and Gr. titSos.] 
 
 Something in form of a discus or disk. 
 DIS'COII), j «. Having the form of a disk. The 
 DI.'^-COID'AL, i term discoid is particularly applied 
 
 t(i those univalve shells which have the air-wluirls 
 
 ilisposcd vertically on the same plane, so as to form 
 
 a disk, as the pearly nautilus. 
 
 Discoid, or discoiis, fi.iwers are compound flowers, 
 
 not lailiated, but the florets all tubular, as the tansy, 
 
 sniitlirrii wood, *ie. Cijc. Smitlu 
 
 DIS-CoI/OR, (ilis-kiiriur,) (. [L. di.scoloro ; (/wand 
 
 ciiloro, from color.] 
 
 1. To alter the natural hue or color of ; to stain ; 
 It' tinge. A drop of whnt will discolor a glass of wa- 
 ter; sih'er is discolored by sea-water. 
 
 2. To (itKingi* any color, natural or artificial ; to al- 
 ter a color partially. It dill'ers iVoiii color and dye, in 
 di'notiiig a partial alteration, rather than an entire 
 change, of color. 
 
 3. Figuratively, to alter thv complexion ; to change 
 the appearance ; as, to diicolor ideas. IVatts. 
 
 Dls eOLOR-A'TION, n. The act of altering the col- 
 1)1 ; a staining. 
 
 2. Alteration of color; stain ; as, spots and diicol- 
 o^ations of tli(^ skin. 
 
 3. Alterali'ui (if complexion or appearance. 
 
 DIl- eOl-'OR-iJl), ( kul'Iurd,) pp. Altered in color; 
 81 allied. 
 
 2. a. Variegated; being of divers colors. Spenser. 
 DI!< CrtI.'OR-IN(;, ppr. Altering the color or hue; 
 
 Htaiiiiiig ; changing the complexion. 
 D!i-' C0L'<)R-1N<;, ( kul'lur-) K. The net of altering 
 
 ej lor for the worse. 
 DIf eO.M'FIT, (dis-knm'fit,) v. t. [Fr. dccoi\/ire, de- 
 
 con fit ; It. scoufiiTocre, seotifitta ; from dis and the L. 
 configo, to fasten, to nail ; con and figo, to fix.] 
 
 'i'o rout ; to defeat ; to scatter In fight ; to cause to 
 flee ; to vanquish. 
 
 Joslui.i discomfited Am.iiek "and his peo^jle with the edge of the 
 
 sworrl. — Kx. xvii. 
 He, fii^iiivp, declined superior strength, 
 discomfited, pursued. Philips. 
 
 DIS-€0.M'F1T, 71. Rout ; dispersion ; defeat ; over 
 throw. 
 
 DIS eOM'FIT-ED, pp. or a. Routed ; defe.ited ; over- 
 thrown. 
 
 DIS-eO.M'FIT-ING, ppr. Routing: defeating. 
 DIS-eO.VI'FlT-lJRE, (dis-kum'fit-yur,) 71. Rout ; de- 
 feat in battle; dispersion; overthrow. 
 
 Every man's aworti wrts a^tinst his fellow, and there was a very 
 gre.it discontfilure. — I Sam. xiv. 
 
 2. Defeat; frustration; disappointment. 
 
 DIS-eOJI'FORT, (dis-kum'fuit,) n. [dis and comfirrl.] 
 Uneasiness ; disturbance of peace ; pain ; grief ; In- 
 quietude. Shale. South. 
 
 DIS-eO.M'FORT, V. t. To disturb peace or happiness ; 
 to make uneasy ; to pain ; to grieve ; to sailden ; to 
 deject. Sidney. 
 
 DlS-eO.M'FORT-A-BLE, a. Causing uneasiness ; un- 
 pleasant ; giving pain ; making sad. [Little used.] 
 
 Sidiieii. 
 
 2. Uneasy ; melancholy ; refusing comfort. [JVot 
 used.] Shnlc. 
 [Instead of this word, Uncomfortable is used.] 
 DIS-CO.M'FORT-ED, pp. Made uneasy ; disturbed ; 
 
 pained ; grieved. 
 DIS-eOM'FORT-ING, jTpr. Disturbing peace and hap- 
 piness ; making uneasy ; grieving. 
 DIS-eOM-ME.ND',!). t. [<& and coramciirf.] To blame; 
 to censure ; to mention with disapprobation. 
 
 I do not discommend the lofty style in tragedy. Dryden. 
 
 DIS-eOM-MEND'.\.-BLE, a. Blamable ; censurable; 
 deserving disapprobation. .iiiliffc. 
 
 DIS-eOM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS, 71. Blamabieness ; 
 the quality of being worthy of disapprobation. 
 
 DIS-eOM-MEND-A'TION, 71. Blame ; censure ; re- 
 proach. Jlyliffe. 
 
 DIS-CO.M-MEND'ER, 71. One who discommends ; a 
 dispralser. Johnson. 
 
 DIS-eOIM-.MEND'INfi, pj>r. Blaming ; censuring. 
 
 DIS-€OiM'MO-DaTE, v. t To Incommode. [JVot 
 used.] 
 
 DIS-eOM-MoDE', V. t. [db and commode, Fr.] 
 
 To put to inconvenience ; to incommode ; to mo- 
 lest ; to trouble. 
 
 DIS-€().M-iMoD'ED, /ip. Put to Inconvenience; mo- 
 lested ; Incommoded. 
 
 DIS-CO.M-MoD'ING, ppr. Putting to inconvenience ; 
 giving trouble to. 
 
 DIS-COM-Mo'Dl-OUS, a. Inconvenient ; trouble- 
 some. Spenser. 
 
 DlS-eO.M-Mo'DI-OUS-LY, adv. In a discominodious 
 manner. 
 
 DIS-CO.M-.MOD'I-TY, 71. Inconvenience; trouble; 
 
 hurt ; disadvantage. Bacon. 
 DIS-eO.M'MUN, V. t. [dis and 00771771071.] 'J'o appro- 
 priate common land; to separate and Inclose com- 
 mon. Cowel. 
 2. To deprive of the privileges of a place. 
 
 fVarton. 
 
 DIS eOM'.MON-KD, pp. Appropriated, as land. 
 Dl.S-CO.M'MON-l.'Vl!, ppr. Appropriating ; separating 
 
 or inclosing couunon land. 
 DI.'^-CO.M-PLE.X'IO.N', (-kom-plex'yun,) v. t. To 
 
 change the complexion or color. [JVot used.] 
 
 Bcanm. 
 
 DIS eOM-PoSE', (dis-kom-poze',) v. t. [dis and com- 
 pose.] 
 
 1. To unsettle; to disorder ; to disturb; applied to 
 thiitfrs. 
 
 2. To disturb peace and quietness; to agitate ; to 
 ruffle ; applied to the temper or mind i expressing less 
 agitation th.in fret and vex, or expressing vexation 
 with decorum. Swift. 
 
 3. To displace ; to discard. Wot in luie.] Bacon. 
 DIS-eoM-PoS'^:D, pp. or a. Unsettled ; disordered; 
 
 riiHled ; agitated ; disturbed. 
 
 DlS-CO.M-PoS'ING, ppr. Un.settling ; putting out of 
 order ; rutlling ; agitating ; disturbing tranquillity. 
 
 DIS-eo.M-I'()-SI"T10N, (-po-zish'un,) n. Inconslst- 
 eiicv. [JVot used.] 
 
 DIS CO.M-PoS'l'RK, (dis-kom-po'zhur,) 71. Disorder; 
 agitation; disturbance; perturbation; as, diicumpos- 
 ure of mind. Clarendon. 
 
 DIS-CON-CERT', r. t. [dis and concert.] To break 
 or interrupt any order, plan, or harmonious scheme ; 
 to defeat ; to frustratt?. The cmptTor di.-iconcerted the 
 plans of his enemy. 'J'heir schemes were discon- 
 certed, 
 
 2. To unsettle the mind ; to discompose ; to dis- 
 turb ; to confuse. An iiiK'xpecleil question may rfi*- 
 concert tile ablest advocate in his argiiiiiciit. 
 IJIS-CON-I-'ERT'EI), pp. Broken; interrupted ; dis- 
 ordered ; def^^•ited ; unsettled ; discomposed ; con- 
 fused. 
 
 DIS CON-CERT'ING, ppr. Disordering ; defeoting ; 
 discomiiosing ; disturbing. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WII.^T — ME'l E, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IIQQK.— 
 
 340 
 
DIS 
 
 UIS-eoN-t'liU TluN, n. The art of (lisnciiicerliiig. 
 
 Fei/rratislj /lumiUon. 
 DIP eON-FORM'I-TY, 71. [iIU ami CDiiformitrj.] Wiint 
 
 <if aun-i'mciit (ir rniitonnit)' ; inconsislt'Hcy. llakewiU. 
 DIS tU)N-(;itl''l-'l'Y, n. [din anil amirruilij.} Waiil 
 
 (if coiiiirnily , inroiijiniity ; (lisagrufiiu'iit ; incon- 
 
 si'^tincv. Halt. 
 DIS-CON-NT.CT', r. e. [ilia and connect.] To sepa- 
 
 ralu ; td di.suiiitc ; tu dissolve cuiiiiuction. 
 
 T.ilth woiilil, ill n fi-w gip|i<Titioti», cniiiiMc away, 
 
 l« lixtconwcUd iiilii the diiiit nnjpuwdvr of iiiclivtiluiilitv. 
 
 Burie. 
 
 Thin rcktricUoi) ditconnecls bunk p.lpcr niid Uic niTCiuiut iiict.ilB. 
 
 DIS-eo.N-NKCT'ED, pp. or a. Separated ; disunited. 
 This word is not synonymous with unconnected^ 
 tlion<!li often ronfoniided with it. Diicunnected ini- 
 plie's a previous connection ; uneoniiected docs not 
 necessarily imply any previous union. 
 
 DIS,-t:()\..Ni;CT'I.\tS, ;>;ir. Separating ; disuniting. 
 
 DIS-fO.\-N'Ee'TIO.V, w. Tlie act of separating, or 
 state of heing disunited ; separation ; want of union. 
 Nuthinsr wiM thep*fbre to tie in all the stilNiniiiiutc membera, 
 lilt wv:ikn'-j>s, dijteonnecitoitf ami cuitl'uftiun. Burke. 
 
 DIS-eON SK.N'T', n. i. [rfM and consent.] To differ; 
 
 to tlisagree ; not tt) consent. Mttton. 
 niS CO.N'SO-I.A.NCE, n. Disconsolateness. 
 DIS-euN'.-'lJ-L.VTK, o. [din and L. con..o/«ti<i. See 
 
 C0KSOLK.3 
 
 1. Destitute of comfort or consolation ; sorrowful ; 
 hopeless, or nt>t expecting comfort ; sad ; dejected ; 
 melancholy ; as, a jKirent, bereaved of an only child, 
 and dtseonsidaie. 
 
 2. Not nlfordins comfort ; cheerless ; as, the dis- 
 coti.inlnle d.'irkness of a winter's night. Rnti. 
 
 DIS-ei).\''SO-LATi;-l,V,«(/e. In a disconsolate nian- 
 
 ner ; wiilioiit coinfnrl. 
 DIS C(>.N'S()-I,.\TF. \KSS, n. The state of being 
 
 ilisroii^iilale or comfortless. 
 DIS-ftJ.N-SO-LA'TlO.V, n. Want of comfort. 
 
 Jficksotu 
 
 I)[S-CON-TENT', n. [dis and content.] Want of 
 content ; uneasiness or inipiietiide of mind ; dissat- 
 isfaction at anv present state of things. 
 
 n[S-t;().N-TE.\t', a. Uneasy ; dissatisfied. Hmjieard. 
 
 DIS-t'O.N-'I'EXT', I), f. To inake uneasy at the pres- 
 ent state ; to dissatisfv. 
 
 l)IS.eo.\-TE.\T'EI), pp. or a. Uneasy in mind ; dis- 
 satisfied ; unquiet ; as, discontented citi/.eiis make 
 liail subjects. 
 
 DlS-et).\ TENT'ED-LY, adv. In a discontented 
 manner or iiioixl. 
 
 DIS-CO.N-TENT'ED-N'ESS, n. Uneasiness of mind ; 
 iiiipiietiiile ; dissatisfaction. .^ddiion. 
 
 DI.S C()\-TE.NT'Fl, L, a. Full of discontent. 
 
 DIS-CD.N-TE.NT'I.NC, a. Giving une.asiiie.ss. 
 
 DIS-eo.\-TE.\T'.ME.\T, n! The state of being un- 
 easy in mind ; uneasiness ; inquietude ; discontent. 
 
 Hooker. Bacon. 
 
 DI8-€ON-TIN'y-A-BLE, a. That may be discontin- 
 ued. 
 
 DIS-eON-TI\'tT.A.\CE, n. [Sec Discontinue.] 
 Want of continuance ; cessation ; intermission ; iii- 
 terriiptitin of continuance ; as, a dijicontinuance of 
 conversation or intercourse. Merbury. 
 
 2. Want of coiitinuetl connection or cohesion of 
 parts ; want of union ; disruption. Bacon. 
 
 3. In /aie, a br(\aking otV or interruption of |msses- 
 sion, as where a tenant in tail makes a feotfinent in 
 fee-simple, or for the life of the feollee, or in tail, 
 which he ha-s not |Kiwer to do; in this case, the 
 entr>' of the feoffee is lawful during tht; life of the 
 fetitfor ; but if he retains [Hissessinn alter the death 
 of the feoffor, it is an injury which is termed a dis- 
 conttnnance^ the legal estate of the heir in tail being 
 discontinued, till a recovery can be had in law. 
 
 BUtekst^me. 
 
 4. Ducontinuance of a suit, is when a ))laintiff 
 leaves a chasm in the proceedings in his cause, as by 
 not continuing the priM-ess regularly from day today ; 
 in which c.ase the di'fendant is not bound to .it- 
 tend. Formerly, the <h*iiiise of the king caused a 
 diieontinHaiice of all suits ; but this is remedied by 
 statute 1 Edw. VI. Blaekstanr. 
 
 DlS-e<).\-TI.\-U-A'TI<)N, n. Breach or interrup- 
 tion of contintiity ; disruption of parts ; sepanition 
 of parts which form n connected series. JWieton. 
 
 DIS-eo.N"-TI.\'l.'E, r. /. [rfi.<- and rontinuc] To leave 
 off; to cause to cease, as a practice or habit ; to 
 stop ; to put an end to ; as, to di.'Vontmne the intem- 
 perate use of spirits. Invetenite customs arc not 
 diMHtinued without inconvenience. 
 
 The drpmliuoiii on our conunrrce were not to br difcontinutd. 
 
 T. PicktHng. 
 
 2. To break off; to interrupt. 
 
 3. To re.ase to Uake or receive ; as, to diicontiHue a 
 daily |ia|MT. 
 
 DIS-CO.N'-Tl.N'l'E, r. i. To cease ; to leave the pos- 
 session, or lose an established or long-enjoyed rigliU 
 
 Thy»'lf ilwJl di9cvntinu4 frvm Uiiiie herita^. — Jrr. xvii. 
 
 2. To lose the cohesion of parts ; to suffer disrup- 
 tion or separation of substance. [LtUle used.] 
 
 Baeon, 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-CO.\-'l'l.\'lJ-AD, pp. Left off; interrupted; 
 broken off. 
 
 DIS-C'ON-'I'IN'II-EU, n. One who discontinues a 
 
 rule or practice. 
 Dl.S-t'().\-'i'IN'lJ-ING, ppr. Ceasing; interrupting; 
 
 breaking off. 
 
 DIS-€().N-TI-N0'1-TY, n. Disunion of parts; want 
 of cohesion. J^cirton. 
 
 DlS-C<)N-TI.\'IJ-OUS, a. Broken off : iiiterriiplid. 
 2. Separated ; wide ; gaping. Mdtvn. 
 
 DIS-e().\'-Vl":.\'IE.\(:E, ( veii'yens,) n. [dui and 
 coiieenicncc.] Incongruity; disagreement, [/.iltlc 
 iwied.] Bram/itill. 
 
 I)lS-e().\-VK.\"IE.\T, a. Incongruous. Keiju/dds. 
 
 Dl.S'COIU), n. [L. discurdiu ; Fr. discordc ; from L. 
 di.<ci>rs ; ilis and cor.] 
 
 1. Disagreement among persons or tilings, lie- 
 Iweeii persons, diiriience of opinions; variance; 
 opposition ; contention ; strife ; any disagreemi nt 
 which produces angry passions, conti sts, dis|iiites, 
 litig.ttion, or war. Discord may exist btitwccii fam- 
 ilies, parties, and nations. 
 
 2. Disagreement; want of order; a clashing. 
 
 All discord, Ivirinony not imdenrtooil. Pope. 
 
 3. In mK.vtc, disagreement of sounds ; dissonance ; 
 a union of sounds which is inliariiionioiis, grating, 
 and disagreeable to the ear; or an interval whose 
 extremes do not coalesce. Thus the second and the 
 seventh, when soumleil together, make a discord. 
 The term discord is applied to each of the two 
 sounds which form the dissonance, and to the inter- 
 val ; but more [iroperly to the uii.xed sound of dis- 
 sonant tones. It is opposcrd to concord and harmony. 
 
 Dls eoltO', r. i. To disagree ; to jar ; to clash ; not 
 to suit ; not to be coincident. [Aet in use.] Bacon, 
 
 DIS-eORD'ANCE, ) r, ,. , , 
 
 DIS-eOKD'A\-cV, i "■ ''«™'-''''«'-] 
 
 Disagreement ; opposition ; inconsistency ; as, a 
 discordance of opinions, or of sounds. 
 
 DIS-eORD'ANT, a. [I.. discordan.->.] 
 
 1. Disagreeing; incongruous; contridictory ; be- 
 ing at variance ; as, discordant opinions ; discordant 
 rules or principles. 
 
 2. Opposite; contrarious ; not coincident; as, the 
 discordant attractions of comets, or of different plan- 
 ets. Cheyne. 
 
 3. Dissonant; not in unison; not harmonious; 
 not accordant ; harsli ; jarring ; as, discordant notes 
 or sounds. 
 
 DIS-eoUD'.\NT-I.Y, adv. Dissonantly ; in a dis- 
 cordant manner ; inconsistently ; in a manner to 
 jar or clash ; in disagreement with another, or with 
 itself. 
 
 DlS-eoRDTIJL, a. (luarrclsome ; contentious. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 DIS-eOUN'SEL, 1). U To dissuade. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 DIS'COUNT, 71. [Fr. deeonte or dccomple ; de, or du, 
 and conipte ; It. seonto ; Sp. de.-<cuento ; Arm. discount 
 or dioont, ^See Count.) Literally, a counting back 
 or from.] 
 
 1. A sum deducted for prompt or advanced pay- 
 ment ; an allowance or deiluction from a sum due, 
 or from a credit ; a certain rate per cent, deducted 
 from the credit price of goods sold, on account of 
 prtimpt iKiyment ; or any deduction from tile cus- 
 tomary price, or from a sum due, or to be due, at a 
 future time. Thus the uierchnnt who gives a credit 
 of tliri e months, will deduct a certain rate per cent, 
 for payment in hand, and the holder of a note or 
 bill of exchange will deduct a certain nite per cent, 
 of the amount of the note or bill for advanced pay- 
 ment, which deduclitui is called a discount. 
 
 2. Amimg bankers, the deduction of a sum for ad- 
 vanced (Kiynieul ; particularly, the deduction of the 
 interest on a sum lent, at the time of lending. Tlie 
 discounts at banking institutiiuis are usually tlie 
 amount of legal interest paid by tile Iwrrower, and 
 deducted from the sum borrowed, at the comiiieiice- 
 ment of the credit. Hamilton''s Report. 
 
 3. The sum deducted or refunded ; as, the (/iocount 
 was five |>er cent. 
 
 •I. The act of discounting. .\ note is lodged in 
 the bank for discounL Tile banks have suspended 
 disronnt'f, 
 
 DIS'COU.NT or DIP-COUNT', r. f. [Sp. de.^eontar ; 
 Port. 11/.; Fr. decompler; Ann. diicounla, di^ontein ; 
 It. sconlarr. In Bri/isA books, the accent is laid on 
 the husi syllable. Hut in .America, the accent is 
 usually, or always, on the first] 
 
 1. To deduct a certain sum or rate per cent from 
 the princi)ial sum. Merchants di.iconnt five or six per 
 cent for prompt or for advanced payment. 
 
 2. To lend or advance the amount of, deducting 
 the inurest or other rate per cent, from the principal, 
 .at the time of the Imin or advance. The banks dis- 
 count notes and bills of exchange, on good security. 
 
 The Cm rule — to ditoount only unexceptionable paper. 
 
 DIS'COUNT, r. i. To lend or make a practice of lend- 
 ing inoiicy, deducting the interest at the time of the 
 loan. 'J hc banks lU-icouni for sixty or ninety days, 
 soinetimes for longer terms. 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-eOUNT'A-HKK, a. Th-M iiiny »>« disct>iiiil/'d. 
 
 Curiam foriiis an* nercss-iry to midrr nutcs ili.-i- 
 
 countable ut a hank. A hill may hv. duatuntablr fur 
 
 more than Hi\tv days. 
 DI>f<>OUN'l'-l)A V, It. The day ot'thr. wt-ck on which 
 
 a hank di-'^cotints noti-s and hills. 
 DIS'CtiUNT-KI), pp. Dtdiictfd Irom a principal snrn ; 
 
 paid back ; refunded or :illuU't;d ; as, llie sum of five 
 
 pt-r cent, was d'ucouuted, 
 'J. Ilavint; the amount lent on di:^ruunt oc deduc- 
 
 titm of a sum in advance ; a:j, the bill was tli.tcountal 
 
 for sixty diivs. 
 UIS-e()U\''l'K-.\AN(:R, V. t, [f/(Vf and countrnancf.] 
 
 To abash ; to rullle or iliscompose the ronntrnanre ; 
 
 to put tu shauic ; tu jiut uut of cuuntenunce. [JSTot 
 
 Ilnw woiilil uiif look from liis riiitJesUc Itow 
 DiiCOMnlenance Iilt il'-npUeil I Millon, 
 
 2. To disci)nraf!c ; to check ; to restrain hy fniwns, 
 censure, arguments, uppositiun, or cold trenimr-nt. 
 The jiood* citizen will di-icountcnancc \''\co by every 
 lawful means. 
 DI.-!-e(>i;X'TK-XA\(:K, V. Cold treatment; unfa- 
 vorahle aspect; unt'iiendly r<i;ard ; dtsapprubalion ; 
 whatever ten{U tu check or discuumgc. 
 
 He tliuiis'ht n tilll'* ditcounteiuinct on tlioac pi-rsona would 
 siippn-KS that nptrit. Clarendon. 
 
 DrS-eOIJN'TE-NANX'-KO, (-nanst,) pp. Abashed ; 
 discouraged; eliecked ; frowned on. 
 
 DIH-€OC\''I'K-NA.\-CER, 7;. One who discourages 
 l)y cold treatment, frowns, censure, or expression of 
 disiipprobalioM ; one who checks or dcjiresses by un- 
 friendly reiiards. 
 
 DIS-CUliN'Tli-XAN-CIXG, ppr. Abashing . discour- 
 aging i checking by disapprobation or unfriendly re- 
 gards. 
 
 DIS'COUNT-KR, «. One who advances money on 
 discounts. Barkc 
 
 DI?^'COCNT-[Nn, ppr. Deducting a sum for prompt 
 or advanced payment. 
 2. Lending on iliscount. 
 
 DIS'COUNT- 1 u. 'J'he act or practice of lending 
 money on discounts. 
 
 The prufuabic biuinL 
 
 s of a bATik coiisihU ill discounUng. 
 
 Jlnmilton. 
 
 DIS-COUR'ACK, (dis-kur'aje,) r. t. [dis and courajre; 
 Fr. (Iccourtiisrr ; Ann. di<rnura;ri ; It. scfrrajririare. The 
 Italian is from ci and ciirii'j^rio. i?ee Courace.] 
 
 1. To exlinguisli the cimrage of ; to disiiearlen ; 
 to" depress the spirits; to deject; to deprive of con- 
 fidence. 
 
 Fatln'rs, provoke not your c!iiMn;ii, test thi-y be discouraged. — 
 Cul. lii. 
 
 2. To di;ter from any tiling; with from. 
 
 Why ducoumge yc ihft ly.^a ol the chililrcn of Israel /rom 
 ^iiig- ovrr iiitu the l.iml which die Lord hulh givcu Ihciii i 
 
 3. To attempt to repress or prevent ; to dissuade 
 fr<nn ; as, to di-^coura-re an ellurt. 
 
 DIS-COUR'At; FA), (dis kui'jijd,) pp. or a. Disheart- 
 ened ; deprived of coiinige or confidence ; depressed 
 in spirits; dtjtclcd ; checked. 
 
 DIS-€OUR'At;i:-.Mn\T, (dis-kur'ajo-ment,) n. The 
 act of dishearlenini!, or depriving of courage ; the 
 act of deterring or dissuading from an undertaking; 
 the act of depressing cotilideuce. 
 
 2. Tlial which tli stroys or abates cournse ; that 
 wliich depresses confidence or hope ; th:it which 
 deters, or lends to deter, frttm an undertaking, or 
 from the prosecution of any thing. Kvil exanrples 
 are great discourtt'fi'uirntj Ut virtue. The revt)lution 
 was commenced under every possible discourage' 
 virnt. 
 
 DIS-COUU'AG-ER, (dis-kur'aj-er,) n. One who dis- 
 courages; one wlui dishirartcns, cir depresses the 
 courage ; one wh(t impresses dilfidence or fear of 
 siirces-: ; one who dissuades from an undertaking. 
 
 DlS-COUR'AtVl.V*;, (dis-ktT'aj-ing,) ppr. Disheart- 
 ening; depressing courage. 
 
 2. a. Tending to tlishearlen, or to depress the cour- 
 age ; as, di.-icourairtnir prospects. 
 
 DIS-C01UI'A0-IM;-LV, adr. In a manner lending 
 l() di-rounice. 
 
 DIS-CoL'RSi;', (dis-kors',) h. [IV. disnntr.t: L. ditcitr- 
 sus^ from di.scnrro^ to ramble ; dis and curro^ to run ; 
 It. di.-fcorgo.'\ 
 
 1. The act of the understanding hy which it goes 
 forth into the field of Ihonght ; iJic act which con- 
 nects propositions, and deduces conclusions from 
 them. ^ Juhnson. 
 
 Sun! he th.-\t made ua with such large ^Mcourte, 
 l^ikhijf brfiirc nn<l arirr, envc us not 
 That bipnlriliiy nu<l ^adlifc irasuD 
 
 To nut III us ui)ii»n|. Shak. 
 [Thui sense is note oft-fo/rf/-.] 
 
 2. IJirratitj^ a running over a subject in speech ; 
 hence, a communication of thonglits by words, ei- 
 ther to individuals, to cnm|>anies, or to public as- 
 semblies. Di-itoitrsr to an individual, or tu n small 
 company, is called conversntion^ or talk ; mutual in- 
 terchange of thoughts ; mutual mtrrcourse of lan- 
 guage. It is applied to the familiar Ciunmnnicalion 
 of thoughts by an individual, or to the mutual com- 
 
 TCNE, BULL. IIMTE. — AN"GER, V1"CIQUS. — e as K ; G as J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; TM as in THIS. 
 
 43^ 
 
 CC^ 
 
 341 
 
DIS 
 
 I) IS 
 
 DIS 
 
 tniinicatioii uf two or more. We say, I was pleased 
 with his discourse^ and he heard our discourse. 
 
 The vanqiiislieU party vn\h iht- victors joiiie*!, 
 
 Nor wauled sweel discourBe. ihe biiiquel of ttie mind, 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3 Effusion of language ; speecli. Locke, 
 
 4. A written treatise ; a formal dissertation ; as, 
 the discourse of Plutarch on garrulity ; of Cicero on 
 old age. 
 
 5. A sermon, uttered or written. We say, an ex- 
 temporaneous di.<ci}iir.<e, or a written discourse, 
 
 DIS-€6UKSE', I', i. To talk ; to converse; but it ex- 
 presses rather nmre formality than tallc. lie dis- 
 coursed with us an hour on the events of the war. 
 Wc discoursed together on our mutual concerns. 
 
 2. To communicate thoui;hts or ideas in a fonnal 
 manner ; to treat upon in a solemn, set manner ; as, 
 to discourse on the properties of the circle ; the 
 preacher discoursed on the nature and effect of 
 faith. 
 
 3. To reason ; to pass from premises to conse- 
 quences. Daries. 
 
 DIS-eoUKSE', f. «. To treat of; to talk over. [J^ot 
 used.\ 
 
 Let us discourse our forlimts. Shak. 
 
 2. To utter or give forth ; as, to discourse excellent 
 mosaic. 
 
 DIS-e6URS'£D, (dis-korst',) jrp. Discussed at length; 
 treated of. 
 
 DIS-CoURS'ER, n. One who discourses ; a speaker; 
 a haranguer. 
 2. The writer of a trpati-=e or dissertation. Swift. 
 
 DIS-CoURS'ING, ppr. Talking ; conversing ; preach- 
 ing ; discussing ; treating at some length, or in a for- 
 mal manner. 
 
 DIs eoURS'IVE, n. Reasoning; p.issing from prem- 
 ises to consequences. Milton. 
 
 2. Containing dial.igue or conversation ; interlocu- 
 tory. 
 
 Tlie epic is interlaced with di.do^.ie or discoursive scenes. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 DIS-eOURT'E-OUS, (-kurt'e-us,) a. [dis and court- 
 eous.] Uncivil ; rude ; uncomplaisant ; wanting in 
 good manners; as, rf/.«co«r(couj; knight. 
 
 DIS-eOU'RT'E-OUS-LY, adv. In a rude or uncivil 
 manner ; with incivility 
 
 DIS-eOURT'E-SY, (-kurl'e-sy,) n. [dis and courtes^i.] 
 Incivility ; rudeness of behavior or language ; ill 
 manners ; act of disrespect. 
 
 Be cahti in arguing; lor fierceness makea 
 
 Error a laull, and uiuli discourtesy. Herbert. 
 
 DIS-€oURT'SHIP, n. Want of respect. [Obs.] 
 
 B. Jouson. 
 
 DISe'OUS, a. [from L. discus.] Broad ; flat ; wide ; 
 used of the middle, plain, and flat part of some flow- 
 ers. Q^uiitcy. 
 
 DIS-eOV'E-\ANT, r. t. To dissolve covenant with. 
 
 DIS-COV'ER, (dis-kuv'er,) v. U [Fr. dj-coucrir ; de, 
 for des, or rfw, and r^urrir, to cover ; Sp. descubrir; 
 ViiTt. descobrir : It. scoprirc. See Cover.] 
 
 1. Literally, to uncover ; to remove a covering. Is. 
 xxii. 
 
 2. To lay open to view ; to disclose ; to show ; to 
 make visible ; to expose to view something before un- 
 seen or concealed. 
 
 Go, draw aside the cnrlains, and discover 
 The several c isl;els to t'lis noble prince. Shak. 
 He discQvert 'Ji deep ihinsTs om of darkness. — Job xii. 
 L.aw CLn discover sin, hat not remove. Milton. 
 
 [In these passages, the word should be Uncuveiu] 
 J. To reveal ; to make known. 
 
 We will rfwcopi 
 Ducover not a 
 
 ■ ourselves to them. — 1 Sam. xii 
 ' caH to anotiier. — Prov, xxv. 
 
 4. To espy ; to have the first sight of; as, a man at 
 mast-head discovered land. 
 
 When wc hail discovered Cypnis, we left it on the left hand. — 
 Aclj. xxi. 
 
 5. To find out; to obtain the first knowledge of ; 
 to come to the knowledge of something sought or be- 
 fore unknown. Columbus discovered the variation 
 of the magnetic neeille. We ofli^n discover our 
 mistakes, when too late to prevent their evil ef- 
 fects. 
 
 6. To di^tect ; as, we discovered the artifice ; the 
 thi< r, finding himself r/ucoi-ercd, attempted to escape. 
 
 Ducorer differs from invent. Wc di.icovrr what 
 before existed, though to us unknown ; wc invent 
 what did not before exist. 
 DISCO V"Ell-.\-liLE, a. That may be discovered; 
 that inay be brought to light, or ex|H)sed to view. 
 
 2. 'J'h.at m.-iy be seen ; as, many minute animals 
 are discoverable only by tht; help of the micrrwcope. 
 
 3. That may be found out, or made known ; as, 
 the Scriptures reveal many things not discoverable by 
 the light of rciuson. 
 
 4. Apparent ; vixiblc ; cxponed to view. 
 Nothing discoverMc la llie lunsr surface li ever cover«Hl. 
 
 Bendey. 
 
 DI.S-eOV'F,R-/?n, (-kuv'erd,) pp. Uncnrnrcd ; dis- 
 chwed to view ; laid o|K'n ; revealed ; espied or first 
 seen ; found out ; detei tetl. 
 
 DI8-eOV'EIt-ER, n. One who discovers ; one who 
 
 first sees or enpies ; one who finds out, or first comes 
 
 to the knowledge of something. 
 2. A .Bcont ; an ex|)lorer. Shak. 
 DIS-eOV'ER IXG, ppr. Uncovering ; disclosing to 
 
 view; laying open ; revealing; making known ; es- 
 
 pving ; finding out ; detecting. 
 DIS-tOV'ERT-lIRE, n. [Ft. dccouvert, uncovered.] 
 A state of being released from coverture ; freedom 
 
 of a woman from the coverture of a husband. 
 DlS-eOV'ER-Y, n. The action of disclosing to view, 
 
 or bringing to light : as, by the discovery of a plot, 
 
 the public peace is preser^'ed. 
 
 2. Disclosure ; a making known ; a^, a bankrupt is 
 bound to make a full discovery of his estate and 
 
 'effects. 
 
 3. The action of finding something hidden ; as, the 
 discovrrii of lead or silver in the earth. 
 
 4. The act of finding (tut, or coining to the knowl- 
 edge of; as, the (/iscoceri/ of truth ; the discovery of 
 magnetism. 
 
 5. The act of espying ; first sight of ; as, the rfis- 
 covery of America by Columbus, or of the continent 
 by Cabot. 
 
 6. That which is discovered, found out, or revealed ; 
 that which is first brought to light, seen, or known. 
 The properties of the magnet were an important dis- 
 covery. Redemption from sin was a discovery beyond 
 the power of human philosophy. 
 
 7. In dramatic poetry, the unraveling of a plot, or 
 the manner of unfolding the plot or fable of a comedy 
 or tragedy. 
 
 DIS-CRED'IT, n. [Ft. discredit: Sp. discredito ; It. 
 scredito. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Want of creditor good reputation; some degree 
 of disgrace or reproach ; disesteeni ; applied to per- 
 sons or thinirs. Frauds in manufactures bring them 
 into discredit. 
 
 It is the duty of every Chiistian to be concerned for the reputation 
 or discredit Iiis life may bring on his profession. Rogers. 
 
 2, Want of belief, trust, or confidence; disbelief; 
 as, later accounts liave brought the story Into dis- 
 credit. 
 
 DIS-CRED'IT, V. U [Fr. decrediter ; de, des, dis, and 
 credit/] 
 
 1. To disbelieve ; to give no credit to ; not to credit 
 or believe ; as, the report is discrcdtled. 
 
 2. Todepriveof credit or good rejiiilation ; to make 
 less reputable or honorable ; to bring into disesteem ; 
 to bring into some degree of disgrace, or into dis- 
 repute. 
 
 He le:ist discredits his travels, wlio returns the same man he 
 went. WoKon. 
 
 Our virtues will be often discredited with the appearance of 
 evil. Rogers. 
 
 3. To deprive of credibility. Shak. 
 DIS-eRED'IT-.\-nLE, a. Tending to injure credit; 
 
 injurious to reputtiticm ; disgraceful ; disreputable. 
 
 Blair. 
 
 DIS-CRED'IT-A-BLY, ado. In a discreditable man- 
 ner. 
 
 DIS-CRED'IT-ED, pp. Disbelieved; brought into dis- 
 repute ; disgraced. 
 
 DISeRED'IT-ING, p/ir. Disbelieving; not trusting 
 to ; depriving of credit; disgracing. 
 
 DIS CREET', a. [Fr. dLicrct : Sp. discreto ; It. id. ; L. 
 discrctus, the participle assigned to discenw, dis and 
 cerno, but probably from the root of riddle, W. rhidylt, 
 from rhiiiiaiD, to secrete, as screen is from the root of 
 seccrno, or czccrno, Gr. Koifj*. L. cerno ; Gr. (UaKottrtf. 
 Class ltd. It is sometimes written discrete ; Ihe dis- 
 tinction between discreet anil discrete is arl)itrar>', 
 but perhaps not entirely useless. The literal sense 
 is, separate, reserved, warj' ; hence, discerning.] 
 
 Prudent ; wise in avoiding errors or evil, tand in 
 selecting tile best means to accomplish a purpose ; 
 circumspect; cautious; waiy ; not rash. 
 
 It is llie discreet man, not the willy, nor Uie leam'-d, nor the 
 brwi', who guides the conversation, and gives measiin^ to 
 soca-ty. Addison. 
 
 Let Pli.irauh look out a man discreet and wise. — CJen. xii. 
 
 niS-CREET'LY, ado. Prudently ; circumspectly ; cau- 
 tiously ; witli nice judgment of what is best to be 
 done or omitted. 
 
 DIS-CREET'XESS, n. The quality of being discreet ; 
 (iisi-rrlion. 
 
 DI.*>-CIIMP'.\N(^E, i n. [L. discrepanlia, discrepaus, 
 DI.S-CKEP'.\N-(;Y, ( from discrcpo, to give a differ- 
 ent sound, to vary, to jar; dis and crepo, to creak. 
 See CnEHTATi;.] 
 
 Difference ; disagri!Cment ; contrariety ; applicable 
 to facts or opintons. 
 
 Then- is no real discrettanaj between lh''»e two ifentrnlo^i-s. 
 
 /■tiier. 
 
 DIS-eUI'.P'.\.\T, a. Different; disagreeing; roiitniry. 
 
 DIS-CRkTE', rt. [\.. discreltus. See Dihi iieet.] 
 
 1. Separati' ; illstiiict ; disjiincl. In phonoUvrii, a 
 discrete movement, is a leap of the voice from one line 
 of pitch to anollii r, as distinguislieil from a concrete 
 movement, or slide, m which Ihe voice p.asst^s through 
 all the inlermi'diate parts of the musical scale. Hush. 
 Discrete propnrJnm, is w hen the ratio of two or nvTC 
 pairs of niimbirrs or itnanlilies is the same, but there 
 is not lh(; same proportion belweeii all the numbers; 
 
 as, 3 : C : : 8 : IG, 3 bearing the same proportion to 6 
 as 8 does to If). But 3 is not to 6 as to 8. Ilisllius 
 opposed to continued or continual proportiim ; as, 
 3 : 6 : : 12 : 24. Barlow. 
 
 2. Disjunctive; as, I resign my life, tut not my 
 honor,js a discrete proposition. Jidtuson. 
 
 DIS-CRkTE', v. U To separate ; to discontinue. 
 [JVot used.] Browiu 
 
 DlS-eRE"TION, (dis-kresh'un,) n. [Fr. discretion ; 
 It. discrezione ; Sp. di.screeion ; from the L. discretio, 
 a separating ; discretns, discrrno. .See Disc beet.] 
 
 1. Prudence, or knowledge anil iirinlence ; that 
 discernment which enables a person to jiidse crit- 
 ically of what is correct and projier, united with 
 caution : nice discernment and judgment, directed 
 by circiiipspection, and primarily regarding one's 
 o%vn contluct. 
 
 A good man — will guide hi* atfatrs with discretion. — Ps. cxii. 
 My son, keep sountiwisdom and discretion. — Prov. iii. 
 
 2. Liberty or power of acting without other con- 
 trol Ihtin one's own judgment ; as, the management 
 of affairs was lell to Ihe discretion of the prince ; he 
 is left to his own discretion. Hence, 
 
 To surrender at discretion, is to surrender without 
 stipulation or terms, and commit one's self entirely 
 to the power of the conqueror. 
 
 3. Disjunction ; separation. [JVut miicA used.] 
 
 Mede. 
 
 DI.S-€RE"TinX-A-RY, j (dis-kresh'un-,) a. Left to 
 DlS-eRK''TI().\-AL, ( di.screlion ; unrestrained 
 except by discreticm or judgment; that is to be di- 
 rected or managed by discretion only. Thus, Ihe 
 president of ihe United States is, in certain cases, 
 invested with discretionary powers, to act according 
 to circumstances. 
 DIS-eRE"TI().\'-A-Rt-I,Y, ^ adr. At di.screti.in ; ac- 
 DlS-eRE"TI(:N-AL-LY, ( cordinz to di.scr. tion. 
 DIS-CRli'TIVE, a. [See Discreet and Discrete.] 
 Disjunctive; noting separation or opposition. In 
 h)(ric, a discretire proposition expresses some distinc- 
 tion, opposition, or variety, by means of but, Owuirh, 
 yet, &c. ; as, travelers change their climate, but nut 
 their temper; Job was patient, though his grief was 
 great. 
 
 2. In grammar, discretive distinctions are sueli as 
 imply opposition or difl'erence ; as, not a m.an, but a 
 beast. Johnson. 
 2. Separate ; distinct. 
 
 DIS-CRe'TIVE-LY, adv. In a discretive manner. 
 
 DIS-CRIM'IX-A-IiLE, a. Thttt may be discriminated. 
 
 DIS-CRI.M'I.V-.aTE, v. t. [L. discrimmo, from di.scri- 
 men, difference, distinction ; dis and crimen, ililf.T- 
 enlly ajiplied ; coinciding with the sense of Gr. 
 diaKiufu), KOivu, L. cenw.] 
 
 1. To distinguish ; to observe the difference be- 
 tween ; as, we may usually discrimitiate true from 
 false modesty. 
 
 2. To separate ; to select from others ; to make a 
 distinction between ; .as, in the last judirment, the 
 righteous will be discriminated from Ihe v.'icked. 
 
 3. To mark with not'-.s of difference ; to distinguish 
 by some note or mark. We discriminate animals by 
 names, as nature has discriminated them by difi'i rcnt 
 shapes and habits. 
 
 DIS-CRI.M'IN-aTE, r. i. To make a difference or 
 distinctiim ; as, in the application of law, and the 
 punishment of crimes, the judge should discriminaLc 
 between degrees of guilt. 
 
 2. To observe or note a difference ; to distinguish ; 
 as, in judging of evidence, we should be careful to 
 discriminate between probability and slight presump- 
 tion. 
 
 DIS-CRI.^I'I.N'-ATE, a. Distinguished ; having the 
 difference marked. Bacon. 
 
 DI.S-CRl.M'IiN-.A-TED, pp. Separated; distinguished. 
 
 DIS-eRI.M'Ii\'-.\TE-lA', adv. Distinctly ; wilh minute 
 distinction ; particularly. .hhu.son. 
 
 DIS-CKl.M'IN-ATE-NESS, n. Distinctness; marked 
 difference. f^'ct 
 
 DIS-eR[.M'IN-A-TING,ppr. Separating; distinguish- 
 ing; marking wilh notes of difference. 
 
 2. a. Distinguishing ; (leculiar ; characterized by 
 peculiar differences ; as, the discriminating doctrines 
 of the gospel. 
 
 3. a. That discriminates; able to make nice dis- 
 tinctions; as, a discriminating mind. 
 
 .lonrn. of Science^ 
 DIS-CRIM-IN-A'TION, n. The act of di.-^inpuishing; 
 the act of making t-r observing a ditlerencc , distinc- 
 tion ; as, the discrimination bi twi i ii right and wrong. 
 
 2. The slate of being distinguished. Slillingjleet. 
 
 3. .Mark of distim tion. A". Charles. 
 DI.'^-eUI.M'IN-A TI VE, n. That makes the m.irk of 
 
 dislinctiim ; Unit constitutes the mark of difference; 
 characteristic ; as, the discriminnlive feiitiires of men. 
 
 2. That observes distinction ; as, discriniinative 
 providence. ^/<irc 
 DIS-CRUriN'-A-TIVE-I.V,arfp. With diiicrimination 
 
 or distiiirtion. Foster. 
 I)lS-CItlM'I.V-A-TOIl, 71. One who discriminates. 
 I)lS-ClUAI'IN-()i;S, u. Hazardous. [JVot used.] 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 DIS CROW.N', p. t. To deprive of a crown. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, HQpK — 
 
 842 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-GKOWN'KD, pp. Deprived of a crown. 
 DlS-CU()VVi\'lNG, ppr. Ueprivim; of a crown. 
 
 CampbelL 
 
 DIS-eO'ni-TO-RY, n. [1. iHicubitorius ; (iiscumbo ; 
 (lis :iti(l cuho, to lie down or li nn.] 
 
 Leaning; inclining; or fitted to a leaning posture. 
 
 DIS-eUI/I'STJO, r. I. [Ft. disculper ; Sp. disculpar ; 
 dis and L. culpa, a fiiiilt.] 
 
 To free from blame or fault ; to exculpate ; to 
 excuse. 
 
 Nfith'T ilofi lliia rff'»et of tho Inilcpendoiice of n.itiong rtiitcut/iate 
 llio uulhor of ail Ull)il»t wiir. Trans, of Vnllcl. 
 
 DI.S-eUL'PA-TED, pp. Cleared from blame ; excul- 
 pated. 
 
 l)IS-eUI,'P.\-TK\G, j);)r. Freeing from blame ; ex- 
 cusinL'. 
 
 ms ci'l, PA'TION, ,1. Kvciilp-ition. 
 Ill.'^-eUL'PA-TD-KV, (I. 'I'lMdiiig to exculpate. 
 I)IS-ei;M'UK.\'-UY, M. [I,, r/iscuminw. See Uiscfni- 
 
 TORV.] 
 
 Tlie act of leaning at meat, according to tlie man- 
 ner of tlie ancients. lirmoti. 
 l)l.-;.eUM'HKK, r. (. [dls and cumhrr.] To unbur- 
 den ; to throw off any thing cunibersnme ; to disen- 
 gage from any troublesome wi-iizht, or impediment; 
 to disi'iiriiiiiber. [ The lattfr is irrnerally «,^rf/.] Pitpe. 
 DIS-COlU;', ti. t. To discover; to reveal. [.Vuducii.] 
 
 Speii^tr. 
 
 lilS-eilR'UKNT, a. Not current, [M used.] Saiulijs. 
 ! >IS-t'Ull'SION, n. [L. discurro i dis and curro, to 
 run.] 
 
 .\ running or rambling about. BuUnj. 
 DI.S-eUll'.-<IST, n. [See Discoubse.] A dispiiter. 
 
 [Mil in u.ie.] L. AMisim. 
 
 niS-eiMl'Sl VE, a. [Sp. (/iicursieo, from L. discurro, 
 
 supra. 1 
 
 1. Sloving or roving about ; desultory. Baron. 
 
 2. ,\rguinentative ; reasoning; proceeding regularly 
 from premises to consequences ; somrtimes written 
 DiseouBsivE. VVIiethcr brutes have a kind of dis- 
 curitirr faculty. Hate. 
 
 l)(S-eUlt'Sl VE-I,Y, ade. In a discursive niaiiuer; 
 arsumentalivelv. lUle. 
 
 Dl S-e U I VE-X ESS, n. The state or quality of 
 being discursive. Barrow. 
 
 DlS-€&R'SO-RY, a. Argumental ; rational. Johnson. 
 
 DlSe'US, II. [L. Sec Eng. Dish and Disk.] 
 
 ■ 1. .A quoit ; a piece of iron, copper, or stone, to be 
 thrown in play ; used hy the ancients. 
 
 •2. in friilaiiH, the middle, plain part of a radiated 
 compound flower, generally consisting of small 
 Uorets, with a hollow, regular petal, as In the mari- 
 gold and daisy. Baileii. Encyc. 
 
 3. The face or surface o( the sun or moon. [See 
 Disk.] 
 
 DIS-CIjSS', r. (. [Tj. disnilio, discu<sum ; dis and 
 quatio ; Fr. di-teutrr : Sp. discutir. Quatio may be 
 allied to iiuasso, and to rudo and c<rdo, to strike. See 
 Cbuss Gs, No. 17, SM, (W, 79, and Class Gd, No. 38, 
 40, 76.] 
 
 Literally, to drive ; to beat or to shake in pieces ; 
 to separate into p.arts. 
 
 1. To disperse; to scatter; to dissolve; to repel ; 
 lis, to dLsews.t a tumor ; a medical use of the word. 
 
 2. To debate ; to agitate by argument ; to clear of 
 objections and dillicultics, with a view to find or 
 illustrate truth ; to sift; to examine by disputation ; 
 to ventilate ; to reason on, for the purpose of sepa- 
 rating truth from OUsehmid. We discuss a subject, a 
 point, a problem, a question, the propriety, exjicdi- 
 ence, or justice, of a measure, Acc. 
 
 3. To bre:ik in pieces. Brown. 
 
 4. 'I'o shake oil". [.Vot in use.] Sprnsrr. 
 
 5. The primary sense of the word is heard in the 
 colloquial phrases, to discuss a fowl, to discuss a bottle 
 of wine. 
 
 DIS-€USS'£D, (dis-kiist',) pp. Dispersed ; dissipated ; 
 
 debated ; agitated ; argued. 
 DIS-CUSS'ER, ;i. One who discusses ; one who sifts 
 
 or examines. 
 
 DIS-eUS:v'ING, ppr. Dispersing; resolving ; scatter- 
 ing ; di bating; agit.atini' ; examining by argument. 
 
 DlS-CUS.-i'l.N'G, II. Discussion; examination. 
 
 DIS-eUS'SION, (dia-kusli'un,) n. In sur:;rry, reso- 
 lution ; the disitersion of a tumor or any coagulated 
 matter. Cure. IVi.'ieinan. 
 
 2. Det«te : disquisition ; the acitation of a [Hiint 
 or subject with a view to elicit truth ; the treating of 
 a subject by arcumenf, to clear it of dilficiiltied, and 
 separite truth from falsehiiod. 
 
 Dls eUSS'I VE, u. Having the power to discuss, re- 
 solve, or disp. rse, tumors or coagulated matter. 
 
 DIS-Cl/SS'l VE, n. A medicine that discusses; a dis- 
 cutient. 
 
 DlS-eO'TIENT, (dis-kQ'shent,) a. [L. discutiens.] 
 
 Discussing ; disjiersing morbid matter. 
 DIS-eC'TIE.NT, n. .\ medicine or application which 
 disjK'rses a tumor or any coagulated fluid in the 
 boily ; sometimes it is equivalent to carminalivr. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 DIS-DAI.V, r. 1. [Fr. dedaisrnrr ; Sp. de.idenar ; It. 
 sdrirnare ; Port, desdenhar ; U dedigiwr ; de, dis, and 
 
 diif-nor, to think worthy; dijrnu.^, worthy. See Dio- 
 
 NITV.] 
 
 To think unworthy ; to deem worthli'ss ; to con- 
 sider to be unworthy of notice, care, regard, esteem, 
 or unworthy of one's character; to scorn ; to con- 
 teiiiii. The man of elevated miiul disdains a mo;in 
 action; he diidaius the society of profliiiate, worth- 
 less men ; he rfi.-(/«;H.< to corriijit the innocent, or in- 
 sult the weak , Goliath disdained David. 
 
 W'lioit(» futi'-i-a I would li.ivc disdxxincd to sel with the doja of 
 1117 llock. — Jul- XXX. 
 DIS-DaIN', n. Contempt ; scorn ; a pn.ssion excited 
 in noble mintls by the hatred or detestation of what 
 is mean and dishoiiornble, and implying a conscious- 
 ness of superiority of iiiiinl, or a supposed superior- 
 ity. In iirnohU minds, disdain may spring from uu- 
 warnintatile pride or h.iuglitiness, and lie directed 
 toward objerts of worth. It implies li;itred, and 
 sometimes anger. 
 
 IIiiw iiiy Buiil is movcl with Jnst diatUiin I Popt. 
 
 DIS-D.\I.\''KI>, yip. Despised; contemned; scorned. 
 DIS I).\1.\'FI;L, a. Full of disdain ; as, disdainful 
 soul. 
 
 2. Expressing disdain ; as, a disdainful look. 
 
 3. Contemptuous; scornful; haughty; indignant. 
 
 Hooker. J)rydcn. 
 DI?-DAIN'FJJT.-T,Y, mlv. Contemptuously ; with 
 
 scorn ; in a haughty manner. South. 
 DIS-DAI.\'FlJI^.N'ESS,ii. Contempt; conteniptuous- 
 
 ness ; haughty scorn. Sidney. 
 Dl.S-D.^I.V'ING, /</>r. Contemning; scorning. 
 I)I?-DAI.\'IN(;, n. Contempt; sforn. 
 DIS DI-A-Pa'SON, ) n. [See Diafason.] In m«.sii;, 
 ltlS-l)I-A-P.\'SO.\, j a scale of two octaves, or a 
 
 tilteeuth. Brande. 
 DIS-EASE', (diz-e/.e',) 71. [(/« and fajie.] in its pri- 
 
 niary srn.'ie, pain, unc!:isiness, distress, and so useu by 
 
 Spiriiser ; but in this sense, obsolete. 
 
 2. Any deviation from health in function or struc- 
 ture ; the cause of pain or uneasiness ; distemper ; 
 malady; sickness; ilisortler; any state of a living 
 body in which the natural fiini lions of the organs 
 are interrupled or distiirhed, either by defective or 
 jireternatural action, without a disruptiire of parts by 
 violence, which is called a wound. The first ctTect 
 of tlisuase is uneasiness or pain, and the ultimate 
 etfect is death. A disease may all'ecl tlic whole body 
 or a particular limb or ptirt of the body. We say 
 a diseased limb ; a disrasc in the head or stomach ; 
 and such partitd alfi ction of the body is called a local 
 or topical disease. The word is also applied to the 
 disorders of other animals, as well as to those of 
 man ; and to any derangement of tlie vegetative 
 functions of plants. 
 
 The sliivfts of disease slioot ncro&s our path in such a variety of 
 cotlraes, tliat tJic miiiosph'-n; of liitiilan life la d.irlteiied by 
 Uieir iitiiiilvr, and the eM:a|)e of na individu.d li>-conies 
 almi'sl iiiiniculuiis. Buckmiiisler. 
 
 3. A disordered st.nte of the mind or intellect, by 
 which the n:ason is iinpaircil. 
 
 4. In society, vice ; corrupt state of morals. Vices 
 are called moral diseases. 
 
 A wiac man converse* with tlie wicked, as a physician with the 
 sick, nut to C4itch IJie disease, hul to cure iu 
 
 Alaxim of AndsOtenss. 
 
 5. Political or civil disorder, or vices in a state; 
 any practice which tends to disturb the peace of so- 
 ciety , or impede or prevent the regular administration 
 of government. 
 
 The intftability, hijustice, and confniion intnMliicetl Into the piiMic 
 &Miiicila have, in titiih, Leon tlie iiion-al disetises under 
 which popular ^veniinciiu ha<e every where jn'rish'-d. 
 
 f^ederaiist, ^laiiison. 
 
 DI$-i~; ASE', (diz-ez'e') p. ^ To interrupt or impair any 
 or all the natural and regular functions of the several 
 organs of a living bmly ; to alllict with pain or sick- 
 ness ; to make morbid; used chiefly in the ptissivi;' 
 p.'irticiple ; as, a diseased btnl)-, a ditensed stomach ; 
 but diitased may hi're be considered as an ailjective. 
 
 2. To interrupt or rentier imperfect the regular 
 functions of the brain, or of the intellect ; to disor- 
 der ; to derange. [gion. 
 
 3. To infect ; to Cfunmuiiicate disease to by ctuita- 
 
 4. To pain ; to make uneasy. Locke. 
 DIS-P.AS'A;D, (diz-Czd',) pp. or a. Disordered ; dis- 
 
 temperetl ; sick. 
 DIS-RAS'ED-NESS, (diz-ez'cd-ncss,) ii. The state of 
 
 brill!; ilisfased; a morbid state; sickness. Burnet. 
 DIS-t":.\SE'KljL, (diz-eze'ful,) a. Abounding with dis- 
 
 e.-use ; producing diseases ; as, a diseascful climate. 
 2. Orrasitining uneasiness. 
 DIS KA*E'.MEXT, (diz-ezc'mcnl,) n. Uneasiness; 
 
 inconvenience. Bacon. 
 DIS l";AS'l.\G, ppr. Disordering; infecting. 
 l)IS-EI)li'£D, a. [dis and algc] Blunted ; made dull. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DIS-EM-BARK', t>. fc [dis and embark ; Fr. descmbar- 
 jurr.] 
 
 To land ; to debark ; to remove from on board a 
 ship to the land ; to put on shore ; applied particularly 
 to the landing of troops and military apparatus i as, the 
 general dtsemharked the trtxips at sunrise. 
 1 DIS-E.M-BXRK', r. i. To lanil ; to ileliark ; to quit a 
 
 ship for resilience or aelhui on shore ; as, the light 
 
 infantry anil cavalry di.icnil/arked, anil inarched to 
 
 meet the eiiemv. 
 DIS EM-l)AKK-A'TION, n. The act of disembarking. 
 l)IS-i;.M-liXRK'/;D, (-eiii-bArkt',) pp. Landed ; put on 
 
 shore. 
 
 DIS-E.M nARK'I.NO, ppr.' Landing; removing frimi 
 
 on lioartl a ship to laiiil. 
 DIS-EM-IIAR'KASS, B. (. [,/m and /■mfciiprnss.] To 
 
 free fiiini embarnissment or jierplexity ; to cletir ; to 
 
 e\triciile. Mason, 
 I)IS.|:M-I1AR'RASS-KI), (dis-em-bar'rast,) pp. Freed 
 
 fiiiiii eiiiliarrassmeut . extricated from ilifliculty. 
 DIS i;.\I-l!ARMlASS-l.\G, ;</)r. Freeing from eiiibar- 
 
 rassiiient or ix rpli xilv ; extricating. 
 DlS-i;.M-l!ARMtASS-.VlENT, n. The act of extricating 
 
 fruiii perplexity. 
 I)IS-I;.\I-Ba Y', V. U To clear from a bay. Sherburne. 
 DIS-KM-BA Y'f;i), pp. Cleared from a hay. 
 DIS-E.\1-HaY'1.\G, ppr. Clearing from a bay. 
 DIS-EM-UEL'LISII, ». £. To deprive of cmliellish- 
 
 lllent. 
 
 DIS-i;.M-lii:i/LlSH-£D, (-em-bel'lisht,) Deprived 
 
 of i nilii llislmient. 
 DIS-E.M-ltlT'TKIt, V. U [dis and embitter.] To free 
 
 from bilteruess ; to clear from acrmiony ; to render 
 
 sweet or [ileasant. .Addison. 
 DIS-E.M-niT''J'ER-KD, pp. Freed from bitterness. 
 DIS-EM-liOD'I-A.'l), f-c^iu bod'id,) a. [(/i.< and cmAorf- 
 
 ied.] Divested of the body ; as, disembodied spirits 
 
 or souls. 
 
 2. Separated ; discharged from keeping in a body. 
 
 Jlihlia Art, Geo. HI. 
 DIS-E.M-BOD' Y, v. U To divest of body ; to free from 
 flesh. 
 
 2. To iliscliarge from militarv array. 
 
 DIS-E.M-IIOD'Y-ING, ppr. Divesting of body. 
 
 DIS-E.M-BoGUE', (tlis-< in bog',) r. I. [dis anil the root 
 of Fr. bottche, mouth. The French lixs cmioucAcr anil 
 debouquer. Sp. boca, mouth. Port, id.. It. bucca. See 
 Voice.] 
 
 To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stretun ; 
 to vent ; to discharge into the ocean or a lake. 
 Rolliri? down, tiie steep Tiinaviis nvves, 
 And tliruiigh nine chaunelii disernlfogues ion waves. Addison. 
 
 DIS-EM-BOGUE', v. i. To flow out at the mouth, as 
 a river ; to discharge waters into the oce an or into a 
 lake. Innumerable rivers d'lsembogue into the ocean. 
 2. To pass out of a gulf or bav. 
 
 DIS-EM-noGU'iiD, (-eiii-bogd',) pp. Discharged at 
 the mouth of a river. 
 
 DlS-E.M-BoGUE'.MENT, n. Discharge of waters into 
 the ocean or a bike. Mra.se. 
 
 DIS-E.M-IIO'SO.M, V. I. To separate from the bosom. 
 
 Young. 
 
 DIS-EM-BO'SOM-KD, pp. Separated from the bosom. 
 DIS-E.M-BOW'EL, r. t. [dis and embowel.] To take 
 
 out the bowels ; to take or dniw from the bowels, as 
 
 the web of a spiiler. 
 DIS-E.M-BOW'EL-£D, pp. or a. Taken or drawn from 
 
 the bowels. 
 
 Disemboweled web. Philips. 
 
 DIR-EM-BOW'EL-ING, ppr. Taking or drawing from 
 the bowtds. 
 
 DIS-E.M-ltO\V'ER-j:D, a. Removed from a bower, or 
 dt^prived ;if a bower. Bryant, 
 
 DIS-E.M-HRAN"GLE, ( em-brang'gl,) v. t. T'o free 
 from litigation. [JVol used.] 
 
 DIS-E.M-IIROIL', f. ^ [dis and embroil.] To disen- 
 tani;le ; to free from perplexitj' ; to extricate from 
 contusion. Dryden. Mdison. 
 
 DIS-IvM-ltK()IL'/.l), p/i. Disentangled; cleared from 
 perplexit\* or confusion. 
 
 DIS E.M-HUoIL'ING, ppr. Disentangling ; freeing 
 friiiii confusion. 
 
 DIS-E.M-PLOY'KD, a. Thrown out of employment. 
 
 DlS-E.V-A'liLE. V. t. [dis and enable.] To deprive of 
 power, natural or inonU ; to disable ; to deprive of 
 ability or means. A man may be disenabled to walk 
 by lameness ; and by iKiverty he is disenabled to sup- 
 port his family. 
 
 DIS-E\-.A'BL£D, pp. Deprived of power, ability, or 
 means. 
 
 DIS-E.\-A'BLING, ppr. Depriving of power, abUity, 
 or means. 
 
 DIS-E.V-CIIANT', V. ^ [dis and enclianl.] To free 
 from enchantment; to deliver from tlie power of 
 charms or spells. 
 
 Hatte to tliy work ; a nolje *lroke or two 
 
 Knds all Uie ch imis, and disenchants Ihc grove. Dryden. 
 
 DIS-EX-CIIANT'ED, pp. Delivered from enchant- 
 ment or the power of charms. 
 
 DI.S-E.N'-CIIAXT'ER, ii. He or that which disen- 
 chants. 
 
 DIS-E.\-CIIANT'ING, ppr. Freeing from enchant- 
 ment or the influence of charms. 
 
 DIS-EX-CIIAXT'.MENT, n. Act of disenchanting. 
 
 DIS-EX eil.M'BER, i'. (. [dis and encumber.] To free 
 from encumbrance ; to deliver from clogs and imped- 
 iments ; to disburden ; as, to disencumber troops of 
 their baggage ; to disencumber the soul of its botfy of 
 clay ; to dtsencumbcr the mind of its cares and griefs. 
 2. To free from any obstruction ; to free from any 
 
 TONE, BJJLL,, IJNrra — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
DIS 
 
 tiling Iicavy or unnecessary ; as, a disencumbered 
 buildinji. Addison. 
 DIS-EN-eUSI'BER-£D, pp. or o. Freed from encum- 
 brance. 
 
 DIS-EN-eUM'BER-ING, ppr. Freeing from encum- 
 brance. 
 
 DIS-E.\-eU.M'BR.\NCE, n. Freedom or deliverance 
 from encumbrance, or any thing burdensome or troub- 
 lesome. Spectutur. 
 
 DIS-E.\-GaGE', v. t. [dis and engage.] To separate, 
 as a substance from any thin^ with which it is in 
 union ; to free ; to loose ; to liberate ; as, to disen- 
 gage a metal from extraneous substances. 
 
 Caloric and light must be disengaged during the process. 
 
 Lavoisitr, 
 
 2. To separate from that to which one adheres, or 
 is attached ; as, to disengage a man from a party. 
 
 3. To disentangle ; to extricate ; to clear from im- 
 pediments, difficulties, or perplexities ; <is, to disen- 
 gage one from broils or controversies. 
 
 4. To detach ; to withdraw ; to wean ; as, to r/iscn- 
 gage the heart or affections from eailhly [Jursnits. 
 
 5. To free from any thing that conim:iiids the mind 
 or employs the attention ; as, to ili.iengage the mind 
 from study; to disengage one's self from liusiness. 
 
 6. To release or liberate from a promise or obli- 
 gation ; to set free by dissolving an engagement ; as, 
 the men who were enlisted are now disengaged ; the 
 lady who liad promised to give her hand in marriage 
 is disengaged. 
 
 Let it be observed, that disengaged properly implies 
 previous engagement, and is not to be confounded 
 with unengaged^ which does not always imply prior 
 engagement. This distinction is sometimes careless- 
 ly overlooked. 
 
 DIS-EN-GaG'£D, pp. Separated ; detached ; set free ; 
 released ; disjoined ; disentangled. 
 
 2. a. Vacant ; being at leisure ; not particularly 
 occupied ; not having the attention confined to a par- 
 ticular object. [ TVii's iciird is thus used by mistake far 
 Unengaoed, not engaged.] 
 
 DIS-EX-GaG'ED-NESS, 11. The quality or state of 
 being disengaged ; freedom from connection ; dis- 
 2. Vacuity of attention. [junction. 
 
 DI.S EN'-GaG'E'iMEN I', n. A setting free ; separation ; 
 extrication. 
 
 It U e!\sy to render tliis dieengagerneiU of caloric nntl light 
 evident to the senses. £.avuisier. 
 
 2. The act of separating or detaching. 
 
 3. Liberation or reh-ase from obligation. 
 
 4. Freedc.m from attention ; vacancy ; leisure. 
 DIS-EN'-GaG'ING, p;/r. Separating; loosing; setting 
 
 free ; detaching ; libcratiug ; releasing fiom obliga- 
 Discngnging mackineni. See Engaging. [tion. 
 
 DIS-Ei\-A'o'liLE, i: t. To deprive of title, or of that 
 which ennobles. Guardian. 
 
 DIS-E.\-.\0'IiLED, pp. Deprived of title, or of that 
 which ennobles. 
 
 D!S-l',.\-l!nl.L', r. i. To erase from a roll or list. 
 
 DlS-lC.V-KfiLl, '/•;!), Erased from a mil. [Donne. 
 
 Dl.-^-K.N-Knl.L'I.N'G, ;j;)r. Erasing fiom a roll or list. 
 
 DIS-K.\-SI,A VE'. V. t. To free from bondage. Suiilh. 
 
 L)l.<-EN-T.\X"GLE,(-en-tang'gl,) v. I. [dis and entan- 
 gle.] To unravel ; to unfold ; to untwist ; to loose, 
 separate, or disconnect things which are interwoven, 
 or united without order ; as, to disentangle network ; 
 to disentangle a skein of yarn. 
 
 2. To free ; to extricate from perplexity ; to disen- 
 gage from comjilicated concerns ; to set free from im- 
 pediments or difiicnities ; as, to disentangle one*sself 
 from bitsini ss, from political affairs, or from the cares 
 and ti-niptations of life. 
 
 3. Til (lisi iiL'.ige ; to separate. 
 DIS-E.N-TA.V 'G l.A.I), (-en-lang'ghl,) pp. Freed from 
 
 entanglement ; exlricaled. 
 
 DIS-E\-TAi\"GLii-.ME.\T, n. The act of disentan- 
 gling. Warton. 
 
 D1S-EX-TAN"GLI.\G, ppr. Freeing from entangle- 
 ment ; extricating. 
 
 DIH-E.\-TER'. See Disinter. 
 
 DIS-E.X-TMIIAT-L'. See Disinthrall. 
 
 DI.S-EN-TIIUoNE', B. (. [dis and enthrone.] To de- 
 throne ; to (i'-pose from sovereign authority ; as, to 
 diseiilliroiir a king. Milton. 
 
 DIS-E.N-'llIKo.N'yCU, iv. Deposed; deprived of sov- 
 ereign fMlWrr. 
 
 D1.S-E\-TIIIU').\'L\G, ppr. Deposing; depriving of 
 royal aulhurity. 
 
 ni.S-E.\-TI'Tlj:, r. t. To deprive of title. Smth. 
 
 DIH-E.N-TI' I I.A.I), Deprived of title. 
 
 D1S-E.\.TKa.\(;E', II. (. [,/,., and entrance.] To 
 awaken from a trance, or from deep sleep ; to arouse 
 from a n vi ry. Jludibras. 
 from a trance, sleep, or revery. 
 
 DIS E.S-TltANG'/CI), (-i n-tr.lnst',) pp. Awakened 
 
 DIS-i;.V-TKA-N'<J'I\(;, ;/;<r. Arousing from a trance, 
 8leep, or revery. 
 
 DIS KKT', a. [L. disertus.] ICIoqucnt. 
 
 DIS ES roi;«li', c. I. [f/w and M/ioiwe.T To sep- 
 arate after mjiouiial or iiliglited faith ; to divorce. 
 
 JUillim. 
 
 DIS-EH-Pf)I,'S!'/;r), p^. Separated after cspoiiHal ; re- 
 leaned from obligation lo iiinrry. 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-ES-POUS'IiN'G, ppr. Separating after plighted 
 faith. 
 
 DIS-ES-TAB'LISH, v. t. To remove from establish- 
 ment. 
 
 DIS-ES-TEEM', n. [dis and esteem.] Want of es- 
 teem ; slight dislike ; disregard. It expresses less 
 than hatred or contempt. Locke. 
 
 DIS-ES-TEE.M', v. t. To dislike in a moderate de- 
 gree ; to consider with disregard, disapprobation, 
 dislike, or slight contempt ; to slight. 
 
 Bnl if this sacred gift you disesteem. Denliam. 
 
 DIS-ES-TEEM'£D,pp. Disliked; slighted. 
 DIS-E.S-TEEM'LN'G,p/)r. Disliking; slighting. 
 DIS-ES-TI-Ma'TION, 71. Disesteem ; bad repute. 
 DIS-EX'ER-CISE, e. £. To deprive of exercise. [A 
 
 bad word.] jMilton. 
 DIS-FAX'UY, V. t. To dislike. [JVot used.] 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 DIS-F.\'VOR, n. [dis and faror.] Dislike; slight 
 displeasure; discountenance; unfavorable regttrd ; 
 disesteem ; as, the ctinduct of the minister incurred 
 the disfaevr of his sovereign. 
 
 2. A state of unacceptableness ; a state in which 
 one is not esteemed or favored, or not patronized, 
 promoted, or befriended ; as, to be in duifavor at 
 court. 
 
 3. An ill or disobliging act ; as, no generous man 
 will do :i disfavor to the meanest of his species. 
 
 DIS-F.^ ' VOU, r. t. To discountenance ; to withdraw 
 or withhold from one, kindness, friendship, or sup- 
 port; to check or oppose by disapprobation ; as, let 
 the man be countenanced or disfavored, according to 
 his merits. 
 
 DIS-Fa'VOR-£D, pp. Discountenanced; not fa- 
 vored. 
 
 DIS-F.y VOR-ER, n. One who discountenances. 
 
 DIS-F.\'V01l-ING, ppr. Discountenancing. [Bacon. 
 
 DlS-Fi;.\'Tt;RE, (-feet'yur,) v.t. To deprive of fea- 
 tures ; to disfigure. 
 
 DI.S-FIG-i;-l!A 'riON, ?i. [See Disfigure.] The 
 act of disfiguring, or marring external form. 
 
 2. The slate of being disfigured ; some degree of 
 deformity. 
 
 DIS-FIG't'iRE, (-fig'ynr,) c. t. [dis and figure.] To 
 change to a worse form ; to mar external figure ; to 
 impair shape or form, and render it less perfect and 
 beautiful ; as, the loss of a limb disfigures the body. 
 
 2. To mar; to impair; to injure beauty, symmetry, 
 or excellence. 
 
 DIS-FIG'yR-£D, (dis-fig'yuid,) pp. oro. Changed to 
 a worse form ; impaired in form or appearance. 
 
 DIS-FIG'CRE-.ME.N'T, «. Change of external form 
 to the worse ; defacement of beauty. 
 
 Milton. Sucklin". 
 
 DIS-FIG'UR-ER, (-fig'yiir-er,) n. One who disfig- 
 ures. 
 
 DIS-FIG'UU-ING, ppr. Injuring the form or shape ; 
 impairing the beauty of form. 
 
 DIS FOR' EST. See Disakforest. 
 
 DIS-FRA.N'CHISE, (-cliiz,) e. (. [dis and franchise.] 
 To deprive of the rights and jirivileges of a free citi- 
 zen ; to deprive of chartered rights and immunities; 
 to deprive of any franchise, as of tlie right of voting 
 in elections, &c. BlacLitvnc. 
 
 DIS-FRAN'CIIIS-/:D, (dis-fran'chlzd,) pp. or a. De- 
 prived of the rights and privileges of a free citizen, 
 or of some partiiMilar franchise. 
 
 DIS-FRAN'CIIlSi:-iMENT, (dis-fran'chiz-ment,) n. 
 The act of disfranchising, or depriving of the privi- 
 leges of a free citizen, or of some particular immu- 
 nity. 
 
 DIS-FRAN'CIIIS-ING, ppr. Depriving of the privi- 
 leges of a free citizen, or of some particular immu- 
 nity. 
 
 DIS-FRI'AR, ti. <. [rfi.t and /riar.] To deprive of the 
 state of a friar. [JVot used.] Sandy.-.: 
 
 DIS-FUR'NISH, J). /. [dis and furnish.] To deprive 
 of furniture; to strip of apparatus, habiliments, or 
 equipage. Shalt. KnoUes. 
 
 DIS-FUR'."VISII-Kn, (-fiir'nisht,) pp. Deprived of 
 furniture ; stripped of apparatus. 
 
 DI.-^-FUK'.\ISII-L\G, ppr. Depriving of furniture or 
 apparatus. 
 
 DIS-(J.VL'LANT,(). t. To deprive of gallantry. [JVot 
 
 used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 DIS-GAR'NISH, 5). f. [dis and garnish.] To divest 
 of garniture or ornaments. 
 
 2. I'o deprive of a garrison, guns, and military ap- 
 paratiis ; to degarnish. 
 DIS-GAR'RI-SON, v. I. To deprive of a garrison. 
 
 Hemit. 
 
 DIS-GAR'RI SO\-/:r), pp. Deprived of a garrison. 
 1)IS-(;AR'KI-S0.\-ING, ppr. Deprived of a garrison. 
 DIS-GAV'EL, 0. (. [See Gavelkind.] To take 
 
 BW.ay the tenure of gavelkind. Blackstone. 
 DIS-GAV'EL-y-.'l), pp. Deprived of the tenure by 
 
 gavelkind. 
 
 DlS-(; AVIOI, I. N't;, ppr. Taking away tenure by 
 gavelkind. Blnckstone. 
 
 DI.S-GLO'RI-FV, r. r. [dis and glorifti.] To deprive 
 of glory ; to treat with indignity. The [iarticiple(/«- 
 gliirilied it) used by Milton; but the word is little 
 iiHed. I 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-GORGE', (dis-gorj',) v. t. [Fx. degorger i de, dis, 
 and gorge, the throat. J 
 
 1. To eject or discharge from the stomach, throat, 
 or mouth ; to vomit. 
 
 2. To throw out with violence ; to discharge vio- 
 lently or in great quantities from a confined place. 
 Thus, volcanoes are said to disgorge streams of burn- 
 ing lava, ashes, and stones. Milton's infernal rivers 
 disgorge their streams into a burning lake. 
 
 3. Fig. To yield up or give back what had been 
 seized upon as one's own ; as, to disgorge his ill- 
 gotten gains. 
 
 DlS-GOKG'£D, pp. Ejected; discharged from the 
 
 stomach or inoutti ; thrown out with violence antl in 
 
 great quantities. 
 DIS-GORGE'.MENT, (dis-gorj'ment,) n. The act of 
 
 disgorging; a vomiting. JIull 
 DIS-GOUG'Ii\G, ppr. Discharging from the throat 
 
 or mouth ; vomiting; ejecting with violence and in 
 
 great quantities. 
 DKS-GOS'PEL, ». t. [dis and gospel.] To differ from 
 
 the precepts of the gospel. [JV"o( used.] Mdton, 
 DIS-GR.aCE', n. [dis and grace] A state of being 
 
 out of favor ; disfavor; disesteem; as, the minister 
 
 retired from court in disgrace. 
 
 2. Sttite of ignominy ; dishonor, shame. 
 
 3. Cause of shame ; as, to turn the bacK to the 
 enemy is a foul disgrace ; every vice is a disgrace to 
 a rational being. 
 
 4. Act of unkindness. [JVot used.] Sidney. 
 DIS-GRaCE', v. t. To put out of favor ; as, the min- 
 ister was disgraced. 
 
 2. To bring a reproach on; to dishonor; as an 
 agent. Men are apt to take pleasure in disgracing an 
 enemy and his performances. 
 
 3. To bring to shame ; to dishonor ; to sink in es- 
 timation ; as a cause ; as, men often boast of actions 
 whicli_r/i.,CTrace them. 
 
 DIS-GR aC'A'D, (dis-grist',) pp. or a. Put out of favor ; 
 brought under reproach ; dishonored. 
 
 DIS-GRaCE'FUL, a. Shameful ; reproachful ; dis- 
 honorable : procuring shame ; sinking reputation. 
 Cowardice is disgraciful to a soldier. Intemperance 
 and profaneness are disgraceful to a man, but mote 
 disgraceful to a woman. 
 
 DIS-GRaCE'FIJL-LY, adv. With disgrace. 
 
 TIte senate iiavc cast you forth disgracefully. B. Jonson. 
 2. Shamefully ; reproachfully ; ignominibusly ; in 
 a disgraceful manner; as, the troops Aed disgrace- 
 fullit. 
 
 DIS-GRaCE'FUL-NESS, 71. Ignoniiuy ; shameful- 
 ness. 
 
 DIS-GRa'CER, n. One who disgraces ; one who ex- 
 poses to disgrace ; one who brings into disgrace, 
 shame, or contempt. 
 
 DIS-GRa'CING, ppr. Bringing reproach on ; dishon- 
 oring. 
 
 DIS-GllA'ClOUS, a. [dis and gracious.] Ungracious; 
 uiipleasing. Sltak, 
 
 DIS-GRaDE', v. t. Our old word for Degrade. 
 
 DIS'GRE-GaTE, e. t. To separate ; to disperse. [Lit- 
 tle used.] More. 
 
 DIS-GUISE', (dis-gize',) v.t. [Fr. deguiser ; dc, dis, 
 and guise, manner.] 
 
 1. To conceal by an unusual habit or mask. Men 
 sometimes disguise themselves for the purpose of 
 committing crimes without danger of detection. 
 They disLruise their faces in a masquerade. 
 
 2. To hide by a counterfeit appeartiiice ; to cloak 
 by a false show, by false language, or an artificial 
 manner ; as, to dUguise anger, sentiments, or in- 
 tentions. 
 
 3. To disfigure; to alter the form, and exhibit an 
 unusual appearance. 
 
 Th-^y saw the faces, which too well they knew, 
 
 Tliongh tlien disguised in death. Dryilen. 
 
 4. To disfigure or deform by liquor; to intoxicate. 
 DIS-GUISE', H. A counterfeit habit ; a dress intend- 
 ed to conceal the person who wt^ars it. By tlie laws 
 of England, persons doing unlawful acis in disguise, 
 are subjected to heavy penalties, and, in some cases, 
 declari^d felons. 
 
 2. A false appearance ; a counterfeit show ; an ar- 
 tificial or assumed appearance intended fo detx'ive 
 the beholder. A treacherous design is often con- 
 cealed iiiitler the disguise of great caiiilor. 
 
 3. Cluuige of manner by drink ; intoxication. 
 DIS-GUIS'f.'l), (dis-glzd', )/)/). or 11. Concealed by a 
 
 counterfeit Iniliit or appearance ; intoxicated. 
 DIS-GUISE'MEN'I', 7i. Dress of concealment; false 
 appearance. 
 
 DIS-(;urs'ER, (dis-giz'er,) 7i. One who disguises 
 himself or another. 
 2. lie or tlitit wliirli disfigures. 
 
 DIS-GUIS'ING, ppr. Concealing by a counterfeit dress, 
 or by n false slmw ; intoxicating. 
 
 DIS-tiUIS'lNG, 71. The act of giving a false ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 2. Theatrical mummery, or masking. 
 DIS GUST', H. [Ft. degoit ! de, dus, and go<lt,laste, 
 L. gu.stus.] 
 
 I. Disrelish ; distaste ; aversion to the taste of fond 
 or ilrink ; an unpleasant sensation excited in the or- 
 
 KATE, FAR, P^LL, WU^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 344 
 
DIS 
 
 gans of lasts by sointtliinE disacreeublc, and, wlien 
 cxtri'ine, pruduciiis luathiiig or nausea. 
 
 ■J. Dislike; aversion; an unpleasant sensation in 
 the mind, excited by soniethinR offensive in the man- 
 ners, conduct, huiRiiage.or ofiinions of others, Tliua, 
 obscenity in language, and cluwnishness in behavior, 
 excite (lisifHst, 
 l)lri-(JL'ST', »._(. To eicite aversion in tlie stomach ; 
 to olfeiid the taste. 
 2. To displease ; to ofTend the mind or moral taste ; 
 I Willi at or with ; as, to be disgtisleil at foppery, or with 
 I vulgar manners. To disgujt from Is unusual and 
 hardly U'!:itimaIo. 
 DI.-^-(;U.ST'En,;//>. Displeased ; offended, 
 i Ills (iUriT'l-'JJl., <i. Offensive to the taste ; nauseous ; 
 exritin^; aversion in the natural or mural tasti'. 
 
 (UTST'ING, i>i>r. I'rovoking aversion ; offending 
 Ihe taste. 
 
 •3. II. Provoking dislike ; odious ; hateful ; as, Jis- 
 1 i'(<.vfifirt- servility. 
 UL-i-GUST'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to give dis- 
 gust. Swinburne. 
 DISH, 71. [Sax. diic, a dish, and dUas, dishes ; L. dis- 
 : (Jr. oicKoc Kr. din/ur ; Arm. dis^ ; W.disirijl; 
 Sp. It. disco. It is the same word as dLk and desk, 
 and seems to signify something flat, plain, or ex- 
 tended.] 
 
 1. .\ broad, open vessel, made of various materials, 
 used for serving up meat and various kinds of f>Hi<i 
 at the table. It is sonietnnes used for a deep, hollow 
 vessel for liipion*. Jlddison. Milton. 
 
 S. The meat or provisions served in a dish. Hence, 
 any particular kind of food. 
 
 1 tiRvc ficrc a rfuA of tlorc*. Skak. 
 
 We say, a di.<h of veal or venison ; a cold <ii>7» ; a 
 warm dUh ; a delicious dish, 
 
 :i. .\mong miners, a Irougli in which ore is meas- 
 ured, about OS inches long, 4 deep, and 6 wide. 
 
 Knctje. 
 
 DISH, r. (. To put in a dish ; as, Uie meat is all dished, 
 
 and readv for the table. 
 DISII'-eL'OTII, ( II. .\ cloth used for washing and 
 DISH'-eLOUT, j wiping dishes. Swift. 
 DISII'-WASH-KR, (-wosh'er,) n. The name of a 
 
 bird, ttie mergus. Johnson. 
 D1S1I'-\VA-TEK, n. Water in which dishes are 
 
 wa-^hed. 
 
 DIS-ll A-Un/I-TATE, f, U To disqualify, 
 
 DkS-H.\-l!ll.LE', (dis-a-bil',) n. [Fr. deshabiUi ; des 
 and habilter, to dress, ^ee Habit.] 
 
 .\n undress ; a loose, negligent dre.ss for the morn- 
 ing. Hut see Deshabille, the French and more cor- 
 rect ortliogniphy. 
 
 Dryden uses the word as a participle, " Queens are 
 not to be too negligently dressed or dishubiUe.'^ In 
 this use he is not followeih 
 
 DIS-IIAIVIT, r. (. To drive froni a habitation. [JVut 
 in usf.] Shiik. 
 
 DIS-ll.\.R--Mo'M-OUS, a. lucoiigriious. [See Us- 
 HAnMoxioitj.) flalliiMrU, 
 
 DIS-HAR'.MU-.NY, ti. [dis nnA hnrmony.] \Vant of 
 liarmonv ; discord ; incongruity. [A'nt iisrd.] 
 
 DIS-I!E.\RT'i;.V, (dis-hirt'n,) v. U [dts and Ai-,irf.] 
 To discounigi! ; to deprive of courage ; to depress 
 the spirits ; to deject ; to impress with fear ; as, it is 
 weaknes.s to be di^heartenetl bv small obstiicles. 
 
 DIS-HE.iiIlT'i;.\-KD, (dis h.irt'nil,) pt>. or a. Discour- 
 aged ; depressed in spirits ; cast down. 
 
 DIS-HE.\RT'j;.N-I.\G, (dis-hirl'n-ing,) ppr. or o. Dis- 
 couraging ; depressing the spirits. 
 
 DISH'KD, (disht,) pp. Put in a dish ur dishes. 
 
 DIS-IIBIII', (diz-are'j) r. <. To debar from inheriting. 
 l.X'vt in iA.vf.] Drffden. 
 
 DfS-HER'I-SO.\, n. [See Dishebit.] The act of dis- 
 inheriting, or cutting off from inheritance. Bp. Hall. 
 
 DIS-IIER'IT, V. L [Fr. desheriler ; dts, du^, and he- 
 ritrr; Arm. diserita; IL disere4art i ^p. dcsheredar. 
 See lUin.] 
 
 To disinherit ; to cut ofTfmm the possession or en- 
 joyment of an inheritance. [See Di9i.>hehit, which 
 is more generallv used.] 
 
 DIS-HER'1T-A.\CE, n. The state of disheriting, or 
 of being disinherited. Beaum. 
 
 DIS-IIER'IT-ED, pp. Cut off from an inheritance or 
 liereditarv succession. 
 
 DIS-HER'IT-IXO, ppr. Cutting off from an inherit- 
 ance. Sprnscr. 
 
 1)I-SHEV'£L, (de-dhev'l,) v. I. [Fr. deduceler : de, 
 dis, and cJuveu., hair, cJucclu, hairy, L. eapillus. Class 
 Gb.J 
 
 T o spread the hair loosely ; to suffer the hair of the 
 hi'ad to hang negligently, and to flow without con- 
 finement ; ujed diiejltj in ihe passive participle. 
 
 DI-SUEV'f.'L, e. i. To spread in disorder. Herbert. 
 
 l)l-SHEV'i;L-i;D, (de-shev'ld,) pp. or o. llangmg 
 liKwely and negligently without confinement ; flow- 
 ing in disorder; as, disherrled locks. 
 
 DI SHE V'/;L-Ii\G, ppr. Spreading loosely. 
 
 UISH'ING, ppr. (See Duh.] Putting in a dish or 
 dishes. 
 
 2. a. Concave ; having the hollow form of a dish. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 l)I»-nOX'EST, (diz-on'cst,) a. [dis and honest.] Void I 
 
 DIS 
 
 of honesty ; destitute of probity, integrity, or good 
 faith ; faithless ; fraudulent ; knavish , having ur 
 exercising a dis(Kjsition to deceive, cheat, and de- 
 fraud ; applied to persons ; as, a dislifmest man. 
 
 a. Proceeding from fraud, or marked by it ; fraud- 
 ulent ; knavish ; as, a dishonest transaction. 
 
 3. Disgraced ; distnuiured ; from the sense in Latin. 
 Ditlioneat wilh loppcil nniis tho yomh RpfH'ara. DryUn. 
 
 4. Disgraceful; ignominious; from the Latin sense. 
 Inglorioua iriuiiipiis ami ili^huncst »c-in*. Pope. 
 
 5. Unchaste ; lewd. Shak. 
 DIS-IION'EST-LY, (diz-on'est-ly,) adv. In a dishon- 
 est manner ; without good faith, probity, or integrity ; 
 with fraudulent views ; knavishly. Slutli. 
 
 •2. Lewdly ; unchastely. Ecclesiasticus. 
 DIS-IION'ES-TY, (diz-on'es-ty,) n. Want <if probity, 
 or integrity in principle ; failhlessness ; a ilisiHisition 
 to cheat or defraud, or to deceive and betray ; applied 
 to persons. 
 
 2. Violation of trust or of justice; fraud; treach- 
 ery ; any deviation from probity or integrity ; applied 
 to acts. 
 
 3. Unchastity; incontinence; lewdness. ShaM. 
 
 4. Deceit; wickedness; shame. 2 Cur. iv. 
 DIS-IIO,\'()ll, (di/.-on'or,) n. f dis aiul honor.] Re- 
 proach ; disgrace ; ignominy ; shame ; whatever con- 
 stitutes a stain or bleinish on the reputation. 
 
 ft W.13 not tnpct for vu to scv the king's dUbonor. — F.tm iv. 
 
 It may express less than iirnmniny and infamij. 
 DIS-IION'OR, V. t. To disgrace; to bring reproach or 
 shame on ; to stain the character of: to lessen repu- 
 tation. The duelist dishonors himself to maintain 
 his honor. The impunity of the crimes of great 
 men dishonors the adiiiini>tration of the laws, 
 
 2, To treat >vith indignity, Dnjden. 
 
 3, To violate the chastity of; to ilebaiich. Drijihn. 
 
 4, To refuse or decline to accept or Jiay ; as, to dis- 
 honor a bill of exchange, 
 
 DIS-IIO.\'()R-A-BLE, (diz-on'or-a-bl,) a. Shameful ; 
 repro,ichfiil ; base ; vile ; bringing shame on ; stain- 
 ing the character, and lessening reputation. Evtrry 
 act of mi anness and every vice is dishonorable. 
 
 2. Destitute of honor ; as, a dishonorable man. 
 
 3. In a state of neglect or disesieein. 
 
 lie that ilUhonorable in riches, how much inorf in jxivrrty ! — 
 Ecclesiasticus. 
 
 DIS-IION'OR-A-nLV, ade. Reproachfully ; in a dis- 
 hononible manner. 
 
 DIS-HOi\'OR-.\-RV, (diz-on'or-a-ry,) a. Bringing dis- 
 honor on ; tending to disgrace ; lessening reputation. 
 
 Holmes, 
 
 DIS-IIO.\'OR-£D, pp. Disgraced ; brought into disre- 
 pute. 
 
 DIS-IIOX'OR-ER, n. One who dishonors or dis- 
 graces ; one who treats another with indigiiitv. 
 
 M'dton. 
 
 DIS-IION'OR-IXG, ppr. Disiracing ; bringing inUi 
 disrepute ; treating with indignity. 
 
 DIS-I10U.\', V. t. [dis and horn.] To deprive of 
 horns. Sliak. 
 
 DIS-H(JR.\'/:n, ( hornd,) pp. Stripped of horns. 
 
 DIS-II()K.N'l.\(;,;v<r. Depriving of horns. 
 
 DlS-liu'MOR, n. [i/w and AuiKur.j Peevishness ; ill 
 humor. Spcctalor, 
 
 DlS-l.M PARK', o. L [dLi, in, and park.] To free 
 from the barriers of a park ; to free from restraints 
 or seclusion. [Litllc used,] Spectiitor. 
 
 DIS-l.M PKOVE'.ME.NT, ii. [dis and improvemenl.] 
 Reduction from a better to a worse state ; the con- 
 trary to improvement or melioration ; as, the disim- 
 provcmcnt of the earth. [Little used.] 
 
 j\ orris. Swift 
 
 DIS-I.\-e.\R'CER-.:^TE, r. t. [dis and incarcerate.] 
 To liberate from prismi ; to set free from confine- 
 ment. r.Viit miieh u-ied.] Harvey. 
 
 DIS-l.\-eLl.\-A'TIO.\, n. [dU anA inelination.] Want 
 of inclination ; want of propensity, desire, or affec- 
 tion ; sliglil dislike ; ax'ersion ; expressing less than 
 hau. 
 
 Di«appointn)*nt g-.tvc hjin a dstineUnatuM 10 tlM £i[r aex. 
 
 ArbothnuU 
 
 DIS-I.N-ei.I.\E', r. I. [dis and incline.] To excite 
 dislike or slight aversion ; to make disaffectecl ; to 
 alienate from. His timidity disinclined him from 
 such an arduous eiiteriirisc. 
 
 DlS-l.\-ei.I.\'/;D, pp. or a. Not inclined ; averse. 
 
 DIS-l.\-eLIN'l.\G, ppr. Exciting dislike or slight 
 aversion. 
 
 DIS-I.N'-CLOSE', r. L [dii anil inclose.] To open an 
 inrlosiire; to iJirow open what has been inclosed; 
 to dis|>ark. 
 
 DlS-I.N-eOR'PO-RATE, r. L To deprive of corporate 
 powers ; to disunite a corporate btniy, or an esiab- 
 lislu'd society. Hume. 
 
 2. To deUich or separate from a corpor.aion or so- 
 ciety. Bacon. 
 
 DIS-I.V COR'PO-RA-TED, pp. Deprived of corporate 
 powers. 
 
 DlS-l.\-COR'P0-RA-TING,;>pr. Depriving of corpo- 
 rate powers. 
 
 DlS-I.\-COR-PO-RA'TION, h. Deprivation of the 
 rigliLs and privileges of a corporation. IVartau. 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-LN-FECT', r. (. [dis and infect.] To cleanae 
 from infection ; to purity from c<iiitagioiiK matter. 
 
 DIS-I.N'-FECT'ANT, ii. An agent for removing the 
 causes f>f infection, as chlorine. Cooteij. 
 
 DIS-I.N-FECT El), pp. or a. Cleansed from infection. 
 
 I)1S-IN-FECT'L\'G, ppr. or o. Purifying from infec- 
 tion. 
 
 DIS-I.\-FEe'TION, ( in-fek'shun,) n. Piirifiratlon 
 
 from infecting matter. Med. Urpon. 
 
 I)IS-I.\-GE-.\U'I-'1'Y, 7U [dis ani in^enuitij.] .M.:an- 
 
 iiess of artifice ; unfairness ; disingeniioiisness ; 
 
 want of candor. Clarendon, 
 [This word is little used, or not at all, in the sense 
 
 here explained. See In(;enl*itv. Wc now use, in 
 
 lieu of it, DiSI NfiENtJorsN E99.1 
 
 DIS-Ii\GEN'II-OUS,a. [dui nttA mgrnuous,] Unfair; 
 not open, frank, and candid ; meanly artful ; illili- j 
 eral ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Unfair; meanly artful ; unbecoming true honor 
 and dignity ; as, disinocnuons conduct ; disinfrenooiu 
 schemes. 
 
 DlS-lN-(iF;.\'lJ-OUS-LY, adv. In a disingenuous man- 
 ner ; unfairly ; not openly and candidly ; with secret 
 management. 
 
 DIS-IN-GE.V'Q-OUS-NE.SS, n. Unfairness; want of 
 cantlur ; low craft ; as, the distnoenuoitsness of a 
 man, or of his mind. 
 
 2. Characterized by unfairness, as conduct or prac- 
 lice?-. 
 
 DIS l.\-HAIl'lT-ED,p;». Deprived of inhabitants. 
 
 DIS-I.\"-I1ER'I-S0N, n. [i/i-v anil iHAcrii.] The act of 
 cutting off from hereditary succession ; the act of 
 disinheriting. Bacon, Clarendon. 
 
 2. The state of being disinherited. Taylor. 
 
 DIS-IN-IIER'IT, c. t. [dis and inherit.] To cut off 
 from hereditary right ; to deprive of an inheritance ; 
 to prevent, as an lu^ir, from coining into imssession of 
 any property or right, which, by law or custom, 
 Would devolve on him in the course of descent. A 
 father sometimes disinherit his children by will. In 
 Kngland, the crown is descendible to the eldest son, 
 who can not be di<inlicrited by the will of his father. 
 
 DIS-IN-IIER'IT-ED, pp, or a. Cut off from an inher- 
 itance. 
 
 DIS-IN-HER'IT-IXG, ppr. Depriving of an heredi- 
 tary estate or riglil. 
 DIS-iX-IlU.ME', V. t. To disinter. 
 DIS-IX'TE-GRA-ULE, a. [dis and integer.] That 
 may be separated into integrant parts ; capable of 
 disintegnition. 
 
 Argillo-calcitc ia readily disintegrabte Ity expo«ure to the atmo*- 
 pliere. A'trwan. 
 DIS-IN'TE-GRaTE, v. t. [dis and integer,] To sep- 
 arate the integrant parts of. 
 
 Marlilr^ arc noi disinugratfl by exposure to Uie atinosnhere, at 
 \ias\. ill aix yearn. Kirvsin. 
 
 DI.S-IN'TE-GRa-TED, pp. Separated into integrant 
 parts without chemical action. 
 
 D1S-1.\'TE-(;Ra-TIXG, ppr. Separating into inte- 
 grant parts. 
 
 DIS-IN-TE-GRa'TIOX, n. The act of separating 
 inli orant parts of a substance, as distinguished from 
 decom[>osition, or the separation of constituent parts. 
 
 Kirwan, 
 
 DIS-IX-TER', r. I, [dis and infer.] To take out of a 
 grave, or out of the earth ; as, to disinter a dead body 
 that is buried. 
 
 2. To take out, as from a grave ; to bring from ob- 
 scurity into view. 
 
 The philosopii'-T — may lie conceiOed in a pIfbrLan, which a 
 proper cilucalion might liavc disinterred, [tfnutuaj.] 
 
 Addison. 
 
 DIS-fX'TER-ESS-ED, ) c r> ... 
 DIS-IN'TER-ESS-.MEXT, ( Duisterested, &c. 
 DIS-IN'TER-EST, n. [dis and intrrest] What is 
 
 contrary to the interest or advantage ; disadv,-.r,!.age ; 
 
 injury. [Little tun/, or not at aJl.] QUncill^ 
 2. Indifference to profit ; want of regard to private 
 
 advantage. Johnson. 
 DIS-IX'TER-EST, r. f. To disengage from private 
 
 interest or personal ailvantage. [Liide used.] 
 
 Feltham, 
 
 DIS-IN'TER-EST-ED, a. Uninterested ; indifferent ; 
 free from self-interest ; having no separate personal 
 interest or private advantage in aipiestion or affair. 
 It is important that a judge should be perfectly disin- 
 terested. 
 
 2. Not influenced or dictated by private advan- 
 tage ; as, a duinterested decision. 
 
 ['I'his word is more generally used than U.ximter- 
 
 E5TED.] 
 
 DIS-IX'TER EST-E: 
 manner. 
 
 DIS-IX'TER EST-ED NESS, n. The suite or quality 
 of having no separate p;'rson.al interest or private 
 advantagt: in a question or event ; freedom from bias 
 or prejudice, on account of private interest; indiffer- 
 ence. Broion, 
 
 DIS-IX'TER-EST-IXG, a. Uninteresting. 
 [ 7'A« latter is the word now used.] 
 
 DIS-IN-TER'.MEXT, n. The act of disinterring, or 
 taking out of the earth. 
 
 D1S-1.\-TER'RKD, (dis-in-turd',) pp. Taken out of 
 the earth or grave. 
 
 -ED-LY, ttdc In a disinterested 
 
 TONE, Blv'LL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — G as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
« 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-IN-TER'RING, ppr. Taking out of the earth, or 
 out of a ffruve. 
 
 DIS-I.N-THRALL', (dis-in-thrawl',) B. £. [dis and in- 
 lltrall.] To liberate from slavery, bondage, or servi- 
 tude ; to free or rescue from oppression. South. 
 
 D1S-I.\-THRALL'E1), pp. Set free from hondaee. 
 
 DIS-IN THRALL'ING, ppr. Delivering from slavery 
 or servitude. 
 
 DIS-[N-THRALL'MENT, n. Liberation from bon- 
 dage ; emancipation from slavery. E. JVott. 
 
 DIS-IN-IJRE', B. U [dis and mure.] To deprive of 
 fmiiliarity or custom. Jililton. 
 
 DI.S-IN-lJR'£n, pp. Deprived of familiar custom. 
 
 DI.S-IN-VAL-ID'I-TY, «. Want of validity. 
 
 DIS-IN-VTTE', I'. (. To recall an invitation. Finett. 
 
 Dl.S-IN VlT'ING, T)/"-. Retracting an invitation. 
 
 niS-IN-VOLVE', (dis-iu-volv',) )i. t. [itis and in- 
 vater.] To uncover ; to unfold or unroll j to disen- 
 tangle. More. 
 
 D1S-[.V-VC)LV'OT, pp. Unfolded; disentangled. 
 
 DIS-IN-V()LV'ING, ppr. Freeing from entanglement. 
 
 DIS-JEG'TION, H. Act of overthrowing or dissipating. 
 
 DIS-JOFN', J). (. [dis ami join.] To part ; to disunite ; 
 to separate ; to sunder. 
 
 DI.S-JOIN'/!D, pp. or a. Disunited ; separated. 
 
 DIS-JOIN'ING, ppr. Disuniting ; severing. 
 
 DlS-JO[NT', V. I. [dis and joint.] To separate a 
 joint ; to separate parts united by joints ; as, to dis- 
 joint the limbs; to disjoint bones; to disjoint a fowl 
 in carving. 
 
 9. To put out of joint ; to force out of its socket ; 
 to dislocate. 
 
 ri. To separate at junctures ; to break at the part 
 where things are united by cement; as, disjointed 
 coUinins. 
 
 •i. To break in jiieres ; to separate united parts ; 
 as, to disjoint an edifice ; the disjointed pans of a 
 ship. 
 
 5. To break the natural order and relations of a 
 thitig ; t() make incoherent ; as, a disjointed speech. 
 
 niS-.l()l.\T', i!. 1. To fall in pieces. SImk. 
 
 I)IS-J()L\T', a. Disjointed. S/mk. 
 
 DI.'s-JOI.XT'En, pp. tu a. Separated at the joints; 
 parted limb from limb ; carved ; put out of joint ; not , 
 cnhereut. 
 
 DIS-JOI.\T'ED-NESS, n. State of being disjointed. 
 I>l.-*-JOLNT'l\(J, ppr. Separating joints ; disjoining 
 limb from limb ; breaking at the seams or junctures ; 
 rendering incoherent. 
 DIS-J' .INT'I,y, ai/ii. In a divided state. Sandys. 
 DIS-JU-DI-eA'TION, 71. [L. dijudicatio.] 
 
 Judgment ; determination. [A''ot used.] Boyle. 
 DIS-JUNCT', 0. [L. disjuHctus, disjnngo ; dis and 
 jun<jn^ to join.] 
 
 Disjoined ; separated. 
 DI.S-.IUNe'TrON, 71. [L. disjunctio.] 
 
 The act of disjoining ; disunion; separation; a 
 parting; as, the disjunction of soul and body, 
 DIS-JUNCT'IVE, a. Separating; disjoining. 
 
 2. Incapable of union. [C/niLsuid.] Orew, 
 
 3. In grammar, a disjunctive conjunction or con- 
 nective is a word which unites sentences or the parts 
 of discourse in construction, but disjoins the sense, 
 noting an alternative or opposition ; as, I love him, 
 or I fear him ; I neither love him, 7ior fear him. 
 
 4. In loirie, ti disjunctive proposition, is one in which 
 the parts are opposed to each other, by means of dis- 
 junctives •, as, it is either day or night. 
 
 A disjunctive syllogism, is when the major proposi- 
 tion is disjunctive ; as, the earth moves in a circle, or an 
 ellipsis; but it does not move in a circle, therefore it 
 moves ill an ellipsis. fVatls. 
 DIS-JL'.Xe T'l VE, H. A word that disjoins; as or, 
 nor, neiflicr. 
 
 Dl.S-Jir.N'f'T'l VE-I.Y, adv. In a disjunctive manner ; 
 separately. 
 
 Disk, 71. [Ij. di.scus. Si e DiHii and Desk.] 
 
 1. 'I'he face or visible projeclioii of a celestial holly, 
 usually predicated of the sun, moon, or planets; but 
 tile stars have also apjiarriit iltsl:s, IX Olmsted. 
 
 9. A ipioit ; a piece of stone, iron, or co[)per, in- 
 clining to an oval figure, u liirli the aiicii.-iits hurled 
 by the help of a li atheni tlioiiii tied round the per- 
 son's hand, and put lliroiigli a hole in the middle. 
 
 Sum*; wliirl ili'r dink ami ituiiic ttn; J.ivirliii Uiirt. Pope. 
 
 ri. In botany, the whole surface of a leaf; the cen- 
 tr:il part of a radiate compound flower. Martyn. 
 
 A term nppln d to ceilaiii bodies nr proji'ctiiiiis sit- 
 uati-d briwi i ii ih,' has,- i,f the ^laiueiis and the base 
 of ilii' ovarv, init frrniiiig p:irl with iiriiliir. /.lodtn/. 
 DH KIND'N'ESS, „. [,/,,,. and kindness.] Want of 
 kmiliiess; iiiikiniliiesH ; want of nlleilKui. 
 
 2. Ill turn ; injury; detrimeiil. Woodward. 
 DIS-IJKE', II. [dis and l,kr.] Disapprohaliou ; dis- 
 inclination ; displea'<iiri' : aviT'lon ; a ilerale dr. 
 
 ([fee of hatred. A man kIiows his dislil.r in measures 
 wliii li be diKapprove., to a prci|iMsal n hii li he is dis- 
 inclined to accept, and lo Inod vvliii h be ihu H not 
 relish. All wise and guixl men iiiandi Hi their dislike 
 to folly. 
 
 9. DiTord ; diHagreement. [JiTot in use,] Fairfai. 
 DIS-LIKE', V. I. 'I'u diMipprove ; to regard with some 
 averHion or diaplcnHUru. We dislike iirnceediiiKs 
 
 which we deem wrong; we dislike persons of evil 
 
 habits ; we dislike whatever gives us pain. 
 2. To disrelish ; to regard with some disgust ; as, 
 
 to dislike particular kinds of food. 
 DIS-LIK'KD, (dis-likt',) pp. Disapproved ; disrelished. 
 DIS-LIKETUL, a. Disliking; disaflected. [JVot 
 
 used.] Spenser. 
 DIS-LlK'£N, (dis-llk'n,) »). «. To make unlike. Shak. 
 DIS-LlK'EN-£D,pp. iMade unlike. 
 DIS-LTKE'NESS, 7i. [dis and likeness.] Unlikeness ; 
 
 want of resemblance ; dissimilitude. Locke. 
 DIS-LTK'ER, 7i. One who disapproves or disrelishes. 
 DIS-LIK'Ii\G, ppr. Dis.approving ; disrelishing. 
 DIS-LIiMB', (dis-lim',) v. t. To tear the limbs from. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 DIS-LIMB'-ED, (-liind',) pp. Torn limb from limb. 
 DIS-MMN', (dis-lim',) J), t. To strike out of a picture. 
 
 [J^ot in use.]^ Shak. 
 DIS'LO-e.yi'E, a. Dislocated. Montgomery. 
 DIS'LO-CATE, V. t. [dis and locate, L. locus, place ; 
 
 Fr. dislof/uer ; It. dislocare.] 
 
 To displace ; to put out of its proper place ; partic- 
 
 nlarly, to put out of joint ; to disjoint ; to move a 
 
 bone from its socket, cavity, or place of articulation. 
 D1S'LO-€a-TE1), pp. or a. Removed from its proper 
 
 place ; put out of joint. 
 DIS'LO-e.A-TING, ppr. Putting out of its proper 
 
 place, or out of joint. 
 DIS-LO-eA'TlON, 71. The act of moving from its 
 
 proper place; particularly, the act of removing or 
 
 forcing a bone from its sotrket ; luxation. Eiicyc. 
 
 2. The state of being displaced. Burnet. 
 
 3. A joint displaced. 
 
 4. In geology, the displacement of parts of rocks, 
 or portiiuis of strata, from the situations which they 
 originally occupied. Cyc. 
 
 DIS-LODGE', (dis-ludj',) v. t. [dis and lodge.] To 
 remove or drive from a lodge or place of rust ; to 
 drive from the place where a thing naturally rests or 
 inhabits. Shells, restimr in the sea at a considerable 
 depth, are nut ihsloihrnl by storms. 
 
 2. Tu drive fnjiii a place of retirement or retreat; 
 as, to dislod'je a cony or a deer. 
 
 3. To drive from any place of rest or habitation, 
 or from any station ; as, to dislodge the enemy from 
 their quarters, from a hill or wall. 
 
 4. To remove an army to other quarters. Sliak. 
 I)IS-l,OI)GE', 1). 1. To go from a place of rest. Milton. 
 DIS-LOI)G' AD, ;v). Driven from a lodge or place of 
 
 rest ; removed from a place of habitation, or from 
 any station. 
 
 DIS-liODG'lNG, ppr. Driving from a lodge, from a 
 place of rest or retreat, or from any station. 
 
 DIS-LOY'AL, a. [i/i.^ and loyal: Fr. delvyal i Sp. des- 
 leal.] 
 
 1. Not true to allegiance ; false to a sovereign ; 
 faithless ; as, a disloyal subject. 
 
 2. False ; perfidious ; treacherous ; as, a disloyal 
 knave. Sliak. 
 
 3. Not true to the marriage bed. Shak. 
 
 4. False in love ; not constant. Johnson. 
 DIS-LOV'AL-LY, adv. In a disloyal manner; with 
 
 violation of faith or duty to a sovereign ; faithlessly ; 
 perfidiously. 
 
 DIS-L()Y'AL.-TY, 71. Want of fidelity to a sovereign ; 
 violation of allegiance or duly to a prince or sover- 
 eign authority. 
 2. Want of fidelity in bive. Sliak. 
 
 DIS'MAL, a. [I am not satisfied with the etymologies 
 of this word which I have seen.] 
 
 1. Dark ; gloomy ; as, a dismal shade. 
 
 2. Sorrowful ; dire ; horrid ; melaiicjiuly ; calami- 
 tous ; unfortunate ; as, a dismal accident ; dismal 
 effi^cts Miltun. 
 
 3. Frightful ; horrible ; as, a dismal scream. 
 DIS'MAL-I.Y, af/ii. Gloomily; (lorribly ; soirowfiilly ; 
 
 uncomfortably. 
 DIS'M AI- NESS, n. Gloominess; horror. 
 DIS-.M.\N'TLK, 1). (. [dis and mantle : Fr. dcmanteler.] 
 
 1. To (le[irive of dress ; to strip ; to divest South. 
 
 2. To loose ; to throw open. Shall. 
 
 3. More generally, to deprive or stri[i of Ujiparatus, 
 or liiriiitiire ; to unrig ; as, to dismantle a ^hlp. 
 
 4. To deprive or strip of military furnilure , as, to 
 diswanl-le II fortress. 
 
 ,'■>. To deprive of outworks or f<iits ; as, to itisman 
 tie a town. 
 
 (J. To break down ; as, his nose dismantleiL lP<^yden- 
 
 DIS .MAN'Tl, /■;!), pp. or a. Divested; stripprd of 
 furniture ; unriggeil. 
 
 DIS .\1,\N'T1, L\(;, /i;)r. Stripping of dress ; depriving 
 of apiiaratus or fiiniiliire. 
 
 hIS-M A."^K', i\ I. [dis and mask; Fr, demasi/uer.] 
 To strip oir a mask; to uncover; to remove that 
 Wlltl-|l ronceals. Shok. fVoltou. 
 
 DIS .MASK'/;i), (dis-mitskl',) pp. Divested of a mask ; 
 stripix d of cnveiiug or disguise ; uncnyereil. 
 
 DI.S-.MASK'l.N'G, /7/r. Stripping of a mask or cover- 
 ing. 
 
 DIS-MAST', 1-. f. [.//..■ and 77in.<f ; Ft. demiilrr.] 
 
 Tu depiive of a mast or masts ; lo lueak and carry 
 away the in -sts from ; as, a storm d'smo -li-d the ship. 
 DIS .M AST'l'.l), ;)/>. Drprivi d of n mast or masts. 
 DIS M AST'INti, ;(//r. Stripping of masts. 
 
 DIS-MAST'MENT, 71. The act of dismasting , the 
 state of being dismasted. Marshall. 
 
 DIS-Ma Y', 71. (. [Sp. desmayar: Port, desmaiar ; prob- 
 ably formed by des and the Teutonic niagnn, to be 
 strong or able. The sense, then, is, to deprive of 
 strength. Sp. desinayarse, to faint ; It. smagarsi, to 
 despond.] 
 
 To deprive of that strength or firmness of mind 
 which constitutes courage ; to discourage ; to dis- 
 hearten ; to sink or depress the spirits or resolution ; 
 hence, to affright or terrify. 
 
 Be strong, an<l of ^no(i courage ; Ije not afrTiid, neither be thou 
 dismayed. — Josh. i. 
 
 DLS-MaY', 71. [Sp. desniayo; Port, desmaio, a swoon 
 or fainting fit.] 
 
 Fall or loss of courage ; a sinking of the spirits ; de- 
 pression ; dejection ; a yielding to fear; that loss of 
 firmness which is effected by fear or terror ; fear im- 
 pressed ; terror felt. 
 
 And each 
 
 Jn other's countenance read his own dismay JV/ilun. 
 
 DIS-MAY'£D, (dis-mide',) pp. or a. Disheartened; 
 deprived of courage. 
 
 DIS-.MaY'ED NESS, 71, A state of being dismayed ; 
 dejection of courage ; dispiritedness. [.^ useless 
 word, and not used.] Sidney. 
 
 DIS-MaY'FUL, o. Full of dismay, [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 DIS-.MAY'ING, ppr. Depriving of courage. 
 
 DISME, ( (deem) 71. [Fr,] A tenth part; a tithe. 
 
 Dime, ( .ayliffr. 
 
 D1S-I\IE.M'BER, V. t. [dis and mejnber.] To divide 
 limb from limb ; to se|iarate a member fnun the body ; 
 to tear or cut in pieces ; to dilacerate ; to mutilate. 
 Kowls obsc?iie dismeiitbered liis ri'miuns. Pope. 
 2. To separate a part from the main body ; to di- 
 vide; to sever ; as, to dismember an empire, king- 
 duiii, or repiiblitt. Poland was dismembered by the 
 neiL'liboriii!! powers, 
 
 DlS-.ME.M'liER-AI), pp. or (1. Divided member from 
 member ; torn or cut in pieces ; divided by the sepa- 
 ration of a part from the main liody. 
 
 DIS-.MEM'BER-ING, ppr. Separating a limb or 
 limbs fiuiii the body ; dividing by taking a part or 
 parts from the body. 
 
 DIS-:Mi;.M'l!ER-ING, 71. Mutilation. Blackslone. 
 
 DIS-MEM'l!Ell-.MENT, 71. The act of seyeriiig a 
 limb or limbs from the body; the act of tiaring or 
 cutting in pieces ; mutilation ; the act of severing a 
 part from the main body ; division ; separation. 
 He pointed out the danger of a dismemhermtjil of llie n-public. 
 
 Hist. 0/ Poland, kiicyc. 
 
 DIS-MET'TLED, a. Destitute of fire or spirit. [Aut 
 much used.] Llewellyn. 
 
 DIS- .MISS', ji. t. [L. disviisstis, dimitto ; di, dis, and 
 mitto, to send ; Fr. demettre.] 
 
 1. To send away ; property, to give leave of de- 
 parture ; to permit to depart ; implying aiilborily in a 
 person to retain or keep. The town clerk dusmissed 
 the assembly. jJcts xi.\. 
 
 2. To discaril ; to remove from office, service, or 
 employment. The king rfismi.vscs his ministers ; the 
 master dismisses his servant ; and the employer his 
 workmen. Officers are dismissed from service, and 
 students from college. • 
 
 3. To send ; to dispatch. 
 
 He divn.ifteed e!nbaii(i.idoni from Pekio to Tooshoo Loomlioo. 
 [Improper.] Kiiq/c. 
 
 4. To send or remove from a docket ; to discon- 
 tinue ; as, to dismiss a bill in chancery. 
 
 DIS MISS', II. Discbarge ; dismission. [JViit tised.] 
 DIS-.MISS'Al,,:n. Dismission. 
 
 DIS-.MISS'EI), (dis-mlst',) pp. or a. Sent away; per- 
 niitteti to depart ; removed from office or employ- 
 ment. 
 
 DIS-MISS'ING, ppr. Sending away ; giving leave to 
 
 dejiart ; removing from office or service. 
 DIS-MIS'SION, (-mish'un,) 11. [L. dimisslo.] 
 
 1. Till! act of sending away ; leave to depart ; as, 
 the dismission of the grand jury. 
 
 2. Removal fnun olfice or employment ; discharge, 
 either \yilli lioiior or disgraci;. 
 
 3. .An art reipiiring departure. [^"01 usual.] Sliak. 
 
 4. lieiiioval of a suit in e(|iiily. 
 DIS-MISS'I VE, a. Giving dismission. 
 I)1SM()1{T'(;AGE, (dis-nior'gaje,) v. I. To redeem 
 
 from mnrmage. Iloieell. 
 DIS-:\Hili r'G.\G-En, pp. Redeemed from mortgage. 
 DI.'>-M0UT'GA6-ING, ppr. Iledeemiiig from niort- 
 
 itage. 
 
 Ills MOUNT', V. i. [dis and mount; Fr. demonter; 
 S]i desutont^ir ; It. .?i/iiiiiMri'.] 
 
 1 To aliiihl from a horse ; to descend or gel off, 
 as B rider from a biuist ; as, the officer ordered Ilia 
 tlm ps to dismount. 
 
 2 To rlesceiid from an elevation, Spenser. 
 IMS Mt >l. .N'l'', !•• 'I'o throw or teinove from a 
 
 rse : !(• unlior.se; as, the soldier dismounted his 
 ailn isary 
 
 U. To iiiiow or bring down from any elevation. 
 
 Sacki'ille. 
 
 3. To throw or remove cnnnnn or other artillery 
 from liirir riirriages ; or to break the carriages or 
 wheels, and rendtT guns ii.seless. 
 
 KATE, FAR, FALL, WIJ.^T.— METE, PilEV PINE, MARINE, BIllD. — NOTE, DOVE, MCiVK, WpI,F, BQQK, 
 
 MR 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS-MOUNT'KI), ));'• Thrown fniin n liursc, or 
 
 from an cic-vation ; unhorsed, or reniovrd I'rorn 
 horses by onler; a^, ili.mitninled troops. Applied lo 
 horses, it siiinitii's until for servici'. 
 2. Tlirown or removed from larriages. 
 l)IS-MOUNT'l.\G, itpr. 'I'liruwini; from a liorse ; 
 unliorsint; ; removing Irom an elevation ; tlirowing 
 or remttvinc from carriages. 
 DIS-N.\T'li-l{.\LT/K, I). I. To make alien; lo de- 
 prive of the privileges of hirtli. 
 l)I.S-.NAT'tJ-l{.\l,-IZ-£U, pp. Ueprived of the privi- 
 leges of liirtli. 
 DIf-N'A'TlTll-KO.a. Deprived nr destitute of natural 
 
 feelings; unnatural. Shiik. 
 UIS-()-ltK'DI-K.\L;K, 71. [ilh and uhedimce.] N'eg- 
 leet or refus:il lo obey ; violation of a connnanil or 
 proliibiti<m ; the omission of that wliieli is com- 
 manded to lie done, or Iho doing of that which is 
 forbid i breach of duly pru-scribed by authority. 
 
 By one mAii'ii ititDtmlienc* many wvre nuidc kiiincrs. — Horn. v. 
 Q. Non-compliance. 
 
 Tliiii '/i«o6rf/ieMr< oftlio moou. Bltu-l-more. 
 DIS-0-Bi";'DI-KNT, a. Neglecting or refusing to 
 obey ; omitting lo do what is commanded, or doing 
 what is prohibited ; refniclory ; not observant of 
 duty or rules prescribed by authority; as, children 
 ttisobcdinit lo parents ; cili/.ens Uisubrdicnt to the laws. 
 I wiu not disobedient to Uiti heavenly vision. Acu xxvi. 
 2. Not yielding to exciting force or power. 
 MetticiiH's n*Hl inin>-ce«s.trily ctiinrilmte losliorvn life, by sooner 
 icnilcrin^ peculiar i^Aitu of the tyslem ditob^dient to itininli. 
 
 Dnririn, 
 
 l)IS-O-BP.'0I-ENT-I,Y, ailv. In n disobedient manner. 
 
 UIS-O HEY', (dis-o-lia',) r. (. [dis and i.ftei/.] To neg- 
 lect or refuse to olii y ; to lunit or refuse to do what 
 is ctuuiuaiuled, or It) (lo what is forbitl ; to transgress 
 tir violat.' an order or injunction. Refractory chil- 
 dren dUubfii :h.-ir parents ; nvw disnhcij their Maker 
 ami the laws ; and we all di.stdiri/ the precepts of the 
 gosp,-l. [TItr triird is npplicabls buVt Ui the command 
 and to Ihf prrsait ciimmandin^.] 
 
 D1S-()-I!BV'A;1), ( bade,) pp. Not obeyed ; neglected ; 
 transgressed. 
 
 DIS-l)-ltEY'l.\G, ppr. Omitting or refusing to obey ; 
 
 violating ; transgressing, as authoritv or law. 
 DIS-()ll-l,l-G.^'TIO.\, n. [i/w and obliifiUiun.] The 
 
 net of disobliging ; an olTense ; cause uf disgust. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 DIS-OB'LI-GA-TO-RY, a. Releasing obligatitm. 
 
 K. Charles. 
 
 DIS-O-BLTCF.', r. f. [</« and oWirc] To do an act 
 which contravenes the will tir desires of another; ttt 
 otVend by an act tif unkintliiess or incivility ; tt> in- 
 jure in a slight degree ; a term by which offense is ten- 
 derly expressed. 
 
 My plan hii« given tiffenae in totne gentlemen, wliom it wouM 
 nut \k very s.tle to ditobligt. Atblison, 
 
 2. To release from obligation. [J\o< u.scr/.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 DIS O BI.Tft'KD, pp. Olfended ; slightiv injured. 
 DI.><-<) BI,li;i;'.Mi:.\ r, n. The act of disobligmg. 
 I)If!-0.1(l,IiVi;i!, n. Due who disobliges. [Mdion. 
 I)IS-(»-liUtti'l.\(;, ppr. Oiremliiig ; coiitnivcning the 
 
 wishes of; injuring slightly. 
 2. It. Nt>l obliging ; not disposed to gratify the 
 
 wishes of another ; not (lis[Misetl to please ; unkind ; 
 
 otiensive ; niipleasing ; uuiiccommudating ; us, a 
 
 disobii'jina coachman. 
 DIS-()-ltI.I<!;'l.\G l.Y, adv. In a disobliging mtinncr ; 
 
 olT.'llslVelv. 
 
 DIS-()-BI,IC'I.\'G \CSS, M. Oirensiveness , dis|>osi- 
 tioii to displease, tir want of readiness to please. 
 
 DIS-0-PI.\'l().\, (-<> pin'ynn,) «. Ditlerence of opin- 
 ion. [.'? bad irord^ and not usrd,] Bp. Rn/ntddji. 
 
 DIS-0RI!'A;I), a. (rfi..- and cri..] Thrown oiit of the 
 profier t>rbil ; as, a suir disorbfd. Shak. 
 
 DIS-OR'OKR, 11. [rfw and i/rder; Fr. desordre: 
 dejurrdrn i U. disordinr.] 
 
 1. Want of order or regular dis|iosition ; irregu- 
 larity ; iinmethmticai distribution ; confusion ; a 
 troril of ^enrral application ; as, the triKi|KS were 
 ttirown into iii-v(;r'/rr : the papers are in du^ordrr. 
 
 2. Tiimtilt; disturbance of the iH-ace of .society ; 
 IL^, the city is sonieliines troubled with the disorders 
 of its citizens. 
 
 3. Neglect of rule ; irregularity. 
 
 From viitnr ImnmlB wilh lir:»ve Huordrr pftrt. 
 
 Ami Mk%ul) A jfrice tjeyoiiil tlw' n-acli oT .irt. Pope. 
 
 4. Breach of laws ; violation of standing rules, or 
 institutions. 
 
 .5, Irregularity, ilislurbance or interruption of the 
 functions of tlie animal eeonomv ; disea.se; dis- 
 trni|HT; iiickness. [See Diseask.] /)i.sor(/cr, how- 
 ever, i« more frequently used to express a slight 
 disease. 
 
 f>. Discomposure of the mind ; turbulence of pas- 
 sions. 
 
 7. Irregularity in the functions of the brain ; de- 
 ningenieiit of the intellect or reason. 
 DIS DIt'DKR, r. L To break order; to demnge ; to 
 ilisiurh any regular disposition or armiigemi-nt of 
 things , lo put out of melhiHi , to throw into confu- 
 
 sion ; to Confuse ; applicable to evert/ tliinif Hasceptible 
 of order. 
 
 2. To disturb or interrupt the natural functions 
 of the animal economy ; lo produce sickness or in- 
 disposition i as, to disorder the head or sloiii;ii'h. 
 
 '.i. Tt) discompose or disturb the miiiil ; lo riitl1t\ 
 
 4. To disturb the regular operations of reason ; to 
 derange ; as, the m.'in's reason is disordered. 
 
 5. To (lepost! from hoi V orders. [C/niLiual.] 
 DIS-t)K'Di;il-KI), pp. I'iit out of order; deranged; 
 
 disturbed ; discouipo.sed ; confusctl ; sick ; indis- 
 posed. 
 
 DiJs-OR'DEll-A.'n, a. Di.sorderly ; irregular; vicious; 
 loose ; unri.'slrained in behavior. Shiik. 
 
 DIS-t)R'UKR-ED-i\ESS, n. A state of disorder or 
 irregularity ; ctmfusion. 
 
 DIS-0R'I)E'K-IN(J, Putting out of order; dis- 
 
 turbing the arrangriiienl of ; discomposing. 
 
 DIS-OR'DER-LI-NES.s, n. State of being disorderly. 
 
 l)IS-OR'DER I,Y, a. Ctmfiised ; iinniethodical ; ir- 
 regular; being without proper order or disposition ; 
 as, the books and papers are in a ditordrrbj state. 
 
 2. Tumultuous ; irregular ; as, tlie disorderly mo- 
 tions of the spirits. 
 
 3. Lawless ; contrary lo law ; violating or dis- 
 posed to violate law and good order ; as, disorderly 
 [HHiple ; dliordrrlti n.sscmlilies. 
 
 4. Inclined to break loose from restraint; unruly ; 
 as, disnrdrrhj catllt;. 
 
 DIS-()R'l)ER-LV,a(/e. Without order, rule, or method ; 
 irregularly ; confusedly ; in a disorderly manner. 
 
 ^»vnff\*v fi^luiiig dtMOrderly with stones. finlcgb. 
 
 2. In a manner vitilating law and good order ; in a 
 manner contrary to rules or established instiiiiiions. 
 Wiihilriw fmm every brother thiU walkclli ditorderly. — 2 
 ■r\tm. iii. 
 
 DIS-OR'DI-NATE, o. Disorderlv ; living Irregularly. 
 UlS-OR'DI-NATE-LY, ado. Inordinately ; irregular- 
 ly ; viciously. 
 
 Dl.S-OR-G.\N-I-ZA'TIO>J, v. [See DisonoANi/.E.] 
 The act t>f disorganizing ; the act tif iiestro\'irig 
 organic structure, or connected system ; the act of 
 destroying order, 
 
 2. The state of being disorganized. We speak of 
 the disnr^ranization of the btxly, or of government, or 
 of society, or of an army. 
 
 DIS-OR'GAN-IZE, v. U [dis and organize. See 
 Or«an.] 
 
 To break or destroy organic structure or cimnected 
 system ; lo dissolve regular system or union of parts ; 
 as, lo disorisnnize a government or society ; tti disor- 
 ganize an army. 
 
 Every iiccmmt of the wtllement of Plymouth mentions the con- 
 duct of Lyfoni, who ittleinpted to disorganise tin- cliiirch. 
 
 Eliot'* Biog. Diet. 
 
 DIS-OR'GAN-TZ-CT), pp. or a. Reduced lo disorder ; 
 being in a confused stale. 
 
 DI.'*-<)R'G AN-tZ-ER, n. One who disorganizes; one 
 wini destroys or attempts to interrupt ri^giilar order 
 or system ; one who introduces disorder and con- 
 fusion. 
 
 DIS-OR'GAN IZ-ING, ppr. Destroying regular and 
 ctuinected system ; throwing into confusion. 
 
 2. n. Dis|H)sed or lending to disorganize; as, a 
 dtsoriranizinir spirit. 
 
 DIS-O'RI-E.N'T-A TED, a. Turned from the east; 
 turned from the right directinn. 
 
 DIS-fi\V.\', r. I. [dis and own.] To deny ; not to 
 own ; to refuse lo acknowledge as belonging to 
 one's self. A parent can hardly disown his cliild. 
 An author will sometimes disoien his wrilings. 
 2. To deny ; not lo allow. 
 
 To dijiotfin .1 liruilier's letter claim. Dryden. 
 
 I)l^«.f)^Y.^"^;D, pp. or a. Not owned; not acknowl- 
 edged as one's own ; denied ; ilisnllowcd, 
 
 Dl* OWN'I.VG, ppr. Not oivning ; denying; dis- 
 
 1)1? fiW.V.MENT, II. Act of disowning, [allowing. 
 
 I)IS-( IX' Y-DaTE, r. L [d,s and oiyd/ile.-\ To reduce 
 from oxydaiion ; to reduce frmii the st:ite of an oxyd, 
 by di 'engaging oxygen triuii a substance ; as, lo du- 
 orifdat-e irt>n ttr copper. 
 
 DIS-OX'Y-DA-TEU, pp. Reduced from tlic stale of 
 an oxvd. 
 
 DIS-().\'Y-DX-TI.\G, ppr. Reducing from the stale 
 of an oxvd. 
 
 DIS-(I.\-Y'-I).x'TIO.\, n. The actor process of freeing 
 from oxygen and reducing from the slate of an oxyd. 
 
 Med, Hrpos. 
 
 [Thi.^ irord seeing lo he prrfrraile In Deoxtoate.] 
 DIS-().\'Y-GEN-ATE, c. t. [dii nnd ozygenalr.] To 
 
 deprive of oxvgen. 
 DIS-li.y Y <JE.\-A-TEI), pp. Freed frtmi oxygen. 
 DI.S-OX'Y-tjEN-A-TI.XG, ppr. Freeing from oxygen. 
 DIS.<).\-Y-<SEN-A'TI()\, 11. The act Hr process of 
 
 separating oxygen from anv siib-stance containing it. 
 DIS-PACE^ r. 1. [dis and s'patiur, L.] 
 
 To range aboiiL [Ob.i.] Sprnsrr. 
 Dlfs-PAIR', r. t [dLi and pair.] To sejiamte a pair 
 
 or couple. Beaum. 4" Fl. 
 
 Dl.s-PAIR'ED, pp. P.-irted; separated. 
 DIS-PAIR'I.NG, ppr. Parting a couple or pair. 
 niS- PA \ D', r. (. [ U rfLvponrfa.] 
 
 To dispLiy. [JV'iit IK use.] DieL 
 
 DIS-PAN'SION, ( shun,) n. The act of spreading t-r 
 displaying. [JVot in u.«e.) 
 
 DIS-PAK'A-DlS-i'.'l), ( par'a-dist,) a. [dis and para- 
 dise.] Removed tVoiii paradise. 
 
 DIS-PAR' AGE, B. t. [Norm, despcragcr ; dea, i/u, and 
 paratre, from peer, pur, eipial.] 
 
 1. To marry one lo another of inferior condition or 
 rank ; lo dishonor by i.n unequal niatcli or inarnnge, 
 against the nilt:s of decency. 
 
 2. To match unequally ; lo injure or dishonor by 
 union with something of inferior excelleno-. 
 
 Jah nson. 
 
 3. Ti) injure or dishonor by a comparison wilh 
 soiiietliing of less value or excellence. 
 
 4. To treat wilh contempt ; lo undervalue ; lo 
 lower in rank or estimation; to vilify ; to bring rc- 
 liroacli on ; to reproach ; to debase by words or ac- 
 tions ; lo dishonor. 
 
 Thou dunit not thus ditjtarage glorious arms. Milton. 
 
 DI.S-PAR'AG-/;I), pp. Married to one beneath his or 
 her coiidition ; iiiietpially matchi-d ; dishonored or 
 injuretl by comparison with somethtng inferior ; un- 
 dervalued ; vilified ; debased ; reprtiached. 
 
 DIS-PAR'AOE-.ME.XT, ;i. The matching of a man 
 or woman to tuie of inferior rank or condition, and 
 against the rules of difeiicj'. Knenc. Coirrt. 
 
 2. Injury by union or comparison with something 
 of inferior excellence. Johtuion. 
 
 3. Uiiiiiniilion of value or excellence ; reproach ; 
 disgr.tce; indignity ; dishonor; followed by to. 
 
 it ought to be no disjKirtlgeineia to a sur tlijt it is not the sun. 
 
 South. 
 
 To lie a huinlile Christian is no disparagement lo a priua-, or a 
 nobleiiLui. Anon. 
 
 DIS-PAR'AG-ER, II. One who disparages or dishon- 
 ors : one who vilifies or disgraces. 
 
 Dli!-PAR'.\G-IN<;, ppr. lit a. Marrjing lUie to another 
 of inferior condition ; de|ireciating in the estimation 
 of others ; vilif\'iiig ; d islioiioritig. 
 
 DI.S-P.AR'AO-ING-LV'inrfo. In a manner lo disparage 
 or disliounr. 
 
 D1."^'P.-\R-ATE, a. [L. disparaia, things unlike ; dis- 
 par ; dis anil pfir, equal.] 
 
 I'neqiial ; unlike; dissimilar. Robinson. 
 I)r.s'PAR-.\TES, n. pi. I'liiiigs so iinetpial or unlike 
 that they ciin not be conipartrd with each other. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 DIS-P.\R'I-TY, II. ( Fr. rfi.spnri/c ; f^\i. di.^andad ; It. 
 di.<paritd ; from L. du.pary unequal ; dtj and par, 
 C(|iial.] 
 
 1. Irri'gularity ; difference in degree, in age, 
 rank, coiitlitioii, or excellence ; as, a disjiarity of 
 years or of age ; di.ipahty of condition or t:ircuni- 
 staiices ; followed by uf or in. \Yc say, disparity in 
 or of years. 
 
 2. Dissimilitude ; unlikeness. 
 
 DIS-PARK', V. t. [dis and part:.] To throw open a 
 park ; lo lay open. Sliab. 
 
 2. To set at large ; lo release from ini losiire or 
 coiifinrinent. H'aller. 
 
 DIS-l'.iiRK'KU, (dis-piirkt',) pp. Disiiielo.-ed ; set al 
 large. 
 
 DI.S-I'AIIK'I.N'G, n. Act of throwing opi-n a park. 
 DIS-PSRT', r. L [dii and pari . Fr. drpartir ; l- dis- 
 
 partior. (See Part.) Dis and part both imply srp 
 
 aration.] 
 
 To part asunder ; lo divide ; loseparali^ ; lo sex'er ; | 
 to burst . lo rend ; to rive or split , as, di-.-parird air ; 
 difparletl towers ; dhcparted chaos. [Jin elegant poetic 
 Word. 1 Jlillon. 
 
 DIS-PART', V. i. To separite ; to open ; to cleavt;. 
 
 DIf-PART', n. In gunnery, the difference between 
 the thickness of the inet.ii of a piece of ordnance at 
 the mouth and al the breech. Bailey. 
 
 DIS-PART', r. (. In gunnery, lo set a mark on the 
 muzzle-ring of a piece of ordnance, so that a sight- 
 line frtmi the lop of the base-ring to the mark on or 
 m ar the muzzle, may be parallel to the axis of the 
 bore or hollow cylintler. Kneye. 
 
 DIS-PXRT'El), pp. or a. Divided ; separated ; iKirled ; 
 rent asundi'r. 
 
 DIS-PART'ING, ppr. Severing; dividing; bursting; 
 cleaving. 
 
 DIS-PAS'.<ION, (-p.a.sh'nn,) u. [dis and pii.«.«tun.] 
 Freedom from passion ; an undisturbed state of the 
 mind ; aimthy. Temple. 
 
 DIS-PAS'SIO.N'-ATE, a. Free from passion ; calm ; 
 cttmpased ; impartial ; modenile ; li'iiiperate ; iin- 
 iiu»%*ed by feelings ; ajrplicd to persons ; as, lUspassion- 
 ate men or judges. 
 
 2. Not dictal(;d by passion ; not proceeding from 
 temper or bias ; impartial ; applied to things; as, dis- 
 pa.isionate proceed in gs. 
 
 DIS-PAS'SION-A'IE-LY, arfc. Without passion; 
 calnilv : ctMillv. 
 
 DI.-^-P.AS'SION-KD, (dis-|ash'und,) a. Free from 
 [Kission. 
 
 DI.-<-P.\TCII', r. I. [Fr. depfcheT : Pp. despachar ; 
 Port. irf. ; IL di<pnrriare : Arm. dibeeh, disbaehal. In 
 IL .■rpaccinre sigllilies tti sell, put off, speed, ilis(>alcli ; 
 spiier.io, sale, vent, dis|)alch, exjicdition. This word 
 bi'longs to ("lass Bg, and the primary sense is to | 
 send, throw, thrust, drive, and this is the sense of 1 1 
 
 TONE, ByLL, IJNITE. — AN"OER, VI"CIOUS.— € aa K ; G as J ; S aa Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 347 
 
PIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 paek, L j>anso,pactus. Hence our vulgar plirases, (o 
 pack off, and to budge. The same word occurs in im- 
 peach.] 
 
 1. To send, or send away ; particularly applied to 
 the sending of messengers, agents, and letters on 
 special business, and often implying haste. The 
 king dispatched an envoy to the court of Madrid. He 
 dispatched a messenger to his envoy in France. He 
 dispatched orders or letters to the commander of the 
 forces in Spain. The president dispatched a special 
 envoy to the court of St. James in 1794. 
 
 2. To send out of the world ; to put to death. 
 
 The company shall slone them with sloiies, and dispatch them 
 with tlietr swords. — Exek. xxiii. 
 
 3. To perform ; to execute speedily ; to finish ; as, 
 the business was dispatched in due time. 
 
 DIS-PATCH', V. i. To conclude an affair with an- 
 other; to transact and finish. [JVoi now used.] 
 
 They have dispatched with Poinp._*y. .Shale. 
 
 DIS-PATCH', 71. Speedy performance ; execution or 
 transaction of business with due diligence. Bacon. 
 
 2. Speed; haste; expedition; due diligence; as, 
 the business was done with dispatch; go, but make 
 dispatch. 
 
 3. Conduct ; management. [A''ot used.] Shak. 
 
 4. A letter sent, or to be sent, with expedition, by a 
 messenger express ; or a letter on some atfair of state, 
 or of public concern ; or a packet of letters, sent by 
 some public officer, on public business. It is often 
 used in the plural. .\ vessel or a messenger has ar- 
 rived with dispatches for the American minister. A 
 dispatch was immediately sent to the admiral. The 
 secretary was preparing his dispatches. 
 
 DIS-PATCH'£D, (dis-patcht',) pp. Sent with haste, 
 or by a courier express ; sent out of the world ; put 
 to death ; performed ; finished. 
 DIS-PATCH'ER, n. One that dispatches ; one that 
 2. One that sends on a special errand. [kills. 
 DIS-PATCH'FIJL, a. Bent on hasle ; indicating 
 haste ; intent on speedy execution of business ; as, 
 dispatchfid looks. Milton. 
 DIS-PATCH'ING, ppr. Sending away in haste ; put- 
 ting to death ; executing; finishing. 
 DIS'PA-THY, 71. [Gr. dij and !toO„s.] 
 
 Want of passion, 
 DTS-PAU'PER, f. «. [Jis ar\<\ pauper.] To ileprive of 
 the claim •f a pauper to public support, or of the ca- 
 pacity of suing in forma pauperis: to reduce back 
 I'rom the state of a pauper. 
 
 A man is disf>aupered, when he has lan'lB fallen to him or 
 property given hinl. Eiicyc. 
 
 DIS-PAU'PER-ED, pret. and pp. Brought from the 
 state of a pauper. 
 
 DIS-PAU'PER-ING, ppr. Bringing from the condi- 
 tion of a pauper. 
 
 DIS PEL', V. t. [L. dispello; di.i and peUo, to drive ; 
 Gt. tiaXXoi. See Appeal, Peal, Pulse, and Bawl.] 
 To scatter by driving or force ; to disperse ; to dis- 
 sipate ; to banish ; as, to dispel vapors ; to di^cl dark- 
 ness or gloom ; to dispel fears ; to dispel cares or 
 sorrows ; to dispel doubts. 
 
 DIS-PEL'L£D, pp. Driven away ; scattered ; dissi- 
 pated. 
 
 DIS-PEL'LIXG, ppr. Driving away; dispersing; 
 scattering. 
 
 DIS-PEND', V. t. [L. dispendo; dis and pendo, to 
 weigh. J 
 
 To spend ; to lay out ; to consume. Spenser. 
 
 [See Expend, which is generiilly used.] 
 DI.S-PEND'ER, n. One that distributes. 
 DIS-PENS'A-BLE, a. That may be dispensed with. 
 
 More. 
 
 DIS-PENS'A-BLE-NESS, 71. The capability of being 
 dispensed with. Hammond. 
 
 DIS-PENS'A-RY, n. A house, place, or shop, in 
 which medicines arc dispensed to the poor, and med- 
 ical advice given, gratis. 
 
 DIS-PEN-SA'TION, 71. [I,, dispensatio. See Dis- 
 
 PEPtSE.] 
 
 1. Distribution ; the act of dealing out to different 
 persons or places ; as, the dispensation of water indif- 
 ferently to all parts of the earth. IVooduiard. 
 
 2. The dealing of God to his creatures ; the dis- 
 tribution of good and evil, natural or moral, in the 
 divine govi'rnmeut. 
 
 Neither are God's methods or intentions dillercnt in his dispen- 
 tatioTu to each private man. Hogcrs. 
 
 3. The granting of a license, or the license itself, 
 to do what is forbidden by laws or canons, or to omit 
 something which is commaniled ; that is, the dis- 
 pensing with a law or canon, or the exemption of a 
 particular person from the obligation to comply with 
 lU injiincliuns. The pope has power to dispense 
 with the canons of the rimrcli, but has no right to 
 grant dispensations to the injury of a third pcrsim. 
 
 A ditjitruatiun was otjtiined to tnalilc Dr. harrow to marry. 
 
 Ward. 
 
 4. That which in disptmfied or bestowed ; n system 
 of principles and rites enjoined ; as, the Mosaic dis- 
 pensation; the /gospel diiprnsatitni ; including, the 
 former, the I^evitical law and ritcsi ; the latter, the 
 ■chcmo of redemption by Christ. 
 
 DIS-PENS'A-TIVE, a. Granting dispensation. 
 DIS-PENS'A-TIVE-LY, adv. By aispensation. 
 
 fVolton. 
 
 DIS-PEN-Sa'TOR, n. [L.] One whose employment 
 is to deal out or distribute ; a distributor ; a dis- 
 penser ; the latter word is ^etierallij used, 
 
 DIS-PENS'A-TO-RY, a. Having power to grant dis- 
 pensations. 
 
 DIS-PENS'A-TO-RY, n. A book containing the 
 method of preparing the various kinds of medicines 
 used in pharmacy, or containing directions for the 
 composition of medicines, with the proportions of the 
 ingredients, and the methods of preparing them. 
 
 DIS-PENSE', (dis-pens',) v. t. [Fr. dispenser ; Sp. dis- 
 jKnsar ; It. di-'pensare ; from L. di^penso ; dis and 
 pcnso, from pendo, to weigh, primarily to move ; and 
 perhaps the original idea of expending, was to weigh 
 off, or to distribute by weight.] 
 
 1. To deal or divide out in parts or portions ; to 
 distribute. The steward dispenses provisions to every 
 man, according to his directions. The society dis- 
 penses medicines to the poor gratuitously, or at first 
 cost. God dispenses his favors according to his good 
 pleasure. 
 
 2. To administer ; to apply, as laws to particular 
 cases; to distribute justice. 
 
 Willie you dispense the laws and ^ide the state. Dryden. 
 
 To dispense with ; to permit not to take effect ; to 
 neglect or pass by ; to suspend the operation or appli- 
 cation of something required, established, or custom- 
 ary ; as, to dispense with the law, in ftivor of a friend ; 
 I can not dispense tciththe conditions of the covenant. 
 So we say, to dispense with oaths ; to dispense with 
 forms and ceremonies. 
 
 2. To exciise from ; to give leave not to do or ob- 
 .serve what is required or commanded. The court 
 will dispense with your attendance, or with your com- 
 pliance. 
 
 3. To permit the want of a thing which is useful 
 or convenient ; or, in the vulgar phrase, to do with- 
 out. I can dispense with your services. I can dis- 
 pense with my cloak. In this application, the phrase 
 has an allusion to the requisitions of law or neces- 
 sity; the thing dispensed with being supposed, in 
 some degree, necessary or required. 
 
 I could not dispense inth myself from making a voyage to 
 
 Caprea. [Nut to be imitated.] .iddis'on. 
 
 Canst thou disoense with Heaven for sucU an oath? [Not 
 
 lesitiinate.) Shak. 
 
 DIS-PEXSE', (dis-pens',) 77. Dispensation. [JVot 
 used.] Milton. 
 2. Expense ; profusion. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 DIS-PEi\S'£D, (dis-penst',) pp. Distributed ; admin- 
 istered. 
 
 DIS-PEN'S'ER, 71 One who dispenses ; one who dis- 
 tributes ; one who administers ; as, a dispenser of fa- 
 vors, or of the laws. 
 
 DIS-PENS'ING, ppr. Distributing; administering. 
 2. a. That may dispense with ; granting dispensa- 
 tion ; that may grant license to oinit what is reipiired 
 by law, or to do what the law forbids ; as, a dispens- 
 ing power. 
 
 DIS-PkO'PLE, (dis-pee'pl,) 11. t. [dis and people.] To 
 depopulate ; to empty of inhabitants, as by destruc- 
 tion,_expulsion, or other means. Milton. Pope. 
 
 DIS-PeO'PLED, (dis-pce'pld,) pp. Depopulated ; de- 
 prived of inhabitants. 
 
 DIS-PEO'PLER, )i. One who depopulates; a depop- 
 ulator; that which deprives of inhabitants. 
 
 DtS-PlcO'PLING, (dis-pee'pling,) ppr. Depopulating. 
 
 DIS-PERGE', (dis-perj',) v. t. [L. dispergo.] 
 To sprinkle. [JVot in use.] 
 
 DI-SPER.M'OUS, a. [Gr. St, 6is, and <r-cpfia, seed.] 
 In botany, two-seetied ; containing two seeds only ; 
 as, umbellate and stellate plants are diipermons. 
 
 DIS-PERSE', (dis-pers',) v. t. [L. du'q>ersus, from rfw- 
 pcrgo ; di, dis, and spargo, to scatter ; Fr. disperser.] 
 
 1. To scatter ; to drive asunder ; to cause to sepa- 
 rate into different parts ; as, the Jews are dispersed 
 among all nations. 
 
 2. 'J'o difl'iise ; to spread. 
 The lips of the wite disperse knowledge. — I'rov. xv. 
 
 It should be Difkl'se.] 
 
 . 'I'o dissipate ; as, the fog or the cloud is dis- 
 perseil. 
 
 4. To distribute. Bacon. 
 DIS-PERSE', (dis-pers',) v. i. To be scattered; to 
 
 separate ; to go or move into ditferent parts; as, the 
 
 company dispersed at ten o'clock. 
 2. 'J'o be scattered ; to vanish ; as fog or vapors. 
 DIS-PERS'OT, (dis-perst',) pp. oro. Scattered ; driven 
 
 apart ; didusetl ; dissi])ated. 
 DIS-PERS' E1)-LY, ado. In a disperseil manner ; sep- 
 arately. Jlookrr. 
 DIS-PERS'ED-NESS, 71. The state of being dis- 
 
 persetl or scattered. 
 DIS-PERSE'NESS, (dis-per.s'ness,) 71. Thinness ; a 
 
 scattered state. [Liltlc used.] Brcrcieood. 
 DIS-PERS'ER, 71. One who disperses; as, the dis- 
 
 firr.ier of libels. Spectalor. 
 Ids l'i;u.s'IN(S, p/ir. Scattering; dissipating. 
 DI.S I'KR'SION, (-shun,) n. The act of scattering. 
 2. The state of being scattered, or separated into 
 
 remote parts ; as, the Jews, in their dispersion, retain 
 their rites and ceremonies. 
 
 3. By way of eminence, the scattering or sei>aration 
 of the human family, at the building of Babul. 
 
 4. In optics, the separation of light into its differ- 
 ent cohired rays. This arises from their different 
 refrangibililies. 
 
 5. In medicine and surgery, the removing of in- 
 flammation from a part, and restoring it to its natu- 
 ral state. 
 
 DIS-PERS'IVE, a. Tending to scatter or dissipate. 
 
 Oreen. 
 
 DIS-PIR'IT, V. t. [dis and spirit.] To depress the 
 spirits ; to deprive of courage ; to discourage ; to 
 dishearten ; to deject ; to cast down. We may be 
 dispirited by afflictions, by obstacles to success, by 
 poverty, and by fear. When fear is the cause, dis- 
 pirit is nearly equivalent to intimidate or terrify. 
 
 2. To exhaust the spirits or vigor of the body. 
 [JVot !<,--Ha;.] Collier. 
 
 DIS-PIR'IT-ED, pp. or a. Discouraged; depressed in 
 spirits ; dejected ; intimidated. 
 
 DIS-PIR'IT-ED-LY, ado. Dejectedly. 
 
 DIS-PIR'IT-ED-NESS, 71. Want of courage ; depres- 
 sion of si)irits. 
 
 DIS-PIR'IT-ING, ppr. or a. Discouraging ; disheart- 
 ening ; dejecting ; intimidating. 
 
 DIS-PIT'E-OUS, a. Having no pity; cruel; furious. 
 [JVot used.] Spender. 
 
 DIS PLACE', V. t. [dis and place ; Fr. deplacer ; Arm. 
 dibla^za.] 
 
 1. To put out of the usual or proper place ; to re- 
 move from its place ; as, the books in the library are 
 
 all displaced. 
 
 2. To remove from any state, condition, office, or 
 dignity ; as, to displace an officer of the revenue. 
 
 3. To disorder. 
 
 You have displaced tlie mirth. Shak. 
 DIS-PLaC'£D, (-plast',) pp. Removed from the proper 
 place ; deranged ; disordered ; removed from an of- 
 fice or state. ^ 
 DIS-PLACE'iMENT, 71. [Fr. deplacement.] 
 
 The act of disphicing ; the act of removing from 
 the usual or proper place, or from a slate, condition, 
 or oflice. 
 
 The displacement of the centers of the circles. 
 
 .\siat, Hesearches, v. 185. 
 Uimecessary displacement of funds. Hamilton's Bep, ii. 
 
 DIS-PLa'CEN-CY, 71. [L. displiccntia, from displiceo, 
 to displease ; dis and placeo, to please.] 
 
 Incivility ; that which displeases or disobliges. 
 
 Decay of Fietif. 
 DIS-PLAC'L\G, ppr. Putting out of the usual or 
 proper place ; removing from an office, state, or con- 
 dition. 
 
 DIS-PLANT', r. t. [dis and plant.] To pluck up, or 
 to remove a plant. 
 
 2. To drive away, or remove from the tisual place 
 of residence ; as, to dusplant the people of a country. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. To strip of inhabitants ; as, to ilisplant a coini- 
 try. Spenser. 
 
 DIS-PLANT-A'TION, n. The removal of a plant. 
 2. The removal of inhabitants or resident people. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 DIS-PLANT'ED, pp. Removed from the place where 
 it grew, as a plant. 
 
 2. Removed from the place of residence ; applied 
 to persons. 
 
 .3. Deprived of inhabitants ; applied to a country. 
 
 DIS-PL.ANT'ING, ppr. Removing, as a plant. 
 
 D1S-PLANT'L\G, w. Removal from a fixed place. 
 
 DIS-PLAT', V. U [dis and plat.] To untwist ; to un- 
 curl, llake.will. 
 
 DIS-PLaY', v. t. [Fr. deployer, and deploy is the same 
 word. It is a different orthography of deplier, to un- 
 fold ; .Arm. displrga t Sp. desplegar; It. .fpiegare ; dis 
 and Fr. plier, Sp. plegar, It. piegare, to folil ; L. plico, 
 W. plygn, (Jr. -^X'.Kto : and mtXooi, atrXoto, to unfold, 
 m:iy be from the same root.] 
 
 1. Literally, to unfold : hence, to open ; to spread 
 wide ; to expand. 
 
 'i'he northern wind his wings did hroad display. Spenser. 
 
 2. To spread before the view ; to show ; to exhibit 
 to the eyes, or to the mind ; to make mtmilVst. The 
 works of nature display the power and wisdom of 
 the Supreme Being. C'hristitm charily displays the 
 eflects of true piety. A dress, simple and elegant, 
 displays ft-male taste and beauty to advantage. 
 
 3. To carve ; to dissect and «[ki\. 
 
 lie carves, displays, and cut* up to a wonder. Spectator. 
 
 4. To set to view ostentatiously. SItak. 
 ti. To discover. [jVe/ in ii.tc. ] Spenser. 
 ti. 'J'o open ; to unlock. [.\'ot used.] B. ./otisoiu 
 
 DIS-PLAY', r. i. To talk without restraint ; to mako 
 a great show of words. Sliak, 
 
 Dl.'^-l'L.A Y', n. An opening or unfolding; an exhibi- 
 tion of any thing lo the view. 
 
 2. Show ; exhiliitiiin ; as, they make a great dis- 
 play of troops ; a great dis/ilay of maiinificence. 
 
 DIS-t'LAV'/;i), fihs plailc',) Unfolded; opened; 
 spread ; expanili il ; exhibited to view ; manifested. 
 
 PATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY.-PINE, MAKINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, IMOVE, WQLF, DOQK.— 
 
 348 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS-PL.\Y'ER, n. He or tlmt which <lis|ilays. 
 l)IS-ri.AV'lN<J, ppr. UnfoUliii); i s|)rcii<liiig ; cxhib- 
 
 i(in2 ; inanirestii)!;. 
 DIS-PLEAS'ANCE, (dU-ph-z'aiis,) n. [Fl. diplaisaiuc] 
 
 Aiigpr ; discontent. [.Vol lued.] Spenser. 
 DIS-PLKAS'ANT, (dis-plui'anl,) a [See Displease.] 
 Unplwising ; ollensivc; unpleiisuiit. [The latter 
 toord i.* treiienally used,] 
 DI.S PLe.\Siy, (dis-plecM'O c. t [dis and please.] 
 
 1. To ulloiid ; to niiike nnsry, soineiiiiies in a 
 slight ilegrec. It usually expresses less than t» annr, 
 vex, irritate, and procukc. .Vpplied to the .MniiKlity, 
 in Scripture, it may be considered as equivalent to 
 anger. 
 
 GimI wu 'litpteatad wiih thu Ihitip ; UieRfore Itc imole Ismel. — 
 I Cliruii. izi. 
 
 2. To disgust ; to excite aversion in ; as, acrid and 
 rancid substances dLtplease the taste, 
 
 3. To orti-nd ; to be disagreeable to. A distcrted 
 fiSnrc displeases the eye. 
 
 DI.^-PLkASE', v. i. To disgust ; to raise aversion. 
 
 DlS-l'LKA.S'Kl), p;>. Utlended ; disgusted. 
 
 I)IS-l'I.I~:A#'i;i)-\ESS, 71. Displeasure ; uneasiness. 
 
 DltJ-PLlv AS'l.NG, />pr. Giving offense. [.Moiuagiie. 
 
 UI!?-PL£AS'I.NG, a. OllVnsive to the eye, to the 
 mind, to tlie smell, or to tbe taste ; disgusiiug ; disa- 
 greeable. 
 
 DIS-PL£AS'I.\'G-NESS, n. Offensivcness ; the qual- 
 ity of giving .some degree of disgust. 
 
 DI.S-PLEAS'1;RE, (dis-pUv.h'ur,) n. Some irritation 
 or uneasiness of tbe mind, occasioned by anything 
 tlinl coiiiiteracls desire or ciimuiand, or which op- 
 poses justice and a sense of propriety. A man incurs 
 the displeasure of another by thwarting his views or 
 schemes ; a servant incurs the displeasure of his ma.s- 
 ter by neglect or disobedience; we ex|M>rience i/is- 
 pleasurc at any violation of right or decorum. Vis- 
 fleo'ure is anger, but it may he slight anger. It 
 implies disapprobation or hatred, and usually ex- 
 presses less than vexation and indi^niatian, Tlius, 
 slighter offenses give displeasure, although they may 
 not excite a violent passion, 
 
 2. Oirense ; cause of irritation. 
 
 Now •h.iJI I mon? M.\inekM than the Plulistines, though 1 do 
 lju-iii a ititpleodure . — Jml^-« xv. 
 
 3. State of disgrace or disfavor. 
 
 He went into Poland, bciuj in ditpteasart willi ttie pope for 
 ovcriDuch f.u)iili.inty. Ptndiam. 
 
 D"IS-PI,EAS't:UE, ». t To displease, [.in unnecessa- 
 
 ry teord, and not used.] Bacon. 
 DIS'PLI-CE.VCE, M. [L. displieentia.] 
 
 Dislike. [A'ot in use.] Mountatrtu 
 
 DIS-PL(~)DE', r. (, [L. displodo; dis and plaudo, to 
 break forth.] 
 To vcnl, discharge, or burst with a violent sound. 
 
 In ppstiir* to dupUide Lhrir second tire 
 Of Unuickr. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 DIS-PLoDE', r. t. To burst with a loud reiwrt ; to 
 explode ; as, a meteor disploded with a trcnieiidoiis 
 sound. 
 
 DIS-PLoD'ED, pp. Discharged with a loud reiHirt. 
 DIS-PLOD'I.\G, /»j>r. Discharging or bursting w ith a 
 loud report. 
 
 DIS-PLO'SION, (-7.hun,) n. The act of disploding ; a 
 sudden bursting with a loud report ; an explosion. 
 
 DIS PI.O'SI VE, a. -Voting displosion. 
 
 DIS-PLOME', r. t. [dis plume.] To strip or de- 
 prive of plumes or feathers ; to strip of badges of 
 honor. Burke. 
 
 DIS-PI.r.M'ED, pp. Stripped of plumes. 
 
 I)1S-P1.C.M'I.\'G, p/>r. Depriving of plumes, 
 
 DI-SPO.\'DEE, n. In GrecJ: and Ixilin poetry, a double 
 spondee, consisting of four long syllables. Kneiic. 
 
 DIS PORT', «. [Uis and sport.] ' Play ; s|kirt ; pas- 
 time ; diversion; amusement; merriment, 
 
 Milton, llawnrd. 
 
 DIS-Pf)RT', r, i. To play : to wanton ; to move light- 
 ly niid without restraint ; to move in gayety ; as, 
 lambs diiporting on the meail. 
 
 Wlirrc lifht disports in fTcr-niini^ing tl_ve». Pope. 
 
 DIS-PflRT', r. t. To divert or ainnsc ; as, he disports 
 himself. Shak. 
 
 DIS- PORT', r. (. To remove from a port. Chalmers. 
 
 DIS-PORT'ED, pp. Played ; moved lightly and with- 
 out reslnint. 
 
 DIS-PfiRT'l.VG, ;>pr. Playing: wantoning. 
 
 DIS-PORT'.ME.NT, n. Art of disp,irtiiig ; pi iv. .Vore. 
 
 DI,-<-Pf)S'A RLE, ( poz'a-bl,) o. (.See Dispose.] Sub- 
 ject to dis|H>s.-il ; not previtiiisly engaged or eniplo> ed ; 
 free to be used or eiiiployeil as orca-iion may retpiire. 
 The whole dusposatle force consisted in a regiment of 
 light infantry and a troop of c.av.alry. 
 
 DI.<-P()S'AL, (dis-p67.'al,)«. [See Duposk,] The act 
 of dis|«v<ing ; a setting or arranging. Tliis obji'ct 
 was effected by tlie disposal of ine troojM in two 
 lines. 
 
 2. Regulation, order, or arrangement of things, in 
 the moral government of God ; dispen.sation. 
 
 Tax not Uirine dupomi. A/i/ton. 
 
 3. Power of ordering, arranging, or dirstribiiting ; 
 government ; management ; as, an agent is appoint- 
 
 ed, anil every thing is left to his disposal. The effects 
 in mj' hands are entirely at my di-posal. 
 
 4. Power or right of bestowing. Cert.iin offices are 
 at tb<i disposal of the president. The father has the 
 disposal of his daughter in marriage, 
 
 5, The passing into .a new stale or into new hands. 
 DIS-P6SE', (dis-p<Sz',) r. L [Ft. diiposer ; dis and 
 
 poser, to place ; Ann. disposi; L. di^'posittis, dispono.] 
 
 1. To set ; to place or distribute ; to arrange ; used 
 irith rrfi-rcnee to order. The ships were dusposed in 
 the form of a crescent. The general disposed his 
 troops ill three lines. The trees arc disposed in the 
 form of a i|uinciinx, 
 
 9, To regulate ; to adjust ; to set in right order. Job 
 x.xxiv. and xxxvii. 
 
 Till' knightly foniia of eombat to dispose. Drytlen. 
 
 3. To apply to a particular purpose; to give; to 
 place ; to bestow ; as, you have disposed much in 
 works of public pii ty. In this sense, to dispose of is 
 more generally used. 
 
 4. To set, place, or turn, to a particular end or con- 
 sequence. 
 
 Kniliirc nn<l conquer; JoTe will »oon dispost 
 
 To I'utuie good our piist :iiid pivsent wo*.-*. Dnjden. 
 
 5. To adapt ; to form for any pur()Ose, 
 
 Tlirn must thou ih-'C dispose anoUicr way. Hubbard's Tale. 
 C, To set the mind in a particular frame ; to in- 
 cline. Avarice disposes men to fraud and oppression, 
 
 Siisptcioiia dispose l,iii?s to tyniiiiiv, htulnntls to J^aluiuy, and 
 
 wij.' nwn to irir-wjluliuii .uid iiK-l.inclioiy. Jlo'con. 
 lie was disposed to pan into Achai;i. — Acta xviii. 1 Cor. x. 27. 
 
 To dispose of; to part with ; to sell ; to alienate ; 
 as, the man has disposed of his house, and reinovi d. 
 
 2. To part with to another; to put into another's 
 hand or power ; lo bestow ; as, the father has disposed 
 of his daughter to a man of great worth. 
 
 3. To give away or transfer by authority. 
 
 K ninO Ji'dfp? disposed of tx;aiity*« prirr. Wnller, 
 
 4. To direct the course of a thing, Pror. xvi. 
 
 5. To place in any conilition ; as, how will you dis- 
 pose of your son 
 
 6. To ilirect what to do, or what course to pursue ; 
 as, they know not how to dispose of themselves. 
 
 7. To use or enipltiy ; as, they know iu)t how to 
 di.'^ose nf their time. 
 
 8. To put away ; the stream supplies more water 
 than raii be disposed of. 
 
 DIS-POSE', i". I. To bargain ; to make terms. [0'«.] 
 
 Sfiok. 
 
 DIS-PoSE', ri. Disposal; power of disposing; nian- 
 ageineut. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 2. Dispensation; act of government [Oft«.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. Dispasition ; cast of behavior. [Ofts.] Shak. 
 
 4. Disposition; cast of mind; inclination, [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DIS-Pt")?'KD, pp. Set in order; arranged ; pl.iced ; ad- 
 
 jii-led ; applied ; bestowed ; inclined. 
 DIS-l'oS'ER, n. One who disposes; a distributor ; a 
 
 beslower ; as, a di*pos''r of gifts. 
 
 2. .\ dirt rror: a regulator. The Supreme Being 
 is the rightful dUposer of all events and of all crea- 
 tures. 
 
 3. That which disposes. Prior. 
 DIS-PtlS'l.N'G, ;ipr. Setting in order ; arranging ; dis- 
 tributing ; bestowing ; regulating ; adjusting ; gov- 
 erning. 
 
 DlS-PriS'IXG, n. The act of arranging; regulation; 
 
 din-rtion. Pror. xvi. 33. 
 DIS-PO-SI"TIO.\, (-pivzi.sh'un,) n. [L. dUposUio.] 
 
 1. The act of disposing, or state of being dis- 
 posed. 
 
 2. .Manner in which things, or the parts of a com- 
 ph'x body, are placed or arranged ; order ; method ; 
 disiribiitiim ; arningeinent. We speak of the dispo- 
 sition of till- infantry and cavalry of an army ; the 
 disposition of the trees in an orchanl; the disposition 
 of the several parts of an edifice, of the parts of a 
 discourse, or of the figures in painting. 
 
 3. .Natiiril fitness or tendency. The refrangibility 
 of the riysof light is llieir disposition to be refracted. 
 So we say, a disposition in plants to grow in a direc- 
 tion upward ; a disposition in bodies to putrefaction. 
 
 4. TemiUT or n.ilund ciuistitiition of the mind ; as, 
 an amiable or an irritable disposition, 
 
 .S. Inrlinatiim: propensity; the temper or frame of 
 niiiiit, as directed to partiriilar objects. We speak of 
 llie disposition of a iK-rsrm lo undertake a particular 
 Work ; the rfi-Tioyi/io/i.i of men toward e.ach other; a 
 disposition friendly to any design. 
 
 r.. DisfMisnl ; alienation ; distribution ; a giving 
 away, or giving over lo another ; as, he has made 
 disposition of his effects ; he has satisfiiul his friends 
 hv III'- judicifMis disfiosition of his propertv. 
 
 niS-P()-?l"Tl(>.\-AI., a. Pertaining to disimsition. 
 
 Dl.< POS I TIVE, a. That implies disposal, [.Yot 
 used.] JliiUffe. 
 
 DIS POS'I TIVE-I,Y, ailr. In a dispositive manner ; 
 dKlributivrlv. [^Vot used.] Brown. 
 
 DIS-POS'l-TOR, n. .\ disposer; in astroloipi, the 
 planet which is lord of the sign where another planet 
 IS. [A'ut used.] 
 
 Dl.s-POS-SESS', r, L [dis and po.<.se.s.i.] To put out 
 of possession by any means ; to deprive of Ihe actual 
 occu|)ancy of a thing, particularly of land or real es- 
 tate ; lo disseize. 
 
 Ye shall disjsjstess IhQ tnhabltanu of tjie land, and dwell 
 
 Uii'n.'in. — Num. xxxiii. 
 lisually followed by of, before the thing taken 
 away ; as, lo dispossess a king of hia crown. 
 DIS-POS-SESS'KD, (-pos-sest',) pp. Deprived of pos- 
 session or occupancy. 
 DIS-PO.S-SESS'I.\G, ppr. Depriving of possession ; 
 disseizing. 
 
 DIS-POS-SES'SIO\, (-pos-sesh'un,) n. The act of 
 pulling out of possession. Hall. 
 
 DlS-PoS'TRE, (dis-po'zhiir,) n. [Sec Dispose.] Dis- 
 posal ; the power of disposing ; management; direo 
 lioil. Sandys. 
 
 [The use of this word is superseded by that of Dispo- 
 sal.] 
 
 2. State ; posture ; disposition, [Aot used.] 
 
 fVott/m. 
 
 DIS-PR.\ISE', (dis-prSz',) n. [i/i.* and prai.sc] Illame ; 
 censure. Be cautious not to speak in di.spraise of a 
 2. Reproach ; dishonor. [competitor, 
 Tlic <ren'T.d his 8con Moor* widi as bad faces ; no dispraise 
 to IJ,Tlran'», OryUn. 
 
 DIS-PRaISE', ». f. To blame ; to censure ; to men- 
 tion with disapprobation, or some degree of reproach. 
 I dispraised liim before die wicked. * Shak. 
 
 Dlf-PRAlS'KD, pp. Blamed ; censured, 
 DIS-PRaIS'ER, n. One who blames or dispraises, 
 DI.-*-PR.\IS'l.\(;, ppr. lllaming ; censuring. 
 DIS-PRaIS'I.\G-I.Y, adr. By way of dispraise ; with 
 
 blame or some degree of reproach. 
 DIS-PREAD', (dis-pred',) B. t. [dis and spread. See 
 
 Spreao,] 
 
 To spread in different ways; to extend or flow in 
 different directions. Sprn.srr. Pope. 
 
 DIS-PRE.VD', e. i. To ex|>and or be extended. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 DIS-PREAD'ER, ii. A publisher ; a divulger. Milton. 
 
 DIS-PRIS'O.X, (-priz'n,) v.t. To let loose from prison ; 
 to set at liliertv. Bulwrr. 
 
 DIS-PUIV'I-LEOE, r. (. To deprive of a privilege. 
 
 DIS-PRIZE', V. t. To underviUue. CoUon. 
 
 DIS-PRO-FESS', V. I. To renounce the profession of. 
 
 DIS-PROF'IT, n. [dis »nd projiu] Loss ; detriment ; 
 damage. [Little used.] 
 
 DIS-PROOF', n. [dis and proof] Confutation ; ref- 
 utatio:i ; a proving to be false tir erroneous ; as, to 
 olFer evidence in disproof of a fact, argument, prin- 
 ciple, or allegation. 
 
 DIS-PROP'ER-TY, r. f. To deprive «f property ; to 
 dispossess. [.Vol used.] Shak. 
 
 DIS-PRO-POR'TION, n. [dis and proportion.] 
 
 1. Want of proptirtion of one thing to another, or 
 between the parts of a tiling ; want of symmetry. 
 \Vc speak of the disproportion of a man's arms to his 
 body ; of the disproportion of the length of an edifice 
 to its hight 
 
 2. Want of proper quantity, according lo rules pre- 
 scribed ; as, the disproportion of the ingredients in a 
 compound. 
 
 3. Want of suitableness or adequacy; disparity; 
 inequality ; uiisuiUibleness ; as, the disproportion of 
 strength or means lo an object, 
 
 DIS-PllO-PoR'TIO.\, r. I. To make nnsiiit-ible in 
 form, size, length, or quantity ; to vioKite symmetry 
 in ; to mismatch ; to join iintilly. 
 
 To aliapc my lew* of an un,\jiial sire, 
 To disproporuon me in efcry part. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DI.S-PRO-PoR'TIO.\-.\-BLE, a. Disproportional ; not 
 in proportion ; iinsnitihle in form, size, or quantity, 
 to something else ; inadequate, 
 
 .Vote. — The sense in which this word is used is 
 generally anomalous. In its true sense, Uuit may be 
 made disproportional, it is rarely or never used, 'I'he 
 regular wtird, which ought to be used, is Dispropor- 
 tional, as iiseil bv Locke. 
 
 DIS-PRO-PoR'TlO.V-A-BLE-XESS, n. W,int of pro- 
 portion or symmetry; unsuitablencss to something 
 else. 
 
 DIS-PRO-PoR'TION-A-BLY, adr. With want of 
 proiKirtion or syinmetry ; unsuitably to something 
 els<\ Tillotson. 
 
 DI.S-PRO-PoR'TION-.\L, a. Not having due propor- 
 tion to something elstr ; not having proimrtion or sym- 
 metry of parts ; unsuitable in form or quantity ; une- 
 qual ; iiiadiHpiate, A disproportional limb ctmstilutes 
 (lefonnity in the body. The studies of youth should 
 not be di-siiropiirtionnl In their Capacities. 
 
 [This is the word which ought to be used for Dis- 
 
 PROPiiRTI'»N \rle.] 
 
 DIS-PRC) PoR-TIO.V-AL'I-TY,n. The stateof being 
 
 disproportional. 
 DIS-PRO-P0R'TIO\-AL-LY, adv. Unsuitably with 
 
 resp<;rt to form, quantity, or value ; in.adequately ; 
 
 nneqiiallv. 
 
 DIS-PRO-PfiR'TION-ATE, a. Not proportioned ; un- 
 symmelrical ; unsuitable to something else, in bulk, 
 form, or value ; inadequate. In a perfect form of the 
 body, none of the limbs are disproportiorat* It is 
 
 TCNE, DIJLL, IGNITE.- AN"GER, V?"C10US— € as K ; M J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 44 
 
 DD 
 
 349 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 >'>^i not to undertake a work with disproportion- 
 au n°\ns. 
 
 CIS PRO Portion- ATE-LY, aiv. In a dispropor- 
 tion i!e iV*!.Tee ; unsuitalily ; inadequately. 
 
 DIS-PRL>'-roR'TIUN-ATE-NESS, «. Uusuitableneas 
 in furn>, h'llk, or value; inadequaey. 
 
 DIS-PRO roR'TION .ED, ;);<.or a. Not proportioned ; 
 out of pu^fortion ; disproportionate. 
 
 DIS-PUo'I'UI-aTE, v. I. To destroy appropriation ; 
 to withdraw from an appropriate use. Anderson. 
 
 [See DisAi'PRopRiATE, which is more regularly 
 formed, and iTiore-generally used.] 
 
 DIH-PROV'A in.E, (-proov'a-bl,) o. Capable of be- 
 ing disprovet! or refuted. Buylt. 
 
 DIS-PROVE', f proove,) i>. t. [dis and prove.] To 
 prove to be falio or erroneous ; toconfute ; as, to dis- 
 prove an asseilioii, a statement, an argument, a 
 prn])osjtion. 
 
 2. To convict of the practice of error. [JVu< in 
 «j>f.] Hooker. 
 
 3. To disallow or disapprove. [JST-it in jtsr.] 
 niS-PR<")V'i,'D, //j). Proved to be false or erroneous ; 
 
 refuted. 
 
 DLS-PRo V'ER, 71. One that disproves or confutes. 
 
 niS-PRoV'I.\G, ppr. Proving to be false or errone- 
 ous ; 'confuting ; refiitii.'z. 
 
 DIS-PU.N'CE', i\ t. UUs and spun^re.'] To expunge ; 
 to erase ; also, to (lisrhaiue as from a sponge. [/// 
 foriried, and little used.] IVotton. Shnk. 
 
 mS-PUN'ISH^A-RI.E, a. [As and piuiishahle.] With- 
 out prnnl restraint \ not punishable. Swift. 
 
 DIS-I'I RSE', for Disni'Kst. [M in u.ie.] Shale. 
 
 I)1.S-1'L'R- VE\'', ( vfi ) II. (. To unprovide. [.ATot in use.] 
 
 DIS-PUR-VEY'ANCE, M. Want of provisions. [JV<.£ 
 in u.<e.] Spenser. 
 
 DIS'PU-TA-BLE, a. [See Dispute.] That may be 
 disputed ; liable to be called in question, contro- 
 verted, or contested ; controvertible ; of doubtful 
 certainty. We speak of di.<putahle opinions, state- 
 ments, propositions, arguments, points, cases, ques- 
 tions, &r. 
 
 DIS-PIJ-TAC'I-TY, n. Proneness to dispute. 
 DIS'PU-TANT, n. One who disputes ; onewhoargues 
 
 in opposition to another ; a controvertist j a reasoner 
 
 in opposition. 
 
 DiS'PU-TANT, (I. Disputing; engaged in controversy. 
 UIS-PU-Ta'TION, n. [L. disputalio.] [Milton. 
 
 1. The act of disputmg ; a r«isoning or argumen- 
 tation in opposition to something, t)r on opposite 
 sides ; controversy in words ; verbal contest, respect- 
 ing the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or 
 arfjuinent. 
 
 2. An exercise in colleges, in which parties reason 
 in opposition to each other, on some question pro- 
 posed. 
 
 DIS-PU-TA'TIOUS, (-ta'shus,) a. Inclined to dis- 
 pute ; apt to cavil or controvert ; as, a disputatious 
 person or temper. 
 
 Tiie Cliristiaii doctrine of a future life was no recommendation 
 of ih-' new n-li;pon to the wits und pIiilosoph'Ts of thai 
 diepuuitious period. Buckintm^ter. 
 
 DIS-PU-Ta'TIOUS-NESS, ji. Inclination to tlisputo. 
 
 DIS-Pu'TA-TIVE, a. Disposed to dispute ; inclined 
 to cavil or to reason in opposition ; as, a disputativc 
 temper. IVutts. 
 
 DlS-PuTE', v. i. [L. rfi,s7)ii(o ; dis and pirfo. Tile pri- 
 mary sense of puto is to throw, cast, strike, or drive, 
 as we see by impitto, to impute, to throw on, to 
 charge, to ascribe, j^niputoy to prune, is to strike off, 
 to throw otf from all sides ; computo, to compute^ Is 
 to throw together, to cast. Duqiute, then, is radically 
 very similar to debate and discuss, botli of which are 
 from beating, driving, agitation.] 
 
 1. To contend in argument ; to reason or argue in 
 op|H)sition ; to debate ; to altercate ; and to dispute 
 violently is to wrangle. Paul disputed with the Jews 
 in the synagogue. The disciples of <;hrist rfoynitai 
 among tliemselvea who should be the greatest. iVIen 
 ofli!n dispute about triHes. 
 
 2. Tc «trivc or contend in opposition to a competi- 
 tor ; as, we dijrputed for tliii prize. 
 
 DIS-POTE', V. t. To attempt to disprove by argu- 
 ments or statements ; to attempt to prove to be false, 
 unfounded, or erroneous; to controvert; to attempt 
 to overthrow by rea-soning. We dUtpute assertions, 
 opinions, arguments, or statements, when we en- 
 di;avor to prove them false or unfounded. We dis- 
 pute the validity of a title or claim. Hence, to dispute 
 a ciiuse or case with another, is to endeavor to main- 
 tain one's own opinions or claims, and to overthrow 
 thoxe of his op|M)nenl. 
 
 2. To strive or ctuitend for, either by words or ac- 
 tions ; as, to di-qiuie the honor of the day ; In dispute 
 a prize. Hut this phrase is elliptical, biuiig used for 
 dispute fur, and primarily Ilie verb is intransitive. 
 [Hec the intransitive verb. No. 2.] 
 
 n. To call in tpiertion the propriety <if ; to oppose 
 by reasoning. An ollicer Is never to disjiule the or- 
 ders of Ilia Htiperior. 
 
 4. To strive to maintain ; as, to dispute every inch 
 of groiinrl. 
 
 DIS-PO'1'K', 71. Strife or contest in words, or by argu- 
 ments; an attempt Ut prove and maintain oni 's own 
 opinions or claims, by arguments or statements, in 
 
 opposition to the opinions, arguments, or claims of 
 another ; controversy in words. They had a dispute 
 on the lawfulness of slavery ; a subject which, one 
 would think, could admit of no dispute. 
 
 Dispute is usually applied to verbal contest ; con- 
 troversy may be in wortis or writing. Dispute is be- 
 tween individuals ; debute and dissussion is applica- 
 ble to public bodies. 
 
 2. The possibility of being controverted; as in 
 the phrase, this is a fact, beijond all dispute. 
 
 DIS-Pu'i 'EI), pp. or a. Contested ; opposed by words 
 or arguini nts ; litigated. 
 
 DIlB-PuTE'LESS, a. Admitting no dispute ; incon- 
 trt)vertible. 
 
 DIS-POT'ER, 71. One who disputes, or who is given 
 to disputes ; a controvertist. 
 
 Where ia the dispuler of this worhi ? — I Cor. i. 
 
 DIS POT'IiN'fJ, ;);)r. Contending by words or argu- 
 
 inciUs ; cttntniverting. 
 DIS I'O T'l.Ni;, «. 'I'he act of contending by words 
 
 or arguments ; controversy ; altercation 
 
 Do all tliiiigii without niiinnurin^ or disputiugs. — Phil. ii. 
 
 DIS-aU.\L-i-FI-eA'TION, 71. [See Disqualify.] 
 The act of disipialifying ; or that which disi|ualilies ; 
 that which renders unfit, unsuitable, or iiiadetiuate ; 
 as, sickness is a disi/nolilication for lalior or sttitly. 
 
 2. The act of ileprivlug of Irg.il power or capaci- 
 ty ; tliMl wliicli ii iiili rs incapal'.le ; that which inca- 
 pacllatrs ill law; tlisaliility. Conviction of a crime 
 is a dtsf[iiol{lieation for oluce. 
 
 3. Want of (|ualificatlon. It is used in this sense, 
 tliiiUL'li iiii|iriipi'rly. In strictness, disqualifiention 
 iiiipiii's a jMrvious qualltictition ; but careless writers 
 use It lor till' want of tpialification, where no previ- 
 ous ipialitication is suppo-sed. Thus, I mii-^^t still 
 retain the ctuisciousness of those disqualijicaiious, 
 which you have been pleased to overlook. 
 
 Sir John Shore, Asiat. Res 4, 17.5. 
 
 DIS-aUAI/I-Fi-KD, (-kwol'e-ride,) pp. or a. Deprived 
 of qiialllicatlons ; reiiilrml unlit. 
 
 DIS-UUAI/I-FY, JI. (. {dis and qualify.] To make 
 unfit ; to deprive of natural power, or the qualities 
 or priiperties necessary for any purpose ; with for. 
 Indispositifui disqualifies the body for labor, and the 
 mind for stiitly. i'iety dties not disqualify a person 
 for any lawful employment. 
 
 2. To ileprivc of legal capacity, power, or right ; 
 to disable. A conviction of perjury disqualifies a 
 man for a witness. A direct interest in a suit dis- 
 qualifies a person to be a juror in the cause. 
 
 DI.^-tilJAL'l-E5-IN(i, ppr. or a. Rendering unfit; 
 disabling. 
 
 DIS-CiUAN'TI-TY, v. t. To diminish. [JVuf in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DIS-aUl'ET, n. [dis and quiet.] Unquiet ; restless ; 
 uneasy_. [Seldom used.] Shak. 
 
 DIS-Cilil'E T , 71. Want of quiet ; uneasiness ; rest- 
 lessness ; want of tranquillity in body or mind ; dis- 
 turbance ; anxiety. Swift. 7'illotion. 
 
 DIS-CiUI'ET, II. !. To disturb; to deprive of peace, 
 rest, or tranuiiiility ; to iin'/.e uneasy or restless; to 
 harass the boily ; to fret or ve,\ the mind. 
 
 That he rnay disijyiit the inhabitants of B.ihyloii. — Jev. I. 
 
 W!;>- hjist tiiou uinfiuicU-d me? — I S.iin. xxviii. 
 
 O my soni, why an thou dvsquiel&d within me ? — Ps. xlii. . 
 
 DIS-(iIlT'ET-ED, pp. ox a. Made uneasy or restless ; 
 
 distiirbeil ; harassed. 
 DIS-QUI'ET-ER, n. One who dl,squiet.s ; he or that 
 
 which makes uneasy. 
 l)h'^-ri[JiM'>T-rt.JI.., a. Protliicing iniiuieliide. Barrow. 
 D!.S-(ii;i'K r iiXi;, pirr. Disturbing ; making une;isy ; 
 
 dep.-iving of rest or peace. 
 
 2. a. Tending to disturb the mind ; as, disquieting 
 
 apprehensions. 
 DIS-aiJI'ET-IVi:, a. Tending to distiiiiet. 
 UIS-CiUI'E'l'-I.Y, adei. Without quiet or rest ; in an 
 
 uneasy state ; uneasily ; an.viously ; as, he rested 
 
 rf/AV/iiiVv/?/ that night. [^Unusual.] fViseinan. 
 DIS-til'I'ET-MENT, 7i. Act of disquieting. 
 DIS (iUI'E'l' NESS, 71. Uneasiness ; restlessness ; 
 
 disturbance of pt^ace in body or mind. Hooker. 
 D_I.S-tiUI'ET-OUS, a. Causing uneasiness. [JVot 
 
 used.] Milton. 
 DIS-aUI'E-TUDE, 71. W.ant of peace or tranipiilllty ; 
 
 uneasiness ; disturbance ; agitation ; an.vlety. It Is, 
 
 I believe, most frequently used of the mind. Re- 
 
 llglim is our be.st security from the disquietudes that 
 
 imbltler life. 
 
 DIS-(lin-SI"TION, (dis-kwe-7.isli'un,) ri. [I,, dis- 
 quisilio I di.sqiiiro ; dis nuf\ qmero, to seek.] 
 
 A formal or systematic inquiry into any subject, 
 by arguments, or discussion of the facts and circum- 
 stances that may elucidate truth ; as, a disquisition 
 on goveriiiiiiiit or morals; ti disquisition concerning 
 the antediluvian earth. IVoodward, 
 [It is usuiillq apidied to a written treatise.] 
 
 DIS-(H;i-SI"Tl()N-A-RY, a. Pertaining to dlsquisi- 
 tiim. 
 
 DIS-RANK', D. t. To degraile from rank. [Mit used.] 
 2. 'l"o throw out of rank or into confusion. Decker. 
 
 DIS.RE-(;\RI)', 71. [(/i.« anil iT.run/.] Neglect; oinis- 
 sion of notire ; slight ; implying inilid'erenee or some 
 degree of eonteinpt ; as, to pass one with disreirard. I 
 
 DIS-RE-GaRD', 71. t. To omit to take notice of ; to 
 neglect to observe ; to slight as unworthy of ri-gard 
 or notice. We are never to disrenrard the wants of 
 the poor, nor the admonitions of conscience. 
 
 Studious of good, man disregarded f tme. Biaclcmore. 
 
 DIS-RE-GARD'ED, pp. Neglected; slighted; nnno- 
 DIS-RF. GARD'ER, 71. One who neglects. ftlcil. 
 DIS-RE-GARD'FIJL, a. Neglectful; negligent ; heed- 
 less. 
 
 DIS-RE-GaRD'FIJL-LY, adv. Negligently ; heed- 
 lessly. 
 
 DIS-RE-GARD'ING, ppr. Neglecting overlooking; 
 omitting to notice. 
 
 DIS-REI/ISH, n. [dis mA relish.] Distaste ; dislike 
 of the ])alate ; some degree of disgust. Men gener- 
 ally have a disrcli.th for tobacco, till the taste is recon- 
 ciled to it by custom. 
 
 2. Bad taste ; nauseousne.ss. Milton. 
 
 3. Distaste or dislike, in a fiaurative sense; dislike 
 of the mind, or of the faculty by which beauty and 
 excellence are perceived. 
 
 DIS-REL'ISII, v. t. To dislike the taste of; as, to 
 disrelish a particular kind of foml. 
 
 2. To make nauseous or disgusting; to infect with 
 a bad taste. Milton. 
 
 [In this sense, I heliere, the word is little used.] 
 
 3. To dislike ; to feel some disgust at ; as, to dis- 
 relish vulgar jests. 
 
 DIS-REI>'1SI1-KD, (-rel'isht,) pp. Not relished ; dis- 
 liketl ; made iiatiseous. 
 
 DIS KI',l,'lsii-L\G, ppr. Disliking the taste of; ex- 
 peririirlii;; illsu'iist at ; reiiilerlug nauseous. 
 
 DIS-RE-.ME.M'BER. 71. f. To forget. [UnautJiorhed.] 
 
 DIS-RE-PaIR', 71. [i/i.i- and 7-f/mi>.] A .state of being 
 not ill repair or good condition, and wanting repara- 
 tion. Chalmers. 
 
 DIS-UEP'U-TA-BLE, a. [dis and reputiMe.] Not 
 reputable ; not in esteem ; not honorable ; low ; 
 mean ; as, disreputable company. 
 
 2. Dishonorable; disgracing the reputation; tend- 
 ing to impair the gooti name, and bring into dls- 
 esteein. It is disreputable to associate familiarly with 
 the iiietm, the lewtl, ami the prtifane. 
 
 DrS-Ri;P'll-TA-RLY, adv. In a disreputable manner. 
 
 DIS-REP-IJ-TA'TION, 71. [dis and reputation.] Loss 
 or want of reputation or good name ; disrepute ; 
 disesteem ; dishonor; disgrace; discredit. Ill suc- 
 cess often brings an enterprising man, as well as his 
 project, into disreputation. 
 
 DIS-RE-PPTE', 77. [dis and repute.] Loss or w.ant 
 of reputation ; disesteem ; discredit ; dishonor. The 
 alclu iiiist ami his books have sunk into disrepute. 
 
 DIS-KI". Pi' Ti;', i\ t. To bring into disreputation. 
 
 DIS HE Pf' I 'EI), pp. Brought into disreputation. 
 
 I)IS-RE-PCT'ING, ppr. Bringing into disreputation. 
 
 l)lS-RE-SPEe'l"', 71. [dis and respect.] Want of 
 resptict or reverence ; disesteem. Disrespect often 
 leatls a man to treat another with neglect or a degree 
 of contempt. 
 
 2. As on act, incivility ; irreverence ; rudeness. 
 
 DIS-RE-SPi;CT', r. I. 'i'o show disrespect to. 
 
 DIS-RE-SPKCT'El), pp. Treati tl with disrespect. 
 
 DlS-RE-SPEeT'FlJI,, a. Wanting in respect; as, a 
 disresptetful tllougllt tir tipillioil. 
 
 2. Mauifesliug disesteem or want of respect ; un- 
 civil ; as, disrrspectfol btdiavior. 
 
 Dl.-^-ltK SPK€I"FUL-I,V, adr. In a dlsres|KCtfiil 
 manner: irreverently; uncivilly. 
 
 DIS-RE-SPECT'ING, ppr. Showing disrespect to. 
 
 DIS-RoUE', V. t. [dis and robe.] To divest of a 
 robe ; to divest of garments ; to iindre.ss. 
 
 2. To strip of covering ; to divest of any surround- 
 ing appendage. Autumn disrobes the fields of ver- 
 dure. 
 
 These two peers were ditrobtd of their glory. M'otton, 
 
 DIS-RfiU'KI), pp. Divested of clothing; stripped of 
 covering. 
 
 DIS-Roli'F.R, 71. One that strips of robes or clothing. 
 
 DIS-Uol!'IN(!, /'/"■• DIve.stiiig of garments; strip- 
 ping of any kind of covering. 
 
 DIS-ROOT', V. t. [dis and root.] To tear up the 
 roots, or by tlu^ roots. 
 
 2. To tear from a foundation ; to loosen or under- 
 mine. 
 
 A piece of ground disrooted from its situntion hy snhterrineoui 
 inuiulations. OoliUmith. 
 
 DIS-ROOT'ED, pp. Torn up by the roots; under- 
 mined. 
 
 DIS-ROOT'ING, ppr. Tearing up by the roots; un- 
 dermining. 
 
 DIS RUPT', a. [Ii. Ji.miptus ; dis and rumpo, to burst.] 
 Rent from ; torn asuniler; severed by rending or 
 breaking. 
 
 DIS-RUPT'EI), «. Rent asunder. Dr. Thompson. 
 DIS RUP'TION, 71. [E. disTuptio, from disrumpo.] 
 
 1. The act of reiulliig asunder; the act of burst- 
 ing and separating. 
 
 2. Breach ; rent : dllaceralion ; as, the di.-n'uption 
 of rocks in an earthquake ; the disruption of a 
 strMliim of earth ; disruption of the fiesh. 
 
 DIS-SAT-IS FACTION, ». [dui and m(i.i/<irfin7i.] 
 The stale of being dissatisfied ; discontent ; uncnsi- 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRp NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 350 =^-1:==^ 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 ness proceeding from the wiiiit of gnuificiition, or 
 from (lisapixjiiittd wislius and expcctalious. 
 
 The lunbiuoua iiwui ii cl 10 uncMiiiPM «nd dianaSi/'Vlion. 
 
 Aittlison. 
 
 DIS-SAT-IS-FAe'TO-RI-NES9, n. Inability to sat- 
 isfy or give content ; a failing to give conti iit. 
 UIS-SAT-IS-FAe'TO-RY, «. Unable to give content. 
 Kallier, giving discontent ; displeasing. 
 To Iwvc mluceil li:e il'rtVen'iil iiii.tlific.uions in llic ililli-n-iit Sl;vt<-5 
 10 one uiiiturili nili', woiiltl jiivlMlily have br.-n ;i9 dumtU- 
 /actoru to loine of Uie Sub-*, tu dilliciilt lor Uiu coitv<'iit)uii. 
 
 Hf.millon, Mi^ford. 
 
 DIS-S.\T'IS-FI-CT), (-sat'is-fide,) pp. Made discon- 
 tented ; displeased. 
 
 2. a. Discontented ; not satisfied ; not pleased ; 
 offended. Luckc. 
 
 DIS-SAT'IS-FV,r. «. To rcndi-rdisconti-nted ; to dis- 
 please ; to excite uneasiness by frustr.iting wishes or 
 cx|icctalions. 
 
 nirt-SAT-lS'FJ-ING, ppr. E.xciling uneasiness or 
 discontenL 
 
 DIt<-t!KAT', V. L To remove from a seat. S*iiA-. 
 DIS SECT', r. t. [l^. disscco, ilissectusi (lis and seco, 
 to cut ; i'r. diA<etiacr.] 
 
 1. To cut in pieces ; to divide an animal body, 
 with a cutting instrument, by separating the joints; 
 as, to dissect a fowl, llenre, apfroprtnUlij, 
 
 2. To cut in pieces, as an animal or vegetable, for 
 the pHr[K>se of examining the structure and use of 
 iUs several parts ; to anatomize. Also, to o|)en any 
 pari of a body to obsi;rve its morbid ap|)earances, 
 or to ascertain the cause of death or the seat of 
 a disease. 
 
 3. To divide into its constituent parts, for the pur- 
 pose of examination ; as, dissect your mind ; dissect 
 a paragnipli. Roscummoii. Pope. 
 
 DIS SECT' El), pp. or a. Cut in pieces; separated by 
 paiting the joints ; divided into its constituent parts ; 
 opened and examined. 
 
 DlS-SEeT'l.\0, p/>r. Cutting in pieces ; dividing the 
 parts ; se|)aratiiig colisliluent iiarls for minute exam- 
 ination. 
 
 2. a. Used in dissection ; as, a dijsectinir knife. 
 DIS-SEC'TIO.V, ( sek'shiin,) ii. (L dissectw.] 
 
 1. The act of cutting in pieces an animal or vege- 
 table, for the purpose of examining the structure 
 and uses of its (larts ; anatomy. 
 
 Dtitection wja lield sacrilege lill the time of Friiicis I. Encye. 
 
 2. Thi; act of separating into constituent parts, for 
 the purpose of critical examination. 
 
 DIS-SECT'Oll, n. One who dissects ; an artatomisL 
 DIS-SiclZE', (dis-sceze',) v. L [dis and seize; Ft. 
 dessaisir.] 
 
 In law, to dispossess wrongfully ; to deprive of 
 actual seizin or possession ; lollowed by ofi as, to 
 disseize a tenant ii/his freehold. 
 
 A iT);tii nuky »ii[>iKMC tiiiii*'!! (iu«nz«'I, when he U not so. 
 
 Bladcttont. 
 
 DIS-SkIZ'KD, (dis-sce/.d',) pp. Tut out of posses- 
 sion wrongfully or by force ; deprived of actual 
 |M>ssfssion. 
 
 I)IS-Sr:l-'/.EE', (dis-see-zee',) n. A person put out of 
 pussession of an estate unlawfully. 
 
 DIS-SKIZ'I.N, n. The act of disseizing ; an unlawful 
 dispossessing of a [>erson of his lands, tenements, 
 or incorporeal hereditaments ; a deprivation of actual 
 seizin. Btackstone. 
 
 DlS-Sf;IZ'ING, ppr. Depriving of actual seizin or 
 pussi'ssiim ; pulling out of (losscssion. 
 
 DIS-^iKlZ'Olt, n. One who puis .mother out of pos- 
 session wrongfully ; he that dis[Hjssesses another. 
 
 Blackstotie. 
 
 DIS-SE.M'IIEAXCE, n. [di> and semblancr.] Want 
 of resemlilance. [LtttU used.'j Osborne. 
 
 DIS-SE.M'IIEE, r. L [L. disstmulo ; dis and simulo, 
 from simtlts, like; tr. di<simulcr ; It. dissimulare ; 
 8p. diiintular : .Ann. diczuinula.] 
 
 1. To hide uniler a false apjwarance ; to conceal ; 
 to disguise ; to pretend that not to be whicli re:illy 
 is ; OS, I will not dusniMe the truth ; 1 can not i/u- 
 seiuble my real sentiments. [ TUis is Uie proper sense 
 of Otis ifor*/.] 
 
 2. To pretend that to be which is not ; to make 
 a false ap^iearauce of. This is the sense of siinutaie. 
 
 Your ion l.nCf.'ntio 
 Doth love my d.mght'-r, nnd •lir lovrth liim, 
 Ur UjUi du«er/U>i< dct'piy their alVt--%:ttuiift. Shak. 
 
 DIS-SEM'BLE, r. i. To be hypocritical ; to assume a 
 false apiiearance; to conceal the real fact, motives, 
 intention, or seutiinenls', under some pretense. 
 
 Yr h\¥e itolt-n, .-xii-l disttmbled nUj. — Josh. vii. 
 
 Hl' tJul h.iUrtli, ditttmUeUi with hia Up*. — Prov. xxri. 
 
 DIS-SE.M'BLED, pp. Concealed under a false ap|>ear- 
 ance ; disguised. 
 
 DIS-SE.M'BUER, n. One who dissembles ; a hypo- 
 crite . one who conce.ils his opinions or dispositions 
 under a false appearance. 
 
 I)IS-SE.M'11Ij1XG, ppr. or a. Hiding under a false 
 appearnnre ; acting the liypoerite. 
 
 l)lS-SEM'liLING-I,Y,m/r. With dissimul.ition ; hypo- 
 rntioally ; falsely. Knolics. 
 
 D1S.^EM'I\-ATE, r.t, dissemino ; dts iind seinino, 
 to sow, from semen, seed.] 
 
 1. Litrralhj, to sow ; to scatliT seed ; but seldom 
 or never used in its literal sense. Hut, hence, 
 
 2. To scatter for growth and pro|>agati(m, like 
 seed , tt) spread. Thus, principles, opinions, and 
 errors are dissfniiiiutrd, when they are spreatl and 
 propagated. Tt> disseminate truth, or the gospel, is 
 iiigiily laudable. 
 
 li. To spread ; to ililTiise. 
 
 A iniifurin ln-iit disttctninaled llnuu^h tlio tiu<ly ul tii** <Mnli. 
 
 ti'oo<ii*ar(i. 
 
 4. T<i spread ; to disiiersc. 
 
 The Jew* lire dittemiualcd nil ttie muling part* of the 
 
 worltl. AtUlidfin. 
 [The second is the most proper applicatitui of the 
 word, as it should always include tlie idea of growth 
 or taking root. The fourth is hardly vintlicabltr.] 
 DIS-SEM'IN-.A-TEU, pp. Scattered, as seed; prop- 
 agated ; spread. 
 
 2. In mi/irro/oi'T/, occurring in portions less than a 
 hazel-nut ; being scattered. 
 DIS-SEM'IN-A-TING, pp. Scattering and propaga- 
 ting ; spreading. 
 DIS-SE.M-l.\-.\'TIO.\, 71. The act of scattering and 
 propagating, like seed ; the act of spreading for 
 growth and perinanenct!. We trust the world is to 
 be reformed by the disscminatiuit of evangelical 
 doctrines. 
 
 DIS-SEM'IN-.A-TOR, n. One who disseminates ; 
 
 one who spreads and propagates. 
 DIS-SE.N'SIO.N, (shun,) h. [ L. disscnsio ; dis and seii- 
 
 tio, to think ; Fr. du;sension.\ 
 
 Disagreement in opinion, usually a disagreement 
 
 which is violent, producing warm debates or angry 
 
 words ; contention in words ; strit'e ; discord ; ([uar- 
 
 rel ; breach of friendship and union. 
 
 Di'luitt-a, distentiong, iipruars an? lliy ]ov. Dryden, 
 Paul aiitl B.tniub»* had no small duietition wiUi tli<.-ni. — 
 ACIA xr. 
 
 We see dissnt.\-ions in church and state, in towns, 
 parishes, and families ; and the word is sometimes ap- 
 plied to ililferences wliicli produce war ; as, the dis- 
 seiisiiins between the houses of V'ork and Lancaster 
 in England. 
 
 DIS-SE.\"SI()US, (dis-sen'shus,)a. Disposed to dis- 
 cord ; quarrelsome ; contentious ; factious. [Little 
 used.) Sltali. ^sclinm. 
 
 DIS-SE.\T', V. i. [L. dissensio ; dis and scntio, to 
 tliiiikj 
 
 1. To disagree in opinicm ; to differ; to think in a 
 different or contrary manner ; with/ram. There are 
 many opinions in which men dissent from us, as they 
 dissent from each other. 
 
 2. To dillcr from an established church, in regard 
 to doctrines, rites, or government. 
 
 3. To differ; to be of a contrary nature. [Less 
 proprr.'\ Hooker. 
 
 DIS-SE.NT', n. Difference of opinion ; disagreement. 
 
 2. Declaration of disagreement in opinion ; as, 
 they entered their dissent on the journals of the 
 house. 
 
 3. Separation from an established church, espe- 
 cially that of England. 
 
 4. Ctmtririely of nature ; opjHisite quality. [Rare.] 
 DIS-SE.\T-A'.\E-(>US, a. Disagreeable ; contrary. 
 D1S'SE.\T-A-NY, a. Dissentaneous ; inconsistent. 
 
 [A'lil it.-r</.l MUUin. 
 
 DlS-SE.\T-A'TIO.\, II. Act of dissenting. 
 
 DIS-SE.NT'ER, n. One who dissents; one who dif- 
 fers in opinion, or one who declares his disagree- 
 ment. 
 
 2. One who separates from the ser\'ice and wor- 
 shipof any esuiblished church. The word is in Eng- 
 land particularly applied to those who separate from, 
 or who do nut unite with, the Church of England. 
 
 niS-SE.V'TI E.N'T, a. Disagreeing ; declaring dissent. 
 
 DIS-SEX'TIE.N'T, (dis seii'slient,) n. One who dis- 
 agrees and declares Ins dissent. 
 
 DIS-SE.\T'I.\G, ppr. or a. Disagreeing in opinion ; 
 separating from the comiminion of an established 
 church. It is used as an adjective ; as, a dissenting 
 minister or ctmgregalitui. 
 
 D1.S-SE.N"T10US, (dis-sen'shus,) a. Dis|)Osed to dis- 
 agretmient (tr tliscord. 
 
 DIS-SEI*'I-.ME.\T, n. [h. dissrpimentum : dissepio^ to 
 sep.arate ; dis and sqtio, to incbkse or guard.] 
 
 In liolnnij, a term applied to the partitions that are 
 fiirmetl in ovaries, by the united sides of cohering 
 carpels, and which sejiarale the inside into cells. 
 
 Litidicy. 
 
 DIS-SERT', r. i. [L. dissero, diierta.] 
 
 To discourse or dispute. [^Little m use.) 
 DIS'SER-TaTE, r. i. To deal in dis.sertalion ; to 
 
 write dissertations, J. Foster. 
 
 DIS SERT-.\'T10.\, 71. [U I'Jssrrtatio, from dissert.,, 
 
 to discourse, from disscro, id, ; dis and sero, to stiw, 
 
 that is, to throw. Disscro ia to throw out, to cast 
 
 abroad.] 
 
 1, A discourse, or rather a formal discourse, in- 
 tended to illustrate a subject. 
 
 2. A written essay, treatise, or disquisition ; as, 
 Plutarch's disstrtjition on the poets ; Newton's dis- \ 
 srrtations on the prophecies. I 
 
 DIS'SERT-A -TOR, n. One w ho writes a dissertation ; [ 
 one who debates. Boyle. 
 
 DIS-SERVE', (dis-serv',) r. t. [dis and srrrr.] To in- 
 jure ; to hurt ; to harm ; to do injury or iiiischii-f to. 
 
 He look the first opportunity to ditnervt liiiii. CUtrerulon. 
 Too iiioch j^-.il oflt-n iltMttrvet a gwoil ciu*.:. Anon. 
 
 I)IS-SERV'KD, (di.s-servd',) pp. Injured. 
 
 DISSERVICE, n. Injury i harm; mischief; as, vl- 
 ob lit remedies oftt-n do a dissrrcicc. 
 
 I)IS-SERV'ICE-A-Ul,E,a. Injurious; hurtful. 
 
 D1S-SERV'ICE-A-I!I,E-N1')SS, n. The quality of be- 
 ing injurious ; tendency to harm. J^'orris. 
 
 DIS-SEK VI('E-.-\-I!LY, ado. .So as to be injurious. 
 
 D I S-S E R V' 1 .\ (J , ;ipr. Injuring. 
 
 D1S-S1-; T'TI.E, c. t. To unsettle. [JVot «.sed.] More. 
 
 DIS SEVER, c. t. [<^is and wpcr. In tliis word, 
 as in dispart, can have no effect, unless to augment 
 the sigiiilication, as dis and secer both denote sepa- 
 ration.] 
 
 To ilispart; to part in two, to divide asunder; to 
 separalt! ; tti tlisunite, either by violence or not. 
 \\'ii«-ii witli force, it is ef)uivaleiit to rend antl burst. 
 It may ilenote either to cut or to tear tisiiuder. In 
 beheatliiig, the head is dissecered from the body ; the 
 lightning may disseccr a branch from the stem of a 
 tree. Jealousy dissevers the bonds of frierulship. 
 The reformation dissevered the catholic church ; it 
 dissevered I'rotestaiils fri>m Roman Catholics. 
 DIS-SE VER-.\.\CE, «. The act of dis.severing ; sep- 
 aration. 
 
 DIS-SEV-ER-.A'TIO.\, 71. Act of dissevering. 
 DI.S-.se VER-Z-JD, pp. or a. Disparted ; disjoined ; 
 separated. 
 
 DIS-SEV"ER-I.\G, ppr. Dividing .asunder; sep.irat- 
 ing ; tt-ariii<! or cutting asunder. 
 
 DIS SEV'i;iM.NG, II. 'I'hc act of separating; sep- 
 
 DIS'SI I>!-,.\Ci;, II. [Infra.] Discord. [aration. 
 
 DIS'Sl-l)i;.\'i', a, [L. dissideo, to disagree ; dis and 
 sedeo, to sil.l Not agreeing. 
 
 DIS'SI-DE.\'I , H. A tlisseuter ; one who separates 
 from the eslablishetl religion ; a word applied ttt the 
 members of the Eutlieran, Calviiiistic, and Greek 
 churche s in I'lilaud. Eneyc. 
 
 DIS-SIL'I-ENCE, n. [L, d'usilio ; dis and salio, to 
 leap.] 
 
 'I'lie act of leaping or starting asunder. 
 
 DIS-SIL'I-ENT, a. Starting asunder; bursting and 
 0|>ening with an elastic force, as the dry pod or cap- 
 sule of a plant ; as, a dissihritt pericarp. Marttjn. 
 
 DIS-SI-LI 'TIO.\, (ilis-se-lish'iiii,) n. The act of 
 bursting open ; the act of starting or springmg dif- 
 ferent wa\s, Boide. 
 
 DIS-SI.M'I-LAR, a. [dis and similar.] Unlike, ■•ilher 
 in nature, properties, or external form ; liot simil.u ; 
 not having the rt\seinhlance of ; hetertigeiieous. 
 Ntrwtou denominates dissiniHar the rays of light of 
 dillerent refraiigibility. The tempers of men are as 
 dissimilar as their features. 
 
 DIS-SI.M-I-L.\R'1-TY, ii. Unlikeness; want of re- 
 semblance ; dissimilitude ; as, the dissimilarity of 
 human faces and forms. 
 
 DIS-SI M'l-LE, (dis-sim'i-ly,) II, Comparison or illus- 
 tration by contraries, [LitUe used.] 
 
 DIS-SI-MI L'l-TUDE, II, (L. dtssimUitudo.] 
 
 Unlikeness ; want of resemblance ; as, a dissimili- 
 tude of form or character. 
 
 DIS-SI.M-I.; E.\'TION, It. [L. diisimulatio ; dis and 
 siinulatui, (com simuU,, to make like, .vimi/ij, like.] 
 
 The act of dissi-nibling ; a liiding under a false 
 appearance ; a feigning ; false preteiisitui ; hypoc- 
 risy. Dissimulation may be simply concenlnii:nI of 
 the opinions, st-ntiineiits, or piirptise ; but it includes, 
 also, the assuming of a false or counterfeit appear- 
 ance, w hich conceals the real opinions or piir|iosc, 
 DissimuiatioH, amiuig statesmen, is sometimes re- 
 garded as a necessary vice, or as no vice at all, 
 
 lyt love lie wiihriitt t/utonu/aliori. — Rom. xii. 
 
 DIS-PI.M'I'I.E, F, (. To dissemble. f.Vof i« u.se.] 
 DIS'SI-I'A-liM-:, a. [See Dismpvtk.] Li.-ible to be 
 dissipatt-tl ; that may be scatteretl tir dispersed. 
 
 The li--ut of those plaiiu is vi-ry dittipahte. Bacon. 
 
 DIS'SI-P.aTE, r, t, [I., d'lssipatus, dissipo ; dis and an 
 obsolete verb, sipo, to throw-. We perha|is see its 
 derivatives in stpfion, prosapia, ;uu\ sej,t ; antl srpio, 
 to inclose, niay be primarily to rejiel, and thus to 
 guard.] 
 
 1. 'lo scatter; to disperse; to drive asunder, 
 WintI dissipates fog ; the heat of the sun dissipates 
 vapor; mirth dusipntrs care and anxiety; the cares 
 of life tend to dissipate si'rious rellt'Ctioiis. 
 
 Sriittrr, disperse, ami dissipate, are in many cases 
 synon> nious ; but dissipate is iisetl appropriately to 
 denot.' the dispersion of things that vanish, tir are 
 not afterward collected ; as, l«» dissipate fog, vn|Mir, 
 or clouds. We say, an army is .watered or dLt/irrsed, 
 but not di.-t.^iiiated. Trees are scattered or dispersed. 
 over a field, but not dissipated. 
 
 2, To expeiiil ; to squander ; lo scatter property in 
 wasteful extravagance ; to waste ; to consume ; as, 
 a man ha< dtssi/iated his fortunt? in the pursuit of 
 
 X Ti> scatter the allcntion. [ple.isure 
 DIS'SI-P.iTE, 1-. 1. To scalli r: to disperse to s»-p- 
 amte into parts and disappear; lo w:iste nway ; lo 
 v.inish. A fog or cloud grulutilly di.isipatet, before 
 
 TC.NE, BULL, IJNITE. - AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 the rays or lieat of the sun. The heat of a body 
 dissiiiates ; tlie lluids ilvisipate. 
 
 DIS'SI-Pa-TEO, pp. Scattered ; dispersed ; wasted ; 
 consumed ; squandered. 
 
 9. a. Loose; irregular; given to extravagance in 
 the expenditure of property ; devoted to pleasure and 
 vice ; as, a diisipated man ; a di^siputi d life. 
 
 DIS'SNPA-TL\G,;;pr. Scattering; ch^;,M..ing; wast- 
 ing; consuming; squandering; vaijisliing. 
 
 DIS-SI-P.\'TION, 7!. Tlie .act of scaiu ring ; disper- 
 sion ; the state of being dispersed ; as, the dissipation 
 of vapor or heat. 
 
 2. In physics, the insensible loss or waste of the 
 minute parts of a body, which fly oft", by which 
 m:'ans the body is diminished or consumed. 
 
 3. Scattered attention ; or that which diverts and 
 calls off" the mind from any subject. Swift. 
 
 4. A dissolute, irregular course of life ; a wander- 
 ing from object to oljject in pursuit of pleasure ; a 
 course of life usually attended with carel'.'ss and ex- 
 orbitant expenditures of money, and indulgence in 
 vices, which impair or ruin both health and fortune. 
 
 What! b it proposed, lhc:i, lo reclLitm tlie speiuUlirill from his 
 dissipnlion and exlr.ivagance, by filling his pockets willi 
 money f P. Henry, Wirt's Skeiches. 
 
 DIS-So-CI.A.-BIL'1-TY, n. Want of social, litv. 
 DIS-So'CI.\-BLE, (-so'sha-bl,) a. [.^ee Dissociate.] 
 Not well associated, united, or assorted. 
 
 They came in two and two, though niulclied in the most disso- 
 cifd>!e manner. Spectator, No. 4. 
 
 3. Incongruous ; not reconcilable v.itli. fi^arhiirton. 
 DIS-So'CL-VL, (-so'shal,) a. [dis and social.] Unfriendly 
 
 to society ; contracted ; selfish ; as, a dissucial passion. 
 DIS-SO'CIaTE, v. t. [L. dissociatus, dissocio ; dis and 
 
 socio, to unite, sociiut, a companion.] 
 
 To separate ; to disunite ; to part ; as, to dissnciute 
 
 the particles of a concrete substance. Boyle. 
 DI.->-So'('lA TED, p/j. Separated; disunited. 
 DIS-So'CIa-TI.XG, ^;>r. Separating; disuniting. 
 DIS-SO-CI-A'TIO.\, n. The act of disuniting ; a state 
 
 of separation ; disunion. 
 
 It will ad<i to the dissociation, dislr.iction, and concision of these 
 confederate republics. Burke. 
 
 DIS-SO-LU-BIL'I-TY, n. Capacity of being dissolved 
 
 by heat or moisture, and converted into a fluid. 
 DIS'SO-LU-BLE, a. [L. dissolubilis. See Dissolve.] 
 
 1. Capable of being dissolved ; that may be melt- 
 ed ; having its parts separable by heat or moisture; 
 convertible into a fluid. JVoodtcard. 
 
 2. That mav be disunited. 
 DIS'SO-LUTE,' a. [L. dissohitu.i, from dbsolvo.] 
 
 1. Loose in behavior and morals ; given to vice 
 and dissipation ; wanton ; lewd ; luxurious ; de- 
 bauched ; not under the restraints of law ; as, a dis- 
 solute man ; dissolute company. 
 
 2. Vicious ; wanton ; devoted to pleasure and dis- 
 sipation ; as, a dissolute life. 
 
 DIS'SO-LUTE-LY, adv. Loosely; wantonly; in dis- 
 sipation or debauchery ; without restraint ; as, to live 
 dissolutely. 
 
 DIS'SO-LLJTE-NESS, n. Looseness of manners and 
 morals ; vicious indulgences in pleasure, as in intem- 
 perance and debauchery ; dissipation ; as, dissolute- 
 ness of life or manners. 
 
 DIS-SO-LU'TIO.\, n. [L. dissolutio, from dl.'ssnlvo.] 
 In a general sense, the separation of the parts of a 
 body which, in the natural structure, are united ; or 
 the reduction of concrete bodies into their sm.allest 
 parts, without n gard to solidity or fluidity. Thus 
 we speak of the dissululioii of salts in water, of met- 
 als in nitro-muriatic acid, and of ice or butter by 
 heat ; in which cases, the dissolution is rft"ected by 
 a menstruum or particular agent. We speak, also, 
 of the dissolution of flesh or animal bodies, whi^n the 
 parts separate by putrefaction. Dissolution then is, 
 
 1. The act of liquefying or changing from a solid 
 to a fluid state by heat ; a melting ; a thawing ; as, 
 the dissolution of snow and ice, which converts them 
 into water. 
 
 2. The reduction of a body into its smallest parts, 
 or into very minute parts, by a dissolvent or menstru- 
 um, as of a metal by nitro-nmriatic acid, or of salts 
 in water. 
 
 3. The separation of the jiarts of a body by putre- 
 faction, or till' analysis of the natural structure of 
 mixed bodies, as of animal or vegetable sub>tanccs ; 
 decomposition. 
 
 4. The substance formed by dissolving a body in a 
 menstruum. [ThiH is now calb-d a solution.] Bacon. 
 
 5. Death ; the separation of the soul and body. 
 
 Milion, 
 
 R. Destruction ; the snparatitm of the parts which 
 cninpiwe a connected system, or body ; as, the di.tso- 
 lution of the world, or of nature ; the dissolution of 
 government. 
 
 7. The breaking up of an assembly, or the putting 
 an end lo ita existeiico. 
 
 Diaiolutlon b tlic civil death orparliirncnt. B!rlckatotii. 
 
 8. LooscnesH of manners i dissipation. 
 
 Taylor. Smith. 
 [In (hia Inttcr Kcniie the word ia obsolete, Disio- 
 LUTEKKii being Bubaiitiitcd.] 
 
 9. Dissolution of the blood ; in medicine, that state 
 of the blood, in which it does not readily coagulate, 
 on its cooling out of the body, as in malignant fevers. 
 
 C;/r. 
 
 DI3-S0LV'A-BLE,(diz-20lv'a-bl,)a. [See Dissoi;ve.] 
 That may be dissolved ; capable of being melted ; 
 that may be conveited into a fluid. Sugar and ice 
 are di-^solvahle bodies. 
 
 DIS-SOLV'.^-BLE-NESS. ji. Slate of being dissolv- 
 able. 
 
 DIS-SOLVE', (diz-zolv',) r. I. [L. dissolvo ; dis m\i 
 soli-o, to loose, to free.] 
 
 < I. To melt ; to liipiefy ; to convert I'roin a solid or 
 fixed state to a fluid state, by means of heal or mois- 
 ture. 
 
 To dissolve by heat, is to loosen the parts of a 
 solid body and render them fluid or easily mova- 
 ble. Thus, ice is converted into water by dissolu- 
 tion. 
 
 To dissolve in a liquid, is to separate the parts of a 
 solid substance, and cause them to mix with the 
 fluid ; or to reduce a solid substance into minute 
 parts which may be sustained in that fluid. Thus, 
 water dissolves salt and sugar. 
 
 2. To disunite ; to break ; to separate. 
 
 Seeing, th"n, tli:\t all lliese things shall be dissolee'f, what man- 
 U' r of piTSuiis nuglil ye Ui be in all holy convers;xtion and 
 godliness f — 2 Pet. iii. 
 
 3. To loose ; to disunite. 
 
 Down fell tlie duke, his joinl^s dissolved. Fairfax. 
 
 4. To loose the ties or bonds of any thing; to de- 
 stroy any connected system ; as, to dissolve a govern- 
 ment ; to dissolve a corporation. 
 
 5. To loose ; to break ; as, to dis.-'olvc a league ; to 
 dissolve the bonds of friendsliip. 
 
 6. To break up ; to cause to separate ; to put an 
 end to ; as, to dUsotve the parliament ; to dissolve an 
 assembly. 
 
 7. To clear ; to solve ; to remove ; lo dissipate, or 
 to explain ; as, to {lissolve doubts. VVe' usually say, 
 to solve doubts and diificullies. 
 
 8. To break ; to destroy ; as, to dUsolve a charm, 
 spell, or enchantment. MUton. 
 
 9. To loosen or relax ; to make languid ; as, rfis- 
 solved in pleasure. 
 
 10. To waste away ; to consume ; to cause to van- 
 ish or perish. 
 
 Tliou dtssaliiest my substance. — Job xxx, 
 IL To annul ; to rescind ; as, to dissolve an injunc- 
 tion. Johnson's Rq>. 
 DIS-SOLVE', (diz-zolv',) v. i. To be melted ; to be 
 converted from a solid to a fluid state ; as, sugar dis- 
 solves in water. 
 
 2. To sink away ; to lose strength and firmness. 
 
 Shah. 
 
 3. To melt away in pleasure; to become soft or 
 languid. 
 
 4. To fall asunder ; to crumble ; lo be broken. A 
 government may dissolve by its own weight or ex- 
 tent. 
 
 5. To waste away ; to perish ; to be decomposed. 
 Flesh dissolves by putrefaction. 
 
 6. To come to an end l)v a separation of parts. 
 DIS-SOLV'£D, ;)/). or a. Melted ; liquefiiMl ; disunit- 
 ed ; parted ; Itiosed ; reiaxcd ; «'asted away ; ended. 
 
 Dissolved blood, is that which does not readily co- 
 agulate. 
 
 DIS SOLVENT, a. Having power to melt or dis- 
 solve ; as, the dissolvent juices of the stomach. Ray. 
 
 DIS SOLVENT, n. Any thing which has the power 
 or quality of melting, or converting a solid substance 
 into a fluid, or of seiiiirating the parts of a fixed body 
 so that they mix with a liipiid ; as, water is a dis- 
 solvent of salts ami earths. It is otherwise called a 
 menstruum. 
 
 2. In medicine, a remedy supposed capable of dis- 
 solving concretions in the body, such as calculi, tu- 
 bercles, &c. Parr. 
 
 DIS-SOLVER, n. That which dissolves, or has the 
 power of dissolving. Heat is the most powerful dis- 
 solvrr of substances. 
 
 DIS SOLVl.N'G, ;)/)r. Melting; making or becoming 
 tiquiil. 
 
 DIS'SO-N.\NCE, 71. [Fr. dissonance, from L. dbso- 
 nans, di.ssono, to be discordant ; dis and sono, to 
 sound.] 
 
 1. Discord ; a mixture or union of harsh, unhar- 
 monious sounds, which arc grating or un[ileasiiig 
 to tlr' ear ; as, the dissonance of notes, sounds, or 
 
 2. Disagrci inenl. [numbers. 
 DIS'SO-NA.\ T, (I. Discordant; harsh; jarring; un- 
 
 liarmuiiious ; unpleasant lo the ear; as, dLssonanl 
 notes or intiTvaN. 
 
 2. Disagn tMiig ; incongruous ; usually with fmm ; 
 as, ho advanceil propositions very dissoiuinl from 
 truth. 
 
 DIS-SUADE', F). (. f L. dissuadeo ; dis and suadeo, to ad- 
 vise or incite to any iliing.] 
 
 I. To advise or t'xhort against ; to atti-mpt to draw 
 or divert from a measure, by reason or olfcring mo- 
 tivi's to; as, the mrnisliT (/wvita'/cJ the prince' from 
 adopting the measure ; he dissuaded him from his 
 purpose. 
 
 2. To represent as unfit, improper, or dangerous. 
 
 War therefore, open or concealed, alike 
 
 My voice dissucules. Mitton. 
 
 This phraseology is probably elliptical, and merely 
 poetical ; from bein'g understood. 
 
 DIS-SUaD'ED, ;)/). Advised against ; counseled or 
 induced by advice not to do something ; diverteti 
 from a purpose. 
 
 DIS-SUSD'ER, n. He that dissuades ; a dehorter. 
 
 DIS-SUaD'LXG, p;ir. Exhorting against ; attempting, 
 by advice, to divert from a purpose. 
 
 DIS-SU.A'SION, {dis-swi'zhun,)n. Advice or exhorta- 
 tion in opposition to something ; the act of attempt- 
 ing, by reason or motives olTered, to divert from a 
 purpose or measure ; dehortation. Boyle. 
 
 DIS-SUa'SIVE, a. Tending lo dissuade, or divert 
 from a measure or purpose ; dehortatory. 
 
 DIS-SUa'SIVE, ti. Keasun, argument, or counsel, 
 employed to deter one from a measure or purpose ; 
 that which is used or which tends to divert the mind 
 from any purpose or pursuit. The consequences of 
 intemperance are powerful dissuasives from indulging 
 in that vice. 
 
 DIS-SUa'SIVE-LY, adr. In a dissuasive manner. 
 
 DIS-SUN'DER, v. t. [dis and sunder.] To separate ; 
 to rend. Chapman. 
 
 DiS-SUN'DER-ED, jyp. Separated ; rent. 
 
 DIS-SU.N"DER-ING, ppr. Separating; rending. 
 
 DIS SWEET' A"N, ( sweet'n,) v. t To deprive of 
 sweetness. [J\~ot used.] Bp. Richardson. 
 
 DIS-SYL-LAB'ie, a. Consisting of two syllables on- 
 ly ; as, a dissyllabic foot in poetr^'. 
 
 DIS-SYL'LA-IiLE or DIS'SYL^LA-BLE, n. [Gr. 
 SiacniWaSos ; 6is, two or twice, and avXKaiSos, a 
 syllable.] 
 
 A word consisting of two syllables only ; as, paper, 
 whiteness, virtue. 
 DIS'TAFF, n. [The English books refer this word to 
 the Saxon disUrf : but I have not found the word in 
 the Savon Dictionary.] 
 
 1. The staff" of a spinning-wheel, to which a 
 bunch of flax or tow is tied, and from which the 
 thread is drawn. 
 
 Slie laveth her hands to tite spindle, and her hands hold the 
 iltslaJF. — Pi-ov. xxxi. 
 
 2. Figuratively, a woman, or the female sex. 
 
 His crown usurped, a dislaf on the throne. Dryden. 
 DIS'TAFF-THIS'TLE, (this'l,) 71. Tht popular 
 name of certain species of Alractylis and Cailha- 
 miis. * 
 
 DIS-TaIN', ti. t. [dis and stain. This seems to be 
 from the French dctcindre, from the L. lingo ; but see 
 Stain.] 
 
 1. To stain ; lo tinge with .any diff"erent color from 
 the natural or proper one ; to discolor. We speak of 
 a sword distainrd with blood ; a garment distained 
 with gore. It has precisely the signification i>{ stain, 
 but is used chiefly or appropriately in poetry and the 
 higher kinds of prose. 
 
 2. To blot ; to sully ; to defile ; to tarnish. 
 
 She distained her honorable blood. Spenser. 
 Tlie worlitiness of praise distains his wortti. Slialr. 
 
 DIS-TAlN'ivD, (dis-tand',) pp. Stained ; tinged ; dis- 
 colored ; blotted ; sullied. 
 
 DIS-TaI.X'ING, ppr. Staining ; discoloring ; blotting ; 
 tarnishing. 
 
 DIS'TANCE, 71. [Fr. di.stancc : Sp. distancia ; ll. dis- 
 tania \ L. distantia, from disto, to stand apart ; dis and 
 sto, to stand.] 
 
 1. .\n interval or space between two objects; the 
 length'of the shortest line which intervenes between 
 two tilings that are separate ; as, a great or small 
 distance. Distance may be a line, an inch, a mile, 
 or any indefinite length ; as, the di.stunce between 
 the sun and Saturn. 
 
 2. Preceded by at, remoteness of place. 
 
 lie wails at distance till lie liears from Cato. A '. Hson. 
 
 3. Preceded by tliy, hit, your, her, their, a suitable 
 space, or such remoteness as is cmninou or In com- 
 ing ; as, let him keep hU distance; keep your distance. 
 [See No. 8.] 
 
 4. A space marked on the course where horses run. 
 This liorse ran tlje whole field out of distance. L'Eslrnn^e. 
 .'). Space of timi> ; any indefinite length of time, 
 
 past or future, inti'rveiiing between two periods or 
 events ; as, the distance of ail hour, of a J ear, of an 
 
 6. Ideal space or separation. [age. 
 
 Ciualitii-s tliat aJl'Ct onr senses are, in tlie things themselves, 
 HO unitL'd and blended, that tlierx] is no distance Ix tweeii 
 lliein. Locke. 
 
 7. Conlrar'ely ; opposition. 
 
 Danqno was your enemy ; 
 
 So is he mine, and ni such bloody distance. Sltak. 
 
 8. The remoteness which respect requires ; hence, 
 respect. 
 
 1 hope yonr modesty 
 
 Will know what distance 10 th.' erort ii is due. Dn/tttn. 
 
 'Tis by n-a|vct and distance that Huthurily is uiiheld. AtMrbury. 
 
 See No. X] 
 
 . Reserve ; coldnc3.s ; alienation of heart. 
 
 On the part of Heaven, 
 Now nlienat-vl, distance and distaste. Milton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL. WHAT METE, PKBY PINE, MAKINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, DQQK.— 
 
 36(2 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 11). Kriniitemss in succrssion or rohiltuii ; as, tlic 
 dislaiiec between :> <li'scrii<liiMt nnd Ilia ancestor. 
 
 11. In miuiic, the interval between two notes ; as, 
 the itistiincr of a fiiTirtli or seventh. 
 DIS''l"Ai\Ci;, I). (. To place remote ; to throw oirfrom 
 the view. Dryden. 
 
 2. To leave behind in a race ; to win the race by a 
 great superiority. 
 
 3. To leave'at a great distance beliind. 
 
 He dUtanctd llie niokt akilirul of lii* colempor.irieji. ^ftttter. 
 I)IS'TANC-KD, (dis'tanstOp/'. Left far behind ; cast 
 
 out of the race. 
 DIS'T.A.NC-ING, jtpr. Leaving far behind. 
 DIS'T.VNT, a. [L. ilistam, standing apart.] 
 
 1. Separate ; having an intervening space of any 
 indefinite extent. One point may be less tlian a line 
 or a hair's breadth diiliiiU from another. J^atiirn is 
 supposed to be nearly nine liundred million miles dis- 
 tant from the sun. 
 
 'X ReiiKilo in place ; as, a distant object appears un- 
 der a small angle. 
 
 :<. Keinote in time, past or future ; as, a di-itant age 
 or iM-riod ()f the world. 
 
 ■1. Kenmtc in the line of succession or descent, in- 
 definitely ; as, a distant descendant; a distant ances- 
 tor ; distant |K)Sterity. 
 
 5. Remote in natural connection or consanguinity ; 
 as, a distant relation ; distant kindred ; a distant col- 
 lateral line. 
 
 G. Keinote in nature ; not allied ; not agreeing with 
 or in confurinily to ; as, practice very distant from 
 principles or profession. 
 
 7. Remote in view ; slight; faint ; not very likely 
 to be re.ili/.ed ; as, we have a distant hope or prospect 
 of seeing better times. 
 
 8. Keinote III connection; slight; faint; indirect; 
 not easily seen or nnilerstond ; as, a distant hint or 
 allusion to a person or subject. So, also, we say, a 
 distant idea ; a distant thought ; a distant resem- 
 blance. 
 
 9. Resen'ed ; shy ; implying haughtiness, coldness 
 of artection, indifTercnce, or disrespect ; as, the man- 
 ners of a iierson are distant. 
 
 DIS'T.\NT-LV, adc. Remotely ; at a distance ; with 
 reserve. 
 
 DIS-'I'aSTE', n. [(Ih and taste] Aversion of the 
 taste ; dislike of hwd or drink ; disrelish ; disgust, 
 or a slight degree of it. Distiuite for a particular kind 
 of fofxl may be constitutional, or the eflcct of a dis- 
 ' 2. Dislike i uneasiness. [eased stomach. 
 
 Pnapcrily u not wilhoiit mi\ny tfim and t^laaUt^ and advenily 
 u not wiUwut coinlon ujkI bopes. Bacon, 
 
 3. Dislike ; displeasure ; alienation of affection. 
 
 jViltuit, Po/if, 
 DIS TaSTE', r. e. To disrelish ; to dislike ; to loathe; 
 as, to distaste drugs or (wis^ns. 
 
 2. To offend ; to disgust. 
 
 He thought it no policj to distaste the English or Imh, but 
 •ought to pleaae thcin. Davits. 
 
 3. To vex ; to displease ; to sour. Pope. 
 [The tico latter significations are rare.] 
 
 DIS-TAST'ED, pp. Disrelished; disliked; offended; 
 displeased. 
 
 DIS-TaSTE'FIJL, a. Nauseous; unpleasant or dis- 
 gusting to the txste. 
 
 2. Offensive; displeasing; as, a duta$Ie/u' tnith. 
 
 DnjdrTU 
 
 3. Malevolent ; as, distasteful looks. Sliak. 
 DIS-TASTE'FJjL-LY, adc. In a displeasing or offen- 
 sive manner. 
 
 DIS-TASTE'FI;L-NESS, n. Disagrecableness ; dis- 
 like. H'/tiUock. 
 DIS-TAST'IN'C, ppr. Disrelishing ; disliking ; offend- 
 ing ; displeasing. 
 DIS-TaST'IVE, Fi. That which gives disrelish or 
 
 aversion. }VhMoek. 
 DIS-TE.M'PER, n. [dis tmA temper.] Literally, nn {in- 
 due or unn.'\iural temper, or disproportionate inLxture 
 of parts. Ilenco, 
 
 2. Disease ; mal.idy ; indisposition ; any morbid 
 state of an animal boily, or of any part of it ; a state 
 in which the animal economy is dentnged, or iin|ier- 
 fcclly carried on. [See Disease.] It is used of the 
 slighter diseases, but not exclusively. In general, it 
 is S) nunymoiis with disease, and is particularly ap- 
 plied to the diseases tif brutes. 
 
 X Want of due teiii|)er.itiire, applied to climate ; the 
 Uieral sense of the word, but not note used. 
 
 Counthe* under the Inipic of a disumptr uninhabitAble. RattgK. 
 
 4. Bad constitution of the mind ; undue predomi- 
 nance of a p.issiun or appetite. Shak. 
 
 5. Want of due balance of parts or opiiosite quali- 
 ties and principles ; as, the temper and distemper of 
 an empire consist of contraries. [A'ut iioio lu^cd.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. Ill humor of mind ; depravity of inclination. 
 [Aot used.] ICmg Charles. 
 
 7. rulitical disorder ; tumult. trailer. 
 
 8. Uneasiness ; ill humor, or bad temper. 
 Then- is a iionrai, 
 
 Wliich pun some of US In duUmptr. Shak. 
 
 9. In painting, the mixing of colors with some- 
 
 thing besides oil ami water. When colors are mixed 
 with size, whites of eggs, or other unrtiious or glu- 
 tinous matter, and not with oil, it is said to be done 
 
 in distemper. 
 
 DIS-TE.M'l'ER, r. (. To disease ; to disorder ; to de- 
 range the functions of the body or mind. Skali. 
 
 2. To disturb ; to riifUe. Ihtjden. 
 
 3. To deprive of temper or moderation. Dryden. 
 
 4. To make disaffected, ill-humored, or malignant. 
 
 Slink. 
 
 [This verb is sehlom used, ercept in the participles.] 
 DI.^i-TE.M'I'Kll-ANf-'E, ;i. Distcmperature. 
 DIS-TE.M'PER-ATE, a. Immoderate. ILittle vscd.] 
 
 RaUfrh. 
 
 DIS-TEM'PER-A-TIJRE, 71. Bad temperature ; in- 
 temperateness ; excess of heat or cold, or of oilier 
 qualities ; a noxious state ; as, the distcmperature of 
 the air or climnte. 
 
 2. Violent tumultuousness ; outrageousness. 
 
 Juhnson. 
 
 3. Perturbation of mind. ShaJc. 
 
 4. Confusion ; commixture of contrarieties ; loss of 
 regularity ; tiisorder. Shak. 
 
 .5. Sli!;ht illness ; indisposition. Brewer. 
 DIS-TE.\1'PER-£D, pp. or a. Diseased in body, or dis- 
 ordered in mind. Wc speak of a distempered body, a 
 distempered limb, a distempered head or brain. 
 
 2. Disturbed ; ruffled ; as, distempered passions. 
 
 3. Deprived of temper or moderation ; immoder- 
 ate ; as, distempered zeal. Dryden. 
 
 4. Disordered ; biased ; prejudiced ; perverted ; as, 
 minds distempered by interest or passion. 
 
 The tmn^nfition, when comnlctely disUmpertd, \£ the most 
 incurable of litl dijunlereil fuciiiti''*. Buckniinster. 
 
 5. Disaffected ; made malevolent. 
 
 Distempered lords. Shak. 
 
 DIS-TEM'PER-ING, jrpr. Affecting with disease or 
 disorder; disturbing; depriving of moderation. 
 
 DIS-TE.M'PER-ING, n. The painting of walls in dis- 
 temper. 
 
 DIS-TEND', V. t. [L. distendo ; dis and tmdo, to tend, 
 to stretch, from the root of tenco, to hold. Or. rcinu, 
 to stretch. Class Dii.] 
 
 1. To stretch or spread in all directions ; to dilate ; 
 to enlarge ; to expand ; to swell ; as, to distend a 
 bladder ; to distend the bowels ; to distend the lungs. 
 \_This is the appropriate sense of the word.] 
 
 2. To spread apart ; to divaricate ; as, to distend the 
 legs. ^Ve seldom say, to distend a plate of metal, and 
 never, I believe, to distend a line ; extend being usi'd 
 in both cases. We use distend cliieliy to denote the 
 stretching, spreading, or expansion, of any thing, by 
 means of a substance inclosed within it, or by the 
 elastic force of something inclosed. In this case, the 
 body distended swells or spreads in all directions, 
 and usually in a spherical form. A bladder is dis- 
 tentled by inflatitm, or by the expansion of rarefied 
 air within it. The skin is distended in boils and ab- 
 scesses by matter generated within them. This ap- 
 propriation of the word has not always been ob- 
 served. 
 
 DIS-TEXD'ED, pp. or a. Spread ; expanded ; dilated 
 by an incloseil substance or force. 
 
 DIS-TE.\D'I.NG, ppr. Stretching in all directions ; di- 
 lating ; expaniliiig. 
 
 DIS-TE.V-SI-lill.'I-TY, n. The quality or capacity of 
 being distensible. 
 
 DIS-TEN'Sl-BLE, a. Capable of being distended or 
 dilated. 
 
 DIS-TEN'SION, (dis-ten'shun,) n. The act of stretch- 
 ing. [See Distention.] 
 DIS-TENT', a. Spread. [Ao! in use.] Spenser. 
 DIS-TE.\T', lu Breadth. [A'ul used.] fVoUnn. 
 DIS-TE.N'TIO.\, (dis-ten'shun,) n. [L. dUdentio.] 
 
 1. The act of distending ; tlie act of stretching in 
 breadth or in all directions ; the state of being dis- 
 tended ; as, the di-ttention of the lungs or bowels. 
 
 2. Breadth ; extent or space occupied by the thing 
 distended. 
 
 3. An opening, spreading, or divarication ; as, the 
 distention of the legs. 
 
 DIS-TER', tJ. (. [I,, dis and fcrra.] 
 
 To banish from a countrj'. \J\''ot used.] 
 
 DIS-TER.M'I .\-ATE, o. [L. disttrminalus.] 
 
 Separated by bounds. [Obs.] Hale. 
 
 DIS-TER.M-IN-A'TION, n. Sepiiration. [Obs.] 
 
 flammond. 
 
 DIS'TIIE.XE, n. [Gr. 6t(, twice, and trOeio,, force.] 
 .\ minenil, so called by llaiiy, because its crystals 
 have the property of being elBctrllied both positively 
 and negatively It is the sappare of Saussure, and 
 the kyanite of Werner. Lanier. Cleavcland, 
 
 DIS-TIIKO.V'IZE, c. £. To dethrone. [JsTot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 DIS'Tieil, (dis'tik.) n. [L. distiehon; Gr. tJij and 
 ari\oi, a verse.] 
 
 A couplet ; a couple of verses, or poetic lines, 
 making cmnpletc sense ; an epigram of two verses. 
 
 Johnson. Kncyc 
 
 DIS'TIGH-OUS, ) a. Having two rows, or dis|)osed i 
 DIS'Tieil, j two rows. Lee. 
 A distichous spike has all tlio flowers pointing two 
 ways. Martyn. 
 
 DIS TILL', V. i. [L. dLstillo; dis and ttillo, to drop; 
 atilta, a drop ; Fr. distiller ; It. distillare ; Sp. destdar i 
 Gr. arahai.^.] 
 
 1. To drop; to fall in drops. 
 
 Soft showen distiiled, and suns grew warm In vaio. Pipe. 
 
 2. To flow gently, or in a small stream. 
 
 The Euphmlci distUtelh out of the inouiitnJns of Armenia. 
 
 Ilalech. 
 
 3. To use a still ; to practice distillation. Shak. 
 DIS-TILL', V. t. To let fall in drops ; to throw down 
 
 in drops. The clouds distill water on the earth. 
 
 The dew which on the tender gniM 
 
 The evening had distiUct. Drayton. 
 
 2. To extract by heat ; to separate spirit or essen- 
 tial oils from liquor by heat or evaporation, and con- 
 vert that vapor into a liquid by condensation in a re- 
 frigeratory ; to separate the volatile p.irts of a sub- 
 stance by heat; to rectify ; as, to distill brandy from 
 wine, or spirit from mol.asses. 
 
 3. To extract spirit from, by evaporation and con- 
 densation ; as, to distill cider or molasses ; to distill 
 wine. 
 
 4. To extract the pure part of a fluid ; as, to distill 
 water. 
 
 5. To dissolve or melt. [Unusual.] 
 
 Swxn.ls hy the lightning's «uLt'.Ie force distilled. Addison. 
 DIS-TILL' A-BLE, a. That may be distilled ; fit for 
 
 distillation. Shertcood. 
 DIS-TILL-A'TIOX, n. The act of falling in ilrops, or 
 
 the act of pouring or throwing down in drops. 
 
 2. The vapori/.alitin and subsetiiieiit contlciisation 
 of a liquid by means of an alembic, or still and re- 
 frigeratory, or of a retort Jind receiver ; the operation 
 of extracting spirit from a substance by evaporation 
 and condensation ; rectification. 
 
 3. The substance extracted by distilling. Shak. 
 
 4. That which falls in drops. Johnson. 
 Dry distillation, is a term applied to the tlistillation 
 
 of substances per se, or without the addition of wa- 
 ter. Destructive distillation, is the distillation of sub- 
 stances at very high temperatures, so thai the ultimate 
 elements are separated or evolved in new combina- 
 tions. 
 
 DIS-TILL'A-TO-RY, a. Belonging to distillation ; 
 used for distilling ; as, distillatory vessels. Ilooprr. 
 
 DIS-TILL'KD, pp. or a. Let fall or thrown down in 
 drops ; subjected to the process of distillation ; ex- 
 tracted by evaporation. 
 
 DIS-TILL'ER, II. One who distills ; one whose occu- 
 pation is to extract spirit by evaporation and coiidcn- 
 s.ttion. 
 
 DIS-TILL'ER-Y, n. The building and works where 
 
 distilling is carried on. 
 DIS-TILL'IiNG, ppr. Dropping ; letting fall in drops ; 
 
 extracting by distillation. 
 DIS-TILL'I.NG, H. The act or practice of extracting 
 
 spirit by distillation. 
 DIS-TILL'.MENT, n. That which distills or drops. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 DIS-TINCT', a. [L. dislinetus, from distinguo. See 
 
 Dl9TINGt;iSI(.] 
 
 1. ' Literally, having the diflercnce marked ; separa- 
 ted by a visible sign, or by a note or mark ; as, a place 
 distinct by name. jildton. 
 
 2. Different ; separate ; not the same in number or 
 kind ; as, he holds two distinct offices ; he is known 
 by distinct titles. 
 
 3. Separate ill place ; not conjunct ; as, the two 
 regiments niarclicd together, but had dUtinct encamp- 
 ments. 
 
 4. So scparateil as not to be confounded with any 
 other thing ; clear ; not confused. To reason correct- 
 ly we must have distinct ideas. We have a dutinct 
 or indistinct view of a prospect. 
 
 5. Spoiled ; variegated. 
 
 Teinnestuoiw fell 
 Hia arrows from the fourtold-visiiged four. 
 Distinct with eyes. Milton. 
 
 DIS-TIXeT', r. t. To distinguish. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 DIS-TI.Xe'TIO.V, n. [L. distinctio.] 
 
 \. The act of separating or distinguishing. 
 
 2. A note or mark of difference. [Seldom used.] 
 
 3. Difference made ; a separation or disagreement 
 in kind or qualities, by which one thing is known 
 from another. We observe a distinction between 
 matter and spirit ; a distinction between the animal 
 and vegel;ible kmgdtims ; a distinction between gt>od 
 and evil, right and wrong ; between sound reasoning 
 and st>phistry. 
 
 4. Difference regarded ; separation ; preference ; as 
 in the phrase without distinction, which denotes, pro- 
 miscuously, all together, alike. 
 
 Middfl, wom-'n, wives, uiltiout distinction, pill. Dryden. 
 
 5. Separation ; division ; as, \i\c distinction of trage- 
 dy into acts. Dryden, 
 
 [In this sense, Divisio:* would be preferable.] 
 b. Notation of difference ; discrimination ; as, a 
 distinction between real and apparent gixid. 
 
 In classing the qu.ilities of actioiu, it is tK-ceasaxy to make accvi- 
 ratc distinctions. Anon. 
 
 7. Eminence ; siipcrionty ; elevation of rank in so- 
 
 TONE, BULL, liNlTE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C »s K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 45 
 
 DD 
 
 353 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 ciety, or elevation of character ; honorable estima- 
 tion. Men who hold a higli rank by birth or office, 
 and men who are eminent for tlieir talents, services, 
 or wortli,are called men o[ distinction, us being raised 
 above others by positive institutions, or by reputa- 
 tion. So we say, a man of note. 
 
 8. That which confers eminence or superiority, of- 
 fice, rank, or public favor. 
 
 9. discernment ; judgment. Johnson. 
 DIS-TIiN€T'lVK, a. That marks distinction or differ- 
 ence ; as, distinctive names or titles. 
 
 2. Ilaving the power to distinguish and discern. 
 [Less proper.] Brown. 
 
 DrS-TI\eT'I\'E-LY, arZc. With distinction ; plainly. 
 
 DlS-TIi\€T'IVE-!SESS, n. State of being distinct- 
 ive. 
 
 DIS-TINeT'LY, adv. Separately ; with distinctness ; 
 not confusedly ; without the blending of one part or 
 thing witii another; as, a proposition distinctly un- 
 derstood ; a figure distinctly defined. Hence, 
 2. Clearly ; plainly j as, to view an object distinctly. 
 
 DIS-TINCT'NESS, n. The quality or state of being 
 distinct ; a separation or difference that prevents con- 
 fusion of parts or things ; as, the distinctness of two 
 ideas, or of distant objects. 
 
 2. Nice discrimination ; whence, clearness ; pre- 
 cision ; as, he stated his arguments with great dis- 
 tinctness. 
 
 DIS-TIN"GUISH, (dis-ting'gwish,)». t. [h. distin^rno : 
 dis and stingo, or sling-nn, n not radical. This seems 
 to be Gr. (rnii.t, ari^ci, for the second future is cttij-w, 
 and the derivatives prove the primary elements to be 
 as in (rri) €v^, any pa, tTTiKTLi^. Hence also L. 
 stin-o, whence insti!ro, to instigate. The primary sense 
 is, to prick, to pierce with a sharp point, to thrust in 
 or on ; and we retain the precise word in the verb to 
 stick; which see. The practice of making marks by 
 puncturing, or sticking, gave rise to the applications 
 of this word, as such marks were used to note and 
 ascertain different things, to distintruisli them. See 
 Extinguish, and Class Og, No. 31.] 
 
 1. To ascertain and inilicate difference by some ex- 
 ternal mark. The farmer dislinirnishes his sheep by 
 marking their ears. 'I'he manufacturer distinguishes 
 pieces of cloth by some mark or impression. 
 
 2. To separate one thing from another by some 
 mark or quality ; to know or ascertain difference. 
 
 First, by sight ; as, to distinguish one's own chil- 
 dren from others by their features. 
 
 Sccomlly, by feeling. ■'\ blind man distiniruislies an 
 egg from an orange, but rarely distinguis-Ues colors. 
 
 Thirdly, Uy smell ; as, it is easy to dislingnish the 
 smell of a peach from that ot an apple. 
 
 Fourthly, by taste ; as, to distinguish a plum from a 
 pear. 
 
 Fifthhi, by hearing ; as, to distinguish the sound of 
 a drum from that of a violin. 
 
 S,itkly, by the understanding ; as, to distinguish 
 vice from virtue, truth from falsehood. 
 
 3. To separate or divide by any mark or quality 
 which constitutes difference. We distinguish sounds 
 into higli and low, soft and harsh, lively and grave. 
 We distinguish causes into direct and indirect, im- 
 mediate and mediate. 
 
 4. To discern critically; to judge. 
 
 uish of a man, 
 
 5. To separate from others by some mark of honor 
 or preference. Homer and Virgil are distinguished as 
 poets ; Demosthenes and Cicero as orators. 
 C. To make luninent or known. Johnson. 
 
 DIS-TIN"(JUIsn, (dis ting'gwish,) v. i. To make a 
 distinction ; to find or show the difference. It is the 
 province of a judge to distinguish between cases ap- 
 parently similar, but differing in principle. 
 
 DIS-TLVGIJlSll-.^-llLE, a. Capable of being dis- 
 tinguished ; that may be separated, known, or made 
 known, liy notes of diversity, or by any difference. 
 A tree at a distance is dislinguishable from a shrub. 
 A simple idea is not distinguishable into different 
 ideas. 
 
 2. Worthy of note or special regard. SwifL 
 DIS-'1'I.N"GUISII £1), (ilis-ting'gwisht,);)p. Separated 
 or known by a mark of difference, or by different 
 qualities. 
 
 2. a. Separated from others by superior or e.\traor- 
 dinary qualities ; whence, eminent ; extraordinary ; 
 traiiscenilent ; noted ; famous ; celebrated. Thus, 
 we admire di.stingui.ihed men, dutinguishcd talents or 
 virtues, and dislin'fuished services. 
 
 DIS.TIN"GUISH-EIl, n. He or that which distin- 
 guishes, or that separates one thing from another by 
 marks of diversity. llruwn. 
 
 2. One who discerns acairately the differenci; of 
 things ; n nice or judicii>us observer. Drydcn. 
 
 DIS-'J'IN"GUISH I.\G, ppr. Separating from others by 
 a note of diversity; u:icertaining dilfereiico by a 
 mark. 
 
 2. Ascertaining, knowing, or perceiving a differ- 
 ence.* 
 
 3. a. Constituting differenci?, or distinction from 
 every thing else; peniliur; an, the distinnuLshing 
 duarincH of Christianity. 
 
 DIS-TIN"GUrSH-ING-LY, adv. With distinction; 
 
 with some mark of preference. Pope. 
 Drs-TIN"GUISH-.MENT, (dis-ting'guish-ment,) n. 
 
 Distinction ; observation of difference. OraunU 
 DrS-Tt'TLE. ». (. To deprive of right. B.Jonson. 
 DIS-Ti'TLf:D, pp. Deprived of right. 
 DIS-Tl'TLING,p;)r. Depriving of right. 
 DIS-TORT', 1). (. [L. distortns, distorqueo ; and 
 
 torqueo, to twist, Fr. tordre, Sp. torccr.] 
 
 1. To twist out of natural or regular shape ; as, to 
 distort the neck,tlie limbs, or the body ; to distort the 
 features. 
 
 2. To force or put out of the true posture or direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, tUstort tlie underetanding. 
 
 TUlolson. 
 
 3. To wrest from the true meaning; to pervert; 
 as, to distort passages of Scripture, or tlieir meaning. 
 
 DIS TORT', a. Distorted. Spetiser. 
 
 DIS-TORT'ED, pp. or o. Twisted out of natural or 
 regular shape ; wrested ; perverted. 
 
 DIS TORT' ING, Pi^r. Twisting out of shape ; wrest- 
 ing ; perverting. 
 
 DIS-TOR'TION, n. [L. disturtio.] 
 
 1. The act of distorting or wresting ; a twisting 
 out of regular shape ; a twisting or writhing motion ; 
 as, the distortions of tlie face or body. 
 
 2. The state of being twisted out of shape ; devia- 
 tion from natural shape or position ; crookedness ; 
 grimace. 
 
 3. A perversion of the true meaning of words. 
 DIS-TRACT', t). (. !L. distractus, distraho ; (/is and 
 
 traho, to draw. (See Draw and Dkag.) The old par- 
 ticiple, distraught, is obsolete.] 
 
 1. Literally, to draw apart ; to pull in different di- 
 rections, ami separate. Hence, to divide ; to sepa- 
 rate ; and hence, to throw into confusion. Some- 
 times in a literal sense. Contradictory or mistaken 
 orders may distract an army. 
 
 2. To turn or draw from any object ; to divert from 
 any point, toward another point, or toward various 
 other objects ; as, to distract the eye or the attention. 
 
 If he can not avoitl (lie eye of the observer, he liopes lo distract 
 it by a mukip.icity of Uie object. South. 
 
 3. To draw toward different objects ; to fill with 
 different considerations ; to perplex ; to confound ; 
 to harass ; as, to distract the mind with cares ; you 
 distract me witli your clamor. 
 
 Wliile I suffer thy terrors, I am distracted. — Ps. Ixxxviii. 
 
 4. To disorder the reason ; to derange the regular 
 operations of intellect; to render raving or furious; 
 most frequently used in the participle distracted. 
 
 DIS-TRACT', a. Mad. [Aut i>i use.] 
 DIS-TKACT'ED, p/i. Drawn apart ; drawn in differ- 
 ent directions; diverted from its object ; perplexed; 
 harassed ; contbunded. 
 
 2. o. Deranged ; disordered in intellect ; raving ; fu- 
 rious , mad ; frantic. Locke. 
 DIS-TRAeT'ED-LY,a</o. Madly; furiously; wildly. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 DIS-TRAGT'ED-NESS, n. A state of being mad ; 
 madness. Bp. Hall. 
 
 DIS-TRACT'ER, 71. One who distracts. More. 
 
 DIS-TRACT'ING, ppr. or a. Drawing apart; separat- 
 ing ; diverting from an object ; perplexing ; harassing ; 
 disordering the intellect. 
 
 DIS TRACTION, ji. [L. distractio.] 
 
 1. The act of distracting ; a drawing apart; sepa- 
 ration. 
 
 2. Confusion from multiplicity of objects crowding 
 on the mind and calling the attention different ways ; 
 perturbation of mind ; perplexity ; as, the family was 
 in a state of distraction. [See I Cor. vii ] 
 
 3. Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as, po- 
 litical distractions. 
 
 Nevrr was known a nigtit of such distraction. Dryden. 
 
 4. Madness; a state of disordered reason ; fiantic- 
 ness ; furiousness. [ H'e usually apply tJiis word tv a state 
 of derangemcnt-whichproduces raving andviolence inthe 
 patient.] 
 
 5. Folly in the extreme, or amounting to insanity. 
 
 On the supposition of the truth of the birtli, death, and reaurrcc- 
 tioi) ut Jusus ClirUt, irreligiua is nolliiiig better than distrae- 
 tion. Buckniinstsr. 
 
 DIS-TKA€T'IVE, a. Causing perplexity ; as, distracl- 
 ive cares. JJryden. 
 
 DIS-'I'RAIN', JI. (. [L. dislringo ; dis and stringo. See 
 Strain. Hlackstime writes liistmn.] 
 
 1. To seize for debt ; to take a personal chattel 
 from the iKissession of a wrong-doer into the posses- 
 uion of the injured party, to satisfy a demand, or 
 compel the [lerfiirmance of a duty ; as, to distrain 
 goods for rent, or for an amercement. 
 
 2. 'l"o rend ; to tear. [Ol>.i.\ Spenser. 
 DIS-TRAIN', V. t. To make seizure of goods. 
 
 On wtioni I am not distrain for debt. Canvlen. 
 >'or negli-ctiiig to do suit lo the lord's court, or otlier jxTsonal 
 service, Uie lord may riislrru'n ut coiiiiuon right. Ulackstons, 
 
 [In this phrase, however, simio word socins to bo 
 understood ; as, to distrain goods.] 
 DIS-TUAlN'A-lll.i:, o. That ia liable to be taken for 
 distresH. Bliickattme. I 
 
 DIS-TRaIN'£D, pp. Seized for debt, or to compel the 
 
 performance of duty. 
 DIS-TRaIN'ING, ppr. Seizing fipr debt, or for neglect 
 
 of suit and service. 
 DIS-TRaIN'OR, n. He who seizes goods for debt or 
 
 service. Blacks/one. 
 DIS-TRAUGHT', (dis-trawf.) [Obs.] See Distract. 
 DIS-TReAM', v. i. [<its and stream.] To spread or 
 
 flow over. 
 
 Yet o'er that virtuous blush distreams a tear. Shenstons. 
 DIS-TRESS', n. [Fr. dctresse ; Norm. id. ; from the 
 Celtic, W. Irais, violence, treisiaw, to strain or force. 
 See Stress,] 
 
 1. The act of distraining ; the taking of any per- 
 sonal chattel from a wrong doer, to answer a demand, 
 or procure satisfaction for a wrong committed. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. The thing taken by distraining; that which is 
 seized to procure satisfaction. 
 
 A distress f.f houseliold gootis shall be impounded under cover* 
 If the lessor docs not hiiU sutlicieut distress on llie preiiiisesi 
 &c. Blacketone. 
 
 3. Extreme pain ; anguish of body or mind.; as, to 
 suffer great distress from the gout, or from the loss of 
 
 4. Affliction ; calamity ; misery. [near friends. 
 
 On earth distress of nations. — Lul;e %yi. 
 
 5. A state of danger ; as, a ship in distress, from 
 leaking, loss of spars, or want of provisions or wa- 
 ter, &.C. 
 
 DIS-TRESS', V. t. To pain ; to afflict with pain or 
 anguish : applied to the body or the mind. Literally, to 
 press or strain. 
 
 2. To afflict greatly ; to harass; to oppress with ca- 
 lamity ; to make miserable. 
 
 Distress not the Moabiles. — Deut. ii. 
 
 We are troubled on every side, but not distressed. — 2 Cor. iv. 
 
 3. To compel by pain or suffering. 
 
 There are men who can neitlier be distressed nor won into a 
 sacrifice of duty. Federalist, Hamilton. 
 
 DIS-TRESS'^:D, (dls-trest',) pp. or a. Suffering great 
 pain or torture ; severely afflicted ; harassed ; op- 
 pressed with calamity or misfortune. 
 
 DIS-TRESS'ED-NESS, )i. a state of being greatly 
 pained. Scott. 
 
 DIS-TRESS'FIJL, a. Inflicting or bringing distress; 
 as, a distressful stroke. Shak. 
 
 2. Indicating distress ; proceeding from pain or 
 anguish ; as, di.stressful cries. Pope. 
 
 3. Calamitous ; as, a distressful event. IValts. 
 
 4. Attended with poverty ; as, dislressfvl bread. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DIS-TRESS'FIJL-LY, adv. In a painful manner. 
 DIS-TRESS'ING, ppr. Giving severe pain ; oppress- 
 ing with affliction. 
 
 2. a. Very alflicting ; affecting with severe pain; 
 as, a distressing sickness. 
 
 DIS-TRESS'ING-LY, adv. With extreme pain. 
 DIS-TRIB'U-TA-HLE, a. [See Distriiiute.] 
 
 That may be dislributetl ; that may be assigned in 
 portions. Ramsay. 
 DIS-TRIB'IJTE, V. t. [L. distribuo; dis and Iribuo, to 
 give or divide.] 
 
 1. To divide among two or more : to deal ; to give 
 or bestow ill parts or portions. Nioses distributed 
 lands to the tribes of Israel. Christ distributed the 
 loaves to his disciples. 
 
 '2. To dispense ; to administer ; as, to disiributt 
 justice. 
 
 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, 
 kinds, or species. 
 
 4. To give in charity. 
 
 Distributing to llie necessities of tlie s-aints. — Rom. xii. 
 
 5. In printing, to separate types, and place them 
 in their proper cells in the cases. 
 
 DlS-TRlIi'U-TEO, ;)/). Divided among a number; 
 
 dealt out ; assigned in portions ; separated ; bestowed. 
 DIS-TRIU'LJ TER, n. One who divides or deals out 
 
 in parts ; one who bestows in portions ; a dispenser. 
 DIS-TRIH'IJ-TING, ppr. Dividing among a number; 
 
 dealing out; dispensing. 
 DIS-TRI-BO'TION, «. [I/, dislributio.] 
 
 1. The act of dividing amtnig a number ; a dealing 
 in parts or portions ; as, the distribution of an estate 
 among heirs or cliililren. 
 
 2. The act of giving in charity ; a bestowing in 
 parts. Bacon, .^tterbury. 
 
 'J. Dispensation ; administration to numbers ; a 
 rendering to individuals ; as, the distribution of 
 justice. 
 
 4. The act of separating into distinct parts or 
 classes; as, the distribution of plants info genera and 
 species. 
 
 5. In arehitrcture, the dividing and disposing of 
 the several parts of the building, according to some 
 plan, or to the rules of the art. 
 
 (i. In rtii torir, a ilivisioii and enumeration of the 
 several iiualities of a subject. 
 
 7. In general, the division and disposition of the 
 parts of any thing. 
 
 8. In jiriiifiiiir, the taking a form apart; the sepa- 
 rating of the types, and placing each letter in iu 
 proper cell in the cases. 
 
 FATE, FXn, FALL, WHAT METE, PHfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 y.4 
 
DIS 
 
 DIS-TllIB'lJ-TIVE, a. TiKit distributes ; that divides 
 anil assigns in portion.i ; that deals to cacli liis prupiT 
 sliarc ; as, tiUlribiUioe justice. 
 
 2. That assigns the various species of a ccneral term. 
 
 3. That separates or divides ; as, a dijlnbutwc ad- 
 jective. 
 
 DIS-TIUB'IJ-TIVE, ?i. In frrammnr, a word that 
 divides or distrilmtes, as eack and every^ wliich rep- 
 resent tile individuals of a collective number as 
 separate. 
 
 Ols riUl!'lT-TlVE-LY, adc. By distribution ; singly ; 
 
 Milt ciillertively. Ifo<i!<er. IValls. 
 
 WIS riUlt'lI-TlVE-NESS, tt. Desire of distributing. 
 
 [Liltlf iisrd.] Fell. 
 DIS'TRICT, n. [L. districlan, from distringo, to press 
 
 hard, tu bind ; It. diitrrtto. See Distrain.] 
 
 1. Properly, a limited extent ol country ; n circuit 
 within which power, rijjlit, or autliorily, may be ex- 
 ercised, and to which it is restrained ; a word ap- 
 plicable to any portion of land or country, or to any 
 part of a city or town, which is defined by law or 
 usreement. A governor, a prefect, or a judge, may 
 have his district Some of the states arc divided into 
 diitriets for the choice of senators, representatives, or 
 electors. Cities and towns are divided into districts 
 for various purposes, as for schools, &c. 'J'lie United 
 Slates are divided into dtstriclj for the collection of 
 the revenue. 
 
 2. A region ; a territory within given lines ; as, the 
 district of the earth which lies between the tropics, 
 or that which is north of a polar circle. 
 
 3. \ region ; a country ; a portion of territory with- 
 out very definite limits ; as, the districts of Russia 
 covered bv forest. 
 
 UIS'TltlCf , r. I. To divide into districts or limited 
 portions of territory. Legislatures di-'trict stati s for 
 the choice of senators. In jVrw England, towns are 
 districted for the pur|>usc of establishing and manag- 
 ing schools. 
 
 DIS'TIllCT-eOURT, n. A court which has cogni- 
 zance of certain causes within a district defined by 
 law. The district-courts of the United States are 
 courts of siilHirdinate jurisdiction. 
 
 DIS'TllieT-JUDGE, n. The judge of a district-court. 
 
 United States. 
 
 DIS'TRieT-.^eilOOL, n. A school within a certain 
 district of a town. jVew England, iVc. 
 
 DIS'TUICT-ED, pp. Divided into districts or definite 
 portions. 
 
 DJS'TRieT-ING, ppr. Dividing into limited or def- 
 inite portions. 
 DlS-TRie'TION, n. Sudden display. [Unusunl.] 
 
 Collier. 
 
 DIS-TRrjy"Oj1S, n. In lam, a writ commanding the 
 sheritTto distniin a person for debt, or for his ajipear- 
 ance at a certain dav. 
 
 DIS-'I'RUST', p. t. [ilis and trusu The Danes have 
 inistriidter i the Swedes, Hii.-«(ros;a. See Mistrust.] 
 
 1. To doubt or suspect the truth, fidelity, firmness, 
 or sincerity of; not to confide m or rely on. VVe 
 diitrust a man, when we cpiestion his veracity, &.c. ; 
 we in;iy often dUtrust our own firmness. 
 
 2. To doubt ; to suspect not to be real, true, sin- 
 cere, or firm. VVe distrust a man's courage, friend- 
 ship, veracity, declarations, intentions, or promises, 
 when we question their reality or sincerity ; we can 
 not distrust the declarations of God ; wc often have 
 reason to dLtrust our own resolutions. 
 
 DIS-TRUST', n. Doubt or suspicion of reality or sin- 
 cerity ; want of confidence, failli, or reliance. Syc- 
 ophants should he heard wiih distrust; distra.it mars 
 the pleasures of t'riendsliip and social intercourse. 
 
 2. Discredit ; loss of confidence. Milton. 
 DI.S-TRi:ST'F,D, /i/i. Doubled; suspected. 
 DIS-TRUST'ER, ii. A person who distrusts. 
 DIS-TRUST'Fy 1„ a. Apt to distrust ; suspicious. Boyle. 
 
 Q. Not confident; dilhJeiit; as, dutrastfal of our- 
 selves. 
 
 3. Diffident ; nioclest. Pope. 
 DIS TRUST'F|;L-I,Y, aito. In a distrustful manner ; 
 
 with doubt or suspicion. .Milton. 
 
 DIS-TRUST'KIJLM-.ss, n. The state of being dis- 
 tnistfiil ; want of confidence. 
 
 DIS-TRL'ST'IiNG, ppr. Doubting the reality or sin- 
 cerity of; siis|K'cting ; not reiving on or confiding in. 
 
 DIS-TRUST'I.VG-L,V,a<ye. .Suspiciously; with distrust. 
 
 DIS-TRUST'LESS, a. Free from distrust or suspi- 
 cion. Shenstone. 
 
 DIS-TONE', c. U To put out of tunc. \j\'ut used.] 
 
 tVotUm. 
 
 DI9-TURB', t>. <, [3p. distarhar ; U. dLiturbare ; I., 
 duturbo ; d is and turbo, to trouble, disorder, discom- 
 IHwe ; turba, a crowd, a tumult ; Gr. Tootin or aii„^n, 
 a tiirouli ; 3opi-^i-<$, id. 'J'fie primary sense seems 
 to be, to stir, or to turn or whirl round. The word 
 trouble is probably from the L. turbo, by transposition. 
 If Ir are the primary elements, a-s I supiKkse, the 
 word coincides in origin with tour and turn. If ( is 
 a prefix, the word belongs to Class lib, coinciding 
 witfi the Swedish rii»4a, to remove, to trouble. See 
 Class Rb, .No, 3, 4, 3-1, and Class Dr, No. 3, 25, 27.] 
 
 1. To stir ; to move ; to discompose ; to e.xcitc 
 from a slate of rest or Iranqiiillitv. We say, the man 
 Is asleep, do not dLiturb him ; jet the vessel stand. 
 
 DIS 
 
 do not move the liquor, you will disturb the sediment ; 
 disturb not the public peace. 
 
 2. To move or agitate ; to disquiet; to excite un- 
 easiness or a slight degree of anger in the mind ; to 
 move the passions; to rullle. The mind may be 
 disturbed by an otii iisi; given by misfortune, sur|>rise, 
 contention, discord, jealousy, envy, Sec. 
 
 3. To move from any regular course or operation ; 
 to interrupt regular order ; to make irregular. It has 
 been supposed that the approach of a comet may dis- 
 turb the motions of the planets in their orbits ; an 
 unexpected cause may disturb a chemical operation, 
 or the operation of medicine. 
 
 4. To iiiterriiiit ; to hinder ; to incommode. Care 
 di<tnrhs study ; let no person disturb my francliisi?. 
 
 5. To turn off from any direction j with from. 
 
 [Unusual.] 
 
 Aiul <litlnrb 
 
 Ilia inmost counBcIa from their dustiiieil aim. Milton. 
 
 DIS-TURB', n. Confusion ; disorder. [JVut used.] 
 
 Mtllun. 
 
 DIS-TURB'ANCE, n. A stirring or excitement; any 
 distpiiet or interruption of peace ; as, to enter the 
 cliiircli without making disturbance. 
 
 2. Interruption of a settled state of things ; disor- 
 der ; tumult. W'e have read much, at times, of dis- 
 turbances in Spain, England, and Ireland. 
 
 3. Emotion of the mind ; agitation ; excitement of 
 passion ; perturbation. The rnerchant received the 
 news of his losses without apparent disturbance. 
 
 4. Disorder of thoughts ; confusion. 
 
 Tlify cnri (iirvcy a. variety of complicated iJcns, without fui^uc 
 or ttialartinnce. WatH. 
 
 5. In law, tlie hindering or disquieting of a person 
 in the lawful and ixMceaMc enjoyment of his 
 right ; the interruption of a right; as, the disturbance 
 of a franchise, of common, of ways, of tenure, of 
 patronage. Blackslone. 
 
 DIS-TURB' /CD, pp. or a. Stirred; moved; excited; 
 
 discomposed ; disquieted ; agitateil ; uneasy. 
 
 In ^eulotry, thrown out by violence from some 
 
 original place or position ; as, disturbed strata. Lycll. 
 DIS-TURB'ER, 71. One who ilisturbs or di.sipiiets ; a 
 
 violater of peace ; one who causes tumults or disorticrs. 
 
 2. He or that which excites passion or agitation ; 
 he or that which causes perturbation. Shak, 
 
 3. In/iiw, <me that inti-rriipts or incommodes an- 
 other in the peaceable enjoyment of his right. 
 
 DIS-TURB'INt;, ppr. or a. Moving; exciting; ren- 
 dering uneasy ; making a tumult ; interrupting peace ; 
 incommoding the quiet enjoyment of. 
 
 DIS-TURN', V. L [dis and turn.] To turn aside. 
 fJVot in use.] Daniel. 
 
 DI-SUL'PIIU-RET, n. [Gr. ^is, twice, and sulphureU] 
 In chemistry, a siilpniiret containing two equiva- 
 lents of siil|)liiir to one of the base. Silliman. 
 
 DIS-U'N'I-FOR.M, (dis-yu'nc-forni,) a. Not uniform. 
 [JVot in luse.] Coi^entry. 
 
 DIS-L!\'IO.\, (dis-yun'yun,5 n. [di.s anii union.] Sep- 
 aratiim ; disjunction ; or a state of not being united. 
 It sometimes denotes a breach of concord, and its 
 effect, contention. 
 
 dis-i;n'io.v-ist, n. An advocate of disunion. 
 
 DIS-li-NITE', (dis-yu-nlte',) v. L [dis and unite.] To 
 sepanite ; to disjoin ; to part ; as, to disunite two al- 
 lied countries ; to disunite particles of matter ; to dis- 
 unite friends. 
 
 DIS-II-NITE', c. I. To part; to fall a.snnder; to be- 
 come separate. Particles of matter may spontane- 
 ously disunite. 
 
 DIS-lf-NIT'ED, pp. or a. Separated ; disjoined. 
 
 DIS-U-.S'!T'ER, n. He or that which disjoins. 
 
 DIS-l'-NTT'lNG, ppr. Separating; parting. 
 
 DIS-IJ'NI-TY, (tlis-yu'ne-ty,) n. A state of sep.aration. 
 
 J\fore. 
 
 DIS-i;'SAGE,(dis-yu'zaje,)n. [</u and iisar-e.] Grad- 
 ual cessation of use or custom ; neglect of^nse, exer- 
 cisCj or practice. VVe lose words by disusage. * 
 DIS-(4SE', (dis-yuse',) n. [i/i* and use.] "Cessation 
 of use, practice, or exercise ; as, the limbs lose their 
 strength and pliability by i/ijiuc ; language is altered 
 by the di.suse of words. 
 2. Cessation of custom ; desuetude. 
 DIS-I^SE', (dis-yuzc',) r. t. [dU and use.] To cease 
 to use ; to neglect or omit to practice. 
 
 2. To disaccustom ; with from, in, or to ; as, dis- 
 used to toils ; disused from pain. 
 DI.S-i;s'£D, (di.s-yuzd',) pp. or a. No longer used ; 
 obsolete, as words, Icc. 
 
 Priam in Brmi dijuttd. Dryden. 
 9. Disaccustomed. 
 DIS-i;s'I.\G, (dis-yu'zing,) ppr. Ceasing to use ; dis- 
 accustoming. 
 
 DIS-VAI--i;-X'TION, n. [See Duvalue.] Dises- 
 
 tecm ; disreputation. 
 DIS-VAL'IJE, (dis-val'yu,) c. t. ^rfij ond raiuc] To 
 
 under%-aliie ; to disesteein. Snak. 
 DI.'^-V.VI.'ltE, II. Disesleem ; disregard. B. Jonson. 
 DIS-VEI/OC, r. e. To develop. (Aut «-W.] 
 DIS-VOUCH', r. L [dis and rou<-A.J To discredit; 
 
 to contradict. >,7iaA. 
 DKS-VVAR.V, r. ^ [<2m and irani.] To dissuade from 
 
 by previous warning. 
 
 DIU 
 
 DIS-VVIT'TED, a. Deprived of wits or understand- 
 ing. Drayton. 
 
 DIS- WONT', ( wunt,) ». t. [dis ani wont.] To wean ; 
 to deprive of wonted usage. Bp. Hall. 
 
 DIS-WOR'SIIII*, (-wor ship,) n. [dis and irurjAip.) 
 Cause of disgrace. Jlarrrt. 
 
 DIT, «. A ditty. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 DIT, V. L [Sax. dyltan.] 
 
 To close up. [AVt used.] More. 
 
 DI-TA'TION, n. [L. ditatus.] 
 
 The act of making rich. [JVat used.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 DITCH, n. [Sax. die, a ditch : 1). (/;//;, a dike ; G. deich, 
 a dike ; dcicher, a dilclicr ; D. digc, a ditch, a dike ; 
 
 Sw. dike ; Fr. digue ; Eth. dachi, to dig. Class 
 
 Dg, No. 11. 'i'he primurj/ sense is It digging or place 
 dug. After the practice of embanking coninieiiced, 
 the word was used for the bunk inaiie by digging, 
 the dike.] 
 
 1. A trench in the earth made by digging, particu- 
 larly a trench for draining wet land, or for making a 
 fi'iice to guard iiiclosures, or for preventing an enemy 
 from approaching a town or fortress. In the luUer 
 sense, it is called also a fosse or moat, and is dug 
 round the rumjiart or wall between the scarp and 
 counterscarp. Encyc. 
 
 2. Any long, hollow receptacle of water. 
 DITCH, V. i. 'I'o dig or make a ditch or ditches. 
 DITCH, !'. (. To dig a ditch or ditclies in ; to drain 
 
 by a ditch ; as, to ditx:h moist land. 
 
 2. To surround with a ditch. Barret 
 DITCH-DE-I,IV'ER-/;D, a. Brought forth in a ditch. 
 DITCH'ER, n. One who digs ditches. [ SImk. 
 
 DITt.'ll'INt;, ppr. Digging ditches ; also, draining by 
 
 a ditch or ditches ; as, ditching a swamp. 
 DI-TET-RA-llK'DRAL, a. [dis m\A tclraliedral.] In 
 
 crystallography, having the form of a tetraliedral 
 
 prism with dihedral summits. Cleaveland. 
 DI' I'HE-ISM, lu The doctrine of those who maintain 
 
 the existence of two gods. Rich. Diet 
 
 Dt-THE-IST'ie, (a. Pertaining to ditheism. 
 DI-TIIE-lST'ie-AL, Rich. Diet 
 
 DITH'y-RAMB, ) n. [Gr. h^vnapffos, a title of 
 DITII-Y-RA.M'IIUS, | Bacchus, the signifii;ation of 
 
 which is not settled. See Hcder. I.( x. and Bochart 
 
 De Phoen. Col. lib. 1, ca. 16.] 
 
 In ancient poetry, a hymn in honor of .Bacchus, full 
 
 of transport and poetical rage. Of this species of 
 
 writing we have no remains. Encyc. 
 DITH-Y-RAM'Bie, )i. A song in honor of Bacchus, 
 
 in which the wildness of into.vicutioii is imitated. 
 
 ^ Johnson. 
 2. Any poem written in wild, cntli*iastic strains. 
 
 IVaUh. 
 
 DITII-Y-RAM'liie, (I. Wild ; enthusiastic. Coicley. 
 
 DI"T10N, (dish'uii,) n. [L. dilio.] 
 
 Rjile ; power ; government ; dominion. Evelyn. 
 
 DI'ToNE, n. [Gr. di? and rami, tone.] 
 
 In music, an interval comprehending two tones. 
 The proportion of the sounds that form the ditone is 
 4 ; .'i, and that of the semitone, 5 : 6 Encyc. 
 
 DI-TRI(;'LVI'II, n. [Gr. riif, rottf, and )Xe(/,w.] An 
 arrangement of intercoliimniations, in the Doric 
 order, by which two Iriglyphs are obtained in the 
 frie'/.c between the triglyphs that stand over the col- 
 umns. Oicilt. 
 
 DI-TRo'GHEE, n. In prosody, a double trochee ; a 
 foot made up of two trtichecs. 
 
 DIT-TAN'DER, ii. I'epper-wort, the popular name of 
 a species of Lepidiiiin. The coininon dittander has 
 a hot, biting taste, and is sometimes used in lieu of 
 pepper. 
 
 DIT'TA-NY, II. [L. dictamntts ; Gr. i!i<ira;ii'o;, or 
 
 Sixrapoi'.] 
 
 The white and the red dittany, are plants of the 
 genus Dictaiiiiiiis. Their leaves are covered with a 
 white down ; in smell, they resemble leinon-Iliyiiie, 
 but are more aromatic. When fresh, they yieid an 
 essential oil. 
 
 The diliany of Crete is a species of Origanum, and 
 the bastard dittany is a species of .Marriibium. 
 
 Encyc. Earn, of Plants. 
 DIT'TI-ED, (dit'tid,) a. [See Dittv.] Sung ; adapt- 
 ed to music. 
 
 Ur, with his lolt pipe, and amoolh, ditlied tcng, Milton. 
 DIT'TO, contracted into Do. in books of accounts, is 
 the luilian detin, from L. dictum, dirlus, said. It de- 
 notes said, aforcs.aid, or the same thing ; an abbrevi- 
 ation used to save repetition. 
 DIT'TY, «. [Supposed to be from the D. dicht, a poem, 
 Sax. diht, dihlan. If so, it coincides in origin with the 
 L. dico, dictum.] 
 A song ; a sonnet ; or a little poem to be sung. 
 And to the warbling lute soft dilUet sing. Sandyt. 
 DIT'TY^ r. i. To sing ; to warble a little tunc. 
 DI-II-R|.;'SIS, 71. [Gr.] Excretion of urine. [Herbert 
 DI-1!-RET'IC, a. [Gr. fwopnn^ if, from /iwvpao, t'la, 
 and oi oto), iirinam rcddo, nvpni,, urine.] 
 
 Having the iwwer to provoke urine ; tending to 
 produce discharges of urine. ^ Coir. 
 
 DT-IJ-RET'lC, 71. .-V medicine that provokes urine, or 
 
 increases its discharges. 
 Df-URN'AL, a. [I,, diurnus, daily; VV. diirrnod, a 
 
 TONE, B^LL, UNITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; Tll as in THIS. 
 
 355 
 
DIV 
 
 DIV 
 
 DIV 
 
 day. 'I'he word is a compound of tliw, dies, day, and 
 a word which I do not understand.] 
 
 I Relating to a day; pertaining to the daytime; 
 as, diurnal heat ; diurnal liours. 
 
 2. Daily; happening every day; performed in a 
 day ; as, a diurnal task. 
 
 3. Performed in 24 hours ; as, the diurnal revolu- 
 tion of tlie earth. 
 
 4. In medicine, an epithet of diseases whose exac- 
 erbations are in the daytime ; as, a diurnal fever. 
 
 DI-URN'AL, n. A day-book ; a journal. [See Jour- 
 nal, whicli is mostly used.] 
 DI-URN'.AL-CST, 7!. A journalist. [JVot i« »«e.] 
 DI-URN'AL-LY, affe Daily ; every day. [Hall. 
 DI-U-TUR.\'.\L, a. Lasting ; being of long continu- 
 
 Jince. Milton. 
 Dl-U-TURN'I-TY, n. [L. diuturtiitas, from diuturnus, 
 of long continuance, from dtu, diej.1 
 Length of time ; long duration. Brown. 
 DI-VA-Ga'TION, n. [L. diea^or.] 
 A going astray. [Jii'ot used.] 
 
 DI-VAN', n. [.\r. Pets. J^i^i diwan. The Arabic 
 
 verb J^Li dauna, is rendered, to be low, mean, vile, 
 
 contemptible, (qu. down,) and also, to write on a 
 white table. Hence, divan is a register or table of 
 names or accounts, and hence it came to signify a 
 court or council assembled, as we use board and ez- 
 clieguer.] 
 
 1. Among the TurJis and other Orientals, a council 
 of state ; the great council of the Turkish empire. 
 
 2. An audience chamber ; a saloon for receiving 
 company, and especially a raised seat against the 
 walls, furnished with cushions. Hence, in Europe, 
 the term diran has been applied to a sofa. 
 
 3. Figuratioely , any council assembled for delib- 
 erntiim. Milton. 
 
 DI-VAR'[-GaTE, r. I. [L. divaricatus, divarico ; di, 
 di.<, and i-aricit, to straddle.] 
 
 To open ; to fork ; to part into two branches. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 DI-VAR'I-eATE, V. t. To divide into two branches. 
 
 Orew. 
 
 DT-V.VR'I-GaTE, a. In botany, turning off from any 
 thing irregularly, and almost at a right angle. 
 
 Lindleij. 
 
 Turning off so as to form an obtuse angle above, 
 and an acut"angle below. D. C. WiUd. 
 
 DT-VAR I-Ga-TED, pp. Parted into two branches. 
 
 DI-\' AR'ieA-TlNG, p;)r. Parting into two branches. 
 
 DI-VAR-I-Ga'TION, n. A parting; a forking; a 
 separation into two branches. 
 
 2. .'V crossing or intersection of fibers at different 
 angles. Cojce. 
 
 DIVE, V. i. [Sax. dtjfan, ge-dufion; Gr. inirro} ; It. 
 Uiffiire ; coinciding with dip, Heb. Ch. y2B. The 
 same word in Syr. aiid Ar. signifies to stamp, strike, 
 print, impress. Class Db, No. 28. The sense, then, 
 is, to thrust or drive.] 
 
 1. To descend or plunge into water, as an animal, 
 head first ; to tlirust the body into water or other 
 li(|Uor, or, if already in water, to plunge deei)er. In 
 the pearl fishery, men are employed to dive for 
 shells. 
 
 2. To go deep into any subject ; as, to dive into 
 the nature of things, into arts or science. Dryden. 
 
 3. To plunge into any business or condition, so as 
 to be thoroughly engaged in it. Sliak. 
 
 4. To sink ; to penetrate. 
 
 Dii>e, ihoiiglits, down into my sonl. SluiJc. 
 DIVE, B. t. To explore by diving, [flare] 
 
 'I'ii" Cimii bravely dived Otf gulf of fame. D«»ham. 
 DI-VEL'LENT, a. [L. divellens, divcUo ; dis and vello, 
 t(j pull.] 
 
 Drawing asunder ; separating. 
 DI-VEI-'Li eATE, V. t. To pull in jjioces. 
 DIVER, n. One who dives ; one who plunges head 
 first into water ; one who sink.s by effort ; as, a diver 
 in the pearl fisherj-. 
 
 2. i)ne who goes deep into a Siibject, or enters 
 deep into study. 
 
 3. The common name of certain swimming birds, 
 as the loon, closely allied to the grehus ; so called 
 from their diving. Jardine. P. Cijc. 
 
 DI'VERH, n. A proverb. [JVot m ?(,«.] Burton. 
 
 DI-VEItli-Ell A'TION, n. [L. Jioerbero, to beat 
 through.] 
 
 A sounding through. 
 
 DI-VERGE', (dc-verj',) r. i. [L. divcrgo ; di, dii, and 
 verge, to incline.] 
 
 To tend from one point anil recrrte from each oth- 
 er ; to shoot, extenil, or proceed from a point in dif- 
 ferent directions, or not in parallel lines. Rays of 
 light proceed from the nun and continually diverge. 
 It H O[iposed to ronverge. 
 
 DI-VERTO'iMENT, n. Art of div.-rging. 
 
 DI VEIK'J'ENCE, n. A receding from each other ; a 
 going farther apart ; as, the divergence of lines, or 
 the angle of divergence. Oregory. 
 
 DI-VERG'ENT, a. Departing or receding from each 
 
 other, as lines which proceed from the same point ; 
 
 opposed to convergent. 
 DI-VERG'ING, ppr. or a. Receding from each other, 
 
 as they proceed. 
 DI-VERG'ING-LY, adv. In a diverging manner. 
 DI'VERS, a. [Fr. divers; L. diversus, from diverto ; 
 
 di, dis, and verto, to turn.] 
 
 1. Different ; various. 
 
 Tliou sli;iU not sow t!iy fields with divers seeds. — Dent. xxii. 
 Nor let tliy cxlile gender with divers kinds. — Lev, xix. 
 
 , [This now generally written Diverse.] 
 
 2. Several ; sundry ; more than one, but not a 
 great number. We have divers examples of this 
 kind. 
 
 [This word is not obsolete even in common dis- 
 cnurse, and is much used in law proceedings.] 
 
 Dr'VERS-eOL'OR-£D, (-kul'lurd,) a. Having vari- 
 ous colors. SItalc. 
 
 DI' VERSE, a. [h. diversus.] 
 
 1. Different ; differing. 
 
 Four great Ijeasts came up from the sea, diverse one from 
 another. — Dan, vii, 
 
 9. Different from itself ; various ; multiform. 
 
 Eloquence is a diverse thing. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. In diflerent directions. 
 
 And with tendrils creep diveree. Philips. 
 
 DI- VERSE', (de-vers',) v. i. To turn aside. [JVoi 
 used.] Spenser. 
 
 DI'VERSE-LY, adv. [from diverse.] In different 
 ways ; difterently ; variously ; as, a passage of 
 Scripture diverselij interpreted or understood. 
 
 2. In different directions ; to different points. 
 
 On life's vast ocean divereelT/ we sail. Pope. 
 
 DI-VERS-I-FI-eX'TION, n. [See Diversift.] The 
 act of changing forms or qualities, or of making 
 various. Boyle. 
 
 2. Variation ; variegation. 
 
 3. Variety of forms. Hale. 
 
 4. Change ; alteration. 
 DI-VERS'I-FI-KD, (de-ver'se-flde,) pp. Made vari- 
 ous in form or qualities ; variegated ; altered. 
 
 2. a. Distinguished by various forms, or by a 
 variety of objects ; as, diversified scenery ; a diversi- 
 fied landscape. 
 DI-VERS'I-FOR.M, a. [L. diversus and forma.] 
 
 Of a different form ; of various forms. Diet. 
 DI-VERS'l-F?, t. [Fi. diversifier ; Sp. diversificar ; 
 L. diversus and fncio.] 
 
 1. To make different or various in form or quali- 
 ties ; to give variety to ; to variegate ; as, to diversify 
 the colors of a roEie ; to diversify a landscape with 
 mountains, plains, trees, and lakes. 
 
 2. To give diversity to ; to distinguish by different 
 things ; as, a council diversified by different charac- 
 ters. 
 
 3. In oratory, to vary a subject, by enlarging on 
 what has been briefly stated, hy brief recapitulation, 
 by adding new ideas, by transposing words or peri- 
 ods, &c. 
 
 DI-VERS'I-FY-ING, ppr. Making various in form 
 
 or qualities: giving variety to ; variegating. 
 DI-VERS-IL'O-aUENT, a. [L. diversus and eloquor.] 
 
 Speaking in different ways. 
 DI-VER'SION, 71. [Fr. ; from L. diverto, to divert.] 
 
 1. The act of turning aside from any course, as 
 the diversion of a stream from its usual channel ; 
 the diversion of a purpose to another object ; the di- 
 version of the mind from business, or study. 
 
 2. That which diverts ; that which turns or draws 
 the mind from care, business, or study, and thus re- 
 laxes and amuses ; sport ; play ; pastime ; whatever 
 unbends the mind ; as, the diversions of youth. 
 Works of wit and humor furnish an agreeable di- 
 version to the studious. 
 
 3. In war, the act of drawing the attention and 
 force of an enemy from the point where the princi- 
 pal attack is to be m.ade, as by an attack or alarm 
 on one wing of an army, when the other wing or 
 center is intended for the principal attack. The en- 
 emy, if deceived, is thus induced to withdraw a 
 part of his force from the part where his foe intends 
 to make the main impression. 
 
 DI-VERS'I-TY, 71. [L. divcrsilas ; Fr. diversitei from 
 L. diversus, diverto.] 
 
 1. Difference ; dissimilitude ; unlikenesR. There 
 may be tlioersity without contrariety. There is a great 
 diversity in human constitutions. 
 
 2. Variety ; as, a diversity of ceremonies in 
 churches. 
 
 3. Distinct being, as opposed to identity. Locke 
 
 4. Variegation. 
 
 Bluahhig ill hnght diversities of day. Pope. 
 
 DI-VERT', V. t. diverto; di, dis^ and verto, to 
 
 turn ; Fr. divertir; Sp. id. ; It. divertirc.] 
 
 1. To turn off from any course, direction, or in- 
 tended application ; to turn aside ; ns, to divert a 
 river from its usual channel ; to divert ctnnmerco 
 from its usual course ; to divert appropriated money 
 to other objects ; to divert a man from his purpose. 
 
 2. To turn the mind from business or study ; 
 
 hence, to jilease ; to amuse ; to entertain ; to exhil- 
 arate. Children are diverted with sports ; men are 
 diverted with works of wit and humor ; low minds 
 are diverted with buffoonery in stage-playing. 
 
 3. To draw the forces of an enemy to a different 
 point. Davies. 
 
 4. To subvert. [Jfot in use.] Shall. 
 DI-VERT'ED, pp. Turned aside ; turned or drawn 
 
 from any course, or from the usual or intended direc 
 tion ; pleased ; amused ; entertained. 
 DI-VERT'ER, 71. He or that which diverts, turns off, 
 or pleases. 
 
 DI-VERT'I-CLE, (de-vert'e-kl,) ti. [L. diverticulum.] 
 
 A turning ; a by-way. [JVo( used.] Hale. 
 DI-VERT'ING, ppr. Turning off from any course ; 
 pleasing ; entertaining. 
 
 2. a. Pleasing; amusing; entertaining; as, a di- 
 verting scene or sport. 
 DI-VERT' I NG-LY, adv. In an amusing or entertain- 
 ing manner. 
 DI-VERT'ISE V. t. [Fr. divertir, divertissant.] 
 
 To divert ; to please. [JV<j£ used.] Dryden. 
 DI-VERT'lSE-MENT, 71. Diversion. [Little used.] 
 2. A short ballet or other entertainment between 
 the acts of longer pieces, (pro. de-vert'iz-mong.) 
 
 Smart. 
 
 DI-VERT'rVE, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 DI-VEST', v. t. [Fr. devitir; de and vHir, to clothe, 
 L. vestio. It is the same word as devest, but the 
 latter is appropriately used as a technical term in 
 law.] 
 
 1. To strip of clothes, arms, or equipage ; opposed 
 to invest. 
 
 2. To deprive ; as, to divest one of his rights or 
 privileges ; to divest one of title or property. 
 
 3. To deprive or strip of any thing that covers, 
 surrounds, or attends ; as, to dives't one of his glory ; 
 to divest a subject of deceptive appearances, or false 
 ornaments. 
 
 Dl-VEST'ED, pp. Stripped ; undressed ; deprived. 
 
 DI-VEST' 1-BLE, a. That can be divested. Boyle. 
 
 DI-VEST'ING, ppr. Stripping; putting off ; depriving. 
 
 DI-VEST'I-TURE, j Ti. The act of strippinz, putting 
 
 DI-VEST'URE, i off, or depriving. Boyle. Encyc. 
 
 DI-VID'A-liLE,a. [SeeDivioE.] That may be divided. 
 2. Separate ; parted. [JVot used, nor proper.] Sluik. 
 
 DI-VID'ANT, a. Different ; separate. SImk. 
 
 DI-VIDE', V. t. [L. divido ; ai, or dis, and iduo, that is, 
 vidua, to part. The Greek iijios, tituyfia, t^iwrm, 
 are from the same root, as is the h. individuus,viduus, 
 vidua. Eng. widow, and wide and void. See the latter 
 words.] 
 
 1. To part or separate an entire thing ; to part a 
 thing into two or more pieces. 
 
 Divide the living child in two. — 1 Kings iii. 
 
 2. To cause to be separate ; to keep apart by a 
 partition, or by an imaginary line or limit. A wall 
 divides two houses. The equator divides the earth 
 into two hemispheres. 
 
 Let the firmament divide tiie waters from tlie waters, — Gen, i, 
 
 3. To make partition of, among a number. 
 
 Ye shall divids Uie land by lot. — Num. xxxiii. 
 
 4. To open ; to cleave. 
 
 Thou didst divide tlie sea. — Neh. ix. 
 
 5. To disunite in opinion or interest ; to make dis- 
 cordant. 
 
 There shall be five in one house divided, three against two. — 
 Luke xii. 
 
 6. To distribute ; to separate and bestow in parts 
 or shares. 
 
 And he ^vided to them his living, — Luke XT. 
 
 7. To make dividends ; to apportion the interest 
 or profits of stock among proprietors ; as, the bank 
 divides six per cent. 
 
 8. To separate into two parts, for ascertaining 
 opinions for and against a measure; as, to rficirfe a 
 legislative house in voting. 
 
 DI-VIDE', V. i. To part ; to open ; to cleave. 
 
 2. To break friendship ; as, brothers i/ii;i(i'c Shak. 
 
 3. To vote by the division of a legislative house 
 into two i>arts. 
 
 The einperora sat, voted, and divided with thrir equals. Gibbon. 
 
 Dl-VID'ED, p;>. or a. Parted; disunited; distributed. 
 
 I)1-VII)'EI)-LV, adv. Separately. Knatchbull. 
 
 DIVI DEND, Ji. A part or share ; particularly, the 
 share of the interest or profit of stock in trade or 
 other employment, which belongs to each proprietor 
 according to' his proportiim of the stock or capital. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, the number to be divided into 
 equal parts. 
 
 DI-VID'ER, n. He or that which divides ; that which 
 separates into parts, 
 
 2. A distributor ; one who deals out to each hi« 
 share. 
 
 Wlio made me a )udgr; or diviiler over you f — Luke xii, 
 
 3. He or that which disunites. Swift 
 Dl-VID'F.RS, 71. pi. A kind of compasses. 
 DI-VID'ING, ;i;>r. Parting; separating; distributing; 
 
 disuniting ; apportioning to each his share. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, RQQK.— 
 
 356 
 
DI V 
 
 DIV 
 
 DO 
 
 2. a. Thai indicates separation or dilTcrcnce ; as, a 
 dioitlinir line. 
 
 Dl-VID'ING, n. Separation. 
 
 DI-VIU'I.NG-LY, adu. By division. 
 
 DI-VlD'l.l-.'VL, a. [L. ilioiduiis, from divido.] 
 
 Divided, sliarcd, or participated in common with 
 otliers. [Little used.] MMon. 
 
 DI-VID'tl-AlrLY, ade. By dividing. 
 
 DIV-L\-A'TIO.V, 71. [Ij. divinatio, from divino, to 
 foretell, from divinus. See Divine.] 
 
 1. Tlie act of divining ; a foretelling future events, 
 or discovering things secret or obscure, by tlie aid of 
 suiv'rior beings, or by other than Inunan means. 
 Tlie ancient lieatlicn philosophers divided divina- 
 tion into tivo kinds, natural and artijicial. JVuturat 
 divination was supposed to be effected by a kind of 
 inspiration or divine atllatus ; artijicial divination 
 was ertecied by certain rites, experiments, or obser- 
 vations, as by sacrifices, cakes, flour, wine, observa- 
 tion of entrails, flight of birds, lots, verses, omens, 
 position of the stars, &c. Encyc. 
 'i. ConjectunU presage ; prediction. Shak. 
 
 DrV'IN-.\-TOR, II. One who pretends to divination. 
 
 Dl VI.\'A-T0-11Y, a. Professing divination. 
 
 DI-VINE', a. [L. divinus, from dicus, a god, coin- 
 ciding in origin with dcus, Ocoi.] 
 
 1. I'ertaining to' the true God 3 as, the divine na- 
 ture ; divine perfections. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a heathen deity, or to fiUse gods. 
 
 3. Partaking of the nature of God. 
 
 li.-vlf htimnn, iialt'dirtne. Diydtn. 
 
 4. Proceeding from God ; as, Jirine judgments. 
 
 5. Godlike ; heavenly ; excellent in the highest 
 degree ; extraordinary ; apparently above what is 
 human. In this application, the word admits of 
 comparison ; as, a divine invention ; a divine genius ; 
 the divinest mind. Davits. 
 
 A (/trine »eiiteiic« in in the lips of Ihc kin J. — ProT. xvi. 
 
 6. Presageful; foreboding; prescient. [JVotu«</.] 
 
 Jiiilton. 
 
 7. .-Vppropriated to God, or celebrating his praise ; 
 as, divine service j divine songs ; divine worship. 
 
 DI-VI.\E', n. A minister of the gospel; a priest ; a 
 clergyman. Swift. 
 
 Tiie first divintt of New Kn^litnd were 8urp.iss<»d hy none in 
 txUMisive i-rudilion, pcptoiml sanctity, nnil (lilij^encc iu tlie 
 imtor.xl olfice. J. Woodbridge. 
 
 2. A man skilled in divinity ; a theologian ; as, a 
 . great divine. 
 
 Dl-VINE', r;. «. [I., divino.] 
 
 1. To foreknow ; to foretell ; to presage. 
 
 Dar'sl thou diaiite tiis downfall i Shot. 
 
 2. To deify, f JVi)« in use.] Spenser. 
 DI-VINE', V. i. 1 o use or practice divination. 
 
 2. To utter presages or. prognostications. 
 
 The proplicls therpof rfipin* for money. — Mic&h iil. 
 
 3. To have presages or forebodings. 
 
 Sugl^t but irulli to my divining thoughts. Shak. 
 
 4. To guess or conjecture. 
 
 CoutJ you dioint whivl lovers bear. Granville. 
 DI-VTNE'LY, odp. In a divine or godlike manner; 
 in a manner resembling Deity. 
 
 2. By tliB- agency or intiuence of God ; a.s, a 
 prophet divinely inspired ; divinely taught. 
 
 3. Excellently ; in the supreme degree ; a.s, divinely 
 fair ; divinely brave. 
 
 DI-VI.VE'NESS, n. Divinity ; participation of the 
 divine nature ; as, the dtvineness of the Scriptures. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 2. Excellence in the supreme degree. Sliak. 
 
 Df-VIN'ER, n. One who professes divination ; one 
 who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult 
 things, by the aid of superior beings, or of supernat- 
 ural means. 
 
 These natioiu hcftrkcncd to divinert. — DeuL xriii. 
 2. One who gtiesses ; a conjecturer. I^cke, 
 
 DI-VIN'ER-ESS, n. A female diviner ; a woman pro- 
 fessing divination. Dryden. 
 
 DIVING, ppr. or a. [See Dive.] Plunging or sinking 
 into water or other liquid ; applied to animals only. 
 2. Going deep into a subject. 
 
 DIVING-BELL, n. A hollow vessel in form of a 
 tnincated cone or pyramid, with the smaller base 
 close, and the larger one open, in which a person 
 may descend into deep water, and remain till the in- 
 closed air ceases to be respirable. 
 
 DIVING-SToNE, n. A species of jasper. 
 
 DI-yi.N"ING-ROD, n. A rod, commonly of hazel, 
 with forked branches, used by those who pretend to 
 discover water or metals under ground. 
 
 DI-VIN'I-TY, B. fL. divi>tUas. Fr.diviniU; It. diri- 
 nild; Sp. dtvinidaa: from divinus, divus,] 
 
 1. The state of being divine ; Deity ; Godhead ; 
 the nature or essence of God. Christians ascribe di- 
 vinity to one Supreme Being only. 
 
 2. God ; the Deity ; tlie Supreme Being. 
 
 Tb the Dinmty that stiis within us, Addijon, 
 
 3. A false god ; a pretended deity of pagans. 
 
 Beastly dnnijiu, and droves of gods. Prior. 
 *■ ^ celestial being, inferior to the Supreme God, 
 
 but superior to man. Many nations believe in these 
 inferior divinities. 
 
 5. Something supernatural. 
 
 They sny there is dimnity in odd nnmben. Sfiak. 
 
 6. The science of divine things ; the science which 
 unfolds the character of Goil, his laws, and moral 
 government, the duties of man, and the way of sal- 
 vation ; theology ; as, the study of divinity ; a system 
 of divinity. 
 
 DItVlS-I-lilL'I-TY, n. [Fr. divisibiliti ; from L. divi- 
 sihilis. See Divide.] 
 
 The quality of being divisible ; the property of bod- 
 ies by which their parts, or component particles, are 
 capable of separation. Locke. 
 
 DI-VIS'I-BLE, a. [L. divisibilis, from divido. See Di- 
 vide.] 
 
 Capable of division ; that may be separated or dis- 
 united ; separable. Matter is divisible indefinitely. 
 
 DI-VIS'I-BLE-NESS, n. Divisibility; capacity of' be- 
 ing seiKirated. 
 
 DI-VI"SION, (de-vizh'un,) n. [L. divisio, from divido, 
 dirisi. See Divide.] 
 
 1. The act of dividing or separating into parts any 
 
 2. The state of being divided. [entire body. 
 
 3. That which diviiles or separates ; that which 
 keeps apart ; partition. 
 
 4. The part separated from the rest by a partition 
 or line, real or imaginary ; as, the divisions of a field. 
 
 5. A separate botly of men ; as, communities and 
 divisions of men. .Addison. 
 
 6. A part or distinct portion ; as, the divisions of a 
 discourse. 
 
 7. A part of an army or militia ; a body consisting 
 of a certain number of brigades, usually two, and 
 commanded by a major-gunerdl. Hut the term is 
 often applied to other bodies or portions of an army, 
 OS to a brigade, a st^iadron, or platoon. 
 
 8. A pan of a fleet, or a select number of ships un- 
 der a commander, and distinguished by a particular 
 flag or pendant. 
 
 y. Disunion; discord; variance; difference. 
 Tliere was a division among the people. — Julm vii. 
 
 10. Space between the notes of music, or the di- 
 viding of the tones. Johnson. Bailey. 
 
 11. Distinction. 
 
 I will put a division between my people and thy people. — 
 Ex. viii. 
 
 12. The separation of voters in a legislative house. 
 
 13. In arithmetic, the dividing of a number or quan- 
 tity into any parts assigned ; or the rule by which is 
 found how many times one number or quantity is 
 contained in another. 
 
 DI-VI"SION-AL, ) a. Pertaining to division ; noting 
 Dl-VI"SION-A-UY, 5 or making division ; as, a di- 
 visional line. 
 
 DI-VI"SIO.\-ER, (de-vizh'un-er,) n. One who di- 
 vides. [JWt used.] SheUloTU 
 DI-VI'SI\ E, a. Forming division or distribution. 
 
 Jlede. 
 
 2. Creating division or discord. Burnet. 
 DI-VI'SOR, n. In arithmetic, the number by which 
 
 the dividend is tlivided. 
 DI-VORCE', 71. [Fr. divorce ; Sp. divorcio ; It. divoriio ; 
 
 L. divortium, from divorto, a different orthography of 
 
 dicfrto, to turn away. See Divert.] 
 
 1. A legal dissolution of the bonds of matrimony, 
 or the sep.aration of husband and wife by a judicial 
 sentence. This is properly a divorce, and called, 
 technically, divorce a vinculo matriTnvnii, from the 
 bands of matrimony. 
 
 2. The separation of a married women from the 
 bed and board of her husband, a mensa et toro, from 
 board and bed. 
 
 3. Separation ; distinion of things closely united. 
 
 4. The sentence or writing by which marriage is 
 
 5. The cause of any penal separation, [dissolved. 
 
 The long divorct of steel falls on me. Shak. 
 DI-VORCE', v. L To dissolve the marriage contract, 
 and thus to separate husband and wife. 
 
 2. To separate, as a married woman from the bed 
 and board of her husband. 
 
 3. To separate or disunite things closely connect- 
 ed ; to force asunder. Hooker. Shak. 
 
 4. To t.ike away ; to put away. Blackmore. 
 DI-VORCE' A-BI.E, o. That can be divorced. 
 DI-VORC'KD, (di-vorst',) pp. or a. Separated hy a 
 
 dissolution of the marriage contract ; separated from 
 
 bed and board ; parted ; forced asunder. 
 DI-VORCE'LESS, a. Destitute of divorce ; that can 
 
 not be divorced. 
 DI-VORCE'ME-\T, n. Divorce; dissolution of the 
 
 marriage lie. 
 
 L*l him vrile her a bill of ditcrctment, — Deut. xxiv, 
 DI-VORC'ER, IU The person or cause that produces 
 
 divorce. Lh-ummond. 
 2. One of s sect called divorcers, said to have 
 
 spning from Milton. 
 D1-V6RC'ING, ;jpr. Dissolving the marriage contract ; 
 
 separating from bed and board ; disuniting. 
 DI-VORC'I VE, a. Having power to divorce. Milton. 
 DI-VO'TO, [It.] in music, directs to sing in a devout 
 
 manner. 
 
 DI-VUL'GATE, a. Published. [Little used.] 
 DI-VUL-GA'TION, n. The act of divulging or pub- 
 lishing. 
 
 DI-VULGE',(de-vulj',)j). U [L. divulgo ; di, or rfu», and 
 vulgo, to make public, from vulgus, the common peo- 
 ple, an publish, public, from L. populns, people.] 
 
 1. To make public ; to tell or make known some- 
 thing before private or secret ; to reveal ; to disclose ; 
 as, to divulge the secret sentiments of a friend ; to di- 
 vulge the proceedings of the cabinet. Vivulije ia 
 more generally applied to verbiil disclosures, and pub- 
 lish to printed accounts. But they may be used sy- 
 nonymously. We may publish by words, and divulge 
 by the press. 
 
 2. To declare by a public act ; to proclaim. [Unti- 
 suttl.] Milton. 
 
 DI-VLILG'jED, pp. Made public ; revealed ; disclosed , 
 published. 
 
 DI-VULCER, n. One who divulges or reveals. 
 Dl-VULG'ING, ppr. Disclosing ; publishing , reveal- 
 ing. 
 
 DI-VUL'SION, f-shun,) n. [L. divuLHo, from divcllor ; 
 di, dis,anii vello, to pull.] 
 
 The act of pulling or plucking away; a rending 
 asunder. 
 
 And dire divulsiona shook the cliAiiging wurld. J. Darlow, 
 
 DI-VUL'SIVE, «. That pulls asunder; that rends. 
 
 fCirtcan. 
 
 DIZ'SN, (diz'n,) V. U To dress gayly ; to deck. 
 
 SwifL 
 
 [This word is not esteemed elegant, and is nearly 
 obsolete. Its compound, Bedize.t, is used in bur- 
 lesque.] 
 
 DIZZ, E. (. [Sec Dizzy.] To astonish ; to puzzle ; to 
 
 make dizzy. [.Vot used.] Gaylon. 
 DIZ'ZARD, «. [See Dizzv.] A blockhead. [JVot 
 
 used.] 
 
 DIZ'ZI-KD, (diz'zid,) pp. Whirled round ; made dizzy. 
 
 DIZ'ZI-NESS, 71. [See Dizzv.] Giddiness ; a whirl- 
 ing in the head ; vertigo. 
 
 DIZ'ZY, a. [Sax. dysi or dysig, foolish ; dysignesse, 
 folly ; dysian, to be foolish ; gedisigan, to err ; G. da- 
 sel, dizziness; dusrlig, dizzy; D. druzig, stupid; dy- 
 lig, misty, hazy ; Dan. taasse, a foolish person ; qu. 
 diSser, to make sleepy.] 
 
 1. Giddy ; having a sensation of whirling in the 
 head, with instability, or proneness to fall ; vertigi- 
 nous. 
 
 2. Causing giddiness ; as, a diz-.y hight. 
 
 3. Giddy ; tlioughtlcss ; heedless ; as, the dizzy 
 multitude. Miltm. 
 
 DIZ'ZY, V. t. To whirl round ; to make giddy ; to 
 confuse. Shak. 
 
 DIZ'ZY-ING, ppr. or a. Whirling round ; confusing ; 
 making dizzy. 
 
 DJER'IUD, 71. A blunt, Turkish javelin. Maunder. 
 
 Do, 71. In modem solfeggio, the name of the first of 
 the musical syllables. 
 
 DO, r. (. or auxiliary; pret. Did; pp. Dose, (dun.) 
 This verb, when transitive, is formed in the indica- 
 tive, present tense ; thus, I do, thou doeM, he does or 
 doth; when auxiliary, the second person is, thou dosL 
 [Sa.x. do7i ; D. doen; G. (Amti ; Goth, tauyan; Ru.ss. 
 dryu or dayu. This is probably a contracted word, 
 for in Saxon dohte signifies 77iude or did, as if the pret. 
 of this verb. If the elements are dg, it coincides in 
 elements with Sax. dugan, to be able, and with tea- 
 gan, to taw, as leather.] 
 
 1. To perform ; to execute ; to carry into effect ; to 
 exert labor or power for bringing any thing to the 
 state desired, or to completion ; or to bring any thing 
 to pass. We say, this man does his work well ; he 
 does more in one day than some men will do in two 
 days. 
 
 In sii flsTS thou thalt do all thv work. — Ex. xx. 
 1 will ti-ach you whul ye »hill do- — Ex. iv. 
 I tlie Lord do all these (hin js. — Is. xir. 
 
 2. To practir.e ; to perform ; as, to do good or evil. 
 
 3. To perform for the benefit or injury of another ; 
 with for or to ; for, when the thing it beneficial ; to, 
 in either case. 
 
 TUI I know what God will do for nte."— 1 Sain. xxii. 
 T>o to him neither good nor evi\. But to is more 
 generally omitted. Do him neither good nor liarm. 
 
 4. To execute ; to discharge; to convey; as, t/o a 
 message to the king. 
 
 5. To perform ; to practice ; to observe. 
 
 We lie and do not the txtuh. — I John i. 
 
 6. To exert. 
 
 Do thy dihgence to come shortly to me. — 3 Tim. iv. 
 
 7. To transact ; as, to do business with another. 
 
 8. To finish ; to execute or transact and bring to a 
 conclusion. The sense of completion is often implied 
 in this verb ; as, we will do the business, and adjourn ; 
 we did the business, and dined. 
 
 9. To perform in an exigency ; to have recourse 
 to, as a consequential or last effort ; to take a step 
 or measure ; as, in this crisis we know not n hat 
 to do. 
 
 What will ye do in the day af visiution I — Is. x. 
 
 10. To make or cause. 
 
 Nothing but dead) can do me lo lespire. [O&t.] Spemstr. 
 
 TONE, BJ;LL, qNITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 46* 
 
 367 
 
I" 
 
 DOC 
 
 DOC 
 
 DOD 
 
 Shak. 
 
 ■ had the 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 U. To put. [Oli.i.] 
 
 Wlio sliouia do Oie duke to death ( 
 12. To answer the purpose. 
 
 I'll maJte the songs of Durfey do. 
 To have to do ; to Iiave concern with. 
 
 What have I to do with you ? — 2 Sam. xvi. 
 
 What have I to do any more with idols f — Hos. xiy. 
 
 To do with ; to dispose of ; to make use of ; to em- 
 ploy. Commerce is dull ; we know not what to do 
 icith our ships. Idle men know not what to do with 
 tliL'ir time or witli themselves. 
 
 Also, to gain ; to effect by influence. 
 
 A jest with a sad brow will do loilh a fellow who 
 
 ache in his shoulders. 
 1 can do nothing loith this obstinate fellow. 
 
 Also, to have concern with ; to have business ; to 
 deal. [See No. 12.] 
 
 To do away ; to remove ; to destroy ; as, to do 
 away imperfections j to do away prejudices. 
 DO, )>. !. To act or behave, in any manner, well or 
 ill ; to conduct one's self. 
 
 They fear not the Lord, neither do they after the law and 
 commandment. — 2 Kings xvil. 
 
 2. 1*0 fare ; to be in a slate with regard to sickness 
 or health. VVe asked him how he did. How do you 
 do, or how do you ? 
 
 How dost Viou7 Shr.k. 
 
 3. To succeed; to accomplish a purpose. We shall 
 do without him. Will this plan do 1 Jiddison, 
 
 Also, to fit ; to be adapted ; to answer the design ; 
 with for; as, this piece of timber will do for the 
 corner post ; this tenon will do for the mortise; the 
 road is repaired, and will do for the present. 
 
 To have to do with ; to have concern or business 
 with ; to deal witli. Have little to do with jealous 
 men. 
 
 Also, to have carnal commerce with. 
 
 Do is used for a verb to save the repetition of it. I 
 shall probably come, but if I do not, you must not 
 wait ; that is, if I do not come, if I come not. 
 
 Do is also used in the imperative, to express an 
 urgent request or command ; as, do come ; help me, 
 do ; make haste, do. In this case, do is uttered with 
 emphasis. 
 
 As an auxiliary, do is used in asking questions. 
 Do you intend to go Docs he wish me to come 
 
 Do is also usetl to express emphasis. She is co- 
 quctish, but still I do love her. 
 
 Do is sometimes a mere expletive. 
 
 This just reproach their virtue does excite. Dryden. 
 Expletives tlieir feeble aid do join. Popt. 
 
 [The latter use of do is nearly obsolete.] 
 Do is sometimes used by way of opposition ; as, I 
 did love him, but lie has lost my affections. 
 DoAT. See Dote. 
 
 DOC-l-BILT-TY, j n. Teachableness; docility; 
 
 Do'Cl-l!LE-NESS, j readiness to learn. Walton. 
 
 Do'CI-HLE, (do'se-bl or dos'se-bl,) a. [See Docile.] 
 'I'eachable ; docile ; tractable ; easily taught or man- 
 aged. Milton. 
 
 Do'CILE, (do'sil or dos'sil.) a. [L. docilis, from docco, 
 to teach. Doceo and teach are the same word. See 
 Teach.] 
 
 Teachable ; easily instnictcd ; ready to learn ; 
 tractable ; easily managed. Some children are far 
 more docile than others. Dogs are more docile than 
 many other animals. 
 DO-CIL'I-TY, 7!. Teachableness; readiness to learn ; 
 aptness to be taught. The docility of elephants is 
 remarkable. 
 
 DO(;'l-.MA-CY, n. [Gr. ^o/fipKiiria. See the next word.] 
 The art or practice of assaying ores or metals ; 
 mt^tallurgy. Jilcd. Rcpos. 
 
 DOC-l-.MA.S'Tie, a. [Or. foKiiiaoTtKo;, from fioKi- 
 /ta^r.), to try, essay, examine, from ()u<ci/ios, proved, 
 from Soxcc), to prove. Ch. pn. Class Ug, No. 9.] 
 
 Properly, essaying, proving by expiTiments, or re- 
 lating to the assaying of ores or metals. The doci- 
 inastic art is otherwise calletl metallurgy. It is the 
 art of assaying metals, or the art of separating them 
 from foreign matters, and determining the nature 
 and quantity of metallic substances contained in 
 any ore or minttral. Luvoisirr. 
 DOCK, n. [Sax. docce ; L. dauciis ; Gr. fiavKof ; from 
 Ar. Syr. Class Dg, No. 9.] 
 
 'I'lii; popular name of certain large-leafed sjiccics of 
 Riiriicx. 
 
 D(il K, r. (. [W. tociaw, and twciaw, to clip, to cut 
 off; whence ducket and ticket. Class Dg, No. 19, 
 47.j 
 
 1. To cut off, as the end of a thing ; to curtail ; to 
 cut short ; to clip ; as, to dock the tail of a horse. 
 
 2. To cut off a part ; to shorten ; to deduct from ; 
 OJi, to dock an acrr>iiiit. 
 
 3. To cut off, destroy, or defeat ; lobar ; a», to dock 
 an entail. 
 
 <t. 'I'o brini;, draw, or place n iihip In n dock. 
 DOCK, n. The tail m( a lieasl cut nhort or clipped ; 
 the Hluinp of n Uiil ; the aolid part of the tail. 
 2. A cone of leather to cover a liorse'a dock. 
 
 F.ncijr. 
 
 DOCIC,n. A broad, deep trench on the Hide of a harbor. 
 
 or bank of a river, in which ships are built or re- 
 paired. A dry dock has tlood-gates to admit the tide, 
 and to prevent tli" influx, as occasion may require. 
 Wet docks have no flood-gates, but ships may be re- 
 paired in them during the recess of the tide. Wet 
 docks are also constructed with gates to keep the 
 water in at ebb tide, so that vessels may lie constantly 
 afloat in them. Mar. Diet. Cyc. 
 
 In America, the spaces bet^veen wliarves arc called 
 doeli3. 
 
 9. The place where a criminal stands in court. 
 DOCK'-MXS-TER, n. One who has the superintend- 
 ,ence of docks. 
 
 DOCK'-VaRD, n. A yard or magazine near a harbor, 
 for containing all kinds of naval stores and timber. 
 
 DOCK'SD, (dockt,) pp. Clipped ; cut off, as the end 
 of a thing. 
 
 DOCK'ET, n. [W. tociaw, to cut off, to clip, to dock ; 
 hence docket is a piece.] 
 
 1. A small piece of paper or parchment, contain- 
 ing the heads of a writing. Also, a subscription 
 at the foot of letters patent, by tlie clerk of the 
 dockets. Bailey. 
 
 2. A bill tied to goods, containing some direction, 
 as the name of the owner, or the place to which they 
 are to be sent. [See Ticket.] Bailey. 
 
 3. An alphabetical list of cases in a court, or a cat- 
 alogue of the names of the parties who have suits 
 depending in a court. In some of the States, this is 
 the principal or only use of the word. 
 
 To strike a docket, in Enirland, is said of a creditor 
 who gives a bond to the lord chancellor, engaging 
 to prove his debtor to be a bankrupt, whereupon a 
 commission of bankruptcy is out against the debtor. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 DOCK'ET, V. t. To make an abstract or summary of 
 the heads of a writing or writings ; to abstract and 
 enter in a book ; as, judgments regularly docketed. 
 
 Blaclcstone. 
 
 2. To enter in a docket ; to mark the contents of 
 papers on the back of them. 
 
 3. To mark with a docket. Chesterfield. 
 DOCK'ET-ED, pp. Abstracted and entered in a book. 
 
 [See Docket.] 
 DOCK'ING, ppr. Clipping ; cutting off the end ; 
 
 placing in a dock. 
 DOCK'ING, iu The act of drawing, as a ship, into a 
 
 dock. Mar. Diet. 
 
 DOCTOR, n. [L., from doceo, to teach.] 
 
 1. A teacher. 
 
 There stood up one in the council, a Pharisee, named Gamaliel, 
 a doctor of the law. — Acts v. 
 
 2. One who has passed all the degrees of a faculty, 
 and is empowered to practice and teach it ; as, a 
 doctor in divinity, in physic, in law ; or, accortling to 
 nioilern usage, a person who has received the highest 
 degree in a faculty. The degree of doctor is conferred 
 by universities and colleges, as an honorary mark of 
 literary distinction. It is also conferred on phy- 
 sicians as a professional degree. 
 
 3. A learned man ; a man skilled in a profession; 
 a man of erudition. Dryden. Dighy. 
 
 4. A physician ; one whose occupation is to cure 
 diseases. 
 
 5. The title doctor is given to certain fathers of 
 the church whose opinions are received as authori- 
 ties, and in the Greek church, it is given to a partic- 
 ular oflicer who interprets the Scriptures. Encye. 
 
 Doctors' Commons; the college of civilians in Lon- 
 don. It is here that wills are proved, and adminis- 
 tration is taken out, under the direction of the 
 Prerogative Court of Canterbury. 
 DOCTOR, V. t. To apply medicines for the cure of 
 tliseases. [.d popular use of Otis word, but not elrtrant.'] 
 DOCTOR, V. i. To [iractice physic. [JViif elcirattt.] 
 DOCTOIl-AL, a. Relating to the degree of a doctor. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 DOCTOR-AL-L Y, adv. In the manner of a doctor. 
 
 Hakewill. 
 
 DOCTOR- ATE, n. The degree of a doctor. Encyc. 
 
 DOCTOR-aTE, v. t. To make a doctor by con- 
 ferring a degree. Wartou. 
 
 DOCTOR- A'l), Administered to by a physician; 
 iMirt'd. 
 
 DOCTOR ING, ppr. Applying medicines ; curing. 
 DOC'I'OR LY, a. Like a learned man. Bp. Hull. 
 DOCTOR-Sllll", 71. The degree or rank of a ilortor. 
 [DocTonATE is now generally used.] [Clarendon. 
 
 DOCTOIMCSS i "• ^ female physician. 
 
 DOCTRIN-AIKE', n. A cant term, in the politics of 
 France, denoting one who is desirtnis of giving to 
 the king more power than is admitted by the ultra- 
 liberals, ami less than is demanded by the ultra- 
 royalists. 
 
 DOCTRIN-AI,, (I. [See Doctbine.] Pertaining to 
 doctrine ; containing a doctriiit^ or something tttught ; 
 as, a doctrinal observation ; a doctrinal proposition. 
 2. PtTtaining to the act or means of teaching. 
 
 DOe'TRIN-AI., Ji. Something that is a part of doc- 
 trine. South. 
 
 DOe'TRIN-AL-LY, adv. In the form of doctrine or 
 instruction ; by way of teaching or positive direction. 
 
 Rail. 
 
 DOCTRINE, 71. [L. doctrina, from doceo,to teach!] 
 
 1. In a general sense, whatever is taught. Hence, 
 a principle or position in any science ; whatever is 
 laid down as true by an instructor or master. The 
 doctrines of the gospel are the principles or truths 
 tauglit by Christ and his apostles The doctrines of 
 Plato are the principles which he taught. Hence a 
 doctrine may be true or false ; it may be a mere tenet 
 or opinion. 
 
 2. The act of teaching. 
 
 He taiis^ht them many things by pantbles, and said to them in 
 his doctrine. — Mark iv. 
 
 3. Learning ; knowledge. 
 
 Whom shall he make to understand doctrine ? — la, xxviii. 
 
 4. The truths of the gospel in general. 
 
 That they may adoni the doctrine of God our Savior m all 
 things. _ Tit. ii. 
 
 5. Instruction and confirmation in the truths of 
 the gospel. 2 Tim. iii. 
 
 DOCQ-MENT, 71, [L. documentum, from docco, to 
 teach.] 
 
 1. Precept ; instruction ; direction. 
 
 Bacon. Watts, 
 
 2. Dogmatical precept ; authoritative dogma. 
 
 3. More generally, in present usage, written instruo 
 fion, evidence, or proof ; any oflicial or authoritative 
 paper containing in.-tructions or proof, for information 
 and the establishment of facts. Thus, the president 
 laid before congress the report of the secretaiy, ac- 
 companied with all the ducuments. 
 
 DOCU-MENT, V. t. To furnish with documents ; to 
 furnish with instructions and proofs, or with papers 
 necessary to establish lacts. A ship should be docu- 
 mented according to the directions of law. 
 
 2. To teach ; to instruct ; to direct. Dryden, 
 
 DOe-U-iMENT'AL, a. Pertaining to instruction or to 
 documents ; consisting in or derived from docu- 
 ments ; as, documental testimony. 
 
 Court Martial on Oen. Wilkinson. 
 
 DOe-TJ-MENT'A-RY, a. Pertaining to written evi- 
 dence ; consisting in documents. 
 
 DOCU-MENT-ED, j>p. Furnished with papers and 
 documents necessary to establish facts. 
 
 DOD'DER, 71. [G. dotter.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Cusriita, one species of which 
 is called kcll-wced. It is almost destitute of leaves, 
 parasitical, creeping, ami fixing itself to some other 
 plant, as to hops, flax, and particularly to the nettle. 
 It decays at the root, and is nourished by the plant 
 that supports it, by means of little vesicles or paiiillte, 
 which attach themselves to the stalk. Hill. Encyc. 
 
 DOI)'DEll-J!L), a. Overgrown with dodder; covered 
 with supercrescent plants. Johnson. Dryden. 
 
 DO-DECA-GON, it. [Gr. <!wfl«a, twelve, and j-oii/ta, 
 an angle.] 
 
 A regular figure or polygon consisting of twelve 
 equal sides and angles. Encyc. 
 DO-DEC-A-GYN'I-A, 71, [Gr, SioicKa, twelve, and 
 yvfri, a female.] 
 
 In botany, the name of an order of^plauts having 
 twelve styles. ■ * /Jnna:us. 
 
 DO-DEC-A-GYN'I-AN, ) o. In iotaiit/, having twelve 
 DO-DE-CAG'YN-OUS, ( styles. 
 DO-DE€-A-llE'DRAL, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to a 
 
 dodecahedron ; consisting of twelve equal sides. 
 DO-DEC-A-Hk'DKON, 71. [Gr. ScoicKa, twelve, and 
 iipa, a base.] 
 
 A regular solid contained under twelve equal and 
 regular pentagons, or having twelve equal bases. 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 DO-DE-CAN'DRI-A, it. [Gr. ^[oi5£»ca, twelve, and ui/r;p, 
 a male.] 
 
 In botany, the name of a class of plants having 
 twelve sttt'niens ; but this class includes nil plants 
 that have any number of stamens, from twtdve to 
 nineteen inclusive. Linmnis. 
 DO-DE-CAN'DRI-AN, ( a. Pertaining to the plants, 
 DO-DE-eAN'DKOUS, ( or class of plants, that have 
 
 twelve stiiiiieiis, or from twelve to nineteen. I.ec. 
 DO-DEC-A-TE-IMo'RI-ON, [Gr., composed of tJto- 
 ti£/toT(){, twelfth, anil ^ inioi', part.] 
 
 A twelfth pnrt. [Litlle used.] Creech. 
 DO-DEC-A-TEiM'O-RY, 71. A denomination simie- 
 timcs given to each of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 DODGE, (doj,) r. i. [From some root signifying to 
 shtiot, dart, or stiirt, and not iniproliably from the 
 same root as dog, iis d is not railical.J 
 
 1. To start suddenly aside ; to shift place by n sud- 
 den start. Milton. 
 
 2. 'I'o play trick.s ; to bo evasive ; to use tergiversa- 
 tion ; to play fast and loose ; to raise expectations 
 and distippoint Iliem ; to quibble. Ifofr. Jiddi.ton. 
 
 DODGE, II. t. To evade by a siiilili ii shil^ of place ; to 
 c«ape by starling asiile ; us, to dmlgc a blow aimed; 
 to dodge a cannon ball. 
 
 [ This is a roiniiion word, very erpressive and useful, 
 but not admissible in solemn discourse or elegant compo- 
 sition. ] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 ^ =========================== . 
 
DOG 
 
 DOG 
 
 DOL 
 
 DOOil'ED, pp. Evn(i< il hy a smldcn shift of place. 
 DOIX'J'KU, n. One who ilodt'os or evailes. 
 PODCliXG, ppr. Startini; adidc> ; evading. 
 UOD'KIN, n. [iloit, I), iluit, and kin.] 
 
 A little doit ; a small coin. 
 nOD'.MA.\, 11. A fish that casts its shell like the lob- 
 
 siiT and crab ; also called hodmandoii. Bacon. 
 DO' no, n. The Didus, a genus of large birds, gener- 
 a.ly supposed to be extinct. 'J'hcy are said to have 
 inhabited Madagasciir and some other parts of the 
 East, but their very existence has been doubted. 
 
 P. Cijc. Partington. 
 DOE, (do,) 71. [Sax. ila ; Dan. daa.] 
 
 A she-dcer ; the female of the fallow-deer. The 
 male is called a buck. 
 DOE, (doo,) M. A feat. [A"ot \ised.] Iludibras. 
 DOE'SKI.V, jt. The skin of a doe. 
 
 *2, A compact twilled cloth, for pantaloons. 
 DO'ER, n. (from Jo.] One who does; one who per- 
 forms or executes ; an actor ; an agent. 
 
 2. One who perf.irms what is required ; one who 
 obser%'es, keeps, or obeys, in practice. 
 
 The doert of ttic l.\w shall Ix' jiistifird. — Roin. ii. 
 
 DOES, (duz.) The third person of the verb rfo, indic- 
 ative mode, present tense ; contracted from dorlh. 
 
 DOFF, ti. (. [Uu. du-off. R.ither D. duffcn, to push, to 
 thrust. Class Db, No. 17, 18.] 
 
 1. To put off, as dress. 
 
 And made via du^ OUT pa«y robei of peace. Shak, 
 
 2. To strip or divest ; as, ho doffj himself. 
 
 Crashaw. 
 
 3. To put or thrust away ; to get rid of. 
 
 To duff tiw'iT dire distrrsaes. Shak, 
 
 4. To put otr ; to shift otT; with a view to delay. 
 Kvery doy thou daff'tt mo with some derice. Shak. 
 
 [This word w, / believe, entirely obsolete in discoursfy 
 atleiLU in tJte United Stiites, but w retained in poetry.] 
 DOFF'KD, (doft,) pp. Put off; stripped ; thrust away. 
 DOF'FEK, n. A revolving cylinder, in a carding ma- 
 chine, which doffs, or strips off, the cotton from the 
 cards. [/re. 
 DOG, n. [Fr. dotrue, a bull-<iog or mastiff ; se do^iter, 
 to butt ; Arm. i/o/r nr dogues ; D. dog ; probably, the 
 runner or starter.] 
 
 1. .\ species of (piadrupcds, belonging to the genus 
 Canis, of many varieties, as the mastiff, the hound, 
 the spaniel, the shi pheril's dog, the terrier, the har- 
 rier, the bloodhound, kc. 
 
 9. It is used for male, when applied to several other 
 animals ; as, a doir-for ; a dufr-otter ; doer-ape. Dryden. 
 
 It is prefixed to other words, denoting what is 
 mean, degenerate, or worthless ; as, dog-rose. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. .\n andiron, so nan^ed from the figure of a dog e 
 head on the tup. [Kiiss. tagan.] 
 
 4. .\ term of reproach or contempt, given to a 
 man. 
 
 5. A constellation called Sirius or Canicula. [See 
 
 DOGDAY.] 
 
 6. An iron hook or bar with a sharp fang, which 
 can be driven into a stick of timber to draw it in 
 water by a rope. Mar. DicU 
 
 7. An iron used by sawyers to fasten a log of tiin- 
 tx r in a saw-pit. 
 
 8. A gay young man ; a buck. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 To give or throw to the dogs, is to throw away, as 
 useless. 
 
 To go to the dogs, is to be ruined. 
 DOG, r. L To hunt ; to follow insidiously or indefat- 
 igably ; to follow close ; to urge ; to worry with im- 
 portunity. 
 
 I XoLtt been punticd, dogged, and wmjlaid. Pope. 
 
 DO'G.XL, a. [See DoGc] Belonging to or pertaining 
 to a doge. iMdy Bultrer. 
 
 DO'GATE, lu [See Dooi.] The office or dignity of 
 a doge. Kncyc, 
 
 DOG'It.^.VE, n. A plant. 
 
 DOG'BER-RV, n. The berry of the dogwood, a spe- 
 cies of Cornus. 
 
 DOG' BER RY-TREE, n. The dogwood, a .species of 
 t-orniis. 
 
 DOG'URI-ER, n. The brier that bears the hip; the 
 Rosa c;inina. 
 
 DOG'-C.AB-BAdE, n. A plant growing in the south 
 of Europe, a species of 'I'heligonum. F.ncyc. 
 
 DOG'-CHe.AP, (-cheep,) o. Cheap as dog's me.-it, or 
 offal ; very cheap. Johnson. 
 
 DOG'D.^Y, n. One of the davs when Sirius or the 
 dogstar rises and seU with the sun. The dogdnys 
 commence the latter part of July, and end the begin- 
 ning of September. 
 
 DOG'DR.AW, n. A manifest deprehension of an of- 
 fender against the venison in the forest, when he is 
 fmind drawing after the deer by the scent of a hound 
 
 ^)^*^y ""^ •""><'• Eng. Uw. CoiceL 
 
 DOCK, H. (It. ; U dm; Eng. duke; from L. dueo, to 
 le.ail ; Sax. toga, Uoehe.] 
 '', '"^ maeistrate of Venice and Genoa. 
 
 DOG'-FA.N'CI-ER, n. One who has a taste for dogs, 
 and who keeps them for sale. 
 
 DOG'-FIGIIT, ( flte,) ;i. A battle betwei ii two dogs. 
 
 UOG'FISII, n. A name given to several species of 
 shark, as the spolti:d shark or greater diii:Ji.th, the 
 piked dogfish, &e. Kncyc. Cyc. 
 
 DDIi'FliY, n. A voracious, biting fly. Chapman. 
 
 DOG'GKI), (dogd,) pp. Pursued closely ; urged fre- 
 quently ana importunately. 
 
 DOG'GED, a. Sullen ; sour; morose ; surlv ; severe. 
 
 Shak. iludibras. 
 
 DOG'GED-LY, adv. Sullenly ; gloomily ; sourly ; mo- 
 rosely ; severely ; with obstinate resolution. 
 
 DOCJ'GED-NESS, n. Siillenness ; moroseness. 
 
 DOG'GER, 71. A Dutch fishing-vessel, used in the 
 German Ocean, particularly in the herring fishery. 
 It is equipped with two masts, a main-mast and a 
 nii/,/,en-mast, somewhat resembling a ketch. Kncyc. 
 
 DOG'GER-EL, o. An epithet given to a kind of loose, 
 irregular measure in liurlcsque poetry, like that of 
 Iludibras ; as, doggerel verse or rliynie. 
 
 Dryden. -Addison. 
 
 DOG'GER-EL, 71. A loose, irregular kind of poetry ; 
 u-'icd in burlesque. Dryden. iSictft. 
 
 DO(i'GER-M AN, n. A sailor belonging to a dogger. 
 
 DOG'GERS, 71. In English alum-itorks, a sort of stone, 
 found in the mines with the true alum-rock, contain- 
 ing some alum. Kncyc. 
 
 DOG'GING, ppr. [from dog.] Hunting ; pursuing in- 
 cessantly or importunately. 
 
 DOG'GISil, a. Like a dog ; churlish ; growling; snap- 
 pish ; brutal. 
 
 DOG'GISII-.\ESS, 71. The quality of being doggish. 
 DOG'-GRA.SS, 71. Couch-grass. Loudon. 
 DOG'-HEXRT-ED, a. Cruel ; pitiless ; malicious. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 DOG'-HoLE, 71. A place fit only for dogs ; a vile, 
 mean habitation. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 DOG'-IIOIJSE, 71. A kennel for dogs. Ovrrbury. 
 
 DOG'-KE.V-.NEL, n. A kennel or hut for dogs. 
 
 DOG'-LAT'IX, n. Barbarous Latin. [Dnidcn. 
 
 DOG'-Lf.ACH, 71. A dog-doctor. Beaum. S[ Fl. 
 
 DOG'-LOUSE, «. An insect th.at is found on dogs. 
 
 nOG'LY, a. liike a dog. [JVot in i<.<c.] 
 
 DOG'.M.\, 71. [Gr. ioypa, from <!u«£oj, to think; L. 
 dogma.] 
 
 A settled opinion ; a principle, maxim, or tenet ; a 
 doctrinal notion, particularly in matters of faith and 
 pliilo-sophy ; as, the dogmas of the church ; the dog- 
 mas of Plato. 
 
 Compliment iTiy dogma, and I will compliment yours. 
 
 J. M. Mason. 
 
 DOG'-MAD, a. Mad as a dog. 
 
 DOG-M.'VT'lC, jo. Pertaining to a dogma, or to 
 DOG-.MAT'ie-AL, \ settled opinion. 
 
 2. Positive ; magisterial ; a-sserting or disposed to 
 assert with authority or with overbearing anil arrt>- 
 gance ; applied to pcrsotu ; as, a dogmatic Bchoolman 
 or philosopher. Boyle. 
 
 3. Positive ; asserted with authority ; authoritative ; 
 as, a dogmatical opinion. 
 
 4. Arrogant : overbearing in asserting and main- 
 taining opinions. 
 
 DO(;-.MAT'ie-AL-I Y, adv. Positively ; in a magiste- 
 rial manner ; arrogantly. 
 
 DOG-MAT'ie-AL-.\ESS, 71. The quality of being 
 dogmatical ; positiveness. 
 
 DOG-.MAT'lCS, n. Doctrinal theology ; a term used 
 by German writers. Murdock. 
 
 DOG'.M A-TIS.M, 11. Positive assertion; arrogance; 
 ptwitiveness in opinion. 
 
 DOG'M A-TIST, 71. A (msitive a.sscrtor ; a magisterial 
 teacher ; a bold or arrogant advancer of principles. 
 
 fValls. 
 
 DOG'MA-TTZE, r. i. To assert positively ; to teach 
 with bold and undue confidence ; to advance with 
 arrogance. 
 
 Men often dognuuUe moat, when Ihey an leMt tupporlnl by 
 re»»<>i>. Anon. 
 
 DOG'M A-TIZ-ER, 71. Oncwhodogmati7.es; a bold 
 assertor ; a magisterial teacher. Hammond. 
 
 DOG'M.\-TlZ-LNG, ppr. Asserting with excess of 
 confidence. 
 
 DOG ROSE, a. The flower of the hip ; the Rosa ca- 
 nina. 
 
 DOG'S'-BaNE, 71. [Gr. itTwwof.] 
 
 The popular name of certain species of Apocynum, 
 
 and also tif Asclepi.as. 
 DOG'S'-i-.AR, 11. The corner of a leaf, in a book, 
 
 turned down like the car of a dog. Gray. 
 D0(;'-SI(;K, 0. Sick as a dug. 
 
 DOG'.^Kl.N', (I. Made of the skin of a dog. Taller. 
 DOG'-.-<LEEP 7u Pretended sleep. Mdison. 
 DOG'S'-.MeAT, n. Refuse ; offal ; meal fur dogs. 
 
 Drtfdcn. 
 
 DOG'S'-RPE, n. A plant, a species of Scroplnilaria. 
 DOG'STAR, 71. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, 
 
 whose rising and setting with the sun gives name to 
 
 the dogdays. 
 
 DOO 'STONES, n, A plant, fool-stones, a species of 
 (~)rrhis. 
 
 DOG'-TOOTH, n. ; pi. Doo-teeth. A sharp-pointed 
 human tooth, growing between the fore teeth and 
 grinders, and resembling a dog's tooth. It is called 
 also an eye-tooth. 
 
 DOG'-TOOTll-VrO LET, n. A plant, a species of 
 Ervthroniuni. 
 
 DOG'-TUKJK, 71. A curri.-h trick ; bruUal treatment. 
 
 Drifilrn. 
 
 DOG'-TROT, 71. A gentle trut, like that of a dug. 
 
 DOG'VaNE, 71. Among seamen, a small vane com- 
 posed of thread, cork, and feathers, fastened to a 
 half-pike, and jilaced on the weather gunwale, to 
 assist in steiTing a ship on the wind. Mar. Diet, 
 
 DOG'-WATCII, f-wotch,) 71. Among irajncn, a watch 
 of two iioiirs. The dog-watches are two reliefs be- 
 tween 4 and 8 o'clock, P. M. 
 
 DOG'-\Vi";A-RY, a. (luite tired ; much fatigued. 
 
 DO(J'VVO(pU, 71. A common name of different species 
 of the Cornus or cornelian cherry. 
 
 DOG'WOOD-TREE, 71. The Piscidia erythrina, a tree 
 growing in Jamaica. Encyc, 
 
 DOl'LY, 71. Formerly, a species of woolen stuff, said 
 to be so calleil from the first maker. Congreoe. 
 
 2. A sni.ill napkin, gi nerally colored, used with 
 fruit and wine. Smart, 
 
 Dfl'ING, p;)r. (See Do.] Performing ; executing. 
 
 DCI.N'OS, 11. pi. Things done; transactions; feats; 
 actions, good or bad. 
 
 2. Behavior ; conduct. 
 
 3. Stir ; bustle. 
 
 DOIT, 71. [0. (/ki( ; G. (/fu(. au. Fr. rfoiVf, a finger, 
 a point ; L. digitus.] 
 
 1. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing ; 
 also, a similar small coin once used in Scotland. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. A trifle. Hence our vulg.ar phrase, I care not a 
 doit. It is used adverbially, and commonly pronounced 
 ditr. 
 
 DO-LAB'RI-FORM, a. [L. dolabra, an ax, and forma, 
 form.] 
 
 Having the form of an ax or hatchet. Martyn, 
 DO/,'C£, (dol'chi,) j [It.] In initsie, 
 
 />0/.-Cf;^//wV7>;,(dol-cha-men'ta,) i a direction 
 
 to sing with a soft sound. 
 DoLi;, n. [Sax. dal ; Russ. dolia, a part or portion ; Ir. 
 
 dail; from the root of deal. See Deal.] 
 
 1. The act of dealing or di.stribuling ; as, the pow- 
 er of dole and donative. [jVtit in use.] Bacon. 
 
 2. That which is dealt or distributed; a part, share, 
 or portion. Sliak. 
 
 3. That which is given in charity ; gratuity. 
 
 X>ri/f/cn. 
 
 4. Blows dealt out. Milton. 
 
 5. Boundary. [J\i'ot in M.<r.] 
 
 6. A void space left in tillage. [Local.] 
 DOLE, 71. (L. dolor, pain, grief.] 
 
 Grief; sorrow. [Ofc.l Milton, 
 DOLE, 1'. I. To deal ; to distribute. [JSTot used.] 
 DoLE'FUL, a. [dole niiA full.] Sorrowful ; express- 
 ing grief; as, a doleful whine ; a doleful cry. 
 
 2. Melancholy ; sad ; alllicted ; as, a doleful sire. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 3. Dismal ; impressing sorrow ; gloomy ; as, dole- 
 ful shades. Milton, 
 
 DOLE'FJJL-LV, adv. In a doleful manner ; sorrow- 
 fully ; dismally ; sadly. 
 
 DOLE'F^IL-NES."*, 71. Sorrow ; melancholy ; queru- 
 lousness; glutJininess ; disinalness. 
 
 DO'LE.NT, n. [I., dolens.] 
 Sorrowful. [JVbf in use.] 
 
 DOL'E-RITE, n. A variety of trap-rocks, composed 
 of augite and feldspar. 
 
 DOLE'SO.ME, (-sum,) a. Gloomy ; dismal ; sorrowful : 
 doleful. 
 
 The doletome pas».i;;e to the infernal hicy. 
 
 Pop.. 
 
 DOLE'SO.ME-.NESS, 71. Gloom ; dism.alness. 
 
 DOLL, n. [\V. delw, form, image, resemblance, an 
 idol, a false god ; dull, form, figure ; .Arm. dailh, or 
 faiVA, which seems to be the L. talii. .Also Ir. dealbh, 
 an image. But qu. Gr. ti<iaiA'<i', an idol, from ciioj, 
 to see. ] 
 
 A puppet or baby for a child ; a small image in the 
 human form, for the amusement of little girls. 
 DOL'L.\R, n. [G. lAu/rr ; D. i/aaWrr ; Dan. and Sw. 
 dalcr; Sp. dalrra : Russ. later, Said to be frtim Dale, 
 the town where it was first coined.] 
 
 A silver coin of Spain and of the United States, of 
 the value of one hundred cents, or about four shillings 
 and fuurpenee stiTling. The dollar seems to have 
 been originally a German coin ; and, in difl'erent parts 
 of Germany, the name is given to coins of different 
 values. 
 
 DOLL'MAN, 71. A long cassock worn by the Turks. 
 
 DOL'O-.MITE, 71. A granular magnesian carbonate 
 of lime, often forming extensive beds. .Much of the 
 common w hite marble is dolomite. It is so railed 
 from the French geologist Dolomieu. Ci/c. 
 
 DOL-O-.MIT'ie, a. Pertaining to dolomite; of the 
 nature of dolomite. 
 
 DO'LOR, 71, [L.] Pain ; grief ; lamentation. 
 
 Sidney. Shjik, 
 
 DOI^OR-IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. dolor, pain, and frro, Ut 
 produce.] 
 
 Producing pain. IVhitaker, 
 DOL-OR-IF'IC, a. [L. dolorifieus ; dolor and facto.] 
 
 1. That causes pain or grief. 
 
 2. Expressing pain or grief. 
 
 TONE, BHLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ as K ; as J ; 3 as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
DOM 
 
 DOL-O-RO'SO, [It.] In miislc, pathetic. 
 DOL'Ull-OU.S, a. [L. ilulor, p.iin, grief.] 
 
 1. Sorrowful; doleful; dismal; impressing sorrow 
 or grief; as, a dolorouj object ; a dolorous region. 
 
 llooker. Milton. 
 
 2. Painful ; giving pain. 
 
 Their dispatch U quick, au(i leas dolorous liian the paw of the 
 bear. Mo^e. 
 
 3. Expressing pain or grief; as, dolorous sighs. 
 DOL'OR-OUS-LY,a<io. Sorrowfully ; in a manner to 
 
 express pain. 
 
 DOL'PHIN, n. [L. delphin, or delphiinis ; Gr. (?£X0(f ; 
 Ir. dedf ; Ft. dauphin; Sp. delfin ; It. delfino ; Arm. 
 daofin, dolfin ; W. dolfijn, from dolf, a curve or wind- 
 ing.] 
 
 \ popular name given to two widely different in- 
 habitants of the deep. 
 
 1. riie real dolphin, is a cetaceous mammal, about 
 ten feet in length. It is the dolphin of the ancients, 
 so celebrated in the story of Arion. 
 
 2. The dolphin of ports and narigators, tlie CorypluE- 
 na hippuris, is celebrated for its surprising changes of 
 color, when expiring in death. It is a fish of about 
 five feet In length. Enajc. Amcr. 
 
 3. In ancient Orcece, a machine suspended over 
 the sea, to be dropped on any vessel passing uniler it. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 DOL'PHIN-ET, n. A female dolphin. Spenser. 
 
 DoLT, 71. [G. tiilpel; Sax. dol ; W. dol. au. dull. 
 The Gothic has dwala, foolish, stupid ; Sax. dwolicn, 
 to wander. The Svv. has dvala, (o sleep or be drow- 
 sy ; Dan. dvale, sound sleep ; D. doalen, and diuaalen, 
 to wander.] 
 
 A heavy, stupid fellow ; a blockhead ; a thick- 
 skull. S'ulney. Swift. 
 DOLT, r. !. To waste time foolishly ; to behave fool- 
 i^shly. 
 
 DoLT'ISH, a. Dull in intellect ; stupid ; blockish ; 
 as, a doltish clown. Sidney. 
 
 DOLT'ISH-LY, ade. In a doltish manner. 
 
 DoLT'ISII-NESS, n. Stupidity. 
 
 DOM, used as a termin.-ition, denotes jurisdiction, or 
 property and jurisdiction ; primarily, doom, judg- 
 ment ; as in kingdom, earldom. Hence it is used to 
 denote state, condition, or quality, as in wisdom, 
 freedom. 
 
 DO.M'A-BLE, a. That may be tamed. 
 
 DO-iMaIN', 71. [Fr. domnine ; Arm. domany. This 
 would seem to be from L. dominium. Q.\i. Is it the 
 same word as Demai.'*, which is from the Old French 
 demesne ? The latter can not be regularly deduced 
 from dominium, domino. The Norman French has 
 demesner, to rule, to demean ; and the phrase, " de 
 son demainer," in his demain, would seem to be 
 from a diflerent source. Mainor, in Norman, is ten- 
 ancy or occupation, from main, the hand. Domain 
 seems to be the L. dominium, and to have been con- 
 founded with demain, demesne.] 
 
 1. Dominion; empire; territory governed, or under 
 the government of a sovereign ; as, the vast domains 
 of the Russian emperor ; tlie domains of the British 
 king. 
 
 2. Possession ; estate ; as, the portion of the king's 
 domains. Dryden. 
 
 3. The land about the mansion-house of a lord, 
 and in his inmiediate occupancy. In this sense, the 
 word coincides with Demain, Demesne. Shenstone. 
 
 DO'AIAL, a. [L. domus.] 
 
 Pertaining to house, m astroloo-y. .Addison. 
 
 DO^IE, n. [Vr. dojne ; .\rin. dum ; L. domus { Gr. So^n^ ; 
 Ir. dom; Russ. dom; supposed to be from (Jt/iw, to 
 build. The Greek has also 6j>ija, a house, a plain 
 roof. Q.U. Sax. timlirian, Goth, timbryan, to build.] 
 
 1. A building ; a house ; a fabric ; u^ed in poetry. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. A cathedral. Burnet. 
 
 3. In arc/ii(cc(«rc, a spherical roof, raised over the 
 middle of a building ; a cupola. Eneyc. 
 
 4. In chemistry, the upper part of a furnace, resem- 
 bling a hollow hemisphere or small dome. This form 
 serves to rcllect or reverberate a part of the flame ; 
 hence these furnaces are called reverberating fur- 
 naces. Eucyc. 
 
 D6.\1'^;D, (domd,) a. Furnished with a dome. 
 DOMF.S'DAY, (doomz'di.) See DooMsmv. 
 Df)MF,'-SIlAP-£D, (-sliipt,) o. Shaped like a dome. 
 DO.MES'iMAN, (doom/.'man,) 7i. [See Doom.] A 
 
 jiidue ; an umpire. [Obs.] 
 DO-.MES'TIt', a. [ L. domesticus, from dovius, a house.] 
 
 1. Belonging to the house or home ; pertaining to 
 one's place of residence, and to the family ; as, do- 
 mentic concerns ; domestic life ; domestic dutie.s ; domes- 
 tic affairs ; domestic contentions ; domestic happiness ; 
 domestic worship. 
 
 2. Keniaining much at home ; living in retirement ; 
 Oil, a domestic man or woman. 
 
 J. Living near the habitations of man ; tamo j not 
 wild ; as, domestic animals. 
 
 4. Pertaining to a nation considered as a family, 
 or to one'n own country ; intestine ; not foreign ; as, 
 domejitic troublen ; domestic disHensions. 
 
 5. .Made in one'n own house, nation, or country ; 
 nx, domestic manufaciureii. 
 
 DO-MUS'TIC, 71. Une who lives in the family of 
 
 DOM 
 
 another, as a chaplain or secretary. Also, a servant 
 or hired laborer, residing with a family. 
 DO-MES'Tie-AL-LY, adv. In relation to domestic 
 affairs. 
 
 DO-.MES'Tie-ANT, a. Forming part of the same 
 family. 
 
 DO-MES'Tie-ATE, j;. f. To make domestic; tore- 
 tire from the public ; to accustom to remain much at 
 home ; as, to domesticate one's self. 
 
 2. To make familiar, as if at home. Chesterfield. 
 
 3. To accustom to live near the habitations of man ; 
 to tame ; as, to domesticate wild animals. 
 
 DO-MES'Tie-A-TED, pp. or a. Made domestic; ac- 
 customed to remain at iiome. 
 
 DO-.MES'Tie-A-TlNG, jipr. Making domestic. 
 
 DO-MES-Tie-.^'TlON, n. The act of withdrawing 
 from the public notice, and living much at home. 
 2. The act of taming or reclaiming wild animals. 
 
 DO-MES-TIC'I-TY, 71. State of being domestic. 
 
 DOM'I-CILE, 71. [L. domicilimn, a mansion.] 
 
 An abode or mansion ; a place of permanent resi- 
 dence, either of an individual or family ; a residence, 
 animo manendi. Story. Hopkinson. 
 
 DO.M'I-CILE,_ )v. t. To establish a fixed resi- 
 
 DOM-I-CIL'I-aTE, i dence, or a residence that con- 
 stitutes habitancy. Kent. 
 
 D0M'I-CIL-£D, \pp. Having gained a perma- 
 
 DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-TED, \ nent residence or inhabit- 
 ancy. 
 
 DOM-'l-CIL'I-A-RY, a. Pertaining to an abode, or 
 the residence of a person or family. A domiciliary 
 visit, is a visit to a private dwelling, particularly for 
 the purpose of searching it, under authority. 
 
 DO.M-I-CIL-I-A'T(ON, 71. Permanent residence ; in- 
 habitancy. 
 
 DO.M'I-CIL-ING, )ppr. Gaining or taking a 
 DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-TING, ( permanent residence. 
 DOM'I-Fy, V. t. [L. domus, a house, and facia, to 
 make.] 
 
 1. In astrology, to divide the heavens into twelve 
 houses, in order to erect a theme or horoscope, by 
 means of six great circles, called circles of position. 
 [ Obs ] Encyc. 
 
 2. To tame. [JVot in use, and improper.] 
 DOM'IN-ANT, a. [L. dominans, from dominor, to 
 
 rule; domimts, lord, master; either from domus, a 
 house, or from domo, ^a/ta'o, to overcome, to tame, to 
 subdue, W. doei. Both roots unite in the sense, to 
 set, to press, to fix. See Class Din, No. 1, 3.] 
 
 1. Ruling; prevailing; governing; predominant; 
 as, the dominant party or faction. Jlcid. Tooke. 
 
 2. In music, the dominant or sensible chord is that 
 which is practiced on the dominant of the tone, and 
 which introduces a perfect cadence. Every perfect 
 major clioril becomes a dominant chord, as soon as 
 the seventh minor is added to it. Roiuseau. Encyc. 
 
 DO.M'IN-ANT, 71. In music, of the three notes essen- 
 tial to the tone, the dominant is that which is a fifth 
 fnim the tonic. lb. 
 
 DOM'IN-aTE, v. t. [L. dominatus, dominor. See 
 
 DoMINAItT.] 
 
 To rule ; to govern ; to prevail ; to predominate 
 over. 
 
 We every where meet witli SlavoDian nations either dominant or 
 dorniiutled. Tooke, Russ. 
 
 DOM'IN-aTE, v. i. To predominate. [Little %ised.] 
 DOM'IN-A-TED, ;v7. Ruled; governed. 
 DOM'IN-a-TING, jipr. Ruling; prevailing; predom- 
 inating. 
 
 DO.M-IN-A'TION, 71. [L. deminatio.] 
 
 1. The exercise of power in ruling; dominion; 
 government. Shak. 
 
 2. ."Vrbitrary authority ; tyranny. 
 
 3. One highly exalted in power ; or the fourth 
 order of angelic beings. 
 
 Thrones, dotmruitMina, princedoms, virtues, powers. Milton. 
 DOM'IN-A-TIVE, a. Governing; also, imperious. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 DOM'IN-A-TOR, 71. A ruler or ruling power ; the pre- 
 siding or predominant power. 
 
 Jupiter and Mara are dormriators for Ulis iiorth-weit part of the 
 world. Camdtn. 
 
 2. An absolute governor. 
 DOM'I-NE, 71. A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Scot- 
 tis-h.] 
 
 2. A title given, by the Dutch, to a clergyman. 
 DOM-IN-EER', V. i. [L. dominor: Fr. doniincr ; Sp. 
 doniinar i It. dominarc. See Dominant.] 
 
 1. To rule over with insolence or arbitrary sway. 
 To domineer ovi*r 8uli)ecu» or sorviii 
 
 2. To bluster ; to hector ; to swell with conscious 
 superiority or haughtiness. 
 
 Go to the fi'iuit, revel and domineer. Shale. 
 DOM-IN-EER'A'D, pp. Ruled over with insolence. 
 D0M-IN-EER'L\G, ppr. Ruling over with insolence ; 
 blustering; manifesting haughty superiority. 
 2. a. Overbearing. 
 DO-MlN'ie-AL, a. [lAnv li. dominicalis, from domin- 
 irus, from dominies, lord.] 
 
 1. That notes tlio Lord's day, or Sabbath. The 
 Dominical letter, is the letter wliich, in almanacs, 
 
 DON 
 
 denotes the Sabbath, or dies Domini, the Lord's 
 day. The first seven letters of the alphabet are 
 used for this purpose. 
 2. Noting the prayer of our Lord. Howell. 
 DO-MIN'ie-AL, 71. [Supra.] The Lord's day. 
 DO-MIN'ie-AN, a. or 71. [from Dominic, the founder.] 
 The Dominicans, or Dominican Friars, are au order 
 of monks, called, in England, Black Friars, and Jac- 
 obins in France. 
 DOM'I-NI-CIDE, 71. [L. dominus and cedo.] 
 
 One who kills his master. 
 DOM'I-NIE, 71. A pedagogue. [Scottish.] 
 
 2. A title sometimes given to clergymen. 
 DO-MIN'ION, (do-min'yun,) 7t [L. dominium. See 
 Dominant.] 
 
 1. Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of 
 governing and controlling. 
 
 Tlie doittinion of the Most Hi jh is an everlasting dominion. — 
 
 2. Power to direct, control, use, and dispose of at 
 pleasure ; right of possession and use without being 
 accountable ; as, the private dom nion of individuals. 
 
 3. Territory under a government ; region ; coun- 
 try ; district governed, or williin the limits of the 
 authority of a prince or state ; as, the British do- 
 minions. 
 
 4. Government ; right of governing. Jamaica is 
 under the dominion of Great Britain. 
 
 5. Predominance ; ascendant. Dryden. 
 
 6. An order of angels. 
 
 Whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or 
 powers. — Col. i. 
 
 7. Persons governed. 
 
 Juiiah was his sanctuary ; Israel his dominion. — Pa, cxiv. 
 
 DOM'I-NO, 71. A long, loose cloak, of black silk, with 
 a hood removable at pleasure, used as a general dis- 
 guise at masquerades. 
 2. A kind of play. 
 DON ; a title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and 
 gentlemen only, but now common to all classes. It 
 is commonly supposed to be contracted from i/ominu^, 
 dom ; and the Portuguese dono, the master or owner 
 of any thing, gives some countenance to the opinion. 
 It coincides nearly with the Heb. pi, and lilK, a 
 judge, ruler, or lord. It was formerly used in Eng- 
 land, and written by Chaucer Dan. [See Spetman.] 
 Dona, or dacha, the feminine of don, is the title of 
 a lady in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 2. A sportive appellation for one who feels self-im- 
 portant from the possession of wealth or dignity. 
 DO?J, V. t. [To do on; opposed to duJT.] To put on ; 
 
 to invest with. [Little u.'ied.] Shak. Fairfax. 
 
 Do'NA-BLE, a. That may be given. 
 Do'NA-CITE, 71. A petrified shell, of the genus Do 
 
 nax. Jameson. 
 Do'NA-RY, 71. [L. donarium, from dono, to give.] 
 A thing given to a sacred use. [LitAe used.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 DO-Na'TION, 71. [L. donatio, from dono, to give ; Fr. 
 donner.] 
 
 1. The act of giving or bestowing ; a grant. 
 
 That riglit we liold by his dofialion. Milton. 
 
 2. In law, the act or contract by which a thing, or 
 the use of it, is transferred to a person, or corpora- 
 tion, as a free gift. To be valid, a donation supposes 
 capacity both in the donor to give, and donee to take, 
 and retpiires consent, delivery, and acceptance. 
 
 3. 'i'liat which is given or bestowed ; that which is 
 transferred to another gratuitously, or without a val- 
 uable consideration ; a girt ; a grant. Donation is 
 usually applied to things of more value than pres- 
 ent. Mr. Boudinot matle a donation of ten thousand 
 dollars to the American Bible Society. 
 
 DON'A-TISM, 71. The principles embraced by those 
 African schismatics, of the 4lh century, who wpre 
 called Donatists, from Donatu.-', their leader. They 
 were so strt^nuons for church order, that ihv-y con- 
 sidered theirs as the only true church, and the ordi- 
 nances administered in other churches as invalid. 
 
 DON'A-TIST, 71. An adherent of the schism of Do- 
 natus. 
 
 DO.\'-.'\-TI.''T'ie, o. Pertaining to Donatism. 
 DON'A-TIVE, 71. [Sp. and It. donatico ; L. duHaduiiwi, 
 from dono, to give.] 
 
 1. A girt ; a largess ; a gratuity ; a present ; a dole. 
 
 The Romans were cntcrtitined with sliowa anil donauves. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. In the canon law, a benefice given rtnti collated 
 to a person, by tlie fouiuler or patron, without either 
 presentation, institution, or induction by the ordi- 
 nary. Encyc. 
 
 DON'A-TIVE, a. Vested or vesting by donation ; as, 
 a donative advowson. Bluckstone. 
 
 DfjNE, (dun,) ji;). [See Do.] Performed ; executed ; 
 finishi'd. 
 
 2. A word by which agreemrnt to a proposal is ex- 
 pressed ; as, in laying a wager, an oiler being made, 
 the person accepting or agreeing says. Done ; that is, 
 it is agreed, 1 agree, I accept. 
 
 7'(7 hare done with a person or thing, is to cease to 
 have concern or business with ; to withdraw ono'« 
 self from. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, llQQK — 
 
 360 
 
DOO 
 
 DOR 
 
 DOT 
 
 DO-NEK', n. [friiiii L. dono, to give.] 
 
 I. Tile [wrsoii to wlioin a gilt or a donation is 
 made. 
 
 'J. 'I'lie porson to whom lands or tcnrnionta arc 
 given or granted ; as, a donee in Ice-siiuple, or fee- 
 tail. Blaclistoiie. 
 
 DO-NlI"ER Ol'S, a. Deariiig gifts. 
 
 DO.N'JO.N, (diiii'jun,) II. [.See De.tcEON.] The 
 central bnilTling, or keep, of an ancient e.istle, to 
 wliidi the garrison could retreat in case of iieces 
 sity. 
 
 DfJ.N'K'EY, n. An ass, or mule, for the saddle. 
 
 ; the English orthography of </umj, the title 
 of a lady in Spain and Portugal. 
 DO\'.\/;i), (dond,) />;•. Put on ; invested with. 
 UON'MS.M, II. A cant term, in the English \uiiversi- 
 ties, for self-importance, or distance and loftiness of 
 carriage. Jlubcr. 
 Do'NOR, II. [from I,, duno, to give] 
 
 L One who gives or bestows ; one who confers 
 any thing gratuitously ; a benefactor. 
 
 a. One who grants an estate; as, a conditional 
 fee may revert to the donor, if the dunee has no heirs 
 <»f his body. 
 
 DON'S II lP,'ii. [See Don.] The quality or rank of a 
 
 gentleman or knight. Hudibras. 
 DON'ZEL, It. [It.] A young attendant ; a page. 
 
 IlutUr. 
 
 DOOBor DOUIi'Gn.KPf, ii. A perennial, creeping 
 grass, the Cijnoilon dnclijlon, hislily pri/i il, in llin- 
 dostan, xs food for cattle, and aci liiiiat 'd in the 
 southern part of the liiiiteil St.iti-s. 
 
 DOO'DLE, fdoo'dl,) II. [lln. Jete ; Fr. rudolrr i Port. 
 doudo, mad, foolish.] 
 
 A trilli r; a simple fellow. 
 
 DOOLE. See Dolk. 
 
 DOOM, r. (. [Sax. t/iim, judgment; dfinan, to deem i 
 Sedeman, to judge ; D. dueinen, to doom, to cotutemn ; 
 Dan. dommcr ; Sw. dtSma. Doom is frtuii the root of 
 deem, which seems to coincide also with L. estimo, to 
 esteem, and perhaps with the root of condemn. See 
 Deesi.] 
 
 1. To judge. [Unusuat] 
 
 Thou liitUt not doom so slricllT. Milton. 
 S. To condemn to any punishment ; to consign 
 by a decree or sentence ; as, the criminal is doomed 
 to chains. 
 
 3. To pronounce sentence or judgment on. 
 
 Absolves Oic Jiiat, nnj doovts the guilly souls. Dryden. 
 
 4. To command authoritatively. 
 
 Have 1 n ton^ie lo doom my broth-r*s ilrath ? ShaJe. 
 
 5. To destine ; to fix irrevocably tlie fate or direc- 
 tion of; as, wc are doomed to suUer for our sins and 
 errors. 
 
 t>. To condemn, or to punish hy a penally. 
 DOOM, II. [Sax. dom : I), 'doem ; Dan. and Sw. doni.] 
 
 1. Judgint.-nt ; judicial sentence. 
 
 To Satan, funl in sin, his doom ap|i]ic<l. ATdton. 
 Hence, the .Ana/ doom, is the last judgment. 
 3. Condemnation ; sentence; decree: determina- 
 tion alJecting the fate or future state of another ; 
 usually a determination to intlict evil, sometimes 
 otherwise. 
 
 Revoke that doom of merer. ShnJc. 
 
 3. The state to which one is doomed or destined. 
 To sutfer misery is the doom of sinners. To toil for 
 subsistence is the doom of most men. 
 
 4. Ruin ; destniction. 
 
 From th>* same (ix-s, at last, both Mt their doom. Pope. 
 
 .S. Discrimination. [.Vot tueji.] 
 DOOM'.VGE, n. A peniilty or tine for neglect. 
 
 .V. Hamn.-ihire, 
 DOO.M'£D, pp. Adjudged ; sentenced ; condemned ; 
 
 destineil ; fated. 
 DOO.M'FI.'Ii, o. Full of. destruction. Draijton. 
 DOO.M'I.S'G, ppr. Judging ; s<'ntencing ; condemning ; 
 destining. 
 
 DOO.M»'D.\Y, n. [d om and daii.] The day of the 
 final judgment ; the great day when all men are to 
 be judged and consigned to endless happiness or mis- 
 ery. SAak. Drtjden. 
 
 2. The riav of sentence or condemnation, iihak. 
 D0OMS'l).\y'-|!OOK, ( n. A book compiled bv order 
 l)OMK*'n.^Y-l!()t)K, ( of \\ illiain the Conipieror, 
 
 ciuilaining a survey of all the lauds in England. It 
 consists of two volumes ; a large ftilio, antl a qtiarto. 
 The fulio contains ly-J double pages of vellum, writ- 
 ten in a small, but plain, character. The qu.ar1o con- 
 tains 450 double pages of Vellum, written in a large, 
 fair character. Kncyc. 
 DOOll, n. Sax.] dora, dur, dure: G. thtlr; D. dear ; 
 Sw. iftr; Dan. dSr ; Gr. Ovpa; W. dur; U. doraa ; 
 
 Arm. dor; ^m<\uc, dorrea ; Russ. deer; Persic, 
 dar , Sans, dura i Armenian <uru ; Ch. pin or Nfir ; 
 
 f- i-l-i — i .Vr. AS-jj tar'ahon. It is .also in the Sla- 
 vonic languages, Polisb, Dohemian, Carinlhian, i.c. 
 
 The verb l?-tn, \] ^ taro, in Ch. and Syr., sigiiiflea to 
 tear or cut open, to open, or break open ; in Syr. also 
 to pray, lo supplicate, to burst, to cr:iek ; in Ar. to 
 rush headlong, to drive, to crowd, to fill. In Dutch, 
 door is tJirou!;li, G. durch. In Tartar, thurnc is a door. 
 Class I)r, No. "l'-'. The Hebrew IJ.'S', a gate, .stvins 
 to be the same word dialectically varied, and lite verb 
 coincides in sense with the Arabic, supra, to ru>h. 
 The primary sense of the verb is, to pass, to drive, to 
 rush. Hence, a door is a passage, or break.] 
 
 1. An opening or passage into a house, or other 
 building, or into any room, apartment, or closet, by 
 which persons enter. Such a passage is seldom or 
 never called a ij^atr.. 
 
 2. The frame of boards, or any piece of board or 
 plank that shuts the opening of a house, or closes the 
 entrance into an apartment or any inclosure, and 
 usually turning on hinges. 
 
 3. In /(j.iii/tar (uiiirua^'f, a house ; often in Ilie phi- 
 r.al, diwr.«. My house is the first dour friiiii the cor- 
 ner. We have also the plini>es, iritj'tin doors, in the 
 house, without doors, out of the house, abroail. 
 
 4. Entrance ; as, the door tjf life. Dnjden. 
 
 5. Aveinie ; passage ; int?aus of approach or access. 
 .\ri unforgiving temper shuts the dtior against recon- 
 ciliation, or the diwr of reconciliation. 
 
 I uiii the door; by me if any man enter in, he shall b<: s.iveil. — 
 Juhn X. 
 
 A door was opcneil to me by the I.onl. — 2 Cor. ii. 
 To lie at Vie door, in a figurative sense, is to be im- 
 putable or chargeable to one. If the thing is wrong, 
 the fault lies at my door. 
 J^'cit door to ; near to ; bordering on. 
 A riot unpunisheil, U but nej( door to n tumult. /.'£«(»anj»s, 
 Olit of door or doors; quite gone; no more to be 
 found. [Ji''ot nolo tttcd.] Drijdcn. 
 Indoors; within the house ; at home. 
 DCOU'C.aSE, 71. The frame which incloses a door. 
 DoOH'ING, 71. A doorcase. [JVot lucd.l Milton. 
 DOOR'-KEEP-EK, 71. A porter ; one who guards the 
 
 entrance of a house or apartment. 
 DOOR'-NaIL, II. The nail on which the knocker for- 
 merly struck. 
 DOOR'-PoST, n. The post of a door. 
 DoOR'-SII,I<, 71. The sill of a door. 
 DoOll'-STl'.Al), II. Entrance or place of a door. 
 DoOR'-STONE, 71. Step stone. [ /f'arfturtoii. 
 
 DOOR'-WaV, 71. The passage of a door. 
 DOU'UET, (dok'et,) 11. A warrant ; a paper granting 
 
 license. [See Docket.] Bacon. 
 DOR, ) II. [Uii. Ir. dord, humming, buzzing, also 
 DORR, ! rough.] 
 
 'I/he name of the hlack-bcetle, or the hedge-chafer, 
 a species of Scaraba-us. We usually say, the dor- 
 beetle. 
 
 DO-Ra'DO, n. [Sp. dorado, gilt, from dorar, to gild.] 
 
 1. A southern constellation, containing six stars, 
 calleil also Xiphias; not visible in our latitude. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A large fish, resembling the dolphin. 
 
 DicL of JVat. Tlist. 
 
 DO-REE', 71. The French poptihir name of the fish 
 Zeus Faber, of Linna'us. The popular name in Eng- 
 lish is John-Daree, well known to be a corruption of 
 Jaune-doree, i. e., golilen-yellow. 
 
 DO'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Doris, in Greece. [See 
 Doric] 
 
 DOR'ie, a. [from Oiirij, in Greece.] In ,j-e7i(Ta/, per- 
 taining to Doris, or the Dorians, in Greece, who dwelt 
 near Parnassus. 
 
 In architecture, noting the seconti order of columns, 
 between the Tuscan anil Ionic. The Doric order is 
 distinguished for simplicity and strength. It is used 
 in the gates of cities and citadels, on the outside of 
 churches, &c. 
 
 The Doric dialect of the Greek language was the 
 dialect of the Dorians, and little difiercnt from that 
 of Lacedeinon. Encyc. 
 
 The Doric mode, in music, was the first of the au- 
 thentic mtxles of the ancients. Its character is to be 
 severe, temi>ered with gravity and joy. Kncyc, 
 
 DtVRISM*"^'' i "• ^ °' ""^ ^"""^ dialect. 
 
 DOR'.MA.N-CY, n. [Infra.] Uiiie-scence. Horsley. 
 DOR'.M.\.N'T, a, f Fr., from dormir, L. dormio, to sleep.] 
 
 1. Sleeping ; hence, at rest ; not in action ; as, dor- 
 mam jKissions. 
 
 2. lleing in a sleeping posture ; as, the lion dormant, 
 in hcratdni, 
 
 3. Neglected ; not used ; as, a dormant title ; dor- 
 mant privileges. 
 
 4. Concealed ; not divulged j private. [ Unusual.'^ 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 5. Leaning ; inclining ; nbt perpendicular ; as, a 
 dormant window, supfxised to be so called from a 
 beam of that name. This is now written Dormer 
 or DonMAR. 
 
 Dormant partner ; in commerce and manufaelorics, a 
 partner who takes no share in the active business of 
 a coiniKiny or lartnership, but is entitled to a share 
 of the profits, and subject to a share in losses. He 
 is called also sleepini; partner. 
 
 DOR'.M ANT, 71. A beam ; a sleeper. 
 
 DOK'.MER, II. A beam ; a sleeper. 
 
 DOR'.MER, ( 71. .\ winilow pierced 
 
 DOR'.MER-WIN-DOW, ( tbrough a sloping roof, 
 and }ilaced in a small gable which rises on the side of 
 the roof; also written Durmak. Gloss, of JirchittcU 
 
 DOR'.Ml-'l'l VE, n. (1.. dormio, to sleep.] 
 
 A meilicine to promote slt;ep ; an opiate. .ArbuthnoL 
 
 DOll'.Ml-TO-llY, n. [L. dermitoriuHi, from dornno,\o 
 sleep.J 
 
 1. A pl.ace, building, or rorim, to sleep in. 
 
 2. A gallery in convents diviilnl into si-veral cells, 
 where the religious sli:ep. Kncyc. 
 
 :i. A burial place. .^yliffe. 
 DOR'.MOUSE, 71.; pi. Don.viieE. [L. dormio, to sleep, 
 aiul moiL^e.] 
 
 The popular name of the several species of Myox- 
 
 iis, a genus of .Mammalia of the order Rodentia. 
 DOR.V, II. [G. dorn, a thorn.] 
 
 A fi.sh ; perhaps the thorn back, one of the Ray 
 
 family. Carcui. 
 noit'.Nie, n. A species of linen cloth. 
 DOR'NOi'K, II. A species of figured linen, made in 
 
 Doruock, in .Scotland. Ure, 
 DO'RON, II. [Gr. ioipoi; ft gift; Jtooti,), Ru.sa duriyu, 
 
 to give.] 
 
 1. A gift ; a present. [JVot in ttsc] 
 
 2. A measure of three inches. .^sh. 
 DORP, II. [('.. dorf; D. dorp ; Sw. and Dan. (orji ; W. 
 
 tree. See PRtnE.] 
 A small village. 
 DORR. See Dor. 
 
 DORR, r. (. To deafen with noise. fjVoi in use.] 
 DOR'RER, 71. A drone. [jVot in use.] 
 DOR'SAIi, 17. [from L. dorsum, the back. J 
 
 Pertaining to the back ; as, the dorsal tin of a fish ; 
 dorsal awn, in botany. 
 DORSE, 71. A canopy. Sutton. 
 DOR'SEL. See Dusseh. 
 
 DOR SI-llRANeiri-.\TE, a. Having the branchios 
 eipially distributed along the body, as an order of an- 
 nelidaiis, 
 
 DOR-SIF'ER-OIJS, j a. [L. dorsum, the back, and 
 
 DOR-SIP'AR-OUS, i f ro, or ;inrio, to bear.] 
 
 Ill botany, bearing or producing seeds on the back 
 of their leaves ; an epithet given to ferns or planLs of 
 the ciipillary kind, without stalks. Kncyc. 
 
 DOR'SU.M, 71. [L.] The ridge of a hill. fValton. 
 
 DOR'TlJRi;, n. [Contraction of dormiture.] A dormi- 
 tory. [JVot in use.] Bacon. 
 
 DOSE, 11. [Fr. dose; It. dosa ; Gr. S>ui{, that which is 
 given, from 6i6o>pi, to give ; W. dodi, to give.] 
 
 1. The quantity of medicine given or prescribed to 
 be taken at one time. Q^uincij. 
 
 2. Any thing given to be swallowed; any thing 
 nauseous that one is obliged to take. South. 
 
 3. A quantity ; a portion. Oranrille. 
 
 4. As much as a man can swallow. Johnson. 
 DOSE, e. «. [Vr. doser.] 
 
 1. To proportion a medicine properly to the patient 
 or disease ; to form into suitable doses. Derham. 
 
 2. To give in doses ; to give medicine or physic. 
 
 3. To give any thing nauseous. 
 
 DoS'JTD, (dost,) /i/>. (iiven in doses ; formed into suit- 
 able doses; physicked. 
 
 DoS'I.VG, ppr. Forming into tloses ; physicking. 
 
 DOS'SER, 11. [Fr. dos, the back ; dossier, a bundle.] 
 A pannier, or basket, to be carried on tlie shoulders 
 of men. Kncyc. 
 
 DOS'SIL, n. In siirn-cry, a pledget or portion of lint 
 made into a cylindric form, or the shape of a date. 
 
 DOST, (dust ;) the second person of Do, used in the 
 solemn style ; thou dost, 
 
 DOT, 71. [i know not the origin and affinities of this 
 word. It woulil be naturally deduced from a verb 
 signifying to set, or to prick, like punr.tum, point. It 
 coincides in elements with tatoo, and W. dudi, to give, 
 that is, to thrust, or cause to pass.] 
 
 A small point or spot, made with a pen or other 
 pointed instrument ; a speck, used in marking a 
 writing or other thing. 
 
 DOT, p. (. To mark with doLs. 
 
 2. To mark or diversify with small detached ob- 
 jects ; as, a landscape dotted with cottages, or clumps 
 
 Dot, r. i. To make dots or siiots. [of trees. 
 
 D0'TA<5E, n, [from dote.] Feebleness or imbecility 
 of understanding or mind, particularly in old age ; 
 childishness of old age ; as, a venerable man, now in 
 his dotage, 
 
 2. .\ doting; excessive ftmdness. Dryden. 
 X Deliriousness. [.See the verb to Dote.] 
 DO'T.M., a. [Fr. from L. dotalis, from dos, dower.] 
 Pertaining to dower, or a woman's marriage por- 
 tion ; constituting dower, or comprised in it ; a-s, a 
 dotal town. Oarth, 
 Do' TANT, II. A dotard. Shak. 
 DO'T.ARDj n. [dote and ord, kind.] .A man whose 
 intellect IS impaired by age; one in his second child- 
 hood. 
 
 The sickly dotard wants a wi/e. Prior. 
 2. .\ doting fellow ; one foolishly fond. 
 DO'TARD-I.Y, a. Like a dotard ; weak. More. 
 DO-Ta'TION, II. [L. dotatio, from doa, dower, doto, 
 to endow ] 
 
 1. The act of endowing, or bestowing a marriage 
 portion on a woman. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K; G 08 J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; 7H as in THIS. 
 
DOU 
 
 DOU 
 
 DOU 
 
 2. Endowment ; establisliment of funds for sup- 
 port ; as, of a hospital or eleemosynary corporation. 
 
 Blnchstune.. 
 
 DoTE, !). i. [D. UuUai, to dote, to doze ; VV. dtitmw, 
 to put out, to cause to mistake, to err, to dot? ; liolian, 
 to be confused ; Fr. radoter, to rave, to talk idly or 
 extravagantly. The French word is rendered in 
 Armoric, rainbreal, wliicli seems to be our ramble.] 
 
 1. To be delirious ; to have tlie intellect impaired 
 by age, so that tlie mind wanders or wavers ; to be 
 silly or insane. 
 
 Time has m^ilc you dole, .ind vainly lell 
 
 Of luruis imagined in your lonely a;D. Dryden. 
 
 2. To be excessively in love ; usually with on or 
 upon ; to dote on, is to love to excess or extravagance. 
 
 What tlust we dole on, when 'tis man we love 1 Pope. 
 Aholaii doled on her lovers, th-' Assyrians. — Ezek. xxiii. 
 
 3. To decay ; to wither; to impair. Ifotcsm. 
 DoT'ED,pp. Regarded with excessive fondness. 
 
 2. a. Stupid. 
 
 DoT'ER, ji. One who dotes; a man whose under- 
 standing is enfeebled by agfe ; a dotard. Burton. 
 2. One who is excessively fond, or weakly in love. 
 
 DoTES, n. p?. Gifts or endowments. Ben .Jon.'vn. 
 
 DOTH, (duth.) The third person irregular of do, used 
 m the solenm style. 
 
 DoT'IXG, ppr. or a. Regarding with e-xcessive fond- 
 ness. 
 
 DoT'iN'G-LY, adv. By excessive fondness. Dryden, 
 DOT'TARD, n. A tree kept low bv cutting. Bacon. 
 DOT'TED, pp. or a. Marked with 'dots orsmall spots ; 
 diversified with small, detached objects. 
 2. In botany, sprinkled witli hollow dots or points. 
 
 Jilartiin. 
 
 DOT'TER-EL. ) n. The popular name of Charadrius 
 
 UOT'TREL, i Morinellus of Linnteus, a fowl of 
 his order Grallffi. Sea Dottrel is the popular name of 
 Tringa Interpres of Linnajus ; likevviss of his order 
 Grallce. Most of the species of Charadrius are culled 
 popularly Plovers. 
 
 it is said to be a silly bird, which imitates theaction 
 of the fowler, and is easily taken by stratagem. 
 Hence the frequent allusions to this bird in the old 
 writers. Tuone. 
 
 DOT'TISG, ppr. Marking with dots or spots ; diversi- 
 fving will] small, detached objects. 
 
 DO'U-A-XIeR', (doo-a-neer',) »i. [Fr.] An officer of 
 the French customs. Grat/. 
 
 DOU'AY-BI'BLE, (doo'a,) n. [from Dovay, a to"wn 
 in France.] An English translation of the Scrip- 
 tures, sanctioned by the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 DOUB'LE, (dub'l,) <i. [Fr. double ; Arm. A/uW; Pp. 
 doble: Ft>rt. dr:bre : It. dtippiii ; VV. dyUijg; U.dubbel; 
 G. doppelt i Dan. dohbelt : Sw. dubbel : L. duplus, du- 
 plcz ; Gr. 'UttA-'os compounded duo, two, and 
 pUco, to fold, plcxu.i, a fold. See Two.] 
 
 1. Two of a sort together ; one corresponding to 
 the other ; being in pairs ; as, double chickens in the 
 same egg ; double leaves connected by one [R-tiole. 
 
 2. Twice as much; containing the same quantity 
 or length repeated. 
 
 Talte double money in your hand. — Gen. xliii. 
 
 Let a double portion of thy spirit be on me. — 2 Kin^ ii. 
 
 With to ; as, the amount is double to what 1 ex- 
 pected. 
 
 3. Having one added to another ; as, a double chin. 
 
 4. Twofold ; also, of two kinds. 
 
 Darku'^ta and tempest m.aJte a double night. Dryden. 
 
 5. Two in number ; as, doable sight or sound. [See 
 No. 1.] Davies. 
 
 Ci. Deceitful ; acting two parts, one openly, the 
 other in secret. 
 
 And with u double heart do they speak. — Pn. xii. 
 DOUB'LE, (dub'l,) ado. Twice. 
 
 I was dcultle Uicir age. S-^/t. 
 
 DOUB'LE, in composition, denotes two ways, or 
 twice the number or quantitv. 
 
 D0UB'LE-BA.\'K-/:D, (dub'l-iiankt,) a. In seaman- 
 ship, having two opjxisite oars managed by rowers on 
 the same bench, or having two men to the same oar. 
 
 Mir. Diet. 
 
 DOU'BLE-BAR'REL-ED, a. Having two barrels, as 
 n gun. 
 
 DOUB'LE-BaSE, n. The lowest toned instrument 
 
 of music, in form of a violin. 
 DOUU'LE-BI T'l.VG, a. Biting or cutting on either 
 
 side; as, a </"i/Wc-*i7in-r ax. Dri/dcn. 
 DOUB'LK-BUT'TO.N-/JD, {dub'l but'nd,) a. Having 
 
 two rows of buttons. Oay. 
 DOUB'Li:-CIIAKGE, b. (. To charge or intnist with 
 
 a double fK>rtion. Shak 
 DOUB'LE-CHAItO'KD, pp. Charged or intrusted 
 
 with a doublf- portitjn. 
 DOI-'II'LE-CIIaRG'ING, Charging or intrusting 
 
 with a double portion. 
 IJCiI;B'IJM)KAL'ER, n. One who acta two different 
 
 IKirtd in the name busincsn, or at the Banie time ; a 
 
 deceitful, trickinh penwn ; one who MayH one thing 
 
 and Ihinki or intend* another ; one gullly of du- 
 
 r>l''-ily. /.' Kitranirr. 
 
 DOUU'LE-DF.AL'I.NG, n. Artiflco ; duplicity ; de- 
 
 ceitful practice ; the profession of one thing and the 
 practice of another. Shak. Broome. 
 
 DOUB'LE-P^ i;, ». To dye twice over. Dryden. 
 
 D0UB'LE-EDG-/!L), a. Having two edges. 
 
 DOUE'LE-F^V-TEA- DRE, (doob'l-in-tAn'dr,) n. 
 [Fr.] Double meaning of a wi^rd or expression. 
 
 DOUB'LE-ES-i!;D, (dub'l-ide,) a. Having a deceit- 
 ful countenance. Spenser. 
 
 DOUB'LE-E.N'TRV, n. A mode of book-keeping in 
 which tw(» entries are made of every transaction in 
 different forms and in different books, in order that 
 the one may check the other. 
 
 DOUB'LE-FaCE, n. Duplicity ; the acting of dif- 
 ferent parts in the same ctmcern. 
 
 DOUB'LE-FAC-i;D,(dub'l-faste,) a. Deceitful; hyp- 
 ocritical ; showing two faces. .Milton. 
 
 DOUB'LE-F()R.M-£n, a. Of a mixed form. Milton. 
 
 D0UB'LE-FOR'TI-Fi-£D, (dub'l-for'te-fide,) a. 
 Twice fortified ; doubly strengthened. 
 
 DOUB'LE-FOUNT-ED, a. Having two sources. 
 
 DOUB'LE-FRONT'ED, (dub'l-frunt'ed,) a. Having 
 
 a double front. 
 DOUB'LE-GILDjf. t. To gild with double coloring. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DOUB'LE-GILD'ED, pp. Gilt with double coloring. 
 DOUB'LE-HAND'ED, a. Having two hands ; de- 
 ceitful. Olanville. 
 DOUB'LE-HEAD'ED, a. Having two heads. 
 2. Having the flowers growing one to another. 
 
 Mortimer, 
 
 DOtlB'LE-HEART'ED, (diib'l-hart'ed,) a. Having a 
 
 false heart ; deceitful ; treacherous. 
 DOUB'LE-LOCK, v. t. To shoot the bolt twice ; to 
 
 fasten with double security. Taller. 
 DOUB'LE-LOCK'£D,(dub'l-lokt,)p;j. Twice locked. 
 DOUB'LE-LOCK'ING, ppr. Fastening with double 
 
 security. 
 
 DOUB'LE-MAN-X£D, a. Furnished with twice the 
 complement of men, or with two men instead of 
 one. 
 
 DOUB'LE- iMeAN'ING, a. Having two meanings. 
 DOUB'LF.-MlND-ED, a. Having different minds at 
 
 different times ; unsettled; wavering ; unstable ; un- 
 
 delerniined. 
 
 DOUB'LE-MOUTII-ED, a. Having two mouths. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 DOUB'Lil-NA'TlIR-ED, a. Having a twofold nature. 
 
 Young. 
 
 DOUB'LE-Oe-TAVE, 7i. In music, an interval com- 
 posed of two octaves or fifteen notes in diatonic 
 progression ; a fifteenth. Encyc. 
 
 DOUB'LE-PLeA, 7!. In law, a plea in which the de- 
 fendant alleges two different matters in bar of the 
 action. Coioel. 
 
 DoUB'LE-aUAR-REL, ii. A complaint of the clerk 
 to the archbishop against an inferior ordinary, for 
 delay of justice. Cuwel. 
 
 DOUB'LE-SH.\DE, v. t. To double the natural dark- 
 ness of a place. Milton. 
 
 DOUB'LE-SH aD'ED, pp. Made doubly dark. 
 
 DOUB'LE-SHAD'LNG, ppr. Doubling the natural 
 darkness of a place. 
 
 DOUB'LE-SHLN'ING, a. Shiningwith double luster. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 DOUB'LE-STXR, n. A star which usually appears 
 single, but in the telescope is resolved into two stars. 
 
 D. Olmsted. ■ 
 
 DOUB'LE-THREAD'ED, (dub'l-thred'ed,) a. Con- 
 sisting of two threads twisted toiether. 
 
 DOUU'LE-TONGU-£D, (dub'l-tuiigd,) a. Making con- 
 trary declarations on tlie same subject at different 
 times ; deceitful. 
 
 The deacons must be grave, not doubU'tongued. — I Tim, iii. 
 
 DOUB'LE, (dub'l,) v. L [Fr. douMer ; Arm. dnubla; 
 Sp- doblar; Port, dobrar; It. dopprare i D. dnbbeleni 
 G.doppeln; i)nn. doblercr ; Sw. dnblera; Ir. dublaig- 
 him ; VV. dyblyg-u; L. duplico; Gr. rlirrAooj.] 
 
 1. To fold ; as, to double the leaf of a book ; to 
 double down a corner. Prior. 
 
 2. To incrt:ase or extend by adding an equal sum, 
 value, quantity, tir hjigth ; as, to double a sum of 
 money ; to double the amount ; to double the quantity 
 or size of a thing ; to double the length ; to double 
 dislnmor. 
 
 3. To cont.ain twice the sum, quantity, or length, 
 or twice as much ; as, the enemy doubles our army in 
 numbers. 
 
 4. To repeat ; to add ; as, to double blow on blow. 
 
 Dryden 
 
 5. To add one to another in the same order. 
 
 Thou Shalt double Uie sixth curuun in the fore front of Uie 
 tabernacle. — Kx. ixvl. 
 
 6. In navigiuion, to double a cape or point, is to sail 
 round it, so th;it tht; cape or )H)iiit shall be between 
 the ship and her former situation. Mar. Diet. 
 
 7. In nalitary aJJ'airit, to unite fwo ranks or files in 
 one. 
 
 To double and tiriit, is to add one thread to another 
 and twist them together. 
 
 To double upon, in taciicR, is to incltise between two 
 flren. 
 
 DOUB'LE, r. i. To increase to twice the sum, num- 
 
 ber, value, quantity, or length ; to increase or grow 
 to twice as much. A sum of money doubles by com- 
 pound interest in a little more lhaii eleven years. Tlie 
 inhabitants of the United States double in about tv/en- 
 ty-five years. 
 
 2. To enlarge a wager to twice the sum laid. 
 
 I am resolved to double till 1 win. Dryden. 
 
 3. To turn back or wind in running. 
 
 Doubling and turning like a tiimted lii\re. Dryden. 
 
 4. To play tricks ; to use sleights. Johnson. 
 
 5. Among parties, to set upthe'ianie .vord or words, 
 uninteiiiionaliy, a second time. 
 
 DOUB'LE, n. Twice af much, twice the nuinbf, 
 sum, value, quantity, or length. 
 
 If llie thief be foond, let liim pay double. — Ex. xxij. 
 
 2. A turn in running to escape pursuers. 
 
 Blackmore, 
 
 3. .\ trick ; a shift ; an artifice to deceive. .Addison. 
 DOU B'L£D, (doub'ld,) pp. Folded ; increased by 
 
 adding an equal quantity, sum, or value ; repeat' d ; 
 turned or passed round. 
 DOUB'LE-NESS, n. The state of being doubled. 
 
 2. Duplicity. [Shak. 
 DOUB'LER, n. lie that doubles. 
 
 2. An instrument for augmenting a very small 
 quantity of electricity, so as to render it manifest by 
 sparks or the electrometer. Cue. 
 DOUB'LET, (dub'let,) n. [It. duihlead ; Fr. doublet.] 
 
 1. The inner garment of a man ; a «'aistcoal or 
 vest. 
 
 2. Two ; a pair. Grew. 
 
 3. A word or phrase unintentionally doubled, or set 
 up the second time, by printers. 
 
 4. Among lapidaries, a counterfeit stone composed 
 of two pieces of crystal, with a color between them, 
 so that they have the same appearance as if the 
 whole substance of the crystal were colored. Encyc. 
 
 DOUB'LETS, 7i. A game on dice within tables. 
 
 2. The same number on both dice. Encyc. 
 
 3. A double meaning. Jilason. 
 DOUB'UNG, ppr. Making twice the sum, number, or 
 
 quantity ; repeating ; passing round ; turning to es- 
 cape. 
 
 DOUB'LING, 7!. The .act of making double ; also, a 
 fold ; a plait ; also, an artifice ; a shift. 
 
 DOUB LOON', (dub-loon',) n. [Fr. doublon ; Sp. doblon ; 
 It. dob blone.] 
 
 A Spanish and Portuguese coin, being double the 
 value of the pistole. Encyc. 
 
 DOUB'LY, (diib'ly,) ado. In twice the quantity ; to 
 twice the degree ; as, doubly wise or good ; to be 
 doubly sensible of an obligation. Dryden. 
 
 DOUBT, (dout,) K. i. [Ft. doutcr ; h.dubito: U. du- 
 bitare : i^p. dudar : Jirm. doucti. According to .^ins- 
 worth, this IS composed of duo and bito, to go. It is 
 evidently from the root of dubius, and of tiro ; but the 
 manner t)f formation is ntit clear. So D. ticyjjileu, to 
 doubt, G. iweifdn, Sw. tvifla, D. tvioler, are from 
 two.] 
 
 1. To waver or fluctuate in opinion ; to hesitate j 
 to be in suspense ; to be in uncertainty respecting 
 the truth or fact ; to be undetermined. 
 
 Kven in inattfri tliviue, concerning some things, we may lawful- 
 ly <fou6I and suspend our jndgnient. Ilooker. 
 
 So we say, I dou6( whether it is proper; I doubt 
 whether I sluill go ; sometimes with of, as we doubt 
 of a fact. 
 
 2. To fear ; to be apprehensive ; to suspect. 
 
 1 (/ou6l there's diH'p n'senunent in Ins mind. Olirijy. 
 DOUBT, (dout,) I), f. To question or hold questiona- 
 ble ; to withhold assent frtmi ; to hesitate to believe; 
 as, I have heard the story, but I doubt the truth of it 
 
 2. To fear ; to suspect. 
 
 If they turn not back perverse ; 
 But that I doubt. ^Wlon. 
 
 3. To distrust; to withhold confidence from; as, 
 to doubt our ability to execute an ottice. 
 
 To admire superior s<Mi*--, and doubl their own. Pope. 
 
 4. To fill With fear. [OAs.] Bcaum. 
 DOUBT, (dout,) n. A fluctuation of mind respecting 
 
 truth or propriety, arising from defect of knowledge 
 or evidence; uncertainty of mind ; suspense; unset- 
 tled state of opiniim ; as, to have doubts respecting 
 the theory of the tides. 
 
 Joseph is without doubt rent in pieces. — Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 2. Uncertainty of condition. 
 
 Thy life shall hang in doubt lieforc thee. — Deut. xxrlii. 
 
 3. Suspicion ; fear ; apprehension. 
 
 I stand in doubl of you. — Gat. iv. 
 
 4. Difficulty objected. 
 
 To every doubt your -inswer ia the inme. tHuc-moTt. 
 !>. Dread; horror and danger. [06 s.] 
 DOUBT' A-BLE, a. That may be doubled. S/imetHid. 
 DOUBT'EI), (doiit'i'd,) pp Scrupled; questioned; 
 
 not certain or settled. 
 DOUBT'ER, n. Oiw who doubts ; one whose opinion 
 
 in unsetlletl ; one who scruples. 
 DOUHT'FIJL, a. Dubious; not settled In opinion; 
 undetermined ; wavering ; hesitating ; applied U> J>»r- 
 
 FATE, PAR, Fi^LL, WHAT — MffiTE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK — 
 
 — 
 
DOV 
 
 sons i as, we arc duiililful of a fact, or of llie propriety 
 of a inrasurp. 
 
 'J. Dubious J ambiguous; not clear in its meaning ; 
 a«, a doubtful expression. 
 
 ;t. Ailniilting of doubt ; not obvious, clear, or cer- 
 tain ; (piestionable j not ilcciileil ; as, a dimtitful case ; 
 a iliiulilful proposition ; it is doubtful w liat will be the 
 event of the war. 
 
 4. Of uncertain issue. 
 
 We have BiisLxiiicd one ilay in doublfut fighL Millon, 
 
 5. Not secure ; suspicious ; as, we cast a doublful 
 Qy^^^ IluoUrr. 
 
 0. Not confident ; not without fear ; indicating 
 doubt. 
 
 With doublful fc«t, i\ml wavering n'solution. Milton. 
 7. Not certain or defined ; as, a doubtful hue. 
 
 Jtldlon. 
 
 DOIJBT'FIJL-LY, adv. In a doubtful manner ; dubi- 
 ously. Siiensci: 
 •2. With doubt ; irresolutely, 
 a. .Vmbiguously ; with uncertainty of meaning. 
 
 Nor iliJ Iho goilclew doublfutty Ucebrc. Diydcn. 
 •1. In a state of dread. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 DOL'HT'KUL-.\KSS', n. A slate of doubt or uncer- 
 tiiinly of mind ; dubiousness; suspense; instability 
 of opinion. IValts. 
 
 2. .\niliigiiity ; uncertainty of meaning. Locke, 
 
 3. Uncertainty of event or issue; uncertainty of 
 condition. Johnion. 
 
 DOUBT'I.NG, ppr. or o. Wavering in mind ; calling in 
 qiu'stitm ; hesitating. 
 
 DOUI!T'IN(;-LY,orfi). In a doubting manner; dubi- 
 ously ; without confidence. 
 
 DOl'ltT'LESS,*!. Free from fear of danger; secure. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 Prelty chilil, ilcep doiibtU$t .-xntl secure. Shak. 
 
 DOUBT'LESS, adv. Without doubt or question ; un- 
 qiicsiioiiably. The histories of Christ by the evan- 
 gi hsis are doublle^.i authentic. 
 
 DDl'liT'LESS-LY, adv. Unquestionabl)'. Beaum. 
 
 D0L''(."/;D, (doost,) n. [from Fr. douce.] 
 
 A musical instrument [.Yot in use.] Chancer. 
 
 DOU'CKT, n. [Fr. A custard.] [Aot m usf.] 
 
 DOU'CF.OK, (doo'sur,) rt. [Fr., from (/ouz, sweet, L. 
 du!cL^.] 
 
 A presenter gift ; a bribe. 
 
 UQUCHE, (doosh,) II. .\ jet or current of water, di- 
 rected with considerable force on to some diseased 
 part of the body with a view to strengthen it. 
 
 DOU'CI.\ E.(doo'seen,) «. [Fr.) A molding, concave 
 above and convex below, serving as a cyinaliuiii to a 
 delicate errnice ; a cyinagola. Enciic. 
 
 DOircK'ER, 71. [See Duck.] A bird that dips or 
 dives in water ; a diver. Ray. 
 
 Dol/'Gll, (do,) n. I^Sax. dah ; D. dre<r ; Sw. da: ' Uan. 
 dej ; G. tei". Trobably a soft mass, and perhaps al- 
 lied to Utick. See Chiss Ug, No. 8, 17, 21, 22, 3ti.] 
 
 Paste of bread ; a ni.i.ss composed of Hour or 
 meal moistened and kneaded, but not baked. 
 
 My cake is douah ; that is, my undertaking is not 
 come to maturity. Shak. 
 
 DOURH'-ItSK-KD, (do'bfikt,) a. Unfinished; not 
 hardened tit perfection ; soil. Donne. 
 
 DOI'(;H'-K.M-.AD-EI),.i. Soft; like dough. MiUon. 
 
 DoUGir.N'UT, n [dnu^rli and niU.] A small round- 
 ish cake, made of llour, eggs, and sugar, moistened 
 with milk and boiled in lard. 
 
 DOI'Gll'TI-l.Y, (dow'le-le,) arf. With doimhtiness. 
 
 DOUCIl'TI-NESS, (dou'ti-iiess,) n. [See Douohtv.] 
 Valor ; bravery. 
 
 DOUGIl'T V, (dou'ty,) a. [Sax. rfoA(i>, brave, noble ; 
 Dan. dyfrti>r^ able, fit ; Sax. duiran^ to be able or 
 strong, t» be good ; I), deugrn i G. taugm : Sw. duira ; 
 Dan. duer ; hence, Sax. rfwivorA, valor, strength, or 
 virtue ; Ir. dra^h, dmglt, good ; allied, probably, to L. 
 deeeo. See Dkcknt.] 
 
 Brave ; valiant ; eminent ; noble ; illustrious ; as, 
 a doughty hero. Pope, 
 It is now seldom useil, except in irony or biirles<pic. 
 
 DOUGl^Y, (do'e,) a. Like dough ; solt ; yielding to 
 pnasiire ; p,ile. S/i<i*. 
 
 DOUSE, F. (. [This word seems to accord with 
 dowat, or rather with the Gr. f!n ivan.] 
 
 1. To thrust or plunge into water. 
 
 2. In seamen^s lanirunire, to strike or lower in 
 haste: to slacken suddenly. Douse the topsail. 
 
 3. To extinguish. 
 
 DOUSE, r.i. To fall suddenlv into water, lludiiras. 
 DOUS'KD, (doust,) pp. Plunged into water. 
 DOUS'ING, ppr. Plunging into water. 
 . DOUT, c. t [(iu. do out.] To put out ; to cxtingiiish. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 DOUT'ER, It. An extinguisher for candles. 
 
 1>01"/.P; AVE, (dod'zeeve,) n. [Fr. douze, twelve.] 
 In music, a scale of twelve degrees, jj. M. Fisher. 
 
 DOVE, (duv ) n. [Sax. duua : Goth, dubo ; D. dutf; 
 G. tauie: Dan. due: Sw. dufva; Ice. rfu/a ; Gypsy, 
 toradei ; Hindoo, tubbeUr ; Scot, doa ; probably I roin 
 
 cooing, Heb. 231, to murmur, or.\r. t t V A hatufa, 
 to coo, OS a dove.] 
 
 DOW 
 
 1. The popular name uf several speries of Coluin- 
 ba, of I.iiiiia'iis, a genus of birds of his order Passo- 
 res, most of wliieli are ealli;d pigeons, 'i'he dif- 
 ferent species, wliieli are popiilaily called dncrs, are 
 dlstinguislied by some additiim;il torin prefixed. 
 
 A word of endearment, or an emblem of innocence. 
 — Cant. ii. I I. 
 
 DOVE'-GO'l', (duv'-kot,) n. A small building or box, 
 raised to a coiisideralilc ilight above the ground, in 
 which domesfic pigeons breed. 
 
 nOVE'-IIOUSE, «. .\ house or shelter for doves. 
 
 DOVE'Liyr, «. A vouiig or small dove. Booth. 
 
 DOVE'LIKE, r;. Kesenibling a dove. Mlton. 
 
 DO'VEU'SS POWDl'.ll, n. A compound of ipecacu- 
 anha, opium, and siilpliate of potash ; an excellent 
 sedative and sudorific. 
 
 DOVE'S'-FOO'l', n. A plant, the popular name of 
 a species of G(;raniuin. 
 
 DOVE'SIIIP, n. The ipialitics of a dove. //,/H. 
 
 DOVE'TAII., n. In carpentry, the manner of fasten- 
 ing boards and timbers together by letting one [lieee 
 into another in the fiiriii of a dove's tail spread, or 
 wedge reversed, so that it can not be drawn out. 
 This is the strongest of all the fastenings or jointings. 
 
 DOVE'TAIL, V. t. To unite by a tenon in form of a 
 pigeon's tail spread, let into a board or timber. 
 
 DOVE'TaIL-KI), (duv'tild,) pp. or a. United by a 
 tenon in tile fiiriii of a dovi^'s tail. 
 
 DOVE'TAIL-I.NG, ;)/ir. Uniting bv a dovetail. 
 
 DOVE'TAlL-I.N(;, ii. The act of joining by dove- 
 tails; the junction thus made. 
 
 DOV'l."'ll, (I. Like a dove ; innocent. [J^"o( in use] 
 
 DOW'A-ULE, (dou'a-bl,) a. [See Doweb.I That 
 may be endowed ; entitled to dower. Bluehslone. 
 
 DOW.\-GEK, n. [Ve. douairicre, from donnirc, dower.] 
 A widow with a jointure ; a title particularly 
 given to the widows of princes and persims of rank. 
 'I'he widow of a king is called tpteen doicager. 
 
 DOVV'CETS, ji. pi. The testicles of a hart or stag. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 DOWDY, n. [Scot, dawdie, perliajis from daw, a slug- 
 gard, or its root. Jamie^on.] 
 An awkward, ill-dressed, inelegant woman. 
 
 Shak. Drydcn. 
 
 DOWDY, o. Awkw.ird ; ill-dressed; vulgar-looking. 
 
 DOW'DY-ISH, a. Like a dowdy. [Gay. 
 
 DOVV'EL, V. L To fa.sten two boards together by 
 pins inserted in tlie edges ; as, a coojier dowels 
 pieces for the head of u cask. [Qu. its alliance 
 to donble.] 
 
 DOWEL-fil), pp. Fastened by pins in the edges. 
 DOW'EL-ING, ppr. Fastening together by dowel- 
 pins. 
 
 DOWEL-PIN, n. A pin inserted in tlie edges of 
 boards to fasten them together. 
 
 DOWEK, n. [W. daiod, a gift; daicmi, to endow; 
 Fr. douaire, from douer, to endow. Supposed to be 
 from L. dos, dolis, dotatio ; Gr. iiof, a gift, from (iidw/ji, 
 to give, W. dodi, L. do. It is written in the Latin 
 of the middle ages, dndarium, dotarium, douarium. 
 Spelman. In Ir. diobhadth is dower.] 
 
 1. That portion of the lands or tenements of a 
 man which his widow enjoys during her life, after 
 the death of her husband. Hlack.slone. 
 
 [This is the usual present signifcntion ofthcword.] 
 
 2. The property whicli a woman brings to her hus- 
 band in marriage. Drydcn. 
 
 3. The gift of a husband for a wife. 
 
 Ask mc never lo much dowry auj gifL — Gon. xxxiv. 
 
 4. Endowment ; gift. 
 
 How gTT.^l, how pI'MUifuI, how rich i\ tiowerl Daviea. 
 
 DOW'ER-AI), (dow'erd,) a. Furnished with dower, 
 or a imrtiim. Shak. 
 
 DOWER-LESS, a. Destitute of dower; having no 
 portion or fortune. . Sliak. 
 
 noWER-Y, j A ditTerent spelling of Doweh, but less 
 
 DOWRY, 5 used, and tht'y may well be neg- 
 lected. 
 
 DOWLAS, n. A kind of coarse linen cloth. Shak. 
 DOWLE, ;i. A feather. [Xot in use.] Shak. 
 DOW.V, n. [Sw. dun; D. dons: Dan. dnun ; Ice. id. 
 
 In Sw. dyna is a feather-bed, or cushion ; Dan. 
 
 dyne, Ann. dum, down. tin. Class Dn, No. 25. 
 
 But the primitive orthography and signification are 
 
 uncertain.] 
 
 1. The fine, soft feathers of fowls, particularly of 
 the duck kind. The eider duck yields the best kind. 
 Also, fine hair ; as, the dotrn of the chin. 
 
 2. The pubescence of plants, a fine hairy sub- 
 stance. 
 
 3. The pappus or little crown of certain seeds of 
 plants ; a fine feathery or hairy substance by which 
 seeds arc conveyed to a distance by the wind ; as, 
 in dandelion and thistle. 
 
 4. .Any thing that soothes or mollifies 
 
 Thou txwoni tofuit-u, (Ljxn of itlt my caret. SouOiem. 
 DOWN, n. [."ax. dun ; D. duin, a sandy hill ; G. 
 dflne ; Fr. dune, pi. dunen ; .\rm. dunenn, or tunenn. 
 In fVrnrh, dunrtte is the highest part of the p<M)p of a 
 ship, and .as this appears to be a diminutive uf dune, 
 it proves that the primary sense is a hill or elevation.) 
 
 1. A bank or elevation of sand thrown up by the 
 sea. £iuyc. 
 
 DOW 
 
 2. A term applii'd in lOngland to a tract of poor, 
 naked, hilly land, used only for pasturing sheep. 
 
 lirande. 
 
 3. The Downs ; a well-known road for shipping in 
 the English Cliaiincl, m ar Deal. 
 
 Down, prr/j. [Sax. u</«M. In W. Jieei/n is deep. 
 Corn, doan, ,\rin. doun, ]t. domltain : .and in Welsh, 
 dan is under, bi'iieath. In Riiss. tonu is to sink.) 
 
 1. Along a descent ; from a higher to a lower 
 place ; as, to run i/i>icii a hill ; to fall dovm a precipice ; 
 to go down the stairs. 
 
 2. Toward the mouth of a river, or toward the 
 place where water is discharged into the ocean or a 
 lake. We sail or swim down a stream ; we sail 
 down the Sound from New York to New i^onijon. 
 Hence, figuratively, we pass down the current of life 
 or of time. 
 
 Down the sound; in the direction of tlic ebb-tide 
 toward the sea. 
 
 Down tlie country: toward the sea, or toward the 
 part where rivers discharge their waters into the 
 oee;in. 
 
 DOW.N', uilr. In a descending direction ; tending 
 from a liigluT to a lower place ; as, he is going 
 down. 
 
 2. On the ground, or at the bottom ; as, he is 
 down : hold him down. 
 
 3. Below the hori/.cm ; as, the sun is down. 
 
 4. In the direction from a higher to a lower condi- 
 tion ; as, his reputation is going down. 
 
 ri. Into disrepute or disgrace. A man may some- 
 times preach down error ; he may write down himself 
 or his character, or run down his rival ; but he can 
 neither preach nor write down folly, vice, or fashion. 
 
 6. Into subjection ; into a due consistence ; as, to 
 boil down, in decoctions and culinary processes. 
 
 7. At length ; extin.led or prof Irate, on the ground 
 or on any fi.it surtace; as, to lie i^icit ; lie is lying 
 down. 
 
 Up and down; here and there; in a rambling 
 course. 
 
 It is sometimes used without a verb, as down, 
 down : in which cases, the sen.se is known by the 
 construction. 
 
 Down with a building, is a command to pull it 
 down, to demolish it. 
 
 Down with him, signifies, throw or take him down. 
 
 Down, down, may signify, come down, or go down, 
 or take down, lower. 
 
 It is often used by seamen, doim with the fore- 
 sail, &c. 
 
 Locke uses it for go down, or be received ; as, any 
 
 kind of food will down; but the use is not elegant, 
 
 nor legitimate. 
 Sidney uses it as a verb, " To down proud 
 
 hearts," to subdue or conquer them ; but the use 
 
 is not legitimate. 
 DOWN, a. Downcast; plain; dejected. 
 DOW.N' -BE All, (bfire,) v. t. To bear down ; to depress. 
 DOWN'-BEAR-LNt;, ppr. Bearing down. 
 DOWN'-BEAR-I.N'G, >i. Art t f bearing down. 
 DOVVX'-BEI), n. A bed of down. 
 DOVVN'CAST, a. Cast downward ; directed to the 
 
 ground ; .as, a downcast eye or look, indicating bash- 
 
 fiilness modesty, or dejection of niinil. 
 DOWN'CAST, JI. Sadness; melancholy look. [06^.] 
 
 Brannt. 
 
 DOWN'eAST-L\G, a. Casting down ; dejecting. 
 I)OWi\'/;D, a. Covered or stuli'ed with down. Young. 
 UOWN'FALL, n. A falling, or body of things falling ; 
 as, the downfall of a flood. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Ruin; destruction; a sudden fall, or ruin by vio- 
 lence, in distinction from slow decay or declension ; 
 as, the downfall of the Uoinan empire, occasioned by 
 the conquests of the northern nations ; the downfall of 
 a city. 
 
 3. The sudden fall, depression, or ruin, of reputa- 
 tion or estate. We speak of the downfall of pride or 
 glory, and of distinguished characters. 
 
 DOW'N'FALL-i;.\, (-fawl'n,) a. Fallen ; ruined. 
 
 Camp. 
 
 DOWN'G?V-ED, ( jivd,) a. Hanging down like the 
 loivse cin> ture of fetters. Stevens. 
 
 DOWN'-IIAt'L, n. In seamen's language, a rope 
 passing ahing a stay, through the cringles of the stay- 
 sail or jib, and made fast to the upper corner of the 
 sail, to haul it down. Mar. DicL 
 
 DOWN'IIEART-ED, a. Dejected in spirits. 
 
 DOVVN'HILL, n. Declivity ; descent ; slope. 
 
 AnJ though 'tis doitnhill Drydcn. 
 
 DOWN'HILL, a. Declivous; descending; sloping. 
 
 A downhill ^enswaij. Congrevt. 
 
 DOWN'I-NESS, 71. The state of being downy. 
 
 DOWX'LOQK-AI), ( Iwkt,) a. ILaving a downcast 
 countenance ; dejected ; gloomy ; sullen ; as, jeal- 
 ousy downlooked. Drydcn. 
 
 DOWN'L?-I.\(.', 71. The time of retiring to rest; 
 time of repose. Cavendish. 
 
 DOWN'Lf-l.\G, a. About to lie down or be in travail 
 of child-birth. Johnson. 
 
 DOW.N'RIGUT, (-rite,) adv. Right down; straight 
 down ; perpendicularly. 
 
 A giant clelt doamHcM. UuJUra: 
 
 TONE, BULL, tlNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e a« K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 363 
 
DOZ 
 
 2. In plain terms ; without ceremony or circumlo- 
 cution. 
 
 ^Ve shall chiJe tiotanrif/i(. ♦ Shnk. 
 
 ;;, Complftely ; without stojiping short ; as, she 
 fell dcwnright into a fit. ^rbuthiwt. 
 
 DOWN'RIG TIT, a. Directly to the point ; plain ; open ; 
 artless ; undisguised ; as, dowtirigJd madness ; down- 
 right nonsense ; dotonri^ht wisdom ; downright false- 
 hood ; downright atheism. 
 
 2. riain ; artless; unceremonious; blunt; as, he 
 spoke in his downright way. 
 
 DO\Vi\"llIGIlT-LY, adv. Plainly ; in plain terms ; 
 bluntly. Barrmc. 
 
 DOU'X'RIGIIT-NESS, n. The state or quality of 
 being downrifibt, or direct and plain. 
 
 DOWN'-SIT-TING, n. The act of sitting down ; re- 
 pose ; a resting. 
 
 Thou liiiowfsl my down-silling and my iip-risiii*. — Ps. cxTxix. 
 
 DOVVN'TROD, / a. Trodden down ; trampled 
 
 DOWN'TROD-DEN, \ down. Shak. 
 DOVViN'WAIlD, [.Sax. rfMwrorarrf. See Ward.] 
 
 1. From a higher place to a lower ; in a descend- 
 ing course, whether directly toward the center of the 
 earth, or not; as, to tend downward -y to move or roll 
 dowmoard; to look downtcard ; to lake rout downward. 
 
 2. In a course or direction from a head, spring, 
 origin, or source. Water Hows downward toward the 
 sea ; we sailed downward on the stream. 
 
 3. In a course of lineal descent from an ancestor, 
 considered :is a licnd ; as, to trace successive genera- 
 tions downward from Adam or .Abraham. 
 
 4. In tile ciiursi- of falling or descending from ele- 
 vation or disliiiction. 
 
 DO^V'.\'W.\]U), a. Moving or extending from a 
 higher to a lower place, as on a slope or declivity, 
 or in the open air; tending toward the earth or its 
 center ; as, a downward course ; he took his \vay 
 with downward force. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Declivous ; bending ; as, the downicard heaven. 
 
 3. Descending from a head, origin, or source. 
 
 4. Tending to a lower condition or state ; de- 
 pressed ; dejected ; as, downward thoughts. Sidney. 
 
 DOWN'VVEED, n. Cottonvveed, a downy plant. 
 
 Barret. 
 
 OOWX'y. rt [Pee Down.] Covered with down or 
 nap ; as, a dnwnij leather ; downy wings. 
 
 2. Covered witli pubescence or soft hairs, as a 
 plant. 
 
 3. Made of down or soft feathers ; as, a downy 
 pillow. 
 
 4. Soft; calm; soothing; as, rfoirny sleep. 
 
 5. Resembling down. 
 
 DOW'KKSS, 71. A woman entitled to dower. Bouvier. 
 
 DOVV'RY, H. [.See Doweb. This word ditlers not 
 from Dower. It is the same word differently writ- 
 ten ; and tlie distinction made between tliein is arbi- 
 trary.] 
 
 1. The money, goods, or estate, which a woman 
 brings to her husband in marriage ; the portion given 
 Willi a wife. Sliak. Dryden. 
 
 2. The reward paid for a wife. Cowley. 
 
 3. A gift ; a fortune given. Johnson. 
 DOWSE, V. t. [.<w. diL^ha.] 
 
 To strike on the face. [JVo£ in tise.] Bailey. 
 DOWSE, I n. A blow on the face. [^Vulgar.] 
 
 Smart. 
 
 Pertaining to doxology ; giv- 
 ing praise to God. Howell. 
 DOX-OL'O-GIZE, V. i. To give glory to God, as in 
 doxt)Iogy. 
 
 DOX-OI/O-GlZ-ING, ppr. Giving glory to God. 
 
 DOX-OE'O-GV, )i. [Gr. i/^oXuyia ; do(o, praise, 
 glory, and Xcyoi, to speak.] 
 
 In Christian worship, a hymn in praise of tile 
 Almighty ; a particular form of giving glory to God. 
 
 DOX' Y, n. [Ciu. Sw. docka, a baby, doll, or plaything.] 
 A loose wench ; a prostitute. Shak. 
 
 DOZE, ?>. i. [Dan. dSser, to stifle, suppress, or ipiiet ; 
 to make heavy, sleepy, or drowsy ; dysser, to lull to 
 sleep. Tile Saxon has dwats, dwci, dull, stupid, fool- 
 ish, D. dwaas. The Saxon dysig is rendered Ibolish 
 or diz/y. Sec Dote, and Class Ds, No. 1, 3.] 
 
 1. To slumber ; to sleep lightly. 
 
 Khc liappc'iicU to dose a little, the jolly cohblfr wakril him. 
 
 L'J-Jelrange. 
 
 2. To live in a state of drowsiness ; to be dull or 
 lialf asleep ; as, to dole over a work. 
 
 Dryden.'' Pope. 
 DoZE, B. t. To pass or spend in drowsiness ; as, to 
 do:c away one's time. 
 2. To make dull ; to stupefy. 
 
 Dryden uses the paiticiide Dozed. " Do-.cd with 
 
 bis fumes." 
 \>C>/.'F,\), (dft/.d,) pp. Slept lightly. 
 DOZ'/'.'N, (duz'n,) a. [Kr. dauzainc ; Arm. dnuczcnn; 
 
 from I'r. dome, twelve ; Norm. i'r. dud-.imc, a ilozeii ; 
 
 Hp. doct, twidve ; dncena, a do/.iMi ; I'ort. duzia, dozen ; 
 
 It. daziina, id. ; D. dazyn ; (i. duirnd, or dutzcnd; Kw. 
 
 dujiHin; Dan. dujnn. Uu. two and ten, G. zchn. 'i'ho 
 
 composition of the word is not obvious.] 
 Twelve in number, applied to things of the same 
 
 kind, but rarely or never to that number In the ab- 
 
 ■tract. We aay, a dozen men ; a dozen pair of glovcn. 
 
 DOWSE, j n. A blow c 
 D(nVST, ( 
 
 DOX-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. 
 
 DRA 
 
 It is a word much used in common discourse and in 
 light compositions ; rarely in the grave or elevated 
 style. 
 
 DOZ'£N, )i. The number twelve of things of a like 
 kind ; as, a dozen of eggs; twelve dozen of gloves; a 
 dozen of wine. 
 
 DoZ'ER, n. One that dozes or slumbers. 
 
 DoZ'I-NESS, n. [from Dozv.] Drowsiness ; heavi- 
 ness ; inclination to sleep. Locke. 
 
 DoZ'IiNG, /jpr. Slumbering. 
 
 DoZ'lNG, II. A slumbering; sluggishness. 
 
 Cheslerjield. 
 
 DoZ'Y, a, [.See Doze.] Drowsy ; heavy ; inclined 
 to sltep ; sleepy ; sluggish ; as, a dozy head. Dryden. 
 
 DRAIt, II. [Sax. drabbe, lees, dregs; D. drabbc, dregs. 
 Tills .'■jems to be the Dan. draabe, a drop.] 
 
 1. A. strumpet; a prostitute. Shak. Pope. 
 
 2. A low, sluttish woman. [ This seems to be the 
 sense in which it is generally used in JVcio England.] 
 
 3. A kind of wooden box, used in salt-works for 
 holiliiig the salt when taken out of the boiling-pans. 
 Its hoiiom is shelving or inclining, that the water 
 may drain off. Encyc. 
 
 DR Ali, 11. [Fr. drop, cloth ; It. drappo ; Sp. trapo, and 
 without the prefix (, ro;ia, cloth ; Port, ronpa, whence 
 robe. From the French, we have draper, drapery, as 
 the Spanish liave ropage, for drapery. This word 
 seems allied to the L. tj-abea.] 
 
 A kind of thick, woolen cloth of a dun color. 
 
 DRAH, a. Being of a dun color, like the cloth so 
 called. 
 
 DR.\H, V. i. To associate with strumpets. Bcanm. 
 DR.Mi'BING, ppr. Keeping company with lewd 
 women. 
 
 DRAB'BING, n. An associating with strumpets. 
 
 Beanm. ^ Ft. 
 
 DRAB'IiLE, V. t. To draggle; to make dirty by 
 drawing in mud and water; to wet and befoul; as, 
 to drabble a gown or cloak. JVew England. 
 
 In Scotti-ih, this word signifies to dirty by slabber- 
 ing, as if it were allied to dribble, drivel, from the 
 root of rfriji, which coincides with drop. 
 
 DR.AB'BLE, v. i. To fish for barbels with a long line 
 and rod. Encye. 
 
 DRAB'BLING, 0. Drawing in mud or water ; angling 
 for barbels. 
 
 DRAB'BLING, n. A method of angling for barbels, 
 with a rod and long line passed through a piece of 
 lead. Encyc, 
 
 DKAB'LER, n. In seamen's language, a small addi- 
 tional sail, sometimes laced to the bottom of a bon- 
 net on a square sail, in sloops and schooners. It is 
 the same to a bonnet, as a bonnet is to a course. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. DicU 
 
 DRACHM, (dram,) n. See Dbam, and Drachma. 
 
 DRACH'.MA, (drak'ina,) n. [L., from Gr. Si.ax/iri ; 
 Fr. dragme ; It. dramma, by contraction. Eng. dram.] 
 
 1. A silver coin among the Greeks, having a dif- 
 ferent value in difl'erent states, and at different peri- 
 ods. The average value of the Attic drachma was 
 9J d., or about 18 cents. Smith's Diet 
 
 2. A weight among the Greeks of about 2 dw. 7 
 grains Troy. Brande. 
 
 DRa'CIN, 71. A supposed alkaloid obtained from 
 dragon's blood, or the inspissated ji;ice of the plant 
 Calamus Draco, and, as is supposed, of several othiy 
 plants. 
 
 DRa'CO, 71. [L. See Dracot [ In iwirofWTmi/, a con- 
 stellation of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 2. A luminous exhalation from marshj- grounds. 
 
 EKcyc, 
 
 3. A genus oi' animals of two species. [See 
 DnAoorf.J 
 
 DRA-Co'mN, ti. A name applied to a red resinous 
 substance obtained from dragon's blooil, or the in- 
 spissated juice of the jilant Calamus Draco. 
 
 DRA-CON'Tie, a. [E. draco.] 
 
 In astronomy, belonging to that space of time ir; 
 which the moon performs one entire revolution. 
 [ Obs.] Badnj. 
 
 DRA-CUNC'tT-LUS, 7i. [from L. draco, dragon.] 
 
 1. In. botany, a plant, a species of Arum, with a 
 long stalk, spotted like a serpent's belly. 
 
 2. A fish of the liiniia-an genus Callionymus, or 
 dragonet. 
 
 3. The Filaria Medinensis of I.innieus, or Guinea- 
 worm, supposed to be a worm which peiiclrates the 
 skin, anil insinuates itself between the muscles of 
 the human species. 
 
 DRAI), «. Ti rrilile. [Obs.] [Sec Dread.] 
 
 This was also the old pri t. of Dread. 
 DRAFF, 71. [D. (/rn/, rfrai;^, dregs, grains. Shakspeare 
 
 \vrole draughj and the Freiit-h have dragne, grains. 
 
 The latter coincides in elements with draw, drag.] 
 Refuse ; lees; dregs ; the wash given to swine, or 
 
 grains to cows ; waste matter Jlitton. Dryden. 
 DRAFF'ISll, a. Worthless. 
 DRA IT*'' V, rt. Dreggy; waste; worthless. 
 DRAF T, 71. (Corrupted from dr,iughl,({tm\ drag, draw, 
 
 but authorized by respectable use.] 
 
 1. A drawing ; as, this horse is good for druft. In 
 tills sense, draught is, [lerhaps, most common. 
 
 2. A drawing of men from a military band ; a se- 
 lecting or detaching of soldiers from an army, or 
 
 DRA 
 
 any part of it, or from a military post. Sometimes a 
 drawing of men from other companies or societies. 
 These important posts, in consequence of heavy 
 drafLi, were left weakly defended. 
 
 Several of the Slates liad supplied the deficiency by drafts to 
 serve for the year. jijareliall. 
 
 3. An order from one man to another directing the 
 payment of money ; a bill of exchange. 
 
 I tlioiijlit it most pni'Ieiit to defer the drafts till advice was 
 received of llie pro^ss of the loan. Hamilton. 
 
 4. A drawing of lines for a plan ; a figure described 
 on paper ; delineation ; sketch ; plan delineated. 
 [See Draught.] 
 
 5. Depth of water necessary to float a ship. [See 
 Draught.] 
 
 6. .\. writing comjiosed. 
 
 DRAFT, V. t. To draw the outline; to delineate. 
 
 2. To compose and write ; as, to draft a memorial 
 or a lease. 
 
 3. To draw men from a military band or post ; to 
 select ; to detach. 
 
 4. To draw men from any company, collection, or 
 society. 
 
 Tliis Cohen-Caph-El was some royal seminarj- in Upper Ksypt, 
 from whence tliey drafted novices to supply their coll-'ges 
 anil temples. IlolireU'e Did. 
 
 DRAFT'-IIORSE, 71. A horse employed in drawing, 
 particularly in drawing heavy loads, or in plowing. 
 
 DRAFT'-OX, II. .\n ox employed in drawing. 
 
 DRAFT'ED, ;i;i. or a. Drawn ; delineated; detached. 
 
 DRAFT'ING, ppr. Drawing ; delineating ; detaching. 
 
 DRAFTS, 71. pi. A game played on a checkered board ; 
 hence, it is often called checkers in America. 
 
 DRAG, V. t. [Sax. dragan : W. dragiaw : D. draagen ; 
 Sw. draga ; Dan. drager ; G. tragen ; also Dan. treh- 
 kcr ; D. trekken ; Sax. dreogan ; L. traho ; Fr. traire ; 
 Malayan, tarek ; It. treggia, a sled or drag : Sp. tra- 
 go, a draught ; tragar, to swallow ; Eng. to drink. 
 (See Drink anti Dbemch.) 'J'he Russ. has dergayu, 
 and torgayu, to draw, as truck is written torguyu. 
 See Class Rg, No. 27, 37, .5(1.] 
 
 1. To pull ; to haul ; to draw along the ground by 
 main force ; applied partleulaily to drawing heavy 
 things, with labor, along the ground or other surface; 
 as, to drag stone or timber ; to drag a net in fishing. 
 John xxi. 8. 
 
 2. To break land by drawing a drag or harrow 
 over it ; to harrow ; a common use of this word in 
 J^ao England. 
 
 3. To draw along slowly or heavily ; to draw any 
 thing burdensome ; as, to drag a linge. jng life. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. To draw along in contempt, as unworthy to be 
 carried. 
 
 lie drags me at his charlot-wheeU. SUirtng/teet. 
 
 To drag one in chains. Jtlilton. 
 
 5. To pull or haul about roughly and forcibU". 
 
 yji-i;,/eii. 
 
 In seamen's language, to drag ^in anchor is to draw 
 or trail it along the bottom when loosened, or when 
 the anchor will not hold the ship. 
 DR-AG, v. i. To hang so low as to trail on the ground. 
 
 2. To fish with a drag; as, they have been drag- 
 ging for fish all day, witli little success. 
 
 .3. 'J'o be drawn along ; as, the anchor drags. 
 
 4. To be moved slowly ; to proceed heavily ; as, 
 this business drags. 
 
 .'). To hang or grate on the floor, as a door. 
 DR.AG, 71. Something to be drawn along the ground, 
 as a net or a hook. 
 
 2. A particular kind of harrow. 
 
 3. A car ; a low cart. 
 
 4. In sea language, a machine consistingjif a sharp, 
 square frame of iron, encircled with a net, used to 
 drag on the bottom for various purposes, as to re- 
 cover articles that have been lost, to collect shells, itc. 
 
 Mar. Diet. Encyc. 
 
 5. Whatever is drawn ; a boat in tow ; whatever 
 serves to retard a sliiji's way. Encyc. 
 
 DRAG'Gf;!), (dragd,) pp. Drawn on the ground; 
 
 drawn with labor or force ; drawn along slowly and 
 
 heavily ; niked with a drag or harrow . 
 DRA(;'(;i.\G, ;i;ir. Drawing on the ground ; drawing 
 
 wiih lali.ir or by force ; drawing slowly or luavily; 
 
 raking with a drag. 
 DR.\G'(;i,E, (drag'gl,) ti. «. [Aim. vf drag.] To wet 
 
 and dirty by drawing on the ground or mod, or on 
 
 wet grass ; to drabble. Gray. 
 DRAti'tJUC, V. i. To be drawn 011 the ground; to 
 
 become wet or dirty by being drawn on the nitid or 
 
 wet grass. 
 
 DRAG'tJI.K T.AlL, II. .\ slut. Sherwrad. 
 
 DRAG'CI, /■;!), pi>. Drawn on the ground; wet or 
 dirtieil by being drawn on the griiund or mire. 
 
 DR.\(;'GEIN(;, ;i;ii-. Drawing mi the ground; mak- 
 ing dirty by iliawiiig mi the grmiiiil or wet gra.ss. 
 
 DRAG'MAfj, II. A lisheiiiian that uses a tiragiiet. 
 
 Jlale. 
 
 DRAG'NET, 71. A net to be drawn on the botloni of 
 
 a river or pond for taking fish. Dryden. Halls. 
 DRAG'O-MAN, ( 71. [It. (/nin'or„nn7i(i ; Fr. trurhe- 
 DKOG'O-MAN, I mnii ; Sp. trujaman; Ch. IDJUn, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MAJMNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 364 
 
DRA 
 
 Ar. J^Li.c»j.j' from DJin, Cli. Ar. r. Kill, to in- 
 Icritrt't.] 
 
 An iiilerprLler ; a trriii ill Reiicral use in the Le- 
 ! vant :inil otluT parts of tlio East. 
 DllAtJ'U.V, n, [I., draco: Gr. f^oaxiov : It. dm gone ; 
 Fr. drat;on ; 1). i/ruui ; (i. drache ; Ir. rfrnic or </roiV ; 
 \V. i/rniV ; Sw. (/rrtAc ; Dan. dra«e. 'J'liu origin of 
 tliis word is not obvious. In Ir. </ra» is fire ; in W. 
 drairon is a li'adcr, chief, or sovereign, from driifriaio, 
 todr.iw. In ricotch, th^- word sigiiilirs a paper kite, 
 as also in Danish ; proliably from the notion of II) - 
 iiiS or shooting along, like a' fiery nirteor. . In Welsh, 
 //rni'i' is reiultred by Owi:ii a procreator or generating 
 I principle, a liery serpent, a dragon, and the ^<^l|lrenle ; 
 and the plural, (//rii'iViB, silent lightnings, dri ii;iiiie,u> 
 lighten silently. Ilenco, I infer that the word origi- 
 nally signified .1 shooting meteor in the atmosphere, 
 a litry meteor, and hence a tiery or tlying serpent, 
 from a rotit which signified to sIhmiI or draw out.] 
 
 1. kind of winged serpent, much celebrated in 
 tile romances of the middle ages. Jolinson. 
 
 2. A fiery, shooting meteor, or imaginary serpent. 
 
 Sii-itl, awft, ye dmgons of Uie night 1 Uiit dawning 
 
 M.iy beuf Uic nvcn'* eye. Shal:. 
 
 X A fierce, violent pers<m, male or fem;Je ; us, 
 this man or woman is a drwrt^n. 
 
 •1. \ constellation of the northern hi-mispherc. 
 [See 11r*co.] 
 
 In Scripture, dragon secm.s sometimes to signify a 
 large marine fish or serpent. Is. xxvii., where the 
 leviathan is also mentioned ; also P.i. Ix\iv. 
 
 Sometimes it seems to signify a venomous land 
 serpent. Ps. \ci. Tlie dragon shalt thou trample 
 under foot. 
 
 It is often used for the devil, who is called the old 
 serpent. Rev. xx. 2. 
 
 DR AtJ'OX, ?i. The popular name of a genus of sau- 
 rian reptiles, found onlv in the East Indies. 
 
 DKAtJ'O-.NET, II. A little dragon. Sprnsrr. 
 
 3. The popular name of the species of a genus of 
 fishes called by Linna'us Calliony/nus. 
 
 DU.\G'0.\-FISH, n. The dragonet ; a popuhir name 
 
 of fishes of the genus CaUiontfinu.-t. 
 DK AG'OX-FLY, n. The popular name of a genus of 
 
 insects called iibcllula bv Linnxus. 
 DIIAG'ON-ISH, o. Dragonhkc. Shale 
 DIL^n O.V-.YADE', n. The name of certain severe 
 
 P'Tsecntions of French Protestants by an armed 
 
 force, under Lonis XIV. 
 DU.XG'OX-LIKE, a. Like a dragon ; fiery ; furious. 
 
 SAnA. 
 
 DRAG'OX'S, n. The popular name of certain plants 
 which are species of thd Linniean genus Dracon- 
 tiiim. 
 
 DKAG'OX'S-BLOOD, ( blud,) n. [Sax. dr»cmi-blod.] 
 The vague popular name of the inspissated juice 
 of various pl.ants, as Calamus Draco, Draciena Draco, 
 Plerocarpus Draco, &.C. Obtained from such various 
 sources, it has various properties, and is of diverse 
 com|H>sition. It is of a red color, and is used for 
 tinging spirit and turpentine varnishes, for tooth 
 tinctures and powders, for staining marble, &c. 
 DKAG'OX'S-HEAD, (-hed,) ri. A pro|)osed popul.tr 
 name of certain plants of the genus Dracocephalum, 
 of which term it is a translation. 
 I Dragon's lhail and Tail, in astronomy, are the 
 ■ nodes of the planets, or the two points in which the 
 itrbits of the planets intersect the ecliptic. Kncye, 
 DRAG'OX-SHELl^, n. .~<aid to be the popular name 
 
 of a species of Patella or Limpet. 
 DR AG'OX'S-\VA-TER, n. Said to be a popular name 
 
 of a plant belonging to the genus Calla. 
 DUAG'().\'?-\VORT, n. Said to be a popular name 
 I of a plant belonging to the genus .Artemisia. 
 
 DRAG'UX-TREE, n. Said to be the popular name of 
 some plant belonging to the order of Palms. 
 I DR.\-GOOX', n. [I'r. dragon : Sp. id.: Port, dragam, 
 ! a dragon and dratroon : It. drngone : G. dragonrr : D. 
 t dragondtr ; Dan. drainm : Sw. itL : L. draconarius, an 
 I ensign-bearer, from draco, dragon ; an appellation 
 given to horsemen, perhaps for their rapidity or 
 fierceness.] 
 
 A soldier or musketeer who serves on horseback 
 or on fool, as occiision may require. Their arms arc 
 a sword, a musket, and a bayonet. F.ncyc. 
 I DR.V-GOOX', r. U To persecute by abandiming a 
 
 place to the rage of soldiers. Juhn.ioiu 
 I 2. To enslave or reduce to subjection by soldiers. 
 ,J 3. To harass; to persecute; to compel to submit 
 • I by violent measures ; to force. [The usual sense.] 
 
 The colonirs nwy be influenced u> any Ibiiig. but Ujey cAn be 
 dmgaontd to Dochin^. Price. 
 
 I DRAG-OON-SDE', n. The abandoning of a place to 
 I the ragi^ of soldiers. BurncL 
 
 DRA-(;()0\'f:D, fp. .Abandoned to the violence of 
 I soldiers ; (M-rsecuted ; harxssed. 
 ; DK A-GOO.N'ER, n. .An old term for a dragoon. 
 
 l)RA-GOO.\'ING, ppr. Abandoning to the rage of 
 soldiers ; persecuting ; harassing ; vexing. 
 
 DRAIL, r. (. To trail. [.Vot in uic] More. 
 
 DRA 
 
 DR.XII>, r. i. To draggle. [JVut in «,«•.] South. 
 DU.^IX, V. U [Sax. drrhnigean, to ilraiu, to strain. 
 
 This may be a derivative fioni the rout of draw. 
 
 Uii. i'xw.dnjgan, to drj-.] 
 
 1. To filter J to cause to piuss through some jiorous 
 substance. 
 
 Salt w.itrr, drained tlirougli twenty rcs«:U of earth, hath iK-come 
 fa-sh. Uacon. 
 
 2. To empty or clear of liquor, by causing the 
 liquor to drop or run olf slowly ; as, to drain a vessel 
 or its contents. 
 
 3. To make dry ; to exhaust of water or other li- 
 quor, by causing it to fiowoffin channels, orlliroiigli 
 porous substances ; as, to drain laud ; to drain a 
 swamp or marsh. 
 
 4. 'I'o empty ; to exhaust ; to draw otT gradually ; 
 as, a foreign u ar drains a coiiiitrv of specie. 
 
 DR.\IX, V. i. To tlow oH' gradually ; as, let the w ater 
 of low ground drain olf. 
 
 2. To be emptied of litjiior by flowing or dropiiing ; 
 as, let the vessel stand and drain; let the cloth hang 
 and dram, 
 
 DRaIX, h. A channel throngli which water or oilier 
 liipiid Hows olf; parliculnrlij, a trench or ditch to 
 convey water from wet land ; a water-course ; a 
 sewer ; a sink, 
 
 DU.a1X'A-I!LE, a. Cap.'ible of being drained. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 DR.\IX'AGE, n. A draining ; a gradual llowing ofi" 
 
 of any liquid. 
 2. 'i'lie mode in which the waters of a country 
 
 pass olf by its streams and rivers. 
 DR.\IX'/;D, pp. or a. Kiiiptied of water or other li- 
 
 ipior by a gradual discharge, flowing, or dropping ; 
 
 exhausted j drawn off. 
 DR.\IX'ER, 71, A utensil on wliich articles arc placed 
 
 to drain. 
 
 DR.aIX'IXG, ppr. Emptying of water or other liquor 
 by filtration, or flowing in small channels. 
 
 DRAKE, n. [G. eutcrich ; Uau. andrik ; Sw. andrak. 
 It is compounded of rate, and. Sax. cnrd, I,, anas, a 
 duck, and a word which I ilo not understand.] 
 
 1. The male of the duck kind. 
 
 2. [L. draco, dragim.] A small piece of artillen'. 
 
 3. The drake-fly. [Clarcndnii. 
 DR.A.M, ji. [Cmitractcd frofti drachma, wliich see.] 
 
 1. .Among druggists and physicians, a weight of 
 the eighth part of an ounce, or sixty grains. In ac- 
 oirdupois weight, the sixteenth part of an ounce. 
 
 2. A small quantity ; as, no drain of judgment. 
 
 Dnjdrn, 
 
 3. As much spirituous liquor as is drank at once ; 
 as, a dram of brandy. Drains are the slow poison of 
 life. SKifL 
 
 4. Spirit; distilled liquor. Pope. 
 DR.ViM, V. i. To drink drams ; to indulge in the use 
 
 of ardent spirit. [A low word, expressing a low prac- 
 tice.] 
 
 DR.\.M'-DRIXK-ER, n. One who habitually drinks 
 spirits. 
 
 DRX'M.A or DRa'.M.A, n. [Gr. ipapa, from (Jpao), to 
 make.] 
 
 A iK)em or composition representing a picture of 
 human life, and accommodated to action. The prin- 
 cipal species of the drama are tragedy and comedy ; 
 inferior species are tragi-coniedy, opera, &.C. Encyc. 
 
 DR.A-M.AT'IC, la. Pertaining to the drama ; rep- 
 
 DRA-MAT'ie-AL, ( resentt-d by action ; theatri- 
 cal ; not narrative. Bentlry. 
 
 DKA-.MAT'ie-AL-LY,arfo. By representation ; in the 
 manner of the drama. Drijdrn. 
 
 DR.1.^['.i-TIS P£ft-SO'A-,^, [L.] Actors repre- 
 senting the characters in a play. 
 
 DRAM'A-TIST, n. The author of a dramatic compo- 
 siti<in ; a writer of plays. Burnrt. 
 
 DR.A.M'.A-TIZE, r. t. To compose in the form of the 
 drama ; or to give to a coiiipositiun the form of a 
 play. 
 
 At ni?:%, in 1'2(\1 , waj acted a pniphelic play, that is, a drama. 
 Uztd cxtr.LCt from Uie liiktury of ijie 01*1 anil Now T.-sta- 
 nr nu. Tookt't RuMiia. 
 
 DRAM'A-TIZ-ED, pp. Composed in the form of a 
 plav. 
 
 DRA.M'A-TIZ-ING, ppr. Composing in the form of 
 a play, 
 
 DRA.M'.A TL'R-GY, », [Gr. fwpa and cpyoi.] 
 
 The art of dramatic poetry and representa- 
 tion. [Oennany.] 
 DR.A.N'K, prcL and pp. of Drikk. 
 DR.A.NK, n. A term fiir wild oats, F.neiir. 
 DRAP, {<\ri,) n. [Fr.] Cloth ; as, t/rop-eTefc, (-di-ti',) 
 
 a cloth for summer wear. 
 DRAPE, r. t. [Fr. draper.] 
 
 To make cloth ; also, to banter. [O^.t.] 
 DRAP'iD, (drapt,) o. Adorned with drap»-ry. 
 
 Srd^rirk. 
 
 DRa'PER, n. [Fr. drapirr ; draper, to make cloth ; 
 
 from drap, clotli.] 
 One who sells cloths ; a dealing in cloths ; as, a 
 
 linen-draper or woolfn-draper. 
 DRA'PER-Y, n. [Fr. draperie ! It. drnpprria ; from 
 
 drap, drappo : Sp. ropage, from ropa, cloth.] 
 
 1. Clothwork ; the trade of making cloth. Bacon. 
 
 2. Cloth ; stufls of wool. jirbut/inol. I 
 
 DRA 
 
 3. Hangings, curtains, tapestry, &c. 
 
 4. In sculpture and painting, the representation of 
 the clothing or dress of human figures, &c. Kucyc 
 
 DItA'PET, n. Clolli ; coverlet. [A~ot in use.] 
 DKAS'TIC, a. [(Jr. innnTuof, from r'.iut.i, to makej 
 Powerful; acting with strength or violence; ein 
 cacious ; as, a dra.ilic cathartic. 
 DR.XUGII. Sec Dkaff. 
 DR.xL'GIIT, (drilft,) n. [from draw, drag.] 
 
 1. The act of drawing ; as, a horse or o.x fit for 
 draught. 
 
 •2. The quality of being drawn ; as, a cart or plow 
 of easy draught. 
 
 3. The drawing of litpior into the inonlh and 
 throat ; the act of drinking. 
 
 4. The quantity of liipior dnink at once. 
 
 5. The act of deliiie.iting, or that wliich is deline- 
 ated ; a representation by lines, as the figure of a 
 house, a machine, a fort, &.c., described on p:i|)er. 
 [(in. Ir. dreach, VV. drijc] flucuc. 
 
 (j. Representation by picture ; figure painted, or 
 drawn by the pencil. Onidrn. 
 
 7. The act of drawing a net ; a sweeping for lish. 
 
 8. That which is taken by sweeping with a net ; 
 as, a drnu^lit of fishes. Luke v. 
 
 y. The drawing or bending of a bow ; the act of 
 shooting with a bow and arrow Camden. 
 
 in. Tile act of drawing men from a military band, 
 army, or post ; also, the forces drawn ; a dctacli- 
 nieiit. [See Drai t, wliich is more generally used.] 
 
 11. .A sink or drain. .Matt. xv. 
 
 12. An order for the payment of money ; a bill of 
 exchange. [See Draft.] 
 
 13. The depth of water necessary to float a ship, 
 or the depth a ship sinks in w.ater, especially when 
 laden ; as, a ship of twelve feet draught. 
 
 14. In England, a small allowance on wcighahle 
 goods, maile by the king to the importer, or by the 
 seller to the buyer, to insure full weight. Eneye. 
 
 13. .A sudden att.ack or drawing on an enemy, 
 [Cillery.] Spenser 
 
 16. -A writing composed, 
 
 17, Dranirhts ; a sinapism ; a mild vesicatory. 
 DRAUGHT, r. u To draw out; to c:ill forth. [See 
 
 Draft.] Mdisun. 
 DRXUGIlT'-neARD, n. A board on which draughts 
 are played. 
 
 DRXUGilT'-IIOOKS.n. p/. Large hooks of iron fixed 
 on the cheeks of a cannon carriage, two on each 
 side, one near t.he trunnion hole, and the other at the 
 train ; used in drawing the gun backward and for- 
 ward bv means of draught rojies, Knn/e. 
 
 DUXUGIIT'-IIORSE, n. A horse used in drawing a 
 plow, cart, or other carriage, as distinguished from a 
 saddle-hnrse. 
 
 DRAUGHT'-IIOUSE, (dr ift ) n. A house for Uie re- 
 ception of filth or waste matter. 
 
 DRAl-'OIITS, II. ;if. .A game played on a checkered 
 board, called checkers in .America. Smart. 
 
 2. .A sinapism ; a mild vesicatory. 
 DR.xL'GIITS'.M.AX, n. A man who draws writings or 
 
 designs, or one who is skilled in such drawings. 
 2. One who drinks drains ; a tip|ilcr. Taller. 
 DRaVE, the old p-arliciple of Drive. We now use 
 Drove. 
 
 DRAW, r. t, ; preL Drew ; pp. Drawn. [Sax. dratran ; 
 L. tralio. It is only a dialectical spelling of drag, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. To pull along; to haul ; to cause to move for- 
 ward by force applied in advance of the thing moved, 
 or at the fore-end, as by a rope or chain. It differs 
 from drag only in this, that drag is more generally 
 applied to things moved along the ground by sliding, 
 or moved with greater toil or difliciilty, anil draw is 
 applied to all bodies moved by force in advance, 
 whatever may be the degree of force. Draw is the 
 more general or generic term, and drag more specific. 
 We say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they 
 drag it through mire ; yet draw is properly used in 
 both cases, 
 
 2. To pull out, as to drair a sword or dagger from 
 its sheath ; to unshcath. Hence, to draw the sword, 
 is to wage war. 
 
 3. To bring by compulsion ; to cause to come. 
 
 Do not rich mrn oppre** you, anil draw you larfore U»c Judgment. 
 »:at .' — Janie. li. 
 
 4. To pull up or out ; to raise from any depth ; as, 
 to draw water from a well. 
 
 5. To suck ; as, to drnir the breasts. 
 
 6. To attract ; to cause to move or tend toward 
 itself, as a magnet or other attracting body is said 
 to draw it. 
 
 7. To attract ; to cause to turn toward it«elf ; to 
 engiige ; as. a beauty or a popular s|M-akrr draws the 
 eyes of an assembly, or drnirs their attention. 
 
 8. To inhale ; to take air into the lungs ; as, there 
 I first drew air ; I draw the sultry air. 
 
 Milton. Addison. 
 
 9. To pull or take from a spit, as a piece of meat. 
 
 Drydrn. 
 
 10. To take from a cask or vat ; to cause or to suf- 
 fer a liquid to run out ; as, to draw wine or cider. 
 
 J I. To take a liquid from tlie body ; to let out ; as, 
 to draw blood or water. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJ.MTE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUa — e as K ; <5 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SB ; TH as in THIS 
 Vg"* KK* 3S< 
 
 i 
 
DRA 
 
 DRA 
 
 DRE 
 
 12. To take from an oven ; as, to draw bread. 
 
 13. To cause to slide, as a curtain, either in closing 
 or unclosing ; to open or unclose and discover, or to 
 close and conceal. To draw the cnrlani^ is used in 
 both senses. Dnjdrn. Siducii. 
 
 14. To extract ; as, to draw spirit from grain or 
 juice. 
 
 15. To produce ; to bring, as an agent or efficient 
 cause ; usually followed by a modifying word ; as, 
 piety draws down blessings ; crimes draw down ven- 
 geance ; vice draw.'i on us many temporal evils ; war 
 draws after it a train of calamities. 
 
 16. To move gradually or slowly ; to e.xtend. 
 
 They drtio Uiemsclves more westerly. Ralegh. 
 
 17. To lengthen ; to extend in length. 
 
 How long hpT f.ice is draton I Shah. 
 Ill some similes, men drats iheir comparisons into minuteptrlicu- 
 Ittrs of no importance. FelUtn, 
 
 18. To Utter in a lingering manner; as, to draw a 
 groan. Dri/deu. 
 
 19. To run or extend, by marking or fonuing ; as, 
 to draw a line on paper, or a line of circumvallatiun. 
 Hence, 
 
 20. To represent by lines drawn on a plain sur- 
 face ; to form a picture or image ; as, to draw the 
 figure of a man ; to draw the face. Hence, 
 
 91. To describe; to represent by words; as, the 
 orator drew an admirable picture of human misery. 
 2i To represent in fancy ; to image in the mind. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 23. To derive ; to have or receive from some 
 source, cause, or donor ; as, to draw the rudiments 
 of science from a civilized nation ; to draw consola- 
 tion from divine promises. 
 
 24. To deduce ; as, to draw arguments from facts, 
 or inferences from circumstantial evidimce. 
 
 25. To allure ; to entice ; to lead by persuasion or 
 moral influence ; to excite to motion. 
 
 Draw me ; we will run after thee. — Cant. i. 
 Men shall arise, speaking perverse tilings, to drata away 
 disciples after them. — Acts xx. 
 
 26. To lead, as a motive ; to induce to move. 
 
 ,\ty purposes do draio me much about. Sliak, 
 
 27. To induce ; to persuade ; to attract toward ; 
 in a vrry (rrneral sense, 
 
 28. To win ; to gain ; a metaphor from gamintr, 
 
 Shak. 
 
 29. To receive or take, as from a fund ; as, to 
 draw money from a bank or from stock in tratle. 
 
 30. To bear ; to produce ; as, a bonil or note draws 
 interest from its date. 
 
 31. To extort ; to force out ; as, his eloquence 
 drew tears from the audience ; to draw sighs or 
 groans. 
 
 32. To wrest; to distort; as, to rfraicthe Pcriptures 
 to one's fancy. IHnttsift. 
 
 33. To compose ; to write in due form ; to form in 
 writing ; as, to draw a bill of exchange ; to draw a 
 deed or will. 
 
 31. To take out of a box or wheel, as tickets in 
 a lottery. We say, to draw a lottery, or to draw a 
 number in the lottery. 
 
 .T). To receive or gain by drawing ; as, to draw a 
 prize. We say also, a number draws a prize or a 
 blank, when it is drawn at the same time. 
 
 3U. To extend ; to stretch ; as, to draw wire ; to 
 dra7n a piece of metal by beating, &,c. 
 
 37. To sink into the water ; or to require a certain 
 depth of water for floating ; as, a ship draws fifteen 
 feet of water. 
 
 38. To bend ; as, to draw the how. Is. Ixvi. 
 
 3U. To evi.scerate ; to pull out the bowels ; as, to 
 draw poultry. jCinir. 
 
 40. To withdraw. [JVotM-Mrf.] Shak. 
 
 To draw back : to receive back, as duties on goods 
 for exportation. 
 
 To draw in ; to collect ; to apply to any purpose by 
 violence. 
 
 To draw out ; to lengthen ; to stretch by force ; to 
 extend. 
 
 2. To beat-or hammer out ; to extend or spread by 
 beating, as a metal. 
 
 3. To lengthen in time ; to protract ; to cause to 
 continue. 
 
 1 which every thing it draw 
 
 in to give color to the 
 Locke. 
 
 9. To contract ; to pull to a smaller compass ; to 
 pull back ; as, to draw in the reins. Gatj. 
 
 3. To entice, allure, or inveigle ; as, to draw in 
 others to support a measure, 
 
 7'o draw off; to draw from or away ; also, to with- 
 draw ; to abstract; as, to draw off i\\e mind from 
 vain amusements. 
 
 2. To draw or Like from ; to cause to flow from ; 
 an, to draw off wine or l iiler from a vessel. 
 
 3. To extract by dlKtillation. .Addison. 
 To draw on: to allure; to entice; to persuade or 
 
 cause to follow. The reluctant m.ay be drawn on by 
 kindneKS or cnresncs. 
 2. To occasion ; to Invite ; to bring on ; to cause. 
 
 Uatier color of war, which either his negligence dre\o on, or 
 hi* practice* prucuf^d, he levied a lulMUly. J/ayicard. 
 
 To drav) over ; to rai«c or cause to come over, as 
 in a titill. 
 
 2. To jHTiimdc or induce to revolt from an oppo- 
 •inK parly, and U) join oric'ii own party. .Stiuic men 
 may be drawn aver by Intiirest, othen by fear. 
 
 Thy iirikimlness shall ilia death draw out 
 To lingering sutlbraiice. 
 Wilt tlioii drau) O'M thine 
 Ixxxiv. 
 
 .fhali. 
 
 to all generations .' — I's. 
 
 4. To cause to issue forth ; to draw ofT; as liquor 
 from a cask. 
 
 5. To extr.act, as the spirit of a substance. 
 
 6. To bring forth ; to pump out, by questioning or 
 address ; to cause to be declared, or brought to light ; 
 as, to draw out facts from a witness. 
 
 7. To induce by motive ; to call forth. 
 
 Tliis was an artifice to dmia out from us an accusation. Anon. 
 
 8. To detach ; to separate from the main body ; as, 
 to draw out a file or party of men. 
 
 9. To range in battle ; to array in a line. 
 7^1/ draw toirether; to collect or be collected. 
 To draw up ; to raise ; to lift ; to elevate. 
 
 2. To form in order of battle ; to array. Dnjden. 
 
 3. To compose in due form, as a writing ; to form 
 in writing ; as, to draw up a deed ; to draw up a 
 paper. Swift. 
 
 In this use, it is often more elegant to omit the 
 modifying word. [See No. 33.] 
 DRAW, V. i. To pull ; to exert strength in drawing. 
 We say, a horse or an ox draws well. 
 
 2. To act as a weight. 
 
 Watch Uie bias of the riiind, that it may not draw too much. 
 
 A'Ldison. 
 
 3. To shrink ; to contract into a smaller compass. 
 
 Bacou. 
 
 4. To move ; to advance. The day draws toward 
 evening. 
 
 5. To be filled or inflated with wind, so as to press 
 on and advance a ship in her course ; as, the sails 
 draw. 
 
 6. To unsheathe a sword. His love dreto to de- 
 fend him. In this phrase, sword is understood. 
 
 7. To use or practice the art of delineating figures ; 
 as, he draws with exactness. 
 
 8. To collect the matter of an ulcer or abscess ; to 
 cause to suppurate ; to excite to inflammation, matu 
 ration, auti tlischarge; as, an epispastic draws well. 
 
 To draw back ; to retire ; to move back ; to with- 
 draw. 
 
 2. To renounce the faith ; to apostatize. I{eb. x. 
 
 To draw near or nin-h ; to ap|)roacli ; to come near. 
 
 To draw off ; to retire ; to retreat ; as, the company 
 drew off by degrees. 
 
 To draw on ; to advance ; to approach ; as, the day 
 draws on. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To gain on ; to approach in pursuit ; as, the ship 
 drew on the chase. 
 
 3. To demand payment by an order or bill, called 
 a draft. He drew on his factor for the amount of the 
 shipment. 
 
 You may drai^ on me for the expenses of your journey. Jay. 
 
 To draw up : to form in regular order ; as, the troops 
 drew up in front of the ji-olace ; the fleet drew up in a 
 semicircle. 
 
 Draw, in most of iu uses, retains some shade of its 
 original sense, to pull, to move forward by the appli- 
 cation of force in advance, or to extend in length 
 And Johnson justly observes, that it expresses an ac 
 tion gradual or continuous, and leisurely. We ;ioiir 
 liquor quick, but we drato it in a continued stream 
 We force com|)liance by threats, but we draw it by 
 gradual jirevalence. We write a letter with haste, 
 but we draw a bill with slow caution and regard to a 
 precise ftirm. We draw a bar tif metal by continued 
 DRAW, rt. The .act of drawing. [beating 
 
 2. The lot or chance drawn. 
 
 3. That part of a bridge which is drawn up. 
 DRAW'.\-I!I,K, 0. That may be drawn. Jifore. 
 DRAWBACK, 71. Money or an amount paid back 
 
 Usually, a certain amount of duties or customs, p:vid 
 or boniled by an im|)(irter, paid back or reiuittetl to 
 him on the exportation of the goods ; or a certain 
 amtMint of excise paid back or allowed on the expor 
 tatiou of home manufactures. 
 
 2. In a popular sense, any loss of advantage, or de- 
 dnrtion from profit. 
 
 DRA W'-HRIDGK, 71. A bridge which may be raised up, 
 let down, or drawn asitle, tti admit or hind.-rcoinmu 
 nieation, as before the gate of a town or ca.stlc, or in a 
 bridge overa navigabli; river. In the latter, the draw 
 bridge usually ctmsists of two movable platforms, 
 which may be raised to let a vessel pass thrtiugh 
 
 DRAW'-NI;T, 71. A net for catching the larger sorts 
 of birds, mailt' of packthread, with wide meshes. 
 
 DRAW'-WKLL, 71. A deep well, from which water 
 is drawn by a long cord or pole. Grew 
 
 DRAW'ICIO, H. Till' person on whom an order or bill 
 of exchange is drawn ; the payer of a bill of ex 
 change. 
 
 DRAW'KR, »i. One who draws or pulls; one who 
 taki'B water from u well ; one who draws liquor from 
 a cask. 
 
 2. That which draws or attracts, or has the power 
 of allraction. Sieift. 
 
 3. He who draws a bill of exchange, or au order for 
 the payment of money. 
 
 4. A sliding box in a case or table, which is drawn 
 at pleasure. 
 
 5. Drawers, in the plural; a close undergarment, 
 worn on the lower liiiilis. 
 
 DRAW'I.VG, ppr. hulling; hauling; attracting; de- 
 lineating. 
 
 DRAW'LN'G, n. The act of pulling, hauling, or at- 
 tracting. 
 
 2. The representation of the appearance or fig- 
 ures of objects on a plain surface, by means of lines 
 and shadfes, as with a pencil, crayon, pen, compasses, 
 &c. ; flelineation. 
 
 3. The distribution of prizes anil blanks in a lot- 
 tery. 
 
 DRAWr.VG-MXS-TER, 71. One who teaches the art 
 of drawing. 
 
 DRAWING-ROOM, ;i. .\ room appropriated for the 
 reception of company ; a room in which distinguished 
 personages hold levees, or private persons receive 
 parties. It is written by Coxe withdrawiug-ronm, a 
 room to which comjiany wiUidraws from the dining- 
 room. 
 
 2. The fonnal reception of evening company at a 
 coiiit, or by persons iu high station. 
 
 3. The company assembled in a drawing-room. 
 DRAWL, V. t. [D. draalrn, to linger.] 
 
 To utter words in a slow, lengthened tone. 
 DRAVVL, V, i. To speak with slow utterance. 
 DRAWL, 71. A lengthened utterance of the voice. 
 DRAWL'IXG, ppr. Uttering words slowly. 
 DRA\VL'IXG-LY, ad\i. By slow or lengthened utter- 
 ance. 
 
 DRAWN, p/). or a. [See Draw.] Pulled ; hauled ; al- 
 lured ; attracted; delineated; exteniled ; extracted; 
 derived; deduced; written. 
 
 2. Equal, where each parly takes his own stake ; 
 as, a drawn game. 
 
 3. Having equal advantage, and neither party a 
 victory ; as, a drawn battle. 
 
 4. With a sword drawn. S/ia/;. 
 
 5. Moved aside, as a curtain ; unclosed, or closed. 
 
 6. Eviscerated ; as, a drawn fox. Sluik. 
 
 7. In a diffused or melted state ; as, drawn butter. 
 
 8. Induced, as by a motive ; as, men are drawn to- 
 gether by similar views, or by motives of inleri!St. 
 
 Drawn and (juarlcrcd ; drawn on a sled, and cut 
 into quarters. 
 
 DRAVVN-BAT'TLE, n. A battle from which the par- 
 ties withdraw without the def. at or victory of either. 
 
 DUAWN-IiUT'TER, n. Tilelt. il butter. 
 
 DRAWPLa I E, ». .\ steel |)latj having a gradation 
 of conical holes, through which wires are drawn to 
 be retluced and elongated. 
 
 DRAY, ». [Sax. drict;c, L. irnhea, fioiil draw, traho.'] 
 
 1. A low cart or carriage tm wliecis, drawn by a 
 horse. Ji-tdison. 
 
 2. A sled. Encuc 
 DR.^Y'-eSKT, H. A dray. 
 
 DRaY'-HORSE, n. A horse used for drav. ing a dray. 
 
 7Vificr. 
 
 DR.-^Y'MAN, 71. A man who attends a drav. Soutlt. 
 
 DItAY'-PLOW, j ji. A particular kind of plow. 
 
 DKAY'-PLOLTGH, j Mortimer. 
 
 DRAZ'EL, (draz'l,) 71. A dirty woman ; a slut. 
 
 [ Ti'ii.i IS a rulsrar word : in JVVio Eit>rluud pronounced 
 droz'l, and I believe always applied to a female.] 
 
 DREAD, (dred,) n. [Sax. dra'd. Q.U. from the root of 
 the L. tcrreo, or that of Sw. rddd, fearful, radas, to 
 dread, Dan. rccd, fearful, S[). arredrar, to terrify, or 
 Ir cralham, to tremble. If ^/ is a prefix, see Class Rd, 
 No. 14, 19, 22, 25, (10, 78. The primary sense is, 
 probably, to tremble, or to shrink.] 
 
 1. Great fear, or apprehension of evil or danger. 
 It expresses more than fear, and less than tt rrur or 
 fright. It is an uneasiness or alarm excited by ex- 
 pected pain, loss, or other evil. W'e speak of the (/r*?aii 
 of evil ; the dread of siillVriiig ; llie dread of Ilie di- 
 vine displeasure. It diliVrs from terror, also in being 
 less sudden or more continued. 
 
 2. Awe ; fear united with respect. 
 
 3. Terror. 
 
 Shall not hid dreadtaW on yon f — Job xiii. 
 
 4. The cause of fear; the person or the thing 
 dreaded. 
 
 liiin be your dread. — Is. viii. 
 
 DRE.\D, (1. Exciting great fear or apprehension. Shak. 
 
 2. Terrible ; frighll'ul. Shuk. 
 
 3. .Awful ; vtmeralile in the highest degree ; as, 
 drrad sovereign ; dread maji'sty ; dread tribunal. 
 
 DKKAD, (ilr'''!.) ''"o ff'i"' » B''^"'' ilfgfec ; as, to 
 
 dread Ilie approarli of a storm. 
 DREAD, v. i. To be ill great fear. 
 
 Dread not, ncillier be afraid of ihf-in. — Dcut. i. 
 
 DRRAD'A-RLF,, (1. That is to be dreaded. [Obs.] 
 DUEAD'-lloI.T EI), 71. Having bolls to be dreaded ; 
 
 as, drrad-bolird Iliuiider. Shak. 
 DRI:AD'1;1). (dred'.d,) Feared. 
 DREAD'ER, n. One that fears, or lives in fear. Sie(/t 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHyi'. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQOK. — 
 
 366 
 
DRE 
 
 DREAD'FJJL, a. Impressing great fear ; terrible ; for- 
 miduble ; as, a drcailful storm, ur dreadful niglit. 
 Tlio icn-at (iTtrulJuL day ul Uiu Lurd. — Mnl. iv. 
 
 2. Awful; venerable. 
 
 llow dretut/ul b thU plaw I — Gen. xWiii. 
 
 DREAI)'FI:L-LV, adv. Terribly; in a manner to be 
 (In ailed. ' Vnjilrn. 
 
 DKKAD'Kyi^'NF.SS, v. Terrihleness ; the quality of 
 lii iii;; ilrrailfiil ; frisriitfiilness. 
 
 DKi; XD'LKSS, Mreil'less,)n. Fearless; bold ; not in- 
 tiiiiidated ; undaunted ; free from fear or terror ; in- 
 trepid. Miltim. 
 
 I)RK.\l)'I,F,SS-NRSP, n. Fearlessness; undaunted- 
 ness ; freedom frcnn fear or terror ; boldness. SiUneii. 
 
 UUKAD'.NAUCtlT, (drid'uawt,) n. A tliiek cloth, 
 Willi a lontf pile, used for warm clothing, or lo ki-ep 
 'J. A garment made of such cloth. [olf rain. 
 
 DUCA.M, Ji. [D. ilroom: G. Iraum ; Sw.drom; Dan. 
 dmm. In Russ. dmnltju is to sleep. Rut I take the 
 ]»rimary sense to be, to rove, and the woril to be al- 
 lied to (Jr. (luMii!, a running, which seems to be from 
 the root of roam, ramble. If not, it may signify lo 
 form images, and be allied to frame.] 
 
 I. 'I'lio thought, or series of thoughts, of a person 
 in sleep. We apply dream, in the singular, to a se- 
 ries of thoughts which occupy the mind of a sleeping 
 p Tson, in w hicli he imagines he has a view of real 
 things or transactions. .\ ilream is a series of thoughts 
 not under the command of reason, and hence wild 
 and irregular. Stewart. 
 
 'i. In Scriiittire, dreamt w ere sometimes impressions 
 on the minds of sleeping persons, made by divine 
 ag. ncy. God came to Abimeleeh in a dream. Ji>- 
 sepli was warned by God in a dream. Ocii. w. 
 Malt. ii. 
 
 3. .'\ vain fancy; a wild conceit; an unfounded 
 suspicion. 
 
 DRicA.M, r. I. ; j*ret. Dream£D or DnKAMT. [D. droom- 
 en : (5. trO/imcn: Sw. driSmma; Dan. driimmer.] 
 
 1. To have ideas or images in the mind, in the 
 state of sleep ; with of befnre a noun : as, to dream 
 of a battle ; to dream of an absent friend. 
 
 3. To think ; to imagine ; as, he lillle dreamed of 
 his approaching fate. 
 3. To think idly. 
 
 Tiicy drtnm on ixi li course of reading, witliouC digi-stin^. 
 
 Locl-e. 
 
 DRe \M, t7. t To see in a dream. 
 . To drram awaii; to waste in idle thoughts; as, to 
 dream away one's time. 
 
 And dreamt the (utiirv fl^lit. Dn/iUn. 
 
 It is followed by a noun of the like signification ; 
 as, lo dream a dream. 
 DRiiA.M'KR, n. One who dreams. 
 
 2. .\ fanciful man ; a visionary ; one who forms or 
 entertains v:iin schemes ; as, a political dreamer. 
 
 3. .\ man lost in wild imagination ; a mope ; a 
 sluggard. 
 
 DRf;A.M'K!.'L,, a. Full of dreams. Johnsou. 
 DRF.A.M'I.Vt;, pj>r. Having thoughts or ideiis in sleep. 
 DRkAM'I \(i-I,V, <i</e. Sluggishly ; negligently. 
 DKKA.M'l.r.S.<, n. Free from dreams. Camden. 
 DR|",AM'LF.SS-LY, ni/r. In a dreandess manner, 
 niii; SMI' T, (dremt,) /ip. From Urkam. 
 llltK WI'Y, a. Full of dreams. 
 
 DRkAR, H. Dread ; disinalness. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 DRi^AR, rt. [Sax. drroriir, dreary.] 
 Dismal ; gloomy with solitude. 
 
 \ drear tiiid dyin^ looitd. Milton. 
 
 DRF;AR'I HEAD, ( lied,) n. Dismalncss ; glmimi- 
 
 iii'ss. LXot ill M.^T.] Spenser. 
 DRiv AIl'I I.Y, O'/r. Glooniilv ; dismally. Spenser. 
 1)11 K A R' l-.M K.\T, n. Disuuiiness ; terror. [ Ohs. j 
 DRf: VK'I-.NKSS, n. Dismalness ; glwunv solitude. 
 URt: \R'V, a. drcorii'.] 
 
 1. Dismal ; ghximy ; as, a dreary waste ; dreary 
 shades. This wor<l implies both solitude and gliwm. 
 
 2. Sorrowful ; distressing ; as, dreary shrieks. 
 
 SpetLter. 
 
 DREDOC, ri. [Fr. drege : Arm. rfraj-, a.s in English.] 
 
 1. .\ dragnet for taking oysters, .!tc. Carete. 
 
 2. A mixture of oats and barley sown together. 
 DREDGE, e. u To catch or gather with a dredge ; to 
 
 deepi ii with a dredging-machine. Carrin. 
 DREDOE, r. (. [This seems to be connected with Ihc 
 Fr. ilra^rue, grains, dragie, sug.ar plums, small shot, 
 mesliii.j 
 
 To sprinkle flour on roast meat. 
 DREI)G'/;D, pp. Caught with a dredge; deepened 
 with a dredging-machine ; sprinkled, as flour on 
 rikasiini; meat. 
 
 DRElMi'ER, II. One who fishes with a dn-dgc ; also, 
 .a ut. nsil fur scatt-riiig Hour on meat wlide roast- 
 ing ; a dredging-machine. 
 
 DREDG'I.NG, ppr. or a. Catching with a dredge ; deep- 
 ening with a dredging-machine ; sprinkling as with 
 tloiir. 
 
 DREIKVI.NR, B. The act of gathering with a net, 
 de. |»>iiin» with a dredging-inachiiie, or sprinkling 
 wilh rtour. 
 
 DREDC l.\G-BOX, n. A box used for dredging 
 
 DRE 
 
 DREDG'ING-MA-CIUNE', (-ma-eheen',) n. An en- 
 gine used to take up mud or gravel from the huttoin 
 of rivers, docks, &.c. Cyc. 
 
 DREE, i\ (. [Sax. dreali.] 
 
 To suffer. [JVvl used.] Rny. 
 
 DREG'GI-NEfS, JI. [from rfrc^^'j;.] Fullness of dregs 
 or lees ; foulness ; feculence. 
 
 DREG'GISII, a. Full of dregs; foul with lees; fecu- 
 lent. Harvey. 
 
 DREG'GY, a. [See Dbeos.] Containing dregs or 
 lees ; consisting of dregs ; foul ; niiidily ; feculent. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 DREGS, n. ph [Sw.drdsg; V>t\t\. drank ; (it. t,,',', 
 TOO) la. That which is drained or thrown off, or that 
 which subsides. See Class Rg. No. 8, 28, 58. 
 
 1. The sediment of liquors ; lees; grounds; fecu- 
 lence ; any foreign matter of liquors that subsides to 
 the bottom of a vessel. 
 
 2. Waste or worthless matter; dross; sweepings; 
 refuse. Hence, the most vile and despicable part of 
 men ; as, tlu' drrirs of society. 
 
 Drerr, in the singular, is found in Spenser, but is 
 not now used. 
 I)RE1.\. See Drain. 
 
 DRENCH, ti. (. [Sax. dreneenn, to drench, to soak, to 
 inebriate, and drrncan, Xiutrinh, to give drink ; drenc, 
 drench, and drink ; D. dreoken : G. trdnken, to water, 
 to soak ; Sw. dranekia, to plunge, to soak ; Scot. 
 dronk ; W.tfoci. Drench, drink, drown, and probably 
 dra^r, are from the same root. See Drink and Dkao.] 
 
 1. To wt;t thoroughly; to soak; to fill or cover 
 with water or other liquid ; as, garments ^/^^/lc/l^■(/ in 
 rain or in the sea ; the flood has drenched the earth ; 
 swords drenehed ill blood. 
 
 2. To saturate wilh drink. Shak. 
 
 3. To purge vi(dently. Mortimer. 
 DRENCH, a. A draught ; a swill ; hence, a large por- 
 tion of liqiiiil medicine administered to an animal by 
 pouring or forcing down the throrit. 
 
 DRE.NCH'KD, (drenclit,) /)yi. ora. Soaked ; thoroughly 
 Wi't ; purged with a dose. 
 
 DRENCH'EK, n. One who wets or steeps ; one who 
 gives a drench to a beast. 
 
 DRENCiri.\(;, ppr. or a. Wetting thoroughly ; soak- 
 ing ; purging. 
 
 DUE.N'i', /(^. Drenched. [.Yot in luie.] Spcn.ter. 
 
 DRESS, V. t. : pret and Dressed, or Duest. [Fr, 
 dresser, to make straight, to set up, to erect ; Arm, 
 dre^zu, dref.ein ; It. ri-.zare, to erect, to make straight ; 
 rfiri::a;r, to direct, to address ; Sp. endcrczar, Port, en- 
 (/crc^ar, loilirect ; .Vorm. adreseer, to redress. The pri- 
 mary S(;nsc is, to make straight, to strain or stretch to 
 straiglitiiess. The It. ri::arf is supposed to be formed 
 from rilto, straight, upright, L. ercctns, rectus, from 
 crioo, re^ro.] 
 
 1. To make straight or a straight line; to adjust to 
 a rishl line. AVe iiave the primary sense in llie mili- 
 tary plinise, dress your ranks. Hence the sense, to 
 put in order. 
 
 2. To adjust ; to put in good order ; as, to dress the 
 beds of a garden. Sometimes, to till or cultivate. 
 Ofii. ii. Dent, xxviii. 
 
 3. To put in good order, as a wounded limb ; to 
 cleanse a wound, and to apply medicaments. The 
 surgeiui dresses Ihe limb or the wound. 
 
 4. To prepare, in a ireneral sense ; to put in the con- 
 dition desired ; to make suitable or fit ; as, to dress 
 meat ; to drrM leather or cloth ; to dre.is a lamp ; but 
 we, In the latter case, geiienilly use (riai. To dress 
 hemp or rtax, is to break ami clean it. 
 
 5. To curry, rub, ami comb ; as, to dress a horse ; 
 or to break or lame and prepare for service, a^ used 
 by Dryilen ; bnt 'his Li uniisnaL 
 
 6. To put the body in order, or in a suitable condi- 
 timi ; to put on cloUies ; as, he dressed himself for 
 breakfast. 
 
 7. To put on rich gannents ; to adorn : to deck ; to 
 embellish ; as, the lady dressed herself for a ball. 
 
 To dre.^-s up, is to clothe pompously, or elegantly ; 
 as, to dress up with tinsel. 
 
 To dress a skip, is to ornament her with colors, as 
 on days of rejoicing. 
 
 The sense of dress depends on its application. To 
 drcis the b<idy, to dress meat, anil to dress leather, are 
 very different senses, but all uniting in the sense of 
 preparing or fitting for use. 
 DRESS, r. i. To arrange in a line ; as, look to the 
 rightjjind dress. 
 
 2. To [Kiy particular regard to dress or raiment. 
 
 Bramston. 
 
 DRE.'S, n. Th.at which is used as the covering or or- 
 nament of the body ; clothes ; garments ; habit ; as, 
 the dress of a lady is modest and becoming ; a gaudy 
 dress is evidence of n false taste. 
 
 2. .\ suit of clothes ; as, the lady has purchased an 
 elegant dre-ts. 
 
 3. .A lady's gown. 
 
 4. Splendid clothes; habit of ceremony; ns, a full 
 dress. 
 
 5. Skill in adjusting dress, or the practice of wear- 
 ing elecant clothing ; as, men of dress. Pope. 
 
 DRESS'KII, (drest,) p/). Adjusted; made straight ; 
 put in order; prepared ; triiiiiued ; tilled ; clolhed ; 
 adorned ; attired. 
 
 DRI 
 
 DRESS'F.R, n. One who dresses; one who is em- 
 ployed ill putting on clothes and adorning another; 
 one H ho is employed in preparing, trimming, or ad- 
 justing any thing. 
 
 2. [Fr. dressoir.] A table or bench (Ui which meat 
 and other things are dressed or prepared for use. 
 
 DRESS'I.NtJ, />/(r. Adjusting to a line ; putting in or- 
 der; preparing; clothing; embellishing; cultiva- 
 ting. 
 
 DRESS'ING, n. Raiment ; attire. B.Jonson. 
 
 2. That which is used as an application to a wound 
 or sore. 
 
 3. Tli.at which is used in preparing land for a crop; 
 manure spread overlaid. When it remains on the 
 surface, it is calli d a top-dressing. 
 
 4. In popular languaire, correction; a flogging or 
 beating. 
 
 5. In cookery, the stuffing of fowls, pigs, &c. 
 
 (i. A term applied to gum, starch, and other arti- 
 cles, in stilfening or preparing silk, linen, and other 
 fabrics. Brande. 
 
 7. In architecture, dressings are mouldings round 
 doors, wiiido\vs, A:r. Brande. 
 
 DRESS'ING-(;oW.\, ji, A light gown used by a per- 
 son while dressing. 
 
 DRESS'l.VO ROO.Nl, n. An apartment appropriated 
 foi dressing the persim. 
 
 DRESS'ING-Ta-I!I,E, n. A toilet, a t.nble provided 
 with conv(!niencc8 for a person adjusting a dress, 
 
 DRESS'-.MaK'ER, 11. A maker of gowns, or similar 
 garments ; a maniua-niakcr. 
 
 DRESS'Y, a. Showy in dress; wearing rich or 
 showy dresses. 
 
 DREST, yjj). of Dress. ^ _ 
 
 DREuL, (drule,) r. i. [Qu. drivel, or Ar. ^ \j raula, to 
 slaver.] 
 
 To emit saliva; to suffer saliva to Lssiie and flow 
 down from the mouth. See Drool. 
 DRIB, r. t. [tlu. from dribble, but the word is not ele- 
 gant, nor much used- ] 
 
 'J'o Clop or cut ofl"; to defalcate. Dryden. 
 DRII), ;i. .\ drop. [Mdused.] Swift. 
 DRIIi'lil.E, (drib'bl,) v. i. [A diminutive from drip, 
 and properly dripple.] 
 
 1. To fall in drops or small drops, or in a quick 
 succession of drops ; .-is^ water </nAA/cs from the eaves. 
 
 2. To slaver, as a child or an idiot. 
 
 3. To fall weakly and slowly ; as, the dribbling 
 dart of love. Shak. 
 
 DRIH'BLE, I), t. To throw down in drops. Sicift. 
 DRIIi'lSI.ET, n. [W. rkib.] 
 
 A small piece or part ; a small sum ; odd money in 
 
 a sum ; as, th(^ money was paid in dribblets. 
 DRlU'liLINt;, ppr. ma. Falling in drops or small drops, 
 DRIIi'HI.ING, n. A falling in drops. 
 DRI'/.I), (ilride,) pp. or a. from Dry. Freed from 
 
 moisture or sap. [lietter written Drveu.] 
 DRI'ER, 71. [from i/ri/.] Th.at which has the quality 
 
 of drying ; that which may expel or absorb moisture ; 
 
 a desiccalive. The sun and a north-westerly wind 
 
 are great driers of the earth. [Better written Drver.] 
 DRIFT, n. [Dan. drift: from drive.] 
 
 1. That whirh is driven by wind or water, as drift 
 seems to be primarily a participle. Hence, 
 
 9. .\ heap of any matter driven together ; as, a 
 drift of snow, called also a snoie-dnft ; a drift of 
 sand. 
 
 3. A driving ; a force impelling or urging forward ; 
 impulse ; overbearing jiower or influence ; as, the 
 drift of a passion. 
 
 4. Course of any thing; tendency; aim; mam 
 force ; a.s, the drift of i^asoning or argument ; the 
 drift of a discourse. 
 
 5. .\ny thing driven by force ; as, a drift of dust ; a 
 log or a raft driven by a stream of water, without 
 guidance. Dryden. 
 
 (i. .\ shower ; a number of things driven at once ; 
 as, a drft of bullets. Shak. 
 
 7. In mininir, a passage cut between shaft and 
 shaft ; a pa.ssage within the earth. 
 
 Kneye. Foureroy. 
 
 8. In navigation, the angle which the line (if a 
 ship's motion makes with the nearest meridian, 
 when she drives with her side to the wind and 
 waves, and is not governed by the lii lin. .\lso, 
 the distance which tiie ship drives on that line, 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 9. The drift of a current, is its angle and velocity. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 10. In "■'•"/nj^w, a term applied to earth and rocks, 
 which have been drifted by water, and deposited 
 ovi-r a counir)' while submerged. 
 
 11. Ill architecture, Ihc horizontal force which an 
 aieli exerts, tending to overset the pier. 
 
 DRIFT, r. I. To accumulate in heaps by the force of 
 wind; to be driven into heaps; as, snow or sand 
 drifts. 
 
 2. To float or be driven along by a current of wa- 
 ter ; as, the ship drifted astern ; a raft drffteil ashore 
 
 DRIFT, V. L To drive into heaps; as, a current Ci 
 
 wind drifU snow or sand. 
 DRIFT'EI), pp. Driven .along ; driven into heaps. 
 
 TO.\E, BtJLL, UNITE.- A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 267 
 
DRl 
 
 DRI 
 
 DRO 
 
 DRIFTING, n. The art of drifting ; a drift. 
 DIIIFT'ING, ppr. Driving by fuice ; driving into 
 
 DKIFT'-SAIL, 71. In navigation, a sail used under 
 wtiter, vec-red out riglit aiiead by slieets. Enctjc. 
 
 DUIFT'-WaY, h. a coniiriun way for driving cattle 
 in. Cowd. 
 
 DRIFT'-AVIXD, n. A driving wind ; a wind that 
 drives tilings into heaps. Beaum. and Fl. 
 
 DRI FT'- WOOD, n. Wood drifted or floated by water. 
 
 DRILL, V. 't.' [Sax. Uiirlian; G. and D. drillen ; Dan. 
 driller ; Sw. drilla ; to turn, wind, or twist ; W. rliill, 
 a row or drill ; rhilliaw, to drill, to trench ; truliaic, to 
 drill, as a hole ; troil, q^^'hirl ; troetli, to turn or 
 whirl. The lalter is evidently connected with rail. 
 Class Rl, No. 4.] 
 
 1. To pierce with a drill ; to perforate by turning a 
 sharp-pointed instrument of a particular form ; to 
 bore and make a hole by turning an instrument. 
 We say, to drill a hole through a piece of metal, 
 or to drill a cannon. 
 
 2. To draw on ; to entice ; to amuse and put off. 
 
 She rfni/eii liim on to live and liriy. [\ut elt;a„t.] Aldism. 
 
 3. To draw on from step to step. [A u£ cle^'an'.] 
 
 Suut/i. 
 
 4. To draw through ; to drain ; as, waters drilled 
 through a sandy stratum. Thomsun. 
 
 5. In a miULanj sense, to teach and train raw sol- 
 diers to their duty by frecjuent exercise ; a commvn 
 and appropriate use of the word. Hence, to teach by 
 repeated exercise or repetition of acts. 
 
 fi. In husbandry, to sow grain in rows, drills, or 
 DRILL, V. i. To sow in drills. [channels. 
 
 2. To flow gently. 
 
 3. To muster for exercise. Bcaam. and Fl. 
 DRILL, n. A pointed instrument, used for boring 
 
 holes, particularly in metals and other hard sub- 
 stances. Jloxon. 
 
 2. .\n ape or baboon. Locke. 
 
 3. The act of training soldiers to their duty. 
 
 4. A small stream ; now called a Kill. Sandtis. 
 [Drill is formed on the root of rill, G. rille, a chan- 
 nel.] 
 
 5. In husbandry, a row of grain, sowed by a drill- 
 plow. 
 
 DRlLL'-BoW, (-bo,) n. A smtill bow, whose string 
 is used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drill. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 DRILL'-BOX, n. A box containing seed for sowing. 
 
 DRILL' £D, (drild,) pp. Bored or perforated with a 
 drill ; exercisedj sown in rows. 
 
 DRILL'-HAR'RoW, n. A harrow used for smooth- 
 ing ground between rows or drills. 
 
 DRILL'-HUS'BAND-RY, n. The practice of sowing 
 land, by a machine, in ro\*s. 
 
 DRILL'ING, ppr. Boring with a drill ; training to 
 military duty ; sowing in drills. 
 
 DRILL'IXG, n. A coarse linen or cotton cloth, used 
 for trowsers, &c. 
 
 DRILL'-PLOW, ) n. A plow for sowing grain in 
 
 DKILL'-PLOUGH, j drills. 
 
 DRINK, V. i. ; pret. and pp. Dbamk. Old pret. and pp. 
 Drunk ; pp. Drunken. [Sax. drincan, drican, dry- 
 cian ; Goth, dratryan, to give drink ; D. drinken ; G. 
 trinken ; Sw. dricka; Dan. drikker, to drink ; Sp. tra- 
 gar. Port, id., to swallow ; Irago, a draught. The 
 latter, and probably drink, is from drawing, or the lat- 
 ter may be mure nearly allied to W. trochi, or tro^i, 
 to plunge, bathe, immerse. Drink and drench are 
 radically the same word, and probably drown. We 
 observe that n is not radical.] 
 
 1. To swallow liquor, for (pienching thirst or other 
 purpose ; as, to drink of the brook. 
 
 Yc slull in.l(-c.l rfrinf of i,iy c.ip. — M^tt. xi. 
 
 2. To take spirituous li<iuors to excess ; to be intem- 
 Iierate in the use of spirituous liquors ; to be a habit- 
 ual drunkard. Pope. 
 
 3. To feast; to bo entcrtaineil with liquors. Skali. 
 To drink to; to salute in drinking; to invite to 
 
 drink by drinking first ; as, I drinii to your grace. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To wish well to, in the art of taking the cup. 
 DRINK, V. t. To swallow, as liquids; to receive, as 
 a lluid, into the stomach ; as, to drink water or wine. 
 
 2. To suck in ; to absorb ; to imbibe. 
 
 And lei the puqile viok-u rlriitk llie istr^ain. Dryden. 
 
 3. To take in by any inlet ; to hear ; to see ; as, to 
 drink words, or the voice. Shak. Pope. 
 
 1 drink (I'riicioiiii jioi^oii from thy eye. Pope. 
 
 4. To take in air; to inhale. 
 
 To drink dawn, is to acl on by drinking ; to reduce 
 or subdue ; as, to drink doim unkindni^ss. Shak. 
 
 To drink off; to drink the whole at a draught ; as, 
 to drink off a rup of cordial. 
 
 To drink in ; to absorb ; to take or receive into any 
 inlet. 
 
 I'o drink up ; to drink the whole. 
 
 To drink hraitJt, or tn the health ; a customary civil- 
 ity, in which a person, at taking a glass or cup, ei- 
 presnes liiit respect or kind vvislnrM fur another. 
 UULN'K, n. Liquor to be Hwallowed ; any fluid to be 
 taken into the Htuinncli, fur iiiienching thirst, or fur 
 
 medicinal purposes, as water, wine, beer, cider, de- 
 coctions, &c. 
 
 DRINK' A-BLE, a. That may be drank ; fit or^uita- 
 
 ble fiir drink ; potable. 
 DRINK' A-BLE, n. A liquor that may be drank. 
 
 Steele. 
 
 DRIXK'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being drinkable. 
 DRINK'ER, 71. One who drinks, particularly one who 
 
 practices drinking spirituous liquors to excess ; a 
 
 driinkaril ; a tippler. 
 DRINK'ING, p;)r. Swallowing liquor; sucking in; 
 
 absorbing. 
 
 DRINK'ING, a. Connected with the use of ardent 
 spirits ; as, drinking usages ; making an excessive use 
 of spirituous liquors. 
 
 DRINK'ING, 71. The act of swallowing liquors, or of 
 absorbing. 
 
 2. The practice of drinking to excess. vVe say, a 
 man is trivrii to drinking. 
 
 DRINK'IXG-IH )RN, 7i. \ horn cup, such as our rude 
 anrestiiis used. 
 
 DRINK'I.\G-HOUSE, ti. A house frequented by ti|)- 
 [ilers ; an ale-house. 
 
 DRIXK'LCSS, a. Destitute of drink. Chancer. 
 
 DKINK'-MON-EY, (-mun-ny,) ii. Money given to buy 
 liquor for drink. 
 
 DRIP, V. i. [Sax. dnjpan, driopan, dropian, to drip, to 
 drop ; D. druipen ; G. trie/en ; Sw. dr^ipa : Dan. dryp- 
 per. This seems to be of the same family as drop. 
 Hence, dribble, dripplc, drivel. The Ar. has the pre- 
 cise word t_Jji tharafa, to drop or distill. Ou. t]))-! 
 
 Heb. and Ar., to drop. The Persic has ^,\a.j\j^ 
 
 tirabiilan, to exude. See Class Rb, No. II, 35.] 
 
 1. To fill in drops ; as, water drips from eaves. 
 
 2. To have any liquid falling from it in drops ; as, 
 a wet garment drips. 
 
 DRIP, 7,-. t. To let fall in drops. 
 
 The Uialch drips fast a shower of rain. Swift. 
 
 So we say, roasting flesh drips fat. 
 DRIP, 71. A falling in drops, or that which falls in 
 drops. In building, avoid the drip of your neighbor's 
 house. 
 
 2. The edge of a roof ; the eaves ; a large, flat 
 
 member of the cornice. Bailey. Chambers. 
 
 DRIP'P£D, (dript,) pp. Let fall in drops. 
 DRIP'PING, ppr. Falling, or letting fall, in drops. 
 DRIP'PING, 71. The fat which falls from meat in 
 
 roasting ; that which falls in drops. 
 DRIP'PING-PAN, 71. A pan for receiving the fat 
 
 which drips from meat in roasting. 
 DRIP'PLE^ a. Weak or rare. [JVut in use.] 
 DRIP'-SToNE, 71. A projecting tablet, or molding, 
 
 over the head of door-ways, or windows, &.C., to 
 
 throw off rain. 
 DRIVE, V. t.; preU Drove, (formerly Drave ;) pp. 
 
 Driven. [Sax. drifan ; Goth, drciban ; D. dryven ; G. 
 
 ireiben ; Sw. drifra ; Dan. driver ; also Sax. dryfan, to 
 
 vex ; adrifun, to drive. From the German we Inive 
 
 thrive. See Ar. (_J^Ja tarafa, to drive. ClaSs Rb, 
 
 No. 2!), and Heb. Syr. Ar. aii, id. No. 4.] 
 
 1. To impel or urge forward by force ; to force ; to 
 move by physical force. We drive a nail into wood 
 with a hammer ; the wind or a current drives a shiji 
 on the ocean. 
 
 2. To compel or urge forward by other means than 
 absolute physical force, or by means that compel the 
 will ; as, to drive cattle to market ; a smoke drives 
 company from the room ; a man may be driven, by 
 the necessities of the times, to abandon his country. 
 
 Drive thy business ; let not thy business driue Uiee. Franklin. 
 
 3. To chase ; to hunt. 
 
 To drioe Uie lieer with hound ,ind horn. Chevy Chase. 
 
 4. To impel a team of horses or oxen to move for- 
 ward, and to direct their course ; hence, to guide or 
 regulate the course of the carriage driven by them. 
 \Vc say, to drive a team, or to drive a carriage drawn 
 by a team. 
 
 .5. To take on a drive or in a carriage ; as, to drive 
 a person to his door. 
 (>. 'I'o impel to greater speed. 
 
 7. To clear any place by forcing away what is 
 in it. 
 
 To ffrire the country, force the iwaiua nway. Dryden, 
 
 8. To force ; to compel ; in a general sense. 
 
 y. To hurry on inconsiderattdy ; often with on. In 
 this si nse, it is more generally intransitive. 
 
 10. To di.'ilress ; to straiten ; as, desperate men far 
 driven. Spenser. 
 
 11. To impel by the influence of passion. Anger 
 and lust often drive men into gross crimes. 
 
 12. To urge ; to press ; as, to drive an argument. 
 
 13. 'i'o impel by moral iiifliieucc ; to coin|ii l ; as, 
 the reasoning of his opponent drove him to aclinowl- 
 edge his error. 
 
 14. To carr>' on ; to iirosecute ; to keeji in motion ; 
 as, to drive a trade ; to drive business. 
 
 15. 'l"o drive featliers or down, is to place them in 
 a machine which, by a current of air, drives off the 
 lightest to one end, and collects them by them 
 selves. 
 
 His tlirice driven bed of down. ShiiJi 
 
 To drive away ; to force to remove to a disumce ; to 
 expel ; to dispel ; to scatter. 
 
 To drive off; to compel to remove from a place , to 
 expel ; to drive to a distance 
 
 To drive out ; to expet 
 DRIVE, V. i. To be forced along ; to be impelled ; to 
 be moved by any physical force or agent ; as, a ship 
 drives before the wind. 
 
 2. To rush and press with violence ; as, a storm 
 drives against the house. , 
 
 Fierce Boreas drove .i^aiust his flying wils. Dryden. 
 
 3. To pass in a carriage ; as, he drove to London. 
 This phrase is elliptical. He drove his horses or car- 
 riage to Lonilon. 
 
 4. To aim at or tend to ; to urge toward a point ; 
 to make an effort to reach or obtain ; as, we know 
 the end the author is driving at. 
 
 5. To aim a blow ; to strike at with force. 
 
 Four ro jui's iu buclirani let drive at me. SJiak. 
 Drive, iu all its senses, implies forcible or violent 
 action. It is opposed to lead. To drive a body, is to 
 move it by applying a force b^^hind ; to lead, is to 
 cause to move by applying the force before, or for- 
 wani of the body. 
 
 DRIVE, n. An excursion in a carriage, for exercise or 
 pleasure. In England, it is distinguished from a 
 ride, which is taken on horseback. 
 
 DRIV'JEL, (driv'l,) v. i. [from the root of drip.] 
 
 1. To slaver , to let spittle drop or flow I'rom the 
 mouth, like a cliild, idiot, or tlotard. Sidney. Greic. 
 
 2. To be weak or foolish ; to dote ; as, a driveling 
 hero ; driveling love. Shak. Dryden. 
 
 DRIV''£L, 71. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. A driveler ; a fool ; an idiot. [JVot itscrf.] Sidnev. 
 
 DRIVEL ER, (driv'l-er,) ii. A slaverer ; a slabbcrer ; 
 an idiot ; a fool. i Su-ijt. 
 
 DU1V'£L-I.\G, ppr. or a. Slavering ; foolish. 
 
 DRI V'EL-ING, (driv'l-iiig,) 71. A course of weak, 
 ctintemptibli-' action or conduct. 
 
 DRIV'£N, (driv'n,) pp. [from drive.] Urged for- 
 ward by torce ; impelled to move ; constrained by 
 necessity. 
 
 DRIV'ER, 71. One who drives ; the person or thing 
 that urges or compi ls any thing else to move. 
 
 2. The person who drives beasts. 
 
 3. The jierson who drives a carriage ; one who 
 conducts a team. 
 
 4. A large sail occasionally set on the mi/.zen-yard 
 or gaff, the foot being extended over the stern by a 
 boom. Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. In machinery, that which communicates motion 
 to something else, as a wheel ; used, also, in compo- 
 sition, as in screw-driver. 
 
 6. A substance interposed between the driving 
 instrument and the thing driven. A cooiier drives 
 hoops by striking upon the driver. 
 
 DRIVING, ;);ir. Urging forward by force ; impelling; 
 
 taking a drive. 
 DRIVING, a. Having great force of impulse; as, a 
 
 driving wind or storm. 
 DRIVING, 71. The act of impelling. 
 2. Tendency. 
 
 DRIZ'ZLE, V. i. [G. ricseln. The sense is probably 
 to sprinkle, or to scatter. Qu. L. ros, dew, and Fr. 
 
 arroscr. See Heb. Ch. cn, Ar. r<i,«sa. Class 
 
 Rs, No. le, 28.] 
 
 To rain in small drops ; to fall, as water from the 
 clouds, in very fine particles. We say, it drizzles; 
 driz:lin<r drops ; dri-.ding rain ; drizzling tears. 
 
 Jiddison. 
 
 DRIZ'ZLE, V. t. To shed in small drops or particles. 
 
 Tlie air doth drizzle dew. .sV.n*. 
 ■ Winter's drizzled snow. .'ilioJc. 
 DRIZ'ZLEn, (ilri/.'ld,) pp. Shed or thrown down in 
 
 small drops or particles. 
 DRIZ'ZLING, ppr. or a. Falling in fine drops or par- 
 
 tirU s; shedding in sm.all drojis or parlirle.s. 
 DRIZ'ZLI.Vc;, 71. The falling of rain ol- snow in 
 small drops. 
 
 DIUZ'ZLV, a. Shedding small rain, or small particles 
 of snow. 
 
 The winter's drizzly Tr^'vrn. Drylen. 
 
 DROCK, 71. Part of a plow, (/.urn/.] 
 DROtJ'iM.V.V and DROCi'OM AN. Si e I)ba<:oman. 
 DROIL, i>. 1. (I), druihn, to lumie.] 
 
 To work sluggishly or slowly ; to ploil. [Xot much 
 
 used.] Spenser. 
 DROIL, 71. A mope ; a drone ; a sluggard ; a drudge. 
 
 [ l.iltle used. ] 
 
 DROIT, 71. [Fr.] Right ; the law ; title ; fee ; privi- 
 lege. Also, in finance, duty ; custom. 
 'J. a. Straight ; riglit. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRBY PINE, MARKNE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
DRO 
 
 DRO 
 
 DRO 
 
 DROLL, a. [Fr. drule ; G. Urulli'r; D. id. ; Sw. troU, a 
 satj ri troUa, tu use magic arts, to enchant. Uu. its 
 alliance to ruU, lroH.'[ 
 Odd ; merry ; facetious ; comical j as, a droll 
 
 DRoLL, 71. One whose occupation or practice is to 
 raise niirtli by odd tricks; a jester; a huObon. Prior. 
 
 2. .\ farce ; something exJiibited to raise mirth or 
 sport. Swifi. 
 
 nUoI.l^, f. i. To jest ; to play the buffoon. Suulh. 
 
 DUOLL, c. (. To cheat. L'Exlransr. 
 
 UUdl.lj'KR, n. A jester ; a buffoon. Olanvillr. 
 
 UlloLL'EK-Y, n. Sportive tricks; buffoonery; com- 
 ical stories ; gestures, manners, or talcs, adapted to 
 raise mirth. 
 
 2. A pup|)et-shovv. Shak. 
 I)ItoLL'l.\(i, »i. Low wit; buffooneiy. 
 KISOLL'INC-LY, aUij. In a jesting manner. 
 DUoLL'lt!!!, a. Somewhat droll. 
 UltOM'li UA-RY, (druni'e-der-ry,) n. [Fr. dromadaire ; 
 
 Sp. drumcdario : Port, and It. irf. ; Ir. droman; Gr. 
 
 ^uo/jai ; Iroin swiftness, running, Gr. /^oo/c?, cdoufiov^ 
 
 doc/iw. This explanation supposes the word to be of 
 
 Greek origin.] 
 
 1. .\ species of camel, called, also, the .Arabian 
 camel, with one bunch or protuberance on the back, 
 in distinction from the Barlrian camel, which has 
 
 2. Any cpiick traveling camel. [two bunches. 
 ORONI", It. [Sax. drane, dran ; G. droliiic, whence 
 
 driihnm, to tinkle, to shake, to tingle. See Ar. Nos. 
 * and 7, Class Ru.] 
 
 1. The male of the honey-bee. It is smaller than 
 the qiicen-bee, but larger than the working-bee. The 
 drones make no honey, but, atU'r living a few weeks, 
 they are killed or driven fre)iii the hive. Eiicyc. 
 
 Ileiice, 
 
 2. All idler ; a sluggard ; one who cams nothing 
 by industry. Mdison. 
 
 3. A humming or low sound, or the instrument of 
 bumming. Milton. 
 
 4. The largest tube of the bagpijie, which emits 
 n continued deep note. 
 
 DRONE, V. i. To live in idleness ; as, a droning king. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 2. To give a low, heavy, dull sound ; as, the cym- 
 bal's droiiinir sound. Drijdcn. 
 
 DRo.NE'-FL?, n. A two-winged insect, resembling 
 the drone-bee. 
 
 DRo.\"l.\G, ppr. Living in idleness; giving a dull 
 sound. 
 
 DRf).N"l.\G, n. Dull, driveling utterancB. StcifL 
 
 DRON'lSll.a. Idle; sluggish; la/.y ; indolent; inac- 
 tive ; s.ow. Howe. 
 
 DRo.V'tSll-LY, adv. In a dronish manner. 
 
 UK0.\'IS11-NESS, n. State of being dronish. 
 
 DKUtJL, r. (. To drivel or- drop saliva. The word 
 which, according to llolloway, is provincial in Eng- 
 land, is a familiar nursery word in America; as, the 
 child drools. 
 
 DROOP, V. i. [Sax. drcpnn ; Ice. driupa. This word 
 is probably from the root of the L. lurpto, the letters 
 being transposed ; or from the root of drop, D. drui- 
 pen, to drip, drop, or droop. Indeed, all may be of 
 one family.] 
 
 1. To sinlc or hang down ; to lean downward, as 
 a body that is weak or languishing. Plants droop 
 for \\ aiit of moisture ; the huiiiaii body droops in old 
 age or infirmity. 
 
 2. 'J'o languish from grief or other cause. Sandys. 
 
 3. I'o fail or sink ; to decline ; as, the courage or 
 the spirits droop. 
 
 4. To faint ; to crow weak ; to bo dispirited ; as, 
 the sohliers droop from fatigue. 
 
 DROOP' KI), (drcxjpt,) ji/i. Languished; grown weak. 
 DKOOP'ING, ppr. or a. Sinking; hanging or leaning 
 
 downward ; declining ; languishing ; tailing. 
 DR001"ING-LY, adc. In a laitguishing manner. 
 DROP, n. [Sax. dropn, a drop ; dropian, to dro]) ; G. 
 
 tropfen ; U. drop ; Sw. droppc ; Dan. draabc Ueb. 
 
 iyi, Ar. i_jtE_) raafa, and Oji dharafa, to drop. 
 
 Class Rb, No. II. Heb. T>V' id.] 
 
 1. A small portion of any niiid in a spherical form, 
 which falls at once from any body, or a globule of 
 any fluid which is pendent, as if about to fall ; a 
 small portion of water falling in rain ; as, a drop of 
 water ; a drop of blood ; a drop of laudanum. 
 
 2. A diamond hanging from the ear ; an ear-ring ; 
 something banging in the form of a drop. 
 
 3. A very small quantity of liquor ; as, he had not 
 drank a drop. 
 
 4. The part of a gallows which sustains the crim- 
 inal before he is executed, and which is suddenly 
 dropped. 
 
 DROP, F. t. [Sax. dropian ; D. druipen ; G. trai'/rn or 
 tropfen ; Sw. drtfpa : Dan. drypper ; Riiss. krnpaim.\ 
 
 1. To pour or let fall in sniall portions or globules, 
 u a tluid ; to distil. 
 
 The h«Avciu BluUI drop down dew. — DcuU xxxiti. 
 
 2. To let fall, as any substance; as, to drop the oo- 
 cbor ; to drop a stone. 
 
 3 To let go ; to dismiss ; to lay aside ; to quit ; to 
 
 leave ; to permit to subside ; as, to drop an alfair ; to 
 droj^a controversy ; to drop a pursuit. 
 
 4. To utter slightly, briclly, or casually ; as, to 
 drop a word in favor of a frienil. 
 
 .5. To insert indirectly, incidentally, or by way of 
 digression ; as, to drop a word of instruction in a 
 letter. 
 
 6. To lay aside ; to dismiss from possession ; as, 
 to drop these frail bodies. 
 
 7. To leave ; as, to drop a letter at the post-office. 
 
 8. To set down and leave ; as, the coach dropped a 
 pa.sscngcr at the inn. 
 
 9. To quit ; to suffer to cease ; as, to drop an ac- 
 quaintance. 
 
 10. Tu let go; to dismiss from association ; as, to 
 drop a comjianion. 
 
 11. To suffer to end or come to nothing; as, to 
 drop a fashion. 
 
 12. To bedrop ; to speckle ; to variegate, as if by 
 sprinkling with drops ; as, a coat dropped with gold. 
 
 13. To lower ; as, to drop the muzzle of a gun. 
 DROP, r. i. To distill ; to fall in small portions, glob- 
 ules, or drops, as a liquid. Water drops from the 
 clouds or from the eaves. 
 
 2. To let drops fall ; to discharge itself in drops. 
 Tlie heavens dropped at Uic preiciicc of GoJ. — Ps. Ixviii. 
 
 3. To fall ; to descend suddenly or abruptly. 
 
 4. To fall spontaneously ; as, ripe fruit drops from 
 a tree. 
 
 .■j. To die, or to die suddenly. We see one friend 
 after another dropping round us. They drop into the 
 grave. 
 
 C. To come to an end ; to cease ; to be neglected 
 and come to nothing ; as, the affair dropped, 
 
 7. To come unexpectedly ; with in or into; as, my 
 old friend dropped in, a moment. 
 
 8. To fall sliort of a mark. [JVut usual.'] 
 
 Oflf;ii it drops or ovcrshoola. Collier. 
 
 9. To fall lower ; as, the point of the spear dropped 
 
 10. To be deep in extent. [a little. 
 Her main tops.iil drops aeventeen yanla. Mar, Diet. 
 
 To drop astern, in seamen's lanipia^c, is to pass or 
 move toward the stern ; to move back ; or to slacken 
 the velocity of a vessel, to let another pass beyond 
 her. 
 
 To drop down, in seamen^s lang^iaae, is to sail, 
 row, or move down a river, or toward the sea. 
 DROPS, n, pi. In medicine, a liquid remedy, the dose 
 of which is regulated by a certain number of drops. 
 
 Eneyc, 
 
 DROP'-SCeNE, n. In a theater, a curtain suspended 
 by pulleys, which descends or drops in front of the 
 stage. 
 
 DROP'-SE-RkNE', «. [jTiKa .terena.] A disease of 
 the eye ; amaurosis, or blindness (rom a diseased 
 retina. Milton, Coze. 
 
 DROP'-SToNE, ru Spar in the shape of drops. 
 
 IVoodward, 
 
 DROP'-\V0RT, (-wiirt,) n. The name of a plant, 
 the Spirtea Jilipcndula, 
 
 The hemlock dro[>-wort, and the water drop-wort, 
 are species of CEiiaiitlie. 
 
 DROP'I.ET, 71. A little drop. Shak, 
 
 UKOP'PKI), (dropt,) pp. Let fall ; distilled ; laid 
 a.side ; dismissed ; let go ; suffered to subside ; sprin- 
 kled or variegated. 
 
 DROP'PING, ppr, or a. F.allingin globules; distilling; 
 falling; laying aside; dismissing; quitting; suffer- 
 ing to rest or subside ; variegating with ornaments 
 like drops. 
 
 jj dropping fire, in military affairs, is a constant, 
 irregular discharge of small arms. 
 DROP'PLN'G, n. The art of dropping; a distilling; a 
 2. That which drops. [falling. 
 DROP'PING-LY, ado. In drops. 
 DROP'SI-CAL, a, [See DnopsT.] Diseased with 
 dropsy ; hydropical ; inclined to the dropsy ; applied 
 to persons, 
 
 2. Partaking of the nature of the dropsy ; applied 
 to di.ieaje, 
 
 DR0P'SI-1:D, (drop'sid,) a. Diseased with dropsy. 
 
 Sitai. 
 
 DROP'SY, Ji. [L. hydrops; Gr. vSpwxp, from Wwp, 
 water, and wt^, the face. Formerly written hydrop- 
 isy; whence, by contraction, dropsy.] 
 
 In mejicine, an unnatural collection of water, in 
 any part of the body, proceeding from a greater effu- 
 sion of scrum by the exhalent arteries, than the ab- 
 sorlieiits Like up. It occurs most frequently in per- 
 sons of lax habits, or in bodies debilitated by disease. 
 The dro|).sy takes different names, according to the 
 part affected ; as, ascites, or dropsy of the iibdonien ; 
 hydrocephalus, or watiT in the head ; anasarca, or a 
 watery swelling over the whole body, Slc. F-ncye. 
 
 DROS'kY, n. In Russia, a low, four-wheeled vehi- 
 cle, without a lop, consisting of a kind of long, nar- 
 row bench, on which the passengers ride as an a 
 saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. 
 
 Kneyc. of Dom. Eeon. 
 
 DRO-SO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. ipoaof, dew, and ^troui-, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the quantity of dew 
 on the surface of a body in the open air. 
 DROSS, n. [^ax. dros ; U. droci; G. druse, strangles, 
 glanders; D. droessem, G. drusen, dregs; perhaps 
 from rejecting or throwing olf.] 
 
 1. The recrement or despumation of metals ; the 
 scutn or extraneous matter of metals, thrown off in 
 the process of melting. 
 
 2. Rust ; crust of metals ; an incrustation formed 
 on metals by oxydation. Jiddison. 
 
 3. Waste matter ; refuse ; any worthless matter 
 separated from tlie better part ; impure matter. 
 
 I'lie worlj't l^lorjr U but drott unclean. Sptnter. 
 DROSS'I-NEPS, n. Foulness ; rust ; impurity ; a 
 
 state of being drossy. Boyle. 
 DROSS'LESS, a. Free from dross. Stecetis. 
 DUOSS'Y, a. Like dross ; pertaining to dross. 
 
 2, Full of dross ; abounding with scorious or rcc- 
 rementitious matter ; ns^ drossy gold. 
 
 3. Worthless; foul; impure. Donne, 
 DROTCII'EL, n. An idle wench ; a sluggard. [JVot 
 
 in use.] 
 
 DROUGHT, (drout.) 7i. [Contracted from Sax. dru- 
 
 £othe, D. droofrte, from drigan or dnj^an, to dry. (See 
 inv.) The spelling drouaht is after the Belgic dia- 
 lect ; but the regular wortf, drouth, or droioth, as writ- 
 ten in the tune of Bacon, is stiH considerably used.] 
 
 1. Dryness; want of rain or of water; particu- 
 larly, dryness of the weather, which affects the 
 earth, and prevents the growth of plants ; aridness ; 
 aridity. Temple. Bacon, 
 
 2. Dryness of the throat and mouth ; thirst ; want 
 of drink. Mtlton, 
 
 DROUGHT'I-NESS, v. A state of dryness of the 
 
 weather ; want of rain. 
 DROUGHT'Y, a. Dry, as the weather ; arid ; want 
 2. Thirsty ; dry ; wanting drink. [ing rain. 
 
 DROU.M'Y, o Troubled ; muddy. Same as Scottish 
 DnuMLV. [Ofrs.] Bacon. 
 Chaucer has Diiow. 
 DROUTH, 71. Dry weather. 
 
 2. Thirst. [This was the original word, and is still 
 used in Scotland, and, to a considerable extent, in 
 America.] 
 
 DROUTH'I-NESS, 7!. Dryness; thirst. 
 DROUTH'Y, a. Dry ; thirsty ; as, " When drouthy 
 
 neebors neebors meet." Burns. 
 DROVE, pre*, of Drive. 
 DROVE, n. [Sax. drof; from driee.] 
 
 1. A collection of cattle driven ; a number of ani- 
 mals, as oxen, sheep, of swine, driven in a body. 
 VVe speak of a herd of cattle, and a flock of sheep, 
 when a number is collected ; but properly, a drove is 
 a herd or Hock driven. It is applicable to any species 
 of brutes. Hence, 
 
 2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or 
 driving forward ; as, a finny drove. Milton. 
 
 3. A crowd of people in motion. 
 
 Where droves, as at a city pue, may p-tss. Drydin. 
 
 4. .\ road for driving cattle. [Englislu] 
 DROVER, n. One who drives cattle or sheep to mar- 
 ket. Usually, a man who makes it his business to 
 purchase fat cattle, and drive them to market. 
 
 2. A boat driven by the tide. Spenser. 
 DROWN, V. t. [Dan. drugner; Sw. drdnckia ; Sax. 
 adrenean, to drown, to drench ; from the root of drench 
 and drink,] 
 
 1. Literally, to over\vlieIm in water; and appropri- 
 ately, to extinguish life by immersion in w.ater or 
 other fluid ; applied to animals ; also, to suspend ani- 
 mation by submersion. 
 
 2. To overwhelm in water ; as, to rfroirn weeds. 
 
 3. To overflow ; to deluge ; to inundate ; as, to 
 droxcn land. 
 
 4. To immerse ; to plunge and lose ; to overwhelm ; 
 as, to drown one's self in sensual ple:isure. 
 
 5. To overwhelm ; to overpower. 
 
 My prtralc «cicc is droiened amid Uie senate. Addison, 
 
 DROW.N', V, i. To be suffocated in water or other 
 fluid ; to perish in water. 
 
 Mcthous^ht wtiat p.\in it was to draan. Shak, 
 
 DROWN'£D, pp. or a. Deprived of life by immer- 
 sion in a fluid ; overflowed ; inundated ; over- 
 whelmed. 
 
 DROWN'ER, n. He or that which drowns. 
 DROW.N'ING, vpr. Destroying life by submersion in 
 
 a liquid; overrtowing ; overwhelming. 
 DKOWN'I.NG, a. Perishing in water ; as, a drowning 
 DROWSE, (ilrowz,) r. i. [Old Belgic, drooscn.l [man. 
 
 1. To sleep ini|>erfectly or unsoundly ; to slumber ; 
 to be heavy with sleepiness. MUton. 
 
 2. To look heavy ; to be hea\-y or dull. 
 DROWSE, v.f. 7'o make heavy with sleep ; to make 
 
 dull or stupid. Mdton, 
 DROWS'I-HED, n. Sleepines-s. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 DKOVVS'I-LV, ado. Sleepily ; heavily ; in a dull, 
 slei.py manner. Dryden. 
 2. Sluggishly ; idly ; slothfully ; lazily. Hnlcg'i. 
 DROWS'l-NESS, «. Sleepiness ; heaviness with 
 sleeji ; disp<isition to sleep. MiUon. Loek&. 
 
 2. Sluggishness ; slolJl ; idleness ; inactivity. 
 
 Baton, 
 
 TONE, BtjLL, UNITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS 
 
 47 
 
DRV 
 
 DRU 
 
 DRY 
 
 UROWS'Y, a. Inclined to sleep ; sleepy ; heavy 
 with sleepiness ; letliargic ; comatose. Dnjden. 
 ■2. Dull ; sluggish ; stupid. jStterbury. 
 3. Disposing to sleep ; lulling ; as, a drowsy couch. 
 DROVVS'Y-HEAD'ED, (drowz'e-hed'ed,) a. Heavy ; 
 
 having a sluggish disposition. FoOierhy, 
 DRUB, (. Ciiw. draliba, to touch, hit, beat ; trdffa, 
 to liit, toucli, re.tch, find ; Dan. dricbcr, to kill ; 
 treffer, to hit ; G. D. Ircffen : Gr. rpi/iui, to beat ; Sax. 
 trihulan, Irifdan ; It. trebbiare ; L. tribula ; allied 
 probably to throb. These words seem to be from the 
 same root as the French trouver, to find, that is, to 
 hit, to strike on, and attraper and frapper. Eng. to 
 rap. But perhaps there may be two different roots. 
 See Class Kb, No. 4, 28, 29, 37, 39. Drubbmg is a 
 particular form of dricinff.] 
 To beat with a stick j to thrash ; to cudgel. 
 The liiUe tiiief liad been soundly drubbed wilh a cudgel. 
 
 L'Eslrange. 
 
 DRUB, n. A blow with a stick or cudgel ; a thump ; 
 
 a knock. Addison. 
 DRUH'lii^D, pp. Beat with a cudgel; beat soundly. 
 DRUB'BI.VG, j)pr. Beating with a cudgel ; beating 
 
 soundly. 
 
 DRUB'BING, 71. A cudgeling; a sound beating. 
 DRUDOE, (druj,) V. i. [Scot, drug; to dra-r, to tug, to 
 
 pull with force ; whence drugsrare, drudging ; Ice. 
 
 droogur, a drawer or carrier; Ir. drugaire, a drudge 
 
 or slave. This seems to be a dialectical form of 
 
 drag., rfrflio.] 
 
 1 o work hard ; to labor in mean offices ; to labor 
 with toil and fatigue. 
 
 In merriment did drudge and labor, Hudibras. 
 DRUDGE, n. One who works hard, or labors with 
 toil and fatigue ; one who labors hard in servile em- 
 jilovinents ; a slave. Milton. 
 DRUDG'ER, n. A drudge. 
 
 Q. A drudging box. [See Dredging-Box.] 
 DRUDG'ER-Y, «. Hard labor; toilsome work ; igno- 
 ble toil ; hard work in servile occupations. 
 
 Piu-adise was a place of bliss — without drudgery or sorrow. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 DRUDG'ING, ppr. Laboring hard ; toiling. 
 DRUDG'ING-BOX. See Dredging-Box. 
 DRUDG'ING-LY, adc. With labor and fatigue; la- 
 boriously. 
 
 DRUG, 71. [Fr. drogue ; Arm. drogiierezou ,* Sp. Port, 
 and It, droga. In Dulcli, droogery is a drug and a 
 drying place, so that drug is a dry substance, and 
 from the root of dry. Junius supposes it to have 
 signified, originally, spices or aromatic plants. See 
 the verb to Dry,] 
 
 1. The general name of substances used in medi- 
 cine, sold by the druggist, and compounded by 
 apothecaries and physicians ; any substance, vegeta- 
 blei animal, or mineral, which is used in the composi- 
 tion or preparation of medicines. It is also applied 
 to dyeing materials. 
 
 2. Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not 
 salable ; an article of slow sale, or in no deir:and in 
 tlie market 
 
 3. A mortal dru^^ or a deadly drug^ is poison. 
 
 4. A drudge. [Scot, drug.] Sliali. 
 DRUG, V. i. To prescribe or administer drugs or med- 
 icines. B. Jonson. 
 
 DRUG, V. t. To season with drugs or ingredients. 
 
 S/tak. 
 
 2, To tincture with something offensive. 
 
 3. To dose to excess with drugs or medicines. 
 DRUG-D.\.MN' ji'D, a. Condemned and detested for 
 
 its drugs or poisons ; ns^ drug-damned lV,i\y. Shak, 
 DRUG'G/SI), pp. or a. Seasoned with drugs. 
 
 2. Dosed with ilriigs. 
 
 3. Tinctured with something offensive. 
 DRUG'GER, 71. A druggist. [A'ot iLsed.] Burton. 
 DRUG'GET, 71. [Ft.droguet; Bp.droguete; It. dra- 
 ff hetto.] 
 
 A coarse woolen cloth, thick and strong, stamped 
 on one side with figures, and used as a covering and 
 protection for carpets. 
 
 DRUG'GING, ppr. Seasoning with ingredients. 
 2. Tincturing with offensive matter. 
 
 DRUG'GIST, n. [Fr, droguislr.; Sp. drognero; It. 
 droghiere, from drug.] 
 
 One who deals in drugs ; properly, one whose oc- 
 cupation is merely to buy and sell drugs, without 
 compounding or preparation. In America, the same 
 person often carries on the business of the druggist 
 and the apothecary. 
 
 DKIK;'STER, 71. A dniggist. [JVotused.] Boyle. 
 
 DRO'ID, ;i. [Ir. draoi, formerly drui, a magician, a 
 Druid ; pi. draoithr , Sax. dm, a magician ; VV'. dermyi, 
 (dcriryth,) which Owen siipposcs to be a compound 
 <\(dar, dcrw, an oak, and g^riyi, knowledge, presence. 
 The Welsh derivation accords witb that of Pliny, 
 who HupiMiHes the DniidHwere so called because they 
 freipicnted or inxtriicUMl in the forest, or sacrificed 
 under an oak. Hut Borne uncertainty resto on this 
 siibjert.] 
 
 A jirieHt or miniiiter of religion, among the ancient 
 Celtic nationn in (Jaul, Britain, and (Jermany. The 
 druids [lOHKOMHed Home knowledge of geomi'lry, nat- 
 ural philosophy, &.C., ■uperintcniled the alTuira uf re- 
 
 ligion and morality, and performed the office of 
 judges. OiocH. Encxjc. 
 
 DRC ID-ESS, 71. A female Druid. 
 
 DRU-ID'le' AL i Pertaining to the Druids. 
 
 DRO'ID-ISH, a. Pertaining to or like Druids. 
 
 DRO'ID-ISM, 71. The system of reliaion, philosophy, 
 and instruction taught by the Druids, or their doc- 
 trines, rites, and ceremonies. 
 
 Wliitaker. Christ. Observer. 
 
 DRUM, 71. [D. trom, trommel; G. trommel; Sw. trum- 
 ma ; Dan. tromme ; Ir. drnma ; probably from its 
 sound, and the root of rumble, Gr. jiptpu), L. fremo. 
 See Class Rm, No. 10, 11.] 
 
 1. A marlial instrument of music, in form of a 
 hollow cylinder, and covered at the ends with 
 vellum, which is stretched or slackened at pleasure. 
 
 2. In machinery, a sliort cylinder revolving on an 
 axis, generally for the purpose of turning several 
 small wheels, by means of straps passing round its 
 periphery. Cyc. 
 
 3. The drum of Hie ear, the tympanum, or barrel of 
 the ear ; the hollow part of the ear, behind the mem- 
 brane of the tympanum. The latter is a tense mem- 
 brane, which closes the external passage of the ear, 
 and receives the vil)rations of the air. ' Hooper. 
 
 4. A quantity packed in the form of a drum ; as, a 
 drum of figs. 
 
 5. Sheet-iron in the shape of a drum, to receive 
 heat from a stove-pipe. 
 
 6. In architecture, the upright part of a cupola cither 
 above or below a dome. 
 
 DRUM, t\ i. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or 
 play a tune on a drum. 
 
 2, To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks ; 
 to beat with a rapid succession of strokes ; as, to 
 drum on the table. 
 
 3. To beat, as the heart. Dryden. 
 To drum up ; literally, to gather or collect by 
 
 goinjround with a drum ; or, figm itivchj, by infiu- 
 eiice and exertion ; as, to drum up for recruits, &c. 
 DRUM, V. t. To expel with beat of drum. [Military 
 phrase.] 
 
 DRUM'BLE,!). To drone ; to be sluggish. [JVot in 
 use.] Shak. 
 
 DRUM'-FISH, 71. A fish found on the coast of North 
 
 DRUM'LY, a. [W. trom, heavy.] [America. 
 Turbid ; muddy. [Aot iii use.] 
 
 DRUM'-Ma-JOR, 71. The cliief or first drummer of a 
 regiment. 
 
 DRUM'-MaK-ER, ji. One who makes drums. 
 DRUM'MER, 71. One whose office is to beat the drum, 
 
 in military exercises and marching ; one who drums. 
 DRUM'MING, pjir. Beating a drum; e.xpelling with 
 
 beat of drum. 
 
 DRUM'MOND-LIGHT, (lite,) n. [from Lieut. JJrum- 
 jnond.] A very intense light, produced by turning 
 two streams of gas, one oxygen, and the other hy- 
 drogen, in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime, 
 
 DRU.M'STICK, 71, The stick with which a drum is 
 beaten, or shaped for the purpose of beating a drum, 
 
 DRUNK, a, [from drunken. See Drink,] Intoxica- 
 ted ; inebriated ; overwhelmed or overpowered by 
 spirituous liquor ; stupefied or inflamed by the action 
 of spirit on the stomach and brain. It is brutish to 
 be drunk. 
 
 Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess. St'. Paul. 
 2. Drenched or saturated with moisture or liquor. 
 
 I will make my arrows drunk with blood. —Deut. xxxii. 
 JVote. — Drunk was formerly used as the participle 
 o( drink ; as, he had drunk wine. But in modern 
 usage, drank has tjtken its place ; and drunk is now 
 used chiefly as an adjective. 
 DRUNK'ARD, 7i, One given to cbriety, or an exces- 
 sive use of strong liquor; a person who habitually or 
 frequently is drunk. 
 
 A drunkard and a jlutton shall come to poverty, — Prov. xxiii. 
 
 DRUNK'/^N, (drunk'n,) a. [Participle of Drink, but 
 now used chiefly as an adjective, and often contract- 
 ed to Dkunk.] 
 
 1, Intoxicated ; inebriated with strong liquor, 
 
 2, Given to drunkenness ; as, a drunken butler, 
 
 3, Saturated with liquor or moisture; drenched. 
 
 Let the earth be drunken willi our blood, Shak. 
 4. Proceeding from intoxication ; done in a state 
 of drunkenness ; as, a drunken quarrel. Swift. 
 
 A drunken slaughter. ShaJi. 
 DRUNK'£N-LY, adv. In a drunken manner, [Little 
 used.] Shale. 
 
 DRUNK'KN-NESS, 71, Intoxication ; inebri.ition ; a 
 state in which a person is overwhelmed or over- 
 j)Owered with spirituous liquors, so that his reason is 
 disordered, and he more commonly reels or staggers 
 in walking. Drunkenness renders some persons 
 stupid, others gay, others sullen, others furious. 
 
 Let US widk honestly, as In tho day ; not in rioting and ilrunk- 
 eniieet. St. Paul. 
 
 2, Habitual cbriety or intoxication. Jfatt.?. 
 
 3, Disorder of the faculties, resembling intoxica- 
 tion by liquoru ; inflammation ; frenzy ; rage, 
 
 Piusion Is the drunkenneee ut the tnlnd. Spenair. 
 
 DRU-PS'CEOUS, a. Producing drupes ; as, drupa- 
 ceous trees. 
 
 2. Pertaining to drupes; or consisting of drupes; 
 aSj drupaceous fruit. Asiat. Researches. 
 
 DRuPE, 71. [L. drupiB, Gr. SpvTrennt, olives ready to 
 fall ; Gr. fpvi, a tree, and irinrw, to fall.] 
 
 In botany, a pulpy pericarp or fruit, without valves, 
 containing a nut or stone with a kernel ; as the plum, 
 cherry, apricot, peach, almond, olive, &.c. Marlyn. 
 DRuSE, 71. [G. druse, a gland, glanders.] 
 
 Among miners, a cavity in a rock, having its inte- 
 rior surface studded with crystals, or filled with 
 water. 
 
 DRu'SY, j a. Covered with a iMge number of mi- 
 DROS'£D, j nute crystals, 
 
 DRY, a, [S:ix. dri,drig,vr dryg ; D.droog; G.trocken. 
 See the verb,] 
 
 1, Destitute of moisture ; free from water or wet- 
 ness ; arid ; not moist ; as, dry land ; dry clothes, 
 
 2, Not rainy ; free from rain or mist ; as, dry 
 weather ; a dry March or April, 
 
 3, Not juicy; free from juice, sap, or aqueous mat- 
 ter ; not green ; as, dry wood ; dry stubble ; dry hay ; 
 dry leaves, 
 
 4, Without tears ; as, dry eyes ; dry mourning. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5, Not giving milk ; aSj the cow is dry. 
 
 6, Thirsty ; craving drink, 
 
 7, Barren ; jejune ; plain ; unembellished ; desti- 
 tute of pathos, or of that which amuses and inter- 
 ests ; as, a dry style ; a dnj subject ; a dry discussic^, 
 
 8, Severe ; sarcastic; wiping; as, a dry remark or 
 repartee ; a dry rub, Goodman. 
 
 9, Severe ; wiping; as, a dry blow ; a dry basting. 
 [See the verb, which signifies, properly, to wipe, rub, 
 scour.] Bacon. 
 
 10, In painting and sculpture, a term applied to a 
 sharp, frigid preciseness of execution, or the want of 
 a delicate contour in form, and of easy transition in 
 coloring. Jocelyn. 
 
 Dry goods ; in commerce, cloths, stuffs, silks, laces, 
 ribbons, &c,, in distinction from groceries. 
 
 Dry wines, are those in which the saccharine mat- 
 ter and the ferment are so exactly balanced, tliat they 
 have mutually decomposed each other, and no sweet- 
 ness is perceptible. They are opposed to the sweet 
 wines, in winch the saccharine matter is in excess. 
 The dry wines are considered as the most perfect 
 class, and such are the best Burgundy and Port. 
 
 Encyc. Dom. Econ. 
 DRV, V. t. [Sax, drigan^ adrigan, or drygan, adrygan, 
 adriintan, gcdrigun ; D. droogen ; G. trocknen, to dry, 
 to wipe ; Gr. rpvyco; L. tergo, tergeo ; Fr. torchcr; 
 Sw. iorcka. The German has also diirr, Sw. torr, 
 Dan liir; but these seem to be connected with L. 
 torreo, Russ. obterayu or oterayu. Class Dr. Wheth- 
 er drigan and dry are derivatives of that root, or be- 
 long to Class Rg, the root of rake, is not certain. 
 See Drv, Class Rg. The primary sense is to wipe, 
 rub, scour.] 
 
 1. To free from water, or from moisture of any 
 kind, and by any means ; originally by wiping; as, 
 to dry the eyes ; to exsiccate. 
 
 2. To deprive of moisture by evaporation or ex- 
 halation ; as, the sun dries a cloth ; wind dries the 
 eartli. 
 
 3. To deprive of moisture by exposure to the sun 
 or open air. We dry cloth in the sun, 
 
 4. To deprive of natural juice, sap, or greenness; 
 as, to dry hay or plants. 
 
 5. To scorch or jiarch with thirst ; with up. 
 
 Their honorable men are famished, and their multitude dried up 
 with thirst. — Isa. v, 
 
 6. To deprive of water by draining ; to drain ; to 
 exhaust ; as, to dry a meadow. 
 
 To dry up ; to deprive wholly of water, 
 DRV, V. i. To grow dry ; to lose moisture ; to become 
 free from moisture or juice. The road dries fast in a 
 clear, windy day ; hay will dry sufficiently in two 
 days. 
 
 2. To evaporate wholly ; to be exhaled ; sometimes 
 with up ; as, the stream dries or dries up. 
 DR?'A1), 71. [L. dryades, pi., from Gr. <)/)«{, a tree,] 
 In wytliology, a deity or nymph of the woods; a 
 nymi)li sujiposcd to preside over woods. 
 DRt'-BoN-i-'D, a. Having dry bones, or without 
 flesh, 
 
 DRV'KD, (dride,) pp. of Dry, [See Dried,] 
 
 DUVEIl, 71, He or that which dries ; that which ex- 
 hausts of moisture or greenness. 
 
 DRV'E?-A;D, (-Ide,) o. Not having tears in the eyes, 
 
 DRV'I'WT, 71. A dry vat or basket. 
 
 DR?'I'"QOT, H. A dog that pursues game by the scent 
 of the foot. Shak. 
 
 DR V'ING, ;>;ir. Expelling or losing moisture, sap, or 
 greenness. 
 
 DR?'ING, a. Adapted to exhaust moisture ; as, a 
 drying wind or day, 
 
 2, Funning a vesicle over tlie surface, and becom- 
 ing hard ; as, drying oil, 
 
 DRV'ING,7i. The' act or process of depriving of moist- 
 ure or grcrnness. 
 
 DR?'1N(;-01L, 71. A term applied to linseed oil and 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 370 
 
DUB 
 
 other oils, wliicli liave been healed with oxyil of 
 li-.-ul, 'iiul thus prepared to hnrd(>n. Brande. 
 DKV'I.V, wiv. Without moisture. 
 
 2. Coldly ; frigidly ; without aflcction. Bacon. 
 
 3. Severely ; s.irciistically. 
 
 4. Barrenly; without einbcllishment ; without any 
 thini; to enliven, enrich, or entertain. Pope. 
 
 DU?'NESS, IT. Destitution of moisture; want of 
 water or other fluid j siccity ; aridity ; aridness ; as, 
 the tlryness of a soil ; dryness of the road. 
 
 2. \Vant of rain ; as, dryness of weather. 
 
 3. Want of juice or succulence ; as, dryness of the 
 bones or fibers. .^rbuUmot. 
 
 4. Want of succulence or greenness ; as, tlie dry- 
 ness of hay or corn. 
 
 5. liarrenncss ; jejuneness ; want of ornament or 
 pathos; want of that which enlivens and entertains; 
 as, the dryness of stylu or e.xpression ; the dryness of 
 a subject 
 
 (). Want of feeling or sensibility in devotion ; 
 want of ardor ; as, dryness of spirit. Taylor. 
 
 DRV-Nl'RSE, n. A nurse who attends and feeds a 
 child without the breast. 
 •J. One who attends another in sickness. 
 
 DRY'-NURSE, v. t. To feed, attend, and bring up, 
 wiiliout the breast. Jludibras. 
 
 DRV'-ROT, n. A rapid decay of timber, by which its 
 substance is converted into a dry powder, which is- 
 sues from minute tubular cavities, resembling the 
 borings of worms. Hebext. 
 
 DR V-UUB, r. t. To rub and cleanse without wetting. 
 
 Dodsley^s Pveins. 
 
 DRV'-RUn-BED, pp. Cleaned without wetting. 
 
 DR?'-RUH-BING, ppr. Cleaning without wetting. 
 
 DR?-SALT'ER, ?i. A dealer in salted or dry meats, 
 pickles, sauces, &c. Fordyce. 
 
 DR9-SALT'ER-Y, n. The articles kept by a dry- 
 salter ; the business of a dry-salter. 
 
 DRY'SIIOl), a. Without wetting the feet. Is.x\.\5. 
 
 DR?'-SToVE, n. A stove or structure for containing 
 the plaiibi of dry, arid climates. 
 
 DRY'VAT, ?i. A basket or other vessel not holding 
 
 DO'.AI), II. Union of two. [water. 
 
 DC'AL, a. [L. dualis, from duo, two.] 
 
 Expressing the number two ; as, the dual number 
 in Greek. 
 
 DU'AL-IS.M, n. [Supra.] The doctrine of two Gods, 
 a good and an evil one ; manichcism. Jilunlock. 
 
 Dp'AL-IST, ?i. One who holds the doctrine of dual- 
 ism. 
 
 DU-AL-tST'ie, a. Consisting of two. The dualistic 
 system of Anaxagoras and Plato taught that there 
 are two principles in nature, one active, the other 
 passive. KnfieUt. 
 
 DU-AL'I-TY, n. That which e.xpresses two in num- 
 ber. ., Jfates. 
 
 2. Division ; seonmtion! Davics. 
 
 3. The state or quality of being two. Uuylcy. 
 DO'AR CHY, «. [Gr. du- and aoxn-] 
 
 Government by two persons. 
 DUB, V. t. [Sax. dubban : coinciding with Gr. TUTro), 
 and Eng. tap. Class Db.] 
 LiteraUyj to strike, lience, 
 
 1. To strike a blow with a sword, and make a 
 knight. 
 
 S"* cyng — dubbmU hi* #unij Henric to ridert. 
 The kiiig duljUd Uu luii Uenry n hiiiehl. 
 
 ikix. Oiron. An. lOSS. 
 
 2. To confer any dignity or new character. 
 
 A man of wraith is dubbtd a man of worth. Pop«. 
 
 3. To cut down or reduce with an adze ; as, to 
 dub a stick of timber. Tollen. 
 
 To dub out ; among plasUrerSy to bring out an even 
 surface to a level plane, by pieces of wood, Ilc. 
 
 DUB, V. i. To make a tpiick noise. Beaum, 
 
 DUB, n. .\ blow, [/.iltle used.] Jludibras. 
 2. In Irish, a puddle. 
 
 DUB'B/.I), (dubd,) pp. Stnick ; made a knight 
 
 DUB'BER, n. A leathern vessel or bottle, used in 
 India, to hold ghee, oil, &c JiV (SuUoch, 
 
 DUB'BI.VG, ;>;ir. Striking; making a knight. 
 
 DUB'BI.NG-OUT, n. Among plaslrrrrs, the act of 
 bringing out an uneven surface to a level plane, by 
 pieces of wood, Sec. 
 
 DU-BI'E-TY, n. [See Doubt.] Doubtfulness. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Richardson, 
 
 DU-BI-O.'5'I-TY, n. A thing doubtful. Brovrn. 
 
 DO'BI-OUS, n. [L. dubius. Sec Doi-bt. The pri- 
 mary sense is probably to turn or to waver.) 
 
 1. Doubtful ; wavering or Hiictiiating in opinion ; 
 not settled ; not determined ; as, the mind is in a rfo- 
 bioiu state. 
 
 2. Uncertain ; that of which the truth is not as- 
 certained or known ; as, a duiioiM question. 
 
 3. Not clear ; not plain ; as, dubious lighU MiUon. 
 
 4. Of uncertain event or issue. 
 
 In duiiout MlUon. 
 
 DC'BI-OUS-LY, adr. Doubtfully ; uncertainly ; with- 
 out any drtennination. Svift. 
 
 DO'BI-OUS-NESS, n. Doubtfulness ; a state of wa- 
 vering and indecision of mind ; as, he siieaks w ith 
 dubwHsnejis. 
 
 2. l.rncertainty ; as, the (fii&n>u.w.<> of the question. 
 
 DUG 
 
 DO'BI-TA-BLE, <;. [h. dubito. Sec Doubt.] 
 
 Doubtful ; uncertain. [LtUle used.] But the de- 
 rivative indubitable is olten used. 
 DO'ltl-TA-BLY, ado. In a dubitahle manner. 
 DO'BI-TAi\-CY, n. Doubt; uncertainty. [LUOe 
 
 tts'Ct/.] 
 
 DU-BI-Ta'TION, n. [L. dubitatio, from dubito, to 
 doubt.] 
 
 The act of doubting ; doubt. [Littie used.] 
 
 Brown. Orew. 
 DO'BI-TA-TIVE, a. Tending to doubt. 
 DO'CAL, a. [Kr. Sp. and Port., from duke.] 
 
 Pertaining to a duke ; as, a ducal coronet. Johnson. 
 DUG' AT, n. [from rfuAc.] A coin of several countries 
 in Europe, struck in the dominions of a duke. It is 
 of silver or gold. The silver ducat is generally of 
 the value of four shillings and sixpence sterling, about 
 equal to an American dollar, or to a French crown, 
 and the gold ducat of twice the value Encyc. 
 DUe-A-TOOi\", H. f Fr. ducnlon ; Sp. id. ; from ducat.] 
 A silver coin. 'J iiat of Venice is worth about four 
 shillings and eight pence sterling, or 108 cents ; that 
 of Holland, about five shillings six pence sterling, 
 or 1'28 cents. Encyc. 
 DUCII'ESS, n. [Fr. duchesse, from due, duke.] 
 
 The consort or widow of a duke. ^Vlso, a lady 
 who has the sovereignty of a duchy. 
 DUCIl'V, II. [Fr. ducUc.] 
 
 The territory or dominions of a duke ; a dukedom ; 
 as, the duchy of Lancaster. Blaclcslone. 
 DUCIl'Y-eoURT, n. The court of the duchy of Lan- 
 caster, in England. 
 DUCK, n. [Sw. duli, a cloth ; Dan. duug ; G. tuch ; 
 U.doek; allied perhaps to L. to^a, and \otego, to 
 cover, or iero, to weave.] 
 
 .\ species of coarse cloth or light canvas, used for 
 small sails, sacking of beds, &c. 
 DUCK, n. [from the verb to duck.] A water fowl, 
 so called from its plunging. There are many spe- 
 cies or varieties of the duck, some wild, others tame. 
 
 2. An inclination of the iicad, resembling the mo- 
 tion of a duck in water. jMUlon. 
 
 3. To make ducks and drakes; to throw; a flat stone, 
 tile, &c., obliquely, so as to make it rebound repe.nt- 
 edly from the surface of water, raising a succession 
 of jets ; hence, to play at ducks and drakes, with prop- 
 erty, is to squander it foolishly and unprofitably. 
 
 Ijime duck. See Lame. [SnuirL 
 DUCK, II. [Dan. dukke, a baby or puppet.] 
 
 A word of endearment or fondness. Shak. 
 DUCK, K. t. [G. ducken,anii tauchcn ; D. dKiAcn, pret. 
 dook, to stoop, dive, plunge. Uu. Sax. tkeachan, to 
 wash, and its alliance to tiniro and dye. Class Dg.] 
 
 1. To dip or plunge in w.ater and suddenly with- 
 draw ; as, to duck a seaman. It differs from dive, 
 which signifies to plunge one's self, without imme- 
 diately emerging. 
 
 2. To plunge the head in water and immediately 
 withdraw it; as, duck the boy. 
 
 3. To how, sttiop, or notl. 
 
 DUCK, p. i. To plunge into water and immediately 
 withdraw; to dip ; to plunge the head in water or 
 otlier liquid. 
 
 In Tilier ducking ihricc hy break of day. Drydtn, 
 2. To drop the head suddenly ; to bow ; to cringe. 
 
 Duck with TrencU nodi. Shak. 
 
 DUCK'-BILL, n. An animal of New Holland, the 
 Ornithorj-nclnis, which see. 
 
 DUCK'-BILI^£D, a. Having a hill like a duck, an 
 epithet of the animal called Urnithnr}'nchus. 
 
 DUCK'ATI), (dukl,) pp. Plunged ; dipped in water. 
 
 DUCK'ER, II. A plunger ; a diver; a cringer. 
 
 DUCK'l.NG, p/)r. Plunging; thrusting suddenly into 
 water and withdrawing ; dipping. 
 
 DUCK'ING, n. The act of plunging or putting in wa- 
 ter and withdrawing. Ducking is a punishment of 
 olVenders in France ; and among English seamen, it 
 is a (lenally to which sailors are subject on piissing, 
 for tile first time, the ei]iiator or tropic. 
 
 DUCK'I.SG-STtiOL, ii. A stool or chair in which 
 common scolds were formerly tied and plunged into 
 water. Blacksttine. 
 
 DUCK'-LEG-GED, (duk'legd,) a. Having short legs, 
 like a duck. Drydcn. 
 
 DUCK'LI.VG, n. A young duck. Ray. 
 
 DUCK'-.MkAT, ) n. The popular name of several 
 
 DUCK'S'-.MeAT, ! species of Lcmna, plants grow- 
 ing in ditches and shallow water, and serving for 
 food for ducks and geese. 
 The starry duck's-meat is a species of Callitriche. 
 
 DUCK-OY'. See Decot. [Fam. of Plants. 
 
 DUCK'S'-FQQT, n. The popular n.amc of a plant, 
 the Podophyllum ; called also May-apple 
 
 Fain, of Plants. 
 
 DUCK'-WEED, n. The same as Duck-Meat. 
 
 DUCT, n. [L. ductus, from duco, to lead. See Duke.] 
 
 1. Any lube or canal by which a fluid or other sub- 
 stince is conducted or conveyed. It is particularly 
 used to denote the vessels of an animal body, by 
 which the blood, chyle, lymph, ic, are carried from 
 one part to another, and the vessels of plants in 
 which the sap is ccmveycd. 
 
 2. Guidance ; direction. [Ultie ised.] Hammond. 
 
 DUE 
 
 DUCTILE, ( til,) a. [L. duetilu, from duco, to lead.] 
 
 1. That may be led ; easy to be leilordrawn ; trac- 
 table; complying; obsequious; yielding to motives, 
 persuasion, or in.structiun ; as, the duclUe minds uf 
 youth ; a ductile people. Plulips. Addison, 
 
 2. Flexible; pliable. 
 
 The ductile rind, and leares of radiant gold. Dryden. 
 
 3. That may be drawn out into wire or threads. 
 Gold is the most ductile of the metals. 
 
 4. That may be extended by beating. 
 DUe'TII,E-LY, adv. In a ductile manner. 
 DUe'TILE-NESS, n. The quality of siitTering exten- 
 sion by drawing or percussion ; ductility. Donne. 
 
 DUC-TIL'I-TY, 71. The property of solid bodies, par- 
 ticularly metals, which renders them capable of be- 
 ing extended by drawing without breaking ; as, the 
 duclUily of gold, iron, or brass. 
 
 2. Flexibility ; obsequiousness ; a disposition of 
 mind that easily yields to motives or influence ; ready 
 compliance. Roscoe. 
 DUC'TIIRE, n. [L. duco.] 
 
 Guidance. [jVoI in use.] South. 
 DUD'DER, V. t. To deafen with noise ; to render the 
 
 head confused. Jennings. 
 DUDG'EOi\,(dud'jun,) 71. [G. degen.] 
 
 A sm.all dagger. Jludibras. 
 DUDe'EON, (dud'jun.) 71. [W. dyaen.] 
 
 Anger; resentment; malice; ill-will; discoril. 
 
 UF^-itrantje. JJudibras. 
 DUDS, 71. [Scot, dud, a rag ; duds, clothes, or old worn 
 clothes; D. t^id, a rag, qu. tozii; It. loizi, scra|>s. 
 Orose.] 
 
 Old clothes ; tattered garments. [j1 vulgar word.] 
 DOE, (du,) a. [Fr. dU, pp. of Jcroir, L. dcbco, Sp. dcber ; 
 ll. doLcrc. Uu. Gr. dtw, to bind. Class Db. It hits 
 no connection with owe] 
 
 1. Owed; that ought to be paid or done to another. 
 That is due from me to another, which contract, jus- 
 tice, or propriety, requires me to pay, and which he 
 may justly claim as his right. Reverence is due to 
 the Creator; civility is due from one man to another. 
 
 ' Money is due at the expiration of the credit given, or 
 at the period promised. 
 
 2. Proper; lit; appropriate; suitable; becoming; 
 required hy the circumstances; as, the event was 
 celebrated with due solemnities. Men seldom have a 
 due sense of their depravity. 
 
 3. Seasonable ; as, he will come in due time. 
 
 4. Exact ; proper ; as, the musicians keep due 
 time. 
 
 5. Owing to ; occasioned by. [Little used.] Boyle. 
 
 6. That ought to have arrived, or to be present, 
 before the time specified ; as, twe mails are now due. 
 
 DOE, adv. Directly ; exactly ; as, a rfuc east course. 
 
 DOE, 71. That which is owed ; that which one con- 
 tracts to pay, do, or perform to another ; that which 
 law or justice requires to be paid or d ne. The 
 money that I contract to pay to another, is his due; 
 the service which I covenant to perform to another, 
 is his due ; reverence to the Creator, is his due. 
 
 2. That which oflice, rank, station, social relations, 
 or established rules of^ right or decorum, require to 
 be given, paid, or done. Respect and obedience to 
 parents and magistrates are their due. 
 
 3. That which law or custom requires ; as, toll, 
 tribute, fees of office, or ottier legal perquisites. 
 
 4. Right ; just title. l^ddison. 
 
 DOE, r. f. To pay as due. [JVof used.] Shak. 
 DOE'FJJL, a. Fit ; becoming. [Li'.Ue used.] 
 DO'EL, n. [L. duellum ; Fr. duel ; It. duello ; Port. id. ; 
 Sp. duelo. In Armoric, the word is dufell, or duvell, 
 and Grcgoire supposes the word to be compounded of 
 dou, two, and 6c//, bellum, war, combat. So in 
 Dutch, tireeircregt, two-figlit ; in G. zwetkampf, id.] 
 
 1. Single combat ; a premeditated combat between 
 two persons, for the purpose of deciding some pri- 
 vate diflercnce or quarrel. A sudden fight, not pre- 
 meditated, is called a rencounter. A duel is fought 
 with deadly weapons, and with a purpose to take 
 life. 
 
 2. Any conteMion or contest. Milton. 
 DC'EL, TJ. I. To fight in single combat SoiiM. 
 Dti'EL, u. (. To attack or fight singly. Mdton. 
 DO'EL-ER, 71. A combatant in single fight. 
 DO'EL-ING, ppr. Fighting in single combat 
 
 a. PerUiining to, or employed in diielinE. 
 DC'EL-ING. 71. The act or practice of fighting in 
 
 sincle combat. 
 DO'EL-IST, It. One who fights in single combat 
 
 The duelist rahipi his horittr ahoTP thr lif-? of his antxi^onisl, his 
 own life, and the happiness of his family. ^n«n, 
 
 2. One who maintains the proprietv of dueling. 
 DU-EL'LO, n. Duel ; or rule of dueling. [.\ot used.] 
 DOE'NESS, (du'ness,) n. [See Due.] Fitness ; pro- 
 priety ; due quality. 
 DU-EN'NA,n. [Sp. rfucna, fem. of rfi/mo Tx.d-tegne; 
 the same as dona, the feminine of don. viu. \\'. dyn, 
 Ir. duine, man, a person. See Dos.] 
 
 An old woman who is kept to guard a youngei , a 
 governess. Arbuthnot. . 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, UNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-C as K ; as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 371 
 
DUL 
 
 UU ET'TO I [it- liit^to, f'om duo, two.'] 
 
 A piece of music composed for two performers, 
 wliptlier vocal or instrumental. 
 
 DUF'FEL, ;i. [D.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth, 
 Imving a tliick nap or frieze. 
 
 DUG, M. [Ice. deirii-ia. This word corresponds with 
 the root of L. digitus, Eng. toe. Norm, doy, a finger, 
 signifying a shout or point.] 
 
 The pap or nipple of a cow or other beast ; now 
 applied only to cows or other beasts, unless in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 From tender dug of commoii nurse. Spenser. 
 
 DUG, pret. and pp. of Dio ; as, tliey dug a ditch ; a 
 ditch was duff.] 
 
 DU-GON'G', n. A herbivorous, cetaceous animal of the 
 Indian Ocean, with a tapering body ending in a 
 crescent-shaped fin. The falded mermaid seems to 
 iiave been founded on tlie dugong. Oilbert. Braude. 
 
 DuKE, 7!. [Fr. due; Sp. and Port, duque ; It. ducai 
 Arm. dug, or dou<; ; Sax. tmche, and, in composition, 
 toira, tu^c, as in kpretoga, an army-leader ; a gener- 
 al ; b.licrto^; G. hcr-o^r ; Dan. hcrtug ; Sw. Iierlig; 
 Venetian, doge; L. dm, from duco, to lead, as in 
 Saxon, tingan, teon, to draw, to tug; Gr. rayo^ ; 
 Thessalian, tagns. Class Dg, No. 5, 14.] 
 
 1 In Orrat Britain, one of the liighest order of 
 nobility ; a title of honor or nobility next below the 
 princes ; as, the duke of Bedford, or of Cornwall. 
 
 2. in some countries on the Continent, a sovereign 
 prince, without the title of king; as, the duke of 
 Holsteiii, of Savoy, of Parma, &c. 
 
 3. A chief ; a prince ; as, the dukes of Edom. 
 DuKE'DOM, n. The seignory or possessions of a 
 
 duke ; tlie territory of a duke. SliaJc. 
 2. The title or quality of a duke. Jbid. 
 
 DUL'BllAlN-KD, a. [dull anil brain.] Stupid ; dolt- 
 ish ; of dull intellects. See Dull-Urained.] Sitak. 
 
 DUL'CET, a. [L. dulcis, sweet.] 
 
 1. Sweet to the taste ; luscious. 
 
 She tempers dulcet creams. MUlon. 
 
 2. Sweet to the ear ; melodious; harmonious ; as, 
 dulcet sounds ; dulcet symphonies. Milton. 
 
 DUL-CI-FI-Ca'TION, n. [See Dulcify.] The act 
 of sweetening ; particularly, the combining of min- 
 eral acids with alcohol, by which their caustic or 
 corrosive qualities are diminished. 
 
 DUL'CI-I''I-£D, (dul'se-f Ide,) pp. Sweetened. 
 
 Dulcified spirit ; a term applied to a compound of 
 alcohol with mineral acids ; as, dulcified spirits of 
 niter. 
 
 DUL-UIF'I<U-OUS, a. [L. dulcis and fluo.} 
 
 Flowing sweetly. 
 DUL'CI-FV, V. t. [Fr. dulcifier, from L. dulci-s, sweet, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 To sweeten ; to free from acidity, saltness, or ac- 
 rimony. IViseinan. 
 DUL'CT'-F?-ING, pjir. Sweetening; purifying from 
 acidity. 
 
 DUL'Ci-.MER, n. [It. dolcimcllo, from dolce, sweet. 
 Skinner.] 
 
 An instrument of music having about 50 brass 
 wires, which are played upon with little sticks. 
 Daniel iii 5. Johnson, 
 DUL'Cl-NESS, n. [L. dulcL^.] 
 
 Softness ; easiness of temper. [jVo£ used.] Bacon. 
 DUL'CI-TUDE, 71. [L. dukitudo.] 
 Sweetness. 
 
 DUL'eO-RATE, v. I. [L. dulcis, sweet ; Low L. 
 dulco, to sweeten.] 
 
 1. To sweeten. Bacon. 
 
 2. To make less acrimonious. Johnson. IViscinan. 
 DUI.-€0-Ra'TION, 71. The aw of sweetening. 
 DO'LI-A, 71. [Gr. fiovXeio, service.] [Bacon. 
 
 An inferior kind of worship or adoration. [JVof 
 an English, word.] Stillingfleet. 
 DULL, a. [W. del, dial; Sax. dol, a wandering; 
 also dull, foolish, stupid ; D. dti!, mad ; G. toll, and 
 liilpcl, a dolt ; Sax. dwolian, to wander, to rave. Qu. 
 Dan. dviBler, to loiter ; Sw. dvalia.t, id., or doalu, a 
 trance.] 
 
 1. Stupid; dollisli ; blockish; slow of understand- 
 ing ; as, a lad of dull genius. 
 
 2. Heavy; sluggish; without life or spirit; as, a 
 surfeit leaves a man very dull. 
 
 3. Slow of motion ; sluggisli ; as, a dull stream. 
 
 4. .Slow of hearing or seeing ; as, dull of hearing ; 
 dull of seeing. 
 
 5. .ilow to learn or comprehend ; unready ; awk- 
 ward , as, a dull scholar. 
 
 C. .Sleepy ; drowsy. 
 
 7. Sad ; melancholy. 
 
 8. Gross; cloggy ; insensible ; as, the dull earth. 
 
 9. Not pleasing or delightful; not exhilarating; 
 cheerless; us, to make dictionaries is dull work. 
 
 Johnjton. 
 
 10. Not bright or clear ; clouded ; tiirnished ; as, 
 the mirror is dull. 
 
 Jl. Nut bright; not briskly burning; as, a dull 
 fire. 
 
 12. Dim ; obscure ; not vivid ; as, a dull light. 
 
 13. Ilhint; obtuse; liaving a thick edge; as, a 
 dull knife or nx. 
 
 DUM 
 
 H. Cloudy ; overcast ; not cleeir ; not enlivening ; 
 as, dull weather. 
 
 15. With .scame77, being without wind ; as, a ship 
 has a dull ti'me. 
 
 IG. Not lively or animated ; as, a dull eye. 
 DULL, V. t. To make dull ; to stupefy ; as, to dull 
 the senses. Skak. 
 
 2. To blunt ; as, to dull a sword or an ax. 
 
 3. To make sad or melancholy. 
 
 4. To hebetate ; to make insensible or slow to per- 
 ceive; as, to dull the ears; to dull the wits. 
 
 Spenser, Jlschain, 
 
 5. To damp ; to render lifeless ; as, to dull the 
 attention. Hooker, 
 
 C. To make heavy or slow of motion ; as, to dull 
 industry. Bacon. 
 
 7. To sully ; to tarnish or cloud ; as, the breath 
 dulls a uiirror. 
 DULL, 71. 7. To become dull or blunt; to become 
 
 StUJlill. 
 
 DULL'-lillAlN-^D, a. Stupid ; of dull intellect. 
 DULL'-IiROW'£D, a. Having a gloomy look. 
 
 Q^uarles. 
 
 DULL'-DIS-PoS'£D, a. Inclined to dullness or sad- 
 ness. B. Jotison. 
 
 DULL'-Elf-ED, (-Ide,) a. ITavini a downcast look. 
 
 DULL'-IIEAD, (-hed,) 71. A person of dull understand- 
 ing ; a dolt ; a blockhead. 
 
 DULL'-SiGUT-ED, a. Having imperfect sight ; pur- 
 blind. 
 
 DULL'-WIT-TED, a. Having a dull intellect; 
 heavy. 
 
 DULL'ARD, a. Doltish ; stupid. Hall. 
 DULL'ARD, 7!. A stupid person; a dolt; a block- 
 head ; a dunce. Sliak. 
 DULL'ra, (duld,) pp. Made dull ; blunted. 
 DULL'ER, 71. That which makes dull. 
 DULL'IN(;, ppr. Making dull. 
 
 DULL'NESS, 77. Stupidity ; slowness of comprehen- 
 sion ; weakness of intellect ; indocility ; as, the 
 dullness of a student. Soutli. 
 
 2. Want of quick perception or eager desire. 
 
 3. Heaviness ; drowsiness ; inclination to sleep. 
 
 4. Heaviness ; disinclination to motion. 
 
 5. Sluggishness ; slowness. 
 
 6. Dimness ; want of clearness or luster. 
 
 7. liluntness ; want of edge. 
 
 8. Want of brightness or vividness ; as, dullness 
 of color. 
 
 DUL'LY, adv. Stupidly ; slowly ; sluggishly ; with- 
 out life or spirit. 
 
 DU-LOe'RA-CY, 7!. [Gr. JotiXos, and Kparcco,] 
 Predominance of slaves. 
 
 Du'LY, ado. [from due.] Properly ; fitly ; in a suita- 
 ble or becoming manner ; as, let the subject be duly 
 considered. 
 
 2. Regularly ; at the proper time ; as, a man duly 
 attended church with his family. 
 DUMB, (dum,) a. [Sax. dumb; Golh, dumbs, dumba ; 
 G. dumm; D. dom; Sw. dumm or dumbe; Dan. dum; 
 
 Heb. Ch. on, to be silent; Ar. ^ii dauma, to con- 
 tinue or be permanent, to appease, to quiet. Class 
 Dm, No. 3. In this word, b is improperly added.] 
 
 I. IMute ; silent ; not speaking. 
 
 I was durnb witli silence ; I lield my peace. — Pb. xxxix, 
 
 2. Destitute of the power of speech ; unable to 
 utter articulate sounds ; as, the durnb bnites. The 
 Asylum at Hartford, in Connecticut, was the first in- 
 stitution in America for leaching the deaf and dumb 
 to reail and write. 
 
 3. Mute; not using or accompanied with speech; 
 as, a dujub show ; dumb signs. 
 
 To strike dumb, is to confound ; to astonish ; to ren- 
 der silent by astonishment; or it may be, to deprive 
 of the power of speech. 
 
 DUMB, 7!. (. To silence. Shak. 
 
 DUMli'-BELLS, (dum'belz,) n. pi. Weights swung 
 in the hands for exercise. 
 
 DUJIIi'LV, (dum'ly,) luiv. Mutely ; silently ; without 
 words or speech. 
 
 DUMli'NESS, (dum'ness,) »7. Muteness; silence, or 
 holding the peace; omission of speech. This is vol- 
 untary dumbness, 
 
 2. Incapacity to speak ; inability to articulate 
 sounds. This is involuntary dumbness, 
 
 DUMB' -SHOW, n. Gesture without word.s ; j)anto- 
 mime. 
 
 DUMB-WAIT'ER, n. A framework with shelves, 
 placed between a kitchen and dining-room, for con- 
 veying food, &c. When the kitchen is in the base- 
 ment, the dumb-waiter is made to rise and fall by 
 means of pulleys and wwghts. 
 
 DUM'FOUNI), ) 7). e. To strike dumb ; to confuse. 
 
 DU.M-FOUND'EI!, j low word.] Spectator. SwifL 
 
 DUM'MER-ER, 71. One who feigns dumbness. [JVot 
 in use.] 
 
 DO'MOSf' i ^'""^ dumiis, a bush.] 
 
 Abounding with bushes and briers. 
 DUM'MY, 77. One who is dumb, [yulgar.] 
 DUMP, 71. [from the root of (/ii;7i6 ; D. dom ; G. dumm.] 
 
 DUN 
 
 1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind ; sadness ; mel- 
 ancholy ; sorrow ; heaviness of heart. 
 
 In doleriil dumps. Cay. 
 
 2. Absence of mind ; revery. Locke. 
 
 3. A melancholy tune or air Shak. 
 [This is not an elegant word, and in America, I 
 
 believe, is always used in the plural ; as, the woman 
 is in the dumps.] 
 
 DU.MP'ISH, a. Dull; stupid; sad; melancholy; de- 
 pressed in spirits ; as, he lives a dumpish life. 
 
 DUiMP'ISH-LY, adv. In a moping manner. 
 
 DUMP'ISH-NESS, 7!. A state of being dull, heavy, 
 and moping 
 
 DUMP'Ll.N'G, 7t. [from <2ii77ip.] A kind of pudding or 
 mass of paste, in cookery ; usually, a cover of paste 
 inclosing an apple and boiled, called apple-dumpling. 
 
 DUMPS, 71. J)/. iMelancholy ; gloom. 
 
 DUIMP'Y, a. Short and thick. 5777177^. 
 
 DUN, a. [Pax. dunn; W. dtcn; Ir. donn ; qu. (071, 
 ta!i!/i7/. See Class Dn, No. 3, 24, 28, 35.] 
 
 1. Of a dark color; of a color partaking of a brown 
 and black ; of a duU-brown color ; swarthy. 
 
 2. Dark ; gloomy. 
 
 In the dun air sublime. Milton. 
 DUN, V. t. To cure, as fish, in a manner to give them 
 
 a dun color. [See Dunmng.] 
 DUN, V. t [Sax. dynan, to clamor, to din, (See Di.v.) 
 
 Q.U. Gr. w.] 
 
 1. iifcraZ/T/, to clamor for payment of a debt. Hence, 
 to urge for payment ; to demand a debt in a pressing 
 manner ; to urge for payment with importunity, liut, 
 in common usage, dun is often used in a milder sense, 
 and signifies to call for, or ask for payment.* 
 
 2. To urge importunately, in a general sense ; but not 
 an elegant word. 
 
 DUN, 71. An importunate creditor who urges for pay- 
 ment. Philips. Jirbutlmot. 
 
 2. An urgent request or demand of payment in 
 writing ; as, he sent his debtor a dun, 
 3 An eminence or mound. [.See Down and Town.] 
 DUN'-BIRD, (-burd,) n. A North American species of 
 duck, called the ruddy duck. Peabody's Mass. Hep. 
 
 O i 
 
 DUNCE, (duns,) 71. [G. ifiin*. Qu. Pers. iXji , a stu- 
 pid man.] 
 
 A person of weak intellects ; a dullard ; a dolt ; a 
 thickskull. 
 
 I never knew this town without dttnces of fig;\ire. SietJ^, 
 [" Dunce is said by Johnstm to be a word of un- 
 known etymology. Stanihiirst explains it. The term 
 Duns, from Scotus, 'so famous for his subtill quiddi- 
 ties,' lie says, ' is so trivial and common in all sclinols, 
 that whoso surpasseth others either in cavilling sopiiis- 
 trie, or subtill philosopliie, is forthwith nickn.amed a 
 Duns.' This, he tells us in the margin, is the reason 
 ' why schoolmen are called Dunses.' {Description of 
 Ireland, p. 2.) The word easily passed into a term of 
 scorn, just as a blockhead is called Solomon, a bully 
 Hector, and as Moses is the vulgar name of contempt 
 for a Jew." Dr. SoutJiey's Omniana, vol. i. p. 5. 
 E. H. B.] 
 
 I have little confidence in this explanation. W. 
 DUN'CER-Y, 71. Dullness ; stupidity. Smith. 
 DUN'CI-F?, V. t. To make stupid in intellect. [JVot 
 
 iLsed.] iVarburtun. 
 DUN'CISH, a. Like a dunce ; sottish. 
 DUN'DER, 71. [Sp. rcdundar, to overflow ; L. redundo.] 
 
 Lees ; dregs ; a word used in Jamaica. 
 
 The use of dundcr in tlie making of rum answers the purpose of 
 yeast in Ute fcnnenution of Hour. Edwards's West Indies. 
 
 DUN'DER-PSTE, 77. A dunce ; a dull head. 
 
 DONE, 71. A term applied to low hills of movable 
 sand, on the coast of England, France, and other 
 countries. Lyell. 
 
 DUN'-FISH, 71. Codfish cured in a particular manner. 
 [See DuNNiNc] 
 
 DUNG, 71. [Sax. diiiio', or dincg, or dinig; G. dung; 
 dnnger ; Dnn.dynd; Hw, dynga,] 
 
 The excrement of animais. Bacon. 
 
 DUNG, ti. t. 'I'o manure with dung. Dryden. 
 
 DUNG, r. i. To void excrement. 
 
 DUNG'/';!), (dungd,) pp. Manured with dung. 
 
 DUN'GEON, (dun'jun,) 71. [Fr. </o;iffrwii, or f/oiijon, a 
 tower or platform in the mitlst of a castle, a turret or 
 closet on the top of a house. In one Armoric dialect 
 it is domjou, and Grcgoire suggests that it is com- 
 pounded of i/om, lord or chief, and jou, Jupiter, Jove, 
 an elevated or chief tower consecrated to Jupiter; 
 but qu. In Scottish it is written doungeon, and de- 
 notes the keep or strongest tower of a fortress, or an 
 inner tower surrounded by a ditch. Jamieson. It was 
 used for confining prisoners, and hence its applica- 
 tion to prisons of eminent strength. The dungeon 
 was in the bottom of a castle, under ground, and 
 without light. Henry, Hrit.] 
 
 1. A close prison ; or a deep, dark place of confine- 
 ment. 
 
 Anil in A dungeon deep, 
 'i'liey brvuglit Josepli h.Afltily 
 
 2. .\ subterraneous place of close confinement. 
 
 Jeremiah, 
 
 SpenMf. 
 
 I of the dungeon. — Ueu. xli. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK,— 
 
 372 
 
DUP 
 
 DUS 
 
 DUT 
 
 DUN'GEON, ti. £. To confine in a dungeon. HalL 
 DUN'OKON-KD, (dun'jiind,) pp. Conlined in a dun- 
 peon. 
 
 DUNd'FORK, n. A fork used to throw dung from a 
 
 stable or into a cart, or to spread it over land. 
 DUNG' III IX, n. A lieap of dung. 
 
 2. A mean or vile abode. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Any mean situation or condition. 
 
 He liftclh the begjur from liie rfunf AiW. — 1 Sam. il. 
 
 4. A term of reproach for a man meanly born. [JVot 
 usril. ] Shale. 
 
 mjNG'llIM,, a. Sprung from the dungliill; mean; 
 
 low ; base ; vile. SItak. 
 DU.NG'Y, fl. Full of dung ; fillliy ; vile. SliaJc. 
 DUNG'Y.IRD, II. A yard or inciosure where dung is 
 
 collected. Mortimer. 
 DIJiNK'ERS, n. pi. The name of a Christian sect. 
 
 'I'liey practice abstinence and mortification, and it is 
 
 said they deny the eternity of future punishment. 
 IM '.N'LI.N', n. A bird, a species of sandpiper. 
 
 Pennant. 
 
 I >II\'.\.\0E, n. Fagots, boughs, or loose materials 
 iif any kind, laid on the bultont of a ship to raise 
 heavy goods above the bottom. Mar. DicL 
 
 l)IJi\'.\£U, (dund,) pp. [from rfuii.] Importuned to 
 pay a debt ; urged. 
 
 DIJ.N .\ER, n. [from rfiin.] One employed in solicit- 
 ing the payment of debts. Spectator. 
 
 DUN'NING, ppr. [from dun.] Urging for payment 
 of a debt, or for tlie grant of some favor, or for the 
 obtaining any re<piest ; importuning. 
 
 DUN'NIiVG, 71. [from dun, a color.] The operation 
 of curing codfish, in such a manner as to give it a 
 peculiar color and quality. Fish fur dunning are 
 caught early in spring, and often in February. At 
 the Isles of Shoals, off Portsmouth, in New Hamp- 
 shire, the cod are taken in deep water, split, and 
 slack-salted ; then laid in a pile for two or three 
 months, in a dark store, covered, for the greatest part 
 of the time, with salt hay or eel-gniss, and pressed 
 with sou)e weight. In April or iM.ty, they are opened, 
 and piled again as close as possible in the same dark 
 store, till July or August, when they arc fit for use. 
 
 J, Haven. 
 
 DUN'NISII, a. Inclined to a dun color; somewhat 
 
 dun. Ray. 
 DUN'NY, a. Deaf; dull of apprehension. [Local.] 
 DO'O, n. [L. two.] \Orose. 
 
 .A song in two iKirts. 
 DU-0-DEe-.\-HK'DRAL, ) See Dodecihedral, Do- 
 DU,0-DEe-A IlK'DRON", ( decahedron. 
 DU-U-DEC'I-.MAL, a. I'roceeding in computation by 
 twelves. 
 
 DU-0-DEC'I-M.\LS, n. In arithmetic, a kind of mul- 
 tiplication in which the denominations proceed by 
 twelves. 
 
 DU-O-DEC'I.M-FID, a. [L. duodecim, twelve, and^n- 
 do, to cleave.] 
 
 Divided into twelve parts. 
 
 DU-O-DEU'l-.MO, a. [L. duodecim, twelve.] 
 
 Having or consisting of twelve leaves to a sheet ; 
 ss, a book of duodecimo form or size. 
 
 DU-O-DEC'l-.MO, n. A book in which a sheet is fold- 
 ed into twelve leaves. 
 
 DU-0-l)Ee'U-PLE, a. [L. duo, two, and decuplus,' 
 tenfold.] 
 
 Consisting of twelves. .^rbuthnoU 
 DU-0-Dic'NU.M, n. [L.] The first of the small in- 
 testines ; the twelve-inch intestine. 
 DU-O-LIT'ER-AL, a. [L. duo, two, and lUera, a let- 
 ter.] 
 
 Consisting of two letters only ; biliternl. Stuart. 
 DUP, V. t. [to do up.] To o|>cn ; as, to dup the door. 
 
 fJVut in itsf.J 
 DOPE, n. [Fr. dupe. See the verb.] 
 
 A person who is deceived ; or one easily led astray 
 by his credulity ; .as, the dupe of a party. 
 DOPE, V. L [Fr. duper; Sw. tubba. Uu. Sp. and Port. 
 e»tfl/ar.] 
 
 To deceive ; to trick ; to mislead by imposing on 
 one's credulity ; as, to be duped by dalterv. 
 
 DOP'A-ULE, (d'up'a-bl,) a. That can be duped. 
 
 DOP'A.'D, (dupt,) pp. Deceived ; tricked. 
 
 DCP'ER-V, n. The act or practice of duping. 
 
 DOP'ING, ppr. Tricking ; cheating. 
 
 D0'Pl-O.\, II. A double cocoon, formed by two or 
 more silk-worms. Encyc 
 
 DO'PLE, a. r L. duplus.] 
 
 Double. Vuple ratio is that in which the antece- 
 dent term is double the consccpicnt ; as of 2 to I, 8 
 to 4, &c Sui-duple ratio is the reverse, or as 1 to 2, 
 4 to 8, &.C. 
 
 DOTLl-CATE, a. [L. duplieatus, from duplico, to 
 double, from dupUz, double, twofold ; duo, two, and 
 plito, to fold. See Double.] 
 Double ; twofold. 
 
 DupliaUe proportion, or ratio, is the proportion or 
 ratio of squares. Thus, in geometrical proportion, 
 the first term to the third is said to be in a duplicate 
 ratio of the first to the second, or as its square is to 
 tlie square of the second. Thus in 2, 4, 8, IC, the 
 ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplitau of that of 2 to 4, or as the 
 square of 3 is to the square of 4. 
 
 DO'PLI-CATE, n. Another corresponding to the first ; 
 or a seconil thing of the same kind. 
 
 2. .\ copy ; a transcript. Thus, a second letter or 
 bill of exchange, exactly like the first, is called a du- 
 plicate. 
 
 DO'PLl-eATE, r. t. [L. duplico.] 
 To double ; to fold. 
 
 DC'PLI-e.^-TEl), pp. Alade double. 
 
 DO'PI.i eA-TINt;, ppr. Making double ; folding. 
 
 DU-PLl-CA'TION, II. The act of doubling ; the mul- 
 tiplication of a number by 2. 
 
 2. A foliliiig ; a (loiihliiig ; also, a fold ; as, the du- 
 plication of a luenibraiic. 
 
 Du'PI.I-eA-TURK, II. A doubling ; a fold. In anat- 
 omy, the fold of a membrane or vessel. F.nrye. 
 
 DU-I'I.IC'I-TY, II. [Fr. duplicitc : Sp. duplicidad : It. 
 duplicitd ; from L. duplex, double.] 
 
 1. Doiiblcncss ; the number two. JVatts. 
 
 2. DoubleuHss of heart or speech ; the act or prac- 
 tice of exhibiting a different or contrary conduct, or 
 uttering different or contrary sentiments, at different 
 times, in relatitm to the same thing ; or the act of 
 dissembling one's real opinions for the purpose of con- 
 cealing them and misleading persons in the conver- 
 sation and intercourse of life ; double-dealing ; dis- 
 simulation ; deceit. 
 
 3. In law, duplicity is the pleading of two or more 
 distinct matters or single pleas. Blaclcstonc. 
 
 DUP'PER, H. The same as Dubbeb, which see. 
 
 DU-RA-BIL'I-TY, 71. [See Dubabi.e.] Thepowerof 
 lasting or continuing lu any given state without per- 
 ishing ; as, the durability of cedar or oak timber ; the 
 durability of animal and vegetable life is very lim- 
 ited. 
 
 DO'RA-BLE, a. [L. dwraii/is, from duro, to last, iu- 
 rus, hard ; W. dur, steel ; duraic, to harden.] 
 
 Having the quality of lasting, or continuing long 
 in being, without perishing or wearing out ; as, dura- 
 ble timber ; durable cloth ; durable happiness. 
 
 DO'RA-HLE-NESS, n. Power of lasting ; durability ; 
 as, the durablencss of honest fame. 
 
 DO'R.\-BLY, adc. In a lasting manner; with long 
 continuance. 
 
 DV'RA MA'TER, [L.] The outer membrane of the 
 brain. Coie. 
 
 DU-Ra'.MEN, 71. [L.] The central layers, or heart- 
 wood, of a tree. Brande. 
 
 DC'RANCE, 71. [from Fr. rfiir, durer, L. duro.] 
 
 1. Imprisonment ; restraint of the person ; custody 
 of the jailer. Shali. 
 
 2. Continuance; duration. [See Endura?<ce.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 DU-RANT', 71. A glazed woolen stuff; called by some 
 everla.-itinrr. 
 
 DU-R^Jf'TE,[\i.] During; as, duran'fe ci'ta, during 
 life; duran'te bc'ne plac'ito, during pleasure. 
 
 DU-Ra'TION, 71. Continuance in time ; length or ex- 
 tension of existence indefinitely ; as, the duration of 
 life ; the duration of a partnership ; the duration of 
 any given period of time ; everlasting duration. This 
 holding on or continuance of time is divided by us, 
 arbitrarily, into certain portions, as minutes, hours, 
 and days ; or it is measured by a succession of events, 
 as by the diurnal and annual revolutions of the earth, 
 or any other succession ; and the interval between 
 two events is called a part of duration. This inter- 
 val may be of any indefinite length, a minute or a 
 century. 
 
 2. Power of continuance. Rogers. 
 DUR'BAK, n. An audience-room, in India. 
 DORE, r. L [L. duro ; Fr. durer ; Sp. durar ; It. durare. 
 See Durable.] 
 
 To last ; to hold on in time or being ; to continue ; 
 to endure. 
 
 f 7"/«.< word is obsolete; Exdure being substituted.] 
 DORE'FyL, a. Lasting. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 DORE'l.ESS, a. Not lasting ; fading. Ralegh. 
 DU-RESS', 71. [Nonn. duresse, durette, from dur, liard, 
 grievous ; L. durities, diinis. See Durable.] 
 
 1. Literally, hardship ; hence, consitraint. Techni- 
 cally, durejs, in law, is of two kinds ; duress of im- 
 priaonment, which is imprisonment, or restraint of 
 personal liberty ; &ni duress by menaces or threats, []kt 
 minas,] when a person is threatened with loss of life 
 or limb. Fear of batter)- is no durcs.s. Duress, then, 
 is imprisonment or threats intended to compel a p<;r- 
 son to do a legal act, as to execute a deed ; or to 
 commit an offense ; in which ca.ses the act is voida- 
 ble or excusable. Blaclcstone. 
 
 2. Imprisonment ; restraint of liberty. 
 DOR'I.NG, ppr. of Dure. Continuing; lasting; hold- 
 ing on ; as, during life, that is, life continuing ; during 
 our earthly pilgrimage ; during the space of a year"; 
 during this or that. These phrases are the ca.sc ab- 
 solute, or independent clauses; durante vita, duran- 
 te hoe. 
 
 DO'Rl-TY, n. [Fr. dureii, from dur, L. durus, duro.] 
 
 1. Hardness; finnness. 
 
 2. Hardness of mind ; harshness. [Liule used.] 
 DC'ROUS, a. H.ard. LVuf used.] Smil/i. 
 DUR'RA, TL A kind ofmillet, cultivated in N. Africa. 
 DURST, pret. of Dare. [D. dorst.] 
 
 DOSE, 71. [L. Diuius.] A demon or evil spirit. 
 " Quosdam dxmones quos dusios Galli nuucupant." 
 
 (JlugusL Pe Civ. Dei, \5, 23.) What the diise is the 
 matter.' The diiif is in you. [f^iilgar.] More com- 
 monly spelt Deuce, or Deuse, though DuiE is ety- 
 mologlcally most correct. 
 DUSK, a. [D. diiister; G. d»strr ; Russ. tusk, tarnish ; 
 tnslcnu, to tarnish, to become dull or obscure. Qu. 
 Gr. (iii*Ti'?.] 
 
 1. Tending to darkness, or moderately dark. 
 
 2. Tending to a dark or black color ; moderately 
 black. jVi(/,.i.. 
 
 DUSK, 71. A tending to darkness; incipient or imper- 
 fect obscurity; a middle degree between light and 
 darkness; twilight ; as, the dusk of the evening. 
 2. Tendency to a black l olor ; darkness of color. 
 Whoso dutk vl olT tlic 'A-liili-iicM of the skin. Dryden. 
 
 DUSK, r. 1. To make dusky. [Little used".] 
 
 DUSK, V. i. To begin to lose light or whiteness ; to 
 grow dark. [Little iLsed.] 
 
 DUSK'l-LY, n«ii. Willi jiartial darkness ; with a ten- 
 dency to blackness or darkness. Skrrwood. 
 
 DUSK'I-NESS, II. Incipient or partial darkness; a 
 slight or moderate degree of darkness or blackness. 
 
 DUSK'ISH, a. Moderately dusky ; partially obscure ; 
 slightly dark or black ; as, duskLh smoke. Spenser. 
 
 Diisk'uh tincture. Wotlon. 
 
 DUSK'ISII-UV, mil'. Cloudily ; darkly. Bacon. 
 
 DUSK'ISII-N'ESS. II. Duskiness; appro<ach to dark- 
 ness. Mire. 
 
 DUSK'Y, a. Partially dark or obscure ; not luminous ; 
 as, a dusky valley. Dryden. 
 
 A dtixky turrh. Sha^. 
 
 2. Tending to blackness in color; parti.ally black ; 
 dark-colored ; not bright ; as, a dusky brown. Bacon. 
 
 Duehy cluuiU. Dryden. 
 
 3. Gloomy ; sad. 
 
 'I'lii* rfu«ty iceiie of horror. Htntlnj. 
 
 4. Intellectually clouded ; as, a dusky sprite. Pope. 
 DUST, 71. [Sax. diul, dyst ; Scot, dust ; Tcut. doest, 
 
 duyst, dust, fine dour.] 
 
 1. Fine, dry particles of earth, or other m.attcr, so 
 attenuated that it may be raised and wafted bv the 
 wind ; powder; as, clouds of dust and seas of blood. 
 
 2. Fine, dry particles of e.arth ; fine earth. 
 The pe-twck warincth her rj^^ in the dutl. — Job xx.iix. 
 
 3. Earth ; unorganized earthy matter. 
 
 Dust tlion art, anil lo dust »h.All Uiou return. — Gen. iji. 
 
 4. The grave. 
 
 For now sh.tll I sleep in the dust. — Job Til. 
 
 5. A low condition. 
 
 God raiseth the poor out of the dust. — 1 Sftm. ii, 
 DUST, V. t. To free from dust ; to brush, wipe, or 
 sweep away dust ; as, to dust a table or a floor. 
 
 2. To sprinkle with dust. 
 
 3. To levigate Sprar. 
 DUST'-BRUSH, n. A brush for cleaning rooms and 
 DUST'ED, pp. Freed from dust. [furniture. 
 DUST'ER, II. A utensil to cle.ar from dust ; also, a 
 
 sieve. 
 
 DUST'I-NESS, 71. The state of being dusty. 
 
 DUST'ING, ppr. Brushing ; freeing from dusL 
 2. 71. The act of removing dust. 
 
 DUST'-MA.\, 71. One whose employment is to carry 
 away dirt and filth. Oay. 
 
 DUST'-PAN, 71. A utensil to convey dust brushed 
 from the floor, &c. 
 
 DUST'Y, a. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust ; 
 clouded with dust. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Like dust ; of the color of dust ; as, a dusty 
 white ; a duslii red. 
 
 DUTCH, 71. The people of Holland ; also, their lan- 
 guage. 
 
 DUTCH, a. Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 DUTCH'GoLD, n. In commerce, copper, brass, and 
 bronze leaf, used largely in Holland to ornament 
 to>s. McCiilloeh. 
 
 DO'TE-OUS, a. [from duty.] Performing that which 
 is due, or that which law, justice, or propriety re- 
 quires ; obedient ; n^sptctfiil to those who have nat- 
 ural or legal authority to require sen'ice or duty ; as, 
 a duteous child or subject. 
 
 2. Obeilienl ; obsequious ; in a good or bad sense. 
 
 Duteous to tlie vlc~s of Ihjr mUtress. Slink, 
 
 3. Enjoined by duly, or by the relation of one to 
 another ; as, duteous tics. [Littie used.] Sliak. 
 
 DO'TE-OUS-LY, adv. In a iliiteous manner. 
 DO'TE-OUS-NESS, n. duality of being obedient or 
 respectful. 
 
 DO'TI-A-BLE, a. [See Duty.] Subject to the impo- 
 sition of duty or customs ; as, dutiable goods. 
 
 Supreme Court, V. S. 
 DO'TI-£D, (du'tid,)a. Subjected to duties or customs. 
 
 .^7Ilf<. 
 
 DC'TI-FIJL, a. Performing the duties or obligations 
 required by law, justice, or propriety ; obedient ; sub- 
 missive to natural or legal superiors ; respectful ; as, 
 a dutiful son or daughter ; a dutiful ward or servant ; 
 a dutiful subject. 
 2. Expressive of respect or a sense of duty ; re- 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
DWE 
 
 DYI 
 
 DYS 
 
 spectful ; reverential ; required by duty ; as, dutiful 
 reverence ; dutiful attentions. 
 
 DO'TI-FUL-LY, adv. In a dutiful manner; with a 
 regard to duty ; obediently ; submissively ; reverent- 
 ly ; respectfully. Swift. 
 
 Du'TI-FUI--NESS, n. Obedience ; submission to just 
 authority ; habitual performance of duty ; as, dutiful- 
 ness to parents. Drydcn. 
 2. Reverence ; respect. Taylor. 
 
 Du'TY, n. [from due, Fr. dti.'] That which a person 
 owes to another ; that which a person is bound, by 
 any natural, moral, or legal obligation, to pay, do, or 
 perform. Obedience to princes, magistrates, and the 
 laws, is tlie duly of evi ry citizen and subject ; obe- 
 dience,^espr'ct, and kindness to parents, are duties of 
 children ; fidelity to friends is a duty ; reverence, obe- 
 dience, and prayer to God, are indispensable duties: 
 the government and religious instruction of children 
 are du(ies of parents which they can not neglect with- 
 out guilt. 
 
 2. Forbearance of that which is forbidden by moral- 
 ity, law, justice, or propriety. It is otirdutyto refrain 
 from lewdness, intemperance, profaneness, and in- 
 
 3. Obedience ; submission. [justice. 
 
 4. Act of reverence or respect. 
 
 Tiiey both did duty to their lady. Spenser. 
 
 5. The business of a soldier or marine on guard ; 
 as, the company is on duty. It is applied, also, to 
 other services or labor. 
 
 C. The business of war; military service ; as, the 
 regiment did duty in Flanders. 
 
 7. Tax, toll, impost, or customs ; excise ; any sum 
 of money required by government to be paid on the 
 importation, exportation, or consumption of goods. 
 An impost on land or other real estate, and on the 
 stock of farmers, is not called a duty^ but a direct tax. 
 
 United States. 
 
 8. In en^ineryy the amount of weight which is 
 lifted by a steam-«ngine, by a certain quantity of 
 Coal. 
 
 DU-UJir FIR, n.; pi. Duumviri. [L. duo, two, and 
 vir, man.] 
 
 One of two Roman officers or magistrates united 
 
 in the same public functions. 
 DU-UM'VI-R.-\L, a. Pertaining to the duumvirs or 
 
 duiimvirale of Rome. 
 DU-tJ.M'VI-R.\TE, «. The union of two men in the 
 
 same office ; or the office, dignity, or government of 
 
 two men thus associated, as in ancient Rome. 
 DVVaLE, n. In heraldry, a sable or black color. 
 
 2. The deadly nightshade, Atropa lethalis, a plant ; 
 
 or a sleepy potion. Chaucer. 
 DAVARF, n. [Sax. dwerg, dweorg ; D. dwerg ; S w. id. ; 
 
 Dan. dv(Erg.^ 
 
 1. A general name for an animal or plant which is 
 much below the ordinary size of the species or kind. 
 A man that never grows beyond two or three feet in 
 higlit, is a dwarf. This word, when used alone, 
 usually refers to the human species, but sometimes to 
 other animals. When it is applied to plants, it is 
 more generally used in composition ; as, a dwarf-tree i 
 dwarf-elder, 
 
 2. An attendant on a lady or knight in romances. 
 
 S^cuser. 
 
 DWARF, V. U To hinder from growing to the natural 
 size ; to lessen ; to make or keep small. Addison. 
 
 DWARF'fiD, (dworft,) pp. Hindered from growing 
 to tile natural size. 
 
 DWARF'ISH, a. Like a dwarf; below the common 
 stature or size ; very small ; low ; petty ; despicable ; 
 as, a diBarf-fh animal ; a dwarfhh shrub. Dryden, 
 
 DWARF' I.SH-LY, orfo. Like a dwarf. 
 
 DWARF'ISII-NESS, n. Smallness of stature ; little- 
 ness of size. 
 
 DWAUL, V. i. [Sax. dwelian, dwolian, to wander.] 
 'Vo be delirious. [O&s.] Junius. 
 DWELL, V. i. ; pret. Dwelled, usually contracted in- 
 to Dwelt. [Dan. dvalcr, to stay, wait, loiter, delay ; 
 Sw. dmla, a trance ; doaJlias, to delay, abide, remain, 
 or linger. Tciit. dualla ; Ice. duetia ; Scot, duel, dwell. 
 Q,n. \V. atlal, dal, to hold, stop, stay, and Ir. tuUim, to 
 sleep. This word coincides nearly with dally in its 
 primitive signilication, and may be of the same fam- 
 ily. Its railical sense is probably to draw out in time ; 
 lienre, to hold, rest, remain. We see like senses 
 iinitjMl in many words, as in tenco, rtii/w, continue. 
 See Dallv, and Class Dl, No. 3, 5, fi, 21.] 
 
 I. To abide as a permanent resident, or to inhabit 
 for a time ; to live in a place ; to have a habitation 
 for some time or permanence. 
 
 God ihall cnliirrc Jiphrth, nod he •hall diaell In the lenli of 
 Blicm. — Cicii. U. 
 
 Dwell imports a residence of some continuance. 
 We use abide for the resting of a night or an hour; 
 but we never say, he dwelt in a place a day or a night. 
 Dieiell may signify a residence for life or for a much 
 shorter period, but not for a day. In Scripture, it de- 
 notes a residence of seven days, during the feast of 
 tabernacles. 
 
 Ye shall dwell in booths seren days. — Lev. xxiii. 
 
 The Word was made flesh, and dwell amons: us. — John i. 
 
 2. To be in any state or condition ; to continue. 
 
 To dioeU in doubtful joy. Shals. 
 
 3. To continue ; to be fixed in attention ; to hang 
 upon with fondness. 
 
 The attentive queen 
 Dwelt on his accents. Smith. 
 They stand at a distance, dwelling on hia looks and langiia^, 
 fixed in amazement. Buckminster . 
 
 4. To continue long ; as, to dweU on a subject, in 
 speaking, debate, or writing ; to dwell on a note in 
 music. 
 
 Dwell, as a verb transitive, is not used. " We who 
 
 dicell this wild,'* in Milton, is not a legitimate phrase. 
 DWELL'^D, (dweld,) pp. Inhabited. 
 DWELL'ER, 11. An inhabitant ; a resident of some 
 
 continuance in a place. Dryden. 
 DWELL'ING, ppr. Inhabiting ; residing; sojourning ; 
 
 continuing with fixed attention. 
 DWELL'ING, 71. Habitation; place of residence; 
 
 abode. 
 
 Hazor shall be a dtcelling for draa^ons. — Jcr. xllx. 
 2. Continuance ; residence ; state of life. 
 Thy dwelling sliall be with the beasls of the field. — Dan. iv. 
 
 DWELL'ING-HOUSE, 71. The house in which one 
 lives. 
 
 DWELL'ING-PLaCE, 71. The place of residence. 
 DWELT, pp. of Dwell. Resided ; sojourned ; con- 
 tinued. 
 
 DWIN'DLE, v. i. [Sax. dwinan, to pine, to vanish ; 
 Sw. tcina ; G. schwinden. I suppose founded on the 
 root of wane, or vain, vanish.] 
 
 1. To diminish ; to become less ; to shrink ; to 
 waste or consume away. The body dwindles by pin- 
 ing or consumiition ; an estate dwindles by waste, by 
 want of industry or economy ; an object dwindles in 
 size as it recedes from view ; an army dwindles by 
 death or desertion. 
 
 Our drooping days are dwindled down to naught. TTiomson, 
 
 2. To degenerate ; to sink ; to fall away. 
 Religious societies may dwindle into factious clubs. Swift. 
 
 DWIN'DLE, V. t. To make less ; to bring low. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 2. To break ; to disperse. Clarendon. 
 DWIN'DLED, pp. or a. Shrunk ; diminished in size. 
 DWIN'DLING, /T^r. Falling away; becoming less; 
 
 pining; consuming; moldering away. 
 D5E, V. U [Sax. deagan; L. lingo, for tigo ; Gr. rsy- 
 
 yiii ; Ft. teindre, wlience tint, taint, attaint; Sp. tenir; 
 
 Fort, tingir ; It. tignere ; At. taicha, to dye and 
 
 to die. Class Dg, No. 40. The primary sense is, to 
 throw down, to dip, to plunge.] 
 
 To stain ; to color ; to give a new and permanent 
 color to; applied particularly to cloth or the materials 
 of cloth, as wool, cotton, silk, and linen ; also, to hats, 
 leather, &c. It usually expresses more or a deeper 
 color than tinge. 
 
 DVE, 71. A coloring liquor; color; stain; tinge. 
 
 DY'ED, (dule,) /ip. Stained; colored. 
 
 DYE'-IIOUSE, 71. A building in which dyeing is car- 
 ried on. 
 
 D?E'1NG, pjir. Staining; giving a new and perma- 
 nent color. 
 
 DYE'ING, 71. The art or practice of giving new and 
 permanent colors ; the art of coloring cloth, hats, &c. 
 
 DY'ER, 71. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and 
 the like. 
 
 D?'ER'S-WEED, 71. A plant from which is obtained 
 a yellow dye. The name is given to the Reseda 
 lutcola, and to the Genista tinctoria. 
 
 Loudon. Dewey. 
 
 DVING, ppr. [from die,} Losing life ; perishing ; 
 expiring ; fading away ; languishing. 
 
 2. a. Mortal; destined to death ; as, rfi/m^ bodies. 
 
 3. Given, uttered, or manifested just before death ; 
 as, dying words ; a dying request ; dying love. 
 
 4. Supporting a dying person ; as, a dying bed. 
 
 5. Pertaining to death ; as, a dying hour. 
 DV'ING-LY, civ. In a dying manner. 
 
 DYKE. See Dike. 
 
 DY-NAM'E-TER, 71. [Or. ^tii-a^iis, strength, and 
 
 liCTfitu}, to measure. 
 An instrument for determining the magnifying 
 
 power of telescopes Ramsden. 
 DYN-A-.MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to a dynameter. 
 DY-NAM'IC ) 
 
 DY-NAM'ie-AL, ( ^"""l"!, Power.] 
 
 Pertaining to strength or power, or to dynamics. 
 
 DY-NAM'ies, 71. [Gr. Svi^i/.tf, power.] 
 
 That blanch of mechanical philosophy which 
 treats of bodies in motion ; opposed to statics, 
 
 DYN-A-MO.M'E-TER, 71. [See Dvn*meter.] An in- 
 strument for measuring force, especially the relative 
 strength of men and other animals. [See, also, 
 Dyphmometer.] Ed. F.ncyc. 
 
 D?'NAST, 71. [See Dynasty.] A ruler ; a governor ; 
 a prince; a government. 
 
 DY-NAST'ie, a. Relating to a dynasty or line of 
 kings. 
 
 DY-NAS'TI-DAN, 71. [Gr. ima',rr,i, powerful.] 
 
 The dynastidans are a tribe of beetles, of a gigantic 
 size. 
 
 D5'NAS-TY, 71. [Gr. ^uiatrrtm, power, sovereignty, 
 from dviia^Ttif, a lord or chief, from invapai, to be 
 able or strong, to prevail ; Ir. tanaiste. The W. 
 dyn, man, is probably from the same root. Class 
 Dn.^ 
 
 Government ; sovereignty ; or rather a race or 
 succession of kings of the same line or familv, who 
 govern a particular country ; as, the dynasties of Egypt 
 or Persia. Eucyc. 
 
 The obligation of treaties and contracts is allowed to survive the 
 change o( dynasties. E. EvereU. 
 
 DYS'€RA-SY, n. [Gr. ivcKpaata ; ovs, evil, and 
 xpatjis, habit.] 
 
 In medicine, an ill habit or state of the humors; 
 distemperature of the juices. Coze. Encyc, 
 
 DYS-EN-TER'ie, a. Pertaining to dysentery ; ac- 
 companied with dysentery ; proceeding from dys- 
 entery. 
 
 2. Afflicted with dysentery ; as, a. dysenteric patient. 
 DYS'EN-TER-Y, 71. [L. dijsenteria ; Gr. dvccprtpial 
 (Ju5, bad, and evrcfjov, intestines.] 
 
 A flux in which the stools consist chiefly of blood 
 and mucus or other morbid matter, accompanied 
 with griping of the bowels, and followed by tenesmus. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 DYS'NO-MY, 71. [Gr. Svs and ^0,105.] 
 
 Bad legislation ; the enactment of bad laws. 
 DYS'O-DILE, 71. A species of coal of a greenish ot 
 yellowish-gray color, in masses composed of thin 
 layers. VVlien burning, it emits a very fetid odor. 
 
 JfaUy. Clcaveland. 
 DYS-OP'SY, 71. [Gr. /v{ and uxp.] 
 
 Dimness of sight. 
 DYS'O-REX-Y, 71. [Gr. ivs, bad, and ope^is, ap- 
 petite.] 
 
 A bad or depraved appetite ; a want of appetite. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 DYS-PEP'SY, I 71. [Gr. ivaiTc4„a ; Svs, bad, and 
 
 DYS-PEP'SI-A, i JTtirrw, to concoct.] 
 
 Bad digestion ; indigestion, or difficulty of diges- 
 tion. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 DYS-PEP'Tie, a. Afflicted with bad digestion ; as, 
 a dyspeptic person. 
 
 2. Pertaining to or consisting in dyspcpsy ; as, a 
 dyspeptic complaint. 
 
 DYS-PEP'Tie, 71. A person afflicted with bad di- 
 gestion. 
 
 DIS'PHA-GY, (dis'fa-je,) 71. [Gr. 6vs and 0aj cj.] 
 
 Difficulty of digestion. 
 DYS'PHO-NY, 71. [Gr. 6tic<l>oivta ; Svs, bad, hard, and 
 ipioi'ri, voice.] 
 
 A difficulty of speaking, occasioned by an ill dispo- 
 sition of the organs of speech. Diet. 
 DYS-PH6'RI-A, 71. [Gr. (ii.; and ipopea.] 
 
 Impatience under affliclion. 
 DYSP-NQJ'A, (ilisp-nE'i,) n. [Gr. ivtrtrfotii,] 
 
 A difficulty of breathing. Core. 
 DYS-THET'ie, a. Relating to a non-febrile morbid 
 state of the blood-vessels, or to a bad habit of th« 
 body, dependent mainly upon the state of the circu- 
 lating system. 
 DYS'TOiME, j a, [Gr. i>'(, with difficultv, nn(( 
 DYS'TO-MOUS, ( rf/ii'(D, to cleave.] 
 
 In mineralogy, cleaving with dilHculty. Shepard. 
 DYS-IJ'Rie, 71.^ Pertaining to dysury. 
 DYS'IJ-RY, (dis'yu-re,) n. [Gr. dvaovpta; ^ti; and 
 ovonv, urine.] 
 
 bilhculty in discharging the urine, attended with 
 pain and a scnstition of heat. Eticyc 
 
 rXTB, FXE, FALL, WH^T — MftTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 374 
 
EAG 
 
 EAR 
 
 EAR 
 
 E. 
 
 Ethe second vowel and the fifth letter of the Eng- 
 j lish alphabet, seems to be the ancinnt Phenician 
 and Hebrew a inverted, corresponding nearly with 
 the Cbaldaic and later Hebrew ~. Its long and nat- 
 ural sound in English coincides with the sound of i 
 in the Italian and French languages, and is formed 
 by a narrower opening of the glottis than that of a. 
 'It has a long sound, as in hrrc, mere, vie; a short 
 sound, as in vitt, men; and the sound of a open or 
 long, in there, prey, vein. As a final letter, it is gen- 
 erally quiescent ; but it serves to lengthen the sound 
 of the preceding vowel, or at least to indicate that 
 the preceding vowel is to have its long sound, as in 
 iiMHf, cane, plume, which, without the final e would 
 be pronounced man, can, plum. After c ana o", the 
 final e serves to indicate that c is to bo pronounced 
 as s, and /r as j. Thus, without the fiiuil e in mace, 
 [mase,] th,s word would be pronounced mac, [niak,J 
 and ra^re [rij] would be pronounced ran-. In a numer- 
 ous class of words, — indeed in almost every word, 
 except a few from the Greek, — the final e is silent, 
 servuig no purpose whatever, unless to show from 
 what language we have received the words; and in 
 many cases, it does not answer this purpose. In 
 words ending in ive, as active; in He, af futile ; in 
 ine, as in sanguine, examine; in ite, as in definite: 
 e is, for the most part, silent. In some of these 
 words, the use of e is borrowed from the French ; in 
 most or all cases, it is not .authorized by the Latin 
 originals ; it is worse than useless, as it le.ids to a 
 wrong pronunciation ; and the retaining of it in such 
 words is beyond measure absurd. 
 
 When two of this vowel occur together, the sound 
 is the same as that of the single e long, as in deem, 
 esteem, need ; and it occurs often with a and i, as in 
 mean, hear, siege, deceive, in which cases, when one 
 vowel only has a sound, the combination I call a 
 digraph, {double written.] In these combinations, the 
 sound is usually that of e long, but sometimes the 
 short sound of e, as in Had, a metal, riad, pret. of read, 
 and sometimes the sound of a long, as mrei<rn,feipi, 
 pnmounced rotir, fane. Irregularities of this kind 
 are not reducible to rules. 
 
 .Asa numeral, E stands forO-W. In the calendar, it 
 is the fifth of the dominical letters. .'\s an abbrevi- 
 ation, it stands for East, as in charts ; E. N. E., cast- 
 north-east ; E. S. E., cast-south-east; E. by S., east 
 bv south. 
 
 EACH, (Cch,) a. [Scot. eik. This word is either a 
 contraction of the Sax. ale, ele, D. elk, or the Ir. 
 eeach, or ffach, Ilasque ffucia, Fr. chaque, with the 
 loss of the first articulation. VVith the Celtic corre- 
 sponds the Kiiss. kajdei, each. I am inclined to be- 
 lieve both the English and Scottish words to be con- 
 tractions of the Celtic ceach.] 
 
 Every one of any number separately considered 
 or treated. The emperor distributed to each soldier 
 in his army a libenfl donative. 
 
 To all ol them he f^ave each man changes of nvlment. — Cieo. 
 xlv. 
 
 And princes of Ismel, brinjr Iwelte men, each one was lor 
 
 th? hoi w of hu f.»ihiT«. — Num. i. 
 Simeon and Le^i took tach man liis sword. — Gen. xxxir. 
 
 To each corre9p<inds other. Let each esteem other 
 better than himself It is our duty to assist each 
 ether; that is, it is our duty to assist, tacA to assist 
 the other. 
 
 ftACH'VVHEKE, orfu. Everywhere. [Obs.] 
 E.\D, ED, in names, is a Saxon word, signifying happy, 
 fortunate ; as in Kdicard, happy preserver ; Eiisar, 
 hnppy power ; Eiitein, happy conqueror ; Fadulph, 
 bappy ossist.ance ; like .Macarius and F.upolemus in 
 Greek, and Fausta, Fortunatus, Felicianus, in I-^atin. 
 
 Otbson, 
 
 EA'GER, (5'ger,) a. [Fr. aigre; Arm. e<rr : W. ejiyr ; 
 It. agro ; Pp. Ofrria ; L. acer, fierce, brisk, sharp, sour. 
 If r is radical, this word belongs to Class Gr. Ir. 
 gear, geire, sharp ; Ger. trier. Otherwise, it coin- 
 cides with L. <Ku.«, Eng. edge. Sax. ecg.] 
 
 1. Excited by ardent desire in the pursuit of any 
 object ; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain ; inflamed 
 by desire : ardently wishing or longing. The soldiers 
 were eager to engage the enemy. Alen are eager in 
 the pursuit of we.ilth. The lover is eager to possess 
 tlie object of his affections. 
 
 2. Ardent ; vehement ; impetuous ; as, eager 
 spirits ; eager zeal ; eager clamors. 
 
 3. Sharp ; sour ; acid ; as, eager droppings into 
 milk. [UaXe used.] Shak, 
 
 4. Sharp ; keen ; biting ; severe ; as, eager air ; 
 ea^^rr cold. [Little used.] Shak. Bacon. 
 
 5. UriiUe ; inflexible ; not ductile ; as, the gold is 
 _ too eager. [LocaL] Locke. 
 
 F A'GER-LY, ode. With great ardor of desire; ar- 
 
 dently : earnestlv : warmly ; with prompt zeal ; as, 
 he eagerly flew to the assistance of Iiis friend. 
 
 2. Hastily ; imiK'tuousIy. 
 
 3. Keenly ; sharply. 
 
 EA'GEU-NESS, 71. Ardent desire to do, pursue, or ob- 
 tain any thing ; animated zeal; vehement lunging; 
 ardor of inclination. Men pursue honor with eager- 
 ness. Detraction is often received with eagerness. 
 With eagerness the soldier rushes to battle. The 
 lover's eagerness often disappoints his hopes. 
 2. Tartness; sourness. [Oftx.] 
 
 E.4.'GLE, (S'gl,) n. [Fr. aigle; Sp. aguila; It. aquila ; 
 L. aquila. Clu. from his beak, Ch. Heb. Spy, to be 
 o 
 
 crooked, (see Buxtorf,) or Pars, ^^.s.!.] 
 
 1. A rapacious bird of the genus Falco. The beak 
 is crooked, and furnished with a cere at the base, and 
 the tongue is cloven or bifid. There are several spe- 
 cies, as the bald or white-headed eagle, the sea ea- 
 gle or ossifragc, the golden eagle, &c. 
 
 The eagle is one of the largest species of birds, 
 has a keen sight, and preys on small animals, fish, 
 &.C. He lives to a great age ; and it is said that one 
 died at Vienna, after a confinement of a hundred and 
 four years. On account of the elevation and rapidity 
 of his flight, and of his great strength, he is called 
 the king of birds. Hence the figure of an eagle 
 was made the standard of the Romans, and a spread 
 eagle is a principal figure in the amis of the United 
 States of America. Hence, also, in heraldry, it is one 
 of the most noble bearings in armory. 
 
 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value 
 of ten dollars, or about forty-three sliillings sterling. 
 
 3. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, hav- 
 ing its right wing contiguous to the equinoctial. It 
 contains .Altair, a star of the first magnitude. E^ncyc. 
 
 K.VGLE-E?-i;D, (e'gl-Ide,) a. Sharpsiglited .is an 
 eagle ; having an .iciite sight. Dnjden. 
 2. Discerning; having acute intellectual vision. 
 KA'GLE-FLIGHT-ED,(£'gl-flit-ed,)a. Flying like an 
 _ eagle ; mounting high. 
 
 KA'GLE-SIGHT'ED, (e'gl-slt-ed,) a. Having acute 
 sight. Shak. 
 
 EA'GLE-SPEED. n. Swiftness like that of an eagle. 
 
 KA'GLESS, 71. A female or hen eagle. [Pope. 
 
 EA'GLE-SToNE.Ti. .iCtitcs, a variety of argillaceous 
 oxyd of iron, occurring in ma-sses varying from the 
 size of a walnut to that of a man's head. Their form 
 is spherical, oval, or nearly rcniform, or sometimes 
 like a parallelopiped with rounded edges and angles. 
 They have a rough surface, and are essentially com- 
 posed of concentric layers. These nodules often 
 embrace at the center a kernel or nucleus, sometimes 
 movable, and always differing from the exterior in 
 color, density, and fracture. To these hollow nodules 
 the ancients gave the name of eagle-stones, from an 
 opinion that the eagle transported them to her nest to 
 facilitate the laying of her eggs. CleavelantL 
 
 EA'GLET, ji. A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle. 
 
 EA'GLE-WING-f:D, a. Having the wings of an e.a- 
 gle ; swift as an eagle. Milton. 
 
 E.\'GLE-VVOOD, 71. A fragrant wood, used by the 
 Asiatics for burning as incense. Brande. 
 
 EA'GRE, 71. A tide swelling above another tide, as in 
 the Severn. Dryden. 
 
 P.AL'DER-MAN. See Aldebmaw. 
 
 iS.\ME,7i. [Sax. earn.] 
 
 Uncle. [OA.*J Spenser. 
 
 P.AN, r. f. or i. To yean. [SeeYtAw.] 
 
 eAN'LING, 7u a lamb just brought forth. [A'ut 
 used.] 
 
 E.\R, 71. [Sax. ear, eare ; D. nor ; Sw. lira ; Dan. '6re ; 
 G. ohr, or tihr ; L. auris, whence auricula, Fr. oreiUe, 
 Sp. oreja. Port, orelha. It. orecehio. The sense is 
 probably a shoot or limb. It may be connected 
 with hear, as the L. audio is with the Gr. ot-y, uimi.] 
 
 1. The organ of hearing; the organ by which 
 sound is perceived ; and, in general, both the exter- 
 nal and internal part is understood by the term. The 
 external ear is a cartilaginous funnel, attached, by 
 ligaments and muscles, to the temporal bone, fiiryc. 
 
 2. The sense of hearing^ or rather the powcr.^»f 
 distinguishing sounds and judging of harmonv;'tlS 
 power of nice perception of the differences of sound, 
 or of consonances and disson.ances. She has a deli- 
 cate ear for music, or a good ear. 
 
 3. In tAe plural, the head or person. 
 
 U Is Viler lo pus o»rr an alTrool 6om ou scoundrrl, than to 
 draw a hcnl about one's tart. L Ettrangt. 
 
 4. The top, or highest part 
 
 The caTalier was up to the sars In lore. \Lv».\ L'Ettrangt. 
 
 TS I '° 
 
 fight or scuffle ; to 
 rrel. 
 
 5. A favorable hearing ; attention ; heed ; regard. 
 Give no car to flattery. He could not gain the prince's 
 ear. 
 
 I cried to God —and he gave ear to me. — Ps. Ixxvil. 
 
 G. Disposition to like or dislike what is heard ; 
 opinion ; judgment ; taste. 
 
 7. Any part of a thing resembling an ear; a pro- 
 jecting part from the side of any thing; as, the ears 
 of a vessel used as handles. 
 
 8. The spike of corn ; that part of certain plants 
 which contains the flowers and seeds ; as, an ear of 
 wheat or maize. 
 
 7^0 be by the ears. 
 To fall togctlu'r by the ears, 
 To go together by Uie ears. 
 
 To set by tlie ears ; to make strife ; to cause to 
 quarrel. 
 
 jJn ear for music ; an ear that relishes music, or that 
 readily distinguishes tones or intervals. 
 EAR, 1'. i. To shoot as an ear ; to form ears, as corn. 
 
 E. \R, v. U [I., aro.] 
 
 To plow or till. [ Obs.] 
 EAR'A-ni,E, a. Used to be tilled. [Obs.] Barret. 
 EAR'aCHE, (•-ake,) n. [SeeAciiE.j Pain in the oar. 
 iiAR'.\L, a. Receiving by the ear. [JVut itsed.] 
 
 Hemt. 
 
 EAR'-BoR-KD,a. Having the ear perforated. Hall. 
 EAR'-CAP, 71. .\ cover for the ears against cold. 
 eAR'-DEAF-£N-ING, (-dC'fn- or -defn-,) a. Stun- 
 ning the car with noise. Shak. 
 
 F. .\R'£D,;/p. or a. Having e.ars ; having spikes formed, 
 
 3. Plowed. [Obs.] [as corn. 
 
 eAR'-E-RECT'ING, a. Setting up the ears. C«7P;7rr. 
 E.'VR'IXG, 71. In seamen' slanguage, a rope attached to 
 the cringle of a sail, by which it is bent or reefed. 
 
 R. n. Dana, Jr. 
 eAR'ING, 71. A plowing of land. Oen. .xliv. 
 eAR'LAP, 71. The tip of the car. 
 EAR'I.OCK, 71. [Sax. ear-loea.] 
 
 A lock or curl of hair, near the car. 
 E.\R'MARK, n. A mark on the ear, by which a sheep 
 is known. 
 
 e.\R'.MARK, 71. t. To mark, as sheep, by cropping or 
 slitting the ear. 
 
 EAR'MXRK-f;0, (-mirkt,) pj,. Marked on the ear. 
 
 EAR'MXRK-ING, ppr. Marking on the ear. 
 
 EAR'PICK, n. An instrument for cleansing the ear. 
 
 eAR'-PI|-.R-CL\G, a. Piercing the ear, as a shrill or 
 
 _ sharp sound. Shak. 
 
 eAR'RLVG, n. A pendant; an ornament, sometimes 
 set with diamonds, pearls, or other jewels, worn at 
 
 _ the ear, by means of a ring passing through the lobe. 
 
 EAR'SHOT, 71. Reach of the ear; the distance at 
 which words mav be hoard. Dryden. 
 
 EAR'-TRUMP-ET, 71. A tube applied to the ear to 
 aid in hearing. 
 
 E,\R'VV.\X, 71. The cerumen ; a thick viscous sub- 
 stance, secreted by the glands of the ear into the 
 
 _ outer passage. F.neyc. 
 
 EAR' WIG, 77. [Sax. ear-viigga, ear-wicga; ear and 
 worm or grub.] 
 
 1. An insect, with Large transparent wings, which 
 cats fruit and flower h aves, and h.as been errone- 
 ously supposed to creep into the human brain through 
 the ear. 
 
 In J^ew England, this name is vulgarly given to a 
 centiped. 
 
 2. Figuralirrly, one who gains the ear of another 
 by stealth, and whispers insinuations. 
 
 EA R'WIG, r. t. To gain the ear by stealth, and whis- 
 _ per insinuations. [Colloquial in Fjigland.] 
 K.\R'-WIT-\ESS, 71. One who is able to give testi- 
 mony to a fact from his own hearing. Watts. 
 E.\RL, (eri,) 71. [Sax. i-or/ ; Ir. iaWn, an earl; ear- 
 lumh, noble. This word is said to have been received 
 from the Danes, although not now used in Denmark. 
 Formerly, this title among the Danes was equivalent 
 to the English alderman. Spclman.] 
 
 A Rritish title of nobility, or a nobleman, the third 
 in rank, being next below a marquis, and nexlabove 
 a viscount. The title answers to count [eomple] in 
 France, and graaf in Germany. The earl formerly 
 had the government of a shire, and was called shire- 
 man. After the conquest, earls were called counts, 
 and from them shires have taken the name of coun- 
 ties. Earl is now a mere title, unconnected with ter- 
 ritorial Jurisdiction. Spelman. F.neyc. 
 E.\RL'DOM, (eri'dum,) ti. The seignor)-, juri.sdic- 
 
 tion, or dignity of an earl. 
 EARL-MA R'SH.AL, n. An oflicer in Great Britain, 
 who has the superintendence of military solemnities. 
 
 TtNE, BULL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e asK; GosJ; SasZ; CHasSH; THasln THIS. 
 
 375 
 
EAR 
 
 EAR 
 
 EAS 
 
 He is the eighth great officer of state. Tlie office 
 was originally conferred by grant of tlie king, but is 
 now hereditary in the family of tlie Howards. Encyc. 
 EARLES'-PEN'-NY, (erlz ) n. Money given in part 
 _ payment, [du. L. arrha.] [JVot in use] 
 EAR'LESS, a. Destitute of ears ; disinclined to hear 
 or listen. 
 
 EAR'LI-ER, (er'li-er,) a. eomp. More forward or early. 
 
 EAR'LI-EST, (er'li-est,) o. supcrl. Most early ; first. 
 
 E.'Ul'LI-NESS, (er'li-ness,) n. [See Early and Ere.] 
 A state of advance or forwardness ; a state of 
 being before any thing, or at the beginning; as, the 
 earliuess of rising in the morning is a rising at the 
 dawn of the morning, or before the usual time of 
 rising. So we speak of the earliness of spring, or the 
 earlincss of plants, to express a state somewhat in 
 advance of the usual time of spring, or growth of 
 plants. 
 
 EAR'LY, (er'ly,1 a. [from Sax. <Er, cr, before in 
 time, Eng. erf, which indicates the root of the word 
 to signify, to advance, to pass along, or shoot up. It 
 is probably connected with the D. eer, G. rjire, Sw. 
 akra, Dan. arc, honor, denoting the highest point.] 
 
 1. In advance of something else ; prior in time ; 
 forward ; as, early fruit, that is, fruit that comes to 
 maturity before other fruit ; early gro\vth ; carhj 
 manhood ; early old age or decrepitude, that is, 
 premature old age. So an early spring ; an early 
 harvest. 
 
 2. First ; being at the beginning ; as, early dawn. 
 
 3. Being in good season ; as, the court met at an 
 early hour. 
 
 EAR'LY, (er'ly,) adv. Soon ; in good season ; be- 
 times ; as, rise early : come early ; begin early to 
 instil into children principles of piety. 
 
 Those that seek nic early £!::«! find me. — Fiov. viii. 
 
 EARN, (ern,) v. t. [Sax. carman^ atrnian, rrearnian^ to 
 earn, to merit. It is connected in origin with Ear- 
 .NEST and Years, which see. The primary sense 
 is to strive or urge, implying an eflbrt to advance or 
 stretch forward.] 
 
 1. To merit or deserve by labor, or by any per- 
 formance ; to do that which entitles to a reward, 
 whether the reward is received or not. .Men often 
 earn money or honor which they never receive. 
 Earn money before you spend it, and spend less than 
 you earn. 
 
 It is idle to hope, by our short-sighteil conlrirances, to insure 
 to a people happiuess which their own chantct-^T has not 
 earma. Clianntng, 
 
 2. To gain by labor, service, or performance ; to 
 deserve and receive as compensation ; as, to earn a 
 dollar a day ; to earn a good living ; to earn honors or 
 laurels. 
 
 EARN, (ern,) v. i. [Sax. gyman.] To long for ; to 
 feel anxiety. See Yearn. Spenser. 
 
 EARN, V. i. To curdle. JVort/i of Eufrlaud. 
 
 EARN'£D, (emd,) pp. Merited by labor or perform- 
 ance ; gained. 
 
 E.ARN'EST, (ern'est,) a. [Sax. earnest or geomest, 
 from georn, desirous, studious, diligent, assidiioud, 
 whence geornian, gyrnan, to desire, to yearn ; Dan. 
 gieriie, willingly, freely, gladly, cheerfully ; gierning, 
 a deed, act, exploit; Ger. ernst ; D. ernst ; W. ern, 
 earnest-money. The radical sense is, to strive to ad- 
 vance, to reach forward, to urge, to strain.] 
 
 1. Ardent in the pursuit tif an object ; eager to 
 obtain ; having a longing desire ; warmly engaged 
 or incited. 
 
 They are never more earnat to disturb us, than when they see 
 us most earnett in this duty. Dupjja. 
 
 9. Ardent ; wann ; eager ; zealous ; animated ; 
 importunate ; as, earnest in love ; earnest in prayer, 
 y. Intent ; fixed. 
 
 On that prospect Strang 
 Their earnest eyes were fixetl. Arttton. 
 
 4. Serious ; important ; that is, really intent or en- 
 gaged ; whence tlie phrase hi earnest. To be in earn- 
 est, is to be really urging or stretching toward an 
 object ; intent on a pursuit. Hence, from fixed atten- 
 tion, comes the sense of seriousness in the pursuit, as 
 opposed to trilling or jest. Arc you in earnest or in jest ? 
 
 E.ARN'EST, (ern'est,) n. Seriousness ; a reality ; a 
 real event ; as opposed to jesting or feigned apiiear- 
 ance. 
 
 Tnlce heefl that this )e8t flo not one day turn to earnest. Sitlney. 
 And five in earnett what 1 l<egged in Jfst. SItaJc. 
 
 2. First fruits ; that which is in advance, and gives 
 promise of something to come. Early fruit may be 
 an e<irne*t of fruit to follow. The ( hrii^tian's peace 
 of mind, in this life, is an earnest of future peace and 
 happinesn. The earnest of the J^jiirit is given to the 
 ■aiiits, as the assurance of their future enjoyment of 
 God's favor and presence. 
 
 :t. A part paid or delivered beforehand, ns money 
 or goods, under a contract, .is a pledge and security 
 for the whole. Thus, earnest, or earnest-money, is a 
 first payment or depo»it, giving iirimiise or assurance 
 of full payinenl, and serving alsti to bind the seller 
 lo the termi tif the agreement. AfcCuUorh. 
 
 Hence tlio practice of giving an earnett to ratify a 
 bargain. 
 
 4. In a wider sense, a pledge or assurance of more 
 to come hereafter ; as, to give earnest of success. 
 EARN'EST-LY, (ern'est-ly,) ado. Warmly ; zeal- 
 ously ; importunately ; eagerly ; with real desire. 
 Beinij in an ag;ony, he prayed more earnestly, — I^uke xxii. 
 That ye should earnestly contend for die faith once delivered to 
 the saints. — JuJe 3. 
 
 2. With fixed attention ; with eagerness. 
 A certain maid looked earnestly upon him. — Luke xxii. 
 EARN'EST-MON-EY, (-mun-ny,) n. Money paid as 
 
 a pledge or security. 
 EARN'EST-NESS, (em'est-ness,) n. Ardor or zeal in 
 the pursuit of any thing ; eagerness ; animated de- 
 sire ; as, to seek or ask with earnestness ; to engage 
 in a work with mmestncss. 
 
 2. Anxious care ; solicitude ; intenssness of de- 
 sire. Drydcn. 
 
 3. Fixed desire or attention ; seriousness ; as, the 
 charge was maintained with a show of gravity and 
 earnestness. 
 
 EARN'FHIi, (ern'ful,) a. Full of anxiety. [J^otused.] 
 
 EARN'ING, (ern'ing,) ppr. Meriting by services ; 
 gaining by labor or performance. 
 
 EARN'I.^IG, (ern'ing,) n. ; pi. Ear.mngs. That which 
 is earned ; that which is gained or merited by labor, 
 services, or performances ; wages ; reward. The 
 fully of young men is to spend their earnings in dis- 
 sipation or extravagance. It is wise fur the poor to 
 invest their earnings in a productive fund. 
 
 EARSH, (ersli,) ji. [See Ear, to plow.] A plowed 
 field. [jVo/ in ttse.] Jllay. 
 
 EARTH, (ertli,) n. [Sax. card, eorth, yrth; D. aarde; 
 G. eriic ; Sw. iord, jord ; Dan. iord ; Scot, erd, yerd, 
 yerth,; Turk, jerda; Tartaric, i/irc/tt. It coincides with 
 
 the Heb. fiN. The Ar. (j^! aradh, from which 
 
 the Arabic and Hebrew words corresponding to the 
 Teutonic above, are derived, signifies to eat, gnaw, 
 or corrode as a worm, or the teredo. It is obvious, 
 then, that the primary sense of earth is fine particles, 
 like mold. The verb may be from ysi, to break or 
 bruise. The Ch. and Syr. N^iN, earth, may be con- 
 tracted from the same word. See Corrode.] 
 
 1. Earth, in its primary sense, signifies the particles 
 which compose the mass of the globe, but more partic- 
 ularly, the particles which form the fine mold on the 
 surface of the globe ; or it denotes any indefinite mass 
 or portion of that matter. We throw U|) earth with a 
 spade or plow ; we fill a pit or ditch with earth ; we 
 form a rampart with car(/i. This substance being 
 considered, by ancient philo.sophers, as simple, was 
 called an element; and, in popular language, we still 
 hear of the four elements, ^irc, air, eartli, and water. 
 
 2. In chemistry, the term earth was, till lately, em- 
 ployed to denote a supposed simple elementary body 
 or substance, defined to be tasteless, inodorous, un- 
 infiamniable, and infusible. But it has also been 
 applied to substances which have a very sensible al- 
 kaline taste, as lime. The primitive earths have 
 been reckoned ten in number ; of which five are 
 considered earths proper, namely, alumina, glucina, 
 yttria, zirconia, and tSiorina; four possess decided al- 
 kaline properties, namely, baryta, strontia, lime or 
 calcia, and magnesia ; and one, silica, is regarded as 
 an acid, and often called silicic acid. Recent experi- 
 ments prove that all of them, except ii&a, are com- 
 pounds of oxygen «'ith metallic bases. 
 
 Davy. Silliman. Phillips. Ure. 
 
 3. The terraqueous globe which we inhabit. The 
 earth is nearly spherical, but a little fiatted at the 
 poles, and hence its figure is called an oblate spheroid. 
 It is one of the primary planets, revolving round the 
 sun in an orbit which is between those of Venus and 
 Mars. It is nearly eight thousand miles in diameter, 
 and twenty-five thousand miles in circumference. 
 Its mean distance from the sun is about ninety-five 
 millions of miles, and its annual revolution consti- 
 tutes the year of 305 days, 5 hours, and nearly 49 
 minutes. 
 
 4. The world, as opposed to other scenes of exist- 
 ence. SShalt. 
 
 5. The inhabitants of the globe. 
 
 The whole earOi wa« of one lanjua^. — Gen. xi. 
 
 6. Dry land, opposed to the sea. 
 
 God Cfdled Uie dry land earth. — Gen. i. 
 
 7. Country ; region ; a distinct part of the globe. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 In this sense, land or soil is more generally used. 
 In Scripture, earth is used for a jiart of the worlil. 
 
 Eira i. 2. 
 
 8. The ground ; the surface of the earth. Ho fell 
 to the earth. The ark was lirtcd above the earth. 
 
 In the second month — was Uie earlli dried. —Gen. viii. 
 
 0. In Scripture, things on the earth are carnal, sen- 
 sual, lt;mporary things ; ojiposed to heaveiil}', spirit- 
 ual, or divine things. 
 
 10. Finuralivcly, a low condition. Re\\ xii. 
 
 11. [from ear. Sax. erinn, L. aro,Xo plow.] The 
 act of turning up the ground in tillage. [JVnt used.] 
 
 Tussrr. \ 
 
 EARTH, (erth,) v. t. To hide, or cause to hide, in the 
 earth. 
 
 The fox b earthed. Dryden. 
 2. To cover with earth or mold. Evelyn. 
 
 EARTH, V. i. To retire under ground ; to burrow. 
 Here foxes earthed. 
 
 EARTH'-BAG, n. A bag filled with earth, used for de- 
 fense in war. 
 
 EAKTH'-BANK, n. A hank or mound of earth. 
 
 EARTH'-BoARD, (erth'bord,) n. The board of a plow 
 that turns over the earth ; the molit-board. 
 
 EARTH'BORN, a. Born of the earth ; terrigenous ; 
 springing originally from the earth ; as, the falded 
 2. Earthly ; terrestrial. [earth-born giants. 
 
 AH earlli-born c:vre8 are wrong. Goldsmith. 
 
 EARTH'-BOUND, a. Fastened by the pressure of the 
 earth. Slialc. 
 
 EARTH'-BRED, a. Low; abject; groveling. 
 
 EARTH'-CRE aT'ED, a. Formed of earth. Young. 
 
 EARTH'A'D, (erthd,) pp. Hid in the earth. 
 
 EARTH'£N, (erth'n,) a. Made of earth ; made of 
 cl.ay ; as, an earthen vessel ; earthen ware. 
 
 EARTH'EN-WaRE, 71. Ware made of earth ; crock- 
 ery. It is less hard than stone-ware. 
 
 EARTH'-FED, a. Low; abject. B. Jonson. 
 
 EARTH'-FLAX, 71. Ainianth ; a fibrous, flexile, elas- 
 tic mineral substance, consisting of short interwoven, 
 or long parallel filaments. Encyc. 
 
 EARTH'1-NESS, 71. The quality of being earthy, or 
 of containing earth ; grossness. Johnson. 
 
 EARTll'ING, (erth'ing,) ppr. Hiding in the earth. 
 
 EARTH'LI-NESS, 71. [from eart%.] The quality of 
 being earthly ; grossness. 
 
 2. Worldliness; strong attachment to worldly 
 things. 
 
 EARTH'LING, 71. An inhabitant of the earth ; a 
 
 mortal ; a frail creature. Drummond. 
 EARTII'LY, a. Pertaining to the earth, or to this world. 
 Our eartjily house of this tabernacle. — 2 Cor. v. 
 
 2. Not heavenly ; vile ; mean. 
 
 Tliis eanltly load 
 Of death called liie. Mllon. 
 
 3. Belonging to our present state ; as, eartldy ob- 
 jects ; eartliUj residence. 
 
 4. Belonging to the earth or world ; carnal; vile; 
 as opposed \.o spirituxd or heavenly. 
 
 Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things. — 
 Phil. iii. 
 
 5. Corporeal ; not mental. Spenser. 
 
 6. Any thing on earth. 
 
 Wlial carl/i/y benefit can be the result f Pope. 
 EARTH'LY-MIND'ED, a. Having a mind devoted 
 
 to earlhlv things. 
 EARTH'LY-MIND'ED-NESS, 71. Grossness; sen- 
 suality ; extreme devotedness to earthly objects. 
 
 Q-regory. 
 
 EARTII'-NUT, 7!. The popular name of a spherical 
 knob, the size of a cherry, which is black without 
 and white within, and is a part of the root of the 
 Carum Bulbocastantim. DcCand. 
 
 2. The seed-vessel and -seed of the Arachis liy- 
 poga;a, a leguminous plant, called also pea-nut. It 
 lies upon, or is buried in the earth, where it ripens. 
 
 EARTiraUAKE, 71. A shaking, trembling, or con- 
 cussion of the eartli ; sometimes a slight tremor ; at 
 other times a violent shaking or convulsion ; at oth- 
 er times a rocking or heaving of the earth. Earth- 
 quakes are usually preceded by a rattling sound in 
 the air, or by a subterraneous rumbling noise. Hence 
 the name earlhdin, formerly given to an earthquake. 
 
 EARTH'-SIIAK-ING, a. Shaking the earth; having 
 power to shake the earth. Mdton. 
 
 EARTH-WAN'DER-ING, a. Roving over the earth. 
 
 EARTll'-WbltK, (erth'wurk,) 7i. In engineering, a 
 term applied to cuttings, embankments, &c. 
 
 EAR'J'H'-WORM, (erth'wurin,) 71. The dew worm, a 
 species of lumbricus ; a worm that lives under 
 ground. Encyc. 
 2. A mean, sordid wretch. 
 
 EARTH'Y, a. Consisting of earth ; as, earthy matter. 
 
 2. Resembling earth ; as, an rar(/iy taste or smell. 
 
 3. Partaking of earth ; terrene. Milton. 
 
 4. Inhabiting the earth ; terrestrial ; as, earthy 
 spirils. Drydcn. 
 
 5. Relating to earth ; as, an eartJiy sign. Dryden. 
 (>. (Jross ; not refincil ; as, an earthy conceit. Shak. 
 
 7. Earthy fracture, in mineralogy, is when the 
 fracture of a mineral is rough, witii niiniilo eleva- 
 tions and depressions. CIcaveland. 
 
 EASE, (Cze,) 71. [Fr. aise ; Arm. act ; W. hawz ; Corn. 
 hedh ; Sax. tcUi or eaOi, easy ; L, otiumi It. agio; Ir. 
 easgaidh.] 
 
 1. Rest ; an undisturbed state. .Applied to the body, 
 freedom from jiain, disltirbance, excilemont, or an- 
 noyance. He sits at his ivj.vr. He takes his ea.<;e. 
 
 2 Miijdird to the mind, a quirt state ; tranquillity ; 
 freedom from piiin, concern, anxiety, solicitude, or 
 any thing that frets or ruffles the minii. 
 
 Ills soul ihall ilwell at ease. — 1'., ixv. 
 
 Wot- to lliem thitt arc ut eaee in Zion. — Amoi »1. 
 
 3. Ri^st from labor. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — MttTE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 376 
 
EAS 
 
 4. Facility; freeddni from ililficulty or great Inbor. 
 One ni.iii will pi rfcirm tliis service witli ea.ie. Tliis 
 author writes with one 
 
 3. Freedom IVom stiiriiess, harslincss, forced ex- 
 pressions, or unnatural arrangement ; as, tiie ease of 
 style. 
 
 IS. Freedom from constraint or formality ; unaf- 
 fectcdnes^ ; as, ease of behavior. 
 
 case ; in an undisturbed state ; free from pain or 
 _ anxiety. 
 
 E. \SE, V. t. To free from pain, or any disquiet or an- 
 noyance, OS the body ; to relieve ; to give rest to ; as, 
 the medicine h.is cased the patient. 
 
 2. To free from anxiety, care, or disturbance, as 
 the mitid ; as, the late m;ws has rased my minil. 
 
 3. 'I'o remove a burden from, either of body or 
 mind; to relieve; with of. Jiase me of this load; 
 e<ise them of their burdens. 
 
 4. To mitigate ; to alleviate ; to assuage ; to abate 
 or remove in part any burden, pain, grief, anxiety, or 
 disturbance. 
 
 l^ase thou soniowt);it the ^icvoua scrviluJc of tliy fallicr. — 2 
 CItruli, X. 
 
 5. To quiet ; to allay ; to destroy ; as, to case pain. 
 To ease off, or ease aicay, in seamen's language, is to 
 
 slacken a rope gradually. 
 
 To e(Lsea ship, is to put the lielm liard a-lee, or reg- 
 ulate the sail, to prevent her pitching, when close- 
 
 _ hauled. Tottnu 
 
 KAS'Kl), (ezd,) pp. Freed from pain ; alleviated. 
 
 f; ASU'FljL, o. Uuiet ; peaceful; titf.rr.st. Sluik. 
 
 KASF,'Fi,lI.,-LY, aid'. With ease or quiet. Shcricoad. 
 
 KA<5K Fl,'L-XEt!S, n. Slate of being easeful. 
 
 KAS'EL, «. The frame on which painters place their 
 canvas. 
 
 KtL-<et-pieres, ntnon^ painters, are the smaller pieces, 
 either portraits or landscapes, which are painted on 
 the e.asel, as distinguished from those which are 
 drawn on walls, ceilings, &c, £/icyc. Clialmers. 
 
 F. A.« E' I.E.-^S, a. Wanting ease. 
 
 eASE'.ME.NT, r. Convenience; accommodation; 
 that whicli gives e.ase, relief, or assistance. 
 
 lie Iix* tilf. ndvaiiugv of .1 free lotiging, JUid iome oltiT etue- 
 menU. ^Vl/r. 
 
 2. In laio, any privilege or convenience which one 
 man has of another, either by prescription or charter, 
 without profit ; as away through his land, &c. 
 
 Eticijc. Coied. 
 KAS'I-LY, adn. [from easy.] Without ditliculty or 
 great labor ; without great exertion, or sacrifice of la- 
 bor or expense ; as, this task may be easily per- 
 formed ; that event might have been easily foreseen. 
 
 2. Without pain, anxiety, or disturbance ; in tran- 
 quillity ; .as, to pass life well and rosily. Temple. 
 
 3. Readily; witliout the pain of reluctance. 
 
 N.>t soon provoked, «1ic ea^Uy torgivcs. Prior. 
 
 4. Smoothly; quietly; gently; without tumult or 
 discord. 
 
 5. Without violent shaking or jolting ; as, a car- 
 _ riage moves easity. 
 
 K.^S'I-NESS, 71. Freedom from difficulty ; ease. 
 
 Eatinett und ditficult)' are relative tenns. TiUolson. 
 
 2. Flexibility; readiness to comply; prompt com- 
 pliance ; a yielding or disposition to yield without 
 opposition or reluctance. 
 
 Give to liim, (uid he tkitl but I.iu^h at your eatinett. Soulh. 
 
 So we say, a man's easiness of temper is remarka- 
 ble. 
 
 3. Freedom from stitTness, constraint, effort, or 
 formality ; applied to taaniiers, or to the style ofwritinir. 
 
 Roscommott. 
 
 4. Rest ; tranquillity ; ease; freedom from pain. 
 
 Rail. 
 
 5. Freedom from shaking or jolting, as of a mov- 
 ing vehicle. 
 
 B. Softness ; as, tlie e/finess of a scat. 
 
 P.AS'IN'G, (ez'ing,) ppr. Relieving; mitigating. 
 
 E-\ST, (est,) n. i-Sax. east ; U oost, ooslen ; G. ost ; 
 Sw. ost, ostcn ; Dan. Ost, Hslen ; Ft. csL If the radi- 
 cal sense coincides with that of the L. oriens, tliis 
 word may belong to the root of hoise, hoUL] 
 
 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen 
 to rise at the equinox, or when it is in the equinoc- 
 tial, or the corresponding point on the earth ; one of 
 the four cardinal points. The east and the west are 
 the |K)int3 where a line at right angles to tlie meridian 
 of a place intersects the horizon. Hut to persons 
 under the equinoctial line, that bne constitutes cast 
 and wesL 
 
 2. The ea-stern parts of the earth ; the regions or 
 countries which lie east of Europe, or other countrv-. 
 In this indefinite sense, the word is applied to Asia 
 Minor, Syria, Chaldea, Persia, India, China, &.c. 
 We speak of the riches of the east, the diamonds and 
 pearls of the east, the kings of the cast. 
 
 Th' i^r^iu fojl, with richnl hand, 
 
 Poura on licr kaip. hirtkmc pearl and gold. MiUon. 
 
 £.\ST, a. Toward the rising sun ; or tow.ard the point 
 where the sun rises, when in the equinoctial ; as, the 
 east gate ; the east border ; the east side ; the east 
 wind 13 a wind that blows from the east. 
 
 EAT 
 
 EIJO 
 
 K.\S'TER, n. [Sax. caster ; (J. oslcrn ; supposed to be 
 from Fjistre, the goildess of lovt!, or Vi llus of the 
 north, in honor of whom a fe.^tival was celebrated 
 by our pagan ancestors, in April ; whence this nionlh 
 wa-s called Kvstcrmonatk. Kostcr is siipposeti, by 
 Beda and others, to be the Jlstaric of the Sitlonians. 
 See lieda, Cluver, and the authorities cited by Clii- 
 vcr, and by Jainieson, under Paysyad. liiit query.] 
 A festival of the Christian church, observed in 
 commemoration of our Savior's resurrection, and oc- 
 curring on Sunday, the third day after Good Friday. 
 It answers to the pascha or passover of the Hebrews, 
 and most nations still give it this name, pascha, pask, 
 
 _ payiie. 
 
 IC.^S'TER-TJNG, n. A native of some country east- 
 wartl of another. Spenser. 
 2. A species of waterfowl. Johnsnn. 
 
 E.\S'TER-LY, o. Coming from the eastwartl ; as, an 
 easterly wind. 
 
 2. Situated toward the east ; as, tlie ea.-ilcrly side 
 of a lake or country. 
 
 3. Toward the east ; as, to move in an easterly 
 direction. 
 
 4. Looking toward the east ; as, an easterly ex- 
 _ posure. 
 
 EAS'TER-LY, fl</». On the east; in the direction of 
 cast. 
 
 EAS'TERX, a. [Sax. eastern.] 
 
 1. Oriental ; being or dwelling in the east ; as, 
 eastern kings ; eastern countries; eastern nations. 
 
 2. Situated toward the east ; on the east part ; as, 
 tlie eastern side of a town or churcli ; tlie eastern 
 gate. 
 
 3. Going toward the east, or in the direction of 
 _ cast ; as, an eastern voyage. 
 
 EAST'VVAIU), ado. [east and ward.] Toward the 
 east ; in the directitm of east from some point or 
 Iilace. New Haven lies eastward from New York. 
 Turn your eyes eastward. 
 
 E.\aS'Y, (ez'y,) a. [See Ease.] Quiet ; being at rest ; 
 free from pain, disturbance, or annoyance. The pa- 
 tient has slept well and is easy. 
 
 2. Free from anxiety, care, solicitiiile, or peevish- 
 ness ; quiet ; tranquil ; as, an ra.<y mind. 
 
 3. Giving no pain or disturbance ; as, an easy pos- 
 ture ; an easy carriage, 
 
 4. Not difficult ; that gives or requires no great 
 labor or exertion ; that presents no groat obstacles ; 
 as, an easy task ; it is often more cosy to resolve tlian 
 to execute. 
 
 Knowledge is easy to him that understandclh Prov. xiv. 
 
 5. Not causing labor or difficulty. An easy ascent 
 or slope, is a slope rising with a small angle. 
 
 6. Smooth; not uneven; not rough or very hilly ; 
 that may be traveled with ease ; as, an ea.iy road. 
 
 7. Gentle; moderate; not pressing; as, a ship 
 under easy sail. 
 
 8. Yielding with little or no resistance; comply- 
 ing ; credulous. 
 
 WiUi sucli deceits he gained their eaty hearts. Dryden, 
 
 9. Ready ; not unwilling; as, easy to forgive. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 10. Contented ; satisfied. Allow hired men wages 
 that will make them easy. 
 
 11. Giving ease; freeing from labor, care, or the 
 fatigue of business ; furnishing abundance without 
 toil ; afiluent ; as, easy circumstances ; an easy for- 
 tune. 
 
 13. Not constrained ; not stiff or formal ; as, east/ 
 mtinners ; an easy address ; easy movements in 
 dancing. 
 
 13. Smooth ; flowing ; not harsh ; as, an easy 
 style. 
 
 14. Not jolting or pitching ; as, the horse has an 
 easy gait ; the motitm of the ship is easy. 
 
 15. Not heavy or burdensome. 
 
 My yoke b eaty, and my burden light, — Matt. x\. 
 S..\T, r. U ; pret. Ate ; pp. Eat or Eatek. [Sax, hitan, 
 eatan, ylan, and ctan ; Goth, itan ; Dan, ader ; Sw. 
 iita ; D. eeten, pp. genretcn ; G. essen, pp. gegessai ; 
 Russ, ida, irnlo, the act of eatiag ; L. edo, esse" esum ; 
 Gr. liui; W.ysu; It. itliim, Meailh; Sans. nrfa. The 
 Dutch and German, with the prefix ge, form tlie pass, 
 part, gegeclen, gegessen, which indicates that the 
 original was gccten, gessen. Class Gd or Gs, in 
 which there are several roots from which this word 
 may be deduced. Etch is from the same root.] 
 
 1. To bite or chew, and swallow, as food. Men 
 eat flesh and vegetables. 
 
 They »h.all make Uiee to tat grui as oxen. — Dan. l». 
 
 2. To corrode ; to wear away ; to separate parts 
 of a thing gradually, as an animal by gnawing. We 
 say, a cancer eats the flesh. 
 
 3. I'o consume ; to waste. 
 
 4. To enjoy, 
 if ye be willing i 
 
 — la. L 
 
 5. To consume ; to oppress. 
 
 Who «u up my people u they au hrrad. — Pa. xiv. 
 
 C. To feast. 
 
 1. el ut tat and drink, for u>-inorrt>w we ah.All die. — It, xxtl. 
 
 In Scripture, to eat the flesh of Christ, is to believe 
 on him, and be nourished by faith. 
 
 'To cat o/if's words, is to swallow back ; to take 
 _ back what has been uttered ; to retract, tludibras. 
 E.\T, D. i. To take food ; to feed ; to take a meal, or 
 to board. 
 
 He did eat condnually at Iho kfnr'a table. —2 .Sam. Ix. 
 
 Whr eattlh your maater with publiciuu nnd iiiiiiera t — Matt. Ix, 
 
 2. To take food ; to be maintained in food. 
 
 3. To taste or relish ; as, it eats like the tendcrest 
 beef. Malcom. fVHtis. 
 
 To eat, or to eat in or into, is to make way by cor- 
 rosion ; to gnaw ; to enter by gradually wearing or 
 separating the parts of a substance. A cancer eats 
 into the flesh. 
 
 Their w, 
 To eat out ; 
 
 Td will eat iia dolli 
 to consume. 
 
 a ciiiker. — 2 Tim. ii. 
 
 Tlicir word will eat out Uie viuili of religion, corrupt and do- 
 ■irc.y it. Amn. 
 
 EAT'A-HLE, a. That may bo eaten ; fit to be eaten ; 
 _ proper for food ; esculent, 
 
 E.Vr'A-BLE, n. Any thing th.at may be eaten ; that 
 _ which is fit for food ; that which is used as food. 
 EAT' AGE, ?i. Food for horses and cattle from the 
 
 aftermath. See Akter-eataoe. 
 K.VV'ES, (ee'tn,) pp. Chewed and swallowed ; con- 
 _ suined ; corroded. 
 
 EAT'ER, 71. One who eats ; that which cats or cor- 
 _ rodes ; a corrosive. 
 
 EATII, II. Easy ; and Of/a. easily. [Obs.] 
 KAT'lSG, ppr. Chewing and swallowing; consuni- 
 _ inz ; corroding. 
 
 eAT'INU, 71. The act of chewing and swallowing 
 food . 
 
 K.AT'ING-HOUSE, n. A house where provisions are 
 
 sold ready dressed. 
 HIU nn CO-/,OGJVK',(8'de-ko-lone',)7i. A perfumed 
 
 spirit, originally prepared at Cologne. 
 EAU DE LeCK',(S'aeAixse',)n. A strong solution of 
 
 ammonia, scented, and rendered milky by mastic 
 
 and oil of amber. Srande* 
 EAVES, (evz,) 71. pi. [.Sax. cfvr. In English, the 
 
 word has a plural ending, but not in Saxon.] 
 The edge or lower border of the rtMif of a building, 
 
 which overhangs the walls, and casts ofl" the water 
 _ that falls on the roof. 
 
 eAVES'DROP, v. i. [cares and drop.] To stand 
 under the eaves or near the windows of a house, to 
 listen and learn wh.at is said within doors. Jtliltvn. 
 
 2, Hi-nce, fururatiiicly, to watch for opportunities of 
 hearing the private convers.ition of others, 
 
 eAVES'DROP-PER, 71, One who .stands under the 
 eaves, or near the window or door of a house, to 
 listen anil hear what is said within doors, whether 
 from curiosity, or for the purpose of tattling and mak- 
 ing mischief, SAak, 
 
 2. Hence, figuratively, one who watches for an op- 
 portunity of hearing the private conversation of 
 others. 
 
 EAVES'DROP-PI.VG, 71. The act of watching for 
 an ojiportunity to hear the private conversation of 
 others. 
 
 Elin, 71. [Sax. cbbc, ebba; G. and D. ebbe; Dan. id. ; 
 
 Sw. rbb.) 
 
 1. The reflux of the tide; the return of tide-water 
 toward tlie sea ; opposed to flood, or flowing. 
 
 2. Decline ; decay ; a falling from a better to a 
 worse state ; as, the ebb of life ; the ebb of prosperity. 
 
 EBB, V. i. [Sax. ebban ; D. ebbcn ; VV. eb, to go from.] 
 
 1. To flow back ; to return, :is the water of a tide I 
 toward the ocean ; opposed to flow. The tide ebbs , 
 and flows twice in twenty-four hours. 
 
 2. To decay ; to decline ; to return or fall back 
 from a better to a worse state. S'loi. Ilalifar. 
 
 EBB'ING, ;»/ir. Flowing back ; declining; decaying. 
 ERB'IXG, «. The reflux of the tide. 
 EBn'TIDE, 71. The reflux of tide-water; the retiring 
 _ tide. 
 
 E'BI-O-NITE, 71. A term applied to those Jewish 
 Christians, in the first ages of the church, who com- 
 bined Judaism with Christianity, rejected much of 
 the New Testament, anil were accounted heretics by 
 the Christian fathers. J. Murdoek. 
 
 EB'ON, a. [See Eiionv.] Consisting of ebony ; like 
 ehonv : black. 
 
 En'O.X IZE, r. t. [See Enoxr.] To make black or 
 tawny ; to tinge with the color of ebony ; as, to ebou- 
 izr the fairest complexion. Walsh. 
 
 EB'ON-I7.->-D, pp. Tinged with the color of ebony, 
 
 EB'O.VY, 71. [L. elicnus: Gr. ciitioq or cilcXm ; Fr. 
 ebene ; It. and .^p. cbano ; 1). ebbenlwut ; G. ebrn.'tolz,] 
 
 1. The popular name of various species of differ- 
 ent genera of plants. 
 
 2. A species of hard, heavj-, and durable wood, 
 from Madag.ascar and Ceylon, which admits of a 
 fine polish or gloss. The mast usual color is black, 
 red, or green. The best is a Jet black, free from 
 veins and rind, very heavy, astringent, and of an 
 acrid, pungent taste. On burning coals, it yields 
 an agreeable [icrfumc, anil, when green, it readily 
 
 TONE, BtJLL, IGNITE. -AX"GER, VI"CI0 U9.-e as K ; (5 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 4^ = 
 
 FF' 
 
 37- 
 
ECH 
 
 ECO 
 
 lakes tire from its abundance of fat. It is wrought 
 into toys, and used fur mosaic and inlaid work. Encyc. 
 Ell'ON-V-TUEE, n. 'J hc [xipular name of a plant, 
 
 tlie .Antlivllis Cretica, wliicli grows in Crete. 
 E-BK.\e''l'E-ATE, a. [e priv. and bractea.] 
 
 In Iwtamj, without a bractea. Martyn. 
 E-BRI'E-TY, 71. [L. ebrictas, from ebrius, intoxicated. 
 It appears by the Spanish embria^ar^ and the It. 
 imhrtacarsif that ebriits is contracted by the loss of a 
 p.-Uatal ; and hence it is obvious th.at this word is 
 from the Gr. 0f>e\o}, to moisten, to drench. So 
 drunk is from the root of drench.] 
 Drunkenness ; intoxication by spirituous liquors. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 E-BRIL'LADE, n. [Fr.] A check given to a horse, 
 by a sudden jerk of one rein, when lie refuses to 
 
 E-BRI-OS'I-TY, n. [L. cbriositas.] [turn. 
 Habitual drunkenness. Brown. 
 
 E-BUL'LIEN-Cy, (e-bul'yen-sy,) n. [See Ebulli- 
 tion.] A boiling over. Cudwarth. 
 
 E-BUL'^LIENT, a. Boiling over, as a liquor. Younrr. 
 
 EB-UL-LI"TI0N, (eb-ul-lish'un,) n. [L. cbulUtio, 
 from ebuUin^ btillio, Eng. to boil, which see.] 
 
 1. Tiie operation of boiling ; the agitation of a 
 liquor by Iieat, wliich throws it up in bubbles ; or, 
 more properly, tlie agitation produced in a fluid by 
 the escape of a portion of it, converted into an aeri- 
 form state by lieat. Ebullition is produced by the 
 heat of fire directly applied, or by the heat or caloric 
 evolved by any substance in mixture. Tlius, in slak- 
 ing lime, the caloric set at liberty by the absorption 
 of water, produces ebullition. 
 
 2. Effervescence, which is occasioned by fermenta- 
 tion, or by any other process which causes the ex- 
 trication of an aeriform fluid, as in tiie mixture of an 
 acid with a carbonated alkali. 
 
 E-BUR'NE-AN, a. [L. ebunieus, from cbur, ivory.] 
 
 Made of ivory. 
 E-CAU'DATE, a. [e priv. and L. cauda, a tail.] 
 
 In botany, without a tail or spurr 
 ECBA-SIS, n. [Gr.] In rhetoric, a figure in which 
 the orator treats of things according to their events 
 and consequences. 
 Ee-BAT'ie, a. [Gr. ck, out, and ffawoi, to go.] In 
 grammar, denotmg a mere result or consecpience, as 
 distinguished from telic, which denotes intention or 
 purpose. Thus the phrase I'lu -X'l'jtoOn, if ren- 
 dered " io tliat it was fulfilled," is ecbatic ; if ren- 
 dered " in order that it might be," &.C., is telic. 
 
 J. TV. Oibbs. 
 
 ECBO-LE, n. [Gr.] In rhetoric, a digression in which 
 a person is introduced speaking his own words. 
 
 Ee-CA-LE-o'BI-ON, n. [Gr. ckkuXiu), to call out, and 
 iSios, life.] 
 
 A contrivance for hatching eggs by artificial lieat. 
 
 EC'CE HO' MO, 71. [L. ; behold the man.] In paint- 
 ing, a name given to any picture wliicii represents 
 the Savior given up to the people by Pilate. 
 
 EG-CEN'TRie, ) o. [L. c<-ccji(rici/^; ez, from, and 
 
 EC-CEN'TRie-AL, j centrum, center.] 
 
 1. Deviating or departing from the center. 
 
 2. In gemaetry, not having the same center ; a 
 term applied to circles and spheres which, though 
 contained in some measure within each other, yet 
 have not the same center ; in opposition to concen- 
 tric, having a common center. Barlow. 
 
 3. Not terminating in the same point, nor directed 
 by the same principle. Bacon. 
 
 4. Deviating from stated methods, usual practice 
 or established forms or laws ; irregular ; anomalous ; 
 departing from the usual course ; as, eccentric con- 
 duct ; erxeniric virtue ; an eccentric genius. 
 
 E€;-CEN'TRie, n. A circle not having the same cen- 
 ter as another. Bacon. 
 2. That which is irregular or anomalous. Hammond. 
 Ee-CEN'TRie, j 71. A wheel or disc, 
 
 EC-CEN'TRie-VVIIEEI., j having its axis placed 
 out of tlie center, and used for obtaining a recipro- 
 cating or aUeriiale motion from a circular one, or vice 
 versa, 
 
 Ee-CEN'TRie-AL-LY, adv. With eccentricity ; in 
 
 an eccentric manner. 
 E€-CE.\-'rRIC'l-TV', 71. Deviation from a center. 
 
 2. 'I'll!' stjitc of having a center diil'ereiit from that 
 of another circle. John.ton. 
 
 3. In astronomy, the distance of the center of a 
 planet's orbit from the center of the sun; tb.'it is, 
 the distance between the center of an ellipse and its 
 focus. Barlow. 
 
 4. Departure or deviation from that which is sta- 
 ted, regular, or usual ; as, the eccentricity of a man's 
 geniUH or conduct. 
 
 .5. i;xnir«ion« from the proper sphere. tVollon. 
 ECCK aiO'J^UM, [\..] See liie sign, evidence, or 
 priMif. 
 
 Ee-eilY-Mf)'SIS, 71. [Gr. £«x«M"<"5-'I 
 
 In medicine, an appearance of livid spots on the 
 iikin, orcaxioni d by cxirnvaiiuted blood, li'iicman. 
 EC f;i,r;'«l-AH€II, (ek-klC'ze-ilrk,) n. [Gr. u«Ai)ai.i 
 and iio\n.] 
 
 A ruler of the church. 
 EC-C1,E KI-AS'TRR, (ek klc-ze-an'tez,) n. [Gr. ik 
 KXitatiiarqt, ii pre(u:her.] 
 A canonical book of the Old TeiiUiment. 
 
 Ee-€LE-SI-AS'Tie, la. [L. ; Gr. «/cX>i(riari/c»(, 
 Ee-CLE-SI-AS'Tie-AI,, ( from ciKXt,a,a, an assem- 
 bly or meetiqg, whence a church, from cKKaXctn, to 
 cull forth or convoke ; ck and icuXt' i, to call.] 
 
 Pertaining or relating to tlie church ; as, ecclesias- 
 tical discipline or goviTnnient ; ecclesiastical afl'uirs, 
 history, or polity ; ecclesiastical courts. 
 
 Ecclesiastical state, is the body of the clergy. 
 Ecclesiastical Stale! ; the territory subject to the 
 pope of Rome as its temporal ruler. 
 
 [Ecclesial was used by Miltcui, but is obsolete.] 
 Ee-CL&SI-AS'Tie, n. A person in orders, or conse- 
 crated to the service of the church and the ministry 
 of religion. 
 
 Ee-eLE-SI-.\S'Tie-AL-LY, adv. In an ecclesiasti- 
 cal manner. 
 
 Ee eLE-SI-AS'Ti eUS, 7i. a book of the Apocrypha. 
 EG-eLE-SI-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. Belonging to ecclesi- 
 ology. 
 
 Ee CLE-SI-OL'O-GlST, n. One versed in ecclesi- 
 ologj'. 
 
 Ee-CLE-SI-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. CKKXrinta and Xoyof.] 
 'J'lie science of church building and decoration. 
 
 Ee eO-PUOT'ie, a. [Gr. tK, ti, out or from, and 
 KOTTOos, stercus.] 
 
 Having the quality of promoting alvine discharges ; 
 laxative; loosening; gentlv cathartic. Coze. Encuc. 
 
 Ee-eO-PROT'ie, n. a medicine which purges gen- 
 tly, or which tends to promote evacuations by stool ; 
 a mild cathartic. Coie. Encyc. 
 
 ECH'E-LON, (esh'e-lon,) n. [Fr. ; flom cchelle, a 
 ladder, a scale.] 
 
 In military tactics, the position of an army in the 
 form of steps, or with one division more advanced 
 than another. IVellington. 
 
 E €H[D'NA, 71. A genus of ant-eaters, found in New 
 Holland. They are monotrematous edentate mam- 
 mals, nearly allied to tlie duck-billed animal, or or- 
 nithorynchus. 
 
 iei'l'IN-A-TED, i " hedgehog.] 
 
 Set with prickles ; prickly, like a hedgehog ; h.av- 
 ing sharp points ; bristled ; as, an cchinaled pericarp. 
 
 Jilartyn. 
 
 Eehinated pyrites, in mineralogy. Woodward. 
 E-GHIN'I-DAN, ji. A radiate animal, a species of 
 the family of the Echini. [See Echinus, No. 2.] 
 
 Backland. 
 
 Een'IN-ITE, (ek'in-Ite,) ti. [See Echinus.] A fos- 
 sil found in chalk pits, called eenlronia ; a petrified 
 shell set with prickles or points ; a calcareous petri- 
 faction of the echinus or sea-hedgehog. Encyc. Ure. 
 
 ECH-IN'O-DERM, 71. [Gr. tx't-us, hedgehog, and 
 ir.pfia, skin.] 
 
 A radiate animal, having an opaque, leathery, or 
 crustaceous skin, with tubercles, or even spines, as 
 the star-fish, or sea-urchin. Kirby. 
 
 EGH-I'NUS, 71. ; pi. Echini. [L., from Gr. txii'uj.] 
 
 1. A hedgehog. 
 
 2. A term applied to animals of the sub-kingdom 
 Radiata, having nearly the form of a sphere much 
 flattened on the lower side ; they consist externally 
 of a firm shell or crust which is set on every side 
 with movable spines. There are many species, 
 some of which are eatable. The shells without the 
 spines are often called sea-eggs. Dana. 
 
 3. With botanists, a prickly head or top of a plant ; 
 an eehinated pericarp. 
 
 4. In architecture, a membef or ornament near the 
 bottom of Ionic, Corinthian, or Composite capitals, 
 60 named from its rougliiiess, resembling, in some 
 measure, the spiny coat of a hedgehog ; the ovolo or 
 quarter-round. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 ECII'O, (ek'o,) 71. [L. echo; Gr. rjxw, from r;X"5, 
 sound, r]xci>>, to souihI.] 
 
 1. A sound reflected or reverberated from a solid 
 body ; sound returned ; repercussion of sound ; as, 
 ;in echo from a distant hill. 
 
 'I'hc sotiml must seem uii echo to the sense. Pope. 
 
 2. In fnbiilous history, a nymph, the daughter of 
 the Air and 'I'ellus, who pined into a sound, t'or love 
 of Narcissus. Lempriere. .hihnson. 
 
 3. In orcyiitcctiirc, a vault or arch for producing an 
 cello. Brnnde. 
 
 Et'll'O,!). ;. To resound ; to reflect sound. The hall 
 echoed with acclamations. 
 2. To be sounded back ; as, eclwing noise. 
 
 Blackmorc. 
 
 ECll'0, 7'. (. To reverberate or send back sound ; to 
 return what has been uttered. 
 
 Tliono [lOidit nn' fchocd hy llic TniJ:^t» ifirongr. Drytltn. 
 
 ECIIT)-/'.'!), (ck'odc,) pp. Ueverbcralpd, ns sound. 
 Eeil'O-ING, ppr. or o. Sending back sound ; as, 
 
 echoing hills. 
 ECiro-LESS, (rk'o-lcss,) a. Without echo. 
 Ii-€llO.M'l'.-TER, 71. [Gr. ifx^j, sound, and pCTi'ov, 
 
 measure.] 
 
 .Among viusicinns, a Hcalo or rule, with several 
 lines thereon, serving to me.isure the duration of 
 KOiiiids, and lo find tlii'ir intervals and rnliiw. Brnnde. 
 E Clll l.M'E 'I'liY, H. The art or act of measuring 
 the duration of sounds. 
 2. 'I'lie art of conKtruciiiig vaults lo produce echoes. 
 
 E-CLaIR'CISE, (-siz,) v. U [Fr. eclaircir, from clair, 
 
 clear. See Clear.] 
 To make clear ; to explain ; to clear up what is 
 
 not understood or misunderstood. 
 E-€EAlR'CIS-/;D,(-sizd, )/)/.. Explained; made clear. 
 E-CL.^IR'CISSE-.MEiN'T, (ek-klir'sis-ming,) n. [Ft.] 
 
 Explanation ; the clearing up of any thing not 
 
 l)ef()re understood. Clarendon. 
 EC-LAMP'SY, 71. [Gr. £KXa;jif(if, a shining ; ikAh/i-qj, 
 
 to shine.] 
 
 A flashing of light, a symptom of epilepsy. Hence, 
 epilepsy itself. Med. Repos. 
 
 E-CLW, (e-kla',) 71. [Fr. The word signifies a 
 bursting forth, a crack, and brightness, splendor ; 
 eclatcr, to split, to crack, to break forth, to shine.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a burst of applause ; acclamation. 
 Hence, applause ; approbation ; renown. 
 
 2, Splendor; show; pomp. Pope. 
 EG-LEC'Tie, a. [Gr ckXiktiko; ; tf and Xeyoi, to 
 
 choose.] 
 
 Selecting; choosing; an epithet given to certain 
 philosopliers of antiquity, who did not attach them- 
 selves to any particular sect, but selected from 
 the opinions and principles of each what they 
 thought solid and good. Hence we say, an eclectic 
 philosopher; the fc/ic(ic sect. Encyc. 
 
 EC-LEe'Tie. 71. A philosopher who selected from 
 the various systems such opinions and principles as 
 he judged to be sound and rational. Enfield. 
 
 2. A Christian who adhered to the doctrines of 
 the Eclectics. Also, one of a sect of physicians. 
 
 Ee-LEC'Tie-AL-LY, adv. By way of choosing or 
 selecting in the manner of the eclectical philosophers. 
 
 Ee-LEC'TI-CISM, 71. The act or practice of select- 
 ing from different systems. 
 2. The doctrine of the Eclectics. 
 
 EG-LEGM', (ek-lein',) k. [Gr. £« and Xci\w.] 
 
 A medicine made by the incorporation of oils with 
 sirups. _ Qiiineii. 
 
 E-€LIP-Sa'RE-ON, 71. An instrument for explaining 
 the phenomena of eclipses. 
 
 E-GLIPSE', (e-klips',) n. [L. eclipsis ; Gr. £itX£.i//it, 
 defect, from iKXemui, to fail, f( and Xcittio, to leaee.] 
 
 1. Literally, a defect or failure ; hence, in ujitrono- 
 my, an interception or obscuration of the light of the 
 sun, moon, or other luminous body. An eclipse of 
 the sun is caused by the intervention of the moon, 
 which totally or partially hides the sun's disc ; an 
 eclipse of the moon is occasioned by the shadow of 
 the earth, which falls on it, and obscures it in whole 
 or in part, but does not entirely conc<^al it. 
 
 2. Darkness ; obscuration. We say, his glory has 
 suffered an eclipse. 
 
 All the posterity of our first parents suffered a perpetual ecUpse 
 of spiriluiil life. Ralegh. 
 
 E-eLIPSE', (e-klips',) v. t. To hide a luminous body 
 in whole or in part, and intercept its rays ; as, to 
 eclipse the sun or a star. 
 
 2. To obscure ; to darken, by intercepting the rays 
 of light which render luminous ; as, to eclipse the 
 moon. 
 
 3. To cloud ; lo darken ; lo obscure ; as, to eclipse 
 the glory of a hero. Hence, 
 
 4. To disgrace. Milton. 
 
 5. To extinguish. 
 
 Born to eelipat thy life. Sl\ak. 
 
 E-CLlPSE', (e-klips',) ti. i. To sufler an eclipse. 
 , Milton. 
 
 E-eLIPS'ED, (c-klipsl',) pp. Concealed ; darkened ; 
 obscured ; disgraced. 
 
 E-eLIPS' I NG, /lyir. Concealing; obscuriug; darkeu- 
 ing ; clouding. 
 
 E-eLlP'Tie, 71. [Gr. tKXcntriKii, from cnXcinM, to 
 fail or be defective ; L. eclipticus, liiiea ecliptica, the 
 ecliptic line, or line in which eclipses are suflVred.] 
 
 1. .\ great circle i>f the sphere, supjiosed to be 
 drawn through the middle of the zodi.ac, making an 
 angle with the e<|iiiiiMClial of about 23' 28', whic li is 
 the sun's greati st declination. The ecliptic is the 
 a|iparent path of the sun ; but as, in reality, it is the 
 earth which moves, the ecliptic is the paiii or way 
 among the fixed stars vvbirh the l aith, in its orbit, 
 appears to describe to an eye placed in the sun. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 9. In geooraphy, a great circle on the terrestrial 
 globe, answering to and falling v. ithin the plane of 
 the celestial ecliptic Barlow. 
 E-CMP''1'1C, u. Pertaining to or described by the 
 ecliptic. Blaekmore. 
 9. SulVering an r^clipse. Herbert. 
 Ee'LOGUE, (ek'log,) ;i. [Gr. c/tXo) r;, choice ; CKXeyoi, 
 to select.] 
 
 I.ilrrally, a seli ct piece. In poetry, a pastoral com- 
 position, in which shepherds are inlroducetl ciuivcrs- 
 iiig with each olber ; as, the eclogues of Virgil ; or it 
 is a lillle eli'gaiil comimsition, in a simple, natural 
 style and luanner. .\ii eclogue dilii rs from an iilyl 
 In' being ap[iropriated to pieces in which shepherds 
 are inlmduced. Encyc. 
 E CO NOM'ie, ) a. [See Ei onomv.] Pertaining 
 E-CO-NO.M'ie-AI<, ! to the regulation of household 
 concerns ; as, the economic art. Lfavics. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, W1I.>T — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK. 
 ========================== 
 
ECT . 
 
 5. iMaiiasiii!; doiiipstic or public pecuniary concerns 
 with tVujiality ; as, an ecimomiad housekcopur ; an 
 ecomiincul niinistcr or adiiiinislrntion. 
 
 3. Frugal ; regulalecl by I'ruiialily ; not n'astcful or 
 oxtravairaul ; as, an rcononiical uso of niuniiy. 
 
 E-€0-NU.M'ie-AL-LY, ado. VVitli economy ; vvitli 
 fnisnlitv. , 
 
 E-CO-NUM'ICS, n. The science of lionsiliolil affairs. 
 
 E-eON'O-MlST, ;i. One who manages domestic or 
 other concerns with fmcahty ; one wlio expends 
 mom-y, time, or labor, jiidu iously, and without waste. 
 
 2. One who is conversant with jmhtical economy ; 
 the writer of a treatise on political economy. 
 
 E-€0.\'C)-MIZE, V. i. To manage pecuniary concerns 
 with frugality ; to make a prudent use of money, or 
 of the means of s.aving or acquiring property. It is 
 our duty to ecunomite in the uso of public money, as 
 well as of our own. 
 
 E-eO.\'0-.MlZE, V. t. To uso with prudence ; to ex- 
 pend with frugality ; as, to economize one's income. 
 
 To manned aud tconondxe tlic use of circulalin<; medium. 
 
 Walsh. 
 
 E-eo.\'0-.MIZ-OT, pp. Used with frugality. 
 E-eO\'0-.\ir/-I.NG, ppr. or a. Using with frug.ality. 
 E-CON'O-.M Y, 71. [i.. aconomia ; Gr. oiKompiu ; ui/co$, 
 house, and I'o^of, law, rule.] 
 
 1. PnmanVi/, the management, regulation, and gov- 
 ernment of a family, or the concerns of a household 
 
 'raytor. 
 
 2. The management of pecuniary concerns, or the 
 expenditure of money. Hence, 
 
 3. A frugal and judicious use of money ; that man- 
 agement which expends money to advantage, and 
 incurs no waste ; frugality in the necessary expendi- 
 ture of money. It ililfjrs from yarsimuny, which im- 
 plies an improper saving of expense. Economy in- 
 cludes also a prudent management of all the means 
 by which property is saved or accunmlated ; a judi- 
 cious application of time, of labor, and of the instru- 
 ments of labor. 
 
 4. The disposition or arrangement of any work ; as 
 the economy of a poem. Drytlcn. B, Jonson. 
 
 5. A system of rules, regulations, rites, and cere- 
 monies ; as, tile Jewish economy, 
 
 Tlie Jfwg already luul a Sabbath^ wliich, as citi2«'ns and sulijects 
 ol'lhat economy^ they were obliged to liecp, auj did If -cp. 
 
 Paltry. 
 
 6. The regular operations of nature in the genera- 
 tion, nutrition, and preservation of animals or plants ; 
 as, animal economy; vegetable economy. 
 
 7. Distribution or due order of things. Blachmorc. 
 
 8. Judicious and frugal management of public af- 
 fairs ; as, political economy. 
 
 9. System of management ; general regulation and 
 disposition of the ali'airs of a state or nation, or of 
 any di'pailment of government. 
 
 EC'IMIA-.^IS, n. [Gr.l. An explicit declaration. 
 
 Ee PIIO-Nic'SIS, n. [Gr.] An animated or passion- 
 ate exclamation. 
 
 EO-I'llRAC'Tie, a. [Gr. ck and rJonrTW.] 
 In medicine, deobstruent ; attenuating. 
 
 EC-PHRAG'Tie, H. A medicine which dissolves or 
 attenuates viscid matter, and removes obstructions. 
 
 Core. QiiiHry, 
 
 Ee'ST.\-SI-ED, (ek'sta-sid,) pp. or a. [See Ecstasv.] 
 Enraptured ; ravished 3 transported ; delighted. 
 
 EC'ST.\-SY, n. [Gr. CKaraats, from c(iartjiii ; t{ and 
 iirrfj^i', to stand.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a fixed st.atc ; a trance; a state in 
 which the mind is arrested and fixed, or, as we say, 
 lost ; a slate in which the functions of the senses are 
 suspended by the contemplation of some extraordina- 
 ry or supernatural object. 
 
 Whether wiial we c.\ll ectbuy he not dreaming with our ejrea 
 open, 1 leave to be examined. Locke. 
 
 2. E.xcessive joy ; rapture; a degree of delight that 
 arrests the whole mind ; as, a pleasing ecstasy ; the 
 ecstasy of love ; joy may rise to ecstasy. 
 
 3. Enthusiasm ; excessive elevation and absorption 
 of mind ; extreme delight. 
 
 He on the tender gmM 
 Would sit and hearken even to ectlnsy. MilUin. 
 
 4. Excessive grief or an xietv. itstrf.] Shak, 
 
 5. Madness; distraction. [.Vot ».vef/. ] S!tak, 
 
 6. In medicine, a species of catalepsy, when the 
 person remembers, after the paro.\ysm is over, the 
 ideas he had during the fit. Encyc. 
 
 EG'STA-SY, V. t. To fill with rapture or enthusiasm. 
 EC-STAT'ie, ) a. Arresting the mind ; siispeiiil- 
 Ee-ST.\T'ie-AL, ! ing the senses ; entrancing. 
 In pensive uiuice, and anguish, and eetlnuc lit. AlUton, 
 
 2. Rapturous ; transporting ; ravishing ; delightful 
 beyond measure; as, ecstaltc bliss or joy. 
 
 3. Tending to external objects. [Aot used.] 
 
 Ee-ST.^T'ie-AL-l,Y,(i(/p. Rapturously; ravishinglv. 
 EG'TA-SI!?, n. [Gr., from r» rtifw.] 
 
 In rhetoric, the lengthening of a syllable from short 
 to long, 
 
 EC-TIII.IP'SIS, n. [Gr.] A figure of prosodv, bv 
 which a final Tn.with the preceding vowel, is cut oil", 
 when the next word begins with a vowel. 
 
 EDG 
 
 Ee'TY-P.\E, a. [Infra.] Taken from the original. 
 Ee'T?I'E, n. [Gr «ri.rr.-s.] [Ww. 
 
 1. A copy. /Mcke. 
 
 2. In arcliilccturc, an object in relievo, or embossed. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 Ee-TT-MEN'ie, fa. [Gr. oi)foD;iri<,Ko;, from nu-uu- 
 Ee-lJ-ME.N'IG-AIi, i ficfii, the habitable world.] 
 (Jcneral ; universal ; as, an ecumenical council. 
 EC'lJ-KlE, n. [I'r.] A stable; a covered place for 
 horses. 
 
 E-Ua'CIOUS, a. [L. frfnr, from cdo, to eat.] 
 
 Eating ; given to eating; greedy ; voracious. 
 E-Da'CIOUS-LY, aitv. Greedily. 
 K-D.\C'I-TY, n. [L. eilacitas, from eilar, edo, to eat.] 
 Greediness ; voracity ; ravenousness ; rapacity. 
 
 Bticon. 
 
 ED'DA, n. A book containing a .system of Runic or 
 Scandinavian mythology, with some account of the 
 theology and philosophy of the norlliern nations of 
 Europe. The first part contains the mythology of 
 the people, and the second specimens of the poetry 
 of the Scalds. It was comjiosed by Snorro Sturlcson, 
 judge of Iceland from lai.'i to 123i. Mallet. 
 
 EU'UEK, n. [Ciu. Sax. cdrr, a hedge.] 
 
 In husbmilry, such flexible wooil as is worked into 
 the top of liedgc stakes, to bind them together. 
 
 J\Ia.-.-on. 
 
 En'DER, V. t. To bind or make tight liyedder; to 
 fasten the tops of hedge-stakes, by interweaving ed- 
 der, Kntrland. 
 
 EI)'I)I:R-KD, pp. Bound or made tight by eddcr. 
 
 ED'UIOU-I.NG, ;ipr. iiindiiig or fastening by odder. 
 
 ED'DISII, j n. The latter pa-sture, or grass "that comes 
 
 E. AD'ISII, ( after mowing or reaping; called, also, 
 E.\fiRAss, Earsii, Etch. Encyc. 
 
 [yVot used, I believe, in .America.] 
 
 F. D'uuES, j n. A name given to a x'.ariefy of the 
 EU'UERS, i Arum esculentum, an esculent root. 
 
 Mease. Kneye. 
 ED'DY, 71. [I find this word in no other language. It 
 is usually considered as a coiniiound of Sa.x. ed,^ck- 
 ward, and ea, water.] 
 
 1. A current of water running back, or in a direc- 
 tion contrary to the main stream. Thus, a point of 
 land, extending into a river, checks the water near 
 the shore, and turns it back, or gives it a circular 
 course. The wortl is applieil, also, to the air or wind 
 moving in a circular direction. 
 
 2. A whirlpool ; a current of water or air in a cir- 
 cular direction. 
 
 And smiling eddies dimiiled on the main. 
 Wheel Uirough tlie air, 111 circling eddies play. Addison. 
 
 Dryden. 
 Adaisi 
 
 ED'DY, V. i. To move circularly, or as an eddy. 
 
 Thomson uses it actively, to cause to move in an 
 eddy. 
 
 ED'DY, a. Whirling ; moving circularly. Dryden. 
 
 ED'DY-I.VG, ppr. or a. Mtiving circularly, as an eddy. 
 
 ED'DY-VVA'TER, 7i. Among seamen, the water 
 which, by some interruption in its course, runs 
 contrary to the direction of the tide or current. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 ED'DY-WIND, 71. The wind returned or beat back 
 from a sail, a mountain, or any thing that hinders its 
 passage. Encyc. 
 
 ED'E-LITE, 71. A variety of the mineral natrolUe. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 E-DEM'A-TOUS, j a. [Gr. oiSnfo, a tumor; oiScu, 
 E-DE.M'A-TOSE, ( to swell.] 
 
 Swelling with a serous humor ; dropsical. An 
 edematous tumor is white, sofX, and iusensible. 
 
 Quinaf. 
 
 E'DEN, (e'den,) 71. [Ileb. Ch. py, pleasure, delight.] 
 The country and garden in which Adam and Eve 
 were placed by God himself ; Paradise. 
 
 E'DEiV-IZ-ED, a. Admitted into Paradise. Varies 
 
 E-DE.\-Ta'TA, 71. pi. In natural hisUiry, an oriler of 
 anim.als that are destitute of front teeth, as the arma- 
 dillo and ant-eater. BM. 
 
 E-DE.N'TATE, ) „ rr j , , a , -, 
 
 E-DE.\'T\-TED i \.^- cdentatus, e ana dcns.\ 
 
 Destitute or tieprivcd of teeth ; applied especially 
 to the onler Edentata. 
 
 &DE.N'TATE, n. An animal having no fore teeth, 
 as the armadillo and the sloth. 
 
 E-DE.\-Ta'TIO.\". n. A depriving of teeth. 
 
 EDOiE, (tj,) II. [SiLX. ees; Dan. eg; S\v. eir^ ; G. ecke, 
 esc; h. acies, acus ; Fr. aitrn, whence aiguille, a nee- 
 dle ; <«r. uKT) ; W. tur^, atrg, edge.] 
 
 1. In a grnrrat srn.se, the extreme border or point 
 of any thing ; as, the edge of the table ; the ed^e of 
 a book ; the v.?.- of cloth. It coincides nearly with 
 border, brink, -nar^tn. It is particularly applied to the 
 sharp border, the thin, cutting extremity of an in- 
 slniinenl ; as, the ed^^ of an ax, razor, knife, or 
 scy the ; also, to the [loinl of an instrument ; as, the 
 «</i'« of a swonl. 
 
 2. Fiiruratirehj, that » hich C'l's or penetrates ; that 
 which wounds or injures ; as, tue edne of slander. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. A narrow part rising from a broader. 
 
 Some harrow tJicir ground over, and then plow it upon ar 
 edge. Mortimer. 
 
 4. Sharpness of mind or appetite ; keenness ; in 
 
 EDI 
 
 tenseness of desire ; fitni^ss for action or operation ; 
 as, the edge of appetite or hunger. 
 
 bileiico and suiilud-' s-t aL edge on tite genius, Dryden. 
 
 5. Keenness ; sharpness ; acrimony. 
 
 Abau: the eilge ut Iruitom. ShaJc. 
 To set the teeth on edge; to cause a tingling or gra- 
 ting sensation in the ti;etli. Bacon. 
 EDOli, (ej,) V. L [\V. hogi ; Sax. eggian ; Dan. eggcr.] 
 
 1. 'lo sharjicn. 
 
 To edge her champion's sword. Drydtn. 
 
 2. To furnish with an edge. 
 
 A swonl edged with dint. Dryden. 
 
 3. To border ; to fringe. 
 
 A lonir desCA-nding tr.un. 
 With nibies edged. Drylen. 
 
 4. To lioriltr; to furnish with an ornamental bor- 
 der ; as, to edge a flower-bed with box. 
 
 5. To sharpen ; to exasperate ; to embitter. 
 
 By such reasonings, tlic simple weru bUitdcU, and the malicious 
 edged. JIayward. 
 
 G. To incite ; to provoke ; to urge on ; to instigate ; 
 that is, to push on as with a sharp point ; to goad. 
 Ardor or passion will edge a man forward, when ar- 
 guments fail. 
 
 [This, by a strange mistake, has Iwcn sometimes 
 written egg, froni the Sax. eggian, Dan. eggcr, to in- 
 cite ; the w riters not knowing that this verb is from 
 the noun ccg, eg, an edge. The verb ought certain- 
 ly to follow the noun, and the popular use is correct.] 
 
 7. To move siilew aj s ; to move by little and little ; 
 as, edge your chair along. 
 EDGE, (ej,) V. i. To move sideways; to move gradu- 
 ally. Edge along this way. 
 
 2. To sail close to the wind. Dryden. 
 
 To ulge away, in .lailing, is to increase the distance 
 gradually from the shore, V(!ssel, or other object. 
 
 To edge in wiili a coast or vessel, is to advance 
 gradually, but not directly, toward it. Totten. 
 ED0'/;D, (ejd,) pp. Furnished with an edge or border. 
 
 2. Incited ; instig;ited. 
 
 3. a. Sharp ; keen. 
 
 EDOE'LESS, a. Not sharp; blunt; obtuse; unfit to 
 cut or penetrate ; as, an cdgctess sword or weapon. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 EDGE'-R.aIL, 71. A name given to the ordinary iron 
 rail of a railway, on the upper surface or edge of 
 which, (so called from its narrow'ness,) the wheels 
 of the cars move. Brande. 
 
 EDGE'TOOL, 71. An instrument having a sharp edge ; 
 applied particularly to the coarser kinds of cutting 
 instruments, as axes, chisels, &.c. llcbert. 
 
 EDOE'WISE, (ej'wizc,) adc. [edge and jci.<!e.] 
 the edge turnetl forward, or toward a particular point ; 
 ill the direction of the edge. 
 2. Sideways ; with the side foremost. 
 
 EDG'ING, ppr. Giving an edge; furnishing with an 
 edge. 
 
 2. Inciting; urging on ; goading; stiinul.iting ; in- 
 
 3. Moving gradually or sideways. [stigating. 
 
 4. Furnishing with a border. 
 
 ED(5'ING, 71. That which is added on the border, or 
 which foniis the edge,. as lace, fringe, triiimiing, add- 
 ed to a garment for ornament. 
 
 Bordered with a rosy edging. Vryltn. 
 
 2. A narrow lace. 
 
 3. In gardening, a roxv of small plants set along 
 the border of a bed ; as, an edging of box. Encyc. 
 
 ED'I-BEE, a. [from L. edo, to eat.] 
 
 EaUiblo ; fit to be eaten as foot! ; esculent. Some 
 
 _ flesh is not edible. Bacon. 
 
 E'DICT, n. [L. edictum, from edico, lo utter or pro- 
 claim ; e ami dico, to speak.] 
 
 That which is uttered ^r proclaimed by authority 
 as a rule of action ; an order issued by a prince to 
 his subjects, as a rule or law requiring obedience ; a 
 proclauiation of cominanil or prohibition. An edict 
 is an order or ordinance of a sovereign prince, in- 
 tended as a permanent law, or to erect a new oltice, 
 to estjiblish new duties, or other temporary regula- 
 tion ; as, the edicts of the Roman emperors ; the edicts 
 of the French monarch. 
 
 The edict of A'antes, was an edict is.sued by Henry 
 IV. of France, in 15'JS, giving his Protestant siibjei Is 
 the free exercise of their religion. The revocation of 
 this edict, by Louis XIV., about a century al\er, led 
 to a cruel persecution, which drove niivsi of the Prot- 
 estants out of the kingdom. Brande. 
 
 ED'I-FI-CANT, or E-UIF'I-CANT, a. Building. 
 
 ED-I-FI-eA'TION, 71. [I^ mdijieatio. Sec Edifv.] 
 1 A building up, in a moral and religious sense ; 
 instniction ; improvement and progress t»f the mind, 
 in knowledge, in morals, or in faith anil holiness. 
 He diat prophesielli, speaketh to mm to e'tyicruian. — 1 Cor. xiv, 
 
 2. In.struction ; improvement of the mind in any 
 species of useful knowledge. Mdison. 
 
 3. A birilding or edifice. [Unumial.] 
 ED'I-FI-e.A TO RY or E-Dll 'I eA-TO-RY.a. Tend- 
 ing to eililication. Jlall, 
 
 ED'I-FICE, (-tis,) 71. [L. adOicium. See Edifv.] 
 
 A building ; a structure ; a fabric ; but appropriate- 
 
 TONE, BULL, tINITE. — AiV'GER, VI"CIOUS — C as Kj 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH ns in THIS. 
 
EDU 
 
 EFF 
 
 EFF 
 
 lij, a large or splendid buildinj. The word is not ap- 
 plied to a mean buildin?, but to templns, churches, or 
 eiegant mansion-houses, and to other ercat structures. 
 
 Mdtim, .^iMlson, 
 
 ED-I-FI"CIAI-., (ed-e-fish'al,) a. Pertaining to edi- 
 fices, or to structure. 
 
 ED'I-FI-iCD, (ed'e-flde,) pp. Instructed ; improved 
 in literary, moral, or relis;ious knowledge. 
 
 ED'I-FI-ER, n. One that improves anotlier by instruct- 
 ing him. 
 
 ED'l-FV, V. t. [L. (Filifiru .■ Fr. rdljirr : Pp. erllficar ; It. 
 edificare ; from L. a-rff.-i, a lid'i^e, and farm^ to make.] 
 
 1. To build, in a literal ^eiur. [.Vul iww used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. To instruct and improve the mind in knowledge 
 generally, and p:irticularly in moral and religious 
 knowledge, in faith and holiness. 
 
 Efli/y one anolher. — 1 Thfss. t. 
 
 3. To teach, or persuade. [JV<,( used.] Bacon. 
 ED'I-FY-ING, ppr. Building up in Christian knowl- 
 edge ; instructing ; improving the mind. 
 
 2. a. Adapted to instruct. 
 ED'I-FY-ING-LY, mlv. In an edifying manner. 
 ED'I-FS-I-\G-.\ESS, 71. The quality of being edify- 
 ing. 
 
 B'DILE, n. [L. adiUs, from (Bdes, a building.] 
 
 A Koman magistrate, whose chief business was to 
 superintend buildings of all kinds, more especially 
 public edifices, temples, bridges, aqueducts, &c. 
 The ediles had also the care of the highways, pub- 
 lic places, weights and measures, &.c. Encijc. 
 
 £'D1LE-SHIP, 71. The ofiice of edile in ancient 
 Rome. Oray. 
 
 ED'IT, V. t. [from L. edo, to publish ; e and do, to 
 give.] 
 
 1. Properhj, to publish ; more usually, to superin- 
 tend a publication ; to prepare a book or paper for 
 the public eye, by writing, correcting, or selecting 
 the matter. 
 
 Thosi? wlio know how volumes of Uie falh'^rs an^ g^enerally 
 eiiiied. Christ. Observer. 
 
 2. To publish. 
 
 Abelard wrote many pliilosopliical treatises which have never 
 been ediud. Enfield. 
 
 ED'IT-ED, pp. Published ; corrected ; prepared and 
 publisheil. 
 
 ED'IT-ING, ppr. Publishing ; preparing for publica- 
 tion. 
 
 E-DV'TI-O PRIM'CEPS, (e-dish'e-o-,) [L.] The 
 earliest printed edition of an author. Brande. 
 
 E-DI"TIO.\, (e-dish'un,) ;i. [L. editio, from edo, to 
 publish.] 
 
 1. The publication of any book or writing; as, the 
 first edition of a new work. 
 
 2. Republication, sometimes with revision or cor- 
 rection ; as, the second edition of a work, 
 
 3. Any publication of a book before published ; 
 also, one impression, or the whole number of copies 
 published at once; as, the tenth edition. 
 
 E-DI"TIO.\-Ell, 71. The old word for Editor. 
 BU)'I-TOR, 71. [L. from c<io, to publi.sh.] [Gregory. 
 
 1. A publisher ; paHicuJarlij, a person who super- 
 intends an impression of a "book ; the person who 
 revises, corrects, and prepares a book for publica- 
 tion, as Er.asmus, Scaliger, &.C. 
 
 2. One who superintends the publication of a 
 newspaper. 
 
 ED-I-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to an editor, as edito- 
 rial labors ; written by an editor, as editorial remarks. 
 
 ED'I-TOR-SHIP, 71. The business of an editor; the 
 care and superintendence of a publication. IValsli. 
 
 ED'I-TRESS, II. A female editor. 
 
 E-DIT'lJ-ATE, 7). t. [Low L. adituor, from ffidas, a 
 temple or house.] 
 
 To defend or govern the house or temple. [JVot in 
 use.] Orcifory. 
 
 ED'IJ-eA-BLE, a. That may be educated. 
 
 ED'U-eATE, (ed'yu-kate,) r. t. [L. educo, educare; e 
 and dueo, to lead ; It. educare ; Sp. eilucar.] 
 
 To bring up, as a child; to instruct; to inform 
 and enlighten the understanding ; to instil into the 
 mind principles of arts, science, morals, religion, 
 and behavior. To educate children well is one of 
 the most important duties of pan^iits and guardians. 
 
 ED'U-eA-TEI», pp. or a. Brought up; iiistrurteil ; 
 furnished with knowledge or principles ; trained ; 
 disciplined. 
 
 ED'U-€a-TLNG, 7ij>r. Instructing ; enlightening the 
 understanding, and forming the manners. 
 
 ED-IJ-eA''I'I(>N, n. [L. educatio.] 
 
 The bringing up, as of a child ; instruction ; forma- 
 tion of manners. Education comprelumds all that 
 aerieii of instruction and discipline which is intended 
 to enlighten the understanding, correct the temper, 
 and form the manners and haliilM of youth, and tit 
 them for usefuliiesH in their future slalitjiis. To 
 give children a good education in manners, arts, and 
 (trience, is imiMirUiiit ; to give tln;in a religious cditca- 
 tion in iiidispenxalile ; and an immense rcspoiiHibinty 
 rest* on parents and guardians who neglect these 
 diilleH. 
 
 ED-IJ CA'TIO.N'-AL, a. Pertaining to education ; de- 
 rived from education ; ns, cducatwnal habits. Smilli. 
 
 ED'TJ-Ga-TOR, 71. One who educates. Beddoes. 
 E-DliCE', V. t [L. educo, ediui ; e and duco, to lead.] 
 To bring or draw out ; to extract; to produce from 
 a state of occultation. 
 
 The eternal art editdng good from ill. Pope. 
 E-DUC'£D, (e-duste',) pp. Drawn forth ; extracted ; 
 produced. 
 
 E-DuC'ING, p/>r. Drawing forth ; producing. 
 E'DUGT, 71. [L. eductum, from educo.] 
 
 Extracted matter ; that which is educed ; that 
 wliich is brought to light by separation, analysis, or 
 decomposition. 
 
 W^e must consider the educts of its analysis by Bergman, &c, 
 
 E-DUG'TfON, 71. The act of drawing out or bringing 
 into view. 
 
 E-DUeT'OR, 7!. That which brings forth, elicits, or 
 extracts. 
 
 Stimulus must be tilled an edttctor of vital ether. ZJaririn. 
 
 E-DUL'eO-RATE, t'. t. [Low L. edulco, from dulcLi, 
 sweet ; Fr. edulcorer.] 
 
 Literally, to sweeten. In old chemistry, to render 
 substances more mild, by freeing them from acids 
 and salts, or other soluble impurities, by washing. 
 In modern chemistry, to cleanse pulverulent sub- 
 stances, by washing away all particles soluble in 
 water. Ure. 
 
 E-DUL'eO-RA-TED, pp. Purified from acid or other 
 foreign substances. 
 
 E-Dl'L'eO-RA-TlNG, ppr. Purifying from acid or 
 foreign substances. 
 
 E-DUL-eO-RA'TlON, 71. Literally, the act of sweet- 
 ening. 
 
 In chemistry, the act of freeing pulverulent sub- 
 stances from acids or any soluble impurities, by re- 
 peated affusions of water. Ure. 
 
 E-DUL'eO-RA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of 
 sweetening or purifying by affusion. 
 
 ED'VVAUDS-ITE, n. [from Gov. H. W. Edwards.] 
 A mineral identical with moyiatile. Dana. 
 
 EEIC. See Eke. 
 
 EEL, 7!. [Sa.x, tel; G. aal ; D. aal; Van. id. ; Sw. al ; 
 Gipsy, alo ; Turk. iUin. The word, in Saxon, is 
 written precisely like ami.] 
 
 The popular name of the Mnguilla, a genus of sofl- 
 finned fishes belonging to the order of Apodes. The 
 head is smooth ; there are ten rays in the membrane 
 of the gills ; the eyes are covered with a common 
 skin ; the body is cylindrical and slimy. Eels, in 
 some respects, resemble reptiles, particularly, in their 
 manner of moving by a serpentine winding of the 
 body ; and they often creep upon land, and wander 
 about at night in search of snails or other food. In 
 winter, they lie buried in mud. They grow to the 
 weight of fifteen or twenty pounds ; and the conger 
 eel is said to grow to a hundred pounds in weight, 
 and to be ten feet in length. They are esteemed gooii 
 food. Partinoton. P. Cyc. 
 
 EEL'-FISH-ING, 7i. The act or art of catching eeLs. 
 
 EEL'POT, 71. A kind of basket used for catching 
 eels. 
 
 EEL'POUT, 71. The burbot, a fresh-water fish, some- 
 what resembling the eel in appearance ; hence the 
 name. Jardine^s JVaf. Lib. 
 
 EEL'SKIN, 71. The skin of an eel. 
 EEL'SI'K.VR, 71. A forked instrument used for catch- 
 E'EN, a contraction for even, wliich see. [ing eels. 
 
 I h.ave e'en done with you. L' Estrange. 
 
 2. The old plural for Eyes. 
 And eke with fatness swollen were his e'en. Spenser. 
 E'ER, (ar,) contracted from Ever, which see. 
 EF'FA-BLE, a. [L. effabilis, from cffor j ex and /or, 
 to speak.] 
 
 Utterable ; that may be littered or spoken. 
 [This word is not used ; but Ineffable is in com- 
 m<m use.] 
 
 EF-FACE', 7j. £. [Fr. cffaccr, from the L. ex and facio 
 or fades.] 
 
 1. To destroy a figure on the surface of any thing, 
 whether painted or carved, so as to render it invisi- 
 ble, or not distinguishable ; as, to efface the letters on 
 a iiioiiiiinent. 
 
 2. To blot out; to erase, strike, or scratch out, so 
 as to destroy or render illegible; as, to efface a writ 
 ing ; to efface a name. 
 
 3. To destroy any impression on the mind ; to 
 wear away ; as, to efface tin; image of a person in 
 the mind; to efface ideas or thoughts; to effnce grati- 
 tude. Dryden. 
 
 To drftice is to injure or impair a figure ; to efface is 
 to rub out or destroy, so as to rentier invisible. 
 
 EF-FAC'/'.'I), (< f r,islc',) pp. Rubbed or worn out ; 
 destroyed, as a figure or impression. 
 
 EF-FACE'MENT, n. Act of effacing. 
 
 EF FACING, /i;ir. or a. Destroying a figure, char- 
 acter, or impression, on anv thing. 
 
 EF-FAS'C'I-NATE, v. t. To charm; to bewitch. 
 [Obs.] [See Fascipiate.1 
 
 EF-FA.S-Cl-NA'TK)iN, 71. The act of being be- 
 witched or deluded. Shelford. 
 
 EF-FEOT', 71. [L. effettu.<i, from effcioi ex and facio, 
 to make ; It. rffello ; Fr. iffct.] 
 
 1. That which is produced by an aaent or cause ; 
 as, the effect of luxury ; the effect of intemperance. 
 Poverty, disease, and disgrace, are the natural effects 
 of dissipation. 
 
 2. Consequence ; event. 
 
 To say that a composition is imperfect, Is in ejfeel to say tht 
 aiiilior is a man. Anon. 
 
 3. Purpose ; general intent. 
 
 'i'hey spoke to her to that eJTeci. — 2 Chi^n. xxxiv. 
 
 4. Consequence intended ; utility ; profit ; advan- 
 tage. 
 
 Christ is become of no e^eet to yon. —Gal. v. 
 
 5. Force ; validity. The obligation is void anil of 
 
 6. Completion perfection. [no effect. 
 
 Not so worthily to be brought to heroic.il e^ect by fonniie or 
 necessity. HUlfiey, 
 
 7. Reality ; not mere appearance ; fact. 
 
 No i>tlier in e^ccl than wiial it seems. Denham. 
 
 8. In the plural, effects are goods ; movables ; per- 
 sonal estate. The people escaped from the town 
 with tlieir effects. 
 
 9. In paiutiug, truthful imitation, hightened and 
 rendered more impressive, chiefly by the artifices of 
 light, shade, and color. Jucelyn. 
 
 Hence, to do any thing for effect, is to do it for the 
 purpose of highteiiing or exaggerating. 
 
 EF-FEGT', V. t. [from the noun.] To produce, as a 
 cause or agent ; to cause to be. The revolution in 
 France effected a great change of property. 
 
 2. To bring to pass ; to achieve ; to accomplish ; 
 as, to effect an object or purpose. 
 
 EF-FECT'ED, pp. Done; performed; accomplished. 
 
 EF-FECT'I-BLE, a. That may be done or achieved ; 
 practicable ; feasible. Brown. 
 
 EF-FECT'ING, ppr. Producing ; performing ; ac- 
 complishing. 
 
 EF-FECTIO.V, 71. Creation or production. 
 
 2. The geometrical construction of a proposition ; 
 a problem or praxis drawn from some general propo- 
 sition. 
 
 EF-FECT'fVE, a. Having the power to cause or pro- 
 duce ; etiicacious. 
 
 They axe not ej^ec&ve of any thing. Bacon, 
 
 2. Operative ; active ; having the quality of pro- 
 ducing effects. 
 
 Time is not e_^ective, nor are bodies destroyed by it. Drown. 
 
 3. Efficient ; causing to be ; as, an effective cause. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 4. Having the power of active operation ; able ; 
 fit for service ; as, effective men in an army ; an 
 feetive force. 
 
 EF-FECT'IVE-LY, adi\ With effect; powerfully; 
 with real operation. 
 
 This e^ec&vely resists the devil. Taylor. 
 
 [In this sense. Effectually is generallv used.] 
 EF-PECT'IVE-NESS, 71. The quality of bemg effect- 
 ive. 
 
 EF-FECT'LESS, a. Without effect ; without advan- 
 tage ; useless. Shak. 
 
 EF-FECT'OR, 71. One who effects ; one who produces 
 or causes ; a maker or creator. Drrham. 
 
 EF-FECTS', 7i. pi. Goods ; movables ; personal es- 
 tate. 
 
 EF-FECT'tJ-AL, 0. Producing an effect, or the effect 
 desired or intended ; or having adequate power or 
 force to produce the effect. The means employed 
 were effectual. 
 
 Acconling to the gift of the grace of God given nie by the 
 ejfeelual working of his power. — Eph. iii. 
 
 2. Veracious ; expressive of facts. [Mot used.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 3. Effrctnal assassin, in Mitford, is unusual and not 
 well autluiri/.ed. 
 
 EF-FECT'II-AL-LY, arfn. With effect; efficaciously; 
 in a manner to produce the intended effect ; tlior- 
 oughlv. The weeds on land for grain must bo ef- 
 fectually subdued. The city is effectuaUii guarded. 
 
 EF-FECT'lI-ATE, 71. t. [Fr. effectuer. fcee Effect.] 
 To bring 10 pass ; to achieve; to accomplish ; to 
 fulfil ; as, to effertuate a purpose or desire. Sidney. 
 
 EF-FHCT-II-A' TIO.V, 71. Act of effecting. Dwir/u. 
 
 EF-FECTMi-A-TEl), pp. Accomplished. 
 
 EF-FECT'lj-A-TlNG, ppr. Achieving; performing 
 to effect. 
 
 EF-FE.M'I-N.\-CY, 71. [from effhninale.] The soft- 
 ness, delicacy, and weakiu;ss in men, which are 
 characteristic of the female sex, but wliich, in males, 
 are deemed a reproach ; uiiiiiaiily delicacy ; woman- 
 ish softness or weakness. Mdton. 
 
 2. Voliipliioiisness ; iiuliilgencc in unmanly pleas- 
 nri^s ; lasciviousiiess. 'I'aylor. 
 
 EF-FEM'I-NATE, n. [L. rffnminntus, from effirminor, 
 to grow or make wom.inisli, from funiina, a woman. 
 See Woman.] 
 
 1. Having the qualities of the female sex ; soft or 
 delicate to an unmanly degree ; tender j womanish ; 
 voluptuous. 
 
 Tlio kinif, by his voluptuous Mfo and mean miu-riage, tiecnnie 
 ejfeinltmtc, mid V-m seiiHihlo of lionor. Bacon. 
 
 2. Womanish ; weak ; resembling the practice or 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALI, WH^T. — METE, PRgy PINE, MARKNE, BIRD NCTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
EPF 
 
 qtinlilii's of tho sex; as, an geminate peace; an </- 
 fnituiatr life. 
 
 3. U oiiiaiilike ; tender ; in a sense not reproach- 
 ful. Skak. 
 EF I'E.M'I-NA'l'E, v. t. To make womanish ; to I'n- 
 
 man ; to weakt-n ; ai*, to effeminate children. Locke. 
 EF-FEM'I-N.\TE, r. i. To grow wonianisli or weak ; 
 to niclt into weakness. 
 
 lu a ilolhful peaw Murage will fjfeminau. Pope. 
 
 EF-FEM'I-NA-TED, pp. Made or become womanish. 
 
 EF-FE.M'I-NATE-LY, adv. In a woinani.sh manner; 
 weakly ; softly. 
 
 2. By means of a woman ; as, effeminaieltj van- 
 qnished. Milton. 
 
 EF-Fr,.M'I-N.\TE-NEPS, n. I'nmanlike sortncss. 
 
 EK-Fi;.M'l-N'A-TI.\(;, ppr. M.nkiiia womanish. 
 
 EF-FE.\I-I-i\A'TIO.\, n. The statu of one jrown 
 womanish ; the state of being weak or nnniiinly. 
 [Little iisfrf.] Bnron. 
 
 EF-FEN'DI, 71. In Turkish, a master: a word sub- 
 joined to the names of persons, in token of respect, 
 corresponding to ma.stery vtonsieitr ; applied particu- 
 larly to learned men and ecclesiastics. It also occurs 
 as part of the titles of particular ollicers ; .as, the Reis 
 F.ffrntli, who is principal secretary of state. P. Cijc. 
 
 EF-FER-VESCE', (ef-fer-vcs',) v. i. [L. effervcsco, 
 from ferveOf to be liot, to rage. See Fervent.] 
 
 To be in natural commotion, like liquor when gen- 
 tly boiling ; to bubble and liiss,as fermenting liquors, 
 or any fluid, when some part escapes in a gaseous 
 form ; to work, as new wine. 
 
 EF-FER-VES'CENCE, (ef-fer-ves'sens,) n. A kind 
 of natural ebnlliticm ; that commotion of a fluid, 
 which lakes place when some part of the mass flics 
 ofl* in a gaseous tbrm, producing innumerable small 
 bubbles , as, the effervescence or working of new 
 wine, cider, or beer ; the effcrccscence of a carbo- 
 nate with nitric acid. 
 
 EF-Fr.H-VES'CE.\T, a. Gently boiling or bubbling, 
 by means of the disengagement of gas. Kncifc. 
 
 EF-FUR-VES'CI-UI,E, o. That has the quality of ef- 
 fervescing ; capable of producing efl'ervescencc. 
 
 A inistl quantiry of ^ervescible matu-r. Ktroan. 
 
 EF-FER-VES'CING, ppr. or a. Boiling ; bubbling by 
 means of an elastic fluid e.xtricated in the dissolution 
 of bodies. 
 
 EF-FETE', a, [L. effa'tus, effctus ; ez and fa tus, em- 
 bryo.] 
 
 1. liarrcn ; not capable of producing young, as an 
 animal, or fniit, as the earth. An animal becomes 
 effete by losing the power of conception. The earth 
 may be rendered effete by drouth, or by e.\haustion of 
 fertUity. Ray. UenlJcij. 
 
 2. Worn out with age ; as, effete sensuality. South. 
 EF-Fl-CA'CIOUS, (ef-fe-ka'shus,) a. [L. ej/iaix, from 
 
 effie.io. . See Effect.]-" 
 
 EHcctual ; productive of eflccts ; producing the ef- 
 fect intended ; having iwwer adequate to the purpose 
 intended ; powerful ; as, an efficacious reniudy for 
 disease. 
 
 EF-FI-eA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Effectually ; in such a 
 manner as to produce the effect desired. We say, a 
 remedy has been efficaciously applied. 
 
 EF-FI-eA'ClUUS-NESS, n. The quality of being ef- 
 tic.-icioiis. .4.,A. 
 
 EF'FI-CA-CY, 71. [gp. and It. efficacia; Fr.ejjicace; 
 from L. efficttx.] 
 
 Power to produce effects ; production of the effect 
 inteiiiled ; as, the effcacy of the gospel in converting 
 men Ironi sin ; the effcacy of pniyer ; the efficacy of 
 medicine in counteracting disease ; the efficacy o{ ma- 
 nure in fertilir.ing land. 
 
 EF-FI"CIE.NCE, (ef-fisli'ens,) ) 7U [L. rfficitn.i, 
 
 EF-FI"CIEN-CY, (ef fish'en-sy,) j {mm efficio. See 
 Effect.] 
 
 1. The act of producing effects ; a causing to be or 
 eiist ; effectual agency. 
 
 Thr maimpr of thi» ilivine tfUcitncy i* fur ftboTp as. Hooker. 
 Gravity il(x-s nut f mcecU lixjiu Uie tfficitnaf of anr cuiiiiii^ut 
 ur utuLiblc ng^Dt. Woodteani. 
 
 2. Power of pro<lucing tlie effect intended ; active, 
 comix'tent pt)wer. 
 
 EF-FI"CIE.\T, (ef-fish'ent,) a. Causing effects ; pro- 
 ducing ; Ih.at causes any thing to be what it is. The 
 efficient cause is that which produces ; l\K final cause 
 is that for which it is produced. 
 
 EF-FI"CIE.\T, (ef-fish'en>,) 7i. The agent or cause 
 which produces or causes to ejist. 
 2. He that makes. 
 
 EF-FI'TIE.NT-I.Y, nrfr. With effect ; effectively. 
 
 EF-FIF;RI;E', v. U To make fierce or furious. [A'ut 
 I tisril.} Spenser, 
 
 EF-FIG'I-ATE, v. U [I, effi-rio, effigies.] 
 
 To image ; to form a like figure. [Little, rtseii.] 
 
 EF-FIG'l-A-TKn, pp. Formed in resemblance. 
 
 F.F FIG'l-A-TI.NC., ppr. Imaging. 
 
 EF FIC-I-A'TIU.N, II. The act of fonning in resem- 
 blance. 
 
 EF FI-i;Y, n. [L. fjS^>.«, from f/BnjTo, to fashion ; « 
 anil Jinuo, to form or devise ; So. It. and Fr. effi^ie. 
 See rtM>:> ] 
 
 1. The image or likeness of a person ; resemblance ; 
 
 EFF 
 
 representation ; any substance fashioned into the 
 shape of a jR'rson. 
 
 2. Portrait ; likeness ; figure, in sculpture or paint- 
 ing. 
 
 3. On coi'ii.t, the print or impression representing 
 the head of the prince who struck the coin. 
 
 Tu burn or Auin' in effiiry, is to burn or hang an im- 
 age or picture of the person intended to be executed, 
 disgraced, or degraded. In France, when a criminal 
 can not be apprehended, his picture is hung on a gal- 
 lows or gibbet, at the bottom of which is written his 
 sentence of condemnation. Kncyc. 
 EF-FLAG'I-TA'i'E, r. (. [L. efflasilo.\ 
 To demand earnestly. [A'ol used.] 
 EF-FLATE', e. (. [\.. rffio.] 
 
 To fill with breath or air. [Little used.] 
 EF-FLO-RESCE', (ef-flo-rcs',) v. t. [I., effioresco, from 
 Jlorc-scOf Jloreo, to blossom, Jlos, a flower. See Flow- 
 er.] 
 
 1. In cAcrai.ffn/, to form a mealy powder on the 
 surface ; to become pulverulent or dusty on tile sur- 
 face. Substances ejjlurcsce by losing their water of 
 crystallization. 
 
 Thow Mlta whose er>'9taU rjlorenee. brioij* to the c1:(M which ia 
 moat BoliiUc, ami cry>L\lliws hy cooling. /'ourcroy. 
 
 2. To fimti saline vegetation on the surface; or 
 rather to shoot out minute spicular crystals ; as, the 
 effiorescence of salts on plaster. 
 
 EF-FI-O-RES'CE.NCE, n. In Imtamj, the time of flow- 
 ering ; the season when a plant shows its first blos- 
 soms. JMartyn. 
 
 2. Among pliysicians, a redness of the skin : erup- 
 tions ; as, in rasli, measb's, small pox, scarlatina, &c. 
 
 3. In chemistry, the fiiriiiation of a mealy powder 
 on the surface of bodies; also, the fonnation of mi- 
 nute spicular crystals, called sometimes floicrrs, or 
 saline vegetation. Such an cinorescence is often 
 seen on walls formed witli plaster. 
 
 Foureroi/. Ure. 
 EF-FLO-RES'CEN'T, a. Shooting into white threads 
 or spiculie ; forming a white dust on the surface. 
 
 Fourcroy. 
 
 EF'FLU-ENCE, n. [I., effiucns, effiuo ; cx and fluo, 
 to flow. See Flow.] 
 
 A flowing out ; that which flows or issues from 
 any body or substance. 
 
 Bright ^uence of briglit essence iocreale. Milton. 
 EF'FLU-ENT, a. Flowing out. 
 
 EF-FLu'VI-U.M, 71. ; pi. Effluvia. [L., from effiuo, 
 to flow out. See Flow.] 
 
 The minute and often invisible particles which 
 exhale from most, if not all, terrestri.il bodies, such 
 as the odor or smell of plants, and the noxious exha- 
 lations from diseased bodies or putrefying animal or 
 vegetable substances. 
 
 EF'FLU.X, n. [L. efflurtis, from effiuo, to flow out.] 
 
 1. The act of flowing out, or issuing in a stream ; 
 as, an effinz of matter from an ulcer. Jfarrey. 
 
 2. Eflusion ; flow ; as, the first efflux of men's 
 piety. Ilammond. 
 
 3. That which flows out ; emanation. 
 
 Light — ^ux divine. Tliomton. 
 
 EF-FLUX', V. i. To run or flow away. [jVol «.«</.] 
 
 Boyte. 
 
 EF-FI,(;X'ION, (ef-fluk'shun,) 7t. [L. effiiumn, from 
 effiuo.] 
 
 1. The act of flowing out Brnmi. 
 
 2. That which flows out; effluvium; emanation. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 EF-Ff^'DI-ENT, a. Digging ; accustomed to dig. 
 EF- FORCE', r. ^ f Fr. efforcer, from force.] 
 
 1. To force ; to break through by violence. 
 
 S/)f7i.\'rr. 
 
 2. To force ; to ravish. Spenser. 
 
 3. To strain ; to exert with effort. Spenser. 
 [This word is now rarely used ; perhaps never, 
 
 except in poetry. We now use Force.] 
 
 EF-FOR.M', r. L [from form.] To fashion ; to shape. 
 [For this we now use Form.] [Taylor, 
 
 EF-FOR.M-A'TION, 71. The act of giving shaiie or 
 form. Ray. 
 [We now use Formatioh.] 
 
 EF'FoRT, n. [Fr. effort: It. sforzo ; from foH, 
 strong, L. fortis. See Force.] 
 
 A straining; an exertion of strength ; endeavor; 
 strenuous exertion to accomplish an object ; applica- 
 ble to physical or intellectual power. The army, by 
 great c^irM, scaled the walls. Distinction in science 
 is g:iined by continued efforts of the mind. 
 
 EF'Ff)RT-I,F.SS, o. Making no eflort. 
 
 EF-FOS'SI(J.\, (ef-fosh'un,) «. [L. effos>-us, from ef- 
 fwlio, to dig out.] 
 
 The act of digging out of the earth ; as, the effos- 
 ttion of coins. .^rbutltnot. 
 
 EF-FRAN'CIIISE, ( chiz,) v. t. To Invest with fran- 
 chises or privileges, Dc ToaiucviUe. 
 
 EF-FRAY', (-fri',) r. L [Fr. effraijer.] 
 
 To frighten. [.Vot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 EF-FRAY'A-BLE, a. Frightful ; dreadful. [JVot in 
 use I Harvey. 
 
 EF-FRE-NA'TIO.V, k. [L. eff^nmaUo, from/ranum, a 
 rein.] 
 
 EGG 
 
 Unbridled rashness or license ; unrullness (Aa( 
 in vsf.] 
 
 EF-FRO.NT'ER-Y, (ef-frunt'er-y,) 71. [Fr. effronterie, 
 from front. ] 
 
 Impudence; assurance; shameless boldness; 
 saucinesH ; boldness transgressing the bounds of 
 modesty and decorum. Kffrantcry is a sure mark of 
 ill-breeding. 
 
 EF-F(JI.GE', (ef fulj',) r. L [L. effulfco ; ez and ful- 
 geo, to shine. 
 
 To send forth a flood oS light ; to shine with 
 splendor. 
 
 EF-FUL'OE.VCE, 71. A flood of liclit ; great luster 
 or liriglitiiess ; splendor; as, the effnlgniee of divine 
 glory. It is a word of superlative signification, and 
 applied, with peculiar jiropriety, to the sun and to 
 the Supreme Keing. 
 
 EF-FIII/GE.\T, n. Shining; bright; splendid , dif- 
 fusing a flood of light ; as. the effnlifrnt sun. 
 
 EF-FUL'Gi:.\T-LY,a./e. In a briglit or splendid man- 
 ner. 
 
 EF-FUL'GIXG, ppr. Sending out a flood of light. 
 
 Sara Lee. 
 
 EF FU-MA-1UI,'I-TY, 71. The quality of flying off 
 in fumes or vapor. Iloiile, 
 
 EF-Ff'.ME', r. t. To breathe out. [Obs.] Spni'srr. 
 
 EF-FITX D', V. t. [I., effundo.] To pour out. [ Obs.] 
 
 EF-FC SE', (ef-fuze',) e. t [L. effusus, from effundo ! 
 ez and fiindo, to pour.] 
 To |iour out iLs a fluid ; to spill ; to shed. 
 
 With gushing l>Ioo«l e^uaed, ^fi'lan. 
 
 EF-FuSE', a. Dissipated ; profuse. [J^^t in use.] 
 
 Richardson. 
 2. In natural historii, spreading loosely. 
 EF-FCS'f.D, (ef-fTi/.d',') pp. Poured out ; shed. 
 EF-FCS'IXG, (ef-fuz'iiig,) ;/pr. Pouring out ; slied- 
 din<;. 
 
 EF-FC'SION, fcf fii'zhnn,) n. The act of pouring 
 out, as a liqiiiil. 
 
 2. The act of pouring out ; a shedding or spilling; 
 waste ; as, the effusion of blood. 
 
 3. Tlic |H>uriiig out of words. Hooker. 
 
 4. The act of pouring out or bestowing divine in- 
 fluence ; as, the cffusiuns of the Holy Spirit ; effu- 
 sions of grace. 
 
 5. That which is poured out. 
 
 Wash ni** with lh.il precious effution, ftnd I shall he whiter than 
 enow. King Cliarlet. 
 
 (5. Liberal donation. [A'of used.] Ilammond. 
 EF-FO'SIVE,a. Pouringout; that pours forth largely. 
 
 The effusive south. Thornton. 
 
 EF-FO'SIVE-LY, adv. In an effusive manner. 
 EFT, 71. [Sax. f/f(a.] 
 
 The i>opular Juiine of the Lacerta Seps of Linnie- 
 
 us, a Saurian reptile. 
 EFT', ado. [Sax.] Soon after; again ; soon ; quickly 
 
 [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 EFT-SOOXS', — - - 
 
 soon.] 
 
 Soon afterward ; in a short time. [ Obs.] Spenser 
 
 E. G. [exempli gratia.] For the sake of an example , 
 for instance. 
 
 E-GAD', ezclam. Qu. Ch. t3H, a lucky star, good fir- 
 tune, as we say, Tny stars! 
 
 F. 'GER, ( n. An iiiiputuous flood ; an irregular tide. 
 
 KA'GKE, i Brmrn. 
 
 EG'E-RA.N, 71. [(wmF.ger, 'm Bohemia.] A subspe- 
 cies of pyraiiiidical garnet, of a ro<idish brown color. 
 It occurs massive, sometimes crystallized. Ure. 
 
 E-GERM'I-.N'ATE. [A"o( iiarrf.] See Ger.misate. 
 E-OEST', v. t. [Ij. egestnm, from egero.] 
 
 To cast or throw out ; to void, as excrement. 
 E-GEST'ED, Cast or thrown out. [Bacon. 
 E-GKST'I.\G, ppr. Ca.sting or throwing out. 
 E-CES'TIO.\, (e-jes'rhiin,) n. [L. egestio.] 
 
 The act of voiding digested matter at the natiinti 
 
 vent. Hale. 
 EGG, n. [Sax. ag : G. and D. ei : Sw. dgg ; Dan. eg. 
 
 Qu. L. arum, by a change of g into r ; W. vy : .\rni. 
 
 oy ; It. ugh ; Russ. lAra, eggs, and the fat or calf of 
 
 tlie leg.] 
 
 A body formed in the females of birdi and certain 
 other animals, containini: an embryo or fetus 01 the 
 same s|)ecies, or the substance from which a like 
 animal is produced. The eggs of fowls, when laid, 
 are covered with a shell, and within is the white or 
 albumen, which incloses the yelk or yellow sub- 
 stance. The eggs of fish and some other animals 
 are united by a viscous substance, and called spaicn. 
 Most insects are oviparous. 
 
 F.gg, to incite, is u mere blunder. [Sec Edi:e.] 
 EGG'IilRl), (-burd,) 11. A fowl, a species of tern. 
 
 Copk^s yoyagrs. 
 
 F.GG'-et'P, n. A cup used for eating eggs at table. 
 
 EGti'ER, n. One who excites. Shenrood. 
 
 EGG'I.N'G, n. Incitement. Cleariland. 
 
 EGG'-XOG, n. A drink used in .America, consisting 
 of the yelks of eggs hi aten up with sugar and the 
 whites of eggs whipped, with the addition of wine 
 or spirit". In Seoilaod, milk is added, and it is then 
 called anid wan^s milk. 
 
 EGG'-PLANT, n. A plant allied to the tomato, and 
 
 adv. [Sax. eft, after, and sojui, sones^ 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AN' GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; ,G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU; Til as in THIS 
 
 48' 
 
 Ml 
 
EH 
 
 bearing a smooth fruit, shaped like an egg, used in 
 coiikery. It is the Solanum Esculentum of Linnaeus. 
 
 EGG'ER, )i. One who excites. 
 
 EGG ING, n. Incitement. 
 
 EGG'-SHELL, n. Tile shell or outside covering of 
 E -GI-LOP'ie-AL, a. Affected with egilnps. [an egg. 
 E'Ol-LOPS, V. [Gr. ai> lAwit.l 
 
 Goat's eye ; an abscess in the inner canthus of the 
 eye ; fistula lachrymalis. Coxc. 
 E'GlS, 71. A shield ; defensive armor. [See .lEois.] 
 E-GLAND'U-LOUS, a. [c ncg. and glanditlous.] 
 
 Destitute of glands. 
 EG'LAiN-TINE, (-tine or -tin,) n. [Fr. eglanticr; D. 
 
 A species of rose ; the sweet brier ; a plant bear- 
 ing an odoriferous flower. 
 
 Milton applies this terra improperly to the honey- 
 suckle. Sramle. 
 E-GLO.M'ER-STE, c. f. [See Glomerate.] To un- 
 wind, as a thread from a ball. 
 E'GO-IS.M, n. [L. co-o.] 
 
 1. The opinion of one who thinks every thing un- 
 certain except his own existence. Baiter. 
 
 2. A passionate love of self, leading a man to con- 
 sider every thing as connected with liis own pei-son, 
 and to prefer himself to every thing in the wtiild. 
 This word seems to be more comprehensive than 
 selji.'ittness. JeJJ'crstm. 
 
 E'GO 1ST, n. [from L. ego, I.] A name given to 
 certain followers of Dea Cartes, who held the opin- 
 ion that they were uncertain of everj' tiling except 
 their own existence, and the operations and ideas of 
 their own minds. Rcid. 
 
 E-Go'l-TY, n. Personality. [JVot authorized.} Swift. 
 
 E'GO-TISM, n. [Fr. egoisme ; Sp. egoisino ; from L. 
 egOy I.] 
 
 Primarily, the practice of too frequently using the 
 word /. Hence, a speaking or writing much of 
 one's self ; self-praise ; self-commendation ; the act 
 or practice of magnifying one's self, or making one's 
 self of importance. Spectator. 
 A deplorable ego'Ssm of character. Dunshl oji Dueling. 
 
 This word has sometimes been used in a still 
 stronger sense, to denote a passionate love of self, 
 like the word egoism, which see. 
 E'GO-TIHT, 71. One who repeats the word / very 
 often in conversation or writing ; one who sjieaks 
 much of himself, or magnifies his own achievements ; 
 one who makes himself the hero of every tale. 
 
 E-GO-Tl'lT'It-AL \ Addicted to egotism. 
 2. Containing egotism. 
 
 E'GO-'l'lZE, r. i. To talk or write much of one's 
 self; to make pretensions to self-importance. 
 
 E-GRf.'lilOUS, (e-gre'jus,) a. [L. egregiu.i, supposed 
 to be from e, or cz, grcge, from, or out of, or beyond, 
 the herd, select, choice.] 
 
 }. Eminent ; remarkable; extraordinary; distin- 
 guished ; as, etrrcgioas exploits ; an egregious prince. 
 But, in this sense, it is seldom applied to persons. 
 
 2. In a bad sense, great ; extraordinary ; remarka- 
 ble ; enormous ; as, an egregious mistake ; egregious 
 
 • contempt. In this sense, it is often applied to per- 
 sons ; as, an egregious rascal ; an egregious mur- 
 derer. 
 
 E-GRE'CIOIIS-LY,ad!). Greatly; enormously ; shame- 
 fully ; usually in a bad sense ; as, he is egregiously 
 niistaken ; tlicy were egregiously cheated. 
 
 E-GRic'GIOUS-NESS, n. The state of being great or 
 
 _ extraordinary. 
 
 E'GRESS, 71. [li. egressus, from egredior ; c and n-ra- 
 dior, to step, Sw. rfi.va, Dan. rejscr.\ 
 
 The act of going or issuing out, or the power of 
 departing from any inclosed or confined place. 
 
 Gfttpn of bvimin^ atlam.inl, 
 Barred over ua, proliiUt all egrcte. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 E-GRES'SION, (e-gresh'un,) n. [L. egressio.] 
 
 The act of going out from any inclosure or place of 
 confinement. J'ope. 
 E-GRESS'OK, 71. One who goes out. 
 E'GRET, 71. [Fr. aigrette.] 
 
 1. The lesser white heron, a bird of the genus 
 Ardca ; an elegant fowl, with a while body, and a 
 crest on the head. Encye. 
 
 2. In botany, the flying, feathery, or hairy crown 
 of seeds, as the down of tlie Ihislle. 
 
 E (;IU;T'J'|;', 71. a mfl of fealliers, diamonds, &.C. ; 
 an orM;iiiii-iit of ribbons. [Si-e Aiokettk.] 
 
 E'GKI-OT, n. [Fr. aigre, sour.] 
 
 A kind of Hour cherry. Bacon. 
 
 E-6YP"I'1.'\N, te-jip'slian,) a. [from Egypt, Gr. 
 Ai)i':Tr j; supposed to be so called from the nnnie 
 Ciiptaa, a princi|ial town, from gupla, guarded, forti- 
 fied. Asiat. Kes. iii. :)llt, :):t.'i. .«o Mi.sr, Muzor, 
 lleli. ">no. whence Misratm, signifies a fortress, from 
 to bind or inclose.] 
 I'lTtaining lo l^gypt, in Africa. 
 
 E GVP'TIA.V, 71. A native of Egypt; also, a gipsy. 
 
 E-0VP'I''O-CAn-CA'HIAN, n. An nnririil J'.gyplian, 
 DO called because cunxidered of the Cnucasiaii fam- 
 ily. fllMun. 
 
 £11, eiclam. Denoting inquiry or slight sur^rim^. 
 
 EJE 
 
 w'dErIdL^'kI i '-""^ eider.] 
 
 A species of sea duck, producing uncommonly 
 fine down, luund in the Shetland Isles, the Ork- 
 neys, &c. 
 
 El'UER-DOWN, 71. Down or soft feathers of the 
 eider-duck. 
 
 Ei-DOU-Ra'NI-ON, 71. [Gr. eiSui, form, and ovpavwi', 
 
 heaven.] 
 
 A representation of the heavens. 
 ETGH, (a,) eielam. An expression of sudden delight. 
 EIGHT, (ate,) a. [Sax. a:/it«, eahia, ox elita ; G. aclit ; 
 
 D. agt ; Sw. otta ; Dan. otte ; Goth, uktau ; L. oeto ,• 
 
 Gr. uK-(o; It. otto; Sp. uclio ; Port, oito ; Fr. ituit; 
 
 Arm. eih or eiz ; Ir. oclit : \V. uytlt or wyth ; Corn. 
 
 eatiL ; Gipsy, ochto ; Hindoo, aute.] 
 Twice four ; expressing the number twice four. 
 
 Four and four make ciglu. 
 EIGHT'EEN, (a'teen,) n. Eight and ten united. 
 EIGHT-EEX'.MO, 71. A compound of the English 
 
 eighteen and the last s}'llable of the Latin decimo, 
 
 more properly octodecimo ; denoting the size of a book 
 
 in which a sheet is doubled into eighteen leaves. 
 EIGHT'EENTH, (a'teenth,) a. The next in order 
 
 after the seventeenth. 
 EIGIlT'FoLD, (ate'fuld,) a. Eight times the number 
 
 or quantity. 
 
 EIGHTH, (5tth,) a. Noting the number eight; the 
 
 number next after seven ; the ordinal of eight. 
 EIGHTH, 71. In music, an interval composed of five 
 
 tones and two semitones. Encye. 
 EIGHTH'LY, (attli'lv,) ado. In the eighth place. 
 EIGHT'I-ETH, (•i'ti-etli,)a. [from fiv'/ify.] The ne.xt 
 
 in order to the seventy-ninth ; the eighth tenth. 
 ElGHT'SCoRE, (ate'skore,) a. or 71. [right and score ; 
 
 score is a notch noting twenty.] Eight tunes twenty ; 
 
 a hundred and sixty. 
 EIGHT'V , (a'ty,) a. Eight times ten ; fourscore. 
 EIGNE, (ane) a. [Norm, aisne.] 
 
 1. Eldest ; an epithet used in law to denote the 
 eldest son ; as, bastard eigne. Blaekstone. 
 
 2. Unalienable ; entailed ; belonging to the eldest 
 _ son. [JVut iiscrf.l Bacon. 
 I^l'SEL, 71. [Sax.] Vinegar. [JVyi in use,] More. 
 ET'SEN-RAH.M, 11. [G., iron-cream.] The red and 
 
 brown eisenralim, the scaly red and brown hema- 
 tite. Cleaveland. 
 ElS-TEDD'FOD, ji. [VV. eistedd, to sit.] An assem- 
 _ lily of Welsh bards. P. Cyc. 
 
 Hl'THER, (e'tlier or I'thcr. The former is the pro- 
 nunciation given in nearly all the English dictiona- 
 ries, and is still the prevailing one in .America ; the 
 latter has, of late, become general in England.) a. or 
 pron. [Sax, ffgther, egther ; D. yder ; G. jeder i Ir. 
 crachtar. This word seems to be compound, and 
 the first syllable to be the same as each. So Sax. 
 echwar, each where, every where. Sax. Chron. An. 
 1114, 1118.] 
 
 1. One or another of any number. Here are ten or- 
 anges ; take either orange of the whole number, or 
 take either of them. In the last phrase, either stands 
 as a pronoun or substitute. 
 
 2. One of two. This sense is included in the fore- 
 going. 
 
 Lepi«Iiis fialter« boUi, 
 Of both is flallt'reil ; bul lie iieitiier loves, 
 Nor eiUier cares for him. Sltak. 
 
 3. Each ; every one sejiarately considered. 
 
 Oil eitJter side of the river. — Uev. xxii. 
 
 4. This word, when applied to sentences or propo- 
 sitions, is called a distributii^e or a conjunction. It 
 precedes the first of two or more alternatives, and is 
 answered by or before the second or succeeding alter- 
 natives. . 
 
 Either he is udkinff, or he is nurBiiinj, or he is on a Journey, 
 or perliaps lie sTeepelh. — 1 Kings xviii. 
 
 In this sense, either refers to each of the succeed- 
 ing clauses of the sentence. 
 E-JAC'lJ-LATE, (. [L. ejaculor, from jacul or, to 
 throw or dart, /ucuhim, a dart, from jociVi, to throw.] 
 To throw out ; to cast ; to shoot ; to dart ; as, rays 
 of light ijaculuted. Blackmorc. 
 
 It is now seldom used, except to express the utter- 
 ance of a short prayer ; as, he ejaculated, a few words. 
 E-J.'VG'lJ-I.A-TKI), ;<;i. Short; thrown out ; uttered. 
 E-JAe'lj-EA-TING, ;);)7-. Throwing; darting; shoot- 
 ing. 
 
 E-JAC-TJ-La'TION, 71. The act of tlirowiug or dart- 
 ing out with a sudden force and rapid flight ; as, the 
 ejaculation of light. Bacon. 
 [V'/ii.v sense is nearly obsolete.] 
 
 2. The uttering of u short prayer; or a short occa- 
 sional prayer uttered. Taylor. 
 E-JAC'U-I.A-TO-KY, a. Suddenly darted out; ut- 
 lerod in short sentences ; as, an cjaculatory prayer or 
 petition. 
 
 2. Siidih n ; hasty ; as, ejaculatory repentance. 
 :). Casting; throwing out. [L'Eftrange. 
 E-JECT', I'. (. [I., cjicio, ejectum I eandjiMto, to throw, 
 Vr.jeler, It.jactn.] 
 
 1. To throw out; to cast forth; to thrust out, as 
 from a place Inclosi.'d or confined. Sandys. South. 
 
 2. To discharge llirough the natural passages or 
 cmiinctories ; lo evacuati!. Encye. 
 
 ELA 
 
 3. To throw out or expel from an office ; to dismiss 
 from an office ; to turn out ; as, to eject a clergyman. 
 
 4. To dispossess of land or estate. 
 
 5. To drive away ; to expel ; to dismiss with ha- 
 tred. Shak. 
 
 6. To cast away ; to reject ; to banish ; as, to eject 
 words from a language. Swift. 
 
 E-JEeT'EU,;)p. Thrown out ; thrust out ; discharged ; 
 evticuated ; expelled ; dismissed ; dispossessed ; re- 
 jected. 
 
 E-JECT'ING, p/ii-. Casting out; discharging; evacu- 
 
 atiiic ; expelling; dispossessing; rejecting. 
 E-JEC'TION, 71. [L. cjectio.] 
 
 1. The act of casting out ; expulsion. 
 
 2. Dismission from office. 
 
 3. Dispossession ; a turning out from possession 
 hy force or authority. 
 
 4. The discharge of any excrementitious matter 
 through the pores or other emunctories; evacuation; 
 vomiting; discharge by stool. 
 
 E-JECT'iMENT, 71. Literally, a casting out ; a dispos- 
 session. 
 
 2. In low, a writ or action ^vhich lies for the recov- 
 ery of possession of land from u hicli the owner has 
 been ejected, and for trial of title. Ejectment may 
 be brought by the lessor agiiinst the lessee for rent in 
 arrear, or for holding over his term ; also by the les- 
 see for years, who has been ejected before the expira- 
 tion of his term. Encye. 
 
 E-JEGT'OR, 71. One who ejects or dispossesses anoth- 
 er of his laud. Blaekstone. 
 
 EJ-U-LA'TION, 71. [L. cjulatio, from ejulo, to cry, to 
 yell, to wtiil. Perhaps j represents g, and this word 
 may be radically one with yell, Sax. giellun, gyltan.] 
 Outcry ; a wailing ; a loud cry expressive of grief 
 
 _ or pain ; mourning ; lamentation. Philips. 
 
 EKE, v. t. [Sax. eacan; Sw. bka; Dan. bger. The 
 primary sense is to add, or to stretch, extend, in- 
 crease, (ill. L. augco. The latter seems to be the 
 Eng. to icaj.] 
 
 1. To increase ; to enlarge ; as, to eke a store of 
 provisions. Spenser. 
 
 2. To add to; to supply what is wanted; to en- 
 large by addition ; sometimes with out : as, to eke or i 
 eke out a piece of cloth ; to eke out a performance. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To lengthen; to prolong; as, to cAe ouUhe time. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 EKE, ado. [Sax. eac ; D. ook ; G. auch ; Sw. och ; Dan. 
 og ; \V. ac : L. ac, and, also. This seems to be the 
 same word as the verb, and to denote add, join, or 
 aditition. Cli. nns, to join.] 
 Also; likewise; in addition. 
 
 'Twill be prodijrious hard to prove 
 Tli.it this IS ete'Uie throne of love. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 [This word is nearly obsolete, being used only in 
 _ poetry of the familiar and ludicrous kind.] 
 EK'£D, (ekd,) pp. Increased ; lengthened. 
 f.K'ING, pyir. Increasing; augmenting; lengthening. 
 eK'ING, II. Increase or addition. 
 E-I/AB'O-RATE, u. f. [L. elaboro, from laboro, labor. 
 See I.ABon.] 
 
 1. To proiluce with labor. 
 
 Tlify in full joy elnhorate a sigh. Young. 
 
 2. To improve or refine by successive operations. 
 The hciU of the sun elaborates the juices of plants, 
 and renders the fruit more perfect. 
 
 E-LAIi'O-RATE, a. [L. elahoratus.] 
 
 Wrought with labor ; finished with great diligence ; 
 studied ; executed with exactness ; as, an elaborate 
 discourse ; an elaborate performance. 
 
 Drawn to the life in each elahorale pa^. Waller. 
 
 E-LAB'O-Ra-TEI), ;);). or 0. Produced with labor or 
 study ; improved. 
 
 E-L A l!'0-R.\TE-hY, adn. With great labor or .study ; 
 with nice regard to exactness. 
 
 E-LA1!'0-RATE-NESS, ;i. The quality of being elab- 
 orate or wrought with great labor. .Johnson. 
 
 E-LAB'O-RA-TIN'G, ppr. Produced with labor; im- 
 jiroving ; refining by successive operations. 
 
 E-LAIl-O-RA'TION, 71. Improvement or refinement 
 by successive operations. Hay. 
 
 E-LAI!'0-Ka-T0R, 71. One who elaborates. 
 
 E-EAIi'O-RA-TO-llY, a. Elaborating. 
 
 E-LA-ID'IC ACID, 71. A peculiar acid obtained by 
 the saponification of elaidin. /'. Cyc. 
 
 E-LA'I-DIN, 71. A fally substance produced by the ac- 
 tion of nitric acid ujion certain oils, especially castor 
 oil. Braadc. 
 
 E-LA'IN,7i. [Gr. iUtfoi.] 
 
 The liquitl principle of oils and fats. Chevrrul. 
 [Smart and Ure give three sj llalili s to this word.] 
 
 E-EAMP'ING, a. [See I.ami'.] ishiniiig. [J\'"r<f in use.] 
 
 E-I.ANCE', 0. L [Fr. dancer, lancer, from toiler, or its 
 root.] 
 
 'I'll throw or shoot ; to hurl ; to dart. 
 
 Willie thy unerring lliuui elanecd — n diut. Piior. 
 
 E-LXNC'f.n, (e-liuist',) ;>;i. Hurled; darted. 
 
 E-I/\NC'ING, 71;). Hurling; shooting. 
 
 ic'I.ANI), 71. A siTccies of heavy, clumsy antelope in 
 
 Africa. Barrow. 
 E I.A'O-LITE, 71. [Gr. cXaio, an olive.] 
 
 F^IE, FXn, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MAUtNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK — 
 
 3G2 
 
ELD 
 
 ELE 
 
 ELE 
 
 A variety of nepheline, presenting a yrcasy luster, 
 and gray, grayish green, bluish aiul roddisli shades of 
 fulor. Dana. 
 E-l.Al'-I-DA'TION, ;i. [I,, elapido, from /apis, a stone] 
 
 A dearinj; away of stoni-s. 
 E-LAPSE', (e-la|)s',) v. i. [L. elapsus, from elabor, la- 
 bor, to slide,] 
 
 To slide, slip, or glide away ; to pass away 
 silintly, as time; appHiil chirfly or whollij to time. 
 rinsti ad of Elapse, the noun', \vc use Lapse.] 
 E-L.\1'S'£U, (c-lapsl',) pp. Slid or passed away, as 
 lime. 
 
 E-LAI*S'I.N'G,ppr. Sliding away ; gliding or passing 
 away silently, as time. 
 
 E-L.\U'UE-AtE, (e-lak'we-ate,) r. t. [L. taqiuus.] 
 To disentangle. 
 
 E LAU'UE-A-TED, pp. Disentangled. 
 
 E-L.\a'lIE A-T1.\G, ppr. Disentangling. 
 
 E-LAS'Tie, )a. [lYom the (ir. iAa-fJC6),to itnpel, 
 
 E-LAS'Tie-AL, i or<X>iij, or tAuui-a), to drive; Fr. 
 ela.'iliqui; ; It. and Sp. elastico.] 
 
 Springing back ; having tlie power of returning to 
 the form from which it is lient, extended, pressed, or 
 distorted ; having the inherent propi rty of recover- 
 ing its former figure, after any external pressure, 
 which has altered that figure, is removed ; rebound- 
 ing ; flying back. Thus, a bow is ftiL-itic, and when 
 the force which bends it is removed, it instantly re- 
 tiifus to its former sliape. The air is riastic : vapors 
 are elastic: and when the force compressing theui is 
 removed, they instantly expand or dilate, and recover 
 their former state. 
 
 E-LAS'Tie-.AE-LV, arfe. In an elastic manner; by 
 an elastic power ; with a spring. Lcc. 
 
 R-LAS-TIC'l-TV, H. The inherent property in bodies 
 by which they recover their former ligure or state, 
 aher external jiressure, tension, or distortion. Thus, 
 fliL-itic gum, extended, will contract to its natural di- 
 mensions, when the force is removed. Air, when 
 compressed, will, on the removal of the compressing 
 force, instanllv dilate, and till its former space. 
 
 E-L.^TE',fl. [i,. e/a(«..-.] 
 
 Raised ; elevated in mind ; flushed, as with suc- 
 cess. Whence, lofty ; haughty ; as, elate with vic- 
 tor\". [It is used ckiefiy in portrtj.] 
 
 E-l.A I'E', V. U To raise or swell, as the mind or spir- 
 its ; to elevate with success ; to pull" up ; to make 
 proud. 
 
 a. To raise ; to exalt. [Umusual-I Thomsoiu 
 
 E-LaT'ED, pp. or a. Elev.tted in mind or spirits ; 
 puffed up ; as, with honor, success, or prosperity. We 
 say, clttt'.d with success ; elated with pride. \l'his is 
 used in prose. \ 
 
 E-LaT'E1)-L\ , otic. With elation. 
 
 E-LAT'EU-IX, n. The active principle of the elateri- 
 um, from wliich the latter is sujiposed to derive its 
 cathartic power. Brunde. P. Cue. 
 
 ELr A-Tk'R1-UM, n, A substance deposited from the 
 very acrid juice of the iMom()rdica elateriuui, wild 
 cucumber. It is in thin cakes, of a greenish color, 
 and bitter taste, and is a powerful cathartic. BranUe. 
 
 EL'A-TE-RY, ji. [Cr. iXarci.,,,.] 
 
 Acting force or elasticity ; as, the elatcnj of the air. 
 fUnnsnal.] Ray. 
 
 E-L.aT' I\(J, ppr. Elevating in mind or spirits. 
 
 E-La'TION, h. An uitlation or elevation of mind 
 proceeding from self-approbation ; self-esteem, vanity, 
 or pride, resulting from success. Hence, liaughii- 
 ness ; pride of prosperity. Merbury. 
 
 E-LaT'OR, n. One who'or that which elates. 
 
 EL BOW, n. [Sax. elnbo^a, or elnebona : ulna, the 
 aru), the ell, and bo^a, bow ; contracted into rlboiray 
 clhow ; G. elbogrn : D. elleboog : Scot, elbork, elbiick.] 
 
 1. The outer angle made by the bend of the arm. 
 
 JCncyc. 
 
 Ttie wliigB thai waH our ricUn out of si.ijht 
 
 Grow uu (he giuivxu-r's eibuuit, Coieper. 
 
 2. Any flexure or angle ; the obtuse angle of a wall, 
 building, or road. F.ncyc. 
 
 3. A term applied to the upright sides which flank 
 any paneled Work, as in w indows below the shut- 
 ters, &c. Sirift. 
 
 To be at the elboit, Is to be very near ; to be by Uie 
 side ; to be at hand. 
 EL'BoW, c. «. To push with the elbow. Dryden. 
 2. To push or drive to a distance ; to encroach on. 
 He'll tiboi^ out Itis neighbors. Dryden. 
 
 EL'nOW, V. L To jut into an angle ; to project ; to 
 bend. 
 
 EL'DOW-CII.xIU, n. A chair with arms to support 
 the elbows ; an arm-chair. Qay. 
 
 EL'RoW-ROOM, n. Rwim to extend the elbows on 
 each side ; hence, in its usual acceptation, freedom 
 from confinement ; room for motion or action. Shak. 
 
 EL'noVV-Kl), (cl'bode,) pp. Pushed with the elbows. 
 
 EL'BSW-ING, ppr. Pushing wi|j> the elbows ; driv- 
 ing to a distance. 
 
 ELI), «. [Sax. eld, or aeld, old age. See Old.] 
 
 1. Old age ; decrepitude. \bbs.] Spenser. 
 
 2. Old people. Chapma)U 
 
 3. Old times ; former age. 
 
 [ This Kord is entirety obsolete. But its dcrivatite, 
 Elder, is in use.] 
 
 ELD'ER, a. [Sax. cldor, the comparative degree of 
 eld, now written old. See Old.] 
 
 1. Older; senior; having lived a longer time; 
 born, produceil, or formed before something else; 
 opposed to younger. 
 
 The elder ahull serve the votuiger. — Gen. xxv 
 His elder aoii w!u ill the tV'ld. — Luke xv. 
 
 9. Prior in origin ; preceding in the date of a com- 
 mission ; as, an elder oflicer or magistrate. In this 
 sense, we generally use senior. 
 ELD'ER, 71. One who is older than another or others. 
 
 2. An ancestor. 
 
 Carry your he.td as your elders have done before yen. 
 
 L'Entrange. 
 
 3. A person advanced in life, and who, on account 
 of his age, experience, and wisdom, is selected for 
 ollice. Among rude nations, elderly men are rulers, 
 judges, magistrates, or counselors. Among the Jews, 
 the seventy men associated with Moses in the gctv- 
 ernment of the people, were elders. In the first 
 Christian churches, elders were persons who enjoyed 
 offices or ecclesiastical functions, and the woril iii- 
 clmles apostles, pastors, teachers, jiresbyters, bishops, 
 or overseers. Peter and John called themselves rid- 
 ers. The first councils of Christians were called 
 presbyteria, councils of elders. 
 
 In the modern Presbyterian churches, elders are ofli- 
 cers, who, with the jiastors or ministers, compose the 
 church sessions, with authority tti inspect and regu- 
 late matters of religion and discipline. 
 
 In the first churches of New England, the pastors 
 or ministers were called elders, or teachinrr elders; 
 and this is still their title in the IS.aplist churches. 
 ELD'ER, 71. [Sax. cWarii ; Hw. /lyll, m liyllctrd ; Dan. 
 hyUl, or hylde-trtc ; G. holder, or luihlunder. It seems 
 to be named from kolhwness.] 
 
 The popular name of a genus of plants called by 
 naturalists Sambueus. 
 ELD'ER-LY, a. Somewhat old; advanced beyond 
 middle age ; bordering on old age ; as, elderly people. 
 ELD'ER-SHlP,7i. Seniority ; the state of beiiig older. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. The office of an elder. Kliot. 
 
 3. Presbytery ; order of elders. Hooker. 
 ELD' E.ST, a. [Sax. ealdest, superlative of eld, old.] 
 
 Oldest : mo>t advanced in age ; that was horn he- 
 fore others ; as, the eUlest son or daughter. It seems 
 to be always applied to persons, or at least to animals, 
 and not to things. If ever applied to things, it must 
 signify, that was first formed or produceil, that has 
 existed the longest time. But applied to things, we 
 use oldest. 
 
 ELD'ING, 71. [Sax a/an, to burn.] 
 
 Euel. [Local.] Orose. 
 
 EL DO-RA'DO, n. [Sp., the golden region.] A fab- 
 ulous region in the interior of South .America, sup- 
 jiosed to surpass all others in the richness of its pro- 
 ductions, especially gold, gems, &c. 
 
 EL'DRITCH, a. Hideous; gli;ustly ; wild; demoni- 
 acal ; as, an eldritch shriek ; an eldritch laugh. [ Scot- 
 tish.] Bunts. 
 
 E-LE-AT'IC, <J. .An epithet given to a certain sect of 
 philosophers, so called from Elea, or Vclia, a town 
 on the western co-ast of Lower Italy ; as, the Eleatic 
 seel of philosophy. P. Cyc. 
 
 EI..-E-€A.\I-PA.\E', 71. [D. niant : G. alant or dlnnl- 
 wurzel ; L. Af/fiiiK/ii, from Gr. fAcnor, which signi- 
 fies this plant and a f'e;Lst in lionor of Helen. Pliiiy 
 informs us that this plafit was so called because it 
 was said to have sprung from the tears of Helen. 
 The last part of the word is from the Latin campana ; 
 Inula campana.] 
 
 The popular n.ame of a plant, the Inula Helenium 
 of Liniia-us, of a pungent taste, and formerly of 
 much repute its a stomachic. 
 
 E-liEGT', V. L [L. eleetns, from elign : e, or ex, and 
 leiro, Gr. \c) o>, to choose ; Fr. elire, from eligere ; It. 
 elegtrere; Sp. elegir; Port, cleger.] 
 
 1. Properly, to pick out ; lo select from among two 
 or more, that which is preferred. Hence, 
 
 2. To selector take for an ollice or employment ; to 
 choose from among a number ; lo select or manifest 
 preference by vote or designation ; as, to elect a rep- 
 resentative by ballot or viva voce ; to elect a president 
 or governor. 
 
 3. In theology, to designate, choose, or select as an 
 object of mercy or favor. 
 
 4. To choose ; to prefer ; to determine in favor of. 
 E-LEGT', a. Chosen ; taken by preference from 
 
 among two or more. Hence, 
 
 •2. In theology, chosen as the object of mercy ; 
 chosen, selected or designated to eternal life ; pre- 
 destinated in the divine counsels. 
 
 3. Chosen, but not inaugurated, consecrated, or in- 
 vested with ofiicc ; as, bishop elect; eni|)cror ricct ; 
 governor or mayor elect. But in the Scriptures, and 
 in theology, this word is generally used as a noun. 
 E-LECT', II. One chosen or set apart ; applied to 
 ChrisU 
 
 B<-hnM my •ermnt, whom I uphold ; my elect, \a whom niy 
 soul tleli^lileth. — li. zlii. 
 
 2. Chosen or designated by God to salvation ; pre- 
 destinated to glory as the end, and to sanctification 
 
 as the means ; usually with a plural signification, 
 
 the elect, 
 
 Sluill not GotI .tven*e his own elecl7 — Luke xviii. 
 
 11 it wfrc ixo-tiblo, they ]tti;ill deceive the- very elect. — MatL 
 
 He shall send his angels — and they sliojl father his eltcl trom 
 the lour winds. — Matt, xxiv, 
 
 3, Chosen; selected; set apart as a peculiar church 
 and people ; applied to tlie Israelites. Is. xlv, 
 
 E-Li;CT'A.\T, 71. That has the power of choosing. 
 
 E-I.l'.CT'EI), pp. Chosen; preferred; designated to 
 oliice by some art of the constituents, as by vote; 
 chosen or predestinafed to eternal life. 
 
 E-I.F.CT'l-ClS.M, 71. The system of selecting doctrines 
 and opinions from other systems. Emerson. 
 
 E-I.KCT'1.\G, ppr. Choosing ; selecting from a num- 
 ber ; preferring; designating to office by choice or 
 pii ference ; designating or predestinating to eternal 
 
 E-LEC riOX, 77. iU.electio.] [salvation. 
 
 1. The act of choosing ; choice ; the act of select- 
 ing one or more from others. Hence upi>rnirriately, 
 
 2. The act of choosing a person to fill an oflice or 
 employment, by any inanife.station of preference, as 
 by lialiot, uplifted hands, or viva voce ; as, the election 
 of a king, of a jiresident, or a maj'or. 
 
 Corruption in electtona u the great enemy of freedom. 
 
 J. Adamt. 
 
 3. Choice ; vtduntary preference ; free will ; lib- 
 erty to act or not. It is at his election to accept or 
 refuse. 
 
 4. Power of choosing or selecting. Davies. 
 
 5. Discernment ; discrimination ; distinction. 
 
 To use men wUli much (iillerence and election is ^od. Bacon. 
 
 fi. In Oieology, divine choice ; predetermination of 
 God, by which persons arc distinguished as objects 
 of mercy, become subjects of grace, are sanctified 
 and prepared for heaven. 
 
 Th'Te is a nunnant accorilin J to the election of gmcc. — Rom. ll.. 
 
 7. The public choice of officers. 
 
 8. The day of a public choice of officers. 
 
 9. Those who are elected. 
 
 The election lialh obtained it. — Rom. xL 
 
 E-LEe-TIO.\-EER', v. t. To make interest for a can- 
 didate at an election ; to use arts for securing the 
 election of a candidate. 
 
 E-LEC I ION-EER'ER, 7i. One who electioneers. 
 
 E-LEe-TlON-EER'ING, ppr. Using influence to pro- 
 cure the election of a person. 
 
 E-LEe-Tl().\EER'I,\G, n. Thcarts or practices used 
 for securing the choice of one to office. 
 
 E-LECT'l VE, a. Dependent on choice; as, an electice 
 monarchy, in which the king is raised to the throne 
 by election ; ojiposed to hereditary. , 
 
 2. Bestowed or passing by election ; as, an office is 
 electice. I 
 
 3. Pertaining to or consisting in choice or right of [ 
 choosing ; as, elective franchise. j 
 
 4. Exerting the power of choice ; as, an elective ' 
 act. 
 
 5. Selecting for combination ; as, an electice attrac- 
 tion, which is a tendency in bodies to unite with 
 certain kinds of matter in preference to others. 
 
 E-LECT'lVE-LY, (We. By choice; with preference 
 of one lo another. 
 
 E-LECT'OR, II. One who elects, or one who has the 
 right of choice; a person who has, by I.iw or eoiisii- 
 tuliiui, the ritrht of voting for an officer. In free 
 governments, the people, or such of them as possess 
 certain qualifications of age, character, and properly, 
 are the electors of their representatives, &c., in par- 
 liament, assembly, or other legislative body. In the 
 United St.ates, certain persons are appointed or cho- 
 sen to be electors of the president or chief magistrate. 
 In Germany, certain jirinces were fiirmerly electors of 
 the emperor, and elector was one of their titles, as 
 the elector of Saxony. 
 
 E-LECT'OR-.\L, a. Pertaining to election or electors. 
 The electoral college in Germany consisted of all the 
 electors of the empire, being nine in number, six secu- 
 lar princes and three archbishops. 
 
 E-LEi'T-OR-.AL'I-TY, for Electorate, is not used. 
 
 E-LE€T'OR-.\TE, ii. The dignity of an elector in 
 the German empire. 
 2. The territory of an elector in the German em- 
 
 E-I.EG'TRE, (e-l< k'ter,) ti. [L. electrum.] [pire. 
 Amber. [See Eli cTUfM.^ 
 
 [Bacon used this word for a compound or mixed 
 
 metal. Bui the word is not now used.] 
 E-LECT'RESS, ii. The wife or widow of an elector 
 
 in the German empire. OiestcrJieU. 
 E-LEC'TRie, j a. [Fr. electrique ; It. elcttriea ; 
 E-LECTRie AL, ( Sp. c/cctrico ; from L. electrum, 
 
 Gr. TiAtnTooe, amber.] 
 
 1. Containing electricity, or capable of exhibiting 
 it when excited by friction ; as, an electric body, such 
 .as amber and glass ; an electric substance. 
 
 2. In general, |)crtaining to electricity ; as, elertric 
 power or virtue ; electric attraction gr repulsion ; 
 electric fluid. 
 
 3. Derived from or produced by electricity ; as, 
 electrical vffvet^ ; electric vapor : e/ecfric shock. 
 
 4. Communicating a shock like electricity ; as, the 
 electric eel or fish. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CiaUS — C aaK; CiasJ; SasZ; CHas SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
ELE 
 
 ELE 
 
 -E-LEG'TRie, n. A non-condiictor of electricity Pin- 
 ployed to excite or accuiiiulate the electric fluid. 
 Such are amber, glass, resin, wax, gum-lac, sul- 
 phur, &c. 
 
 £-I,Ee"rR[e-EEL, n. A fish or eel of the penus 
 gijmnotus^ from two to five feet in leniztli, capable of 
 giving an electric shock of such violence as some- 
 times to knocic down a man. Partington. 
 
 E-LEe'TRie-AL-LY, adc. In tlie manner of elec- 
 tricitv, or by means of it. 
 
 E-LEe-TEI"ClA.\,(e-Iek-trish'un,)n. A person who 
 studies electricity, and investigates its properties by 
 observation and experiments ; one versed in the 
 science of electricity. 
 
 E-LEe-TRIC'I-TY, «. [from Gr. iiUnTnov, amber.] 
 
 1. The subtile agent called tJie electric fluid, usually 
 excited by the friction of glass. It was called elec- 
 tricittj from the Greek word fur amber, because it was 
 in tlie friction of this substance that it was first ob- 
 served. It is convenient to denominate it tile electric 
 fluid, although we know verj- little of its nature, be- 
 cause it has a greater resemblance to an elastic fluid of 
 extreme rarity than to any thing else with which we 
 are acquainted. Some bodies permit the electric Hiiid 
 to pass freely through them, and are hence called 
 conductors ; others hardly permit it to pass through 
 them at all, and are therefore called non-conductors. 
 Metals are the best conductors ; next, water and all 
 moist substances ; and next, the bodies of animals. 
 Glass, resinous substances, (as amber, varnish, and 
 sealing-wax,) air, silk, wool, cotton, hair, and feath- 
 ers, are non-conductors. The phenomena of electricity 
 are such as attraction and repulsion, heat and light, 
 shocks of the animal system, and mechanical vio- 
 lence. Olmsted. 
 
 2 The science which unfolds the phenomena and 
 laws of the electric fluid. Olmsted. 
 E-LEe'TRl-Fl-A-I)LE, a. [from electrify.] Capable 
 of receiving electricity, or of being chargeil with it ; 
 that mav become electric. Fourcron. 
 E-LEe-TRI-Fl-eA'TIO.\, n. The act of electrifying, 
 or state of being charged with electricity. 
 
 Eneyc. art. Bell. 
 E-LEe'TRI-FI-£D, pp. or a. Charged with electricity. 
 
 flneije. 
 
 E-LEe'TRI-F1?, V. t. To communicate electricity to ; 
 to charge with electricity. Encye. Cacallo 
 
 2. To cause electricity to pass thruugli ; to affect 
 by electricity ; to give an electric shock to. 
 
 3. To excite suddenly ; to give a sudden shock ; 
 as, the whole assembly was electrified. 
 
 E-LEC'TRI-FY, r. i. To become electric. 
 
 E-LEC'TRI-Fy-ING, ppr. or a. Charging with elec- 
 tricity ; alTecting with electricity ; giving a sudden 
 shock. 
 
 E-LEC'TRINE, (-trin,) a. [L. electrum.] 
 
 Belonging to amber. 
 E-LEC-TRI-ZA'TION, n. The act of electrizing. Ure. 
 E LECTRIZE, v. t. [Ft. electri-icr.] 
 
 To electrifv ; a word in popular use. Ure. 
 E-LEC'TRIZ-iiD, pp. or a. Charged with electricity. 
 
 Ure. P. Cyc. 
 
 E-LEC'TRIZ-IXG, ppr. Electrifying. 
 
 E-LEe'TRO-CHE.M'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to electro- 
 chemistry. Ure. 
 
 E-EEC'TRO-eHEM'IS-TRY, n. That science which 
 tniats of the agency of electricity and galvanism in 
 efiecting chemical changes. 
 
 E-LEC'THODE, n. [Gr. riXcKTpcv, (for electricity,) 
 and b6 1{, a way.] 
 
 A name applied to what is called the pole of the 
 voltaic circle. The electrodes are the surfaces of air, 
 water, metal, &c., which serve to convey an electric 
 current into and from the licpiid to be decomposed. 
 
 Faraday. Turner. 
 
 E-l.F.e'TRO-DY-.NAM'ieS, n. The phenomena of 
 electricity in motion. Brande. P. Cyc. 
 
 E-I.Ee-TROL'Y-SJS, n. [Gr. r/Atur^j-jf and Auw, to 
 dissolve.] 
 
 The act of decomposing a compound .substance by 
 the action of electricity or galvanism. Faraday. 
 E-EEC'TRO-LfTE, n. [Gr. iiUnTjiov and Auoj, to 
 dissolve.] 
 
 A compound which may be directly decomposed 
 liy an electric current. Faraihiit. 
 E-LE€-TRO-LYT'ie, a. Pertaining to elei tmlysi's. 
 
 Farudaij. 
 
 E-I,EC'TRO-LtZE, v. t. [Or. r,>^eKTiioi' and Xuw, to 
 dissolve.] 
 
 To decompose a compound substance by the direct 
 nclion of electricity or galvanism. Faradai/. 
 E-I,Ei;'TRO-.MAG XET'ie, a. Designating what 
 pertains to niagnctisin, as coiinecteil with electrici- 
 ty, or affected by it. Klectro-ma^ielic phenomena. 
 
 Uenni. 
 
 E LEC'TRO-.MAG-NET'IC-TEI,'E GRAI'II, n. An 
 instrument <ir apparatus, which, by mi^ins of iron 
 wires, conducting the eh clnc fluid, conveys intelli- 
 gence to any given disUince with the velo( ity of light- 
 ning. S. F. H. Morse. 
 
 E l.lvC'TRO-MAG'NET I9IM, n. That science which 
 trealt of the agency of electricity and galvanism in 
 communicating magnetic propi-rtios. 
 
 E-EEC'TIIO-.MET'AL-LUR-CY, n. The art of depos- 
 
 iting metals, held in solution, as silver, gold, &c.,on 
 prepared surfaces, through the agency of voltaic elec- 
 tricity or galvanism. It thus answers the purposes 
 ot platinir, and also of giving exact impressions of 
 coins, medals, &c. Ure. 
 
 E-LEC-TROM'E-TER, n. [L. electrum, Gr. r,X«r,,ui', 
 amber, and jifToz(,i, to measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the quantity or in- 
 tensity of electricity. The term is also applied to in- 
 struments which indicate the presence of electricity, 
 or electroscopes. P. Cite. Brande. 
 
 E-LEC-TRO-MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to an elec- 
 trometer ; made by an electrometer j as, an eleclro- 
 vietrieal experiment. 
 
 E-LEC'TRO-.Mo'TION, n. The motion of electricity 
 or galvanism, or the |iassing of it from one metal to 
 another, by tile attraction or influence of one metal 
 plate in contact with another. yolta. 
 
 E-LEC'TRO-.Mo'TIVE, a. Producing electro-motion ; 
 as, elcctro-motire power. Henrti. 
 
 E-LEC-TRO-.Mo'TOR, n. [L. electrum and motor.] 
 A mover of the electric fluid , a piece of apparatus 
 for eenerating a current of electricity. Ohusted. 
 
 E-LEC'TRO.\, n. [Gr. riXe^riwi:] 
 
 .Amber; also, a mixture of gold with a fifth part of 
 silver. Coxe. 
 
 E-LEC'TRO-NEG'A-TIVE, a. A term denoting the 
 natural state of a body, or a particle of matter, which 
 makes it tend to the positive pole of a voltaic liattery. 
 
 Olmsted. Henry. 
 
 E-LEC-TROPH'O-RUS, n. [L. electrum and Gr. <j>o- 
 p£oi, to bear.] 
 
 An instrument for exciting electricity in small 
 quantities. It consists of a flat, smooth cake of 
 resin, acted upon by a circular plate of brass with 
 a glass handle. Brande. 
 
 E-LEC-TRO-Po'EAR, a. A term applied to conduct- 
 ors, which are positive at one end, or on one surface, 
 and negative at the other. 
 
 E LEC'TRO-POS'I-TIVE, a. A term denoting the 
 natural state of a body, or a particle of matter, which 
 makes it tend lo the negative pole of a Voltaic bat- 
 tery. Olmsted. 
 
 E-Llie'TRO-SeOPE, n. [Gr. rjXMrpoe and <rKorre .,.] 
 An instrument for rendering electrical excitation 
 apparent by its effects. Brande. 
 
 E-LEe'TRO-TEL-E-GRAPII'ie, a. Pertaining to the 
 electro-magnetic-telegrapli, or by means of it. 
 
 E-LEe'TRO-T?PE. See Electro-Metallurgy. 
 
 E-LEC'TRUjM, v. [L., from Gr. nXiKTiiov.] 
 
 A term apjilied, by the ancients, to various sub- 
 stances, especially to amber, and an alloy of gold 
 with one fifth part of silver. Brande. P. Cyc. 
 
 E-LECTU-A-RY, n. [Low L. clcctarium, elcctuarimn ; 
 Gr. ckXci-) fia, or ixXciKTov, from Xsi^o), to lick. Ko.s- 
 sius.] 
 
 In pharmacy, a form of medicine composed of pow- 
 ders, or other ingredients, incorporated wiUi some 
 conserve, honey, or sirup, and made into due consist- 
 ence, to be taken in doses, like boluses. 
 
 Quiney. Kncitc. 
 EL-EE-MOS'Y-NA-RY, a. [Gr. tXtrj/zoaui-n, alms, 
 from .'Aif;'.>, lo pity, t\to^, compassion ; \V. elus, 
 charitable ; cluscn, alms, benevolence. (See .\lms.) 
 It would be well to omit one e in this word. 
 
 1. (;iven in charity; given or appropriated to sup- 
 port the poor ; as, eleemosynary rents or taxes. F.nnjc. 
 
 2. Relating to charitable donations ; intended for 
 the distribution of alms, or fiir the use and manage- 
 ment of donations, whether for the subsistence of the 
 poor, or for the support and promotion of learning ; 
 as, an eleemosynary corporation. A hospital founded 
 by charily is an eleemosynary inslitution for the sup- 
 port of the poor, sick, and impotent ; a college found- 
 ed by donations is an eleemosynary institution for the 
 promotion of learning. The corporation intrusted 
 with the care of such institutions is eleemosunarij. 
 
 EL-I;E-.M0S'Y'-NA-RY, 71. one who subsists on duir- 
 
 ity. South. 
 EL'E-GANCE, ) n. [L. elei^antia; Fr. elegance; It. 
 EL'E-GAN-CY, j elegania ; probably from Li eligo, 
 
 to choose, though Irregularly formed.] 
 
 In its primary sense, this word signifies that which 
 
 is choice or select, as distinguished from what is 
 
 common. 
 
 1. " The beauty of propriety, not of greatness," 
 says Johnson. 
 
 Jlpplied to manners or behavior, elegance is that fine 
 polish, p(diteni'ss, or grace, which is acquired by a 
 genteel (education, and an association with well-bred 
 company. 
 
 .^p/ilied lo language, elegance respects the manner 
 of speaking or of writing. Elegance of speaking, is 
 the propriety of diction and htterance, and the grace- 
 fulness of action or gesture ; comprehending correct, 
 appropriate, and rich expressions, delivered in an 
 agrecfahle iiianner. FJ.egance of composition, consists 
 hi correct, appropriate, and ricli expressions, or well- 
 chosen words, arranged in a h.appy manner. Ele- 
 gance implies neatness, purity, and correct, perspic- 
 uous arrangement, and is calculated to please a deli- 
 cate taste, rather than to excite adiuiriitiun or stnuig 
 feeling. tUcgance is ap|>li(>d also to form. Elegance, 
 in architecture, consists in the due Hyiiiinetry and dis- 
 
 tribution of the parts of an edifice, or in regular pro- 
 portions and arrangement. And, in a similar sense, 
 the ivord is applied to the person or human body. It 
 is applied also to penmanship, denoting that form of 
 letters which is most agreeable to the eye. In short, 
 in a looser sense, it is applied to many works of art or 
 nature remarkable for their beauty ; as, elegance of 
 dress, or furniture. 
 
 2. That which pleases by its nicety, symmetry, 
 purify, or beauty. In this sense it has a plural ; 
 as, the nicer elegancies of art. Spectator. 
 EL'E-GANT, a. [L. elegans.] 
 
 1. Polished ; polite ; refined ; graceful ; pleasing to 
 good taste ; as, elegant manners. 
 
 2. Polished ; neat ; pure ; rich in expressions ; cor- 
 rect in arrangement ; as, an elegant style or compo- 
 sition. 
 
 3. Uttering or delivering elegant language with 
 propriety and grace ; as, an elegant speaker. 
 
 4. Symmetrical ; regular ; well-formed ill its parts, 
 proportions, and distribution ; as, an elegant struct- 
 ure. 
 
 5. Nice ; sensible to beauty ; discriminating beauty 
 from deformity or imperfection ; as, an elegant taste. 
 
 [This is a loose application of the word ; elegant 
 being used for delicate.] 
 
 (!. Beautiful in form and colors ; pleasing ; as, an 
 elegant flower. 
 
 7. Rich ; costly and ornamental ; as, elegant furni- 
 ture or equipage. 
 EL'E-GANT-LY, adr. In a manner to please ; with 
 elegance ; with beauty ; with pleasing propriety ; as, 
 a composition elegantly written. 
 
 2. With due symmetry ; with well-formed and du- 
 ly proportioned parts; as, a house elegantly built. 
 
 3. Richly ; with rich or handsome materials well 
 disposed ; as, a room elegantly furnished ; a woman 
 elegantly dressed. 
 
 E-Le'GI-.\€ or EL-E-fil'AC, a. [Low L. elegiacus. 
 See Elegy.] 
 
 1. lieloivging to elegy; plaintive; e.xpressing sor- 
 row or lamentation ; as, an elegiac lay ; elegiac 
 strains. Oay. 
 
 2. Used in elegies. Pentameter verse is elegiac. 
 E-Li:'GI-Ae, 7!. Elegiac verse. - IVarton. 
 EL' E G 1ST, 11. A writer of elegies. Goldsmith. 
 E-LE'CSIT, 71. [L. elign, elegi, to choose.] 
 
 1. A writ of execution, by which a defendant's 
 goods are apprized and delivered to the plaiiitilf, 
 and, if not sufficient to satisfy the debt, one moiety 
 of his lands are delivered, to be held till the debt is 
 paid by the rents and [irotits. 
 
 2. The title to estate by elegit. Blackstone. 
 EL'E-GY, 71. [L. elegiai Gr. eXeyciov, eXeyof, sup- 
 posed to be from At; <o, to speak or utter. Uu. the 
 root of the L. lugeo. The verbs may have a common 
 origin, for to speak and to cry out in wailing are only 
 modifications of the same act, to throw out the voice 
 with more or less vehemence.] 
 
 1. A mournful or plaintive poem, or a funeral song ; 
 a poem or a song expressive of sorrow and lamenta- 
 tion. Shah. Dnjdeu. 
 
 2. A short poem without points or aflected elegan- 
 cies. Johnson. 
 
 EL'E-MENT, 71. [L. elemcntum ; Fr. element 1 It. and 
 Sp. elrmcnto : Arm. elfcnn ; VV. elvcn or eleyz. This 
 word Owen refers to elo or ff, a moving principle, 
 that which has in itself the power of motion ; and ei 
 is also a spirit or angel, which seems to he the Sax. 
 a'lf, an elf. Vossius assigns elemcntum to eleo, for olco, 
 to grow. See Elf.] 
 
 1. The first or constituent principle or minutest 
 part of anything; as, the elements of earth, water, 
 salt, or wood ; the elements of the world ; the elements 
 of animal or vegetable bodies. So letters are called 
 the elements of language. 
 
 2. An ingredient; a constituent p.art of any com- 
 position. 
 
 3. A letter, or elementary sound. [Used chiefly in 
 Vie plural.] 
 
 •1. In a rhemical sense, that which can not be divided 
 by chemical analysis, and therefore considered as a 
 simple substance ; as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, &c. 
 
 An clement is strictly the last result of chemical an- 
 al) sis ; that which can not be decomposed by any 
 means now enijiloyed. An nfoni is thi' last result of 
 meelianical division ; that which can not be any fur- 
 ther divided without decomposition ; hence there may 
 be both clrmcnlMry and compound atoms. 
 
 ."i. In llic plural, the first rules or iirinciples of an 
 art or science ; rudiments ; as, the elements of geom- 
 etry ; the elements of music ; the elements of painting ; 
 the elements of a theory. 
 
 C. In popular language, fire, air, earth, and water, 
 are called the four element'!, as formerly it was sup- 
 posed that these are siiuple bodies, of which the world 
 is composed. Later discoveries prove air, earth, and 
 water, to bo compound bodies, and fire to be only the 
 extrication of light and hvnt during combustion. 
 
 7. Element, in tlie singular, is sometimes used for 
 the air. Shah. 
 
 H. The substance which fiirnis flic natural or most 
 niiifable habitation of an animal. Water is the proper 
 element of fishes ; air, of man. Hence, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PKBY PINE, MARKNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 _ . - 
 
 I 
 
ELE 
 
 ELF 
 
 KLl 
 
 y. Tile propi-r slater or sphere of any tiling ; the 
 stale of tliiii^a siiiti'il to one's temper or habits. Fac- 
 tion IS the drmnit of a dciiiagojiiiie. 
 
 10. 'I'he matter or substances which compose the 
 world. 
 
 TlK elmtnlt •hull molt with fcrvpnt hcnt. — 2 Pol. iii. 
 
 11. The outline or sketch; as, the e/ements of a 
 plan. 
 
 12. Moving cause or principle ; that which excites 
 action. 
 
 PaMions, the elements of life. Pope. 
 Klements, In the plural i the bread and wine used 
 in the euclinri.ft. 
 EL'K-.MR.VT, v. t. To compound of elements or first 
 principles. Boyle. 
 2. To constitute ; to make as a first principle. 
 
 i}oiLne. 
 
 [Thh word i,< rarchi or verer jiseJ.] 
 EL-fe-.MENT' AI., a. Pertaining to elemonts. 
 
 2. Produced by some of the four supposed ele- 
 ments ; as, elnnnilal war. Dnjileii. 
 
 3. Produced by elements ; as, c/cmf Ufa; strife. Pope. 
 
 4. Arising from first principles. Brown. 
 EL-E-.MENT-AL'I-TY, «. Composition of principles 
 
 or ingredients. IVhillock. 
 
 EL-E-.MENT'AL-LY, adr. According to elements; 
 literally ; as the words, " Take, eat ; this is my body ; " 
 rleiiteiitallii understood. Milton. 
 
 EI.-EM E.\'T-AU'l-TY, J n. The state of being cl- 
 
 EL-E-.MENT'A-lll-NES.S, ( ementary j the simplici- 
 ty of nature; iineonipoimiled state. Brown. 
 
 EI.-E-.ME.NT' A-llY, «. Primary; simple; uncom- 
 pouiided ; unrombiiied ; having only one principle 
 or coristitnent part ; as, an dementnrij substance. El- 
 ementnrij p;irticles are those into which a body is re- 
 solvi'd by decomposition. 
 
 ■2. Initial ; judimeiital ; containing, teacliing,ordis- 
 cnssiiig first principles, riili's, or rudiments ; as, an 
 elenieniarii treatise or disipiisition. H<id. Black.<lonc. 
 
 3. Tri aling of elemeiils ; collecting, digesting, or 
 explaining principles; as, an flrmentunj writer. 
 
 El.'E-.MK.VT-i:i), pp. Compounded of elements or 
 first principles. 
 
 EL'E-.\II, II. A resin commonly supposed to be pro- 
 diici d both by .\inyris Pliiniieri and lialsamoilendron 
 Zcylanicum, the former a phint of the .\ntilles, the 
 hUter of (;<'ylon. It is obtained from incisions in the 
 bark, and is used in oiiitnieiits. It is siitlercd to 
 
 • harden in the sun. 
 
 E-LK.\Cir, (e leiik',) ) >i. [L. elenclnis; Gr. cXtyX"!, 
 E-l.K.NeirUS, i from tAtjxw. ^ argue, to 
 
 ri'futc.] 
 
 A vicious or fallacious argument, which is apt to 
 deceive under the aiipearance of truth ; a sophism. 
 
 .mton. 
 
 E-I.ENeirie-.-VI., a. Pertaining to an clench. 
 E-Lr..\eil'IC-AL-LY, adr. By means of an elench. 
 
 [.V}1 in ii.M-.J Brown. 
 E-LE.\eil'IZE, e. i. To dispute. [jXot in luse.] 
 
 B. Joutton, 
 
 E-LENCirTIC-.\L, a. Serving to confute. Wilkins. 
 
 EL'E-PIIANT, II. [Sax. etp, yip : Gr. cA£>,Vi? ; L. ele- 
 phiu, di-phantas; probably from the lleb. tfjK, a lead- 
 er or chief, the chief or great animal.] 
 
 1. The popular name of a genus of pachyderma- 
 tous mamnialia, comprehending two species, viz.. 
 El plias liiilicus, and Elephas Africanus, the former 
 inhabiting India, the latter Africa. They are among 
 the largest ipiadriiiieds at present existing. 
 
 2. Ivory: the tusk of the elephant. Dryden, 
 EL'E-PllAXt-llEE'TLE, ii. The pi)pular name of 
 
 the Sc;iraba,'us Elephas of Turton's Linnajus, a beetle 
 inhabiting Guinea. 
 EI/E-l'lIANT'S-rQOT, n. The proposed popular 
 name of the sever.'il species of Klepliantopus, of 
 which it is a translation. These are mostly tropical 
 plants. 
 
 EI.'E PIIANT-P.v'PEn, n. Prawing-paper, of the 
 largest size, being twenty-eight inches by twenty- 
 three. 
 
 EL,-E-PH.\N-Tr.\-SIS, n. [L. and Gr., from cXttpas, 
 elephant.] 
 
 A dise^ise of the skin, often confounded with lep- 
 rosv, from which, nevertheless, it is <piite distinct. 
 In this disease, the skin is thick, livid, rugose, tnber- 
 culate ; insensible as respects feeling ; eyes fierce and 
 staring ; perspinitioii highly otfensive. J. .U. Good. 
 EL-E-PUANT'I.\E, a. Pertaining to the elephant; 
 huge ; resembling an elephant ; or perhaps white, 
 like ivory. 
 
 2. In antiiiuity, an appellation given to certain 
 books in which the Konians registered the transac- 
 tions of the senate, m;igistraies, emperors, and gen- 
 erals ; so called, perhaps, as being made of ivory. 
 
 3. In f^roh^y, the drphantine epoch is that in which 
 there was a preponderance of large pacliyderinata. 
 
 Miinttll. 
 
 EI.-E-PIIAXT-OID', I a. Resembling the form of 
 EI^E-PIIA.VT-OID'AL. i an elephant. 
 EUEir-SI.\'I-A.N, a. Relating to Eleusis, in Greece, 
 
 or to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated ; 
 
 as, FJru^inian mysteries or festivals. 
 EL'E-VaTE, b. U [L. tlejco ; e and Icvo, to raise ; Fr. 
 
 eleeer ; Sp. elirvar ; It. eltcarc ; Eng. to lift. Sec 
 
 LlfT.] 
 
 1. To raise ; in a literal and general sense, to raise 
 from a low or deep place to a higher. 
 
 2. To exalt ; to raise to a higher state or station ; 
 a-s, to elevate a man to an office. 
 
 3. To improve, refine, or dignify ; to raise from or 
 above low conceptions ; as, to elevate the mind. 
 
 4. To raise from a low or common state ; to exalt ; 
 as, to elevate the character ; to elevate a nation. 
 
 5. To elate with pride. Mdlon. 
 (). 1"o excite; to cheer ; to animate; as, to dceafc 
 
 the spirits. 
 
 7. To take from ; to detract ; to lessen by detrac- 
 tion. [JVot used.] iluoker. 
 
 8. To raise from any tone to one more acute ; as, to 
 elevate the voice. 
 
 !l. To augment or swell ; to make louder, as sound. 
 EL'i;-V.\Tl'., a. [Ii. c/ciitt(iis.] 
 
 Elevated ; raised aloft. JItilton. 
 EL'E-Va-TEI), !);<. or«. Raised; exalted; dignified; 
 elated; excited; made more acute or more loud, as 
 sound. 
 
 El.'E-YA-TIi\(;, ;</)r. or a. Raising ; exalting ; digni- 
 
 fviug; elating; cheering. 
 EL-E-Y.\'TI1J.\, n. [L. elevatlo.] 
 
 1. The act of raising or conveying from a lower or 
 deeper place to a higher. 
 
 3. The act of exalting in rank, degree, tr con- 
 dition ; as, the elevation of a man to a tliroiie. 
 3. Exaltation ; an elevated state ; dignity. 
 
 An^jels, ii) their scveml decrees of elevation above us, may be 
 eiuluvyed with mure cuiiiprehensive fiicuUies. Locke. 
 
 4. Exaltation of mind by more noble conceptions ; 
 as, elevation of mind, of thoughts, of ideas. Aern.v. 
 
 5. Exalt;ition of style ; lot\y expressions ; words 
 and phrases expressive of lofly coneeiitions. fVuttou. 
 
 (■). Exaltation of character or manners. 
 
 7. Attention to objects above us ; a raising of the 
 mind to superior objects. Hooker. 
 
 8. Ilight ; altitude ; hight above the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 9. An elevated place or station. 
 
 10. Elevated ground ; a rising ground ; a hill or 
 mountain. 
 
 11. A passing of the voice from any note to one 
 more acute ; also, a swelling or augmentation of 
 voice. 
 
 12. In astronomy, altitude ; the distance of a celes- 
 tial object above the horizon, or the arc of a verti- 
 cal circle intercciitcd between it and the horizon. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 13. In gunnery, the angle which the lino of direc- 
 tion of a cannon or mortar, or the axis of the hollow 
 cylinder, makes with the plane of the horizon. 
 
 Totten. Comphell. 
 
 14. In dialing; the angle which the .style makes 
 with the substylar line. Budcy. 
 
 15. In architecture, a view or representation of a 
 building or object drawn to a geometrical scale of its 
 hight above the ground, there being no vanishing 
 points, as in perspective representation. 
 
 Haldeman. Hcbert. 
 Elevation of the host : in Roman Catholic countries, 
 that part of tlie mass in which the priest raises the 
 host above his head for the people tn adore. Eneye. 
 EL'E-\'A-TOIl, n. One who raises, lifts, or exalts. 
 
 2. In anatomy, a muscle which serves to raise a 
 part of the body, as the lip or the eye. 
 
 3. A surgical instrument for raising a depressed 
 portion of a bone. ► Coze. 
 
 4. In milling, a series of boxes fastened to a strap, 
 and moved by a wheel, to raise grain, meal, &.C., to 
 a higher fioor. 
 
 EL'E-V'A-TO-RY, n. An instrument used in tre- 
 panning, tor raising a depressed or fractured part of 
 
 I. A diminutive, wanili riiig spirit ; a fairy ; a hob- 
 goblin ; an imaginary being wliieli our rude ances- 
 tors siip]>osed to inhabit tinlVi qiieiiteil places, ami in 
 various ways to affect iinuikiiid. lb nee, in Scottish, 
 elf-shot is an eK-arrow ; an arrow-lieail of Hint, sup- 
 posed to be sliot by elfs ; and it signifies also a 
 disease supixised to be produced by the agency of 
 spirits. 
 
 Kvry ttf, niul f.tiry iprite, 
 
 I hud fruiu uricr. 
 
 Hup lu lii^lit u 
 
 SlioJc. 
 
 the skull 
 EI/E-VA-TO-RY, a. Tendin 
 
 power to elevate. 
 
 (a live',) n. [Fr.] 
 
 tected by another. 
 E-I.EV'/;N, (e-lev'n,) a. 
 
 Coze. Encyc. 
 to raise, or having 
 Mantd. 
 One brought up or pro- 
 Cliesterjidd. 
 [Sa.x. muUefene, endleof 
 
 endlafa ; Sw. c//ia ; Dan. ellece; G. and D. clf ; Isl. 
 tUefii. Qu. one left afler ten.] 
 Ten and one added ; as, eleven men. 
 E-LE V'/;.\TII, a. [Sax. andhjia, endlefta ; Sw. elftc ; 
 Dan. cllevle ; D. elfde ; G. elfie.] 
 
 The next in order to the tenth ; as, the ctcvaith 
 chapter. 
 
 EI, I', n. ; pi. Elves. [Sax. elf, or elfcnnt, a spirit, the 
 nightmare ; a ghost, hag, or witch ; Sw. dJfver. In 
 W. el is a movir principle, a spirit ; elo is the same ; 
 tin is to I .i,ve onward, to go ; elven is an operative 
 cause, a constituent part, an element; and c(/°is what 
 moves in a simple or pure suite, a spirit or demon. 
 Fnini these facts it would seem that elf is from a 
 verb signifying to move, to flow ; and alf or elf in 
 Swedish, elv in Danish, is a river, whence I'Jbe. So 
 spirit is from blowing, a flowing, of air. In Sax 
 irl is oi7, and an eel, and (tlan is to kindle ; all per 
 haps from the sense of moving, flowing, or shooting 
 along. The elf seems to correspond to the demon of 
 the Greeks.] 
 
 2. An evil spirit ; a devil. Dryden. 
 
 3. A diminutive person ; a dwarf. Slien.ilone. 
 ELI', V. t. To entangle hair in so intricate n manner, 
 
 that it can not be ilisentangled. This work was for- 
 merly ascribed to elves. Johiisnn. Shak. 
 
 ELF'-.\R-RfiVV, 71. A name given to Hints in the 
 shape of arrow-heads, vulgarly supposed to be shot 
 by fairies. Eneye. 
 
 EI/F'-BoL'J', II. An elf arrow, or flint arrow-head. 
 
 ELF'-1,0(;K, w. Hair twisted into knots, so denom- 
 inated as if the work of fairies. Sliak. 
 
 ELF'-SKIN. Probably a misprint in Shakspearc's 
 1 Henry IV. fiir eel-skin, tn which, when "dried," 
 Falsialf comp.ires Prince Hal, in allusion to his long 
 and lank person. • Todd's Shak. 
 
 El,F'l.\,a. Relating or pertaining to elves. Spenser. 
 
 ELF'IN, «. A littli^ urchin. Shenstone. 
 
 ELF'ISll, «. Resembling elves ; clad in disguise. 
 
 EI/(;L\-.MAR-I!LES, ». pi. a series of ancient sculp- 
 tured marbles, iiaiiu d from the Earl of Elgin, who 
 removed them to England. They belonged to the 
 temple of Winejva, and other edifices in Athens. 
 They consisted of matchless statues, casts, me- 
 topes, &.C. 
 
 E-l/lC'lT, V. t. [L. elicio; e,or cr, and lurio, to allure. 
 D. lokken, (',. lockrn, Sw. locka, Dan. lidiker. Class Eg.] 
 1. To draw out ; to bring to light ; to deduce by 
 reason or argument ; as, to cliett truth by discussion,- 
 2 To strike out ; as, to elicit sparks of fire by 
 collision. 
 
 E-LIC'IT, a. Rroiislit into act; brought from possi- 
 bility into re.al existence. [Little used.] Johnson. 
 
 E-LlC-lT-A''n(),\, M, The act of eliciting; the net 
 of drawing out. Brumhall. 
 
 E-LIC'IT-El), pp. niought or drawn out ; struck out. 
 
 E-I,IC'ri'-l,\(;,y</)r. Drawing out; bringing to light ; 
 striking out. 
 
 E-LIUE', V. t. [L. elido ; e and lado.] 
 
 1. To br<ak or dash in pieces ; to crush. [JVot 
 used.] Hooker. 
 
 2. To cut ofi" a syllable. Brit. Crit. 
 EL-I-Gl-UIL'l-TY, «. [from f;i>iWf.] Worthiness 
 
 or fitness to be chosen ; the state or quality of a 
 thing wliich renders it preferable to another, or 
 desirable. 
 
 2. Cajiability of being chosen to an oflice. 
 
 United States. 
 
 EL'I-GI-I!I,E, a, [Fr., from L. cligo, to choose or se- 
 lect ; e and lego.] 
 
 1. Fit lo lit' chosen ; worthy of choice ; preferable. 
 In deep di»tn?M, ccrutiiiiy is mure eli»ilile tli:\ii siwjx'ua*?. 
 
 Clarissa. 
 
 2. Suitable ; proper ; desirable ; as, the house 
 stands in an eligible situation. 
 
 3. Legally (jualified to be chosen ; as, a man is or 
 is not eligible to an olfice. 
 
 EL'I-GI-BLE-\ESS, ii. Fitness to be chosen in pref- 
 erence to antither ; suitableness; desirableness, 
 
 EL'I-GI-BLY, adv. In a manner to be worthy of 
 choice ; stiitably. 
 
 E-LLM'I-NATE, v. L [L. elimino; e, or ez, and limen, 
 tlireshhold.] 
 
 1. To thrust out of doors. Lorelaee. 
 
 2. To expel ; to thnist out ; to discharge, or throw 
 off ; to .set at liberty. 
 
 3. In algebra, to cause a quantity to disappear from 
 an equation. 
 
 'Villi detains secretions w hich nntiirc (tn<ls it necas-tr^- to etimi. 
 nau. Med. Kepos. 
 
 Expelled ; thrown olT; dis- 
 Expelling ; discharging ; 
 
 E-LIM'I-\A-TED, pp. 
 
 charged. 
 E-Ll.M'l-NA TI.NG, ppr. 
 
 throwing oil'. 
 
 E-LIM-I-.\A'TK)N,7i. The net of e\p. lling or throw- 
 ing off ; the act of discharging, or secreting by tlic 
 pores. 
 
 In algebra, the causing a quantity to disappear 
 from an equation. 
 E-LI.\"GC;iD, fc-ling'guid,) a. [L. eliuguls.] 
 
 Tttncue-tied ; not having the jHiwer of speech. 
 EL-I-UL'A'TIO.N, II. [L. Wi</«o, to melt ; e and liijuo.] 
 In chemistry, the operation by w hicli a more fusi- 
 ble substance is separated from one that is less so, by 
 means of a degree of heat sulfieieiit to iiielt the one 
 and not the other, ns .-ui alloy of copjier and lend. 
 
 Eiiciic. Ure, 
 
 E-LI"SK)X, (c-lizh'un.) n. [L, elisio, from elido, Xx> 
 strike off ; e and Itrdo.] 
 
 1, In grammar, the cutting off or suppression of a 
 vowel at the end of a w oril, fir the sake of .sound or 
 measure, when the next word begins with a vowel ; 
 as, th' embattled plain ; th' empyreal sfv'nrc. 
 
 2. Division ; scparatiim. [JVot used.] Baean. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10L'S C as K ; C as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 49 
 
 G G 
 
 38f 
 
ff 
 
 EI M 
 
 ELO 
 
 ELU 
 
 U-LI'SOR, n. [Xoriii. ettscr, lo rlioose ; Fr. elire, 
 
 In law, a sheriff's substitute for rctcirning a jurj'. 
 Wlien the sheriff is not an indifferent 'pt^f'"! 3* 
 wiien he is a party to a suit, or related hy bloud or 
 affinity to either of tiie parties, the venire is issued to 
 tlie coroners ; or if any exception lies to the coroners, 
 the tenire shall he directeil to Isvu clerks of the 
 court, or to two persons of the county, named hy the 
 court, and sworn ; and these, who are called f/iVoro; 
 or electors, shall return the jury. Bluckstoiie. 
 
 E-LITE', (5-leet',) n. [Fr.] A choice or select body. 
 
 E-LIX'.\TE, c. (. [L. ciuu.] 
 To extract bv boil;n<;. 
 
 E-LIX'.5-TEiJ, lip. Extracted by boilins. 
 
 EL-IX-A'TIOX, n. [L. cluus, from clUio, to boil, to 
 moisten or macerate, from lUo, lU.] 
 
 1. The act of boiling or stewing ; also, concoction 
 in, tlie stomach ; diaestion. Bnnon, 
 
 2. lu pharmacy, the extraction of the virtues of in- 
 gredients by boiling or slewing ; also, lixiviation. 
 
 Bailey, Encyc, 
 E-LIX'IR, 71, [Fr. Sp. and Port, dixir ; It. eltiire ; 
 from L. elixu.^, dixio, lixo, liz, or, as others allege, it is 
 from the Arabic al-ccsir. chemistry. 
 
 1. In medicine, a tincture with more than one base. 
 In modern phamnary, elixirs are called compound tinc- 
 tures. The mere adiiition of what is called an ailja- 
 vans, or of a corrigens, to a single base, does not 
 make an eUxir. 
 
 2. A liquor for transnmting metals into gold. 
 
 Do7ine. 
 
 3. Quintessence ; refined spirit. South. 
 
 4. Any cordial ; that substance which inviirorates 
 
 Milton. 
 
 E-LIZ-A-BETH'AN, a. Pertaining to Queen Eliza- 
 beth or her times, and to a stjie of architecture then 
 prevalent. 
 
 , ELK, 71. [Sax. elch ; Sw. elg: L. alee, alces ; Dan. cls- 
 dyr. This animal is described by Cesar and Pausa- 
 nias.] 
 
 A quadruped, the Cervus Alces of LinnaMis, a ru- 
 minant mammal, called moose in North America, from 
 the Indian name miisu. 
 
 ELIi'-XUT, n. A plant, the Uamiltonia oleifera, called 
 also oil-nut, Muhlenber;: 
 
 ELL, 71, [Sax. cine; Sw.aln ; D. ell, die; G. dlerFi- 
 aitnc ; Arm. goalcn ; L. ulna ; Gr. u}\evi) ; VV, din, an 
 elbow, and glin, the knee. Qu.] 
 
 A measure, of different lengths in different coun- 
 tries, used chiefly for measuring cloth. The ells 
 chiefly used in (ireat Britain are the English and 
 Flemish. The English ell is -19 inches. The Flemish 
 ell is twenty-seven inches, or three quarters of a yard. 
 The flriglish is to the Flemish as five to three. In 
 Scotland, an ell is thirty-seven and two tenths 
 English inches. In France, it is fifty-four inches. 
 
 EL-LAC ie ACID, n. .\ weak, insijMd acid, obtained 
 from gall-nuts, in which it coexists with gallic acid. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 EL'LlXftE', a. [Sax. ahnge.] Cheerless ; sad. 
 
 EL'LIXG-XESS, 71. Loneliness; dullness; cheerless- 
 ness. Jlenry VIII. 
 
 EL-LIPSE', (el-lips',) w. In conic sections; a figure 
 formed by the intersection of a plane and cone, when 
 the plane passes obliquely through Ihe op|)osite sides 
 of the cone. Barlow. Brande. 
 
 EL-LIP'SIS, «, :»?. Ellipses. [Gr. tAAtiiJ/is, an omis- 
 sion or defect, from cX\et-Oi, to leave or pass by, Ati- 
 Tiot, to leave] 
 
 1. In grammar, defect ; omission ; a figure of syn- 
 tax, by which one or more words are omitted, which 
 the hearer or reader may supply ; as, the heroic vir- 
 tues I admire, for, the heroic virtues which I admire, 
 
 2. One of tile conic sections. [See Ellii'se.I 
 EI^LIP'SO GRAPH, 71. [ellips».aiiii Gr. yoaiiioi.) 
 
 An instrumt-nt to describe an ellipse by continued 
 motion; called also -tra/zifHc/. Gwilt. 
 
 EI^LIP'SOID, H. [dlipsr and Gr. t^iof, form.] 
 
 In geometry, a solid or figure formed hy the revolu- 
 tion of an ellipse about its axis ; uii elliptic conoid ; a 
 spheniid. Rdin. F.nryc. 
 
 BL-LIl'-SOII)'AL, n. Pertaining to an ellipsoid ; hav- 
 ing the form of an ellip-^oid. 
 
 EL-LII"TI€, la. Pertaining to an ellipse ; having 
 
 EL,-LIP'Tie-AL, j the form of an ellipse. 
 
 The plancu movf in tUiptical uritiu, liayinw ihc ami in on« 
 rucuit, iiiiil, by n niiliku from Uif sun, Uicy dc*:iil-' (^ilal 
 area* in (.tjn.vl linit;^. CVicyne. 
 
 2. Defective ; having a jiarl oniilted ; as, an dlip- 
 tical phrase. 
 
 EL-LIP'Tie-AI^LY, adv. According to the figure 
 called an rltipsr. 
 
 2. iJefecIively ; with a part omitti^d ; as, eUipticuUy 
 expre^Hi'd. 
 
 EL-I.II'-'I'I(;'I 'I'Y, 71. Diviation from the form of a 
 sphere ; applied ta tJte figure of Uie earth. Thus, the 
 dliplicily of the earth in rj,' .-j, that being the part of 
 the equatorial dianieU'r by which it exree<ls ilie po 
 lar. Brande. Ulm.^ird. 
 
 ELM, 71. [Sax. rim, or ulm treou ; I), uhn : (J. ulme . 
 Sw. aim fir alm-lrd, eliii-tree ; Dan. aim ; L. utmus ; 
 Hp. otmOf and alamo ; Corn, clau ; KiisH, ilema, ilma, or 
 
 KATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T 
 
 ilina. Qu. W. llwye, a platform, a frame, an elm, from 
 extending.! 
 
 A tree. The poiiular name of all the species of the 
 genus Ulmiis, though many of them have other pop- 
 ular names. 
 
 The treaty which William Pent! made with tlie natiTPs in 16S2 
 w.is ne"».li.aeil iiniler a lar^ etn wiiich ^i^w on tiie spot 
 now caUetl Kensin^oii, just alwve PliiIaiTcliihi:i. It w^ls 
 prustmteil by a storet in ISIO, at wliich time its stem meas- 
 uretl 24 feet in circmnference. AJemoirs of Hist. Sue, Penn. 
 
 ELM'EX, a. Of or belonging to elms. Jennings, 
 EL.M'V, «. .^boiintUng with elms. H'arton. 
 EL-O-CA'TIOX, 71. [L. eloco.] 
 
 1. A removal from the usual place of residence. 
 
 Bu. Halt, 
 
 2. Departure from the usual method ; an ecstasy. 
 
 Follierby. 
 
 EI^O-€u'TIOX, 71. [L. docutio, from doquor; e and 
 io//iit)r, to speak, Gr. ArtKeu, Xuvcio.] 
 
 1. Pronunciation ; the utterance or delivery of 
 words, particularly in public discourses and argu- 
 ments. We say of elocalton,-il is good or bad ; clear, 
 fluent, or melodious. 
 
 Elocution, wliich anciently embraced style and the whole art of 
 rtietoric, now signifies nuinner of tleiiver^*. Porter, 
 
 2. In rActoric, f/«c«fi<in consists of elegance, compo- 
 sition, and dignity ; and Dryden uses the word as 
 nearly synonymous with eloquence, the act of express- 
 ing thoughts with elegance or beauty. 
 
 3. Speech ; the power of speaking. 
 
 Wliuse taste — ^ave etocutioTi to Uie mute. TilUtan. 
 
 4. In ancient treatises on oratory, the wording of a 
 discourse; the choice and order of words; composi- 
 tion ; the act of framing a writing or discourse. 
 
 Cicero. Quiiictilian. 
 EL-O-eO'TIOX-A-RY, o. Pertaining to elocution, or 
 containing it. 
 
 EL-O-eu'TIOX-IST, 71. One who is versed in elocu- 
 tion, or who treats of the subject. 
 
 EL-O-CO'TI VE, a. Having the power of eloquent 
 speaking. 
 
 E-LOGF.', (a-lozh',) 71. [Fr.] A funeral oration ; a 
 
 panegvric on the tlead. .^tterbury. 
 F.L'O-GIST, n. An eulogist. [JVof useil.] 
 EL'O-GY, I n. [Fr. eloge ; L. elogium ; Gr. Xoyof. 
 E-Lo'OI-Ull, i See Ellogv.] 
 
 The praise bestowed on a person or thing; pane- 
 gyric. [But we generally use El'LOGV.] 
 
 WotUin. Holder. 
 E-LOIX', V. L [Fr. eloigner, to remove far off. J 
 
 1. To separate and remove to a distance. 
 
 Spenser. Donne. 
 
 2. To convey to a distance, and withhold from 
 sight. 
 
 Tlie shcritT may return that the goods or beasts are eloined. 
 
 BUuketone. 
 
 In law books, this word, with its derivatives, is 
 more genernllv written willi g ; as, eUiigiie, &c. 
 E-LU1.\'ATE, i:. U To remove. Howell. 
 E-LOl.X'A-TEI), pp. Removed. 
 
 E-LOIX 'i'D, pp. Removed to a distance ; carried far 
 off. 
 
 E-LOIX'IXG, ppr. Removing to a disuance from an- 
 other, or to a place unknown. 
 
 E-LOIX'.MKXT, 71. Removal to a distance ; distance. 
 
 IC-LOXG', V, t, [Low L. elongo.] 
 
 To put far off; :i retard. [Ofc.] Shenstone. 
 
 E-LOX"GaTE, v. U [Low L. elongo, from longus. 
 See Long.] 
 
 1. To lengthen ; to extend. 
 
 2. To reino)(e further off. Brown. 
 E-LOX"G.aTE, p. i. To depart from; to recede; to 
 
 move to a greater distance ; particularly, to recede 
 apparently from the sun, as a planet in its orbit. 
 E-LOX"Ga-TED, pp. or u. Lengthened; removed to 
 a distance. 
 
 E-LO,\ "(J a-TIXG, ppr. Lengthening; extending. 
 2. Receding to a greater distance, i>articularly as a 
 planet from the sun in its orbit. 
 
 E-L0X"Ga-T10X, 11. The act of stretching or length- 
 ening ; as, the elongation of a fiber. ArbuthnoL 
 
 2. The state of being extended. 
 
 3. Distance ; space which se]>aralcs one thing from 
 another. OlancUlc, 
 
 4. Departure ; removal : recession 
 
 5. Extension ; coiitimiatioii. 
 
 May not tlie mouiit:iiiiit of Wrstiium-laiid ami Cumtxrlaiul be 
 cunsitU-reil iw flongauoiu of tlitse two dkiins ? Pinktrlon, 
 
 C. In astronomy the distance of a planet from the 
 sun, aji it a|ipears to the eye of a spei tator on the 
 earth ; apparent di partiire of a planet from the sun in 
 its orbit ; as, the elongation of Venus or Merciir)'. 
 
 7. In surgery, an imperfect luxation, occasioned by 
 the stretching or lengthening of the ligaments ; or 
 tlie extension of a part beyond its natural dimensions, 
 llncijc, Coi.e, 
 
 E-Lf)PE', r, I. [D. Inopen ; wrgloopen : O, laufrn, ent- 
 laufrn ; Sw. lupa ; Dan. lober ; i^'w, Iilrapan ; Eng. to 
 leap. In all tin' dialects, except the Eii;;lisli, /cii/i sig- 
 nifies to run. (ill. Ileb. f|'rn. Class LI., No. 3'l.l 
 
 I. 'I'll run away ; lo ili p irl from one'u proper place 
 or station privatrly, t.r witlioiil permission ; to ipiit, 
 without permiHsion or right, the station in which one 
 
 is }ilaced by \\\\v or duty. Particularly, and appropri- 
 atrti^, to run away or depart from a husband, and live 
 with an adulterer, as a married woman ; or to quit a 
 father's house, privately or without permission, and 
 marry or live « ith a gallant, as an unmarried wo- 
 man. 
 
 2. To run away ; to escape privately ; to depart, 
 without permission, as a son from a father's bouse, 
 or an apprentice from his master's service. 
 
 E-LoP'iiD, pp. Run away privately. 
 
 E-LoPE'.MEXT, 7i. Private or unlicensed departure 
 from the place or station to which one is assigned by 
 duty or law ; as, the elopement of a wife from her 
 husband, or of a daughter from her father's house, 
 usually with a lover or gallant. It is sometimes ap- 
 plied to the dejiarture of a son or an apprentice, in 
 lik^- manner. 
 
 E-LoP'IXti, ppr. Running away ; departing private- 
 _ ly, or without permission, from a husband, father, or 
 E'LOPS, 71. [Gr. tAAot^.] [master. 
 A fish, inhabiting the seas of America and the 
 West Indies, the Elops Sauriis of Turton's Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 EL'fJ-ClL^EXCE, 71. [L. doquentia, from eloquor, loquor. 
 to speak ; Gr. \r,Kiu>, Aaictw, to crack, to sound, to 
 speak. The primary sense is, probably, to burst with 
 a sound, for the Gr. has Aa<if, a fissure, from the 
 s:une root ; whence AnifiCw, lo open or split ; whence 
 L. lacero, to tear ; and hence, perhaps. Eng. a leak. 
 Q.U. the root of clack. See Class Lg, Xo. 51, 57.] 
 
 1. The expression of strong emotion, in a manner 
 adapted to excite correspondent emotions in others. 
 The word, in its most extensive signification, com- 
 prehends every mode in which deep feeling may be 
 expressed, either by words, tones, looks, or gestures. 
 Eloquence, therefore, reipiires, in its most perfect 
 form, a vigorous understanding, a glowing imagina- 
 tion, appropriate and rich language, with fluency, 
 animation, and suitable action. Hence, eloquence is 
 adapted to please, affetJ, and persuade. Demosthe- 
 nes in Greece, Cicero in Rome, Lord Chatham and 
 Burke in Great Britain, and Fisher Ames in the 
 United States, were ilistinguished for their eloquence 
 in declamation and debate. 
 
 2. The power of expressing strong emotions with 
 fluency and force. 
 
 3. Forcible language, which gives utterance to 
 deep emotion. 
 
 Slie ulteretli piercing e!oqofnee. Shni: 
 
 4. It is sometimes applied to written language. 
 EL'O-CIL'E.VT, a. Having the power of expressing 
 
 strong emotions in a vivitl and appropriate manner; 
 as, an eloquent orator or preacher. 
 
 2. .\dapted to express strong emotion with fluency 
 and power ; as, an eloquent adtlress ; eloquent history ; 
 an eloquent appeal to a jury. 
 
 EL'O-aUEXT-LY, at/r. VVith eloquence; in an elo- 
 quent manner; in a manner lo jilcase, affect, and 
 
 EL'RICII. See Eldritch. [persuade. 
 
 ELSE, (els,) a. or pr. [Sax. dle.^; D.an. ellcrs, from 
 dler, or; L. alias, alias. See .Alien.] 
 
 Other ; one or something beside. Who else is 
 coming.' What else shall I give? Do you expect 
 any thing else 1 
 
 [This word, if considered to be an ailjective or 
 pronoun, never precedes its noun, but always fol- 
 lows it.] 
 
 ELSE, (els,) adv. Othenvise ; in the other case; if 
 the fact were different. Thou desiresl not s:icrifice, 
 cl~e would I give it ; that is, if thou didst desire sac- 
 rifice, I would give it. Ps, \\, Iti, Repent, or else I 
 will come to thee quickly ; that is, repent, or if thou 
 sliouldst n;'t rejieiit, if the ciuse or fact should be 
 dillereiit, I will come to thee quickly. lire. ii. v. 
 
 2. Beside ; except that mentioned ; as, nowhere 
 else. 
 
 ELSE'WllERE, orfi'. In any other place; as, these 
 
 trees are not to be found elsewhere. 
 2. In some other place; in other places indefi- 
 
 iiitelv. It is reportetl in town and elsewhere. 
 E-LU'CI-D.'iTE, e. t. [Low L. elucido, from eluceo, 
 
 lucro, to shine, or from lacidas, clear, bright. See 
 
 Light.] 
 
 To make clear or manifest ; to explain ; to remove 
 obscurilv from, and rentier intelligible ; to ilhistnite. 
 An exai'nple will elucidate the subject. ;\n argiinu nt 
 may elucidate an obscure question. .\ fact related 
 by one historian may elucidate an obscure passage in 
 aiiollier's writings. 
 E-L0'C1-1)A-TED, pp. Explained ; made plain, clear, 
 or intelligible. 
 
 E-LC''CI-I)A-TI.\G, ppr. Exjilaining ; making clear 
 or intelliEible. 
 
 E-LC-CI-l)A'TIO.V, 71. The act of explaining or 
 
 throwing light on any obscure miliject ; explanation ; 
 
 exiiosition ; illustration; as, one example may serve 
 
 for an rluridnlion of the subject. 
 E-LO'CI DA-TIVE, a. .Making clear. 
 F. I.OTI-D A 'I t )R, 71. One who explains; an expos- 
 E LO'Cl-D A TORY, a. Tending to elucidate, [itor. 
 KL I'e-TA'TIO.N, 71. [L. clactutus.] The act of 
 
 bursting forth ; escape. 
 E-LU eL'-BRA'TlO.V. See Lucubbatios. 
 
 METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 386 
 
EM A 
 
 E-LODE', (1. [L. eliuln: e and /ui/o, t,i pliiy ; Sp. 
 rliidir ; It. tluiln e : Fr. iliiilcr. Tin; Latin verb forms 
 luii, liisum : and tliis may bo the Hub. Cb. ami Ar. 
 yh, to (li-rido. Class I,s, No. T).] 
 
 1. To escape ; to rvade ; to avoid by artificfi, strnt- 
 ajrm, will's, di-coit, or di'Xtrrity ; as, to etmlc an f'li- 
 cTuy ; to ftiiile tbe siiibl ; to rlnilr an oHii'cr; to rtitde 
 di'loction ; to rlmtf vi^ilanct* ; to rbule tbe force of an 
 arjinment ; to rlmlr a blo\\' or stroke. 
 
 'i To mock by an uno.vpi cted escape ; as, to elude 
 pursuit. 
 
 M.. gi^iulo Delia licckoii! from dii» plain, 
 
 Thi'ii, hill ill »Ii.i.li's, ilurlce )wv eas^'T swuln. Pope. 
 
 3. To escape being scon ; to remain unseen or un- 
 discovered ; as, to elnilc discovery. Tlie cause of 
 niaiitu'tisin has hitherto eluded the researches of 
 pbilosopliers. 
 E-I.l'D'KI), />;>. Escaped; avoided; evaded. 
 IM.l'D'I-HLK, a. That may be eluded or escaped. 
 K-lA'I)'I.\G, ;>;>r. Escaping; avoiding; evading. 
 E'l.Ur,, 71. The twelfth month of the civil Jewish 
 year, and the sixtli of the ecclesiastical. It corre- 
 sponds nearlv to our August. 
 E-LU.M'Ii.A-TEl), a. [I,. Iambus.] 
 
 Weakened in tbe loins. 
 E-LO'SION, n. [L. elusin. Pee Elude.J 
 
 An escape by artifice or deception ; evasion. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 E-LO'SIVE, o. Practicing elusion ; using arts to es- 
 cape. 
 
 Elusive of (he bridal day, «li'' pves 
 
 Fond lio[H'8 to all, and all wilh hopes deceives. Pope. 
 
 E-LO'SIVE-LY, adv. By practicing elusion. 
 E-LC'SO-IU-NESS, n. The state of being elusorj'. 
 E-LO'SO-RY, a. Tending to elude ; tending to de- 
 ceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful. 
 
 Broion. 
 
 E-LOTE', V. t. [L. eluo, elulum ; qu. e and lavo. See 
 
 Ell'triate.] 
 To wash off ; to cleanse. .^ybuthnot. 
 E-I.OT'ED, p/>. Washed ; cleansed. 
 E-I,l''l''ING, ;>/»r. Cleansed by washing. 
 E-LO'TRI-ATE, ». t. [L. eluirio ; Sw. Ultra, luttra, to 
 
 cleanse, to defecate ; Dan. luttrr, pure ; S?ax. lulter, 
 
 pure; la/lian, to purify ; (5. luiifcr, D. loutcr, pure ; Ir. 
 
 gleitk. Qu. Class I.s, \o. 3U.] 
 To purify by washing ; to cleanse, as a pulvenilent 
 
 substance, by separating foul matter, and decanting 
 
 or straining off the liquor. 
 E I,0'TRI-A-TED, pp. Cleansed by washing and 
 
 decantation. 
 
 E-LO'TRI-A-TING, ppr. Purifying by washing and 
 decanting. * 
 
 E-I,U-TRI-A'TION, 71. The operation of washing a 
 pulverulent substance by mixirig it with water, and 
 pouring off the liipiid in whirli the foul or extrane- 
 ous substances are tinating, while the heavier parti- 
 cles are deposited at the bottom. Braiide. 
 
 E-LU.\'aTE, v. L [L. cluxatiis.] 
 To dislocate. [See Lm ate.] 
 
 E-I.UX'A-TED, pp. Dislocated. 
 
 E-LUX'A-TI.N'C, ppr. Dislocating. 
 
 EI.-UX-A'TION, II. The dislocation of a bone. [See 
 Luxation.] 
 
 ELV'AN', a. Pertaining to elves. 
 
 ELVE'-LOCKS. See Ei-K-LoeK. 
 
 EliV'EKS, H. ()/. Young eels ; young congers or sea- 
 
 ELVES, of Elf [eels. 
 
 ELVISH, a. More properly Elfish, which see. 
 
 ELV'1SH-JI.\RK-/:U, (-markt,) a. Marked or dis- 
 figured bv l ives. Sliak. 
 
 EL-Y-DOR'IC, a. [Gr. cXaior, oil, and i'.! .lo, water.] 
 FJijdmric painting is with oil and water, in such a 
 manner as to add the freshness of water colors to the 
 mellowness of oil painting. Elmes. 
 
 E-LYS'IA.N, (e-lizh'yaii,) a. [L. elys^u.9.} 
 
 Pertaining to elysium or the .scat of delight ; yield- 
 ing the highest pleasures : delicioiisly swithing ; e.x 
 ceedingly delightful; a.s, elij.-tian fields. 
 
 E-LVS'lU'.M, (elizh'yuin,) n. [L. elysium; Gr. ijXu- 
 
 1710,.] 
 
 In ancient mijtkolofri/, a place assigned to happy 
 souls after death ; a place in the lower regions, fur- 
 nished with rich fields, groves, shades, streams, &c., 
 the scat of future happiness. Hence, any delightful 
 place. Kna/e. SItak. 
 
 E LY T'RI-FOR.M, a. In the form of a wing-sheath. 
 
 EL'Y-TRO.\, J n. ; pi. EcYTnA. [Gr.] A name given 
 
 EL'Y-TRC.M, i to the wing-sheaths, or upper crus- 
 taceous membranes, which form the outer wings or 
 covering in the tribe of beetles. Brande. 
 
 EL'ZE-VIR E-I)l"TIO.NS, ». pi. Editions of the 
 classics, ice, published by tbe Elzevir family at Am- 
 slerdani and Leyden, from about 1595 to ilJSO, and 
 highly prized for their accuracy and elegance. 
 
 •E.M. Contraction of Them. [Encijc. Am. 
 
 'I'hey look 'ein. Hudibnu. 
 
 E-MAC'ER-ATE, p. (. To make lean. \j\'ot in use.] 
 
 E .MAC'ER-A-TED.pp. .Made lean. 
 
 E-MAC ER-A-TIX(;, ppr. Making lean. 
 
 V \i I'l-i^i'Tr'"'^"*'' "■ ^ niaking lean ; emaciation. 
 E- .M.\ 1 1 ATE, c. I. [L. einacio, from maceu, or macrr, 
 lean; Gr. /ii«<of, hikoh, small; Fr. mai'.n-e ; Eng. 
 
 E :\i A 
 
 meairer, meek ; It. Sp. and Port, masero; D. Sw. Dan. 
 and G. ma;,'rr; Cli. ^NO, to be thin, ('las.s Mg, No. 
 
 'J, !), i;i.] 
 
 To lose flesh gradually ; to become lean by pining 
 with sorrow, or by loss of a|ipe|iie or other cause ; 
 to waste away, as tlesli ; to decay in fiesli. 
 
 E-.M.\'CI ATi;,'i'. (. To cause to lose flesh gradually ; 
 to wa.ste the desh and reduce to leanness. Sorrow, 
 anxiety, w ant of appetite, and dise;ise, often ema- 
 ciate the most robust bullies. 
 
 E-Ma'CIATH, u. 'J'hin ; wasted. Shenstiine. 
 
 E-.M.\'C1 A-Ti;i>, pp. iir a. Reduced to leanness by a 
 gradual loss nf Ilesh ; thin ; lean. 
 
 E-.M A'ClA-Tl.\G, ppr. VV;Lsting the fiesh gradually; 
 m:ikiiig lean. 
 
 E-M A-C'I-A'TIO.N', n. The act of making lean or 
 thin in flesh ; or a buconiing lean by a gradual 
 waste of Ilesh. 
 2. l^Iie st:ite of being reduced to leanness. 
 
 E-MAC'lI-LATi;, I-. t. [Infra.] To take spots from. 
 [Little ii.ied.] 
 
 E->l.\e-y-LA'TION, n. [L. emaculo, from e and mac- 
 ula, a spot.] 
 
 The act or operation of freeing from spots. [Little 
 
 used.] 
 
 E.M'A NAXT, ij. [L. emanaiLs. Sec Emanate.] 
 
 Issuing or llowing from. Jfale. 
 EM'.\-NaTE, r. I. [L. emano ! e and mano, to flow ; 
 
 Sp. emmmr ; Fr. aiiancr; It. etnanarc. Class Mn, 
 
 No. 11,9.] 
 
 1. To issue from a source ; to flow from ; applied 
 to fluids ; as, light emnnaten from the sun ; pcrsjiirable 
 matter, from animal bodies. 
 
 2. To proceed from a source or fountain ; as, the 
 powers of governinunt in republics emanate from the 
 people. 
 
 E,M'A-.V.A-T1XG, ppr. Issuing or flowing from a 
 fiiuntain. 
 
 E.M-A-X A'TIO.V, n. The act of flowing or proceeding 
 from a fountain-head or origin. 
 
 a. 'i'hat %vliii;li issues, flows, or proceeds from any 
 source, substance, or body ; eflliix ; ellliiviiiui. Liglit 
 is an emanation from the situ ; wisdom, from God ; 
 the authority of laws, from the supreme power. 
 
 E.M'.\-N.\-T1VE, a. Issuiii" from another. 
 
 E-MAN'CI-PATE, v. t. [L. emancipo, from e and 
 vianeipinm, a slave ; mann.<j hand, and ciipio, to take, 
 as slaves were anciently prisoners taken in war.] 
 
 1. To set free fro;:: .servitude or slavery, by the 
 voluntary act of the proprietor ; to liberate ; to re- 
 store from bondage lo freedom ; as, to emancipate a 
 slave. 
 
 2. To set free or restore to liberty ; in o general 
 sense. 
 
 X To free from bondage or restraint of any kind ; 
 to liberate from subjection, controlling power, or in- 
 fluence ; as, to emancipate one from prejudices or 
 error. 
 
 4. In ancient Rome, to set a son free from subjec- 
 tion to his father, and give him the capacity of man- 
 aging his affairs, as if he was of age. Encijc. 
 
 E-M.\X'CI-PATE, o. Set at liberty. Cowpcr. 
 
 E-.M.\N'CI-P.^-TE1), or a. Set free from bondage, 
 slavery, servitude, subjection, or dependence; liber- 
 .ited. " 
 
 E-MAX'CI-PA-TI.\G, ppr. Setting free from bond- 
 age, servitude, or dependence ; liberating. 
 
 E-.MAX-CI-PA'TltJX, n. The act of setting free from 
 slavery, servitude, subjection, or dependence ; de- 
 liverance from bondage or controlling influence ; 
 liberation ; as, the emancipation of slaves by their 
 proprietors ; the emancipation of a son among the 
 Romans ; the emancipatiun of a person from preju- 
 dices, or from a servile subjection to authority. 
 
 E-.MA.\-CI-PA'TIOX-lST, «. An advocate for the 
 emancipation of slaves. 
 
 E-.M.\.N''CI-PA-TOR, n. One who emancipates or lib- 
 erates from bondage or restraint. 
 
 E-.MAX'CI-PIST, n. A name given in New Holland 
 to convicts who have been set free. 
 
 E-.MaXE', v. i. [L. rmano.] 
 
 To issue or flow from. F.nfiild. 
 Hut this is not an elegant word. [See Eman ate.] 
 
 E-MAR'GI.\ ATE, r. u To lake aw.iy the margin. 
 
 E-MAR'Ol.\-.\TE, ) a. [Fr. marge: L. margo, 
 
 E-.MAR'Gl.N'-A-TED, ( whence emargino.] 
 
 1. In botany, notched in a peculiar manner at the 
 apex ; applied to the leaf, prtaj, or stigma. 
 
 a. In minrralo'sy, having all theedgesof the prim- 
 itive form truncated, each by one face. CIrancland. 
 
 3. In tooliigy, having the margin broken bv an 
 obtuse notch on the segment of a circle. Brande. 
 
 E-MXR'GIN-ATE-LY, ado. In the form of notches. 
 E M \ R'CilX-A-TING, ppr. Taking away the margin. 
 E-.MAS'CIJ-LATE, r. t. [U,w L. emiC-eulo, from e 
 and nni..cii/u.«, a male. See .Male.] 
 
 1. To castrate ; to deprive a male of certain parts 
 which cliamclerize the sex ; to geld ; to deprive of 
 virility. 
 
 2. i'o deprive of masculine strength or vigor ; to 
 weaken ; to render effeminate ; to vitiate by un- 
 manly softness. 
 
 \V omen tmtueutntt n mongircli'i rcipi. 
 To emn4eulau ihe t|>iriu. 
 
 Dryiltn. 
 Collier. 
 
 E M li 
 
 E-MAS'eU-LATE, a. Unmanned; deprived of vigor 
 
 JfainmoniL 
 
 E-MAS'CtJ-LA-TED, ;);>. ora. Castrated; weakened. 
 
 E-MAS'eU-LATIN(;, ppr. Castrating; gelding; 
 depriving of vigor. 
 
 E-.MAS -CU-LA'l l().\, 71. The act of depriving a 
 male of the p.arts which characterize the sex ; cas- 
 tration. 
 
 2. The act of depriving of vigor or strength ; ef- 
 feminacv ; unmanly weakness. 
 EM-BALE', u. (. [Fr. embulter : Sp. emimlar ; It. im- 
 butlare ; em, im, for en or in, and bulla, balle, bale.] 
 
 1. To make up into a bundle, bale, or package ; to 
 pack. 
 
 2. To bind ; to inclose ; as, to embale in golden 
 buskins. Spenncr, 
 
 EM.|!AL'/;i), ;./). Jlade into a bale. 
 EM-liAL'l.N't;, /»()r. .Making into a bale. 
 E.M-HALL', I'. (. To encircle or embrace. [Oftt.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EM-RALL'LN'G, j7. An embrace. SImk. 
 E.M HAL.M', (em-bilni',) c. (. [Fr. embaumer, from 
 
 bauine, u;ilm, from W^'am ; It. imbalsainarc ; Sp. eni- 
 
 baX.'iamar.] 
 
 1. To open a ijcad body, take out the intestines, 
 and fill their place with odoriferous and desiccative 
 spices and drugs, to jireveiit its putrefaction. 
 
 Joseph coiiitnaiirli-d his Hervants. llie physicians, to embalm his 
 t'alher; antl the phybici.tiis embalmed Israel. — Oeii. t. 
 
 2. To fill with sweet scent. J\Iilton. 
 
 3. To preserve, with care and affection, from 
 loss or decay. 
 
 The memory o^my beloved ilaugliler is embalmed in my heart, 
 Virtne alone, wilh liistin^ place, 
 
 Embalms Ihe beaiiues ul the face. /. Trumbull. 
 
 EM-H.^LM'^:D, pp. or o. Filled with aromatic plants 
 for preservation ; filled with sweet scent; preserved 
 from loss or destruction. 
 
 E.M-UAL.M'ER, n. One who embalms bodies for 
 preservation. 
 
 EM-liAL.M'I.XG, ppr. Filling a dead body with spices 
 for preservation ; filling with sweet scent ; preserv- 
 ing with care froiu loss, decay, or destruction. 
 
 E.M-liAL.M'IXC, n The act or art of filling a dead 
 body \\ ilh spices fur iireservation. 
 
 EM-I(XLM'.MEXT, n. Act of embalming. 
 
 E.M-IiA.\K', 1'. t. To enclose with a bank ; to defend 
 by banks, mounds, or dikes. 
 
 E.M-l!A.\K'f:D, pp. Inclosed or defended by a bank. 
 
 E.M-BA.NK'ING, ppr. Inclosing or surrounding with 
 a bank. 
 
 E.M-RAXK'MEXT, v. The act of .surrounding or de- 
 fending with a bank. 
 
 2. A mound or bank raised for various purposes, 
 as for protecting against inundations, for the passage 
 of a railroad, &.c. 
 
 E.M-BXR', r. L [en and bar.] To shut, close, or 
 fasten with a bar ; to make fast. 
 
 2. To inclose so as to hinder egress or escape. 
 
 Where l.»3t entbiiTe'l in iiiijlily hra/en wall. Spenser. 
 
 3. To stop; to shut from entering; to hinder; to 
 block up. 
 
 lie ctnbarrcd ail hirtlier tnide. Bacon. 
 
 EM-BAR-eA'TION, n. Embarkation, which see. 
 
 E.M-BAR't.'O, n. [Sp. embargo ; Port. Fr. id. This is 
 a modern word, from the Spanish and Portuguese. 
 In Portuguese, embara^dr, which the Spanish write 
 emiiarazar, is to embarriLss, entangle, stop, hinder ; 
 Port, emlmra^o, impediment, embarrassment, stofi, 
 hinderance. The palatal being changed into : and 
 s, we have eniborrnss from this word ; but embargo 
 retains Ihe pal.atal letter.] 
 
 In commerce, a restraint on ships, or prohibition of 
 sailing, either out of iiort, or into iiort, or both ; 
 which prohibition is by public authority, for a limited 
 time. ,Most generally it is a prohibition of ships to 
 leave a port. 
 
 EM-IiAR'G(t, r. f. [Sp. and Port, rmftarj^ar.] 
 
 1. To hinder or prevent ships from sailing out of 
 P"rt, or into port, or both, by some law or edict of 
 sovereign authority, for a limited time. Our ships 
 were for a time embargoed by a law of congress. 
 
 2. To stop; to hinder from being prosecuted by the 
 departure or entrance of ships. The commerce of 
 the rniled States has been embargoed. 
 
 E.M-IiA R'(;f) Kl), pp. Stopped; hindered from sail- 
 ing; hindered by public authority, as ships or com- 
 merce. 
 
 E.M-l!.\R'GO-I.\G, ppr. Restraining from sailing by 
 
 public authority ; hindering. 
 E.M-BARK', L'. /, [Sp. cmbarcar ; Port. id. ; It, imbar- 
 
 eare ; Fr. einbarquer ; en and barco, a boat, a barge, a 
 
 bark.l 
 
 1. To put or cjiuse to enter on board a ship or other 
 vessel or boat. The genera! embarked his troops 
 and their baggage. 
 
 2. To engage a person in any affair. This pro- 
 jector embarked his friends in the design or expedition. 
 
 EM-BARK', r. i. Togo on board of a ship, boat, or 
 vessel ; as, the troops embarked for Lisbon. 
 2. To engage in any business ; to underuko in ; 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, t^NITE — AN"GER, VfCIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 387 
 
EMB 
 
 EMB 
 
 tu lake a share in. Tlie young iiiaii embarked raslilj' 
 in speculation, and was ruined. 
 EiM-BARK-A'TION, n. Tlie act of putting on board 
 of a ship or other vessel, or the act of goins; aboard. 
 
 2. Tliat which is embarked ; as, an embarlcutm of 
 Jesuits. Smulldt. 
 
 3. rSp. emtarcacion.] A small vessel or boat. 
 WniifiwL] Anson's Voyage. 
 
 EM-B.\.RK'£D, (em-barkt',) pp. Put on shipboard ; 
 engaged in any affair. 
 
 EM-BaRK'IXG, ppr. Putting on board of a ship or 
 boat ; giiing on shipboard. 
 
 E1I-B.\R'R.\SS, ji. Embarrassment. Warburton. 
 
 EM-BAR'R.\S^, f. (. {Vt. embarrasser ; VuTl. cmbara- 
 car ; Sp. embarazar ; from Sp. embara-.o, Port, embara- 
 cu, Fr. embarras, perplexity, intricacy, hinderance, 
 impediment. In Spanish, formerly embargo signi- 
 fied embarrassment, and embarrar is to perple.\.] 
 
 1. To perplex ; to render intricate ; to entangle. 
 We say, public alTairs are embarrassed; the state of 
 our accounts is embarrassed ; want of order tends to 
 embarrass business. 
 
 2. To perplex, as the mind or intellectual facul- 
 ties ; to confuse. Our ideas are sometimes embar- 
 rassed. , u J 
 
 3. To perplex, as with debts, or demands, beyond 
 the means of payment; applied to a person or his 
 affairs. In mercantile language, a man or his business 
 is embarrassed, when he can not meet his pecuniary 
 engagements. 
 
 4. To perplex ; to confuse; to disconcert ; to abash. 
 An abnipt address may embarrass a young lady. A 
 young man may be too much embarrassed to utter a 
 word. 
 
 EM-B.'VR'RASS-£n, (em-bar'rast,) pp. or a. Per- 
 plexed ; rendered intricate ; ccmfused ; confounded. 
 
 Ell-BAR'RASS-ING, ppr. Perplexing; entangling; 
 confusing; confounding; abashing. 
 
 EM-BAR'RASS-L\G, a. Perplexing ; adapted to per- 
 
 EJKBAR'RASS-MEN'T, n. Perplexity; intricacy; 
 
 2. Confusion of mind. [entanglement. 
 
 3. Perplexity arising from insolvency, or from 
 temporary inability to discharge debts. 
 
 4. Confusion ; abashment. 
 
 EJI-BAR'R£D, (em-b.Ud',) pp. Shut ; closed ; fast- 
 ened. 
 
 EM-Bi\R'RING, ppr. Fastening, as with a bar. 
 E.M-BaSE', v. t. [en and base.] To lower in value ; 
 to vitiate ; to deprave ; to impair. 
 
 Th'' virtue — of :i tr-'e embased by til-* rroiind. Brecon. 
 I have no isiioble enj — thai may tinbase my poor ju.lsii.eiil. 
 
 * wollon. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 9. To degrade ; to vilify. 
 
 [This word is seldom used.] 
 EM-BaSE'MENT, n. Act of depraving ; depravation; 
 
 deterioration. , „ Soutk. 
 
 EM'BAS-SAOE, 71. An embassy. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 E.M-BAS'SA-DOR, ji. [Sp. embazador; Port, id.; Fr. 
 ambassadeur; It. ambasciadure ; Arm. ambariador ; 
 Norm, ambaxeur. Spelman refers tins word to the 
 G. ambact, which Cesar calls ambactus, a client or re- 
 tainer among the Gauls. Cliiver, Ant. Gcr. 1, 8, 
 favors this opinion, and mentions that, in the laws 
 of Burgundy, ambascia was equivalent to the Ger. 
 amidcf, service, now contracted to ami, II. nmpt, Dan. 
 ambi, Sw. embetc,pffice, duty, function, employment, 
 province. The Dutch has nmbagt, trade, handcraft, 
 a manor, a lordship, and amhngstimiii, a journeyman 
 or mechanic, wliich is evidently the Sw. embetesman. 
 The Danish has also rmbrdc, office, em|iloyment. 
 In Sax. embcht, ymbrht, is ollice, duty, employment ; 
 embelitan, to serve ; embrhtmnn, a servant ; also om- 
 heht, collation ; ambijhl, a iiu'ssage or legation, an em- 
 bassy ; amb,jliL<ecga, a legate or envoy, (a message- 
 sayer.) The word, in Gothic, is andbaliLi, a servant ; 
 andhahtyan, to serve, 'i'he German has amtsbote, a 
 messenger. The lirst syllable, ™, is from emb ymb, 
 aifbi, about, and the root of ambucl is Bg. See Pack 
 and Dispatch.] , , , 
 
 1. A minister of the highest rank, employed by 
 one prince or state at the court of another, to man- 
 age the public concerns of his own prince or state, 
 and representing the power and dignity of his sover- 
 eign. Kmbassadors are ordinary, when they reside 
 permanently at a foreign court ; or extraordinary, 
 when they are sent on a special occasion. They are 
 also called miniitrrs. Envoys are ministers employed 
 on special occanions, and are of less dignity. 
 
 Jolinson. Kneye. 
 
 2. In lndif,rniiM InniTuat/e, a messenger. .^sk. 
 EM-BA.S-SA-Ori'RI-AL, a. Belonging or relating to 
 
 an eni!):u»Hadf>r. 
 E.M-BAS'SA-DIU;.'<S, n. The consort of an einbas- 
 
 (lador. CheMerficld. 
 2. .\ woman m'nl on an embassy. 
 E.M'B AS SACE, nn emhasHy, is not lined. 
 EM'BA.H-SY, n. [Sp. and Port. cni(itt^a<;a ; Ft. ambas- 
 
 Aadr.\ 
 
 1. The message or public function of an embassa- 
 dor ; the charge or employment of a public ministi'r, 
 whether embasiador or envoy. The word Kignirtes 
 the message or commission itself, and the person or 
 peraons sent to convey or to execute iU We say, the 
 
 king sent an embassy, meaning an envoy, minister, 
 or ministers; or the king sent a person on an em- 
 bassy ; the embassy consisted of three envoys ; the 
 embassy was' instructed to inquire concerning the 
 king's disposition. Milford. 
 
 2. A solemn message. Taylor. 
 Eighteen ceiuiiries a^o, the gospel went forth from Jertisalem 
 
 on an embassy of niiiigletl authority and love. 
 
 B. Dickinson. 
 
 3. Tronitalhi, an errand. Sidney. 
 [The old orthography, ambassade, ambassage, being 
 
 obsolete, and embassy estahlished, I have rendered 
 the orthography of embassador conformable to it in 
 the initial letter. The elegant Blackstone uniformly 
 wrote emba-<sador.] 
 EII-BaTHE', r. i. To bathe. 
 
 E.M-BAT'TLE, r. t. [en and battle.] To arrange in 
 order of battle ; to array troops for battle. 
 
 On Uii^ir einbtiUled ranks tlie waves return. MVton. 
 
 2. To furnish with battlements. Cyc. 
 EM-BAT'TLE, v. i. To be ranged in order of battle. 
 
 SluiU. 
 
 EM-BAT'TLED, pp. or a. Arrayed in order of battle. 
 
 2. Furnished with battlements; and, in heraldry, 
 having the outline resembling a battlement, as an 
 ordinary. Cyc. Bailey. 
 
 3. Having been the place of battle ; as, an embatUed 
 pliiin or fielil. 
 
 EM-BAT'TLIXG, ppr. Ranging in battle array. 
 E.M-H.\V', V. t. [en, in, and bay.] To inclose in a 
 
 bay or inlet ; to land-lock ; to inclose between capes 
 
 or promontories. Jfar. Diet. 
 
 [Ft.baigner.] To bathe ; to wash. [J^Tot used.] 
 ° Spenser. 
 EM-BaY'J:D, (em-bade',) pp. Inclosed in a bay, or 
 
 between points of land, as a ship. 
 EM-BAY'Ii\G,;7;)r. Inclosing in a hay. 
 E.M-BED', r. t. [en, in, anil bed.] To lay as in a bed ; 
 
 to lay in surrounding matter ; as, to embed a thing in 
 
 clav or in sand. 
 EM-BED'DED, pp. or a. Laid as in a bed ; deposited 
 
 or inclosed in surrounding matter; as, ore embedded 
 
 in sand. 
 
 EM-BED'DING, ppr. Laying, depositing, or forming, 
 as in a bed. 
 
 EM-BEO'MENT, n. Act of embedding ; state of being 
 embedded. 
 
 EM-BEL'LISII, V. t. [Fr. embeUir, from belle, L. bel- 
 Ills, pretty.] 
 
 1. To ailorn ; to beautify; to decorate; to make 
 beautiful or elegant by ornaments ; ap/died to persons 
 or things. We embellish the person with rich apparel, 
 a garifen with shrubs and flowers, and style with 
 metaphors. , „■ . 
 
 2. To make graceful or elegant ; as, to embellish 
 manners. 
 
 EM-BEL' LISH-M), (cm-bel'lislit,) pp. or a. Adorned ; 
 
 decorated ; beautified. 
 EM-BEL'LISH-ER, n. One who embellishes. 
 EjM-BEL'LISII-ING, ppr. Adorning ; decorating ; 
 adding grace, ornament, or elegance, to a person or 
 thinL'. , . , 
 
 E.M-BEL'LISII-IN'G-LY, adv. So as to embellish. 
 EM-BEL'LIS1I-MEi\T, n. Tlie act of ailorniiig. 
 
 2. Ornamunt ; decoration ; any thing that adds 
 beauty or elegance; that which renders any tiling 
 pleasing to the eye, or agreeable to the taste, in dress, 
 furniture, manners, or in the fine arts. Rich dress»s 
 are embellishments of the person ; virtue is an embrl- 
 lishment of the mind, and liberal arts the embellish 
 ments of society. 
 E.M'BER, in ember-days, ember-meeks, is the Saxon 
 emb-ren, or vmb-ryne, a circle, circuit, or revtiliition, 
 from ymb, ap'ln, around, and ren, or ryne, course, 
 from the root of run. F.mber-days are the Wednes- 
 day, Friday, and Saturday, aller Ciuadragisima 
 Sunday, alter Whitsunday, after Holyrood-day in 
 September, and after St. Lucia's day in December, 
 Ember-dans are days returning at certain seasons ; 
 ember irecks,l\\e weeks in which these days fall ; and 
 forini rly, our ancestors used the words Embcr-fast 
 and Ember-tide, or season. 
 
 Lye. Eneyr.. LT.. Jilfred, sect. 39, 
 EM'BER-GOOSE, n. A web-footed bird of the genus 
 Columbus, also called the great northern direr, 
 placed by LiiinaMis under the order .^nseres. It is 
 larger than the common goose; the head is dusky; 
 the back, coverts of the wings and tail, clouded with 
 ligliter anil daiker shailcs of the same; the prima- 
 ries and tail are black ; the breast and belly silvery 
 It inhabilH the northern regions, about Iceland and 
 the Orkneys. Encyc. 
 EM'BER-liNG, n. The ember-days, supra. [Obs.] 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 EM'BF.RS, n. ;>'. [Sax. aimi/rinn ; Scot, am eris, aimers 
 
 Ice. einmyria.] 
 
 Small coals of fire with ashes ; the residuum of 
 wood, coal, or other combustibles not extinguished 
 cinders. 
 
 lie TnVf* hot emhers, and reiiewi the lire*. Dryden. 
 It is used by Colebrooke in the singular. 
 He tiikei 
 
 EMB 
 
 E.M'BER-WEEK. See Embee, supra. 
 EM-BEZ'ZLE, ». (. [Norm, cmbeasiler, to filch ; hese- 
 ler, id. The primary sense is not quite obvious. If 
 the sense is to strip, to peel, it coincides with the Ar 
 
 bassala, to strip, or Ileb. Ch. and Syr. SsB. In 
 
 Heb. Ch. Svr. and Sam., ti3 or nta signifies to plun- 
 der. See Class Bs, No. 2, 21, 22. Perhaps tlie sense 
 is, to cut otr. No. 21, .54.1 
 
 1. To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use 
 what is intrusted to one's care and management. It 
 dill'ers from stealing and robbery in this — that the 
 latter imply a wrongful taking of another's goods, 
 but embezzlement denotes the wrongful appropria- 
 tion and use of what came into possession by right. 
 It is not uncommon for men intrusted with public 
 money to embezzle it. 
 
 2. To waste, to dissipate in extravagance. 
 When thou hast embezzled all thy store. Dryilen. 
 
 EM-BEZ'ZLED, (em-bez'ld,) pp. Appropriated wrong- 
 fully to one's own use. 
 EM-BEZ'ZLE-JIENT, n. The act of fraudulently ap- 
 propriating to one's own use the money or goods 
 intrusted to one's care and management. An accu- 
 rate account of the cmbctzlemeiils of public money 
 would form a curious history. 
 
 3. The thing appropriated. 
 EM-BEZ'ZLER, n. One who embezzles. 
 EM-BEZ'ZLING, ppr. Fraudulently applying to one's 
 
 own use what is intrusted to one's care and employ- 
 ment. 
 
 E.M-BLaZE', v. t. [Fr. blasonner: Sp. blasimar; Port. 
 blazonar, brazonnr ; allied to G. blasen, D. blaaien, to 
 blow, and Fr. blaser, to burn. Eng. blaze. The sense 
 is, to swell, to enlarge, to make showy.] 
 
 1. To adorn with glittering embellishments. 
 
 No weepiu'^ orplirtn Kiw iiis fatlii r's storrs 
 Our shrmed irradiate, or emblaze the floors. Pope. 
 
 2. To blazon ; to paint or adorn with figures ar- 
 morial. 
 
 'I'he imperial ensign, streaming: to th" wind, 
 With gems ami {golden luster rich emblazed, Milton. 
 
 EM-BLaZ'A'D, pp. Adorned with shining ornaments, 
 
 or with figures armorial. 
 EM-BLaZ'ING, ppr. Embellishing with glittering or- 
 naments, or with figures armorial. 
 EM-Bl.A'ZON, (em-bli'zn,) i). t. [Fi. blasonner. See 
 Emblaze ] 
 
 1. To adorn with figures of heraldry or ensigns 
 armorial. . Johnson. 
 
 2. To deck in glaring colors ; to display pompously. 
 
 We liiid Augustus — emblazoned hy tlie poels. llnkewell. 
 
 EM-BLa'ZON-ED, (eni-bliz'nd,) pp. Adorned with 
 
 figures or ensigns armorial ; set out pompously. 
 E.M-BLa'ZON-ER, n. A blazoner ; one that eniblaz- 
 is ; a herald. 
 
 2. One that publishes and displays with pomp. 
 EM-1!La'Z0.N-ING, ppr. Adorning with ensigns or 
 
 figures armorial; displaying svitli pomp. 
 E.M-BLa'ZON-ING, n. The act or art of adorning 
 
 with ensigns armorial. 
 E.\1-B1,A'Z0N-.ME.\T, n. .\n emblazoning. Roscoe. 
 EAl-BL.^'ZON-RY, n. Pictures on shields; display 
 
 of figures. , Milton. 
 
 E.M'Bl.KM, n. [Gr. f/i/3Xr//ia, from cp/iaXXw, to cast 
 ill, to insert.] 
 
 1. Properhi, inlay ; inlaid or mosaic work ; some- 
 thing inserted in the body of another. 
 
 2. A [lictiire representing one thing to the eye, and 
 another to the understanding ; a painted enigma, or 
 a figure rejiresenting some obvious history, instruct 
 
 us in some moral truth. 
 
 I llirhled ember out of llie coven-d vewrl. 
 
 Such is the image of 
 
 Sc'tevola holding his hand in the fire, with these 
 words, "jJ "-erf cl pati fortiirr liomanum est,"lo do and 
 to siifi'.T with fiirtituiie is Roman. Encyc 
 
 a A painting or representation, intended to hold 
 forth some moral or political instruction ; an allusive 
 picture ; a typical dt^signation. A balance is an em- 
 blem of justice; a crown is the emblem of royalty ; 
 a scepter, of power or severeigiity. 
 
 4. That which represents another thing in its priv 
 dominaiit qualities. A white robe in Scripture is an 
 emblem of purity or righteousness ; baptism, of puri- 
 
 EMl'iLE.NI '•. To represent by similar qualities. 
 
 ' Feltliam. 
 EM IILF.M AT'ir, \a. Pertaining to or trompiising 
 EM-BLI'.M-AT'1C-AI„ \ an , niblem. 
 
 2. lti |iiiseiitiiig by some allusion or customary 
 connection; as, a crown is rmifcMa/ic of royalty, a 
 crown being worn by kings. 
 
 3. Ki presenting by similar ipialities ; as, whiteness 
 is emblematic of purity. 
 
 •1 I 'sing i nihleiiis ; as, emWcmn(ic worship. 
 EM-lililOM "VI 'IC AL-LY, adr. By way or means ol 
 emblems ; in the manner of emblems ; by way of al- 
 lusive re|irisrmation. Swjfl. 
 EM ISM'.M'A 'I'lST, 11. A writer or inventor of em 
 
 blems. Brnim 
 E.M-DMC.M'A 'IT/.K, (. To represent by an emblem. 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 FATE, FAIl, FALl,. WHAT— METE, PREY— PINE. MARINE, BIRD— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. "^V^^j^^ 
 
ExMB 
 
 EME 
 
 E.M-I!LE.M'A-TrZ-in, pp. Represented by an em- 
 
 EM-liLEM'A-TIZ-lNG, ppr. Representing by an eni- 
 hltini. 
 
 E.\I'1U,E-.MF..\T, n. Used mostly in tliepluril. [No.m. 
 e/nftlntrj t'lulilfiiu'iits ; eiiiliteer^ to sow ; Fr. etnblaccr ; 
 Norm, htrt-r, to sow witli corn, I'roni ble^btrd^ corn.] 
 
 'J'lie produce or fruits of hind sown or iiliintinl. 
 Tliis word is usimI for tliK produce of land sown or 
 planted by a tcniint for lifo or years, whose estate is 
 determined suiUlenly after the land is sown or planted, 
 and before Ijarvest. In this case, the tenant's execu- 
 tors sliall have the einlilenients. KmbUments compre- 
 hend not only corn, but the produce of any annual 
 plant. lint the produce of grass and perennial 
 plants belongs to the lord, or proprietor of the land. 
 
 Blnchstonc. 
 
 EM'lU.E.M-IZE, i: U To represent bv an eud)I. m. 
 EM'ULRM-I/.-Kr), /)/). Represented by an emblem. 
 E.M'ltl,EM-IZ-l.\G, ppr. Representin;; by an emblem. 
 E.M-BLOO.M', r. t. To cover or enrich witli bloom. 
 E.M-HL()(>.M'KI),;i;). Enriched with bloom. [Oood. 
 E.M-IU-OD.M'LN'G, ppr. Covering with bluom. 
 E.M-|{()I)'I-KI), ora. [.See EMBooy.] Collected or 
 
 formed into a body. 
 EM-H()I)'1ER, u. 'lie that embodies. 
 EM-l!OI)'l-.ME.\T, II. The act of embodying; the 
 
 stale of being enib(»died. 
 EM-I!()D'Y, >■. t. [oi, in, and Wy.] To form into a 
 
 body ; to make corporeal ; to invest with matter ; as, 
 
 to embody the soul or spirit ; a form embodied. 
 
 Dn/den. 
 
 2. To form or collect into a body or united mass ; 
 to collect into a whole ; to incorpt)rate ; to concen- 
 trate ; as, to ciitbodij troops ; to embody detached sen- 
 timents. 
 
 EM-ilOI)'Y, r. i. To unite in a body, mass, or collec- 
 tion ; to coalesce, Milton. Locke. 
 
 Eli non'Y-ING, ppr. Collecting or forming into a 
 bodv. 
 
 EM-BoG'UIXG, (em-bng'ing,) ii. The mouth of a 
 river or place where its waters are discharged into 
 the sea, 
 
 E.M-lioLD EJi, V. t. [en and bold.] To give boldness 
 or courage to ; to encourage. 1 Cor. viii. 
 
 E.M-lioLl)'f;.\-KD, pp. or a. Encouraged. 
 
 E.M-BoLD'KN-ER, n. One that emboldens. 
 
 EM-UoLl)'K,\-ING, ppr. Giving courage or boldness. 
 
 E.M'liO-LlS.M, n. [Gr. cpHoKiapos, (lom cp/iakXw, to 
 throw in, to insert ] 
 
 a1. Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, or 
 years, in an account of time, to produce regularity. 
 The Greeks made I'se of the lunar year of 354 
 days, and to adjust it to the solar year of 3()5, they 
 added a lunar month every second or third year, 
 which additional month they called embolinueii^'. 
 9. Intercalated time^ [Barlow. 
 
 EM-1!0-LIS'.M.\L, u. Pertaining to intercalation; in- 
 tercalated ; inserted. 
 
 The eiuboligintU months are cither nntural or civil. Encyc. 
 
 E.M-BO-EIS'.Mie, a. Intercalated; inserted. 
 
 Twelve liinatiuns fom* 
 enAolismic year. 
 
 E3I'BO-LUS, n. [Gr. £;./?j,\o{, from c^0aXX<.,, to 
 thrust in.] 
 
 Sonn thmg inserted or acting in ancther ; that 
 which thrusts or drives, as a piston. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. Ilcbert. 
 EJM-BO.Y POrJ\rT,[FT.] (Ung-bong-pwa'.) Elumpness 
 
 of liodv or person. 
 E.M-BOli'UKU, r. L [Old Fr, cmbordcr.] 
 
 To ailorn with a border. 
 EM-B0K'1)E11-^;D, pp. Adorned with a border. 
 E.M-BOK'l)ER-l.\G, ppr. Adorning with a border 
 E.M-BOSS', r. t, [en, jfi, and fr()^.%-.J In the fine arts, 
 to form bosses or protule-nmces ; to fashitm in relievo 
 or raised w ork , to cut or form with prominent fig- 
 ures. 
 
 i!. To form with bosses; to cover with protuber- 
 ances. Mdtnn. 
 
 3. To drive hard in hunting, till a deer foams, or a 
 dog's knees swell. Shak. Ilanmcr. 
 
 EM-BOSS', i\ t. [Fr. embolttr, for emboister, from 
 boUr, boitte, a box.] 
 
 To iuclo.se, as in a box ; to include ; to cover. [JVot 
 llsrd.] Spenser. 
 E.M-BOSS', r. (, [It. imboscare, from bnsco, a wood.] 
 To inclose in a wood ; to conceal in a thicket. 
 [JV.K used.] .mitnn. 
 EM-BOSS' ED, (em-bost',) pp. or a. Formed or covered 
 
 with bosses or niised ligures. 
 E.M-BOSS'ING, ppr. Forming with figures in relievo. 
 I Baron. 
 : EM-BOSS'IN'G, >i. The formation of ornamental fig- 
 ures ui relief ; the figures thus formed. HrherU 
 EM-BOSS'.MENT, n, A prominence, like a boss; a 
 jut. 
 
 2. Relief; figures in relievo; raised work. 
 
 Addi.<ton. 
 
 EM-BOT'TLE.i;, t. [m, in, and io«/c] To put in a 
 j bottle ; to bottle ; to include or confine in a bottle. 
 I EM-HOT'TLKD, pp. Put in or included in bottles, 
 
 E.M-BOT'TLI.XG, ppr. Putting in a bottle. [PhUips. 
 
 ICV-BOU-CilLRK', (iing-boo^ihur',) n, [Fr,] A 
 mouth or aperture, as of a river, cannon, &c. 
 2. 'I'he mouth-hole of a wind instrument of music. 
 
 EM-BOW, V. t. To form like a bow ; to arch ; to 
 vault. S/ifn.ver. 
 
 E.M-BOWEL, 1'. (. [en, in, and bowel.] To take out 
 the entrails of an animal body; to eviscerate. Shak. 
 
 2. To take out the internal parts. 
 
 ros.^il8 and minerals tliat die embotneled earth 
 Di»pl.i)». Philipt. 
 
 3. To sink or inclose in another substance. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EM-BOW'EL-KD, pn. or a. Deprived of intestines ; 
 eviscerated ; buried. 
 
 K.M-BOVV'EL-ER, )i. One that takes out the bowels. 
 
 E.M-BOWEL-IiNG, ppr. Depriving of entrails ; evis- 
 cerating ; burying. 
 
 EM-BOVV'EL-MEiN'T, 71. The act of taking out the 
 bowels ; evisceration. Lamb. 
 
 E.M-BOW'EK, V. i. [from bower.] To lodge or rest in 
 a bower. Spenser. 
 
 E.M-BOW'ER, V. t. To cover with a bower ; to shel- 
 ter with tn^es. Thomson. 
 
 EM-B0\V'ER-J;D, pp. or a. Covered with a bower; 
 sheltered. 
 
 EM-BOVV'ER-L\G, ppr. Covering with a bower or 
 trees. 
 
 E.M-BOX'KD, (em-boxt',) a. Inclosed, as in a box. 
 
 E.M-HRaCE', i\ t. [I'r. emiro-sscr, from en and bras, 
 the arm ; Sp. abraiar, from brnzo, the arm ; It. ab- 
 bracciare, imbraeciare, from braecio, the arm ; Ir. urn- 
 bracaim, from brae, the arm. See Brace.] 
 
 1. To take, clasp, or inclose in the arms ; to press 
 to the bosom, in token of allection. 
 
 P:iii] called to him the disciples and einbnu:ed them. — Acta tx. 
 
 2. To seize eagerly ; to lay hold on ; to receive or 
 take with willingness that which is offered ; as, to 
 embrace the Christian religion ; to embrace the oppor- 
 tunity of doing a favor. 
 
 3. To comprehend ; to include or take in ; as, 
 natural philosophy embraces many sciences. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 4. To comprise ; to inclose ; to encompass ; to 
 contain ; to encircle, 
 
 I.ow at his feet a spacious plain is placed, 
 
 Cetweeii the mountain and the stream embraced. Dcnhain. 
 
 5. To receive ; to admit. 
 
 What is there tliat he may not embrace for triiUi i Locke. 
 
 6. To find ; to take ; to accept. 
 
 ^"leatice — must ctjibrace the fate 
 
 01 Ihat tlurk huur. Shai. 
 
 7. To have carnal intercourse with. 
 
 8. To put on. Spetiser. 
 
 9. To attempt to influence a jury corruptly, 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 EM-BR.^CE', ». i. To join in an embrace. Shak. 
 E.M-BRaCE', 11, Inclosure or clasp with the arms ; 
 pressure to the bttsom with the arms. 
 
 2. Reception of (uie thing inti> another. 
 
 3. Sexual intercourse ; conjugal eutlearment. 
 EM-BR.\C'A'I), (em-brast',) pp. Inclosed in the arms ; 
 
 clasped to the bt)Som ; seized; laid holiL on; re- 
 ceived ; comprehended ; included ; contained ; ac- 
 cepted. 
 
 2. Influenced corruptly ; biased ; as a juror. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 E.M-BRaCE'.ME.NT, n. A clasp in the arms ; a hug; 
 eiubnice. Sidney. 
 
 2. Hostile hug; grapple. [Little used.] Sidney. 
 
 3. Comprehensitui ; state of being contained ; in- 
 clostire. [ LtUie used.] Bacon. 
 
 4. Conjugal endearment ; sexual commerce. Shak, 
 
 5. Williii!; acceptance. [LiUle used.] 
 EM-BR.aCE'OR, II. One who attempts to influence a 
 
 jury corruptly. Howel. 
 
 EM-BRaC'ER, n. The person who embraces. 
 
 E.M-BRaC'ER-V, n. In /au<, an attem|>t to infltience 
 a jury corruptly to one side, by promises, persua- 
 sions, entreaties, immey, cnterlamments, or the like. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 EM-BRAC'IXG, ppr. Clasping in the arms ; pressing 
 to the bosom; seizing and holding; comprehend- 
 ing ; including ; receiving ; accepting ; having con- 
 jugal intercourse. 
 2. .Attempting to influence a jury corniptly. 
 
 BUicl:.^tone. 
 
 EM-BRaID', r. t. To upbraid. [A'ot in xuic] EJyoU 
 E.M-IiR.X'SI^RE, (-zhur,) n. [Fr., from embrasrr, to 
 widi n. Lumcr. If Lunier is right, this coincides 
 with the Sp. abrasar, Port. a6ra:ur, to burn, Sp. to 
 squander or dissip.ite.] 
 
 1. .\n opeiiinE in a wall or parapet, through which 
 cannon are |Hiinted and discharged. 
 
 2. In archUeeture, the enlargement of the aperture 
 of a door or window, on the inside of the wall, for 
 giving greater play Itir the opening of the door or 
 caseineiit, or fur ailmitting more light. F.ncve. (hcill. 
 
 EM-BR.\VE', r. f. (See Urate.] To embellish ; to 
 make showy. [Oi.t.l Spenser. 
 2. To inspire with bravery ; to make bold. Beanm. 
 
 EM-BRA V'£l), pp. Made showy ; inspired with bra- 
 very. 
 
 E.M'BUO-eATE.i). t. [(Jr. iuliiic\o), ffpcxto, to moist- 
 en, to rain ; It. embraccare.] 
 
 In suri^ery and medicine, to moisten and rub a dis- 
 eased part of the boily with a litpiid sub^taiii c, as 
 with spirit, oil, &c., by means of a cloth or s|Hinge. 
 
 Coie. Kncye. 
 
 EM'BRO-Ca-TED, pp. Moistened and rubbed with a 
 
 wet doth or sponge. 
 E.M'B1[0-C.\-T1,\(!, ppr. Moistening and rubbing a 
 
 diseasetl part Willi a wt-t cloth or sjniiige. 
 E.M-BRO-Ca'TIO.\, II. 'J'lie act of moistening and 
 rubbing a diseased part with a cloth or sponge, 
 dipped in some liipiid substance, as spirit, oil, &c. 
 Core Encyc. 
 2. The liquid or lotion with which an affected part 
 is rubbed or washed. 
 EM-BROIU'ER, r. t. [Fr. broder : Sp. and Port, bor- 
 dar ; W. brodiaw, to embroider, to make compact, to 
 darn. Uu. border.] 
 
 To bonier with ornamental needle-work, or fig- 
 ures ; to atloru with raised figures of needle-work ; 
 as cloth, .stufl's, or muslin. 
 
 Thou shall embroitJer the coat of fine linen. — Ex. xxviii. 
 
 EM-BROID'ER-ED, pp. or a. Adorned with figures 
 
 of needle-work. . 
 E.M-BKOID'ER-ER, n. One who embroiders. 
 E.M-BK()II)'ER-I.\G, ppr. Ornamenting with figured 
 
 needle-work. 
 
 E.M-HROID'ER Y, n. \Vork in gold, silver, silk, or 
 other thread, foniied by the needle on cloth, stufls, 
 and muslin, into various figures ; variegated needle- 
 work. Pope. F.neyc. 
 
 2. Variegation or diversity of figures and colors ; 
 as, the natiirtil embroidery of meadows. Spectator. 
 
 3. Artificial ornaments; as, the embroidery of 
 words. llosack. 
 
 EM-BROIL', ». (. [Fr. embrouiller, brouiller ; It. im- 
 broffliare, broirliare : Sp. embrollar ; Port, embrulhar-i 
 properly, to turn, to stir or agitate, to mix, to twist. 
 See Broil.] 
 
 1. To perplex or entangle; to intermix in confu- 
 sion. 
 
 The Christian antiquities at Rome — are embroUcd \v)th fable 
 and legi-nd. A'lditon. 
 
 2. To involve in troubles or perplexities; to dis- 
 turb or distract by connection with something else ; 
 to throw into confusion or commotion ; to perplex. 
 
 The royal house embroiled in civil war. Dryden. 
 
 EM-BROIL'iD,pp. Perplexed ; entangled ; intermixed 
 
 and confused ; involveil in trouble. 
 E.M-BROIL'ING, ppr. Peiidexing ; entangling; in- 
 
 vidving in troiilile. 
 E.M-BK()U,'.ME.\T, n. A state of contention, pcr- 
 
 plexilv, or confusion ; disturbance. 
 E.M-liKO.V/.E'. See Bronze, 
 
 E.M-BROTU'EL, r, f, [See Brothel.] To inclose 
 
 in a lirotliel. Donne. 
 E.M'BRV-O, * n. [Gr, eiilSp^mv ; L. fiiiftri»)ii ; from 
 EM'BRY-ON, i Gr. tx and /?..v(.i, to flioot, bud, ger- 
 minate. The Griek word is contricted probably 
 from li'ivh,!, for it gives /?/>i(ri5 ; and if so, it coin- 
 cides in elements with Eng. hrnod and brrrd.] 
 
 1. In phiisndoirtj, the first rudiments of an anim.al 
 in the womb, before the several members are dis- 
 tinctly formed ; after which it is called a fetus. 
 
 2. The rudiment-s of a plant. [Encye. 
 
 3. The beginning or first state of any thing not fit 
 for production ; the rudiments of any thing yet im- 
 perfectly formed. 
 
 The company liule suspected what a noble work I had th'-n in 
 emttryo. Sieifl. 
 
 EM'BRY-O, ) a. Pertaining to or noting any thing 
 E.M'BRY-ON, ( in its first rudiments or unfinished 
 
 stale ; as, an emhnion bud. Dancin, 
 E.M-BR V-OL'O-G y; n. [Gr. cp&pvov, a fetus, and .\o- 
 
 )"«■] 
 
 T he doctrine of the development of the fetus of 
 animals. 
 
 EM'BRY-0.\-.\TE, a. In the slate of an emhrj-o. 
 
 E.M-BRY-0.\'ie, a. Pertaining to an embryo, or in 
 the state of one. Cvleridge. 
 
 E.M-BRY-OT'O-.MY, n. [embryo and Gr. ropr,, a cut- 
 ting, from Trill" <, to cut.] 
 
 A cutting or forcible sep.aration of the fetus from 
 the womb. Coze. 
 
 E.M-BCS'Y, (em-biz'z.e,)r. f. Toeinploy, [JVot used.] 
 
 K.ME, ». An uncle. [See Eam.] 
 
 EM END', r. (. To make better or more perfect; to 
 aiii'-nd. [.Vot used.] 
 
 E-.ME.ND'.\-BEE, o. [h. emendabilis, from emmdti, to 
 correct ; e and menda, a spot or blemish.] 
 Capable of being amended or corrected [See 
 
 A.MENDAnLr..] 
 
 E.\I-E.\-Da'TION, n. [L. emmdatio.] 
 
 1. The act of alterini: for the better, or correcting 
 what is erroneous or faulty ; correction ; applied par- 
 ticularly to the correction of errors in icritintrs. When 
 we speak of life and manners, we use Amend, 
 AMEND.MEXT, Uie French orthography. 
 
 2. .\n alteration for the biitter ; correction of an 
 error or fault. The last edition of the book contaiiu 
 many emendations. 
 
 TONE. BWLL, IJNITF^ — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 49 < 
 
 389 
 
EME 
 
 EM'EN-Da-TOR, 71. A corrector of errors or faults in 
 writings ; one who corrects or improves. 
 
 E-JlENU'.\-TO-RY, a. Contributing to emendation 
 or correction. Warton. 
 
 E-MEN'D'ED, pp. or a. Corrected ; made better ; im- 
 proved. 
 
 E-.ME^''I)I-e.^TE, v. t. [L. emcndico.] To beg. 
 
 E-.MEN'r)[-eA-TED, pp. liessed. 
 
 E-MEN'DI-eA-TING, ppr. Begging. 
 
 E.M'E-R.-VLD, 71. [Pp. csmcraWa ; Port. iV/. ; \t. smtral- 
 do ; Fr. emcraude : Arm. cmeraudenn ^ G. D. and Dan. 
 smaratrd; h. smara^diLi ; Gr. n<iiiaj 6ui and Gptaoti}- 
 ios; Ch. UIDt; S\T. V l.ic1 imaragda ; Ar. 
 
 zomorodon. It is probable that the European 
 
 words are from the Oriental, though much altered. 
 The verb Tnt signifies to sing, to call, to amputate, 
 &c. ; lint the niiTuiing of emerald is not obviou?^.] 
 
 1. A pr'TiKiis stiine of a green color, and i<ientical, 
 except ill niliir, \vii]i brrtjl. [See Beuyl.] Dana. 
 
 2. .\ printing type, in size between minion and 
 nonpareil. 
 
 E-.MERGE', (e-merj',) ». i. [L. emergo; e, ex, and 
 mcr'jo, to plunge.] 
 
 1. 'J'o rise out of a fluid or other covering or sur- 
 rounding substance ; as, to emerge from the water or 
 from the ocean. 
 
 Tlietis — eJMrging from the deep. Dryden. 
 
 We say, a planet emerges from the sun's light ; a 
 star emfrtsiiiir fritin rliaus. [t is opposed to iminerge. 
 
 2. To issii.i ; to pritrefd from. J^ewtun. 
 
 3. To rr,i|tp;'nr, al'liT bring eclipsed ; to leave the 
 sphere nC tin- nh^i iiiiiiL' nliirrt. The sun is said to 
 emcrgr, tlir iiinoii n .i^rsto obscure its light ; 
 the satellites oi' .lupili r enti rgej when they ajipear 
 beyond the limb of the planet. 
 
 4. To rise out of a stnte of depression or obscuri- 
 ty ; to rise into view ; as, to emerge from poverty or 
 (ilis( iirir\' ; to emerge from the glnmii of (lespondency. 
 
 E-,Mi;i!(:'i;\( E, ) n. The act of using out of a (liiid 
 E-M Ellij' 1^.\-CY, ^ or other co\ering, ur surround- 
 ing matter. 
 
 2. The act of rising or starting into view ; the act 
 of issuing from or quitting. 
 
 The while color of all n^lracteti li*!it, at its first emergence — is 
 coiripomuled of various colols. Newton. 
 
 5. That whicli comes suddenly ; a sudden occa- 
 sion ; an unexpected event. 
 
 Most of our^ntrili'-s lu^ve been found out by casu.il emergency. 
 
 Glanoille. 
 
 4. Exigence ; any event or occasional combination 
 of circumstances which calls for immediate action 
 or remedy ; pressing necessity. 
 
 lu Cilse of emergcney, [or in an emer^cnty,] he would employ 
 Hie wliole wealth tif liU empire. AdiJiaun. 
 
 E-MERG'EN'T, a. Rising out of a fluid, or any thing 
 that covers or siirrouiuls. 
 
 The niounfidus iiugi^ appear emergent. AliUon. 
 9. Issuing or proceeding from. StnilJi.. 
 
 3. Rising ou»of a depressed state, or from obscu- 
 rity. 
 
 4. Coming suddenly ; sudden ; casual ; unex- 
 pected ; hence, calling fur immediate action or 
 remedy; urgent; pressing; as, an emergent occa- 
 sion. Clarendon. 
 
 E-.MEItCj'ENT-LY, aile. By emerging. 
 E-MER'IT-ED, a. [L. emerit,i.~:\ 
 
 Allowed to have done sutiicient public service. 
 
 F.reliin. 
 
 E-MF.R'r-TUS,n.: pi. Fmuhiti. [L.] One who has 
 
 been lionorabiy discharged from public service. 
 E.M'E-KODS, 71., with a plural termination. [Cor- 
 ru])ted from hemorrhoids. Gr. aiir)jft'jii)f.^, from 
 oi(j'</j(jo€o), to labor under a flowing of blood ; ai'/ia, 
 blood, and //£m, to flow.] 
 
 Hemorrhoids ; livid, painful, and bleeding tuber- 
 cles about the anus. 
 
 The I/ord will sinil/Mhee — with the enuroria. — Deut. xxviii. 
 E-MER'.<!Oi'V, 77. [from E. ««/Tfro. See EMunnE.] 
 
 I. The an of rising out of a fluid, or other covermg 
 or siirroiindirig substance ; opposed to immersion. 
 
 9. In aslronomii, the reilppearanr.e of a heavenly 
 body after an eclipse; as, the emersion of the moon 
 from the shadow of the earth ; also, the timi; of ri^ilp- 
 pcarailce. Barlotn. 
 
 .3. The reilppearanre of a star which has been hid 
 by the elTuIgence of the sun's light. Barlow. 
 
 4. Extrication. BlaeJi. 
 E.M'ER-Y, 71. ( Kr. emeril ; emeri ; Sp. esmeril ; D. ameril ; 
 G. schmergei ; Cr. and I., smiri^.] 
 
 A massive variety of corundum ; its structure finely 
 granular ; its color varying from a dei p gray to a 
 hliii'h or blarkinh gray, Hornrtiini-s browni-h. This 
 is almost indispensable in polishing nii t.ils and bard 
 irtones. The lapidarinn cut ordinary gems on their 
 wlie**ls, by nprinkling thr^m wilh the tiioistrned pow- 
 der of emery ; but it will not cut the diamond. 
 
 /fill. CIrnrelnml. 
 EM'K-SIH, n. [Gr. infra.] A vomiting ; discliargcH 
 from the stomach by the mouth. 
 
 EMI 
 
 E-MET'ie, a. [It. and Sp. emetico ; Fr. cmetique ; from 
 Gr. f/irw, to vtmiit.] 
 
 Inducing to vomit ; exciting the stomach to dis- 
 charge its contents by the eso|ihagus and mouth. 
 
 E-WET't€, 7i. A medicine that provokes vomiting. 
 
 E-IIE T'IC-AL-LY, ado. In such a manner as to e.x- 
 cite vomiting. Boijle. 
 
 EM'E-TIN, n. [See Emetic.] A white or yellowish 
 powder, supposed to be an alkaloid, which is ob- 
 
 _ tained f^rom various emetic roots. 
 
 k'MEU, j 71. A very large bird of New Holland, often 
 
 lO'MEVV, i called the New Holland Cassowary, Inim 
 its resemblance to the cassowary, but dilfering from 
 the hitter in not IriviiiL^ the helmet. It differs from 
 the ostrirli in liavmi.' in feet three-toed. Its feathers 
 are of a dull, simly bnnvn color, and its wings, total- 
 ly useless for flight, serve to balance the body in run- 
 ning. Partington. 
 
 E-JilFMTE', (a-mut',) [Fr.] A seditious commotion or 
 mob. 
 
 E.M-I-Ca'TION, 7!. [L. emicatio, emico, from e and 
 
 7/i/fo, to sparkle, tluit is, to dart.] 
 
 A spnrkliiig ; a flying off in small particles, as from 
 
 heated irnii or fermenting litpiors. 
 E-.^l IC'TK )N, 7i. [L. mingo, mictnm.] 
 
 The discharging of urine; urine; what is voided 
 
 by the urinary passages. Harvey. 
 EM'I-GRA."JT, a. [See Emigrate.] Removing, or 
 
 having removed, from one place or country to another 
 
 distant plare, with a view to reside. 
 EM'l GU A.N'T, 71. One who removes his habitation, 
 
 or quits one country or region to settle in another. 
 EiM'I-GRATE, v. i. [L. emigro ; e and viigro, to mi- 
 grate.] 
 
 To quit one country, state, or region, and settle in 
 another ; to remove from one country or state to an- 
 other, for the purpose of residence. Germans, Swiss, 
 Irish, and ."^eoteh, emigrate in great numbers to 
 Ameiiea. Inlialiitants of New England emigrate to 
 the Western .'^iates. 
 
 E.M'l-OR.x-TF.l), ;)/). Removal from one country to 
 anotlu-r, with a view to a settlement. 
 
 E.M'1-(;R.a-TI.\G, ;i/<r. Removing from one country 
 or state to another for residence. 
 
 E.M-I-GRA'TIO.\, H. Removal of inhabitants from 
 one country or state to another, for the purpose of 
 residence, as from Europe to America, or in America, 
 from the Atlantic States to the Western. 
 
 The removal of persons from house to house in the 
 same town, state, or kingdom, is not called emigra- 
 tion, but simply remoeal. 
 
 E.M'l-NGiNCE, j 7!. [L. f77i!nP7i(in, from emincna, emi- 
 
 E.M'I-NE.\-CY, \ 7ifo, to stand or show itself above ; 
 c and minor, to threaten, that is, to stand or push for- 
 ward. See Class Mn, No. 9, II.] 
 
 1. Elevation ; hight, in a literal sense ; but usually, 
 a rising ground ; a hill of moderate elevation above 
 the adjacent ground. 
 
 'i'lie temple of lionor ouglit to lie seated on an eminence. Burke. 
 
 2. Summit ; highest part. Ray. 
 
 3. A part rising or projecting beyond the rest, or 
 above the surface. We speak of eminences on any' 
 |)lain or smooth surface. 
 
 4. An elevated situation among men ; a place or 
 station above men in general, eitlier in rank, office, 
 or celebrity. Merit may place a intm on an eminence, 
 and make him conspicuous. Eminence is always ex- 
 posed to envy. 
 
 ,'). Exaltation ; high rank ; distinction ; celebrity ; 
 fame ; preferment ; conspicuousness. Office, rank, 
 and great talents, give eminence to men in society. 
 
 Where men can not arrive at eminence, rvWg'nm miiy make 
 compeiiBalioii, by leaching cuiilenl. TillotBon. 
 
 6. Supreme degree. Milton. 
 
 7. Notice ; ilistinction. Shnk. 
 
 8. A title of honor given to rardinals and others. 
 EM'I-\K.\T, a. [li. rmiufos, from emineo.] 
 
 1. Iligli ; lofty ; as, an rmi'nent place. Kirh. xvi. 
 
 2. F.xalted in rank ; his;!! in oltice ; dignified ; dis- 
 tinguished. Princes hold eminent stations in society, 
 as do ministers, judges, and legislators. 
 
 3. High in [iiililicestiniation ; conspicuous; distin- 
 guished above others; remarkable; as, an eminent 
 
 Iiistoriaii or ] t ; an CTniiiCHf. scholar. Burke was an 
 
 eminent oralor ; Watts and Covvper were eminent fur 
 their pietv. 
 
 E.M'I-.NIO.NT HOMaIN'. The vigM of eminent domain, 
 is a right which a government possesses of taking 
 the pniperty of its subjects for necessary public uses, 
 at a fair \'aliiaIion. Bouvier. 
 
 EiVI'l-NEiN T-LV, «(/(!. In a high degree ; in a degree 
 to attract observatiim ; in a degree to be conspicuous 
 and distinguished from others; iis, to be cminenthj 
 learned or useful. 
 
 S i 
 
 I";' MIR, / , 
 
 E .MEEIl', i "• [Ar.^A_«) rinerr, a commander, from 
 
 j.^^ emarn, to comuianil, Ileb. ION, to sjieak, ("h. 
 
 Syr. Sam. id.] 
 
 A title of dignity among the Turks and Mohamme- 
 dans, denoting a prince ; a title at first given to the 
 
 EMO 
 
 caliphs, but when they assumed the title of sulian, 
 that of emir remained to their children. At length 
 it was attributed to all who were judged to descend 
 from iMohammed, by his daughter Fatimah. Encijc. 
 E.M'IS-SA-RY, 71. [L. erai,sv.arii«, from emeito; c and 
 7Hift(i, to send; Fr. emissaire; Sp. emisario ; It. emis- 
 sario,] 
 
 1. A person sent on a mission ; a missionary ein- 
 ploj ed to pri^ach and jiropagate the gosjiel. 
 
 If one of ihe four Liospels be genuine, we have in llial one, strung 
 reason to believe llial we possess tin: accounts which Oie 
 original emissaries of the religion delivep'd. 
 
 Paley, Enid. ChrUt. 
 
 [TV/i.-f sense is now vnusual.] 
 
 2. A person sent on a private message or business ; 
 a secret agent, employed to sound or ascertain the 
 opinions of oth<Ts, and to spread reports or propagate 
 opinions favorable to his employer, or designeil to de- 
 feat the measures or schemes of his opposers or foes ; 
 a spy ; but an emissarij may difti'r from a spy. A .■'py 
 in war is one who enters an eneiiix 's camp or territo- 
 ries to learn the condition of the enemy ; an emissary 
 may be a secret agent employed not only to detect 
 the schemes of an opposing party, but to influence 
 their councils. A spy in war must be concealed, or 
 he suffers death ; an emissary may in some cases be 
 known as the agent of an adversary, witlumt incur- 
 ring similar hazard. Bacon. Sirift. 
 
 3. That which sends out or emits. [Mit used'.] 
 
 Arbntlinot. 
 
 Emissarif vessels ; in anatomy, the same as excretory. 
 EM'IS-SA-RY, o. Exploring ; spying. B. Jonson. 
 E-MIS'SION, (e-mish'un,) n. [L. emis.no, from emilto, 
 to send out.] 
 
 1. The act of sending or throwing out ; as, the 
 emissioyi of light from the sun or other luminous 
 body ; the emission of odors from plants ; the emis- 
 sion of heat from a fire. 
 
 2. The act of sentling abroad, or into circulation, 
 notes of a State or of a jirivate corporation ; as, the 
 emissioti of State notes, or bills of credit, or treasury 
 notes. 
 
 3. That which is sent out or issued at one time ; 
 an impression, or a number of notes issued by one 
 act of government. We say, notes or bills of various 
 emissions were in circulation. 
 
 E.M-IS-Sl"TIOUS, (eni-is-sish'us,) a. [L. emi^ssitius.] 
 Looking, or narrowly examining ; prying. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 E-MIT', V. L [E. emilto ; e and 77iif^o, to send.] 
 
 1. To send forth ; to throw or give out ; as, fire 
 entity heat and smoke ; boiling water emits steam ; the 
 sun and moon emit light ; animal bodies emit per- 
 spirable matter; putrescent substances r7ni( ofl'ensive 
 or noxious exhalations. 
 
 2. To let fly; to di.scharge ; to dart or shoot ; as, to 
 crai( an arrow. [Unu.sual.] Prior. 
 
 3. To issue forth, as an order or decree. [Unusnal.] 
 
 Jlyliffe. 
 
 4. To issue, as notes or hills of credit ; to print, 
 and send into circulation. Tiie United States have 
 emitted treasury notes. 
 
 No Sule stiall emit bills of credit. Const. United ^7«tes. 
 E-MIT'TED, pp. Sent forth. 
 E-MIT'TING, p/ir. Sendinaout; giving out. 
 E.M-MEN'A-GOGUE, ti. [Gr. t;i/.7)iM,t, menstiuous, 
 or te, in, and /trin, month, and nj i.i, to lead.] 
 
 A medicine that promotes the menstrual discharge. 
 EM'MET, 71. [Sax. <cmet, ajnictte; G. amcisse.] 
 
 An ant or pismire. 
 EM-iMEW', V. t. [.See Mew.] To mew ; to coop up ; 
 
 to confine in a coop or cage. Shah. 
 E.M-.M(5VE', 0. e. To move; to rouse; to excite. 
 
 [JVet used.] Spenser. 
 EM-ilOVEU, pp. Moved ; excited. 
 E.M-MOV'ING, ,>/)r. Moving; exciting. 
 EM-OIi-EES'CENCE, n. [L. emollcsccns, softening. 
 See Emolliate.] 
 
 In meUiltnrgy, that degree of softness in a fusible 
 body which alters its shape ; the first or lowest de- 
 gree of fusibility. Kirienn. 
 E-MOE'I/I-aTE, I!. U [L. emollio, mollio, to solfen ; 
 tnulli.-,-, soft ; Eng. melloT, mild: Russ. miluyu, to pity ; 
 umiliai/us, to repent. See Mellow.] 
 'J'o solti'ii ; to render efleininate. 
 
 EmvUititftl l)v four ci'iituries of Roman domination, th/- Keltic 
 colmiies had lorgoHen tlieir pristine valor. I'inkerton, Cirvg. 
 
 [This is n new word, though well formed and ap- 
 plied ; but wh;it connection is there betweep soften- 
 ing and forgetting ? Lost is here the proper Word for 
 forgotten.] 
 
 E-AIOI,'Ll-A-TED, Softened ; rendered elfemi- 
 nate. 
 
 E-.MOIi'LI-A-TING, ppr. Softening ; rendering eflem- 
 inat(^ 
 
 E-M()I.'I,I-ENT, a. Softening making supple ; acting 
 as an emollient, whii li see. 
 
 Uailey is emoUiriit, Arliutlinot. 
 
 E-MOL'Iil-ENT, 71. A warm, external application, of 
 an oleaginous^ amylaceous, or mucilaginous nature, 
 which allays nritatioii, ami alleviales iiiflamiiiatory 
 soreni'ss, su-elling, and pain, anil, in the latfer case, 
 ctmtributeH either to a resolution or to suppuration. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T. — Mi5TE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. 
 
 890 
 
EMP 
 
 according to the stage at which the application is 
 
 made. Tulh/. 
 EM-0-LI"TIOV, (em-o-lish'un,) n. The act of soft- 
 
 enins or relaviiij;. Bacon. 
 E-MOIj'lJ-MKNT, 71. [Tj. emolumentum^ from cnioloi 
 
 mola, to grind. Oriirinallij, toll taken for grinding. 
 
 See Mill.] 
 
 1. The profit arising from office or employment j 
 tli:it wliicli is received as a compt;nsation for services, 
 urwhicli is annexed to the possession of oHicc, as 
 salary, fees, and perquisites. 
 
 2. Profit; advantage; gain in general ; that which 
 promotes the public or private good. 
 
 K-M()I,-IJ-ME.\T'AL, a. Producing profit ; nseful ; 
 pn ru:iliie ; advantageons. ' Erclijn. 
 
 y.-MCtSt'i^'l", for Among, in Spenser, is a mistake. 
 
 E-Mci'TK )N, n. [Fr., from L. cmotio ; emovco, to move 
 from : It. emozione.] 
 
 I. Literallii, a moving of the mind or sonl ; hence, 
 any agitation of mind or excitement of scnsihility. 
 
 !2. In a jthiltigopktcal sen.^e^ an internal motion or 
 agitation of the mind, which passes away without 
 desire ; when desire follows, the motion or agitation 
 is called a passion. Karnes's El. of Criticism. 
 
 3. Pa-tsion is the sensible ejicl, the feciini; to which 
 the mind is snbjected, when an object of imporumce 
 suddenly and imperiously demands its attention. 
 The state of absolute passiveness, in consequence 
 of any sudden percussion of mind, is of short dura- 
 tion. The strong impressitm, or vivid sensation, 
 inmu'diately produces a reaclicm correspondent to its 
 nature, either to appropriate and enjoy, or avoid and 
 repel, the exciting cause. This re.action is Very 
 properly distinguished by the term emotion. 
 
 Kinotwiu^ therefore, according to the genuine sig- 
 nification of the word, are principally and primarily 
 applicable to the sensible cha)igts and visible erterts 
 which particular passions produce on the frame, in 
 conse(|iience of this reaction, or |>articular agitation 
 of mind. Co^an on the Passions. 
 
 E-.Mo' rii).\-.\L, a. Pertainiog to emotion. 
 
 E-.Mo'TIVE, a. Attended or characterized by emo- 
 tion. Mickintos/i. 
 
 EM-P.UR'j r. e. To impair. [Ohs.] [See Impair.] 
 
 E.M-PaLE', B. e. [Pun. cmpalar : iil. : It. impalare : 
 Ft. empairr: en, in, and L. palas, ll. and Sp. palo, a 
 stake, a pale.] 
 
 1. To fence or fortify with stakes ; to set a line of 
 stakes or posts for defease. 
 
 Alt til It dwell ne.AT ciieiiii'*a tf/7i;)af< vilU^s, to save themwivca 
 rruiii nuriirisc. Kalegk. 
 
 [We now use stockade in a like sense.] 
 
 2. To inclose ; to surround. 
 Roiiiiil alioiu her work she ilul emjnje, 
 
 With a f.iir UtrUer wrviiijht oisumlr^r Howen. Sptnter. 
 
 3. To inclose ; to sinjt in. 
 
 Iiupt-iietrible, empaled with circlin* fire. ^riUon. 
 
 4. To thrust a stake up the fund.ament, and thus 
 put to death ; to put to death by fixing on a stake ; a 
 punishment formerly practiced in Kouie, and still 
 used in Turkey. .iddison. Ennie. 
 
 E.M-P.\L'ED,p/). or a. Fenced orfortilied with stakes ; 
 inclosed ; shut in ; fixed on a stake. 
 
 EM-PaI.E'.ME\T, n. A fencing, fortifying, or inclos- 
 ing with stakes; a putting to death by thrusting a 
 stake into the body. 
 
 2. In Axraiii/, the calyx of a plant, which surrounds 
 the other parts of fructification. 
 
 3. In heraldry, a conjunction of coats of arms, pale- 
 wise. Warton. 
 
 EM-Pi\l.'ING, ppr. Fortifying with p.ales or slakes; 
 inclosing ; putting to death on a stake. 
 
 EM-P.\.N'.\EL,, M. [¥t. panneaa ; Eng. pane, a square. 
 See Pane ancl Pan.neu) 
 
 A list of junirs ; a small piece of paper or parch- 
 ment containing the names of the jurors summoned 
 by the sheriir. It is now written Panel, which 
 
 E.M-PA.\'.\EL, r. t. See Iupannei. [see. 
 
 E.M-P.\KK', r. t. [ill and pari.] To inclo»o as with 
 a fence. Kinir. 
 
 E.M-PXR'LANCE, n. See Imparlance. 
 
 EM-P.VS.M', (em-iKi/.ni',) n. [Gr. cti-aano, to sprinkle.] 
 A jHiwder used to prevent the bad scent of the 
 body. Johnson. 
 
 E.M-PAS'SlOX, (-pash'un,) r. i. To move with pas- 
 sion; to alfecl strongly. [See Impassion.] MiUon. 
 
 E.\1-PAS'.<I(3.\.ATE, a'. Stnmgly aJfected. Spa 
 
 EM-Pf: veil'. See Impeach. 
 
 E.M-PF;l)'PLE, (em-i)£'pl,) v. L To form into a people 
 iir community. [Ltttle used.] Spenser. 
 
 KM'PEK-ESS. See Empress. 
 
 EM-PER'ISH-fTD, (-per'isht,) a. [See Perish.] De- 
 I cnyeil. [^Vu( i/i itsc] SpeAscr. 
 (| EM'Pr.R-OR, n, [Pr. empereur; Sp. emperaJur: It. 
 II iniprrailore ; U impfra/or, from impero, lo Command, 
 J I W. peri, to command, to cause.] 
 1] /.iternlhj, the Commander of an army. In modem 
 1 1 (iiBM, the sovereign or supreme monarch of an em- 
 j pire ; a title of dignity superior to that of king ; as, 
 the emperor of Germany or of Russia. 
 EMTKR-Y, II. Empire. [Obs.] Shak. 
 E.M'PIIA-SIS, n. [Gr. t^iJ.itk: rp and 0a(7it.] 
 
 1 . I n rheiorie, a particular stress of utterance, or force 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EMP 
 
 of voice, given to the words or parts of a discourse, 
 whose sigiiificatitm the speaker intends to impress 
 specially upon his audience ; or a ilistiiietive utter- 
 ance of wortis, specially significant, with a degree 
 and kind of stress suiteil to convey their meaning in 
 the best manner. Encijc. E. Porter. 
 
 The province of ernphnsit i» to much nion' iinpurtiinl th^ii 
 ncO'iit, that tlie cu»ti>in;iry i"at of the hitler is ch.iiijfetl, 
 when the citiiiils of tmphasit n-tjuitx- it. £. Porter, 
 
 2. In a wider sen.ie,n peculiar impressivcness of ex- 
 pressitm or weight of thought ; ils, to dwell on a sub- 
 ject with great empha.'iis. 
 
 E.M'PIIA-SI/E, V. t. To utter or pronounce with a 
 particular or more forcible stress of voice ; .as, to fm- 
 phaiize a word, for the purpose of rendering the 
 sense more distinct or impressive than other words 
 in the sentence. 
 
 E.M'PII A-SIZ-f.n, pp. or a. Uttered with force. 
 
 EM'PII \-Sr/.-l.\G, ppr. Uttering with emphasis. 
 
 EM-Pll.VT'IC, la. Forcible ; strong ; impressive ; 
 
 E.M-PIIAT'1C-.\L, i as, an emphatic voice, tone, or 
 pronunciation ; emphntical rea.soning. 
 
 2. Reipiiring t*nipliasis ; as, an eoiphatical word. 
 
 3. I'llereil with emphasis. We remonstrated in 
 emphatical terms. 
 
 A. Striking to the eye ; vis, emphatic cidors. Bmile. 
 E.M-PIIAT'ie-AI,-I,Y, nJr. With emphasis; strong- 
 ly ; forcibly ; in a striking manner. 
 2. .According to appi'arancc. [A'ot lued."] Brown, 
 E.M-PIIV-sn'JlA, «. [Gr. c/i^vui/p i, from cpilivaaoj, 
 to iiifiate.] 
 
 In medicine, elastic and sonorous distention of the 
 body or its members, frimi air accumulated in natunil 
 cavities. Good. 
 E.M PIIY-SEM'.VTOUS, a Pertaining to eiii|)liy- 
 seiiia ; swtdled, bloated, but yielding easily to pres- 
 sure. 
 
 E.M-PllY-TEO'Tie, o. [Gr. cp, cv, and ijtvTcvais, a 
 
 planting, ^nr.'vi.i, to plant.] 
 Taken on hire : that for which rent is to be paid ; 
 
 as, empfnjtratic lands ; derivetl from cmpht/teu.-tis, a 
 
 kind of renting of ground under the civil law, resem- 
 
 blilli; irroond rent. , Bouvier. Blackstone. 
 
 EM-PI r.IlCE', e. t. [em, in, and picrcf.J To pierce 
 
 intt» ; tti penetrate. [JSTot used.] Spenser. 
 E.M-I'IGIIT', (eiii-pite',) a. [from pight, to fix.] 
 
 Fixed; f;istened ; placed. [OL-.J Spenser. 
 EM'PIIIE, n. [Fr., from L. imperium ; Sp. and It. im- 
 
 perio. See Emperor.] 
 
 1. Supreme power in governing; supreme doniin- 
 itm ; sovereignty ; imperial power. No nation can 
 rightfully claim the empire of the ocean. 
 
 2. The territory, region, or countries, under the jn- 
 risdictitm anil dniniiiion of an emperor. An empire 
 is usually a territory of greater extent than a king- 
 dom, which may be, and often is, a territory of small 
 extent. 'I'lius we say, the Russian empire: the .Aus- 
 trian empire ; the sovereigns tif which are dentunin.a- 
 tetl emperors. The British tlominioiis are calleil an 
 empire; and, since the iiuitin of Ireland, the [Kirlia- 
 ment is denominated the imperial parliament, but the 
 sovereign is called king. Ily custom, in Europe, the 
 empire means the German empire; and in juridical 
 acts it is calleil the hidtj Rmnan empire. Hence we 
 say, the dirt of the empire; the circles of the empire ; 
 &c. But the German empire no longer exists ; the 
 slates of (termany now form a conlederacy. 
 
 3. Supreme cimtrol ; governing induence; rule; 
 sway ; as, the empire of re.xsttn, or of truth. 
 
 4. Any region, land orwatcr, over which dominion 
 is extended ; as, the empire of tile sea. Shak. 
 
 EM'PIR-ie or EM PIK ie, a. [Gr. cprreipiKOf ; ev 
 and TTfi/irt'.', to attempt ; L. empiricns ; Fr. einpiriqite ; 
 Sp. and It. empirieo. See Peril and Pikate.] 
 
 /jterallij, one who makes experiments. Ilcnce its 
 appropriate signification is, a physician who enters 
 on practice without a regiihtr professional education, 
 and relies on the success of his own experience 
 Hence the word is used also for a quack, an ittnorant 
 pretender to medical skill, a charlatan. Encijc. 
 
 EM-PlR'ie, (a. Pertaining to experiments or ex- 
 
 EM-PIR'ie-AL, I perience. 
 
 2. Versed in experiments ; as, an empiric alchy- 
 mist. 
 
 3. Known only by experience ; derived from ex- 
 periment ; used and applied without science ; as, em- 
 piric skill ; empiric remedies. Drydea. 
 
 I h.ive (ivoijnl ih^t emjiiriait morality Ihal ctire* otie vice by 
 lne;\r» of another. Rambler . 
 
 E.M-PIR'IC-AI^LY, adv. By experiment ; according 
 to exjierience ; without science ; in the manner of 
 quarks. Brown. 
 EM-PIR'I-CISM, n. Dependence of a physician on 
 his experience in practice, without the aid of a regu- 
 lar medical ediicalitm. 
 
 2. 'I'he practice of medicine without a medical ed- 
 ucation. Hence, quackery ; the pretensions of an 
 ignorant man to medical skill. 
 
 ShuiMer to Jettroy life, either by the iiivked kniic, or by the 
 ■unrr tuHl lafcr medium of mpiricitm. DwighU 
 
 EM-PI.JCE'ME.\T, n. [Fr.] Place ; ground. 
 EM-PLXS'TER. n. [Gr. ip-:\aarooi; a plaster. See 
 Plaster, which is now used.] 
 
 EMP 
 
 E.M-PLXS'TER, v. U To cover with a pla.«ler. 
 
 Mortimer, 
 
 EM-PLXS'TER-KD, pp. Covered with plaster. 
 EM-PLXS'TER-IM;, ppr. Covering with plaster. 
 E.M-PLAS'IMC, a. [Gr. t,.irAa<rrii(»t. See Plaster, 
 Plastic] 
 
 Viscous ; glutinous ; adhesive ; fit to be applied as 
 a plaster; as, emptiistic applications. Arbuthnot. 
 E.M-PLF;.M)', p. (. [cm and plead.] To charge with a 
 crime; to accuse. But it is now written Implead, 
 whirh see. 
 
 EM-PI.F.C'TION, 71. [Gr. tpTAwoe.] 
 
 In ancient architecture, a method of constructing i 
 
 walls with wrought stones in front, and with rough 
 
 stones in the interior. Elmes. Br,andr. 
 
 E.M-Pl.OY', r. fc [Ft. employer ; Arm inipliirra or on- ' 
 
 pligein ; Sp. empliar ; Port, emprrirnr; \i. impietrare ; 
 
 em, or en, and player, plier ; W. juii'ru ; L. ptico ; Gr. 
 
 rtXcKin ; I), pleei^en. See Applt, i>i»pLAr, Deplot.] 
 
 1. To occupy the lime, attention, and labor of; to 
 keep busy, or at work ; to use. VVc emphry our -liands 
 in labor ; we employ our heads or faciiltitis in study 
 or thought ; the attention is employed, when the mind 
 is fixed or occupied uptin an object ; we employ time, 
 when we devote it to an object. A |xirtion of lime 
 should be daily employed in reading the Scriptures, 
 metlilation, anil prayer; a gre:it portion tif life is cm- 
 ployed to little prtifit or to very bad pur[H)ses. 
 
 2. To use as an instriinieiit or means. We employ 
 pens in writing, and arithmetic in keeping accounts. 
 We employ medicines in curing di.seases. 
 
 3. To use as materials in foniiing any thing. Wc 
 employ titiiber, stones, or bricks, in liuilding ; we em- 
 ploy wotd. linen, and cotton, in making chith. 
 
 4. To engage in one's service ; lo u.se as an agent 
 or substitute in transacting business ; to commission 
 and intrust with the management of one's atfairs. 
 The president employed an envoy lo negotiate a trea- 
 ty. Kings and states employ embassadors at foreign 
 courts. 
 
 5. To occupy ; to use ; to apply or devote to an ob- 
 ject ; to pass ill business ; as, to employ time ; lo rm- 
 ploy an hour, a day, or a week ; to employ one's life. 
 
 To employ one''s self, is to apply or devote one's time 
 and attiMition ; t(» busy one's self. 
 E.M-PLOV', 71. That which engages the mind, or oc- 
 cupies the time and Labor of a person ; business ; ob- 
 ject of study or industry ; employment. 
 
 Pr>8"iit to gritsp, (IM-I f.ittir^ still to find, 
 The whole employ of hotly .tnd of miud. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Occupation ; as art, mystery, trade, profession. 
 
 3. Public ottice ; agency ; service for another. 
 EM-PLOV'.A-BLE, n. Th;it may be employed ; capa- 
 ble of being used ; fit or proper for use. Boi/le, 
 
 E.M PLOV-E', (ein-ploy-i',) n. [Fr.] One who is 
 employed. 
 
 E.M-PLOY'ED, jTp. Occupied ; fixed or engaged ; ap- 
 plied in business ; used in agency. 
 
 E.M-PLOY'ER, n. One who employs ; one who uses ; 
 one who engages or keeps in ser^'ice. 
 
 E.M-PLOY'IXG, ppr. Occupying ; using ; keeping 
 biisv. 
 
 E.M-PLOV'ME\T, n. The act of employing or using. 
 
 2. Occupation ; business ; thai which engages the 
 head or hands ; as, agricultural employments : me- 
 chanical employments. .Men, whose employment is lo 
 make sport and amusement for others, are always 
 despised. 
 
 3. Office ; public business or trust; agency or ser- 
 vice for another or for the public. The secretar>- of 
 the treasury has a laborious anil responsible employ- 
 ment. Me is in the employment of government. 
 
 EM-PLUNGE'. St!e Pll sge. 
 
 E.M-POIS'ON, (poiz'n,) v, t. [Fr. empoisonner. See 
 Poison.] 
 
 1. To poison ; to administer poison lo ; to destroy 
 or endanger life by giving or causing to be taken into 
 the stomach any noxious drug or preparation. 
 
 Sidney, Bacon, 
 [la this sense. Poison is generally used : but Empois- 
 on may be used, especially in poetry.] 
 
 2. To taint with poison or venom : to render nox- 
 ious or deleterious by an admixture of poisonous sub- 
 stance. 
 
 ["Phis may be used, especially in poetry,] 
 
 3. To iinbitler ; to deprive of sweetness ; as, to 
 empoison the joys and pleasures of life. 
 
 EM-POIS'0.\-£ll, (-poi/.'nd,) pp. or a. Poisoned ; taint- 
 ed with venom ; inibittered. 
 
 E.M-POIS'ON-ER, 71. One who poisons ; one who 
 ailminiiters a deleterious drug; he or tlmt which im- 
 bitters. 
 
 EM-POIS'ON-I.\"G, ppr. Poisoning; imbittering. 
 E.M-POIS'0\-MEXT, n. 'Jhc act of administering 
 
 poison or causing it to be taken ; the act of destroying 
 
 life by a deleterious drug. 
 E.M-PO-RET'ie, a. Used in m.irket. 
 E.M-Po'RI-U.M, n. [L., from the Gr. tpnufiot, from 
 
 tpTopcvopai, to buy ; tv and Tropivopai, lo pass or go, 
 
 Sax. ^ran.] 
 
 1. A place of merchandise ; a town or city of trade ; 
 particularly, a city or town of extensive commerce, 
 or in which the commerce of an extensive country 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 391 
 
EMP 
 
 EMU 
 
 EN A 
 
 ceiiti rs, or to which sellers and buyers resort from 
 diftl reiit countries. Such are London, Amsterdam, 
 and Hamburg, New York will be an emjiorium, 
 2. In medicine, the common sensory in the brain. 
 EM-POV'ER-ItfH. See Impoverish. [Coze. 
 EM-PO WEIl, «. f. [from ch, or in, and pmorr.] 
 
 I. To give legal or moral power or authority to ; to 
 authorize, either by law, commission, letter of attor- 
 ney, natural right, or by verbal license. The Supreme 
 Court is empowered to tty and decide all cases, civil 
 or criminal. The attorney is empowered to sign an 
 acquittance, and discharge the debtor. 
 9. To give phj'sical power or force ; to enable. 
 [hi t/iis sense, not freqiunthj used, and perhaps not 
 used at aU.\ 
 
 EM-I'OW'Ell-ED, pp. Authorized; having legal or 
 mur.'il right. 
 
 E.M-PUW'ER IXG, fpr. Authorizing; giving power. 
 EM'PKE.SS, «. [Contracted from empcress. See Em- 
 
 PEKOB.] 
 
 1. The consort or spouse of an emperor. 
 
 2. A f nuile who governs an empire ; a female in- 
 vested with imperial power or sovereignty. 
 
 E.M-PKISE', 7i. [Norm.: em, ere, and prise, from 
 dre, to take; the same as Enterpkise.] 
 
 An uudert iking ; an enterprise. Spenser. Pope. 
 [A^ow rurclif or nerer used, except in poetry.] 
 EMP'TI-£U, pp. Poured out ; exhausted of its con- 
 tents. 
 
 EMP'TI-ER, n. One that empties or exhausts. 
 
 E.MP'TI-NESS, 71. [from empti/.] A state of being 
 empty ; a state of containing notliing except air; des- 
 titution ; absence of matter ; as, the emptiness of a 
 vessel. 
 
 2. Void space; vacuity; vacuum. Dryden. 
 
 3. Want of solidity or substance ; as, the empdree^s 
 of light and shade. Dryden. 
 
 4. Unsatisfactoriness ; inability to satisfy desire ; 
 as, the emptiness of earthly things. 
 
 5. Vacuity of head ; want of intellect or knowl- 
 edge. Pope. 
 
 EMP'TION,n. [L. emptio, from crao, to buy.] 
 
 The act of buying ; a purchasing. [JVbi much 
 
 iwe//.] Arbnthnot. 
 E.MP'TV, a. [Sax. trmli^ or (tmti, from amtian, to he 
 
 idle, to be vacant, to evacuate, <cnita, ease, leisure, 
 
 quiet.] 
 
 1. Containing nothing, or nothing but air ; as, an 
 empty chest ; empty space ; an empty purse is a serious 
 evil. 
 
 2. Evacuated ; not filled ; as, empty shackles. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 3. Unfurnished ; as, an empty room. 
 
 4. Void ; devoid. 
 
 la civility, thou Gceinesl so empty. SJiak. 
 
 5. Void ; destitute of solid matter ; as, empty air. 
 
 6. Destitute of force or effect ; as, empty words. 
 
 7. Unsubstantial ; unsatisfactory ; not able to fill 
 the mind or the desires. The pleasures of life are 
 ernpty and unsatisfying. 
 
 l*le;ised with empty praise. Pope. 
 
 8. Not supplied ; having nothing to carry. 
 Thi^5 boat liim, and sent liim away emjily. — Mark xii. 
 
 9. Hungry. 
 
 My fiUfxjn now is sSarp and p;issing empty. Shak. 
 
 10. Unfurnished with intellect or knowledge ; va- 
 cant of head ; ignorant ; as, an empty coxcomb. 
 
 11. Unfruitful ; producing nothing. 
 Ii*ra'?l i* uii empty vine. — Ilosea x. 
 
 S«:vcn empl'j eani billed with tlic east wind. — ticn. xVi. 
 
 12. Wanting substance ; wanting solidity ; as, 
 empty dreams. 
 
 13. Destitute ; waste ; desolate. 
 
 Nint^veh is «mpty. — Nali. ii. 
 
 14. Without effect. 
 
 Tlic liword of Saul relumed not empty. — 2 Sam. 1. 
 
 1. '). Without a cargo ; in ballast ; as, the ship re- 
 turned empty. 
 
 EMP'TV, V. t. To exhaust ; to make void or desti- 
 tute ; to deprive of the contents ; as, to empty a 
 vessel ; to empty a well or a cistern. 
 
 2. To pour out the contents; as, rivers empti/ them- 
 selves into the ocean. 
 
 The ctwidfl empty Uirmiirlvcs on the earth. — Ecclea. xl. 
 
 3. To waste ; to make desolate. Jcr. Ii. 
 EMP'TY, J,', i. To pour out or discharge its contents. 
 
 The Connecticut empties into the Sound. 
 2. To bertmii' empty. 
 
 EMP'TY-lir,\l)'r.l), ( iK^d-) a. Having few ideas. 
 
 E.MP'TY-IIKXltT'EI), o. Destitute of feeling and 
 nttarliincnt. S/tak. 
 
 E.MP'TV-I.N'G, p/)r. Pouring out the contents ; mak- 
 ing Void. 
 
 E.MP'T V-I.\f;, 71. The act of making empty. Shak. 
 EmptyinjTH, pi. ; tile IccH of beer, cider, &<■. ; yeast. 
 
 Jinierica. 
 
 EM-PITU'PI.E, r. t. [from piirpie.l To tingo or dye 
 of a purple color ; to dixcolur with purple. 
 
 The deep empurpled ran. PtiUipt, 
 EM-PUR'PL£D, pp. or a. Stained with a purple color. 
 
 E.M-PUR'PIJNG, ppr. Tinging or dyeing of a purjile 
 colitr. 
 
 EM-PuSE',7i. _[Gr. eniritxTd.] 
 
 A phantom 'or specter. [M'ot used.] Bp. Taylor. 
 EM-PUZ'ZI,E. See Puzzle. 
 
 E.M-PY-ic'.MA, 7t. [Gr.] A collection of purulent mat- 
 ter in the cavity of the pleura. 
 
 EM-PYR'E-AL, a. [Ft. empyrce ; Sp. It. empiVeo ; L. 
 empyrtpns ; from Gr. epr:ho,i^; ev and ttiio, fire.] 
 
 1. Formed of pure fire or light; refined beyond 
 aerial substance ; pertainingto the highest and purest 
 region of heaven. 
 
 Go, Boar witli Plato to llie empyreal splicre. Pope. 
 
 2. Pure ; vital ; dephlogisticated ; an epithet given 
 to oxygen gas. 
 
 E.M-PV-RR'AN, a. Empyreal. Menside. 
 EM-PY-KE'AN, It. [See Empyreal.] The highest 
 heaven, where the pure element of fire has been 
 supposed to subsist. 
 
 The empyrean run^ 
 Witli halld.ijahs. liTaton. 
 
 E.M-PY-REu'.MA,7!. [Gr., from ev and irvo, fire.] 
 
 In chetnistry, burnt smell ; the odor of animal or 
 vegetable substances when slightly burnt in close 
 vessels. Ure. 
 
 EiM-PY-REU-MAT'ie, \ a. A term denoting the 
 
 EM-PY-REU-JIAT'ie-AL, ( taste or smell of slight- 
 ly burnt animal or vegetable substances. 
 
 E.M-PYR'IC-AL, a. Containing the combustible prin- 
 ciple of coal. Kirwan. 
 
 EM-l'Y-RO'SIS, n. [Gr. cpnr-nnoi, to burn.] 
 
 A general fire ; a conflagration. [Little used.] 
 
 EM'RODS. .See Emerods. [Hale. 
 
 E'MU, 71. This name properly belongs to the New 
 Holland cassowary, which is allied to the ostrich and 
 cassowary, but has been erroneously applied by the 
 Brazilians to the rhea, or South American ostrich. 
 [See Emeu.] - Cuvier. 
 
 E.M'IJ-L.aTE, (em'yu-late,) v. t. [L. tamulor ; Sp. 
 emular ; It. emulare. Q.U. Gr. a/jiAA'x, strife, contest.] 
 
 1. To strive to equal or excel in qualities or ac- 
 tions ; to imitate, with a view to equal or excel ; to 
 vie with ; to rival. Learn early to emulate the good 
 and the great. Emulate the virtues and shun the 
 vices of distinguished men. 
 
 2. To be equal to. 
 
 Thy eye would emulate the diamond. Shak. 
 
 3. To imitate ; to resemble. [Unusual.] 
 Convulsion cmu/attn^ the motion of laughter. ArbuJjmot. 
 
 EM'TJ-LATE, a. Ambitious. [LiUle v.sed.] Shak. 
 
 EM'lj-LA-TED, pp. Rivaled ; nnitated. 
 
 E.M'IJ-La-TING, ppr. Rivaling; attempting to equal 
 or excel; imitating; resembling. 
 
 E.M-li-LA'TION, 71. The act of attempting to equal 
 or excel in qualities or actions ; rivalry ; desire of 
 superiority, attended with effort to attain it ; gener- 
 ally in a good sense ; or an attempt to equal or exceL 
 others in that which is praiseworthy, without the 
 desire of depressing others. Rom. xi. In a bad sense, 
 a striving to equal or do more than others to obtain 
 carnal favors or honors. Gtil. v. 
 
 2. .\n ardor kindled by the praiseworthy examples 
 of others, inciting to imitate them, or to eiiual or 
 excel them. 
 
 A nolilc emulation heats your breast. Dryden. 
 
 3. Contest ; contention ; strife ; competition ; ri- 
 valry accompanied with a desire of depressing 
 another. 
 
 Sudi factious CTnu^nrioji* shall arise. Shak. 
 EM'tJ-LA-TIVE, a. Inclined to emulation ; rivaling ; 
 
 disposed to competition. 
 EM'LI-La-TOR, 71. One who emulates; a rival; a 
 
 competitor. 
 
 EM'U-La-TRESS, 71. A female who emulates another. 
 EM'ULE, 1.. t. To emulate. [JYot used.] 
 E-MliLGE', 7'. (. To milk out. [JVot used.] 
 E-MULG'ENT, a. [L. emulgeo ; e and mulgeo, to 
 milk out.] 
 
 Milking or draining out. In anatomy, the emnhrent 
 or renal arteries are those which supply the kidneys 
 with blood, being sometimes single, somt^times 
 double. The cmulgent veins return the blood, after 
 the urine is secreted. This the ancients considered 
 as a milking or straining of the serum, whence the 
 name. Knctjc. Harris. Quincy. Parr. 
 
 E-.MIJ1,G'F,.\T, 71. An emulgent vessel. 
 
 E.M'II-LIJI'S, (em'yu-lus,) «. [L. nmulus.] 
 
 1. Desirous or eager to imitate, equal, or excel 
 another; desirous of like excellence with another; 
 with of: as, emulous of another's example or virtues. 
 
 2. Rivaling ; engaged in competition ; as, emulous 
 Carthage. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. Factious ; contentious. Shak. 
 EM'II-LOU.-^-LY, ado. With desire of equaling or 
 
 excelling another. Oranviltc. 
 E-^M)L'.'<IO.\, n. [Fr., from L. omuLius, emuijeo, to 
 milk oiit.l 
 
 A soli liquid remedy of a color and consistence 
 resembling milk ; any milk like mixture prepared by 
 uniting oil ami water, by means of another sub- 
 stance, saccharine or mucil.igiiious. Encyc. Urc. 
 
 E-.MUL'SI VE, «. Softening; milk-like. 
 
 2. Producing or yielding a milk-likesubstance , as, 
 emubtire acids. Fonrcroy. 
 E-MUNG'TO-RY, 77. [L. emunctorium, from emunctus, 
 emungo, to wipe, to cleanse.] 
 
 In anatomy, any part of the body which serves to 
 carry off excreuientitiouti matter; an excretory duct. 
 
 Kncye. Cot e. 
 The kidneys and skin are called the common 
 emunetories. Cyc. 
 EM-US-Ca'TION, 71. [L. e777ii.«or.] 
 
 A freeing from moss. [JVoi much u.ted.] Evelyn. 
 EN ; a prefix to many English words, chiefly borrowed 
 from the French. It coincides with the Latin in, 
 Gr. fi/, and some English words are written indiffer- 
 ently with en or in. For the ease of pronunciation, 
 it is changed to em, particularly before a labial, as in 
 employ, empower. 
 
 En was formerly a plural termination of nouns 
 and of verbs, as in housen, escapen. It is retained in 
 ozeit and children. It is also still used as the termi- 
 nation of some verbs, as in heark-en, from the Saxon 
 infinitive. 
 
 EN-a'BLE, v. t. [Norm, enhahler. See Able.] 
 
 1. To make able ; fo supply « ith jiower, physical 
 or moral ; to furnish with sutlicient power or ability. 
 By strength a man is enabled to work. Learning and 
 industry enable men to investigate the laws of na- 
 ture. Fortitude enables us to bear pain without mur- 
 muring. 
 
 2. To supply with means. Wealth enables men to 
 be charitable, or to live in luxury. 
 
 3. To furnish with legal ability or competency; to 
 authorize. The law enables us to dispose of our prop 
 erty by will. 
 
 4. To furnish with competent knowledge or skill, 
 and, in general, with adequate means. 
 
 EN-A'BLED, pp. Supplied with suflicient power, phys- 
 ical, moral, or legal. 
 EN-A'liLE-MENT, 7i. The act of enabling; ability. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 EN-A'BLING, ppr. Giving power to ; supplying with 
 sutiicient power, abilitj', or means ; authorizing. 
 
 EN-A€T', V. t. [en and act.] To make, as a law ; to 
 pass, as a bill, into a law ; to perform a last act of a 
 legislature to a bill, giving it validity as a law ; to 
 give legislative sanction to a bill. 
 
 ShiUl lliis bill pass to be enacted 7 T. Bi^eloio. 
 
 2. To decree ; to establish as the will of the su- 
 preme power. 
 
 3. To act ; to perform ; to effect. Spenser. 
 
 4. To represent in action. Shak. 
 EN-ACT', 7). Purpose ; determination. 
 
 EN-ACT' ED, p;7. Passed into a law ; sanctioned as a 
 
 law by legislative authority. 
 EN-ACT'L\'G, ppr. Passing into a law ; giving legis- 
 lative sanction to a bill, and establishing it as a law. 
 2. a. Giving legislative forms and sanction ; as, 
 
 the enacting clause of a bill. 
 EN-ACT'I VE, a. Having power to enact or establish 
 
 as a law. Bramhatl. 
 EN-ACT'MENT, 71. The passing of a bill into a law ; 
 
 the act of voting, decreeing, and giving validity to a 
 
 law. Goldsmith. ChrisL Obserocr. Wnlstu 
 
 EN-ACT'OR, 71. One who enacts or passes a law ; 
 
 one who decrees or establishes as a law. .^tterbury. 
 2. One who performs anv thing. [JVu( itsei/.] 
 EN-A€T'URE, 71. Purpose." [ATot in use.] Shak. 
 E-NAL'LA'.GE, (e-nal'la-jy,) 71. [Gr. ti/nAAijij, 
 
 change ; f caAXarrw, to change ; cu and .iA,\arr(,i.] 
 In syntoj', a change of words, or a substitution of 
 
 one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or 
 
 voice, of the same word, for another. 
 
 Andretos and Stoddard. Eneyr. 
 EN-AM'BIJSII, V. t. [en and a«iAii.v/i.] To hide in 
 
 ambush. 
 
 2. To ambush. Chapman. 
 
 EN-A.M'BUSH-£D,(-am'busht,) pp. Concealed in am- 
 bush, or with hostile intentitui ; ambushed. 
 
 E\-A.M'liIJSIl-ING, ppr. Concealing in ambush. 
 
 EN-A.M'El-, ». [en and Fr. email, Sp. cimalle. It. smal- 
 to, G. schmrh, from the root of melt.] 
 
 1. In nioie7-u?Uir7/, a substance imperfeitly vitrified, 
 or matter in whii h the granular appearaiice is de- 
 stroyed, and having a vitreous gloss. 
 
 In tlie arts, a substance of the nature of glass, dif- 
 fering from it by a greater degree of fusibility or 
 opacity. Eneiic. 
 
 Enamels have for their basis a pure crj stal glass or 
 frit, ground « ith a fine oxyd of le:id and tin. These, 
 baked together, are the nialter of eiiaim ls, anil llie 
 color is varied by adding othi r siib^tamcs. Owd of 
 gold gives a rwl color ; that of roppiT 11 green ; man- 
 ganese a violet; ccdiall a blue ; ami iron a line black 
 Kuryc. JVirholsnn. 
 
 2. That which is enameled ; a smooth, glossy sur- 
 face, of various rolors. resembling enamel. 
 
 3. Ill anatomy, the snioolli, hard substance which 
 covers the crown or visible part of a tooth. Cyc. 
 
 EN-AM'EL, 7'. t. To lay enamel on a metal, as on 
 gold, silver, copper, &.c. 
 
 2. To paint in enamel. Encyc. 
 
 3. To form a glossy surface like enamel. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHj>T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 S92 
 
ENC 
 
 ENC 
 
 EN-AM'F.Ij, » I. Tu pruc(ice the nrt urciiaineline. 
 A.M'KI^-AR, a. Consisling ul'ciiainci ; rcsciubliiig 
 
 riiiiini'l ; smooth \ glossy. 
 K.N'- A.M'KL-KD, pp. or a. Ovcrhiiil with onninci ; 
 
 iidorneil with uny thing rcsewMiiig enamel ; as, an 
 
 rnamflfd card. 
 K.V-A.M'KI^KR, n. One who enamels ; one whose oc- 
 
 ciipatiiin is to lay on enamels, or inlay colors. 
 J'.\ A.\1'EL-I.\(;, ppr. Laying on enamel. 
 K.N' A.M'KL-INU, n. The act or art of laying on cn- 
 
 atnt-ls. 
 
 r..\-A.M'OR, V. t. [from the Fr. amour, L. amor, love.] 
 To inllame with love ; to charm ; to captivate ; 
 Willi o/ before the person or thing ; as, to be enamurnl 
 iif a lady ; to be t-namorcd ttf hooks or science. 
 [But it is note followed by with.] 
 
 EN-A.\l-0-U.A'DO, H. One deeplv in love. Herbert. 
 
 E.\-A.M'<)Il-i;n, pp. or a. Indnnicd with love; 
 charmed ; delighted. 
 
 EN-A.M'()R-I.N*;, ppr. InHaming with love; charm- 
 ing ; captivating. 
 
 E.\-A.V-'J'l-OI"A-TllY, n. [Gr. tia. ri.-s, opposite, and 
 ruMuj, passion.] 
 
 1. An opposite passion or afTeclion. Everest. 
 
 2. The same as Allopathy ; a term used by the 
 disciples and followers of Hahnemann. 
 
 EN-AR.M'i;i), a. In hcnildry, having arms, that is, 
 horns, hoofs, ^tc, of a dilferent color from that of the 
 body. 
 
 EX-.\R-R.a'TION, n. [L. rnarro, narro, to relate.] 
 Recital ; relation ; account ; ex|i<>sition. [Little 
 used. ] 
 
 EN-.\R-TIIRO'SIS, H. [Gr. cva.Mpoj<ns; t" and a.o- 
 Upov, a joint.] 
 
 In anatomy, a ball and socket joint ; that species of 
 articulation which consists in the insertion of the 
 round end of a bone in the cup-like cavity of an- 
 other, forming a joint movable in every direction. 
 E-N.\-T.\'T10.\, «. [L.cnato.] [Quincy. 
 
 A swimming out ; escape by swimming. 
 B1-X.\TE', 0. [L. enaltts.] 
 
 Growing out. Smith. 
 E-NAtlN'TER, a</o. Lest that. [04.,-.] Spciser. 
 E-.N'.\V'I-GaTE, c. L [L. e;mt>;Vo.] 
 
 To sail out or over. 
 E-NAV'I-Ga-TEI), pp. Sailed over. 
 E-NAV'I-GA-TIi\G, w>r. Sailing over. 
 EN'-G.aGE', v. t. [from cage.] To shut up or confine 
 
 in a cage ; to coop. Shak. Donne. 
 
 .E.X-C.aG'/^D, pp. Shut up or confined in a cage. 
 E.\-eAG'I.\G, jjpr. Cooping; cniilining in a cage. 
 E.V-CA.MP', v. i. [from camp.] To pitch tents or form 
 huts, as an army ; to halt on a march, spread tents, 
 and remain fur a night or fur a longer time, as an 
 army or company. 
 
 Tlfv cnntmjKd in Elh-im. — F.x. xiil. 
 
 The' l*cviu-a shall encamp ttboal Uie Uibcmacle. — Num. i. 
 
 2. To pitch tents for the puriHjse of a siege ; to be- 
 siege. 
 
 Encamp agniiut the city and ukc iU — 2 Sam. xii. 
 
 EX-€.\.MP', t). t. To form into a camp ; to place a 
 marching army or company in a temiiorary habita- 
 tion or quarters. 
 
 E.\-€.\.M1"A"1), (en-kampt',) pp. Settled in tenU or 
 huts fur lodifing or teinponiry habitation. 
 
 E.\-e.\.Ml"I>i'G, ;>;)r. I'ltching tents or forming huts 
 fur a teinpunirv bulging or rest. 
 
 EN-CAMP'.ME.N'T, n. The act of pitching tents or 
 furmiiig huts, as an army or traveling company, fur 
 temporar)' lodging or rest. 
 
 i The place where an army or company is en- 
 camped ; a camp ; a ri'i;ul;\r order of tents or huts for 
 the acrummudalioii of an armv or troop. 
 
 EN-CA.N'K'ER, r. t. To corrode ; to canker. Shelton. 
 
 E.N'-eA.VK'ER-KD, pp. Corroded. 
 
 E.N-CA.NK'ER-I.NG, ppr. Corroding. 
 
 EN'-CaSE'. See Incase. 
 
 EN-CASII'MENT, n. The payment in cash of a note, 
 dral\, &.C. [.^monff f^.nirlis/i bankers.] 
 
 E. \-e.\l,'S'Tie, a. [Gr. ii and KavtsriKof, caustic, 
 from Kotoi, to burn.] 
 
 Pertaining to the art of painting in heated or burnt 
 wax. 
 
 Encaustic painting ; among the. ancienL-', a kind of 
 painting in which, by heatins ur burninir in wax, the 
 colors were rendered permanent in all their original 
 splendor. It was ditferent from enameling. P. Cyc. 
 
 EX-CACS'Tie, II. The method of painting in heated 
 or biirnl wax ; encaustic painting. P. Cyc. 
 
 EX-GaVE', r. fc [from caee.] To hide in a cave or 
 recess. Sliak. 
 
 F. 'S-CXV' EO, pp. Hid in a cave. 
 E.V-C.^ V'l.NG ppr. Hiding in a rave. 
 >1V-CA:/^VT£', (iing-sint',) n. [ i'r., from cncfin,/rc ; 
 
 I en and ceindre, L. cin^o, tu gird.) 
 
 I n /orti/ication, inclusnre ; the wall or rampart which 
 siirruunds a place, sometimes composed of bastions 
 and curuiins. It is sumetinies ont>- Hanked by round 
 or sc|uarc towers, which is called a Roman wall. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 E.V-CELYTE',(^g-einV,)a. In laio, pregnant ; with 
 
 child. Blackstone. 
 E.\-CE'NI-A, n. pi. [Gr. ei juaino.] 
 
 Festivals anciently kept im the days on which 
 cities were built or churches consecrated ; and, in 
 later times, ceremonies renewed at certain periods, 
 as at Oxford, at the celebration of founders and ben- 
 efactors, 'look. 
 Ei\-CE-l'lIAI/ie, a. Belonging to the head or brain. 
 EX-C-'EPII'A-LOX, n. [Gr. cv and ȣ^.iA.,.] 
 
 The cerebrum, and sometimes the whole contents 
 of the cranium. 
 EN-CllAl'E', V. L [en and chafe ; Fr. chauffer.] 
 
 To chafe or fret ; to provoke ; to enrage ; to irri- 
 tate. [See Vhm k.] Slutk. 
 EN-CIlAr'£0, (eu-chrifl',) pp. Chafed ; irritated ; en- 
 raged. 
 
 E\-CIIaF'ING, ppr. Chafing ; fretting ; enraging. 
 EN-CHAIN', »i. ?. [Vr. enclia'iner. See Chain.] 
 
 1. To fu.sten with a chain; to bind or hold in 
 chains ; to hidd in bondage. 
 
 2. To hold fast ; to restrain ; to confine ; as, to cn- 
 cJtain the attention. 
 
 3. To link together ; to connect. Hmtell. 
 E.\-CIIaIX'K1), pp. Fastened with a chain ; held ill 
 
 bondage ; lii lil fast ; restrained ; confined. 
 
 EN-CII.Al.\'l.\G, ppr Making fast with a chain ; bind- 
 ing; holding in chains ; confining. 
 
 EN-CII.^I.N'.ME.N'T, h. The act of enchaining, or slate 
 of beinu enchained. Rich. Diet. 
 
 E\-CI1.XNT', r. <. [Vt. enchanter; en and chanter, let 
 sing ; L. incanto; m and canto, to sing. See Chant 
 and Ca.nt.] 
 
 1. To practice sorcery or witchcraft on any thing ; 
 to give eflicacy to any thing by songs of sorcery, ur 
 Ciscination. 
 
 Encltanting all dial you put iii. iihajc. 
 
 2. To subdue by charms or spells. Sidney. 
 
 3. To delight in the highest degree j to charm ; to 
 mvish with pleasure ; as, the description enchants 
 me ; we were enchanted with the music. 
 
 EN-CIIXNT'ED, p;). or o. Afi'ected by sorcery; fas- 
 cinated ; subdued by charms ; delighted beyond meas- 
 ure. 
 
 2. Inhabited or possessed by elves, witches, or other 
 imaginary mischievous spirits ; as, an cnclianted cas- 
 tle. 
 
 EN-CIIaNT'ER, ji. One who enchants; a sorcerer 
 or magician ; cme who has spirits or demons at his 
 command ; one who practices enchantment, or pre- 
 tends to perform surprising things by tlie agency uf 
 demons. 
 2. One who charms or delights. 
 Endianter^s ni^litihadc ; the popular name of the 
 Circaja I.iitetinna, an herb found in damp, sliady 
 places, in northern parts of the world. 
 
 EN-CIIXNT'ING, ppr. Alfecting with sorcery, charms, 
 or spells. 
 
 2. Delighting highly ; ravishing with delight ; 
 charming. 
 
 3. a. Charming; delighting; ravishing; as, an 
 enchanting vuice ; an enchantin*r face. 
 
 Simplicity in nianncre has an enchanting vllcct. KairieM. 
 
 EN-CIIXNT'ING-I.Y, adv. With the power of en- 
 chantment ; in a manner to delight or charm ; as, 
 the lady sings enchantinifly. 
 
 EN-CllX.NT'iME.N'T, n. The act of producing certain 
 wonderful elTecu by the invocation ur aid of demons, 
 or the agency of certain supposed spirits ; the use of 
 magic arts, s|>ells, or charms ; incantation. 
 
 The mngiciaiu of Hf^pt did BO witti tlicir enchanbnciUM. — 
 Kx. vii. 
 
 9. Irresistible influence ; overpowering influence 
 of delight. 
 
 The w.imith of f.incy — wliich holds tlic heart of a reader under 
 the •trony.'sl enchantment. Pope. 
 
 EN-CIIANT'RES.S, ii. A sorceress; a woman who 
 pretends to effect wonderful things by the aid uf de- 
 mons ; one who pretends to practice magic. Tatler. 
 
 2. A woman wlitise beauty or excellences give 
 irresistible influence. 
 
 Pruin lliiii rnfAnri/rcf* all llieiie tilt are Come. Drylen. 
 
 E.V-Cn.\ RGE', r. t. To give in charge or trust. [JVut 
 in use.] Bp. HaU. 
 
 E\-CIIXRG'Kr),PP. Intrusted with ; given in charge to. 
 
 EN-CllARO'l.NG, ppr. Intrusting with; giving in 
 charce to. 
 
 EN-CIIaSE', r. t. [Fr. enehas^er ; Sp. engastar, or 
 encaxar, from earn, a box, a chest ; Port, encasloar, 
 eneasar ; \U inaist. nare ; Vr. chassis, n Uwrnc \ Eng. 
 a ease.] 
 
 1. 1 o infix or inclose in another body, so as to be 
 held fast, but not cmicealed. John.^on. 
 
 2. Technieally, tu adorn by embossed work ; to en- 
 rich or bi nnlit'y any work in int'tal, by some design 
 or figure in low relief, as a watch case'. Encyc. 
 
 3. To ailorn by being fixed on iU 
 
 To iln.ik in lwwl» wlii^h gtittcrin; gctn enehast. Dry^en. 
 
 4. To mark by incision. Fairfax. 
 
 5. To delineate. Spenser. 
 EN-CIIaS'£I), (en-chist',) pp. Inclosed as in a frame, 
 
 or in another b«dy ; adorned with embossed work. 
 
 E.\'-CIIAS'ING, ppr. Inclosing in another body; 
 
 aduriiiiig with embossed wurk. 
 E.N-CIIAS'l.N'G, M. Thesame with Chajino, a species 
 
 of emlM»ssing. 
 
 EN-CIIkAS'ON, n. [Old Fr.] Cause; occanlon. 
 
 fobs.] Spensrr. 
 E.\-eilI-RIl)'I-ON, n. (Gr. ex and x'<", the hand.] 
 A manual ; a book tu be carried in the hand. [Aat 
 
 used.] 
 
 E.\-CllIS'ni,, V. I. To cut with a chisel. 
 
 EN-Cllia'EL-A.I), pp. Cut with a chisel. 
 
 E.\-('I1I«M;L I.NG, ;i/)r. Cuttingwitli a chisel. 
 
 EN-eilO'RI-AI,, u. [Gr. fv«w'n.,i.,a countr)'.] Popu- 
 lar or cuinmun ; applied particularly tu the most 
 abridgi'd mode of writing furmeil from the Egyptian 
 hieroulyphics, and used by the |)euple ; called, also, 
 dcmotir. 
 
 E.\-CI.N''1)ER-KI), a. Rurnt to cinders. Coekeram. 
 
 EN-CIU'CLE, (en-siir'kl,) r. £. [from circicj To In 
 close or surioiiiid with a circle or ring, or with any 
 thing ill a circular form. Luminous rings encircle 
 Saturn. 
 
 2. To go round and return to the point from which 
 inution cuinineiiced ; as, the army encircled the 
 city. 
 
 3. To come around in a circle or crowd ; as, to en- 
 circle a perst»n abt)ut. 
 
 4. To embrace ; as, to encircle one in the arms. 
 EN-CIR'eLA'l),(en-sur'kld,) pp. Surrounded with a 
 
 circle ; enc<uiip:issed ; environed ; embraced. 
 E.\-CT!l'ei.ET, H. A circle ; a ring. Sidney. 
 E.V-CI1{'CLI.\'(;, ppr. or a. Surrounded with a circle 
 
 or ring ; encomp.-vssing ; embracing. 
 E.\-ei.ASI", r. t. To clasp; to embrace. 
 E\-eLri''IC, ) a. [Gr. J) kAitivoj, inclined; tv- 
 EN-CLIT'ie-AL, i A\n <,,, to incline.] 
 
 1. Ijeaning ; inclining, or inclined. \n ^ammar, 
 an enclitic particle or word, is one which is so closely 
 united to another as to seem to be a part of it ; as, 
 que, Tjr, anil re, in virumqiie, ntnne, aliusre. 
 
 a. Tlirowing back the accent upon the foregoing 
 syllable. Harris. 
 EN-CLIT'ie, n. A word which is joined to the end 
 of another, as que in virumqiie, which may vary the 
 accent. 
 
 2. A particle or word that throws the accent or em- 
 phasis back upon the former syllable. Harris. 
 
 EN-eLlT'IG-.\L-LY, adv. In an enclitic manner; by 
 
 throwing the accent back. Walker. 
 E.N'-CLoSE'. See Inclose. 
 
 E.V ei.OUU'ED, o. [from claud.] Covered with 
 
 clouds. Spenser. 
 E.N'-CoACII', p. (. To carry in a coach. Pavies. 
 EN-CoACII'/;i), (en-kocht',) pp. Conveyed in a 
 EN-eoACiri.VG, /vjr. Carried in a coach. [co:ich. 
 EN-COF FIN, J., t. Tuput in a cortin. 
 E\-eOF'FI.\-£I), Inclosed in a coffin. Spenser. 
 E.\'-€6.M'I!ER. See Enci mi.kr. 
 
 EN-COM'UER-.MENT, n. Molestation, [^^,■t used.] 
 
 SpeiLser. 
 
 EN-CO'MI-AST, 71. [Gr. ;> »6)«iar/;s.] 
 
 One who praises another ; a panegyrist ; one who 
 
 utters (tr writ«'s coninienilations. 
 EN-eo-.MI-AST'ie, n. A panegyric. 
 E.\-eo-MI-.\.<T'ie, i a, lics'ti.wing praise ; pmis- 
 EN-eO-MI-.V'ST'ie-Ar., j Ing; commending; laii- 
 
 datur>' ; as, an i-neomiastic adilress or discourse. 
 E.\-e<J-.MI-AST'IC-.^L-LY, ailv. In an encomiastic 
 
 manner. 
 
 EN-CO'.MI-ON, II. Panegyric. FoVierby. 
 EN-Co'.MI-U.M, II.; pi. ENeoMieMs. [L., from Gr. 
 
 CyKtopI;,:] 
 
 Praise; panegyric; coinmendatinn. Men areipiitc 
 as willing tt> receive a-s tu bestow eueominms. 
 EN-eO.VI'PASS, (en-kum'p;us,) t. t [from cumpass.] 
 To encircle ; to surround; as, a r\n^ encompasses Xiit: 
 finger. 
 
 2. To environ ; to inclose ; to surround ; to shut 
 in. A besieging army encompassed the city of Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 3. To go or sail round ; as, Drake encompassed the 
 clobe. 
 
 EN-Cu.M'PASS-ED, (en-kum'past,) pp. Encircled; 
 
 surrouniled ; incltised ; shut in. 
 EN-eOM'PASS-ING, ppr. Encircling; surrounding; 
 
 confinine. 
 
 EN-CO.M'PASS-ME.VT, n, A surrounding. 
 
 2. .\ going round ; circumlocution in speaking. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 EN CORE' ; a French word, pronounced nearly dn^- 
 kHre, and signit'ying, again, once more ; used by the 
 auditors and spectators of plays and other sports, 
 when they call for a re|>etitiun of a particular part. 
 
 EN-CORE', t). t. To call for a repetition of a particu- 
 lar part of an entertainment. 
 
 E.\-eOR'KI), (ilng-kSrd',) pp. Called upon to rciieat 
 a piTt'ormaiice, as a song. Sec. 
 
 E.N-COR'I.NG, ppr. Calleil upon fur a repetition. 
 
 EN-CO C.NT'ER, n. [Fr. cncontre, ea and cmtre, L. 
 contra, ag:iinst, or rather rencontre ; Sp, encuentr^ ; 
 Von. encontro ; It incotitro.] 
 
 I. A meeting, particularly a sudden or accidental 
 meeting of two or more i>erson!". 
 
 To ■hun tlie encounter of the crowd. Popt. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € ai K ; 6 aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 50 
 
 393 
 
END 
 
 END 
 
 2. A meeting in contest ; a single combat, on a 
 sudden meeting of parties ; sometimes, less properly, 
 a duel. 
 
 3. A fight ; a conflict ; a skirmish ; a battle ; but 
 more generally, a fight between a small number of 
 men, or an accidental nieeting and fighting of de- 
 tachments, rather than a set battle or general en- 
 gagement. 
 
 4. Eager and warm conversation, either in love or 
 anger. Sliak. 
 
 5. A sudden or unexpected address or accwitiiig. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 (i. Occasion; casual incident. [Unu-tital.] Pope.. 
 EN-eOlJNT'ER, V. U [Sp. and Port, eyicontrar ; It. 
 intontrare; Ft. rencontrrr.] 
 
 1. To meet face to face ; particularly, to meet sud- 
 denly or unexpectedly. 
 
 f'I'his sense is now uncommon, but still in use.] 
 
 6. To meet in opposition, or in a hostile manner ; 
 to rush against in conflict ; to engage with in battle ; 
 as, two armies eitcounter each other. 
 
 3. To meet and strive to remove or surmount ; as, 
 to encounter obstacles, impediments, or ditiiculties. 
 
 4. To meet and oppose; to resist ; to attack and 
 attempt to confute ; as, to encounter the arguments of 
 opponents. ./Sets xvii. 18. 
 
 5. To meet as an obstacle. Which ever way the 
 infidel turns, he encounters clear evidence of the di- 
 vine origin of the Scriptures. 
 
 6. To oppose ; to oppugn. Hate 
 
 7. To meet in mutual kindness. [Little lused.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 EN-eOlT.\T'ER, ». I. To meet face to face ; to meet 
 unexpe(;tedly. [Little used.] 
 
 2. To rush together in combat ; to fight ; to con- 
 flict. 'I'hree armies encountered at Waterloo. 
 
 When applied to one party, it is sometimes fol- 
 lowed by wiUt; as, the Christian army encountered 
 Kitk the Sanicens. 
 
 3. To meet in opposition or debate. 
 EN-eoU.NT'ER-A'l), pp. Met face to face; met in 
 
 op[Hisition or hostility ; opjKJsed. 
 Ei\-eOUNT'Ell-Ell, «. One who encounters ; an 
 
 opponent ; an antagonist. Jllterbury. 
 EN-eOUNT'ER-ING, ppr. Meeting ; meeting in op- 
 
 pmsition or in battle ; opposing ; resisting. 
 E.N-COUR' ALiE, (en-kur'raje,) 0. I. [Fr. encourager; 
 
 en and courage, from anur, the heart ; It. inco- 
 
 raggiare.] 
 
 To give courage to ; to give or increase confidence 
 of success ; to inspire with courage, spirit, or 
 strength of mind ; to embolden ; to animate ; to in- 
 cite ; to inspirit. 
 
 Bui cliar^ Josliun antl encourage him. — Deul. iii. 
 
 EN-eO(JR'A-C£D, (en-kur'rajd,) pp. or a. Embold- 
 ent-d ; inspirited ; animated ; incited. 
 
 E.\-€0UR'.4ftE-.MEXT, n. The act of giving cour- 
 age, or confiilence of success ; incitement to action 
 or to practice ; incentive. We ought never to neg- 
 lect the encouragement of youth in generous deeds. 
 The praise of good men serves as an encouragenteiU 
 to virtue and heroism. 
 
 2. That which .-iervi s to incite, support, promote, or 
 advance, as favor, countenance, rewards, profit. A 
 young man attempted the practice of law, lint found 
 little encouragement. 'J'he fine arts find little eucour- 
 agentcnt among a rude people. 
 
 EN'eOIMt'A-GER, n. One who encourages, incites, 
 or stimulates to action ; one who supplies incite- 
 ments, cither by counsel, reward, or means of exe- 
 cution. 
 
 Tlic popr is a miutcr of |>oIili; learning ami a gn-'-il encourager 
 uf iiru. Adilteon. 
 
 EN-eOUR'.\-GI.\l}, -ppr. Inspirhig with hope and 
 
 confidence ; eliciting courage, 
 a. a. Eurnisliing ground to hope for success; aa, 
 
 an encouraging prospect. 
 EN-eOlJK'A-<il.\(;-LY, adv. In a manner to give 
 
 courage, or luipe of success. 
 EN CRA'DLE, v. U [en and cradle.} To lay in a 
 
 cr.'idle. Speimer. 
 E.N-t;ill M'S 0\, r. I, To cover with a crimson color. 
 E.N-CllI.M'SO.N-/;i), (en-krini'/.nd,) pp. or «. Covered 
 
 with a crimson color. 
 
 KNCKT'N'K 1"* Relating to cncrmitcs; con- 
 
 l''\ ('RIN IT- AIj ( '^'"'"S encriiiilcs, as certain 
 V\ <'KI-VIT'ic'* 1 kinds of limestone. 
 E\'CRI-M TE, 11. [Cr. c and ..iii- a lily.] 
 
 A fossil bi'loiigiim to llie asicria or star fish family. 
 It consists of numeruii..! jiiinteil arms, radiating froiii 
 around a center, in whii It Ilii- niciwtli is situated ; it 
 is HupiHirti'd on a joinli d sti iii, and in this lesjii ct 
 dillVrs from all tin: ri-ccnl astcnas. Dana. 
 E.N-t;RI.~tI"y';lJ, (en-kiispf,) a. [from cri.<p ; S|i. rn- 
 crc.-'pnr. ] 
 
 ('nrled ; funned in curls. Sl:etton. 
 E.\ CRfiAC.'M', B. i. IKr arcrnrhrr, tii catch, to grap- 
 ple, Irom croc, a Iiook,~W. rr!)g. Eng. crimk.] 
 Primanhj, to ciitrll as with a hook. Il'-nee, 
 I. To enter on th'- rights and posMrsKions of an- 
 other ; to llltriltle ; to lake poshesHliin of what lip- 
 Iung< to another, by gr.-tilual advances into lim limits 
 
 or jurisdiction, and usurping a part of his rights or 
 prerogatives ; with uii. Tlie farmer who runs a 
 fence on his neighbor's land, and incloses a piece 
 with his own, encroaches on his neighbor's projierty. 
 Men often encroach, in this manner, on the highway. 
 The sea is said to encroach on the land, when it 
 wears it away gradually ; and the land encroaches on 
 the sea, when it is extended into it by alluvion. It is 
 important to prevent one branch of government from 
 encroaching on the jurisdiction of another. 
 
 2. To creep on gradually without right. 
 
 Siiperslilion — a creeping and encroactung evil. Hooker. 
 
 3. To pass the proper bounds, and enter on an- 
 other's rights. 
 
 Exclude IJie encroaching entile from lliy ground. Dryden. 
 
 EN-CRoACU'ER, 71. One who enters on and takes 
 possession of what is not his own, by gradual steps, 
 
 SwifU 
 
 2. One who makes gradual advances beyond his 
 rights. Clarissa. 
 
 EN-CRoACH'ING, ppr. Entering on and taking pos- 
 session of what belongs to another. 
 
 EN-eRo.VCH'IN't;, a. Tending or apt to encroach. 
 
 Tlie encroaching spirit of power. Madi£on, 
 
 EN-€Ro.\CiriXG-LY, ada. By way of encroach- 
 ment. Bailey. 
 
 EN-eRO.\CH'ME.\T, n. The entering gradually on 
 the rights or possessions of another, and taking pos- 
 session ; unlawful intrusion ; advance into the terri- 
 tories or jurisdiction of another, hy silent means, or 
 without right. Milton. Jiltcrhury. Mdison. 
 
 2. That which is taken by encroaching on another. 
 
 3. In lain, if a tenant owes two shillings rent-ser- 
 vice to the lord, and the lord takes three, it is an en- 
 croachment. Cowel, 
 
 EN-eUU.'JT'. See Incrust. 
 
 E-\-€U.M'l!ER, t'. (. 'Fi. encambrer. See Incumber.! 
 
 1. To load ; to cfog ; to impede motion with a 
 load, burilen, or any thing inconvenient to the limbs : 
 to render motion or operation ditficult or laborious. 
 
 2. To embarrass ; to perplex ; to obstruct. 
 
 3. To load with debts ; as, an estate is encumbered 
 with mortgages, or with a widow's dower. 
 
 EN-eU.M'IiER-KD, pp. or a. Loaded ; impedeil in 
 motion or operation, by a burden or ditnculties ; 
 loaiied with debts. 
 
 EN-eU.M'BER-I.Nfi, ppr. Loading; clogging; ren- 
 dering motion or operation dilhcult ; loading with 
 debts. 
 
 EN-eUM'BR.\NCE, n. A load ; any thing that im- 
 pedes action, or renders it difficult and laborious ; 
 clog ; impediment. 
 
 2. Useless addition or load. 
 
 Strip from the bmncliiiiij Alps their piny load, s 
 The huge encuiitbranct of liorrilic wood. Thonieon. 
 
 3. Load or burden on an estate ; a legal claim on 
 an est.ile, for the discharge of which the estate is 
 liable. 
 
 E.\-eU.M'BRA.\C-ER, n. One who has an encum- 
 brance or a legal claim on an estjite. Kent. 
 
 E.N'-CYC'Lie AL, a. [Or. c^iti'«Xtic>s ; f- and icuitAoj, 
 a circle.] 
 
 Circular ; sent to many persons or places ; in- 
 tended for many, or for a whole order of men ; as, 
 the enafctical letter of the [lofie. Stilliugfieet. 
 E.N-CV-eLO-Pi?.'l)I-A, j II. [Gr. fi',in, KuitAds, a cir- 
 E.V-CY-eL()-P.^:'I)I-A, ! cle, and .t.iuUi.i, instruc 
 tion ; instruction in a circle, or circle of instruc- 
 tion.] 
 
 The circle of sciences ; a general system of in- 
 struction or knowledge. More particularly, a collec- 
 tion of the principal facts, principles, and discoveries, 
 in alt branches of science and the arts, digested 
 under proper titles, and arranged in alpliahitical 
 order ; as, the French Kncijclopedia ; the Encyclopedia 
 Itritaiinica. 
 
 EN-CV-ei.O-PiS'DI-AN, a. Embracing the whole 
 
 circle of learning. 
 E.\-(:?-C1.0-PElJ'ie-AL, o. Pertaining to an ency 
 
 c]o[ieilia. StncarL 
 E.\'-CV CLO-Pk'DIST, n. The compiler of an ency- 
 
 cl(i|»'ilia, or one who assists in such compilation. 
 K.\-('VST'E1), a. [from cyst.] Inclosed in a bag. 
 
 bladder, or vesicle ; as, an encysted tumor. Sharp. 
 E.\I), 11. [.Sax. end, enitr, or trade; G. ende ; D. eiud . 
 
 Sw. dnde ; Dan. en ic ; Goth, andei ; llasijin^, oniloa 
 
 Sans, anda or anta ; Per. ^\ jo\ «iif/tfii.] 
 
 1. The extreme point of a line, or of any thing 
 that has lu'ire leiigili ilian breaillh : .is, the end of a 
 house; ihr end of a table; llie iiii/iif a linger; the 
 end of a chain or rope. When bodies or figures have 
 eipial iliiiieiisioiis, or eipial length and breadth, the 
 cxtreiiiilies are railed sides. 
 
 2. The evireiiiity or last part, in general ; Iho close 
 or conclusion, applied to time. 
 
 Al llv en't ol two :iioiiih*. hUe n-tunied. — Judp-a xi. 
 
 3 The conclusion or cessution of an action. 
 
 Of Uic liicn'ti»e of Ilia ir<>VfTiini<'Mt tin re iiliifll lie no end, — Ii. 11. 
 
 1. The close or conclusion ; as, the end of a 
 chapter. 
 
 5. Ultimate state or condition ; final doom. 
 
 M;irk ilie perfect iiiun, im-.i l>-Ii<iIJ the iipriglil, for liie end ai 
 lh;tt man is peaw.*— Ps. xxxvii. 
 
 6. The point beyond which no progression can be 
 made. 
 
 Tiiey reel to and fro, and sugger lilte a druiilten roan, anil arr 
 at their ^^j^ ertd. — Ps. cvii. 
 
 7. Final determination ; conclusion of debate or 
 deliberation. 
 
 My ?uilt lie on my head, and tliere'a an end I Shak. 
 
 8. Close of life ; death ; decease. 
 
 Unhlamed througli life, lamented in tliy end. Poi>e. 
 
 9. Cessation ; period ; close of a particular state of 
 things ; as, the end of the world. 
 
 10. Limit ; termination. 
 
 There is no end of Uie stor«. — Naliuin ii. 
 
 11. Destruction. Amos viii. 
 
 The eiuZ of all flesh is come. — Ck-u. vi. 
 
 12. Cause of death ; a destroyer. 
 
 And award 
 
 Either of you to be the other's end, Shak. 
 
 13. Consetiuence ; issue ; result ; conclusive event ; 
 conclusion. 
 
 The end of these things is death. — Roin. vi. 
 
 14. A fragment or broken jiiece. 
 
 Old odd ends. Shak. 
 
 15. The ultim.ate point or thing at which one aims 
 or directs his views ; the object intentled to be 
 reached or accomplished by any action or scheme ; 
 purpose intended; scope; aim; drift; as, private 
 ends ; public ends. 
 
 Two tliinirs 1 shall propound to yon :13 ends. Suckling. 
 The end ul tlie coiiiiuaiiduieiiu is ch.irity. — 1 Tiin. i. 
 
 A right to the end, implies a right to the means 
 necessary for attaining it. Ijitr. 
 
 Hi. J3n end, for on end ; upright ; erect ; as, Jhs iiair 
 stands on end. 
 
 17. 7'/ic ends of the eartJi, in Scripture, are the re- 
 motest parts of the earth, or the inhabitants of those 
 ptirts. 
 
 END, 0. (. To finish ; to close ; to conclude ; to tt r- 
 rainate ; as, to end a controversy ; to end a war. 
 
 On tlie seventh day God eitded his worlt. — tjeii. ii. 
 
 2. To destroy ; to put to death. 
 
 Kiii^ Harry, thy sword hath ended liiin. Sliak. 
 
 END, V. i. To come to the ultimate jioint : to be fin- 
 ished ; as, a voyage ends hy the return of a ship. 
 
 2. To terminate ; to close ; to conclude. The dis- 
 course ends with impressive words. 
 
 3. To cease ; to come to a close ; as, winter ends 
 in i\larch, anil summer in September ; a good life 
 ends in peace. 
 
 E.\D'-.\LL, n. Final close. [JVo* used.] Shak. 
 EN-DA.SrAOE, 1'. t. [from damage.] To liriiig loss 
 
 or damage to; to harm; to injure; to mischief; to 
 
 prejudice. 
 
 The trial hath endamaged tliee no way. Milton, 
 So Uioii wilt endantage Uie revenue ol llie kings. — Ezra iv. 
 
 EN-DAM'A-GKD, pp. Harmed; injured. 
 E.N-U.\.M'AGE-.MENT, n. Damage; loss; injur\'. 
 
 Shal:. 
 
 EN-DAM'.'\-GING, ppr. Harming; injuring. 
 
 E.V-Da.N'GKR, r. (. [from danger.] To put in haz- 
 ard : to bring into danger or peril ; to expose to lu.ss 
 or injury. We dread any thing that endangers our 
 life, our peace, or our happiness. 
 2. To incur the hazard of. [Uniisueil.] Bacon. 
 
 EN-D.A.N"GRR-iCI), pp. Exposed to loss or injury. 
 
 EN-DA.X'GER-ING, ppr. Putting in haiuird ; ex- 
 posing to loss or injury. 
 
 E.N-IiaN'GER-ING, 11. Injurj' ; damage. Milton. 
 
 E.\-!IS.N'GI:R-ME.\T, n. Hazard ; danger. Spenser. 
 
 E.\-1)H.\R', t'. (. [from dear.] To make dear; to 
 make more beloved. The (fistress of a friend en- 
 dears him to US, by exciting our sympathy. 
 2. To raise the price. [jVot in use.] 
 
 EN-I)i"^AR'KI), pp. or n. Rendered tiear, lieUivcd, or 
 more lieloved. 
 
 E.\-I)P..\I!'KI)-NE.''S, n. State of being endeared. 
 
 EN-l)l"5.\R'ING, ppr. Ota. Making dear or mole be- 
 loved. 
 
 E.N-I)K.\R'MENT, n. The cause of love ; that whicli 
 excites or increases atli ction, particularly that which 
 excites lenilerness of all'eclion. 
 
 Her firat etutearinenu Iwinini; round the stiill. Thomson. 
 
 2. The state of lii^ng beloved ; lentler alVeclion. 
 
 South. 
 
 EN DEAVOR, (en-dev'ur,) n. [Norm, deroyer, en- 
 deavor; endercra, he ought; r/ii/ei/rciif, they ought. 
 It seems to lie lYoiii Fr. {enderoirj devoir, to owi^ or 
 he iiiileliled, and lieiice it primarily signifies duly, 
 from Ih.' seii^e of binding, pressure, urgency. 
 Hence, oUr popular phrase, I will do my endeavor. 
 In I r. dihhirce is cmlcnror.] 
 An elfort ; an essay ; an attempt ; an e.\erllo>> of 
 
 F^TE, FXU, Fy^LL, WH^T, — MiiTE, PRfiY. — PINE. MARINE, UIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQEF, BQQK.— 
 — T 
 
END 
 
 END 
 
 ENF 
 
 physical strcngtli, or the iiiteUeclual powers, toward 
 .hi" attainiiieiu ol' an object. 
 
 Tlic bold luul sullicinu iniraue lh<-ir f\mo wilh mure paMioii, 
 ciKieavoTt unit ii]}|)tiaiiiui), iiiul ther<:forc ultcii siiccvvl. 
 
 Tevtjtle. 
 
 ImiLUiuii is thp eiu/frtwar of a later poet to write like one wlio 
 
 ll;ut written belun; tiiiii im tlie suiiie subject. Drijtten. 
 Ijabor U a coiiUuued andeavor^ or li succesaiun i3( ttuleaours. 
 
 ^ Anon. 
 
 EN-»E.\V'OR, (oii-dcv'iir,) r. i. To c.wrt pliysiral 
 strength or intellectual power, for tlit! aeeoni|ili.<li- 
 meiit of an oliject ; to try ; to e.^isay ; to attempt. In 
 a race, each man emlrar.urK to oiil^trip his aiilai;iiMi~t. 
 A poet may eiiilnn-or to riviil lloiiier, but willioiit 
 success. It is followetl liy nftrr brforu a nonii ; as, 
 the Christian milrururs ufler more strict conformity 
 to the example of (.'lirist. 
 2. e. f. To attempt to gain ; to try to ctfect. 
 It is our limy to endeavor lite recovery of tliew U-nelk-ial 
 suljjfCts. Chailiain. 
 
 r;.\-l)r-AV"()K-Kl), Kssayeil ; attenipteil. 
 EN-1)1;AV'(J1M;R, «. One who makes an elTort or 
 atlem|>t. 
 
 E.N-Ur.AV'OR-INO, ppr. Making an eltbrt or etiorts ; 
 striving ; iwsaviiig i attemptiii;;. 
 
 EN-l)i;e'A-(;()N, «. rcr. , >k..>, and ; -.i i.t.] 
 A plane lifiitre of eleven siiles anil anu'les. 
 
 END'Kl), pp. Uronglit to an end ; linislied ; con- 
 cluded. 
 
 Ei\'-I)r.Te'Tie, a. [Gr. evictKWtit, to show.l 
 
 Showing ; exhibiting. An endeirtic diaiognc, in 
 the I'lalonic philosophy, ia one which exhibits a 
 Rpecilllen of skill. Kiijirld. 
 
 F\ l)l-'\rlr' \I I"' f^""' "'''V'us, and 6iiiio(, 
 
 EN-I)i^,'.\ll Al„"i 
 
 Pectiliarloa p-Mtph; or nation. An fnf//*mic disease, 
 is one to which the irihabilanis of a particular coun- 
 try are peculiarly suhjeci, mikI u Inch, for that reason, 
 nitty he stipposeil to prnceeii frimi Itn til causes, as liail 
 air or water. The t^pithet is also applied to a dis- 
 ease which prevttils in a particular season, cliieHy or 
 wholly in a particniar |ilacc. 
 
 l',.N'-l)r.Sri(;, «. .-V disease of an endemic nature. 
 
 i;.\ l)KM'ie AI.-LY, (I'/r. In an endemic manner. 
 
 E.\-l)i;\'r/.E, i;-iz,) r. I. [from ilenizni, or lis nnil.] To 
 iiiake free ; to n.itiirali/.c ; to admit to the privileges 
 of a deni/.en. [Littlr u.-ictl.] Caimteii. 
 
 E\ I)I;N'I-//;.\, (-den'e-zn,) v. L [from ilcnizcn.] 
 To tiatttrali/.e. B. Juiij^-on. 
 
 E.N'D'EK, n. One who ends or finishes. 
 
 EN l)I("r''MENT I ^''"^ I-"<DicT, Indictment. 
 E.\'1)'I.\'(J, [from end.] Terminating ; closing ; 
 
 cottclntliiig. 
 E.N'D'I.N'd, II. Termination; conclusion. 
 
 •J. In trraminar, !lie-Cerniiiiating syllabic or letter 
 EN-DITE'. See Indite. [of a word. 
 
 E.V'DIVE, »i. [Fr. endive; It. endivia ; bp. cndibia ; 
 
 h. intijbiim ; Ar. i_»^^JL^ hindabon,] 
 
 A phiiit, a species ttf the genus Ciclioriiiin or suc- 
 cory ; used a.s a stilatl. 
 E.\I)'l,ESrt,/i. [See End.] Without end ; having no 
 end or conclusion ; applieil to length, and to dtira- 
 linii i as, an rn///ft»s line ; ciuIUjis progression ; eutitr^tt 
 duration ; eiidlcM bliss. 
 
 2. In a .<«rirt .iniic, perpetually recurring; 
 
 seemingly witlioiil end ; incessant ; cimtiiiiial ; its, 
 c/ii//r,-iy praise ; endtr.^.-< claiiiiir. 
 
 The endlr.-fn .-icrno consists of a screw combined 
 with a wheel and axle, so that the threads of tin- 
 screw Work into tin: teeth fixed on the peripln ry of 
 the wheel. lirnnitp. 
 ENI)'LE.'*.'<-I.Y, nrfr. Without end or termination; 
 as, to extenti a line eniUe.sslij. 
 a. Incessantly ; iierpetiially ; continually. 
 END'I.ESS-.VESrf, ii. Exleiisiim wilhonl end or 
 2. PeriH'tiiity ; endless diiriitioii. [limit. 
 KN'D'LO.Nfi, ik/c. In a line ; with the end forward. 
 
 [l.illlr iLiril.] Dnjdcn. 
 E.ND'MoST, n. Furthest; remotest. 
 EN'Do exIlP, II. [«;r. .'ili.i' and it.iriroc.J 
 In bntttinj^ the inner cttat or shell of a Iriiit. 
 
 Lindlnj. 
 
 E\-I)Oe'TRl\E, V. L To teach; to indoctrinate. 
 
 (See tin: littler word.] Dunne. 
 EN'nO-0E\, n. An endogenous plant. 
 E.\-l)Oi5'E-NOlIS, ,1. [(ir. f and ,jm ,i'...] 
 I An epithet given to lhat class of plants whose 
 stems increase by internal growth, without distinc- 
 tion of pith, wood, and hark. Such are the date, 
 palm, Hiit-ar-cane, &.c. DrCand. 
 E.\ DOPll'YL-LOUS, o. [Gr. ti^o^, within, luid 0t.A- 
 A e, leaf.] 
 I Involved in a leaf or sheath, 
 i E.V-l)t)-l'LEO'KA, n. [Gr. .n^ .f and irXf.ioi.] 
 I In huian^, a membrane for the seed of a plant, the 
 , inn rinosi when there are three, 
 [j E.\'l)0-RHT-7.,», B. p/. [Gr. ri ilo^ and piCrt.] 
 
 In biiiany, plants whose radicle elongates down- 
 ward after rupturing llie integument of Ihc ba-se. 
 
 EN'I)0-R1IT-7.0IJS, j a. IVrtaiiiing to the endo- 
 E.N'DO KIIT-Z.VE, j rhi/.a;. LmUlcij. 
 E.\-l)OK.':|'.', /a I I 
 
 FN DOIl.^F'MFNT \ Inuobsk, Inouhskmlnt. 
 
 EN'DOS-.MoSE, K. [Gr. tv&av and wapci, impul- 
 sion.] 
 
 The transmission of pascniis matter or vapors 
 through membranes or porous substances inward. 
 
 Brando, 
 
 EN-DOSS', V. t. [Fr. rndo.-:irr.] 
 
 To engrave or carve. Spcn.ier, 
 EN'DOS-'l'O.ME, H. [Gr. ti'i5'.i' and oro/in.] 
 
 The passage tliri>iigli the inner iiilegiiinent of a 
 seed, itiimediately below the ptirt called the fora- 
 men. 
 
 EN-DOW', V. t. [Norm, endoner ; Fr. doner. Cln. 
 from L. i/i»\, dolo^ or a ihirereiil ('ellic root, for in Ir. 
 dwbhndlt is dninrr. Tin; sense is to set or put on.] 
 
 1. To fiirnisli wilh a portion of gotnls or eslatCp 
 called dower ; to settle it dower on, as on a married 
 woman or widow. 
 
 A wi(- is Ijy liiw eiilitled to lie endowed of all lands anil Iriie- 
 inenli«, ol wliicli Iter litisliaiiil wai seiiu-d in |ei--Mtnple or 
 fee-Uiil ilurin^ the coverture. tilnckvujne, 
 
 2. 'I'o settle on, as a permanent provision ; to fur- 
 nish with a permanent fund of property ; as, to en- 
 d'lw ii church ; to endow a ctillege with a t'lind to sup- 
 port a [irofessor. 
 
 3. To enrich or furnish with any girt, cjiiality, or 
 faciihy ; to indue ; man is endowed by his Maker with 
 reastui. 
 
 EN I)0W'/;D, (en doiid',) Furnished with a por- 
 tion of olale ; having ilnwer setiied on ; supplied 
 with a permanent fiiiiil ; inilueil. 
 
 E.N-DOW'ER, 0. U To endow ; to enrich with a |ior- 
 tion. IVatcrkon.te. 
 
 EN-D<^W'ER, ». One who enriches with a portion. 
 
 EN D( )\V'l .NG, ;i/ir. Sellliitg :t dower on ; furnishing 
 with a permani'iit fund ; induing. 
 
 E.N-Dn\V'.\li;NT, n. The art of settling dower on a 
 woman, or of settling a fund or permanent pnivisiiui 
 for the support of a parsiui, or vicar, or of a profes- 
 sor, dr. 
 
 2. That which is liestoweil or settled on ; property, 
 fund, or revenue, perinaiieiilly appropriated to any 
 ohjeci ; ;is, the endowments of a church, of a hospital, 
 or'of a college. 
 
 ;3. That which is given or bestowed on the person 
 or mind by Ihi; Creator; gilt of nature; any iptalily 
 or faculty bestoweti hy the Cretttor. Nttttintl activity 
 of limbs is an endowment of the hiidy ; nattinil vigor 
 of intellect is an endowment of tin: mind. Cli.'tthani 
 and liiirke, in Great liritaiii, and Jay, Ellsworth, and 
 Haiitiltiui, in Americti, po.ssessed uncouiiiioii endow- 
 ment of inind. 
 
 EN-DUUDGE', (cn-druj',) r. (. To make a drudge or 
 slave. [jVol u.^ed. ] Hall. 
 
 EN-DOE', 1). t. [Fr. end aire ; L. indua.] 
 To indue, which see. 
 
 EN-Df'E'MENT. See Indi'ement. 
 
 E.N Dl" K'.\ HI.E, II. That can be borne or snlTered. 
 
 E.N-DC'R' A-HI.V, ndv. In an enduring manner. 
 
 E.V-DOK' ANCE, n. [See Enol iie.] Continuance ; a 
 slate of histing or duration ; lastingness. Spen.^er, 
 
 2. A hearing or siilfering ; a ctuiliiiuing under pain 
 or distress without resist;iiice, or without sinking or 
 yielding to the pressure ; siilleraiice ; patience. 
 
 Their fortitude was mudt ailinirahle in their pre^-iice and 
 endurance of all eviU, of p,un and uf de.ath. Temple. 
 
 3. Delay ; a waiting for. [Aut used.] Shnk. 
 EN-Df'KE', V. i. [Fr.endnrer; cn ami i/iircr, to last, 
 
 from i/iir, Ij. i/«riM, dnro ; Sp. endnrar. The prinniry 
 sense of durns, hard, is, set, fixed. See DeRAitLB.] 
 I. To last; to continue in the same state without 
 perishing ; to remain ; to abitle. 
 
 Tin- I .onl shall endure forever. — I*s. ix. 
 
 2. To bear ; to brook ; to siiirer without resistance, 
 or without yiehting. 
 
 How c-iu I endure to see the evil that shall come to niy pco- 
 
 pl- f — l-jlli.-r v,ii. 
 Can tliy heart en/ture, or thy hands Ih' strong ^ — Kzck. xxii. 
 
 E.\-l>rRE', r. t. To bear; to sustain; to support 
 without breaking or yielding to force or presstin;. 
 •Metals endure a certain degree of beat without 
 melting. 
 
 B.'ih were of shining steel, und wrought so pun;, 
 
 As nii^it tlie sUoktra of two such anits endure. Oryden. 
 
 2. To betir with patience ; to bear without opitosi- 
 tion or sinking under the pressure. 
 
 'Ilieretiire 1 endure all things for the elect's sake. — 2 Tim. ii. 
 If re endure cliasteitinir, Gud dcalfftjl witli you as with sons. — 
 Ileb. iti. 
 
 3. To unilergo ; to sustain. 
 
 I wish to die, yet iIatq not death endure. /Jryden. 
 
 4. To continue in. [A'ot ii.«r</.] Brown. 
 EN-DrR'/."D, />,>. Itorni; ; suirereti ; sustained. 
 EN-DCR'ICR, n. Oru' who bears, suffers, or sustains. 
 
 2. lie or lhat which continues long. 
 E.V-Dr'K'I.Nt;, n. Act of enduring ; a sustaining. 
 E.N-DC'K'I.NG, ppr. Lxsting ; continuing without per- 
 
 ishing , hearing ; sustAining ; supixirting with (nt- 
 tience, or without op|)osition or yielding. 
 2. (I. Easting huig; permanent. 
 E.ND'WISE, ado. On the end ; erectly; in an upright 
 posititm. 
 2. With the end forward. 
 EN'E-CATE, r. L [L. eneco.] 
 
 To kill. [JVot ill u^e.] Harvey. 
 E-Nk'II), 71. [L. ^neU.] 
 
 A heroic poem, written by Virgil, in which yEneas 
 is the hero. 
 
 E-Nic'.M.\, n. [Gr.] An injection, usually liipiid, but 
 
 sometimes gaseous, thrown into the rectum, as a 
 
 medicine, or to impart nourishment. 
 EN'E-.MV, n. [ Fr. ennemi ; Sp. eneinitro ; It. neinieo t 
 
 Ir. nnhma; from L. intmictu ; in, neg. and amtcus, 
 
 friend. ] 
 
 1. A foe; an adversary. A prirate enemy, it* one 
 who liittes another, and wishes him injury, or at- 
 tempts Id (1(1 him injury, to gr.itify his own malice 
 or ill will. A pnhlic. enemy or foe, is one who be- 
 longs to it n;ttion or ptirty at w:ir with another. 
 
 I say to yun, I.ov(; yunr ejieiniee. — Matt. v. 
 Knennetf in war; in [leac-, friends. 
 
 Declamtion o/ Independence. 
 
 2. One who hates or dislikes ; as, an enemy to truth 
 or falsehood. 
 
 3. In tlirolofry, and by way of eminence, the, enemy 
 is the devil ; the arch fiend. 
 
 4. In military nffair.-i, the opposing army or naval 
 force, in war, is called thi^ enemy. 
 
 EN ER t;ET'ie, jo. [Gr. ei/i/iyr/nnrot, from ri'ti)- 
 EN-ER-OET'IC-AE, t yiti, tvcpycu; tv and cpyov, 
 work. See Enehov.] 
 
 1. Operating with force, vigor, and effect ; forcible ; 
 powerful ; elficaciotis. We say, the public safety 
 retpiired enrr^tttc measures. 'I'lie vicious inclina- 
 tions of men can be rtrstntined only by encr^elie 
 laws. [Enekoic is not used.] 
 
 2. Moving ; working ; active ; operative. We 
 mtist conctMve tif God as a Being eternitlly enrrjrelie.. 
 
 EN-ER OE 1 "le AE-I,Y, ado. With force and vigor ; 
 
 wilh energy and elfect. 
 E.N EK'CilC, ( o. Il.iving energy or great power in 
 EN-ER'Gie-AL, j eliect. Collin.^. 
 EN'ER GIZE, r. i. [from em rfry.] To act with force ; 
 
 to operate with vigor ; to act in producing an effect. 
 EN'ER-GT/E, e. L To give strength or force to ) to 
 
 give active vigor to. 
 EN'ER-GI/-KD, pp. Invigorated. 
 E.N'ER-GlZ Ell, II. He or tliiit which gives energy ; 
 
 he or that which ;icls in producing an elfect. 
 E.N'ER-CIZ-INc;, ppr. Giving energy, force, or vigor ; 
 
 acting with force. 
 EN-ER'(;iJ-MEN, ii. [Gr. fi'C0)0tvi£i'05.] 
 
 In the ancient ckurck, a demoniac; one possessed 
 
 by the devil. Coleman. 
 EN'ER-GY, n. [Gr. tvcnytia ; cv and cpyov, work.] 
 
 1. InteriiitI or inherent power; the power of opera- 
 ting, whether exerted or not ; as, men possessing cii- 
 enrirj sometimes sorter them to lie inactive. Danger 
 will rouse the dormant encrgicji of our natures into 
 action. 
 
 2. Power exerted ; vigorous operation ; force ; vig- 
 or. God, by his almighty enertry^ called the universe 
 into existence. The adiiiinistnttion of the laws re- 
 quires enrriry in the magistrate. 
 
 3. Eirectnal operation ; efficacy ; strength or foriu; 
 producing the elfect. 
 
 Beg the ttleswd Jesus to pva an energy to your imperfecl 
 prayers, by his mo«t powerful intercession. Sinalrvlge. 
 
 4. Strength of expression ; force of utterance ; 
 life ; spirit ; emphasis. The language of Lord Chat- 
 ham is remarkable for its enrriry. 
 
 E NERVATE, a. [Infra.] Weakened ; weak ; with- 
 out sirenglli or I'orce. Johnson. Pope, 
 E-NERV'aTE, r. t. fL. enerro ; e and nercu.-*, nerve.] 
 
 1. To deprive of^ nerve, force, or strength ; to 
 weaken ; to render feeble. Itlleness and voluptu- 
 ous indulgences enrn ale the body. Vices and lux- 
 ury enereate the strength of stittes. 
 
 2. Til cut the nerves ; as, to enerente a horse. 
 t>NERV'A-TEI), pp. or a. Weakened; enfeebled; 
 
 emasctilitled. 
 
 E-.NERV'A-TI.N(5, ppr. or a. Depriving of strength, 
 force, or vigor ; weakening ; enfeebling. 
 
 E.N-ER- Va'TIO.N, n. The act of weakening, or re- 
 ducing strength. 
 2. The state of being weakened ; elTeniinaey. 
 
 E NERVE', (e-nerv',) v. L To weaken ; the same as 
 Enervate. 
 
 E-NKRV'KI). .See Enervated. 
 
 E-.NERV'I.NG. .See Enervatino. 
 
 t:^V FjI .Vl/./.F.', (Aiig-fi-meel',) [Fr.] In a family 
 state ; doinesticiilly. Siei/l. 
 
 EN-FAM'ISII, c. f. To famish. [See Famish.] 
 
 EN-FEE'IIEE, r. (. [from feeble.] To deprive of 
 strength ; lo reiluc* the strength t>r force of; to weak- 
 en ; to debilititte ; to enervate. Intemperance enfee- 
 bles the body,an(l induces premature infiruiity. Ex- 
 cessive grief and melancholy eii/«Wetlie mind. Jxing 
 wars nifrrble a state. 
 
 E.\-FEE'HI.KD, pp. or a. Weakened ; deprived of 
 strength or vigor. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; 6 -a J ; 8 a« Z ; CII as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 3i)5 
 
ENF 
 
 EN FEE'BLE-MENT, n. The act of weakening; 
 
 enervation. Spectator. 
 EN-FEE'BLING, ppr. or a. Weakening ; debilitating ; 
 
 enervating. 
 
 EN-FEL/ON-.ED, a. [See Felos.] Fierce ; cruel. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 EN-FEOFF', (en-fef,) v. U [Law L. feoffo, fcoffare, 
 from fief, which see.] 
 
 1. To give one a feud ; hence, to invest with a fee ; 
 to give to anotlier any corporeal hereditament, in fee- 
 simple or fee-tail, by livery of seizin. Blackstnne. 
 
 2. To surrender or give np. LVot jised.] Sluik. 
 EN-FEOFF'BD, (en-feft',) pp. Invested with the fee 
 
 of any corporeal hereditament, 
 EN-FEOFF'ING, ppr. Giving to one the fee-simple 
 
 of any corporeal hereditament. 
 EN-FEOFF'MENT, (en-fef 'ment,) n. The act of giv- 
 ing the fee-simple of an estate. 
 
 2. The instrument or deed by which one is invest- 
 ed with the fee of an estate. 
 EN-FET'TEK, v. t. To fetter ; to bind in fetters. 
 
 Sfutk. 
 
 EN-FET'TER-ioD, pp. Bound with fetters. 
 EN-FET'TER-li\G, ppr. Binding with fetters. 
 EN-FE'VER, v. t. To e.\cite fever in. Sctcanl. 
 EN-FIkRCE', v. t. To make fierce. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EN-FI-LaDE', 71. [Fr., a row, from en and fil, a 
 thread, L.filum, Sp. hilo.] 
 
 A line or straiglit passage ; or the situation of a 
 place which may be seen or scoured with shot all the 
 length of a line, or in the direction of a line. 
 
 Juknsiin. Bailey. 
 EN-FI-L.\DE', v. t. [from the noun ; tfp. eiifilar.} 
 To pierce, scour, or rake with shot, in the uirec- 
 tion of a line, or through the whole length of a line. 
 
 In conducting appro:ichPS at a sieo;e, care should be taken tliat 
 
 the trenches ue not enJUa/led. Encyc. 
 In a position to enjilade the works at Fort Isle. Wasttington. 
 
 EN-F[-LaD'ED, pp. or a. Pierced or ntked in a line. 
 EN-FI-LaD'ING, ppr. Piercing or sweeping in a line. 
 EN-FIRE', V. t. To inflame ; to set on fire. [JVot 
 
 usc'l.] Spenser. 
 EN-FoRCE', v. t. [Fr. enforcir ; en and force.] 
 
 1. To give strength to; to strengthen; to invigo- 
 rate. [See def. 5.] 
 
 2. To make or gain by force ; to force ; as, to en- 
 force a passage. 
 
 3. To put in act by violence ; to drive. 
 
 Stonea enforced from the old Assyrian slings. SJuJc. 
 
 4. To instigate ; to urge on ; to animate. Sliak. 
 
 5. To urge with energy ; to give force to; to im- 
 press on the mind ; as, to enforce remarks or argu- 
 ments. 
 
 6. To compel ; to constrain ; to force. Davies 
 
 7. To put in execution ; to cause to take effect ; as, 
 to enforce the laws. 
 
 8. To press with a charge. Skak. 
 
 9. To prove ; to evince. [Little used.] Hooker. 
 EN-FoRCE', V. i. To attempt by force. [JVnt used.] 
 EN-FoRCE', n. Force ; strength ; power. \J^atiised.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 EN-F(")RCE'A-BLE, a. That may be enforced. 
 EN-FoRC'ED, pp. Strengthened ; gained by force ; 
 
 driven ; conipeilcd ; urged ; carried into effect. 
 EN-FoRC'EU-LY, adv. By violence ; not by choice. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 EN-FoRCE'MENT, n. The act of enforcing ; com- 
 pulsion ; force applied. Ralegh. 
 
 2. That which gives force, energy, or effect; sanc- 
 tion. The penalties of law are enforcements. Locke. 
 
 3. Motive of conviction ; urgent evidence. 
 
 Hammond, 
 
 4. Pressing exigence ; that which urges or con- 
 strains. Shah. 
 
 5. In a general sense, any thing which compels or 
 constrains ; any thing which urges either the body or 
 the mind. 
 
 (i. A putting in execution ; as, the enforcement of 
 law. 
 
 EN-l"oRC'ER, 71. One who compels, constrains, or 
 urges ; one who effects by violence ; one who carries 
 into effect. 
 
 EN-FoRG'I.\G, ppr. Giving force or strength ; com- 
 pelling; urging; constraining; putting in execution. 
 EN-FOIt.M', r. t. To form ; to fashion. [Sec FoiiM.] 
 EN-FolII/l)KR-/;i), n. [Vr. foutlroyer.] 
 
 Mixeil with lightning. [J^ot in use.] Spenser. 
 EN-FRAN'(;iIISL,(-chiz,) n.t. [tiom franchise] To 
 8Ct free; to liberate from slavery. Bacon. 
 
 2. 'I'd make free of a city, corporation, or slate ; to 
 admit to the privileges of a freeman. The English 
 culunieii were enfranchised by special charters. 
 
 Dames. Hale. 
 
 .3. To free or release from custody. Shak. 
 
 4. To naturalize ; to denizen ; to receive as doni- 
 xenfi ; oh, to enfranchise foreign words. fVatts. 
 EN-FRAN'CmS-A;I), ( chizd,) pp. or a. Set free ; rc- 
 leasetl frnin bondage, 
 
 2. Admitted to the rights and privilcgcH of free- 
 men. 
 
 EN-FRAN'CIIISE-MENT, n. Release from Hinvery 
 or cUHtody. Shak. 
 
 ENG 
 
 2. The admission of persons to the freedom of a 
 corporation or state ; investiture with the privileges 
 of free citizens ; the incorporating of a person into 
 any society or body politic. 
 
 EN-FRAN'cmS-ER, n. One who enfranchises. 
 
 Ei\-FRAN'CHIS-ING, ppr. Setting free from slavery 
 or custody ; admitting to the rights and privileges of 
 denizens or free citizens in a state, or to the privileges 
 of a freeman in a corporation. Cowel. 
 
 EN-FRo'WARD, v. t. To make froward or perverse. 
 [JVot used.] Sandys. 
 
 EN-FRoZ'£N, (en-froz'n,) a. Frozen ; congealed. 
 [JV*(it used.] Spenser. 
 
 EN-GaGE', !i. t. [Fr. engager; en and gagcr, to lay, 
 to bet, to hire ; Arm. ingagi. See Gage and Wage.] 
 
 1. To make liable for a debt to a creditor ; to bind 
 one's self as surety. Shak. 
 
 2. To pawn ; to stake as a pledge. Hudibras. 
 
 3. To enlist; to bring into a party ; as, to engage 
 men for service ; to engage friends to aid in a cause. 
 
 4. To embark in an affair ; as, be not hasty to en- 
 gage j'ourself in i)arty disputes. 
 
 5. To gain ; to win and attach ; to draw to. Good 
 nature engages every one to its possessor. 
 
 To every duty he could minds engage. Waller. 
 
 6. To unite and bind by contract or promise. Na- 
 tions engage themselves to each other by treaty. The 
 j oung often engage themselves to their sorrow. 
 
 7. To :tttract and fix ; as, to engage the attention. 
 
 8. To occupy ; to employ assiduously. We were 
 engaged in conversation. The nation is engaged in 
 war. 
 
 9. To attack in contest ; to encounter. The army 
 engaged the enemy at ten o'clock. The captain en- 
 gaged the ship at point blank distance. 
 
 EN-GaGE', ti. i. To encounter; to begin to fight ; to 
 attack in conflict. The armies engaged at Marengo 
 in a general battle. 
 
 2. To embark in any business ; to take a concern 
 in ; to undertake. Be cautious not to engage in con- 
 troversy without indispensable necessity. 
 
 3. To promise or pledge one's word ; to bind one's 
 self ; as, a friend has engaged to sui>ply the necessary 
 fiintls. 
 
 EN-GaG'KD, pp. or a. Pledged ; promised ; enlisted ; 
 gained and attached ; attracted and fixed ; embarked ; 
 earnestly employed ; zealous. 
 
 Engaged colunnvi ; in architecture, cohtmns sunk 
 l)artly into the wall to which they are attached ; they 
 always stand out at least one half of their thickness. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 EN-Ga6'ED-LY, adv. With earnestness ; with attach- 
 ment. 
 
 EN-GaG'ED-NESS, 71. The state of being seriously 
 and earnestly occupied ; zeal ; animation. 
 
 FlinVs Masilion. Panoplist. - 
 
 EN-GaGE'MENT, n. The act of pawning, pledging, 
 or making liable for debt. 
 
 2. Obligation by agreement or contract. Men are 
 often more ready to make engagements than to fulfill 
 them. 
 
 3. Adherence to a party or cause ; partiality. 
 
 Sinift. 
 
 4. Occupation ; employment of the attention. 
 
 Play, by too long or constant engagement, becomes like au 
 employment or profession. Kogers, 
 
 5. Employment in fighting ; the conflict of armies 
 or fleets ; battle ; a general action ; appropriately, the 
 conflict of whole armies or fleets, but ajtplietl to ac- 
 tions between small squadrons or single ships, rarely 
 to a fight between detachments of land forces. 
 
 6. Obligation ; motive ; that which engages. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 EN-GAG'ER, 71. One that enters into an engagement 
 or agreement. 
 
 EN-GaG'ING, jrpr. Pawning; making liable for debt ; 
 enlisting ; bringing into a party or cause ; promising ; 
 binding ; winning and attaching ; encountering ; em- 
 barking. 
 
 2. a. Winning ; attractive ; tending to draw the 
 attention or the affections ; pleasing ; as, engaging 
 manntjrs or address. 
 
 Engaging and disengaging machinery, is that in 
 which one part is alternately united to or separated 
 from another i>art, as occasion may require. 
 
 JV'ir.holson. 
 
 EN-GAG'ING-LY, adv. ]n a manner to win llio af- 
 fections. 
 
 EN-GAL'LANT, v. t. To make a gallant of. [JVot 
 
 used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 EN-GAOL', (cn-jale',) ti. L To imprison. [Ao« used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 EN-OA R'BOIL, t!. «. To disorder. [Jfot in use.] 
 EN-GAR'LANI), V. I. To encircle with a garland. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 EN-GAR'RI-SON, v. U To furnish with a garrison; 
 
 to ilefenil or protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall. 
 
 EN-GAS'TRI-MUTil, n. [Gr. ti/, yaarnn, and p\>- 
 
 Oo(.] 
 
 A ventriloquist. [-Vuf in use.] 
 EN-GEN'DKR, v. t. [I'r. enjrendrer ; Arm. enguchenta ; 
 Sp. engcndrar ; from the L. gencr, genera, gem, gig- 
 no. Seo Gknehatk.] 
 
 ENG 
 
 \. To beget between the different sexes ; to form 
 in embryo. 
 
 2. To produce ; to cause to exist ; to cause to bring 
 forth. IMeteors are engendered m the atmosphere ; 
 worms are sometimes engendered in the stomtich ; in- 
 temperance engenders fatal maladies; angry words 
 entrendcr strife. 
 EN-GEN 'DER, v. i. To be caused or produced. 
 
 Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there. Dryden. 
 
 EN-GEN' DER-J:D,;)/). Begotten; caused; produced. 
 EN-GEN'DER-ER, n. He or that which engenders. 
 EN-GEN'DER-ING, ppr. Begetting; causing to be; 
 producing. 
 
 EN-(;ILD', 71. t. To gild ; to brighten. Shak. 
 EN'GINE, (en'jin,) ii. [Fx.engin; S^). ingenio ; Port. 
 
 engenho; Arm. ingin i from L. ingenium; so called 
 
 from contrivance.] 
 
 1. In mechanics, a compound machine, or artificial 
 instrument, composed of different parts, and intend- 
 ed to produce some effect by the help of the mechan- 
 ical powers ; as a pump, a windlass, a capstan, a fire- 
 engine, a steam-engine. 
 
 2. A military machine, as a battering-ram, &c. 
 
 3. Any instrument ; thai by which any elfect is 
 produced. An arrow, a sword, a musket, is on en- 
 gine of death. 
 
 4. A machine for throwing water to extinguish fire , 
 a fire-engine. 
 
 5. Means ; any thing used to effect a purpose. 
 
 6. An agent for another ; usually in an ill sense. 
 EN-GI-NEER', 7t. [Fr. ingenieur.] 
 
 1. In the military art, a person skilled in mathemat- 
 ics and mechanics, who forms plans of works for of- 
 fense or defense, and marks out the ground for forti- 
 fications. Engineers are also employed in delineating 
 plans, and superintending the construction, of other 
 public works, as aqueducts and canals. The latter 
 are called civil engineers. 
 
 2. One vvho manages engines, or artillery. Philips. 
 EN-GI-NEER'ING, Ti. The business of an engineer. 
 EN'GlNE-MAN, 7i. A man who manages the engine, 
 
 as in steamers and steam-cars. 
 EN'GINE-RY, (en'jin-ry,) »i. The act of managing 
 engines, or artillery. Miltun. 
 
 2. Engines in general ; instruments of war. Jl/irtojt. 
 
 3. Machinatit)n. Shenstone. 
 EN-GIRD', (en-guid',) 7>. t. [See Gird.] To sur- 
 round ; to encircle ; to encompass. Shak. 
 
 FN GIRT'^"' I ^"'■'■""""''^'1 j encompassed. 
 EN-GIRD'ING, ppr. Encircling; surrounding. 
 EN'GI-SeOPE, 71. [Gr. t) ) near, and ojcoTtw, to 
 sec.] 
 
 A kind of microscope ; the compound microscope. 
 
 Pritclmrd, 
 
 EN-GLAD', V. t. To make glad ; to cause to rejoice. 
 
 Skelton. 
 
 EN-GLAIM'iCD, o. Furred ; clammy. [JVot used.] 
 
 EN"GLAND. See English. 
 
 EN"GLE, (eng'gl,) 7t. A gull ; a put ; a bubble. 
 
 EN"GLISII, (ing'glish,) a. [Sax. F.nglisc, from En- 
 gles, .Angles, a tribe of Germans who settled in Brit- 
 ain, and gave it the name of England. The name 
 seems to be derived from cng, ing, a meadow or plain, 
 a level country ; Sax. iHir ; Ice. cinge ; Dan. eng ; 
 Goth, winga ; all which seem to be the same wont as 
 the Sax. wang, icung, a plain, and to coincide with 
 the G. enge, D. eng, W. ing, strait, narrow, L. ango, 
 from the sense of pressing, depressitui, laying, which 
 gives the sense of level. The English are the de- 
 scendants of the Ingavones of 'J'ticitiis, De Mor. 
 Germ. 2; this name being composed of ing, a plain, 
 and G. wohnrn, D. woonen, to dwell. The Ingaivoncs 
 were inhabitants of the level country.] 
 Belonging to England, or to its inhabitants. 
 
 EN"GLISH, 71. The people of England. 
 
 2. The language of England or of the English na- 
 tion, and of their descendants in India, America, and 
 other countries. 
 
 EN"GLISII, V. t. To translate into the English lan- 
 guage. Bacon. 
 
 EN"GL1S1I-KD, (ing'glisht,) pp. Rendered into En- 
 glish. 
 
 EN"GLISII-RY, 71. The state or privilege of being an 
 
 Englishman. [Mused.\ CvircL 
 EN-(;L00.M', v. t. To make gloomy. 
 EN-(JLUT', 7). (. [l''r. engloutir; L. glutio.] 
 
 1. To swallow. Shak. 
 
 2. To fill ; to glut. Spenser. jSscAuhi. 
 [This word is little iist^il. See (Ji.ui.] 
 
 EN-GLUT'Ti;i), pp. Glutted ; filled. 
 EN-GLUT'TING, ppr. Glutting. 
 EN-GORE', V. t. To pierce ; to gore, [See Gobk.J 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EN GORGE', (en gorj',) v. t. [Fr. cngorger, (torn 
 gorge, the throat.] 
 
 To swallow ; to devour ; to gorge ; properly, to 
 swallow with greediness, or in large quantities. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EN-(;OIlGE', (en gorj',) i. To devour ; to feeil with 
 eagerness or voracity. Milton. 
 
 EN-Gi)ltG'KI), pp. Swallowed with greediness, or in 
 large draughts. 
 
 FATE, FXR, FALL, WHi^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 396 
 
ENG 
 
 ENJ 
 
 ENL 
 
 2. To [K1S9CSS w itli satisfaction i to take pluosute or 
 delight ill the jiusscssioii of. 
 
 Tliuu eh.tlt t)eg<--t Boiu, but tlioii t<]i:ilt not «n/ay tliriii. — L)eut. 
 
 3. To have, possess, and use with satisfaction ; to 
 have, hold, or occupy, as a (.'ood or profitable ihing, 
 or as something desiralilt;. V\'e ctijmj a free constitu- 
 tion and inestimable privileges. 
 
 Tlat tlf chil'lp'n of l«nn?l m;iy f n/oy every man lliij liilii;ritiU)C« 
 
 of his fithiTi. — Nurii. xxxvi. 
 Tin- laiui kli.ill enjoy licr SubtwUi*. — Ix'V. xxvi. 
 
 7'u rnjdij ant's srlf, is to fcel pleasure or satisfaction 
 in one's own mind, or to relish tiie pleasures in which 
 OIK; partakes ; to be happy. 
 EN-JOY', I', i. To live in happiness. [Unustinl.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 EN-JOY' A-ni-E, a. Capable of being enjoyed. Pope. 
 
 E.\-JOY'f;0, />;). Perceived with pleasiire or satisfac- 
 tion ; possessed or used with pleasure , occupied 
 with content. 
 
 E\-JOY'RR, n. One who enjoys. 
 
 EN-JO Y'1.\'(J, ;i;>r. Keeling with pleasure ; possessing 
 with satisfaction. 
 
 E.V-JOY'.MENT, 71. Pleasure; satisfactitm ; agreeable' 
 sensations ; fruition. 
 
 2. Possession with satisfaction ; occupancy of any 
 thing good or desirable ; as, the ciijitymnit of an es- 
 tate ; tile enjaymcnt of civil and religious privileges. 
 
 EN-KI.\'1)I,E, c. (. [from kmtllr.] 'I'o kindle ; to set 
 on tire ; to intlame ; as, to enkindle sparks into a 
 tlaiiic. In this literal sense, hiniltc is generally used. 
 
 2. To excite ; to rouse into action ; to iiillame ; 
 as, to cnkimlU the passions into a Haiiie ; to enkindle 
 zeal ; to enkindle war or discord, or tlie flames of 
 war. 
 
 EN-KIN'DLED, pp. Set on fire; inflamed, roused 
 
 into action ; excited. 
 E.\-KIN'DLI.\'(;, ppr. Setting on fire; inflaming; 
 
 rousing ; exciting. 
 EN-LaCE'. See LvLiCE. 
 
 EN-IjARD', v. t. To cover with lard or grease; to 
 
 biLste. Shak. 
 EN-L.^RD'ED, pp. Basting with lard. 
 EN-LARI)'lNG,ppr. Greasing. 
 
 E.\-I-.\RGE', (en lUrj') B. f. [from large. I To make 
 greater in quantity or dimensions ; to extend in Mm 
 its, breadth, or size ; to expand in bulk. Every man 
 desires to enlarge his possessions ; the prince, his 
 dominions; and the landholder, his farm. The liody 
 is enlarged by nutrition, and a pood man rejoices to 
 enlarge the sphere of Iiis benevolence. 
 
 God shall enlarge Japiiet. — Gen. ix. 
 
 2. To dilate ; toexiiaiid, as with joy or love. 
 
 O ye Coriiitliiaim, our mouUi is open to you, our liean i» en- 
 largc't St. Paul. 
 
 3. To expand ; to make more comprehensive. 
 Science enlarges the mind. 
 
 4. To increase in appearance ; to magnify to the 
 eye, as by a glass. 
 
 5. To set at liberty ; to release from confinement 
 or pressure. Shak. 
 
 C. To extend in n discourse ; to dill'use in elo- 
 quence. 
 
 They enlarged thein»ilve» on this nuliject. Clarendon. 
 
 In this application, the word is generally intrunsi 
 live. 
 
 7. To augment ; to increitse ; to make large or 
 larger, in a general seiise ; a word vf general appUca- 
 tion. 
 
 Tet enlarge the heart, may signify to (ipen and ex- 
 pand in good will ; to make free, liberal, and charita- 
 ble. 
 
 E.\-LARi;E', (cn-IUrj',) r. i. To grow large or larger; 
 to extend ; to dilate ; to ex|)and. .\ plant enlarges 
 by growth ; an estate enlarges by good iiiaiiagument ; 
 a volninc of air enlarges by rarefaction. 
 
 2. To be diifiise in speaking or writing ; to expa- 
 tiate. I miglil enlarge on this topic. 
 
 3. To exaggerate. Swi/l. 
 EN-I,XUG'/CD, pp. or o. Increased in bulk ; extended 
 
 in dimensions ; expanded ; dilated ; augmented ; re- 
 leased iVom confinenK-'iit or straits. 
 EN-L.\RG'EU-LY,u</i-. With enlargement. 
 
 MonntnyrH. 
 
 E.\-I..1KGE'.ME.\T, n. Increase of size or hulk, 
 real or apparent; extension of dimensions or limits; 
 augmentation ; dilatation ; expansion. The enlarge- 
 ment of bulk may be by arcretiiiti or adilitioii ; of di- 
 mensions, by spreading, or by adilitiims to length and 
 breadth ; of a sum ur amount, by addition, collection, 
 or accumulation. 
 
 2. Expansion or extension, applied to the mind, to 
 knowledge, or to the intellectual powers, by which 
 the mind comprehends a wider ninge of iile:u or 
 thought. 
 
 3. Expansion of the heart, by which it becomes 
 more benevolent and charitable. 
 
 4. Release from confinement, servitude, distress, 
 or straits. F.itJirr iv. Shak. 
 
 .5. Uitlusiveness of speech or writing ; an expa- 
 tiating on a particular subject ; a wide range of dis- 
 course or argiiiiienl. Clarendon. 
 
 EN-GOIlGE'MENT, (en-gorj'inent,) n. The act of 
 swalliiu ing greedily ; a devouring with voracity. 
 
 E.\-(;i,)liG'lNG, ppr. .Swallowing with voracity. 
 
 EN CRAl'T', V. t. To ingraft, which see. 
 
 EN-GllAlL', V. U 'Fr. cngrdlcr, from grde, gresle, 
 hail.] 
 
 In hrrtUdni, to variegate ; to spot, as with hail ; to 
 indent or make ragged at the edges, as if broken 
 with liail; to indent in curve lines. 
 
 Johnson. Cluipmaiu Encyc. 
 
 EN-GRaIL'/CD, pp. Variegated; spotted. 
 
 E.V-GKaIE'MENT, n. The ring of dots round the 
 edge of a medal. Brandc. 
 
 E.\-GRaIN', v. t, [from "t"'"-] To dye in grain, or 
 in the raw material ; to dve deep. 
 
 EN-GRaI.N'M), (en-grand',););). Dyed in the grain ; 
 as, engrained carpets. 
 
 EN-GK.\1.\"1.\G, ppr. Dyeing in the grain. 
 
 EN-(;R.\P'PLE, c. t. [from grapple.] To grapple ; to 
 seize and hold ; to close in and holil fast. [.See Gi(*p- 
 PLE, which is generally used.] 
 
 EN-GRXSP', v. t. [from gru-ip.] To seize with a 
 clasping hold ; to liold fast by inclosing or embrac- 
 ing ; to gripe. [See Gii-isr, which is generally 
 used.]_ 
 
 EN-GKaVE', v. t. ; pret. ExnnAVEO ; pp. E.nobaved 
 or Enobaven. [Fr. graver; Sp. grabari It. grajjiare; 
 \V. craini ; G. graben ; D. graavcn ; Gr. j pa>^u}. See 
 
 GllAVE.] 
 
 Literally, to scratch or scrape. Hence, 
 
 1. To lint, as metals, stones, or other hard sub- 
 stances, with a chisel or graver ; to cut figures, 
 letti rs, or devices, on stone or metal ; to maik by 
 incisions. 
 
 Thou shall engrave the two stone* Willi the names of llie diii- 
 dren of Israel. — Kx. xxvU), 
 
 2. To picture or represent by incisions. 
 
 3. To imprint ; to impress deeply ; to infix. Let 
 the laWs of God, and tlie principles of morality, be 
 engrared on tile mind in early yeai's. 
 
 4. To bury ; to deposit in the grave; to inter; to 
 inhiiiiie. [-\5)( noio used.] Spenser. 
 
 E.\-(;R.x V'/.D, j pp. or a. Cut or marked, as with a 
 E.\-GU.\ V'KN, ( chisel or graver ; imprinted; deeply 
 impressed. 
 
 EN-GK.xVE'MENT, n. Engraved work; act of en- 
 graving. 
 
 EN-GR.\V'ER, )u One who engraves ; a cutter of let- 
 ters, figures, or devices, on stone, metal, or wood ; a 
 sculptor ; a carver. 
 
 EN-GRaV'ER-Y', n. The work of an engraver. [Lit- 
 tle nsed.] 
 
 E.N GR.\V 'ING, ppr. Cutting or marking stones or 
 metals with a chisel or graver; imprinting. 
 
 EN-GR.aV'I.N(;, n. The act or art of cutting stones, 
 metals, and other haril'substanccs, and representing 
 thereon figures, letters, characters, anil devices ; par- 
 tieularlij, the art of producing figures or designs on 
 metal, &c., by incision or corrosion, for the purpose of 
 being subsequently printed on paper. lleberL 
 2. A print ; an impression from an engraved plate. 
 
 EN-GRIicVE', (en-grcev',) v.U To grieve ; to pain. 
 [_Sec Ghieve.] Spenser. 
 
 EN-GROSS', r. f. [from ^05s, or Fr. oro.fsir, oi^nis- 
 sir, grossoyer ; Sp. engrcsar. See Gross.] 
 
 1. PriHwnVi/, to make thick or gross; to thicken. 
 [jVi)t notp used.] Spenser. 
 
 2. To make larger ; to increase in bulk. [.Vot u.ial.] 
 
 It'otion. 
 
 3. To seize in the gross ; to take the whole ; as, 
 worldly cares engross the att<;ntion of most men, but 
 neither business nor amiiscinent should engross our 
 whole time. 
 
 4. To purchase, with a view to sell acain, either 
 the whole or large quantities of commodities in mar- 
 ket, for the purpose of making a profit by enhancing 
 the price. Engrossing does not necessarily imply the 
 purchase of the whole of any commodity, but such 
 quantities as to rais.- the price, by diininisliing the 
 supplies in open market, and taking advantage of an 
 incre.ased demantl. 
 
 5. To copy in a large hand ; to write a fair, correct 
 copy in large, or ilistinct, legible diameters, for pres- 
 ervation or duration, as records of public acUs, on pa- 
 per or parchment. 
 
 G. To take or assume in undue quantities or de^ 
 grces ; as, to engros.^ iM>w*'r. 
 
 E.\-GR0SS'/:D, (en-grost',) pp. or a. .Made thick ; t.t- 
 ken in the whole ; purchased in largo (puaiitities, for 
 sale ; written in large, fair character*. 
 
 E.N-GKoSS'ER, n. Me or that wliuli lakes the whole; 
 a person who purch.-.ses the whole, or such quantities 
 of articles in a market as to raise the price. 
 
 2. One who copies a writing in l.irge, fair charac- 
 ters. 
 
 EN-GR6SS'1NG, ppr. Taking the whole; buying 
 comnuxlities in such quantities as to rtise the price 
 in market. 
 
 2. Writing correct copies in large, fair characters. 
 EN-GKoSS'E.NG, n. The copying of a writing in fair 
 and leinble characters. 
 
 2. The buying up of large quantities of a commod- 
 ity in order to rai.se the price. Brande. 
 
 EN-GKoSS'.ME.\T, n. The act of engro-ssing ; the 
 act of taking the whole. 
 
 2. The appropriation of things in the gross, or in 
 exorbitant tpianlities ; exorbitant acipiisitton. Swift. 
 
 EiN-GUaRU', v. U [SeoGuAUD.] To guard ; to de- 
 fend. Shak. 
 
 E.\-(;iJI,F', 1). t. To absorb or swallow np in a gulf. 
 
 EN-GULF'/:D, (-gulfl',) pp. Absorbed or swallowed 
 up in a whirlpool, or iii a deep abyss or gulf. 
 
 E.\-GULF'1NG, ppr. Swallowing up in a whirlpool 
 or abyss, 
 
 EN-GUEF'MENT, n. An absorption in a gulf, or deep 
 
 cavern or vortex. 
 EN-IIXNUE', (en-liiins',) v. t. [Norm, enhauncer, from 
 
 haunter, to raise. Uu. Norm, enhance, hauz, haulz, 
 
 high,] 
 
 1. I'o raise ; to lift ; applied to material things by 
 Spenser, but this applieution is entireltj ob.iuUte. 
 
 2. To raise ; to advance ; to liiglileii ; applied to 
 priec or value. AVar enlianees the price of provisions ; 
 it enhantes rents, anil the value of lands. 
 
 3. To raise ; applied to qualities, quantity, pleasures, 
 enjoyments, &c. Pleasure is enluinced by the dilhciilty 
 ot obtaining it. 
 
 4. To increase ; to aggravate. The guilt of a crime 
 may be enhanced by circumstances. 
 
 E.\-li.\.\CE', (en-lf.lns',) v. i. To be raised; to 
 swell ; to grow larger. A debt enltunces rapidly by 
 coinpuunil interest. 
 
 E.N ll.\.\C'/;i), (eii-hUnst',) pp. or a. Raised; ad- 
 vanced ; hightened ; increasi^d. 
 
 EN-11.\NCE'.MENT, «. Rise; increase; augmenta- 
 tion ; as, the enhancement of value, price, enjoyment, 
 plexsiire, beauty. 
 
 2. Increase ; aggnivation ; as, the enhancement of 
 evil, grief, piinishiiieiil, guilt, or crime. 
 
 EN-IIX.N'C'ER, II. One who enhances; he or that 
 which raises price, &c. 
 
 E.N'-llXNC'INt;, ppr. Raising; increasing; augment- 
 ing ; aL'ixravating. - 
 
 EN-IIaU'BOR, v. i. To dwell in or inhabit. 
 
 Browne. 
 
 EN-II.^RD'£.N, r. t To harden : to encourage. 
 
 J/nirell. 
 
 EN-H.^R-MON'IG, a. [from harmonic, hannony.] In 
 music, an epithet appliiMl to siicti pieces of composi- 
 tion as proceed on very small iiittirvals, or smaller 
 intervals than the diatonic and cliromalic. Encyc. 
 
 E-NIG'.MA, 7). [E. irnigma; Gr. uii'i^pa, from 
 aiftnocjiat, to hint.] 
 
 A dark saying, in wliiclisoiin: known thing is con- 
 cealed under obscure language ; an obscure ques- 
 tion ; a riddle. A ipiestioii, saying, or painting, con- 
 taining a hidden meaning, vvliicli is propo.sed to be 
 guessed. .Johnson, Encyc. 
 
 E-.\K!-.MAT'ie, (a. Rilating to or containing a 
 
 E-NlG-JIA'I"ie-AI,, i riddle; obscure; darkly ex- 
 pressed ; ambiguous. 
 2. Obscurely conceived or apprehended. 
 
 E-.NIG-.M AT'lti- A I, l.Y, ndi\ In an idisciire manner; 
 in a sense ditfi^rent from that which the words in 
 coiiiiiioii acceptation imply. 
 
 E-NKJ'.M A-TIST, 71. A maker or dealer in enigmas 
 and ritldles. .^drkson. 
 
 E-.\IG',M.\-TI7.E, 1). i. To utter or form enigimas ; to 
 ileal ill ritldles. 
 
 E-NIG-.MA-TOC'RA-PIIY, ) n, [Gr. on-i^pa, and 
 
 E-N1G-.M.V-T0I,'0-GY, ( , pji^c.), or Ao) o?.] 
 
 The art of making riddles ; or the art of solving 
 them. 
 
 EN-J.ME',r. L To put into jail. Smart. 
 
 E.\'-J()l.\', V. t. f Fr. enjoindre: en nui\ jnindre, to join ; 
 It. mgtngnere : L. injungo; in and jungo. (See Join.) 
 We obst;rv<; that the primary sense of join is to set, 
 extend, or lay to, to throw to or on ; otherwise, the 
 .si'iise of oriler t»r command could not spring from it. 
 To enjoin, is to set, or lay to, or on.] 
 
 1. To order or ilirect with urgency; to admonish, 
 or instruct with authority ; to command. Says John- 
 son,*' This woril is more aiitlioritativc than direct, and 
 less imperious than eonnirand." It has the force of 
 pressing ailmonitifUi with authority ; as, a parent c;i- 
 jnins on his children the iliity of obedience. Hut it 
 has also the sense of command ; as, the duties en- 
 joined by tsoil in the moral law, 
 
 2. In lair, to forbid judicially ; to issue or direct 
 a legal injunction to slop prui»;edings. 
 
 This u K suit to <n/oifi iho (lefcndiuiu from dislutUnff the 
 p.'ainlill«. Kent. 
 
 EN-JOI.N'Kf), pp. Ordtrred ; directed; admonished 
 with authority ; commanded. 
 
 EN-JOI.N'F.R, B. One who enjoins. 
 
 E.N-JlllN'INt;, ppr. (irderiu!! ; directing. Brown. 
 
 E.N-JOI.N'.ME.N'T, ii. Direction; command; authori- 
 tative admonition. 
 
 E.N-JOY', r. L [Fr. jouir; Arm. joui^-.a; It. gioire. 
 See Jov.l 
 
 1. To feel or perceive with pleasure ; to take plea.s- 
 iire or satisfaction in Hie po».»ession or experience of. 
 We enjoy the dainties of a feast, the conversation of 
 frii.'nds, and our own meditations. 
 
 I aiul<l enjoy tliA pangs ol death, 
 
 Aixl smile in n^my. AHdisan. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 50' 
 
 • H H 
 
 397 
 
ENN 
 
 ENO 
 
 ENR 
 
 EN-LAR(5'ER, n. He ortlia: wliich enlarges, increas- 
 es, e.xtends, or expands ; an amplifier. Brown. 
 
 EN-LXRO'ING, ppr. Increasing in bulk; extending 
 in dimensions; expanding; making free or liberal; 
 speaking diffusively. 
 
 EN-LARC'K\G, n. Enlargement. 
 
 EN-LlGHT', (en-lile',) v. t. To illuminate ; to en- 
 lighten. Pope. 
 [!?ee Enlighten. Enlight is rarely used.] 
 
 EN-LTGHT'^N, (en-lit'n,) v. t. [from light; Sax. cn- 
 
 1. To make light ; to shed light on ; to supply with 
 light ; to illuminate ; as, tile sun cnlisf/Uais the earth. 
 
 His lig^titniiigs eidigfitcned Ihc workl. — Ps. xcvii. 
 
 2. To quicken in the faculty of vision ; to enable 
 to see more clearly. 
 
 Jonathan's eyei — vere enlightened.— 1 Sair. xiv. 
 
 3. To give light to ; to giv& clearer views ; to illu- 
 minate ; to instruct ; to enable to see or comprehend 
 truth ; as, to ciilivhtcn the mind or understanding. 
 
 4. To illuminate with divine knowledge, or a 
 knowledge of the truth. 
 
 Those who were once enUgkUiied. — HeU vi. 
 
 EN-LIGHT'iC.V-iTD, (en-llt'nd,) pp. or a. Rendered 
 light ; illuminated ; instructed; informed; furnished 
 with tieur views. 
 
 EN-LlGHT'£.\-ER, (cn-lit'n-er,) n. One w ho illumi- 
 nates ; he or that which communicates light to tlie 
 eye, or clear views to the mind. Jlilton. 
 
 EN-LIGHT'i5N-IN(;, (en-lit'n-ing,) ppr. or a. Illumi- 
 nating; giving light to ; instructing. 
 
 E.\'-LIGHT'£.\-.ME\T, ?t. Act of enlightening ; state 
 of being enlightened or instructed. 
 
 EN-LINK', V. t. [from liiUi.] To chain to ; to con- 
 nect. Sllak. 
 
 EN-LIST', V. t. [See List.] To enroll ; to register ; 
 to enter a name on a list. 
 
 2. To engage in public service, by entering tlie 
 name in a register ; as, an olticer cnlisU! men. 
 
 3. In a wilier setise, to unite firmly to a cause ; to 
 employ in advancing some interest ; as, to eidint per- 
 sons of all clas-ses in the cause of truth. 
 
 EN-LIST', !). i. To engage in pnl)lic service, by sub- 
 scribing articles, or enrolling one's name. 
 
 2. In a viitrr sense, to enter heartily into a cause, 
 as one devoted to its interests. 
 
 E.N-LIST'ED, pp. Enrolled for service, chiefly mili- 
 tarv. 
 
 EN-LIST'ING, jipr. Enrolling for service. 
 EN-LIS T'MENT, it. The act of enlisting. 
 
 2. The writing by which a soldier is bound. 
 EN-LIVE', V. t. 'I'o animate. [JVVt used.] 
 EN-LIV'y2N, (en-liv'n,) v. t. [from life, live.] Lilcr- 
 ully, to give life. Hence, 
 
 1. To give action or motion to ; to make Vigorous 
 or active ; to excite ; as, fresh fuel enlivens a fire. 
 
 2. 'I'o give spirit or vivacity to ; to animate ; to 
 make sprightly. Social mirth and good humor cn/iucii 
 company ; they enlwm the dull and gloomy. 
 
 3. To make cheerful, gay, or joyous. 
 EN-LIV'i(;N-£I), (eu-Uv'nd,) pp. Made more active ; 
 
 excited ; animated ; made cheerful or gay. 
 EN-LlV'KN-ER, H. He or that which enlivens or 
 
 animates ; lie or that which invigorates. 
 EN-LIV'£N-1NG, ppr. or a. Giving life, spirit, or 
 
 uniuiation ; inspiriting; invigorating; making viva- 
 cious, sprightly, or cheerful. 
 EN-Lu'MINE, 1!. <. To illumine ; to enlighten. [See 
 
 the latti-r words.] 
 E.\-.MAR')iLE, V. L To make hard as marble; to 
 
 harden. Speiis/r. 
 EN-.MAK'IiLKn, pp. Hardened. Hall. 
 EN-.MAR'IiLI\(;, ppr. iMakiiig hard like marble. 
 KM" MASSE', (ing-miss,') [Er.j In the mass or 
 
 whob* body. 
 
 E.\-.MF.S11', D. (. [from mcs/i.] To net ; toentangle; 
 
 to entrap. SliaU. 
 E.\' .\l 1 -TV, n. [ Ft. inimit.ii ; in and amitie, friendship, 
 
 amity. See F-NEMy.j 
 
 1. The quality of being an enemy ; the opposite of 
 friendship ; ill-will ; hatred ; unfriendly dispositions ; 
 nialev(»lence. It expresses more than aversion, and 
 less than mahrc, and differs from displeasare, in de- 
 noting a fivcd or rooted hatred, vvhercaa displeasare 
 is more transient. 
 
 I will pill enmilu Iwlwcn tiif* nnd Ihr woman. — Gen. ill. 
 Tlie cariMl iniiul is enmily ngiiinsl (iod. .—Horn. vlii. 
 
 2. A state of opposition. 
 
 The rrien(Uhip of tin- world [a eumiUj with God. — Jainf-t \v. 
 
 KN-MOSS'a;I), (en mii«t',) a. Covered with moss. 
 EN-NE-A-CON-TA-llK'DRAL, a. [Gr. ivtCfiiKot'ra 
 and tfip'i.] 
 
 Having ninety faces. Clcaveland, 
 EN'.NE A-(i(;N, 71. [tir. rpffa, nine, and j^ojiiu, an 
 angle.) 
 
 In trrometry, n polygon or plant: figuri^, with nine 
 HideH or nine nngles. 
 E.N-.N'E A.N'lJRI-A, n. [Gr. ti/fta, nine, and tii rj/), a 
 
 male.] 
 In t, 
 
 •otany, a cla<H of plants having nine Hinmenii. 
 
 LintuKiu. 
 
 EN'-NE-AN'DRI-AN, / „ . . , 
 EN-NE-AN'DROUS, \ "'"'^ '• 
 
 EN-NE-A-PET'AL-UUS, a. [Gr. ei>vca, ninr, and 
 ncraXiii', a leaf.] 
 Having nine petals or flower-leaves. 
 
 EN-NE-AT'le, * rr. 1 
 
 EN-NE-AT'If-AL, \ "'"^'^ 
 
 Enneatical days, are every ninth day of a disease. 
 Enncatical years, are every ninth year of a man's life. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 EN-NEW, r. t. To make new. [JVo( in use.] SkcUon. 
 EN-No'liLE, J'. £. [Fr. cniioblir. See Noule.] 
 
 1. To make noble; to rai.se to nobilit}' ; as, to en- 
 noble a conimciner. * 
 
 2. To tlignify ; to exalt ; to aggrandize ; to elevate 
 in degree, qiiaiities, or excellence. 
 
 VVIiat can ennoble sola, or slaves, or cowards ^ Pope. 
 
 3. To make famous or illustrious. Bacon. 
 EN-No'llLi'.'l), pp. Raised to the rank of nobility; 
 
 di'jinlii'il ; e\alr''(l in rank, excellence, or value. 
 E.\-.\()'1>LE-.MENT, h. The act of advancing to no- 
 bility. Baitm. 
 2. Exaltation ; elevation in degree or excellence. 
 
 Glanriltc. 
 
 EN-NoTil.I.N'G, ppr. or a. Ailvancing to the rank of 
 
 a nobleman ; e\:iiting; dignifying. 
 iSJV-JVC/;', (.tiig-\vC',) n. [Er. weariness; It. noia, 
 
 whence noiarr, annoiarc, to tire, to vex, Fr. cjinuyer. 
 
 Class Ng.] 
 
 Dullness of spirit, languor, or uneasiness, connect- 
 ed with a feeling of disgiiSt. 
 E\-0 UA^'i'lCJN, n, [L. enodatio, from enodo, to clear 
 from kuois ; e ami nodus, a knot.] 
 
 1. Tlie act or operation of clearing of knots, or of 
 untying. 
 
 2. Solution of a difficulty, [fjltle nsrd.] 
 E-NODE', a. [L. enodi.i: c and nodu.i, knot.] 
 
 In botany, destitute of knots or joints; kiiotiess. 
 E NOIJE', V. t. [L. enodo, e and nodus, a knot.] 
 
 To clear of knots ; to make cli:ar. 
 E-NOI)'EIJ, pp. Cle.ired of knots. 
 E-NoL)'I.\G, ppr. JlakiuL' rkar of knots. 
 E-NO.M'O-T.siReH, n. The commander of an cnoin- 
 
 oty. Mitford. 
 E-.\'OAI'0-TY, 7i. [Gr. cuwpoTias tu and Qpt/viu, to 
 swetir.] 
 
 In Lae-edemon, anciently, a body of soldiers, siip- 
 post!d to be thirty-two; but tlie precise iiuinber is 
 uncertain. Mitford. 
 E-NOR.M', (1. [J^ot ii-^ed.] See Enormous. 
 E-NOR'iMI-Ty, n. [L. enorinitas.] See Enormous. 
 1. Literally, tile transgression of a rule, or devia- 
 tion from right. Hence, any wrtmg, irregular, vi- 
 cious, or sinful act, either in government or morals. 
 
 I We sh;dl speak of the etwrmtties of tlie goverutiiait. Spenser. 
 This law will not restrain Uie enormity. Hooker. 
 
 9. Atrocious crime; flagitious villainy; a crime 
 which exceeds the common measure. Srcift. 
 
 3. Atrociousnt;ss ; exct;ssive degree of crime or 
 gui'l. Punishment shoulil be proportioned to the 
 enormity of tin; crime. 
 
 E-NOIi'iNlOLI."^, n. [L. enormi.-< ; e and norma, a rule.] 
 
 1. Going beyond the usual measure or rule. 
 
 Enoriwius in tlieir ;^,ut. I^Jilton. 
 
 2. Excursive; bt;yond the limits of a regular figure. 
 
 Tlie etmrmous part of the light in lite circuinfeteiice of every 
 lucid puiiit. Newton. 
 
 3. Great beyond the common measure; excessive; 
 as, enormous crime or guilt. 
 
 4. Exceeding, in bulk or hight, the comnfion 
 measure ; as, an enormous form ; a man of enormous 
 size. 
 
 .'). Irregular ; confused ; disordered ; unusual. Slial;. 
 
 E-NOR'MOUS-LY, arfii. Excessively; bi^yond meas- 
 ure ; as, an tipiiiion enormously absurd. 
 
 E-NOR'iMOlIS-NESS, n. The state of being enor- 
 mous or exctvssive ; greatness beyond iiii^asure. 
 
 E-NOUGH', (e-nuf\) a. [Sax. genog, gcnoli ; Goth. 
 ganah: G. genug, gnug ; Xi. genoeg ; Sw.nng; Dan. 
 volt; Sax. genogan ; to multiply ; G. gein'gen, to sat- 
 isfy ; D. genoegcn, to s.'itisty, please, content. The 
 Swedes and Danes tlrop the prefix, as the Danes do 
 in nagger, to gnaw. This worti may be the Heb. 
 Ch. Syr. Sam. and Eth. nij, to rest, to be tpiiet, or 
 satisfied. Class Ng, No. 14.] 
 
 That satisfies desire, or gives content ; that may 
 answer the purpose ; that is adequate to the wants. 
 
 She said, V\'e have utraw and provender enough. — Gen. xxiv. 
 How many hired H/'rvaiita of my father have hread enough and 
 to spare 1 — I.nke xv. 
 
 JVoff. — This word, in vulgar language, is sonic- 
 times placeil before its nonn, like most other atljec- 
 tives. Hut in i legant discourse or composititni, it 
 always follov\'s the noun to which it refers; as, 
 briMtl enough; money enough. 
 E-NOLKill', (e nuf ',) n. A sulliciency ; a quantity of 
 n thing which satisfies tlesire, or is atlt-tpiate to the 
 wantH. We have enough of this sort of cloth. 
 
 And r,sau aaid, 1 have enough, my linillier. — Gen. xxxiii. 
 Urael said, It id enough ; Joseph is yet alive. — (ten. xlv. 
 
 2. That which is eipial to the powers or nbilities. 
 He had enough to do to take rare of himself. 
 
 E-NGUGH', (e-nuf ') adv. Sufficiently ; in a quantity 
 or degree tiiat satisfies, or is equal to the desires or 
 wants. 
 
 The land, behold, it is lar^e enough for them. — Gen. xxxiv. 
 Ye have dwelt lung enough in this mount, — Deut. t. 
 
 2. Fully ; quite • denoting a slignt augmentation 
 of the positive degree. He is ready enough to em- 
 brace the offer. It is pleasant enough to consitltjr the 
 different notions of different men respecting the 
 same thing. 
 
 3. Soinetimes it denotes diminution, delicately e.x- 
 pressiug rather less than is desired ; such a ipiaiility 
 or degree as commands acquiescence, rather than 
 full satisfaction ; as, the song or the performance is 
 well enough. 
 
 4. An exclamation denoting sufliciency. Enough, 
 enough.' I'll hear no more. 
 
 E-NOUNCE, (e-nouns',) 71. f. [Fr. cno7icc7- ( L. enun- 
 ♦lo ; e and nuncio, to declare.] 
 
 To utter ; to pronounce ; to declare. [Little used.] 
 
 Horseley. 
 
 E-Nor\C'/,'D, pp. Uttered ; pronounced. 
 E-.\( HINCK'MENT, ti. Act of enouncing. 
 E-NOUNC'l.\(;, p;ir. Uttering; pronouncing. 
 E-NOW, the old plural tif enough, is nearly obsolete. 
 EJf PAS'SAJf T, (iing-pis'-silng,) [Fr.] In passing ; 
 
 by the way. 
 EN-riF;RCE'. See Empierce. 
 
 EN-aUICK'£N, V. L To quicken; to make alive. 
 [JVut u.ied.] 
 
 Eix-tiUIRE' ; more properly iNituiRE, which see, and 
 its derivatives. 
 
 EN-RaC^E', v. t. To implant. [JVnt ii.serf.] Spenser. 
 
 EN-RaGE', ». (. [Fr. ciira^^cr. See Rage.] 
 
 To excite rage in ; to exasjierate ; to provoke to 
 fury or madness ; to make furious. 
 
 E.N-RAG'A'D, (en-iiijd',) pp. or a. Made furious ; exas- 
 pi'rated ; prtivoked to madness. 
 
 E.VllAG'lNG, /)j)r. Exasperating; provoking to mad- 
 ness. 
 
 E.V-RaNGE', v. t. To put in order; to rove over. 
 [A~ot in lu^e.] Spenser. 
 
 EN-RA.\K', 7'. t. To placi! in ranks or order. Sbak. 
 
 E.N-R \.\K'/;i), pp. Placeil in a rank or in ranks. 
 
 E.\-R.\NK'ING, ppr. Placing in a rank. 
 
 EN-RAPT', pp. or a. Carried or borne away with 
 overpowering emotion; in an ecstasy. [Puetu-.] 
 Sllak. Rich. Diet. 
 
 EN-R.\P'TITRE, p. t. [from rapture.] To transport 
 with pleasure ; to delight bevontl measure. 
 
 EN-RAP'TLJR-BD, (en-rapt'yurd,) pp. or a. Trans- 
 ported with pleasure ; highly delighted. 
 
 EN-RAP'TLJR-ING, ppr. or a. Transporting with 
 pleasure ; liighly delighting. 
 
 EN-R.WISII, V. I. [from ravish.] To throw into 
 ecstasv ; to transport with delight ; to enrapture. 
 
 EN-RA V'ISII-£D, (en-rav'islit,) /';). Transported with 
 deliglit or pleasure ; enraptured. 
 
 EN-R/W ISH-ING,p/)r. oro. Throwing into ecstasy; 
 highly didightiug. 
 
 EN-KAV'ISll-ING-LY, ado. So as to throw into ec- 
 stasy. 
 
 EN-RAV'ISII-MENT, 77. Ecstasy of delight ; rapture. 
 
 Olanvdle. 
 
 EN-REG'IS-TER, v. t. [Fr. enregi.'strer.] 
 
 To register ; to enroll or recortl. Spenser. 
 
 E.\-REG'lS-TER-f;D, pp. Entered in a roll. 
 
 E.N REG'lS-TER-INfJ, ;)/<r. Enrolling; recording. 
 
 EN-RllEu.M', (en-rume',) ii. i. [Fr. rurbnmer.] 
 To havt; rheum through cold. [J^ut in use.] 
 
 EN-IUCH', v. t. [Fr. enriekir, from rielie, rich.] 
 
 1. To make rich, wealthy or opulent ; to supply 
 with abundant property. 7\gricuHnri', coniinerce, 
 anil iiiiiiiuractiires enrich a nation. War and plun- 
 der seldinii enrich, more generally they impoverish, 
 a country. 
 
 2. To fertilize; to supply with the niilriineiit of 
 plants and render productive ; as, to enrich land by 
 manures or irrigation. 
 
 3. To store ; to .supply with an abundance of any 
 thing desirable ; as, to c'ii<ic/i tin; mind with know 1- 
 edge, science, or useful observalioiis. 
 
 4. To supply with anv tiling splendid or ornamen- 
 tal ; as, to enrich a parnting with elegant drapery; 
 to c;ir/c/( a poem or oration with sinking metaphors 
 or images ; to ciiiicA a garden with flowers or shrub- 
 bery. 
 
 EN-RlCirKD,(en-richt',) pp. Made rich or wealthy ; 
 fertilized ; sup|)lied with that which is tle.sirable, u.se- 
 fiil, or ornamental. 
 
 EN IflCU'Eli, 71. One that enriches. 
 
 EN-KlCll'lNfi, .Making opulent ; fertilizing ; 
 
 supplying with what is splendid, useful, or orna- 
 mental. 
 
 EN-UICH'.MENT, n. Augmentation of wealth ; ani- 
 plilicntion ; improveinijit ; the addition of fertility 
 or ornament. 
 
 EN-IUU(5E', (cn-rij',) Ji. t. To form into ridgt^s. 
 
 Shttk. 
 
 EN-RING', V. I. To encircle ; to bind. Shnk. 
 EN-RIP'£N, V. t. To ripen ; to brills perfection. 
 
 J')onue. 
 
 EN-RIVE', t>. t To rive ; to cleave. Spcn.ier. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PKBV.— PINE, MARINE, UIIID.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 
 
 398 
 
ENS 
 
 ENT 
 
 ENT 
 
 E. N-RollR', I-. I. [ficiiii rube.] To clothe Willi rich 
 allirc . lo auire ; Id iiivrst. Sliak. 
 
 KS KoK' K\)y yii. Alfirt d ; invested. 
 
 KN-Koli'lMi, /i/>r. Investing; iiltirinj.'. 
 
 r..\ KOI 'K'M i;.\"r, n. a mass of larjji' stones thrown 
 in at raniloni to I'urm tiiu biiava u( piers, bnakwa- 
 t'Ts^ JJiC. BiLchatiiin. 
 
 KN-ltril.L', V. t. [Ft. enrOlcr, from rfi/c, ruUc, a roll 
 or rf;:ister:] 
 
 1. T» write In a roll or register j to insert a name 
 or enter in u list or caiuhvgne ; as, men arc ciiTuUed 
 for ser\'ice. 
 
 2. Ti) record ; to insert in records ; to leave in 
 writing. Milloii. Sliak. 
 
 3. To wrap ; to inviilve. [J\''ut now uocJ.] 
 
 Spen.ser. 
 
 F. y RCll.UEV^ pp. Inserted in a roll or register ; re- 
 corded. 
 
 E.N-ltoMVER, n. He that enrolls or reghsters. 
 EN-KoLL'l.NG, ppr. Inserting in a register; re- 
 cording. 
 
 E.N'-Kol.I/.MEN'T, 11. A register ; a record ; a writing 
 
 in winch any thing is recorded. 
 2. 'I'he act of enrolling. 
 EN HOO T', e. t. [from rouf.] To fix by the root ; to 
 
 fix fast ; to implant deep. Slial!. 
 EN-llOOT'E», pp. Fixed by the root; planted or 
 
 tixed deep. 
 
 E.\-KOUT'ING, ppr Fixing by the root; planting 
 deep. 
 
 E.NllDUND', B. L To environ; to surround; to in- 
 close. [JVot iisrd.] Sliak. 
 
 tLV HbUTE', (king-root',) [Fr.] Upon the road ; in 
 progress. 
 
 E.NS, n. [L. fn.<, part, present of esse, to be.] 
 
 Entity ; being ; existence. Among fAc oW cA«n- 
 i.<fj(, the power, virtue, or efficacy, which certain sub- 
 slaiiees exert on onr bodies; or the things which are 
 siip[K>sed to contain all the ipialities or virtues of 
 the ingredients they are drawn from, in little room. 
 [Littte HS€tl.] F.nciic. Jiihnsoii. 
 
 E.N-.-^AFE', c. t. To render safe. [AW «,.(■«/. ] ll,M. 
 E.N-S.\.M'P1,E, n. [Irri'giilarly formed from exumpk or 
 sample^ It. ejempio^ L. exempt urn.] 
 An example ; a pattern ur model for imitation. 
 Beiii^ entnmples 10 the (luck. — I IVt. v. 
 EN-SAM'Pl-E, V. L To exemplify ; to show by exam- 
 ple. This word is sehloin used, either ad a iioiiii or 
 a verb. [."*ee Ewmple.] 
 EN-S.\.\"(;L'IXE, .(-sang'gwin,) v. L [L. saiiu-iii.*, 
 blood ; Eng. santruinr.] 
 
 'I'o stain or cover with blood ; to smear with gore ; 
 as, an ensatiirithietl field. Jli/toii. 
 EN S A.\"{;L' lS-El),pp. or a. SnlTu.sed or staim d with 
 EN'S.sTE, n. [ U CMjw, a swtird.J [blond. 
 
 Having sword-shaped leaves. 
 EN-seilED'ULE, ». t. I'o insert in a schedule. [See 
 
 ±seHKUL'Ll-.j SItak. 
 
 E.\ St'D.N'CE', (en-skons',) r. L [from scDnce..] To 
 Cover, or shelter, as with a sconce ur fort ; toproteot ; 
 to secure. 
 
 A ill enscoTice me bfiiinil llie arra«. 
 
 Sha*. 
 
 EN-SCO.N'C'£D, (en-sknnst',) pp. Covered, or shel- 
 tered, as by a sconce or fort ; protected ; seciireil. 
 
 ES-i^COSC'lSG, 2'pr. Covering, or sheltering, its by 
 a fort. 
 
 E.N'-Sii.AL', r. t. [from seal.] To seal; to fix a seal 
 on ; to impress. 
 
 E.\ 8i";AL'>.'IJ, pp. Impressed with a seal. 
 
 E.\-SKAI/I.\n, ppr. Pcaliiis : affixing a seal to. 
 
 EN-tiKAI.'INr., n. The act of athxing a seal to. 
 
 EN-S|.;A.M', r. t. [Iroiii seam,] To sew up; to in- 
 close by a seam or juncture of needle-work. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 EN-.Sl>.A.M'Kn, (en-sCmd',1 pp. Sewed up. 
 EN-Si^A.M'AD, o. Greasy. [jVot in use.] Shak 
 E,N-SKA.\ri.N(;, pnr. Sewing up. 
 EN-tiF;AR', r. (. [from .««r.] To se.ar ; to cauterize ; 
 
 to close or stop by burning to hardness. Sfiak. 
 EN-SEARCH', (en-serch',) v. L To search for ; to 
 
 try to find. [JVut used.) ElijoU 
 E.N-SijAR'Er), (en-seerd%) pp. Seared to hardness. 
 
 E. N-SkAR'I.NG, ppr. Searing to hardness. 
 
 F. jV-SHM'BLE, (,liig-<liii'l.l,) B. [Kr.] The whole ; 
 all the parts taken together. 
 
 In the fine art.<, this term denotes the masses and 
 details considered with relation to each other. 
 
 Brande* 
 
 EN-SIIH".I,D',r. (. [fronisAiWrf.] To -shield ; to cover ; 
 
 to protect. Sliaksi>eare uses riishitld for enshieided, 
 EN-SlllKLD'El), pp. Protected. 
 I;N SlllKl.D'lNG, ppr. C'overiiii; with a shield. 
 E.N-.^IIKI.NE', r. L [from slirinr.] To Jnclosc in a 
 
 shrine or chest ; to deposit for safe keeping in a 
 
 cabinet. Mdlon. 
 EN-SI1RI.\'£D, pp. Inclosed or preserved in a shrine 
 
 or chest. 
 
 2. Inclosed ; placed a.s in a shrine. 
 
 Wbtlom eruhrinerl ui beauty. PercioaJ. 
 
 E.\ SlIRIN'ING, ppr. Inclosing in a shrine cr cali- 
 inet. 
 
 E.\ t-llllOUD',1!. (. To cover, as with a shroud. 
 
 [L. eiisLi, sword, and fero, to 
 
 ; n sword. 
 
 cnsifurmis ; eiisLi^ sword, and 
 
 E.\-SIF'EK-OUS 
 bear.] 
 Hear! 02 or carrvin 
 E\'SI-Fi)lt:M, (1. '[L. 
 forma, form.] 
 
 Having the shape of a sword ; as, the cn.iifunn or 
 xiphtiid cartilage ; an CH.iiform leaf. 
 
 ^laiitey, Murtyn. 
 
 EN'SIGN, (en'slne,) h. [Fr. cn.vci/riic ; L. i;isi>i(f, 
 »i<fnia, from ni^iiumy a mark impressed, a niirn.] 
 
 1. The Hag or banner of a military band ; 3 ban- 
 ner of colors; a standaril ; a figured cloth or piece 
 of silk, attaeheil to a stall', and usually with figures, 
 cidors, or arms, tln rckiii, bnriie by an olhcer at the 
 heatl of a ctmipaiiy, tniup, or titlier b.'iiiil. 
 
 2. All)' signal to asstrinble or to give notice. 
 
 He will ItU up im eii»i?rt to tlie iMlionn. — ti. v. 
 Ye 8ti.tll tie lell a» uii rnngn uii a lull. — Is. XXX. 
 
 3. A badge ; a mark of distinction, nink, or office ; 
 as, en.<i^its of power or virtue. Waller. Dryi/fa. 
 
 4. The orticer who carries the Hag or colors, being 
 tilt* Itiwest commissioned otlicer in a company of 
 infantry. 
 
 ■'i. A large banner hoisted on a staff, and carried 
 commonly over the poop tir stern of a ship ; used to 
 distinguish ships tif iliffereiit luitions, or to chanic- 
 tcrixe different sipiadrons of the same navv. 
 
 M'ar. Diet. 
 
 EN'SIG.\-I!EAR'ER, n. He that carries the flag ; an 
 ensiiin. 
 
 EiN'SIG.V-CY, n. The nink, office, or coi->mission, of 
 an ensign. 
 
 EN SKIAJI)', (en-skide',) a. Placed in heaven ; made 
 ininiiirtal. [JVut in h.si.] Sliak. 
 
 EN-Sh.A VE', e. (. [from .ilare.] To reduce to slavery 
 or bondage ; to de|irive of liberty, and subject to the 
 will of a master. Harbaroiis nations rnslare their 
 prisoners tif war, but civili/ed men barbarously and 
 wicketlly pureli.'ise men ttt ensliirr IIk-iii. 
 
 2. To reduce to servitutie or sul)jt^t:litui. Men Ciflen 
 suffer their passions ami appetites to eiislare them : 
 they are enslancd to lust, to anger, to inteniperaiice, 
 to avarice. 
 
 E.N-SI,.\ V'f;i), pp. OT a. Reduced to slavery or sub- 
 jection. 
 
 I'.N SI,.A VEH-NESS, n. State of being enslaved. 
 
 E.N SI,.\\'E'Mr..\T, n 'i lie suite of being enslaved ; 
 slavery ; blindage : servitutie. SiiiitJi. 
 
 EN-SL.iV'ER, n. He who reduces another to bond- 
 age. Sipift. 
 
 E.\'.S1,A\"1.NG, ppr. Kediicing to boiiilage ; depriving 
 of liberty. 
 
 EN-S.N'a1!'E'. See Insvmie. 
 
 K.N-SNaUL', r. (. To eiitaiiL'le. S/d/i.-rr. 
 EN-SN.X KL'Kl), pp. Eiitangletl. 
 EN-SN.\RI,'I.NG, ppr. Entangling. 
 E.N'-SO'l.ER, 0. t. [from .<«ier.] To make sober. 
 
 Tai/tijr. 
 
 EN-Sd'RER-KD, pp. Made sober. 
 
 E\-S("Vlii;U ING, ppr. .Making sober. 
 
 E.N-SI'll l'".RE', c. L [from sphere.] To place in a 
 
 sphere. Jlatl. 
 •>. To make into a sphere. Careio. 
 E.N-SI'll KK'f.'I), /i/i. Placed in a sphere. 
 E.N-."^PIIi'.iriN(;, /i//r. Placing in a sphere. 
 E.N .s'l'A.Ml", r. (. [from ,-7u/«/).] To impress as with 
 
 a stamp ; to impress dee|ily. 
 
 GtMl engtainjted hu iiiiaj^ on i 
 
 Eii/kld. 
 
 EN-ST.A.MP'^,"I), (en-stampt',) pp. Impressed deeply. 
 E.N'-STA.MP'LNG, pyjr. Impressing deeply. 
 EN-STYLE', ti. L To style ; to name ; to call. [Lit- 
 tle ii.ted.] Drayton. 
 E.N-SC'E', r. L [Fr. ensuirre; Norm, ensuer ! Sp. sr- 
 ffuir I It. seiriiire ; L. seijunr, to follow. See Se£k.] 
 To follow ; to pursue. 
 
 S«ek peace, onii tntiu iu — I Put. iii. 
 [In this sense, it is iibsolete.] 
 E\-SOE', r. I. To folltiw as a ctniseqiience of preni- 
 isi's ; as. from these facts, <ir this evidence, the argu- 
 ment will fii.yiir. 
 
 2. To follow in a train of events or course of time ; 
 to succeed ; to come after, lie sixike, and silence 
 ensued. We say, the ensuing age or years ; the rw- 
 suinff events. 
 
 E.N'-SC'I.NtJ, ppr. or a. Following as a consciiueiice. 
 2. Next following; succeeding; as, Uie easuinir 
 yjar. 
 
 E.\-SC'RE', (cn-shure',) and its derivatives. See In- 
 
 SIBE.J 
 
 EN-S\\ EEP', V. L To sweep over ; to pa-ss over rap- 
 
 iill.v- Thomson. 
 E.N-S\VEEP'I.\G, ppr. Sweeping over. 
 E.N-SWEPT', iip. Swept over. 
 
 E.N-TAIi'LA-Tl RE, / II. [Sp. entablamento : Fr. rn- 
 EN-TA'ULE-.ME.N I', i tablement : Sp. entnlilnr, to 
 
 cover with btKirds, from L. tabula, a boanl or table.] 
 In urehitecture, that |i;irt of the order of a column 
 
 which is over the capiuil, including the architrave, 
 
 frie/.e, and cornice. Oiritt. 
 E.N 'I'ACK'LE, (en-tak'l,) c. L To supply with ttickle. 
 
 [J\ot used.] Skriton. 
 EN-TAIL', n. [Fr. entaiUer, to cut, from tatller. It. 
 
 taffliare^ id. Feudum tall'iatnm, a fee entailed, 
 abridi-ed, ciirL-iiliil, limited.] 
 
 1. All estate cr fite eiitailetl, or limited in descent 
 to a partifiihir heir or heirs. Estates-tail are gentral, 
 as when laiiils .'mil (eiieiiieiits are given Iti one antl 
 the heirs of liis body begotten ; or spirial, as whi'ii 
 laiitis anil teiieiiieiits are given to one and the heirs 
 of bis lioilv bv a parlir iilar wife. Black.-.lane. 
 
 2. Rule of ilesceiit st tlletl for an estate. 
 
 3. Delicately-carveil oriianieiital work. [02ijf.] 
 
 Sprnsrr. 
 
 EN-TaIL', F. L To settle the descent of lands and 
 teneiiieiits, by gift to a man and to certain heirs 
 specifietl, so that neither the iltinee nor an> subse- 
 quent possessor can alienate or betineath it ; as, to 
 entail a iiiaiKir to \ It ami to his eltlest son, or to his 
 heirs of Ills boily b. gotten, or to Ins heirs by a partic- 
 ular wife. 
 
 2. To fix iiiialienably on a person or thing, or nn a 
 person ami his ttescend;ints. IJy the apostasy, mis- 
 ery is siippiised to be riiiailid on mankind ; the in- 
 temperate often entail iiiftriiiities Jise;ises, and niin, 
 tin their ehililren. 
 
 .1. [From till' Frencli verb.] 'I'o cut; to carve for 
 ornament. [ ()*.*.] Sprn.ter. 
 E.\-TAII.'Kl), pp. or a. Scttleil on a man and certiiin 
 heirs specified. ■ 
 
 2. Settled on a person and his descendants. 
 E.N-I AIL'I.NG, ppr. Settling the descent t>f an estate ; 
 giving, as laiitls and ti iienu nts, antl prescribing the 
 moile of dest;ent ; settling unalieiiably on a person 
 or thing. 
 
 E.NTAIL'.'ME.N'T, n. The act of giving, as an estate, 
 and directing the iiioile of descent, or of limiting the 
 de!:":eiit to a particular heir or heirs. 
 
 2. The act of settling unalieiiably on a man and 
 his heirs, 
 
 E.N-TAME', r. f. [from fame. ] To tame ; to subdue. 
 E\-Ta.M'A;|), ;;//. Tamed ; subdued. [Ouicer. 
 EN-Ta.M'IXG, ppr. Taming. 
 
 EN-TA.N"(;L1:, (en tang'gl.) v. I. (frtim tangle.] To 
 twist or interweave in such a manner as not to be 
 easily se|)arateil ; to make confusetl or disorilered ; 
 as, tlireail, yarn, or ropes, may be entan/tlcd ; to en- 
 tanirle the hair. 
 
 2. To involve in any thing complicated, and from 
 which it is difficult to extricate one's self; as, to e«- 
 tanirlc the feet ill a net, or in briers. 
 
 3. To lose in niinierous or complicated involutions, 
 as in a lab) riiitli. 
 
 4. 'To involve in tlitficiiUies ; to perplex ; to em- 
 barrass ; as, to cntanirle a nation in alliances. 
 
 .■>. To pu'/.-/,le ; to bewilder ; as, to entangle the un- 
 derstanding. Locke. 
 
 (1. To iiisiiare by captious questions ; to catch ; 
 to perplex ; to involve in contradictions. 
 
 The Pli.tri*'« luolt Cfuiuel how they niiglit entangle him in hU 
 uilk. — Mall. xxii. 
 
 7. To perplex or distract, as with cares. 
 
 No ni.tn l)i.it u-.irn'Ui entangteth liiniBeir with Uie alTaira of tfai* 
 
 lile. — i Tiin. ii. 
 
 5. To multiply intricacies and difficulties. 
 E.N-TA.N '(iL/.l), (en-tang'ghl, pp. or a. Twi.sted 
 
 to;;i ther; interwoven in a confused iiiaiiiier ; intri- 
 I'.'i! ' ; perplexetl ; iiivolvetl ; embarrassed ; insnared. 
 
 E.\-TAN"(;LE-.MEN'I', «. state of being entangled ; 
 involution ; a confusetl or disordered state ; intricacy ; 
 pi rplexitv. ^ociU. 
 
 E.N rAN"GLER, n. One who entangles. 
 
 EiN-TA»N"(;LI.NG, ;>;ir. Iiivtdviiig ; interweaving or 
 interlocking in confusion ; perplexing: insiiariiig. 
 
 EN'T.'\-SIS, «. [t»r.] The almost imjierceptible 
 swelling of the shall of a column. Brande. 
 
 E.N-T.'\SS'.\1E.NT, «. [Fr.j A In^ap ; accumulation. 
 
 EN-TAS''i'IG, a. Itelating to all disetises characterized 
 by tonic spasms. 
 
 EN-TE.N'1)ER, r. t. To treat with tenderness or kind- 
 ness. Young. 
 
 EN'TER, r. t. (Fr. enlrrr, from entre, between, L. 
 inter, o/tm, whence oii»-.i, to enter; It. rntrare ; S[». 
 entrar. The L. i«/cr seeiiis to be iii, with the ternii- 
 natioii trr, as in subier, from .*«*.] " 
 
 1. To move or pass into a |>lace, in any manner 
 whatever; to come or go in ; to walk or rule in ; to 
 flow in ; to pierce or jienetnite. .\ man enters a 
 house ; an army enters a city or a camp ; a river en- 
 ters the st'a ; a sword ei.trrs the body ; tile air enters 
 a room at every crevice. 
 
 2. To ailvanee into, in the progress of life ; its, a 
 youth has entrred his tenth \ear. 
 
 3. To begin in a business, employment, or .service ; 
 to enlist or engage in ; as, the soldier entered the ser- 
 vice at eighteen years of age. 
 
 4. 'I'o become a iiieiiiber of; as, to enter college; to 
 enter a sticiety. 
 
 5. 'I'o .admit or introduce , as, the youth was e»- 
 tered a member of college. 
 
 G. To set down ill writing ; to set an acctiiint in a 
 book or recister ; as, the t-lt rk entrmt the account t>r 
 charge in the journal ; he entered debt and credit at 
 Uie time. 
 
 7. To set down, as a name ; to enndl ; as, to enter 
 a name in the enlistment. 
 
 TONE, BULL. IINITE.— AN"G£R, VI"C10US — G as K ; C as J : S as Z , ClI as SH ; IH as In THIS 
 
ENT 
 
 8. To lods^e a nianilcst of goods at the custom- 
 house, iirui gain admittance or pi-rmis^ioii to land ; as, 
 to entrr goods. We say, also, to cuU-r a ship at the 
 custom-house. 
 
 9. To cause to enter ; to insert, as one piece of car- 
 pentrj' into anotlier. Qwilt. 
 
 EN''l'IjR, r. I. 'To go or come in ; to pass iiitoj as, to 
 enter into a country. 
 
 2. To rtow in ; as, water enters into a slii[). 
 
 3. To pierce ; to penetrate ; as, a ball or an arrow 
 enters into tlie boiiy. 
 
 4. To penetrate mentally ; as, to enter into the prin- 
 ciples of action. 
 
 5. To engage in ; as, to enter into business or ser- 
 vice ; to enter into visionary projects. 
 
 6. To be initiated in ; as, to enter into a taste of 
 pleasure or niagnilicence. JJddison. 
 
 7. To lie an ingredient ; to form .1 constituent part. 
 Lead enters into tile composition of pewter. 
 
 EN'TER-De.VL, n. Mutual di.alings. [A^t in itsc] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EN'TER-£D, pp. or a. Moved in ; come in ; pierced ; 
 penetrated ; admitted ; introduced ; set down in wri- 
 ting. 
 
 EN'TER-ER, n. One who is making a beginning. 
 
 Seward. 
 
 EN'TER-ING, ppr. Coming or going in ; flowing in ; 
 piercing ; penetrating ; setting down in writing; en- 
 listing ; engaging. 
 
 2. a. That begins ; being the first act ; leading to 
 somethins else ; as, an entering wedge. 
 EN'TER-I.N'G, Tt. Entrance ; a passing in. 1 Thess. i. 
 EN-TE RI'TIS, n. [Or. ti/Tt/)oi', intestine.] 
 
 An inrtaniniation of the intestines. 
 EN-TER-LaCE'. See Interlace. 
 EN TER'O-CkLE, n. [Gr. tirepuv, intestine, and 
 KriXri, tumor. j 
 
 In surgern,^ hernial tumor in any situation, whose 
 contents are intestine. 
 EN-TEK-OL'O-GY, <i. [Gr. crnpov, intestine, and 
 A ij us, discourse.] 
 
 A treatise or discourse on the bowels or internal 
 parts of the body, usually indudiug the contents of 
 the head, breast, and belly. Qiiincij. 
 EN-TER-OM'Pll.\-LOS, 7i. [Gr. iv-cpov, intestine, 
 and oix<pn\'iu navel.] 
 
 .\n umbilical hernia whose contents are intestine. 
 EN-TER-l'AR'LANCE, «. [Fr. eitlre, between, and 
 parter^ to speak.] 
 
 Parley ; mutual talk or conversation ; conference. 
 
 Ilaijward. 
 
 EX-TER-PLkAD'. See Interplead. 
 
 EX'TER-PUlSE, n. [Fr., from eirtre prendre, to under- 
 take ; e/iire, in or between, and prendre, to take, prise, 
 a taking.] 
 
 That which is undertaken or attempted to be per- 
 formed ; an attempt ; a project attempted ; particu- 
 larly, a bold, arduous, or hazardous undertaking, 
 cither physical or moral. The attack on Stony 
 Point was a bold, but successful, cnt€rpri.-<e. The 
 attempts to evangelize the heathen are noble cnter- 
 prises. 
 
 Their hands can not perform thi'ir enterprise, — Job v. 
 EN'TER-PRISE, v. L To undertake ; to begin and at- 
 tempt to perform. 
 
 The business must be enterprised Uiis niglit. Dryden. 
 
 EN'TER-PRIS-SD, (en'ter-prizd,) pp. Undertaken ; 
 attempted ; essayed. 
 
 EN'TER-PRIS-ER, n. An adventurer ; one who un- 
 dertakes any projected scheme, especially a bold or 
 hazardous one ; a person who engages in important 
 or dangerous designs. Hayward. 
 
 EiN'TEIl-PRIS-ING, ppr. Undertaking, especially a 
 bold design. 
 
 2. a. Bold or forward to undertake ; resolute, ac- 
 tive, or prompt to atteni]it great or untried schi ines. 
 Enterprising men often succeed beyond all human 
 probability. 
 
 EN'TER-PRIS-ING-LY, uuv. In a bold, resolute, and 
 
 active manner. 
 EN-TER-TAIN', v. U [fr. enlretenir; entrc, in or be- 
 
 tweciu and tcnir, to hold, L. teneo.] 
 
 1. To receive into the hriise, and treat with hospi- 
 tality, either at the table only, or with lodging also. 
 
 Be not for^ llul to enter&ttn strangers ; for l]ien:by some have 
 enUrtairud un^els uioiwareii. — Heb. xiii. 
 
 2. To treat with conversation ; to amuse or instruct 
 by discourse; projicrly, to engage the attention and 
 retain the company of one by agreeable conversa- 
 tion, discourse, or argument. 'I'he advocate enter- 
 tained 111" audii nce an hour willi sound argument and 
 brilliant displays of <'l(HpIc'llcl^ 
 
 :). 'J'o keep in one'H service ; to maintain ; 09, ho 
 entertained ten domestics. 
 
 You, sir, I tnltrbitn for ono ol my liumln^d. Shak. 
 
 [ Thit original and French tense is obsolete, or little 
 UMr-d,\ 
 
 4. To keep, hold, or maintain in the mind with fa- 
 vor ; to reserve in the mind ; to harbor ; to cherish. 
 Let iif entrrt/iin the iiior<t exalted view** ol' the divine 
 character. It in our duly '.o cntrrtum cliarilablu iien- 
 tinieiits toward our rellow-men. 
 
 ENT 
 
 5. To receive or admit with a view to consider and i 
 decide ; as, to entertain a proposal. 7'. Cliahncrs. 
 
 fi. To maintain ; to sujiport ; as, to entertain a hos- 
 pital. [Obs.] 
 
 7. To please ; to amuse ; to divert. David eiitcr- 
 liiined himself with the meditation of God's law. 
 
 - Idle men entertain themselves with trifles. 
 
 8. To treat ; to supply with provisions and liquors, 
 or with provisions and lixigiiig, for reward. The 
 innkeeper entertains a great deal of company. 
 
 Ei\-TER-Ta1i\', n. Entertainment. [Aot in use.] 
 
 Speuser. 
 
 EN-TER-TaIN'^;D, pp. Received with hospitality, as 
 a guest ; amused ; pleased and engaged ; kept in the 
 mind ; retained. 
 
 EN-TER-Ta1i\'ER, 71. He who entertains; lie who 
 receives company with hospitality, or for reward. 
 
 2. He who retains others in his service. 
 
 3. He that amuses, pleases, or diverts. 
 EN-TER-Ta[X'I_\G, ppr. Receiving with hospitality ; 
 
 receiving and treating with provisions and accommo- 
 dations for reward ; keeping or cherishing with favor ; 
 engaging the attention ; amusing. 
 
 2. a. Pleasing; amusing ; diverting; as, an cyiter- 
 tuining discourse ; an entertaining frientl. 
 
 EN-TER-TaIN'ING-LY, ado. In an anmsing man- 
 ner. Warion. 
 
 EX-TER-TaIN'IXG-NESS, n. The quality of enter- 
 taining. 
 
 EN-TER-TaIN'MENT, 71. The receiving and accom- 
 modating of guests, either with or without reward. 
 The hospitable man delights in the entertainment of 
 his friends. 
 
 2. Provisions of the table ; hence, also, a feast ; a 
 superb dinner or supper. 
 
 3. Tile amusement, pleasure, or instruction, de- 
 rived from conversation, discourse, argument, ora- 
 tory, music, dramatic performances, fitc. ; the pleas- 
 ure which the mind receives from any thing interest- 
 ing, and which holds or arrests the attention. We 
 often have rich entertainment in the conversation of a 
 learned friend. 
 
 4. Reception ; admission. , Tillotseni. 
 
 5. The state of being in pay or service. [JVui used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 6. Payment of those retained in service. [Ofts.] 
 
 Dacies. 
 
 7. That which entertains; that which serves for 
 amusement ; the lower comedy ; farce. Gay. 
 
 EN-TER-TIS'SU-£D, (-tish'ude,) a. [Fr. entre and 
 tissM.] 
 
 Interwoven ; having various colors intermixed. 
 EN'TIIE-AL, a. [Gr. and Weoj.] [Shak. 
 
 Divinely inspired. 
 EN-THE-AS'Tie, tu [Gr. tv and Otoj, God.] 
 
 Having the energy of God. 
 EX-THE-AS'Tie-AL-LY, ado. According to deific 
 
 energv. Trans, of Pansanias. 
 
 EN'THE-AT, a. [Gr. cvBens.] 
 Enthusiastic. [Mjt in u.se.] 
 EN-'J'HRALL', v. t. To enslave. [See Inthball.] 
 EN-THRIJJ/, V. t. To pierce. [See Thrill.] 
 EN-TIIRoNE', 7'. t. [from throne.] To place on a 
 tlirone ; to exalt to the seat of royalty. 
 
 Beneatli a eculpmreil arch he siu entiironed. Pope. 
 
 2. To exalt to an elevated place or seat. Shalt. 
 
 3. To invest with sovereign authorily. Ayliffe. 
 
 4. To induct or install a bishop into the powers 
 and privileges of a vacant see. 
 
 E\'-TIiROi\"iJD, pp. or o. Seated on a throne ; exalt- 
 ed to an elevated place ; inducted into a vacant see. 
 
 EiM-TIIUo.\E'MENT, 7i. Act of enthroning. 
 
 E.\-THRoX'ING, ;)^r. Seating tm a throne; raising 
 to an exalted seat ; iniliictiiig into a vacant see. 
 
 EM-TIIRo.V'IZE, V. t. To enthrone ; to induct into a 
 stall, as a bishop. [Improper.] 
 
 EN-THUoN-I-ZA'TION, n. The placing a bishop in 
 his stall or throne in his cathedral. Ilook. 
 
 Ei\-TlIUi\'DER, V. i. To make a loud noise, like 
 thundiT. 
 
 EX-TIIfJ'S?I-.\SJI, (en-thu'ze-.izm,) Ji. [Gr. CfOnvotaa- 
 poi, from £1/0 <ui7iav^'u, to infuse a divine spirit, from 
 liO'jvf, CfVeiif, inspired, divine ; ti> and 6e ■{, God.] 
 
 1. A belief or conceit of private revelation ; the 
 vain conlidfrnce or opinion of a person, that he has 
 special divine communications from the Sujiremc 
 Ueiiig, or familiar intercourse with him. 
 
 £;it/i ufiUMm is foiiiuli-d n' ilht-'r oti reiisuii nor divine rcvelnUon, 
 but rijos from the coiiceiu of a wanned or ove^^^'eenilli; 
 (tnitginntion. Locke. 
 
 2. Heat of iinaginalion ; violent passion or excite- 
 niciil (if file mind, in pursuit of some' object, inspiring 
 extravagant Impi- and confidence of success. Hence 
 thi; same he at of iniagiiKitioii, chastised by reason or 
 experience, becoim s a noble passion, an elevah d 
 fancy, a warm imauiieilion, an ardent zi'al, that 
 forms siibliiiii.' nb as, and prompls to the ardent pur- 
 suit of buidiilile objects. Such is 111'.' entltusin.sw of 
 the poet, the orator, the painter, and tin: sculptor. 
 Such is the c/ifViuiium of the jiatriot, the hero, and 
 the Christian. 
 
 Fiiction nnil enthiminrm nn* the instruineiHs by which nopuliir 
 guvoilni nta Kn; Ucstroynd. Ainet, 
 
 ENT 
 
 EN-THO'SI-AST, (en-thu'ze-ast,) n. [Gr. tvOovai- 
 
 1. One who imagines he has special or supern.it- 
 ural converse with God, or special communications 
 frtmi him. 
 
 2. One whose imasination is warmed , one whose 
 mind is highly excited with the love or in the pur- 
 suit of an object : a person of ardent zeal ; as, an 
 enthusiast in poetry or music, 
 
 3. One of elev.ated fancy or exalted ideas. Dryden. 
 EX-THU-SI-AST'ie, {a. Filled with entliusi- 
 EN-THU-SI-AST'ie-AL, ( asm, or the conceit of 
 
 special intercourse with God or revelations from him. 
 
 2. Higlily excited ; warm and ardent ; zealous in 
 pursuit of an object; heated to animation. Our 
 author was an enthusiastic lover of poetry and ad- 
 mirer of Homer. • 
 
 3. Elevated ; warm ; tinctured with enthusiasm. 
 The speaker addresseil the audience in enthusiastic 
 strains. 
 
 EN-THU-SI-AST'ie-AL-LY, adv. With enthusiasm. 
 
 EN-THY-.ME-.MAT'1€ AL, a. Pertaining to an en- 
 thyrneme ; including an enthymeme. Encyc. 
 
 EN'THY-MEME, n. [Gr. t:S„pn^ia, from tvOvpt,.pai, 
 to think or conceix-e ; ev and Bvpns, mind.] 
 
 In rhetoric, an argument consisting of only two 
 propositions, an antecedent and a consequent de- 
 duced frcun it ; as, xve are dependent, therefore xve 
 should be humble. Here the major proposition is 
 suppressed. Tile complete syllogism xvould be : de- 
 pendent creatures should be humble ; we are depend- 
 ent creatures ; therefore xve should be bumble. 
 
 EN-TICE', 7!. t. [This word seems to be the Sp. 12(1- 
 zar, Port, ati^ar, Fr. attiser, Ann. attisa, from Sp. 
 tizon, It. tizzone, Fr. tlion, L. titiu, a firebrand. The 
 sense, in these languages, is to lay the firebrands to- 
 gether, or to stir the fire; to provoke; to incense. 
 The sense in English is a little varied. If it is not 
 the same word, I knoxv not its origin.] 
 
 1. To incite or instigate, by exciting hope or de- 
 sire ; usually in a bad sense ; as, to entice one to ex'il. 
 Hence, to seduce ; to lead astray ; to induce to sin, 
 by promises or persuasions. 
 
 My son, if sinners ejilice thee, consent tliou not. — Prov. i. 
 
 2. To tempt ; to incite ; to urge or lead astray. 
 Every inr.n is tempted, when he is dmwn away by liis own lust, 
 
 anil enticed, — Jiitnes i. 
 
 3. To incite ; to allure ; in a good sense. Enfield. 
 EX-TIC'£D, pp. Incited ; instigated to evil ; seduced 
 
 by promises or persuasions ; persuaded ; allured. 
 EN-TICE'MENT, n. The act or practice of inciting 
 to evil ; instigation ; as, the enticements of evil com- 
 panions. 
 
 2. Means of inciting to evil ; that which seduces 
 by exciting the passions. Flattery often operates as 
 an enticement to sin. 
 
 3. Allurement. 
 
 EN'-TIC'ER, n. One who entices; one xvho incites 
 
 or instigates to evil ; one who seduces. 
 EN-TIC'ING, ;>/)r. Inciting to evil ; urging to sin by 
 
 motives, fialtery, or persuasion ; alluring. 
 2. a. Having the ipialilies that entice or allure. 
 EN-TIC'ING-LY, ado. Charmingly ; in a xvinning 
 
 manner. 
 
 site sings most enticingly. Addison, 
 EN-TlER'TY, n. [old Fr. eiitiCT-tie.] Thexvhole. [06s.] 
 Ei\-TIRE', a. [Fr. cntier ; Sp. entero ; Port, intciro ; 
 
 It. intcro ; Arm. anterin ; L. integer, said to be iii, neg. 
 
 and tango, to touch. (Xii.] 
 
 1. Whole ; undivided ; unbroken; complete in its 
 parts. 
 
 2. Whole ; complete ; not participat<?d xvitli others 
 This man has the «;i(i/-e control of the business. 
 
 3. Full ; complete ; comprising all requisites in 
 itself. 
 
 Ad action is entire, when it is complete in all lu pans. 
 
 it'jtectaHjr . 
 
 4. Sincere ; hearty. 
 
 He run a course more entire with the kinj of Arr.^gon. Bacon. 
 
 5. Firm; solid; sure; fi.xcd ; complete; undis- 
 puted. 
 
 Entire and sure the monarch's rule must prove, 
 
 Whi) luundi her givatness on her sub> CU' love. Trior. 
 
 G. Uniningled ; unalloyed. 
 
 In thy pR'sence joy entire, Miilon, 
 
 7. Wholly devoted ; firmly adherent ; faithful. 
 
 No niiiu li-td a he.irt more entire to the kinjj. Clarendon. 
 
 8. In full strength ; unbroken. Spen,irr. 
 
 0. In botany, an entire stem is one without branch- 
 es ; an entire leaf is xvilhout any opening in the 
 edge, not divided. J\lartyn. 
 
 E\-TTItH'LY, adi: Wholly ; completely; fully; as, 
 the money is entirely lost. 
 'i. In the xvliole ; without division. 
 Kvipbr.it'-s— fiiN iii't entirely into the Penii.in Sra. fialenh. 
 3. With (inn adherence or devotion ; faithfully. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EN-TIltK'Ni;sS, H. Completeness; fullness; total- 
 ity ; unbroken (ni iii or state ; .is, the entirenesn of tin 
 arch or a bridge. 
 'J. Iiitegrilj ; wboli iiess of In ait ; honesty. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, Wll^T MRTE, PREY. — PLVE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 400 
 
ENT 
 
 ENl 
 
 ENU 
 
 EN-TIRE'TY, n. Wholeness ; coiiipleteiiess ; as, cii- 
 tirety of inlcrost. Blaclcstune. 
 9. Tlif whole. Bacon. 
 
 EN'TI-TA-TIVE, a. [from mtUij.] Considered by 
 itself. 
 
 [This word, and Entitativelv, rarely or nev»r 
 used.] 
 
 EN-TI'TLE, ». t. [Fr. intitu'.cr: Sp. itUiiular; It. iii- 
 tituliire; from L. tilalus, a title] 
 
 1. To give a title to; to give or prefix a name or 
 appellation ; a.s, to entitle a book Commentaries on 
 the Laws of England. 
 
 2. To superscribe or prefix as a title. Ilence, aa 
 titles are evidences of claim or property, to give a 
 claim to ; to give a right to demand or receive. The 
 labor of the servant auitlfs him to his wage.s. Rlil- 
 ton is entitled to fame. Our best services do not enti- 
 tle ns to heaven. 
 
 3. To assign or appropriate by giving a title. 
 
 1. To (pialify ; to give a claim by the possession of 
 siiicablo qualitications j as, an otlicer's talents entitle 
 him to command. 
 
 5. To dignify by a title or honorable appellation. 
 In this sense, title is often used. 
 
 6. To ascribe. [Ofo.] Bnrnet. 
 EN-TI'TLiCD, pp. Dignified or distinguished by a 
 
 title ; having a claim ; as, every good man is entitled 
 to respect. 
 
 EN-TI'TLING, ppr. Dignifying or distinguishing by 
 
 a title ; giving a title ; giving a claim. 
 EN'Tl-TV, ;i. [Low L. entitas ; Fr. cntite ; Sji. enti- 
 
 iliid ; It. entitd ; from ens, esse, to be.] 
 
 1. Being ; essence ; existence. 
 
 Kortuue is uo rtiil entiti/. Bentley. 
 
 2. A real being, or species of being. 
 EN-T(11L', B. t. [See Toil.] To take with toils ; to 
 
 insnare ; to entangle. Bacon. 
 
 EN-TO-.MA-TOG'RA-PHY, >i. [Gr. cprufia, an in- 
 sect, and ) a writing.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on the structure and liabits 
 of insects. [Snperseded by E.*«tomoloi)v.] 
 
 EN-TOM ir, (en-toom',) r. t. [from tomb.] To de- 
 posit in a tomb, as a dead body. Hooker. 
 2. To bury in a grave ; to iiitcr. 
 
 EN-TOM B'A'b, pp. or a. Deposited in a tomb ; buried ; 
 interred. 
 
 EN-TO.Mli'ING, ppr. Depositing in a tomb ; burj-ing ; 
 interring. 
 
 EN-TO.MB'.MEXT, (cn-toom'mcnt,) n. Burial. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 EN-TOM're, a. Relating to insects. 
 EN'TO-MOID, a. [Gr. ti ru^.i and ciiof.] 
 
 Like an insect. 
 EN-TO.M'O-LITE, «. [Gr. cvropa, insect, and XtBog, 
 stone.] 
 
 .\ petrified insect. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 EN-T()-MO-LO(5'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to the science 
 of insects. 
 
 EN-TO-.MOL'O-GIST, n One versed in the science 
 of insects. 
 
 EN-TO-.MOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. cvroiia, insect, from 
 £1', in, and r./ji oj, to cut, and Aoj-oj, discourse.] 
 
 That part of /.oology which treats of insects ; the 
 science or natural history and description of insects. 
 
 EN-TO-.MOS-TO.M'.VTA, n. pi. [Gr. firo^oj and 
 o-r-jia.] 
 
 In loolorry, a family of Molhisca, nearly corre- 
 sponding with the gimus Buccinum of Linnieus. 
 
 EN-TO-.MOS'TR.VeAN, n. .\ crustacean belonging 
 to Cuvier's second division. They are mostly small 
 species, and many are parasitic. 
 
 EN-TO-MOS'TRA-eoUti, o. Belonging to the ento- 
 mostracans 
 
 EN-TO.Vie, a. [Gr. (v and toio?.] 
 
 Relating to phlogistic diathrsi.^, or a morbid increase 
 of vital power and strength of action in tJie circulat- 
 ing svstem. 
 
 EN-TdR-TI-L.\'TION, n. [Fr. entoHiUemenL] 
 
 A turning into a circle. Donne. 
 EN-TO-ZO'ON, n. ; pL Entozoa. [Gr. ivros and 
 ?"'•'•] 
 
 An intestinal worm ; an animal living in some 
 parts of another animal, as in the eye, or the 
 flesh. 
 
 E.N"TR.\IL, n. ) [Fr. entraiUes; Arm. enlrailhou; 
 EN'TRAILS, n. pt. \ Gr. tin,,.,, gee Entkr.] 
 
 1. The ihlirnal parts of animal bodies; the bow- 
 els ; used ehiejly in the plural. 
 
 2. The internal parts ; as, tlic entrails of the earth. 
 
 Th« ti^Tk tntraiU of America. Locke. 
 
 EN-TRAIL', t>. t. [U. intralciare I Fr. treillis, Ireillis- 
 scrA 
 
 To interweave ; to diversify. [JVot in u.«f.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EN-TRAM'MEL, r. L To trammel ; to entangle. 
 
 Jlacliet. 
 
 EX-TRAM'.MEL-ED, a. [from trammel.] Curled; 
 fri7.7.led. 
 
 E.\-TR.\M'MEL-ING, ppr. Trammeling; confining. 
 
 E.N''TR.\.\CE, n. [h. intrans, intra ; or from Fr. ni- 
 trant. See E.tTER.] 
 I 1. The art of entering into a place ; as, the entrance 
 \ of a iierson into a house or an a|>artment. 
 
 2. The power of entering. Let the porter give no 
 entrance to strangers. 
 
 Wlii-f (lilip'iicc o[Vii8 tho door of tliff uri<IcraU(n<ltn^, and 
 biiniini.Uity kutpa it, truth is nurc to (liid uii entrance, niui n 
 
 3. The door, gate, passage, or avenue, by which a 
 place may be entered. 
 
 Thfy siiiil, Show us the entrance into tiie city. — Jiult^ ■» i. 
 
 4. Commencement ; initiation ; beginning ; as, a 
 youth, at his entrance im a ditlicult science, is apt to 
 be discoiirageil. 
 
 5. The .act of taking possession, as of land ; as, 
 the entrance of an heir, or a disseizor, into lands and 
 tenements. 
 
 6. The act of taking possession, as of an olhre. 
 Magistrates, at their entrance into othcc, usually 
 take an oath. 
 
 7. The act of entering a ship or goods at the cus- 
 tom-house. 
 
 8. The begiiming of any thing. 
 
 St. Augustine, in tile entrance of one of his discour*'*!*, mulfs n 
 kinil o( ivix>lof,'y. Jlak'eicHl. 
 
 EN-TRXNCE', 71. t. or i. [from transe, Fr. transe, Arm. 
 trrand. (lu. L. transeo. The Armoric is from tri, 
 across, anil antren, to enter, or It. andare, to go.] 
 
 1. To )>ut in a trance ; to withdraw tlie soul, anil 
 leave the body in a kind of dead sleep or insensibil- 
 ity ; to make insensible to present objects. The verb 
 is seldom used, but the participle, entranced, is com- 
 mon. 
 
 2. To put in an ecstasy ; to ravish the soul with 
 delight or wonder. 
 
 Antl 1 80 nivishi'd witti \\fT heavenly noti", 
 
 I Btocil en'.ranced, antl liad no room f*ir thought. Vryflrn. 
 
 EN-TRANC'KD, pp. or a. Put in a trance; having 
 the soul withdrawn, and the body left in a state of 
 insensibilitv ; enraptured ; ravished. 
 
 Ei\'-TRXNCE'MENT, w. A state of trance or ecstasy. 
 
 Rich. Diet. 
 
 E.\-TRANC'ING, ppr. Carrying away the soul ; cn- 
 
 r.'ipturing; ravishing. 
 EN-TR.\P', V. t. [Fr. atiaaper; It. attrapparc. See 
 
 Trap.] 
 
 To catch, as in a trap ; to insnare ; used chiefly or 
 wholly in a fiiruratioe sense. To catch by artilices ; to 
 involve in difficulties or di.stresses ; to entangle ; to 
 catch or involve in contradictions ; in short, to involve 
 in any dilficulties from which an escape is not easy 
 or possible. We are entrapped by the devices of evil 
 men. We are sometimes entrapped in our own words. 
 
 EN-TRAP'PioD, (en-trapt',) pp. Insnared ; entangled. 
 
 EN-TRAP'PING, ppr. Insnaring ; involving in dilfi- 
 culties. 
 
 EN-TRlcAT', V. L [Fr. en and trailer. It. tratinre, Sp. 
 and Port, tratar, from L. tracto, to handle, feel, treat, 
 use, manage.] 
 
 1. To ask earnestly ; to beseech ; to petition or 
 pray with urgency ; to supplicate ; to solicit pressing- 
 ly ; to importune. 
 
 Is.'utc enlreaicd Jehovah for his wife. — Gen. %xt. 
 
 2. To prevail on by prayer or solicitation. Hence, 
 in the passive form, to be prevailed on ; to yield to 
 entreaty. 
 
 It wop: ft frultl.'ss nttempt to appease a power, whom no pmyera 
 could entrtal. Rogtrt. 
 
 3. To treat, in any manner ; properly, to use, or 
 manage ; but, I believe, entreat is always applied to 
 persons, as treat is to persons or thintrs. Applied to 
 persons, to entreat is to use, or to deal with ; to man- 
 ifest to others any particular deportment, good or ill. 
 
 1 will Cftnae the enemy to entreat tliee well. — Jer. xv. 
 The K^ptiiuis evit-enlrstUsd us. — Deut. xivi, 
 
 [In this application, the prefix en is now dropped, 
 and Treat is used.] 
 
 4. To entertain ; to amuse. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 5. To entertain ; to receive. [04s.] Spenser. 
 EN-TREAT', V. i. To make an earnest petition or re- 
 quest. 
 
 The Jiinlznrics entreated for them, as valiant men. Knotalet. 
 
 2. To offer a treaty. [JVot used.] Maccabees. 
 
 3. To treat ; to discourse. [Aot used.] Hakewill. 
 EN-TRHAT'.VBLE, o. That may be inlreated, or 
 
 is soon intreated. 
 EN-TRf;AT'ANCE, n. Entreaty ; solicitation. [Obs.] 
 
 Fairfax. 
 
 EN-TRkAT'ED, pp. Earnestly supplicated, besought, 
 or solicited ; im|iortuned ; urgently requested. 
 
 2. Prevailed on by urgent solicitation ; consenting 
 to grant what is desired. 
 
 3. Used ; managed. [ Obs.] 
 EN-TR£AT'ER, n. One that entreats, or asks earn- 
 estly. 
 
 EN TRkAT'ING, 7>pr. Earnestly asking; pressing 
 with request or prayer; importuning. 
 2. Treating ; using. [OAs.] 
 EN-TRK,\T'I.\G-LV, adv. In an entreating manner. 
 E.N-TKF;.\T'IVE, n. Pleading ; treating. Brciorr. 
 EN-TREAT'Y, n. Urgent prayer; earnest petition; 
 pressing solicitation ; supplication. • 
 
 The us<-th entrtakea ; but llie rich answereth lOUfhly. — 
 Pnytng witli much entrmUy. — 2 Cor. vUi. 
 
 EJV-TUEE', (ilng-tri',) 11. [Fr.] LiUrally, a cominf; 
 in, or entrj'. 
 
 2. Freedom of access ; an, the entrie of a house. 
 
 3. A course of dishes. 
 
 EJ^-TRKJUF.TS', (ilng tr-nia',) n. [Fr. eittre and mets, 
 I or L. intromUsum, It. tramessu.] 
 
 A term applied to small plates, or dainty dishes, 
 set between the principal dishes at table. 
 
 Mortimer. Fr. Diet. 
 FJV'TRE A'OUS, f^-Xn^'U mm,) [Fr.] Between our- 
 selves. 
 
 EM-TRF^POV, Qlng-tr-po',) n. [Fr. entre and ptt, 
 U}T post, positum.] 
 
 A warehouse or magazine, for the deposit of goods. 
 This term is applied, in France and some other coun- 
 trir^<, to a building or plant where goods from abro.'id 
 may be deposited, and from whence tliey may be 
 withdrawn for exportation to another country with- 
 out i)aving a duty. Brande. 
 
 EN-TRICK', e. f. [from trie/;.] To trick ; to deceive ; 
 to entanirle. fOA.v.] Chaucer. 
 
 EN'TRO-CIITTi:, ». [Gr. rooyof, a wheel.] 
 
 A term applied to separate joints of the stem of an 
 enerinite. [Sec Encrimte.] When first nametl, 
 their nature was not understt)od. Dana. 
 
 EN'TRY, n. [Fr. entr6e. Sec Enter.] 
 
 1. 'J'he passage by which persons enter a house or 
 other building. 
 
 2. The act of entering; entrance; ingress; as, the 
 entry of a person into a house or city ; the entry of a 
 river into the sea t>r a lake ; the entry of air into the 
 blood ; the entry of a spear into the flesh. 
 
 3. The act of entering and taking possession of 
 lands or other estate. 
 
 4. The act of committing to writing, or of record- 
 ing in a book. Make an entry of every sale, of every 
 debt and cretlit. 
 
 5. The exhibition or depositing of a ship's papers 
 at the custom-house, to procure license to land goods ; 
 or the giving ait accuuut of a ship's cargo to the ofli- 
 cer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to 
 land the goods. 
 
 EIV-TuNE', e. (. [from tune.] To tunc. Chaucer. 
 EN-Tli.\'/:n, pp. Tuned; chanted. 
 EN-TCX'I .\(;, ppr. Tuning; chanting. 
 EN-TWT.\iy, !!. (. [from (mine] 'J'o twine ; to twist 
 EN-TVVl.\"/;i), pp. Twisted. [ri>uud. 
 EN-TWINF,'MENT, n. A twisting round ; union. 
 EN-TWIN'ING, ppr. Twisting round. [Hackrt. 
 EN-TWIST', i\ t. [from twist.] To twist or wreath 
 around. 
 
 EN-TWIST'ED, pp. Twisted together. 
 EN-TWIST'ING, ppr. Twisting together. 
 E-N0'B1-LaTE, v. t. [L. e and nubila, mist, clouds.] 
 To clear from mist, clouds, or obscurity. [JiTot in 
 
 use.] Diet. 
 E-Nu'ni-LOUS, a. Clear from fog, mist, or clouds. 
 E-NC'CLE-aTE, v. t. [L. enuctco; e and nucleus, n 
 
 kernel.] 
 
 Properly, to take out the kernel. Hence, 
 
 1. To clear from knots or lumps ; to clear from in- 
 tricacy ; to disenuingle. Tooke, 
 
 2. To open, as a nucleus; hence, to cxjlain; to 
 clear from obscurity ; to nuike manifest. Qnod. 
 
 E-NO'eLE-A-TED,;jp. Cleared from knots ; dis. losed ; 
 explained. 
 
 E N U'CLE-A-TING, p/ir. Clearing from knoU; e.x- 
 plaining. 
 
 E-NU-€LE-.\'TION, n. The act of clearing from 
 knots ; a disentangling. 
 
 Neither nir, nor w:it»T, nor Too*!, seem tlirvctiy to contribute any 
 thing tu tlic entlclealion of this disease, [Uie plica Polonica,] 
 
 Tooke. 
 
 2. Explanation ; full exposition. 
 I^NO'MER-.\TE, V. t. [L. enumero ; e and numero, 
 nunierus, number.] 
 
 To count or tell. Dumber by number ; to reckon or 
 mention a niiinber of things, each separately ; as, to 
 enumerate the stars in a constelhition ; to enumerate 
 particular acts of kindness; we can not enumerate 
 our dailv mitrcies. 
 E-.NC'MER-A-TED, pp. Coimted or told, number by 
 number; reckonetl or mentioned by distinct particu- 
 lars. 
 
 E-NC'MER-A-TING, ppr. Counting or reckoning any 
 
 number, hv the |)nrticulars which compose it. 
 E-NU-MER-A'TION, n. [L. enumrratlo.] 
 
 1. The act of counting or telling a number, by 
 naming each particubir. 
 
 2. An account of a number of things, in which 
 mention is made of every particular ttrticle. 
 
 3. In rhetoric, a part of a peroration, in which the 
 orator recapitul.ates the principal points or heads of 
 the discourse or argument. 
 
 E-NO'.MER-A-TIVE, a. Counting; reckoning up. 
 
 Bp. Taylor, 
 
 E-NUN'CIATE, v. t [L. enuncio; e and nuncio, to 
 tell.] 
 
 To utter; to declare ; to proclaim ; to relate. 
 
 Bp. BarUne. 
 
 E-NUN'CIA-TED, pp. Uttered; declared; pro 
 nounccd ; proclaimed. 
 
 E-NUN'CTA-TI.\G, ppr. Uttering; declaring- pro- 
 nouncing. 
 
 TONE, BULL, tJiVITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ M K ; as J ; » «s Z ; CH m SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 61 
 
 H H* 
 
 4(V1 
 
ENV 
 
 ENW 
 
 EPH 
 
 E-NUN-C[-A'TION, n. The act of uttering or pro- 
 nouncing ; expression. 
 
 2. Manner of uttering articiikite sounds. In a pub- 
 lic discourse, it is inipi>rtant tliat tlie enunciation 
 sliould be clear and distinct. 
 
 3. Declaration ; open proclamation ; public attesta- 
 tion. Tuijhir. 
 
 4. Intelligence ; information. H'lle. 
 E-NUN'C[A-TIVE, a. Pertaining to enunciation ; 
 
 declarative. ■^yliffe. 
 
 E-NUN'CIA-TIVE-I.Y, adv. Declaratively. 
 
 E-NUiX'CIA-TO-llY, a. Containing utterance or 
 sound. fViUun's Jieb. Oram. 
 
 E.\-V.\S'SAL, V. t. [from rassal.'\ To reduce to vas- 
 salage. 
 
 '2. To make over to another as a slave. Jilore. 
 E\-VA.-'SAL /.-U, pp. Enslaved. 
 E.\'-\' AS'.-<AL-L\G, pjir. Reducing to slavery. 
 EN-\'KL'OI*, V. t. [Fr. envdopper ; It. inrtliipparc, 
 aiuHlupjiarej to wrap ; viluppo, a bundle, intricacy.] 
 
 1. To cover by wrapping or folding ; to inwrap ; 
 to invest with a covering. Animal bodies are \isually 
 enviivpcd with skin ; the merchant envelup.t goods 
 with canvas ; a letter is enveloped with jiaper. 
 
 2. To .surround entirely ; to cover on all sides ; to 
 liide. A shij) was enveloped in fog ; the troops were 
 enveloped in dust. 
 
 3. To line ; to cover on the inside. 
 
 His iron coat — enueltiped Spenser, 
 EN'VEL-OPE, j (The French proiumciation, dng-vel- 
 EN-VEL'OP, i oyjc', is still conjmon. \Valkersays 
 it ought to be pronounced like the verb, and hence 
 Envelop would be the preferable orthography.) n. 
 [Fr.] A wrapper; an inclosing cover; an investing 
 integument ; as, the envelope of a letter, or of the 
 lieart. 
 
 2. In/ur(i^ca(io7!, a mound of earth, raised to cover 
 some Weak part of the works. Brande. 
 
 3. In botany, a floral envelope is one of the parts 
 of fructilication surrounding the stamens and pistils. 
 The envelops are formed of one or more whorls of 
 abnornuilly developed leaves. Lindleij. 
 
 4. In astronomy, the envelope of a comet (some- 
 times called the coma) is a dense, nebulous covering, 
 which frequently renders the edge of the nucleas or 
 bodv indistinct. Olmsted. 
 
 EN-VEL'OP-ATO, (en-vel'opt,) pp. Inwrapped ; cov- 
 ered on all sides ; surroumled on all sides ; inclosed. 
 
 EN-VEL'OP-ING, p;ir. Inwrapping ; folding around ; 
 covering or surrounding on all sides, as a case or in- 
 tegument. 
 
 EN-VEL'OP-MENT, n. A wrapping; an inclosing 
 or covering on all sides. 
 
 EN'-V'E.N'O.M, V. t. [from venom.'] To poison ; to 
 taint or impregnate with venom, or any substance 
 noxious tf) life ; never applied, in this seiuie, to persons, 
 but to meat, drink, or weapons f as, an envenomed ar- 
 row or sh;»ft ; an envenomed pt}t\on. 
 
 2. To taint with bitterness or ni;ilice ; as, the en- 
 venomed tongue of slander. 
 
 3. To nuike odious. 
 
 O, what i\ woriil is lliis, \vh"ii what is comply 
 i-jtvenums liiiii lliat lx}ars it ! 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. I'o enrage ; to exasperate. Dryden. 
 
 EN-Vf'.N'O.M-A'I), pp. i>T a. Tainted or impregnated 
 with venom or poison ; imbiltered ; exasperattid. 
 
 EN-VEN'O.M-INi;, /yr. Tainting with venom ; jjois- 
 oning ; iuibittering ; enraging. 
 
 EN-VEK'.MEIL, v. U [Fr. vermea.] 
 
 'I'o dve red. Milttm. 
 
 EN'VI-A-BLE, a. [See Envv.] That may excite 
 envy ; capable of awakening ardent desire t)f pos- 
 session. The sitiuitioii of men in oliice is not always 
 enviable. 
 
 EN' VI-A-I5LY, adv. In an enviable manner. 
 
 EN'VI-£I>, pp. or o. [See Envy, the verb.] Sub- 
 jected to envy. 
 
 EN' VI-ER, 71. One who envies another ; one who de- 
 sires what another possesses, and hates him because 
 his condition is better than his own, or wishes his 
 downfall. 
 
 EN'VI-OUS, <i. {Pr. envieui.. See Envy.] 
 
 1. Feeling or harboring envy ; repining or feeling 
 un(rasim;ss, at a vit^w of tin; excelliuict;, pros[>erity, 
 or happiness of another ; pained by llu; desire of pos- 
 sessing some superior gttttd w hich an»)ther possesses, 
 anil usually disposed to ileprive him of that pood, to 
 lessen it, or to depreci.'ite it, in common estimation. 
 Sometimes fullowitd by aguinst, but generally and 
 properly by at, before the piT.sim envied. 
 
 Ncitli'jr tliiju cni;it;uc at tlif w icki-d. — Prov. xxiv. 
 
 It is followed by of beltjre thi^ thing. He not envi- 
 0U.1 of the bli ssings or prospi rity of others. 
 
 2. Tinctured with envy ; as, an ' iiD/otM disposition. 
 
 3. Excited or direcUjd by envy ; as, an envious at- 
 tack. 
 
 EN'V|f)II.S-I,Y, adv. With envy; with malignity 
 excited by the excellence or prosperity of another. 
 
 Iltiw €noiottthj til" tndlrn look 
 WIm^ii Uif*/ vurprW? iiic ut iny lx>ok I 
 
 EN'VI-OUS-NEHS, n. 'J'hc <pmlity or stale of being 
 ei viou^. 
 
 EN-VI'RON, V. t. [Fr. environner, from environ, there- 
 about ; ea and viron, fritm virer, to turn, Sp. birar. 
 Eng. to veer. , Ckiss IJr.] 
 
 1. To surround ; to encompass ; to encircle ; as, a 
 plain environed with mountains. 
 
 2. To involve ; to envelop ; as, to environ with 
 darkness, or with difiiculties. 
 
 3. Tti besiege ; as, a city environed with troojis. 
 
 4. To int:lose ; to invest. 
 
 'I'liat solili.-r, that ii.aii ufiron, 
 
 Whom riljs of horror all enairon. Cleaveland. 
 
 EN-VI'RON-£f), pp. Surrounded ; encompassed ; 
 besieged ; involved ; invested. 
 
 EN-VI'ltUN-INfJ, ppr. Surrounding; encircling; 
 besieging; incltising ; involving; investing. The 
 appropriation of ditlerent parts of the globe to some 
 paitieular species of stt)ne environing it. 
 
 E.N'-VI'liON-iMENT, 71. Act of surrounding; state of 
 being envirtmed. 
 
 EN-VI'KiiNS or EN'VI-RONS, 7!. pi. The parts or 
 places which surround another place, or lie in its 
 neighborhood, on dilferent sides ; as, the environs of 
 a city or town. Chesterfield. 
 
 EN'VOY, 71. [Fr. envoys, an envo}', from envoycr, to 
 seiui. The correspontiing Italian word is inviato, an 
 eii\oy, that is, sent ; and the verb incinre, tii send. 
 The Spanish is envimlo ; and the verb to seiul. 
 
 Port. id. Hence, envoy is frt)m the root of L. via, 
 Eng. wiry, contracted from viag, vag, t)r wag; It. 
 viuirtriare, to travel ; Sp. viwre, way, voyage. Class 
 lig-] 
 
 1. A person deputed by a prince or government, to 
 negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with a 
 foreign prince or governinent. We usually apply the 
 word to a public minister sent on a special occasion, 
 or for one particular purpose ; hence, an envoy is dis- 
 tingiiislieil from an embassador or permanent resident 
 at a foreign court, and is of inferior rank, liut en- 
 vo\'s are ordinary and extraordinary, and the word 
 may sonietuues be ajiplieil to resident ministers. 
 
 2. A common Inessengcr. [JV'ot in lute.] 
 
 Blackm ore. 
 
 3. Formerly, a jiostscript sent with ct>inpositions, 
 to introduce or eiilVirce tlirMn. [Fr. envoi.] H'lirtun. 
 
 EN'VOY-SIIIP, 71. Tliei>llice of an envoy. Cocriitry. 
 
 EN'VY, V. t. [Fr. envier; Ann. avia ; {torn L. inrideo ; 
 in and video, to see against, that is, to look with en- 
 mity.] 
 
 1. To feel uneasiness, mortification, or liiscontent, 
 at the sight of superior excellence, reputation, or 
 liappint^ss enjoyed by another ; to repine at another's 
 jirosperity ; to fret or grieve one's sidf at the real or 
 stipiiosed superiority of another, and to hate liiin on 
 that account. 
 
 Kttiyy not thou the oppT**ssor. — Prov. iii. ^ 
 Whoever enuies auother, coiircsii.8 his superiority. liambler. 
 
 2. To grudge ; to withhold maliciously. Dryden. 
 To envy at, used by authors formerly, is now obso- 
 lete. 
 
 Wlio would envy at the prosperity of the wickeil ? Taylor. 
 EN'VY, 7!. Pain, uneasiness, mortification, or discon- 
 tent excited by the sight of another's superiority or 
 success, accompanied with some degree of liatreti or 
 malignity, ami often or usually with a desire or an 
 eifort to depreciate the person, and with pleasure in 
 seeing him depressed. Envy springs from pride, am- 
 bition, or love, mortified that another has obtained 
 what one has a strong desire to possess. 
 
 Envy nud admiration are the Scylla and Charylxlis of antliors. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 All human virtue, to its latest breath, 
 
 >'iiidseHyy never conquered, hut by death. Pope. 
 
 Emulation differs from C7t»;/, in not being accompa- 
 nied with hatred, and a desire to dejiress a more for- 
 tunate person. 
 
 Envy, to which tlip ijnohle mind's a slave, 
 
 Is eiiiitlation in the learned or hrave. Pope. 
 
 ft is followed by of or to. They did this in envy of 
 (Jesar, or in envy to his genius. The former seems to 
 be preferable. 
 
 2. Rivalry ; competition. ILittle used.] Dryden. 
 
 3. Malice ; malignity. 
 
 You turn the j^ood we offer into envy. SliaA. 
 
 4. Public odium ; ill repute; invidiousness. 
 
 To diMcharije the kitifj of the envy ol tli;U opinion. Bneon. 
 
 EN'VY-L\G, ppr. Fei'ling uneasiness at the superior 
 condition anil happiness of another. 
 
 E.\'VV-li\(J, 11. .Miirtilicaliiui evperienceil at the stip- 
 iiosed prosperity and happiness of another. 
 
 2. Ill-will at iilliers on account of some supposed 
 siipenoritv. (fill. v. 21. 
 
 EN WAl.'l.oW /■:i), ( wol'lode,) a. [from wallow.] 
 Ileing wallowed or wallowing. SpeiL-ier. 
 
 EN \\'UV.V.l.i,r. t. [froiinWicf;.] To encircle. Sliak. 
 
 EN-WII)'^:N, r. t. [from wide.] To make wider. [JVo« 
 iised.] 
 
 EN-WOMIi',(en wooni',)». (. [from womb.] To make 
 pregnant. [JVol used.] Spenser. 
 2. To bury ; to hide oa in a gulf, iiit, or cavern. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 E.N-WOMIl'/:i), ( woomd',) pp. Impregnated ; buried 
 in 11 deep gulf or cavern. 
 
 EN-WR,\P', (en-rap',) v. t. To envelop. [See In- 
 wrap.] 
 
 EN-WRAP'JIENT, 7i. A covering; a wrapping or 
 wrapjier. 
 
 EN-VVReATM'£D. See Inwreathe. 
 
 H'O-CeNE, q. [Gr. r.ioi, aurora, and (tnii'os, recent.] 
 In geology, a term applied to the earlier tertiary de- 
 posits, in which are a few organic remains of exist- 
 ing species of animals. Hence the term eocene, which 
 denotes the dawn of the existing state of things. 
 
 Dana. Lyell. MauteV. 
 
 E-O'EI-AN, ) a. Pertaining to^liolia or.:Eolis, in .Vsia 
 
 E-OL'ie, i Minor, inh.abited by Greeks. 
 
 The Eolic dialect of the Greek language was the 
 dialect used by the inhabitants of that country. 
 
 Eolian lyre, ur liarp, is a simple stringed instiurnent 
 that sounds by the impulse of air, so called from 
 uEolus, the deity of tlie winds. 
 
 &0'H-AN AT-TACH'MENT, n. A contrivance at- 
 tached to a piano-forte, by which .a stream of air can 
 be thrown upon the chords, which greatly increases 
 the volume of sound. 
 
 E-OL'I-PILE, 71. [.aColus, the deity of the winds, and 
 pila, a ball.] 
 
 A hollow ball of metal, with a pipe or slender neck 
 having a very small orifice, used in hydraulic experi- 
 ments. The ball, being filled with water, is he.ated, 
 till the vapor issues from the orifice with great vi- 
 olence and noise, exhibiting the elastic power of 
 steam. Brande. 
 
 E'ON, 7!. [Gr. 01(01', age, duration.] 
 
 In the Platonic philosophy, a virtue, attribute, or per- 
 fection, existing from eternity. The Platonists rep- 
 resented the Deity as an assemblage of eons. The 
 Gnostics considered eons as certain substantial powers 
 or divine natures emanating from the Supreme Deity, 
 and performing various parts in the operations of the 
 universe. Encyc. Enfield. 
 
 EP, EP'I, [Gr. £771,] in composition, usually signifies 
 on. 
 
 E'P.'^CT, 71. [Gr. ciroKToi, adscititious, from ettujw, !o 
 adduce or bring ; em and a>fo, to drive.] 
 
 In ehronidogy, a term denoting the moon's age at 
 tile end of the year, or the number of daj s by whicii 
 the last new moon has preceded the beginning of the 
 year. Brande. 
 
 EP-AN-A-DIP-Lo'SIS, n. [Gr.] Repetition ; a figure 
 in rhetoric when a sentence ends n ith the same word 
 with w hich it begins. 
 
 EP-AN-A-LEP'SIS, 71. [Gr.] Resumption ; a fiaure 
 of rhetoric by which the same word is repeateil in 
 resuming the subject, as after a long parenthesis, &c. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 EP-AN'O-DOS, 71. [Gr.] Return or inversion ; a rhe- 
 torical figure, when a sentence or member is inverted 
 or repeated backward ; as, " Woe to them who call 
 good evil and evil good." 
 
 EP-AN-OR-Tllt)'SIS, 71. [Gr.] CoiTection ; a figure 
 of rhetoric in which a speaker recalls what he has 
 said, fur the sake of making it .stronger. 
 
 EP'ARCU, 71. [Gr enapxai ; ini and apx^, domin- 
 ion.] 
 
 The governor or prefect of a province. ^.v/i. 
 EP'SRCil-Y, 71. [Gr. c-napxia, a province; tiri and 
 apx'it govern mtiiit.] 
 ' A iirovince, prefecture, or territory, under the ju- 
 risdiction of an eparch or governor. Tooke. 
 EP-4ULE', n. [Fr.] The shoulder of a bastion. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 EP-AULE'MENT, n. [from Fr. epaule, a shoulder.] 
 In fortification, a side-work, or work to cover side- 
 wise, made of gabions, fascines, or bags of earth. It 
 sometimes denotes a semi-bastiim and a square oril- 
 lon, or mass of earth faced and lined with a wall, de- 
 signed to cover the cannon of the casemate. Harris. 
 EP'AU-I,ET, n. [Fr. epaulette, from epaule, the shoul- 
 der : It. spalla, S]). espalda.] 
 
 A shoulder-piece ; an ornamental badge worn on 
 the sliouldi^r by military men. Ulficers, military and 
 naval, wear epaulets on one shoulder or on both, ac- 
 cording to their rank. 
 EP-E-NET'ie, «. [Gr. cir.rii/Tjn/ccj.] 
 
 Laudatory ; bestowing praise. Phillips. 
 E-PEN''i'IIE-SIS, 71. [Gr. trrr.vOtais ; eni, ev, and n- 
 Wtj/ii, to put.] 
 
 The in.seilion of a letter or syllable in the middle 
 of a word, as alituum for alituin. Eneyc. 
 EP-EN-TIIET'lC, a. Inserted in the middle of a word. 
 
 M. aiuarl, 
 
 K-PE/Jfi'JVK', (a piirn',) 71. [Fr.] An ornanumlul stand 
 for a large dish in the centre of a table. Smurt. 
 
 EP-EX-E-GET'IC-AE, a. Exiilanatory of that which 
 ininiedititelv precetles. Gibbs. 
 
 IC'l'll.^i, (e'fi,) M. [lleb. riBN, or riti-ti, properly, a 
 baking.] 
 
 A llebrew measure, equal, according to Josephiis, 
 to the Attic mediinnus, or about one and a half (more 
 exactly, one and four ninths) bushels English. 
 
 Jiobinsoii\i Ge.tenius. 
 E-PIIEM'E RA, (e fem'e-ril,) >i. [L., from Gr. £</,7(fi£- 
 pu(, daily ; iiri and iniipn, a day.] 
 
 1 A fever of one tlay's continuance only. 
 2. The day-fiy, or May fly, u genus of insects; 
 strictly, a lly that lives one day only ; but the word 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — MUTE, I'ttfiY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 4(»a ' 
 
< 
 
 EPl 
 
 is applied also to insects tlial are very short-lived, 
 
 wlietiier they live several days or an hour only. 
 
 riiere :ire several species 
 K rilKM K RAL la Diurnal , ueginniiii; and end 
 1" I'll r.M'IMMt,'. > ma Ml a day , conliriuing or el 
 K-l'llEM'E-ROUS, ) isting one day only. 
 
 L'. Sliort-lived ; existing or continuing for a short 
 
 time only. 
 
 [EpHEnrr.RAL is peniraUtj used. Ephemebous is 
 not analutricoUy formed.] 
 E-I'IIE.M'E-RIS, n. ; jil. Ei'hemehides. [Gr. cipniic- 
 pii.] 
 
 1. A journal or account of daily transactions; a 
 diary. 
 
 2. In astronomy, an account of the daily state or 
 positions of the planets or heaveidy orbs ; a table, or 
 colli ction of tables, exhihitins the places of the planets 
 ever>' liay at noon. From these tables are calculati d 
 eclipses, conjunctions, and other aspects of tin' plan- 
 ets. Hrintdc. 
 
 E-IMIE.M'E-RIST, n. One who studies the daily mo- 
 tions and positions of the planets ; an astroloser. 
 
 Uuwcll. 
 
 E-PIIE.M'E-RON, n. The being of a dav. 
 
 E-PIIEM'E-RON-WORM, n. [See Echemera.] A 
 worni that lives one day onlv. Din-ham. 
 
 E-PHe'SIAN, (e-fc'/.han,) a. ' Pertainins to Ephesus, 
 in Asia Minor. As « noun, a- native of Ephesus. 
 Hence, one of dissolute life. Shak. 
 
 EPII-1-AL'Ti"S, H. [(Jr.] The niElitmare. 
 
 EPII'Ol), (ef 'od,) n. [lleb. TM)N, from TEN, to bind.] 
 In Jcicinh aiitujuili), a part of the saci'rdotal habit, 
 beins a kind of girdle, which was brought from be- 
 hind the neck over the two shoulders, and hanging 
 down before, was put across the stomach, then car- 
 ried round the waist, and used as a girdle to the tu- 
 nic. There were two sorts ; one of plain linen, the 
 other embroidered for the high priest. Un the part 
 in front were two precious stones, on which were 
 engraven the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 Itefore the breast w;is a square piece or breastplate. 
 
 Eiictfc. Ciiltnct. 
 
 EPH'OR, «. ; ph Ephors or Ephori. [Gr. ii^opui, from 
 ctput^ain, to inspect.] 
 
 In ancient Spitrta, a niagistratc chosen by the peo- 
 ple. Tile ephors were five, and they were intended 
 as a check on the regal power, or, according to some 
 writi^rs, on the senate. Rncyc. Jlitfard. 
 
 EPII'OR-AI^TY, (ef'or-al-te,) n. The" office, or term 
 of office, of an ephor. Mitfurd. 
 
 EP'ie, a. [L. epiciLi, Gr. CTriicof, from c~os, a song, or 
 tTi 1, ciiri.i, to spt!ak.] 
 
 Narrative; containing narration ; rehearsing. An 
 epic |)oem, otherwise called heroic, is a poem which 
 narrates a story, real or fictitious, or both, represent- 
 ing, in an elevated style, some signal action or series 
 of actions and events, -nsnally the achievements of 
 some distniguished hero, and intended to form the 
 morals, and affect the mind with the love of virtue. 
 The matter of the poem includes the action of the fa- 
 ble, the incidents, episodes, characters, morals, afid 
 machinery. The form includes the manner of nar- 
 ration, the discourses introduced, descriptions, senti- 
 ments, style, versification, figures, and other orna- 
 ments. 'i*he end is to im))rove the morals, and insjnre 
 a love of virtue, bravery, and illustrious actions. 
 
 EP'ie, n. .An epic poem. [See Epic.] [Ehcijc. 
 
 EP'l-e.\RP, II. [Gr. tri and ».i.)<r.is.] 
 
 In hiiinnii, the outer coating of the pericarp.] 
 
 EP'I-riiUK," n. [Gr. (Turjiirus.] [Lindfey. 
 A funeral song or discourse, 
 
 EP-I-('K'UI-AL, a. Epicedian ; elegiac 
 
 EP-I-CK.'DI-A.\, (I. Eli^giac; mournful. 
 
 EP-l-fiC'DI-U.M, n. An elegy. 
 
 EP't-(?E.\E, a. or n. [Gr. eirncoivo; ; en and xoipo;, 
 common.] 
 
 Common to both sexes; a term applied to snch 
 nouns as have but one form of gender, either the 
 masculine or feminine, to indicate animals of both 
 sexes ; as, H i {, bos, for the ox and cow. 
 EP-I-CE-RAS'Tie, a. [from the Greek.] Lenient; 
 assuaging. 
 
 EP-IC-Tk'TI.AN, (ep ik-te'shan,) a. Pertaining to 
 Epictetns, a Stoic philosopher in the time of the Ro- 
 man emperor Dumitian. .^rlmthnot. 
 
 EP'I-eURE, II. [L. rpicurus, a Voluptuary, from Epi- 
 curus.] 
 
 Properly, a follower of Epicurus ; a man devoted 
 to sensual enjoyments ; hence, one who indulges in 
 the luxuries of the table. 
 
 [ The word is now used only or chiejly in the latter 
 
 F.pTei'RE-AN, ) rr t 
 El- I-eU-RK'AN, 1 '•/"""■'"•■•■•I 
 
 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, an ancient Greek phi- 
 losopher ; as, the Epicurean philosophy or tenets. 
 
 RriJ. 
 
 2. Luxurious ; given to luxury ; contributing to tlie 
 luxuries of the table. 
 
 EP-l-eC'RE AN, j ri. A follower of Epicurus. 
 EP-l ei.'-RE'AN, ( ^;iicvc. Sfiaflesbunj. 
 
 •2. One given to the luxuries of the table. 
 EP-I-Cr'Rl>-AN-ia.M, a. Attachment to the doctrines 
 of Epicurus. Uarris. 
 
 EPl 
 
 EP'I eU-RlSM, n. Luxury; sensual enjoyments; 
 indulgences in gross pleasure ; voluptuousness. Sluik. 
 a The doctrines of Epicurus. IVarlnn. Bailey. 
 EP'I 6U KI'/.E, e i 'I'o feed or indulge like an epi 
 cure , to riot , t<) feast Fuller. 
 2. To profess the doctrines ot Epicurus Ctidwiyrtli. 
 EP'I-CV-ei.E, n. [Gr. tm and «i.«A-.s, a circle.] 
 
 In Oie Ptolemaic system of astronomy, a little circle, 
 whose center moves round in the circumference of a 
 greater circle ; or a small circle, whose center, being 
 fixed in the deferent of a planet, is carried along with 
 the deferent ; and yet, by its own peculiar niotioii, 
 carries the body of the planet fastened to it round its 
 proper center. F.iL Encyc. 
 
 EP-I-CyeL()in, n. [Gt. catKVKXoetfnS l cjti, kvkXos, 
 and £ift');, form.] 
 
 In irrometry, a curve gr'nerated by any point in the 
 plane of a movable circle, which rolls on the inside 
 or outside of the circumference of a fixed circle. 
 
 Ed. Kncye. 
 
 EP-I-C?-€LOII)'AL, a. Pertaining to the epicycloid, 
 or having its pro|KTties. Encyc. 
 
 EP-LUEM'ie-AL, j f^""' ^Wf' P""?'''-] 
 
 1. CoiiiiiKin to many people. An epidemic disease 
 is one which, indrpi iident of hical cause, seizes a 
 great niiinber of people at the same time, or in the 
 same season. Thus we speak of epidemic fever ; 
 epidemic catarrh. It is used in distinction from en- 
 dimic, 
 
 2. Generally prevailing ; nffi cting great numbers ; 
 as, epidemic rage ; an epidemic evil. 
 
 EP-I-DE.M'ie, n. .\ disease generally prevalent, but 
 not dependent upon any local morbific cause, and not 
 conliiied to any seasiui, climati', region, or country. 
 The infiueii/.a of October and November, 1789, that 
 of March and April, 17!);), that of the winter 1821-.'), 
 and that of 18i5 - (>, were very severe epidemics. Tully. 
 
 EP-I-I)K.M' I€-A1..-LY, ad. In an epidemical niaiiiier. 
 
 EP'I-DE.M-Y, n. .\ prevailing, common, or general 
 disease, not dependent on local causes. Diniirtison. 
 
 EP-l-I)ER.M'ie, j a. Pertaining to or like the epi- 
 
 EP-1-I)I;RM'I-D.\L, ) dermis; covering the skin or 
 bark. 
 
 Till.: ejndermic texture. Kirimn. 
 
 EP-I-DERM'IS, n. [Gr. tmStopif; art and dcppa, 
 skin.] 
 
 The cuticle or scarf-skin of the body ; a thin mem- 
 brane covering either the skin of animals, or the bark 
 of plants. Encyc. jVarti/n. 
 
 EP-I-Uie T'le, o. [Gr. firif'curiitis.] That explains, 
 exhibits, or lays open ; applied by the Greeks to a kind 
 of oratory, called by the Latins demonstrative. 
 
 Brottirham. 
 
 EP'I-DOTE,n. [from Gr. £itii5i<?(,./ii ; so named from 
 l!ie enlargement of the base of the primary, in some 
 of the secondary fonns.] 
 
 A mineral of a green or gray color, vitreous luster, 
 and partial transparency. The primary form of the 
 crystals is a right rhoniboidal prism. It consists of 
 silica, alumina, lime, and oxyd of iron, or manganese. 
 Zoisite is a variety of epidote. Dana. 
 
 EP I-UOT'ie, a. Pertaining to epidote, or containing 
 it. Ifitchcock. 
 
 EP-I-GAS'TRie, o. [Gr. tri and ) ririo, belly.] 
 
 Pertaining to the upper and anterior part of the ab- 
 domen ; as, the epigastric region ; the epitrastric arte- 
 ries and veins. Quiiicy. 
 
 Ep'[:GEn;M. i ^« P«>"«"- 
 
 EP'I-CEXE, a. [Gr. £iri, upon, and yino/iai, to begin 
 to be.] 
 
 In treolotry, formed or originating on the surface of 
 the earth ; opiwsed to hypogcne ; as, epigene rocks. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 The word was/ormrr/y used in erystalloirrap/iy, to 
 denote forms of crj stiils not natural to the subst;inces 
 in which they are foiiiuL 
 EP-I-GK'OUS, a. [Gr. iiri, upon, and J r;, earth.] In 
 
 ftii'i'ii/, growing close upon the earth. Lindley. 
 EP-l-GLOT'Tie, a. Belonging to the epiglottis. 
 EP-l-GLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. Xwrr.s ; £771 and 
 jpAurra, the tongue.] 
 
 In anatomy, one ot'^the cartilages of the larj'nx, 
 whose use is to protect the glottis, when food or 
 drink is passing into the stomach, to prevent it from 
 entering the larynx and obstructing the breath. 
 
 Qiiinry. 
 
 EP'I-GR.V.M, n, [Gr. 5Ti)pap/i i, inscription ; tiri and 
 ) piipt'ii, a writing.] 
 
 A short poein treating only of one thing, and 
 ending with some lively, ingenious, and natural 
 thought. Conciseness and point form the beauty of 
 cpiurnms. 
 
 Epiirtams were originally inscriptions on tombs, 
 st-atiies, temples, triumphal arches, &.c. Eneyc. 
 EP-I-GRA.MMAT'IC, la. Writing epigrams; 
 EP-l (iRA.M MAT'ie-AL, i dealing in epigrams; 
 as, an epii^ammalic [xiet. 
 
 2. Siiit.'ible to epigrams 
 like an epigram ; concise 
 epiirrammatte stj le or wit. 
 EP-I-GRAM'.M.VTIST, n. One who composes epi" 
 
 belonging to epigrams ; 
 pointed; poignant; as, 
 
 EPl 
 
 grams, or deals in them. Martial viag a noted eyi- 
 ^ammatist. 
 
 EP'l-GRAPII, (ep'e graph.i 1 Gt •■niyo'Uliii •ati 
 and J nmtiu), to write.] 
 
 1. Among Ufj/r/^ii/iriMi, an inscription on a building 
 potnliiig out the lime «>f 'ts «r#'riion 'h** Imilders its 
 uses, 4lC. h.nryr 
 
 2. In lilrratnre, a cit.ation Irom some author, or a 
 sentence fninied for the |)urpose, placed at the com- 
 mencement of a work, or at its separate divisions ; a 
 motto. Brandc. 
 
 E I'IG'Y-NOUS, a. (Gr. tiri and yvn,.] 
 
 In botany, a term used when the stamens are united 
 
 both with tile surface of the calyx and of the ovary. 
 
 [Ohs.] Lindley. 
 EP'l-LEP-SY, II. [Gr. ciriAi/iI/m, from £iriA«ji/j'api..,to 
 
 seize.] 
 
 The falling sickness, so called because the patient 
 falls suddenly to the ground ; a diseasi' characterized 
 by general muscular agitation, occasioned by clonic 
 spasms, williiiiit sensation or consciousness, and 
 coniiiiiiiily r*'curriiig at intervals. Good. 
 
 EP-M.EI"Tie, H. Pertaining to the falling sickness ; 
 air«'Ch-(l with epilepsy ; consisting of epilepsy. 
 
 El'-I l.i;i"Tie, n. One aflected with epilepsy. 
 
 E-P1L'(J.GI.«.\1, H. [Gr. tiriAoKffpej.] 
 
 Computation; enumeration. Oregory. 
 
 EP-I-LO GIS'TIC, a. Pertaining to epilogue; of the 
 nature of an epilo£:ue. 
 
 EP'I-I,UGUi;, (t p'i log,) 71. [L. epiloirns, from Gr. 
 £Tr(A'i} 'K, conclusion ; LziXtyot, to conclude ; tni and 
 Aej 0), to speak.] 
 
 1. In oratory, a conclusion ; the closing part of a 
 discoiir.se, in wliicli the principal matters are recapitu- 
 lated. Eneyc. 
 
 2. In the drama, a speech or short poem addressed 
 to the spectators by one of the actors, after the con- 
 clusion of the play. 
 
 rP'I LO <5IZF j '■ pronounce an epilogue. 
 EP'I-LO-GUIZE, V. t. To add to, in the manner of an 
 epilogue. 
 
 EI'-I-Nl"CION', (ep-e-nish'un,) n. [Gr. eirti/tKiov; cm 
 and I'tif ('.", to conqiK.'r.l 
 
 A song of Iriuiiipli. [J^ot. in use.] tVarton. 
 EP-I-NYC'TIS, n. [(Jr. iffi and pii(, n'ltr ij, night.] 
 
 An angrv pustule, appearing in the night. 
 EP-I-PE-UOAI'E-TKY, 11. [(Jr. tzi, -ipf, and otrpoi:] 
 The mensuration of figures standing on the same 
 base. [JYet used.] Knoicles. 
 E-PIPII'A-NY, (e-pira-ne,) 11. [Gr. c-tipavcta, ap- 
 pearance ; £7714.111/;.), to appear ; £ir( and ^miku.] 
 
 A church festival celebrated on the sixth day of 
 January, the twelfth day after Christmas, in com- 
 memoration of the appearance of our Savior to the 
 magiaiis or philosophers of the East, who came to 
 adore him wilh presents ; or, as others maintain, to 
 commemorate the appearance of the star to the 
 inagians, or the iiiaiiifest.iti<m of Christ to the (Jen- 
 tiles. Jerome and Chrysostoiii take thi' epiphany to 
 be the day of our Savior's baptism, when a voice 
 from heaven declared, " This is my beloved Son, in 
 whom I am well pleased." The Greek fathers use 
 the word for the ap|>eaiance of Christ in the world, 
 the sense in which Paul uses the word. 2 7'ini. i. 10. 
 
 _ Encyc. 
 EP-I-PHO-Nk'M.A, 71. [Gr. £iri^wpi|/ia, exclamation ; 
 £;ri and 0'jt£ai.] 
 
 In oratory, an exclaniatori' sentence or striking re- 
 flection ; as, admirable clemency ! How inconstant 
 is the favor of princes ! Rich. Diet. 
 
 E-PIPH'O-RA, (e-pif'o-ri,) 71. [Gr. tni and <t,ipoi, to 
 bear.] 
 
 L The watery eye; a disease in which the tears, 
 from iiicrea.scd secretion, or some disease of the 
 lachrymal piussagc, accumulate in front of the eye 
 and trickle over the cheek. Cyc Parr. 
 
 2. In rhrloric, the emphatic repetition of a word or 
 phrase, at the end of several seiiti iices or stanzas. 
 EP-I-PIIYl.-LO-SPERArOUS, a. [Gr. tri, .^.lAAji , a 
 leaf, and c-neo^'i, seed.] 
 
 In botany, hearing their seeds on the back of the 
 leaves, as "ft-riis. Harris. 
 E-PIPH'YI^LOUS, (e-pif'il-lus,) a. [Gr. £-1 and 
 (/>i AAop.] 
 
 In botany, inserted upon the leaf. 
 E-PIPH'Y-SIS, n. [Cr.t-iipvnis •' f^i and ■/.«", lo grow.] 
 
 Accretion ; the natural growing of one bone lo an- 
 other by simple contiguity, without a proper articula- 
 tion, yiiinry. 
 
 The s|Miiigy extremity of a bone; any ixirtion of a 
 bone growing to another, but originally separated 
 from it by a cartilage. Core. 
 
 Epiphyses are appendixes of the long bones, for the 
 purpose (if articulation, formed from a di.-Iinct center 
 of ossification, and in the young subject connected 
 with the larger bones by an iiiter\'ening cartilage, 
 which in the adult is obliterated. Parr, 
 E-PlPirY-T.\L, a. [Gr. £iri and l^v^u^, a plant.] 
 
 Pertaining to an epiphyte. 
 EP'I PHY TE, 71. [Gr. i-i and .^vrm.) 
 
 A plant which grows on other plants, hut does not 
 penetrate their sulistance, nor absorb iheir juices. 
 EP-l-PIIYT'ie.a. Having the nature of an epiphyte. 
 
 TONE, BULL, 1;NITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 403" 
 
EPI 
 
 EP-I-PLEX'IS, n. [Cr.] In r/irt..r;c, a figure by wliicli 
 ;i person seeks to convince and move by :i kind of 
 yentle upbraiding. Budianaii^ 
 
 E-PIP'LO-CE, 71. [Gr.cTriixAo/cr;, implication ; tffi and 
 jrAc/toi, to fold.] 
 
 A figure of rlietoric, by which one aggravation, or 
 striking circumstance, is added in due gradation to 
 another; as, "He not only spared his enemies, but 
 continued them in employment ; not only continued 
 them, but advanced them." Johiisun. 
 
 E-PIP'LO-CeLE, n. [Gr. CTnTrXoKnXn ! tirin-Auo*', the 
 caul, and Kn^n^a. itimur.] 
 
 A hernia whose contents are epiploon. 
 
 EP-I-PLo'ie, a. [Gr. cn-iTAour, the caul.] 
 Pertaining to the caul or omentum. 
 
 E-PIP'LO-ON, n. [Gr. iiTi-Su:ii> ; cm and tAcoj.] 
 The caul or omentum. 
 
 E-PIS'€0-PA-UY, 71. [L. episcopattts ! Sp. obispado ; 
 Port, bispado ; It. episcopato ; from the Gr. crriciK'jTTeto, 
 to inspect ; €ri and cKorrcoi, to see. See Bishop.] 
 
 1. Literally, oversight, watch, or careful inspec- 
 tion. James. Hence, 
 
 2. Government of the church by bishops or prel- 
 ates ; that form of ecclesiastical government, in 
 which diocesan bishops are established, as distinct 
 from and superior to priests or presbyters. Knctjc. 
 
 E-PIS eO-PAL, a. Belonging to or vested in bishops 
 or prelates ; as, episcoiial jurisdiction ; episcopal au- 
 thority. 
 
 2. Governed by bislu>ps ; as, the episcopal church. 
 E-PIS-GO-Pa'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to bishops or gov- 
 ernment by bishops ; episcopal. 
 E-PIf^ eO-PA'LI-AN, n. One who belongs to an epis- 
 copal church, or adheres to the episcopal form of 
 church government and discipline. 
 E-PIS-eO-PA'LI-AN-ISM, n. The system of episco- 
 pal religion, or government of the church by bishops. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 E-PIS'eO-PAL-LY, adv. By episcopal authority ; in 
 
 an episcopal manner. 
 E-PIS'eO-PATE, n. A bishopric ; the office and dig- 
 nity of a bishop. 
 2. The order of bishops. 
 E-PIS'eO-PATE, V. i. To act as a bishop ; to fill the 
 
 office of a prelate. Harris. Mitner. 
 
 E-PIS'eO-PI-Cri)E, n. [L. episcopus and c<cdo.] 
 
 The killing of a bishop. 
 E-PIS'eO-PY, n. Survey ; superintendence ; search. 
 
 Jllilton. 
 
 EP'I-SODE, n. [from the Gr.] In poetry, a separate 
 incid(mt, story, or action, inlroduced for the purpose 
 of giving a greater variety to the events related in 
 the poem ; an iiicident;U narrative, or digression, 
 separable from the main subject, but naturally arising 
 from it. Jtikiison. Encyc. 
 
 EP-I-SOD're, j a. Pertaining to an episode ; 
 
 EP-I-SOD'ie-AL, j contained in an episode or di- 
 gression. Dryden. 
 j EP-I-S(JD'ie-AL-LY, adv. By way of episoile. Scott. 
 
 EP-I-SPAS'Tie, o. [Gr. CTrianaariKa, from trrtaitaw, 
 to draw.] 
 
 In medicine, drawing ; attracting the humors to the 
 skin ; exciting action in the skin ; blistering. 
 
 EP-I-SPAS'Tie, H. A topical remedy, applied to the 
 e.xternal part of the body, for the i)urpose of produ- 
 cing infiatnmation and vesication. Kncyc. Coze. 
 
 EP'I-SPEll.M, n. [Gr. ltti and amppa.] 
 The outer integument of a seed. 
 
 EP-I-STlL'lilTE, n. A mineral, white and translu- 
 cent. The primary form of the crystal is a right 
 rhombic prism. Rose. 
 
 E-PIS'TLE, (e-pis'l,) n. [L. eplstola; Gr. tirioroA/!, 
 from tnoTcAA"!, to send to ; tin and o-T-tAAw, to 
 send ; G. stellrn, to set.] 
 
 A writing, directed or sent, comnninicating intelli- 
 gence to a distant person ; a letter; a letter missive. 
 It is rarely used in familiar conversation or writings, 
 but chiefly in solemn or formal transactions. It is 
 used particularly in speaking of the letters of the 
 apostles, as the epistles of Paul ; and of other letters 
 written by the ancients, as the epistles of Pliny, or of 
 Cicero. 
 
 E-PIS'TLER, n. a writer of epistles. [Little useu j 
 2. Formerly, one who attended the cunnnunion ta- 
 ble and read the epistles. 
 E-PIS'TO-IjA-RY, a. Pertaining to epistles or letters ; 
 suitable to letters and correspondence ; familiar ; as, 
 an episUilar}j style. 
 
 2. Contauied in letters ; carried on by letters ; as, 
 an epistutary correspondence. 
 EP-IS-T(JI,'IC, j u. Pertaining to letters or epis- 
 EP la-TOL'ie AI>, ( ties. 
 
 i2. Designating the method of representing ideas 
 by letterH and words. Warburton. 
 E PIH'TO l,IZi;, V. I. To write eplsllos or letters. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 E PIH'Tf).],!/ Ell, 71. A w.-iicr of cpiHtl.rs. Howell. 
 E-PI.S-T() MJ (HtAPII'IG, a. Pertaining to the writ- 
 ing of lettem. 
 
 E-PIS-TO-I,OG'KA PHY, n. [Gr. «iriffroA>,, a letter, 
 
 and ynmliin, to write.] 
 
 The art or practice of writing letters. Knryc. 
 E-PIS'TRO-PHE, II. [Gr.t7r«7r,i.-./.q; tiri and <r7-,..)./,r(, 
 
 a return.] 
 
 EPI 
 
 A figure in rhetoric, in which several successive 
 sentences end with the same word or affirmation. 
 
 Bailey, .^sk. 
 EP'I-ST?LE, 7!. [Gr. ctti and aTv>.os, a column.] 
 
 In ancient architecture, a term used by the Greeks 
 for what is now called the architrave, a massive 
 piece of stone or wood laid immediately on the 
 abacus of the capital of a column or pillar. Otoilt. 
 EP'I-TAPH, (ep'e-taf,) n. [Gr. t-i and ru(^os, a sep- 
 ulcher.] 
 
 1. An inscription on a monument, in honor or 
 memory of the dead. 
 
 The epiiajihs of the present day are crummed with fulsome 
 cyriiphiii'-nus never merited. Encyc. 
 
 Can you look forward to the honor of a decorated cotiin, a 
 splendid funeral, a towering inonunicnl — it may he a lying 
 epiiapk ? W. B. Sprague. 
 
 2. A eulogy, in prose or verse, composed without 
 any intent to be engraven on a monument, as that on 
 Alexander ; " Sufficit huic tumulus, cui non suflice- 
 retorhis." Encyc. 
 
 EP-l-T.^'PHI-AN, I a. Pertaining to an epitaph. 
 EP-I-TAPH'ie, \ Milton. 
 E-PIT'.\-SIS, 71. [Gr.] In the ancient drama, that 
 part which embraces the main action of a play, and 
 leads on to the catastrophe ; opposed to protasis. [See 
 Protasis.] Buchanan. 
 
 The term has also been sometimes applied to that 
 part of an oration which appeals to the passions. 
 EP-I-TH.\-La'MI-UM, I n. [Gx.enihaXa,i,av ; f/rtand 
 EP-l-THAL'A-MY, ( S.iAufof, a bed-chamber. f 
 A nuptial song or poem, in praise of the bride and 
 bridegroom, and praying for their prosperity. 
 
 The forty-fifth psalm is an ej/ithaUimium to Christ and the 
 church. Burnet. 
 
 EP'I-THEJI, 71. [Gr. £TiSi)/ta,- ciri and Ti^r,pi, to 
 place.] 
 
 In pharmacy, a kind of fomentation or poultice, to 
 be ai»plicd externally to strengthen the part. Encyc. 
 
 Any e.xternal application, or topical medicine. 
 The term has been restricted to liquids in wliich 
 cloths are dipped, to be applied to a part. 
 
 Parr. Turner. 
 EP'I-THET, 71. [Gr. tTriSi/TOK, a name added, from 
 £171 and riSi.ui, to place.] 
 
 An adjective expressing some real quality of the 
 thing to which it is applied, or an attributive ex- 
 pressing some quality ascribed to it ; as, a verdant 
 lawn ; a brilliant appearance ; a just man ; an accu- 
 rate description. 
 
 It is sometimes used for title, name, phrase, or ex- 
 pression ; but im])roperly. 
 EP'I-THET, V. t. To entitle ; to describe by epithets. 
 
 IVottoii. , 
 
 EP-I-THET'ie, a. Pertaining to an epithet or epi- 
 thets ; containing or consisting of epithets. 
 
 2. Abounding with epithets. A style or composi- 
 tion may be too epiUtctic. 
 EP-I-TIIU-MET'ie, ( rn, a -i 
 EP-I-THU-MET'ie-AL, j l^'- ^"^VfiriKOS.] 
 Inclined to lust ; pertaining to the animal passion. 
 
 Brotvn. 
 
 E-PIT'O-ME, n. [Gr. CTriTO/tr;, from tm and npfci, to 
 cut, Topn, a cutting, a section.] 
 
 An abridgment ; a brief stnnmary or abstract of 
 any book or writing ; a compendium containing the 
 substance or principal matters of a book. 
 
 fi^rifomes are helpful to the nienioiy. Wolion. 
 
 E-PIT'O-AIIST, 71. An epitomizer. 
 
 E-PIT'O-MIZE, V. t. To shorten or abridge, as a 
 writing or discourse ; to abstract, in a summary, the 
 principal matters of a book ; to contract into a nar- 
 rower compass. Xiphilin cpitomiicd Dion's Roman 
 History. 
 
 2. To diminish ; to curtail. [Less proper.] 
 E-PIT'O-MIZ-KD, pp. or a. Abridged ; shortened ; 
 contracted into a smaller compass, as a book or 
 writing. 
 
 E-PlT'U-iMIZ-ER, n. One who abridges ; a writer 
 
 of an epitome. 
 E PIT'O-MIZ-ING, ppr. Abridging; shortening; 
 
 making a summary. 
 EP'I-'I'ltlTE, 71. [Gr. tTTirpii-oj ; £iri and rpiroj, 
 
 third.] 
 
 In prosody, a foot consisting of three long sylla- 
 bles and one short one ; as, sklutantes, concltati, 
 Tncantire. 
 
 E-PIT'KO-PE, 7t. [Gr. ciriTponrj, from tirirpfirw, to 
 permit.] 
 
 In rhetoric, concession ; a figure by which one 
 thing is granted, with a view to obtain an advan- 
 tage ; as, I admit all this may bo true, but what is 
 this to the purpose I concede the fact, but it over- 
 throws your own argiimi nt. Encyc. 
 EP-I-ZECjX'IS. 71. [(Jr.l A figure in rhetoric in 
 which a woril is repi ateij with vehennmce ; as, you, 
 you, Antony, pushed t'esar upon the civil war. 
 
 EP-l-Zf)'A.\, 11. / rr. 1 r 1 
 
 EP-I-ZO'A, n. pi. »»'' C""'-! 
 
 Ti rnis applieil to a class of animals, usually ver- 
 miform, which live parasitically on other animals ; 
 opposed to the cntozoo. Dana. 
 
 EP-I-Z(J-()T'IC, a. [Gr. tizi and i^woi', animal.] 
 
 EQU 
 
 1. Pertaining to tile animals called epizoans. 
 
 2. In geology, an epithet formerly given to such 
 mountains as contain fossil remains. 
 
 Epizootic mountains are of secondary formation. Kirxnan. 
 
 3. A term applied to diseases prevalent among an- 
 imals, corresponding to eoidemic among men. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 EP-I-ZO'O-TY, 71. [Supra.] A murrain or pestilence 
 
 among irrational animals. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 E PLU'Rl-BUS li'JVUM, [L.] One composed of 
 
 many ; the motto of the United States, consisting of 
 
 many States confederated. 
 EP'Oeil, ) n. [L. c/juc/ttt ; Gr. CTToxi?, retention, de- 
 EP'0-€HA, j lay, stop, from emxto, to inhibit; £ti 
 
 and e\w, to hold.] 
 
 1. In chronology, a fixed point of time, from which 
 succeeding years are numbered : a point from which 
 computation of years begins. The exodus of the 
 Israelites from Egypt, and the Babylonish captivity, 
 are remarkable epochs in their history. 
 
 2. Any fixed time or period ; the period when any 
 thing begins or is remarkably prevalent ; as, the 
 epoch of falsehood ; the epoch of woe. Donne. Prior. 
 
 The (illeeuth century was the unhappy epoch of niiliUiry estab- 
 lishments in time of pcjice. MadUon. 
 
 EP'ODE, 71. [Gr. frioin ; Eiri and aSri, ode.] 
 
 In lyric poctryfMie tliird or last part ot the ode ; 
 that wliich follows the strophe and antistrophe ; the 
 ancient ode being divided into strophe, antistrophe, 
 and epode. The word is now used as the name of 
 any little verse or verses, that follow one or more 
 great ones. Thus a pentameter after a hexameter is 
 an epode. Encyc. 
 
 EP-OD'lG, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an epode. 
 
 EP-O-PEE', 7t. [Gr. tnos, a song, anil Troitoj, to 
 make.] 
 
 An epic poem. More properly, the history, action, 
 or fable, which makes the subject of an epic poem. 
 EP'OS,7i. [Gi. £7705.] [Encxjc. 
 
 An epic poem, or .is fable or subject. 
 EP'SOAI-.'^ALT ; the sulphate of magnesia, an anti- 
 phlogistic cathartic, producing watery discharges. 
 E^PROU-yETTE',(3.--proo-ve\',)n. [Fr.] In gunnery, 
 a machine for proving the strength of gunpowder. 
 EP'IT-LA-RY, a. [L. epularis, from epulum, a feast.] 
 Pertaining to a feast oi banquet. Bailey. 
 EP-II-LA'TION, 71. [I., epulatio, from epulor, to feast.] 
 
 A feasting or feast. - Brown. 
 
 EP'U-LoSE, o. [L. epuluvu] 
 
 Feasting to excess. 
 EP-T^-LOS'I-TY, 71. A feasting to excess. 
 EP-l|-LOT'ie, a. [Gr. f nonAajriica, from tTouAoto, to 
 heal, to cicatrize ; itti and ocAi;, a cicatrix, ovXoi, to 
 be sound, ouA"5, whole.] 
 Healing ; cicatrizing. 
 EP-lT-LOT'ie, 71. A medicament or application 
 which tends to dry, cicatrize, and heal wounds or 
 ulcers, to repress fungous flesh, and dispose the parts 
 to recover soundness. Coze. Quincy. 
 
 EP-U-Ua'TION, n. A purifying. 
 
 E-QU.V-BIL'l-TY, 71. [See Equable.] Equality in 
 motion ; continued eipiality, at all times, in velocity 
 or movt^ment ; uniformity ; as, the equability of the 
 moliim of a heavenly body, or of the blood in the 
 arteries and veins. 
 
 2. Continued equality ; evenness or uniformity ; 
 as, the eijuability of the temperature of the air ; the 
 eipiabilily of the mind. 
 
 £'UUA-HLE, a. [h. ir-riuabilis, from aquus, equal, 
 even, tequo, to equal, to level.] 
 
 1. Equal and uniform at all times, as motion. An 
 equable motion continues the same in degree of ve- 
 locity, neither accelerated nor retarded. 
 
 2. Even ; smooth ; having a uniform surface or 
 form ; as, an equable globe or plain. Bcntley. 
 
 ic'tiUA-HLE-NESS, 71. ytate of being equable. 
 
 K'aUA-IH>Y, ni/ii. With an equal or uniform mo- 
 tion ; with continued uniformity ; evenly ; as, bod- 
 ies moving equably in conciMitric circles. Chcyne. 
 
 K'CiU.VL, a. [L. (Fqualis, from (rquu.-:, equal, even, 
 <rquo, to equal, perhaps Gr. £i«os, similar ; Vi.egal; 
 Sp. i^i7(i/ ; Port. ul. ; It. egnale.] 
 
 1. Having the same magnitude or dimensions ; 
 being of the same bulk or extent ; as, an equal quan- 
 tity of land ; a house of equal size ; two persons of 
 equal bulk ; an equal line or angle. 
 
 2. Having the same value ; as, two commodities 
 of equal price or worth. 
 
 3. Having the same qualities or condition ; as, two 
 men of equal rank or excellence ; two bodies of equal 
 hardness or softness. 
 
 4. Having the same degree ; as, two motions of 
 equal velocity. 
 
 5. Even ; iinifiirm ; not variable ; as, an equat 
 temper or mind. 
 
 Yi' la.r, The way of the Lord is not c^iiol. — Ktek. i»l. 
 (>. Ileiiig in just proportion ; as, my rommendatio' 
 is not equal to his nii'rit. 
 
 7. Impartial ; neutral ; not biased. 
 
 ICtjunl and unconcerned, 1 look on all. Dryden. 
 
 8. Indillerent ; of the same interest or concern 
 He may reci ivi^ them or not, it is equal to me. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpQK. 
 
 404 
 
EQU 
 
 (■iviiig tile same or similar 
 I'lie terms and conditions of 
 
 D. Just } equitable 
 rights or adviintages. 
 tlie contract are equal. 
 
 10. lieiiig on tlie same terms ; enjoying tlie same 
 or similar l)enelits. 
 
 'I'hpy miidc th'? mtimetl, orphnnt, widowi, yen ami the Rged 
 hIm), tquai m itfoils witli Oirtnaclvrs. Maccabees. 
 
 11. Adequate ; having competent power, ability, 
 (<r means. The sliip is not equal to lier antagonist. 
 The army was not equal to the contest. We are not 
 cqiiid to the undertaking. 
 
 iC'UU A L, n. One not inferior or superior to anotlicr ; 
 liaving the same or a similar age, rani;, station, 
 ollice, talents, strength, &c. 
 
 Tliosc who wt-re once his equait, envy niul dgfiinie him. 
 
 Ad'lison. 
 
 It was Uiou, a mim niy equal, my guide. — Ps. Iv. Uiil. i. 
 e'CIUAL, I'. /. To make equal ; to make one thing of 
 tlic same quantity, dimensions, or quality as another. 
 
 2. To rise to the same st.ate, rank, or estimation 
 with another ; to beconie ecpial to. Few ollicers can 
 expert to i^ua( Washington in f;une. 
 
 3. To be e(iual to. 
 
 One whose all nol equals Edward'i moiety. Shak. 
 
 4. To make equivalent to ; to recompense fully ; to 
 answer in full |)roportion. 
 
 lie answere^l nil her c^re^, and eqttaled all her love. Dryden. 
 
 5. To be of like excellence or beauty. 
 
 Tlw gold and Uie crystal can not equal it. — Job xxvLii. 
 
 K'CiU.\L-£n), pf. Made etiual. 
 K'liU.\L-IN(;, ;</ir. Making etpial. 
 E-UUAL'I-TY, (e-kwol'o-tc,) »i. [I,, aipialitas.'] 
 
 1. .\n agrernit nt of things ni dimensions, quan- 
 tity, or (piality ; likeness ; similarity in regard to two 
 things ctunpared. We speak of the equality of two 
 or mt>re tracts of land, of two liodius in length, 
 breadth, or thickness, of virtues or vices. 
 
 •2. The same degree of dignity or claims ; as, tlie 
 equality of men in the scale of being ; the ei/aalUy of 
 nt>bles of the same rank ; an equality of rights. 
 
 3. Evenness ; uniformity ; samoni^ss in state or 
 continued course ; as, an eqaaliti/ of temper or con- 
 stitution. 
 
 ■I. Evenness ; plainness ; uniformity ; as, an equal- 
 ity of surface. 
 
 E-UUAl,-l-7,.\'TIO\, 71. The act of ciiualizing, or 
 
 state of being equalized. 
 J;'UU.\I.-I/.E, V. t. To make equal; as, to equaliie 
 
 accounts ; to equalize burdens or taxes. 
 K'llU AL-tZ-Ji:i), pp. Made etpial ; reduced to equal- 
 r.'llU.\l<-IZ-I.N'G, py>r. Making equal. [ity. 
 K'UU.'VL-LY, aila. In the same degree with another ; 
 
 alike ; as, to be equally taxed ; to be equally virtuous 
 
 or vicious ; to be equally impatient, hungry, thirsty, 
 
 swift, or slow ; to be equally furnishctl. 
 S!. Ill etpial shares or proportions. The estate is to 
 
 be equally diviiled aiuiuig the heirs. 
 3. Impartially ; wnli equal justice. Shak. 
 IFjiuatly should not be followed by as, but by 
 
 with.] 
 
 K'QUAL-XESS, n. Equality ; a state of being equal. 
 
 attak. 
 
 3. Evenness ; uniformity ; as, the equalncss of a 
 surface. 
 
 E-aUA.\'"GU-LAR, (e-kwang'gu-lar,) a. [L. aiquus 
 and an^ulus.] 
 
 Cuusisting of equal angles. [Sec Ehuiangular, 
 which is generally used.) 
 
 E-ClUA-Nl.M'l-T V, n. [L. nquanimitas, aqmis and 
 antrniu, an equal niind.l 
 
 Evenness of mind ; that calm temper or (irmness 
 of mind which is not easily elated or depressed, 
 which sust;iins prosperity without excessive joy, and 
 adversity without violent agiLatitm of the (mssions or 
 depression of spirits. Tlie great man bears misfor- 
 tunes with equanimity. 
 
 E-CHJ.AN'I-MOUS, o. Of an even, composed frama 
 of mind ; of a steady temjier ; not easily elated or 
 _ depressed. 
 
 K'Ciu.WT, n. In the Ptolrmmc system of astrtmomy^ 
 an imaginary circle, used for regulating and adjust- 
 ing certain iiiotioiis of the planets. Branile. 
 
 E-QUA'TIO.N', n. [L. aquaxto, from aquo, to make 
 equal or level.] 
 
 1. Laterally, a making equal, or an cqu.il division. 
 
 2. In algebra^ a proposition asserting the etpiality 
 of two tpiaiitities, and cxpressetl by the sign = be- 
 tween them ; or an expression of the same quantity in 
 two dissinnlar terms ; as, 3s. = 3(i</., or r = 6-|-»» — r. 
 In the latter case, z is equal to b added to m, with r 
 subtracted, and the quantities on the right hanil of 
 the sign of equation are said to be the value of z on 
 the lul^ hand. Encye. Johnson. 
 
 3. In astronomy, equation of time, is the interval by 
 which apparent time ditfers from mean time. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 E-CIU.^'TOR, n. [L., from aquo, to make equal.] 
 
 In astruiKrmi/ and geography, a great circle of the 
 sphere, equally distant from the two poles of the 
 world, or having the same poles as the world. It 
 is called equator, because, when thi; snii is in it, the 
 d.iys aai nights arc of optal length ; hence, it is 
 
 EQU 
 
 called also the equinoctial, and, when dniwn on 
 maps, globes, and planispheres, it is called the eifui- 
 noctial line, or simply llie line. Every point in the 
 equator is 90°, or a tpiadraiit's distance, from tlie 
 poles ; hence, it divides the globe or sphere into 
 two equal hemispheres, the northern and southern. 
 The eiiuattir rises, at any given place, as much above 
 the iiori/.on as is equal to the complement of the lati- 
 tude. Barlow. 
 
 E-UUA-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the eqiiiitor ; as, 
 equatorial climates. The cquutoriid diameter of the 
 earth is longer than the polar dianii ter. 
 
 E-UUA-TS'Rl-AL,, w. .■\n astronomical instrument, 
 with a telescope whose motion is on an axis parallel 
 to the axis of the earth, and lience corresponiling to 
 the diurnal motiim of the heavens from east to wi-st, 
 so that when a celestial object is once within the 
 field of view of the telescope, it continues, while 
 above the horizon, constantly in tlie field. 
 
 OlmsteAl. 
 
 E-aUA-TO'RI-AL-LY, adv. So as to have the motion 
 
 of an eipiatorial. P. Cyc. 
 
 K'CiUE-RV, ) u. [Ft. ecuyer, for escuyer ; It. scudi- 
 E-aUER'RY, j tre ; Low L. scuiariiis," from scutum, 
 a shield. See EsciuinE.] 
 
 1. An olfioi r of ntibh^s or princes, who has the care 
 and niaiiageiiu iit of their horses. In England, the 
 equerries are five in number. They ride in tlie lead- 
 ing coach, on all great occasions, and have a table 
 provitleti for them by themselves. Buclianan. 
 
 2. A large stable or loilge for horses. 
 E-(1UES'TRI-AN, a. [L. equcster, equestris, from 
 
 eques, a horseman, from e^iiiis, a horse.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to horses or horsemanship; performed 
 with horses ; as, equestrian feats. 
 
 2. Being on horseback ; as, an equestrian lady. 
 
 3. Skilled in horsemanship. [Spectator. 
 
 4. Representing a person on liorst^back ; as, an 
 equestrian statue. 
 
 5. Celebrateil by horse-races ; as, equestrian games, 
 sports, or amusements. 
 
 C. Belonging to knights. Among tlic Romans, the 
 equestrian order, was the order of knights, cquilcs ; 
 also their troopers or horsemen in the fit Id. In cinZ 
 life, the hiights stood contradistinguished from the 
 senators; in the fcld, from the infantry. Kncyc. 
 
 E-(lUI-Arij"GU-LAR, a. [L. aquus, eipial, and ungu- 
 lus, an angle.] 
 
 In ffcomitry, consisting of or having equal angles ; 
 an epithet given to figures whose angles are all ei|ual, 
 such as a square, an equilateral triangle, &.C. 
 
 E-aUI-R,\L'ANOE, ii. [L. mquus and bilaiu.l 
 •Equal weight. 
 
 E-QUl-BAE'ANCE, v. U To have equal weight with 
 something. Ch. Rrlig. .Appeal. 
 
 E-aUl-BAL'ANC-JED, (e-kwe-bal'anst,) pp. Giving 
 equal weight. 
 
 E-aUI-BAI.'ANC-ING, rpr. Having equal weight. 
 
 E-CiUI-GRO'RAL, o. [L. aquus, equal, and eras, a 
 leg.] 
 
 1. Having legs of equal length. 
 
 2. Having etpi.tl legs, but longer than the base; 
 isosceles ; as, an equicrural triangle. Johnson. 
 
 E-aUI-I)IK'I'EK-ENT, o. Having equal ditferenccs ; 
 arithmetically proporlituial. Barlote. 
 
 2. In criistalloirraphy, having a different number of 
 faces presented by the prism, and by each summit ; 
 and these three numbers form a series in arithmetic- 
 al prtigression, as li, 4, 2. Cleaveland. 
 
 E-UUI-1)IS'TA.\CE, ?i. Equal distance. JIall. 
 
 E-(lUI-l)IS'T.\i\T, a. [L. ictfuu^', equal, and (/istans, 
 distant.] 
 
 Being at an cqu-a] distance from some point or 
 thing. 
 
 E-UUI-DIS'TAXT-LY, adv. At the same or an equal 
 distance. Brown. 
 
 K'ULM-FORM, (I. H.-iving the same for.m. Uumblc. 
 
 E-ClL'l-FOR.M'l-TY, n. [L. tryiiuj., equal, and /or/no, 
 form.] 
 
 IJnifonn eqii.ility. Broun, 
 E-(iUI-E.\T'EIt-.\I., a. [L. o'lptus, equal, and latera- 
 lis, from tatun, side] 
 
 Having all the siili.s equal ; as, an equilateral trian- 
 gle. A .square must necessarily be equilateral. 
 E-UUI-LAT'ER-AL, ;t. A side exactly corresponding 
 
 to others. HerberL 
 E-UUI-LI'BRaTE, r. t. [L. eequus and Ubro, to poise.] 
 To balance equally two scales, sides, or ends ; to 
 keep even with eipial weight on each side. 
 
 The iwliea of fish.-* are equitibrated with water. ArintVinot, 
 
 E-CIUI-LT'BR.\-TED, pp. Balanced equally on both 
 
 sides or ends. 
 E-aUI-IJ'BRA-TIXG, ppr. B.alancing equally on both 
 
 sides or ends. 
 
 E-aUI-EI-RR A'TION, n. Equipoise ; the act of kecp- 
 •ing the balance even, or the slate of being equally 
 balanoed. 
 
 Nattire'a lawi o( equiiibra6on. Derham. 
 
 E-aUI-LIB'RI-Ors, a. Equally poised. 
 
 E-tlUI-LIB'RI-OUS-L\' (u/e. In equal poise. 
 
 E-UL'II/I-BIUST, n. One who keeps his balance in 
 unnatural (lusilions and hazardous movements ; a 
 btUancer. Encyc. Jim. 
 
 EQU 
 
 E-aUI-LIB'RI-TY, n. [L. a-quilibriUu.] 
 
 The state of being equally balanced ; equal balance 
 on both sides ; equilibrium ; as, the theory u{ equilib- 
 ritii. Greijory. 
 
 E-CIUI-LIB'RI-UM, n. [I,.] Etpiipoisc ; etpiality of 
 weight or force ; a slate of ri'st jiroiluced by the mu- 
 tual counteraction of two or more forces. P. 'Vyc. 
 
 2. A just poise or balance in respect to an r Aject, 
 so that it remains linn ; as, to preserve the cijuilibri- 
 um of the body. 
 
 Health conaiuta iu the equilibrium between thoic two powen. 
 
 Arbutltnot. 
 
 3. Equal balancing of the mind between motives 
 or ri'.iH'ins ; a state of indilference or of doubt, when 
 the iiiind is suspended in indecision, between diifer- 
 eiit iiiotivt s, or the ilitferiint forces of evidence. 
 
 In cquiUbrio ; ill a sttite of equilibrium. 
 E-aUl-.MUL'TI-PLE, a. [L. aiiuus and multiplico, or 
 jnultiplez.'^ 
 
 Multiplied by the same number or quantity. 
 E-CiUI-.MUI/Ti-PLE, n. In arithmetic and neometry, 
 a tenn apfilii d to the products arising from the mul- 
 tiplication tif two or more primitive quantities by the 
 same number or quantity. Hence, equimultiples of 
 any numbers or quantities are always in tlie same 
 ratio to each other, as the simple numbers tir quanti- 
 ties before multiplication. If li and "J are multiplied 
 by 4, the multiples, 24 and 30, will be to each other 
 as 6 to 9. Barlow. 
 
 IC'aUINE, ) n • i- 11 
 
 E-Q.LJI'\AL I [L- ^7""*"-*) from ffuits, a horse.] 
 Pertaining to a horse ; denoting the horse kind. 
 
 Jiaywood. 
 
 The ahoulden, body, thi^tis, and inaue an? f7uin< ; Oie head 
 coniplclely bovine. Barrow's Trapets. 
 
 E-aUI-NEC'ES-SA-RY, a. [L. aquus and nrers.iary.] 
 Necessary or needful in the same degree, lluilibras. 
 E-C1UI-N'0€'T1.\I,, a. [L. aquus, ctiual, and not, 
 night.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the equinoxes ; designating an 
 equal length of day and night ; as, the equinoctial line. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the equi- 
 noctial line or equator ; in or near that line ; a.s, equi- 
 noctial heat ; an equinoc'.ial sun ; equinoctial wind. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the time when the sun enters the 
 equinoctial pmnts j as, an equinoctial gale or storm, 
 which happens at or near the equinox, in any part of 
 the world. 
 
 Equinoctial flowers ; flowers that open at a regular, 
 stated hour. J\lartyn. 
 
 Equinoctial points, are the two points wlicrein the 
 celestial equator anil ecliptic intersect each otiier ; the 
 one, being jn the first point of Aries, is called the 
 vernal point or equinox ; the other, in the first point 
 of Eibra, the autumnal point or equinox. Barlow. 
 
 Equinoctial dial, is tliat whoso plane lies parallel to 
 the equinoctial. Barlow. 
 
 Equinoctial time, is reckoned from a fixed instant 
 common to all the world. 
 
 E-aUI-.NOC'TIAL, ;i. [For EquiNOCTiAL Lime.] In 
 astronomy, the celestial equator. The intersection of 
 the plane of theotpiator with the surface of the earth, 
 constitutes the trrre^^trial etpiator, anil with the con- 
 cave surface of the heavens, the celestial etpiator, or 
 equinoctial. When the sun, in its course through the 
 ecliptic, comes to I his circle, viz., about the 21st of 
 March anil 2Jtl of .■September, it makes equal days 
 and nights in all parts of the globe. Olmsted, 
 
 E-UUI-NOO'TIAI^LY, ailo. In the direction of the 
 equinox. Brown. 
 
 E'UUl-.NO.X, n. irquus, cqu.il, and 710/, night. 
 The precise time when the sun enters one of 
 equinoctial points, making the d.ay and the night of 
 etpial h ngth. The son i iiti rs the first point of Aries 
 about the :ilsl of .March, am! the first point of Libra 
 about the 2;itl of Septt iiilier. Tlicse are called the 
 rcrnal aiitl autumnal equtnores. 'I'hesc points art 
 found to be niovrng backward, or westward, al 
 the rati; of 5(1" of a degree in a year. This ii 
 called the precession of the equinoies. Encye. 
 
 E-UUl-NO'MER-A-VT, <z. [L. aiyuiu, equal, and nu- 
 7rtcr!t.v, iiiiiiiber.] 
 
 Having or consisting of the same number. [Littls 
 tised.] MuthnoU 
 
 E-UUIP', r. t. ' [Fr. eqniprr r Ann. aqipa, aqipein ; Sp. 
 equipar; Ch. t]f?i, .Aplicl f\'<pH, to surround, to gird ; 
 
 perhaps the same root as Eth. n) to em 
 
 brace.] 
 
 1. Properly, to dress ; to furnish ; as, to equip a 
 person with a suit of clothes. Hence, 
 
 2. To furnish with arms, or a complete suit of arms, 
 for milibiry service. Thus we s.ay, to equip men or 
 troops for war ; to equiji a body of infunlry or cavalr)-. 
 But the word seems to iiicluile not cmlV arms, but 
 clothing, baggage, utensils, tents, and all the appara- 
 tus of an army, particularly when applietl to a body 
 of troops. Hence, to fiirnish with arms and warlike 
 ap|>aratus ; as, to equip a regiment. 
 
 3. To furnish with men, artiller)-, and m inilions 
 of war, as a ship. Hence, in cominim language, to 
 fit for sea ; to fiiniish with whatever is necessary for 
 a voyage. 
 
 the 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SB ; TH as in THIS 
 
 51 
 
 405 
 
EQU 
 
 Ea'UI-PAftE, (ek'we-paje,) n. Tile furniture of a 
 militarj' man, particularly arms and tlu-irappL-iidages. 
 
 2. Tile liirniture of an ariny or body of troops, 
 infantry or cavalry, includins arms, artillery, uten- 
 sils, provisions, and whatever is necessary fur a mil- 
 itary expedition. Camp equipage includes tents, and 
 every thing necessary for accommodation in camp. 
 Field cf/uipnge consists of arms, artillery, wagons, 
 tumbrils, &.c. 
 
 3. The furniture of an armed ship, or the neces- 
 saiy preparations for a voyage ; including cordage, 
 spars, provisions, &c. 
 
 4. Attendance, retinue, as persons, horses, car- 
 riages, &c. ; as, the equipnirc of a prince. 
 
 5. Carriage of slate ; vehicle ; as, celestial f(7«/;^an-c. 
 
 6. Accouterments ; habiliments ; ornamental fur- 
 niture. . Prior. 
 
 EQ'UI-PA-G£D, (ek'we-pajd,) a. Furnished with 
 
 equi|)age ; attended with a splendid retinue. S/icnscr. 
 E-UUI-PEN'DEN-CY, n. [L. mqiius, equal, and pen- 
 
 deo, to liang.] 
 The act of hanging in equipoise; a being not 
 
 inclined or determined either way. South. 
 E-aUIP'MENT, 11. The act «>f equipping, or fitting 
 
 fur a voyage or expedition. 
 
 2. Any thing that is used in equipping; furniture ; 
 habiliments; \v:iihl;e apparatus; necessarii-s for an 
 expedition or for a vo) age ; as, the equipments of a 
 sliip or an army. 
 
 3. In civil engiaecring, the necessarj' adjuncts of a 
 railroad, as cars, locomotives, &c., are c:illed the 
 equipments. 
 
 E'CilJI-POISE, n. [L. aqmis, equal, and Fr. poids, or 
 rather W. pwi/s^ weight. See Poise.] 
 
 Equality of weight or force ; hence, equilibrium ; 
 a state in which the two ends or sides of a thing are 
 balanced. I£oId the scales in equipoise ,• the mind 
 may be in a state ot tquipoisc, wlien motives are of 
 equal weight. 
 
 E-aUl-POL'LEXCE, ) n. [L. aiquus and palhntia, 
 E-aUI-POL'LEN-^ /, i power, poUco, to be able.] 
 
 1. Equality o' /iwer or force. 
 
 2. In logic, !_i equivalence between two or more 
 propositions; that is, when two propositions signify 
 the same thing, though ditTerently expressed. Encijc. 
 
 E-QIJI-POL'LE.VT, a. [Supra.] Having equal power 
 or force ; equivalent. In logic, having equivalent 
 signification. Bacon. 
 
 E-aUI-POL'LEXT-LY, adv. With equal iiower. 
 
 Barroto. 
 
 E-aUI-POX'DER-AXCE, n. [L. lequus, equal, and 
 
 pondns, weight.] 
 
 Equality of weight ; equipoise. 
 E-aU[-PO.\'DER-ANT, a. [Supra.] Being of the 
 
 same weight. Locke. 
 E-aUI-PO.N'DER-STE, v. i. [L. aiquits, equal, and 
 
 pondero, to weigh.] 
 
 To be equal in weight ; to weigh as much as 
 
 another thing. Wilkins. 
 E-aUI-PON'DI-OUS, a. Having equal weight on 
 
 both sides. OlanvUle. 
 E-aUIP'PED, (e-kwipt',) pp. Furnished with habili- 
 ments, arms, and whatever is necessary for a military 
 
 expedition, or for a voyage or cruise. 
 E-dlUP'PING, ppr. Furnishing with habiliments or 
 
 warlike apparatus ; supplying with things necessary 
 
 for a voyage. 
 
 E-CiUI-Ko'TAL, a. Having wheels of the same size 
 or diameter. Enrtjc. Dom. Econ. 
 
 ECi-UI-SE'TU.M, n. ; pi. Ehuiset-i. [L. equas, a 
 horse, and seta, a bristle.] 
 
 In ttoOinij, a genus of plants, the species of which 
 are called hor^e-taH. The plants are leafless, with 
 hollow stems, containing much silicious matter. The 
 e^jniseturii ftiicmale, known as the Dutck rush, or 
 scouring rusfi, is much used for scouring and polish- 
 ing wood and metals. Partington. Kncijc. Jim. 
 
 E-C1UIS'(J-,\.\.\CE, n. An equal sounding; a name 
 by which the Greeks distinguished the consonances 
 of the octave and double octave. Buskq. 
 
 EU'IJI-TA-BLE, (ek'we-ta-U,) a. [Fr. cquiUMc, from 
 L. iiquita.'i, from aquun, equal.] 
 
 1. E(pial in regard to the rights of persons ; dis- 
 tributing iqual justice ; giving each his due; assign- 
 ing to one or more what law or justice demands ; 
 just; impartial. The judge does justice by an cqui- 
 ttil/le decision ; the court will make an equitable dis- 
 tribution of the estate. 
 
 2. Having the disposition to do justice, or doing 
 Justice ; impartial ; an, an «/i«(a4?r judge. 
 
 3. Held or cxercinetl in equity, or with chancery 
 powers ; as, the equitable jurisdicti(»n of a court. Kent^ 
 
 F,a'UI-TA-lll,E-i\K,SS, n. The quality of being just 
 and impartial ; as, the equitalilcnesn of a judge. 
 
 2. Ecpiity ; tlir' Hlate of doing Justice, or ilistribu- 
 llng to each according to his legal or just claims ; as, 
 the ejfuitjiljlencua of u deciai<ui, or distribution of proj)- 
 erty. 
 
 E(i'i;i-TA-ni,Y, (ck'we ta-hly,)orfu. In an equitable 
 manner; jiiwtly ; impartially. The laws should be 
 equiOihhj arlininistiTed. 
 
 E-(ini-'l A:N-<:;i;.\'TI AI,, o. in geometry, a term ai>- 
 plied to a curve wlioiie tangent \» equal to a constant 
 line. Iluiton. 
 
 EQU 
 
 EQ'UI-TANT, a. [L. cquitans, equito, to ride, from 
 eque^, a horseman, or equus, a horse.] 
 
 In botany, a term denoting such a situation of un- 
 expanded leaves in a leaf-bud, that they overlap each 
 other entirely, and in a parallel manner, without any 
 involution. 
 
 EQ-UI-Ta'TION, ?i. A riding on horseback. Barroxo. 
 ECi'UI-TY, (ek'we-te,) n. [L. cequilus, from leqaus, 
 equal, even, level ; I r. equite ; It. equitd.] 
 
 1. Justice ; right. In practice, equity is the impar- 
 tial distribution of justice, or the doing that to anoth- 
 er which the laws of God and man, and of reason, 
 give him a right to claim. It is the treating of a per- 
 son according to justice and reason. 
 
 Tti'- Lyril sli:ill jiirlare the people with efjuUy. — Vs. xcviii. 
 With ri^lneuiisiiess sliall he judge Ihe puur, and repi-ove with 
 equity. — Is. xi. 
 
 2. Ju.stice ; impartiality ; a just regard to right or 
 claim ; as, we must in equity allow this claim. 
 
 3. In law, an equitable claim. 
 
 I consider the w ilc's equity to be too well setUed to be sh;v!<en. 
 
 Kent. 
 
 4. In jurisprudence, the correction or qualification 
 of law, when too severe or defective ; or the exten- 
 sion of the words of the law to cases not expressed, 
 yet coming within the reason of the law. Hence a 
 court of equity or chancery, is a court which corrects 
 the operation of the literal text of the law, and sup- 
 plies its defects by rea.sonable construction, and by 
 rules of proceedin!,''and deciding whicli are not admis- 
 sible in a court of law. Equity, then, is the law of 
 reason, exercised by the chancellor or judge, giving 
 remedy in cases to wliich the courts of law are not 
 competent. Blackstune. 
 
 5. Equity of redemption ; in law, the advantage, 
 allowed to a mortgagor, of a reasonable time to re- 
 deem lands mortgaged, when the estate is of greater 
 value than the sum for which it was mortgaged. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 E-(iUIV'A-LENCE, v. [L. aquus, equal, and valens, 
 from I'aleo, to be worth.] 
 
 1. Equality of value ; equal value or worth. Take 
 the goods, and give an equivalence in corn. 
 
 2. Equal power or force. 
 
 E-aU I VA LENCE, r. t. To be equ.al to. Brou>n. 
 
 [This verb has not gained currency.] 
 E-aUl V'A-LENC-J;D, pp. Equaled in weight, &c. 
 E-aUIV'A-LENC-ING, ppr. Equaling in value, 
 weight, &c. 
 
 E-aUlV'A-LENT, a. Etpial in value or worth. In 
 barter, the goods given are supposed to be equivalent 
 to the goods received. Equivalent in value or worth, 
 is tautological. • 
 
 2. Equal in force, power, or effect. A steam- 
 engine may have force or power equivalent to that 
 of thirty horses. 
 
 3. Equal in moral force, cogency, or effect on the 
 mind. Circumstantial evidence may be almost equiv- 
 alent to full proof. 
 
 4. Of the same import or meaning. Friendship 
 and amity are equivalent terms. 
 
 For now to serve and to minister, servile and niinist^rinl aie 
 
 teniis equivaJent. Sutttlt. 
 Equivalent propositions, in logic, are called also 
 equipollent, 
 
 5. Eipial in excellence or moral worth. Milton. 
 E-aUIV'A-LENT, n. That which is equal in value, 
 
 weight, dignity, or force, with something else. The 
 debtor can not pay his creditor in money, but he will 
 pay him an equivalent; damages in money can not 
 be an equivalent for the lo.ss of a limb. 
 
 2. In chemi.-itnj, equivalent is the proportion express- 
 ing the weight, or quantity by weight, of any sub- 
 stance which combines with another substance to 
 form a tlefinite com[)ound. It is often called chemical 
 equivalent, or combining proportion. 
 
 3. In geology, a term ajiplied to strata of diffiTent 
 regiims, which were cotemporaneous in origin. Dana. 
 
 E-a(JlV'A-lJ"..\T-I,Y, adv. In an equal maimer. 
 li'filll-VALVE, a. Having the valves ctpial in size 
 _ anil form, a term applied to certain bivalve shells. 
 E'UUI-V ALVE, n. A bivalve, in which the valves 
 
 are of equal size and form. 
 E-CiUI V'(J-C.\-CY, 71. E(iuivocalne.ss. [JVoi Mserf.] 
 
 Brown.. 
 
 E-Q.tn V'O-CA L, a. [Low L. aquivocits ; aquus, 
 equal, and vox, a word; Fr. equivoque; It. equivo- 
 calc. See Vocal.] 
 
 1. Being of doubtful signiflc.ition ; that may be 
 understood in dillerent senses ; capalile of a double 
 interpretation ; ambiguous ; as, equivocal words, 
 terms, or senses. IVleii may be misled in their opin- 
 ions by the use of equivocal terms. 
 
 2. Doubtful ; ambiguous ; susceptible of difl"erent 
 constructions ; not decideil. The character of the 
 man is siunewhat equivocal. His conduct is equio- 
 ocat. 
 
 3. Uncertain ; proricding from some unknown 
 cause, or not from Ihe usual cause. Equivocal geii- 
 eralion is the proiliiction of animtils wilhout the in- 
 tercourse of tile sexi s, and of plants without seed. 
 This doctrine is now exploded. 
 
 E-aUIV'O CAL, H. A word or term of doubtful 
 meaning, or capable of dillerent meanings. Venuie. 
 
 ERA 
 
 E-UUIVO-CAL-LY, adv. Andiiguously , in a doubt- 
 ful, sense; in terms susceptible of different senses. 
 He answered the question equivocally. 
 2. By uncertain birth; by equivocal generation. 
 
 Bentley 
 
 E-aUIV'O-CAL-NESS, n. Ambiguity ; double mean- 
 ing. J\rorris. 
 
 E-aUIVO-GATE, V. i. [It. equivocari ; Fr. equivo- 
 quer. See Ei^uivocal.I 
 
 To use words of a doubtful signification ; to ex- 
 press erne's opinions in terms which admit of differ- 
 ent senses ; to use ambiguous expressions with a 
 view to mislead. To equivocate is the dishonorable 
 work of duplicity. 'J'he upright man will not equiv- 
 ocate in his inteicour.se with his fellow-men. 
 
 E-aUIVO-CA-TING, ppr. or a. Using ambiguous 
 w'ords or phrases. 
 
 E-aUIV-O-CA'TION, n Ambiguity of speech ; the 
 use of words or expressions that are susceptible of a 
 double signification, with a view to mislead. Hypo- 
 crites are often guilty of equivocation, and by this 
 means lose the confidence of tlieir feIlo^v-Inen. Equiv- 
 ocation is incompatible with the Christian character 
 and profession. 
 
 E-Q.UIV'0-e.\-TOR, 7!. One who equivocates; one 
 who uses language which is ambiguous, and may be 
 interpreted in different ways ; one who uses mcntiU 
 reservation. 
 
 E-aUIV'O-CA-TO-RY, a. Savoring of equivocation. 
 Ea'UI-VOKE, ) ru. ■ 1 
 E'QUI-VOUUE, ! [^f- '•'/«""'?«•] 
 
 1. An ambiguous term ; a word susceptible of dif- 
 
 2. Equivocatitm. [ferent significations. 
 E-Q.UIV'0-KOUS, a. [L. equiLi, horse, and voro, to eat.] 
 
 Feeding or subsisting on horse flesh. 
 
 Equivorous Tartura. Quart. Rev. 
 
 ER, the termination of many English words, is the 
 Teutonic form of the Latin or; the one contracted 
 from wer, the other from vir, a man. It denotes an 
 agent, originally of the m.asciiline gender, but now 
 applied to men or tilings indifl'ereiitly ; as in hater, 
 fanner, heater, grater. At tile end of names of 
 places, er signifies a man of the place ; Londoner is 
 the same as London man. 
 
 There is a passage in Herodotus, Melpomene, 110, 
 in which the word wer, vir, a man, is mentioned as 
 used by the Scythians ; a fact proving the aflinity of the 
 Scythian and the Teutonic nation. 'I'ui fk A/iu^ot-aj 
 KaXtovai lA IVu^at Oiopirara. Avv^iarai 6c to ovvpa 
 TovTo KUTi 'EAAd^Ja yK(.o(jaav ai'SpoKroi'ot. iftoft 
 yao i,uXEovat roil avfiou, to ttutu, Kreif. (r. "The 
 Scythians call the Amazons Uioiyata, a word which 
 may be rendered in Greek men-killers ; for oiur is the 
 name they give to man ; pata signifies to kill." Pata, 
 ill the Burniau language, signifies to kill; but it is 
 probable that this is reuily the English beat; W. 
 bae.ki, to kill. 
 
 E'RA, n. [L. ara; Fr. ere; Sp. era. The origin of 
 the term is not obvious.] 
 
 1. In chronology, a fixed point of time, from which 
 any number of years is begun to be counted ; as, the 
 Christian era. It differs from epoch in this : era is a 
 point of time fixed by some nation or denoniinatiim 
 of men ; epoch is a point fixed by historians and 
 chronologists. The Christian era began at the epoch 
 of the birth of Christ. Encyc. 
 
 2. A succession.of years proceeding from a fixed 
 point, or comprehended between two fixed points. 
 The era of the Seleucides ended with the reign of 
 Antiochiis. Rollin. 
 
 E-Ra'L)I-aTE, jj. I. [L. e and radio, to beam.] 
 
 To shoot as rays of light ; to beam. 
 E-Ra-DI-a'TIO.N, )i. Emissiim of rays or beams of 
 
 light ; emission of light or sideiidor. King Charles. 
 E-RAl)'I-eA-BLE, a. That may be eradicated. 
 E-RAD'I CaTE, 1'. (. [L. eradico, from radij, root.] 
 
 1. To pull up the roots, or by the roots. Hence, to 
 destroy any thing that grows ; to extirpate ; to ile- 
 stroy the roots, so that the plant will not be repro- 
 duced ; as, to eradicate weeds. 
 
 ■ 2. To destroy thoroughly ; to extirpate ; as, to erad- 
 icate errors, or false principles, or vice, or dise.-ise. 
 
 E-RAD'I-eA-TEl), Plucked up by the roots ; ex- 
 tirpated ; destroved. 
 
 E-KAU'I-Ca-TLVg, ppr. Pulling up the roots of any 
 thing ; extirpating. 
 
 E-RAU-I-Ca'TION, 71. The net of plucking up by 
 the roots; extirpation ; excision ; total destruction. 
 
 2. The state of being plucked iij) by the roots. 
 E-RAD'I-eA-TIVE, a. 'I'hat extirpates; that cures 
 
 or destroys thoroughly. 
 E-RAD'l-CA-TIVE, n. A medicine that eflects a rad- 
 
 iciil cure. IVhitloek, 
 E-RAS'A-BLE, a. That may or can bi; era.scd. 
 E-RaSE', v. t. [L. erado, misi ; c and rado, to scrape, 
 
 Fr. raser, Sp. raer. It. raschiare. Arm. raia. Sec Ar. 
 
 ^jaj\ eraisa, to corrode, Ch. TiJ, to scrape, llcb. 
 
 0">n, n graving tool, Syr. and Ar. .^^j^ kharata, to 
 Bcnqie. C:iiiss Rd, No. 35, 38, and .W.] 
 
 FATE, FXft, FALL, WHAT- — METE, PKBY. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, UOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 406 
 
ERE 
 
 EIIM 
 
 ERR 
 
 1. To iiib or scrape out, as letti'ra or characters 
 written, ciigravi'd, or painted ; to eflace ; as, to erase 
 a wont or a name. 
 
 2. 'I'o oliliterate ; to expunge; to blot out ; as with 
 pen and ink. 
 
 3. To eirace ; to destroy ; as ideas in tlie mind or 
 mcmorj-. 
 
 4. To destroy to the foundation. [See Haze.] 
 E-R.\S'£D, (e-riste'i) pp. Rubbed or scratched out ; 
 
 obliterated ; i lfaced. 
 
 2. In lieralilnj, a tenn applied to any thin;; forcibly 
 torn tiff, leaving the edges jagged and uneven. 
 
 E-K.\SE'MK.NT, n. The act of erasing; a rubbing 
 out; e.vpiinction ; obliteration; destruction. 
 
 E-K.^S'EK, n. One who erases. 
 
 2. A sharp instrument used to erase writings, &c. 
 
 E-RaS'ING, ppr. Rubbing or scraping out ; obliter- 
 ating ; destroying. 
 
 E-U.\ Slf).\, (e-rS'/.hun,) n. The act of erasing; a 
 Tubbing out ; obliteration. Black, Cliem. 
 
 E-R.\fJ'TIAN, 71. One of a party in the English 
 Church, who professed to follow the principles of 
 Thomas Erastus, a learned German physician, an<i 
 maintained that the church is " a mere creature of 
 the state," dependent upon it for its existence, and 
 for all its powers. J. Mnrdock. 
 
 E-RAS'TIAN-IS.M, n. The principles of Uie Eras- 
 tians. LpsUc. 
 
 E-Ra'SI;RE, (e-ri'zhur,) ;i. The act of erasing; a 
 scratchitig out ; obliteration. 
 
 2. The pl.ice wjiere a word or letter has been 
 erased or obliterated. 
 
 EU'1!I-UM, n. A metal recently discovered in ores of 
 vttrium. Ure. 
 
 ERi;, (ir,) adn. [Sax. <rr: G. eher; D. eer ; Goth. air. 
 This is the root of early, and ar, in Saxon, signifies 
 the morning. Before ever we use or, "or ever." 
 I^et it be observed that ere is not to be confounded 
 Willi f'rr, ft)r frrr.l 
 Before ; sooner than. 
 
 t>« s-iils wore spmici new (Kcaiia to explore. DrytUn. 
 Tlie iiuMemau aaiUi to him, Sir, come down ere my child die. — 
 John iv. y 
 
 In these passages, ere is really a preposition, fol- 
 lowed by a sentence, instead of a single word, as 
 £RE, (ir,) prep. Before. [below. 
 
 Our frvtilfiU Nile 
 Flow*nl ere the wonted season. DrytUn. 
 
 ERR'LONG, (ar-,) adn. [ere and long.] Before a 
 ■ \o\\« Wme luid elapsed. [ Ois., or JitUe liserf.] 
 
 lie mounted die horse, and following the stag, erelong slew 
 him. Spenser. 
 
 2. Before a long time shall elapse ; before long. 
 Erelong you \vill repent of your folly. 
 
 The world erelong a world of teurs must weep. I^filton, 
 ERE'XOW, adv. [ere and now.] Before this time. 
 
 Drifden. 
 
 ERE'WHILE, ( adv. [ere and Kliile.] Some time 
 fillE'WHILES, j ago ; before a little whUe. [Obs.] 
 
 1 am as fur now as I was erewhUe. S/ink. 
 ER'E-BUS, 71. [L. erebus; Gr. cpci^-i; ; Oriental 311?, 
 
 evening, the decline of the sun, whence darkness, 
 
 blackness.] 
 
 In mythol'gy, darkness ; hence, the region of the 
 dead : a deep and gloomy place ; hell. Shak. .Mdton. 
 E-REGT', a. [L. erectas, from eriiro, tt» set upright ; e 
 and rei.ro, to stretch or make straight, right, rectus ; 
 It. eretto. See Uir.HT.] 
 
 1. Upright, or in a pcrpcndicuLir posture ; as, he 
 
 2. Directed upward. [stood erect. 
 
 Ami snpphaiil Ivxnds to heaven erect. PMiipt. 
 
 3. Upright and firm ; bold ; unshaken. 
 
 Irft no vain fear iJiy generous ardor taiu« ; 
 
 But it^ind erect. OmnviUe. 
 
 4. Raised ; stretched ; intent ; vigorous ; as, a vigi- 
 lant anil erect attention of mind in prayer. /looker. 
 
 5. Stretched ; extended. 
 
 6. In bouiny, an erect stem is one which is without 
 support from twining, or nearly perpendicular ; an 
 erect leaf is one which grows close to the stem; an 
 erect Hower has iLs aperture directed upward. Martyn. 
 
 E-RECT', r. L To nuse and set in an upright or per- 
 pendicular direction, or nearly such ; as, to erect a 
 pole or flagst.iir. 
 
 To erect a perpendicular, is to set or form one line on 
 another at right angles. 
 
 2. To raise, as a building ; to set up ; to build ; as, 
 to erect a house or temple ; to erect a fort. 
 
 3. To set up or establish anew ; to found ; to form ; 
 as, to ereU a kingdom or cuuiiuoiitvcaltii ; to erect a 
 new system or theory. 
 
 4. To elevate ; to exalt. 
 
 1 am fiir from pn>tenatnr to iufalliUUty ; lh.at would be to erect 
 myieU into an apoadc. Locke. 
 
 5. To raise; to excite; to animate; to encourage. 
 
 Why should not hope 
 As ranch erta our Oiou^ts, as fear deject them t Denliam. 
 
 6. To raise a consequence from premises. [Little 
 laed.] 
 
 Malebranche crsttf thb proposilion. Locke. 
 
 7. To extend ; to distend. 
 
 E-REGT', r.i. To rise upright. Burun. 
 E-RE€T'A-1!I.E, a. That can be erected ; as, an 
 
 erectable feather. Jilunlmru. 
 E-RECT'EI), Set in a strai"lit and per|Kiidicular 
 
 direction; set upright; raiseiT; built; establishetl ; 
 
 elevated ; aiiiuialed ; extended and distended. 
 E^REGT'ER, 71. One that erects; one that raises or 
 
 builds. 
 
 E-REC'TtLE, a. That which may be erected. 
 
 E-REGT'Ii\G, ppr. Raising and setting upright; 
 building; founding; establishing; elevating; in- 
 citing; extending and distending. 
 
 E-REG'TIO.N', H. The act of raising and setting per- 
 pendicular to the plane of the horizon ; a setting 
 upright. 
 
 2. The act of raising or building, as an edifice or 
 fortification ; as, the erection of a wall, or of a house. 
 
 3. The state of being raised, built, or elevated. 
 
 4. Establishment ; seltleineiit ; formation ; as, the 
 erection of a comnioiiweallli, or of a new system ; the 
 erection of a bishopric or an earldom. 
 
 5. Elevation ; exaltation of sentiments. 
 
 Her peerless higlit my mind to high erection draws up. Sidney. 
 
 6. of rousing ; excitement ; as, the erection of 
 the spirits. Bacon. 
 
 7. Any thing erected ; a building of any kind. 
 
 Oloss.af.arch. 
 
 8. Distention and extension. 
 E-REG'1''1VE, a. Setting upright; raising. 
 E-RKGT'LY, a<£u. In an erect pastjiire. Brown, 
 E-REGT'NESS, 71. Uprightness of posture or form. 
 E-RKCT'OR, 71. A muscle that erects ; one that raises. 
 ER' E-.M IT-AG E, n. See IlEnjiiTAGE. 
 EU'E-MITE, 71. [Ij. ercntita ; Gr. tjjrifitrTjs, from epTjpo^, 
 
 a desert.] 
 
 1. One who lives in a wilderness, or in retirement, 
 secluded from intercourse with men. It is genendly 
 written Hermit ; which see. Ralegh. JIUton. 
 
 2. A mineral identical with monazile. Dana. 
 ER-E-.MIT'IC-AL, a. Living in solitude, or in seclu- 
 sion from tlie world. 
 
 ER'E-iMlT-IS.M, 71. State of a hermit ; a living in se- 
 clusion from social life. Murdoch. 
 E-RE1'-Ta'TION, 71. [from L. crcpta.] A creeping 
 E-REP'TION, 71. [L. ereptio.] [forth. 
 
 A taking or snatching away by force. 
 ER'E-THIS.M, 71. [Gr. tjjtO^opL^i.] 
 
 A morbid degree of energy and perfection in the 
 performance of any function. 
 ER-E-THIS'Tie, a. Relating to an erethism. 
 EIJ'GAT, V. i. [h. ergo.] 
 
 To infer ; to draw conclusions. [JVot used.] Jlemyt. 
 ER'GO, adv. [L.] Therefore. 
 
 ER'GOT, 71. [Tr., a spur.] In /uttictt/, a stub, like a 
 piece of soft horn, about the bigness of a chestnut, 
 situated behind and below the pastern joint, and 
 commonly hid under the tuft of the fetlock. 
 
 2. A parasitic fungus growing within the glumes of 
 various grasses, as wheat, rye, herd's-grass, &.c. It 
 is the SpermtEdia Clavusof tlie botanists. 
 
 ER'GO-TIS.M, 71. [L. ergo.] 
 
 A logical inference ; a conclusion. Broipn. 
 
 ER'GOT-IS.M, 71. [from cro-o(.] The morbid effects 
 (d' ergot, or Spenmedia Clavus. 
 
 ER'I-.\G1I, 71. [Irish.] A pecuniary fine. Spenser. 
 
 E-RII)'A-NUS, 71. [L., the River I'o.] A winding 
 southern constellation, containing the bright star 
 Acheiuar. P. Cyc 
 
 ER'I-Gl-BEE, a. That may be erected. [Ill formed, 
 and nut iised.] Shaw's Zvol. 
 
 C'RI.N', 11. IreLind. 
 
 E-RI.V'GO. See Erv>go. 
 
 ER'I.X ITE, 71. A native arseniate of copper, of an 
 emerald-green cidor. Ure. 
 
 B;-RI.N'WS, 71. [(ir.] A fury, or goddess of discord ; 
 aud.,hence, among the poets, discord in general. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 E-RI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. cnr,i> and pcrnof.] 
 
 An optical iiisiniment for measuring the diameters 
 of minute particles and fibers. 
 E-UIST'ie, la. [Gr. £01$, contention ; epts-iKof, 
 E-RIST'IG-AL, i contentious.] 
 
 Pertaining to disputes ; controversial. [JVut in 
 vse.] 
 
 ERKE,7i, [Gt. ntpyof.] 
 
 Idle ; slothful. [.Vut in use.] Chaucer. 
 ER'.ME-M.\. See Ermix. 
 
 Ell'.MI.N'E, / 71. [Fr. hrrmine ; It. amellino; Sp. ar- 
 Ell'.MI.V, j 77ii7ii>; Port, arminho ; Ann. erminicq; 
 D. kermrlyn ; G. Dan. and Sw. AcnnciiTi.] 
 
 1. .\n animal of the genus Mustela, or Putorius, an 
 inhabitant of northern climates, in Europe and 
 .America. It nearly resembles the weasel in shape, 
 fiKid, and manners. In winter, the fur is of a snowy 
 white ; in summer, the upper part of the bodv is 
 generally of a yellowish-brown color, and the under 
 part of a sulphur-yellow. It is then called a stoat. 
 The tip of the Uiil is of the most intense black, 
 throughout the year. The fur is much valued. 
 
 Partington. 
 
 2. The fur of the ermine, which, when used for 
 ornamental puriKises, ha.s the black in small spots 
 scattered through the white. 
 
 3. Figuratively, the dignity of judges arid magis- 
 trates, whose slate rtibes, lined with enniiie, were 
 eiiibleinatical of purity. Chatliaoi. 
 
 ER'.MI.N'-£D, a. C'liillied with ermine ; adorned with 
 the fur of the ermine ; as, crmined pride ; ermined 
 pmnp. Pope. 
 
 ER.V, 71. [Dan. Sw. <n-n.] 
 
 The sea-eagle or osprey, so called in Scotland ; al- 
 so applied to other eagles, jiarticulaily the common 
 golden eagle. 
 
 ERNE, or /ERNE, a Saxon word, signifying a place or 
 receptacle, Ibriiis the termination of some Kiiglisli 
 words, as well as Latin ; as, in barn, lantern, tavern, 
 Uiberna. 
 
 E-RODE', r. t. [L. erodo ; e and roda, to gnaw, Sp. 
 
 roer. It. rodcre. .\r. iyS,\ crat.ia, to gnaw. Class 
 Rd, No. 35.] 
 
 'I'o eat in or away ; to corrode ; as, canker erodet 
 the flesh. 
 
 The blood, bein» too sharp or diin, erodes die vcasels. 
 
 Wiseman. 
 
 H^RoD'ED, pp. Eaten ; gnawed ; corroded. 
 
 2. a. U\ natural history, having the edge irregularly 
 jagg(;d, as if gnawed or eaten. Brande. Loudon. 
 E-ROD'ING, ppr. Ealing into; eating away; cor- 
 ER'O-GaTE, I'. (. [L. erogo.] [roding. 
 To lay out ; to give ; to bestow upon. [Aot used.] 
 
 Klyot. 
 
 ER-O-Ga'TION, 71. The act of conferring. [A"u( «.<«/.] 
 E-RoSE', a. [L. erosus.] [Elyot. 
 In botany, an erose leaf has small sinuses in the 
 margin, as if gnawed. Martyn. 
 E-Ro'SION, (e-ro'zhun,) 71. [L. crosio.] . 
 
 1. The act or operation of eating away. 
 
 2. The state of being eaten away; corrosion; 
 canker. 
 
 E^RO'SIVE, a. Having the property of eating away, 
 
 or corroding; corrosive. Humble. 
 E-ROT'ie, ) rr^ , T 
 
 E-ROT'I€-AL, i '"'''■•l 
 
 Pertaining to love ; treating of love. Encyc. 
 E-ROT'ie, 1!^ An amorous composition ar poem. Encye. 
 ER-0-TO-iMa'NI-A, / 71. [Gr. totoj, love, and uui/i.i, 
 E-RO-TOM'A-NY, j mania.] 
 
 Melancholy, which is the etiect of love. 
 ER-PE-T0L'0-6IST, «. [Gr. cpntras, reptile, and 
 Aoyof, discourse.] 
 
 One who writes on the subject of reptiles, or is 
 versed in the natural history of reptiles. [See IIeb- 
 PETOLo<;i3T.] Ch. Observer. 
 
 ER-PE-TOL'O-CY, 71. [Supra.] That part of natural 
 history which treats of reptiles. [Si-e IIerpetologt.] 
 Vict. ofJVaL HisL 
 ERR, r. i. [Ij. erro ; Fr. errer ; Sp. errar ; It. errare ; 
 G. irren ; Hw.irra; Dan. ti-rrr.] 
 
 1. To wander from the right way ; to deviate from 
 the true course or purpose. 
 
 But errs not nature from tliis pncio:is end, 
 from burning suns when livid <leaUls descend ? 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. To miss the right way, in morals or religion ; to 
 deviate from the path or line of duty ; to stray by 
 design or mistake. 
 
 We have erred and strayed like lost sheep. Com. Prayer. 
 
 3. To mistake ; to commit error ; to do wrong from 
 ignorance or inattention. iMen err in judgment from 
 ignorance, from want of attention to facts, or from 
 previous bias of mind. 
 
 4. To wander ; to ramble. 
 
 A storm ofslrxjkes, well meant, with fury flies, 
 
 And errs about their lempl<;s, ears, and eyes. Dryden. 
 
 ER'RA-BLE, a. Liable to mistake ; fallible. [Little 
 
 used.] 
 
 ER'R.A.-BLEl-NESS, n. Liableness to mistake or error. 
 
 We may infer from the errdblenets of our natures tli-- n'nsona- 
 bleness of compassion to die setiucod. Decay of Piety. 
 
 ER'RAND, 71. [Sax. lerend, a message, mandate, le- 
 gation, business, narration ; arendlan, to tell, or re- 
 late ; Sw. drfTirfe; Dan. irrinrfc.] 
 
 1. A verbal message ; a mandate or order ; some- 
 thing to be told or done ; a communication to be 
 made to some person at £ distance. The servant was 
 sent on an errand ; he told his errand ; he h.is done 
 the errand. These are the most common modes of 
 using this word. 
 
 I have a secret errand to thee, king. — Judges tV 
 
 2. Any special business to be transacted by a mes- 
 senger. 
 
 ER'R.VNT, a. [Fr. o-roTit; L. errans, from erro, to 
 err.] 
 
 1. Wandering; roving; rambling; applied partic- 
 ularly to knights, who, in the middle ages, wandered 
 about to seek adventures, and display their heroisBi 
 and generosity, called knights errant 
 
 2. Devi.-iting from a certain course. Shak. 
 
 3. Deviating from the regular course, and hence 
 wild, extravagant, notorious ; as, an errant fool, [now 
 spelt .\krant.] B. Jonson. 
 
 4. Itinerant [Obs.] 
 
 ER'R.\NT, for Abr-ist, an old orthography. [See 
 .Arrant.] 
 
 TONE, BU' LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 — _- 
 
ERU 
 
 ESC 
 
 ESC 
 
 ER'KAN'T-RY, n. A wandering ; a roving or rambling 
 about. Addisun. 
 9._T!ie employment of a knight errant. 
 ER-Ra'TA, h, pL See Krrati'm, 
 ER-RAT'ie, I a. [L. erruticus, from erro, to wan- 
 ER-KAT'ie-AL, j der.] 
 
 1. VVamicving ; liaving no certain course ; roving 
 about without a fixed destination. Pope. 
 
 2. Moving; not fixed or stationary ; applied to the 
 planets^ as disttn^ishcd from the JLced stars, 
 
 3. Irregular ; mutable. Harvey. 
 
 4. In ireolo^y, a term applied to transported mate- 
 rials on the earth's surface ; as, erratic blocks, gravel, 
 &c. Erratics ai'e masses of stone thus transported. 
 Erratic phenomena, are the phenomena whicli relate 
 to tnm-^ported materials on the earth's surface. 
 
 ER-KAT'lf, n. A rogue. Cockeram. 
 
 ER-RAT'ie-AL-LY, adu. Without rule, order, or 
 establishi d URihod ; irregularly. Brown. 
 
 ER-RA'TIUN, n. A wandering. [JVoi used.] 
 
 ER-Ra'TU.M, 71. ; pi. Err.vta. [See Err.] An error 
 or mistake in writing or printing. A list of the errata 
 of a book is usually printed at the beginning or end, 
 with references to the pages and lines in which they 
 occur. 
 
 ERR'£p, prct. of Err. 
 
 ER'RHl.N'E, (er'rine,) a. [Gr. ijipmov; tv and fjtv, 
 the nose.] 
 
 Affecting the nose, or to be snuffed into the nose ; 
 occasioning discharges from the nose. 
 ER'RHIXE, (er'rinej «. A medicine to be snuffed up 
 the nose, to promote discharges of mucus. 
 
 Coxe. Encyc. 
 
 ERR'ING, ppr. or a. Wandering from tiie truth or the 
 
 right way ; mistaking; irregular. 
 ER-RO'NE-OUS, a. [L. erronrus, from crro, to err.] 
 1. Wandering ; roving ; unsettled. 
 
 They roam 
 Erroneous and disconsol;vte. 
 
 Phitipe. 
 
 9. Deviating; devious; irregular; wandering from 
 the right course. 
 
 Erroneous circulalion of blood. ArbuUinot. 
 
 \_The foregoing applications of the -word are less 
 common.'] 
 
 3. -Mistaking; misled; deviating, by mistake, from 
 the truth. Destroy not the erroneous with the ma- 
 licious. 
 
 4. Wrong ; false ; mistaken ; not conformable to 
 truth ; erring from truth or justice ; as, an erroneous 
 opinion or judgment. 
 
 ER-RO'XE-OUH-LY, adv. Ey mistake; not rightly; 
 falsely. 
 
 ER-Ro'iVK-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being erro- 
 neous, wrong, or fidse ; deviation from right ; incon- 
 foniiity to truth ; as, the en-oncousiiess of a judgment 
 or proposition. 
 
 ER'RUK, n. [li. error, from erro, to wander.] 
 
 1. In a general sen.ic, a wandering or deviation 
 from the truth. 
 
 2. A mistake in juifgrnent, by wliicli men assent 
 to or believe what is not true. Error may be volun- 
 tary or involuntary ; voluntary, when men neglect or 
 pervert the proper means to inform the mind ; invol- 
 untjiry, when the means of judging correctly are not 
 in their power. An error committed through care- 
 lessness or haste is a blander. 
 
 3. .\ mistake made in writing or other perform- 
 ance. It is no easy la.sk to correct the errors of the 
 press ; authors sometimes charge their own errors to 
 the printer. 
 
 4. A wandering; excursion; irregular course. 
 Driven by the winds ajid errors of the sea. Dryden, 
 
 \ This sense ig unusual, and hardly legitimate.] 
 
 5. Deviation from law, justice, or right ; oversight; 
 mistake in conduct. 
 
 Say not, it Vioa an error. — Eccles. v. 
 
 fi. In Scripture and theology, sin ; iniquity ; trans- 
 gression. 
 
 Who can unjTstind his trrors7 cleanse thou me from secret 
 faultji, — Pa. xix. 
 
 7. In law, a mistake in pleading or in judgment. 
 A writ of error, is a writ founded on an alleged error 
 in judgment, which carries the suit to another tribu- 
 nal for redress. Hence the following verb: — 
 
 ER'ROR, V. t. To determine a judgment of court to 
 he erroneous. [JVoi well authorized.] 
 
 ER'ROR-I.ST, n. One who errs, or who encourages 
 and proimgaies error. 
 
 ERSE, M. 'I'hc language of the descendants of the 
 Gaels or OUh, in the Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 ERSII or EAR.-^H, n. Stubble of grain. 
 
 ER.ST, nJn. (Sax. <rrcj(, Huporlalive of <tr. Sec Ere.] 
 
 1. Kirst ; at first ; at (he beginning. 
 
 2. Once ; formerly ; long ago. 
 
 3. Ilefore ; till then or noiv ; hitherto. 
 [77iw word is obsolete, fieept in poetry.] 
 
 ERfrr'WIIII,!',, mtv. then or now; formerly. 
 
 ER-U liES'<;i;.\CK, 71. [L. erubescent, erubeseo, from 
 rubeo, to be red.] 
 
 J\. becoming red ; redness of the skin or surface 
 
 of aiiv tiling ; a blushing. 
 ER-U-liES'L'E.NT, a. Red, or redilish ; blushing. 
 E-RUeT', ) V. t. [L. eruclo, ructor, coinciding in 
 E-RUe'TATfi, i elements with Ch. pii, Heb. to 
 
 spit. Qu. yerk.] 
 To belch ; to eject from the stomach, as wind. 
 
 [Little used.] HoweU. 
 E-RUe'TA-TED,yp. Belched; ejected. 
 E-RL'e'TA-Tl.NG, ppr. Belching. 
 ER-Ue-TA'TIO.\, 71. [L. eructaiio.] 
 
 1. The act of belching wind from the stomach ; a 
 belch. 
 
 2. A violent bursting forth or ejection of wind or 
 other matter from the earth. Woodward. 
 
 ER'U-Dl J'E, a. [L. eruditus, from erudio, to instruct, 
 liu. e and rudis, rude. Rather Ch. Syr. Sam. mi 
 retlah, to teach. Class Ril, No. 2.] 
 
 Instructed; t.auglit; learned. Chesterfield. 
 
 ER'U-DlTE-LY, adv. With erudition or learning. 
 
 ER-U-Dl"TIO.\, (er-u-dish'un,) ?i. Learning ; knowl- 
 edge gained by study, or from books and instruction ; 
 particularly, learning in literature, as distinct from 
 the sciences, as in history, antiquity, and languages. 
 The Scaligers were men of deep erudition. 
 
 Tlie most useful eradilion for republicans is that which exposes 
 the causes of discoixlj. J. Adams. 
 
 E-RU'GIN-OUS, a. [L. aruo-inosus, from mrugo, rust.] 
 Partaking of the substance or nature of copper or 
 the rust of copper ; resembling ntst. 
 
 E-RUPT', V. i. To burst forth. [J^'ot used.] 
 
 E-RUPT'ED, pp. or a. Forcibly thrown up by erup- 
 tion ; as, erupted igneous rocks. 
 
 E-RUP'TIOX, 71. [L. eruptio, from erumpo, erupi; e 
 and rumpo, for rupo ; Sp. romper ; Fr. rovipre. See 
 Class Rb, No. 26, 27, 29.] 
 
 1. The act of breaking or bursting forth from in- 
 closure or confinement ; a violent emission of any 
 thing, particularly of flames and lava from a volcano. 
 The eruptions of Hecla, in 1783, were extraordinary 
 for the quantity of lava discharged. 
 
 2. A sudden or violent rushing forth of men or 
 troops for invasion ; sudden excursion. 
 
 lucensed at sudi eruption bold. I^IUton. 
 
 3. A burst of voice ; violent exclamation. [Little 
 used.] SoutJt. 
 
 4. In medical science, a breaking out of humors, a 
 copious excretion of humors on the skin, in pustules ; 
 also, an efflorescence or redness on the skin, as in 
 scarlatina ; exanthemata ; petechiie ; vibices ; as in 
 small-pox, measles, and fevers. 
 
 E-RUP'TIVE, a. Bursting forth. 
 
 Tlie suiUlen glance 
 Appears far south eruptive Uiruugii the cloud. Thomson. 
 
 2. Attended with eruption or efflorescence, or pro- 
 ducing it; as, an eruptive fever. 
 
 3. In geoloiry, produced by eruption ; as, eruptive 
 rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic. 
 
 E-JlYN"GO, 71. [Gr. n'mY'""-] 
 
 The popular name of the sea-holly ; Eryngium, a 
 genus of plants of several species. The flowers are 
 collected in a round head ; the receptacle is palea- 
 ceous or ciiaffv. The young shoots are esculent. 
 
 ER-Y-SIP'E-L.-\S, 71. [Gr. tpi'triiriA.is.] [Kncyc. 
 A disease called St. .Anthony's fire ; a diffused in- 
 fl;imniation, with fever of two or three days, gener- 
 ally with coma or delirium ; an eruption of a fiery 
 acrid humor, on some part of the body, but chiefly 
 on the face. One species of er>'sipclas is culled 5/1111- 
 gles, or eruption with small vesicles. 
 
 Coxe. Encyc. Quincy. 
 
 ER-Y-SI-PEL'A-TOUS, a. Eruptive; resembling ery- 
 sipelas, or p.'irtaking of its nature, 
 
 ER-Y-SIP'E-LOUS. See Ervsipelatous. 
 
 ER-Y-THEi'.M A, n. [Gr.] A specific inflammation, 
 characterized by a red, glabrous, tumid fullness?)f the 
 integuments, attended by burning pain, and termi- 
 nating in cuticular scales or vesicles. J. Jil. Good. 
 
 ER-Y-TlIE-MAT'ie, a. Denoting a morbid redness 
 of skin ; relating to erj'theiiKi. 
 
 ES-GA-LaDE', «. [I'"r. id.; Sp. escalada; It. sealata; 
 from Sp. escala. It. scaln, L. scala, a ladder, Fr. cchclle. 
 Sec Scale.] 
 
 In the military art, a furious attack made by troops 
 on a fortified place, in w hich ladders are used to pass 
 a ditch or mount a rampart. 
 
 E.S-eA-I.SDE', V. t. To scale ; to mount and pass or 
 enter by means of ladders ; as, to escalade a wall. 
 
 Life of fVellinjrton. 
 ES-e.\-I>.AD'ED, pp. Scaled, as a wall or rampart. 
 ES C.\-I..\l)'l.\(;, ppr. Sctiling, as troops. 
 ESCAI.'OP, (skol'iip,) 71. [D. schulp, a shell.] 
 
 1. A bivalve shell, of the genus Pecten. The sur- 
 face is neatly marked with ribs radiating from the 
 liingc outward. Dana. 
 
 2. A regular curving indenture in the margin of 
 nnv thiag. (See Si-allop and Scollop.] 
 
 ES-CA-PADE% 71. (Kr. .See Escape.] The fling of 
 a horse, or ordinary kicking back of his heels. 
 2. In Spanish, flight j escape. Hence, an impropri- 
 
 ety of speech or behavior of which an individual is 
 uncimscious. brandr 
 ES-CaPE', v. t. [Fr. echapper; Norm, cchever : Arm. 
 achap ; It. scappare ; Sp. and Port, escapar ; probablj- 
 from L. capio, with a negative prefix, or from a word 
 of the same family.] 
 
 1. To flee from and avoid ; to get out of the way ; 
 to shun ; to obtain security from; to pass without 
 harm ; as, to escape danger. 
 
 A small numlier that escape the sword shall return. — Jea xVir. 
 Having escaped Ibe corruption that is in the world through lust. 
 — 2 Pel. i. 
 
 2. To pass unobserved ; to evade ; as, the fact es- 
 caped my notice or observation. 
 
 3. To avoid the danger of ; as, to escape the sea. 
 xxviii. 
 
 JVote. — This verb is properly intransitive, and in 
 strictness should be followed by from ; but usage 
 sanctions the omission of it. 
 ES-CaPE', v. i. To flee, shun, and be secure from 
 danger ; to avoid an evil. 
 
 Escape for tJiy life to tlie mountain. — Gen. xix. 
 2. To be passed without harm. The balls whistled 
 by me; my comrades fell, but I escaped. 
 ES-CaPE', 71. Flight to shun danger or injury ; the act 
 of fleeing from danger. 
 
 1 would hasten my escape from tlie windy storm. — Ps. Iv. 
 
 2. A being passed without receiving injury, as 
 when danger comes near a person, but passes by, and 
 the person is passive. Every soldier who survives 1 
 battle has had such an escape. 
 
 3. Excuse ; subterfuge ; evasion. Ralegh. 
 
 4. In law, an evasion of legal restraint or the cus- 
 tody of the sheriff without due course of law. Es- 
 capes are voluntary or involuntary ; voluntary, when 
 an officer permits an offender or debtor to quit bis 
 custody without warrant ; and involuntary, or negli- 
 gent, when an arrested person quits the custody of 
 the officer against his will, and is not pursued forth- 
 with, and retaken, before the pursuer liatli lost sight 
 of him. 
 
 5. Sally ; flight ; irregularity. [Little used ] Sliak. 
 
 6. Oversight ; mistake. [Little used, or improper.] 
 ES-CaPE'ME.VT, 71. That part of a clock or watch 
 
 which regulates its movements, and prevents their 
 acceleration. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 ES-CaP'IN'G, ppr. Freeing from and avoiding danger 
 or evil ; being passed unobserved or unhurt ; shun- 
 ning ; evading ; securing safety ; quitting the custody 
 of the law without warrant. 
 
 ES-GaP'ING, 71. .Avoidance of danger. £:ra ix. 
 
 ES-eS.R'GA-TOIRE, ( twor,) 71. [Fr., from escargot, a 
 snail.] 
 
 A nursery of snails. .Addison. 
 
 ES-CaRP', 71. In fortification, any thing high and pre- 
 cipitous ; sometimes the side of the ditch next the 
 rampart. Brande. 
 
 ES-CaRP', v. t. [Fr. escarper, to cut to a slope; It 
 Scarpa, a slope. See Cabve.] 
 
 To slope suddenly ; to form a sudden slope ; a mil- 
 itani term. Carleton. 
 
 ES-eXRP'£D, (es kJrpt',) pp. Cut or formed to a sud- 
 den slope. 
 
 ES-e.\ RP'I.N'G, pirr. Forming to a sudden slope. 
 
 ES-CARP'.MENT, n. A steep descent or declivity ; a 
 precipitous side of any hill or rock. P. Cyc. 
 
 ES-CHA-LOT', (esh-a-iot',) n. [Fr. echalote.] 
 
 A species of small onion or garlic, the Allium asca- 
 lonicum. Encyc. 
 
 ES'eilAR, (es'kUr,) n. [Gr. eirxaoa.] 
 
 In surgrnj, the crust or scab occasioned by burns 
 or caustic applications. Encyc. 
 
 ES'eilA-R.V, 71. A species of coral, resembling a net 
 or woven cloth. 
 
 ES-eHA-ROT'ie, a. Caustic ; having the power of 
 searing or destroying the flesh. Coze. Encyc. 
 
 ES-€UA ROT'I€, 71. A caustic application ; a medi- 
 cine which sears or destroys flesh. Coxe. 
 
 ES-€HA-T()L'0-CY, 71. [Gr. tirxaruf and X") 05.] 
 The doctrine of the last or final things, as death, 
 judgment, &c. 
 
 ES-CHEA'P', 71. [Fr. ccheoir, echoir, clmr: Norm, es- 
 chier, eschire, eschever, to fall, to happen to, to escheat. 
 The Fr. cc/toir seems to be the Sp.coer, which is con- 
 tracted from tin; L. cada, cadere.) 
 
 1. Any land or tenements which casually fall or 
 revert to the lord within his manor, through failure 
 of heirs. It is the determination of the tenure, or 
 dissolution of the mutual bond between the lord and 
 tenant, from the extinction of the blood of the ten- 
 ant, by dt'ath or natural means, or by civil means, as 
 forfeiture or corruption of blood. Blackslone. 
 
 2. In the Vniird Slate.<:, the falling or ptissing of 
 lands and tenements to the State, through failure of 
 heirs or forfeiture, or in cases where no owner is 
 ftninj. Stxit. of MiLis. and Conn. 
 
 3. The place or circuit within which the king or 
 lord is entitled to escheats. England. 
 
 4. A writ to recover escheats from the person in 
 possession. Blackstone. Cowel. Kncyc. 
 
 .'). The lands which fiiU to the lord or state by escheat. 
 6. In ScoU law, the forfeiture incurred by a man's 
 being denounced a rebel. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^Lh, WHAT. — MKTE, PREY. — FINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 408 
 
ESC 
 
 ESP 
 
 ESS 
 
 r,s:-(;ilEAT', V. i. In KnglanH, lo revert, as land, to 
 tltc lurcl ur ii inniuir, by iiiean:^ of tliu extinctiuii of 
 tlic blood of tiio tenant. 
 
 In Jlinerica, to full or conic, as land, to the state, 
 tbron^li failure of heirs or owners, or by forfeiture 
 for treason. In the feudal sense, no escheat can e.xist 
 in the United States; but the word i!j used in stat- 
 utes conliscating the estates of tliose who abandoned 
 their counjry duriuj; the revolution, and in statuti s 
 {giving to the state the lands for wliu h no owner can 
 be found. 
 
 E.S-CIIEAT', V. (. To forfeit. [JVot usc<l.] Bp. IlaU. 
 
 E.<-CHr;.\T'A-l!LE, a. Liable to escluat. 
 
 KS-CIIEAT'AOK, k. The right of succeeding to nn 
 escheat. Shrrwuud. 
 
 ES-CHE.AT'KI), pp. Having fallen to the lord through 
 want of heirs, or to the state for want of an owner, 
 or by forfi iture. 
 
 ES-CllE.\T'Ii\G, ppr. Reverting to the lord through 
 failure of heirs, or to the state for want of an owner, 
 <ir by forfeiture. 
 
 ES-CIIEAT'OK, n. An officer who observes the cs- 
 clicats of the king in tlie county whereof he is es- 
 cheator, and ccrtilirs them into the trea.surv. Can)dcn. 
 
 ES-CHEVV", V. t [Norm, rschcver ; Old Fr. f,«c/irair ; 
 G. scheucn j It. sc?upare ; Ft. est/uiurr ,• Dan. skyrr ; to 
 shun. Tile G. sckeu, Dim. sky. It. schifu, is the Eng. 
 shtj. In Sw. the corresponding words are skijirir and 
 skijircria, which leads to the opinion that the radical 
 letters are Kg or Skg; and if so, these words corre- 
 S|)ond with the G. sclieuchtn, to IViiihten, to drive 
 away, which we retain in tiie word sliuo, used to 
 scare away fowls.] 
 To llee from ; to shun ; to avoid. 
 
 lie who ob^yi, (Icslrucuun itliiUI eaeheto. Saiulys. 
 
 ES-CIIEW'CT), (es-cliude',)pp. Shunned; avoided. 
 ES-C1IEWI.N(J, ppr. Shunning; avoi ing. 
 ES-eOCH'EON, «. [Fr.] The shield of the family. 
 
 Wttrtun. 
 
 \ ES'CORT, 71. [Fr. escorte ; It. scorta, a gu.ird or guide, 
 scorgcrc, to discern, lead, conduct. Sp. and Port, cj- 
 colta, r changed into /. 'l"he Italian has ncortn, seen, 
 perceived, prudent, and as a noun, abridgment ; and 
 seortare, to abridge, shorten, conduct, i:scort. The 
 sense of short, shorten, is ctinnected with L. curtits, 
 and the sense of prudent occurs in I,, curdatus. But 
 whether there is a connection between these words, 
 let the reader judge.] 
 
 1. .\ guard ; a body of armed men which attends an 
 ■ officer, or baggage, provisions, or munitions, conveyed 
 
 by land from place to pbice, to protect them from an 
 enemy, or, in general, for security. 
 
 [This word is rarely, and never properly, used for 
 naval protection or protectors ; the latter we call a 
 convoy. I have found it applied to naval protection, 
 but it is unusual.] 
 
 2. In a more general sense, protection or safeguard 
 on a journey or excursion ; as, to travel under the ej- 
 curt of a friend. 
 
 ES-eOKT', V. t. To attend and guard on a journey 
 or excursion by land ; to attend and guard any thing 
 conveyed by land. General Washington arriveil at 
 Boston, escorted by a detachment of dragoons. The 
 guards escorted Lord Wellington to London. 
 
 ES-COllT'El), pp. Attended and guarded on a jour- 
 ney or excursion by land. 
 
 ES-eoUT'l.\(}, ppr. Attending and guarding on a 
 journev or excursion by land. 
 
 ES-eOT'. See Scot. 
 
 ES-eOT', V. L To pay the reckoning for ; to su|>- 
 
 port. ShaJi. 
 ES-tOU-ADE'. See SqUAD. 
 ES-eOUT'. SCO Scout. 
 
 ES-eUI-TOIR', (es-kre-twor',) n. [Sp. escritorio ; It, 
 scritturio ; Fr. ccritoire, friuii eerire, ecrit, to write, 
 from the root of L. scribo. Eng. to serupe.] 
 
 A box with instruments and conveniences for wri- 
 ting, sometimes a desk or chest of drawers, with an 
 apartment for the instruments of writing. It is often 
 pronounced scrutoir. 
 
 ES-CRl-TCKI-AL, o. Pertaining to an escritoir. 
 
 ES'CKOW, 71. [Fr. ecrou, Norm, escrover, cscrouje, a 
 scroll.] 
 
 In law, a deed of lands or tenements delivered lo 
 a third (icrson, to hold till some condition is performed 
 by the grantee, and which is not to lake eflect till 
 the condition is perforiiied. It is then to be delivered 
 lo the grantee. Blacksbmr. 
 ; ES'CU-.AGE, 71, [from Fr. ecu, for escu, L. scutum, a 
 shield.] 
 
 In feudal law, service of the shield, called also 
 ' scutage ; a species of tenure by kiiiglit service, by 
 which a tenant was bound to follow his lord to war ; 
 afterward exchanged for a (lecuniar)' satisfaction. 
 
 I Blaekstone. 
 
 j EfS-eU-LA'PI-AN, a, [from .Msculapw, the physi- 
 
 II cian.] 
 
 ; ; ^ .Medical : pertaining to the healing art, Yoiin^. 
 
 ES'GIJ-LENT, 0- [L. escnlentus, from esca, food.] 
 I Eatable ; that is or may be used by man for food ; 
 I as, eaeulrnt plants ; esculent fish. 
 
 ES'Cl'-LEXT, n. Something that is eatable; tliat 
 I which is or may be safely eaten by man. 
 
 ES-CO'R[-AL, n. The palace or residence of the king 
 of Spain, about i!2 miles north-west ol Madrid, 'i'liis 
 is the largest and most superb structure in the king- 
 dom, and one of the most splendid in Europe. It 
 is built in a dry, barren spot, and the name itself is 
 said to signify a place fall of rucks. Rnajc. 
 
 The Escurial was built by Philip II., in the shape 
 of a griduon, in honor of St. Laurence. It takes its 
 name from a village near Madrid. It contains the 
 king's palace, St. Laurence's church, the monastery 
 of Jerenoniites, and the free schools, also the place 
 of sepulture for the royal family of Spain. Port. JJict. 
 
 ES-€UTCirEOi\, (es-kuch'un,) H. [Fr. ecii,«o;i, for 
 esciui.son, from L. scutum, a shield, It. scudo, Sp. 
 escudo, Ann. scoeda. ] 
 
 1. The shield on which a co.il of arms is represent- 
 ed ; the shield of a family ; tli<; picture of ensigns 
 armorial. Lncye. Johnson. 
 
 •2. That part of a vessel's stern on which her name 
 is written. R. II. Unnu, Jr. 
 
 ES-eUTCH'EON-KI), (es-kiicli'uiid,) a. Having a 
 coat of arms or ensign. Young. 
 
 ES-LOIN', 11. t. [Fr. cioi>7icr.] 
 To remove. in use.\ 
 
 E-SOPH-A-GOT'O-MY, 7i. [Gr. uiao^ayoj and ro^iri, 
 a cutting.] 
 
 In surgery, the operation of making an incision 
 Into the esophagus, for the purpose of removing any 
 foreign substance that obstructs the passage. 
 
 Journ, of Science. 
 E-SOPII'A-GUS, 71. [Gr. oiff«^5,i> 05.] 
 
 'I'lio gullet ; the canal through which food and 
 drink pass to the stomach. 
 E-SO'PI-A\, a. [from vi,'.<iip.] Pertaining lo yEsop ; 
 
 conijiosed by him or in his manlier. fVarton. 
 ES-O-T.ER'ie, a. [Gr. tirwrcjjuv, interior, from cao), 
 within.] 
 
 Private ; interior ; an epithet applied to the private 
 instnictions and doctrines of philosophers ; opposed 
 to esoteric, or {)Ublic. Enfield. 
 E3-0-'l'Ell'ie-AL-LY, adv. In an esoteric manner. 
 
 Rich. out. 
 
 ES'O-TER-Y, 71. Mystery ; secrecy. [Little used.] 
 ES-PAL'IER, (es-pal'ycr,) n. [Fr. espalier ; Sp. e.tpa- 
 Icra ; It. spalliera ; from L. pains, a stake or pole.] 
 
 1. A row of trees planted about a garden or in 
 hedges, so as to inclose quarters or .separate |)arts,and 
 trained up to a lattice of wooil-work, or fastened to 
 stakes, forming a close hedge or shelter to protect 
 plants against injuries from wind or weather. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 2. A lattice-work of wood, on which to train frail- 
 trees and ornamental shrubs. Brande. 
 
 ES-PAL'IEU, (es-pal'yer,) b. L To form an espalier, 
 or to protect by an espalier. 
 
 ES-P.\L'1EU-£D, pp. Protected by an espalier. 
 
 ES-PAL'IER-ING, ppr. Protecting by an espalier. 
 
 ES-PXR'CET, 71. .\ kind of sainfoin. Mortimer. 
 
 KS-PAR'TO, 71. A kind of rush in Spain, of which 
 cordage, shoes, baskets, &c., are made. McCulloch. 
 
 ES-PE"CIAL, (es-pesh'al,) a. [Vr. sj)eciiil : h. specia- 
 lis.from specio, lo see, .species, kind.] 
 
 Principal ; chief; particular ; as, in an especial man- 
 ner or degree. 
 
 ES-PE"CI AL-LY, aJi'. Principally ; -chiefly ; particu- 
 larly ; in an uncommon degree ; in reference to one 
 person or thing in particular. 
 F.S-I'F"."CI.\L-NESS, 71. The slate of being especial. 
 ES'PE-RANCE, 71, [Fr., from L. spcro, to ho|)c.] 
 
 Hope. [A'ut English.] Sllak. 
 ES-PI'AL, 71. [See Spv.J A spy ; the act of espying. 
 
 ElyoL 
 
 ES-Prra, (es-pide',) pp. Seen; discovered. 
 ES-PI'ER, 11. One who espies, or watches like a spy. 
 
 Harmar. 
 
 ES'PI-XEL, 71. A kind of ruby. [See Spineu] 
 ES'PI-0\-AGE, (es'pc-on-aje or es'iie-on-ii/.h,) lu [Fr., 
 from espionner, to spy, espion, a spy.] 
 
 The practice or employment of spies ; the practice 
 of watching the words and conduct of others, and 
 attempting to make discoveries, as spies or secret em- 
 issaries ; the practice of watching otiiers without be- 
 ing suspected, and giving intelligence of discoveries 
 made. 
 
 ES-PL.\-NSnE', n. [Fr. id.; Sp. esplanada; lU spiO' 
 nata; from L. planus, plain.] 
 
 1. In fortijicalion, tlie glacis of the counterscarp, or 
 the sloping of the paripi l of the covered way toward 
 the country ; or the void space between the glacis of 
 a citadel and the first houses of the town. 
 
 Brande. Campbell. 
 
 2. In gardening, a grass-plat. 
 
 ES-POI'S' AL, (es-pouz'al,) a. [See Espouse.] Used 
 in or relating lo the act of espousing or betrothing. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 ES POL'S'AL, 71. The act of espousing or betrothing. 
 
 2. Adoption ; protection. Lil. Orford. 
 
 ES-POtJS'ALS, n. pL The act of contracting or a(ii- 
 
 ancing a man and woman lo each other ; a contract 
 
 or mutual promise of marriage. 
 
 I rcnwiiiljrr thcc, tli^ kiniiiiou of ihjr jouUi, the lova of thiiio 
 tspoutaU. — Jcr. U. 
 
 ES-POU8E', (cs-pouz',) r. L [Ft. epouser; IL sposare ; 
 
 Port, de^posar ; Sp. detrposar, to marry, dctposarse, lo be 
 betrothed. If this word is the same radically as the 
 L. spondco, sponsu.f, the letter 71 in the latter iiitist bo 
 casual, or the iiiiuli rn languages have lost the letter. 
 The former is most probable; in which case, spondco 
 was primarily spodco, sjiosus.] 
 
 1. To betroth. 
 
 When nj liii iiioUirr Mary veam ttpoused to Joirpb. — MuU. L 
 
 2. To betroth ; to promise or engage in marriage by 
 contract in writing, or by some pledge ; as, the king 
 espoused his daughter to a foreign prince. Usually 
 and pro|)erly followed by to, rather than with. 
 
 3. To marry ; to wed. Shah. M'dton. 
 
 4. To unite intimately or indissolubly. 
 
 1 luivi; etfjoutttt yon to one )tiuUiii<l, ihnl I nui/ pi«t«nl joix u 
 u cliiiAlu vir^ii to Cliruit. — 'i Cor. xi, 
 
 5. To embrace ; to take to one's self, with a view 
 to maintain ; as, to e-fpouse the quarrel of another ; to 
 espouse a cause. JJryden. 
 
 ES-l'OVS'Kl), pp. or a. Betrothed ; affianced ; prom- 
 ised in mariiage by contract; married ; united inti- 
 inatelv ; embraced. 
 
 ES-POIJSE'.ME.NT, ;i. Act of espousing. 
 
 ES-POUS'ER, n. One ^vho espouses ; one who de- 
 fends the cause of anolher. 
 
 ES-POUS'L\(;, ppr. Iletrotliing ; promising in mar- 
 riage by covenant ; marrying; uniting indissolubly; 
 taking p.irt in. 
 
 ES-PRh" DE CClRPS, (es-pr«'de-k6r',) [Fr.] The 
 spirit of the body or society ; the common spirit or 
 disposition formed by men in association. 
 
 ES-PY', V. t. [Fr. cpiir, e.-'pier ; e.-tpiar ; It. spiare; 
 D. bc<piedcn, from .v/iicrfc, a spy ; G. spdJien, to spy ; 
 Sw. .fpeia ; lian. speidcr ; W. yspiatc, and yspciihww, 
 from yspaitli, paith. (See Spy.) Tlie radical letters 
 seem to be I'd ; if not, the word is a contraction from 
 the root of L. specio.] 
 
 1. To see at a distance ; to have the first sight of 
 a thing remote. Seamen espy land, as they ap- 
 proach it. 
 
 2. To see or discover something intended to be 
 hid, or in a degree concealed, and not very visible ; 
 as, to espy a man in a crowd, or a thief in a wood. 
 
 3. To discover unexpectedly. 
 
 As one of lliem opuncd his sack, be espied liU moncj. — Gen. 
 xiii, 
 
 4. To inspect narrowly ; to examine and make dis- 
 coveries. 
 
 Moses sent me lo espy out tlio land, nnd 1 brooglit iiim word 
 a^din. — Josh. xiv. 
 
 ES-PV, V. i. To look narrowly ; to look about ; to 
 watch. 
 
 Stind by tlie way nnti esjyy. — Jcr. xlviii. 
 [T'Ai* word is often pronounced Spy ; which see.] 
 ES-FV, 71. A spy ; a scout. 
 ES-l'V'Ii\G, p/)r. Discovering; seeing first. 
 ES'UUI-.M.AUX, (es'ke-nio,) >i. A natiim of Indians 
 inhabiting the north-western parts of North America. 
 
 Eneyc. Am. 
 
 ES-QUIRE', n. [Fr. ecuytr ; It. scutliere ; Sp. escudero ; 
 Port, escudciro i from L. scutum, a shield, from Gr. 
 <7<ti;r.,!,a hide, of wliit li shields were anciently made 
 or from the root of that word. Sax. sceadan. See 
 Shade.] 
 
 Properly, a shield-bearer or armor-bearer, scntifer ; 
 an attendtint on a knight. Hence, in modern times, 
 a title of dignity next in degree below a knight. In 
 England, this title is given to the younger sons of 
 noblemen, to officers of the king's courts and of the 
 household, to counselors at law, justices of the peace 
 while in commission, sheriffs, and other gentlemen. 
 In tlie United Stales, the title is given to public offi- 
 cers of all degrees, from governors down to justices 
 and attorneys. Intleed, the title, in addressing let- 
 ters, is bestowed on any person at pleasure, and con- 
 tains no definite description. It is merely an expres- 
 sion of respect. 
 
 ES-UUIRE', V. L To attend ; to wait on. 
 
 ES-aUIR'™,;)p. Attended; wailed on. 
 
 ES-UUIR'ING, ppr. Attending, as an esquire. 
 
 £S-QC/7.SSA', (es-kCs' ) 71. [Fr.] The first nketch of 
 a picture or model ol^ a statue. 
 
 ES-SaY', f. (. [Fr. cssayer: Norm, essoycr; Arm. ae- 
 zaca ; 0. zorken, lo seek ; beiockcn, vcrzoekcn, to es- 
 say ; G. suchen, to seek ; rcrsuchcn, lo essay ; Dan. 
 fursSger; Sw. fUrsSkia ! S'p. ensayar ; Port, ciuaiar ; 
 It. saggiare, assaggiare. The primary word is seek, 
 the same as L. scfuor. (See Seek.) The radical sense 
 is, to press, drive, urge, strain, strive. Ch. pZH. Class 
 Sg, No. 40.] 
 
 1. To try ; to attempt ; to endeavor ; to exert one's 
 power or faculties, or to make an effort to perform 
 any thing. 
 
 Wliilo I Uiis uncXAmplcd Uisk ets(m. Blacknwrt. 
 
 2. To make experiment of. 
 
 3. To try the value and purity of metals. In this 
 application, the word is now more generally written 
 AssAT ; which see. 
 
 ES'SAY, n. A trial ; attempt ; endeavor ; an effort 
 m.ade, or exertion of body or mind, for the perform- 
 ance of any thins. We say, to make an essay. 
 
 Fruitless our luipM, though puus our «s«ay«. SmUk. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 II 
 
 409 
 
ESS 
 
 EST 
 
 EST 
 
 In literature^ a composition intended to prove or 
 illustrate a particular subject ; usually shorter and 
 less methodical and tinished than a system; as, an 
 essay on the life and writings of Homer ; an essay on 
 fossils ; an essay on commerce. 
 
 3. A trial or experiment ; as, this is the first essay. 
 
 4. Trial or experiment to prove the qualities of a 
 metal. [In this sense, see ."Vssay.] 
 
 5. First taste of any thing. Dryden. 
 ES-SaY' ED, (es-sade',) pp. Attempted ; tried. 
 ES-SaY'ER, n. One who writes essays. .Addison. 
 ES-SAY'ING, ppr. Trying; making an effort; at- 
 tempting. 
 
 ES-SaY'1ST, 71. A writer of an essay, or of essays. 
 
 Butler. 
 
 ES'SENCE, n. [L. essentia ; Ft. essence ; It. essenia ; 
 Sp. esencia ; from L. esse, to be ; Sw. cdsendc ; Goth. 
 iBisantls, from wisan. Sax. icesan, to be, whence was. 
 The sense of tlie verb is, to set, to fix, to be perma- 
 nent.] 
 
 1. That which constitutes the particular nature of 
 a being or substance, or of a genus, and which dis- 
 tinguishes it from all others. Mr. Locke makes a 
 distinction between nominal essence and reaf essence. 
 The nmninal essence, for example, of gold, is that 
 complex idea expressed by gold f the real essence is 
 the constitution of its insensible parts, on which its 
 properties depend, which is unknown to us. 
 
 The essence of God bears no relation to place. E. D. Griffin. 
 
 2. Formal existence; th.at which makes any thing 
 to be what it is ; or rather, the peculiar nature of a 
 thing; the very .substance ; as, the essence of Chris- 
 
 3. Existence ; the quality of being. [lianity. 
 
 I toulil liave resigned my very essence. Sittitey. 
 
 4. A being ; an existent person ; as, heavenly es- 
 sences. Milton. 
 
 5. Species of being. Bacon. 
 
 6. Constituent substance ; as, the pure essence of a 
 spirit. Mdton. 
 
 [Locke's real essence, supra.] 
 
 7. The predominant (iiialities or virtues of any plant 
 or drug, extracted, refined, or rectified from grosser 
 matter ; or, more strictly, a volatile or essential oil ; 
 as, the essence of mint. 
 
 8. Perfume ; odor ; scent ; or the volatile matter 
 constituting perfume. 
 
 Nor let the imprisoned essences exhale. Pope. 
 ES'SENCE, t'. t. To perfume ; to scent. 
 ES'SENC-£D, (es'senst,) pp. Perfumed ; as, essenccd 
 fops. 
 
 ES-.'seNES', n.pl. [Or. EfToTji/oi.] Among i/ic Jejo^, a 
 
 sect remarkable for their strictness ami abstinence. 
 ES-SEN'TIAL, a. [L. essentialis.] 
 
 1 . Necessary to the constitution or existence of a 
 thing. Piety and good works are essential to the 
 Christian character. Figure and extension ;ire essen^ 
 tial properties of bodies. 
 
 And if each system in gradation roll, 
 
 Alike essential to tlie amazing whole. Pope. 
 
 2. Important in the highest degree. 
 
 Judginenl is more essential to a general tJian courage. Denkam. 
 •3. Pure; highly rectified. 
 
 Essential oils, are such as are obtained from plants 
 chiefly by distillation with water. They dissolve in 
 alcohol, are inHaminable, and much used in perfu- 
 mery. Brande. 
 
 Essential character: in natural history, that single 
 quality or property which serves to distinguish one 
 genus, species, &c., from another. 
 ES SEN'TIAL, (es-sen'shal,) n. Existence; being. 
 [Little used.] Milton. 
 
 2. First or constituent principles ; as, the essentials 
 of religicn. 
 
 3. The chief point ; that which is mo.st important. 
 ES-SRN-TLAL'I-TY, ( n. The quality of being es- 
 ES-SE.\'TIAL-i\ESS, ( sential ; first or constituent 
 
 principles. Sioift. 
 ES SEN'TIAL-LY, ado. fly the constitution of na- 
 turi: ; in essence ; as, minerals and plants arc essen- 
 tially different. 
 
 2. In an important degree; in effect. The two 
 Klateinents differ, but not e.i.ientialty. 
 ES-SEN'TIATE, v.i. To become of the same essence. 
 
 B. .loii.inn. 
 
 ES SEN'TIATE, v. L To form or constitute the cs- 
 Bence or being of Boyle. 
 
 ES SK.S'TIA TIM), pp. Formed into the samcessence. 
 
 ES .Si;.\'Tl A 'I'lNf;, ;);<r. Forming into or becoming 
 «if the same essence. 
 
 E.S-SUI.N', n. [Norm, eron, excuse; Law L. eronia, 
 sonturn ; f>ld Fr. cronirr, essonier, to excuse. Spelman 
 deduces the word fnmi <■/ and soing, cure, lint qu. 
 This word ia Honii tinii's sprit EisnitJiv.] 
 
 1. An excuse ; the alli-giiig of an excuse for him 
 who iri flummoned to app(;ar in court and anHvvtrr, 
 and who m glertH to appear at thir day. In I'.mrland, 
 the three first days of ii tiTin are called r.^soin-dai/s, 
 as three dayH are allowed for the npjiearance of suit- 
 OfH. HlacA^toae. Cotoct. Sprhnnn. 
 
 2. KxcniW! ; (ixemption. Hpniarr. 
 
 3. He that iH exciiHeil for non-uppenrnnre in court 
 at the day np|ioinlud. Johnson. 
 
 ES-SOIN', V. L To allow an excuse for non-appear- 
 ance in court ; to excuse for absence Cutoel. 
 
 ES-SOIN'EIl, n. An attorney who sufiiciently excuses 
 the absence of another. 
 
 ES'SCV-ITE, n. Cinnamon-Stone , which see. 
 
 ES-TAB'LISH, b. t. [Fr. ctabttr i Sp. establrcer ; Port. 
 estabelecer ; It. siaJiilire ; L. stabilia; Heb. asi or 
 
 Oh. and Syr. id. ; Ar. <_ a * tasaba, to set, fix, estab- 
 lish. Class Sb, No. 37, and see No. 35. See also Ar. 
 
 wataba, Ch. 3ni, to settle, to place, to dwell. 
 
 Class Db, No. 53, 54.] 
 
 1. To set and fix firmly or unalterably ; to settle 
 permanently. 
 
 1 will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting cove- 
 nant. — Gen. xvii. 
 
 2. To found permanently ; to erect and fix or set- 
 tle ; as, to establish a colony or an empire. 
 
 3. To enact or decree by authority and for per- 
 manence ; to tirdain ; to appoint ; as, to establish laws, 
 regulations, institutions, rules, ordinances, &c. 
 
 4. To settle or fix pftmanently ; as, to establish 
 one's self ill hiisiucss ; the enemy establUhed them- 
 selves in the citadel. 
 
 5. To make tiim ; to confirm; to ratify what has 
 been previously set or made. 
 
 Do we then make vuid Uie taw through faith ? By no means ; 
 yea, we establish Uie l;t\v. — Rom. iii. 
 
 6. To settle or fix what is wavering, doubtful, or 
 weak ; to confirm. 
 
 So were the cliui ches eslnblisheil in the faith. — Acts xvi. 
 To ttie en.t he m.iy estohttsh yimr licaru luiblamaljle in holiness. 
 — 1 Thess. iii. 
 
 7. To ctmfirm ; to fulfill ; to make good. 
 
 Kstahiish lliy worU to thy servanu — Ps. cxix. 
 
 8. To set up in the place of another, and confirm. 
 
 Wiio go aljout to eslablish their own righteousness. — Uoin. X. 
 
 ES-TAB'LISH- AT), pp. or a. Set ; fixed firmly ; found- 
 ed ; ordaineil ; enacted ; ratifietl ; confirmed ; set up 
 ami supported by the state ; as, an established re- 
 ligion. 
 
 ES-TAU'LISII-ER, n. He who establishes, ordains, 
 or confirms, 
 
 ES-TAB'L1SH-I.\G, ppr. Fixing ; settling perma- 
 nently; founding; ratifying ; confirming ; ordain- 
 ing. 
 
 ES-TAB'LISII-MENT, n. [Fr. etnblisscmcnt.] 
 
 1. The act of establishing, founding, ratifying, or 
 ordaining. 
 
 2. Settlement ; fixed state. Spniser^ 
 
 3. Confirmation ; ratification of what has been s'et- 
 tled or made. Bacon. 
 
 4. Settled regidation ; form ; ordinance ; system of 
 laws; constitution of government. 
 
 Bring in that establishment by which all men should be contained 
 in duty. Spenser. 
 
 5. Fixed or stated allowance for subsistence ; in- 
 come ; salary. 
 
 His excellency — might gratlually lessen your eatabtishrMnt. 
 
 Scsi/t. 
 
 C. That which is fixed or established ; as a perma- 
 nent military force, a fixed garrison, a local govern- 
 ment, an agency, a factory, &c. The king has estab- 
 lishments to support in the four quarters of the globe. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 7. A place of residence or of transacting business. 
 
 8. That form of religions worship which is estab- 
 lished ami supported by the st:tte. 
 
 9. Settlement or final rest. 
 
 We set up our hopes and establishment here. Wake. 
 
 ES-TA-CADE' , n. [Fr. Sp. estacada, from the root of 
 stake.] 
 
 A dike constructed of piles in the sea, a river, 
 or a morass, to check the approticli of an enemy. 
 
 Ts-l^'-EETTK', \ "• t*^''- '■ ^^^^"-1 
 
 A courier ; an exprttss of any kind. 
 
 ES-TATi;', n. [Fr. rial, for cstat : 1). sfriat ; G. stnat ; 
 Arm. .-lad ; It. stato ; Sp. estado ; L. .■ilatns, from .f:'!), 
 to stanil. The roots sth, .-dd, and sif,', have nc!arly 
 the same signification, to set, to fix. It is probable 
 thiit the L. sti; is contracted from sla/l, as it foms 
 
 strti. See Ar. iX*c^ Cl.ass Sil, No. 4(), and Class 
 
 Dd, No. 22, 23, 24.] 
 
 1. In a urnrral sense, fixedness ; a fixed condition ; 
 now gem r;dly written and primoiinced Statk. 
 
 Shc^ ca«l n« h.-u<lli)ni; from our liigh es'Mle. nnjden. 
 
 2. Ctmditiiui or circumstances of any persim or 
 thing, whether high or low. Lake i. 
 
 3. Itank ; ipi.ali'.y. 
 
 Who h.nh not heard of the grcatnemi of your eslale 1 Sidney. 
 
 4. In lair, the inti rest, or quantity of interest, n 
 man has in lands, li ni inents, or other i (IVctH. Ef 
 tales are real or personal. Heat estate consists in 
 
 lands or freeholds, which descend to heirs ; personal 
 estate consists in chattels or movables, which go to 
 executors and administrators. 7'here-are also estates 
 for life, for years, at will. Sec. 
 
 5. Fortune ; [jossessions ; property in general. He 
 is a man of a great estate. He left his estate unencum- 
 bered. 
 
 6. The general business or interest of government ; 
 hence, a political body ; a commonwealth ; a repub- 
 lic. But in this sense, we now use .State. 
 
 7. A branch of the body politic In Orcat Britain, 
 the estates of the realm are the king, lords, and com- 
 mons ; or rather the lords and commons. 
 
 Ettates; in the plural, dominions ; possessions of a 
 prince. 
 
 2. Orders or classes of men in society or govern- 
 ment. Herod made a supper for his chief estates. 
 Mark vi. 
 
 ES-TaTE', v. t. To settle as a fortune. [Little used.] 
 
 2. To establish. [Little used.] [Skak. 
 ES-TAT'ED, pp. or a. Possessing an estate. Swift. 
 ES-TEEM', J). «. [Fr.estimer; ll. estimare ; Sp. and 
 
 Port, estimar ; Arm. istimout, istimcin; L. astinio i Gr. 
 
 eiaTipaoaai ; £tgand rt/xaw, to honor or esteem. See 
 
 Class Dm. No. 28.] 
 
 1. To set a value on, whether high or low ; to 
 estimate ; to value. 
 
 Then he forsook (Jod, who made him, and lightly esl£4infd tlie 
 
 rock of his salv.ition. — Dent, xxxii. 
 They that itespise me shali be lightly esteemed. — 1 Sam. ii. 
 
 2. To prize ; to set a high value on ; to regard with 
 reverence, respect, or friendship. When our minds 
 are not biased, we always esteem the industrious, the 
 generous, the brave, the virtuous, and the learned. 
 
 Will he esteem thy riches? — Job xxxvi. 
 
 3. To hold in opinion ; to repute ; to think. 
 
 One man esteemeOi one day above another ; anoUier est£ein4A 
 every day alike. — Uoin. xiv. 
 
 4. To compare in value ; to estimate by proportion. 
 [Little lued.] Davies. 
 
 ES-TEKM', B. i. To consider as to value. Spenser. 
 ES-TEE.M', n. Estimation; opiniim or judgment of 
 
 merit or demerit. This man is of no wortli in my 
 
 e.steent. 
 
 2. High value or estimation ; great regard ; favora- 
 ble opinion, founded on supposed worth. 
 
 BoUi those poets lived in much esteem with good luid holv men 
 in oiders. Dryden. 
 
 ES-TEEM'A-BLE, a. Worthy of esteem ; estimable. 
 ES-TEEM'i;I), or o. Valued ; estimated ; highly 
 
 v.alued or prized on account of worth ; thought; 
 
 held in opinion. 
 ES-TEE.M'Ell, 71. One who esteems ; one who sets a 
 
 high value on any thing. 
 
 A proud esteemer of his own parts. Locke. 
 ES-TEEJI'ING, ppr. Valuing; estimating; valuing 
 
 highly 4 prizing; thinkipg ; deeming. 
 E.S-THET'ie, a. Pertaiiiing to the science of taste. 
 ES-THET'ieS, n. [Gr. ataOnrtKOi.] 
 
 The science which treats of the beautiful, or of the 
 
 theory of tnste. [See ^Esthetics.] 
 ES-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. testus and fero.] 
 
 Producing heat. 
 ES'TI-MA-BLE, a. [Fr. ; It. estimrvole.] 
 
 1. That is capable of being estimated or valued ; 
 as, estimable damage. Paley. 
 
 2. Valuable ; worth a great price. 
 
 A poimd of mati's flesh, Uiken from a man, 
 
 la not so estimable or profitable. Shak. 
 
 3. Worthy of esteem or respect; deserving our 
 good opinion or regard. 
 
 A lady said of her two companions, that one was more amiable, 
 Uie oUier more estimable. Temple. 
 
 ES'TI-M.\-BLE, 71. That which is worthy of regard. 
 
 Broirn. 
 
 ES'TI-I\IA-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of deserving 
 
 esteem or regarti. R. .J^riclon. 
 
 ES'TI-IMA-I!LY, adv. In an estimable manner. 
 ES'TI-MATE, V. I. [L. astimo. See Esteem.] 
 
 1. To judge and form an opinion of the value of; 
 to rate by judgment or opinion, without weighing or 
 measuring eitlntr value, degree, extent, or (piantity. 
 We estimate the value of cloth by inspection, or the 
 extent of a piece of land, or the distance of a moun- 
 ttiiu. Wt! estimate the wortli of a friend by his 
 known qualities. We estimate the merits or talents 
 of two dill'irent men by judgment. We estimate 
 profits, loss, and damage. Hence, 
 
 2. To compute; to calculate ; to reckon. 
 ES'Tl-M.VTK, 7r. A vabiing or rating in the mind ; a 
 
 judgment or opinion of the value, degrc'C, extent, or 
 quantity of any thing, without ascertaining it. We 
 I'lirm e.'iliinales of the expenses of a war ; of the prob- 
 able outfits of a voyages ; of the comparative strength 
 or merits id' two nu n ; of the extent of a kingilomor 
 its population. Hence, e.-^limale may be equivalent 
 to c.alctila'.ion, computation, without measuring or 
 wtdghing. 
 
 2. Value. Shak 
 ES'TI-M A-Ti;n, pp. or a. Valued; rated in tipiniim 
 or iudgment. 
 
 ES'Tl-MA-TING, ppr. Valuing; rating; forming an 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MaTE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 4ifr 
 
EST 
 
 ETE 
 
 ETH 
 
 opinion or judgniont of the vitliic, extent, quantity, 
 or (tepree of «'ortIi of any objcrt ; calculating ; coni- 
 KS-'I'i-.MA'TIOiN, n. [\.. ,r.<li,mtiu.] [puting. 
 
 1. Tlic act of o.'^tiinatiiij;. 
 
 'J. (Jnlculation ; computation ; nn opinion or Juit;- 
 nu'iitof the wortli, extent, or quantity of any lliinR, 
 formed witliout usiuR precise data. We may diH'er 
 in our estimations of distance, maenitude, or amount, 
 and no lesii in our eMmalion of mond i|ualities. 
 3. Ksteein j regard j favorable opinion ; honor. 
 
 ng tlie laultitutle, and Imnnr witli 
 
 E. 'i'TI-M.X-TIVE, a. Having the power of comparing 
 anil adjusting the wortli or preference. [Little u.<al.] 
 
 2. Imaginative. ' [ffalc. Boyle. 
 KS'TI-.Ma-TOR, n. One who estimates or values. 
 KS'TI-V.AL, a. [L. <titiett.', from <js(<u>', summer. Sec 
 
 IlElT.] 
 
 Pertaining to summer, or continuing for the sum- 
 ES'TI-VaTIJ, 0. i. To pass the summer. [mer. 
 ES-TI-VA'TION, n. [L. arstioatio, from iBstas, sum- 
 niei, if.vdrii, to pass the summer.] 
 
 1. The act of passing the summer. Bacon. 
 
 2. In botanij, the disposition of the petals within 
 the floral gem or bud: 1, cenuo/iite, when the pet- 
 als are rolled together like a scroll ; 2, imbricate, 
 when they lie over each other like tdes on a roof; 
 3, cotiduplicate, when they are doubled together at 
 the midrib 4, vuloate, when, as they are about to 
 expand, they are placed like the glumes in grasses. 
 
 Martijn. 
 
 ES-TOP', p. t [Ft. clouper, to stop. See Stop.] 
 In laa, to ini|iede or bar, by one's own act. 
 
 A man sh.^ll alwiiys Iw estopptd bjf hid own liccd, or not per- 
 iitiili-J 10 avi-ror |in>vtr wiiy liiln* ia cunlr.utictinii to what 
 )ic onct: soliMnnly tivowe*!. Biackittone. 
 
 KS'TO PKR-PKT' U-UM,\[h.] May it be perpet- 
 
 F. S'TO PF.R PETq-^, j nal. 
 ES-TOP'P£l),(es-topt',) jip. Hindered j barred; pre- 
 
 cludi d by one's own act. 
 ES-TOP'PEL, n. In lato, a stop; a plea in bar, 
 grounded on a man's own act i>r deed, which estops 
 or precludes him from averring any thing to the con- 
 tra rj'. 
 
 If a tenant for yratw Icvio a fine to another person, it shall work 
 a2 nn c^loppet to the co^iizor. lilackstone. 
 
 ES-TOP'PING, ppr. Impeding ; barring by one's own 
 act. 
 
 ES-TO'VERS, II. pi. [Norm, cstoffrr, to store, stock, 
 . furnish ; e^tuffeurcSf stores ; Fr. ctoffer^ to stuff. See 
 Stuff.] 
 
 In /ttw, necessaries or supplies ; a reasonable al- 
 lowance out of lands or goods for the use of a ten- 
 ant ; such as sustenance of a felon in prison, and for 
 his family during his imprisonment; alimony for a 
 woman divorced, out of her husband's estate. Com 
 moil uf estovers, is the liberty of taking the neces.<''jy 
 wood for the use or furniture of a house or farm from 
 another's estate. In Saxon, it is expressed by bote, 
 which signifies irt(/r*, or supply, ;is, hoasr-botc, plutc- 
 botf, fire-bote,cart'bote, &LC. Blackstone. 
 
 ES-TRaDE', n. [Fr.] An even or level space ; a 
 level and slightlv raised place in a room. SmarL 
 
 ES-TR.\.\I'A-COiV, ( son,) n. [Fr.] A sort of two- 
 edgeil sword formerly used. 
 
 ES-TRA.\CiE', e. t [Ft. etrangcr. See Stbamge.] 
 
 1. To keep at a distance ; to withdraw ; to cease 
 to freiiuent and be familiar with. 
 
 llail we ealrangtd onncWcs from tliein in tilings inditTTrnt. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 1 thus e*lron^e my [w-nion frunj her lied. Dryden. 
 
 2. To alienate ; tti divert from its original use or 
 possessor ; to apply to a pur|K)se foreign from its 
 original or customary one. 
 
 They have eftranfred this place oiiU tnlmt Incense tn it to other 
 ^>ls. — Jrr. xix. 
 
 3. To alienate, as the affections ; to turn from 
 kindness to indilference or malevolence. 
 
 1 do not know, to tiiis hour, wluil it u that luu ettrangeti hiio 
 from me. Pope. 
 
 4. To withdraw ; to withhold. 
 
 We musi estrange our belief from what is not clearly erwlenced. 
 
 OlanMli. 
 
 ES-TRaXC'/CI), pp. Withdrawn ; withheld ; alienated. 
 ES-TRaXG'ED-NESS, II. The state of being es- 
 
 transed. Prynne, 
 ES-TR.aNGE'MENT, n. Alienation; a kee|)iiig at a 
 distance ; removal ; voluntary abstraction ; as, an 
 e^trangnnent of affection. 
 
 An tatmnxerntnt uf desires from tjett^r things. South. 
 ES TRANC'l.NG, ppr. Alienating ; withdrawing ; 
 
 keeping at or removing to a distance. 
 E.-<- rRA PADE', >i. [Fr. strappado.] 
 
 The action of a horse, who, to gi:t rid of his rider, 
 rises before and at the same time kicks furiouslv with 
 his hind legs. farrier's Did. 
 
 F-^^ irRAV", r. i. To stray. [See Strat.] 
 ES-TRAY', n. [Norm. eMrayer, probablv allied to 
 strax'irle. and perhaps from the root of W. trag, 
 beyond.] 
 
 .\ tame beast, as a horse, ox, or sheep, which is 
 found wandering or without an owner; a beast sup- 
 
 posed to have slrayi^d from the power or inclostire of 
 its owner. It is usually written .Stiiav. lilackstone. 
 
 ES-'i'Rl'c A'l'', II. [Norm, cstruitc or cstrcile, from L. 
 extraclum, eztra/w, to draw out.] 
 
 In lain, a true copy or duplicate of nn original 
 writing, especially of amercements or (H'Malties set 
 down in the rolls of court to be levied by the baililf, 
 or otiii r officer, on every olfi nder. Onret. F.ncyc. 
 
 ES-TKKAT', J). i. To extract ; to copv. Blackstone. 
 
 ES-T1U":AT'EI), pp. Extracted; copit'd. 
 
 ES-TRi5AT'IN(J, ppr. Extracting ; copying. 
 
 EH-TRif,l'E'i\IENT, «. [Norm, estrepcr, estripper, to 
 waste ; Eng. to strip.] 
 
 In law, S])oil ; waste ; a stripping of land by a ten- 
 ant, to the prejudice of the owner. Blackstone. CviceL 
 
 Es'tr'idG'f j "• The ostrich ; which see. [04s.] 
 2. In commerce, the fine down of the ostrich, lying 
 immediatelv beneath the feathers. McCallock, 
 ES'TU-ANCE, II. [h. aslus.] 
 
 Heat. [ JViit ill use. ] Brown. 
 ES'TU-.\-RY, n. [L.. <r.s-(uari'«m, from iestuo,\.o boil 
 or foam, ir.'jdi.*, heat, fury, storm.] 
 
 1. An arm of the sea ; a frith ; a narrow passage, 
 or the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets 
 the current, or flows and ebbs. 
 
 2. A vapor bath. 
 
 ES'TU-A-RY, a. liclonging to or formed in an estua- 
 ry ; as, estuary strata. Lyell. 
 
 ES''J'U-aT1;, v. i. [I,, irstuo, to boil.] 
 
 To boil ; to swell and rase ; to be agitated. 
 
 ES-TL'-a'TION, 71, A boiling ; agitation; commotion 
 of a lUiid. Broion. JVorrui. 
 
 EST-URE', n. [L.wstuo.] 
 
 Violence ; commotion. [A'of used.] Chapman. 
 
 E-SO'RI ENT, a. [L. esunens, e^nrio.] 
 
 Inclined to eat ; hungry. Diet. 
 
 ES'U-RINE, (czh'yu-rin,) a. Eating ; corroding. 
 [Little used.] fVi.teman, 
 
 E-TA'f MA'.fOR, (a-tu'mil'zhor.) Officers and sub- 
 ollicers, as distinguished from their troops; also, the 
 superior officers. /)ir(. de l'.^cad. 
 
 ET C.3:T'K-R.9, [L.] and the contraction Etc., or 
 &c., denote the rest, or others of the kind ; and so on ; 
 and so forth. 
 
 ETCH or EU'niSH, n. Ground from which a crop 
 
 has been taken. Mortimer. 
 ETCH, V. I. [G. ef.en, D. etscn, to eat. See Eat.] 
 
 1. To protittce figures or designs on copper tir other 
 metallic plates, by means of lines or strokes first 
 drawn, and then eaten or corroded by aquafortis. 
 The plate is first covered with a proper vnrnisli or 
 ground, which is capable of resisting the acid, and 
 the ground is then scored or scratched by a needle or 
 similar instrument, in the places where the lines com- 
 posing the figure or design are intended to be ; the 
 plate is then covered with nitric acid, which corrodes 
 or eats the metal in the tines thus laiil bare. Ilebert, 
 
 2. To sketch ; to delineate. [Aot in use.] Locke. 
 ETCH, V. L To practice etching. 
 
 ETCH'£D, (etcht,) pp. or a. Marked and corroded by 
 nitric acid. 
 
 ETCH'INfJ, ppr. Marking or producing a design on a 
 
 metallic plate with aquafortis. 
 ETCH'ING, 11. The act or art of etching ; a mode of 
 
 engraving. 
 
 2. 'i he impression taken from an etched plate. 
 
 ETCH'INf^-NEE'DLE, n. An instniment of steel 
 with a fine point, used in etching for tracing out- 
 lines, &c., on the plate. Brandc 
 
 ET-E-OS'Tie, n, [Gr. trcos, true, and arixof, a 
 verse.] 
 
 A chronograminatical composition. B. Jonson. 
 
 E-TER.N', a. Eternal ; perpetual ; endless. [J\'ot 
 used. ] Shall. 
 
 E-TER'.N'AL, a, [Fr. etemcl ; L. atemus, composed 
 of itFHin and temus, teeitentus. Varro. The origin 
 of the last comptment part of the word is not ob- 
 vious. It occurs in diutumus, and seems to de- 
 note continuance.] 
 
 1. Witliout beginning or end of existence. 
 
 The eler-fin^ Goil is tliy refuge. — Deut. xxxiii. 
 
 2. Without beginning of existence. 
 
 To know wh'-thrr there is any real being, whose duration has 
 b»-.'ii eurnai. Locke. 
 
 3. Without end of e.xistcnco or duration ; ever- 
 lasting; endless ; immortal. 
 
 Tlial they may also obttin the salration which U in Chlist Jesus, 
 
 with elenxal jjlury. — 2 Tim. ii, 
 \Vh;\t shall I vlo, th.it I may b.ere eterval life i — Malt. xix. 
 Sulfering Uie Tengi-aiice ofelerniW lire. — Jude 7. 
 
 4. Perjictual ; ceaseless; continued witliout inter- 
 mission. 
 
 And fires slsrm/ in thy temple shine. Dryden, 
 
 5. Unchangeable ; existing at all times without 
 change ; as, eternal truth. 
 
 E-TER'N.\L, n. An appellation of God. 
 
 Hooker. Milton. 
 E-TER'NAUIST, n. One who holds the past ex- 
 
 islenre of the »vorld to be inlinite. Burnet. 
 E-TER'NAI--IZE, r. u To make etenial ; to give 
 [We now use Etiri^iie.] [endless duration to. 
 E-TER'NAI^IZ-^:i), pp. Made eternal. 
 
 E-TER'NAI^TZ ING, ;>pr. Rendering eternal. 
 E-TER'NAL I<Y,"a(/i!. Willi.Hit beginning or end o( 
 duration, or wiiliuiit end only. 
 
 2. Unchangeably ; invariably ; at all times. 
 
 That wliich is morally good must be eternaily and unrbanrea- 
 bly BO, .VuulA. 
 
 3. Perpetually; without Intermission ; at all times 
 
 W hdtc western guiles eternatty reside, A<Uluon. 
 
 E-TER'NI-FI-i-'U, pp. Made famous ; immortali/cd. 
 E-TER'NI-E9, V. I. To make famous, or to immor- 
 talize. [JV"f in use.] 
 E-'l'ER'Nf FV-I.NG, ppr. Makifig famous; iminor- 
 E-TER'NI-TY, n. [Ii. irffriiifa.*.] [talizing. 
 
 1. Duration or continuance without beginning or 
 end. 
 
 By repeating the idea of any lenjjth of durdion. with the endlea 
 addition ol'iiunili'-r, wr Ciiiiie by III'- id'-a of rurrtily. Locke. 
 The hi^b and lolly One, wliu inhabilelh «ler,iilj(, — Is. Ivii. 
 
 2. 7'he state or time which begins at death. 
 
 At dntitb we enter on ettrnity. Dieight. 
 
 We speak of t;teriial duration preceding the present 
 time, (iiid has existed from rfmii/y. We al.sos|i<;ak 
 of endless or everlasting duration in future, and 
 dating from present timeor the present stati- of things. 
 Some men lioubt the etcrnitij of future punishment, 
 though they have le.ss difficulty in admitting the 
 eternity of future rewarils. 
 E-TEK'NlZE, r. f, [Fr. etcrniscr i Sj). etcrnizar; LL 
 etcrnare ; Low L, trterno.] 
 
 1. To make entlless. 
 
 2. To coiiliiiiK^ the existence or duration of indefi- 
 nitely ; to perpetuate ; as, to eternize woe. Miltvn. 
 
 So we say, to eternize fame or glory. 
 
 3. To make forever famous ; to imniortali/.e ; as, to 
 eternize a iiamtr ; to cfmiiie exploits. 
 
 E-'i'ER'NIZ-f;i), pp. .Made i iidless ; immortalized. 
 E-'l'ER'NIZ-ING, ppr. Giving endless duration to;- 
 
 imniortali/.ing. 
 E-TE'SIAN, (e-te'zhan,) a. [L. etesias ; Gr. trijoiof, 
 
 from CTof, a year. tin. r.tli. , owed, or awed, 
 
 a circuit or circle, and the vi ili, to go round,] 
 
 Stated ; blowing at staled times of the year ; pe- 
 riodical. F.tesiun wimls are yearly or anniversary 
 winds, answering to the monsoons of the East In- 
 dies. The word is applieil, in Greek and Roman 
 writers, to the periodical winds in the Mediterranean, 
 
 _ from whatever iiuartcr tin y blow. Encye. 
 
 E'THAL, II. [from the first syllables of ft/icr and alcohol.] 
 A peculiar oily substance, obtained from sperma- 
 
 _ ceti. Prout. 
 
 KTHE, a. Easy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 K'THEL, a. Noble. [Obs.] 
 
 E'THEK, n. [\j. irtjicr : Gr. aiftrjp, ai8o>,U) burn, to 
 shine ; Eng. weather ; Sax. ttioter, the air; D. weder ; 
 G, wetter; Sw. cader.] 
 
 1. A thin, subtile matter, much finer and rarer than 
 air, which, some phiUisopliers suppose, begins from 
 the limits of the atmosphere, and occupies the heav- 
 enly simce. JfewUm. 
 
 There fields of light and liquid elAer flow, Dryden. 
 
 2. In chemL-itry, a very light, volatile, and inflain- 
 m.ible fliiitl, proiluced by the distillatitm of alcohol, 
 or rectified spirit of wine, with an acid, especially 
 with sulphuric acid. It is lighter than alcohol, of a 
 strong, sweet smell, susce|>tible of great expansion, 
 and of a pungent taste. It is so volatile, that when 
 shaken it is dissipated in an instant. 
 
 Encyc. Fourcroy. 
 E-THe'RE-AI,, a. Formed of ether; containing or 
 filled with ether ; as, ctAercal space ; ethereal regions. 
 
 2. Heavenly ; celestial ; as, ethereal messenger. 
 
 3. Consisting of ether or spirit. 
 
 Vast chain of being, which frtim God liegan, 
 
 N^^ires tUieretd. Iiumau, angt-l,* in.an. Pope. 
 
 E-THE-RE-AI,'I-TY, n. The state or condition of 
 being ethereal. 
 
 E-TH|";'RE-AI,.-IZE, r. U To convert into ether, or 
 into a very siibtilt; fluid. Good. 
 2. Fiirurntivehi, to render elhere.il or spiritual. 
 
 E-TllF.'RE-AIi-IZ-KI), pp. or a. Converud into ether 
 or a very subtile tlu d ; as, an elherealizcd and incor- 
 poreal siibstntt!. Oood. 
 2. Made ethi-reai or spiritual. 
 
 E-THE'RE AL-LY, ailo. In a celestial or heavenly 
 manner. 
 
 E-THe'RE-OUS, a. Formed of ether ; heavenly. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 p.'THER-l-FORM, a. [ether and form.] Having the 
 form of ether. Prout, 
 
 E'THER-I.VE, II. Carbureted hydrogen, so called from 
 being supposed to e xist in ether. P. Cyc 
 
 f:'THER-IZE, r. L Jlo convert into ether. 
 
 Med. Rrpos, 
 
 K'THER-IZ-Kl), pp. Converted Into ether. 
 
 i:'THER-IZ I.\G, ppr. Converting into ether. 
 
 r.TH'ie, (a, [Ij. ethieus; Gr. qOiitos, from rfios, 
 
 ETII'IC AI,, i manners.] 
 
 Relating to manners or morals ; treating of moral- 
 ity ; deliverini; precepts of morality ; as, ethic dis- 
 courses or epistles. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qXITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOU9 — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TH a-s in THIS. 
 
 I 
 
ETY 
 
 EUL 
 
 EUR 
 
 ETH'ie-AL-LY, ade. According to the doctrines of 
 morality. 
 
 ETH'ieS, n. Tlie doctrines of morality or social 
 manners; the science of moral philosophy, which 
 teaches men their duty, and the reasons of it. 
 
 Palcy. Eiicyc. 
 2. A system of moral principles ; a system of rules 
 for regulating the actions and manners of men in 
 society. 
 F'THT OP ) 
 
 E-THI-O'FI-AN ( ^ native of Ethiopia. 
 
 E'THI-OPS MAR' TIAL : black oxyd of u-on ; iron in 
 the form of a very fine powder. 
 
 E'THI-OPS MLVER-AL; a combination of mercury 
 and sulphur, of a black color ; black sulphuret of 
 mercury. Thomson. J^tcknUon. 
 
 ETH'MOID, ) a. [Gr. jjO/^us, a sieve, and ci6o(, 
 
 ETH-MOID'AL, \ form.] 
 Resembling a sieve. 
 
 Ethmoid bone ; a bone at the top of the root of the 
 nose. 
 
 ETH'NAReH, 71. [Gr. cBvo^ and apxr,.] 
 The governor of a province or people. 
 ETH'Nie, ( a. [L. cthnicus ; Gr. fOi-ixof, from 
 ETH'Nie-AL, i cBvo^, nation, from the root of G. 
 keide, heath, woods, wlience heathen. See Heathen.] 
 Heathen ; pagan ; pertaining to the Gentiles or 
 nations not converted to Christianity ; opposed to 
 Jctcish and Christian. 
 ETH'Nie, 71. A heathen ; a pagan. 
 ETH'NI CIS.M, 71. Heathenism ; paganism ; idolatry. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 ETH-NOG'RA-PHER, ) n. One who cultivates etli- 
 ETH-NOL'O-GIST, j nography ; one who treats 
 
 of the different natural races and families of men. 
 ETH-NO-GRAPH'ie, ( a. [See the noun.] Per- 
 ETH-NO-GR.IPH'ie-AL, j taming to ethnography. 
 ETH-NOG'RA-PHY, ) n. [Gr. tWi/of, ypa^n, and 
 ETH-NOL'O-GY, j \<,y„i.] 
 
 The science which treats of the different natural 
 races and families of men, or a treatise on that sci- 
 ence. 
 
 ETH-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. [See ETHoi.oay.] Treating 
 
 of ethics or morality. 
 E-THOL'O-GIST, n. One who writes on the subject 
 
 of manners and morality. 
 E-TH0L'0-6Y, 71. [Gr. eSos, or r/Bus, manners, mor- 
 als, and Xo}o;, discourse.] 
 A treatise on morality, or the science of ethics. 
 
 Owen, Lunier. 
 E'THYL, 71. [Or. aiBnn and iXn.] A hypothetical 
 radical or base, e.xisting in ether and its compounds. 
 E'T1-0-LaTE, v. i. [Gr. aiOio, to shine.] [Oraham. 
 To become white or whiter; to be whitened by 
 excluding the light of the sun, as plants. 
 E'TI-O-LATE, 7). t. To blanch ; to whiten by ex- 
 cluding the sun's rays. 
 £'TI-0-La-TED, pp. or a. Blanched ; whitened by 
 
 excluding the sun's rays. 
 E'TI-O-La-TING, ppr. Blanching ; whitening by 
 
 excluding the sun's rays. 
 E-TI-O-La'TION, 71. The operation of being blanch- 
 ed, as plants, by excluding the light of the sun. 
 
 Ftiurcroy. Darwin. 
 In gardening, the rendering plants white, crisp, 
 and tender, by excluding the action of light from 
 them. Cyc. 
 E-TI-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to etiology. 
 
 .Arbuthnot. 
 
 E-TI-OL'O-CiY, 71. [Gr. airia, cause, and Xoyoi, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 In medicine, that branch of medical science which 
 treats of the causes of disease. Quincy. 
 ET-I-aUETTE', (et-e-kct',) ti. [Fr. etiquette, a ticket ; 
 W. tocyn, a little piece or slip, from tuciaw, to cut off, 
 Eng. to doek. Originally, a little [liece of paper, or a 
 mark or title, affixed to a bag or bundle, expressing 
 its contents.] « 
 
 Primarily, an account of ceremonies. Ilence, in 
 present uaatre, forms of ceremony or decorum ; the 
 forms which are observed toward particular persons, 
 or in particular places, especially in courts, levees, 
 and on public occasions. From the original sense of 
 the word, it mny be inferred that it was formerly the 
 custom to deliver cards containing orders for regu- 
 latin_^ ceremonies on public occasions. 
 ET-NK'A.\, a. [from^Vno.] Pertaining to Etna, a 
 
 volcanic mountain in Sicily. 
 ET'TIN 71. A giant. [Obs.] Reaum. 
 ET'TLE, V. t. To cam. [JVot in use.] Boucher. 
 
 a ca.^c.] 
 
 ET-Ut', (i t-we',) > 
 ET-WEE', } 71. [Fr. etui, 
 
 ET-WEE'-CASE, ) 
 
 A case for pocket instruments. 
 ET-Y-M0L'0-6ER, n. An etymologist [Not in tuet] 
 
 Griffith. 
 
 ET-Y-MO LOG'IC-AL, a. [See Etvmoi.ogt.I Per- 
 taining to etymology or the derivation of words ; ac- 
 cording to, or by means of, etymology. Locke. 
 
 ET-Y-.MO-I.OO'iC-AL LY, adii. According to ety- 
 mology. 
 
 ET-Y-MQ-LOC'IC ON, n. A treatise in which Ihc 
 etymologicii of wordH are traced, an Whiter's Ety- 
 mologicnn. 
 
 ET-Y-MOL'O-GIST, 7i. One versed in etymology or 
 the deduction of words from their originals ; one 
 who searches into the original of words. 
 
 ET-Y-MOL'O-GrZE, v. i. To search into the origin 
 of words ; tt) deduce words from their simple roots. 
 
 , Encyc. 
 
 ET-Y-M0L'0-6Y, n. [Gr. tru/juf, true, and Aujos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 1. That part of philology which explains the origin 
 and derivation of words, with a view to ascertain 
 their radical or primary signification. 
 
 In grammar, etymology comprehends the various 
 inflections and modifications of words, and shows 
 how they are formed from their simple roots. 
 
 2. The deduction of words from their originals ; 
 the analysis of compound words into their primi- 
 tives. 
 
 ET'Y-JION, 71. [Gr. crvijov, from cm/ioj, true.] 
 
 .\n original root or primitive word. 
 Eu'eil.VRIST, (yu'ka-rist,) n. [Gr. cuxa/iiria, a giv- 
 ing of thanks ; cv, well, and X'ipi?, favor.] 
 
 1. The sacrament of tlie Lord's supper ; the solemn 
 act or ceremony of commemorating the death of our 
 Redeemer, in the use of bread and wine, as emblems 
 of his flesh and blood, accompanied with appropriate 
 prayers and hymns. 
 
 2. The act of giving thanks. 
 Ell-€HA-RIST'ie, ) a. Containing expressions of 
 EU-€HA-RIST'ie-AL, j thanks. Brown. 
 
 Pertaining to the Lord's supper. 
 Eu'CHLORE, a. [Gr. ev, well, and x^wpof, green.] 
 
 In vtineralogy, having a distinct green color. Jllohs. 
 EU-€HLo'Rie, (yu-kl6'rik,) a. Of a distinct green 
 color. 
 
 Euchloric gas ; the same as Euchlobise. Davy. 
 Eu'CHLO-RINE, 71. [See Chlorine.] In chemistry, 
 
 protoxyd of chlorine. Davy. Vre. 
 
 EU-CHOL'O-GY, (yu-kol'o-je,) 7i. [Gr. tvxoXoywv; 
 CXI, prayer or vow, and \oyui, discourse.] 
 
 A fonnulaiy of prayers ; the Greek ritual, in 
 which are prescribed the order of ceremonies, sacra- 
 ments, and ordinances. Encyc. 
 Eu'eilRO-ITE, 71. [Gr. evxpoia, beautiful color."] 
 A mineral of a light, emerald-green color, trans- 
 parent and brittle. 
 ECeilY-MY, (yu'ke-me,) 7i. [Gr. ttixf^"".] 
 
 A good state of the blood and other fluids of the 
 body. 
 
 EU-€HY-SID'ER-ITE, 71. A mineral, considered as a 
 variety of augite. Phillips. 
 
 Eu'CLaSE, 71. [Gr. cv and K\aa, to break ; easily 
 broken.] 
 
 A brittle gem of the beryl family, consisting of 
 silica, alumina, and glucina. It occurs in light, 
 green, transparent crj-stals, affording a brilliant diag- 
 onal cleavage. It comes from the topaz localities in 
 Brazil. Dana. 
 EO'CRA-SY, 71. [Gr. £11, well, and Kpaai;, tempera- 
 ment.] 
 
 In medicine, such a due or well-proportioned mix- 
 ture of qualities in bodies, as to constitute health or 
 soundness. Quincy. Encyc. 
 
 EOe'TIC-AL, a. Containing acta of thanksgiving. 
 
 Mede. 
 
 E0'DI-AL-'5TE, n. [Gr fti, easily, and iiaXvw, to 
 dissolve.] 
 
 A rose-red or brownish-red mineral, occurring in 
 nearly opaque crystals. It consists of the earth zir- 
 conia, united with silica, lime, and soda. It fuses 
 easily before the blowpipe. Dana. 
 EU-DI-OM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. £D(5i of, serene, £« and iiof, 
 Jove, air, and perpnii, measure.] 
 
 An instrument for asceruining the purity of the 
 atmosphere, or rather the quantity of oxygen con- 
 tained in any given bulk of elastic fluid. 
 
 Encyc. Ure. 
 
 EU-DI O-MET'Rie, ) a. Pertaining to a cudi- 
 EU-DI-O-MET'RIC-AL, ( ometer ; performed or as- 
 certained by a eudiometer ; as, eudiomclrical exper- 
 iments or results. 
 EU-DI-OM'E-TRY, 71. The art or practice of ascer- 
 taining the purity of the air by the eudiometer. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 EO'CJE, 71. Applause. [JVot used.] Hammond. 
 EU'GEN-Y, 71. [Gr. cv and j tmj.J 
 
 Nobleness of birth. 
 EOGII, (vu,) 71. A tree. [See Yew.] 
 EU-HAR-i\ION'ie, a. [Gr. tt., well, and harmonic] 
 Producing harmony or concordant sounds ; as, the 
 cuhirmonic organ. I.iston. 
 EO'KAI-RITE, 7t. [Gr. cVKaipn^, opportune.] 
 
 Cupreous seleniurct of silver, a minenil of a shin- 
 ing lead-gray color, and granular structure. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 EU-LOG'ie, j a. [See Eulooy.I Containing 
 EU-LOG'IC-AL, \ praise ; commendatory. 
 EU-LOG'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a manner to convey 
 praise. 
 
 EO'LO-GIST, (yu'lo-Jist,) 7t. [Sec Eui.oot.] One 
 who prai.n^s and commends another ; one who 
 writes or speaks in commendation of another, on 
 account of his excellent qualities, exploits, or per- 
 formances. 
 
 EU-LO-GItiT'ie, a. Commendatory ; full of praise. 
 
 IJU-LO-GlST'ie-AL-LY, adv. With commendation. 
 EU-Lo'Gl-UM, 71. A eulogy 
 
 Eu'LO-GlZE, (yu'lo-jize,) t'. (. [See EuLoor.] To 
 praise j to speak or write in commendation of an- 
 other; to extol in speech or writing. 
 
 EC'LO-GIZ-£D, pp. Praised ; commended. 
 
 EU'LO-GlZ-ING, ppr. Commending ; writing or 
 speaking in praise of. 
 
 Eu'LO-GY, 71. [Gr. cvXuyin; cv and Aojo;.] 
 
 Praise; encomium; panegyric; a speech or writ- 
 ing in commendation of a person, on account of his 
 valuable qualities or services. 
 
 Eu'NO-MY, H. [Gr. £i>i'uHia ; £ti and vopoi, law.] 
 Equal law, or a well-adjusted constitution of gov- 
 ernment. Jrlitford, 
 
 EO'NUeil, (yu'nuk,) 71. [Gr. fvi/oDxuf ; £u»"l, a bed, 
 and txw, to keep.] 
 A male of the human species castrated. 
 
 Eu'NUCH-aTE, v. t. To make a eunuch j.to castrate. 
 
 Eu'NUCH-A-TED, pp. Made a eunuch. 
 
 EO'NU€H-a-TING, ppr. Making a eunuch. 
 
 Eu'NUCH-ISM, 71. The state of being a eunuch. 
 
 EU-OT'O-MOUS, a. [Gr. £ii, well, and Ttpvoi, to 
 cleave.] 
 
 In mineralogy, easily cleavable. Shcpard. 
 Eu'PA-THY, (yu'pa-the,) 71. [Gr. cv-naOcia.] 
 
 Right feeling. Harris. 
 EU-PA-TOR'I-NA, 71. A supposed alkaloid obtained 
 from Eupatorium Cannabinum, or hemp agrimony. 
 It is a white powder having a peculiar sharp, bitter 
 taste, insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and al- 
 cohol. It combines with sulphuric acid, and the salt 
 cr\'stallizes in silky needles. 
 Eu'PA-TO-RY, 71. [L. eupatorium; Gr. cvnaropiov.] , 
 
 The plant hemp agrimony. 
 EU-PEP'SY, (yu-pep'se,) 71. [Gr. cvircifjia ; ev and 
 nciptg, concoction.] 
 Good concoction in the stomach ; good digestion. 
 EIJ-PEP'Tie, a. Having good digestion. 
 Eu'PHE-JlISM, (yu'fe->:nizm,) n. [Gr. cv(Pnpiop«i ; cv, 
 well, and <pripi, to speak.] 
 
 A representation of good qualities ; particularly in 
 rhetoric, a figure in which a harsh or indelicate word 
 or expression is softened, or rather by which a deli- 
 cate word or expression is substituted for one which 
 is offensive to good manners or to delicate ears. 
 
 jish. Campbell. 
 EU-PHE-MIS'Tie, a. Containing euphemism ; ren- 
 dering more decent or delicate in expression. 
 EU-PHON'ie, j a. [See Euphont.] Agreeable 
 EU-PHON'ie-AL, i in sound; pleasing to the ear; 
 as, euphonical orthography. Colebrooke. 
 The Greeks adonlfd many chaiio^s in the comtrination of sylla- 
 bles, to rcimer Uicir ian^ua^e euphonic, by avoiding sucb 
 collisions. K. Porter. 
 
 EU-PHo'NI-OUS, a. Agreeable in sound. 
 EU-PHo'NI-OUS-LY, ado. With euphony; harmo- 
 niously. 
 
 EO'PIIO-NISM, »i. An agreeable combination of 
 sounds. 
 
 EO'PHO-NIZE, V. t. To make asreeable in sound. 
 Eu'PHO-NY, (yu'fo-ne,) 71. [Gr. tu^ui/io ; £ii and 
 (povrj, voice. J 
 
 An agreeaole sound ; an easy, smooth enunciation 
 of sounds ; a pronunciation of letters and syllables 
 which is pleasing to the ear. 
 EU-PHOR'lil-A, (yu-for'be-a,) n. [Gr. cv<l>op0ia, with 
 a different signification.] 
 
 In botany, spurge, or bastard spurge, a genus of 
 plants of many species, mostly shrubby, herbaceous 
 succulents, some of them armed with thorns. Encyc. 
 EU-PHOR'BI-UM, (yu-for'be-um,) 71. [L., from Gr. 
 S JU3 
 cv<popPi(n', At. ^y^^y^ forbion.] 
 
 In the materia mrdica, an inspissated sap, exuding 
 from an African plant. It lias a sharp, biting taste, 
 and is vehemently acrimonious, inflaming and ulcer- 
 ating the fauces F.nryc. 
 
 E0'PIlO-TiI)E, 71. A name given, by the French, to 
 the aggregate of diallage and saussurite. Cleacclund. 
 
 EO'PIIKA-SY, (yii'fra-se,) 71. [Gr. £i.0,)a(7ia.] 
 
 Eyebright, the popular name of the genus of plants 
 Euphrasia, called, in French, ca.isc-luneltr. 
 
 EO'PllU-ISM, 71. [(;r. evil>vri{, elegant.] 
 
 An afl'ectation of excessive elcKance and refine- 
 ment of limguagc ; high-flown diction. 
 
 EO'PIIU-IST, 71. [(Jr. iv<t>vtii.] 
 
 One who affects excessive refinement and elegance 
 of language ; ajiplieil particularly to a cl;u<s of writ- 
 ers, in the age of ICli/.abcth, whoso unnatural and 
 high-flown diction is ridiculed in Sir Walter Scott's 
 Monastery, in the character of Sir Percie Shafton. 
 
 EU-PllU-IST'ie, a. Belonging to the eupliuists, or to 
 euphuism. 
 
 EU-R.^'Sl.AN, n. or a. [A contraction o{ European and 
 .^sian.] 
 
 A term applied, in India, to children born of Euro- 
 pean jiarents on the one side, and Asiatics on the 
 other. 
 
 EU-UI'PnS, 71. [Gr. Ei.piirot; L. Euripu.'!.] 
 
 A strait ; a narrow tract of water, where the tide, 
 or a current, flows and reflows, a.s that in Greece, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — MSTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 412 
 
EVA 
 
 lu-tween KuImpu and Atlica, or i;iil)(Ba and lUeotia. 
 
 It is soniiaiiiius used for a strait or fritli mm li auiia- 
 
 tcd. Burke, 
 EO'KITE, 71. The French name i.f fclspathic (iranilo, 
 
 of which felspar is the principal ingredient ; the 
 
 while stone [wrij^ siciiij of Werner. 
 EU-ROtJ'LY-DON, n. [Gr. cvpof, wind, and kAvJwi', 
 
 a wave.] 
 
 A tenipestnous wind, ."inch a.i drove ashore, on 
 Malta, the ship in which Taul was sailinR to Italy. 
 It is supposed to have blown from an easterly point. 
 .9cts xwii. Knajc. 
 
 EO'KOI'K, n. [Rocliart supposes this word to be com- 
 posed of NBN "im, while flier, the land of white peo- 
 ple, as distinpnished from the Ethiopians, black-faced 
 people, or tawny inhabitants of Asia and Africa.] 
 
 The great quarter of the earth that lii-s between 
 the Atlantic Ocean and Asia, and between the .Med- 
 iterranean Sea and the North Sea. 
 
 El'-RO-Pfi'AN, o. Pertaining to Europe. 
 
 ICIJ-liO-l'ii'AN, n. A native of Europe. 
 
 Eu'RUS, II, fL.] The east wind. 
 
 Eu'llYTlI-MY, (yu'rith-niy,) «. [Or. cv and (iiiO;/o$, 
 ryUimus, number or proportion.] 
 
 In archiucturt, painting, and scnlpture, ease, majes- 
 ty, and elegance of the parts of a body, arising from 
 jiistjiroiHirtions in the composition. F.neye, 
 
 EU-Si;'BI-A.\, n. A term applied to the foMowers of 
 Eusebius, of Niconieriia, who was a friend and pro- 
 tector of Arius. 
 
 EU-STA'eiII-.\X, a. The oi^tachian lithe, is a slender 
 pipe affordinj: a passage for the air from a cavity in 
 the ear to the back part of the mouth, and the exter- 
 nal air. Palcij, 
 
 EO'STtl.E, n. [Gr. cti and rnXof, a column.] 
 
 In archilrcUire, a term denoting a building in which 
 the columns arc placed at the most convenient dis- 
 tances from each other, the interc.olnmniations being 
 just two diameters and a quarter of the column. 
 
 OicUt. 
 
 EC'TAX-Y, 71. [Gr. £i)r«fia.] 
 
 Established order. [ATiJ used.'] JValerhouse, 
 
 EU-TER'PE, (yu-ter'pe,) n. In mythology, the muse 
 who jiresiiles over wind-instruments. 
 
 EU-TER'I'E-AN, a. Relating to Euterpe ; a term of- 
 ten given to mrisic clubs. 
 
 EO'TIIA-NA-SY or EU-TII AX'A-SY, ii. [Gr. ivOa- 
 vauia ; iv and Oavaroi, death.] 
 
 An e.asy death. ,Qrbuthnot, 
 
 EtJ-TYeH'I-AN, n. A term applied to the followers 
 of F.utychiu-', who held that tlie divine and human 
 natures of Christ, after their union, became so blend- 
 ed together, as to constitute but one nature. They 
 >vere also called Mor^opuvsiTES. J, JilurdocU. 
 
 Ei;-TYeiri-AN-ISM, (yu-tik'e-an-izm,) n. The doc- 
 trine of Eutychius. 
 
 EO.\'I.\E, 71. The sea on the east of Europe ; the 
 
 E-V.\'e.\TE, V, U [L. caco.] [Black Sea. 
 
 To empty. [JVot in use] Ilarveij. 
 
 E-VAe'i;-.\NT, o. [L. evttcuans,] 
 Emptying ; freeing from. 
 
 E-VAe'lI-.\NT, 71. A medicine which procures evac- 
 uations, or promotes the natural secretions and ex- 
 cretions. 
 
 E-VAG'lI-STE, V, t, fL. eriwriio ; e and racuus, from 
 vaco, to empty. See Vacant.] 
 
 1. To make empty ; to free from any thing con- 
 tained ; as, to evacuate the church /looker, 
 
 2. To throw out ; to eject ; to void ; to discharge ; 
 as, to ecacuale dark-colored matter from the bowels. 
 Hence, 
 
 3. To empty ; to free from contents, or to diminish 
 the quantity contained ; as, to evacuate the bowels ; 
 to evacuate the vessels by bleeding. 
 
 4. To quit ; to withdraw from a place. The Brit- 
 ish army evacuated the city of New York, Nov. 25, 
 1783. 
 
 5. To make void j to nullify ; as, to evacuate a 
 marriage, or any contract. 
 
 [In this sense, Vacate is now generally used.] 
 E-VACIJ-A-TED, pp. or a. Emptied ; cleared ; freed 
 from the contents ; quitted, as by an army or garri 
 son ; ejected ; discliargcd ; vacated. 
 E-V.\e'li-A-TING, ppr. Emptying ; making void or 
 
 vacant ; withdrawing from. 
 E-VAe-U-.\'TION, 71. The act of emptying or clear- 
 ing of tiie contents ; the act of witlidrawing from, as 
 an anny or garrison. 
 
 2. Discharges by stool or other natural moans ; a 
 diminution of the iluids of an animal body by cathar- 
 tics, venesection, or other ineaiis. Quincy. 
 
 3. Abolition ; nullification. 
 E-V.\e'U-A-TIVE, a. That evacuates. 
 E-VAC'li-A-TOR, n. One that makes void. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 l^ y -^Ttf.' , V. L [L. evado; e and vado, to go; Sp. 
 eradir ; Fr. evader.] 
 
 1. To avoid by dexterity. The man evadeil the 
 blow aimed at his head. 
 
 2. To avoid or escape by artifice or stratagem ; to 
 slip away ; to elude. The thief evaded his pursuers. 
 
 3. lo elude by subterfuge, soplii.str\-, adilress, or 
 ingenuity. The advocate ccadej an argument or the 
 force of an argument. 
 
 EVA 
 
 4. To escape as inipiTceptible, or not to be reached 
 or seized. Suath. 
 E-VaUE', v. i. To escape; to slip away; foriiiirlv 
 and properly with from ; as, to evade from penis. 
 iiut from is now seldom used. 
 
 2. To attempt to escape ; to practice artifice or 
 sophistry, for the purpose of eluding. 
 
 The miniKtcrs of God nru not to evtide and take Fcfugo in on; 
 vuch wiiye. it'outh. 
 
 E-Va1)'ED, 71/7. Avoided; eluded. 
 
 E-VA1)'I.\G, ppr. Escaping; avoiding; eluding; 
 
 slipping away from danger, pursuit, or attack. 
 EV-A-G.\'TION, 71. [L. cvagutio, evador ; c and vagor, 
 
 to wander.] 
 
 The act of wandering; excursion; a roving or 
 rambling. Jiaij, 
 E-VA(5-IN-a'T10N, 71. [c and ra^-iiirt.] The act of 
 
 unsheathing. 
 ii'V.'VL, a. [L. (ri'Hin.] 
 
 Relating to time or duration. [JVot in use.] 
 V,\L-U-A'TloN, 11. [Fr.] Valuation ; apprizement. 
 
 ra^Y/cw.] 
 
 EV-A-NES 
 
 ES'CENCE, n. [L. evanesecns, from evane.^co ; 
 e and vanesco, to vanish, from vanuji, vain, empty. 
 See Vain.] 
 
 1. A vanishing; a gradual departure from sight or 
 possession, either by removal to a distance or by 
 dissip.ttion, as vapor. 
 
 2. The state of being liable to vanish and escape 
 possession. 
 
 EV-A-NES'CENT, (I. Vanishing; subject to vanish- 
 ing; fleeting; passing away; liable to dissipation, 
 like vapor, or to bectime imperceptible. The jileas- 
 ures and joys of life are eranrsceut. 
 EV-A.\-ES'CENT-I,Y, adv. In a vanishing manner. 
 E-VA.\'GE1,, n. [L. cruii^f/iiim.] 
 
 The e<2spcl. [jVot in use.] Chaucer. 
 EV-AN-Gli'LI-AN, a. Rendering thanks for favors. 
 
 Mitfonl. 
 
 E-VAN-l5EL'rC, ( a. [Low L. erangeliciui, from 
 E-VAN-OEL'ie-.\L, i croni^eliuin, the gospel ; Gr. 
 cufij } I Ai<f'j$, from fn/ij j tAi"i' : ei>, well, good, and 
 ay} tAAw, lo announce, Ir. agalla, to tell, to speak, Ar. 
 
 jLs Uaula, to tell, Class 01, No. 49, or Ch. •>'?3N, 
 to call. No. 3(1.] 
 
 1. .According to the gospel ; consonant to the doc- 
 trines and precepts of the gospel, published by Christ 
 and his apostles ; as, evangelical righteousness, obe- 
 dience, or piety. 
 
 2. Contained in the gospel ; as, an evangelical 
 doctrine. 
 
 3. Sound in the iloctrines of the gospel; orthodox ; 
 as, an ecan<relicnl preacher. 
 
 E-VAN-OEL'ie-.\Iv-IS.M, n. Adherence to evangel- 
 ical doctrines. 
 
 E-V.A.\ GEL.'ie-AI>-LY, ado. In a manner according 
 to the gospel. 
 
 E-VAN'OEL-IS.M, n. The promulgation of the gosiiel 
 
 Bacaju 
 
 E-VAN'(5EL-IST, 71. A writer of the history or doc- 
 trines, precepts, actions, life, and death, of our 
 blessed Savior, Jesus Christ ; as, the four evangelists, 
 Matthew, .Mark, Luke, and John. 
 
 2. A preacher or publisher of the gospel of Jesus 
 Christ, licensed to preach, but not having chiirge of 
 n particular church. 
 
 E-VAN'GEL-IST-.\-RY, 71. A selection of passages 
 from the Gospels, as a lesson in divine service. 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 F^VAN-GEUI-Z.\'TION, n. The act of evangelizing. 
 
 E-V.A.N'OEI^IZK, r. L [Imw L. evangeliio.] 
 
 To instruct in the gospel ; lo preach the gospel to, 
 and convert to a belief of the gospel ; as, to evangel- 
 i:e heathen nations ; to evangelize the world. 
 
 Miliier, Buchanan, 
 
 E-VA.V'GEL-IZE, v. i. To pre.ich the gospel. 
 
 E-V.\.N'GEIj-I7.-f.'I), ;ip. or o. Instruc ted in the gos- 
 pel ; converted to a belief of the gospd, or to Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 E-V.\.N''GEL-I7,-I\G,;i/7r. Instructing in the doctrines 
 and precepts of the gospel ; converting to Chris- 
 tianitv. 
 
 E-V.\N'GEL-V, 7u Good tidings; lha gospel. [.Vut 
 
 III lute.] Spenser. 
 E-VAN'ID, a. [L. croiiiJiM. Sec Vain.) 
 
 Faint ; weak ; evanescent ; liable to vanish or dis- 
 apiK'ar ; as, an cranid colortir smell. Bacon. Kneyc. 
 E-V.A.N'ISIl, c. i. [\.. rranesco. See Vain.] 
 
 To vanish; to ui.sappear; to escape from sight or 
 perception. 
 
 [^Vanish is more generally used.] 
 E-VAN'ISII-.ME.N'T, 71. A vanishing; disappearance. 
 
 i^firMii. 
 
 E-VAP'O RA-BLE, 0, [See Evaporate.] That may 
 be converted into va|Mir, and pass oil' in fumes ; that 
 may be ilissipated by evaporation. Oreit. 
 
 E-V.AP't)-R ATE, r. i. [L. cvaporo ; e and vaporo, from 
 vapor, which see.] 
 
 1. i'o pass oir in va|>or, as a fluid ; lo escape and 
 be dissipated, cither m visible vapor, or in particles 
 too minute to be visible. Fluids, when heated, ollen 
 
 EVE 
 
 evaporate in visible steam ; but water, on the surface 
 of the earth, generally evajwratcs in an imperceptible 
 manner. 
 
 2. To escape or pass olT without eflect ; to be diH- 
 Ripated ; to be wasted. Arguments evaporate in 
 Words ; tlio spirit of a writer often evaporates m 
 transl.ating. 
 
 E-V,'\P'()-RATE, r. t. To convert or resolve a fluid 
 into vapor, which is specifically lighter than the air ; 
 to dissipate in fumes, steam, or minute particles. 
 Ileal evaporates water at every point of temperature, 
 from 32' to 212', the boiling jioint of Fahrenheit ; a 
 north-west wind, in New lOimlaiid, evaporates water, 
 and dries the earth, more rapidly than the heat alone 
 of a summer's day. 
 2. To give vent to ; to |iour out in words or sound. 
 
 tyotlon, 
 
 E-VAP'O-RATE, a. Dis|)ersed in vaimra. 
 
 E-VAP'O RA-TEH, pp. or a. Converted into vapor or 
 steam, and dissipated ; dissipated in insensible par- 
 ticles, as n. fluid. 
 
 E-VAP'O-Ra-TING, ppr, Uesolving into vapor; dis- 
 sipating, as a Huid. 
 
 E-VAP-O-RA'TIO.V, 71. The conversion of a fluid 
 into vapor specifically lighter than the atincvspheric 
 air. Evaporation is increased by heat, and is followed 
 by cold. It is now generally considered as a solution 
 in the atmosphere. 
 
 2. The act of Hying ofl' in fumes ; vent; discharge. 
 
 3. In pharmarii, the operation of drawing off a 
 portiiMi of a lliiid in steam, that tlie reinaincler m.iy 
 be of a greater consistence, or more concentrated. 
 
 F^VAP'()-R.\-TIVE, a. Peitaining to or producing 
 evaporaliim. 
 
 E-VAP-O-ROM'E-TER, n. [L. cvaporo, and Or. ptr- 
 pov, measure.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of a 
 fluid evaporated in a given time; an almometer. 
 
 Journ, of Science, 
 E-VA'SIO.\', (c-vi'zhun,) n. [L. eva.-,io, from evado, 
 eciisi. See Lvade.] 
 
 The act of eluiiing or avoiding, or of escaping, 
 particularly from the pressure of an argument, from 
 an accusation or charge, from an interrogatory and 
 the like; excuse; subterfuge; equivocation; artifice 
 to elude ; shift. iJra.-ami of a direct answer weakens 
 the testimony of a witness. 
 
 Thun hy evasions Ihy crime uncovcrcst more. Milton, 
 
 E-V.^'SIVE, o. Using evasion or artifice to avoid; 
 elusive; sliuliling; equivocating. 
 
 lie — answen-d eoative of the sly request. Pope. 
 2. Containing evasion ; artfully contrived to elude 
 a question, charge, or argument ; as, an evasive an- 
 swer ; an evasive argument or reasoning. 
 E-V.^'SI VE-LY, ai/i). By evasion or subterfuge ; clu- 
 sively ; in a manner to avoid a direct reply or a 
 charge. 
 
 E-VA'SIVE-NESS, Tt. The quality or state of being 
 _ evasive. 
 
 EVE, 71. The consort of Adam, and mother of the 
 human race ; so called by Adam, because she was 
 the mother of all living. In this case, the word 
 would properly belong to the Ileli. n'n. Hut the 
 Hebrew name is nin, havah or chavah, coinciding 
 with the verb to shorn, to discover, and Parkhurst 
 hence denominates Eve the maitifester. In the Srp- 
 tuagint, Kve, ill Oen. iii. 20, is rendered 'Lwn, life ; 
 but, in Gen. iv. 1, it is rendered F.i<av, Kuan or AVaii. 
 The re:ison of this variation is not obvious, as the 
 Hebrew is the same in both p.assages. In Russ. Eve 
 is Evva. In the Chickasaw language of Ai^rica, 
 a wife is called aieah, says Adair. ^ 
 
 E-VEG'TION, 71. [L. eveho, to carry away.] 
 
 1. A carrying out or away ; also, a lifting or extol- 
 ling; exaltation. Pearsoiu 
 
 2. I ifka'troiiomi/, a change of form in the lunar 
 orbit, by which its eccentricity is sometimes increa.sed, 
 and someliiiies diminislied. Olmsted, 
 
 i?.VE, j 71. [Sax. trfcn, efen: D. arond ; G. 
 
 iC'VKN, (e'vii,) j abend; ^w.afion; Dnn. often : Ice. 
 afftan. Uu. Cli. K'>;s, f^roin n:B, faiiah, to turn, to 
 decline. The evening is the decline of the day, or 
 fiUI of the sun.] 
 
 1. The decline of the sun ; the latter part or close 
 of the day, and beginning of the night. Eve is used 
 chiefly in |Kietry. In prose, we generally use evening 
 
 W'nliT, oft, nl ep# miiincs Uie bre«e. ThomMon. 
 
 I'hev, like iM nmnr Alel.inden, 
 H-ivc in UiCBC )urta I'ruin mum till even luuglit. Shak. 
 
 2. Eve is used, also, for the evening before a holi- 
 day ; as, Christinas eve. Johnson. 
 
 3. Figuratively, the (x riud just preceding some im- 
 portant event ; as, the eve of an engagenisnt. 
 
 K' VA'.\-SO.\'G, (C'vn-,) 71. A song for th« evening; a 
 form of worship for the evening. Mdton. 
 2. The evening, or close of the dav. I>rydn. 
 K'VKN-TIDE, 71. [ceni lod Sax. tt'd, lime.] LiUr- 
 ally, the time of evening ; N'wt is, evening. 
 
 IsAac went out lo nicdilatc in Ui« field al the tMn-tidt, — Oen. 
 xxiv, 
 
 [This word is nearly obsolete ; tide being a useless 
 addition to rreit.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, XJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 52' 
 
 ir 
 
 413 
 
 
 
EVE 
 
 EVE 
 
 EVE 
 
 E'V£N, (G'vn,) a. [Sax. cfcn ; JJ. even ; G. eien ; Sw. 
 
 efcen ; Vers. ^^£> hovan. The sense is, laid or 
 
 pressed down, level.] 
 
 1. Level ; smooth ; of an equal surface ; flat ; not 
 rough or waving; as, an even tract of land j an even 
 country ; an even surface. 
 
 2. Uniform ; equal ; calm ; not ejusily ruffled or 
 disturbed, elevated or depressed; as, an even temper. 
 
 3. Level with ; parallel to. 
 
 Aod shall lay Uiee even with the ground. — Luke xix, 
 
 4. Not leaning. 
 
 He could not carry his honors even. Shctk. 
 
 5. Equally favorable ; on a level in advantage ; 
 Ciir. He met the enemy on even ground ; the advo- 
 cates met on even ground in argument. 
 
 fi. Owing nothing on either side ; having accounts 
 balanced. We have settled accounts, and now are 
 even, 
 
 7. Settled ; balanced ; as, our accounts are even. 
 
 8. Etpial ; as, even numbers. 
 
 9. Capable of being divided into two equal parts, 
 without a remainder ; opposed to odd. 4, 6, 8, 10, 
 are even numbers. 
 
 Let him tell me wlietJier the number of the sLars is even or odd. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 E'VITX, (E'vn,) V. t. To make even or level ; to level ; 
 to lay smooth. 
 
 This will even all inequalities. Evelyn. 
 This temple Xerxes evened with the soil. Halegh. 
 
 2. To place in an equal state, as to obligation, or 
 in a state in which nothing is due on either side; to 
 balance accounts. Sliak. 
 
 K'V/TN, V. i. To be equal to. [JVof used."] Cavew. 
 
 E'V£X, (e'vn,) aih\ Noting a level or equality, or, 
 emphatically, a like manner or degree. As it has 
 been dime to you, even so shall it be dime to others. 
 Thoii art a soldier even to Gate's wishes ; that is, 
 your qualities, as a soldier, are equal to his wishes. 
 
 2. Noting etiuality or sameness of time ; hence, 
 emiihatically, the very time. I knew the facts even 
 when I wrote to you. 
 
 3. Noting, emphatically, identity of person. 
 
 And beholii I, even I, do bring a flood of wateni on the earth. — 
 Ueu. vi. 
 
 4. Likewise ; in like manner. 
 
 Here all their ra ji? and even their murmurs cease. Pope. 
 
 5. So much as. We are not even sensible of the 
 change. 
 
 G. Noting the application of .something to that 
 which is less probably included in the phrase; or 
 bringing something within a description which is 
 unexpected. The common people are addicted to 
 this vice, and even the great are not free from it. He 
 made several discoveries which are new even to the 
 learned. 
 
 Here also we see the sense of equality, or bringing 
 to a level. So in these phrases, I sli,all even let it pass, 
 I shall even ilo more, we observe the sense of bring- 
 ing the mind or will to a level with what is to be 
 E-VeNE', v. i. [L. evmio.] [done. 
 
 To happen. [JVu( in use.] Ileywt. 
 K'V£.\-f;i), (C'viid,) pp. Made even or level. 
 E'V£.\-EK, (e'vn-er,) n. One that makes even. 
 K'VKN-HA.M), n. Equality. Baenn. 
 E'V£N-H.\ND-ED, a. Impartial; equitable; just. 
 
 S/iali. 
 
 E'VEN-KEEL. a ship is jiroperly .said to be on 
 evW^kccl when she draws the same water abaft and 
 forward. The term is somi^tiines used, though inac- 
 curately, to denote that she is not inclined to either 
 side, but is upright. Bramlr. 
 
 f:'V£N-LNG, (e'vn-ing,) n. [See Eve, Ev^.] The 
 latter part and close of the day, and the beginning of 
 darkness or night ; properly, the decline or fall of the 
 day, or of the sun. 
 
 The evening and the moniin j were the first day. — Gen. i. 
 
 The precise time when evcmn/r begins, or when it 
 ends, is not ascertained by usage. The word often 
 includes a part at least of the afternoon, and indeed 
 the whole afternoon ; as in the phrase, " The morn- 
 ing and evening service of the Sabbath." In strict- 
 ness, rvrninff commenc^rs at the setting of the sun, 
 and continues during twilight ; and nij/hl commences 
 with total darkness. Hut, in customary language, 
 the evcninjr e.\lends to bedtime, wliatever that time 
 may be. Hence we s.iy, to spend an evening with a 
 friend ; an evening visit. 
 
 2. The decline or lalli r part of life. We say, the 
 tvr.ntnfT <»f life, <ir of one's ilnys. 
 
 3. The dixlino of any thing; as, the evening of 
 Blory. 
 
 E'VK.V-ING, (d'vn-lng,) a. Being at the close of day ; 
 as, the r.vming sarrilici.'. 
 
 E'V£.\-I.\G-IIYM.\, ( {Cvn-ing ) n. A hymn or song 
 
 P,'V£.\-ING-SONG, ( to be sung at evening. 
 
 E'V£N-I.V'J-KTAK, (e'vn iiig ) n. Hesperus or Ves- 
 per ; Veiiw when visible in the evening. 
 
 E'V£.V-MINU'ED, a. Having equanimity. 
 
 E'V£N-LY, (5'vn-le,) adv. With an even, level, or 
 smooth surface; without roughness, elevations, and 
 depressions ; as, things evenly spreatl. 
 
 2. Equally •, uniformly ; in an equipoise ; as, evenly 
 balanced. 
 
 3. In a level position ; horizontally. 
 
 The surface of Uie sea is evetiUj distant from Uie centre of the 
 eanh. Brerewood. 
 
 4. Impartially ; without bias from favor or enmitj'. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 E'V£N-NESS, (e'vn-ness,) n. The state of being even, 
 level, or smooth ; equality of surface. 
 
 2. Uniformity ; regularity ; is, evenness of motion. 
 
 3. Freedom from inclination to either side ; eipial 
 distance from either extreme. Ilale. 
 
 4. Horizontal position ; levelness of surface ; as, 
 the evenness of a fluid at rest. 
 
 5. luip.artiality between parties ; equal respect. 
 
 6. Calmness ; equality of temper ; freedom from 
 perturbation ; a stale of mind not subject to elevation 
 or depression ; equanimity. Atterbury. 
 
 E-VENT', n. [L. evcntiLs, evenio ; e and venio, to come ; 
 
 Ft. evenejnent ; It. and Sp. evento ; Ar. j^Ls faina. 
 Class Bii, No. -n.] 
 
 1. That which comes, arrives, or happens ; that 
 which falls out ; any incident, good or bad. 
 
 There is one ei;en( to the righteous and to the wicked. — Ec- 
 cles. ix. 
 
 2. The consequence of any thing ; the issue ; con- 
 clusion ; end ; that in which an action, operation, or 
 series of operations terminates. The event of the 
 campaign was to bring about a negotiation for 
 peace. 
 
 E-VENT', V. i. To break forth. [JTot iwcrf.] 
 E-VENT'ER-aTE, v. t. [Ft. evenirer, from the L. e 
 and venter, the belly.] 
 To open tlie bowels ; to rip open ; to disembowel. 
 
 Broion. 
 
 E-VENT'ER-A-TED, pp. Having the bowels opened. 
 
 E-VENT'ER-A-TING, ppr. Opening the bowels. 
 
 E-VENT'FJJL, a. [from event.] Full of events or 
 incidents ; producing numerous or great changes, 
 either in public or private affairs ; as, an eventful 
 period of liistorv ; an eventful period of life. 
 
 H^VEN'TI-LaTE, v. t. To winnow ; to fan ; to dis- 
 cuss. [See Ventilate.] 
 
 E-VE.\-TI-La'TION, «. A fanning ; discussion. 
 
 E-VENT'IJ-.-\L| a. [from event.] Coming or happen- 
 ing as a consequence or result of any thing ; conse- 
 quential. 
 
 2. Final ; terminating ; ultimate. Burke. 
 Eventual provision for the payment of Uie public eecuriiii-s. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 E-VEXT-TT-AL'I-TY, )i. Among phrenologists, that 
 organ which takes cognizance of occurrences or 
 events. Brande. 
 
 E-VENT'lJ-AL-LY, adv. In the event ; in the final 
 result or issue. 
 
 E-VENT'tJ-ATE, v. i. To issue ; to come to an end ; 
 to close ; to terminate. [Rare in Eng.] ./. Lloyd. 
 
 E-VENT'IT-A-TING, ppr. Issuing; terminating. 
 
 EVER, adv. [Sax. afrc, efre.] 
 
 1. At any time ; at any period or point of time, 
 past or future. Have you ever seen tlie city of Paris, 
 or shall you ever see it ? 
 
 No man ever yet hated his own flesh. — Kph. v. 
 
 2. At all times ; always ; continually. 
 
 He shall ever love, and always be 
 
 The subject of my scorn and cruelty. Dryden. 
 He will ever be mindful of his covenant. — Ps. cxi. 
 Ever learninir, and never able to come to die know ledge of the 
 truth. — 2 Tim. iii. 
 
 3. Forever ; eternally ; to perpetuity ; during ever- 
 lasting continuance. 
 
 This is my name/orcoer. — Ex. iii. 
 In a more lax .tense, this word signifies continually, 
 for an indefinite period. 
 
 ili6 m.aster shall Ijore his ear through widi an awl, and lie shall 
 serve him forever. — Kx. xxi. 
 
 These worils are sumetimes repeated, for the sake 
 of eini>hasis ; forever and ever, or forever and forever. 
 
 Pope. 67ia/f. 
 
 4. Ever and anon ; at one time and another ; now 
 anil then. Dryden. 
 
 ,'). In any degree. No man is ever the richer or 
 happier for injusllce. 
 
 Let no iriau fi-ar (hat crwaliire ever the leas, l>ecause he sees the 
 apostle safe from his poison. Hall. 
 
 In modern usage, this wt)rd is used for never, but 
 very improperly. 
 
 And all the rjiiestion, wmngle e'er so long, 
 
 Is only this, if liotl li.i« placed hiin wrong. Pope. 
 
 This ought to be, neVr so long, as the phrase is al- 
 ways used in the Anglo-.Saxon, and in our version of 
 the Scriptures, that is, so long as never, so long as 
 never before, to any length of time inilcliniti ly. Ask 
 me iifufrso much dowry. Charmers, rharmiuK iicrrr 
 HO wisrly. 'I'hese are the genuine English phrases. 
 Let them charm so wisi ly as iirivr before. 
 
 6. A word of enforcement or emphasis ; thus, as 
 soon as ever he had done it ; as like him as ever he 
 can look. 
 
 Tbey brake all their bones in pieces 
 bolloni of the den. — Dau. vi. 
 
 ever they came to the 
 
 [Or is a misprint. It should be ere, that is, before. 
 See EitE.] 
 
 7. In poetry, and sometimes in prose, ever is con- 
 tracted into e'er. 
 
 Ever, in composition, .signifies always or contin- 
 uallv, without intermission, or to eternity. 
 
 EV-ER-ACT'IVE, a. Active at all times. 
 
 EV-ER-BUB'BLING, a. [ever and bubblin-r.] Cim- 
 tinually boiling or bubbling. Cra.^haw. 
 
 EV-ER-BURX'ING, a. [cDcr and Jitrreino-.] Burning 
 continually, or without intermission ; never e.xlinct ; 
 as, an ever-burning lamp ; ever-burning sulphur. 
 
 Mllt07l. 
 
 EV-ER-CHaNG'ING, a. Very changeable. 
 
 EV-ER-DE-CA V'ING, a. Always decaying. 
 
 EV-ER-DOR'ING, a. [ever and' daring.] Enduring 
 forever ; continuing without end ; as, evcr-during 
 glon'. Ralegh. 
 
 EV-ER-D?'ING, a. Always dying. 
 
 EV-ER-EX PAND'ING, a. Always expanding. 
 
 EV'ER-GLaDE, ji. A tract of land covered with 
 water and grass. 
 
 EV'ER-GREEN, a. [ever ani green.] Always greeny 
 verdant throughout the year. The pine is an ever- 
 green tree. 
 
 EV'Ell GREEN, n. A plant that retains its verdure 
 through all the seiisons ; as, a garden furnished with 
 
 everirreens. 
 
 EV-ER-GHoW'ING, a. Always growing. 
 
 EV-E1{-HaST'[\G, a. Always hasting. 
 
 EV-ER-HON'OR-£D, (-on'urd,) a. [ever and honored.] 
 Always honored ; ever held in esteem; as, an ever- 
 honored name. Pope. 
 
 EV-ER-LAST'ING, a. [ever 3.n A lasting.] Lasting or 
 enduring forever ; eternal ; existing or continuing 
 without end ; immortal. 
 
 The everltisling God, or Jehovah. — Gen. xxi. 
 
 Everlasting file ; everlasting punishment. — Matt, xviii. xxv, 
 
 2. Perpetual ; continuing indefinitely, or during 
 the present state of things. 
 
 1 will give thee, and thy seed after thee, the land of Canaan, for 
 
 an everlasting possession. — Gen. xvii. 
 The everlasting liills or mountains. Oenesis. Habakkuk. 
 
 3. In popular usage, endless ; continual ; uninter- 
 mitted ; as, the family is disturbed with everlasting 
 disputes. 
 
 EV-ER-LSST'ING, 7u Eternity; eternal duration, 
 past and future. 
 
 From everlasting to everlasting thou art God. — Ps. xc. 
 2. A popular name of certain plants, from the per- 
 manence of the color and form of their diy llowurs, 
 as the American cudweed, of the genus Qnaphaliuin. 
 
 Loudon. Fann. Eiicye. 
 EV-ER-LAST'ING-LY,at;t). Eternally; perpetually; 
 
 continually. Sieift. 
 EV-ER-L.\ST'ING-NESS, n. Eternity; endless du- 
 ration ; indefinite duration. [Little used.] Donne. 
 EV-ER-LaST'IN(;-PeA, ». a plant of the vetch 
 
 kind, a species of Lathyrus. 
 EV-ER-UV'ING, a. [ever and living.] Living with- 
 out end ; eternal ; immortal ; having eternal exist- 
 ence ; as, the ever-living God. 
 
 2. Continual ; incessant ; unintermitted. 
 EV-ER-.ME.M'O-R.^-BLE, a. Worthy to be always 
 remembered. 
 
 E\ -ER-MoRE', adv. [ever and more.] Always ; 
 eternally. 
 
 Religion pn-fera the pleasures wliich flow from the presenc! of 
 God lor everjtiore. Tillotsun. 
 
 2. Always ; at all times ; as, evermore guided by 
 truth. 
 
 EV-ER- c)'P£N, (-o'pn,) 0. [ever and open.] Always 
 o|)en ; never closed. Taylor. 
 
 EV-ER-PLl";.VS'L\G,a. [ever and pleasing.] Always 
 pleasing; ever giving delight. 
 
 The cver-plcasing Pamela. Sidney. 
 
 EV-ER-RE-€UR'RING, a. Always recurring. 
 
 EV-ER -REST'LESS, a. Always restless. 
 
 EV-ER-KE-Vr;R'/;l), a. Always revised. 
 
 E-VEttSE', (e-vers',) r. f. [L. erersus.] 
 
 'I'o oveitlirow <ir subvert. [J\'ut lued.] Olanvitte. 
 
 E-VER'SION, «. [L. fi'rr.<i<i.] 
 
 An overthrowing ; destruction. Taylor. 
 Kversion of the eijrlids ; ectriipium, a disease in 
 which the eyelids are turned outward, so as to 
 expose the red internal tunic. Oood. 
 
 EV-i;it-SMil/lNG, a. .Mways smiling. 
 
 E-VERT', t'. I. [L. rvrrlo ; e and vrrto, to turn.] 
 
 'I'o overturn ; to overthrow ; to destroy. [Little 
 used.] Jitjt'tjfc. 
 
 E-VERT'ED, pp. Overturned. 
 
 E-VERT'li\<;, ppr. Overthrowing. 
 
 EV ER-VER'DANT, a. Always green. Ferplanck. 
 
 EV-ER-W.\K'1.\G, a. [ever and waking.] Always 
 
 EV-ER-WAST'ING, a. Always wasting. [awake. 
 
 EV-ER-WATCII'FIJL, a. [fi-rr and tealchful.] Al- 
 ways watching or vigilant ; as, ever-ieiatchful eyes. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METK, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLK, BQQK.— 
 
 414 
 
EVI 
 
 EV'EP Y, a. [Old Eng. eimch. Chaucer. It is 
 riirini j frum eorr. Tlie Scots write eoerieh niul 
 eoertlk ; tlie latter is tlie Sax. wfre and tr/c, each. 
 The fiirmcr iii:iy be mc, enca, additiuii, or tlie coiii- 
 inon lt'riiiin:itiiiii it-A, u', like.] 
 
 i;:ii li iiiiliviilu.'tl (if ii wluile collection or a(rsvo};ate 
 niiiiihcr 'I'lie word includes the whole number, but 
 cac'li .separately stated or considered. 
 
 Eoery tuaii nt bi« txriit stale U altu^Ulcr ¥.101(7. — P** xxxix. 
 
 EV'ER-Y-DAY, a. [every and daij.] Used or being 
 every <lay ; common ; usual j as, every-day wit ; an 
 everit-ihiy suit of clothes. 
 
 EV'Eil-Y-WllEUE, ado. [See Where, which signi- 
 fies place.] 
 In every place; in all places. 
 
 EV-ER-VOUNt;', a. [ecer and ■young.'] Always 
 young or fresh ; not subject to old ago or decay ; 
 undecaying. 
 
 Joy* «oer-younf , unmixed with pniii or fear. Pope, 
 
 P.VES'DRnP. See E.vve8DI<op, the usu.al spelling. 
 
 KVES'DKOP-PER, n. One who stands under the 
 eaves, or at a window, or dimr, to listen privately to 
 what is said in the house. [See Eavesdroppeh.J 
 
 E-VES'TI-G.\TE, I). (. [-Vu« in use.] See I.vvesti- 
 
 C\TE. 
 
 E-VMIRATE. [M-utinuse.] See VinnATE. 
 E-VieT', 11. (. [L. evinco, eoictum; « and vinco, to 
 con(pier.] 
 
 1. To ilispossess by a judicial process, or course of 
 legal proceedings ; to recover lands or tencnieaits hy 
 law. 
 
 If either party be emcled fur defect of the other's title. 
 
 Btackttone. 
 
 2. To take away by sentence of law. 
 
 Killer Charles. 
 
 X To evince; to prove. [jVoJ «,st</.] Clinjne. 
 
 E-VIGT'EI), pi>. Dispossessed by sentience of law ; 
 applii'd to persons. Recovered by legal process ; ap- 
 plied to thmirs, 
 
 E-VI£;T'I.\13, ppr. Dispossessing hy course of law. 
 
 E-Vie'TIO.V, n. Diipossessiim by judicial sentence; 
 the recovery of lands or tenements from another's 
 possession, by due coursti of law. 
 2. Proof ; conclusive evidence. VKstrange. 
 
 EV'I-DE.N'CE, (1. [Fr., from L. evidcntia, from video, 
 to sec. Class lid.] 
 
 1. That which eluci«lales and enables the mind to 
 see truth ; protif arising from our own perceptions 
 hy the senses, or from the testimony of others, or 
 from inductions of rea.son. Our senses furnish eci- 
 dence of the existence of matter, of solidity, of color, 
 of heat and cold, of a ditference in the finalities of 
 bodies, of figure, ice. The ileclarations of a witne.ss 
 furnish evidence of facts to a court and jury ; and 
 reiisoning, or the deductions of the mind from facts 
 or arguments, furnish evidenee of truth or falsehood. 
 
 2. Any instrument of writing which contains proof. 
 
 1 tleliven'd the eciilenre of tlie purvluuse Ui 1110*11011. — Jer. xxxii. 
 I iiilwcriljeil the tv'uletice iiiul lealeii it. — Jer. xxxii. 
 
 3. A witness ; one who testifies to a fact. This 
 sense is improper and inelegant, though common, and 
 found even in Johnson's writings. 
 
 EVI DENCE, V. t. To elucidate ; to prove ; to make 
 clear to the minil ; to show in such a manner that 
 the mind can apprehend the truth, or in a manner to 
 convince it. The testiimtny of twt) witnesses is 
 usually sutficienl to emdrnce the guilt of an olfender. 
 The works of creation clearly evidence the existence 
 of an infinite first cause. JIdlon. 
 
 E\"[-DE.\'C-/;D, (ev'e-denst,) pp. Made clear to the 
 mind ; proved. 
 
 EV'I DE.NC-ING, ppr. Proving clearly ; iiianifesling. 
 
 EV'I-1)E.\T, a. Plain ; open to bo seen ; clear to the 
 mental eye ; apparent ; manifest. 'I'he figures and 
 colors of bodies are trident to the senses ; their quali- 
 ties may be made ecidrnL The guilt of an olfender 
 can not always be made trident. 
 
 EV-I-DE.\'T1.\L, o. Artbrding evidence; clearly 
 proving. Scott. 
 
 EV'I-DE.\T-LY, arfr. Clearly; obviously; plainly; 
 in a manner to be seen and understood ; in a man- 
 ner to convince the mind : certainly ; manifestly. 
 The evil of sin may be evi^leutly proved by its mis- 
 chievous effects. 
 
 E-VlG-l-I.S'TION, n. [I-. eriiriV/i/io.] 
 A waking or watching. [Littlt used.] 
 
 E'V/I., fC'vl,) o. [Sax. efel, ijjel, or hiifd ; D. ruoW ; 
 (5. Mbel : Ann. fall, goall. Uu. VV. irwael, vih? ; Ir. 
 fral. The Irish word is connected with feaUaim, to 
 fail, which may be allied to fall. Perhaps this is 
 from a ditferent root. tiu. lleb. Cli. and Syr. S^y, to 
 
 be unjust or injurious, to defraud, Ar. ^Vs. to de- 
 cline, and iJlx to fall on or invade suddenly. 
 
 1. Having had qualities of a natural kind ; mis- 
 chievous ; h.aving ipi.-Uities which lend to injury, or 
 to produce mischirf. 
 
 Some mil briut hiitli dcvourrj liim. — Gen. iixvii. 
 
 2. Having bad qutUities of a moral kind ; wicked ; 
 
 EVI 
 
 corrupt ; perverse ; wrong ; as, evil thoughts ; evil 
 deeds; frt/ speaking ; an re// generation. Scripture. 
 
 3. Unfortunate : unhaiipy ; producing sorrow, dis- 
 tress, injury, or calamity; as, evil tidings; evil ar- 
 rows ; trd days. Scripture. 
 K' V/E, (e'vl,) n. Kvil is natural or moral. J^'aturat 
 evil is any thing which produces pain, distress, loss, 
 or calamity, or which in any way disturbs the peace, 
 impairs the happiness, or destroys the (lerfection of 
 natural beings. 
 
 Moral evil is any deviation of a moral agent from 
 the rules of conduct prescribed to him by God, or hy 
 legitimate human autliority ; or it is any violation of 
 the plain principles of justice and rectitude. 
 
 Tliere are also eviLi called civd, which alii ct inju- 
 riously the peace or prosperity of a city or state ; and 
 political evils, which injure a nation in its public ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 All wickedness, all crimes, all violations of law 
 and right, are moral evils. Diseases jire natural evils, 
 but lliey tiften proceed from moral evils. 
 
 2. Misfortune; mischief; injury. 
 Tliere «luUI no evil befnll thee. — P«. xci. 
 
 A iinltleiit man roresccUt tlie etii/, aiul hiiteth himBeir. — Prov. 
 
 3. Depravity ; corruption of heart, or disposition to 
 comiuit wickedness; malignity. 
 
 Tlie lieim of the sdiih of men is full of euil. — Ecclel. II. 
 
 4. Malady ; as, llie hin>r^s evil or scrofula. 
 K'V/I,. (C'vl,) adr. [(Jelierally contracted to III.] 
 
 1. Not well ; not with justice or propriety ; unsuit- 
 ably. 
 
 Evil it iK-seema llice. Hhak. 
 
 2. Not virtuously ; not innocently. 
 
 3. Not happily ; unfortunately. 
 
 It went eui^ witli bin houjM. Deal. 
 
 4. Injuriously ; not kindly. 
 
 Tlie KifvptiAiis evil ciiln-aleii iia, nml afllicteil us. Deal. 
 fn composition. Evil, denoting something bad or 
 wrong, is oftt'ii contracted to III. 
 K'V/I,-AK-FEeT'EI), a. Not well disposed ; unkind ; 
 
 now lLI--AFFKeTEU. 
 
 1";' V/ E-iioD'ING, a. Presaging evil. 
 
 E'V/L-D<VEll, (e'vl-doo'er,) 11. [erit and rfofr, from 
 tto,] One who does evil ; one who comiiiits siii, 
 crime, or any moral wrong. 
 
 They spealt evil ii^.iiiist you as evil-doere. — 1 Pel. ii. 
 
 E'V/Ij-E?E, (e'vl-I,) n. A supposed power of fasci- 
 nating, of buwili liiiig, or otherwise injuring, by the 
 eyes or looks. 'I'he belief in the evil eye has been a 
 lircvalent superstition in most ages and countries. 
 
 F.iiaic. .^m. 
 
 F.'V/I^EV-ro, (i;'vl-ide,) a. [rril -ATii eye'.] Look- 
 ing with an evil eye, or with envy, jealousy, or bad 
 di'sian. 
 
 £'V/I^P.A'VOR-f:D, a. [d-iVand/nror.] Having a 
 bad countenance or external appearance ; ill-favored. 
 
 Baron. 
 
 r.'V/I--F.\'VOR-ED-NESS, n. Deformity. Dcut. 
 
 V.'VnA.\,ndv. Not well. [Utde used.] Bp. Taylor. 
 
 K'V/ I^Ml.ND'KD, a. [crii and mind.] Having evil 
 dispositions or intentunis; disposed to mischief or 
 sill ; malicious; iiialigiiaiit ; wicked. Slanderous re- 
 ports are propagated by ev'U-mindcd persons. [T/iis 
 word is in common use.] 
 
 E'V/Ij-NESS, n. Badness ; viciousness ; malignity; 
 as, evdness of heart ; the evilness of sin. 
 
 K'V/I^O'.ME.N'-Z'JU, a. Attended with unfavorable 
 omens. 
 
 K'V/l^ON'E, (C'vl-wun,) n. The great enemy of 
 souls ; Satan. 
 
 E'V/ 1,-SPkAK'ING, (C'vl-speek'ing,) 71. [m7 and 
 
 speak.] Slander ; defamation ; calumny ; censorious- 
 
 ness. 1 Pel. ii. 
 iC'V/l.^\VlSll'ING, a. [evil and unsh.] Wishing 
 
 harm to; as, an rvil-wishing mind. Sidney. 
 E'V/I^\VORK'ER,(C'vl-wurk'er,)n. [ecil and tcark.] 
 
 One who does wickedness. Plitl. iii. 
 E-VINCE', fc-vins',) r. (. [L. ewinirii, to v.anquish, to 
 
 prove, or sliow ; e and vinco, to conquer.] 
 
 1. 'I'o show in a clear manner; to prove beyond 
 any reasonable iloiiht ; to manifest ; to make evident. 
 Nothing evinces the depravity of man more fully than 
 his unwillingness to believe hini.self depraved. 
 
 2. To compter. [jVol in «.<(?.] 
 E-VI.\C'f;i>, (e vinst',) ;//). Made evident ; proved. 
 E-VINCE'.MENT, n. Act of evincing. 
 E-VIN'CI-BLE, a. CajKible of proof; demonstrable. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 li-VIN'CI-BI.Y, adv. In a manner to demonstrate, or 
 
 force conviction. 
 E-VI.\'CI VE, a. Tending to prove ; having the power 
 
 to demonstrate. 
 E'VI-RATE or EV'I-R.\TE, v. t. [L. vir, eviratus.] 
 To emasculate. [jVot in use.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 EV-I-Ra'TIO.V, n. Ca.slnttion. Cockeram. 
 E-VIS'CER-ATE, c. t [L. eviseero ; e and viscera, the 
 
 bowels.] 
 
 To embowel or disembowel ; to Uike out the en- 
 trails ; to search the bowels. Johnson. Orifdh, 
 E-VIS'CER-A-TED, pp. Deprived of the bowels. 
 E-VIS'CER-A-TING, j/pr. Disemboweling. I 
 
 EXA 
 
 EV'I-TA-BLE, a. [h. cvitabd'is. See Etitate.] 
 Tliat may be shunned ; avoidable. [Little used.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 EV'I-TATE, V. t. [L. euitu; e and vita, from the root 
 of void, wide.] 
 
 To shun; to avoid ; to escape. [Little used.] Shuk 
 EV-I-TA'TION, >i. An avoiding ; a shunning. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Bacon. 
 E-VITE', r. t. \\..evito.] 
 
 To shun. [JVot useil.] Drayton. 
 EV-I-TEU'NAL, a. [from I,.] Of duration indefi- 
 iiitelv long. 
 
 EV-l-'i'EI!'.NI-TY, n. Duration indefinitely long. 
 EV'O CATE, r. (. Sec Evoke. 
 
 Neplune it a deity who evoeatet Uilugv Into proCTettion. 
 
 Paae. Trans, 
 
 EV-O-eA'TICV, Ji. A calling or bringing from coii- 
 cealiiii'iit ; a calling fiirlli. Bromi. 
 
 2. A calling t'ruiii one tribunal to another. 
 
 3. Among t/ie Romans, a calling on the goils uf a 
 besieged city to forsake it and come over to the be 
 siegers; a religious ceremmiy of besieging armitts. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 EV'O-eA-TOK, 71. [E.] One who calls forth. 
 
 M JI. Rrv. 
 
 E-V6KE', 1'. (. [E. evoco : c and voeo, to call.] 
 
 1. To call fiiilli. 
 
 2. To call from one tribunal to another ; to remove. 
 
 The cause was euoktd tu lluine. Hurne, 
 
 E-VoK'KD, (e-vSkt',) pp. Called forth. 
 
 E-VoK'I.NG, ppr. Calling forth. 
 
 EV-O EAT'lC, a. Apt to fiy aw.ay. 
 
 EV-0-I,.\"ri()N, n. [L. erolo ; e and volo, to fly.J 
 The act of Hying away. Bp. Hall. 
 
 EV'O-El.'TE, 71. In ^reumelry, a curve from which an- 
 other cur"e, called Ilio involute or erolrent, is described 
 by '.le end of a thread gradually wound upon the 
 former, or iiinvoiiiul froiii it. Hutlon. P. Cyc 
 
 EV-0-I,C"'l'll ).\, n, 1 1,, cvoliilio.] 
 
 1. 'J'he net of tiiifoliling or unrolling. Boyle. 
 
 2. .\ series of things unrolled or unfolded ; as, the 
 evolution of ages. Moore. 
 
 3. In ^reoinrtrii, Ihe. unf<j|(liiig or opening of a curve, 
 and making it describe uii evolvent or involute. 
 
 ILitton, 
 
 4. In arithmetic and algebra, evolution is the extrac- 
 tion of roots ; the reverse of Ir*voLi'TioN. Barlow, 
 
 5. In military tactics, the doubling of ranks or files, 
 wheeling, coiinteriiiarcbing, or other motion by which 
 the disposition of troops is changed, in order to attack 
 or defend with more advaiitiige, or to occupy a difler- 
 ellt post. Kneye. 
 
 EV-O-I.O'TION-A-UY, a. Pertaining to evolution. 
 E-VOIA' K', (e-volv',) e. £. [h, evoloo ; e and t'ufiia, to 
 roll. Eng. to wallow.] 
 1. To unfold ; to open and expand. 
 The aiiinml soul fioiiner tgoloet itself to iu full orb and extent 
 than the huninii soul. Hale, 
 
 9. To throw out ; to emit. Prior. 
 E-VOLVE', J). 1. To open itself; to disclose itself. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 E-VOLV'j:D,;ip. Unfolded ; opened ; expanded ; emit- 
 ted. 
 
 E- VOLV'ENT, n. In geometry, a term sometimes used 
 to denote the involute or curve resulting from the ev- 
 olution of another curve called the ccolutr, Hutton. 
 E-VOEV'ING, ppr. ■ Unfolding ; expanding ; emitting. 
 E-VOEVE'MENT, 71. The act of evolving ; the state 
 
 of being evolved. 
 EV-0-MI"TION, (-mish'un,) 71. A vomiting. Sieifl, 
 E-VUE'GATE, J'. (. To piibli>h. j 
 E-VUL'GA-TED, pp. Published. ^ 
 E-VUE'GA-TI.\'(:, ppr. Making public. ~ 
 EV-UL (;a'TIO.\, 11. A diviilning. [J<,'i,t m use.] 
 E-VUIi'SIOi\, 71. [E. cvulsio, from evello ; e and vello, 
 to pli(fk.] 
 
 The act of plucking or pulling out by force. 
 
 Broirn. 
 
 EWE, (yU;) 71. [Sax. rnira, eowe; D. ooi; Ir. ai, or oi ; 
 Sp. obeja. It seems to be the L. ovis.] 
 
 A female sheep ; the female of the ovine race of 
 animals. 
 
 EWER, (yure,) 71. [Sax. hutr, or Aieer.J 
 
 A kind of pitcher w ith a wide spout, u.sed to bring 
 water for wjLshiiig the hands. Shak. Pope. 
 
 EW'RY, (yu'ry,) n. [from circr.] In f.'ni'Jaiid, an of- 
 fice in the king's household, where they take care of 
 the linen for the king's table, lay the cloth, and serve 
 up water in ewers alter dinner. Dict^ 
 
 EX ; a Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. rf or t«, signi- 
 f3'ing out of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in coin^TO- 
 sition, it signifies sometimes out of, as in cihale, ex- 
 clude ; sometimes off, from, or out, as in \..eiscindo,{o 
 cut olF or out ; sometimes beyond, as in excess, ex- 
 ceed, ezccL In some words it is merely emphatical ; 
 in others, it has little effect on the signification. Ex, 
 prefixed to names of office, denotes that a person has 
 held that office, but liiui resigned it, or been left out, 
 or dismissed ; as, ex-minister. 
 
 E.\-A-CER'BaTE, V I. [L. exnerrbo, to irritate ; ex 
 and acerbo, from acerbus, severe, bitter, harsh, sour, ' 
 G. herbe. See Harvest.] 
 
 1. To irritate ; to exasperate ; to inflame angry . 
 
 |i 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH M in THIS. 
 
 413 
 
EXA 
 
 EXA 
 
 EXA 
 
 passions; to imbitter ; to increase malignant quali- 
 ties. 
 
 2. To increase the violence of a disease. 
 
 EX-A-CER'BA-TED, pp. Exasperated. 
 
 EX-A-CER'Ba-TIXG, ppr. Exasper.atin?. 
 
 EX-AC-EK-B.\'TIOX, ;i. The act of exasperating; 
 the irritation of angr^' or malignant passions or quali- 
 ties ; increase of malignity. 
 
 2. Among phtjsiciuns, a' periodical increase of vio- 
 lence in a disease. 
 
 This term is restricted to the jjeriodical increase of 
 remittent and continuous fi.vurs, where there is no 
 absolute cessation of the fever. Cyc. 
 
 3. Increased severity ; as, violent exacerbations of 
 punishment. [Unit.<uul.] Paley. 
 
 EX-AC-EK-BES'CEXCE, H. [L. ei.acerbefco.'] 
 
 Increase of irritation or violence, particularly the 
 
 increase of a fever or disease. Darwin. 
 EX-AC-ER-V.\'TION, n. [L. acervus.] The act of 
 
 heaping up. Vict. 
 EX-ACT', (egz-akt',) a. [L. ezactiis, from ciigo, to 
 
 drive ; ez and ago, Gr. u) o), to drive, urge, or press.] 
 
 1. Closely correct or regular; nice; accurate ; con- 
 formed to rule ; as, a man ezact in his dealings. 
 
 All Uiis, exact to rule, wi-ve liroiiglu about. Pojte. 
 
 2. Precise ; not dilTerent in the h ast. This is the 
 ezact sum or amount, or the ezact time. We h.ave an 
 exact model for imitation. 
 
 3. Methodical; careful; not negligent; correct; 
 observing strict method, rule, or order. This man is 
 very ezact in keeping his accounts. 
 
 4. Punctual. Every man should be ezact in pay- 
 ing his debts when due ; he should be ezact in attend- 
 ance on appointments. 
 
 5. Strict. We should be exact in the performance 
 of duties. 
 
 The exactest vigilance can not mainuln a Eiug.e any of unmiii- 
 glcil innoc*inc€. Rambler, 
 
 EX-ACT', (egz-akt',) v. t. [L. ezigo, exaclum Sp. ezi- 
 gir; It, esigcrei Fr. eziger. i^cti the adjective.] 
 
 1. To force or coiupi'l to pay or yield ; to demand 
 or require authoritatively ; to extort by means of au- 
 thority or without jiity or justice. It is an olfense for 
 an officer to exact illegal or unreasonable fees. It is 
 custouiarj" for conquerors to ezact tribute or contribu- 
 tions from conquered countries. 
 
 2. To demand of right. Princes exact obedience of 
 their subjetts. The laws of God ezact obedience 
 from all men. 
 
 3. To demand of necessity ; to enforce a yield- 
 ing or compliance ; or to enjoin with pressing ur- 
 gency. 
 
 Duly, 
 
 And Justice to my tiiUier's soul, exact 
 
 This cruel piety. Deitham. 
 
 EX-ACT', r. t. To practice extortion. 
 
 The enemy shall not exact upon him. — Ps. Ixxiir. 
 EX-ACT'ED, pp. Demanded or required by authority ; 
 extorted. 
 
 EX-.\CT'ER, n. One who exacts ; an extortioner. 
 
 EX-.4CT'ING, ppr. Demanding and compelling to 
 pay or yield under color of authority; requiring au- 
 thoritatively ; demanding without pity or justice ; 
 extorting; compelling by necessity. 
 
 EX-.'VC'TION, (egz-ak'shun,) n. The act of demand- 
 ing with authority, and compelling to pay or yield ; 
 authoritative demand ; a levying or drawing from 
 by force ; a driving to compliance ; as, the ezaciton of 
 tribute or of obedience. 
 
 2. Extortion ; a wresting from one unjustly ; the 
 taking advantage of one's necessities, to compel 
 hiuL to pay illegal or exorbitant tribute, fees, or 
 rei^tds. 
 
 Tjikc away your eranion* from my people. — Ezek. xW. 
 
 3. That which is exacted ; tribute ; fees, rewards, 
 or contributitms demanded or levied with severity or 
 injustice. Kings may be enriched by czaeliovs, but 
 their power is weakc ned by the consequiaU disalfec- 
 tion of their subjects. 
 
 EX-ACT'I-TUUE, ;i. Exactness. [Little used.] 
 EX-ACT'LY, ailr. Precisely according to rule or 
 
 measure ; nicely ; accurately. A tenon should bo 
 
 ezactlij fitted to the mortise. 
 
 2. Precisely according to fact. The story exactly 
 accords with the fact or event. 
 
 3. I'recisely according to principle, justice, or right. 
 EX-.\GT'Ni;s.S, n. Accunicy ; nicety; precision ; as, 
 
 to ni;ike experiments with rzactnes.t. 
 
 2. Regularity; careful conforinily to law or rules 
 of priiprii ty ; iv, ezactnr.^s of di'portment. 
 
 3. Careful observani e of method and conformity to 
 Inilli ; ail, rzartnr^.s in acrnuiit'' or business. 
 
 EX ACT'OR, (eg/.-ak'lor,) n. One who exacts; an 
 officer who collects tribute, taxes, or customs. 
 
 1 wlU inAke tJiine oUkcra peiw«, and thine tgactort righlcou*. 
 
 UAU. — ilJl. Iz. 
 
 2. An extortioner ; one who comju'ls another to 
 pay more than is legal or reasonable ; tme who de- 
 mandH something without pity or ri g.ird to jii'itlce. 
 
 3. lie that demands by authority ; ns, an exactor of 
 onthff. Bacon. 
 
 4. One. who is unreasonably aeverc in his injunc- 
 lions or demand). TiUolnon. 
 
 EX-.\CT'RESS, n. A female who exacts, or is severe 
 in her injunctions. B. Jonson. 
 
 EX-AC U-aTE, v. t. [L. exactto.] 
 
 To wliet or sharpen. [JVot in use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 EX-AC-IJ-A'TION, II. Whetting or sharpening. 
 
 EX-.-VG'GER-aTE, v. t. [Ij. exaggcro ; ex and aggero, 
 to heap, from agger, a heap.] 
 
 1. To heap oil ; to accuiimlate. In this literal sense, 
 it ii seldom used : perhaps never. 
 
 2. To highten ; to enlarge beyond the truth; to 
 amplify ; to represent as greater than strict truth will 
 warrant. A friend ezag'jerates a man's virtues ; an 
 enemy exaggerates his vices or faults. 
 
 3. In painting, to liigliten in coloring or design. 
 EX-AG'GEII-a-TED, pii. or a. Enlarged beyond the 
 
 truth. 
 
 EX-.\G'GER-A-TIXG, ppr. Enlarging or amplifying 
 
 beyond the triilli. 
 EX-AG-GER-a'TION, ?i. a heaping together ; heap ; 
 
 accumulation. [Little used.] Hale. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, amplification ; a representation of 
 things beyond the tnitli ; hyperbolical representa- 
 tion, whether of good or evil. 
 
 3. In painting, a method of giving a representation 
 of things too strong for the life. 
 
 EX-.'\G'GER-A-T0-RY, a. Containing exaggeration. 
 EX-AG'I-TATE, e. t. [L. ezagito.] 
 
 To shake ; to agitate ; to reproach. [Little used, or 
 
 obsolete.'] Jirbuthnut. 
 EX-AG'I-Ta-TED, pp. Agitated. 
 E.X-AG-I-Ta'TIOX, h. Agitation. 
 EX-AL'i"', (egz-awlt',) v. t. [Ft. exaltcr ; Sp. ezaltar ; 
 
 It. esaltare i Low L. ezalto : ezand altits, high.] 
 
 1. To raise high ; to elevate. 
 
 2. To elevate in jiower, wealth, rank, or dignity ; 
 as, to exalt one to a throne, to the chief magistracy, 
 to a bishopric. 
 
 3. To elevate with joy or confidence ; as, to be 
 ezalted with success or victory. [We now use 
 Elate.] 
 
 4. To raise with pride ; to make undue pretensions 
 to power, rank, or estimation ; to elevate too high, or 
 above others. 
 
 He ttiat exalt£lh hiinselt shiJI be abased. — Luke xiv. Matt, 
 xxiii. 
 
 5. To elevate in estimation and praise ; to magni- 
 fy ; to praise ; to extol. 
 
 He is my fjther's God, and I will exalt him. — Ex. X7. 
 
 6. To raise, as the voice ; to raise in opposition. 
 2 Kings xix. 
 
 7. To elevate in diction or sentiment ; to make 
 sublime ; as, exalted strains. 
 
 8. In physics, to elevate ; to purify ; to subtilize ; 
 to refine ; as, to ezalt the juices or the qualities of 
 bodies. \ 
 
 EX-ALT-A'TION, n. The act ot raising high. 
 
 2. Elevation to power, office, rank, dignity, or e.x- 
 cellence. 
 
 3. Elevated state ; state of greatness or dignity. 
 
 I wondered at my flight, and change 
 To tliis hi^h exaiUUion. 
 
 MUlon. 
 
 4. In phannanj, the refinement or subtilization of 
 bodies, or their qualities and virtues, or the increase 
 of their strength. 
 
 5. In astrology, the dignity of a planet, in which its 
 powers are increased. .Johnson. 
 
 EX-ALT'ED, pp. or a. Raised to a lofly liight ; ele- 
 vated ; honored with office or rank ; extolled ^-mag- 
 nified ; refined ; dignified ; sublime. 
 
 Time never fails to \x\i\g every exatled repululiou to a strict 
 scrutiny. Atitet. 
 
 EX-ALT'ED-NESf, n. The state of being elevated. 
 
 2. Conceited dignity or greatness. 
 E.X-ALT'ER, «. One who exalts or raises to dignity. 
 EX-ALT'I.\G, 7<;>r. Elevating; raising to an eminent 
 station; praising; extolling; magnifying; refining. 
 EX-a'ME.V, (egz-a'men,) n. [L. cj-amrn, the tongue, 
 needle, or beam of a balance. It sigiiitii'S, also, a 
 swarm of bees. Sp. enzamhre, a swarm of bees, a 
 crowd ; Port, enxaine ; It. sriamo ; Fr. essatm. From 
 its use in a balance, it came to signify czaniination.] 
 Examination; disquisititm ; inquiry. [Little useiL] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 EX-AM'I.\-A-I!LE, a. [See Examine.] That may be 
 examined ; propiif for judicial c.xaniin.ation or in- 
 quiry. Court, United States. 
 
 EX-A.M'IN-AN'T, n. One who is to be examined. 
 [JVoi legitimate..] Prideaiu.. 
 
 EX-.\M'IN-ATE, n. The person examined. Bacon. 
 
 EX-A.\1-IN-a'TXON, n. [L. examinalio. See Exa- 
 
 MEM.l 
 
 1. "I'lie act of examining ; a careful search or in- 
 quiry, with a view to discover truth or the real slate 
 of things; careful and accurate iiispntioii of a thing 
 and its parts ; as, an examination of a hoiisi' or a ship. 
 
 2. Mental imiiiiry ; tli.stpiisition ; careful considera- 
 tion of' the cirninistances or fact.<i which relate to a 
 subject or tpiestimi ; a vii'W of qualities and rela- 
 tions, and an estimate of their nature and imjior- 
 tancc. 
 
 3. Trial by a rule or law. 
 
 1. In judicial proceedings, a careful intpiiiy into 
 
 facts by testimony ; an attempt to ascertain truth oy 
 inquiries and interrogatories ; as, the examination ol 
 a witness, or the merits of a cause 
 
 5. In semiuanes of learning, an inquiry into the 
 acquisitions of the students, by questioning them in 
 literature and the sciences, and by hearing their re- 
 citals. 
 
 6. In chemistry and other sciences, a searching for 
 the nature and qualities tjf substances, by experi- 
 ments ; the practice or application of the docimastic 
 art. 
 
 EX-AM'IN-5-TOR, 71. An examiner. [JVot used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 EX-A.M'INE, (egz-ara'in,) v. t. [L. ezamiuo, fromexa- 
 inen.] 
 
 1. To inspect carefully, with a view to discover 
 truth or the real state of a tiling; as, to examine a ship 
 to know whether she is seaworthy, or a house to 
 know whether repairs are wanted. 
 
 2. 'I'o search or inquire into facts and circum- 
 stances by interrogating; as, to examines witness. 
 
 3. To look into the state of a subject; to view in 
 all its aspects ; to weigh arguments and compare facts, 
 with a view to form a correct opinion or judgment. 
 Let us examine this proposition ; let us examine this 
 subject in all its relations and hearings ; let us exxim- 
 ine into the state of this question. 
 
 4. To inquire into the improvements orqualifications 
 of students, by interrogatories, proposing problems, or 
 by hearing their recitals ; as, to examine the classes in 
 college ; to ezamine the candidates for a degree, or for 
 a license to preach or to practice in a profession. 
 
 5. To try or assay by experiments ; as, to ezamine 
 C. To try by a rule or law. [minerals. 
 Examine youreelves whether ye be in the faith. — 2 Cor. xiii. 
 
 7. In general, to search ; to scrutinize ; to e.x- 
 plore, with a view to discover truth ; as, to examine 
 ourselves; to examine the extent of human knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 EX-AiM'IN-£D, (egz-am'ind,) pp. Inquired into ; 
 searched ; inspected ; interrogated ; tried by experi- 
 ment. 
 
 EX-.\M'IX-ER, n. One who examines, tries, or in- 
 spects ; one who interrogates a witness or an of- 
 fender. 
 
 2. In chancery, in Great Britain, the ezaminers are 
 two officers of that court, who examine, on oath, the 
 witnesses for the parties. Encyc. 
 
 EX-.\.M'IN L\G, ppr. or a. Inspecting carefully ; 
 searching or inquiring into ; interrogating ; trying or 
 assaying by experiment. 
 
 EX-AAl'IN-iXG, a. Having power to examine ; ap- 
 pointed to examine ; as, an ezamining committee. 
 
 EX'.\M-PLA-KY, (eks-)a. [[turn example.] Serving for 
 example or pattern ; proposed for imitation. Hooker. 
 [It is now written Exemplary.] 
 
 EX-A.M'PLE, (egz-am'pl,) n. [L. exemplum ; Fr. ex- 
 emple ; It. esempio ; Sji. ezempto. Qu. from ex and 
 the root of simitis, Gr. ojiuXoj.] 
 
 1. A pattern ; a copy ; a model ; that which is pro- 
 posed to be imitatetl. This wortl, when applied to 
 material things, is now generally written Sample ; 
 as, a sample of cloth ; but example is sometimes used. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 2. A pattern, in morals or manners ; a copy, or 
 model ; that which is proposed or is properto be imi- 
 tated. 
 
 1 have ^vcn you an example, that you should do as T have done 
 
 to you. — John xiii. 
 Examjile is our pa-ceptor before we can reason. KoUock, 
 
 3. Precedent ; a former instance. Bonaparte fur- 
 nished many examples of successful bravery. 
 
 4. Precedent or former instance, in a bad sense, 
 intended for caution. 
 
 Lest any man fall after tlie same example of unbelief. — Heb. iv. 
 Sudoin and tiomorrah — are set forth for an exampU, Butlci iug 
 the ven^-ance ofeterual firv. — Jude 7. 
 
 5. A person fit to he proposed for a pattern ; one 
 whose conduct is worthy of imitation. 
 
 Be thou an examjile of the UHicvere. — 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 6. Precedent which disposes to imitation. Exam- 
 ple has more effect than precept. 
 
 7. Instance serving for illustration of a rule or pre- 
 cept ; or a particular case or proposition ilhisirating 
 a general rule, position, or truth. The principles of 
 trigonometry, and the rules of grammar, are illus- 
 trated by examples. 
 
 8. In logic, or rhetoric, the conclusion of one sin- 
 gular point from another; an induction of wltal may 
 hapju n fmm what has happeiied. If civil war has 
 produced calamities of a particular kind in one in- 
 stance, it is inferred that it will produce like conse- 
 quences in other cases!. This is an ezample. 
 
 Bailey. Kneyc. 
 EX-.\M'PLE, ». To exemplify; to set an example. 
 
 [A-.i( used.] Shall. 
 EX-AM'PLE-NESS, a. Having no example. [JV'ut 
 
 used.] B. Joitson. 
 
 E.X-AM'PLER, n. A iiattern ; now Sample or Sah- 
 
 PLER. 
 
 EX-AN"GUI-Oirs, a. Having no blood. [JVuI used.] 
 
 [See Exs»N<;i:ioL's.] 
 EX-AN"GtI-LOlJS, o. Having no corners 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WIIA'P METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, DQQK.— 
 
 41fl 
 
EXC 
 
 EX-AN'I-MATK, (egz an'c-inate,) a. [L. cianimatus, 
 exanimo; ez and animay life.] 
 
 1 lifeless ; s|iiritlcss ; disheartened ; depressed in 
 spirits, Thomson. 
 
 EX-AN'I-MATE, II. J. To dishearten ; to discourage. 
 
 i:X-AN'l-MA-Ti;D,^p. Disheartened. [Coles. 
 
 liX-AN'l-MA-TINc;, ppr. DiscouraginR. 
 
 EX-AN-I-Ma'TION, n. Deprivation of life or of spir- 
 its. [Little used.] 
 
 EX JiJ^I-MO. [L.] Literally, from the mind : sin- 
 cerely ; heartily. 
 
 EX-AS"I-M0US, o. [\j. tianimis ; « and onimo, life.] 
 IjilVless ; dead. [Little u.-ied.] 
 
 EX-AN-THic'MA, «. , Exa.nthem'ata. [Or., from 
 £{in 5i w, to blossom ; t( and ani'ii, a flower ] 
 
 Among phrjsiciiiiis, eruption ; a lireaking out ; pus- 
 tules, petechia;, or vibices ; any efflorescence on the 
 skin, as in measles, suuill pox, scarlatina, &c. 
 
 This term is now limited, hy systematic nosolo- 
 pists, to such eruptions as are accompanied witli fe- 
 ver. Good. 
 
 EX-AX-THE-MAT'ie, \ a. Eruptive ; efflorescent : 
 
 EX-AN-TIIE.M'A-TOUS, ( noting morliid redness of 
 the skin. The measles is an fMHt/icmaloi/.'.- disease. 
 [Tooke uses Exanthematic.] 
 
 EX-AN'T'LATE, v. t. [L. ezanUo.'] 
 
 To draw out ; to exhaust. [Aut used.] Boiile. 
 
 EX-ANT-LA'TION, «. The act of drawmg out"; ex- 
 haustion. [jVoI used.] lirown. 
 
 EX-A-RA'TIOX, ;i. [L. ezaro ; ez and aro.] 
 
 The act of writing. [JVu( used.] Diet. 
 
 EX'ARCII, (eks'Urk,) n. [(Jr., from 'i/)\-of, a chief.] 
 1. A title borne liy the viceroys of the Ryzantine em- 
 perors in the provinces of luily and Africa ; as, the 
 ezarch of Ravenna. 
 
 y. .\ title assumed for a time by the bishops of 
 Constantinople, Antioch, Ephesus, and ("Ksarea, as 
 superiors over the surrounding metropolitans. 
 
 :J. More recently^ a title given to inspectors of the 
 clergy in certain districts, commissioned by the East- 
 ern patriarchs. J. Murdock. 
 
 EX-AlteH'ATE, n. The oflice, dignity, or adminis- 
 tration of an exarch. 'J'aijlor. 
 
 EX-.\R-Tie-(!-LA'TIO\, Ji. [ex and articulation.] Lux- 
 ati(m ; the dislucatiun of a joint. (iuiiicy. 
 
 E.\-.\f 'PER-aTE, (egz-) v. I. [L. ezaspero, to irritate, 
 ez and as/iero, from asper, rougli, harsli.] 
 
 1. To anger; to irritate to a high degree ; to pro- 
 voke to rage ; to enrage ; to excite anger, or to in- 
 flame it to an extreme degree. We say, to exasperate 
 a person, or to ezaspcrate the passion of anger or re- 
 sentment. 
 
 2. To aggravate ; to imbitter ; as, to exasperate en- 
 mity. 
 
 ;ti To augment violence ; to increase malignity ; to 
 exacerbate ; as, to czasperatc pain or a part iiillamed. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 EX-AS'PER-ATE, a. Provoked ; imbittcred ; in- 
 flamed. Skak. 
 
 EX-.\S'PER-A-TED, pp. or a. Highly angered or irri- 
 tated ; provoked ; enraged ; imbiltered ; Increased 
 in violence. 
 
 EX-AS'PER-A-TER, 71. One who exasperates or in- 
 flames anger, enmity, or violence. 
 
 EX-AS'PER-A-TING, ppr. or a. Exciting keen re- 
 sentment ; inflaming anger; irritating; increasing 
 violence. 
 
 EX-AS-PER-A'TIOX, n. Irritation ; the act of ex- 
 citing violent anger; provocation. 
 
 2. Extreme degree of anger ; violent p.tsslon. 
 
 3. Increase of violence or maligiiitv ; exacerbation. 
 EX-AUe'TOR-ATE, j v. U [L. eiauctoro ; ez and 
 EX-AU'TIIOR-ATE, ( aucCoro, to hire or bind, from 
 
 auctor, author.] 
 To dismiss from service ; to deprive of a benefice. 
 
 JlijUffc. 
 
 EX-AUe TOU-A'TIOX, ) n. Dismission from ser- 
 EX-AU-THOR-A'TlO.\, i vice; deprivation; deg- 
 radation ; the removal of a person from an ollice or 
 dignity in the church. Jiijliffc, 
 EX-AU'THOK-iZE, i-. t. To deprive of authority. 
 
 HeUen. 
 
 EX-AU'THOR-TZ-ED, pp. Deprived of authority. 
 EX-AU'THOR-IZ-liNCJ, ppr. Depriving of authority. 
 EX-tiAL'CE-A-TED, a. [L. ezcalceo, to pull off the 
 
 shoes ; ez and calceus, a slioe.] 
 
 Deprived of shoes ; unshod ; harefonted. 
 EX-CA\-DES'CE.\CE, «. [L. excandeseeiUia, ercan- 
 
 dtsco ; ez and caiulcsco, candeo, to glow or be hot, 
 
 from eaneo, to be white, to shine.] 
 
 1. .\ growing hot ; or a white heat ; glowing heat. 
 
 2. Heat of passion ; violent anger ; or a growing 
 nngr}-. 
 
 EX-€A\-DES'CENT, a. White with heat. 
 EX-CAN-TA'TION, n. [L. excanto, but with an op- 
 posite signification.) 
 Disenchantment by a countercharm. [Little it-eii] 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 EX-€.\R'NATE, v. t. [L. ez and caro, flesh.] 
 
 To deprive or clear of flesh. Grew. 
 EX-e\R'.\ A-TED, pp. Deprived of flesh. 
 KX-fAR'XA-TIXG, ppr. Depriving of tlesh. 
 EX-€AR'XI FI-CaTE, r. U To cut off flesh. 
 EX-ex R'NI FI-C A-TING, ppr. Cutting otf flesh. 
 
 EXC 
 
 E-X-CXR-NI-KI-CA'TIOnT^I [L. excamifico, to cut 
 in pieces, from caro, flesh.] 
 
 The act of cutting olf flesh, or of depriving of 
 flesh. Johnson. 
 
 EX CJi-THE' Dlta, [L.] Literally, from the chair, ns 
 of authority or instruction. Henri;, with authority 
 or dogmatism, ['i'lie Latin will allow of caih'e-dra 
 or c.a-the'dra, but the latter is most common in Eng- 
 lish.] 
 
 EX'e.\-VATE, V. t. [L. exeavo ; ex and cava, to hol- 
 low, cavns, hollow. See Cave.] 
 
 To hollow ; to cut, scoop, dig, or wear out the 
 inner part of any thing, anil make it hollow ; as, to 
 excavate a ball ; to ezcavnte the earth ; to czcavate the 
 trunk of a tree, and fonn a canoe. 
 EX'CA-VA-TED, pp. or a. Hollowed ; made liollow. 
 EX'CA-VA-TING, ppr. or n. Making hollow ; mak- 
 ing or capable of making an excavation ; as, an ez- 
 eavatintr machine. 
 EX-CA-VA'TI()i\, 71. The act of niakinj- hollow, by 
 cutting, wearing, or scooping out the interior sub- 
 stance or part of a thing. 
 
 2. A hollow or a cavity formed by rcmortng the 
 interior substance. Many animals burrow in excava- 
 tions of their own forming. 
 EX'CA-VA-TOK, Ti. One who excavates. 
 
 2. A machine for excavating. 
 EX-Cli'eATE, V. t. fL. ezca:co.] 
 To make blind. [J^ut u.ml.] 
 EX-CE-CA'TION, n. The act of making blind. 
 
 Hichardson. 
 
 EX-Cf.'DENT, 71. Excess. [JVut auUwrizrd.] 
 EX-CEED', (eks-seed',) v. t, [L. ezcedo ; ez and cedo, 
 to pass.] 
 
 1. To pass or go beyond ; to proceed beyond any 
 given or supposed limit, measure, or quantity, or be- 
 yond any thing else ; used equally in a physical or 
 moral sense. One piece of cloth exceeds the custom- 
 ary length or breadth ; one man exceeds another in 
 bulk, stature, or weight ; one offender exceeds an- 
 other in villainy. 
 
 2. To surpass ; to excel. Homer exceeded all men 
 in epic poetry. Demosthenes and Cicero exceeded 
 their cotemporaries in oratory. 
 
 Kinj Solomon exceeded all the kings of Ihc earth for riches and 
 for wisilotu. — 1 Kings x. 
 
 EX-CEED', V. i. To go too far; to pass the proper 
 bounds ; to go over any given limit, number, or 
 measure. 
 
 Forty stripes may he give him, and not exceed. — DeuU xxv, 
 2. To bear the greater proportion ; to be more or 
 larger. Dryden. 
 \ Tins verb is intransitive only by ellipsi.^.] 
 EX-CEED'A-BLE, o. That may surmount or exceed. 
 
 [///.] Shcncood. 
 E.K-CEED'ED, pp. Excelled; surpassed; outdone. 
 EX-CEED'ER, 71. One who exceeds or p.-isses the 
 
 hoiimls of Titness. Monntatru. 
 E.V-CEED'r\G, Pin-. Going beyond ; surpassing ; ex- 
 celling ; outdoing. 
 
 2. a. Great in extent, quantity, or duration ; very 
 extensive. 
 
 Cities were built an exceeding space of time before the flood. 
 [Tttit tenit it unutual.] Ralegh. 
 
 3. ado. In a very great degree ; unusually ; as, ex- 
 ceeding rich. 
 
 Tlie CJeiioese were exceeding powprful by s^a. Ralegh, 
 I am Uiy shield, and thy exceeding gn>at reward. —Gen. xv. 
 
 EX-CEED'I.VG, 71. Excess ; superfluity. SniollcU. 
 EX-CEED'ING-LY, ailc. To a very great degree ; in 
 a degree beyond what is usual ; greatly ; very much. 
 Isaac trcmMed exceedingly. — Geo. xxTii. 
 
 EX-CEED'ING-.XESS, 71. Greatness in quantity, ex- 
 tent, or duration. [Jt'ut used.] 
 EX-CEL', (ek-sel',) v. t. [L. acclto, the root of 
 
 which, cello, is not in use. In Ar. jLs iai7a, sig- 
 nifies to lift, raise, excel ; also, to s|)eak, to strike, to 
 beat. So we use brat in the sense of surpa.ts. See 
 Class Gl, No. 31 and 49.] 
 
 1. To go beyond ; to exceed ; to surpass in good 
 qualities or laudable deeds ; to outdo. 
 
 Excelling olh-^rs, these were *Tent ; 
 Tliou frvatrr still, miut tlirao cxce/. Prior. 
 Many daue-ht n h-^ve done viituously, but tlioil excelteet Uiem 
 alt. — Pro*, xxxi. 
 
 2. To exceed or go beyond in bad qualities or 
 deeds ; as, to excel envy itself in mischief. Spenser. 
 
 3. To exceed ; to surikass. 
 
 EX-CEL', u. i. To liavo good qualities, or to perform 
 meritorious actions, in an unusual degree; to be em- 
 inent, illustrious, or distinguished. 
 
 Bless the I^ord, ye iiis angeU, lliat excel in strengtli. — Ps. ciii. 
 We .say, to excel in mathematics ; to excel in paint- 
 ing; to excel in heroic achievements. 
 EX-CEL'LED, (ek-si ld',) pp. Surpassed ; outdone ; 
 exceeded in good qualities or lauilable achievements. 
 
 EX'CRL-LEXCK, | ri:. r r „ , 
 
 EX'CEL-LEN CY, ( ''• "C'"'"""-] 
 
 1. The st.ite of possessing good qualities in an un- 
 
 EXC 
 
 usual or eminent degree ; the state of excelling in 
 any thing. 
 
 2. Any valuable quality; any thing highly lauda- 
 ble, meritorious, or virtuous, in pe rsons, or valuable 
 anil esteemed, in things. Purity of heart, upright- 
 ness of mind, sincerity, virtue, piety, are rrcrllcnciet 
 of character ; syimm;try of parts, strength, and 
 beauty are excellencies of boily ; an accurati: knowl- 
 edge of an art is an excellence in the artisan ; sound- 
 ness and durability are exerlleneics in timber ; fertil- 
 ity, in lahd ; cleg.ance, in writing. In short, what- 
 ever contributes to exalt man, or to render him 
 esteemeil and litippy, or to bless society, is in him an 
 excellence. 
 
 3. Dignity ; high rank in the scale of beings. An- 
 gels are hemes of more ercrllencc than men; men are 
 beings of more erccllrnce than brtilcs. 
 
 4. A title of honor formerly givim to kings and 
 emperors, now given to eniba-ssailors, governors, and 
 other persons, below the rank of kings, but elevated 
 above the common classes of men. 
 
 EX'CEL-LENT, (ek'sel lent,) a. Being of great vir- 
 tue or worth ; eminent or distinguished for what is 
 amiable, valuable, or htudabic ; as, an excellent man 
 or citizen ; an excellent judge or magistrate. 
 
 2. Being of great value or use, applied to things; 
 remarkable for good properties ; as, excellent timber; 
 an excellent farm ; tin excellent horse ; excellent fruit. 
 
 3. Distinguished for superior attainments ; as, an 
 excellent artist. 
 
 4. Consummate ; complete ; in an ill sense. 
 
 EIi7„it)eth was an excellent liypocrif. Hume. 
 EX'CEL-LENT-LY, adv. In an excellent manner; 
 well in a high degree; in an eminent degree; in a 
 manner to please or command esteem, or to be 
 useful. 
 
 EX-CEL'LIXG, ppr Surpassing; outdoing; going 
 beyond. 
 
 EX-CKL'sr-OR,a. [L.] More lofty ; more elevated ; 
 higher ; the motto of the State of Aew York. 
 
 Lanirfclhw, 
 
 EX-CEN'TRie. See Eccentric. 
 
 EX-CEPT', (ek-sepl',) i;. t. [Vr. cxceptcr ; It. ecceltare; 
 
 from L. excipio; ex and capiu, to take. See CiPTict, 
 
 Capture.] 
 
 1. To take or leave out of any number specified ; 
 to exclude ; as, of the tliirty persons present and 
 concerned in a riot, we must except two. 
 
 2. To take or leave out any particular or particu- 
 lars from a general description. 
 
 VVlieu he saith, All thinss :tre put under him, it is manifest that 
 he is excepted who did put ail Uiiiigs under him. — 1 Cor. 
 
 XV. 
 
 EX-CEPT', V. i. To object ; to make an objection or 
 objections; usually followed by to; sometimes by 
 af,'ainst. I except to a witness, or to his testimony, 
 on account of his interest or partiality. 
 
 EX-CEPT', pp. [Contracted from excepted.] Taken 
 out ; not included. All were involved in this affair, 
 except one ; that is, one excepted, the case absolute or 
 independent clause. Except ye repent, ve shall all 
 likewise perish ; th.at is, except this fact', that ye re- 
 pent, or this fact being excepted, removed, taken 
 away, ye shall .all likewise perish. Or except may 
 be considered as the imperative mode. Except thou, 
 or ye, this fact, ye shall all likewise perish. Hence, 
 except is equivalent to toithout, unless, and denotes 
 
 E.X-CEPT'i;i), pp. See Except. [e.xclusion. 
 
 EX-CEPT'I.\G, ppr. Taking or leaving out ; ex- 
 cluding. 
 
 2. This word is also used in the sense of excent, as 
 above explained. The prisoners were all conileiiined, 
 exccptintf three. This is an anomalous iisoM' the 
 word, unless, in some cases, it m.iy be refer^p to a 
 pronoun. Excepted would be better ; three excepted ; 
 three being exceptetl. 
 EX-CEP'T1().\, (ek-sep'shiin,) 71. The act of except- 
 ing, or excluding from a number designated, or from 
 a description ; exclusion. All the represenfitives 
 voted for the bill, with the exception of five ; all the 
 land is in tillage, with an exception of two acres. 
 
 2. Exclusimi from what is comprehended in a gen- 
 eral rule or prtiposition. 
 
 3. Tliat which is excepted, excluded, or separated, 
 from others in a general description ; the person or 
 tiling specified as distinct or not included. Almost 
 every general rule has its cxcejttions, 
 
 4. An objection ; tliat which is or may be offered 
 in opposition to a rule, proposition, statement, or 
 allegation ; with to ; .sometimes with against. He 
 made stmie exceptloiu to the argument. 
 
 5. Objection, with dislike ; offense ; slight anger 
 or resentment ; with at, Ui, or against, and commonly 
 used with take ; as, to take exception at a severe re- 
 mark ; to take exception to what was s;iid. 
 
 Rodcri^o, iJiuu hast Uvken axnintt nie an exception. Shale. 
 But it is more generally followed by at. 
 
 6. In laa, the denial of what is alleged and con- 
 sidered as v.alid by the other party, either in point of 
 law or in pleading; or an allegation against the suf- 
 ficiency of an answer. In law, it is a stop or stay 
 to an action, and it is either dilatory or prrrmviory. 
 
 Blacjsstone. 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, UNITE — AN"GER. VI"CIOUS — € as K ; CJ as J ; S os Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 53 
 
 417 
 
EXC 
 
 I A savin*; clause in a writing. 
 BiH of cicrjitttms, in law, is a statement of excep- 
 tions to eviilcmce, filed by the party, and which the 
 jiidfie nuist sign or seal. 
 EX-C£I"TIOi\-A-IiLE, a. Liable to objection. 
 
 Tliis p.iss:ige I look upon to be the most exceptionable in the 
 wliole poem. Addison. 
 
 EX-CEP'TION-AL, a. Forming or making an excep- 
 tion. Lyell. 
 
 E. X-CEP'TION-ER, n. One who objects. Jililton. 
 EX-CEP'TiOUS, (ek-sep'shiis,)a. Peevish; disposed 
 
 or apt to cavil, or take e.xceptions. [Little used.] 
 
 Soutk. Burke. 
 EX-CEP'TIOUS-NESS, n. Disposition to cavil. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 EX-CEPT'IVE, a. Including an exception ; as, an 
 exceptive preposition. Watts. 
 2. iVIaking or being an exception. Jtliltoii. 
 
 EX-CEP'I''L£SS, a. Omitting all exception. [JVut in 
 itse. ] Sfiak. 
 
 EX-CEPT'OR, n. One who objects or makes excep- 
 tions. Biiniet. 
 
 EX-CER'E-BRoSE, a. Having no brains. 
 
 EX-CEKN', [). (. [L. excerno ; ex and cerno, Gr. Kpifu, 
 to separate.] 
 
 To separate and emit through the pores, or through 
 small passages of the body ; to strain out ; to ex- 
 crete ; as, fluids are excerned in perspiration. Bacon. 
 EX-CERN'£D, (ek-sernd',) pp. Separated ; excreted ; 
 
 emitted through the capillary vessels oi the body. 
 EX-CEllN'ING, jrpr. Emitting through the small pas- 
 sages ; excreting. 
 EX-CERP', ti. t. [L. ezarpo.'] 
 
 To pick out. [Little usedt] Hales. 
 EX-CEKPT', V. t. [L. ezcerpo ; ex and cargo, to take.] 
 To select. [Not \Lsed.\ Barnard. 
 
 F. X-CERpiTA,n.pl. [L.] Passages extracted. 
 EX-CERP'TIO.\, H. [L. eictrptio.\ 
 
 1. A picking out ; a gleaning ; selection. [Little 
 itsed.! 
 
 2. That which is selected or gleaned. [Little used.] 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 EX-CERP'TOR, 71. A picker ; a culler. Barnard. 
 EX-CERPTS', Ti.iji. Extracts from authors. [A bad 
 word.] 
 
 EX-CESS', (ek-ses',) n. [L. excessus, from ezcedo. 
 See Exceed.] 
 
 1. Literally, that which exceeds any measure or 
 limit, or which exceeds something else, or a going be- 
 yond a just line or point. Hence, superfluity ; that 
 which is beyond necessity or wants ; as, an excess of 
 pn)visions ; excess of light. 
 
 2. That which is beyond the common measure, 
 proportion, or due quantity ; as, the excess of a limb ; 
 the excess of bile in the system. 
 
 3. Superabundance of any thing. J^ewton. 
 
 4. Any transgression of due limits. .^tterbury. 
 
 5. In morals, any indulgence of appetite, pa-ssion, 
 or exertion, beyond the rules of God's word, or be- 
 yond any rule of propriety ; intemperance in gratifi- 
 cations; as, excess in eating or drinking; excess of 
 joy ; excess of grief ; excess of love, or of anger ; ex- 
 cess of labor. 
 
 6. In arithmetic and geometry, that by which one 
 number or quantity exceeds another ; that which 
 remains when the lesser number or quantity is taken 
 from the greater. 
 
 EX-CESS'lVE, a. Beyond any given degree, meas- 
 ure, or limit, or beyond the common measure or pro- 
 portion; as, the excessive bulk of a man; excessive 
 labor ; excessive wages. 
 
 ^.Beyond the established laws of morality and 
 r^Blon, or beyond the bounds of justice, fitness, 
 pmpriety, expedience, or utility; as, excessive indul- 
 gence of any kind. 
 
 Exceseive b:iil sliull not he rcfiuircd. BUI of liighu. 
 
 3. Extravagant ; unreasonable. His expenditures 
 of money were excessive. 
 
 4. Vehement ; violent ; as, excessive passion. 
 EX-CESS'l VE-LY, adv. In an extreme degree; be- 
 yond measure; exceedingly; as, excessively impa- 
 tient; excessively grieved, 
 
 2. Vehemently ; violently ; as, the wind blew ex- 
 cessively. 
 
 EX-(;ESS'IVE-NES.'?, n. The state or quality of being 
 
 exrewsive ; excess. 
 EX-CllAN'CEI,-LOR, h. One who has been clian- 
 
 cellor, but has left the olfice. 
 EX-C:ilA.NGE', (ekH-thunj',) v. t. [Ft. echanger; 
 
 Arm. ecnnch; from changer, crinch, to change.] 
 
 1. In commrrre, to give one thing or commotlity for 
 anotlicr ; to alienate or transfer the property of a 
 thing, and receive, in compensation for it, something 
 of Hiipposed eipial value; to bailer: and, in vulgar 
 language, to swap; to truck. It dillers from sell 
 only in the kind of comjicnsation. To sell is to 
 alienate for money ; to exchange is to alienate one 
 commodity for aiiotlii.r ; m, to exchange horxes ; to 
 exchange oxen for corn. 
 
 2. To lay aiiide, quit, or resign, one thing, state, or 
 condiIi(»ri, and take tuKJther in tile place of it ; as to 
 cjcliange u crown for a cowl; to f/rAa/ij;rc a throne 
 
 EXC 
 
 for a cell or a hermitage ; to exchange a life of ease 
 for a life of toil. 
 
 3. To give and receive reciprocally ; to give and 
 receive in conlpensation the same thing. 
 
 Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. Sliak. 
 
 4. To give and receive the like thing ; as, to ex- 
 change tlioughts ; to exchange work ; to exchange 
 blows ; to exchange prisoners. 
 
 It has with before the person receiving the thing 
 given, and for before the equivalent. Will you ex- 
 diange horses with me? Will you excltange your 
 horse for mine?. 
 EX-CHaNGE', 71. In commerce, the act of giving one 
 thing or commodity for another; barter; traflic by 
 pernmtation, in which the thing received is supposed 
 to be equivalent to the thing given. 
 
 Josepli g.ive them bread in exdiange for horses. — Gen. xlv'i. 
 
 2. The act of giving up or resigning one thing or 
 state for another, without contract. 
 
 3. The act of giving and receiving reciprocally ; 
 as, an exchange of thoughts ; an exchange of civilities. 
 
 4. The contract by which one commodity is trans- 
 ferred to another for an equivalent commodity. 
 
 5. The thing given in return for something re- 
 ceived ; or the thing received in return for wliat is 
 given. 
 
 There's my exchange. Sltak. 
 
 In ordinary business, tliis is called Change. 
 
 6. The form of exchanging one debt or credit for 
 another; or the receiving or paying of money in one 
 place, for an equal sum in another, by order, draft, 
 or bill of exchange. A in London is creditor to B 
 in New York, and C in London owes D in New 
 York a like sum. A in London draws a bill of ex- 
 change on B in New York ; C in London purchases 
 the bill, by which A receives his debt due from B in 
 New York. C transmits the bill to D in New York, 
 who receives the amount from B. 
 
 Bills of exchange, drawn on persons in a foreign 
 country, are called foreign bilLi of exchange ; the like 
 bills, drawn on persons in different parts or cities of 
 the same country, are called inland bilU of exchange. 
 
 A bill of exchange is a mercantile contract, in 
 which four persons are primarily concerned. 
 
 7. In mercantile language,'^ bill drawn for money 
 ■is called exchange, instead of a bill of exchange. 
 
 8. The course of exchange, is the current price be- 
 tween two places, which is above or below par, or at 
 par. Exchange is at par, when a bill in New York, 
 for the payment of one hundred pounds sterling in 
 London, can be purchased for one hundred pounds. 
 If it can be purchased for less, exchange is under par. 
 If the purchaser is obliged to give more, exchange is 
 above par. 
 
 9. In law, a mutual grant of equal interests, the jone 
 in consideration of tlie other. Estates exchanged 
 must be equal in quantity, as fee-simple for fee-sim- 
 ple. Blackstone. 
 
 10. The place where the merchants, brokers, and 
 bankers of a city meet to transact business, at cer- 
 tain hours ; often contracted into Change, 
 
 EX-CI1aN6E-A-B1L'I-TY, n. The quality or state 
 of being exchangeable. 
 
 Though tlie law ought not to be contravened by an express 
 aiticle admitting the exchangeainlity oCsuch persons. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 EX-CHaNGE'A-BLE, a. That may be exchanged ; 
 capable of being exchanged ; fit or proper to be ex- 
 changed. 
 
 The officere captured with BuTgoyne were exchangeable within 
 
 Uie powers of lien. liowe. UlarshaU. 
 Bank bills exchangeable for gold and silver, Ramsay. 
 
 EX-CHANG'^;D,(eks-chanjd',)pp. Given or received 
 for something else; bartered, 
 
 EX-CHaN6'ER, 71. One who exchanges ; one who 
 practices exchange, MatL xxv, 
 
 EX-CllAN0!'ING,7»;)r. Givingand receiving one com- 
 modity for another ; giving and receiving mutually ; 
 laying aside or relinquishing one thing or state for 
 another, 
 
 EX-CIIEQ'UER,(eks-chek'er,)7i, [Fr. echiquier, check- 
 er-work, a chess-board. See Chess and Checkeii.I 
 In Knglaiul, an ancient court of record, intended 
 principally to collect and superintend the king's 
 debts and duties or revenues, and so called from 
 seaccharium, or from the same root, denoting a check- 
 ered cloth, which covers the table. It consists of 
 two divisions ; the receipt of the exchequer, (now 
 transferred to the Bank of England,) which manages 
 the royal revenue ; and the judicial part, which is 
 divided into a court of law and n court of equity. 
 'J'he court of equity is held in the exchequer cham- 
 ber, before th(! lord treasurer, the chancellor of the 
 exchequer, the chief baron, and three inferior barons. 
 The common law court is held before the barons, with- 
 out the IreiLsuri r or chancellor. Blackstme. 
 
 Kxchequer bills ; in England, bills for money, or 
 promissory bills, issued from the exclH^quer ; a spe- 
 cies of paper currency emitted under the authority 
 of the govcrninent, and bearing interest. 
 
 EX-CIIE(l'UEIt, r. f. To institute a process against a 
 person in the Court of Exchetpier. I'cgge. 
 
 EXC 
 
 EX-CHEa'UER-SD, p;). Proceeded against m chan- 
 cerj-. 
 
 EX-CHEQ'UER-ING, ppr. Instituting process against 
 
 EX-CIP'I-EN'l', 71. One who excepts. [in ^nancery. 
 
 EX-CIS'A-BLE, a. Liable or subject to excise ; as, 
 coffee is an excisable commodity. 
 
 EX-CrsE', 71. [L. excistim, cut off, from excido ; D. 
 accys ,- G. accise.] 
 
 An inland duty or impost, laid on articles produced 
 and consumed in a country, and also on licenses to 
 deal in certain commodities. Formerly, in England, 
 the excise embraced some imported articles, as wine, 
 &c. ; but these are now transferred to the ;ustoms. 
 Many articles are excised at the manuf' ^;tories, as 
 spirit at the distillery, printed silks and linens at the 
 priiiter's, &c. Encyc. 
 
 EX-ClSE',7!. t. To lay or impose a duty on articles 
 produced and consumed in a country, or on .icenses; 
 to levy an excise on. 
 
 EX CIS'i'D, pp. Charged with the duty of excise, 
 
 EX-CTSE'.M AiV, 71. An officer who inspect., commodi- 
 ties and rates the excise duty on them. Johnson. 
 
 EX-CIS'ING, ppr. Imposing the duty of excise. 
 
 EX-CIS'ION, (ek-sizh'un,) n. [L. excisio.] 
 
 1. In surgery, a cutting out or cutting olT any part 
 of the body ; extirpation ; amputation. 
 
 2. The cutting off of a person, or nation, ?j a judg- 
 ment ; extirpation ; destruction. 
 
 3. A cuttingoff'from the church ; excommunication. 
 The rabbins reckon Uirce kinds of excision. Encye, 
 
 EX-Cr-TA-BIL'I-TY, 71. [from excite.] Ihe quality 
 of being capable of excitement. 
 
 2. In medicine (1.) A healthful vital suscepti- 
 bility to the influence of natural, met' einal, and 
 mechanical agents, and the power of resjionding 
 in a normal manner, by actions merely, in contra- 
 distinction from sensations. (2.) This term is also 
 used with such an extension of its signification, as 
 to comprehend the power of responding to influences, 
 botli by actions and sensations. In tliis acceptation 
 it is exactly equivalent to irritability in the first of its 
 medical senses, which see. Tally. 
 
 EX CIT'A-BLE, a Having the quality of being sus- 
 ceptible of excitement, which see. 
 2. Capable of being excited, or roused into action. 
 
 EX-CIT'ANT, 71. In medicine, an agent, which, by 
 its influence upon the living solid, produces a new 
 condition and action in such solid. 1'his is the widest 
 acceptation, wider indeed than that of medicine 
 
 2. An agent, which produces a quickly diffused 
 and transient increase of vital energy and strength 
 of action in the heart and arteries. This is its most 
 limited acceptation ; and in this sense it is exactly 
 equivalent to stimulate. 
 
 By different authors, this word is used in very 
 various grades of extension and limitation between 
 these two. Tully. 
 
 EX-ClT'ATE,t). «. To excite. [JVot 171 7isc.] Bucoii. 
 
 EX-CI-Ta'TION, 71. The act of exciting or putting 
 in motion ; the act of rousing or awakening. 
 
 Bacon. Watts. 
 2. In medicine, the act of producing excitement ; 
 the excitement produced. 
 
 EX-CIT'A-TIVE, a. Having power to excite, which 
 see. Barrow. 
 
 EX-CIT'A-TO-RY, a. Tending to excite ; containing 
 excitement. Miller. 
 
 EX-CITE', (ek-site',) v. t. [L, cxcito , ez and cito, to 
 cite, to call or provoke,] 
 
 1. To rouse ; to call into action ; to animate ; to 
 stir up; to cause to act that which is dormant, 
 stupid, or inactive ; as, to excite the spirits or courage. 
 
 2. To raise ; to create ; to put in motion ; as, to 
 excite a mutiny or insurrection. 
 
 3. To rouse ; to inflame ; as, to excite the passions. 
 
 4. hi medicine. (1.) To produce a new condition or 
 action in the living solid. This is the most e-xtensive 
 signification of this term. (2.) To produce a quick- 
 ly dilVused and transient iiwrease of vit:il energy 
 and strength of action in the heart and arteries. 
 This is the most limited acceptation of this term ; 
 and in this sense, it is equivalent to stimulate. 
 (3.) To produce a vitiated and abnormal state of 
 the actions, or sensations, or of both in conjunction, 
 either upon an unhealthy state of the vital suscepti- 
 bilities, or by an excessive or otherwise improper use 
 or application of some agent. In this acceptation, 
 it is equivalent to irritate. Tnlly. 
 
 EX-CIT'ED, pp. or a. Roused ; awakened ; animated ; 
 
 put in motion : stimulated ; inflamed. 
 EX-CITE'MENT, 71. 'I'lie act of exciting. 
 
 2. The stale of being roused into action, or of hav- 
 ing increa-scd action. 
 
 3. Agitation ; a state of being roused into action ; 
 as, an excitement of the people. 
 
 4. That which excites or rouses ; that which moves, 
 stirs, or induces action ; a imHive. Shak. 
 
 Ci. Ill medicine. (1.) Any new condition or action 
 produced by the influence of any natural, medicinal, 
 or mechanical agent, in the living solid. This is 
 the most extensive signification. (2.) A preternatu- 
 ral increase of vital energy and strength i>f action 
 in the heart and arteries. This is the most limited 
 
 PATE, FXH, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 418 
 
EXC 
 
 sense. In tliis acceptation, it is equivalent to stimu- 
 lation ir one of its senses. (3.) A vitiated and ab- 
 normal stale of the actions or sensations, or butli in 
 conjunction, produced by natural, medicinal, or me- 
 clianica' agents, eitlicr ii|x)n a healthy stale of the 
 vital .usceplibilities, or by an excessive, or otherwise 
 improper use or application of natural, medicinal, 
 or mec> anical agents. In this sense, it is equivalent 
 to irr ailioif. Tullij. 
 
 EX-CIT'ER, n. He or that which excites ; he that 
 puts in motion, or the cause which awakens and 
 'J. Ill mrJieine, a stimulant. [moves. 
 
 EX-CIT'ING, ppr. or a. Calling or rousing into action ; 
 producing excitement. 
 
 Rrcilim; causes, in medicine, are those which im- 
 mediately produce disease, or those which exeiie the 
 action of predisponcnt causes. Parr. 
 
 EX-CIT'ING, M. Excitation. UcrticrU 
 
 EX-("IT'I\G-LY, ai/e. So as to excite. 
 
 EX-CTTTVE, n. That which excites. 
 
 E.X-Crr'IVE, a. Tending to excite. 
 
 EX-CLSI.M', n. Outcry ; clamor. Sliak. 
 
 EX-CL.^l.M', e. i. [L. ezclumo ; ex and c/amo, to cry 
 out. See Claim, Clamor.] 
 
 1. To utter the voice with vehemence ; to cry out ; 
 to make a loud outcry in words ; as, to exclaim 
 against oppression ; to exclaim with wonder or as- 
 tonishment ; to exclaim with joy. 
 
 2. To declare with loud vociferation. 
 
 Thai thus you do txclaim you'll go wiih hiin. ShaJc. 
 
 EX-CLAIM'ER, n. One who cries out with vehe- 
 mence; one who speaks with heat, passion, or much 
 noise; as, an ere/aimer against tyr.mny. .Itterbury. 
 
 EX-eiiAl'.l'l.\G, ppr. Crying out; vociferating; 
 speak iig with heat or passion. 
 
 EX eLA-.MA'TlO.N, n. Outcry ; noisy talk; clamor; 
 as, exclamations against abuses in goveriiineuL 
 
 3. Vehement vociferation. 
 
 Thus will 1 drown your exclamadont. Stiak. 
 
 3. Eniphatical utterance ; a vehement extension 
 or elevation of voice; ecphonesis ; as, O dismal 
 night '. 
 
 4. .\ note by which emphatical utterance or outcry 
 is marked ; thus ! 
 
 5. Ill irrammar, a word expressing outcry ; an in- 
 terjection ; a word expressing some passion, as won- 
 der, fear, or grief. 
 
 EX-eL.\.M'.\-TIVE, (1. Containing exclamation. 
 • EX-eL.\M'A-TO-UY, a. Using exclamation; as, an 
 exciamatory speaker. 
 
 3. Containing or expressing exclamation ; as, an 
 exclamatory phrase. 
 EX-CLODE', r. L [L. ezcludo ; ex and claudo,lo shut; 
 Gr. \\ciioio, xAtiu.] 
 
 Properly, to thrust out or eject ; but used as sy nony- 
 nious with preclude. 
 
 1. To thrust out ; to eject ; as, to exclude young 
 animals from the womb or from eggs. 
 
 2. To binder from entering or admission ; to shut 
 out ; a-s, one body excludes another from occupying 
 the same space. The church ought to exclude im- 
 moral men from the communion. 
 
 3. To debar ; to hinder from participation or en- 
 joyment. Eurojiean nations, in time of peace, exclude 
 our merchants from the commerce of their colonies. 
 In some of the States, no man who pays t.axes is 
 excluded from the privilege of voting for represent- 
 atives. 
 
 4. To accept ; not to comprehend or include in a 
 privilege, grant, proposition, argument, <lescriplion, 
 order, species, genus, 6cc., in a general sense. 
 
 E.V-CI.OD'ED, pp. or a. Thrust out ; shut out ; hin- 
 dered or prohibited from entrance or admission ; de- 
 barred ; not incluiled or comprehended. 
 
 EX-ei<OD'I.\G, ppr. Ejecting; hindering from en- 
 tering ; debarring ; not comprehending 
 
 EX-ei.O'SIO.V, feks-klQ'zhun,) n. The act of ex- 
 of Ihnistinj 
 cZu.«ion of a fetus. 
 
 eluding, or < 
 
 ng out ; ejection ; as, the ez- 
 
 2. The act of denying entrance or admission ; a 
 shutting out. 
 
 3. The act of debarring from participation in a 
 privilege, benefit, use, or enjoyment. Buritet. 
 
 4. Rejection ; nou-rcception or admission, in a gen 
 eral sense. Mdison. 
 
 5. Exception. Bacon. 
 C. Ejection ; that which is emitted or thrown out. 
 
 EX-€I.C'S10N-IST, (ek»-klu'zhun-ist,) n. One who 
 would preclude another from some privilege. Fox. 
 
 EX-CLO SIVE, a. Having the power of preventing 
 entrance ; as, exclusive bars. Milton. 
 
 2. Debarring from participation ; possessed and en- 
 joyed to tlie exclusion of others ; as, an exclusive priv 
 ilege. 
 
 3. .Not taking into the account ; not including or 
 comprehending ; as, the general had five thou.saiid 
 trooiM, exclusive of artillery and cavalry. lie sent me 
 nil the niiirbers from 78 to 94 exclusive; that is, all 
 the numbers between 78 and 94, but these numbers, 
 the first and last, are excepted, or not included. 
 
 E-X-CLO'SIVE, n. One of a coterie who exclude 
 otlnrs. 
 
 KXC 
 
 EX-CLP'SIVE-LY, adv. Without admission of others 
 to participation ; with the exclusion of all others; as, 
 to enjoy a privilege exclusicely. 
 
 2. Without comprehension in an account or num- 
 ber ; not iiiclusivelv. 
 EX-eiX''SIVE-.\ES'S, n. State of being exclusive. 
 EX-CLO'SI V'-ISjM, n. Act or practice of excluding. 
 EX-CLU'SO-RY, a. Exclusive ; excluding ; able to 
 
 exclude. [Liule u.<ed.] Walsh. 
 EX-COCT', V. I. [L. cxcoctus.] 
 
 To boil. [JVot in use] Bacon. 
 EX-eoG'I-T-XTE, (cks-koj'e-titc,) v. U [L. excogilo; 
 ex and co^ilo, to think.] 
 To invent; to strike out by thinking; to contrive. 
 
 Jfurc. Hale. 
 
 EX-eO(S'I-TA-TED, pp. Contrived ; struck out in 
 thought. 
 
 EX-eoOi'I-T.\-TI.NG, ppr. Contriving. 
 
 EX eOG-I-T.A'TIO.V, H. Invention ; contrivance ; the 
 
 act of devising in the thoiiglit.<. 
 E.\-eO.M'MlS-SA-RY, n. [fx and commissary.] A 
 
 commissary dismissed from office ; one formerly a 
 
 coiiimissarv. 
 
 EX-eO.M-.Mt'.NE', u. f. To exclude. [Obs.] Oayton. 
 
 EX-eO.M-.MCl'M-eA-I!I,E,a. [See Excommunicatk.] 
 Liable or deserving to be e.xcoiiiinunicated. Hooker. 
 
 EX-eO.M-.M0'.\'I-e.^TE, p. t. [L. ex and communico.] 
 To expel from comnuiiiion ; to eject from the com- 
 munion of the church by an ecclesiastical sentence, 
 and deprive of spiritual advantages ; as, to excommu- 
 nicate notorious otfeiiders. 
 
 EX-eO.M-M0'.M-C.\TE, n. One who is excommuni- 
 cated. Careir. 
 
 EX-eoiM-.MO'.NI-C.A-TED, pp. or a. Expelled or sep- 
 ar;ited from cominiin'on with a church, and a partici- 
 pation of i'.s ordinances, rights, and privileges. 
 
 EX-CO.M-M0'NI-e.\-TI.\'G, />/<r. Expelling from the 
 communion of a church, and depriving of spiritual 
 advantages, bv an ecclesiastical sentence or decree. 
 
 EX-eO.M-.MU-.\l-e.S'TIO\, 71. The act of ejecting 
 from a church ; expulsion from the communion of a 
 church, and deprivation of its rights, privileges, and 
 advantages; an ecclesiastical penalty or punishment 
 indicted on offenders. Excommunication is an eccle- 
 siastical interdict, of two kinds, the lesser and the 
 greater; the /es-ser excommunication is a separatitui 
 or susjiension of the offender from partaking of the 
 eucharist ; the irreatcr is an absolute separation and 
 exclusion of the offender from the church and all its 
 rights and advantages. Enci/c. 
 
 BX COJV-CES'SO, [L.] From that which is con- 
 ceded. 
 
 EX-eC'RI-STE, V. L [Low L. excorio ; ex and corium, 
 skin, hide.] 
 
 To flay ; to strip or wear off the skin ; to abrade ; 
 to gall ; to break and remove the cuticle in any man- 
 ner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid 
 substances, 
 
 EX-eO'Rl A-TED, pp. Flayed; galled; stripped of 
 skin or the cuticle ; abraded. 
 
 EX-eo'Rl-A-TING, ppr. Flaying; galling; stripping 
 of the ciiticli'. 
 
 EX-eO-RI-A'TION, n. The act of flaying, or the op- 
 eration of wearing off the skin or cuticle ; a galling ; 
 abrasion ; the state of being galled or stripped of 
 skin. 
 
 2. Plunder; the act of stripping of possessions. 
 [JViit useM.] Howell. 
 EX-eOR-Tl-C.A'TION, n. [L. ex and cortex, bark.] 
 The act of stripping off bark. Coxe. 
 E.X'CRE-A-liLE, a. That may be discharged by spit- 
 ting. [Little used.] 
 E.X'CRE-ATE, v. U [L. ezereo, ezsereo, to liawk and 
 spit.] 
 
 To hawk and spit ; to discharge from the throat by 
 hawkins; and spitting. 
 
 EX'CRE-A-TED, pp. Discharged from the throat by 
 hawking and spitting. 
 
 EX'CRE-A-TI.NG, ppr. Discharging from the throat 
 by hawking and spitting. 
 
 EX-CRIVA'TION, n. A spitting out. 
 
 EX'CRE-.MENT, >i. [L. excrementum, from exceme, 
 excretus: ex and cerno, to .separate, Gr. xniyu.] 
 
 .Matter excreted and ejected ; that which is dis- 
 charged from the animal body after digestion ; alvine 
 discharges. 
 
 EX-eRl->.ME.\T'AL, o. E.xcrcted or ejected by the 
 natural passages of the body. 
 
 EX-eREME.\-TI"TIAL, (eks-kre-mcn-tish'al,) a. 
 Pertaining to or consisting in excrement, Fourcroy. 
 
 EX-eRE-.ME.\-TI"TIOL'S, (eks-kre-inen-tish'us,) a. 
 Pertaining to excrement ; containing excrement ; con- 
 sisting in matter evacuated or proper to be evacuated 
 from the animal body. Bacon. Harvey. 
 
 EX-CRES'CE.N'CE, ii. [L, ezcrescens, from excrcsco; 
 ex and cresco, to grow.] 
 
 J. In surgery, a preternatural protuberance grow- 
 ing on any jKirt of the body, as a wart or a tubercle ; 
 a superfluous part. F.ncyc 
 
 2, Any preternatural enlargement of a plant, like 
 a wart or tumor ; or something growing out from a 
 plaiiL Beiitlry. 
 
 3. A preternatural production. Taller. 
 EX-€RES'CE.\T, a. Growing out of something else, 
 
 EXC 
 
 in a preternatural manner; superfluous; as a wail 
 or tumor. 
 
 Kxpuiigp liie witole or lop Uie excretceni paru. Pop*. 
 EX-CRiJTE', V. t. [L. excretus, infra.l 
 
 To separate and llirow olf; to discharge ; as, to ex- 
 crete urine. 
 
 EX-CRET'ED, pp. or a. Tassed from the body by ex- 
 cretion. 
 
 EX-CRkT'ING, ppr. Discharging ; separating by the 
 natural ducts. 
 
 EX-CRE'TION, »i, [L, ezeretio, from ezcenio, to sepa- 
 rate.] 
 
 1. The throwing off of effete or no longer useful 
 matter from the anim.al system, Tully. 
 
 2. 'I'lial which is excreted ; fluids separated from 
 the body by the glands, and called excrement. 
 
 Bacon. Quincv. 
 EX'CRE-TIVE, a. Having the power of separating 
 and ejecting fluid matter from the body. 
 
 Excretive f.icnlty. Uantey. 
 
 EX'CRE-TO-RY, a. Having the quality of excreting 
 or throwing iffexcrcmentitious m.atter by the glands. 
 EX'CRE-TO-RY, n. .A little duct or vessel, destined 
 to receive secreted fluids, and to excrete them ; also, 
 a secretory vessel. 
 
 Tlie excretoriet are nolhin? bat slfmlT slini of the arUrict, 
 deriving an appro;>ri^U--n juice from the blood. Clieyne. 
 
 EX-CRO'CLA-ULE, a. [Infra.] Liable to torment. 
 
 [Little used.] 
 
 EX-eRu'CI.A PE, V. U [L. excrucio ; ex and crucio, to 
 torment, from crux, a cross.] 
 
 To torture ; to torment ; to inflict most severe pain 
 on ; as, tti excruciate the heart or the body. Chapman. 
 EX-CRC'CIA-TED, pp. Tortured ; racked ; tormented. 
 E-XeUO'ClA-TLVt;, ppr. Torturing; tormenting; 
 pulling to most severe p-iin. 
 
 2. a. Extremely painful ; distressing ; as, eicrucia- 
 tin^ fears. 
 
 EX-eRU-CI-A'TIO.\, n. Torture ; extreme pain ; vex- 
 ation. Feltham. 
 
 E.X-eU-l!A'TIO\, n. The act of watching all night. 
 [L'-tOe used. ] Diet. 
 
 E.X-CUL'P.A IILE, a. That may be exculp.ated 
 
 EX-CUL'PaTE, r. U [It. scolpare ; L. ex and culpa, to 
 blame, culpa, fault.] 
 
 To clear by worils from a charge or imputation of 
 fault or guilt ; to excuse. How naliirally arc we in- 
 clined to exculpate ourselves, and throw the blame on 
 others 1 Eve endeavored to exculpate herself for eat- 
 ing the forbidden fruit, and throw the blame on the 
 serpent ; Adam attempted to exculpate himself, and 
 
 t throw the blame on Eve. 
 
 EX eUL'PA-TED, pp. Cleared by words from the im- 
 
 piitalitui of fault or guilt. 
 E.X-eUL'PA-TING, ppr. Clearing by words from the 
 
 cliarue of f:iult or crime. 
 EX-CUI^Pa'TIOX, n. The act of vindicating from a 
 
 charge of fault or crime ; excuse. 
 E.X-eiJ L'PA-TO-RY, a. Able to clear from the charge 
 
 of fault or guilt; excusing; containing excuse. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 EX-eUR'RE.\T, a. In botany, a term used in describ- 
 ing the ramification of a body whose axis remains 
 always in ihe center, the other parts being regularly 
 disposed round it. Linilley. 
 
 EX-eUR'SlON, (eks-kur'shun,) n. [L. ezcursio, ex- 
 curso, frtiin cursus, from citrro, to run.] 
 
 1. A rambling ; a deviating from a slated or settled 
 path. 
 
 She in low numben iliort excursionM tries. Pop€. 
 
 2. Progressirm beyond fixed limits ; as, the excur- 
 sions of the seasons into the extremes of heat and 
 cold. Jlrbutltnot. 
 
 3. Digression ; a wandering from a subject or main 
 design. Jittrrhury. 
 
 4. .\n expedition or jouniey into a distant |>art ; 
 any rambling from a point or place, and return to the 
 same point or place. 
 
 EX-CUR'SIVE, a. Rambling; wandering; devi- 
 ating ; as, an excursive fancy or imagination. 
 EX eCU'SI VE-LY, adv. In a wandering nianner. 
 
 Bo.^celL 
 
 EX-€UR'SIVE .\ESg, n. The act of wanderin-^ or 
 passing usual limits, 
 
 EX-CUJt'SUS, 71. [L.] Literally, digression. A dis- 
 sertation containing a more foil exposition of some 
 important point or topic ap[>ended to a work. 
 
 E.X-CCS'A-llLE, (eks-ku/.'a 111,) a. [See Excvss,] 
 That may be excused ; pardonable ; as, the man is 
 excusable, 
 
 2, Admitting of excuse or justification ; as, an ez- 
 ctuahle actiim, 
 EX-eC'S'.-V-ItLE-.\ESS, n. The st.ite of being ex- 
 cusable ; pardonablene.ss ; the quality of admitting 
 of excuse. Boyle. 
 EX-eCS'A-BLV, adv. Pardonably. 
 EX-eU-SA'TION, 71. Excuse ; apology. [LUUe used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 EX-CU-SA'TOR, 7u One who makes, or is authorized 
 to make, an excuse or nirrv an apology. Hume. 
 
 EX-COS'A-TO-RY, o. M.aking excuse; conutining 
 excuse or ajwlogy ; apologetical ; as, an excusatory 
 plea. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, UNITE. — A-VGER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 419 
 
EXE 
 
 EVeCSK', (oks-kuze',) v. t. [L. cxcuso ; cz and can- 
 sor, lo blame. See Cause.] 
 
 ! To pardon ; to free from the imputation of fault 
 or blame ; to acquit of guilt. We excuse a person, 
 in our own minds, when we acquit him of guilt or 
 blame ; or we ezcuse him by a aeciaration of that 
 actiuittal. 
 
 2. To pardon, as a fault ; to forgive entirely, or to 
 admit to he little censurable, and to overlook. We 
 e«u.se a fault which admits of apology or extenu- 
 ation ; and we excuse irregular conduct, when extra- 
 ordinary circumstances apjjear to justify it. 
 
 3. To free from an obligation or duty. 
 
 1 pray Uiee have me excused. — Luke xiv. 
 
 4. To remit ; not to exact ; as, to excuse a for- 
 feiture. Johnson. 
 
 5. To pardon ; to admit an apology for. 
 
 Excuse some courtly straiiis. Pope. 
 
 6. To throw off an imputation by apology. 
 Tliink you tli.'\t we excuse ourselves to you ? — 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 7. To justify ; to vindicate. 
 
 Their Uiouglits .iccusiuj or else excusing one another. — Rom. ii. 
 EX-CuSE', 71. A plea offered in extenuation of a 
 fault or irregular deportment; apology. Everyman 
 lias an erruse to offer for his neglect of duty ; the 
 debtor makes excuses for delay of payment. 
 
 2. The act of excusing or apologizing. 
 
 3. That which excuses ; that which extenuates or 
 justifies a fault. His inability to comply with the re- 
 quest, must be his excuse. 
 
 EX-eOS' EU, (eks-ku7.d',) pp. Actiuitted of guilt or 
 
 fault ; forgiven ; overlooked. 
 EX-eOSE'LESS, a. Having no excuse ; that for 
 
 which no excuse or apology can be offered. 
 EX-eOS'ER, 71. One who offers excuses or pleads 
 for another. 
 2. One who excuses or forgives another. 
 ' EX-€US'ING, piir. Acquitting of guilt or fault ; for- 
 giving ; overlooking. 
 EX-eUSS', V. t. [L. eicussus.'] 
 
 To shake off; also, to seize and detain by law. 
 rjVi)£ used.'] 
 
 EX-eUS'SION, (eks-kush'un,) n. A seizing by law. 
 [JVof used.] Jlyliffe. 
 
 EX-DI-RECT'OR, n. One who has been, but is no 
 longer, a director. 
 
 EX't^T, [L.] Litcmlhj, let liim depart; leave of 
 absence given to a student in the Englisii universi- 
 ties. Huok. 
 
 EX'E-eUA-BLE, a. [L. ezccrabiUs. See Execrate.] 
 Deserving to be cursed ; very hateful ; detestable ; 
 abominable ; as, an execrable wretcii. 
 
 EX'E-eKA-Iil.Y, at/u. Cursedly; detestably. 
 
 EX'E-eRATE, V. t. [L. cxecror, from ex and sacer, the 
 primary sense of which is to separate. See Sacreu.] 
 Literally, to curse ; to denounce evil against, CT to 
 imprecate evil on ; hence, to detest utterly ; to ab- 
 hor ; to abtnninale. Temple. 
 
 EX'E-eRA-TED, pp. or a. Cursed ; denounced ; im- 
 l)recated. 
 
 EX'E-CR.A-TING, ;ipr. Cursing; denouncing; im- 
 precating. 
 
 EX-E-eR.\'TION, 71. The act of cursing ; a curse 
 pronounced ; imprecation of evil ; utter detestation 
 expressed. JHUton. 
 
 Cease, gentle queen, tliese execrations. Shale. 
 
 EX'E-CRA-TO-RV, n. A formulary of execration. 
 EX-ECT', V. I. [L. execo, for cxseco.] [L. Mdisnn. 
 To cut off or out ; to cut away. {Little used.] 
 
 IJarceij. 
 
 EX-Eie'TION, 71. A cutting off or out. [Little used.] 
 EX'E-CUTE, c. U [Fr. cxecuter : It. esc/ruire ; Sp. ez- 
 
 ecutar ; L. exequor, for exjequor; cz and scquor, to 
 
 follow. See Seek.] 
 
 1. Literally, lo follow out or through. Hence, to 
 perform ; to do ; to effect ; to carry into complete 
 effect ; to comjjlete ; to linisli. We execute a pur- 
 pose, a plan, design, or scheme ; we execute a work 
 undertaken, that is, we pursue it to the end. 
 
 2. To perform ; to inflict ; as, to execute judgment 
 c vengeance. Scripture. 
 
 J. To carry into effect ; as, to execute law or justice 
 4. To carry into effect the law, or the judgment or 
 seulence on a person ; to inflict capital punishment 
 on ; to put to death ; as, to execute a traitor. 
 
 ."i. To kill. Shak. 
 Ii. To coinplete, as a legal instrument ; to perform 
 wh.it is ri quired to give validity to a writing, as by 
 diguing and sealing; as, to rxecutc a AarA or lease. 
 EX'E-COTE, V. i. To perform the proper oflicc ; to 
 
 produce an effect. 
 EX'E €C-TEI>, pp. Done ; performed ; accomplished ; 
 
 carrii d inio effi cl ; put to death. 
 EX'E CO 'I'ER, 71. One who performs or carries into 
 
 effect. [Seir ExEcuTon.] 
 EX'E-Cr rii\(;, j>/>r. Doing; performing ; finishing ; 
 
 acromplixhing ; inflicting; carrying into effect. 
 EX-E-CO''I'ION, 71. rerformance ; tho act of com- 
 pleting or Qcconipliahing. 
 
 Tfic rxiyllenc/! of Ihe tuLject contribulrd much tu ttie hapnliirM 
 of Ihc sxtcution. Dryilen. 
 
 EXE 
 
 2. In iaio, the carrying into effect a sentence or 
 judgment of court ; the last act of the law in com- 
 pleting the process by which justice is to be done, by 
 which the possession of land or debt, damages or 
 costs, is obtained, or by which judicial punishment 
 is inflicted. 
 
 3. The instrument, warrant, or official order, by 
 which an officer is empowered to carry a judgment 
 into effect. An execution issues from the clerk of a 
 court, and is levied by a sheriff, his deputy, or a con- 
 stable, on the estate, goods, or body of the debtor. 
 
 4. The act of signing and sealing a legal instru- 
 ment, or giving it the forms required to lender it a 
 valid act ; as, the execution of a deed. 
 
 5. The last act of the law in the punishment of 
 criminals; capital punishment; deatli inflicted ac- 
 cording to the forms of law. 
 
 t). Effect ; something done or accomplished. Ev- 
 ery shut did execution. 
 
 7. Destrurtion ; slaughter. Shak. 
 
 It is used after do, to do execution ; never after 
 make. 
 
 8. In the fine arts, the mode of performing a work 
 of art, and the dexterity with which it is accom- 
 plished. Brande. 
 
 EX-E-CU'TION-ER, 7i. One who executes ; one who 
 ' carries into effect a judgment of death ; one who in- 
 flicts a capital punishment in pursuance of a legal 
 warrant. /( is chujly used in this setise. 
 
 2. He that kills ; he that murders. Shak. 
 
 3. The instrument by which any thing is per- 
 formed. Crashaw. 
 
 EX-ECU-TIVE, (egz-ek'u-tiv,) a. Having the quality 
 of executing or performing ; as, executive power or 
 authority ; an executive officer. Hence, in govern- 
 ment, executive is used in distinction from leo-islative 
 and judicial. The body that deliberates and enacts 
 laws, is legislative; the body that judges, or applies 
 the laws to particular cases, is judicial ; the body or 
 person who carries the laws into effect, or superin- 
 tends the enforcement of them, is executive. 
 
 It is of the nature of war to increase the executive at the expense 
 of Uie legiiilative authority. Feiteralisl, Hamillon. 
 
 EX-EC'IJ-TIVE, 7!. The officer, whether king, presi- 
 dent, or other chief magistrate, who superintends 
 the execution of the laws; the person who adminis- 
 ters the government ; executive power or authority 
 in government. 
 
 Men most desirous of places in the executive ^ifl, will not expect 
 to be g^ratified, except by their support of the executive. 
 
 J. Quincy. 
 
 EX-Ee't[-TIVE-LY, ad. In the way of executing, or 
 performing. 
 
 EX-EC IJ -TOR, 71. The person appointed by a testa- 
 tor to execute his v^ill, or to see it carried into ef- 
 fect. 
 
 Executor in his own wr&na, is one, who, without 
 authority, intermeddles with the goods of a deceased 
 person, by which he subjects himself to the trouble 
 of executorship, without the profits or advantages. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 EX-EC-TI-To'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to an executor; 
 
 executive. Blaekstone. 
 EX EC'U-TOR-SHIP, 7i. The office of an executor. 
 EX-EC U-TO-RY, a. Performing official duties. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 2. i,-; law, to be executed or carried into efiect in 
 future ; to take effect on a future contingency ; as, 
 an exeeutorti devise or remainder. Blaekstone. 
 EX-ECU-TRESS, j 71. A female executor ; a woman 
 EX-EC'lJ-TRIX, i appointed by a testator to exe- 
 cute his will. [The latter word is generally used.] 
 EX'E-DRA or EX-E'DRA, 71. [Gr. e! and frlp<i.] A 
 portico or vestibule ; also, a recess of a building. 
 Among the ancients, a small room for conversation. 
 
 Oloss, of Arch. 
 EX-E-6e'SIS, 71. [Gr. ffr/yr)(Ti{, from c^rj^Lopai, lo 
 explain, from and Styenitat, to lead.] 
 
 1. Exposition ; explanatiim ; the science of inter- 
 pretation ; particularly, interpretation of the Holy 
 Scriptures. 
 
 EX'E-UETE, (eks'e-jele,) 71. One skilled in exe- 
 gesis. 
 
 EX-E-GET'ie-AL, a. pertaining to exegesis; ex- 
 planatory ; tending to unfold or illustrate ; exposi- 
 tory. Walker, 
 
 E.X-E-6ET'IC-AI^-LY, adv. By way of explanation. 
 
 EX-Ei\l'PLAR, (egz-ein'plar,) 71. [L. Bee Exam- 
 
 I'LE.] 
 
 1. A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or im- 
 itated. 
 
 2. The ide;i or image of a thing, formed in the 
 mind of an artist, by which he conducts his work ; 
 the ideal model v/liich he attempts to imitate. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 EX'EM-PLA-RM,Y, adv. In a manner to deserve imi- 
 tation ; in a worthy or excellent manner. 
 
 She is exemplarity loyal. J/owetl. 
 2. In n manner that may warn others, by way of 
 terror ; in such a manner that others may be cau- 
 tioned lo avoid an evil ; or in a manner intended to 
 warn others. 
 
 Some he punUtietl exemplariti/ In this world. JlakmeUl. 
 
 EXE 
 
 EX'EM-PE A-RI NESS, 71. The state or quality of be- 
 ing a pattern for imitation. 
 
 EX-E.M-PLAR'I-TY, 71. A pattern worthy of imita- 
 tion. 
 
 EX'E.M-PIiA-RY, (egz'em-pler-ry, a. [from exemplar.] 
 Serving for a pattern or model for imitation ; worthy 
 of imitation. The Christian should be exemplary in 
 his life., as well as correct in his doctrines. 
 
 2. Such as may serve for a warning to others ; such 
 as may deter from crimes or vices ; as, exemplary jus- 
 tice ; exemplary punishment. 
 
 3. Such as may attract notice and imitation. 
 
 Wh^u any duly h:is fallen into jeneial neglect, the most visible 
 and cTejnplary performance is required. Hogers. 
 
 4. Illustrating. Fuller. 
 EX-E.M-PLI-FI-Ca'TION, 71. [from exemplify.] 
 
 1. The act of exemplifying ; a showing or illus- 
 trating by example. 
 
 2. A copy ; a transcript ; an attested copy ; as, an 
 exemplification of a deed, or iif letters patent. 
 
 EX-E.M'FM-FI-KD, p/7. Illustrated bv example or copy. 
 
 EX-E.M'PLI-FI-ER, n. One that exemplifies by fol- 
 lowing a pattern. 
 
 EX-EM'PLI-FS, (egz-em'ple-fi,) v. t. [from exem- 
 plar ; Low L. ezemplo ; It. esemplijicare ; Sp. ezeinpli- 
 fear.] 
 
 1. To show or illustrate by example. The life and 
 conversation of our Savior ezemplified his doctrines 
 and precepts. 
 
 2. To copy ; to transcribe ; to take an attested copy. 
 
 3. To prove or show by an attested copy. 
 EX-EM'PU-FY-ING, ppr. Illustrating by example ; 
 
 transcribing; taking an attested copy; proving by 
 an attested copv. 
 
 EX-FM'PLI GRA'TI-A, (-gra'she-a,) [L.] For an 
 example, or for the sake of an examjile. 
 
 EX-EMPT', (egz-emt',) v.t. [Fr. ezempter ; Sp. ex- 
 entar; It. esentare ; from L. eximo, ezemptus; ez and 
 emo, to take.] 
 
 Literally, to take out or from ; hence, to free, or 
 permit to be free, from any charge, burden, re- 
 straint, dutj', evil, or requisition, to which others are 
 subject; to privilege ; to grant immunity from. Of- 
 ficers and students of colleges are exempted! fnuu mili- 
 tary duty. No man is exempted from pain and sufi'er- 
 ing. The laws of God e«7np£ no man from the obli- 
 gation to obedience. 
 
 Certain abbeys claimed to be exempted from the ]uri."«lict'on of 
 llieir bishops. Henry, Hist. Bril. 
 
 EX-EMPT', a. Free from any service, charge, burden, 
 tax, duly, evil, or requisition, lo which others are sub- 
 ject ; not subject ; not liable to ; as, to be exempt from 
 military duty, or from a poll tax ; to be exempt from 
 pain or fear. Peers in Great Britain are ci««jj£ from 
 serving on inquests. 
 
 2. Free by privilege ; as, exempt ftom the jurisdic- 
 tion of a lord or of a court. 
 
 3. Free ; Hear ; not included. 
 
 4. Cut off from. [JVof its«/.] Shak. 
 EX-EMPT', 71. One who is exempted or freed from 
 
 duty ; one not subject. 
 EX-EMPT'ED, pp. Freed from charge, duty, tax, or 
 evils, lo which others are subject ; privileged ; not 
 subjected. 
 
 EX-EMPT'I-BLE, a. Free ; privileged. [JVot in use.] 
 EX-EMPT'ING, ppr. Freeing from charge, duty, tax, 
 
 or evil ; granting immunity to. 
 EX-EJIP'TION, (egz-em'shun,) 71. The act of ex- 
 empting; the state of being exempt. 
 
 2. Freedom from any service, charge, burden, tax, 
 evil or requisition, to which others are subject ; im- 
 munity ; privilege. Many cities of Europe pur- 
 ch;ise(l or obtained exemptions from feudal servitude. 
 No man can claim an exemption from pain, sorrow, 
 or death. 
 
 EX-EMP-TI"TIOUS, (egz-em-lish'us,) a. Separable ; 
 
 that may be taken from. [JVot used.] Mire. 
 EX-EN'TER-aTE, v. U [L. exentero; ez and Gr. 
 ctiTeijnii, entrails.] 
 To take out the bowels or entrails ; to embowel. 
 
 Broim. 
 
 EX-EN-TER-A'TION, 71. The act of taking out the 
 bowels. 
 
 EX-R-QUA'TUR,n. [L.] A written recognition of 
 a person in the character of consul or commercial 
 agent, issued by the government, and authorizing 
 hmi to exercise liis powers in thi^ country. 
 
 EX-CaUI-AE, a. [L. czequiahs.] 
 
 Pertaining to funerals. Pope. 
 
 EX'E-UUIES, (eks'e-quiz,) 71. pi. [E. cxeipiixB, from 
 exequor, that is, cxsequor, to follow.] 
 
 Funeral rites ; the ceremonies of burial ; funeral 
 procession. Dnjden, 
 
 EX-ER'CENT, a. [L. rxercrn.i. Pee Exehcise.] 
 Using; practicing; following; as, a calling or pro- 
 fession. [Little used.] Ayliffe. 
 
 EX'ER-CIS- A-HEE, a. Tliat may be excrci.sed, used, 
 employed, or exiMlcd. Z. Swift. 
 
 EX'ER-CISE, (eks'cr-sl7.e,) 71. [L. ezercitium, from 
 exereeo; ex and the root of Gr. iit)or. Eng. work; Fr. 
 exercicr ; Sp. exercirio; It. escreizio.] In a general 
 s^nsc, any kind of work, labor, or exertion of body. 
 Hence, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, DIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 420 
 
EXE 
 
 EXH 
 
 EXH 
 
 1 Use ; practice ; the exertions nnil movements 
 customary in the perforniaiice of business ; as, the 
 eiercise of an art, traile, otrupation, or profi^ssion. 
 
 2. Practice ; performance j as, the exercise of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 3. Use ; employment ; exertion ; as, the exercise of 
 the eyes, or of llie senses, or of any power of body 
 or mind. 
 
 4. Exertion of tlie liody, as conducive to liealth ; 
 action ; motion, by labor, walking, riding, or other 
 exertion. 
 
 The wUc for cure on exereitt dopcnd, Dryden, 
 
 5. Kxcrtion of the body for amusement, or for in- 
 struction ; the habitual use of the limbs for acquiring 
 an art, dexterity, or gmcc, as in fencing, dancing, 
 riding; or the exertion of the muscles for invigora- 
 ting the body. 
 
 ti. Kxerlion of the body and mind, or faculties for 
 improvement, a-s in oratory, in painting, or statuary. 
 
 7. Use or practice to acipiire skill ; preparatory 
 practice. Military eiercisc.i consist in using arms, 
 in motions, marches, and i volutions. .\aval crcrcise 
 consists in (he use or management of artillery, and 
 in the evolutions of tlei ts. 
 
 8. Exertion of the nnnd J application of the mental 
 powers. 
 
 9. Task ; that which is ap|)ointed for one to per- 
 form. Mdlon. 
 
 10. Arl of divine worship. Shak. 
 
 11. A lfs,-ion or example for practice. 
 EX'Kli-ClSE, r. (, [l- exireco ; Vt. eiercer ; U. uer- 
 
 cerc; Sp. exercrr. Seethe noun.] 
 
 1. In a generul sense, to nu>ve ; to exert ; to cause to 
 act, in any manner ; as, to eiercL-:e the body or the 
 hands i lo eirrcife the niuid, the powers of the mind, 
 the reason or judgment. 
 
 2. 'I'o use ; to exert ; as, to eiercis^authority or 
 power. ~ 
 
 a. To use for improvement and skill ; as, to eier- 
 cL<e aruLS. 
 
 4. To exert one's powers or strength ; to practice 
 habitually ; as, to exercise one's self in speaking or 
 music. 
 
 5. To practice ; to perform the duties of; as, to ex- 
 erci^e an oflice. 
 
 6. To tniiii to use ; to discipline ; to cause to per- 
 form certain acts, as preparatory to service ; as, to 
 exercise troops. 
 
 7. To task ; to keep employed ; to use efforts. 
 Ilerein <lo 1 eiereUe mvself, lo Imvc Blw.iyi a conscience Toid 
 
 of olleiiBc toward GoU and towoitt men. — AcU xsiv. 
 
 8. To use ; to employ. 
 
 9. To bnsy ; to keep busy in action, exertion, or 
 einplovmont. 
 
 11). To pain or afflict ; to give anxiety to ; to moke 
 uneasv. 
 
 EX'EK CISE, V. i. To use action or exertion : as, to 
 eirreise for health or annisement. [Elliptical.] 
 
 EX'E!t-CI5-£l), fp. Exerted ; used ; trained ; disci- 
 plined ; accustomed; made skillful by use; em- 
 |>li)yed ; practiced ; pained ; afflirled ; rendered un- 
 
 EX'KR-CTS-EK, n. One who exercises. [easy. 
 
 E.X'KIl ( IS-I.NG, ppr. Exerting; using ; employing ; 
 traiinng ; practising. 
 
 EX-EK CI-TA'TION, n. [L. ezcrcitatio, from ezercco. 
 See Exercise.] 
 
 Exercise ; practice ; \ise. Broron. Felton. 
 
 EX-ERGUE', (egz-erg',) ii. [Gr. c? and covov, work.] 
 In numismaticji, the place on a medal or coin 
 around and without the type or figure, which has 
 generally the date or other particular inscription. 
 
 FJmes. 
 
 EX-ERT', (egz-ert',) r. L [Ij. eiero, for exsrro : ex and 
 seri), to throw, to thrust, lor this 13 the radical sense 
 of sero.] 
 
 1. LiUralty, to thrust forth ; to emit ; to push out. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Beforr the gvina tsert 
 Their fwtte head«. Philip4. 
 
 [An unusual application,] 
 
 2. To bring out ; lo cause to come forth ; to pro- 
 duce. But more generally, 
 
 3. To put or thnist forth, as strength, force, or 
 ability ; to strain ; to put in action ; to bring into 
 active operation ; as, to exert the strength of the 
 body or limbs ; to exert etlbrts ; to exert powers or 
 faculties ; to exert tlie mind. 
 
 4. To put forth ; to do or perform. 
 
 VrVn the will luu estrted on act of command on any EtcnItT of 
 
 die soul. i»JUth. 
 
 To rxrrt one's self, is to use efforts ; to strive. 
 EX-ERT' ED, pp. Thrust or pushed forth ; put in 
 action. 
 
 EX-ERT'TNR, ppr. Putting forth; putting in action. 
 
 EX-ER'TIO.N, ». The act of exerting or straining ; 
 the act of putting into motion or action ; effort ; a 
 striving or struggling ; as, an exertion of strength or 
 power ; an exertion of the limbs, of the miml, or fac- 
 ulties. The ship was saved by great exertions of the 
 crew. No erertionj will suppress a vice which great 
 men countenance. 
 
 EX-ERT IVR, a. Exerting ; having power to exert. 
 
 EX-ERT'.ME.\'T, n. Exertion ; act of exerting. 
 
 EX-K'SIO.N, (eg?.-e'/.hun,) n. [L. ezesus, exedo; ex 
 and eiio, to eat.) 
 The act of eating out or through. [Little iMfrf.] 
 
 Brawn. 
 
 E. V-ES'TU-aTE, tJ. i. To boil ; to be agitated. 
 EX-ES-TU-a'TION, ji. [L. exttstuatio ; ex and xstuo, 
 
 to boil.] 
 
 A boiling ; ebullition ; agitation caused by heat ; 
 effervescence. Boyle. 
 
 F. X'f>UjVT OjVJ^ES, fL.] All go out. 
 E.X-Eo'LI-aTE, v. i. [L. ex/olio I ex and folium, a 
 
 leaf.] 
 
 In surirery, to separate and come off in scalps, as 
 pieces of carious bono. In mineralogy, to scale off, as 
 the lamina; of a mineral. 
 EX-Fo'LI-S-TED, pp. Separated in thin scales, .is a 
 carious bone. 
 
 EX-I'"o'L.I-A-TING, p;)r. Separating and coming off 
 in scales. 
 
 EX-FO-LI-a'TION, 71. The scaling off of a bone ; the 
 process of separating, as pieces of unsound bone 
 from the soiiml part ; desquamation. Coxe. 
 
 EX-I'o'M-A-TI VE, a. Having the power of causing 
 exfuliatiiui or the desquainatinn of a bone. 
 
 EX-Fo'I-I-.\-T1 VR, 11. That which has the power or 
 quality of procuring exfoliation. fViscutan. 
 
 EX-IIa'L'A-BI,E, a. [See Exhale.] That may be 
 exhaled or evaporated. Boyle. 
 
 EX-IIa'LAi\T, a. Having the quality of exhaling or 
 evaporating. 
 
 EX-HA-La'TION, n. [L. exhalatio. See Exhale.] 
 
 1. The act or process of exhaling, or sending forth 
 fluids in the' form of steam or vajwr ; evaporation. 
 
 2. That which is exhaled ; that which is emitted, 
 or which rises in the form of vapor ; fume or steam ; 
 effluvia. Kxhalations are visible or invisible. The 
 earth is often dried by evaiuiration, w ithoiit visible 
 exhalations. The smell of fragrant plants is caused 
 by invisible exhalations. 
 
 EX-IIaLR', (egz-hale',) v. U [L. ezhalo ; ex and halo, 
 to breaiiis, to send forth vapor; Ir. gal, gail, vapor ; 
 gailim, EC evaporate.] 
 
 1. To send out ; to emit ; as vapor, or minute par- 
 ticles of a fluid or oilier substance. Tlie rose exhales 
 a fragrant odor. The earth exhales vapor. Marshes 
 exhale noxious effluvia. 
 
 2. To draw out ; to cause to be emitted in vapor 
 or minute particles ; to evaporate. The sun exhales 
 the moisture of the earth. 
 
 EX-HaL'EI), pp. Sent out; emitted, as vapor; 
 evaporated. 
 
 EX-IIALE'MENT,n, Matter cxh.iled ; x-apor. Broron. 
 EX-Ha'LENCE, 71. The act of cxh;iling ; matter ex- 
 haled. 
 
 EX-IIaL'ING, ppr. Sending or drawing out in vapor 
 or effluvia. 
 
 EX-IIaL'ING, a. Serving to exhale, promoting exha- 
 lation ; as, exhaling vessels ; an exhaling surface. 
 
 EX-IIAUST', (egz-hawst',) b. t. [1.. eihaurio, exhaus- 
 tunt ; ex and haurio, to draw, Gr. uovtj.] 
 
 1. To draw out or drain off tlie whole of any 
 thing; to draw out, till nothing of the matter drawn 
 is lelt We exhaust the water in a well, by drawing 
 or pumping ; the water of a marsh is exhausted by 
 draining ; the moisture of the earth is exJiausted by 
 evaptiration. 
 
 2. To empty by drawing out the contents. Vene- 
 section may exhaust the veins and arteries. 
 
 3. To draw out or to use and expend the whole ; 
 to consume. The treasures of the prince were ex- 
 haustfU; his means or his resources were exhausted. 
 The strength or fertility of land may be exhausted, 
 
 4. To use or expend the whole by exertion ; as, to 
 exhaust the strength or spirits ; to exhaust one's pa- 
 tience. Hence, this phrase is equivalent to tire, 
 irearu, fatigue. 
 
 EX-IlAUST', a. Drained ; exhausted. [Little used,] 
 
 Burton, 
 
 EX-HAUST'ED, pp. or a. Drawn out ; drained off; 
 
 emptied by drawing, draining, or evaporation ; wliol- 
 
 Iv iis<'d or exp«'nded ; consumed. 
 EX-HAUST'ER, ri. He or that which exhausts or 
 
 draws out. 
 
 EX-HAUST'I-BLE, a. That may be exliausted or 
 drained off. 
 
 EX-HAUST'I.NG, ppr. Drawing out ; draining off; 
 emptying ; using or expending the whole ; consum- 
 ing. 
 
 2. a. Tending to exhaust ; as, exhausting labor. 
 EX-HAUS'TIO.\, (egr.-haw.st'yun,) 71. The act of 
 drawing out or draining off ; the act of emptying 
 completely of the contents. 
 
 2. The state of being exhausted or emptied ; the 
 stale of being deprived of strength or spirits. 
 
 3. In mathemaXtes, a method of proving the equal- 
 ity of two magnitudes by a reductio ad absurdum, or 
 showing that if one is supposed either greater or 
 less than the other, there will arise a contradiction. 
 
 Barlovo, 
 
 EX-HAUST'IVE, a. That exhausts. 
 EX-H.\UST'LESS, a. Not to be exhausted; not to 
 
 be wiiolly dra»vn off or emptied ; inexhaustible ; as, 
 
 an exhau'stlfss fund or store. 
 EX-HAUST'.ME.NT, n. Eihau-stion ; drain. 
 
 EX IIAUST'I;KE, n. Exhaustion. 
 EX'HH-DRA or EX-Hk'DKA. See Exedba. OwUU 
 EX-HER'E-I)ATE, e. (. [Infra.] To disinherit. 
 EX-HER-lvl)A'TH).\, n. [L. exha-redatw, exJutredoi 
 ex ami ha:res, an heir. 
 
 In Oir ciril law, a disinheriting ; a father's exclud- 
 ing a child from inheriting any part of liis estiite. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 EX-IIIB'IT, (egz-hib'it,) r. t. [L. exhibro : ex and 
 hubeo, lo have or hold, as we say, to hold out t^x forth.] 
 
 1. To offer or present to view ; to present for in- 
 spection ; to show ; as, to exhibit paintings or other 
 specimens of art ; to exiubit pajiers or documents in 
 court. 
 
 2. To show ; to display ; to manifest publicly ; as, 
 to exhibit a noble example of bravery or generosity. 
 
 .1. To presi nt ; to offer publicly or officially ; as, to 
 exhibit a charge of high treason. 
 
 4. To administer, as medicines. 
 EX-llIB'IT, 71. Any paper produced or presented to a 
 court or to auditors, referees, or arbitrators, as a 
 voucher, or in proof of facts ; a, voucher or document 
 produced. 
 
 2. In chanrrry, a deed or writing produced in 
 court, sworn to by a witness, and a ccrlilicate of 
 the oath iiidursou on it by the examiner i>r coin- 
 niissirmer. Knnic. 
 
 EX-IIIB'IT-ED, pp. Offi-red lo view; pr-s-eLtecl for 
 inspection ; sliiiwn ; displayed. 
 
 EX IIIB'IT-ER, 71. One who exhibits ; one who pre- 
 sents a petition or charge. Siiak. 
 
 EX-HIB'IT-IiNG, ppr. Offering to view ; presenting ; 
 showing; displaying. 
 
 EX-III-Bl"TION, (eks-he-bish'un,) n. [L. exhihitio.] 
 
 1. The act of exhibiting for inspection ; a showing 
 or presenting to view ; display. 
 
 2. The offering, producing, or showing of titles, 
 authorities, or papers of any kinil, before a tribunal, 
 in proof of facts. 
 
 3. Public show ; represent,iti(>n of feats or actions 
 in public ; display of oratory in public ; any public 
 show. 
 
 4. Allowance of meat and drink ; pension ; bene- 
 faction settled for the maintenance of scholars in the 
 English universities, not depending on the futinda- 
 tioll. Swift. Bacon. Knryc. 
 
 5. Hence, gift or recompense, as to servants, iiltak, 
 G. In medicine, the act of administering a remedy. 
 
 EX-HI-BI"TIO.\-EU, 71. In English unircrsities, one 
 who has a pension or allowance, granted for the en- 
 coiiranement of learning. 
 
 EX-HIB'IT-IVE, (egz-) a. Serving for exhibition; 
 representative. .Vtirri;?. 
 
 EX-IIIB'IT-IVE-LY, arfr. By representiition. 
 
 H'atfrland. 
 
 EX-IIIB'IT-O-RY, a. Exhibiting; ^.wing ; display- 
 ing. 
 
 EX-HII.'A-RAXT, a. Exciting jov, mirth, or pleasure. 
 EX-IIIL'A-RA.\T, 71. That which exhilarates. 
 EX-HIL'A-RATE, (egz-bil'a-rate,) v. t. [L.ezhilaro; 
 
 ex and htlaro, to make merry, hilaris, merry, jovial, 
 
 Gr. ISaoof.] 
 
 To make cheerful or merry ; to enliven ; to make 
 glad or joj ous ; to gladden ; lo cheer. Good news ! 
 exhilarates the mind, as good wine exhilarates the an- 
 imal spirits. 
 
 EX-H1L'.\-RATE, v. i. To become cheerful or joyous. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 EX-IIIL'A-RA-TED, pp. Enlivened ; animated ; 
 
 cheered ; gladdened ; made joyous or jovial. 
 EX-IIIL'A IlA-TIXG, p/7r. or a. Enlivening; giving 
 
 life and visor to the spirits ; cheering ; gladdening. 
 EX-HII/A-RA-T1.\G-LY, adc. In an exhilarating 
 
 manner. 
 
 EX-HIL-A-RA'TIO.V, 71. The act of enlivening the 
 spirits ; the act of making glad or cheerful. 
 
 2. The state of being enlivened or cheerful. Ex- 
 hilaration usually expresses less than jay or mirth, but 
 it inav be used to express both. 
 
 EX-IIORT', (egz-hort',) ti. (. [L. ezhortm- ; ez and hor- 
 tor, to encourage, to enibolilen, to cheer, to advise ; 
 It. esortarc ; Fr. cxhorter : Sp. exhortar. The primary 
 sense seems lo be, to excite, or to give strength, spir- 
 it, or courage.] 
 
 1. To incite by words or advice ; to animate or 
 urge by argiiments to a good deed or to any laudable 
 conduct or course of action. 
 
 1 exhort you to be of powl chrer. — AcU xxvii, 
 Y0UI17 nirii aI)o exhort rv be ■ober-niindetl. Exhort Krvanto 
 to be oUtlient to Uieir niuten. — Tit. ii. 
 
 2. To advise ; to warn ; to caution. 
 
 3. To incite or stimulate to exertion. Ooldsmith 
 EX-IIORT', r. i. To deliver exhortation ; to use wordi 
 
 or arguments lo incite to good deeds. 
 
 And witii man/ olh'T wonU did be trsilify and exhort. — .\ct« iL 
 
 EX-HORT-A'TION, (eks-) 11. The act or practice of 
 exhorting ; the act of inciting to laudable deeds ; in- 
 ciu-ment to that which is grnid or commendable. 
 
 2. The form i^f words intended to incite and en- 
 
 3. Advice ; counsel. [courage. 
 EX-IIORT'A-TI VE, (egz-) a. ContainineexhorUalion. 
 EX-HORT'.'V-TO RV, a. Tending to exhort ; serving 
 
 for exhortation. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € a«K; OasJ; SasZ; CHasSH; THaain THIS. 
 
 53 
 
 JJ 
 
 421 
 
EXI 
 
 EXO 
 
 EXO 
 
 EX-HORT'ED, pp. Incited by words to good deeds ; 
 
 aniin.ited to a laudable course of conduct ; advised. 
 EX-HORT'ER, n. One who exhorts or encourages. 
 EX-HORT'ING, ppr. Inciting to good deeds by words 
 
 or arguments ; encouraging; counseling. 
 EX-HO'M.\-TED, a. Disinterred. 
 EX-IIU-iMa'TION, n. [Fr., from cclmmer, to dig out 
 
 of the ground ; Sp. exhumar ; L. ei and liumus, 
 
 ground.] 
 
 1. Tlie digging up of a dead body interred; the 
 disinterring of a corpse, 
 a. The digging up of any thing buried. Ooldsmith. 
 EX-HOME', V. t. [L. ez and humus.] 
 
 To dig out of the earth wliat has been buried ; to 
 disinter. Mantcll. 
 EX-HO.M'BD, (e.t-humd',) pp. Disinterred. 
 EX-Hu.M'ING, ppr. Disinterring. 
 EX-ICe.^TE, EX-ie-€A'TIOM. Pee Exsiccate. 
 EX'1-0E.\CE, j 71. [L. MiVen.?, from frin-o, to exact ; 
 EX'I-GEN-CY, \ ez and ag-o, to drive.] 
 
 1. Demand; urgency; urgent need or want. We 
 speak of the eritrence of the case ; the exigence of the 
 times, or of business. 
 
 2. Pressing necessity ; distress ; any case which 
 demands immediate action,* supply, or remedy. A 
 wise man adapts his measures to his exigences. In 
 the present exigency^ no time is to be lost. 
 
 EX'I-GEN'T, I!. Pressing business; occasion that 
 calls for immediate help. [JVoi used.] [See Exi- 
 gence.] Hooker. 
 
 2. In law., a writ which lies where the defentlant is 
 not to be tbund, or, after a return of non est inventus, 
 on former writs, the exigent or cxigi facioa then issues, 
 whicli requires the sheriff to cause the defendant to 
 be proclaiineu or exacted, in live county courts suc- 
 cessively, to render iiimself ; and if he does not, he 
 is outlawed. Blachstone. 
 
 3. End ; extremity. [Mot used.] Sliak. 
 EX'1-GENT, a. Pressing ; requiring unmediate aid or 
 
 action. Burke. 
 
 EX'I-OENT-ER, ji. An officer in the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas in England, who makes out exigents and 
 proclamations, in cases of outlawry. Encyc. 
 
 EX'I-GI-BLE, a. [See Exigence.] That may be ex- 
 acted ; demandable ; requirable. 
 
 EX-l-GU'l-TY, )i. I L. eiigmlus.] 
 
 Small ness ; slennerness. [LttUc used.] Boyle. 
 
 EX-IG'LI-OUS, (egz-ig'yu-us,) a. [L. exiguus J 
 
 Small ; slender ; minute ; diminutive. [Little 
 used.] Harvey. 
 
 EX'ILE, (eks'ile,) n. [L. eiilium, exul : Ft: exil; It. 
 esilio. The word is probably compounded of ez and 
 a root in SI, signifying to depart, or to cut off, to sep- 
 arate, or to thrust away, perhaps L. salio.] 
 
 1. Banishment; the state of being expelled from 
 one's native country or place of residence by author- 
 ity, and forbidden to return, either for a limited lime 
 or for perpetuity. 
 
 2. An abandonment of one's country, or removal 
 to a foreign country for residence, through fear, dis- 
 gust, or resentment, or for any cause distinct from 
 business, is called a voluntary exile, as is also a sepa- 
 ration from one's countrj' and friends by distress or 
 necessity. 
 
 3. The person banished, or expelled from his coun- 
 try by authority ; also, one who abandons his coun- 
 try and resides in another ; or one who is separated 
 from his cimntry and friends by necessity. 
 
 EX'lLf;, (eks'ile,) II. (. To banish, as a person from his 
 country or from a particular jurisdiction, by author- 
 ity, with a prohibition of return ; to drive away, ex- 
 pel, or transport from one's country. 
 
 2. To drive from one's country by misfortune, ne- 
 cessity, or distress. 
 
 To exile one's self, is to quit one's country « ith a 
 view not to return. 
 EX'IM:, (eks'ile,) a. exilis.] 
 
 Slender ; thin ; fine. Bacon. 
 EX'IL-i;!), (eks'ild,) pp. or a. Banished ; expelled 
 
 fnun one's country by authority. 
 EX'ILE-.MENT, n. Banislimeiil, 
 
 E.X'IL-I.NG, ppr. Banishing; expelling from one's 
 country by law, edict, or sentence ; voluntarily de- 
 parting from one's country, and residing in another. 
 EX-l-LI"TION, (cks-e lish'un,) n. [L. cxilio, for ez- 
 saiio, to leap out.] 
 
 A sudden springing or leaping out. [Little iwrii.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 EX-IL'I-TY, (eg/.-ire-ty,) n. [I-. czUilas.] 
 
 .'^lendcrni sH ; fineness ; thinness. 
 EX-IM'I-OUS, «. [I,, ezimius.] 
 
 Excellent. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 EX-I 
 To 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 EX-IN-A .M"TIO.\, n. [L. ezinanilio, from erinanio, 
 to empty fir r-vacuate ; ez and inanio, to'empty, inanis, 
 empty, void.] 
 
 An emptying or evacuation ; hence, privation ; 
 losn ; dextiliilion. [Little u^ed.] 
 EX-I.ST', (eg/.-isl',) '• [I->. eristo ; « and sistn,ot 
 more directly from Gr. iVw, iV'i/ii, to set, iilac(>, or 
 fix, or Ta'o, L. sto, to slaiid, i^p. Port, estar. It. stare, 
 stehrn, I), ttaan, Kubh. stoyu. The primary sense 
 
 IN'A-NITE, V. t. [L. exinanio.] 
 
 To make empty ; to weaken. [A*o£ ji«rf.] 
 
 is to set, fix, or be fixed, whence the sense of perma- 
 nence, continuance.] 
 
 1. To be ; to have an essence or real being ; appli- 
 cable to matter or body, and to spiritual substances. A 
 Supreme Being and first cause of all other beings 
 must have existed from eternity, for no being can 
 have created himself. 
 
 2. To live ; to have life or animation. Men can 
 not exist in water, nor fishes on land. 
 
 3. To remain ; to endure ; to continue in being. 
 How long shall national enmities exist? 
 
 EX-IST'ENCE, n. The state of being or having es- 
 sence ; as, the existence of body and of soul in union ; 
 the separate existence of the soul; immortal existence; 
 temporal existence. 
 
 2. Life ; animation. 
 
 3. Continued being ; duration; continuation. We 
 speak of the existence of troubles, or calamities, or of 
 happiness. During the existence of national calami- 
 ties, our pious ancestors always had recourse to 
 prayer for divine aid. 
 
 EX-IST'ENT, o. Being; having being, essence, or 
 existence. 
 
 The eyes and mind are fastened on objects wtiich have no real 
 beinj, as if Uiey were truly existent. Dryden. 
 
 EX-IS-TEN'TIAL, (egz-is-ten'shal,) a. Having exist- 
 ence. [JVot used.] Bp. Barlow. 
 
 EX-IST'IiVG, ppr. or a. Having existence, being, or 
 life. 
 
 EX-IS-TI-Ma'TION, n. Esteem. [JVoJ used.] 
 EX'IT, ;i. [L., the tliird person of ezeo, to go out.] 
 Literally, he goes out or departs. Hence, 
 
 1. The departure of a player from the stage, when 
 he has performed his part. This is also a term set in 
 a play, to mark the time of an actor's quitting the 
 stage. 
 
 2. Any departure ; the act of quitting the stage of 
 action or of life ; death ; decease. Swift. 
 
 3. A way of dei)arture ; passage out of a place. 
 
 Woodicard. 
 
 4. A going out ; departure. Olanville. 
 EX-I"TIAL, (egz-ish'al,) ) „ ;• t 
 EX-F'TIOU'S, (egz-ish'us,) [ 
 
 Destructive to life. Homilies. 
 
 EX-LEG'IS-La-TOR, n. One who has been a legis- 
 lator, but is not at present. 
 
 EX-.MaY'OR, II. One who has been mayor, but is no 
 longer in office. 
 
 EX-.MIN'IS-TER, n. One who has been minister, but 
 is not in office. 
 
 EX ME'RO MO'TU, [L.] Of mere good pleasure, a 
 phrase occurring in charters, grants, &,c. 
 
 EX .^TE-CES-SI-rA'TE, [L.] Of necessity. 
 
 EX'ODE, n. [Gr. t^o6ioi>. See Exodus.] 
 
 In die Oreck drama, the concluding part of a play, 
 or the part which comprehends all that is said after 
 the last interiude. .^nacharsis. 
 
 EX'O DUS I 
 
 EX'O-DY ' ( "■ '^"^"5 ' hiof, way.] 
 
 1. Departure from a place ; particularly, the depart- 
 ure of the Israelites from Egypt under the conduct 
 of Moses. 
 
 2. The second book of the Old Testament, which 
 gives a fiistory of the departure of the Israelites from 
 Egypt. 
 
 EX-UF-FI"CIAE, (eks-of-fish'al,) a. Proceeding from 
 office or authority. 
 
 EX OF-FI"CI-0, (eks-of-fish'e-o,) [L.] By virtue of 
 otTice, and without special authority. A justice of 
 the peace may, ex o(lieio, take sureties of the peace. 
 
 EX'O-GEN, 7i. [Gr. £( and 
 
 In botany, a plant whose stem is formed by succes- 
 sive additions to the outside of the wood. Lindley. 
 
 EX-OG'EN-OUS, a. Growing by successive additions 
 to the outside of the wood. Lindley. 
 
 EX'O-GLUSS, n. [Gr. £(<j and y'Sioaua, tongue.] 
 The popular name of a genus of fishes found in the 
 American seas, whose lower jaw is trilobed, and the 
 middle lobe protruded perforins the office of a 
 tongue. 
 
 EX-O-LkTE', a. [L. rxolelus.] 
 
 Worn ; faded ; obsolete. [Little used.] 
 EX-O-LO'TION, n. Laxation of the nerves. [JVbt in 
 
 use.] Brown. 
 EX-OI.VE', t>. f. To loose. [J^ot in use.] 
 EX-O.M'PIIA-LOS, 71. [Gr. £( and opijiakos.] 
 
 A navel rupture. 
 EX'ON, n. In England, \\\e commander of the royal 
 
 body-guard ; called exon of tlic household. Cull. 
 EX-ON'EU-aTE, (cgz-on'er-ate,) v. U [L. ezonero; 
 ez and oncro, to load, onus, a load.] 
 1. To unload ; to disburden. 
 
 The vciwIb exonerate themselves into a common ducL Ray. 
 But more generally, in a fguraiive sense, 
 
 2. To ca.st olf, as a charge, or as blnmo resting on 
 one ; to clear of something that lies upon the charac- 
 ter as an imputation ; as, to exonerate one's self from 
 blame, or from the charge of avarice. 
 
 3. To cast olf, as an obligation, debt, or duty ; to 
 discharge of respimsibility or liability ; as, a surety ex- 
 onerutrs himself by producing a man in court. 
 
 EX ON'EK A TICI), pp. Unloaded ; disburdened; freed 
 from a charge, imputation, or responsibility. 
 
 EX-ON'ER-A-TING, ppr. Unloading ; disburdening ; 
 
 freeing from any charge or imputation. 
 EX-ON-ER-a'TION, 71. 'J'he act of disburdening or 
 
 discharging ; the act of freeing from a charge or im- 
 
 piitatiim. 
 
 EX-ON'ER-A-TIVE, a. Freeing from a burden or ob- 
 ligation. 
 
 EX-OPH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. cf and 0«AX..i/, a leaf.] 
 Being naked or not sheathed in another leaf. 
 
 EX-OP-l A'TION, ji. Earnest desire or wish. 
 
 EX'O-RA-BLE, (eks'o-r.a-bl,) a. [L. exorabilis, from 
 ezoro ,• ez and oro, to pray.] 
 That may be moved or persuaded by entreaty. 
 
 EX'O-RA'i'E, V. t. To obtain by request. 
 
 EX-OR'Bl-TAi\CE, (egz-or'be-tans,) I n. [L. eror- 
 
 EX-OR'BI-TAN-CY, (egz-or'be-tan-sy,) j i.i(a<is, from 
 ez and orbita, the track of a wheel, orbii, an orb.] 
 
 Literally, a going beyond or without the track or 
 usual limit. Hence, enormity , extravagance; a de- 
 viation from rule or the ordinary limits of right or 
 propriety ; as, the eiorbitancies of the tongue, or of 
 deportment. 
 
 Tiie reverence of my presence m.ay be a curb to your exorbitan- 
 cies. Dryden. 
 
 EX-OR'BI-TANT, o. [L. ezorbitans.] 
 
 1. Literally, departing from an orbit or usual track. 
 Hence, deviating from the usual course ; going be- 
 yond the appointed rules or established limits of right 
 or pro|)riety ; hence, excessive ; extravagant ; enor- 
 mous. We speak of exorbitant appetites and passions ; 
 exorbitant demands or claims; exorbitant taxes. 
 
 2. Anomalous ; not comprehended in a settled rule 
 or method. 
 
 The Jo 
 
 s were inured with causes exorbitant. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 EX-OR'BI-TANT-LY, arfi'. Enormously ; excessively. 
 
 EX-OR'BI-TaTE, v. i. To go beyond the usual track 
 or orbit ; to deviate from the usual limit. Bcntley. 
 
 EX'OR-CISE, (eks'or-size,) t>. (. [Gr. [(i)pKi^io, to ad- 
 jure, from 6/jiti(u, to bind by oath, from 6pK0{, an 
 oath.l 
 
 1. To adjure by some holy name; but chiefly, to 
 expel evil spirits by conjurations, prayers, and cere- 
 monies. To exorcise a person, is to expel from him 
 the evil spirit supposed to possess him. To exorcu^e 
 a demon or evil spirit, is to cast him out or drive him 
 from a person by prayers or other ceremonies. Encyc. 
 
 2. To purify from unclean spirits by adjur.itioiis 
 and ceremonies ; to deliver from the inrttience of ma- 
 lignant spirits or demons ; as, to exorcise a bed or a 
 house. 
 
 EX'OR-CIS-iSD, pp. Expelled from a person or place 
 by conjurations and prayers; freed fron> demons in 
 like manner. 
 
 EX'OR-CIS-ER, n. One who pretends to cast out evil 
 
 spirits by adjurations and conjuration. 
 EX'OR-CiS-ING, ppr. Expelling eviljspirits by prayers 
 
 and ceremonies. 
 EX'OR-CISM, 77. [L. ezorcUmus ; Gr. cfo/jKiij/iOf.] 
 The expulsion of evil spirits from persons or places 
 by certain adjurations anil ceremonies. Exorcism was 
 common among the Jews, and still makes a part of 
 the superstitions of some churches. Encyc. 
 EX'OR-CIST, 71. One who pretends to expel evil spir- 
 its by conjuration, prayers, and ceremonies. Acts xix. 
 EX-OR'DI-AL, (egz-) a. [Infia.l Pertaining to tlie 
 
 exordium of a discourse ; intioiliictory. Brown. 
 EX-OR'DI-UM, 71. ; pi. ExonoiUMs. [L., from ezordi- 
 or; ez and ordior, to begin. See Order.] 
 
 In oratory, the beginning ; the introductory part of 
 a discourse, which prepares the auoience for the main 
 subject ; the preface or proemial part of a composition. 
 The exordium maybe formal and deliberate, or abrupt 
 and vehement, according to the nature of the subject 
 and occasion. 
 EX-O-RIH'Z^, «. pi. [Gr. and ^?a.] 
 
 In botany, plants whose radicle elongates down- 
 ward, direcUy from the base of the embryo. Lindley. 
 EX-O-RIII'ZOtJS, a. Pertaining to the exorrhizie. 
 EX-OR-Na'TION, 77. [L. exo7-«uti(i, from exorno ; ez 
 and orno, to adorn.] 
 Ornament; decoration; embellishment. 
 
 Hate. Hooker. 
 EX-ORT'I VE, a. [L. eiortivus : r.x and ortus, a rising.] 
 
 Rising ; relating to the east. 
 EX'OS-MOSE, 71. [Gr. and wo^^/oj, impulsion.] 
 The passage of gases, vapors, or liipiids, through 
 porous ini'dia from within. Brandc. 
 EX-OS'Sa-TED, a. [Infra.] Deprived of bones. 
 EX-OS'SE-OUS, a. [L. ex and ossa, hones.] 
 
 Without bones ; destitute of bones ; as, czosseous 
 animals. Brown. 
 EX'OS-'J"6ME, 71. [Gr. r and trropa.] 
 
 The small aperture or foramen of the ovule of a 
 plant. _ Beck. 
 EX-OS-TO'SIS, ji. [Gr. t( and oartov, a bone.] 
 
 Any protuberance of a bone which is not natural ; 
 an excrescence, or morbid enlargement of a bone. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 Also, in botany, a disease in which knots are formed 
 upon or 111 the wood. 
 
 ex:8:ter'1c:ai„ i [«■■• <""«"»^-] 
 
 ExtcrnnI ; public ; opposed to esoteric or secret. The 
 
 PATH, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PUfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 42a 
 
EXP 
 
 exoteric doctrines of the ancient pliilosopliers were 
 those which were openly professed and taught. The 
 esoteric were secret, or taught only to a few chosen 
 disciples. Knfidil. Kncyc. 
 
 EX'O-TliK-Y, n. What is obvious or common. 
 
 Search, 
 
 EX-OT'ie, (egz-ot'ik,) a. [Gr. f{<jri<toj, from c^u>, 
 without.] 
 
 Foreign introduced from a foreign country ; not 
 native ; extraneous ; as, an exotic plant; an exotic 
 term or word. 
 E.V-OT'ie, n. A plant, shrub, or true, not native ; h 
 plant introduced from a foreign country. Addison. 
 
 2. A word of foreign origin introduced into a lan- 
 guage. 
 
 EX-OT'I-CIS.M, n. The state of being exotic. 
 
 E.\-1'.\\I)', I'. (. (L. crpando : ex and panda, to open, 
 or spread ; lU spandcre, to pour out ; coinciding with 
 Eng. span, D. span, spannen, Sw. spdnna, Dan. spien- 
 
 itr. See Kt. ^Lj haina. Class Dn, No. 3. The pri- 
 
 mar>' sense is, to strain or stretch ; and this seems to 
 be the sense of bend, L. pandas.^ 
 
 1. To open ; to spread ; as, a flower expands its 
 leaves. 
 
 y. To spread ; to enlarge a surface ; to diffuse ; as, 
 a stream expands its waters over a plain. 
 
 3. To dilate ; to enlarge in bulk ; to distend ; as, to 
 expand the chest by inspiration ; heat expands all bod- 
 ies ; air is expanded \ty rarefaction. 
 
 •1. Til enlarge ; to extend ; as, to e-xpand the sphere 
 of benevcdence ; to expand the heart or aHections. 
 EX-PA.M)', V. i. To open ; to spread. Flowers expand 
 in spnng. 
 
 9. To dilate ; to extend in bulk or surface. IVIetals 
 expand by heat ; a lake expands, when swelled by 
 rain<i. 
 
 3. To enlarge ; as, the heart expands with joy. 
 EX-PA.N'D'ED, pp. or a. 0|)ened ; spread ; extended ; 
 
 dilated; enlarged; diffused. 
 EX-I*A.ND'ING, ppr. or a. Opening; spreading; e.x- 
 
 lending; dilating; ditfusing. 
 EX-PA\SE', (eks-pans',) n. [L. expansum.] 
 
 A spreading; extent; a wide extent of space or 
 body ; as, the expanse of heaven. 
 
 The uiioolh fx;«in« of cr)«Lil Uikoj. Popt. 
 EX-PAN'S-I-1UL'[-TY, n. [from expansible.] The 
 capacity of being expanded ; capacity of extension 
 ■ ill surface or bulk ; as, the expansibilitij of air. 
 EX-l'A.NS'l-HLE, a. [Ft., from expaniL.} Capable of 
 being expanded or spread ; capable of being extend- 
 ed, dilated, or dill'iis^-d. 
 
 BoilW )vre uot tspantible in proportioa to their wcighL Oreie. 
 
 EX PA.N'.-^'T-nLE-NESS, n. Expansibility. 
 EX PA.NS'I-ULy, adr. In an expansible manner. 
 EX-PA.\S'ILE. a. Capable of expanding, or of being 
 dilatpd. - ^ 
 
 EX-PAN'SIO\, (cks-pan'shun,) n. [L. eipansio.] 
 
 1. The act <it expanding or spreading ouL 
 
 2. The state of being ex|iaiided ; the enlargement 
 of surface or bulK ; dilataiioii. We apply rxpaiLsioa 
 to surface, as the ex/mnsion of a sheet or of a lake, 
 and «o bulk, as the expansion of fluids or metals by 
 heat ; but nut to a line or length w ithout breadth. 
 
 3. Extent ; space to which any tiling is enlarged ; 
 also, pure space or distance between remote bodies. 
 
 4. Enlargement; a^, the expansion of the heart or 
 affections. 
 
 5. In commerce, an increase of issues of bank 
 notes. 
 
 EX-PA.\'SIO\-CL'RB, n. .V contrivance to counter- 
 act expansion and contraction by heat, as in chrcK 
 nometrrs. 
 
 EX-PAN'S'IVE, a. [Ft.] Having the power to ex- 
 pand, to spread, or to dilate ; as, the expansice force 
 of heal or fire. Oregnnj. 
 
 2. Having the capacity of being expanded ; as, the 
 expansive quality of air; the expansive atmosphere. 
 
 Thomsoiu 
 
 3. Widely extended ; as, expansire benevolence 
 EX-PA.\S'1VE-XESS, n. The quality of being ex- 
 pansive. 
 
 E.\ P.ili'TE, [L.] On one part; as, rx parte evi- 
 dence, that which is brought forward by one side 
 only; an ex parte council, one which assembles at 
 the request of only one of the parties in dispute. 
 
 E.\-P.\'TIaTE, (eks pi'shite,) v. i. [I., expatior ; ex 
 and spalior, to wander, to enlarge in discourse, spa- 
 tium, s|>ace, probably allied to pateo, to open. Class 
 Bd.] 
 
 1. To move at large ; to rove without prescribed 
 limits ; to wander in space without restraint 
 
 Pop*. 
 Pope. 
 
 2, To enlarge in discourse or writing; to be copi- 
 ous in argument or discussion. On im^tortant topics, 
 the orauir thinks himself at liberty to expatiate. 
 
 EX PS'TIS-TIXG, jrpr. Roving at large ; moving in 
 space without certain limits or restraint; enlarging 
 in di>ciiurse or writing. 
 
 EX-PA-TI-A'TIOX, n. Act of expatiating. 
 
 bills hi* wut expatiate in the (kirs. 
 Erpaaate free o'er M tliU iccM of nian. 
 
 EXP 
 
 EX-PA 'TIA-TOR, n. One who enlarges or amplifies 
 
 in language. 
 EX-PS'TlA-TO-RV, n. Expatiating. 
 EX-PA'TR1-.\TE or EX-PAT'Ul-ATE, r. (. [Fr. ex- 
 
 patriert It. spatriare ; friiiii \j. ri and patria, country.] 
 In a ffenerai sense, to banish. 
 
 To expatriate one^s .-telf, is to quit one's countrj*, re- 
 nouncing citizenship and nltegiance in that country, 
 to take residence and become a riti/.en in another 
 country, 'i'lie right to eiptitnatc one^s self, is denied 
 in feudal countries, and much controverted in the 
 United Stales. 
 
 EX-PA'TUI-A-TED or EX PAT'RI-A-TED,pp. Ran- 
 islied ; removed from one's native country, with re- 
 nunciation of citizenship and allegiance. 
 
 EX-PA'TRl-A TING or EX-PAT'RI-A-TI\G, ppr 
 Danishiiig ; abandoning one's country, with renun- 
 ciation of allegiance. 
 
 EX-PA-TKI-A'TIO.\orEX-PAT-RI-A'T[OX,n. Ban- 
 ishment. More ffcneralltj, the forsaking one's own 
 country, with a renunciation of allegiance, and with 
 the view of becoming a permanent resident and citi- 
 zen in another country. 
 
 EX-PEfIT', I'. (. [L. erpecto ; ex and specto, to look, 
 that is, to reach lorward, or to fix the eyes.] 
 
 1. To wait for. 
 
 The »u!inl», 
 By me encamped on yonder nill, expect 
 Th-'ir moiioii. Milton. 
 
 [This sense, though often used by Gibbon, seems 
 to ue obsolescent.] 
 
 2. To look for ; to have a previous apprehension 
 of something future, whether g<Kid or evil ; to enter- 
 tain at least a slight belief that an event will happen. 
 We expect a visit that has been promised ; we expect 
 money will be paid at the time it is due, though we 
 are often disappointed. 
 
 Expect, in its legitim.ite sense, always refers to a 
 future event, [The common phrase, / expect it tdos, 
 is as vulgar as it is improper.] 
 
 3. To require or demand ; as, payment will be ex- 
 pectrd when the note falls due. fV/tatcleij. 
 
 EX-PECT', f. 1. To wait ; to stay. Saiultjs. 
 E.V-PECT'A-BLE, a. To*bo expected; that may be 
 expected. 
 
 EX-PECT'ANCE, ) n. The act or state of expecting ; 
 EX-PEeT'.\.\-CY, i expectation. Millotu Sluik. 
 
 2. Something expected. Shak. 
 
 3. Hope ; a looking for with ple.isure. Sliak. 
 EX-PECT' AN-CY, n. In lain, a state of waiting or 
 
 suspension. An estate in exprctancij, is one which 
 is to take effect or commence after the determination 
 of another estate. Estates t>f this kind ute remainders 
 and reversions. A remainder, or estate in remain- 
 der, is one which is limited to take effect anil be 
 enjoyed after another estate is determined. Thus, 
 wiien a grant of land is made to .\ for twenty years, 
 and, after the determination of that term, to it and 
 his heirs forever, .\ is tenant for years, remainder to 
 B in fee. In this case, the est.ate of 11 is in cxpec- 
 tancij, that is, waiting for the determination of the 
 est.ate fur years. .\ reversion is the residue of an 
 estate left in the grantor, to commence in possession 
 after the determination of a |>articular estate granted 
 out by him. As, when A leases an estate to B for 
 twenty years, after the deteriiiiiiatioii of that period, 
 the esuite reverts to the lessor ; but, during the term, 
 the estate of the lessor is in exputancij. Blackstone. 
 
 EX-PECT'A.NT, a. Waiting ; hmking for. Swift. 
 2. Expectant estate, one which is suspended till the 
 detcniiiiiation of a particular estate. Utackstone. 
 
 EX-l'ECT'ANT, n. One who expects ; one who 
 wails in expectation ; one held in dependence by his 
 belief or hope of receiving some good. Those who 
 have the gift of offices are usuidly surrounded by ex- 
 pectants. 
 
 EX-PEC T-A'TIO\, n. [L. expertatio.] 
 
 1. The act of expecting or looking forxvard to a 
 future cent with at least some reasi.n to believe the 
 event will happen. Expectation differs from hope. 
 Hope origin.ates in desire, and may exist with little 
 or no ground of belief that the desired event will 
 arrive. Expectation is founded on some reasons 
 which render the event probable. Hope is directed 
 to some good ; expectation is directed to good or evil. 
 
 The Mme wcakne«« of niinil which iiitlul^ atsunl expectattoru, 
 produce! petuUnce in disappoiiiuneut. Irving. 
 
 2. The state of expecting, either with hope or fear. 
 
 3. Prospect of good to come. 
 
 My lonl, wnil Ulou only OD God, for my erpecEntton ]» from 
 Kim. ~ Pb. Ixit. 
 
 4. The object of expectation ; the expected Mes- 
 siah. MUttin. 
 
 5. A state or qualities in a person which excite 
 expectations in others of some future excellence ; as, 
 a youth of expectation. Sidney. Otway. 
 
 VVe now more generally say, a yquth of promise. 
 
 6. In cbance.i, the value of any prospect of prize or 
 property depending upon the happening of some un- 
 certain event. ,\ sum of money, to be paid when 
 an event happens, has a delerminate value before 
 thai event happens. If the chances of receiving or 
 not receiving a hundred dollars, when an event or- 
 
 EXP 
 
 rives, are equal, then, before the arrival of the event, 
 the expectation is worth half the iimin y. 
 
 Harlow. Eitcye. 
 Expectation of life ; in annuities, a term applied to 
 the mi an or average duration of the life of imlivid- 
 iials, after any specified age. Ci/c. 
 EX-PECT'A-TIVE, H. That which is expected. [.Vof 
 used.] 
 
 EX-PECT'ER, n. One who expects ; one who waiu 
 for something, or for another person. Swift. Shak, 
 
 EX-PECT'ING, ppr. Waiting or looking for the ar- 
 rival of. 
 
 EX-PECT'I.VG-LY. adv. In a state of expectation. 
 
 EX-PEC'TO RANT, a, [See Expectorate.] Hav- 
 ing the quality of promoting discharges from the lungs. 
 
 EX-i'EC'TO-KAiNT, n. A medicine which promotes 
 discharges from the lungs. 
 
 EX-PEC'TO-KATE, v. t. [L. expectoro ; Sp. expecto- 
 rar ; Fr. exprctorcr : from L. ex and pectus, the breast.] 
 To eject from the trachea or lungs ; to discharge 
 phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking, a id 
 spitting. Cixe, 
 
 EX-PEC'TO-RA-TED, pp. or a. Discharged from the 
 lungs. 
 
 E.X-PEe'TO-RA-TI.\G, ppr. Throwing from the 
 lungs by hawking and spitting. 
 
 EX-PEC-TO-RA'TIO.V, n. The act of discharging 
 phlegm or mucus from the lungs, by coughing, hawk- 
 ing, and spitting ; also, the matter thus discliarged. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 EX-PEe'TO-RA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of" pro- 
 moting expectoration. 
 
 JEX PE'DE ilER'CU-LEM, [L.] From the remain- 
 ing foot of Hercules' statue, learn the size of his en- 
 tire person ; from a partial .exhibition, lefirn the full 
 extent of a man's powers or characteristic excellences. 
 
 EX-PP.'I)I-ATE, i\ U To expedite. [A'ot in u.ie.] 
 
 E.X-Pl-.'Dl-E.N'CE, ( 71. [Sec Speed, Expediext, and 
 
 EX PE'DI-EN-CY, i Expedite.] 
 
 1. Fitness or suitableness to effect some good end 
 or the purpose intended ; propriety under the particu- 
 lar circuinstanres of the case. The pniclirability of 
 a measure is often obvious, when the expedience of it 
 is questionable. 
 
 2. Expedition; adventure. [J^Tot now used.] Shak. 
 
 3. Expedition ; haste ; dispatch. [.Vol now used,] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 EX-Pe'DI-EN'T, (eks-pG'de-ent,) a. [L. expcdicns; 
 expedio, to hasten ; Eng. .speed; Gr, c-ntvd(>).] 
 
 1. Literally, hiLstening ; urging forward. Hence, 
 tending to promote the object proposed ; fit or suita- 
 ble for the purpose ; propi r under the circumstances. 
 Jlanv tilings niav be lawful, which are not cxpedicnL 
 
 2. 'Useful ; profitable. 
 
 3. _(iiiick ; expeditious. [JVof used.] Shak, 
 EX-Pli'DI-ENT, H. That which serves to promote or 
 
 advance ; any means which may be employed to ac- 
 complish an end. Let every expedient be employed 
 to effect an important object, nor let exertions cease 
 till all expedients fail of producing the effect. 
 
 2. Shift ; means devised or employed in an exi- 
 gcncv. Dryden. 
 EX-Pe'DI-EXT-LY, adr. FiUy ; suitably ; conven- 
 iently. 
 
 2. H.istily ; quickly. [Obs.] Shak. 
 EX-PED'I-TATE, v.t, [L. ex and pes, foot.] 
 
 In the forest laws of England, to cut out the balls or 
 claws of a dog's fore feet, for the preservation of the 
 king's game. 
 
 EX PED-I-TA'TIOX, n. The act of cutting out the 
 
 balls or claws of a dog's fore feel. Encyc. 
 EX'PE-UITE, t). t. [L. expedio ; Sp. expedir ; Fr. cc- 
 
 - t 
 
 pedier; It. spcdire ; Ar. Osjl afado, to hasten, or 
 
 wafada, to send, to move hastily, to be suitable ; 
 
 Ic.ng. speed, frprdio is compound. We see the same 
 root in impedio, to hinder, to send against, to move in 
 opposition.] 
 
 1. To hasten ; to quicken ; to accelerate motion or 
 progress. The general sent orders to expedite the 
 m.irch of the army. Artificial heat may erp«iit« the 
 growth of plants. 
 
 2. To dispatch ; to send from. 
 
 Such chArten are expediud of course Bacon. 
 
 3. To hasten bv rendering easy. See No. 1. 
 EX'PE-DITE, a. '[L. expedUus.] ' 
 
 1. Quick; speedy; expeditious; as, expedite exe- 
 cution. [Little used.] Sandys, 
 
 2. Easy : clear of impediments ; unencumbered ; 
 as, to make a way plain and expedite. [Unusual.] 
 
 3. Active ; nimble ; ready ; prompt. [Hooker. 
 
 The more esptditt will be the aouJ io iu openuioni. [Unu- 
 tual.] TiUotMn. 
 
 4. Light-armed. [.Vof used,] Baccm, 
 EX'PE-DIT-ED, /.p. Facilitated; freed from impedi- 
 ment. 
 
 EX'PE-DITE-LY, adc. Readily; hastily; speedily; 
 
 promptlv. Oreic, 
 EX' PE-DlrT-I.\G, ppr. Facilitating; hastening. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
EXP 
 
 EXP 
 
 EXP 
 
 EX-PE-DI"TION, (eks-pe disli'un,) n. [L. expeditio.] 
 
 1. Haste ; speed ; quickness ; dispatch. The mail 
 is conveyed with expedition. 
 
 2. The march of an army, or the voyage of a fleet, 
 to a distant place, for hostile purposes ; as, the eipe- 
 dition of the French to Egypt ; the expedition of 
 Xerxes into Greece, 
 
 3. Any enterprise, undertaking, or attempt by a 
 number of persons ; or the collective body which 
 undertakes. We say, our government sent an expe- 
 dition to the Pacific ; the expedition has arrived. 
 
 E.\-PE-DI"TIOX-.1-RY, a. Consisting in an expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 EX-PE-DI"TIOUSi, (eks-pe -dish'us,) a. Quick; hasty; 
 
 speedy ; as, an expeditious march. 
 2. Nimble; active; swift; acting with celerity; 
 
 as, an expeditious messenger or runner. 
 EX-I'E-DI"T10L'S-LY, ado. Speedily; hastily, with 
 
 celerity or dispatch. 
 E.X-PEU'I TIVE a. Performing with speed. Bacon. 
 EX-PEL', r. t. [L. expello; cx and pello^ to drive, Gr. 
 
 ^aX^io; It. espcllare ; W.yspetiaw; and from the L. 
 
 participle, Fr. expulser. Class Bl.] 
 
 1. To drive or force out from any inclosed place ; 
 as, to expel wind from the stomach, or air from a bel- 
 lows. [ The word is applicable to any force, physical or 
 moral.] 
 
 2. 1 o drive out ; to force to leave ; as, to expel the 
 inhabitants of a countr}' ; to expel wild beasts from a 
 forest. 
 
 3. To eject ; to throw out. Dnjden. 
 
 4. To banisli ; to exile. Pope. 
 
 5. To reject ; to refuse. [Little used.] 
 
 Ami would you not poor fellowaliip erpel 7 Hub. Tale. 
 
 6. To exclude ; to keep out or otf. Shak. 
 
 7. In college government, to coiiunand to leave ; to 
 dissolve the connection of a student ; to interdict 
 him from further connection. 
 
 EX-PEL'LA-BLE, a. That may be expelled or driven 
 out. 
 
 AciJ expellable hy heat, Kirisan. 
 EX-PEL'L£D, (eks-peld',) pp. or a. Driven out or 
 
 away ; forced to leave ; banished ; exiled ; excluded. 
 EX-PEL'LEK, n. He or that which drives out or 
 
 away. 
 
 EX-PEL'LING, ppr. Driving out; forcing away; 
 
 compelling to quit or depart ; banishing; excluding. 
 EX-PE\D', V. t. [L. expendo ; ex and priido, to weigh ; 
 
 Sp. expender ; Fr. drpeuser, from L. digpcndo ; It. 
 
 spendcre ; properly, to weigh off ; hence, to lay out.] 
 
 1. To lay out ; to disburse ; to spend ; to deliver 
 or distribute, either in payment or in donations. We 
 expend money for food, drink, and clothing. We ex- 
 pend a little in charity, and a great deal in idle amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 2. To layout; to use; to employ ; to consume; 
 as, to expend time and labor. I hope the time, labor, 
 and money expended on this book will not be wholly 
 misemployed. 
 
 3. To use and consume ; as, to expend hay in feed- 
 ing cattle. 
 
 4. To consume; to dissipate; to waste ; as, the 
 oil of a lamp \i expended in burning; water is ex- 
 pended in mechanical operations. 
 
 EX PEND', r. i. To be laid out, used, or consumed. 
 EX-PEND'ED, pp. Laid out ; sjjent ; disbursed ; used ; 
 consumed. 
 
 EX-PEND'ING, ppr. Spending; using ; employing ; 
 wasting. 
 
 EX-PEND'I-TURE, n. The act of expending ; a lay- 
 ing out, as of money ; disbursement. A corrujit ad- 
 ministrition is known by extravagant expenditures 
 of public money. 
 
 Nalioiial inoomc iind expenditure. Price. 
 
 2. Money expended ; expense. 
 
 The receipts and ezpeixdituret of tltifl extensive counlrv, 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 EX-PENSE', (ex-pens',) n. [L. eipensum.] 
 
 1. A laying out or expending; the disbursing of 
 money, or the employment ami consumplion, as of 
 time or labor. Great enterprises are accomplished 
 only by a great expense of mi>ney, time, and labor. 
 
 2. Money expended ; cost ; charge ; that which is 
 disbursed in payment or in charity. A prudent man 
 limits his expetwes by his income. The erpcnsen of 
 war are rarely or never reimbursed by the acquisi- 
 tion either of goods or territory. 
 
 3. That which is useil, employed, laid out, or con- 
 sumed ; as, the expeiue of time or labor. 
 
 EX-PENSE'FIJL.o. Costly; expensive. ILitllcvsed.] 
 
 tViitton. 
 
 EX P1;N.'<E'F!JI,^LY, adv. Ina costly manner ; with 
 
 tri al expense. fVccrcr. 
 EX-PENSE'LES.S, a. Without cost or cxpen.se. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 EX-PEN8'IVE, o. Costly; requiring much expense; 
 aj<, an expensive dresH or ctpiiimge ; an expensive 
 family. Vice« are UHually more expensive than vir- 
 tues. 
 
 2. Given toexpemie; free in the use of money ; 
 extravngnnt ; lnvi«b ; applied to persons. Of men, 
 iioriie are frugal and indusIrioUH ; others, iille and 
 erpenwive. 'I'cmple. 
 
 3. Liberal ; generous in the distribution of prop- 
 erty. 
 
 This requirea an active, expensive, iiidefitigable goodness. 
 
 SpraU. 
 
 EX-PENS'IVE-LY, adv. With great expense; at 
 
 great cost or charge. Sicifl. 
 EX-PENS'IVE-NESS, n. Costliness; the quality of 
 
 incurring or requiring great expenditures of money. 
 
 The exppnsiveness of war is not its greatest evil. 
 2. Addictedness to expense ; extravagance ; applied 
 
 to persons. 
 
 EX-PE'Rl-ENCE, n. [L. ezperientia, from experior, to 
 try; ez and ant. pcrior; Gr. Tietp'no, to attempt, 
 whence pirate: G. erfahren, from fahren, to move, to 
 go, to drive, io ferry; D. ervaaren,(roin vaaren, to go, 
 to move, to sail ; Sw. fiirfara, fara ; Dan. forfarcr, 
 farcr: Sax. faran ; Goth, faran; Eng. to fare. The 
 L. periculum. Eng. peril, are from the same root. We 
 see the root of these words is, to go, to fare, to drive, 
 urge, or press, to strain or stretch forward. See 
 Class Br, No. 3, Ar, No. 4, 19, 23.] 
 
 1. Trial, or a series of trials or experiments ; ac- 
 tive etiort or attempt to do or to prove something, or 
 repeated efforts. A man attempts to raise whe.it on 
 moist or clayey ground ; his attempt fails of success ; 
 experience proves that wheat will not flourish on such 
 a soil. He repeats the trial, and his experience proves 
 the same fact. .\ single trial is usually denominated 
 an experiment ; experience may be a series of trials, or 
 the result of such trials. 
 
 2. Observatitm of a fact, or of the same facts or 
 events happening under like circumstances. 
 
 3. Trial from suftering or enjoyment ; suffering 
 itself; tile use of the senses ; as, the experience we 
 have of pain or sickness. We know the elfect of 
 light, of smell, or of taste, by experience. We learn 
 the instability of human affairs by observ.ition or by 
 experience. We learn the value of integrity by expe- 
 rience. Hence, 
 
 4. Knowledge derived from trials, use, practice, or 
 froin a series of observations. 
 
 EX-Pe'RI-ENCE, v. t. To try by use, bj- suffering, or 
 by enjoyment. Thus we all experience pain, sorrow, 
 and pleasure ; we experience good and evil ; we often 
 experience a change of sentiments and views. 
 
 2. To know by practice or trial ; to gain knowl- 
 edge or skill by practice, or by a series of observa- 
 tions. 
 
 EX-Pii'RI-EN-C£D, (eks-pe're-enst,) pp. Tried ; 
 used ; practiced. 
 
 2. a. Taught by practice or by repeated observa- 
 tions ; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or ob- 
 servation ; as, an experienced artist ; an experienced 
 physician. 
 
 EX-PE'Rl-EN-CER, ». One who makes trials or 
 experiments. 
 
 EX-PiE'Rl-EN-CING, ppr. Making trial ; suffering or 
 enjoying. 
 
 EX-PER'I-MENT, n. [L. experimentum, from experior, 
 as in Experience, which see.] 
 
 A trial; an act or operation designed to discover 
 some unknown truth, principle, or efi'ect, or to es- 
 tablish it when discovered. It differs from observa- 
 tion, wXnch is merely the attentive consideration of 
 tilings, as they exist in nature. Experiments in chem- 
 istry disclose "the qualities of natural bodies. A series 
 of experiments proves the uniformity of the laws of 
 matter. It is not always safe to trust to a single ex- 
 periment. It is not expedient to try many experiments 
 in legislation. 
 
 A political erptriment can not be made 
 tleteriiiined in a few hours. 
 
 laboratory, no 
 J. Adams. 
 
 EX-PER'I-MENT, v. i. To make trial ; to make an 
 exiieriment ; to operate on a body in such a manner 
 as to discover some unknown fact, or to e.stablish it 
 wintn knt)wn. Philosophers experiment on natural 
 bodies for the discovery of their qualities and combi- 
 nations. 
 
 2. To trj' ; to search by trial. 
 
 3. To experience. [JVot used.] Locke. 
 EX-PER'I-MENT, v. t. To tr)' ; to know by tri.il. 
 
 [Little used.] Herbert. 
 EX-PKIM-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to experiment. 
 
 2. Known by experiment or trial ; derived from ex- 
 periment. 
 
 Experimental knowledge is the most valuable, be- 
 cause it is most certain, and most safely to be 
 tru.sted. 
 
 3. Built on experiments ; founded on trial and ob- 
 servations, or on a series of results, the effects of 
 operations ; as, experimental philosophy. 
 
 4. 'I'aught by experience; having personal expe- 
 rience. 
 
 Admit to the holy communion Knch only »b profeiDt and appear 
 to be rej^eiiemtcd, oiid cxptrimenlai Chnstiium. 
 
 //. Itumplireyt. 
 
 5. Known by experience ; derived from experience ; 
 OS, experimental religion. 
 EX-PEK-I-MENT'AL-IST, ii. One who makes er- 
 
 periments. Jiuri^rss. 
 EX-PEH-I MENT'AL T.Y, adv. Ry experiment ; by 
 trial ; by opernlion and obsi rvation of resiilu. 
 2. By experience ; by sufl'ering or enjoyment. Wo 
 
 are all experimentally acquainted with pain and 
 pleasure. 
 
 EX-PER-r-MENT'A-TIVE, a. Experimentil. 
 EX-PER'l-JlENT-ED, pp. Tried ; searched out by 
 trial. 
 
 EX-PER'I-MENT-ER, n. One who makes experi- 
 ments ; one skilled in experiments. 
 
 EX-PER'I-MENT-ING, ppr. Making experiments or 
 trials. 
 
 EX-PER'I-MENT-IST, n. One who makes experi- 
 ments. [This is more analogical than Experiment- 
 alist.] i Good. 
 
 EX-PER-I-MEJV'TtJJir CRVCIS. [L.] Experiment 
 of the cross ; a test of the severest and most search- 
 ing nature ; a decisive experiment. 
 
 EX-PERT', a. [L. cxpertus, from experior, to try. 
 See Experience.] 
 
 1. Properly, experienced ; taught by use, practice, 
 or experience ; hence, skillful ; well instructed ; hav- 
 ingfamiliar knowledge of; as,an expert philosopher. 
 
 2. Dextrous ; adroit ; ready ; prompt ; having a 
 facility of operation or performance from pr.ictice ; 
 as, an expert operator in surgery. It is usually fol- 
 lowed by in : as, expert in surgery ; expert in perform- 
 ance on a musical instrument. Pope uses expert of 
 arms, but improperly. 
 
 EX-PERT', c. t. To experience. Spenser. 
 
 EX-PERT', 71. An expert person. £i^. Rev. 
 
 EX-PERT'LY, adv. Ina skillful or dextrous manner ; 
 adroitly ; w ilh readiness and accuracy. 
 
 EX-PERT'NESS, n. Skill derived "from practice ; 
 readiness; dexterity; adroitness; as, expertness in 
 musical performance ; expertness in war or in sea- 
 manship ; expertness in reasoning. 
 
 EX-PET'I-BLE, a. [L. expetibilis.] 
 
 That may be wished for; desirable. [JVof used.] 
 
 EX'PI-A BLE, a. [L. explabUis. See Expiate.] 
 
 That may be expiated ; that mav be atoned for 
 and done away ; as, an cxpiable offense ; expiable 
 guilt. _ 
 
 EX'PI-aTE, I', f. [L. expio; ez and pio, to worship, 
 to atone ; pius, pious, mild. The primary sense is 
 probably to appease, to pacify, to allay resentment, 
 which is tlie usual sense of atone in most languages 
 which I have examined. Pio is prtibably contracted 
 from ;)i<-(j, and from the root of puro, the radical sense 
 of which is to lay, set, or fix ; the primary sense of 
 peace, piu. Hence the sense of mdd in pius. But 
 this opinion is olTered only as probable.] 
 
 1. Tf> atone for ; to make satisfaction for ; to ex- 
 tinguish the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of 
 piety or worship, by which the obligation to punish 
 the crime is canceled. To expiate guilt or a crime, is 
 to perform some act which is supposed to purify the 
 person guilty ; or some act which is accepted liy the 
 offended party as satisfaction for the injury ; that is, 
 some act by which his wrath is appeased, and his 
 forgiveness procured. 
 
 2. To make reparation for ; as, to expiate an injury. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 3. To avert the threats of prodigies. Johnson. 
 EX'PI-a-TED, pp. .Atoned for ; done away by satis- 
 faction offereil and accepted. 
 
 EX'Pl-A-TING, ppr. Making atonement or satisfac- 
 tion for; destroying or removing guilt, and canceling 
 the obligation to punish. 
 
 EX-PI-A'TION, 11. [L. expiatio.] 
 
 1. The .let of atoning for a crime ; the act of mak- 
 ing satisfaction for an offense, by which the guilt is 
 done away, and the obligation of the offended per- 
 son to punish the crime is canceled ; atonement; 
 satisf;iclif>n. Among pagans anti Jews, expiation was 
 made chiefly by sacrifices, or washings, and purifi- 
 cation. Among Christians, expiation for the sins of 
 men is usually considered as made only by the obedi- 
 ence and sufferings of (.Mirisl. 
 
 2. 'i'he means by which atonement for crimes is 
 made ; atonement ; as sacrifices and purification 
 among heathens, and the obedience and death of 
 Christ among Christians. 
 
 3. Among ancient heathens, an act by which the 
 threats of prodigies were averted. Iluyjcard. 
 
 EX'PI A-TO-RY, o. Having the ptmer to make 
 
 atonement or expiation ; as, an expiatory sacrifice. 
 EX-PI-La'TION, n. [L. expilatio, from expilo, to strip; 
 cxand pilo, to peel.] 
 
 A stripping ; the act of committing waste on land, 
 to the injury of an heir ; waste. [Little used.] 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 EX-PIR'.\-BLE, n. [from frpirr.] That may expire ; 
 
 that m.iy come to an entl. 
 EX-PIR'A\T, n. One expiring. 
 
 E.\-PI-Ra'TION, n. [L. expiratio, from expire. See 
 Expinr,.] 
 
 1. The act of breathing out, or forcing the air from 
 the lungs. Respiration consists of expiration and in- 
 spiration. 
 
 2. The last emission of breath ; death. Rambler. 
 
 3. The emission of volalili^ matter from any sub- 
 stance ; evaporation ; exhalation; as, the expiration 
 of warm air from the earlli. 
 
 4. Matter expired ; exhalation ; vopor; fume. 
 
 Baron. 
 
 5. Cessation ; close ; end ; conclusion ; termina- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK — 
 
EXP 
 
 EXP 
 
 EXP 
 
 tion of a limited time j as, the expiration of a montli 
 or year ; tiie cTpirulii'it of a term of years ; the < x- 
 piration of a lease ; the czpiralion of a contract or 
 asrccment. 
 
 EX rl'KA-TO-UY, fl. IVrtaininR to the emission or 
 expiraliiin of breiUli from the hiiiRS. Hall. 
 
 EX-l'TlH;', r. t. [li. riiiiro, for czsjiiro; « and rpiro, 
 to brealhi'.] 
 
 1. To bivatlie out; to throw out tlio breath from 
 (lie hings ; opposed to inspire. We expire air at every 
 brcatli. 
 
 U. To exhale j to emit in minute particles, as a 
 fluid or volatile matter. Tiie earth fj-piVw (t damp 
 or w arm va|x)r ; the boily fipiren fluid matter from 
 the pores ; plants expire odors. 
 
 a. To conclude. [Olis.] 
 E.\-I'IIIE', V. i. To emit the last breath, as an animal ; 
 to die ; to breathe the last. 
 
 2. To perisli ; to cud ; to fail or be destroyed ; to 
 come to nothing ; to be frustrated. With the loss of 
 battle all his hopes of empire crpirril. 
 
 y. To fly out; to be thrown out with force. [Rare.] 
 
 Tlie poiidcruuii twll expires. Drylen. 
 4. To come to an end ; to ceasir ; to terminate ; to 
 close or conclude, as a given period. A lease will 
 expire on the first of May. The year expires on 
 Monday. The contract w ill expire at Michaelmas. 
 The days had not erpireil. 
 
 When forty yciirn expired. — .\i:u vil. 
 
 EX-PIU'ED, pret. and pp. of Ex pi nr. 
 EX-l'Ill'ING, ppr. Hreathina out air from the lunffs; 
 emitting fluid or volatile matl< r; exlialing ; breath- 
 ing the last breath ; dyinj ; ending ; terniinatinj;. 
 
 a. Dying; pertaining to or uttered at the time 
 of dying ; as, expiring words ; exi>irin;/ groans. 
 
 J. Laihrop. 
 
 EX-PlS-eS'TION, n. A fishing. Chapman. 
 E.\-l'liAl.N', r. (. explano; ct and ;>/«n«i-, plain, 
 
 open, smooth; !?p. ezplanar; It. spianare, See 
 
 Plain.] 
 
 To make plain, manifest, or intelligible ; to clear 
 of obscurity ; to expound; to illustrate by discourse, 
 or by notes. The first business of a preaclier is to 
 explain his text. Notes and comments are intended 
 to explain the Scriptures. 
 
 EX-PLAIN', !). i. To give explanations. 
 
 EX-PL.^IN'A-BLE, a. Tliat may be cleared of ob- 
 scurity ; capable of being made plain to the under- 
 standing ; capable of being interpreti d. Bmren. 
 
 £X-PL.^IN'£D, feks-plSnd',) pp. Made clear or obvi- 
 ous to the understanding ; cleared of doubt, ambi- 
 guity, or obscurity ; expounded ; illustrated. 
 
 EX-PL.\IN'ER, n. One who explains ; an expositor ; 
 a commentator ; an interpreter. Harris. 
 
 EX-PLAIN'ING, ;)pr. or a. Expounding ; iflustrating ; 
 interpreting ; opening tQ. the understanding ; clear- 
 ing of obscuritv. 
 
 EX-PLA-XA'Tlb.V, n. [L. eiplanatio.] 
 
 1. The act of explaining, expounding, or inter- 
 preting ; exposition; illustration ; interpretation ; the 
 act of clearing from obscurity and making intelligi- 
 ble ; as, the explanation of a passage in Scripture, or 
 of a contract or treaty. 
 
 2. The sense given by an expounder or interpreter. 
 
 3. A mutii.al exposition of terms, meaning, or mo- 
 tives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding, and 
 reconcile differences. Hence, reconciliation, agree- 
 ment, or good understanding of parties who have 
 been at variance. The parties have come to an ex- 
 planation. 
 
 EX-PLAN'A-TO-RI-NEPP, n. A being expl.inatory. 
 EX-PLA.\'A-TO-UV,a. Serving to explain ; contain- 
 ing explanation ; as, explanatory notes. 
 EX-PLK'TION, (eks pl,r<liun,) n. expUtio.] 
 Accomplishment ; I'ultillment. [Little used.] 
 
 Killintrbeck. 
 
 EX'PLE-TIVE, 0. [Fr. expUtif, from L. eiplco, to 
 fill.] 
 
 Filling ; added for supply or ornament. 
 
 EX'PLE-TIVE, II. In lan/ruane, a word or syllable 
 not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a va-- 
 cancy, or for ornament. The Greek language abounds 
 with expletives. 
 
 EX'PLE-TO-RY, a. Serving to fill. 
 
 E.\'PLI-eA-BLE, a. [L. cxplicabilis. See Expli- 
 cate.] 
 
 1. Explainable ; that may be unfolded to the mind ; 
 th.at may be made intelligible. Many ditficulties in 
 old authors are not explicahh. 
 
 2. That may be accounted for. The conduct and 
 measures of the administration arc not explicable by 
 the usual rules of judging. 
 
 EX'PLI CATE, r. (. [L. erplico, to unfold; ex and 
 p/ift), to fold ; Fr. expliqucr ; Sp. expticar f It. spie- 
 fare.] 
 
 1. To unfold; tocxpand ; to open. " They explicate 
 the leaves." Blackmore. 
 
 [In this sense the icord is not common, and hardly ad- 
 missible.] 
 
 2. 'I'o unfold the meaning or sense ; to explain ; to 
 clear of diflicullies or obscurity ; to interpret. 
 
 TUo lut rent of hia \ut lalyr U not jcl lulUcicntly expHmlrtI . 
 
 Oryrirti. 
 
 EX'PLI-CA-TKD, pp. Unfolded ; explained. 
 EX'PI.I-eA-TING,;7>i-. Unfolding ; explaining ; in- 
 terpreting. 
 
 EX-PH-eA'TION, II. The act of opening or unfold- 
 ing. 
 
 2. The act of explaining ; explanation ; exposi- 
 tion ; interpretation ; as, the explication of the para- 
 bles of our Savior. 
 
 3. The sense given by an expositor or interpreter. 
 
 Johnsi'n. 
 
 EX'PLl-CA-TIVE, j a. Serving to unfold or ex- 
 
 EX'PLi eA-TO-RV, i plain ; tending to l.iy open to 
 the understanding. Walts. 
 
 EX'PLI-CA-TOK, n. One who unfolds or explains; 
 an expounder. 
 
 EX-I'LIC'IT, feks-plis'it,) a. [L. explicitus, part, of 
 erplico, to unfold.] 
 
 Literally, unfolded. Hence, plain in Innguage ; 
 open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or am- 
 biguous ; express, not merely iniplii il. An erpliiit 
 proposition or declaration is that in which the words, 
 in tlieir coniiiion acceiitaliim, ex press tlie true meaning 
 of the person who utters tliem, and in which there 
 is no ambiguity or disguise. 
 
 2. Plain; open; clear; unreserved; having no 
 disguised meaning or reservation ; applied to persons. 
 He was explicit ill his terms. 
 
 F.X' t'LIC-IT, (eks'ple-sit.) [L.] A word formerly 
 usi d at the conclusion of books, aafinU is now used. 
 
 EX-PLIC'IT-LY, adv. Plainly ; expressly ; without 
 duplicity ; without disguise or reservaticm of mean- 
 ing; not by inference or implication. He explicitly 
 avows his intention. 
 
 EX-PLIC'IT-NESS, n. Plainness of Language or ex- 
 pression ; clearness ; direct expression of ideas or 
 inteiitii>n, without reserve or ambiguity. 
 
 EX-l'Lf)l)E', «. i. [Ij.erplodo; cj: and /i/ni/r/o, to ut- 
 ter a burst of sound ; from tiie root of load.] 
 
 Properly, to burst forth, as sound ; to utter a report 
 with sudden violence. Hence, to burst and expand 
 witli force and a violent report, .as an elastic tluid. 
 We say, gunpowder explodes on the application of 
 fire ; a v<dcano explodes ; a meteor explodes. 
 
 EX-PL6I)E', V. t. To decry or reject with noi.^e ; to 
 express disapprobatiiui of, with noise or marks of 
 contempt ; jus, to explode a play on the stage. Hence, 
 
 2. To reject with any marks of ilisapprobation or 
 disdain ; to treat with contempt, Mini drive from no- 
 tice ; to drive into disrepute ; or, iii sr'neral, to con- 
 demn ; to reject ; to cry down. ./Vstrology is now 
 exploded. 
 
 3. To drive out with violence and noise. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 The Ifinilled powder exploded the bAll. Blackmore. 
 
 EX-PL6D'ED, pp. or a. Burst with violence ; driven' 
 away by hisses or noise ; ri^ected with disapproba- 
 tion or contempt ; condemned ; cried down. 
 
 EX-PLoD'ER, It. One who explodes; a hisser; one 
 who rejects. 
 
 EX-PLC)l)'ING, ppr. Bursting and expanding with 
 force and a violent report; rejecting with marks of 
 disapprobation or contempt ; rejecting; condemning. 
 
 EX-PLOIT', n. [Fr. exploit; Norm, exploit, esploit, 
 dispatch; expleiter, to bo dispatched, exercised, or 
 employed ; ploU, dispatch ; Arm. espied, esplcdi, ez- 
 pleL] 
 
 1. A deed or act ; more espeeialhj, a heroic act ; a 
 deed of renown ; a pri'at or noble achievement ; as, 
 the exploits of Alexander, of Cesar, of Washington. 
 [ExpLoiTunE, in a like sense, is not in use.] 
 
 2. In a ludicrous sense, a great act of wickedness. 
 EX-PLOIT', c.t. To achieve. [A'ut in «.«.] Camden. 
 EX-PL6'RATE,r.«, To explore, [^rutx^sed^ [See 
 
 Explore.] 
 
 EX-PLO-RA'TION, u. [See Explore.] The act of 
 exploring ; close search ; strict or careful examina- 
 tion. Boyle. 
 
 EX'PLO-RA-TOR, n. One who explores; one who 
 searches or examines closely. 
 
 EX-PL0R'.\-T0-RY, o. Serving to explore ; search- 
 ing ; examining. 
 
 E.\-PLORE',f. (. [\i. er)>loro ; <i and p/oro, to cr)' out, 
 to wail, to bawl. The compound appears to con- 
 vey a very dilferent sense from the simple verb ploro ; 
 but the primary sense is, to stretch, strain, drive ; ap- 
 plied to the Toiee, it is to strain or press out sounds or 
 words ; applied to the eyes, it is to stretch or reach, 
 as in prying curiosity.] 
 
 1. To search for making discovery ; to view with 
 care ; to examine closely by the eye. Moses sent 
 spies to explore the land of (janaan. 
 
 2. To search by any means ; to try ; as, to explore 
 the deep by a pliimniet or lead. 
 
 3. To search or pry into ; to scrutinize ; to inquire 
 with care ; to examine closely with a view to dis- 
 cover truth ; as, to explore the depths of science. 
 
 EX-PLf)R'i.'D, pp. ora. Searched ; viewed ; examined 
 claselv. 
 
 EX-PLt)RE'ME.\T,n Search ; trial. [Little used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 EX PLfiR'ER, n. One who explores. 
 EX-PLOR'I.NG, ppr. or o. Searchini: ; viewing ; ex- 
 amining with care. ' 
 
 E.X-PLO'SION, (eks-pWzhun,) II. [itnm explode..] A 
 bursting with noise ; a bursting or sudden expansion 
 of any elastic fluid, with force and a loud report ; as, 
 the explosion of powder. 
 
 2. The discharge of a piece of ordnance with a 
 loud report. 
 
 3. The sudden burst of sound in a volcano, ic. 
 EX-I'LO'.SI VE, a. Driving or bursting out with vio- 
 lence and noise ; causing explosion ; us, the explosive 
 force of gunpowder. IVondward. 
 
 EX-PLfi'SIVF. LY, ado. In an explosive manner. 
 E.\-P0-LI-A'T10N, n. [L. eipalmtiu.] 
 
 A spoiling ; a wasting. [See Spoliation.] 
 EX-POL'ISH, for Polish ; a useless -word. 
 E.X-Po'.NI^.N'T, n. [L. ex]}oncns ; expono, to expose or 
 set lorlli ; ex and pono, to place.] 
 
 1. In al'jibra, tile exjtonent or index of a power is 
 the iiuiiibi r or letter which, placi d above a (piantity 
 at the right hand, denotes how often that quantity 
 is repeated as a factor, to produce the power. Tlrus 
 
 denotes the second pou'er of a : a* denotes the 
 fourth power of a .- a' denotes the xlli power of o, or 
 o repeated as a factor i linii s. A fractional exponent 
 or index is used to denote the root of a quantity. 
 Thus al denotes the third or cube root of a. 
 
 Daifs .^l;Tibra. Barlow. 
 9. F.xponcnt of a ratio ; a term or phrase sometimes 
 used to denote the quotient arising when the antece- 
 dent is divided by the consequent, 'i'hus six is the 
 exponent of the ratio of tJiirty to Jiee. But some math- 
 ematicians, as Kepler, Halley, &c., consider loga- 
 rithms as the er]wneuts uf ratios. Barlote. Brande. 
 
 3. Fiiriirativcly, one that stands as an index or 
 representative ; as the leader ol a party is the expo- 
 ncnt of its principles, 
 EX-PO-NEN'TIAL, a. Pertaining to exponents. 
 
 Exponential ifuontily ; in algebra, a quantity whose 
 exponent is unknown or variable. HuUon. 
 
 Exponential equation ; an equation which contains 
 an exponential quantity. Ilutton. 
 
 Exponential curve ; a curve whose nature is defined 
 by means of an exponential eipiation. Hutton. 
 EX-Pf)PE', II. A pope deposed, or dismissed from 
 
 oflice. McGarin, 
 EX-PoRT', V. t. [L. exporto ; ex and porta, to carry. 
 Purto seems allied to fcro, and Eng. ftfar. Class Br.] 
 To carry out ; but appropriately, and [lerhaps ez- 
 clasicely, to convey or transport, in traffic, produce, 
 and goods from one country to another, or from one 
 state or jurisdiction to another, either by water or 
 land. We export wares and merchandise from the 
 United States to Europe. The Northern .States ex- 
 port manufactures to South Carolina and Georgia. 
 Goods are exported from Persia to Sy ria and Egypt 
 on camels. 
 
 EX'PoRT, It. A commodity actually conveyed from 
 one country or state to another in traflic, or a com- 
 modity which m,\v be exported ; used chiefly in the 
 plural, erporu. We ap[ily the word to goods or prod- 
 uce actually carried abroad, or to such a3 are usu- 
 allv exported in commerce. 
 
 EX-PORT' A-BLK, a. That may be exported. 
 
 EX-POR-TA'TION, n. The act of exporting ; the act 
 of conveying goods and productions from one coun- 
 try or state to another in the course of commerce. 
 A country is benefited or enriched by tlie exportation 
 of its surjiliis productions. 
 
 2. 'I'lie act of carrying out. 
 
 EX-PoRT'ED, pp. or a. Carried out of a country or 
 state in traffic. 
 
 EX-PoRT'ER, n. The person who exports ; the per- 
 son who ships goods, wares, and merchandise of any 
 kind to a foreign country, or who sends them to 
 market in a distant country or state ; opijpsed to im- 
 porter. 
 
 EX-PoRT'I.\G, ppr. Conveying to a foreign country, 
 or to another state, as goods, produce, or manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 EX'PoRT-TRADE, n. The trade which consists in 
 
 the exportation of commodities. 
 EX-PoS'AL, n. Exposure. [jVot in use.] SuiifL 
 EX-PoSE', (('ks-po7.e',) r. t. [Fr. exposer; L. exposi- 
 tum, from expono ; ex and pono, to place ; It. esporre, 
 for exponere. The radical sense of pono is to set or 
 place, or rather to llirow or thrust down. To expose 
 is to set or throw open, or to thrust forth.] 
 
 1. To lay open ; to set to public view ; to disclose ; 
 to uncover or draw from concealment ; as, to expose 
 the secret artifices of a court; to expose a plan or de- 
 sign. 
 
 2. To make bare ; to uncover ; to remove from any ■ 
 thing that which guards or protects ; as, to expose the | 
 head or the breiL'^t to the air. 
 
 3. To remove from shelter ; to place in a situation 
 to be affected or acted on ; tas, to expose one's self to 
 violent heat. 
 
 4. To lay open to attack, by any means ; as, to ex- 
 pose an army or garrison. j 
 
 5. To make liable ; to subject ; as, to expose one's 
 self to pain, grief, or tod ; to expose one's self to in- 
 sult. 
 
 C. To put in the power of; as, to expose one's sell 
 to (he seas. 
 
 TCNE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. |j 
 
EXP 
 
 EXP 
 
 Exa 
 
 7. To lay open to censure, ridicule, or contempt, 
 
 A foo! mi^lit onc€ himself alone expoBe. Pope. 
 
 8. To lay open, in almost any manner j as, tu er- 
 yost one's self to examination or scrutiny. 
 
 9. To put in danger. The good soldier never 
 shrinks from exposing himself, when duty re- 
 quires it. 
 
 10. To cast out to chance ; to place abroad, or in a 
 situation unprotected. Some nations expose their 
 children. 
 
 11. To lay open ; to make public. Be careful not 
 unnecessarily to expose the faults of a neighbor. 
 
 12. To offer ; to place in a situation to invite pur- 
 chasers ; as, to expose goods to sale. 
 
 13. To offer to inspection ; as, to expose paintings 
 in a gallerv. 
 
 EX-PO SE'', (eks-po-za',) re. [Fr.] A laying open ; a 
 formal statement, recital, or exposition ; a useless 
 ttord. 
 
 EX-PoS'£D, pp. or a. Laid open ; laid bare ; uncov- 
 ered ; unprotected ; made liable to attack ; offered 
 for sale ; disclosed ; made public ; offered to view. 
 
 EX-PoS'ED-.\ESS, n. A state of being ex|)r)sed, 
 open to attack, or unprotected ; as, an ezposedness to 
 sin or temptation. Edmards. 
 
 EX-POS'ER, n. One who exposes. 
 
 EX-PoS'lNG, ppr. I,ying or laying open ; making 
 bare; putting in danger ; disclosing; placing in any 
 situation without protection ; offering to inspection 
 or to sale. 
 
 EX-PO-SI"TIO.V, (eks-po-zish'un,) n. A laying open ; 
 a setting to public view. 
 
 2. A situation in which a thing is exposed or laid 
 open, or in which it has an unobstructed view, or in 
 which a free passage to it is open ; as, a house has 
 an easterly exposition, an exposition to the soutti, or to 
 a southern prospect. The exposition gives a free ac- 
 cess to the air or to the sun's rays. ArbuiUnot. 
 
 3. Explanation ; interpretation ; a laying open the 
 sense or meaning of au author, or of any passage in 
 a writing. ' Dnjden. 
 
 4. A work containing explanations or interpreta- 
 tions. 
 
 EX-POS'I-TIVE, a. Explanatory ; laying open. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 EX-POS'I-TOR, n. [L.] One who expounds or ex- 
 plains ; an interpreter. SouUu 
 2. A book which expounds and explains. 
 
 EX POS'I-TO-RY, a. Serving to explain ; tending to 
 illustrate. Johnson. 
 
 EX POST FACTO, [L.] In law, done after an- 
 other tiling. An estate granted may be made good 
 by matter ex post facto, which was not good at first. 
 
 An ex post facto law, in criminal cd^es, consists in 
 declaring an act penal or criminal, which was inno- 
 cent when done ; or in raising the grade of an of- 
 fense, making it greater than it was when com- 
 mitted, or increasing the punishment after the com- 
 mission of the offense ; or in altering the rules of 
 evidence, so as to allow different or less evidence to 
 convict the offender, than was required wlien the 
 offense was committed. Sergeant. 
 
 An ex post facto law, is one that renders an act pun- 
 ishable in a manner in which it was no' piinisbuble 
 at the time it was committed. Crancli, Reports. 
 
 This definition Ls distinguished fur its comprehen- 
 sive brevity and precision. Kent's Commentaries. 
 
 In a free government, no person can be subjected 
 to punishment by an ez post facto law. 
 
 EX POS'TU-LaTE, ». i. [L. expostulo ; ex and pos- 
 tulo, to require, probably from the root of posco.] 
 
 To reason earnestly with a person, on some impro- 
 priety of his conduct, representing tlie wrong he has 
 done or intends, and urging him to desist, or to make 
 redress ^ followed by icitlt. 
 
 Tlie emjy^ror'8 emUwsador expostulaled with the king, tliat be 
 bad tm>keD the lc:i^ue wiili the emperor. HaA/icard, 
 
 EX-POS'TU-LaTE, v. L To discuss; to examine. 
 [A'l.f used.] 
 
 EX POS'TU-L.^ T1.\G, ppr. Reasoning or urging 
 
 arguments against any improper conduct. 
 EX-POS-TU-La'TIO.V, n. Reasoning with a person 
 in opposition to his conduct ; the act of pressing on 
 a person reasons or arguments against the impropri- 
 ety of his conduct, and in some cases demanding re- 
 dress or urging refiinnation. 
 2. In rhetoric, an address containing expostulation. 
 
 F.ncyc. 
 
 EX-POS'TtJ-LX TOR, n. One who expostulates. 
 EX-POH'TI;-I,A-TO-RV,ii. Containing expostulation ; 
 
 an, an erpastalolnry address or debate. 
 EX-PO'SIIRE, (eks-po'zhiir,) ,u [from expose.] The 
 
 act of exposing or laying open. 
 
 2. The Hlite of being laid open to view, to danger, 
 or to any inctmvcnience ; as, exposure to observa- 
 tion ; exposure to cold, or to the air j exposure to cen- 
 sure. 
 
 3. The dituation of a plar* in regard to iM>int9 of 
 <->..r.p".^!(, or to a free access of air iir light. W'e say, 
 a building, or a garden, or a wall, Iiils a nortlierii or 
 a soiithi'rn exposure. \Vc speak of its exposure or 
 expoiition to a free current of air, or to the access u( 
 light. 
 
 EX-POUND', V. t [L. expono ; ex and pono, to set.] 
 
 1. To explain ; to lay open the meaning ; to clear 
 of obscurity ; to interpret ; as, to expound a text of 
 Scripture ; to expound a law. 
 
 2. To lay open ; to examine ; as, to expound the 
 pocket. [Ji'iit used.] Iludibra.-'. 
 
 EX-POUNU'ED, pp. Explained; laid open; inter- 
 preted. 
 
 BX-POUND'ER, 71. An explainer; one who inter- 
 prets or explains the meaning. 
 
 EX-POU.XD'ING, ppr. Explaining; laying open; 
 makiiig clear to the understanding ; interpreting. 
 
 EX-PR E'FECT, n. A prefect out of office ; one who 
 has been a prefect, and is so no longer. 
 
 EX-PRES'1-DENT, n. One who has been a presi- 
 dent, but is no longer in the office. 
 
 EX-PRESS', V. U [.Sp. expresar; Port, expressar; L. 
 expressum, exprimo ; ez and premo, to press. See 
 Press.] 
 
 1. To press or squeeze out ; to force out by press- 
 ure ; as, to express the juice of grapes or of apples. 
 
 2. To utter ; to declare in words ; to speak. lie 
 expressed his ideas or his meaning with precision ; 
 his views were expressed in very intelligible terms. 
 
 3. To write or engrave; to represent in written 
 words or language. The covenants in the deed are 
 well expressed. 
 
 4. To represent; to exhibit by copy or resemblance. 
 So ki'ls ajid whelps llieir sires and dams expreea, Dryden. 
 
 5. To represent or show by imitation or the imita- 
 tive arts ; to form a likeness ; as in painting or sculp- 
 ture. 
 
 Each skillfitl artist shajl exprecB thy forrn. Smith. 
 (1. To show or make kniM n ; to indicate. A down- 
 cast eye or look may express humility, shame, or 
 guilt. 
 
 7. To denote ; to designate. 
 
 Moses and Aaron took these men, who are erprested by their 
 names. —Num. i. 
 
 8. To extort ; to elicit. [Little used.] B. Jonson. 
 EX-PRESS', a. Plain ; clear ; expressed ; direct ; not 
 
 ambiguous. We are informed in exjtress terms or 
 words ; the terms of (he contract are express. 
 
 2. Given in direct tenns ; not implied or left to in- 
 ference. This is the express covenant or agreement ; 
 we have his express consent ; we liave an express law 
 on the subject ; express warranty ; express m;ilice. 
 
 3. Copied ; resembling ; bearing an exact repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 His Cice erpresa, AfUton. 
 
 4. Intended or sent for a particular purpose, or on 
 a particular errand ; as, to send a messenger express. 
 
 EX-PRESS', n. A messenger or vehicle sent on a 
 particular errand or occasion ; usually, a courier 
 sent to ctmimunicale information of an important 
 event, or to deliver impcjrtant disp-itcbes. It is ap- 
 plied, also, to boats or vessels sent to convey impor- 
 tant information. Clarendon. Dnjden, 
 
 2. .\ message sent. J^'"^ Charles. 
 
 3. A declaration in plain terms. [JVot in use.] 
 
 4. A regular conveyance for packages, &c. 
 EX-PRESS'£D, (eks-prest',) pp. or a. Squeezed or 
 
 forced out, as juice or liquor; uttered in words ; st^t 
 down in writing or letters ; declared ; represented ; 
 shown. 
 
 EX-PR KSS'I-BLE, a. That may be expressed ; that 
 may be uttered, declarcil, shown, or represented. 
 2. That may be squeezed out. , 
 
 EX-PRESS'ING, ppr. Forcing out by pressure ; utter- 
 ing; declaring; showing; representing. 
 
 EX-PRES'SION, (eks-presh'un,) «. The act of express- 
 ing r the act of^ forcing out by pressure, as juices and 
 oils from [ilants. 
 
 2. The act of uttering, declaring, or representing; 
 utterance ; declaration ; rejiresentatiou ; as, an ex- 
 pression of the public will. 
 
 3. A phrase, or mode of speech ; as, an old expres- 
 sion ; an odd exjtression. 
 
 4. In rhetoric, elocution ; diction ; the peculiar 
 manner of utterance suited to tlie subject and sen- 
 timent. 
 
 No adtvjitatfl descriptjon can be ffiven of the nameless and ever- 
 v.irymg sludi-s uf txjtreetioH wlticli l\*al p;Uhos ^v«'s to tlie 
 voic<j. Porter't .\ruuytia. 
 
 5. In painting and sculpture, a natural and lively 
 representation of the subject ; as, the expressum of 
 the eye, of the countenance, or of a particular action 
 or passion. 
 
 6. In music, the tone, grace, or modulation, of voice 
 or sound suited to any particular subji cl ; that man- 
 ner wtiicli gives life and reality to ideas and senti- 
 ments. 
 
 7. Theatrical exjircssion, is a distinct, sonorous, and 
 pleasing pronunciation, accompanied with action 
 united to the subji-ct. 
 
 8. In algebra, the representation of any quantity 
 by its appropriate characters or signs. 
 
 EX-PKES'SIO.N-LESS, n. Destitute of expression. 
 
 E.\-PRE."^S'I VK, a. Serving to express; serving to 
 utter or represent ; followed by of. He .sent a letter 
 couched in terms expressive nflns gratitude. 
 
 K idi vi_-nc BO swrtu tijireunot o/Av:t wiiet. Ticktl. 
 
 a. Representing with force ; emphatical. These | 
 words are very expressive. \ 
 3. Showing; representing; as, an expressive si<:n. j 
 EX-PRESS'IVE-LY, adv. In an expressive manner ; 
 
 clearly ; fully ; with a clear representation. 
 EX-PRESS' I VE-N ESS, n. The quality of being ex- ' 
 pressive ; the power of expression or representation I 
 by words. [ 
 2. The power or force of representation : the qual- ] 
 ify of presenting a subject strongly to the senses or 
 to the mind ; as, the expressiveness of the eye, or of 
 the features, or of sounds. 
 EX-PJiES-Sl'FO, (eks-pres-sS'vo,) [It.] With ex- 
 pression. 
 
 EX-PRESS'LY, adv. In direct terms ; plainly. 
 EX-PRESS'i\ESS, n. The state of being express. 
 EX-PRESS' QRE, 71. Expression; utterance; repre- 
 sentation ; mark ; impression. [Little used.] Shah. 
 EX'PRO-liRATE, v. t. [L. exprobro ; ex and probrum, 
 deformity, a shameful act.] 
 
 To upbraid ; to censure as reproachful ; to blame ; 
 to condemn. Brown. 
 EX-PRO-BRa'TION, 7!. The act of charging or cen- 
 suring reproachfully ; reproachful accusation ; the 
 act of upbraiding. 
 
 No need such boasts, or exprobrations false 
 
 Of cowardice. Philips, 
 
 EX-PRo'BR.4-TIVE, a. Upbraiding ; expressing re- 
 proach. Sir jj. Sherley. 
 
 KX PRO-FES'SO, [L.] Professedly ; by profession. 
 
 EX-PRO'PRI-aTE, r. /. [L. ex and proprius, own.] 
 To disengage from appropriation ; to liold no longer 
 as one's own ; to give up a claim to exclusive prop- 
 erty. ' Boyle. 
 
 EX-PRO-PRI-a'TIO.\, n. The act of discarding ap- 
 propriation, or declining to hold as one's own ; the 
 surrender of a claim to exclusive property. H'alsh. 
 
 EX-PuGN', (eks punu',) v. L [L. cxpugno; ex and 
 pugno, to fight.] 
 
 To conipier ; to take by assault. Johnson. 
 
 EX-PIfG'i\A-BI.E, a. That may he forced. 
 
 EX-PUG-NA'TIOi\, 71. Conquest; the act of taking 
 bv assault. Sandys. 
 
 EX-PuG.\'ER, (eks-pQn'er,) 7i. One who subdues. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 EX-PULSE', (eks-puls',) v. t [Fr. expnlser, from L. 
 expnlsiis, expetlo ; ex and pcllo, to drive.] 
 
 To drive out ; to expel. [Rare.] Shak. Bacon. 
 
 EX-PULS'ER, Ji. An expeller. Cotgrare. 
 
 EX-PUL'SIO.N, n. The act of driving out or expel- 
 ling ; a driving away by violence ; as, the expulsion 
 of the thirty tyrants from Athens, or of Adam from 
 paradise. 
 
 2. The state of being driven out or away. 
 EX-PUL'SIVE, a. Having the power of driving out 
 
 or awav ; serving to expel. JViseman. 
 EX-PUN'e'TlO.N, n. [See Expunoe.] The act of 
 
 expunging; the act of blotting out or erasing. Jlilton, 
 EX-PUr\'GE', (eks-|)unj',) u. t. [L. expungo ; ex and 
 
 pungo, to thrust, to prick.] 
 
 1. To blot out, as with a pen ; to nib out ; to etFace, 
 a-s «'ords ; to obliterate. We expunge single words 
 or whole lines or sentences. 
 
 2. 'I'o efface ; tti strike out : to wipe out or destrt>y ; 
 to annihilate ; as, to expunge an offense. Sandys. 
 
 Eijiunge the whole, or lop the excrescent p^irts. Pope. 
 EX-PU.\G'i'D, pp. Blotted out ; obliterated ; de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 EX-PUN(5'I.VG, ppr. or a. Blotting out ; erasing; ef- 
 facing ; destroying. 
 
 E.X-PU.NG'I.VG, 71. The act of blotting out or de- 
 stroying. 
 
 EX-Pi'R'G.^TE or EX'PUR-GaTE, r. L [L. expurgo; 
 ex anil purgo, to cleanse.] 
 
 To purge ; to cleanse ; to purify from any thing 
 noxious, olFensive, or errimeous. Fahrr 
 
 EX-PUR'GA-TED or EX'PUR-GA-TED, pp or a. 
 Purged ; cleansed ; purified. 
 
 EX-PUR'G.\-T1NG or EX'PUR-GA-TING, ppr. Purg- 
 ing ; cleansing; purifying. 
 
 EX-PUR-Ga'TIO.\', 71. The act of purging or cleans- 
 ing ; Evacuation. Wiseman. 
 
 2. A cleansing ; purification from any thing nox- 
 ious, offensive, sinful, or erroneous. Brown. 
 
 EX'PUR-GA-TOR, n. One wlm i xpurgates or purifies. 
 
 EX-PUK-GA-TO'RI-OUS, o. That ex|iui gates or ex- 
 punges. Mtlton. 
 
 EX-PUR'GA-TO-RY, 0. Cleansing; purifying ; .serv- 
 ing to purify IVoiii any thing noxious or einmeoiis ; 
 as, the ripurgaltirij index of the Roman Catholics, 
 which directs the expunetitJii of passages of authors 
 contrary to their cre ed or principles. 
 
 KTpuTgatory Eiiiiuuulventiuiut. Broian. 
 
 EX-PUROE', (eks-puri',) v. U [L. expurgo.] 
 
 To purge aw:iy. [ji'ut in use.] Mdton. 
 EX-UUIRiy, V. I. [L. fj-yiiir,).) 
 
 To searcli into or out. [A'ot in use.] Sandys. 
 EX'aUI-SlTK, feks'kwe-zil,) o. [L. (•j-(/utyit.i.s from 
 eiqniro : ex alitl iptirro, to seek.] 
 
 Literally, sought out or searched for with care; 
 wheiire, choice ; select. Hence, 
 
 1. Nice ; exact ; very excellent ; complete ; Of, a i 
 vase of cx<iuLite workmanship. 
 
 'I 
 
 PATE, FXR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PREY. — PLNE, MARtNE, BIRD.- NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
EXT 
 
 2. Nice; nccnrate ; capable of nice perception; as, 
 ert/itUitc sensibility. 
 
 S. Nice; accurate; capalile of nice discrimiiiation ; 
 as, (?jy»(.v//r jmlyuient, taste, or discernment. 
 
 k. Ueinj: in tile liighest degree ; extreme ; a;<, to 
 relisli pleasure in an ei^uisiu degree. So wc say, 
 eiiinisitr. pleasnre or pain. 
 
 The iimal extiuuile of liuiiiuii Batj«fuctions (lows from an approv- 
 ing coli»ciciicc. J At. Mason. 
 
 ."). Very sensibly fi'lt ; as, a painful and exquisite 
 impression on the nerves. Citcijur. 
 KX 'III '[-SITE, (eks'kwe-zit,) n. One dressed with 
 
 extreme care ; a fop. Smart. 
 E.X'til.'l SITE-LY, adv. Nicely; accurately; witli 
 great perfection ; as, a work eiquisitely finished ; ez- 
 t/ui.'iilrhi written. 
 
 a. With keen sensation or with nice perception. 
 We feel pain more eiqaisitdij when nothing diverts 
 our attention from it. 
 
 ^Ve ifx niort- ej^uifitely with one eye shut. Bacon. 
 EX'aUl-SITE-NESS, n. Nicety ; exactness ; accura- 
 cy , completeness ; perfection ; as, the cj<jiii^iteness 
 of workmanship. 
 
 2. Keenness ; sharpness ; extremity ; as, tlie eiqui- 
 .<titntF.s.-t ol" pain or grief. 
 EX-CiinS'I-'I'l V'E, a. Curious; eager to discover. 
 
 f JVoi ill H>T.] 
 
 EX-aUIS'l-Tl 
 
 IVE-LY, ode. Curiously ; minutely. 
 
 Suhteij, 
 
 IIE 'SENT'A-TIVE, «. One who h;ia been 
 
 E.X-REI' 
 
 formerly a representative, but is no longer one. 
 EX-S.\N 'GUl-OUS, a. [L. cxrfa;i«Tits ; ez and san^iis, 
 blood.] 
 
 Destitute of blood, or rather of red blood, as an 
 animal. Kncijc. 
 
 [ExsAPtoL'isocs and ExsANGiriNEOua are aUu sume- 
 tiinrs itseif,] 
 EX-SCI.ND', (eks-sind',) r. t. [L. eiscindo.] 
 
 Til c lit i'ff. 
 EX--SI I.\I)'E1), pp. Cut off. 
 EX SCIND'ING, ppr. Cutting off. 
 EX-!^eiUI!E', V. t. [L. ezxnbo.] 
 
 To copy ; to transcribe. [JVot in u.ie.'] B. Jonson. 
 E.X-f>eKll'T', n. A copy ; a transcript. [J^'ut used.] 
 E.X-t>Ee'KE-TA-KY, n. One wlio has been secretary, 
 
 but is no longer in otlice. 
 EX-S EC ' T I O N , n. [I.. ezMctio.] 
 
 A cutting otf, or a cutting out. Darwin. 
 EX-SEN' A-TOll, 71. One who has been a senator, but 
 • is no longer one. 
 
 EX-SEKl", jo. [li. exsero ; ex and sero. See Ex- 
 EX-PEKT'ED, I iiiT.] 
 
 Standing out; projecting beyond something else; 
 
 as, st;in)ens eznert. Katoju 
 A umidl portion of tile basit e4l^ of tli« slioll exserud. Bartiet. 
 EX-SEKT'lLE, a. That i,nay be thrust out or protru- 
 ded. ■ Fleminir. 
 EX-SIC'CANT, a. [See Exsiccate.] Drying ; cvap- 
 
 oratini: moisture ; having the ipiality of drying. 
 EX-Sie C.\TE or EX'SIC-CaTE, ». t. [L. ezsicco ; 
 
 ex and .ficcw, to tiry.] 
 To dry ; to e.vliaust or evaporate moisture. 
 
 Brown. Jilortimer, 
 EX-Sie'CA-TED or EX'SIC-Ca-TED,;)?. or a. Dried. 
 EX-Sie'e.\-TING or EX'SIC-C.^-TING, ppr. or a. 
 
 Drying ; evaporating moisture. 
 EX-Sie CA'TION, «. The act or operation of drj ing; 
 
 evaporation of moisture ; dryness. Bruwn. 
 EX-SIC'C A TI V E, a. Tending to make dry. 
 EX-8rU-I"T10N, (eks-pu-ish'un,) n. [L. expuo, for 
 
 ezspua.] 
 
 A discbarge of saliva by spitting. Darwin. 
 EX-STIP'U-LATE, a. [I., ex and stipula, straw.] 
 
 In botany, having no stipules. Marttjn, 
 EX-SUCCOUS, a. [L. ezsuceus ; ex and suecus, 
 juice.] 
 
 Destitute of juice j dry. Brown. 
 EX-SUe'TION, n. [L. ezugo, cisugo, to suck out; 
 ^go, to suck.] 
 The act of sucking out. Boyle. 
 EX-SU-Da'TION, II. [I,, ervda, for ersjido.] 
 
 [This orthography would be prtfcralilc, but ExuDA- 
 ttoy is most common.] 
 
 1. A sweating ; a discharge of humors or nioistu.s 
 from animal bodies by sweat or e.\tillation 'hrough 
 the pores. 
 
 2. The discharge of the juices of » plant, moisture 
 from the earth, &c. 
 
 EX-SUF-FL.\'TION, n [L. ex and .s-ii^o, to blow.] 
 1. A blowing or blast Irom beneath. [LiUU «.<<•</.] 
 a. A kind of exorcism. f'ulke. 
 
 EX-SI;F'F(J-LATE, a. Contemptible. [A'ot in lup.] 
 
 EX-tiUS'CI-TATE, r. L [I,. exsuscUo.] [ShaJi. 
 To rouse ; to excite. [JVof useil.] 
 
 EX-SUS-CI-T.\'T10N, lu A stirring up ; a rousing. 
 fJVil lused.) JIallywcll. 
 
 EX'TA.\CE^,«. [h.eztans.] 
 
 Outward existence. [Mt used.] 
 
 EK'TAN-CY. B. [I^ tistans. riUns, stii 
 tzslo : ex and slo, to stanil , 
 
 1. The slate of rising abiive others. 
 
 2. Parts rising above the rest : opposed to drnres- 
 non. [Little used.] Boyle. 
 
 Brown, 
 s^ standing out, from 
 
 EXT 
 
 EX'T.'\NT, a. [L. exstans, cxtans, supra.] 
 
 1. Standing out or above any surface ; protruded. 
 
 TllAt pan of the tcelh wliich is enara al>ove the jriuna. liny, 
 A body partly iinuicrscd in a llniil luij partly extant. BcnllBy. 
 
 2. In being; now subsisting ; not suppressed, de- 
 stroyi il, or lost. A part only of the history of I. ivy, 
 and of the writings of Cicero, is now extant. Socra- 
 tes wrote much, but none of his writings are extant. 
 The extant works of tirators and pliilosopiiers. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 EX'TA SY, EX-TAT'ie. See Ecstasy, Ecstatic. 
 E-X-TE.M'PO-UAL, a, [L. eztcniporalis ; ez and tcjnpus^ 
 time.l 
 
 1. Made or uttered at the moment, without pre- 
 meilitatitni ; as, nn extrmporal discourse. IVottnn. 
 
 2. Speaking witliout premeditation. B. .fonson. 
 [Instead afthit tcvrd, ExTEMroRANEOus and Extem- 
 
 PORAHY are now u.-.ti1.] 
 EX-TE.M'l'O-KAL-LV, adv. Without premeditation. 
 
 S/i,tk. 
 
 EX-TEM-I'O-RA'NE-AN, a. [JVu( iwaA] See Exte.m- 
 
 POIIANEOUS, 
 
 EX-TE.M-l'O-IlA'NE-OUS, a. [L. extcmporaneus ; ez 
 and teinpus, tiine.l 
 
 Composed, performed, or uttered, at the time the 
 subject occurs, without previous study; unpreineili- 
 tati'd ; as, an extemporaneous adtiress ; an extempora- 
 neous production ; an eneniporanrous prescription. 
 
 EX-TEM-I'0-UA'NE-OL'S-LY,a(;e. Without previous 
 stiiclv. 
 
 EX-TE.M-PO-RA'NE OUS-NESS, n. The quality of 
 
 being unpremeditaiVd. 
 EX-TEM'I'O-KA-IU-EY.a^/r. Without previous study. 
 E.X-TE.M'P(-)-K,\-UY, a. [L. ex and temporarius^ from 
 
 tenipns, time.] 
 Composed, pc-rformeJ, or uttered, without previous 
 
 study or preparation. [.See Extemporaneols.] 
 EX-TFJ\V PO RE, ade. [I,, ex, and alil. oftempus, time.] 
 
 1. Without previous study or meditation ; without 
 preparation ; suddenly ; as, to write or s]>eak extem- 
 pore. 
 
 2. It is used as an adjective, improperly, at least 
 without necessity, for Extemi'oramcous ; as, an ez- 
 tnnpore dissertation. Addison. 
 
 EX-'I'EM'PU-Ill-NESS, n. The state of being unpre- 
 meditated ; the state of being composed, performed, 
 or littered, witluml previous study. Johnson. 
 
 EX-TE.M'PO-RIZE, v. i. 'J'o speak extempore; to 
 speak without previous study or preparation. 'I'o ex- 
 temporiic well requires a ready mind, well furiiislietl 
 with knowledge. 
 
 2. To discourse without notes or written composi- 
 tion. 
 
 EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ER, n. One who speaks without 
 
 previous study, or without written composition. 
 EX-TEM'PO-KIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Speaking without 
 previous study or preparation by writing. 
 
 The extemporizing faculty is never more out of its element than 
 iu the pulpiL Soutti. 
 
 EX-TEND', V. t fL. extendo ; ex and tendo, from Gr. 
 r£ti'(j, L, teneo • Fr. etendre; Ix. stenttcre ; i^^i. exten- 
 der; Arm. astenna: W. estyn, from lynu, to pull, or 
 tyn, a pull, a .stretch.] 
 
 1. To stretch in any direction ; to carry forward, or 
 continue in length, as a line ; tt> spread in breailth ; 
 to expantl or dilate in size. The word is particularly 
 applied to length and breadth. We extend lines iii 
 siirvej ing ; we extend roatis, limits, bounds; we ex- 
 tend metal plates by hammering. 
 
 2. To stretch ; to reach forth ; as, to extend the arm 
 or hand. 
 
 3. To spread ; to expand ; to enlarge ; to widen ; 
 as, to extend the capacities or intellectual powers ; to 
 extend the sphere of usefulness ; to extend commerce. 
 
 4. To continue ; to prolong ; as, to extend the time 
 of payment; to extend the seastin of IriN. 
 
 5. i'o communicate ; to bestow oL ; to use or exer- 
 cise toward. 
 
 He hath txt£7uUd mercy to me before the king^. — Ezm vii. 
 
 6. To impart ; to yield or give. 
 
 1 wUJ extend peace to her like n river. — li. livl. 
 
 7. In law, to value lands taken by a writ of extent 
 in satisfaction of a debt ; or to levy on lands, as an 
 execution. 
 
 The execution va» Jellvenxl to the ihcrilT, who ertendetl the 
 lame on certLini rc.il esLnle. litp. 
 
 EX-TEND', p. i. To stretch ; to reach ; to be contin- 
 ued in length or breadth. The State of Massacliu- 
 sett.s extends west to the border of the State of New 
 York. Connecticut River extenils from Canada to the 
 Stnind. How far will your argument or proposition 
 extend ? Let our charities extend to the heathen. 
 
 EX-TE.\D'ED, pp. or a. Stretched ; spread ; expand- 
 ed ; enlarged ; bestowed on ; communicated ; valued 
 under a writ of extent, or extendi facias; levied. 
 
 EX-TE.N'D'ER, n. He or that which extends or 
 stretches. 
 
 EX-TENI)'I-ni,E, a. Capable of being extended ; 
 that may be stretched, extended, enlarged, wid- 
 ened, or expanded. 
 
 2. That may be taken by a writ of extent and val- 
 ued. 
 
 EXT 
 
 EX-TEND'ING, ppr. Stretching; reaching; contin- 
 uing in length ; spreading; enlarging; valuing. 
 E.X-TEND'I,ESS-NErfS, ii. Unlimited extension. 
 
 JJVef used.] Hale. 
 E.X-TENS-l-IilL'I-TY, n. [from ericnsihie.] '1 he ca- 
 pacity of being extended, or of sull'i riiig extension ; 
 as, llie extensibility of a liber ; or of a plate of met- 
 al. Orcw. 
 EX-TENS'I RLE, a. [from T,. extensies.] 
 
 That may be evtendeil ; ca|ial)le of being stretched 
 in length or breadth ; susceptible of enlargement. 
 
 Holder. 
 
 EX-TE.\S'I-ni,E-NESS, n. Extensibility, which see. 
 EX-TE.\S'I EE, a. (^apable of being extended. 
 EX-TE.\'SI()N, II. [I,. extcn.-<io.] 
 
 1. The act of extending; a slretciiing. 
 
 2. 'J'lie state of being extended ; enlargement in 
 hreadlli, or roiiliiiiialion of length. 
 
 3. In phdosophij, that |j|opeity of a body by which 
 it occupies a [lorliiin of space. 
 
 4. Ill mrrcdiiiilr lantruage, an extension is a written 
 encngriiii iii mi ihe part of a creditor, allowing a debt- 
 or finilii r time to pay a debt. 
 
 EX-TEN'SION-.\l,, a. Having great extent. [JYot 
 
 used.] More. 
 EX-TEi\S'IVE, a. Wide; large; Iiaving great en- 
 largement or extent ; as, an extensive farm ; an exten- 
 sive field ; an extensive l.tke ; an extensive sphere of 
 operations ; extensive benevolence. 
 2. That may be exteinled. [.Vu( used.] Boyle. 
 EX-TENS'IVE-I,Y, adv. Widely ; largely ; to a great 
 
 extent ; as, a story is eztcnsirrly circulated. 
 EX-TE,\S'I VE-NESS, n. Wideness; largeness; ex- 
 tent ; as, the exten.^ivene.'is of the ocean. 
 
 2. Extent; diffusiveness; as, Ihii eztensiveness of a 
 mall's charities or benevolence. 
 
 Capacity of being extended. [Little vsed.] Ray. 
 EX-TEi\S'OIt, n. [I,.] In anatomy, a muscle which 
 serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, 
 as an arm or a linger : opposeil to Jlczor. Coze. Cue. 
 EX-TENT', a. Kxteiuicd. Spenser. 
 EX-TENT', II. [L. ertctUus. It is frequently accent- 
 ed on the tirst syllable.] 
 
 1. Space or degree to which a thing is extended ; 
 hence, compass ; bulk ; size ; as, a great extent of 
 country, or of boily. 
 
 2. Length ; as, an extent of line. 
 
 3. Comiiiiinieatiou ; distribution. 
 
 ifie extent of Cijiial justice. ShaJi. 
 
 A. In law, a writ of execution, or extendi focia.t, 
 which is directed to the sheriff against the body, 
 lands, and goods, or the lands only, of a debtor ; 
 also, the act of the slierilf or officer upon the writ 
 itself. _ p. Ctjc. 
 
 EX-TEN'IJ-aTE, r. t [L. extenuo ; ci and (ciiioi, to 
 make thin ; Sp. eztcnuar ; It. stenunre. See This.] 
 
 1. To make thin, lean, or slender. Sickness exten- 
 uates the body. Encyc 
 
 2. To lessen ; to diminish, as a crime or guilt. 
 
 But fortune there eltejiuates the crime. Drydeii, 
 
 3. To lessen in representation ; to palliate ; opposed 
 to aggravate. 
 
 4. To lessen or diminish in honor. [Little inci/, 
 
 MUton. 
 
 5. To make thin or rare ; opposed to conden.'.e. [Lit- 
 tle ii.s-frf.l Bacotu 
 
 EX-TEN'U-ATE, a. Thin ; slender. [J'Tot u.-<r.d .] 
 EX-TEN' U-A-TED, pp. Made thin, lean, or slender; 
 made smaller; lessened ; diminished ; palliated ; 
 made rare. 
 
 EX-TEN'lJ-A-TING, ppr. or a. Jinking thin or slen- 
 der ; lessening; diminishing; palliating; making 
 rare. 
 
 EX-'l EN-U-A'TION, n. The act of making thin ; 
 the process of growing thin or lean ; the losing of 
 flesh. 
 
 2. The act of representing any thing as less wrong, 
 faulty, or criminal, than it is in fact ; palliation ; op- 
 posed to aggravation ; as, the extenuation of faults, 
 injuries, or crimes. 
 
 3. Mitigation ; alleviation; as, the extenuation of 
 punishment. [.Vot coiiiiiiti/i.] .^tterbury. 
 
 EX-TEN'i;-A-TOR, ii. One who extenuates. 
 EX-Te'RI-OR, a. [L., from extcTUi, foreign ; Fr. o> 
 tcricur; It. estcriore.] 
 
 1. External ; outward ; applied to the outside or 
 outer surface of a hotly, and opposed to interior. 
 We sjieak of the exterior and interior surfaces of a 
 concavti-convex lens. 
 
 2. Extt^rnal ; on the outside, with reference to a 
 person ; extrinsic. We speak of an object exterior 
 to a man, as opposed to that which is within, or in 
 his mind. 
 
 3. Foreign ; relating to foreign nations ; as, the ex- 
 terior relations of a state or kingdom. 
 
 EX-Tf.'RI-OR, II. The outward surface ; that wliich 
 is external. 
 
 2. Outward or visible deportment ; appearance. 
 EX-TE-RI-OR'I TY, ii. Surface ; superficies. 
 EX-TE'RI-OR LY, arfc. Outwardly ; externally. [Jin 
 
 ill-fonned word.] SAak. 
 EX-Tic'Rl-ORS, 11. pi. The outward parts of a thing. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — Ai\"GER, VI"CIOUS. — 
 
 e as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
EXT 
 
 EXT 
 
 EXT 
 
 2 Outward or external depdrtment, or forms and 
 eeremonies ; visible acts ; as, the exteriors of religion. 
 EX-TERM'IN-ATE, v. t. [L. cxtcrmiiw ; cx and tcr- 
 tniniis, limit.] 
 
 LUeralbj, to drive from within the limits or borders. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. To destroy utterly ; to drive away ; to extirpate ; 
 as, to exterminate a colony, a trihe, or a nation j to 
 extermijiate inhabitants, or a race of men. 
 
 2. To eradicate ; to root out ; to extirpate ; as, to 
 exterminate error, lieresy, intidelily, or atheism ; to 
 exterminate vice. 
 
 3. To root out, as plants ; to extirpate ; as, to ex- 
 terminate weeds. 
 
 4. In altrebra, to take away ; to cause to disappear ; 
 as, to exterminate surds or unknown quantities from 
 an equation. 
 
 EX-TEK.M'I.\ A-TED, jtp. or a. Utterly driven away 
 or di'slroved ; eradicated ; extirpated ; taken awav. 
 
 EX-TEIIM'IN-A-TING, ppr. or a. Driving away or 
 totally destroying; eradicating; extirpating; taking 
 awav. 
 
 EX-TERM-IX-A'TION, n. The act of exterminating ; 
 total expulsion or destruction ; eradication ; extirpa- 
 tion ; excision ; as, the extermination of inhabitants 
 or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeils from a field. 
 
 2. In aJtrctrra^ a taking away ; a causing to disap- 
 pear, as of unknown quantities from an eiiuation. 
 
 EX-TERM'IX-A-TOR, n. He or that which exterm- 
 inates. 
 
 EX-TERM'IN-A-TO-RY, a. Serving or tending to 
 
 exterminate. Burke. 
 EX-TER.M'INE, v. t. To exterminate. [JVut used.] 
 EX-TERX', a. [L. cxtmius.] \_Skak. 
 
 1. External ; outward ; visible. Shak. 
 
 2. Without itself ; not inherent; not Intrinsic. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Digbij. 
 
 EX-TERN', n. A pupil in a seminary who lives 
 without its walls. 
 . EX-TERN'AL, a. [L. eitemns ; It. esterno : Sp. externo.] 
 
 1. Outward ; exterior; as, the external surface of a 
 body ; opposed to internal. 
 
 2. Outward ; not intrinsic ; not being within ; as, 
 external objects ; external causes or effects. 
 
 3. Exterior; visible; apparent; as, external de- 
 portment. 
 
 4. Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign 
 nations ; as, external trade or commerce ; the external 
 relations of a state or kingdom. 
 
 External taxes, are duties or imposts laid on goods 
 imported into a country. Federalist. 
 EX-TER-NAL'I-TY,n. External perception. Jl. Smith. 
 EX-TER.\'AL-LY, ado. Outwardly ; on the outside 
 
 2. In appearance ; visibly. 
 EX-TER\'ALS, n. pi. The outward parts ; exterior 
 form. 
 
 Adam was no less glorious in his externals : he hatl .1 beatiliful 
 bt»\y, as well as an iinmort;J soul. South. 
 
 2. Outward rites and ceremonies; visible forms ; 
 a.*, the externals of religion. 
 EX-TER-Ra'.XE-OUS, a. [L. ezterraneus; ex and 
 terra, a land.] 
 Foreign ; belonging to or coming from abroad. 
 EX-TER'S10i\, (eks-ter'shun,) n. [L. extersio, from 
 extcrgeo ; ex and tergeo, to wipe.] 
 The act of wiping or rubbing out. 
 EX-TILL', V. i. [L. cxtillo ; ex and stillo, to drop.] 
 
 To drop or distill from. 
 EX-TIL-La'TION, n. The act of distilling from, or 
 
 falling from in drops. 
 EX-T1LL'£U, (eks-tild',) pp. Distilled. 
 EX-TIM'U-LaTE. [Xot in use.'] See Stimulate. 
 EX-TIM-U-La'TIO.\. See Stimulation. 
 EX-TINGT', a. [L. extinetus. See Extinouish.] 
 
 1. Extinguished ; put out ; quenched ; as, lire, 
 light, or a lamp, is extinct. 
 
 2. Being at an end; having no sur\'ivor; as, a 
 family or race is extinct. 
 
 3. Being at an end j having ceased. The enmity 
 between the families is extinct. 
 
 My clays arc exttfict, — Job xvii. 
 
 4. Being at an end, by abolition or disuse ; having 
 no force ; as, the law is extinct. , 
 
 EX-TINCT', t'. t. To put out; to destroy. [Improper.] 
 EX-TINC'TIO.N, n. [\j. eztindio. See Ex tinhuish.] 
 
 1. The act of putting out or destroying light or 
 fire, by quenching, suffocation, or otherwise. 
 
 2. The Ktate of being extinguished, quenched, or 
 BUITucatcd ; as, the extinction of fire or of a candle. 
 
 3. Destruction ; excision ; as, the eztinUion of na- 
 tions. 
 
 4. Destruction ; suppression ; a putting an end to ; 
 as, the extijution iifWfv, or of a family ; the extinction 
 of feuds, jealousies, or enmity; the extinction of a claim. 
 
 ZX-TlS''(iVlHll, (eks tinK'gwish,) v. t. [L. eitinguo ; 
 tt and Htinito, ntiaguo, or the latter may be a C(m- 
 traction ; Ur. artyio, fur (jriyi,), to prick, that is, to 
 thrii.Ht ; or more directly from (in^/u, to dip, to stain ; 
 both probably allied to tantru, lor tuf^a, to touch. Fr. 
 eteindre ; \X. mtingucre i i^ii. cxttntruir. Sec Class I)g, 
 No. 19,31, 10.] 
 
 I. To put out ; to quench ; to Bufiocatc ; to de- 
 stroy ; as, to eztinguiah lire or llaino. 
 
 2. To destroy ; to put an end to ; as, to extinguish 
 love or hatred in tile l)reast; to extinguish desire or 
 liope ; to extinguish a claim or title. 
 
 3. To obscpre by superior splendor. Shak. 
 
 4. To put an end to, by union or consolidation. 
 [See Extinguishment.] 
 
 EX-TIN"GUISII-A-BLE, a. That may be quenched, 
 destroved,or suppressed. 
 
 EX-TIN"GUIS1I-£D, (eks-ting'gwi.sht,) pp. or a. Put 
 out ; (|uenchcd ; stilled ; suppressed ; destroyed. 
 
 EX-'I'I\"GUIS1I-ER, n. He or that which extin- 
 guishes. 
 
 2. A hollow conical utensil to be put on a candle 
 
 or lamp to extinguish it. 
 EX-TL\"GUISH-ING, Putting out ; quenching; 
 
 suppressing ; destroying. 
 E.X-TL\"GUIS1J-.ME.\T, n. The act of putting out or 
 
 quenching; extinction; suppression; destrnrtion ; 
 
 as, the extinguishment of fire or flame ; of discord, 
 
 enmity, or jealousy ; or of love or affection. 
 
 2. Abolition ; nullification. 
 
 Divine laws of Christiau church polity may not be alt^n-H by 
 eitinguishtnent. Huoker. 
 
 3. Extinction ; a putting an end to, or a coining to 
 an end ; termination ; as, the extinguishment of a 
 race or tribe. 
 
 4. The putting an end to a right or estate, by con- 
 solidation or union. 
 
 If my tenant for life makes a Ie,ase lo A for life, remaintler to B 
 anj his heirs, and I rele.ise lo A ; this release operates as 
 an exlinguishTmnt of my right to the reversion. Blackstone. 
 
 EX-TIRP', V. t. To extirpate. [JVo£ used.] Spenser. 
 EX-TIRP'.A-BLE, a. That may be eradicated. Evelyn. 
 EX-TIR'PaTE, (eks-tur'pute,) v. U [L. extirpo ; ex 
 and stirps, root ; It. cstirpare.] 
 
 1. To i)ull or pluck up by the roots ; to root out ; 
 to eradicate ; to destroy totally ; as, to extirpate weeds 
 or noxious plants from a field. 
 
 2. To eradicate; to root out; to destroy wholly ; 
 as, to extirpate error or heresy ; to extirpate a sect. 
 
 3. In surgery, to cut out ; to cut off; to eat out ; to 
 remove completely ; as, to extirpate a wen. 
 
 EX-TIR'P.\-TED, pp. or a. Plucked up by the roots ; 
 rooted out ; eradicated ; totally destroyed. 
 
 EX-TTR'Pa-TING, ppr. Pulling up or out by the roots ; 
 eradicating; totally destroying. 
 
 EX-TIR-Pa'TION, 71. The act of rooting out ; eradi- 
 cation ; excision ; total destruction ; as, the extirpa- 
 tion of weeds from land ; the extirpation of evil prin- 
 ciples from the heart ; the extirpation of a race of 
 men ; the extirpation of heresy. 
 
 EX'TIU-Pa-TOR, n. One who roots out ; a de- 
 stroyer. 
 
 EX-TI-SPI"CI0[JS, (-spish'us,) a. Augurial ; rela- 
 ting to the inspection of entrails in order to prognos- 
 tication. Brown. 
 EX-TOL', V. t. [L. extollo ; ex and tollo, to raise ; Ch. 
 Sn, or Keb. and Ch. ha). Class Dl, No. 3, 18, 28.] 
 To raise in words or eulogy ; to praise ; to exalt in 
 commendation ; to magnify. We extol virtues, noble 
 exploits, and heroism. Men are too much disposed 
 to extol the rich and despise the poor. 
 
 EHot him that rideth upon the heavens by his name Jah. — Pi. 
 Ixvtii. 
 
 EX-TOL'LED, feks-told',) pp. Exalted in commen- 
 dation ; praiseil ; magnified. 
 
 EX-TOL'LER, n. One who praises or magnifies ; a 
 praiser or magnifier. 
 
 EX-TOL'LING, ppr. Praising ; exalting by praise or 
 commendation ; magnifying. 
 
 EX-TORS'IVE, a. [See Extout.] Serving to ex- 
 tort ; tending to draw from by compulsion. 
 
 EX-TORS'IVE-LY, adv. In an extorsive manner; 
 by oxtorsion. 
 
 EX-TORT', V. t. [L. eztortus, from eztorqueo, to wrest 
 from ; ex and torqueo, to twist ; Fr. cxtorquer.] 
 
 1. To draw from by force or compulsion ;.to wrest 
 or wring from by physical force, by menace, duress, 
 violence, authority, or by any illegal means. Cttn- 
 querors extort contributions from the vanquished ; 
 tyrannical princes extort money from their subjects ; 
 olhcers often extort illegal fees ; confessions of guilt 
 are extorted by the rack. A promise extorted by du- 
 ress is not binding. 
 
 2. To gain by violence or oppression. Spenser. 
 EX-TORT', V. i. To practice extortion. 
 
 Spenser, Davies. 
 
 EX-TORT'ED, pp. or a. Drawn from by compulsion ; 
 wrested from. 
 
 EX-TORT'ER, n. One who extorts, or practices ex- 
 tortion. Cnmdcn. 
 
 EX-TORT'ING, ppr. Wresting from by force or un- 
 due excrcisi' of power. 
 
 EX-TOR'TI().\, «. The act of extorting; the act or 
 practice of wresting any tliingfrom a person by force, 
 duress, mimaccs, authority, or by any undue exer- 
 cise of power ; illegal exaction ; illegal compulsion 
 to Jiay moni y, or to do some other act. Extortion is 
 an olfrnse punishable at common law. 
 
 2. Force or illegal compulsion by which any thing 
 is taken frcnii a person. t^^ng CItarlts. 
 
 EX-TOR'TION-A-RY, o. Pertaining to, or inijilying 
 extortion. 
 
 EX-TOR'TION-ATE, ( a. Oppressive ; containing 
 
 EX-TOR'TIO.\-OUS, j extortion. 
 
 EX-TOR'TIOX-ER, n. One who practices extortion. 
 Eilorlioners shall not inherit the kingdom of God. — 1 Cor. vi. 
 
 EX-TOR'TIOUS, a. Oppressive ; violent ; unjust. 
 
 EX'TRA ; a Latin pre|)osition, denoting beyond or 
 excess. It is sometimes used as an adjective ; as, 
 extra work, extra pay, work or pay beyond what is 
 usual or agreed on. Sometimes it stands by itself 
 as a noun, through the omission of the wonl con- 
 nected witli it ; as, to dispatch an extra, i. e., an extra 
 stage-coach. 
 
 EX-TR.^eT', V. t. [L. «frac(«.v, from extraho ; ex and 
 traho, to draw. (See Draw ami Drag.) Sp. extrucr ; 
 It. estrarre ; Fr. estraire.] 
 
 1. To draw out ; as, to extract a tooth. 
 
 2. To draw out, as the juices or essence of a sub- 
 stance, by distillation, solution, or other means ; as, 
 to extract spirit fnmi the juice of the cane ; to extract 
 salts from ashes. 
 
 3. To take out ; to take from. 
 
 Woman is her name, of man 
 Extracted. Milton. 
 
 4. To take out or select a part ; to take a passage 
 or passages from a book or writing. 
 
 I have extracted tirom the pamphlet a few notorious falsehoods. 
 
 ,Si»i/l. 
 
 5. In arithmetic and algebra, to extract the root of a 
 number or quantity, is to find its root. 
 
 G. In a general sense, to draw from by any means 
 or operation. 
 
 EX'TRACT, I!. That which is extracted or drawn 
 from sometliing. 
 
 2. In literature, a passage taken from a book or 
 writing. Camden. 
 
 3. In pharmacy, any thing drawn from a substance, 
 as essences, tinctures, &c. ; or a solution of the purer 
 parts of a mixed body inspissated, by distillation or 
 evaporation, nearly to the consistence of honey. 
 
 Eneyc. QtiiNcy. 
 Any substance obtained by digesting vegetable 
 substances in water or alcohol, and evaporating 
 them to a solid consistence. Brande. 
 
 4. An inspissated, expressed, or exuded juice. 
 
 5. In chemistry, a peculiar principle, once erroneous- 
 ly sui)posed to form the basis of all vegetable ex- 
 tracts ; called also the extractiec principle. 
 
 6. Extraction ; descent. [JVat now used.] South. 
 EX-TRACT'ED, >/). or a. Drawn or taken out. 
 EX-TRA€T'L\G, ppr. Drawing or taking out. 
 EX-TRAC'TIO.\, 71. [L. extractio.] 
 
 1. The act of drawing out ; as, the extraction of a 
 tooth ; the extraction of a bono or an arrow from the 
 body ; the extraction i>{ a fetus or child in midwifery. 
 
 2. Descent ; lineage ; birth ; derivation of perst)ns 
 from a stock or family. Hence, the stock or family 
 from which one has descended. We say, a man is 
 of a noble extraction. 
 
 3. In pharmacy, the operation of drawing essences, 
 tinctures, &c., from a substance. Encijc. 
 
 4. In arithmetic and algebra, the extraction of roots 
 is the operation of finding the root of a given num- 
 ber or quantity ; also, the inetliod or rule by which 
 the operation is performed ; evolution. 
 
 EX-TRACT'IVE, a. That is or may be extracted. 
 
 Kincan. 
 
 EX-TRACT'IVE, n. The same as Extract. Purr. 
 
 EX-TRACT'OR, n. In midwifery, a forceps or instru 
 mcnt for extracting children. 
 
 EX-TRA-DIC'TION-A-RY, a. [L. extra and dictio.] 
 Consisting not in words, but in realities. [Mt 
 used.] Brown. 
 
 EX-TRA-DI"TION, (eks-tra-dish'un,) 7i. [Fr., from 
 the L. ex and trailitio, trado, to tieliver.] 
 
 Delivery from one nation to another. It is particu- 
 larly applied to the delivery, by one natitm or state to 
 another, of fugitives from justice, in pursuance of a 
 treaty. It may be applieil, also, to other cases, in 
 pursuance of law or constitution. 
 
 EX-TRa'I)OS, 71. The exterit>r curve of anarch. 
 
 EX-TRA-DO'TAJ^, a. Not belonging to dower. 
 
 EX-TRA-FO-LI-a'CEOUS, (-shus,) a [L. extra, be- 
 yond, and folium, a leaf.] 
 
 In botany, away from the leaves, or inserted in a 
 different place from them ; as, extri\fuliaceous prickles. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 EX-TR A-G i^'NE-OUS, a. [L. extra and genus, kind.] 
 
 Belonging to another kind. 
 EX-TRA-JU-DI"CIAL, i-ju-dish'al,) a. [extra, with- 
 out, and judicial.] 
 
 Out of the jiro[)er court, or the ordinary course of 
 legal procedure. Eneyc. 
 EX-TRA-JU-1)I"CIAL-LY, adv. In a manner out of 
 
 the ordinary ciuirse of legal jiroceedings. Aiiliffe. 
 EX-TRA-LI.M'IT-A-RY, n. [i\rtra and /imK.] " Being 
 beyond tin: limit or bounds ; as, cxtralimitary land. 
 
 Milford. 
 
 EX'TRA-.MIS'SION, ( mish'tin,) 71. [L. extra and 
 
 milto, to sfiiil.] 
 
 A sfiiilini; out ; emission. Brown. 
 EX-'i'RA-.MIl.\'DANE, a. [L. extra and 7«u«i/«s, the 
 
 world.] 
 
 Beyond the limit of the material world. Olunville. 
 
 FATE, FAB, F^LL, WH^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 — 
 
EXT 
 
 EXT 
 
 EXU 
 
 KX-'I'lU'NE-OUS, ,1. MtraHMs.] 
 
 F.,r. i"ii ; lu.t licUmj:in|i to a tliiii!;; existing willi- 
 out i not intrinsic ; a.<, to sepurato g.ild tr.im cztrane- 
 oa.1 inattor. 
 
 llclali.ii. in not conwin-il In the real cxi«lclico of Ihinp, li'il u 
 
 F.rtrancatia /usWis ; oraaiiic remains; exiivltc of 
 oraanizod beings, imbedded in tlic strata of the 
 earth. - 
 
 KX-TllA'NE-OUS-LV, ailv. In an extraneous iiian- 
 
 KX-TRA-OF-n"CI.\L, (K)f-fisli'al,) a. Not within 
 the limits of ofHcial duty. • ^ i 
 
 EX-TK \OU'l)I-N.\-RlES, (cks-tror'de-na-ri/.,) 71. pi. 
 Things which exceed the n.siial order, kind, or 
 mi'liiod. i«nrr;-/ «.«"/'« (Ac. •.iHj-u'ar.] ., , . 
 
 liX-'I'K \()Iin)l-.NA-RI-LY, (eks-tror'de-na-ri-ly,) ado. 
 
 [See ExTRAORDINAllY.] , ., 1 
 
 III a manner out of the ordinary or usual method ; 
 lii'vciiid tlie common course, limits, or order ; in an 
 uncomiiK.n degree ; remarkably ; particularly ; emi- 
 iiontlj'. 
 
 ■Vbe temple of Solomon waj eltraordiiiarity 
 
 EX-TR.\OR'DI-NA-UI-NESS, (eks-tror'-) n. Un- 
 i-ommminess ; remarkableness. 
 
 EXTKAOR'I)l-XA-RY, (eks-lror'de-na-ry,) a. |L. 
 eiinurilmarius ; titra and ordinariiti, usual, from 
 orda, order.l , , 
 
 1 Beyond or out of the common order or method ; 
 not in the usual, customary, or regular course ; not 
 ordinary. Kxtraordinanj cvUs require czlraordinary 
 remedies. 
 
 •i. Exreedins the common degree or measure 
 heTice, remarkable ; uncoininoii ; rare ; wonderful ; 
 as the eitriwrdiiiarii talents of Sliakspeare ; the cx- 
 traordinanj powers o'f Ncwtoii ; an edifice of cxtraor- 
 dinani erandctir. . 
 
 ;) tipecial ; particular ; sent for a special purpose 
 or on a particular occasion ; as, an eTtmardiuary 
 courier or inesscns.-er ; an embassador cxlraordiiiary 
 a ea/.etle eilraordinary. 
 EX TR \-r\-RO'fcHI-AL, a. {ertra and r^rochial.] 
 Not within the limits of any parish. Blaclcstune. 
 E.X TR \-PlIYS'l€-Al-, c. Metaphysical. Lmcrcnce. 
 E.X-TRA-PRO-FES'SION-AL, (-fesh'un-al,) a. [ex- 
 tra and professional.] 
 
 Foreign to a profession ; not within the ordinary 
 limits of professional duty or business. 
 
 Moliiin was an cKloiiaslic, and Ulcsc studio were tilm-7)ro/e«- 
 
 EX-TR\-PRO-VIX'CIAT,, ( pro-vin'shal,) a. [extra 
 and procmcial.] Not within the same province ; not 
 witliin the jurisdiction of the same arciibishop. 
 
 JlijUffe. 
 
 EX-TRA-REG'i;-LAR, a. [extra and regular.] Not 
 comprehended W'tliin a rule or rules. Taijlur. 
 X-TRA-TER-Rl-TO'RI-AL, a. Being beyond 
 without the limits of a territory or particular jurisdic- 
 ,l,i„ Jluntrr. WhciUoit's Rep. 
 
 EX-TRA-TROP'TC-AL, a. [er/ra and fro;iica/.] Be- 
 yond the tropics : without the tropics, north — 
 Jouth. 
 
 EX-TR AUGHT' ; old pp. of Extract. [OIis.] 
 EX-TRAV'.\-GANUE I n. [L. extra and vagans 
 EX-TRAV'A-GAN-CY, j vajfor, to wander. See 
 Vagie.] . 
 
 1. Lilcralhi,a wandering beyond a limit; an ex 
 cursion or siilly from the usual way, course, or limit. 
 
 Ifammond. 
 
 2. In writiniTOT discourse, a going beyond the limits 
 of strict truth or probability ; as, extravagance of ex 
 nression or description. 
 
 3. Excess of allection, passion, or appetite 
 trafn^ance of love, anger, hatred, or hunger. 
 
 4. Excess in expenditures of pro[)erty ; the ex- 
 pending of inon°y without riecessity, or beyond 
 what is reasonable or proper ; dissipation 
 
 The incom'* of Uirce dukes 
 Iravagaitct. 
 
 5. In general, any excess or wandering from pre 
 scribed limits; irregularity; wildness; a.1, the ex- 
 traragance of imagination ; extravagance of claims or 
 demands. , . ^ j 
 
 EX-TRAV'A-GANT, a. Literally, wandering beyond 
 limits. , SA-iA- 
 
 2. Excessive ; exceeding due bounds ; iinrea.sona 
 hie. The wishes, demands, desires, and passions • 
 men are ollen extravagant. 
 
 3. Irregular ; wild ; not within ordinary limitji 
 truth or probability, or other usual bounds ; as, i 
 travagant tliglils of fancy. 
 
 Then- is sonieUiin' nolly wild md tltramfaitl In sival 
 irrniu^B. Aflditon. 
 
 A. Exceeding necessity or propriety ; wasteful 
 prodigal ; as, extravagant expenses ; an extravagant 
 mode of living. 
 
 5. Prodigal ; profuse in expenses ; as, an eztrmor 
 gant man. 
 
 He lh»l is exfrumiranl will quieldr breome jvwr, and poTerty 
 will cnfiirte dt-pemlciice, iind inviu- comipuon. Itatnbter 
 EX-TRAV'A-GANT, b. One who is confined to 
 general rule. L' Estrange. 
 
 EX-TRAV'A-GANT-LY, «</i'. In an cxtmvagant 
 manner; wildly; not within the limits of truth or 
 probability. Men often write and talk ntrai ui'iiiiUij. 
 
 2. lJnren.sonal)ly ; excessive ly. It is prudeiil not 
 to praise or censure cxtranugdnilij. 
 
 3. In a manner to use property without nece».sity 
 or propriety, or to no good purpose ; expensively, or 
 profusely to an uiijiistifiahio degree; as, to live, eat, 
 drink, or dress rxtrarammtlij. 
 
 EX-TRAV'A-GANT-NESS, u. Excess ; extravagance. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 EX- 
 
 To wander bey<uid the 
 
 H'arburtun, 
 Excess ; a wandering be- 
 SmolUtL 
 To let out of the proper 
 
 [L. extra and I'o.'ja, 
 
 i-TRAV'A-GANTS, n. pi. In church history, cer- 
 tain decretal epistles, or cimstitutiiins of the popes, 
 which were published after tlie Clementines, and 
 not at first arranged and digested with the other 
 lapal constitutions. They were afterward inserted 
 n the bodv of the cantui law. t'.ncijc. 
 EX-TRAV-A-OAN'7.A, n. [It.] A musical composi- 
 tion, designed to produce ell'ect by its wild irregiilar- 
 jj.. Smart. 
 EX-TRAV'A-G.^TE, v. i. 
 
 limits. [JVut used.] 
 EX-TRAV-A-GA'TION, n 
 
 yimd limits. 
 EX-TRAV'A-SATE, v. U 
 
 vessels, as blood. 
 EX-TRAV'A-SA-TED, pp. or a. 
 vessels.] 
 
 Forced or let out of its proper vessels ; as, crfrnea- 
 saled blood. .^rbnthnot. 
 EX-TR.\V'A-SA-TING, ppr. Escajiing from the 
 
 proper vessels. . . . 
 
 EX-TRAV-.\-SA'TION, n. The act of forcing or let- 
 ting out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a liuid ; the 
 state of being forced or let out of its containing ves- 
 sels ; effusion ; as, an extravasation of blood after a 
 rupture of the vessels. 
 EX-TRA-VAS'eU-LAR, 0, Being out of the proper 
 
 vessels. Lawrence. 
 EX-TR.VV'E-N.'iTE, a. [L. fifra and vena, vein.] 
 
 Let out of the veins, f JVtit in use.] Glanville. 
 EX-TRA-VEK'SION, n. [L. extra and vcrsio, a turn- 
 ing-] „, . J 
 Tlie act of throwing out ; the state of being turned 
 or thrown out. [Little used.] Boyle. 
 EX-TRK.AT', 71. Extraction. [OSx.] Spenser. 
 EX-TRr;ME', a. [L. extremus, last.] 
 
 1. Outeniiost; utmost; furt'iost ; at the utmost 
 point, edge, or border ; as, the extreme verge or point 
 of a thing. 
 
 2. Greatest ; most violent ; utmost ; as, extreme 
 pain, grief, or sutl'ering ; cjr(rci7ie joy or pleasure. 
 
 3. Last ; beyond wiiich there is none ; as, an ex- 
 treme remedy. 
 
 4. Utmost ; worst or best that can exist or be sup- 
 posed ; as, an extreme case. 
 
 5. Most pressing ; !is, extreme necessity. 
 Extreme unctian, among tlie Raman Catholics, is the 
 
 anointing of a sick person with oil, when atTccled 
 with some mortal disease, and usually just before 
 death. It is applied to the eyes, ears, nostrils, mouth, 
 liands, feet, and reins of penitents, and is supposed 
 to represent the grace of God poured into the .soul. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Extreme and mean proportion, in geometry, is when 
 a line is so divided, that the whole line is to the 
 greater segment as that segment is to the less ; or 
 when a line is so divided, that the rectangle under 
 the whole line and the lesser segment is equal to the 
 square of the greater segment. Euclid. 
 EX-TRk.ME', 71. The utmost point or verge of a 
 thing ; that part which terminates a body ; extremity. 
 
 2. Utmost point ; furthest degree ; as, the extremes 
 of heM and cold ; the extremes of virtue and vice. 
 Avoid extremes. Extremes naturally beget each other. 
 
 There is ft natural proyression from the extreme of an.irctiy to 
 the ertrerne of lyraniiy. Washiugtun. 
 
 3. In logic, the extremes, or extreme terms of a syl- 
 logism, are the predicate and subject of the conclu- 
 sion. Thus, " Man is an animal ; Peter is a man, 
 therefore Peter is an animal;" the word 07iimni is 
 the greater extreme, Peter the less extreme, and man 
 the middle term. Encyc. 
 
 4. In mathematics, the extremes are the first and 
 last terms of a proportion ; as, when three magni- 
 tudes are proportional, the rectangle contained by the 
 extremes is equal to the square of the mean. Euclid. 
 
 EX-TRi~;.ME'LESS, a. Having no extremes or extrem- 
 ities ; infinite. 
 EX-TRK.ME'LY, arfr. In the utmost degree ; to the 
 utmost point. It is extremely hot or cold ; it is cz- 
 tremrly painful. 
 2. In /aiTii/iar (an^injf, verv much ; greatly. 
 EX-TRE.M'I-TY, 7i. [L. extrcmitas.] 
 
 1. The utmost point or side ; the verge ; the point 
 or border that terminates a thing ; as, the «trcmi(if.s 
 of a country. 
 
 2. A teriii applied to the utmost pans. The eitrnn 
 ities of the body, in painting and sculpture, are the 
 he.ad, hands, and feet ; but, in anatomy, the term is 
 applieil to the limbs only. Brande. 
 
 3. The utmost point; the highest or furthest de- 
 gree ; as, the nfremify of piun or sulTering ; the 
 
 ertremity of cruelty. Even charity and forbearance 
 niav be carried to extremilii. 
 
 i. Extreme or utmost distress, straits, or ditlicul- 
 ties; as, a city besiegi d and reduced to rxtrrmitii. 
 
 .5. '1 he utmost rigor or violence. The Greeks have 
 endured oppressitui in its iiiiiiost extremity. 
 
 0. 'I'lic must aggravated state. 
 
 The world i» ruiiniii" atler firci-, the eztrtmity sf Ixid po'lrj. 
 
 IJrytltn. 
 
 EX'TRI-CA-BLE, a. [Infra.] That can be extrica- 
 ted. 
 
 EX'TRI-CATE, r. t. [L. extrico. The primary verb 
 triro is not in the Latin. We probably see Us atliiii- 
 ties in the Gri'ek tifnt, rorx"., hair, or a bu>li of 
 hair, from interweaving, entangling. 1 siispr cl lliat 
 T.,(n and three are contracted from this root; three 
 for thi-rir, folded, or a plexus. The same word occurs 
 in iiilricnte and intrigue: Fr. fnfAfr,to cheat : tricutrr, 
 to weave ; ICng. trick ; It. treccia, a lock of hair. Cliiss 
 Kg, No. 2.1.] , 
 
 1. Properly, to disentangle ; hence, to free from 
 dilliciilties or perplexities ; to di.sembarrass ; as, to rx- 
 Iriente one from complicated biisine.ss, from trouble- 
 some alliances, or other connections; to extricate 
 one's self from debt. 
 
 2. To send out ; to cause to he emitted or evolved. 
 EX'TRl-e.\ TEI), pp. Disentangled ; freed from dif- 
 ficulties and pirplexities; disembarrassed; evolved. 
 
 E.X'TRI-eA-TlNG, ppr. Disentangling; disembar- 
 rassing ; evolving. 
 EX-TRl-eA'TIO.N, «. The act of disentangling; a 
 freeing from perplexities ; di.sentangleiuent. 
 
 2. The act of sending out or evolviiu; ; a.s, the ex- 
 Iriratinn of heat or moisture from a subsUince. 
 
 S^:Tlll^;^l^iAL,i- [>-—.] 
 
 External ; outward ; not contained in or belonging 
 to a body. Mere matter can not move without the 
 imiHilse of an extrinsic agent. It is opposed to iit- 
 trinsie. 
 
 EX-TRIN'Sie-AL-LY, adv. From without; exter- 
 nally. 
 
 EX-TROR'S.\L, a. [L. extrorsum.] 
 
 In botany, turned from the axis to which it apper- 
 tains, as anthers whose line of dehiscence is toward 
 the petals. 
 
 EX-TRUCT', r. t. [L. ertruo, rxtructus.]^ 
 To build ; to construct. [JVot in use.] 
 EX-TRUe'TIO\, 71. A building. [JVo( «.<«/.] 
 EX-TRUeT'IVE, a. Forming into a structure. Fullse. 
 EX-TRUCT'OR, 71. A builder; a fabricator ; a con- 
 triver. [JVut used.] 
 EX-TRODE', I'. I. [L. eztrudo ; ex and trudo, to thnist.] 
 
 1. To thrust out ; to urge, force, or press out ; to 
 expel ; as, to extrude a fetus. 
 
 2. To drive away ; to drive off. Woodward. 
 EX-TKOD'ED, pp. Thrust out ; driven out or away ; 
 
 expelled. 
 
 EX-TRC'D'ING, ppr. Thnisting out ; expelling. 
 EX-TRO'SION, (eks-tru'zhun,) n. The act of thrust- 
 ing or throwing out ; a driving out ; expulsion. 
 EX-TC'HER-ANCE, In. [L. eituberans, eitubcro ; 
 EX-TO'BER-AN-CY, ( ex and Ii<6fr, a puff.] 
 
 1. In medicine, a swelling or rising of the llesh ; a 
 protuberant part. Encyc. 
 
 2. A knob or swelling part of a body. Moion. 
 EX-Tu'BER-ANT, a. Swelled ; standing out. 
 EX-TO'BER-ATE, v. i. [L. extubero.] 
 
 To swell. [A'u! ill use.] 
 EX-TU-MES'CENCE, n. [L. exlumescens, eztumesco ; 
 ex and Immcsco, tumco, to swell.] 
 A swelling or rising. [Little used.] 
 EX-U'BER-ANCE, (eg/.-yu'ber-ans,) ) it. |L eni- 
 EX lJ'BER-A.\-CY,(egz-yu'ber-an-sy,) ( Jcran*, exu- 
 brro ; ex and Micro, to fatten ; uber, a pap or breast, 
 that is, a swelling or mass.] 
 
 1. An abundance ; an overflowing quantity ; rich- 
 ness ; as, an exuberance of fertility or fancy. 
 
 2. Superfluous abundance ; luxuriance. 
 
 3. Overgrowth ; superfluous shoots, as of trees. 
 EX-IJ'BER-.A.N'T, (eg/.-yu'ber ant,) a. Abundant ; 
 
 plenteous ; rich ; as, exuberant fertility ; exuberant 
 goodness. 
 
 2. Overabundant; superfluous; luxuriant. 
 
 3. Pouring forth abundance ; producing in plenty ; 
 as, exuberant spring. Thomson. 
 
 EX-U'BER-ANT-LY, adv. Abundantly ; very copi- 
 ously ; in great plenty ; to a superfluous degree. The 
 eartii lias produced exuberantly. 
 EX-U'BER-ATE, I', i. [L. erubero.] 
 
 To abound ; to he in great abundance. [Rare.] 
 EX-UCeuUS. See Exsuccoi j. 
 EX-U-l)A'TIO.\, 71. [L. ezndo.] A sweating ; a dis- 
 charge of humors or moisture from animal bodies. 
 
 2. The discharge of the juices of a plant, moist- 
 ure from the earth, &c. 
 EX-I^I)E', r. t. [Supra.l To discharge the moisture 
 or j'liices of a living boiiv through the jiores ; also, to 
 discharge the liquid matter of a plant by incisions. 
 Our f.ircits exiule tuqienliiie in Ui' gn «lcst al uiidance. Dmfhl. 
 
 fETf'DATE i.< Tiof niHO U.'Crf.] 
 
 E.X-UDE', r. i. To flow from a living body througn 
 the^pores, or by a natural discharge, as juice. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C asK;ClasJ;Sa3Z;CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 54' 
 
 429 
 
EX-TTD'ED, pp. Emitted, as juice. 
 EX-UI)'I.\G, ppr. DiscliargiiiL', as jiiii p. 
 EX-UL'CER-aTE, v. U {1^. ezalcero ; fx unci uhero, 
 to ulcenite, ulcus^ an ulcer.] 
 
 1. To cause or produce an ulcer or ulcers. F.naic 
 
 2. To atHicI ; to corrode ; to fret or aiifrcr. .Mdton. 
 EX-UL'CEK-ATE, v. L To become an ulcer or ulcer- 
 ous. Bacon. 
 
 EX-UL'CER-A-TED, pp. Affected with ulcers; hav- 
 ing become ulcerous. 
 
 EX-LrL'CEK-A-TING, ppr. Producing ulcers on ; fret- 
 ting ; becoming ulcerous. 
 
 EX-UL-CEK-A'TION, n. The act of causing ulcers 
 on a body, or the process of becoming ulcerous ; the 
 beginning erosion which wears away the substance, 
 and forms an ulcer. Eiicyc. Qiiinr.ij. 
 
 2. A frettini; ; exacerbation ; corrosion. Jlmker. 
 
 EX-UL'CER-A-TO-KY, a. Having a tendency to form 
 ulcers. 
 
 EX-^T', (egz-ult',) V. i. [L. cxulto; ez and salto, sa- 
 lio^o leap ; It. fsultare.] 
 
 Properly, to leap for joy ; hence, to rejoice in tri- 
 umph i to rejoice exceedingly at success or victory- ; 
 to he glad above measure ; to triumph. It is natural 
 to man to emit at the success of his schemes, and to 
 mill over a fallen adversarv. 
 
 EX-ri,'l"A.\('E, (n. Exultation. [A''ot usnl.] 
 
 EX-L l.T'A.N CV, ) Ilamwoni. 
 
 EX-ri.T'A.\'T, n. Rejoicing t-i\impliant]v. More. 
 
 EX-ULT-A'TIO.X, n. 'J he act of exulting ; lively joy 
 at success or victory, or at nny advantage gained ; 
 great gladness ; rapturous delight ; triumph. Exult- 
 ation usually springs fron^ Ihe gratification of nur de- 
 sire of some good ; particularly, of distinction or su- 
 periority, or of that which confers distinction. It 
 often springs from the gratification of pride or am- 
 bition. But ejrultatiou may be a lively joy springing 
 from latidable causes. 
 
 EX-ULT'ING, ppr. or a. Rejoicing greatly or in tri- 
 um|>h. 
 
 EX-ULT'IXG-LY, adv. In a triumphant manner. 
 EX-UN'DATE, r. i. To overllow. [JVot used.] 
 EX-Ui\-Da'T10X, II. [L. cxundatio, from ezuiido, to 
 
 overflow j ex and undo, to rise in waves, unda, a 
 
 wave.] 
 
 An overflowing abundance. [Little used.] Ray. 
 
 EX-nX"GU-LATE, r. t. [L. ex and iinguld.] 
 To pare off sup"rfluous parts or nails. 
 
 EX-UX"GU-LA-'rED, pp'. Deprived of nails or su- 
 perfluous parts. 
 
 EX-UN 'GU-La-TIXG, ppr. Paring off, as nails, &c. 
 
 EX-U'PER-A-BLE, ( yQ'per-.a-bl,) a. That may be 
 overcome or surpassed. 
 
 EX-r'I'i;R-.\X(;E, «. Overbalance. 
 
 EX-r'PF.Il-ANT, a. Overcoming. 
 
 EX-I''1'I:R-.\TE, r. <. To excel ; to surmount. [04s.] 
 
 EX-tJ'PER A-'l'EI), pp. Conquered ; excelled. 
 
 E.X-i;'PEI{-.A-TI.\G, ppr. Excelling. 
 
 E.X-U-PER-A'TION, n. The act of excelling. 
 
 EX-UR'GENT, a. [For Exslbgent.] Arising. [JVot 
 ■used.] 
 
 EX-IJS'CI-TaTE, d. f, [L. exuscilo.] To rouse. 
 EX-US'TION, (eks-ust'yun,) n. [U ciustus.] 
 
 The act or operation of burning up. 
 EX tl'VI A-BLli, a. Capable of being cast or thrown 
 
 in the form of exuvia;. 
 EX-i;'VI-/E, n. pi. [L.] Cast skins, shells, or cover- 
 ings, of animals ; any parts of animals which are 
 shed or cast olf, as Ilie skins of serpents and cater- 
 pillars, the shells of lobsters, &c. Encyc, 
 
 2. In ireoloinj, the fossil sliells and other remains 
 which animals have left in the strata of the earth. 
 
 Lyell. 
 
 EX yO'TO, In consequence of a vow ; applied 
 
 to votive offerings, as of a picture for a chapel, 4ic. ; 
 common in Koman Catholic countries. 
 
 E?, in uUl writers, [Sax. i^-,] signifies an isle. 
 
 ES'A.S, (I'as,) n. [I"r. mau, silly.] 
 
 A young hawk just taken from the nest, not able 
 to prey for itself. Hanmer. Shuk. 
 
 E?'AS, a. Unfledged. [JVi;( used.] Spenser. 
 
 EY'AS-MUS-KET, n. A young unfledged male hawk, 
 of the musket kind, or sparrow hawk. Sliak. 
 
 EYE, (I,) It. [!?ax. ea^r, cmJi ; Goth, aajra ; D. oo^ ; G. 
 aa^e ; Sw. bV/i ; Dan. Uye; Russ. oko ; Sans, akshi ; 
 L. ociUns, a dimiimtive, whence Fr. tril, Sp. ojo, It. 
 occhio, Port. olho. The original word must have been 
 a?, ea, or /ia<r or heg, coinciding with egg, Tlie old 
 English plural was ryen, or eyne.] 
 
 1. The organ of sight or vision ; properly, the globe 
 or ball movable in the orbit. The eye is nearly of a 
 spherical figure, and composed of coats or tunics. 
 But in the term eye we often or usually include the 
 ball and the parts adjacent. 
 
 2. Sight; view; ocular knowledge; as, I have a 
 man now in my eye. In this sense, the plural is 
 more generally used. 
 
 Bfforp whose eyes Jc; 
 cnicilied ainoiij y 
 
 ! Clirist li^tii been evitk-iuly set forth, 
 . — LiaJ. iii. 
 
 3. Look ; countenance. 
 
 I'll say yon gray is not the morning's eye. Shak. 
 
 4. Front ; face. 
 
 Her shall you hear disproved to vonr eyee. Shak. 
 
 5. Direct opposition ; as, to sail in the wind's eye. 
 
 6. Aspect ; regard ; respect ; view. 
 
 Boukselleri meiitinii with rtfspect the anihorc they Iiave printed, 
 and consequcnlty have an eye to Iheir own a'dvantu<rt-. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 7. Notice; observation ; vigilance ; watch. 
 
 After tills jealoiiiy, he Ifept a strict eye iip«n him. L' Estrange. 
 
 8. View of the mind ; opinion formed by observa- 
 tion or contemplation. 
 
 It hath, in tlieir eye, no great affinity with the form of 111" church 
 of Rome. Hooker. 
 
 9. Sight ; view ; either in a literal or figurative sense. 
 
 10. Something resembling the eye in form ; as, the 
 eye of a peacock's feather. JVcwton. 
 
 11. A small hole or aperture ; a perforation ; as, the 
 eye of a needle. 
 
 12. A small catch for a hook ; as we say, hooks 
 and eyes. In nearly the same sense, the word is ai>- 
 plied to certain loops or rings w hich serve as fasten- 
 ings for the rigging of sliips. 
 
 13. The bud of a plant ; a shoot. Encyc. 
 
 14. A small shade of color. [Little used.] 
 
 Red, with an eye of blue, makes a purple. Boyle. 
 
 15. The power of perception. 
 
 The eyes of your nndersiaudiu^ being eiiligUteneiL — Eph. i. 
 
 16. Oversight ; inspection. 
 
 The eye of the master will do more work tlian both his hands. 
 
 Fraiiklin. 
 
 The eyes of a ship, are the parts which lie near the 
 hawse-holes, particularly in the lower apartments. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 To set the eyes on, is to see ; to have a sight of. 
 To Jind favor in the eyes, is to be graciously received 
 and treated. 
 EVE, n. A brood ; as, an eye of pheasants. 
 EVE, r. (. To fix the eye on ; to look on ; to view ; to 
 observe ; particularly, to observe or watch narrowly, 
 or with fixed attention. 
 
 Eye nature's walks, shoot folly as it flies. Pope. 
 
 EVE, r. t. To appear ; to have an appearance. SliaJi. 
 
 EVE'-AT-TRACT'ING, a. Attracting the eyes. 
 
 EVE'BALL, n. The ball, globe, or apple of the eye. 
 
 EVE'-lilcAM, 71. A glance of the eye. Sliak, 
 
 EVE'-lioLT, n. In .ships, a bar of iron, or bolt, with 
 an eye at one end, formed to be driven into the deck 
 or sides, for the purpose of hooking tackles or fasten- 
 ing ropes to it. Tottcn. 
 
 EVK'BRIOIIT, n. The popular name of a species of 
 Euphrasia. It was formerly much used as a remedy 
 for diseases of the eve. 
 
 EVE'-BRIGHT-£N-rNG, n. A clearing of the sight. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 EVE'BROVV, n. The brow or hairy arch above the 
 eve. 
 
 EV'£D, (ide,) pp. Viewed ; observed ; watched. 
 
 FAB 
 
 2. a. Having eyes ; used in composition ; as, a 
 dull-fvf// man ; ox-eyed Juno. 
 EVE'-DROP, rt. A tear. Shak. 
 EVE'-FIjAP, n. A bhnder tin a horse's bridle. 
 EVE'-GL.jiNUE, n. A glance of the eye; a rapid 
 
 look. Spenser. 
 EV E'-GL.KSS, 7t. A ghiss to assist the sight ; specta- 
 cles. Shak. 
 In trlesropeji, the same as Eyepiece, which see. 
 EVE'-GLUT-TliNG, n. A feasting of the eyes. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 EVE'LASII, 7!. The line of hair that edges the eyelid. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 EVE'LESS, (I'Icss,) a. Wanting eyes; destitute of 
 sight. Milton. Jlddison. 
 
 EVE'EF.T, ) 7!. [Fr. aillct, a little eye, from 
 
 EVE'LET-HoLE, i all, eye.] 
 
 A small hole tir perftiraticm, to receive a lace or 
 small rope or cord. We usually say, eyelet-hole. 
 
 ESE'LI-AD, 71. [i'l. a-illade.] 
 
 A glance of the eye. Shak. 
 
 EVE'LID, 7(. The cover of the eye; that portitm t>f 
 movable skin with which an animal covers the eye- 
 ball, or uncovers it, at pleastire. 
 
 EVE'-OF-FEND'ING, a. That hurts the eyes. Shak. 
 
 EVE'-PIeCE, 7!. In a telescope, the lens, or combi- 
 nation of lenses, with which the image is viewed, 
 by which it is magnified. D. Olmsted. 
 
 EVE'-PLEAS-INii, a. Pleasing the eye. Danes. 
 
 EVER, (I'er,) 71. One who eyes another. Oaytun. 
 
 EV E'-SALVE, (i'siv,) 71. Ointment for the eye. 
 
 Rcrclatton. 
 
 EVE'-SER-VANT, n. A servant who .attends to his 
 duty only wlien watched, or under the eye of his 
 master or employer. 
 EVE'-.SER-VICE, 71. Service performed only under 
 inspection or the eye of an employer. 
 
 Not with eye-service, as men-pleasers ; but in singleness of 
 Iieart, ti-aring tiod. — Col. iu. 
 
 EVE'-SHOT, 71. Sight ; view ; glance of the eye. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 EVE'SIGHT, 77. The sight of the eye; view; obser- 
 vation. Ps. xviii. 
 
 Jospphus sets this down from his own eyesight. Wilkine. 
 
 2. The sense of seeing. His eyesight fails. 
 EVE'SoRE, 71. Sonietliing oftensive to the eye or 
 sight. 
 
 Mordecai was an eyesore to Ilaman. L*Estratige. 
 EVE'-SPLI(;E, 71. In sramfn's langitnge, a sort of eye 
 or circle formed by splicing the end of a rope into it- 
 self. Totten. 
 EV E'-SPOT-TED, a. Marked with spots like eyes. 
 
 Spe}uer. 
 
 EVE'-SToNE, 77. A small, calcareous stone, used for 
 taking substances from between the lid and ball of 
 the eve. 
 
 EVE'-STRING, 71. The tendon by which the eye is 
 moved. Shak. 
 
 EVE'-TOOTII, 71. A tooth under the eye ; a pointed 
 tooth in the upper jaw next to the grinders, called 
 also a canine tooth ; a fang. Ray. 
 
 EVE'-WA-TER, 71. A medicated water for the eyes. 
 
 EvE'-WiNK, 71. A wink or motion of the eyelid ; a 
 hint or token. Shak. 
 
 EVE'-WIT-NESS, 71, One who sees a thing done; 
 one who has ocular view of any thing. 
 
 We were eye- witnesses of his majesty. — 2 Pet. i. 
 
 EV'ING, p;77-. Viewing; watching; observing. 
 EV'OT, (i'ot,) 77. A little isle. Blackstone. 
 EYRE, (are,) 7i. [Old Fr., from L. iter.] 
 
 1. Literally, a journey or circuit. In England, the 
 justices in eyre were itinerant judges, who rode the 
 circuit to hold courts in the different counties. 
 
 2. A cotirt of itinerant justices. Blackstone. 
 EY'RY, (a're,) 71. 'I'he place where birds of prey con- 
 struct theirnests and hatch. It is written also Evrie. 
 [See .'Veiii e.] 
 
 The easfle nml the stork 
 On cliffs and ced.ir lujjs tlieir eyries build. Miltan, 
 
 F. 
 
 rthe sixth letter of the English alphabet, is a labial 
 J articulatitm, formed by placing Ihe upper teeth 
 on the under lip, anil arronipanied with an emission 
 of breath. F in English has one uniform sound, as in 
 father, after. Its kindred letter is r, which is cliiofly 
 distinguished from / by being more vocal, or accom- 
 panied with more miiind, as may be perceived by 
 prononncing /■/, fr. 'I'his letter may be derived from 
 the Oriental 1 rau, or from pr or phe ; most proba- 
 bly Ihe formi r. '1 he Latins received the letter from 
 the Eiiliuns in Greece, who wrote it in the fcirm of n 
 double gamma, F ; whence it liaJi been culled n di- 
 
 gamma. It corresponds in power to the Greek 0, ;7/ii, 
 and its proper name is ef. 
 As a Latin iiiiincral, it signifies 40, and with a dash 
 
 over the top, F, forty thousand. 
 
 In the civil law, two of these letters together, ff, sig- 
 nify the pandects. 
 
 In English criminal law, this letter is branded on 
 felons, when admitted to the benefit of clergy ; by 
 Btnt. 4 II. VII. c. 13. 
 
 In medical prescriptions, F. stands for fat, let it be 
 madi! ; F. S. A. fat secundum artem. 
 
 r stands also for fellow; F. R. S. Fellow of the 
 Royal Society. 
 
 F, or fd, in 77iu.*ic, is the fourth note rising in this 
 order in the gamut, do, [or ut,J re, mi, fa. It denotes, 
 also, one of tin: Greek keys in music, destined fur 
 the base. 
 
 FA-BA'CEOUS, (fa-lu'shus,) a. [Low L. fadaceus, 
 from film, a bi'an.] 
 
 Having the nature of a bean ; like n bean. [Little 
 
 used. ] 
 
 FA'lll A.\,o. Delaying; dilatory; avoiding battle, in 
 imitation of Uiiiiitus Fabius Maximus, a Roman 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLP, BQQK — 
 
 430 
 
FAB 
 
 FAC 
 
 F/iC 
 
 peiK^r.iI who comluclod iiiilitury optTatidiis against 
 Ilaiiiiibal, by (tri-liiiiii^ to risk a battle in the tipcn 
 tii lil, but harassing; the tMu iiiy by iiiarclies, comitur- 
 niarchtrs, and nnibiiscades. 
 Fa'UUI;, n. [L.fabiila: Ft. fiMr ; h.fiirola; Ir. 
 fablidl : tip. Jubiila, fnirn Iliu 1-alin, but llio native 
 Spanisli wiird i» hnblii, speech, lin. \V. /if!>u, ti) 
 Rpeak ; (Ir. £ti.i. 'J'liu radical nense is that which is 
 s|>(ikeii iii'told.] 
 
 1. A feijjni il story or tale, intended to instriiet or 
 anitise \ a tietitioiis imrraliuii intended to enforce 
 some useful trtitli or precept. 
 
 JoUiaiii'a J'ahle of [li? Irve* a the olilMt cxt.tiit, fliul ns I>'>iuiufu( 
 lis au>' iiidilv iiiiice. Adduon. 
 
 3. Fiction ; in a general sense ; as, the story is all 
 ft fublc. 
 
 3. An idle story ; vicious or vulgar fictions. 
 
 Bvil rt- fuac prufuiic ami olil wWc** J'attles, — 1 Tin), iv. 
 
 4. The plot, or connected scries of events, in on 
 epic or dniinatic poem. 
 
 TUc iiiiiml is llii- fii^l liiiKiiii'ipi of Itif p(yt ; tliis hcinj; foriii'*!!, he 
 
 ii.iy bu I 
 
 thi siiii-ililt.- to 
 Ihij.Un. 
 
 Addition. 
 
 [L. fabrico, to frame, from fabcr. 
 
 !). Falsehood ; a softer term for a lie. 
 FA'liLE, e. i. To feign ; to write fiction. 
 
 Vrtin now Uilcs wliicli J'ahlin^ pouu li-ll. Prior. 
 
 2. To tell falsehoods ; as, \te fiiblfs not. .S'Au/.-. 
 FA'ltLE, K. I. To fcipin j to invent; to devise and 
 
 speak of, as true or real. 
 
 Tlie lu'll Uioo MUlon. 
 FA'BLKl), pp. Feigned i invented, ns stories. 
 
 3. a. 'I'uld or celebrated in fables. 
 
 Uiui./nbled ^lono. T^ket. 
 
 FJ'BLER, n. A writer of fablis or fictions ; a de.aU'r 
 in f,'i;;uiMl stories. Juhn.sun. 
 
 FA'ULI.N't;, n. The act of niakinc fables. Storij. 
 
 F.v'Bl.LN't;, />/»r. tir a. Feigning ; devising, ns stories ; 
 wrilini; or utti--ring false stories 
 
 F.MI'UIC, II. [lj.fuirica, a frame, from fabcr, a work- 
 m.m ; Fr. fabriiiiic] 
 
 1. The structure of any thing; the manner in 
 which the parts of a thing are united by art and la- 
 bor ; workmanship ; te.vtuie. This is cloth of a beau- 
 tiful fabric. 
 
 2. 'I'he frame or structure of a building ; construc- 
 tion. jMurc ^rnrra!Uj,U\f buihiiiig itself'; anedilice ; 
 a house ; a temple ; a church, a bridiie, &lc. 'i'he 
 
 • Word is usually applied to a large building. 
 
 :i. Any system composed of connected jiaits ; as, 
 the fabric of the universe. 
 
 4. Clolli manufactured. 
 
 Silkj aiiij ulhcr flue /n/rric* of the C:ut. Henry. 
 F.\Il'Rie, i>. t. To frame; to build ; to construcl. 
 
 [I.illlc ii.ieil.] .. I'liilips. 
 
 F.VU'Rie ATE, r. «. 
 
 supra.] 
 
 1. '1 o frame ; to build ; to construct ; to form a 
 whole by connecting its parts; us, to fabricate a 
 bridge or a ship. 
 
 •i. To form by art and labor; to manufacture; as, 
 to fabricate Wooli'ns. 
 
 3. To invent and form ; to forge ; to devise false- 
 ly ; as, li» fiibrtcatc a lie or story. 
 
 Oitr IXMiIti wf-re not fabricauil wiih an accommodation to pre- 
 vailing iu.i^rs. Paley. 
 
 4. To Colli ; lofabricat.e iiKmcy. [ l/itusaaL'\ 
 
 Ili iirij, I/i.it. 
 
 FAB'RIC-A-TED, pp. Framed; constructed ; liiiill ; 
 inaniifactiired ; invented ; devised falsely ; forged. 
 
 F.\B'K1C-A-TIX(J, ppr. Fleming ; constructing ; nian- 
 ufactiiriiig ; deVising falselv ; forging. 
 
 FAlt-lllC A'TIO.V, II. The act of fruning or con- 
 structing ; Construction ; as, the fabrication of u 
 bridge or of o church. 
 'J. The act of inaiiufactitring. % 
 
 3. The act of devising falsely ; forgery. 
 
 4. That which is f ibricated ; a falsehood. The 
 story is doubtless a fahrication. 
 
 FAirilie-A TOK, n. One that constructs or makes. 
 
 FAI!'1MI,E, (fab'ril,) <i. II.. /a*r./i.y.] 
 Perlaiiiiiig to hamli ralls. [Ji,';ii iLird.] 
 
 F.AU'I l-I.IST, II. [from y«We.] 'i'he inventor or wri- 
 ter of fables. Garrick. 
 
 FAK'i;-LI/i;, c. t. To invent, com|>oso, or relate fa- 
 bles. Fabcr. 
 
 FAIt'i;-l,IZ.f:p, pp. Related in fable. 
 
 FAB'IM.IZ-I.N't;, ppr. Coiii{Hisiiig or relating in fable. 
 
 FAB-I-U)?!'|.TY, n. Fabulousness; fullness of fa- 
 bles. [iMle uacd.} MboL 
 
 F.yil'U-LOUS, o. Feigned, .as a story ; devised; fic- 
 titious ; as, a fab:ilvits story ; a fabulous descriptitui. 
 
 •i Il'.'l.ited 111 fible ; described or celebrated in fa- 
 bl.:s; invented; not real ; as, a fabaloas \\eta ; the 
 /ii*«/<iii.« exploits of Hercules. 
 
 3. Tlic fabatouj age of (Jrcoce and Rome, was the 
 early age of Ihoso countries, the accounts of which 
 are mostly /jftitfaiu, or lu which the fabuloiii achieve- 
 ments of their heroes were performed ; called, also, 
 the hrruic age. 
 
 F.\lt'i;-I.Ol.'S-LY, a./r. In fable or fiction ; in a fabu- 
 lous manner. Brown. 
 
 FAB'lI-LOUS-NESS, n. The ipiality of being fabu- 
 lous or fiMgned. 
 
 FAB'UR-l)IO.\, n. [I't.fauj bourdon.] In miuic, sim- 
 ple counterpoint. 
 
 FA-CADE', (fa-sado',) n. [Fr.] Front; front view 
 or elevation of an edifice. Wurttm. 
 
 FACE, «. fFr. /(ice; U.faccia; Sp. /nj or /kij ; Ann. 
 faci ; I<. /ucic.v, from facio, to make.] 
 
 1. Ill n i;encral sense, the surface of a thing, or the 
 side which presents itself to the view of a spectator ; 
 as, the face of the earth ; the face of the waters. 
 
 2. A surface of a thing; a term applied to the 
 bounding planes or plane surfaces of a solid. Thus, a 
 cube or die has six faces; an octahedron has eigiil 
 faces. 
 
 ' 3. The surface of the fore part of an animal's head, 
 particularly of the huiiian head ; the visage. 
 
 In til'' BWcnl of thy face ahnll thou cnl tm'nd..— Goo. ill. 
 Juii''pli ljuwei) liiiiiuc-lf Willi liitt face to the cArth. — lifii, xlviii. 
 
 4. Countenance ; cist of features ; look; air of the 
 face. 
 
 VVc let thp 1)081 /ace on it we could. Dnj'len. 
 
 5, The frimt of a thing ; the fore part ; the flat sur- 
 face that presents itself first to view ; a-S, Ihe/uct of 
 a house. F.iek. \\\. 
 
 11. Visible state ; appearance. 
 
 Tliia would produce u wv.- /ace of thiu^ii in Europe. AddUon. 
 
 7. Appearance ; look. 
 
 Nor lit'«v»'n, nor «ea, Uicir former face retained. Waller. 
 \\m di.ilojuc h:ia lhe/ac# of pruLuUlity. liaker. 
 
 8. State of confrontation. The witnesses were 
 presented face to face. 
 
 U. Confidence ; boldness ; impudence ; a bold front, 
 lie It-u the /ace to cliur^ otlicni with false ciLitioim. Tillotson. 
 10. Presence ; sight ; as in the phrases, before the 
 face, in the face, to tlie face, from tite face. 
 U. The person. 
 
 1 hnil not thought to see Uiy/nce. — Gen. xKiii. 
 
 12. In Scripture, face is used for anger or favor. 
 
 Hide \it from l\v;/rxe ot him that silleth on tlie tlironc. — ' Uev. vj. 
 
 M.'kc lliy face to Bliine on thy a'-rvunl, — I's. xxxi. 
 
 llow iuiij^ will Uiou hide thy /ace from nie I — Pa. xiii. 
 
 Hence, to secli tlie face, that is, to pray to, to seek 
 tlie favor of. 
 
 7'u sit Oieface airainst, is to oppose. 
 
 7'u accept one^s face, is to show him favor or grant 
 his renuest. So, to entreat the face, is to ask favor ; 
 but tliese phrases are nearly obsolete. 
 
 13. .\ distorted form of the face ; as in the phrase, 
 to make faces, or to make wry faces. 
 
 Face to face i when both p;irtit'S are present ; as, to 
 have accusers face to face, .^cts x.w. 
 
 2. Nakedly; without the interposition of any other 
 body. 
 
 FACE, t>. f. To meet in front; to oppose with firm- 
 ness ; to resist, or to meet f«ir tlie purpose of stopping 
 or opposing ; as, Ui face an enemy in the field of battli-. 
 
 I'll /act 
 
 This temp^t, and desen'e the name of king. Vrylen. 
 
 2. To stand opposite to ; to stand with the face or 
 front toward. Tlie colleges in New Haven face the 
 public sipiare. 
 
 3. To cover with additional superficies ; to cover 
 in front; as, a fortification faced with marble; to 
 face a garment with silk. 
 
 To face down : to o|i|Kise biddly, or impudently. 
 FACE, e. i. To carry a false appearance ; to play the 
 hypocrite. 
 
 'I'o lie, to /ace, to forge. flubberd't 7H/e. 
 
 2. To turn the face ; as, to face to the right or left. 
 FACE'-CI-OTH, n. [,rtice and cloOi.] A cloth laid 
 
 liver the face of a corpse. Braiide. 
 FAC'fil), (Dste,) pp. Covered in front. 
 
 2. a. In composition, denoting the kind of face ; 
 as, full-faced. Bailni. 
 FACE'-(JI;aRI), n. A kind of mask to def.-nd'tlie 
 face and eyes from acciih iits, as in v.irious chemical 
 and mechanical [troresses. JItbcrL 
 FACE'I.ESS, a. Without a face. 
 
 FACE'-PAI.\'T-ER, n. .\ painter of portraits; one 
 who draws the likeness of the face. 
 
 FACE'-PAI.\T-1.\G, n. The act or art of painting 
 IKirtniits. Dniden. 
 
 F.-VC'ET, n. [FT.facrtte, from face ; Sp.faceta.] 
 
 A little face ; a small surface ; as, the facets of a 
 
 FA-CeTE', a. [I.. w.] [diamond. 
 Gay ; cheerful. [.Vol i« itse.] Burton. 
 
 FAC'ET-F:I), a. Having facets; formed into facets. 
 
 F.\-C»i'rE'Ly, adc. Sportively ; with good humor. 
 [Aof ii.«e(/.l Burton. 
 
 FA-CETE'.NESS, n. Wit; pleasant representation. 
 r.\1.f used.] llulcs. 
 
 FA-CE'ri-jF:,({:K-»Z'she-i,)n.pt. [I,.] Witty or hu- 
 morous writings or sayings ; wittici-tms. 
 
 FA-CE'TIOUS, (fa-sc'shus,) a. [Fr. faretituz : Sp. 
 facecioso ; It. faceta ; L. facetits ; or facctiw, pl. (ill. 
 
 I to be merry.] 
 
 1. Merry ; sportive ; j'lcular ; uprightly with wit 
 and good hiiiiinr ; as, a /liretiiiuji coiupanion. 
 
 2. Witly ; full cf p'easanlty ; pla) fill ; exciting 
 laughter ; ns, a fucrtiom story ; afacrtiuus reply. 
 
 FA-Ci";'TIOL'S-l..Y, uJo. Merrily ; gayly ; wittily ; 
 with pleasantry. 
 
 FA-CK"riOUS-.\i:ft.S, n. Sportive humor ; pleasant- 
 ry ; Iho qiialitv of evening laughter or giHjtl humor. 
 
 FA'CIAL, (fa'slial,. a. [L.facies, face.] 
 
 Pertaining to the face; as, the/ucm/ artery, vein, 
 or nerve. 
 
 Facial anirle, in anatimij, is the angle contained by 
 a line drawn hoi /.oiitally from the middle of the ex- 
 ternal enlianre of the ear to the edge of the nostrils, 
 and aiiollier from this latter point to the superciliary 
 riilge of the frontal bone, serving to measure the 
 elevation of the forehead. Encijc. 
 
 FA'CI.-\Ij-hY, ade. In a facial manner. 
 
 FA'CIENT, (-sluiit,) H. .'V doer; one who docs any 
 tiling, good or bad. ^ 
 
 FAC'U-G, (fas'il,) 0. [Vr. facile ; S\i. facil; l..facilis, 
 from facio, to make.] 
 
 4. Hroprrhj, easy to be done or performed ; easy ; 
 not difficult; performablc or attainable with little 
 labor. 
 
 Order — will rt!nder the work/nciJc and delightful. Evefyn. 
 
 2. Easy to bo surmounted or reinoveti ; easily con- 
 querable. 
 
 The /nci/e gates of hell too slightly barred. Milton. 
 
 3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; 
 not h.aiighty, austere, or distant. 
 
 I ineun she should be courteous, yacije, s'A'ceL B. Janton, 
 
 4. Pliant ; flexible ; easily persuaded to good or 
 bad ; yielding ; ductile to a fault. 
 
 Sine Adam, aii'i his /ante consort Kve, 
 
 l.oal I'arrtdia,', deei-ived by me. Milton. ' 
 
 FAC'M.E-LY, o</i). Easily. [Little u.ied.] Herbert. 
 
 F.AC'llJi-.NESS', Ji. Easiness to be persuaded. 
 
 FA-CII.'I-TATE, r. t. [Fr. facilitrr, from faciliti, L. 
 facdiliis, from facil'is, ea.sy.l 
 
 To make easy or less ilifliciilt; to free from diffi- 
 culty or iiiipediiiient, or to diminish it ; to lessen the 
 labor of. .Machinery facilitates iiianiial hiliur and oi>- 
 eratioiis. Pioneers may facilitate the march of an 
 army. 
 
 FA-Cl L'l-TA-TED, pp. Made easy or easier. 
 
 F.'\-CIL'I-T.A-TI.N(;, ppr. Rentleriiig easy or easier. 
 
 FA-CI I--I-Ta'TIO.\, ». The act of making ea^v. 
 
 FA-CII/l-TIES, II. pl. The means by which the 
 performance of any tiling is rendered easy ; conve- 
 nient opportunities or atlvaiitagcs. 
 
 FA-CI I/l-'ry,n. [Fr. faciliti: ; U.facilitxts, from faeilis, 
 easy.] 
 
 I. Easiness to be performed ; freedom from diffi- 
 culty ; ease. He performed the work or operation 
 with great /uciVi/i;. 
 
 Tlioujfh /acilily and hope of succss i 
 cboic:. 
 
 light invite 
 
 2. Ease of perfomiance ; rcailiness proceeding from 
 skill or use ; de.vterily. Practice gives a wonderful 
 facililij in executing works of art. 
 
 3. Pliancy; ductility; easiness to be persuaded; 
 readiiit^ss of compliance, usually in a bail sense, im- 
 plying a disposition to yield to solicitations to evil. 
 
 it is a ST^^'at error to tike /acilily for g'uxl nature : teiideni' ks, 
 wiUiout Uiacretion, is iiu belter tlian a more panloii ible tolly. 
 
 L,' tlalrange, 
 
 4. Easiness of access ; complaisance ; condescen- 
 sion ; atlability. 
 
 He offer, hiins'.'lf to tin' visits of a friend with/ocifiry. South. 
 FA'CI.XG, p/ir. [from face.] Fronting; having the 
 face to\vard ; opposite. 
 
 2. Covering the fur.r part. 
 
 3. Turning the face. 
 
 F.^'CI.\(i, ». .\ covering in front for ornament or de- 
 fense ; as, the facing of a f'ortificalioii «>r ot a gar- 
 ment. 
 
 FA'CI.N'G-IiY, ndc. In a fronting position. 
 FA-CI.\'()-ROt;S, a. [\.. facinus.] 
 
 .AtriwiousU wicketl. [Little wseM.] SAul*. 
 F.\-(,'I.\'0 ROL'S-NESS, n. Extreme or atrocious 
 wickedness. 
 
 FAG— Sl.M'l-I.E, 71. [I,, facio, to make, and similis, 
 like. See Simile.] 
 
 .•\n exact copy or likeness, as of lianil writing. 
 F.\eT, n. [I., factum, from facio, to make or do ; Fr. 
 fait: \t. fatfo ; Sp. /orAn.] 
 
 1. .■\ny tiling iloiie, or that comes to pa.ss ; an act ; 
 a tleed ; an elfect produced or achievetl ; an evenL 
 Witnesses are introdticetl into court to prove a fact. 
 Facts arc stubborn tilings. To deny a fact know- 
 ingly is to lie. 
 ■J. Re.'ihty ; truth ; as, in fact. Po we say, indeed. 
 FAC'TIO.N, II. [Fr., from L. /actio, (rum facio, to make 
 or do.] 
 
 I. A [Ktrty, in political society, combined or acting 
 in union, in opposition to the prince, government, 
 or state ; usual y applieil to a minority, but it inav lie 
 applied to a majority. Sometimes a state is divided 
 into factions luarlv etpial. Rome was nlniost niwav « 
 disturbed by factions. Republics are proverbial for 
 
 TONE, BULL, li'NlTE.— AN"GER, VI"CIUUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 431 
 
FAC 
 
 factions, and factions in riumarcliies have often effected 
 revulutions. 
 
 A fei-ble govemmenl produces more factions Ihan an o^r^ssive 
 
 By a factum, 1 unilcrslaiid a niinibor of citiy/'iis, wlicUier 
 aiiiuiiiuiii^ to a ni.-\joriiy or miuoniy of the whole, wtio are 
 uiiit'*d rtiiH acluateii hy some coiimion ijiipulse of passion, or 
 ot iiitr-D'st, adveree to' the rights of other citizens, or to tlic 
 peniiauciu aiid aa^gregate interesu of the commuiiiiy. 
 
 y Federalist, Marlison. 
 
 2. Tiimnlt ; discord ; dissension. Claremlon. 
 
 3. In ancient liisturij, an appell.ition given to the 
 different troops or companies of combatants in the 
 prunes of tlie circus. Brandc. 
 
 FAC'TION-A-RY, n. A party roan; one of a faction. 
 
 [Little used.} Sliak. 
 FAC'TION-ER, n. One of a faction. [M,t in itsc.\ 
 
 Bancroft, 
 
 FAe'TION-IST, ;i. One wljo promotes faction. 
 
 JMountairii. 
 
 FvVaTIOUS, (fak'slHis,) a. [Vr.factienz ; la. f actio. -in 
 
 1. Given to faction ; addicted to form partits and 
 raise dissensions, in opposition to eoverninent ; 
 turbulent ; prone to clamor against pulilic measures 
 or men. -.No state is free from factious citizens. 
 
 2. Pertaining to faction ; proceeding from faction ; 
 as, factious tumults ; factious i\mrxc\f. Driidcn. 
 
 FAC'TIOUS-LV, adi: In a f.i li.ius manner ; by 
 mi-ans of faction ; in a turbulent or disorderly 
 manner. 
 
 FAe'T10US-NE?S, n. Inclination to form parties in 
 oppositijn to the government, or to the public in- 
 terest ; disposition to clamor and raise opposition ; 
 clamorousness for a party. 
 
 FAe-TI"TIOUS, (fak-tish'us,) a. [L. factitius, from 
 facia.] 
 
 Made by art, in distinction from what is produced 
 by nature ; artificial ; as, factitious cinnabar ; facti- 
 tious stones ; factitious air 
 
 FAe-TI"TIOUS-LY, adv. In an artificial manner. 
 
 FAG'TIVE, a. JMaking ; having power to make. 
 [All! used.] Bacon. 
 
 F.\e'TOR, n. [h. factor; Tt.factcur; U.faitore; from 
 L. facio.] 
 
 1. In commerce, an agent employed by merchants, 
 residing in other places, to buy and sell, and to ne- 
 gotiate bills of exchange, or to transact other busi- 
 ness on their account. 
 
 2. An agent ; a substitute. 
 
 Factor, in Scotland, is synonymous with steirard 
 in England. ' Brandc. 
 
 3. In arithmetic and algebra, a term applied to the 
 multiplier and multiplicand, from the multiplication 
 of which proceeds the proiliict. 
 
 FAG'TOR-AOE, «. The allowance given to a factor 
 by his employer, as a coni|)ensation for his services ; 
 called also a comaiission. This is sometimes a certain 
 sum or rate by the cask or package ; more generally 
 it is a certain rate per cent, of the value of the goods 
 purchased or sold. 
 
 FAe-To'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a factory ; consist- 
 ing in a factory. Buchanan. 
 
 FAe'TOR-SHlP, n. A factory, or the business of a 
 factor. Sherwood. 
 
 FAG'TO-RY, 71. A house or place where factors re- 
 side, to transact business for their employers. The 
 English merchants have factories in the East Indies, 
 Turkey, Portugal, Hamburg, .Sec. 
 
 •2. The body of factors in any place ; as, a chaplain 
 to a British factory. Outhric. 
 
 3. Contracted from manufactory, a building, or i-ol- 
 lection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture 
 of goods; the place where workmen are employed 
 in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils. 
 
 FAe-To'TU.M, n. [I,., ilo every thing.] A person 
 employed to do all kinils of work. B. Jonson. 
 
 F.\0"X'lIRE, 11. [Fr.] Tlie art or manner of making. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 FAe'IJI,-TY, II. [Fr. facultc; V.. fatullas, from facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 1. That power of the mind or intellect which cna- 
 bl.-s it to receive, levive, or modify perceptions; as, 
 the facult.fi of seeing, of hearing, of imagining, of 
 remembering, &c. ; or, in treneral, the faculties may 
 be calb'd tin: powers or capacities of tile mind. Fuc- 
 uhii is pripjii rly a power belonging to a living or ani- 
 mal body. 
 
 2. The power of doing any thing ; ability. There 
 is no facultij or power in creatures, which can rightlv 
 pi rform its functions, without the perpetual aid ijf 
 the .'^iipri me Being. Hooker. 
 
 'I'he powi-r of perfoiming any action, natiir.al, 
 vital, or animal. 
 
 The vil.l /aculKj Is Hint by which lif- li pro«erTed. (iaitiey. 
 ^. Facility of performance ; the pecwliar skill de- 
 rived from practice, or practice aided bv nature ; 
 habitual Kkill or ability ; dexterity ; adroilm ss ; 
 knack. One man has a remarkable /ui ii^fv of telling 
 n story ; another, of Inventing exi uses for miscon- 
 duct ; n tliird, of reaHoning ; a fourth, of preaching. 
 5. Personal ipiality ; disposition or habit, good or ill. 
 0. Power; authority. [HImk. 
 
 FAF 
 
 FAI 
 
 llnth l».rne |,U fac 
 
 [Hardly Uffitimale.] 
 
 ThU Duncan 
 
 SlLok. 
 
 7. IMechanical power; as, the faculty of the wedge. 
 [jVot used, nor legitimate.] fVilkins. 
 
 8. Natural virtue ; efficacy ; as, the faculti/ of sim- 
 P'es. • 'Jililton. 
 
 [JVbt used, nor leiritimate.] 
 
 9. Privilege ; a right or power granted to a person 
 by favor or indulgence, to do what by law he may 
 not do ; as, tW faculty of marrying wiihout the bans 
 being first jiuhlislied, or of ordaining a deacon under 
 age. The archbishop of Canterbury has a court of 
 faculties, for granting such privileges or dispensations. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 10. The individuals constituting a scientific pro- 
 fession, or a branch of one, taken collectively; par- 
 ticularly, the medical profession. Smart. 
 
 11. In colleires, tl\e masters and professors of the 
 several sciences. Johnson. 
 
 One of the members or departments of a univer- 
 sity. In most universities, th:'re aie four /acu/tics ; 
 of arts, including humanity and philosophy ; of the- 
 ology ; of medicine ; and (jf law. Encyc. 
 
 Ill America, the faculty of a college or university 
 consists of tlie president, professors, and tutors. 
 
 The faculty of adcocates, in Scotland, is a respecta- 
 ble body of lawyers, who ])lead in all causes before 
 the courts of session, justiciary, and excherpier. 
 Tlieir president is styled dean of the facultij. Encyc. 
 FACUND, a. [la.facundus, supposed to be from the 
 root of for, fari, to speak ] 
 
 Eloquent. 
 
 FA-eiI\n'I-OUS, a. Eloquent ; full of words. 
 FA-€UND'I-TY, 71. [L facunditas.] 
 Eloquence; readiness of speech. 
 FAD'DLE, V. i. To trifle; to toy; to play. [.^ toio 
 word.] 
 
 Fade, a. [Fr.] Weak ; slight ; faint. [JVu« i;t use.] 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 FADE, t!. !. [Fr./a(/c, insipid, tasteless. Q,u.h.vado, 
 
 or Ar. 4XS.J nafecJa, to vanish, Syr. to fail, to err. 
 
 See Class Bd, No. 48, 39, 44.] 
 
 1. To lose color ; to tend from a stronger or brighter 
 color to a more faint shade of the same color, or to 
 lose a color entirely. A green leaf fades, and becomes 
 less green or 3'ellow ; those colors are deemed the 
 best which are least apt to fade. 
 
 2. To wither, as a plant ; to decay. 
 
 Ye shall be as an oak, whose leaf fadeth. — Is. I. 
 
 3. To lose strength gradually ; to vanish. 
 When the memory b weak, ideas ui Uie mind quickly ftole. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 4. To lose luster ; to grow dim. 
 
 Tlie stars shall /(ute away. Addison. 
 
 5. To decay ; to perish gradually. 
 
 We all do fade as a leaf. — Is. Ix [v. 
 
 An iiiheriuvnce IhH/atieth not away. — 1 Pet. i. 
 
 6. To decay ; to decline ; to become poor and mis- 
 erable. 
 
 The rich man shall /rule away in his ways. — James i. 
 
 7. To lose strength, liealth, or vigor; to decline; 
 to grow weaker South. 
 
 8. To disappear gradually ; to vanish. 
 
 FADE, r. t. To cause to wither; to wear away; to 
 deprive of freshness or vigor. 
 
 No winter could his laurels /a.7e. Dryden. 
 This Is a man, old, wrinkleil, faded, withered. iihak. 
 
 FaD'ED, pp. or a. Become less vivid, as color; with- 
 ered ; decayed ; vanished. 
 
 FADE'LES.^, a. Unfading. Coleridge. 
 
 FADOjE, (faj,) w i. [Sax. fa:nen, sefegen, to unite, to 
 fit together; G. fi'tiren; D. voetren ; ii^w.foa-a; Dan. 
 fuirc, a seam or joint ; \V. fag, a meeting in a point. 
 It coincides with L. pano-o, pegi, prpitri, Gr. irn^ '->, 
 T:Ti)vi'io,\a. fu'o. See p31. Class Bg, No. 33. See, 
 also. No. 34, 35. Of this word fay is a contraction.] 
 
 1. To suit ; to fit ; to come close, as the parts of 
 things united. Hence, to have one part consistent 
 with another. Shale. 
 
 2. To agree ; to live in amity. [Ludicrous.] 
 
 JIudibras 
 
 3. To succeed ; to hit. L'Eitrano-e. 
 [77iM word is note vulgar, and improper in elegant 
 
 writing.] 
 
 FaD'I.N'G, ppr. [See Fade.] Losing color; becom- 
 ing less viviil ; (lecaying ; declining ; withering. 
 
 2. a. Subject to decay ; liablt! to lose freshness and 
 vigor; liable to perish; not durable; transient; as, 
 a fading llower. 
 FAD'ING, 71. Decay; loss of color, freshness, or vigor. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 FAD'ING-I,Y, adv. In a fading manner. 
 FAD'l.N'G-NESS, 71. Decay; liableness to decay. 
 
 J\Ionnlagu. 
 
 FAD'Y, a. Wearing away ; losing color or stioiiglh. 
 
 Shenstonc. 
 
 FyE'CAL.n. See Fccal. 
 
 VA'j'CP.^, 71. /)(. 1 1,.] Excrcnii'iit ; also, settlings; 
 
 Reiliment after infusion or di.stlllation. Quincy. 
 FA'F.K Y, o. or 71. Fairy, which see. 
 FAF'FEL, V. i. To stammer. [JVut iii use.] Barret. 
 
 FAG, 7J. (. To beat ; to compel to drudge. [Colloi/uial.] 
 
 Smart. 
 
 FAG, 7!. A laborious drudge ; a drudge for another. 
 In the English schools, this term is applied to a boy 
 who does menial services for another boy of a higher 
 form or class. [Culloiiuial.] Orose. Edireworth. 
 FAG, B. i. [Scot./tiiA. au. Heb. Ch. Syr. Jii3, to fail, 
 to languish. See Class Bg, No. 44, GO, 76.] 
 
 To drudge ; to labor to weariness ; to become 
 weary. Rich. Diet. 
 
 The Italians began to fag. Mackenzie. 
 [ Colloquial.] 
 
 F.-VG, 71. A knot or coarse part in cloth. [J^otinuse.] 
 FAG'-END', 77. [fag and f7if/. See Fa(5, v. i. supra.] 
 
 1. The end of a web of cloth, generally of coarser 
 materials. Johnson. 
 
 2. The refuse or meaner part of any thing. Collier. 
 
 3. Among seamen, the untwisted end of a rope ; 
 hence, to be fagged, or fagged out, is to become un- 
 twisted and loose. Tottcn. 
 
 We observe that tlie use of this word among sea- 
 men leads to the true sense of the verb, as well as 
 the noun. The sense is, to open by receding, or to 
 yield and become lax, and hence weak. 
 
 FAG'GING, 71. Laborious drudgery ; the acting as a 
 drudge for another at an English school. 
 
 FAG'OT, 71. [W.fagod; Gr. (/lOKt-XAoj ; connected 
 with W. fag, th.at which unites or meets; fagiad, 
 a gathering round a point ; Scot, faik, to fold, to 
 grasp ; yiiA.-e, in seanien^s language, a coil; allietl to 
 Sax. fiegan, gefcgan, to unite. (See Fadge.) The 
 sense is, a bundle or collection, like pack.] 
 
 1. A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of 
 trees, used for fuel, or for raising batteries, filling 
 ditches, and other purposes in fortification. The 
 French use fascine, from the L. fascis, a bundle ; a 
 term now adopted in English. 
 
 2. A bundle of pieces of iron for re-manufacture. 
 
 3. A person hired to appear at musters in a com- 
 panv not full, and hide tlia^eficiency. Enci/c. 
 
 FAG'OT, V. t. To tie together; to bind in a bundle; 
 to collect promiscuously. Dryden. 
 
 F.\G'OT-EU, pp. Bound together; tied in bundles. 
 
 FAG'OT-ING, ppr. Binding together. 
 
 FAH'LEKZ, 7!. Gray copper, or gr.ay copper ore, 
 called by Jameson trtrahedral copper pyrites. It con- 
 tains copper, antimony, arsenic, and sulphur. This 
 mineral is easily broken, and its fracture usually un- 
 even, but sometimes a little coiichoidal. It is ibund 
 amorphous and in regular crystals. 
 
 FaH'LUN-ITE, n. [from Fahlan, in Sweden.] 
 
 A mineral occurring in opaque, brownish-green, 
 six-sided prisms, transversely foliated. It has nearly 
 the composition of iolite, except the addition of 13 
 per cent, of water, and is supposed to proceed from 
 the alteration of iolite. The chlorophyllile is a similar 
 mineral, containing about 4 per cent, of water. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 FAT-EJVCE', (fi-yiins',) 71. [from Facnza, the origin.al 
 place of manufacture.] In the fine arts, imitation 
 porcelain ; a kind of fine pottery, embellished with 
 painted liesigns. Brande. Encyc. Jim. 
 
 FAIL, 71. i. [Fr.faillir; W.faelu, or pallu and aballu ; 
 Scot, fadye; ll.fallire; Bp. falir,f altar ! I'urt. falhar ; 
 L. fallo ; Ir. feallam ; Gr. (/ir/Aff.i, 0r;.\oot, whence 
 c4a\\(o; V. feiten,faalcn ; G.fehten ; Sw.fcla; Dan. 
 frjler; Arm. fallaat, fcllcl, whence falloni, wicked- 
 ness. Eng. /c/ony. it seems to be allied to fall, fal- 
 low, pale, and many other words. See Class Bl, K'o. 
 6, 7, 8, 13, 18,21,28.] 
 
 1. To become deficient ; to be insutlicient ; to 
 cease to be abundant for supply ; or to be entirely 
 wanting. We say, in a dry season, the s[)rings and 
 streams fail, or are fading, before they arc entirely 
 exhausted, , We say, also, the springs failed, when 
 they entirely ceased to flow. Crops fail wholly or 
 partially. 
 
 2. To decay ; to decline ; to sink; to b* dimin- 
 ished. We say of a sick person, his strength /uiij' 
 daily. 
 
 3. To decline ; to decay ; to sink ; to become 
 weaker ; as, the patient fails every hour. 
 
 4. To be extinct ; to cease ; to be entirely want- 
 ing ; to be no longer jiroduccd. 
 
 Help, Lord, for the ffoilly man censeih ; for the raitliful fail from 
 ainun^ the children of men. — Pi, xH. 
 
 5. To be entirely exhausted ; to be wanting ; to 
 cease from supply. 
 
 Money failed ill Uie land of K^'pt. — Gen. jflvii, 
 
 6. To cease ; to perish ; to he lost. 
 
 Lest the rcineinbrince of lib grief should fail, AtUison, 
 
 7. To die. 
 
 They «hall all/oU together. — la. ixxi. 
 
 8. To decay ; to decline ; as, the sight fails in old 
 ago. 
 
 9. To become deficient or wanting ; as, the heart 
 or the courage fails, 
 
 10. To miss; not to produce the effect. The cx- 
 periiiiciit was made w ith care, but failed, or /ai/cd to 
 jiroduce the rlli rt, or failed of th<! eflect. 
 
 11. To be dtlicient in duty; to omit or neglect. 
 Tht: debtor failrd to fulfill his promi.se. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T. — METK, PRE Y. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 432 
 
FAI 
 
 FAl 
 
 FAI 
 
 12. To miss; to miscarry ; to bf frustmted or dis- 
 appointed. Tlic Piu'iny attacked tlie fort, but faded 
 ill liis desipn, or fuilril u( siicct ss. 
 
 IJ. To be lu-plecli d ; lo full sliort ; not to be exe- 
 cuted. 'I'lie promises of a mall of probity selil<iin 
 fait. The soul or the spirit /ui/i, when a jX-r.^on is 
 discouraged. The eyes fail, when the draires and 
 expectations are long delayed, and the jierson is dis- 
 appointed, * 
 
 14. To become insolvent or bankrupt. When mer- 
 chants and traders fail, tlicy arc said lo become bank- 
 rupt. When other iiieii/aiZ, tliey arc said to become 
 insolvent. 
 
 FAIL, V. L To desert ; to disappoint j to cense or to 
 neglect or omit to allbrd Bid, supply, or strength. It 
 is said, fortune never /uiii the brave. Our friends 
 Eoiiielimes fad us, when we most need them. The 
 aged attcmpi to walk, when their limbs fad Ihein. 
 In bold eiilt^rprise.s, courage should never fiU the 
 liero. 
 
 2. To omit ; not to perforin. 
 
 The invenuva Ijod, who oevee/aiU hi* part. Dryden. 
 
 3. To be wanting to. 
 
 Th-re iliall nerer /ail Ihee a mrui on the throne. — 1 Kiitgi ii. 
 [In the transitive use of this verb, there is really 
 an ellipsis of from or to, or other word. In strictness, 
 the verb is not transitive, and the jiassivc participle 
 is, I believe, never used.] 
 FAIL,?!. Omission; non-performance. 
 
 He u-iU wiUiout/ott driTe out from bcfure you the CiinAanilet. — 
 Jo«h. ill. 
 
 2. Miscarriage; failure; deficience; want; death. 
 
 [In this sen,if. Utile luetl,'^ 
 FAlL'ANCE,ii. Fault ;"faiUire. [Obs.] 
 FAIL'£U, prcL and yp. of Fail. Become deficient; 
 
 ceased. 
 
 FAIL'ING, ppr. or a. Becoming deficient or insuffi- 
 cient; becoming weaker; decaying; declining; 
 omitting; not executing or performing ; miscarrying; 
 neglecting ; wanting ; becoming bankrupt or insol- 
 vent. 
 
 FAIL'ING, n. The act of failing ; deficiency; imper- 
 fection ; lapse ; fault. Failings, in a moral sense, are 
 minor faults, proceeding rather from weakness of in- 
 tellect, or from carelessness, than frcun bad motives. 
 But the word is often abusively applied to vices of 
 the grosser kind. 
 2. The act of failing or becoming insolvent. 
 
 FAIL'ING-LY, o.ic. By failing. 
 
 FAIL'liRE, (fail'yur,) H. A failing ; deficience; ces- 
 sation of supply, or total defect; as, the failure of 
 springs or streams ; fhilure of rain ; failure of crops. 
 
 2. Omission ; non-performance ; as, the failure of 
 a promise ; a man's failure in the e.\ccution of a 
 trust. 
 
 3. Decay, or defect from decay ; as, the failure of 
 memory or of sight. 
 
 4. A breaking, or becoming insolvent. At the close 
 of a war, the prices of commodities fall, and innu- 
 merable failurrji succeed. 
 
 5. A failing ; a slight fault. [Little used.'j 
 FAIN, a. [Sax. fagen, fitgan, glad ; fagnmn, Goth. 
 
 famnon, lo rejoice ; Sw. fdgcn. Class Bg, No. 3, 
 43, 77.1 
 
 Glaii; pleased; rejoiced. But the appropriate sense 
 of the word is glad, or pleased to do something under 
 siuiie kind of necessity ; that is, glad to evade evil or 
 secure goi>d. Thus, says Locke, " The learned Cas- 
 Lalio was fain to make trendies at B.asil, lo keep him- 
 self from starving." This appropriation of the word, 
 which is modern, led Ur. Johnson into a mistake in 
 defining the word. The proper signification is glad, 
 joyful. 
 
 FAIN, atfr. Gladly ; with joy or pleasure. 
 
 He woiil.l/njn fl..e out r/ liU h.-\ntl. — Job Ixvii. 
 
 He woitjil /(un tuvc fillet! his beU; wiUi htuks. — I.uke XT. 
 
 FAIN, r. i. To wish or desire. [JVot useiL] 
 FAIN'ING, ppr. or a. Wishing ; desiring fondly. 
 
 In hij /(uninf eye. Sptiuer. 
 
 FAINT, a. [It. faine, a weakening ; fann, weak ; 
 fannUxis, weakness, inclination to faint ; anbhfaine, 
 fainting; Fr. /ainrant, idle, sluggish. This word is 
 perhajis allied to Fr. finer, to fade, wither, decay, to 
 make bay, foin, L. fwnum ; and to rain, L. rojiiu, 
 
 whence to xanish, Ar. ^^xi fani, to vanish, to fail. 
 
 Eng. to loaiw, Sax.fmiig, musty. Class Bn, No. 25.] 
 
 1. Weak ; languid ; inclined to swoon ; as, to be 
 rendered faint by excessive evacuations. 
 
 2. Weak ; feeble ; languid ; exhausted ; as, faint 
 with fatigue, hunger, or thirst. 
 
 3. Weak, as color ; not bright or vivid ; not 
 strong ; as, a faint color ; a faint red or blue ; a faint 
 light. 
 
 4. Feeble ; weak, as sound ; not loud ; as, a faint 
 sound ; a faint voice. 
 
 5. Imperfect; feeble; not striking; as, a /uin( re- 
 semblance or image. 
 
 6. Cowardly; tiinoroci. A /ain« heart never wins 
 a fair lady. 
 
 7. Feeble ; not vigorous ; not active ; as, a faint 
 resistance ; a faint exertion. 
 
 8, Dejected ; depressed ; dispirited. 
 
 My heart U/aint, — L ti. 1. 
 FAINT, B. i. To lose the aniinai mclions; to lose 
 strength and color, and become senseless and mo- 
 tionless ; to swoon ; sometimes with away. He faint- 
 ed for loss of blood. 
 
 On hearing the honor intended her, the fainted auay. 
 
 Ouardian. 
 
 2. To become feeble ; to decline or fail in strength 
 and vigor ; to be weak. 
 
 If 1 Beiiit them aw.iy tiutln^ to their own houjcs, they will faint 
 hy Uie way. — Mark viii. 
 
 3. To sink into dejection ; to lose courage or spirit. 
 
 t.et nut your heart* faint. — Dcut. XK. 
 
 If thou faint in the dny of advenily, thy strcnrth Is smuli. — 
 Pro«. 
 
 4. To decay ; to disappear ; to vanish. 
 
 Gilded clouds, wlule we ^nzo on \hem, faint before the eye. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 FAINT, r. t. To deject ; to depress ; to weaken. [ Un- 
 usual.] S/iak. 
 
 FAINT-IIE.\RT'ED, o. Cowardly; timorous; de- 
 jected ; cosily depressed, or yielding to fear. 
 
 ^ear not, neither he fainlhearltd. — U. Tii. 
 
 FAINT-IIEART'ED-LY, ado. In a cowardly man- 
 f\er. 
 
 FAINT-IIEXRT'ED-NESS, n. Cowardice ; timo- 
 roiisness ; want of courage. 
 
 FAINT'ING, ppr. or a. Falling into a swoon ; fail- 
 ing ; losing strength or courage ; becoming feeble or 
 timid. 
 
 F.\I.\T'ING, 11. A tempororj' loss of strength, color, 
 and respiration ; syncope ; deliquiuiu ; lei|>othyiiiy ; 
 a swoon. n'iseman. 
 
 FAINT'ISII, a. Slightly faint. 
 
 FAINT'ISH-NESS, n. A slight degree of faintncss. 
 
 .^rbuthnot, 
 
 FAINT'LING, o. Timorous; feeble-minded. [A'oe 
 used.] .drbuUinot. 
 
 FAIN'l 'LY, adn. In a feeble, languid manner ; with- 
 out vigor or activity ; as, to att.tck or defend faintly. 
 
 2. With a feeble flame ; as, a torch burns faintly. 
 
 3. With a feeble light ; as, the candle burns faintly. 
 
 4. With little force ; as, to breathe faintly. 
 
 5. Without force of representation ; imperfectly ; 
 as, to describe faintly what we have seen. 
 
 6. In a low tone ; with a feeble voice ; as, to speak 
 faintly. 
 
 7. Without spirit or courage ; timorously. 
 
 lie faintly now decUnes the fatal strife. Denham. 
 
 FAINT'NESS, n. The state of being faint ; loss of 
 strength, color, and respiration. 
 
 2. Feebleness ; languor ; want of strength. 
 
 * Hooker, 
 
 3. Inactivity ; want of vigor. Spenser, 
 
 4. Feebleness, as of color or light 
 
 5. Feebleness of representation ; as, faintness of 
 description. 
 
 6. Feebleness of mind ; timorousness ; dejection ; 
 irresolution. 
 
 1 will icnd a fhintneet Into their hearts. — Lev. xxvi. 
 
 FAINTS, 71. pi. The gr(*s fetid oil remaining after 
 distillation, or a weak spirituous liquor that runs 
 from the still in rectifying the low wines after the 
 proof spirit is drawn off; also, the last runnings of 
 all spirits distilled by the alembic. 
 
 Kncyc. Edirards, W, Ind. 
 FA I NT' Y, a. Weak ; feeble ; languid. Dryden, 
 FAIR, 0. [Sax, fagcr ; Sw, fager ; Dan. /ucrr. If 
 the sense is primarily to opiMi, to clear, to separate, 
 this word may belong to the root of Sw. fdja, Dan. 
 fejer, D. cregrn, G. frgen, to sweep, scour, furbish.] 
 
 1. Clear ; free from s|Kits ; free from a dark hue ; 
 white; as, a fltir akin ; a /air complexion. Hence, 
 
 2. Beautiful ; handsome ; properly, having a hand- 
 some face. 
 
 Thou art ^ fair woman to look upon. — Gen. xii. 
 Hence, 
 
 3. Pleasing to the eye ; handsome or beautiful in 
 general. 
 
 4. Clear ; pure ; free from feculence or extraneous 
 matter ; as, jfair water'. 
 
 5. Cleiir ; not cloudy or overcast ; as, fair weather ; 
 a fair sky. 
 
 G. Favorable ; prosperous ; blowing in a direction 
 toward llio place of ilestination ; as, a fair wind at 
 ■ea. 
 
 7. Open ; direct, as a way or passage. You are in 
 a fair way to promotion. Hence, likely to succeed. 
 He stands as fair to succeed as any man. 
 
 8. 0|K'n tti attack or access ; unobstructed ; as, a 
 fair mark ; a fair butt ; fair in sight ; in fair sight ; 
 a fair view. 
 
 9. Open ; frank ; honest ; hence, equal ; just ; 
 equitable. My friend is a fair man ; his offer is /uir; 
 his propositions are fair and honorable. 
 
 10. Not effected by insidious or unlawful mctliods ; 
 not foul. 
 
 He died a fair and natural death. Temple. 
 
 11. Fnink ; candid; not sophistical or insidious; 
 as, a fair disputant. 
 
 12. Honest ; honorable ; mild ; opposed to insidi- 
 ous and compulsory ; as, to accomplish a thing by 
 fair means. 
 
 13. Frank ; civil ; pleasing ; not harsh. 
 
 When fair wonis and ^oo<t counsel will not prernil on as, we 
 must tje frighted into our duty. L,'Eitrange. 
 
 14. Equitable ; just ; merited. 
 
 His doom Is fair, 
 That dust I am, and sluUI to dust return. Milton. 
 
 15. Liberal ; not narrow ; as, a /air livelihood. Carea. 
 
 16. Plain ; legible ; as, the letter is written in a 
 fair hand. 
 
 17. Free from stain or blemish ; unspotted ; un- 
 tarnished ; as, a /air character or fame. _ 
 
 18. In mercantile use, middling ; medium ; %s, a 
 fair demand ; of a fair quality. 
 
 FAIR, a<ft'. Openly; frankly; civilly ; coniplaisantly. 
 One of die company spoke him fair. L' Ettrange. 
 
 2. Candidly ; honestly ; equitably. He promised 
 
 3. Happily; successfully. [fair 
 
 Now /air befall thee. Shak. 
 
 4. On good terms ; as, to keep fair with the world ; 
 to stand fair with one's companions. 
 
 To bid fair, is to be likely, or to have a fair pros- 
 Fair and sifuare ; just dealing ; honesty. [pcct. 
 FAIR, n, Elliptically, a fair woman ; a handsome fe- 
 The fair ; the female sex. [male. 
 2. FaiTllcss ; applied to things or persons. [JiTut in use,] 
 FAIR, 71. [Fr./oire; W./air; .Vrm. /oar, /oer, /eur, 
 or for; li, forum, or fcrite. The \l. ficra, and Sp. 
 fcria, a fair, are the L. /eri<E, a holiday, a day exempt- 
 from labor; G. /dcr, whence feiern, to rest from la- 
 bor. If fair \s from forum, it may coincide in ori- 
 gin with Gr. TTuptuo), iinropcvofiai, to trade, whence 
 epTTopiov, emporium, tfie primary sense of which is 
 to pass. In Norman French we find fair and feire. 
 It fair \s {rum fcria, it is so called from being held 
 in places where the wakes or feasts at the dedication 
 of churches were held, or from the feasts them- 
 selves. It is a fact that Sundays were formerly mar- 
 ket days.] 
 
 A staled market in a particular town or city ; a 
 stated meeting of buyers and sellers for trade. ,\ 
 fair is annual or more frequent. Tlio privilege of 
 holding fairs is granted by the king or supreme 
 power. Among the most celebrated fairs in Europe 
 are those of Francfort and Leipsic in Ui rmany ; of 
 Novi in the Milanese ; of Riga and Archangel in 
 Russia; of Lyons and St. Germain in France. In 
 Great Britain many towns enjoy this privilege. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 In the United Stales, there are no fairs similiir to 
 those in England ; at least I know of none. The 
 ladies sometimes hold fairs for llie sale of their work 
 for charit.iblir purposes. These are c.llled, in Eng- 
 land, Fancv-Faibs. 
 
 FA1R'-HA1R-£D, a. Having fair hair. 
 
 F.^IR'-II A.ND, a. Having a lair ap|)earance. Shak. 
 
 FAlR'UpOD, n. Fairness ; beauty. Foz. 
 
 FAIR'I.Vg, «. A present given at a fair. Oay, 
 
 FAIR'LV, ado. Beautifully ; handsomely. [Little 
 used,] 
 
 2. Commodiously ; conveniently; as, a town /air/i/ 
 situated for foreign trade. 
 
 3. Frankly ; honestly ; justly ; equitably ; without 
 disguise, fraud, or prevarication. 1'lie question was 
 fairly stated and argued. Let us deal fairly w ith all 
 men. 
 
 4. 0|R'nly ; ingenuously , plainly. Let us deal 
 fairly Willi ourselves, or our own hearts. 
 
 6. Candidly. 
 
 1 interpret /oir/y your design. Oryden. 
 
 6. Without perversion or violence ; as, an infer- 
 ence may be fairly deduced from the premises. 
 
 7. Without blots ; in plain letters ; plainly ; legi- 
 bly ; as, an instrument or record fairly written. 
 
 8. Completely ; withuiit deficience. His antag- 
 onist fought till he was fairly defeated. 
 
 _ 9. Softly; gently. MUton, 
 Fa I R' NESS, ii. Clearness; freedom from spots or 
 blemishes; whiteness; as, the fairness of skin or 
 complexion. 
 
 2. Clearness ; purify ; as, the fairness of water. 
 
 3. Freedom from stain or blemish ; as, the famust 
 of character or reputation. 
 
 4. Beauty ; elegance ; as, the fairness of form. 
 
 5. Frankness ; candor ; hence, honesty ; ingenu- 
 ousness ; as, fairness in trade. 
 
 (j. Openness; candor; freedom from disguise, in- 
 sidioiisness, or prevarication ; as, the fairness of an 
 argument. 
 
 7. Equality of terms ; equity; as, Xite fairness of 
 a contract. 
 
 8. Distinctness ; freedom from blots or obscurity j 
 as, the fairness of hand-writing ; Ihe fairness of a 
 copy. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUR — e as K ; C as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 55 
 
 TCK" 
 
 4:J3 
 
FAI 
 
 ^'AIR -SEEM'ING, a. Appearing fair. Hemans. 
 FA rR'-SI'oK'£N, (-spok'n,) o. Using fair speech; 
 bland : civil ; courteous ; plausible. 
 
 Anus, a fair-spoken nian. Hooker, 
 FaIR'Y, n. I^G. fee : Fr. fee, wlience f6er, to enchant, 
 feerie, a fainj land ; It. fata. The origin of this 
 word is not obvious, and the radical letters are un- 
 certain. Tlie conjectures of Baxter, Jamieson, and 
 others, throw no satisfactory light on the subject.] 
 
 1. A fay t an imaginary being or spirit, supposed 
 to assume a human form, dance in meadows, steal 
 infants, and play a variety of pranks. [See Elf and 
 Demon.] Locke. Pope. 
 
 2. An enchantress. Sliak. 
 Fairy of tlie mine : an imaginary being supposed to 
 
 inhabit mines, wandering about in the drifts and 
 chambers, always employed in cutting ore, turning 
 the windlass, &c., yet etiecting nothing. The Ger- 
 mans believe in two species ; one fierce and malevo- 
 leu|^ tlie other gentle. [See Cobalt.] Encyc. 
 
 FaIITY, a. Belonging to fairies ; as, fairy land. Shak, 
 2. Given by fairies ; as, faiyy money or favors. 
 
 jyryden. Locke. 
 Fairy ring or circle ; a phenomenon observed in 
 fields, vulgarly supposed to be caused by fairies in 
 their dances. This circle is of two kinds ; one about 
 seven yards in diameter, containing a round, bare 
 path, a foot broad, with green grass in the middle ; 
 the other of different size, encompassed with grass 
 greener than that in the middle. Encyc. 
 
 FaIR'Y-LAJV'D, n. The imaginary land or abode of 
 fairies. 
 
 FaIR'Y-LiKE, a. Imitating the manner of fairies. 
 
 Sltak. 
 
 FaIR'Y-SToNE, n. A stone found in gravel pits. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 The fossil echinite, abundant in chalk pits. Cyc. 
 FaITH, 71. [VV. /;/:; Arm. feiz : L. fides; It. fede; 
 Port, and Sp./e ; Fr. foi ; Or. -ir'5 >' L- fido, to trust ; 
 Gr. TTfitfu, to persuade, to draw toward any thing, to 
 conciliate ; rutioiiai, to believe, to obey. In the 
 Greek Le-xicon of Hederic, it is said, the primitive 
 signification of the verb is to bind and draw or lead, 
 as TTiina signifies a rope or cable, as does Trctujja. 
 But this remark is a little incorrect. The sense of 
 the verb, from which that of rope and binding is de- 
 rived, is to strain, to draw, and thus to bind or make 
 fast. A rope or cable is that which makes fast. (iu. 
 Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. na3. Class Bd, No. 16.] 
 
 1. Belief ; the assent of the mind to the truth of 
 what is declared by another, resting on his authority 
 and veracity, without other evidence ; the judgment 
 that what another states or testifies is the truth. I 
 have strong faiOi, or no faith, in the testimony of a 
 witness, or in what a historian narrates. 
 
 2. The assent of the mind to the truth of a propo- 
 sition advanced by another j belief, on probable evi- 
 dence of any kind. 
 
 3. In theology, the assent of the mind or under- 
 standing to the truth of what God has revealed. Sim- 
 ple belief of the Scriptures, of the being and perfec- 
 tions of God, and of the existence, character, and 
 doctrines of Christ, founded on the testimony of the 
 sacred writers, is called historical or speculative faith ; 
 a faith little distingui.'^hed from the belief of the ex- 
 istence and achievements of Alexander or of Cesar. 
 
 4. Evangelical, justifyintr, or sacing faith, is the as- 
 sent of the mind to the truth of divine revelation, 
 on the authority of God's testimony, accompanied 
 with a cordial assent of the will or approbaticju of 
 the heart; an entire confidence or trust in God's 
 character and declarations, and in the character 
 and doctrines of Christ, with an unreserved sur- 
 render of the will to his guidance, and dependence 
 on his merits for salvation. In other words, that 
 firm belief of God's testimony and of the truth of 
 the gospel, which influences the will, and leads to 
 an entire reliance on Christ for salvation. 
 
 E«-ing justified by faith. — Rom. v. 
 
 VVilhuuiyatlA it is impossible to please God. — Hcb. xi. 
 
 For wc walk by failh. ami not by si^hL — 2 Cor. v. 
 
 With ihp htart man bf-lifvclh to rigtiteousness. — Rom. x. 
 
 The faxUi of Uie gospol is tliat eiiiotiou of the miud, which Is 
 called trust or confidence, exercised toward the morul char- 
 acter of God, and particularly of the Savior. Durinht. 
 
 Paith is an ail'octionalc practical confidence in Uie testimony of 
 God. J. Ilavft. 
 
 f^aith is a firm, cordi.-d belief bi the veracity of Gwl, iji all llic 
 declarations of his word j or a full and alTrclionnte C4mfi. 
 dencc iu the certainty ol tlioie Uiinffs which God has de- 
 clared, and because he Ins declared tjieni. L. WoodB. 
 
 5. The object of belief; a doctrine or system of 
 doctrinei believed ; a system of revealed truths re- 
 ceived by ChristianH. 
 
 Tlicy heard oidy, thai he who persecuted lU in times past, now 
 rreachelh Uie/nijA which oiia- he destroyed. — Gal. i. 
 
 0. The promises of God, or his truth and faithful- 
 ness. 
 
 7. An open profession of gospel truth. 
 
 Vour/ouA Uspi.lien of lhroui;hout Uk whole world. — Rom, 1. 
 
 8. A pcmiiuion or belief of the lawfulness of things 
 Indifferent, 
 
 Ilast Uiou/oiA? Hive K u> Uiyaelfbrfare God.— Rom. xlv. 
 
 FAK 
 
 9. Faithfulness ; fidelity ; a strict adherence to du- 
 ty and fulfillment of promises. 
 
 Her failing, while her/aitA to me remains, 
 
 I would conceal. Milton. 
 
 CliiMrea in whom no faith. - — Deul. xxxii. 
 
 10. Word or honor pledged ; promise given ; fidel- 
 ity. He violated his plighted failh. 
 
 For you alone 
 
 I broke my faith with injured Palainon. Dryden. 
 H. Sincerity ; honesty ; veracity ; faithfulness. 
 We ought, in good faitli, to fulfill all our engage- 
 ments. 
 
 12. Credibility or truth. [Unusual.] 
 
 The failh of the foregoing narrative. IrTilford. 
 
 FaITH, ezclam. A colloquial expression, meaning on 
 
 my faitli ; in truth ; verily. 
 FaITII'-BRkACH, 71. Breach of fidelity ; disloyalty ; 
 
 perfidy. Shak. 
 FaITH'£:D, (fatht,) a. Honest ; sincere. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Shal:. 
 
 FaITH'FUL, o. Finn in adherence to the truth and 
 to the duties of religion. 
 
 Be Uiou faithful to death, and 1 will give thee a crown of life. 
 — Rev. ii. 
 
 9. Firmly adhering to duty ; of true fidelity ; loy- 
 al ; true to allegiance ; as, a faithful subject. 
 
 3. Constant in the performance of duties or ser- 
 vices ; exact in attending to commands ; as, a faith- 
 ful servant. 
 
 4. Observant of compact, treaties, contracts, vows, 
 or other engagements ; true to one's word. A gov- 
 ernment should be faithful to its treaties ; individuals, 
 to their word. 
 
 5. True ; exact ; in conformity to the letter and 
 spirit ; as, a faithful execution of a will. 
 
 6. True to the marriage covenant ; as, a faithful 
 wife or husband. 
 
 7. Conformable to truth ; as, afaitliful narrative or 
 representation. 
 
 8. Constant ; not fickle ; as, a faithful lover or 
 friend. 
 
 9. Tnie ; worthy of belief. 2 Tim. ii. 
 FaITH'FUL-LY, adv. In a faithful manner; with 
 
 good faith. 
 
 2. With strict adherence to allegiance and duty ; 
 applied to subjects. 
 
 3. With strict observance of promises, vows, cov- 
 enants, or duties ; without failure of performance ; 
 honestly ; exactly. The treaty or contract was faith- 
 fully executed. 
 
 4. Sincerely ; with strong assurances. He faithfully 
 promised. 
 
 5. Honestly ; truly ; without defect, fraud, trick, or 
 ambiguity. The battle was faitlifully described or 
 represented. 
 
 They suppose the nature of things to be /aitfi/uZ/y signified by 
 their names. South. 
 
 6. Confidently ; steadily. Shak. 
 FAlTH'FyL-NESS, n. Fidelity ; loyalty ; firm adhe- 
 rence to allegiance and duty; as, the faithfulness of a 
 subject. 
 
 2. Truth ; veracity ; as, the faithfulness of God. 
 
 3. Strict adherence to injunctions, and to the du- 
 ties of a station ; as, the faithfulness of servants or 
 ministers. 
 
 4. Strict perfonnance of promises, vows, or cove- 
 nants ; constancy in affection ; as, the faitlifulness of 
 a husband or wife. 
 
 FaITII'LESS, a. Without belief in the revealed truths 
 of religion ; unbelieving. 
 
 O faithless generation. — Mall. xvii. 
 
 2. Not believing ; not giving credit to. 
 
 3. Not adhering to allegiance or duty ; disloyal ; 
 perfidious ; treacherous ; as, a faitlilcss subject. 
 
 4. Not true to a master or employer ; neglectful ; 
 as, a faithless servant. 
 
 5. Not true to the marriage covenant ; false ; as, a 
 faitJdess husband or wife. 
 
 fi. Not observant of promises. 
 
 7. Deceptive. 
 
 Yonder /(liliifess phantom. Goldsmith. 
 FAITH'LESS-LY, adv. In a'faithless manner. 
 FaITH'LESS-NESS, n. Unbelief as to revealed re- 
 ligion. 
 
 2. Perfidy ; treachery; disloyalty, as in subjects. 
 
 3. ViiJation of i>romiscs or covenants ; inconstan- 
 cy, as of^ hiishanil or wife. 
 
 FAI'TOUR, (fi'toor,) n. [Norm., from L. factor.] 
 An evil-doer; a scounilrel ; a mean fellow. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FAKE, n. [Scot. /ui7(, to fold, a fold, a layer or stra- 
 tum ; perhaps Sw. vika, vickla, to fold or involve 
 The sense ti( fold may be to lay, to fall, or to set or 
 throw logctlier, and this word may belong to Sax. 
 f<egan,fefran, to unite, to suit, to fadgo, that is, to set 
 or l:iy togi ther.] 
 
 One of the circles or windings of n cable or haw- 
 ser, as it lies in a coil ; a single turn or coil. 
 
 Mar. DicU 
 
 FA'KIR, (fa'ker,) ) n. [This word signifies, in 
 FA-UUYIl', (PA-kepr',) j Arabic, a poor man ; in 
 Ethiopic, an interpreter.] 
 
 PAL 
 
 A Mohammedan monk or hermit in India ; the 
 same as dcrcL-ie in Turkey and Persia. The fakirs 
 subject themselves to severe austerities and mortifi- 
 cations. Some of them condemn themselves to a 
 standing posture all their lives, supported only by a 
 stick or rope under their armpits. Some mangle their 
 bodies with scourges or knives. Others wander about 
 in companies, telling fortunes ; and these are said to 
 be arrant villains. Encyc. 
 
 FAL-CADE', n. [L.falz, a sickle or scythe.] 
 
 A horse is said to malce a falcade, when he throws 
 himself on his haunches two or three times, as in 
 very quick curvets ; that is, a falcade is a bending 
 very low. Harris. 
 
 FAL'CATE, ) a. [L. falcatus, from falz, a sickle, 
 
 FAL'€a-TED, ( scythe, or reaping-hook.] 
 
 Hooked; bent like a sickle or scythe; an epithet 
 applied to the new moon. Bailey. 
 
 FAL-CA'TION, Ii. Crookedness; a bending in the 
 form of a sickle. Brown. 
 
 FAL'CHION, (fawl'chun,) n. [Fr. fauchon, from L. 
 falx, a reaping-hook.] 
 
 A short, crooked sword ; a cimiter. Dryden. 
 
 FAL'CI-FORM, a. [L. falx, a reaping-hook, and 
 form.] 
 
 In the shape of a sickle ; resembling a reaping- 
 hook. 
 
 FAL'eON, (fawk'n or fal'kon,) n. [Fr. faucon; It. 
 falcone ,• L. falco, a hawk ; W. gwalg, a crested one, 
 a heron, a hawk, that which rises or towers. The 
 falcon is probably so named from its curving beak 
 or talons.] 
 
 1. A hawk ; but appropriately, a hawk trained to 
 sport, as in falconry, which see. It is said that this 
 name is, by sportsmen, given to the female alone; 
 for the male is smaller, weaker, and less courageous, 
 and is therefore called tercel, or tersel. Encyc. 
 
 This term, in ornithology, is applied to a division of 
 the genus Falco, with a siiort, hooked beak, and very 
 long wings, the strongest .irmed and most courageous 
 species, and therefore used in falconry. 
 
 Cuvicr. Ed, Encyc. 
 
 2. A sort of cannon, w1io.se diameter at the bore is 
 five inches and a quarter, and carrying shot of two 
 pounds and a half. Harris. 
 
 FAL'CON-GEN'TIL, n. A falcon when full feath- 
 ered and completely bred. Booth. 
 
 FAL'eON-ER, (fawk'n-er or fal'kon-er,) n. [Fr. fau- 
 cotinier.] 
 
 A person who breeds and trains hawks for taking 
 wild fowls ; one who follows the sport of fowling 
 with hawks. Johnson. 
 FAL'€0-NET, n. [Fr. falronctte.] 
 
 A small cannon or piece of ordnance, whose diam- 
 eter at the bore is four inches and a quarter, and 
 carr}'ing shot of one pound and a quarter. Harris. 
 FAI/eON-RY, (fawk'n-ry or fal'kon-ry,) ji. [Fr. 
 fauconnerie, from Ij. falco, a hawk.] 
 
 1. The art of training hawks to the exercise of 
 hawking. 
 
 2. The practice of taking wild fowls by means of 
 hawks. 
 
 FALD'ACE, (fawld'aj,) 7i. [W. fahl, a fold ; Goth. 
 faldan; Sax. fealdan, to fold ; Law L. fuUlagium.] 
 
 In England, a privilege which anciently several 
 lords reserved to themselves of setting up folds for 
 sheep, in any fields within their manors, the better 
 to manure them. Harris. 
 
 FALD'FEE, 71. A fee or composition paid anciently 
 by tenants for the privilege of faldage. Diet, 
 
 FALD'ING, 71. Akindof coarse cloth. [Obs,] Chaucer, 
 
 FALD'IS-DO-RY, 7i. [Sax. fald and stuic. jlsh,] 
 The throne or seat of a bishop. [JVo£ in use.] 
 
 FALD'STOOL, ti. [faU, or fold, and stool.] A fold- 
 ing-stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the 
 manner of a camp-stool. Formerly, a faldstool w.is 
 jilaced in the choir for a bishop, when he otfici.ited in 
 any but his own cathednil church. Oloss. of ..Architect. 
 
 FA-LER'NI-A.N, a. Pertaining to Falernus, in Italy. 
 .As a noun, the wine made in that territory. 
 
 FALL, ». i. ; prrt Fell ; pp. Faule.v. [Sax. frallan : G. 
 fallen; D. vallen ; Sw fulla ; Dan. /aWcr ; allied prob- 
 ably to L. fallo, to fail, to deceive, Gr. aiinXSoi; Sp. 
 hallar, to find, to fall on ; Fr. nffaler, to lower. See 
 Class Bl, No. 18, 28, 43, 49, 52. Fall coincides ex- 
 actly with the Shemitic 7B:, Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. 
 \o fall. Fail agrees better with the lli b. '^2:, and 
 Sin ; but these words may have li.id one primitive 
 root, the sense of which was to move, to recede, to 
 pass. As these words are unquestionably the same 
 in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, they afford 
 decisive evidence that the J, or first letter of the 
 Shemitic words, is a prefix. The Chaldee sense of 
 ^33 is to defile, to make /uuf. (See Foul.) The same 
 
 verb in Ar, ^j^i nabala, signifies to shoot, to drive, 
 
 or throw an arrow, Gr. ^aAXf,>.] 
 
 I. To drop from a higher place ; to descend by the 
 power of gravity alone. Rain falls from the clouds ; 
 n man /a/fa from his horse ; ripe fruits fall from trees ; 
 nn ux falls into n pit. 
 
 I beheld Satan as tifrtitning fait from heaven. — Luke x. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F(\LL, WHAT — METE, PRgY — PrNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
FAL 
 
 FAL 
 
 FAL 
 
 2. To drop from an erect posture. 
 
 I fell 111 l\i> f'oel lo woniliip him. — Rev. xii. 
 ' 3. To (liseiiihogue ; to pass at tlic outlet ; to flow 
 out of its clianiiel into a poud, Inko, or sea, as a 
 river. 'I'lie Rhone falU into tlie Mediterranean Sea. 
 The Danulio falls into tlie Euxine. Tlie Mississippi 
 falb into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 4. To depart from tlio faith, or from rectitude ; to 
 apostatize. Adam fell by eating the forbidden fruit. 
 
 Labor to enter into th;\l tvst, teat any man fall alter Uio •;uno 
 example of unljelier. — Het>. tv, 
 
 5. To die, particularly by violence. 
 
 Ye ihall cluue your eneiiiios, and they Bhall fall Ijcfore you by 
 
 tlie Bwonl. — I.<'V. xxvi. 
 A thouB^tiid ahall /all al thy siile. — Vs. xci. 
 
 6. To come to an end suddenly ; to vanish ; to 
 perish. 
 
 The ^rcatneu of these Irish lonU suddenly /eU and vanUh<'d. 
 
 7. To be defjr.aded ; to sink into disreptite or dis- 
 grace ; to be plunged into misery ; as, to/<jii from an 
 elevated sttttion, tir l*rom a prtisperous stale. 
 
 8. 'i'o decline in [wwer, wealth, or glory ; to sink 
 into weakness; to be given up, oveitliniwn, or 
 ruined. This is the renowned Tyre ; but oh, how 
 faUcn ! 
 
 Heaven and enrlh will witn.*s«, 
 If Rome mii.it /n/V, that we are iiinoceiil. AMUon, 
 
 9. To pass into a worse state than the former j to 
 come ; as, to fall into ditficulties ; to fall untler cen- 
 sure or impiit^ition ; to fall into error or absurdity ; to 
 fall into a siu'.re. In these and similar phrase.s, the 
 sense of sudilenness, accident, or ignorance is often 
 implied, but not always. 
 
 10. To sink ; lo be lowered. The mercury in a 
 thermometer rises and falU with the incre.'i.-^e and 
 diminution of heat. The water of a river rises and 
 falls. The tide falls. 
 
 11. To decrease; to be diminished in weight or 
 value. The price of goods falh with pleniy and 
 rises witli scarcity. Fhny tells us, tlie as fell from a 
 pound to two ounces in the first Punic war. 
 
 ^rbuthnot. 
 IS. To sink ; not to amount to the full. 
 The inreatiiesa of finances and revenue doLh fad under computa- 
 lion. Bacon. 
 
 13. To be rejected ; to sink into disrepi^te. 
 
 This book must stand or /all with thee. Locke. 
 
 14. To decline from violence to calmness, from 
 Intensity to remission. The wind falls, and a calm 
 succeeds. 
 
 At len jlh her fury /ell. DryiUn. 
 
 15. To pass into a new state of body or mind ; to 
 become ; as, to fall asleep ; to fall distracted ; to fall 
 sick ; to fall into rage pr passioti ; to fall in love ; to 
 full into tempt.ition. " • 
 
 16. To sink into an air of dejection, discontent, 
 anger, sorrow, or shame ; applied to the countenance 
 or look. 
 
 Cain W.1S very wroth, and his countenance /ell. — Gen. iv. 
 I have ot;served of late Uiy looks are fallen. Addison. 
 
 17. To happen ; to befall ; to come. 
 
 Since this Ibrtune /all* to you. ShaJc. 
 IS. To light on ; to come by chance. 
 
 The Romans /efi ou lliis motlel by chance. Sur\/U 
 
 19. To come ; to rush on ; to assail. 
 
 Fear and dread stmlt /atl on them. — Ex. xv. 
 And (eat /ell on tliein all. — Acts xix. 
 
 20. To come ; to arrive. 
 
 T!ie vernal equinox, which at the Nicene counsel /ell on the 2lst 
 of MiKii,f(UlM now about ten days sooner. Holdtr. 
 
 21. To come unexpectedly. 
 
 It happened tliis evening tlLit we fell into a pleasing walk. 
 
 Addtton. 
 
 29. To begin with haste, ardor, or vehemence ; to 
 rush or hurry to. They fell to blows. 
 
 The mixed multitude /eff to lusting. — Num. xi. 
 
 23. To p,nss or be transferred by chance, lot, dis- 
 tribution, inheritance, or otherwise, as possession or 
 property. The estate or the province fell to his 
 brother. The kingdom fell into the hands of bis 
 rival. A large estate fell to his heirs. 
 
 24. To become the property of; to belong or apper- 
 tain to. 
 
 If to her share some female frronfall, 
 
 I*ook ill her face, and you'll lur^n lli'-m all. Pope. 
 
 25. To be dropped or uttered carelessly. Some 
 expressions /f7/ from him. An unguarded expression 
 fell from his lips. Not a word fell from him on the 
 subject. 
 
 2t). To sink; to languish; to become feeble or 
 faint. Our hopes and fears rise and fall witli good 
 or ill stircess. 
 
 27. To be brought forth. Take care of lambs 
 when tliejr first fall. JHortimrr. 
 
 28. To issne ; to terminate. 
 
 Sil still, my .laujrhter, Ull thou knowest how the nutter will 
 /oi;. — RuUi iii. 
 
 To fall aboard of; in teamen's language, to strike 
 
 against ; applied to one vessel coming into collision 
 with another. 
 
 Tu fall wstern ; in seamen's language, to move or be 
 driven backward ; to recede. A sliip falU aslern by 
 the force of a current, or when outsailed by another. 
 
 7^0 full away ,■ to lose flesh ; to become lean or 
 emaci.ited ; to pine. 
 
 2. To renounce or desert allegiance ; to revolt or 
 rebel. 
 
 3. To renounce or desert the faith ; to ap etatize ; 
 to sink into wickedness. 
 
 These for a while tielieve, and in lime of lempLalioii J^/t away. — 
 Luke viii. 
 
 4. To perish ; to be ruined ; to be lost. 
 
 How can the soul — fall ateay into notiiing ? AddUon. 
 
 5. To decline gradually ; to fade ; to languish, or 
 become faint. 
 
 One color yaffs atsay by Just degrees, and anQtl:er rises inscnsi. 
 bly. Addiaon. 
 
 To full hnek ; to recede ; to give way. 
 2. 'I'o fail of performing a promise or purpose ; not 
 to fulfill. 
 
 Tu fall calm ; to cease to blow ; to become calm. 
 To fall down ; to prostrate one's self in v/orship. 
 All nations shall /nfi domi before Mm. — Ps. Ixxii. 
 
 2. To sink ; to come to the ground. 
 
 Diiipn fell the beauteous youth. Dryden. 
 
 3. To bend or bow, as ,a stippliant. Isaiah xlv. 
 
 4. To sail or pass toward tlie mouth of a river or 
 other outlet. 
 
 To full fiiul ! to attack ; to make an assault. 
 
 To fall from ; to recede front ; to ilepart ; not to ad- 
 here ; as, to fall from an agreement or engugement. 
 
 2. To ilepart from allegiance or duty ; to revolt. 
 
 To fall in ; to concur ; to agree with. Tlie measure 
 falh in with popular opinion. 
 
 2. To comply ; to yield to. 
 
 You will find it ditticult to persuade learned men lo /all in with 
 your priij-jcts. Addison. 
 
 3. To come in ; to join ; to enter. Fall into the 
 ranks ; full in on the right. 
 
 To full in wiUi to meet, as a ship ; also, to discover 
 or come near, as land. 
 
 To full off; to withdraw; to separate; to be 
 broken or detached. Friends fall off in adversity. 
 Love cools, friendship /alls off, brothers divide, Shak. 
 
 2. To perish ; to die away. Words fall off by 
 disuse. 
 
 3. To apostatize ; to forsake; to withdraw from the 
 faith, or from allegiance or duty. 
 
 Tliosc captive Iribes fell qff 
 From Goil lo worship calves. A/iiton. 
 
 4. To forsake ; to abanilon. His subscribers fell off. 
 
 5. To drop. Fruits /uf/ oJT when ripe. 
 
 6. To depreciate ; to depart from former excel- 
 lence ; to become less valuable or interesting. The 
 magazine or the review falls off; it Iiils fallen off. 
 
 7. In seamen's Uinguage, to deviate or trend to the 
 leeward of the point to which the head of the ship 
 was before directed ; to fall to leeward. Talten. 
 
 To fall on ; to begin suddenly and eagerly. 
 
 Fall on, and try the appetite to eat. Dryden. 
 
 2. To begin an attack ; to assault ; to assail. 
 
 f\ill on, fall on, and hear him nol. Dryden, 
 
 3. To drop on ; to descend on. 
 
 To fall out ; to quarrel ; to begin to contend. 
 A soul exospeniled in ills /alia out 
 Widi every Uiiiijj, its friend, itself. Addison. 
 
 2. To happen ; to befall ; to chance. 
 
 There /ellout a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the mice. 
 
 L'Eetrange, 
 
 To fall over; to revolt; to desert from one side to 
 another. 
 
 2. To fall beyond. Shak. 
 To fall short ; to he deficient. The com falls short 
 We all fall short in duty. 
 
 To full to ; to begin hastily and eagerly. 
 
 Fall to, with eager Joy, on homely fowl. Dryden. 
 
 2. To apply one's self to. He will never after fall 
 to labor. 
 
 They /ell lo raising money, under pietense of the relief of 
 Ireland. Clarenrfon. 
 
 To fall tinder ; to come under, or within the limits 
 of ; to be subjected to. They fell under the jurisdic- 
 tion of the emperor. 
 
 2. To come under ; to become the subject of. 
 This point did not fall under the cognizance or de- 
 liberations of the court. These things do not fall 
 under human sight or observation. 
 
 3. To come within ; to be ranged or reckoned 
 with. These substances fall under a different class 
 or order. 
 
 To fall upon ; to attack. [See To fall ok.] 
 
 2. To attempt. 
 
 1 do not intend lo/o;( upon nice d'iKiuisilions. Holder. 
 
 3. To nish against. 
 
 Fall primarily denotes descending motion, either 
 in a jierpendicular or inclined direction, and in most 
 
 of its applications, implies, literally or figuratively, 
 velocity, liaKtc, sudilenness, or violence. Its use is so 
 various, and so much diversifietl by iiiodif>'iiig wonls, 
 that it is not easy to entiineratu its senses in all its 
 applications. 
 
 FALL, V. I. To let fall ; to drop. And fall thy edge- 
 less sword. I am willing la fall this argument. 
 [This application is obsolete.] [Shak. Dryden. 
 
 2. To sink ; to depress ; as, to raise or fall the 
 voice. 
 
 3. To diminish ; to lessen or lower; as, to full the 
 price of commodities. [Lillle used.] 
 
 4. To bring forth-; as, to /u/ilambs. [Rare.] Shak. 
 
 5. To fell ; to cut down ; as, to fall a tree. 
 
 [This use is provincial in England, and occasion- 
 ally occurs in .America ; fell and fall being probably 
 from a common root.] 
 FALL, ji. The net of tlropjiing or descending from a 
 higher to a lower place by gravity ; descent ; as, a 
 fall from a horse or from the yard of a ship. 
 
 2. The act of dropjiing or tumbling from an erect 
 posture. He was walking on ice, and had a fall. 
 
 3. Death ; destruction ; ovcrtlirow. 
 
 Our fathers had a grcat/a/f before our enemies. Judith. 
 
 4. Ruin ; destruction. 
 
 They conspire thy fall. Denham. 
 
 .S. Downfall ; degradation ; loss of greatness or 
 office ; as, the full of Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 Behold thee glorious only in thy fall. Pope. 
 
 6. Declension of greatness, power, or dominion ; 
 ruin ; as, the fall of the Roman emjiire. 
 
 7. Diminution ; decrea.se of price or value ; depre- 
 ciation ; as, tUe fall of prices ; the fall of rents ; the 
 fall of interest. 
 
 8. Declination of sounil ; a sinking of tone ; ca- 
 dence ; as, lltc fall of the voice at the close of a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 9. Declivity ; the descent of land or a hill ; a 
 slope. Bacon, 
 
 10. Descent of water ; a cascade ; a cataract ; a 
 rush of water down a steep place ; usually in the 
 plural ; sometimes in the singular ; !is, the falls of 
 Niagara, or the iMohtiwk ; the /a// of the llotisatonic 
 at Canaan. Full is applied to a perjiendicular de- 
 scent, or to one that is very steep. When the de- 
 scent is moderate, we name it rapid.'!. Custom, how- 
 ever, sometimes deviates from this rule, and the 
 rapids of rivers are called fulls. 
 
 11. The outlet or discliarge of a river or current of 
 water into the ocetin, or into a lake or pond ; as, the 
 fall of the Po into the Gulf of Venice. jlddLion. 
 
 12. Extent of descent ; the distance which any 
 thing falls ; as, the water of a pond lias a fall of 
 five feet. 
 
 13. The fall of the leaf; the season when leaves 
 full from trees ; autitinii. [Hants and Sussex. Still 
 used in Jlmeric.n.] 
 
 14. That whicli falls ; a falling ; as, a fall of rain 
 or snow. 
 
 Vi. Tlie act of felling or cutting down ; as, tlie/a22 
 of timber. 
 
 16. Fall, or the full; by way of distinction, the 
 apostasy ; the act of our first ptireiils in eatini! the 
 forbidden fruit ; also, the apostasy of the rebellious 
 angels. 
 
 17. Formerly, a kind of vail. B. Jonson. 
 
 15. In seumcn's language, that part of a tackle to 
 which the power is applied in hoisting. 
 
 R. H. Dana, Jr. 
 19. In Orcat Britain, a term applied to several 
 measures, linear, superficial, and solid. Cyc. 
 FAL-LA'CIOU.S, a. [Fr. fallacieuz; faUaz, from 
 fallo, to deceive. Pee Fail.] 
 
 1. Deceptive ; deceiving ; deceitful ; wearing a 
 false appearance; misleading; producing error or 
 mistake ; sophistical ; applied to things only ; as, a 
 fallacious argument or proposition ; a fallacious ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 2. Deceitful ; false ; not well founded ; producing 
 disapjiointment ; mocking expectation; as, a falla- 
 eiou.-i hope. 
 
 FAL-La'CIOIJS-LY, a*. In a fallacious manner; 
 deceitfully; sophistically ; with purpose or in a man- 
 ner to deceive. 
 
 We have seen how falLacioualy the author has slated the cause. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 FAL-LA'CIOUS-NESS, n. Tendency to deceive or 
 mislead; inconcliisiveness ; as, the fallaciousness of 
 an argument, or of apjiearances. 
 
 F.\L'LA-CY, n. [h.falhciu.] 
 
 1. Deceptive or false appearance ; deceitfulness ; 
 that which misleads the eye or the mind. Detect 
 the fallacy of the argument. 
 
 2. Deception ; mistake. This appearance may be 
 all a fallacy. 
 
 I'll eDtertsUn the fisvored fallacy. Shak, 
 
 3. In logic, an argument, or apparent argument, 
 which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, 
 while in reality it is not. Brande. 
 
 FAL'LAX,n. [L.] Cavillation. Mp. Cranmrr. 
 FAIX'f;.\, (fawl'n,) pp. or a. Dropped ; descended ; 
 degraded; decreased; ruined 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SB ; TH as in THIS 
 
FAL 
 
 FAL'LEX-CY, n. Mistake. [Obs.] 
 FA I,L'ER, n. One that falls. 
 
 FAL-Lr-B[L'[-TY, n. [It. fidlibilitd. See Fallible.] 
 
 1. Liableness to deceive ; the quality of being fal- 
 lible ; unceriiiinty ; possibility of being erroneous, or 
 of leading to mistake ; as, the fallibility of an argu- 
 ment, of reasoning, or of testimony. 
 
 2. Liableness to err, or to be deceived in one's own 
 judgment ; as, the fullibiUty of men. 
 
 FAL'LI-BLE, a. [it. fallibiU; Sp. falUile! from L. 
 /alio, to deceive.] 
 
 1. Liable to fail or mistake ; that may err or be de- 
 ceived in judgment. All men are fallible. 
 
 2. Liable to error ; that may deceive. Our judg- 
 ments, our faculties, our opinions, are faUible; our 
 hopes are fallible. 
 
 FAL'LI-RLY, u(/i>. In a fallible manner. 
 FALL'LNG, ppr. or a. Descendmg ; dropping ; dis- 
 emboguing ; apostatizing ; declining ; decreasing ; 
 sinking ; coming. 
 FALLING, j n. An indenting or hollow j op- 
 FALL'ING IN, ) posed to rising or prominence. 
 Falling away; apostasy. [.iddison. 
 Falling off; departure from the line or course ; 
 declension. 
 
 FALL'ING-SICK'NESS, n. The epilepsy ; a disease 
 in which the patient suddenly loses liis senses and 
 falls. 
 
 FALL'ING-STXR, ?!. The same as Shootino-Star, 
 which see. 
 
 FALL'IN(i-SToNE, n. A stone falling from the at- 
 mosphere ; a meteorite; an aerolite. Cyc. 
 
 FAL-Lo'PI-AN, a. [(mm Fallupius.] A term applied 
 to two ducts, arising from the womb, usually called 
 
 tubes. 
 
 FAL'LoW, a. [Sax.fhlare, falv, or fealo ; D.vaal; G. 
 falb,fu)d; VT.fauve, (or falve ; h.falvus; qu. AfZoiis, 
 for/f/ous. This word may be from the root of fail, 
 fallo ; so called from the fading color of autumnal 
 leaves, or from failure, withering. Hence, also, the 
 sense of unoccupied, applied to land, which in Span- 
 ish is balilio.] 
 
 1. Pale red, or pale yellow ; as, a fallow deer. 
 
 2. Unsowed ; not tilled ; left to rest after a year or 
 more of tillage ; iis, fallow ground ; a fallow field. 
 
 Break up your fallow p-ound. — Jer. iv. 
 
 3. Left unsowed after plowing. The word is ap- 
 plied to the land after plowing. 
 
 4. Unplowed ; uncultivated. Tooke. Shak. 
 
 5. Unoccupied ; neglected. [JV'ot in iise.] 
 
 hcl the cause lie fallow. Hadibrat. 
 FAL'I-oW, 71. Land that has lain a year or more un- 
 tilled or unseeded. It is also called fallow, when 
 plowed without being sowed. 
 
 The plotting: oifatlouis is a benefit to land. MorUjTur. 
 2. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing 
 it, for a season. Summer /ai/uif, properly conducted, 
 lias ever been found a sure method of destroying 
 weeds. 
 
 By a complete summer fallow, land is rendered tender and 
 mellow. The fallow ^ves it a- better tilth than can be ^ven 
 by 71. fallow crop. Sinclair. 
 
 A green fallow, in England, is that where land is 
 rendered mellow and clean from weeds, by means of 
 some green crop, as turnips, potatoes, &c. Cyc. 
 
 FAL'LoW, r.i. To fade ; to become yellow. [Ois.l 
 
 FAL'LoVV, V. U To plow, harrow, and break land 
 without seeding it, for the purpose of destroying 
 weeds and insects, and rendering it mellow. It is 
 found for the interest of the farmer to fallow cold, 
 stroiij' clayey land. 
 
 FAL'LoVV-eilOP, n. The crop taken from fallowed 
 ground. Sinclair. 
 
 FAL'LOW-DEER, 71. [Sax. /ajpipc, pale yellow.] The 
 Cfrrii.9 Daina, or Dama vidgaru, a species smaller 
 than the stag, and must common in England, where 
 it is almost domesticated in the parks. Partington. 
 
 F\L'l,OW-Kl), (fal'lode,) pp. Plowed and harrowed 
 for a season, withovit being sown. 
 
 FAL'LoVV-FlA'UII, 7i. A small bird, the oenanthe or 
 wheat-ear. 
 
 FAL'LOW-ING, ppr. Plowing and harrowing land 
 without sowing it. 
 
 FAL'LOVV-iNG, n. The operation of plowing and 
 harrowing land without sowing it. Fallowing is 
 found to contribute to the destruction of snails and 
 other vermin. Sinclair. 
 
 FAL'LOVV-IST, 71. One who favors the practice of 
 fallowing land. 
 
 On IhU «iilj]fct a controversy has arisen between two seets^ the 
 fattotouu snd tltq u.n\x-failowi4ta. \UntiinLal.\ Sinclair. 
 
 FAL'LOW-NE.SH, n. A fallow state; barrenness; 
 
 exemption from bearing fruit. Donne. 
 FALS'A-Ry, 71. [See False.] A falsifier of evidence. 
 
 [Ai/I m Sheldon. 
 F A LS E, a. [ L. faUun, from fallo, to deceive ; Sp./ubo ; 
 
 It. id. ; Ft. fauT, faunae ; Sax. faUe ; 1). val.ich ; G. 
 
 faheh ; Sw. and ban. falak; W. faU ; Ir. faha. Sec 
 
 Fall and Fail.] 
 
 1. Not true ; not conformable to fact ; expressing 
 
 what is contrary to that which exists, is done, said, 
 
 or thought. A falte report communicates what is 
 
 FAL 
 
 not done or said ; a false accusation imputes to a 
 person what he has not done or said ; a false wit- 
 ness testifies what is not true ; a false opinion is not 
 according ,to truth or fact. The word is applicable 
 to any subject, physical or moral. 
 
 2. Not well founded ; as, a false claim. 
 
 3. Not true ; not according to the lawful standard ; 
 as, a false weight or measure. 
 
 4. Substituted for another ; succedaneous ; suppos- 
 ititious ; as, a false bottom. 
 
 5. Counterfeit ; forged ; not genuine ; as, false 
 coin ; a. false bill or note. 
 
 n. Not solid or sound ; deceiving expectations ; as, 
 a false foundation. 
 
 F^ilse and slipper)' ^ound. Dryden. 
 
 7. Not agreeable to rule or propriety ; as, false con- 
 struction in language. 
 
 8. Not honest or just; not fair ; ns, false play. 
 
 9. Not faithful or loyal ; treaclierous ; perfidious ; 
 deceitful. The king's subjects may prove false to 
 him. So we say, a false heart. 
 
 10. Unfaithful ; inconstant ; as, a false friend ; a 
 faL-e lover ; false to promises and vows ; the husband 
 and wife proved false to each other. 
 
 11. Deceitful; treacherous; betraying secrets. 
 
 12. Counterfeit ; not genuine or real ; as, a false 
 diamond. 
 
 13. Hypocritical ; feigned ; made or assumed for 
 the purpose of deception ; an, false tears ; false mod- 
 esty ; tlie man appears in false colors ; the advocate 
 gave the subject a false coloring. 
 
 False fire ; composition of combustibles, used in 
 vessels of war to make signals during the night. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 False imprisonment; the arrest and imprisonment 
 of a person without warrant or cause, or contrary to 
 law ; or the unlawful detainingof a person in custody. 
 FALSE, adv. Not truly ; not honestly ; falsely. Shak. 
 FALSE, V. U To violate by failure of veracity ; to 
 deceive. [Obs.l Spenser. 
 2. To defeat ; to balk ; to evade. [OJs.] Spenser. 
 FALSE'-FaC-£D, (-taste,) a. Hypocritical. 
 FALSE'-HEXRT, fa. Hollow ; treacherous ; de- 
 FALSE'-HEXRT'ED, i ceitful ; perfidious. Bacon. 
 
 [ Xhe former is not used.^ 
 FALSE'-HEXRT'ED-NESS,7i. Perfidiousness ; treach- 
 
 er\', Stillingfieet, 
 FALSE'HOOD, 71. [fidse ani hood.'] 
 
 1. Contrariety or inconformity to fact or truth ; as, 
 the falsehood of a report. 
 
 2. Want of truth or veracity ; a lie ; an untrue 
 assertion. 
 
 3. Want of honesty; treachery; deceitfiilness ; 
 perfidy. Milton. 
 
 But falsehood is properly applied to things only. 
 [See Falseness.] 
 
 4. Counterfeit ; false appearance ; imposture. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 FALSE'-KEEL, 7L The timber used below the main 
 keel, to serve both as a defense and an aid in holding 
 a better wind. Brande. 
 
 FALSE'LY, adv. In a manner contrary to truth and 
 fact ; not truly ; as, to speak or swear falsely ; to tes- 
 tify falsely. 
 
 2. Treacherously ; perfidiously. 
 
 Swear tx) rae — that thou wilt not deal falsely widi me. — Geo. 
 
 3. Erroneously ; by mistake. Smallridge. 
 FALSE'NESS, ti. Want of integrity and veracity, 
 
 either in principle or in act ; as, the falseness of a 
 man's heart, or his falsmcss to his word. 
 
 2. Duplicity; deceit; double dealing. Hammond. 
 
 3. Unfaitlifulness ; treachery ; perfidy ; traitorous- 
 ness. 
 
 The prince is in no don^r of bein? betrayed by tJie falsenest, 
 or clicated by the avarice of such a servant. Rogers, 
 FXLS'ER, 71. A deceiver. Spenser. 
 FALSE'-ROOF, 7t. In architecture, that part between 
 
 the ceiling of the upper floor and the covering of the 
 
 roof. Owilt, 
 FAL-SETTE', j 71. [It.] ii/craHy, a false or artificial 
 FAI^SET'TO, i voice. That part of a person's voice 
 
 which lies above its natural compass. 
 FJil.'St CRl'MF.J\r, [L.] The crime of forgery. 
 FALS'I-FI-A-ltLE, a. [{torn falsify.] That may be 
 
 f*alsified, counterfeited, or corrupted. Johnson. 
 FALS-I-FI-€a'TION, 71. [Fr., from falsifier.] 
 
 1. The act of making false; a counterfeiting; the 
 giving to a thing an appearance of something which 
 it is not ; as, the falsification of words. Hooker. 
 
 2. Confutation. Broome. 
 FALS'I-FI-Ca-TOR, 71. A falsifier. Bp. Morton. 
 FALS'1-FI-/;d, pp. Counterfeited. 
 
 FALS'I-FI ER, 71. One who counterfeits, or gives to 
 a thing a deceptive appearance ; or one who makes 
 false coin. Boylr- 
 
 2. One who invents falsehood ; a liar. L'Estrangc. 
 
 3. One who proves a thing to bo false. 
 FiVLS'I-I|-Y, V. f. [Vt.faLsifitT, from fahe.] 
 
 1. To Counterfeit ; to forgo ; to make something 
 false, or in imitation of that which is true ; as, tu 
 faXaify coin. 
 
 The Irisli bards use to fitlmfy cvfry Mng. Spsnttr. 
 
 FAM 
 
 2. To disprove ; to prove to be false ; as, to falsify 
 a record. 
 
 3. To violate ; to break by falsehood ; as, to falsify 
 one's faith or word. Sidney. 
 
 4. To show to be unsound, insufficient, or not 
 proof. [JS'oe ill use.] 
 
 His am]p>- shieM isfaUtfied. Dryden. 
 FALS'I-F5, V. i. To tell lies ; to violate the truth. 
 
 It is universally unlawful to lie and falsify. South. 
 FALS'I-FV-ING, ppr. Counterfeiting ; forging ; lying ; 
 
 proving to be false ; violating. 
 FALS'1-TY, 71. [L.falsilas.] 
 
 1. Contrariety or inconformity to truth ; the qual- 
 ity of being false. 
 
 Probability does not maite any alteration, either in the truth or 
 falsity of tilings. South. 
 
 2. Falsehood ; a lie ; a false assertion. OlanviUe. 
 [ This sense is less proper.] 
 
 FAL'TEll, V. i. [Sp.faltar, to be deficient, from falta, 
 fault, defect, failing, from falir, to{M\, folia, fault, de- 
 fect ; Pott. faJtar, to want, to miss ; from L. fallo, the 
 primary sense of which is to fall short, or to err, to 
 miss, to deviate.] 
 
 1. To hesitate, fail, or break, in the utterance of 
 words; to speak with a broken or trembling utter- 
 ance ; to stammer. His tongue falters. He speaks 
 with a faltering tongue. He falters at the question 
 
 2. To fail, tremble, or yield in exertion ; not to be 
 firm and steady. His legs /a/fcr. tViseman. 
 
 3. To fail in the regular exercise of the understand 
 ing. We observe idittts to falter. Locke. 
 
 FAL'TER, V. t. To sift. [JVot in use.] Mortimer. 
 FAL'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Hesitating ; speaking with 
 
 a feeble, broken, trembling utterance; failing. 
 FAL'TER-ING, 7i. Feebleness ; deficiency. 
 
 Killingbcck. 
 
 FAL'TER-ING-LY, adv. With hesitation; with a 
 trembling, broken voice ; with difticulty or feeble- 
 ness. 
 
 FA'LUJV,n. [Fr.] A French prorincial name for cer- 
 tain tertiary strata abounding in shells, corresponding 
 to the Norfolk crag. Lyell. 
 
 Fame, 71. [L. fama ; Fr. fame ; Sp. and It. fama ; Gr 
 ititilia, 0Cftri, from (iacj, to speak. I suspect this root 
 to be contracted from ^nyto or tpaxoi, Class Bg. See 
 No. 48, 62, and Facund.] 
 
 1. Public report or rumor. 
 The famt thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house, saying, Jo- 
 seph's brethren are come. — Gen. xlv. 
 
 2. Favorable report ; report of good or great ac- 
 tions ; report that exalts the character ; celebrity ; re- 
 nown ; as, the fame of Howard or of Washington ; 
 the fame of Solomon. 
 
 And the fame of Jesus went throughout all Syria. — Malt. iv. 
 
 FaME, v. U To make famous. B. Jonson. 
 
 2. To report. Buck. 
 FaM'£D, a. Much talked of; renowned ; celebrated , 
 distinguished and exalted by favorable reports. Aris- 
 tides was famed for learning and wisdom, and Cicero 
 for eloquence. 
 
 He is famed for mildness, peace, and prayer. Shak. 
 
 FAME'-GIV-ING, a. Bestowing fame. 
 
 FAME'LESS, a. Without renown. Beaum. 
 
 FaME'LESS-LY, ado. In a fameless manner. 
 
 FA-MIL'IAR, (fa-miryar,) a. [L. familiaris; Fr. fit- 
 miller ; Sp. familiar; from li. familia, family, which 
 see.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a family ; domestic. Pope. 
 
 2. Accustomed by frequent converse ; well ac- 
 quainted with ; intimate ; close ; as, a familiar friend 
 or companion. 
 
 3. Alfable ; not formal or distant ; easy in conver- 
 sation. 
 
 Be thou familiar, but by no means vulvar. SliaJc. 
 A. Well acquainted with ; knowing by frequent 
 use. Be familiar with the Scriptures. 
 
 5. Well known ; learnt or well understood by fre- 
 quent use. Let the Scriptures be familiar to us. 
 
 6. Unceremonious ; free ; unconstrained ; easy. 
 The emperor conversed with the gentleman in the 
 most familiar manner. 
 
 7. Common ; frequent and intimate. By familiar 
 intercourse strong attachments arc soon formed. 
 
 8. Eiisy ; unconstrained ; not formal. His letters 
 are written in a familiar style. 
 
 He sports in loose, familiar stmins. Addison. 
 
 9. Intimate in an unlawful degree. 
 
 A poor man found a priest familiar with hii wife. Qimden. 
 Familiar sjtirit ; a demon or evil spirit supposed to 
 attend at a call. 
 FA-MIL'IAK, 71. An intimate; a close companion; 
 one long acquainted ; one accustomed to another by 
 free, unreserved conversi^. 
 
 At! niy familiars watch'-d fur my hatting. — Jer. r<. 
 
 2. A demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a 
 call. But in general we say, a familiar spirit. Shak. 
 
 3. In (Ac C'liurt of /ii>/inVi(iiiii, a person who assists 
 in appreheniling and imprisoning the accused. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WH^T. — ftlttTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BOQK.— 
 
 4:^6 
 
FAM 
 
 FAN 
 
 FAN 
 
 FA-MIL-IAR'I-TY, (fa-niil-ynr'e-te,) n. Intimate and 
 frequent converse, or Bssocialiori in company. The 
 gentlemen lived in remarkiible familianlii. Hence, 
 
 2. Easiness of conversation ; uH'abiliiy ; freedom 
 from ceremony. 
 
 3. Intimacy; intimate acquaintance j unconstrained 
 intercourse. 
 
 FA-MIL'IAK-IZE, r. U To make familiar or intimate ; 
 to habituate ; to accustom ; to make well known by 
 practice or converse ; as, to familiariie one's self to 
 scenes of distress. 
 
 0. To make easy by practice or customary use, or 
 by intercourse. 
 
 3. To bring down from a state of distant superior- 
 ity. 
 
 Tho ^nlus imiM on n» with a look of compnnion and aRabil- 
 ity thnl /amiliariztd him to my inui^innuon. AddUon, 
 
 F.\-MIL'I AR-TZ-i,'D, tip. Accustomed ; habituated ; 
 made familiar ; made easy by practice, custom, or 
 use. 
 
 FA-MIL'IAR T7.-ING, ppr. Accustoming ; making fa- 
 miliar; rendering easy by practice, custom, or use. 
 
 F.^-MIIi'I AR-LY, o</e. In a familiar manner ; uncer- 
 emoniously; without constraint ; without formality. 
 
 a. Commonly ; frequently ; with the ease and un- 
 concern that arise from long custom or acquaintance. 
 
 FA.M'I-LIS.M, II. The tenets of the Faniilisls. 
 
 FA.M'I-LIST, n. [from fnmilij.] One belonging to the 
 Family nf Lore, a short-lived sect in the reign of Uueen 
 I'.li/.abelh, much resemblmg the Quietists in the Ro- 
 man Catholic church. .Muriiock. 
 
 FA.M-l-I.I.-^T'ie, a. Pertaining to familists. Baxter. 
 
 FA-Ml/.LE', (lU-meel',) n. [ Fr. en famiUe.] 
 
 In a family state; domestically. Swift 
 {This icurd is never used without en before iL] 
 
 FA.M'I-LY, n. [I,, and ^p. familia ; Vt.famille; It. 
 faniif^'lia. Tlii-* word is said to have originally signi- 
 fied servants, from the Celtic famul ; but qu.] 
 
 1. 'J'he Collective binly of persons who live in one 
 house, -and under one head or manager ; a household, 
 including parents, children, and servants, and, as the 
 case may be, lodger?} or boarders. 
 
 2. TliiHC who descend from one common progeni- 
 tor; a tribe or race ; kindred; lineage. Thus the Is- 
 raelites were a branch of the/umi/i/ of .Abraham ; and 
 the descendants of Reuben, of Manasseh, &c., were 
 called their f nnUies. The whole human race are the 
 family of .\dam, the human famihi. 
 
 3. Course of descent ; genealogy ; line of ances- 
 tors. 
 
 Go and complain Ihy /amily ii young. PcjM, 
 
 4. Honorable descent ; noble or respectable stock, 
 lie is a man of familtf. 
 
 5. A collection or union of nations or states. 
 
 Tlie tti^tes of Europe wtre, by the pn:vailing maxima of 111 
 
 policy, closely united in one/ainily. E, Ev€reU, 
 
 6. In popular lan^ua^'e, an order, class, or genus of 
 animals, or of other natural productions, having 
 something in common, by which they are distin- 
 guished from others ; as, quadrupeds constitute a 
 
 family of animals ; and wc s[)cak of the family or 
 
 familtej of plants. 
 
 FA.M'l.NE, n. [ Fr. /amine, from /aim ; 1m. fames ; lU 
 fame; fame vr hambre : Port, fome.] 
 
 1. Scarcity of food ; dearth ; a general want of pro- 
 visions sutficient for the inhabitants of a countrj- or 
 besieged place. Famines are less frequent than for- 
 merly. A due attention to agriculture tends to pre- 
 vent famine, and commerce secures a country from 
 its destructive effects. 
 
 Then: waj a/nmin* in thf land. — Gen. xxtI. 
 
 S. Want ; destitution ; as, a famine of the word of 
 life. 
 
 FAM'ISII, r. I. [Fr. affamer, from faim, hunger, L. 
 fames; lU affimire, nffumarr ; i^\t, hambrear.] 
 
 1. To starve ; to kill or destroy with hunger. Shak, 
 Q. To exhaust the strength of, by hunger or thirst ; 
 
 to distress with hunger. 
 
 The paini ol/amithtd Tantalua he'll feel. Drydtn. 
 3. To kill by deprivation or denial of anv thing 
 necessary for life. Miltnn, 
 FAM'ISH, r. i. To die of hunger. More generally, 
 
 2. To suffer eiln me hunger or thirst ; to be ex- 
 hausted in strcncth, or to come near to perish for 
 want of food or drink. 
 
 Youare all reaolrnl rtthfr to die than to/amt«^. Shak. 
 
 3. To be distressed with want ; to come near to 
 perish by destitution. 
 
 The Ixitd win not lulfer the ri; hteoua to /omuh. — Ptot, x. 
 FAM'ISII-ED, ffam'isht,) pp. or o. Starved ; e.xhaust- 
 
 ed by want of sustenance. 
 FAM'l8II-I.NG, ppr. or o. Starring; killing; perish- 
 
 mc by want of food. 
 PA.M'ISII-MENT, n. The pain of extreme hunger or 
 
 thint ; extreme want of sustenance. llakewiU. 
 FA-MOfS'I-TY, n. Renown. DuU 
 FA'.MOUS, «. famosus ; Tt. fameuj. See Fami.] 
 I. Celebrated in fame or public report ; renowned ; 
 much talked of and praised ; distinguished in story. 
 Two hundred and My prinaea of Uie aaemhlT, /anwua in Ui« 
 eotpegaiion. — Num. z»L 
 
 It is followed by for. One man is famous for eru- 
 dition ; another for eloquence ; and another for mil- 
 itary skill. 
 
 2. Sometimes in a bad sense ; as, a famous coun- 
 terfeiter ; a famous pirate. 
 FA'MOUS-A'U, a. Renowned. [An ill-formed word.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 FA' JIOUS-LY, adv. With great renown or celebration. 
 Then thia land waa /amouBly enriched 
 With politic grave counsel. Shak. 
 
 FA'MOUS-NESS,n. Renown ; great fame; celebrity. 
 
 FAJI'q-LATE, V. I. [L. famula.] [Boyle. 
 To servo. [JVbf used.] 
 
 FAN, 71. [Sax. /unii; Sw. coiino; D. wan ; G. wanne ; 
 L. vannus; Fr. van; Sp. and Port, abaiio. The 
 word, in German and Swedish, signitics a fan and a 
 tub, as if from opening or spreailing ; if so, it seems 
 to be allied to pane, panncl. Class Hn.] 
 
 1. An instrument used by ladies to agitate the 
 air and cool the face in warm we.ather. It is made 
 of feathers, or of thin skin, paper, or taffeta, mounted 
 on sticks, &c. 
 
 2. Something in the form of a woman's fan when 
 spread, as a peacock's tail, a window, &c. 
 
 3. An instrument for winnowing grain, by moving 
 which the grain is thrown up and agitated, and the 
 chaff is separated and blown away. 
 
 4. A small vane or sail, used to keep tlie large 
 sails of a smock windmill always in the direction of 
 the wintl. Hcbert. 
 
 5. Something by which the air is moved ; a wing. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 C. An instniment to raise the fire or flame ; as, a 
 fan to intlaine love. JIuoker. 
 FAN,r. t. To cool and refresh, by moving the air 
 with a fan ; to blow the air on the fare with a fan. 
 
 2. To ventilate ; to blow on ; to alfect by air put 
 in motion. 
 
 The fanning wind upon her bosom blowi ; 
 
 To meet the fanning wind the boson* rose. Dryden. 
 
 C^tlm aa tile breath wliicb /ana our eaateru grorea. Drydtn. 
 
 3. To move as with a fan. 
 
 The air — fanned with plamea. Milton. 
 
 4. To winnow ; to ventilate ; to separate chaff 
 from grain and drive it away by a current ol air; as, 
 to fan wheat. 
 
 F.\-NAT'ie, ) a. [L. fanatictis, phanaticus, from 
 FA-NAT'ie-AL, j Gr. (paipunat, to appear; literal- 
 ly, seeing visions.] 
 
 VV^ild and extravagant in opinions, particularly in 
 religious opinions ; excessively enthusiastic ; pos- 
 sessed by a kind of frenzy. Hence we say, fanatic 
 zeal ; fanatic notions or opinions. 
 FA-NAT'ie, n. A person affected by excessive en- 
 thusiasm, particularly on religious subjects ; one 
 who indulges wild and extravagant notions of reli- 
 gion, and sometimes exhibits strange motions and 
 postures, and vehement vociferation in religious 
 worship. Fanatics sometimes affect to be inspired, 
 or to have intercourse with superior beings. 
 
 flana^ are goyemed rather by imagination than by Judgment. 
 
 StoiM. 
 
 FA-NAT'I€^AL-LY, adv. With wild enthusiasm. 
 
 FA-NAT'ie-AI^NESS, n. Fanaticism. 
 
 FA-NAT'I-CISM, n. Excessive cnthiisi.ism ; wild 
 and extravagant notions of religion ; religious frenzy. 
 
 FA-NAT'I-CI/,E, V. L To make fanatic. [Rogers. 
 
 FA-NAT'I-CIZ-KI), pp. Rendered fanatic. 
 
 FA-NAT'I-CIZ-I.N'G, ppr. Rendering fanatic. 
 
 FAN'CI-/;D, (fan'sitl,) pp. or a. [See Fancy.] Im- 
 agined ; conceived ; liked. Stephens. 
 
 F.\.\'CI-ER, n. One who fancies. This word often 
 occurs in composition, as bird-fancier, dog-fancier, 
 Tose-fancier, kc, denoting one who has a taste for 
 the tliinea s|>cciflcd, and who keeps them for sale. 
 
 FA.N'CI-FUL, a. [See FaNcr.] Guided by the im- 
 agination, rather than by reason and exi>ericnce ; 
 subject to the influence of fancy ; whimsical ; ap- 
 plied to persons. A fanciful man forms visionary 
 projects. 
 
 2. Dictated by the imagination ; full of wild im- 
 ages ; chimerical ; whimsical ; ideal ; visionary ; 
 applied to things; as, n fanciful scheme; a fanciful 
 theory. 
 
 FA.\'CI-FIJL-LY, ode. In a fanciful manner ; wild- 
 ly ; whimsically. 
 2. According to fancy. 
 
 FA\'CI-F!JL,-NESS, n. The quality of being fanci- 
 ful, or influenced by the imagination, rather than by 
 reo-son and experience ; the habit of following fancy ; 
 applied to persons. 
 
 2. The quality of being dictated by imagination ; 
 applied to things. 
 
 T\S'CY, n, [Contracted from fantasy. L. phantasia, 
 Gr. 0<if ra<Tia, from iparra^^w, to cau.se to appear, to 
 seem, to imagine, from 0riiK,i, to show, to appear, to 
 shine. The primary sense seems to be, to open, or to 
 
 shoot forth. Ar. ^Lj Joiao, to open, to appear; or 
 
 j^jXi faana, to open or expand. Class Bn, No. 3, 28.] 
 
 1. The faculty by which the mind forms images or 
 rcpresentatitinN of things at pleasure. It is often 
 used as synonymotis with imagination ; b it imagina- 
 tion is rather the power of combining and modifying 
 our conceptitiiis. Stewarts 
 
 2. An opinion or notion. 
 
 1 have nlwaya had a fancy, that learning might be made a play 
 and recreation to chilureu, Locke. 
 
 3. Ta.ste ; conception. 
 
 The tittle chapel called the Salutation ia Teiy neat, and built 
 with a pretty fancy. Addison. 
 
 4. Image ; conception ; thought. 
 
 How now, my lord I why do you lieep alone, 
 
 Of aorrirat/aneiea your eompaniona irmking I Shak. 
 
 5. Inclination ; liking. Take that which suit* 
 your fancy. How does this strike your fancy ? 
 
 Ilia fancy lay to traveling. L' Eatrangt. 
 
 6. Love. 
 
 Tell me where \t fancy bred. 57iaJfe. 
 
 7. Caprice ; humor ; whim ; as, an odd or strange 
 fancy. 
 
 True worth ahall gain me, that it may be laid, 
 
 Dewrt, nol/aney, once a woman led. Drydtn. 
 
 8. False notion. Bacon. 
 
 9. Something that pleases or entertains without 
 real use or value. 
 
 London-pride b a pretty fancy for bortlen. Mortimer. 
 FAN'CY,t;. i. To imagine ; to figure to one's self ; to 
 believe or suppose without proof. .Ml may not be 
 our enemies whom we fancy to be so. 
 
 Ifouraearrh li;ia reached no fartlier thiUi siinite and metaphor, 
 we rutlicr fancy th-tn know. Locke. 
 
 FAN'CY, V. u To form a conception of; to portray in 
 the mind ; to imagine. 
 
 He whom I fancy, but can ne'er exprena. ttryden. 
 
 2. To like ; tti be plea.sed with, particularly on ac- 
 count of external npjiearancc or manners. \Ve fnnaj 
 a person for beauty and accomplishinent. We some- 
 times fancy a lady at first sight, whom, on acquaint- 
 ance, we cannot esteem. 
 
 Fancy-stocks ; among brokers, stocks which, having 
 no delerininatc value from any fixed probable income, 
 fluctuate in price according to the fancy of specula- 
 tors. 
 
 The fancy; a cant name for sporting characters. 
 FAN'CY-BALL, n. A ball in which persons appear 
 in fancy tlresses, imitations of antique costumes, &,c. 
 FAi\'CY-FRaM-£D, a. Created by the fancy. 
 
 Crrt-s'Aai*. 
 
 FAN'CY-FREE, a. Free from the power of love. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FAN'CY-ING, ppr. Imagining; conceiving; liking. 
 
 FAN'CY-.MON"GER, n. One vvho deals in tricks of 
 imagination. Shak. 
 
 FAN'CY-SICK, a. One whose imagination is un- 
 sound, or whose distemper is in his own mind. 
 
 L^Kstrange. 
 
 PAND, old prff. of Find. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 rAN-DAiN"GO, n. [Sp.] A lively dance. Sp. DicL 
 fANE, n. [1.. /an«m.] 
 
 .\ temple ; a place consecrated to religion ; a 
 church ; used in poetry. 
 
 From men their citii-a, and from iroda their fanes. Pope. 
 FAN'FARE, n. [Fr.] A flourish of trumpets, as 
 
 in coming into the lists, d-e, 
 FAN'FA-RON, n. [Fr. fanfaron; Sp. fanfarrm; 
 Port, fanfarram.] 
 
 A bully ; a hector ; a swaggerer ; an empty boast- 
 er ; a vain pretender. Dryden. 
 FA.\-F.\R-ON-aDE', n. .\ swaggering; vain boast- 
 
 ine ; ostentation ; a bluster. Siri/i. 
 FA.\G, V. L [Sax. fcngan, to catch, seize, or take, to 
 begin ; D. vangen ; G. fangcn ; Dan. fangcr ; Sw. 
 fan^a. See Finger.] 
 
 To catch ; to seize ; to lay hold ; lo gripe ; to 
 clutch. [Obs.] Shak. 
 FANG, n. [Sax. fang ; D. rang ; G. fang, a seizing.] 
 
 1. The tusk of a bo.ar or otht^r animal by which 
 the prey is seized anil held ; a |x)inted tooth.' Bacon. 
 
 2. .\ claw or talon. 
 
 3. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. 
 
 The protuberant /on** of the Tuca. Evelyn. 
 F.\'SG'ED, a. Furnished with fangs, tusks, or some- 
 thing long and pointed ; as, a fangcd adder. Shak. 
 
 CharioU/anyf.f with icyitiea. Philips. 
 F.\N"GLE, (fanit'gl,) n. [from Sax. /tnaron, toTbegin.] 
 
 A new attempt ; a Irining scheme. [.Vof used.] 
 FAN"GL£D, a. Propcr/i/, begun ; new made; hence, 
 gaudy ; showy ; vainly decorated. [Seldom used, 
 except with neto.l [St;e NEMr-F»NGLSD.] Shak. 
 FANG' LESS, a. Having no fangs or tusks ; toothless; 
 
 as, a fnn^less lion. 
 FA.\"GOT, n. .\ quantity of wari^s, as raw silk, &.C., 
 from one to two hundred weight and three quarters. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 F.\.V'ION, (fan'yon,) n. [Fr., from Goth, fana, L. 
 panniu, G.fahne, a cloth, a flag a banner.] 
 
 he bagir:! 
 
 In armies, a small flag carried with the I 
 
 trace. 
 Kncyc 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 66 < 
 
 KK' 
 
 4^7 
 
FAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 FAN'-LIttHT, fi. A \vin<low in form of an ojien fan. 
 FA.\'-LIKE, a. Resemblin? a fan. Kirby. 
 FAy'NED.pp. Blown with a fun j winnowed; ven- 
 tilated. 
 
 A sort of ornament like a scarf, worn about the 
 left arm of a Roman Catholic priest, when lie offici- 
 ates. Diet. 
 
 FAM'NER, n. One who fans. Jeremiah. 
 2. A contrivance for producing a current of air, as 
 in a window, &c. Buclianan. 
 
 FAN'NING, p^r. Blowing; ventilatinz. 
 
 FA.\'NI.N"G-.\1A-CH1NE', ) n. A machine for clean- 
 
 FAN'NING-MILL. j ing seeds from chaft", 
 
 husks, dirt, &c. Brande. 
 
 FAN-TA'Sl-A, (fan-ta'ze-a,) n. [U., fancy.] 
 
 A fanciful air in music, not restricted to the severe 
 laws of composition. 
 
 FAi\'TA-S[/;D, a. [from /anfasv, fancy.] Filled with 
 fancies or imaginations ; whimsical. [jVuJiiserf.] Shak. 
 
 FA.\'TASM, n. [Gr. ipavraajja, from tptiwui, to appear. 
 Usually written Phantasm.] 
 
 That which appears to the imagination ; a phan- 
 tom ; something not real. 
 
 FA.N-TAS'Tie, (a. [Tx. fantastiqut ; U. faiitas- 
 
 FAi\-TAS'Tie-AL, i tico; from Gr. ^airocri a, vis- 
 ion, fancy, from '^aiK.', to appear.] 
 
 1. Fanciful ; produced or existing only in imagina- 
 tion ; imaginary ; not real ; chimerical. South. 
 
 2. Having the nature of a phantom; apparent 
 only. SluJc. 
 
 3. Unsteady ; irregular. Prior. 
 
 4. Whimsical ; capricious ; fanciful ; indulging 
 the vagaries of imagination ; as, fantastic minds ; a 
 
 5. Whimsical; odd. [/«n((isiic mistress. 
 FAN-TAS'TI€, n. A whimsical person. Jackson. 
 FAN-TAS'Tie-AL-LY, adv. By the power of imagi- 
 nation. 
 
 2. In a fantastic manner ; capriciously ; unsteadily. 
 
 Her scepter 30 fantaaliccdly borne. SttaJc. 
 
 3. Whimsically; in compliance with fancv. Orcw. 
 FAN-TAS'Tie-ALr-NESS, ?i. Compliance with fancy ; 
 
 humorousness ; whimsicalness ; unreasonableness ; 
 caprice. Johnson. ' 
 
 FAN-TAS'Tie-NESS, n. The same as Fantastic- 
 
 ALNE5S. 
 
 FAK'TA-SY, 71. Now written Fanct, which see. 
 
 It not this something more than /cr.Htfy ? Shak. 
 F.aJ^-TOC-CPm, (fan-to-che'ne,) [It.] Dramatic 
 
 representations in which puppets are substituted in 
 
 the scene for human performers. Brande. 
 FAN'TO.M, n. [Fr.faiitOme, probably contracted from 
 
 L. phanta-fma, from the Greek. See Fancy.] 
 Something that appears to the imagination ; also, 
 
 a specter ; a ghost ; an apparition. It is generally 
 
 written Phantom, which see. 
 FA.\'TO.M-eORN, n. Lank or light corn. Grose, 
 FAP, a. Fuddled. [J^Tot in use.] Sliak. 
 FX-CIUIR'. See Fakir. 
 
 Fa R, a. [Sax. feor, for, or fijr ; D. ver, vcrre ; G. 
 fern, and in composition, ver: Sw. fierran ; Dan. 
 Jiern; h.porro! Gr. ir.ip/ju; connected with wopni, a 
 way, a passing, Tropfut.), nootMonai, to pass or go. 
 Sax. faran, Goth, farnn, G. fahren, D. raarcn, Dan. 
 farcr, Sw. fara, Eng. to fare. See Fare.] 
 
 1. Distant, in any direction ; separated by a wide 
 space from the place where one is, or from any given 
 place remote. 
 
 They B:iid, VVe are come from a/ar country. — Josh. ix. 
 The l(in?tlom of heiiveii is iia a man travehng into a/ar country. 
 — Malt. XXV. 
 
 The natioDB far and near contend in choice. DryrUn. 
 
 2. Figuratively, remote from purpose ; contrary to de- 
 sign or wishes ; as,/arl)e it from me to justify cruelty. 
 
 n. Remote in affection or obedience; at enmity 
 with ; alienated ; in a spiritual sense. 
 
 They that are far from tJiee shall perish. — Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 4. More or most distant of the two ; as, the far 
 side of a horse, lint the drivers of teams in New 
 England generally use off; as, the off side, or off 
 horse or ox. 
 
 PAR, aitn. To a great extent or distance of space ; as, 
 the far extended ocean ; we are separated far from 
 each other. 
 
 Only ye shall not go very /or away. — Ex. viil. 
 
 2. Fifuratinclij, distantly in time from any point ; 
 remoti ly. lie pushed his researches very far into 
 antiipiity. 
 
 3. In intrrrogalnrirj, to what distance or extent. 
 How far will siirli re.asoning lead us.' 
 
 4. In great fnirt ; as, the day is far spent. 
 
 5. In a great proportion ; by many degrees ; very 
 much. 
 
 Who e«n find a vimioui woman ? for her price Is far obove 
 
 nihirs, — Prov, xxxl. 
 For I am In a ■Inirt betwixt Iwo, havln)^ a desire to depart, and 
 
 In Uj whh Christ, which la /or beiur. — I'lJl. I. 
 
 n. To n certain point, degree, ur distance. This 
 argument Is sound and logical, as far as it goes. 
 
 A nswer them 
 
 How far forth jou du lil<c llieir articles. Sfiak. 
 
 By far; in a great degree ; very much. 
 From far ; from a great distance ; from a remote 
 place. 
 
 Far fron} ; at a great distance ; as, far from home ; 
 Far off; at a great distance. [far from hope. 
 
 They tarried m a place that was far off. — 2 Sam. xv. 
 
 2. To a great distance. 
 
 Lo, then would I wander far of^, and remain in the wilderness. 
 — Ps. Iv. 
 
 3. In a spiritual sense, alienated ; at enmity ; in a 
 state of ignorance and alienation. 
 
 Ye, who were sometimes far o^, are made nigh by the blood of 
 Christ. — Kph. ii. 
 
 J"ar o«/iCT- ; very different. Pope. 
 FAR, 71. [Sax. fierh,fcarli. See Farrow.] 
 
 The young of swine ; or a litter of pigs. [Local.] 
 
 Tiisser. 
 
 FAR'-A-BOUT', 71. A going out of the way. [JVot 
 in use.]_ Fuller. 
 
 FAR'-BkAM'ING, a. Sending beams to a distance. 
 
 FAR'-BROUGHT, (-brawt,) a. Brought from afar. 
 
 FAR'-CAST. a. Cast to a great distance. More. 
 
 FAR'-E.X-TE.\D'ED, a. Extended to a great distance. 
 
 FAR'-FaM'£D, a. Widely celebrated. Pope. 
 
 FAR'-FETCH, 7i. A deep-laid stratagem. [Liule 
 used.] Hadibras. 
 
 FAR'-FETCH'JED, (-fetcht,) a. Brought from a re- 
 mote place. 
 
 Whose pahis have eanied the far-fetched spoil. I^rtlton. 
 2. Studiously sought ; not easily or naturally de- 
 duced or introtluced ; forced ; strained. 
 
 York with all his far-fetched policy. Shak. 
 So we say, far-fetched arguments ; far-fetched 
 rhymes ; far-fetched analogy. [Far-fet, the same, is 
 not used.] 
 
 FAR'-GL.5S.N'C'ING, a. Glancing to a great distance. 
 
 FAR'-LOOK'ING, a. Looking to a great distance. jJ/Zra. 
 
 FAR'-PI'e'RC'ING, a. Striking or penetrating a great 
 way ; as, a far-piercing eye. Pope. 
 
 FAR'-RE-SOUND'ING, a. Resounding to a great dis- 
 tance. 
 
 FAR'-ROL'ING, a. Ruling to a great extent of country. 
 FAR'-SEE'ING, a. Seeing to a great distance. 
 FAR'-SHOOT'ING, a. Shooting to a great distance. 
 
 Ureal Jove, he said, and the far-shooting god. Dryd£n, 
 FAR'-SlGHT'ED, a. Seeing to a great distance. 
 FXR'-SIGHT'ED-NESS, n. The power of seeing far. 
 FAR'-STRETCH-t'D, a. Stretched far. 
 FAR'ANT-LY, a. Orderly ; decent. 
 
 2. Comely ; handsome. [JVof tesed.] Ran. 
 FARCE, (firs,) u.t. [L./arcio, Fr./urcir,to stuff, Arm. 
 farsa.] 
 
 1. To stuff ; to fill with mingled ingredients or 
 forced meat. [Little used.] 
 
 The first principles of religion should not be farced with school 
 pointa and private tenets. Sanderson. 
 
 2. To extend ; to swell ont ; as, the farced title. 
 [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 FARCE, (firs,) n. [Fr. farce ; ll. farsa ; Sp. id. ; from 
 fareio, to stuff. Literally, seasoning, stuffing, or mix- 
 ture, like the stuffing of a roasted fowl ; force-meat.] 
 A dramatic composition, originally exhibited by 
 charlatans or buffoons, in the open street, for the 
 amusement of the crowd, but now introduced upon 
 the stage. It is written without regularity, and 
 filled with ludicrous conceits. The dialogue is usu- 
 ally low, the persons of inferior rank, and the fable 
 or action trivial or ridiculous. Encyc. 
 
 Farce is that in poetry which grotesque is in a picture : the 
 persons and actions of a farce are all unnatund, and Uie 
 manners false. Dryd^n, 
 
 FAR'CI-eAL, 0. Belonging to a farce ; appropriated 
 to farce. 
 
 They deny the characters to \)C farcical, because they are actual- 
 ly in nature. Cay. 
 
 2. Droll ; ludicrons ; ridiculous. 
 
 3. Illusory ; deceptive. 
 
 FAR'CI-CAL-LY, a(Zo. In a manner suited to farce; 
 hence, ludicrously. 
 
 FAR'CI-CAL-NESS, 71. anality of being ludicrous. 
 
 FA R'Cl-LITE, 71. [itom farce.] rudding-stoni?. The 
 calcareous farcilite, called amenia, is formed of 
 rounded calcareous pebbles, agglutinated by a calca- 
 reous cement. [Ods.] Kirican, Geul. 
 
 FAR'(;1N, j 71. In farriery, a di.se.ise of the absorb- 
 
 FAR'CY, ( ents, affecting the skin and its bltKid- 
 vessels ; allied to the glanders. Farm. Ennjc. 
 
 A disease of horses, sometimes of oxen, of the 
 nature of a scabies or mange. Fncyc. 
 
 FAR'CING, 71. Stuffing composed of forced meat. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 FARC'TATE, a. [L./nredw, stuffed, from fareio.] 
 In botami, stiitfed ; crammed, or full; wililout 
 
 vacMitii^s ; in opposition to tubular or huUaw ; as, a 
 
 fnrctate leaf, stem, or pericarp. Martyn. 
 FARI), 71. (. [Fr.l To paint. [Mused.] Shen.-itone. 
 FAR'OEL, 11. [ft. fardello; Fr. fardeau; Sp. fardel, 
 
 fiirdo ; Arm. ffirdell ; probably from the root of L. 
 
 fcro, lo bear, or of farcin, to stuff.] 
 
 A bundle or little pai k. Shak, 
 FAR'OEL, TL t. To make up in bundles. Falter. 
 
 FAR'DING-BAG, 77. The first stomach of a cow, or 
 other ruminant animal, where green food lies until 
 it is chewed over again. Qard. 
 
 FARE, 71. i. [Sax. faran, Goth, faran, to go ; D. 
 vaarcn ; G. faliren ; Sw. fara ; Dan. farer. This 
 word may be connected in origin with the Heb. Ch. 
 
 Syr. Sam. Ar.^^x£ aJara, to go, topass ; or with 
 
 ji\ afara, to pass, or pass over, which seems to be 
 
 radically the same word as jXJ nafara, to flee. 
 
 This coincides with the Eth. wafar, to go, 
 
 to pass, Gr. Trnpeuui, It. bara. Class Br, No. 23, 37, 41.] 
 
 1. To go ; to pass ; to move forward ; to travel. 
 
 So on he fares, and to the border comes 
 
 or Eden. Afillon. 
 
 [In this literal sense the loord is not in common use.] 
 
 2. To be in any state, good or bad ; to be attended 
 with any circumstances or train of events, fortunate 
 or unfortunate. 
 
 So fares the stag among the enraged hounds. Denham. 
 So fared the knight between two lues. HudibrOM. 
 
 He fared very well ; he fared very ill. Go further 
 and fare worse. The sense is taken from going, 
 having a certain course ; hence, being subjected to a 
 certnin train of incidents. The rich man fared 
 sumirtuously every day. He enjoyed all the pleasure 
 which wealth and luxury could afford. Luke xvi. 
 
 3. To feed ; lo be entertained. VVe fared well; 
 we had a good table, and courteous treatment. 
 
 4. To proceed in a train of consequences, good 
 or bad. 
 
 So fares it when wilh truth falsehood contends. Milton. 
 
 5. To happen well or ill ; with if impersonally. We 
 shall see how it will fare with him. 
 
 FARE,)!. The price of passage or going; the sum 
 paid or due for conveying a person by land or wa- 
 ter ; as, the fare for crossing a river, called, also, fer- 
 riage ; the fare for conveyance in a coach ; stage- 
 fare. 'I'he price of conveyance over the ocean is 
 now usually called the passage, or passage-money. 
 Fare is never used for the price of conveying goods ; 
 this is called freight or transpurtutitm 
 
 2. Food ; provisions of the table. We lived on 
 coarse fare; or, we had delicious fari. 
 
 3. The person conveyed in a vehicle. [JVot in use 
 in the United States.] Drummond. 
 
 FARE-WELL'; a compound offare, in the imperative, 
 and welt. Go well ; originally applied to a person de- 
 parting, but by custom now applied both to those who 
 depart and those who remain. It expresses a kind 
 wish, a wish of happiness to. those who leave, or 
 those who are left. 
 
 The verb and adverb are often separated by the 
 pronoun ; fare you well ; I wi.sii you a happy depart- 
 ure ; may you be well in your absence. 
 
 It is sometimes an expression of separation only. 
 Farewell the year ; farewdl, ye sweet groves ; that is, 
 I take my leave of you. 
 
 FARE-WELL', 71. A wish of happiness or welfare at 
 parting ; the parting compliment ; adieu. 
 2. Leave ; act of departure. 
 
 And takes her farewell of die glorious sun. 
 Before 1 uke my fareioetl of tlie subject. 
 
 Shak. 
 Addison. 
 
 FA-Rt'NA, 71. [L. farina, meal.] 
 
 1. In botany, the pollen, fine dust, or powder, con- 
 tained in the anthers of plants, and which is sup- 
 posed to fall on the stigma, and fructify the plant. 
 
 2. The flour of any species of corn, or starchy root, 
 such as the potato, &r. Urc. 
 
 3. In chemistry, starch or fecula, one of the jiroxi- 
 mate principles of vegetables. 
 
 FAR-I-N A'CEOUS, a. [from L. farina, meal.] 
 
 1. Consisting or made of meal or (lour ; as, a fari- 
 naceous diet, which consists of the meal or Hour of 
 the various species of corn or grain. 
 
 2. Yielding farina or flour ; as. /aroiacfnu.'.- seeds. 
 
 3. Like meal ; me.-dy ; pertaining to meal ; as, a 
 farinaceous taste or smell. 
 
 FAR'l-NoSE, a. In iiafiira/ Aisfi<r;(, mealy ; covered 
 wilh a sort of \\;liite, scurfy subslanre, as the leaves 
 of some poplars. l.indley. Humble. 
 
 FAR'LIES, 71. pf. Unusual, unoxpi rted things. 
 [J\~ot in tise.] Cumbcrlaml dialect. 
 
 FAR.M, 71. [Sax. /arma, /farm, or feorm, food, pro- 
 visions, board, a meal, a dinner or supper, hospitali- 
 ty, substance^ goods, use, fruit. Hence, feorniian, 10 
 supply provisions, to entertain ; also, to purge, or pu- 
 rify, to expiate, to avail, lo profit. Arm. fertn, or 
 feurm ; in ancient laws, frma ; Fr. frrme, a farm, or 
 letting lo farm, whence affermrr, to hire or lease. 
 The sense of feurm seems to be corn or provisions, in 
 which formerly rents were paid. 'I'he radical sense 
 of /form, provisions, is probably produce, issues, from 
 one of the verbs in Br; produce and purification both 
 implying srparnlion, n Ihrtttt ing off tir tnit.j 
 
 1. A tract of laiiil liasi'd on rent reserved; ground 
 let lo a timunt on condition of his paying a certain 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 __ 
 
FAR 
 
 FAS 
 
 FAS 
 
 sum annually, or otherwise, for the use of it. A farm 
 is usually such a portion of lanil as is cultivalud by one 
 man, and includes the buildinRs and fences. Rents 
 were formerly paid in provisions, or llie produce of 
 lanil J but now tliey are generally paid in money. 
 
 This is the siRnification of /urm in Great Britain, 
 where most of the land is leased to cultivators. 
 
 'J. In the United States, a portion or tract of land, 
 consisting usually of jirass land, meadow, |>asture, 
 tillage, and woodland, cultivated by one man, and 
 usually owned by him in fee. A like tract of land 
 under lease is called a farm ; but most cultivators are 
 proprietors of the land, and called farmers. 
 
 A tract of new land, covered with forest, if in- 
 tended to be cultivated by one man as owner, is also 
 called a farm. A man goes into the new States, or into 
 the unsettled country, to buy a farm, that is, land for 
 a farm. 
 
 3. The state of land leased on rent reserved ; a 
 lease. 
 
 ll U great wiurulacis bi linillonli 10 moke any longer/arm« to 
 Uieir leiiantf. Sjttnter. 
 
 FARM, r. «. To lease, as land, on rent reserved ; to 
 let to a tenant on condition of paying rent. 
 
 We arc cnfotc«l to /arm our royii] realm. ShaJc, 
 [In this tense, I believe, the word is not used in 
 .America.] 
 
 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. [JVat used in 
 Jlinerica.] 
 
 3. To lease or let, as taxes impost, or other duties, at 
 a certain sum or rate per cent. It is customary, in 
 many countries, for the prince or government to farm 
 the revenues, the taxes or rents, the imposts and excise, 
 to individuals, who are to collect and pay them to the 
 government at a certain per ccntage or rate per cent. 
 
 4. To take or hire for a certain rate per cent. 
 
 5. To cultiv.ite land. 
 
 To farm let, or let to farm, is to lease on rent. 
 
 F-i^RM'-IiOUSE, n. A house attached to a farm, and 
 for the residence of a farmer. 
 
 FAR.M'-OF-FICE, 7t. farm-offices are the out build- 
 ings |>ertaining to a farm. 
 
 FXRM'-YXUO, «. The yard or inclosure attached toa 
 barn j or tho inclosure surrounded by the farm build- 
 ings. 
 
 FXR.M'A-BLE, a. That may be farmed. Sherwood. 
 FARM'EO, pp. Leased on rent ; let out at a certain 
 rate or price. 
 
 FXR.M'ER, n. In Great Britain, a tenant ; a lessee ; 
 ° one who hires and cultivates a farm ; a cultivator of 
 
 leased ground. 
 The word is also now applied to one who cultivates 
 
 his own land. Smart. 
 
 2. One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other 
 duties, to collect for a certain rate per cent. ; as, a 
 farmer of the revenues. 
 
 3. One who cultivatts a farm ; a husbandman ; 
 whether a tenant or the proprietor. United Slates. 
 
 4. In minim;, the lord of tlie field, or one who farms 
 the lot and cope of the king. Eiuyc. 
 
 FAR.M'ER-OE.N'ER-AL, h. One to whom the right 
 of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was 
 farmed out, iimler the former French monarchy, for a 
 given sum paid down. Encijc. Am. 
 
 FXR.M'ER-Y, n. The buildings and yards necessary 
 for the business of a farm. England. 
 
 FXR.M'l.NG.ppr. or a. Letting or leasing land on rent 
 reserved, or duties and imposts at a certain rate per 
 
 2. Taking on lease. [cent, 
 
 3. Cultivating land ; cann ing on the business of 
 agriculture. 
 
 FXR.M'I.NG,B. Tho business of cultivating land. 
 
 FXIl'.MOST, a. [/ar and most.] Most distant or re- 
 mote. Dryden. 
 
 FXR'NESS, ju [from /ar.] Distance ; remoteness. 
 
 FAR'O, n. A sjiecies of game at cards, in which a 
 person plays against the ban/c, kept by the proprietor 
 of the table. Origin;Uly written Pharaoh, lloijle. 
 
 FAR'O-U.XNK, n. A bank or establishment against 
 which pefrons play at the game of faro. Iloyle. 
 
 FAR-R.\G'IN-OUS, a. [L. farrago, a mixture, from 
 far, meal.] 
 
 Formed of various materials ; mixed ; as, n far- 
 rajrirttfu..; mountain. Kirwan. 
 FAR-RA'GO, n. [L., from far, meal.] 
 
 A mass composed of various materials confusedly 
 mixed ; a medley. 
 FAR'R AND, J n. Manner ; custom ; humor. [Local.] 
 FA'RA.NI), ( Orose. 
 FAR-KE-A'TIO.V. See Confarbeatioh. 
 FAR'Rl-ER, n. [Fr. ferranl ; It. ferraio ; Sp. herrn- 
 dor ; L. ferrarius, from ferram^ iron. Fr. frrrcr ; It. 
 ferrare, to bind with iron ; " lerrare un cav.allo,"to 
 •hoc a horse. Frrram is prol>ably from hardness j 
 W. /fr, dense, solid ; feru, to harden or congeal: 
 feris, steel. A farrier is literally a worker in iron.] 
 I. .\ shoer of horses ; a smith who shoes horses. 
 0. One who professes to cure the diseases of 
 FAR'Rl-ER, V. i. To practice as a farrier. [horses. 
 F.AR'RI-EU-Y, n. The art of preventing, curing, or 
 mitigating the diseases of horses and cattle. 
 
 Farm, Encyc, 
 [This ia now called the veterinary an.] 
 
 tion. [A'ut !/.<(•(/.] 
 PAR'TIIER-.MORE, ado. Besides ; 
 
 FAR'ROW, n. [Sax. fearh, fcnrh; D. varken; G. 
 ferkcl.] 
 
 A litter of pigs. Shak. 
 
 FAIl'UOVV, V. t. or L To bring forth pigs. [ U^nt of 
 swine iiiilij.] Tnsser. 
 
 FAIt'ROW, a. [D. coare; "ccn vaare koe," a dry 
 cow ; Scot, crry cow. Qu. the root of bare, bai-rcn,] 
 Not producing young in a particular season or 
 year ; applied to cows only. If a cow has had a calf, 
 but fails in a subseijuent year, she is said to be far- 
 row, or to go farrow. Such a cow may give milk 
 through Ihe year. Forby. J^ew England. 
 
 FAR'TIIER, a. comp. [Sax. further, from forth, from 
 the root of faran, to go ; I), venter. Fabther is cor- 
 rupt orthography. The genuine word is Further.] 
 
 1. More remote ; more distant than something else. 
 
 Let nic nUil « fariher trulll. Dryden. 
 
 2. Longer ; tending to a greater distance. 
 
 Eefun- our JarOitr way Ihc falc* allow. Dryden. 
 FAR'TIIER, adr. At or to a greater distance ; more re- 
 motely ; beyond. Let us rest with what we have, 
 without looking/art/ier. 
 
 2. Moreover ; by way of progression in a subject. 
 FarOier, let us consider the probable event. 
 FAR'TIIER, V. u To promote ; to advance; to help 
 
 forward. [Little used.] 
 FAR'T IIER-ANCE, ii. A helping forward; promo- 
 
 moreovcr. [Little 
 
 used. ] 
 
 [Instead of tho last three words, we now use 
 Further, Furtherance, Furthermore, which 
 see.) 
 
 FAR'THEST, o. JKperl. [Sax. feorrest ; B. versU See 
 Furthest.] 
 
 .Most tlistant or remote ; as, thp/«r(Acs{ degree. 
 FAR'TIIEST, ado. At or to the greatest distance. 
 
 [See Furthest.] 
 FAR'TIIING, n. [Sa.\. fcoHhung, from fcorth, fourth, 
 
 from feowcr, four.] 
 
 1. The fourtli 01 a penny; a small copper coin of 
 Great Britain, being the fourth of a penny in value. 
 In America, we have no coin of this kind. We, 
 however, use the word to denote the fourth part of a 
 penny in value ; but the penny is of different value 
 f>om the English penny, and different in different 
 states. It is becoming obsolete with the old denom- 
 inations of money. 
 
 2. Fartliing.i, in the plural ; copper coin. Oay. 
 
 3. Very small price or value. It is not worth a 
 farthing; that is, it is of very little worth, or worth 
 
 4. A division of land. [J\iut now used.] [notliing. 
 Tliirty acres niHlie a /arlAin^-land ; nine /(irl/iin»« a Coniisti 
 
 acre ; ami four Coruisli acres a liuighl'* Ice. CareiD. 
 
 FXU'Tin.\"GALE, n. [This is a compound word, 
 but it is not easy to analy/.e it. The French li;is 
 vertagadin ; the Sp. verdugado ; Port, vcrdiifrada ; 
 which do not well correspond with the English 
 word. The Italian h.is guardinfantc, infant-guard ; 
 and it has been said that the hoop petticoat was first 
 worn by pregnant women.] 
 
 A hoop petticoat ; or circles of hoops, formed of 
 whalebone, used to extend the petticoat. 
 
 FXR'TIIINGS-WORTII, (-wurth,) 71. As much as is 
 sold for a farthing ArbulhnoL 
 
 FAS'CES, (fiis'sS/,,) n. pL [\j.fasr,is, W. fasg, a bun- 
 dle ; fascia, a band. See Class Bz, No. 24, 35, CO.] 
 
 In Roman antiquity, an ax tied up with a bundle of 
 rods, and borne before the Roman magistrates as a 
 badge of their authority. Dryden. 
 
 FAS'CI-A, (fash'e-i,) ti, ; pi. Fascu. [L., a band or 
 sash.] 
 
 1. A band, sash, or fiflet. In architecture, any flat 
 member with n small projecture, as the band of an 
 architrave. Also, in brick buildings, the jutting of 
 the bricks beyond the windows in the several stories 
 except the highest. Encyc. 
 
 2. In (Utroniini!/, the belt of a planet. 
 
 3. In surgery, a bandage, roller, or ligature. Parr. 
 
 4. In anatomy, a tendinous expansion or aponeu- 
 rosis ; a thin, tendinous covering which surrounds 
 the muscles of the hmbs, and binds them in Iheir 
 places. Parr. Cyc. 
 
 F.\S'CI-AL, (fash'e-al,) a. Belonging to the fasces. 
 
 FAS'CI-A-'fED, (fash'e-i-ted,) a. Bound with a fillet, 
 sash, or bandage. 
 
 FAS-Cl-A'TIO.N, (f:ush-e-5'shun,) n. The act or man- 
 ner of binding up diseased |ians ; bandage. IVisemaiu 
 
 F.\S'Cl-eLE, n. [L. /asci<:ii/«.», from fascis, a bundle.] 
 In botany, an aggregate of fustigiate flowers, whose 
 fooUtalks or peduncles spring irregularly from the 
 top of the main stem, not from one point, but from 
 several. D. C. IVdUL 
 
 FAS-Cie'IJ-LAR, a. [l^ faacicularis.] 
 
 United in a bundle ; as, a fascicular root, a root 
 of the tuberous kind, with the knobs collected in 
 bundles, as in P;eonia. Marfirn. 
 
 FAS-Cie'li-LAR-LY, ado. In the form of bundles. 
 
 Kirwan. 
 
 FAS-Cie'U-LATE, ) a. [from L./oseica/iis, supra.] 
 FAS Cie'U-LA-TED, > Growing in bundles or 
 F.VS'Cl-eL>."l), ) bunches from the same 
 
 point, as the leaves of the Larii or larch. Martyn. 
 
 FAS-Cie'l'-LITE II. [Supra.] A variety of fibrous 
 hornblende, of a fascicular structure. I/itchcork. 
 
 FAS-Cie'li-Ll'S, ". [1..] A little bundle; a fascicle; 
 a division of a book ; a nosegay. 
 
 F.\S'CI-.\ATE, V. t. [l..fu.icino 1 Gr. ftaoKnino.] 
 
 1. To liewitcli ; to enchant ; to operate on by some 
 powerful or irresistible influence ; to influence the 
 jKuisions or affections in an incontrollable manner. 
 
 None of tlie ntlrctiont have tx:cn noted to /tucinau aiKi Ifwiteh, 
 but love and viivy. Bacon. 
 
 2. To charm ; to captivate ; to excite and allure 
 irresistibly or imwerfully. The young are fascinated 
 by love ; female beauty fascinates the unguarded 
 youth ; gaming is a fascinating vice. 
 
 FAS'CI-NA-'J'EU, pp. or o. Bewitched ; enchanted ; 
 charmed. 
 
 FAS'CI-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Bewitching ; enchant- 
 ing; charming; captiv;iting. 
 
 FAS-CI-NA'TION, n. The act of bewitching or en- 
 chanting; enchantment; witchcraft; a powerful or 
 irresistible influence on the affections or passions ; 
 unseen, inexplicable influence. The ancients speak 
 of two kinds of fascination ; one by the look or eye, 
 the other by words. 
 
 The Tnrl(s lian^ old rags on their fairest horses, to secure them 
 ag;tin.<t/a*ciriOiion. M'alter. 
 
 FAS-CINE', n. [Fr., from h. fascis, a bundle.] 
 
 In fortifcation, a fagot, a bundle of rods or small 
 sticks of wood, bound at both ends and in the mid- 
 dle ; used in raising batteries, in filling ditches, in 
 strengthening ramparts, and making parapets. Some- 
 times, being dipped in melted pitch or tar, they are 
 used to set fire to tlie enemy's lodgments or other 
 works. Encyc. 
 
 FAS'CTN-OUS, a. Caused or acting by witchcraft. 
 
 Jlaroey 
 
 FASH, V. t. [Old Fr. fascher.] To vex ; to tease. 
 
 IValter Scott 
 
 F.\SiriO.\, (fash'un,) n. [Fr. fafoa ; Arm. facfioun ; 
 Norm./acio/t ; from fuire, to make ; L. facto, facics.] 
 1. The ni.tke or form of any thing ; the st:ite of 
 any thing with regard to its external appearance ; 
 shape ; as, Ihe/iisAioii of the ark, or of the tabernacle 
 
 Or let me lose the fojihion of n man. ShaJc. 
 The fashion of his countenance was altered. — Luke ix. 
 
 S. Form ; model to be imitated ; pattern. 
 
 King Ahaz si'iil to Urijah lite priest Uie faehion of the alUr. — 
 'J Kings xvi. 
 
 3. The form of a garment ; the cut or shape of 
 clothes ; as, the fashion, of a coat or of a bonnet. 
 Hence, 
 
 4. The prevailing mode of dress or ornament. 
 We import fashions from England, us the English 
 often import them from France. What so change- 
 able as fashion ! 
 
 5. .Manner; sort; way; mode; applied to actions 
 or behavior. 
 
 Pluck Casca by the sleeve, 
 And he will, after his sour ffuhion, u. \\ you 
 WluU h.tlh proceeded. ShaJk. 
 
 6. Custom ; prevailing mode or practice. Fashion 
 is an inexorable tyrant, and im et of the world its 
 w illing slaves. 
 
 It was tim /ajliion oftiie age to call every thing in question. 
 
 7V/ol»on. 
 
 Few enterprises arc so hopeless as a contest with /osAton. 
 
 Rainbter. 
 
 7. Genteel life or good breeding ; as, men of 
 fashion. 
 
 8. .\ny tiling worn. [JVot used.] Skak. 
 
 9. Genteel company. 
 
 II). Workmanship. Overbunj. 
 FASIl'ION, (fash'un,) v. (. [ Fr. /of oniier.] 
 
 1. 'i'u form ; to give shape or figure to; to mold. 
 Here the loud hammer fathion* feniale toys. Cay. 
 Anron/asAio/i*(f Uie axlfwiih a griving tool. — Rxod. xxsii. 
 StuiU etc cl.ty say to him tiiat /a*hionelh it, What niakest Uiou i 
 
 — Is. xlv. 
 
 2. To fit ; to adapt ; to accommodate ; with to. 
 
 Laws ou^bt to be fashioned to the manners and conditions of 
 the i» ople, ipenser. 
 
 3. To make according to the rule prescribed by 
 custom. 
 
 f\tshioned plate sells fur more Oian its weight. Locks. 
 
 4. To forge or counterfeit. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 F.\SiriON-.\-BLE, a. .M.ade according to the prevail- 
 ing form or mode ; as, a fashionable dress. 
 
 2. Established by custom or use ; current ; prevail- 
 ing at a particular time ; as, the fashionable philoso- 
 phy ; fashionable opillKul^. 
 
 3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode ; 
 dressing or behaving according to the prevailing 
 fashion ; as, a fa-ihionable man. Hence, 
 
 4. Genteel ; well bred ; as, fashionable company or 
 societv. 
 
 FASH'10.\-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being 
 fashionable ; mttdisli elegance ; such appearance as 
 is according to the prevailing custom. Locke. 
 
 FASH'ION-A-BLY, ado. In a manner according to 
 fashion, custom, or prevailing practice ; with modish 
 elegance ; as, to dress fashion .biy. 
 
 FASll'lON-JKU, pp. Made; f rmed ; shaped ; fitted ; 
 adapted. 
 
 TONE, BULL. tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THia 
 
 7 ^,9" 
 
FAS 
 
 FASH'IOX-ER, n. One wlio forms or gives shape to. 
 FASH ION ING, ppr. Forming; giving shape to; 
 
 fitiins ; adapting. 
 FASH'ION-IST, n. An obsequious follower of the 
 
 modes and fashions. Diet. 
 F.\SH'ION-LESS, a. Having no fashion. 
 FASH'ION-.M0-\"GER, (fash'un mung'ger,) n. One 
 
 who studies the fashion ; a fop. 
 FASH'IO.\-M0.\"GER-ING, o. Behaving like a 
 
 fashion-monger. Sliak. 
 Faskion-pieces ; in ships, the hindmost timbers 
 
 which terminate the breadth, and form the shape 
 
 of the stern. Mar. Diet. 
 
 FAS'SA-ITE, n. A mineral, a variety of pyro.\ene, 
 
 found in the valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol. 
 FAST, a. [Sax. fast, fest; G.fest ; D. 'vast; Sw. and 
 
 Dun. fast! from pressing, binding. Qa. Pers. ^"imj 
 
 bastartyto bind, to make close or fast, to shut, to stop ; 
 Ir. fosatlA, or fos, a stop. See Class Bz, No. 24, 35, 
 41, GO, 66, 86.] 
 
 1. Literally, set, stopped, fixed, or pressed close. 
 Hence, close ; tight ; as, make /a.«t tlie door ; take 
 fast hold. 
 
 2. Firm ; immovable. 
 
 Who, by his slren^h, seueth fast the mountains. — Ps. Ixv. 
 
 3. Close ; strong. 
 
 Robbers and outUws — lurldo^ in woods niidjast places. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 4. Firmly fixed ; closely adhering ; as, to stick/osf 
 in mire ; to make fast a rope. 
 
 5. Close, as sleep ; deep ; sound ; as, a fast sleep. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 6. Firm in adlierence ; as, a fast friend. 
 
 Fast and loose ; variable ; inconstant ; as, to play 
 fast and loose. 
 FAST, adu. Firmly ; immovably. 
 
 We will bind Uiee fast, and deliver thee into their hand. — 
 Judges XV. 
 
 Fast by, or fast beside; close or near to. 
 
 fiist by the throne obsequious fame resides. Pope. 
 FAST, a, [W. Jest, fast, quick ; festit, to hasten ; L. 
 festino. If / is not written for A, as in liaste, (see 
 Class Bz, No. 44, 45, 46,) the sense is, to press, drive, 
 urge, and it may be from the same root as the pre- 
 ceding word, with a dilTLrent application.] 
 
 Swifl ; moving rapidly; quick in motion; as, a 
 fast horse. 
 
 FAST, oi/r. Swiftly; rapidly; with quick steps or 
 progression ; as, to run fast ; to move fast through 
 the water, as a ship ; the »vork goes on/o-s-?. 
 
 FAST, c. i. [Sax. fusUm, Goth, fastan, to fast, to keep, 
 to observe, to hold ; ii. fasten : D. vast, firm ; vasten, 
 to fast ; Sw. fasta : from the same root as fast, firm. 
 The sense is, to hold or stop.] 
 
 1. To abstain from food beyond the usual time ; 
 to omit to take the usual meals for a time ; as, to 
 fast a day or a week. 
 
 2. To abstain fiom food voluntarily, for the morti- 
 fication of the body or appetites, or as a token of 
 grief, sorrow, ami affliction. 
 
 Thou didst fatl and weep fur the chiKI. — 2 Sam. xii. 
 When ye /ewl, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance. 
 — .M ilt. vi. 
 
 3. To abstain from food partially, or from particu- 
 lar kinds of food ; as, ttie Uoman Catholics fast in 
 Lent. 
 
 FAST, n. Abstinence from food ; properly, a total 
 abstinence, but it is used also for an abstinence 
 from particular kinds of food for a certain time. 
 
 Happy were our forefatlitrs, who broke Uicir fasts with herbs. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 2. Voluntary abstinence from food, as a religious 
 mortificatiiin or humiliation ; either tt)tal or parti.il 
 abbtinenctt from customary food, with a view to mor- 
 tify the appetites, or to express grief and affliction on 
 acccunt of some calamity, or to deprecate an ex- 
 pected evil. 
 
 3. The time of fasting, whether a day, week, or 
 longer time. An annual fast is kept in New Eng- 
 land, usually one day in the spring. 
 
 The fast was now alr-ady pAst. — Acts xxrii. 
 
 FA.ST, n. That which fastens or holds ; the rope 
 which fastens a vessel to a wharf, &.C. 
 
 FAST'-DAY, n. The day on which fasting Is ob- 
 pcrved. 
 
 FAST'A:.\, (fls'n,) V. t. [Sax. fxstnian : Sw. faslna; 
 D. vrilrn ; IhiU. faster ; It. foslugadh, fostughim.] 
 
 1. To fix firmly ; to ni^tkc fast or close ; as, to 
 faHea a chain to the feet, or to fasten the feet 
 with ft'tterH. 
 
 y. 'I'o lock, bolt, or bar ; to secure ; as, to fasten a 
 dfMfr or window. 
 
 3. To hold loecther ; to cement or to link ; to unite 
 clorM-ly in any manner and by any means, ud by 
 cement, htxtkii, pinn, naiU, cortiti, &.c. 
 
 4. 'I'o alHx or conji>iii. 
 
 The words Whif snd Tory ha»e been prrtaed to tiie lervlce of 
 Riaiiy succ-aaions of pnrliea, wiUi dilK-rcnt Idiras /asUnsft t 
 the in, [NQlcammon.\ .S'uji/t. 
 
 FAT 
 
 5. To fix ; to impress. 
 
 Thinking, by this tice, 
 To fasten in our thoughts that they liave courage. Shak. 
 
 6. To lay on with strength. 
 
 Could he fasten a blow, or m.alie a tlmist, when not suffered to 
 approach t Dryden. 
 
 FAST'£N, V. i. To fasten on, is to fix one's self ; to 
 
 seize anil hold on ; to clinch. 
 
 The leech will hardly fasten on a fish. Brown. 
 FAS'T£N-£D, (fis'nd,) pp. Made firm or fast; fixed 
 
 firmly ; impressed. 
 FAS'T£N-ER, n. One that makes fast or firm. 
 FAS'T£:.N'.ING, ppr. Making fast. 
 F.\S'T£.\-ING, It. Any thing that binds and m.-ikes 
 
 fast ; or that which is intended for that purpose. 
 FAST'ER, n. One who abstains from food. 
 FAST'ER, a. Wore rapid ; swifter. 
 
 2. adv. More rapidly. 
 FAST'EST, a. Most swifl or rapid. 
 FAST'EST, ar/p. Most swiftly. 
 
 FAST'-HAND-ED,<!. Close-handed; covetous ; close- 
 fisted ; avaricious. Bacon. 
 FAS'TI, [L.] The Roman calendar, which gave the 
 days for festivals, courts, &c., corresponding to a 
 modern almanac. 
 
 2. The fasti annates, were records, or registers, of 
 important events. Smithes Diet. 
 
 FAS-TID-I-OS'I-TY, )i. Fastidiousness. [JVot used.] 
 
 Stcift. 
 
 F.^S-TID'I-OUS, a. [L. fastidiosns, from fastidio, to 
 disdain, from fastus, haughtiness. See Heb. 1^3. 
 Class Bz, No. 2, 3, 10, 30.] 
 
 1. Disdainful ; squeamish ; delicate to a fault ; 
 over nice ; difficult to please ; as, a fastidious mind 
 or taste. 
 
 2. Squeamish ; rejecting what is common or not 
 very nice ; suited with difficulty ; as, a fastidious 
 appetite. 
 
 FAS-TID'I-OUS-LY, adv. Disdainfully; squeamish- 
 ly ; contemptuously. They look fastidiously and 
 speak disdainfully. 
 
 FAS-TID'I OUS-NESS, n. Disdainfulness ; con- 
 temptuousness ; squeamishness of mind, taste, or 
 appetite. 
 
 FAS-TIG'I-ATE, j a. [L./ojtiVjaiu*, pointed, from 
 F.'iS-TlG'I-A-TED, ) fastigio, to point, fastigimn, a 
 top or peak.] 
 
 1. In botany, a fastigiate stem is one whose branches 
 are of an eqiial hight. Peduncles are .fcdViate when 
 they elevate the fructifications in a bunch, so as to 
 be equally high, or when they form an even surface 
 at the top. Martijn. 
 
 2. Roofed ; narrowed to the top. 
 FAS-TIG'I-U.M, II. [L.] The summit, apex, or ridge 
 
 of a house or pediment. Elmcs. 
 YAST'ISG, ppr. Abstaining from food. 
 FAST'I.XG, n. The act of abstaining from food. 
 FAST'I.\G-DaY, n. A day of fasting ; a fast-day; a 
 
 dav of religious mortification and humiliation. 
 FAST'LY, adv. Firmly ; surely. 
 FAST'NESS, n. [»a.\. fceslenesse ; from/a.«<.] 
 
 1. The state of being fast and firm ; firm adherence. 
 
 2. Strength ; security. 
 
 The places of fastness are laid open. Davits. 
 
 3. A stronghold ; a fortress, or fort ; a place for- 
 tified ; a castle. Tlie enemy retired to their fast- 
 nesses, 
 
 4. Closeness ; conciseness of style. [JVot '.tseil,] 
 
 .^scliam. 
 
 FAST'-RE-CED'ING, a. Receding rapidly. 
 
 fVortlsworth. 
 
 FAST'-SINK'ING, a. Rapidly sinking. 
 FAS'TU-OUS, 0. [L. fastuosus, from fastus, haughti- 
 ness.] 
 
 Proud ; haughty ; disdainful. Barrotc. 
 FAT, a. [Sax./<f(,/c«; G./<,«; D.vet; Sw.fH; Dan. 
 feed; Ilttsque, bctca,] 
 
 1. Fleshy; plump; corpulent; abounding with an 
 oily concrete siibst;ince, as an animal body ; the con- 
 trary to lean ; as, a fat man ; a fat ox. 
 
 2. Coarse ; gross. 
 
 Nay, addeii fat pollutions of our own. Dryden, 
 
 3. Dull ; heavy ; stupid ; unteachable. 
 
 Make the heart of this people fat, — la. vi. 
 
 4. Rich ; wealthy ; affluent. 
 
 These are terrible alarms to penuns grown fat and wealthy. 
 
 South, 
 
 5. Rich ; producing a large income ; as, a fat 
 benefice. 
 
 6. Rich; fertile; as, a fat soil; or rich; nourish- 
 ing ; as, fat pasture. 
 
 7. Abuniiding in spiritual grace and comfort. 
 
 They (the riphU;ou8) shall be fat and flourishing. — Ps. xcii. 
 
 8. Among printers, a page having many blank 
 spaces or lini's is called fat. 
 
 FA'I', Ti. An oily, concrete substance, deposited in the 
 cells of the adipose or ct^llular membrane, under the 
 fkin, antl in various other parts of animiil bodies. In 
 nio'.t parts of the body, fat lies immediately under 
 the skin. Fat is of various degrees of consistence, 
 an in tallow, lard, and oil. It has bi^en recently as- 
 
 FAT 
 
 certained to consist of two substances, stearin and 
 elain, the former of which is solid, the latter liquid, 
 at common temperatures, and on the diflerent pro- 
 portions of which its degree of consistence depends. 
 
 Encyc. Brande. 
 2. Figuratively, the best or richest productions ; as, 
 to live on the fat of the land. 
 
 A bel Drought of tlie fat of his (lock. — Gen. It. 
 FAT, r. U To make fat ; to fatten ; to make plump 
 and fleshy with abundant food ; as, to fat fowls or 
 sheep. Locke. Skak. 
 
 FAT, V. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. 
 
 An old oxyofs as well, and is as good, as a young one. 
 
 Mortimtr, 
 
 FAT, ) n. [Sax. fxl, fat, fet ; D. rat ; G. fass ; Sw. 
 
 VAT, S fat ; Dan. fad. It seems to be connected 
 with D. ratten, G. fassen, Sw. fatta, Dan. fatter, to 
 hold. Uu. Gr. riHoj.] 
 
 A large tub, cistern, or vessel, used for various pur- 
 poses, as by brewers to mn their wort in, by tanners 
 for holding their bark and hides, &c. It is also a 
 wooden vessel containing a quarter or eight bushels 
 of grain, and a pan for containing water in salt- 
 works, a vessel for wine, &c. 
 
 The fats sh.a]l overflow with wine and oil. — Joel ii. 
 
 FAT, n, A measure of capacity, differing in different 
 commodities. Hebert. 
 
 FA'TAL, a. [L. fatalis. See Fate.] 
 
 1. Proceeding from fate or destiny ; necessary ; in- 
 evitable. 
 
 These tilings are fatai and necessary. TiUotson. 
 
 2. Appointed by fate or destiny. 
 
 It was fatal to the king to fight for his money. Baton, 
 [/rt the foregoing senses the word is now little used.} 
 
 3. Causing death or destruction ; deadly; mortal; 
 as, a fatal wound ; a fatal disease. 
 
 4. Destructive ; calamitous ; as, a fatal day ; a fa- 
 tal event. 
 
 Fa'T.\L-ISM, n. The doctrine that all things are sub- 
 ject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable ne- 
 cessity. Rush. 
 
 Fa'T.\L-IST, n. One who maintains that all things 
 happen by inevitable necessity. IVatts 
 
 FA-TAL'I-TY, n. [Fr. fataliti, from fate,] 
 
 1. A fixed, unalterable course of things, independ- 
 ent of God or any controlling cause ; an invincible 
 necessity existing in things themselves ; a doctrine 
 of the Stoics. SoutJi. 
 
 2. Decree of fate. ^ng Charles. 
 
 3. Tendency to danger, or to some great or hazard- 
 ous event. Brown, 
 
 4. Mortality. Med. Rcpos. 
 Fa'TAL-LY, adv. By a decree of fate or destiny ; by 
 
 inevitable necessity or determination. Bentley. 
 
 2. Mortally ; destructively ; in death or ruin. This 
 encounter ended fatally. The prince was fatally de- 
 
 Fa'T.\L-NESS, n. Invincible necessity. [ceived. 
 
 FA'TA JIOR-OA'A'.^, n, [It.] A remarkable phe- 
 nomenon, at Reggio, on the ."^traits of .Messina, in 
 Ital) , in which, by an extraordinary atmospheric re- 
 fractitm, multiplied images of the objects on the sur- 
 rounding coasts appear in the air over the surface of 
 the sea. Brande. 
 
 F.^T'-BRaIN-SD, a. Dull of apprehension. Shak. 
 
 FATE, 71. [L. fatum, from for, fari, to speak, whence 
 fatus.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a decree or word pronounced by God, 
 or a fixed sentence by which the order of things is 
 prescribed. Hence, inevit.able necessity ; destiny 
 depending on a superior cause, and uncontrollable. 
 According to the Stoics, every event is determined 
 by fate. 
 
 Necessity or chance 
 Approach not me ; and wh.it I will is/nle. Affilon. 
 
 2. Event predetermined ; lot ; destiny. It is our 
 fate to meet with disappointments. It is the fate of 
 mortals. 
 
 Tell me what fates attend the duke of Suffulk. SltaJc. 
 
 3. Final event ; death ; destruction. 
 
 Yet still he chose the longest way to faU. Dryden. 
 
 The whiuiiig arrow sings, 
 And bears Uiy faU, Anliuous, on iu wings. Pope. 
 
 4. Cause of death. Dryden calls an arrow a feath- I 
 ered fate. 
 
 Divine fate; the order or (letermiiiation of God ; 
 providence. Encyc. 
 FAT'El), a. Decreed by fate ; doomeil ; destined. He 
 was /<i(rri to rule over a factious peojile. 
 
 2. Modeled or regulated by fate. 
 
 Her awkwiinl love inde<-d was mblly fated. Prior, 
 
 3. Endued with any quality by fate. Dryden. 
 
 4. Invested with the |iuwcr of fatal determination. 
 
 Ttx fatal sky 
 
 Gives us fn-e soiK*. Shak, 
 \Thr ttro last senses are hardhi legitimate] 
 FXTFJVllL, a. Bearing fatal power ; producing fatal 
 events. 
 
 The fnlefal steel. J. Barloa. 
 
 FATE'FIJL-LV, adv. In a fateful manner. 
 FATE'FJJl.-NESS, n. State of being fateful. 
 
 FATE, FAE, PALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PINE. MARKNE. BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.- 
 
 440 
 
FAT 
 
 FAT 
 
 FAU 
 
 Kates, «. pt. in ii(iitliolo!,'ij, tlio Uestinius, or Parcaa 
 goddesses supposed to pii sido over llie birlli and life 
 of men. Tliey were lliree ill number, C'lotlio, Liicli- 
 esis, and Alropos. Lcmprii re. 
 
 FX'TUKIl, II. fuller, ff iter ; G. vuter ; 1). va4cr , 
 
 Ice. Sw. and l)an. /k/.t ; Cr. <rarn'>l I- pater; Sp. 
 padre: It.paiire; Tort. ;iai, or paij ; Tr. yaVc, by coii- 
 
 traction ; Pcrs. ^ Jy paJur ; Uuss. batia ; Sans, and 
 
 Bali, pita; Zeni.fedre; Syr. iafoi-a. This 
 
 word signifies the begetter, from the verb, Sw. fdila, 
 Uaii. fddcr, to beget, to feed : Gotli. fodijaii ; Sax. /e- 
 daa; D. uofJni, to feed; whence yWi/iT, G. fuller, 
 fvUern. The primary sense is obvious. Sec Cla-ss 
 Hd, No. 51, 53. 'I'lio Gotli. atla, Ir. aitttir, or atliair, 
 l!xs(|iie flitu, may be from tlie same root by loss of tlic 
 first letter.] 
 
 1. He who begets a child ; in L. genilor, or gcnera- 
 tOr. 
 
 The /atiicr ofa fool halh no )oT. — Prov. xvii. 
 A wuo .on niuki Ui a gl,nl/alA«r. — I'rov. x. 
 
 2. The first ancestor; the progenitor of a race or 
 family. Adam was the falJicr of the human race. 
 Abraham was the faUirr of the Israelites. 
 
 3. The appellation of an old man, and a term of 
 respect. 
 
 The kin» of line! uiH to Miihi, Mj father, uluill I «inilc 
 Uiem t — *i Kings vi. 
 
 The servants of Naanian call hiin/nJApr. Q Kings v. 
 Elderly men are called futlier.i : as, the falliers of a 
 town or city. In Ute diurcli, men venerable for ago, 
 learning, and piety, arc called fatliers, or recercnd 
 fatlterin. 
 
 4. The grandfather, or more remote ancestor. Neb- 
 uchadnezzar IS called the fattier of Bclshaz/.ar, 
 tlioiigli lie was Ills grandfather. Dan. v. 
 
 5. 1)110 who feeds and supports, or exercises pater- 
 nal care over another. God is called the Fatlicr of the 
 fatherless. 7*^. Ixviii. 
 
 6. He who creates, invents, makes, or composes, 
 any thing ; the author, former, or contriver ; a found- 
 er, director, or instructor. God, as creator, is the Fa- 
 ther of all men. Mm viii. Jabal was the fallier of 
 such as dwell in tents ; and Jnbal of musicians. Ocn. 
 iv. God is the FaUirr of spirits and of lights. Ho- 
 mer is considered as the /<i(/icr of epic poetry. Wash- 
 ington, as a defender and an affectionate and wise 
 ■counselor, is called the fattier of his country. And 
 see 1 Ctiron. ii. 51 ; iv. 14 ; ix. 35. Satan is called 
 the fatJier of lies ; lie introduced sin, and instigates 
 men to sin. Ju/i« viii. Abraham is called the /ijtAo- 
 of believers ; he was an early believer, and a pattern 
 of faith and obedience. Horn. iv. 
 
 7. A father-in-law. So Heli is called the father of 
 Joseph. Luke iii. 
 
 8. 'J"he appellation of the first person in the adora- 
 ble Trinity. 
 
 Go yc, Ihrrrforr, and Icacli all n.itions, bnptizin; th^m in the 
 name of ihe FiUtier, and of llio Son, aiid of Uio lloly Spirit. 
 — Sl.ut. xxviii. 
 
 9. The title given to dignitaries of the church, su- 
 periors of convents, and tu confessors in the Uuman 
 Catholic church 
 
 10. Fathers, in the plural ; ancestors. 
 
 David »lepl wie> hh/aOiert. — 1 Kings ii. 
 
 11. The appellation of the ecclesiastical writers of 
 the first centuries, as Polycarp, Jerome, &c. 
 
 12. The title of the senators in ancient Uomc ; as, 
 conscript fathers. 
 
 Moplice father : he who .ndopts the children of an- 
 other, and ackiiow ledges them as his own. 
 
 Muural fattier : the father of illegitimate children. 
 
 Patatire fattier: one who is only reputed to be the 
 father; the supposed father. 
 FX'TIIER-I.N-LAW, ii. The father of one's husband 
 or wife ; and a man who marries a woman who has 
 children by a former husband is called the father-in- 
 law, or ste|>-fathcr of those chililren. 
 FA'THER, E. t. To adopt ; to take the chUd of anoth- 
 er as one's own. Shak, 
 
 2. To adopt any thing as one's own ; to profess to 
 be the author. 
 
 M.-n ofwU 
 
 Oft«n /athtrtd wli-U Iio wnt, Si*\/t 
 
 3. To ascribe or charge to one as his oflspring or 
 ' production ; with on. 
 
 name was made xw of by scTenil persons, one of whom 
 was pleased U) father on nic s new set of pr>xluctions. 
 
 SmfU 
 
 FX'THER-ED, pp. Adopted; taken as one's own; 
 ascribed to one as the author. 
 2. Having had a father of particular qualities. 
 I am no stronp*f than my srx, 
 Bein; m fathfrtd and so hiuijanded. [UnMuat.] Sliak. 
 
 F.H'TIIER-IipQD, n. The slate of being a father, or 
 tho character or aiiiliority of a father. 
 
 W e might h.\»e had an entire notion of Uiis fathcrlilyvi. or 
 fatherly auUiorily. Lucie. 
 
 F.\'THER-ING, ppr. Adopting; taking or acknowl 
 
 edging as one's own; ascribing to the father or au- 
 thor. 
 
 FA'TIIEU-LAND, ». The native land of one's fatliers 
 or ancestors. England is the fatlter-land of the pei>- 
 plc of New England, and Persia the fatlicr-laiul of 
 the Teutonic nations. 
 
 F.\''f HER-LASll-KR, ii. A salt-water fish, Cuttiis 
 bnlialis, allit-d to tile river bull-heail. The hi-ail is 
 large, and its spines formidable. It is found on llie 
 rocky coasts of Britain, and near Newfoundland and 
 Greenland. In the latter country it is a great article 
 of food. Pennant. Jardinc^s J\''at. Lib. 
 
 FX'TIIER-LESS, a. Destitute of a living father ; as, 
 a fuUterless child. 
 2. Without a known author. 
 
 FX'T HEll-LESS-NESS, n. The state of being with- 
 out a father. 
 
 FA'T HEU-LI-NF,SS, n. [Pee Fatherlv.] The tpial- 
 ities of a father ; parental kindness, care, and leii- 
 dirness. 
 
 FA'T IIER-LY, a. [/«(Aer and /lAc] Like a father in 
 alfeclion and care ; tender ; paternal ; protecting ; 
 careful ; as, fallicrlij care or aU'et tioii. 
 2. Pertaining to a father. 
 
 FX'TIIER-LY, «//(•. In the manner of a father. 
 
 Tluis Ad.ini, fiUtirrli/ ilisple.tsod. {Sot Jtrojicr .\ M.lton. 
 
 F.\ 'Til ER SHIP, n. The state of being a father. 
 
 F.Vfiro.M, 71. [Sax. /.cf/icm ; U.feud; (i. fadcn : 11. 
 vadem. (ill. Dan. favn. The German word signilii s 
 a thread, a fathom, and probably thread or line is the 
 real signification.] 
 
 J. A measure of length, containing six feet, the 
 space to which a man may extend his arms ; used 
 chiefly at sea for measuring cables, cordage, and the 
 depth of the sea in sounding by a line and lead. 
 
 2. Reach ; penetration ; depth of thought or con- 
 trivance. Sliak. 
 
 FAT H'OM,r. U To encompass with the arms extend- 
 ed or encircling. 
 
 2. To reach ; to master; to comprehend. 
 
 Leave to fathom sucli high points as these. DryUn, 
 
 3. To reach in depth ; to sound ; to try the lU plli. 
 
 Our deptlia who /oMomj. Pope. 
 A. To penetrate ; to find the bottom or extent. I 
 can not fathom his design. 
 FATH'0.Vl-A-15LE, a. Capable of being fathomed. 
 
 P.ick. Diet. 
 
 FATH'OM-£D, pp. Encompassed with the arms ; 
 
 reached ; comprehended. 
 F.\TH'O.M-ER, n. One who fathoms. 
 FA'f II'O.M-ING, ppr. Encoinp.assing with the arms ; 
 
 reaching ; comprehending ; sounding ; penetrating. 
 FATH'OM-LESS, n. That of which no bottom can be 
 
 found ; bottomless. 
 
 2. That can not be embraced or encompassed with 
 the arms. Shak. 
 
 3. Not to be penetrated or comprehended. 
 FA-TlD'ie-AL, a. [L. fatidieus ; fatum and dico.] 
 
 Having power to foretell future events ; prophet- 
 ic. Uoxccll. 
 FA-TIF'ER-OITS, a. [L. /u(i/fr ; falam and fero.] 
 
 Deadly ; mortal ; destructive. Diet. 
 FAT'1-GA-BLE, a. \Sea Fatigue.] That may be 
 
 wearied ; easily tiretl. 
 FAT'I-GATE, v. U [L./«(iVo.] 
 
 To weary ; to tire. [Little iisfJ.] 
 F.\T'I-GATE, a. Weaned ; tired. [Litllc useA.'[ 
 
 FJyoU 
 
 F.AT-I-G.\'TION, n. Weariness. W. Mountagu. 
 
 FA-TIGIJE', (fa-teeg',) n, [Fr. lA ; Arm. fatiei/; It. 
 fatiea : Sp. fatiga ; from ij.faligo. It seems to be al- 
 lied to L. fatisco I if so, the sense is, a yielding or re- 
 laxiig.j 
 
 1. VVeariness with bodily l.ibor or mental exertion ; 
 lassitude or exhaustion of strength. Wo suffer fa- 
 tigue of the mind as well as of the body. 
 
 °2. The cause of weariness ; labor ; toil ; as, the fa- 
 iiguej of war. 
 
 3. The labors of mililarj' men, distinct from the use 
 of arms ; as, a parly of men on fatigue. 
 FA-TIG UE', (fa-teeg',) r. t [L.fatigo; IL faticarc ; 
 Sjt. fatigar.] 
 
 1. To tire ; to weary with labor or any bodily or 
 mental exertion ; to hamss with toil ; to exhaust the 
 strength by severe or long-continued exertion. 
 
 2. To weary by iin[iortunity ; to harass. 
 FA-T1GU'£D, (fa-teegd',) pp. or a. Wearied ; tired ; 
 
 hamssed. 
 
 P.\-T(GU'IXG, (fa-teeg'ing,) ppr. Tiring ; wearying ; 
 harassing. 
 
 2. a. Inducing weariness or lassitude ; as, fa- 
 tiiruing services or labors. 
 FA-TIL'O-aUIST, n. [L./iitum and tojiior.] 
 
 A fortune-teller. 
 FA-TIS'CENCE, tu [I,, fatiseo, to open, to gape.] 
 A gaping or opening ; a stale of being cliiiiky. 
 
 Diet Kiricnn. 
 F.\T'-KID-NEY-ED, a. [fat and kidney.] Fat ; gross ; 
 
 a leord used im eonlempt, Shak. 
 F.VT'LI.NG, n. [from /at.] A lamb, kid, r. other 
 young animal, fattened for slaughter ; a fat animal ; 
 applied to qua trupeiU lehose JUsh is used for food, 
 David s.Lcriticetl oxen and faltingt. 'i Saui. vi. 
 
 FAT'LY, add. Grossly ; greasily. 
 
 FAT'NER, n. That which faltims; that which gives 
 
 fatness or richness and fertility. Arbathnot. 
 FAT'iNESS, n. [from fat.] The (piality of being fat, 
 
 plump, or full led ; corpulency ; fullness of flesh, 
 'riicir c)cs stand out witli/fit'ie**. — Ps. Ixxili. 
 
 2. Unctuous or greasy matter. Bacon. 
 
 3. Uncluoiisness ; sliininess ; appliedlo earth ; hence, 
 richness; fertility; fruitfuliiess. 
 
 Uoil give t)i''e of the dew ofhcaven, and the fatnett of the earth, 
 and plenty ol com and wine. — Uvn. xxvii. 
 
 4. That which gives fertility. 
 
 Thv pilhi dr.ip/alji«M. — P«. 
 
 The cloitkis drop falrieMt. Pttitlpi. 
 
 .'). The privileges and pleasures of religion ; abun- 
 dant blessings. 
 
 lyrt your soul dp light itjell in falnei$. — la. Iv. 
 FAT'TED, pp. or a. Made fat. 
 
 FAT'T£N, (fat'n,) v. t. To make fat; to feed for 
 slaughter ; to make fleshy or pliinip with fat. 
 
 2. To make fertile and fniilful ; to enrich ; as, to 
 fatten lanil ; to fatten fii lils with blood. Dnjden. 
 
 3. 1'o fe< il grossly ; to fill. Dryden. 
 F.XT'TA'N, (fat'n,) r. t. To grow fat or corpulent; to 
 
 grow plump, tliick, or fieshy ; to be panii)ered. 
 
 And villains fatten with the brave man's labor. Otway, 
 
 Tigers and wolv.-s shall in die ocean breed, 
 
 The whale an<l dolphin fallen on Uie m. ad. ClanvUte. 
 
 FAT'TKN-KD, (fat'nrt,) pp. or a. Made fat, plump, or 
 
 FAT'TKN-ER, ji. See Fatner. [fleshy. 
 
 FAT'TKN-ING, (fat'n-iiig,) ppr. .M.-iking fat; grow- 
 ing fat ; making or growing rich and fruitful. 
 
 FAT'TI-NESS, n. [from fatty.] The state of being 
 fat ; grossness ; greasiiiess. Slicrwood. 
 
 FAT'TlNfJ, ppr. Making fat. 
 
 FAT'TISH, a. Somewhat fat. Shencood. 
 
 FAT'TY, a. Having the (pialities of fat ; greasy; as, 
 a fultti substance. ArbuUmoL 
 
 FA-TO'I-TY, JI. [Fr. fatuiti ; L. futnilas.] 
 
 Weakness or imbecility of mind ; feebli:ness of in- 
 tellect ; foolishness. JlrbuthnoL 
 
 FAT'U-OUS, a. [I., fatuns. Class Dd, No. 2, G, 63.] 
 
 1. Feeble in mind ; weak ; silly ; stupid ; foolish. 
 
 Qtaneitle. 
 
 2. Imp tent; without force or fire ; illusory ; allud- 
 ing to the ignis fatiuLS. 
 
 Thence fatuous tires and meteors take their birth. Denham. 
 
 FAT'-WIT-TED, a. [fat and a>if.] Heavy ; dull ; 
 stupid. Shak. 
 
 FjIU'BOURO, (fo'boorg,) n. A suburb in French cit- 
 ies; the name is also given to districts now within 
 the city, but which were formerly suburbs without it, 
 when the walls were less extensive. 
 
 Diet, de V.3eail. 
 
 FAU'CeS, 71. pJ. [L.] The posterior part of the mouth, 
 terminated by the pfiarynz and larynz. Brandr. 
 
 FAU'CET, H. [Fr. faussct, probably contracted from 
 foLiet.] 
 
 A pipe to be inserted in a cask for drawing liquor, 
 and stopped with a peg or spigot. Tliese are called 
 tezp and fnuccL 
 FAU'CIIIO.\. See Falchiox. 
 
 FAU'FEL, 11. [Said to be Sanscrit.] The fruit of a 
 species of the palm-tree. 
 
 FAUGH, (faw.) Exclamation of contempt or abhor- 
 rence. 
 
 FAULT, n. [Fr. faute, fcirfanlte ; Sp. falta; Port. id. ; 
 it.fallo; from /ui7. See Faiu] 
 
 1. Properly, an erring or missing ; a failing ; hence, 
 an eiTor or mistake ; a blunder ; a tlefect ; a blemish ; 
 whatever impairs excellence ; applied to thinirs. 
 
 2. In morals or deportment, any error or defect ; an 
 imperfection ; any deviation from propriety ; a slight 
 offense ; a neglect of duty or propriety, resulting from 
 inattention or want of "prudence, rather than from 
 design to injure or offend, but liable to censure or ob- 
 jection. 
 
 I do remember my faults this day. — Gen. xli. 
 If a niLvn be overu^cn in a fault, ye, who are spiritual, restore 
 such a one in the spirit of meekness. — Gal. vi. 
 
 Fault implies wrong, and oRen soma degree of 
 criminality. 
 
 3. Defect ; want ; absence. [JVvt now used,] [See 
 Dekavlt.] 
 
 I could ti-11 to the>», as to one it ple.ises me, for fauU of a belter, 
 to call iny fri 'ud, Stiak. 
 
 4. Y'\i7.7.\e ; difficulty. 
 
 Among sportsmen, when dogs lose the scent, they 
 arc said to be at faulL Hence the phrase, the inquirer 
 is at fault. 
 
 5. In mining, a disturbance of the strata which in- 
 terrupts the miner's operations, and puts him at fault 
 to discover where the vein of ore, or bed of coa', .-td 
 been thrown by the ctmvulsions of nature. Ure. 
 
 To find fault ; to express blame ; to complain. 
 
 Thou will say then, Why doth he yet flndfauU J — Rom. ix. 
 
 To find fault irith ; to blame ; to censure ; as, to 
 find fault with Ihe times, or with a neighbor's con- 
 duct. 
 
 FAULT, r. i. To fail ; to be WTong. [JV'ot used.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 TtNE, BJJLL, qMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € M K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 441 
 
FAV 
 
 FA V 
 
 FEA 
 
 FAULT, V. t. To chaige with a fault ; to accuse. 
 
 For tnit I will not/ttu/l thee. Old Song. 
 
 FAULT'ED, pp. Cli:ir?ed witli a fault ; accused. 
 
 FAULT'ER, n. An offender ; one wlio commits a 
 fault. Fairfax. 
 
 FAULT'-FTND'ER, n. One who censures or objects. 
 
 FAIJLT'FIJL, a. Full of faults or sins. Shale. 
 
 FAULT'l-LY, adi). [Uom faulty.] Defectively ; er- 
 rnneously ; imperfectly; improperly ;• wrongly. 
 
 FAULT' I-NESS, n. [from faulty.] The state of be- 
 ing faulty, defective, or erroneous ; defect. 
 
 2. Badness ; vitiousness ; evil disposition ; as, the 
 faultiyirxs of a person. 
 
 3. Delinquency ; actual offenses. Hooker. 
 FAULT'ING, ppr. Accusing. 
 
 FAULT'LESS, a. Without fault ; not defective or 
 imperfect j free from blemish ; free from incorrect- 
 ness ; perfect ; as, a faultless (jocin or picture. 
 
 2. Free from vice or imperfection j as, a faultless 
 man. 
 
 FAULT'LESS-LY, adv. Without being guilty of a 
 'fault. 
 
 FAULT'LESS-NESS, n. Freedom from faults or de- 
 fects. 
 
 FAULT'Y, a. Containing faults, blemishes, or de- 
 fects ; defective; imperfect; as, a /im/*!/ composi- 
 tion or book ; a faulty plan or design ; a faulty pic- 
 ture. 
 
 2. Guilty of a fault, or of faults ; hence, blamable ; 
 worthy of censure. 
 
 The Iniig doUi speak Ihii thing as one wl» ia foully. — 2 Sam. 
 xiv. 
 
 3. Wrong ; erroneous ; as, a faulty polity. Hooker. 
 
 4. Defective ; imperfect ; bad ; as, a faulty hel- 
 met. Bacon. 
 
 FAUN, n. ["L. faunas.] 
 
 Among Vie Romans, a kind of demigod, or rural 
 deity, called also sylvan, and diifeiiug lillle from 
 satyr, 'i'he fauns are represented as half goat and 
 half man. Encyc. 
 
 FAU'NA, n. [from the L. fauni, or rural deities 
 among the Romans.] The various animals belong- 
 ing to a country constitute its fauna. Lyell. 
 
 FAUN'IST, 7!. One who attends to rural distpiisi- 
 tions ,.a naturalist. JVIttte. 
 
 FAU'SEN, 71. _A large eel. Chapman. 
 
 FjiUSSE'-BRAyE,(ios'bri.,) -n. [Fr.] A small mound 
 of earth thrown up about a rampart. 
 
 FjlU-TKUlL',(Uy-teiiL',) a. [Fr.j An arm chair ; an 
 easy chair. 
 
 FAU'TOR, 71. [L. See Favor.] A favorer ; a pat- 
 ron ; one who gives countenance or supjxirt. [Little 
 used.] B. Jonsoil. 
 
 FAU'TRESS, n. A ftmale favorer ; a patroness. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 FjlUX PAS, {fo'pA',) [Fr.] A false step; a mistake, 
 
 or wrong me;isure. 
 FA-VIL'LOUS, a. [L. favilla, ashes.] 
 
 L Ccuisisting of or pertaining to ashes. Brown. 
 2. Resembling ashes. 
 Fa'VOR, 71. [L.faiJor; Fr. favour ; Arm. faver ; Sp. 
 favor; ll. fariire ; from L. /auco ; Ir. fabhar ; favor; 
 fabhraim, to favor.] 
 
 L Kind regard ; kindness ; countenance ; propi- 
 tious aspect ; friendly disposition. 
 Ilia dreadful navy, and iiis lovely mind, 
 
 (Jave him the fi ar and favor of mankind. M'alllT. 
 The kiiig'a /auor is us <iew on llie gr-iss. — Prov. xix. 
 God gave Joseph favor and wisdom iu Uie siglit of Pharaoh. — 
 Acts vii. 
 
 Favor is deceitful, and Ijeauty is vain. — Prov. xxxi. 
 
 2. Support ; defense ; vindication ; or disposition 
 to aid, befriend, support, promote, or justify. To be 
 in favor of a measure, is to have a disposition or in- 
 clination to support it or carry it into effect. To be 
 in favor of a party, is to be disposed or inclined to 
 support it, to justify its proceedings, and to i>roniote 
 its interests. 
 
 3. A kind act or office ; kindness done or granted ; 
 benevolence shown by word or deed ; any act of grace 
 or good will, as distinguished frt)m acts of justice or 
 remuneration. To pardon the guilty is a /ueur ; to 
 punish them is an act of Justice. 
 
 4. Lenity ; mildness or mitigation of punishment. 
 1 could not discover the lenity and /aoor of tliis sentence. Swift. 
 
 5. Leave ; good will ; a yielding or concession to 
 another ; pariton. 
 
 Uut, with your/nuor, 1 will treat it here. D-y'lttx. 
 0. The object of kind rcg.ird ; the person or thing 
 favored. 
 
 All these his woiidrons works, but chiefly man, 
 
 His Cltiel tlelighl Bud favor. Milton. 
 
 7. A gift or prCKent ; something bestowed as an 
 evidence of good will ; a token of love ; a knot of 
 ribbimii ; Homctliirig worn as a token of affection. A 
 marriairt favor, is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or 
 white lloweru worn at weddings. 
 
 Jlacan. Sprrtatnr. Shak. 
 
 8. A feature ; counlenaiii e. [JV.if iivcrf.] Shak. 
 
 9. Advantage ; rtinvi'iijeiice afforded for Bucetrss. 
 The cni^my approached under favor' (if the night. 
 
 10. Partiality ; biiu. A cliatUnne tu the favor, in 
 
 law, is the challenge of a juror i5n account of some 
 supposed partiality, by reason of favor, or malice, 
 interest, or connection. 
 F-A'VOR, To regard with kindness; to support; 
 to aid, or have the disposition to aid, or to wish suc- 
 cess to ; to be propitious to ; to countenance ; to be- 
 friend ; to encourage. To favor the cause of a party, 
 may be merely to wish success to it, or it may signify 
 to give it aid by counsol, or by active e.\ertions. 
 Sometimes men professedly favor one party, and se- 
 cretly favor another. 
 
 Tlie lortls /auor thee not. — 1 Sam. xxix. 
 
 Thou slialt arise, and have mercy on Zton ; for the time to ftivor 
 her, yea, tlie set time, is come. — Ps. cii. 
 
 O happy youth ! and favored of the skies. Pope. 
 
 2. To afford advantages for success ; to facilitate. 
 A weak place in the fort favored the entrance of the 
 enemy ; the darkness of the night favored his ap- 
 proach. A fair wind .favors a voyage. 
 
 3. To resemble in features. The child favors his 
 father. 
 
 4. To ease ; to spare. A man in walking /auers 
 a lame leg. 
 
 FA'VOR-A-BLE, a. [L. favorabiUs ; Ft. favorable ; 
 Sp. id. ,• It. favarabile, or favorevole.] 
 
 1. Kind ; propitious ; friendly ; affectionate. 
 
 L- nd favorable ear to our request. Sliak. 
 Lord, thou hiist been favorable to tlty land. — Ps. Ixxxv. 
 
 2. Palliative ; tender ; averse ts censure. 
 
 None can have the favorable thou^lit 
 
 Tluit to obey a tyrant's will tliey fought. Dryden. 
 
 3. Conducive to; contributing to ; tending to pro- 
 mote. A salubrious climate and plenty of food are 
 favorable to population. 
 
 4. Convenient; advantageous ; affording means to 
 facilitate, or affording facilities. The low pritte of la- 
 bor and provisions is favorable to the success of mtin- 
 ufactures. The army was drawn up on favorable 
 ground. The ship took a station favorable for at- 
 tack. 
 
 The place was favorable for making levies of men. Clarejidon. 
 
 5. Beautiful; well-favored. [OJs.] Spenser. 
 Fa'VOR-A-BLE-NESS, 71. Kindness ; kind dispo- 
 sition or regard. 
 
 2. Convenience ; suitableness ; that state which 
 affi>rds advantages for success ; cimduciveness ; as, 
 the favorableness of a season for crops ; the favora- 
 bleness of the times for the cultivation of the sci- 
 ences. 
 
 Fa'VOR-A-BLY, a(7». Kindly; with friendly dispo- 
 sitions ; with regard or affection ; with an inclina- 
 tion to favor ; as, to judge or think favorably of a 
 measure ; to think favorably of those we love. 
 
 Fa'VOR-JID, pp. Countenanced; supported; aided; 
 supplied with advantages; eased ; spared. 
 
 2. a. Regarded with kindness; as, a favored 
 friend. 
 
 3. With well or ill prefixed, featured. 
 Well-favored is well-looking, having a good coun- 
 tenance or appearance ; fleshy; plump; handsome. 
 
 Ill-favored is ill-looking, having an ugly appear- 
 ance ; le.an. See Oen. .\xxi,\. \li. &c. 
 
 fVell-favoredly ; with a good appt 'trance. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 Ill-favoredhj ; with a bad appearance. [Little jwcd] 
 FA'VOR-iCD-NESS, 71. Appearance. Deut. 
 Fa'VOR-ER, 71. One who favors; one who regards 
 with kindness or friendship ; a well-wisher ; one 
 who assists or promotes success or prosperity. 
 
 Hooker. Sllak. 
 Fa'VOR-ESS, 71. A female who favors or gives coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 Fa'VOR-ING, ppr. or a. Regarding with friendly dis- 
 positions ; countenancing; wishing well to; con- 
 tributing to success ; facilitating. 
 
 FA'VOR-ING-LY, ado. By favoring. 
 
 FA''VOR-ITE,(-it,) n. [Fr. favori, favorite ; It. favorito.] 
 A per.son or thing regarded willi peculiar favor, 
 preference, and affection ; one gri^ally beloved. 
 Select favorites from among the discreet anil virtu- 
 ous ; princes are often misled, and sometimes ru- 
 ined, by favorites ; Gavcston and the Spensers, the 
 favorites of Edward IL, fell a sacrifice to public in- 
 dignation. 
 
 FA'VOll-ITE, (I. Regarded with particular kindness, 
 affection, esteem, or preference ; as, n favorite walk ; 
 n favorite author ; a favorite chihi. 
 
 FA'VOK IT-ISM, 71. The act or practice of favoring, 
 or giving a preference to one over another. 
 
 2. 'I'he disposition to favor, aid, and promote, the 
 interest of a favorite, or of one person or family, or 
 of one class of men, to the neglect of others having 
 t-tpial claims. 
 
 It lias Ijeen iu^geitcd that the pruceeils of the foreign hills — 
 wrre cidciilated merely to nulul|;c a spint of favoritiitin to 
 tlie Bank of the Unitiul Suites. Ilimilum. 
 
 Which coiisidenilion hnposes such ft necessity on the crown, as 
 hath, ill A great measure, Kutxlued the iiiHueiice nl /auont' 
 ism. Patty. 
 
 3. Exercise of power by favorites. Burke. 
 FA'VOi", l,l'..<S, a. Unfavored ; ncit regarded with 
 
 favtir , having no ptitronage or countenance. 
 
 2. Not favurmg ; unpropitious. Spenser. 
 
 FA-VoSE', a. Honey-combed ; like the section of a 
 honey-comb. Lindley. 
 
 FAV'O-SITE, 71. [h.favus, a honey-comb.] 
 
 A name given to certain fossil corals, having a 
 minute prismatic structure. Dana. 
 
 FAWN, n. [Fx. faon, fawn. Qu. W. fynu, to pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 A young deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. 
 
 Bacon. Pope. 
 
 FAWN, T. i. [Fr. faonner. ] 
 
 To bring forth a fawn. 
 FAWN, «. 1. [&\.\.fij!frenian. See Fain.] 
 
 1. 'To coint favor, or show attachment to, by frisk- 
 ing about one ; as, a dog fawns on his master. 
 
 2. To soothe ; to flatter meanly ; to blandish ; to 
 court servilely ; to cringe and bow to gain favor ; as, 
 a fawning favorite or minion. 
 
 My love, forbear to fawn upon their frowns. Shak. 
 It is followed by on or upon. 
 FAWN, 7!. A servile cringe or bow ; mean flattery. 
 FAWN'ER, 7!. One who fawns ; one who cringes 
 
 and flatters meanly. 
 FAWN'ING, ppr. or a. Courting servilely ; flattering 
 
 lly cringing and meanness ; bringing forth a fawn. 
 FAWN'INt;, 7!. Gross flattery. Shall. 
 FAWN'ING-LY, adv. In a cringing, servile way; 
 
 with mean flattery. 
 FAX'£D, (faxt,) a. [Sax. /eo.^, hair.] 
 
 Hairy. [JVyt in use.] Camden 
 FAY, 71. [Fr.fee.] 
 
 A fairy ; an elf. Milton. Pope 
 
 FAY, 71. Faith ; as, by my /uy. Shak. 
 FaY, v. t. [Csa.x, fxgaw, Sw. foga; D. voegen. See 
 Fadge.] 
 
 To fit ; to suit ; to unite closely with. 
 
 [This is a contraction of the Teutonic woiJ, and 
 the same as Fadge, which see. It is not an elegant 
 word.] 
 
 FAZ-ZO-LEV,{{at^o-\et',)n. [It.] A handkeicnief. 
 
 Percival. 
 
 FeA'BER-RY, 7!. A gooseberry. 
 FEAGirE, (feeg,) t'. f. [G.fegcn.] 
 
 To beat or whip. [JWit 171 use.] Buckingham. 
 Fe'AL, a. Faithful. [lnfr.i.J 
 
 Fe'AL-TY, 71. IFr. fral, trusty, contracted from L. 
 ftdelis; It.fedcltd; Fr. JideUti; Sp. /c, faith, contracted 
 from fides; hence, fiel, faithful; .Hcldad, fiilelity.] 
 
 Fidelity to a lord ; faithful adherence of a tenant 
 or vassal to the superior of whom he holds his lands ; 
 loyalty. Umler the feudal system of tenures, every 
 vassal or tenant was bound to be true and faithful to 
 his lord, and to defend him against all his enemies. 
 This obligation was called his fidelity, or fealty, and 
 an oath of fealty was retjuired to be taken by all ten- 
 ants to their landlords. The tenant was called a 
 liege man ; the land, a liege fee; and the superior, 
 liege lord. [See Lieue.] 
 
 FEAR, 7!. [See the verb.] A painful emotion or 
 passion excited by an expectation of evil, or the ap- 
 j)rehension of impending danger. Fear expresses 
 less apprehension tlian dread, and dread less than 
 tei-ror and fright. 'J'he force of this passion, begin- 
 ning with the most moderate degree, may be thus 
 expressed — f ar, dread, terror, fright. Feor is ac- 
 companied with a desire to avoid or ward off the 
 expected evil. Frar is an uneasiness of mind, upon 
 the thought of future evil likely to befall us. IVatls. 
 Fear is liie passion of our nature which excites us to provide for 
 our security, on tlic approach of evil. Jiogers. 
 
 2. Anxiety ; solicitude. 
 
 The principal /tor was for the holy teinplo. ^feccahete. 
 
 3. The cause of fear. 
 
 Thy angel becomes a fear. Slialt. 
 
 4. The object of fear. 
 
 Exci'pt the God of Ahraliam, and the fear of Isaac, had U-cn 
 with me. — Gen. xxxi. 
 
 5. Something set or hung up to terrify wild ani- 
 mals, by its color or noise. /.«. xxiv. .ler. xlviii. 
 
 ti. In Scripture, fear is used to express a filial or a 
 slavish passion. In good men, thi: frar ii( iiuiX is a 
 holy awe or reverence of God and bis laws, which 
 springs from a just view and real love of the divine 
 characler, leading the subjects of it to hale and shun 
 every thing that can offend stu b a holy being, and 
 inclining them to aim at perfect obedience. This is 
 filial fear. 
 
 I w ill put my feai- in their hearts. — Jer. xxxii. 
 
 SMriN'/i fear is the effect or eonsetiuence of guilt; 
 it is the painful apprehension of merited punishment. 
 Uoin. viii. 
 
 Tlie love of find casli'th nut fear. — I John iv. 
 
 7. The worship of God. 
 
 I will l.M. h ynu llie /«U- of Ihe I,or.l. — l'«. XJlxiv. 
 
 8. The law and word of (;od. 
 
 'I'lie fear of the I-ord is clean, ciuluriiig forever. — Ps. xix. 
 
 9. Reverence ; respect ; due regard. 
 
 Iteiider to all their dues ; fear to whom fear. — Horn. xiii. -~ 
 
 FRAR, ». t. [Sax. .firran, nfrran, to impress fear, 10 
 tirrrify ; 1). vaaren, to put in fear, to disorder, to do- 
 
 FATE, FAR, KAI,L, WII/kT. — MRTE, I'RBY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 1A2 
 
FEA 
 
 ranse ; L. vcrror. In Sax. niul Dutch, tlic verb coiii- 
 cidi'S in eliMncnts willi fare, to RO (ir (lf|).iit, and tlie 
 sense seems to bo, to scare or drive away. Uu. .Syr. 
 
 •iiid Ar.^^j nafarn, to llcc or be fearfni. See Class 
 l!r, -Ki, 
 
 1 To feel a painful approlii^nslim of some Imprnd- 
 ins; evil j to lie afraid of; to consider or expect with 
 cnnitions of alarm or solicimde. We fear tlio a\>- 
 proadi of an enemy or of a storm ; wo liavo reason 
 to fear the puni.sliment of uur sins. 
 
 1 kM /ear no c»il, fur tliou nrl wUh mo. — Pi. ixiii. 
 
 2. To reverence ; to have a reverential awe ; tu 
 venerate. 
 
 Ths ilci, null live, for I /ear Goil. — Gpii. xlil. 
 
 3. To affright ; to terrify ; to ilrivc away or prevent 
 apiiroach bv fear, or by a scarecrow. 
 
 [This seems to be the primary meaning, bnt now 
 obsolete.] 
 
 \Vf mn»l not mak<> a sc\n-crow (if the law, 
 SL'lting it U|i to /ear llio UnU gf pn-y. Shak. 
 PkAII, v. i. To be in apprehension of evil ; to be 
 
 afriiitl ; to feel anxiety on account of some expected 
 
 evil. 
 
 Bill I /ear, iMt by any mrnni, ni t\\f tcipiTnt brgxiilol Kvc 
 tliniii^lt tiu iiulitiUy, BO ^nnr iiiiiiils uliould bu corrviptcil 
 frtjin llic liinpliciiy th.il is in Clirul. — 'i Cor. xi. 
 
 f\ar niit, AliTiiu : 1 am thy aliicW luul tliy CKCcfding grvM 
 rewimi. — ticn. XT. 
 
 FicAIl, n. [Sax. /i:ra, ;r(/frn.] 
 
 A iiimpanion. [JVut in u.ii:] [Sec PEr.n.l Spni.irr. 
 FRAK'KI), PI). .Apprehended or expected with painful 
 
 soliritnde; revereneetl. 
 FeAII'FIJL, a. .Mfected by fe.ir ; feolin? pain in ex- 
 
 pecttuiiiii of evil ; apprehensive with solicitude j 
 
 afrtiiil. I am frurfut of the consequences of rash 
 
 conduct. Hence, 
 
 2. Timid ; timorous ; wanting courage. 
 
 What man is there Ih.'it ij /ear/ut and faiut-hcartcd t — Dent. 
 
 XX. 
 
 3. Terrible; impressing fear ; frightful; dreadful. 
 
 It U n /ear/ul tiling to foil into the lu-uids of Uie living Uod. — 
 Hob. X. 
 
 4. Awftil ; to be reverenced. 
 
 O Lord, who ii lille thee, glorious in holiness, /ear/ul in pndses ? 
 — Kx. XT. 
 
 Thai thou nidyest fonr this glorious and /ear/ul name, jLhuvati, 
 thy Gotl. — Ueut. xxviii. 
 
 FEAR'FI;L-I.Y, ot/u. Timorously; in fear. 
 
 In such a nijhl 
 Did Thisle /htr/ully o'ertrip the de*-. 
 
 StiOk. 
 
 2. Terribly ; dreadfully ; in a manner to impress 
 terror. 
 
 There U n clilT, whose h\g\i and bending head 
 
 iMokt /ear/itlly on tlie confnied deep. Shak. 
 
 3. In a manner to impress admiration and aston- 
 ishment. 
 
 1 am /ear/uU)f and irondeifiilly made. — Ps. cxxxix. 
 FeAR'KJJL-NESS, n. Timorousness ; timidity. 
 
 2. State of being afraid ; awe ; dread. 
 
 A Uiirl \\\'mf^ that makes a government despised, is fear/ulnett 
 of, and mcAn compliances Willi, bold popular ollenders. 
 
 Soulk. 
 
 3. Terror ; alann ; apprehension of evil. 
 
 Fear/ulnelt liath surprised tlie hypocrites. — Is. xxxtit. 
 
 FEAR'I-ESS, o. Free from fear ; as, fearless of death ; 
 
 fcarlrAt of consequences. 
 
 3. Bold ; courageous ; intrepid ; undaunted ; as, a 
 
 fearless hero ; a fearless foe. 
 FfeAll'LESS-LY, ailr. Wiihoiit fear; in a bold or 
 
 coHraieoiis ni:>nner ; intrcpiilly. Brave men frar- 
 
 les.ily expose themselves to the most formidable 
 
 dangers. 
 
 Fi!.\R'L.ES.S-NESS,». Freedom from fear ; courage; 
 boldness ; intrepidity, 
 
 Ue gave instances of un invincible courage and /tarleitnett In 
 daiij^r. Ctaren/lon, 
 
 FEAR'.NAUGIIT, ffeer'nawt,) n. A woolen clolli of 
 great tliickness ; tIreadnaiiElit. 
 
 FEAS-I-BIL'I-TY, H. [See Fkajible.] The quality 
 of being capable of execution ; practicability. Be- 
 fore we adopt a plan, Icta us consiili r its fr<L.ibilil)i. 
 
 FeAS'I-BLE, (feez'e-bl,) a. [Fr. faUablr, from faire, 
 to make ; V-facere: ll.fattihilr; Sp./acfiAk] 
 
 1. That may be done, p*-rformed, executed, or ef- 
 fected ; pranirablc. We s,iy a thing is feasible, when 
 it can be etferted by human means or agency. A 
 thing may be possible, but not feasible. 
 
 2. That may be used or tilled, as land. B. Trumbull. 
 FEAS I BLE, II. That which is practicable ; that 
 
 which can be pcrftirmed by human means. 
 Fk AS'i nLE-.NESS, n. Feasibility; practicability. 
 FEAS'I-BLY adv. Practicably. [Bp. Hall. 
 
 FEAST, It. [l,.festum ; Ft. f tie; Sp. fiesta ; ll. fesla ; 
 
 Ir./ea.vda; D.fcest; G./«(.] 
 
 1. A sumptuous rep.ist or entertainment, of which 
 
 a number of guests partake ; particularly, a rich or 
 
 splendid public entertainment. 
 
 On Pharaoh's luthday, ha made a /aatt lo all his aerranCs. — 
 
 Gen. xl. 
 
 FEA 
 
 2. A rich or delicious repast or meal ; something 
 delicious to the jialate. 
 
 3. A ceremony of feasting ; joy and thanksgiving 
 on stated days, in ccmineinoraiion of sonie great 
 event, or in honor of some distingiiisht;d personage ; 
 an anniversary, periodical, or stated celehratioii of 
 some event ; n festival ; as on occasion of the games 
 in Greece, and the fca.it of the passovi r, the /cuat tif 
 Pentecost, and the feast of tabernacles among the 
 Jews. 
 
 4. Something delicious and entertaining to the 
 mind or smil ; as, the dispensation of the gospel is 
 called a /«!.>( offal things. I-: xxv. 
 
 5. That which delights and entertains. 
 
 He that is of a merry li'-arl hath a continual /east. — Prov. xv. 
 
 In the F.iifrlisk Church, feasts are immovable or mnra- 
 ble ; immorahlr, when they always occur on the 
 same day of the yeai-, as t-'hristin.ts day, &c. ; and 
 mncable, whi n they are not confined to the same 
 day of the year, us Easter, which regulates many 
 others 
 
 Fe.AST, v. i. To eat sumptuously ; to dine or sup on 
 rich provisitMis ; particularly in large companies, and 
 on public festivals. 
 
 And his sons went and/ea««'/ In their hoiis-'s. — Job 1. 
 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. 
 FE.\ST, 1'. (. To enterlain witli sumptuous provis- 
 ions ; to treat at the table magnificently ; as, he was 
 feasted by tln^ king. I/ayirard. 
 
 2. To delight ; to pamper; to gratify luxuriously ; 
 a.s, to fra.H the soul. 
 
 Whose taste or smell can bless die feasted sense. Dry<hn. 
 
 FEAST'ED, pp. ox a. Entertained sumptuouslj' ; dc- 
 hghted. 
 
 FliAST'ER, n. One who fares deliciously. Taylor. 
 
 2. One who entertains magnificently. Johnson. 
 FEAST'l'JJL, a. Festive ; joyful ; as, a fcastful day 
 or friend. MUlon. 
 2. Sumptuous ; luxurious ; as, fcastful rites. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 FEAST'FtJL-LY, mlv. Festively ; luxuriously. 
 FliAST'ING, ppr. Eating luxuriously ; luring sump- 
 
 2. Delighting ; gratifying. [tuously. 
 
 3. Entertaining with a sumptuous table. 
 FEAST'ING, II. The act of eating luxuriously; an 
 
 entertainment. 
 
 FeAST'-IIITE, n. Custom observed in entertain- 
 ments. Philips. 
 
 FEAT, n. [Fr. fait ; It. fallo ; L. factum, from facio, to 
 perform.] 
 
 1. An act , a deed ; an exploit; as, a bold feat ; a 
 noble feat ; feats of prowess. 
 
 2. In a subordinate sense, any extraordinary act of 
 strength, skill, or cunning ; as, /tats of horseman- 
 ship, or of dexterity ; a trick. 
 
 FeAT, a. Ready ; skillful ; ingenious. 
 
 Never master had a page — so /eoL [06».l Shak. 
 
 FEAT, c. (. To form ; to fashion. [Obs.] Shak. 
 FeAT'E-OUS, o. Neat; dextrous. 
 F£AT'E-OUS-LY, at/o. Neatly ; dcxtrously. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FE.ATU'ER, (feth'er,) n. [Snx.fell,er;G.feder; D. 
 veder; Dan. Jia^ ; Sw. Jteder ; allied probably to 
 TTTCoov, and ircriiX'ii', from rcTa(>f, to open or ex- 
 pand. Fether, according to the etymology, would 
 be the better spelling.] 
 
 1. A plume ; a general name of the covering of 
 birds. The smaller feathers are iiseil for the filling 
 of bells ; the larger ones, called quills, are used for 
 ornaments of the head, for writing pens, &c. The 
 feather consists of a shaft or stem, corneous, round, 
 strong, and hollow at the lower part, ami at the 
 upper part filled with pith. On each side of the 
 shaft are the vanes, broad on one side, and nar- 
 row on the other, consisting of thin lamina;. The 
 feathers which cover the body arc called the plumairc ; 
 the featJiers of the wings are ad.ipted to flight. 
 
 2. Kind ; nature ; species ; from the proverbial 
 phra.sc, " Birds of a feather," that is, of the same 
 species. [UnasuaU] 
 
 I am not of that /ealher lo shake off 
 
 My irieiid, when he most nueiU me. Shak. 
 
 3. An ornament ; nn empty title. 
 
 4. On a horse, a sort of natural frizzling of the 
 hair, which, in some places, rises above the lying 
 hair, and there makes a figure resembling the tip of 
 an ear of wheat. far. Did. 
 
 .1 feather in the cap. Is an honor, or mark of dis- 
 tinc^on. 
 
 7 o be in AiVA feather; to apiKar in high spirits and 
 health, like birils when their plumage is full, after 
 molting. 
 
 To shorn Uie white featXer ; to give indications of 
 cowardice ; a phrase borrowed from the cockpit, 
 where a white feather in the tail of a cock is con- 
 sidered a token that he is not of the true game- 
 breed. Orose. 
 FEATII'ER, r. f. To dress in feathers; to fit with 
 feathers, or to cover with feathers. 
 
 2. f ij'Mra/icc/y, to cover with foliage in a feathery 
 manner. Sir If. ScotL 
 
 FEB 
 
 3. To tread, aa a cock. Dryden. 
 
 4. To enrich ; to adorn ; lo exalt. 
 
 The king cared not to plumo his nobility and people, to /eaitier 
 hiiiiBi-'ll. Ilacon. 
 
 To feather one's nest; to collect wealth, particularly 
 from emoluniriits derived from agencies lor otlii rs ; 
 a proverb taken from birds which collect feathers for 
 their nests. 
 
 FEATIl'Ell-BED, n. A beil filled w ith fi alhers ; a 
 Hoa beil. 
 
 FEATII'Ell-BOARD-ING, n. A covering of boards 
 in u liirli the edge of one board overlaim aiiollier, 
 like Ihe f(;alhers of a bird. Loudon. 
 
 FEATU'ER-DRIV-ER, n. One who beats and other- 
 wise prepares feathers to make them light or loose. 
 
 FE ATH'EK a;!), (feth'erd,) pp. Covered with feath- 
 ers ; enriched. 
 
 2. a. Clothed or covered with leathers. A fowl 
 or bird is a feathered animal. 
 
 Rise from the ground like /eathereil .Mercury. Shak. 
 
 3. Fitted or furnished with feathers ; as, a feath- 
 ered arrow. 
 
 4. Smoothed, like down or fe.ithers. Scott. 
 !j. Covered with tilings grrwing from the sub- 
 stance ; as, land feathered with tribes. Coic. 
 
 FE.ATH'ER-EDGE, ii. An edge like a feather. 
 
 A board that has one edge tliiiincr tlian Uic oUier, is c--ill<-d /ealli. 
 er-edge slulf. Moi'jn. 
 
 FEATU'ER-EDC /CD, a. Having one edge thinner 
 than the other. Owill. 
 
 FEA FII'ER-KEW, n. A rorriiptitm of Fever few. 
 
 FEATH'ER-GRXSS, n. A species of grass, distin- 
 guished by its feathered beard. Loudon. 
 
 FEATU'EU-ING, ppr. Covering with feathers. 
 
 FEATH'EU-LESS, a. Destitute of feathers ; un- 
 lle.lgitl. //»Kir7. 
 
 FE.VfU'ER-LY, a. Resembling feathers. [JVot u.ied.] 
 
 Brown, 
 
 FEATII'ER-SELL'ER, n. One who sells feathers 
 for beds. 
 
 FEATH'ER-Y, (feth'er-e,) a. Clothed or covered 
 
 with feathers. Milton. 
 2. Having the appearance of feathers ; [leruiining 
 
 to or resembling feathers. ^ 
 Fii.\T'LY, ado. [from feat.] Neatly ; iSxtronsly ; 
 
 adroitly. [Little used.] Shak. Jh-ijden. 
 
 FicAT'NESS, n. [from/f«f.] Dexterity ^ adroitness ; 
 
 skillfulness. [Little used.] 
 FEAT'miE, 71. [Norm, failure; \..factura,a making, 
 
 from facio, to make ; It. /u«uru.] 
 
 1. The make, form, or cast of any part of the face ; 
 any single lineament. We speak of large features 
 or small /radircs'. We see a resemblance in t\\t: feat- 
 ures of a parent and of a child. 
 
 2. The make or ca-st of the face. 
 
 Report the /eature of Octavia, her years. Shak. 
 
 3. The fashion ; the make ; the whole turn or cast 
 of the body. 
 
 4. The make or form of any part of the surface of 
 a thing, as of a country or landscape. 
 
 5. Lineament; outline; prominent parts; as, the 
 frnturejs of a treaty. 
 
 Fe.\T'UR-AT), a. Having features or good features ; 
 
 resemblinz in features. Sliak. 
 Fe.\T'|tkE-LESS, a. Having no distinct features. 
 FE.\ZE, r. t. To untwist the end of a rope. 
 FkAZ'£I), (feezd,) pp. Untwisted [.^insitorth. 
 Fl-.AZ'L\G, ppr. Untwisting. 
 FE-BRIC'll-LA, n. [L.] A slight fever. 
 FE-BKie'Ii-LOSE, a. AlTectcd w ith slight fever. 
 FE-l!Rie-U-LOS'I-TY, n. Feverishness. 
 FEB'RI-Fa-CIENT, (-fa-shent,) a. [L./tAm, a fever, 
 
 and facia, to make.] 
 
 Causing fever. Beddoes. 
 FEB'RI-FA-ClENT, tu That which produces fever. 
 
 Beddoes. 
 
 FE-BRIF'IC, a. [L..febris, fever, ani facio, to make.] 
 Producing fever; feverish. 
 
 FEB-RI-FO'GAL, a. flnfra.] Having the quality of 
 mitigating or curing fever. [Not in use among phy- 
 sicians, but only among uninedic.il men.] LindJeij. 
 
 FEB'Ul-FUOE, 11. [L.fcbris, fever, and fugo, to drive 
 away.] 
 
 Any medicine that mitigates or removes fever. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 FEB'RI-FL'GE, a. Having the quality of mitigating 
 or sulMliiiiig fever ; antifi brile. ..^rbuthnot. 
 
 Fk'BRILE or FEB'RILE, a. [Fr., from L. febrUis, 
 from fthris, fever.] 
 
 Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived 
 from it ; a^, febrile symptoms ; fibrile action. 
 
 FEI!'RU-A-RY, n. [L. Frhruariiu ; Fr. Ferrier; It. 
 Febhraio ; Sp. Febrero : Arm. Ferrer ; Port. Frvereiro ; 
 Ir. Feabhra ; Russ. Phebral. The Latin word is said 
 to be named from frbruo, to purify by sacrifice, and 
 thus to signify the month of purification, as the peo- 
 ple were, in this month, purified by sacrifices and 
 oblations. The word frbruo is said to be a .Sabine 
 word, connected with fero(o,ferbco, to boil, as boiling 
 w.as used in purifications. Farm. Orid. 
 
 This practice bears a rtjsomblance to that of mak- 
 ing atonement among the Jews ; but the connection 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH aa SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
FED 
 
 FEE 
 
 FEE 
 
 1 
 
 between ffrveo nnd February is doubtful. The W. 
 (wi^rat, Febriiarj', Arm. htuvrcr, Corn, hcuvral, is 
 from \V. fwevijr, violence ; tlie severe month.] 
 
 The name of the second month in the year, intro- 
 duced into the Roman calendar by Numal In com- 
 mon years, this month contains 23 days ; in the bis- 
 sextile or leap vear, 129 d.ivs. 
 FEB-RU-A'TION, n. Purification. [See February.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 Fk'G.^L, a, [See F.i:ce3.] Containing or consisting 
 
 of dregs, lees, sediment, or excrement. 
 FE'Ce?, ji. pi. [L./frf,--.] 
 
 1. Dregs ; lees ; sediment ; the matter which sub- 
 sides in casks of liquor. 
 
 9. Excrement. A-buthnot. 
 FE'CIAL, (ie'shal,) a. {L. fedaUs.] 
 
 Pertaining to heralds and the denunciation of war 
 
 to an enemy ; as, fecial law. Kent. 
 FE'CIT, 71. [L., he made.] A word inscribed by 
 
 artists after their names on a work, to denote the 
 
 designer ; as, Guido fecit. 
 FECK'LESS, a. Spiritless ; feeble ; weak ; perhaps a 
 
 corruption of Effectless. [Scottish.'] 
 FECIJ-LA, 71. The green matter of plants; chloro- 
 
 phyl. Ure. 
 
 2. Starch or farina ; called, also, amylaceous fecula. 
 
 This term is applied to any pulverulent matter ob- 
 tained from plants by simply breaking down the tex- 
 ture, w.ashing with water, and subsidence. Hence 
 its application to starch and the green fecula, though 
 entirely different in chemical properties. Cyc. 
 
 FEC'U-LENCE, ) n. [L. ficcitlrntia, from fj-cala, 
 FEe'U'-LEN-CY, \ ftrca, fcez, dregs.] 
 
 1. Muddiness ; foulness; the quality of being foul 
 with extraneous matter or lees. 
 
 2. Lees ; sediment ; dregs ; or rather the sub- 
 stances mixed with liquor, or floating in it, which, 
 when separated and lying at the bottom, are called 
 lees^ dre^s, or sediment. The refining or fining of 
 liquor is the separation of it from its feculencies. 
 
 FEC'CJ-LENT, a. Foul with extraneous or impure 
 substances ; muddy ; thick ; turbid ; abounding with 
 sediment or excrementitious matter. 
 
 Fe'CUXD, a. [L. fa?cundus, from the root of fa-tus ] 
 Fruitful in children ; i)roIific. Or,-iunt. 
 
 Fe'CUX-D.^TE, I-. (. To make fruitful or prolific. 
 2. To impregnate ; as, the pollen of llowers fe- 
 cundates the stigma. ..^nacliarsis, Trans. 
 
 FE'eU.V-DA-TEb, pp. Rendered prolific or fruitful ; 
 impregnated. 
 
 FE'e[J.\-D.\-TIXG, ppr. or a. Rendering fruitful ; 
 impregnating. 
 
 Fe-CU.VDA'TION', 71. The act of making fniitful or 
 
 prolific ; impregnation. 
 FE-€UND'I-FS', v. L To make fruitful ; to fecundate. 
 
 [Little iLsed.] 
 FE-€UND'I-TY, 71. [L. faicunditas.] 
 
 1. Fniitfuhiess ; the quality of producing fniit ; 
 particularly the quality in female aniuials of produc- 
 ing young in great numbers. 
 
 2. The power of producing or bringing forth. It 
 is said that the seeds of some plants retain their 
 fecundity forty years. Raij. 
 
 3. Fertility ; the power of bringing forth in abun- 
 dance ; richness of invention. 
 
 FED, pret. and /);;. of Feed, which see. 
 
 FED'ER-AL, a. [from L. fwdiui, a league, allied, per- 
 haps, to Eng. wedj Sax. weddian^ L. vas^ vadis, vador, 
 vailimonium. See Heb. Ch. Syr. 82J;, to pledge. Class 
 Bd, No. 25.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a league or contract ; derived from 
 an agreement or covenant between parties, particu- 
 larly between nations. 
 
 The Romans, contrary to federal right, compelleii them to part 
 with SAnlinia. Grew. 
 
 2. Consisting in a compact between parties, partic- 
 ularly and chietly between states or nations ; fountl- 
 ed on alliance by contract or mutual agreement ; as, 
 a federal government, such as that of the United 
 States. 
 
 3. Friendly to the constitution of the United 
 States. [Sec the noun.] 
 
 FEIJ'ER-.\[,, ) 71. An appellation in America, 
 FED'ER-AL-IST, ( given to the friends of the con- 
 stitution of the Uniteil Stales at its formation and 
 •adoption, and to the political party which favored 
 the administration of President Washington. 
 FEI) ER-AE-IS.\I, n. The principles of the Federalists. 
 
 Morris. 
 
 FED'ER-AE-IZE, c. f. ori. To unite in compact, as 
 diflerent states ; to confederate for political purposes. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 FED'F.ll-AI, TZ-KI), pp. United in compact. 
 Fi:i)'KR-AI, I7,-!.\(;,/,pr. Confederating. 
 FEI)'ER-.\.RY, ) 71. A partner; a confederate; an 
 FED'A-RY, ( accomplice. [JVut iijci/.l Shall. 
 FED'EK A i'E, o. {I., fr^eralus.] 
 
 Leagued ; united by compart, ns sovereignties, 
 
 ■tales, or nations ; Joined in confederacy ; w, federate 
 
 nations or |Kjwers, 
 FEU-ER-A'TION, n. The net of uniting in n league. 
 
 9. A league ; a confederacy. Ilurke 
 FED'ER-A-TIVE a. Uniting ; Joining in a league ; 
 
 fonning a confeacracy. 
 
 FED'I-TY, 71. [Ufceditas.] 
 
 Turpitude ; vileness. [J^ot in use.'] Hall. 
 
 FEE, 71. [Sax. feo, fcoh ; D. vee ; G. rich ; Sw. fa ; 
 Dan./cre ,• Scot, fee, fey. or fte, cattle ; L. pecuj pecus. 
 From the use of cattle in transferring property, or 
 from barter and payments in cattle, the word came 
 to signify money; it signified, also, goods, substance 
 in general. The word belongs to Class Bg, but the 
 primary sense is not obvious.] 
 
 A reward or compensation for services ; recom- 
 pense, either gratuitous, or established by law, and 
 claimed of right. It is applied particularly to the 
 reward of professional services ; as, the fees of law- 
 yers and physicians ; the fees of otSce ; clerk's fees ; 
 sheriff 's /ces ; marriage /ce5, &c. INIany of these are 
 fixed by law ; but gratuities to professional men are 
 also called /fcs. 
 
 FEE, 71. [Tills word is usually deduced from Sax. 
 feohj cattle, property, and /ec, a reward. This is a 
 mistake. Fee, in land, is a contraction of feud or 
 Jief, or from the same source ; It. fede, Sp. fe, faith, 
 trust. Fee, a reward, from fcoh, is a Teutonic word ; 
 but fee, feud, fief, are words wholly unknown to the 
 Teutonic nations, who use, as synonymous with 
 them, the word which in English is loan. This 
 word fee, in land or an estate in trust, was first used 
 among the descendants of the northern conquerors 
 of Italy, but it originated in the south of Europe. 
 See Feud.] 
 
 Primarily, a loan of land, an estate in trust, granted 
 by a prince cr lord, to be lield by the grantee on con- 
 dition of personal service, or other condition ; and, 
 if the grantee or tenant frilled to perform the condi- 
 tions, the land reverted to the lord or donor, called 
 the landlord, or lend lord, the lord of the loan. A fee, 
 then. Is any land or tenement held of a superior on 
 certain conditions. It ia siynonymous with fief and 
 feurL All the \Kr.-± in England, except the crown 
 land, is of this kind. Fees are absolute or limited. 
 An alsolute fie, or fee-simile, is land which a man 
 iiolds to hirasslf and his heirs forever, who are called 
 Imants in fee-simple. Hence, in modern times, the 
 Izemfee or fee-simple denotes an estate of inheritance ; 
 and, in America, where lands are not generally held 
 of a superior, a fee, or fee-simple, is an estate in which 
 the owner has tiie whole property, without any con- 
 dition annexed to the tenure. A limited fee, is an 
 estate limited or clogged with certain conditions ; as, 
 a qualified or base fee, which ceases with the exist- 
 ence of certain conditions; and a condilional fee, 
 which is limited to particular heirs. 
 
 Blackstor-e* Encyc. 
 In tlie United States, an estate in fee, or fee-simple, 
 is what is called in English law an allodial estate, an 
 estate held by a person in his own right, and de- 
 scendible to the heirs in general. 
 
 FEE'-FARM, 71. [fee and fartn.] A kind of tenure 
 of estates without homage, fealty, or other service, 
 except that mentioned in the feoffment, which is 
 usually the full rent. The nature of this tenure is, 
 that if the rent is in arrear or unpaid for two years, 
 the feoffor and his heirs may have an action for the 
 recovery of the lands. Encyc. 
 
 FEE'-SIM'PLE. See Fee. 
 
 FEE'-TaIL, 71. An estate entailed ; a conditional fee. 
 FEE, r. t. To pay a fee to ; to reward. Hence, 
 
 2. To engage in one's service by advancing a fee 
 or sum of money to ; as, to fee a lawyer. 
 
 3. To hire ; to bribe. Shak. 
 
 4. To keep in hire. Shale. 
 FEE'BLE, a. [Fx. foible: Pp. feble ; Norm, id.; It. 
 
 ftevole. I know not the origin of the first syllable.] 
 
 1. Weak ; destitute of much physical strength; as, 
 infants are feeble at their birth. 
 
 2. Infirm ; sickly ; debilitated by disease. 
 
 3. Debilitated by age or decline of life. 
 
 4. Not full or loud ; as, a feeble voice or sound. 
 
 5. Wanting force or vigor ; as, feeble efforts. 
 
 C. Not bright or strong ; faint ; imperfect ; as, fee- 
 ble light ; feeble colors. 
 
 7. Not strong or vigorous ; as, feeble powers of 
 mind. 
 
 8. Not vehement or rapid ; slow ; an, feeble motion. 
 FEE'BLE, V. L To weaken. [JVot used.] [See E.-<- 
 
 FKEItLF..] 
 
 FEE'BLE-.MIND'ED, a. Weak in mind ; wanting 
 firmness or constancy ; irresolute. 
 
 Comfort the /eeble-minds'I. — 1 Tlica. t. 
 
 FEE'nLE-]\II\D'ED-NESS, n. State of having a 
 fiM bl(> mind. 
 
 FEE'BLE-.NESS, 71. Weakness of body or mind, from 
 any cause ; imbecility ; infirmity ; want of strength, 
 physical or intellectual ; as, feebleness of the body or 
 limbs ; feebleness of the mind or understanding. 
 
 2. \Vant of fullness or loudness ; as, feebleness of 
 voice. 
 
 3. Want of vigor or force ; as, feebleness of exer- 
 tion or of opcraticwi. 
 
 4. Defect of brightness ; as, fcebleneat of light or 
 color. 
 
 FEE'BLY, ada. Weakly ; without strength ; as, to 
 move feebly. 
 
 Thy grntlr wmhrn fetKy crwp. Drj/ikn. 
 
 FEED, II. (. ; pret. and pp. Fed. [Sax./crfaii ; Dan.fi}- 
 der,S\v.f(ida, to feed and to beget; Goth, fodyan ; I). 
 roeden, to feed ; G. fuller, fodder ; /"((cm, to feed ; 
 Norm./oi/er, to feed and to dig, uniting with feed the 
 
 L. fodio ; Ar. fata, to feed, and congressus fuit 
 cum focmina, so^pius concubuit. Class Bd, No. 14. 
 (See Father.) In Russ. petayu is to nourish ; and in 
 \V. buyd is food, and bicyta to eat; Arm. boeta; Ir. 
 fiadh, food ; G. weid, pasture.] 
 
 1. To give food to; as, to feed an infant ; to feed 
 horses and oxen. 
 
 2. To supply with provisions. We have flour and 
 meat enough to feed the army a month. 
 
 3. To supply ; to furnish with any thing of which 
 there is constant consumption, waste, or use. Springs 
 feed ponds, lakes, and rivers ; jionds and streams /ced 
 canals. Slills are fed from hoppers. 
 
 4. To graze ; to cause to be cropped by feeding, as 
 herbage by cattle. If grain is too forwiu'd in autumn, 
 feed it with sheep. 
 
 Once in three years feed yonr mow-in^ lands. Mortimer. 
 
 5. To nourish ; to cherish ; to supply with nutri- 
 ment ; as, to /cerf hope or expectation ; to /ecrf vanity. 
 
 6. To keep m hope or expectation ; as, to feed one 
 with hope. 
 
 7. To supply fuel ; as, to feed a fire. 
 
 8. To delight ; to supply with sometliing desirable ; 
 to entertain ; as, to feed the eye with the beauties of 
 a landscape. 
 
 9. To give food or fodder for fattening ; to fatten. 
 The old cotinty of Hampshire, in Massachusetts, 
 feeds a great number of cattle for slaughter. 
 
 10. To supply with food, and to lead, guard, and 
 protect ; a scriptural setisc. 
 
 Ho sliall feed his flock like a shepherd. — Isa. x\. 
 FEED, V. i. To take food ; to eat. Shak. 
 
 2. To subsist by eating ; to prey. Some birds feed 
 on seeds and berries, others on flesh. 
 
 3. To pasture ; to graze ; to place cattle to feed. 
 Ex. xxii. 
 
 4. To grow fat. Johnson. 
 FEED, 71. That which is eaten; provender; fodder; 
 
 pasture ; applied to that ichich is eaten by beasts, not to 
 the food of men. The hills of our •uunlry furnish the 
 best feed for sheep. 
 
 2. A certain portion or oUowance of provender 
 given to a horse, cow, &c. ; as, a feed of corn or 
 
 3. Meal, or act of eating. [oats 
 
 For sucli pleasure till that hour 
 At feed or lounlain never had i foand. Milton. 
 
 FEED, pp. or a. Retained by a fee. 
 
 FEED'-PIPE, 71. A pipe which feeds or supplies the 
 boiler of a steam-engine, &c., with water. Ilebert. 
 
 FEED'ER, 71. One that gives food or supplies nourish- 
 ment. 
 
 2. One who furnishes incentives ; an encourager. 
 
 The feeder of my riots. SltaJ:. 
 
 3. One that eats or subsists ; as, small birds are 
 feeders on grain or seeds. 
 
 4. One that fattens cattle for slaughter. [United 
 States.] 
 
 5. A fountain, stream, or channel that supplies a 
 main canal \v\lh water. 
 
 Feeder of a vein ; in mining, a short cross vein. 
 
 Cye. 
 
 FEED'ING, ppr. Giving food or nutriment ; furnish- 
 ing provisions ; eating ; taking food or nourishment ; 
 grazing ; supplying water or that which is constantly 
 consumed ; nourishing ; supplying fuel or incentives. 
 
 FEED'ING, 71. The act of eating. 
 
 2. That which is eaten ; pasture. Drayton. 
 
 FEE'ING, ppr. Retaining by a fee. 
 
 FEEL, V. t.; pret. and pp. Felt. [Sax. felan, firlan, 
 gefclan; G. frihlen ; D. voelen ; allied probably to L. 
 palpo. Qu. W. pwyf(ai/), to impel. The primary sense 
 is, to touch, to pat, to strike gently, or to press, as is 
 evident from the L. palpito, and otiier derivatives of 
 palpo. If so, the word seems to bo allied to L. pclla. 
 See Class Bl, No. 8.] 
 
 1. To perceive by the touch : to have sensation ex- 
 'cited by contact of a thing with the body or limbs. 
 
 SnITerme tliat 1 maj/rcl the pillars. — Jinlf.'S xvi. 
 Come near, 1 pray Uiee, tlial 1 may /fe( thee, iiiy aon. — Gm. 
 xxvii. 
 
 2. To have the sense of; to suffer or enjoy ; as, to 
 feel pain ; to feel pleasure. ' 
 
 3. To experience ; to suffer. 
 
 Whoso keepelh the tomniamhnenu iliall /ee/ no cril thing. — 
 Jkclei. viii. 
 
 4. To be affected by ; to perceive mentally ; «s, to 
 feel grief or woe. 
 
 Wonhl I had never trod lliis English earth, 
 Or Jelt llie flaiu-iiii lhat grow ujion it. ShaJc. 
 .'). To know ; to be acquainted with ; to have a real 
 and just view of. 
 
 Kor th''n, ind not till then, lie/tU liimiK-lf. Shale. 
 f). To touch ; to handle ; with or without of. Feel 
 this piece of silk, or feel of it. 
 
 To feel, or to feel out, is to try ; to sound ; to search 
 
 FATE. FAR, FALL, WH/IT METE, PKBY. — PL\E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 444 
 
FEl 
 
 for ; to explore ; as, to pd or fed out one's opinions 
 or designs. 
 
 Tu frd iiflcr ! to search for ; to seek to find ; to seek 
 as a person groping in tlie d:irk. 
 
 If luiplj Uifj nii^jtit /eel a/ler liiiii, ami fmj him. — Acls xvii. 
 
 FKKL, 0. i. To liavc perception by tlie toiicli, or by 
 tlie contact of any substance with the body. 
 
 2. To have the sensibility or the passions moved or 
 excited. Tlie (jood man feds for the woes of others. 
 
 Maii who fHla for all maiikiiul. Pope. 
 
 3. To give perception ; to excite; sensation. 
 
 Blind men tmy bltidl/ec/* luilgli, ftiKl while /eeU *in(i<>th. 
 
 JJryden. 
 
 So we say, a thing feds soft or hard, or \lfcds hot 
 or cold. 
 
 4. To have perception menially ; as, to fed hurt ; 
 to fed grieved ; to fed unwilling. 
 
 FEKL, >i. The sense of feelini;. 
 
 2. The perception caused by the touch. The dif- 
 ference of tumors may be ascertained by the feci. 
 Argillaceous stones may sometimes he known by the 
 feel. Mineralogists speak of a greasy /ff/. 
 
 [ This word is chiejlij used by men of science in dc- 
 scribinj; material obje-ctsA 
 FEEL'ER, n. One who feels. 
 
 2. One of the palpi of insects. The feelers of in- 
 sects are usually four or six, and situated near the 
 mouth. They are filiform, and resemble articulated, 
 movable antennx. Tbev .ire distinguished front an- 
 tennie, or horns, by uemg short, naked, and placed 
 near the uioutli. They are used in searching for 
 fo<Hl. Kncyc. 
 
 TiM term is also applied to the antenna! of insects 
 and mollusks. Paley. 
 
 3. Figaralirelii, an observation, remark, &c., put 
 forth or thrown out, as if casually, in order to ascer- 
 tain the views of others. 
 
 FEEIj'ING, ppr. I'ercciviAg by the touch; having 
 perception. 
 
 2. o. Expressive of gre.it sensibility; artecting; 
 tending to excite the passions. He made a feelinsr 
 representation of his wrongs. lie spoke w ilUfeding 
 eloquence. 
 
 3. Possessing great sensibility ; easily affected or 
 moved ; as, a feeling man ; a feeling heart. 
 
 4. Sensibly or deeply affected ; as, I had a feeling 
 sense of his favors. [This use is not analogical^ but 
 common,] 
 
 FEELi'ING, n. The sense of touch ; the sense by 
 which we perceive external objects which come in 
 contact with the body, and obtain ideas of their tan- 
 gible qualities ; one of the five senses. It is by feel- 
 ing we know that a body is hard or soft, hot or cold, 
 wet or dry, rough or smooth. 
 3. Sensation ; the etfecl of pcrcpiAion. 
 
 Th« rtpprthpnsion of Ihe gtjod 
 Girn but the gKAlcr feeling to the worse Shak. 
 
 3. Faculty or power of perception ; sensibility, 
 'fheir kinf , out of a princely feeling, wu sparing and coiTip«- 
 
 lioniite towanl hu BuUjecu. ijocon. 
 
 4. Nice sensibility; as, a man of feeling. 
 .'>. Excitement; emotion. 
 
 FEEL'ING-LY, adv. With expression of great sensi- 
 bility ; tenderly ; as, to speak feelingly. 
 2. So as to be sensibly felL 
 
 ThPse app couns^lora, 
 TbRt feelingly penuode me what 1 am. 
 
 Shall. 
 Barret. 
 
 FEESE, n. A race. [Kot in use.] 
 FEET, n.fjL of Foot. [See Foot.] 
 FEET'LESS, a. Destitute of feet ; as, feellrss birds. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 FEIGN, (Hine,) p. t. [Ft. feindre; Sp. fingir; It. fin- 
 gere, or fignerr i L. Jingo ; D. veinzen ; Arm. feinta^ 
 fincha. The Uitin forms fctum, fetus, whence fi- 
 guTa,figurc. Hence it agrees with W.fagiatc, to feign 
 or dissemble ; fug, feint, disguise ; also, L. /ucits.] 
 
 1. To invent or imagine; to form an idea or con- 
 ception of something not real. 
 
 There are no nich things done u Ihon KLjnt, but thou fcigntit 
 them out of thj own heart. — Nrh. ti. 
 
 S. To make a show of ; In pretend ; to assume a 
 false appearance ; to counterfeit. 
 
 I pny thee, feign thvielf to bo a moumef . — 2 Sam. xir. 
 Slie/eifiM Uugh. Pope. 
 
 3. To represent falsely ; to pretend ; to form and 
 relate a fictitious tale. 
 
 The poet 
 
 feign thai Orpheus iliew Irrei, stones, anil fltKxls. S}ta\. 
 
 4. To dissemble ; to conceal. [06s.] Spmser. 
 FBIGN'KD, (find,) pp. or a. Invented; devised; 
 
 iniaaim d ; xssumed. 
 
 FBIGX'ED-LY, odr. In fiction; in pretense ; not re- 
 !»"}■• Bacon. 
 
 FBIGX'ED-NESS, n. Fiction ; pretense ; deceit, 
 , T Ilarmar. 
 
 I t.IGN"ER, (fan'cr.) n. One who feigns ; an in- 
 
 . ■ "•"■V"'*" "f fiction. B. Jonsnn. 
 
 I B'G.N'I.N'G, ppr. Ini::;ining; inventing; pretend- 
 ing making a false show. 
 
 FBIG.N'I.NG, 71. A false appearance; artful con- 
 trivar.ce ; deception B. Jonson. 
 
 FEL 
 
 FEIGN'ING-l.Y, adv. Willi false appearance. 
 Ffil.NT, (fante,) »i. [Fr. friiite, from fcindrr.] 
 
 1. An iissiiiiu'd or false appearance ; n pretense of 
 doing something not intended to be done. 
 
 Counlcy's letter is but a feint to if^'l oir. Spectator. 
 
 2. A mock attack; an appearance of aiming at 
 one part, when another is inteiidi d to be struck. In 
 fencing, a show of making a thrust at one part, to 
 deceive an aiflagonist, when the intention is to 
 strike another part. Prior. Encyc. 
 
 FEINT, pp. or a. Feigned; counterfeit; seeming. 
 
 L/Vot used.] Locke. 
 FEL'AND-F.RS. See Filanders. JUnsworth. 
 FI'.I.D'SI'AU, ■) Ji. [G. /./(/, field, and spar. It is 
 FKI/SPAU, 1 written by some authors felspar, 
 l''EI.l)'PP.\TII, ( which is rockspar,m fd is a con- 
 FEL'SPATII, J traction oi field. Spatk, in Ger- 
 man, signifies spar.] 
 
 A mineral occurring in crystals and crystalline 
 masses, st)mewhat vitreous in luster, anil breaking 
 rather easily in two directions, Willi snioolh sur- 
 faces. The colors are usually white or fiesh-red, oc- 
 casionally bluish or greenisli. It consists of silica, 
 alumina, and potash. Feldspar is one of the essen- 
 tial constituents of granite, gneiss, mica-slate, and 
 porphyry, and enters into the constitution of nearly 
 all volcanic rocks. 
 
 The term feldspar family is applied to a group of 
 allied minerals, including, l)esili^^s coininon feldspar, 
 the species Albite, Anorthite, Labradorile, ami Uyac- 
 olile. Dana. 
 FELD-SPATH'ie, ) a. Pertaining to feldspar, or 
 FELD-SP.VTH'OSE, j consisting of it. 
 
 Journ, of Science. 
 FE-UC'I-TaTE, v. t. [Fr. fdicitcr; Sp. fdiciUr ; It. 
 felicilarc ; L. felicito, from fiiix, happy.] 
 
 1. To make very happy. 
 
 Wh^t a ^lorioitf entert;iiiunent and pleasure would fill and 
 felidlale his spirit, if he couid grasp all in a single survey 1 
 
 UalU. 
 
 More generally, 
 
 2. To congratulate ; to express joy or pleasure to. 
 ^Ve felicitate our frientis on the acipiisition of good, 
 or an escape from evil. 
 
 FE-I.IC'I-'PATE, a. Made very happy. Shale. 
 FE-LIC'I-TA-TED, /ip. Made very happy ; congrat- 
 ulated. 
 
 FE-LIC'I-T.\-TING, p;ir. Making very happy; con- 
 gratulating. 
 
 FE-LIC-I-Ta'TION, n. Congratulation. Diet. 
 
 FE-LIC'I-TOUS, a. Very happy; prosperous; de- 
 lightful. Diet. 
 
 FE-LIC'I-TOUS-LY, adu. Happily. DicL 
 
 FE-LIC'I-TOUS-NESS, n. State of being very 
 happy. 
 
 FE-LIC'I-TY, 71. [L. fdicitas, from fdiz, happy.] 
 
 1. Happiness, or rather great happiness ; blessed- 
 ness ; blissfulness ; appropriatidy, the joys of heaven. 
 
 2. Prosperity ; blessing ; enjoyment of good. 
 
 The /e/icilie* of her wondfirfid reign may bo complete. 
 
 * AlUrbury. 
 Females — who confer on life its finest felicitiee. Raurle. 
 Fic'LINE, 0. [L. fdinus, from fdis, a cat. Qu. fell, 
 fierce.] 
 
 Pertaining to cats, or to their species; like a cat ; 
 
 noting the cit kind or the genus Felis. We say, the 
 
 feline race ; feline rapacity. 
 FELL, prct. of Fall, 
 FELL, a. [Sax. frU ; D. fel.] 
 
 1. Cruel ; barbarous ; inhuman. 
 
 It seemed fury, discord, madness fell. Ftirfix. 
 
 2. Fierce ; savage ; ravenous ; bloody. 
 
 More fell than tigers on the Libyan plain. Pope. 
 FELL, n. [Sax. G. fell; D. vel; L. peUis; Fr. 
 peau ; probably from peeling.] 
 
 A skin or hide of a beast; used chiefly in compo- 
 FELL, n. [G. fds.] [silion, as tmot-fell. 
 
 1. A barren or stony hill. [Local,] Oray. 
 
 2. A fielil. Drayton. 
 FELL, 71. [Sax. felte.] Anger ; melancholy. Spenser. 
 FELL, r. £. [D. rellen : G. fallen: Sw. fdlla; Dan. 
 
 fitlder ; probably from the root of fall.] 
 
 To cause to fall ; to prostrate ; to bring to the 
 
 ground, either by cutting, as to fell trees, or by 
 
 striking, as to fell an ox. 
 FELL'KI), (feld,) pp. Knocked or cut down. 
 FELL'ER,n. One who hews or knocks down. /?. xiv. 
 FEI^LIF'I<U-OIJS, n, [L./c/.gall, and Jiuo, to flow.] 
 
 Flowing with gall. DieL 
 FELL'lNfJ, ppr. Cutting or beating to the grtmnd. 
 FELL'Mn\"GER, (-miing'ger,) n. A dealer in hides. 
 FELL'NESS, n. [Sec Fsll, cruel.] Cruelty ; fierce 
 
 baibarily ; rage. Spenser. 
 FEL'LoE. See Fellt. 
 
 FEL'Lf^W, n. [Sax. felaw; Scot. faloK, from folloie. 
 In an old author, fdlowship is written fulottship.] 
 1. A companion ; an associate. 
 
 In youth I had iwrWe /e/foies, like myself. Aach»m. 
 Kaeh on his /rUois for assisunoc calls. Dryden, 
 Q. One of the same kind. 
 
 A shepheni had one hsorite dof ; he ftxl him with his o»-n 
 b.ind, and took more &-uc of him Ib-tu of his feltowe. 
 
 L'Ketmn^e. 
 
 FEL 
 
 3. An equal. 
 
 Awake, t) swunt, ngiiitutt iny shepheni, end affalnst Ihe niaik 
 that Is my felloa, sauh J. liovah ofliusl.. — Zech. ilU. 
 
 4. One of a pair, or of two things used together, 
 ami suited to each other. Of a pair of gloves, we 
 call one Ihe frlluic of the other. 
 
 5. One equ.il or like aiiuthi r. Of an artist « e say, 
 this man has not his fellow, that is, one of like skill. 
 
 0. An aii|iellation of contempt ; a man williout 
 good breeiling or worth; an ignoble man; as, a 
 mean fdlout. 
 
 Worth makes the man, and want of il the felUna, Pop*. 
 
 7. A member of a college that shares its revenues ; 
 or a nii inbcr of any incorporated society. Johnson. 
 
 8. A member of a corporation ; a trustee. 
 
 United Sillies. 
 
 FEL'LoW, V. t. To suit with ; to pair with ; to 
 
 match. [Little used.] Sliuli. 
 2. In composition, fellow denotes community of 
 
 nature, station, or employment. 
 FEL'Lf)\V-Cn"I-ZKN, (-sit'e-/.n,) n. A citizen of 
 
 Ihe same slate or nation. Eph. ii. 
 FEL'LoW-CO.M'.MON-ER, «. One who lias the same 
 
 right of common. 
 2. In Cambriilge, England, a student who commoiu 
 
 or dines with the fellows. 
 FEL'LoW-COUN'CIL-Oll, n. An associate in roiin- 
 
 cil. Shak. 
 FEL'LoW-eOUN'TilY-JIAN, n. One of the same 
 
 counlry. 
 
 [This word seems unnecessary, but is sometimes 
 useil in England, and often in Aiiierici. Ed.] 
 
 FEL'LoW-CRliAT'liKE, n. One of the same race 
 or kind. Thus nu n are all called felhw creatures. 
 Walls uses the word for one made by the same cre.i- 
 tor. " Ki ason, by which we are raised above our 
 ftlluw-crcaturcs, the brutes." But Uic word is not now 
 used in this sense. 
 
 FEL'LCW-FEEL'ING, n. Sympathy ; a like feeling. 
 2. .loint interest. [jVut in use.] 
 
 FEL'LOVV-HBIR, (-ir,) 7i. A co-heir, or joint-heir ; 
 one entitled to a share of the same inheritance. 
 That the Geutilfg should be fellouf-heire. — Eph. iii. 
 
 FEL'I.oW-HKLP'ER, 71. A coadjutor ; one who con- 
 curs or aids in the same business. 3 John viii. 
 
 FEL'LoW-L.\'HOIl-ER, 71. One who labors in the 
 same business or design. 
 
 FEL'LoW-LiKE, ) a. Like a companion ; compan- 
 
 KEL'LoW-LY, j ionable ; on equal terms. Carrw. 
 
 FEL'LoW-.MAiD'£N, 71. A maiden who is an asso- 
 ciate. Shak. 
 
 FEL'LoW-.'ilE.M'BER, 71. A member of the same 
 body. 
 
 FEL'LoW-MIN'IS-TER, 7i. One who officiates in 
 the s;iine ministry or calling. ShaJc, 
 
 FEL'Lt')W-PEER, 71. One who has the like privileges 
 of nobility. Shak. 
 
 FEL'LoW-PRIS'0.\-ER, (-priz'zn-er,) n. One im- 
 prisoned in the same place. Rom. xvi. 
 
 FEL'LoW-llAKE, n. An associate in vice and prof- 
 ligacy, jlnnstrong. 
 
 FEL'L6W-SeH0L'.\U, n. An associate in studies. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FEL'LoW-SERV'ANT, n. One who has the same 
 
 master. Millon. 
 FEL'LoW-SIIIP, 77. Companionship; society ; con- 
 sort ; mutual association of |>ersons on equal and 
 friendly terms ; familiar intercourse. 
 
 Have no feltoiBihip v:\t.h llie unfruitful works of darkness. — 
 Eph. V. 
 
 Men arc made for society and mutual/sUoissAip. Calamy. 
 
 2. Association ; confederacy ; combination. 
 
 Moit of the other Christian princes were drawn into the felloio- 
 sAt;j of that w.ar, \UnutiMi.] KnoUee. 
 
 3. Partnersliip ; joint interest ; as, fdlowship in 
 pain. Milton. 
 
 4. Company ; a state of being together. 
 
 The gp'al contention of tile sea and skies 
 
 P.irUHl our felloiethip. Shak. 
 
 5. Frequency of intercourse. 
 
 In a trr^at town, friends are scattered, so thai there is not that 
 fetloiselnp which is in less ueigtiburhoods. Bacon. 
 
 6. Fitness ami fondness for festive entertain- 
 ments ; with good prefixed. 
 
 He had by hi* ^-kW felloirehip — ii)ad« himself popular with all 
 the olfia rs of the army. Clartnion. 
 
 7. Coinniiininn ; intimate familiarity. I John i. 
 
 8. In arithmetic, the rule by which profit or loss is 
 divided among those who are to bear it, in proiKir- 
 tion to their investments or interests in the transac- 
 tion. P. Cye. 
 
 9. An cstahlisliment in colleges, for the mainte- 
 nance of a fellow. 
 
 FEL'LOW-SoL'DlER, (-sol'jcr,) n. One who fights 
 tinder the same coinin.inder, or is engaged in the 
 same service. Officers often address their coiniian- 
 ions in arms by this appellation. 
 
 FEL'LOW-STREAM, 7t. A stream in the vicinity. 
 
 Shrnstone. 
 
 FEL'LOW-STC'DENT, 71. One who studies in the 
 same company or chiss with another, or who belongs 
 to the same school. 
 
 TONE, niJLL, IJNITE. — AWGER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; fi as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
FEL 
 
 FEN 
 
 FEO 
 
 FEL'LoVV-SUB'JEGT, n. One wlio is subject to the 
 same aovernnient with another. Swi/l. 
 
 FEL'LoVV-SUF'FER-ER, n. One who shares in the 
 same evil, or partaljes of tlie same suftorings with 
 aniitliei 
 
 FEL'LoW-TRAV'EL-ER, n. One who travels in 
 
 company u ith ant)ther. 
 FEL'LoW-WORK'ER, (-wurk'erj 7i. One employed 
 
 in the san)e occiipatittn. 
 FEL'L.OVV-WKIT'ER, n. One who writes at the same 
 
 time. jiddisan. 
 FEL'LY, adv. [See Fell, cruel.] Cruelly ; fiercely ; 
 
 barbarously. Speii.ser. 
 FEL'LY, n. [Sax. fielge; Dan. fal^re ; D. velge; G. 
 
 The exterior part or rim of a wheel, supported by 
 the spokes. 
 
 FE'LO DE Si.', [L.] In /aw, one who commits felony 
 bv suicide, or deliberately destroys his own life, 
 
 FEL'OX, n. [Vi. felon; Low h. fdo ; hrm. fdlon ; 
 It. /e//o, or fillone, a thief. I accord witli ?pehnan 
 in deducing tliis word from the root of fail, the origi- 
 nal signilication being, a vassal wlio faded in his 
 fidelity or allegiance to his lord, and committed an 
 offense by whicli he forfeited his feuii. Hence, in 
 French, felon is traitorous, rebellious. So the word 
 is explained and deduced in Gregoire's Aniioric Dic- 
 tionary. The derivation from fee and Inn, in Spel- 
 man, copied by Dlackstone, is unnatural ] 
 
 1. In law, a person wlio has committed felony. 
 [See Felony.] 
 
 2. A whitlow ; a painful swelling formed in the 
 periosteum at the end of the finger. H'ifeman. 
 
 FEL'O.V, a. Malignant ; fierce ; malicious ; proceed- 
 ing from a depraved heart. 
 
 Vain shows of love to vail his felon hate. Pope. 
 2. Traitorous ; disloyal. 
 FE-LO'N'I-OUS, 0. Malignant; malicious; indicating 
 or proceeding from a depraved heart or evil purpose ; 
 villainous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; as, a fclumuiLs 
 deed. 
 
 2. In taw, proceeding from an evil heart or purpose ; 
 done with the deliberate purpose to commit a crime ; 
 as, felonious homicide. 
 
 FE-Lo'NI-OUS-LY, adv. In a felonious manner; 
 with the deliberate intention to commit a crime. 
 Indictments for capital oft'enses must state the fact 
 to be done feloniouslij. 
 
 FEL'ON-OUS, a. Wicked ; felonious. Spenser. 
 
 FEL'OA'-VVOKT, n. A plant of the genus Solauuin. 
 
 Pam. of Plants. 
 
 FEL'ON-Y, n. [See Felox.] In common law, any 
 crime which incurs Ihe forfeiture of lauds or goods. 
 Treason was formerly comprised under the name of 
 felony, but is now distinguished from crimes thus 
 denominated, although it is really a felony. All of- 
 fenses punishable with death are felonies ; and so 
 are some crimes not thus punished, as suicide, hom- 
 icide by chance-medley, or in self-defense, and petty 
 larceny. Capital punishment, therefore, does not 
 necessarily enter into the true idea or definition of 
 felony ; the true criterion of felony being forfeiture of 
 lands or goods. But the idea of felony has been so 
 generally connected with that of capital punisliment, 
 th;it law and usage now confirm that connection. 
 Thus, if a statute makes any new ofl'ense a felony, 
 it is understood to mean a crime punishable with 
 death. Blackstone. 
 
 FEL'.sri'E, n. [See Feldspar.] A species of com- 
 pact feldspar, of an azure-blue or green color, found 
 amorphous, associated with quartz and mica. 
 
 FEL'Sl'AR, 71. See Feldspar. [Kirwan. 
 
 FEL-SPATH'ie, o. I'ertaining to or composed of fel- 
 spar. 
 
 FELT, prff. and pp. or a. from Feel. 
 
 FELT, n. [Sax. fcUf G.fli; D. vilt ; Fr.feutre, for 
 feullre; Anu. fetlr, or fcultr ; li.frllru. 'I'his may be 
 derived naturally from the root nf fll, or full, to stufl" 
 and make thick, or from tiie loot of L. pc/fo. Eng. 
 /r//, a skin, from plucking or Elrip|)ing, L.vello,vcl- 
 lus, Eng. Kool. In Ir. full, W. gwallt, is hair.] 
 
 1. A cloth or stuff made of wool, or wool and fur, 
 fiilled or wrought into a compact substance by roll- 
 ing and [)ressure, with lees or size. Kncyc. 
 
 2. .\ hat made of wool. 
 
 3. Skin. 
 
 wh'-tlicr sheep arc Bound or not, 
 
 that the fr!t be 
 AJorttincr. 
 
 FELT, r. r. To make cloth or stuff of wool, or wool 
 and fur, by foiling. Jfalc. 
 
 FELT'-IIAT, n. A hat made of wool. 
 
 FELT'EI), pp. or a. Worked into felt. 
 
 FEI.T'ER, V. I. To clot or meet together like felt. 
 
 FKLT'I.N't;, /»/<r. Working into felt. [Fairfax. 
 
 FELT'l.Sf;, 71. The process of making fell. 
 
 FKLT'-.MAK-EIl, n. One whose occupation is to make 
 felt. 
 
 FE l-i;C'CA, n. [It. /<-i«ca; Tt.fdonqnr; S\\ faUie.a.\ 
 A boat or vessel, with oars and l.iti i ii sails, used 
 in the .Meditr^rranean. It has thi'< pet itlianry, (hat 
 the III Ini may be applied to the hi:ad or stern, as oc- 
 ranioii ri-ipiireH. Mar. Diet, f'.ncyc. 
 
 FEL'WORT, 71. A plant, n iipecies of Ueiitian. 
 
 Fk'MALE, n. [Ft. femclle ; L. femella ; Ann. femell ; 
 Fr. femme, woman ; Sans vama, vamani, a woman. 
 See Feminine.] 
 
 1. Among animals, one of that sex which conceives 
 and brings forth j'oung. 
 
 ■2. Among planu, that which produces fruit ; that 
 which bears the pistil and receives the pollen of the 
 male flowers. 
 
 Fe'.\1.4LE, a. Noting the sex which produces young ; 
 not male ; as, a female bee. 
 
 2. Pertaining to females ; as, a female hand or 
 heart ; female tenderness. 
 
 To the generous decision of a female mind we owe the discov- 
 er/ of America. Belknap. 
 
 3. Feminine; soft; delicate; weak. 
 
 Female rhymes ; double rhymes, so called from the 
 French, in which language tliey end in e feminine. 
 FE'.MALE-FLOW-ER, 71. In botany, a flower which 
 is furnished with the pistil, pointal, or female or- 
 gans. 
 
 FE'.MALE-FLANT, n. A plant which produces fe- 
 niale flowers. 
 
 Fe'MALE-SCREW, 71. The spiral-threaded cavity 
 into which another screw turns. JS'Vc/io/.s-im. 
 
 FEMF^COV'F.RT, I .Cpm kuv'ert ^ S "• ^^'''■] ^ 
 
 FEjMMEr-COy'ERT,\^^''"^^'^^ ^"■'> \ married wo- 
 man, who is under covert of her baron or husband. 
 
 FE.MF^SnLE', I ,f , , j 71. [Fr.] An unmar- 
 
 FE.M.ME-tiOLE', \ t"-'"--""^ ^> \ ri^d woman. 
 
 Femme-sole merchant, or trader ; a woman who uses 
 a trade alone, or without her husband. 
 
 FE.M-I-NAL'I-TY, n. The female nature. Brawn. 
 
 FE.M'l-NATE, o. Feminine. [Mot inase.] Ford. 
 
 FEM'I-NINE, a. [Vt. feminin; h. femininus, from 
 femina, woman. Tlie first syllable may be, and 
 probably is, from wemb, or womb, by the use of / 
 for w ; the b not being radical. The last part of the 
 word is probably from man, quasi feminan, womb- 
 inan.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a woman, or to women, or to fe- 
 males ; as, the feminine sex, 
 
 2. Soft ; tender ; delicate. 
 
 Her heavenly form 
 Angelic, but more soft and feminine. MUtori. 
 
 3. Effeminate ; destitute of manly qualities. 
 
 Halegh. 
 
 4. In ;,iTa777 77iar, denoting the gender or words which 
 signify females, or the terminations of such words. 
 Words are said to be of the feminine gender, when 
 they denote females, or have the terniinations proper 
 to express females in any given language. Thus, in 
 Latin, dominus, a lord, is ir.a.ocuIine ; but domina is 
 mi.^tress, a fiinale. 
 
 iMiltdii u-os feminine, as a noun, for female. 
 FE^ri-.\l\!^LY,'arf!). In a feminine manner, 
 FE.M'!-Nl.\-ISiM, 71. The qualities of females. 
 FE-.MIN'I-TY, 71, The quality of the female sex. [JVot 
 
 iised.] Spenser. 
 FE.\I'I-NIZE, V. t. To make womanish, [JVot v.sed.] 
 
 More. 
 
 FE^I'0-R.\L, a, [L. femoralis, from femur, the 
 thigh.] 
 
 IJelonging to the thigh ; as, the femoral artery. 
 FEN, 77. [Sax. fen, or fenn ; D. veen ; Arm, fcnna, to 
 overflow ; W, fynu, to abound, to produce ; hence, 
 L. fons. Eng. /(7«77£u7'/i.] 
 
 Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or par- 
 tially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grass- 
 es, or other aquatic plants ; boggy land ; a moor or 
 marsh. 
 
 A long c-vnal the muddy fen divides. Addison. 
 
 FEN'-BER-RY, Tt. A kind of blackberry. Skinner. 
 FEiN'-HURN, a. Born or produced in a fen. Milton. 
 FEN'-CRESS, 71. [Sax. fen-cersc] 
 
 Cress growing in fens. 
 FEN'-€R1CK-ET, 71. [Gryllotalpa.] An insect that 
 
 digs for itself a little hole in the ground. Johnson. 
 FEN'-BUCK, 71, A species of wild duck. 
 FEN'-FOWL, 71. Any fowl that fretiuents fens, 
 FEN'-LANIJ, 71. Marshy land. 
 
 FEN'-SUCK-£D, (-sukt,) a. Sucked out of marshes ; 
 as, fen-sucked fogs. Shale. 
 
 FENCE, (fens,) 77. [.See Fend.] A wall, hedge, ditch, 
 bank, or line of posts and rails, or of boards or pick- 
 ets, intended lo confine beasts from straying, and to 
 guard a field from being entered by cattle, or from 
 other em roacliiiients. A good farmer has good fences 
 about his farm ; an insiilficient fence is evidence of 
 bad inanagi'iiient. Broken windows and poor fences 
 arc evidences of idleness or poverty, or of both. 
 
 2. A guard ; any thing lo restrain entrance ; that 
 which deli nds from attack, approach, or injury ; se- 
 curity ; defi^nse. 
 
 A fence betwixt us and the victor's wrath. AdJieon. 
 
 3. Fencing, or the art of fencing ; defense. Shale. 
 
 4. Skill in fencing, or defense. Shale. ' 
 King-fence ; u fence which encircles a wliolc es- 
 tate. 
 
 FENCE, ffens,) v. 1. To inclose with a hedge, wall, 
 or any tiling lliat prevents the escape or entrance of 
 rnttle ; to secure by an inrlosure. In jVrw England, 
 farmers, for the most \);\xl, fence their lands with 
 
 posts and rails, or with stone walls. In England, 
 lands are usually /mcfii with hedges and ditches. 
 He lialh fenced my way, that I can not pass. — Job xlx. 
 2. To guard ; to fortify. 
 
 So nuich of adder's wisdom I have learnt, 
 
 To fence my ear against Uiy sorceries. MUlon, 
 
 FENCE, i. To practice the art of fencing ; to use a 
 sword or foil, for the purpose of learning the art of 
 attack and defense. To fence well, is deemed a use- 
 ful accomplishment for military gentlemen. 
 
 2. To fight and defend by giving and avoiding 
 blows or thrusts. 
 
 They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar; 
 
 Their dewtaps and llicir sides are bathed in gore. Dryden. 
 
 3. To raise a fence ; to guard. It is difficult to 
 
 fence against unruly cattle. 
 FENC'/;i), (fenst,) pp. or a. Inclosed with a fence ; 
 
 guarded ; fortified. 
 FENCE'FyL, (fens'ful,) a. Affording defense. 
 
 Congrcvc. 
 
 FENCE'LESS, (fens'less,) a. Without a fence ; un- 
 inclosed ; unguarded. 
 2. Open ; not uiclosed ; as, the fenceless ocean. 
 
 Rowe. 
 
 FENCE'-MONTH, ( munth,) 77. The month in which 
 bunting in any forest is prohibited. Bullokur. 
 
 FENCER, 71. One who fences ; one who teaches or 
 practices the art of fencing with sword or foil. 
 
 Digby. 
 
 FEN'CI-BLE, a. Capable of defense. 
 
 Spenser. .Addison. 
 FEN'CI-BLES, (-biz,) 71. pi. Soldiers enlisted for the 
 
 defence of the country, and not liable to be sent 
 
 abroad. 
 
 FENCING, y;ir. Inclosing with fence; guarding; 
 fortifying. 
 
 FENC'ING, 71. The art of using skillfully a sword or 
 foil in attack or defense ; an art taught in schools. 
 2. The materials of fences for farms, 
 
 JSTew England. 
 FENC'ING-MAS-TER, 71. One who teaches the art 
 
 of attack and defi-nsc with sword or foil. 
 FENCING-SCHOOL, 77. A .'^chool in which the art 
 
 of fencing is taught. 
 FEND, V. t. [The root of defend and offend. The pri- 
 mary sense is, to fall on, or to strike, to repel.] 
 
 To keep oft'; to prevent from entering ; to h ard 
 off ; to shut out. 
 
 Willi fern benealti fend the bitter cold. Dryden. 
 
 It is usually followed by off ;">is, to fend off blows. 
 7'iJ /c7i</ off a boat or vessel, is to prevent its running 
 against aiiiillier, or against a wharf, &c., with too 
 much violence, 
 
 FEND, 71. i. To act in opposition ; to resist ; to parry ; 
 to sliift off", • Locke. 
 
 FENU'ED,p;7. Keptoff"; warded off"; shut out. 
 
 FEND'ER, 71. That which defends ; a utensil em- 
 ployed to hinder coals of fire from rolling forward to 
 the floor. 
 
 2. A piece of timber, old rope made up into a mass, 
 or other thing hung over the side of a vessel to pre- 
 vent it from striking or rubbing against awliarf; 
 also, to preserve a small vessel from being injured by 
 a large one. 
 
 FEND'ING, ppr. Keeping or warding ofl". 
 
 FE.N'ER-aTE, v. i. [L. fnncro.] 
 
 To put to use ; to lend on interest. [JVot used.] 
 
 FEN-ER-A'TION, 71. The act of lending on use ; or 
 the interest or gain of that which is lent, 
 
 FE-NES'TR.VL, a. [L. fcnestralis, (rum fenestra, a 
 window.] 
 
 Pertaining to a window. J^Tichalson. 
 FE-NES'TRaTE, a. An epithet applied to transpa- 
 rent spots on the wings of some insects, 
 FEN'NEL, 71, [&i\. fenol: G. fenchel ; V. venkel ; 
 
 Sw.fenkal; D-an. fennikel ; W.fcnigyl; Fr. fcnouil ; 
 
 S\>. hiniijo ; ll. fnocchio ! Ir. fcncul ; L. faniculum, 
 
 from fonum, hay.] 
 
 A plant of the genus FtEniculum, cultiv.ited in 
 
 gardens, for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds 
 
 and finely divided leaves. 
 FEN'NEL-FLOW-ER, 11. A plant of the genus Ni- 
 
 gella. 
 
 FEN'NY, a. [from fen.] Boggy ; in.arshy ; moorish, 
 
 Mozon. 
 
 2. Growing in fens; as, /rniiT/ brake. Prior. 
 .'). Inbabiiing marsliy ground ; as, a /ciiiiy snake, 
 FEN'NY-STONES, 71. 'a plant. . [SluUe. 
 
 I'EN'OW-fJl), a. Corrupted ; decayed. [A"ut ta itsc] 
 FENMJ-tiREKK, II. [L./iiniim grircum.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Trigonella, allied to clover, 
 and soiiietiiues cultivated fiir its seeds, which are 
 used by furriers in cataplasms and fomentations, 
 
 /,,1«./071, 
 
 FEOD, ffude,) 71. A feud. So written by lilac kstonc 
 
 and other authors ; but more generally Feud, which 
 FEO'DAL, (fu'dal,) a. Feudal, which see. [see. 
 FEO-DAL'I-TV, (fu-dal'e-ty,) n. Feudal tenures ; the 
 
 feudal system. Burke. 
 FEO'DA-ilV, (fii'da-r)',) 71. One who holds landsof a 
 
 superior, on condition of suit and service, [Little 
 
 vsed.] [See Fel'uatohv.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi^T METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W(?LF, BOQK.- 
 
 446 
 
FER 
 
 FER 
 
 FER 
 
 FEO'DA-TO-RY. Sec PEUDATonr. 
 
 FKUFK, (ft iV,) i>. (. [Norm, frffre; Fr. .//Vjfir, from 
 
 Jiif. Tlir lirsl syllalilo is tlic U. fair, /<■, con- 
 
 tracteil from Jide's, fuilli ; llie last sj llablu 1 uiii not 
 
 iililf liilraci'.] 
 To invest with n fi-e or feud ; lo give or grant to 
 
 one any corporeal lu reditaincut. Tlic compound in- 
 
 t'eiiff is more geni rally used. 
 FF.liFF, ». Afi. f. [See Fief.] 
 
 FEOF-FHIV, (f< f-foo',) H. :\ person wlio is ififeoftl-d ; 
 that IS, invented wiUi a fee or corporeal h(-reili[a- 
 nient. 
 
 FUOF'FOR, ) .r N ( n. One wiio infeofls or grants 
 Fi:OF'Fi:i{, a fee. 
 
 FKCJFF'.ME.NT, (feir'nicnt,) n. [Law h. feoffaincn- 
 tuiii.] 
 
 Tlie gift or grant of a fee or corporeal lieredita- 
 nii'iit, as land, castles, honors, or other iinniovalile 
 thing ; a grant in tee simple to a man and his heirs 
 forever. When in writing, it is called a ilml of/ruff- 
 vient. The |)rimary sense is, the grant of a fond or 
 an estate in trust. [.-Jet: Fceo.] 
 FE-KA'CIOUS, (le-ri'shus,) a. [h. fcrax, imm fcro, 
 to hear.) 
 
 Fruitful ; producing almndantly. Thomson. 
 FE-KAC'I-'I'Y, (fe-ras'e tv,) /I. [L,. feracUius.] 
 
 Fruitfniness. [I.itllr u.vf,/.] 
 FE'tLX jV.i- TO'UJE, [L.] VVild ; not tamed, or not 
 FE'RAL, a. [U.fimlu.) [tamable. 
 
 Funereal; pertaining to funerals ; mourulul. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 FKRE, 71. [Sax. frrii, or acfera, with a prefix.] 
 
 A mate or companion ; sometuncs, n Imsband or 
 wife. lOA.t.] CItauccr. 
 FKR'E TO RY, n. [1.. frretnim, a bier.] 
 
 A place in a church lor a bier. 
 FER'GU SON-ITE, n. An ore, of a brownisli-black 
 color, consisting of colundiic acid and yltria, with 
 some oxyd of cerium and zireoniu. It was brought 
 from Cape Farewi ll, Greenland. Dana. 
 FE'RI-.\L, a. [L./<riu/i.s.] 
 
 Pcrtan)ing to holidays. Oregory. Kith. Diet. 
 FEl-RI-A'TIO.\, n. [L. frriatio, from /tn>, vacant 
 days, holidays ; G. fcier, whence fcicrn, to rest frtun 
 labor, lo ki ep holiday, I), vimn.] 
 The act of keeping holiday ; cessation from work. 
 Fk'RIE, (fC-'re,) n. A holiday. [ Oh.-:] [Broion. 
 FK'RI.NE, It. [L. frriniis, fnun /criis, wild, probably 
 from the root of i^ax. /uran, to go, to wander, or a 
 verb of the same family.] 
 
 Wild ; untamed ; savage. Lions, tigers, wolves, 
 and bears, are ferine beasts. JIalc. 
 FK'KI.NE-r.Y, orfp. In the manner of wild beasts. 
 FP:'RI.\'E-N'EriS, II. Wildness ; savageness. Hale. 
 FElt'l-TY, 71. [L. fcritas, from fiTus, wild.] 
 
 \Yildness ; savageness ; cruelty. Woodward. 
 FERM, n. .A farm or_j-ent ; a lodging-house. [OAi.] 
 [See Farm.] 
 
 FLR'.ME.NT, n. [Ij. fcrmentam, from /crrto, to boil. 
 See FtBVENr.l 
 
 1. A gentle boiling; or the internal motion of the 
 constituent parts of a lluid. 
 
 [In this sense it is rarchj used. See Fermentation.] 
 
 2. Intestine motion ; lieat ; tuuuilt ; agitation ; as, 
 to put the passions in a ferment ; the state or people 
 are in a fermenU 
 
 yuUlup and cool Ihe/rrrnenr ordi-sire. Rogtrt. 
 
 3. 1'hat which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, 
 or fermenting beer. 
 
 FER-.ME.\T', D. (. [\^. fermenlo ; Fr. fcrmenter ; Sp. 
 fermentar ; lu frrmentjire.] 
 
 To set in nu>tion ; to e.xcite internal emotion ; to 
 beat ; to niise by intestine motion. 
 
 Wluli' youth frrtntnt* the Itlood. Pope, 
 
 FER-ME.NT', r. i. To work ; to etfervescp ; to be in 
 motion, or to be e.xciti d into sensible internal motion, 
 as Ihe constituent particles of an animal or vegetable 
 Hiiid. To the vinous fermentation we apply the term 
 vork. We say that new ci<ler, beer, or wine, frr- 
 menls, or works, lint work is not applied to the other 
 kinds of fermentation. 
 
 FER-ME.NT-A-BlL'l-TY, n. Capability of being fer 
 nii'Uted. 
 
 FER-ME.\T' A-ni.E, a. Capable of fermentation ; thus, 
 cider, beer of all kinds, wine, and other vegetable 
 liipiors, are fermcntuhtr. 
 
 FER-ME\T'AL, a. Having power to cause fermenta- 
 tion. Brown. 
 
 FER MENT S'TtOX, n. [L. fcrmrntnlln.] 
 
 Thesensdile internal motion of the cimstituent par- 
 ticles of annual and vegetable subsMnces, occasioned 
 by a_,certani degree of heat and moi^tnre, and accimi 
 P'liued by an extrication of gas and heat. Fermrnla 
 (lopi IS followed by a cliange of properties in the sub 
 sl.incos fermented, arising from new combinations of 
 their principles. It may bo defined, in its most gen 
 enl sense, any spontaneous change which takes place 
 in animal or vegetable substances after life has ceased. 
 It is of three princip;il kinds ; vinous, aertons, and pu- 
 trrfiicUer. The term is also applied toother processes, 
 as the paiiary fermentation, or the raising of bread ; 
 hill it IS limited by some authors lo the vinous and 
 a.elous fermentations, which terminate in the pro- 
 
 duction of alcohol or vinegar. Fermentation differs 
 from eflVrvescence. The former is conliiied lo ani- 
 mal ami vegetable substances ; the latter is applicable 
 to mini ral .substances. The former is spontaneous; 
 the latter imiduced by the mixture of bodies. 
 
 Knci/c. Purr. Thomson. 
 FER-.MENT'A-TIVE, a. Cau.siiig, or having power 
 to cause, fermentation ; as, fermentative heat. 
 
 'J.. Consisting in ferineiitalion ; as, /iTwiejitaticc pro- 
 cess. 
 
 Fi;il-.ME.\T'A-TIVE-KESS, 71. The slate of being 
 fermentative. 
 
 FER-.MENT'ED, pp. or a. Worked; having under- 
 gone the process of fermentation. 
 FEU-.M ENT'I.VG, ppr. or o. Working; cilervescing. 
 FEK'.\1IL-LET, 7t. A bnckle or clasp. 
 FEK.V, H. [Sax. /m/vi ; d. furn-krant ; U. vnurcn.] 
 The popular name of the order of plants called Fil- 
 ices, which have their fructification on the back of 
 the fronils or leaves. The ferns constitute the lirst 
 order of the class erijptoiramia, in the sexual system. 
 They delight in a humid soil, and often grow para- 
 silically on trees. Loudon. TarUnirUtn. 
 
 FERN'-OWl,, 71. The European goatsucker, or night- 
 jar, a bird of Ihe genus Capriiiiulgus. Cifc. 
 FERN'Ti ei.ES, (-kl/.,) ii. pi. Freckles on the skin, 
 
 resembling the seeds of fern. [A'lt much used.] 
 FEK.N'Y, a. Abounding or overgrown with fern. 
 
 Barret. 
 
 FE-RO'CIOUS, (fe-ro'shus,) a. [Tr.feroee ; Sp./mr. ; 
 It. feroee ; h. fcrox ; allied to fcras, wild, /era, a wild 
 animal.] 
 
 1. Fierce ; savage ; wild ; indicating cruelty ; as, a 
 ferocious look, countenance, or features. 
 
 2. Ravenous ; rapacious ; as, a ferocious lion. 
 
 3. Fierce ; barbarous ; cruel ; ns, ferocious savages. 
 FE-RO'CIOUS-LY, adv. Fiercely ; with savage cru- 
 elty. 
 
 FE- lio'CIOirS-NES.S, 71. Savage fierceness ; cruelty ; 
 FE ROC'I-TY, II. [i.. ferocilus.] [ferocity. 
 1. Savage wildness or fierceness ; fury ; cruelty ; 
 as, the ferocity of barbarians. 
 
 9. Fierceness indicating a savage heart; as,/cr£>ci- 
 tij of coiiuteraiice. 
 FER'UE-OUS, (7. [h. fcrreus, from ferrum, iron, Fr. 
 fer, Sp. Iiierro, from the Celtic ; W. fcr, solid ; fcru, 
 to concrete.] 
 
 Partaking of iron ; pertaining to iron; like iron; 
 made of iron. Brown. 
 FER'RET, 71. [p.vrct: Fr. furrt; G. frcU, or frcttchcn, 
 or frcttwiesel ;\V. fared ; Ir.Jiread; Sp. /lureii U.fu- 
 rctto. Fur in W. is subtile, penetrating, cunning.] 
 
 1. An animal of the Weasel kind, about 11 inches 
 in length, of a pale yellow color, with red eyes. It 
 is a native of Africa, but h.ts been introduced into 
 Europe. It can not, liowever, bear cold, and can not 
 subsist even in France, except in a partially domesti- 
 cated state. Ferrets are used in catching rabbits, to 
 drive them out of their holes. Kncijc. Parltngton. 
 
 2. A kind of narrow tape, made of woolen, some- 
 limes of cotloii or silk. Eiictjc. of Dont. Econ. 
 
 3. Among irlass-niakcrs, the iron used to try the 
 melted matter, to see if it is fit to work, and to make 
 the rings at the mouths of bottles. Encyc. 
 
 FER'RET, f. t. To drive out of a lurUing-place, as a 
 ferret does the cony, Johnson. Ileijlin. 
 
 FER'RET-EL), pp. Driven from a burrow or lurking- 
 place. 
 
 FER'RET-ER, 7i. One that hunts another in his pri- 
 x'aie retreat. 
 
 FER'KET-l.NG, ppr. Driving from a lurking place. 
 
 FEIi-RET'TO, II. Copper calcined with brimstone or 
 white vitriid, used to eidor glass. llibert. 
 
 FER'RI-A(5E, 71. [See FEnav.] The price or fare to 
 be giaid at a ferry ; the compensation estiiblishcd or 
 pjiid for conveyance over a river or lake in a boat. 
 
 FER'Rie, a. Pertaining to or extracted from iron. 
 
 Lavoisier. 
 
 FER-RI-CAL'CrrE, n. [L. femim, iron, and calz, 
 lime.] 
 
 A species of calcareous earth or limestone combined 
 with a large portion of iron, from 7 to 14 per cent. 
 
 Kincan. 
 
 FER'RI-frn, (fer'rid,) pp. Carried over in a boat. 
 FEU KIF'ER-OL'S, a. [L. /crrum and fero.] 
 
 Producing or yielding iron. Phillip-: 
 FER'Rl-LITE, 71. [L. /errum, iron, aid Gr. Ail/js. a 
 stone.] 
 
 Rowley ragg ; a variety of tmp, containing iron in 
 
 the state of oxyd. Kirwan. 
 FER-R(J-C?'A\-ATE, n. A compound of the ferro- 
 
 cvanic acid with a base. 
 FER-RO-C?-AN'ie, a. [U ferrum, iron, and cyoTiic, 
 
 xvliich see.] 
 
 Ferro-cvanie acid ; prolo-cyanid of iron. 
 FER-R()-Ct'A.\-in, n. A compound of the prolo- 
 
 cvaiiiil of iron with some other cyanid. Urc. 
 FER-RCei-.NA-TED, a. llnfra.] Having the color 
 
 or prop<'rtie!i of the nist of iron. 
 FER-RO'GI-.NOUS, a. [Uferrago, rust of iron, from 
 
 ferrum, imn.] 
 
 1. Partaking of iron ; coiitaining jKirticles of iron. 
 
 2. Of the Color of the rust or oxyd of iron. 
 [FERRt'ciNEui's is less uscd.] 
 
 FER'RIILE, (fer'ril or fer'rule,) n. [Sp. hirola, a ring 
 or cap for a cane.] 
 
 A ring of metal put round a cam^ or other thing to 
 strcmilhen it. 
 
 FER KU-.\ll.\-A'TION, n. [L.] The soldering or 
 
 uniting of metals. 
 FElt'RV, V. t. [Sax. fcran, f&rian ; (i. f"hren ; Gr. 
 
 ipeino ; L.fcro ; allied to bear, and more nearly to Sax. 
 
 faran, to pass. See Hear and Faiie, and Hiioa Ur, 
 
 No. 33, 3.1.] 
 
 To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other 
 water, in a boat. We ferry men, horses, carriages, 
 over rivers, for a moderate fee or price, called fare or 
 
 fer nit Iff. 
 
 FICR'RY, V. i. To p.is3 over water in a boat. Milton, 
 FER'RY, II. A boat or small vessel in which passen- 
 gers and goods are conveyed over rivers or other nar- 
 row waters ; sometimes called a wherry. [ This appli- 
 cation of the word is, J believe, entirely obsolete, at least 
 in .America.] 
 
 2. The place or passage where boats pass over 
 water to convi y passengers. 
 
 3. The right of traiisiKirting pa.ssengers over a lake 
 or stieam. A H owns the /crry at Windsor. [In 
 A'Vifl Enirlnnd, this word is use-d in tlu two lattf r senses.] 
 
 FER'RY-IiO.V'I', II. A boat for conveying passengers 
 over streams and other narrow xvaters. 
 
 FEU'RY-l.NG, ppr. Carrying over in a boat. 
 
 FER'RY-.\I A.\, II. One who keeps a ferry, and trans- 
 ports passengers over a river. 
 
 FKR'TIEE, (^.lil,)a. [Fr.fertilei Sp. fertil i It.fertile; 
 L. fertdts, from fero, to bear.] 
 
 1. Friiitl'ul ; rich; producing fruit in abundance; 
 as, firiile land, ground, soil, fields, or meailows. 
 This word. In America, is rarely applied lo trees, or 
 to uniiiials, but to land. It formerly had of before 
 the thing produced ; as, fertile of all kinds of grain ; 
 but III is now used ; firtile in grain. 
 
 2. Rich ; having abundant resources ; prolific ; 
 productive ; inventive ; able to produce abundantly ; 
 as, nfertde genius, mind, or imagiiiulion. 
 
 FEK' l'lLE-LY, adv. Fruitfully. 
 FER'TIEE-.\ESS. ."ee Fektilitv. 
 FER-Tl L'l-TY, 71. [ L.fcrtililas.] 
 
 1. Friiitfulness ; the ipiality of producing fruit in 
 abundance ; as, the feridily of laud, ground, soil, 
 fields, and meadows. 
 
 2. Richness ; abundant resourci^s ; fertile inven- 
 tion ; as, the fertility of genius, of fancy, or imagina- 
 tion. 
 
 FEK'TII.IZE, V. t. To enrich; to supply xvith the 
 pabulum of jilants ; lo make fruitful or productive ; 
 as, lo fertilize land, .soil, ground, and meadows. 
 [Feutii.itate is not Uhcd.] 
 
 FER'riLTZ-/;i),7)/i. Enriched; rendered fruitful. 
 
 FER''l'll,-IZ-I.\(;, ;i;ir. Enriching; making friiitlul 
 or productive. The Connecticut overflows the adja- 
 cent meadows, /erdViiiii;^ them by depositing tine 
 particles of earth or vegeUible substances. 
 
 2. a. Enriching ; furnishing the nutriment of 
 plants. 
 
 FER-i;-I..^'CEOUS, a. [J., ferula.] 
 
 Pertaining to reeds or caiies ; having a st.ilk like 
 
 a reed ; or resembling the Ferula ; as, feralaecous 
 
 ))lants. Fonrcroy. 
 FER'UEE, (fer'ril or fer'rule,) n. [L. ferula, from 
 
 ferio, to strike, or from the use of stalks of the 
 
 Ferula.] 
 
 1. .\ litlle wooden pallet or slice, U!<ed to punish 
 children in school, by striking them on the palm of 
 the h.'iiid. [Fekl'lar is not used.] 
 
 2. Under the Eastern empire, the ferula was the 
 einppror's scepter. It was a long stem or shank, 
 Willi a flat, sipiare head. Kncijc. 
 
 FKR'iri.E, (fer'ril or fer'rule,) v. t. To punish with a 
 
 FEli'l'L-/;i),/<;>. Punished with a frriile. [ferule. 
 
 FER'I'I.-I.N'G, ;i/ir. Punishing with a ferule. 
 
 FER'VE.N-CY, 11. [See Fervent.] Heat of mind ; 
 arilor ; eagerness. Shak. 
 
 2. Pious ardor ; animated zeal ; warmth of de- 
 votion. 
 
 When yo\i pmy, iH it lie villi stlentwn, wilh/«n««ry, »nd wiUi 
 ]3enM:VLT.Ince. Hoi*. 
 
 FER'VENT, a. [E. ferrnis, from frrvco, to be hot, to 
 
 boil, lo gloxv ; Ar.^Ls faura, to boil, to swell with 
 
 heat, to ferment. Class Hr, No. 30. Ferreo gives the 
 Spanish hercir, to boil, lo swarm as b< e», whose mo- 
 tions resemble the boiling of water.] 
 
 1. Hot; boiling; as, a fervent snnimer ; firvent 
 blood. Spenser. WoUon. 
 
 2. Hoi In temper ; vehement. 
 
 Tlicy air /tretnl to diaputa. Hooker. 
 
 3. Ardent ; very xvarm ; earnest ; excited ; ani- 
 mated ; glowing ; as, fervent zeal ; ferveoL piety. 
 
 FtrttM in spiril. — Rom. xii. 
 
 FER'VENT-LY,n'/r. Earnestly; eagerly; vehement- 
 ly ; Willi great warmth. 
 2. With pious ardor; with earnest zea. ; ardently 
 Ep»|>lir.u — »lolnh yon, U^riiig /«rr«nliy fur you 10 prmycrm. 
 
 — Col. if. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 447 
 
FET 
 
 FER'VENT-NESS, n. Fervency; ardor; zeal. 
 FER-VES'CENT, a. Growing liut. 
 FER'VIU, a. [L.fervidus.] 
 
 1. Very hot ; burning; hoiliiig; a?, fervid heat. 
 
 2. Very warm in zeal ; vehement ; eager ; earnest ; 
 ns,ferpid zeal. 
 
 f ER'VlD-LY,«dt). Ven- hotly ; with glowing warmth. 
 FER'VID-NESS, n. Glowing heat ; ardor of mind ; 
 
 warm zeal. Bcnttctj. 
 FER'VOK, Ji. [L.f<-rvor.] 
 
 1. Heat or warmth ; as, the fervor of a summer's 
 day. 
 
 2. Heat of mind ; ardor ; warm or animated zeal 
 and earnestness in tlie duties of religion, particu- 
 larly in prayer. 
 
 FES'CEN-Nf .\E, a. Pertaining to Fcscennium, in 
 
 Italy ; licentious. Kennet. 
 FES'CEN-NlNE, n. A nuptial song, or a licentious 
 
 song. Cartwritrht. 
 FES'COE, ji. [Fr. /<;(«, for/f.«f«, a straw ; L. festuca, 
 
 a shoot or stalk of a tree, a rod.] 
 
 A small wire used to point out letters to children 
 
 when learning to read. Drijdcn. Holder. 
 
 FEi'eOE, V. t. To assist in reading by a fescue. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 FES'euE-GR.5i.S.S, n. The popular name of the Fes- 
 tuca, a genus of grasses containing several species 
 of importance in agriculture. P. Cyc. Lee. 
 
 FES'ELS, n. A kind of base grain. May. 
 FESSE, (fes,) H. [h. fascia, a band.] 
 
 In heraldry, a band or girdle, possessing the third 
 part of the escutcheon ; one of the nine honorable 
 ordinaries. Peaclunn. Eiicyc. 
 
 FESSE'-POINT, n. The e.\act center of the escutch- 
 eon. Eiicyc. 
 FES'SI-TUDE, J!. [L.] Weariness. 
 FES'TAL, a. [L./es?iis, festive. See Feast.] 
 Pertaining to a feast ; joyous ; gay ; mirtluul. 
 
 ChesUrJield. 
 FES'TAL-LY, adv. Joyously = mirthfully. 
 FES'TER, B. i. [Q,u. L. pcstujjius, or psLstiila.'] 
 
 To ninkle ; to corrupt ; to grow virulent. We say 
 of a sore or wountl, it festers. 
 
 Passion and uiikimliipss may give a woiinil tlial shall bl^e.l and 
 Bin.irt ; but il is ir^iaclierjr lliat niaki:-s it/csf£r. Sautli. 
 
 FES'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Rankling; growing viru- 
 lent. 
 
 FES'TER-MEN'T, n. A festering. Chalmers. 
 FES'TI-NATE, a. [U fettino,festinatus.] 
 
 Hasty ; hurried. [Mt in use.] Shah. 
 FES'TI-NATE-I.V, adv. Hastily. Shal:. 
 FES-TI-NA'TIO.V, n. Haste. [.Vot uMd.] 
 FES'TI-VAL, a. [L. festivus, from feslus, or fcstum, 
 or fasti. See Fe vst.] 
 
 Pertaining to a feast ; joyous ; mirtliful ; as, a fes- 
 tiviU entertainment, .^Iterbury. 
 FES'TI-V.Mj, 71. Tlie lime of feasting; an anniver- 
 sary day of joy, civil or religious. 
 
 Tlie morning Irunipels festival proclaimed. Millan. 
 FES'TIVE, a. festivus.] 
 
 Pertaining to or becoming a feast ; joyous ; gay ; 
 mirthful. 
 
 The^Iad circle round them yield their souls 
 
 To fislioe niirlli and wit Uiat knows no Thomson. 
 
 FES'TIVE-LY, ado. In a festive manner. 
 FE.S-TIV'I-TY, 71. [L. fcMieitas.] 
 
 1. Primari';;/, the mirth of a feast; hence, joyful- 
 ncss ; gayety ; social joy or exhilaration of spirits at 
 an entertainment. Taijlor. 
 
 2. A festival. [JVbJ in use.] Brown. 
 FES'TIV-OUS, a. Pertaining to a feast ; joyous. 
 FES-TOON', n. [Vv. festuii : Sf.id.; h.festane; prob- 
 ably a tie, from the root of fust, W.fcst,.] 
 
 .'Something in iuiitation of a garland or wreath. In 
 architecture and sculpture, an ornament of carved 
 work, in the form of a wreath of (lowers, fruits, and 
 heaves, intermixed or twisted together. It is in the 
 form of a string or collar, somewhat largest in the 
 middle, where it falls down in an arch, being sus- 
 pi ndcd by the ends, the extremities of which often 
 ii.ing down perpendicularly. 
 
 Harris. Kncyc. Brande. 
 FES-TOO.\', V. t. To form in festoons, or to adorn 
 with festoons. 
 
 FES-TOO.V'KD, pp. or a. Made into festoons, or 
 
 adorned with them. 
 FE.S-TOO.N'I.N(;, ppr. Making into fcstoon.a, or 
 
 adorning with them. 
 FE.S'TU-CINE, ( sin,) a. [L. fcstuca.] 
 
 Itciiig of a straw ccjl.ir. Brown. 
 FES''J'U-e(JL.'S, a. Formed of straw. Brown. 
 FET, 71. [Fr. /ui(.] Apiece. [JV'»( ii,«<;.] 
 FET, V. U or i. 'i'o fetch ; to como to. [JVu( used.] 
 
 Tiisscr. Sachrillc. 
 FP/TAL, a. [from fctu<.] Pertaining to a fetus. 
 FETCH, V. t. [Sax. frrr.an, or fmrati. I have not 
 found tliix word in any oihc r language. Fet, fettan, 
 iniiKt be a diffi-rent word or a cnrriiplion.] 
 
 1. To go and bring, or simiily to bring, th.il is, to 
 bear a thing toward or to a persttn. 
 
 Wc wll! Oikr rn'-n \o feUh viclnnit for Ihn people. — Jntl^fe* xx. 
 iin to the riuck, nild Jtlch In* tmm tbunce two kltix of liio (foal«, 
 — (jen. llvU. 
 
 FET 
 
 In the latter passage, fetch signifies only to bring. 
 
 2. To derive ; to draw, as from a source. 
 
 On, you noblest Kiiglish, 
 Whose blood is fetdied from fathers of wai^proof. Shak. 
 
 [In this sense, the use is neither camman nor elegant.] 
 
 3. To strike at a distance. [JVV« used.] 
 
 The conditions and improvements of weapons are ih^ fetching 
 afar oft". Baron. 
 
 4. To bring back ; to recall ; to bring to any state. 
 [J^ot used, or vulgar.] 
 
 In smells we see tlieir great and sudden effott in /etching men 
 agitin, when they stt'oou. Bacon. 
 
 5. To bring or draw ; as, to fetch a thing within a 
 certain compass. 
 
 C. To make ; to perform ; as, to fetch a turn ; to 
 fetch a leap or bound. Shah. 
 Felch a eoriipass behind them. — 2 Sam. v. 
 
 7. To draw ; to heave ; as, to fetch a sigh. 
 
 Jiddison. 
 
 8. To reach ; to attain or come to ; to arrive at. 
 
 We /e£c/ied the syren's isle. Chapman. 
 
 9. To bring ; to obtain as its price. Wheat fetches 
 only 75 cents the bushel. A commodity is worth 
 what it will fetch. 
 
 To fetch out ; to bring or draw out ; to cause to ap- 
 pear. , 
 
 To fetch to ; to restore ; to revive, as from a swoon. 
 
 To fetch up ; to bring up ; to cause to come up or 
 forth. 
 
 To fetch a pump ; to pour water into it to make it 
 draw water. J\Iar. Diet. 
 
 FETCH, V. i. To move or turn ; as, to fetch about. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. Among seamen, to reach or attain ; as, to fetch 
 to windward. Totten. 
 FETCH, 7!. A stratagem, by which a thing is indi- 
 rec^y brought to pass, or by which one thing seems 
 intended and another is done ; a trick ; an artifice ; 
 as, a fetch of wit. S/uilc. 
 Straight cast about to overreach 
 
 The unwary conepieror with ^ fetch. Hudibrat. 
 
 FETCH'ER, 71. One that brings. 
 
 FETCH'ING, ppr. Bringing; going and bringing; 
 
 deriving ; drawing ; making ; reaching ; obtaining 
 
 as price. 
 
 FETE, (fite,) n. [Fr.] A festival holiday, or cele- 
 brution of some day. 
 
 FETE-CHAM-PETRE', (fTit-sham-patr',) n. A fes- 
 tival or entertainment in the open air. 
 
 Fii'TlClI, (fee'tish,) n. An object selected tempora- 
 rily for worship, as a tree, stone, &c. [See Feti- 
 
 CHISM.] 
 
 FE T'I-CHtS.M, ) 71. The worship of idols among the 
 FET'I-CIS-M, i negroes of Africa, among whom 
 fetich is an idol, any tree, stone, or other thing wor- 
 shiped. 
 
 A stupid kind of idolatry, such as that of the Afri- 
 can negroes, which consists in giving temporary 
 worship to any material object which the fancy may 
 happen to select, as a tree, a stone, a post, an animal, 
 &c. J. Murdoch. 
 
 FET'ID, a. [L. fwtidus, from fwteo, to have an ill 
 scent.] 
 
 Having an oflvUisive smell; having a strong or 
 rancid scent. 
 
 Most pntrefictions smell either fetid or moldy. Baron. 
 FET'ID-NESS, n. The quality of smelling offen- 
 sively ; a fetid (luality. 
 FE-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. fa:tifer ; /atits and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Producing young, as animals. 
 FET'LOCK, 71. [foot, or feel, and lock.] The part of 
 the leg where the tuft of hair grows behind the pas- 
 tern joint in horses. Farm. Encyc. 
 Fk'TOR, n. [L. fator.] 
 
 Any strong, offensive smell ; stench. .Srbutlmot. 
 FET'TER, 71. [Sax. fetor, (torn foot, feel , as in L. peil- 
 ica; G. fessel. Chielly used in the plural, fetters.] 
 
 1. A chain for the feet ; a chain by which an ani- 
 mal is contined by the foot, cither made fast or fixeil, 
 as a prisoner, or impeded in inotiiui and hindered 
 friun lenping, as a horse whose fore and hind feet 
 are contined by a chain. 
 
 The PliilihliiiLS bound Samson with fclUre of brass. — Judges 
 
 2. Any thing that confines or restrains from mo- 
 tion. 
 
 Passions too fierce to be lu fetttrt bound. Viyden. 
 
 FET'TER, V. t. To put on fetters ; to shackle or con- 
 fine the fi'et with a chain. 
 
 2. 'I'o bind ; to enchain ; to confine ; to restrain 
 motion ; to impose restraints on. 
 
 J-\lter strong madness in a silken thrend. Sliak, 
 
 FET'TER-/;i), pp. or a. Btmnd or confined by fet- 
 tt'rs ; i nrbained. Marston. 
 
 In looloiry, a|iplied to the feet of animals, when 
 they are strelcheil backward, and appear unlit for 
 walking. 
 
 FET'TER ING, ppr. liiniling or fastening by the 
 feet with n chain ; confining ; restraining motion. 
 
 FEU 
 
 FET'TER-LESS, a. Free from fetters or restraint. 
 
 Marston. 
 
 FET'TLE, V. U To repair. Chcsh. Olossary. 
 
 2. To do trifling business. Bp. Hall. 
 
 FETT'STEIN, 7i. [Ger., fat . tone.] A mineral of a 
 greenish or bluish-gray color, or tiesli-red, called also 
 elaolite. Jiikin. Jatncson. 
 
 Fe'TCJS, 7!. ; pi. Fetuses. [L. fatus.] 
 
 The young of viviparous animals in the womb, 
 and of oviparous animals in the egg, after it is per- 
 fectly formed, before which time it is called embryo. 
 A young animal then is called a fetus, from the time 
 its parts are distinctly formed, till its birth. Encyc. 
 
 FEuD, (fude,)«. [Sax fwhth, or /an-f/i, from Jigan,feon, 
 to liate. Hence also fah, a foe, anil from the participle 
 frond, a fiend •, D. vyand, G. feind, an enemy ; G. 
 fehd, war, quarrel ; Sw. fegd ; Dan. fejde. In Irish, 
 fuath is hatred, abhorrence. Class Bg.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a deadly quarrel ; hatred and conten- 
 tion that were to be terminated only by death. 
 Among our rude ancestors, these quarrels, though 
 originating in the murder of an individual, involved 
 the whole tribe or family of the injured and of the 
 aggressing parties. Hence, in modem usage, 
 
 2. A ctintention or quarrel ; particularly, an invet- 
 erate quarrel between families or parties in a state ; 
 the discord and animosities which prevail among the 
 citizens of a state or city, sometimes accompanied 
 with civil war. In the north of Great Britain, the 
 word is still used in its original sense ; denoting a 
 combination of kindred to revenge the tleath of any 
 of their blood, on the offender and all his race, or 
 any other great enemy. We say, it is the policy of 
 our enemies to raise and cherish intestine feuds. 
 
 The word is not strictly applicable to wars between 
 different nations, but to intestine wars, and to quar- 
 rels and animosities between families or small tribes, 
 FEuD, 7!, Usually supposed to be composed of the 
 'J'eutonic fee, goods, reward, and ead or odh, W, 
 eiiaw, possession, property. Rut if feuds had been 
 given as rewards for services, that consideration 
 would have vested the title to the land in the donee. 
 Yet feud is not a Teutonic or Gothic word, being 
 found among none of the northern nations of Eu- 
 rope. This word originated in the south of Europe, 
 wliether in France, Si)ain, or Italy, may perhaps be 
 ascertained by writings of the middle ages, which I 
 do not possess. It probably originated among the 
 Franks, or in Lombardy or Italy, ami certainly timong 
 men who studied the civil law. In Italian, a feiiftee 
 is called feilc'cojnmessario, a trust-comuiissary ; fede- 
 commesso is a feoffment, a trust-estate ; .Sp. fdeicomi- 
 so, a feoffment. These words are the fdei-commt-isa- 
 rius, fidei-commissum, of the Digest and Codex. In 
 Spanish, fiado signifies security given for anotlier, or 
 b;iil ; al fiado, on trust ; fiador, one who trusts ; feudo, 
 a fief, fee, or feud ; Port. id. In JV;)r7;ia7i, fidz de 
 chevalers signifies knight's fees. Feud, then, with 
 fee, which is a contraction of it, is a word formed 
 from the L. fides. It. fcdc, Sp. fe. Norm, fci, faith, 
 trust, with had, state, or ead or odh, estate ; and a 
 feud is an estate in trust, or on condition, which co- 
 incides nearly in sense with the northern word, G. 
 WiC7i, D. leen: Sw. Idn, Dan. lehn. Eng. loa». From 
 the origin of this word, we see the peculiar propriety 
 of calling the donee fidclis, and his obligation to his 
 lord Jidelitas, whence fealty.] 
 
 A fief ; a fee ; a right to lands or hereditaments 
 lield in trust, or on the terms of performing certain 
 conditions ; the right which a vassal or tenant has to 
 the lands or other immovable thing of his lord, to use 
 the same and take the profits thereof hereditarily, 
 rendering to his superior such duties and services as 
 belong to military tenure, &c., the projjerty of the 
 soil always remaining in tlie lord or superior. 
 
 From the foregoing explanation of the origin of the 
 word, result very natur.illy the definition of the term, 
 and the doctrine of fiu-feiture, upon non-performance 
 of the conditions of the trust or loan. 
 FEOD'AL, (fud'al,) a. [Sii. feudal.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or fees; as, feudal 
 rights or services ; feudal tenures. 
 
 2. Cimsisting of feuds or fiefs ; embracing tenures 
 by military services ; as, the feudal system. 
 
 FEOD'.'M/, 71. .Something held by tenure. 
 
 FEOD'AL-IS.M, a. The feudal system ; the principles 
 and constitution of feuds, or lands held by military 
 services. Wtitahcr. 
 
 FEOD-AL'I-TY, 71. The state or quality of being 
 feudal ; fi'iidal form or constitution. Burke. 
 
 FE0I)-Al>-I-'/.v''I'lON, 7i. The act of reducing to 
 feudal tenure. 
 
 FEOI)'AI,-I/.E, J', t. To reduce to a feudal tenure. 
 
 FK01)'Alj-I/.-f;i), pp. Reduced tii feudal tenure. 
 
 FEOD'AI.-IZ I.NG, ppr. Reducing to a feudal form. 
 
 FE01)'A-RY, «, Holding land of a superior. 
 
 FEfiD'A-TA-RV, 71. A feudatory, which see. 
 
 FEOI)'A-T(J-RV, II. [Sp. feutlatitrio; Vort. fcudntario.] 
 A tenant or vassal who holds his lands of a supe- 
 rior, on condition of military service ; the tenant of 
 a feud or lief. Btackslone, Eneiic. 
 
 FEU /;/■; ./O/A', (fii'dezhw'.l',) [liri^ of joy.] A French 
 phrase for u bonfire, or a firing of guns in token of 
 joy. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — METE, PRgV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 448 
 
FIB 
 
 FIE 
 
 1 
 
 FECI "'1ST, II. A writer on funds. S/x/ukih. 
 FKUU/L.ivGF., (fill ) U/.li,) «. [Fr., foliJigc] A liiiiich 
 
 or row of Iraves. Jrrva.t, 
 FKO'lLLK-AIORT, (fu'il-mort,) «. [Fr., dead iL-af.] 
 
 The color of a faded li'af. 
 FEu'TEIl, B. t. To make ready. [JV'ut i« use.] 
 
 Sprnsrr, 
 
 FEO'TER-ER, n. A dog kcpper. [J\ot used.] 
 
 Fk.'VEU, ti. [Fr., >frc; Sp.Ai.rc; U. fMre ; h. 
 fcbris, supiMsed to be so written liy transposition for 
 fcrbis or fcrvLt, from /erbco, feroeo, to be hot, At. 
 
 j\j faura OT faira. Class Br, No. 30.] 
 
 1. .\ disease characli'rized by an accelerated pnlsp, 
 with increase of heat, impaired functions, diniinishi ii 
 strength, and often with preternatural thirst. 'I'liis 
 order ol diseases is called by Ciillen ]>ijrii\i, (Jr. 
 7rii.)«fia. Fevers arc often or generally preceded by 
 chills or rigors, called (/«■ cold stase of the Jiseasr. 
 Fevers arc of various kmds ; but the principal di- 
 vision of fevers is into remittiu!r fevers, which sut>- 
 slde or abate at intervals ; inUrmittinir fevers, which 
 intermit or entirely cease at Intervals ; and con- 
 tinued or coiUUual fevers, which neither remit nor 
 intermit. 
 
 i2. Meat; agitation ; excitement by any thing that 
 strongly atl'ects the passions. This news has given 
 me a fever. This quarrel has set my blood in a 
 fever. 
 
 FF;'VKR,r. (. To put in a fever. Dniden 
 FE'VER-eoOL-INU, a. Allaying febrile heat. 
 
 TUtimson. 
 
 FP.'VF.R-ET, »i. A slight f.'ver. [Obs.\ .^ijliffe. 
 FP.'VEll-FEVV, n. [Sax. feferfagt; L. jebrU and 
 
 fa<ro,\ 
 
 A plant allied to Chamomile, and so named from 
 sup|M>seil febrifuge ipialilies. 'i he connnon feverfew 
 grows to the liight of two or tliree feet, with coni- 
 jiound, radiated, while llowen!, with a yellow disc. 
 FE'VER-ISH,a. Having a slight fever ; as, the patient 
 is feverUlt. 
 
 2. Diseased »vilh fever or heat ; as, feverish nature. 
 
 Creech. 
 
 3. Uncertain ; inconstant ; fickle ; now hot, now 
 cold. 
 
 Wc toM nnil turn tUiout oat feverish will. Xyryden. 
 
 4. Hot ; sultry ; burning ; as, the feverish north. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 Fk'VER-ISH-LY, adv. In a feverish manner. 
 Fe'VER-ISH-NESS, n. The state of being feverish ; 
 
 a slight febrile atfection. 
 FP.'VEIM.Y, a. Like a fever. 
 FK'VER-OUS, a. Allected with fever or amic. 
 3. Having the nature gf fever. [SAaJI^ 
 All Jeveroiu kindi. MVton. 
 3. Having the tendency to produce fever ; as, a 
 feverous disposition of the year, [y/its word is Utile 
 used.] Bacon. 
 . Fe'VER-OUS-LY, ado. In a feverish manner. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Donne. 
 Fi?.'VEIl-ROOT, II. A plant of the genus Triosteuni. 
 FE'VER-SICK, a. [Sax. f.fer-scoc.] 
 
 Diseased with fever. Pecle. 
 FE'VER-SORE, n. The popular name of a carious 
 
 nicer or necrosis. ^ jViiicr. 
 
 Fe VER-WEAK'iN-ED, (-wek'nd,) o. Debilitated 
 by fever. 
 
 Fk'VER-WEED, 71. A plant of the genus Eryngium. 
 
 Fi?.'VER-\VOK T. Sec Fever-Root. 
 
 FIC-VER-Y, a, Arlecled with fever. B. .Jonson. 
 
 FEW, (fii,) n. [Sax. fca, or pawa ; Dan. /oy« ; Fr. 
 pea; Sp. and It. puco ; L. paueL The senses of /fu> 
 and small are ot^en united. Class Rg.] 
 
 Not many ; small in number. Party is the mad- 
 ness of many for tin; gain of a fra ; but fea men, in 
 times of iKirly, regard the inavim. 
 
 FEVV'EIi, n. Combustible matter. [Sec FfEL.] 
 
 FEWNESS, n. Smallness of number ; paucity. 
 
 Ih-ijden. 
 
 9. Paucity of words ; brevity. [.Vol used.] Shak. 
 FEY, (ni,)r. t [n. terpen.] 
 
 To cleanse a ditch from mild. Tusser. 
 FfJY'EDipp. Cle.ansed from mud : applied to a ditch. 
 FBY'I.N'O, ppr. Cleansing a ditch from mud. 
 Ff-A'CRF., (fc-i'kr,) ii. .\ French hackney coach. 
 FT'ANCE, r. r. To betroth. [See AKt iANCi:.] 
 FT.\RS, (fS'arz,) n. pi. The price of gniins, as fixed, 
 in the counties of Scotland, by the respective sherilfs 
 and a jury. Jamieson, 
 FI'.VT, [U, from fo.] 
 ; Let it be done ; a decree ; a command to do some- 
 FIB, 71. [See FiBLE. It. meabhra.] [thing. 
 A lie or falsehood ; a word used among children 
 and the vulgar, as a softer expression than lie. 
 FIH, r. 1. To lie ; to speak falsely. 
 FIB'RF.R, ri. One who tells lies or fibs. 
 Fin ill.NG, ppr. Telling fibs : as a noun, the telling 
 of fib». 
 
 FT'ltlW, ) n. [Ft. fbre ; Ufbra; Bp. hrbra, libra I It. 
 n URE, i fbra.] 
 
 1 A thread ; a fine, slender body which consti- 
 
 tutes a part of the frame of aniin:ils. Of fibers, 
 some arc soft and llexible, others mure hard and 
 clastic. Those that arc soft are hollow, or spongy, 
 and full of little cells, as the nervous ami (Icshy. 
 Some are so small as scarcely tt> be visibh- ; others 
 are larger, and appear to be ci>iiiposcd of Ktill smaller 
 fibres. These fibers constitute the substance of the 
 bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes, nerves, 
 veins, arteries, and muscles. Quinri/. 
 
 2. A filament or slender thread in plants or iiiin- 
 ends ; the small, slender root of a plant. 
 
 3. Any fine, slender thread. 
 
 Fr"R?;".f'i Having fibers. 
 
 Fl'liRE-LESs' I ""'"'S fi'^''"- 
 FI'IlRlL, 71. [Vt. fbrille.] 
 
 A small fiber; tlie branch of a filicT; a vty slen- 
 der thread. Chr>iiie. 
 FI-DRIL'LOUS, a. Pertaining to fibers. 
 
 Or. Kinnier. 
 
 FI'ltRL\, 71. [See FiiiER.j A peculiar organic coin- 
 pound substance found in aiuin.ils and vegetables. 
 It is contained in the clot of coagulated blood, and 
 constitutes muscular fiber. Pure fibrin is of a whitish 
 color, inodorous, and insoluble in cold water ; it is 
 a solid substance, tough, elastic, and composed of 
 tlireaily fibers. P. Cijc. Graham. 
 
 Fl'lUll.N-Ol.'S, (I. Having or partaking of fibrin. 
 
 FIB'RO-LITE, n. [from l..fibra, and (Jr. Ai^ j.] 
 
 A fibrous mineral from the Carnatic, siipiiosed to 
 be identical with Uuehol/.ite. An American mineral 
 so called is nothing but Kyanite. Dana. 
 
 FI'BROU.S, a. Coin|Hised or consisting of fibers ; as, 
 a Jibrous body or subst.ance. 
 
 2, Containing fibers. In 77ii?irrrt/(iff-j/, a. /?ftroH5 fnic- 
 ture is that which presents fine threads or slender 
 lines, cither straight or curved, parallel, diverging, 
 or stellated, like the rays of a star. Kirwnn. 
 
 FIB'lJ-LA, H. [L.] The outer and lesser bone of the 
 leg, much smaller than the tibia. (iuincy. 
 2. .\ cUisp or buckle. 
 
 FICK'LE, a. [Sax. /to/; but it seems to be connected 
 with wicelian, Sw. vackia, to waver, from the root of 
 wair ; L. vacillo ; (it. nxniAos; Heb. Cli. Syr. J>D, 
 to fail, or rather Heb. piD, to stagger. Class IJg, No. 
 44, 60.1 
 
 1. Wavering; inconstant ; unstable ; ofacliange- 
 able mind ; irresolute ; not firm in opinion or pur- 
 pose ; capricious. 
 
 Thpy know how Jickle common lovere nre, Dryden. 
 
 2. Not fixed or firm ; liable to change or vicissitude j 
 as, n Jichle state. j\Iitttm. 
 
 FICK'LE-NESS, 71, A wavering ; wavering disposi- 
 tion ; inconstancy; inst.ability : unsteadiness in opin- 
 ion or purpi»se ; as, the fickleness of lovers. 
 
 2. Instability ; changeablencss ; as, the fickleness 
 of fortune. 
 
 FICK'LY, adv. Without firmness or steadiness. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Fl'eO, (fC'ko,) 71. [It., a fit;.] An act of contempt 
 by placing the thumb between two of the fingers, 
 expressing a fi<r for you. Carrie. 
 
 FICTILE, o. [U fictilis, from fetus, fin^o, to feign.] 
 .Molded into form by art ; manufactured by tlic 
 potter. 
 
 ^Vli/< e.irth is more fragile than crude eivrth. Bacon, 
 Fie'TION, 71. lL.fictio, ftomfngo, to f»ign.] 
 
 1. The act of feigning, inventing, or imagining ; aa, 
 by the mere ./icJioii of the mind. SlilliniTficet, 
 
 2. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined. 
 The story is a fiction. 
 
 So aUo wu OtP fiction of lhou^ coldon AppVs kept by a dm^on, 
 ukcn frvm (ht terjicnt wliich tempted Evo. Halegn. 
 
 3. Fiction ; in law, an assumption made of what is 
 not literally true, for the purpose of passing more rapid- 
 ly over those parts of the subject which are not dis- 
 puted, and arriving at the points really at issue. Brande. 
 
 FIC'TION-IST, 71. A writer of fiction. IVesU Rev. 
 FIC'TIOUS, for Fictitioi s. [^'ot ii.ird.] 
 Fie-TI"TIOLIS, (fik-tish'us,) a. [L. fcUtius, from 
 yiTi^o, to feign.] 
 
 1. Feigned ; imaginary ; not real. 
 
 The hunun penons arc aj ficlt&out ns the airy onci. Pojte. 
 
 2. Counterfeit ; false ; not genuine ; as, fictitious 
 fame. Dryden. 
 
 FIC-TI"TIOUS-LY, adv. By fiction ; falsely ; coun- 
 terfeitlv. 
 
 Fie-TI"TIOUS-NESS, n. Feigned representation. 
 
 Browtu 
 
 Fie'TIVE, a. Feigned. [JVot used.] 
 
 FIC'TOR, n. [\,.\ An nriist who models or forms 
 
 sLatues and reliefs in clay. Elmes. 
 FID, II. A square bar of wood or iron, with a shoulder 
 at one end, used to support the topmast, when 
 erected at the !:ead of the lower mast. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A pin of hard wtnid or iron, tapering to a point, 
 u.sed to open the strands of a rope in splicing. 
 
 Mar. Dirt. 
 
 FID'DI.E. (fid'dl,) 71. [G. fiedel; D. vedel ; L. fides, 
 fidicula.] 
 
 A stringed instrument of music ; a violin. 
 
 FID'DLE, V i. To jibiy on a fiddle or violin. 
 
 Thenil«lucles latd he ciiuld not fiddle, Injt he cuiilil ma^o 4 
 
 •nmtl town B ^-nt city. Bacon. 
 It Is taid that Nrro fitl/iud witi-n Rome w.-u in ftainea, Hulory. 
 
 2. To tritle ; to shift the hands often and do noth- 
 ing, like a fellow that plays on a fiddle. 
 
 (juo«l cuuki call not abide wh.it tli'-y c ill fi'/iIUng work. S-Ji/L 
 
 FID'DLE, V. t. To play a tune on a fiddle. 
 FID'ULE-FAD'ULE, 71. A trifie ; trilling talk. [Jl 
 
 lore, cant word.] Spectator. 
 FIU'DLE-FAD'DLE, o. Trirting ; making a bustle 
 
 about nothing, [fu/i'ar.l 
 FID'DLER, n. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. 
 ITD'DLE-S'i'ICK, ». The bow and string with which 
 
 a fiililliT plavs (ui a violin, 
 FII)'ULE-S TRlNd, 71. The string of a fiddle, fa.st- 
 
 eiii'd at the ends, and elevated in the middle by a 
 
 bridge. 
 
 FID'ULE-WQOD, 71. A plant of the genus Citharex- 
 ylon. 
 
 FIU'DLlNfi, ;i;jr. or a. Playing on a fiddle ; trifling. 
 FID'ULI.N'G, 71. The act of playing on a fiddle. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 FI-DE-JUS'SIOX, ( jush'un,) 71. Surctiship; the act 
 
 of being bound xs surety for another. 
 FM)E-JUS'SOK, 71. [L.] A surety ; one bound for 
 
 another. Blackstone. 
 FI-DEL'I-TY, 71. [L. fidelUas, from fides, faith, fido, 
 
 to trust. See Faith.] 
 
 1. Faithfulness; careful and exact observance of 
 duty, or perforinancc of obligations. We expect 
 fidelity in a public niini.ster, in an agent or trustee, in 
 a domestic servant, in n friend. 
 
 The br»t r-curity for xiwfiUltly of mm, in to m^k'- InlTr^t coin- 
 cide Willi duty. J'\<lrraiisl. Hamilton. 
 
 2. Firm adherence to a person or party with which 
 one is united, or to which one is bound ; loyalty ; as, 
 the ,;?f/Wi/i/ of subjects to their king or government ; 
 the fidelity of a tenant or liege to Ins lord 
 
 3. Observance of the marriage covenant; as, the 
 fidelity of a husband or wife. 
 
 4. Honesty ; veracity ; adherence to truth ; as, the 
 fidclily of a witness. 
 
 FinClE, Iv.i. [Allied probably to JIcA/c] To move 
 FIDG'ET, j one way and the other ; to move irregu- 
 larly, or in fits and starts. [,/J low word.] Swift. 
 FIDG'KT, 71. Irregular motion j restlessness. [Fal- 
 Sar.] 
 
 FIDC^ET-Y, a. Restless ; uneasy, [fufo-ar.] 
 FI-DO'CI.\L, (fe-du'shal,) a. [from L. fiducia, from 
 fido, to trust.) 
 
 1. Confident ; undouhting ; firm ; as, a fiducial re- 
 liance on the proinis(!s of tite gospel. 
 
 2. Having the nature of a tnist ; as, fiducial power. 
 
 Spelnian. 
 
 FI-DC'CIAL-LY, adv. With confidence. South. 
 FI-D0'C1.\-RY, a. [Ij. fiduciarius, from fido, to trust.] 
 
 1. Confident ; steady ; undoubting ; unwavering ; 
 firm. fVake. 
 
 2. Not to be doubted ; as, fiduciary obedience. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 3. Held in trust. Sprlman, 
 FI-DO'CIA-KY, 71. One who holds a thing in trust; 
 
 a trustee. 
 
 2. One who depends on faith for salvation, without 
 works ; an Antiiioinian. Hammond. 
 
 FIE, (f I ;) an exclamation denoting contempt or dis- 
 like. [This may be from the Saxon verb fian, to 
 liate, the root of fiend.] 
 
 FIEF, (feef,) 71. [Fr. fief, probably a compound woid, 
 consisting of fe, faith, and a word I do not under- 
 stand. Sec Fee, Feoff, and Fel d,] 
 
 A fee ; a feud ; an estate held of a superior on con- 
 dition of military ser\'ice. 
 
 FIELD, (feeld,) 11. [Sax. feU ; G. feld ; D. veld ; Sw. 
 and Dan. frit ; probably level land, a plain, from D. 
 vcllen, to fell, to lay or throw down.] 
 
 1. A piece of land inclosed for tillage or pasture ; 
 any part of a farm, except the garden and appurte- 
 nances of the mansion ; properly, land nt>t covered 
 with wood, and more strictly applicable to tillage 
 land than to mowing land, which is often called 
 meadow. But we say, the master of the house is in 
 tite field with his laborers, when he is at a distance 
 from his house on his farm. He is in the field, plow- 
 ing, sowing, reaping, or making hay. 
 
 2. Ground not inclosed. Mortimer. 
 
 3. The groiinil where a battle is fought. We say, 
 the ficlit of battle ; these veterans are excellent sol- 
 ditrs ill the field. 
 
 4. A battle ; action in the field. 
 
 What tbou^ itKfi*Ui he \oA. Mitton. 
 
 5. To keep the field, is to keep the campaign open ; 
 to live in tents, or to be in a sttite of active opera- 
 tions. ,\t the approach of cold weather, the troops, 
 unable to keep (Ar/Wrf, were ordered into winter quar- 
 
 C. A wide expanse. [tcrs. 
 
 Atk of yonder ar^-nl fietilt aljoTe. Pope. 
 
 7. Open space fiir action or operation ; compass ; 
 extent. This siibji'Ct o|K ns a wide field for contem- 
 
 8. A piece or tract of land. (plation. 
 
 The field 1 p»e Uiee, an,I the care that li therein. — Gen. ixiiL 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJ.MTE.. .A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS. - € as K ; C as J ; S a« Z ; CR u SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 57 
 
 I, 
 
 44n 
 
FIE 
 
 FIG 
 
 FIG 
 
 9 The eround or blank space on wliicli figures are 
 drawn : as. the Jifld or frround tif a picture. Dntden, 
 
 lU. Ill lu-raldrij, lha wliulc surface of tlie hliielU, or 
 the continent. Encijc. 
 
 11. In Scripture, field often signifies the open coun- 
 try, ground not uiclosed, as it may in some countries 
 in modern times. 
 
 13. A field of ice ; a large body of floating ice. 
 
 13. Field of view, in a telescope or microscope, is the 
 space within which objects are visible wiien the in- 
 strument is adjusted to its focus. Brande. 
 FIEL1)'-I5AS-IL, 11. A plant. [.Applied to various 
 plants.'^ 
 
 Fli5LD'-BED, n. Abed contrived for carrj ing into the 
 fteld. 
 
 FIkLD'-BOOK, n. A book used in surveying, in 
 which are set down the angles, stations, distances, 
 &c. Barlow. 
 
 FlisLD'-eOL-ORS, (-kul'lurz,) v. pi. In ?tar, small 
 flags of about a foot and a half square, carried along 
 with the quartermaster-geiu-ral, for marking out the 
 ground for the squadrons and battalions. Kncyc. 
 
 FliiLD'-DAY, 71. A day v\ hen troops are drawn out 
 for instruction in field exercises and evolutions. 
 
 FliiLD'-DUCK, 71. A species of bustard, nearly as 
 large as a pheasant ; found chiefly in France. 
 
 Dirt, of JVat. Hist. 
 
 FIeLD'ED, a. Being in the field of butl'b^ ; encamiied. 
 
 Sliuk. 
 
 FlisLD'FARE, Ji. [field and fare, wandering in the 
 field. Sax. faran, to go.] 
 
 A bird, of the genus Tardus, or thrush, about ten 
 inches iti lenglli, the head a^h-ct)Iored, the back and 
 greater coverts of the wings of a fine, deep chestnut, 
 and the tail black. These birds pass the summer in 
 the northern parts of Europe, but visit Great Britain 
 in winter, Kncyc. Partington. 
 
 FIeLD'-MXR'SH.VL, t>. The commander of an army, 
 a military otRcer of liigh rank in France and Germa- 
 ny, and the highest military officer in England except 
 the captain-general. 
 
 FIELD'- .MOUSE, n. A name given to several species 
 of mice that live in the field, burrowing in banks, &.c. 
 
 Morttmer, 
 
 FIeLD'-OF'FI-CER, 71. A military officer above the 
 
 rank of captain, and below that of general, as a 
 
 major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. 
 FIELU'-PIeUE, 71. A small cannon which is carried 
 
 along witli_artnies, and used in llie fiebl of battle. 
 FlELD'-PRE.'iCH'ER, n. One who preaches in the 
 
 opi;n air. Lavinirton. 
 FIELD'-PREACII'ING, n. A preaching in the field 
 
 or open air. fVarburton. 
 FIELD'-UOOM, 71. Open space. [JVot in jise.] 
 
 Dravton. 
 
 FIELD'-SPoRTS, 71. pi. Diversions of the field, as 
 shooting and hunting. Chesterfield. 
 
 Fliil.D'-STAFF, 71. A weapon carried by gunners, 
 about the length of a halberd, with a spear at the 
 end, having on each side ears screwed on, like the 
 cock of a matchlock, where the gunners screw in 
 lighted matches, when they are on command. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 FIeLD'-VoLE, 7!. The short-tailed field-mouse. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 FIELD'- WORKS, (-wurks,) 71.. pi. In tie military 
 art, works thrown up by an army, in besieging a 
 fortress, or by the besieged, to defend the place. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 FIeLD'Y, a. Open, like a field. Wot in vse.] 
 
 IVicUiffe. 
 
 FIEND, (feend,) 71. [Snx. feond, Goth, fiands, from 
 fian,fccn,figan, to hate ; G.feind-, D. vyaiid; Sw. and 
 Dan. fiende. See Feld, contention.] 
 
 An enemy, in the worst sense ; an implacable or 
 malicious foe ; the devil ; an infernal being. 
 
 O woman I woriuin ! wifii lo i1! tliy mind 
 
 III bent, III] hfll contains no Ibiilrr fietul. Pope. 
 
 FIeND'-FRAY'ING, a. Terrifying fiends. More. 
 FlE.N'D'FlJL, a. Full of evil or malignant practices. 
 
 Jllurlowc. 
 
 FlK.\D'FtII--LY. ailv. In a fienil like manner. 
 FlK.ND'-llKAKT-El), a. Having the heart of a fiend. 
 FIKND'ISII, n. Like a fiend; malicious. 
 FIkM)'I.SI1-NE.'<S, 71. .MahciousiKws. 
 F1P;M)'-LIKE, a. Resembling a fiend; maliciously 
 
 wicked i diabolical. 
 FIERCE, (feers,) n. [Fr.firr; U. fiero, frroce ; Sip. fie- 
 
 TO, fcroi ; from L. frrus, feroi, the primary sense of 
 
 which iM, wild, rnnning, rushing.) 
 
 1. Vehement ; violent ; furious; rushing; impetu- 
 ous ; as, a fierce wind. Walts. 
 
 2. Savage ; ravenous ; easily enraged ; as, a ficrct 
 lion. 
 
 :). Vehement in rage ; eager of mischief; as, a fierce 
 tyrant ; a nionnter fierce for blood. 
 
 4. Violent ; outrageous ; not to be restrained. 
 
 Ciif»^"l llfir an(;<T, for it wiu Jltree. — (j.-n. xlix. 
 
 5. Passionate j niigry ; furious. 
 
 8. Wild ; staring ; ferocious ; as, a fierce counte- 
 nance. 
 
 7. Very eager ; nrdcnt ; vebomont j an, a man fierce 
 till Ilia party. 
 
 FIeRCE'LY, adv. Violently; furiously; with rage; 
 as, both sitles fiercely fought. 
 2. With a wild iispect ; as, to look fiercely. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 FIERCE'-MIND'ED, a. Vehement ; of a furious tem- 
 per. Bp. fVil-son. 
 FIERCE'NESS, 71. Ferocity; savageness ; excessive 
 violence of spirit. 
 
 Tlie defect of heat, which gives fierceness to our natures. Su^ifl. 
 2. Eagerness for blood ; fury ; as, the fierceness of 
 a lion or bear. 
 
 X Uuickness to attack ; keenness in anger and re- 
 sentment. 
 
 Tlie (Jreeks are strong, and skillful to their stren^h, 
 
 FlLTCc to their skill, and to their fierceness vsiliaill. Sfmk. 
 
 4. Violence ; outrageous passion. 
 
 Ilia pride and hrntal fierceness I abhor. Dryrlen. 
 
 5. Vehemence ; fury ; impetuosity ; as, the fierce- 
 ness of a tempest. 
 
 FI'K-RI FA'CJ-.flS, (fi'e-rl-fa'she-as.) 71. [L.] In 
 law, a judicial writ that lies for him who has recov- 
 eretl in debt or damages, commanding the sheriff to 
 levy the same on the goods of him against whom the 
 recoverv was had. Cowcl. 
 
 FI'ER-I-NESS, 71. [See Fiery, Fire.] The quality 
 of being fiery; heat; acrimtmy ; tlie quality of a 
 substance that excites a sensation of heat. Boyle. 
 
 2. Heat of temper ; irritability ; as, a ficriness of 
 temper. .^ddi^on. 
 
 FI'Kli-Y, a. [from .^i-e.] Consisting of fire ; as, the 
 fiery gulf of Etna. 
 
 Anil fiery billows roll Iielow. Waifs. 
 
 2. Hot, like fire ; as, a jlcri/ heart. Sliak. 
 
 3. Vehement; ardent; very active ; impetuous; 
 as, a fiery spirit. 
 
 4. Passionate ; easily provoked ; irritable. 
 
 You know the fiery quality of the dnite. Sliak. 
 
 5. Unrestrained; fierce; as, a Jjfri/ steed. 
 G. Heated by fire. 
 
 Tlie sword wliiclj is made fiery. Hooker. 
 7. Like fire ; bright ; glaring ; as, a fiery appear- 
 ance. 
 
 FIFE, 71. [Tr.fifre; G. pfeife. It is radically the same 
 as pipe, W. pib, Ir. pib, or pip, D. pyp, Dan. pibe, Sw. 
 pipa, coincitling with L. pipio, to pip, or peep, as a 
 chicken. The word may have received its name 
 from a hollow stalk, or from its sound.] 
 
 A small pipe used as a wind-instrument, chiefly in 
 martial music with drums. 
 
 FIFE, V. i. To play on a fife. 
 
 FIFE'-Ma-JOR, 71. The chief or superintendent of 
 
 the fifers of a regiment. Booth. 
 FIF'EU, 71. One who plays on a fife. 
 FIF'TEEN, a. [Sax. fiftyn.] 
 
 Five and ten. 
 FIF'TEENTH, a. [Snx. fiftyntha.] 
 
 1. The ordinal of fifteen ; the fifth after the tenth. 
 9. Containing one part in fifteen. 
 
 FIF'TEENTH, 71. A fifteenth part. 
 
 2. An ancient tax laid on towns, boroughs, &c., 
 in England, being one fifteenth part of what each 
 town, &.C., liad been valued at; or it was a fifteenth 
 of each man's personal estate. Bucluinan. 
 
 3. In music, the double octave. 
 FIFTH, a. [Sax. ^/fa. See Five.] 
 
 1. The ordinal of five ; the next to the fourth. 
 
 2. EUiptically, a fifth part ; or the word may be 
 considered as a noun ; as, to give a fiftlt or two 
 fifths. 
 
 FIFTH, 71. In music, an interval consisting of three 
 tones and a semitone. Kncyc. 
 
 FIFTH'LY, ado. In the fifth place. 
 
 FIFTH-.MON'ARCH-Y-MEN, 71. pi. A fanatical sect 
 in England, who considered Cromwell as cnninienc- 
 ing the fifth great monarchy of the world, during 
 which Christ should reign on earth a thousand years. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 FIF'TI-ETII, a. [Sax. fifteogetha ; fif, five, and teo- 
 getha, tenth.] 
 
 'I'lie ordinal of fifty ; as, the fiftieth part of a foot. 
 This may be used elliplically ; as^ a fiftieth of his 
 goods, part being understood ; or, in this ctise, the 
 word may be treated in grammar as a noun, admit- 
 ting a plural ; as, two fiflietlis. 
 
 FIF'TV, a. [.Sax. fiftig ; fif, five, and Goth, tig, ten.] 
 Five tens ; five times ten ; as, fifty men. It may 
 be used .is a noun in the plural. 
 
 And they sat down hy fi/liee. — Mark vi, 
 
 FIG, 71. [\.. ficus ; figo, or higo ; \l. fico ; Fr.figue; 
 G. frige; b. vyg ; Ileh. ■'JD ; Cli. n>B.] 
 
 1. 'I'he fruit of the fig tree, which is of a round 
 or oblong shape, and a tlark-purplisli color, with the 
 pulp of a sweet taste. Hut the varieties are nunicr- 
 OUH ; some being blue, others red, anil others tif a 
 dark-brown color. Kncyc. 
 
 2. 'I'he lig-tree. Pope. 
 FIG, r. I. To insult wilh ficoes, or cuntemptiious mo- 
 tions of the fingers, [/.illte used.] ShnI;. 
 
 2. To put Hoiiii'lliing useless into one's lieiiil. [.iW/f 
 used.] L* Kitronge. 
 
 FI(J'-AP-PLE, 7». A species of apple. Johnson. 
 
 FIG'-GNAT, (-nat,) 71. An insect of the lly kind. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 FIG'-LeAF, 71. The leaf of a fig-tree; also, a thin 
 covering, in allusion to the first covering of .\dam 
 and Eve. 
 
 FIG-MAR'I-GoLD, 71. The Mesembrj'anthemum, a 
 succuleut plant, resembling houseleek. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. MiUer. 
 FIG'-PECK-ER, 71. [L. ficednla.] 
 A bird. 
 
 FIG'-TREE, 71. A tree of the g»»us Ficus, growing 
 in warm climates, and valued for its tVuit. 'J'he re- 
 ceptacle is common, turbinated, carnoiis, and conni- 
 vent, inclosing the florets. The male calyx is tri- 
 partite ; no Corel ; three stamens. The female calyx 
 is quinquepartite ; no corol ; one pistil ; one seed. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 To dwell under mr vme and fig-tree, is to live in 
 peace and safety. 1 Kings iv. 
 FIG'-WORT, 71. A plant of the genus Scrophularia. 
 FIG'A-RY, 71. A frolic. 
 FIG'A-RY, for Vagarv, is not English. 
 FIGHT, (fite,) V. i. ; pret. and pp. Fought, (favvt.) 
 
 } Sax. feahtan, fcuhtan ; G. fechten; D. vegten ; Sw. 
 acktu ; Dan. fegter ; Ir. fichini.] 
 
 1. To strive or contend for victory, in battle or in 
 single combat ; to attempt to defeat, subdue, or de- 
 stroy an enemy, either by blows or weapons ; to con- 
 tend in arms. 
 
 Come and be our captain, thai we may fight with the children of 
 Amnion. — Judges xi. 
 
 When two persons or parties contend in person, 
 fight is usually followed by with. But when we speak 
 of carrying on war in any other form, we may say, 
 •o fight against. 
 
 Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his 
 
 enemies on every side. — 1 Sam. xiv, 
 Hazael king of Syria went up, and fought against G.ath. — 2 
 Kings xii. 
 
 It is treason for a man to join an enemy to figU 
 against his country. Hence, 
 
 T'o fight again.st, is to act in opposition ; to oppose ; 
 to strive to conquer or resist. 
 
 The stars in their courses /ought against Sisem. — Judges v. 
 
 2. To contend ; to strive ; to struggle to resist or 
 check. 
 
 3. To act as a soldier. Shak. 
 FIGHT, (fIte,) 1!. t. To carry on contention ; to main- 
 tain a struggle for victory over enemies. 
 
 1 have fought a good figl,l. — '2 'I'iin. iv. 
 
 2. To contend with in battle , to war against. 
 They fought the enemy in two pitched battles. The 
 captain fought I lie frigate seven glasses. [Elliptical ; 
 tci(/i being understood.] 
 
 3. To cause to fight ; as, to fight cocks ; to fight 
 one's shin. 
 
 FIGHT, (fite,) n. A battle ; an engagement ; a contest 
 inarms; a struggle for victory, either between indi- 
 viduals, or between armies, ships, or navies. A duel 
 is called a single .fight, or combat. 
 2. Something to screen the combatants in ships. 
 
 Up with your fights and your nettings prepare. Di-yden. 
 
 FIG HT'ER, 7!. One that fights ; a combatant ; a war- 
 rior. 
 
 FIGHT'LNG, (fit'ing,) ppr. Contending in battle; 
 striving fur victorv or conquest. 
 
 2. a. Uuahfiedfor war; fit for battle. 
 
 A host of fighting ini-n. — 2 Chrm. xxvi. 
 
 3. Occupied in war; being the scene of war; as, 
 a fighting field. Pope. 
 
 FIGHT'ING, 71. Contention; strife; qu.arrel. 
 
 Without were fighdngs, wtlliiu wen' li'ars. — 2 Cor. vii. 
 
 FIG'.MENT, 77. [L. figmentum, from fingo, to feign.] 
 An invention ; a fiction ; something feigned or im- 
 agined. These assertions are the figments of idle 
 brains. Bp. l.loijd. 
 
 FIG'U-LATE, a. [L. ./i^-ii/o, to fashion, Iroiii ,/iiin-n 
 or rather A'"", which appears to be the root \t( fingo.] 
 iMade of"pi'«er's clay ; molded ; shaped. [Litdc 
 used. ] 
 
 FIG-IJ-R A-BIL'I-TY, 71. The quality of being capable 
 
 of a ci-itoin fixeil or stable form. 
 FIG'lI-RA-liLi:, 11. [from figure.] Capable of being 
 
 brought Id a crrlaiii li vid form or shape. Thus, lead 
 
 is ligttroblr, but water is not. Bacon. 
 FIG'IJRAL, a. Riprisciited by figure or delineation ; 
 
 as, figural resemblances. Broion. 
 Fi!riirat numbers. See Figurate Numreiis. 
 Frn' lI-KAJ^T, 11. III. / [Fr ] One who dances at the 
 F/n' U-KA.'V'I'l'., n. f. \ opera, not singly, but in 
 
 groups or figures. 
 2. An accessory character on the stage, who yiif- 
 
 iirr.y in its scenes, but has nothing to say. Hence, 
 
 applied to those who figure in any scene, without 
 
 taking a proiiiiiieiit part. 
 FKi'U-RATE, n. [L. .fiViirarii.<.] 
 
 1. Of a certain deti rminate form. 
 
 riauls an* all urfife and deUTininal--, whii h inaniluat'' hoiliei 
 im- not. ' Jlacon. 
 
 2. Ilesembling any thing of a determinate form ; as, 
 figurate stones ; stones or fiissils resembling shells. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FA^L, WII/kT MRTE, PREY PIN'E, MARINE, HIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 ^SjT _ - -- - - 
 
FIL 
 
 r 
 
 3. Fijiiinitivp. [JVot u.<nl.] 
 
 Figuratc cimiifrriwiiit ; u\ him.s-/>, that wluTein llitTC 
 is a mixtiin' ol" ilisconU H illi coiicurds. Branite. 
 
 Fi'jurnlr i/r.<cu/i( , that in wliali iliscurds are con- 
 crrneJ, Ilioii^li nut sii iiuich as conoiirils. It may be 
 callKil the iiniaiiitMit or rliLtnrical part of music, con- 
 tainins all llu varirlio ol" puiiils, figures, syncopes, 
 anil diversities of measure. jtarri-i. 
 
 Fi'^urute nuiiibrrSj in mnOtcmaticii^ are numbers 
 formed accurdint; to certain laws, and liavinj: pecu- 
 liar relations to dilferent geometrical fijjnrcs, as, tri- 
 angles, squares, pentagons, &c. In the following cx- 
 omple, Ihi! two lower lines are cumposcd u{ figuratc 
 numbers : — 
 
 1, S, 3, 4, ice. 
 1, 3, G, 10, &c. 
 I, 4, 10, 90, &c. 
 FIG'IJ-Ka-TEI), a. Having a determinate form. 
 
 Potter. 
 
 FKJ'II R ATE-I.Y, ailr. In a figuratc manner. 
 KI(M|-liA''riO.\, n. The act of giving figure or de- 
 termin.'ile form. Bacon. 
 : 9. Uelerminalion to a certain form. Baron. 
 
 3. Mi.vture of concords and discords in music. 
 
 Orei^onj. 
 
 FIG'lJ-KA-TIVE, a. [Fr../in-«r<7(//, from yij-'fc] 
 
 1. Ueprcsepting something else; rcpreseiiliiig by 
 resemblance ; I) pical. 
 
 Thb, they will ».»y, wa* Jtguratipe, ftild 8"TVcmI by Gu.rd np- 
 I puiiitiitfiii, bui tiir & uiiK*, lo »l).uluw out tlie Uiiu £l'iry (>r a 
 
 ! limn; iliviiic diicuty. tlooker. 
 
 2. Representing by resemblance ; not literal or 
 direct. .\ ji^iirative expression is one in which the 
 words are used in a sense diircreiil from that in 
 
 I which they are ordinarily used ; as, 
 Sl.inilpr, 
 
 Who*; b iliLirpf r lhaii liii; onj. Shak. 
 
 3. .Mioiinding with figures of speech; as, a de- 
 scription Iiiiilily fi'/aralire. 
 
 FI(J'IJ-UA-Tl VE-hV, (w/e. By a figure ; in a manner 
 to exhibit ideas by resemblance ; in a sense ditli rent 
 from that which words originally imply. Words arc 
 used /i;«r(if/cr/;/, when I hey express something dif- 
 ferent from their usual meaning. 
 
 FI(;'i ;-RA-'ri VE-.\ESS, n. i^tate of being figurative. 
 
 FIG'ljUE, (fig'yiir,) n. [TcT. figure; h. finura, from 
 figo, to fix or set ; W. Jug-yr, from fugiaw, to feign. 
 See Feuin.] 
 
 1. The form of any thing, as expressed by the out- 
 ■ line or terminating extremities. Flowers have ex- 
 quisite figures. A triangle is a figure of three sides. 
 A square is a figure of four eijual sides and equal 
 angles. 
 
 •2. Shape ; form ; person ; as, a lady of elegant 
 figure. 
 
 1 A f Jl^ure, or ]i»*reon, in man or woman, cmlit at 
 
 liml si^ttt.to Ihc etioic^' 6?fillier. Ittchardton. 
 
 3. Distinguished appearance ; eminence j distinc- 
 tion ; remarkable character. Ames made a figure in 
 congress; Hamilton, in thecabinet. 
 
 4. Appeaniiice of any kind ; as, an ill figure ; a 
 mean figure, 
 
 ti. .Magnificence ; splendor ; as, to live in figure 
 and indulgence. Lam. 
 
 6. .\ st,atiie ; an image ; that which is formed in 
 re.semlilance of something else ; as, the figure of a 
 man in plaster. 
 
 7. RepresenLition in iv-iinling ; the lines and colors 
 which represent an aiiiiuni, parliriilarly a persim ; 
 as, the pfincipal figures of a picture ; a subordinate 
 figure. 
 
 8. In manufactures, a design or representation 
 wrought on damask, velvet, and other stufis. 
 
 9. In logic, the form of a sylloi;ism with respect to 
 the order or dis|)osition of the middle term. H'atLs. 
 
 10. In <iritA»ir;ic, a character denoting a number; 
 a digit ; as, 2, 7, 9. 
 
 11. In geometry, a diagram. 
 
 12. In a.<lrotogyy\\\K horoscope; the diagram of the 
 aspects of llie astrological houses. Skak. 
 
 13. In theology, type ; representative. 
 
 Who was thi'_^^ur< ol liiin lhal wa* to coinc. — Rom. T. 
 
 14. In rhetoric, a mode of speaking or writing in 
 which words are dertected from their ordinary signifi- 
 cation, or a mode more be.iutifiil and emphatical than 
 the ordinary way of expressing the sense ; the lan- 
 guage of the imagination and |>assiiins ; as, know I- 
 edge is the light of the mind ; the soul mounts on the 
 wings of faith ; youth is the morning of life. In 
 strictness, the change of a word is a trope, and any 
 afljction of a sentence a/io-ure ; but these terms are 
 often confounded. LorJie. 
 
 15. In grammar, any deviation from the rules of 
 analogy or syntax. 
 
 Ifi. In (lancing, the 5<"veral steps which the dancer 
 makes in order and cadence, considered as they 
 form certain figures on the floor. 
 FIG'1;kE, (rtg'yiir,) r. t. To form or mold into any 
 dcteriniiiate shape. 
 
 Ac«p« Ills f<jt>lcl, rough Willi fisurtd gold. Drylen. 
 
 2. To show by corporeal resemblance, as in picture 
 or statuary. 
 
 3. To make a drawing of; as, to figure a plant, a 
 shell, &c. [Used clitrfiy in the natural sciences.^ 
 
 4. To cover or adorn with figures or images; to 
 mark with figures ; to loriii figures in by art ; as, to 
 figure velvet or muslin. 
 
 5. To diversify; to variegate with adventitious 
 forms of iii;itler. 
 
 0. To represent by a typical or figurative resem- 
 blance. 
 
 Tlic inatirr of tin; flacrami'nU Jtgnretli ihfir fiul. Hooker. 
 
 7. To imagine ; to image in the mind. Temple. 
 
 8. To pri figure ; to foreshow. Sliak. 
 
 9. 'I'o ftiriii lignratively ; to use in a sense not 
 literal ; as, figured expressions. \_LiUU used.] 
 
 10. To note by characters. [Locke. 
 As thrill:;!! a crynul glass figtireil hoiin are Been. JJrylen. 
 
 11. In Mii.-iCito pass several notes for one ; loform 
 runnings or variations. F.nc.ijc. 
 
 FIG'lJRE, f. i. Til make a figure ; to be distinguis'hcd. 
 
 The eiivov liirurcd at the court of t^t. Cloud. 
 FIG'1;rE-C.\ST'ER, j «. a pretender to astrologv. 
 
 fi(;'uue-fi,[.\(;'i:r, ( [ohs.] 
 
 FIG'IJrE-STo.NK, )i. a name of the agalmatolile, 
 or bililsteiii. 
 
 FlG'IJR-f.'l), (fig'yurd,) pp. Represented by resem- 
 blance; adorned with figures; formed into a de- 
 terminate figure. 
 2. Ill music, free and florid. 
 
 FIG'UR-Kl), n. Adorned w ith figures. 
 
 F1(;'IIRE-IIEAI), n. The figure, stalue, or bust, on 
 the projecting part of the head of a ship. Brande. 
 
 FH;'IIR-[\(;, a. AcI jf making figures. 
 
 FIG'UR-I.\(«, /i//r. Foriiiiiig into determinate shape; 
 representing by types or resemblances ; adorning 
 with figures ; making a distinguished appearance. 
 
 FI-La'CEUUS, (fe-li'shus,) a. [U. filu'm, a thread ; 
 Fr. file; Sp. kilo.] 
 
 Composed or consisting of threads. Bacon. 
 
 FII.'A-CER, 71. [.Norm. fiUccr, from file, a thread or 
 file, L.filum, Sp. lido.] 
 
 An orticer in the English Court of Common Pleas, 
 so called from filing the writs on whicji he makes 
 process. There are fourteen of them in their several 
 divisions and counties. They make out al! original 
 processes, real, personal and mixed. Harris. 
 
 FI L'.\-.M ENT, n. [Fr., from L.filanicnta, threads, from 
 filum.] 
 
 A thread ; a fiber. In anatomy and natural history, 
 a fine thread, of which flesh, nerves, skin, plants, 
 roots, &c., and also some minerals, are composed. 
 So the spider's web is composed of filaments. The 
 threadlike part of the stamens of plants is called 
 the filament. 
 
 FlUA-ME.\T'OUS, o. Like a thread ; consisting of 
 
 fine filaments. 
 FIL'-A-N-DERS, It. pL [Fr. filandres, from filum, a 
 
 thread.] 
 
 A disease in hawks, consisting of filaments of 
 congu'ated blood ; also, small worms wrapt in a thin 
 skill or net, near the reins of a hawk. Encyc. 
 FIL'A-TO-RV, n. ffrrim L.Jt/iim, a thread.] 
 A machine wliicli forms or spins threads. 
 Thi« manufactory h.i« Uiitm; JUnlorief, each of 640 recli, which 
 are nutvcil by a watcr-whccI, and, Lesidca, a uiial\jUntoTy 
 lunifil by men. TooJte. 
 
 FIL'A-TURE, 71. Literally, a drawing out into threads ; 
 hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons. 
 
 2. A reel for drawing olf silk from cocoons, or an 
 establishment for reeling. 
 FlL'llERT, 71. [\.. arellana with which the first syl- 
 lable corresponds ; fil, vel.] 
 
 The fruit of the cultivated Cnrylus or Imzcl ; an 
 egg-shaped nut, containing a kernel, that has a mild, 
 farin.aceoiis, oily t;iste, which is agreeable to the 
 palate. The oil is said to be little inferior to the oil 
 of almonds. Eneiic. 
 FILCH, r. U [This word, like pilfer, is probably 
 from the rtwit of ./)/<• or peel, to strip or rub ofl". But I 
 know nut from « li.it source we have received it. 
 In Sp. pelliicar is to pilfer, as filouler, in French, is to 
 pick the pocket.] 
 
 To steal something of lillle value ; to pilfer ; to 
 steal ; to pillage ; to take wrongfully from anotlier. 
 
 Kttin would ther fileti that litlle fiHKl away. Dryden. 
 
 B it lie lUwfilehet Iroin me niy fft«j,l naiite, 
 
 Rola i)i<. o( thai which ni^t eiinchcs him, 
 
 And makes me poor indeeil. Stiok. 
 
 FII.ril'Kn, (filcht,) pp. Stolen ; taken wrongfully 
 
 from another; pillaced ; pilfered. 
 FII.CH'ER, 11. A tliief ; one who is guilty of petty 
 
 then. 
 
 FII.CH'INO, ppr. Stealing, taking from another 
 
 wronnfiilly ; pilfering. 
 FII.(.'iri.\G-LY, ado. By pilfering; in a thievish 
 
 manner. 
 
 FILE, n. [Fr. file, a row ; filet, a thread ; L. filum ; 
 Sp. hilo ; Port, film It. fila, fih : Riiss. biel, a thread 
 of flax. The primary sense is probably to draw out 
 or extend, or to tw ist. W.filliaa, to twist.) 
 
 1. .\ thread, string, or line ; particularly, a line or 
 wire on which paiH-rs are strung in due order for 
 preservation, and for conveniently finding Iheiii when 
 wanted. Documents are kept on file. 
 
 2. The whole number of papers strung on a line 
 or wire ; as, a file of writs. A file is a record of 
 court. 
 
 3. A bundle of papers tied together, with the title 
 of each intlorsed ; the mode of arranging and keeping 
 papers being changed, wiUiout a change of names, 
 
 4. A roll, li>t, or catalogue. Shuk. Burke. 
 
 5. A row of soldiers ranged one behind another, 
 from front to rear ; the number of men constituting 
 the depth of the battalion or s(|uadron. 
 
 FILE, V. t. To string ; to fasten, as papers, on a line 
 or wire for preservation. Declarations and afliilavils 
 must be fdcd. An original writ may be filed after 
 judgment. 
 
 2. To arrange or insert in a bundle, as papers, in- 
 dorsing the title on each pa(ier. This is now the 
 more common mode of filing papers in private and public 
 ojjices. 
 
 3. To present or exhibit oflicially, or for trial ; as, 
 to file a bill ill chancery. 
 
 FILE, r. i. To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not 
 
 abreast, but oiitr after another. 
 FILE, n. [f:i\. feol : D. vijh G. /ci7c ; Sw. and Dan. 
 
 fit, a file ; Russ, pda, a saw ; jicrliaps connected in 
 
 origin with poli.fh, which see. Cla.-'s Bl, .No. 30, 32, 
 
 33, 4.->.] 
 
 All instrument uset! in smoothing and polishing 
 metals, formed of iron or steel, and cut in little 
 furrows. 
 
 FILE, c. t. [Riis.;. opilevayu, and spilivayu, to file.] 
 
 1. To rub anil smooth with a file ; to polish. 
 
 2. To cut as with a file ; to wear off or away by 
 friction ; as, to file off a tooth 
 
 3. [from defile.] 'I'o foul or defile. [JVot vsed.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FTLE'-eUT'TER, n, A maker of files. Moton. 
 FIL'/'.'I), (fild,) pp. Placed on a line or wire ; placed 
 
 in a bundle and indorsed ; smoothed or polished 
 
 with a file. 
 
 FILE'-FISII, n. A name given to certain fishes from 
 their skin being granulated like a file. They ar^ in- 
 termetliate between the boiij- ami cartilaginous fish- 
 es, and coiistiiiite the genus Batistes. Partington. 
 
 FILE'-LEAU'KR, h. The soldier placed in the front 
 of a file. Cyc. 
 
 FIL'E-.MOT, 71. [Fr. feuilte-morte, a dead leaf.] 
 
 A yellowish brown color ; the color of a faded 
 leaf. Swift. 
 
 FIL'ER,n. One wlio uses a file in smootliiiig and 
 polishing. 
 
 FIL'IAL, (fil'yal,) a. [Fr. filial ; \t. filiate ; Sp. filial; 
 from L. JlliiU't, a son, }i7irt, a daughter, Sp. kijo, Cop- 
 tic fnln. Sans, bala or bali. It agrees in elements 
 with foul and pnllus. The \Vel>li has hiliaw and cjj- 
 piliaw, to bring lortli ; hit and eppil, progtuiy.] 
 
 1. Pert.'iiiiiiig to a son or daughter; becoming a 
 child in relation to his pari'Uts. Fdial.lnve is such 
 an affection as a child naturally bears to his parents. 
 Fdial duty or obedience is such duty or obedience as 
 the child owes to his parenLs. 
 
 2. Bearing the relation of a son. 
 
 Spri^ oiliku leaf CFLXl Iheir Jiliai Ir ads. Prior, 
 
 FII/I.\I.-I.y, adn. In a filial manner. 
 FIL-I-A'TIO.N, 71. [Fr., from L. filius, a son.] 
 
 1. The relation of a son or child to a father ; cor- 
 relative to paternity. Jlale, 
 
 2. Adoption. 
 
 3. The fixing of a bastard child on some one as 
 its father; affiliation. Smart. 
 
 FIL-IC'I-FOR.M, ( is'e-form,) a. Fern-shaped. Smart. 
 
 FlL'1-eOID, a. [filiees and juloj.] 
 
 In botany, fern-like ; having the form of ferns. 
 
 FIL'i etJll), 71. A plant reseiiibliiig ferns. Lindley. 
 
 FIL'I-FOR.M, a. [L. filum, a Ihre.itl, and /orm.l 
 
 Having the form of a thread or filament ; slender 
 and of equal thickness from top to bottom ; a«, a fill- 
 form style or peduncle. Martyn. 
 
 FIL'l-GR.ANE, n. [L.filum, a thread, and granutn, 
 a grain.] 
 
 i'he original word for Filiorff., which see. 
 
 FIL'1-GREE, 11. A kind of enricliinent on gold and 
 silver, wrouL'ht delicately in the manner of little 
 tlireails or srains, or of both intermixed. Hebert. 
 
 FIL'I-GREEI), a. Ornamented with filigree. For- 
 merly spelt FlLloRANED. Tatler. 
 
 FIL'I.VG, ppr. Placing on a string or wire, or in a 
 bundle of papers ; presenting for trial ; marching in 
 a file ; sinootliing with a file. 
 
 FIL'I.VG.*, n. pi. Fragments or particles rubbed off 
 bv the act of filing ; as, filinos of iron. 
 
 FILL.r. f. [Sax. /i/Waii, ycAV/nii ; D,cullen ; G.fvllen; 
 Sw. fijlla : Dan. fylder, to fill ; Fr. fouler, to full, to 
 tread, thtit is, to press, to crowd ; foule, a ("roH d ; Cr. 
 iT'iAii,-, 77 XA.ii ; allied, perhaps, to fold and felt: Ir. 
 fiUim ; Gr. zi><»s; riX'io, to stuff; L. piliui, pdeus. 
 U'e are told that the Gr. nXai i, to approach, signi- 
 fied originally to thrust or drive, L. pello, and con- 
 tracted into tAu' i, it is rendered to fill, and nArej is 
 full. If a V 'Wel was originally used between t and 
 >, in these words, they coincide with /U; and the 
 1.. plea, {for peleo,) in all its com(K>iinds, is the same 
 word. In Russ. polnei is full ; polnini, lo fill. See 
 Class Bl, No. 9, 11, 12, 15, 22, 30, 4.'i,"47.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 4'.! 
 
FIL 
 
 FIN 
 
 FIN 
 
 !. Properly, to press ; ti> crowd ; to stulT. Hence, 
 to put or pour in, till the thing will hold no more ; 
 as, to Jill a basket, a buttle, a vessel. 
 
 FUl the water-pols wilh w;iter ; and lliey ^Ued tliem to the 
 brjii. — Jolin u. 
 
 2. To store; to supply with abundance. 
 
 Be fruitful, and multiply, and Jiii the waters in the Beaa. — 
 Gen. L 
 
 3. To cause to abound ; to make universally prev- 
 alent. 
 
 The earth was JilUd with violence. — Gen. vi, 
 
 4. To satisfy ; to content. 
 
 Whence should we have so much bread in the wUdeniesa as to 
 Jill 80 great a mullilude f — Matt. XV. 
 
 5. To glut ; to suifeit. 
 
 Things that are sweet and fat are more Jtlltng. Bacon, 
 
 6. To make plump ; as, in a <!ood season the grain 
 is well filled. In the summer of 18Ili, the drie.^t and 
 coldest which the oldest man remembered, the rye 
 was so well Jillcd, that the grain prntntded heyotid 
 the husk, and a shuck yielded a peck more than in 
 common years. 
 
 7. To press and dilate on all sides, or to the ex- 
 tremities ; as, the sails were Jilled. 
 
 8. To supply witli liquor; to pour into ; as, to Jill 
 a glass fur a guest. 
 
 9. To supply with an incumbent ; as, to fill an 
 office or vacancy. Hamilton 
 
 10. To hold ; to possess and perform the duties of; 
 to officiate in, as an incumbent; as, a king^iZo- a 
 throne ; the president fills the office of chief magis- 
 trate ; the speaker of the house fills the chair. 
 
 11. In seamanship, to brace the yards, so that the 
 wind will act upon the afler surface of the sails. 
 
 Tutten. 
 
 To fill out ; to extend or enlarge to the desired 
 To Jill up ! to make full. [limit. 
 
 It poors the bliss that Jills up all the mind. Pope. 
 But in this and many other cases, the use of Jip 
 weakens the force of the phrase. 
 
 2. To occupy ; to fill. Seek to fill up life with 
 useful employments. 
 
 3. To fill ; to occupy the whole extent ; as, to fill 
 up a given space. 
 
 4. To engage or employ ; as, to fill vp time. 
 
 5. To complete ; as, to fill up the measure of sin. 
 
 6. To complete ; to accomplish. [jMatt. xxiii. 
 And Jill up what is t)eliiiKl of the afflictions of Christ. — Col. j. 
 
 FILL, V. i. To fill a cup or glass for drinking ; to 
 give to drink. 
 
 In the cup which she hath filled, Jill to her douMe. — Rev. xviii. 
 
 2. To prow or become full. Corn fills well in a 
 warm season. A mill pund fdls during the night. 
 
 3. To'glut ; to satiate. 
 
 To Jill up : to grow or become full. The channel 
 of the river up with sand every spring. 
 FILI,, 71. Fullness; as much as supplies want; as 
 much as gives complete satisfaction. Eat and drink 
 to the Jill. Take your fill of joy. 
 
 The land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your Jill, and 
 dwell tlicrein in safely. — Lev. xxv. 
 
 FIL'LA-OREE. See Filiorane. 
 FILLE DE CHAM'BRE, (-shiin'br,) [Fr.] A cham- 
 ber-maid. 
 
 FILL'f;D, pp. Made full ; supplied with abundance. 
 FlLL'EIl, n. One who fills; one whose employment 
 is to fill vessels. 
 
 They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep the Jillers 
 alw<ay9 at work. hlortinier. 
 
 2. That which fills any space. Di-yden. 
 
 3. One that supplies abundantly. 
 
 FIL' LET, n. [Fr. filrt, a thread, from file, L. //itm.] 
 1 A little band to tie abuut the hair of the head. 
 A bell her waist, a Jillel hinds her hair. Pope. 
 
 2. The fleshy part of the thigh ; applied to veal ; 
 as, a fillet of vt;al. 
 
 3. ileal rolled together and tied round. Swift. 
 
 4. In architecture, a little square member or orna- 
 ment used in divers places, but generally as a corona 
 over a greater molding ; called also fctc?. Also, the 
 broad, longitudinal ridge between the flutings of a 
 Grecian column, except the Doric. 
 
 5. In heraldry, a kind of orle or bordure, contain- 
 ing only the third or fourth part of the breadth of 
 the common bordure. It runs quite round near the 
 edge, as a lace over a cloak. Encyc. 
 
 (i. Among painters aritl ffililers, a little rule or reg- 
 let of leaf-gold, drawn over certain molilings, or on 
 the edges <if frames, panels, &c., especially when 
 painted white, by way of enrichment. Eneye. 
 
 7. In tlic maneifc, the loins of a horse, beginning at 
 the place where the liinder part of the saddle rests. 
 
 Knci/c. 
 
 FIL'LET, r. (. To binri with a fillet or little baiiil. 
 
 2. To adorn with an astragal. Er. xxxviii. 
 FIL'I,I;T-EI), pp. Hound with a lilile band. 
 FII/LET-I.NC;, ppr. Iliiiding wilh a little band or 
 FIL'LI-HE*;, n. (<;ael. 7;;/ru<//t-i>r;r.] 
 
 ^ little jilaid ; a kilt ur dress reacliiiig nearly to the 
 kneea, worn in the Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 FILL'INO, ppr. Making full; supplying abundantly ; 
 
 growing full. 
 FILL'ING, 71. A making full; supply. 
 
 2. The wbof in weaving. 
 FIL'LIP, V. U [Probably from the root of L. pello, like 
 
 pelt, W.Jil. See Fillv.] 
 
 To strike with the nail of the finger, first placed 
 
 against the ball of the thumb, and forced from that 
 
 position with a sudden spring. 
 FIL'LIP, 71. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly 
 
 from the thumb. 
 FIL'LIP-ING, ppr. Striking with the nail or end of 
 
 the finger. 
 
 FIL'LY, )i. [W. filawir, from Jil, a scud ; a dart ; co- 
 inciding wilh Fr. Jillc, L. filia, Eng. foal, a shoot, 
 issue.] 
 
 1. A female or mare colt ; a young mare. 
 
 2. .\ wanton girl. Bennm. 
 FILM, 71. [Sax. <X\\.W. fylliam, to shade or 
 
 grow over, or It. velame, a vail, a film, L. velameii, 
 or from L. jtcllis.] 
 
 A thin skin ; a pellicle, as on the eye. In plants, 
 it denotes the thin skin which separates the seeds in 
 puds. 
 
 FIL-M, V. t. To cover with a thin skm or pellicle 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FILM'I-NESS, 71. State of being filmy. 
 FIL.M'V, a. Composed of tliin membranes or pelli- 
 cles. 
 
 Whose filmy cord should bind the strug^lin* fly. Lhyden. 
 
 FI'LoSE, a. In zoology, that ends in a thread-like 
 process. Brande 
 
 FIL'TER, 71. [Fr. filtre, feutre I S'i filtro ; It. feltro ; 
 properly, felt, fulled wool, lana coacta, this being 
 used for straining liquors.] 
 
 A strainer ; a piece of woolen cloth, paper, or other 
 substance, through which liquors are passed fordefe- 
 catiun, A filler may be made in the form of a hol- 
 low inverted cone, or by a twist of thread or yarn, 
 being wetted, and one end put in the liquor, and the 
 other suffered to hang out below the surface of the 
 liquor. Porous stone is often used as a filter. 
 
 FIL'TER, ». t. To purify or defecate liquor, by pass- 
 ing it through a filter, or causing it to pass through 
 a porous substance that retains any feculent matter. 
 
 FIL'TER, v.i. To percolate; to pass through a filter. 
 
 FI L'TER, 71. See Philter. 
 
 FIL''1'ER-£D, pp. or a. Strained ; defecated by a fil- 
 ter. 
 
 FIL'TER-ING, ppr. Straining; defecating. 
 FIL'TER-ING, 7i. The act of passing through a filter. 
 FILTH, 71. fSax. .fyltli, from ful, fula, foul; D. 
 vuille. See Foul and Defile.] 
 
 1. Dirt ; any foul matter ; any thing that soils or 
 defiles ; waste matter ; nastiness. 
 
 2. Corruption ; pullution ; any thing that sullies or 
 defiles the moral character. 
 
 To ptuify tlie soul from the dross and filth of sensual delis^hts. 
 
 Tillolson. 
 
 FILTH'I-LY, adv. In a filthy manner ; foully ; 
 grossly. 
 
 FILTII'I-NESS, 71. The state of being filthy. 
 
 2. Foulness ; dirtiness ; filth ; nastiness. 
 
 Carry forth the Jilthiness out of Uie holy place. — 2 Chron. xxix. 
 
 3. Corruption; pollution; defilement by sin ; im- 
 purity. 
 
 Let us cleanse ourselves from all ftlOiinese of the flesh and spirit, 
 perfecting holiness in the fear of God. — 2 Cor. vii. 
 
 FILTH'Y, a. Dirty ; foul ; unclean ; nasty. 
 
 2. Polluted ; defiled by sinful practices ; morally 
 impure, 
 
 lie that is filUty, let him be filthy still. —Rev. xxii. 
 
 3. Obtained by base and dishonest means ; as, filthy 
 lucre. Tit. i. 
 
 FIL'TRaTE, v. t. [Sp. filtrar; It. filtrare; Fr. filtrer. 
 See Filter.] 
 
 To filter ; to defecate, as liquor, by straining or per- 
 colation. 
 
 FIL'TRaTE, 71. The liquid which has been passed 
 through a filter. 
 
 FIL-TRa'TIUN, 71. The act or process of filtering; 
 the nierhanical separation of a litpiid from the undis- 
 solved panicles fioatiiig in it. The filtering substance 
 may ct)nsist of any porous matter, as porous earthen- 
 ware, unsized paper, sand, &.c. Ure. 
 
 FIM'liLIJ-IIEMP, 71. Ifrmale-hemp.'] Light summer 
 hemp, that bears no seed. jMartinier. 
 
 Fl.\l'liKI-ATE, o. [L. fimbria, a border or fringe. I 
 In botany, fringed ; having the margin bordereil by 
 filiform processes thicker than hairs. Lindley. 
 
 FLM'I!KI-ATE, t). f. To hem ; to fringe. Fuller. 
 
 FI.M'I)RI-A-TI;D, pp. Hemined; fringed. 
 
 FLM'HRI-A-Ti;i), a. In Am/Wn/, ornamented as an 
 ordinary, with a narrow border or hem of another 
 tincture. Encyc. 
 
 FI.M'Ultl-A-TING, ppr. Ilemming; fringing. 
 
 FIN, n. [i^tix. Jinn ) li.vin; Hw. fc.na; Uwn. finue ; 
 L. pinna, or penna. The sen.se is probably u shoot, 
 or it is from diminishing. See Fine. Class I!u.] 
 
 The fin of tt fish consists of a membrane siii>- 
 ported by rays, or little biuiy or cartilaginous ossi- 
 cli^s. The fins of fisli serve to keep their bodies up- 
 
 right, and to prevent wavering or vacillation. The 
 fins, e.xcept the caudal, do not assist in progressive 
 motion, the tail being the instrument of swimming. 
 FL\, 7) t. To carve or cut up a chub 
 FIN'A-BLE, a. [See Fine.] That admits a fine. 
 2. Subject to a fine or penalty ; as, a finable person 
 or offense. 
 
 Fl'NAL, a. [Fr. and Sp. /7ioi ; l,.finalis; ll. finale. 
 See Fine.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the end or conclusion ; last; ul- 
 timate ; as, the final issue or event of things ; final 
 hope ; final salvation. 
 
 2. Conclusive ; decisive ; ultimate ; as, a^Tiai judg- 
 ment. The battle of Waterloo was final to the 
 power of Bonaparte ; it brought the contest to a 
 
 ■ final issue. 
 
 3. Respecting the end or object to be gained; re- 
 specting the purpose or ultimate end in view. 'J'he 
 eiRcient cause is that which produces the event or ef- 
 fect ; the final cause is that for the sake of which 
 any thing is done. 
 
 FI-J^A'LE, (fe-na'li,) n. [It.] The last note or end of 
 a piece of music. 
 
 2. The last performance in any act of an opera, or 
 that which closes a concert ; close ; termination. 
 FI-N.'VL'I-TY, 71. Final state. Baxter. 
 Fi'NAL-LY, adv. At the end or conclusion ; ulti- 
 mately ; lastly. The cause is expensive, but we 
 shall finally recover. The contest was long, but the 
 Romans finally conquered. 
 2. Completely ; beyond recovery. 
 
 The enemy w-as finally exterminated. Dames, 
 FI-NANCE', (fe-naiis',) 71. [Fr. and Norm. /nance ; 
 Arm. financi, fine, subsidy. Finance is from fine, in 
 the sense of a sum of money paid by the subject to 
 the king for the enjoyment of a privilege ; a feudal 
 sense, Ilence, finance was originally revenue arising 
 from /«p-s. See Fi>e.] 
 Revenue; income of a king or state. Bacon. 
 The United States, near the close of the revolu- 
 tion, appointed a superintendent of finance. 
 \It in more generally used in the plural.] 
 FI-NAN'CES, 71. pi. Revenue; funds in the public 
 treasury, or accruing to it ; public resources of mon- 
 ey. Tiie finances of the king or government .were in 
 a low condition. The /iidiiccs were exhausted. 
 2. The income or resources of individuals. 
 [But the word is vtost properly applicable to public 
 revenue.] 
 
 FI-NAN'CIAL, ffe-nan'shal,) a. Pertaining to public 
 revenue ; as, financial concerns or operations. 
 
 .Anderson. 
 
 FI-NAN'CIAL-LY, adv. In relation to finances or pub- 
 lic revenue ; in a manner to produce revenue. 
 
 We should U- c;ireful not to consider as financially efleclivc 
 exports all the goods and produce which have been sent 
 abroad. Walsh. 
 
 FIN-AN-CIeR', (fin-an-seer',) n. [In France, a re- 
 ceiver or farmer of the public revenues.] 
 
 1. An officer who receives and manages the pub- 
 lic revenues ; a treasurer. 
 
 2. One who is skilled in the principles or system of 
 public revenue ; one who understands the niotle of 
 raising money by imposts, excise, or taxes, ami the 
 economical management and application of public 
 money. 
 
 3. One who is intrusted with the collection and 
 management of the revenues of a corporation. 
 
 4. One skilletl in banking operations. 
 FI'NA-RV. SeeFiNERv. • Diet. 
 FLN'CH, 71. [Sax. fine : G. fink ; D. vink ; It. pincione ; 
 
 W. pine, fine, gay, a Jinch.] 
 
 A small singing bird. But /7ic/i is used chiefly in 
 composition ; tin, chajjinch, goldfinch. These belong to 
 the genus Fringilla, (Linn.) or family Fringillidte. 
 FIND, V. t, ; pret. and pp. Found. [Sax. findan ; G. 
 finden ; D. vindcn, or vynen ; Sw. finna ; Dan. finder. 
 This word coincides in origin with the L. venio ; but 
 in sense with intioiio. The primary sense is, to come 
 to, to rush, to fall on, to meet, to set on ; and iheSw. 
 finna is rtrndered not only by invenire, but by offrn- 
 dcre. So in Sp. venir, to come, and to assault. It is 
 probable, therefore, that find and fend are from one 
 
 root. At. • Li fauna, to come. Class Bn, No. 21. 
 (_) 
 
 See, also. No. 7. J 
 
 1. LileraHn, to come to ; to meet ; hence, to dis- 
 cover by the" eye ; to gain first sight or knowleilge of 
 something lost; to recover either by searching fur it 
 or by accident. 
 
 Doth she not light a caudle, and sweep the house, and seek 
 dilln-eiuly, till she /mi it? utul when she hath /ouni it. — 
 
 Luke XV. 
 
 2. To meet ; to discover something not before seen 
 or known. 
 
 1 le saith to him, We liave Joawl the Messiah. — John I. 
 
 3. To obtain by stacking. 
 
 Ask, Hud It shall Ije gi^on you ; sock, and yo shall Jitid. — Matt, 
 vii. 
 
 4. To meet with. 
 
 Ill woods and forests thou art Joiind. Coioley. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PIIBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.-NOJ E, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— v 
 
 453 
 
FIN 
 
 5. To discover or know by experience. 
 
 The lotTiJ tone U now /outui hiiliitihle. Cuu>ley. 
 C. To reach j to attain to ; to arrive at. 
 
 Siruit a tlf ^.itf, ami narruw ii Ih.- w-»y, wliich Icrtjetb 10 lifs, 
 and lew -hftv U- tluil Jiiiti il. — M.ttl. vii. 
 
 7. To discover by study, experiment, or trial. Air 
 and water are found to be conipnund substances. 
 Alchemists, Ions attempted lo JiiiU the pliilosoplicr's 
 stone, but it is not ye t found. 
 
 8. To gain ; to liave ; as, to find leisure for a visit. 
 
 9. To perceive ; lo observe ; to learn. I found his 
 opinions to accord with my own. 
 
 10. To catch ; to detect. 
 
 Whon firel found in a lie, talk to him of it ns a ■tmnff'', mon- 
 
 •irons thins. Locke. 
 In this sensc,/iu2 is usually followed by ouL 
 
 11. To meet. 
 
 Ill ills th«ir biwinca* and their glory .^/id. Cotoley. 
 
 12. To have ; to experience ; to enjoy. 
 
 Bi holcl, in the iliy of your tut ye>uf pleasure. — Is. IvUi. 
 
 13. To select ; to choose ; to desigtiute. 
 
 1 have /otind D.tviJ my servant. — Pa. Ixxxix. 
 
 H. To discover and declare the truth of disputed 
 facts ; to come to a conclusion, and deciile lielween 
 parties, as a jury The jury find a verdict for the 
 plaintiir or defendant ; they find the accused to be 
 guilty. 
 
 I. l. To determine and declare by verdict. The 
 jury have found a largo sum in damages for the plaiii- 
 tiir. 
 
 16. To establish or pronounce charges alleged to 
 be true. The grand jury have found a bill ag.iinst 
 the acciiSed, or they/nJ a true bill. 
 
 17. To supply ; to furnish. Who will find the 
 money or provisions for this expedition.' We will 
 find ourselves with provisions and clothing. Hence, 
 
 18. To supply with provisions. He pays the la- 
 borer a dollar a d.iy, and finds hiin. 
 
 13. To discover or gain knowledge of by touching 
 or by sounding. We first sounded, and found bot- 
 tom at the depth of ninety-live fathoms on the Sole 
 bank. jV. 1^- 
 
 To find one's self; to be ; to fiirc in regard to case 
 or pain, health or sickness. I'ray, sir, how do you 
 find yourse// this morning .' 
 
 To find in ; to stip|)ly ; to furnish ; to provide. He 
 find< his nephew in money, victuals, anxl cluthes. 
 
 To find out ; to invent ; to (|iscover something be- 
 fore unknown. 
 
 A mjtn of Tyi^, skillAil to work in goM — onj to Jind oat every 
 device. — '.2 Chroii. ii. 
 
 Q. To unriddle ; to solve ; as, to find out the mean- 
 ing of a parable or an enigma. 
 
 3. To discover ; to obtain knowledge of what is 
 hidden ; as, to find out a'secreL 
 
 4. To understand ; to comprehend. 
 
 Canst thou by seiVrlling find out God t — Job xl. 
 
 5. To detect ; to discover j to bring to light ; as, to 
 1 find nut a thief or a theft ; to^iu2 oii£ a trick. 
 
 To find fault with ; to blame ; to censure. 
 FIND'Ell, n. One who meets or fails on any thing; 
 one that discovers what is lost or is unknown ; one 
 whii discovers by searching, or by accident. 
 
 *J. In a.s£roriomi/, a smaller telescope, attached to a 
 larger telescope, for the purpose of finding an object 
 more readily. 
 
 FT\I)'-FAULT, n. A ccnsnrcr j a caviler. Shak. 
 FI.ND-FAULT'ING, a. Apt to censure ; captious. 
 
 IVIiUtock. 
 
 FT\D'IXG, ppr. Discovering. 
 
 FIND'l.N'G, >i. Discovery ; the act of discovering. 
 2. In lain, the return of a jtir)' lo a bill ; a verdict. 
 
 FI.VD'I.NGS, n. pi. The tools, together with thread 
 and wax, which a journeyman shoemaker is to fur- 
 nish in his employment. SmitJi. 
 
 FI.N'DY, 0. [Sax. .ftnJn', hea>"y ; grfindig, ca|)acious ; 
 Dan. fyndig, strong, emphatical, nervous, weighty, 
 from /ynrf, force, energy^ emphasis, strength; prob- 
 ably from crowding, tensitm, stretching, from find.] 
 Fulk; heavy ; or firm, solid, substantial. [Oftj.] 
 
 A cold May and a windy, 
 
 Makes die U\ni Ul and jfnt/y. Old Prov. Junius. 
 
 FINE, o. (^Fr.^B, whence finrtnc ; Sp. and Port, fino, 
 whence fincia : It. fino, whence finczia ; Dan. fiin ; 
 Sw.fin; G./fin; D. fyit ; hence to rrfine. The Ir. 
 bos /on ; and Ihe W. fain, feined, signify rising to a 
 - 
 
 !| point, as a cone. Ar. j| ufana, to diminish. 
 CI.1S9 nn. No. 29.] ^ 
 I. Small, thin; slender; minute; of very small 
 I diamftrr , as, a fine thread ; finr silk ; a fine hair. 
 I We stiy, also, yine sand, fine particles. 
 I 2. Subtile; thin ; Uuuoiis ; as, fine spirits evapo- 
 
 I rate ; a/ncr medium op|)osed lo a ^ro.svcr. Bacon. 
 
 X Thin ; keen ; smoothly sharp ; as, the edge 
 uf a razor. 
 
 4. .Made of fine threads ; not cuarsc ; as, fine linen 
 or cambric 
 
 5. Clear ; pure ; free from feculence or foreign 
 
 FIN 
 
 matter; as, fine gold or silver; wine is not good till 
 fine. 
 
 6. Refined. 
 
 Those thiiiijs wepj too fine to be fortunate, and sncc*'<-d in all 
 p.iru. Bacon. 
 
 7. Nice; delicate; perceiving or discerning miiiute 
 beauties or delVirmities ; as, a fine ta.ste ; nfine sense. 
 
 8. Subtle; artful; de.\trous. [See Fi.nesse.) 
 
 Huron. 
 
 9. Subtle ; sly ; fraudulent. Ilubbcrd^n Talc. 
 
 10. Klegant ; beautiful in tlitrngliL 
 
 To call tlie ininiprl by the name of the metal vfnafine. Dryfttn. 
 
 11. Very handsome ; beautiful with dignity. Tlie 
 laily has a fine pi rsoii, or a fine face. 
 
 12. AccomplishiMl ; elegant in manners. He was 
 one of the fiur.st gHUtlemen of his age. 
 
 13. Accomplished ill learning; excellent; as, a 
 fine scholar. 
 
 14. Excellent; superior; brilliant or acute; as, a 
 m:tn oi fine genius. 
 
 IX Amiable; noble; ingenuous; excellent; as, a 
 man of u fine iniiid. 
 
 1(>. Showy ; splendid ; elegant ; as, a range ot fine 
 buildings ; a fine house or g;irdin ; a fine view. 
 
 17. Ironically, worthy of contemptuous notico ; 
 eminent for bad qualities. 
 
 That s.ime knave, Kor\l, her liuslmnd, Um the Jinett mad devil 
 of Jealousy in lliin, .Nl-uter Urooh, tiiat ever governed In-iiiy. 
 
 Sliok. 
 
 Fine arts, or polite arts, are the arts which depend 
 cliielly on the labors of the mind or imagination, aiitl 
 whose object is pleasure; as poetry, music, painting, 
 and sculpture. 
 
 The uses of this word are so numerous and indef- 
 inite, as to preclude a particular definition of each. 
 In general, jS*ic, in popular languatjc, expresses what- 
 ever is excellent, showy, or magiiilicent. 
 FI.VE, n. [This word is the basis of finance, but I 
 have not lound it, in its simple form, in any modern 
 language, except the English. Junius s.ays that ffin, 
 in Cimbric, is a mulct, nuA ffinio, to fine. The word 
 seems to be the L. finis, ami the application of it to 
 pecuniary ctunpensation seems to have proceeded 
 from its feudal use, in Ilic transfer of lantis, in wliii h 
 a final agreement or ctuicord was made between the 
 lord and his vassal. Sec njiJ fanali. Class Bn, No. 
 23.] 
 
 1. In a feudal sense, a final agreement between per- 
 sons concerning lands or rents, or between llie lord 
 and his vassal, prescribing the conditions on which 
 the latter shoiiltl hold his lantis. Spclman. 
 
 2. A sum of money paid to the lord by his tenant, 
 for permission to alienate or transfer his lands to 
 anbtlier. This, in England, was exacted only from 
 the king's tenants in cupite. Blaekstmne. 
 
 3. A sum of money paid by way of penalty for an 
 offense ; a mulct ; a pecuniary punisliiiieiit. Fines 
 are usually prescribed by sUitiile, for the several vii>- 
 lations of law ; or the limit is prescribed, beyond 
 which the judge cannot impose a fine fora particular 
 ortense. 
 
 /« fine. [Ft. enfin: L. in and finis.] In the end 
 or conclusion ; to conclutle ; to sum up all. 
 FI.NE, r. ^ [See Fine, the adjective/] To clarify; 
 to refine ; to purify ; to defecate ; lo free from fecu- 
 lence or foreign matter; as, to fine wine. 
 This is the most irencral use of Otis word.] 
 . To purify, as a metal ; ns, to fine gold or silver. 
 In this sense, we now generally use rcjine; fine 
 is proper. Job xxviii. Proc. xvii. 
 
 3. 'I'o make less coarse ; as, to fine grass. [JVot 
 vscd.] Mo rt inter, 
 
 4. To decorate ; to adorn. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 FI.N'E, r. L [See Fixe, the noun.] To impose on 
 
 one a pecuniary penalty, fur an otfense or breach of 
 law ; lo set a fine on by judgment of a court ; to pun- 
 ish by fine. The trespassers were fined ten dollars, 
 and imprisoned a month. 
 2. p. t. To pay a fine. [JVot used,] Oldham, 
 
 FI.\'/:D, (find,) pp. Kcfined ; purified ; defecated. 
 2- Subjected to a pecuniary penalty. 
 
 FI.N'E'DllAW, r. I. [fine and draw.] To sew up a 
 rent witii so much nicety that it is not jierceivi^d. 
 
 FINE'UKAW-Ell, n. One who finedraws. [Johnson. 
 
 FI.VE'UllAW-l.N'G, n. Ueiiteriiig ; n dextrous or 
 nice sewing up the rents of i lotli or stuffs. Eucye. 
 
 FI.\E'FI.\"GEK-KI), a. Nice in workmanship ; dex- 
 trous at fine work. Johnson, 
 
 FINE'-<;R.\I.N->;I), a. Having a fine grain. 
 
 FINE'LESS, a. Endless ; boundless. [jVu( tun/.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FT.NE'LY, adv. In minute parts; as, a substance 
 finely pulverized. 
 
 2. To a thin or sharp edge ; as, an instrument 
 finely sharpened. 
 
 3. Gnyly , handsomely ; beautifully ; with elegance 
 anil laste. She svas finely attired. 
 
 4. With elegance or beauty. 
 
 PluLirch says, very finely, thiu a man should not allow himself 
 to luite eV'-il Ills enennes ; for tl you indnl;^ Uus p.usiun on 
 soul.- occisions, it will nse ol it»--lf in others. Addieon. 
 
 .S. With ailvantoge ; very favorably ; as, a house 
 or garden finely situated. 
 
 FIN 
 
 6. Nicely; delicately ; as, a. fiiuty wrougliL 
 
 7. Puri ly; cmiipltli ly. Clarendon. 
 
 8. Hii iruy of iromi, wretchedly ; in a iiiaiiiier de- 
 serving of conteiiipluuus notice. He \» finely caught 
 in liiM own snare. 
 
 FINE'M'.SS, ;i. [Vt. finesse ; M. fine-.ia.] 
 
 1. Thinness; siiialliiess ; sleiideiiiess ; as, the /n^- 
 ness of a tlireatl or silk. Hence, 
 
 2. Consisting of fine threads ;. as, fine linen. 
 
 3. Smallni^ss ; ininiitenes.s ; as, the /incntus uf sand 
 or particles ; the fineness of soil or iiitdil. 
 
 4. Clearness ; purily : freedom from foreign mat- 
 ter ; as, the fineness of wine or other litpior ; tliey;«6- 
 ness of gold. 
 
 5. Niceiiess; delicacy ; as, the fineness of taste. 
 
 C. Keenness; sharpness ; thinness ; as, tlieyi»C'uui« 
 of an edge. 
 
 7. Elegance ; beauty ; as, fineness of person. 
 
 8. Capacity fur delicate or refined conceptions; as, 
 the fineness of genius. 
 
 9. Show ; splciiilor ; gayety of apjicarance ; ele- 
 gance ; as, the fineness of clolhes or dress. 
 
 10. (yieariitrss ; as, the fineness of complexion. 
 
 11. Sublilly; artfulness; ingenuity; as, the 
 n«.<s of wit. 
 
 12. Smoutlincss. Drayton. 
 FI.\'EK, n. One who refines or purifies. Pros. x\v. 4. 
 
 2. a. Coiiiparati\'e of Fine. 
 FIN'ER-V, n. Show ; splendor: gayety of colors or 
 appearttnce ; as, the finery of a dress. 
 
 2. Showy articles of dress ; gay clothes, jewels, 
 trinkets, i.c. 
 
 3. In iron works, a furnace where cast iron is con- 
 verted into malleable iron. Hucliunan. 
 
 FINE'-SI'oK'i'N, (-spOk'n,) a. Using fine phrases. 
 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 FINE'SPU.V, a. Drawn to a fine thread; minute; 
 subtile. 
 
 FI J^'KSSiy, (fe-ncss',) n. [Fr. finesse; It. finriia: 
 
 Sp. fineza; properly, /hcmcm.] 
 Artifice ; stratagem ; subtilty of contrivance to 
 
 gain a point. 
 FI-.\ESSE', r. i. To use artifice or stratagem. 
 FI-.\ESS'1NG, ppr. Practicing artifice to accomplish a 
 
 purpose. 
 
 FI-\ESS'I.\G, 71. The practice of artifice. 
 FI.N'E'STILL., V. t. To distill spirit from molasses, 
 treacle, or some preparation of saccharine matter. 
 
 Kncitc 
 
 FI.\E'STILL-ER, n. One who distills spirit from 
 
 treacle or molasses. Encne. 
 FINE'STII.,L-1\G, n. The operation of dislilling 
 
 spirit from molasses or treacle. Eneyc. 
 F1.\"-F1SII, n. A species of slender whale. 
 FlN'-FQQl'-ED, a. Having palui.ated feet, or feet 
 
 with toes ctuinectetl by a membrane. Brown. 
 FI.N"GER, (fiiig'giir,) n. [.^ax.jfn^cr, from fen^an, to 
 
 take or seize ; G. Sw. and Dan. fin:rer ; D. vinger. 
 
 But n is not radical, fur the Goth, is figirrs.] 
 
 1. One of the extreme parts uf the hand, a small 
 member shtioting lo a point. The fingers have joints 
 which peculiarly fit Ilieiii to be instriiincuts of catch- 
 ing, seizing, niid holding. When we speak of the 
 fingers generally, we include the thumb ; as, the fioe 
 fingers. Rut we often make a distinction. The fin- 
 gers anil thumb consist of fifteen bones ; three to 
 each. The wtinl is applietl to some other animals 
 as well as to man. 
 
 2. .\ certain measure. We say, a/n^cr'« breadth, 
 or the breadth of the four fingers, or of the three 
 fin irers. 
 
 3. The hand. fTallcr. 
 
 Who leachcUi my finger* to fight. — Ps. ciliv. 
 
 4. The finger or fingers of Qod, in Scripture, sig- 
 nify his power, strength, or operation. 
 
 The magicians said lo Pharaoh, This is tlic finger of God. — 
 tjtoU. viii. 
 
 5. In miutic, ability ; skill in playing on a keyed 
 instriimout. She litis a good finger. Busby. . 
 
 FI.N"GER, r. (. To hanille with the fingers ; to touch I 
 lightly ; to toy. The covetous man delights to fin- 
 ger money. 
 
 2. To touch or take thievishly ; to pilfer. South. 
 
 3. To touch an instrument of music ; to play on 
 an inslrunienl. Shak. 
 
 4. To perforin work with the fingers ; to execute 
 delicate work. 
 
 5. To handle without violence. Bp. Hall. 
 FI.V'GEIl, r. I. To dis|iose the fingers aptly in pl.ty- 
 
 ing on an instrtinient. Busby, 
 FIN"GEK-lioARl), «i. The board at the neck of a ' 
 
 violin, guiuir, or the like, where the fingers .act on 
 
 the strings. IVood. \ 
 
 FI.\"GER-KD, (fing'gurd,) pp. Played on ; handled ; 
 
 touched. ' 
 2. a. Having fingers. In botany, digitate; having 
 
 leaflets like fingers. 
 FI.N"GER-FER.\, n. A plant, asplenium. Johnson. 
 FI.V'GER-GLXSS, n. .\ glass containing water for 
 
 dipping the fingers in at the dinner-table. 
 FI.\"GER-I.NG, /)/»r. Handling; touching lightlv. 
 F1.\'"GER-1.\G, n. The act of touching ligbily or , 
 
 handling. Orew. 1 
 
 TONi; BJJLL, UNITE AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH ns SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 57 
 
 453 
 
FIN 
 
 FIR 
 
 FIR 
 
 2. Tlie manner of touching an instriiniont of mu- 
 sic. Sliak. 
 
 3. Delicate work made with the fiimcrs. Spenser. 
 FlN''OUll-l'oST, ji. A post with a linger pointing, 
 
 for (Iirectins passengers to tile road. 
 FIi\"GKK-SHELL, ;t. A marine shell resembling a 
 
 fin;:er. Diet, vf jVul. Hi.-it. 
 
 FL\"GEU-SToXE, n. A fossil resembling an arrow. 
 
 Juhusotu 
 
 FIN"GLE-FAN"GLE,7i. A trifle, [rulmir.] 
 
 lIiLttibra^. 
 
 FIN"GRI-GO, 71. A plant of the genus Pisoriia. The 
 fruit is a kind of berry or plum. Lee. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 FIN'I-.'VL, 71. [L. Jinio, to finisli.] 
 
 'i'he knot or bunch of foliage, or flower, that forms 
 the upper extremities of pinnacles in Gothic archi- 
 tecture ; sometimes, the pinnacle Itself, Ehiir.w 
 
 FL\'I-€AL, a. [from fine.] Nice; spruce; foppish; 
 pretending to gre<it nicety or superfluous elegance ; 
 as, a finical fellow, 
 2. Affectedly nice or showy ; as, a finical dress. 
 
 FI.\'l-e.\L-LY, adv. With great nicety or spruce- 
 ness ; foppislily, 
 
 FIN't-eAL-NESS, n. Extreme nicety in dress or 
 manners ; foppishness. Wiirbnrlim. 
 
 FI\'r-K[.\, a. I'recise in trifles ; idly busy. Smart. 
 
 FI.\'L\G, pjtr. [See Fine, the verb.] Clarifying; 
 refining; purifying; defecating; separating from 
 e.xlraneous matter. 
 
 2. [See FiiNE, the noun.] Imposing a fine or pe- 
 ciiuiary penalty. 
 
 FIN''I.\'G, 71. 'I'he process of refining or purifying; 
 applied especially to the clarifying of wines, malt 
 liquors, &c. 
 
 2. Finings; a solution of gelatin, used for clari- 
 fying. 
 
 FI.\'ING-POT, n. A vessel in which metals are re- 
 fined. 
 
 FI'NIS, 71, [L.] An end ; conclusion. 
 FIN'ISH, r. t. [Arm. finicza : Fr. fair ; "L.finio, from 
 finis, an end, Ir. fain, W. fin Class l!n, .\f). 'J;i.] 
 
 1. To arrive at the end of, in pfrrorjiiiince ; to 
 comjilete ; as, to finish a house ; to finish a journey. 
 
 Tlius Uie lieavens aiul the cartli were Jinished. — Ul-ii. ii. 
 
 2. To make perfect. 
 
 Episodes, uikcii BepAratpIj",^«wA iiotliin^. Broonn. 
 
 3. To bring to an end ; to end ; to put an end to. 
 
 Stfveiily w(>eks are tielcrinincd on tti> people, ami pn tliy holy 
 citv, lo finish the tr.iiis^ressioii, ami m.ike an end of sins. — 
 U.in. ix. 
 
 4. To perfect ; to accomplish ; to polish to the de- 
 gree of excellence intended. In tliis sense it is fre- 
 queiilly used in the participle of the perfect tense as 
 an adjective. It is a finished performance ; he is a 
 finished scholar. 
 
 FIN'ISH, 71. 'I'he completion of a work of art; that 
 which gives it perfection. 
 2. The last hard, smooth coat of plaster on a wall. 
 FIN'1S11-£D, (fiu'isht,) pp. Completed ; ended ; 
 done ; perfected. 
 
 2. a. Complete; perfect; polished to the highest 
 di'gree of excellence ; as, a finished poem ; a finished 
 education 
 
 FIN'ISll-ER, 71. One who finiines; one who com- 
 pletely performs. Shak. 
 
 2. One who puts an end to. Jlouker. 
 
 3. One who completes or perfects, 
 
 Ji siis, the author ami Jfni«/icr of onr faith. — Ilcb. xii. 
 
 FIN'ISH-ING, ppr. or a. Completing; perfecting; 
 brincini; to an end, 
 
 Fh\'ISIl-Ii\'G, 71, Completion; completeness; per- 
 fection ; last iKilisli ; finish, IVarburtnn. 
 
 FI'NITE, a. [L, finilus, from finio, to finish, from 
 finii, limit,] 
 
 lltiving a limit ; limited ; bt)undcd ; opposed to 
 finite; as, finite nnm\tt:r ; finite existence; applied to 
 this life, we say, a finite being, finite duratitm, 
 
 FI'NI'l'E-L Y, ado. Within limits ; to a certain degree 
 only. Slillinirflert. 
 
 FI'NITE-NES.S, n. Limitation ; confinement within 
 certtiin boundaries ; as, the fuiitcness of our natural 
 powers. 
 
 FI.V'I-'I'UDE, n. Limitation. [JVat tued.] Chnjne. 
 FIN'LESS, a. [from j!«.] Destitute of bus ; as, ^ji- 
 
 te-ss fish. Shak. 
 FIN'-LIKE, a. Resembling a fin ; as, a fin-tike oar. 
 
 Vrijdcn. 
 
 FINN, 71. A native of Finland, in Europe. 
 FIN'NA;D, a. Having broad edges on either side ; ap- 
 plied lAi a plim. Murlimer. 
 FIN'.M-KI.'V, n. A Hort of pigeon, with a crest some- 
 what resembling the mane of a horse. 
 
 Diet, of JVu«. irist. 
 FI.X'.W, a. Furnished with fins; as, finny fish ; 
 
 711/ tribi B ; finny prey. JJrijdcn. I'one. 
 
 Fl NO'CIII O, 7.. [U. finocchio.] 
 
 A variety of fennel. 
 n'iNT)», (f.Vno/.,) 71, [Hp,] Herond best wool from 
 
 Merino Hhei-p, (lardncr. 
 FLN'HCALE, ti, A river fmh, ralb d the ruild. 
 
 Chanihers. 
 
 FIN'-TO ^:D, a, [finanAUir.] I'aliiiipeil ; p.ilmuie.l ; 
 
 having toes connected by a membrane, as aquatic 
 
 fowl.s. 
 
 Fl-UIID', 71. [Sw.] An inlet from the sea ; a bay. 
 
 Dr. Baird. 
 
 FI'O-RIN, 71, A species of creeping bent-grass, once 
 supposed to be of great value for green winter-fod- 
 der, Partington. 
 
 FII"PLE, (fip'pl,) 71, [L. fibula.] 
 
 A stopper, as in a wind-instrument of music. [JVo£ 
 in luie.] Bacon. 
 
 Fill, (fur,) 71. [W. pyr, what shoots to a point, a fir-tree ; 
 furk-wudn, fir-wood ; G.fohre; iSw . furn-trd ; 
 Dan. fyrre-triee. The Dutch call it sparre-boum, spar- 
 tree.] 
 
 I'he name of several species of the genns Abies, 
 allied to the pines, antl valued for their timber, as 
 the Scotch fir, the silver fir, spruce fir, hemlock fir, 
 
 FIll'-TREE. See Fin. [antl Oriental fir. 
 
 FIRE, n. [Sax. /(/r; G. fcuer ; D. vuur ; Dan. and 
 Sw. /i/r; Gr. -I'l'. Ciii. Coptic, pira, the sun ; Nev/ 
 Guinea, for. The radical sense of fire is usually, to 
 rush, to rage, to be violently agitated ; and if this is 
 the sense of j'lre, it coincides with \j. faro. It may 
 be from shining or consuming. See Class Br, i\'o, 2, 
 6, 9, 30,] 
 
 1. Heat and light emanating visibly, perceptilily, 
 and siinultanetiusly, from any body ; caloric ; the un- 
 kntiwn cause of the scnsatitm of heat, and of the re- 
 trocession of the homogeneous particles of bodies 
 from tme another, proiliicing expansion, and thus 
 enlarging all their dimensions ; one of the causes 
 of magnetism, as evinced by Dr. Hare's calorimotor. 
 
 Sdliman. 
 
 In the popular acceptation of the word, fire is the ef- 
 fect of combiistitm, 'I'he combustible botly ignited, 
 or heated to redness, we call. //re ; antl when ascend- 
 ing in a stream or body, we call it flame. A piece of 
 charcoal, in ctunbustion, is tif a red color, and very 
 hot. In this state it is said to be on fire, or to con- 
 tain fire. When combustion ceases, it loses its red- 
 ness and extreme heat, and we say, the fire is ex- 
 tinct, 
 
 2. The burning of fuel on a hearth, or in any oth- 
 er place. We kintUe a fire in the morning, antl at 
 night we rake up the fire. Anthracite will maintain 
 fire iliiriiig the night. 
 
 3. The burning of a house or town ; a conflagra- 
 tion. Newburypiut and Savannnh have suil'ered im- 
 mense losses by fire. Tiie great fire in Boston, in 
 1711, consuineil a large part of the tovi-n. 
 
 4. Light ; luster : sp'endoi-. 
 
 Stars, hiile yoiirjirej / S!-ak. 
 
 5. Torture by burning. Prior. 
 fj. I'he instruinenl of punishment, or the iiunish- 
 
 ment of the impenitent in antither slate. 
 
 Who amon^ ns shall tlwell with the iievoiiring./ire ? — Is. xxxiii. 
 
 7. That which inflames or irritates the passions. 
 
 What /ire IS in my ears ? Sliak. 
 
 8. Ardor of temper; violence of passion. 
 
 He hati fire in his temper. Atterbtiry. 
 
 9. Liveliness of imagination ; vigor of fancy ; in- 
 tellectual activity ; animation ; force of seiitiment or 
 expression. 
 
 An'l warm the critic with a poet's fire. Pope. 
 
 10. The passion of love ; ardent aflection. 
 
 The ^il ol love retires ; 
 Dim are his torches, and extijict his firet. Pope. 
 
 1 1. Ardor ; heat ; as, the fire of zeal or of love. 
 
 12. Combustion; tumult; rage; contention. 
 
 13. Trouble; aflliction. 
 
 When thon walkest Uirough Uie fire, thoii slialt not be burnt. — 
 Is. xliu. 
 
 To set on fire ; to kindle ; to inflame ; to excite vi- 
 olent action. 
 
 St. Jinthony\i fire ; a disease, marked by an erup- 
 tion on the skin, or a difl'used inflammation, with fe- 
 ver ; the erysipelas. 
 
 tVild fire ; an artificial or factitious fire, which 
 burns even tinder water. It is made by a couiposi- 
 tioi\ of sulphur, naphtha, pitch, gum, and bitumen. 
 It is called also Greek fire. Encye. 
 FIRE, r. t. To set on fire; to kindle; as, Ui fire a 
 house or chimney ; to fire a pile. Dryden. 
 
 2. To inflame ; to irritate tlie passions ; as, to fire 
 with anger or revtmge. 
 
 3. To animate ; to give life or spirit ; as, to fire the 
 geuiiis. 
 
 4. To drive by fire. [Little luieil.] Shak. 
 ."). To cause to explode ; to discharge ; as, to fire a 
 
 muskt^t or cannon, 
 (i. To cauterize ; a term in farrieni. 
 FIRE, 7'. i. To take fire ; to be kiiiiHed. 
 
 2. To be irritated or inflameil with passion. 
 
 3. To discharge artillery or fire-arms. 'I'huy fired 
 on the town. 
 
 FIRE'-A RMS, 71. pi. Arms or weapons which expel 
 their charge by the coinbiistion of powder, as pistoLs, 
 mtiskels, A.c. 
 
 FIltE' AR ROW, 71. A small inm dart, furnisheil with 
 a match impregntiteil with powder and sulphur, nst^d 
 111 fire the sails of ships. Encye. 
 
 FIRE'-BALL, 7i. A grenade ; a ball filled with powder 
 
 or other combustibles, intended to be thrown among 
 
 enemies, and to injure by explosiim. 
 2. A meteor which passes rapidly through the air 
 
 and displodes. 
 FIRE'-BaRE, n. In oW irrtYcrs, a beacon. Cijc. 
 FIRG'-BAIMIEL, 7i. A hollow cyliiidt r, filled with 
 
 various kintls tif comlmstihles, used in fire-ships, to 
 
 convey the fire to the shrouds. Enrijc. 
 FIRE'-BAV-L\, 71. A bundle of brush-wood, used in 
 
 fireships. Kncyc. 
 FlIlE'-liL.KST, 71. A disease of plants and trees, in 
 
 Wliich they appear as if burnt by fire. Cyc. 
 FlUE'-BoARD, n. A chimney-board, used to close a 
 
 fireplace in summer, 
 FlRE'-lioTE, 71. An allowance of fuel, to which a 
 
 tenant is entillcd. England. 
 FIRE'BRAN'D, n. A pmce of wood kindled or on fire. 
 2. An int^eiidiary ; one who inflames faetituis, or 
 
 _causes contention ami iiiiscliief. Boron. 
 FlRE'-BRlCK, H. A brick that will sustain intense 
 
 Jieat without fusion. 
 FlRE'-BRUSH, n. A brush used to sweep the hearth. 
 
 .SVi/(. 
 
 FIRE'-BUCK-ET, n. A bucket to convey water to 
 eiigint^s for extinguishing fire. 
 
 FIRE'-CLAD, a. Clail with fire. IVordsworth. 
 
 I'lilE'-CLAY, n. A kind of clay that will sustain in- 
 tense heat, nsi!d in making fire-bricks. Cyr. 
 
 FIRE'-COCK, n. A cock or spout to let out water fur 
 extinguishing fin;. 
 
 FlRE'-CO.M'l'.-\-NY, ( kum'pa-ny,) h. A comiiany of 
 jnen for luanaging an engine to extinguish fires. 
 
 FillE'-CRO.SS, 71, Stimething used in Sct-lland as a 
 signal to take arms ; the enils being burnt black, and 
 jii some parts sniearetl with blootl. .Johnson. 
 
 FlR'A'D, pp. Set on fire; inflamed; kindled ; aiiima- 
 J. il ; irrilati'il. 
 
 Fllliy~l>.\.\n', H. The explosive carbureted hydrogen 
 of coal'iiiiiifs. [See D.i.Mc] Ure. 
 
 FIKE'-DRaKE, 71. A fiery serpent. 
 
 2. All ignis fatiius, Bcauin. 
 
 FiRE'-li.VT'ER, «, One who pretends to eat fire. 
 Ueiice, 
 
 2. A cant term for a fighting character, or diu;list. 
 FIRE'-EN'OIJi E, 71. An engine for throwing water 
 
 tt> extinguish fire and save buildings. 
 FIRE'-ES-CAPE', H. A machine for escaping from 
 
 the upper part of a buililing when on fire. Cyc. 
 FIKE'-EV-f;D, (-Ide,) a. Having a fiery eve. 
 FIKE' FLaIR, 11. A species of ray-fish or Raia. 
 FIRE'-FL^, 11. name commoiily given to wiiigetl, 
 
 luminous insects ; particularly tti the Elatpr noctitu- 
 
 cus, of South America, wliicli emits a brillitiitt light 
 
 from a rtinutl, glossy, yellow spttt on each side tif the 
 
 thorax, and from otlier parts of the body. Partini;ton. 
 FIRE'-GUARD, n. A flame work of iron wire, to be 
 
 placed in front of a fireplace. 
 FIRE'-IIOOK, 71. A large hook for pulling down 
 
 btiiltlings in conflagrations. 
 FIUE'-I'KO.N'S, ( I'tirn/.,) ii. pi. The irtuis belonging 
 
 to a fireplace, as the shovel, ttmgs, poker, &c. 
 FIRE'LOCK, ». A musket, or other gun, with a lock, 
 
 which is discharged by striking fire with flint and 
 
 steel. 
 
 FIRE'iMAN, 71. A man whose business is to extinguish 
 fires in ttiwns, tiScc. 
 2. A mail who tends the fires of a steam-engine, &c. 
 FIRH'-.MaS'TER, n. An otficer of artillery, who su- 
 
 perinti'iiils the cumposititin of fireworks. 
 FIRE'-i\E\V, (-nu,) a. Fresh from the forge ; bright, 
 
 Jitldison. 
 
 FIRE'-OF'FICE, (-of fis,) ii. An oflicc for making in- 
 surance against fire, 
 
 FrilE'-OR'DE-AL, See OnoEAL, 
 
 FIRE'-PAN, 71. A pan for holding or conveying fire. 
 Eiod. xxvii. 
 
 FIRE'PLACE, 71. The part of a chimney appropriated 
 to the fire ; a hearth. 
 
 FIllE'-PLUG, 71. A plug for drawing water from a 
 pipe to extinguish firt;. 
 
 FIRE'-POT, 11. A small itarthcn pot filled with com- 
 bustibles, iiseil in iiiililary operations. 
 
 FIliE'-l'ltOOl', II. Proof against fire; incombustible. 
 
 l'IRH'-liUE.\'Cll-I.N'(;, II. Exiiiigiiishing fire. Kirby. 
 
 FIR'ER, «. One w ho sets fire to any thing ; an incen- 
 diary. 
 
 FIRE'-SHIP, 71. A vessel filled with combustibles, 
 
 antl fiiriiislifd with grappling-irons, to hook antl set 
 
 firr lo ail eiiriii\ 's ships. Encye. 
 FTKi;'-Sllu\''/;i,, ( sliiiv'l,) 71, A shovel or instru- 
 
 iiit'iil for taking tip or n iiioviiig coals of fire, 
 FIRIC'SIDi;, n. A place m ar the fire or hearth ; home ; 
 
 doiiu'slic life or reliri'iiifiit. 
 FIRE'SIDE, II, lielouglng to the fireside or domestic 
 
 ciicle, Coirprr. 
 FIKE'-STiCK, II, A lighted stick or brand, Digby. 
 FIRE'-STf).\E, 11. Iron pyriti's. [Obs.] 
 
 2. A kiml tif freestone which bears a high degree 
 
 of heat. Cyc. 
 FIRI'.'WARD, ) 71, An officer who has authority 
 FIRE'\VXRI)'/:X, ( to direct others in the extin- 
 
 guisliiiig of lircH. 
 FIRi;' W'l'.EI), II. An American plant, Senecio hieraci- 
 
 FATE, FAU, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQEF, BQQK,— 
 
FIR 
 
 FIS 
 
 FIS 
 
 fiiliuj, oflen fimr or live fi ct liipli, very troublesome 
 in and aiuiiiid spuU wlivrc liriii^liwuoil lias been 
 burned. Farm. Kncyc, 
 
 FIKiy-WIMJ-KD, n. Havini fiery- wings. Carlisle. 
 
 KIlUO'-VVOOl), 71. Wood for fiii l. 
 
 FiltlV-WiSllK, (-wurk,) fi. Usually in the plural, 
 
 I'luE-WOUKH. 
 
 I'reiiaralions of puniHiwder, sulphur, and other in- 
 flauiinalde materials, used for making explosions in 
 tile atr, on ttccasioiis «if public rejoiciuK ; pyroteclmi- 
 cal i xlnbitions. 'I'liis word is applied also to various 
 rttniltiolihlc prcparatiims used in war. 
 
 I'IKU'-U'OltK-liK, n. An ollieer of artillery subordi- 
 nate to the fire-niaster. 
 
 FlKK'-VVOll Sllir, II. The worship of fire, which 
 prevailed chietly in Persia, uinon^' those called Glie- 
 brr.t, or Gitcber.'i. Kncijc. .^m, 
 
 FIllK'-WOK-SlllP-F.R, M. One who worships fire. 
 
 FlK'INU, |if/r. Setting fire to ; kindlingj animating^ 
 exciting ; inllaniing ; discharging fire-arms. 
 
 FIK'INt;, «. The act of discharging fire-arms. 
 
 2. The application of fire, or of a cautery. 
 
 3. Fuel ; fire-wood or coal. Mortimfr. 
 FIK'I.NG-I'RON, ( I'lirn,) K. An instrument used in 
 
 farriery to discuss swellings and knots. Eiinjc. 
 
 FIKK, (fork,) v. t. To beat; to whip; to chastise. 
 [jYttl tiseil.] tladibras. 
 
 FIli'KIN, (liir'kin,) n. [The first syllabic is probably 
 the Dan. Jirc, U. tier, four, and the latter as in Kil- 
 derkin.] 
 
 A measure of capacity, being the fourth part of a 
 barrel. It is nine gallons of beer, or eight gallons of 
 ale, soap, or herrings. In Jimerua, the Jirktn is rare- 
 ly used, except for butter or lard, and signifies a small 
 vessel or cask, of indeterminate size, or of diir. rent 
 sizes, regulated by the statutes of the ililfereiit Slates. 
 
 FIU'l.OT, n. A dry measure used in Scotland. The 
 Ijitlithzow wheat firlot is to the imperial bushel as 
 GlIJ" to IIIUD ; the Linlilligow barley firlot is to the im- 
 perial bushel as 1-)5U to lOUl). JMcCnIlmch. 
 
 FIK .M, (fiir'ii,) a. [I,, yirraiw ; Ft. ferine : Jinnr ; It. 
 frrnnt ; \V. J'tjrv. 'I'bis V\*elsli word may be from the 
 l«itin. The riMit of the word is probably Celtic ; W. 
 /fr, hard, solid ;///r, a solid i/cru, to concrete or con- 
 geal, to fix, to freeze. This is the root of L. fcrrum, 
 iron.] 
 
 1. Probably, fixed ; hence, applie I to the matter of 
 bfiilies, it signifies closely compressed ; compact ; 
 hard ; solid ; as. Jinn llesh ; Jinn muscles ; some spe- 
 cies of wood are more Jinn than others ; a clotli of 
 Jinn texture. 
 
 2. Fixed ; steady ; constant ; stable ; unshaken ; 
 not easily moved ; as, a Jinn believer; a ,^ri/i friend ; 
 n Jinn adherent or supporter ; a Jirm man, or a man 
 of Jirm resolution. 
 
 3. Solid; not giving way; opposed to Jlaid; as, 
 Jirm land. 
 
 FIK.M, (fiirm,) n. .\ partnership or house ; or the name 
 or title under whicli a company transact business ; as, 
 lltf Jirm of Mope Sl Vo. 
 
 FIK.M, (I'lirin,) e. I. [I,..ffnnn.] 
 
 To fix ; to settle ; to confirm ; to establish. 
 
 Ami iovf iiii*/rm*d il with an uwfiil nod. Dryitn. 
 
 [ T/iis wortl is rarely used, ezcept in poetry. In prose 
 ve use CoNriRM.] 
 FlK.M'.\-.Mi;.\"r, (fiirm'a-mcnl,) n. [L. firmamenlum, 
 friiin JirmiiSy Jirmu.^ 
 
 The region of the air; llie sky or heavens. In 
 Scripture, the word denotes an exiKinse, a wide ex- 
 tent ; for such is the signification of the Hebrew 
 Wold, coinciding with re^ui, reiriun, and reach. The 
 original, therefore, does not convey the sense of so- 
 lidity, but of stretching, extension ; the great arch or 
 expanse over our heads, in which are placed the at- 
 mosphere and the clouds, and in which the stars ap- 
 pear to be placed, and are really seen. 
 
 And tiod sahI, t^fl llirrp be a Jfrmnment in Ihe irl'lst of Ihc 
 
 w:itrre, and let il divide U»e watcr» fft^tn Uic w.-itrn lien. 
 
 I. 6. 
 
 An<l Ijoil did, Itcl llicrc be lijiiuiii the Jtrtnamenl. — Gru. i. 11. 
 
 F1R.M-A-MF,.\T'.M,, a. Pertaining Ui the firmament ; 
 celestial ; being of the upper regions. Drijdrn. 
 
 FIK'.\I.^.\, PI. .\n -Asiatic word, denoting a decree or 
 gmnl of privileges. ,\ Jinnnn given to a traveler is a 
 kind of pxss|Hiri insuring to limi protection and as- 
 sistance, p. Cyc. 
 [Often pronounced fir-maun'.] 
 
 FIRM'fM) (fiirmd,);ip. Kslablished ; confirmed. 
 
 FIKM'-FQQT-UU, a. Having firm feet; standing 
 firmly. 
 
 FIK.M'I.NG, (fnrm'ing,) ppr. Settling; making firm 
 and stable. 
 
 FIKM'I-TUDE, (furin'i-tiide,) n Strength; solidity. 
 
 m use.\ Bp. H,Jl. 
 
 FlK.M'l-TY,(furm'l-ly,) n. Strength; firmnes.s. [.Vol 
 
 u-ied.] ChillimneorOi. 
 FlIl.M'LESS, (rurm'less,)o. Detached from substance. 
 
 Do-i pMoon lull Uj^ Jtrmlti, niiud Mulrol f Pope. 
 
 FIRM'I.I-ER, arfp. More firmlv. ^^lltun. 
 FIR.M'LY, (fiirni'ly,) adr. Solidly : com jaclly ; close- 
 ly , as, iKirtielua of in.ilti r Jirmlij cohering. 
 2. Steadily ; with constancy or fixedness; immov- 
 
 ably; steadfastly. He firmly believes in Ihe divine 
 origin of the Scriptures. His resolution \a firmly fixed. 
 He finiili) adheres to bis parly. 
 FIIl.\i'NESS, (fiirm'ness,) ;i. Closeness or densencss 
 of texture or slriictiire ; coinjiaclness ; hardness; sor 
 lidily ; as, H\c firmness of wood, stone, cloth, or other 
 subslancu. 
 
 2. Stability; strength; as, the Jlrmnc-'s of a union, 
 or of a confederacy. 
 
 3. Steadfa^llless ; constancy ; fixedness ; as, the 
 firmness of a purpose or resolution ; the firvinr.-i.-i of a 
 man, or of his courage ; finitnes.-i of mind or soul. 
 
 4. Certainty ; soiimlness ; as, the Jirinnc^s of no- 
 tions or opinions. 
 
 FIRST, (furst,) a. [Sax. ./fr.<«, or /yr.tf, Sw. for.-tte, 
 Dan. for.ite, first ; G. fiirst, I), norst, Dan. fyrstr, a 
 prince, that first man. It is the superlative of /ire, 
 
 firr, before, advanced, that is,/urf,-(,/i/rcst, from ."^ax. 
 
 fariin, to go, or a root of the same family. See Fake 
 and FoK.] 
 
 1. Advanced before or further than any other in 
 progression ; foremost in place ; as, the first man in 
 a marching com [laiiy or troop is the man that precedes 
 all the rest. Hence, 
 
 2. Preceding all others in the order of time. Adam 
 was the first man. Cain was the first murderer. 
 Monday was the fir-:t day of January. 
 
 3. Preceding all others in numbers <ir a progressive 
 series ; the ordinal of one; as, 1 is the first number. 
 
 4. Preceding all others in rank, dignity, or excel- 
 lence. Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece. 
 Burke was one of the fir.it geniuses of his age. Give 
 God the fir.it place in your alfections. 
 
 FIKST, (furst,) ado. Before any thing else in the order 
 of lime. 
 
 Ailiiin W(i» Jlr$t formed, then Eve. — 1 Tim. ii. 
 
 9. Refiire all others in place or progression. Let 
 the officers enter the gate fir.it. 
 
 3t Uefiire any thing else in order of proceeding or 
 consideration. First, let us atleiid to the exaniiiia- 
 tion of Ihe witnesses. 
 
 4. Kefiire all others in rank. He stands or ranks 
 fir.it ill public estimation. 
 
 ./Il fir.ll: at iJic fir.it; at the beginning or origin. 
 
 First or lust ; at one time or another ; at the begin- 
 ning or end. 
 
 And all aiY! fools and lovers first or last. Dryilen. 
 
 FIRST-Bi;-GOT', i a. First produced ; llie eld- 
 FIKST-HF.-(;()T'TJ:.\, ( est of children. .Villon. 
 FIKST'-BOK.\, a. First brought forth ; first in the 
 
 order of nativity ; eldest ; as, the fir.it-born son. 
 2. Most excellent; most disiiiigiiislied or exalted. 
 
 Christ is called the tir.^t-hnni of every creature. Cul. i. 
 FTRS T'-BDItN, 11. The eldest child , the first in the 
 
 order of birih. 
 The first-burn of the poor are the most wretched. 
 
 Is. xiv. 
 
 The first-burn of death is the most terrible death. 
 .fob xviii. 
 
 FIRST-eKF,-AT'ED, a. Created before any other. 
 FIRST'-Fl.OUR, n. In /■.'/iV/uiii/, the floor or tier of 
 
 apartments next above the ground-floor, called, in 
 
 .^mrricu, the second stonj. 
 FIRST'-FKf'IT,ii. s. (The fruit or produce first 
 FIKST'-FKOITS, n. pi. \ matured and collected in 
 
 any season. Of these the .lews made an oblalion to 
 
 God, as an acknowledgment of his sovereign do- 
 
 iiiiiiion. 
 
 2. The first profits of any thing. In tJie church of 
 F.nalaiid, the profits of every spiritual benefice for the 
 first year. F.ucijc. 
 
 3. The first or earliest eflect of any thing, in a 
 good or bad sense ; as, the fir.it-fruits of grace in the 
 heart, or the first-fruits of vice. 
 
 FIKST'LING, a. First produced; tis, firstling males. 
 
 Deut. XV. 
 
 FIRST'LIXG, n. The first produce or offspring ; ap- 
 plied to beasts ; as, the firstlinirs of cattle. 
 
 2. Thti thing first thought or done. [Aet used.] 
 Til'* very JtrstHngs of nty iKMrt timll tie 
 'YliefirtUini* ol my li.nid. Shak. 
 
 FTRST-I,Y, adr. Improperly used instead of first. 
 
 FIKST-.MOV'ER, ii. The original propelling power, 
 whether natural or artificial. 
 
 FIRST'-KATE, a. Of the highest excellence; pre- 
 eminent ; as, a first-rate scholar or painter. 
 2. Being of the largest size ; .xs, a first-rate ship. 
 
 FIRTH, (forth,) lu A narrow passage of the sea. 
 [See Fhith.] 
 
 FISe, n. f L. fi.icua ; Fr. fisc ; Sp. fi.ieo : It. id. Fi.icii.^, 
 liitnc f, signifies a basket or banaper, probably from 
 the twigs which comjHised the fipiit baskets. Eng. 
 vhisk. The word coiiiciiU's in elements with l)a.iket, 
 and I,. fa.icia, twigs being Ihe primitive bands.] 
 
 The treasury of a prince or stale ; hence, to confis- 
 eate is to take the gmids of a criminal and approiiriate 
 them to the public treasury. 
 
 FIse'.AL, a. Pertaining to the public trcasnr)' or rev- 
 enue. 
 
 Til'* Jiseal nmiigT'inentl of povenmient. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 FISe'.AL, n. Revenue; the income of a prince or state. 
 2. A treasurer. SicoidMrnf. 
 
 3. Ill Spain and Portugal, the king's solicitor ; an- 
 swering to an altoriiey-gi neral. 
 
 4. Ill Spain, an iiifiirmer. 
 
 FISH, 11. (Sax fisc; D. vtsch; G.fisch; Dan. and Sw. 
 
 Ji.ik ; Sp. pel ; It. pesce ; Fr. poiisnn ; verb, picjier, peg- 
 cfier ; .\nu. pesk ; W . pijsir ; Is. piicis ; \t. iaso. This 
 niiiinal may be named from its rapid motion. In VV. 
 
 fys^r is liasly, impetuous.] 
 
 1. All animal that lives in water. Fish isa general 
 name for aclxss of animals subsisting in water, which 
 wi re dislriliiiled by idnnmiis into six orders. They 
 breallie by means of gills, swim by the aid of tlieir tail 
 and caudal fins, and are oviparous. Some of tliem 
 have the skeleton bony, and others carlilagiiioiis. 
 Most of the fiirmer have the opening of the gills closed 
 by a peculiar coviTing, called the ifiU-lid ; many of the 
 l.itter have no gilMid,and are hence said to breathe 
 through iipi-riiire-s. Cetaceous animals, as the whale 
 and (lolpliiii, are, in popular language, called fishes, 
 and ha\'e been so classed by some naturalists; but 
 tliey brealiie by lungs, and arc viviparous, like qiiad- 
 riipeils. The ti riii n'.v/i has been al.so extended to other 
 aqiialic animals, such as shell.ftvA, lobsters, &c. We 
 use fish, in the singular, for fishes in general, or the 
 whole race. 
 
 2. The flesh offish, ii.sed as food. But we usually 
 apply firs/i to land annuals. 
 
 .3. A coiiiiti-r, used in various games. 
 FISH, V. i To alleiiipt to ratcli fi>li ; to be employed 
 in taking fish, by any means, as by angling or draw- 
 ing nets. 
 
 2. To attempt or seek to obtain by artifice, or in- 
 directly to seek to draw forth ; as, to Jish for compli- 
 ments. 
 
 FISH, r. I. To soarch by raking or sweeping; as, to 
 fish the jakes for papers. Sieift. 
 
 a. In .icamiinsllip, to strengthen, as a mast or yard, 
 with a piece of limbi.T. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. To catch ; to draw out or up ; as, to fish up a 
 hiiiiiaii body when sunk ; to Jish an anchor. 
 
 FI.SIl, H. In ships, a machine to hoist and draw up 
 tin; lliikes of an anchor, upon the giiiiwiUe. '/'often. 
 
 2. A long piece of limber, which bellies out in the 
 form of a fish, and is used to sirengtlien a lower mast 
 or a yard when sprung or damaged. Hence, the 
 terms fi.ih-bcani, fi.i/i-buck, fif.h-bellti-d mil, are applied 
 to a beam or rail which bellies out on the under side. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 FISII'-BXSK-ET, n. A b;usket fur carrying fish. 
 FISH'Ell, 11. One who is employed in catching fish 
 2. A carnivorous iiuadruped of the weasel fiimily , 
 
 the pekaii._ Kncyc. .^m. 
 
 FISH'EIl-Uo.VT, n. A boat employed in catcliins 
 
 fish. 
 
 FIS11'ER-J1.\.V, II. One whose occupation is to catch 
 fish. 
 
 2. .A ship or vessel employed in the business of 
 taking fi,-ii, as in llic coil ami whale fishery. 
 FISH'EK-TOWN, ii. A town inhabited by fishermen. 
 
 Carcic. 
 
 FISII'ER-Y, n. The business of catching fish. 
 
 Jiddison. 
 
 2. A place for catching fish with nets or hooks, as 
 the banks of Newfoundland, the coast ol England or 
 Seoilanil, or on llie banks of rivers. 
 FISH'FIJI,, a. .\bouiiding with fish ; as, a fishful 
 
 IHUnl. Carrie. 
 FISH'GIG, ) II. An instrument used ftir striking fish 
 FIZ'(!1G, i at sea, consisting of a st;ifr with barbed 
 prongs, and a line fastened Just above the prongs. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 FISH'-GLOE, 71. A nai^ sometimes given to isin- 
 glass. Booth. 
 
 FlSll'HOOK, 11. A hook for catching fish. 
 
 FlSH'l-F^, V. I. To change to fish. [Luxe.'] Shak. 
 
 FISH'I.N'G, /1/17-. .Alleinpling lo catch fish; searching; 
 seeking to draw forth by artifice or indirectly ; add- 
 ing a piece of timber to a mast or spar to strength- 
 en il. 
 
 2. a. I'seil or employed in fisher) , or by fisher- 
 men; as, Jishiu^ boat ; Jlshmg tackle; fisluntr vil- 
 lairc. 
 
 FISH'I.N'G, II. The art or practice of catching fish. 
 2. A fishery. S/(«i..cr. 
 
 FISH'ING-FKOG, n. A voracious, spinons-finned 
 sea-fish, having a very large head ; also called the 
 anirlcr, or frog fish. It belongs to the genus Lo- 
 pliiiis. P. Cyc. 
 
 FISH'IXG-PI.JCE, n. A place where fishes' are 
 raiiglit Willi seines; a Convenient place for fishing ; 
 a fisiierv 
 
 FISH'-KE P'TLE, n. A kettle made long for boding 
 fish whole. 
 
 FISH'-I,IKE.«. Resembling fi.»h. Shak. 
 FISH'-.M.KK'KET, ii. A place where fish arc cxjioscd 
 for sale. 
 
 FISH'-.Ml'lAL, n. A meal of fish ; diet on fish ; ab- 
 stemious diet. 
 
 FISII'-.MO.V'GER, n. A seller of fish; a dealer in 
 fish. 
 
 FISH'-POND, n. A pond in which fishes are bred 
 and kept. 
 
 FISII'-K(j()M, II. .An apartment in a ship, between 
 the after-hold and Hie spirit-rooin. -War. Dul. 
 
 TONE, B I'LL, IJNITR — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e a« K ; 6 as J ; S 09 Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THia 
 
 - — — 
 
FIT 
 
 FIV 
 
 FIX 
 
 I'tSH'-SPEAR, ji. A spear for taking fish by stabbing , 
 thein. 
 
 FISH'-TROVV-EL, n. A broad knife, commonly of 
 
 silver, for cutting up fisli at tal)lj. 
 FISH'-.VVIFE, K. A woman that cries fish for sale. 
 
 Bcaunu 
 
 FISH'-W05l-AN, n. A woman who sells fish. 
 FlSll'Y, a. Consisting of fisii. 
 
 2. Inhabited by fish ; as. the fi.shy flood. Pope. 
 
 3. Having the qualities of fish ; like fish ; as, a 
 fsky form ; a Jisky taste or smell. 
 
 FISK, V. i, [Su. To run about. Cotrrrave. 
 
 FIS'SILE, {-sil,) 'a. [L. /osi/is, from ^jrsits, divided, 
 from findo, to split.] 
 
 That may be split, cleft, or divided, in the direction 
 of the grain, or of natural joints. 
 
 This crj'stal is a pellucid fissile stone. Newton. 
 
 FIS-SIL'l-TY, n. The quality of being cleavable. 
 
 FIS'SION, (fish'un,) n. [L. Ji^sio.] 
 A breaking up into parts. 
 
 FIS-SIP'AR-IS.M, n. A mode of reproduction, in cer- 
 tain animals and vegetables, which break spojitane- 
 ously into minute portions, each having a separate 
 existence and growth. Rtiiret. Dana. 
 
 FIS-SIP'A-ROLTS, a. [h. JLssus, horn Jindo, to cut, 
 and pario, to produce.] 
 
 Reproducing by spontaneous subdivision ; an epi- 
 thet applied to certain animals and vci^clMbles, of the 
 lower orders, which spontaneously divide into small 
 porticms, each of which has a separate e.\istence and 
 growth. Rogcl. 
 
 FIS'SI-PED, a. [L. /.ssa.?, divided, and pes, foot.] 
 Having separate toes. 
 
 FIS'SI-PED, n. An anim.al whose toes are separate, 
 or not connected by a membrane. Brawn. 
 
 FIS-SI-ROS'TR.\L, a. [L. jUsus, cleft, and rostrum, 
 beak.] 
 
 In ornitholotry, having a bill with a very wide 
 gape ; a term applied to swallows, goatsuckers, &c. 
 
 Stcainson. 
 
 FIS'SI;RE, (fish'yur,) n. [Ft., from L. fissura, from 
 Jindo, to spilt.] 
 
 1. A cleft ; a narrow chasm made by the parting 
 of any substance ; a longitudinal opening ; as, the 
 fissure of a rock. 
 
 2. In sursfcrij, a crack or slit in a bone, either trans- 
 versely or longitudinally, by meatis of external 
 force. 
 
 3. In anatomy, a deep, narrow sulcus, or depression, 
 dividing the anterior and middle lobes of the cere- 
 brum on each side. Core. 
 
 FIS'SIJRE, V. t. To cleave; to divide; to crack or 
 fracture. Wiseman. 
 
 FIS't>IIR-£D, (fish'yurd,) pp. Cleft ; divided ; 
 cracked. 
 
 FIST, n. [Sax. fyst{ D. !)««£,• G. fausl; Russ. piast; 
 
 Hohem. bust. Uu. is it from the root of fast ?] 
 The hand closed ; the hand with the fingers 
 
 doubled into the palm. 
 FIST, V. t. To strike with the fist. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To gripe with the fist. [Little used.) S/iaJc. 
 FIST'ie, a. A word used colloquially, in England, for 
 
 pwilistic ; as, fi.itic exploits ; Jistic heroes. 
 FIST'I-CUFF.-i, n. pi. [>« and cujf.] Blows or a 
 
 combat with the fist ; a boxing. Swift 
 FIS'TI-NUT, 71. A pistachio nut. 
 FIS'TU-LA, n. [L. ; Eng. KhLMc] 
 
 1. Properly, a pipe ; a v. iud-instrument of music ; 
 oriirinatly, a reed. 
 
 2. In surirery, a deep, narrow, sinuous nicer. 
 Fistula lachrymalLi ; a fistula of the lachrymal sac, 
 
 a disorder accompunied \*ith the tlowing of tears. 
 
 Coxe. Sharp. 
 FIS'TU-LAR, a. Hollow, like a pipe or reed. 
 FIS'TU-L.\TE, V. i. To become a pipe or fistula. 
 FIS'TU-LATE, v. t. To make hollow like a pipe. 
 
 [Little used.] 
 FIS-TU-LI'UAN.«, 71. j:l. [L. fu^tula, a pipe.] 
 
 A tribe of cchinodennatous animals, having an 
 
 elongated, cylindrical, tiibe-hke bodv. Bronde. 
 FIS' I U-LI-F6R.\1, a. [fistula and form.] Ileing in 
 
 round, hollow columns, a^ a mineral. 
 
 SuiacuUf utu-u tMcwTi fistulifurm. Ph'iUipa. 
 
 FIS'TU-LOU.'^, a. Having the form or nature of a fis- 
 tula ; as, a Jistuluus ulcer. Ifisenian. 
 2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed. I.indlcy. 
 FIT, n. [tiu. VV. fttli, a gilding or darling motion, 
 'i'lie French express the sense tif this word by bnu- 
 tiide., from bout, the primary sense of which is to 
 •V uliiHjt or push out. It seems to be alli('d to L. pc- 
 lo, impeto, to assault ; or to Eng. prt, and primarily 
 to denoU: u rushing on or attack, or a start. See Fit, 
 Huitahlc] 
 
 1. The invasion, exacerbation, or paroxysm of a 
 dineasc. Wo apply the word to the return of an 
 aj;>ie, after interminsiun : as, a cohl fit. We apply 
 it t4ithe fimt attack, or to the return of other diseases ; 
 OM, a fit of the gout or hIoik! ; and, in general, to a 
 diKC'iHe however continued ; as, a Jit of sickni ss. 
 
 2. A Hiidilen and viiileiit att;ick of disorder, in 
 which the iKMly is often convulsc-d, and Homeijnies 
 HenKcleHH ; ux, afitu{ apoplexy, or epilepsy ; hyster- 
 ic filj. 
 
 3. Any short return after intermission; a turn ; a 
 period or interval. He moves by fits and starts. 
 
 By Jls my swelling ^rieP appL\\ra. Addison. 
 
 4. A temporary affection or attack ; as, a/£ of mel- 
 ancholy, or of grief ; a ^t of pleasure. 
 
 5. Disorder ; distemperature. Skak. 
 
 6. [Sa.x. fitt, a song.] Jlncicntly, a song, or part of 
 a song ; a strain ; a canto. Lye. Johnson, 
 
 7. The close and e.isy setting of an article of dress; 
 as, the coat has an excellent. 
 
 FIT, a. [Flemish, rittcn ; G. pass, fit, and a pace ; 
 passen, to be fit, suitable, right. This is from the 
 root of Eng. pass; D. pas, time, season; van pas, 
 fitting, fit, convenient ; Eng. pat ; Dan. passer, to 
 be fit. In L. competo, whence compatible, signifies, 
 properly, to meet or to fall on ; hence, to suit, or 
 be fit, from pcto. This is probably the same word. 
 The primary sense is, to come to, to fall on ; hence, 
 to meet, to extend to, to be close, to suit. To come, 
 or fall, is the primary sense of time or season, as in 
 tlie Dutch. See Class Ud, No. 45, C4, and Class Bz, 
 No. 52, 53, 70.J 
 
 1. Suitable ; convenient ; meet ; becoming. 
 Is it Jit to say to a Vin^, Thou art wicked ? — Joh xxjtiv. 
 Wives, submit yourselves to your husLtiuds, as it is Jit, ill tlie 
 
 Lord. —Col. iii. 
 
 2. Qualified ; as, men of valor /( for war. 
 
 No mail liavin J put hi5 Iiaiid to llie plow, and looldu? back, is 
 Jit ior IJie wiigdoin oiUod. — Luite ix. 
 
 FIT, V. t. To adapt ; to suit ; to make suitable. 
 
 The carpenter — markeUi it out with a line; he fitteth it with 
 planes. — Is. xliv. 
 
 2. To accommodate a person with any thing ; as, 
 the tailor Jits his customer with a coat. The original 
 phrase is, he fits a coat to his customer. But the 
 phrase implies also furnishing, providing a thing 
 suitable for another. 
 
 3. To prepare ; to put in order for ; to furnish with 
 things proper or necessary ; as, to Jit a ship for a long 
 voyage. Fit yourself fur action or defense. 
 
 4. To qualify ; to prepare ; as, to fit a student for 
 college. 
 
 To fit out ; to furnish ; to equip ; to supply with 
 necessaries or means ; as, to fit out a privateer. 
 
 To fit up; to prepare ; to furnish with things suit- 
 able ; to make proper for the reception or use of any 
 person ; as, to Jit up a house for a guest. 
 FIT, V. i. To be pro|)er or becoming. 
 
 Nor fiu it to prolong llie feast. Pops. 
 2. To suit or be suitable ; to be adapted. His coat 
 fits verv well. But this is an elliptical phrase. 
 FITCH, ■«. A chick-pea. 
 
 FITCII'ET, ) n. A polecat ; a foumart. [W. ffwicyll 
 FITCH'EW, i or irmicyn.] 
 
 FIT'FUL, a. Varied liy sudden impulses. Shak. 
 
 FIT'L,i'-ER, a. or ado. More fit or filly. 
 
 FIT'LI-EST, a. Most fit. Coleridge. 
 
 FIT'LY, adv. Suitably ; properly ; with propriety. 
 A maxim fitly applied. 
 2. Commodiously ; conveniently. 
 
 FIT'iMENT, 71. Something adapted to a purpose. 
 [.¥«£ used.] Shak. 
 
 FIT'NE.SS, H. Suitableness ; adaptedness ; adapta- 
 tion ; as, the fitness of things to their use. 
 
 2. Propriety ; meekness ; justness; reasonableness; 
 as, the fitness of measures or laws. 
 
 3. Preparation ; qualification ; as, a student's fit- 
 ness for college. 
 
 4. Convenience ; the state of being fit. 
 FIT'TA-BLE, a. Suitable. [Obs.] Sherwood. 
 FIT'TED, pp. Made suitable; adapted; prepared; 
 
 qualified. 
 
 FIT'TER, 71. One who makes fit or suitable ; one 
 
 who adapts ; one who prepares. 
 FIT'TING, /I/))-. Making siiitalile ; adapting; prepar- 
 ing ; qualifying ; proviiling with. 
 2. a. Fit or appropriate. 
 FIT'Th\G-EY, ado. Suitably. Jlfore. 
 FIT7. [Norm. yi£c.>', ./?«!, or fit, a son] is used in names, 
 
 as in Fitzherbcrt, Fitzroy, Carlovitz. 
 FIVE, a. [Sax. Jif; I), rif; O. finif; Sw. and Dan. 
 
 fern; W . puoi, pump ; Ann. pemp.] 
 
 Four and one added ; the half of ten ; as, fire 
 
 men ; five loaves. Like other adjectives, it is often 
 
 used as a noun. 
 
 ^'itip of them were wise, and five were foolish. — Matt. xxv. 
 FIVE'liXIl, ) a. Having five bars; as, a five- 
 FIVE'HaK-RKD, \ barred gtite. 
 I'lVE'-CLEFT, a. Utiinqucfid ; divided into five scg- 
 
 mi'iits. 
 
 FIVE'-FIN"GER, n. A species of cinquefoil. 
 
 Mass. Rep. 
 
 FIVE'-FI.\"(iER-/-;D, a. Having five fingers, or parts 
 
 resembling lingers. 
 FIVE'F(")1,I), a. In fives; consisting of five in one; 
 
 five doidde ; five times repeated. 
 FIVE'-I,K AF, K. t'liiquefoil. Drayton. 
 FIVE'-I.F:AF-/;i), (-leeft,)a. Having five leaves; as, 
 
 five-leafed clover. 
 FtVE'-I,<^H-f.'I), a. Consisting of five lobes. 
 FIVE'-PAUT-KI), n. Divided into five parts. 
 FIVES, II. A kinil of play Willi a ball against the side 
 
 of a building, resembling tennis ; so named because 
 three fives or fifteen are counted to the^'ame. Smart. 
 
 FIVES, I 71. A disease of horses, resembling the 
 
 VIVES, i strangles. Kiie.yc. 
 
 Fl VE'-TOOTH-KD, ( tootlit,) a. Having five teeth. 
 
 FIVE'-VALV-£D, a. Having five x-alves. Botany. 
 
 FIX, i>. (. [Fr. fizer; Sp.fizar; U. fissure ; L. fiziis, 
 figo. Class Bg.] 
 
 1. To make stable ; to set or establish immovably. 
 The universe is governed by fixed laws. 
 
 2. To set or place permanently ; to establish. The 
 prince fized his residence at York. The seat of our 
 government is fixed at Wttshington, in the District of 
 Columbia. Some men have no fixed opinions. 
 
 3. To make fast ; to fasten ; to attach firmly ; as 
 to fix a cord or line to a hook. 
 
 4. To set or place steadily ; to direct, as the eye, 
 without moving it ; to fasten. The gentleman fized 
 his eyes on the speaker, and addressed him with 
 firmness. 
 
 5. To set or direct steadily, without wandering; 
 as, to fix the attention. The preacher fixes the atten- 
 tion of his audience, or the hearers yiz their attention 
 on the preacher. 
 
 6. To set or make firm, so as to bear a high degree 
 of heat without evaporating; to deprive of volatility. 
 Gold, diamonds, silver, platina, are among the most 
 fixed bodies. 
 
 7. To transfix ; to pierce. [Littleused.] Sandys. 
 
 8. To withhold from motion. 
 
 9. In .America, to put in order ; to prepare ; to ad- 
 just ; to set or place in the manner desired or most 
 suitable ; as, to fix clothes or dress ; to fix the furni- 
 ture of a room. This use is analogous to that of set, 
 in the phrase to set a razor. 
 
 [This very ctimmon Americanism has no sanction 
 in English usage. There is a use of the word fix as 
 a noun for " predicament," as, " to be in a bad fix," 
 which should be avoided as a gross vulgarism. — £1^.] 
 FIX, ». i. To rest ; to settle or remain permanently ; 
 to cease from wandering. 
 
 Your kindness kinishes your fear, 
 
 Resolved to Jiz forever here. Waller. 
 
 2. To become firm, so as to resist volatilization. 
 
 3. To cease to flow or be fluid ; to congeal ; to be- 
 come hard and malleable, as a metallic substance. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 To fix on ; to settle the opinion or resolution on 
 any thing ; to determine on. 'J'he cotitracting par- 
 ties have fixed on certain leading points. The legis- 
 lature fixed on WethersfieUl as the place for a state 
 prison. 
 
 FIX'A-BLE, a. That may be fi.xed, established, or 
 
 rendered firm. 
 FIX-A'TIO.N, n. The act of fixing. 
 
 2. Stability ; firmness ; steadiness ; a state of be- 
 ing established ; as, fixation in matters of religion. 
 
 King Charles. 
 
 3. Residence in a certain place ; or a place of resi- 
 dence. [Little used.] 
 
 To light, created in tlie first day, God gave no certain place or 
 Jiiaiton. Halegh. 
 
 4. That firm state of a body which resists evap- 
 oration or volatilization by heat ; as, the fixation of 
 gold or other metals. Bacon. F.ncyc. 
 
 5. The act or process of ce.asing to be fluid and 
 becoming firm ; sttite of being fixed. Olanville. 
 
 FIX'£D, (fikst,) pp. or a. Settled ; established ; firm ; 
 fast ; stable. 
 
 Fixed air: an invisible and pennanently elastic 
 fluid, heavier than common air, and fatal to animal 
 life, produced from the combustion of carbonaceous 
 bodies, as wood or charcoal, and by artificial pro- 
 cesses ; called also aerial acid, cretaceous acid, and j 
 more generally carbonic acid. 
 
 Fixed bodies, lire those which can not be volrililized 
 or separated by a common nu nstriitim, wilhoiil great 
 dilliciilty, as gold, platinum, lime, Slc. Frunci-<. 
 
 Fixed'oils, or alkalies, such as remain in a permanent 
 state, and .are not readily volatilized, so called in dis- 
 tinction from volatile oils, or alkalies. 
 
 Fixed stars, are such stars as nlwajs retain the 
 same apparent position and distance with respect to 
 each other, and are thus distinguished from iilantts 
 anil comets, which are revolving bodies. 
 FIX'ED-EY, ai/e. Firmly; in a seltb d or cslablisl.ed 
 
 manner steadfastly. 
 FIX'ED-NESS, 71. A state of being fixed; slaliility ; 
 firmness; steadfastness; as, n fized nesi: In religion, 
 or politics ; fixedne.is of opinion on any subject. [ 
 
 2. The state of a boily which resists evaporation ; 
 or volatilization by hi'iit ; as, the/jrr/iifjis of golil. ; 
 
 3. Firm coherence of parts ; solidity. Bentley. j 
 FIX-II)'1-TV, n. Fixedness. [A^ot used.] Boyle. 
 F1.\'ING, ;i;ir. Sellling; establishing. 
 
 FI.X'I-TV, 11. Fixedness; coherence of parts; that 
 property of bodies by which they resist di.ssipation 
 by iieiit. J\'cieton. \ 
 
 FIX'TIJKE, (fiksfynr,) 71. That which is fixed or iit- 
 lached to something as a permanent nppendage ; iif, | 
 the fixtures of a pump ; l\u- Jixtiires of a farm ; the 
 fixtures of a tlwelling, i. e., the articles which the 
 teii.iiit cannot legally take away, when he removes 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WII.^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 466 
 
FLA 
 
 to aiiotlier house. This ia a mndern word, though 
 fii qiicntly substituted for Fixure in new editions of 
 old w'orlts. •Smart. 
 
 FIXMJllE, II. Position; stable pressure; firmness. 
 [ Little u.ieil.] S/mlc. 
 
 I'IZ'CUJ, «. A fishgis; ; wliicli sec. 
 
 2. A ),'nildiii),', llirlini; girl. 
 
 3. A tireivurii, niado of powder rolled up in a 
 paper. 
 
 Fl/'/I F { To make a hissing sound. 
 
 F1jA1!'I!I-1,V, ada. In a flabby manner. 
 FLAIi'ltl-NE.sS, „. [See Fl*hiii.J A soft, flexible 
 
 state of a snb^ance, which renders it easily movable, 
 
 and \ lelding to pressure. 
 FI.AU'UY, u. [W Utb, a soft, lank, limber state ; 
 
 Uifniij tlaccid, lank ; tlifta, flaccid, lank, Jluppin>r ; 
 
 lU/idii^lo become flabby, to drot>p ; Uipuiin^ to make 
 
 gtib or smooth. Fiabby^ fitipt and ^''</', appear to be 
 
 from the same root.] 
 Soli ; yielding to the touch, and easily moved or 
 
 shaken ; easily bent ; hanging loose by its own 
 
 Weight ; Bs, ttiibbij flesh. Sieift. 
 F1,.\'1)EI-, n. fttibellum.] A fan. 
 FLA-liEL'LA'FE, a. Having the form of a fan. 
 FLA-UEl.'LI-FOR.M,ii. [L.^iuiWiu/n, a little fan, and 
 
 form.] 
 
 Having the form of a fan ; fan-shaped. IFitchcock. 
 FLACCIU, iflak'sid,) n. [L. Jlaccidus, from fialcco, to 
 hang down, to flun < tip. Jloio i PotUfrozoi Ir.yiocA; 
 \V. UaCy and tUiir^ slack, sluggish, lax ; Uaciaio, to 
 slacken, to relax, to droop; Uaca, slop, mud ; Itciifiato^ 
 to flag, to lag, to skulk ; Uci^ius, flagging, drimpnig, 
 sluggish, slow. We sec that ftacciil.fimr, slark, 
 
 £i<li, .ilow, and /a^, are all of this family. See Class 
 g, .No. -10,41, 43, 4.3.] 
 
 Soft and weak ; limber ; lax ; drooping ; hanging 
 down by its own weight ; yielding to pressure for 
 want of lirniness and stiffness ; as, a flaccid muscle ; 
 flaccid flesh. 
 FI,AC'C"I1)-LY, adv. tn a flaccid manner. 
 FI.A€'(;iD-\ESS, ( n. Laxity; limberness ; want 
 FLAC-CIU'l-TY, j of firmness or stiflness. 
 
 • H'l.'ipman. 
 FLACK'ER, r. t. To flutter as a bird. [Local.] 
 
 Ornse, 
 
 FLAG, r. i. [W. llactlUy or Ilaciair^ to relax, to droop ; 
 //fiTi/, to flag ; h. flaccco i Sp fla</ttear ; Vvrl.fra(jHfar, 
 to flag; I r. /an-, weak. [See Flaccid.1 The sense 
 is, priinardy, to bend, or rather to rececie, to lair ] 
 
 1. To hang loose without stiffness ; to bend down, 
 as flexible bodies ; to be loose and yielding ; as, the 
 flagaina sails. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To grow spiritless or dejected ; to droop ; to 
 grow languid ; as, the spirits flair. 
 
 3. To grow weak; to lose vigor; as, the strength 
 flags. 
 
 4. To become dull or languid. 
 Tim pl( 
 
 s of Uie town to flag. Suti/l. 
 
 FLAG, V. L To let fall into feebleness ; to snfliir to 
 droop; as, to flagllie wings. Prior, 
 
 FLAtJ, n. [W. Ilec ; Ir. liag, a broad, flat stone ; allied, 
 perhaps, to lay,] 
 
 A flat stone used for paving, or a pavement of flat 
 stones. 
 
 FLAG, r. t. To lay with flat stones. 
 
 The tides nnil floor were all flagged willi ejcccllent mnrtte. 
 
 Saiulyt, 
 
 FLAG, Ji. [VV. Haf, a blade.] 
 
 An aquatic plant, with a bladed leaf, probably so 
 called from its bendmg or yielding to the wind. 
 
 FLAG, n. [G. flagge. ; I), vlag^ rlagtre ; Dan. flag ; 
 S\v,fla<rfri allied, probably, to the preceding word, 
 in the sense of beiuhng or spreading.] 
 
 An ensign or colors ; a cloth on which arc usually 
 painted or wrought certain figures, and borne on a 
 staff. In Uir army, a banner by which one regiment 
 is distinguished from another. In t/ir niarinr, a ban- 
 ner or standard by which the ships of one nation are 
 distinguished from those of another, or by which an 
 admiral is distinguished from other ships of his squad- 
 ron. In the British navy, an admiral's flag is dis- 
 played at the niain-top-gallant-mast-hcad, a vice- 
 admiral's at the fore-to|>-gallant-mast-head, and a 
 rear admiral's at the mi/./.cn-top-gallant-mast-hcad. 
 
 To MrJic or lotcer the flag, is to pull it down upon 
 the cap, in token of respect or snbmissicm. To 
 itrikr. the flag, in an engagement, is the sign of sur- 
 rendering. 
 
 To hang out the white flag, is to ask quarter ; or, in 
 some cases, to manifest a friendly design. The red 
 flag, is a sign of deflance or battle. 
 
 To hang the flag half mast high, is a token or signal 
 of niuurning. 
 
 Ftag-vflicrr ; the commander of a squadron. 
 
 Flag ship : the ship which bears the commanding 
 oflicer of a squadron, and in which his flag is dis- 
 played. 
 
 Flag staff ; the stafl" that elevates the flag. 
 I-I Kr^innr, Encyc .Mar, Dict. 
 
 i L.\G BROOM, n. A broom for sleeping flags. 
 
 n Ar'^oTj^vTT!! Johnson, 
 tL.Atj hlOi\E, H. A flat stone for pavement. 
 
 FLAG'VVORM, (-wnrni,) 71. A worm or grub found 
 among flags and sedge. IValton, 
 A little llute ; a small wind-instrument of music. 
 
 Mure, 
 
 FLAlVEI^LANT, n. [L, flagdlans, from flagello, to 
 flog.] 
 
 One who whips himself in religions discifiline. 
 The Flagellants were a fanatical sect w hich arose in 
 Itidy A. I). 12(iU, who maintained that flagellation 
 was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament. 
 They walked in processiiui, with shoulders bare, and 
 whipped tluiiiselves till the blood ran down their 
 bodies, to obtain tile mercy of God, and appease his 
 wralli .against the vices of the age. Encyc, 
 
 FLAOi'Elj-LATE, ». (. To whip ; to scourge. 
 
 FLAC;-EL,-LA''i'ION, n, [L. flagello, to beat or whip, 
 to flog, from fiagclliim, a whip, scourge, or flail, U. 
 vlegcl, Cflcgel, Fr. flraii. See Flail and Floo.I 
 
 A beating or whipping; a Hogging ; the discipline 
 of the scourge. Oarlh, 
 
 FLAC'EO-LET, (flaj'o let,) n. [Fr. flageolet, from 
 L.jflutHi, by corruption, or Gr. irXaj-iouAof, nXaytoi, 
 oblique, and auA a flute. Luiiirr.] 
 
 A small wind-instruineiit of music, with a mouth- 
 piece at oneeiiil, and stops like the old English flute, 
 sometiiiH's spelltrd flagclcL P, Cyc. 
 
 FI.AG'GKI), (flagd,) pp Laid with fl.it stones. 
 
 FLAG'GI-NESS, 71. Laxity; limberness; want of 
 tension. 
 
 FLAG'GIXG, ppr, or a. Growing weak ; drooping; 
 
 laying with flat stones. 
 FLAG'GIN'G, n. The act of laying with flagstones, 
 
 2. A pavement or sidewalk of flagstones. 
 FL.VG'UY, a. Weak; flexible; limber; not stifl". 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 2. AVe.ik in taste ; insipid ; as, a flaggy a\^\i\c, 
 
 3. Abounding wilh flags, the plant. [Bacon, 
 FLA-GI"T10U.S, (fla-Jish'us,) a. [L. fiagUium, a 
 
 scandalous crime, probably from Uic root, of yia- 
 grant.] 
 
 1. Deeply criminal ; grossly wicked ; villainous ; 
 atrocious; scandalous; as, a ^uu-itiuiu action or 
 crime. South. 
 
 2. Guilty of enormous crimes ; corrupt; wicked; 
 as, a flagitious persiui. Pope. 
 
 3. Alarkeil or infected with scandalous crimes or 
 vices ; as, flagitious times. Pope. 
 
 FLA-GI"T10US-LY, adv. With extreme wicked- 
 ni^ss. 
 
 FLA-0I"TIOUS-NESS, 7t. Extreme wickedness ; vil- 
 lainy. 
 
 FLAG'ON, 71. [L. lagena; Gr. Xayrjtfoi ; Ir. clagun t 
 Fr. ;iaco)i ; Sam. Castel. col. .3013.] 
 
 A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding 
 and conveying liipiors. 
 
 Suiy 
 
 ne with Jiagottt, comfort mo wttli apples ; Tor 1 am sick 
 ith love. — CntiU U. 
 
 ; per- 
 
 FLa'GRANCE, 71. Notoriousness ; glaring ofTense. 
 
 lip. Hall. 
 
 FLa'GRAN-CY, 71. [See Fl.aorakt.] A burning; 
 great heat ; inflammation. [Obs,] 
 
 Liisl caiuetli a Jtagrancy in Uie eyet. Bacon. 
 3. Excess ; enormity ; as, the fiagrancy of a 
 crime. 
 
 FLa'GRANT, a. [L. flagrans, from flagro, to bum, 
 Gr. tpXtyw, tpXcyoto. In D. flakkcren is to bla^ce.] 
 L Burning; ardent; eager; as, Jla^raiU desires. 
 
 llooker. 
 
 2. Glowing ; red ; flushed. 
 
 S'-e S;ipphfi at tier toilet'i (frpasy task, 
 
 Then Usiiiit^ Jtagrant 10 aa eveuiiig iDosk. Pope. 
 
 3. Red ; inflamed. 
 
 The l«.ullc's laxh atill/Ofranl on tliclr back. Prior. 
 [The foregoing senses are unusual.] 
 i. Flaming in notice; glaring; notorious ; enor- 
 mous ; as, a flagrant crime. 
 FUi GR.IjSrTF. BKI.'LO, [L.] The war raging. 
 F/,^.n/ijijVTE DK-UarO, [L.] During the 
 
 petralion of the crime. 
 FLA'GRANT-LY, ado. Ardently ; notoriouslv. 
 
 ly'arton. 
 
 FLA'GRaTE, p. L To burn. [LUde used,] 
 
 OrernJiill, 
 
 FLA-GRi'TION, 71. A burning. [£iW<! W.] 
 FLAIL, n._ [D,vlegel; G. flcgcl; L,flagellum; Fr. 
 
 flcau. We retain the original verb in flog, to strike, 
 
 to lay on, I- yli^'o, whence aflligo, to afflict; Gr. 
 
 ir.Xi)) /), L. plaga, a stroke, or perhaps from the same 
 
 root .as lick and lay. See Lick.] 
 A wooden instrument for thrashing or beating 
 
 grain from the ear by hand. 
 FLAKE, II. [S.-ft. fiace ; D. rlaak, a hurdle for wool ; 
 
 r.lok, a flock, a flake, a tuft ; G. flvcke, fluge, id. ; 
 
 Dan. flak, a herd, and lok, a (ucior flock of wool ; L. 
 
 flticcus ; Gr. r\<>Kii, Tt\'iKoi; It. flocco ; Ir. flocas. 
 
 Flake anti flock arc doubtless the same woril, varied 
 
 in orthography, and connected, perhaps, with L. 
 
 plica, Gr, irAxu. The sense is a complication, a 
 
 crowd, or n lay,] 
 
 1. A small collecthm of snow, as it falls from the 
 
 clouds or fniin the air ; a little bunch or duster of 
 
 snowy crysuils, such as fall in still, moderate weather. 
 
 This is a flake, locJi, or flack of snow. 
 
 r as a p<-rpeliial aijiiHe and 
 Sutilh, 
 
 2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fan! 
 or iiiti rwtiven, sii|iported by Htaiicliions, on which 
 codfish is dried. Massachusetts, 
 
 3. A layer or stratum ; as, aflulie of flesh or tallow. 
 Job xli. 
 
 4. A collection or little particle of lire, or of com- 
 bustible matter on Are, separated and flying off. 
 
 5. Any scaly matter ill layers ; any mass cleaving 
 otf in scales. 
 
 LltUoylaJbes of acurf. Adflunn 
 
 6. A sort of carnations of two colors only, having 
 large stripes going through the leaves. Encyc, 
 
 fVhite-flake, in painting. Sec Flake-Whit e. 
 
 FLAKE, B.(. To form into flakes. Pope, 
 
 FLAKE, V, i. To break or separate in layers ; to peel 
 or scale off. We more usually say, to fluke off, 
 
 FLAK'^I), (rtakt,) pp. Foriiietl into Bakes. 
 
 FLAKE-WHITE, n. A name often given to the 
 purest white lead. Brande. Ure. 
 
 FLAK'l-NKSS, 7L The state of being flaky. 
 
 FLAK'ING, j)/jr. Forming into flakes. 
 
 FLAK Y, a. Consisting of flakes or locks; consist- 
 ing of small, loose masses. 
 
 2. Lying in flaktss ; consisting of layers, or cleav- 
 ing ofl* in layers. 
 
 FLAM, 71. [Ice. flim ; W. Ham, a leap.l 
 
 A freak or whim ; also, a falsehood ; a lie ; an il- 
 lusory pretext ; deception ; delusion. 
 
 Lies immortalized and consigned 
 Jlam upon powcrity. 
 
 FLAM, V. U To deceive with falsehood ; to delude. 
 
 South. 
 
 FLAM'BEAU, (flam'bo,) 71. [Fr., from L. flamma, 
 flame.] 
 
 A light or luminary made of thick wicks covered 
 with wax, and used in the .strci ls at night, at illuiiii- 
 n.'itions, and in processions. Flambeaus are made 
 stpiare, and usually cmisist of four wicks or branches, 
 near an incli thick, and about three feet long, com- 
 posed of coarse hempen yarn, half twistetl. Encyc, 
 FLA. ME, 71. [i'l, fiammc : 1^, flamma; ll, flamma; Sp. 
 llama ; D. vlam ; G, flammr,] 
 
 1. A blaze ; burning vajinr ; vapor in combustion ; 
 or, according to modem chemistry, hydrogen, or any 
 inflammable gas, in a state of coiiiliiisfion, and natu- 
 rally ascending in a stream from burning bodies, 
 being speciflcally lighter tli.in coniinim air. 
 
 A luminous fluid proceeding from burning biidies, 
 and from the combustion of their volatile particles. 
 
 DicL jVat, Hist. 
 
 2. Fire in general. Cotrlnj, 
 
 3. He.at of pa.ssion ; tumult; combu.<tion ; blaze ; 
 violent contention. One jealous, tattling misi liief- 
 maker will set a whole village in a flame, 
 
 4. Ardor of temper or imagination ; briglitness of 
 fancy ; vigor of thought. 
 
 Great are their faiilu, and glorious is tiielr^am*. Waiter, 
 
 5. Ardor of inclination ; warmth of ofl^cction. 
 Smit with the love of kindred arts we cime, 
 
 And met congenial, ininglin j/a/ne w it.'i Jtame, Pope, 
 
 6. The passion of love ; ardent love. 
 
 My bean's on flame, Cotstey, 
 
 7. Rage ; violence ; as, the flames of war. 
 
 8. One beloved ; as, she was iny first flame, 
 FLA.ME, ». (. To inflame ; to excite. Spenser. 
 FLA.ME, t>. 1. To blaze ; to burn in vapor, or in a cur- 
 rent ; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in coinbus- 
 
 2. To shine like burning gas. . [turn. 
 
 In Jlaniiiig yellow bright. Prior, 
 
 3. To break out in violence of passion. Bcaum, 
 FLA.ME'COL-OR, (-kul-lur,) n. Bright color, as that 
 
 of flame. B, Jonson, 
 
 FLA.ME'eOL-OR-ED, ( kul-lurd,) a. Of the color of 
 
 flame ; of a bright yellow color. Shak, 
 FLA.ME'E?-f;D, ( ide,) a. Having eyes like a flame. 
 FLA.ME'LESS, a. Destitute of flame; witliout in- 
 cense. 
 
 FLA'MEN, 71. [L.] In ancient Rome, a priest de- 
 voted to a particular god. Originally there were 
 three priests so called ; the Flamrn Oialui, conse- 
 crated to Jupiter ; Flamen Martuilis, sacreil to .Mars; 
 and Flamen Qnirinalis, who superintended the riles of 
 Ctuirinus or Uoiiiulus. 
 2. .\ priest. Pope, 
 
 FLA.M'l.NG, ppr. Burning in flame. 
 
 2. a. Bright red. ,\lso, violent ; vehement ; as, a 
 flaming harangue. 
 
 FL.AM'l.VG, n. A bursting out in n flame. 
 
 FLA.M'ING-LY, ado. Most brightly ; with great show 
 or vehemence. 
 
 FLA-MI.N"GO, 71. [Sp. and Port, flamenco, from L. 
 flamma, flame.] 
 
 One of a very peculiar genus of birds called by natii- 
 rali-ts PiKEnicopterus. The beak is nakeil, toollii d, 
 and bent as if broken ; the neck and legs are very 
 long ; the feet have the three front toes pahnated to 
 the end, and the hind one extremely short. When 
 in full plumage, they are almost entirely retl, except 
 the quill feathers. They are, generally speaking, 
 birds of warm climates and rich places. Partington. 
 
 PLA-.MI.\'ie-.VL, a. Pertaining to a Roman ibmicn. 
 
 Mdion. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, IGNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; B as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 M M 
 
 45r 
 
FLA. 
 
 FLA 
 
 FLA 
 
 FLAM-irA-BLLT-TY, 71. The quality of admitting to 
 be set iin fire, or enkindled into a flame or blaze ; in- 
 flaminiibilitv. Brown. 
 
 FLA.M'.MA-B'LE, a. Capable of being enkindled into 
 dame. 
 
 FLAM-Ma'TION, n. The act of setting on flame 
 
 Bi-own, 
 
 [The three last words are little used. Instead of 
 them are used the compounds Inflammable, I.n- 
 
 FLAMMABILITV, INFLAMMATION.] 
 
 FLAM'ME-OUS, a. Consisting of flame ; like flame. 
 
 Broion. 
 
 FLAM-MIF'ER-OUS,a. [L.^ammaand/cro, to bring.] 
 
 Producing flame. 
 FL.\.M-.M1V'0-M0US, a. [L. flamma and vomo, to 
 vomit.] 
 
 Vomiting flames, as a volcano. 
 FLaM'V, a. [from flamf.] Blazing; burning; as, 
 flamy breath. Sidney. 
 
 2. Having the nattn'e of flame ; as, flamy matter. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. Having the color of flame. Herbe-rt. 
 FLSNCH, n. In rnechanism, the part of a piece 
 
 screwed to something else. 
 FLANGE, 71. [Uu. flank, or Fr. /range, fringe, or Gr. 
 ipnXa) <.] 
 
 A raised or projecting edge or rib on the rim of a 
 wheel, and also on the rails uf a certain kind of rail- 
 way ; used in Machinery, to keep the band from slip- 
 ping off, and to prevent cars from running off the 
 rails. 
 
 FLAN'K, »!. [Fr./anc; Sp. and Fort. ^aaco ; It. ^anco ; 
 G.flanke ; Sw. and V)3n. flank; Gr. A«) oiv ; probably 
 connected with lank, W. llac, Eng.^ao", Gr. Xayaoui, 
 and so called from its laxity, or from breadth.] 
 
 1. The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an 
 animal, between the ribs and the hip. Hence, 
 
 2. The side of an army, or of any division of an 
 army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion ; the 
 extreme right or left. To attack an enemy in flank, 
 is to attack them on the side. 
 
 3. In furtification, that part of a bastion which 
 reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends 
 the opposite face, the flank, and the curtain ; or it is 
 a line drawn from the e.xtreuiity of the face toward 
 the uiside of the work. Brande. 
 
 4. In architecture, the side of any building. Brande. 
 FLANK, V. t. [Fr. flamiucr ; Sp. flamiuear.] 
 
 1. To attack the side or flank of an army or body 
 of troops ; or to place troops so as to command or at- 
 tack the flank. 
 
 2. To post so as to overlook or command on the 
 side ; as, to flank a passage. Drydcu. 
 
 3. To secure or guard on the side ; as, ^aw/iti/ with 
 rock.1. Dnjden. 
 
 4. To turn the flank ^ to pass round the side. 
 FLANK, V. i. To border ; to touch. Butler. 
 
 2. To be posted on the side. 
 FLANK'£D, (flankt,) pp. Attacked on tl>e side ; cov- 
 ered or commanded on the flank. 
 FL.XNK'ER, 71. A fortification projecting so as to 
 command the side of an assailing body. 
 
 KnoUes. Fairfax. 
 
 FLANK'ER, v. t. To defend by lateral fortifications. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 2. To attack sideways. Evelyn. 
 FLANK'EIl-£D, ;7p. Attacked on the side ; defended 
 
 by lateral works. 
 FLA.\K'ER-1.\G, ppr. Defending by lateral works; 
 
 attacking sideways. 
 FLA.NK'ING, ppr. Turning the flank; attacking on 
 
 the side, or comimuding on the flank. 
 FLAN'NEL, n. [I'r. flanclle : D. and Dan. ^a?irf; G. 
 
 flaiicll ; W. gtnlanrn, from "■u);a;i, wool, L. lana,Yi. 
 
 luine, Ir. ulunii, Ann. irtuan^ 
 A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. 
 FLA.N'NEL-i'D, a. Covered or wrapped in flannel. 
 FL.'\I', 71. [(;. lappcH and klappe ; I), lap or klup ; Sw. 
 
 kJiipp or lupp; Dan. klap or lap; Sax. lappa, a lap; 
 
 VV. llab, a stroke, a whipping; llubiaw, lu slap ; I,. 
 
 alapa, a .slap, 'i'here is a numerous family of words 
 
 In Lb, which spring from striking with something 
 
 broad, or from a noun denoting Bomethiiig flat and 
 
 broad. It seems dithcult to sejiaratc fljip from clap, 
 
 slap, flabby, lap, &.r..] 
 
 1. Any thing broad and limber that hangs loose, or 
 is easily moved. 
 
 A cmiliigiiioiiBy/a;j on tlie 0[«_-niiig of Uic hirynx. Drown. 
 
 We (<.iy, the flap of a garment, the flap of the car, 
 the fliiji of a hat. 
 
 2. 'I he motion of any thing broad and loose, or a 
 Ktrokit \viih it. 
 
 3. 'I'liat part of the coat behind from the hips 
 downward. 
 
 4. The flap.i : a diHeaHe in the lips of horses. 
 FLAI*, V. t. 'I'd beat with n flap. [J'ii7Ticr'« Diet. 
 
 Yrt t<-t mc Jlap Uiii iMfr willi gildt^tl winf^i. Popt. 
 
 2. To move something broad ; as, to flap the 
 wing". 
 
 3. To li t fall, an the brim of a hat. n'his sense 
 iieemti to iiidicntr a ri>iinei-tion with lnp\ 
 
 PLAf, r. i. To move as wings, or oti something broad 
 or looac. 
 
 2. To full, as the brim of a hat, or other broad 
 thing. 
 
 FL.'VP'DRAG-ON, 71. A play in which they catch rai- 
 sins out of burning brandy, and, e.\tinguishing them 
 by closing the mouth, eat them. 
 2. The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson. 
 
 FLAP'DRAG-ON, v. t. To swallow or devour. Shak. 
 
 FLAP'eAR-£D, a. Having broad, loose ears. Shak. 
 
 FLAP'JACK, 71. A sort of broad pancake. Also, an 
 ajjple-puff. Slialc. Smart. 
 
 FLAP'M0UTH-£D, a. Having loose, hanging lips. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FLAP'PED, (flapt,) pp. or a. Struck with something 
 broad ; let down ; having the brim fallen, as a flapped 
 
 FLAP'PER, 77. He or that which flaps. [hat. 
 
 FLAP'PING, ppr. or a. Striking; beating; moving 
 something broad ; a.s, flapping wings ; the ducks run 
 flapping and fluttering. L'Estrange. 
 
 FLARE, V. i. [If this word is not contracted, it may 
 be allied to clear, glare, glory, L. floreo. Eng. floor, 
 the primary sense of which is to open, to spread, 
 from parting, departing, or driving apart, liut in 
 Norm, flair is to blow, and possibly it may be from 
 h.flo, or it may be contracted from G. flackern.] 
 
 1. To waver ; to flutter; to burn with an unsteady 
 light ; as, the candle^ares, that is, the light wanders 
 from its natural course. 
 
 2. To flutter with splendid show ; to be loose and 
 waving, as a showy thing. 
 
 With ribbons pendant Jlaring 'bout her head. Shak. 
 
 3. To glitter with transient luster. 
 
 But speech alone 
 Doth vanish like a Jlaring tiling. Herbert. 
 
 4. To glitter with painful splendor. 
 
 When the suu tjegins to fling 
 ilis flaring bea.ws. Milton. 
 
 5. To be exposed to too much light. 
 
 I can not suty 
 
 Flaring in sunslline all tlie day. [Ciu.] , Prior. 
 
 6. To open or spread outward. 
 
 FLARE, 7!. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 FLaR'ING, ppr. or a. Burning with a wavering light ; 
 fluttering; glittering; showy. 
 
 2. Opening ; widening outward ; as, a flaring 
 fireplace. 
 
 FLAR'ING-LY, arf«. Flutteringly ; showily. 
 
 FLASH, 71. [Ir. lasair, lasrach, a flame, a flash ; lasadh, 
 lasaim, to burn, to kindle ; leos, light ; leosam, to give 
 light ; also, loisgim, losgadh, to burn ; loisi, flame ; 
 Dan. hjs, Wghl; tyser,tii shine, to glisten or glister; 
 Sw. lius, lysa, id. Qu. G. blitz, a glance ; blttien, to 
 lighten, lo flash; Russ. blesk, bleschu, id. There is a 
 numerous class of words in Ls, with different pre- 
 fixes, that denote to shine, to throw light, as gloss, 
 glass, glisten, blush, flush, flash, luster, &LC. ; but per- 
 haps they are not all of one family. The VVelsh has 
 llathru, to make smooth and glossy, to polish, to 
 glitter ; llethrid, a gleam, a flash. See Class Ld, No. 
 
 5, and Ls, No. 25, and see Flush.] 
 
 1. A sudden burst of light ; a flood of light instan- 
 taneously appearing and disappearing ; as, a flMsh of 
 lightning. 
 
 2. A sudden burst of flame and light ; an instan- 
 taneous blaze ; as, the flash of a gun. 
 
 3. A sudden burst, as of wit or merriment ; as, a 
 fl.ash of wit ; a flash of joy or mirth. 
 
 His companions recollect no instance of premature wit, no 
 striking sentiment, no Jlaih of fancy. Wirt. 
 
 4. A short, transient state. 
 
 Tlie Pereiaiis and Macedonians had it for a flash. Bacon. 
 
 5. A body of water driven by violence. [Local.] 
 
 Pegge. 
 
 6. A little pool. Ciu. plash. [Local.'] 
 
 FLASH, 71. The slang language of thieves, robbers, 
 
 6. C. Orose. 
 FLASH'-HOUSE, 7t. A place where thieves and 
 
 robbers, &c., resort and deposit their plunder. Orose. 
 FLASH, V. !. To break forth, as a sudden flood of 
 light ; to burst or o|>en instantly on the sight, as 
 splendor. It differs from glitter, glisten, and gleam, 
 ill denoting a flood or wide extent of light. The 
 latter words may express the issuing of light from a 
 small object, or from a pencil of rays. A diamond 
 may glitter or glisten, but it does not flash. Flash 
 dill'ers from other words, also, in denoting suddenness 
 of appearance and disappearance. 
 
 2. To burst or break forth with a flood of flame 
 and light ; as, the powder flushed in the pan. Flash- 
 ing dillers from exploding or displuding, in not being 
 acrojiipanied with a loud report. 
 
 3. To burst out into any kind of violence. 
 
 Every hour 
 
 He Jlaahe$ into one grons crime or other. .S7inJt. 
 
 4. To break out, as a sudden expression of wit, 
 merriment, or brigiit thought. Fcllun. 
 
 FLASH, V. t. To strike up a body of water from the 
 surface. Carcw. . 
 
 He rudely flaahed tlio waves. Sptnter. 
 [In this tense I believe this word u not used in 
 .America. | 
 
 2. To strike or to tlirow like a burst of light; as, 
 lo flash conviction on the mind. 
 
 FLASH'ER, 71. A man of more appearance of wit 
 than reality. Diet. 
 2. A rower. [JVot in use.] 
 
 FLASH'I-LY, ado. With empty show ; with a sud- 
 den glare ; without solidity of wit or thought. 
 
 FLASH'ING, ppr. or a. Bursting forth as a flood of 
 light, or of flame and light, or as wit, mirth, or joy. 
 
 FLASH'ING, 71. [Probably from Fr. plague or flague.] 
 In architecture, a term applied to pieces of lead, or 
 other metal, let into the joints of a wall, so as to lap 
 over the gutters and prevent the plashing of rain on 
 the interior works. Owilt. 
 
 FLASH'Y, a. Showy, but empty ; dazzling for a mo- 
 ment, but not solid ; as, flashy wit. 
 
 2. Showy ; gay ; as, a flashy dress. 
 
 3. Insipid ; vapid ; without taste or spirit ; as, food 
 or drink. 
 
 4. Washy; plashy. [See Plash.] 
 
 FLASK, 71. [G. flasche; Sw. flaska ; Dan. flaske; D. 
 fles,flesch; Sax.flaia; Sp. and Port. /riisco ; It.flasco, 
 or fiasco ; W.flasg, a basket.] 
 
 1. A kind of bottle ; as, a flask of wine or oil. 
 
 2. A vessel for powder. 
 
 3. A bed in a gun-carriage. Bailey. 
 FLXSK'ET, 71. A vessel in which viands are served 
 
 up." Pope. Ray. 
 
 2. A long, shallow basket. Spenser. 
 FLAT, a. [D. plat; G. plait; Dan. ^ai2; Sw. flat; 
 Fr. plat ; Arm. blad, or pladt ; It. piatto ; from extend- 
 ing or laying. Allied, probably, to W. Ilez, llcd, llyd; 
 L. latus, broad ; Gr. TrArtrns , Eng. blade.] 
 
 1. Having an even surface, without risings or in- 
 dentures, hills or valleys ; as, flat land. 
 
 2. Horizontal; level without inclination; as, aflat 
 roof ; or with a moderate inclination or slope ; for we 
 often apply the word to the roof of a house that is 
 not steep, though inclined. 
 
 3. Prostrate; lying the whole length on the ground. 
 He fell or lay JUit on the ground. 
 
 4. Not elevated or erect ; fallen. 
 
 Cease to admire, and beauty's plumes 
 Pall flat. mton. 
 
 5. Level with the ground ; totally fallen. 
 
 What ruins kingtloms, and lays cities flat ? Milton. 
 
 6. In painting, wanting relief or prominence of 
 the figures. 
 
 7. Tasteless ; stale ; vapid ; insipid ; dead ; as, 
 fruit flat to the taste. Philips. 
 
 8. Dull ; unanimated ; frigid ; without point or 
 spirit ; applied to discourses and compositions. The 
 sermon was very flat. 
 
 9. Depressed ; spiritless ; dejected. 
 
 I feel — my hopfs all flat. Milton. 
 
 10. Unpleasing ; not affording gratification. How 
 flat and insipid are all the pleasures of this life ! 
 
 11. Peremptory; absolute; positive; downright. 
 He gave the petitioner a flat denial. 
 
 Thus repulsed, our lin.al fiope 
 Is flat despair. MtUon. 
 
 12. Not sharp or shrill ; not acute; as, a^( sound. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 13. Low, as the prices of goods ; or dull, as stiles. 
 FLAT, 71. A level or extended plain. In Jimerica, it 
 
 is applied particularly to low ground or meadow that 
 is level ; but it denotes any land of even surface and 
 of some extent. 
 
 2. A level ground lying at a small depth under the 
 surface of water ; a shoal ; a shallow ; a strand ; a 
 sand hank under water. 
 
 3. The broad side of a blade. Drydcn, 
 
 4. Depression of thought or language. Dryden. 
 
 5. A surface without relief or prominences. 
 
 Bentley. 
 
 6. In music, a mark of depression in sound ; thus, 
 [[,.] A flat denotes a fall or depressiim of half a 
 tone. 
 
 7. A boat, broad and flat-bottomed. A flat-bottomed 
 boat is constructed for conveying passengers or 
 troops, horses, carriages, anil baggage. 
 
 8. A hat made of straw braitl, with a low crown 
 and broad brim. 
 
 9. A story or loft in a building. [SeoHish.] 
 
 10. One who is easily duped ; opposed to one who 
 \s sharp, [yulgar.] Rich. Diet. 
 
 FLAT, 7'. (. [Fr. flatir, npplatir.] 
 
 1. To level ; to depress ; to lay smooth or even ; to 
 make broad and smooth ; to flatten. Bacon. 
 
 9. To make vapid or tasteless. Bacon. 
 3. To make dull or unanimated. 
 FLAT, V. i 'I'o grow flat ; to fall to an even surface. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 2. To become insipid, or dull and unanimated. 
 
 ATiii,^ Charles. 
 
 3. In vinsic, to depress the voice ; to render a sound 
 less sharp. 
 
 FLAT'-li()T-TOM-f.;i), a. Having a flat bottom, as a 
 bt)at, or a moarin fortificatitin. 
 
 FLAT'-IM.^II, 71. A name sometimes applied in com- 
 mon to those fishes which have the body of a fliilteniid 
 form, swim on the side, and have both eyes on one 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL. WHAT. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 45R 
 
FLA 
 
 side, eiiit>r:icing such as the tloiinttcr, tiirhot, hali- 
 hnt, and snh'. Il is paiticiilarly appliod, in and near 
 New York, to a small, salt-watiT ti^h of the tloundcr 
 kind, the Platex.ta plana of Mitchell, which is es- 
 teemed excellent food. 
 
 Partington. Storcr's Mass. Rep. 
 FLAT'-I-RON, (-I-urn,) 71. An iron for smoothing 
 cloth. 
 
 FLa'TIVE, a. [L.j!a«ifi, from Jlo, to blow.] 
 Producing wind ; tlatulcnt. [JVot in use] 
 
 Breaer. 
 
 FLAT'LO.NG, adv. With the flat side downward ; 
 
 not odsewisc. Sliak. 
 TLAT'LV, ailc. Horizontally ; without inclination. 
 -'. IC\'<'nly ; without elevations and depressions. 
 ;t. Witlio'ul spirit ; dully; frigidly. 
 •1. I'cremptordy ;'p<isitively ; downright. 
 
 Uejffii/y rcrusdl hi» niil. Siilney. 
 
 I'LAT'NESS, 71. Evenness of surface; levelness ; 
 e(juality of surface. 
 
 2. Want of relief or prominence ; as, the jintncss 
 
 of a figure in sculpture. Addison. 
 
 ;t, Deadness; vapidness ; insipidity; as, the ^«t- 
 
 npss of cider or beer. Mortimer. 
 
 4. Dejection of fortune; low state. 
 
 Thcjiatneitt of my misery. ShaJc. 
 
 5. Dejection of mind ; a low state of the spirits; 
 de|)ression ; want of life. Collier. 
 
 a. Dullness ; want of point ; insipidity ; frigidity. 
 Sume of lIoin--r*t innslilura liiive BwuUctl into fuMiixit, and 
 oUien •niilc into Jtatiiet*. Pope. 
 
 7. Gravity of sound, as opposed to shar|)ness, 
 at'uteiiess, or shrillness. 
 
 f'ialTtesg of sound — Joincil with a IcxrsliiifM. JSo^on. 
 
 FL.AT'-N6S-£D, (-nozd,) a. Having a flat nose. 
 
 Barton. 
 
 FLAT'-ROOF-ED, f-rooft,) a. Having a flat roof. 
 FL.\T'TEI), pp. Made Hat ; rendered even on the 
 
 stirface; also, rendered vapid or insipid. 
 FLAT'TSN, (tiat'n,) ». (. [Fr. flatir, from flat.] 
 
 1. To make flat ; to reduce to an ciiual or even sur- 
 face ; to level. 
 
 2. To beat down to the ground ; to lay flat. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 3. To make vapid or insipid ; to render stale. 
 
 4. To depress ; to deject, as the spirits ; to dispirit. 
 
 5. In music, to depress, as the voice ; to render 
 less aciite 01 sh.irp, 
 
 ■ To flatten a sail, in marine tansrnatrc, to extend a 
 sail lengthwise of the vessel, so that its cflecl is only 
 lateral Brandc. 
 FLAT'T£N, (flat'n,) v. 1. To grow or become even 
 on the stirface. 
 
 2. To become dead, stale, vapid, or tasteless. 
 
 3. To become dull or spiritless. 
 
 4. In music, to depress (he voice ; to render a sound 
 less sharp. 
 
 FLAT'Tf;.\-£n, (flat'nd,) pp. or a. Made flat 
 
 FLAT'T/C.S'-ING, ppr .Making Hat. 
 
 FL.\'I''TER, 11. 'I'he person or thing by which any 
 thing is flattened. 
 
 FLAT'TER, v. I. [Fr. flaUtr; D. vleijen ; Tcut. 
 flrtsem Ice. fiadra; Dun. fliUtcrcr. In Ir. bladaire, 
 is a flatterer ; bUid, a wheedling ; blailh is plain, 
 sinotith ; and btath is praise. Flutter may be from the 
 root of flat, that is, to make smooth, to a|>po:ute, to 
 soothe ; but the Ir. blatli would seem to be connected 
 with L. plaudo. Perhaps flat and plauilo are from 
 one root, the radical sense of which must be, to ex- 
 tend, strain, stretch.] 
 
 1. To soothe by praise; to gratify self-love by 
 praise or obsetpiiotisness ; to please a person by ap- 
 plause or favorable notice, by respectful attention, or 
 by any thing that exalts him in his own estimation, 
 or confirms his good opinion of himself. We flatter 
 a woman when we praise her children. 
 
 2. To please ; to gratify ; as, to flatter one's vanity 
 or pride. 
 
 3. To praise falsely ; to encourage by favorable 
 notice ; as, to flatter vices or 1 rimes. 
 
 4. To encourage by faviinible representations or in- 
 dications ; as, to flatter hopes. We arc flatUred with 
 the prospect of peace. 
 
 ft. To raise false hopes by representations not well 
 founded ; as, to flatter one with a prospect of stic- 
 te>i3 ; \.oflaUer a |>atient with the expectation of re- 
 covery, when his case is des|)eratc. 
 
 6. To please ; to soothe. 
 
 A conceit of Toice« — maJtes a harmony that flaUert ihf rnn. 
 
 DryUn. 
 
 7. To wheedle ; to coax ; to attempt to »vin by 
 blandishments, praise, or enticements. How many 
 \oung and credulous persons are flattered out of 
 their iiinocence and their property, by seducing arts ! 
 
 FLAT'TER-/;D, pp. Soothed by praise ; pleast^d by 
 rommenilation ; gnitified with hopes, false or well 
 fiiunded ; wheedled. 
 
 FhAT'TER-ER, n. One who flatters ; a fawner ; a 
 wheedler; one who praises another with a view to 
 
 FLA 
 
 please him, to gain his favor, or to accomplish soiro 
 purpose. 
 
 Wlion I tell him he hnli'«/nHtrer«, 
 He layi he d.»-« ; Wmg tlu-n iin>«l ll..ltore.l. Shale. 
 'i'lie inoat iibject Jtatttrert degeiienite into tlie ^rcatcat tvr.inia. 
 
 A'htidon. 
 
 FLAT'TER-tNG, ppr. Gratifying with praise; pleas- 
 ing by applause ; wheedling ; coaxing. 
 
 2. a. Pleasing to pride or vanity ; gratifying to 
 self-love; as, a fiatterinir eulogy. The minister 
 gives a flatterinir account of his reception at court. 
 
 3. Pleasing; favtinilile ; encouraging hope. We 
 have a flatlcrini; prospect of an aliundant liarvesl. 
 'i'he symptoms of the disease are fiatterinir. 
 
 4. Practicing adulation ; uttering false praise ; as, 
 a flattrrini; tongue. 
 
 FLAT'TEIMNG-LY, adv. In a flattering manner; 
 in a manner to flatter. 
 2. In a manner to favor; with partiality. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 FLAT'TER-Y, 71. [Fr. ;!<i((fric.] 
 
 1. Fiilse praise ; commenilalum bestowed for the 
 piirpo.se of gaining favor and inrtuencc, or to accom- 
 plish some ptirjiosir. Direct flattery ctmsists in prais- 
 ing a person himself; imiirect fluttenj consists in 
 praising a person tlirough his works or liis connec- 
 tions. 
 
 Simple pride for Jtnuery malies demands. Pope. 
 Just jiniiae is only a debt, hut fiatlery n a present. linrnbter. 
 
 2. Adulation; oliseqtiiousness ; wheedling. Rome. 
 
 3. Just coinmentlatioii which gratifies self-love. 
 FLAT'TI.NG, 71. A mode of painting, in which the 
 
 paint, being mixed with turpentine, leaves the work 
 flat, or without gloss. Brande. 
 
 2. A method of preserving gilding unburnislieil, by 
 toiichinir it with si/.ir. K/iowlcs. 
 
 FI..\T''I'ISII, ff. [fiiim fiat.] Somewhat flat; ap- 
 proaching to flatness. Woodward. 
 
 FI,AT'U-I,E.\CE, j 71. [See Flatulent.] Wiiidi- 
 
 FL.\T'lj-LEN-CV , ( ncss in the stomach ; air gen- 
 erated in a weak stomach and intestines by imperfect 
 digestion, occasioning distention, uneasiness, pain, 
 and often belchin^s. Kncyc. 
 •2. Airness ; emptiness ; vanity. Glanvillc. 
 
 FLAT'lJ-LENT, 0. [L. flatuloitus, fiatus, from flo, 
 to blow.] 
 
 1. Windy ; aflected with air generated in the 
 stomach and intestines. 
 
 2. Turgid with air ; windy ; as, a flatulent tumor. 
 
 Quincij. 
 
 3. Generating, or apt to generate wind in the stom- 
 ach. Peas arc a flatulent vegetable. JirbuthnoU 
 
 4. Empty; vain; big witliout substance or reality ; 
 piiiry ; as, a flatulent writer; fiatnlent vanity. 
 
 Drijden. Qtanville. 
 FT.AT'II-LENT-LY, adv. In a windy manner ; emp- 
 tily. 
 
 FL.\T-lI-OS'I-TY, 71. Windiness ; fullness of air ; 
 
 flatulence. [JVo£ iwci/.] Bacon, 
 FLAT'lJ-OUS, a. [L. fiatuosus.] 
 
 Windy ; generating wind. [J^'ot used.] Bacon. 
 FLA'TUS, 71. [I.., from flo, to blow.] 
 
 1. A breath ; a ptitf of wind. Clarke. 
 
 2. Wind generated in the stomach or other cavi- 
 ties of the body ; flatulence. Quincy. 
 
 FI-AT'WISE, a. or aitc. [from fljit.] With the flat 
 side downward, or next to another object ; not edge- 
 wise. fVoodward. 
 
 FLAUNT, V. i. [I know not whence we have this 
 word. It is doubtless of Celtic origin, from the root 
 I.n, be.Tring the sense of throwing out, or spreading. 
 Qu. Scot, flanter, to waver. See Flounce.] 
 
 1. To throw or spread out ; to flutter; to display 
 ostentatiously ; as, a flaunting show. 
 
 You flaunt ulvul tlie slrceu in your new gill chariot. 
 
 ATbuthtiol. 
 
 One Jtaanu in mjs, one flutters in brocade. Pope. 
 [This correctly expresses the author's meaning, 
 which is. that the proutl often attempt to make a 
 show anil parade of their importance, even in pover- 
 ty. Johnson's remark on the use of the word seems, 
 therefore, to be unfounded.] 
 
 2. To carry a perl or saucy appearance. Boyle. 
 FI>\U.'<T, 71. Any thing dispKiyed for show. Shak. 
 Fl.AUNT'ING, ;7;ir. or a. Alaking an ostentatious 
 
 display. 
 
 FL.XUNT'ING-LY, adv. In a flaunting way. 
 
 FLA-Vie'0-.MOUS, a. [h.flavus and coma.] 
 Having yellow hair. 
 
 FLA'VOR, 71. [(in. Fr. flairer, to smell ; W.fleiriaio.] 
 The Quality of a substance which affects the taste 
 or smell in any manner. We say, the wine has a 
 fine /ioeor, or a di.sagreeable flavor; the fruit has a 
 bad flavor; a rose has a sweet flavor. The worti, 
 then, signifies the quality which is tasted or smelt; 
 taste, odor, fragrance, or smell. 
 
 FI..\'VOR, r. /. To communicate some quality to a 
 thinz, that may affect the t.aste or smell. 
 
 FI.A'VOR-Kl), pp. or a. Having a quality that affecU 
 the sense of t.isting or smelling ; as, high-flavored wine, 
 having the quality in a high degree. 
 
 FI.A'VOR-I.Nt;, ppr. Giving a flavor to. 
 
 FLA'VOR-LESS, a. Willioiit flavor ; tasteless ; hav- 
 ing no smell or t,aste. Kncyc. 
 
 FLE 
 
 FLA'VOR-OUS, a. Pleasant to the taste or smell. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FLA'VOUS, a. [L. ;!aoi«.] Yellow. [JVol u-ied.] 
 
 SmttJl. 
 
 FLAW, 71. [W. flam, a piece rent, a splinter, a ray, a 
 dart, a flaw ; fiau, a spreading out, a r.idiation ; fla, a 
 p.arting from; also^fen,a splinter; /of, a flying 
 about ; floci, to dart suddenly ; flygiavo, to break out 
 abruptly. The Gr. tjiXaoi seems to be contracted from 
 (p\a6o3 or i/»AaOu.] 
 
 1. A breach ; a crack ; a defect made by breaking 
 or splitting ; a gap or fissure ; as, a flaw in a scythe, 
 knifo, or ra/.or ; a flaw in a china dish, or in a ghuss ; 
 a flaw in a wall. 
 
 2. A defect ; a fault ; any defect made by violence, 
 or occasioned by neglect ; as, a flaw in reputation ; a 
 flaw in a will, or in a deed, or in a statute. 
 
 3. A suddt'U burst of wind ; a sudden gust or 
 blast of short iliiratitm ; a word of common use among 
 seamen. [T/iis proves Uic primary sense to be, to burst, 
 or rush.] 
 
 4. A sudden burst of noise and disorder ; a tumult ; 
 uproar. 
 
 And deluges of nrmi'-a from the town 
 
 Came pouring in ; 1 liuanl ihe niiffhty Jlato, Dryden. 
 
 [In litis sense, not itsed in titc United St/ites.] 
 
 5. A sudden commotion of mind. [JVot used.] 
 
 SliaJc. 
 
 FLAW, V. t To break ; to crack. 
 
 Tlie bmzen caldrons with tlie frosts are Jtateed. Dnj'Un. 
 2. To break ; to violate ; as, to flaw a leasiuc. 
 [Little used.] Shak. 
 FL.\W'/':i), (flawd,) pp. Broken ; cnicked. 
 FL.\U''ING, p;ir. Hreaking; cracking. 
 FLAWLESS, a. Williout cracks; without defect. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 FLAWN', 71. [Sax. yioia; Fr. yian.] 
 
 A sort of flat custard or pie. i Obs.] Tasser. 
 FLAW'TEIl, V. t. To scrape or pare a skin. [.Vo£ 
 
 used.] Ainswortlt. 
 FLAVV'Y, a. Full of flaws or cracks ; broken ; de- 
 fective ; faulty. 
 2. Subject to suddi^n gusts of wind. 
 FLAX, 71. [Sax. ;lcaj-, flex ; G. flaclu ; D. vlas. The 
 elements are the same as in flaccid.] 
 
 1. A plant of the genus Liiiiini, consisting of a 
 single slender stalk, the skin or harl of which is used 
 for making thread and cloth, called linen, cambric, 
 lawn, lace, &c. The skin consists of hue fibers, 
 which may be so separated as to be spun into threads 
 as fine as silk. 
 
 a. The skin or fibrous part of the plant, when 
 broken and cleaned by hatcheliiig or conibini;. 
 
 FL.\X'-€O.MH, (-koiii,) 71. All instrument Willi tei tli, 
 through which flax is drawn for separating from it 
 the tow or coarser part and the shives. In America, 
 we call it a holchrl. 
 
 FL.A.X'-DRESS-ER, n. One who breaks and swingles 
 flax. 
 
 FLAX'-DRES.S-I.XG, 71. The process of breakingand 
 
 swingling llax. 
 FL.\X'-PLA.\T, 71. The Phormium, a plant in New 
 
 /ealand that serves the inh.abitants for flax. 
 FLA.\'-RAIS-ER, n. One who raises flax. 
 FLAX'-SEED, 71. The seed of flax. 
 FLA.X'-WEEI), 71. A plant. 
 
 FLA.X'£N, (-flaks'n,) a. M.ade of flax ; as, flaxen 
 thread. 
 
 2. Resembling flax ; of the color of flax ; fair, 
 lonj:, and flowing ; as, flaxen hair. 
 
 FLAX'/;.\-IIaIK-/;|), ) a. Having hair of flaxen col- 
 FLAX'£N-HEAD'EI), j or. Irvinir. 
 FLAX'Y, a. Like flax ; being of a light color ; fair. 
 
 Saniliis. 
 
 FI- A V, V. t. [Sax. flean ; Dan. ftaaer ; Rw.fld ; (;. fijhen ; 
 Gr. (pXouo, 0\ot^ij, whence ii,\nioi, bark, rind ; 
 probably a contracted word.] 
 
 1. To skin ; to strip off the skin of an animal; as, 
 to flay an ox. 
 
 2. To take off the skin or surface of any thing. 
 [JViit used.] SwifL 
 
 FhXY' K\), pp. Skinned ; stripped of the skin. 
 FLAY'ER, H. One who strips off the skin. 
 FLaY'IXG, 7>;ir. Stripping ofl" the skin. 
 FLr;.\, 71. [Sax. Jica; G. floh ; D. vloo; Scot, flcch; 
 
 Ice. floci from ^ax. fleogan, to fly. See Flee and 
 
 Fly.] 
 
 An Insect of the genus Pulcx. It has two eyes 
 and six feet ; the feelers are like threads ; the ros- 
 trum is inflected, setaceous, and armed with a sting. 
 The flea is remarkable for its agility, leaping to a 
 surprising distance, and its bite is very troublesome. 
 FLfi.\'UANE, 71. A name given to v.arir.us plants, 
 from their supposed efficacy in driving away fleas. 
 They belong to the genera Cony.a, Krigcron, and 
 Puliearia. Loudon, 
 FLK.V'IilTE, j 71. The bite of a flea, or the red 
 FLe.A'BIT-I.N'G, i spot caused by the bite. 
 
 2. A trifling wound or pain, like tliat of the bile of 
 a flea. Harvey. 
 FL£A'-BIT-T£.\, a. Bitten or stung by a flea. 
 2. Mean ; wortlilcss ; of low birth or station. 
 
 Cleaveland, 
 
 TONE, BJjLL, IGNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
FLE 
 
 FLf,A'W6RT, (fiS'wiirt,) n. An herb of tlie plan- 
 fciin kind, bearing nauseous mucilaginous seeds. 
 
 FursijOi. 
 
 FI.F.AK, n. A lock. [See Fhke.] 
 
 FLKA.M, 71. [n. vlym ; W.flaim ; Ann. flmm ox flcm, 
 
 the sting of a bee, a sharp point. In Welsh, Hem and 
 
 Ibjm signify sharp, penetrating.] 
 ' In farrieni, a sliarp instrument, used for opening 
 
 veins for letting blood. 
 FLECK, )v.t. [G. fleck, a spot; fleckm, to spot; 
 FLECK'ER, i D. vlek, vlak, vlakkm ; Sw. flack, 
 
 fidcka ; Dan. flek, flekker.] 
 
 To spot ; to streak or stripe ; to variegate ; to 
 
 dapple. 
 
 Holh Jlecked with wiiile, the true Arcadian strain. Dryden. 
 [These words are obsolete, or used only in poetry.] 
 FLECK'£D, (Hekt,) pp. or a. Spotted ; variegated 
 
 with (livers colors. Skak. 
 FLECTION, 71. [1,. flectio.] 
 
 The act of bending, or state of being bent. [See 
 Inflection.] 
 FL ECTOR, 71. A flexor, which see. 
 FLED, prel. and pp. of Flee ; as, truth has fled. 
 FLEDOE, (flej,) a. [G. fl^'s<;e; D. vUig, fledged, 
 (piick, niinble ; connected witli G.flicgejt, D. vliegen, 
 tinx. firi) trail, to fly.] 
 
 Feathered ; furnished with featliers or wings j able 
 to fly. 
 
 His loclts behind, 
 Illustrious on his &)iou\(leT8,Jle(lge with wings, 
 Lay w.iviti^ round. Rftlton. 
 
 FLEDOJE, 77. «. To furnish with feathers; to supply 
 with the feathers necessary for flight. 
 
 The birds were not yet Jledged e 
 
 gh 10 shift for themselves. 
 
 L'Eslrangs. 
 
 FLEDG'fTD, (flejd,) pp. Furnished with feathers for 
 
 fliffhl ; covered with feathers. 
 FLEDi5E'Ll.\G, 77. A young bird iust fledged. 
 FLEDG'ING, ppr. Furtiishing with feathers for flight. 
 FLEDG'ING, 71. A covering of feathers. 
 FLE R, i:. i. ,• /jr€f. Fled. [&^x.flean,fleoti,fleogan; G. 
 
 ^lC/lf71.] 
 
 1. To run with rapidity, as from danger; to at- 
 tempt to escape ; to hasten from danger or expected 
 evil. The enamy fled at the first fire. 
 
 Arise, lake Uie voung ciiild and his mother, and_/?ee into Egypt. 
 — iM.ill. ii.' 
 
 2. To depart ; to leave ; to liasten away. 
 Resist llie dev il, and he will Jlee from you. — James iv. 
 
 3. To avoid ; to keep at a distance from. Flee 
 fornication ; flee from idolatry. I Cor. vi. 10. 
 
 To flee Vie tiuestion, or /ro77i the (/ue^tion, in legisla- 
 tion, is said of a legislator who, when a question is 
 to be put to the lioiise, leaves his seat, to avoiil the 
 dilemma of voting against his conscience, or giving 
 an unpopular vote. In the phrases in which this 
 verb appears to be transitive, there is really an 
 ellipsis. 
 
 FLEECE, n. [Sax. fleas, flys,flese; D. vlies ; G.fliess; 
 most probably from shearing or stripping, as in Dutch 
 the word signifies a film or membrane, as well as a 
 fleece. The verb to fleece seems to favor the sense of 
 stripjiing. See Class Ls, No. 25, 28, 30. But Qii. 
 L. vcllas, from vello, to pluck or tear oflT. Varro. 
 See Class Bl. In Russ., vulos is hair or wool, writ- 
 ten, also, rliis. It was probably the practice to pluck 
 otf wool, before it was the practice to shear it.] 
 T coat of wool shorn from a sht^ep at one time. 
 
 FLEEvyJ:;, v. I. To shear off a covering or growth of 
 wool. 
 
 2. To strip of money or property ; to take from, 
 by severe exactions, under color of law or justice, or 
 pretext of necessity, or by virtue of authority. Ar- 
 bitrary princes /ecc< their subjects ; and clients com- 
 plain that tliey are sometimes fleeced by their law- 
 yers. 
 
 This word is rarely or never used for plundering 
 in war by a licentious soldiery, but is properly used 
 to express a stripping by contributions levied on a 
 conquered people. 
 
 3. To spread over as with vioo\; to make white. 
 
 77ii7m.so7i. 
 
 FLEE'C£D, (fleest,) pp. Stripped by severe exac- 
 tions. 
 
 FLEE'CiCD, 0. Furnished with a fleece or with 
 
 fleeces ; as, a sheep is well fli eeciL 
 FLKECE'LESS, a. Having no fleece. 
 FLEE'CER, n. One who strips or Mkes by severe 
 
 exacliiuia. 
 
 FLEE'CING, 77;»r. Stripjiing of money or property by 
 severe demands of fees, taxes, or contributions. 
 
 FLEE'(;Y, a. Covered with wool; woolly; as, a 
 fleecy flock. Prior. 
 
 2. Resembling wofil or a fleece ; ftofl ; complicated ; 
 M,flernj wnow ; fleecri locks ; fleecy hosiery. 
 
 FLI'WOll, 7'. i. \^cul. fiyrr, or fleyr, to make wry faces, 
 to leer, to look surly ; Ice. flijra. In I)., irluun-n sig- 
 nifii's to leer, to peep; .Sw, pltrti; Dan. pltrende, 
 oeiing, lei rins. Tliis word sei'ms to be leer, with a 
 pn.ftx, and leer presvntii, probably, the primary 
 scnscj 
 
 1, To deride; toineer; to mock; to gibe; to make 
 
 FLE 
 
 a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn ; as, to 
 fleer and flout. 
 
 Covered with an antic face, 
 To Jleer and scorn at our solenuiity. Shak. 
 
 2. To leer; to grin with an air of civility. Burton. 
 FLEER, V. t. To mock ; to flout at. Beaum. 
 FLEER, 71. Derision or mockery, expressed by words 
 or looks. 
 
 And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns. Shak. 
 2. A grin of civility. 
 
 A treacherous ylcer on the face of deceivers. South, 
 
 FLEER'ER, 77. A mocker ; a fawner. 
 
 FLEER'ING, ppr. or a. Deriding; mocking; coun- 
 terfeiting an air of civility. 
 
 FLEER'ING-LY, adv. In a fleering manner. 
 
 FLEET, in English names, [Sax. fl.eut,] denotes a flood, 
 a creek or inlet, a bay or estuary, or a river ; as 
 in Fleet Street, JSTorth-flcle, Fleet prison. 
 
 FLEET, 71. [Sax. flota, flict ; G. flotte ; D. vloot ; Sw. 
 flo^te ; D.flode ; Fr.fliiUe. Fleet and float seem to be 
 allied ; but whether they are formed from the root of 
 fl^w, or v.'hether the last consonant is radical, is not 
 obvious. See Float.] 
 
 A navy or squadron of ships ; a number of ships 
 in company, whether ships of war or of commerce. 
 It more generally signifies ships of war. 
 
 FLEET, a. [Ice. fliotr : Ir. luath, swift ; Russ. letayu, 
 to fly ; Eng. to flit. If the last consonant is radical, 
 this word seems to be allied to D. vlieden, to flee, to 
 fly, and possibly to the Sheniitic oSa ; but from the 
 Ethiopic it would appear that the latter word is our 
 split, the sense being to divide or separate.] 
 
 1. Swift of pace ; moving or able to move with 
 rapidity ; nimble ; light and quick in motion, or 
 moving with lightness and celerity ; as, a fleet horse 
 or dog. 
 
 2. Moving with velocity ; as, fleet winds. 
 
 3. Light; superficially fruitful ; or thin ; not pene- 
 trating deep ; as soil. Mortimer. 
 
 4. Skimming the surface. Mortimer. 
 FLEET, V. i. To fly swiftly ; to ha.sten ; to flit as a 
 
 light substance. To fleet away, is to vanish. 
 
 How all the other passions Jleet to air I Shak. 
 
 2. To be in a transient state. 
 
 3. To float. 
 
 FLEET, V. U To skim the surface ; to pass over 
 rapidly ; as, a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser. 
 
 2. To pass lightly, or in mirth and joy ; as, to fl^et 
 away time. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To skim milk. [Local in England.'] 
 
 The verb in the transitive form is rarely or never 
 used in America. 
 
 FLEET'-FOOT, a. Swift of foot ; running or able to 
 run with rapidity. Shak. 
 
 FLEET'ING, ppr. Passing rapidly, flying with ve- 
 locity. 
 
 2. a. Transient ; not durable ; as, the fleeting 
 
 hours or moments. 
 FLEET'ING-DISH, 7i. A skimming bowl. [Local.] 
 FLEET'ING-LY, ado. In a fleeting manner. 
 FLEET'LY, adv. Kapidly ; hghtly and nimbly ; 
 
 swiftly. 
 
 FLEET'NESS, n. Swiftness ; rapidity ; velocity ; 
 celerity ; speed ; as, the fleetness of a horse or deer. 
 
 FLEM'ING, n. A native of Flanders, or the Low 
 Countries in Europe. 
 
 FLEM'ISH, a. Pertaining to Flanders. 
 
 FLENSE, V. L To cut up a whale and obtain the blub- 
 ber. 
 
 FLENS'ING, 71. The act of cutting up a whale and 
 
 obtaining its blubber. 
 FLESH, 71. [Sax. fl(cc, flee, or flu.'sc; G. fleisch ; D. 
 
 vleesch; Dan. flesk. In Danish, the word signifies 
 
 the flesh of swine. I know not the primary sense ; 
 
 it may be so/L] 
 
 1. A compound substance forming a large part of 
 an animal, consisting of the softer solids, as distin- 
 guished from the bones and the fluids. Under the 
 general appellation of flesh, we include the muscles, 
 fat, glands, &.C., which invest the bones and are 
 covered with the skin. It is sometimes restricted to 
 the muscles. 
 
 2. Animal food, in distinction from vegetable. 
 Fleah witliout U'ing qualified with acids, is too alkiilescent a 
 
 diet. Arbatlimt. 
 
 3. The body of beasts and birds used .as food, dis- 
 tinct from./u/i. In Lent, the Uonian Catholics ab- 
 stain from flesh, but eat fish. 
 
 4. The body, as distinguished from the soul. 
 An if Dm/leth, which walls about our life. 
 
 Were bnuu iiiipn giiublc. Sliak. 
 
 5. Animal nature ; animals of all kinds. 
 
 The end of all Jteth li come before me. — Gen. t1. 
 C. Men in general ; mankind. 
 
 My snlrit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is 
 /es/i. — Oen. vl. 
 
 7. Human nature. 
 
 'I'tie Word wiui iniulo fleth, and dwelt among us. — John I. 
 
 8. TenderncHs ; hiimnn feeling; as, there is no 
 ftuh in man's obdurate heart. 
 
 Cowper. Eiek. xxxvl. 26. 
 
 FLE 
 
 9. Carnality ; corporeal appetites. 
 
 Pasiiiig serves to mortify the flesh. Smalridge. 
 Thtjlesh Iiist^Th against the spirit. — Gal. v. 
 
 10. A carnal slate ; a state of unrenewed nature. 
 They that are in the flesh can not please God. — Rom. viii. 
 
 11. The corruptible body of man, or corrupt nature. 
 
 Flesh and blood can nut inherit the kingdom of God. — 1 Cor. 
 
 12. The present life ; the state of e-Tistence in tliis 
 world. 
 
 To abide in the flesh is more needful for you. — Phil. i. 
 
 13. Legal righteousness, and ceremonial services. 
 What shall we then say that Abraham, our father as pertaining 
 
 to the fesh, h.aU found ? — Rom. iv. G»l. iii. 
 
 14. Kindred ; stock ; family 
 
 He is our brotlier, and ourjlesh. — Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 15. In hiiiany, the soft, pulpy substance of fruit ; 
 also, that part of a root, fruit, &c., which is fit to 
 be eaten. 
 
 One flesh, denotes intimate relation. To be one 
 flesh, is to be closely united, as in marriage. Oen. 
 ii. Eph. V. 
 
 jf(/(fr the flesh. ; according to outward appearances 
 John viii. : — 
 
 Or according to the common powers of nature 
 Oal. iv. : — 
 
 Or according to sinful lusts and inclinations 
 Rom. viii. 
 
 An arm of flesh : human strength or aid. 
 FLESH, ti. t. To initiate ; a sportman's use of the 
 word, from the practice of training hawks and dogs 
 by feeding them with the first game they take, or 
 other flesh. 
 
 2. To harden ; to accustom ; to establish in any 
 practice, as dogs by often feeding on any thing. 
 Men fleshed in cruelty ; women fleshed in malice. 
 
 3. To glut ; to satiate. [Sidney. 
 
 The wild dog 
 
 Shall Jiesh his tooth on every innocent. Sliak. 
 FLESH'-BROTH, 7i. Broth made by boiling flesh in 
 water. 
 
 FLESH'-BRUSH, n. A brush for exciting action in 
 
 the skin by friction. 
 FLESH'-€L0G-GJ=;D, a. Encumbered with flesh. 
 FLESH'-eOL-OR, (-kul-lur,) n. The color of flesh; 
 
 carnation. 
 
 FLESH'-eOL-OR-£D, a. Being of the color of flesh. 
 
 FLESH'-DI-ET, ii. Food consisting of flesh. 
 
 FLESH'£D,p;i. ora. Initiated; accustomed; glutted. 
 2. a. Fat ; fleshy. 
 
 FLESH'-FLY, 71. A fly that feeds on flesh, and de- 
 posits her eggs in it. Ray. 
 
 FLESH'-HOOK, n. A hook to draw flesh from a pot 
 or caldron. 1 Sam. ii. 
 
 FLESH'I-.NESS, n. [from fleshy.] Abundance of 
 flesh or fat in animals ; plumpness ; corpulence ; 
 grossness. 
 
 FLESiriNG, ppr. Initiating ; making familiar ; 
 glutting. 
 
 FLESH'LESS, (7. Destitute of flesh; lean. 
 FLESH'LI-NESS, 71. Carnal passions and appetites. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FLESH'LING, 71. A person devoted to carnal things. 
 FLESII'LY, a. Pertaining to the flesh ; corporeal. 
 
 jbenhajn. 
 
 2. Carnal ; worldly ; lascivious. 
 
 Abstain from fleshly lusts. — 1 Pet. ii. 
 
 3. Animal ; not vegetable. Dryden. 
 
 4. Human ; not celestial ; not spiritual or divine. 
 
 Vain of fleshly arm. Milton. 
 Fleshly wisdom. —2 Cor. I. 
 
 FLESH'-MEAT, Ji. Animal food ; the flesh of ani- 
 mals prepared or used for food. Strift. 
 
 FLESH'MENT, 7t. Eagerness gained by a successful 
 initiation. Sliak. 
 
 FLESH'-MON"GER,(-mung'g''r,)n. One who de.tls 
 in flesh ; a procurer; a pimp. iLitlle xised.] Shak. 
 
 FLESH'-POT, 71. A vessel in wliich fl(>sh is cooked ; 
 hence, plenty of provisions. Kxod. xvi. 
 
 FLESII'liUAKE, 71. A trembling of the flesh, [^tot 
 used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 FLESH' Y, a. Full of flesh ; plump; musculous. 
 
 The Bole of his foot is Jlfshy. Ray, 
 
 2. Fat ; gross ; corpulent ; as, a fleshy man. 
 
 3. (Corporeal. Eccles. 
 
 4. Full of pulp ; pulpoiis ; plump ; as fruit. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 FLET, pp. of Fleet. Skimmed. [J^ot used.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 FLETCM, r. t. [Fr.fleche,] 
 
 To feathiTiin arrow. tVarbiirton. 
 FLETCII'T-.I), (lletrhl,) ;);i. Feathered, as an arrow 
 FLETCH'ER, 71. [Fr.fleche, U. freceia, an arrow.] 
 An arrow-maker \ n manufacturer of bows and 
 arrows. Hence the iianie of Fletcheil 
 
 But the use of the word as an appellative has 
 ceased wilh the practice of archery. 
 FLETt'H'ING, ;/iir. Feathering. 
 FLE-TIF'Ell-oa.s, o. [L..flcli«and fero.] 
 Producing tears. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MttTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 460 
 
FLl 
 
 FLI 
 
 FLI 
 
 FLE'I'Z, a. [G./ufj, a Inyer.] 
 
 In ircologij, a term npplicd to tlic secondary stratn, 
 because lliey gcnenlly occur in Ihil or licirizontal 
 beds. Brunde. 
 
 FLF.UR DF. Us, (llur'de-IC',) [Fr., flower of the 
 lily ; corrupteil, in English, to Jlower dc luce.] 
 
 1. A buiiring in hcraldnj, representing a lily, em- 
 9. In botaini, tlie iris. [blematic of royalty. 
 
 FLEW, (Hi,) prH. of Flv. 
 
 The jx'oiile Jleut upon the spoil — 1 Snm. xlv. 
 FLEW, 71. Tlie large chaps of a dccp-niouthed hound. 
 
 Ha inner. 
 
 FLEW'JED, a. Chapped ; mouthed ; deep mouthed. 
 FLEX, K. r. [L.flecto,flrius.] [SJiak. 
 
 To bend ; as, a inrscle Jlrzes the arm. 
 FLEX-AN'I-MOUS, o. [from L.] Having power to 
 
 cliiin[;e the mind. [JVbt u^cd.] JlowelU 
 FLEX'i.'U, (rtekst,) pp. or a. Bent; as, a limb in a 
 
 fined position. Jlosnck. 
 FLEX-I-HIL'I-TY, n. [See Flexible.] The quality 
 
 of admitting to be bent; pliancy; fle.\iblenes3 ; as, 
 
 the flrzibUity of rays of liglil. JVcwton. 
 
 2. Easiness to be persuaded; the qu.ility of yield- 
 ing to arguments, persuasion, or circumstances ; duc- 
 tility of mind ; readiness to comply ; facility ; as, 
 fleriliiUtii of temper. 
 
 FLE.X'l-llLE, a. [L. flezibilLi, from flecto, fleii, to 
 bend, Fr. Jlrcfiir, coinciding with G. fiecfitetifto braid ; 
 D. vlevtcH. These words have tlic same elements as 
 L. ptico.] 
 
 1. Tliat may be bent ; capable of being turned or 
 forced from a straight line or form without breaking ; 
 pliant; yiebling-to pressure; nutstilf; as, a flexible 
 rod ; a flcriblc plant. 
 
 2. Capable of yielding to entreaties, arguments, or 
 other moral force ; that may be persuaded to compli- 
 ance ; not invtncinly rigid or obstinate ; not inexo- 
 rable. 
 
 Phocion w(ia n man of j^*at scverily, aud no ways Jterib!e to 
 tlie will of the people. Bacon. 
 
 It often denotes, easy, or too easy to yield or com- 
 ply ; wavering ; inconstant ; not (irm. 
 
 3. Ductile ; manageable ; tractable ; as, the tender 
 and flexible minds of youtli. Flexible years, or time 
 of life ; the time when the mind is tractable. 
 
 4. That may be turned or accommodated. 
 
 Tliis w;is i\ principle more Jlexible to their purpose. BoserM, 
 FLEX'I-l!LE-NESS,n. Possibility to be bent orturned 
 •from a stniight line or form without breaking; easi- 
 ness to be bent; pliantness; pliancy; flexibility. 
 
 Bmjle. 
 
 2. Facility of mind ; readiness to comply or yield ; 
 obsequiousness ; as, the fleziblciuss of a courtier. 
 
 3. Ductility ; manageableness ; tractableness ; as, 
 the flei.iblene-^s of youth. 
 
 FLEX'I-HLV, n'/o. In a (K^xible manner. 
 FLEX'ILE, (tleks'il,) a. [h. flcxiUi.] 
 
 Pliant ; pliable ; easily bent ; yielding to power, im- 
 pulse, or moral force. Thomson. 
 FLEX'IN'G, /)/"•. Bending. 
 FLEX'IO.N, (rteks'yun,) «. [L. flezio.1 
 
 1. 'i'he act of bending. 
 
 2. A bending ; a part bent ; a fold. Bacon. 
 
 3. A turn ; a cast ; as, a flexioit of the eye. [See 
 Inflection.] Bacon. 
 
 FLEX'OR, It. In anatomy, a muscle whose othce is to 
 bend tlie part to which it belongs, in opposition to 
 the eztenitvTS. 
 FLEX'U-OUS, (flck'shu-us,) I rr « i 
 FLEX'U OSE, (flek'shu-ase,) \ t^" .A"""-'"*-] 
 
 \. VVinding ; having turns or windings ; as, a^cr- 
 uoiii rivulet. Digbij. 
 
 2. Rending; winding; wavering; not steaily ; as, 
 n fleziious llame. Bacnn. 
 
 3. In botany, bending or bent ; changing its direc- 
 tion in a curve, from joint to joint, from bud to bud, 
 or from flower to flower. Martun. 
 
 FLEX'qUE, (■fleks'yiir,) n. [L. Jlciiira.] 
 
 1. A winding or bending; the form of bending; 
 incurvation ; as, the flexure of a joint. 
 
 2. The act of bending. Shak. 
 
 3. The part bent ; a joinU Sandys. 
 
 4. The bending of the body ; obsequious or servile 
 crince. Shak. 
 
 FLICK' ER, V. u [Sax. fliccerian ; Scot, flecker, to 
 quiver ; D. fiikheren, to twinkle ; probably a diminu- 
 tive from the root of fly. ] 
 
 1. To flutter ; to flap tlie wings without flying ; to 
 strike rapidly with the wings. 
 
 Xwijliektring on her neat matle short essays U> ting. Dryden, 
 
 2. To waver, fluctuate, or twinkle; as, the light 
 fiiekrra at a distance. Burton, 
 
 FL1CK'ER-I,NG ppr. Fluttering; flapping the wines 
 without flight. =. i-i- *. K 
 
 2. a. Wavering; fluctuating; having a fluttering 
 motion ; with amorous motions of the eye. 
 The 6iir Ijiyina — locks a litUc/idcerinj after Tumus. 
 
 DryfUn, 
 
 FLICK'ER-ING, n. A fluttering ; short, irregular 
 movements. 
 
 EHH.'^IE'*"''*''^"^^' I" flickering manner. 
 FLICK'ER-.MOUSE, 71. The bat. B. Jonson. 
 
 FLI'ER, 71. [See Fly. It ought to bo Flyer.] 
 
 1. One that flies or flees. 
 
 2. A runaway ; a fugitive. Shak. 
 
 3. A part of a iiiacliine which, by moving rapidly, 
 equalizes and regulates the motion of the whole ; its, 
 the flier of a jack. 
 
 FLIGHT, (flite,) 7i. [Sax. fliht ; G. flag fluclU; D. 
 vlugt; ihin. fliiirt ; Sw. flyr.ht. See Fly.] 
 
 1. The act of fleeing ; the act of ninning away, to 
 escape danger or expected evil ; hasty departure. 
 
 Prvy ye that yotsr Jlight be not in the winter. — MatL xxW. 
 To put to flight, to turn to flight, is to compel to run 
 away ; to force to escape. 
 
 2. The act of flying ; a passing through the air by 
 the help of wings ; volitatioii ; as, the flight of birds 
 and insects. 
 
 3. The manner of flying. Every fowl has its par- 
 ticular flight : the flight of the eagle is high ; Ihiajight 
 of the swallow is rapid, with sudden turns. 
 
 4. Removal from place to place by flying. 
 
 5. A flock of birds flying in company ; as, a flight 
 of pigeons or wild geese. 
 
 C. A number of beings flying or moving through 
 the air together ; as, a flight of angels. Miltoiu 
 
 7. A niiiiiber of things passing through the air to- 
 gether ; a volley ; as, a flight of arrows. 
 
 8. A periodical flying of birds in flocks; as, the 
 spring flight, or autumnal flight, of ducks or pigeons. 
 
 9. In England, the birds produced in the same 
 season. 
 
 10. The space passed by flying. 
 
 11. A mounting; a soaring; lofty elev.ation and 
 excursion ; as, a fliglu of imagination or fancy ; a 
 flight of ambition. 
 
 12. Evcursion ; wandering ; extravagant sally ; as, 
 a flight of folly. TilluLion. 
 
 13. The power of flying. Shak. 
 
 14. In certain lead works, a substance that flies ofl" 
 in smoke. Encyc. 
 
 1.5. Flights are the husk or glume of oats. 
 Flight of stairs ; the series of stairs from tlie floor, 
 or from one platform to another. 
 FLIGIIT'ED, n. Taking fliglit ; flying. 
 FLTtJIIT'I-LV , ar/B. In a wild or imagiu.ative manner. 
 FLIGIIT'I-NESS, (llit'e-iiess,) n. The state of being 
 
 flighty ; wildness ; slight delirium. 
 FLIGHT'-SIIOT, n. The distance which an arrow 
 FLIGIIT'Y, (flit'e,) a. Fleeting ; swift. [flies. 
 
 The flighty purpose never is o'ertook. Shak. 
 
 2. Wild ; indulging the sallies of imagination. 
 
 3. Disordered in mind ; somewhat delirious. 
 FLI.M'FLA.M, 71. ( Ice. ^im.] 
 
 A freak ; a tricK. Beaum. 
 FLII\I'SI-LY, ado. In a flimsy manner. 
 FLI.M'SI-NESS, 71. State or quality of being flimsy ; 
 
 thin, weak texture ; weakness ; want of substance 
 
 or solidity. 
 
 FLIM'SY, a. [W. llymsi, having a fickle motion ; 
 Uijmu, to make sharp, quick, pungent. Owen. liut 
 Lluyd renders llymsi vain, weak. The word is re- 
 tained by the couimon peo|)le in New England in 
 liinsy, weak, limber, easily bending. See Class Lm, 
 No. 2, .">, li.] 
 
 1. Weak ; feeble ; slight ; vain ; without strength 
 or solid substance ; as, a flimsy pretext ; a flimsy ex- 
 cuse ; fliius-y objections. Milner. 
 
 2. VVithout strength or force ; spiritless. 
 
 Proud of a vast extent of Jlimty lines. Porpe. 
 
 3. Thin ; of loose texture ; as, flimsy cloth or stufi". 
 [Liltie used.] 
 
 FLINCH, V. i, [I have not found this word in any 
 other language ; but the sense of it occurs in blench; 
 anil not improbably it is from the same root, with a 
 ditferent prefix.] 
 
 1. To shrink ; to withdraw from any suflcring or 
 undertaking, from pain or danger; to fail of proceed- 
 ing, or of performing any thing. Never ^iiicA fnmi 
 duty. One of the parties flinched from the combat. 
 
 A chilli, ly a coiutnnt course of kiiulness, may be accustomed to 
 bear very ivugh usage without Jlinching or compLuuiii^. 
 
 Lod:e. 
 
 2. To fail. Shak. 
 FLINCII'ER, 71 One who flinches or fails. 
 FLI.N'CH'ING, ppr. Failing to undertake, perform, or 
 
 proceed; shrinking; withdrawing. 
 FLI.NCH'iiNG, 71. A shrinking or drawing under pain 
 
 or difliculty. 
 FLI.\CH'1.\G-LY, adi>. In a flinching manner. 
 FLIN'DERS, 71. pi. [D. flenter, a splinter, a tatter.] 
 Small pieces or splinters ; fragments. [Local in 
 
 England; sometimes used in .America.] 
 
 [This seems to be Splihter, without the preHz.] 
 FLI.N'G, V. L; pret and pp. Flung. [Ir. lingim, to 
 
 fling, to dart, to fly ofl", to skip. If 71 is not radicil, 
 
 as I suppose, this m.ay be the W. lluciaw, to fling, to 
 
 llirow, to dart, and L. lego, legare.] 
 
 1. To cist, send, or throw from the hand ; to hurl ; 
 as, to fling a stone at a bird. 
 
 *Tis fate thAt/inf s the ilicc ; and as she ftinga. 
 
 Of kings makes peasants, and of pcisanls, knigi. Dryden. 
 
 2. To dart ; to cast with violence ; to send forth. 
 
 He — like Jove, his li^tniu^ /uny. DryrUn. 
 
 3. To send forth ; to emit ; to scatter. 
 
 Kvery ht:am new Iransirnt tf*\on Jliiigt. Popt. 
 
 4. To throw ; to drive by violr iice. 
 
 5. To throw to the ground ; to prostrate. The 
 wrestler flung his antagonist. 
 
 6. To baflle ; to defeat ; as, to fling a party in lit- 
 igation. 
 
 To fling away ; to reject ; to discard. 
 
 Cromwell, I chargfe lhee,ylin^ away anibilion, Sliak. 
 To fling dirwn ; to demolish ; to ruin. 
 2. To throw to the ground. 
 
 To fling off; to baflle in the chase ; to defeat of 
 prey. Mdison. 
 
 To fling out ; to utter ; to speak , as, to fling out 
 hard words against another. 
 
 'To fling in ; to throw in ; to make an allowance or 
 deduction, or not to charge in an account. In set- 
 tling accounts, one party }li;ii'.s m a small sum, or a 
 few days' work. 
 
 To fling open ; to throw open ; to open suddenly 
 or with violence ; as, to fling open a door. 
 
 Toflinir up ; to relinquish ; to abandon ; as, to Jti7i^ 
 vp a design. 
 
 M,I.\G, B. i. To flounce; to wince ; to fly into vio- 
 lent and irregular motions. The horse began to kick 
 and fling. 
 
 2. 'i'o cast in the teeth ; to litter harsh language ; 
 to sneer; to upbraid. The scold began to llout and 
 fling. 
 
 To fling out ; to grow unruly or outrageous. Shak, 
 FLING, 71. A throw; a flounce; a cast from the 
 hand. 
 
 2. A gibe ; a sneer ; a sarcasm ; a severe or con- 
 temptuous remark. 
 
 I, who love to have a flin^ 
 
 Both at senate house and king. Si^l, 
 
 FUNG'ER, 71 One who flings ; one who jeers. 
 FLING'ING, ppr. Throwing ; casting ; jeering. 
 FLI.NT, 71. [Sax. flint : Sw. fliiitn. In Uan. flint is a 
 
 light gun, and flint is called flintilcen, flint-stone. 
 
 So, also, in German. The Dutrli and Germans 
 
 call it also flrcstone. It may bo from the root of 
 
 splendor.] 
 
 1. In natural history, a sub-species of quartz, of a 
 yellowish or bluish gray, or grayish-black color. It 
 is amorphous, intersper.sed in other stones, or in nod- 
 ules or rounded lumps. Its surface is generally un- 
 even, and covered with a rind or crust, either calca- 
 reous or argillaceous. It is very hard, strikes fire 
 with steel, and is an ingredient in gla.ss. 
 
 Kirwan. F.ncyc. 
 
 2. A piece of the above-described stone used in 
 firearms to strike fire. 
 
 3. Any thing proverbially hard ; as, a heart of flint. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FLINT'-GLASS, 71. The purest and most beautiful 
 kind of glass, distinguished by its containing oxyd 
 of lead, to which it owes some of its most valuable 
 qualities. It was originally made of pulverized flints, 
 whence the name. Brunde, 
 
 FLINT'-IIEaRT, )a. H.iving a hard, unfechng 
 
 FLINT'-IIEaIIT-ED, i heart. 
 
 FLI.N'T' Y, a. Consisting of flint ; as, a flinty rock. 
 
 2. Like flint ; very hard ; not impressible ; as, a 
 flinty heart. 
 
 3. Cruel; unmerciful; inexorable. Shak. 
 
 4. Full of flint-stones ; as, flinty ground. Bacnn. 
 FLINT' Y-SLaTE, ». A rock, of two kinds, the com- 
 
 imm and the Lydian stone. The former has a some- 
 what slaty structure, and contains about 75 per cent, 
 of silica. The latter is less hard, and is sometimes 
 used as a touchstone for gold and silver. 
 
 P. Cyc. Ure. 
 
 FLIP, 71. A mixed liquor consisting of beer and spirit 
 sweetened, and also warmed by a hot iron. 
 
 FLIP'-DOG, 71. An iron used, when heated, to warm 
 fli|>. 
 
 FLII"-FLAP, adv. or a. Noting the repeated stroke 
 and noise of something broad and Itjose. AA. 
 
 FLIP'PAN-CY, 71. [See Flippant.] Smoothness and 
 rapidity of speech ; volubility of tongue ; fluency of 
 speech. 
 
 FLtP'PAXT, a. [W. Uipann, to make smooth or glib, 
 from HiA, Wipa, flaccid, sort, limber ; allied to flabby, 
 and to glib, and probably to L. Uibor, to slide or slip, 
 and to liber, free. Class Lb.] 
 
 1. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech ; speaking 
 with ease and nipidily; having a voluble Uuigue ; 
 
 2. Pert; petulant; waggish. [talk.ative. 
 
 Away with flippant epilogues. Thornton, 
 
 FLIP'PANT-LY, adv. Fluently ; with ease and vol- 
 ubility of speech. 
 
 FLIP'PANT-NESS, 71. Fluency of speech ; volubility 
 of tongue ; fli[)pancy. 
 
 [This is not a low, vulgar word, but well autiior- 
 ized and peculiarly expressive.] 
 
 FLIP'PER, 71. The paddle of a sea-turtle ; the broad 
 (in of a fish. 
 
 FLIRT, (flun,) V. t. [This word evidently belongs to 
 the root of L. floreo, or ploro, signifyisg to throw, 
 and coinciding with blurt. Qu. Saz fleardian, to 
 trifle.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 68* ' MM* JeT 
 
FLO 
 
 1. To throw with a jerk or siiddon effurt or exer- 
 tion. 'J'lie boys flirt water in each other's faces. He 
 flirted a glove, or a handkerdiief. 
 
 a. To toss or throw ; to move suddenly ; as, to^iirt 
 a fan. 
 
 FLIRT, r. i. To jeer or gibe ; to throw bantering or 
 sarcastic words ; to utter contemptuous language, 
 with an air of disdain. 
 
 2. To run and dart about; to act with giddiness, 
 or from a desire to attract notice ; to play at court- 
 ship ; to coquet ; to be unstt^ady or fluttering. The 
 girls flirt about the room or the street. 
 
 FLIRT, n. A sudden jerk ; a quick throw or cast ; a 
 . darting motion. 
 
 In unfurling the fan are several little yJir(* and vibmtiona. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 2. A young girl who acts with giddiness, or plays 
 at courtsliip; a pert girl ; a coquette. 
 
 Severil young fiirlB about town had a design to cast us out of 
 the f.ishion.'djle world. Addison, 
 
 FLIRT, a. Pert ; wanton. SImk. 
 FLIRT-A'TION, n. A flirting ; a quick, sprightly mo- 
 tion. 
 
 2. Playing at courtship ; coquetry. .Addison. 
 
 FLIRT'ED, pp. Thrown with a sudden jerk. 
 
 FLIRT'1-GIG, 71. A wanton, pert girl. Orose. 
 
 FLIRT'ING, ppr. or a. Thnnving; jerking; tossing; 
 darting about ; giddy ; coquettish. 
 
 I LlRT'I\G-LY, ado. In a tlirting manner. 
 
 1 LIT, v. i. [D. vliedni, to fly or flee ; Ihin.flijder, Pw. 
 flyta, to flow, to glide away ; Dan. flyttcr, "^w.flyttia, 
 to remove ; Ice. flintur, swift. This word coincides 
 in elements with Heb. Ch. S^yr. lo'jfl. Class Ld, No. 
 43. It is undoubtedly from the same root as fleet, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. To fly away with a rapid motion ; to dart along; 
 to move with celerity through the air. We say, a 
 bird flits away, or flits in air ; a cloud flits along. 
 
 2. To flutter; to rove on the wing. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To remove ; to migrate ; to pass rapidly, as a 
 light substance, from one place to another. 
 
 It tjccime a received opinion, that the souls of men, departing 
 this liie, did jlil out of one tjody into some other. Hooker. 
 
 4. In Scotlaiul, to remove from one habitation to 
 another. 
 
 5. To be unstable; to be easily or often moved. 
 And the free soul to JUtdng air resigned. Dryden. 
 
 FLIT, a. Nimble ; quick ; swift. [Obs.'\ [See 
 Fleet.] 
 
 FLITCH, n. [Sax. Jjiccc ; Yr.fieche, an arrow, a coach- 
 beam, a flitch of bacon.] 
 
 The side of a hog salted and cured. Drydcn. Swift. 
 FLITE, V. i. [Sax. flitan.] 
 
 To scold ; to quarrel. [Local.] Orose. 
 FLIT'TED, pp. Remt)ved ; flown swiftly ; migrated. 
 FLIT'TER, v. i. To flutter, which see. Chaucer. 
 FLIT'TER, n. A rag ; a tatter. [See Fbittek.] 
 FLIT'TER-MOUSE, 71. [flit, flitter, and mouse; G. 
 flcdennaiLS. ] 
 
 .\ bat ; an animal that has the fur of a mouse, 
 and membranes which answer the purpose of 
 wings, and enable the animal to sustain itself in 
 a fluttering flight, 
 
 FL[T''lT-iVESS, 71. [from ^it.] Unsteadiness ; levity ; 
 lightness. Bp. Hopkins. 
 
 FLIT'TING, Tppr. or a. Flying rapidly ; fluttering ; 
 moving by starts. 
 
 FLIT'TING, n. A flying with lightness and celerity ; 
 a fluttering. 
 
 2. A removal from one habitation to another. [Scot- 
 tish.] 
 
 FLIT'TING-LY, adv. In a flitting manner. 
 FLIT'TY, a. Unstable ; fluttering. More. 
 FLI.X, 71. [(iu. from /az.] Down ; fur. [JVot used.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FLIX'WEED, 71. The Si--ymbrium sophia, a species of 
 water-cresses, growing on walls antl waste grounds. 
 
 FL6, n. An arrow. [jVo( in use.] Chancrr. 
 
 FLO AT, (rtote,) 71. [i^an. flola : (i. floss ; I), vlot, rloot ; 
 D-.m.flodc; Sw. flotte ; Pt.fiotlc; Sp./o£a; U.flotla; 
 Riiss. pint.] 
 
 1. That which swims or is borne on water ; as, a 
 fiont of weeds and rushes. Hut particularly, a body 
 or collection of timber, boards, or planks, fastened 
 gether and conveyed down a stretim ; a raft. 
 
 [ The loiter word is more generally used in tlie United 
 States.] 
 
 2. The cork or quill used on an angling line, tt) 
 aupiKjrt it, and dmeovi^r the bite of a fish. 
 
 Enr.yc. Walton. 
 
 3. The act of flowing ; flux ; flood ; llie primary 
 tense, but obsoletr. Hooker. 
 
 4. 'J'he fliKil board of a wheel, which flee. 
 
 5. A quantity of earth, eighteen feel s<iunre and 
 one deep. Mortimer. 
 
 a. (Fr. /ot; I^ fiiuttu.] A wave. 
 
 7. A broad, wofiden inHtriimcnt, shaped like a trow- 
 el, Willi which immune float over and vmooth the plas- 
 tering on walls. Biichmian. 
 FLOAT, V. I. [i*a.\. fltolan, flutan ; (i. pSsaen 1 D. 
 tiliiolen, vli/ILen : Kr. flMllcr ; Dan. flUdcr. Either 
 from Ihu noun, or from the root of ttie L. ftuo, tu 
 flow.] 
 
 FLO 
 
 1. To be borne or sustained on the surface of a 
 fluid ; to swim ; to be buoyed up ; not to sink ; not 
 to be aground. We say, the water is so shallow, the 
 ship will not ftoaL 
 
 2. To move or be conveyed on water ; to swim. 
 The raft floats down the river. 
 
 Three blustering niglits, borne by the aoutheni blast, 
 
 I Jloated. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To be buoyed up and moved or conveyed in a 
 fluid, as in air. 
 
 They stretch tlieir plumes and Jloat upon the wind. Pove. 
 
 4. To move with a light, irregular course. Qu. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 FLOAT, V. t. To cause to pass by swimming ; to 
 cause to be conveyed on water. The tide floated 
 the ship into the liarbor. 
 
 2. 'I'o flood ; to inundate ; to overflow ; to cover 
 with water. 
 
 Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands. Dryden. 
 
 3. In plastering, to pass over and level the surface 
 of a wall with a float dipped frequently in water. 
 
 FLoAT'AGE, 7!, Any thing that floats on the water. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 FLoAT'-BoARD, n. A board on the rim of an un- 
 dershot water-wheel, which receives the impulse of 
 tlie stream by which the wheel is driven. 
 
 FLo.\T'ED, pp. or a. Flooded ; overflowed ; leveled 
 2. Borne on water. [with a float. 
 
 FLo.^T'ER, 71. One that floats or swims. Eusden. 
 
 FLOAT'ING, ppr. or a. Swimming; ctmveying on 
 water ; overflowing ; leveling with a float. 
 
 2. Lying flat on the surface of the water ; as, a 
 floating leaf. Martyii. 
 
 3. Circulating ; passing ; not fixed ; as, a floating 
 capital. 
 
 FLoAT'ING-BRlDGE, 71. A bridge consisting of logs 
 or timber with a floor of plank, supported wholly by 
 the water. 
 
 2. In war, a kind of double bridge, the upper one 
 projecting beyond the lower one, and capable of be- 
 ing moved forward by pulleys, used for carrying 
 troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks 
 of a fort. 
 
 3. A large steam ferry-boat. [Eng.] Francis. 
 FLoAT'ING-lSL'AND, (flo'ting-i'land,) 7!. A sort of 
 
 food made of milk, white wine, sugar, and eggs, with 
 raspberry or strawberry marmalade, jam, &.c. 
 
 FLO.\T'ING-LIGHT, ji. A substitute for a light- 
 house, being the hull of a ship moored on sunken 
 rocks, shoals, &c., with a light displayed aloft, to 
 warn mariners of their danger. 
 
 FLOAT'ING-LY, adv. By floating. 
 
 FLoAT'-SToNE, 71. Spongiform quartz, a mineral 
 of a spongy texture, of a whitish-gray color, often 
 with a tinge of yellow. It frequently contains a nu- 
 cleus of common flint. Clcaveland. 
 
 FLOAT' Y, a. Buoyant; swimming on the surface; 
 light. Ralegh. 
 
 FLOe-CIL-LA'TION, 71. A picking of bed-clothes by 
 a sick person — an alarming syuiptom in acute dis- 
 eases. Brande. 
 
 FLOe'€U-LENCE,7i. ll..flocculus,f.occus. See Flock.] 
 The state of being in locks or flocks ; adhesion in 
 small flakes. Higgins, Med. Rep. 
 
 FLOe'€U-LENT, a. Coalescing and adhering in locks 
 or flakes. 
 
 1 sar the liquor is broken to fiocculence, when the particles of 
 herbaceous matter, aeiz'-d by tlioss of the lime, and coales- 
 cing, appear large and Jiocculent. Higgins, Med. Hep. 
 
 FLOCK, 71. [Sax. ^oce; h.floccus; G.flocke; D.vlok; 
 Dan. Jlok ; Sw. flock, a crowd ; ullc-lock, wool-lock ; 
 Gr. nXoKf), nXoKoi; ; Russ. klok. It is the srtme ratii- 
 cally as flake, anil, applied to wool or hair, we write 
 it lock. See Flake.] 
 
 1. A company or collection ; applied to sheep and 
 other small animals. A flock of slieep answers to a 
 hrrit of larger cattle. But the \vord may sometimes, 
 perhaps, be applied to larger beasts ; and, in the plu- 
 ral, flocks may include all kinds of domesticated ani- 
 mals. 
 
 2. A company or collection of birds of any kind, 
 and, when applied to birtls on the wing, a flight ; as, 
 a flock of wild geese ; a flock of ducks ; a flock of 
 blackbirds. In the United States, floclis of wild 
 pig(U)ns sometimes darken the air. 
 
 ;t. A body or crowd of people. [fJttlc used.] [Qu. 
 Gr. \o\ii^, a troop.] 
 
 4. A lock of wool or hair. Also, pieces of cloth 
 cut up vt-ry line. 
 
 FLOCK, 0. i. To gather in companies or crowds ; ap- 
 plied to men or other animals. People flock together. 
 They flock to the i>layhouse. 
 
 FricniU iljiily Jlock. Dryden. 
 
 FLOCK'-BED, 71. A bed filled with locks of coarse 
 
 wo(i|, or pieces of cloth nit up lint?. 
 FLO(,'K'IN(;, /i/w. Colli ctiiig or running together in 
 FLOCK'LY, adr. In a body or llocks. [a crowd. 
 
 FIjOt'K'Y, a. Abounding with flocks or hicks. 
 FLtJCK'-I'A'PER, 71, A kind of wall-paper having 
 
 raised figures ri^sembling cloth, made of flock, or 
 
 cloth cut up very fine, and attached to the paper by 
 
 Hize or varnish. 
 
 FLO 
 
 FLoE, 71. Among seamen, a large mass of floating ice 
 
 FLfETZ. See Fletz. [in the ocean. 
 
 FLOG, V. t. [L. fligo, to strike, that is, to lay on ; L. 
 flfigrum, flagellum ; Eng. flail ; Goth, bliggican, to 
 strike; Gr. jrA.ij 1,1, tX/j; r,, L. plaga, a stroke, Eng. 
 plague. We have lick, which is i)rohably of the same 
 family ; as is D. slag, G. schlag. Eng. slay.] 
 
 To beat or strike with a rod or whip ; to whip ; to 
 lash ; to chastise with repeated blows ; o colloquial 
 word, applied to whipping or beating for punishment ; 
 as, to flog a schoolboy or a sailor. 
 
 FLOG'GKD, (flogd,) pp. Whipped or scourged for 
 punishment ; chastised. 
 
 FLOG'GING, ppr. Whipping for punishment ; chas- 
 tising. 
 
 FLOG'GING, 71. A whipping for punishment. 
 FLOOD, (Hud,) n. [Sax. flod ; G./ii£/i ; D. vlocd : Sw. 
 flod; Dan. floU : from flow.] 
 
 1. A great flow of water ; a body of moving wa- 
 ter ; particularly, a body of water, rising, swelling, 
 and overflowing land not usually covered with wa- 
 ter. Thus there is a flood, every spring, in the Con- 
 necticut, which inundates the adjacent meadows. 
 There is an annual flood in the Nile and in the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 2. The flood, by way of eminence ; the deluge; the 
 great body of water which inundated the earth in 
 the days of Noah. Before the flood, men lived to a 
 great age. 
 
 3. A river ; a sense chiefly poetical. 
 
 4. 'J'lie flowing of the tide ; the semi-diurnal swell 
 or rise of water in the ocean ; opposed io Ehb. The 
 ship entered the harbor on the flood. Hence flood- 
 tide ; young flood; flood. 
 
 5. A great quantity ; an inundation ; an overflow- 
 ing ; abundance ; superabundance ; as, a flood of 
 bank notes ; a flood of paper currency. 
 
 6. A great body or stream of any fluid substance ; 
 as, a flood of light ; a flood of lava. Hence, figura- 
 tively, a flood of vice. 
 
 7. Menstrual discharge Harvey. 
 FLOOD, (flud,) V. t. To overflow; to inund.ate'; to 
 
 deluge ; as, to flood a meadow. Mortimer. 
 
 FLOOD'ED, rflud'ed,) pp. Overflowed ; inundated. 
 
 FLOOD'GaTE, n. A gate to he opened for letting wa- 
 ter flow through, or to be shut to prevent it. 
 
 2. An opening or passage ; an avenue for a flood 
 or great body. 
 
 FLOOD ING, ;);)r. Overflowing; inundating. 
 
 FLOOD' ING, 71. Any preternatural discharge of blood 
 from the uterus. Cijc. 
 
 FLOOD'-MARK, n. The mark or line to which the 
 tide rises; high -water-mark. 
 
 FLOOK, 71. The arm of an anchor. [See Fluke, the 
 usual orthography.] 
 
 FLOOK'ING, 71. Ill mining, an interruption or shift- 
 ing of a lode of ore hv a cross vein or fissure. Encyc 
 
 FLOOK'Y, a. Furnished with flooks or flukes. 
 
 FLOOR, (flore,) 71. [Sax. ^ur, flore ; D. vloer ; W. 
 llawr, and clawr, the earth or ground an area, or 
 ground-plot, a floor; Ir. lar, and urlnr ; Basque or 
 Cantabrian, lurra; Arm. Icur, flat land, or floor: G. 
 flur, a field, level ground or floor. In early ages, the 
 inhabitants of Europe had no floor in their huts but 
 the ground. The sense of the word is, probably, that 
 which is laid or spread.] 
 
 J. That part of a building or room on which we 
 walk ; the bottom or lower part, consisting, in mod- 
 ern houses, of boards, jilanks, or pavement ; as, the 
 ^oiir of a house, room, barn, stable, or outhouse. 
 
 2. A platform of boards or planks laid on timbers, 
 as in a bridge ; any similar platform. 
 
 3. A story in a building; as, the first floor! which, 
 in England, is the one next above the ground-floor, 
 called in America the second story. 
 
 4. A floor, or earthen floor, is still used in some 
 kinds of business, made of loam, or of limp, sand, 
 and iron dust, as in malting. Encyc. 
 
 5. The htittoni of a vessel on each side of the keel- 
 son. Tvltrn. 
 
 FLOOR, 7). (. To lay a floor; to cover timbers with a 
 floor; to furnish with a floor; as, lo floor a Iiotise 
 with pine hoards. 
 
 2. 'I'o strike down, or lay level with the floor ; as, 
 to floor an antagonist. Orose. 
 
 3. Figuratively, to put to silence by some decisive 
 argument, ri ttirt, &c. Coleridge. 
 
 FLt'^OR'-CLO'l'lI, 71. Oil-cloth, or painted cloth, for 
 covering floors. 
 
 FLOOK'KD, pp. Covered Willi lioarils, plank, or pave- 
 ment ; furnished with n floor ; struck down. 
 
 FLOOR'ING, ppr. Laying a floor; furnishing with a 
 floor ; striking down. 
 
 FLOOR'ING, 71. A platform; the bottom of a room 
 or building; pavement. 
 2. Materials for floors. 
 
 FLOOR'LESS, n. Having no floor. 
 
 FI.OOR'-TIM-UEUS, 71. pl. The timbers on which a 
 floor is laid. 
 
 FLOP, 7j. t. [A diflrrent spelling of FL\r.] 
 
 1. 'I'o clap or strike the wings. 
 
 2. To let down the brim of a lint. 
 FLO'RA,n. [L. See Floral.] Ill atitifiiift/, the god- 
 dess of flowers. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T MftTE, PttfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 462 
 
FLO 
 
 2. In modern usage, a catalogue or accoiiiil of flow- 
 ers or plains. 
 
 3. The trees and plants, or botany, of a particular 
 country. 
 
 FLO'KAL, o. \li.floralis, from flos, a flower ; wliich 
 see.] 
 
 1. Containing the flower ; as, a floral bud ; imme- 
 diately attending the Mower; as, a floral leaf. 
 
 Martifn. 
 
 2. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers ; a.s, floral 
 games ; floral play. Prior. 
 
 FLOK'E.N, ) «. An ancient gold coin, of Edward 
 FLOR'ENCE, ( III., of six shillings sterling value. 
 FLOR'ENCE, 71. A kind of doth. [Camden. 
 
 2. A kind of wine from Florence, in Italy. 
 FLOR'EN-TINE, <i. A native of Florence. 
 
 2. A kind of silk cloth, so called. 
 FliO RES'CENCE, n. [L. florcscens, fioresco. See 
 Flower.] 
 
 In botany, the season when plants expand their 
 flowers. JMartijn. 
 FLO'RET, n. [Ft.fleurclte; U. floretto.] 
 
 A little flower; the partial or separate little flower 
 of an aggregate (lower. JVartijiu 
 FL0'RI-.\(5E, n. [Fr. flori] Bloom ; blossom. 
 
 /. ScoU. 
 
 FLOR'ID, a.- [L. floridus. from ftoreo, to flower.] 
 
 1. Literally, flowery ; covered or abounding with 
 flowers ; but in this sense little used. 
 
 2. Bright in color ; flushed with red ; of a lively 
 red color ; as, a florid countenance ; a florid cheek. 
 
 3. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric ; enriched 
 to excess with flgures ; splendid; brilliant; as, a 
 florid stvle ; florid eloquence. 
 
 FI-O-RID'I-TY, n. Freshness or brightness of color ; 
 
 florid ness. Floi/cr. 
 FI,OR'II)-I,Y, arfi'. In a florid manner. 
 FLOR'ID-NESS, n. Brightness or freshness of color 
 
 or ccunplexion. 
 
 2. Vigor; spirit. [Uauxual.] FcWiam. 
 
 3. Embellishment ; brilliunt ornaments ; ambitious 
 elegance ; applied to style. Boyle. 
 
 FLO-RIF'ER-OUS, a, [L.florifer, from flos, a flower, 
 and feroylo bear.] 
 Producing flowers. 
 FLOR-I-FI-CA'TION, n. The act, process, or time of 
 
 flowering. fVilliains. Journ. of Science. 
 
 FLa'RI-FORM, a. In the form of a flower. 
 FLOR'IN, II. [Fr. florin ,• It. Torino.] 
 
 A coin, originally made at Florence. The name 
 is given to ditferent coins of gold or silver, and of 
 different values in different countries, the silver flor- 
 ins varying from 1*'. to 2s. 4//. sterling, or from 23 to 
 54 cents : and the gold flocin of Hanover being val- 
 ued at 6s. Ill/, sterling. It is also used as a monuy 
 of account. Kelly. 
 FLO'RIST, 71. [Ft. fleurisie.] 
 
 1. A cultivator of flowers ; one skilled in flowers. 
 
 7Vio7nso7i. 
 
 3. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 FLOR'U-LENT, a. Flowery ; blossoming. [JVut tTt 
 use.] 
 
 FLOS^eU-LAR, ) a. [Infra.] In botany, a floscu- 
 
 FLOri'eU-LOUS, \ lous flower is a compound flow- 
 er, composed entirely of florets with funnel-slia|>ed 
 petals, as in burdock, thistle, and artichoke. This is 
 the term used by Tournefort. For this Linnxus 
 used tubulouj. MUne. Jilartyn, 
 
 FLOS'eULE, 71. [h. flosculus.] 
 
 In botany, a partial or lesser floret of an aggregate 
 flower. JMUne. 
 
 FLOS FER'RI 71. [L., flower of Iron.] A mineral, a 
 variety of arragonite, called by Jameson, after Ilaiiy, 
 conilloid:U arnigonite. It occurs in little cylinders, 
 sometimes diverging and ending in a point, and 
 sometimes branched, like coral. Its structure is fi- 
 brous, and the surface, which is smooth, or giirnished 
 with little crystalline points, is often very white, 
 with a silken luster. It takes this name from its 
 being often found in cavities in veins of sp.arry iron. 
 
 FLOSS,™. [L. flos.] [CIrucclanJ. 
 
 1. .'V downy or silken substance in tlie husks of cer- 
 tain plants. Tooke. 
 
 2. A fluid glass flo.ating on iron in the furnace, 
 produced by tlie vitrification of oxyds and earths. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 3. Untwisted filaments of the finest silk, used in 
 embroidering on satin, &c. 
 
 FLOS-f!I.Fl-e.\'TIO.\, n. A flowering ; exp.insion 
 of tlowers. [Aoce/.] Jlcd. Rrpos. 
 
 FLOSS'-SILK, 11. The name given to the portions of 
 raveled silk broken off in the filature of cocoons. It 
 is carded and spun like cotton or wool. Ure. 
 
 FLO'T.\, n. [Sp. See Fleet.j A fleet; but appro- 
 priately, a fleet of Spanish ships wliich formerly 
 sailed every year from Cadi/, to Vera Cruz, in Mex- 
 ico, to transport to Spain the productions of Spanish 
 .\merica. 
 
 FLOT'AGE, n. {Ft. flattaae.] 
 
 That which floats on the sea, or on rivers. [Little 
 «-"''J Chambers. 
 
 FLO-TX'TION, n. The act of floating. 
 
 FLOTE, r. £. To skim. [Mt used or local.] Tusaer. 
 
 FLO 
 
 FLO-TIL'LA, 71. [dim. of flota.] A little fleet, or 
 
 fleet of small vessels. 
 FLOT'SA.M, ) 71. (from float] Goods lost by ship- 
 FLOT'SON, ) wreck, and floating on the sea. 
 When such goods are cast on shore or found, the 
 owner being unknown, they belong to the king. 
 
 Enf;lisk Laic. Blackstone. 
 FLOT'TKN, pp. Skimmed. [JVuJ 171 wse.] 
 FLOUNCE, (rtouns,) v. i. [D. plonsscn. See Floun- 
 der.] 
 
 1. To throw the limbs and body one way and the 
 other ; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or 
 violence ; to struggle as a horse in mire. 
 
 You neither fume, nor fret, noT flounce. Swi/t. 
 
 2. To move with jerks or agitation. 
 FLOUNCE, V. t. To deck with a flounce ; as, to 
 
 flounce a p)etticoat or frock. Pope. 
 FLOUNCE, 71. A sudden jerking motion of the body. 
 2. A narrow piece of cloth sewed to a petticoat, 
 frock, or gown, with the lower border loose and 
 spreading. 
 
 FLOUN'CKD, (flounst,) pp. Decked with a flounce. 
 FLOUN'CI.N'C, ;i;i7-. Decking with a flounce. 
 FLOUN'DER, 71. [Sw. ftnndra; G. ;!.77i(;fr.] 
 
 A flat fish of the genus Plutessa, allied to the hali- 
 but, and generally found in rivers near the sea. 
 
 Partin<rton. 
 
 FLOUN'DER, v. i. This seems to be allied to flaunt 
 anil flounce.] 
 
 To fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts 
 to move ; to struggle as a horse in the mire ; to roll, 
 toss, and tumble. Pope. 
 FLOU.V'DER-ING, ppr. Making irregular motions; 
 
 struggling with violence. 
 FLOUR, 71. [originally, flotoer ; Ft. flcur ; Bp. flor ; 
 It. flore ; L. fljis, flori-t, from flareo, to flourish.] 
 The edible part of ground corn or grain ; meal. 
 
 .7(7/7 7ison. 
 
 In the United States, the modern practice is to make 
 a distinction between floii.r and meal; the word fltjur 
 being more usually applied to the finer part of meal, 
 separated from the bran, as wheat yiuiir, rj e flour. 
 This is a just and useful distinction. 
 FLOUR, 1). £. [_Sp. florcar.] 
 
 1. To grind and bolt ; to convert into flour. 
 W^heat used formerly to be sent to market ; but now 
 great quantities of it are floured in the interior coun- 
 
 2. To sprinkle with flour. [try. 
 FLOUR'£D, pp. Converted into flour; sprinkled 
 
 with flour. 
 
 FLOUR'IN'G, ppr. Converting into flour ; sprinkling 
 with flour. 
 
 FLOUR'ING, n. The business of converting grain 
 into flour. 
 
 FLOUR'ISH, (flur'ish,) r. i. [L. floreseo, from floreo ; 
 Fr. fleurir, fleuriisant ; Sp. florcar f It. florire. The 
 primary sense is, to open, expand, enlarge, or to shoot 
 out, as in trtory, L. ploro, or in other words in Lr.] 
 
 1. To thrive ; to grow luxuriantly ; to increase 
 and enlarge, as a healthy growing plant. The beech 
 and the maple flourish best in a deep, rich, and moist 
 loam. 
 
 2. To be prosperous ; to increase in wealth or 
 honor. 
 
 B,wJ men ns fret^uentlv nroaper and flourish, nnd tlint by the 
 
 meiiiia of tlu-ir wickeuiie&A. l\'eUon. 
 When all tlie workera of iniquity do flourish. — Ps. xcii. 
 
 3. To grow in grace and in good works ; to abound 
 in the consolations of religion. 
 
 The rightt'oui sh.ijl flourish hke the palm-tree. — Pi. xcii. 
 
 4. To be in a prosperous state ; to grow or be aug- 
 mented. We say agriculture fluurishcsi commerce 
 flourishes ! m.inufactures flourish. 
 
 5. To use florid language; to make a display of 
 figures and lofty expressions ; to be copious and 
 flower>'. 
 
 They tlil.ite tind flourish long on litdc incideoti. Waits. 
 
 6. To make bold strokes in writing ; to make 
 large and irregular lines ; as, to flourish with the pen. 
 
 7. To move or play in boltl and irregular figures. 
 
 1 ninelnous »pread 
 The Etream, and tmoVing, flourished o'er liis head, Popt 
 
 8. In music, to play with bold and irregular notes, 
 or without settled form ; as, to flourish on an organ 
 
 9. To boast ; to vaunt ; to brag. [or violin. 
 FLOUR'ISII, (flur'ish,) r. t. To adorn with flowers 
 
 or beautiful figures, either natural or artificial ; to 
 ornament with any thing showy. 
 
 2. To spread out ; to enlarge into figures. Bacon. 
 
 3. To move in bold or irregular figures ; to move 
 in circles or vibrations by way of show or triumph ; 
 to brandish ; as, to flourish a sword. 
 
 4. To embellish with the flowers of diction ; to 
 adorn with rhetorical flgures ; to grace with ostenta- 
 tious eloquence ; to set off with a parade of words. 
 
 Ciiiiier. 
 
 5. To adorn ; to embellish. Sltak. 
 
 6. To mark with a flourish or irregular stroke. 
 The day book and uiTtntory book ihall be flourished. 
 
 fytnch Com. Code. Walsh. 
 FLOUR'ISH, (flur'ish,) n. Beauty ; showy splendor. 
 
 The flourish of tm sober youth. Cmshaie. 
 
 FLO 
 
 2. Ostentatious embellishment ; andiitious ro))l(iU9- 
 ness, or aiiiplilit ation ; paraile of words and figures ; 
 show ; as, a flourish of rhetoric ; a flourish of wit. 
 
 He l;mU with flourishes his Ictii^ b;irnn{»ne. Vryilen. 
 
 3. .Figures formed by bold, irreguhtr lines, or fan- 
 ciful strokes of the pen or graver; as, the flourishes 
 about a gri;at letter. -More. 
 
 4. A brandishing ; the waving of a weapon or 
 other thing ; as, the flourish of a sword. 
 
 FLOUR'ISII AD, (flur'isht,) pp. Embellished ; 
 adorned with bold and irregular figures or lines; 
 brandished. 
 
 FLOUR'lSll-ER, (flur'ish-er,)7i. One who flourishen ; 
 one who thrives tir prospers. 
 
 2. One w ho brandishes. 
 
 3. One who adorns with fanciful figures. 
 FLOUR'ISII-ING, (flur'ish-ing,) ppr. or a. Thriving ; 
 
 prosperous ; incre.'usiiig ; making a show. 
 FLOUR'ISII-ING-LY, (fliir'isli-ing-ly,) adv. With 
 
 fluiiri.^hes ; ostentatiously. 
 FLOUT, V. t. [Scot, ftyte, to scold or brawl; Sax. 
 
 _^i/a77.] 
 
 To mock or insult ; to treat with contempt. 
 
 Pliilli.lii flouts me. Walton. 
 11- flouuii us downrixht. llhaJc. 
 
 FLOUT, t'. i. To practice mocking; to sneer; to be- 
 have with contempL 
 
 Fleer and gibe, and lau^h and flout. ShaJ:. 
 
 FLOUT, ji. A mock ; an insult. 
 
 FLOUT' ED, pp. Mocked ; treated with contempt. 
 
 f'LOUT'ER, 71. One who flouts and flings ; a mocker. 
 
 FLOUT'ING, ppr. Mocking; insulting; fleering. 
 
 FLOUT'ING-LY.arfe. With flouting ; insultingly. 
 
 FLOW, (flo,) V. i. [Sax. floiran : D. riorijcn. If the 
 last radical was originally a dental, this word coin- 
 cides with the D. rtirten, G. fliessen, Sw. flyta, Dan. 
 flydcr, to flow. If v was the last radical, flow coin- 
 cides with the L. fl.io, contracted from fluiro, for it 
 forms Tiliri, ^u(-fii77t. In one case, the word would 
 agree with the root of i/ou), L. flo ; in the other, with 
 the root of fly.] 
 
 1. To move along an inclined plane, oron descend- 
 ing ground, by the operation of gravity, and with a 
 continual change of place among the particles or 
 parts, as a fluid. A solid body descends or moves in 
 mass, as a ball or a wheel ; but in the flowing of li- 
 quid substances, and others consisting of very fine 
 particles, there is a constant change of the relative 
 position of some parts of the substance, as is the 
 case v/ith a stream of water, of quicksilver, and of 
 sand. Particles at the bottiun and sides of the stream, 
 being somewhat checked by friction, move slower 
 than those in the middle and near the surface of the 
 current. KiveTS flow from springs and lakes; tears 
 flow from the eyes. 
 
 2. To melt ; to become liquid. 
 
 Th.it the mountain* might floio down at thy preeence. — U. 
 
 3. To proceed ; to issue. Evils flow from different 
 sources. Wealth flows from industry and economy. 
 All our blessings flow from divine bounty. 
 
 4. To abound ; to have in abundance. 
 
 lnUi.it tlay tlie mounuins shall drop down new wine, and the 
 hills sludl floiJi with milk. —Joel lii. 
 
 5. To be full ; to be copious ; as, flowing cups or 
 goblets. 
 
 6. To glide along smoothly, without harshness or 
 asperity ; as, a flowing period ; flowing numbers. 
 
 7. To be smooth, as composition or utterance. The 
 orator has a flowing tongue. 
 
 Virgit is sweet and flouting in bis hexamelen. Dryden. 
 
 8. To hang loose and waving ; as, a flowing man- 
 tle ; flowing locks. 
 
 The imperial purple Jtoieing in his train. Pedtraiial, Hamilton. 
 
 9. To rise, as the tide ; opposed to ebb. The tide 
 flows twice in twenty-four hours. 
 
 10. To move in the arteries and veins of the body; 
 to circulate, as blood. 
 
 11. To issue, as rays or beams of light. Light 
 flows from the sun. 
 
 12. To move in a stream, as air. 
 
 FLOW, 1!. L To cover with water ; to overflow ; to 
 inundate. The low grounds along the river are an- 
 nually flowed. 
 
 FLOW, 71. A stream of water or other fluid ; a cur- 
 rent ; as, a ^7ui of water ; a flow of blood. 
 
 2. A current of water with a swell or rise ; as, the 
 ^0717 and ebb of tides. 
 
 3. A stream of any thing ; as, a flow of wealth into 
 the country. 
 
 4. Abundance ; copiousness with action ; as, a 
 flow of spirits. 
 
 5. A stream of diction, denoting abundance of 
 Words at command and facility of speaking ; volu- 
 bility. 
 
 6. Free expression or communication of generous 
 feelings and sentiments. 
 
 The feast of reason, .and the fou of soul. 
 
 FL?)W'/:D, (flode,) pp. Overflowed : inundated. 
 FLOWER, 71. [Fr. Jlcur ; Sp.flor; luflorei Basque, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. € as K ; O as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 463 
 
FLO 
 
 lura c W. ftiir, bloom ; fluraw, to bloom, to be briglit ; 
 L. Jtos, Jloris, a flower ; florco, to blossom. See 
 Flovbish.] 
 
 1. In botami, that part of a plant which contains 
 the organs of "fructification, with their coverings. A 
 flower, when complete, consists of a calyx, corol, 
 stamen, and pistil ; but the essential parts are the 
 stamen anil pistil, which are sufficient to constitute 
 a flower, either together in hermaphrodite flowers, or 
 separate in male and female flowers. 
 
 Martyn. Milne. 
 
 2. In papular lang-nag-e, a blossom or flower is the 
 flower-bud of a plant, when the petals are expand- 
 ed ; open petals being considered as the principal 
 thing in constituting a flower. But in botany, the 
 petals are now considered as a finer sort of cover- 
 ing, and not at all necessary to constitute a flower. 
 
 - Milne. 
 
 3. The early part of life, or rather of manhood ; 
 the prime; youthful vigor; youth; as, the flower of 
 age or of life. 
 
 4. The best or finest part of a thing ; the most val- 
 uable part. The must active and vigorous part of an 
 army are called the flower of the troops. Voung, 
 vigorous, and brave men are called the flower of a 
 nation. Addison. 
 
 5. The finest part ; the essence. 
 
 The choice and fiQicer of all Uiings profitable Ihe Psalms do more 
 hrit-rly coiit-iiii. Hooker, 
 
 6. He or that which is most distinguished for any 
 thing valuable. We say, the youth are the flower of 
 the country. 
 
 7. The finest part of grain pulverized. In this 
 sense, it is now always written flour; which see. 
 
 Flowers, pi. : in old chemistry, fine particles of bod- 
 ies, especially when raised by fire in sublimatiim, 
 and adhering to the heads of vessels in the form of a 
 powder or mealy substance ; a term equivalent to 
 sublimate', as, the yiowtrjf of sulphur. Ure. 
 
 A substance, somewhat similar, formed spontane- 
 ously, is called ejjlorescence. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, figures and ornaments of discourse 
 or composition. 
 
 3. Menstrual discharges. 
 
 FLOWER, r. i. [from the noun. The correspond- 
 ing woril in L. is flureo, Tx.fleurir, It. fiorire, Sp. and 
 Yait. floreccr, W. fluraw.] 
 
 1. To blossom ; to bloom ; to expand the petals, as 
 a plant. In New England, peach-trees usually ^owcr 
 in April, and apple-trees in May. 
 
 2. To be in the prime and spring of life ; to flour- 
 ish ; to be youthful, fresh, and vigorous. 
 
 When flowered luy yoiilhriil spring. Spenser, 
 
 3. To froth ; to ferment gently ; to mantle, as new 
 beer. 
 
 The heer did Jlowcr a little. Bacon. 
 
 4. To come as cream from the surface. Milton. 
 FLOWER, V. I. To embellish with figures of flow- 
 ers ; to adorn with imitated flowers. 
 
 FLOWEIl-AGE, 71. State of flowers ; flowers in gen- 
 eral. 
 
 FLOWF.R-nEAR'ING, a. Producing flowers. 
 FLOWER-BUD, n. The bud which produces a 
 flower. 
 
 FLOWER-CROWN'M), a. Crowned with flowers. 
 FLOWER-UE-LOCE, n. [Fr. fleur de lis, flower of 
 the lily.] 
 
 In biitnny, the Iris, a genus of herbaceous peren- 
 nial plants; calleil, also, flua-flower, and sometimes 
 written flowcr-dc-lis. The species are numerous. 
 FLO WER-KI), pp. or a. Expanded into flowers ; em- 
 
 bi llished with figures of flowers. 
 FLOWER-ET, n. [Fr. fleurcltc.] 
 
 A small flowi^r ; a floret. .S7ia/£. Milton. Dryden. 
 [In biitanv Flobet is solely used.] 
 FLOWER-FENCE, n. Tlie name of certain plants. 
 The flower-fence of Barbados is of the genus I'oin- 
 ciana. It is a tropical leguminous bush, with prickly 
 branches, and showy yellow or red flowers, and is 
 considered one of the most beautiful of plants. Its 
 name is derived from its having been sometimes used 
 for hedges in the West Indies. P. Cyc. 
 
 The biLitard flower-fence is the Adcnanthera. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 FLOWER-FUL, a. Abounding with flowers. 
 FLOWER-(;'aR'I)K.V, n. A garden in which flow- 
 ers arc chielly cultivated. 
 FLOWER CiEN'TLE, 71. A plant, the amaranth. 
 FLOWER-I .NES.S, 71. [from flowrnj.] The state of 
 being flowery, or of aboiiniling wilii flowers. 
 2. Floridness of speech ; abundance of figures. 
 FI<0 WER-LN'G, /ipr. or a. Blossoming; blooming; 
 expanding the petals, as plants. 
 
 ii. Adorning with artificial flowers, or figures of 
 blossoms. 
 
 p'LOWER-I.N'fJ, 71. The ncason when plants blos- 
 
 KOIII. 
 
 y. The art of adiirning with flowers. 
 FLf)W-ER-I.V-WOV'/;.\, o. Adorned with nowers. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 FLOWER-KIR'TL/vI), (-kurt'ld,) a. Dressed with 
 iiarlands of flowerri. 
 
 Millon. 
 
 FLU 
 
 FLOWER-LESS, a. Having no Powers. Chaucer. 
 2. In botany, having no flowers or organs of fructi- 
 fication. Lindley. 
 
 FLOVV'ER-LESS-NESS, n. State or quality of being 
 without fltiwers. 
 
 FLOWER-STALK, (-stawk,) 71. In botany, the pe- 
 duncle of a plant, or the stem that supports the flower 
 or fructification. 
 
 FLOWER- Y, a. Full offlo%vers; abounding with 
 blossoms ; as, a flowery field. Milton. 
 
 2. Adorned with artificial flowers, or the figures of 
 blossoms. 
 
 3. Highly embellished with figurative language; 
 florid ; as, a flowery style. 
 
 FLOWING, ppr. Moving as a fluid ; issuing; pro- 
 ceeding; abounding; smooth, as style ; inundating. 
 2. a. Fluent ; smooth, as style. 
 
 FLOWING, 71. The act of running or moving as a 
 fluid ; an issuing; an overflowing; rise of water. 
 
 FLOWING-LY, adv. With volubility ; with abun- 
 dtince. 
 
 FLO WING-NESS, 7t. Smoothness of diction ; stream 
 
 of diction. JV/cAu/s. 
 FLOWK, ) n. [Sax. floe] A flat fish, much like the 
 FLuKE, \ common flounder. Carew. 
 FLoWN, {had fled,) in the following phrases, is not 
 good English. 
 
 Was reason Jloif^n. Prior. 
 Sons of Bella, ftatsn with insolence and wine. Milton. 
 
 In the former passage, flown is used as the partici- 
 ple of fly or flee, both intransitive verbs, and *he 
 phrase should have been, had reason flown or fled. 
 In the latter passage, ^(y7P7i is used iorblojon, inflated, 
 but most improperly. Flown is the participle of the 
 perfect or past tense of fly, but can not regularly be 
 used in a passive sense 
 FLU'.\TE, 71. [from flnor, which see.] In chemistry, 
 a salt once supposed to be formed by the fluoric acid 
 combined with a base ; as, flnate of alumina or of 
 soda. These are properiv^iii)7-ii/.~', which see. 
 FLUe'TU-ANT, a. [L. ftuctuans. See Fluctuate.] 
 Moving like a wave ; wavering ; unsteady. 
 
 L^Estrano-e. 
 
 FLUC'TU-aTE, v. i. [l,.fluctuo, from fluctus, a wave, 
 from fiuo, to flow.] 
 
 1. To move as a wave ; to roll hither and thither ; 
 to wave ; as, a fluctuating fiehl of air. Blackmore. 
 
 2. To float backward and forward, as on waves. 
 
 3. To move now in one direction and now in 
 another ; to be wavering or unsteady. Public opin- 
 ion often fluctuates ; men often fluctuate between 
 different parties and opinions. Hence, 
 
 4. To be irresolute or undetermined. 
 
 5. To rise and fall ; to be in an unsettled state ; to 
 experience sudden vicissitudes. The funds or the 
 prices of stocks fluctuate with the events of the day. 
 
 FLUe'TU-A-TING, ppr. Wavering; rolling as a 
 wave ; moving in this and that direction ; rising and 
 falling. 
 
 2. a. Unsteady; wavering ; changeable. We have 
 little confidence in fluctuatinir opinions. 
 FLUe-TU-A'TION, n. [L.;!«c(iia<io.] 
 
 1. A motion like that of waves ; a moving in this 
 and that direction ; as, the fluctuations of the sea. 
 
 2. A wavering ; unsteadiness ; as, fluctuations of 
 opinion. 
 
 3. A rising .and falling suddenly; as, fluctuations 
 of prices or of the funds. 
 
 FLUD'ER, ) 71. An aquatic fowl of the diver kind, 
 FLUD'DER, ( nearly as large as a goose. 
 
 Diet. ofJVat. fTist. 
 FLOE, 71. [Probably contracted (mm flume, h.flumen, 
 from flun.] 
 
 A passage for smoke in a chimney, leading from 
 the fireplace to the top of the rhimney, or into anoth- 
 er passage ; as, a cliiuiney with four^lu&s. 
 FLOE, 71. [G./a!i7n; Ij. plurna.] 
 
 Light down, such as rises from beds, cotton, &c. ; 
 soft down ; fur or hair. Tooke. 
 FLU-EL'LEN, 71. The speedwell, a plant. 
 FLO'E.N'CE, for Fluency, is not used. 
 FLO'EN-CY, 71. [l,.flucns, from ftuo, to flow.] 
 
 1. 'J'he quality of tlowing, applied to speech or lan- 
 guage ; smoothness ; freedom from harshness ; as, 
 fluency of numbers. 
 
 2. Readiness of utterance ; facility of word.!! ; 
 vtjliibility ; as, fluency of speech ; a speaker of re- 
 markable fluency. 
 
 3. Alflueuce ; abundance. [06^.] Sandys. 
 FLu'E.^T, (I. [See Fi.DENov.] Liquid ; flowing. 
 
 2. Flowing ; passing. [Bacon. 
 
 Motion being a Jluenl thin*. Hay. 
 
 3. Heady in the use of words ; voluble ; copious ; 
 having words at command, and uttering them with 
 facility and smoothness ; as, a fluent speaker. 
 
 4. Flowing ; voluble ; smooth ; as, fluent speech. 
 FLO'ENT, 71. A stream; a current of water. [Lit- 
 tle u.iid.] Philip.-'. 
 
 2. In analysis, a variable quantity, considered as 
 increasing or diminishing. The term denotes the 
 fiame tiling as inteirral, which is now used in its 
 steail, the differential anil integral calculus having su- 
 perseded the mi llioils ot fluxions and fluents. lirandc. 
 
 FLU 
 
 FLu'E.\T-LY,o(/u. With ready flow ; volubly; with 
 out hesitation or obstruction ; as, to speak fluently. 
 
 FLO'G£L-MAN, (flu'gl-man,) n. [G., from flugel, a 
 wing.] 
 
 In German, the leader of a file ; but, with us, one 
 who stands in front of a body of soldiers, and whose 
 motions in the manual exercise they all simultane- 
 ously follow. 
 FLU'ID, a. [h.fluidus, from fluo, to flow.] 
 
 Having particles which easily move and change 
 their relative position without a separation of the 
 mass, and which easily yield to pressure : tli.at may 
 flow ; liquid or gaseous. Water, spirit, air, are fluid 
 substances ; all bodies may be rendered fluid by heat 
 or caloric. 
 
 FLO'ID, 77. A body whose particles move easily 
 among themselves, and yield to the least force im- 
 pressed, and which, when that force is removed, 
 recovers its previous slate. Fluid is a generic term, 
 comprehending liquids and gases. Water, wind, and 
 steam, are fluids. Olm.stcd. 
 
 FLU-ID'I-TY, 71. The quality of being capable of 
 flowing ; that quality of bodies which renders Ihem 
 impressible to the slightest force, and by which the 
 particles easily move or change their relative position 
 without a separation of the mass ; a liquid or gaseous 
 state ; opposed to solidity. Fluidity is the effect of 
 heiit. 
 
 FLC'ID-NESS, 71. The state of being fluid ; fluidity, 
 wjiich see. 
 
 FLUKE, 71. [Supposed to be D. plneg, G. pflug, a p.ow.l 
 The part of an anchor which fastens in the grounu. 
 FLOKE, j 71. A species of flat-fish, of the genus 
 FLOWK, ) Platessa, much like the common floun- 
 der. Partington. 
 FLuKE'-WORM, 71. A small, flat worm, often found 
 in the intestines of sheep ; called, also, gourd-worm, 
 from its resemblance to the seed of a goiird. 
 
 Farm. Encye. 
 
 FLOME, 71. [Sax. flum, a stream ; L. fiumen, from 
 fluo, to flow.] 
 
 Literally, a flowing ; hence, the passage or channel 
 for the water tlnit drives a mill-wheel. 
 
 FLUM'MER-Y, 71. [W. llymry, from llymyr, harsh, 
 raw, crude, from Ilym, sharp, severe. In Welsh, a 
 kind of food made of oatmeal steeped in water, 
 until it has turned sour. See Lumber.] 
 
 1. A sort of jelly made of flour or meal ; pap. 
 Milk and Jlummery are very fit for children. Locke. 
 
 2. In vulgar use, any thing insipid or nothing to 
 the purpose ; flattery. 
 
 FLUNG, pret. and pp. of Flino. 
 
 Several statues the Romans Ihemselves^un^ into the river. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 FLUNK'Y, n. A term of contempt for one who is 
 mean and base-spirited ; perhaps from the Scottish 
 flunkie, a livery servant, [i-'iiif.] From this, the 
 term flunkyi-t-m has been formed. 
 
 FLU-O-Bo'K.'VTE, 71. A compound of fluoboric acid 
 with a base. 
 
 FLU-O-Bo'Rie, a. The fluoboric acid or gas is a 
 compound of fluorine and boron; also called fluorid 
 of boron. Davy. 
 
 FLO'OR, 71. [Low L., from ^110, to flow.] 
 
 1. A fluid state. JVewton. 
 
 2. Menstrual flux. [Little used in eiVier sense.] 
 
 3. In mineralogy, fluorid of calcium, usually called 
 fluor-spar. Il commonly occurs massive, but crystal- 
 lizes in octahedrons, which are frequently changed 
 into cubes. It is a mineral of beautiful colors, and 
 much used for ornamental vessels. This is the mate- 
 rial of which the original myrrhine vessels of the an- 
 cients were made. Dana. 
 
 FLU OR'IC, a. Pertaining to fluor ; obtained from 
 fluor. 
 
 FLO'OR-ID, 71. A compound of fluorine with a 
 metallic or combustible base. 
 
 FLO'OR-INE, 71. An element in the form of a yellow- 
 ish-brown gas, with the odor of chlorine and burnt 
 sugar; one of the acidifying and basifyiug |irin- 
 ciples. 
 
 FLU-O-SIL'I-CATE, 71. [fluor and silri or silica.] 
 In chemistry, a compound of fluosilicic .acid with 
 some base. 
 
 FLU-0-SI-L[C'ie ACID, 71. An arid composed of 
 silicon and lltioriue ; also called fluorid of silicon. 
 
 FLIJR'IM-Z'.'D, (dur'rid,) /71. Put in agitation. 
 
 FLUR'RY, 71. A sudden blast or gust, or a light, tem- 
 liorary breeze; as, a flurry of winil. His never, with 
 us, applied to a storm of duration. 
 
 2. A sudden shower of short duration ; as, a flurry 
 of snow. 
 
 3. Violent agitation ; commotion ; bustle ; hurry. 
 FLUR'RY, V. t. To put in agitation ; to excite or 
 
 alarm. Swinburne. 
 
 FLIJR'RY-ING, ppr. Pulling in agitation. 
 
 FLUSH, 7'. i. |(!. fliisxrn, impi rf. floss, to flow; D. 
 vlleten, in a ililli reiil ilialirl. It coincides in ele- 
 ments with blush, bia-.r, and flash.] 
 
 1. To lliiw and spread suddenly ; to rush ; as, 
 blood flushes into the face. 
 
 2. 'I'd come in haste ; to start. B. Jonson. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 464 
 
F L U 
 
 FLY 
 
 FLY 
 
 'J To appear suilJeiily, as redness or a blush. 
 A l>lii»li rotf on (Heir chrrki, 
 Ftu$hing ami r;tiliu? like tiie ctiangfl'>il \>Uy 
 Ufculuna uil i> <lul|ilini. Ptrdvat. 
 
 4. To become suddenly red ; to glow ; as, the 
 cheeks flush. 
 
 5. 'I'o be gay, splendid, or beautiful. 
 
 4. nmyed 
 In a!l IHt colorv of itie Jtuthing year, 
 Tlie garden glo«l. Thomion. 
 
 FLUSH, r. t. To redden suddenly ; to cause the blood 
 to rush suddenly into the Tuce. 
 
 Nor JftuK wilU shame the passing virgin's cticck. Cay. 
 
 2. To elate ; to elevate ; to excite the spirits j to 
 animate with joy j as, to flush with victorj-. 
 
 FLUSH, o. Fresh ; full of vigor ; glowing ; bright. 
 
 Flush as May. Shai. 
 
 3. Affluent ; abounding ; well furnished. 
 
 Lorxl Strut wiu not Tcry/usA in really. Arbulhnot. 
 
 3. Free to 8i>end ; liberal ; prodigal. He is very 
 flush with his money. [7'/iu is a fopular use of the 
 word in ..America.] 
 
 4. In ttrchitectttre,even or level in respect to sur- 
 face. OicilL 
 
 A flush deck, in seamen^s lan/Tuaijc, is a deck with 
 a continued Moor unbroken from stem to stern. [Ciu. 
 Russ. ploskei, flat. 'I'lie sense of spreading naturally 
 results from that of flowins.J 
 FLUSH, 71. A sudden flow ol blood to the face ; or, 
 more generally, the redness of face which proceeds 
 from such an atllux of blood. Hectic constitutions 
 are often known by a fretiiient flush in the cheeks. 
 
 3. Sudden impulse or cxciteineni; sudden glow; 
 as, a flu.ih of joy. 
 
 3. Bloom ; growth ; abundance. QvlJ.imitA. 
 
 4. [Fr. and Sp. flux.] A run of cards of the same 
 suit. 
 
 5. .\ term for a number of ducks. Spniser. 
 FLUSir^.D, (flusbt,) ;>/). or n. Overspread or tinged 
 
 w illi a red color, from the flowing of blood to the face. 
 We say, the skin, face, or cheek is flushed. 
 
 2. Elated ; excited ; anim.ited ; as, flushed with joy 
 or success. He.tted or excited with strong drink. 
 
 Sir IV. Temple. 
 
 FLUPH'F.R, n. The lesser butcher-bird. Chambers. 
 
 FLUSH'I.Nti, ppr. Overspreading with red ; glowing. 
 
 FIjUSH'ING, ;i. .a glow of red in the face. 
 
 FLUSiri.N'G-LV, adc. In a flushing manner. 
 
 FLUSH'NESS, n. Freshness. Oaudcn. 
 
 FLUS'TEIl, r. I. To make hot and rosy, as with 
 drinkini! ; to heat ; to hurr>' ; to agitate ; to confuse. 
 
 FLL'S'Tl'.ll, r. L To be in a heat or bustle ; to be agi- 
 tated. 
 
 FLUS'TI'.It, n. Heat ; glow ; agitation ; confusion ; 
 disoriler. 
 
 FLUS'TER-£D, pp. Heated with liquor ; agitated ; 
 confused. 
 
 FLCTE, II. [Fr. flfile ; Arm. j!<-u( ; D. fluit ; G. fliiU ; 
 DjLti. jiajte ; ^p.flauta; Von./rauta: IL flauto ; L. 
 flo, flutus, to blow, or L. ftuta, a lamprey, with the 
 same number of holes.] 
 
 1. A small wind-instrument; a pipe with lateral 
 holes and keys, playetl by blowing with the mouth, 
 anil by stopping ami opening the holes with the fin- 
 gers. 
 
 2. A cli.annel in a column or piflar ; a perpendicu- 
 lar furrow or cavity, cut along Uie shaft of a column 
 or pilaster ; so called friiin its resemblance to a flute. 
 It is used chiefly in the Ionic order; sometimes in 
 Uie Com|)ositc and Corinthian ; rarely in the Doric 
 and Tuscan. It is called also a reeiL Kneyc. 
 
 3. A similar channel in theniu.slln of a lady's niflle 
 is called a flute. 
 
 4. A long Vessel or boat, with fl.it ribs or fltxir tim- 
 bers, round behind, and swelled in the middle. [.^ 
 different orllioirraphtj of Float, Flota.1 Encyc. 
 
 .^rmed en flute: an armed ship, with her guns in 
 part taken out, as when used as a Iransimrt, is said 
 to be armed en fluie Lunicr, 
 
 FLOTE, r. i. To play on a flute. Chaucer. 
 
 FLOTE, r. U To form flutes or channels in a column ; 
 to form corrcs|>onding channels in the muslin of a 
 laily's ruffle. 
 
 FLOT'ED, pp. or a. Channeled ; furrowed ; as a col- 
 umn. 
 
 2. In music, thin ; fine ; flutelike ; as, fluted notes. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 FI.CT-ER, n. One who plays on the flute. 
 FLPTE'-STOP, n. A ninge of wooden pipes in an 
 
 orcan, designed to imil.ile the flute. P. Cyc. 
 
 FI.OT'ING, ppr. Channeling ; forming furrows ; as 
 
 in a column. 
 
 FLPT'ING, B. A channel or furrow in a column, or 
 
 in the muslin of a lady's ruffle ; fluted work. 
 FLCT'IST, n. A performer on the flute. Busby. 
 FLUT'TKR, r. i. [Sajc. flatfran ; D.flndJeren ; G. 'flat- 
 tern. Ciu. ft. flutter, lo waver, from flat, a wave. It 
 is [Kissible that Ihe woni is contracted.] 
 
 1. Vo move or flap the wings rapidly, without fly- 
 ing, or with short flights ; to hover. 
 
 Aj an emg\r stirTrth up ber ocu, Jttittfrtth OTcr ber young, 
 sprraj.-lh al>road bet wings. — Drul. xxxii. 
 
 2. To move about briskly, irregularly, or with great 
 bustle and show, without conscipience. 
 
 No riir, no scrip of all the beau or wit, 
 
 Tliut biit:e so Jtutlered, ajiJ lluit oiicii so writ. Pops. 
 
 3. To move with quick vibrations or undulations; 
 as, a fluttering fan ; a fiuttcrintr sail. Pope. 
 
 4. To be in agitation ; to move irregularly ; to fluc- 
 tuate ; to be in uncertainty. 
 
 How long we fiultered on the wings of dpubtfYlI succett. Hoietl. 
 His tliouglita are Vi:ryJtalUring ami wanderuif. WuUi, 
 
 FLUT'TER, V. L To drive in disorder. [Little used.] 
 
 2. To hurry the mind ; to agitate. [Shak. 
 
 3. To disorder ; to throw into confusion. 
 FLUT'TEIl, »i. ciuick and irregular motion ; vibra- 
 tion ; undulation ; as, the flutter of a fun. JIddison. 
 
 2. Hurry ; tuiniilt ; agitation of the mind. 
 
 3. Confusion ; disorder ; irregularity in position. 
 
 FLUT'TER-f;i), pp. Agitated ; confused ; disordered. 
 
 FI.UT'TEIl-LN'G, ppr. or a. Flapping the wings with- 
 out flight, or witli short flights; hovering; fluctua- 
 ting : agitating ; throwing into confusion. 
 
 FLUT'TER-ING, n. The act of hovering, or flapping 
 
 the wings without flight; a wavering; agit.ation. 
 FLUT'TER- ING-LY, a</e. In a fluttering manner. 
 FLPT'Y, a. Soft and clear in tone, like a llute. 
 FI.C'VI-AL-IST, ti. One who explains phenomena 
 
 by existing streams. .^m. QuarL 
 
 FLU-VI AT'ie, ( a. [L. flaviaticus, from ftui'ius, a 
 FLO'VI-AL, j river ;/iiio, to flow.] 
 
 Hclonging to rivers ; growing or living in streams 
 
 or ponds ; .as, a flueiatic plant. 
 FLO'VI-A TILE, o. [L.;Iuriat.7;s.] 
 
 Belonging to rivers ; existing in rivers ; as, fluvia- 
 
 tilc strata. Lyell. 
 FLU-V, n. [L. fluius; Sp. fluzo ; Ft. flux; It. flusso ; 
 
 from L. fluo, fluii.] 
 
 1. The act of flowing ; the motion or passing of a 
 fluid. 
 
 2. The moving or passing of any thing in contin- 
 ued succession. Tilings in this life are in a contin- 
 ual fluz. 
 
 3. Any flow or issue of matter. In medicine, an 
 extraordinary issue or evacuation from the bowels or 
 other part ; as, the bloody flux or dysentery, hepatic 
 flux, kc. 
 
 4. Ill hijdroirraphy, the flow of the tide. The ebb 
 is called reflux. 
 
 5. In chemistry and metallur^j, any substance or 
 mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or min- 
 erals, as alkalies, borax, tartar, and other saline mat- 
 ter ; or, in large operations, limestone or fluor. Al- 
 kaline fluxes are either the crude, the white, or the 
 black fluz. J\richolson. 
 
 6. Fusion ; a liquid state from the operation of 
 heat. Encyc 
 
 7. That which flows or is discharged. 
 
 8. Concourse ; continence. [Little used,] Shak. 
 FLUX, a. Flowing ; moving ; maintained by a con- 
 stant succession of parts ; inconstant ; variable. [JVut 
 veil autJioriied.] 
 
 FLUX, V. u To melt ; to fuse ; to make fluid. 
 
 Ouc part of mineral alkali will Jtux two of lilicious earth with 
 ellcrvcsceiice, Kirtean. 
 
 2. To salivate. [Litde used.] South. 
 FLUX-J'TION, n. A flowing or passing away, and 
 
 giving place to others. Leslie. 
 FLUX'KU, (flukst,) pp. Melted ; fused ; reduced to a 
 
 flowing state. 
 
 FLUX-I-BIL'I-TY, lu The quality of admitting fu- 
 sion. 
 
 FLUX'I-BLE, a. [from Low L.] Capable of being 
 
 melted or fu.scd, as a mineral. 
 FLUX-IL'I-TY, n. (Low L. /iixi7«.] 
 
 The quality of ailmitting fusion ; possibility of be- 
 
 ne fused or liquefied. 
 UX'ION, (fluk'shun,) n. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 [L. fluxio, from fluo, to 
 
 Wiseman. 
 
 In 
 FLU 
 flow.l 
 
 1. The act of flowing. 
 
 2. The matter that flow 
 
 3. In mathematics, an infinitely small quantity ; an 
 increment ; the infinitely small increase of the fluent 
 or flowing quantity ; the same as DirrcBENTiAi- 
 
 Bailey. Brande. 
 A. Fluxions; a department of analysis. It is the 
 same with the Diffebcntial and Inteural Calcu- 
 li's. [See Calculus.] 
 FLUX'ION-AL, j o. Tertaining to matliematical 
 FLUX'ION-A-RY, ( fluxions. 
 
 FLUX'ION-IST, jL One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley. 
 FLUX'IVE, 0. Flowing; wanting solidity. [J\*u£ 
 
 used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 FLUX'ITRE, (fluks'jTir,) n. A flowing or fluid matter. 
 
 [A'ot in«i.J Drayton. 
 FLV, V. L ; preU Flew ; part Flowx. [Sax. fleogan ; 
 
 G. fliegen ; I), vlief^en ; Sw. flyga ; Dan. flyver. In 
 
 Saxon, the same verb signifies to fly and to flee; in 
 
 German, different words are used.] 
 
 1. To move through air by the aid of wings, as 
 fowls. 
 
 2. To pass or move In air by the force of wind or 
 other impulse ; as, clouds and vapors fly before the 
 wind. A ball flies from a cannon ; an arrow from a 
 bow. 
 
 3. To rise in air, as tight substances, by means of a 
 current of air, or by having less specific gravity tiuui 
 air, as smoke. 
 
 Man b born to trouble, as the sparks fly upwart]. — Job v. 
 
 4. To move or pa-sa with velocity or celerity, either 
 on land or water. He flew to the relief of his dis- 
 tressed friend. The ship flies upon the main. 
 
 5. To move rapidly, in any manner ; as, a top flia 
 about. 
 
 6. To pxss away ; to depart ; with the idea of taste, 
 swiftness, or escajie. 'I'lii- bird has flown. 
 
 7. To pa-ss rapidly, as time. Swift yiy the fleeting 
 hours. 
 
 8. To part suddenly, or with violence ; to burst, as 
 a bottle. \ SioifL 
 
 y. To spring by an elastic force. 
 
 10. To pass swiftly, as rumor or report. 
 
 11. To llee ; to run away ; to attempt to escape ; to 
 escape. 
 
 I'll fiy fnjm sliephordj, flocks, and flowery plains. Pope, 
 
 12. To flutter ; to vibrate or play ; as a flag in the 
 wind. 
 
 To fly at ; to spring toward ; to rush on ; to fall on 
 suddenly. 
 
 A hen flie^ at a dog or cat ; a dog JtiM at a man. 
 To fly in the face: to insult. 
 
 2. To assail ; to resist ; to set at defiance ; to op- 
 pose with violence ; to act in direct opposition. 
 To fly off; to separate, or depart suddenly. 
 2. To revolt. 
 
 To fly open ; to open suddenly, or with violence ; 
 as, the doors fleic open. 
 
 To fly out ; to rush out ; also, to burst into a pas- 
 sion. 
 
 2. To break out into license. 
 
 3. To start or issue with violence from any direc- 
 tion. 
 
 To let fly; to discharge ; to throw or drive with 
 violence ; as, to /(/ fly a shower of d.arts. 
 
 2. In seamauship, to let go suddenly and entirely. 
 Let fly the sheets. Tottrn. 
 FLV, tJ. (. [This is used for flee, and from is under- 
 stood after y, so that it can hardly be called a trans- 
 itive verb.] 
 
 1. To shun; to avoid; to decline ; as, to /fi/ the 
 sight of one we hate ; that is, primarily, to flee 
 from. 
 
 Sleep fiUt the wpelch. Dryden. 
 
 2. To quit by flight. 
 
 3. To attack by a bird of prey. [A'af used.] Bacon, 
 
 4. To cause to float in the air. 
 
 FL'?, n. [Sax. fleoge : Sw. flu<;a : Dan. flue ; G. fliege ; 
 U.vlicg; from the verb fliogan, to fly.] 
 
 1. In zodtotry, a winged insect of various species, 
 whose distinguishing cli.aracteristic is that the wings 
 are transparent. By this, flirs are distiiiiiuished from 
 beetles, butterflies, gracslioppers, 4ic. Of flies, some 
 have two wings, and t>thers four. F.neye. 
 
 In common lan^tuige, fly is the house-fly, of the ge- 
 nus Miisca. 
 
 2. In meclianics, a cross with leaden weights at the 
 ends, or a heavy wiieel at right angles with the axis 
 of a windl.iss, jack, or other machine, 'J'he use of 
 this is, lo regulate and equalize the motion in all 
 parts of the revolution of the machine, and some- 
 times lo collect force in order to produce a very great 
 instantaneous impression, a.s in a coining press. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 3. That part of a vane which iKiints and shows 
 which way the wind blows. 
 
 4. The extent of an ensign, flag, or pendant from 
 the staff to the end that flutters loose in the wind. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. A light carriage formed for rapid motion. 
 
 6. In printing, one who takes the sheets from tlie 
 pre.ts in cases demanding ex})edition. 
 
 FLY'B.^NE, n. A herbaceous plant called Catch-fly, 
 
 of the genus Silene. 
 FL?'-B1T-T£.\, a. Marked by the bite of flies. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FLVBLoW, V. t. To deposit an ezg in any thing, 
 as a fly ; to taint with the eggs which produce mag- 
 gots. 
 
 Like a /y-6/oif n cdie of ullow. Sm/l. 
 
 FL^'BL^W, n. The egg of a fly. 
 
 FLY'BLoW.N', ;);). or a. Tainted with maggots. 
 
 FLY'lloAT, IL A light, swift kind of boat, used on 
 canals. BucJianan. 
 2. .\ large, flat-bottomed "Dutch vessel. Encyc. 
 
 FLY'e.VrcH-ER, n. One that hunts flies. 
 
 2. In toUlofy, a name common to very numerous 
 species of birds, forming the Linna'an genus Miuci- 
 enpa, and having a bill flatted at tht> base, almost tri- 
 angular, notched or hooked at the upper mandible, 
 anti beset with bristles. These birds are so nanieti 
 because they feed entirely on flies and other winged 
 insects, which they catch as they fly. P. Cyc. 
 
 FLY'ER, TL One that flics or flees; usually writteu 
 flier. 
 
 2. One that uses wings. 
 
 3. The fly of a jack. 
 
 4. In architecture, a term applied to the steps In I 
 
 TONE, B^LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VF'CIOUS — C as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 .SO 
 
 46fi 
 
FOA 
 
 FOE 
 
 FOl 
 
 flight of s'.airs which are parallel to each other. 
 These are the ordinary stairs, as distinguished from 
 winding stairs. 'J'he second of these filers stands 
 parallel behind Uie first, the third behind the second, 
 and so are said to fly off from one auotlier. 
 
 Muxon. 
 
 5. A performer in Me.\ico, who flies round an ele- 
 vated post. 
 
 6. Flyers; that part of a spinning-machine, or 
 wheel, which, with a rapid motion, spins the thread. 
 
 FL'C'-FISH, V. i. To anf;le with flies for bait. 
 
 FL'5'-FISH-ING, n. Angling ; the art or practice of 
 angling for fish with flies, natural or artificial, for 
 bait. Walton. 
 
 FL'j'-FLAP, n. Something to drive away flies. 
 
 FL^'-HON'EY-SUCK-LE, (-hun'ne-suk-1,) n. A 
 plant, the Lonicera. The African flij-honmjsuckle is 
 the Halleria. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 FL^'-SPECK, n. A name given to the excrementi- 
 tious stains of insects, chiefly of the common fly. 
 
 FL^'ING, ppr. Moving in air by means of wings ; 
 passing rapidly ; springing; bursting; avoiding. 
 
 2. a. Floating; waving; as, colors. 
 
 3. a. INloving; light, and suited for prompt motion ; 
 as, a flying camp. 
 
 Flying colors ; a phrase expressing triumph. 
 
 FLfING, n. The act of moving in the air with 
 wings ; flight. 
 
 FL?'ING-AR-TIL'LE-RY, n. Artillery trained to 
 very rapid evolutions. In passing from one part of 
 the field to another, the men spring on to the guns, 
 which are drawn by horses at full gallop. 
 
 FL^'lNG-JiKIUGE, 71. A means used by armies for 
 crossing rivers in rapid movements. It is sometimes 
 a bridge supported by pontoons or light boats, and 
 sometimes a large, flat-bottomed boat, anchored up 
 stream, which is made to pass like a ferry-boat from 
 one side of a river to the other, by the force of the 
 current. 
 
 FL5'ING-BUT'TRESS,n. A contrivance for strength- 
 ening the nave or central part of a Gothic building, 
 when it rises considerably above the side aisles or 
 wings It consists of a kind of brace, in a curved 
 fonn, or half arch, thrown across from the tops of the 
 side aisle buttresses to tlie wall of the nave, prop- 
 ping it up, and preventing it from spreading out- 
 ward under the pressure of tlie roof. From its tlius 
 passing through the air, over the roof of the side 
 aisles, it has its name of flying-buttress. P. Cyc. 
 
 FLVIA'G-eAMP, n. A camp or body of troops formed 
 for rapid motion from one place to another. 
 
 FL?'ING-FISH, ;i. A name common to tho.se fishes 
 which have the power of sustaining themselves in 
 tlie air, for a certain length of time, by means of 
 tlieir long, pectoral fins. 
 
 FL5'ING-PAR'TY, n. In military affairs, a detach- 
 ment of men employed to hover about an enemy. 
 
 FL?'ING-PIN'ION, «. The part of a clock having a 
 fly or fan, by which it gathers air, and checks the 
 rapidity of the clock's motion, when the weight de- 
 scends in the striking part. Encyc. 
 
 FL^'ING-SaUIR'REI.,, n. A species of squirrel hav- 
 ing an expansive skin on each side, reaching from 
 the fore to the hind legs, by which it is borne up in 
 leaping. 
 
 FLY'-LeAF, 71. A blank leaf at the beginning or 
 end of a book. 
 
 FL'S'-l'OVV-DER, n. An imperfect oxyd of arsenic, 
 which, mi.ved with sugar and water, is used to kill 
 flies. lirande. 
 
 FLif'-RAIL, n. That part of a table which turns out 
 to support tlie leaf. 
 
 FLV-.SUOOT-ER, 71. One that shoots flies. 
 
 FLV-TRAP, 71. In botany, a species of sensitive 
 plant, called yenus^s Fly-trap, the Diona:a Mnscipula ; 
 a plant that has the power of seizing insects, that 
 light on it. Partington. 
 
 FL^'-WIIEEL, 71. A wheel in machinery that equal- 
 izes its movements, or accumulates power for a very 
 great instantaneous impression. 
 
 FoAL, 71. [Sax./u/o./uic ; (i.fuUen; U.vciden; Dan. 
 fSl; Sw.Jala; Fr. jioulain ; Arm. ponll, pull, or htu- 
 benli VV. ebawl ; Corn, ebol; L. pullus ; Gr. nujXas ; 
 
 Ch. nSio; Ar. Jjuia M/ufa, to rise or toselad thesun, 
 
 e J 
 
 to bear young, and JJtla lofllon, pullus. The pri- 
 mary gensc of the verb is, to shoot, to cast or throw 
 to fait. The same verb, in lleh. and Ch., signifies 
 to unit«, to faslrii ; in ."^yr., to foul, to drfUc : both 
 HcnseH from that of putting or throwing on. The 
 verb belongH, probably, to the rofit of Eng. fall and 
 font, that is, So: with a ilifl'i reiit prefix. Foal is lit- 
 er.'illy a shoot, issue, or that which is cast, or which 
 falls.) 
 
 The young of the cipiine genus of quadrupeds, 
 and of either Hex ; a coll or filly. 
 FCjAIj, r. (. To bring forth a colt or filly; to bring 
 forth young, an a mare or a she-ass. 
 
 FoAL, V. i. To bring forth young, as a mare and cer- 
 tain other beasts. 
 FoAL'BIT, 71. A plant. 
 
 FoAL'£D, pp. ' Disburdened of a foal, as a mare. 
 FoAL'FOOT, 71. The colt's-font, Tussilago. 
 FoAL'IN'G, ppr. Bringing forth a colt. 
 FoAL'ING, n. The act of bringing forth a colt. 
 FoAM, 71. [Sax. ftem, fam i G.fauni, foam; L. fumo, 
 
 to smoke, to foam.] 
 Froth ; spume ; the substance which is formed on 
 
 the surface of liquors by fermentation or Violent 
 
 agitation, consisting of bubbles. 
 Foam, v. i. To froth ; to gather foam. The billows 
 
 foam ; a horse foams at the month when violently 
 
 heated. 
 
 2. To be in a rage ; to be violently agitated. 
 Uefoameth ami gnaslietli wilh liia teeth. — Mark \x. 
 FoAM, v. t. To throw out with rage or violence ; 
 with out 
 
 Foaming out tlieir own shame. — Jude 13. 
 FoAiM'-eREST-ED, a. Crested with foam. 
 FoA.M'J;D, pp. Tlirown out with rage or violence. 
 FoAM'I.VG, ppr. or a. Frothing; fuming. 
 FoAM'ING-LY, ado. Frothily. 
 FoAM'LESS, a. Having no foain. 
 FoAM'Y, a. Covered with foam ; frothy. 
 
 Behold liow hi^h the foamy billows ride. Dryilen. 
 
 FOB, 71. [Q,\i. C. fuppe. I have not found the word.] 
 
 A little pocket for a v/atch. 
 FOB, V. t. [O.fuppen.] 
 
 To cheat ; to trick ; to impose on. 
 To fob off; to shift off' by an artifice; to put aside ; 
 to delude with a trick. {Jl low word.] Sliak. 
 FOB'n^;D, (fobd,) pp. Cheated ; imposed on. 
 FOB'BING, jj/ir. Cheating; imposing on. 
 Fo'CAL, a. [from L. /ocus.] 
 
 Belonging to a focus ; as, a focal point. 
 Focal distance ; in optics, the distance between the 
 center of a convex lens or concave mirror and its 
 focus, or the point into which the rays of light are 
 collected. Brande. 
 FO'CILE, 71. [Ft.focile.] 
 
 The greater focile is the ulna or tibia, tlie greater 
 bone of the fore arm or leg. The lesser focile is the 
 radius or fibula, the lesser bone of the fore arm or 
 leg. Coze. Wiseman. 
 
 FOC-IL-La'TION, 71. [L. focillo.'] 
 
 Comfort ; support. 
 FO'CUS, 71. ; pi. Focuses or Foci. [L. focxLS, a fire, 
 the hearth ; Sp. faego ; Port, fogo ; It. faoco ; Fr. 
 feu. ; Arin./t).] 
 
 1. In optics, a point in which any number of rays 
 of light meet, after being reflecteil or refracted ; as, 
 the focns of a lens. Barlow. Mewton. 
 
 2. In geometry and conic sections, a term applied to 
 certain points in the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola, 
 where rays reflected from all parts of these curves 
 concur or meet; i. e., rays issuing from a luminous 
 point in the one focus, and falling upon all points of 
 the curves, are reflected into the otlier focus, or into 
 the line directed to the other focus, viz., into the 
 other focus in the ellipse and parabola, and directly 
 from it in the hyperbola. Hutlon. 
 
 3. A central point ; ptiint of concentration. 
 FOD'DER, 71. [Sax. fuddor, m father ; G. fiMcr ; D. 
 
 voeder; \)i\n. foedvr ; Sw. fodcr ; from the wot of feed, 
 the sense of which is, to thrust in, to stuff. Hence, 
 in German, fatter is a lining, as well as fodder.] 
 
 1. Food or dry food for cattle, horses, and sheep, 
 as hay, straw, and other kinds of vegetables. The 
 word is never applied to pasture. 
 
 2. In mining, a weight by which lead and some 
 otlier metals are sold. It is of various magnitudes, 
 but commonly about 2400 lbs. It is also written 
 FoTHEU. Brande. Ure. 
 
 FOD'DEIl, 1). (. To feed with dry food, or cut grass, 
 &c. ; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, &c. Farmers 
 fodder their cattle twice or thrice in a day. 
 
 FOD'DER-/;!),;);). Fed with dry food, or cut grass, 
 straw, &,c. 
 
 FOD'l)i;K-r,R, 71. He who fodders cattle. 
 FOD'DER-ING, ppr. Feeding with dry food, &,c. 
 Fo'DI-ENT, a. [ I., fodio, to dig.] 
 
 Digging; throwing up with a spade. [Little xLsed.] 
 FolC,(fo,) 71. [Sax./«/ij from/c«)i,/n)n, ^o-un,to hate ; 
 
 the participle is used m the other Teutonic dialects. 
 
 See FiKND.] 
 
 1. An enemy ; one who entertains personal en- 
 mity, l^atrod, grudge, or malice, against another. 
 
 A niun'B Joea sludl U; lliey of his own housrliold. — Matt. I. 
 
 0. An enemy in war ; one of a nation at war with 
 another, whetlier he entertains enmity against the 
 ojiposing nation or not; an adversary. 
 
 I'^itlir-r llirf^f? yeard' (limine, or three mouthi to be destroyed before 
 lliy foea. — I Chron. xxi. 
 
 3. Foe, like enemy, in the singular, is used to de- 
 note an opposing army, or n.ation at war. 
 
 4. An opptuicnt ; an (Ujemy ; one who tipposes 
 any thing in jiriiuiplo ; an ill-wisher ; as, a foe to re- 
 ligion ; a foe to virtue ; a foe to the measures of the 
 nilininistratiim. 
 
 FOE, «. (. To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenner. 
 
 FoE'-HOOD, 71. Enmity. [JVot in use.] Bedell. 
 FoE'-LTKE, a. Like an enemy. Sandys. 
 FoE'-MAN, 71. An enemy in vvar. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 FCET'I-CIDE, (fet'e-side,) 71. [L. fatas and caido, to 
 kill.] 
 
 In medical jurisprudence, the act by which criminal 
 abortion is produced. [Recent.'' Beck. 
 FCE'TUS. See Fetus. 
 
 FOG, 71. [In Sp. valio, is steam , vahar, to exhale. 
 In Italian, sfogo is exhalation ; sfogare, to exhale. 
 In Scot. /un- is moss. In Italian, affogare is to suffo- 
 cate, Sp. ahocar. The sense probably is thick, or 
 that which is exhaled.] 
 
 1. A dense watery vapor, exhaled from the earth, 
 or from rivers, lakes, and other collections of water, 
 or generated in the atmosphere near the earth. It 
 differs from mist, which is rain in very small drops. 
 
 2. A cloud of dust or smoke. 
 
 FOG, ) 71. [W. fwg, long dry grass. Johnson 
 FOGGE, \ quotes a forest law of Scotland, which 
 
 mentions fogagimn. It may be allied to Scot, fog, 
 
 moss.] 
 
 After-grass ; a second growth of grass ; but it sig- 
 nifies also long grass that remains in pastures till 
 winter. Ji"ar»i. Encyc. 
 
 Dead grass, remaining on land during winter, is 
 called, in JVew England, the old tore. 
 
 FOG, V. t. To overcast ; to darken. 
 
 FOG, V. i. [Fr. vogue.] 
 
 To have power. Milton. 
 
 FOG'^BANK, 71. At sea, an appearance in hazy weath- 
 er sometimes resembling land at a distance, but which 
 vanishes as it is approached. Mar. Diet. 
 
 FOG'GAGE, 71. Rank or coarse grass not mowed or 
 eaten down in summer or autumn Farm. Encyc. 
 
 FOG'GI-LY, orfi). With fog ; darkly 
 
 FOG'GI-NESS, 71. [from foggy.] The state of being 
 foggy ; a state of the air filled with watery exhalations. 
 
 FOG'GY, a. [from fog.] Filled or abounding with 
 fog or watery exhalations ; as, a foggy atmosphere ; 
 a foggy morning. 
 
 2. Cloudy ; misty ; damp with humid vapors. 
 
 3. Producing frequent fogs ; as, a foggy climate. 
 
 4. Dull; stupid; clouded in understanding. 
 FoH, an exclamation of abhorrence or contempt, the 
 
 same as poh nnA fy. 
 
 FOI'liLE, a. Weak. [JVot used.] Herbert. 
 
 FOI'BLE, 71. [Fr. foible, weak. See Feeble.] 
 
 A i)articular moral weakness ; a failing. When 
 we speak of a man's foible, in the singular, which is 
 also called his weak side, we refer to a predominant 
 failing. We use also the plural, foibles, to denote 
 moral failings or defects. It is wise in every man to 
 know his own foibles. 
 
 FOIL, V. t. [In Norm, afolee is rendered crippled ; 
 and afoula, tiamaged, wasted. If the primary or true 
 literal sense is to blunt, this word may be from the 
 same root as fool ; if to render vain, it would natu- 
 rally be allied to fail.] 
 
 1. To frustrate ; to defeat ; to render vain or nuga- 
 tory, as an effort or attempt. The enemy attempted to 
 pass the river, but was foiled. He foiled his adversaries. 
 
 And by a mortal man at length am foiled. Dryden, 
 
 2. To blunt ; to dull. 
 
 When light-winded toys 
 Of feathered Cupid fail. Shak. 
 
 3. To defeat ; to interrupt, or to render impercepti- 
 ble ; as, to foil the scent in a chase. Jlddison. 
 
 FOIL, 71. Defeat; frustration; the failure of success 
 when on the point of being secured ; miscarriage. 
 Deatli never woi\^a stake with greater toil, 
 Nor cVr was late so near a foU. Dryden. 
 
 FOIL, 71. [VV. fwyl, a driving, impulsion, a stroke, a 
 foU.] 
 
 A blunt sword, or one that has a button at the end 
 covered with leather ; used in fencing. 
 
 Isocrates contended wilh a foil ngainst Demosthenes with a 
 bworI. MitJ'ord. 
 
 FOIL, 71. [Fr.fmille: M.foglia; Tort.folha; Sp.lwja; 
 h. folium; Gr. (/o'XAoi'.J 
 
 1. A leaf or thin plate of metal ; as, tin /<))'/, &c. 
 
 2. Among jewelers, a thin leaf of metal placed un- 
 der precious stones, to increase their brilliancy, or to 
 give them a particular color, as the stone appears to 
 be of the color of the foil. Hence, 
 
 3. Anything of another color, or of difl"erent quali- 
 ties, which serves to adorn, or set off" another thing 
 to advantage. 
 
 Hector has a foil to sot him off. Broome. 
 
 4. A thin coat of tin, with quicksilver, laid on the 
 back of a looking-glass, to cause reflection. Kncye. 
 
 R. The track or trail of game when pursued. 
 
 FOIL'A-BLK, a. Thtit may be foiled. Cotgrave. 
 
 FOIL'f.'D, (foild,) ;>/). Frustrated; defeated. 
 
 FOIL'EH, 71. One who frustrates antither, and gains 
 an advantage himself. 
 
 FOIL'ING, ppr. Defeating; frustrating; disappoint- 
 ing of success. 
 
 FOIL'ING, 71. Among hunters, the slight mark of a 
 passing tleer on the grass. Ckahners. 
 
 FOIN, 1). (. [Fr. poindrr, to sting, to dawn ; L. pungo. 
 The sense is, to push, tlirust, shoot.] 
 
 FATE, rXtt, F/VLL, WHAT METE, PllBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 __ ~ 
 
 J 
 
FOL 
 
 FOL 
 
 FOM 
 
 1. To thrust with a sword a^spear. Spenser. 
 
 2. To pricK ; to sting. [JVot in use.] 
 
 FOIN, II. A pusli ; a thrust witli a sword or spear. 
 
 Robinaoiu 
 
 FOIiX'ING, p;)r. Pushinj; thrustinp. 
 F()IN'IN(;-LY, adtt. In a pushing manner. 
 FOIS'ON, (loiz'n,) n. [L fusio.] 
 
 Plenty ; abundance. [J\T»( Mte</.] Tusser. 
 FOIST, K. t. [ Usually supposed to be from Fr. faus.^er, 
 
 to violate, literally, to falsify ; Norm, fauacr. This 
 
 is doubtful.] 
 
 To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without 
 warrant. 
 
 Lc»t iif^Iigpncc or partiality miglit admit or /oi»i in ftbiisci luid 
 cumt^uon. OircLp. 
 FOIST, n. A light and fast-sailing ship. [Ofc.] 
 FOIST'KD, ;>p. Inserted wrongftilly. [Bfimm. 
 FOIST'KK, n. One who inserts without aiitlitirity. 
 FOIST'I-A'U, (foist'id,) a. Musty. [SeeFusrv.] 
 FOIST'I-NESS, n. Fustiness, wiiicli see. 
 FOIST'I.XG, ppr. Inserting surreptitiously or without 
 FOIST'Y, a. Fustv, which see. [authority. 
 FOLI), n. [Snx.fulil, faille; W.fnld ; U./id, a fold, a 
 wall or hedge ; Dnn.fold. See the verb to Fold.] 
 
 1. A pell or inclosine for sheep ; a place where a 
 flock of sheep is kept, whether in the held or under 
 shelter. 
 
 2. A flock of sheep. Hence, in a scriptural sense, 
 the church, the llock of the Shepherd of Israel. 
 
 OUior sheep 1 hftTC, whicli ftjre iiol of Uiis /old, — Joliu x. 
 
 3. A limit. [JVut in use.] , 
 
 FOLD, II. [Snx. feald; iSw. full; G. falte; Russ. 
 phalila ; but the same word as the preceding.] 
 
 1. Tile doubling of any flexible substance, as cloth ; 
 complication; a plait j one part turned or bent and 
 laid on another ; as, a foM of linen. 
 
 2. In composition, the same quantity added ; as, 
 tiro fold, four fold, ten fold, Ultit is, twice as much, 
 four limes as mucii, ten times as niiirh. 
 
 FoLU, t'. L [Sax. fealdtin; GotU. faldan ; G. fallen; 
 Dan. fidder ; Sw. falla ; Qu. Ileb. '7S3, Ch. hap, to 
 double. Class III, No. 47, 51. See also No. 2i. The 
 primary sense is, to fall, or to lay, to set, throw, or 
 press together.] 
 
 1. To double ; to lap or lay in plaits ; as, to foUl a 
 piece of cloth. 
 
 Q. To double and insert one part in another ; as, to 
 fold a letter. 
 
 3. To double or lay together, as the arms. He 
 folds his arms in despair. 
 
 4. To confine sheep in a fold. 
 
 FOLI', V. I. To close over another of the same kind ; 
 
 as, the leaves of the door fold. 
 FoLD'.\(5E, lu The right of folding sheep. 
 FOLD' El), pp. Doubled ; laid in plaits ; complicated ; 
 
 kept in a fold. 
 FOLD'ER, II. An instrument used in folding paper. 
 
 2. One that folds. 
 
 FOLD'ING, ppr. Doubling; laying in plaits; keep- 
 ing in a foUi. 
 
 ■2. a. Doubling ; that may close over another, or 
 
 that consists of leaves which may close one over 
 
 another ; as, a folding door. 
 FOLD'I.VG, lu A fold ; a doubling. 
 
 2. Among farmers, the keeping of sheep in inclo- 
 
 sures on aralde land, &c. 
 FOLD'ING-DOORS, (-dorz,) n. pi. Two doors which 
 
 meet in the middle, and either slide back or turn 
 
 back nn hinges, leaving a communication between 
 
 the two apartments, 6lc. 
 FoLD'LESS, (I. Having no fold. Milman. 
 FO-LI-A'CEOUS, a. [L. foliaceus, from folium, a 
 
 leaf. See Foiu] 
 
 1. Leafy ; having leaves intermixed with flowers ; 
 as, a foliaceoas spike. Foliaceous glands are those 
 situated on leaves. 
 
 2. Consisting of leaves or thin laminx ; having 
 the form of a leaf or plate ; as, foUaccous spar. 
 
 H'oodtcard, 
 
 FO'LI-AGE, 71. [Fr. feuillarre, from feudlc, L. folium, 
 a leaf ; It. foirliame : Sp. foliage. See Foil.] 
 
 1. Leaves in general ; as, a tree of beautiful foli- 
 age. 
 
 2. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches ; 
 particutartv, the representation of leaves, flowers, 
 and branches, in architecture, intended to ornaiuent 
 and enrich capitals, friezes, pediments, &c. 
 
 FO'LI-.\GE, r. I. To work or to form into the repre- 
 sentation of leaves. Drummond. 
 
 FO'LI-A-GKD, a. Furnished with foliage. Shenstvne. 
 
 Fo'LI-aTE, b. t. [L. foliatus, from folium, a leaf, 
 Gr. #i.XXo.'.] 
 
 1. To beat into a leaf, or thin plate or lamina 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and 
 quicksilver, ic. ; as, to foliate a looking-glass. 
 
 F0'LI-.\TE, a. In botany, leafy ; furnished with 
 leaves ; as, a foliau stalk. Marlyn. Ue. 
 
 FO'LI-.VTE, n. In geometry, the name given to a 
 curve of the third order, defined by the equation 
 -f- V-'" = ary. Brande. 
 
 FO'Ll-X-TED, pp. or o. Spread or covered with a 
 thin plate or foil. 
 
 9. In mineralogy, consisting of plates or thin lay- 
 ers; resembling or in the form of a plate ; lamellar; 
 as, a foliated fracture. 
 
 Mineniln that roiisist of grains, and are at Uic same time /olinUd, 
 are adletl (fraiuil.irly /oliaud. Kiruran. 
 
 FO'LI-A-TING, ppr. Covering with a leaf or foil. 
 
 FO-LI-A'TION, n [L. foUatio.] In botany, the leaf- 
 ing of plants ; vernation ; the disposition of the 
 na.iccnt leaves within the bud. Martyn. 
 
 3. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate, 
 leaf, or foil. 
 
 3. The act or operation of spreading foil over the 
 back side of a mirror or lookiiig-gl.ass. 
 Fo'LI-A-TlJllF., 71. The state of being beaten into 
 FO'Lt-ER, 11. (Joldsiiiith's foil. [foil. 
 FO-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. folium, leaf, and fcro, to 
 bear.] 
 Prothicing leaves. 
 Fo'LI-O, (to'le-o or ful'yo,) n. [L. /ulium, a leaf, in 
 folio.] 
 
 1. A book of the largest size, formed by once 
 doubling a shi^'t of jiaper. 
 
 2. AiiKUig 7ncrcliants, a page, or rather both the 
 right and li ft hand pages of an account-hook, ex- 
 pressed by the same figure. Kncyc. 
 
 FO'LI-O, n. Pertaining to paper folded but once, or to 
 
 a vohiiiie of the largest size. 
 FO'LI-Ol.r,, II. [from L. folium, a leaf.] 
 
 A 1( alkt ; one of the single leaves, which together 
 constitute a compound leaf. Lee, 
 FO'Ll-O-MORT, a. [L. folium tnnrlaum.] 
 
 Of a dark yellow color, or that of a faded leaf; 
 fillemot. fVoodtcard. 
 FC'LI-OUS, n. XiCafy ; thin ; unsubstantial. Brown. 
 2. lu botany, having leaves internii.ved with the 
 flowers. 
 
 FOLK, (foke,) n. [Sa-T. folc; D. volk ; G. volk; Sw. 
 falck ; ban. folk ; L. vul^^us. The sense is a crowd, 
 from collecting or pressing, not from following, but 
 from the same root, as to fallow is to press toward. 
 It may be allied to Sax. fela, G. vicl, 1). vcrl. Or. 
 irxAi'j and roWoi. Originally and properly it had 
 no plural, being a collective noun ; but in modern 
 use, in America, it has lost its singular number, and 
 we hear it only in the plural. It is a collotjuial 
 word, not ailuiissible into elegant style.] 
 
 1. People in general, or any part of lliem without 
 distinction. Wliat do folks say respecting the war? 
 Men love to talk about the affairs of other folks. 
 
 2. Certain people, discriminated from others; as, 
 old foll^ and young folks. Children sometimes call 
 their parents the old follcs. So we say, sick follis ; 
 poor folks ; proud folks. 
 
 3. In Scripture, the singular number is used ; a.s, a 
 few sick folk; impotent folk. Mark vi. Jokn v. 
 [Old version.] 
 
 FoLK'LAND, (foke'land,) n. [Sax. folrland.] 
 
 In English law, copyliold land ; land held by the 
 common people, at the will of the lord. Blackstone. 
 
 FOLK'AloTE, (loke'mote,) n. [Sax. folcmole, folk- 
 meeting.] 
 
 An assembly of the people, or of bishops, thanes, 
 aldermen, and freemen, to consult respecting public 
 aflairs; an annual convention of the people, an- 
 swering, in some measure, to a modern parliament; 
 a word used in England before the Norman con- 
 quest, after which the national council was called a 
 parliament. Somnrr. Spclman. 
 
 But some authors allege tiiat the folkmote was an 
 inferior meeting or court. Spenser uses the word 
 for a mere assemblage of people. 
 FOL'LI-CLE, (fol'le-kl,) n. [L. folliculus, from follis, 
 a bag or bellows.] 
 
 1. In botany, an univalviilar pericarp ; a seed-ves- 
 sel opening on one side longitudinally, and having 
 the seeds loose in it. Martyn. 
 
 A carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and 
 having no dorsal suture. Lindlcy. 
 
 2. An air bag; a vessel distended with air; as at 
 the root in Utricularia, and on the leaves in Al- 
 drovanda. Martyn. 
 
 3. A little bag in animal bodies; a gland ; a fold- 
 ing ; a cavity. Cote. 
 
 FOL-Lie'li-LA-TED, a. Having follicular seed- 
 vessels. 
 
 FOL-Lie'U-LOUS, a. Having or producing follicles. 
 
 FOL'LI-FJ/L.o. Full of folly. [M used.] ShensUme. 
 
 FOL'LOVV, V. U [Sa.t. foUian, fiUan, fylgan; D. 
 volgcn ; G. folgen ; Dan. fdlger ; Sw. folia ; Ir. foil- 
 cjinam. The sense is, to urge forward, drive, press. 
 Class Rl, No. 14, 46.1 
 
 1. To go after or behind ; to walk, ride, or move 
 behind, but in the same direction. Soldiers will 
 usually follme a brave oflicer. 
 
 2. To pursue ; to chase ; as an enemy, or as game. 
 
 3. To accompany ; to attend in a journey. 
 
 And R'"bcJ(ah nrosr, and her damsels, and ihry rode on tlic 
 cankcls, Mild /olloteed Uie num. — Oeu. xxir. 
 
 4. To accompany ; to be of the same company ; to 
 attend for any pur|iose. Luke v. 
 
 5. To succeed in order of time ; to come after ; 
 as, a storm is followed by a calm. 
 
 S\gn% /*iUoaing sifns le,id oil the mighly year. Popt. 
 
 6. To be consequential ; to result from, as eflcct 
 from a cause. Iiiteniperancc is often followed by 
 disease or poverty, or by both. 
 
 7. To result from, as an inference or deduction. 
 It follows from these facts that the accused is guilty. 
 
 8. To pursue with the eye ; to keep the eyes fixed 
 on a moving body. Ha followed, or his eyes followed, 
 the ship, till it wxs beyond sight. 
 
 He follawttl with his eyes tlie fleeting shade. Drydin. 
 
 9. To imitate ; to copy ; as, to follow a pattern or 
 mtidel ; to follow fiushion. 
 
 10. To embrace ; to adopt and maintain ; to have 
 or eiitert;iin like o])inions; to think or birlieve like 
 another ; as, to follow the opinions and tenets of a 
 philosophic sect ; to follow Plato. 
 
 11. To obey; to observe; to practice; to act in 
 conformity to. It is our duty to follow the commands 
 of Christ. (Jood soldiers follow the orders of their 
 general ; good servants follow the directions of their 
 master. 
 
 12. To pursue as an object of desire ; to endeavor 
 to obtain. 
 
 FoIIoie peaa; wiUi all men. — Ileh. xii. 
 
 13. To use ; to practice ; to make the chief busi- 
 ness ; as, to follow the traile of a carpenter ; to fol- 
 low the profession of liiw. Forby. 
 
 14. To adhere to ; to side with. 
 
 The house of Judah foUoioed David. — 2 Sain. ii. 
 
 15. To adhere to ; to honor ; to worship ; to serve. 
 
 If the Lord Ijc God, follow him. — 1 Kings xviii. 
 IG. To be led or guided by. 
 
 Woe to ttic foolish proph'-ts, who fu'doia their own spirit, and 
 have seen iiotliiiig. — E^-k. xiiL 
 
 17. To move on in the same course or direction ; 
 to be guided by ; as, to follow a track or course. 
 FOL'LOVV, ti. 1. To come after another. 
 
 The fuiiinc — sliall folloto dose after you. — Jcr xlii. 
 
 2. To attend ; to accompany. Shak. 
 
 3. To be posterior in time ; as, following ages. 
 
 4. To be consequential, as effect to cause. From 
 such measures great mischiefs must follow. 
 
 5. To result, as an inference. The facts may be 
 admitted, but the inference drawn from them does 
 
 Hut follow. 
 
 To follow on; to continue pursuit or endeavor ; to 
 persevere. 
 
 Then shall we know, if we follow on lo know die Lortl. — 
 lliisea vi. 
 
 FOL'LoVV-/CD, (fol'loile,) pp. Pursued ; succeeded ; 
 accompanied ; attendetl ; imitated ; obeyed ; ob- 
 served ; practiced ; adhered to. 
 
 FOL'L0\V-ER, 71. One who comes, goes, or moves 
 after another, in the same course. 
 
 2. One that takes another as his guide in do- (rines, 
 opinions, or example ; one who receives the opinions, 
 and imitates the example, of another ; an adherent ; 
 an imitator. 
 
 That ye be not slothful, bnt/o//ou<r« of lliem who, lUioiigli failh 
 and patiena', inherit the promues. — ileb. vi. 
 
 3. One who obeys, worships, and honors 
 
 Be yc /oitotetrt ofUoil, as dear children. — Eph. v. 
 
 4. An adherent; a disciple; one who embraces the 
 same system ; as, a follower of Plato. 
 
 5. An cattcndant ; a companion ; an associate or a 
 dependent. The Warrior distributed the plunder 
 among his followers. 
 
 No follower, but a friend. Pope. 
 
 6. One under the command of another. 
 
 Spenser. Dryden. 
 
 7. One of the same faction or party. 
 FOL'LoW-LNG, ppr. Coining or going after or be- 
 hind ; pursuing^ attending; iiiiitutiiig ; succeeding 
 in time ; resulfing from as an elfect or an inference ; 
 adiiering to; obeying, observing ; using, practicing ; 
 proceeding in the same course. 
 
 FOL'LoW'-LNG, a. Being next after ; succeeding. 
 FOL'LY, II. [Ft. folic, from fol,fou ; Axm. folic:; It. 
 follia. See I'oou] 
 
 1. Weakness of intellect ; imbecility of mind ; 
 want of understanding. 
 
 A fool l.iyctli open his folly. — Prov. xtii. 
 
 2. A weak or absurd act not highly criminal ; an 
 act which is inconsistent with the dictates of reason, 
 or with the ordinary rules of prudence. In this 
 sense it may be used in the singular, but is generally 
 in the plural. Hence we speak of the follies of youth. 
 
 Whom folhj plcasi-s, or whose foUiet please. • Pope. 
 
 3. An absurd act which is highly sinful ; any 
 conduct contrary to the laws of God or man ; sin ; 
 scandalous crimes ; that which violates moral pre- 
 cepts and dishonors the offender. Sbechem wrought 
 /o(/y in Israel. Achan wrought /oUy in Israel. Oen. 
 xxxiv. Josh. vii. 
 
 4. Criminal weakness ; depravity of mind. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 FO'MAL-HAUT, n. A star of the first magnitude, ia 
 the consteiiation Piscis Aastralis, or Southern Fish. 
 It is much used in astronomical measurements. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 TONE, BULL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € aaK;GaaJ;8asZ;CHas SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 467 
 
FON 
 
 FO-MENT', V. t. [L. fmnenlo, from fuvco, tu warm ; 
 fT.fomenter ; Sp.fomentar ; It. fomeiUare.] 
 
 1. To apply warm lotions to ; to bathe with warm 
 medicated liquors, or with flannel dipped in warm 
 water. 
 
 2. To cherish with heat; to encourage growth. 
 [JVot used.] Milton. 
 
 3. To encourage ; to abet ; to cherish and promote 
 by excitements ; in a bad sense ; as, to foment ill 
 humors. Locke. 
 
 So we say, to foment troubles or disturbances ; to 
 foment intestine broils. 
 FO-MEXT-A'TION, n. The act of applying warm 
 liquors to a part of the body, by means of ti<annels 
 dipped in hot water or medicated decoctions, for the 
 purpose of casing pani, by relaxing the skin, or of 
 discussing tumors. Encijc. Quincij. 
 
 2. The lotion applied, or to be applied, to a diseased 
 part. .^rbutlinot. 
 
 3. Excitation ; instigation ; encouragement. 
 FO-MENT'ED, fp. Bathed with warm lotions ; en- 
 couraged. 
 
 FO-MENT'ER, n. One who foments ; one who en- 
 
 counices or instigates ; as, a fomenter of sedition. 
 FO-.MENT'ING, ppr. Applying warm lotions. 
 
 2. Encouraging ; abetting ; promoting. 
 FON, 71. [Chaucer, /ojinc, a fool ; Ice. /uanc] 
 
 A fool ; an idiot. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 FOND, a. [Chaucer, fonne, a fool ; Scot. /on, to play 
 the fool ; fone, to fondle, to toy ; li. fonii, delight, de- 
 
 sire, a longing. Qu. Ar. afana, which signifies 
 to diminish, to impair mental powers, to make fool- 
 ish, to be destitute of reason ; and fani, is to 
 
 fail. These are the most probable atSnities I have 
 been able to find.] 
 
 1. Foolish ; silly ; weak ; indiscreet ; imprudent. 
 
 Grant I may never prove so /ond 
 
 To trust nrian on his o^lh or bond. ShaJe, 
 Fond thoughts may fall into some idle brain. Davies. 
 
 2. Foolishly tender and loving; doting; weakly 
 indulgent ; as, a fond mother or wife. .Addison. 
 
 3. Much pleased; loving ardently ; delighted with. 
 A child is fond of play ; a gentleman is fond of his 
 sports, or of his country-seat. In present usage, /und 
 does not always imply weakness or folly. 
 
 4. Relishing highly. The epicure is fond of high- 
 seasoned food. Multitudes of men are too fond of 
 strong drink. 
 
 5. Trifling ; valued by folly. [Little used.] Shak. 
 FOND, V. t. To treat with great indulgence or tender- 
 ness ; to caress ; to cocker. 
 
 The Tyrian hugs and/ow£* thee on her breast. Dryden. 
 
 Fond is thus used by the poets only. We now use 
 fondle. 
 
 FOND, V. i. To be fond of; to be in love with ; to 
 dote on. [Little used.] Skak. 
 
 FOND'LE, (fond'l,) v. t. To treat with tenderness ; 
 to caress ; as, a nurse /tJK(//&s a child. 
 
 FOND'LfTD, pp. Treated with affection ; caressed. 
 
 FO.N'D'LER, n. One who fondles. 
 
 FOND'LING, ppr. Caressing; treating with tender- 
 ness. 
 
 FOND'LING, 71. A person or thing fondled or caressed. 
 
 L^Kstran^e. 
 
 FOND'LY, adv. Foolishly ; weakly ; imprudently ; 
 with indiscreet aflection. 
 
 Fon/lly we think we merit iionor then, 
 
 When we but praise ourselves in other men. Pope. 
 
 2. With great or extreme affection. We fondly 
 embrace those who are dear to us. 
 FO.N'D'NESS, 71. Foolishness; weakness; want of 
 sense or judgment. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 2. p'oolisli tenderness. 
 
 3. Tender passion ; warm aflTection. 
 
 Her /ondrUBB for a cert.ain earl 
 
 Begsui when I was but a Birl. Swi/t. 
 
 4. Strong inclination or propensity; as, a fondness 
 for vice or sin. Hammond. 
 
 5. .Strong appetite or relish ; as, /o7irfK<ws for ardent 
 spirit, or for a particular kind of food. 
 
 [ft is now used chiejly in ike three loiter senses.] 
 FOJV'OUS, (fon'du,) n. [Ft.] A name given by the 
 French to a particular style of printing calico, i)aper- 
 liangings, &c., in which the colors, like those of the 
 rainbow, arc nieltud or graduated into each other. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 FONE. PI. of Foe. Spenser. 
 FONT, n. [I'r.fontei .Sp. furnic ; It. /ontc ; L.fons; 
 
 W. fi/nnon^ a foiinU'iin, and ftjniaWy to produce, to 
 
 abound ; allied to ij.fundo, to pour out.] 
 
 A large basin or stone vessel in which water Is 
 
 c^intaincd for baptizing children or other persons in 
 
 the church. 
 
 FONT, 71. [Fr.fontr, from fondre, to melt or cast ; L. 
 /un<fo, to |Kjur out ; ti\>. fundir ; ll.fondcrei properly, 
 a casting.] 
 
 A complete assortment of printing types of one 
 
 FOO 
 
 size, including a due proportion of all the letters in 
 the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and 
 whatever else is necessary for printing with that 
 letter. 
 
 FONT'AL, a. Pertaining to a fount, fountain, source, 
 or origin. Trans, of Pausanias. 
 
 FONT'A-NEL, 71. [from the Fr.] An issue for the 
 discharge of humors from the body. Hall. 
 
 2. A vacancy in the infant cranium, between the 
 frontal and parietal bones, and also between the 
 parietal and occipital, at the two extremities of the 
 sagittal suture. Cijc. Parr. 
 
 FON-TaNGE', (fon-tinj',) 71. [Fr., from the name of 
 the first wearer.] A knot of ribbons on the top of a 
 head-dress. .Addison. 
 
 FOOD, 71. [Sax./r)<f,/()da; G.futter; D.voedzel; Dan. 
 foeder; Sw.foda, fro\ti feeding. See Feed.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, whatever is eaten by animals 
 for nourishment, and whatever supplies nutriment to 
 plants. 
 
 2. Meat ; aliment ; flesh or vegetables eaten for 
 sustaining human life; victuals; provisions; what- 
 ever is or may be eaten for nourishment. 
 
 Feed me with food convenient for me. — Prov. xxi. 
 
 3. Whatever supplies nourishment and growth to 
 plants, as water, carbonic acid gas, &c. Manuring 
 substances furnish plants with food. 
 
 4. Something that sustains, nourishes, and aug- 
 ments. Flattery is the food of vanity. 
 
 FOOD, V. t. To feed. [JVot in jise.] Barret. 
 FOOD'FUL, a. Supplying food ; full of food. Dryden. 
 FOOD'LiiSS, a. Without food ; destitute of provis- 
 ions ; barren. Sandys. 
 FOOD'Y, a. Eatable ; fit for food. [JVot used.] 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 FOOL, 77. [Fr. /<)?, fnu; It. /uJie, mad, foolish; Ice. 
 fol; Arm. foil; W. fol, round, blunt, foolish, vain ; 
 fwl, a fool, a blunt one, a stupid one ; Russ. phalia. 
 It would seem, from the Welsh, that the primary 
 sense of the adjective is, thick, blunt, lumpish. Heb. 
 '?sn.] 
 
 1. One who is destitute of reason, or the common 
 powers of understanding ; an idiot. Soine persons 
 are born fools, and are called natural fools ; others 
 may become fools by some injury done to the 
 brain. 
 
 2. In eommo7t language, a person who is somewhat 
 deficient in intellect, but not an idiot ; or, a person 
 who acts absurdly ; one who does not exercise his 
 reason ; one who pursues a course contrary to the 
 dictates of wisdom. 
 
 Experience keeps a dear school, but fooU will learn in no other. 
 
 Pranlctin. 
 
 3. In Scripture, fool is often used for a wicked or 
 depraved person ; one who acts contrary to sound 
 wisdom in his moral deportment; one who follows 
 his own inclinations, who prefers trifling and tem- 
 porary pleasures to the service of God and eternal 
 happiness. 
 
 The /ool hath said in his heart, Ther« is no God. — Ps. jeiv. 
 
 4. A weak Christian ; a godly person who has 
 much remaining sin and unbelief. 
 
 /oott, and slow of heart to believe all the prophets have writ- 
 
 ten. — Luke ixiv. 
 
 Also, one who is accounted or called a fool by un- 
 godly men. 1 Cor. iv. 10. 
 
 5. A term of indignity and reproach. 
 
 To be thought knowing, you must first put the foot upon all 
 mankind. Dryden. 
 
 6. A buffoon ; one formerly kept by kings, and 
 other persons of rank, as a jester and butt of ridi- 
 cule. He was dressed fantastically with a cap hav- 
 i!ig a red stripe on the toj), called a coxcomb ; and car- 
 ried a bawble, (marottc,) which was a short stick with 
 a head carvea on the end, sometimes surmounted 
 with a small bladder filled partly with pease, gravel, 
 &c., which he used as a weapon of offensive sjiort. 
 
 Kncyc. Jim. 
 
 1 scorn, although their drudge, to be their /oof or Jester. Mi'ton, 
 To play the fool; to act the buflbon ; to jest; to 
 
 make sport. 
 
 2. To act like one void of understanding. 
 
 To put tlu fool on ; to impose on ; to delude. 
 
 To make a fool nf ; to frustrate ; to defeat ; to ilis- 
 appoint. 
 
 FOOL, V. i. To trifle ; to toy ; to spend time in idle- 
 ness, sport, or mirth. 
 
 Is this a lime (or fooling? Dryrlen. 
 FOOL, V. U To treat with contempt ; to disappoint ; 
 to defeat ; to frustrate ; to deceive ; to impose on. 
 When I consider life, 'lis all a clieat ; 
 VoT,/ooUd with hope, men favor the deceit. Dryilen. 
 
 2. To infatuate ; to make foolish. Skali. 
 
 3. To clii^al ; as, to fool one otit of his money. 
 
 To fool away ; to spend in trifles, idleness, folly, or 
 without advantage ; as, to fool away time. 
 
 2. To spend for things of no value or use ; to ex- 
 pend imjirovidenlly ; as, to fool away money 
 FOOL, n. A coin[K)Uiid of gooseberries scalded and 
 crushed, (fuiiiis,) with cream ; commiinly called 
 gooseberry foul. GoUlsmith. 
 
 FOO 
 
 F00L-BEG-G£D,%. Idiotical ; absurd. Shak. 
 
 FOOL'-BOLD, a. Foolishly bold. Bale. 
 
 FOOL'-BORN, a. Foolish from the birth. Shak. 
 
 FOOL'JCD, (foold,) pp. Disappointed ; defeated ; de- 
 ceived ; imposed on. 
 
 FOOL'ER-Y, 71. The practice of folly ; habitual folly ; 
 attention to trifles. Shak. 
 
 2. An act of folly or weakness. Watts. 
 
 3. Object of folly. " Ralegh. 
 FOOL'-HAP'Py, a. Lucky without judgment or con- 
 trivance. Spenser. 
 
 FOOL'-HSRD'I-LY, adv. With fool-hardiness. 
 FOOL'-IIaKD'I-NESS, 71. Courage without sense or 
 
 judgment ; mad rashness. Dryden. 
 FOOL'-HARU'ISE, 7i. Fool-hardiness. [JVuf in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FOOL'HARD-Y, o. [fool and liardu.] Daring with- 
 out judgment ; madly rash and adventurous ; fool- 
 ishly bold. Howell. 
 
 FOOL'ING, ppr. Defeating ; disappointing ; deceiving. 
 2. a. Acting like a fool. 
 
 FOOL'ISH, a. Void of understanding or sound judg- 
 ment ; weak in intellect ; applied to general character. 
 
 2. Unwise ; imprudent ; acting without judgment 
 or discretion in particular things. 
 
 3. Proceeding from folly, or marked with folly ; 
 silly ; vain ; trifling. 
 
 But foolish qui'stions avoid. — 2 Tim. n. 
 
 4. Ridiculous ; despicable. 
 
 A foolish figure he must make. Prior. 
 
 5. In Scripture, wicked ; sinful ; acting without 
 regard to the divine law and glory, or to one's own 
 eternal happiness. 
 
 O foolish Galntians. — Gal. iii. 
 
 6. Proceeding from depravity ; sinful ; as, foolish 
 lusts. 1 Tim. vi. 
 
 FOOL'ISII-LY, adv. Weakly ; without understand- 
 ing or judgment; unwisely; indiscreetly. 
 2. Wickedly ; sinfully. 
 
 1 have done very foolishly. — 2 Sam. xxiv. 
 FOOL'ISH-NESS, n. Folly ; want of understanding. 
 
 2. Foolish practice ; want of wisdom or good judg- 
 ment. 
 
 3. in a scriptural sense, absurdity; folly. 
 
 FOOLS'CAP, 71. [au. yVfZ and L. scapus, or folio and 
 shape.] 
 
 A kind of paper, of small size, usually about 17 
 inches by 14. 
 
 FOOL'S'-ER'RAND, 71. The pursuit of what can not 
 be found. Bootli. 
 
 FOOL'S'-PARS'LEY, 71. A poisonous, umbelliferous 
 plant, somewhat resembling parsley, but having a 
 disagreeable, nauseous smell. It is the .Mthusa cy- 
 napium of botanists. P. Cyc. 
 
 FOOL'SToNES, 7J. A plant, a species of Orchis. 
 
 FOOL'TRAP, 71. A trap to catch fools, as a fly-trap. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FOOT, 71. ; pi. Feet. [Sax. fot, fct ; D. voet; G. /11.1s; 
 Sw. /iiC,* Dan. /(iii; Gr. jtoi's, tti^^os ; L. pes, pedis; 
 Sans, pad ; Siam. bat : Fr. pied, pie ; Sp. pic ; Port. 
 pe ; It. piede, pid ; Copt, bat, fat. Probably this word 
 is allied to the Gr. irareoi, to w.alk, to tread ; as the 
 W. trocd, foot, is to the Eng. verb to tread.] 
 
 1. In animal bodies, the lower extremity of the leg ; 
 the part of the leg which treads the earth in standing 
 or walking, and by which the animal is sustained 
 anil enabled to step. 
 
 2. That which bears some resemblance to an ani- 
 mal's foot in shape or office ; the lower end of any 
 thing that supports a body ; as, the /<io( of a table. 
 
 3. The lower part ; the base ; as, the foot of a col- 
 umn, or of a mountain. 
 
 4. 'i'he lower "jiart ; the bottom ; as, the foot of an 
 account ; the foot of a sail. 
 
 5. Foundation ; condition ; state. We arc not on 
 the same foot with our fellow-citizens. In this sense, 
 it is more common, in America, to use footing ; and 
 in this sense the plural is not used. 
 
 6. Plan of establishment ; fundamental principles. 
 Our constitution may hereafter be placed on a better 
 foot. [In tliis .^cnse the plural is not used.] 
 
 7. In military language, soldiers who march and 
 fight on foot ; infantry, as distinguished from cavalry. 
 [In this sense tJic plural is not u.icd.] 
 
 8. A measure consisting of twelve inches ; sup- 
 posed to be taken from the length of a man's foot. A 
 square foot contains 111 stpiare inches; & cubic foot 
 contains 1728 cubic inches. 
 
 9. In poetry, a certain number of syllables, consti- 
 tuting part of a verse, as the iambus, the dactyl, and 
 the sjiondee. 
 
 10. Step ; pace. L' Estrange. 
 
 11. Level ; par. [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 12. The part of a stocking or boot which receives 
 the foot. 
 
 By foot, or rather, on foot, by walking ; as, to go or 
 pass on foot ; or by fording ; as, to pass a stream ok 
 foot. [See the next definition.] 
 
 To set on foot; to originate; to begin; to put in 
 motiim ; as, to set on foot a stib.scriptiun. Hence, to 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T.— METE, PKBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQ(?K. 
 
 468 
 
FOO 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 be on foot, is lo be in motion, action, or proct-ss of 
 execution. 
 
 FQQT, V. i. To dance ; to tread to measure or music ; 
 to sliip. Dryden. 
 
 2. To walk ; opposed to rule or fly. In this sense, 
 the word is coinnionly lollowcd by if. 
 
 If you *re for a merry Jaunt, I'll try, for onw, who can /aot it 
 rurtliot. Orydtn. 
 
 FOO'I", u. U To kick ; to strike with the foot ; to spurn. 
 
 Shali. 
 
 9. To settle ; to begin to fix. [lAUh used.] Shak. 
 :i. To tread ; as, to foot the green. Tickdt. 
 A. To add the numbers in a column, and sot the 
 sum at the foot ; lus, to font an account. 
 
 5. To seize and hold with the foot. [JVot used.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 6. To add or make a foot ; as, to foot a stocking or 
 boot. 
 
 FQQT'KALL, n. A ball consisting of an inflated 
 bladder, cased in leather, to be driven by the foot. 
 
 mMcr. 
 
 2. The sport or practice of kicking tlie football. 
 
 .^rbuiJinot. 
 
 rnOT'-BAND, n. A band of infantry. 
 FOOT'-BOY, n. A menial ; an attendant in livcrv. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 FQQT'-nUEAOTH, (-bredth,) «. The breadth of the 
 foot. Deut. ii. 
 
 FQQT'-BUIDGE, n. A narrow bridge for foot passen- 
 gers. Sidney. 
 
 FQQT'-eLOTH, n. A sumpter cloth, or housings of 
 ahorse, used by the gentry, which usually covered 
 his whole body and reached down to his heels. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FOOT'-eySH-ION, It. A cushion for the feet. 
 
 Frt^T'ED, ;>/>. Kicked ; trod ; slimmed up ; furnished 
 with a foot, as a stocking. 
 
 FQOT'ED, a. Shaped in the foot ; as, footed like a 
 glial. Qreio. 
 
 FQQ T'FALL, n. .\ footstep. 
 
 2. A trip or stumble. Shak. 
 
 FOO 1"-FIGHT, (-file,) n. A conflict by persons on 
 i'oiit, ill opposition to a tight on horseback. Sidney. 
 
 FOOT'OUXRDS, (-gUrdz,) ?i. pi. Guards of infantry. 
 
 FQO'r'H ALT, (-liawlt,) h. A disease incident to sheep, 
 and said to proceed from a worm which enters be- 
 tween the claws. Encyc. 
 
 FOOT'lloLD, n. That which sustains the feet tirmly, 
 aiid prevents them from slipping or moving ; that on 
 which one may tread or rest securely. L'Kitrange. 
 
 FOOT'IIOT, adv. Immediately ; award borrowed from 
 lii'inting. Goioer. 
 
 F90T'li\G, ppr. Dancing; treading; settling; add- 
 ing a new foot. 
 
 FQtJT'I.VG, n. Ground for the fool ; that which sus- 
 tains ; firm foundation to stand on. 
 
 Ill njccnu, every itcp ^dined is a footing aoil help to the next. 
 
 Holdtr. 
 
 2. Support ; rix)t. Dryden. 
 
 3. Rasis ; foundation. Locke. 
 
 4. Place ; stable position. Ihyden. 
 
 5. Permanent settlement. Let not these evils gain 
 /ootinjr. 
 
 6. Tread ; step ; walk. Milton, 
 
 7. Dance; treatl to measure. Shak, 
 
 8. Steps ; road ; track. [LitlU used.} Bacon, 
 
 9. State ; condition ; settlement. Place both p."ur- 
 ties on an equal foolin<r. 
 
 10. .\ plain, cotton lace, without figures. 
 
 11. In architecture, a term applied to the broad 
 foundations of a wall. Brande. 
 
 FOO r'I.ES.'!, n. Having no feet. 
 FOO'I"'-l''t;K-ER, n. A mean tlatterer ; a sycophai.t ; 
 , a fawner. Shak, 
 FQQT'.MAX, r«. A soldier who marches and fights on 
 foot. 
 
 2. A menial servant ; a runner ; a servant in liv- 
 
 FQ^T'MAX-SHIP, n. The art or faculty of a runner. 
 
 Iluytcard. 
 
 FQQT'-MAN-TLE, ii. A garment to keep the gown 
 
 clean, in riding. 
 FQQT'-.M.^RK, n. A track ; mark of a foot. 
 
 . Coleridge. 
 
 FQQT'-.ML'FF, n. A receptacle for the feet, lined with 
 
 fur, &c., for keeping them w.irm in winter. 
 FQQT'-P.\CE, n. A slow step, .-us in walking. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. In a flight of stairs, a stair broader than the rest. 
 
 OwilL 
 
 FQQT'PAD, R. A highwayman or robber on foot, 
 l OQT'-PAS-SE.V-CER, n. One who passes on foot, 
 
 as over a bridge, tec. 
 r(X)T'-PATH, n. A nanow path or way for foot-pas- 
 
 srngerM onlv. 
 
 1 (V) P'-PLOUGII, ( ^ °f swing-plow. 
 h (V ) T'-l'OST, n. A post or messenger that travels on 
 
 Carea. 
 
 rqi) r'PRINT, n. The impression of the foot. 
 crtr^i^' nr. ^t'ving. Moore. 
 
 FQOT'-ROPE, n. The rope stretching along a yard, 
 u|>on which men stand when reefing or furling ; for- 
 
 merly called a horse. Also, that part of the bolt-rope 
 to wliicli the lower edge of a sail is sewed. 
 
 R. Jf. Dana, Jr. Totten. 
 
 FQOT'ROT, n. An nicer in the feet of sheep. 
 
 FyyT'-KOLE, ?i. A rule or measure twelve inches 
 long. 
 
 FOOT'-SHACK-LE$, (-Iz,) n. pi. Shackles for the 
 ieet. 
 
 FOOT'-Soli-DIER, (-sol-jer,) n. A soldier that serves 
 on foot. 
 
 FQOT'STAI.K, (-stawk,) n. [fwt and stalk.] In 
 botany, .1 pi liolo; a partial sti'iii supporting the leaf, 
 or connecting it with the stem lu' branch. Sonic- 
 tinies, but rarely, the same footstalk supports both 
 the leaf and friiclificttion, as in Turnera and Hibis- 
 cus. Martyn. 
 
 FQQT'STALL, (-stavvl,) ii. A woman's stirrup. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 FQOT'STEP, 71. A track ; the mark or impression of 
 the foot. Locke. 
 
 2. Token ; mark ; visible sign of a course pursued ; 
 as, the footsteps of divine Wisdom. Beiitlcy. 
 
 yaotstcps, pi. ; example ; as, follow the footsteps of 
 good men. 
 2. Way ; course. Ps. Ixxvii. 
 FQQT'STOOL, h. A stool for the feet; that which 
 supports the feet of one when sitting. 
 
 To make enemies a footstool, is to reduce them to 
 entire subjection. Ps. ex. 
 FQQT'WA-LING, n. The inside planks or lining of 
 
 a vessel, over the floor-timbers. Totten. 
 F<^OT'-\VAR.M-ER, n. A box containing a tin vessel, 
 into which hot water is put for warming the feet. 
 
 Encyc. of Dom. Econ. 
 FOP, n. [Sp. and Port, guapo, spruce, gay, affected, 
 foppish, nllectedly nice ; also in Sp., stout, bold, from 
 the root of vapor, rapid ; Sp. guapcar, to brag. The 
 Latin rappa, a senseless fellow, is evidently from the 
 same root, with the sense of emptiness or iiglitiiess.] 
 A vain man, of weak understanding and niiicli os- 
 tentation ; one whose ambition is to gain admiration 
 by showy dress and pertness ; a gay, trilling man ; a 
 coxcomb. 
 
 FOP'DOO-DLE, n. An insignificant fellow. [Vulgar, 
 and not iLsed.] Hudibras. 
 
 FOP'LI.NG, n. A petty fop. Tickell. 
 
 FOP'PKR-Y, n. Aflcctation of show or importance; 
 showy folly ; as, the foppery of dress or of manners. 
 
 2. Folly ; impertinence. 
 
 lyet not the sound of aliallow foppery enter 
 
 My sober house. Sliak. 
 
 3. Foolery ; vain or idle practice ; idle aflectalion. 
 
 SwfL 
 
 FOP'PISH, a. Vain of dress ; making an ostentatious 
 display of gay clothing; dressing in the extreme of 
 fasiiion. 
 
 2. Vain ; trifling; affected in manners. 
 
 FOP'PISII-LV, adr. With vain ostentation of dress ; 
 in a trifling or affected manner. 
 
 FOP'PISH-i\ESS, n. Vanity and extravagance in 
 dress ; showy vanity. 
 
 FOP., prep. [Sax. fur or fore ; D. roor, for, and be- 
 fore ; G. /iir and lor ; Sw. fiJr ; Dan. fur, for ; Ir. 
 far; Fr. pour ; Sp. and Port, por, para ; It. per, which 
 unites for and L. per, and, if this is the same word, 
 so is the Fr. par. Indeed, far seems to be radically 
 the same word ; for the Gennans and Dutch use ver, 
 far, in composition, in the same manner, and in the 
 same words, as the English, Danes, and Swedes, use 
 for. Thus Ger. verbirtrn, D. verbieden, Dnii. forbyder, 
 Sw. f iirbiuda, are all the same word. Eng. to forbid. 
 The French use par as we use for, in pardonner, to 
 pardon, to forgive. It. pcrdonare. Aitn. par and pour. 
 
 in composition; Hindoo, para; Pers.jj bar or ber, 
 
 and behr. For corresponds in sense with the 
 
 L. pro, as fore does with prts; but pro and pr<t are 
 probably contracted from prod, prtrd. The L. por, 
 in composition, as in porrigo, is probably contracteti 
 from porro, Gr. vn^ipot, which is the Eng. far. The 
 Gr. r.ann, and probably ^r.i>a, irtonj', are from the 
 same root. The radical sense of for is, to go, to pass, 
 to advance, to reach or stretch ; and it is probably al- 
 lied to the Sax. faran, to fare, W.for, a pass, /urinip, 
 to travel. Class Br, .No. 23, 37, 41. To go toward, to 
 meet, or turn to, is the primary sense of fur, in two 
 of its most common uses ; one implying opposition, 
 against ; the other, a favor or benefit ; or for may be 
 from fore, hence opposite. To sell or exchange a hat 
 /or a guinea, is to set or pass one against tlic other ; 
 this is the primary sense of all prepositions which 
 are placed before equivalents in sale and barter. Ben- 
 efit or fltvor is expressed by moving toieard a person, 
 or by advancing him. This present is for my friend ; 
 this advice for his instniction. And in the Old Tes- 
 tament, the face or front is taken for favor. For, 
 in some phrases, signifies during, that is, passing, 
 continuing in time. I will lend a book for a day or 
 a month. In coin|Kisition, for is used to give a neg- 
 I ative sense, as in forbid, which is forebid, to com- 
 
 mand before, that is, against ; and in forgive, to give 
 back or away, to remit, to send back or to send 
 away.] 
 
 1. Against; in the pl.iceof; as a nubstitutc or 
 equivalent, noting equal value, or satisfactory com- 
 pensation, cither in barter .'iiid sale, in ronlract, or 
 in punishment. " And Joseph gave them bread in 
 exchange for horses, and for flocks, and for the cat- 
 tle of the herds ;" that is, according lo the origiii.il, 
 he gave them bread against horses, \iliv the Gr. uxri, 
 and Fr. contrc. Ocn. xlvii. 17. 
 
 Iluy us and our land/or breail. — Gen. iWii. 19. 
 
 Aiitl if any mischief lollow, Ih-'n thou sliiilt give lif'i /or life, eye 
 
 /or eye, tooth for loolli, hand /or liand, foot /or fool. — 
 
 Kiod. xxi. 
 
 As tlie Son of man ciinc not to he ministerrd unU, hut to minister, 
 and lo icive liis life u ruisom for many. — MaU. XX. Sec 
 also Marit viil. 37. Watt. xvi. 26. 
 
 2. In the place of; instead of; noting substitution 
 of persons, or agency of one in the place of another, 
 with equivalent aiilhorily. An attorney is empow- 
 ered to act fur his i>rincipal. Will you take a letter, 
 and deliver it for nie at the post-ollice that is, in 
 my place, or for my bi ni fit. 
 
 3. In exchange of ; noting one thing taken or given 
 in place of another ; as, to ipiit the profession of law 
 for that of a clergyman. 
 
 4. In the jilace of; instead of; as, to translate a 
 poem line for line. 
 
 5. In the character of ; noting resemblance ; a ^ctisc 
 derived from substitution, or standing in tlic place of, 
 lUie atiriUtos, in Greek. 
 
 IT a man c^in be fully assured of any things for a tnith, without 
 having examined, wluit is Ulcre llhil he may not embrace 
 for tnith ? Locke. 
 
 But let her gu /or an iingnb'fnl woman. Pftilipt. 
 
 I hear for ccrutin, and do sp*'al< tjje truth. Stiak. 
 He quivered with his fuel, and lay /or dead. Dryden. 
 
 6. Toward ; with the intention of going to. 
 
 We sailed fnun Feni for China and Jiipan. Daeon. 
 Wc sailed tlireclly for (ii iioa, and had a lair wind. Addiion. 
 So we say, a ship is bound for or to France. 
 
 7. In advantage of; for the sake of; on account 
 of ; that is, toward, noting use, benefit, or pur|)ose. 
 
 An Qnl is a wise creature /or itself. Bacon, 
 
 Shall 1 Ihiiik the world was made /or one. 
 And men are born /or kiii^, us l>ensts for men, 
 Not for protection, but to b.- devoured? Dryden. 
 
 8. Conducive to ; beneficial to ; in favor of. 
 
 It bi for th" general good of human society, and consequently 
 of particidar iiersoni, to be true and jusi ; and it is for 
 men's healdi to be temp-rate. IHUotson. 
 
 9. Leading or inducing to, as a motive. 
 
 There is a natural, immulaljle, and eternal reason for thai 
 which wc coll virtue, and ag;diisl llial wluch we ciU vice. 
 
 7'iftolson. 
 
 10. Noting arrival, meeting, coming, or possession. 
 Wait patiently fur an expected good. So in the 
 phrases looking for, staying for. 
 
 -11. Toward the obtaining of; in order to the ar- 
 rival at or possession of. After all our exertions, we 
 depend on divine aid for success. 
 
 J9. Against ; in opposition to; with a tendency to 
 resist and destroy ; as, a remedy for the headache or 
 toothache. Alkalies are good fur the heartburn. 
 So we say, to provide clothes or stores for winter, or 
 against winter. 
 
 13. Against or on account of ; in prevention of. 
 She wrapjvd him close /or caicliing cold. Itichardton, 
 AiM, for the lime 8h.-ill not S'-em tedious. Shok. 
 
 This use is nearly obsolete. The sense, however, 
 is derived from meeting, opposing, as in !Vo. 12. 
 
 14. Because; on aicoiint of; by reason of. He 
 cried out/ur anguish. 1 can not go /or want of time. 
 For this cause, I can not believe the report. 
 
 That which we, for our unworthiness, are afrdd lo crave, oar 
 prayer is, that God, for lite wortliinrss ol his Son, would, 
 notw illislanding, vouchsafe to cmnl. Hooktr. 
 Edwarl and Iliehairl, 
 
 With fiery eyes sp,arkling /or very wrath, 
 
 Are at our b.icl<s. Shok. 
 How lo choose dogs for scent or speed. Wailer. 
 For as much ns it is a fundamcittal law. Bacon. 
 
 15. With respect or regard to ; on the part of. 
 
 II was young cotmsel for the persons, luxl violent counsel /or 
 
 the nuitlera. Bacon. 
 Thus much /or tlie beginning and progress of the delu*e. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 So we say,/>r me, fur myself, or as fur me, I have 
 no anxiety, but /«r you I have apprehensions; all 
 implying totrard or on the side of. 
 
 1(). Through a certain space ; during a certain 
 time ; as, to travel for three days ; to sail /or seven 
 weeks ; he holds his oirirc for life ; he traveled on 
 sand for ten miles together. The.se senses seem to 
 imply passing, the proper sense of for, 
 
 17. In quest of ; in order to obuiin ; as, to search 
 for arguments ; to recur to antiquity for e.xamples. 
 See No. 11. 
 
 18. According to ; as far as. 
 
 Chemists have not been able, fyr aught is vulgarly known, by 
 fire alone to separate lr>ie sulphur from antimony. Boytt. 
 
 19. Noting meeting, coming together, or reception. 
 I am ready for you ; that is, I am ready to meet or 
 receive you. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 59' 
 
 NN 
 
 469 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 20. Toward ; of tendency to ; as, an inclination 
 for drink. 
 
 21. In favor of; on the part or side of ; that is, 
 toward or inclined to. One is /«ra free government ; 
 another is /or a limited monarchy. 
 
 AriitoUe is for poetical Justice. Dennis. 
 
 22. AVith a view to obtain ; in order to possess. 
 He writes for money, or for fame ; that is, toward 
 meetins, or to have in return, a.s a reward. 
 
 23. Toward ; with tendency to, or in favor of. It 
 is for his Jionor to retire from office. It is for our 
 quiet to have few intimate connections. 
 
 24. Notwithstanding ; against ; in opposition to. 
 The fact may he so, for any thing that iias yet ap- 
 peared. Tlie task is great, but /ur all that, ! shall 
 not be deterred from undertaking it. This is a dif- 
 ferent application of the sense of No. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
 \Hoc non obstante.] 
 
 The writer will do what she pleases for all me. Sped. No. 79. 
 
 25. For the use of; to be used in ; that is, toward, 
 noting advantage. 
 
 The oak /or nothing ill, 
 The osier good /or twigs, the poplar /or the mill. Spenstr. 
 
 26. In recompense of; in return of. 
 
 Now, /or so inaiiy glon'ous .actions done, 
 
 For peace at home, and for the public wealth, 
 
 I mean to crown a bowl /or Ces.ix's healUi. Dryden. 
 
 [See No. 1.] 
 
 27. In proportion to; or rather, looking toward, 
 regarding. He is tall /or one of his years, or tall for 
 
 28. By means of. [his age. 
 Moral consideration can no way move the sensible appetite, 
 
 were it not for llie wiU. Hcite. 
 
 29. By the want of. 
 
 The inhabitants stiffered severely both for provisions and fuel. , 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 30. For my life or heart., though niy life were to be 
 given in exchange, or as the price of purchase. I 
 can not, /ur my life, understand the man. [No. 1.] 
 
 31. For to, denoting purpose. For was anciently 
 placed before the infinitives of verbs, and the use is 
 correct, but now obsolete, except in vulgar language. 
 I came for to see you ; pour vans voir, 
 
 FOR, con. The word by which a reason is introduced 
 of something before advanced. " Tliat ye may be 
 the children of your Father who is in heaven ; for he 
 niaketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good." 
 In such sentences, for has the sense of because, by 
 reason that, as in No. 14 ; with this difference, that 
 in No. 14, the word precedes a single noun, and here 
 it precedes a sentence or clause ; but the phrase 
 seems to be elliptical — for t]iis cause or reason, which 
 foliates, he maketh his sun to rise, &c. In Romans 
 xiii. G, we find the word in both its applications — 
 " For, for this cause ye pay tribute also ; " the first 
 /or referring to the sentence following ; the latter to 
 the noun caiLse. 
 
 2. Because ; on this account that ; properly, for 
 thai. 
 
 For 03 mucft, compounded, /oroo-frtKcA, is equivalent 
 to, in regard to that, in consideration of. Forasmuch 
 as the thirst is intolerable, the patient may be in- 
 dulged in a little drink. 
 
 For why, Fr., pour quoi, [per quod, pro quo,"] be- 
 cause ; for this reason. 
 FOR, as a prefix to verbs, has usually the force of a 
 neg.ative or primitive, denoting against, that is, before, 
 or away, aside 
 FOR'ACE, n. [Fr. fourrage ; Arm. fouraich ; It. 
 foratrsrio; Sp.forraire; VorX.. ftrragein ; 1). vorraodirr. 
 If this word signifies primarily food or foddi:r, it is 
 connected with VV. pori, to feed, and L. voro. But 
 I take it to be from the root of Sax.faran, to go, and 
 primarily to signify that which is collected in wan- 
 dering, roving, excursion. In Port, fnmirido is a 
 vagabond, and forrejar is to waste, to ravage.] 
 
 1. Food of any kind for horses and cattle, as gross, 
 pasture, hay, corn, and oats. 
 
 2. The act of providing forage. 
 
 Col. Mawhoo<\ completed his forage unmolrited. Marshall. 
 If the /oraje is to be made at a distance from the camp. Encye. 
 
 3. Search for provisions ; the act of feeding abroad. 
 
 Millan. 
 
 FOR' AGE, ». i. To collect food for horses and cattle, 
 by wandering about and feeding or titripping the 
 country. MarshalL 
 
 2. To wander far ; to rove. [06«.] ShaJi. 
 
 3. To ravage ; to feed on spoil. Shak. 
 FOR'AGE, u. L To strip of provisions for horses, tc. 
 
 Ettcyc. 
 
 FOR'A-GER, B. One that goes in search of food for 
 hnmeH or cattle. 
 
 FOR'A-GI.NG, ppr. or a. Collecting provisions for 
 horncs and cattle, or wandering in search of food ; 
 ravaging; Htri|)ping. The general sent out a/orayin^ 
 |Kirty, Willi a guard. 
 
 FOR'A Gl.St;, 71. An inroad or incursion for forage 
 or plunder. Bp. Hall. 
 
 FO-RA'.ME.V, n. pi. Fo-bam'i-ha, [L.] A little open- 
 ing; a perforation. 
 
 FU-RAM'IN-A-TEL), a. Having little holes. 
 
 Buekland. 
 
 FO-RAM-IN'I-FER, 7!. One of the foraminifera. 
 
 F0-RA.M-IN-1F'ER-A, 7!. pi. A family of very mi- 
 nute shells, consisting of one or more series of 
 chambers united by a small perforation or foramen. 
 
 Lvell. 
 
 FO-RA.M-IN-IF'ER-OUS, a. Pertaining to the foram- 
 inifera. 
 
 FO-RAM'IN-OUS, a. [L. foramen, a hole, from foro, 
 to bore.] 
 
 Full of holes ; perforated in many places ; porous. 
 [Little used.] Bacon. 
 FOIt-AS-MUCII'. In consideration of; because that. 
 JSee For.] 
 
 Fo'RAY, ji. A sudden or irregular excursion in a 
 
 border war. 
 FOR-BADE',(for-bad',)pret. of Forbid. 
 FOR-BATHE', v. t. To bathe. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Sackville. 
 
 F0R-BE.\R', (for-biire',) v. i. ; preU Forbore ; -pp. 
 FoRBoRXE. [Sax. forbaran ; for and bear.] 
 
 1. To stop ; to cease ; to hold from proceeding ; 
 as, forbear to repeal these reproachful words. 
 
 2. To pause ; to delay ; as, forbear a while. 
 
 3. To abstain ; to omit ; to hold one's self from 
 motion or entering on an affair. 
 
 Shall I go against Ramoth Gilcad to battle, or shall I forbear ? 
 1 Jungs xxii. 
 
 4. To refuse ; to decline. 
 
 Whellier they will hear, or whether they will /or6ear. — Ezek. ii. 
 
 5. To be patient ; to restrain from action or vio- 
 lence. Prov. XXV. 15. 
 
 FOR-BEaR', i\ u To avoid voluntarily ; to decline. 
 
 i^orbcar his presence. Shak, 
 
 2. To abstain from ; to omit ; to avoid doing. 
 Learn from the Scriptures what you ought to do and 
 what to forbear. 
 
 Have we not power to forbear working? — 1 Cor. ii. 
 
 3. To spare ; to treat with indulgence and pa- 
 tience. 
 
 Fortiearing one another in love. — Eph. iv. 
 
 4. To withhold. 
 
 Forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that be 
 destroy thee not. — 2 CUron. ixxv. 
 
 FOR-BEaR'ANCE, 71. The act of avoiding, shun- 
 ning, or omitting ; either the cessation or intermission 
 of an act commenced, or a witiiholding from begin- 
 ning an act. Liberty is the power of doing or for- 
 bearing an action, according as the doing or forbear- 
 ance has a preference in the mind. The forbearance 
 of sin is followed with satisfaction of mind. 
 
 2. Command of temper ; restraint of passions. 
 Have a continent forbearance, till the speed of his rage goes 
 
 slower. Sliak, 
 
 3. The exercise of patience; long suffering; in- 
 dulgence toward those who injure us ; lenity ; delay 
 of resentment or punishment. 
 
 Or desplsest thou the riches of his goodness, and forbearance, 
 and long-sulTering f — Rom. li. 
 
 FOR-BEaR'ER, 71. One tliat intermits or intercepts. 
 
 Tusser, 
 
 FOR-BEaR'ING, ppr. Ceasing ; pausing ; withhold- 
 ing from action ; exercising patience and indulgence. 
 2. a. Patient ; long-suffering. 
 
 FOR-BEaR'ING, 11. A ceasing or restraining from 
 action ; patience ; long-suffering. 
 
 F0R-BE.\R'ING-LY, adv. In a forbearing, patient 
 manner. 
 
 FOR-BID', V, t, ; pret. Forbade ; pp. Forbid, Forbid- 
 den, [ijax. forbeodan ; D. verbieden; G. verbieten ; 
 Dan. forbyder ; Sw. f orhiuda ; for anti bid.] 
 Literally, to bid or command against. Hence, 
 
 1. To prohibit ; to interdict ; to command to for- 
 bear or not to do. The laws of God forbid us to 
 ssvear. Good manners also forbid us to use profane 
 language. All servile labor and idle amusements on 
 the Sabbath are forbidden. 
 
 2. To command not to enter ; as, I have forbid 
 him my house or presence. This phrase seems to be 
 elliptical ; to forbid from entering or approaching. 
 
 3. To oppose; to hinder; to obstruct. An im- 
 passable river forbids the apjiroach of the army. 
 
 A blaze of glory tliat/or6ul* the sight. Dryden, 
 
 4. To accurse ; to blast. [Oft.<.] Shak, 
 FOR BID', V, i. To utter a prohibition ; hut in the in- 
 transitive form, tliere is always an ellipsis. 1 would 
 go, but my state of health forbids, that is, forbids me 
 to go, or my going. 
 
 FOR-ltID', {pp,oia. Prohibited ; as, the /oriii/- 
 FOR-lilirUKX, j iZcii fruit. 
 
 2. IliiKhTerl ; obstructed. 
 FOR-BIU'DANCE, iu Prohibition ; command or cdit,t 
 
 against a thing. [Little u,ied.] Shak, 
 FOR-BID'D/JN-LY, ado. In an unlawful manner. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 FOR.BID'DKN-NESS, 71. A slate of being prohib- 
 ited. [.Vi.f used,] Boi/le, 
 
 FOR-IIIiVdeR, II. He or that which forbids or enacts 
 a pnihibilion. 
 
 FOIMll I)' 1)1 NO, ppr. Prohibiting; hindering. 
 
 2. a. Repelling approach; repulsive; raising ab- 
 horrence, aversion, or dislike ; disagreeable ; as, a 
 
 forbidding aspect ; a forbidding formality ; a forbid- 
 ding air. 
 
 FOR-BID'DING, n. Hinderance ; opposition. Shak. 
 FOR-BID'DING-LY, adv. In a forbidding manner. 
 FOR-Bf)RE', pret, of Forbear. 
 FOK-BoRNE', pp, of Forbear. 
 
 Few ever repented of having forborne to speak. RantbUr, 
 
 Force, n, [Fr. force It. forza; Sp. /«o-:a ; Port. 
 forga; from L. fortis. All words denoting force, 
 power, strength, are from verbs which express strain- 
 ing, or driving, rushing, and this word has the ele- 
 ments of Sax. faran, and L. tJirco.] 
 
 1. Strength; active power; vigor; might; energy 
 that may be exerted ; that physical property in a 
 body which may produce action or motion in an- 
 other body, or may counteract such action. By the 
 force of the muscles we raise a weiglit, or resist an 
 assault. 
 
 2. Momentum ; the quantity of power produced 
 by motion or the action of one body on another ; as, 
 the force of a cannon ball. 
 
 3. That which causes an operation or moral effect ; 
 strength ; energy ; as, the force of the mind, will, or 
 understanding. 
 
 4. Violence ; power exerted against will or con- 
 sent ; compulsory power. Let conquerors consider 
 that force alone can keep what force has obtained. 
 
 5. Strength ; moral power to convince the mind. 
 There is great force in an argument. 
 
 6. Virtue ; efficacy. No presumption or hypotlie- 
 sis can be ot force enough to overthrow constant ex- 
 perience. 
 
 7. Vahdity ; power to bind or hold. If the condi- 
 tions of a covenant are not fulfilled, the contract is 
 of no force, A test.iraent is of force after the testator 
 is dead. Heb. ix. 17. 
 
 8. Strength or power for war ; armament ; troops ; 
 an army or navy ; as, a military or naval force ; 
 sometimes in the plural ; as, military forces, 
 
 9. Destiny ; necessity ; compulsion ; any extrane- 
 ous power to which men are subject ; as, the force of 
 fate or of divine decrees. 
 
 10. Internal power ; as, the force of habit. 
 
 11. In law, any unlawful violence to person or 
 property. This is simple, when no other crhne at- 
 tends it, as the entering into another's possession, 
 without committing any other unlawful act. It is 
 compound, when some other violence or unlaw- 
 ful act is committed. The law also implies force, 
 as when a person enters a house or inclosure law- 
 fully, but afterward does an unlawful act. In this 
 case, the law supposes the first entrance to be for 
 that purpose, and therefore by force. 
 
 Physicai force, is the force of material bodies 
 Moral force, is the power of acting on the reason in 
 judging and determining. 
 
 Force, in mechanics, is any thing which moves or 
 tends to move a body. The pressure of bodies at 
 rest is called a force, because it tends to produce mo- 
 tion. There is also the /orfc of gravity or attraction, 
 centrifugal and centripctal/orces, expansive /orce, &c. 
 
 Olmsted, 
 
 Force, n, a water-fall, so called from its violence or 
 power. [Cumberland,] HoUoway, 
 
 Force, r. U To compel ; to constrain to do or to for- 
 bear, by the exertion of a power not resistible. Men 
 axe forced to submit to conquerors ; masters /orce their 
 slaves to labor. 
 
 2. To overpower by strength. 
 
 I should have forced thee soon with other arms. MiUon, 
 
 3. To impel ; to press ; to drive ; to draw or push 
 by main strength ; a sense of very extensive use ; as, 
 to force along a wagon or a ship ; to force away a 
 man's arms ; water forces its way through a narrow 
 channel ; a man may be/orccrfout of his possessions. 
 
 4. To enforce ; to urge ; to press. 
 
 F\jrcing my strength, and g:Hhering to Uie shore. Dryden, 
 
 5. To compel by strength of evidence ; as, to force 
 conviction 01, ne mind ; to/oic«one to acknowledge 
 the truth of a proposition. 
 
 f>. To obtain by force ; to take by violence ; to as- 
 sault and take ; to storm ; as, to force a passage ; to 
 force a towii or ftirt. 
 
 7. To ravish ; to violate by force, as a female. 
 
 8. To overstrain ; to distort ; as, a forced conceit. 
 
 9. To cause to produce ripe fruit prematurely, as a 
 tree; or to cause 10 ripen prematurely, iis fruit. 
 
 10. To man ; to strengthen by soliliers ; to garri- 
 son. \Obs,] Shak. Ralegh. 
 
 To force from ; to wrest from ; to extort. 
 
 To force out; to drive out ; to compel to issue out 
 or to leave ; also, to extort. 
 
 To force wine, is to fine it by a short process, or in 
 a short time. 
 
 To force pliints, is to urge the growth of plants by 
 artificial heat. 
 
 To. force meat, [Pr.fnrcir, to stuff,] Is to stuff it. 
 FORCE, 11. I. To lay stress on. [OJs.] Camilen. 
 
 2. To strive. [6bs,] Spenser. 
 
 3. To use violence. Spenser, 
 FCR'CKD, (forst,) pp. Compelled; impelled; driven 
 
 by violence ; urged ; stormed ; ravished. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 470 
 
FOR 
 
 2 a. Affectoil ; ovcrsiraiiieil ; unnatural j as, a 
 forcrd style. 
 
 FOIi'CUU-LY, adv. Violently; constrainedly; un- 
 naturally. [LiuU used.] 
 
 F0K'(;KU-NL>S, II. The state of being forced ; dis- 
 tortion. 
 
 FOKCK'FUL, a. Imi)<>llpd by violence ; driven with 
 force ; acting with power. 
 
 A praiiiBl Ihc 8te«d ho Uirew 
 Il» forctfal .i). ar. Dn/den. 
 2. Violent ; ini|)etuous. 
 FOIICF.'FL'L-LV, m/e. Violently; impetuously. 
 FORCE'LKSS, «. Having little or no force ; feeble ; 
 
 Miipntent. _ 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FOKCE'-MEAT, n. [Fr. /urnV, to stuff.] Incookenj, 
 meat chopped fine and liijihly seasoned, either served 
 up alone, or used as a stulhni;. 
 FOll'CEl'S, II. [L.] LiUralljj, a pair of pincers or 
 tonga. 
 
 In surircrt), an instrninent for extracting any thing 
 froiii a wound, and for like purposes. QiaHcy. 
 
 A pair of scissors for cutting oft" or dividing the 
 fleshy, nienibranous parts of the body. Encijc. 
 F0R'C;EU, It. lie or that which forces, drives, or con- 
 strains. 
 
 2. The solid piston of a pump ; the instrument by 
 which water is driven up a punif). IVdkiiia. 
 FOR'CI-ULE, o. Powerful ; strong ; mighty ; as, a 
 punishiuent furcibU to bridle sm. hooker. 
 
 2. Violent ; inipetnous ; driving forward with 
 force ; as, a forcible stream. 
 
 3. EtGcacious ; active ; puwcrful. 
 
 Swc«t ametU nro mo&t fordhU ia dry •ubat-uicci, when broken. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 4. Powerful ; acting with force ; impressive ; as, 
 forcible worils or arguments. 
 
 5. Containing force ; acting by violence ; as,/om- 
 ble means. 
 
 C. Done by force ; suffered by force. The abdica- 
 tion of James his advocates hold to have been 
 forcible. Swift. 
 
 7. Valid; binding; obligatory. [JVot 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 8. In laid, fbrcible entry, is an actual, violent entry 
 into houses or lands. 
 
 Forcible detainer, is a violent withholding of the 
 lands, &c., of another from his ixissession. 
 
 Forcible abduction, is the act of taking away wrong- 
 fully, as a child without the consent of the father, a 
 ward without the consent of the guardian, or any 
 person c(mtrar^' to his or her will. Blackstoiie. 
 FoR'CI-ltLE-.NESS, n. Force; violence. 
 FOR'CI-llI.Y, adp. tty violence or force. 
 
 2. t^ironsily ; powerfully ; with power or energy ; 
 impressively. 
 
 Tlie /^'•J*'' ofTfrt inch eonsideijilion* as are Hi to work very 
 Jorably uii uur bupe« ouil *A-art. Tillotson. 
 
 3. Impetuously ; violently ; with great strength ; 
 as, a stream rushing forcibly down a precipice. 
 
 FOR'CINtJ, ppr. or a. C<mipclling ; impelling ; driv- 
 ing ; storming ; ravishing. 
 
 2. Causing to ripen before the natural season, as 
 fniit ; or causing to produce ripe fruit prematurely, 
 as a tree. 
 
 3. Filling wine by a speedy process. 
 FOR'CING, ;i. In gartlrninn, the art of raising plants, 
 
 flowers, and fruits, at an earlier season than the nat- 
 uml one, by artificial heat. Cye. 
 
 2. The o|>eration of fining wines by a speedy 
 process. 
 
 FOR'CING-PIT, 71. A pit of wood or masonrj' sunk 
 in the earth, for containing (he fermenting materials 
 to produce iHjttoiii-heat in forcing plants. Gardner. 
 
 FOR'CIMI-PU.MP, n. A kind of pump used to throw 
 water to a ilistance. It h.xs a solid piston, and also a 
 side tube, through which the water is forced by the 
 action of the piston. Buchanan. 
 
 FOB'CI-P.\-TEI), o. [from forceps.] Formed like n 
 pair of pincers, to open and inclo.se ; a.s, a forcipated 
 mouth. Derham. 
 
 FOR-CI-PS'TIOX, 71. A pinching with pincers. 
 
 FORD, 71. [Sa\. ford, fyrdi C. furt ; from the verb 
 faran, to go or p:vs.-*, t)r its root.] 
 
 1. A place in a river nr other water, where it may 
 be passed by man or beast on foot, or by wading. 
 
 2. A stream ; a current. 
 
 Pemiit my glKWt tc (nu the Slycpan ford, Dryden, 
 
 FORI), r. t To jmss or cross a river or other water by 
 
 treading or walking on the bottom ; to |Kiss through 
 
 water by wading ; to wade through. 
 FORI)'.-\-ni,E, a. That may be waded or passed 
 
 thniuch on fix)l, as water. 
 KoKD'El), Passed through on foot; w.aded. 
 FORICINti, ppr. Wading; parsing through on foot, 
 
 as water. 
 
 FOR-nO', r. I. [Sax. fordon ; fur and do,] 
 
 To destroy ; to undo ; to ruin ; to weary. [A'ot in 
 
 u-w.J Chaucer. 
 FORE, a. fore, foran; G. tor; D. roor ; Sw. 
 
 for: Dan. for: Hindoo, para; Ir. for. This \i the 
 
 same word in origin as for, from the root of Sai. 
 
 faran, to go, to advance.] 
 
 FOR 
 
 1. Properly, advanced, or being in advance of some- 
 thing; in motion or progression ; as, the fore end of 
 a chain carried in ineasurmg land ; the fore o.xen or 
 horses in a team. 
 
 2. Advanced in time ; coming in advance of some- 
 thing ; coming first ; anterittr ; preceding; |irior ; as, 
 the fore iiiirt of the last century ; the fore part of the 
 day, week, or year. 
 
 3. Advanced in order or scries ; antecedent ; as, 
 the fore part of a writing or bill. 
 
 4. Being in front or toward the face ; op()oscd to 
 back or behind ; as, the fore part of a garment. 
 
 5. Going first; usually preceding the other part; 
 as, the fore part of a ship, or of a coach. 
 
 FORE, ado. In the part that precedes or goes first. 
 In seamen's lanouaae, fore and aft signifies from 
 one end of the vessel to the other; lengthwise of the 
 vessel. TottcH. R. If. Dana, Jr. 
 
 Fure, in composition, denotes, for the most part, 
 priority of time ; sunietiines, advance in place. 
 
 [For the etymologies of the compounds of fore, 
 see the principal word.] 
 
 FoRF^AU-iMON'iail, v, t. To admonish beforehand, 
 or before the act or event. 
 
 FoRE-AD-VISE', v. U To advise or counsel before 
 the time of action, or before the event; to pre-ad- 
 monish. Shak. 
 
 FOUE-AL-LEfiE', (fore-al-lej',) v. t. To allege or cite 
 before. Folhcrby. 
 
 FoRE-AI- LEG'/vD, pp. Previously alleged. 
 
 FORt^-AE-LEO'I.NG./i/ir. Alleging before. 
 
 FOKE-AP-POINT', c. (. To set, order, or appoint, 
 befiireliand. Sherwood. 
 
 FOllE-AI'-l'OINT'iMENT, n. Previous appointment ; 
 pre-ord i n at i on . iibencood. 
 
 FoRE-AK.M', I), t. To arm or prepare for attack or 
 resistance before the time of need. South. 
 
 FoRE'AK.M, II. In anatomy, that part of the arm be- 
 tween the elbow and the wrist, 
 
 FoUIi-XR.M'i;D, a. Armed beforehand; as, fore- 
 warned, fore-armed. 
 
 FoRE-BE-LIiiF', ii. Previous belief. 
 
 FoRE-IiODE', V. t. To foretell ; to prognosticate. 
 2. To foreknow ; to be prescient of; to feel a se- 
 cret sense of something future ; as, iny heart fore- 
 bodes a sad reverse. 
 
 FoRE-IioDE'.MENT, 71. A presaging; presagcment. 
 
 FoRE-I!oU'ER, n. One wlio forebodes ; a prognosti- 
 cator ; a soothsayer. VEslranfre. 
 2. A foreknower. 
 
 FoRE-lioU'ING, j)/)r. Prognosticating; foretelling; 
 foreknowing. 
 
 FoRE-Ho»'ING, 71. Prognostication. 
 
 FORE-BoI>'lNG-LY, ado. In a prognosticating man- 
 ner. 
 
 FORE' BRACE, 71, A rope applied to the fore yard-arm, 
 to change tJie position of the foresail. Mar. Diet. 
 
 FORE-B^', prep, [fore and by.] Near ; hani by ; fast 
 by. [Obs. ] Spenser. 
 
 FORE-€XST', V. t To foresee ; to provide against. 
 
 It it u isdom to /oreeaat coixeqiienccs. UEsbrangt. 
 
 2. To scheme ; to plan before execution. 
 
 lie bIwU forecast hit ilcvicca agtiimt the etron^hoMa. — Dan. xi. 
 
 3. To adjust, contrive, or appoint, beforehand. 
 
 The tiine so well/oreoMt. Dryden, 
 
 FORE-CAST', r. i. To form a scheme previously ; to 
 contrive beforehand. 
 
 Fhrtcoiting how his foe he might annoy. Spenttr, 
 
 FORE'exST, 71. Previous contrivance ; foresight, or 
 the antecedent determination proceeiling from it ; 
 as, a man of little forecast. 
 
 FORE-CAST'ER, ii. One who foresees or contrives 
 beforehand. 
 
 FORE-exST'ING, ppr. Contriving previously. 
 
 FORE'CAS-TLE, (-kas'sl,) ti. That part of the up- 
 per deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or for- 
 ward of the after part of the fore channels ; also, in 
 mercliant vesscU, the forward part of the vessel, un- 
 der the deck, where the sailors live. 
 
 R. 11, Dana, Jr, 
 
 F0RE-CII08'£N, (fore-chuz'n,) a. Preiilected ; chosen 
 beforehand. 
 
 FORE-CIT'ED, a. Cited or quoted before or above. 
 
 JirbutlinoL 
 
 FORE-CLOSE', r. L To shut up; to preclude; to 
 stop ; to prevent. 
 
 The embargo with Spain /or<c/o*«t this trade. Cartu). 
 To foreclose a mortgager, in law, is to cut him off 
 from his equity of redemption, or the power of re 
 deeming the mortgaged premises, by a judgment of 
 court. Blackjslone. 
 
 [To foreclose a mortgage, is not technically correct, 
 but is often used.] 
 FoRE ei.OS'/CD, pp. Prevented ; precluded ; cut off 
 
 from the right of redemption. 
 FORE-eLO#'I.\'G, ppr. Precluding; cutting off from 
 
 the right of redemption. 
 FORE-CEOS'I.'RE, ii. Prevention. 
 
 2. The act of foreclosing, or depriving a mort- 
 gager of the right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. 
 
 Black^tone, 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORE-CON-CKlVE', r. t. To preconceive. Bacon, 
 Ko RE-DATE', v, U To dale before the true time 
 FOItE-l)A'l''ED, pp. Dated before the true tiint;. 
 FoRE'UECK, 11. The fore part of a deck, or of a 
 ship. 
 
 FOliE-DE-SIGN', fslne,) r. t. To plan beforehand; 
 
 til inttmd previtiusly. Chcync 
 FoRE-l)E-StGN'£D, pp. Planned beforehand. 
 F0RI;-1)IvSI(;N'ING, ppr. Planning or intending 
 
 previously. 
 
 FoKi:-I)E-TERM'LNE, v. t. To decree beforehand. 
 
 Hopkins, 
 
 FORE-DE-TERM'IiV-£D, pp. Previously determined. 
 FORE-UE-TER.M'lN-ING, pitr. Previously determ- 
 ining. 
 
 FoRE-DOO.M', V. t. To doom beforehand ; to predes- 
 tinate. 
 
 Tliou art /oredoonwd to view the Stygian stale. Dryden, 
 
 FoRE'DOOM, 71. Previous doom or sentence. 
 
 FoRE'-nO' )R, 71. The door in the front of a house. 
 
 FORE-ELD'Ell, n. An ancestor. 
 
 FoRE'-EXD, 71. The end which precedes ; the ante- 
 rior part. Bacon. 
 
 FoRE'FA-TIIER, 71. An ancestor; one who precedes 
 another in the line of genealogy in any degree, usu- 
 ally in a remote degree. 
 
 FoRE-FEEI,'ING, 71. Presentiment. Blackwood. 
 
 FoRE-FEND', r. t. To hinder ; to fend off; to avert ; 
 to prevent ajiproach ; to forbid or prohibit. Dryden, 
 2. To defenil ; to guard ; to secure. Shali, 
 This word, like the L. urcco, is applied to the thing 
 assailing, and to the thing assailed. To drive back 
 or resist that which assails, is to hinder its approach, 
 to forbid or avert ; and this act defends the thing 
 threatened or assailed. 
 
 FOItE-l'E.ND'EI), pp. Hindered; prevented. 
 
 FoRE-FE.\l)'l.\'<;, ppr. Hindering; preventing. 
 
 FORI-:-FIX"GER, Ming'ger,) 71. The finger next to 
 the thiinil^, the index ; called by our Saxon ancestors 
 the shoot-fmger, from its use in archery. 
 
 FORE-FLOW, V, U To flow before. Dryden. 
 
 F(")UE'-FQOT, 71. One of the anterior feet of a quad- 
 ruiied or nitiltiped. 
 
 2. A hand, in contempt Slutlc. 
 
 3. In a ship, a piece of timber which terminates the 
 keel at the fore-end, connecting it with the lower end 
 of the stein. Tottcn. 
 
 FORE'FKO.N'T, ( front,) 71. The foremost part ; as, 
 the forefront of a building ; the forefront of the bat- 
 tle. 2 Sam. xi. 15. 
 
 FoRE'-Ga.ME, 71. A first game; first plan. Whitlock. 
 
 FORE-GO', V. t. [See Go.] To forbear to possess or 
 enjoy ; voluntarily to avoid the enjoyment of good. 
 Let us forego the pleasures of sense, to secure im- 
 mortal bliss. 
 
 2. To give up ; to renounce ; to resign. But tJiis 
 word is usually applied to tilings not possessed or en- 
 joyed, and which can not be resigned. 
 
 3. To lose. 
 
 4. To go before ; to precede. [ Obs.] Shak. 
 FORE-GO'ER, 11. An ancestor; a progenitor. [JVoi 
 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 2. One who goes before another. Davies. 
 
 3. One who forbears to enjoy. 
 FORE-GO'IiN'G, ppr. Forbearing to have, possess, or 
 
 enjoy. 
 
 2. a. Preceding ; going before, in time or pl.ace ; 
 antecedent ; as, a foregoing period of time ; a fore- 
 going clause in a writing. 
 FoRE-GONE', (-gawn',)pp. Forborne to be possessed 
 or enjoyed. Spenser. 
 
 2. Predetermined ; made up beforehand ; aa, a fore- 
 gone conclusion. Shak. 
 FORE'GROUND, 71. The part of the field or expanse 
 of a picture which seems to lie before the figures. 
 
 Dryden. Johnson. 
 FORE-GUESS', t). <. To conjecture. [Bad.] 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 FoRE'H.VND, 71. The part of a horse which is before 
 the rider. 
 
 2. The chief part. Shak. 
 FORE'H.VND, 0. Done sooner than is regular. 
 
 And so extenuate Ute forehanl sin. Shak. 
 
 FORE'HAND-ED, a. Early ; timely ; seasonable ; as, 
 a forehanded care. Taylor. 
 
 2. In .America, in good circumstances as to proper- 
 ty ; free from debt and possessed of property ; as, a 
 forehanded fanner. 
 
 3. Formed in the fore parts. 
 
 A siiUuuitial, tnie-brcd ixait, biuvcly forthandtd, Drydtn, 
 
 FORE' HEAD, (for'hed, or rather for'ed,) n. The part 
 of the face which extends from the hair on the top of 
 the head to the eyes. 
 
 2. Impudence ; confidence ; assurance ; audacious- 
 ness. Bp, Hall. Sirift. 
 
 FORE'HEAD-BALD, a. Bald above the forehead. 
 Lerit. xiii. 41. 
 
 FoRE-HicAR', r. i. To be informed before. 
 
 FoRE-IIE.\D', r. t. To seize. [J^ot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 FoRE-HEVV, V, t. To hew or cut in front. SacktUU. 
 
 FORE-IIEW'KD, (-hude',) pp. Cut in front. 
 
 FORE-HEW'lNG, ppr. llcwing in fronL 
 
 TONE. BJJLL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 471 
 
FOR 
 
 FoKE-HoLIJ'l.\(;, II. Predictions ; oniinous forebod- 
 ings ; superstitious prognostications. [JVut usal.] 
 
 L^Estrange. 
 
 FoRE'-HOOK, n. In ships, a breast-lioiili ; a piece of 
 timber placet! across tlie stem, to unite tile bows and 
 strengtlien the fore part of tlie ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 FoRE'-HORSE, n. The horse in a team which goes 
 foremost. 
 
 FOR'EIGN, (for'in,) a. [Fr. forain ; Norm, forein; 
 ^ Sp. foraneo f from tlie root of Sax. faran, to go or de- 
 part; L. foris, foras, Fr. hurs, abroad.] 
 
 1. Belonging to another nation or countiy ; alien ; 
 not of the country in which one resides ; extraneous. 
 ^Ve call every country foreign which is not within 
 the jurisdiction of our own government. In this 
 sense, Scotland, before the union, was foreign to 
 En'feland ; and Uanaila is now foreign to the United 
 States. More generally, foreign is applied to countries 
 more remote than an adjacent territory ; as, vl foreign 
 market ; a foreign prince. In the United States, all 
 transatlantic countries are foreign. 
 
 2. Produced in a distant country or jurisdiction ; 
 coming from another country ; as, foreign goods ; 
 goois of foreign manufacture; a foreign minister. 
 
 3. Remote; not belonging; not connected; with to 
 or from. You dissemble ; the sentiments you express 
 are foreign to your heart. This design is foreign from 
 my thoughts. IThe use of from is preferable, and best 
 authorized.] 
 
 4. Impertinent; not pertaining; not to the pur- 
 pose. The observation is foreign to the subject 
 under consideration. 
 
 5. Excluded ; not admitted; held at a distance. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 6. E.xtraneous ; adventitious ; not native or natu- 
 ral. 
 
 7. In law, a foreign attachment is an attachment of 
 the goods of a foreigner within a city or liberty, for 
 the satisfaction of a debt due from the fi^eigner to a 
 citizen ; or an attachment of the money or goods of 
 a debtor, in the hands of another pi rsnn. 
 
 A foreign bill of exchange, is a bill drawn by a per- 
 son in one country on his corresjiondent or agent in 
 another, as distinguished from an inland bill, which 
 is drawn by one person on another in the same juris- 
 diction or country. 
 
 Foreign plea ; a plea or objection to a judge as in- 
 competent to try the question, on the ground that it 
 is not within his jurisdictiori. Encijc. 
 
 FOR'EIGN-BUILT, (-bilt) a. Built in a foreign coun- 
 try. Jefferson. 
 
 FOR'EIGN-ER, (for'in-er,) n. A person born in a for- 
 eign country, or whhout the country or jurisdiction 
 of which one speaks. A Spaniard is ^ foreigner \n 
 France and England. All men not born in the Uni- 
 ted States arc to them foreigners, and they are aliens 
 till naturalized. A naturalized person is a citizen ; 
 but we still call him a foreigner bij birth. 
 
 FOR'EIGN-NESS, (for'in-ness,) n. Remoteness ; want 
 of relation ; as, the forcignness of a subject from the 
 main business. 
 
 FoRE-IM-AG'IXE, v. t. To conceive or fancy before 
 proof, or beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-IM-AG'I.\'-/;D,p;). Conceived before. 
 
 FoRE-IM-AG'h\-L\G, ppr. Imagining beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-JUDGE', (fore-jiij',) r. £. To prejudge ; to judge 
 beforehand, or before hearing the facts and proof. 
 
 2. In law, to expel from a court, for mal-practice or 
 non-appearance. When an attorney is sued, and 
 called to appear in court, if he declines, he \s fore- 
 jud'red, and his name is struck from the rolls. 
 
 FoRE-JUnG'/,!), pp. Prejudged. 
 
 FoRE-JUl)G'IiVG, ppr. Prejudging. 
 
 FoRE-JUDG'.MEiVT, )i. Judgment previously formed. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FoRE-KNoW, (-nC,) v t [See K.now.] To have 
 previous knowledge ot ; to foresee. 
 
 Who would the mia'-iicii of mitii /oreknow 7 Dryden. 
 I'or wliom he ilid fortkneu, )v- ;tlso tiid predrsUiinte lo be cuii- 
 formed io the image o( hU Son. — Horn. viii. 
 
 FORE-KNoW'A-BLE, a. That may be foreknown. 
 FORE K.NoWER, n One that foreknows. [More. 
 FoRE K.NoWIN.'J, ppr. Knowing beforehand. 
 FORE KNUW l.'KUiE, (f irc-nol'ij,) n. Knowledge 
 of a thing before it happens ; prescience. 
 
 U \ foreknew, 
 
 Foreknowls I ft hnd no indiiencc on llieir fault. Milton. 
 
 FORE KNOWN', pp. Known beforehand. 
 FOR' EL, n. A Kind of parchment for the cover of 
 bookK 
 
 FORE'LA.VI), n A promontory or cape ; a point of 
 land exti n-Jing into the m-a some distance from the 
 tine of the shun- ; a head-land ; as, the North and 
 South Firtilar.d in Kent, in England. 
 
 y. In fiiT:ifir.alwn , a pieci- uf ground between the 
 wall of >• place an<l tin- moat. 
 
 FfiKI^LAY', V. L To lay wait for ; to entrap by am- 
 bu«h Drydcn. 
 a. T< contrive antecedently. Johnjion. 
 
 FORE I.KAD'ER, r.. One who leads others by his ex- 
 amtilf- 
 
 FORE LFNI)', V. t. To lend or give beforehand. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FOR 
 
 FoRE-I;IFT', ti. (. To raise aloft any anterior part. 
 [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 FoRE'LOCK, 71. The lock of hair that grows from the 
 forepart of the head. " Take time by the forelock," 
 i. e., seize an opportunity when presented. Swift. 
 
 2. In sea language, a tiat piece of iron driven 
 through the end of a bolt, to retain it firndy in its 
 place. I'otten. 
 
 FoRE-LOOK', V. t. To look beforehand or forward. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FoRE'MAN, Ji. The first or chief man ; particularly, 
 the chief man of a jury, who acts as their speaker. 
 
 2. The superintendent in a printing-office or other 
 establishment, who conducts the whole work. 
 
 FoRE'MaST, 71. The mast of a ship or other vessel 
 which is placed in the fore part or forecastle, and car- 
 ries the foresail and fore-tonsad yards. Encyc. 
 
 FoRE-MEANT', (fore-ment',) a. Intended before- 
 hand. Spenser. 
 
 FoRE-MEN'TION-JSD, (7. Mentioned before ; reci- 
 ted or written in a former part of the same writing 
 or discourse. 
 
 FoRE'MoST, a. First in place; most advanced; 
 as, the foremost troops of an army. 
 
 2. First in dignity. In honor lie held the foremost 
 ran k. 
 
 FoRE'.MOTII-ER, 7!. A female ancestor. Prideaux. 
 
 FoRE'NaME, 7!. The first name that precedes 
 another, as Imperator Cajsar Augustus. Selden. 
 
 FoRE'NaM-AT), a. Named or nominated before. 
 2. iMentionetl before in the same writing or dis- 
 course. 
 
 FoRE'NOON, 71. The former part of the day, from 
 the morning to meridian, or noon. We usually call 
 the first part of the day, from the dawn to the time 
 of breakfast, or the hour of business, the morning, 
 and from this period to noon, the forenoon. But the 
 limits are not precisely defined by custom. 
 
 FoRE'-No'TICE, 71. Notice or information of an 
 event before it happens. Rymer. 
 
 FO-REN'SAL, a. Forensic. 
 
 FO-REN'Sie, a. [from L. forensis, from forum, a 
 court.] 
 
 Belonging to courts of judicature ; used in courts 
 or legal proceedings ; as, a forensic term ; forensic 
 eloquence or disputes. Locke. iVatts. 
 
 FoRE-OR-DaIN', v. t. To ordain or appoint before- 
 hand ; to preordain ; to predestinate ; to predeter- 
 mine. Hooker. 
 
 FoRE-OR-DAIN'iJD, pp. Previously ordained. 
 
 FoRE-OR-DaIN'ING, ppr. Preordaining. 
 
 FoRE-OR-DI-Na'TION, 71. Previous ordination or 
 appointment ; predetermination ; predestination. 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 FoRE'PART, 71. The part first in time ; as, the fore- 
 part of the day or week. 
 
 2. The part most advanced in place ; the anterior 
 part ; as, the forepart of any moving body. 
 
 3. The beginning ; as, the forepart of a series. 
 FoRE'PaSS-A'U, ) a. Piist before a certain time ; as, 
 FoRE'PaST, J forepast sins. [Z,i(tZc used.] 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 FoRE'-PLaNE, 71. In carjientry and joinery, the first 
 plane used after the saw and axe. Owilt, 
 
 FoRE-POS-SESS'£D, (-pos-sest',) a. Holding for- 
 merly in possession ; also, preoccupied ; jirepos- 
 sessed ; prcengaged. Sanderson. 
 
 FoRE-PRIZE', v. t. To prize or rate beforehand. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 FORE-PKTZ'f;n, pp. Prized beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-PRIZ'INt;, ppr. Prizing beforehand. 
 
 FoRE'-PROM'IS-£D, (-prom'ist,) a. Promised before- 
 hand ; preengaged. 
 
 FoRE-aUOT'ED, a. Cited before ; quoted in a fore- 
 going part of the work; 
 
 FoRE-RAN', prct. of Fokerun. 
 
 FoRE'RANK, n. The first rank ; the front. Shak. 
 
 FoRE-RKACIl'upoii, v. t. In ituvigalion, to gain or 
 advance upon in progression or motion. Mar. Diet. 
 
 FoRE-ReAU', v. t. To signify by tokens. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FoRE-RRAD'ING, 71. Previous perusal. Hales. 
 FoRE-RE-CIT'EI), a. Named or recited before. Shak. 
 F0RE-RE-JIE.M'BEK-£U, o. Called to mind previ- 
 ously. Mountwu. 
 FORE' RIGHT, (-rite,) a. Ready ; forward ; quick. 
 
 Massinger. 
 
 FoRE'RIGHT, arfi;. Right forward ; onward. iJcuiim. 
 FORE-RUN', V. t. To advance before ; to come be- 
 fore as an earnest of something to follow ; to intro- 
 duce as a harbinger. 
 
 lleaviiiras Jbreruni the good event. Shak. 
 2. To iirecede ; to have the start of. Orannt. 
 FORE-RUN'NER, 71, A mi^ssengcr sent before to 
 give notice of the appro.acli of others; a harbinger. 
 My elder brotliere, niy /orcrunttcrt came. Dryden. 
 
 2. An ancestor or predecessor. [OAs.] 
 
 3. A prognostic ; a sign foreshowing something to 
 follow. Certain pains in the head, back, and limbs, 
 arc the forerunners of a fever. 
 
 FORE RUN'NINfJ, ppr. Running before ; preceding. 
 FORE'.SAII), (-sed,) jjp. or a. Spoken before. [Soo 
 Aforesaid.] 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORE'SaIL, 71. A sail extended on iho fure-yard, 
 
 which H supported by the foremast. 
 FoRE-SaY', v. t. To predict ; to foretell. Shak. 
 FoRE-SaY'ING, 71. A prediction. Sherwood. 
 FoRE-SEE', v. t. To see beforehand ; to see or know 
 
 an event before it happens ; to have prescience of; 
 
 to foreknow. 
 
 - Pro». 
 
 FoRE-SEE'ING, ppr Seeing before the event. 
 
 FORE-SEEN', pp. Seen beforeliand. 
 
 FoRE-SEER', 77. One who foresees or foreknows. 
 
 FORE-SicIZE', V. U To seize beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-Sk1Z'£D, pp. Seized beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-Sif.IZ'ING, ppr. Seizing beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-SHAD'oW, v. t. To shadow or typify before- 
 hand. Dryden. 
 
 FoRE-SHAD'oW-£D, pp. Typified before. 
 
 FoRE-SIIAD'OW-ING, ppr. Shadowing beforehand. 
 
 FoRE-SHAD'oW-ING, 71. The act of shadowing 
 beforehand ; anticipation. 
 
 FoRE-SUaME', v. t. To shame ; to bring reproach 
 on. Shak. 
 
 FoRE-SHaM'£D, pp. Shamed before. 
 
 FoRE-SHaM'ING, ppr. Shaming before. 
 
 FORE-SHEW', (-sho.) See Foreshow. 
 
 FoRE'SHIP, 71. The fore part of a ship. Acts xxvii. 
 
 FoRE-SHORT'£N, v. t. In painting, to represent 
 figures as they appear to the eye when seen obliquely. 
 Thus, a carriage-wheel, when viewed obliquely, ap- 
 pears like an ellipse. Human figures painted on a 
 ceiling are sometimes so foreshortened, that the toes 
 appear almost to touch the chin. So, also, in stanil- 
 ing near a lofty building, the parts above are fore- 
 shortened, or appear shorter to the eye than they 
 really are, because seen obliquely from below. 
 
 Encyc. Am, 
 
 F0RE-SHORT'£N-ING, n. The representation or 
 appearance of objects when viewed obliquely. [See 
 FoRESHojiTEN.] Dryden, 
 
 FoRE-SHoW', V, t. To show beforehand ; to prog- 
 nosticate. 
 
 Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose. 
 
 Whose purple blush die day foresJwws. Dcnham. 
 
 2. To predict ; to foretell. 
 
 3. To represent beforehand, or before it comes. 
 FoRE-SHoW'ER, 71. One who predicts. [Honker. 
 FORE-SHoW'ING, ppr. Showing before ; predicting. 
 FoRE-SHoWN', pp. Shown beforehand ; predicted. 
 FORE'-SHROUDS, 71. pi. The shrouds of a ship at- 
 tached to the foremast. 
 
 FoRE'SIDE, 71. The front side ; also, a specious 
 
 outside. Spenser. 
 FoRE'SIGHT, 71. Prescience; foieknowledge ; prog- 
 nostication ; the act of foreseeing, Milton. 
 
 2. Provident care of futurity ; foreknowledge ac- 
 companied with prudence in guarding against evil. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FoRE-SIGHT'ED, a. Prudent in guarding against 
 
 evil ; provident for the future. 
 FoRE-SIGHT'FlJL, a. Prescient; provident. [Lit- 
 tle iLsed.] Sidney. 
 FORE-SIG'NI-F?, V. t. To signify beforehand; to 
 
 betoken previously ; to foreshow ; to typify. Hooker. 
 FoRE'SKIN, 71. The skin that covers the glans 
 
 penis ; the prepuce. 
 FoRE'SKIRT, 71. The loose and pendulous part of a 
 
 coat before. Sliuk. 
 FORE-SLACK', V. t. To neglect by idleness. [jVot 
 
 used.] Spenser. 
 FORE SLOW', 71. (. To delay ; to hinder ; to impede ; 
 
 to obstruct. [JV(7( used,] 
 
 No stream, no wood, 110 mountain cotUd/orcs/oi* 
 
 Their hasty pa(». Fhir/aj. 
 
 2. To neglect ; to omit. [JViit used.] Bacon. 
 FORE-SLOW', V, i. To be ililatory ; to loiter. [JVot 
 
 used.] Shak, 
 FORE-SPEAK', V, t. To foresay; to foreshow; to 
 
 foretell or predict. Camden. 
 
 2. To forbid. [JVut used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To bewitch. [JVot used.] Drayton. 
 FoRE-SPEAK'ING, 71. A pretliction ; also, a preface. 
 
 [Mit used.] 
 
 FoRE'SPEECH, 71. A preface. [JVot used.] Sherwood. 
 
 FoRE-SPENT', a. Wasted in strength ; tired ; ei- 
 hausted. Shak. 
 2. Past ; as, life forespent. [Little used.] Spenser. 
 
 FORE-SPoK'f-'N, a. Previously spoken. 
 
 FORE-SPUR'RER, 71. One that rides before. [JVot 
 used. I Shak. 
 
 FOR'EST, 71. fit. foresta; Fr. forSt; Arm. forest; 
 G. first; It. foraois, foraighis ; Norm, fores; from 
 the Siime root as I>. forts, Fr. hors, and the Sax. 
 faran, to go, to depart. Hence, the It. foresticrc, Sp. 
 forastero, signifies strangi;, foreign ; It. foresto, wild, 
 savage ; Port, forastciro, a stranger. This enables 
 us to understand the radical meaning of other words 
 which signify strange, wild, barbarous, &c. 'I'liey 
 all express distance from cities and civilization, and 
 are from roots expressing departure or wandering.] 
 
 2. An extensive wood, or a large tract of land cov- 
 ered with trees. In America, the word is usually ap- 
 plied to a wood of native growth, or a tract of vvooil- 
 
 FiTE, FAE, FALL, WH^lT — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BtllD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 47t 
 
FOR 
 
 land which has never been cullivatfil. It differs 
 fniin wood or woods clili'lly in c.\l> ill. VVo rrad or 
 tlio Ilorcynian forest, in (iirmany, and the furest of 
 Aiidenucs, in Franco or (iaul. 
 
 2. In Itiici, in Ormt Brilmn, a certain territory of 
 woody pruiinds and |insttires, privileged for wild 
 beasla aiul fowls of forest, chase, and warren, to 
 rest and abide in, under the protection of the kinR, 
 for his pli'rusiire. [/« Utis sense, Vie word has no aypU- 
 cttlian in America.] 
 
 Forest laws ; laws for Rovcrning and regulating 
 forests, and preserving game. Kn^'land. 
 
 FOU'KST, p. (. To cover with trees or wood. 
 
 FoRC'S'l'.\I'"l'", H. An instrument formerly used at 
 sea, for taking the altitudes of heavenly bodies. It ia 
 now superseded by the sextant. Bramle. 
 
 FOll'EST-AGi;, n. An am-ieiit service paid by forest- 
 ers to the king; also, the right of foresters. 
 
 Kngland. 
 
 FORE-PTAIil/, V. t, [Sec Stall.] To anticipate; 
 to take beforehand, 
 
 Wlijf iiml n lORii fortttall his ilaw of grir-f, 
 
 And mil lo mei't what Uc would must uvuid } Milton. 
 
 2. To hinder by preoccupation or prevention. 
 
 I w ill not forestail your Juilstinrnt of llie ival. Pop«. 
 
 3. In law, to buy or bargain for corn, or provisions 
 of any kind, before lluy arrive at the market or fair, 
 with iiilent to sell ihcni ut higher prices. This is a 
 penal olVense. Encyc. 
 
 4. To deprive by something prior. [Au£ in use.'] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FORE-STALL'KD, pp. Anticipated ; hindered ; pur- 
 chased bi'fore arrival in market. 
 
 FOKE-STAI.L'ER, ii. One who forr.«talls ; a person 
 who purchases provisions bi fore they come to the 
 fair or market, with a view to raise the price. Locke. 
 
 FOUE-STALl.'IXG, ;>/;r. Anticipating j hindering ; 
 buying provisions belore they arrive in market, with 
 intent to sell them at higher prices. 
 
 FOKE-STAl-L'hNG, >i. Anticipation ; preventiim ; the 
 act of biiying provisions before they are ollered in 
 market, with intent to sell them at higher prices. 
 
 FOKE'STAY, n. In a ship's rifrginn, a large, strong 
 rope, reaching from the foremast head tow ard the 
 bowsprit end, to support the mast. Stlar. DicL 
 
 FORE'-STICK, n. The front stick of a wood fire. 
 
 FOR'EST-IJORN, a. Born in a forest or wilderness. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FOR'EST-ED, pp. Covered with trees ; wooded. 
 
 Tooke. 
 
 i2. a. Overspread with a forest. S. E. Duiight. 
 
 FOR'ES!T-ER, II. Ill England, an officer appointed to 
 watch a forest, preserve the game, and institute suits 
 for trespasses. Encyc. 
 Q. An inhabitant of a forest. Shak. 
 3. A forest-tree. Evelyn. 
 
 FOR'F.ST-l.\f;, ppr. Covering with trees. 
 
 FORE'SW.VRT, i a. [Sec Sweat.] Exhausted by 
 
 F0IIE'!?\VAT, j heat. [Obs.] Sidnci. 
 
 FORE'-TACK-LE, n. 'I'lie tackle on the foremast. 
 
 FORE'TASTE, n. A taste beforehand ; anticipation. 
 The pleasures of piety are a /ori7n.<(f of heaven. 
 
 FORE-TAt>TE', ». t. To taste before possession; to 
 have previous enjoyment or experience of some- 
 tliing ; to anticipati^ 
 2. To taste before another. 
 
 FORE-TAST'ED, pp. Tasted beforehand, or before 
 another. Milton. 
 
 FCRE-TAST'ER, n. One tlial tastes beforehand, of 
 before another. 
 
 FORE-TAST'I.NG, ppr. T.asting before. 
 
 FORE-TAUGHT', ( tawt',) /,/). Taught beforehand. 
 
 FORE-TKAfir, i: i. To teach beforehand. Sprnscr. 
 
 FORE-TELL', r. t. ; prrt. and pp. Forktold. To pre- 
 dict ; to tell before an event happens ; to prophesy. 
 
 JilUton. Pujte, 
 
 2. To foretoken ; to foreshow. IVarton. 
 FORE-TELL', V. i. To utter prediction or prophecy. 
 
 All the pn>ph-'ts fn^iii S.Amu>>l, ami tlu»* thai follow nA(*r, lu 
 many ns have sf^ltcii, have hkevw: /ortlotd of Uicse days. 
 — AcU iii. 
 
 FORE-TELL'ER, ti. One who predicts or prophesies ; 
 n foresliowcr. Boyie, 
 
 FORE TIJI.L'ING, ppr. Predicting. 
 
 FORE-TKI.I.'IXG, n. Prediction. 
 
 FORE-TIIIXK', r. L To think beforehand ; to antici- 
 pate in the mind. 
 
 The soul of every m.an 
 Perpetually do«/orri;<inlr Uiy fall. Shak. 
 
 2. To contrive beforehand. Bp. Hall. 
 
 FORE-TIII.NK', r. i. To contrive beforehand. SmitA. 
 FORE-TlinUGHT',(fiirc-thawl',)prct.of FoKETHiNK. 
 FORE'TIIDUGIIT, ^forc'Ihawt,) ». A thinking be- 
 forehand ; antici|K\tion ; prescience ; prenieditatioii. 
 
 2. Provi(l< ni care. Blackslone. 
 ^','!;^^^::'}'iy}y'GUTiFyj., «. Having forethought. 
 t r, TO'KEX, B. t. To foreshow ; lo prcsignify ; to 
 prognosticate. 
 
 Whilst ttnnp- pnx%ious ligiis forttaicn Wood. DamtL 
 rORF.-TO'KKN, n. Prognostic ; previous sign. 
 irii;ivTO'Kf;\-£D,pp. Foreshown. [Sidney. 
 I'oiiF.- 1 0'K/.-X-ING, ppr. Presignifying. 
 !■ i:-TOLD', pp. Predicted ; told before. 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORE'-TOOTIl, ji. ; p/. FonE-'l'EETH. One of the 
 
 tirlli in the fore part of the mouth; an incisor. 
 FORE'TOl', »i. The liair on the fore part of the head. 
 
 2. That i>arl of a woman's head-dress that is for- 
 ward, or the top of a periwig. 
 
 3. In ships, the platform erected at the head of the 
 foreinasl. [/n this seiue, tJtc accent on the two syllables 
 is ncarhf enual.] 
 
 FORE-TOP'MaST, n. The mast erected at the head 
 of the foremast, and at the head of which stands the 
 fore top-gallant-mast. 
 
 FOR-EV'ER, adv. At all times. 
 
 2. To eternity ; through endless ages. 
 
 FoRE-VOUCiI'£;D, (-voucht',) pp. Alfirmcd before ; 
 formerly told. Shak. 
 
 FoRE'VVARl), II. The van ; the front. 1 Marmbcrs. 
 
 FoRE-WAl'X', (fore-waurii',) v. t. To admonish be- 
 forehand'. 
 
 1 will forewarn you whom ye sliall fear. — Luke xii. 
 
 2. To inform previously ; to give previous notice. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. To caution beforehand. Dnjdrn. 
 FonE-AVAUN'/;n, pp. Admonished, cautioned, or 
 
 iiil'iirini'il III forehand. 
 FOKE-WARiN'ING, H"-. Previously admonishing or 
 informing. 
 
 FoRE-WARN'ING, n. Previous admonition, caution, 
 or notice. 
 
 FoltlVWENI)', B. e. To go before. [Obs.] Spcnsrr. 
 
 FoltlO'Wl.M) n. A favorable wind. Shale. 
 
 FoKlvWlSH', I'. L To wish bcforeh.ind. Knvlles. 
 
 FoRE'\\0,\l-AN, n. A woman who is chief; the 
 head woman. TaUer. 
 
 FoRE-\VORi\', pp. [PceWEAn.] Worn out ; wast- 
 ed or obliterated by time or use. Sidney. 
 
 FOR'FEIT, (for'fit,) r. (. [Fr. forfaire, forfait ; Low 
 h. fori.ifacerr, from L. foris, out or abroad, and facia, 
 lo make ; Norm, forfacc, forfeit, and forfist, for- 
 feited.] 
 
 To lose or render confiscable, by some fault, of- 
 fense, or crime ; to lose the right to some species of 
 projierly, or that which belongs to one ; lo alienate 
 the right to possess by some neglect or crime ; as, to 
 forfeit an estate by a breach of the condition of ten- 
 ure, or by treason. Hy the ancient laws of England, 
 a matt forfeited his estate by neglecting or refusing 
 to fiillill the conditions on which it was granted to 
 him, or by a breach of fealty. A man now forfeits 
 his estate by committing treason. A man forfeits his 
 honor or reputation by a breach of promise, and by 
 any criminal or disgraceful act. Statutes declare 
 that by certain acts a man shall forfeit a certain sum 
 of money. Under the feudal system, the right to the 
 land /ur/eitcd vested in the lord or superior. In mod- 
 ern times, the riglit to things forfeited is generally 
 regulated by statutes ; it is vested in the state, in cor- 
 porations, or in prosecutors or informers, or partly in 
 the state or a corporation and partly in an individ- 
 ual. The duelist, to secure the reputation of bravery, 
 forfeits the esteem of good men and the favor of 
 Heaven. 
 
 FOU'FEIT, (for'fit,) n. (Fr. forfait; W. forfed ; Low 
 L. fori^actitra. Originally, and still in French, a 
 trespass, transgression, or crime. liut wilh us, the 
 effect of some transgression or offense.] 
 
 1. That which is forfeited or lost, or the righl to 
 which is alienated by a crime, offense, neglect of 
 duty, or breach of contract ; hence, a fine ; a mulct ; 
 a penalty. He that murders pays the forfeit of his 
 life. When a statute creates a penalty for a trans- 
 gression, either in money or in corporal punishment, 
 the offender, who, on conviction, pays the money or 
 sutlers the punishment, pays the forfeit. 
 
 2. Sometliing deposited and redeemable by a joc- 
 ular fine ; whence the game of forfeits. 
 
 « QoUlsiniUi. Smart. 
 
 3. One whose life is fiirfeited. [JVut tt-ied.] Shak. 
 FOR'FEIT, parL a. [Used for Forfkited.] Lost or 
 
 alienated for an ollensc or crime ; liable to penal 
 seizure. 
 
 And Ills long toils wi re for/eit for a look. Drytlen. 
 FOR'FEIT-A-BLE, (forTit-ii-bl,) a. Liable to be for- 
 feited ; subject to forleilurc. 
 
 For the future, uses shall b«? suhject to die statutes of mortmain, 
 toid/or/etlaJtle like tlic lands themselves. BtadCBlone. 
 
 FOR'FEIT-ED, pp. or a. Lost or alienated by an of- 
 fi'nse, crime, or breach of condition. 
 
 FOR'FEIT-ER, n. One who incurs punishment by 
 fiirfi iting his bond. Shak. 
 
 FOK'FEIT-I.NG, ppr. Alienating or losing, as a right, 
 by an olU nse, crime, or breach of conditiim. 
 
 FOIl'FElT-l'RE, (for'fit-yQre,) n. The act of forfeit- 
 ing ; the losing of some righl, privilege, estate, hon- 
 or, office, or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of 
 condition, or other act. In regard to property, for- 
 fiilure is a loss of the right to possess, but not gener- 
 ally the actual posiession, which is to be transferred 
 by some subseqiieiil process. In the feudal system, 
 a forfeiture of lands g-.ivc him in reversion or remain- 
 der a righl to enli r. 
 
 2. That which is forfeited ; an estate forfeited ; a 
 fine or mulct. Tlie prince enriched his treasury by 
 fines and forfeitures. 
 
 F () R 
 
 FOR'FE.X, M. [L.] A pair of scissors. Pope. 
 
 FOR GAVE', pret. of FoiiiiivE, which see. 
 
 FORGE, n. [I'r. forge: Sp, I'litl. forja i probably from 
 
 L, //.Tcum, iron ; It, /crriera, a forge ; Port, /crra;»rm, 
 
 iron-work,] 
 
 1. A furnace in which iron or other metal Is heated 
 and hammered into form, A larger forge is called 
 with us iron<Dorks. Smaller forges, cousisting of a 
 bellows so placed as to cast a stream of 3ir upon ig- 
 nited coals, are of various forms and uses. Armies 
 have t ravel ing/orirM for repairing gun-carriages, &.C. 
 
 2. Any place where any thing is made or shaped. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. The act of beating or working iron or steel ; the 
 manufacture of metalline bodi"s. 
 
 Ill the /greater bodies die fori;e was easy. Bacon. 
 
 FoltfiE, V. t. To form by heating and hammering ; to 
 liiMl into any particular shape, as a metal. 
 2. To make by any nie.ins. 
 
 Nam(« that Uie schoob forged, 
 scholars. 
 
 iid put into the moiittis of 
 Loekt. 
 
 3. To make falsely; to falsify ; to counterfeit; lo 
 make in the likeness of soiin'thing else ; as, to furgt 
 coin ; to forge a bill of exchange, or a receipt 
 FoRG'A'l), (torjd,) pp. ut n. Hammered; beaten into 
 
 siiape ; made ; counterfeited. 
 FCRG'ER, n. One thai makes or forms. 
 
 2. One who counterfeits ; a falsifier. 
 FOUCEll-V', n The act of forging or working metal 
 into shape. [In tnis sense, rarely or never now nsed.] 
 
 2. Tlie act of falsifying ; tlie crime of counterfeit- 
 ing ; as, till! forgery of coin, or of bank notes, or of 
 a bond. Forgery may consist in counlerfi'iting a 
 writing, or in setting a false name to it, to the preju- 
 dice of another person. 
 
 3. That H hicli is forged or counterfeited. Certain 
 letters, purporting to be written by Genenil Washing- 
 ton, during the revolution, were forgeries. 
 
 FOR-OET', 17. t. ; pret, Fob<;ot, [Foroat, obs. ;] pp. 
 Forgot, Forcoti en. [Sax. forgelMn, forgitan, for- 
 gytan ; G. vergessen ; D. vergeetcn ; S w. forgala ; Dan. 
 forgietter ; for and get.] 
 
 r. I'o lose the remembrance of; to let go from the 
 memory. 
 
 Blcsa the Lonl, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits. — 
 Ps. cill. 
 
 2. To slight ; to neglect. 
 
 Can a woman forget her sucking cliilil ? Yea, they may forget, 
 yet will I not forget thee. — Is. xlix. 
 
 FOR-GET'FUL, a. Apt to forget ; easily losing the 
 remembrance of. A forgetful man should use helps 
 to strengthen his memory. 
 
 2. Heedless ; careless ; neglectful ; inattentive. 
 
 Be not forgetful to entertain strangers. — Ileb. xiil. 
 
 3. Causing to forget ; inducing oblivion ; oblivious ; 
 as, forgetful draughts. Drydcn. 
 
 FOU GIor'FIIL-LY, ado. In a forgetful manner. 
 
 FOR-(;ET'Fi)L-\ESS, «. The quality of losing the 
 remembrance or recollection of a thing ; or rather, 
 the quality of being apt lo let any thing slip from Uie 
 mind. 
 
 2. Loss of remembrance or recollection ; a ceasing 
 to remember ; oblivion. 
 
 A vNixl forgetfulnett of human care. 
 
 Popt. 
 
 3. Neglect ; negligence ; careless omission ; inat- 
 tention ; as, forgclfiilness of duty. Hooker. 
 FoRG'E-TIVE, u. [(torn forge.] That may forge or 
 
 produce ; inventive. [J^ot used.] Shak. 
 FOU-GET'-ME-NOT', n. A small herb, of the genus 
 Myosolis, bearing a beautiful blue (lower, and exten- 
 sively considered the emblem of fidelity. 
 
 Encijc. jjm 
 
 FOR-GET'TER, n. One that forgets ; a heedless per- 
 son. 
 
 FOR-GET'TING, ppr. Losing the remembrance of. 
 
 FOR-GET'TING, n. The act of forgetting ; forgelful- 
 ness ; inattention. 
 
 FOR-GET'TLNG-LY, adv By forgetting or forgelful- 
 ness. B. Jonson. 
 
 FORG'ING, ppr. Hammering; beating into shape; 
 counterfeiting. 
 
 FORCING, n. The act of beating into shape; the 
 act of counterfeiting. 
 
 FOR-GIV'A-IiLE, a, [See Forgive.] That may be 
 partloned. Sherwood. 
 
 FOR-GIVE', (for-giv',) v. t. ; pret. Forgave ; pp For- 
 given, [for and give; Sax. forgifan ; Golh. fragi- 
 ban : G. vergrben ; f). vrrgecven ; uim. forgiver ; Sw. 
 tdgifca. The sense is, to give from, that is, away, as 
 wo see by the Gothic fra, from. The English for, 
 and G. and D. ver, are the same w ord, or from the 
 same root ; ver is the Eng. far. The Swedish til sig- 
 nifies Co, and in this compound it signifies toward or 
 back ; so in L. remitto. Sec Give.] 
 
 I. To pardon; to remit, as an offense or debt ; lo 
 overlook an offense, and treat the offender as not 
 guilty. The original and proper phrase is to forgive 
 Uie offense, lo send it away, to rcjccl it, that is, not to 
 impute it, [put it to,] the offender. But, by an easy 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US.-6 as K ; 6 as J ; a as Z ; CH as SII ; TH B3 in THIS. 
 
FOR 
 
 transition, we also use the plirase, to forgive the per- 
 sun uflending. 
 
 fhrgive us oiir debts. Lord's Prayer. 
 
 If ye /orgitx men iheir trespasses, yo\ir heavenly Father will 
 
 also forgiae yon. — Matl. vi. 
 As savages never forget a I.ivor, so tliey never forgive an in- 
 jury. N. CIdpman. 
 
 It is to be noted that pardon, lilte forsrive, may be 
 followed by the name or person, and by the offen.se ; 
 but remit can be followed by the offense only. We 
 forgive or pardon tlie man, but we do not remit him. 
 2. To remit, as a deljt, fine, or penalty. 
 
 FOR-GlV'£N, pp. Pardoned ; remitted. 
 
 FOR-GIVE'NESS, (for-giv'ness,) ji. The act of for- 
 giving ; the pardon of an offender, by which he is 
 considered and treated as not guilty. The forgive- 
 ness of enemies is a Christian duty. 
 
 2. The pardon or remission of an offense or crime ; 
 as, the forgiveness of sin or of injuries. 
 
 3. Disposition to pardon ; willingness to forgive. 
 
 And mild Jorgiceness iuteiicede 
 
 To stop Uie coming blow. Dryden. 
 
 4. Remission of a debt, fine, or penalty. 
 FOR-GIV'ER, 71. One who p;irdons or remits. 
 FOR-GlV'l.\G, ppr. Pardoning ; remitting. 
 
 9. a. Disposed to forgive ; inclined to overlook of- 
 fenses ; mild ; merciful ; compassionate ; as, a for- 
 giving temper. 
 FOR POT' ) 
 
 F0R-G0T'T^:N, S PP- °^ "• Forget. 
 FOR-HaIL', v. u To draw or distress. [JVo( used.'] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FO-RIN'SE-CAL, o. [L. forinsecus.'] 
 Foreign ; alien. [Little used.] 
 
 FO-RIS-FA-MIL'L\TE, v. i. [L /orii, without, and 
 familia, family.] 
 
 To renounce a legal title to a further share of pa- 
 ternal inheritance. Litcralttj, to put one's self out of 
 the family. El. of Criticism. 
 
 FO-RIS-FA-MIL-I-A'TION, n. When a child has re- 
 ceived a portion of his father's estate, and renounces 
 all title to a further share, his act is called forisfamil- 
 iation, and he is said to be forisfamiliated. Kncyc. 
 
 FORK, n. [Sax./orc; D. vork ; W.forc; Fr.fourche; 
 Arm. fork; Sp. horca; Port, and It. fbrca; li. f ur- 
 ea.] 
 
 1. An instrument consisting of a handle, and a 
 blatle of metal, divided into two or more points or 
 prongs, used for lifting or pitching anything; as, a 
 tablefork for feeding; a pitchfork; a dungfork, &c. 
 Forks are also matle of ivory, wood, or other ma- 
 terial. 
 
 2. A point ; as, a thunderbolt with three forlis. 
 Sliakspeare uses it for the point of an arrow. 
 
 3. Forks; in the plural, the point where a road 
 parts into two ; and the point where a river di- 
 vides, or rather, where two rivers meet and unite 
 in one stream. Each branch is called a. fork. 
 
 FORK, V. i. To shoot into blades, as corn. Mortimer. 
 
 2. To divide into two ; as, a road forks. 
 FORK, V. t. To raise or pitch with a fork, as hay. 
 
 2. To dig and break ground with a fork. 
 
 3. To make sharp ; to point. 
 
 FORK'ED, (forkt,) pp. Raised, pitched, or dug, with 
 a fork. 
 
 2. a. Opening into two or more parts, points, or 
 shoots ; as, a foi'ked tongue; the forked liglitning. 
 
 3. Having two or more meanings. [JVot in use.] 
 
 B, Jonson, 
 
 FORK'ED-LV, adv. In a forked form. 
 FOKK'ED-NESS, n. The quality of opening into two 
 
 or more parts. 
 FORK'IIE.XD, n. The point of an arrow. Spenser. 
 FORK'I.ESS, a. Having no fork. 
 FORK'TAIL, n. A salmon in his fourth year's growth. 
 
 [ Loco!.] 
 
 FORK'V, a. Forked; furcated; opening into two or 
 more parts, shoots, or points ; as, a forkij tongue. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 FOR-LXY', V. t. To lie in wait for ; to ambush; as, 
 a thief forlays a traveler. Dryden. 
 
 FOR LIE', V. i.; prrt. Foulav. To lie before or in 
 front of [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 FOR-l,oRE', a. Forlorn. [JVot in use.] 
 
 FOR LORN', a. [>i;ix.forloren, from forlroran, to send 
 away, to relinqinsh, to dest:rt, to lose ; leoran, to pass, 
 to migrate ; D. verlooren ; Dan. forloren, from forlu- 
 rer, t>w. fOrlorn, to lose. Class Lr.] 
 
 1. Deserttui ; destitute ; stripped or deprived ; for- 
 saken. Hence, lost ; helpless ; wretched ; solitary. 
 
 Of fortune Kn.l of bopr at ouiv- forlorn. }lidM<i. 
 To livf ttK-un in tti--*- wild wuodii fortoni. MUton, 
 For Xv.n forlorn and lo»l I tn.-iul. Colde/nUh. 
 
 2. Taken away. [Obs.] 
 
 Wben a« nl|[lil liilli u< ol Uubl/orlorn. Spenser. 
 
 3. Small ; despicable ; in a ludicrous sense. Shak. 
 FOR LORN', 71. A lost, forsaken, solitarv i)er!ion. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FOR LORN'-linPE, n. IJtrrnthj, n desperate case ; 
 bftif-v, in mtUtary aJTaim, n drt:ichinent (»f men U[t- 
 pomtiuj lo lead in an iHsault, toHtorm a connlerNcarp, 
 cnt«r a breub, or perforin other Hervice atteiiiled Willi 
 uncoiDioon fierii. 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOR-LORN'LY, adv. In a forlorn manner. Pollok. 
 FOR-LORN'NESS, n. Destitution ; misery ; a forsak- 
 en or wretched condition. Boyle. 
 FOR-L^E'. feee Forlie. 
 
 FORM, 71. [h. forma; Fr. forme; Sp. forma, horma; 
 It. forma; Ir.foirm; D. vorm; G. form; Sw. and 
 Dan. form. The root of this word is not certainly 
 known. The primary sense is probably to set, to fi.\, 
 to fit. The D. vormea is rendered, to form, to 
 shape, to mold, to coiifirm ; and form may be allied 
 to firm.] 
 
 1. 'I'he shape or external appearance of a body ; 
 the figure, as defined by lines and angles ; that man- 
 ner of being peculiar to each body, which e.vhibits it 
 to the eye as distinct from every other body. Thus 
 we speak of the/ui-m of a circle, the form of a square 
 or triangle, a circular form, the form of the head, or 
 of the human body, a handsome fortn, an ugly form, 
 a frightful form. 
 
 Matter is the basis or substratum of bodies ; form 
 is the i>articular disposition of matter in each body, 
 which distinguishes its appearance from that of every 
 other body. 
 
 The form of his visage was changed. — Dan. iii. 
 After th;il he api^eared in anollier form to two of them, as they 
 walked. — M.trk xvi. 
 
 2. Manner of arranging particulars ; disposition of 
 particular things ; as, a form t»f words or expressions. 
 
 3. Model ; draught ; pattern. 
 
 Holil fast the form of sound worils, which tliou hast lieani of 
 me. —2 Tim. i. 
 
 4. Beauty ; elegance ; splendor ; dignity. 
 
 He hath no form nor comeliness. — Is. liii. 
 
 5. Regularity ; method ; erder This is a rough 
 draught to be reduced to form. 
 
 C. E.Yternal appearance without the essential qual- 
 ities ; empty show. 
 
 7. Stated method ; established practice ; ritu.il or 
 prescribed mode ; as, the forms of public worshij) ; 
 the forms of judicial proceeding ; forms of civility. 
 
 8. Ceremony ; as, it is a mere matter of form. 
 
 9. Determinate shape. 
 
 The earth w.as without form, and void. — (ien. i. 
 
 10. Likeness ; image. 
 
 Who, Uiiig in Ihe/orm of God. — Phil. ii. 
 
 He took on him the form of a servant. — Phil. ii. 
 
 11. Manner; system; as, n form of government; 
 a monarchical or republican form. 
 
 12. JIanner of arrangement ; disposition of compo- 
 nent parts ; as, the interior form or structure of the 
 flesh or bones, or of other bodies. 
 
 13. A long seat ; a bench without a back. Watts. 
 [In this and the two following senses, the English 
 
 pronunciation is form.] 
 
 14. In schools, a class ; a rank of students. 
 
 I>rydnt. 
 
 15. The seat or bed of a hare. Prior. 
 IG. A mold ; something to give shape, or on which 
 
 things are fashioned. Encyc. 
 
 17. In printing, an assemblage of types, composed 
 and arranged in order, disposed into pages or col- 
 umns, and inclosed and locked in a chase, to re- 
 ceive an impression. The t»iifcr form always con- 
 tains the first and last pages, the inner form contains 
 the second page. 
 
 18. Essential form, is that mode of existence which 
 constitutes a thing what it is, and without which it 
 could not exist. Thus water and light have each its 
 particular form of existence, and the parts of water 
 being decomposed, it ceases to be water. .Accidental 
 form is not necessary to the existence t»f a body. 
 Earth is earth still, whatever may be its color. 
 
 FORM, V. t. [L. formo.] 
 
 1. To make or cause to exist in a particular man- 
 ner. 
 
 And the I.ord God formed man of the dust of the ground. — 
 Uen. ii. 
 
 2. To shape ; to mold or fashion into a particular 
 shape or state ; as, Inform an image of stone or clay. 
 
 3. To plan ; to scheme ; to modify. Dryden. 
 
 4. To arrange; to combine in a particular manner ; 
 as, to form a line or square of troops. 
 
 5. To adjust ; to settle. 
 
 Our <lill<TenccH witli llie Romanists are tluii formed into nn in- 
 U-rest. Decay of P'cty. 
 
 fi. Tti contrive ; to invent ; as, to form a design or 
 scheme. 
 
 7. To mak(! up ; to frame ; to settle by deductions 
 of retison ; as, to form an opinion or judgment ; to 
 form an estimat(\ 
 
 8. To mold ; to model by instrurtlcm and discipline ; 
 as, to form Ihe mind to virtuous habits by education. 
 
 '.). To combine ; to unite individuals into a col- 
 lective body ; as, to form a society for missions. 
 
 Ih. To make ; to establish. The subscribers ari^ 
 formed by law into a corporation. Tliey \mve formed 
 regiil.ilioiis for tlii ir gi>vernmi nt. 
 
 11. To ccMopile ; u-s, to /orm a body of laws or 
 cUHtoliiH ; to form H dige.'tt. 
 
 FOR 
 
 12. To constitute ; to make. Duplicity forms no 
 part of his character. These (acts form a safe foun- 
 dation for our conclusions. The senate and house 
 of representatives form the legislative body. 
 
 13. In grammar, to make by derivation, or by 
 affixes or prefixes. L. do, in the preterit, forms 
 dedi. 
 
 14. To enact ; to make ; to ordain ; as, to form a 
 law or an edict. 
 
 FORM, V. i. To take a form. 
 
 FOR.M'AL, a. According to form ; agreeable to es- 
 tablished mode ; regular ; methodical. 
 
 2. Strictly ceremonious ; precise ; exact to affecta- 
 tion ; as, a man formal in his dress, his gait, or de- 
 portment. 
 
 3. Done in due form, or with solemnity ; express ; 
 according to regular method ; not incidental, sud- 
 den, or irregular He gave his formal consent to the 
 treaty. 
 
 4. Regular ; methodical ; as, the formal stars. 
 
 Waller. 
 
 5. Having the form or appearance without the sub- 
 stance or essence ; external ; as, formal duty ; formal 
 worship. 
 
 C. Depending on customary forms. 
 
 Still in conslniint your suflering sex remains, 
 
 Or bound in formal or iii re;d chains. Pope. 
 
 7. Having the power of making a thing wh.at it is ; 
 constituent ; essential. 
 
 Of letters the niateri;i 
 constituted by the 
 
 part is breath and voice ; the formal it 
 motions and figure of the organs ol s)»eecli. 
 
 Holder. 
 
 8. Retaining its proper and essential characteristic ; 
 regular ; proi)er. 
 
 To make of iiim 3. formal man again. Shak. 
 FORM'.^L-ISM, 71. A resting in mere e.vtemal forms 
 of religion. 
 
 FOR.M'AL-IST, 7i. One who observes forms, or prac- 
 tices external ceremonies. More generally, 
 
 2. One who rests in external religious forms, or 
 observes tlie forms of worship, without possessing 
 the life and spirit of religion. A grave face and the 
 regular practice of ceremonies have often gained to 
 n formalist the reputation of iiiety. 
 
 F(JR-iM.\L'I-TY, 71. 'i'he practice or observance of 
 forms. 
 
 Fortnalilies at exlraortlinary zeal and piety ar« never more 
 studied and elaborate than in desperate designs. 
 
 K. Charles. 
 
 2. Ceremony ; mere conformity to customary modes. 
 Nor was his attendance on divine ollices a matter of formality 
 
 and custom, but of conscience. Aturliury. 
 
 3. Established order ; rule of proceeding ; mode ; 
 method ; as, the /ormaiities of judicial process ; /ur- 
 malities of law. 
 
 4. Order ; decorum to be observed ; customary 
 mode of behavior. L'Estrange. 
 
 5. Customary mode of dress ; habit; robe. Saifl. 
 
 6. External appearance. Olanville. 
 
 7. Essence; the quality which constitutes a thing 
 what it is. 
 
 The formality of Uie vow lies in the promise made to God. 
 
 SUllineifieel. 
 
 8. In the schools, the manner in which a thing is 
 conceived ; or a manner in an object, im|H>rting a 
 relation to the understanding, by which it may be 
 distinguished from another object. Thus animality 
 antl rationality are formalities. Encyc. 
 
 FORM'AL-IZE, V. t. To model. [JVot used.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 FORM'AL-IZE, v. i. To affect formality. [Liule 
 K.s-crf.] Hates. 
 
 FORM^\L-IZ-JCD, pp. Modeled. 
 
 FOR.M'AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Modeling. 
 
 FOR.M'AL-LY, adv. According to established form, 
 rule, order, rile, or ceremony. A treaty was ciui- 
 chidetl and formally ratified by both parties. 
 
 2. Ceremoniously ; stillly ; precisely ; as, to be stiff 
 and formally reserved. 
 
 3. In open appearance ; in a visible and apparent 
 state. 
 
 You and your followeni do stand formally divided against the 
 authorized guides of the church, and llie rest of lhi,^ieo^le. 
 
 4. Essentially ; characteristically. 
 
 That which formally makes this [charity] a Clirislian gr.ace, is 
 the spring from which it Hows. Hinalridge. 
 
 FOR'JUA P.SU' PF.R-IS, [L.] To sue in forma ;iiiii- 
 peris, is to sue as a poor man, which relieves Irum 
 cosLs. ISouvier. 
 
 FOR'M .ATE, n. [A more correct term than FtniMiATE ; 
 but both are used.] A salt composed of formic acid 
 -ombini d with any base. 
 
 FOR-MA'TION, «. [Yt., from L./«ivnafjo.] 
 
 1. The act of lormiiig or making ; the act of cre- 
 ating or causing to exist ; or, more generally, the op- 
 eration of bringing things togi'llier, or of shaping 
 and giving fonn ; as, the formntion of the earth; the 
 ftirmotion of a slate or constitution. 
 
 2. Generatitm ; prodiit'tion ; as, the formation of 
 ideas. 
 
 3. The manner in which a thing is formed. Ex- 
 amine the i^fciiliar formation of the heart. 
 
 FATB, FAU, FAIA., WII^T — METE, PREY PINE, MABJNE, IlIKD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, UQQK.— 
 
 474 
 
FOR 
 
 4. In >rraniiniir, the act or manner of forming onfi 
 wi>rd frotn uiiother, as controller from control, 
 
 5. In trroloirii, fiirination may signify a single mass 
 of oiii! kinti ol' fork, mure or less extensive, or a col- 
 leclicm of mineral substanres, fornieil by tlic same 
 agent, under the same ur similar circumstances ; or 
 it may convey the iih'a, licit certain masses or col- 
 lections of minerals were fornieil not only by the 
 same agent, but aUo during the same gc^ohigical 
 epoch. In this latter sense the term is almost al- 
 ways employed. Cleavelanil. 
 
 Kormation is that collection or assemblage of beds 
 or layers, strata, or portions of earth, or minerals, 
 which seem to have been formed at the same epoch, 
 and to have the same general characters of compo- 
 sition and lodgment. VicL JVat. IlUt. 
 FOllM'ATI VK, a. Giving form; having the power 
 of giving form ; plastic ; as, the formatiee arts. 
 
 The o«'anr»t plant ctm iiol li." nu«<'<l willioiit ict'd«, by uny/orm- 
 a!iv€ jKiWLT rcithling in tlie auil. BenUey. 
 
 2. In grammar, serving to form ; derivative ; not 
 radical ; as, a termination merely /imnatirc 
 
 FOR.M'A-TIVE, n. In fframmar, that which serves 
 merely to give form, and is no [Kirt of the radical. 
 
 FOR.'NI'i.'I), pp. Made; shaped; molded; planned; 
 arninged ; combined ; en:icted ; constituted. 
 
 FOK'MK-nO.N, n. [forma iloni.] In Emrlisk law, a 
 writ of right for a tenant in tail. This writ has now 
 been abolished. P. Cijc. 
 
 FDR.M'F.R, K. He that forms; a maker; an author. 
 
 FOK'.MER, a. comp. [Sax. form, forma, but it is ren- 
 di'red pnmtcf, first. The Saxon word seems to be 
 coin|«)sed of fore and ma, more j bill of this I am not 
 ctinfident.] 
 
 1. Hefore in time ; preceding .inother or something 
 else in order of time ; op|iosed to latter. 
 
 Iter former hiiiUiml, who (cut hiT awnv, mfiy not tn\t<e her 
 atCM» to be hi< Vk lte, lifter Dial she ia dcfited. — Deut. xxW. 
 The former aiut tlie latter rain. — Jer. v. 
 
 2. Past, and frequently ancient, long past. 
 
 For inijuiiv, I pn\y tjiee, of tlie /ormer agr. — Job viii. 
 
 3. Near the beginning ; preceding ; as, the former 
 part of a discourse or argument. 
 
 4. Mentioned before another. 
 
 A biul nuthor ileservo belter iwiigi: thnn a trad critic ; a man 
 may l>e the fonnxr nvrcly tliroiio^h tlie niislurtnne of want 
 of Jod^inent ; but he can not be the latter witjioul twlh th.u 
 and an ill lumper. Pope. 
 
 FOR'MER-LY, add. In time past, either in time im- 
 niiMlialely preceding, or at any indefinite distance; 
 of old ; heretofore. We formerly im|Mirted slaves 
 from .Africa. Nations formerly made slaves of pris- 
 oners taken in war. 
 
 FOR.M'FIJL, u. Ready to form ; creative ; imagina- 
 liv.«. 7'Aomo-t)«. 
 
 FOR'.MI-.\TE, n. [from /ormica, an aiit.l 
 
 .\ salt composed of the formic acid ami a base. 
 
 [See FoRMATK. ) 
 
 FOR'.Mie, a. [ U/on«if«, an ant.J 
 
 I'ertaining to ants; as, the formic acid, an acid 
 obtained originally from red ant^, but now formed 
 by artificial distillation. 
 FOR- .M I e .\ ' T I O N , II. [ L. formicatio, from formieo, or 
 formica, an ant.] 
 
 A sensation of the body resembling that made by 
 the crtreping of ants on the skin. 
 FOR'.MI-D.V-UI.E, a. \U. fonnidabilis, from formido, 
 fear.] 
 
 Exciting fear or apprehensitm ; impressing dre.ad ; 
 adapted to excite fear ami deter from npprc>.icli, en- 
 counter, or undertaking. It cxprt^ses h^ss th.'iii ter- 
 rible, terr\fic, tremendous, horrible, anti frightful, 
 
 Tliey ieoine,! to fear the J'ormidafit Uj^lit. Drylen. 
 
 1 twell niy pref^tce into a Tol' ine, and majte it /orjiwtnbtt, 
 when you tec to many ft£es tn^liind. Drylen. 
 
 FOR'MI-DA-BLE NESS, n The quality of being for- 
 
 mid.'ible, or ailapted to excite tiread. 
 FOR'.MI-DA-ULY, a(/c. In a manner to impress fear. 
 FOR'.MILL, c. (. To order. [Crarrn dialecL] 
 FORM'LESS, a. (from form.] Sha|M less ; without 
 
 a determinate form ; wanting regularity of shape. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FORM'U-I,A, n. [L.] A prescribed form ; a rule or 
 
 2. In medtcine, a prescription. [model. 
 
 3. In cAiirfA (/YTair.s, a confession of faith. Kneyc. 
 
 4. In malArmiitiCi, a general expression for resolv- 
 ing certain cases or problems. Cyc, 
 
 5. In chemL'tnf, a term applied to the symbols rep- 
 rcsenling the diil'erent substances. Ure, 
 
 FORM'l[-I,A-RY,n. (Fr./«nni./airf,from formula.] 
 
 1. A hook containing slated and prescribed forms, 
 as of oaths, declarations, prayers, and Uie like; a 
 book of precedents. £ncye. 
 
 2, Prescribed form ; fonnulo. 
 
 FORM'I' LA-RV, a. Staled; prescribed: ritual. 
 FOR.M'PLE, B. [Fr.] A set or prescribed model; 
 ^ formula. Johnson, 
 I- ( )R.\'l-e.lTE, 1 o. [L. /«mi«a/us, from/tn-BLT, an 
 FOR.N'I C.^-TED, i arch.] 
 
 Arched ; vaulted like an oven or furnace. EncT/c, 
 FOR.N'I eATE, c. i. [L. fornicor, from fomu, a 
 brothel.] 
 
 To commit lewdness, as an unmarried man or 
 
 FOR 
 
 woman, or as a married man with an unmarried 
 woman. 
 
 If a Brahmin /ornicnte with a Nayr woman, he shall not llien-by 
 Ittse Ills c;\ste. Ae, Reeearcliet. 
 
 FORN-I-CA'TION, n. [h. fomicatio.] 
 
 1. The incontinence or lewilni^ss of unmarried 
 persons, male or female; also, tin; criminal con- 
 versation of a married man with an uniiinrried 
 woman. Laws of ConnccticuL 
 
 2. Atlultery. Mult. v. 
 
 3. Incest. 1 Cor, v. 
 
 4. Idolatry ; a forsaking of the true God, and wor- 
 shiping of idols. 2 Citron, xxi. licit, xix. 
 
 5. An arching ; the forming of a vaiilL 
 FOUN'I-€.A-TOR, n. An unmarried person, male or 
 
 female, who has criminal conversation with the 
 other sex ; also, a married man who has sexual coiii- 
 merce with an unmarried woman. [See Auilterv.] 
 
 2. A lewd person. 
 
 3. An idolater. 
 
 FORN'i e.A-TKESS, n. An unmarried female guilty 
 of lewdness. Shak, 
 
 FOR-PXSS', V. i. To go by ; to pass unnoticed. 
 [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 FOR-I'INE', t). 1. To pine or waste away. [Ob.i.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FOR-RAY', r. L To ravage. [04*.] [Qu. forage.] 
 
 Speiuer. 
 
 FOR-RAY', n. The act of ravaging. [See Fo«.»v.] 
 FOR-SAKE', V. t, ; preL Foksook ; pp. Forsaken. 
 forsaean,for$tFcan : for, a negative, and srcan, 
 to seek. (See Seek.) Sw. forsaka, Dan. forsatrer, 
 G. versagen, 1). vcrzaaken, to deny, to renounce. 
 See .'^EEK anil Say.] 
 
 1. To tjuit or leave entirely ; to ilesert ; to aban- 
 don ; to depart from. Friemls and flatterers forsaSic 
 us in adversity. 
 
 Forsake the foolish, and live. — Pro*, ix. 
 
 2. To abandon ; to renounce ; to reject. 
 
 If Ilia children forgake tny law, and walk not in my Jnd^enta. 
 
 — Hs. Ixxxin. 
 Cease frwm anger, and forsake wrath. — Ps. xxxvii. 
 
 3. To leave; to withdraw from; to fail. In anger, 
 the color forsakes the cheeks. In severe trials, let 
 iU)t fortitude fornakt you. 
 
 4. In Scripture, God forsakes his people, when ht? 
 withdraws his aid, or the light of his cuuntenance. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 FOR-SAK'ER, n. One that forsakes or deserts. 
 FOR-SAK'KN, p;>. or a. Deserted; left; abandoned. 
 FOK-.S.\K'l.\G, ;>;<r. Leaving or deserting. 
 FOR-SAK'KNG, ;i. The act of deserting; dereliction. 
 FOR-S.\Y', r. £. To forbid ; to renounce. [Obs,] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FOR-SI,ACK', r. ^ To delay. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 FOR-SOOTII', ado. [Sax. forsothe ; for and jjotA, 
 true.] 
 
 In truth ; in facj ; certainly ; very w ell. 
 
 A fit Plan, forsooth, to govern a nralin I IlaytMrd. 
 
 [ft is generally used in an ironical or contemptuous 
 sense.] 
 
 FORS'TER, 71. A forester. [04*.] Chaucer. 
 FOR-SVVE.AR', r. L ; prcU Forswore; pp. Forsworn. 
 
 [Sax./t/r.,-wii/Trtaa ; Dan. /or-^rtfrcr ,* S\v,fUrsvdra; G. 
 
 verschteiiren, abscUwifren i D. nfzteceren. See Sweab 
 
 and Answer.] 
 
 1. To reject or renounce upon oath. Sliak. 
 
 2. To deny upon oath. 
 
 Like innocence, and as serenely bold 
 
 As trutli, how loudly he/orsu«ars thy ^Id 1 Dryden. 
 
 To fitrswear one's self, is to swear falsely ; to per- 
 jure one's self. 
 
 Thou shall not fortwenr thyself. — Matt. t. 
 FOR-S\VEAR',». i. To swear falsely ; to commit per- 
 jury. Shak. 
 Fl)R-S\VEAR'ER, n. One who rejects on oalh ; one 
 
 who is perjured ; one that swears a false oath. 
 FOR-SW'EAR'ING, ppr. Denying on oath ; swearing 
 falsely. 
 
 FOR-SVVONK', a. [Sax. awincan, to labor.] 
 
 Overlabored. [06.«.) Spenser, 
 FOR-S\V0RE', prrt. of Forswear. 
 FOR-S\VoR.\'',pp. of Forswear. Renounced on oath ; 
 perjured. 
 
 FOR-SWoRN'NESS, n. The state of being forsworn. 
 
 Mitining. 
 
 FORT, It. [Fr. fort: It. and Vori. forte: Sp. fuerU; 
 fuer-.a; I.. /urfw, strong.] 
 
 1. A fortified place ; usually, a small fortified |)l,tce ; 
 a place surrounded with a ditch, rimpart, and para- 
 pel, or with palisades, stockades, or other means of 
 defenne ; also, any building or place fortified for se- 
 curity against an enemy ; a castle. 
 
 2. A strong side ; opposed to weak side or foible. 
 FoRT'.M^ICE, n. A small outwork of o fortification. 
 
 The same as Fortelaoe. 
 
 FOR'TE, (for'ti,) adv. [It.] A direction to sing or 
 play with loudness or force. 
 
 FORTE, n. [Fr.] The strong point ; that art or de- 
 partment in which one excels. 
 
 FoRT'ED, a. Furnished with forts ; guarded by forts. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORTH, nrfr. [.Sax. forth; G. fort; D. voort; tVoin 
 forr,fnr,furait, to go, to advance.) 
 
 1. Forward ; i>iiwar(l in timt; ; in advance ; vu*, 
 from timt tiny forth; from that time forth, 
 
 2. Forwarti in place or order ; a-s, tme, two, three, 
 and so forth. 
 
 3. Out ; abroad ; noting progression or advance 
 from a slate of confineiuent ; as, the plants in spring 
 put forth leaves. 
 
 When winter past, and siimnier scircc begun, 
 
 Invites them forth to ialjor in the sun. Dryflen. 
 
 4. Out ; away ; beyond the boundary of a place ; 
 as, senil him forth of France. [lAltle tised.] 
 
 a. Out into public view, or public character. Your 
 country calls you forth into its service. 
 
 fi. Thoroughly; from beginning to end. [04«.] 
 7. On to the end. [Obs.] [Shak. 
 FORTH, ^rrp. Out of. 
 
 Kroin/orrt the streets of Poinfret. Shak. 
 Sonif forth their cabins peep. Donne. 
 
 FoKTII, 71. [Pu. Goth, fort.] A way. 
 
 FoRTII'COM'ING, a. [See Come.] Ready to ap- 
 pear ; making appearance. Let the prisoner Ucfurlh- 
 eoming, 
 
 FoRTH'GO'ING, ji. A going forth, or utterance; a 
 
 proceeding from. Chalmers. 
 FORTH'GO'ING, a. Going forth. 
 FOR-THINK', r. t To repent of. [JVtft m u.«f.] 
 
 Spen.-ier. 
 
 FORTIl-lS'SIJ-ING, (-ish'shu-ing,) a. [See Issue.] 
 Issuing ; coining out ; coining forwarti as from a 
 covert. Pope. 
 
 FORTH RIGHT', arfti. [Sec Rir.iiT.] Straight for- 
 ward ; in a straight tlireclion. [Obs.] Sulnry. 
 
 FoR l'lI RIGHT', H. A straight iiath. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 FoKTirWARD, nrfe. Forward. Bp. Ftshrr. 
 
 FORTH-WITII', a//e. [fortli and with.] Immediate- 
 ly ; without delay ; directly. 
 
 IiiiiiiediiUely tlierv fell fr-Mii liis eyes as it lud U?en scales ; and 
 he n-ce'ivcd bis si;jln fmtliwiUi Acu* ix. 
 
 FoR'THY, adi,, [Sax. forthi,] 
 
 Therefore. [X^ot used.] Spenser, 
 
 FOR'TI-ETH, a. [See Fortv.] The fourth tenth; 
 noting the niiiiiher next after tlie thirty-ninth. 
 
 FOR'TI-FI-A-ULE, a. That may be fortified. [Lit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 FOR-TI-FI-CA'TION, n. [See Fortify.] The act 
 of fortifying. 
 
 2. The art or science of fortifying places to defend 
 them against an enemy, by means of moats, ramparts, 
 parapets, and other bulwarks. Enryc. 
 
 3. The works erected to defend a place against at- 
 tack. 
 
 4. A fortified place ; a fort ; a castle. 
 ."). Adilitional strength. 
 
 FOR'TI-FI-f.'l), pp. or fl. Made strong against .Utacks. 
 FOR'TI-FI-ER, 11. One who erects works for defense. 
 2. One who streiiglhens, supports, and ii|)holds ; 
 
 that which strengthens. Sidney. 
 FOR'Tl-F?, o. t [t'r. fortifier ; S\>. fortificar ; ll, for- 
 
 t{/icare.] 
 
 1. Ill a general srn.ie, to add to the strength of; as, 
 to fortify wine by the addition of brandy. [Recent,] 
 
 2. To surround with a wall, ditch, palisades, or 
 other works, with a view to defend against the at- 
 tacks of an enemy ; to strengthen and secure by 
 forts, batteries, and other works of art; as, to fortify 
 a city, town, or harbor. 
 
 3. To strengthen against any attack ; as, to fortify 
 the mind against any sutlden calamity. 
 
 4. 'i'o confirm ; to add strength and finiiness to; 
 as, to fortify an opinion or resolution ; to fortify hope 
 or desire. 
 
 .5. To furnish with .strength or means of resisting 
 force, violence, or a.ssaiilt. 
 
 FOR'TI-FY, r. i. To raise strong pl.icca. Milton, 
 
 F(JR''I'1-FV-I.\G, ppr. Making strong against attacks. 
 
 FOR'TI-L.VGE, >i. A little fort; a blockhouse. [JVot 
 i/.s-rr/.l Spenser. 
 
 FORT'^I.N, 71. [Fr.] A little fort ; a field fort ; a 
 sconce. Shak. 
 
 FOH-TtS'Sr MO, [It.] In music, a direction to sing 
 with the utiiinsi strength or loudness. 
 
 FOR'Tl-TEU LY RE, [U] Firmly in action or exe- 
 cution. 
 
 FOR'TI-TI'DE, 71. [L. fortitudo, from firrti.', strong.] 
 That strength or firiiinttss of mind or soul which 
 enables a |ier.son to encounter danger with coolness 
 antI courage, or to bear pain or atlversity without 
 niurmiiriiig, depression, or des|iontleiicy. Fortitude 
 is the b.isis or source of genuine courage or intrepid- 
 ity in danger, of patience in suffering, of forbearance 
 under injuries, and of magnanimity in all conditions 
 of life. We sometimes ctmfoiind the elfict with the 
 cause, and use fortitiuie as synonymous with courage 
 or (Kitience ; but courage is an active virtue or vice, 
 ami patience is the effect it( fortitude, 
 
 Portitude IS the guanl and sup|H>rt ol the other viitucs. Locke. 
 
 FORT'LET, 71. A little fort. 
 
 FORT'NIGHT, (fort'nite,) n. [Contracted fl^m four- 
 teen nights, our ancestors reckoning lime by nights 
 and winters; so, also, smenniglus, sennight, a week. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; ti as J : S as Z ; CM as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOS 
 
 ■ I Non dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctiuin compu- 
 1 1 lanL Tacitus.] 
 
 I ' The space of fourteen days ; two weeks. 
 
 FOKT'MGHT-LY, adv. Once in a fortnight ; at in- 
 tervals of a fortnight. England. 
 FOR'TRESS, n. [Yi.foHeressc; It. fortezza, (wm fort, 
 forte, strong.] 
 
 1. Any fortified place ; a fort ; a castle ; a strong- 
 hold; a'place of defense or security. The English 
 have a strong fortress on tlie roclt of Gibraltar, or 
 that rock is a fortress. 
 
 2. Defense j safety ; security. 
 
 The Lord is my rock and my fortress. — P». xt'uL 
 FOR'TRESS, V. U To furnish with fortresses; to 
 
 guard ; to fortify. Skak. 
 FOR'TRESS-£D, (for'trest,) a. Defended by a for- 
 tress ; protected ; secured. Spenser. 
 FOR-TO'I-TOUS, a. [L. fortuitus, from the root of 
 fors, forte, fortuna : Fr. fortitit ; It. and Sp. fortuito. 
 The primary sense is, to come, to fall, to happen. 
 See Fake.] 
 
 Accidental ; casual ; happening by chance ; coming 
 or occurring unexpectedly, or wiiliout any known 
 cause. We speak of fortuitous events, when tliey 
 occur without our foreseeing or e-ispecting them ; and 
 o( a fortuitous concourse of atoms, when we suppose 
 the concourse not to result from the design and power 
 of a controlling agent. But an event can not be in 
 fact fortuitous. [See Accidental and Casual.] 
 FOR-TO'I-TOUS-LY, ado. Accidentally; casually; 
 by chance. 
 
 FOR-TO'I-TOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being ac- 
 cidental ; accident ; cliance. 
 FOR-TC'I-TY, n. Accident. 
 
 FOR'TU-NATE, (fort'yu-nate,) a. [h. fartunatus. See 
 Fortune.] 
 
 1. Coming by good luck or favorable chance ; bring- 
 ing some unexpected good ; as, a fortunate event ; a 
 fortunate concurrence of circumstances ; a fortunate 
 ticket in a lottery. 
 
 2. Lucky ; successful ; receiving some unforeseen 
 or unexpected good, or some good wliich was not de- 
 pendent on one's own skill or efforts ; as, a fortunate 
 adventurer in a lottery. I was most fortunate thus 
 unexpectedly to meet my friend. 
 
 3. Successful ; happy ; prosperous ; receiving or en- 
 joying some good in consequence of efforts, but where 
 the event was uncertain, and not absolutely in one's 
 power. The brave man is usually fortunate. We 
 say, a fortunate competitor for a fair lady, or for a 
 crown. 
 
 FOR'TU-NATE-LV, adv. Luckily ; successfully ; hap- 
 pily ; by good fortune, or favorable chance or issue. 
 
 FOR'TlJ-N.VrE-NESS, n. Good luck ; success ; hap- 
 pi'.jess, Sidney, 
 
 FOR'Tl^NE, (fort'yun,) ju [Fr., from L. fortuna; Sp. 
 and It. fortuna ; Arm. fortun ; from the root of Sax. 
 faran, to go, or L. fero or porta. So in D. gebeuren, 
 to liappen, to fall, from tlie root of bear ; gebeurtenis, 
 an event. We find the same word in opportunus, 
 (oit-po* fuHiLs,) seasonable. The primary sense is an 
 event, that whicli comes or befalls. So Fr. heureux, 
 from heure, hour, that is, time, season, and L. tem- 
 pestivus. (See Hour and Time.) The Russ. pora, 
 time, season, is of this family, and fortune is closely 
 allied to it] 
 
 1. Properly, chance ; accident ; luck ; the arrival 
 of something in a sudden or unexpected manner. 
 Hence the lie.atliens deified chance, and consecrated 
 temples and altars to the goddess. Hence the mod- 
 ern use of the word, for a power supposed to distrib- 
 ute the lots of life according to her own humor. 
 
 Though fortune's malice overthrow my state. iihak. 
 
 2. The good or ill that befalls man. 
 
 lo you tifi fortune of Great Britain lies. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Success, good or bad ; event. 
 
 Our equal crimes bhall equal /ortun^ give. Dryden. 
 
 4. The chance of life ; means of living ; wealth. 
 Bis fattier dying, lie WTUt driven to London to seek liisybrrune. 
 
 Siri/l. 
 
 5. Estate ; possessions ; as, a gentleman of small 
 fortune. 
 
 0. A large estate ; great wealth. This is often the 
 sense of the word stjinding alone or un*|ualified ; as, 
 a gentleman or lady of fortune. To the ladies we 
 Bay, Ucwarc of /oitunc-hunters. 
 
 7. The portion of a man or woman ; generally, of 
 a woman. 
 
 8. Futurity ; future state or events ; destiny. The 
 young arc anxious lo have their fortunes told. 
 
 Tuu, who men's /ortunct in Ihelr fiices teail. COteley. 
 POR'Tt^iNE, o. t To make fortunate. [JVot ttscd.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 2. To dispose, fortunately or not ; also, to presage. 
 [0*».l Dryden. 
 FOtt'TyNE, V. L To befall ; to fall out ; to happen ; 
 to come casually to pass. 
 
 It fortuned Ihr sarne nl^ht that a Chrlalhiii, serving a Turk In 
 Um OBlnp, secretly gave Uic wa[£)ini'-n warning. Knoties. 
 
 FOR'TUNE-BQQK, n. A book lo be consulted to 
 discover future events. Crashaw. 
 
 FOR'TUN-ED, n. Supplied by fortune. Sliali. 
 
 FOR'TIINE-HUNT'EK, ii. A man who seeks to 
 marry a woman with a large portion, with a view to 
 enrich himself. Addison. 
 
 FOR'TIJNE-HUNT'ING, n. The seeking of a for- 
 tune by marriage. 
 
 FOR'TqiN'E-LESS, a. Luckless; also, destitute of a 
 fortune or portion. 
 
 FOR'Tl|NE-TELL, v. t. To tell, or pretend to tell, 
 the future events of one's life ; to reveal futurity. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 FOR'T^NE-TELL'ER, n. One who tells, or pretends 
 to foretell, the events of one's life ; an impostor who 
 deceives people, by pretending to a knowledge of fu- 
 ture events. 
 
 FOR'TUNE-TELL'ING, ppr. Telling the future 
 
 events of one's life. 
 FOR'TUXE-TELL'ING, n. The act or practice of 
 
 foretelling the future fortune or events of one's life, 
 
 \\'hich is a punishable crime. 
 FOR'TliN-IZE, V. U To regulate the fortune of. [JVo£ 
 
 in itse.\ Spenser. 
 FOR'TY, a. [Sax. feowertig ; feower, four, and tig, 
 
 ten. See Four.] 
 
 1. Four times ten. 
 
 2. An indefinite number; a colloquial use. A, B, 
 and C, and forty more. SiDift. 
 
 Fo'RUM, n. [L. See Fair.] In Rome, a public 
 place, where causes were judicially tried, and ora- 
 tions delivered to the people ; also, a market-place. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. A tribunal ; a court ; any assembly empowered 
 to hear and decide causes ; also, jurisdiction. 
 FOR-WAN'DER, v. i. To wander away; to rove 
 
 wildlv [JVot tised.] Spenser. 
 FOR'WARD, adv. [Sax. fonceard ; for, fore, and 
 weard, turned, L. versus ; directed to the fore part.] 
 
 Toward a part or place before or in front , onward ; 
 progressively; opposed to Backward. Go forward; 
 move forward. He raft backward and forward. 
 In a skip, forward denotes toward the fore part. 
 FOR'WARD, a. Near or at the fore part ; in advance 
 of something else ; as, the forward gun in a ship, 
 or the forward ship in a fleet ; tlie forward horse in 
 a team. 
 
 2. Ready ; prompt ; strongly inclined. 
 
 Only they would tliat we should remember the poor ; the same 
 which 1 also was forward to do. — Gal. ii. 
 
 3. Ardent ; eager ; earnest ; violent. 
 
 Or lead ti\Q forward youth to noble war. Prior, 
 
 4. Bold ; confident ; less reserved or modest than 
 is proper ; in an ill sense ; as, the boy is too forward 
 for liis years. 
 
 5. Advanced beyond the usual degree ; advanced 
 for tile season. The grass or the grain is forward, or 
 forward for the season ; we have a forward spring. 
 
 C. (iuick ; hasty ; too ready. Be not forward to 
 speak in public. Prudence directs that we be not 
 too forward to believe current reports. 
 
 7. Anterior ; fore. 
 
 Let UB take Uie instant by the ybnrartf top. Shak. 
 
 8. Advanced ; not behindhand. Shak, 
 FOR'WARD, V. t To advance ; to help onward ; to 
 
 promote ; as, lo forward a good design. 
 
 2. To accelerate ; to quicken ; to hasten ; as, to 
 forward the growth of a plant ; to forward one in 
 improvement. 
 
 3. To send forward ; to send toward the place of 
 destination ; to transmit ; !is, to forward a letter or 
 dispatches. 
 
 FOR'WARD-ED, pp. Advanced ; promoted ; aided 
 in progress ; quickened ; sent onward ; transmitted. 
 
 FOR'WARD-ER, n. He that promotes, or advances 
 in progress. 
 
 2. One who sends forward or transmits goods; a 
 forwarding merchant. America, 
 
 FOR'WARD-ING, ppr. or a. Advancing ; promoting ; 
 aiding in progress ; accelerating in growth ;. sending 
 onward; transmitting. 
 
 FOR'WARD-IiVG, n. The act or employment of trans- 
 mitting or sending forward merchandise and other 
 property for others. 
 
 FUR'WARD-LY, adv. Eagerly ; hastily ; quickly. 
 
 Alterbnry. 
 
 FOR'WARD-NESS, 71. Cheerful readiness ; prompt- 
 ness. It expresses more than willinirness. V\'e ad- 
 mire the forwardness of Christians in propagating the 
 gospel. 
 
 2. Eagerness ; ardor. It is sometimes difficult to 
 restrain the forwardness of youth. 
 
 3. Boldness : confidence ; assurance; want of due 
 reserve or moilesty. 
 
 In Krance it is usual lo bring children into company, and cher- 
 isli in tlicin, from their mtWicy, a kind of forwardness and 
 assurance. Addison. 
 
 4. A state of advance beyond the usual degree; as, 
 the forwardness of spring or of corn. 
 
 FOR-WaSTE', v. t. 'I'o waste ; to desolate. [JVot in 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FOR-U'EA'RY, V, t. To dispirit [JVot in 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 FOR-WEEP', v. I. To weep much. Chaucer. 
 
 FOR'WORD, (wuid,) n. [fore and toord.] A promise. 
 
 L\o( in use.] Spetiscr. 
 FOR-ZAJV'DO, (fort-san'do,) [It.] in miwic, directs 
 
 that notes are to be boldly struck and continued. 
 FOSSE, n. [Fr./osse ; Sp./usa; L. and It./u«a; from j 
 
 fossus,fodio, to dig. Class Bd.] 
 
 1. A ditch or moat ; a word used in fortification. 
 
 2. In anatomy, a kind of cavity in a bone, with a 
 large aperture. Encyc. 
 
 FOS'SIL, a. [Fr. fissile; Sp.fosil; ll. fissile; L. fos- 
 silis; from fodio,fossus, to tlig.J 
 
 Dug out of the earth ; as, fossil coal ; fossil salt. 
 The term fossil is now appropriated to those organic 
 substances which have become penetrated by earthy 
 or metallic particles, and are found in rocks or the 
 earth. Tlius we say, fossil shells, fossil bones, fossil 
 wood. Cleaveland. 
 
 FOS'SIL, 71. A substance dug from the earth. 
 
 Fossil, among mineralogists and geologists, is now 
 used to designate the petrified forms of plants and 
 animals, which occur in the strata composing the 
 surface of our globe. It is also sometimes used to 
 denote simple and compound mineral bodies, such as 
 earths, salts, bitumens, and metals. P. Cyc. 
 
 FOS'SIL-Co'PAL, n. Highgate resin ; a resinous 
 substance found in perforating the bed of blue clay 
 at Highgate, near London. It appears lo be a true 
 vegetable gum or resin, partly changed by remaining 
 in the earth. Cyc. JliUin, 
 
 FOS-SIL-IF'ER-OUS, a, [L. fossilis and fero.] 
 
 Containing fossil or organic remains ; vls, fossilifer- 
 cus rocks. 
 
 FOS'SIL-IST, 71. One who studies the nature and 
 properties of fossils ; one who is versed in the sci- 
 ence of fossils. Black. 
 
 FOS-SIL-I-Za'TION, 71. The act or process of con- 
 verting into a fossU or petrifoction. Journ. of Sci. 
 
 FOS'SIL-IZE, V, L To convert into a fossil or petri- 
 faction ; as, to fissilizc bones or wood. Journ. of Sci. 
 
 FOS'SIL-IZE, V. i. To become or be changed into a 
 fossil or petrifaction. 
 
 FOS'SIL-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Converted into a fossil or 
 petrifactmn. 
 
 FOS'SIL-IZ-ING, ppr. Changing into a fossil or pet- 
 rifaction. 
 
 F05-SIL'0-6Y, n. [fossil, and Gr. Uyoi, discourse.] 
 A discourse or treatise on fossils ; also, the science 
 of fossils^ 
 
 FOS-So'ReS, 71. ;>;. [L., diggers.] In zooVonrj;, a group 
 of insects which are organized for excavating cells 
 in earth or wood, where they deposit their eggs, with 
 the bodies of otlier insects, for the support of the 
 young when hatched. 
 
 FOS-So'RI-AL, a. Digging. 
 
 FOS-So'RI-AL, 71. An animal which digs into the 
 earth for a retreat or lodge, and wliose locomotive 
 extremities are adapted for that purpose. 
 
 FO.SS'RoAD, ) 7!. A Roman military wav in England, 
 
 FOSS'WaY, j leading from Totnes, through Exe- 
 ter, lo Barton on the Humber; so called from the 
 ditches on each side. Encyc. 
 
 FOS'SU-LATE, a. [L. fossa.] 
 
 Having trenches, or depressions like trenches. 
 
 FOS'TER, V. t [Sax. fostrian, from foster, a nurse, or 
 food ; Sw. and Dan. foster, a child, one fed ; Dan. 
 fostrcr, to nurse. I suspect this word to be from food, 
 quasi foodster, for this is the D. word voedstcr, a 
 nurse, from voeden, to feed ; D. voedsterheer, a foster- 
 father.] 
 
 1. To feed ; to nourish ; to support ; to bring up. 
 
 Some say tliat ravens foster forlorn diildren. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. To cherish ; to forward ; lo promote growth. 
 The genial warmth of spring fosters the plants. 
 
 3. To cherish ; to encourage ; to sustain and pro- 
 mote ; as, to foster passion or genius. 
 
 FOS'TER, V. i. To be nourished or trained up to- 
 gether. Spenser. 
 
 FOS'TER, !i. A forester. Spenser. 
 
 FOS'TER-AO;E, II. The charge of nursing. Ralrgli, 
 
 FOS'TER-BROTII'ER, (-briith'er,) 11. A male nursed 
 at the same breast, or fed by the same nurse, bul not 
 the offspring iif the same parents. 
 
 FOS'Tl",R-CllILD, 71. A child nursed by a woman 
 not the mother, or bred by u man not the father. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 FOS'TER-DAM, »i. A nurse ; one that performs the 
 office of a mother by giving food to a child. Dryden, 
 
 FOS''i'ER-E.\RTH, (-erth,) H. Earth by which a plant 
 is nourished, tliougli not its native soil. Philips. 
 
 FOS''I'ER-/CI), ;);>. Nourished ; cherished; promoted. 
 
 FOS'TER-ER, 71. A nurse ; one that feeds and nour- 
 ishes ill the place of parents. Davics. 
 
 FOS'TER-I'A'THER, n. One who takes the place of 
 a father in feeding and educating n child. Bacon. 
 
 FOS'TER-ING, ppr. Nursing ; cherishing ; bringing 
 lip. 
 
 FOS'TER-TNG, a. That oherishcs and encourages. 
 FOS'THR-ING, ji. The act of nursing, nourishing, 
 and cherishing. 
 2. Nourishment. Chaucer. 
 FOS'TER-LI.NG, n. A foster-child. B. Jonson, 
 FOS'TER-ME.NT, n. Food ; nourlshmcTll. [Jfot used.] 
 FOS'TER-MOTll'ER, ( inulh'er,) ti. A nurse. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PIIBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 476 
 
r 
 
 FOU 
 
 FOS'TKK-NI'KSK, n. A iinrsc. [Tautoloirical.] 
 K(>S''l'Klt-lSlP!'Ti;il, n. A IViiiale nursed by the same 
 
 person. Swift. 
 FOS'TEIl-SON, ( sun,) n. One feJ and educated like 
 
 a son, tluiti;:li nut a son by birlll. Dnjilrn. 
 FOS'TKUSS, II. A fenialo wlio feeds and cherishes; 
 
 a nurse. B. Jonson. 
 
 FOTH'KR, n. [G. fuller, a tun or load: U. vucilcr ; 
 fiit/icr, food, fodder, and a mass of lead, from 
 
 the sense of stutiin<:, crowding. See Food.] 
 -V fodder ; a weifjht for leail, &c., of various niag- 
 
 niludes, but usually about -2400 lbs. [See Fodder.] 
 FO'f II'ER, V. t. [From stutnng. See the preceding 
 
 word.] 
 
 To endeavor to stop a leak in the bottom of a sliip, 
 while afloat, by letting down a sail under her bollom 
 by Its corners, and putting chopped yarn, oakuui, 
 wool, cotton, Sec, between it and the ship's sides. 
 These substances are sometimes sucked into the 
 cracks, and the leak stopped. TulUn. 
 FOTH'KR-KD, pp. Stopped, as a leak in the bottom 
 of a ship. 
 
 FOTII'KU-ING, ppr. Stopping leaks, as above. 
 
 FOTU'EU-ING, n. The operation of stop|)ing leaks 
 in a ship, as above. 
 
 F0i;-G.KOE', j n. [i'T. fougade ; Sp. fogada; from L. 
 
 FOU-GASS', j focus.} 
 
 In the art of war, a little mine, charged with pow- 
 der, and covered with stones or earth ; sometimes dug 
 outside of the works, to defend them, and sometimes 
 Iienenth, to destroy them by explosion. P. Ciie. 
 
 FOUGHT, (fawt,) prcL and pp. of Fight. [See 
 
 FloHT.I 
 
 FOUGIlT'£N, (fawt'n.) For Fought. [Obs.] 
 FOUL, a. [Sax. fiil,fuul ; U. vuU; G.faul; Dan. ficl. 
 
 In Cli. with a prefix, nabail, to delile. The Syr. 
 
 with a different prefi.t, tafcl, to dtjilf.. It cc>- 
 
 incidcs in element.') with full, and probably the pri- 
 mary sense of both is, to put or throw on, or to stulT, 
 to crowd. See the signitication of the word in sea- 
 men's language.] 
 
 1. Covered with or containing extraneous matter 
 which is injurious, noxious, or offensive ; lillliy ; 
 dirty ; not clean ; as, a foal cloth ; foul handsj a/uui 
 chimney. 
 
 My f»c« is foul witli weeping. — Job xvi. 
 
 2. Turbid ; thick ; muddy ; as, foul water ; a foul 
 stream. 
 
 3. Impure ; polluted ; as, a fovl mouth. Shak. 
 
 4. Impure ; scurrilous ; obscene or profane ; as,/uui 
 words ^ foul language. 
 
 5. Cloudy and stormy ; rainy or tempestuous ; as, 
 foul weather. ' 
 
 6. Impure ; defiling ; as, a foul disease. 
 
 7. Wicked ; detestable abominable ; as, a foal 
 deed ; a foul spirit. 
 
 Babylon — Ulc hold of every /ouZ epirit. — Rev. xviii. 
 
 8. Unfair; not honest; not lawful or according to 
 established rules or customs ; as, foul play. 
 
 9. Hateful ; ugly ; loathsome. 
 
 lh\3L (hoii for^t 
 The foul witch Syconix ? Shak. 
 
 10. Disgraceful ; shameful ; as, a foul defeat. 
 Who finl Kduccd them to that foul revolt f AfUton. 
 
 11. Coarse ; gross. 
 
 Thvy are all for roiilt and /out fecdin*. f^ll»n. 
 
 12. Full of gross humors or impurities. 
 
 You pi'rceive the body of our kin^om. 
 How foul it iji. ShaJc. 
 
 13. Full of weeds ; as, the garden is very font. 
 
 14. Among scamrn, entangled ; hindered from mo- 
 tion ; opposed to clear ; as, a rope is foul. 
 
 15. Covered with weeds or barnacles ; as, tlie ship 
 bas a foul bottom. 
 
 Ifi. Not fitir ; contrary ; as, n foul wind. 
 
 17. Not favorable or safe for anchorage ; danger- 
 ous ; as, a foul road or bay. 
 
 To fall foul, is to rush on with haste, rough force, 
 and tinseasonablo violence. 
 
 2. To run against ; as, the ship fell foul of her 
 consort. 
 
 [These latter phrases show that this word is allied 
 to the Fr. fouler, Eng. fall, tlie sense of whicli is to 
 press.] 
 
 FOUL, V. t. [Sax.fulian, irrfi,lan.] 
 
 To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to 
 heinire ; to soil ; as, to foul tlio clothes ; to foui the 
 face or hands. Ezek. xxxiv. IS. 
 l-'OUL'UEK, V. i. To emit great heat. [JVot u.ird.] 
 
 SpciiiiCr. 
 
 FOUL'OT, (fowld,) pp. Defiled ; dirtied. 
 1"< )Ij L'F.\C-£D, (-Ciste,) a. Having an ugly or hate- 
 ful visase. siiak. 
 FUUL-FEKD'ING, a. Gross; feeding grossly. Jlall. 
 rOUL'I.NG, ppr. Making foul; defiling. 
 KOL'L'LY, arfc. Filthilv ; nastilv ; hatefully; scan- 
 dalously ; disgracefully ; shamefully. 
 
 I/ou'ly y(nmgc<l him ; do, forgive me, do. Cay. 
 2, Unfairly; not honestly. 
 
 Thou play'du mou /ouUy for 11. ShaJt. 
 
 FOU 
 
 FOUL'MOUTIl /'.'l), a. Using language scurrilous, 
 0|)probrious, oltscene, or profane ; nlteritig abuse, or 
 profane or obscene words j accustomed to use bad 
 language. 
 
 So foulinouQied a witness never appeared In any cause. 
 
 Atiiliaon. 
 
 FOUL'NESS, n. The quality of being foul or filthy ; 
 lilthiness ; defilement. 
 
 ^. The quality or state of containing or being cov- 
 ered with any thing extraneous, which is noxious or 
 offensive ; .^s, the foulness of a cellar, or ttf a well ; 
 the foulness of a musket; the foulness of a ship's 
 bottom. 
 
 3. Pollution ; impurity. 
 
 There in not so cluuilc a nation as tliis, nor so free from nil pol- 
 lution or foulness. Baton. 
 
 4. Ilatefulness ; atrociousncss ; as, the foulness of 
 a deed. 
 
 5. Ugliness ; deformity. 
 
 The foulneat ii( the infernal form to hide. Dnjilen. 
 C. Unfairness ; dislionesty ; want of candor. 
 Piety in opposed to hypocrisy and iiuiucchty, and all faW'tii-Mt or 
 
 /outness of intentions. Hammond. 
 
 FOUL'-SPOK'EN, o. Slanderous. Sliitk. 
 
 2. Using profane, scurrilous, or obscene language. 
 FOU'MAIIT, «. [Scot./ouHiortc. Q.U. foulimtrthi.] 
 
 The jiolecat. 
 FOUND, prcl. and pp. of Find. 
 
 I am found by tliem that sought mc not. — Is. Ixv. 
 
 2. Supplied with food or board, in addition to 
 wages ; as, a laborer is hired at so much a day, iind 
 is found. 
 
 FOUND, r.«. [L. fiindo, funilare ; Ft. fonder : U.fon- 
 dare; Sp. fundar ; Ir. bun, stump, bottom, stock, ori- 
 gin; bunadim, bunait, foundation. If ii is radical in 
 
 found, as I suppose, it seems to be' the Ar. Uo baiia, 
 
 Heb. Ch. nj3 to build, that is, to set, found, erect. 
 Class lin. No. 7.] 
 
 1. To lay the liasis of any thing; to set, or place, 
 as on something solid for support. 
 
 It fell not, lor it was /oundctl on a rock. — Matt. vii. 
 
 2. To begin and build ; to lay the foundation, and 
 raise a superstructure ; as, to found a city. 
 
 3. To set or place ; to estaldisii, as on something 
 solid or durable ; as, to found a government on prin- 
 ciples of liberty. 
 
 4. To begin to form or lay the basis ; as, to found 
 a college or a library. Stjinetimes, to endow is equiv- 
 alent to found.] 
 
 [). To give birth to; to originate; as, to found an 
 art or a family. 
 
 6. Tosi;t; to place ; to establish on a basis. Chris- 
 tianity is founded on the rock of ages ; dominion is 
 sonietinies founded on conquest, sonielimes on choice 
 or voluntary consent. 
 
 Power, /ourule'l on contnct, can descend only to him who h.is 
 h;^lit by tlial coiitr.vcl. Locke. 
 
 7. To fix firmly. 
 
 1 had else been perf-'Ct, 
 Whole as the nvxMi , /oundsd aa tlic rock. Shak. 
 
 FOUND, V. U [h.fnndo, fudi,fusum : Fr. fondrc : Sp. 
 fundir, or fiundir ; It. fondere. The elements are 
 probably Fd; n. being adventitious.] 
 
 To cist ; to form by melting a metal, and pouring 
 it into a mold. Milton. 
 
 [This verb is seldom used, but the derivative 
 foundcni is in common use. For found we use cast.] 
 FOUN-DA'TION,/!. [I,, fumlatio i Ft. fondalion ; from 
 Lufundo.] 
 
 1. The basis of an edifice ; that part of a building 
 or stnicture which rests on the ground ; usually a 
 wall of sttjue which supports the edifice. 
 
 2. The act of fixing the basis. Ticket. 
 
 3. The basis or groundwork of any thing ; that 
 on which any thing stands, and by which it is sup- 
 ported. A free government has its foundation in the 
 choice and consent of the people to be governed ; 
 Christ is the fbundation of the church. 
 
 Uchold, I lay, In Zion, fora/ouru2ali«n, a stone — a pivciouscor- 
 
 iicr-ston*'. — Is. xxviii. 
 OUier /oundalioit can no man lay than tliat which is laid, 
 
 which is Jnsus Christ. — 1 Cor. iji. 
 
 4. Original ; rise ; as, the foundation of the world. 
 
 5. Endowment ; a donation or leg.icy appropriated 
 to supiHirt an institution, and constituting a perma- 
 nent fund, usually for a charitable purpose. 
 
 (>. Esiablishment ; settlement. 
 F0U.\-l<.\'T10.\-Ell, n. One who derives support 
 from the funds or foundation of a college or great 
 school. Jackson. [/■;n».i 
 
 FOUN-DA'TION-LESS, o. Having no foundation. 
 
 IlammuniL 
 
 FOU.N'D'ED, pp. Set; fi.Ted ; established on a basis; 
 
 begun and built. 
 FOUND'EIl, M. One that founds, establishes, and 
 
 erects ; one that lays a foundation ; as, the founder 
 
 of a temple or city. 
 2, One who begins ; an author ; one from whom 
 
 FOU 
 
 any thing originates ; as, the founder of a sect of 
 philosophers ; the founder of a family or race. 
 
 3. One who endows; one who furnishi:s a perma- 
 nent fund for the support of an institution ; as, the 
 founder of a college or hospital. 
 
 4. [Ft. fundeiir.] A caster ; one who casts metals 
 in various forms; as, a founder of cannon, bells, 
 hardware, printing types, &c. 
 
 A lameness occasioned by inflammation within 
 tlie hoof of a horse. Buchanan. 
 FOUND'ER, V. I. \Fr. fondre, to melt, to fall.] 
 
 1. Ill seamen's lana-uage, to fill Of be filled with 
 water, and sink, as a ship. 
 
 2. To fail ; to miscarry. Shak. 
 
 3. To trip ; to fall. Cliaurrr. 
 FOUND'EIl, V. L To cause internal inflammation 
 
 and great soreness in the feet of a horse, so as to dis- 
 able or lame him. Knei/e. 
 
 FOUND'ER-KI), pp. or a. Made lame in the feet by 
 inflammation ami extreme tenderness, as a horse. 
 2. Sunk ill the sea, as a ship. 
 
 FOUND'ER-OUS, a. Failing ; liable to sink from be- 
 neath ; ruinous; as, a founilcrous road. Burke. 
 
 FOUND'ER-Y, h. [Fr. fonderie.] 
 
 1. The art of casting metals into various forms for 
 use ; the casting of statues. 
 
 2. The house and works occupied in casting met- 
 als ; as, a foundcrij of bells, of hollow ware, of can- 
 mm, of types, &c. 
 
 FOUND'ING, n. The art of casting or forming of 
 inclled metal any article, according to a given design 
 or pattern. 
 
 FOUND'LING, n. [from found, find.] A deserted or 
 exposed infant; a child found without a parent or 
 owner. A hospital fur sucli children is called a 
 fonnilliniT ho.fpital. 
 
 FOUND'RE.'^S, n. A female founder; a woman who 
 founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund. 
 
 FOUND'RY, II. A building occupied for casting met- 
 als. [See FoUNDEKV.] 
 
 FOIJ.VT, ; H. [L./uns; Fr. /(nfainc- Sp. /urate; 
 
 FOUNT'.MN, i It. /o;i(c, fontaiia ; \V. fijnnon, a 
 fountain or source ; fijnia'w,fijnu, to produce, to gen- 
 erate, to abound ; /icn, a source, breath, puff;/ion(, 
 produce.] 
 
 1. A spring, or .source of water ; propertij, a spring 
 or issuing of water from the cartli. Tliis word ac- 
 cords in sense with well, in our mother tongue ; but 
 we now distinguish them, applying fountain to a 
 natural spring of water, and irrll to an artificial pit 
 of water, issuing from the interior of the earth. 
 
 2. A small basin of springing water. Taylor. 
 
 3. A jet ; a spouting of water ; an artificial spring. 
 
 4. The head or source of a river. Dnjdrn. 
 
 5. Original ; first principle or cause ; the source of 
 any thing. 
 
 Almighty God, tlie /ounfoin of all goodness. Common Prayer. 
 Fount of tijjifis. See Font. 
 FOUNT'AIN-IIEAD, (fount'in lied,) n. Primary 
 
 source ; original ; first principle. Vounrr. 
 FOUNT'AIN-LESS, a. Having no fountain ; wanting 
 a spring. 
 
 A barren desert, /ounfainiess and <lry. Milton. 
 
 FOUNT'AIN-TREE, n. In tJie Canary Isles, a tree 
 which distils w.nter from its leaves in sulficieiit abun- 
 dance for the iniiabitants near it. F.nciic. 
 
 FOUNT'FJJL, a. Full of springs ; as, founlful l.la. 
 
 FoUR, a. [Sax. feower ; (J. virr ; D. ricr ; Sw. fyra ; 
 lUin.fre. I suspect this word to be contracted from 
 Gittli. Jitlwor, W. pedwar. Arm. pcrar, pcdcr, or pelor, 
 peoar, from wiiich L. petoritum, pclorrituni, a carriage 
 with four H heels, jielorrota.] 
 Twice two i denoting the sum of two and two. 
 
 FOURBE, (foorb,) n. [Fr.] A tricking fellow ; a 
 cheat. [JV"o( F.nglisli.] Dcnliam. 
 
 FoUR'-El)G-/:U, a. Having four edges. Smith. 
 
 FoUR'FoLD, n. Four double; quadruple; four times 
 told ; as, a fourfold division. 
 
 He 3h:UI rchlorc Uie lamb /our/old. — *2 Sam. xii. 
 
 FoUR'FoLD, n. Four times as much. 
 
 FoUR'FoLD, V. t. To assess in a fourfold ratio. [JVot 
 authorized.] 
 
 FoUR'FoLD-ING, n. Alaking four double ; quad- 
 rupling. Dmiaht. 
 
 FoUR'l"OOT-ED, o. auadnqied ; having four feet ; 
 as the horse and the ox. 
 
 F0UR'l-ER-Ii5.M, H. The system of Charles Fourier, 
 a Fn-nchman, who recommends the reiirgani/.ation 
 of society into small communities, living in com- 
 mon. 
 
 FOUR'I-ER-ITE, n. One wlio favors Fourierism. 
 FOUR'RIER, «. [Fr.] A harbinger. [Jtot Fnolish,] 
 
 Buck. 
 
 FoUR'SCoRE, a. [Sec Score.] Four times twenty ; 
 
 eighty. It is used clliptically for fourscore years ; 
 
 as, a man of fourscore. Temple. 
 FOUR'SUUAliE, a. Having four sides and four 
 
 angles equal ; quadningular. Rale"k. 
 FoUR'TEE.V, n. [/our and (en ; Sax./e«<irr(y«.J 
 
 Four and ten ; twice seven. 
 FoUR'TEE.N'TH, a. The crdinal of fourteen; the 
 
 fourth after the tenth. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIO0S._e as K ; C as J : S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
FOY f 
 
 FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 Fourteenth, n. in musk, tlie octave of the 
 seventh. 
 
 FOURTH, a. The ordinal of four ; the next after tlie 
 third. 
 
 FOURTH, Ti. In mtusic, an interval composed of two 
 tones and a semitone. Tliis is called the perfect 
 fuurtli. Two whole tones and a semitone compose 
 the diminished fourth. Three full tones compose a 
 triton, or fourth redundant. P. Cijc. 
 
 FoURTH'LY, adv. In the fourth place. 
 
 FoUR'\VHEEL-E0, a. Having or running on four 
 wheels. 
 
 FOU'TER, (foo'ter,) n. A despicable fellow. Brocket. 
 
 FOU'TRA, n. [Ft. foutrc.] A fiir ; a scoff. [Obs.] 
 
 FOU'TY, ri. [Fr. foutu.\ Despicable. [Shal:. 
 
 Fo'VE-O-La-TED, a. [Low L. fooeola.] 
 
 Having little depressions or pits. Smith. 
 
 FO-VIL'LA, n. [L. fovea.] 
 
 A line substance, imperceptible to the naked eye, 
 emitted from the pollen of Howers. Marti/n. 
 
 FOWL, H. [Sa.^. fugel, fugl; G. and D. roircl ; Dan. 
 fugl ; Sw. fogel ; from the root of the L. fu^io,fugo, 
 Gr. tpcv) w, and signifying the fifiing animal!] 
 
 A flying or winged animal ; the generic name of 
 certain animals that move through the air by the aid 
 of wings. Fowls have two feet, are covered with 
 feathers, and iiave wings for flight. Bird is, etymo- 
 logic.illy, a joung fowl or chicken, and may well be 
 applied to the smaller species of fowls. But it has 
 usurped the place of fowl, and is now commonly 
 used as the generic term, though this is not in ac- 
 cordance with its etymology. 
 
 Fowl is used as a collective noun. We dined on 
 fish and fowl. 
 
 Lei them have dominion over Ihe fisii of the sea, and over tlie 
 fowl of the ;ur. — tjen. i. 
 
 But this use in America is not frequent. We gen- 
 erally use the plural, /uw/i. The word is colloquially 
 used for poultry, or rather, in a more limited sense, 
 fur barndoor fowls. 
 FOWL, V. i. To catch or kill wild fowls for game or 
 food, as by means of bird-lime, decoys, nets, and 
 snares, or by pursuing them with liavvks, or by 
 shooting. 
 
 FOWL'ER, n. A sportsman who pursues wild fowls, 
 or takes or kills them for food. 
 
 FOWL'ING, ppr. Pursuing or taking wild fowls. 
 
 FOWL'l.NG, n. The art or practice of catching or 
 shooting fowls or birds j also, falconn'. 
 
 FOWL'I.N'G-PIEC'E, n. A light gun for shooting 
 fowls or birds. 
 
 FOX, 71. [Sax. /or; Cfaclus; D. ros.] 
 
 I An animal of the genus Vulpis, (Canis of Lin- 
 ntcus,) with a stniight tail, yellowish or straw-col- 
 ored hair, and erect ears. This animal burrows in 
 the earth, is remarkable for his cunning, and preys 
 on lambs, geese, hens, or other small animals. 
 
 2. A sly, cunning fellow. 
 
 3. In seamen's languaire, a small strand of rope, 
 made by twisting several rope-yarns together ; iisetl 
 for seizings or mats ToUen. 
 
 4. Formerly, a cant expression for a sword. Shak. 
 FOX, «. t. To intoxicate ; to stupefy. [Alt liso/.] 
 
 Boijlc. 
 
 2. To cover the feet of boots with new leather and 
 new soles. Ammca. 
 FOX, V. i. To turn sour; applied to beer when it 
 
 stmrs in fermenting. Smart. 
 FOX'CASE, n. The skin of a fox. [JVot used.] 
 
 L' Estrange. 
 
 FOX'-CHa.SE, n. The pursuit of a fox with hounds. 
 
 FOX'ED, (foxt,) pp. or a. Turned sour in fermenting, 
 as beer. Booth. 
 
 FOX'ER-Y, 71. Behavior like that of a fox. [JVot in 
 use] Chaucer. 
 
 FOX'-E-V/L, 71. A kind of disease in which the hair 
 falls off". f'ct. 
 
 FOX'-GLOVE, 7t. A handsome biennial plant, Digitalis 
 Purpurea, whose leaves are used as a powerful medi- 
 cine, both a.s a sedative and diuretic. Dunglison. 
 
 FOX'IIOU.M), 71. A hound for chasing foxes. 
 
 FOX'-IIU.N'T, 71. The chti.se or hunting of a fox. 
 
 FO.\'-HUNT-ER, 7i. One who hunt-s or pursues foxes 
 with hounds. 
 
 FOX'-HUNT-LN'G, n. The employment of hunting 
 foxt^s. 
 
 FO.\'-HI'.\T-ING, a. TerUining to or engaged in 
 
 the bunting of foxes. Hill. 
 FOX'ISIl, (a. Resembling a fox in qualities i cun- 
 FOX'LIKE, t ning. 
 
 FO.V'.SIIIP, 7u The character or qualities of a fox; 
 
 cunning. Shak, 
 FOX'TAIL, 7t. A i-iMjcies of grass, the Alopccurus. 
 FOX'-TRAI', 71 A trap, or a gin or snare, to catch 
 
 foxe". 
 
 FOX'Y, o. Pertaining to fDien ; wily. [J^Tot used.] 
 2. An epithet applied in paintings, when the shad- 
 own and lower tones have too much of a yellowish, 
 reddish-brown color. Jocclyn. 
 FOY, 71. [l-t.foi.] 
 
 Faith. [JYot used.] Spenser. 
 FOY, 71. ['I eiit. >ey.J A fcn«t given by one who la 
 about to leave a plaix-. Kngland's Jrjilii. 
 
 FOY'SOX. See Fo I SON. 
 
 FRa'CA-S, 71. [Fr.] An uproar; a noisy quarrel ; a 
 disturbance. 
 
 FRACT v. t. To break. [JVot %uicd.] Shak. 
 FRACTION, 71. [L. fractio ; Fr. fraction; from L. 
 frango, fractus, to break. [See Break.] 
 
 1. The act of breaking or state of being broken, 
 especially by violence. Burnet. 
 
 2. In ariUimetic and algebra, a broken part of an 
 integral or integer ; any division of a whole number 
 or unit, as 2. two fifths, i, one fourm, which are 
 called vulgar fractions. In these, the figure above the 
 line is called the numerator, and the figure below the 
 line the denominator. In decimal fractions, the denom- 
 inator is a unit, or 1, with as many ciphers annexed 
 as the numerator has places. They are commonly 
 expressed by writing the numerator only with a point 
 before it, by which it is separated from whole num- 
 bers , thus .5, which denotes five tenths, or 
 half of a unit ; .25, that isj-j^g^g, or a fourth part of a 
 unit. 
 
 FRAG'TION-AL, a. Belonging to a broken number ; 
 comprising a part or the p.irts of a unit ; as,/ro<:(io«aZ 
 numbers. 
 
 FRAG'TfOUS, (frak'shus,) a. Apt to break out into 
 a passion ; apt to quarrel ; cross ; snappish ; as, a 
 fractious man. 
 
 FRAG'TIOU.S-LY, arft). Passion.itely ; snappishly. 
 
 FRAG'TIOUS-NESS, 71. A cross or snappish temper. 
 
 FRAG'TURE, (frakt'yur,) n. [L. fractura. See 
 Break.] 
 
 I. A breach in any body, especially a breach 
 caused by violence ; a rupture of a solid boily. 
 
 9. In surgery, the rupture or disruption of a bone. 
 A fracture is simple or eampuund ; simple, when the 
 bone only is divided ; compound, when the bone is 
 broken, with a laceration of the integuments. 
 
 3. In mineralogy, the manner in which a mineral 
 breaks, and by wliich its texture is displayed ; as, a 
 compact fracture ; a fibrous fracture : foliated, striated, 
 or conchoidal fracture, &c. Kincan. 
 
 FRAG'TliRE, v. I. To break; to burst asunder; to 
 crack ; to separate continuous parts ; as, to fracture a 
 bone; to /r«ct«re the skull. iVisrman. 
 
 FRAe'TlTR-£D, (frakt'yuid,) pp. or o. Broken ; 
 cracked. 
 
 FRAG'TIJR-ING, ppr. Breaking ; bursting asunder ; 
 cracking. 
 
 FRAG'ILE, (fraj'il,) a. [L. fragiUs, from frango, to 
 break.] 
 
 1. Brittle ; easily broken. 
 
 The Bt.alk of ivy is tough, and not /mgile. Bacon. 
 
 2. Weak ; liable to fail ; easily destroyed ; as, 
 fragile, arms. Milton. 
 
 FR.\G'ILE-LY, adv. So as to be easily broken. 
 FR.V-GIL'I-TY, n. Brittleiiess; easiness to be broken. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. Weakness ; liableness to fail. KnoUes. 
 
 3. Frailty ; liableness to fault. IVottim. 
 FRAG'MENT, 71. [L. fragmentum, from frango, to 
 
 break.] 
 
 1. A pail broken off; a piece separated from any 
 thing by breaking. 
 
 GaUirr up tin; /ragments lliat remain, that nothing tje lost. — 
 John vi. 
 
 2. A part separated from the rest ; an imperfect 
 part; as, fragments n{ ancient writings. 
 
 3. A small, det.iched portion ; as, fragments of 
 lime. Franklin. 
 
 FRAG'MENT-.'V-RY, a. Composed of fragments. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 FR AG'MEXT-EI), a. Broken into fragments. 
 FRa'GOR, 71. [L. See Biieak.] A loud and sudden 
 
 sound; the report of any thing bursting; a luud, 
 
 harsh sound ; a crash. 
 2. A strong or sweet scent. [Obs.] 
 FRa'GRAISCE, (71. [L. /ra"Tan/ia, {torn fragro, to 
 FR.\'GRAN-CY, ( ^ ^ 
 
 smell strong. Ar. '"''S<'t emit or diffuse odor. 
 
 The Arabic is without a prefix, mid the word belongs 
 probably to the great family of reach, stnirh.] 
 
 Sweetness of smell; that quality of bodies which 
 affects the olfactory nerves with an agreeable sensa- 
 tion ; pleasing scent ; grateful odor. 
 
 Kve semrate he spiri, 
 Vttilctl in a clouu of fragrance, Milton. 
 
 'I'he gobU't, crowned, 
 Breathed aromatic /ragranciti around. Po}ie. 
 
 FRA'GRANT, a. Sweet of smell ; odorous. 
 
 FYngrant Uic fertile earth 
 Aflfr •olt iliowera. Milton. 
 
 FRA'GRAiNT-LY, adv. With sweet scent. Mortimer. 
 FRAIL, u. (Supposed to be from Fr. /7i7r, It. /ra/f. 
 Uii. L. fragilis, or from a difl'erenl root.] 
 
 1. Weak ; infirm ; liable t» fail and ilixay ; subject 
 to casualties ; ea.sily destroyed ; jierishable ; nut firm 
 or durable. 
 
 Thnl I may know how /rot/ I am. — Fi. zxxtx. 
 
 2. Weak in mind or resolution ; liable to error or 
 
 deception. 
 
 Man is /r'aii and prone to evil. Taylor. 
 
 3. Weak ; easily broken or overset ; as, a frail 
 FRAIL, 71. [Norm, fradc] [bark. 
 
 1. A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for con- 
 taining figs and raisins. 
 
 2. A nish for weaving baskets. Johnson. 
 
 3. A certain quantity of raisins, about 75 pounds. 
 FR.\IL'LY, ai/i'. Weakly ; infirmly. [Enciic 
 f RaIL'NESS, 71. Weakness ; infirmity ; as, the frail- 
 
 ne^ss of the body. 
 FRAIL'TY, 71. Weakness of resolution ; infirmity; 
 liableness to be deceived or seduced. 
 
 Ood knows our frailly, and pities our weakness. Lodte. 
 
 2. Frailness; infirmity of body. 
 
 3. Fault proceeding from weakness ; foible; sin of 
 infirmity. [In this sense, it has a plural.] 
 
 FRAIS'C'HEUR,(fri'shur,)n. [Fr.] Freshness ; cool- 
 ness. [A'ot Engli.<h.] Dryderu 
 FUAISE, 71. [Fr., from It. fregio, ornament, frieze.] 
 
 1. In fortif cation, a defense consisting of pointed 
 stakes driven into the ramparts, in a horizontal or in- 
 cline'' position. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A pancake with bacon in iL [Obs.] Johnson. 
 FRaIS'£:D, a. Fortified with fraise. 
 FR.^M'A-BLE, a. That may be framed. 
 
 FR.A.ME, V. t. [Snx. fremman, to frame, to effect or 
 perforin; Arm. framma, to join; D. raam, a frame, 
 G. rahm, a frame and cream ; Dan. rarac ; Sw. ram ; 
 Russ. ra<7ia. Qu. Class Rm, No. 6. In Russ. rnma 
 is a frame, and ramo, the shoulder, L. armus. Eng. 
 arm.] 
 
 1. To fit or prepare and unite several parts in a 
 regular structure or entire thing ; to fabricate by or- 
 derly construction and union of various parts ; as, to 
 framt a house or other building. 
 
 2. To fit one thing to another ; to adjust ; to make 
 suitable. Abbot. 
 
 3. To make ; to compose ; as, to frame a law. 
 For Uiou art/rawd of the firm truth of valor. Shale. 
 
 4. To regulate ; to adjust ; to shape ; to conform ; 
 as, to frame our lives according to the rules of the 
 gospel. 
 
 5. To form and digest by thought ; as, to frame 
 ideas in the mind. 
 
 How many exwilent reasonings are framed in the mind of a 
 man of wisdom and study in a length of years I Watts. 
 
 6. To contrive ; to plan ; to devise ; as, to frame a 
 project or design. 
 
 7. To invent ; to fabricate ; in a bad sense ; as, to 
 frame a story or lie. 
 
 FSAiME, I). 1. To contrive. Judges 6. 
 
 FRA.ME, 71. The timbers of an edifice fitted and 
 joined in the fonn proposed, for the purpose of sup- 
 porting the covering ; as, the frame of a house, barn, 
 bridge, or ship. 
 
 2. Any fabric or structure composed of parts uni- 
 ted ; as, the frame of an ox or horse. So we say, the 
 frame of the heavenly arch ; the frame of the world. 
 
 Hooker. Td lotion. 
 
 3. Any kind of case or structure made for admit- 
 ting, inclosing, or snpiiorling things; as, the frame 
 of a window, tloor, picture, or looking-glass. 
 
 4. Ainoii!! printers, a stand to support the cases in 
 which llie types are distributed. 
 
 5. .\iiiong founders, a kind of ledge, inclosing a 
 board, which, being filled with wet sand, serves as 
 a mold for castings. Eucyc. 
 
 li. A sort of loom on which linen, silk, &c., is 
 stretched, for quilting and embroidering. Encyc. 
 
 7. Order; regularity; adjusletl series or coiiqK>si- 
 tion of parts. We say, a person is out of frame ; the 
 mind is not in a good frame. 
 
 Your steady soul preserves her frame. Swift. 
 
 8. Form ; scheme ; structure ; constitution ; sys- 
 tem ; as, a frame of government. 
 
 9. Contrivance ; projection. 
 
 John the bajtartl, 
 Whose spirila toil In frame of villainies. Shak. 
 
 10. Particular state, nsof the mind. 
 
 11. Shape; fiirm ; proportion. Iludibrtis. 
 iMce-framc ; a fniine or machine for making lace. 
 Stocking-frame; a Unnn or machine fiir making 
 
 stockings, with silk, woolen, or collon thread. 
 
 FRa.M'/:,'I), or n. Fitted and united in due form; 
 made ; composed ; devised ; .adjusti^d. 
 
 FRaM'ER, 11. One who frames; a maker; a con- 
 triver. 
 
 FRaME'-WORK, ( wurk,) 77. The .same as Frame; 
 
 that which supports or incloses any thing else. 
 FK.^M'1NG, p;/r. Filling and joining in due construc- 
 tion ; making; fabricating; cuuipusing ; adjusting; 
 
 inventing ; contriving. 
 FRAM'ING, 71. The act of constructing a ftrame ; the 
 
 frame Ihus ctuisiriicted. 
 FR.^M'POLI), a. Peevish; cross; vexatious. [Loif, 
 
 and not in use.] Sliak. 
 FR.A.NC, 71. A silver coin, of France, of the value of 
 
 eighteen cents and .six mills, as established by a law 
 
 of Congress in 184U. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T — tlETE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 _ 
 
 li 
 
FRA 
 
 ruA 
 
 FIIE 
 
 rUAN'CHlSE, (fnin'cliiz,) ii. [Fr., from frane, free: 
 U.fraitclieiia ; S^i). uiid I'ltrl. frannur-.a. See Fuank.J 
 
 I'nipcrlij, lil«;rty ; freedom. Ileiice, 
 
 1. A |);ii ticMil;ir privilejie or right Rraiited by a prince 
 or siivereigTi to an individual, or to a nuinlier of per- 
 sons ; as, tlie rijilit to lie a body corporate with per- 
 petual succesHioii ; the right to hold it court leet, or 
 other court ; to have waifs, wreclss, treasuri -trovi , 
 or foifeiturV's. So the right to vote for governors, 
 senators, and representatives, is n franchise bi long- 
 ing to citizens, and not enjoyed by aliens. The right 
 to establish a bank is a franchise. 
 
 'J. Kvemptioii from a burden or duty to which 
 others are subject. 
 
 3. The district or jurisdiction to which a jiarticular 
 privilege extends; the limits of an immunity. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 1. An asyhitn or sanctuary, wliere persons arc se- 
 cure from arrest. 
 
 Cliiuches and moniutcrlri lu Spnin i 
 
 V /ranchiset fur criminals. 
 
 FRAN'CinSE, r. t. To make free; 6u« Enfranchise 
 is more trenerally used, Shuk. 
 
 F11A.V'i;IIIS-A;1), (fran'chi/.d,) pp. Made free. 
 
 FKAN'CHI.SE-MENT, (l"ran'chi/-nient,) n. Release 
 from burden or restriction ; freedom. Spenser. 
 
 FRA\'CIIIS-1.\(5, ppr. .Making free. 
 
 PRA.N'Cie, a. I'ertaiiiing to the Franks or French. 
 
 FKAN-CIS'e.\N, «. Belonging to the order of St. 
 Francis. 
 
 FRAN-CIS'GAN, n. A monk of the order of Pt. Fran- 
 cis, founded in 130!). They are calli il also Oray Fri- 
 ars and Friars Jfinor. 
 
 FRAN't'O-LI.V, n. A species of partridge, European 
 anil Asiatic ; the Perdi.v franenlinus. 
 
 FRA.\-6l-BII/l-TY, n. The state or quality of being 
 fransible. 
 
 FKAN'GI-RLE, a. [from L. franco, to break.] 
 
 That may be broken ; brittle ; fragile ; easily bro- 
 ken. Boyle. 
 
 FKJi.X' (iI-P.^jVF., n. [Fr.l A species of [lastry, con- 
 taining cream and aliiionils ; also, a perfume. Smart. 
 
 FKA.N'ION, (fran'yiin,) ii. A paramour, or a boon 
 companion. [jV<>( used.] Spenser. 
 
 FR.\NK, a. [Fr. frane ; It. and Sp. franco ; G. fraiik ; 
 
 D. vrank. Qu. Ar. ^ faraga, to free. Class Br, 
 
 No. 36, or Class Brg, No. 5, 6, 7, 8. Free and frank 
 may be from the same root or family ; for free in 
 Saxon is friiran^ coinciding in elements with break, 
 and the nasal sound of g would give frank. The 
 French franchir gives the sense of brealcing out or 
 over limits. 
 
 1. Open ; ingenuous ; candid ; free in uttering real 
 sentiments ; not reserveij.; using no disguise. Young 
 persons are usujilly frank ; old persons are more re- 
 served. 
 
 3. Open ; ingenuous ; as, a frank disposition or 
 heart. 
 
 3. Liberal ; generous ; not niggardly. Bacon, 
 [This sense is now rare] 
 
 4. Free; without conditions or compensation ; as, 
 a frank gift. 
 
 5. Licentious; unrestrained. [A"i( usfd.] S/;cn.vpr. 
 FR.V.N'K, n. An ancient coin of France. The value 
 
 of tile golil franc wa.s something more than that of 
 the gold crown. The silver frinc was in value a 
 third of the gold one. The gold coin is no longer in 
 circulation. The prestMit frank (commonly written 
 franc) is a silver coin of the value nearly of nineteen 
 cents, or ten |ience sterling. 
 
 2. .\ letter which is exempted from postage; or the 
 writing wliicli renders it free. 
 
 3. .\ sty for swine. [J\'i>t usefL] Shak, 
 FRA.VK, II. A name given by the Turks, Greeks, and 
 
 .Arabs, to any of the inhabitants of the western parts 
 ' of Europe, Knglisli, French, lt:ilians, See. 
 
 2. An individual bebinging to a powerful German 
 
 tribe, called the Franks, who comiiiered France. 
 FR.A.NK, V. L To exempt, as a letter from the charge 
 
 of- postage. 
 
 2. To shut up in a sty or frank. [.Vu( used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To feed hiiili ; to cram ; to fatten. [jVut used.] 
 FRAi\K-AU.M01G.\E', (frank-al-moiii',) n. [frank, 
 
 and Norm, almoignes, alms.J 
 
 Free alms ; in F-nglish lair, a tenure by which a 
 religious cor|ionition holds lands to them and their 
 succes.sors forever, on condition of praying for the 
 soul of the donor. Blackstone. 
 
 FRAXKMJIISSE, n. A liberty of free chase, whereby 
 persons having lands within the compass of the same 
 arc prohibited to cut down any wood, tec, out of the 
 view of the forester. Coterl. 
 
 Free-chase, if the liberty of keeping beasts of chase 
 or royiU game therein, protected even from the owner 
 of the land himself, with a power of bunting them 
 thereon. Blackstone. 
 
 FR.\NK'£D, (frankt,) pp. or a. Exempted from post- 
 age. 
 
 FRA.\K'-FEE, Freehold ; a holding of lands in fee- 
 
 «""P'e. Kncnc 
 FRANK'-HEART'ED, o. !Ia\ing a frank disposition. 
 
 FRANK' IIEXRT'ED-NESS, n. The state of having 
 a frank heart. 
 
 FltANK-lN'(;i:\SEor FRANK'IN-CENSE.n. [frank 
 and incense.] A (lr\', resinous substance, in pieces or 
 drtips, of a pale yellowish white color, of a bitterish, 
 acrid ta.ste, and very inllaniinalile, u.sed as a pi rfunie. 
 
 IIill. F.neije. 
 
 FU\NK'\ IC, ppr. Ota. Kvenipting from postage. 
 I'K A.N'lv'l.N'ti, H. The ai t of rxi iiiptirig from postage. 
 I'RA.VK'l.SU, a. Relating to the Franks. Vcrstegan. 
 FRANK'-I.AVV, ;i. Free, or coiniiioii law, or the ben- 
 efit a person has by it. F.ncyc. 
 FRANK'LIN, n. An English freeholder. [Ohs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 FRANK'LIN-ITE, n. A mineral compound of iron, 
 zinc, and manganese, found in New Jersey, and 
 named from Dr. Franklin. CIrarctand. 
 
 FRANK'LY, adr. Openly ; freely ; ingenuously ; with- 
 out reserve, constraint, or disguise ; as, to confess 
 one's faults frankly. 
 2. Libenillv ; freely ; readily. LiJie vii. 
 
 FR.\NK'-MAK'RI.\0'E, n. A tenure in tail special ; 
 or an estate of inheritance given to a person, together 
 with a wife, and descendible to the heirs of tlieir two 
 bodies begotten. Blaclcstone. 
 
 FRANK'NESS, ii. Plainness of speech ; candor; free- 
 dom in coiiiiiiuniration ; openness ; ingenuousness, 
 lie told me his opinion with frankness. 
 
 2. Fairni'ss ; freedom from art or craft ; as, frank- 
 ness of dealing. 
 
 3. Libemlitv ; bountoousness. [f.ittle used.] 
 FRA.\K'P1,E1)GE, (-plej,) >i. A pledge or surety for 
 
 the good behavior of I'reemen. .Anciently, in Kngland, 
 a number of neighbors who were bound for each 
 other's good behavior. F.neiic. 
 
 FRANK'-TE.V'E-.MENT, n. An estate of freeliold ; 
 tlie possession of the soil by a freeman. BlacLitonc. 
 
 FR/VN'Tie, a. [I., phreneli'cus ; Gr. ^Ktujrix s, from 
 i/xjKiTii, delirium or raving, from i/i/")"', mind, the 
 radical sense of which is, to rush, to drive forward. 
 So animus signifies mind, soul, courage, spirit ; and 
 aniwa signifies soul, wind, breath.] 
 
 1. Mad ; raving ; furious ; outrageous ; wild and 
 disorderly; distracted; as, a/;a«(ic person ; frantic 
 with fear or grief. 
 
 2. Chanicterized by violence, fury, and disorder; 
 noisy ; mad ; wild ; irregular ; as, the frantic rites of 
 Bacehiis. 
 
 FRAN'Tie-I.Y, )adv. Madly ; distractedly ; out- 
 FRAN'Tie-AI,-LY, ( rageously. 
 FR.\.\'TIONESS, n. Madness; fury of passion ; dis- 
 traction. 
 
 FR.M". ». t. In seamen's language, io draw together, 
 by ropes crossing each other, with a view to secure 
 and strengthen ; as, to frap a tackle or vessel. 
 
 Tnttrn. 
 
 FUAP'PKn, (frapt,) pp. Crossed and drawn together. 
 
 FUAP'l'l.Nti, ppr. Crossing and drawing together. 
 
 FK.\-TEIl'NAL, a. [Fr. fralernel; I,, fratcrnus, from 
 frater, brother.] 
 
 Brotherly ; pertaining to brethren ; becoming broth- 
 ers ; as, fraternal love or atfection ; a fraternal em- 
 brace. 
 
 FRA-TER'.\AL-LY, a//o. In a brotherly manner. 
 FRA-TER'NI-TY, n, [L. fraternila.t.] 
 
 1. The sLite or quality of a brother; brotherhood. 
 
 3. A body of men associated for their common in- 
 terest, business, or pleasure ; a company ; a brother- 
 hood ; a society ; as, the fraternity of monks. 
 
 3. .Men of the same class, profession, occupation, 
 or clianicter. 
 
 With what tcnn» of rrapccl knavei and lou will gpoaV of ttir-ir 
 owii/mttrnily, SouOi. 
 
 FR.\T-ER-NI-7.a'TION, n. The act of associating 
 anil holdin<; fellowship as brethren. Burke. 
 
 FR A-TER'NI/.E, p. L To associate or hold fellowship 
 as brothers, or :is men of like occu|i.ation or charac- 
 ter. 
 
 FRAT'ERMZ-ER, n. One who fr.iternizes. Burke. 
 FR.\T'R1-CM)AI,, a. Pertaining to fratricide. 
 FRAT'RI-CIDE, ii. [I,, fratricidium ; fraUr, brother, 
 and cirdo, to kill.] 
 
 1. The crime of murdering a brother. 
 
 2. One who murders or kills a brother. /,. .Addison. 
 FR.\U1), II. [\..fraas: Fr. Sp. It. and VurU fraude, 
 
 I'liis agrees ui elements with Sax. lined, bred, fraud, 
 which is cimlncted from brirgdea, fraud, guile, dis- 
 guise ; and britg coincides with brigue. Ilut I know 
 not that these words are connected with the Latin 
 frans.] 
 
 Deceit ; deception ; trick ; artifice by which the 
 right or interest of another is injured ; a stratagem 
 intended to obtain some undue advantage ; an at- 
 teinp". to gain, or the obtaining of, an advantage over 
 another by im|Kisition or immoral means, particularly 
 deception in contracts, or bargain and sale, either by 
 staling falsehoods or suppressing truth. 
 
 If tuccm n lovcr'i toil stlciKli, 
 Who lukl if furco or fraud oUaiilnl hi> t;nd« ? Pope. 
 
 FRAUD'F}JL, a. Deceitful in making b,argains ; trick- 
 ish ; treacherous; applied to persons. Shak, 
 2. Containing fraud or deceit ; applied to things. 
 
 Orijden. 
 
 FRAUD'FJJL-LY, adu. Deceitfully; with Intention 
 Iti'deceive and gain an undue advantage ; trickislily ; 
 tieaclieroiisly ; by stratagem. 
 
 FRAUD' LESS, a. Free from fraud. 
 
 KRAUD'LESS-LY, adu. In a fraiidless manner. 
 
 FRArD'LESS-.VESS, n. Stale of being fraiidless. 
 
 I'K AUD'lJ-LENCE, In. Deceitfuliiitss ; Irickisliness 
 
 FRAI'D'tJ-LE.\-CY, \ ill making bargains, or in so- 
 cial etuicerns. Iluukrr. 
 
 FRAL'D'tJ-LENT, a. I)i-ceitful In making ciuitracls ; 
 trirkish ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. ('onlaiiiiiig fraud ; founiled on fraud ; proceed- 
 ing from fraud ; as, a friiudiilent bargain. 
 
 3. Deceitl'ul ; treacherous ; obtained or jierformed 
 bv artifice. Miltun. 
 
 FUAUD'I^-LENT-LY, ode. By fraud ; by deceit ; by 
 
 ftir.liee or imposition. 
 FRAUGir r, (fiawt,) a. [D. 7tra»^ ; G. fraehl ; Dan. 
 fraat ; Sw. fracht. A different orlliognipliy of 
 
 FiiKionT, wliirli sec^] 
 
 1. Laiirii ; liiailed ; charged ; as, a vessel richly 
 fraught Willi goiMls from India. [ This sense is used 
 in poetry; but in common business Fheiohted only is 
 used. I 
 
 2. Filled ; stored ; full ; as, a scheme fraught with 
 mischii*'; the Scriptures are /ran >,'/if with excellent 
 prece|)ts. Hooker, 
 
 FRAUGHT, 71. A freight ; a cargo. [J^ot now used.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FRAUGHT, V. t. To load ; to fill ; to crowd. [ Obs.] 
 
 Shuk, 
 
 FRAUGIIT'ACE, M. Loading ; c.irgo. [JVutused.] 
 
 Shak, 
 
 FR.^Y, n. [Fr. /raca.«, It./y-aca.i.vo, a great crash, havoc, 
 ruin ; Fr. fracnsscr. It. fraca^sare, to break ; coiiici- 
 tliiig with ij. fractnra, from frango. Under Afkhay, 
 this is referri d to Fr. effrayer, to fright, but incorrect- 
 ly, unless Fhioht is from the same root. In the 
 sense of riililiiii!;, fretting, this is fnini llie I,, frico, 
 Sp. fregtir. But breali, fright, and frico, :i]I /lave the 
 same radicals.] 
 
 1. A broil, ipiarrel, or violent riot, that puts men in 
 fear. [This is the vulgar word for \yyu\\ , and the 
 sense seems to refer tin; word to Fr. effrayer.] 
 
 2. .\coinb:it; a battle; also, a single combat or 
 duel. Pope. 
 
 3. A contest ; contention. Millon. 
 
 4. A rub ; a fret or chafe in cloth ; a place injured 
 by riibliing. Taller. 
 
 FRAY, e. (. To fright ; to terrify. [Ohs,] 
 
 Spenser. Bacon. 
 FRAY, 71. (. [Fr. frayer, L. frico, to rub.] 
 
 1. 'I'll rub ; to fret, as cloth by wearing. 
 
 2. To rub ; as, a deer frays his head. 
 FRaY'A'1), pp. Frightened; rubbeil ; W(?rn. 
 
 FRa Y'l.Nt;, ppr. Frightening; terrifying; rulibing. 
 FRAY'l.VtJ, II. Peel of a deer's horn. B. Jonson, 
 FRicAK, n, [Ice. /rcAu. Uu. (i. freeh, bold, saucy, 
 
 pi-tiilant ; I):m. frrk, id. ; Scot, frark, active. The 
 
 English word does not accord perfectly with the Ger. 
 
 Dan. and Scot. But it is probably from the root of 
 
 brealt, denoting a sudden start.] 
 
 1. Literally, a sudden starting or change of place. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. A sudden causeless change or turn of the mind ; 
 a whim or tancy ; a capricious prank. 
 
 She is n^llfiw aii<t prpvisli, and suinctiinct in a /reik will in- 
 su\iiUy change luT haljieition. Spectator. 
 
 FRf.AK, v. t. [from the same root as the preceding, 
 to break ; \V. briic, Ir. breac. spirckled, parti-colored ; 
 like pard, from Iht^ Heb. Tii3, to divide.] 
 To variegiite ; to checker. 
 
 Fi-enkcd with iii viiy a iiiiiiglnl hue. TVtomson. 
 
 FRkAK'^.'I), (freekt,) pp. Variegated ; chi'Ckered. 
 Fill". AK'ISII, a. .Apt to change the mind suddenly; 
 whimsical ; capricious. 
 
 It may l«' a iiii.-slion, whfthrr llic wifc or th«? woman w-u the 
 m'on* /rfnkish of Uk* two. L'Kttrange. 
 
 FRP.AK'ISIl-LY, adv. Capriciously; with sudden 
 
 chani^e of mind, without cause. 
 FRkAK'ISII NESS, ?i. Capriciousness ; whimsical- 
 
 ness. 
 
 FRECK'LE, (frek'l,) n. [from the same root as freak: 
 W. bryc, Ir. breac, s|Kitti d, freckled ; \V. brijeu, to 
 freckle ; from brenhihg, unless by a change of lettt'rs 
 it has been corrupted from G. fleck, D. vlak, or rick, 
 Sw. flack, Dan. flrk, a spot ; which is not probable.] 
 
 1. .A s|Kil, of a yellowish color, in the skin, partic- 
 ularly on the f:ice, neck, and hands. Freckles may 
 be natural, or produced by the action of the sun on 
 the .skin, or from the jaundice. 
 
 2. .Any small spot or discolonition. F.relyn, 
 FRECK'LE, r. L or r. i. To give or acquire freckles. 
 
 SinarL 
 
 FRECK'LED, (frek'ld,) a. Spotted; having small, 
 
 yellowish spots on the skin or surface ; as, a freckled 
 
 face or neck. 
 2. S|)otted ; as, a freeJJed cowslip. Shak. 
 FRECK'LKD NESS, n. The suite of being freckled. 
 FRECK'LK:-FAC'i';D, (frek'l-fXste,) a. Having a face 
 
 full of freckles. Hraam. 
 FRECK'LY, a. Full of freckles ; sprinkled with 
 
 spots. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 FRED ; Sax. frith, Dan. /m/, S\v. frid, G. frictk, D. 
 vreede, peace ; as in Frederic, duniiniuii of jA'ace, or 
 rich in peace ; fViiifred, victorious peace. Our an- 
 cestors called a sanctuary fredsLolc, a seat of peace. 
 
 FREE, a. [Sax. frig, freuh, free ; frii^an, freor;an, to 
 free ; G. frei ; D. vry ; Dan. fri ; Sw. fri ; all con- 
 tracted from frig, uiiich corresponds with Heb. and 
 
 Ch. p-\fl, Syr. Sam. lpS3> Ar. faraka, 
 
 to brcaJ:, to separate, to divide, to free, to redeem, &c. 
 See Frank.] 
 
 1. Being at liberty ; not being under necessity or 
 restraint, physical or m;)ral ; a word of general ap- 
 plication to the body, tlie will or mind, and to corpo- 
 rations. 
 
 2. In government, not enslaved ; not in a state of 
 vassalage or dependence ; subject only to fixed laws, 
 made by consetit, and to a regular administration of 
 such laws ; not subject to the arbitrary will of a sov- 
 ereign or lord ; as, a free state, nation, or people. 
 
 3. Instituted by a free people, or by consent or 
 choice of those who are to be subjects, and secur- 
 ing private rights and privileges by fixed laws and 
 principles ; not arbitrary or despotic ; as, a free con- 
 stitution or government. • 
 
 There can t)e no free ^evernniLMit wilhoul a (lemocmtic.lI bnvnch 
 ill the coiijiLilulion. J. Adams, 
 
 4. Not imprisoned, confined, or under arrest; as, 
 the prisoner is set free. 
 
 5. Unconstrained; unrestrained; not under com- 
 pulsion or control. A man is free to pursue his own 
 choice ; he enjoys free will. 
 
 6. Not chemically combined with any other body ; 
 at liberty to escape ; as, free carbonic acid gas. 
 
 7. Permitted ; allowed ; open ; not ajjpropriated ; 
 as, places of honor and confidence are free to all ; 
 we seldom hear of a commerce perfectly /rer. 
 
 8. Not obstructed ; as, the water has a free pas- 
 sage or channel ; the house is open to a free current 
 of air. 
 
 9. Licentious ; unrestrained. The reviewer is very 
 free in his censures. 
 
 10. Open ; candid ; frank ; ingenuous ; unreserved ; 
 as, we had a free conversation together. 
 
 Will you be free and Ciindid to your friend f Olioay. 
 
 11. Liberal in expenses ; not parsimonious ; as, a 
 free purse ; a man is free to give to all useful institu- 
 tions. 
 
 12. Gratuitous ; not gained by importunity or pur- 
 chase, lie made him a free ofier of his services. 
 It is a free gift. The salvation of men is of free 
 grace. 
 
 13. Clear of crime or offense ; guiltless ; innocent. 
 My hands are guilty, but my heart is /rcc. Dryden. 
 
 14. Not having feeling or suffering ; clear ; exempt ; 
 with from ; as, free from paiu or disease ; free from 
 remorse. 
 
 15. Not encumbered with ; as,/ree from a burden. 
 IG. Open to all, without restriction or without ex- 
 pense ; as, a free school. 
 
 17. Invested with franchises ; enjoying certain 
 imnninities ; with of; as, a man free of the city of 
 Limdon. 
 
 18. Possessing without vassalage or slavish condi- 
 tions ; as, free of his farm. Drijden. 
 
 lU. Liberated from the government or control of 
 parents, or of a guardian or master. A son, or an 
 apprentice, when of age, is free. 
 
 20. Ready ; eager ; not dull ; acting without spur- 
 ring or whipping ; as, a free horse. 
 
 2L Genteel ; charming. [JVuf in iwe.] Chaucer. 
 FREE, ti. t. To remove from a thing any encum- 
 brance or obstruction ; to disengage from ; to rid ; 
 to strip ; to clear ; as, to free the body from clothes ; 
 to free llie feet from fetters ; to free a channel from 
 sand. 
 
 2. To set at liberty ; to rescue or release from slav- 
 ery, captivity, or confinement ; to loose ; the prisoner 
 
 freed from arrest. 
 
 3. To disentangle ; to disengage. 
 
 4. To exempt. 
 
 He tliat ia dead xm freed froin sin. — Rom. vl. 
 
 5. To manumit ; to release from bondage ; as, to 
 free a slave. 
 
 (). To clear from water, as a ship, by pumping. 
 7. To release from obligation or (luty. 
 To free frmn, or free of, is to rid of, by removing in 
 anv manner. 
 
 FKEE-AViEN-CY, n. The sl.-ite of acting freely, or 
 
 without necessity or constraint of the will. 
 FHEE-UE.\C"1I', 71. A widow's dower in a copyhold. 
 
 Blark.ttone. 
 
 FREE'nOOT-ER, II. [M. vrybuiter ; G.frciljcntt-r. See 
 BooTr.] 
 
 One who wanders about for pliiniler ; a robber ; a 
 pillager ; a pIimder*T. Bacon. 
 FltEE'HOOT l.\(;, n. Robbery ; plunder ; a pillaging. 
 
 S/ienjtrr. 
 
 FREK'Rf)R.V, II. Born free ; not in Vtisaalage ; inher- 
 iting libirrty. 
 
 FREE-CH.'VP'EL, n. In England, a chapel founded 
 by the king, and nt>t subject to the jurisdiction of the 
 ordinarj-. The king may also grant license to a sub- 
 ject to iburnVsiich a chapel. Coirrl. 
 
 FREE'-UIT'V, j 71. A" name given to certain cities, 
 
 FREE'-TOWN, ( principally of Germany, which 
 were really small republics, directly connected with 
 the German empire ; and hence often called imperial 
 cities. They were once numerous, but arc now re- 
 duced to four, viz., Frankf.irt, Ha.mliurgh, Lubeck, 
 anil firemen ; to « liich was also added Cracow in 
 Poland. Encijc. Jim. 
 
 FREE'-COST, 71. Without expense ; freedom from 
 cliarges. South. 
 
 FREED, pp. or a. 3et at liberty ; loosed ; delivered 
 from restraint ; cleared of liinderancu or obstruc- 
 titm. 
 
 FREE-DEX'I-ZEN, 71. A citizen. .Taeh.-on. 
 FREE-DEN'1-Z£;.\, (-den'i-zn,) v. t. To make free. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 FREED'JIAN, 77. A man who has been a slave and 
 is manumitted. 
 
 FREE'DO.M, 7i. A state of exemption from the power 
 or control of another ; liberty ; exemption from slav- 
 ery, servitiuie, or confinement. Freedom is personal, 
 ciril, political, and religioiu. [See Lihertv.] 
 
 2. Particular privileges ; franchise ; immunity; as, 
 the freedom of a city. 
 
 3. Power of enjoying franchises. Sirift. 
 
 4. Exemption from fate, necessity, or any constraint 
 in consequence of predetermination or otiierwise ; 
 as, the yrcedoin of the will; 
 
 5. Any excmiition from constraint or control. 
 
 C. Ease or tacility of doing any thing. He speaks 
 or acts with freedom. 
 
 7. Frankness ; boldness. He addressed his audi- 
 ence with freedom. 
 
 8. License ; improper familiarity; violation of the 
 rules of decorum ; witli a plural. Beware of what 
 are called innocent freedoms. 
 
 FREE-FISH'ER-Y, 71. A royal franchise or exclusive 
 
 privileg:' of fishing in a public river. Encyc. 
 FREE'-FOOT-ED, a. Not restrained in marching. 
 
 [Alif used."] Skak. 
 FREE'-IIEART'ED, (-hirt'ed,) a. [See Heart.] Open ; 
 
 frank ; unreserved. 
 
 2. Liberal ; charitable : generous. 
 FREE'-]1E.X.RT'ED-LY adc. Unreservedly; liber- 
 
 allv. 
 
 FREE'-IIEaRT'ED-NESS, «. Frankness ; openness 
 of heart; liberality. Burnet, 
 
 FREE'HoLD, 71. That land or tenement which is 
 held in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for term of life. It is 
 of two kinds ; in deed, and in law. The first is the 
 real possession of such land or tenement ; the last is 
 the right a man has to such land or tenement, before 
 liis entry or seizure. Eng. Law. 
 
 Freehold is also extended to such offices as a man 
 holds in fee or for life. It is also taken in opposition 
 to viUenage. Encyc. 
 
 In the United States, a freehold is an estate which a 
 man holds in his own right, subject to no superior, 
 nor to cjjnditions. 
 
 FREE'HoLD-ER, 71. One who owns an estate in fee- 
 simple, fee-tail, or for life ; the possessor of a free- 
 hold. 
 
 FREE'ING, ppr. Delivering from restraint ; releasing 
 from confinement ; removing encumbr.ances or hin- 
 derances from any thing ; clearing. 
 
 FREE'L^', uJo. At liberty ; without vassalage, slav- 
 ery, or dependence. 
 
 2. Without restraint, constraint, or compulsion ; 
 voluntarily. To render a moral agent accountable, 
 he must act freely. 
 
 3. Plentifully ; in abundance ; as, to eat or drink 
 freely. 
 
 4. Without scruple or reserve ; as, to censure freely. 
 
 5. Without impediment or liinderance. 
 
 Of every tree of the ganlen Uiou inayest freely eat. — Geo. ii. 
 C. Without necessity, or compulsion from divine 
 predetermination. 
 
 Kreely they stood wlio stood, and fell who fell. I^fdton. 
 
 7. Without obstruction ; largely ; copiously. The 
 patient bled freely. 
 
 8. Siiontaneously ; without constraint or persua- 
 sion. 
 
 9. Liberally ; generously ; as, to give freely to the 
 jioor. 
 
 HI. Gratuitously ; of free will or grace, w ithout 
 purchase or consideration. 
 
 J'^rely yc have received, yVef/y ^ivc. — IVlatt. x. 
 
 FREIV-LI V-ER, n. One who eats and drinks abiin- 
 fllantly. 
 
 FREE'-LIV-ING, n. Full gratification of the appe- 
 tite. 
 
 FREE'.MAN, n. [free and man.] One who enjoys 
 
 liberty, or who is not subject to the will of another; 
 
 one not a slave or vassal. 
 2. One who enjoys or is entitled to a franchise or 
 
 peculiar privileiic ; as the freemen of a city or slate. 
 FREE'-.MXlt-TI.N, 71. iVheii a cow proiliices twins, 
 
 one of them a male, and the other apparently a fe- 
 
 male, the latter is most generally (but not invariably) 
 barren ; and, on dissection, will be found to liave 
 some of the organs of each sex, but neither perfect. 
 Such an animal is called, by the English, a free-mar- 
 tin, and was called, by the Greeks and Romans, 
 r/ti'oa, taura. 
 
 FREE'Ma-SON, 7!. One of an ancient and secret as- 
 sociation or fraternity, said to have been at first com- 
 posed of masons or builders in stone, but now con- 
 sisting of persons who are united for social enjoy- 
 ment and mutual assistance. 
 
 FREE'Ma-SON-RY, (-ina-sn-ry,) n. That which be- 
 longs to the fraternity of freemasons. 
 
 FREE'-.MIND-ED, a. Not perplexed ; free from care. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 FREE'NESS, 71. The 6tate or quality of being free, 
 unconstrained, unconfined, unincumbered, or unob- 
 structed. 
 
 2. Openness ; unreservedncss ; frankness ; ingen- 
 uousness ; candor ; as, the freeness of a confession. ! 
 
 3. Liberality; generosity; as, /rcencis in giving. 
 
 Spratt. 
 
 4. Grnjuitousness ; as, the freeness of divine grace. 
 FREE'-PoKT, 71. A name given to certain ports on 
 
 the ct«itinent of Europe, as Genoa, Leghorn, &c., 
 where ships of all nations may load and unloatl 
 free of duty ; but if the articles imported are car- 
 ried into the atljoining country, they pay the ordinary 
 duties at the gates or barriers. Dirt, de I'Acad. 
 
 In the fVest Indies, a free-port is one where goods 
 of all kinds may be landed from foreign ships, on , 
 payment of the ordinary duties. ' 
 FRE"E'-S€H00L, 71. A school supported by funds, 
 &.O., in which pupds are taught without paying for 
 tuition. 
 
 2. A school open to admit pupils without restric- 
 tion. 
 
 FREE'-SPoK-£:N, a. Accustomed to speak without 
 
 reserve. Bacon. 
 FREE'-STaTES, 71. pi. Those states of the Union in 
 
 which slavery has been abolished by law. 
 FREE'SToNE, 71. Any species of stoL:e composed 
 
 of sand or grit, so called because it is easily cut or 
 
 wrought. 
 
 FREE'THINK-ER, 71. A softer name for a deist ; an 
 unbeliever ; one who discards revelation. 
 
 FREE'TllINK-ING, n. Undue boldness of specula- 
 tion ; unbelief. Berkeln/. 
 
 FREE'TllI.NK-lNG, a. Noting undue boldness" of 
 speculation ; skeptical. 
 
 FREE'-TONGUEU, (-tungd,) a. Speaking without 
 reserve. Bp. Halt. 
 
 FREE-WAR'REN, 71. A royal franchise or exclusive 
 right of killing beasts and fowls of warren within 
 certain limits. Encyc. 
 
 FREE-WILL', 71. The power of directing our own 
 actions without restraint by necessity or fate. Locke. 
 2. Voluntariness ; spontaneousness. 
 
 FREEMVILL, a. Spontaneous ; as, a free-will offer- 
 ing. 
 
 FREE'WILL-BAP'TIST, 71. One, belonging to a 
 branch of the Baptist denomination, who holds to 
 the freeiloin of the will in opposition to necessity. 
 FREE'-WO.M-AN, 71. A woman not a slave. 
 FREEZE, V. i, ; pret. Froze ; pp. Frozen or Froze. 
 Sax. frysan ; U. rriezen ; Dan. fryser ; Sw. frysa. 
 t coincides in elements with D. rreezen, to fear, 
 that is, to shrink, contract, tremble, shiver, Fr. 
 f riser, to curl, whence frissoner, to shiver, Sp. fri- 
 sar. These are of one family, unless there has 
 been a change of letters. The Italian has frcjin, 
 for frieze, and the Gr. (A/jitrnoi, had for its radical 
 letters 0,oi{. These may be of a difierent family. 
 To freeze is to contract. See CLass Rd, Rs, No. 14, 
 19, 25. Uu. Russ. mroz, frost.] 
 
 1. To be congealed by cold ; to be changed from a 
 liquid to a solid .state by the abstraction of heat; to 
 be hardened into ice or a like solid body. W.iter 
 freezes at the temperature of 32° above zero by Fahr- 
 enheit's thermometer. Mercury freezes at 40' below I 
 zero. , 
 
 2. To be of that degree of cold at which w.iter 1 
 congeals. Shnk. 
 
 3. To chill ; to stagnate, or to retire from the ex- 
 treme vessels; as, the blood /jrric. in the veins. 
 
 4. To be chilled ; to .shiver with cold. 
 
 5. To llie by means of cold. We say a man freezes 
 to death. 
 
 FKEE/E, V. I, To congeal; to harden into ico ; to 
 change from a lluid to a solid form by cold or abstrac- 
 tion of heat. This weather will/i-iT:? the rivers and 
 lakes. 
 
 2. To kill by cold ; but wc often add the words to 
 death. This air « ill freeze you, or freeze you to death. 
 
 3. 'I'o chill ; to give the sensation of cold and shiv- 
 eriiii. This horrid title freezes iny blood. 
 
 FRF.E/.E. in architecture. See Frieze. 
 
 FKEEZ'I.N(J, p;ir. (^tmgealing ; hardening into ice. 
 
 Fin'.E/.'IN(J, II. The process or state of congelation. 
 
 FlfEI'.Z'L\<;-MLX'TI]RE, ( niikst'yiir,) 71. A niixturc 
 of two or more snbslanres, as of salt and snow, but 
 Usually of a solid and a fiuid, which, in melting ab- 
 sorb heat from contiguous bodies, and thus produce 
 intense cold. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FfiUh, VVII^T — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 4S0 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 FIIEEZ'ING-POKNT, n. That |i<)int of a tliermoine- 
 tiT at which thiitls bcRin to (rvc/.e ; upplied particu- 
 larly to water, whose freeiin^oinl is at 3i' of I'ahr- 
 enlieit's thermometer. 
 
 FUEIOHT, (frate,) ii. [D. vrast; G. fracht; Sw. 
 frurht ; Dan. fra;;t : Fr. fret ; I'ort. frete ; Sp. fiete : 
 Arm. frcL (Hec F'bauoht.) Uu. from the root of 
 Ij. feru ! formed, like brifrht, from tlie Ethiopic ba- 
 rah.] 
 
 1. The carpo, or any part of the carjo, of a ship ; 
 lading ; that which is carried by water. The/rciV/it 
 of a ship consists of cotton ; the ship li.is not a full 
 freight ; the owners have advertised for freight ; 
 freight will be paid for liy the ton. 
 
 2. Transportation of goods. VVe paid four dollars 
 a ton for the freight from London to Barcelona. 
 
 ;i. The hire of a ship, or money charged or paid for 
 the tmnsportation of goods. After paying/rdV/i( and 
 charges, the profit is trilling. Fri:i(;utage is now 
 but little used. 
 FRB"JH'''. (frite,) f. t. To load with goods, as a ship 
 or vessel of any kind, for transporting tllem fnmi 
 one place to another. We freighted the ship for 
 Amsterdam ; the ship was freighted with Hour for 
 llavanna. 
 
 2. To load as the burden. Shak. 
 FUBKlHT'F.n, ]>i>. Loaded, .as a ship or vessel. 
 FRglCHT'EU, (frat'er,) n. One who loads a ship, or 
 
 one who rhnrtcrs and loads a ship. 
 FREUJUT'ING, /lyir. or a. Loading or carrying, as a 
 
 ship or vessel. 
 FRBIGIIT'LKSS, a. Destitute of freight. 
 FREIt;'LE-BE.\, n. A mineral, of a bine or bluish- 
 
 cniy color, brittle, and soft to the touch. Cleaveliind. 
 FKE.V, tt. A stranger. [j\'ut uset/.] i^pensrr. 
 FRE.N'CII, a. Pertaining to France or its inhabitants. 
 FRE.NCII, n. 'I'he language spoken by the people of 
 
 France. 
 
 FRENCII-BER'RY, n. The same as Avionch-Behrv. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 FRE.\CH-CIL\LK, (-chawk,) n. Scaly talc, a variety 
 of indurated talc, in masses composed of small 
 scales ; its color is pearly-white or grayish. It is 
 much used for drawing lines on cloth, &c. Ctrtiveland. 
 
 FRE.N'fli-llolt.N', ;i. A wind-instrument of music, 
 made of metal. 
 
 FRE.\Cri'I-FI-£U, (-fide,) pp. or a. Made like the 
 French. Burke. 
 
 FRE.\(;il't-F?, r. L To make French ; to infect with 
 \\)f manner of the French. Ciimdcii. 
 
 FRENCH'-LIKE, a. Resembling the French. 
 
 By. Hall. 
 
 FRENCH'MAN, n. A man of the French nation. 
 
 FKE-NET'lC. See Frantic and Phrenetic. 
 
 FRE\'/.I-eAL, a. Partaking of frenzy. 
 
 FREN'ZIEI), pari. a. Alfected with madnes3. 
 
 FRE.V'Zr-KD-LY, m/o. Majlly ; distractedly. 
 
 FREN'ZY, u. [Vr. frenesie ; U.freiie^sia ; from L. phre- 
 intis, Gr. 0oti irif, from 0.o>)i', mind, which is from 
 moving, rushing. See Frantiu.] 
 
 Madness ; distraction ; rage ; or any violent agita- 
 tion of the mind, approaching to distraction. 
 
 All else U towering frenzy and Uiitnicliou. Adtlison. 
 
 FRR'aUBNCE, ii. [Fr., from I.. frequeiOia.] 
 
 A crowd ; a throng ; a concourse ; an assembly. 
 [Utile luitd.] Shak. Milton. 
 
 FRe'UUE.\-UY, Ti, A return or occurrence of a thing 
 often repented at short intervals. The frequenaj of 
 crimes abates our horror at the commission ; the fre- 
 quency of capital punishments tends to destroy their 
 proper elfecl. 
 2. A crowd; a throng. [Aot lufd.] B. Jonson. 
 
 FRE'aUENT, a. [Fr., from L. freiiuens.\ 
 
 1. Often seen or done; often happening at short 
 intervals ; often repeated or occurring. We made 
 frequent visits to the hospital. 
 
 2. Used often to practice any thing. He was fre- 
 quent and loud in his declamations against the revo- 
 lution. 
 
 n. Full; crowded; thronged. [J\1)( iisrf.] Milton. 
 PRE-aUENT', v.L [U. frequento : Fr. frequenter.] 
 
 To visit often ; to resort to often or habitually. 
 The man who frequents a dram-shop, an ale-house, 
 or a gaming-table, is in the road to jioverty, disgrace, 
 and ruin. 
 
 H«/rc7U«n(«(/ the court of Aii^mtis. Drytten. 
 FRE-aUENT'A-BLE, o. Accessible. [M<t used.] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 FRE-aUENT'AGE, n. The practice of frequenting. 
 
 SuHtJinj. 
 
 FRE-aUENT-A'TION, n. The act of frequenting. 
 
 a. The habit of visiting often. {Chesterfield. 
 FRI-^aL'E.NT'A-TIVE, a. [It. frequeatatico ; Fr./re- 
 quentalif.] 
 
 In grammar, denoting the frequent repetition of an 
 action ; as a frequentative verb. 
 rRE-aiJE.NT'A-TIVE, n. A verb which denotes the 
 iri quent occurrence or repetition of an action. 
 
 PP- Of O""" visited. 
 t KK UL E.NT'ER, n. One who often visits or resorts 
 
 to customarily. 
 FliE -UL'ENT'I.NG, ppr Often visiting or resort- 
 ing to. 
 
 FRi5'aUENT-LY, adv. Often ; many times; at short 
 
 intervals ; commonly. 
 FRK'UUENT-NEtj.S, ii. Thequality of being frequent 
 
 or often repeated. 
 FRF.RF., ffrare,) n. [Fr.] A brother. 
 FRHS'eAUES, n. pi. Cool walks ; shady places. 
 FRES'CO, >i. [It. fresco, fresh.] 
 
 1. Coolness; shade; a cool, refreshing state of the 
 air; duskiness. Prior. 
 
 2. A picture not drawn in glaring light, but in 
 dusk. Pupe. 
 
 3. A method of painting on walls, performed with 
 water-colors on fresli plaster, or on a wall laid with 
 mortar not yet dry. The colors, incorporating with 
 the mortar, and drying with it, become very durable. 
 It is called fresco, either because it is done on fre-ih 
 plaster, or because it is used on walls and buildings 
 in the open air. Kncyc. 
 
 4. A cool refreshing liquor. 
 
 FRESH, a. [Sax. frrsc; D. verseh ; G. frisch; Dan. 
 fersk anil frisk ; f^w. frisk; It. fresco ; Sp. and Port. 
 id.; Fr. fruis, fraUlie ; Arm. fresg ; W, fres, fresq. 
 This is radically the same word as fri.^k, and it coin- 
 cides also in elements with brisk, W. brysg, which 
 is from rhy.i, a rushing, e.vtreine ardency, Eng. rush, 
 which gives the radical sense, though it may not be 
 the same word.] 
 
 1. Moving with celerity; brisk; strong; some- 
 what velieiiient ; as, a fresh breeze ; fresh wind ; the 
 primary sense. 
 
 2. Having the color and appearance of yoimg, thrifty 
 plants ; lively ; not impaired or faded ; as when we 
 say, the fields look fresh and green. 
 
 3. Having the appearance of a healthy youth ; 
 florid ; ruddy ; as, a /rf,>A -colored young man. 
 
 •1. New ; recently grown; as, /rwA vegetables. 
 
 5. New ; recently made or olilaincd. VVe have a 
 fresh supply of goods from the manufactory, or from 
 India ; fresh tea ; fresh raisins. 
 
 (i. Not impaired by time ; not forgotten or oblit- 
 erated. The story is fresh in my mind ; the ideas 
 arc fresh iii my recollection. 
 
 7. Not salt ; as,/rc.vA water ; fresh meat. 
 
 8. Recently from the well or spring ; pure and 
 co(d ; not warm or vapid. Bring a glass of fresh 
 water. 
 
 9. In a st.ate like that of recent growth or recent- 
 ness ; as, to preserve flowers and fruit fresh. 
 
 Preih &3 April, swcel as May. Carew. 
 
 10. Repaired from loss or diminution ; having new 
 vigor. He rose fresh for the combat. 
 
 1 1. New ; that has lately como or arrived ; as, fresh 
 news ; fresh dispatches. 
 
 12. Sweet ; in a good state ; not st.ale. 
 
 13. Unpr.icticed ; unused ; not before employed ; 
 as, a fresh hand on board of a ship. 
 
 fresh way; the increased velocity of a vessel. 
 
 Tottm, 
 
 FRESH, n. A f^eshet. Beverly, HisL Virginia. 
 
 FRESirnLOWN, a. Newly blown. 
 
 FRESH'fiN, (fresh'n,) v. U To make fresh ; to dulci- 
 fy ; to separate, as water from saline particles ; to 
 take saltness from any thing; as, to freshen water, 
 fish, or flesh. 
 
 2. To refresh ; to revive. [JVbt used.] Spenser. 
 
 3. In seamen's language, to apply new service to a 
 cable ; as, to freshen hawse. 
 
 FRESH'EN, V. i. To grow fresh ; to lose salt or 
 saltness. 
 
 2. To grow brisk or strong ; as, the wind freshens. 
 
 FRESH'f:.\-ED,p)>. Deprived of saltness ; sweetened. 
 
 FRESH'K.\-L\G, ppr. or o. Making or growing fresh ; 
 depriving of s.altness ; sweetening. 
 
 FRESH'ES, n. pi. The mingling of fresh w.iter with 
 salt water in rivers or bays, or the increased current 
 of an ebb tide by means of a flood of fresh water 
 flowing toward or into the sea, and discoloring the 
 water. Beverly. Kncye. 
 
 2. A flood ; an overflowing ; an inundation ; a 
 freshet. 
 
 FRESH'ET, ?i. A flood or overflowing of a river, by 
 means of heavy rains, or melted snow ; an inunda- 
 tion. JV<io England. 
 
 2. .\ stream of fresh ivater. Browne. 
 FRESH'FfiKCE, n. In law, force done within forty 
 FRESH'-LQQK'I.N'G, a. Ajipearing fresh. [days. 
 FRESII'LY,n//e. Newly ; in the former state renewed ; 
 
 in a new or fresh state. 
 9. With a healthy look ; ruddily. Shak. 
 
 3. Briskly ; strongly. 
 
 4. Coolly. 
 
 FRESII'M.W, n, ; pi. Freshmen. A novice ; one in 
 the riiiliinents of knowledge. 
 
 2. In Knglanii, a student during his first year's resi- 
 dence at the university. In .America, one who be- 
 longs to the youngest of the four classes in college, 
 called the freshman c/o-t.s*. 
 
 FRESII'.MA.X, a. Pertaining to a freshman, or to the 
 rl.iss called frejshmen. 
 
 FRESIl'MA.N'-SHIP, n. The state of a freshman. 
 
 FRESH'.NESS, n. Newness; vigor; spirit; the con- 
 tniry to vapidness ; as, the freshness of liquors or 
 oilors. 
 
 2. Vigor; liveliness; the contrary to n faded ata-e ; 
 as, the freshness of plants or of green fields. 
 
 3. Newness of strength; renewed vigor ; opjiosed 
 to weariness or fatigue. 
 
 The Scot* had Ui« advaiiUi^ both for number aiul frithnttt of 
 men. llayiMTii. 
 
 4. Coolness ; invigorating quality or state. 
 
 Ami bnintlie the frethneit of ih'-- ojx-u fiir. Dryden. 
 
 5. Color of youth and health j ruddiness. 
 
 IUt clieeki their/re#Ane*# lose and wonted grace. OranvUt*. 
 fi. Freedom from saltness ; as, the freshness of 
 water or fli:sh. 
 
 7. A new or recent state or quality ; rawness. 
 
 8. Briskness, as of winil. 
 FRESH'-NEVV, a. Unpracticed. [JW>( «.<«;.] Shak. 
 FRESH'-VV A-TER, a. Accustomed to sail on frt sh- 
 
 water only, or in the coasting trade ; as, a fresh-water 
 sailor. 
 
 2. Raw ; unskilled. Knolles. 
 FRESH'-WA-TEK-KD, a. Newly watered ; supplied 
 
 with fresh water. 
 FRET, V. t. [Sw. /rd/a, to fret, to corrode ; Ft.frotter, 
 
 to rub ; Arm. /ro(a. This seems to be allied to Goth. 
 
 fretan and Sax. fretan, to eat, to gnaw, G. fressen, U. 
 
 vrecten, which may be formed from the root of L. 
 
 rodo, rosi, Sp. rotiir, or of L. rado, to scrape. To fret 
 
 or gnaw gives the sense of unevenness, roughness, 
 
 in substances ; the like appearance is given to fluids 
 
 by agitation.] 
 
 1. To rub ; to wear away a substance by friction ; 
 as, to fret cloth ; to fret a piece of gold or other 
 metal. JVewtun. 
 
 2. To corrode ; to gnaw ; to eat away ; as, a worm 
 frets the planks of a ship. 
 
 3. To impair ; to wear away. 
 
 By starts, 
 
 IDa/retted rortintcs give him hojie mid fear. Shak. 
 
 4. To form Into raised work. Milton. 
 
 5. To variegtite ; to diversify. 
 
 Von grmy linm, 
 Thal/rer the clomls, are messengers of day, Shak. 
 
 6. To agitate violently. Shak. 
 
 7. Toagitatc; to disturb; to make rough ; to cause 
 to rip|)Ie ; as, lafret the surface of water. 
 
 8. To tease ; to irritate; to vex ; to make angry. 
 
 Fret not thyself because of evil-doers. — Ps. xxxvii. 
 
 9. To wear away ; to chafe ; to gall. Let not a 
 saddle or harness /rce the skin of your horse. 
 
 FRET, V. i. To be worn away ; to he corroded, .^ny 
 substance will in time /ret away by friction. 
 
 2. To eat or wear in ; to make way by attrition or 
 corrosion. 
 
 Many wheals arose, and fretted one hilo another with ^re.at 
 excoriaUon. WiaenMn. 
 
 3. To be agitated ; to he in violent commotion ; as, 
 the rancor that frcU in the maliiinant breast. 
 
 4. To be vexed ; to he chafed or irritated ; to be 
 angry ; to utter i)cevish expressions. 
 
 He frele, he fumes, he stan-s, he suiniw the ^runnds. Dryden. 
 FRET, n. The agitation of the surface of a fluid by 
 fermentation or other cause; a rippling on the sur- 
 face of water ; small undulations continually re- 
 peated. Mdison. 
 
 2. Agitation of mind ; commotion of temper ; irri- 
 tation ; as, he keeps his mind in a continual fret. 
 
 Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret. Pope. 
 
 3. A short piece of wire fixed on the finger-board 
 of a gtiitar, 4oc., which, being pressed against the 
 strings, varies the tone. Bushy. 
 
 4. In archileeture, an ornament consisting of srn.ill 
 fillets intersecting each other at right anglt^s. 
 
 O/osy. ofAreh. 
 
 5. In heraldry, a bearing composed of bars crossed 
 and interlaced. 
 
 FRET, r. (. To furnish with frets, as an instrument 
 of music. As. Res. 
 
 FRET, n. [i,.fretnm.] A frith, which see. 
 
 FRET'FLJL, a. Dis|>osed to fret ; ill-humored ; peevish ; 
 ansrr}' ; in a state of vexation ; as, a fretful tem|ier. 
 
 FRET'FIJL-LY, adv. Peevishly ; angrily. 
 
 FRET'FIJL-NESS, n. Peevishness; ill-humor; dis- 
 position to fret and complain. 
 
 FRETT, n. With miners, the worn side of the bank 
 of a river. Kncjc. 
 
 FUET'TED, pp. or a. Eaten ; corroded ; rubbed or 
 worn away ; agitated ; vexetl ; made rough on the 
 surface ; variegated ; ornamented with fretwork ; 
 fiirnisht>d with frets. 
 
 FRET'Tf'.V, a. Rubbed ; marked ; as, pock-freuen, 
 marked with the small pox. 
 
 FRET'TER, n. That which frets. 
 
 FRET'TIXG, ppr. or a, C<irrodtng ; wearing away ; 
 agitating; vexing; making rough on the surface; 
 variegating. 
 
 FRET'TIXtJ, n. A state of chafing ; vexation ; 
 
 peevishness. 
 FRET'TY, a. Adorned with fretwork. 
 FRii'TUJI.n. [L.] A strait, or arm of the sea. Ray. 
 FRET'WORK, (-wurk,) n. Work adorned with frets. 
 
 TONE, BULL, yNlTE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOU3.-e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 61 
 
 oo 
 
 481 
 
Fill 
 
 FRI-A-BIL'I-TY. ) 71. FSee Friable.] Tiie qual- 
 Fra'A-BLE-iNESS, j ily of being easily broken, 
 
 crumbled, and reduced to powder. Locke. 
 FRI'.\-IiLE, a. [Ft. friable ; L. frialiilis, from frio, to 
 
 break or crumble. Fj-io is probably a contracted 
 
 word. Cli. or Ch. Ileb. piD, to break.] 
 
 Easily crumbled or pulverized ; easily reduced to 
 
 powder. Pumice and calcined stones are very 
 
 jfriable. 
 
 FKI'AR, 71. [Fr. frire, a brother, contracted from L. 
 frater. See Brother.] 
 
 1. A brother or member of any religious order, but 
 especially of one of the four mcnilicant orders, viz. 
 (1.) .Minors, Gray Friars, or Fruiciscans ; (3.) Augus- 
 tines ; (3.) Dominicans, or Black Friars j (4.) White 
 Fri.irs or Carmelites. 
 
 2. In a restricted sense, a monk who is not a 
 priest ; those friars who are in orders being called 
 fathers. 
 
 3. In printin<r, any part of tile page which has not 
 received the ink. 
 
 FRl'.\R-LIKE, a. Like a friar; monastic; unskilled 
 in the world. JCiwllc.f. 
 
 FRl'.\R-LY, a. Like a friar ; untaught in the atfairs 
 of lite. Bacon. 
 
 FRI'AR'S-€OWL, 7t. A plant, a species of Arum, 
 witli a flower resembling a cowl. 
 
 Joftnson. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 FRI'AR'S-L.\N'TERN, 71. The ignis fatuus. Milton. 
 
 FRi'AR-y, 71. A monastery ; a convent of friars. 
 
 Dii^dale. 
 
 FRI'AR-Y, o. Like a friar; pertaining to friars. 
 
 FRi-A'TION, 7!. The act of crumbling. [Onnden. 
 
 FRIB'BLE, a. [L. frivolus, Fr. frivole, from rubbing ; 
 from rub, if b is radical, or from frico, if the b repre- 
 sents a palatal letter. If b is radical, the word ao- 
 cords with Dan. rips, trifles, frivolousness.] 
 
 Frivolous ; trifling ; silly. Brit. CriU 
 
 FRIB'BLE, 7!. A frivolous, trifling, contemptible 
 fellow. 
 
 FRIB'BLE, I'. I. To trifle ; also, to totter. Tatler. 
 
 FRIB'BLER, 71. A trifler. Spectator. 
 
 FRi'BORG, ) 7!. [ free and burg.} The same as 
 
 FRID'BURGH, ( Frank-fledge. Cowel. 
 
 FRie'AUE, 71. [See Fricassee.] Meat sliced and 
 dressed with strong sauce ; also, an unguent pre- 
 pared by frying things together. [Ofo.] B.Jonson. 
 
 FRIC^.V-DFJiU, (frik'an-do,) 71. [Fr.] A ragout or 
 fricassee vf veal. The term is sometimes improperly 
 a|iplie<l to stewed beef highly seasoned. Cooley. 
 
 FRl€-.\.-^-SEE', II. [Fr. ; IX.. frigasea ; Sp. frieasea ; 
 Purt. fracasse ; from Vr. fricasser, to fry. It. friggere, 
 Vuri. frigir, Sp. frcir, L. /rio-o.] 
 
 A stew or dish of food made by cutting cliickens, 
 rabliits, or other small animals, into pieces, an(t dress- 
 iuL' tlit ni in a frying-pan, or a like utensil. King. 
 
 FIUC-A.'^-SEE', i\ t. To dress in fricassee. 
 
 FRI€-.\.^-SHEl)', /jp. or a. Dressed in fricassee. 
 
 FRie-AS-SEE'ING, ppr. Dressing in frictissee. 
 
 FRI-eA'TlOX, «. [L.fricatio, from frico, to rub.] 
 The act of nibbing ; friction. ILittle used.] Bacon. 
 
 FRie'TION,/i. [L./ric(iii ; Fr. /riction ; from L. /Wco, 
 to rub. It. fregare, Sp fricar.] 
 
 1. The act of rulibing the surface of one body 
 against that of another ; attrition. Many bodies by 
 friction emit light, and friction generates or evolves 
 heat. 
 
 2. In mechanics, the effect of rubbing, or the re- 
 sistance which a moving body meets with from the 
 surface on which it moves. Encijc. 
 
 3. In medicine, the rubbing of the body with the 
 hand, or with a brush, flannel, &c. ; or the rubbing 
 of a diseased part with oil, unguent, or other medica- 
 ment. Knctjc. 
 
 FRie'TION-LESS, a. Having no friction. 
 FRie'TIO.N'-WllEEES, n. pi. In mechanics, wheels 
 
 so arranged as to diminish the friction of machinery. 
 FRI'DAY, 11. [Sax. frig-dag : G. freitag ; D. vnjdag ; 
 
 from Frigga, the Venus of the north ; D. vrouw, G. 
 
 frau, Ir, frag, a woman.] 
 
 The si.\th day of the week, formerly consecrated 
 FRIDtiE, u. t. [Sax. /ncian.] [to Frigga. 
 
 To move ha.stily. [JVVii 171 use] JlaitijwcU. 
 FRID'-STOLE. See Fred. 
 
 Fitl'KI), (fride,) />;;. or a. Dressed in a frying-pan; 
 hcati'd ; agitated. 
 
 FRII'^.N'l), (trend,) 71. [Sax. freonil, the participle of 
 freun, to free, to love, contracted from frignn, to free ; 
 (i.freimU: T>.rrir.nd ; l)an./rcii(/c ; Hw.frlindc. We 
 gee the rail ical sense is to free ; hence, to be ri^ady, 
 willing, or cheerful, joyous, and allied perhaps to 
 frolic.] 
 
 1. One who is altarlied to another by affi'ction ; 
 one who cntcrlaiiiH for another senliments of esteem, 
 respect, and air. ( lion, wliirli lead him to desire his 
 comp uiy, and to Heck lo proiiintc his happiness and 
 pruHperity ; oppoxcd to fue or enemy. 
 
 A /rUmt lijvDi nt nil Umf^. — Prov. xvU. 
 
 Thcf l» a friend Uinl mickeUi ciowr tltrvn a hrotlii^r. — Prov. 
 zviiJ. 
 
 2. One not hostile ; opposed to an enemy in ifar, 
 
 Shalt. 
 
 3. One reconciled after enmity. Lot ua bo friends 
 again. 
 
 FRI 
 
 4. An attendant ; a companion. Dri;ilrn. 1 
 
 5. A favorer ; one who is jiropitioiis , as, a friend 
 to commerce ; 'H friend to poetry ; a friend to charita- 
 ble institiiticms. 
 
 li. A favorite. Ilushai was David's friend. 
 
 7. A term of salutation ; a familiar compelKation. 
 
 i^Vwnd, Iiow earnest diou in liitlier f — Matt. xxii. 
 
 So Christ calls Judas liis friend, though a traitor. 
 Matt. .\xvi. 
 
 8. Formerly a paramour. 
 
 9. One of the religious sect frequently called 
 Quakers. 
 
 10. jj friend at court ; one who has sufficient in- 
 terest to serve another. Chaucer. 
 
 FRIEND, (frend,) jj. t. To favor; to countenance; 
 
 to befriend ; to support or aid. [But we now use 
 
 Befriend.] Shak. 
 FRIEND'ED, (frend'ed,) pp. Favored ; befriended. 
 
 2. a. Inclined to love ; well-disposed. Slialc. 
 FRIEND'ING, (frend'ing,) ppr. Favoring. 
 FRIE.N'D'LESS, (frend'less,) a. Destitute of friends ; 
 
 wanting coiiuteiiance or support ; forlorn. Pope. 
 FRIE.ND'LiKE, (freiid'like,) a. Having the disposi- 
 
 tituis (d'a friend. 
 FRIE.\L)'LI-NESS, (frend'le-ness,) n. A disposition 
 
 to friendship ; friendly dispositions. Sidney. 
 2. Exertion of benevolence or kindness. Taylor. 
 FRIEND'LY, (fiend'ly,) u. Having the temper and 
 
 disposition of a friend ; kinil ; favorable ; disjKJSed 
 
 to promote the good of another. 
 
 'Vhw to inunkind 
 Be good and frienfUy still, and uft return. Milton. 
 
 2. Disposed to peace. Pope. 
 
 3. Amicable. We are on friendly terms. 
 
 4. Not hostile ; as, Ti friendly power or state. 
 
 5. Favorable ; propitious ; salutary ; promoting the 
 good of ; as, a friendly breeze or gale. Excessive 
 rains are not friendhj to tlie ripening fruits. 'I'eniper- 
 anre is frieniUy to longevity. 
 
 FRIEND'LY, (frend'ly,) adv. In the manner of 
 frientis ; amicably. [JViit much used.] Shak. 
 
 FRIEND'SHIP, (frend'ship,) ji. An attachment to a 
 person, proceeding from intimate actpiaintance, and 
 a reciprocation of kind offices, or from a favorabli; 
 opinion of the amiable and res])ectable qualitit« of 
 his mind. Friendship differs from benevolence, which 
 is good-will to mankind in general, and from that 
 love which springs from animal appetite. 7Viir friend- 
 ship is a noble and virtuous attachment, sjiringing 
 from a pure source, a respect for worth or amiable 
 qutilities. Fal^ie friendship may subsist between bad 
 men, as between thieves and pirates. This is a tem- 
 ptirary attachment, springing from interest, and may 
 change in a moment to enmity and rancor. 
 
 Tiiere can be no friendship witliout conlidence, anti no confi- 
 
 lience without integrity. Rambler. 
 Tliere is little friendship in the world. Bacon. 
 The finil law ol /rieiulshi]) is sincerity. ^miTt. 
 
 2. Mutual attachment ; intimacy. 
 
 If not in friendship, live at least in peace. Dryden. 
 
 3. Favor ; personal kindness. 
 
 His friemlships, still to few confined, 
 
 Were always of the iniiUUing Jdnd. Swift. 
 
 4. Friendly aid ; help; assistance. Shak. 
 
 5. Conformity ; atiiuity ; correspondence ; aptness 
 to unite. 
 
 We know those colore which have a friendship for each other. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 [JVef. commtm, and hardly legitimate.] 
 FRII.-.ZE, ) (freez,)7i. [Sp. /W.wi, freeze; frisar, to 
 FRIZE, i raise a iiapoiiclotli,to/ri2zifi; Fr. /n'.vcr, 
 to curl or crisp, to shiver, to rtitfle ; Port./Wirer ; Arm. 
 frisa. (iu. Sp. riiar, to crisp or curl, to frizzle ; Gr. 
 ijiniaau, to shiver or tremble with fear, whose ele- 
 ments are Frg or Frk, as appears by 0p((6), ippiKTo^, 
 0n(^. If frieze, in architecture, is tlie same word, 
 w liich seems to be the fact, we have evidence that 
 llie elements are Frg, for in Italian, /ri'eze is fregio. 
 The primary sense is, probably, to draw or coiitnict.] 
 
 1. Prujierly, the nap on woolen cloth ; hence, a 
 kind of coarse woolen cloth or stuff", with a nap on 
 one sitle. 
 
 2. In architecture, that part of the entablature of a 
 column which is between the architrave and cornice. 
 It is a fltit member or face, often I'nriched with 
 figures of animals, ur other ornaments of sculpture, 
 whence its name. 
 
 r frieze withhodsy iculptnres graven 
 
 Milton. 
 
 FiU l";7,'/:n, a. Napped ; shaggy with ntip or frieze. 
 
 FltlKZIO'LIKE, o. Resembling frieze. MdL-^on. 
 
 FKI(;'A rE, 71. [Ft. fregate: It. fregata; Sp. and 
 Vt)rt.fragntai 'l\iTkisli, forgnta ; perhaps Gr. itiJtpaK- 
 Ttif, \t. uptiraclum, an open ship or vessel, for in 
 PtirtUiiiiestt it signifies a boat as well an a frigate. 
 The Greek word 11 /j initToj signifies not fortified ; a 
 and (/)i/ii(7iT>.i. It was originally a ves.sel without 
 decks, used by the Rhoditiiis. The frigate w.as origi- 
 nally ti kind of vessel used in the Mediterranean, 
 and propi ll. il boili by sails antI by oars. Aiiiiirr.] 
 
 1. A ship of war, of a size larger than a corvette 
 or Hloiip of wtir, and loss than a ship of the line ; 
 
 Fill 
 
 usually it has batteries on two decks, viz., the spar 
 deck, and the one below it, or main deck, on which 
 is the principal force. It rates usually from twenty- 
 eight guns up 10 forty-four. 
 2. Any small vessel on the water. [J^ot used.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 FRIG'ATE-BIRD, 71. A large and rapacious tropical 
 sea-fowl, with very long wings, allied to the pelican. 
 Its general color is black, but the belly of the female 
 is white. It belongs to the genus Tachypctes of Vi- 
 eillot. P. Cije. 
 
 FRIG'ATE-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built like a frigate, in 
 having a spar-deck over tile gun-deck. 
 
 FRIG-A-TOON', 71. A Venetian vessel, with a square 
 stern, without a foremast, having only a mainmast 
 and mizzeiimast. Encyc. 
 
 FKICl-E-FAe'TION, n. [L. frigus, cold, and facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 The act of making cold. [Little used.] Diet. 
 FRIGHT, (frite,) 11. [Dan. frygt : ftw.fruchtan; Sax. 
 fijrhlo, fyrhtu, fyrhtnis, fright, and firhted, frighted, 
 frihtan, to frighten ; G. fnrcht, fi'rchten ; D. vrugten, 
 to fear ; Fr. effraycr. Clu. Gr. i/>pi<r.7(j, •Itri^u, to fear, 
 that is, to shrink or shiver. But fright, or the Sax. 
 
 fyrhto, is precisely the Ethiopic participle 
 
 ferht, from ferah, to fear, which seems to be 
 
 allied to L. vercor. Class Br, No. 33.] 
 
 Sudden and violent fear ; terror ; a passion excited 
 by the sudden appearance of danger. It expresses 
 more than fear, and is distinguished from fear and 
 dread by its sudden invasion anil temporary exist- 
 ence ; fright being usutilly of short duration, whereas 
 fear and dread may be long continued. 
 FRIGHT, j t). t. To terrify; to scare; to alarm 
 FRIGHT'£N, j suddenly with danger; to shock sud- 
 denly with the approach of evil ; to daunt; to dis- 
 m.iy. 
 
 Nor exile or danger can fright a bruve spiiit. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FRIGHT'ED, ) pp. or a. Terrified; suddenly 
 
 FRIGHT'£.\-f;D, j alarmed with dansrer. 
 
 FRlGHT'£.\ ING, (fi ite'n-ing,) ppr. Terrifying , sud- 
 denly alarming with danger. 
 
 FRIGHT'FIJL, a. Terrible ; dreadful ; exciting alarm ; 
 impressing terror ; as, a frightful chasm or precipice ; 
 a /rio-Az/ii^ tempest. 
 
 FRIGHT'FUL-LY, adi\ Terribly ; dreadfully ; in a 
 manner to impress terror aiui alarm ; horribly. 
 
 2. Very disagreeably ; shockingly. She looks fright- 
 fully to-dav. 
 
 FRIGHT'FUL-NESS, n. The quality of impressing 
 terror. 
 
 FRIGHT'LESS, a. Free from fright. 
 
 FIUO'ID, (frij'iil,) a. [L. frigidiis, from frigeo, to be 
 or to grow cold ; rigeo, to be stilf or frozen ; Gr. (5i- 
 j-£t<>. If the radical sense is, tti be stiff', the root ctiin- 
 cides nearly with that of right, rectus, or with that of 
 reach, region, which is, to stretch, that is, to draw or 
 contract.] 
 
 1. Colli; wanting heat or warmth ; as, a frigid 
 climate. 
 
 2. Wanting warmth of affection ; unfeeling ; as, a 
 frigid temper or constitution. 
 
 3. Wanting natural heat or vigor sufficient to ex- 
 cite the generative power ; impotent. 
 
 4. Dull ; jejune ; unanimated ; w anting thi: fire of 
 genius or fancy ; as, a frigid style ; frig'd rliymi^s. 
 
 5. Stiff; formal; forbidtiing ; as, a frigid look or 
 manner. 
 
 (). Wanting zeal ; dull ; formal ; lifeless ; as, frigid 
 services. 
 
 FRIC'ID Zone ; that part of the earth which lies 
 between the polar circle anil the pole. It extends 
 about 2;)' 28' Iroiii each pole. 
 
 FRI-CID'I-TY, 71. Coldness ; want of warmth. But 
 not applied to the air or icrather. 
 
 2. Want of natural heat, life, and vigor of body ; 
 inipotency ; imbecility ; as, the frigidity of old age. 
 
 3. Coldness of afli^ction. 
 
 4. Dullness ; want of animation or intellectual fire ; 
 as, the frigidity of sentiments or stj le. 
 
 FRIG'ID-LY, i7i/i>. Colilly ; dully : without affection. 
 FRIC'ID-NESS, 71. Coldness ; dullness ; want of heat 
 
 or vigor; want of alfection. [See Friijiuity.] 
 FRIG-O-RIF'ie, a. [Ft. frigiirilique ; L. frigor\ficu3 ; 
 frig-US, cidd, and facto, to make.) 
 
 Causing cold ; producing or generating cold. 
 
 F.ncyc. Quiney. 
 FRILL, 71. [Infra.] An edging of fine linen on the 
 bo.soni of a shirt or other similar thing ; a rullle. 
 
 Mason. 
 
 FRILL, 7'. i. [Fr. frilenr, chilly. We have Iho word 
 in trill, I), tritiru, lo shake, (!. 'tritlern ; all with a dif- 
 ferent prefix. Class HI.) 
 
 To shake ; lo ipiake ; to shiver as with cold ; as, 
 the hawk frills. Encyc. 
 FRI.M,<i. [Sax. /i-win.] 
 
 I'liiurishing. [A'e* in u.<r.] Drayton. 
 FRINGE, (frinj,) 11. [ Fr. frange : It. frangia : .'ip. and 
 Port, frini'/it ; Ann. /ivii'ii/i, or fluinch; G franse : I>. 
 fraiijr ; Dan. frynse. It seems to be from L. frango, 
 to break, Sp. frangir.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FiVLL, WH4,T. — MCTE, PttfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 482 
 
1. An ornamoiilal a|ipcn(lai;i; to tliB bordurs of gar- 
 ments or furnitiiru, consi^iting of loose threads. 
 
 The gt'Iitpn /ringe cVn s-'t the g;ruuiul on fl:\ine. DnjfUn, 
 
 2. Something resembling fringe ; an open, broken 
 border. MoitnUt^u. 
 
 FlUNtiK, V. U To adorn or border with fringe or a 
 loos(? edging. 
 
 FlllXti'f.'l), ^rinjd,) pp. era. Bordered with fringe. 
 
 FKlNOl^'l-KSS, a. Ilavin!! no fringe. 
 
 FKl.NGK'-l.IKB, a. Kesenibling fringe. 
 
 FIUNGIO'-.M.aK-KK, 71. One who makes fringe. 
 
 FUINOK'-TUEE, «. A small tree, Chioiumtlius llr- 
 ginica, growing in the Southern United States, and 
 having snow-white Itowers, which liang down like 
 fringe. Fitrin, Kncyc. 
 
 FKI.\-c;iI--L.5'CEOUS, a. [L. fring-illa.] 
 Pertaining to the linclies, or friniriUaildi. 
 
 FRING'I.VG, ppr. Bordering with fringe. 
 
 FUINC'Y, a. Adorned with fringes. ShaU. 
 
 FIUl"l'F,ll, ( II. [See Fbii>i'erv.] One who deals 
 
 FUU"n;il-En, ( in old clothes. 
 
 FllIP'rKK-Y, n. [Kr. friprrie, from friprr, to fumble, 
 to ruiHe, to wear out, to waste ; Arm./< i/j« ut fttppd ; 
 Sp. rtipcritij ropavrjcriUj from re/w, cloth, stulV, appar- 
 el, which seems to be the Eng. robe ,• Port, roupa^ 
 clothes, furniture ; farrapo, a rag ; perhaps from the 
 root of Eng. rub, that is, to wear, to use, as we say, 
 wearing apparel, for to locar is to rub. See Robe.] 
 
 1. Old clothes ; cast dresses ; clotlies thrown aside, 
 after wearing, llence, waste matter ; useless things ; 
 trilles ; as, the frippery of wit. Junsoii. 
 
 2. The place where old clothes are sold. SImk. 
 
 3. The trade or tratiic in old clothes. JCncijc. 
 FRIP'PEK-Y, a. Trilling ; contemptible. Orui/. 
 FRI-SKUH', (fre-zur',) ;i. [Fr., from friser, to curl.] 
 
 .\ liair-dresscr. tVarton. 
 FRISK, K. i. [Dan. frisk, fresh, new, green, brisk, 
 lively, gay, vigorous ; /rwArr, to freshen, to renew ; 
 frisklted, f ooliiess, freshness, briskness ; Sw. frisk ; G. 
 frisch, fresh, brisk. This is the same word as fresh, 
 but from the Gothic. If it is radically the same as 
 brisk, it is W. brysir, speedy, nimble, from rhys, a 
 rushiiij;. But this is doubtful. In some languages, 
 fresh IS written fcrsc, vcrscli, as if from tiie root 
 Br. But I think it can not be the Cii. DZ-^s, to be 
 moved, to tremble.] 
 
 1. To leap; to skip; to spring suddenly one way 
 and the other. 
 
 Tho flsli fell a/rutinj In Ihc uct. L'Etlrange. 
 3. To dance, skip, and gambol, in frolic and gay- 
 ety. 
 
 The fruleing tntyn OD (he lumiiiiu danced. Addison. 
 In Ti&iii Xo /risk or climb he trit-s. Stri/l. 
 
 FRISK, a. Lively ; brisk ; blithe. Hall. 
 FRISK, n. A frolic ; a fit of wanton gaycty. Jolnison. 
 FRISK' AL, n. A leap or oapcr. [jYot in use.} 
 
 B. Jvnson. 
 
 FRISK'ER, n. One who leaps or dances in gayety ; 
 a wanton j an inconstant or unsettled jjerson. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 FRISK' ET, n. [Ft. frUipiette. So named from the 
 velocity or frequency of its motion. See Frisk.] 
 
 In printing, the light fnune in which a sheet of 
 paper is confined, to be laid on the form for impres- 
 sion. 
 
 FRISK'FJJL, a. Brisk ; livelv. Thomson. 
 
 FRISK'I LV, arfr. Gayly ; briskly. 
 
 FUlSK'l-.N ESS, 71. Briskness and frequency of mo- 
 tion ; gayety ; liveliness ; a dancing or leaping in 
 frolic. 
 
 FRISK'IXO, ppr. Leaping; skipping; dancing about; 
 
 moving with life anil gmrety. 
 FRISK' V, a. Jumping with gaycty ; frolicsome ; gay ; 
 
 livelv. 
 
 FRIT,' 71. [Fr. frilte : Sp. frita ; It. /ri«<i, fried, from 
 L. frictus,fri^o. Eng. to/ry.] 
 
 In Ute manafaeture of ^lass, the matter of which 
 glass is inaile, after it has been cjilcined or baked in 
 a furnace, but before fusion. It is a composition of 
 ■ilex and metallic alkali, occasionally with other in- 
 gredients. 
 
 FRITH, It. [L. f return ; Gr. irooOpif, from irtipf.), to 
 pass over, or TT'tqevio, no'-evp tt, to i>ass ; projTerly, 
 a pas.-iage, a narrow channel that is passable or 
 passed.] 
 
 1. A narrow passtige of the sea ; a strait. It is 
 used for the opening of a river into the sea ; as, tlie 
 frith of Forth, or of Clyde. 
 
 2, -\ kind of weir for catching fish. Carew. 
 FRITH, B. [VV. frilh, or fni.] 
 
 1. A forest ; a woody place. Drayton. 
 
 2. .\ small field taken out of a common. IVynnc. 
 j'A'fil used in .^mrrira.] 
 
 KRITH'V o. Woodv. [.Vot iTiu.tf.] Skelton. 
 FRIT'IUi,A-RY, n. ' [frit,ll,u>, a dice-bo.<.] 
 
 The popul.ar name of the Crown Imperial, a bul- 
 bous dowering plant, called in the Spanish Diction- 
 ar>- cJuekrrrd lily. Oe Theu. 
 
 KRIT I-.NAN-CY, ,.. [}.. fritinni^.] 
 
 A chir|>ing, or creaking, as of a cricket. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 FRIT'TER,^. [U.fritteUa: Sp.fritiUas, plural ; from 
 L. frietus, fried ; Maa.fritU.] 
 
 r R () 
 
 1. A small pancake of fried hatter ; also, a small 
 piece of meat fried. 
 
 2. A fragment ; a shred ; a small piece. 
 
 AihI cut whole giiuiui iiito/rtu«r«. Iludibnu. 
 
 FRIT'TER, V. L To cut meat into small pieces, to be 
 fried. 
 
 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. 
 Breiik nil their iiervcn, and fritter all their beiise. Pope. 
 Tu fritter away, is to diminish ; to pare off ; to re- 
 duce to nolliiiig by taking away a little at a time. 
 FKIT'Ti;U-/;i), pp. Cut or broken to pieces. 
 FRIT'TER-INU,^)^^-. Cutting or breaking into small 
 I>ieres. 
 
 FUl-VOL'I-TY, 71. Acta or Jiabits of trifling. [See 
 
 FlllVOLOfSNKSS.] 
 
 FRIVO LOUS, a. [\.. friroliLS, from the root of /ri«, 
 to break into sm.tll pieces, to criiinlde ; t'r. frirnlc ; 
 Sp. anil It. frinilo. We observe the .same radical 
 letters, Rli, Rv, in tririal, trifle, L. Icro, Irici, to rub or 
 wear out. Class Rli.] 
 
 Slight; trilling; trivial ; of little weight, worth, or 
 importance ; not wt»rth notice ; as, a frivulous argu- 
 ment ; a frivolous objection or pretext. StcifL 
 
 FKIV'O-LOUS-LY, «(/e. In a trilling manner. 
 
 FRIV'O-LOUS-NESS, 71. The quality of being tri- 
 lling, or of very little worth or inipoitaiice ; want of 
 consequence. 
 
 FRIZ, u. «. [Sp. /r/sar ; Fr. /ri.tcr. See Frieze.] 
 
 1. Tu curl ; tu crisp; tu form into small curls with 
 a crisjiing-pin. 
 
 2. 'i'o fiirm the nap of cloth into little hard burs, 
 prominences, or knobs. 
 
 FRIZ'Z/CI), i>p. ut a. Curled; fomuul into little burs 
 on cloth. 
 
 FRIZ'ZING, ppr. Curling ; forming little hard burs 
 on clolli. 
 
 FRIZ'ZLE, V. (. To curl ; to crisp, as hair. Oay. 
 
 FRIZ'ZLA;I), (friz'/.ld,) pp. or a. Curled ; crisped. 
 
 FRIZ'ZLER, 11. One who makes short curls. 
 
 FlUZ'Zl.I.NG, /';<r. Curling; crisping. 
 
 Flto, adv. [Sax. fra ; Scot, fra, frae ; Dan. fi-a. It 
 denotes departure and distance, like from, of which 
 it may be a contraction. In some languages, it is a 
 prefix, having the force of a negative. Thus in Da- 
 nish frabriuj^cr, to bring from, is to avert, to dispel ; 
 frtikaldcr, to recall. In Goth, buirynn is to buy ; fra- 
 buifyan is to sell, that is, in literal English, fronibuy.] 
 From ; away ; back or backward ; as in the|ilirase, 
 to and fro, that is, to and from, forward or towaril 
 and backward, hither and thither. 
 
 FROCK, 71. [Fr. froc ; Arm. frocq ; G. frack ; Scot. 
 froi'.] 
 
 An upper coat, or an outer garment. The word is 
 now used for a loose garment tir shirt worn by men 
 over their other clothes, and for a kind of gown, open 
 behind, worn by females. The frock was formerly a 
 garment worn by monks. tngutphus. Spelman. 
 
 FROCK'-eOAT, n. A kind of straight-bodied coat, 
 having the same length before and behind, like a 
 surtuut, but shorter. 
 
 FROCK'fID, (frokt,) a. Clotlied in a frock. 
 
 FKOCK'LESS, a. Destitute of a frock. 
 
 FKOG, 71, [Sax. /ro^a,/ro^'^a; Dan. /rSe. Ciu. from 
 the root of break, as L. ranu, from the root of rend, 
 from its broken shap<?, or from leaping, or its fragor, 
 or hoarse voice.] 
 
 1. An an>.phibious animal of the genus Rana, with 
 four feet, a naked body, and without a tail. It is re- 
 markable for swimming with rapidity, and for taking 
 large le.ajw on land. Frogs lie torpid during winter. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In fcrrirru, a sort of tender horn that grows in 
 the middle of the sole of a horse, at some distance 
 from the toe, dividing into two branches, and run- 
 ning toward the heel in the form of a fork. 
 
 Farricr^s Diet. 
 
 3. A cloak-button, swelled in the middle. 
 FROG'BI T, n. A jilaiil, the Ilvdrocharis. 
 FROG'-FISII, 71. The fishing-frog, which see. 
 FROG'-GRaSS, 71. A plant. 
 
 FRlXI'tJY, a. Il.iving Irogs. Sheneood. 
 
 FROG'-IIOP-PER, 71. .\ small insect, living on plants, 
 aj)d remarkable for its powers of leaping. Its larv.-e 
 arc found on leaves, inclosed in a frothy liquid, and 
 hence calhrd cuckoo-sjnttle, or frotr-spitUe, 'I'he frotr- 
 hopper belongs to the Liniia>an genus Cicada. P. Cyc. 
 
 FROISE, 71. [Fr. froUser, to bruise.] 
 
 A kind of food made by frying bacon inclosed in a 
 pancake. Chalmers. 
 
 FROL'ie, (0. [G. fr^Mich ; froh, glad, and lich, 
 
 FROL'ICK,! like; D. BroJi/i ; Dan. /ru, glad ; Sw. 
 frUtrdtlig, (torn fTiigd,i<!iy,friSgda, to exhilarate ; Ar. 
 
 ^yifararJia, to be glad, to rejoice. Class Brg, No. 
 
 6. Probably allied to free.\ 
 
 G.ay ; merry; full of levity; dancing, playing, or 
 frisking about; full of pranks. 
 
 Th" /rofi* wind ihAl hre.Mlip» th- npriiip. 
 The ^.\J, Hw/rolie, anil the louU. 
 
 J>/i«on. 
 WaiUr. 
 
 I ThLt adjective is seUom n.ied, ttmil in poetry. Jls 
 tt noun and a verb, its use is common.] 
 
 FRO 
 
 FROL'ie, j 71. A wild |inink ; a flight of levity, or 
 FllOL'ICK, j gayety and mirlli. 
 
 ilo wuulil be at ha/rolic uiice ai^tiii. Rotcommon. 
 
 2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in dancing or 
 play. [This is a popular use if the irord 1/1 Jimrnra.] 
 FROl.'IC, / V. i. Po play wild pranks ; to pl.iy tricks 
 FROL'ICK, j of levity, mirth, and gaycty. 
 
 The bti^-ung lna<;clji frolic in the air. Atu3o. 
 
 FROL'IC-FJJL, a Fridicsome. 
 FROL'ICK /'JI), (frid'ikt,) prcL of Frolic. 
 FROL'IClv-lNG, ppr. or a. Playing jiranks ; frolic- 
 some. 
 
 FROL'ie-LY, ufio. With mirth and gayety. [Obs.] 
 
 Bcaum. Fl. 
 
 FROL'IC-SO.ME, a. Full of gayety and mirth ; given 
 to pranks. 
 
 FROL'ie-S0.\IF.-LY, ado. With wild gavety. 
 
 FROl/ieSO.ME-NESS, 71. Gayety; wild pranks. 
 
 FUO.M, prep. [Sax. from, from ; Goth. fram. In .Swe- 
 dish, it signilies before or forward, hut its sense is^ 
 past or gone, for frdmling is a stranger, and framga 
 IS, to go out, to depart. Dan./rci//, w hence /r/v/i/Tier, 
 to forwaril, to promote, /rcmmr*/, strange, /rc77(/.-(;;n7«rr, 
 to come forth or out ; G. frcmd, strange, foreign ; D 
 i^reemd, id. If m is radical, this word is probably 
 from the root of roam, ramble, primarily to pa->s, to 
 go.] 
 
 The sense of from may be expressed by the noun 
 distance, or by the adjective distant, or by the partici- 
 ples, departimj, removing to a distance. 'J'htis, it is 
 one hundred miles/r»7n Boston to Hartford. He took 
 his sword from his side. Light proceeds /ru/7i the 
 sun. Water issues from the earth 111 springs. Sepa- 
 nite the coarse wool from the line. .Men have all 
 sprung /n)77i Ailam. Men often ^ofrom good to had, 
 and from bad to worse. The merit of an action de- 
 pends on the principle from which it proceeds. Men 
 judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from tes- 
 timony. We should aim to judge from undeniable 
 premises. 
 
 The sense of from is literal or figurative; but it is 
 uniformly the same. 
 
 In certain phrases, generally or always elliptical, 
 from is followed by certain aiiverbs, deiiotiiii,' place, 
 region, or jusition, inilennitely, no precise point being 
 expressed ; as, 
 
 From above ; from the upper regions. 
 
 J1V0171 afar; from a distance. 
 
 From beneath : from a place or region below. 
 
 From below ; from a lower place. 
 
 From behind ; frtmi a place or position in tiie rear. 
 
 From far; from a distant place. 
 
 From high ; from on high ; from a high place, from 
 an up[ier region, or from heaven. 
 
 From hence; from this place. But from is super- 
 fluous before hciue ; the phrase, however, is common. 
 
 From thence; from that place ; /ruia being super- 
 fluous. 
 
 From whence ; from which place ; /ro77i being super- 
 fluous. 
 
 From where; from which ])Iace. 
 
 From witliin ; from the interior or inside. 
 
 From witltout ; from the outside ; from abroad. 
 
 From preceiles another preposition, followed by its 
 proper object or case. 
 
 From amidst ; as, /ra77i amidst the waves. 
 
 i*'ra77i among ; as, from anumg the trees. 
 
 From bcnetUJt ; Tis,from beneath my head. 
 
 From beijond ; as, from beyond the river. 
 
 J^rt7//i forth ; as, from forth his brid;d bower. 
 
 But this is an inverted order of the worils ; /it(A 
 from his bower. 
 
 From off; as, from off the mercy-scat, that is, from 
 the top or surface. 
 
 From out ; as, /rft77i out a window, that is, through 
 an opening, or from the inside. 
 
 Fri'jn out of, is an ill combination of words, and 
 not to be used. 
 
 FVom under; as, /ram under the hei\,frow under the 
 ashes, that is, from beneath or the lower side. 
 
 From within ; as, /ru7« witJiin tile liouse, that is, 
 from the inni r jnrt or interior. 
 FRO.M'WARI), adr. [.Sax. /ram and weard.] 
 
 .'\way from ; the coiitr.iry of Toward. 
 FRO.NI), 71. [Ij. frons,froiidis. 'Plic sense is, a shoot, 
 or shooting forward, as in./rnii,«,/riiiiti.<.] 
 
 In botany, a term which Liniueus applies to the 
 stem of certain plants, as the ferns, whose st.alk antl 
 leaves are so intimately connected, that it is dillicult 
 to say where the one ends and the other begins. 
 
 Milne. 
 
 FRON-D.^'TIO.X, 71. A lopping of trees. F.relyn. 
 FRO.N-DESCE', (fron-dcss',) v. i. To unfold leaves, 
 
 as plants. Slaughton. 
 FRO.VDES'CENCE, 71. [L. fronde.no, from frons.] 
 In botany, the precise time of the year and month 
 in which each species of plants unfolds its l(*aves. 
 
 yVilne. Martiin. 
 FRO.N'-DIF'ER OUS, a. (L. frons and fero, tu bear.] 
 
 Producing fronds. 
 FROXD'OU^i, a. A Jrondous fiowrr is one which is 
 leafy, one which produces branches charged with 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, Ii\ITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a.s in THIS. 
 
 483 
 
FRO 
 
 both leave-i anil riimers. Instances of this luxuri- 
 ance sometimes occur in the rose and anemone. 
 
 Milne. 
 
 FltOXT, (frunt,) n. [L. frtms, frontis ; Fr. front; Sp. 
 /rente, frante ; It. fronte ; from a root sisnifying, to 
 shoot forward, to project, as in Gr. pii', the nose, W. 
 trwyn and rhOn, a pike. Class Rn.] 
 
 1. Properly, the forehead, or part of the face above 
 the eyes ; hence, the whole face. 
 
 His front yet Uirealens, and hia frowns command. Prior. 
 
 2. The forehead or face, as expressive of the tem- 
 per or disposition ; as, a bold front, equivalent to 
 boldness or impudence. So a hardened front is 
 sjiamelessness. 
 
 3. The fore part of any thing ; as, ti\e front of a 
 house, the principal face or side. 
 
 4. The fore part or van of an army or a body of 
 troops. 
 
 5. The part or place before the face, or opposed to 
 it, or to the fore part of a thing. He stood in front of 
 his troops. The road passes in front of his house. 
 
 6. The most conspicuous part or particular. 
 
 7. Impudence ; as, men of front. Tatter. 
 FRONT, (frunt,) v. t. To oppose face to face ; to op- 
 pose directly. 
 
 I shall front thee, like some staring gliost, 
 
 With all my wrongs about me. Dn^den. 
 
 2. To stand opposed or opposite, or over against 
 any thing ; as, his house fronts the church. 
 FRONT, (frunt,) v. i. To stand foremost. Shak. 
 
 •2. To have the face or front toward any point of 
 compass. 
 
 FRO.\T'.\GE, n. The front part of an edifice, or lot. 
 FRONT'AL, 0. Belonging to the forehead. 
 FRO.\T'AL, «. [L. frontale; Fr. frontal; from L. 
 frous.] 
 
 1. In medicine, a medicament or preparation to be 
 applied to the forehead. Qnincy. 
 
 2. In architecture, a little pediment or frontpiece, 
 over a small door or window. Encyc. 
 
 3. In Jewish ceremonies, a frontlet or browband, 
 consisting of four pieces of vellum, laid on leather, 
 and tied round the forehead in the synagogue ; each 
 piece containing some text of Scripture. Encyc. 
 
 FRO.\T'A-TED, a. Growing broader and broader, as 
 a leaf. 
 
 FRONT'-BOX, (frunt'boks,) n. The box in a play- 
 house before the rest. Pope. 
 FRONT'ED, (frunt'ed,) a. Formed with a front. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 FRONT IER', (front-eer',) n. fronticre ; iLfron- 
 
 tiera ; Sp. frontcra.] 
 
 The marches ; the border, confine, or extreme part 
 of a countr)*, bordering on another country ; that is, 
 the part furthest advanced, or the part that fronts an 
 enemy, or which an invading enemy meets in front, 
 or which_fronts another country. 
 
 FRONT-IkR', a. Lying on the exterior part ; border- 
 ing : conterminous ; as, a frontier town. 
 
 FRONT-IeR'£D, a. Guarded on the frontiers. 
 
 FRO.NT'ING, ppr. Opposing face to face. [Spenser. 
 2. a. Standing with the front tov/ard, front to 
 front, or opposite. 
 
 FR0.\T'1NG-LY, adv. In a facing position ; oppos- 
 inglv. 
 
 FRO.\-TIN-I.Ae', ) (-tin-yak',) Ji. A species of French 
 FRO.\-TIG-N.\e', i wine, named from Fninti/rnac, 
 
 the place in Languedoc where it is produced. 
 FRO.NT'I.S-PIeCE, n. [L. frontispicium ; frons and 
 
 specio, to view.] 
 
 1. In arcAifcctiire, the principal face of a building ; 
 the face that directly presents itself to the eye. 
 
 2. An ornamental figure or engraving fronting the 
 first page of a book, or at the beginning. 
 
 FRO.VT'LESS, ffrinit'less,) a. Wanting shame or 
 modesty ; not difiident ; as, frontless vice ; fnintlcss 
 flattery. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 FRO.NT'LET, n. [from front.] A frontal or brow- 
 baud ; a fillet or band svorn on the forehead. Dent. 
 vi. Hence, Shakspeare uses it to denote a frowning 
 brow. 
 
 2. In ornithology, the margin jf the head, behind 
 the bill, of birds, generally clothed with rigid bris- 
 tles, Branile. 
 FRONT'-ROO.M, n. A room or apartment in the fore 
 
 part of a house. Moron. 
 FROP'PIsn, o. Peevish ; frovvard. [M,t in use.] 
 
 Clarentlon. 
 
 FRORE, a. [G. fror, grfroren ; D. vroor^ bcvroorcn.] 
 Frozen ; frosty. [JVot in use.] Milton. 
 FRORNE, a. Frozen. Spenser. 
 FRO'RY, a. Frozen. Spenser. 
 2. Covered with a froth resembling hoar-frost. [JVot 
 in une.] Fairfax.. 
 FROHT, (frost or fraust,) n. [.Sax. /ro.<t ; G. Sw. and 
 Dan. /ro»( ; D. voral; from freeie, froze. Uu. Slav. 
 meat, mroi, id.] 
 
 1. Frozen dew ; also called IIoAn-rnutT, or VViiite- 
 FnotT. 
 
 ile •CAtlerrth the htr\r.fron lilce ajhei. — p.. cxlvli. 
 
 2. The act of freezing ■, applied chiefly to the con- 
 gelation uf water ; congelation of Muida. 
 
 The Uiinl d.i)r comn • /roti, a klllln(/ra>l. iTudc. 
 
 FRO 
 
 3. That slate or temperature of the air which oc- 
 casions freezing or the congelation of water. Encyc. 
 
 4. The appearance of plants sparkling with icy 
 crystals. Pope. 
 
 Black frost, which is much more destructive to 
 vegetables than white frost, occurs when the tem- 
 perature of the air itself is below that of the vege- 
 tables, and below the freezing point, in which case 
 plants are frozen without any deposition of moisture 
 upon them. Strictly speaking, no frost is then formed. 
 
 Olinstcd. 
 
 FROST, (frost or fraust,) t. In cookery, to cover or 
 sprinkle with a composition of sugar, resembling 
 hoar-frost ; as, to frost cake. 
 2. To cover with any thing resembling hoar-frost. 
 
 FROST'-BlT-T£X, (-tn,) a. Nipped, withered, or af- 
 fected by frost. 
 
 FROST'-BOUND, a. Bound or confined by frost. 
 
 FROST'ED, pp. or a. Covered with a composition 
 like white-frost ; covered with any thing resembling 
 hoar-frost in color or form. 
 
 FROST'I-LY, ado. With frost or excessive cold. 
 2. Without warmth of aflfection ; coldly. 
 
 FROST'I-NESS, n. The state or quality of being 
 frosty ; freezing cold. 
 
 FROST'ING, piir. Covering with something resem- 
 bling hoar-frost. 
 
 FROST'ING, n. The composition, resembling hoar- 
 frost, used to cover cake, &c. 
 
 FROST'LESS, a. Free from frost ; as, a frostiess win 
 ter. _ Swift. 
 
 FROST'-NaIL, 7t. A nail driven into a horse-shoe, 
 to prevent the horse from slipping on ice. In some 
 of the United States, the ends of the shoe are point- 
 ed for this purpose, and these points are called 
 Calks. 
 
 FROST'-NIP-PiJD, ( nipt,) a. Nipped by frost. 
 
 FKOST'NU.MB-£D, a. Made numb by frost. 
 
 FROST'-WORK, (-wurk,) n. Work resembling hoar- 
 frost on shrubs. Blackmore. 
 
 FROST'Y, a. Producing frost ; having power to con- 
 geal water ; as, a frosty niglit ; frosty weather. 
 
 2. Containing frost ; as, the gra.ss is frosty. 
 
 3. Chill in alfection ; without warmth of affection 
 or courage. John.ion. 
 
 4. Resembling hoar-frost; white ; gray-haired; as, 
 a frosty head. Sltak. 
 
 FROTH, (froth or frauth,) 71. [Gr. a0,ooj ; Sw. /rad- 
 n-a. It is allieJ pe.-hajjs to G. brausen, to roar, fret, 
 froth ; Ir. bruiAi^., lo bo;! ; W brydiaw, to heat.] 
 
 1. Sp;ane ; foa:r. ; the bubbles caused in liquors by 
 fermentation or agitation. Bacon. Milton. 
 
 2. Any empty, sensuleos show of wit or eloquence. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tasser. 
 FROTH, ». t. To cause to foam. Beaum. I( Fl. 
 FROTH, J), i. To foam ; to throw up spume ; to throw 
 
 out foam or bubbles. Beer frot/is in fermentation. 
 The sea frotlis when violently agitated. A horse 
 froths at tile mouth when heated. 
 
 FROTH'I-LY, adv. With foam or spume. 
 2. In an eniiitj', trilling manner. 
 
 FROTH'I-NESS, n. The state of being frothy ; emp- 
 tiness ; senseless matter. 
 
 FROTiriNG, ppr. Foaming. 
 
 FROTH'LESS, a. Free from froth. 
 
 FROTH'-SPIT, n. A kind of white froth on the leaves 
 of plants ; cuckoo-spit. 
 
 FROTH'Y, a. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of 
 froth or light bubbles. 
 
 2. Soft 1 not firm or solid. Bacon. 
 
 3. Vain ; light ; empty ; unsubstantial ; as, a vain, 
 frothy speaker ; a frothy harangue. 
 
 FROUNCE, n. A mass of pimples in the palate of a 
 
 h()rse ; also, a similar disease in hawks. Booth. 
 FROUNCE, V. t. [Sp. fruncir, to plait, or gather the 
 
 edge of cloth into plaits, to frizzle, to wrinkle ; Fr. 
 
 froneer, to gather, to knit, to contract; Arm./roHj:a. 
 
 See Frowm,] 
 To gather into plaits ; to form wrinkles ; to curl or 
 
 frizzle the hair about the face. 
 
 Not tricked and froitnctd as she was wont. 
 
 hrMon. 
 
 FROUNCE, n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl ; an ornament 
 
 of dress. Beaum. If Fl. 
 
 FROUN'CKD, (frounst,) pp. Curled ; frizzled. 
 FROUNCE'LESS, a. Having no plait or wrinkle. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 FROUN'CING, ppr. Curling ; crisping. 
 FROU'ZY, a. Fetid ; musty ; rank ; dim ; cloudy. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 FROW, n. [G. /ran ; D. vrouw : Dan. fnir.] 
 
 A Dutrh or Germ:m woman. [JVn( used.] Beaum. 
 FRO'W AIM), a. [Sax. framwenrd ; fram, or fra, and 
 weard, L. vcr.tiL^, turned or looking from.] 
 
 Perverse ; that is, turning from with aversion or 
 reluctance ; not willing to yi< Id or comply with what 
 is reipiired ; unyielding ; ungovernable ; refractory ; 
 disobedient ; peevish ; as, a frotcard child. 
 
 They «re n very frounrd generation, children In whom Is no 
 liulb. — Deut. Iiili. 
 
 FRO'WARD-LY, adv. Perversely ; in a peevish man- 
 ner. 
 
 FRIT 
 
 FItO'WARD-NESS, n. Perverseness ; reluctance to 
 
 yield or comply ; disobedience ; peevishness. South. 
 FROW'ER, n. A sharp-edged tool to cleave laths. 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 FROW^N, V. i. [Fr. refrogner, properly, to knit the 
 brows. Frogner, the primitive word, is not used. It 
 is allied, perhaps, to frounce, from the root Rn.] 
 
 1. To express displeasure by contracting the brow, 
 and looking grim or surly ; to look stern ; followed 
 by on or at ; as, to frown on a profligate man, or to 
 frown at his vices. 
 
 Heroes in animated marble frown. Pope, 
 
 2. To manifest displeasure in any manner. WMien 
 Providence frowns on our labors, let us be humble 
 and submissive. 
 
 3. To lower ; to look threatening. 
 
 FROWN, V. t. To repel by expressing displeasure ; 
 
 to rebuke. Frown the impudent fellow into silence. 
 FROWN, .n. A wrinkled look, particularly expressing 
 
 dislike; a sour, severe, or stern look, expressive of 
 
 displeasure 
 
 His front yet threatens and his frotons command. Prior. 
 2. Any expression of displeasure ; as, the frowns 
 of Providence ; the frowns of fortune. 
 FROWN'I.XG, ppr. or a. Knitting the brow in anger 
 or displeasure ; expressing displeasure by a surly, 
 stern, or angry look ; lowering ; threatening. 
 FROWN'ING-LY, adv. Sternly ; with a look of dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 FROW'Y, a. [The same as Fbouzt ; perhaps a con- 
 tracted word.] 
 
 Musty ; rancid ; rank ; as, frowy butter. Forby. 
 FROWZY. See Froi'zv. 
 
 FItoZ'£.\, pp. or a. from Freeze. Congealed by cold. 
 
 2. Cold ; frosty ; chill ; as, the frozen climates of 
 the north. 
 
 3. Chill or colli in affection. Sidney. 
 _4. Void of natural heat or vigor. Pope. 
 
 FRoZ'£N, a. Subject to frost, or to long and severe 
 frost. 
 
 FRoZ'£N-NESS, n. A state of being frozen. 
 F. R. S. ; Fellow of the Royal Society. [Oauden. 
 FRUB'ISH, for Furbish, is not used. 
 FRUCT'ED, a. [L. frnctus, fruit.] 
 
 In heraldrif, bearing fruit. 
 FRUe-TES'CENCE, vi. [from L. fructas, fruit. See 
 Fri-it.] 
 
 In botany, the precise time when the fruit of a 
 plant arrives at maturity, and its seeds are dis- 
 persed ; the fruiting season. 
 
 Milne. Martyn. Encyc. 
 FRUe-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. fructus, friiit, and fero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Bearing or producing fruit. 
 FRUe-TI-FI-e.\'TION, n. [See FRycTiFT.] 
 
 1. The act of fructifying, or rendering productive 
 of fruit; fecundation. 
 
 2. In botany, the temporary part of a plant appro- 
 priated to generation, terminating the old vegetable 
 and beginning the new. It consists of seven parts, 
 the calyx or empalemcnt, the corol or petals, the sta- 
 mens, and the pistil, which belong to the flower, the 
 pericarp and seed, which pertain to the fruit, and 
 the receptacle or base, on which the other pans are 
 seated. The receptacle belongs both to the flower 
 and I'riiit. Linnieus. Milne. 
 
 FRUe'Tl-Fl-£D, (fruk'te-flde,) pp. Rendered fruit- 
 ful or productive. 
 FRUCTI FY, V. t. [Low L. fructijico; Fr. fructijier ; 
 fritetns, fruit, and ficio, to make.] 
 
 To make fruitful; to render productive; to fertil- 
 ize ; as, to fructify the earth. HowelL 
 FRUC'Tl-FY, t). i. To bear fruit. [Unusual.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 FRUe'TI-FV-LNG, ppr. or a. Rendering fruitful or 
 
 productive ; fertilizing. 
 FRUe-TU-A'TION, n. Produce ; fruit. [Mused.] 
 
 Pownall. 
 
 FRUe'TU-OUS, a. [Fr. fructueux.] 
 
 Fruitful; fertile; aisc, impregnating with fertility. 
 
 PhUips. 
 
 FRUe'TU-OUS-LY, adv. Fruitfully ; fertilely. 
 
 FRUe'TU-OUS-NESS, n. Fruitfuliiess ; fertility. 
 
 FRUC'TIJRE, (frukt'yur,) 71. Use ; fruition ; enjoy- 
 ment. [JVo£ used.] 
 
 FRU'GAL, a. [L. /nij-nfc ; Fr. and Sp. /riiiyai,- said 
 to be from fruges, corn, grain of any kind. Most 
 probably it is from the root of /ruur, for /ru^or, to 
 use, to take the profit of, which coinciiles in ele- 
 ments and sense with G. braucKcn, Sax. brucan. See 
 Fruit.] 
 
 Economical in the use or appropriation of money, 
 goods, or provisions, of any kimi ; saving unnecessary 
 expense, either of money or of any thing else which 
 is to be used or consumed ; sparing ; not profuse, 
 protligal, or lavish. We ought to \w. frugal, not only 
 in the expenditure of money and of goods, but in 
 the employment of time. It is followed by of be- 
 fore the thing saved ; as, frugal of lime. It is not 
 synonymous with parstnwnious, nor with Uirijhj, as 
 now used. 
 
 FllU-G AL'I-TY, 71. Prudent economy ; good husband- 
 ry or housewifery ; a sparing use or appropriation of 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T. — MltTE, PRgY. — PrNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 484 
 
FRU 
 
 FUG 
 
 money or coinmodilics ; a jiuUcious use of any thing 
 to be expended or employed ; timt c.-irefid niuiiase- 
 mcnt of money or kihmIs which expemls nutliina un- 
 necessarily, and applies what is used to a protitahle 
 purpose ; that use in which nothinR is wasted. It is 
 not eipiivalcnt to ])ar.-imonij, the latter being an ex- 
 cess of frugality, and a fault. *Viii'n//ft/ is always a 
 virtue. Nor is it synonymous with (Arj/i, in its prop- 
 er sense ; (oi'thr{ft is the effect of frugality. 
 
 Without frugality none cm Ijcconie rich, iind wilh it few would 
 hy pour. Johmon. 
 
 2. A prudent and sparing use or appropriation of 
 anv thing; as, frugalitii of pniise. Dnjilen. 
 
 l''RO'G.\L-LY, ailv. With economy ; with good nian- 
 
 ageiuent ; ill a saving manner. Uo seldom lives /ru- 
 
 iriilhi that lives by cliimce. 
 I"IIU(;'CJI.N', n. [Fr. foiirirou.] An oven fork ; the 
 
 [Kile with which the ashes in the oven are stirred. 
 I'KU-GlF'EIl-OUtf, o. [L.frugifer ; fnigcs, corn, and 
 
 ferp, to bear.] 
 
 I'roilucing fruit or corn. 
 FRU-(5lV'0-R0Lrs, a. [U frugcs, corn, and voro, to 
 
 eat. ] 
 
 Feeding on fruits, seeds, or corn, as birds and oth- 
 er animals. Mtt. Hist. 
 FKOrr, (frute,) n. [Fr. /rui(; U. frutto ; Sp. frulo ; 
 from t... /ructus ; Arm. frouc-.en, or frochen ; I). 
 vrughl ; (i. frucht ; Dan. frairt : Sw. frucht. The 
 I,atin word is the jiarticiple of fruor, contracted 
 from frugor, or frucor, to use, to lake tlio profit of; 
 allieil, perhaps, to Sax. briuan, brycean^ G. brauctien^ 
 to use, to enjoy. Cl.'tss Urg, No. 6, 7.] 
 
 1. In a ircneral sense, whatever the earth produces 
 fur the nourishment of animals, or for clothing or 
 profit. Among the /riii/-- of the earth are included 
 not only corn of all kinds, but gniss, cotton, flax, 
 grapes, and all cultivated plants. In this comprc- 
 licnsive sense, the word is generally used in the 
 plunil. 
 
 i. In a more limited sense, the produce of a tree, or 
 other plant ; the last production for the propagation 
 or multiplication of its kind : the seed of plants, or 
 the part that contains the seeds, as wheat, rye, oats, 
 apples, (piinces, pears, cherries, acorns, melons, &c. 
 
 3. In botany, the seetl of a plant, or llie seed with 
 tlie pericarp. 
 
 4. Production ; that which is produced. 
 
 The fruit of the Spirit U in all goodues*, and rightcoitmess, antl 
 Irutli. — Kph. V. 
 
 5. The produce of animals ; offspring ; young ; 
 as, the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the 
 body. Scrijiturc. 
 
 6. Effect or consequence. 
 
 Tliejf ■li.all cat tiic fruit of Ihelr doinffs. — Is. iil, 
 
 7. Advantage ; profit ; good derived. 
 
 Wh-\t fruit had ve ttien in those thiugn whereof ye are now 
 ashtuiietl t — llom. vi. 
 
 8. Production, effect, or consequence ; in an ill 
 sense; as, the fruits of sin ; tlie fruiLs of intemper- 
 ance 
 
 FRO 
 FROIT 
 
 various fruits. i Milton. 
 
 FROIT'-IJE.\K-ER, n. That which produces fruiL 
 FROIT'-BEAR-l.\G, n. Producing fruit; having the 
 
 qiialitv of bearing fruit. .Mortimer. 
 PROlT'-ltL'l), n. The bud that pioduces fruit. 
 FROIT'ER'ER, ii. One who deals in fruit; a seller 
 
 of fruit-s. 
 FROIT'ER-Y, n. [Fr. fniitrrie.] 
 
 1. Fruit colli-ctively taken. Philips. 
 
 2. Afniit-loft; a re(H)Silnry for fniit. Johnson. 
 FRCIT'Fyii, a. Very proiluclive ; producing fruit in 
 
 abundance ; as, fruitful sod , a fruitful tree ; a fruit- 
 ful season. 
 
 3. Prolific ; bearing children ; not barren. 
 
 Be fruitfui, «nd multiply. — Geo. i. 
 
 3. Plenteous ; abounding in any thing. Pope. 
 
 4. Proiluctivc of any thing ; fertile ; as, fruitful in 
 expedients. 
 
 5. Producing in abundance ; generating; as,/ruil- 
 ful in crimis. 
 
 FRDIT'Fl.'L-LY, otic. In such a manner .as to be pro- 
 lific Roscommon, 
 a. Plenteously ; abundantly. Shak. 
 
 FRCIT'FlJb-NESS, n. The q'u.ility of producing fniit 
 in abundance ; proiliictiveness ; fertility ; as, the 
 fruitfulness of land. 
 
 2. Fecundity ; the quality of being prolific, or pro- 
 ducing many young ; applied to animals. 
 
 3. Productiveness of the intellect ; as, the fruitful- 
 ness of the lyain. 
 
 4. Exiiberfint abundance. B. Jonson. 
 FRCIT'-GROVE, n. A grove or close plantation of 
 
 friiit-tre*'s. 
 
 FROIT'ING, ppr. or a. Rearing fruit ; pertaining to 
 fruit. 
 
 FRCIT'I.NG, The bearing of fruit. 
 FRU-r'TlON, (fru-Uh'un,) n. [from L. /mor, to use 
 or enjoy.) 
 
 Use, accompanied with pleasure, corporeal or in- 
 
 MT, (frule,) b. i. To produce fruit. Chesterfield. 
 JIT'AGE, (frul'aje,) n. [Fr.J Fruit collectively ; 
 
 tcUectual ; eiijoynient ; the pleasure derived from 
 use or possession. 
 
 If the affliction is on his btidy, his appetites arc wralcencd, and 
 capacity of fruition destroyed. Jiugert. 
 
 FRO'l-TlVE, a. Enjoying. Boyle. 
 FROIT'LESS, a. Not bearing fruit ; barren ; desiiliile 
 of fruit ; as, a fruitless plant. Riile<_'k. 
 
 2. Productive of no advantage or good efft cl ; vain ; 
 idle; useless; unprofitable; as, a fruitless attempt; 
 a fruitless cimtroversy. 
 
 3. Having no offspring. Sliak. 
 FRf'IT'LES.-'-LY, adt\ [frimi fruitless.] \Vitliout 
 
 any valuable clfect; idly; vtiiiily ; unprolitalily. 
 
 J)n/dcn. 
 
 FROIT'LE.SS-NESS, n. The quality of being vain or 
 unprofitable. 
 
 FRCIT'-LOFT, ;i. A place for the preservation of 
 fruit. 
 
 FRC'IT'-TTME, ii. The time for gathering fruit. 
 
 FROIT'-TREE, ii. A tree cultivated for its fruit, or a 
 tree whose principal value ctmsists in the fruit it pro- 
 duces, as the cherry-tree, apple-tree, pear-tree. The 
 oak and beech produce valuable fruit, but the fruit is 
 not their principal value. 
 
 FROIT'Y, a. Keseiubliiig fruit. Dieiens. 
 
 FRU-.MEN-TA'CEOUS, (fru-men-ta'shus,) a. [L. 
 frumentneeus.] 
 
 1. Made of wheat, or like grain. 
 
 2. Ueseuibling wheat, in respect to leaves, ears, 
 fruit, and the like. Encyc. 
 
 FRU-ME.N-TA'RI-OUS, a. [L. fnimentarius, from 
 frumentnm, corn.] 
 
 Pertaining to wheat or grain. 
 FRU-.MEN-TA'TION, n. [L. frumentatio.} 
 
 Among the Romans, a largess of gram bestowed 
 on the peopli.', to quiet them when uneasy or turbu- 
 lent. F.^cyc. 
 FUO'.MEN-TY, n. [L. fntmentum, wheat or grain.] 
 
 Food made of wlieat boiled in milk. 
 FRU.MP, 7t. A joke, jeer, or iiouL [jVo£ used.] 
 
 Bp. IlalU 
 
 2. In modern eo/ZoyuioZ usa^i, a cr03.s-tenipered, old- 
 fashioned female. Smart. 
 
 FItU.MP, ti. <. To insult. [JV"i! in itsc] Beaunu ^- Fl. 
 
 FRU.MP'ER, n. A mocker. [A'ot lua/.] 
 
 FKOJIP'ISH, a. Old-fa-shioned ; ill-natured. [Collo- 
 quial.'] Smart. 
 
 FRirsiI, V. t. [Tr. froisser.] 
 
 To bruise ; to crush. [Obs.] Shalt. 
 
 FRUSII, )i. [G.^oscA, a frog.] 
 
 In farriery, a sort of tender horn that grows in the 
 middle of the sole of a horse, at some distance from 
 the toe, dividing into two brandies, and running 
 toward the heel in the form of a fork ; the same as 
 frog. Farrier^ s Diet. 
 
 2. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter from 
 the frog of a horse's foot ; also called Oirush. Smart. 
 
 FRUS'TRA-BLE, a. [See Fkustrate.] That may 
 be frustrated or defeated. 
 
 FRUS-TRa'NE-OUS, a. [See Fbusthate.] Vain ; 
 useless ; unprofitable. [Little used.] More. Soutli. 
 
 FRUS'TRATE, v. ^ [\..frustro: Fr.frustrer; Sp. 
 frustrar; allieil, probably, to Fr, froisser, briser, Arm. 
 brou-ita, freu-.a, to break. Class Rd or Rs.] 
 
 1. /,i7craW;/, to break or interrupt ; hence, to defeat ; 
 to disapiMiiiit ; to balk ; to bring to nothing; as, to 
 frustrate a plan, design, or attempt j \iy frustrate the 
 will or pur|)ose. 
 
 2. To disappoint ; applied tc persons. 
 
 3. To make null ; to nullify ; to render of no ef- 
 fect ; as, to friLitrate a conveyance or deed. 
 
 FRL'S'TR.\TE, part. a. Vain; ineffectual j useless; 
 unprofitable; null; void; of no elfict. 
 
 Hooker. Drifden, 
 
 FRUS'TRA-TEf), pp. Defeated ; disappointed ; ren- 
 dered vain or null. 
 
 FRIIS'TRA-TI.NG, ppr. Defeating; disappointing; 
 making vain or of no effect. 
 
 FRUS-TRA'TIO.N, >i. The act of frustrating ; disap- 
 pointment ; defeat ; as, the frustration of one's at- 
 tempt or design. South. 
 
 FRUS'TRA-TIVE, a. Tending to defeat ; fallacious. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 FRUS'TRA-TO-RY, a. That makes void; that va- 
 cates or renders null ; as, nfrustratory appeal. 
 
 .^yliffe. 
 
 FRUS'TUM, n. [I,.] In f eomr^ry, the part of a solid 
 next the base, formed by cutting off the top ; or, the 
 part of any soliil, a.s of a cone, pyramid, &c., between 
 two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined 
 to each other. Brande. 
 
 FRU-TES'GE.NT, a. [h.frutez, a slinib.] 
 
 In botany, from herbaceous becoming shrubby; as, 
 a /rii(f,-rmt stem. Morlyn. 
 
 FRO'TEX, n. TL.] In botany, a shrub ; a plant hav- 
 ing a woody, uurablo stem, but less than a tree. 
 
 Mtlne. 
 
 FRP'TI-CANT, o. Full of shoots. Evelyn. 
 FRC'TI-eO.-<E, \ . t, f . , 
 FRO'TI-eOUS, j ly-fruticosus.] 
 
 Shrub-like ; branching like a shrub ; as, a fruti- 
 cous stem. 
 
 FRU-Tie'U-LOSE, a. Ilrancliing like a small shrub. 
 
 FR?, II. L [L. friiro ; Gr. ; Sp. freir; IL frig- 
 
 gere ; Port, frigtr : Fr. frire ; Ir. friochtalaim. The 
 sense is nearly the same as in boil, or broil, to agitate, 
 U) frel.] 
 
 To ilress with fat by heating or roasting in a pan 
 over a fire ; to conk and prepare for eating in a fry- 
 ing-pan ; as, to fry meat or vegetables. 
 FR?, t>. I. To be heated and agitated, as meat in a 
 frving-pan ; to suffer the action of fire or extreme 
 heat. 
 
 2. To ferment, as in the stomach. Bacon. 
 
 3. To be ngilateil ; to boil. Dryden. 
 FRV, 71. [Fr.frai, from the verb.] 
 
 1. A swa'rm or crowd of little fish ; so called from 
 their crowding, ttinibling, and agitation. So Sp. 
 hrrvir, to swarm or be crowded, from L. ferreo, and 
 vulgarly, boiling is used for a crowd. Milton. 
 
 2. A dish of any thing fried. 
 
 3. A kind of sieve. [jYot used in .Imeriea.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 FR?'ING, ppr. Dressing in a frying-pan; heating; 
 agitating. 
 
 FR?'ING-PAN, n. A pan with a long handle, used 
 
 for frying meat and vegetables. 
 FUR, n. A plump young person. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Smart. 
 
 FV1i,v.U To put off; to delay ; to cheat. [See Fob.] 
 
 ShaJt. 
 
 FUB'BY, a. Plump ; chubby. JVichols. 
 FO'G \TE i 
 
 FO'GA-TI'D i [^••f'teaiiLi, from fuco, to slain. 
 Painted ; disguised wilh iiaint ; also, disguised 
 with false sliow. Johtisoit. 
 FO'COID, n. [Sen Fl-cus.] 
 
 Fossil Sea-weeil. Hitclicock. 
 FCeolD, n. Resembling sea-weed. 
 FU-COID'AL, a. Pertaining to or resembling fucoids. 
 FCeUS,!!. [I,. SeeFtioN.] A paint ; a dye ; also, 
 false sliow. B. Jonson. Sandys. 
 
 2. pi. Fuel. In botany, a genus of .^Igie, or sea- 
 weeds ; the sea-wrack, <te. Encyc. 
 FUD'DER of lead. Sc.! F.iTHF.n and Fodder. 
 FUU'ULE, V. I. To make drunk : to intoxicate. 
 
 Thomson, 
 
 FUD'DLE, r. i. To drink to excess. L'Estrange. 
 FVIVDLKD, pp. Drunk ; iiiloxicated. 
 FUD'DLER, n. A iliiiiikard. Baiter. 
 FUD'DIil.VG, ;>/ir. Intoxicating; drinking to excess. 
 FUDGE, 71. .A iiinde-up story; stuff; nonsense; an 
 
 exriauialion of coiileiiipt. Goldsmith. 
 FO'EL, 71. [from Fr. feu, fire, contracted from Sp. 
 
 fuego, \t.fuoco, lu focus.] 
 
 1. Any matter which serves as .aliment to fire ; that 
 which feeds fire ; combustible matter, as wood, coal, 
 peat, &c. 
 
 2. Any thing that serves to feed or increase flame, 
 heat, or exciliuiient, 
 
 FO'EL, V. t. To feed with combustible matter. 
 
 Nov.T, nl..s I the .Ire uir.il nanie, 
 
 That fitfle the infernal Iliiine. Cowley. 
 
 2. To store with fuel or firing. JVottoiu 
 FO'EI.^iCD, (fu'eld.) pp. Fed with combustible mat- 
 ter; stored wilh liriii!:. 
 FO'EL-ER, n. He or that which stipplies fuel. Donne. 
 FO'EL-INli, ppr. Feeding with fuel ; supplying with 
 FO'E RO, 11. [Sp., from the root of /urce.] [fuel. 
 
 1. A statute; jurisdiction. 
 
 2. A charier of privilegi s. 
 
 FIJFF, V. i. To puff, [/.oeal.] BrocketL 
 FUF'FY, a. Light ; pufTv. [/.oeal.] 
 FU-GA'CIOUS, (fu-g.i'sirus,)«. [U./Mtr«J-, from /iio-o, 
 
 to chase, or /«i'in, to Hoe.] 
 
 Flying or tleeiii!; away ; volatile. 
 FU-GA'CIOUS-NESS, ii. The quality of flying away ; 
 
 volatility. 
 
 FU-GAC'I-TY, (fu-gas'e-te,) 71. |'I,./i/^ar, supra.] 
 
 1. Volatility ; the quality of flying away ; as, the 
 fngaeily of spirits. ^ Boyle, 
 
 2. ITncertainly ; instability. Johnson. 
 FOGH or Foil, an exclamation expressing .abhor- 
 rence. Dryden. 
 
 FO'GI-TIVE,a. [Fr.fugitif ; l..fagitivus,{iotnfugio, 
 to fiec, Gr. c/icijj 6).] 
 
 1. Volatile; apt to flee away; readily waited by 
 the wind. 
 
 The nture tender and fitgitio* parts. Woodirard. 
 
 2. Not tenable ; not to be held or detained ; readily 
 escaping ; as, a fugitice idea. J^ncke. 
 
 3. Unstable ; unsteady ; fleeting ; not fixed or 
 durable. Johnson. 
 
 4. Fleeing; running from danger or pursuit. 
 
 • MUUm, 
 !>. Fleeing from duty ; eloping; escaping. 
 Can a fuintiee dau;;liter enjoy hers-'If, while her par*nt* are in 
 tearef Q«rijsa. 
 
 6. Wandering ; vagabond ; as, a/u^izicf physician. 
 
 H'otton. 
 
 7. In literature, fugitive com|>ositions are such as 
 are short and occasional, written in haste or at in- 
 tervals, and considered to be fleeting and temiwrary. 
 
 FO'GI-TIVE, 71. One who llees from his station or 
 duly ; a deserter ; one who flees from danger. 
 
 Bacon. Milton, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G aa K ; 6 aa J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 61 
 
 0O« 
 
 488 
 
FUL 
 
 FUL 
 
 FUL 
 
 2. One vvlio has Hed or deserted, and taken refuge 
 under another power, or one who lias tied from pun- 
 ishment. Dryden. 
 
 3. One hard to be caught or detained. 
 
 Or c;ilch Uiat airy /ugilice, c-illed wil. Harle. 
 Fu'6l-TIVE-LY, adv. In a fugitive manner. 
 Fu'CM'IVE-NESS, n. Volatility; fugacity; an apt- 
 ness to fly away. Boijlc. 
 2. Instability ; unsteadiness. Johnson. 
 FO'GLK-MAN, I n. [G. flinrdmann, a file-leader, 
 FLU'GjBL-MAN, j from Jlu^rd, a wing.] 
 
 One who takes his place in front of a military 
 band, as a guide to the soldiers in the movements of 
 the drill. 
 
 Fugue, (fug,) «. [Fr./no'ae ; L. Sp. and It. fiiga.] 
 In musk, a composition in which the diflerent parts 
 follow each other, each repeating the subject at a cer- 
 tain interval above or below the preceding part. 
 
 Braiulc. 
 
 Fu'GUIST, (fu'gist,) 71. A musician who composes 
 fugues, or performs them extemporaneously. Busbii. 
 
 FUL'CI-ULE, 71. [L. fuUUiilis.] Which may be 
 propped up. [JWi in «se.] 
 
 FUL'CI-MENT, «. [L. fulcimcntum, {mm falcio, to 
 prop.] 
 
 A prop ; a fulcnim ; that on which a balance or 
 lever rests. [Little used.] IVdluns. 
 FUL'CRATE, a. [from h. fulcrum, a prop.] 
 
 1. In botany, a fulcrate stem is one whose branches 
 descend to the earth, as in Ficus. Lee. 
 
 2. Furnished with fulcrunjs. 
 
 FUL'eitUM, 71. j pi. Fulcra or FuLcnuMs. [L.] A 
 prop or support. 
 
 2. In mcclianics, that by which a lever is sustained, 
 or the point about which it moves. 
 
 3. In botany, a term applied, in the plural, to all 
 the appendages of the axis of a plant, e.\cept the 
 leaves and flowers ; as the stipules, bracts, tendrils, 
 &c. {DistLsed.'] 
 
 FUL-FILL', V. t. [A tautological compound of full 
 and Jill.] 
 
 1. To accomplish ; to perform ; to complete ; to an- 
 swer, in execution or event, what has been foretold 
 or promised ; as, to fulfill a prophecy or prediction ; 
 to fulfill a promise. 
 
 2. To accomplish what was intended ; to answer 
 a design by execution. 
 
 Here Nature secins /ulfilled in all her enJa. Miilon. 
 
 3. To accomplish or perform what was desired ; to 
 answer any desire by compliance or gratification. 
 
 He will fulfill llie desire of Uiem thai fear hira. — Ps. cxl». 
 
 4. To perform what is required ; to answer a law 
 by obedience. 
 
 If ye fulfill the royal law aMorrling to the Scripture, Thou shaJt 
 love thy neighbor as Uiyself, ye do well. — James ii. 
 
 5. To complete in time. 
 
 I'^lfill her week. — Gen. xxix. 
 
 6. In general, to accomplish ; to complete ; to 
 carry into effect. 
 
 F}JL-FILL'£L), pp. Accomplished ; perfoniied ; com- 
 
 ' ' "'"''uted. 
 FUL.-J''I1jij tn, «. One that fulfills or accomplishes. 
 FpL-FlLL'LNG, ppr. Accomplishing ; performing ; 
 comi»leting. 
 
 FUL-FtLL'ME.\T, ) n. Accomplishment ; complc- 
 FjjL-FILL'ING, ( tion ; as, the fulfillment of 
 prophecy. 
 
 2. Execution; performance; as, the fulfillment of 
 a promise. 
 
 FUL'FKAUGIIT, (-frawt,) a. [full and fraught.] 
 
 FuU-stured. [See Full-fraught.] Shuk. 
 FUL'GEN-CY, 71. [L. fallens, from fulgea, to shine. 
 See Ekfulgesce.] 
 Brightness ; splendor; glitter. Diet. 
 FUL'QENT,a. Shining ; dazzling ; exquisitely Iiriclit. 
 
 Mdtoii. 
 
 FIIL'6ENT-LY, arfii. Dazzlingly; glitteringly. 
 FUL'GID, o. IL. fulgidus, from fuhrco, to shine.] 
 
 Shining; glittering; dazzling. [JVut in luse.] 
 FtlL-Gm'l-TY, 71. Splendor. 
 
 FUL'GOK, 71. [L.] Splendor; dazzling brightness. 
 
 \/.iUlr. used.] Brown. More. 
 
 FI;E'(;U-KANT, a. Lightening. [JV«( used.] 
 FUI.'(;iJ-KATE, V. i. To flash as lightning. [jVot 
 
 used.] Chambers. 
 FIJL-GU RS'TIO.N, 71. [L. fulguratio, from fulgur, 
 
 lightning.] 
 
 1. Lightning; the act of liglitttilng. [LiUlc used, 
 or not at all.] 
 
 2. The Huddcn brightening of a fused globule of 
 gold or silver, when the last lilm of the oxyd of lead 
 or copjier leaven its surface. Brandc. 
 
 FUL'GIJ-RITE, n. [L. fulcra.] A rnnie given to 
 vitrified sand tubes, which are supposed to have 
 been produced by the striking of li^'h'.niiig on sand. 
 
 /'. Cye. 
 
 FUL'GU-RY, 71. Lightning. [Obs.] Cockeram. 
 KIJL'IIA.M, 71. A cant word for fiilno dice. Shale. 
 FU-LIG-I-.NOH'l-'l'V, 71. [L. faUgo, soot, probably 
 from the root of foul \ 
 Houtincss ; inalt<;r deposited by smoke. 
 
 Ktrwan, Geol. 
 
 FU-LIC'I-NOUS, (fu-lij'in-us,) a. [L. fuUgineus, 
 fuliginosus, from fuUgo, soot.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to soot ; sooty; dark; dusky. 
 
 2. Pertaining to smoke ; resembling smoke ; dusky. 
 
 SUenstone. 
 
 FU-LIG'I-NOUS-LY, adv. In a smoky state ; by be- 
 ing sooty. 
 Fu'LI-ilART. See Foumart. 
 
 FULL, a. [Sax./iiH: Sw.fuU; G. mil; D. vol; Goth. 
 fulds ; Dan. fuld ; W. gwala, fullness. Qu. It. vole, 
 in composition. See Fill and to Full.] 
 
 1. Replete ; having within its limits all that it can 
 contain ; as, a vessel full of liquor. 
 
 2. Abounding with ; having a large quantity or 
 abundance ; as, a house full of furniture ; life is full 
 of cares and perplexities. 
 
 3. Sujiiilied ; not vacant. 
 
 Had the throne been full, their meeting would not have been 
 rej^ul.ir. BUicIcslone, 
 
 4. Plump; fat; as, a /uH body. 
 
 5. Saturated ; sated. 
 
 I am full of the burnt-offering of rams. — Is. i. 
 
 6. Crowded, with regard to the imagination or 
 memory. 
 
 Every one is full of the miracles done by cold baths on decayed 
 and weaif constitutions. Locke. 
 
 7. Large ; entire ; not partial ; that fills ; as, a full 
 meal. 
 
 8. Complete ; entire ; not defective or partial ; as, 
 the full accomplishment of a prophecy. 
 
 9. Complete ; entire ; without abatement. 
 
 It came to pass, at tlie end of two full years, that Pharaoh 
 dreamed. — Gen. xli. 
 
 10. Containing the whole matter ; expressing the 
 whole ; as, a full narration or description. 
 
 11. Strong; not faint or attenuated ; loud; clear; 
 distinct ; as, a full voice or sound. 
 
 12. Mature; perfect; as, a person of full age. 
 
 13. Entire; complete; denoting the completion of 
 a sentence ; as, a full stop or point. 
 
 14. Spread to view in all dimensions ; as, a head 
 drawn with a full face. .Sddison. 
 
 15. Exhibiting the whole disk or surface illumi- 
 nated ; as, the full moon. 
 
 IG. .Abundant ; plenteous ; sufficient. We have a 
 full supply of provisions for the year. 
 
 17. Adequate ; equal ; as, a full compensation or 
 reward for labor. 
 
 18. We", fed. 
 
 19. Well supplied or furnished ; abounding. 
 
 20. Copious ; ample. The speaker or the writer 
 was full upon that point. Miiford. 
 
 A full band, in viiLiic, is when all the voices and 
 instruments are employed. 
 
 A full organ, is when all or most of the stops are 
 out. 
 
 FULL, 71. Complete measure ; utmost extent. This 
 instrument answers to the fall. 
 
 2. The highest state or degree. 
 
 The swan's down featlier, 
 That stands upon the swell i^lfull of tide. Shak. 
 
 3. The whole ; the total ; in the phrase at full. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. The state of satiety ; as, fed to the full. 
 
 The full of the moon, is the time when it presents 
 to the spectator its whole face illuminated, as it 
 always does when in opposition to the sun. 
 FIJLL, ado. Ciuite ; to the same degree ; without 
 abatement or diminution. 
 
 The pawn i proll'er shall be full as good. Dryden. 
 
 2. With the whole eflect. 
 
 The diap;ison clusin;^/uH in matu Dryden. 
 
 3. Exactly. 
 
 F^U in the center of the sacred wood. Addieon. 
 
 4. Directly ; an, he looked him full in the face. 
 
 It is placetl before adjectives and adverbs to liight- 
 en or strengthen their signification ; as,/«;/ sad. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 FuU well ye reject the coinmandnient of God, that ye may keep 
 your own tr.idilion. — Mark vii. 
 
 Full is prefixed to other words, chiefly participles, 
 to express utmost extent or degree. 
 FIJLL, B. (. [Sax. /«/;/« 11 ; L. fullo : D. vollen, vullen; 
 Pi. fouler; to treail, to jiress, to full ; foiile, a crowd ; 
 It. folln, and /«/(«, a crowd ; folio, dense ; allied to 
 Va\\:,. fill, filter. It. fellro, from being thick or fulled 
 Sax. feula, many, Gr. ttoXX h, that is, n crowd, a 
 throng. Foul anil defile are proliaWy of tlio same 
 family. As the French fouler signifies to tread and 
 to full cloth, .so walker, a fuller, is from the root of 
 walk.] 
 
 To thicken cloth in a mill. This' is the primary 
 sense ; hut, in practice, to fall is to mill ; to make 
 compact ; or to scour, cleanse, and thicken, in a mill. 
 F!^LL'-A't;oUN-£D, a. Fed to the full with acorns. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FJJL'LAM, 71. An old cant word for false dice, named 
 
 from Fulharu, whert^ Ihi'V were made. Smart. 
 FJJl-L'-lll.tJO.M'/'.J), a. Jiaving iierfoct bloom. 
 
 Craahaio. 
 
 FIJLL'-BLoWN, a. Fully expanded, as a blossom. 
 
 X>ni/m77i. 
 
 2. Fullv distended with wind. Dryden. 
 FJJLL'-IiO'T'TOM, 71. A wig with a large bottom. 
 F'ULL'-B0T'T0M-£D, o. Having a large bottom, as 
 a wig. 
 
 FyLL'-BUTT', ado. Meeting directly and with vio- 
 lence. [Vulgar.] L'Estranire. 
 F!JLL'-CHXRG'J:D, a. Charged to fullness. Shak. 
 FHLL'-CRAM'.M£D, a. Crammed to fullness. 
 
 Marston. 
 
 FHLL'-DRESS'£D, (-drest,) a. Dressed in form or 
 costume. _ 
 
 FIJLL'-DRlVE',a. Driving with full speed. Chaucer. 
 FjjLL'-KAR'AD, a. Having the ears or heads full of 
 
 grain. Denham. 
 FlJLL'-E5'jED, (-Ide,) a. Having large, prominent 
 
 eyes. 
 
 FULL'-FaC'£D, (-faste,) a. Having a broad face. 
 FULL'-FED', a. Fed to fullness ; plump with fat. 
 FULL'-FLESH'JED, (-flesbt,) u. Having full flesh ; 
 
 corpulent. Lamb. 
 FULL'-FORM'/SD, a. Having full form. Coleridire. 
 FjjLL'-FRAUGHT', (-frawt,) a. Laden or stored to 
 
 fullness. Shak. 
 FULL'-GORG'£D, a. Over fed ; o term ofhawkiniT. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FULL'-GRoWN', a. Grown to full size. Milton. 
 FULL'-HEaRT'ED, (-hirt'ed,) a. Full of courage or 
 
 confidence. Shak. 
 FIJLL'-UOT', a. Heated to the utmost. S/iak. 
 
 2. Ciuite as hot as it ought to be. 
 FULL'-La'D/:N, a. Laden to the full. 
 FULL'-MAN'N£D, a. Completely furnished with 
 
 men. 
 
 FULL'-M0UTH'£D, a. Having a full or strong voice. 
 
 FULL'-ORli'£D, a. Having the orb complete or fully 
 illuminated, as the moon ; like the full moon. 
 
 Addison. Mason. 
 
 FIJLL'-SPREAD', (-spred,) a. Extended to the ut- 
 most. Dryden. 
 
 FULL'-STOM'AeiI-£D, (-stum'akt,) a. Having the 
 stomach craminetl. 
 
 FyLL'-STUFF'£D, (-stufX,) a. Filled to the utmost 
 extent. Drayton. 
 
 FULL'-SUiM'MfD, a. Complete in all its parts. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 FyLL'-WING'£D, a. Having complete wings, or 
 large, strong wings. Shak. 
 2. Ready for flight ; eager. Beaum. 
 
 FULL'.\GE, 11. Money paid for fulling cloth. 
 
 FULL'£D, pp. or a. Cleansed ; thickened ; made 
 dense and firm in a mill. 
 
 FULL'EK, 71. One whose occupation is to full cloth. 
 
 FCLL'EK'S-EARTII, (-erth,) ji. A variety of clay, 
 compact, but friable, unctuous to the touch, and of 
 various colors, usually with a shade of green. It is 
 useful in scouring and cleansing cloth, as it imbibes 
 the grease and oil used in preparing wool. 
 
 Cleaveland. Encyc. 
 
 FULL'ER'S-THIS'TLE, (-1,) ( 71. Teasel, a plant of 
 
 FULL'ER'S-WEED, i the genus Dipsacus. 
 
 The burs are used in dressing cloth. 
 
 FIJLL'ER-Y, 71. 'I'he place or the works where the 
 fulling of cloth is carried on. 
 
 FULL'ING, ;)7>r. Thickening cloth in a mill ; making 
 compact. 
 
 FljLL'ING, 71. The art or practice of thickening 
 cloth and making it compact and firm in a mill, at 
 the same time the cloth is cleansed of oily matter. 
 
 FULL'LN'G-MILL, 71. A mill for fulling cloth by 
 means of pestles or stampers, which beat and press it 
 to a close or compact state and cleanse it. 
 
 FULL'NESS, n. [from full.] The state of being 
 filled, so as to leave no part vacant. 
 
 2. The state of abounding or being in great plenty ; 
 abundance. 
 
 3. Completeness ; the state of a thing in which 
 nothing is wanted ; perfection. 
 
 In thv rresence is fuUnegt of joy. — Ps. xvi. 
 
 4. Repletioti ; satiety ; as from intemperance. 
 
 '/'aijlor. 
 
 5. Repletion of vessels ; as, fullness of blootl. 
 
 0. Plenty ; wealth ; aflluence. Shak. 
 
 7. Struggling perturbation ; swelling ; as, the fuU- 
 
 8. Largeness ; extent. [ness of the heart 
 * tre wanted the fullitett of a plot, and variety of chanicl'-ni, to 
 
 form it as it ought. Uryilen. 
 
 9. Loudness ; force of sound, such as fills the ear. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 FIJL'LY, a</ii. Completely; entirely; without lack 
 or defect ; in a manner to give satisfaction ; to llio 
 extent desired ; as, to he fully persuaded of the truth 
 of a proposition. 
 
 2. Completely; perfictly. Things partially known 
 in this life will be hereafter /"ii% di.sclosed. 
 
 Fully committed ; in law, committiHl to prison for 
 trial, in dislinrtion from being previously detained 
 for exauiination. 
 
 FUI/MAU, o. A sea fowl, the Proceltaria fflar ra/i» of 
 LinnieuH, \\ liirh, like the other petrels, possesses th« 
 singular fanilly of spouting from its bill a quantity 
 of pure oil against its adversary. It is an inhabitant 
 
 FilE, FAR, FALL, WHi>T. — METE, PttBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQyiC — 
 
 — ■ 
 
FUM 
 
 FUN 
 
 FUN 
 
 of northern, ospecially polar n^fiiona, anil feeds on 
 the (lesh and blubbi^r of di;ad wiialos and suals, or 
 other otfal. U is vahicd for its dinvn, feathers, and 
 oil. P. Ci/c. Partintrton 
 
 2. The foiilcniart or fiilimart. [See Foumaht.] 
 FUL'MI-NAiN'l", a. [Fr., from L. fulminans.] 
 
 TImndering. 
 
 FUI/.MI-NaTKjIi. i. [L. fiilmiiw, from /H/mcn, thun- 
 der, from a root in III, which signifies to tlirow or to 
 bnrst forth.] 
 
 1. To liuindcr. navies. 
 
 2. To make a loud, sudden noise, or a sudden, 
 sharp crack ; to detonate ; us,fulmiiiiUiii!r gold Bmjle. 
 
 \i. To issue forth ecclesiastical censures, as if with 
 the force of a thunderbolt. Herbert. 
 
 FUL'.MI-\.\TE, I). «. To utter or send out, as a de- 
 nunciation or censure ; to send out, as a menace or 
 censure by ecclesiastical authority. fVurlnirton. 
 2. To cause to e-Xplode. SpnU. 
 
 FUL'MI-NATE, «. A compound of fuhninic acid 
 witii a base ; as, fulminate of mercury ; fulminate of 
 silver ; often called fulminating; mercury and silver. 
 These compounds detonate or explode by ptTcussion, 
 friction, or heat. Fulminate of mercury is much used 
 in percussion raps. 
 
 FUl/MI-NA-TIMJ, ppr. or a. Thundering; crack- 
 linf<; explodint: ; delonatin;;. 
 
 2. Hurling papal denunciations, menaces, or cen- 
 sures. 
 
 Fulminating potnlcr ; a detonating compound of sul- 
 phur, carbonate of potash, and niter. [See the noun 
 
 Fl'LMlNATE.J 
 
 FU1.-MI NA'TION, n. A thundering. 
 
 2. Denunciation of censure or threats, as by papal 
 authority. 
 
 Tlie fulmtruUions TriHii the Vatican were ttiriirU Into riilicnle. 
 
 Aylije. 
 
 2. The explosion of certain chemical |irepurations ; 
 dettuiatitm. Encyc. 
 Fl'I/.MI-NA-TO-RY, a. Thundering; striking terror. 
 Fin. 'MINE, I-. I. Tothuniler. Sprnner. Milton. 
 FUL'.MI.N'E, r. t. To shoot ; to dart like lightning. 
 FUI.-.Ml\'ie, rt. Fuhninic acid, in chemistry, is an 
 exjilosive aciti composed of cyanogen anil o.xygen. 
 
 [t^ee Ft.'LMI.VATE, H.l 
 
 FUL'-^OME, a. [Sax. /«/, I 
 
 foul, or full.] 
 Rank ; gross ; disgusting ; nauseous. Formerly, 
 the word was applied to things which disgust tlie 
 senses ; as, a fulsome cotfin, a fulsome smell, and 
 hence to things lustful or obscene ; i\s, fuUiome ewes, 
 a fuLtome epigram. In present usaire, the term is usual- 
 ly conlineit to that which disgii.sts by excess orgross- 
 ness ; as, fulsome tiattery, a fulsome complinuint, a 
 fuhume artifice. Coirprr. 
 
 It seems, then, that full and foul-are radictilly the 
 same word, the primary sense of which is stulfed, 
 crowtleil, from the sense Of putting on, or in. In 
 present usurre, tilt; ciunpotiud fulsome takes its signifi- 
 cation from /(^/, in the .sense of cloying or satiating ; 
 anil in former usa^e, fulsome takes iLs jiredominant 
 sense frtuu foulness. 
 FUL'SO.ME-IA', at/ii. Kankly ; nauseously. 
 FUL'SO.ME-NESS, ju Nauseousness ; ollensive gross- 
 
 ness. Kngland. 
 FUL'VID, a. See Fulvous, which is generally used. 
 FUL'VOUS, a. [L. fulvus.] 
 
 Tawny ; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and 
 brown. Lindley. 
 FU-.M.A'DO, 71. ri.. famus, smoke.] 
 
 A smoked fish. Came. 
 F0'.M.\GE, n. [L. fumas.] Ilcarth-monev. Diet. 
 FO'.M.\-TO-11Y, n. [L. fumaria herba ; i't. fumetcrre ; 
 iVom fumusy smoke.] [xttRT. 
 A plant of the genus fumaria ; also written Fi'sii- 
 FU.M'BI.E, r. i. [U. fommtlen ; \hin. famler ; Sw. 
 famla, properly, to slop, slammer, falter, hesitate, lo 
 feel aloiis, to gri>|H-.] 
 
 1. T6 feel or grope about; to attempt awkwardly. 
 
 Cutlaorlh. 
 
 2. To grope about in perplexity ; to seek awkward- 
 ly; as, to fumble lor an excuse. Uryilen. 
 
 3. To handle iiiwch ; to play childishly ; to turn 
 over and over. 
 
 I Kiw hiin/u/n6/c Willi tli.* stiectj, and play witli flowers. StuJt. 
 
 FUM'BLE, r. (. To manage awkwardly ; to crowd or 
 tumble together. SAait. 
 
 FUM'BLEK, n. One who gropes or manages awk- 
 wardly. 
 
 FUM'HLIXG, ppr. or a. Groping; managing awk- 
 wardly. 
 
 FI'M'ULlNG-LY, a</p. In an awkward manner. 
 FCME, n. [L. fumus, Fr. fumie, smoke.] 
 
 1. Smoke ; vapor from combustion, as from burn- 
 ing wood or tobacco. Bacon. 
 
 2. Vapor; volatile matter ascending in a dense 
 °°^y- Woodicard. 
 
 3. Exhalation from the stomach ; as, the fumes of 
 "'"<■• Dniden. 
 
 4. Rage ; heat ; as, the fumes of passion. South. 
 
 5. .^ny thine unsubstantial or fleeting. Shak. 
 T-is.^V,''"" = "ain imagination. Bacon. 
 FCMF, r. 1. [L./m«o, Fr. /uiiwr, Sp. /wnar, \l. fit- 
 mare, to smoke.] 
 
 1. To smoke ; to throw off Viipor, as in coiiihiis- 
 tiun. 
 
 Where the f^ohlen altar /umfi. Alillon. 
 
 2. To yield vapor or visible exhalations. 
 
 Sili'iiiin Uv, 
 
 Whose conatant ciipi lay fuming tu liis bnun. lioteommon. 
 
 3. To pass off in vapors. 
 
 'I'lK'ir piirta ure Itf'pl intiti faming away l»y tlicir fixity. Chryne. 
 
 4. To be in a rtige ; to he hot with anger. 
 
 He firta, he /timet, \w Btareii, he stampa the frr^uiid. Dryden. 
 FuME, V. t. To smoke ; to dry in smoke Carew. 
 
 2. To perfume. 
 
 She fumtfl tlic temple with an odoroua flame. Dryden. 
 
 3. To disperse or drive away in vapors. 
 
 The lieat will fume away most of the scent. Mortimer. 
 
 FOM'ED, pp. Smoked ; dried in smoke. 
 FU.ME'LESS, a. Free from fumes. 
 FO'MET, II. The dung of deer. B. Jonson. 
 
 FIJ-METTE', «. [Kr.] Tt* stench of tainted meat. 
 FU'iMID, a. [I,, fumidus.] \Swifl. 
 
 Smoky ; vaporous. Brown. 
 FIJ-MII)'I-TY, n. Smokiness. 
 FU-.MIF'ER-()I,'S, a. Producing smoke. 
 l'U-.MIF'i;-(5lST, >i. [L. fumus and furro.] 
 
 lie or that which drives away smoke or fumes. 
 FO'MI-GAN I', a. Fuming. 
 
 FO'.MI-G.^TE, c. t. \h.fumigo; Ft. fumiger ; Uom 
 futniLs, smoke.] 
 
 1. To smoke ; to perfume. Dryden. 
 
 2. To a|)ply smoke to ; to expose to smoke or gas ; 
 as, in chemistry, or in niediciiie, by inhaling it, or in 
 cU ansin!; iiifecteif apartments, clothing, &c. 
 
 FO'.MI-C;.\-TEI), /);). Smoked; exposed to smoke. 
 Ft)'iMI-G.^-TI.\(;, p/ir. Smoking; aiiplying smoke to. 
 F0-.M1-GA'TIO.\, «. [I,, fumigatio.] 
 
 1. The .act of smoking or applying .smoke or gas, 
 as in chemistry for softening a metal, or in the heal- 
 ing art by inhaling the smoke of certain substances. 
 Expectoration is often assisted, and sometimes ulcers 
 of the lungs healetl, by /uwiio-afion. Fumigation is 
 al.soused in cleansing infecteil rooms, clothing, &c. 
 
 2. Vapors J scent raiseil by fire. 
 Fu'MI-G.\-TO-RY, a. Having the quality of cleans- 
 Fr.M'I-LY, adv. Sniokily. [ing by smoke. 
 FO.M'I.N'G, ppr. or a. Smoking; emitting vapors; 
 
 raging ; fretting. 
 FU.M'IXG-LY, a(/o. Angrily ; in a rage. Hooker. 
 FO.M'ISH, a. Smoky ; liot ; choleric. [Uttlc used.] 
 re'MI-TER, n. A plant. [See FuMiTonv.] 
 FO'MI-TO-RY, 71. A genus of plants, Fumaria. The 
 leaves of the Fremaria officinalis, or common fumito- 
 ry, are of a bitter taste, and are sometimes used in 
 disorders of the skin. Forsyth. 
 
 FOM'v'^^' i ''«>'^"<='"e f"n>« ; of v»pof- 
 
 From ilice and wine the youth retired to rest, 
 
 And pulled the /umy gotl from out bis breoJU DryrUn. 
 
 FUX, n. [G. MKiTie.] 
 
 Sport ; vulgar merriment. A low word. [ftu. Eth. 
 
 (J)^P Irani, to play.] 
 
 FU-.NA.M'BU-I-aTE, r. t. To wa.Tt on a rope. 
 
 FU-NA.M'IiU-LA-Tl.NG. ppr. \Valking on a rope. 
 
 FU-N.VM'Bl'-LA-TO-RV, a. Performing like a rope- 
 dancer ; narrow, like the walk of a roiie-dancer. 
 
 Brown, Chambers. 
 
 FU-NAM'BU-LIST, n. [L. funis, rope, and ambulo, to 
 walk.] 
 
 .\ rope-walker or dancer. 
 
 FU-NA.M'BIJ-I,0, (ii. [U funambulua] A ropc- 
 
 FU-NA.M'BU-LUS ( d.ancer. Bacon. 
 
 FUNCTION, II. [ L./iinctio, from /u«?or, to perform.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, the iloiiig, executing, or per- 
 forming of any thing ; discharge; performance; as, 
 the function of a calling or otlice. .More generally, 
 
 2. Office or employment, or any duty or business 
 belonging to a particular station or character, or re- 
 quired of a person in that station or character. Thus 
 we speak of the functions of a chancellor, judge, or 
 bishop ; the functions tif a parent or guardian. 
 
 3. Trade ; occupation. [Less proper.] 
 
 4. The office of any particular part of animal bod- 
 ies ; the peculiar or appropriate action of a member 
 or part of the hotly, by which the animal economv is 
 carried on. Thus we speak of the /uiictioiis of the 
 brain and nerves, of the heart, of the liver, of the 
 muscles, &c. 
 
 5. Power; faculty, animal or intellectual. 
 
 At the miiHl opens, and iu/unen'ons apread. Pope. 
 
 6. Thcaiu'inai pt vegrtnhle functions nrc, the motionn, 
 operations, or acts, which the organs, or system of 
 organs, are fitted by nature to perform ; the proper 
 action of the mechanism. Diet, ofj^'at. HLH. 
 
 7. In mathematics, the function of a vaHable quan- 
 tity, is any .-ilgi braic expression into which that quan- 
 tity enters. A quantity is said to be a function of two 
 or more variable qii.antities, when its value depends 
 on them, and on other quantities having invariable 
 values. Cyc. Bariaw. 
 
 FU.NCTION-AL, a. Pertaining to functions ; per- 
 
 formed by the functions ; as, n functional irregulari- 
 tv. (.*ee FfNCTiiiN.] 
 
 FUNC'TION-AL-LV, adv By means of the func- 
 tions, hnorence, LrcU 
 
 FUNC'TION-A-RY, n. One who hidds an office or 
 trust; as, a public functionary; secular functionaries. 
 
 Wahh. 
 
 FUA'C'TUS O/i'-F/" CAO, (-of-fish'c-o,) [I,.] Hav- 
 ing gone through with an office or duly ; out of of- 
 fice. 
 
 FUND, n. [Fr. /«ni/,' f^p. fondo, funda ; Ij. fundus, 
 ground, bottom, foiind.ition ; connected with L. f un- 
 do, to found, the sense of which is to throw down, to 
 set, to lay ; Ir. ban, or bun, bottom ; Ileb. C'ii. Syr. 
 
 7133, Ar. IJL» bona, to build. Class Bn, No. 7. The 
 L. funda, a sling, a casting^ct or purse. It. fonda, is 
 from the same sourri!.] 
 
 1. A stock or capital ; a sum of money appropria- 
 ted .as the fouiiilation of some commercial or other 
 operation, undertaken with a view to profit, and by 
 means of which expenses and credit are supported. 
 Thus the capital stock of a banking institution is 
 called its fund; the joint stock of a commercial or 
 maniifiicturing house constitutes its fund or funds ; 
 and hence the word is applied to the money which 
 an individual may possess, or the means he can em- 
 ploy for carrying on any enterprise or operation. No 
 prudent man undertakes an expensive business 
 without funds. 
 
 2. Money lent to government, constituting a na- 
 tional debt ; or the stock of a national debt. Thus 
 we say, a man is interested in the funds, or public 
 funds, when he owns the stock, or the evidences of 
 the public debt ; and the funds are said to rise or 
 fitll, when a given amount of that debt sells for more 
 or less in the market. 
 
 3. Money or income destined to the payment of 
 the interest of a debt. 
 
 4. A sinking fund is a sum of money appropriated 
 to the purch.i.se of the public slocks, or the payment 
 of the public ilebt. 
 
 5. Money whose income is set apart for the support 
 of some perinaneiit object. 
 
 C. A stock or capital to afford supplies of any 
 kind ; as, a fund of wisdom or good sense ; a fund 
 of wit. Hence, 
 
 7. Abundance ; ample stock or store. 
 FUND, V. t. To provide and appropriate a fund or 
 permanent revenue for Ihe payment of the interest 
 of ; to make permanent provision of resources for 
 discharging the annual interest of; as, to fund ex- 
 chequer bills or government notes ; to fund a na- 
 tional debt. Bolingbroke. Hamilton. 
 
 2. To place money in a fund. 
 FUND'-HoLD-ER, n. One who has property in the 
 funds. 
 
 FUN'D.V-MENT, n. [L. fundamcntmn, from fundo, 
 to set.] 
 
 1. 1 he seat ; the lower part of the body, or of the 
 inte.-itinum rectum. Hume. 
 
 2. Foundation. [JV'oi ?ii use.] Chaucer. 
 FUN-D.VME.N'T'AL, a. Pertaining to the foundation 
 
 or basis; serving for the fiiuud.ation. Hence, es- 
 sential ; important ; as, Ji fundamental truth or prin- 
 ciple ; ,1 fundamental law ; a fundamental sound or 
 chord in music. 
 
 Fundamental base ; that part, in musical harmony, 
 which sustains the chord ; in the natural position of 
 the chord, the lowest part. 
 
 FlIN-DA MENT'.M., n. A leading or primary princi- 
 ple, rule, law, or article, which serves as the ground- 
 work of a system ; essential part ; as, the fundamen- 
 taU of the OhrLstian faith. 
 
 FUN-DA-MENT'AL-LY, adi: Primarily ; originally ; 
 essentially ; at the foundation. All jiower is funda- 
 mrntallu in the citizens of a state. 
 
 FUND'ED, pp. or a. Furnished with funds for regu- 
 lar payment of the interest of; as, funded debt. 
 
 FU.VD'ING, ppr. Providing funds for the payment of 
 Hie interest of. 
 
 Funding system : a scheme of finance or revenue 
 by which provision is made for paying annual inter- 
 est on a public debt. 
 
 Fr.N D'LESS, a. Destitute of funds. 
 
 ?[J:i;!l![{:;^{^s,i- i^-f^cons.] 
 
 Pertaining to funerals. Brown. 
 FO'NER-AI,, 11. [It. funerale ; Fr. funrraillcs ; from 
 L. funus, from funale, a cord, a torch, from funis, a 
 ro[io or chord, as torches were matle of cords, and 
 were used in burials among the Romans.] 
 
 1. Burial ; the ceremony of burying a dead human 
 boily ; the solemnization of interment ; obsequies. 
 
 2. The procession of petwns attending the burial 
 of the dead. Pope. 
 
 3. Burial ; interment. Denham. 
 FO'NER-AL, a. Pertaining to burial ; used at the in- 
 terment of the dead ; as, funeral rites, honors, or 
 ceremonies ; a funeral torch ; funeral fea-sl or games ; 
 funeral Oration. F.neye. Dryden. 
 
 FU-NER-A'TION, n. Solemnization of a funeral. 
 [.Vof U3e4.] I 
 
 TOPTE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € ns K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 4ir 
 
FUR 
 
 FUR 
 
 FUR 
 
 FU-N'E'IIE-AL, a. Suiting a funeral; pertaining to 
 burial. SItalc. 
 2. Dark ; dismal ; mournful. Taylor. 
 
 FU-Nk'KE-AL-LY, a(/i-. Uismallv ; mournfully. 
 
 FU-NEST', a. Lamentable. used.] 
 
 FUN"G.\TE, 71. [from fungus.] A compound of 
 funpic acid and a base. Coze. 
 
 FUNGE, n. [h. faiigtis.] A blockhead; a dolt; a 
 fool. Burton. 
 
 FUi\'l51-A, n. A genus of corals. The species of 
 coral have much resemblance in form to a mushroom. 
 They are circular or elliptical, and some of them 
 eighteen inches in diameter. Dana, 
 
 FUN'Gie, a. Pertaining to or obtained from mush- 
 rooms ; as, fiiniric acid. 
 
 FUN^GI-FORM, a. [fungus and form.] In viincralo- 
 ^y, having a termination similar to the head of a 
 tungus. • Philips. 
 
 FUN'GIN, 71. The fleshy part of mushrooms, now 
 considered as a peculiar vegetable principle. Cuie. 
 
 FUN'GITE, 71. [from funa-ui:.] A kind of fossil coral. 
 
 FUN-GIV'OR-OUS, a. [L. fungus and voru.] 
 
 Feeding on mushrooms. Kirhj. 
 
 FUN"GOID, a. Having the appearance of a mush- 
 room. 
 
 FUN"GOS'I-TY, n. Soft excrescence. 
 
 FUN"GOUS, a. [See Fungus.] Like fungus or a 
 mushroom ; excrescent ; spongy ; soft. 
 
 2. Growing suddenly ; but not substantial or dura- 
 ble. Harris. 
 
 FUN"GUS, 71. ; pi. Firn'o! or Fun"gus-e9. [L.] A term 
 applied by botanists to a large natural order of plants 
 of a peculiar organization and manner of growth, 
 comprehending mushrooms, to:idstools, the micro- 
 scopic plants which form mold, mildew, smut, &.c. 
 The Fungi constitute one division of the Linneean 
 class Crijptogamia. The word is also applied to ex- 
 crescences on plants. P. Cyc. Encyc. 
 
 2. A spongy excrescence in animal bodies, as proud 
 flesh formed in wounds. Coxe. 
 
 The term is particularly applied to any morbid ex- 
 crescence, whether in wounds or arising spontane- 
 ously. Cyc. Cooper. 
 
 FU'XI-eLE, 71. [X.. funirulus, dim. of funis, a cord.] 
 A small cord ; a small liiature ; a fiber, juhnson. 
 
 FU-Nie'U-L.\R, o. Consisting of a small cord or 
 fiber. 
 
 FUNK, 71. [(iu. Ann. fancq, Ft. fangc, mud, mire, 
 matter.] 
 
 An olfensive smell. [Vulgar.] 
 FUNK, V. t. To envelop with an offensive smell. 
 
 King. 
 
 FUNK, ». i. To stink through fear. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Epigram on J. Burton. 
 
 FUN'NEL, n. [W.fyncl, an air-hole, funnel, or chim- 
 ney, from fmi, breath, source, connected with fount, 
 which see. 
 
 1. A passage or avenue for a fluid or flowing sub- 
 stance, particularly the shad or hollow channel of a 
 chimney, thrcugh which smoke ascends. 
 
 9. A vessel for conveying fluids into close vessels; 
 a kind of inverted hollow cone with a i)ipe ; a tun- 
 nel. Jiay. 
 FUN'NEL-FORM, )a. Having the form of a fun- 
 FUN'NEL-SHAP-iJD, ( nel, or inverted hollow cone. 
 
 Farn. of Plants. 
 FUN'NY, a. [from fuii.] Droll ; comical. 
 FUN'NY, )i. A light boat. 
 
 FUR, 71. [Fr. fjurrurr, from fourrtr, to put on, to 
 thrust in, to stulf ; fc^p. oforrar ; Arm. feura. 'I'he 
 sense seems to be, to stuff", to make thick, or to 
 put on and thus make thick. In Welsh, fer is 
 dense, solid.] 
 
 \. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals, 
 growing thick on the skin, and distinguished from 
 the hair, which is longer and coarser. Fur is one of 
 the most perfect non-conductors of heat, and serves 
 to keep animals warm in cold climates. 
 
 2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur ; 
 peltry ; as, a cargo of furs. 
 
 3. Strips of skins with fur, used on garments for 
 lining or for ornament. Garments are lined or faced 
 with fur. 
 
 4. ilair in general ; a loose application of the word. 
 
 5. A coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue 
 in persons aflected with fever. 
 
 fi. A coat or crui-t formed on the interior of vessels 
 
 by matter deposited by hard water. 
 FUR, a. I'ertaining to or made of fur. 
 FUR, B. (. To line, face, or cover with fur ; as, a furred 
 
 robe. 
 
 2. To cover with morbid matter, as the tongue. 
 
 3. In archilccturr, to nail small strips of board on 
 joiHt.-*, rafters, &c., in order to make a level surface 
 for lathing, boanling, Alc. (Iwill. 
 
 FUR'-VVR(jU(;11T, (fur'rawl,) a. M.ade of fur. (lay. 
 Fi;-RA'(JIOi;s, o. [L. /i/7-«/, from furor, to steal.] 
 Given to theft ; inclined to steal ; thievish. [Little 
 uitrd.] 
 
 FU-RAC'I-TV, 71. ThieviKhni ss. [LilUe used.] 
 FUR'lll>I.nVV, 71. [ Fr. It. and tip. fulbala.] 
 
 A piece of utiiff plaited and puckered, on n gown 
 or petticoat ; a flounce ; the plaited border of a petti- 
 coat or gown. 
 
 FUR'BE-LoW, V. t. To put a furbelow on ; to fur- 
 nish with an ornamental appendage of dress. Prior, 
 FUR'RE-LoVV-£D, pp. Furnished with a furbelow. 
 FUR'BE-LoW-ING, ppr. Adorning with a furbelow. 
 FUR'BISH, V. t. [It. forbire ; Fr. fourbir.] 
 
 To rub or scour to brightness ; to polish ; to bur- 
 nish ; as, to furbish a sword or spear ; to furbish arms. 
 FUR'BISH-A-BLE, a. That may be furbished. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 FUR'BISH-£D, (fur'hisht,) Scoured to brightness ; 
 
 polished ; burnished. 
 FUR'BI.SII-ER, 71. One who polishes or makes bright 
 
 by rubbing; one who cleans. 
 FUR'BISH-ING, p/jr. Rubbing to brightness ; polish- 
 FUR'CATE, ) rr „ c i, i [""g- 
 
 FUR'€A-TED,i "■ [L-/'"-">afork.] L 
 
 Forked ; branching like the prongs of a fork. 
 
 Lee, Botany. 
 
 FUR-€.5'TION, 71. A forking; a branching like the 
 
 lines of a fork. Brown. 
 FUR'DLE, f. (. [Tr.fardeau, a bundle.] 
 
 To draw up into a bundle. [A'ot used.] Brown. 
 FUR'FUR,H. [L.] Dandruff; scurf; scales like bran. 
 FUR-FU-Ra'CEOUS, a. [L. furfuraceus.] 
 
 Scaly : branny ; scurfy; like bran. 
 Fu'RI-OUS, a. \li.furiosus ; It. furioso ; Fr. furieui. 
 See Fury.] 
 
 1. Rushing with impetuosity ; moving with vio- 
 lence ; as, a furious stream ; a furious wind or storm. 
 
 2. Raging; violent; transported with passion ; as, 
 a furious animal. 
 
 3. .Mad ; phrenetic ; frantic. 
 Fu'RI-OUS-LY, adi: With impetuous motion or 
 
 agitation ; violently ; vehemently ; as, to run furi- 
 ously ; to attack one furiuushj, 
 Fu'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. Impetuous motion or rushing ; 
 
 2. Madness ; phrensy ; rage. [violent agitation. 
 FURL, V. t. [Fr. fi-rler; Arm. farlea : Sp. aferrar, to 
 grapple, to seize, to furl ; Port. /crrar.] 
 
 To draw up; to wrap or roll a sail close to the 
 yard, stay, or mast, and fasten it by a gasket or cord. 
 
 Jllar. Dirt. 
 
 FURL'JoD, pp. or a. Wrapped and fastened to a 
 yard, &c. 
 
 FUKL'ING, jrpr. Wrapping or rolling and fastening 
 to a yard, &c. 
 
 FUR'LONG, H. [Sax. furlang ; far or fur, and long, 
 or furh, a furrow, the length of a furrow.] 
 
 A measure of length ; the eighth part of a mile; 
 fortv roils, poles, or perches. 
 
 FUR'LoUGH, (fur'lo,) 71. [D. verlof; G. urlaub : Dan. 
 Dun. forlov or orlov i Sw. orlof ; compounded of the 
 root of fare, to go, and leave, permission. (See Fare 
 and Leave.) The common orthography, /iir/oiin'/i, is 
 corrupt, as the last syllable exhibits false radical con- 
 sonants. The true orthography would be furloic] 
 
 Leave of absence ; a word used only in military 
 affairs. Leave or license given by a commanding 
 officer to an officer or soldier to be absent from ser- 
 vice fiir a certain time. 
 
 FUR'LoUGII, V. t. To furnish witli-a furlough; to 
 grant leave of absence to an officer or soldier. 
 
 FUR'LoUGII-£D, /);;. Having a furlough. 
 
 FUR'.MEN-TY. See Frumenty. 
 
 FUR'NACE, 71. [Fr.fournaise, fourneau ; Jt.foniace; 
 Sp. homo ; from L. fitrnaj, furnus, either from burti- 
 ing, or the sense is an arch.] 
 
 1. A place where a vehement fire and heat may be 
 made and maintained, for melting ores or metals, 
 &c. A furnace for casting cannon and other large 
 operations is inclosed with walls, through which a 
 current of air is blown from a large bellows. 
 
 2. A smaller ajiparatus, in which fuel is burned for 
 culinary purposes. 
 
 3. In Scripture, a place of cruel bondage and afflic- 
 tion. Deut. iv. 
 
 4. Grievous afflictions by which men arc tried. 
 Ezck. xxii. 
 
 ."j. A iilace of temporal torment. Dan. iii. 
 6. Hell ; the place of endless torment. Mitt. xiii. 
 FUR'NACE, V. t. To throw out sparks as a furnace. 
 FUR'NI-MENT, 71. [Fr. /ui/rnimeiK.] [Shale. 
 
 Furniture. [JVot m li-vc] Spenser. 
 FUR'NISH, V. t. [Fr. fuurnir ; Arm. fourni^-.a; It. 
 fornirc. There is a close affinity, in sense and ele- 
 ments, between furnish, garnish, and the L. orno, 
 which may have been foruo or homo. We sec in 
 /mWdi/u^A, above, the/is lost in three of the languages, 
 and it may be so in omo. The primary sense is, to 
 put on, or to set on.] 
 
 1. To supply with any thing wanted or necessary ; 
 as, to furnish a family with provisions ; to furnish 
 arms f'or defense; to furnish a table; to furnish a 
 library ; to furnish one with money or implements. 
 
 2. 'i'o supply ; to store ; as, to furnish the mind 
 with ideas ; to furnish one with knowledge or 
 principles. 
 
 3. To fit up; to supply with the proper goods, 
 vessels, or ornamental appendages ; as, to furnish a 
 house or a room. 
 
 4. To crpiip ; to fit for an expedition ; to supply. 
 FUR'NISII-f.'!), (furnisht,) pp. or a. Supplied; gar- 
 nished ; fitted with necessaries. 
 
 FUR'NISH-ER, 71. One who supplies or fits out. 
 
 FUR'NISH-ING, p/TT. Supplying; fitting; garnishing. 
 FUR'NISH-MENT, 71. A supply of furniture or things 
 necessary. 
 
 FUR'NI-TURE, 7t. [Fr. foumiture ; It. fomimento ; 
 Arm. fournimand.] 
 
 1. Goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages 
 necessary or convenient for house-keeping ; what- 
 ever is added to the interior of a house or apartment, 
 for use or convenience ; chattels ; movables ; effects. 
 
 2. The necessary appendages in various employ- 
 ments or arts ; as, the/urviidircof a printing press, &c. 
 
 3. Appendages ; that which is added for use or or- 
 nament ; as, the earth with all its furniture. 
 
 4. Equipage; ornaments; decorations; in a very 
 general sense. 
 
 5. In music, an organ with mixed notes, some- 
 times called mixture. 
 
 FC'ROR, 71. [L.] Fuiy ; rage. 
 
 FUR'RED, p;). or a. [See Fur.] Lined or ornamented 
 with fur; thickened by the addition of strips of 
 board ; covered with fur. 
 
 FUR'Rl-ER, 71. A dealer in furs ; one who makes or 
 sells muffs, tippets, &.c. 
 
 FUR'RI-ER-Y, 71. Furs in general. Tooke. 
 
 FUR'RING, ppr. Lining or ornamenting with fur ; 
 nailing on thin strips of board to prepare for lath- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 FUR'RING, 77. The nailing of thin strips of board in 
 order to level a surface for lathing, boarding, &.c. ; 
 the strips thus laid on. 
 
 FUR'ROW, 71. [Sax. fur or furh ; G. /i(7-c/ic ; Dan. 
 furre ; Sw.fora. Uu. Gr. ciia/jot.), to plow.] 
 
 1. A trench in the earth made by a plow. 
 
 2. A long, narrow trench or channel in wood or 
 metal ; a groove. 
 
 3. A hollow made by wrinkles in the face. 
 FUR'RoW, «. «. [Sax. fyrian.] 
 
 1. To cut a furrow ; to make furrows in ; to plow. 
 
 2. To make long, narrow channels or grooves in. 
 
 3. To cut ; to make channels in ; to plow ; as, to 
 furrow the deep. 
 
 4. To make hollows in by wrinkles. Sorrow fur- 
 rows the brow. 
 
 FUR'RoW-£D, (fur'rode,) pp. or a. Marked with 
 furrows. 
 
 FUR'RoW-FaC-£D, (fur'ro-f aste,) a. Having a 
 wrinkled or fumiweil face. B. Jonson. 
 
 FUR'RoW-I.N'G, ppr. or a. Marking with furrows. 
 
 FUR'RoW-WEED, 71. A weed growing on plowed 
 land. Shok. 
 
 FUR'RY, a. [from /nr.] Covered with fur ; dressed 
 in fur. 
 
 2. Consisting of fur or skins ; as, furry spoils. 
 
 Dn/deii. 
 
 FUR'THER, a. [Sax. further, comparative of forth, 
 from /cor, far; furan, to go, to advance.] 
 
 1. More or most distant ; as, the /ur(Acr end of the 
 field. 
 
 2. Additional. We have a further reason for this 
 opinion. We have nothing/«r£/ier to suggest. 
 
 Wlint /urlher need liave we of witnesses ? — MnU. xxvi, 
 FUR'THER, ado. To a greater distance. He went 
 further. 
 
 FUR'THER, i\ t. [Sax. fyrthrian ; G. fordcm ; D. 
 vorderen ; Sw. hrfordra; \)ax\. befnrdrer,] 
 
 To hel|) forward ; to promote ; to advance onward ; 
 to forward ; hence, to help or assist. 
 
 Tliis I)ind3 tlieo llien lo J'urther my design. Dryden. 
 FUR'THER-ANCE, 71. A helping forward; promo- 
 tion ; advancement. 
 
 I know th;\t 1 shall ahiffe and continue wiUi you all, for your 
 furdiirance and joy of tiilli. — Pliil. i. 
 
 FUR'TMER-£.'D, pp. Promoted; advanced. 
 FUR'THER-ER, 11. One who helps to advance ; a 
 pr()moter. 
 
 FUR'TIIEIM.VG, ;jpr. Promoting; advancipg. 
 
 FUR'THER-MoRE, adiK Moreover; besides; in ad- 
 dition to what has been .said. 
 
 FUR'TIIER-.MoST, a. Most remote. 
 
 FUR'TIIEST, a. sup. Most distant, either in time or 
 place. 
 
 FUR'TIIEST, adn. At the greatest distance. 
 
 FUR'Tl VE, a. [L. furtivus ; Fr. furtif; from fur, a 
 thief. /iiror, to steal'.] 
 
 Stolen ; obtained by theft. Prior. 
 
 FUR'TIVE LY, arfii. Stealthily. Lover. 
 
 FO'RUN-CLE, (fii'runk-I,) 71. [1j. fumnculus ! Fr. 
 furuncle ; Sp. hum ; from L./imVi, funi.] 
 
 A superficial, inflammatory tumtir, di>ep red, hard, 
 circumscribed, acutely tender to the touch, suppura- 
 ting with a central core, commonly called a boil. 
 
 FO'RY, 7t. [L. furor, furia : Fr. furrur, furie; Sp. 
 furia: from L. furo, to rage ; W. fwyraw, to drive. 
 Class Br.J 
 
 1. A violent rushing ; impetuous motion ; as, the 
 fury of the winils. 
 
 2. Rage ; a storm of anger ; madness ; turbulence. 
 
 1 do oppojie !ny imlience lo his fury. Shak, 
 
 3. Enthusiasm ; hi lit of the mind. dryden. 
 
 4. In mythology, a deity, a goddess of vofigeiinco; 
 hence, a siormy, turbulent, violent woman. Mdison. 
 
 FO'RY-LIKE, a. Raging ; furious ; violent. Thomsm. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — MffiTE, PRBY. — PtNE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 488 
 
G 
 
 GAB 
 
 GAB 
 
 FIJKZE, II. [S.ix. fijrs : pioliably VV./cr:, tliii k.] 
 Gorse ; wliiii ; ii tlioriiy tverfirreii sliriib witli 
 beiiiilit'iil yellow tlnwers. It is a cunimuii inhabit- 
 ant of the plains and hills of Great liritain. It is tlie 
 Ulex KiiropuMis of botanists. P. Cije. 
 
 FUUZ'Y, a. Overgrown with furze ; full of gorse. 
 
 Oay. 
 
 FO'S.A-ROLR, 71. [II.] In architecliire, a moldinj 
 j-encrally plaCed under the ccliinus or qnarter round 
 of cuhinins in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian 
 orders. 
 
 FIJS e.\'TIOX, H. .\darkeninj)!; obscurity. 
 FUS'CITK, II. \ iiiinemi of a grayish or preenish- 
 
 blark color, found in .\orway. l'kitip.i. 
 FUrf'COI'S, a. [L./iucii.v.] 
 
 Urown ; of a dark color. Raij. 
 FCSH, (fu/.c,) t\ I. [Ii./ii/i</<i, /h.-uiii, to pour out.] 
 To melt i to liquefy by heat ; to rondi r lluid j to 
 dissolve. ChrmUtnj. 
 FOsr., f. i. To be melted ; to be reduced from o 
 
 siiFId to n fluid state by heat. 
 FOSK, (lu/.e,) n. .\ tube tilled with combustible mat- 
 ter used in blasting, or in dischargins a shell, (tc. 
 PCS'f.'Il, (fu/.d,) ;i;i.*)r 11. :»Ielted ; liquefied. 
 FlJ-SKK',(fu-/.ce',)n. [Pr. fusee, fn.-iiuii : It./«.w ; Pp. 
 huso ! Vort.fiiso ; from L./«s«s, a spindle, CwmfuiuJo, 
 fudi^fiuuiiu] 
 
 The cone or conical part of a watch or clock, round 
 which is wound tlie chain or curd. 
 
 Kncyc. Juhnson. 
 FU-S5EE', H. [I'r., a scpiib.] .\ small, neat musket or 
 firelock. Itut wc now use I'csn.. 
 
 Q. fWer, or/iij'r, of a bomb or pranade ; a small pi[)e 
 filled with combustible matter by which fire is com- 
 municati'd to the powder in the bomb ; but as the 
 matter burns slowly, time is piven, before the charge 
 takes fire, for the bomb to reach its destinaliou. A 
 similar fuse is used in blasting rocks, tS^c. 
 X The track of a buck. 
 FU-SMllL'l-TV, II. [Sec FusinLE.] The quality of 
 being fusible, or of being convertible from a solid to a 
 lluid state by heat. 
 FO'SI IiLK, n. [I'r., from Ij.fiisiis, from fitiiiln.] 
 
 That may bo melted or liijueAcd. Tlic ciuths are 
 found to be fusible. 
 
 Fusible melal: an alloy of eight parts of bismuth, 
 five of lead, and three of tin, which melts at the 
 heat of boiling water. Ure. 
 FO'SI-FORM, u. [L./i«i«, a spindle, and /«nn.] 
 . Shaped like a spindle ; thick, tapering at each end. 
 
 Lindlpii, 
 
 FO'SIL, (I. yPt.fusile ; L. fusitis, from fusus, fin'ilo.] 
 1. Capable of being melted or rendered lluid by 
 heat. 
 
 S. Running ; flowing, as a liquid. 
 
 Miltiin. Philips. 
 FO'SIL, n. [Fr., from L./iuii.«,/uin/o.] 
 1. A light musket or firelock. 
 12. A bearing in heraldry of a rhomboidnl figure, 
 named from its shape, which resembles that of a 
 sinndle. F.nctie. 
 FU-$IL-EER', n. ffrom fusil.\ Properly, a soldier 
 
 G 
 
 the seventh letter, and the fifth articulation, of the 
 J English alphabet, is derived to us, through the 
 Latin and Greek, from the .Assyrian languages ; it 
 being found in the Clmldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samar- 
 itan, Phenicinn, Kihlopic, and Arabic. In the latter 
 language, it is called crtim or jim : but in the others, 
 ffimel, tromat, or ijamnl, that is, cainei, from its shape, 
 which resembles the neck of that animal, at least in 
 the Ch.aldee and Hebrew. It is the lliird letter in the 
 Chaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samaritan, antK^reek ; the 
 filth in the .\rabir, and the twentieth in the Ethiop- 
 ic. The Greek I", ifamma, is the Chaldaic i inverted. 
 The early Latins used C for the Greek ^amma, and 
 hence C came to hold the third place in the order of 
 the alphabet ; the place which irimrl holds in the Ori- 
 ental languages. The two letters are primarily p.ala- 
 tals, and so nearly allied in sound that they are easily 
 I convertible ; and they have been reciprocally ii.sed, 
 i the one for the other. liiit in the Assyrian languages, 
 irimtl had two sounds; one close, as we pronounce 
 the letter in fare, ^ooil ; the other com|xiund, as the 
 English j, or as cA in cWr. In llie Arabic, this letter 
 has the sound of the English j or dzh, and this sound 
 it has in many English words, as in i^enius, gem, 
 !Tm<;er. It retains its close sound in all cases before 
 o, u, and u; but before e, i, and i/, its sound is close 
 or compound, as custom baa dic't.itcd, and its dilTer- 
 ent sounds are not reducible to rules. It is silent in 
 some words before it, as in denial, ctmdi^r-n, maliirit, 
 campaign ; but it resumes iu sound in benignity and 
 malignity. G is mute b<!fore n in ffnash, gnate ; it is 
 
 armed with a fusil ; but in modern times, a soldier 
 armed like others of the infantry, and di.-'tiiiguislied 
 by wearing a cap like a grenadier, but somew hat 
 
 FOS'I.VG, ;i;ir. or a. Slelting. [shorter. 
 
 FO'SION, (lu'zhuii,) II. [L. fusio; Fr. fusion; from 
 L. /itni/ii,/(is«iH.] 
 
 1. The act or operation of melting or rendering 
 fluid by heat, without the aid of a solvent; ns, tlie 
 fusion of ice or of metals. 
 
 2. The state of being melted or dissolved by heat ; 
 a state of fluidity or flowing in consequence of heat ; 
 as metals in fusion. 
 
 H'atery fusion ; the melting of certain crystals by 
 heat in their own water of crystalli/ation. Chemistni. 
 FO'SO.ME, fl. Handsome; neat; notable. [Locul.] 
 
 Grose. 
 
 KtlSS, II. [Allied, perhaps, to Gr. iji<ma'o, to blow or 
 puir.] 
 
 A tumult ; a bustle ; but the word is eollot]uittl. 
 FUS'SOCK, II. A largo, gross woman. [Loenl.] 
 
 Grose. 
 
 FUSS'Y, a. Making a fuss. [Calhijuiul.] 
 FUST, II. [I"r./fi(; lt./iis(a ; L./i«li>, a stafl".] 
 
 The shall of a cidunin, or trunk of a pilaster. 
 FUST, II. [I'r../Ti(.] [Gicik. 
 
 A strong, miistv smell. 
 FUST, r. i. To bi'Ciune inoldv ; to smell ill. .S/i,i/.-. 
 FUST'KI), a. Moldv ; ill smelling. 
 FUS'TET, II. [I'r. ;' Sp. and I'orl. fustetr.j 
 
 The wood of the Rhus cotimvi or yenice sumach, i\ 
 shrub of Southern Europe, which yields a line orange 
 color, but not durable without a mordant. P. C'ic. 
 FUS'TIAN, (I'ust'yan,) ii. [I'r. futaine; Arm./itstcim ; 
 Sp./iuMii, the name of a place.] 
 
 1. A kind of coarse twilled cotton sliilf. liesides 
 the cominim sort, called jiiHuw, it embraces coriluroy, 
 velveteen, &c. C/rc. F.ncijc. of JJom. F.con. 
 
 2. An inflated style of writing ; a kind of writing 
 in which high-souniliiig words are used, above the 
 dignity of the thoughts or subject ; a swelling style ; 
 bombast. 
 
 Fu$lian is thoughts ami wortls HI 8orlc>I. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FUS'TIAN, (fust'yan,) a. Made of fustian. 
 
 2. In style, swelling above the dignity of llie 
 thoughts or subject ; too pompous ; ridiculously 
 tumid ; bombastic. Dryden, 
 FUS'TI.\N-IST, n. One who writes bombast. 
 
 Mdtoiu 
 
 FUS'TIC, n. [Pp. /iwff, wood, timber; \..fiuslis.] 
 The wood of the Maclara iinctoria of Don, or Morus 
 tinctoria, a tree growing in the West Indies, and 
 used in dyeing yellow. This is the old fustic of the 
 English dyers ; their young fustic is fustct, wliicli 
 see. P. Cue. 
 
 FUS-TI-Ga'TION, It. [L. fustigatio, from fasligo, to 
 beat with a cudgel, from fustis, a stick or club. J 
 
 Among t/ic ancient Romans, u. punishment by beat- 
 ing with a stick or club, inflicted on freemi.n. 
 
 F.naie, 
 
 FUST-I-I-A'UI-AN, n. A low fellow; a stlB.i.ard ; a 
 scoundrel S.'iak, 
 
 G. 
 
 sdent als^ in many words when united with A, as tn 
 bright, might, night, nigh, high. The Saxon g lias in 
 many words been softened or liquefied into y or ou> ; 
 as Sax. dag, gear, Eng. day, year i Sax. bugan, Eng. 
 to bote. 
 
 The Celtic nations had a peculiar manner of be- 
 ginning the sound of u or le with the articulation g, 
 or rather prefixini; this articulation to that vowel. 
 Thus, guar. I for trord, gaaio for main, guerre for war, 
 giccll for well. Whether this g has been added by 
 Ihc Celtic nices, or whether the Teutonic nations 
 have lost it, is a question I have not examined with 
 particular attention. 
 
 As a numeral, G was anciently used to denote 40 1, 
 and with a dash over it, O, 40,000. As <iii abbrevia- 
 tion, it st.tiids for Gaitut, Geltiiis, Ace. In music, it is 
 the mark of the treble clef; and, from its being placed 
 at the he,ad, or marking the lirsl sound in Guido's 
 scale, the whole scale took the name Gamut, from 
 the Greek name of the letter. 
 
 G.\, in Gothic, is a prefix, answering to ge in Saxon 
 and other Teutonic languages. It sometimes has the 
 force of the Latin cum or con, as in gamthan, to con- 
 join. But in most words it appears to have no use, 
 and in inn<tern P^nglish it is entirely lost. Y-cleped, in 
 which ge is changed into y, is the iast word in which 
 the English ret.iiiied this prefix. 
 
 G.\B, n. [Scot, gab, Dan. gab, the mouth, and a gap 
 or caping ; Sw. jrap ; Russ. guba, a lip, a bay or 
 gulf, the mouth of a river ; Ir. cab, the mouth ; con- 
 nected probably with gabble, gibberish. Sax. "abban, 
 
 FUST'I-LUG, ( H. A gross, fat, unwieldy person. 
 FI-'ST'I-LUG*, 1 Janiun. 
 FUST'I-.NESS, n. A fusty state or quality; an ill 
 
 smell from moldiness, or moldiiiess itself. 
 FUST'Y, a. [Sec Fust.] Moldy; musty; ill-smcll- 
 
 iiig ; rank ; rancid. Sliak. 
 FO'SIJIIE, ( zhur,) 71. A smelting. [See Fuse.] 
 FO'TILE, a. [Fr. ; L./ii(i7iv, from /ii(i<i, to pour out ; 
 
 effulio, to prate or babble ; Hcb. and Cli. N02, to utter 
 
 rashly or foolishly. Class Ud, No. 2, 6, 15.] 
 
 1. Talkative; loquacious; tattling. [Obs.] Baetm. 
 
 2. Trifling ; id' no weight or importance ; answer- 
 ing no valuable purjiosc ; worthless. 
 
 ;i. Of no I'll'ect. 
 FO'TILE-I.Yj adr. In a futile manner. 
 I''U-TI 1,'I-TV , II. 'i'alkativeness ; loquaciousness; 
 loquacity. [In this sense, not now used.] 
 
 2. Trillingni ss ; iiiiiniportaiire ; want of weight 
 or ell'ect ; as, to expose tlie fnlilitjj of arguments. 
 
 The quality of iiroduciiig no valuable efl"ect, or 
 of coming to nothing ; .ts, the futility of measures or 
 scli<*iiies. 
 
 FO'TIL-OUS, a. Worthless; trifling. [JVut «.«</.] 
 FUT'TOCK, 11. ^Uii. fool-hook. It is more probably 
 cornqited from JoolAock.] 
 
 in n ship, l\u' fulldcks are the middle timbers, be- 
 tween the floor and the upper timbers, or the timbers 
 raised over the keel, which form the breadth of the 
 ship. 
 
 F0'T1|UE, (lut'yiir,) 0. [L./«(iiri<.i ; Fr./udir.l 
 
 1. That is to be or conn; hereafter ; tluit will exist 
 at any time al'ler the present, indefinitely. The next 
 moment is future to the present. 
 
 2. The future tense, in grammar, is the mollifica- 
 tion of a verb which expresses a future act or event. 
 
 FO'Tl.'RE, K. Time to came ; a tini^ subsequent to 
 the present ; as, the/«(iir« shall be as the present ; in 
 future ; for the future. In such phrases, time or sea- 
 son is implied. 
 
 FO'TUKE-LY, adv. In time to come. [A"ot used.] 
 
 FU-'n,l-RI"TIO.\, (fut-yu-risli'un,) n. The state of bo- 
 iiiu' to come or exist hereafter. South. Stilen. 
 
 FU-TO'RI-TY, 71. Future time ; time to come. 
 
 2. Event to come. 
 
 AW /iiUtrities arc naked before the idl-scelng eye. South. 
 
 3. The state of being yet to come, or to come here- 
 after. 
 
 Fuze, n. A tube, filled with combustible matter, for 
 
 discharging a shell, &c. [See Fuse.] 
 FUZZ, r. i. To fly ofl" in minute particles. 
 FUZZ, 71. Fine, light particles; loose, volatile matter. 
 FUZZ'BALL, 71. A kind of fungus or mushroom, 
 
 which, when pressed, bursts and scatters a fine dust. 
 2. A pull'. 
 
 FUZ'ZLE, I'. (. To intoxicate. Burton. 
 FU/'ZLA'D, pp. Intoxic.tted. 
 
 I'UZ'ZY, a. Light and spongy. [Crac™ dialect 
 
 Written also foty by lirocketl.] 
 F?, rzclatn. .\ word which cxjiresses blame, dislike, 
 
 disapprobation, abhorrence, or contempt. 
 
 my lorxl , /y / a solilter, and ,-ilr.iiU? ShaJc. 
 
 to mock, perhaps to make mouths. See Gaiible and 
 Gace.] 
 
 The mouth ; as in the phrase, the gift of the gab, 
 that is, loipiaciousness. But the tcord is so vulgar as 
 rarely to be used. 
 GAB, V. i. [Sax. gabban.) 
 
 1. Tot.alkidly; to prate. Chaucer. 
 
 2. 'I'o impose upon ; to lie. 
 GAB-.\R-D1NE', (gab-ar-decn',) n. [Sp. gabardina; 
 
 gaban, a great coat with a hood and close sleeves ; 
 gabacha, a loose garment ; Port, gabam, a frock ; It. 
 gavardina ; Fr. gabatn.] 
 
 A coarse frock or loose upper garment; a mean 
 dress. Shak. 
 G.AB'BLE, r. i. [D. gabbrren, to prate; Sax. gabban, 
 to jeer or deride ; Fr. gabrr, id. ; Eng. to gibe ; Sw. 
 ^abberi, derision ; It. gabbare, to deceive ; gabbo, a 
 jeering. These may all be from one root. Sec Class 
 Gb, No. 7.] 
 
 \. To prate ; to talk fast, or to talk without meaning. 
 
 Such a rout, and luch a nilil)I'\ 
 Kuii to he.ir Jack Pudding gabble. 
 
 S-jnfU 
 
 S. To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity ; as, 
 gabbling fowls. DrydeTU 
 GAB'BLE, It. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Inarticulate sounds rapidly uttered, as of fowls. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GAB'BLER, n. A prater; a noisy talker; one that 
 utters inarticulate sounds. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — G as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 63 — — = 
 
 489 
 
GAF 
 
 GAI 
 
 GAT 
 
 GAB'bLING, jipr. Prating ; chattering ; uttering un- 
 
 ineanins; or inarticulate scmmls. 
 GAB'BLING, »!. Tlie making of a confused noise; 
 
 rapid, indistinct utterance. Spectator. 
 GAR'BKO, K. In rdiHcra/oj^!/, the name given by the 
 
 Italians to tlie aggregate of diallage and saussurite. 
 
 It is the euphiitide of the Frencli, and the verUe di 
 
 Corsica dv.ro of artists. Clcaveland. 
 GA'UEL, n. [Ft. gabelle : It. gabella ; Sp. gabda ; Sax. 
 
 gafel, or gafuL'\ 
 
 A tax, niipost, or duty ; usually, an excise. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 Ga'BEL-ER, 71. A collector of the gabel or of taxes. 
 
 OA-BELLE' , n. [Fr.] In France, a tax, particularly 
 on salt. Brandt. 
 
 GA'BI-ON, 71. [Fr. id. ; It. gabbione, a large cage ; gub- 
 bia, a cage ; Sp. gavion, gabion, a kisket. In Ir. gab- 
 ham signifies to take or hold ; \V. garaeht, id.] 
 
 In fortification, a hollow cylinder, of wicker-work, 
 resembling a basket, but having no bottom, filled 
 with earth, and serving to shelter men from an ene- 
 mv's fire. P. Cue. 
 
 GA-BI-ON-NADE', 71. A parapet hastily formed by 
 aabions. P. Cijc. 
 
 G.\'BIiE, n. [W. gavacl, a hold or grasp, the gable of 
 a house ; gacailu, to grasp, hold, arrest, Ir. gabkam. 
 Ciu. G. gabel, Ir. gabhian, a fork.] 
 
 The triangular end of a house or other building, 
 from the cornice or eaves to the top. In America, it 
 is usually called the gable-end. 
 
 GA'BLET, n. A small ornamented gable, or canopy, 
 formed over a tabernacle, niche, Sac. Glosx. of Arch. 
 
 GA'BKI-EL-ITES, n. pi. In ecclesiastical historii,a sect 
 of Anabaptists in Pomerania, so called from one Ga- 
 briel Sclierling. 
 
 GA'BRO-NITi;, 7!. A variety of nepheline, occurring 
 in masses whose structure is more or less foliated, or 
 sometimes compact. Its colors are gray, bluish, or 
 greenish-gray, and sometimes red. Cleaoeland, 
 
 GA'BY, 71. A silly, foolish person. [See Gawdy.] 
 
 GAD, 71. [Sax. gad, a goad and a wedge ; Ir. gadh, a 
 dart.] 
 
 1. A sharp-pointed rod, or pricking instrument; a 
 goad. Hence, 
 
 2. The point of a spear or arrow-head. Shak. 
 
 3. A wedge or ingot of steel or iron. Moxon. 
 
 4. A punch of iron, with a wooden handle, used 
 by miners. Encyc. 
 
 Upon the gad ; upon the spur or impulse of the mo- 
 ment. Slmk. 
 G.'il), V. i. [Ir. gad, a stealing ; properly, a roving, as 
 rub is connected with rove ; gadaim, to steal. It co- 
 incides with the Russ. chod, a going or passing ; choju, 
 to go, to pass, to inarch. See Class Gd, No. 17, Eth. 
 and No. 38.] 
 
 1. To walk about ; to rove or ramble idly, or with- 
 out any Iixed purpose. 
 
 Give the waler no passage, neilher a wicked woman liberty to 
 gad atjroad. Ecclua, 
 
 2. To ramble in growth ; as, the gadding vine. 
 
 Jl/i7(07l. 
 
 GAD'A-BOUT, 71. One who walks about without 
 
 business. [Colloquial.] 
 G.VU'DER, 71. A rambler ; one that roves about 
 
 idly. 
 
 GAD'DI.N'G, ppr. Rambling; roving; walking about. 
 
 GAD'DING-LY, ailv. In a roving, idle manner. 
 
 GAI)'FL9, 71. [Sax. gad, a goad, and fiij.] 
 
 An insect of the genus CEstrus, which stings cat- 
 tle, and deposits its eggs in their skin ; called also 
 the breeze. 
 
 Ga'DOID, a. or 71. [I., gadns, cod.] 
 
 A term denoting a family of soft-finned fishes, of 
 the order of Subbrachians, or those having the ven- 
 tral fins below or in advance of the perioral, of 
 which family the cctd is the type. Bramle. 
 
 GAD'O-LIN-I TE, 71. A mineral, so called from Pro- 
 fessor Gadolin, usually in amorphous masses of a 
 blackish color, and having the appearance of vitreous 
 lava. It conUiins the earth called yttria. Dana. 
 
 GAIV WAIjL, 71. A migratory aipiatic bird, of the duck 
 kind, whose flesh is excellent food. It is t!ie Anim 
 strepera of Linn:ens. P. Cyc. 
 
 GAE'Me, (gi'lik,) a. [from Oael, Oaut, Oallia.] 
 
 An epithet denoting what belongs to the Gads, 
 tribes of Celtic origin inhabiting the Highlands of 
 Scotland ; as, the (larlic language. 
 
 GAE'LIG, 71. The language of the Highlanders of 
 Scotland. 
 
 GAFF, 71. [Ir. gnf, a hcJok ; Sp. and Port, gafa; Shc- 
 mitic nos, nD3, to bend.] 
 
 1. A' light iipcar used by fishermen. 
 
 2. A Bortof boom or yard, extending tlu^ upix r edge 
 of a fore-and-aft sajl. [(in. .Sat. geujlr, a jjole.] 
 
 firande. 
 
 GAF'FER, 71. (flu. Chal. and ll. b. ->2J gebar, n man, 
 i7ir ; or Hax. gefcre, n companion, a peer ; or Sw. ^ab- 
 be, an old man.] 
 
 A word of reiipect which Heems to have degenera- 
 ted into a U^rin of fainilinrity or contempt, when sul- 
 drenHed to an ngod man or an old runtio, [Little used.] 
 
 Cay. 
 
 GAF'FLE, 71. [Sax. geajlas, chops, Hpur« on cocks.] 
 
 1. An artificial spur put on cocks when they are set 
 to figiit. 
 
 2. A steel lever to bend crossbows. Ainsicorth. 
 GAG, 17. t. [VV. cegiaiD, lo choke, to strangle, from 
 
 cig, a chokmg. Ceg signifies the mouth, an open- 
 i"g.] 
 
 1. To stop the mouth by thrusting something into 
 the throat, so as to hinder speaking. Johnson. 
 
 2. To keck; to lie.ive with nausea. [In Welsh, 
 gag is an opening or cleft ; gagenu, to open, chap, or 
 gape.] 
 
 GAG, 71. Something thrust into the mouth and throat 
 to hinder speaking. 
 
 GAGE, 71. [Fr. gage, a pledge, whence gager, to 
 pledge ; engager, to engage ; G. wagen, to wage, to 
 hazard or risk ; wage, a balance ; 1). waagcn, to ven- 
 ture, Sw. vaga. Eng. to 7win-f. It seems to be allied 
 to wag, weigh. The primary sense is, to liirow, to 
 lay, or deposit. If the elements are Bg, \Vg, the 
 original French orthography was gnage.] 
 
 1. A pledge or jiawn ; sometiiing laid down or 
 given as a security for the perforinaiice of some act, 
 to be done by the person depositing the tiling, and 
 which is to be forfeited by non-pi rlorniance. It is 
 used of a movable thing, not of land or other im- 
 movable. 
 
 There 1 throw my gage. Sliak. 
 
 2. A challenge to combat; that is, a glove, a cap, a 
 gauntlet, or the like, cast on the ground by the chal- 
 lenger, and taken up by the accepter of the chal- 
 lenge. Encyc. 
 
 3. A measure, or rule of measuring; a stanilard. 
 [See Gauge.] Young. 
 
 4. Tlie number of feet which a ship sinks in the 
 water. 
 
 5. Among letter-founders, a piece of hard wood, 
 variously notched, used to aiijust the dimensions, 
 slopes, &.C., of the various sorts of letters. Encyc. 
 
 6. An instrument in joinery made to strike a line 
 parallel to the straight side of a board. Encyc. 
 
 7. The position of one vessel with respect to an- 
 other. The weather-gage denotes a position to the 
 windward ; and the lee-gage a position to the lee- 
 ward. Tottcn. 
 
 A sliding-gage ; a tool used by mathematical in- 
 strument makers, for measuring and setting otf dis- 
 tances. Encyc. 
 
 Rain-gage; an instrument for measuring the quan- 
 tity of water which faiis from the clouds at a given 
 place. Brande. 
 
 Sea-gage; ail ir.strjir.ant for finding the depth of 
 the sea. Encyc. 
 
 Tide-gage ; an instrument for determining the 
 hight of the tides. Encyc. 
 
 IVind-gage; an instrument for measuring the force 
 of the wind on any given surface. Encyc. 
 GAGE, V. u To pledge ; to pawn ; to give or deposit 
 as a pledge or security for some other act ; to wage or 
 wager. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 9. To bind by pledge, caution, or security ; to en- 
 gage. Shak. 
 
 3. To measure ; to take or ascertain the contents 
 of a vessel, ca-sk, or ship ; written also Gauge. 
 GAd' ED, pp. Pledged; measured. 
 GAG'ER, 71. One who gages or measures the contents. 
 GAG'GER, 71. One that gags. 
 
 GAG'GLE, (gag'gl,) V. i. [D. gaggcUn ; G. gackem; 
 coinciding with cackle.] 
 
 To make a noise like a goose. Bacon. 
 GAG'GLING, 71. The noise of geese. 
 G.\0'lNC,, ppr. Pledging; measuring the contents. 
 GSIIN'ITE, K. See Automolite, with which it is 
 GAI'E-TV, 71. SeeGAYETT. [identical. 
 OAIL-LIARDE', (gal-yird',) 71. [Fr.] A sprightly 
 
 Italian dance. Brande. 
 GAI'IiY, ado. [from gay, and better written Gayly.] 
 1. Splendidly ; with finery orsliowiness. 
 Q Joyfully ; merrily. 
 GAIN, V. i. [Fr. gagner; Arm. gounil; Sw. gagna; 
 Sax. gynan ; Sp. ganar ; Port, ganhar ; Heb. Ch. and 
 
 Syr. njp, Ar. L*3 4«7m, to gain, to possess. Class Gn, 
 No. 49, 50, 51. The radical sense is, to take, or 
 rather to extend to, to reach.] 
 
 1. To obtain by industry or the cmploymimt of 
 capital ; lo get, as profit or advantage ; lo acquire. 
 Any industrious pt;rson may ^.'fliii u good living in 
 America; but it is less dilficult lo gain property than 
 it is to use it with prudence. Money at interest may 
 gain five, six, or seven \H'r cent. 
 
 Wlii.l ia a in.iii pronir-.!, i( h- thnll gain Hie wliolc worW, and 
 lose liin own Howl I — MiiU. xvi. 
 
 2. To win ; to obtain by superiority or success; as, 
 to cain a balile or a victory ; to gain a prize ; lo gain 
 a cause in law. 
 
 3. To obtain ; to acquire ; to procure ; to receive ; 
 as, lo gain favor ; to gain reputation. 
 
 For l.iinc with toil we gain, 1ml lone with ea»e. Pope. 
 
 4. To obtain an increa.se of any thing ; as, to gain 
 time. 
 
 5. To obtain or receive any thing, good or bad ; as, 
 tu gain harm and loss. Acts xxvii. 
 
 G. To draw into any interest or party ; to win to 
 one's side ; lo conciliate. 
 
 'I'o gT.ilify ilie qiv'en and gain die court. Drydtn. 
 If he shiiil hear tliee, thoo hasi gained lliy brother. — Malt, xviii. 
 
 7. To obtain, as a suitor. Milton. 
 
 8. To reach ; to attain to ; to arrive at ; as, to 0-0171 
 the top of a mountain ; to gain a good harbor. 
 
 To gain into ; lo draw or persuade to join in. 
 
 He gained I.ppidns inio his measures. Middlelon. 
 To gain over ; to draw to another parly or interest ; 
 to win over. 
 
 To gain ground; to advance in any undertaking ; 
 to prevail ; to acquire strength or extent ; to in- 
 crease. 
 
 To gain the wind, in sea language, is to arrive on 
 the windward side of another ship. 
 GAIN, V. i. To have advantage or profit; lo grow 
 rich ; lo advance in interest or happiness. 
 
 Thoo hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by pxlorlion. — 
 Kiek. xxii. 
 
 2. To encroach ; lo advance on ; to come forward 
 by degrees ; with on ; as, the ocean or river gains on 
 tlie land. 
 
 3. To advance nearer; lo gain ground on; with 
 on ; as, a fleet horse gains on his competitor. 
 
 4. To get ground ; lo prevail against, or have the 
 advantage. 
 
 Tlie English have not only gained upon the Venetians iti the 
 Levant, but have their dolli in Venice itself. Ailttiaon. 
 
 5. To obtain influence with. 
 
 My good b^'liavior had so far gained on Uie emperor, that I l-egan 
 to conceive hoi)es of liU-rly. Swift. 
 
 GAIN, 71. [Fr. ^-oiii.] 
 
 1. Profit ; interest ; something obtained as an ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 But wh?-. things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ. 
 — Phil. iii. 
 
 9. Unlawful advantage. 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 3. Overplus in computation ; any thing opposed to 
 loss. 
 
 GaIN, 71. [W. gdn, a mortise ; ^aiiti, to contain.] 
 
 In architecture, a beveling shoulder ; a lapping of 
 limbers, or the cut that is made for receiving a tim- 
 ber. Encyc, 
 GAIN, ff. Handy ; dextrous. [Obs.] 
 G.AIN'A-BiiE, a. Thai may be obtained or reached. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 GAIN'AGE, 71. In old laws, the same as VVainage, 
 that is, guainagc; the horses, oxen, and furniture, of 
 the wain, or the instruments for carrying on tillage, 
 which, when a villain was amerced, were left free, 
 that cultivation might not be interrupted. The word 
 signifies also the land itself, or the profit made by 
 cultivation. Encyc. 
 
 GAIN'KU, pp. Obtained, as profit or advantage ; won ; 
 drawn over to a party ; reached. 
 
 GAIN'ER, 71. One that gains or obtains profit, inter- 
 est, or advantage. 
 
 GAIN'FUL, o. Producing profit or advantage ; profit- 
 able ; advantageous ; advancing interest or ,iappi- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Lucrative; productive of money ; adding to the 
 wealth or estate. 
 
 G-AIN'FUL-LY, ai/o. With increase of wealth ; prof- 
 itably ; .idvantageouslv. 
 
 GaLN'TUL-NESS, 71. Profit; advantage. 
 
 GAIN'GI V-ING, 71. [from the root of again, against, 
 and gice. See Gainsay.] 
 
 A misgiving ; a giving against or away. [JVo( 
 used.] Shale, 
 
 GAIN'ING, ppr. Obtaining by industry or activity; 
 reaching ; winning. 
 
 GAIN'INGS, 71. Acquisitions made by abor or suc- 
 cessful oiiteriirise. 
 
 GAIN'LES.-^, 11. Not producing gain; unprofitable; 
 not hriuginff advantage. Hammond. 
 
 GAIN'LESS-NESS, (1. Unprofitableness; w.ant of ad- 
 vantage. Decay of Piety. 
 
 GAIN'LY, arfiJ. Handily ; readily ; dextrously. [Ubs.\ 
 
 GAIN-SAY' or GAIN'SAY, ?;. L [Sax. ^r"'", ur »«• 
 ^Tcoii, and say; Eng. against; Sw. igen; Dan. gien 
 iirirn. See Again, Against.] 
 
 "To contradict; to oppose in words; to deny 01 
 declare not to be true what another says ; to contro- 
 vert ; to dispute; applied to persons, or lo proposi- 
 tions, declarations, or fads. 
 
 I will s'wp you a mouth and wisdom, which all yoilr Hdvemariei 
 shall not l« able to gainsay nor resist. — I^uko xxi. 
 
 G AIN-SA Y'KI), p/i. Contradicted; denied. 
 GAIN-SAY'F.R, n. One who contradicts or denies 
 
 what is alleged ; an opposer. Til. i. 
 GAIN-SSY'ING, ji^ir. or a. Contradicting; denying; 
 
 opposing. 
 
 GAIN-SAY'ING, 71. Contradiction; opposition. 
 'GAINST, (u'ensl.) See Against. 
 GAIN'STANI), II. /. [Sax. genu, against, and stand.] 
 To withstand ; to opjiose ; lo resist. [Obs.] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 GAIN'STRIVE, 1). i. [Sax. gran, and sfWi'C.l 
 
 To make resistance. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 GAIN'STRIVE, 1'. (. To withstand. [Obs.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T. — MBTE, PafiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 GaIR'ISII, a. [Ciu. from llie root of gear. Sax. gear- 
 wian, to prepare or dress ; or Scot, "-mr, a stripe, 
 whence I'ainv/, gairie, striped, streaked. In Gr., 
 >iiup"{ is proud, boasting.] 
 
 1. Gaudy; showy; fine; affectedly fine; tawdry. 
 
 MunstruiiM luttB aiul gairiiift colon. Atcham. 
 
 2. Extravagantly gay ; fliglity. 
 
 Fume niui glury trannjiort a jni\n out of hunsclf ; it mnJccs Ihc 
 niiiul louM iinj gairith. South. 
 
 In a paiidy, showy manner. 
 Gaudiness ; finery ; alfected or 
 
 r.AIK'ISII-I.Y, adi: 
 GAlll'l.'^II NF.S.-J, n 
 ostentatious show. 
 i2. Flighty or extravagant joy, or ostentation. 
 
 Tuiilur. 
 
 G.^IT, ji. [This word is probably connected with go 
 or g<ul.] 
 
 1. A going; a walk ; a march ; a way. Spenser. 
 Q. iManner of walking or stepping. Every man 
 
 has his peculiar ^ait. 
 G.AlT'ED, a. In compoundu, having a particular gait. 
 GaI'TEU, n. A covering of cloth for the li'g. 
 
 2. A kind of shoe, consisting chielly of cloth, and 
 covering the ankles. 
 
 GAI'TEll, ti. I. To dress with gaiters. 
 
 Ga'L.\, h. [Sp. gala, a court dress; It. gala, finery ; 
 Fr. gala, show, pom|).] 
 
 A gala day is a day of pomp, show, or festivity, 
 when persons appear in their best apparel. 
 
 G.A LACTIN, )i. A vegetable substance, obtained 
 from the sap of the Galactotlaulron utile, or cow-tree, 
 of South America. 
 
 GAL-AC-TOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. vaXaitroj, gen. of 
 ya\ i, milk, and ncr. >oi', measure.] 
 
 An instnimcnt for ascertaining the quality of milk ; 
 n laclouiet r. Urc. 
 
 GAI,-Ae-TOPII'A-GIST, ji. [Gr. )-uXa«7of, milk, 
 and >t)ay'-', to eat.] 
 One who eats or subsists on milk. 
 
 GAL-AC-TOPH'A-GOII.-*, a. Feeding on milk. 
 
 GAL. Ae-TOPH'OR-0(r.s, a. Producing milk. 
 
 GA-LAC-TO-POI-ET'ie, a. or 7i. [Gr. ya\a, milk, 
 and ir/jit'.), to produce.] A term applied to sub- 
 stances which increase the 11()W of milk. JBrandc. 
 
 GA-I..^GE', n. [Sp. gnlochn. See Galoche.] 
 
 A wooden shoo. [Ofc.] Spenser. 
 
 G.\-LAN"(;A, II. A plant ; the specific name of a 
 species of Kmnipferia, and also of a species of Alpi- 
 nia, commonly called, in English, Galangal. 
 
 GA-hA\"GAL, H. .\ plant; the Eniilish name both 
 of KiKinpferia Galanga, and Alpinia Galanga, whose 
 roots have a hot, spicy taste. 
 
 GAL'ANT-I.\E, ii. A dish of veal, chickens, or other 
 white meat, freed from bones, tied up, boiled, and 
 served cold. SmmrL 
 
 G.\-L.\'TI ANS, JI. p/. Inhabitants of Galatia, in the 
 Lesser Asia, said to bo- descendants of the Guuls. 
 (See Paul's epistle to them.] 
 
 GAl'.\X-Y, h. [Gr. juA .(la?, from ) <iAa,m!lk; Ir. 
 gral, white ; \V. gal, clear, fair, whence galactli, the 
 milky way ; Gr. koX h, fair.] 
 
 1. The milky way ; that long, white, luminous 
 track, which seems to encompass the heavens like a 
 girdle. This luminous appearance is found by the 
 telescope to be occasioned by a multitude of stars, so 
 sin.-ill as not to be distinguished by the naked eye. 
 
 Knajc. 
 
 3. An assemblage of splendid persons or things. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 GAL'RA NUM, j n. [Heb. nja'^n, and in Cli. ami Syr. 
 G.\L'I! \.\, ) varied in orthography, from i^n, 
 to milk.] 
 
 The inspissated sap of Galbanuin ollicin.ale, an 
 uinhellif^rous plant. It comes in palc-coloreil, semi 
 . tninsparent, soft, tenacious masses, of different 
 shades, from white to brown. It has a strong, un 
 pleasant smell, with a bitterish, warm taste. It is 
 unctuous to the touch, and softens between the fin 
 gers. When distilled with water or spirit, it yields 
 an essential oil ; and, by distillation in a retort with- 
 out mixture, it yields an einpyreuiiiatic oil of a fine 
 blue color ; but this is changed, in the air, to a purple 
 
 Parr. 
 
 G.^IiE, n. [In Dan., gal is furious, and kuler is to 
 blow strong, killing, a gentle gale, from the root of 
 coal and coil. In Ir., ml is u pulf, a blast, and steam 
 The sense is obvious.] 
 
 A current of air; a strong wind. The sonse of 
 this word is very indefinite. The poets use it in the 
 sense of a moderate breeze or current of air ; .t-s, s 
 gentle galr, A stronger wind is called a fresh gale. 
 
 In the language of seamen, the word gale, unac 
 conipanied by an epithet, signifies a vehement wind, 
 a storm, or tempest. They s.iy, the ship carried 
 away her topmast in a gale, or gale of wind ; the 
 ship rode out the gale. Hut the word is often quali- 
 fied ; as, a hard or strong gale, a violent gale. A cur- 
 rent of wind, somewhat less violent, is denominated 
 a stiff gale. A less vehement wind is called afresh 
 gale, which is a wind not too strong for a ship to 
 carry single-reefed top-sails, when close-hauled. 
 When the wind is not so violent but lhat a ship will 
 carry her top-sails a-trip, or full spread, it is called a 
 loom-gale. jtfar. Diet. Encyc. 
 
 GSIjE, )!. A plant growing in bogs. Smart. 
 CiWjV., v. i. Ill seamen's languatre, to sail, i>r sail fiusl. 
 Ga'LE-A, n. [L. galea, a helmet.] 
 
 A genus of sea hi'dgehogs. 
 GAL'E-.\S, n. A Venetian galley, large, but low 
 built, and moved both by. oars and s.tils. See Gai^- 
 
 LIASS. 
 
 GA'I.E ATE. I a. [L. galcatu.^, from galea, a hel- 
 Ga'LE A-TEO, j met.] 
 
 I. Covered as with a helmet. Woodward. 
 3. In botany, having a tluwer like a helmet, as the 
 monk's-hood. 
 
 GA-IJCE'TO, n. A fish of the genus nienniiis, of a 
 greenish color, soinetimcs variegated with blue 
 transverse lines, and, like the eel, living many hours 
 after being taken frimi the water. 
 
 G.\-L£'N.'\, ?i. [<;r. ia\r]vTi, tranquillity, so named 
 from its supposed effects in mitigating the violence 
 of disease.] 
 
 1. Originally, the name of the theriaca. Parr. 
 3. Sulpliuret of lead ; its common color is that 
 shining, bluish gray, usually called lead gray ; some- 
 times it is nearly steel gray. Its streak has a metal- 
 lic luster, but its fine powder is nearly black. Its 
 structure is commonly foliated, sometimes granular 
 or compact, and sometimes striated or fibrous. It 
 occurs in regular crystals, or more frequently mas- 
 sive. Cleareland. 
 
 GA-U'.N'ie, I a. Pertaining to or containing ga- 
 
 GA-LEN'ie-AI.,, ! lena. F.ncyc. 
 3. [from Galen, the physician.] Relating to (Jalen 
 or his principles and method of treating disi::uses. 
 The galenic remedies consist of preparations of herbs 
 and roots, by infusion, decoction, &c. The chemical 
 remedies consLst of preparations by means of calcin- 
 ation, dige.stion, fermentation, &c. 
 
 Ga'I,Ei\'-ISM, n. The doctrines of Galen. 
 
 Ga'LI;N-IST, n. A follower of (Jalen in the prepa- 
 ration of medicine and modes of treating diseases ; 
 opposed to the chemisLs. 
 
 GAL-E-IUe'll-LATE, a. Covered as with a hat. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 GAL'KR-ITE, n. [L. galerus, a hat or cap.] 
 
 A genus of fossil shells. 
 GA-LIU'l-.'W, (-ish'e-an,) a. Pertaining to Galicia. 
 GAL-I-Ln'AN, n. A native or iiihaliilant of Galilee, 
 
 in Judea. Also, one of a sect among the Jews, who 
 
 opposed the pa>'iiu'nt of tribute to the Romans. 
 GAI.-I-LR'AN-TEI.'E-SeOPE. See Tklescope. 
 GAL'I I.EE, ;i. A porch or chapel, usually at the west 
 
 end of a cliurch. Gmilt. 
 G.\L,-I-JI A'TIAS, (-mS'sha,) n [Fr. galimatias.] 
 
 Nonsense. [See Gallimatia.] .Addison. 
 GAL'I-OT, (gal'e-ot,) «. [Ft. galtote: Sp. galcola ; It. 
 
 galeotta ; L. galep..] 
 
 1. A small galley, or sort of bri.o;an!ine, built for 
 chase. It is moved both by sails and oars, having 
 one mast, and sixteen or twenty seats for rowers. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 2. OaUot, or galVwtt ; a Dulcli vessel, carrying a 
 main-mast and a inizr.en-n:a.st, and a large gaff main- 
 sail. Mnr. Did. 
 
 G.-\l,'[-POT, n. [Sp.] A white resin or resinous juice, 
 which fiov.'s, by ir.cision, from the pine-tree, espe- 
 cially the liiari'.inie pine. 
 
 S;). DU-U Fourcroy. Diet. JVaL IlisL 
 Galipot iiiciusts the wounds of fir-trees during 
 winter. It consists of resin and oil. * Coie. 
 
 GAI.L, n. gealla ; G. gallc ; U.gal ; Vnn. galde ; 
 
 iiw. galle: Gr. x"^l> probably from its color; Sax. 
 gealcie, yellow. See Yellow and Gold.] 
 
 I. In tJie animal economy, a bitter, bottle-green 
 fluid, secreted by the gall-bl.adder on the under siile 
 of the liver. It is glutinous, or imperfectly fluid, like 
 oil. Encyc. J^^tcholson. 
 
 3. Any thing extremely bitter. Drydrn. 
 
 3. Rancor ; malignity. SpeiL.<er. 
 
 4. .Anger; bitti-rness of mind. Prior. 
 GAI.L'-BI.AD-OER, n. A small, membninous sack, 
 
 shaped like a pear, seated on the under side of the 
 liver, which .secretes a thickish and very bitter fluid, 
 of a dark, bottle-green color, called gall. Tully. 
 
 GALL'-SfCK-NESS, n. A remitting bilious fever in 
 the iNetherlands. Parr. 
 
 G.\I,Ii'-STONE, 71. A concretion formed in the gall- 
 liladdir. 
 
 GALL, n. [L. <ra/Ia ; Sax. gealla ; Sp. oo-o//a ; It. galla.] 
 A hard, round excrescence, on a kind of oak-tree, 
 (the Uuerciis infectoria,) in certain warm climates, 
 said to be the nest of an insect called cynips. It is 
 formed from the tear issuing from a puncture ni.ade 
 by the insect, ami gradually increased by acre.ssions 
 of fresh matter, till it forms a covering to the eggs 
 and succeeding insects. Galls are used in making 
 ink ; the best are from Aleppo. Parr. 
 
 3. Oall of glass, also called sandiver ; the neutral 
 salt skimmed off from the surface of melted glass. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 GALL, r. I. [Fr. galer, to scratch or nib ; gale, scab.] 
 I. To fret and wear away by friction ; to excoriate ; 
 to hurt or break the skin by rubbing ; as, a saddle 
 galls the back of a horse, or a collar his breast. 
 
 Tyranl, I well JcfcTre thy galling chain 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To impair ; to wear away ; as, a stream gallt 
 the ground. Hay. 
 
 3. To tease ; to fret ; to vex ; to chagrin ; on, to be 
 galleil by sarcasm. 
 
 4. To wound ; to break the surface of any thing 
 by rubbing ; as, to gall a iniust or a cable. 
 
 5. To injure ; to harass ; to annoy. The troops 
 were galled by the shot of the enemy. 
 
 In our vfnn nfpilnst ihi^ French of olil. we uiej to gatt them 
 vviU) our lun? liowt, at n ^-utcr ULsUince Uuin t'lev could 
 shoot Uieir urruWB. AdtUson. 
 
 6. In dyeing, to impregnate with a decoction of 
 gall nuts. Ure. 
 
 GALL, r. i. To fret ; to bo teased. Shak. 
 
 GALL, 71. A wound in the skin by rubbing. 
 
 GAL'LA.XT, a. [Fr. ira/«<i( ; Sp. ^ra/ante ; It. irf. This 
 word is from the root of the W. gallu, to be able, to 
 have power; Eng. could; L. gallus, a cock. See 
 Coui.D, Call, and Gala. The primary sense is to 
 stretch, strain, or reach forward.] 
 
 1. Gay ; well-dressed ; showy ; splendid ; magnif- 
 icent. 
 
 Neither shall gnllant shipn pjuw thereby. — Is. uxiii. 
 The ^.ly, the wist-, the gallant, and the giuve. Walltr, 
 
 [This sense is obsolete.] 
 
 2. Brave ; high-spirited ; courageous ; heroic ; mag- 
 nanimous ; as, a gallant youth ; a gallant oflicer. 
 
 3. Fine; noble. Skak. 
 
 4. Courtly; civil; polite and attentive to ladies; 
 coiirtetms. Clarendon. 
 
 G.Mj-LAiNT', 71. A g!iy, sprightly man ; a courtly or 
 fa-shionable man. ShtJc 
 
 3. A man who is polite and attentive to ladies ; 
 one who attends upon lailies at parties, or to places 
 of amusement. 
 
 3. A wooer ; a lover ; a suitor. 
 
 4. In an ill sense, one who caresses a woman for 
 lewd purposes. 
 
 G.\L-LAi\"l'', V. I. To attend or wait on, as a lady. 
 2. To handle with grace or in a modish manner; 
 
 as, to irallant a fan. Connoisseur, 
 G AL-LA.\T'EI), ;>;>. Attended or waited on, as a 
 
 la.ly. 
 
 GAL-L.\NT'Ii\G, ppr. Waited on hv a gi'ntleinan. 
 GAL'LA.NT-LY, a./e. Gayly ; splendidly. 
 
 2. Hravcly ; nobly ; lieroicajly ; geniTously ; as, to 
 fight galhinfly ; to defend a pl;icc gallantly. 
 
 G.\L'L.\i\"l'-rVESS, 71. Elegance or completeness of 
 
 an acquireil (pialificatiim. Ifowrll. 
 G.-\L'LANT-RY, 71. [Hit. galantcria; Yr. galantcrie.] 
 I. Splendor of appearance ; show ; magnificence ; 
 ostentatious finery. \ Obsolete or obsolescent.] 
 
 Waller. 
 
 9. Braverj' ; courageousness ; heroism ; intrepidi- 
 ty. The troops entered the fort with great gallantry. 
 
 3. Nobleni'ss ; generosity. OlanvUle. 
 
 4. Civility or polite attention to ladies. 
 
 5. Vicious love or pretensions to love ; civilities 
 paid to femali* for the purpose of winning favors ; 
 hence, lewdness; debauchery. 
 
 GAL'L.-\TE, n. [from gall.] A salt formed by the 
 
 gallic acitl combined with a ba.se. Lavoisier. 
 GAL'LE-ASS. See Galliass. 
 
 GALL'i'D, pp. [See Gall, the verb.J Having the 
 skin or surface worn or torn by wearing or rubbing ; 
 fretted; te.ased ; injured; vexed. 
 
 G.AL'LE-Oi\, 71. [Sp. galcon ; Port, galeam; It. gale- 
 one. See (iALLEV.] 
 
 A large ship, with three or four decks, formerly 
 used by the Spaniards to transport to S[Ktin the gold 
 and silver bullion from the mines of Mexico and 
 Peru. P. Ci/c. 
 
 GAL'LER-Y, 17. [Tt. galerie : Sp. and Port, galrria ; 
 It. ^allrrlii ; Dan. gallerle ; G. td. : D. galdery ; Sw. 
 gatlrr-verck, and gall-rad. Liinier supposes this 
 word to be from the root of G. irallen, to walk. But 
 is it not a projection? See (Ialla-vt.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a covered part of a building, 
 commonly in the wings, used a.s an ambulatory or a 
 place for walking. Eucyc 
 
 3. An ornamental walk or apartment in gartlens, 
 formed by trees. Encyc 
 
 3. In chnrrhcs, a floor elevated on columns, and 
 furnished with pews or seats, usually ranged on thri:e 
 sides of the edifice. A similar structure in a play- 
 house. 
 
 4. In /i>r(iS<-a<i«ii, a covered walk across the ditch 
 of a town, made of beams covered with planks and 
 loaded with earth. Encyc. 
 
 ry. Ill a 77(1711', a narrow p.assage or branch of the 
 mine carried under ground to a work designed to be 
 blown up. Encyc. 
 
 (>. In a ship, a frame, like a balcony, projecting 
 from the stern or quarter of a ship of war or of a 
 large mcrchanlman. That part at the stern is called 
 the strrn-gallery ; that at the quarters, the quarter- 
 gallery. Totten. 
 
 7. In the fine arts, a term applied to a collection of 
 works in painting or sculpture. Brandt. 
 
 GAL'LE-T?LE, n. GallipoU Bacon. 
 
 GAL'LEV, 71.; pi. Galleys. [Sp. galera; It. fo/fro 
 or galea ; Fr. ffalcre ; Port, gale ; L. galea. The Lat- 
 in word signifies a helmet, the top of a mast, and a 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS 
 
 491 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 GAM 
 
 galley ; and the name of this vessel seems to have 
 been derived from the head-piece, or kind of basket- 
 work, at mast-head.] 
 
 1. A low, flat-built vessel, with one deck, and nav- 
 igated with sails and oars ; formerly used in tlie 
 Jfediterranean. It was long and narrow, and car- 
 ried two masts with lateen sails. The largest sort of 
 galleys, employed by the Venetians, were 166 feet in 
 length, with 52 oars, each oar managsd by six or 
 seven slaves. Jl/ar. Diet, P. Cijc. 
 
 2. A place of toil and misery. South. 
 
 3. A light, open boat, used on the River Thames 
 by custom-house officers, press-gangs, and for pleas- 
 ure, Jilar. Diet. 
 
 4. The cook-room or kitchen of a ship of war, an- 
 swering to the caboose of a merchantman. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. An oblong, reverberatory furnace, with a row of 
 retorts whose necks protrude through lateral open- 
 ings J^icholson. 
 
 GAL'LEY, j n. In printing, a frame which receives 
 GAL'LY, S the types from the composing-stick. 
 
 GAL'LEY-FOIST, n. A barge of state. HakewcU. 
 
 GAL'LEY-SLaVE, n. A person condemned for a 
 crime to work at the oar on board of a galley. 
 
 GALL'FL'5, Ti. An insect that punctures plants, and 
 occasions galls ; the cynips. Encyc. 
 
 GAL'LIARD, (-yard,) a. [Fr. gaillard, from ffai, gay.] 
 Gay; brisk; active. [Ois.] Chaueer. 
 
 GAL'LI.\RD, 71. A brisk, gay man ; also, a lively 
 dance. [See Gailliarde.] Bacon. 
 
 GAL'LIARD-ISE, n. Merriment ; excessive gayety. 
 [ Obs.] Brown. 
 
 GAL'LIARD-NESS, n. Gayety. [Obs.] Oaylon. 
 
 GAL'LI-ASS, 71. A lieavy, lovv-built vessel, witli two 
 masts, and having both sails and oars. Shak. 
 
 GAL'LI€, a. [from Oallia, Gaul, now France.] Per- 
 taining to Gaul or France. 
 
 GAL' Lie, a. [from era//.] Belonging to galls or oak- 
 apples ; derived from galls ; as, the gallie acid. 
 
 GAL'Lie-AN, 0. [L. OaUieus, from Oallia, Gaul.] 
 Pertaining to Gaul or France ; as, tlie Qallican 
 church or clergy. 
 
 GAL'LI-CISll, n. [Fr. gallicisme, from Oallia, Gaul.] 
 A mode of speech peculiar to the French nation ; 
 an idiomatic manner of using words in the Frencli 
 language. 
 
 GAL'LI-CIZE, V. t. To render conformable to the 
 
 French idiom or language. 
 GAL-LI-GAS'KINS, 7i. pi. [Q,u. CaligiB Vasconum, 
 Gascon-hose.] 
 Large, open hose ; used only in ludicrous lan^ttage. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 GAL-LI-Ma'TIA, 7!. Talk without meaning. 
 '^.\L,-LI-MAU'FRY, jt. [Fr. galimafree.] 
 
 1. A haish ; a medley ; a liodge-podge. [Little nscd.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 2. Any inconsistent or ridiculous medley. Dryden, 
 
 3. A woman. [JVui in use.] Shak. 
 [" Oalimaufrey, a hodge-podge made up of the rem- 
 nants and scraps of the larder." 
 
 Grose^s Classical Dietionary of the Vulgar Tongue. 
 " Clear and easy words in unintelligible things are 
 mere words without sense ; and things which are 
 unintelligible, though expressed with plain and easy 
 words, are called a galemaitfrey." 
 An Impartial Account of the fVord Mystery, as it is 
 taken in the Holy Scripture. Lond. 1691, 4to. p. 19. 
 E. H. B.l^ 
 
 ';.\L-LI-Na'CEOUS, fgal-Ie-na'shus,) a. [L. gallina- 
 ceus, from gallina, a hen, gallus, a cock, whose name 
 is from crowing, VV. galw. Eng. to call.] 
 
 Designating that order of birds called OallincE, in- 
 cluding the domestic fowls or those of the pheasant 
 kind. 
 
 Oallinaceus Lapis ; a glossy substance produced by 
 volcanic fires ; the Uipis obsidianus of the ancients. 
 A kind of it, brought from Peru, is of a beautiful 
 black, or crow-color, like the gallina^o. Encyc. 
 
 GAL-LI'NiE, 71. /(/. [L.] Si'c Gallinaceous. 
 
 GALL'ING, 71. Act of galling or fretting the skin. 
 
 GALL'ING, ppr. [See Gall, the verb.] Fretting the 
 skin ; excoriating. 
 2. a. Adapted to fret or chagrin ; vexing. 
 
 GAL'LI-NIP-PEll, n. A large musquito. 
 
 GALL'-IN'.SF.er, 71. A name common to a family of 
 insertti, inrluding the cochineal insect. Brande. 
 
 GAL'H-NULK, 71. [L. gallinula, dim. of gallina, a 
 hen.] 
 
 The watcr-hcn, a bird allied to the coot and rail, 
 and included under the Linnican genus Fulica. 
 GAL'LI-OT, ( „ „ 
 GAL-LF^OT* ( Galiot. 
 
 GAI^LIP'O-IJ oil, 71. An Inferior kind of olive oil, 
 brought from GallijKili, in the kingdom of Naples. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 GAL'LI POT, n. [D. gtrye, potter's clay, and pot.] 
 A urnali pot or vrssel, painted and glazed, UHed by 
 dniggi'tH and niuithccaricH for containing medicines. 
 GAI^LIT'ZIN-I'J'E, n. Itutile, an ore of titanium. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 GAL'LI- VAT, 71. A imall vessel used on the M.ila- 
 bar coast. Chalmers. 
 
 GALL'LESS, a. [from gall,] Free from gall or bit- 
 terness. 
 
 GALL'-NUT, 71. An excrescence on a species of oak, 
 lised in dyeing, making ink, &c. [See GallJ 
 
 GAL'LON, 71. [t!|]. galon; Law L. galona. In French, 
 galon is a grocer's box. Old Fr. julon, a gallon.] 
 
 A measure of capacity for dry or liquid things, but 
 usually for liquids, containing four quarts. But the 
 gallon is not, in all cases, of uniform contents or di- 
 mensions. In England, the old wine gallon con- 
 tains 231 cubic inches ; the old corn gallon contains 
 268yS^ cubic inches ; the old ale gallon contains 282 
 cubic inches ; the new imperial gallon, as settled by 
 the act of George IV., contains 10 pounds avoirdu- 
 pois of distilled water, or cubic inches. 
 
 P. Cyc, 
 
 GAL-LOON', 71. [Fr. galon; Sp. galon; It. galione; 
 Port, gnlam.] 
 
 \ kind of close lace, made of gold or silver, or of 
 silk onlv. Tatler. 
 GAL-LOON'ED, a. Furnished or adorned with gal- 
 loon. 
 
 GAL'LOP, V. i, [Fr. galoper ; Sp. galopear ; Port. id. ; 
 It. galoppare ; Arm. galoupat, or galompat : G. galnp- 
 pircn. If this word is from the elements GI, I Know 
 not the origin or meaning of the last constituent part 
 of the word. I suppose it to be formed with the pre- 
 fix ga on leap, G. laufen, D. loopen, geloopen. See 
 LeapJ 
 
 1. To move or run with leaps or bounds, as a horse ; 
 to run or move witli speed. 
 
 But gallop lively down the western hill. Donne. 
 
 2. To ride with a galloping pace. We galloped to- 
 ward the enemy. 
 
 3. To move very fast ; to run over. 
 
 Such superficial ideas he m.iy collect in galloping over it. Locke, 
 GAL'LOP, 71. The movement or pace of a quadruped, 
 particularly of a horse, by springs, reaches, or leaps. 
 The animal lifts his fore feet nearly at the same time, 
 and as these descend and are just ready to touch the 
 ground, the hind feet are lifted at once. The gallop 
 is the swiftest pace of a horse, but it is also a moder- 
 ate pace, at the pleasure of a rider. 
 GAL-LOP-,\DE', n. A kind of dance, and also a kind 
 
 of music appropriate to the dance. 
 GAL'LOP-Eli, 71. A horse that gallops ; also, a man 
 that gallops or makes haste. 
 
 2. In artillery, a carriage on which very small guns 
 are conveyed. It has shafts, so as to be drawn with- 
 out a limbon, and it may serve for light three and six 
 pounders. 
 
 GAL'LO-PIN, 71. [Fr.] A servant for the kitchen. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 GAL'LOP-ING, ppr, or a. Riding or moving with a 
 GAL'LoW, 7). t [Sax. aga-lwan,] [gallop. 
 
 To fright or terrify. [ OAs.] Shak, 
 G.AL'LO-VVAY, 71. .\ horse or species of horses, of a 
 small size, first bred in Galloway, in Scotland. 
 
 Hawkcsjoorth, 
 
 GAL'LoW-GLXSS, 71. An ancient Irish foot soldier. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 GAL'LO^VS, 71. sing, ; pi. Gallowses. [Sax. galg, ge~ 
 alga ; Goth, galga ; G. galgen ; D. galg ; Sw. galge ; 
 Dan. id. Qallows is in tlie singuliu" number, and 
 should be preceded by a, a gallows.] 
 
 1. An instrument of punishment on vihich crimi- 
 nals are executed by iianging. It consists of two 
 jiosts and a cross-beam on the top, to which the 
 criminal is suspended by a rope fastened round his 
 neck. 
 
 2. A wretch that deserves the gallows. [JVot used.] 
 
 Shali. 
 
 3. pi. A pair of pantaloon suspenders. [Collo<iuial.] 
 GAL'LOWS-FREE, a. Free from danger of the gal- 
 lows. Dryden. 
 
 GAL'LOWS-TREE, 71. The tree of execution. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 GALIyS, 71. pi. Wounds or excoriations produced by 
 the frirtion of harness. Giirdnrr. 
 
 GAIjL'Y, a. Like gall ; bitter as gall. Cranmer, 
 
 GAL'LY, 71. [Port, gale, a galley, and a printer's 
 frame ; Fr. gal e,] 
 
 A printer's frame, on which types from the com- 
 posing stirk are placed. [See Galley.] Ash, 
 
 GAL'LY-WORM, n. An insect of the centiped kind, 
 of several species. 
 
 GA-LOCIIE', /g,a-15sh,) 71. [Fr., from Sp. galoclia, a 
 clog, or wooden shoe.] 
 
 A patten, clog, or wooden shoe, or a shoe to be 
 worn over another shoe to keep the foot dry. It is 
 written also Galosh e. 
 
 GA-LORE', 71. [U. gleire.] 
 
 In old irri/cr.i, plenty ; abundance. Still used by 
 seamen. Smart. 
 
 GAL'SO.ME, (gawl'sum,) a. [(torn gall,] Angry; ma- 
 lignant. [Obs.] Morion. 
 
 G^LT, 71. A stiir, bluo marl, of the chalk formation. 
 
 Mantrll. 
 
 GAL-VAN'IC, a. Peitaiiiiiig to galvanism; contain- 
 ing or cvhibiiing it. 
 
 GAL'VAN-IS.M, 71. [from Galoani, of Bologna, Ihc 
 discoverer. ] 
 
 Electrical jihenomena in which the electricity is 
 developed without the aid of friction, and in which 
 a chemical action takes place between certain bodies. 
 
 Edin. Encyc. 
 
 Galvanism is heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, 
 united in combination or in simultaneous action ; 
 sometimes one, and sometimes another of them pre- 
 dominating, and thus producing, more or less, all the 
 effects of each — usual means of excitement, contact 
 of dissimilar bodies, especially of metals and fluids. 
 
 * Hare. SUliman. 
 
 GAL'VAN-IST, 71. One versed in galvanism. 
 
 GAL'VAN-IZE, v. t. To affect with galvanism. 
 
 GAL'VAN-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Affected with galvanism. 
 Galvanized iron ; a name given to sheets of iron 
 which are first dipped into melted zinc, and then 
 into melted tin, and are thus prepared, by the su[v 
 posed galvanic action of these metals, to resist oxy- 
 dation. Francis. 
 
 GAL'VAN-IZ-ING, ppr. Aflecting with galvanism. 
 
 GAL-VAN-OL'O-GIST, 71. One who describes the 
 phenomena of galvanism. 
 
 GAL-VAN-OL'O-GY, 7i. [galvanism, and Gr. Xoyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 A treatise on galvanism, or a description of its 
 phenomena. 
 
 GAL-VAN-OM'E-TER, ) 71. [galvanism, and Gr. pe- 
 
 GAL-VAN'O-SeOPE, \ rp,.^, measure.] 
 
 An instrument or apparatus for measuring the 
 force, or detecting the presence, of minute tpianti- 
 ties of galvanic electricity. Ure. 
 
 Ga'JIA grass, 71. A tall, stout, and exceedingly pro- 
 ductive grass, said to admit of being cut six times in 
 a season. Farm. Enryc. 
 
 GA-M.\SH'ES, 71. pi. Short spatterdashes similar to 
 gaiters. Shelton, 
 
 GAiM-Ba'DoES, 71. pi, [It. gamba, the leg.] 
 
 Cases of leather, formerly useil to defend the leg 
 from mud, and in riding on horseback. Hulloicay. 
 
 G.liM'BET, 71. A bird, of the size of the greeiishaiik, 
 found in the Arctic Sea, and in Scandinavia and Ice- 
 land. Pennant. 
 
 GA.M'BI-SON, 71. [Fr.] A stuffed doublet worn un- 
 der armor. Toone. 
 
 G.V.M'BIT, a. In chess, a. term applied to a game which 
 is begun by moving the king's or queen's pawn two 
 squares, with the intention of moving the adjoining 
 bishop's pawn two squares also, thus leaving the 
 first-moved, or gambit pawn, undefended. Smart. 
 
 GAM'BLE, V. i. [from game,] To play or game for 
 money or other stake. 
 
 GAJl'BLE, V, t. To gamble away, is to squander by 
 gaming. 
 
 4I;tnkrupts or sots who have gambled or slept aictty tlicir estates. 
 
 .4 me*. 
 
 GAM'BLKD, prct. of Gamdle. 
 
 GA.M'BLER, 71. One who games or plays for money j 
 or other stake. Gamblers often or usually become 
 clietits and knaves. 
 
 G.\i\l'BLING, ppr. Gaming for money. 
 
 GAM'BLING, 71. The act or practice of gaming for 
 money. 
 
 GAM-BoGE', 71. A concrete vegetable juice, or in- 
 spissated sap, produced by the Hebradentlron Cam- 
 bogioides. It is brought in orbicular masses, or cy- 
 lindrical rolls, from Cambodia, Cambudja, or Cambogia, 
 in the East Indies, whence its name. It is of a 
 dense, compact texture, and of a beautiful reddish- 
 yellow. It is used chiefly as a pigment. Taken in- 
 ternally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic and emet- 
 ic. JVtcholson, 
 
 GAM-Bo'Gl-AN, a. Pertaining to gamboge. 
 
 GAiM'BOL, V, 1. [Fr. gambiller, to wag the leg or kick, 
 from It. gamba, the leg, Vt,jambe, Sp. gamba,] 
 
 1. To dance and skip about in sport ; to frisk ; to 
 leap : to jilay in frolic, like boys anil lambs. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 Q. To leap ; to start. Shak. 
 
 G.\M'BOL, 11. A skipping or leaping about in frolic ; a 
 skip ; a hop ; a leap ; a sportive prank. Dryden. 
 
 GAM'BOL-ING, ppr. Leaping ; frisking ; playing 
 pninks. 
 
 G.IM'BKEL, 71. [from It. gamba, the leg.] 
 
 1. The hind leg of a horse. Hence, 
 
 2. A stick crooked like a horse's leg, used by butch- 
 ers. Smart. 
 
 A ciirb-roiif is called a gambrel-roof. 
 GAM'BREL.ti. (. To tie by the leg. Beaum, S[ Fl, 
 G.^ME, «. [Ice. gaman : Sax. gumen, a jest, sport ; ga- 
 mian, to jest ; to sport ; It. giambare, to jest or jeer ; 
 VV. camp, a feat, a game ; eamjiiair, to contend in 
 *'ames. The latter seems to unite game with camp, 
 which in Saxon and other northern dialects signifies 
 a combat.] 
 
 1. Sport of any kind. Shak, 
 
 2. Jest ; opposed to earnest ; as, betwixt earnest 
 and game. [A'ut ii,«crf.] Spenser. 
 
 3. An exercise or play for amusement or winning 
 a stjike ; as^ a game of cricket ; a game of chess ; a 
 game of whist. Some games (lei)ciid on skill, others 
 on hazard. 
 
 4. A single match at play. Addison 
 AdvaulacB in jilay ; as, to play the game into 
 
 another's hand. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — MflTE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. 
 
 _ - — _ 
 
GAN 
 
 n. Sclienic pursiiiMl ; measures planned. 
 
 Tliit weint lo Ui Uv pmsrnl gnuu of tli.u cruvvii. Templt. 
 
 7. l^ield spurts ; the chase \ falconry, &c. 
 
 Shak. IViiUn. 
 
 8. Animals pursued or taken in tlie chase, or in tlie 
 sports of tin' tield ; animals appropriated in England 
 to lepal sportsmen, us deer, hares, &c. 
 
 9. In onti'iuity, games were public diversions or 
 contests exhibited as spectacles for the gratilicntion of 
 the people. These games consisted of running, leap- 
 ing, vvrestlinp, riding, &c. Siicli wiTe the Olympic 
 g-amrs, the Pythian, the Isthmian, the Nemean, &c., 
 among the Greeks ; and among the Komans, the Apol- 
 linarian, the Circensian, the Capitoline, itc. F.ncijc. 
 
 10. .Mockery; sport; derision; as, to make game 
 of a person. 
 
 Ua.ME, v. i. [Sax. gamian.] 
 
 1. 'I'll play at any sport or diversion. 
 
 2. 'I'o play for a stake or prize ; to iite cards, dice, 
 billiards, or other instruments, according lo certain 
 rules, with a view to win money or other thing waged 
 upon the issue of the contest. 
 
 ;t. To practice gaming. 
 G.X.MK'-COCK, 71. Acock bred or used to figlit ; a 
 
 cock kept for barbarous sport. Locke. 
 G.aAIU'-EGG, n. An egg from which a fighting cock 
 
 is bred. Qartli, 
 Ga.MK'FIJL, a. Full of game or games. 
 GAiME'KEEI'-EU, n. One who has the care of game ; 
 
 one who is .authori/.cd to preserve beasts of the chase, 
 
 or animals kept for sport. Blackstone. 
 Ga.ME'-I.EG, h. a lame leg. 
 Ga.ME'I.ESS, a. Destitute of game. 
 G.l.ME'SO.ME, a. Gay ; sportive ; playful ; frolicsome. 
 
 Tlus gamesoriit liuiiior of clul<li\-ii. Locke. 
 GSME POME-LY, adv. Merrily : pl.iyfully. 
 GaME's-OME-.\ESS, n. Sportivencss ; merriment. 
 GA.ME'STEll, n. [game, and Sa\. stcora, a director.] 
 
 1. A person addicted to gaming ; one who is ac- 
 customed lo play for monej' or other stake at cards, 
 dice, Inlliards, and the like ; a gambler; one skdled 
 in games. Mdison. 
 
 It it as e;\sy to be a kcholar lu a gametter. Harris. 
 
 2. One engaged at play. Bacon. 
 
 3. .\ mcrrj', frolicsome person. [JVut used.] Shak. 
 
 4. A prostitute. [Auf in v-se.] Shak. 
 GAiM'I.Vt;, y)/ir. riaying; sporting; pl.iying for money. 
 Ga.M'ING, ». The act or art of pl.aying any game, in 
 
 a contest for a victory, or for a prize or slake. 
 
 2. The pmctice of using cards, dice, billiards, and 
 the like, according to certain rules, for winning 
 money, &c. 
 
 GA.M'INtJ-HOUSE, 71. A house where gaming is prac- 
 liceil. Blackstone. 
 
 Ga.M'I.XG Ta-BLE, 71. A table appropriated lo gam- 
 ing. 
 
 GA.M-.M AR'O-LITE, n. A petrified crawfish, or other 
 
 crustaceous animal. 
 G.\.M'MEK, 71. [Sw. gammal, Dan. gammel, old ; Sw. 
 
 gummoy an old woman.]" 
 
 The compellation of an old woman, answering to 
 
 gaffer, applied to an old man. 
 GA.M'.MO.\, 11. [ It. irar7i4a ; Fr.jambe, a leg ; jamAi»7i, 
 
 a leg of bacon, janfre Ao;ic] 
 
 1. The buttock or tliign of a hog, pickled and 
 smoked or dried ; a smoked liam. 
 
 2. A game, called usually liAeKOAMMO.v, which 
 
 3. .An imposition or hoax. [see. 
 GAM'.MO.N, I', t. To make bacon; to pickle and dry 
 
 in smoke. 
 
 2. To fasten a bowsprit to the stem of a ship by 
 several turns of a rope. Mar. Diet 
 
 GAM'.MON, V. L In the game of backgammon, the par- 
 ly that, by fortunate throws of the dice, or by supe- 
 rior skill in moving, withdraws all his men from the 
 board, before his antagonist has been able to get his 
 men home and withdrawany of them from his table, 
 gammon.^ his antagonist. 
 
 2. To impose on a person by making him believe 
 improbable stories ; to humbug. Dickens. 
 
 GAM'.M0.\'-A;I), See the verb. 
 
 GAM'JIO.\-I.\G, ppr. See the verb. 
 
 G.\M'M0N-1.\G, II. The lashing by which the bow- 
 sprit of a vessel is secured to the stem. 
 
 «. I{. Dana, Jr. 
 
 GAM-0-PET'AI.-OUS, a. A term applied to the oorol 
 of a llowcr, when the petals cohere li) their contiii- 
 tious margins, so as to form a lube. LimUeij. 
 
 GAM-O-SEP'AL-OUS, a. .\ term applied to the calyx 
 of a flower, when the sepals cohere, by their contin- 
 uous edges, into a kind of tube or cup. Lindlrtj. 
 
 G.AM'UT, 71. [Sp. gamma : Port. id. ; Kr. gamme ; from 
 the Greek letter so named.] 
 
 1. A scale im which notes in music are written or 
 printed, consisting of lines and spaces, which sire 
 nametl after the first seven letters of the alphabet. 
 
 2. The first or gravest note in Guido's scale of mu- 
 sic^ Ihe modern scale. 
 
 GA.N ; a contraction of Beoak, or rather the original 
 
 simple word. Sax. gynnaa, lo begin. 
 GA.NCII, r. 1. [It. gancio, a hook.) 
 
 To drop from a high place on sharp suikes or hooks, 
 
 03 the Turks do malefactors, by way of punishment. 
 
 GAN 
 
 GANt^'lI'l.N'G, II. The act of letting one fall on sharp 
 stakes or liooks; a Turkish piinislinient of criminals. 
 
 G.VN'DEK, 11. [f^ax. gundra, ganra : It. ganra. In Ger. 
 ami D. gans is a goose ; D. gan.irrtrk, a gandirr ; (Jr. 
 X7)i', and probably L. anser. Pliny says llial, in Ger- 
 many, the small, white geese were called ganza. 
 Lib. 10, 22.] 
 The male of the goose. 
 
 GANG, I', i. [Sax. gangan ; Goth, gaggan.] 
 
 Togo; to walk. [Scoltuili.'] „ 
 
 GANG, ». [!^:ix. gang : D. Dan. G. gang; Sw. gang, 
 a going, .a pace t>r gait, a way, a passage, an alU^y, 
 an avenue, a porch, portico, or gallery ; G. erzreickcr 
 gang, and Dan. mincrulisk gang, a metallic vein, a 
 streali in a mine ; (Joth. gagg, a way or street ; gag- 
 gan, to go, to walk.] 
 
 1. Prupcrhj, a going ; hence, a number going in 
 company ; hence, n company or a number of persons 
 associated for a particular purpose; as, a gang of 
 thieves. 
 
 2. In ,«fnmc«'.5 'n»^i/n;,'P, a select number of a ship's 
 crew appointed on a particular service, under a suit- 
 able ollicer. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. In mining, literalhi, a course or vein ; but appro- 
 prialclij, tile earthy, stony, saline, or combustible sub- 
 stance, which contains the ore of iiii tals, or is only 
 mingled with it, without being chemically combined. 
 This is called the gang or matrix of tile onr. It dif- 
 fers from a 77iiiii-ra/iicr, ill not being combined with 
 the metal. Clearclanil. 
 
 [ This tctirit, in the latter sense, is communtij, but in vi- 
 olatiim of etifmologij, written Ganove.] 
 GANG'HOAIU), «. A board or plank, with cleats for 
 steps, used for walking into or out of a boat. 
 
 Falconer. 
 
 2. A term applied to planks pl.iced within or with- 
 out the bulwarks of a vessel's waist, for the si:nlinel 
 to walk or stand on. Totlcn. 
 
 GANG'-1)A Vs, 11. pi. Days of perambulation. 
 
 GA.NG'IIOKN, 71. A (lower. jiinsaorth. 
 
 GAN"GL1-At;, a. Itelatiiig to a gangliim. 
 
 GAN"GI,l-ON, (gang'gle-on,) k. [Gr. }a}y^iof.] 
 
 1. In anatumij, a he.'ilthy and naliinil enlargement 
 occurring somewhere in tlie course of a nerve. There 
 are two systems of nerves which have ganglions upon 
 them. First, those of common sensation, whose gan- 
 glions are near to the origin of the nerve in the spinal 
 cord. Secoiitlly, the great sympathetic nerve, which 
 has v.arioiis ganglions on various parts of it. 
 
 2. In surgrrtj, ail encysted tumor situated some- 
 where on a tendon, formed by the elevation of the 
 sheath of the tendon, and the elfusiiui of a viscid 
 fluid into it. Tulltj. 
 
 GAN"GI,l-ON-A-RY, a. Composed of ganglions. 
 
 G.\N"(Jl,l-0.\'ie, a. Pertaining to a ganglion; as, 
 the ganglionic nerves of the digestive organs ; or the 
 ganglionic nerves of common sensation. Prout, 
 
 G.\N' GI1E-N.\TE, r. t. To produce a gangrene. 
 
 GAN"GHE-.N'A-Ti;i), /<;). .Mortified. IBroten. 
 
 GAN"GKE Na-TING, ppr. .Mortifying. 
 
 GAN"'.jKE.\E, (gang'green,) ti. [Fr., from L. gan- 
 gi-^ta; Gr. y y i.an -i ; Syr. gangar.] 
 
 .k mortificaiioii of living llesh, or of some part of a 
 living animal body. 
 
 GAN' olli;."."!;, r. t. To mortify. 
 
 G A.\'"(;RI"..\K, t>. i. To bi come mortified. 
 
 GAN"GI{F;N-f;D, pp. .Mortified. 
 
 G.AN"GKE-.VKS'CE.\T, a. Tending to mortification. 
 
 GAi\"GRF;.\-ING, ppr. .Mortifying. 
 
 G,\.\"GRE-.NOl.'S, a. Mortified; indicating mortifi- 
 cation of living llesh. 
 
 GANGUE, (gang,) ii. [G. gang, a vein.] 
 
 The mineral substance which incloses any inetallic 
 ore in the vein. Ure. 
 
 [ The proper spelling leould, etymologicaUy, be Gang, 
 which see,] 
 
 GANG'\V.\Y, ti. a passage, way, or avenue, into or 
 out of any inclosed place. 
 
 2. 'J'lie pari of a vessel on the spar-deck, forming a 
 p.as.sagp along each siile, from the quarter-deck to the 
 forecastle ; more properly termed the icaijtf. Totten. 
 
 To bring ti} Uie gangicatj, in Uie discipUne of ships, 
 is lo punish a seaman by tying him up and flogging 
 him, in the waist or at liic gangway, iJie usual place 
 of ptiiiishment. Totlcn. 
 
 GA.NG'WEEK, n. Uognlion week, when processions 
 are made lo luslratc or survey the bounds of parish- 
 es. Diet. 
 
 G.\.\'IL, 71. .'V kind of brittle limestone. Kirican. 
 
 G.A.N'.NET, 71. [^-.w. ganot. See Gandeh.] 
 
 Till- Solan GiHise, a sea-fowl allied to the pelican, 
 and belonging, wiih the booby, lo the genus Siila, 
 about seven |Kiunds in weight, with a straight bill, 
 six inches long, and palmaled feet. These gaunets 
 fretpieiit the norlheiu regions of both continents in 
 siimmi r, and feed on herrings and other fish. 
 
 Partingtxin, 
 
 Ga'.VOID, ( o. Pertaining to the order of fishes 
 
 GA-NOIl)'l-AN, ! called Ganoidians. 
 GA-.\OID'l-.\.\S, n. ;)/. [Gr. >uiuj, brightness, and 
 £i<!.i5, form.] 
 
 .An order of fishes, having angular scales, covered 
 with bright enamel. The bony pike and sturgeon 
 belting to this order. Atrassiu 
 
 GAR 
 
 GA.\T'I,ET, (71. [The Lxsl syllable is from the Teu- 
 
 GANT'LOl'E, j tonic, 1). lonpen, lo run. The first 
 is probably from gang, a passage. Tile German has 
 gassenUtuf'er, streift-riiuner.] 
 
 A military piinislinient inflicted on criminals for 
 some heinous offense. It is executed in this manner: 
 Siddiers are arranged in two rows, face to face, each 
 armed with a switch or instrument of punishiiieiil ; 
 between these rows, the olfender, stripped to his 
 waist, is compirlled to p.'iss a certain nunitier of times, 
 antl each man gives liiiii a stroke. A similar piinisli- 
 nient is usetl on boartl of ships. lltMice this word is 
 chiefly used in the phrase lo run lite gantlet, or gant- 
 lope. Dnjden. Mar. DicU 
 
 GAN'Z.A, 77. [Sp. gan.io, a goose. See Gander.] 
 A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtu- 
 oso was fabled to bo carried to the lunar world. 
 
 Johnson, lludibras. 
 
 GAOL, 71. [Fr. gcOlc ; Arm. grol or jol : VV. ^rol ; Norm. 
 geaule ; geole ; Sp. jtuila, a cage, a cell ; Port, gaiola. 
 Ou. Class Gl, No. U, 3li, Ar. As the pronuncialion 
 gole accords with that of goal, a ditfrreiil word, it 
 would be convenient to write this word uniformly 
 Jail.] 
 
 A prison ; a place for the confinement of debtors 
 and crimin.'ils. 
 Gaol, e. l. To imprison ; to confine in prison. Bacon, 
 GAOL'-DE-LI V'EU-Y, ii. A judicial process for clear- 
 ing jails of criminals, by trial and condemnation or 
 aci|iiittal. 
 
 GAOL'ER, n. The keeper of a gaol or prisoner; a 
 jailer. 
 
 G.AP, 71. [See Gape and Gab. Gipsy, gcb, Hindoo, 
 gibah, a hole.] 
 
 1. An o|iciiing in any thing made by breaking or 
 parting ; as, a gap in a fence or wall. 
 
 2. A breach. 
 
 Manifold niis/Tira f-nsin-tl by Uie opening •! dial gap to nil that 
 8i>)e of Climlotidoti), Knallet. 
 
 3. Any avenue or passage ; way of entrance or de- 
 parture. Dnjden. 
 
 4. A breach ; a defect ; a flaw ; as, a ^a;i in honor 
 or reputation. Shak. More. 
 
 5. Any opening, interstice, or vacuity. 
 
 A third foiii fill the gap xwilh laughing. Sto^t. 
 
 6. A liiatus ; a chasm ; as, a ^a;i between words. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 To stop a gap ; to secure a weak point ; to repair a 
 defect. 
 
 To stand in Vie gap ; to expose one's self for the 
 protection of something ; to make defense against 
 any assailing danger. Ezek. xxii. 
 GXPE, (pronounced .rape to a limited extent in Eng- 
 land,) V. i [Sax. gcapan; Sw. gapa; D. gaapen; G. 
 
 gaffen; Dan.gabcr; Ar. i_»Ls» jauba, to split, tear, 
 or cut open.] 
 
 1. To o|>en the mouth wide, from sleepiness, drow- 
 siness, or diilliii^ss ; to yawn. SwifL 
 
 2. To open the mouth for food, as young birds. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 3. To gape for, or after : to desire earnestly ; to 
 crave ; to look and long for ; as, men often gape af- 
 ter court favor. 
 
 The hungry grave for her due tribute gapet. Denham. 
 To gape at, in a like sense, is hardly correct. 
 
 4. To open in fissures or crevices ; as, a gaping 
 rock. 
 
 May lh:it ground gape and swallow me alive. Shak. 
 
 5. To have a hiatus ; as, one vowel gaping on an- 
 other. Dryden. 
 
 6. To open the mouth in wonder or surprise ; as, 
 the gaping fool ; the gaping crowd. 
 
 7. To utter sound with open throat. Roscommon. 
 
 8. To open the mouth with ho|ie or cxp<'Clation. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 0. To open the mouth with a desire to injure or 
 devour. 
 
 They have gaped upon me with Uieir mouUi. — Job xvl. 
 GAPE, 71. A gaping. .Sddisan. 
 2. In loiilogn, the width of the mouth when opened, 
 as of birds, fishes, &c. 
 
 7'Af gapes; a disease of young poultry, attended 
 with much gaping. 
 GXP'EK, II. One who gapes ; a yawncr. 
 
 2. One who opens his mouth for wonderand stares 
 foolishly. 
 
 3. One who longs or craves. Corcai. 
 
 4. A fish with SIX or seven bands and tail undivid- 
 ed. PennanL 
 
 GAP'ING, ppr. or a. Opening the mouth wide from 
 sleepiness, dullness, wonder, or admiration ; yawn- 
 ing ; opening in fissures ; craving. 
 
 G.AP'-TOOTH-/;i), (-tootht,) a. Having interstices 
 between Ihe teeth. Dryden. 
 
 GAK, in Saxon, a dart, a weapon; as in tjlgar, oi 
 Eadgar, a liap|i) weapon ; Ethdgar, noble weapon. 
 
 Qibson. 
 
 This may be the Ch. Niu or Kiu, an arrow, a dart ; 
 Sam. an arrow.] 
 2. Several kinds of fish are known by this name. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; III as in THIS. 
 
 62* 
 
 pp 
 
 493 
 
GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 GAR, r. '10 cause ; to make. Speiisn-. 
 GAR'A-GaY, n. A rapacious bird of Mexico, of the 
 
 size of tile kite. Diet. 
 GAR'AN-CINE, n. An extract of madder by means 
 
 of sulpliuric acid, prepared in France. Ure. 
 GXRR, n. [Ft. garbe, looks, countenance; It. and i?p. 
 
 ffiirbo ; Norm, garbs, clotlies, dress ; Russ. gerb, arms j 
 
 from the root of gear.] 
 
 1. Dress ; clotlies ; habit ; as, the garb of a clergy- 
 man or judge. 
 
 2. Fashion, or mode of dress. DenUam. 
 
 3. Exterior appearance ; looks. Sliok. 
 
 4. In heraldry, a sheaf of grain. [Fr. gcrbe ; Sp. 
 garba.] 
 
 GaR'BAGE, n. [I know not the component parts of 
 this word.] 
 
 The bowels of an animal j refuse parts of (iesh ; 
 
 offal. ShaU. Dnjdcn. 
 
 GaR'B.\G-ED, a. Stripped of the bowels. Sherwood. 
 GaRB'ED, o. Dressed ; habited. 
 GAR'BEL, 71. The plank next the keel of a ship. [See 
 
 Garboard-Streak.] 
 GjvR'BLE, v. t. [Sp. garhillar ; It. cribrare, crivellare ; 
 
 Fr. cribler ; L. cribo, cribcllo. Qu. At. garba- 
 
 la, or Ch. to sift, to bolt. Class Kb, No. 30, 
 
 34, 4C.] 
 
 1. Priyperbj, to sift or bolt ; to separate the fine or 
 valuable parts of a substance from the coarse and 
 useless parts, or from dross or dirt ; as, to garble 
 spices. 
 
 2. In presetU usage, to pick out or separate such 
 parts from a whole as may serve a purpuse ; as, to 
 garble a quotation. Dnidcii. Lnckr. 
 
 GaR'BL£D, pp. or a. Sifted ; bolted ; separated ; culled 
 out, to serve a purpose ; as, a garbled quotiitiiui. 
 
 GXR'BLER, n. One who garbles, sifts, or separates. 
 A garbier of spices is an officer of great antiquity in 
 London. 
 
 2. One who picks out, culls, or selects, to serve a 
 purpose, as in making quotations. 
 
 G.iiR'BLES, (-biz,) 71. pi. The dust, soil, or filth, sev- 
 ered from good spices, drugs, &.C. Cyc. 
 
 GaR'BLING, ;)pr. Silliug j separating ; sorting ; cull- 
 ing. 
 
 GXR'BdARD, 71. The garboard plank, in a ship, is the 
 fir.'it plank fastened on the keel on the outside. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 Qarboard-streak, in a skip, is the first range or 
 streak of planks laid oil a ship's bottom next the 
 keel. Totten. 
 GXR'BOIL, 71. [Old Fr. garhouil ; It. garbuglio.] 
 
 Tumult ; uproar. [JVnt used.] Siiak. 
 GaRD. See Guard and Ward. 
 
 GXR'D£.\, n. [G. garten: VV. garlh; It. giardino; Pp. 
 jardin ; Fr. id. ; Port, jardim ; Arm. jurdd, jardin, or 
 gardd. The first syllable is the Sax. geard, Goth, 
 ^ards. Eng. yaj-i/, an inclosed idace. The Saxon is 
 ortgeard, Dan. vrtegaard, Sw. brtegard, woxiy^xA, an 
 inclosure for herbs. The Irish is gairdin, m garriUta ; 
 Hungarian, korlh ; L. hortus. In Slavonic, gard, Russ. 
 gvrod, signifies a town or city, and the derivative verb 
 gortja, to inclose with a hcilge. Hence StuUgard, 
 J^ovogrod, or JVovogardia. The primary sense of gar- 
 den is an inclosed place, and inclosures were origi- 
 nally made with hedges, stakes, or palisades. It is 
 probable that, in the East, and in the pastoral state, 
 men had little or no inclosed land, except such as 
 was fenced for the protection of herbs and fruits, and 
 for villages. See Coxe's Russ. I). 4.] 
 
 1. A piece of ground appropriated to the cultiva- 
 tion of herbs or plants, fruits and flowers, usually 
 near a mansion-house. Land appro[>riated !o the 
 raising of culinary herbs and roots for domestic 
 use, is called a kitchen-garden ; that appropriate<l to 
 flowers and shrubs is called a fiowrr-garden; and that 
 to fruits is called a fruit-garden. But these uses are 
 sometimes blended. 
 
 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country ; 
 a delightful spot. The intervals on the River Con- 
 necticut are all a garden. Lombardy is the garden 
 of Italy. 
 
 GAIl'DK.V, a. Pertaining to or produced in a garden. 
 
 GAR'D/';N, r. i. To lay out or to cultivate a garden; 
 to prepare (.'round, to plant and till it, for the purpose 
 of producing planls, shiiihs, flowers, and fruits. 
 
 0\ll'l)J-:\-Kl), pp. Dressed and cultivated as a g.ar- 
 din. 
 
 GA ll'Df.W-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to make, 
 lend, :ind dress a garden. 
 
 GA K'D/,'.N'-I.\(;, ppr. (^illivating or tilling a garden. 
 
 GAR'DAN IN<;, n. The act of laying out and culti- 
 vating gardens ; hortjcullun^ Encifc. 
 
 GAR'D/'.N-LE.S.'S, a. Destitute of a garden. Shcltni. 
 
 GAR'DA.W-MoLD, 71. Mold, or rich, mellow earth, 
 Huitablc for a garden Mortimer. 
 
 GAK'DA;.\-1'L0T, 7. I'he plot or plantation of a gar- 
 den. 
 
 GAR'DKN-STUKF, 71. I'lant.s growing in a garden ; 
 
 ve;[etabli s for the table. [Jl word in popular u.ie.] 
 GAR'DA;.N'-TIL'LAGE, n. The tillage or cultivation 
 
 of a garden. 
 
 GAR'D£N-WaRE, 71. The produce of gardens. 
 
 in use.] Mortimer. 
 GAR'DON, 71. A fish of the roach kind. 
 GARE, 71. Coarse wool growing on the legs of sheep. 
 
 met. 
 
 GAR'FISH, ) 71. A marine fish. In America, the name 
 GAR, \ of several fishes with long, pointed, 
 
 bony snouts, belonginj to the genera Lepisosleus and 
 
 Belone. Haldeman, 
 GAR'GA-RIS^I, 71. ['L. gargarisjiius ; Gx. ) apyaoi^M, 
 
 to wasli the mouth ; allied probably to gorge, the 
 
 throat.] 
 
 A gargle ; any liquid preparation used to wash the 
 mouth and throat, to cure inllainmations or ulcers, 
 &c. _ Encyc. 
 
 G.X^R'GA-RiZE, t'. i. \Fi. gargariser; 1,. gargariio ; 
 Gr. > uu) o/n^w.] 
 
 To wash or rinse the mouth with any medicated 
 li<luor. Bacon. 
 
 GAR'GET, 71. A disease in the udders of cows ; also 
 in hogs. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 GAK'GIL, !i. A distemper in geese, which stops the 
 head, and often proves fatal. Enci/c. 
 
 GAR'GLE, 1-. t. [Fr. gargouiller, to paddle or dabble ; 
 It. gargogliare, to murmur ; Eng. to gurgle ; D. gar- 
 gcien ; G. gurgrln; allied to gorge, gttrges.] 
 
 1. To wiish the throat and mouth with a liquid 
 preparation, which is kept from descending into the 
 stomach by .a gentle expiration of air. 
 
 2. 'I'o warble ; to play in the throat. [Unusual.] 
 
 y/ullcr. 
 
 GAR'GLE, 71. Any liquid preparation forwa.'^hing the 
 mouth and throat. 'iViseman. 
 
 GAR'GLED, pp. Washed, as the throat. 
 
 GAR'GLING, ppr. W.ashing, as the throat. 
 
 GAlt'GLING, 71. The act of washing the throat with 
 a gargle or liquid, preparation. 
 
 GAR'GOL, 71. A distemper in swine. Mortimer. 
 
 GAR'GOYLE, 71. [Fr. gargouiUe.] 
 
 The spout of a gutter, in ancient buihlings, frequent- 
 ly lepreseiiling part of the human figure, or some an- 
 imal, with the water issuing from the mouth. [OZi^".] 
 It is also spelt Gargle, Gargvle, Gurooyle. 
 
 GaR'ISII. See Gairism. [Qloss, of Jirch. 
 
 GAR'L.WU, n. [Fr. guirlande ; It. ghirlanda ; Sp. 
 guiriialda ; Fort, grinalda ; Arm. garlanti'i. This word 
 has been referred to the L. gyrus, and it may be from 
 the same root. It seems to denote soiuetlimg round 
 or twisted, for in Spanish it is used for a wreath of 
 cordage or puddening.] 
 
 1. A wreath or chaplet made of branches, flowers, 
 feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be 
 worn on the head like a crown. Pope. Encyc. 
 
 2. An ornament of flowers, fruits, and leaves, in- 
 termixed, anciently used at the gates of temples, 
 where feasts and solemn rejoicings were held. 
 
 Owilt. 
 
 3. The top ; the principal thing, or thing most 
 prized. Sfuzk. 
 
 4. A collection of little printed pieces. Percy. 
 
 5. In ships, a sort of bag, of network, having the 
 mouth extended by a hoop, used by sailors to keep 
 j)r()Visions in. 'J'otten. 
 
 GA R'LAN D, 71. t. To deck with a garland. B. Jonsoii. 
 
 GA K'LAND-El), Adorned with a garland. 
 
 GaR'LAND-INC, ;</ir. Decking with a garland. 
 
 GAR'LAND-LESS, a. Destitute of a garland. 
 
 GAR'LIC, 71. [Sax. garlec, or gurleac; gar, a dart or 
 lance, in Welsh a shank, and leac, a leek ; Ir. gairli- 
 og ; W. gnrlleg. The Germans call it knobiauch, 
 knobleek ; D. knojlook ; Gr. cr*o/)ij^r)i'.] 
 
 A plant, of the genus Allium, having a bulbous 
 root, a Very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. 
 Eacli root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called 
 cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous 
 coat, and t^asily separable. Encyc. 
 
 GAR'Lie-F.A'I'''El{, 11. A low fellow. Shak. 
 
 (JaR'LICK \', (1. Like or containing garlic. 
 
 GAIl'LlC-l'EAR-TKEE, n. A tree in Jamaica, the 
 Crateva, bearing a fruit which has a strong scent of 
 garlic. Miller. 
 
 GAR'MENT, n. [Norm, gamament; Old Ft. guarni- 
 ment; It. guarnimenlo, furniture, ornament; from the 
 root of garnish, and denoting what is put on or fur- 
 nished.] 
 
 Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, &c. 
 Garments, in tlte plural, denotes clotliing in general ; 
 dress. 
 
 No nmii piiUetU a piece of new clolh to an old garment. — 
 MjK. ix. 
 
 GAR'NER, 71. [Fr. grmier; Ir. geimeal; Norm, guer- 
 nirr, gamier. See Grain.] 
 
 .A granary ; a building or place where grain is stored 
 for preservation. 
 
 <;a It'MOR, I'. (. To store in a granary. Shale. 
 
 (JAK'NHR-Kl), />/>. Deposited in a garner 
 
 (JA H'N l".ll-L\(;, /i/ir. Storing in a garner. 
 
 GAR'Niyr, 11. [It. grniiato ; Ft. grenat ; ^\^,granatei 
 L. granutus, from granum, or graiiatum, the pome- 
 granate. ] 
 
 1. A mineral, usually occurring in symmetrical, 
 twelve sided crystals, (dodecahedrons,) of a deep-red 
 color. There are also green, yellow, brown, and black 
 
 varieties. It consi.sts of silica, alumina, and lime, 
 with more or less oxyd of iron or niangane.se. When 
 transparent, it is called precious garnet, and is used 
 as a gem. Other varieties are, melanitc, grossular, 
 allochroit, colophonite. The last-mentioned has an 
 emerald-green color. Garnet is a very common min- 
 eral in gneiss and mica-slate. It is the carbuncle of 
 the ancients. Dana. 
 
 2. In ships, a sort of tackle fixed to the main-stay, 
 and used to hoist in and out the cargo. Totten. 
 GAR'NISH, 71. (. [Fr. garnir ; Arm. goarni^a; Sp. 
 guarnecer ; It. guarnirc, gucrnire ; Norm, garner, 
 garnisher, to ^\'arn, to summon. The latter sense is 
 still used in law language ; and it would seem that 
 Tcarii and garnish are from the same root, for warn, 
 written in the Celtic manner, would be n-iiani.] 
 
 1. To adorn ; to decorate with appendages : to set 
 
 otr. 
 
 All wiLliin Willi flowers was garnished. Spenser. 
 
 2. In cookery, to embellish with something laid 
 round a dish. Smart, 
 
 3. To fit with fetters ; a cant term. 
 
 4. To furnish ; to supply ; as, a fort garnished with 
 troops. 
 
 5. In law, to warn ; to give notice. [See Gab- 
 
 MSHEE.] 
 
 GAR'NISH, 71. Ornament; something added for em- 
 bellishment ; decoration. 
 
 M.Atler and figure they produce ; 
 Tor garnish lliU, Htid Uiat fur use. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 2. In cookery, something round a dish as an embel- 
 lislinieiit. Smart. 
 
 3. In jails, fetters ; a cant term. 
 
 4. Pensiuncula carceraria ; an entrance-fee demand- 
 ed by the old prisoners of one just committed to jail. 
 
 Grose. 
 
 GAR'NIsri-i^D, (gilr'nisht,) H). Adorned; decora- 
 ted ; embellislied. 
 
 2. Furnished. 
 
 3. Warned ; notified. 
 
 G.!4R-N1SH-EE', 11. In law, one in whose hands the 
 property of an absconding or absent debtor is at- 
 tached, who is warned or notified of the demand or 
 suit, and who may .appear and defend in the suit, in 
 the place of the principal. Bouvier. Stat, of Conn. 
 
 GAR'NISH ING, it. That which garnishes; orna- 
 ment. 
 
 G.\R'NISII-ING, ppr. Adorning; decorating; warn 
 ill!!. 
 
 GAll'NISII-MENT, n. Ornament; embellishment. 
 
 f*'oI(lill. 
 
 2. Warning; legal notice to the agent or attorney 
 of an absconding debtor, to appear and give infor- 
 mation to the court. 
 
 3. A fee. 
 
 GAR'NI-TIJRE, 71. Ornamental appendages; embel- 
 lishment ; furniture ; dress. Addison. Beattie. Gray. 
 
 GA'lKiUS, n. [L. garum, pickle.] 
 
 Pertainuig to garum; resembling pickle made of 
 fish. Brown. 
 
 GAK'RAN, / 71. [Ir. garran f Scot, garron; G. gur- 
 
 GAK'RO.V, i re.] 
 
 A small horse ; a highland horse ; a hack ; a jade ; 
 a galloway. [JV'o^ used in America.] Temple. 
 
 GAK'RET, 11. [.Scot, garret, a watch-tower, the top 
 of a hill ; garritour, a w.atcliiiian on the battlements 
 of a castle ; Fr. gueritc, a sentinel-box ; Sp. guardil- 
 la ; .■\rm. garid; from the root of ward, guard, which 
 see.] 
 
 1. That part of a house which is on the upper 
 floor, immediately under the roof. 
 
 2. Rotten wood [./Vet in use.] Bacon. 
 GAR'RET-KD, a. Trolccied by turrets. Carcw. 
 G.Ml-UET-EliR', 71. An inhabitant of a garret ; a poor 
 
 author. 
 
 GAR'Rl-SON, n. [Fr garnison ; Arm. goarnison; Sp. 
 guarnicon, a garri.-oii, a flounce, furbelow, or trim- 
 ming, the setting of any tiling in gold or silver, Ihe 
 guard of a sword, garniture, ornament ; It. gnemigi- 
 one ; Port, guarni^am; D. waarison. The French, 
 English, Annoric, Spanish, and Italian words are 
 from garnish ; the Dutch is from waaren, to keep, to 
 guard. Eng. warren, and from this root we have loar- 
 raiK and guaranty, as well as guard and regard, all 
 from one source. See Warheh.] 
 
 1. A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified 
 town, to defend it against an enemy, or to keep the 
 inhabitants in subjection. 
 
 2. A fort, castle, or fortified town, furnished with 
 troops to defend it. Waller. 
 
 3. Tile state of being placed in a fortification for 
 its defense ; as, troops laid in garrison. Spenser. 
 
 4. It is sometimes synonymous with winter ijuar- 
 ters. Brande. 
 
 GAR'RI-SON, V. t. To pl.tce troops in a fortress for 
 
 its defense ; to furnish with soldiers; as, to garrison 
 
 a fort or town. 
 2. To secure or defend by fortresses manned with 
 
 troiips ; as, lo garrison a conquered territory. 
 GAR'RI-SON-/;l), ;>;>. Furnished with troops in a fort 
 
 for defense. 
 
 GAR'RI-SON-ING, /i/ir Furnishing with troops in a 
 fortress for defense. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^^T METE, PllBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 494 
 
GAS 
 
 GAT 
 
 GAU 
 
 O^R-ROTE', n. [Sp.] A mode of [mniahmeiil in 
 ^^|Klin, by simiigiilutioii, the vicliiii lieiiiR phiced 
 uii a stool with :i post beljiiid, to wliirh is nlli.xrd 
 an iron collar willi a screw; this collar is made to 
 clasp the neck of the criminal, and drawn tighter 
 by means of the screw, unld life becomes extnict. 
 
 liorrotD. 
 
 GAR-UO'l-I-TY, 71. [L. garrutitiui, from jiarrio, to 
 
 prate; (ir. i aot-fo, j^/wrw; Ir. eairim; \V. guir, a 
 
 Word. Class Gr, No. 2, 9, 1.5, 49.] 
 Talkativeness; lo(piacity ; the practice or habit of 
 
 Lalking nnich ; a babbling or lattlmg. Rati. 
 GAIl'ltU-LOUS, 11. Talkative ; prating ; as, rrarralous 
 
 old age. 'rhomiioH, 
 GAK'Kf-LOUS-LY, ailv. In a t.ilk.ativc manner. 
 GAK'TKIl, n. [Fr. jarrelirre, from W. gar. Arm. garr, 
 
 the leg, ham, or shank.] 
 
 1. A string or band used to lie a stocking to the 
 leg. 
 
 a. The badge of the highest order of knighthood, 
 in Great Itritani, railed Ihe order of Uie garter, insti- 
 tuted by Edward III. This order is a college or cor- 
 porition. llence, also, the order itself. 
 
 3. 'i'he princi[>al king :it arms. Johnson. 
 
 4. A term in heraldry, signifying the lialf of a 
 bend. £ncyc. 
 
 G.iiR'TER, ». t. To bind with a garter. 
 
 2. To invest with the order of the garter. IVarton. 
 GXR'TKR-KD, pp. Hound with a garter. 
 GAR'TKR-FI^II, n. A fish having a long, depressed 
 
 body, like the blade of a sword ; the Lepidopus. 
 
 VicL of -Vttt, IfisU 
 G.\R'TER-ING, ppr. Tying with a garter. 
 G.\ R'TICU-SNaKE, II. The striped snake, a common 
 American .serpent, the Coluber Sirtalis, not poisonous. 
 
 Encijc. Am. 
 
 GXRTII, n. [\V. gar:. See Garden.] 
 
 1. .\ dam or wear for catching fish. 
 
 2. .\ close ; a little backside ; a yard ; a croft ; a 
 gardi:n. f A'uf it-vrr/.] 
 
 G.\'RU.\1, n. .\ sauce, much prized by the ancients, 
 made of the pickled gdls, or other jirefKirations, of 
 fishes. 
 
 G.^S, 71. [Sax. gast, G. geht, D. geest, spirit, ghosL 
 The primary sense of air, wind, spirit, is, to flow, to 
 rush. Hence, this word may be allied to ir. gaisim, 
 to flow ; gasaim, to shoot forth, to gaah ; ga.si, a blast 
 of wind. It may also he allied to yeiist, which see.] 
 In chemLitrij, a permanently el.istic, aeriform tluiu, 
 or a substance reduced to tile st.ate of an aeriform 
 tluid by its permanent combination with caloric. 
 
 Gases are invisible excejit when colored, which 
 happens in a f.'W instances. 
 
 (J.VS'CC ).\', II. .\ native of G;uscony, in France. 
 
 G.\.<-€i).\-.^DE', II. [Fr., from Ga.<cun, an inhabitant 
 of <iasconv, the people of which arc noted for bo;ist- 
 ing ] 
 
 .A boast or boasting ; a vaunt ; a bravado ; a hnig- 
 ging Swifu 
 GAS-eO.\-.\DE', V. i. To boast ; to brag ; to vaunt ; 
 to bluster. 
 
 GA.<-eo.\-AD'ER, n. A gre.at boaster. 
 GAS'E-OUS, a. In the form of gjis or an aeriform 
 tluid. 
 
 GASH, 71. [I know not through what channel we 
 have received this word. It may be allied lo cliiseL 
 See Cl.ass Gs, No. 5, li, 12, 28.] 
 
 A deep and long cut ; an incision of considerable 
 length, particularly in flesh. Milton. 
 
 G.\SII, r. L To make a gash, or long, deep incision; 
 applied chiefly to incisions in flesh. 
 
 G ASII'A.'I), (g-asht,) pp. Cut with a long, deep incision. 
 
 G ASII'FIJL, a. Full of gashes ; hideous. 
 
 (lASH'I.NG, ppr. Cutting long, deep incisions. 
 
 G.VS'-IIOLD ER, 71. A vessel for containing and pre- 
 serving gas ; a gasometer. Ure. 
 
 G.\S-l-FI-e.\'TI()N, n. [See Gasift.] The act or 
 process of converting into gas. 
 
 GAS'l-l I-/;D, pp. Convi rted into an aeriform fluid. 
 
 G.\S'I-FY, v. t, [ga.1 and h. facio, to make.] 
 
 To convert into gx-s or an aeriform fluid, by combi- 
 nation with caloric. 
 
 GAS'I-FV-I.NG, ppr. Converting into gas. 
 
 GAS'KET, 71. [^p. atieta. SeeCiSE.) 
 
 .\ flat, plaited coril listened to the sail-yard of a 
 ship, and used to furl or tie the sail to the yard ; .also, 
 the p atted hemp used for packing the piston of the 
 steanwngine and its pumps. Bramle-. 
 
 G.VS'KI.NS, n. p/. Gallig.tskins ; wide, open hose. [Sec 
 GAi.Lin\sKiN9.] Shak, 
 
 G.\S'-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. Light produced by the com- 
 bustion of carbureted-hydrogen g.as. Gas-lights are 
 now substituted for oil-lights, in illuminating stn^ets 
 and a|nrtments in houses. 
 
 G.VS'.ME TER, n. [gas and mrter.] A machine at- 
 tached to gas-works and to gas-pipes, to show the ex- 
 act quantitv used. Jfaldeman. 
 
 GAS-O.M'E-TER, n. [gas and Gr. perpoi:] 
 
 In chemistry, an instrument or apparatus, intended 
 lo measure, collect, preserve, or mix, ditierent gases. 
 
 Core. 
 
 .\n instnmient for measuring the quantity of pas 
 employed in an experiment ; also, the pl.aco where 
 gas IS prepared for lighting streets. R. S. Jameson. 
 
 GAS-O.M'E-TRY, «. The science, art, or practice, tif 
 measuring gases. It leaches, also, the nature and 
 properties of these elastic fluids. Core, 
 
 GXi^V, r. L [Sw. gispa, Dan. gisper, to gape, lo 
 yawn. ) 
 
 1. To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, 
 or in laborious respiration, particularly in dying. 
 
 Jitldison, 
 
 •2. To long for. [JVul in use.] 
 GXSP, t>. L To emit breath by opening wide the 
 mouth. 
 
 Ami Willi slujrt sola he ^tp» away tiU breath. Dryden. 
 
 G.tSP, 71. The act of opening the mouth to catch the 
 breath. 
 
 2. The short catch of the breath in the agonies of 
 death. Addison. 
 
 GXSI"/;n, (g.lspt,) pp. of Gasp. 
 
 GXSP'I.Vti, ppr. or a. Opening the mouth wide for 
 
 catching the breath. 
 GXSI"I.\(;, 71. Tlie opening of the mouth to catch 
 
 breath. 
 
 2. Figuratirrhi, strong aspiration or desire. 
 GAS'SV, a. Full of gas ; lience, inflated ; exhilarated. 
 [Colloi/uial.] 
 
 GXST, tv.t. To make aghiisl ; to frighten. [JS'ot 
 GXST'ER, i used.] S/iak. 
 GXST'NESS, 71. .Amazement ; fright. [Auf u^m/.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 G.\S'TRie, a. [from Gr. yarnf, Ihe belly or stom- 
 ach.] 
 
 Ilelonging lo the belly, or rather lo the stomach. 
 The gastric juice, or liquor, is a thin, pellucid fluid, 
 produced by a peculiar set of secretories in the mu- 
 cous membrane of the stomach. It is one of the 
 .agents in digestion. Tutly. 
 
 G.\S-TRIL'U-UUIST, 71. [Gr. yaTno, belly, and L. 
 toquor, to speak.] 
 
 Literally, one who speaks from his belly or stom- 
 ach; hence, one who so modifies his voice that it 
 seems to come from another person or place. Rrid, 
 
 G.\S-TRIL'0-tiI/'Y', 71. A speaking that appears lo 
 proceed from the belly. 
 
 G.\S-TIII'TIS, It, Chrunic inflammation of the stom- 
 ach. _ 
 
 G.\S'TRO-Ci:LE, 71, [Gr. )ari.'J, the stomach, and 
 
 )c7)Ai), a tumor.] 
 
 A hernia of the stomtich. 
 G.\S-TROL'O-0iY, 71. A treatise on the stomach. 
 GAS'TRO-.MAN-CY, n. [Gr. ) arw, belly, and ;iai- 
 
 Tctii, divination.] 
 
 1. A kind of divination, among the ancients, by 
 means of words seeming to be uttered from the 
 belly. Brande, 
 
 2. Also, a species of divination by means of glasses 
 or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of 
 which figures appear by magic art. Brande. 
 
 GAS'TRO-NoME, In. One who loves good living ; 
 G.\S-TRON'OMER, ( an epicure. 
 GAS-TRO-NO.M'ie, a. Pertaining to gastronomy. 
 GAS-TRO.\'0-.MISr, it. One who likes good living. 
 G.\S-TRO\'0-MY, lU [Gr. v<ir«"'-] 
 The art or science of good eating. 
 G.\S'TRO-POD, 71. [Gr. yar'ip, ihe stomach, and 
 T..<',i, feet.] 
 
 An animal which moves by a fleshy apparatus un- 
 der the belly, or that h<is the belly and foot joined, 
 as in the slugs I.ini.tx or naked snails. Bcil. 
 GAS-TROP'OD-OUS, a. Having the belly and fool 
 joined. 
 
 GAS-TROR'A-PIIY, 7u [Gr. j arnp, belly, and ^aifiia, 
 a sewing or suture.] 
 
 I'he operation of sewing up wounds of the abdo- 
 men. QuiMCl/. 
 
 GAS-TROT'O-MY, n. (Gr. )(is-7(.o, belly, and r£,iKo, 
 lo cut.] 
 
 The operation of culling into or opening the abdo- 
 men. F.ncyc. 
 G.\S'-\VORKS, 71. pi. A place where gas is generated 
 GAT, pre/, of Get. [for lighting cities, 
 
 G.\TE, II. [Sax. gate, gent; Ir. geata : Scot. gait. The 
 Goth, gatico, Dan. gade, Sw. gata, G. gasse. Sans. 
 gaut, is a way or street. In D. gat is a gap or 
 channel. If the radical letters are Gd, or Gt, it 
 m.ay be connected with gad, lo go, as it signifies 
 a passage.] 
 
 1. A barge door which gives entrance into a walled 
 city, a c.xslle, a temple, palace, or other large edifice. 
 It differs from door chiefly in being larger. Gate sig- 
 nifies both the opening or p,assagc, and the frame of 
 boards, planks, or limber, which closes the [Kissage. 
 
 2. A frame of limber, iron, Ace, which opens or 
 closes a pttssage into any court, garden, or otJier in- 
 closed ground ; also, the p.assagt!. 
 
 3. The frame which shuts or stops the passage of 
 water Ihroiigh a dam, lock, &c. 
 
 4. An avenue ; an opening ; a way. KnoUes. 
 In Scripfure,^^uraJirf7y, power, dominion. "Thy 
 
 seed shiUI possess Ihe gale of his enemies ; " that is, 
 towns and fortresses. Oen, xxii. 
 
 The giUes of hrll, are the jxiwer and dominion of 
 the devil and his instruments. MaiL xvi. 
 
 The gates of death, are the brink of the grave. 
 I Ps. ix. 
 
 GXT'ED, a. Having gates. roiinir. 
 
 GaTE'I.ESS, a. Having no gate. 
 
 (;ATE'-VBI.V, (-vine,) ii. The vena purltr, a large 
 vein which conveys the blood from the abdiuiiinal 
 viscera into the livrr. Bacon. Haoper. 
 
 G.aTE'WAY, n. A way through the gate of some in- 
 closure. Mortimer. 
 
 2. A striirturo lo be passed at the entrance of the 
 area before a mansion. Chalmers. 
 
 G.ATH'Elt, r. t. [Siw. gadcrian, or gatherian : D. ga- 
 deren. I know not whether the first syllable is a 
 prefix or not. The (,'h. nj signifies, to inclose, and 
 to guthiT dales. If the elements are primarily Gd, 
 the word coincides with G. gattern, Ch. liK, lo 
 gather, to bind.] 
 
 1. To bring together ; to collect a number of sepa- 
 rate things into one place or into one aggregate body. 
 
 Gather Kloiirs ; and Uiry loolt itoiics, and nuulc a lieap. — Grn. 
 
 2. To get in harvest ; to reap or cut and bring into 
 barns or stores. J^cvd. xxv. 20. 
 
 3. To jiick lip ; to glean ; to get in small parcels 
 and bring together. 
 
 Gather out the stone*. — la. Ixii. 
 
 lie iniut gfUlter up money by ilcgne*. Locke. 
 
 4. To pluck ; to collect by cropping, picking, or 
 plucking. 
 
 Do men gather grapes from thorns, or Uga from thistlea ? — Malt, 
 
 5. To assemble ; to congregate ; lo bring persons 
 into one place. Eiek. xxii. 1!). 
 
 li. To collect in abundance ; to accumulate ; to 
 amass. 
 
 1 gaUiered me olso silver and goV\, and the peculiar treasure of 
 kinif«. — Bccle.. U. 
 
 7. To select and take ; lo separate from others and 
 bring together. 
 
 Save lis, O L^orrt our God, and gather us from among the 
 he.itlieil. — iV cvi. 
 
 8. To sweep together. 
 
 The kiiif^tom of heaven is like a net that was cxst into the sea, 
 and galliered uf every kind. — Matt. xtU. 
 
 9. To bring into one body or interesL 
 
 Yet will I gather otliers to him. — Is. IvL 
 
 10. To draw together from a state of expansion or 
 difl'usion ; to contract. 
 
 Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand 
 
 In act to kpe.-dc, and graceful stretched his hand. Pope. 
 
 11. To gain. 
 
 He gathers irround upon her in the chase. Dryden. 
 
 12. To pucker ; to plait. 
 
 13. To deduce by inference ; to collect or leam by 
 reasoning. From what X hear I gather thai he was 
 present. 
 
 After he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavored to ^ 
 into Mjiceiioiiia, assiir*;d]y gathering that the Lord had 
 cillcd lu to preach ths ^pel to tJiem. — Acts xvi, 
 
 14. To coil, as a serpent. 
 
 To gather breath : to have respite. [ Obs. ] Spenser. 
 G.\TII'1;R, v. i. To collect ; to unite ; to increase ; 
 lo be condensed. The clouds gather in the west. 
 
 2. To increase ; to grow larger by accretion of like 
 matter. 
 
 Tlicir snow.ball did not gather as it went. Bacon. 
 
 3. To assemble. The people gather fast, 
 
 4. To generate pus or matter. [See Gathering.] 
 G.VTII'ER, n. A plait or fold in cloth, made by draw- 
 ing. 
 
 G.\TirER-.*-BLE, a. Thai may be collected ; that 
 mav be deduced. [Unusual.] Qodicin. 
 
 G.AT'H'ER-i.D, pp. or a. Collected ; assembled; con- 
 tracted ; plaited ; drawn by inference. 
 
 GATII'F.R-ER, n. One who gathers or collects ; one 
 who gets in a crop. 
 
 G.ATII'ER-I.VG, ppr. or o. Collecting; assembling; 
 drawing together ; plaiting ; wrinkling. 
 
 G.\TirER-l.\G, 71. The act of collecting or assem- 
 bling. 
 
 2. Collection ; a crowd ; an assembly. 
 
 3. Cliarit.ible contribution. I Cor. xvi. 
 
 4. A tumor suppurated or maturated ; a collection 
 of pus ; an abscess. 
 
 G.\T'TER-TREE, n. A species of Comus or Corne- 
 lian cherrv. Fain, of Plants. 
 G.\T'-TOOTH-£D, (-tootht,) a. GoaMoothed ; hav- 
 ing a lickirish tooth ; lustful. [04s.] Chaucer. 
 GAl.'D, c. i. [L. ,!rai«/e<i, lo rejoice.] 
 
 To exult ; lo rejoice. [OJi.] Shak. 
 GAUD, 71. [U gaudium.] 
 
 At\ ornament : something worn for adorning the 
 person ; a fine thing. [06s.] Shak. 
 G.^UD'ED, a. Adorned with trinkets ; colored. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. Shak. 
 GAUD'ER-Y, n. Finery ; fine things ; orname..-" 
 Bacon, Z>rydetu 
 
 GAUD'FJJL, a. Joyful ; showy. 
 
 GAUD'I-LY, adv. Showily ; with oslenlation of fine 
 
 dress. OuUirie. 
 GAUD'I-NESS, 71, Showiness ; tinsel appearance ; 
 
 (islentntious finer)'. irhitloek. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS, — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
 435 
 
GAV GAZ GEL 
 
 GAUD'LESS, a. Destitute of ornament. 
 GAUD'Y, a. Showy; splendid; gay. 
 
 A ^Ulfiiich thfre I saw, with gaudy pride 
 
 Of piiiueti plumes. Dry'Ien. 
 
 2. Ostentatiously fine ; gay beyond the simplicity 
 of nature or good taste. 
 
 Cosllj ihy habit as thy ptirve can buy, 
 
 But not expressed in fancy ; ncii, nut gaudy. 
 
 Slini. 
 
 GAUD'Y, n. A feast or festival ; a word in the univer- 
 sitii of bifori. ClitJine. 
 
 GAUF'FER-IXG, n. A mode of plaiting or thiting 
 frills, &c., in which the plaits are wider tlian usual. 
 
 Kiinic, of J)om. Ecoiu 
 
 GAUGE, (gaje,) v. I. [Fr. jaut;er, to gage ; jaua-e, a 
 measiirin-'-rod ; Ann. J,iiij(ij or jnuchi, to gage ; j/i«c/i, 
 a rod. It is supposeil liy J. Thomson, that tliis is 
 contracted from jaulgc, from gaule, a rod or pole. 
 But qii.] 
 
 1. To measure or to ascertain the contents of a 
 cask or vessel, as a pipe, puncheon, Ifogshead, bar- 
 rel, tierce, or keg. 
 
 2. To measure in respect to proportion. 
 
 TJie veins nicely gauged on eacli side. DerV.am. 
 GaU6E, (gaje,) )i. A measure ; a standard of meas- 
 ure. JMorutt. 
 
 2. Measure ; dimensions. Burke. 
 
 3. The number of feet which a ship sinks in the 
 water. 
 
 4. .\mong Irtter-founderSj a piece of liard wood va- 
 riously notched, used to adjust the dimensions, slopes, 
 &c., i»f the various sorts of letters. 
 
 5. An instrument, in Joinenj^ made to strike a line 
 parallel to the straight side of a board. 
 
 Rain-gauge : an instrument for measuring the 
 quantity of water which falls from the clouds at 
 any given place. 
 
 Sea-gauge; an instrument for finding the depth of 
 the sea. 
 
 Sliding-gauge : a tool used by mathematical instru- 
 ment makers, for measuring and setting otT distances. 
 
 Tide-gauge ; an instrument for determining the 
 hight of the tides. 
 
 IVind-gnuge ; an instrument for measuring the 
 force of the wind on any given surface. 
 [See also Gage.] 
 G.^UGE'.-\-BLE, a. That mav be gauged or measured. 
 G.\UG'£D, (gijd,) jip. .Measured. 
 GaUG'ER, 71. One who gauges; an oflicer whose 
 
 business is to ascertain the contents of casks. 
 GaUCIXG, ppr. Measuring a cask ; ascertaining di- 
 mensions or proportions of quantity. 
 GaUCING, ji. Tlie art of measuring the contents or 
 
 capacities of vessels of any form. Ed. Kucyc. 
 GaUG'ING-ROD, n. An inslrunient to be used in 
 
 measuring the contents of casks or vessels. 
 GAUL, n. [L. Oallta.] 
 
 A name of ancient France ; also, an inhabitant of 
 G <iI. 
 
 GAViL'ISH, a. Pertaining to ancient France or Gaul. 
 
 GAULT, ;!. .\ provincial name, in the east of Eng- 
 land, for a series of beds of clay and mail, the geo- 
 logiciil position of which is between the upper and 
 lower green-sand. LijcU. 
 
 GAUNT, (gint,) a. [The origin is uncertain. Ciu. 
 Sax. gewanien, icanian, to wane. In \V. gican is 
 weak, poor.] 
 
 Vacant ; hollow ; empty, as an animal after long 
 fasting ; hence, lean ; meager ; thin ; slender. SImk. 
 
 GAUNT'LET, n. [Fr. gautelct, (turn gant, a glove; 
 It. piianto ; D. want ; Dan. and Sw. nuntc, a glove.] 
 
 A large, iron glove, with fingers covered with small 
 plates, formerly worn by cavaliers, armed at all 
 points. 
 
 To tlirow the gaunllel, is to challenge ; and 
 
 To lake up the gauntlil, is to accept the challenge. 
 
 GAU.VT'EET EI), a. Wearing a gauntlet. 
 
 GAUiNT'LY, (g.int'ly,) ui/f. Leaiily ; iiieagerly. 
 
 GAUZE, )i. [f'\>. ga-ia : Fr. gaze i Arm. gazen. Clu. 
 L. gaasapc^ or gu.i.^ipiunt.] 
 
 A very thin, slight, transparent stufi", of silk or 
 limn. Kncijc. 
 
 GAIJ/K'-LOOM, It. A loom in which gauze is wove. 
 
 GAIJZ'Y, a. Like gauze , thin as gau2c. 
 
 GAVE, pret. of Givt. 
 
 GAVEL, n. In law, tribute ; toll ; custom. [See Ga- 
 
 BEL.] 
 
 GAVEL, n. {Vr. janclle ; Port, gavela, a sheaf ; W. 
 gavael, a hold or grasp.] 
 
 1. A small parcel of wheat, rye, or other grain, 
 laid logclhrr by reapers, consisting of two, tlin e, or 
 more handfiils. A'c/o England. 
 
 2. In England, a provincial word for ground. 
 
 Eng. Dirt. 
 
 GAVEL, for Gaule, or Cablk-Exd. [See Gable.] 
 GAVEL-E'l", n. An aiirieiii and sprcial ce.i.iaril, in 
 in Englaiiil, where the i ustoiii of gavelkind 
 continueH, by which tin: tenant, if lie willidrawK his 
 rent nnd services due to his lord, forfeits Ins lands 
 and tenciniMilH. Encyc. 
 
 2. In lAimton, a writ used in the hustings, given to 
 lords of rents in the city. Encyc. 
 GAVEI^KIM), n. [This word fdiW is Ilritish. In 
 VV. gatofl lignincs n hold, a grasp, tenure ; gavarl- 
 
 ccnedyl, the hold or tenure of a family, (not the kind 
 of tenure ;) gavaelu,lo hold, grasj), arrest. Ir. gab- 
 lw.il, gabkam, to take ; gabhaiicine, gavelkind. In Ir. 
 gabhal is a fork, (G. gubel,) and the groin, and it ex- 
 presses the collateral branches of a family ; but the 
 Welsh application is most probably the true one.] 
 
 A tenure, in England, by which land descended 
 from the father to all his sons in equal portions, and 
 the land of a brother, dying without issue, dtsceud- 
 ■cd equally to his brothers. This species of tenure 
 prevailed in England before the Norman eonquest, 
 in many parts of the kingdom, perhaps in the whole 
 realm ; but particularly in Kent, where it .still exists. 
 
 Sclden. Cotccl. Blackstone. Cije. 
 
 G.4V'E-L0CK, n. [Sax.] An irtm crow. 
 
 Ga'VI AL, h. A species of crocodile, having a long, 
 slemier muzzle. Jilantell. 
 
 GAV'I-LA.V, n. .A species of hawk in the Philippine 
 Isles ; the back and wings yellow ; the belly white. 
 
 GAV'OT, 71. [Fr. gacotte: It. gurottit.] 
 
 A kind of dance, or tune, the air of which lias 
 two brisk and lively strains in eoninion time, each 
 of which is played twice over. The first has usually 
 four or eight bars, and the second contains eight, 
 twelve, or more. , Encyc. 
 
 GAVV'BY, 71. A dunce. [JVot in use.] 
 
 GAWK, H. [Sax. g^c, gcac, a cuckoo ; G. gaueh, a 
 cuckoo, and a fool, an uiifiedged fop, a chough ; Scot. 
 gaukie, gauky, a fool ; D. gek; &\v. gack, a fool, a 
 biitiooii ; Dan. giek, a jest, a joke. It seems that this 
 word is radically one with joke, juggle, which see.] 
 
 1. A cuckoo. 
 
 2. A fool ; a simpleton. [In both senses, it is re- 
 tained in Scotland.] 
 
 GAVVK'Y, a. Foolish; awkward; clumsy; clown- 
 ish. [In this sense it is retained in vulgar use in 
 America.] 
 
 [Is not this allied to the Fr. gauche, left, untoward, 
 unhandy. Eng. umk, awkward ; gauchir, to shrink 
 back or turn aside, to use sliills, to double, to 
 dodge.' This verb well expresses the actions of a 
 jester or bufiboii.] 
 GAWK'Y, n. A tall, awkward, ungainly, or stupid 
 fellow. 
 
 GAWN. [Corrujited for gallon.] A small tub or 
 lading vessel. 
 
 GAWN'TKEE, h. A wooden frame on which beer- 
 casks are set. 
 
 GAY, a. [Fr. <ro!; Ann. gac; It. gaio, gay. In Sp. 
 gaya is a stripe of difierent colors on stiilis ; gaytero 
 IS gaudy ; and gayo is a jay. The W. has gtry^, 
 gay, gaudy, lirave. This is a contracted word, but 
 whether from the root of gaudy, or not, is not ob- 
 vious. In some of its applications, it seems allied 
 to joy.] 
 
 1. Merry ; airy ; jovial ; sportive ; frolicsome. It 
 denotes more life and animation than cheerful. 
 
 Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. Pope. 
 
 2. F r 'lowy ; as, a gay dress. 
 
 3. Iiii or merry with liquor; intoxicated ; a 
 vulgar u. "• word in Jiinerica. 
 
 GAY, 71. All iu imcnt. {J^ot used.] L'Estrange. 
 GAY'E-TY, 71. [Fr. gaiete : Fr. gaiezza.] 
 
 1. Merriment ; mirth ; airiness ; as, a company full 
 of gayety. 
 
 2. Act of juvenile pleasure ; the gaycties of youth. 
 
 3. Finery ; show ; as, the gayety ot dress. 
 G.\Y'LY, arfo. Merrily; with nilrtli and frolic. 
 
 2. Finely ; sjileiididly ; ptnupously ; as, ladies gay- 
 hi dressed ; a tlovver gaylti blooming. Pope. 
 GA'Y'LY-GILD'ED, a. Gilded with showy finery. 
 GaY'NESS, 71. Gavetv ; liiiery. \Gray. 
 GAY'SO.ME, o. Full of gayety. [Little nsed^ 
 GAZE, V. i. [Clu. Gr. n) acf i/i ii, to be astonished, and 
 Ileb. Ch. Syr. Sam. nin cliazah, to see or look ; that 
 is, to fix the eye or to reach with the eye.] 
 
 To fix the iTes and look steadily and earnestly ; 
 to look with eagerness or curiosity ; as in admiration, 
 astonishment, or in study. 
 
 A lover's eyes will gaze an eagle blind. Shak. 
 Ye men of UiUilce, wliy st;ind ye gazing up into heaven i — 
 Acts i. 
 
 GAZE, V. t. To view with fixed attention. 
 
 And gazed awhile the ample sky. Miltnn. 
 
 • [It is little used as a transitive verb.] 
 GAZE, II. A fixed look ; a look of eagerness, wonder, 
 or adiiiiratiou ; a continued look of attention. 
 
 With secret gaze, 
 Or open ndiniratioii, him bchuUI. ^ttllon. 
 
 2. The object gazed on ; that which causes one to 
 gaze. 
 
 Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze. Milton. 
 
 GAZE'FIJL, n. Looking with a gaze; looking in- 
 tently. Spenser. 
 
 GAZE' HOUND, 71. A hound that pursues by the sight 
 rather than by the scent. Encye. Johnson. 
 
 GA-ZEI.'. I n. [Fr. gazelle; Sp. gaiela ; Port. 
 
 GA-ZELLE', i iraicHa; from the .Arabic. The verb 
 
 under which this word is placed, ^'^^ gazata, is 
 rendered to remove, withdraw, retire, or be separate.] 
 
 A small, swift, elegantly-formed species of ante- 
 lope, celebrated for the luster and soft expression of 
 its eyes. Brande. 
 GAZE'.MENT, 7L View. [Ji%t in use.] Spenser. 
 G.^Z'EK, 71. One who gazes ; one who looks steadily 
 and intently, from delight, admiration, or study. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 GA-ZET', 7!. [It. gaiietta.] A Venetian halfpenny. 
 
 Jifassinger. 
 
 GA-ZETTE', (ga-zet',) n. [It. o-azzetta ; Fr. gazette. 
 Oaizetta is said to have been a Venetian coin, which 
 was the price of the first newspaper ; and hence the 
 name.] 
 
 A newspaper; a sheet or half sheet of paper pub- 
 lished periodically, and containing an account of 
 transactions and events of public or private concern, 
 which are deemed important and interesting. 'I'lie 
 first g:izette in England was published at Oxford, in 
 Kiflo. On the removal of the court to London, the 
 title was changed to the London Gazette. It is now 
 the official newspaper, and jiublished on Tuesdays 
 and Satiirdavs. Encye. 
 
 GA ZETTE', (ga-zet',) e. t. To insert in a gazitte ; 
 to announce or publish in a gazette. 
 
 GA-ZETT'ED,;;;). Published in a gazette. 
 
 GAZ-ET-TEEll', 71. A writer of news, or an officer 
 appointeil to publish news by authority. Johnson. 
 a. The title of a newspaper. 
 
 3. .'\ book containing a brief description of empires, 
 kini^doiiis, also of cities, towns, and rivers, in a 
 country, or in the whole world, alphabetically ar- 
 raiigi d ; a book of topographical descriptions. 
 GAZ'l.NG, p/jr. or n. [See Gaze.] Looking with fixed 
 attention. 
 
 GAZ'l.NG-STOf.'K, n. A person gazed at with scorn 
 or abhorrence ; an object of curiosity or contempt. 
 
 Bp. tlall. 
 
 G.\-Z6'S', (ga-zooii',) n. [Fr., turf.] In fortijicutwn, 
 
 pieces of turf used to line parapets and the faces of 
 
 works raised of earth. Brande. 
 GE. [Sax.] A particle often prefixed to Saxon verbs. 
 GliAL, 7). 1. [ Fr. n-f/cr, • L. o-c/o.] [&.c. 
 
 _ To congeal. [Obs.] 
 Gv..\\i, n. [Sax. gearwian, gyrian, to prepare ; geartc, 
 
 prepared, prompt ; ffearir(i,liabit, clothing, apparatus ; 
 
 G. gar, D. guar, dressed, done, ready ; perhaps Sw. 
 
 garfva, to tall.] 
 
 1. Apparatus; whatever is prepared ; hence, habit ; 
 
 dress ; ornaments. 
 
 Array tliyself in her most gorf^ons gear. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. The harness or furniture of beasts of draught; 
 tackle. 
 
 3. The same as Gearing, which see. 
 
 4. In Scotland, warlike accouterments ; also, goods, 
 riches. Janiieson. 
 
 5. Business; matters. [O&s.] Spenser. 
 G. B}" seamen pronounced jears, which see. 
 
 Gk.\R, I', t. To dress ; to put on gear; to harness. 
 
 GkAIV ED, pp. Dressed; harnessed. 
 
 Gi;.\R'lS(l, ppr. Dressing; harnessing. 
 
 GliAR'ING, II. Harness. 
 
 2. A train of toothed wheels for transmitting mo- 
 tion in machinery. Hcbcrl. 
 
 GK.\'S0.\, fge'zn,) 71. Rare; uncommon; wonder- 
 ful. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 Gv.AT, n. [D. gat Sec Gate.] 
 
 Tiie hole through which metal runs into a mold in 
 castings. Moion. 
 
 GECK, 11. [G. gecli ; Sw. gUck ; Dan. giek.] 
 
 A dupe. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 GECK, V. t. To che.it, trick, or gull. [Obs.] 
 
 GECK'0, 71. A name common to a family of saurian 
 reptiles ; a nocturnal li/.ard. Partington. 
 
 GKE, ) A wonl used by teamsters, directing their 
 
 JEE, ( teams to pass further to the right, or from 
 the driver, when on the near side ; opposed to hoi or 
 
 GKESE, n. ; pi. of Goose. [haw. 
 
 GEEST, 71. Alluvial matter on the surface of land, 
 not of recent origin. Jameson. 
 
 GE-HE.\'NA, 71. [Gr. yccvra, from the Ileb. gc-hin- 
 nom, the vallev of Iliiiiiom, in which was Tophet, 
 where the Israelites sacrificed tin ir children to .Mo- 
 loch, ami which was afterward regarded as a jilace 
 of abiiiuination. 2 Kings xxiii. 10. 
 
 This word has been used by the Jews as equiva- 
 lent to hell, place of fire or torment after death, 
 and the (;reek word is rendered by our translators 
 bv hell and hrll-Jire. Mat. xviii. 9 ; xxiii. IS. 
 
 GkII'LE.N-ITE, (ge'lcn-Ile,) ». [from Gchten, (he 
 chemist. J 
 
 .\ mineral of a gravish color and resinous luster, 
 found cliielly at .Mt. .Munzimi. Its primary form is a 
 riglit square prism. 
 
 Ok'I.V, n. [Gr. ) y, earth.] In chcmi.itry, the same as 
 llvMi's, which see. 
 
 OEL'A-ULE, a. [from L. gtlu, frost, or gelo, to con- 
 geal.] 
 
 That may or can be congealed ; capable of being 
 convi rted into jellv. 
 GEL'.\-TI N, n. [ It." and Sp. gelatina, from L. gelo, to 
 congeal, lo freeze.] 
 
 A concrete animal substance, transparent, and 
 soluble slowly in cold water, but rapidly in warm 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MliTE, PREY — PINE, MAR<NE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 406 
 
GEM 
 
 GEN 
 
 GEN 
 
 water. U'itli t.itiiiiii, » yellowisli-u liile prccipitati' 
 is tlirown (Imvti from n solntmn ol' f'l-latiii, wlilcli 
 fiiriiis an clastic, ailhesive mass, not niiliki' vcgi'ta- 
 l)J>' (;liiti'n, anil is a coinpuiind ul' tannin and ui latin. 
 <5i:i,'A 'J'li\. See Gelatinous. [Parr. 
 GK-LAT'1-NATE, v. i. To 1)8 converteil into gelatin, 
 or into n substance like jelly. 
 
 Lnpis l!\iuli, if calcined, doM not efl'crveicc, liit gttntinntet with 
 Uie uifnenil ucid«. Kirwatt. 
 
 C!E-LAT'I-NaTE, v. I. To convert into gelatin, or 
 
 into a substance resembling jelly. 
 GIC-LAT-I-NA'TION, II. The act or process of con- 
 vertin"; or being turned into gelatin, or into a sub- 
 stance like jelly. Kirwan. 
 6E-L,.Vr'I-NI-l''6RM, II. Having the form of gelatin. 
 
 .Med. and Sarir. Juurii. 
 6E-LAT'IN-IZE, V. i. The same as Gelati n.vte. 
 
 Fleming. 
 
 GE-LAT-I-NO'SA, n. pi. An ordei: of gelatinous ani- 
 
 nuils. Cuvirr. 
 CE-LAT'I-NOUS, a. Of the nature and consistence 
 
 of gelatin ; resembling jelly ; viscous j moderately 
 
 stiff and cohesive. 
 GELD, II. [Sax. gild; Sw. gdld; Dan. gield; G. and 
 
 U. sM-] 
 
 Sloney ; tribute ; compensation. This word is 
 obsolete in English, but it occurs in old laws and 
 law books in composition ; as in Danri'eld, or Danc- 
 grtt, a tax imposed by the Danes ; IVcregcld, com- 
 pensation for the life of a man, &c. 
 GELD,ii. (. : prct. Gelded or Gelt ; pp. Gelded or 
 Gelt. [G. gciten, gdten : Sw. galla ; Dan. gilder, 
 to geld, and to cut olf the gills of herrings ; Ir. 
 caiUim, to geld, to lose, to destroy. Uu. \V. co/(i, to 
 
 lose, or Eth. 'JAP gatiy to cut off.] 
 
 1. To castrate ; to emasculate. 
 
 2. To deprive of any essential part. Shak. 
 
 3. To deprive of any thing immodest or exception- 
 able. Dnjdeii. 
 
 PKI D'FD ) 
 
 GELT i C^*"^""' > emasculated. 
 
 GELD'ER, n. One who castrates. 
 
 GELD'ER-KO.«E, ?i. fUu. from Guddcrland.] A 
 plant, a species of Viburnum, bearing large, white 
 balls of flowers ; also called the snowball-tree. 
 
 GELD'ING, /)()r. Castrating. [P. Cyc. 
 
 GELD'ING, M. The act of castrating. 
 
 2. A castrated animal, but chiefly a horse. 
 
 GEL' ID, a. [L. ^efu<iu, from gclo, to freeze, Fr. geler. 
 See Cool, Cold.] 
 
 Cold ; very cold. Thomson. 
 
 GE-LID'I-TY, n. Extreme cold. 
 
 0I:L'ID-LY, adi'. Coldly. 
 
 GEL'ID-NESS, n. Coldness. 
 
 GEL'LY, n. [Kr. ^e(ee ' Poft.' gelca; Sp. jalea; L. 
 
 feJo, gelatu^: It is now more generally written 
 ELLV.] 
 
 1. The inspissated juice of fruit boiled with sugar. 
 
 2. A viscous or glutinous substance ; a gluey sub- 
 stance, soft, but cohesive. [Sec Jelly.] 
 
 GELT, pp. of Geld. 
 GELT, n. ,A castrated animal; a gelding. [JV'ot 
 
 H.lfl/.] 
 
 GELT, for Gilt. Tinsel, or gilt surface. [JVot used.] 
 OEM, II. [L. gemma; It. id.; Sp. yema; Port, gomo ; 
 
 It. geam; G.keim; D. kirm. The sense is probably 
 
 a slioot. See C^lass Gin, No. 5, Ar.] 
 
 1. A hud. In butanif, the bud or compendium of a 
 plant, covered with scales to protect the rudiments 
 from the cold of winter and other injuries; called 
 the hybemacle or winter quarters of a plant. Encyc. 
 
 2. A precious stone of any kiml, as the ruby, 
 tO|iaz, emerald, &c. 
 
 GE.M, e. U To adorn with gems, jewels, or precious 
 stones. 
 
 2. To bespangle ; as, foliage gemmed with dew- 
 
 3. To embellish with detached beauties. [drops. 
 
 Engtatid is iluddcd and gemnud %'ilh cosUn and pidncrs. 
 
 Jroing. 
 
 OEM, V. I. To bud ; to germinate. Mdum, 
 GE-MX'RA, n. [Ch. ">0J, to finish.] 
 
 The second part of the Talmud, or the commen- 
 tary on the Mishna. 
 GE MAR'IC, a. Pertaining to the Gemara. F.neyc 
 OEM'-BOSS-fJD, a. Mossed with gems, .atkerstone. 
 OE.M'EL, n. [U. gemellus.] 
 
 A pair ; a term in heraldrv. Drayton. 
 OEM-El^LIP'A-ROUS, a. [L. gemellus and p<iri».] 
 Producing twins. Diet. 
 OEM'EL-RING, n. A term applied to rings with two 
 
 or more links, now gimbal, which see. 
 OE.\ri-N.\TE, r. t. [L. ^cniiw.] 
 
 To double. [LilUe used.] 
 OEM-I-NA'TIOjf, n. A doubling; duplication; repe- 
 tition. Boyle. 
 GE.M'I-NI, n. pt. [L,] Twins. In euttronomy, a con- 
 strll.Ttion or sign of the zodiac, containing the two 
 bnslit stars Cantor and PoUujc. Eneyc 
 OEM'I-.NOUS.o. [L. geminus.] 
 
 Double ; in pairs. Broten. 
 GEM'I-N'Y, n. [Supra.] Twins ; a pair ; a couple. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 OEiM'SIA-RY, a. [from gem.] Pertaining to gems or 
 jewels. 
 
 GE.M'.M ATE, a. Having buds ; reproducing by buds. 
 GE.>L.MA''i'ION, 71. f L. gemmalio, from ^ciiiiim.] 
 
 1. In botany, budding ; the slate, form, or construc- 
 tion of the bud of plants, of the leaves, stipules, 
 petioles, or scales. Martyn. 
 
 2. The process of reproduction by buds. 
 OE.M'M/CD, pp. Adorned with jewels or buds. 
 GEM'ME-OUS, a. [L. grmmeus.] 
 
 Pertaining to gems ; of the nature of gems ; re- 
 sembling gems. 
 
 CE.M-.MII"KIC-OUS, a. Producing buds. 
 
 i;i;.\l'.MI-.\ESS, 71. Spruccness ; smartness. 
 
 li I'.M'.M I Nt;, ppr. Adorning with jewels or buds. 
 
 Gli.M-MII"A-UOUS, tt. [L. gemma, a bud, and pario, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Producing buds ; reproducing by buds on the body 
 which mature and fall off into independent animals, 
 assome pol>"p-^. Vana. 
 GE,M-M0S'I-TY, 71. The quality of being a gem or 
 jewel. 
 
 GE.M'MIJLE, 71. A little hud or gem. £u(o7i. 
 GEM-MU-LIE'ER-OL'S, a. Hearing gemmules. 
 OEM'AIY, a. liright ; glittering; fuUof gems. 
 
 2. Neat ; spruce ; smart. 
 GE-MOTE', «. [Sa.\.] A meeting. [Obs.] [See 
 Meet.] 
 
 GEMS'UOK, n. The name given to a species of the 
 antelope. J. Barrow. 
 
 GEN-UAKME', (zhUn-d;lrm',) n. In France, one of 
 the gensd'armes, a select body of troops, destined to 
 watch over the interior public safety. 
 
 GE.\-I)AR'.MER-Y, 71. [Supra.] The body of gen- 
 d'arnies. JIume. 
 
 GEN'DER, 71. [Fr. genre; Sp. genera; It. gcnerc; 
 from L. genus, from geno,gigno, Gr. yervaut, yivopat, 
 to beget, or to be born ; Ir. grinim; \V. geni, to be 
 born; gan, a birth; ccnaw, oflspring ; Gr. ytvo^, 
 ) orof (• Eng. kind. From the same root, Gr. yvvrj, a 
 woman, a ^Vlfe ; Sans, gena, a wife, jani, ,i woman, 
 and genaga, a father. \\*e have begin from the same 
 root. See Hegin and Can.] 
 
 1. Properly, kind ; sort. [OAs.] Shak. 
 
 2. A sex, male or female. Hence, 
 
 3. In grammar, a dillerence in words to express 
 distinction of sex ; usually, a dilfcrencc of termina- 
 tion in nouns, adjectives, and participles, to express 
 the distinction of male and female. But although 
 this was the original design of different terminations, 
 yet, in the progress of language, other words, having 
 no relation to one sex or the other, came to have 
 genders assigned them by custom. Words express- 
 ing males are said to be of the masculine gender ; 
 those expressing females, of the feminine gender; 
 and in some languages, words expressing things 
 having no sex are of tlie neuter or neither gender. 
 
 OEN'DER, v. U To beget. But Enge.^der is more 
 
 generally used. 
 OE.N'DER, T. i. To copulate ; to breed, ire. xi.x. 
 GEN-E-A-LOG'ie-AL, a. [from genealogy.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the descent of persons or families; 
 exhibiting the succession of families from a pro- 
 genitor ; as, a genealogical table. 
 
 2. According to the descent of a person or family 
 from an ancestor ; as, genealogical order. 
 
 GEN E-A-LOO'IC-AL-LY, ai/ti. By genealogy. 
 
 GE.\'-E-AL'0-GIST, II. He who traces descents of 
 persons or families. 
 
 GEN-E-AL'O-OIZE, v. i. To relate the history of de- 
 scents. Trans, of Paumnias. 
 
 GEN-E-AL'O-GV, 71. [It. ^enealogia ; Gr. ycveaXoy ia ; 
 vtmf, race, and Auyoj, discourse ; Sax. cyn, gecynd; 
 Eng. kind.] 
 
 1. An account or history of the descent of a per- 
 son or family from an ancestor ; enumeration of 
 ancestors and their children in the natural order 
 of succession. 
 
 2. Pedigree ; lineage ; regular descent of a person 
 or family from a progenitor. 
 
 GEN'E-R.V. See Gem s. 
 
 GE.V'ER-A-BLE, a. That may be engendered, be- 
 gotten, or produced. Bcnttey. 
 
 GE.\'ER-;\L, o. [Fr., from L. generalis, (tan\ genus, 
 a kind.] 
 
 1. Properly, relating to a whole genus or kind ; 
 and hence, relating to a whole class or order. Thus 
 we speak of a general law of the animal or vegeta- 
 ble economy. This word, though from genus, kind, 
 is used to express whatever is common to an order, 
 class, kind, sort, or species, or to any company or 
 association of individuals. 
 
 2. Comprehending many species or individuals; 
 not special or particular; a-s, it is not logical to draw 
 a general inference or conclusion from a particular 
 fact. 
 
 3. Lax in signific.ition ; not restrained or limited 
 to a parlicuL-ir import ; not specific ; as, a loose and 
 general expression. 
 
 4. Public; common; relating to or comprehending 
 the whole community ; as, the general interest or 
 safety of a nation. 
 
 To lU ftntnl purpoKS, wo hm unifaiml^ bem one p'ople. 
 
 ndrndtl. Jay. 
 
 5. ('omiilun to many or the greatest nuniher; uj», 
 a general opinion ; a general custom, 
 ti. Not directed to a single object. 
 
 If Ihe iiinic tiling lie pecnliarly evil, tli;it gentral afenion will tie 
 turned iiilu a particular lialred Rg.uiiiit it. Spratu 
 
 7. Having a relation to all ; common to the whole. 
 Adam, our general sire. Milton. 
 
 8. In law, to plead the general itsue, is to deny at 
 once the whole indictment or declaration, without 
 offering any special matter to evade it. Boueier. 
 
 9. Extensive, though not universal ; common ; 
 usual. 
 
 This word is prefixed or annexed to words to ex- 
 press the extent Of their application. Thus a general 
 assembly is ail assembly of a whole body, in fact or 
 by representation. In Scotland, it is the whole church 
 convened by its representatives. In America, a. legis- 
 lature is sometimes called a general assembly or gen- 
 eral court. 
 
 In logic, a general term is a term which is the sign 
 of a general idea. 
 
 An attorney-general, and a solicitor-general, is an 
 officer who conducts suits and prosecutions I'or the 
 king, or for a nation or state, and whose authority is 
 general in the state or kingdom. 
 
 A vicar-general has authority as vicar or substitute 
 over a whole territory or jurisdiction. 
 
 An ailjutant-gcneral assists the general of an army, 
 distributes orders, receive returns, &c. 
 
 The word general, thus annexed to a name of oflice, 
 denotes chief or superior ; as, a commissary-general, 
 quartermaster-general. 
 
 In the line, a general officer is one who commands 
 an army, a division, or a brigade. 
 OEN'ER-AL, 71. The whole ; the total ; that which 
 comprehends all or the chief part ; opposed to par- 
 ticular. 
 
 In particulars our knowledge begioi, and so spreads its -If hj de- 
 
 fi^ret's to gentralt. l4)cke. 
 A liidtory p.unic*r puiiitM imui in general, Heynoldt. 
 
 2. In general ; in the main ; for the mtist part ; not 
 always or iiniversall\'. 
 
 ci.'ls, in general, uii 
 
 3. The chief commander of an army. But, to dis- 
 tinguish this officer from other generals, he is often 
 called general-in-cliief. The officer second in rank is 
 called lieutenant-general. 
 
 4. The commanih'r of a division of an army or 
 militia, usually called a major-general. 
 
 5. 'J'lie conimander of a brigade, called a brigadier- 
 general. 
 
 C. A particular beat of drum or march, br ing that 
 which, in the morning, gives notice for the infantry 
 to be ill readiness to march. F.neyc. 
 
 7. The chief of an order of monks, or of all the 
 houses or congregations established under the same 
 rule. F.ncye. 
 
 8. The public ; the interest of the whole ; the vul- 
 gar. [JVo« ill use.] SItak. 
 
 OEN-ER AL-IS'SI-MO, 71. [It.] The chief comni.ind- 
 er of an army or military force. 
 
 2. The supreme coinmandpr ; sometimes a title of 
 honor ; as, Alexander, generalissimo of Greece. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 GEN-ER-AL'I-TY, 71. [Fr. gcneralitc ; It. generalUd.] 
 
 1. The state of being general; the quality of in- 
 cluding species or particulars. Hooker. 
 
 2. The main body; the bulk; the greatest part; 
 as, the generality of a nation, or of mankind. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 GEN-ER-AL I-Za'TIO.\, 71. The act of making gen- 
 eral ; the act of reducing particulars to generals or to 
 their genera. 
 
 GEN'EK-.AL-tZE, v. t. To extend from particul.-irs or 
 species to genera, or to whole kinds or classes j to 
 make general, or common to a number; as, to gener. 
 alize a remark. 
 
 2. To reduce particulars to generals, or tti their ge- 
 nus. Reid. 
 Copernicus generalized tiie crWlial motions, hy nierrlv ref rrinj 
 Uiem to tt^> niuoirs motion. Newton generalized tliem sull 
 ntore^ by a-fcniiig tikis la*t to the niotion of a sfon.- throo^h 
 llic lur. A'icAo/son. 
 
 Extended to generals ; re- 
 Extending to generals : 
 
 GE\'ER-AL-IZ-KD, pp. 
 dured to a genus. 
 
 GEN'ER-AL IZ-ING, ppr, 
 retliicing to genera, 
 
 OE.\'ER-AI^LY, adr. In general ; commonly ; ex- 
 tensively, though not universally ; most fri quently, 
 but not without exceptions. A hot suninii r generally 
 follows a coldwiiiter. Men are generally more dis- 
 posed to censiirt? than to praisr, as they generally 
 Buppose it easier to depress cxcclltmce in olliers 
 than to ecpial or surpass it by elevating themselves. 
 
 2. In the main ; without detail ; in the whole tak- 
 en together. 
 
 G*nerftltif speaking, they live irry quietly. Additon. 
 
 GEN'ER-AL-NESS, n. Wide extent, though short of 
 universality ; freqtiencv ; commt'iness. Sidm n. 
 
 OEN'ER-AL-SHIP, n. 'The skill and conduct of a 
 general olTicer; military skill in a commander, ex- 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; 6 aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 63 
 
 pp. 
 
 4ft7 
 
GEN 
 
 GEN 
 
 GEN 
 
 Iiibited in the judicious arrangements of troops, or 
 
 the operations of war. 
 ftKN'ER AL-TY, n. Tlie whole ; the totality. Hale. 
 GEN'ER-ANT, ;!. [L. ffencrans.] 
 
 1. The power that generates ; the power or princi- 
 ple that produces. QlanviUe. Ray, 
 
 2. In geametry, a line, surface, or solid, generated, 
 or supi)osed to be generated, by the motion of a point, 
 line, or surface. Barlow. 
 
 6E.\'ER-aTE, II. U [L. genera. See Gender.] 
 
 1. To beget ; to procreate ; to propagate ; to pro- 
 duce a being similar to the parent. Every animal 
 generates his own species. 
 
 2. To produce ; to cause to be ; to bring into life ; 
 as, great whales which the waters generated. Milton. 
 
 3. To cause ; to produce ; to form. 
 
 Soiuiils are generated ivhere there is no .lir .^t all. Bacon. 
 Whatever gerterates a quaiility of ^od chyle must likewise ven- 
 erate ntilk. Arbuthnot. 
 
 In viusic, any given sound generates With itself its 
 octave and two other sounds extremely sharp, viz., 
 its twelfth above or the octave of its fifth, and the 
 seventeenth above. Encyc. 
 
 CE.X'ER-A-TED, pp. Begotten ; engendered ; pro- 
 created ; produced ; formed. 
 
 GE.VER-A-TING, or a. Begetting; procreating; 
 producing; forming. 
 
 6EN-ER-A'TION, n. The act of begetting ; procrea- 
 tion, as of animals. 
 
 2. Production ; formation ; as, the generation of 
 sounds, or of curves or equations. 
 
 3. A single succession in natural descent, as the 
 children of the same parents ; hence, an age. Thus 
 we say, the third, the fourth, or the tenth gentrration. 
 Gen. XV. 16. 
 
 4. Tlie people of the same period, or living at the 
 same time. 
 
 O faithless .ind perverse generation I — Luke ix. 
 
 5. Genealogy ; a series of children or descendants 
 from tlie same stock. 
 
 TJiis is Uie book of the generations of Adam. — Gen. v. 
 G. .\ family; a race. Shak. 
 7. Progeny ; offspring. Shak. 
 GEN"ER-A-TIVE, a. Having the power of generating 
 or propagating its own species. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Having the power of producing. Bentley. 
 
 3. Prolific. Bentley. 
 GEN'ER-a-TOR, n. He or that which begets, causes, 
 
 or produces. 
 
 2. In jHitsi'c, the principal sound or sounds by which 
 others are produced. Thus the lowest C for the treble 
 of the harpsichord, besides its octave, will strike an 
 attentive ear with its twelfth above, or G in alt., and 
 with its seventeenth above, or E in alt. Hence C is 
 called their generator, the G and E its products or 
 harmonics. Encye. 
 
 3. A vessel in which steam is generated. Perkins. 
 GE-NER'ie, ) a. [It. and Sp. gencrico ; Fr. gene- 
 GE-NER'ie-.\L, j rique; from L. genus.] 
 
 Pertaining to a genus or kind ; comprehending the 
 genus, as distinct from species, or from another ge- 
 nus. A generic description is a description of a ge- 
 nus ; a generic difference is a difference in genus ; a 
 generic name is the denomination which compre- 
 hends all the species, as of animals, plants, or fos- 
 sils, which have certain essential and peculiar char- 
 acters in common. Thus Canis is the generic name 
 of animals of the dog kind ; Felis, of the cat kmd ; 
 Ccrrus, of the deer kind 
 
 GE-NER'ie-AL-LY, ailv. With regard to genus ; as, 
 an animal gmrrically distinct from another, or two 
 aniinala genrricitlhf allied. Woodward. 
 
 GE-i\ER'I€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being ge- 
 neric. 
 
 GE.N-ER-OS'I-TY, n. [Fr. generositi; L. generositas, 
 from genus, race, kind, with reference to birth, blood, 
 family.] 
 
 1. The quality of being generous; liberality in 
 princi|)le ; a disposition to give liberally or to ce- 
 ■stow favors ; a quality of the heart or mind opposed 
 to meanness or parsimony. 
 
 2. liberality in act ; bounty. 
 
 3. Nobleness of soul ; magnanimity. [77its is the 
 jiriinary sense, but is now little used.] 
 
 GE.N'ER-OUH, a. [L. gencrosiis ; i'r. genereuz, (lom 
 genus, birth, extractitm, family. See Gender.] 
 
 1. Primarily, being of honorable birth or origin ; 
 hence, noble ; honorable ; magnanimous ; applied to 
 persons ; an, n generous foe ; a generous critic. 
 
 2. Noble ; honorable ; applied to things ; as, a gen- 
 erous virtue; generous bolunesH. It is used, also, to 
 denote like qualities in irrational animals ; as, a gen- 
 erous pack of hounds. MdLion. 
 
 3. Liberal; bountiful; munificent; free to give; 
 afl, VL generous friend ; a generous father. 
 
 4. Slfong ; full of spirit ; as, generous wino. 
 
 Boyle. Smifl. 
 
 5. Full ; overflowing ; abundant ; an, a generous 
 cup ; a generous table. 
 
 ti. .'ipriglilly ; ci-irageoim ; a>i, n generous Btocd. 
 6BN'ER ()UH-LY, aJiJ. Honorably; not niiimly. 
 
 2. Nobly ; luagnaniniouHly. Dnjilcn. 
 
 3. Liberally ; munificently. 
 
 GEN'ER-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being gener- 
 ous ; magnanimity ; nobleness of mind. 
 2. Liberality ; munificence ; generosity. 
 
 GEN'E-SIS,' n. \Gx. ycveais, from -jcvvaoi, yivoixai. 
 See Gender.] 
 
 1. The act of producing. 
 
 2. The first book of the sacred Scriptures of the 
 Old Testament, containing the history of the crea- 
 tion, of the apostasy of man, of the deluge, and of 
 the first patriarchs, to the death of Joseph. In the 
 original Hebrew, this book has no title ; the present 
 title was prefixed to it by those who translated it in- 
 
 - to Greek. 
 
 3. In geometry, the formation of a line, plane, or 
 solid, by the motion of a point, line, or surface. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 GEN'ET, n. [Fr.] A small-sized, well-proportioned, 
 Spanish horse. Johnson. 
 
 2. An animal allied to the civet, and resembling 
 the polecat in appearance. 
 
 GE-NET', I n. A name given to cat-skins, when 
 
 GE-NETTE', i made into muffs and tippets, as if 
 they were skins of the genet. Bootli. 
 
 GE-NETH'LI-AG, 7i. A birthday poem. Brande. 
 
 GEN-ETH-LI'Ae-AL, ( a. [Gr. ycptdXtaKOi, from 
 
 GE-NETH'LI-AC, \ ytvijiiat, to be born.] 
 
 Pertaining to nativities, as calculated by astrologers ; 
 showing the positions of the stars at the birth of any 
 person. [Little used.] Hoiccll. 
 
 GE-NETH'LI-A€S, 71. The science of calculating 
 nativities, or predicting the future events of life 
 from the stars which preside at the birth of per- 
 sons. [Little used.] Johnson. 
 
 GE-NETH-LI-AT'ie, n. He who calculates nativi- 
 ties. [Little used.] Drummond. 
 
 6E-NET'ie, o. [Gr. 
 
 Pertaining to the origin of a thing, or its mode of 
 prod^iction. T. D. fVoolsey. 
 
 GE-Nli'VA, n. [Fr. genevre, or genievre,a juniper- 
 berry ; It. ginepra ; Arm. genevra. The Spanish 
 word is nebrina, and the tree is called enebro, Port. 
 limbro.] 
 
 A spirit distilled from grain or malt, with the ad- 
 dition of juniper-berries. But instead of these ber- 
 ries, the spirit is often flavored with the oil of turpen- 
 tine. The word is usually contracted, and pronounced 
 gin. Encyc. 
 
 GE-Ne'VA BI'BLE, n. A copy of the Bible in Eng- 
 lish, printed at Geneva, first in 15B0. This copy was 
 in common use in England till the version made by 
 order of King James was introduced, and it was laid 
 aside by the Calvinists with reluctance. 
 
 GE-Ne'VAN, a. Pertaining to Geneva. 
 2. n. An inhabitant of Geneva. 
 
 GE-Ne'VAN-ISM, n. [from Geneva, where Calvin 
 resided.] 
 
 Calvinism. Mountagu. 
 
 GEN-E-VeSE', n. sing, and pZ. People of Geneva. 
 
 GEN-E-VOIS', (zlien-e-vwi',) n. pi. People of Gene- 
 va. .Addison. 
 
 Ge'NI-AL, a. [L. genialis, from geno, gigno, Gr. yev- 
 va(o, } tvofjai.y 
 
 1. Contributing to propagation or production ; that 
 causes to produce. 
 
 Creator, Venvis, genial power of love. Dryden. 
 
 2. Gay ; merry. Warion. 
 
 3. Enlivening; contributing to life and cheerful- 
 ness ; supporting life. 
 
 So much I feel my genial spirits droop. ^Tillon. 
 
 4.. Native ; natural. [JYof usual.] Brown. 
 
 The genial gods, in pagan antiquity, were sujiposed 
 to preside over generation, as earth, air, fire, and 
 water. 
 
 GE NI-AL'I-TY, 71. Gayety; cheerfulness. 
 Ge'NI-AL-LY, adv. By genius or nature ; naturally. 
 [Little uscrf.] Olanville. 
 2. Gayly ; cheerfully. Johnson. 
 Ge'NI-AL-NESS, 71. The quality of being genial. 
 GE-NI€' II-LATE, v. U To form joints or knots. 
 
 Cockeram. 
 
 GE-NIC'IJ-IiATE, j a. [L. geniculatus, from genic- 
 G&Nie'LJ-L.^-TED, j ulum, a knot or joint, from 
 the root of genu, the knee. See Knee.] 
 
 Kneed ; knee-jointed ; having joints like the knee 
 a little bent ; as, a gcniculated stem or peduncle. 
 
 J\Iartyn. 
 
 GE-NIC'U-LA-TING, ppr. Knotting; jointing. 
 
 Gh^NlC-lj-LA'TION, 71. Knottiness; the state of 
 having knots or joints like a kiii^c. Johnson. 
 
 Gk'NIE, (je'ne,) n. [Old Fr.] Disposition ; inclina- 
 tion ; turn of mind. [Obsolete..] 
 
 Gk'NI-I, 71. pi. [L.] A sort of imaginary, intermedi- 
 ate beings between men and angels ; some good and 
 dome bad. Encyc. 
 
 Gk'NI-O, 71. [It., fsom L. genius.] 
 
 A man of a particular turn of mind. Tiitlrr. 
 
 GEN'I-TAL, a. [L. gcnit^is, (torn llic root o( gigno, 
 Gr. ytpvaf'i, to beget.] 
 
 Pertaining to giuieration or the act of begetting. 
 
 GEN'I-TALS, 71. pi. The parts of an animal which 
 are the iniiiicdiati^ instruments uf generation. 
 
 GEN'l-TING, 71. 1 Fr. ianrton.] 
 
 .\ species of apple that ripens very early. 
 
 GEN'I-TIVE, a. or n. [L. gaiitivus, from the root of 
 
 gender.] 
 
 In grammar, a. term applied to a case in the declen- 
 sion of nouns, expressing primarily the thing from 
 which something else proceeds; as, fdius patris, the 
 st)n of a father ; agua /otitis, the water of a fountain. 
 But, by custom, this case expresses other relatituis, 
 particularly possession or ownership ; as, animi mag- 
 nitiido, greatness of mind, greatness possessed by or 
 inherent in the mind. This case otVn expresses, 
 also, that which proceeds from something else; as, 
 pater septem filioriiin, the father of seven sons. 
 GEN'I-TOR, 71. One who procreates ; a sire ; a father. 
 
 Sheldon. 
 
 GEN'I-TyRE, 71. Generation ; procreation ; birth. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 GEN'IUS, 7!.; pi. Geniuses. [L., from the root of 
 gigno, Gr. -jcvvaoy, to beget.] 
 
 1. The peculiar structure of mind which is given 
 by nature to an individual, or that disposition or bent 
 of mind which is peculiar to every man, and which 
 qualifies him for a particular employment ; a partic- 
 ular natural talent or aptitude of mind for a particu- 
 lar study or course of life ; as, a genius for history, 
 for poetry, or painting. 
 
 2. Strength of mind ; uncommon powers of intel- 
 lect ; particularly, the power of invention. In this 
 sense we say, Homer was a man of genius. Hence, 
 
 3. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind ; 
 a man of superior intellectual faculties. Shakspeare 
 was a rare genius. Addison. 
 
 4. Mental powers or faculties. [See No. 2.] 
 
 5. Nature ; disposition ; peculiar character ; as, the 
 genius of the times. 
 
 Gi''JV'/-f7S, 7!. ; p?. Genii. [L.] Among (/le anciCTits, 
 a good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed to preside 
 over a man's destiny in life ; that is, to direct his 
 birth and actions, ami be his guard and guide ; a tu- 
 telary deity ; the ruling and protecting power of men, 
 places, or things. This seems to be merely a person- 
 ification or deification of the particular structure or 
 bent of mind which a man receives from nature, 
 which is the prunary signification of the word. 
 
 GE'JVl-US LO'CI, [L.] The presiding divinity of a 
 place ; and hence, the pervading spirit of a place or 
 institution, as of a college, &,c. 
 
 GEN-O-eSE', 71. An inhabitant, or the people of Ge- 
 noa, in Italy. 
 
 GENT, a. Elegant ; pretty ; gentle. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 GEN-TEEL', a. [Fr. gentil; It. gentile; Sp. gentil ; 
 L. gentilis, from gens, race, stock, family, and with 
 the sense of noble or at least respectable birth, as we 
 use birth and family.] 
 
 1. Polite ; well-bred ; easy and graceful in man- 
 ners or behavior ; having the manners of well-bred 
 people ; as, genteel company ; genteel guests. 
 
 2. Polite ; easy and graceful ; becoming well-bred 
 persons; as, o-e/itceZ manners or behavior; a genteel 
 address. 
 
 3. Graceful in mien or form ; elegant ; as, the lady ' 
 has a genteel perstm. 
 
 4. Elegantly dressed. Law. 
 
 5. Decorous ; refined ; free from any thing low or 
 vulgar ; as, genteel comedy. Addison. 
 
 GEr<-TEEL'LY, adv. Politely ; gracefully ; elegant- 
 ly ; in the manner of well-bred people. 
 
 GEN-TEEL'NESS, ji. Gracefulness of manners or 
 person ; elegance ; politeness. We speak of the 
 gattteelness of a person, or of his deportment. 
 2. Citialities befitting a person of rank. Johnson. 
 
 GEN'TIAN, (jen'shan,) 11. [L. gentiana; Fr. geiUiane, 
 
 Ar. I Uil ^— > kanta.] 
 
 The popular name of a genus of plants, of many 
 species. The officinal gentian is a native of the 
 mountainous parts of Germany. The root, the on- 
 ly part used, has a yellowish-brown color, and a very 
 bitter taste, and is used as an ingredient in stomachic 
 bitters. It is sometimes called Pelwort. Encyc. 
 
 GE.N-TIAN-EL'LA, 7t. A kind of blue color. 
 
 GKN'TIL, 71. A species of falcon or hawk. 
 
 GEN'TILE, 71. [L. gentilis; Fr. gentil; Sp. gentU; 
 from L. gens, nation, race ; applied to pagans.] 
 
 In tlie Scriptures, a pagan ; a worshiper of false 
 gods ; any person not a Jew or a Christian ; a hea- 
 then. The Hebrews included in the term or«mi, or na- 
 tions, all the tribes of men who had not received the 
 true faith, and wi re not circuincised. The ('hristians 
 translated gaim by the L. gentcs, and imitated the 
 Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who 
 were not Jews or Christians. In civil affairs, the de- 
 nomination was given to all nations who were not 
 Romans. Encye. 
 
 GEN'TILE, a. Pertaining to pagans or heathens. 
 2. In grammar, denoting one's race or country ; as, 
 a gentile noun. 
 
 GEN-TI-LESSE', 71. Complaisance. [ATot in u.te.] 
 
 Hudtlrras. 
 
 GEN'TIL-ISII, a. Heathenish ; pagan. Milton. 
 GEN'TIL I«M, 71. Heathenism; pagtjiism ; the wor- 
 ship of false gods. Stillin gJlecL 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WU^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nQQK.— 
 
GEN 
 
 <5F.X-TI-I,1"TIAI.. (jen-te-lisli'al,) j o. [L. grnli- 
 OliXTI l.I"TIOL'S, (jeu-te-lisli'us,) i 'ifi", from 
 
 geiiM.] 
 
 1. Peculiar to a people ; nationnl. Brown. 
 
 2. Ilercililnry ; entailed on a family. /IrbiiOinot. 
 GF.N-TIIi'l-TY, n. [Fr. «rni(i'iiW, lieatlienisni. So in 
 
 Sp. anil It., from the Latin ; but we take tlic sense 
 from smtcflj] 
 
 1. I'olileness of manners ; easy, graceful behavior ; 
 the manners of well-bred people ; Renteelness. 
 
 2. (Joud extraction; dignity of birth. Edmard. 
 
 3. Cracefulness of mien. Shak. 
 
 4. Gentry. [JVo( in use.] Duvics. 
 
 5. Paganism ; heathenism. [J\"ii( in u.«.] Honker. 
 0K.\'T1I,-IZE, V. i. To live like a heathen. Millun. 
 CE.\'T1,E, a. [See GtNTEEL.] Well -horn ; of a good 
 
 family or respectable birth, though uot noble ; as, the 
 studies of noble and gentle youth ; gemle blood. [ Ubs.] 
 Milton. Pope. 
 9. Mild ; meek ; soft ; bland ; not rough, harsh, or 
 severe ; as, a gentle nature, temper, or disposition ; a 
 gentle manner; a gentle address; a ^cniic voice. 1 
 Thejis. ii. 2 TVm. ii. 
 
 3. Tame ; peaceable ; not wild, turbulent, or refrac- 
 tory ; as, a gnitle horse or beast. 
 
 4. Soothing ; pacific. Davies. 
 
 5. Treating with mildness ; not violent. 
 
 A gtnCe haiiil may lead Ur clf ptiatit Willi a hnif. 
 
 Periian Itosary. 
 
 GEN'TI.E, ?i. A gentleman. [Oft.?.] STiaJc. 
 2. A name sometimes given to the maggots or 
 larvie of the flesh-lly, and of some other Hies. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 6EN''T!,K, r. f. To make genteel ; to raise from the 
 vulgrir. [OAs.] Slink. 
 
 GE.\'TLE-Vf)LK, (-tl-foke,) ». [gentle nnii folk.] Per- 
 sons of good breeding and family. It is now used 
 only in the plural, grntlefulks, and this use is vulgar. 
 
 0E.\'TLE-1IE.\RT'EI), a. Having a kind or gentle 
 dis[Hi^ition. 
 
 GEN'TLE-.MAN, n. [gentle, that is, genteel, and man. 
 So in Fr. gentilhomme. It. gentiluomo, Sp. gcntilhombre. 
 See Gemteei..] 
 
 1. In its most ezten.iiv sense, in Great Britain, 
 every man above the rank of yeoman, comprehend- 
 ing noblemen. In a more limited sense, a man wlio, 
 without a title, bears a coat of arms, or whose ances- 
 tors have been freemen. In this sense, gentlemen 
 hold a middle rank between the nobility and yeo- 
 manry. 
 
 2. In Oie United States, where titles and distinc- 
 tions of rank do not exist, the term is applied to men 
 of education and of good breeding, of every occupa- 
 tion. Indeed, this is also the popular practice in 
 Great Dritnin. Hence, 
 
 3. A m;in of good brpeding, politeness, and civil 
 manners, as distinguished from the vulgar and 
 clown isli. 
 
 A plo 
 
 vninn on his le^ b ht^ticr than a gentleman on hii knees. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 4. A term of complaisance. In the plural, the ap- 
 pellation by which men are addressed in [lopular 
 assemblies, whatever may be their condition or 
 character. 
 
 5. In Oreat Britain, the ser%'ant of a roan of rank, 
 who attends his |K-rson. Also, a prefix to his othcial 
 title ; as, gentleman usher, one who walks before his 
 masterand introduces slrangersinlo his presence; gen- 
 tleman srrrer, one Who serves up the fc.ast. Camden. 
 
 GEX'TLE-MAN-eO.M'.MO.N'-ER, n. The highest 
 class of commoners at Oxford University. 
 
 GEN'TLE-MA.N-PEN'SION-ERS, n. pi. In England, 
 a band of forty gentlemen, whose othce it is to attend 
 the kins to and from the royal chapel. Buchanan. 
 
 GEX'TLE-.MA.V-LIKE, j a. Pertaining to or becum- 
 
 GEN'TLE-M AN-LY, j ing a gentleman, or a man 
 of good family and breeding ; polite ; complaisant ; 
 as, gentlemanly manners. 
 
 2. Like a man of birth and good breeding ; as, a 
 gentlemaulti officer. 
 
 GEN'TLE-.M.\N-LI-NESS, n. Behavior of a well-bred 
 man. Shencood, 
 
 GEN'TLE-MAN-SHIP, ti. Quality of a gentleman. 
 
 GEN'TLE-NESS.iu [See Ge.mle.] Dignity of birth 
 [LiUlr u.<f(/.] 
 
 Genteel behavior. [Obs.] 
 
 3. Softness of manners ; mildness of temper ; 
 sweetness of disposition ; meekness. 
 
 The fruit of the Spirit is Iu»e, Joy, peace, lon^uffering, gentlt~ 
 nest, KOoOness. f.uth. — Ual. T. 
 
 4. Kindness ; benevolence. [Obs.] Shak. 
 Tenderness ; mild treatment. 
 
 GEX'TLB-SIIIP, lu The deportment of a gentleman 
 [Ob'.] Jlseham. 
 
 GEX'TLE-WOM-AN, n. [gentle and woman.] A 
 woman of good family or of good breeding ; a 
 woman above the vulgar. 
 
 2. A woman who waits about the person of one of 
 high rank. 
 
 3. A term of civility to a female, sometimes ironi 
 ^ <■"'• Dnjdrn. 
 GEX'TLE-WOM-A.N-LTKE, o. Becoming a gentle 
 
 woman. 
 
 GKO 
 
 GE.X'TLY, adv. Softly ; meekly ; mildly ; with ten- 
 derness. 
 
 My iniiitreBii gently cliiiles Itie fault 1 made. DryUn. 
 2. Without violence, roughness, or asperity. Shak. 
 GEX-TOO', n. [Port, gentio, a gentile.] 
 
 A native of India or Ilindoostan ; one who follows 
 the religion of the Bramins. [JVot used in India.] 
 
 Ennjc. 
 
 GEN'TRY, n. Birth ; condition ; rank by birth. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. People of education and good breeding. In 
 Oreat Britain, the classes of people between the 
 nobility and the vulgar. 
 
 3. A term of civility ; civility ; complaisance. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 GE-.NU-FLEe'TION, Ji, [l.. genu, the knee, and 
 ficctio, a bending.] 
 
 Tlie act of bending the knee, particularly in wor- 
 ship. Stillingfleet. 
 
 GEX'lJ-INE, a. [L. gcnuinus, from genus, or its root. 
 See Gender.] 
 
 Native ; belonging to the original stock ; hence, 
 real ; natural ; tnie ; pure ; not spurious, false, or 
 adulterated. The Gaels are supposed to be genuine 
 descendants of the Celts. Vices and crimes are the 
 genuine eflects of depravity, as virtue and piety arc 
 the genuine fruits of holiness. It is supposed we 
 have the irenuine text of Homer. 
 
 GE.\'IJ-IXE-LY, arfii. \Vithout adulteration orforcign 
 admixture ; naturally. Boi/le. 
 
 GEN"U-I.NE-NESS, II. The state of being native, or 
 of the. true tiriginal ; hence, freedom from adultera- 
 tion or foreign adiui.xture ; freedom from any thing 
 false or ccmntrrfeit ; purity ; reality ; as, the gcnu- 
 inciif.ss of Livy's History ; the genuineness of faith or 
 repentance. 
 
 [Bishop Watson, in his Apology for the Bible, con- 
 sitlers authentteittj and genuineness to be tpitte dis- 
 tinct, the former referring to the correctness of the 
 facts detailed, and the latter to the authorship of the 
 book cimtaining them ; while, on the other hand, they 
 are used by Bisliop .Marsh as synonymous. — E. H. B.] 
 Gk'NUS, n. ; pi. Gen'ek.*. (It would be desirable to 
 anglicize the plural into genuses.) [L. genus, Gr. 
 )£!"<;, Ir. gein, otTspring, race, or family, Sans, jana; 
 hence, kind, sort. See Ge.vder.] 
 
 1. In logw, that which has several species under 
 it ; a class of a greater extent than species ; a uni- 
 versal which is prcdicable of several things of dif- 
 ferent species. Cijc. 
 
 2. In natural history, an assemblage of species jtos- 
 sessing certain characters in common, by which they 
 are distinguished from all others. It is subordinate 
 to class and order, and in some arrangements, to 
 tribe an<l family. A single species, possessing cer- 
 tain peculiar characters, which belong to mi other 
 species, may also constitute a genus i as the camel- 
 opard and the ttamingo. 
 
 3. \n botany, a genus consists of such a group or 
 as.semblage of species a-S agree both structurally and 
 physiologically, as n^spects the organs of fructification, 
 reproduction, or perpetuation, and at the same time 
 have a general resemblance in habit 
 
 GE-O-CE.V'TRie, j a. [Gr. yy, earth, and Ktv- 
 
 GE-O-CEX'TRie-AL, ( rnov, center.] 
 
 A term denoting the position of a celestial object as 
 seen from the earth, in contradistinction to heliocen- 
 tric, as seen from the sun. Olmsted. 
 
 GE-Oe'RO-XITE, n. [Gr. yr,, earth, and Kiooi-of, 
 Saturn, the alcliemistic name of lead.] 
 
 A lead-gray ore of antimony and lead. ZJana. 
 
 Gii'ODE, n. [Gr. yatiof^yf, earthy, from yata or yii, 
 earth. Plin. gxodcs, lib. 31), 19.] 
 
 In mineralugy, a rounded nodule of stone, contain- 
 ing a small cavity, usually lined with crystals, though 
 sometimes with other matter. The cavity is also 
 called a geodc. Oeodcs frequently consist of agate, 
 chalcedony, and various zeolites. Dana, 
 
 GE O-OES'ie, 
 
 GE O-DES'ie-AL, . 
 
 GE-OI)'E-^5Y, n. [Gr. ycuSaiaia ; yii, the earth, and 
 ^iii'.i, to divide.] 
 
 That part of practical geometrj' which has for its 
 object the dcteriniiiation of the magnitude and figure 
 cither of the whole earth or of any given portion of 
 its surface. Brande. 
 
 GE-0-l)ET'ie, ) a. Pertaining to geodesy or its 
 
 GE-O-DET'ie-AL, ( measurements. 
 
 GE-O-DIF'ER-OUS, a. [^'fode and L./cro.] Produc- 
 ing geodes. 
 
 Gl';'OG-.\OST, n. [See GtoonosT.] One versed in 
 
 gctHtnosy ; a geologist, 
 GE-OG-XOST'If, j 0. Pertaining to a knowl- 
 GE-OG-NOST'ie-.AL, | edge of the structure of the 
 
 earth ; geological. 
 GE-OG'NO-SY, II. [Gr. yy, the earth, and jvutrif, 
 
 knowledge.] 
 
 That part of natural history which treats of the 
 stnirtiire of the earth. It is the science of the sub- 
 stances which compose the earth or its crust, their 
 structure, position, relative situation, and properties. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 [This word originated among the German mineral- 
 ogists, and is syncuiymoiis with Geoloov.] 
 
 Geodetic 
 
 Sedgwick. 
 
 GEO 
 
 GE-O-GON'IC, a. Pertaining to geogony, or the for- 
 mation of the earth. Humboldt. 
 
 GE-UG'0-.\Y, n. [Gr. yti, the earth, and jokj, gen- 
 eration. J 
 
 The (loctrine of the formation of the earth. 
 
 GE-OG'KA-PHER, II. IHen Gi;o<iii*rHy.] One who 
 describes that part of this globe or earth, which is 
 exhibited upon the surface, as the continents, isles, 
 oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, countries, &c. 
 One who is versed in geography, or one wlio com- 
 piles a treatise on the subject. 
 
 GE O GRAPH'ie, ( a. Relating to or containing 
 
 GE-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, t a de.scription of the terra- 
 queous globe ; pertaining to geography. 
 
 GE-O-GRAPirie-AL-LY, adv. In a geographical 
 manner; according to the usual practice of describ- 
 ing the surface of the earth. 
 
 GE-OG'RA-PIIY, H. [Gr. the earth, and Ypaifiy, 
 descripticm.] 
 
 1. Properly, a descripliim of the earth or terrestrial 
 globe, particularly of the divisions of its surface, 
 natural and artificial, and of the position of the sev- 
 eral couiilritrs, kingilonis, statt^s, cities, &c. As a 
 science, geography includes the doctrine or knowl- 
 edge of the astronomical circles or divisions of the 
 sphere, by which the relative [losition of places on the 
 globe may be ascertained ; and usually treatises of 
 geography contain some account of the inhabitints 
 of the earth, of their government, manners, &c., 
 and an account of the principal aninutls, plants, and 
 minerals. 
 
 2. A book containing a description of the earth. 
 GE-O-LOG'ie-AL. o. [Sec Geology.] Pertaining 
 
 to geology ; relating to the science of the earth or 
 
 terraqueous globe. 
 GE-OI.'O-Ol."*'!', j n. One versed in the science of 
 GE-O-Lo'Gl-AX, i geology. 
 
 GE-OL'O-GT/.E, V. i. To study giMilogy ; to make ge- 
 ological investigations. 
 
 GE-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. ) i;, the earth, and Xojoj, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 The science which treats of the structure and 
 mineral constitution of the globe, and the causes of 
 its physical features. Dana, 
 
 The science of the compound minerals or aggre- 
 gate substances which compose the earth, the re- 
 lations vvliich the .several constituent m.Tsses bear to 
 each other, their forniatitm, structure, position, and 
 direction. Cleaveland. 
 
 Gi;'0-.MA.\-CER, 71. [See Geomancv.] One who 
 foretells or divines, by means of lines, figures, or 
 points, on the ground or on paper. Encyc. 
 
 Gk'O-.MA.V-CY, 71. [Gr. J I), the earth, and /iai/r£(u, 
 divinatiim.] 
 
 A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, 
 formed by little dots or points, originally on the 
 earth, and afterwards on paper. Encyc, 
 
 GE-O-.M A.X'Tie, a. Pertaining to geomancy. 
 
 GE-O.M'K-TER, II. [Gt. ) itoptTpnf. See Geometht.] 
 One skilled in geometry. [See Geometricia:<, 
 which is generally used.] Watts. 
 
 GE-OM'E-TR.AL, a. Pertaining to geometry. 
 
 GE-O-.M FIT'Rie, i „ rn, i 
 
 GE-O-MET'Rie-AL, i [Gr. ,£ai;i£-oi«j.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to geometry. 
 
 2. According to the rules or principles of geometry ; 
 done by geometry. 
 
 3. Disposed according to geometry. 
 
 Oeometrical ratio, is that relation between quanti- 
 ties which is expressed by the quotient of the one 
 divided by the other. 
 
 Geometrical proportion, is an equality of geometri- 
 cal ratios. 
 
 Quantities arc in geometrical progression, when 
 they increase by a common multiplier, or decrease 
 by a common divisor. J. Day. 
 
 GE-O-.MET'Rie-AI^LY, ado. According to the rules 
 or laws of geometry. 
 
 GE-O.M-E-TRI"CTAN, (-trish'an,) n. One skilled in 
 geometry ; a geometer. IVatts. 
 
 GE-O.M'E-TRI'/E, r. L To act according to the laws 
 of geonietrv ; to perforin geometrically. Boyle, 
 
 GE-O.M'E-TRY, n. [Gr. jcoipcroia; yy, the earth, 
 and firro 11 , measure.] 
 
 Originally and properly, the art of measuring the 
 earth, or any distances or dimensions on it But 
 geometry now denotes the science of magnitude in 
 general, the mensuration of lines, surfaces, solids, 
 with their various relations. Bailey, Kneyc, 
 
 GE-O-I'OX'ie, (a. [Gr. jrj.the eartli,and irorat, 
 
 GE-O-POX'IC-AL, t labor.] 
 
 Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agriculture. 
 
 GE O PO.X'ICS, n. The art or science of ciiltiv.ating 
 the earth. Erelyn, 
 
 GE-(3-RX'.M.\, 7u [Gr. yy, the earth, and hi>apa, 
 view.] 
 
 An instniment or machine which exhibits a very 
 complete view of the earth, invented in Paris. It is 
 a hollow sphere of forty feet diameter, formed by 
 thirty-six bars of iron leprescnting the parallels and 
 meridians, and covered with a bluish cloth, intended 
 to represent seas and lakes. The land, mountains, and 
 rivers, are painted on paper and pasted on this cover. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z : CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 409 
 
GES 
 
 GET 
 
 Gf;0!IGE, ( jorje,) n. A figure of St. George on horse- 
 back, worn hy knights of the garter. Shak. 
 2. A brown loaf. Dnjden. 
 
 (SLORC; E-,\0'15LE, 21. A gold coin in the time of 
 Henry VIII., of tlie value of (w. 8r/. sterling. 
 
 0EOI£'(5ie, 71. [Gr. j twu) iKOi, rnstic ; ; n and cpyov, 
 labor.] 
 
 A rnral poem ; a poetical composition on the sub- 
 ject of husbandry, containing rules for cultiv.iting 
 lands, in a poetical dress ; as, the Ororffics of Virgil. 
 GEOR'OIf.;, )a. Relating to the doctrine of agri- 
 6E0R'Gie-AL, i culture and rural aflairs. 
 GEOR'GI-U.M SI'nUS, [L.] The name first given, in 
 honor of George III., to tlie'planet Uranus, which see. 
 
 ^ Olnistcd, 
 GE-OS'eO-PY, n. [Gr. y n and o-kottcm.] 
 
 Know ledge of the eartli, ground, or soil, obtained 
 by insppction. Chambers. 
 6E-OT'ie, a. [Gr. earth.] 
 
 Relongin*: to earth ; terrestrial. 
 Ge'RAH; the twentieth part of a shekel, or nearly 
 three cents. 
 
 GE Ri\'NI-U.M, n. [L., from Gr. ycpamon, from ycpa- 
 a crane.] 
 
 Crane's-bill, a genus of plants, of numerous spe- 
 cies, some of which are cultivated for their fragrance 
 or the beauty of their flowers. 
 Ge'REXT, a. [L. gf.rens.] 
 
 Hearing ; used in Vicegerent. 
 GER'FAL-eON, (jer'faw-kn.) See Gyrfalcon. 
 C;ERM,"n. [L. g-mnen.] 
 
 1. In hutany, the ovary or seed-bnd of a plant, the 
 rudiment of fruit yet in embryo. It is the base or lower 
 part of the pistil, which in tiie progress of vegetation 
 swells and becomes the seed-vessel. JiTarttjn. Milne, 
 
 9. Origin ; first principle ; that from which any 
 thing springs ; as, the germ of civil liberty, or of 
 prosperity. 
 
 GER'M.\N, ffl. [L. fCT-maniM, a brother ; Fr. gennain.'] 
 J. Cousins german are the sons or daughters of 
 brotJiers or sisters ; first cousins. 
 
 2. Related. [04s.] ShcJi. 
 GER'MAN, a. Belonging to Germany. 
 GER'MAN, n. A native of Germany ; and by ellip- 
 sis, the German language. 
 
 fiER'.MAN-SIL'VER, »i. An alloy or mixture of 100 
 parts of copper, 60 of zinc, and 40 of nickel. Graham. 
 
 GERMAN'UER, 71. The popular name of several 
 plants, as the rock germander^ of the genus Veronica, 
 and the common and water germander, of the genus 
 Tencrium. 
 
 GER-.MAN'ie, a. Pertaining to Germany; as, the 
 
 Oennaiiic body or confederacy. 
 GER'MAN-ISAI, n. An idiom of the German language. 
 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 GERM'EiV, 71. ; pt. Germens. Now contracted to 
 Germ, which sec. [The spelling Germins is less ac- 
 curate.] 
 
 GER1I'L\-AL, a. [from germen. See Germ.] Per- 
 taining to a germ or seed bud. Med. Repos. 
 GER.M'1.\-AN"T, a. Sprouting. 
 GER.M'IN-aTE, v. i. [L. gcrmino, from germen.] 
 To sprout ; to bud ; to shoot ; to begin to vegetate, 
 as a plant or its seed. Bacon. 
 GER.M'IN-aTE, r. t. To cause to sprout. [Unusual.] 
 
 Price. 
 
 GERM'IX-A-TING, ppr. Sprouting ; beginning to 
 vpiz'-tate. 
 
 GEK.M-l.V-A'TION, 7!. The act of sprouting; the first 
 beginning of vegetation in a seed or plant. 
 
 2. The time in which seeds vegetate, after being 
 planted or sown. Murtijn. 
 GE-RO-eo.M'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to gerocomy. 
 
 {Little used.] Smith. 
 GE-ROe'O-.MY, 7t. [Gr. ycpwi' and koium.] 
 
 'J'hat part of medicine which treats of the proper 
 regimen for old people. 
 GER'IJ.VD, 71. [I>. gcrundium, from gero, to bear.] 
 
 Ill the Latin grammar, a kind of verbal noun, par- 
 taking of the nature of a iiarticiple. Enojc. 
 6E-RU.\U'I-AL, a. Pertaining to or resembling a 
 gerund. 
 
 GES'MNG, for GosLiNo. .VurfA of England. 
 
 GE.ST, n. [L. gcstum, from gero, to carry, to do.] 
 
 1. A deed, action, or achievement. {Obs.] 
 
 2. Show; representation. [Obs.] [Spenser. 
 
 3. ( I'r. gUc, for giste. from grsir, to lie.] A stage 
 in traveling; so much of a journey as is made with- 
 out resting ; or, properly, a rest ; a stop. [Obs.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 4. A rnll or journal of the sevifral days and stages 
 prefixed in the joiirni ys of the English kings, many 
 of which an; extant in the herald's ollfce. JIanmer. 
 
 GES-Ta'TIO.\, 71. [\,. gestatin, (mm gero, to carry.] 
 
 1. 'I'he act of carrying young in the womb from 
 conception to delivery ; pregnancy. Coxe. 
 
 2. The act of wearing, as clothes or ornaments. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 3. ExcrcUe in which one is bnmc or carried, as on 
 homeback, or in a carriage, without the exertion of 
 hin own powers ; passive exercise. Med. Repas. 
 
 GES'TA-TO-liy, o. Pertaining lo gestation or prcg 
 nancy. 
 
 2. That may be carried or worn. Brown. 
 
 GES'Tie, a. Pertaining to deeds ; legendarj^ 
 
 Ooldsjnitfi. 
 
 2. Relating, to bodily motion, as in the dance. 
 
 Sir IV. Scot!.. 
 
 GES-TIC'IJ-LaTE, 7!. i. [L. gesticulor, from gestum, 
 
 gero, to bear or carry, or gestio.] 
 
 To make gestures or motions, as in speaking ; to 
 
 use postures. Herbert. 
 GES-TIC'U-LATE, v. t. To represent by gesture ; to 
 
 act. B. Jonson, 
 
 GES-Tie'lI-LX-TING, ppr. Making gestures, as in 
 
 speaking. 
 
 GES-TIC-U-La'TION, 71. [L. gestieulatio.] 
 
 1. The act of making gestures to express passion 
 or enforce sentiments. 
 
 2. Gesture; a motion of the body or limbs in speak- 
 ing, or in representing action or passion, and enforc- 
 ing arguments and sentiments. 
 
 .1. Antic tricks or motions. 
 GES-Tie'U-LA-TOR, re. One that shows postures, or 
 
 makes gestures. 
 GES-Tie'U-LA-TO-RY, «. Bepresenting in gestures. 
 
 H'arton. 
 
 GES'TOR, 71. One who relates the gestes or achieve- 
 ments of distinguished personages. [ Obs.] Chancer. 
 
 GES'TQR-AL, a. Pertaining to gesture. 
 
 GES'TIJRE, (jest'yur,) 71. [L. gestus, from gero, to 
 bear, to do ; Fr. gcste.] 
 
 1. A motion of the body or limbs expressive of 
 sentiment or passion ; any action or posture intended 
 to express an idea or a passion, or to enforce an argu- 
 ment or opinion. It consists chiefly in tlie actions or 
 movements of the hands and face, and should be 
 suited to the subject. Encijc. 
 
 2. Jlovement of the body or limbs 
 Grace was in all lier steps, heaven in her eye, 
 
 111 every gesture di^ily and love. AlUton. 
 
 GES'TIJRE, V. t. To accompany with gesture or ac- 
 tion. Hooker. Wotton. 
 
 GES'TIJR-£D, pp. Accompanied with gesture or 
 action. 
 
 GES'TI;RE-LESS, a. Free from gestures. 
 GES'TIJRE-MENT, 7t. Act of making gestures. 
 GES'Tt|R-ING, ppr. Accompanying with gesture or 
 action. 
 
 GET, 1;. t. ; prct. Got, [Gat, obs. ;] pp. Got, Gotten. 
 [Sax. getan, gtjtan, or geatan, to get ; agijtan, to know 
 or understand ; angitan, andgitan, to find, to under- 
 stand. The Danish has forgictter, to forget, but giet- 
 ter signifies to guess, or to suppose, to think ; the 
 Swedish also has fUrgdta, to forget, to give to obliv- 
 ion, ez animo cjicere. The simple verb gictter, gdta, 
 coincides with the D. gieten, G. gicssen, to ceist, to 
 pour out, to found, as vessels of metal. Sax. geotan. 
 To get, then, is, primarily, to throw, and with re- 
 spect to acquisition, it is to rush on and seize. The 
 Italian has caftarc, to get; raccaitare, to regain, to 
 acquire, (iu. Sp. rescatar. Port, resgatar, to redeem, 
 to ransom. See Rescue.] 
 
 1. To procure ; to obtain ; to pain possession of, 
 by almost any means. We get favor by kindness ; 
 we gel wealth by industry and economy ; we get 
 land by purchase ; we get praise by good conduct ; 
 and we get blame by doing injustice. The merchant 
 should get a profit on his goods ; the laborer should 
 get a due reward for his labor; most men get what 
 they can for their goods or for their services. Oct 
 ditfers from aa/uire, as it does not always express 
 permanence of possession, which is the appropriate 
 sense of acquire. We get a book or a loaf of bread 
 by borrowing, we do not acquire it ; but we get or 
 
 2. To have. [acquire an estate. 
 
 Tliou hajit got the face of a man. Herbert, 
 This is a most common, but gross abuse of this 
 word. We constantly hear it said, I have got no 
 corn, I have got no money, she has got a fair com- 
 plexion, when the person means only, I have no 
 corn, I have no money, she has a fair complexion. 
 
 3. To beget ; to procreate ; to generate. Locke. 
 
 4. To learn ; as, to get a lesson. 
 
 5. To jircvail on ; to induce ; to persuade. 
 
 Tlioiif^li the king could not gt:t liim to engage in a life of bnsi- 
 ntiis. Sjicctator, 
 
 [This is not elegant,] 
 
 I). To procure to be. We could not get the work 
 done. [Aut elegant.] 
 
 To get off; to put off ; to take or pull off; as, to 
 get off a garment ; also, to remove ; as, to get off a 
 ship ironi shoals. 
 
 2. To sell ; to dispose of ; as, to get off goods. 
 
 To get on; to put on ; to draw or pull on ; as, to 
 get on a coat ; to get on boots. 
 
 To get in; to collect and shelter; to bring under 
 cov(;r ; as, to get tn corn. 
 
 To gel out ; to dniw forth ; as, to get out a .secret. 
 
 2. To draw out ; to disengage. 
 
 To get the day; to win ; to conquer; to gain the 
 victory. 
 
 To get together ; to collect ; to amass. 
 
 To get over; lo surmount; lo compier ; to pass 
 without being obstructed ; as, to gel orri' dilliculties ; 
 also, to recover ; as, to get over sickness. 
 
 To get above ; to surmount ; to surpass. 
 
 To get up : to prepare for coming before tile puh.ic ; 
 to bring forward. 
 
 With a pronoun following, it signifies to betake ; 
 to remove ; to go ; as, get you to bed ; get thee out 
 of the land. But this mode of expression can hardly 
 be deemed elegant. 
 GET, V. i. To arrive at any place or state ; followed 
 by some modifying word, and sometimes implying 
 difficulty or labor ; as. 
 
 To get away, or away from ; to depart ; to quit ; to 
 leave ; or to disengage one's self from. 
 
 To get among ; to arrive in the midst of ; to be- 
 come one of a number. 
 
 To get before ; to arrive in front, or more forward. 
 
 To get behind ; to fall in the rear ; to lag. 
 
 To get back ; to arrive at the place from which one 
 departed ; to return. 
 
 To get clear ; to disengage one's self ; to be released, 
 as from confinement, oliligation, or burden ; also, to 
 be freed from danger or embarrassment. 
 
 To get down ; to descend ; to come from an eleva- 
 tion. 
 
 To get home ; to arrive at one's dwelling. 
 
 To get in or into; to arrive within an inclosnre, or 
 a mixed body ; to pass in ; to insinuate one's self. 
 
 To get loose or free ; to disengage one's self; to be 
 released from confinement. 
 
 To get off; to escape ; to depart; to get clear; also, 
 to alight ; to descend from. 
 
 To get out ; to depart from an inclosed place, or 
 from confinement; to escape ; to free one's self from 
 embarrassment. 
 
 To get along ; to proceed ; to advance. 
 
 To get rid of; to disengage one's self from ; also, 
 to shift life ; to remove. 
 
 To get together; to meet ; to assemble ; to convene. 
 
 To get up ; to arise ; to rise from a bed or a seat ; 
 also, to ascend ; to climb. 
 
 To get through; to pass through and reach a point 
 bej-ond any thing ; also, to finish ; to accomplish. 
 
 Tu get quit of; to get rid of; to shift ofi", or to dis- 
 engage one's self from. 
 
 To get forward; to proceed; to advance; also, to 
 prosper; to advance in wealth. 
 
 To get near ; to approach within a small distance. 
 
 To get ahead ; to advance ; to prosper. 
 
 To get on ; to proceed ; to advance. 
 
 To get a mile or other distance ; lo pass over it in 
 traveling. 
 
 To get at ; to reach : to make way to. 
 
 To get asleep ; to fall asleep. 
 
 To get drunk ; to become intoxicated. 
 
 To get between ; to arrive between. 
 
 To get to ; to reach : to arrive. 
 GET'TER, 71. One who gets, gains, obtains, or ac- 
 
 2. One who begets or procreates. [quires. 
 GET'TING, ppr. Obtaining; procuring; gaining; 
 
 winning ; begetting. 
 GET'TING, 71. The act of obtaining, gaining, or ac- 
 quiring ; acquisition. 
 
 Get wisdom ; and with all thy gcuirtg, get understanding. — 
 Prov. jv. 
 
 2. Gain ; profit. Swifl. 
 GEW'GAW, 71. [Qii. Sax. ge-gaf, a trifle, or Fr. joiijou, 
 a plaything, or from the root of gaud joy, jewel.] 
 
 A showy trifle ; a pretty thing of little worth ; a 
 toy ; a bauble ; a sjiendid plaything. 
 
 A heavy gejcgaw, called a crown. Dryden. 
 
 GEW'GAW, a. Showy without value. Law. 
 
 GEY'SER, 71. [Icelandic, raging or roaring.] The 
 name of certain fountains in Iceland, which spout 
 forth boiling water. Mantcll. 
 
 GHAST'FUL, o. [See Ghastly.] Dreary ; dismal ; 
 fit for walking ghosts. [Obs.] Spen.scr. 
 
 GIIAST'|-III>-LY, o</r. Frightlullv. Pope. 
 
 GllAST'Li-NESS, 71. [from ghastly.] Horror of 
 countenance ; a deathlike look ; resemblance of a 
 ghost ; paleness. 
 
 GllAST'LY, a. [Sax. gastlic, from gast, spirit, G. 
 geist, I), geest. Ill Sax. gast is both a ghost and a 
 guest, both from the same radical sense, to move, to 
 rush ; Ir. gai.-iim, to flow ; Eng. gush, gust.] 
 
 1. Like a ghost in appearance; deathlike; pale; 
 dismal ; as, a ghastly face ; ghastly smiles. Milton. 
 
 2. Horrible; shocking; dreadful. 
 
 Mangled wiUi ghiully wounds. Milton. 
 
 GUXST'NESS, 71. Ghastliness. [J^Tot used.] Shak, 
 
 GHAUT, 71. [Q.\\, gate,] In the Kust Indies, literally, 
 a pass through a mountain ; hence, also, a range or 
 chain of motintains. 
 2. Stairs descending to a river. Malcom, 
 
 GHl"c'nER, and GIlK'HRE, 71. Sec GuEnER. 
 
 GHEE, 71. In the East /;i</i>.«, bulter clarified by boil- 
 ing, and thus converted into a kind of oil. Malcom. 
 
 GHER'KIN, (Kiir'kin,) n, [(J. gurkr, a cucumber.] 
 A small pit kleil enriimber. ' Skinner. 
 
 GIIIOSS, for (it ESS. [Mot tuied,] 
 
 GIIIH'KI.MNE, (gita lin,) 71. One of a faction in 
 Italy, in tho Kith century, which favored the Ger- 
 inaii emperors, and opposed the Guclfs, or adhi^reiils 
 of the popi«. Erande 
 
 GHOLE, (gole,) 71. An imaginary demon among 
 
 FATE, FAR, FyVLL, Wll^T MiSTE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 _ 
 
GIB 
 
 GID 
 
 GIG 
 
 Ei.Hturn imtiiiiis, wIid \va:« siipposril to prey on Im- 
 iii;m bodies. The word is inure properly Ghol'L. 
 GHOST, (gost,) 71. [S:ix. i'Ojit ; G. gcut ; D. gccsi ; Ir. 
 triisdtu rfee Ghastly.] 
 1. S|)irlt; the l^ulll of man. Shak. 
 In this scnar seldom luctL But lienco, 
 •2, Tlie soul nl'a dcceiued person ; the soul or spirit 
 Eepnr:itu from the body ; iui npparition. 
 
 Tlic inijiity ghost* ol our ffevA Harry's row. Drydan, 
 To gioe up the ghost, is to die; to yield up the 
 bre:Uh or spirit ; to expire. Sci iiiture. 
 
 The Holy Ghost, is tile third person in the adora- 
 ble Trinity. Scripture. 
 GlIoST, 1'. i. To die ; to expire. [Ofts.] Sidney. 
 GHOST, V. U To haunt with an apparition. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GHoST'LESS, a. Without life or spirit. [.Vot used.] 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 GHoST'LIKE, a. Withered; having sunliin eyes; 
 
 chaslly. Sherwood. 
 GIlOST'Ll-NESS, n. Spiritual tendency. [LitUe 
 
 «,%■('(/. 1 John.-ion. 
 GMOST'l^Y, a. Spiritu.-\1 ; relating to the suul ; not 
 carnal or secular. 
 
 Sav? ami ilfjoiid us frum our ghosCy enemies. Coninujn Prayer. 
 3. Spiritual ; having a chantctcr from religion ; a.s, 
 a gho.itly father. SJiak. 
 I*4n'ainini|: to apparitions. -^A*CH.W(/e. 
 GHOUIj, (cool,) H. All iiiiaginarv evil lieins among 
 Eastern nations, which preyed on human bodies. 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
 GI.\L-I.0-L1'.\'0, n. [It. gioiU) ; Eng. yettoic.] 
 
 A fine yellow pigment, much used under the name 
 of j^'aplfs yetlow. Kiicyc. 
 ClA.M'ltElI.X, (zham'lio,) ii. pi. [Tr.jambe, the leg.] 
 Greaves ; armor for the legs. [OAj;.] Spenser. 
 GI'A.V r, n. [Fr. grunt: Sp. gitrantc, It. ; L. gi- 
 gits : Gr. >i)us, probably from y/?, the earth, and 
 yu'o or J (i">/im. The word originally signified 
 eartli-born, ttrrigenn. The ancients believed the 
 first inhabitants of the earth to be produced from 
 the ground, and to be of enormous si/.e.] 
 1. A man of extraordinary bulk and stature. 
 CianU of niijlity txnie and Ik»U1 em irisc. Milton. 
 9. A person of extraordinary strength or powers, 
 bodily or intellectual. The judge is a giant in his 
 profession. 
 
 Giant's Otusrroay : a vast collertion of basaltic pil- 
 lars in the county of Antrim, in Ireland. Encyc, 
 Gr.\.NT, a. Like a giant ; extraordinary ih size or 
 strength ; as, giant brothers ; a giant son. 
 
 Drydrn. Pope. 
 GI'ANT-ES.S, n. A female giant ; a female of extraor- 
 
 din-irv si/.e and stature. Shal:. 
 CI'A.Nt-FE.N'NEL, n. A large, coarse looking herb, 
 of the genus Ferula. ' The stalk of the common 
 species was formerly used as a rod to punish chil- 
 dren. London, 
 GI'A.\T-IZn, p. I. To play the giant. Sherwood. 
 <5I'A.\'1'-KILL-1NG, a. Killing or destroying giants. 
 
 Cotcper. 
 
 GI'.\NT-LTKE, j a. Of unusual size ; resembling a 
 CI'ANT-LY, I giant in bulk or stature ; gigantic ; 
 
 huge. South. 
 [Gi4»TLT is not much used.] 
 GT'A.\T-RY, n. The race of giant.s. [LUlte used.] 
 GrA.N'T-SHIP, n. The state, quality, or character of 
 
 n giant. 
 
 tlb jrianuhip is gone somewhat cic«tf.illcn. filUton, 
 OI.iOUR, (^Infidel.] A name given, by 
 
 Turks, to unbelievers in Alohammedanism, and es- 
 pecially to Christians. 
 GIB, n. A cat. [JVut in »sc] Skellon. 
 GIB, ■>. t. To act like a cat ; to cater^vaul. 
 
 Beanm. FU 
 
 GIBBE, n. An old, worn-out animal. [■N'ot used.] 
 
 S/uk 
 
 GIB'BJED, a. Having been caterwauling. r04.<.] 
 
 J. Balwer. 
 
 GIB'BER, r. i. [Sec Gabble. It is probably allied to 
 gabble, and to jabber.] 
 To speak rapidly and inarticulately. [A'ut used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GIB'BER-ISH, It. [from iribber.] Rapid and inartic- 
 ul.ate talk ; iinintelhgiblc language ; unmeaning 
 words. 
 
 Gin'BER-ISII, o. L'nnieaning, as words. Saifl, 
 Glll liET, B. [Fr. »-iAct; Arm. gibel.] 
 
 1. A gallows ; a post or machine in form of a gal- 
 lows, on which notorious malefactors are hanged in 
 chains, and on which their bodies are suffered to re- 
 main^ as spectacles in Icrrorcm. SaifU 
 
 2. The projecting beam of a crane, on which the 
 _^ pulley is fixed. Brandt. 
 (jlB'BET, c. (. To hang and expose on a gibbet or 
 
 gallows. 
 
 2. To hang or expose on any thing going traverse, 
 ^ as the N-ain of a gibbet. Shak. 
 ^\n,nc^'f''^A exposed on a gibbeL 
 
 !!,;?-.. "!>"Eing and exposing on agibbet. 
 
 Oin'HlKll.n. [Fr.l Wild fowl ; game. IJ^ot used.] 
 GiB'-BOO.M. ^ee i.B-BooM. ' ^ tjlddi^t^ 
 
 GIB-Bo.SE', a. [L. ^ibba.] Humped ; a term ap- 
 plied to a surface which presents one or inure large 
 elevations. Brande. 
 
 GIB-BOS'I-TY, n. [Fr. gibbositi, from L. gibbosws. 
 See GiuHous.J 
 
 Protuberance ; a round or swelling prominence ; 
 convexity. Rny. 
 
 GIB'BOLTS, 0. [L. gibbus ; Fr. gibbeuz; It. gibboso ; 
 !?p. giboso ; Gr. Kvih'K, from Korrru, to bend. Class 
 Gb, No. 1,2, 3, 4, 5.] 
 
 1. Swelling ; protuberant ; convex. The moon is 
 gibbon.^ between the ipiarters and the full nitHiii, the 
 enlightened |>.'irt being then convex. 
 
 Tlie bones wilt rise, and make a gUjijottB member. Wiseman. 
 
 2. Hunched ; hump-backed ; crook-backed. 
 
 Broien. 
 
 GIB'BOUS-LY, adv. In a gibbous or protiilieraiit 
 form. Knion. 
 
 GIB'BOUS-NESS, ii. Protuberance; n round prom- 
 inence ; convexity. [This word is preferable to 
 
 G I BHOSITV.j 
 
 GIHUS'TTE, n. A mineral found at Richmond, in 
 Massachusetts, and named in honor of (leorge Gibbs, 
 Esq., president of the American Geological !?ociety. 
 It occurs in irri'giilar stalaetical masses, wliich pre- 
 sent all aggregation of elongated, tuberous branches, 
 liarallel and united. Its structure is fibrous, the 
 fibers radiating from an axis. Its cidors are a dirty 
 white, greenish white, and grayish. It is a hydrate 
 of alumina. 
 
 Gllt'CAT, II. A he-cat, or an old worn-out cat. Sliak. 
 
 OIBE, II. i. [^'.\\. gabban; Fr. gaber ; It. gabbarc. (See 
 Gabble.) 'I'he sense is probably to throw or 
 cast at, or make mouths. But See Class Gb, No. 1)7, 
 
 To cast reproaches and sneering expressions ; to 
 rail at ; to utter taunting, sarcastic words ; to flout ; 
 to fleer ; to scoff. 
 
 Fleer and gibe, and langh and flout. Siri/t. 
 GTBE, ti. (. To reproach with contemptuous words ; 
 to deride ; to scoff at; to treat with sarcastic reflec- 
 tions ; to taunL 
 
 Draw the Leasts as I describe them, 
 Krom their I'eaturvs, while I gibe Uiem. 
 
 Sun/t. 
 
 GIBE, n. An expression of censure mingled with 
 contempt ; a scoff ; a railing ; an expression of sar- 
 castic scorn. 
 
 Mark the fleers, the gibee, and the notable scorns, 
 
 Tluit dwell in every repun ol" liis Lice. Sltak. 
 
 GIB'ER, n. One who utters reproachful, censorious, 
 and contemptuous expressions, or who casts cutting, 
 sarcastic reflections ; one who derides ; a scoHer. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 GIB'ING, ppr. Uttering reproachful, contemptuous, 
 and censorious words ; scoffing. 
 
 GIB'ING-LY, ado. With censorious, sarcastic, and 
 contemptuous expressions ; scornfullv. SJiak. 
 
 GIB'LET, a. Made of giblets ; as, a giblet pie. 
 
 GIB'LETS, n. j/i. [Uu. Fr. gibicr, game, or Goth. 
 gibla, a wing. See Gip.] 
 
 Those parts of a goose, or other fowl, which arc 
 cut off or taken out before rtKistiiig, as the heail, 
 feet, pinionSj the heart, liver, gizzard, &c. ; a con- 
 siderable article in cookery ; as, to boil or stew gib- 
 lets. It is used only in the plural, except in compo- 
 sition ; as, a giblrt-pir. 
 
 GIB'STAFF, n. A siatf to gauge water or to push a 
 boat ; formerly, a staff used in fighting beasts on the 
 stage. Diet. 
 
 GII)'I)I-ED, (gid'did,) pp. Made to reel. 
 
 GII>'L)1-LY, odn. [See Giddy.] With the head seem- 
 ins; to turn or reef. 
 
 2. Inconstantly ; unsteadily ; witli various turn- 
 ings ; as, to ro.am about giddily. Donnr. 
 J. Carelessly ; heedlessly ; negligently. Shak. 
 
 GID'DI-NF.SS, n. The state of being giddy or vertig- 
 inous ; vertigo; a sensation of reeling or whirling, 
 when the body loses the power of preser\'ing its 
 balance or a steady attitude, or when objects at rest 
 apiiear to reel, tremble, or whirl ; a swimming of 
 the head. 
 
 2. Inconstancy; unsteadiness; mutability. Baeon. 
 
 3. Frolic ; wantonness ; levity. Donne. South. 
 GID'DY, o. [Sax. gidig. Class Gd.J 
 
 1. Vertiginous; reeling; whirling; having in the 
 head a sensation of a circular motion or swimming ; 
 or h.aviiig lost the |)ower of preser\'ing the balance 
 of the body, and therefore wavering ami inclined to 
 fall, as in the case of some diseases, and of drunk- 
 enness. In walking on timber aloft, or looking 
 down a precipice, we are apt to be giddy. 
 
 2. That renders gidily ; that incfuces giddiness ; 
 as, a gidily liiglit ; a giddy precipice. Prior. 
 
 3. Rotary; whirling; running round with celerity. 
 The giddy motion of the whirling mill. Pope. 
 
 4. Inconstant ; unstable ; changeable. 
 
 You are m gidily and volatile as erer. Sun/t. 
 
 5. Heedless ; thoughllcss ; wild ; roving. Roice. 
 
 6. Tottering ; unfixed. 
 
 As we hare paced along 
 Upon the giddy luoiing ol Uie hatches. SHa*. 
 
 7. Intoxicated ; elated to thoughtlessness ; ren 
 dered wild by excitement or joy. 
 
 Art diou nut jri^y Willi the rasltion too ? S/uJt. 
 
 GID'DY, e. i. To turn quick. Chapman. 
 GIU'DY, r. t. To make reeling or unsteady. 
 
 Farindon. 
 
 GID'DY-BRAIN-i'D, a. Careless; thoughtless; UD 
 steaily. Olway. 
 
 GIO'DY-IIEAD, (-bed,) n. A person without thought 
 or judgment. 
 
 GIIVDY-IIEAD-ED, a. Heedless; un.steady; vola- 
 tile ; incaiilious. Dimne. 
 GIO'DY-PaC->;D, (-past,) a. Moving irregularly. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GIE ; a contraction of Gi'idr. [.Vut in use,] Chaucer. 
 GIER'-icA-GLE, (jer'-) n. [Qu. IJ. ^irr, a vulture.] 
 A bird of the eagle kind, mentioned in Leviticus 
 xi. 18. 
 
 GliS'SECK ITE, n. [from Sir C. OiMfrArr.] A min- 
 eral occurring in six-sided prisms, having a greasy 
 luster. It has been considered identical witii 
 tlnolitr. Dana. 
 
 GIF, r. t. [from Sax. _n/, from gifan, to give.] 
 The "Id but true spelling of If. 
 
 GIFT, H. [from give.] A jiresent ; any thing eivcn 
 or bestoived ; any thinir, tlie projierty of wliieli is 
 voluntarily traiisl'erretl by one person to aiiolher 
 without compensation ; a donation. It is applicable 
 to any thing movable or iininovable. 
 
 2. The act of giving or conferring. Milton. 
 
 3. The right or power of giving or bestowing. 
 The prince has the of many lucrative offices. 
 
 4. An offering or oblation. 
 
 If thou bring thy gi/l to the altar. — Matt. t. 
 
 5. A reward. 
 
 1 x-t tJiy gi/lt be to thyself. — Dan. t. 
 C. A bribe ; any thing given to corrupt the judg- 
 ment. 
 
 NcilhT take a gi/t, for a gift doth blind llie eyes of the wise. — 
 Deut. xvi. 
 
 7. Power; faculty; some quality or endowment 
 conferred by the .Author of our nature ; as, the gi/l of 
 wit ; the gift of ridicule. jlddison, 
 
 GIFT, II. (. To endow with any power or faculty. 
 
 GIFT'ED, pp. or a. Endoweil by n.ature with any 
 power or faculty ; furnished with any |Kirticular t;U- 
 ent. 
 
 GIFT'ED-NESS, ji. The st.ate of being gifted. Kchard. 
 GIFT'ING, ppr. Endowing with any power or faculty. 
 
 GIG, V. I. [Ii. gigno.] 
 
 1. To engender. [.Xot in use.] Drijden. 
 
 2. To fish with a gig or fishgig. 
 
 GIG, ?i. [It. giga, a jig ; Fr. gignr, a jig, a romp ; Sw. 
 giga, a jewslKtrp ; Ice. gigia, a fiddle.] 
 
 The radic.'tl iilca seems to be that of lively motion. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. A top or whirligig ; any little thing that Is 
 whirled round in play. Locke. 
 
 2. A light carriage, with one pair of wheels, drawn 
 by one horse ; a chair or chaise. 
 
 3. A fiddle. 
 
 4. .\ dart or harpoon. [See Fishou;.] 
 
 5. ,\ small sliip's-boat, tiesigned for rapid motion. 
 
 6. An active, playful, or wanton person. 
 
 7. Gigs, or gig-machines, are rotatory cylinders, cov- 
 ered with wire teeth for teazling woolen cloth. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 GI-GA\-TE'AN, a. [h. giganUus. Sec Giant.] 
 
 Like a slant ; iniglitv. Mare. 
 GI-GAN'TIf, a. [\^. giganlicus.] 
 
 1. Of extraordinary size ; very large ; huge ; like a 
 gianL A man of gigantic stature. 
 
 2. Eiiorinous ; very great or mighty ; as, gigaiUU 
 deeds ; gigantic wicketlness. 
 
 [GiOANTicAL and Gic.ANTiNE,/t/rGiOA?/Tic, rarely 
 or nrrer used,] 
 GI-GAN-TOL,'0-GY, n. [Gr. >■)-■£, a gi.tiit, and A.- 
 yot, discourse.] 
 An account or description of giants. 
 GI G AN-TO.M'.A-eH Y, it. [Gr. i ij .if, giant, and uavi, 
 fight.] 
 
 The fabulous war of the giants against heaven. 
 GIG'GLE, n. [Sax. geagl: Scot, grck.] 
 
 A kind of laugh, with short catches of the voice oi 
 bre.ath. 
 
 GIG'GLE, p. i. [D. gichgelen : Sax. geagl; a laugh or 
 sneer, and gagol, sportive, wanton ; It. ghigiiare, to 
 simper, ghignazzare, to laugh or grin. In Ir. gigl.m 
 is to tickle ; Gr. ) <} )^Xiffiiu,-.] 
 
 To laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; 
 to laush III a silly, puerile manner ; to titter ; to grin 
 with childish levity or mirth. Oarruk. 
 
 GIG'GI.ER, n. One that giggles or titters. 
 
 GIG'GI.I.NG, ppr. or a. Idughing with short catches; 
 tittcrins. 
 
 GIG'GM.N'G, n. The act of laughing with shoB catch- 
 es ; tittering. 
 
 GIG'LET, i x. [Sax. geagl, wanton ; Fr. giguer, to I 
 GIG'LOT, ( romp, to frisk. See Gia.] ' 
 
 .K wanton ; a lascivious girl. Shnk. 
 GIG'LOT, a. Giddy; light; inconstant; wanton. 
 
 Shak. I 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH os SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
GTL 
 
 GIN 
 
 GIR 
 
 6lG'oT, (jig'6,) n. [Fr.] In cookery, a term applied 
 
 to a leg of iDutton. 
 GIL'BERT-INE, n. One of a religious order, so named 
 
 from Gilbert, lord of Semjiringliaiii, in Lincolnsbire, 
 
 England. 
 
 GIL'BERT-IN'E, a. Belonging to the monastic order 
 mentioned above. JVeever, 
 
 GILD, V. t. ; preL and pp. Gilded or Gilt. [Sax. gi'i- 
 daji, ^Idan, gelduii, to pay a debt, to srild, and g^ild, 
 tribute, tax, toll ; D. and G. geld, money ; Dan. gield, 
 a debt ; Sw. gold. To g^ld is to cover with gold ; G. 
 vergoldcn ; D. vergulden ; Dan. fitrgylder ; S\v. for- 
 gylia ; from gold, or its root, Dan. guul, Sw. gul. Sax. 
 gealew, yellow, connected with Ir. geal, VV. golau, 
 light, bright. Class Gl, No. 6, 7.] 
 
 1. To overlay with gold, either in leaf or powder, 
 or in amalgam with quicksilver ; to overspread with 
 a thin covering of gold ; as, the gilt frame of a mir- 
 ror. Cyc. 
 Her joy in gilded chariots when alive, 
 Ami love of otnbre, alter death survive. Pope. 
 
 9. To cover with any yellow matter. Shak. 
 
 3. To adorn with luster ; to render bright. 
 
 No more the rising sun shall gild the mom. Pope. 
 
 4. To illuminate ; to brighten. South. 
 
 Let oft goo<l humor, mild and gay, 
 cud the calm evening of your day. 
 
 TrunibM. 
 
 5. To give a fair and agreeable external appear- 
 ance ; to recommend to favor and reception by super- 
 ficial decoration ; as, to gild flattery or falsehood. 
 
 GILD' ED, pp. or a. Overlaid with gold leaf, or a thin 
 coating of gold; illuminated. 
 
 GILD'ER, n. One who gilds; one whose occupation 
 is to overlay things with gold. 
 
 2. A Dutch coin, of the value of twenty stivers, 
 about 38 cents, or one shilling and ninepence ster- 
 ling. It is usually written Guilder. 
 
 GILD'ING, ppr. Overlaying with gold ; giving a fair 
 external appearance. 
 
 GILD'ING, n. The art or practice of overlaying things 
 with gold leaf, or a thin coating of gold. 
 2. That which is laid on in overlaying with gold. 
 
 GILL, 7!. [Sw. gel ! Sp. agalla, a gland in the throat ; 
 a gall-nut, a wind-gall on a horse, the beak of a shut- 
 tle, and the gill of a fi~h ; Port, guelra, or guerra. 
 Hence it would seem that gill is a shoot or promi- 
 nence, the fringe-like substance, not the aperture. 
 In Danish, gildrr signifies to geld, and to cut ofl' the 
 pills of herrings, and in Scot, gil or gul is a crack or 
 fissure.] 
 
 1. The organ of respiration in fishes, consisting of 
 a cartilaginous or bony arch, attached to the hones of 
 the head, and furnished on the exterior convex side 
 with a multitude of fleshy leaves, or fringed vascu- 
 lar fibrils, resembling plumes, and of a red color in a 
 healthy state. The water is admitted by the gill-open- 
 ing, and acts upon the blood as it circulates in the 
 fibrils. Other animals also breathe by gills, as frogs 
 in their tadpole state, lobsters, &c. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 Fis\ es perform respiration under water by the gUl*. Hay. 
 
 2. The flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl or 
 bir i. Bacon, 
 
 S. The flesh on the lower part of the checks, or 
 I nder the chin. Bacon. Swift. 
 
 4. In England, a pair of wheels and a frame on 
 which tunber is conveyed. [Local.] 
 
 5. A woody glen; a place between steep banks, 
 and a rivulet flowing through it; a brook. [Local.] 
 
 GILL'-FLAP, n. A nieinbraiie attached to the poste- 
 rior edge of the gill-lid, immediately closing the gill- 
 opening. 
 
 GILL'-FLIRT, n. A sportive or wanton girl ; the same 
 
 as Jill-Flirt. 
 GII.L'-LID, n. The covering of the gills. 
 GILl/-6-P£N-ING, n. The aperture of a fish, or other 
 
 animal, by which water is admitted to the gills. 
 
 Kd. Encye. 
 
 Gill, n. [Low L. gilla, gilln, or geUo, a drinking- 
 glass, a gill. This word has the s;ime elementary 
 letters as Gr. j ni a pail or bucket, and Eng. gal- 
 lon, probably from one of the roots ill Gl, which sig- 
 nify to bold or contain.] 
 
 A measure of capacity containing the fourth part 
 of a pint. Encyc. 
 
 6ILL, n. A plant, ground-ivy, of the genus Glechoma. 
 2. .Malt liipior medicated with ground-ivy. 
 
 6ILL, n. [In Sw. gilja signifies to woo.] 
 
 Ill ludicrous language, a female ; a sportive or wan- 
 to.i girl, from GiHian, a wonian'a name. Grose. 
 
 t:<ch J:ick Willi hl> GiU. B. Jomon. 
 
 GFLL'-BEAR ING, a. Producing gills. 
 
 CILL'-IIOUSE, n. A place where the liquor gill is 
 wild. Pope. 
 
 CIL'LI-AN, n. A girl. [Obn.] Beaum. tc Fl. 
 
 GII.'LIE, n. A boy ; a page or mi-nial. W. Scott. 
 
 GIL'I V FLOW ER, n. [Fr. girojlee, giritfiier. The 
 corresponding word in Anuoricaii in genofie4i or geno- 
 JUn.] 
 
 'I'lie name of certain plant*. The elove gillyflower 
 is of the genim DianthiiH, or rarnatioii-piiik ; the 
 ttock mUyftoierr In of the genus .Mathiola ; the ifuern^s 
 gilhjjtutcer i» tlie llc"ix riB. Mam. of I'lnuU. 
 
 GILSE, 7!. A young salmon. 
 
 GILT, pp. or a. [Uom gild.] Overlaid with gold leaf 
 
 or a thin coating of gold ; illiiiiiiiiated ; adorned. 
 GILT, n. Gofd liiid on the surface of a thing ; gilding. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. In England, a young female pig. Cyc. 
 GILT'-EDG-£D, a. Having the edge covered with 
 gold leaf. 
 
 GILT'-HEAD, n. [gilt and head.] In ichthyologii, a 
 spinous-finned fish, of the genus Chnjsophrus, aliied 
 to the sea-bream ; so named from a golden-yellow 
 space over the eyes. Partington. 
 2. A bird. Hakacill. 
 
 GILT'-TAIL, n. A worm so called from its yellow 
 tail. John-son. 
 
 GUI, a. [Contracted from gemmy.] Neat; spruce; 
 well dressed. 
 
 GI.M'BAL, n. A name given to the two brass rings by 
 which a sea-compass is suspended in its box, and by 
 means of which the card is kept in a horizontal posi- 
 tion, notwithstanding the rolling of the ship. Ilebcrt. 
 
 GI.M'CR.^CK, 71. A trivial mechanism ; a device ; a 
 toy ; a pretty thing. Prior, .^rbulhnot. 
 
 GlM'LET, 7!. [Fr. gibelet; Arm. guymeled. Gimlet 
 seems to be the same word as vyimUe, with the Celtic 
 pronunciation, guimble ; and if 771 is casual, and the 
 primary word is gibelet, or guibelet, the elements of 
 the word coincide with wabble, quibble, and with the 
 W. gicid, a serpentine motion, gwibiaw, to wander, 
 to move in a circular direction, gteibrr, a serpent, a 
 viper, and the primary sense is, to turn.] 
 
 A borer; a small instrument with a pointed screw 
 at the end, for boring holes in wood by turning. It 
 is applied only to small instruments ; a large instru- 
 ment of the like kind is called an auger. 
 
 GI.M'LET, V. t. In seamen's language, to turn round 
 an anchor by the stock ; a motion resembling that of 
 the turning of a gimlet. JMar. Diet. 
 
 GIiM'LET-ING,ypr. Turning as an anchor round the 
 stock. 
 
 GIM'LET-ING, Ti. Act of turning an anchor round 
 
 by the stock. 
 GIJl'.MAL, 71. [L. gemellus.] 
 
 Joined work n hose parts move within each other, 
 as a bridle bit or interlocked rings ; a quamt piece of 
 machinery. Toone. 
 GI.M'MAL, a. [L. gemellus, twins.] 
 
 Consisting of links. Shak. 
 GI.M'JIER, 71. Movement or machinery. [Obs.] 
 
 More. 
 
 GUI?, 71. [Fr. guiper, to cover or whip about with 
 silk ; Eng. to vjliip.] 
 
 A kind of silk twist or edging. 
 GIMP, a. [W. ^jmp.] 
 
 Smart ; spruce ; trim ; nice. [Aot tn use.] 
 GIN, 71. A contraction of Geneva, a distilled spirit fla- 
 vored with oil of juniper, or oil of turpentine. [See 
 Geneva.] 
 
 GIN, Ti. [.\ contraction of engine.] A machine or in- 
 strument by which the mechanical powers are em- 
 ployed in aid of human strength. The word is 
 applied to various engines, as a machine for driving 
 piles, another for raising weights, &c. ; and a ma- 
 chine for separating the seeds from cotton, invented 
 by E. Whitney, is called a cotton-gin. It is also the 
 name given to an engine of torture, and to a pump 
 moved by rotary sails. 
 2. A trap ; a snare. Mittan. Shak. 
 
 GIN, V. L To clear cotton of its seeds by a machine 
 which separates them with expedition. 
 
 Trans, of Society of J^rts. 
 
 2. To catch in a trap. 
 GIN, V. i. [Sax. gynnan.] 
 To begin. 
 
 GIN'-HOL'SE, n. A building where cotton is ginned. 
 GIN'-SHOP, 71. A house for the retail of gin. 
 GING, 71. The same as Ga."<g, or body of persons act- 
 ing together. [Obs.] 
 
 There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me. Shak. 
 
 GIN'GER, 71. [It. gengioro ; Sp. gengibrc ; Port, gtn- 
 givre ; Fr. gingembre ; G. ingbcr ; D. gember ; Sw, 
 ingefara: Dan. ingefcr; L. :i7i;i6rr ; Gr. ^i > > (/?coif ,• 
 Arm. lindibet, or singehel : Ar. Pers. and Turk, zingi- 
 bil or zinjibil : Syr. and Cli. nearly the same.] 
 
 A piniitj or the root of Zingiber orticinale, a native 
 of Giugi in China. The roots arc jointed, and the 
 stalks rise two or three feet, with narrow leaves. 
 The flower stems arise by the side of these, imme- 
 diately from the root, naked, and ending in an ob- 
 long, scaly spike. The dried riMjts are used for various 
 purposes, in the kitchen and in medicine. Kncyc. 
 
 Gl.N' GER-BEER, / 71. Beer impregnated with gin- 
 
 GIN'GER-Pf)P, i ger. 
 
 GIN'GER-HRE.\D, 71. [ginger an A bread.] A kind of 
 cake, composed of flour, with an admixture of but- 
 ter, pearlash, and ginger, sweetened. 
 
 GIN'GEK-IIREAD-WORK, 71. Work cut or carved in 
 various fanciful shapes, as an ornament to buildings, 
 tec. Grose. 
 
 GIN'GER-WTNE, 71. Wine impregnated with ginger. 
 
 OIN'GER-LY, ar/e. Nicely ; cautiously. [Jfot uted.] 
 
 Skelton. 
 
 GIN'GER-NESS, 71. Nicenc.is ; lendcrncfl.". [JVotusrd ] 
 
 GING'HAM, 71 A kind of striped cotton cloth. 
 
 GlN'GlNG, 71. In mining, the lining of a inine-shafl 
 with stones or bricks for its support, called steiuing, 
 or staining, which I suppose is from Sax. stan, stone. 
 
 GIN'GI-VAL, a. [L. ^i/i^ca, the gum.] [Cyc. 
 Pertaining to the gums. Hutder. 
 
 GIN"GLE, i V. i. [In Pers. zangl is a little bell. In 
 
 JIN"GLE, ] Ch. and Syr. NJi is the same. Qu. its 
 alliance to chink and jangle.] 
 
 1. To make a sharp, clattering sound ; to ring, sis 
 a little be!l, or as small pieces of sonorous metal ; as, 
 gingling halfpence. Gay. 
 
 2. To utter affected or chiming sounds in periods 
 or cadence. John.?on. 
 
 GIN"GLE, V. t. To shake so as to m.ake clattering 
 sounds in quick succession ; to ring, as a little bell, 
 or as small coins. 
 
 The bells she gingled, and Ihe whistle blew. Pope. 
 
 GIN"GLE, 71. A shrill, clattering sound, or a succes- 
 sion of sharp sounds, as those made by a little bell 
 or by small coins. 
 
 2. Affectation in the sounds of periods, in reading 
 or speaking, or rather chiming sounds. 
 
 GIN"GLJED, pp. Shaken so as to ring or make a clat- 
 tering sound. 
 
 GIN"GLING, 71. Act of gingling, as bells. 
 
 GIN"GLING, ppr. or a. Sh;iking so as to make a 
 clattering sound. 
 
 GIN"GLY-MOID, a. [Gr. ytyyXvpos, a hinge, and ct- 
 C'lf, form.] 
 Pertaining to or resembling a ginglymus. 
 
 GI.\"GLY-MtS, 71. [Gr. ) ij>A..,,os.] 
 
 In anatomy, a species of articulation resembling a 
 hinge. That species of articulation in which each 
 bone partly receives, and is partly received by, the 
 other, so as to admit only of flexion and e.xtension, is 
 called ginglymiLS. Parr. 
 
 GIN'N£D, pp. Caught in a trap ; cleared of its seeds, 
 as cotton. 
 
 GIN'NET, 71. A nag. [See JenVet.] 
 GI.\'NING, ppr. Catching in a trap; clearing cotton 
 of its seeds. 
 
 GIN'NING, 71. The act liy which cotton is separated 
 from its seeds. Ure. 
 
 GIN'SENG, n. [T.iisword is probably Chinese, and 
 it is said by Grosier to signify the resemblance of a 
 man, or man's thigh. He observes, also, that the 
 root, in the language of the Iroquois, is called garen- 
 tvquen, which signifies legs and Oiighs separated. Gro- 
 sicr's Gfiina, i. 534.] 
 
 A plant, of the genus Panax, the root of which is 
 in great demand among the Chinese. It is found in 
 the northern parts of Asia and America, and is an 
 article of export from America to China. It has a 
 jointed, fleshy, taper root, as large as a man's finger, 
 which, when dry, is of a yellowish-white color, with 
 a mucilaginous sweetness in the ta-ste, somewhat re- 
 sembling that of licorice, accompanied with a slight 
 bitterness. » Encyc. 
 
 GIP, V. t. To take out the entrails of herrings. Bailey. 
 
 GIP'SIRE, 71. A kind of pouch formerly worn at the 
 girdle. Bulirer. 
 
 GIP'SY, 71. The Gipsies are a race of vagabonds 
 which infest Europe, Africa, and .Asia, strolling 
 about, and subsisting mostly by theft, robbery, and 
 fortune-telling. The name is supposed to be cor- 
 rupted from Egyptian, as they were thought to have 
 come from Egypt. But their language indicates that 
 they originated in Hindoostan. Grellman. 
 
 2. A re]iroachful name for a dark complexion. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. A name of slight reproach to a woman, some- 
 times implying artifice or cunning. 
 
 A slave I .am lo Clara's eyes : 
 
 The gipsy knows her powvi and fliea. Prior. 
 
 4. The language of the gipsies. 
 
 GIP'SY, a. Pertaining to or resembling the gipsies. 
 GIP'SY-IS.M, 71. The arts and practices of gipsies ; de- 
 ception ; cheating ; flattery. Grellman. 
 2. The slau. of a gipsy. ....... 
 
 GI-RAFFE', 71. [^p.girafa; It. giraffa ; Ar. Ailjj. 
 
 so called from leaping, or the extreme length of its 
 
 neck, from ^'rafa, to leap on, to hasten.] 
 
 The camelopard, an African qiiadniped, \vhose fore 
 legs are much longer than the hinder ones. It is Ihfl 
 tallest of animals, being sometimes twenty feet from 
 the hoofs to the top of the head. [Sec Camelopard.] 
 
 Partington. 
 
 GIR'AN-DOLE, 71. [It. girandola, from ^iro, a turn, 
 jind andare, to go.] 
 
 A chandelier ; a large kind of branched candle- 
 stick. 
 
 GIR'A-SOLE, j 71. [Fr. and Sp. ; It. girasote; giro, 
 GlR'A SOL, j L. ;j-ifi-n.<, a turn. It. f irarc, to turn, 
 and .lole, L. sol, the sun.] 
 
 1. The turnsole, a plant of the genus Ileliotro- 
 piiiin. 
 
 2. A mineral, usually milk-white, bluish-white, or 
 sky bliie, but when turned toward the sun, or any 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQpK.— 
 
 M2 
 
GIR 
 
 GI V 
 
 GIZ 
 
 brijilit light, it coiistanlly rcMecta a reddish color : 
 hence its name. It sontctinies strongly rescmhles a 
 trnnslucid jelly. Cleaceland. 
 GIRL), (giird,) ?t. [Sax. rrrard, or iryril, or gijrda, a 
 twig, lirancli, rod, pole, Eng. a yard ; U. gurt, a girth, 
 a girdle ; Dan. iricrdc, a hedge, a rail. This word 
 signifies, primarily, n twig, shoot, or branch ; hence, 
 a pole or stick used in measuring. In measuring 
 • land, among our Saxon ancestors, tlie ffijrd seems to 
 have hecn a certain measure like our rod, perch, or 
 p(de, all uf which signiTy the same thing, a branch 
 or shoot, a little pole. We now apply the word yard 
 to a measure or three feet in length. In rude ages, 
 fPjrds, slumts of trees, were used for binding things 
 together, whence the verb to gird. (See Withe.) 
 Oyrdu were also used for driving, or for punishment, 
 as we now use whips ; an<l orir comm. ['. people use 
 gird for a severe stroke of a stick or whip. See Lve, 
 under (*vrd and We.vl-stvlling.] 
 
 1. A iwilcli or pang ; a sudden spasm which re- 
 sembles the stroke of a rod, or the pressure of a 
 b-ind. 
 
 S. In popular language, a severe stroke of a stick 
 or whip. 
 
 GIUD, (gurd,) V. L: pret and pp. Girded or Girt. 
 [Sax. gyrdan ; G. giirttn ; I), gorden ; Sw. giorda, to 
 gird or surround ; T)an. gierdrr, to heilgc, to inclose. 
 (Sec the noun.) It is probable that gardai, Ir. gort, 
 is from the same root ; originally, an inclosed Held, 
 a piece of ground surrounded with poles, stakes, and 
 branches ot trees. If the noun is the primary word, 
 the sense of the root is to shoot, as a branch ; if the 
 verb is the root, the sense is to surround, or rather, to 
 bind or make fast. The former is the most proba- 
 ble.] 
 
 1 To bind by surrounding with any flexible sub- 
 stance, as with a twig, a cord, bandage, or cloth ; as, 
 to gird the loins with sackcloth. 
 
 2. To make fast by binding; to put on; usually 
 with on ; as, to gird on a harness ; to gird on a 
 
 3. To invest ; to surround. [sword. 
 
 Tlio Soil nppcared, 
 Girt with oiiiiitputeiicc. Milton. 
 
 4. To clothe ; to dress ; to habit. 
 
 I girded tlifc about with tine linen. — Exek. xri. 
 
 5. To furnish ; to equip. 
 
 I Girded wiUi snaky wiles. Milton. 
 
 6. To surround ; to encircle ; to inclose ; to en- 
 ' compass. 
 
 The Nyseiiin inle, 
 Girt wiUi liic River Triton. Milton. 
 
 7. To gibe ; to reproach severely ; to lash. Shak. 
 GIKD, e. i. To gibe ; to sneer ; to break a scornful 
 
 jest ; to utter severe sarcasms. 
 
 Mi'ii of nil sons ukc a priJc to gird at me. Shak. 
 
 GTRD'ED, pp. Itoiind ; surrounded ; invested ; put on. 
 
 GIRO'EK, K. In architecture^ the principal piece of 
 timber in a floor. Its end is usually fastened into 
 the summers or breast summers, and the joists are 
 framed into it at one end. In buildings entirely of 
 timber, the giracr is fastened by tenons into tlie 
 posts. 
 
 2. .\ satirist. LiUxj. 
 GIRD'I.N'G, ppr. llinding ; surrounding; investing. 
 GIRD'I.N'G, n. A covering, /s. iii. 
 GIRU'LE, (gurd'l,) n. [Sax. gyrdle, gyrdl ; Sw. gijr- 
 del ; ii.g^irtrl: D. gordel.] 
 
 1. .\ band or Iwll ; something drawn round the 
 waist of a person, and tied or buckled ; as, a girdle 
 of fine linen ; a leathern girdle, 
 
 2. Inclosiire ; circumference. 
 
 Within llic girdle of IJiese wallj. Shot. 
 
 3. The ziMliac. Bacon. 
 
 4. .\ round iron plafe for baking. [Qu. griddle.] 
 
 Peggc. 
 
 5. Among jrwelrrs, the line which encomp.-isse9 
 the stone, parallel lo the liorizon. Cyc 
 
 GIRD'LE, V. fc To bind with a belt or sash ; to gird. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To inclose ; to environ ; to shut in. SA/it. 
 
 3. In .America, to make a circular incision, like a 
 belt, through the bark and alburnum of a tree, to 
 kill iU JVru. England. Belknap. DwighU 
 
 GIRD'LE-BELT, n. A belt that encircles the waist. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 GIRD'LED, pp. Round with a belt or sash. 
 GIKD'LER, 7u One who girdles ; a maker of girdles. 
 
 Beanm. 
 
 GIRO'LE-STEAD, ( sted,) n. The part of the body 
 [ where (he girdle is worn. Ma.son. 
 GIltD'LlNG, ppr. Binding with a belt ; surrounding. 
 tilRE, n. gyrus.] 
 
 A circle, or circular motion. [See Gvre.] 
 CTRL, (gurl,) n. [The origin of this word is not ob- 
 vious. It is most probably the Low L. gcruta, a 
 yoiing woman rmployed to tend children; a word 
 left in Engl.ind by the Romans. It is said that the 
 word was formerly used for both sexes ; be it so ; 
 I gerulu.1 was also used for a chairman.] 
 j '• female child, or yoiinc woman. In familiar 
 ii;ijT<ajrr, any young, unmarried woman. Dryden. 
 2. .\mong tporlsmen, a roebuck of two years old. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE 
 
 GIRI/llQQI), n. The st.itc of a girl. [Little u.ird.} 
 
 ^Mi-m St'ward. 
 
 GIllL'ISII, a. Like a young woman or child ; befit- 
 ting a girl. 
 
 2. IV'ftaiiiiiig to the youth of a fiMiiale. Carets. 
 GIRI/ISII-LY, ado. Ill the manner of a girl. 
 GIRL'ISil-NESS, »i. Levity ; the manners of a girl. 
 GIRN, p. 1. A corruption of Ghin. Suulk. 
 (5l-RO.\D'IS'l', 11. One of a celebrated political party 
 
 during the French revolution. 
 GIR'KOCK, «. A species of gar-fish, the lacertus. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 GIRT, (gurt,) pret. and pp. of Giud. 
 GIRT, 1'. (. To gird ; lo surround. Thomson. Tooke. 
 [This verb, if derived from the noun girt, may be 
 proper.] 
 
 GIRT, j 71. The band or strap by which a s.addle or 
 GIRTII, \ any burden on a horse's back is made fast, 
 by passing iiniler his belly. 
 
 2. A ciiciihir bandage. IViseman. 
 
 3. The coinp.X'^s nn^asured by a girth or inclosing 
 bandage. 
 
 He's a lusty, Jolly fellow, that lives well, at least Uiree yania in 
 tile girth. Addison. 
 
 GtRT'ED, pp. Girded; surrounded. 
 GIRTII, V. I. To hind with a girth. 
 GIRT'ING, ppr. Girding. 
 
 OISE, (jl/.e,) V. t. To feed or pasture. [See Agist.] 
 
 GIS'LE, (jiz'l,) ;t. A pledge. [Mil in ttse.] 
 
 GIST, (jist or jit ; Smart and Kmiwles give jist, Jame- 
 son jit.) >i. [Fr. gcsir, to lie ; gite, a Todging place.] 
 In taw, the main point of a question ; the point on 
 which an action rests. 
 
 GITIl, n. Guinea pepper. 
 
 GIT'TER.N, n. [L. cithara.] 
 A guitar. [Sec Guitar.] 
 
 GIT'TERN, r. i. To play on a gittem. Mlt/m. 
 
 O/US'TO, (jus'to,) [It.] In miuic, in just, ecpial, or 
 steatly time. 
 
 GI VE, (giv,) p. f. ; pre^ Gave ; pp. Given. [Sax. ^i/an, 
 giifan ; Goth, giban; G. gehen ; V). gerveti ; Sw. gifi-a ; 
 liaii. n-iecr. Ilcncc, Sax. gif, Onth. iabai or yabai, 
 now contracted into if. Chancer wrote yeoc, yave. 
 (111. Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. arf, to give. See Class 
 Gb, No. 3, 2lj, 4,t. The sense of give is generally to 
 pass, or to transfer, that is, to send or throw.] 
 
 1. To bestow ; to confer; to pass or transfer the 
 title or property of a thing to another person, without 
 an equivalent or compensation. 
 
 For generous lonls h;ul rallier gioe than pay. Voun^. 
 
 2. To transmit from himself to another by hand, 
 speech, or writing ; to deliver. 
 
 The woman whom thou gavest to lie witli ine, she gave me of 
 Uie tree, and I did cat. — t-ieii. iii. 
 
 3. To imps'* •• to bestow. 
 
 Cite 119 o* «* for our lamps are gone out. — Matt. xxv. 
 
 4. To co.i-n '111 'ate ; as, to give an opinion; to 
 give counsel i1 uSvice ; to give notice. 
 
 5. To p.ass ui deliver the property of a thing to 
 another for an equivalent ; to pay. We give the full 
 value {if all we purchase. A dollar is given for a 
 day's labor. 
 
 Whil shall a man give in excliange for his soul i — Matt. xvi. 
 
 6. To yield ; to lend ; in the phrase to give ear, 
 which signifies to listen ; lo hear. 
 
 7. To quit ; in the phntse to give place, which sii- 
 nifies to withdraw, or retire lo make room for 
 
 8. To confer ; to grant. [another. 
 What wilt thou give me, seeing I go cliildless? — Gen. xv. 
 
 9. To expose ; lo yield to the power of. 
 
 Give 10 the wanton winds Ui>-ir flowing liJr. Dryden. 
 
 10. To grant ; to allow ; to permit. 
 
 It is given mc onc« a^ain to liehuld my friend. Jtowe. 
 
 11. To nfTord ; to supply ; to furnish. 
 
 Thou must gioe \u also sacrifices and Uinit'otTerings. — Ex. x. 
 
 12. To empower ; to license ; lo commission. 
 Th-'n give thy friend to shell the s.acred wine. Pope. 
 But this and similar phrases arc probably elliptical ; 
 
 give, for give power or license. So in the phrases 
 give me lo understand, give me to know, girc the 
 flowers to blow ; that is, to give power, lo enable. 
 
 13. To pay or render; as, to give pmise, applause, 
 or approbation. 
 
 14. To render; to pronounce ; n-s, to /^ire sentence 
 or judgment ; lo give the word of command. 
 
 lij. To utter; lo vent ; as, to give a shout. 
 
 Hi. To produce ; to show ; lo exhibit as a product 
 or result ; as, the number of men divided by the 
 number of ships, givrj four hundred to each ship. 
 
 17. To cause to exist ; to excite in another ; .is, to 
 give offense or umbrage ; lo give pleasure. 
 
 18. To send forth ; to emit ; as, a stone gives sparks 
 with steel. 
 
 19. To addict ; lo apply ; to devote one's self, fol- 
 lowed by the reciprocal pronoun. The soldiers give 
 themselves to plunder. The p.assive participle is 
 much used in this sense ; as, the jieople are given to 
 luxury and pleasure ; the youth is given lo study. j 
 
 Oiv thyvclf wholly lo Ihem. — I Tira. ir. 
 
 2U. To resign ; to yield up; often ftdlowed liy up 
 
 Who say, I ciirr not, tlius" I ^iue f-ir losL Hrrtjert. 
 
 21. To pledgt! ; .is, I give my word that llie debt 
 shall be paid. 
 
 'I'll present for taking or acceptance ; as, I give 
 yoti my hand. 
 
 y;i. To allow or admit by way of supposition. 
 
 To give uivay ; to alienate the title or properly of a 
 thing ; to make over to another ; to transfer. 
 
 WliatsoeviT we employ in chariuible uses during our lives, b 
 given avMxy fruiii uunielves. ' Atterbury. 
 
 To give back ; to return ; to restore. Attrrbury. 
 
 To give chase ; lo pursue. Tutten. 
 
 To give forth; to publish; to tell; lo report pub- 
 licly. Ilaymird. 
 
 To give the hand; to yield preeminence, !us being 
 subordinate or inferior. Hooker. 
 
 To give in ; to allow by way of ahalemcnt or de- 
 duction from a claim ; to yield what may be justly 
 demanded. 
 
 To give over ; to leave ; lo quit ; lo ce.ase ; to aban- 
 don ; as, to give over a pursuit. 
 
 2. To addict; lo attach lo; to abandon. 
 
 When the B.ibyluiiiLiiis had given themselves oper lo all manner 
 of vice. Grew. 
 
 3. To despair of recovery ; to believe to be lost or 
 past recovery. The physician had given over the 
 patient, or given the patient over. Addison, 
 
 4. To abandon. Mdlon, 
 To give out ; to utter publicly ; to report ; fo pro- 
 claim ; lo publish. Ii was given out that parliament 
 would assemble in November. 
 
 2. To issue ; to send forth ; to publish. 
 
 The night was distinguished hy the onlen which he gnve out to 
 hid .iriiiy. Addieon, 
 
 3. To show ; lo exhibit in false appearance. Sliak. 
 
 4. To send out ; to emit ; as, a substance gives om^ 
 steam tir odors. 
 
 To give up ; lo resign ; to quit ; to yield as hope- 
 less ; as, lo give up a cause ; lo give up the argument. 
 
 2. To surrender ; as, to n^ire up a fortress lo an 
 enemy. 
 
 3. To relinquish ; to cede. In this treaty, the 
 Spaniards gave up Louisiana. 
 
 4. To abandon ; as, lo give up all hope ; they are 
 given up to believe a lie. 
 
 5. To deliver. 
 
 And Juab gave up the sum of the number of the people lo Uie 
 king. —2 Sain. xxiv. 
 
 To give one^s self up ; to despair of one's recovery ; 
 lo conclutle to be lost, 
 2. To resign or devote. 
 
 1. el iw gire oureelvee wholly up to Christ in heart and desire. 
 
 Taijlor. 
 
 X To addict; lo abandon. lie gave himself up to 
 intemperance. 
 
 To give way: lo yield ; lo withdraw lo make room 
 for. Inferiors should gire way to superiors. 
 
 2. To fail ; to yield lo force ; to break or fall. The 
 ice gave way, and the horses were drowned ; the 
 scaffolding gave nay; the wheels or axletree gave 
 way. 
 
 3. To recede ; to make room for. 
 
 4. In srameii^s language^ gire way is an order to a 
 boat's crew to row after ceasing, or to incrco-se their 
 exertions. Tutten. 
 
 GIVE, (giv,) r. i. To yield to pressure. The earth 
 gives under the feet. 
 
 2. 'I'll begin to melt ; to thaw ; to grow soft, so as 
 to yield to pressure. Bacon, 
 
 3. To move ; to recede. 
 
 Now back he givet^ Uieu nuhca on amain. 
 
 DanieVt CivU War. 
 
 To give in ; to go back ; to give way. [Ai/t in use,] 
 To give in to ; lo yield assent ; til adopt. 
 
 This consideratinn may induce a translator to give in to thoae 
 general phra^s. Pope. 
 
 To give off; to cease ; to forbear. [Utile used,] 
 
 Lode, 
 
 To give on ; to rush ; to fall on. [JVof in use.] 
 To irice out ; to publish ; lo proclaim. 
 2. To eeiise from exertion ; to yield ; applied to 
 persons, lie labored hard, but gave out at last. 
 To give over ; to cease ; lo act no more ; to desert. 
 
 It would lie w. ll fur all aullniri, if tl«-» knew ivlvn lo give uver, 
 and lu tl<^«ist from any furUier piirvuils nftiT laiii.*. .Ailduon. 
 
 GIV'£.\, (giv'n,) pp. or a. Bestowed ; granted ; con- 
 ferred i imparled ; admitted or supposed. 
 
 GIVER, n. One who gives ; a donor; a bestower; a 
 grantor ; one who imparls or dislribiiles. 
 
 It is tSe giver, and not llic gifl, llial eiigrvssf's Uic Iwnn of the 
 Chriklun. Kotlotk. 
 
 GIVES, n. pi. [Ir. geibhion, from geibhim, to get or 
 hold.] 
 
 Fellers or shackles for the fei t. [Sec Gvves.] 
 GI\''I\G, ppr. Bestowing; conferring; imparting* 
 
 granting; delivering. 
 GIVING, n. The act of conferring. Pope 
 2. An allegine of what is not real. Shak 
 GIZ'ZARU, n. [Fr. j-r.-irr.] 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — G aa K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 503 
 
GLA 
 
 GLA 
 
 GLA 
 
 The strong, musculous stomach of a fowl. 
 
 Jiaij. Dryden. 
 To fret Vie gizzard ; to harass ; to vex one's self, 
 or to he vexed. lladihras. 
 GLA'BKI-ATE, v. t. [L. glabro.] 
 To make smooth. [JVoi used,] 
 GLAB'R[-TY, n. Smootliness. [JV'ot itserf.] 
 GLa'HROUS, o. [L. Wuicr, allied to Eng. Class 
 Lb, No. 10, 24, 27, 34, 37.1 
 
 Smooth ; having a surface without hairs or any 
 unevenness. 
 
 GLa'CTAL, (gli'shal,) a. [Fr. glacial; L. glacialis, 
 from glacies, ice.] 
 Icy; consisting of ice; frozen. 
 Olacial pkenomeiia ; the phenomena which accom- 
 pany glaciers. 
 
 GLa'CIaTE, v. i. To turn to ice. Diet. 
 
 GLA-Ci-A'TION, (gia-she-il'shun,) n. [Supra.] The 
 act of freezing ; ice formed. Brown. 
 
 GTjA'CIER, (gla'seer,) n. [Fr. glaciere, an ice-house, 
 from glacCy It. ghiaccio^ ice. See Glacial.] 
 
 A field or immense mass of ice, formed in deep 
 but elevated valleys, or on the sides of the Alps or 
 other mountains. These masses of ice extend many 
 miles in length and breadth, and remain undissolved 
 by the heat of summer. Coze. 
 
 Olticier theory ; the theory that the frigid and tem- 
 perate Z(!nes were covered with ice during the ice pe- 
 riod, and that, by the agency of this ice, during its 
 formation and dissolution, the loose materials on the 
 earth's surface, (known as dilavium,) were transport- 
 ed and acrumulated. 
 
 GLa'CIOUS, (glJ'shus,) a. Like ice ; icy. Broxov. 
 
 GLa'CTS, n. [Fr.] In building, or gardening, an 
 easy, insensible slope. This, also, is the sense in 
 geology. Encyc. 
 
 2. In fortification, a sloping hank ; that mass of 
 earth which serves as a parapet to the covered way, 
 having an easy slope or declivity toward the cham- 
 paign or field. Encyc. 
 
 GLAI), a. [Sax. glicd or glad; Sw. glad ; Dan. glad ; 
 perhaps L. Ixtius, without a prefix. See Class Ld, 
 No. a, Ar.] 
 
 1. Pleased ; affected with pleasure or moderate joy ; 
 moderately happy. 
 
 A wise soil inaketh a glad fuller. — Prov. X. 
 
 It is usually followed by of. I am glad of an op- 
 portunity to oblige my friend. 
 It is sometimes followed by at. 
 
 He Uiat is gUul nt calamities shall not be unpunislicd. — Prov. 
 xvii. 
 
 It is sometimes followed by with. 
 
 The Trojan, glfut witK sight of hostile blood. Dryden. 
 
 }Vilh, after glad, is unusual, and, in this passage, 
 at would have been preferable. 
 
 2. Cheerful ; joyous. 
 
 They bli'ss'-d the Itin:?, anil went to their tents, joyful aiid glad 
 of hi-aru — 1 Kings viii. 
 
 3. Cheerful ; wearing the appearance of joy ; as, 
 a glad countenance. 
 
 4. Wearing a gay appearance ; showy ; bright. 
 The \\ ililerne&s .iiui the soliLary place shall be glrul for Utein. — 
 Clful evening and gl(ui morn crowned the fourth day. Milton. 
 
 5. Pleasing ; exhilarating. 
 
 Her converEation 
 More glad to me than to a irHser money is. Sidney. 
 C. Expressing gladness or joy; exciting joy. 
 
 Hark I a gliul voice the lonely desert cheers. Pope. 
 GL.\t), V. t. [The pret. and pp. Gladded is not used. 
 See Gladden.] 
 
 To make gltid ; to affect with pleasure ; to cheer ; 
 to gladden ; to exhilarate. 
 
 Kach drinks the juice that glfuU the heart of man. Pope. 
 GLAIJ'I)i;N, (glad'n,) v. L [Sa.x. gladian; Dan. glie- 
 der ; Sw. gladia.] 
 
 To make glad ; to cheer ; to please ; to exhilarate. 
 The news of peace gladdens our hearts. 
 
 Churches will every where gladden his eye, and hymns of praise 
 vibrate upon his ear. Dwight. 
 
 GLAD'DEN, (glad'n,) v. i. To become glad ; to re- 
 joico. 
 
 So iliall your country ever glad/Un nt the sound of your Tolce. 
 
 Adamt'$ Inaugural Oration. 
 
 GLAD'DEN KI), pp. Made glad ; cheered. 
 GLAI)'D/C.V-I.N(;, /i;ir. or a. Cheering; exhilarating. 
 GLAI^'DEK, 11. One that makes glad, or gives joy. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 GLAR'DI.VG, ;i/jr. Making glad ; cheering ; giving 
 joy. 
 
 GLA OF., n. [let: Mad. Uu.] 
 
 1. An op'-ning or pasHat'e made through a wood by 
 lopping off the branchcH of the trees. Locallij, in Uie 
 United Stateii, a natural opening or open pliicc in a 
 forvat. 
 
 Th«re Intenprned In Uwni and opening glttdet. Pope. 
 
 2. In A>w England, nn opening in the Ico of rivers 
 or InkeH, or a place left unfrozen. 
 
 GLADE, n [D. glad, G. glatt, Hmouth.] 
 
 Hmooth ic«. ji'ew England^ 
 
 GLA'DEN, ; rr 7 ,1 
 GLA'DER i glidiits, a sword.] 
 
 Sword-gr^ss ; the general name of plants that rise 
 with a broad blade, like sedge. Junius. 
 GLAD'FUL, a. Full of gladness. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 GLAD'FIJL-NESS, n. Joy ; gladness. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 GLAD'I-ATE, a. [L. gladius, a sword.] 
 
 Sword-shaped ; resembling the form of a sword ; 
 as the legume of a plant. Martyn. 
 GLAD'I-A-TOR, 71. [L., from gladius, a sword.] 
 
 A sword-player ; a prize-fighter. The gladiators, 
 in Rome, were men who fought in the arena, for the 
 entertainment of the people. 
 GLAD-[-A-To'RI-AL, I a. Pertaining to gladiators, 
 GLAD-I-A-To'RI-AN, j or to combats for the enter- 
 tainment of the Roman people. Bp. Bcynolds. 
 GLAD'l-A-TO-RY, a. Kelating to gladiators. 
 
 Bp. Porteus. 
 
 GLAD'I A-TqUE, 71. Sword-play; fencing. [M,t in 
 use.] Oayton. 
 
 GLAU'I-OLE, 71. [L. gladiolus, a dagger.] 
 
 A plant, the sword-lily, of the genus Gladiolus. 
 The water gladiole is of the genus Butomus, or flow- 
 ering rush, and also of the genus Lobelia, or cardinal 
 flower. Ctjc. Earn, of Plants. 
 
 GLAD'LY, adv. [See Glad.] With pleasure ; joyful- 
 ly ; cheerfully. 
 
 Tlie common people heard him gladly. — Mark xii. 
 
 GLAD'NESS, 7t. [See Glad.] Joy, or a moderate de- 
 gree of joy and exhilaration ; pleasure of inind ; cheer- 
 fulness. 
 
 They did eat their meixt widi gladness and singleness of heart. — 
 Acts ii. 
 
 [Glatlness is rarely or never equivalent to mirth, 
 merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually ex- 
 presses less than delight. It sometimes expresses 
 great joy. Esther viii. ix.] 
 GLAD'SHIP, 71. State of gladness. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Oower. 
 
 GLAD'SOME, (-sum,) a. Pleased ; joyful ; cheerful. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. Causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness ; having 
 the appearance of gayety ; pletusing. 
 
 Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day. Prior. 
 
 GLAD'SOiME-LY, ada With joy ; with pleasure of 
 mind. 
 
 GLAD'SOME-NESS, n. Joy, or moderate joy ; pleas- 
 ure of mind. 
 2. Sliowiness. Johnson. 
 
 GLAD'WIN, 71. A plant of the genus Iris. 
 
 Earn, of Plants. 
 
 GLAIR, 7!. [Fr. glaire. In Sax. glipre is amber, or 
 any thing transparent. This coincides with W. eg- 
 lur. Eng. clear, L. clarus, and with Eng. glare, and 
 L. gloria ; perhaps with L. glarea, gravel, or pieces of 
 quartz.] 
 
 1. The white of an egg. It is used as a varnish 
 for preserving paintings. Encyc. 
 
 2. Any viscous, transparent substance, resembling 
 the white of an egg. 
 
 3. A kind of lialberd. Diet. 
 GLaIR, 1). (. To smear with the white of an egg; to 
 
 varnish. 
 
 GLaIR'£D, pp. Smeared with the white of an egg. 
 GLAIR'Y, a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Eleining. 
 
 GLAIVE. SeeGLAVE. 
 
 GLA'iMOUR, 71. Witchery, or a charm on the eyes, 
 making them see things iliflerenlly from what they 
 really are. [ScottUh.] 
 
 It had much of glamour might 
 To make a lady seem n kni^lit. 
 
 ScotCs Lay of the Last Minstrel, 
 
 GLANCE, 71. [G. glanz, a ray, a beam, or shoot, of 
 light, splendor; D. gUins; Dan. glands; Sw. glans. 
 The primary sense is, to shtiot, tf> throw, to dart.] 
 
 1. A sudden shoot of light or splendtir. Milton, 
 
 2. A shoot or darting of sight ; a rapid or moment- 
 ary view or cast; a snatch of sight; as, a sudden 
 glance ; a glance of th(; eye. Dryden, IVatts, 
 
 GL.\NCE, V, i. To shoot or dart a ray of light or sjilen- 
 dor. 
 
 When through the plooni die glanring lightnings fly. Jlowe, 
 
 2. To fly olf in an oblique direction ; to dart aside. 
 The arrow struck the shield and glanced. So we say, 
 a glancing ball or shot. 
 
 3. 'I'o look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye ; 
 to sn.itch a momentary or hasty view. 
 
 Then sit atrain, and sigh and glance. Suckling. 
 
 4. To hint ; to cast a word or reflection ; as, to 
 glance at a difrcrent subject. 
 
 ."i. To ri iisnre by obliipic hints. .<f/ia/i. 
 GL.\N('E, V. I. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliiiue- 
 ly ; to cast for a moment ; as, to glance the eye. 
 
 GLA NCE, 71. A name given to the darker-colored, me- 
 tallic sulplnirets. Dana. 
 
 GLANCE'-COAL, 71. Anthracite ; a mineral composed 
 cl'iedy of carbon. [See ANTiiRAriTE.] Cije. 
 
 GLAN'CED, (glsnst,) p;7. Shot or darted suddenly. I 
 
 I GLAN'CING, ppr. Shooting ; darting ; casting sud- 
 denly ; flying off obliquely. 
 
 GI.AN'CING-LY, adv. By glancing ; in a glancing 
 manner; transiently. Hakewill. 
 
 GLAND, 71. [L. glans, a nut; glandiila, a gland ; Fr. 
 glande. Qu. Gr. fiuXiivoi, with a dilTerent prefix.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, a soft, fleshy organ, in some cases 
 extremely minute, and in others large like the liver 
 There are two classes of glands, one for the modifi- 
 cation of the fluids which pass through them, as the 
 mesenteric and lymphatic glands ; and the other for 
 the secretion of fluitls whicli are either useful in the 
 animal economy, or require to be rejected from the 
 body. Tally. 
 
 2. In botany, a gland, or glandule, is an excretory 
 or secretcrv duct or vessel in a plant. Glands are 
 found on itie leaves, petioles, peduncles, and stipules. 
 
 J\lartiin. 
 
 GLAND'ER-ED, a. Affected with glanders. Berkeley. 
 
 GLAND'ERS, 7i. [from gland.] In furriery, a conta- 
 gious and very destructive disease of the mucous 
 membrane in horses, characterized by a constant 
 discharge of sticky matter from the nose, and an 
 enlargement and induration of the glands beneath 
 and within the lower jaw. Gardner. 
 
 GLAN-DIF'ER-OUS, a. [L.glandifer ; glans, an acorn, 
 and fcro, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing acorns, or other nuts; producing nuts or 
 mast. The beech and the oak are glandiferous 
 trees. 
 
 GLAND'I-FORM, a. [L. glans and fojma, form.] 
 In the shape of a gland, or nut; resembling a 
 gland. 
 
 GLAND'l{-LAR, a. Containing glands ; consisting of 
 
 glands ; pertaining to glands. 
 2. In botany, covered with hairs bearing glands on 
 
 their tips. Lindley. 
 GLAND-U-LA'TION, 7i. In botany, the situation and 
 
 structure of the secretory vessels in plants. Martyn. 
 
 Glxindulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either 
 glandules, follicles, or utricles. Lee. 
 
 GLAND'IJLE, *. [L. glandula.] 
 
 A small gland or secreting vessel. 
 GLAND-li-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. glandula and/cro, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Bearing glands. Lee. 
 
 GLAND-U-LOS'I-TY, 71. A collection of glands. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Brown. 
 
 GL A N I)' U-LOUS, a. [L. glandulosus.] 
 
 Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertain- 
 ing to glands ; resembling glantls. 
 
 GLANS, 71. [See Gland.] The nut of the penis ; an 
 acorn; a pessary ; a strumous swelling. Core. 
 
 GLARE, 71. [Dan. o-/«r, Ice. nrJer, glass. It coincides 
 with clear, glory, glair, which see.] 
 
 1. A bright, dazzling light; clear, brilliant luster 
 or splendor, that dazzles the eyes. 
 
 The frame of burnished steel that cast a glare. Dnjden. 
 
 2. A fierce, piercing look. 
 
 About them round, 
 A lion now he suilks wiUi fiery glare. Milton. 
 
 3. A viscous, transparent substance. [See Glaik.] 
 GLARE, V. i. To shine with a clear, bright, dazzling 
 
 light ; as, glaring light. 
 
 The cavern glares with new admitted light. Dryden. 
 
 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes. 
 
 They glared, like angry lions. Dryden. 
 
 3. To shine with excessive luster ; to be ostenta- 
 tiously splendid ; as, a glaring dress. Milton. 
 
 She glares ui halls, front boxes, and the ring. P,:pe. 
 
 GLARE, r. t. To shoot a dazzling light. 
 (;LAR'EI), pp. Shot with a fierce or dazzling light. 
 GLAR'E-OUS, a. [Fr. n-iairfiii. See Glaib.] 
 
 Resembling the white of an egg ; viscous and 
 transparent or white. 
 GLAR'I-NESS, ) 7i. A dazzling luster or brillian- 
 GLAR'lNG-NEt^S, i cv. 
 
 GLAR'ING, ppr. or a. Emitting a clear and brilliant 
 light ; shining with dazzling luster. 
 
 2. a. Clear ; notorious ; open and bold ; barefaced ; 
 as, a glaring crime. 
 
 GLAR'ING-LY, ai/i'. Openly ; clearly ; notoriously. 
 
 GLAR'Y, a. Of a brilliant, dazzling luster. 
 
 GLASS, 71. [Sax. gUs ; Sw. Dan. G. ami I), glas; so 
 named from its color ; W. gills, I'nim Md-s blue, azure, | 
 green, fresh, pale ; glasu, to make blue, to become i 
 green or verdant, to grow pale, to tlawn ; glaslys, 
 woad, L. glaslum ; glrsid, blueness. Tacitus, de 
 Mor. Ger. 4.'), mentions glesum, amber collected in 
 the Baltic, probably tht^ same word, and so named 
 from its clearness. Greenness is usually named 
 from vegetation or growing, as L. viridis, from i)i- 
 reo.] 
 
 1. A hard, brittle, transparent, factitious substance, 
 formeil by fusing sami with fixed alkalies. Encyc. 
 
 A deliriiti' rompunntl of silicic ni id anil potassa or 
 Bodii. The pure silicates of potassa and soda lire 
 soluble in water ; but by the ciinjunction of a siliciito 
 of lime, niagni sin, aluiniiia, or any other earth, it 
 becomes insoluble in water. 
 
 In c/i™ii.«r!/, a substance or mixture, earthy, saline, 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 R04 
 
GLA 
 
 GLE 
 
 GLI 
 
 or metallic, brought by fusion to the state of a hard, 
 brittle, trans|);uviit ma-is, w hose fracture is conchuid- 
 a . ^Uiia. 
 
 2. A small driiiking-vessel of glass. 
 
 3. A mirror ; a lookinj-glaJs. 
 
 4. A vessel to be filliMl with sand for measuring 
 time; as, an hoiir-i'/a.-«-,-{. 
 
 5. i'liu destined time of man's life. Ilis glass is 
 run. 
 
 li. Tlio quantity of liquor that a glass vessel con- 
 tains. Drink a i'/a-s of wine with me. 
 7. A vessel that shows the weight of the air. 
 
 Taller. 
 
 S. ,\ lens or optical instrument through which an 
 object is viewed ; as, an o|)tic-i,'/<!.w. Mltun. 
 
 9. The time which a gla.-:s runs, or in which it is 
 exhausted of sand. The seamrn's icatcli-ijlass is half 
 an hour. We say, a ship fought three glasses. 
 
 Id. Gtusses, in the plural ; spectacles. 
 GI.XS3, a. Made of glass ; vitreous ; as, a 5'/a.ts bot- 
 tle. 
 
 GL.KSS, c. t. To sec, as in a glass. [JVot useJ.] 
 
 Siilneij. 
 
 2. To case in glass. [Little rt-iej.] Sluik. 
 
 3. To cover with glass ; to glaze. Bmjie. 
 [In the latter sense. Glaze is generally used.] 
 
 GLXSS'-ltLoW-Ell, n. One whose business is to 
 blow and fashion glass. 
 
 GL.X.SS'-eO.\CII, n. In England, a coarh superior to 
 a hackney-coach, hired for the day, or any short pe- 
 riod, as a private carriage, so calltnl heiause original- 
 ly private carriages alone had glass windows. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 GL.^SS'-FAC-ED, (-fast,) a. By a glass-faced flatterer, 
 in Sliakspe.are, is meant, one who gives back, in his 
 looks, the looks of his patron. JuknsDn. 
 
 GLXSS'FIJL, n. As much as a glass holds. 
 
 GLXS.S'-FL'K-N'ACE, n. A furnace in which the ma- 
 terials of glass are melted. Cije. 
 
 GL.Kt^SVGA/C-I.N'G, a. .Addicted to viewing one's self 
 in a glass tjr mirror ; finical. S/tak. 
 
 GL.tSS'-GRIXU-EIl, n. One whose occupation is to 
 grind and polish glass. Boyle. 
 
 GLXSS'-HOUtSE, «. A house where glass is made. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 GLXSS'I-LY, ado. So as to resemble gl.ass. 
 GLXSS'I-.NEff , n. The quality of being glassy or 
 
 smooth ; a vitreous appearance. 
 GL.^SS'-LtKE, a. Resembling gl.-\ss. 
 GLXSS'-MA.\, 11. Olio who sells glass. Stoijl. 
 "GLXSa MET-^L, (-met-1,) n. Glass in fusion. 
 
 Batde. 
 
 GL.KSS'-POT, 71. A vessel used for melting glass in 
 manufactories. Cyc. 
 
 GI.XSS'-WfiRK, (-wurk,) n. Manufacture of glass. 
 
 GL.\SS'-VVORKS, n. pL The place or buildings where 
 gla.ss is made. 
 
 gCxSS'WORT, n. A plant, the popular name of 
 some species of Salicarnia, yielding a large quantity 
 of soda, which is used in the manufacture of glass. 
 The jointed glasswort, Salicornia herbacca, is often 
 eaten as a salad, or pickle, under the name of marsli- 
 sainphirc. P. Cyc. 
 
 GLXSS'Y, a. Made of glass ; vitreous ; as, a glassy 
 substance. Bacon. 
 
 2. Resembling glass in its properties, as in smooth- 
 ness, briltleness, or transparency ; as, a glassy 
 stream ; a glassy surface ; the glassy deep. 
 
 Sfuik. Drydcn. 
 
 GLAS'T0\-nU-RY-THORN, (gl.as'n-ber-r)-) n. A 
 variety of the common hawthorn. Loudon. 
 
 GLAUU'ER t TE, n. A slightly soluble mineral con- 
 sisting of sulphate of soda and sulphate of lime. It 
 occurs in flattened, obliipie crystals, somewhat gLi-ssy 
 ill appt-arance, and of a yellowish or grayish culur. 
 This mineral has been met with only in salt-mines. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 GLAITB'ER'S-SALT, n. [from Glauber, a German 
 chemist, who discovered it.] 
 Sulphate of soda, a well-known cathartic. 
 GLAU-eO'.MA, n. [Gr.1 A disease in the eye, in 
 which the cr}'stalline nuinor becomes of a bluish 
 or greenish color, and its transparency is dimin- 
 ished. Encyc. 
 .\n opacity of the vitreous humor. Hooper. 
 According to Sh.arp, the glaucoma of the Greeks is 
 the same as the cataract: and according to St. Yves 
 and others, it is a cataract with amaurosis. Parr. 
 
 Dimness or abolition of sight from opacity of the 
 liuiiiors. ./. J\[. Oood. 
 
 " Glaucoma consists in a change of structure in the 
 vitreous humor." 
 
 " .\rthritic inflammation of the internal tunics of 
 Hie eye (an inflainm.ition coiuinencing in pans most 
 essential to the function of visiion, in the retina, in 
 the vitreous humor, and prob.ably involving the cho- 
 roid coat) has sometimes been called acute glaucoma, 
 this term being derived from the greeni«h appearance 
 of the eye. It has been called glaucoma from another 
 pyiiiptoui, which takes place where, without any en- 
 l.ir.'eiiieiit of the vessels, wiihout anv very severe 
 pain or absolute evtinclioii of vision in the first place, 
 the pupil exhibits the same greenish discidoraiion, a 
 dLs.uiloration which obviously does not depend on a 
 
 change in the crystalline lens ; for it is more deeply 
 seated ; it occupies the fundus of the eye and you 
 can only see it by looking at it when you .^re stand- 
 ing direotly before the patient, not by looking at tne 
 eye sidew.ay.s. This is called glaucoma simply ; and 
 it appears to nie to be a chronic form of the same af- 
 fecticui as that to which the term acute glaucoma is 
 given. This chronic form of glaucoma is important 
 to be observed ; for it is liable to be confounded with 
 cataract." Lawrence, Lectures on Sur^feri/. 
 
 GLAU-eO'.MA-TOUS, a. Having the nature of giau- 
 coina. P. Cyc. 
 
 GLAU'eON-ITE, n. An argillaceous marl, sometimes 
 containing a mi.xture of green sand. Mantetl. 
 
 GLAU'eOUS, a. [L. glaucus.] 
 
 1. Of a sea-green color; of a dull-green passing into 
 grayish-blue. Lindlcy. 
 
 2. In botany, covered with a fine bloom of the color 
 of a cabbage-leaf. Lindhy. 
 
 GL.A VE, ». [Fr. glaive; W. glair, a billliook, a crook- 
 ed sword, a cimeter ; .\rm. glai/.] 
 
 A broadsword ; a falchion. [.Yut u^-rd.] 
 
 Fairfax. Hadibras. 
 GLAV'EU, V. i. [W.glarru, to flatter ; glao, siuiie- 
 thing smooth or shining; L. glaber, Uirvis, or lubri- 
 cus : Eng. glib.] 
 
 'I'o flatter ; to wheedle. [LitUc used and vulgar.] 
 
 Estrange. 
 
 GT,\V'ER-ER, II. A flatterer. [Supra.] 
 GLAY'.MORE, n. [(;,ael. claidhamh and more] 
 
 A large, two-handed sword, formerly used by the 
 
 Highlanders. Johnson. 
 GLA^^E, V. t. [from glass.] To furnish with windows 
 
 of glass ; as, to glaze a house. 
 
 2. To incrust with a vitreous substance, the basis 
 of which is lead, but combined with sile.T, pearlashes, 
 and common salt ; as, to glaze earthenware. 
 
 3. To cover with anything smooth and shining; 
 or to render the exterior of a thing smooth, bright, 
 and showy. 
 
 Tiioujh wilh olhcr oniamculB he may glaze and bramlish the 
 weapons. Crew. 
 
 4. To give a smooth or glassy surface ; as, to glaze 
 gunpowder ; to make glossy ; as, to glaze cloth. 
 
 GLAZE, n. The vitreous coating or glazing of pot- 
 tej's ware. Ure. 
 
 GLAZ'iSD, jtp. or a. Fimiished with gl.ass windows ; 
 incrusted with a substance resembling glass; ren- 
 dered smooth and shining. 
 
 GLA'ZK.X, a. Resembling glass. Wiclif. 
 
 GL.yZKN-£D, pp. or a. Glazed. 
 
 GLa'ZIER, (gli'zhur,) n. [from glaze or glass.] One 
 whose business is to set window-glass, or to fi x panes 
 of glass to the sashes of windows, to pictures, &.c. 
 
 Mozon. 
 
 GL.^Z'IXG, ppr. Furnishing with window-glass. 
 
 2. Crusting with a vitreous substance, as potter's 
 ware. 
 
 3. Giving a smootli, glossy, shining surface, as to 
 cloth. 
 
 GLAZ'ING, n. The act or art of .setting glass ; the art 
 of crusting with a vitreous substance. 
 
 2. The vitreous substance with which potter's 
 ware is incrusted. 
 
 3. Any factitious, shining exterior. 
 
 4. In painting, transparent, or semi-transparent, 
 colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify 
 the eflTect. Jocclyn. 
 
 GLk.VM, n. [Sax. gleam, or glam, properly a shoot of 
 light, coinciding with glimmer, glimpse, Ir. laom, (per- 
 haps L. jlamma.) The radical sense is, to throw, to 
 shoot, or dart ; and it may be of the same family as 
 clamo, clamor, a shoot of the voice, and W. Uum, It. 
 
 learn, a leap, Ar. ^*^> Class Lra, No. 8.] 
 
 1. A shoot of light ; a be.am ; a ray ; a sm.ill stream 
 of light. A gleam of dawning light; metaphorically, 
 a gleam of hope. 
 
 2. Brightness ; splendor. 
 
 In the clear aiure gtcam the floda are KCn. Pope. 
 
 GLK.VM, V. L To shoot, or dart, as ray3 of light At 
 the dawn, light gleams in the east. 
 
 2. To shine ; to cast light. Thomson. 
 
 3. To flash ; to spread a flood of light. [Less com- 
 mon.] 
 
 4. Among falconers, to disgorge filth, as a hawk. 
 
 Encve. 
 
 GLEAM'ING, ppr. Shooting, as rays of light; sliin- 
 GLCAM'l.NG, n. A shoi>t or shooting of light, [iiig. 
 GLk.A.M'Y, a. Darting beams of light; casting light 
 in rays. 
 
 In brurn arms, th.at cajt .1 gleamy nr, 
 
 Swill ihiouj^li the town thovworrior beudt his vrAj. Pope. 
 
 GLk.\N, r. t. [Fr. glaner, to glean ; gtanc, a handful 
 or cluster. In VV. gl&n is clean.] 
 
 1. To gathi r the stalks and ears of grain which 
 rea|)crs leave behind them. 
 
 Let me no* jju to tin fioM, and glean e.\™ of crn. — ItuJi ii. 
 
 2. To collect tilings thinly scattered ; to gather 
 what is loft in small parcels or numbers, or what 
 
 U found in detached [larcels ; ok, to glean a few luu 
 sages from an author. 
 
 'i'he/ gletintd of them in the bighwayi five thousind ineo. — 
 Judg<?» XX. 
 
 GLicAX, r. L To gatlicr stalks or cars of grttin left by 
 reapers. — 
 And ihe went, nnd r.une and gleaned in the field after Uie 
 r;A]v;rd. — Itulii ii. 
 
 GLk.\N, n. A collection made by gleaning, or by 
 
 gathering here and there a little. 
 
 Tlic gleant of yellow tliyme di»leiul \m tliij;h«. Vrydtn. 
 GLkA.N'KI), Gathered after reapers; collected 
 
 from small, detached parcels ; as, grain gleaned from 
 
 the fi.1,1. 
 
 2. ("leared of what is left ; as, the field is gleaned. 
 
 3. Having sulTered a gleaning. The public prints 
 h.^vr been gleaned. 
 
 GLi;.\.\'ER, «. One who gathers after reapers. 
 
 2. Oin' who collects detached parts or numbers, or 
 
 w^io gathers slowly with labor. Locke. 
 GLkA\'I.\G, p/ir. G.atlK'riiig what reapers leave; 
 
 collecting in small, detached parcels. 
 GLii.\N'l.\'G, n. 'J'he art of gathering after reapers. 
 
 2. That which is collected by gleaning. 
 GLEBE, 71. glcha, 3. clod or lump of earth ; Fr. 
 
 glebe, land, ground ; probably from collecting, as in 
 
 globe, club.] 
 
 1. Turf; soil ; ground. 
 
 Till the glad aummons of a genbl ray 
 
 Unlanda the glebe. Gar'Jt. 
 
 2. The land belonging to a parish church or eccle- 
 siastical benefice. Spelman, Encyc. 
 
 3. A crystal. [Obs.] .^rbuthnoL 
 
 4. .Among Tniiier.*, a piece of earth in which is con- 
 tained some ininenil ore. Encye. 
 
 GLkBE'LESS, n. Without a glebe. 
 
 GLi-.li'OUS, a. Gleby ; turfy. Diet 
 
 GI,Ij;.n'Y, «. Turfy; cloddy. 
 
 GLlcUE, 71. [Sa.x. glida, from glidan, to glide ; Sw. 
 
 glada.] 
 
 1. A bird of the rnpacious kind, the kite, a species 
 of Falco. The word is used in Deut. xiv. 13 ; but 
 the same Hebrew word, Lev. ^i. 14, is rendered a 
 
 vulture. 
 
 2. A glowing co.al. [Obs.'] Toone. 
 GLEE, H. [Sax. glie, from glig, gl'gS, sport, music] 
 
 1. Joy; merriiii; nt ; mirth; gayety ; p.articularly, 
 the mirth enjoyed at a feast. Spenser. 
 
 2. In music, a com(msition for voices in three or 
 more parts. Brande. 
 
 ^. jincicK/Zv, music or minstrelsy generally. [Ofts.] 
 GLEED, 71. [Sax. i'/«/.] [Toone. 
 
 A glowing coal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 GLEE'FIJL, <i. .Merry ; gay ; joyous. Shak. 
 GLEEK, 71. [See Glee.] Music, or a musician. 
 [Obs.\ Shak. 
 2. A scotT; a game at cards. [OSi.] 
 GLEEK, V. i. To make sport of; to gibe ; to sneer ; to 
 
 spend time idly. [Obs.] Shak. 
 GLEE'.M.AN, n. Among the Saxons, an itinerant min- 
 strel or musici.an. [Obs.] Brande. 
 GLEEN, r. i. [W. glan, clean, pure, holy, bright, 
 glciniair, to purify, to brighten ; Ir. "/an.] 
 
 'I'o shine ; to glisten. [JVot used.] Prior. 
 GLEE'SO.ME (glee'sum,) a. .Merry ; joyous. [Obs.] 
 GLEET, 71. [From Sax. glidan, to glide, or hlyltrian, 
 to melt ; Ice. glut.] 
 
 The flux of a thin humor from the urethra : a thin 
 ichor running from a sore. Encyc. IViseman. 
 
 GLEET, V. u To How in a thin, limpid humor ; to 
 ooze. JViseman. 
 2. To flow slowly, as water. Chcyne. 
 GLEET' Y, o. Ichorous; thin ; limpid. 
 GLEN, 71. [W. glyn, a valley in which a river flows, 
 as if from i/»h, liipior, w.ater ; Sax. ^'(cti ; Ir. glean.] 
 A valley ; a dale ; a depression or space between 
 GLe'NE, 71. [Gr. >^X7,if,.] [hills. 
 In anatomy, the cavity or socket of the eye, and 
 the pupil ; any slight depression or cavity receiving 
 a hone in articulation. Parr. Cyc. 
 
 GLE'iVOID, a. A term applied to some articulate r.av- 
 
 ities of bones. Forsyth. 
 GLEW. See Glue 
 
 GLI'.\-DI.\ E, (gli'n-din,) ii. [Gr. yXin, Eliie.J 
 
 A peculiar substance obtained from gluten, a slight- 
 ly transparent, brittle substance, of a straw yellow 
 color, having a slight smell similar to that ol jioney- 
 coiub. Ure. 
 
 Berzelius has decided that gliadine is nothing but 
 pure gluten. 
 
 GLin, a. [D. glibberen, glippen, to slide; glibberig, 
 glib, slipiK'ry ; W. llipyr ; L. glaber, smooth : labor, 
 to slide. This word cont.ains the elements of <li;7. 
 Qu. L. »'/ii*o, Gr. iXi<4o). Class Lb, No. 27, 37.] 
 
 1. Smooth ; slippery ; admitting a body to slide 
 easily on the surface ; as, ice is glib. 
 
 2. Smooth ; voluble ; easdy moving ; as, a ^li't 
 tongue. 
 
 GLIB, n. A thick, curled bush of hair, hanging down 
 over the eyes. [.Vut in use.] Spenser 
 
 GLIB, r. ^ To castrate, [(^u. to make smooth, f-'uio, 
 yXvil><o.] Snak. 
 2. To moke smooth. Bp. Halt. 
 
 TONE, BliLL, tJNITE.— AN"GER, V1"CI0US.— C as K ; O as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 64 
 
 QQ 
 
 50C 
 
r 
 
 GLl 
 
 GLO 
 
 GLO 
 
 (JLIB'LY, adv. Smoothly ; volubly ; as, to slide glib- 
 ly ; to speak glibly. 
 
 GLIC'NKSS, n. l^niootUiicss ; slippcriness ; as, a pol 
 islieil. ice-like glibucss. Chapman. 
 U. Volubility of the tcngiic. Gov. of the Tongue. 
 
 GLIUKES, n. p/. Ogling or leering looks. B. Joiuim. 
 
 GLIDE, V. i. [Sax. gUilan ; G. {rintcn ; D. gbjdcn ; Dan. 
 glider. Qn. Fr. irlis.'cr, m a iljfl'erent dialect. It has 
 the elemfiits of shdr, as glib has of 
 
 1. To flow gently; to move without noise or vio- 
 lence ; as a river. 
 
 By east, amon^ the diisly valleys g^ide 
 
 Tlie silver slreaiiis of Jortlau's cryslal flood. Fair/ax. 
 y. To move silently and smoothly ; to pass along 
 without apparent eflbrt ; as, a hawk or an eagle glid- 
 ing through the air. 
 
 3. To move or pass rapidly, and with apparent 
 ease ; as, a ship glide:; through the water. 
 
 4. In a general .se/iic, to move or slip along with 
 ease, as on a smooth surface; or to pass along ra[>- 
 iJly, without api)arent etlbrt, and without obstruc- 
 tion. 
 
 GLIDE, n. The act or manner of moving smoothly, 
 swiftlv, and without labor or obstruction. Sliak. 
 
 GLiD'EK, 71. He or that which glides. S/iniser. 
 
 GLlD'IXG, ppr. Passing .along gently and smoothly; 
 moving rapidly, or with ease. 
 
 GLID'l.\G-LY,"aii(i. In a smooth, flowing, rapid man- 
 ner. 
 
 GLIFF, n. A transient glance. 
 
 2. A sudden fright. [Scottish.] 
 GLIKE, n. [Sax. gUg.] 
 
 A sneer ; a scolf ; a fl.iut. Shak. 
 GLIM, n. [glimmer.] A liglit or candle. Tliompson. 
 [Still used among sailors i (Ui, douse the glims, i. c, 
 put out the lights.] 
 GLIM'iMEll, r. i. [G. glimmen, glimmern, to gleam, to 
 glimmer; D. glimmen; Sw. glimma; Dan. glimrer ; 
 Ir. laom^ tlame.] 
 
 1. To shoot feeble or scattered rays of light ; as, 
 the glimmering dawn ; a glimmering lamp. 
 
 When rosy inoriiitig glimmered o'er tiie dales. Pope. 
 Tlie vvesl yet glX'nmers Willi some strealis of day. Uliak. 
 
 2. To shine faintly ; to give a feeble light. 
 
 Mild evening gli?nmered on Uie lawn. TrwnbuU. 
 
 GLI.M'MER, 7!. A faint light; feehle, scattered rays 
 of light. 
 9. See Mica. 
 
 GLIM'MEU-I.VG, ppr. cm. Shining faintly ; shooting 
 
 feeble, scattered rays of light. 
 GLl.M'.MEll-lNG, n. A faint beaming of light. . 
 
 2. ,\ faint view. 
 GLIMPSE, ^gli]ns,) n. [D. glimp, fwm glimmen.] 
 
 1. A weak, faint light. 
 
 Such vast room in nature, 
 Only to shine, yet s&irce lo contribute 
 
 L;u;li orb a glimpse of lif lit. MUton. 
 
 2. .\ flash of light ; as, the lightning's glimpse. 
 
 MUton, 
 
 3. Transient luster. 
 
 One glimpse of glory to rny issue give. Dnjden. 
 
 4. A short, transitory view. lie saw at a glimpse 
 the design of the enemy. 
 
 5. Short, fleeting enjoj incnt ; as, a glimpse of de- 
 light. Prior. 
 
 iS. Exhibition of a faint resemblance. Sliak. 
 GLtMl'."^E, J), i. To appear by glimpses. Drayton. 
 GL1S'S.\, n. A fish of the tunny kind, without scales. 
 
 Diet. JVat. llisU 
 GLIST, 71. [f rota glisten.] Glimmer ; mica. [See Glim- 
 mer.] 
 
 GL!S'T£N, (glls'n,) v. i. [Sax. gllsnian ; G. gleissen. 
 This word and glitter are probably dialectical forms 
 of the same word. In Irish, lasadh, lasaim, is to 
 burn, to light; Dan. hjser, Sw. lijsa, to shine ; Uiiss. 
 ubhstaya. In VV. llalJiru is to make smooth and glos- 
 sy, to polish, to glitter. Uu. Ueb. tf Sj, to shine, L. 
 glLtcOf Eng. gloss.] 
 
 To shine ; to sparkle with light ; as, the glistening 
 sUita. 
 
 The ladles* eyes gliulened with pl.*asiire. Richardson. 
 
 GLIS'TK.\-/sD, pp. Shone; sparkled. 
 
 GLIS'T/;\-ING, jipr. ora. Shining; sparkling ; emit- 
 ting ravs of light. 
 
 GI.IS' TfcU, r. i. [See Glisten.] To shine ; to be 
 bright ; to sparkle ; to be brilli:int. 
 
 All tliiit gliturt is not gold. SlMk. 
 
 GLIS'TER, n. Glitter ; luster. 
 
 3, Bee ('i./stkr. 
 GLIS'TEll-INc;, ppr. or a. Shining; sparkling with 
 light. 
 
 GLIS'TF.R-ING-LY, «</». With shining luster. 
 GMT'TER, I). I, [6ux. glitcnan; Kw. gliUra. See 
 Gi.I9Ti::h, j 
 
 1. To (diinc ; lo oparkle with light; lo gleam; to 
 be Hph:ndid ; as, a glittering sword, 
 
 'I'he Held yet y/i((«r« wilh tlie iwn.p of war. Dryiltn. 
 
 9. To be Hliowy, Hperious, or ulriking, and henco 
 attractive ; oji, tin: ghiirring KcfncM of a court. 
 GLIT'TEU, 71. IlrightncHH ; brilliancy ; splendor ; hm- 
 
 ter ; as, the glitter of arms ; the glitter of royal equi- 
 page ; the glitter of dress. 
 GLIT'TEU-.VAD, ppr. om. Spa'kling. [JVotinuse.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 GLIT'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Shining; splendid; bril- 
 liant. 
 
 GLIT'TER-IXG-LY, adv. With sparkling luster. 
 GLoAM, f. To be sullen. [See Glum.] 
 GLOAM'IXG, 71. Twilight. [Scottish.] 
 2. Sullenness ; melancholy. [ Obs.} 
 GLOAR, V. i. [D. gluaren, to leer.] 
 
 To squint ; to stare. [ Obs.] 
 GLoAT, n. i. [Sw. glutta, to peep.] 
 
 To look steadfiistly ; to gaze earnestly, or with ea- 
 gerness. Howe. 
 GLoAT'ED, pret. and pp. of Gloat. 
 GLo.^T'ING, pjir. or a. Gazing with earnestness ; 
 
 looking steadfastly. 
 GLn'IS.MU), 71. A £low-worm. 
 GLO'BATE, ) 'r, , ^ , ^ 
 GLo'IiA-TED, i i''"'"'"*-] 
 
 Having the form of a globe ; spherical ; spheroidal. 
 GLOBE, 71. [L. globus'; Fr. globe: Sp. and It. i,r/u;iii ; 
 Sax. cleow, cUwc^ or cliaw ; Eng. clew. (See Clew.) 
 Russ. Idub, a ball.] 
 
 1. A round or sjilierical solid body; a ball; a 
 sjihere ; a body whose surface is in every part equi- 
 distant from the center. 
 
 2. The earth ; the terraqueous ball ; so called, 
 though not porfectly spherical. , Locke. 
 
 3. An artificial sphere of metal, paper, or other 
 matter, on whose convex surface is drawn a map, or 
 representation of the earth or of the heavens. That 
 on which the several oceans, seas, continents, isles, 
 and countries of the earth, are represented, is called 
 a terrestrial globe. That which exhibits a delineation 
 of the constellations in the heavens, is called a celes- 
 tial globe. 
 
 4. A body of soldiers formed into a circle. Milton. 
 GLoBE, 71. t. To gather round or into a circle. Mdton. 
 GLOBE'-AM'A-RAN'TH, 7i. A plant of the genus 
 
 Gomphrena, bearing beautiful heads of red flowers. 
 
 GLoBE'-AN'I-MAL, 7i. A species of animalcule, of 
 a globular form. Eneyc. 
 
 GLoBE'-DaI-SY, n. A plant or flower of the genus 
 Globularia. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 GLoBE'-FISH, 71. A fish of a globular shape, belong- 
 ing lo the genus Diodon. .Johnson. Partington. 
 
 GLoBE'-FLbW-ER, 7i. A plant of the genus Trol- 
 lius, bearing handsome globular flowers, P. Cyc. 
 
 GLoBE'-RA-NUN'eU-LUS, 7i. A plant, a species of 
 hellebore ; Hellcborus ranunculinus ; assigned by some 
 botanists lo the genus Trollius. Booth. 
 
 GLoBE'-THlS'TLE, (-this'sl,) n. A plant of the ge- 
 nus Echinops. Eam. of Plants. 
 
 GLO-HoSE', a. [L. globosus, from globe.] 
 
 Round ; spherical ; globular. Milton. 
 
 GLO-HOS'I-TY, 71. The quality of being round ; sphe- 
 ricity. Ray. 
 
 GLo'BOUS, a. ['L. ghbosus.] 
 
 Round ; spherical. Milton. 
 
 GLOB'q-LAR, a. \Uom globe.] Round ; spherical ; 
 having the form ot a ball or sphere ; as, globular at- 
 oms. Grew. 
 Globular chart. See Chart. 
 Globular projection. See Projection. 
 
 GLOB-Ii-LA'Rl-A, 7i. The natural-history name of a 
 genus of plants, the species of which grow in the 
 temperate and warm parts of Europe. 
 
 GLOB'Ii-LAU-LY, ado. In a spherical form ; spheri- 
 cally. 
 
 GLOB'U-LAR-NESS,7i. The quality of being globular. 
 GLOB'ULE, 71. [Fr. globule ; L. globulus, dun. of glo- 
 bus.] 
 
 A little globe ; a small particle of matter, of a spher- 
 ical form ; a word particularly applied to the red iiar- 
 licles of blood which swim in a transparent serum, 
 and may be discovered by the microscope. 
 
 i^uincy. .^rbulhnot. Eneyc. 
 
 Hailstones have opaque gloljulet of snow iu their center. 
 
 Newton, 
 
 GLOB'TJ-LIN, 71. A substance closely allied to albu- 
 men, and forming the principal constituent of the 
 globules of blood. Graham. 
 
 2. This name has been given also to the green 
 globiih s lying among the cells of cellular tissue, and 
 io minute vesicular grauulea. Brande. 
 
 GLOHMI-LOUS, a. Round; globuljir ; having the 
 form of a small sphere. Boyle. 
 
 GLrili'Y, a. Round ; orbicular. Sherwood. 
 
 GLoDK, old pret. of (Jlioe. ( Obs.] 
 
 (;L0.ME, n. [L. glomus, a b.all ; lleb. and Ch. ohi, Ar, 
 
 ^1 Inmma, to wind, convolve, or collect into n mass. 
 
 Class I,m, No. 5, II. Ou. its alliance to lump, clump, 
 pluoibum.] 
 
 In botimu, a roundish head of flowers. Martyn, 
 GLOM'KR-A I E, 1). t [I., glomcro, from glomus, su- 
 pra.] 
 
 I o gather or wind Into a ball ; to collect into a 
 Bphurical form or mass, as threads. 
 
 GLOM'ER-ATE, a. Growing in massive forms 
 
 .4 glomerate gland, is one which, without luaving 
 
 any cavity, discharges at once into a duct. 
 GLOM'ER-A-TED, pp. Gathered into a ball or round 
 
 mass. 
 
 GLOM'ER-A-TING, ;7ir. Collecting or winding into 
 
 a ball or round mass. 
 GLOM-ER-A'TION, 71. [L. glomeratio.] 
 
 1. The act of g.ithering, winding, or forming into 
 a ball or spherical body. 
 
 2. A body formed into a ball. Bacon. 
 GLOM'ER-OUS, n. [L. glomero.^.] 
 
 Gathered or formed into a ball or round mass. [Qu. 
 the use.] 
 
 GLOOM, n. [Scot, gloum, gloom, a frown. In D. 
 lommer is a shade, and loom is slow, heavy, dull. In 
 Sax. glomung is twilight.] 
 
 1. Obscurity ; partial or total darkness ; thick 
 shade ; as, the gloom of a forest, or the gloom of mid- 
 night. 
 
 2. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; melancholy ; 
 aspect of sorrow. We say, the mind is sunk into 
 gloom ; a gloom overspreads the mind. 
 
 3. Darkness of prospect or aspect. 
 
 4. SuUenness. 
 
 GLOOM, 7). i. To shine obscurely or imperfectly. 
 
 2. To be cloudy, dark, or obscure. [Spenser. 
 
 3. To be melancnoly or dejected. Goldsmith. 
 GLOOM, V. t. To obscure; to till with gloom; to 
 
 darken ; to make dismal. Young. 
 
 GLOOM'ED, pp. Filled with gloom. 
 
 GLOO.M'I-LY, adv. [from gloomy.] Obscurely ; dim- 
 ly ; darkly ; dismally. 
 
 2. With melancholy aspect ; sullenly ; not cheer- 
 fully. Dryden. Thomson. 
 
 GLOO.M'I-NESS, 71. Want of light ; obscurity ; dark- 
 ness ; dismalness. 
 
 2. Want of cheerfulness ; cloudiness of look ; heav- 
 iness of mind ; melancholy ; as, to involve the mind 
 in gloominess. JidJison. 
 
 GLOOiM'Y, a. [from gloom.] Obscure ; imperfectly 
 illuminated ; or dark ; dismal ; as, the gloomy cells of 
 a convent ; the gloomy shades of night. 
 
 2. Wearing the aspect of sorrow ; melancholy ; 
 clouded ; dejected ; depressed ; heavy of heart ; as, 
 a gloomy countenance or state of mind ; a gloomy 
 temper. 
 
 3. Of a dark complexion. [Little 7i.«(/.] Milton. 
 GLOP'PEN, V. t. To surprise or astonish. 
 GLORE, 71. Fat. [A^'orth of England. 
 GLO'RI-A m EX-CEL'SIS, [L.] Glory in the high- 
 est. 
 
 GLO'RI-.a PA'TRT. [L.] In the Episcopal service, 
 praise to God the Father. 
 
 GLO-RI-A'TION, 71. [L. gloriutio.] 
 
 Boast; a ti*iumphing. [A''ot used.] Richardson. 
 
 GLo'RI-f:D, (glo'nd,) a. [See Globy.] Illustrious; 
 honorable. [JVu( itvci/.] Milton. 
 
 GLO-RI-FI-Ca'TION, 77. [See Glorift.] The act 
 of giving glory, or of ascribing honors to. Taylor. 
 
 2. Exaltation to honor and dignity ; elevation to 
 glory ; as, the glorification of Christ after his resur- 
 rection 
 
 GLo'RI-FI-iD, pp. or a. Honored ; dignified ; exalted 
 to glory. 
 
 GLO'Rl-F?, V. t. [7r. glorijicr; Ij. gloria ani facio, 
 to inake.J 
 
 1. To praise ; lo magnify and honor in worship ; 
 to ascribe honor to, in thought or words. Psalm 
 Ixxxvi. 9. 
 
 God is glorijied, when such his excellency, above all tilings, is 
 w idi due admiration acknowledged. Hooker. 
 
 2. To make glorious ; to exalt lo glory, or to celes- 
 tial happiness. 
 
 Whom he justified, them he also glorified. — Rom. viii. 
 
 The CJod of our fathers hatli glorified his Son Jesus. — Acts iii. 
 
 3. To praise ; to honor ; lo extol. 
 
 Whomsoever thev find to be most licentious of life, him Oiry set 
 •up and glori/y. Spenser. 
 
 4. To procure honor or praise to. Shalt. 
 GLo'Rl F?-li\'(;, ppr. Praising; honoring in worship; 
 
 exalting to glory ; lioiuiring ; extolling. 
 GLO'Kl-OL'S, a. [Fr. glorieujc ; L. gloriosus. See 
 Glory.] 
 
 1. Illustrious : of exalted excellence and splendor; 
 resplendent in majesty and divine attributes; applied 
 lo God. Ex. XV. II. 
 
 2. Noble ; excellent ; renowned; relehiated ; illus- 
 trious ; very honorable ; applied to men, llirir achteve- 
 vicnts, titles, &c. 
 
 I.<'1 IIS nMnenilier we are Calo's friends. 
 
 And lu't tike men who claim lliat glorious title. Addison. 
 
 3. Boastful ; self-exulting ; haughty ; ostentatious. 
 [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 GLO'lU OIIS-LY, ndr. Splendidly ; illiislrioiisly ; with 
 great renown or dignity. 
 
 Sing yo to die I.onl, for he liatl. triumphed gloriously. Kx. XV, 
 
 GLO'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 glorious. 
 
 GLo'RV, 71. [L. ginria ; Fr. gloire : Sp. and It. gloria ; 
 Ir. gluir, glory, and glor, cle;ir ; \V. eglur, clear, 
 bright; Arm. gloar, glory. It coiiiciiles with clear. 
 
 FiTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, I'HBlT.^riSIE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.— 
 
GLO 
 
 ami the primary sense seems to be, to open, to ex- 
 pand, to enh\ri;e. So .-plcnilor is from the (Jellic 
 plan, (ip<'n, ch'ar, plain, L. planus; hi'nre, bri^'iit, 
 sliininf;. Olory, llitn, is bri;;htness, splenilor. Tlic 
 L. fiurro, to blossom, to flower, to fluurisk, is probably 
 of same family.] 
 
 I. llrightness j luster ; splendor. 
 
 Tin* moun, sreiip In flory, moiitils th'' tAty. Pope, 
 I'oT lie n ci-ivtil lri>iii lio.1 Rilli. r liniinr nnil »lnrv, " 
 
 tli'-n; C4unu iucli u vuicc ui him from Uie exci'Ik-iil glory. — 2 
 
 I'l l. i. 
 
 In this passacp of Peter, the latter word glory re- 
 fers to the visible splendor or brifilit cloud that over- 
 shadowed I'hrist at his transrii;uration. The former 
 word •florij, thouKh the same in the original, is to be 
 understood in a fiRunitive sense. 
 
 •2. Splendor ; niagniticence. 
 
 Salomon, ill [lit liii ;/ory, wiis nol arniyoil like oiif of tln-jte. — 
 M.ai. vi. 
 
 3. Praise ascribed in adoration ; honor. 
 
 Gtory to GotI in Uie liiglicnt. — Liik'- ii. 
 
 4. Honor ; praise ; fame ; n^nown ; celebrity. The 
 hero pants for fflonj in the tield. It was tlie fflory of 
 Howard to relieve the wretched. 
 
 5. The felicity of heaven prepared for the chddren 
 of Uod ; celestial bliss. 
 
 Tliou sh.ill ^uiile me Willi thy counflol, nnd aftcnvanl r'Cci%'C rut? 
 to glory. — Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 6. In Scripture, the divine presence ; or the ark, 
 the manifestation of it. 
 
 Tho glory iit ticiiivrtcd from Israel. — 1 S:iin. iv. 
 
 7. The divine perfections or -excellence. 
 
 Ttie lica»f n« (leclan; tho glory of Uod. — !*». xix. 
 
 8. Honorable representation of Gtid. 1 Cor. xi.8. 
 
 9. Distinguished hontir or ornament ; that which 
 lionors or makes renowned ; that of which one may 
 boast. 
 
 Baliylon, the gtory of kingitoms. — U. xiti. 
 
 10. Pride; boastfiilness ; arrogance ; as, vain j^/ori/. 
 
 II. Generous pritle. Siflney. 
 IQ. In painting, a circle of rays, surroundinj! the 
 
 lieails of saints, &.C., anil especially of the Savior. 
 GLo'HV, e. i. [L. fl-/t;r/or, from i'/t»ria.] [Brande. 
 
 1. To exult with joy ; to rejoice. 
 
 Glory ye in his holy name, — Ps. cv. I Cliron, xvi. 
 
 2. To boast ; to be proud of. 
 
 No one »hoiiI<L glory In his prosperily. liicliardgon. 
 
 GI.O'RY-I.NG, ppr. Exulting with Jov ; boasting. 
 
 GLo'llY-I.NG, II. The act of exiUliiig j e.xullation ; 
 boasting ; display of pride. 
 
 Your glorying is not gno<\. — 1 Cor. v. 
 
 GI,r)'RY-S.MIT'T£.\, a. Smitten with glory. 
 
 GLOSK, GLOS'EK. St'cGi-ozE. [Coleridge. 
 
 GLOSS, f(. [G. jT//wsf , a gloss or comment; gtolzen, 
 to gle;im, to gliniiiier. In Sax. ^toon signifies to 
 explain, to Hatter, to gloze. From the Gr. ^Aiouira, 
 the tongue, and a strap, the L. lias glo.^.ia a tongue, 
 and intcrpri;tation. In lleb. Vl^i signifies to shine, 
 but from the sense of smootliness j Syr. . j» \ ^ 
 
 galosh, to peel, to shave, to make bald. Whether 
 these wiirils are all of one faindy, let the reader 
 judgt^. The radical sense apjiears to be, to open, to 
 make clear, anil the sense of tongue is prolKibly to 
 cxteml. If the first letter is a prefix, the other let- 
 ters, Li, are the elements of Ir. li^ht, I... fu,s(rii. 
 Eng. luster ; and it is reni.irkalile that in Kiiss. losk 
 is luster, |mlish, anil laskayu is to flatter. The Gr. 
 jAturni, in the Attic diaKct, is a tongue, and in 
 Swedish and Gorman, glatt, Dan. glat, I), glad, is 
 smooth.J 
 
 1. Brightness or luster of a body proceeding from 
 a smooth surface ; as, the glass of sdk ; cloth is 
 calendered to give it a gloss. 
 
 2. .\ specious appearance or representation.; exter- 
 oal show that may mislead opinion. 
 
 U is no part of niy secpl meaning to set on the face of this cause 
 ftiiy fairer gtott tlkui the n.iiieil troth doth alfonl. Hooker. 
 
 3. .'\n interpretation artfully specious. Sidney. 
 
 4. Interpretation; cominint; explanation; remark 
 intended to illustrate a subject. 
 
 All tilts, without a gloet or comment. 
 
 He w.iiil.1 unriddle in a mo lit. IMilrmt. 
 
 Expliuiiin^ the text in short gtoftt. Baker, 
 Gl.OSS, r. L To pivo a superficial luster to ; to make 
 smooth and shining ; as, to gloss cloth by the calen- 
 der ; til gloss mahogany. 
 
 a. To explain ; to render clear and evident by 
 cominenLs ; to illustrate. 
 
 3. To give a specious appearance to ; to render 
 specious and plausible ; to palliate by specious repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 Too hate the an to gloti Uw foules* Muse. PhUipt, 
 GI.O.--S, p. i. Tocomment; to write or make explana- 
 tory remarks. Dmden. 
 ■J. To make sly remarks. Prior, 
 v*''"'^^''' *• tJontaining explanation. 
 GLOSS'.\-RIST, M. A writer of glosses or comments. 
 TyrwhiU. 
 
 GLO 
 
 GLOSS'.'\-UV',7i. [Fr. glos.iairc; Low L. glossarium.] 
 A dictitmary or vocabulary, explaining words which 
 arc obscure, antiipiated, local, Ice; such as l)u 
 Cange's (llo.i.ianj ; Spelinan's Glossary. 
 GLOS-Sa'TOK, h. (Fr. glo.isaUur.] 
 
 A writer of comments ; a coiiinient.ttor. [A'et 
 used.] Jiijliffe. 
 GLOSS'KD, (glost,) pp. Matle smooth and shining; 
 explaini'tl. 
 
 GLOSS'Ell, 71. A writer of glosses; a scholiast ; a 
 commentator. 
 2. A polisher ; tine who gives a luster. 
 
 GLOSS'l-l,Y, ado. In a glos.sy nianni r. 
 
 GLOSS' I -.NESS, ji. [from glossy,] The luster or 
 briglilness of a sinoiith siirliice. lloyle. 
 
 GLfJSS'lNG, ppr. (iiving lustiir to; piilishing ; ex- 
 plaining liy coniiiients ; giving a specious appearance. 
 
 GLOSS'lST, n. A writer of comments. [JVi)( in use.] 
 
 mi Ion. 
 
 GLOPS'LY, ni/r. Like gloss. Cowley. 
 GLOSS-fJG'K.A. PIIEK, ii. [gloss and Gr. }/)u0u, to 
 write.] 
 
 A writer of a glossary ; a coinnientator ; a scho- 
 liast, llayicard. 
 GL(JSS-0-GU.\PII'ie-.\L, a. Pertaining to glossog- 
 npliv. 
 
 GLOSS-OO'RA-PHY, n. The writingof glossaries, or 
 
 of comments fiir illustrating an author. 
 GLOSS-0-LOC;'lt;-.\L, a. Pertaining to glossology. 
 GLOSS-OL'O GIST, «. \gloss and Gr. Ao) ii5.] 
 
 One whtt defines and explains terms. 
 GLOSS-()L'0-GY,ii. [jr/o.-aand Gr. Ao> 05, discourse.] 
 
 The definition and explanation of terms. 
 GLOSS'Y, a. Smooth and shining ; reflecting luster 
 from a smooth surface; highly polished; as, glossy 
 silk ; a glossy raven ; a glassy plum. Drydau 
 GLOT'TAL, 0. Pertaining to the glottis. 
 GLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. jAoirr.i, the U>ngu<>.] 
 
 The narrow opening at the upper part of the trachea 
 or windpi[ie, which, by its dilatation and contraction, 
 contributes to tlie modulation of the voice. 
 
 Encye. Parr. 
 
 GLOUT, 77. 1. [Scot.] To pout ; to look sullen. [JV«f 
 
 used.] Oarlh. 
 GLOUT, tj. t. To view attentively ; to gloat. [JVu« 
 use.] 
 
 GLOVE, fgluv^ 71^ [.''ax. glof._^ Uu. VV. golov, a 
 cover. T," — .. 
 
 shoe.] 
 
 I'he G., D., Svv., and Dan., call it u liand- 
 
 A cover for the hand, or for the hand and arm, 
 with a separate sheath for each linger. The latter 
 circumstance distinguishes the glove from the mitten. 
 
 To throvo tlie gluvc, with our ancestors, was to 
 challenge to single combat. 
 GLOVE, 7). f. To cover with a gliwe. Shak. 
 (!LOV'a;D, (gluvd,) pp. or a. Covered with a glove. 
 GLOV'EK, 71. One whose occupation is to make and 
 sell gloves. 
 
 GLOW, 7). i. [Sa.x. glowan, G. glilhen ; D. gloeljen, 
 Dan. irtSdcr, to glow, to be red with heat ; Dan. 
 glSd, gloe. Sax. gled, D. glaed, G. gluth, Sw. glad, \V. 
 glo, Corn, glou, Ann. glaouen, a live coal ; W. gla or 
 glau!, a shining ; gloyio, bright ; gloywi, to brighten, 
 or make clear.] 
 
 1. To shine with intense heat ; or perhaps more 
 correctly, to shine with a white heat ; to exhibit 
 incandescence. Hence, in a more general sense, to 
 shine with a bright luster. 
 
 Gtowe in the stars and blossoms In tiie trees. Pope. 
 
 2. To burn with vehement heat. 
 
 The scorchiiij^ Are that in their enti:uts gtoire, Addison, 
 
 3. To feel great heat of body ; to be Iiot. 
 
 Did not his temples glow 
 In the same sultry wimU and scorching heals t Additon, 
 
 4. To exhibit a strong, bright color; to be red. 
 Clad in a gown that gloiet with Tynan rtys. J^rydtn, 
 
 Kair Ideas flow, 
 Strilte in the sketch, or in the picture gtoto. Pope. 
 
 5. To be bright or red with heat or animation, or 
 with blushes ; as, gloving cheeks. 
 
 t). To feel the heat of passion ; to be ardent ; to be 
 animated, as by intense love, ze.-U, anger, &.c. We 
 say, the heart glows with love or zeal ; tlic glowing 
 breast. 
 
 Wh'*n real »irtiie ftp-s the glowing bnrit. Lewis. 
 If you hare neTer glowetl with frtiitude to the Author of the 
 (Jhrutioii fCTclaiion, you know nothing of Chri<lianily. 
 
 Butknutuler. 
 
 7. To burn with intense heat ; to rage, as pas- 
 sion. 
 
 W'lh pride it mounts, and with reteiige it glotet. Dry/ten. 
 
 GLOW, c. U To make hot so as to shine. [Aot 
 u.ted.} shak. 
 
 GLOU , 71. Shining he.at, or while heat 
 
 2. Drightiiess of color; redness; as, the glow o{ 
 health in the cheeks. 
 
 A wartnif glov his Unomy beds display, 
 Biusliin; in bright tlivcrsitiea of day. 
 
 Pope, 
 
 3. Vehemence of passion. 
 GLOW'I.NG, ppr. or a. Shining with intense heat; 
 white with lieaL 
 2. Burning with vehement heat. 
 
 Eiicyc. 
 that is, to 
 
 Mitton. 
 Soulti, 
 
 Shale. 
 
 GL(/ 
 
 3. Exhibiting a bright color; red; as, a glouiing 
 color ; glowing cheeks. 
 
 4. Ardent ; vehement ; animated ; as, glowing 
 zeal. 
 
 5. Inflamed ; as, a glmring breast. 
 (;LoIV'1.\(;-LY, adc. With gre;it brightnes.') ; with 
 
 ardent heat or passion. 
 
 GLoW'-WOR.M, (-wurm,) 71. The female nl tlm 
 iMuipyri-i uoctituea, insect of the tinier of tloleop. 
 tera. It is without wings, and reseinbles a cuterpij- 
 l.'ir. It emits a shining green light from the ertiein- 
 ity of the abdomen. 'J'he male is winged, and flii^s 
 about in the evening, when it is attracted by the light 
 of the fi niale. 
 
 GLo'/.E, !•. I. [S:\x. glesan. Sec Gloss.] 
 'I'o Hatter ; to wlieetllc ; to fawn ; 
 smooth, or to talk siniHitlily. 
 
 So glozett thi' ti*mpt'-r, and his proem tuned. 
 A fal«', gloziug p.ir.u.iie. 
 
 GL5ZE, 71. Flattery; adulation. 
 
 2. Specious show ; gloss. [.Yot used.] [.'^ce Gloss.] 
 
 Sidn nj, 
 
 GLoZ'EU, 71. A (latti ri T. Oifford. 
 
 GLo'/.E nrcr, r. (. To [Killiate by specious ex|Kjsitiun. 
 
 GLoZ'LNG, p/jr. Flattering; wheedling. 
 
 GLOZ'INfJ, 71. Specious represent.ation. 
 
 GLO'eOSE, 71. [(Jr. )Au««5, sweet.] A sugar ob- 
 tained from grapes, honey, and most acid fruits, 
 which is less sweet than that of the sugar-cane. 
 
 Oraham. 
 
 GLUCI'NA, 71. [Gr. )AD«,-t)s.] More properly Glv- 
 
 CVNA. 
 
 The only oxyd of the metal gliicinum. It is a 
 white powder, without taste or odor, and insoluble 
 in water. The salts of gluciiia have a sweet t.-iite, 
 and hence its name. 
 GLU-CI'NUM, 71. [Gr. ^-Avittif.] More projicrly Glv- 
 
 CYM'M. 
 
 The name of a inirtal, which appeals in the form 
 of a grayish black piiwiler, and acipiiies a dark 
 metallic luster by biiriiishing. It may be exposed 
 to air and moisture, or be boiled in water without 
 oxydation. 
 
 GLOE, (glu,)7i. [Fr. glu; W. gtyd; Ami. glnd ; fr. 
 gbjdh, gliu, alrten; L. gluten; Gr. ; Aia ; Russ. klei. 
 See Class Ltf, No. 8, 9, lU.] 
 
 A tenacious, viscid matter, wliirh serves as a cem- 
 ent to unite other substances. It is extracted from 
 the skins, parings, &c., of animals, as of oxen, 
 calves, or sheep, hv boiling them to a jelly. 
 
 GLOE, r. (. [Vr. gluer.] [Encye. Parr. 
 
 1. To join with glue or a viscous substance. Cab- 
 inet-makers glue together some jwrts of furniture. 
 
 2. To unite ; to liolil together. AViffon. 
 [This word is now seldom used in a figurative 
 
 sense. The phrases, to glue friends together, vices 
 glue us to low pursuits or pleasures, found in writers 
 of the last century, are not now used, or arc deemed 
 inelegant.] ^ 
 
 GLCE'-ltOfL ER, 71. [glue and boU.] One whose 
 occupation is to make glue. 
 
 GLf'Kl), (glude,) pp. United or cemented with glue. 
 
 GLO'ER, 71. One who cements with glue. 
 
 GLfi'EY, a. Viscous; glutinous. 
 
 GLC'EV-NESS, n. The (piality of being gluey. 
 
 GLO'I.N'G, ppr. Cementing with glue. 
 
 GLO'ISH,a. Having the nature of glue. Sherwood. 
 
 GLUM, a. [Scot, glaum, a frown.] 
 Frowning; sullen. [Colloquial.] 
 
 GLU.M, 71. Sullenness ; and, as a verb, to look sullen, 
 f A'of t7i use.] 
 
 GLUM, V. i. [from gloom,] To look sourly; to bo 
 
 sour of countenance. [Obs,] 
 GLU-Ma'CEOUS, o. Having glumes ; consisting of 
 
 glumes. Barton. 
 GLO.ME, 71. [L. gluma, from glubo, to bark or peel, or 
 
 Gr. )'Aui4<o.) 
 
 In botany, the calyx or corol of grain and grasses, 
 formed of valves, embracing the seed, often termi- 
 nated by the arisfa or beard, the husk or chaff of 
 grain. Mdnc Martyn. 
 
 GLU.M'MY, a. Dark ; gloomy ; dismal. 
 
 GLO'MOUS, a. A glumous flower is a kind of ag- 
 gregate flower, having a filiform receptacle, with a 
 common glume at the base. Martyn. 
 
 GLUT, 7\ I. [Ij. glutio ; Vr. engloutir ; Russ. glotayu, 
 to swallow ; W. glwth, a glutton ; glythu, to gorman- 
 dize ; from llirth, a swallow, greetiiness ; IL ghioUo, 
 Ia>w L. gluic, a glutton ; lleb. Ch. I9p'>. (Sec Ar. 
 
 kJli.) Class Ld, No. 17. The sense is to crowd, 
 to stuff.] 
 
 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedily ; to gorge. 
 
 Mdtjm. 
 
 2. To cloy ; to fill beyond sufficiency ; to sate ; to 
 disgust ; as, to glut the appetites. Dcnham. 
 
 3. To feast or delight even to satiety. 
 
 His faithful iiean, a Notxly sacrifice, 
 
 Tom from bis bn-ast, to glut the tyrant's eyes. Orydtn. 
 
 4. To fill or furnish beyond sufficiency ; as, to glul 
 the markeL 
 
 5. To saltimte. Boyle. 
 
 TONE, B«LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; 6 as J ; « a. Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 i-)07 
 
GLY 
 
 SLUT, 71. That wliicli is swallowed. Jililtoa 
 
 2. Plenty even to loathing. 
 
 He shM! find liiniself miseraUe, even in the very ir/uf of liis de- 
 lights. VEstrnrtge. 
 A g]ut of study and retirement. Pojfe. 
 
 3. More than enough ; superabundance. 
 
 B. Jonsoiu 
 
 4. Any thing that fills or obstructs the passage. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 5. A large wooden wedge. J^ew England. 
 GLC'TE-AL, a. [Gr. j ,\utr„f, nates.] 
 
 The g-liiteal arterij, is a branch of the liypogastric 
 or internal iliac artery, which supplies the gluteal 
 muscles. Coxe. Hooper. 
 
 The irluteal muscles, are three large muscles on 
 each side, which make up the fleshy part of tiie but- 
 tocks. Parr. 
 
 GLtJ'TE.V, n. [L. See Glue.] A tough, elastic sub- 
 stance, of a grayish color, which becomes brown and 
 brittle by drying ; found in the tlmir of wlieat and 
 other grain. It contributes much to the nutritive 
 quality of flour, and gives tenacity to its paste. A 
 similar substance is found in the juices of cer'ain 
 plants. Brande. 
 
 GLU'TE-US, TU The large, thick nmscle on which 
 we sit. 
 
 GLu'TIN-aTE, t!. t. To unite with ghie ; to cement. 
 
 Badey. 
 
 GLtj'TIN-A-TED, pp. United with glue. 
 GLO'TIN-a-TING, ppr. Uniting with clue. 
 GLU-TIN-A'TION, 71. The act of uniting with glue. 
 
 Badnj. 
 
 GLu'TIN-A-TIVE, a. Having the quality of cement- 
 ing ; tenacious. 
 
 GLU-TIN-OS'I-TY, n. The quality of being glutin 
 ous ; viscousness, 
 
 GLU'TIN-OUS, a. [L. ghUinosiis.'] 
 
 1. Viscous; viscid; tenacious; having the quality 
 of glue ; resembling glue. Starcli is frlutinuus. 
 
 2. In botany, besmeared with a slippery moisture ; 
 as, a ir^ntiuous leaf. JSIartijn. 
 
 GLu'TIX-OUS-NESS, n. Viscosity; viscidity; the 
 quality of glue ; tenacitj'. C/ietine. 
 
 GLUT'TED, pp. Cloyed ; filled beyond sufnciencv. 
 
 GLUT'TON, (glul'n,) 71. [Low L. gluto ; Fr. glouton. 
 See Glut.] 
 
 1. One who indulges to excess in eating. 
 
 2. One eager of any thing to excess. 
 
 Gluttons in mnrder, wanton to destroy. GranoiUe. 
 
 3. In zoolo^, the Gulo vulgaris, found in the north 
 of Europe and Siberia. It grows to the length of 
 three feet, but has short legs and moves slowly. It 
 is a carnivorous animal, and, in order to catch its 
 prey, it climbs a tree, and from that darts down upon 
 a deer or other animal. It is named from its vora- 
 cious appetite. Diet. J^Tat. Hist. 
 
 Its voracity has been ridiculously exaggerated. 
 
 Cuvier. 
 
 GLUT'TON-IZE, v. i. To eat to excess ; to eat vora- 
 ciously ; to indulge the appetite to excess ; to be lux- 
 urious. Trans, of Orellman. 
 
 GLUT'TON-LIKE, a. Like a glutton ; greedy. 
 
 GLUT'TOX-OUS, ( a. Given to excessive eating; 
 
 GLUT'TOM-ISH, ( indulging the appetite for food 
 to excess ; as, a glutionons age. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Consisting in excessive eating ; as, gluttonous 
 delight. Milton. 
 
 GLUT'TOX-OUS-LY, adv. With the voracity of a 
 glutton ; with excessive eating. 
 
 GLU'I 'i'ON-Y, 71. Excess in eating; extravagant in- 
 dulgence of ttie appetite for food. 
 
 2. Luxury of the table. 
 
 Their Bumptnous gluttomet and gorgeoua fe.Mtj. Milton. 
 
 3. Voracity of appetite. Eneijc. 
 GLYC'E-RIN, 71. [(Jr. j >DKi.f, sweet.] 
 
 A sweet substance that forms the basis of fatty 
 matter ; a transparent liquid, without color or smell, 
 of a fiimpy consistence. Ure. 
 
 GLl-eoN'ieV"*' i f^^"' ^' e'y""'^'"^'^ 
 
 Denoting a kind of verse in Greek arid Latin 
 poetry, consisting of three feet, a sjTondce, a cho- 
 riamb, and a pyrrhic ; as, gUjconit measure. 
 
 Johmton. 
 
 GLY-CYR'RIir-ZIN, 71. [Gr. } >n«i.5, sweet, and 
 a root.] A peculiar saccharine matter obtained from 
 the root of the Glijcijrrhiia glabra, or common 
 liquorice. Brande. 
 
 GLYN. .See Gles. 
 
 GLYPH, (glif,) 71. [Gr. > Xm/.r;, from j X"0'.i, to carve.] 
 In iculptiire and archilrctiirc, a notch, canal, chan- 
 nel, or cavity, intended an an ornament, and usually 
 perpenilicular. Chambers. 
 
 GLYPH'ie, 71. A picture or figiirii by which a word 
 18 implii'd. [.See IIiF.RooLvriiii-.] 
 
 GLYP'Tie, a. In mineralogii, figured. 
 
 GLYP'TIC.H, 71. [«upra.] 'I'lie art of engraving fig- 
 ures on precious Htoncs. 
 
 GLYP'TO-DO.N, 71. [Gr. ) Xuirrot, engraved, and 
 <><!oii«, tooth.) 
 
 An cilinct quadruped of the Armadillo family, of 
 the Hize of an ox, covered with KcaIeK, and liiiving 
 fluted Icetb. ManUll. Brande. 
 
 GNO 
 
 GLYP-TO-GRAPH'ie, a. [Gr. ) X«-rot and j.pa./>w.] 
 Describing the methods of engraving on precious 
 stones. 
 
 GLYP-TOG'RA-PIIY, ti. [Supra.] A description of 
 the art of engraving on precious stones. 
 
 British Critie. 
 
 GLYP-TO-THk'CA, 71. [Gr. )Xti0tj and dnxri.] A 
 building or room for the preservation of works of 
 sculpture. Brande. 
 GNAR, (nar,) ) v.i. [S^ix. gnyrran, gnomian i Dan. 
 GNXKL, (nirl,) ) knurrcr ; Sw. knarra j H. gnorren, 
 knorren ; G, gnurren, knarren.] 
 To growl ; to murmur ; to snarl. 
 And wolves are gnarling wliich shall ^law thee first. Shale. 
 [Gnar is nearly obsolete.] 
 GNaRL'£D, (narld,) 0. Knotty; full of knots; as, 
 
 the gnarled oak. Shak. 
 GNXRL'Y, a. Knotty ; full of knots ; J»s, the gnarly 
 
 oak. Rich. Diet. 
 
 GXASII, (nash,) ». t. [Dan. knasker ; Sw. gnissla and 
 knastra. Ou. D. knarzen, G. knirrschen, to gnash, 
 and It. ganascia, the jaw.] 
 
 To strike the teeth together, as in anger or pa4n; 
 as, to gnash the teeth in rage. Dryden. 
 GX.VSII, (nash,) v. i. To grind the teeth. 
 
 lie ebnll gnash with his teeth and melt aw.\y. — Ps. cxii. 
 
 2. To rage even to collision with the teeth ; to 
 growl. 
 
 They gnashed on me witli their teeth. — Ps. xxxv. 
 GX.\?II'I\G, fnash'inz,) ppr. Striking the teeth to- 
 
 sro;!i< r, .1^ in anger, ra^o, or pain. . 
 GX.VSil'lAG, (I ash'ing,) 71. A giinding or striking of 
 
 tlK' toetli in rage or anguish. 
 
 Tli.r? tihtll l>e weeping .uid gnashing of teeth. — Matt. viii. 
 
 r;X ASH'IXG-LY, adv. With gnashing. 
 GN.-^'i', (nat.) n. [Sax. gmct. tin. Gr. Kiovt,)xp.'] 
 
 1. A name apphud to several insects, of the genus 
 Ciilex. Their nioutlr is formed by a flexible sheath, 
 inclosing bristles pointed like stings. The sting is a 
 tube containing five or six spicule of exquisite fine- 
 ness, dentated or edged. The most troublesome of 
 this genus is the musqueto. Encyc. Cyc. 
 
 2. Any thing proverbially small. 
 
 ye Hind guides, who strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. — 
 Matt, xjtiii. 
 
 GXAT'-FLOW-ER, n. A flower, called also Bee- 
 Flower. Johnson. 
 GXA-THON'ie, (na-) ) a. [L. gTiaOio, a flatter- 
 GNA-THON'ie-AL, (na-) \ cr.] 
 
 Flattering ; deceitful. [JVot in use.'] 
 GNAT'-SNAP-PER, 71. A bird that catches gnats. 
 
 Hakewill. 
 
 GXAT'-WORM, (nat'wurm,) 71. A small water insect, 
 produced by a gnat, and which, after its several 
 changes, is transformed into a gnat ; the larva of a 
 gnat. Cyc. 
 
 GXAW, (naw,) c. t. [Sax. gnagan; G. nagen ; D. 
 knaagen ; Sw. gnaga ; W. cnoi ; Gr. kpi'u, to scrape ; 
 Ir. cnagh, cnaoi, consumption ; cnuigh, a maggot ; 
 cnaoidhim, to gnaw, to consimie.] 
 
 1. To bite ofl" by little and little ; to bite or scrape 
 ofl' with the fore teeth ; to wear away by biting. 
 The rats gnaw a board or plank ; a worm gnaws the 
 wood of a tree or the plank of a ship. 
 
 2. To eat by biting olf small portions of food with 
 
 3. To bite in agony or rage. [the fore teeth. 
 
 They gnatoed their tongues for pain. — Rev. xvi. 
 
 4. To waste ; to fret ; to corrode. 
 
 5. To pick with the teeth. 
 
 His bones clean picked ; his very bones they gnaw, Dryden. 
 GXAW, (naw,) v. i. To use the teeth in biting. 
 
 1 might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties me. 
 
 Sul/tey. 
 
 GXAW'£;n, (nawd,) pp. or a. Bit ; corroded. 
 GXAW'ER, (naw'er,) 71. He or that which gnaws or 
 corrodes. 
 
 GNAW'IXG, (naw'ing,) ppr. or a. Biting off by little 
 and little ; corroding ; eating by slow difgrees. 
 
 GXEISS, (nice,) n. [Ciu. Dan. gnister, Sw. gnistas, to 
 sparkle.] 
 
 In mineralogy, a species of aggregated rock, com- 
 posed of quartV., feldspar, and mica, of a structure 
 more or less distinctly slaty. The layers, whetiier 
 straight or curved, are freiiiiently thick, but often 
 vary considerably in the same specimen. It passes 
 on one side into granite, from which it diflers in its 
 slaty structure, and tm the other into mica-slatc. It 
 is rich in metallic ores. Kirinan. Cleaveland. 
 
 Onei.ts otten contains hornblende. The onl/ dif- 
 ference between this and granite consists in the 
 stratified and slaty disposicitm of gni'iss. llitehcuck. 
 G.XEIS'SOII), a. Having some of the rhaiuoti ris- 
 tics of gneiss ; appliird to rocks of .an intermediate 
 character between granite and gneiss, or mica-slate 
 and gneiss. 
 
 GXEIS'.SOSE, a. Having the general structure of 
 
 gneiss. Lyrll. 
 (JNOI'F, (nof,) 71. A miser. [J^ul in use.] Chancer. 
 GXO.ME, (noiii.-,) 71. [Gr. > vm,.-/.] 
 
 1. An imaginary being, supposed by the cabnlisls 
 
 GO 
 
 to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the 
 guardian of mines, quarries, &c. Encyc. 
 2. .A brief reflection or maxim. [J^Tot used.] 
 GXO.'M'ie, (nom'ik,) ) .r^ , 
 
 GNO.\I'ie-AL, (nom'ik-al,) i > ""f"-] 
 
 Sententious; uttering or containing maxims, o- 
 striking detached thoughts; as, raornic poetry, lik; 
 the book of Proverbs. [Little used.] 
 GXO-MO-LOG'ie, ) B _ • ■ . 1 
 GXO-MO-LOG'ie-AL, \ Pertaming to gnomology. 
 GXO-MOL'O-GY, (no-mol'o-jy,) ti. [Gr. yvi.'^r,, a 
 maxim or sentence, and Xoj o<, discourse.] 
 
 A collection of maxims, grave sentences, or reflec- 
 tions. [Little Jtscd.] Milton. 
 GXo'MOX, (no'mon,) 71. [Gr. yvoipuv, an index, 
 from the root of j if(o(7Kr<', to know.] 
 
 1. In diidiii'j, the styl.' or pin, which by its shadow 
 shows the hour of the day. The line wiiose shadow 
 shows the time is parallel to the axis of llie earth. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 2. In astronomy, a style or column erected perpen- 
 dicular to the horiztm, for making astronomical ob- 
 servations. Its principal use was to find the alti- 
 tude of the sun by measuring the length of its 
 shadow. Brande. 
 
 3. The gnomon of a globe, is the index of the hour- 
 circle. Encyc. 
 
 4. In geometry, the part of a parallelogram wliich 
 remains when one of the parallelcgiams about its 
 diaaonal is removed. Brande. 
 
 GXO-.MOX'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the art of dial- 
 
 GXO-MOX'ie-AL, I ing. Cliambers. 
 Qnomonic projection. See Projection. 
 
 GXO-.MOX'I€-.'\L-LV, adr. According to the princi- 
 ples of the gnoinonir, projection. P. Cyc. 
 
 GXO-MOX'ieS, 71. The art or science of dialing, or 
 of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by 
 the shadow of a gnomon. 
 
 GXO-.MOX-OL'O-GY, 71. .\ treatise on dialing. 
 
 GNOS'Tie, (nos'tik,) 71. [Jj. gnosticus ; Gr. ytoi-iKOi, 
 from } ivoi^Koi, to know.] 
 
 The Gnostics were a sect of philosophers that 
 arose in the first ages of Christianity, who pretended 
 they were the only men who had a true knowledge 
 of the Christian religitm. They formed for them- 
 selves a system of theology, agreeable to the philos- 
 ophy of Pythagoras and Plato, to which they ac- 
 commod.ated their interpretations of Scripture. They 
 held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and 
 material, are derived by successive emanations from 
 the infinite fountain of Deity. 'J'hese emanations 
 they called sons, atoive^. These doctrines were de- 
 rived from the Oriental philosophy. Encyc. Enfield. 
 
 GNOS'Tie, (nos'tik,) a. Pertaining to the Gnostics 
 or their doctrines. 
 
 GXOS'TI-CISJI, (nos'te-sizm.) 71. The doctrines, 
 principles, or system of philosophy taught by the 
 Gnostics. Enfield. 
 
 GNu, (nu,)n. The Catoblepas Gnu, a ruminant mam- 
 mal of the tiibe Bovida;, inhabiting Southern Africa, 
 whose form partakes of that of the horse, the ox, 
 and the deer. 
 
 2. The draft iron attached to the end of a plow 
 beam, (clevis, clevy.) [Local.] 
 
 Go, V. i. ; pret. Went ; pp. Gone. Went bcltmgs to 
 the root Sax. wendan, a difterent word. [Sax. ^-aii ; 
 G. orfAc7i ; Dan. ^-nacr ; Sw. ; D. gaan : Basque, 
 gan. This is iirobably a contracted word, but the 
 original is obscure, in Goth gaggan, to go, seems 
 to he the Eng. gang ; and gad may belong to a ditier- 
 ent family. Tlie primary sense is to pass, and either 
 to go or come. Sax. ga forth, go forth ; ga hither, 
 come hither ; her g<cth, he comes.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, to move ; to pass ; to proceed 
 from one place, state, or station, to another; opposed 
 to resting. A mill goes by water or by steam ; a ship 
 foM at the rate of five knots an hour; a clock i'urs 
 fast or slow ; a horse goes lame ; a fowl or a ball 
 goes with velocity through the air. 
 
 The inournera go about Uie streets. — Ecclcs. xii. 
 
 2. To walk ; to move on the feet, or step by step. 
 The child begins to go alone at a year old. 
 
 Vou know that love 
 Will cn-cp in service where it cannot go. SliaJc. 
 
 3. To walk leisurely ; not to run. 
 
 Thou mtiBt run to hini; for thou hast staid so long Uiat yoin^ 
 will scarce serve die turn. Shak. 
 
 4. To travel ; to journey by land or water. I must 
 go to Boston ; he has gone to Philadelphia ; the min- 
 ister is going to France. 
 
 5. 'J'o defiart ; to move from n place ; opposed to 
 ctmif. The mail goes and comes overj' day, or twice 
 a week. 
 
 1 will let you go, that ye may sacriflce. — Kx. viii. 
 C. To proceed ; to pass. 
 
 And so die Jest goes round. liryden. 
 
 7. To move ; to pass in any manner or to any end ; 
 as, to go to bed ; to go to dinner; to go to war. 
 
 8. To move or pass customarily from |>lace to place, 
 denoting custcun or jmctire. Tlie child goes to 
 school ; a ship goes regularly to London ; wo go to 
 church. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PIlfiY PINE, MAULNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 508 
 
GO 
 
 GOA 
 
 GOD 
 
 9. To proci;i'(l from one state oropiiiion to iimitlicr; 
 to clmngc. He goes from one opinion to another; 
 his estate is goinir to ruin. 
 
 10. To proceed in mental operations ; to advance ; 
 to penetrate. We can i'o liut a very little way in 
 developing the causes of Ihings. 
 
 11. To proceed or advance in accomplishing an 
 end. This sum will not go far toward full payment 
 of the debt. 
 
 12. To apply ; to be aiipllcahle. The arRument 
 jfofi to this point only ; il goen to prove too much. 
 
 13. To apply one's self. 
 
 Soriii;; liiiii8''lf coiifroiileJ by *o many, like n rftsclut« orxtor, he 
 went not lo iteniiil, but to Jualify liil cruel fal*elioo*i. Sldttty. 
 
 H. To have recourse to ; as, to go to law. 
 
 15. To be about to do ; as, I was ^nin j to say ; I 
 am gom^ to begin harvest. [This use is chietly con- 
 fined lo the participle.] 
 
 l(i. To pass ; to be accounted in value. All tliis 
 goes for nothinK . this coin goes for a crown. 
 
 17. To circulate ; to pass iu report. The story 
 goe.-t. 
 
 18. To pass ; to be received ; to be accounted or 
 understood to be. 
 
 ng men for an olj man in the tliiys of 
 
 19. To move, or be in motion, as a machine. [See 
 No. 1.1 
 
 20. To 
 
 And tlie mnn went i 
 S.iul. — 1 S.iui. > 
 
 ) move, as a fluid ; to flow. 
 The go*l I ftin, wlwsc yellow wnter flows 
 Around Uiese helds, and fallens as il ^oe«, 
 Tilwr my name. Dryden, 
 
 Ql. To have a tendency. 
 
 A^nst right muon all your counsels go. Dryden. 
 
 2i To be in compact or partnership. 
 
 They were to go equal slmres in llie booly. L'Estrange. 
 
 23. To be guided or regulated ; to proceed by some 
 princi|>le or rule. VV'e are to to by the rules of law, 
 or according to the precepts of Scripture. 
 
 We arc to go by another measure. S^trfU. 
 
 Ql. To be pregnant. The females of diflerent ani- 
 mals go some a longer, some a shorter time. 
 
 25. To pass ; to be alienated in p.iymeiit or ex- 
 change. If our e.vports are of less value than our 
 imports, our money must go to pay the balance. 
 
 2(i. To be loosed or released ; to be freed from re- 
 straint. Let me go ; let go the hand. 
 
 27. To be expended. His estate goes or has gone 
 for spirituous liquors. [See No. 24.] 
 
 28. To extend ; to reach. The line goes from one 
 end to the other. His land goes to the bank of the 
 Hudson. 
 
 29. To extend or lead in any direction. This road 
 goes to .Mbany. 
 
 30. To proceed ; to extend. This arg^imcnt goes 
 far toward proving the point ; it goes a great way 
 toward estiiblishing the innocence of the accused. 
 
 31. To have eflect ; to extend in effect ; to avail j 
 to be of force or value. Money goes further now 
 than it did during the war. 
 
 32. To extend in meaning or purport. 
 
 His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow. 
 
 Drydtn. 
 
 [In the three last examples, the sense of go depends 
 on ftir^fortJur^ further.] 
 
 33. To have a currency or use, as custom, opinion, 
 or manners. 
 
 1 tliinli, OS the world f ocs, he was a good sort of man enoujrh. 
 
 ArbutJiriot. 
 
 34. To contribute ; to conduce ; to concur ; to be 
 an ingredient ; with to or itiio. The substances 
 which go into this composition ; many qualifications 
 go to make up the well-bred man. 
 
 35. To proceed ; to be carried on. The business 
 goes on well. 
 
 36. To proceed to final issue ; to terminate ; to 
 succeed. 
 
 Whether the cause goet for me or against tne, you must pay me 
 tlic f>Mvai\l. Watts. 
 
 37. To proceed in a train, or in consequences. 
 
 How got$ the night, boy i Shak. 
 
 38. To fare ; to bo in a good or ill state. How 
 goe^ it, conimde ? 
 
 39. To have a tendency or etTect ; lo operate. 
 These cases go to show that the court will varv ih'- conflnictlon 
 
 of inslTumeuts. A/os*. Hcportt. 
 
 To go about ; to set one's self to a business ; to at- 
 tempt J to endeavor. 
 
 They qctct go ahoni lo hide or palliate their rices. SuifU 
 
 2. In leamen^s language, to tack ; to turn the lieati 
 of a ship. 
 
 T'S" abroad ; to walk out of a house. 
 2. To be uttered, disclosed, or published. 
 To go against : to invade ; to march to attack. 
 2. To be in opposition ; to be disagreenble. 
 To go aside ; to withdraw ; to retire into a private 
 situation. 
 
 2. To err ; to deviate from the right wav. 
 
 To go astray i to wander ; lo break froiii an inclo- 
 
 sure J also, to h ave the right course ; lo di part from 
 law or rule ; to sin ; to transgre.ss. 
 
 To go away ; to ilepnrl ; to go to a distance. 
 
 Togo icticrrn ; to interpose; to mediate; to at- 
 tempt to reconcile or to adjust dilVerences. 
 
 To go by: to p.ass near and liiyond. 
 
 2. To pass away unnoticed ; to omit. 
 
 3. To find or get in the conclusion. 
 
 In ar^iiinnnt wiUi men, a woman ever 
 
 Uoee by the worse, whatever be her cause. Mitton. 
 
 [A phrase now little used.] 
 
 I'o go down ; to descend in any manner. 
 
 2. To fail ; to come to nothing. 
 
 3. To be swallowed or received, not rejected. The 
 doctrine of the divine right of kings will not go down 
 in this period of the world. 
 
 'To go for noUiuig ; to have no meaning or eflicacy. 
 'To go forth ; to issue or depart out of a place. 
 To go forward : to advance. 
 
 To go hard with ; to be in danger of a fatal issue ; 
 to have dilliculty lo escape. 
 7*0 go in ; to eflter. 
 
 To go in to ! to have sexual commerce with. 
 
 Scripture. 
 
 To go in and out ; to do the business of life. 
 2. To go freely; to he at liberty. John X. 
 To go off; lo depart to a distance ; to leave a place 
 or station. 
 
 2. To die ; to decease. 
 
 3. To be discharged, as firc-arma ; to explode. 
 To go on ! to proceed ; to advance forward. 
 
 2. To be put on, as a garment. The coat will not 
 go on. 
 
 To go out ; to issue forth ; to depart from. 
 
 2. To go on an e.xpedition. Shale 
 
 3. To become extinct, as light or life ; to expire. 
 A candle goes out ; fire goes ouL 
 
 And life itaelf goet ont at Uiy displeasure. Addison. 
 
 4. To become public. This story goes out to the 
 world. 
 
 To go over ; lo read ; lo peruse ; to study. 
 
 2. To examine ; to view or review ; as, to go over 
 an account. 
 
 If we go over the laws of Christianity. Titlotson. 
 
 3. To think over; to proceed or pass in mental 
 operation. 
 
 4. To change sides ; to pass from one parly to 
 another. 
 
 5. To revolt. 
 
 6. To pass from one side to the other, as of a river. 
 To go through ; to pass in a substance ; as, to go 
 
 through water. 
 
 2. To execute ; to .accomplish ; to perform thor- 
 oughly ; to finish ; as, to go Utrough an operation. 
 
 3. i'o sulTer ; to bear ; to undergo ; lo sustain lo 
 the end ; as, to go through a long sickness ; to go 
 through an tijwralion. 
 
 To go through with ; to execute effectually. 
 
 To go under ; lo be talked of or known, as by a 
 title or name ; as, lo go under the name of reformers. 
 
 To go up ; lo ascend ; lo rise. 
 
 To go upon ; lo prt)ceed as on a foundation ; to take 
 a-i a principle supposed or settled ; as, to go upon a 
 supposition. 
 
 To go tcith ; to accompany ; to pass with others. 
 
 2. To side with ; lo be in party or design with. 
 
 To go ill with 1 lo have ill foitune ; not to prosper. 
 
 To go well with ; to have good fortune ; lo prosper. 
 
 'J'o go without; to be or remain destitute. 
 
 Go to; come, move, begin ; aphra.te of exhortation; 
 alsti a phrase of scornful exliort.'ition. 
 GO'-IiK-TWEKN, n. [r'o and between.] An inter- 
 poser ; one who transacts business between parlies. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 Go'-B?, n. {go and by.] Evasion ; escape by arti- 
 fice. Collier. 
 
 2. A passing without notice ; a thrusting away ; a 
 shifting off; as, to give a proposal the go-by. 
 
 Go'-CART, n. [go and cart.] A machine with 
 wheels, in which children learn to walk without 
 danger of falling. 
 
 Go AO, 11. (Sax. gad, a goad ; Pw. gadd, a sting ; Scot. 
 gad, a goad, a rod, the point of a spe.ir ; Ir. gath, 
 golh, a giKid ; W.goth, a push. The sense is, a shoot, 
 a point.] 
 
 A iHiinted instrument used to stimulate a beast to 
 move faster. 
 GO.M), r. t. To prick ; to drive with a goad. 
 
 2. To incite; lo stimulate; to instigate; to urge 
 forward, or to rouse by any thing pungent, severe, 
 irriuiting, or inflaming. He was goaded by sarcastic 
 remarks or by abuse ; goaded by desire or other 
 pa.ssion. 
 
 GoAD'ED, pp. Pricked ; pushed on by a goad ; insti- 
 gated. 
 
 GoAD'I.N'G, ppr. Pricking ; driving with a goad ; in- 
 citing ; urging on ; rousing. 
 GO.M-, n. [Fr. gaule, a long pole; VV. gwyal. Arm. 
 goalrnn, a slatT.] 
 
 I. The point set to bound a race, and to which 
 they run ; llic mark. 
 
 Pan ctirt* their fiery steeds, or shun the goal 
 
 Wilh rapiil wheels. A/i/lon. 
 
 2. Any .starting post. Milton. 
 
 3. The end or final purpose ; the end to w hich a 
 di!sign tends, or which a person aims to reach or ac- 
 coiiiplish. 
 
 K>ch individual seeks a sevenil goat. Pope. 
 GrtAR. n. More usually Gore, which see. 
 GOAR'iSH, o. Patched ; mean. [Oftj.l 
 
 Branm. ^ Ft. 
 
 GflAT, n. [Sax. gtrt ; D. geit ; C. geiss ; Sw. get; 
 Dan. gedrbuh, a he-goat ; Russ. koia.] 
 
 An animal orquadrui>ed of the genus Capra. I'ho 
 horns are hollow, turned upward, erect, and scabrous. 
 (Joats are nearly of the size of sheep, but stronger, 
 less timid, and more agile. They delight to frequent 
 rocks and mountains, and subsist on scanty, coarse 
 food. The milk of the goal is sweet, nourishing, 
 and medicin.al, and the flesh fumi.shes provisions to 
 the inhabitants of countries where they abound. 
 
 GOAT'-CHAF'ER, n. An insect, a kind of beetle. 
 
 Bailry. 
 
 GoAT'FlSH, n, A fish of the Jlediterranean, Balisla 
 capriseus. Bootll. 
 
 GoAT'llERD, n. One whose occup.ation is to lend 
 goats. Spenser. 
 
 G6.4T'ISII, a. Resembling a goat in any quality ; of 
 a rank smell. More. 
 2. Lustful. Shok. 
 
 G<"j.\T'ISH-LY, adv. In the manner of a goat ; lust- 
 fully. 
 
 GO.VTTSn-NESS, n. The quality of being goatish ; 
 
 lustfulness. 
 GoAT-MAR'JO-RA.M, n. Goat-beard. 
 GOAT'-.MILK-EU, n. A kind of bird, so called from 
 
 being supposed to suck goats ; the goal-sucker. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 GOAT'S'BkARD, n. In botany, a plant of the genus 
 Tragopogon. 
 
 GOAT'.^KIN, n. The skin of a goal. Pope. 
 
 (JOAT'S'-ROE, n. A plant of the genus Galega. 
 
 GO.Vr'S'-STO.NKS, ;i. Tlie greater goal's-slones is 
 the S.-ityriuin ; the le:isrr, the Orchis. 
 
 GO.AT'S'-THORN, m. A plant of the genus Astrag- 
 alus. 
 
 G6AT'-SIJCK-ER, n. In ornithology, a bird of the 
 genus Capriniulgiis, so called frolii the opinion tluat 
 it would suck goats. It is called, also, the fern-owl. 
 In liailey, it is called a goat-milker. 
 GOB, »i. [Fr. gobe ; \V. gob, a heap. Qu. Ueb. 3J, a 
 hill, a boss ; C'h. NDJ geba, to rai.se.] 
 
 A little mass or collection ; a mouthful. [.4 lote 
 word.] L^Estrange. 
 GOB'BET, n. [Fr. gobe, supra.] 
 
 A small piece ; a inoutht'ul ; a lump. 
 
 Shak. .Addison. 
 GOB'BET, V. t. To swallow in masses or moutlifuls 
 
 [J3 low word.] VEstranire. 
 GOB'BET-LY, arfr. In pieces. Huloel. 
 GOB'IUNG, 71. In mining, the refuse thrown back 
 into the excavations remaining after the removal of 
 the coal. Brandt. 
 GOIl'BLE, r. t. [Fr. gober, to swallow.] 
 
 To swallow ill large pieces ; to swallow hastily. 
 
 Prior. Swift, 
 
 GOB'BLE, V. i. To make a noise in the throat, as a 
 
 turkey. Prior. 
 GUll'liLKO, pp. Swallowed hastdy. 
 GOB'BLER, n. One who swallows in haste ; a greedy 
 eater; a gormandizer. 
 2. A name sometimes given to the turkey-cock. 
 GOB'BLING, ppr. Swallowing hastily. 
 
 2. Making a noise like a turkey. 
 GOB'E-LI.N, n. A term applied to a species of rich 
 tapestry in Franc.e. The term is derived from Gilles 
 Gobelins, a celebrated dyer in tlie reign of Francis I. 
 
 Diet, de rjicad. 
 GOB'LET, 71. [Fr. gobelet; Arm. gob or gobeled; 
 lleb. POJ.] 
 
 A kind of cup or drinking vessel without a handle. 
 
 We love nut lo.ided bo;ints and goblets crowned. Dtnhan. 
 GOIl'LIN, 71. [Fr. gobelin; G. kobold, a goblin; D. 
 kabouter, a boy, an elf; kaboutcr-mannetje, a goblin ; 
 Arm. gobylin: VV. eobhjn, a knocker, a thum|>er, a 
 pecker, a fiend ; cobiaw, lo knock ; from cob, a top, a 
 thump.] 
 
 1. .\n evil spirit; a walking spirit; a frightful 
 phantom. 
 
 '!'•> wh'nn the goblin, full of wroth, replied. MVton, 
 
 2. A fairy ; an elf. Shah. 
 G^^'1!Y, n. .\ name given to certain spinoiis-finiied 
 
 fishes, allied to the hieniiy, and forming the genus 
 Gobius. I'hey arc mc»stly small sea-fishes, and can 
 live for some time out of the water. 
 
 Jardine^s Aaf. Lib. 
 GOD, 71. [Sax. god; G. gott; D. god; Sw. and Dan. 
 
 , J 
 
 gud; Goth, goth or guth ; Pers. liX^ goda or choda ; 
 Hindoo, khoda, codam. As this word and good are 
 written exactly alike in Saxon, it has been inferred 
 that God was named from his goodness. Ihil the 
 corresponding words in most the other Inngiinpca 
 are not the same, and I believe no inst.ince can be 
 
 TONE, B^LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SIl ; TH in THIS. 
 
GOD 
 
 GOI 
 
 GOL 
 
 fiiund of a name given to the Supreme Beins from 
 tlie attribute of goodness. It is probably an idea too 
 remote from tlie rude conceptions of men in early 
 ages. Excei)t the word Jehova/i, I liave found the 
 name of the Supreme Being to be usually taken from 
 his supremacy or power, and to be eiptivalent to lord 
 or ruler, from some root signifying to press or exert 
 force. Now, in the present case, we have evidence 
 that this is the sense of this word ; for, in Persic, 
 ^uda is rendered dominus, possessor, princeps, as is a 
 derivative of the same word. See Cast. Lex. col. 
 231.] 
 
 1. The Supreme Being ; Jehovah ; the eternal and 
 infinite Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the 
 Universe. 
 
 Goft is a spirit ; and they that woiship him mtist worehip him in 
 spirit and in truth. — John iv. 
 
 2. A false god ; a heathen deity ; an idol. 
 
 Fear not the gods of tlie Aiaorites. — Judjjes vi. 
 
 3. A prince ; a ruler ; a magistrate or judge ; an 
 angel. Thou shalt not revile the "■otis, nor curse the 
 ruler of thy people. Ezod. xxii. Ps. xcvii. 
 
 [Oods here is a bad translntion.] 
 
 4. Any person or thing exalted too much in estima- 
 tion, or deified and honored as the chief good. 
 
 Whose god is tlieir belly. — Pliil. iii. 
 
 GOD, tJ. f. To deify. [JVot used.] Shik. 
 GOD'CHiLD, n. [god and c/iiW.] One for whom a 
 person becomes sponsor at baptism, and promises to 
 see educated as a Christian. 
 GOD'DAUGH-TER, (-daw-ter,) n. [<rod and daugh- 
 ter.'] A female for whom one becomes sponsor at 
 baptism. [See Godfather.] 
 GOD'DESS, n. A female deity ; a beatlien deity of 
 the female sex. 
 
 When the (iaii^liter of Jupiter presented herself amon? a crowd 
 of goddesses, slie w;ls distni^oi^hed by her gr.icel iil stature 
 and superior Ijciuty. Adtlison. 
 
 2. In the language of love, a woman of superior 
 charms or excellence. 
 GOU'UESS-LIKE, a. Resembling a goddess. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 GOD'Fa-THER, n. [Sax. god iind f,tdcr. The Sax- 
 ons used, also, godsibb, good relation.] 
 
 A man who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism, 
 in the English and Roman Catholic churches; who 
 makes himself a surety for the child, that he will 
 " forsake the devil and all his works, and constantly 
 believe God's holy word, and obediently keep his 
 coinnianilments." 
 
 [Bingham maintains that, during the four first cen- 
 turies, there was but one spimsiir for a child, and 
 that one the parent, or some ju rsim who had the 
 charge of it. Afterward, the number of sponsors 
 was increased, and the parents excluded from the 
 oltice. jMurdock.] 
 
 GOD'FA-THER, r. t. To act as godfather; to take 
 under one's fostering care. Burke. 
 
 GOD'IIEAD, (god'hed,) n. [god and Sax. liade, 
 state.] 
 
 1. Godship ; deity; divinity; divine nature or es- 
 sence ; applied to the true God, and to hcaVtcn deities. 
 
 Mdton. Prior. 
 
 2. A deity in person ; a god or goddess. Drxjdrn. 
 GOD'LESS, a. ilaving no reverence for God ; impi- 
 ous ; ungodly; irreligious; wicked. Hooker. 
 
 2. Atheistical ; having no belief in the existence 
 of (Jod. Milton. 
 GOI)'LESS-LY, adv. Irreverently ; atlieistically. 
 GOD'LESS-NESS, n. The state of being impious or 
 
 irreligious. Bp. Hall. 
 
 GOD'LiKE, a. Resembling God ; divine. 
 
 2. Reseiniding a deity, or heathen divinity. 
 ;t. Of superior excellence ; as, godlUie virtue ; a 
 podlike prince. 
 GDD'LIKlv.NESS, v. The state of being godlike. 
 GOD'H-LY, adv. Piously; righteously. 
 
 JI. Wharton. 
 
 GOD'LI-NESS, n. [from godly.] Piety ; belief in 
 God, and reverence for his character and laws. 
 
 2. A religious life ; a careful observance of the 
 laws of God, and performance of religious duties, 
 proceeding from love and reverence for the divine 
 character and commands ; Christian obedience. 
 
 OodJintMi in profiuble unto all thin;pt. — 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 3. Revelation ; the system of Christianity. 
 
 Without controverey, great i* the myiitery of godlin 
 wiijt inani/c»t m ilie Acsh. — 1 Tiini iii. 
 
 ; Uod 
 
 GOI)'I>l.\G, n. A little deity; a diminutive god ; a.s, 
 a puny godling. IJnjden. 
 
 GfJlJ'I.V, a. [undlikr.] Pious ; reverencing God, and 
 hill character and lawn. 
 
 2. Living in obedience to God's commands, from 
 a principle of love to him and reverence of his char- 
 acter find precepts ; religiuub ; righteous ; as, a godly 
 person. 
 
 :t. Pious ; Cfinformcd to God's law ; as, a podlu 
 life. 
 
 GtJD'I-Y, adv. Piously ; righteously. 
 
 All th-M will live godly in Chrut Jrau* ■hall lufTer penecuUon. — 
 •i Tlni. ill. 
 
 GOD'LY-IIEAD, ( hed,) n. [Sax. god, good, and 
 head.] 
 
 Goodness. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 
 GOD'.MOT»-ER, (-mutt)'er,) n. [god and mothn:] A 
 woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. 
 [.See Godfather.] 
 
 GO-DO\VN', 71. In the Ea.it Indies, a corruption of the 
 Malay word godong, a warehouse. Smart. 
 
 GO-DROO.V, ji. [Fr. godron, a ruffle or pjifl'.] 
 
 In architecture, a kind of inverted tluting or bead- 
 ing for ornament. Elmes. 
 
 GOD'SEND, 71. Something sent by God ; an unexpect- 
 ed acquisition or piece of good fortune. 
 
 GOD'SHIP, n. Deity; divinity; the rank or character 
 of a god. 
 
 O'er hills and dales thf^ir godships came. Prior. 
 
 GOD'SMITII, n. A maker of idols. Dnjdm. 
 GOD'SON, (-sun,) n. [Sax. godsumu] 
 
 One for whom another has been sponsor at the 
 font. 
 
 GOD'SPEED, n. Good speed, that is, success. 2 
 John 10. 
 
 GOU'S'-PEN-NY, n. An earnest-penny. 
 
 Beaum, 8, Fl. 
 
 GOD'WARD, adv. Toward God. [.^n ill-formed word.] 
 
 GOD'WIT, 71. [Ice. god and veide.] 
 
 A name common to a genus of birds, the Limosa, 
 having long legs and long, flexible bills. The Black- 
 tailed Godvvit, in its summer plumage, has the feath- 
 ers on the head, neck, and back, of a light reddish- 
 brown, those on the belly white, and the tail is 
 regularly barred with black and white. This bird 
 frequents fens and the banks of rivers, and its flesh 
 is esteemed a great delicacy. Partington. 
 
 GOD'YELD, \ adv. [.Supposed to be contracted from 
 
 GOD'YIELD, i good, or god, and shield.] 
 
 A term of thanks. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 GO'EL, a. [Sax. gralcw.] 
 
 Yellow. [Obs.] Tusscr. 
 
 Go'EX, part. pret. of Go, formerly so written. 
 
 GO'ER, li. [from go.] One that goes ; a runner or 
 walker ; one that has a gait, good or bad. IVotton. 
 
 2. One that transacts business between parties ; in 
 an ill setise. Shak. 
 
 3. A foot. Chapman. 
 
 4. A term applied to a horse ; as, a good goer; a 
 safe goer. [Unusual in the United Slates.] 
 
 GO'E-TY, n. [Gr. > ofjrti.i.] [Bcaum. Si Fl. 
 
 Invocation of evil spirits. [JVot in use.] Ilallowell. 
 GOFF, 71. [Uu. VV. goful, contracted, a word com- 
 posed of go and fol, foolish ; or Fr. gojfe ; or a con- 
 traction of D. kidf a club.] 
 
 A foolish clown; also, a game. [04s.] [See 
 Golf.] 
 
 GOFF'ISn, n. Foolish ; stupid. [Obs.] Chauerr. 
 GOG, n. [\V. gog, activity, rapidity ; probably allied 
 to gig. See Agog.] 
 
 Haste ; ardent desire to go. Beanm. S( Fl. 
 
 GOG'GLE, (gog'l,) V. i. [\V. gogelu, to shun ; go, a 
 prefix, and geln, from eel, a shelter, coinciding with 
 L. celo ; or from gug.] 
 To strain or roll the eves. 
 
 And wink and goggle lilie an owl. Htukbras. 
 
 GOG'GLE, a. Having full eyes ; staring. B. Jonson. 
 GOG'GLE, 71. A strained or affected rolling of the 
 eye. 
 
 GOG'GL£D, 0. Prominent; staring, as the eye. 
 
 licrbert. 
 
 G0G'GLE-E5E, 7u A rolling or staring eye. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 GOG'GLE-EY-£D, (gog'I-ide,) o. Having prominent, 
 distorted, or rolling eyes. , Mscham. 
 
 GOG'GLES, (gog'glz,) n. pi. [W. gogelu, to shelter. 
 See Goggle, tile verb.] 
 
 1. In surgery, instruments used to cure squinting, 
 or the distortion of the eyes which occasions it. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. Cylindrical tubes, in which are fixed glasses for 
 defending the eyes from cold, dust, &c., and some- 
 times with colored glasses, to abate the intensity of 
 light. 
 
 3. Blinds for horses that are apt to take fright. 
 Go'INt;, ;>/ir. [from ^ro.] Moving; walking; travel- 
 ing; turning; rolling; flying; sailing, &c. 
 
 GO'I.N<!, n. The act of moving in any manner. 
 
 2. The act of walking. Shak. 
 
 3. I)('|iarture. Miltnn. 
 
 4. Pregnancy. Grew. 
 ."). Procedure; way; course of life ; behavior; de- 
 portment ; used chiefly in the plural. 
 
 Ilis eyei nrv on Uie ways of man, and he iecth nil his guingt. — 
 Job xxxiv. 
 
 C. Procedure ; course of providential agency or 
 government. 
 
 Tlicy have Been thy goingt, O God ; even the goings of my God, 
 niy King, in the naiicluary. — Pm. Ixvili. 
 
 Going out, ) in Scripture, utmost extremity or 
 Goings out, \ limit ; the point where an extentl- 
 ed body terminates. JVum. xxxiv. .'>, "J. 
 2. llepartiire or journeying. JVum. xxxiii. 
 
 GOI'TEK, y ... 
 
 GOl'TKE, i "• l^'- e"""-] 
 
 Affected with goiter. 
 
 The bronchocele ; a cellulose or cystose tumor, tfie 
 cells oval, currant-sized, or grajie-sized, containing 
 a serous fluid ; sometimes their contents are c.isenus. 
 It is seated in the thyroid gland, and appears on the 
 anterior part of the neck. The same disease affects 
 the testes and the female bre.tsts, but in these situa- 
 tions is not called bronchocele. Cellular sarcoma is 
 a name applicable to the disease in all locations. 
 
 Tiie inhabitants of this part of tlic ValajB are sulijecl to goilrrs, 
 
 Coic, Xicilz. 
 
 GOI'TER-KD, 
 
 (;or;rR/;D, 
 
 GOl'TROUS, a. [Fr. goitrntx.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the goiter; partaking of the na- 
 ture of bronchocele. 
 3. Affected with bronchocele. Journ. of Science. 
 Let me not be nnfierstood as insinuating that tlie inhabitants in 
 general are eitiier goitrous or iiiiots. Coze, 6'icitz. 
 
 GO'LA, 71. [It. ; L. gula.] 
 
 In architecture, the same as Cymatium or Cyma. 
 
 GOLD, n. [Sax. gold; G. gold: D. goud, a contracted 
 word ; Sw. and Dan. ^iiW, from giil, guul, yellow. 
 Hence the original pronunciation goold, still retained 
 by some people. The Dan. guul is in Sax. gealeir, 
 whence our yellow, that is, primarily, bright, from 
 the Celtic, W. gawl, galau, gole, light, splendor ; 
 
 Gaelic geal, bright; Ar. 'NX-^ "^i'"'", to be clear or 
 bright. Class Gl, No. 7.] 
 
 1. A precious metal of a bright yellow color, and 
 the most ductile and malleable of all the metals, it 
 is the heaviest metal except platinum, and, being a 
 very dense, fixed substance, and not liable to be in- 
 jured by air, it is well fitted to be used as coin, or a 
 representative of commodities in commerce. Its 
 ductility and malleability render it the most suitable 
 metal for gilding. It is often found native in solid 
 masses, as in Hungary and Peru ; though generally 
 in combination with silver, copper, or iron. Encyc. 
 
 2. Money. 
 
 For nie the gold of France did not seduce. SliaJe. 
 
 3. Something pleasing or valuable ; as, a lieai t of 
 gold. Shak. 
 
 4. A bright yellow color ; as, a flower edged with 
 gold. 
 
 5. Riche.s ; wealth. 
 
 Gold of plriu-iurc ; a plant of the genus Camelina, 
 bearing ytdlow flowers, sometimes cultivated for the 
 oil of its seetls. 
 GOLD, a. Made of gold ; consisting of gold ; as, a 
 gold chain. 
 
 GoLD'liP.AT-EN, (-bet'n,) a. Gilded. [Little used.] 
 
 GoLD'l!f5.\T-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to beat 
 or foliate gtiUl for gilding. Boyle. 
 
 Goldbeater^- skin; the intt^stines of an ox, which 
 goldbeaters lay between the leaves of the nirtal while 
 they beat it, whereby the iiienibrane is reduceil very 
 thin, and made fit to be ajiplied to cuts and fresh 
 wounds. Qaincy. 
 
 GoLD'Be.\T-ING, 71. The art or process of redut ing 
 gold to extremely thin leaves, by beating with a 
 hammer. Ure, 
 
 GoLD'BOIJND, a. Encompassed with gold. Slink. 
 
 GOLD Coast, «. in geography, the coast of Africa 
 where gold is found ; being a part of the coast of 
 Giiine.i. 
 
 GOLD'-DUST, 71. Gold in very fine particles. 
 GoLD'£N, (gold'n,) a. Made of gold ; consisting of 
 gold. 
 
 2. Bright; shining; splendid; as, the ^oWen sun. 
 Reclining soft on many a golden cloud. Jtowe. 
 
 3. Yellow ; of a gold color ; as, a golden harvest ; 
 golden fruit. 
 
 4. Excellent ; most valuable ; as, the golden rule. 
 
 IValt.i. 
 
 5. Happy ; pure ; as, the golden age, the fabulous 
 age of primeval simplicity and purity of manners in 
 rural employments. 
 
 G. Preeminently favorable or auispicious ; as, golden 
 opinions. Shak. 
 
 L'-t not slip the got'len opportunity. Hamilton. 
 
 Golden number ; in chronology, a number showing 
 the year of the moon's cycle. 
 
 Golden rule; 111 aritliineiic, the rule of three, or 
 rule of proportion. 
 GoLI)'/;N-CLUB, 71. An aquatic plant, bearing yel- 
 low flowers. 
 
 goli)'/;n-cups, 71. 
 
 cuius. 
 
 GuLl)'KN-F,?E, (gf.ld'n-i,) n. A species of duck. 
 
 GOLD'f.'N FLEECE, ji. In myOiology, the fleece of 
 gold taken from the ram lhat bore I'hryxus through 
 the air to Colchis, and in (piest of which Jason un- 
 dertook the Argonautic expedition. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 GOLD'/'.'N-LOOK-liN'G, n. Appearing like gold. 
 
 GOLD'KN-Ll'JNti'WORT, n. A plant of the genua 
 Ilieracium. 
 
 G0L1)'/;N-LY, adv. Splendidly; delightfully. [.V.'( 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 G0L1)'^/':N-M.\ID'£N-I1A1R, 71. A plant of the genus 
 Polytrichum. 
 
 A plant of the genus Ranun- 
 
 FATE, FAR, K^LL, VVIli^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, WOVE, VVQLF, IIQQK.— 
 
 5JO ^ ■ ~~~~ 
 
 JJ 
 
GON 
 
 G(5LD'£N-MOU?E'EAR, n. A pliiiit of the genua 
 llicraciiiin. 
 
 GOI.D'f-'N-KOD, n. A tall, coarse-looking herb, hfar- 
 ina ycUovv (lowers j a name common to plants of the 
 p.-nns Soliilacrt. Piirtiin'tun- 
 
 GoLl)'A;.\-lllll)'-'rUKE, n. A slirnb of the Canary 
 Isirs of the (xi niis Rosea. I.ouilon. 
 
 G0I.I)'/';N-SA.M'1'11IUE, «. a plant, the Inula criOi- 
 viiftilia. ^''■''* 
 
 Gol'.D't'N-SAX'l-KKAGE, M. A plant, the Chrysos- 
 itleniuin, 
 
 Gol.D'KN'-TIIIS'TT^E, 'Bold'n-Ihis'l,) n. A plant of 
 
 I he genus Scolvmus, lieai iM:; veliiiw tlowers. 
 GoLl)'>;N-'riii:'sS-/;l), a. Ilavinc tn ssi's like eiilil. 
 (i6l,I)'7-;.\-\Vl.\G-f;i), a. HavinK wings like gold. 
 GOl.D'Kl.N'CII, n. [Sax. uoUlfiiic] 
 
 The FrinisilU cariliielis, u beautiful singing-biril, so 
 
 nanieil froui^ the color of its wings. 
 Gol.D'-FIN'D-KK, h. One who fimla gold ; one who 
 
 empties jakes. Swift. 
 Gr)l.l)'-KI.-<ll, In. A fish of the genus Cyininus, 
 GOLD't'iN'-KIfill, i of the size of a pikliard, so 
 
 named from its bright color. These fishes are bred 
 
 by the Chinese, in small ponds, in basins or porcelain 
 
 Vessels, and kepi for ornament. 
 GoI.D'llA.M -Mr.ll, n. A kind of bird. Vict. 
 (;ol.l)'-lllt/I'-lil), a. llaviiiL' a golden hilt. 
 Gfil.D'I.VG, 11. .V sort of a|iple. Diet. 
 Gt")l.l)'-LACK., II. A lace wmnglit with gold. 
 (;f)I,l)'-L.AC A.l), ( lasto,) «. Trimmrd with gold lare. 
 Gol.D'-LE.-VF, II. Gold foliated or bejiten into a thin 
 
 leaf. 
 
 GoM)'I.ES!<, (I. neslitiite of gold. 
 
 Gol.D'.VEV, 11. A fish, the gillhead. 75ic(. 
 
 (iol.D'-I'l.EAS IMlE, H. [For Gouu of-Pleasubk.J A 
 plani of the genus Camelina. 
 
 GdLD'-PROOF, o. Proof again.st bribery or tempta- 
 tion by money. Uraiim. Jf- Ft. 
 
 GoM)'-.SIZE, n. .\ size or glue for burnishing gild- 
 jiii;. Knnjc. 
 
 GoI.D'ii^MITII, n. An artisan who manufactures ves- 
 sels and ornaments of gold and silver. 
 
 a. .\ banker; one who manages the pecuniary 
 concerns of others. OuliLmitlui were formerly bank- 
 ers in England, but in America the practice does not 
 exist, nor is the word used in this sense. 
 
 GOI^U'-S'I'ICK, II. A colonel of a regiment of Eng- 
 lish lifeguards, w ho attends his sovereign on state 
 occasions. 
 
 .G5I.I)'-TIIRE AO, ( thred,) ii. A thread formed of 
 fiatted gold laid over a thread of silk, by twisting 
 it with a « heel and iron bobbins. Urc. 
 
 2. A small, evergreen plant, Coptis trifolia ; so 
 called from its fibrous, yi llow roots. United States. 
 
 Gol.D'-WIKE, II. Wire made of golil ; «.«ii«//;/, silver 
 wire gilded, or wire made from an ingot of silver, 
 superficially covered with gold, and drawn through 
 small, round holes. Urr. Ilrhrrt. 
 
 GciI.I>'V-EUCKS, II. A n.aine given to certain plants 
 of the genera Chrysocoiiia and (Iiiaphaliiiin. 
 
 GOLK, II. [I), til//, a club or bat ; Uaii. Ati/e, the butt 
 end of a gun-stock.] 
 
 A game with a small ball and a bat or club crooked 
 at the lower end, in w hich he w ho drives the ball 
 into a series of small holes in the ground with the 
 fewest strokes is the winner. StriilL 
 
 GUM., n. [Gr. j l aA.ii., a cavity, and the hollow of 
 the band. Uu. is this the ('eltic form of rnla ? 1 
 Hands j puws ; claws. [Avt in use, or heal.] 
 
 Sidiiry. 
 
 GO-I.OE'-SIlOE, (go-lo'shoo,) n. [Arm. gnlo, or i'uici, 
 to cover.] 
 
 .\ n over-shoe ; a slioc worn ovvT another to keep 
 the foot dry. 
 
 GO-LORE', 11. Plenty ; abundance. [Ob.i.] [See 
 
 (■ALORC.j 
 
 GOI,T'SHUT, n. A small ingot of gold ; in Japan, of 
 silver, serving fiir money. SuiarL 
 
 GQ.M, n. [Sax. ^um; Goth, truma.] 
 A man. [Ofts.] 
 
 GQ.M'AN, n. [Probably from ^oorf man.] A husband ; 
 a master of a family. [ Obs.] 
 
 GO.M-PIII'A-SIS, II. [Gr. )<iie;">«. » 
 
 A disease of the teeth, when they loosen and fall 
 out of their sockets. Branile. 
 
 Gl)M-PIIf)'8IS, n. [Gr.] The immovable articula- 
 tion of the teeth Willi the jaw-bone, like a nail in a 
 board. 
 
 GU-.MC'TI, n. A fibrous substance, resembling horse- 
 hair, obtained from a kind of palm-tree, {tiurtts.^us 
 ^rt/inu/uo',) of llie Indian islands, and used fiir making 
 1 cordage. JPCulloch. 
 
 GON'I)0-L.\, n. [It. id.; Fr. gondolc; Ann. gondo- 
 /riiii.] 
 
 I. .\ flat-lKittoined pleasure-boat, very long and 
 narrow, used at Venice, in Italy, on the canals. 
 I It is painted black, and has a small cabin furnished 
 ! w ith black curtains. A gondida of middle size is 
 about thirty feet long and four broad, terminating 
 at e.ach end in a sharp point or |>eak rising to the 
 bight of a man. It is usually rowed by two men, 
 called eondiitiers, who pro|iel the boat liy'pushing the 
 ! oars. The gondola i.. also used in otlier parts of Ita- 
 ly for a passage boat. Encyc 
 
 GOO 
 
 2. A flat-bottomed boat for carrying produce, kc. 
 
 United Stilt C.I. 
 GO.\-I)0-LlKll', 71. A man who rows a gondola. 
 GONE, (pronounced nearly gaton.) pp. of Go. De- 
 parted. ^ 
 
 It wiu (nUl SdIohiuu (lull Shimt-I hnd gone from Ji-rusnlt-m lo 
 (.J.itli. — t Kings ii. 
 
 Q. Advanced ; forward in progress , wfth far, far- 
 ther, i^t further; as, a man far tjone in iiileiiipi'raiice. 
 
 3. Ruined ; undone. Exert yourselves or we are 
 
 ^OIIC. 
 
 4. Past J as, these liappy days are gone ; sometimes 
 with litj. Those times are gunc by. 
 
 5. Lost. 
 
 Wlicn her m.-ujlcn f-iw Ihrit tho hope of their wnii gone. — 
 AclA xvi, 
 
 6. Departed from life ; deceased ; dead. 
 GON'E.\-I,0.\, \ n. [;ron/(iiioH, Chancer ; Fr. i?on/a- 
 GON'I".\-NO.\, j hm; Sax. gathfana, war-llag, com- 
 posed of i'li/A, war, Ir. cath or cad, W. ead, and Sax. 
 fana, Goth, fana, I,, pannus, cloth ; in Sax. a fiag.] 
 
 An ensiLMi or standard ( colors. [0/<.<.] Mdlun. 
 GO.\-K.\-XON-IEll', II. A chief standanl-lie;irer. 
 
 [Oh.s.] Bp. linn. 
 
 GO.N'G, 11. [Sax. gan^.] 
 
 1. A privy or jaki :s. [0?«.] Cliaucer. 
 
 2. A Chinese inslniiiieiil made of an alloy of co))- 
 per and tin, of a circular form, producing, when 
 struck, a very loud and li;irsh sound. 
 
 GO-.MO.M'E-TEll, n. [Gr. j un.i, angle, and pcrpov, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring solid angles, as the 
 angles of crystals, &.C., or the inclination of planes. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 Rejlieting goniometer : an instrument for measuring 
 the angles of crystals by reflection. tVoUaston. 
 
 GO-.NI-O-MET'Rie-AE, a. Pertaining to a goniome- 
 ter. Ooniometrieal lines are used for measuring the 
 (piantitv of angles. Chamber.-.-. 
 
 GO-.\M)'.\rE-TKY, n. The art of measuring solid 
 angles. 
 
 GO.\-OR-RIli:'A, n. [Gr. j oims, semen, and ptw, to 
 How.] 
 
 A specific, contagious inflammation of the male 
 urethra, or llii' female vagina, attended, from its ear- 
 ly .stages, w ilh a profuse secretion of much mucus, 
 intermingled with a little pus. This secretion cim- 
 tains the contagion of the disease. The disease is 
 not a real gonorrhira, but a arelhriti.^, or elytritis. 
 GOOD, a. [Sax. god, or good ; Goth, goda, goih, goth ; 
 G. guX; U. gucd; Sw. and Dan. god; Gr. a) aJoi ; 
 
 Pers. egod. In Russ. godnei, fit, suitable, seems 
 
 to be the same word. The primary sense is strong, 
 from extending, advancing, whence free, large, 
 abundant, fit, and particularly, strong, firm, valid, 
 (like valid, from valeo ; worUi, virtue, from vtreo ; 
 Sax. duguOi, virtue, from dugan, to be strong.) In 
 tile pliiase a good deal, we observe the sense of ex- 
 tending ; in the phrases a good title, a medicine good 
 for a disease, we observe the sense of strong, eflica- 
 
 cions. Ar. il.^ gatula, to be liberal or copious, to 
 overflow, to be good, to become better or more firm. 
 
 See also ff"'!"} '"^ useful, profitable, or con- 
 
 venient. This word good has not the comparative 
 and siiperl: 'ive degrees of comparison ; but instead 
 of them, br-rr and best, from another root, are used. 
 Class (;d, 3, 8.] 
 
 1. Valid, n.'gally firm; not weak or defective; 
 having .«trt iglh adeipiate to its sujipurt ; as, a good 
 title ; a gooi deed ; a good claim. 
 
 2. Valid ; sound ; not weak, false, or fallacious ; 
 OS, a good ,.rgument. 
 
 3. Cunip. 'le, or siifliciently perfect, in its kind ; 
 having the physical qualities be.st adapted to its de- 
 sign and IIS.* ; opposed to btij, imperfect, corrupted, 
 impaired. We say, good timber, good clolli, a good 
 Soil, a good color. 
 
 Ami fJwl CTPry thiny tll.it he had niadc, ftiltl U-hold, it waj 
 Vfry iO,jd. — lieu, i, 
 
 4. Having monil qualities best adapted to its design 
 and use, or the qualities w hich (Jod's law requires ; 
 virtuous ; p.ons ; religious ; applied to persons, and 
 opiKised to t id, vicious, wicked, evil. 
 
 Yet |ynaT>*nturv lur a good man •oiiic* would eTcii dure to ilie. 
 — Rum. ». 
 
 5. Cunfoiiiiablc to the moral law; virtuous; ayi- 
 ptieU to actions. 
 
 In nil Ihingn «hoU'ing Oiyirlf a piittiTn of good worloi. — Til. ii. 
 
 C. Proper ; fit ; cimvenieiit ; seasonable ; well 
 adapted to Cie end. It was a >raui/ time to com- 
 mence op^r; tions. He arrived in good time 
 
 7. Conveoient ; useful j expedient ; conducive to 
 happiness. 
 
 It U not good that the man thotilii be alone. — Gen. Q. 
 
 8. Stinnd ; perfect ; uncornipled ; undamaged. 
 This fruit will keep good the whole year. 
 
 GOO 
 
 9. Suitable to the taste or to health ; wholesome J 
 saliilirioiis ; palatable; not disagreeable or noxious; 
 as, fruit i.food to eat ; a tree good for foitd. Gen. ii. 
 
 III. .'Suited to produce a salutary etfect ; adapted to 
 abate or cure ; medicinal ; salutary ; beneficial ; as, 
 fresh vegetables are good for scorbutic diseases 
 
 11. Suited to strengthen or assist the heallbfiil 
 fiiiielions ; as, a little wine is good for a weak 
 stomach. 
 
 13. Pleasant to the taste ; as, a good apple. 
 My linn, eat thou honey, beeauie it ii good, and the honey-comb, 
 which ill iwcet to thy tiutc. — Prov. xxiv. 
 
 13. Full ; complete. 
 
 Tlic I'rute»tai)l luhjccu of the abbey midce up a good thini of iu 
 ptrople. Additon. 
 
 14. Useful ; valuable ; having qualities of a ten- 
 dency to produce a good effect. 
 
 All (jiialily, that in gooil fur any thing, u ori^nalty founded on 
 merit. Collier. 
 
 15. Equal ; adequate ; competent. Ilis security is 
 good for the amount of the debt ; np)ilied to persons 
 able to fulfill contracts. 
 
 Antonio is a good man. Sliak. 
 
 16. Favorable ; convenient for any purpose ; as, a 
 good stand for business ; a good station for a camp. 
 
 17. Convenient; suitable; safe; as, a g-ooi/ harbor 
 for ships. 
 
 18. Well qualified ; able ; skillful ; or performing 
 duties Willi skill and fidelity; as, a good prince; a 
 good coiiiiiiaiuler ; a good olYicer ; a. good physician. 
 
 19. Ready ; dextrous. 
 
 Those an.* generaliy gooit at flattering who arc good for nothing 
 elw, Soolh. 
 
 20. Kind; benevolent; affectionate; vis, a good 
 father ; guod will. 
 
 'Jl. Kind ; afl'ectionate ; faithful ; as, a good friend.- 
 32. Promotive of liappine<is; plexsant ; agreeable; 
 cheering ; gratifying. 
 
 B'-hoM, how t;oo-l and how pleaj-int it ii for brethren to dwell 
 toirellier In uiiily. i'n. cxxxtii. 
 
 2.3. Pleasant or prosperous; as, good morrow, sir; 
 good morning. 
 
 21. Honorable ; fair ; unblemished ; uninipeached ; 
 as, a man of good fame or report. 
 
 A goiyl name is tetter (han precioiu ointment. — F.cclea. Tii. 
 
 2. "). Cheerful ; favorable to happiness. Be of good 
 comfort. 
 
 26. Great or considerable ; not small nor very great ; 
 as, a rrood while ago; he is a good \\ay ofl", or at a 
 good distance ; he has a good deal of leisure ; I had a 
 good share of the trouble. Here we see the primary 
 sense of ritendinir, adrancing. 
 
 27. Elegant; polite; as, jroorf breeding. 
 
 28. Real ; serious ; not feigned. 
 
 Love ni>t ill gowl earnest. Shnk. 
 
 29. Kind ; favorable ; benevolent ; humane. 
 
 Tlie men were very good to u*. — t Saio. xxv. 
 
 30. Benevolent ; merciful ; gracious. 
 
 Tnilv t'oil is good to Israel, even ta such as are of a clean heart. 
 — P.. Ixxiii. 
 
 31. Seasonable; commendable ; proper, 
 utfht a goo<l w*ork 
 
 32. Pleasant ; cheerful ; festive. 
 
 We coiuc ill a gooil day. — 1 Sam. xxv. 
 
 33. Companionable ; social ; merry. 
 
 It u wi-ll known that Sir llo^T )ud been a good Tellow in hU 
 youth. Arl>uOnujl. 
 
 31. Brave ; t» familiar languatre. You are a good 
 fell.iw. 
 
 3. '>. In the phrases, the good man, applied to the 
 master of the house, and good woman, applied to the 
 mistress, <ro(i(/ sometimes expresses a moderate ditgree 
 of respect, and sometimes slight contempt. Among 
 the first settlers of New England, it was used as a 
 title instead of Mr.; as, Ooodman Jones; Goodman 
 Wells. 
 
 3li. The phrase good irill is equivalent to benevo- 
 lence ; but it signifies also an earnest desirtr, a hearty 
 wish, eiilire willingness or fervent zeal ; as, wt; en- 
 tered into the service with a goodwill; he laid on 
 stripes with a good irttl. 
 
 37. Comely ; lianilsomc ; well-formed ; as, n guod 
 person or shape. 
 
 38. Mild; pleasant; expressing benignity or other 
 estimable qualities ; as, a good countenance. 
 
 39. .Mild; calm; not irritable or fractious; as, a 
 good temper. 
 
 40. Kind ; friendly ; humane ; as, a good heart or 
 dis|iosilion. 
 
 Good advice ; wise and prudent counsel. 
 
 Good heed ; great care ; due caiititui. 
 
 In good south : in gtiod truth ; in reality. [OA.?.] 
 
 7ti make good ; to perfiirin , to fulfill ; as, to make 
 good one's word or promise ; that it, to make it en- 
 tire or unbroken. 
 
 2. To confirm or establish; to prove; to verify; 
 as, to make good a chariie or accusation. 
 
 3, To supply deficiency ; to make ii|] a defect or 
 loss, I will make good what is wanting. 
 
 TONE, BI.'LL, tJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € u K ; A as J ; S as Z ; CH u SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 611 
 
GOO 
 
 4. To indemnify; to give an equivalent for dam 
 ages. If you sufTer lo-s, I will mul:r it guuil to you. 
 
 5. To maintain ; to carry into effect ; as, to make 
 good a retreat. 
 
 To stand good; to be firm or valid. His word or 
 promise stands good. 
 
 To tkivk goody to see good^ is to be pleased or satis- 
 fied ; to think to be expedient. 
 
 If ye Vdnk good, ^ve me my price. — Zrch. xi. 
 
 .^s good ; equally ; no better llian ; the same as. 
 We say, one is as good as dead. Ilfb. xi. 
 
 Ms good as his word ; equalin;; in fullillinent what 
 was promised ; performing to the extent. 
 GOOD, ?i. That which contributes to diminish or re- 
 move pain, or to increase happiness or prosperity ; 
 benefit ; advantage ; opposed to ecil or misery. Tlie 
 medicine will do neither good nor harm. It doe^ my 
 heart good to see you so happy. 
 
 There are many thai s-ay, Who will show us any good? — Ps. iv. 
 
 2. Welfare ; prosperity ; advancement of interest 
 or happiness. He labored for the good of the state. 
 
 T\\e. gooil of thr whole commiiiiily can be pruniou-d only by .ail- 
 vancin^ the good of each of tile members cuinposiii^ it.' 
 
 Federalist, Jay, 
 
 3. Spiritual advantage or improvement ; as, the 
 good of souls. 
 
 4. Earnest ; not jest. 
 
 The good woman never died after this, till she came to die for 
 good and all. V Estrange. 
 
 The phrase for good and all, signifies, finally ; to 
 close the whole business ; for tlie last time. 
 
 5. Moral works ; actions which are ju^t and in 
 conformity to the moral law or divine precepts. 
 
 Dejnrt from evil, and do good. — Pa. xxxiv. 
 
 6. .Moral qualities; virtue; righteousness. I find 
 no good in this man. 
 
 7. The best fruits; richness; abundance. 
 
 I will give you the good of the I md. — Gen. xlv. 
 
 GOOD, V. t. To manure. [JVut in use..] Ball. 
 
 GOOD, ado. Ms good ; as well ; with equal advantage. 
 Hail you not as good go with me? In America, we 
 sometimes ine gooils, the Gothic word. Had you not 
 as goodt go .'' 
 
 In replies, good signifies well ; right ; it is sati-fac- 
 
 tory ; I am sati.<fied. I will be with you to-morrow ; 
 
 answer. Good, very good. So we use well, from the 
 
 root of L. valeo, to be strong. 
 GOOD'-UREED'I.N'G, n. Polite manners, formed by 
 
 a i!<iod education ; a polite education. 
 GOOD'-BY' ; farewell, .'iee By. 
 
 GOOO-eON-I)l"TlO.\-£l), a. Being in a good state ; 
 having good qualities or favorable symptoms. 
 
 Sharp, 
 
 GOOD-D.\Y', n. or intrrj, A term of salutation at 
 ni 'utiug or parting ; farewell. 
 
 GOOD'-FEL'LoW, n. A boon companion. 
 
 [ This is hardly to be admitted as a coiiijiound 7ro?vZ.] 
 
 GOOD'-FEL'LOVV, v. i. To make a boon companion ; 
 to besot. [Little ii^ed.] 
 
 GOOD'-FEI/LoW-SHfP, n. Merry society. 
 
 GO0')-I''ia'DAV, n. A fist, in memory of our Sa- 
 vior's sufTerings, kept on tlio Fridati of passion week. 
 
 GOOD-IIO'MOR, 71. A cheerful temper or state of 
 niinil. 
 
 GOOD-IIu'MOR-KD, a. Being of a cheerful temper. 
 
 GOoD-llu'M()R-^;D-Ly, ado. With a cheerful tem- 
 per ; in a cheerful way. 
 
 GOOD'LI-ER, a. More excellent. 
 
 GOrtlJ'LI-EST, a. Most good or excellent. 
 
 gOO^-A' A'"^'^'KRS> "• V^- Propriety of behavior ; po- 
 liti-ness ; decorum. 
 
 GOOD-.MOR'RoW, n. or 1/1(03. A termof salutation ; 
 good-moriiing. 
 
 GOOD-.\A'TUKE, n. Natural minlness and kindness 
 of disiiosititm. 
 
 GOOD-Na'TUR-ED, a. Naturally mild in temper; 
 iiot easily provoked. 
 
 GOflD'-NA'Tqil-£U-LY, ado. With mildness of tem- 
 pr. 
 
 GOOI)-.\IGHT', n. at inlcrj. A form of salutation in 
 pMrtiiig for the night. 
 
 GOOD'-NOW. An exclamation of wonder or sur- 
 prise. Dryden. 
 y. An exclamation of entreaty. [JVot used.] Shalt. 
 
 GOOD-SENSE, H. .Sound judgment. 
 
 GyyD'-SI'KED, n. (;ood success ; an old form of wish- 
 totr success. [Sec SfEEu.] 
 
 GOOD'-WIEE, a. The mistress of a family. Burton. 
 
 G()9I>-WII.E', n. Benevolence. 
 
 2. In iuHi, the good-mill u( m\ establishment is its 
 fneililies for trade or bu.-'iness, and is the subject of 
 bargain and sabr. Braiide. 
 
 GOOD VVO.M'A.N', n. The inistre.ss of a family ; ap- 
 plied to persons in the lower walks of lifi.'. 
 
 GQQD'DEN, fur Saxon good-ilagen, good-day; a kind 
 wish or salutation. [ U/m.] 
 
 GQOD'EESS, fl. Having no goods. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 GOOd EI-.\E.SS,n. [\tom guodli).] Beauty of form ; 
 grace ; elegance. 
 
 ller goodiinat* wnj full of hiirmoojr to hU eyot. Si/lney, 
 
 GQQD'LY, adv. Excellently. Spenser. 
 
 GOO 
 
 GOOD'LY, a. Being of a liand.sonie form ; beautiful ; 
 graceful ; as, a goodly person ; goodly raiment ; goodly 
 houses. , Shak. 
 
 2. Pleasant ; agreeable ; desirable ; as, goodlti linys, 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Bulky; swelling; afllctedly turgid. [Obs.] 
 
 L>ri/den. 
 
 GOOD'LY-HEAD, n. Goodness ; grace. [Md 'in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 GOOD'.MAN, n. A familiar appellation of civility ; 
 sometimes used ironically. 
 
 With you, goodman boy, if you please. SliaJc. 
 
 2. A rustic term of compliment ; as, old goodman 
 Dobson. "siDift. 
 
 3. A familiar appellation of a husband ; also, the 
 master of a family. Proo. vii. Matt. xxiv. 
 
 GOOD'XESS, ;i. The state of being good ; the phys- 
 ical qualities which constitute value, excellence, or 
 perfection ; as, the goodness of timber ; the goodness 
 of a soil. 
 
 2. The moral qualities which constitute Christian 
 excellence ; moral virtue ; religion. 
 
 The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, lonj-suRering, gentle- 
 ness, goodness, fiitli. — Gal. v. 
 
 3. Kindness ; benevolence; benignity of heart; 
 but more generally, acts of kindness ; charity ; hu- 
 manity exercised. I shall remember his goodness to 
 me with gratitude. 
 
 4. Kindness; benevolence of nature ; mercy. 
 
 The Lord God — abundant in goodness and truth. — Ex. xxxiv. 
 
 5. Kindness; favor shown; acts of benevolence, 
 compassion, or mercy. 
 
 Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which Jehovah had done to 
 Israel. — Ex. xviii. 
 
 GOODS, n. pi. Movables ; household furniture. 
 
 2. Personal or movable estate, as horses, cattle, 
 utensils, &c. 
 
 3. Wares ; merchandise ; commodities bought and 
 sold by merchants and traders. 
 
 GOOD'SIIIP, «. Favor; grace. [JVot in use.] 
 G06d'Y, n. [Qu. goodtoife.] A low term of civility 
 
 or sport ; as, goodij Dobson. Swift. Gay. 
 
 GOOD'Y-SHIP, n. The state or quality of a goody. 
 
 [Ludicrous.] Hudibras. 
 GOOG'INGS, 71. pi. In seamen^s language, clamps of 
 
 iron bolted on the stern-post of a ship' whereon to 
 
 hang the rudder; now written Gudgeons. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 GOOM, 7t. [Sax. guma, Goth, guma, a man.] 
 
 A man recently married, or who is attending his 
 proposed spouse for the purpose of marriage; u.sed in 
 composition, as in bridegootn. It has been corrupted 
 into Groom. 
 
 GOO-ROC, 71. A spiritual guide among the Hindoos. 
 
 Malcom. 
 
 GOOS'AN-DER, n. A migratory water-fowl, of the 
 genus Mergus, the dun diver or plunger ; called also 
 merganser. 
 
 GOOSE, (goos,) 71. ; pi. Geese. [Sa.x. gos; Sw. gas; 
 Dan. gaas ; Ann. goas ; W. gwyi ; Kuss. gas ; Ir. 
 o ^ 
 
 gedh, or geadh; Pers.jLs kai. The G. and D. is 
 
 gans, but whether the same word or not, let the 
 reader judge. The Ch. l"iN or NIIN, and the corre- 
 sponding Arabic and Syriac words, may possibly he 
 the same word, the Euroiieans prefixing g in the 
 Celtic manner.] 
 
 1. A well-known aquatic fowl, of the genus Anser, 
 but the domestic goose lives ciiiefiy on land, and 
 feeds on grass. The soft feathers are used for beds, 
 and the quills for pens. The wild goose is migra- 
 tory. 
 
 A green goose, in cookery, is one under four months 
 old. 
 
 2. A tailor's smoothing-iron, so called from its han- 
 dle, which resembles the neck of a goose. 
 
 3. A silly creature. Rich. Diet. 
 GOOSE'BER-RY, (goos'ber-ry,) 71. [In Ger. krduscl- 
 
 beere, from kratis, crisp ; D. kruisbes, from kruis, a 
 cross; L. grossula ; W. grwys, from rhroys, luxuriant. 
 The English word is undoubtedly corrupted from 
 crossberry, grossberry, or gorsebcrry, a name taken 
 from the roughness of the shrub. See Cuoss and 
 Gross.] 
 
 'I'lie fruit of a shrub, and the shrub itself, the Ri- 
 bes giossularia. The shrub is armed with spines. 
 Of the fruit there are several varieties. 
 
 The South American gooseberry belongs to the ge- 
 nus IMelastoma, and the fVest Indian gooseberry to the 
 genus (;actus. /,rr. 
 GO()Si;'HER RY-FOOL, 71. A compound made of 
 gooseberries, scalded and poundid {fiuUs), with 
 cream. Golilsinilh. 
 GOOSE'CAP, (goos'kap,) 71. A silly person. 
 
 Bcaum. ^' Fl. Johnson. 
 GOOSE'FOQT, (goos'foot,) 71. A plant, the Chenouo- 
 tliuin. 
 
 GOOSE'GII \SS, fgoosigrilss,) 71. A plant of the go 
 nus Gnliiiin. Also, the name of certain plants of the 
 genera Poif-nlilla and Asperugo. 
 
 GOOSE'NECK, (goos'nek,) 11. In a ship, n piece of 
 
 GOR 
 
 iron bent like the neck of a goose, and fitted on the 
 end of a boom, yard, &.c. 'J'ollen. 
 
 GOOSE'-aUILL, (goos'kwill,) 77. The largo feather 
 or quill of a goose ; or a pen made with it. 
 
 GOOS'E-KY, n. A place for geese. 
 
 GOOSE'TONGUE; (goos'tung,) 71. A plant of the ge- 
 nus Achillea. 
 
 GOOSE'WING, (goos'wing,) 71. In seamen's language, 
 a sail set on a boom on the lee-side of a ship ; also, a 
 term applied to the clews or lower comers of a ship's 
 main-sad or fore-sail, when the midule part is furled. 
 
 Encyc. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Go'PIIER, 71. The French popular name (Gaufres) of 
 two species of Diplostoina, as is supposed, rodent 
 quadrupeds, found in the Mississippi Valley and on 
 the Missouri, about the size of a squirrel. They bur- 
 row in the earth, throwing up hillocks twelve or 
 eighteen inches higli. They are very mischievous in 
 cornfields and gardens. Peck's Gazetteer. 
 
 Go'PHER, 71. [Heb.] A species of wood used in the 
 construction of the ark, in Noah's day. But whether 
 cypress, pine, or other wood, is a point not settled. 
 
 G01"P1SII,«. Proud ; pettish. [ JVot in use.] Ray. 
 
 GOR'-BEL'LI-iiD, (-bel'lid,) a. liig-bellied Shak. 
 
 GOR'-BEL-LY, ri. [In W. gor signifies swelled, ex- 
 treme, over.] 
 
 A prominent belly. [JVot in use.] 
 
 GOnCE, 71. [Norm. Fr. gors.] 
 
 A pool of water to keep fish in ; a wear. [.Vot 
 used.] 
 
 GOR'-COCK, 71. The moor-cock, red-grouse, or red- 
 game ; a biid of the gallinaceous kind. Ed. Encyc. 
 GOR'-CRoW, 71. The carrion-crow. Johnson. 
 GOilD, 71. An instrument of gaining ; a sort of dice. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 GOR'DI-AN, a. Intricate. [See the next word.] 
 
 Gordian knot, in antiquity, a knot in the leather or 
 harness of Gordius, a king of Phrygia, so very intri- 
 cate that there was no finding where it began or end- 
 ed. An oracle declared that he who should untie 
 this knot should be master of Asia. Alexander, 
 fearing that his inability to untie it should jirove an 
 ill augury, cut it asunder with his sword. Hence, in 
 modern language, a Gordian knot is an inextricable 
 difiiciilty ; and to cii( the Gordian knot, is to remove 
 a difficulty by bold or unusual measures. 
 
 Encyc. Lempriere. 
 
 GoRE, 71. [Sax. gor, gore, mud; W. gor; Ir. cear, 
 blood, and red ; Gr. (xoj.i; from issuing.] 
 
 1. Blood ; but generally, thick or clotled blood ; 
 blood that after efl'usion becomes inspissated. Milton. 
 _ 2. Dirt; mud. [Unusual.] Bp. Fislicr. 
 
 GoRE, 71. [Scot, gore, or gair ; Ice, geir ; D. geer.] 
 
 1. A wedge-shaped or triangular piece of cloth 
 sewed into a garment, to widen it in any part. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 2. A slip or triangular piece of land. Cowel. 
 
 3. In heraldry, an abatement denoting a coward. 
 It consists of two arch lines, meeting in an acute 
 angle in the middle of the fess point. Encyc. 
 
 GoRB, V. t. JW. gyru, to thrust; Gipsy, goro, a dag- 
 ger. See Heb. 1N3. Class Gr, No. 30, 35, 3C, 53, 
 57, &c.] 
 
 1. To stab ; to pierce ; to penetrate with a pointed 
 instrument, as a spear. Dryden. 
 
 2. To pierce with the point of a horn. 
 
 If an ox gore a man or a woman. — Ex. xxi. 
 
 3. To cut in a triangular form ; to piece with a 
 gore. 
 
 GoR'ED, pp. or a. Stabbed ; pierced with a pointed 
 instrument; cut in the form of a gore ; pieced with 
 a gore. 
 
 GORGE, (gorj,) 71. [Fr. gorge; It. gorga, gorgia; Sp. 
 gorja, the throat, and gorga, a whirljiool ; gorgear, 
 to warble ; G. gurgel, whence gargle; L. gurgcs,] 
 
 1. The throat ; the gulli>t ; the canal of the nock 
 by which food passes to the stomach. 
 
 2. A narrow passage between hills or mountains. 
 
 3. In archdeeture, a concave molding; the same as 
 Cavetto, which see. Gwilt. 
 
 4. In fortijicution, Uie entrance into a bastion or 
 other outwork. Bravde. 
 
 5. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially 
 by a hawk or oiher fowl. SliaJi. 
 
 GORGE, (gorj,) 1'. t. To swallow ; especially, to swal- 
 low with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quan- 
 tities. Hence, 
 
 2. To glut ; to fill the throat or stomach ; to sa- 
 tiate. 
 
 The ^iant gorged with flesh. Addison. 
 
 GORGE, 71. i. To feed. Jl/i/(on. 
 GORG'/CI), (gorjd,) /i;>. Swallowed ; glutted. 
 GORG'A'I), II. Having a gorge in- throat. Shak. 
 2. In heraldry, bearing a crown or the like about 
 
 the neck. Encyc. 
 GOR'OEOUS, (gor'jus,) a. Showy; fine; splendid; 
 
 glittering with gay colons. 
 
 With ^or/^com wiiii,'i, the ninrks of sovvreigl) sway. Dryden. 
 A gari^eous robe,— l,ul.e xxiii. 
 
 GOR'OEOIIS I,V, ndi\ With showy magnificence; 
 splendiilly ; finely. The [irince was gorgeously at- 
 rayed. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — MtTE, PRfiY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 512 
 
GOS 
 
 GOU 
 
 GOV 
 
 GOR'OEOUS-NE^S, n Show of ilress or orniimcnt ; 
 
 s|)lt')i<lur of niiiiu-iit. 
 GOU'GUT, (gor'jet,) n. [Ft. •;»''!:''"'< f™'" g'"'^'-] 
 
 1. A piece of armor fur ilLft'iuliji".; the IhruaC or 
 neck ; u kind of hrcastplate hke a Iwlf moon. 
 
 Kncyc. Clialmcrs. 
 
 2. A pendent mctalhc ornament, worn by otiicers 
 when on duly. [En it-.] Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 
 3. Furmerlij, a ruff worn by females. 
 
 4. In sur^rrij, gorget, or gurgcrct, i« a cuttinp in- 
 strument u.sed in lilliolomy ; also, a concive or can- 
 nulated conductor, culled a blunt gorgrl. 
 
 CiJC. F.nnjc. 
 
 GORCING, PJM-. Swallowing ; eating greedily ; glut- 
 ting. 
 
 GOR'GON, n. [Gr.] A fabled nion.sler, of terrific as- 
 pect, the si(;lit of which turned the beholder to stone. 
 ■J'he yuxU represent the Gorgons as three sisters, 
 SUiciw, Kuniatc, an<l Medusa ; but authors are not 
 agreed in the description of tliejn. 
 a. Any thin" very ugly or horrid. JHiltem, 
 
 GOIl'GoN, a. Like a gorgon; very ugly or terrific; 
 as, a irnrgon face. Driidtn. 
 
 GOR -GO'XE-AN, ) fl. Like a gorgon; pertaining to 
 
 GOR-GO'.M-AN, i gorgons. Mlton. 
 
 GOR-GO-Ne'IA, II. pi. In architectural sculpture, masks 
 carved in imitation of the gorgon's or iMedusa's head ; 
 used as key stones. tllmci. 
 
 GOR-Gf)'i\I-.\, n. A family of flexible coral-zoophytes, 
 growing in the form of shrubs, twigs, and reticulate 
 fronds. The bnmches consist of a horny axis, sur- 
 rounded by a semi-calcareous crust. Tlie pirlyps, ag- 
 gregated together, constitute the crust, and by secre- 
 tiims from "their bases, which arc directed inward, 
 they form the axis. The species are often bri;;ht-col- 
 ored, and among them is tlie sea-fun of the West In- 
 dies. Dana. 
 
 GOR'-IIEN, Ji. The female of the gor-cock. 
 
 GC>K'\yC; ppr, [from A'urc] Stabbing ; piercing. 
 
 GOR'I.NG, n. A pricking ; puncture. Dryden. 
 
 GOR'.MA.ND, ( n. [Fr. guurmand, from W. gor- 
 
 GOR' .M AN D-ER, ( mant, plenitude, exuberance ; gar, 
 e.xtreine ; gonnoi, excess.] 
 
 A greedy or ravenous eater ; a glutton. 
 
 GOR'M.A.N'l), a. Gluttonous; voracious. 
 
 GOR'.MA.VD ISM, ii. Gluttonry. 
 
 GOR'.>lA\D-IZE, r. i. To eat greedily; to sxvallow 
 vor.'iciotislv. Shak, 
 
 GOU'.MANU-IZ-ER, n. A greedy, voracious eater. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 GOR'M.\ND-IZ-I.\G, ppr. or a. Eating greedily and 
 voraciously. 
 
 GOR'.MA.\t)-IZ-IN'G, n. The act or habit of eating 
 greedily and voraciously. 
 
 GORSE, j , - 1 i "• L*^"^- /T'"'''- ft"' coarse, l..cras- 
 
 GORSs*, i ^'"'^"'1 j sus, or G. kraf.en, to scratch.] 
 I'nrze, or whin, a thii fc, prickly shrub, of the genus 
 Ulex, bearing yellow Howers in winter. Jalmsan. 
 
 COR'Y, a. [from gore.] Covered with congealed or 
 clotted blood ; as, gory locks. Shak, 
 2. liloody ; ninrdenius. Sliak. 
 
 GOS'IIAW k, n. [t*ax. goshafoc, goosehawk.] 
 
 A voracious bird of the hawk kiinl, larger than the 
 common buzzard, but of a more slender sha|)e. The 
 genenil color of tlie plumage is a deep brown ; the 
 breast and belly white. Diet. J^'uL Hist. 
 
 GOS'LING, II. [Sax. /ros, goose, and hiii'.] 
 
 1. A young goose ; a goose not full grown. 
 
 2. A catkin on nut-trees and pines. 
 
 Badey. Johnson, 
 GOS'l'EL, n. [Sax. godspell : god, good, and .-/(tW, his- 
 tory, relation, narration, word, speech, that which is 
 uttered, announced, sent, or communicated ; answer- 
 ing to the Gr. ct'ii^ ^cAiui', etangelium, a good or 
 Joyful message.] 
 
 1. A revelation of the grace of God to fallen man 
 through a mediator, including the whole scheme of 
 salvation, as revealed liy t'lirist and his apostles. 
 This gospel is said to have been preached to .\bra- 
 bain by the promise, " In thee shall all nations be 
 blessed." Oal. iii. 8. 
 
 It is called the gospel of God. Rom. i. 1. 
 It is called the gospel of Christ. Roin. i. Ifi. 
 It is called the gospel of s.alvation. Ep/t. i. 13. 
 
 2. A historj' or narrative of the birth, life, actions, 
 dentil, resurrection, ascension, and doctrines, of Je- 
 sus Clirist ; as, the gospel according to the evangelist 
 Matthew. 
 
 3. Divinity ; theology. Milton, 
 
 4. Any genend doctrine. Burke. 
 GOS'PEL, a. Accordant with the gospel ; as, gospel 
 
 rightiMiusness. IVarburlon, 
 GOS'l'EL, V. t. To instruct in the gospel ; or to fill 
 
 wjth sentiments of religion. Shak. 
 GOS'l'El/-i;U, pf.. Evangelized ; instructed in the 
 
 Bospel. 
 
 GOS'l'EI^-ER, n. An evangelist; also, a follower of 
 Wiclif, the first Englishman who attempted a refor- 
 mation of religion. [.Vut much used,] Rowe, 
 2. lie who reads the gospel at the alLar. 
 
 GOS'l'Ely-GOS'SIl', B. One who is over ze.alous, in 
 running about among his ncighboni to lecture on re- 
 hci'iiH sMhjLCts. Mdison. 
 
 GOSTEL-liNG, ppr. Insinicting in the gospel. 
 
 GOS'PEL-IZE, e. U To form according to the gospel. 
 [Obs.] Milton. 
 
 2. To instruct in the gospel ; to evangelize ; as, to 
 ^oy/ic/ire the savages. [06;^.] Boyle, 
 
 GOSS, H. A kind of low fur/.e or gorse. Shak. 
 
 GOS'S.A-MER, n. [L. gossipium, cotton.] 
 
 A fine, filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in 
 the air, in calm, clear wentlier, especially In autumn. 
 It is seen in stubble-fields, and on furze or low bush- 
 es, and is probably formed by a species of spider. 
 
 GUS'SA-.MER-Y, u. Like gossamer ; flimsy ; unsub- 
 stantial. PursuiLs of Literature. 
 
 GOS'Sll', n. [Sax. godsibb; god, good, and iii, or sibb, 
 peace, adoption, and relation ; a Saxon name of a 
 sponsor at baptism.] 
 
 1. A sponsor ; one who answers for a child in bap- 
 tism. [Obs.] Shali. Davies. 
 
 2. A tippling companion. 
 
 And sometimes lurk 1 in a got$ip*» bowl. Shak. 
 
 3. One who runs from house to house, tattling and 
 telling news ; an idle tattler. Dryden. 
 
 [ This is tJte seiuie in ukieh the word is now used.] 
 
 4. A friend or neighbor. [Obs,] 
 
 5. Mere tattle ; idle t.alk. 
 
 GOS'SIl', r. i. To prate ; to chat; to talk much. Shak. 
 
 2. To be a pot-companion. Sliak. 
 
 3. To run about and tattle ; to tell idle tales. 
 GOS'SII'-lNt;, ppr. or a. I'-iting ; chatting ; running 
 
 from place to place and tattling ; containing gossip. 
 
 GOS'Sll'-I.NG, H. .V prating ; a running about to col- 
 lect tales and tattle. 
 
 GOS'SII'-LIKE, (I. Resembling a gossip. 
 
 GOS'SII'-REI), H. Compaternity ; spiritual affinity, for 
 which a juror might be challenged. [.Vu( used'] 
 
 GOS-SOON', n. [Fr. <^aryu«, corrupted.] [Davies. 
 A bov ; a servant. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 GOS'TING, 71. All herb. Jlinsaorth. 
 
 GOT, iiret, of Get. The old preterit Gat, {pronounced 
 got,) is nearlv obsolete. 
 
 GOT and GOT'T/:.\, pp, of Get. 
 
 GoTE,n. A w.'iter passage ; a channel for water. Grose, 
 GOTIl, n. One of all ancient and distinguished tribe or 
 nation xvliich inhabited Scandinavia, now Sweden 
 and Norw.iy, whose language is now retained in 
 those countries, and a large portjon of it is found in 
 English. 
 
 2. One rude or uncivilized ; a barbarian. .Addison. 
 
 3. A rude, ignorant person. Chesterfield. 
 GO'TlI.\iM-IST, n. A wiseacre ; a person deficient in 
 
 wisdom ; so called from Gotham, in Kottinghains.'dre, 
 noted for some pleasant blunders. Bp. Morton, 
 
 Go'THA.M-ITE, ii. A term sportively applied to the 
 inhabitants of New York. 
 
 GOTH'ie, a. Pertaining to the Goths ; as, Gothic cus- 
 toms ; Gothic barbarity. 
 
 2. Denoting a style of architecture with high and 
 sharply-pointed arches, clustered columns, Sec. 
 
 3. Rude ; ancienL 
 
 4. Itarbarous. 
 
 GOTirie, 11. Tlie language of the Goths. 
 GOTH'I-l^lSM, ?i. Rudeness of manners ; barbarous- 
 
 2. A Gotliic idiom. [ness. 
 
 3. Conforniily to the Gothic style of building. 
 GOTH'I-CIZE, c. t. To make Gothic; to bring back 
 
 to barbarism. StrutL 
 GOTiri-CIZ-£D, pp. Made Gothic; brought back to 
 barbarism. 
 
 GT) TO, (go too.) A phrase of exhortation ; come ; 
 GtXJP, M. Woad. [A'ut used.] [come on. 
 
 GOUGE, (gowj ; in most English autliorities, gooj ;) n. 
 
 [Vx. gouge: Xrni, gouich.] 
 A semicircular chisel, used to cut holes, channels, 
 
 or grooves, in wood or stone. Moton, 
 GOUGE, (gowj,) F. ^ To scoop out with a gouge. 
 2. To force out the eye of a person with the thumb 
 
 or finger ; a barbarous practice, .America, 
 GOUtj'Kl), pp. Scotiped out, as with a gouge. 
 GOUC'I.N'G, n. The .act of scooping out with a gouge, 
 
 or forcing out the eye with the thumb and finger. 
 
 [See GoroE.] 
 GOU'JEERS, n. The venereal disease. Shak. 
 GOU'LA.NU, II. .A plant or flower. B. Jonson. 
 
 GOU-L.«RI)'S' EX'TRACT, n. [So c.illert from the 
 
 inventor.] A satunited solution of the trisacetate of 
 
 lead, used as a remedy for inflammation. Ure. 
 GOI'RI), n. [Ft. courge : O. kauieoerde. Clu. the root 
 
 of gherkin.] 
 
 A plant and its fruit, of the genus Legenari.a. The 
 shell is sonieliines used for a piggin or for a bottle. * 
 
 GfiL'RD'l-NESS, n. A swelling on a horse's leg alier 
 a joiirnev. Far. Diet. 
 
 G6L'RI)'-TREE, n. A tree, the Crcsccntia, or Cala- 
 bash, found in the West Indies. Fain, of Plants, 
 
 GOURD'Y, a. Swelled in the legs. 
 
 GOUR'MA.VD, (gcHir'mind,) n. [Fr.] A greedy or 
 ravenous eater ; a glutton. [See Gonu\KD.] 
 
 GOUR'.NET, n. A fish. Stc Guhxet. 
 
 GOUT, n. [Fr. gouttr, n drop, the gout, the dise.-usc 
 being considered as a defluxion ; It. gotta ; Sp. goto ; 
 
 Ir. guta ; L. gutta. Qu. Pers. 
 firm in the feet.] 
 
 kot, hot, in- 
 
 1. In medicine, a chronic disease, occurring by par- 
 oxysms ; the paroxysms exacerbating and remitting. 
 It consists essentially in a perfectly specific and pe- 
 culiar topical infiammation, having its regular seat 
 in the largest joint of the great toe; and an eipially 
 s[iccific and peculiar constitutional febrile affection. 
 The irregular forms of this disease are too numerous 
 and too various for specification in this place. Tally. 
 
 2. A clot or coagulation ; as, "on the blade of tlie 
 dudgeon gouts of blood." [A'bt iLted.] ShaJi. 
 
 GOUT, (goo,) II. [Fr., from L. gustus, taste.] 
 'I'astc ; relish. 
 
 GOUT'I-LY, adv. In a gouty manner. 
 
 GOUT'I-NESS, II. The state of being subject to the 
 gout ; gouty affections. 
 
 GOUT'-SWELL-AD, a. Swelled with the gout. 
 
 GOUT'WORT, n. A plant, llie /T:go|)odinin. 
 
 GOUT'Y, a, Diseased with the gout, or subject to the 
 gout ; as, a gouty person ; a gouty joint ; a gouty con- 
 stitution. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the gout ; as, gouty matter. 
 
 Blackmore, 
 
 3. Swelled ; boggy ; as, gouty land. [J^'ot in u.<«.] 
 Gf^VE, 71. A mow. [ImcuI.] [Spenser. 
 GOVERN, (giiv'ern,) v. t. [Fr. pouvemer; Sp. gnber- 
 
 nar ; It. govcrnare : L. gubcrno. The L. gubcrno seems 
 to be a compound.] 
 
 1. To direct and control, n.s the .actions or con- 
 duct of men, either by established laws or by arbitra- 
 ry will ; to regulate by authority ; to keep within the 
 limits prescribed by law or sovereign will. Thus, in 
 free states, men are governed by Ihe constitution and 
 laws ; in despotic states, men are governed by the 
 edicts or commands of a monarch. Every man should 
 govern well his own family. 
 
 2. To regulate ; to influence ; to direct. This is 
 the chief point by which lie is to govern all his coun- 
 sels and actions. 
 
 3. To control ; to restrain ; to keep in due subjec- 
 tion ; as, to govern the passions or temper. 
 
 4. To direct; to steer; to regulate the course or 
 motion of a ship. The helm or the helmsman gov- 
 erns the ship. 
 
 5. In grammar, to require to be in a particular 
 case ; as, a verb transitive governs a word in the 
 accusative case ; or to reipiire a particular case ; as, 
 a verb governs the accusative case. 
 
 GOVERN', V. i. To exercise authority ; to administer 
 the laws. The chief magistrate should govern with 
 impartiality. 
 
 2. To maintain the superiority ; to have the con- 
 trol. Dryden. 
 GOVERN-A-ni,E, (guv'crn-a-bl,) a. That may be 
 governed, or sulijectcd to authority; controllable; 
 manageable ; obedient ; submissive to law or rule. 
 
 I.ocke. 
 
 GOVERN-ANCE, n. Government ; exercise of au- 
 thority ; direction ; control; management, either of 
 a public officer or of a private guardian or tutor. 
 
 Maccabees. Sfuik. 
 
 GOVERN-ANTE, Ji. [Fr. gouvernante.] 
 
 A lady who has the care mid management of 
 young females ; a governess. 
 
 GOVER.N-f:U,;i;). Directed; regulated by aiilhority ; 
 controlled ; managed ; inlluenct'd ; restrained. 
 
 GOV'ER.N'-ES.S, 71. A female invested with authority 
 to control and direct ; a tutoress ; an instructress ; a 
 woman who has the care of instructing and directing 
 young ladies. 
 
 GO VER.N'-I.NG, ppr. Directing; controlling; regu- 
 lating by laws or edicts; managing; iiilluenciiig ; 
 resirainiiia. 
 
 2. a. Holding the superiority ; prevalent ; as, a 
 governing xviiid ; a governing party in a state. 
 
 F'cderalist, Jay. 
 
 3. Directing; controlling; as, a ^ormiinj- motive. 
 GOV'ERN-ME.VT; 11. Direcliim ; regulation. These 
 
 precepts will serve for the «-offriiHifije of our conduct. 
 
 2. Contr(d ; restraint. Men are apt to neglect tlic 
 government of their temper and passions. 
 
 3. The exercise of authority ; direction and re- 
 straint exercised over the actions of men in comniii- 
 nilies, societies, or states ; the administration of pub- 
 lic affairs, according to est.ablished constitution, laws, 
 and usages, or by arbitrary edicLs. Prussia rose to 
 importance under the government of Frederic II. 
 
 •i. Tlie exercise of aiilhority by a parent or house- 
 hold. Children are olUn ruined by a neglect of 
 government in parents. 
 
 Let family fom-nmenl be lilte tliat of our heareiilr Tather, 
 mild, griitle, suti olU'Ctioiuile. AoUuek. 
 
 5. The system of polity in a state; that form of 
 fundamental rules and principles by which a natiim 
 or state is governeil, or by which individual niein- 
 bi rsofa body |Kilitic are to regulate their social ac- 
 tions ; a constitution, either written or unwritten, by 
 which the rights and duties of citizens and public 
 orticers are prescribed and defined ; as, a monarchical 
 government, or a republican government. 
 
 Ttan'^n govtrranentM , thtu ruundfHt on the natund nuthority ot 
 the pcii.ic iiiuiM'. witiioul itt« piTtriMo wl riiiridr or tuy*. 
 ten-, ore A emu point fniiieU in f.iror of Uic ncht» ol iiiao- 
 liiud. » i- » J xrfum. 
 
 TCXE, BI;LL, trxiTE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C m K; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; f H as in THIS. 
 
GRA 
 
 6. An empire, kinsdom, or state ; any territory 
 over wliicli tlie riglU of sovereignty is exteiyled. 
 
 7. Tlie riglit of governing or ailniinistering the 
 laws. Tlie i<ing of England vested the gtivcrn?ucnt 
 of Ireland in the lord lieutenant. 
 
 8. The persons or council which administer the 
 laws of a kingdom or state ; executive power. 
 
 1 Mana"eab;eness ; compliance ; obsequiousness. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 10. Regularity of behavior. [JVot in use.] Sliuk. 
 
 11. Jlanagement of the limbs or body. [JVot in 
 use.] Spenser. 
 
 12. In grammar, the influence of a word in regard 
 to construction, as w hen established usage reijuires 
 that one word should cause another to be in a partic- 
 ular rase or mode. 
 
 GO V-ERN-.MENT'AI,, a. Pertaining to government ; 
 made by government. Hamdtiin. 
 
 Gf)V'ERN-OR, (guv'ern-ur,) n. He that governs, 
 rules, or directs ; one invested with supreme au- 
 thority. The Creator is the rightful governor of all 
 his creatures. 
 
 2. One who is invested with supreme authority to 
 administer or enforce the laws ; the supreme execu- 
 tive niagistr.ate of a state, community, corporation, 
 or post. Thus, in America, each state has its gov- 
 ernor. Canada has its governor. 
 
 3. A tutor ; one who has the care of a young man ; 
 one who instructs him and forms his manners. 
 
 4. A pilot ; one who steers a ship. James iii. 
 
 5. One possessing delegated authority. Joseph was 
 governor over the land of Egypt. Obadiah was gov- 
 ernor over Allah's house. Damascus had a governor 
 under Aretas the king. 
 
 (">. In mecluinics, a pair of heavy balls connected 
 with machinery, designed to eijualize speed. 
 
 GOV'ER.N-OR-SIIIP, «. The office of a governor. 
 
 GOW'AN, «. A plant, a species of Bellis or daisy. 
 
 GOWK, 11. (. To stupefy. [OAs.] B. Jonson. 
 
 GOWK. See Gawk. [Fam. of Plants. 
 
 GOWL, u. I. [Ice. goela.] To howl. mddiffe.. 
 
 GOWN, n. [\V. ffwn ! U. gunna : ll. gonna. This is 
 probably the Knvt aKn nf Hesychius, and the guanacum 
 of Varro ; a garment somewhat like the sagum or 
 sack, said to be of Persian origin, and among rude 
 nations perhaps made of skins, (W. cenysgin,) and 
 afterward of wool ; a kind of shag or frieze. Ch. 
 N3;iJ, mentioned Jmlges iv. 18, and 2 Kings viii. 15. 
 See Varro de Ling. Lot. lib. 4. liuchart. de Plutn. 
 Col. lib. 1, cap. 42, and Cluv. Jlnt. Oerm. lib. 1.] 
 
 1. A Woman's upper garment. Pope. 
 a. A long, loose u[)per garment or robe, worn by 
 
 professional men, as divines, lawyers, students, &c., 
 who are called mm of Uie goion, or gownmen. It is 
 made of any kind of cloth worn over ordinary 
 clotlics, and hangs down to the ankles, or nearly 
 so. Encijc. 
 
 3. A long, loose upper garment, worn in sick- 
 ness, &LC. 
 
 4. The dress of peace, or the civil magistracy ; 
 cedant anna togiB. 
 
 He M.irs d'-posed, and arms to govne made yield. Dryden. 
 GOWN'KD, a. Dressed in a gown. Dryden. 
 GOWiX'M.'VN, j 71. One whose professional habit is 
 GOWNS'MAN, i a gown, as a divine or lawyer,and 
 particularly a member of an English university. 
 
 Tlie gownnum learned. Popt. 
 
 2. One devoted to the arts of peace. Rome. 
 GOWr, ( n. A sluice in embankments against the 
 GO-OUT, i sea, for letting out the land waters, 
 
 when the tide is out, and preventing the ingress of 
 
 salt-water. Francis. 
 G0/,'ZARD,7i. [A corruption of g-oosc/icrJ.] Onewho 
 
 attends geese. [Vulgar.] 
 GRAli, 7t. A sudden grasp or seizure. [Vulgar.] 
 2. A vessel used on the .Malabar coast, having two 
 
 or three masts. Diet. 
 GR.Mi, 1). L [Dan. greh, a grasp; griber, to gripe 
 
 tfw. grabba, to grasp; gripa, lo gripe; VV. grab, a 
 
 duster.] 
 
 To seize ; to gripe suddenly. [Vulgar.] 
 GRAIl'llKD, (grabd,) 7VI. Seized suddenly. 
 GRAIi'ltlNG, ppr. Seizing suddenly. 
 GRAIt'ULE, V. i. [dim. of grub: D. grabhelen; G. 
 
 gnibcln; allied to gropr, grovel, 7ini\ grapple; Arm. 
 
 scraba ; Eng. scrabble i allied to rub, or L. rapio,m to 
 
 both.l 
 
 1. To grope ; to feel with the hands, .^rbut/inot, 
 
 2. 'lo lie prostrate on the belly ; to sprawl. 
 
 Jimsworth. 
 
 OR AII'IILING, p.-jr. Groping; feeling along ; sprawl- 
 ing. 
 
 GRACE, n. [Fr. grace; It. grazia; ."Sp. grncia; Ir. 
 eroMa ; from the I., gratia, wWw.h is formed on the 
 Ccrltic ; W. r/i<i(/, grace, a blessing, a gratuity. It 
 coinciiles in origin with Fr. gre ; iluf:. agree, congru- 
 ous, and ready. The primary sense of grains is free, 
 ready, quick, williiii!, prompt, from advancing. 
 CliiHM Kd. Hee (JiiAOi:.] 
 
 1. Favor ; ^ood will ; kindness ; disposition to 
 oblige nnotlier ; uh, u grant made iis an act of grace. 
 
 ()f iiuh, or all, limy win n liMty'i ffi'a*''. lirytUn. 
 
 3. Jiyfroprialelij,UtK free, unmerited love and favor 
 
 GRA 
 
 of God, the spring and source of all the benefits men 
 receive from him. 
 
 And if by grace, then it b no more of works. — Rom. xi. 
 
 3. Favorable influence of God ; divine influence 
 or the influence of the Spirit, in renewing the heart 
 and restraining from sin. 
 
 My grace is sullicienl for Uiee. — 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 4. The application of Christ's righteousness to the 
 sinner. 
 
 Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. — Rom. v. 
 
 5. A state of reconciliation to God. Rom. v. 2. 
 
 6. Virtuous or religious affection or disposition, as 
 a liberal disposition, faith, meekness, humility, pa- 
 tience, &c., proceeding from divine influence. 
 
 7. Spiritual instruction, improvement, and edifica- 
 tion. Eph. iv. 29. 
 
 8. Apostleship, or the qualifications of an apostle. 
 £/i/i. iii. 8. 
 
 9. Eternal life ; final salvation. 1 Pet. i. 13. 
 
 10. The gos|)el. 
 
 Receive not the grace of God in vain. — 2 Cor. vi. 
 
 11. Favor ; mercy ; pardon. 
 
 Bow and sue for grace 
 
 With suppliant knee. Milton. 
 
 12. Favor conferred. 
 
 1 should therefore esteem it a ^eat favor and grace. Prior. 
 
 13. Privilege. 
 
 To few jreat Jupiter imparts this grace. Dryden. 
 
 14. That in manner, deportment, or language, 
 which renders it appropriate and agreeable ; suita- 
 bleness ; elegance or ease with appropriate dignity. 
 We say, a speaker delivers his address with grace; 
 a man performs his part with grace. 
 
 Grace was in all lier steps. Milton. 
 Her purple habit sits with such a grace 
 
 On her smooth shoulders. Dryden. 
 
 15. Natural or acquired excellence ; any endow- 
 ment that recommends the possessor to others ; as, 
 tlie graces of wit and learning. Hooker. 
 
 16. Beauty; embellishment; in general, whatever 
 adorns and recommends to favor ; sometimes, a sin- 
 gle beauty. 
 
 I pass their form and every charming grace. Dryden, 
 
 17. Beauty deified ; among pagans, a goddess. 
 The Graces were three in number, Aglaia. Thalia, 
 and Eupkrosijnc, the constant attendants of Venus. 
 
 Lempriere. 
 
 The Loves delighted, and the Graces played. Prior. 
 
 18. Virtue physical ; as, the grace of plants. [JVo( 
 used.] Sliak. 
 
 19. The title of a duke or an archbishop, and for- 
 merly of the kingof England, meaning your goodness 
 or clemency. His grace the duke of York. iTour 
 grace will please to accept my thanks. 
 
 20. A short prayer before or after meat ; a blessing 
 asked, or thanks rendered. 
 
 " 21. In music, graces are ornamental notes attached 
 to jirincipal ones. Brandc. 
 
 22. In English universities, an act, vote, or decree, 
 of the government of the institution. 
 
 Day of grace; in (Acoliin-i/, time of probation, when 
 an offer is made to sinners. 
 
 Days of grace ; in commerce, the days immediately 
 following the day when a bill or note becomes due, 
 which days are allowed to the debtor or payer to 
 make payment in. In Great Britain and the United 
 States, the days of grace are three, but in other coun- 
 tries more, the usages of merchants being diflerent. 
 GRACE, V. t. To adorn ; to decorate ; to embellish 
 and dignify. 
 
 Great Jove and Phccbus graced his noble line. Pope. 
 
 And hail, ye fair, of every charm possi-ssed, 
 
 Who grace this rising empire of the wtst. D. Humphrey, 
 
 2. To dignify or raise by an act of favor ; to honor. 
 He mii^ht, at his pleasure, grace or disgrace whom he would in 
 
 ctiurt. KnoUcs. 
 
 3. To favor ; to honor. Dryden. 
 
 4. To supply with heavenly grace. Bp. llall. 
 GRACE'-eUP, Ji. The cup or health drank after 
 
 grace. Prior, 
 GRAC'KD, (grast,) pp. Adorned; cnibcllislied ; ex- 
 alted ; dignified ; honored. 
 
 2. a. Beautiful ; graceful. [JVnf in use.] Sidney. 
 .'i. Virtuous ; regular ; chaste. [J^otinuse.] Sltak. 
 GRA'CES, 71. ;);. In heathen mythology, three beautiful 
 sisters, who attended Venus. 
 
 2. A play with a hoop and rods, designed to pro- 
 mote grace of motion. 
 
 3. In 7iiu.sie, ornamental notes attached to principal 
 ones. 
 
 4. Good jrracrs ; favor, friendship. [See also Grace.] 
 GRA(;E'-SA V-Elt, II. One who says grace. 
 GRACE'FIJL, u. Beautiful with dignity; elegant; 
 
 agreeable in appearance, with an expression of dig- 
 nity or elevation of mind or manner ; used particu- 
 larly of motion, looks, and speech ; as, a graceful 
 walk ; a I'raceful deportment ; a graceful speaker ; a 
 graceful air. 
 
 Iliuh o'er tho rrtt hi arms the graer/ut Turnuj rode. Dryden. 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRACE'FUL-LY, adv. With a pleasing dignity ; 
 elegantly ; with a natural ease and propriety : as, to 
 walk or speak gracefully. 
 
 GRACE'FUL-NESS, 7i. Elegance of manner or de- 
 portment ; beauty with dignity in manner, motion, 
 or countenance. Gracefulness consists in the natu- 
 ral ease and propriety of an action, accompanied 
 with a countenance expressive of dignity or eleva- 
 tion of mind. Happy is the man who can add the 
 gracefulness of ease to the dignity of merit. 
 
 GRaCE'LESS, a. Void of grace; unregenerate ; un- 
 sanctified. 
 2. Corrupt; depraved; profligate 
 
 GRaCE'LESS-LV, adv. Without grace. 
 
 GRaCE'LESS-NESS, 71. Destitution of grace ; profli- 
 gacy. Dr. Favour. 
 
 GRAC'ILE, (gras'il,) ) rr ■,■ t 
 
 GRAC'I-LENT, (gras'e-lent,) i i^' 
 Slender. [JVot in use.] 
 
 GRA-CIL'I-TY, 7!. Slenilerness. [JVoi in mm.] 
 
 GRa'CIOUS, (gri'shus,) a. [Fr. graeieuz; L. gra- 
 tiosus. ] 
 
 1. Favorable; kind ; friendly; as, the envoy met 
 with a gracious reception. 
 
 2. Favorable ; kind ; benevolent ; merciful ; dis- 
 posed to forgive offenses and impart unmerited bless- 
 ings. 
 
 id merciful. — 
 
 Thou art a God ready to pardoi 
 Neh. ix. 
 
 gracious 
 
 3. Favorable ; expressing kindness and favor. 
 
 All bore him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which 
 proceeded out of his mouth. — Luke iv. 
 
 4. Proceeding from divine grace ; as, a person in 
 a gracious stale. 
 
 5. Acceptable ; favored. 
 
 i of Persia. [LilUe used.] 
 
 6. Renewed or sanctified by grace ; as, gracious 
 affections. 
 
 7. Virtuous ; good. Shalt. 
 
 8. Excellent; graceful; becoming. [OJs.] 
 
 Hooker. Camden. 
 GRa'CIOUS-LY, nAi. Kindly; favorably; in a friend- 
 ly manner ; with kind contiescension. 
 
 His testimony he graciously conhrmed. Dryden. 
 
 2. In a pleasing manner. 
 GRa'CIOUS-NESS, 71. Kind condescension. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 2. Possession of graces or good qualities. 
 
 Bp. Barlow. 
 
 3. Pleasing manner. Johnson. 
 
 4. Mercifulness. Sandys. 
 GRACK'LE, (grak'l,) 7i. [L. graculus, Aim. of Goth. 
 
 krage, a crow. (See Crow.) Varro's deduction of 
 this word from grex is an error.] 
 
 One of a genus of birds, the Gracula, of wliich the 
 crow-blackbird is a species. 
 GRA-DA'TION, 7i. [L. gradatio ; Fr. gradation. See 
 Grade.] 
 
 1. A series of ascending steps or degrees, or a pro- 
 ceeding step by step ; hence, progress from one 
 degree or st.tto to another ; a regular advance from 
 step to step. We observe a gradation in the progress 
 -of society from a rude to a civilized life. Men may 
 arrive by several gradations to the most horrid iiii- 
 jiiety. 
 
 2. A degree in any order or series ; we observe a 
 gradation in the scale of being, from brute to man, 
 from man to angels. 
 
 3. Order ; series ; regular process by degrees or 
 steps ; as, a gradation in argument or descriplitin. 
 
 4. In painting, the gradual blending of one tint 
 with another. Brande. 
 
 5. In 7nusic, a diatonic ascending or descending 
 succession of chords. Brande. 
 
 GRA-t)A'TIOi\-AE, a. According to gradation. 
 
 Lairrenec, 
 
 GRA-Da'TIOi\-£D, a. Formed by gradation. 
 
 JVcw .4)1. Reg, 
 
 GRAD'A-TO-RY, 0. Proceeding step by step. Semird. 
 
 GR.\D'A-TO-RY, n. Steps from the cloisters into the 
 church. .^in.-^irorth. 
 
 GRADE, 71. • [Fr. grade; Sp. and It. grado ; I'ort. 
 grao ; from L. gradu.'i.a step ; gradior, to step, to go ; 
 Cm. grad ; D. graad; D.an. and Sw. grad, a step or 
 degree ; W. gr&i, a step, degree, rank, from Hi&i, a 
 going forw.ird or advance, Ann. radd. It may be 
 from a common root with W. rhawd, way, eour.ie, 
 route ; rhodiaw, to walk about ; rhod, a wheel, L. rota. 
 We observe by the Welsh that the first letter g is a 
 prefix, and the" root of the word then is Rd. We ob- 
 serve further, that the L. gradior forms gressus, by a 
 coinmou change of </ to s, or as it is in Welsh i, [Ih.] 
 Now, if ^ is a prefix, then gressus [ressus] coincides 
 with the Sw. re.m, Dan. rejser, G. rci-s-eii, 1). rcizcHjto 
 go, to travel, to journey ; I), rris, a journey, or 
 voyage. In Sw. and IJan.the verbs signifV not only 
 lo travel, but to raise. Whether the latter word, 
 raise, is of the same family, may be doubtful ; hut 
 the others appear to belong to one radix, coinciding 
 
 with the Syr. jn railah, to go, to walk; Ch. mi, to 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, VPHAT 
 
 MftTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, HIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
GRA 
 
 open, expunil, How, iiistriicl ; lli'li. to dcscund. A 
 «(<•;(, llieii, is a strutcli, a reacli of tlie foot. Class Kd, 
 No. !,'->, -JO.] 
 
 ). A degree or rank in order or dignity, civil, niili- 
 lary, or ecclesiastical. 
 
 Sir fV. Scott J. M. Mason. Walsh. 
 Wliile quntioni, pcriixU, and fraddt, and privilcffi are neter 
 once lotinally ducuucj. S. MiUer. 
 
 2. A step or degree in any ascending series ; aa, 
 crimes of every grade. 
 
 When we come lo examine the liilfrmcdialo gradet. 
 
 S. S. Smith. 
 
 3. A degree of ascent or descent in a road. 
 
 U. Slates. 
 
 GRADE, r. t. To reduce Uic line of a canal or road 
 to siicli levels, or degrees of inclination, as prep.are 
 it for being usi rl. U. Slates. 
 
 GUaD'KD, wp. Uediiced to a proper degree of ascent. 
 (;|{ AI>|; LY, 0. Decent ; orderly. [Local.] 
 CKADK'I.Y, u</i'. Decently ; orderly. [Local.] 
 (JKA'Dl-ENT, o. [L. grailiens, gradior.] 
 
 1. iMoviiig by steps ; walking ; sis, grailiciit au- 
 tomata. IVilhins. 
 
 2. Rising or descending by regular degrees of in- 
 clination ; as, tlte !rradicnt line of a railroad. 
 
 GR.^'DI-li.NT, n. The degree of ascent or descent in 
 a railroad. En/tland. 
 
 GRAD'ING, ppr. Reducing to a proper degree of 
 ascent. 
 
 GR.\1)'1.\G, «. The act of reducing the line of a 
 canal or road to such levels or degrees of inclination, 
 as prepare it for being used. f. Stairs. 
 
 GR.M)'IJ-.AL, (grad'yu-al,) a. [Fr. graduel, from 
 gratU.] 
 
 1. I'rocceding by steps or degrees ; advancing step 
 by step ; jiassing iVoin one step to another ; regular 
 and slow ; as, a gradual increase of knowledge ; a 
 gradual increase of light in the morning is favorable 
 to the eyes. 
 
 2. Proceeding by degrees in a descending line or 
 pri>gress ; as, a <rradunl decline. 
 
 GRAU'IJ-.\L, n. An order of steps. Dnjdcn. 
 2. A grail ; an ancient book of hymns and prayers, 
 80 called because some of the anthems were chant- 
 ed on the steps (p-adas) of the pulpiL Hook. 
 GRAD-y-AL'I-TY, n. Regular progression. [JVoL 
 
 used.] Broicn. 
 GRAD'U-AL-LY, adv. By degrees ; step by step ; reg- 
 ularly ; slowly. At evening, the light vanishes irrad- 
 2. In degree. [jVot used.] [ually. 
 
 Human tr.ison (lolh not only grwlually, but •pecificallj ilillcr 
 from Uie t^iiLuttic n*(\aoii ot brulos. Oreui. 
 
 GRAD'lI-ATE, (grad'yu-atc,) v. t. [It. graduarc ; Sp. 
 graduar ; Fr. graduer ; from L. graduSy a degree.] 
 
 1. To honor with a degree or diploma, in a college 
 or university ; to confer a degree on ; as, to graduate 
 a master of arts. Careio. IVotton. 
 
 2. To divide any space into small, regular inter- 
 vals. Thus the limb of a circular instrument is grad- 
 uated into degrees and niinuti's ; a barometer is grad- 
 uated into inches and parts of an inch. Olmsted. 
 
 a. To form shades or nice ditfcrences. 
 
 4. To raise to a higher place in the scale of met- 
 als. Boyle. 
 
 5. To advance by degrees ; to improve. 
 
 D/rn adv.incc and graduate their colon with Ktlta. Brown. 
 
 6. To temper ; to prepare. 
 
 Diaciucs onjjinatiny In the atinoiphere act i 
 graduated to receive tlK'ir iiiipreuiuni. 
 
 Kclukirrlr on bodie 
 iV/efi. Hejwt. 
 
 7. To mark degrees or dilfercnces of any kind ; as, 
 to graduate ptinishment. Duponceau. 
 
 8. In ehemiitry, to bring fluids to a certain degree 
 of consistency. 
 
 GRAD'lJ-ATE, v. i. To receive a degree from a col- 
 lege or university. 
 
 2. To pass by degrees ; to change gradually. Sand- 
 atone which gradunlrs into gneiss. Carnelian some- 
 times graduates into tpiartz. Kirtoan. 
 
 GR.\D'U-ATE, n. One who has received a degree in 
 a college or tiniversity, or from some professional in- 
 corp*»raled sticiety. 
 
 GRAl)'l!-A-TED, pp. or a. Honored with a degree or 
 diploma from some h arned society or college. 
 
 2. Marked with degrees or regular intervals ; tem- 
 pered. 
 
 GRAD'U-ATE-SIUP, it The stale of a graduate. 
 
 .Millon. 
 
 GRAD'tJ-X-TING, ppr. Honoring with a degree; 
 
 marking with degrees. 
 GR AU II-A'TIO.N, n. Regular progression by succes- 
 
 aion of degrees. 
 
 2. improvement; cialtation of qualities. Brown. 
 
 3. The act of conferring or receiving acatleinical 
 degrees. Charter of Dartmouth College. 
 
 4. .\ riivi.Mon of any space into small regular inter- 
 vals ; as, the gradualton of a barometer or thermom- 
 eter. 
 
 5. The process of bringing a liquid to a certain con- 
 sistence by evaporation. Parke. 
 
 GRAD'l{-A-TOR, «. An inslniment for dividing any 
 line, right or curve, into siuull, regular intervals. 
 
 Jourri. of Science. 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRA'DUS, n. [U.] A dictionary of prosody. 
 
 GRAFK, II. [.See (iRAVE.] A ditch or at. 
 
 GKaFF, for GiiAKT. [Ul)s.] [Clarendon. 
 GRAK'FEK, u. In law, a notary or scriveuur. Bounirr. 
 GRAFT, n. [Fr. grrjc; Arm. id.; Ir. grafchur ; I). 
 
 Crijfel; from the root of grarc, engrave, Gr. )ita>l}t.t, 
 . scribo, the sense of which is to scrape or to dig. 
 In Scot, graif signifies to bury, to inter. The sense 
 of graft IS that which is inserted. See Grave.] 
 
 A small shoot or cion of a tree inserted in another 
 tree, as the stock whicli is to support and nourish it. 
 These unite and become one tree, but the graft de- 
 termines the kind of fruit. 
 GRAFT, ».r. [Vr. greffer.] 
 
 1. To insert a cioii or shoot, or a small cutting of 
 it, into another tree. Dnjdeu. 
 
 2. To propagate by insertion or inoculation. Dryelcn. 
 
 3. To insert in a body lo which it did not originally 
 belong. Rom. xi. 17. 
 
 4. To impregnate with a foreign branch. S/ia/i. 
 
 5. To join one thing lo another so as to receive 
 support from it. 
 
 And graft my love immort.'il on thy f;tmc. Pope. 
 GRAFT,!), i. To practice the insertion of foreign cions 
 on a stock. 
 
 GRA FT' El), pp. or a. Inserted on a foreign stock. 
 GR.\FT'ER, n. One who inserts cions on foreign 
 
 stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting. 
 GRAFT'ING, ppr. Inserting cions on dilFeront stocks. 
 JVo(«. — The true original orthography of this word 
 
 is Ghakk ; but GiiAKT has superseded the original 
 
 word, as it has in the compountl 1n(;raft. 
 GU.XFT'ING, ;i. Ttie act of inserting grafts or cions. 
 GKAIIi, H. [h. gradualc] 
 
 .\ book ol ofticcs in the Roman Catholic church ; a 
 
 gratliial. IVarlon. 
 GRAIL, n. [Fr grile, hail.] 
 
 Small parlicl'.'S of any kind. Spcn.'ier. 
 GR.Al.V, «. [Fr. grain; h. granum ; Sp. and It. ^^ra- 
 
 no ; G. gran ; D. graan ; Ir. gran, corn ; W. grauu, 
 
 gracn, gronyn, a little pebble or gravel-stone, Ir. 
 
 grean, Arm. gruan, which seems tt> be the Eng. 
 
 f round ; Russ. gran, grain, and a corner, a boundary. 
 11 Scot, grain is the bnnch of a tree, the stem or 
 stalk of a plant, the branch of a river, the prong of a 
 fork. In Sw. gryn is grain ; grann, hue ; gren, a 
 brancli ; and grdns, boundary. Daii. gran, a grain, 
 a pine-tree ; grand, a grain, an atom ; green, a branch, 
 a sprig ; gri£ndse, a bouuilary ; G. gran, D. graan, 
 grain ; G. granze, D. grens, a border.] 
 
 1. Any small, hard mass ; as, a grain of sand or 
 gravel. Hence, 
 
 2. A single seed or hard seed of a plant, particu- 
 larly of those kiiiils whose seeds are used for food of 
 man or beasU This is usually inclosed in a proper 
 shell, or covered with a husk, and contains the em- 
 bryo of a new plant. Hence, 
 
 3. Grain, without a definitive, signifies corn in 
 general, or the fruit of certain plants wliich consti- 
 tutes the chief food of man and beast, as wheat, rye, 
 barley, oats, and iiiai/.e. 
 
 4. A minute particle. 
 
 5. A small weight, or the smallest weight ordina- 
 rily used, being the twentieth part of a scruple, in 
 a|H)thec.aries' weight, and the twenty-fourth of a pen- 
 nyweight troy. 
 
 6. A com;K)nent part of stones and metnls. 
 
 7. The veins or libers of wood, or other fibrous 
 substance ; the direction of the fibers ; whence, cross- 
 grained, and against the grain, iisetl figiinilively to 
 denote, against the n.aluml temper or feelings. [See 
 .No. 13.) 
 
 8. The body or substance of wood as modified by 
 the fibers. 
 
 Hard box, and linden of a loder gmin. Dryden. 
 
 9. A rough or fibrous texture on the outside of the 
 skin of animals^ 
 
 10. The boi!y or substance of a thing, considt^red 
 with respect to the size, form, or direction, of the 
 constituent particles ; its, stones of a fine grain. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 The tooth of a Ma-hone conb\ins a cimlletl froin. Brown. 
 
 11. Any thing proverbially small ; a very small 
 particle or portion ; as, a grain of wit or of common 
 sen.se. 
 
 Ncdlecl not to m.tJ(e uic of any grain of grace. Hammonil. 
 
 12. Dye or tincture. 
 
 Alt in a robe of darltest grain. Milton. 
 
 13. The heart or temper; as, brothers not united 
 in grain. Hatjward. 
 
 14. The form of Ihe surface of any thing, with re- 
 spect to sinotdhiiess or roughness ; state of the grit 
 of any body composed of grains ; as, sandstone of a 
 fine grain. 
 
 15. A line, prong, or spike. Ray. 
 
 A gram of atlateance ; a small allowance or indul- 
 gence ; a small (Kirtion to be reinitled ; something 
 above or below just weighL H alts. 
 
 To dye in gram, is lo dye in the raw material, as 
 wool or silk bi fiire it is manufactured. 
 GItAI.N, r. I. To yiehl fruit. [Obs.] Ooteer. 
 (;Ka1.\ or GRa.N'E, for Gkoas. [A"u( in use.] 
 
 GRA 
 
 GR.Al.N', i;. (. To paint in imitation of the grain of 
 \vt»od. 
 
 2. Tti form into grains, as powder. 
 GRAIN'/'.'I), d. Rough i iiiaile less smooth. Sliak. 
 
 2. Dyed in gniiii ; ingrained. Brown, 
 GRa1.\'/.'D, (gr^nd,) pp. or a. rainled in imitation of 
 the gr.iin or fibers of wood ; formed into giaiiis ; 
 roiighenetl. 
 
 GRAIN'ER, «. A lixivium obtained by infusing pigeon's 
 dung ill water, used by tanners lo give llexibilily to 
 skins. Ure. 
 
 2. One who paints in imitation of the grain of 
 wood. 
 
 GRAL\'I\G, n. Indentation. Leake. 
 
 2. A fish of the dare kinil. Diet. Ji'al. Hut. 
 
 GRAIN'I.NG, ppr. Painting in imitation of the grain 
 
 of wooti ; foriuiiig into grains. 
 GR.AIN'I.NG, H. A kind of painting in iiniLation of 
 
 the grain or fibers of wood. 
 GRAIiN'-iMOTlI, n. An insect whose larvcs, or grubs, 
 
 devoiii grain in the storehouse. 
 GRAINS, «. pi. The husks tir remains of malt after 
 
 brewing, or of any grain after distillation. 
 
 Grains of paradi.^c ; a very pungent Indian spice, 
 
 the seeds of a species of Amomiiiii. 
 GRAIN'-STAFF, n. A iiuarter-stair. 
 GRAIN'Y, a. Full of grains or corn ; full of kernels. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 GRAITH, V. t. To prepare. [See Gheith and Kkadv.] 
 GRAL'L^E, n. pi. [L.] Wading birds. [See Gral- 
 
 GRAL'I,A-TO-RY, I „ , ■, 
 
 GRAL-LA-TO'HI-AL, j C^" fi^o''"'"'-""-] 
 
 A term deimliiig birds which are waders, having 
 long, naked legs. 
 GRAL'LIC, a. [I,. gralU, stilts, crutches.] 
 
 suited ; an ejiilhet given to ail ordt.'r of birds hav- 
 ing long legs, naked above tlie knees, which lit them 
 for wading in water. 
 GR.V.M, a. [Sax. 4'ram ; Sw. ^ram angry ; Dan. ^ram, 
 envious, grudging.] 
 Angry. [04.*.1 
 GR<\.M, \n, [I* r. ^ammc, from Gr. ) od^i/j'i, whence 
 ORJl.MMF.,^ ypappupiof the twenty-fourtli part of 
 an ounce.] 
 
 In the new system of Frimch weightji, tin- unity of 
 weights. It is the weight of a quaiitily of distilled 
 water equal lo a cubic centimetre, or 16 grains 
 TO rfiff French, or du poids dc marc, ecpial to 15.434 
 grains troy, or -j-^J^^j^j dram avoirdupois. Lnnier. 
 
 [It would be desirable to liave Uiis word Gra.m angli- 
 ciied.] 
 
 GRA.M'A-RYE, n. The art of necromancy. 
 
 Wollrr Scott. 
 
 GRA-MER'CY, [for Fr. grand-mcrci, great thanks.] 
 An interjection formerly used to express thankful- 
 ness, witli surprise. Sprn.<cr. 
 
 GRA-.MIN'lC-AIj, I a. [L. gramineus, from gramen, 
 
 GRA-.MIN'E-OL'S, j grass.] 
 
 Grassy ; like or pertaining to grass. Grnmineotui 
 plants are those which have simple leaves, a Jointed 
 stem, a husky calyx, termed /.'(iirai-, and a single seed. 
 This descri|>tion, however, includes several sorts of 
 corn, as Well as grass. .\Ulne. 
 
 GRAM-IN-I-Fu'LI-OUS, a. Bearing leaves like grass. 
 
 GKA.M-IN-IV'O-ROCS, a. [L. gramen, grass, and 
 voro, to eat.] 
 
 Feeding or subsisting on grass. The ox and all 
 the bovine genus of quadrupeds are graminivorous 
 animals ; so also the horse or equine genus. 
 GRA.M'.M.AR, 71. [ Fr. ^rammaire ; h. grammatica ; Gr. 
 yi/a^iiiariKq, {com y oap/ia, a letter, from joa'pto, to 
 write. See Grave.] 
 
 1. In practice, the art of speaking or writing a lan- 
 guage with projiriety or correctness, .according lo es- 
 tablished usage. 
 
 As a scieneCj grammar trt^ats of the natural connec- 
 tion between ideas and words, and develo|>s the prin- 
 ciples which are common lo all languages. 
 
 2. A system of general principles ami of particular 
 rules for speaking or writing a language; or a iligest- 
 cd compilation of custtimar)' forms of speech in a 
 nation ; also, a book ctmtaining such principles and 
 rules. 
 
 3. Propriety of speech. To write grammar, we 
 must write according to the practice of good writers 
 and speakers. 
 
 [" Grammar is a term borrowed from the Greek, 
 anil used with little variation by the Latins, French, 
 English, &c. ; but the Welsh are under no nece-ssity 
 of borrowing from others, while they have so signifl- 
 canl a term of their own as llythyrrg." 
 
 The Red. John Waltcrs's Diss, on the Welsh Imh- 
 guage. Cowbridgp, 1771, 8vo. p. 32. — E. II. H.] 
 
 GR.AM'.MAR, ». i. To discourse according lo the rules 
 of grammar. [ Obs.] 
 
 GR.V.M'.MAR, a. Delonging to or contained in gram- 
 mar ; as, a grammar rule. 
 
 GRA.M'.M.VR-LESS, a. Destitute of grammar. 
 
 GRAM'.MAR-SCIIOOL, n. A school in which the 
 learned languages are tauglll. By learned languages 
 we usually mean the I,atln and Greek ; but others 
 may be included. 
 
 TONE, BgLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VC'CIOUS. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH aa SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 515 
 
GRA 
 
 GllA 
 
 OKA 
 
 GRA.M-MA'RI-AN, n. One versud in grammur, or the 
 cunstruclion of languages ; a pliilulogist. 
 2. One who teaches grammar. 
 GRA.M-MAT'ie, (a. [Fr.] Belonging to gram- 
 GRA.M-MAT'ie-AL, ( mar ; as, a irrammatical rule. 
 2. .'Vccording to the rules of grammar. We say, a 
 sentence is not grammatical ! the construction is not 
 frrammaticaU 
 
 GR.VM-.MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to the prin- 
 ciples and rules of grammar ; as, to write or speak 
 ff-rammaticaUij, 
 
 GRA-M-MAT'ie-AL-NESS, n. auality of being gram- 
 matical, or according to tlie rules of grammar. 
 
 GRA.M-MAT'ie-AS-TER, n. [L.] A low gramma- 
 rian ; a pretender to a knowledge of grammar j a 
 pedant. Petty. 
 
 GR.4.\1-MAT'I-CIZE, v. t. To render grammatical. 
 » Jalmsan. 
 
 GRAM-.MAT'I-CIZ-£D, pp. Rendered grammatical. 
 
 GRAM'.MA-TIST, n. A pretender to a knowledge of 
 grammar. H. Tuoke. 
 
 GKA.M'.MA-TITE. See Tbemolite. 
 
 ORAMME. See Gram. 
 
 GllA.M'PLE, n. A crab-fish. 
 
 GRAM'PUS, n. [Fr. grampoisc; grandpoisson, con- 
 tracted. Si>elman.'\ 
 
 A fish of the cetaceous order, and genus Delpliinus. 
 This fish grows to the length of twenty-five feet, and 
 is remarkably tlwck in proportion to its length. The 
 nose is flat, and turns up at the end. It has thirty 
 teeth in each jaw. The spout-hole is on tlie top of 
 the neck. The color of the back is black ; the belly 
 is of a snowy wliiteness ; and on each shoulder is a 
 large white spot. This fish is remarkably vora- 
 cious. 
 
 GRA-N-^DE', GR.\-Na'DO. See Grenade. 
 
 GRA.\-A-D1L'LA, n. [Sp.] A plant ; the fruit of the 
 Pagsifiura quadranirularis^ which is sometitnes as large 
 as a child's head, and is much esteemed in tropical 
 countries as a pleasant dessert fruit. P. Cijc. 
 
 GRAN'A-RY, 71. [L. granariam^ from granum, grain ; 
 Fr. greniei',] 
 
 A storehouse or repository of grain after it is 
 thrashed ; a corn-ho>ise. 
 
 GR.'VN'ATE, II. Usually written Garnet, which see. 
 
 GliAN'A-TITE. See Grenatite. 
 
 GR.WD, a. [Fr. grand ; Sp. and ft. grande: L. gran- 
 dit: Norm, grant. If /t is casual, this word coincides 
 W'th great. But most probably it belongs to the class 
 Rn. 'I'he sense is, to extend, to advance ; hence it 
 signifies, old, advanced in age, as well as great.] 
 
 1. Great ; but mo^tltj in a figurative sense ; illustri- 
 ous ; high in power or dignity ; as, a grand lord. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 2. Great ; splendid ; magnificent ; as, a grand de- 
 sign ; a grand parade ; a grand view or prospect. 
 
 3. Great; principal; chief; as, " Satan, our grand 
 foe." Milton. 
 
 4. Noble; sublime; lofty; conceived or e.xpressed 
 with great dignity ; as, a grand conception. 
 
 In general, we apply the epitlwt grand to that 
 which is great and elevated, or which elevates and 
 expands our idea.s. The ocean, the sky, a lofty tow- 
 er, are grand objects. But to constitute a thing grand, 
 it seems necessary that it should be distingiiislied by 
 some degree of beauty. Elcm. of Critichm. 
 
 5. Old ; more advanced ; as in grandfather, grand- 
 moUicr, that is, old-father ; and to correspond with 
 this relation we use grand.ion, granddaughter, grand- 
 child. 
 
 GRAN'DASI, 71. {grand and dame.'] Grandmother. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 9. An old woman. Dnjden. 
 
 GR.A.NIJ'CHILD, li. A son's or daughter's child ; a 
 child in the second degree of descent. 
 
 GRANO'DAUGIt-TER, (-daw-ter,) n. Tlie daughter 
 of a son or daughter. 
 
 GRAN-DEE', n. [S|i. gramle.] 
 
 A nobleman ; a man of elevated rank or station. 
 In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who has the 
 king's leave to be covered in his presence. Kncijc. 
 
 GRA.\.I)EE't5IIIl', n. The rank or estate of a gran- 
 dee. Sminburnc. 
 
 GRAND'EHT, a. Most grand. 
 
 GRA.N'D'EI^R, (grand'yur,) n. [Fr., from grand.] 
 
 1. In a general seiue, greatiies.s ; that quality, or 
 combination of qualities, in an object, which elevates 
 or expands the mind, and excites pleastirnble emo- 
 tioin in him who views or contemplates it. 'J'hus 
 the^ e,\Icnt and unilormity of surface in the oci'an 
 constitute grandeur; as do the extent, tin; elevation, 
 and the concave appearance or vault of the sky. Ho 
 wo Hpeak of the grandeur of a large and well-propor- 
 tioned edifice, of an extensive range of U>fly moun- 
 tains, of a large cataract, of a pyramid, &.C. 
 
 2. Splendor of appearance ; state ; magnificence ; 
 08, the grandeur of a court, of a procession, &c. 
 
 n. Elevation of thought, sciitiinent, or expression. 
 We fipeak of the grandeur of conceptions, and of 
 ■tylc, or diction. 
 4. Elevation of mien, or air and deportment. 
 ORAN-t)EV'l-TY, n. f.'reat age. [jYut H.icd.] 
 GKA,V-I>P.'VOI;h, a. Of great ag)!.' [JVot uj,rd.} 
 UKANU'KA-'f HER, n. A falher'M or iiiother'a father ; 
 
 the next degree above the father or mother in lineal 
 ascent. 
 
 GRAN-DIF'ie, a. Making great. 
 GRAN-DIL'O-aUENCE, n. Lofty speaking ; lofty 
 
 expressions. More. 
 GRAN-DlL'O-atJENT, a. [h. grandiloquens.] 
 
 Pompous; bombastic. 
 GRAN-DIL'O-aUOUS, a. [L. grandiloquus ; grandis 
 
 and loquor, to speak.] 
 Speaking in a lofty style. 
 GRAN'DI-NOUS, a. [l,'. grando.] 
 
 Consisting of hail. Diet. 
 GRAND'I-TY, 71. Greatness ; magnificence. [JVci 
 
 li.-icd.] _ Camden, 
 GR.\ND-Ju'ROR, 71. One of a grand jury. In Con- 
 
 necticut, an informing officer. 
 GRAND-JU'RV, «. [grand mid jurii.] A jury whose 
 
 duty is to examine into the grounds of accusation 
 
 against offenders, and, if they see just cause, then to 
 
 find bills of indictment against them, to be presented 
 
 to the court. 
 
 GRANU'LY, adv. ki a lofty manner; splendidly; 
 sublimelv. 
 
 GRAMJ'AiOTH-ER, (-muth-er,) 7t. The mother of 
 
 one's father or mother. 
 GRAND-NEPH'EW, 7t. The grandson of a brother or 
 
 sister. 
 
 GRAND'NESS, 7!. Grandeur; greatness with beauty ; 
 magnificence. IVollastnn. 
 
 GRAND'NIECE, (-nees,) 71. The granddaughter of a 
 brother or sister. 
 
 GRA.'>JD-SKlGN'IOR, (-seen'yur,) n. The sovereign 
 or sultan of Turkey. 
 
 GRAND'SIRE, 71. A grandfather. 
 
 2. In poetry and rhetoric, any ancestor. 
 
 Dnjden. Pope. 
 
 GRAND'SON, (-sun,) 71. The son of a son or daugh- 
 ter. 
 
 GRAND-VIZ'IER, (-vizh'yer,) 71. The chief minister 
 of the Turkish empire ; the same ;i3 Vizier. 
 
 GRANGE, (granje,) 71. [Fr. grange, a barn ; grangier, 
 a farmer ; Sp. grangear, to cultivate ; grangero, a 
 farmer; Ir. grainseach, a grange; Scot. ^rfiH^-fl, the 
 buildings belonging to a corn-farm, originally a place 
 where the rents and tithes, paid in grain to religious 
 houses, were deposited ; from granum, grain.] 
 A farm, with the buildings, stables, Ulc. 
 
 Milton. Shak. 
 
 GRA-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. granum, grain, and /c7-o, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Bearing seeds like grains. Humble. 
 GRAN'I-FORM, a. Formed like grains of corn. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 GRAN'I-LITE, 71. [See Granite.] Indeterminate 
 granite ; granite that contains more than three con- 
 stituent parts. [ Obs.] Kirwun. 
 
 GRAN'ITE, (gran'it,) 71. [Fr. granit ; It. granito, 
 grained.] 
 
 In geology, an aggregate rock, composed of the 
 minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica, or at least of two 
 of these minerals, confusedly crystallized together. 
 The texture is more or less finely granular. The 
 grains vary in size from that of a pin's head to a 
 mass of two or three feet; but usually the largest 
 size is that of a nut. The color of granite is greatly 
 diversified by the different colors and proportions of 
 the component parts, and in general these stones are 
 very hard. The most common colors are gray, gray- 
 ish-white, and Hesh-red. Did. JVat. Hist. Kirwan. 
 
 GRAN'I-TEL, 71. [dim. of granite.] A binary aggre- 
 gate of minerals ; a granitic compound containing 
 two constituent parts, as quartz and feldspar, or 
 quartz and shorl or hornblend. [Obs.] Kirwan. 
 
 Italian workmen give this name to a variety of gray 
 granite consisting of small grains. Diet. JVat. Hist. 
 
 GKA-NIT'ie, a. Pertaining to granite ; like granite ; 
 having the nature of granite ; as, granitic texture. 
 
 2. Consisting of granite ; as, granitic mountains. 
 GR.\-NlT-I-FI-eA'T10N, 7t. The art or process of be- 
 ing formed into granite. Humble. 
 
 GRA-NIT'J-FOR.M, a. Resembling granite in struct- 
 ure or shape. Humble. 
 
 GRAN'I-TIN, It. An aggregate of three species of 
 minerals, some of which dill'er from the species 
 which compose granite, as quartz, feldspar, and 
 jade or sliorl. [04.<.] Kirwan. 
 
 (;RAN'I-T0ID, a. Resembling granite. 
 
 GR.\-.\I V'O-ROUS, a. [L. ^raiiuni, grain, and roro, 
 to eat.] 
 
 Eating grain ; feeding or subsisting on seeds ; as, 
 graniroroHs birds. Brown. 
 GRAN'N.V.M, j 71. [For Grandam.] A grandmother. 
 GRAN'NV, i [yulgar.] B. Junson. 
 
 GRANT, V. t. [Norm, granlcr, to grant, to promise, or 
 agr(^e. 1 have not found this word in any other lan- 
 guage. I'l rhaps K is not radical, for in some ancient 
 charters it is written grat. " Oratamu.t ct concedi- 
 mus." Sprlman.] 
 
 1. To !idiiiit as true what is not proved ; to allow ; 
 to yield ; to concede. We take that for granted which 
 Is Bupjiosed to be true. 
 
 OranI Ihiil Die futci huvo ftnncd by thrir liocn-c. Dryrlen. 
 
 3. To give ; to bcHtow or confer on without com- 
 
 pensation, particularly in answer to prayer or re- 
 quest. 
 
 Thou Iiast granted me life .ind favor. — Job x. 
 
 GoJ granted him Uiut which he requested. — 1 Chron. iv. 
 
 3. To transfer the title of a thing to another, for a 
 good or valuable consideration ; to convey by deed 
 or writing. The legislature have granted all the new 
 land. 
 
 Grar^ me the place of this threshing-floor. — 1 Chron. xxi. 
 
 GRANT, 71. The act of granting ; a bestowing or con- 
 ferring. 
 
 2. The thing gr.anted or bestowed ; a gift ; a boon. 
 
 3. In taw, a conveyance, in writing, of such things 
 as can not pass or be transferred by word only, as 
 land, rents, reversions, tithes, &.c. 
 
 A grant is an exeeuteil contract, Z. Siri/t. 
 
 4. Concession; admission of something as true. 
 
 Drtjden 
 
 5. The thing conveyed by deed or patent. 
 GRANT'A-BLE, a. That may be granted or con- 
 veyed 
 
 GRANT'ED, pp. Admitted as true ; conceded ; yield- 
 ed : bestowed ; conveyed. 
 
 GRANT-EE', 7t. The person to whom a conveyance 
 is made. 
 
 GR.ANT'ER, 71. In a general sense, one who grants. 
 GRWT'ING, ppr. or «. Admitting; conceding; be- 
 
 F:,o.vmg; conveying. 
 GRANT'OR, 71. Ill /am, the person who grants ; one 
 
 who conveys land, rents, &c. 
 
 GRAN'U-LA-*IIY, i C'"™'" ^''""™' 
 
 1. Consisting of grains ; as, a granular substance. 
 
 2. Resembling grains ; as, a stone of granular ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 GRAN'U-LAR-LY, adv. In a granular form. 
 GRAN'li-LATE, v. U [Fr. granular, from L. gra- 
 num.] 
 
 1. Vo form into grains or small masses ; as, to gran- 
 ulate powder or sugar. 
 
 2. "I'o raise in small asperities ; to make rough on 
 the surface. Ban. 
 
 GRAN'U-LATE, t). i. To collect or be formed into 
 grains ; as, cane-juice granulates into sugar ; melted 
 metals granulate when poured into water. 
 GRAN'II-L.-VTE, a. Having numerous small eleva- 
 tions, like shagreen. Brandc. 
 2. Consisting of or resembling grains. 
 GRAN'I^-LA-TED, pp. Formed into grains. 
 
 2. a. Consisting of grains ; having the form of 
 grains. 
 
 GRA!V'IJ-La-TING, ppr. Forming into grains. 
 
 GRAN-T|-LA'TI0N, 71. The act of forming into grains ; 
 as, the granulation of powder and sugar. The gran- 
 ulation of metallic substances is performed by pour- 
 ing the melted substances slowly into water, usually 
 through a colander perforated with holes. lire. 
 
 2. In physiology, granulations are small, grain-like 
 protuberances, which form on the surface of ulcers 
 and in suppurating sores, and which serve to fill up 
 the cavity and unite the sides. The process of doing 
 this is called granulation. Tally. 
 
 GRAN'ULE, n. [Sp. grauillo, from L. granum.] 
 A little grain ; a small particle. 
 
 GRAN'U-LOUS, a. Full of grains; abounding with 
 granular substances. 
 
 GRAPE, 71. [This word is from the root of grab, gripe, 
 and signifies primarily a cluster or bunch ; Fr. grappc 
 de raisin, a bunch of grapes ; W. grab, a cluster, a 
 grape; grahin, a clasping; It. grappa, a grappling; 
 grappo, a cluster, a bunch of grapes.] 
 
 1. Properly, a cluster of the fruit of the vine ; but 
 with us, a single berry of the vine ; the fruit from 
 which wine is made by expression and fermentation. 
 
 2. In the manege, grapes signifies mangy tumors on 
 the legs of a horse. 
 
 GRAPE'-H?'A-CINTH, 71. A plant or flower, a spe- 
 cies of llyacintlius or Muscari. 
 
 GRAPE'LESS, a. Wanting the strength and flavor of 
 the grape. ./enyns. 
 
 GRAP'ER-Y, 71. A building or inclosurc used for the 
 rearing of grapes. 
 
 GRAPE'-SIIOT, n. A cluster of small shot, confined 
 in a canvas hag, forming a kind of cylinder, whose 
 diameter is etpial to that of the ball adapted to the 
 cannon. Brande. 
 
 GRAPE'-SToNE, 71. The .stone or seed of the grape. 
 
 GRAPE'-VI.NE, 71. The vine which yields the grape. 
 
 GR.XPII'ie, la. [\^- graphicus; Gx. )iitt'l>iKOi,(rotn 
 
 GRAPH'IC-AI., i J (Jiijiw, to write.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the art of writing or delineating. 
 
 2. Widl delineated. Bacon. 
 
 3. Describing with accuracy. 
 
 Oraphic granite ; a Viirii ty of granite, composed of 
 feldspar and quartz so arrangt^d as to bear a remote 
 resemblance to orienttil characters. Dana. 
 GRAPII'ie-AE-LV, ii<;r. With good delineation ; in 
 
 a picturesque manner. Brown. j 
 
 GRAPiriTi;, n. [Cr. ) ,i(i0f.i, to write.] j 
 ("arliiiri't of iron, a substance used for pencils, 
 coiitiiioiily called Black-lead, or Pli;mraoo. 
 
 Clcaveland. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FfiLl,, WH/iT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRAPirO-LlTE, n. [Supra.] A species of sinte, 
 priipcr for writinR on. 
 
 GKAril-O.M'E-TEIl, n. [Gr. >pa0cj, to describe, and 
 licTp'iv, mcasiire.l 
 
 A mallicinutical instrument, called also a srmicircle, 
 whose use is to observe any angle whose vertex is at 
 the center of the instrument in any plane, and to find 
 how many degrees it contains. Encijc. 
 
 GRAI'H O-'MUT'Rie-AL, o. Pertaining to or ascer- 
 tained by a graphunieter. 
 
 GUAP-filNE, i [fr.frappm. See Grappi-i:.] 
 
 A small anchor, fitted with four or five flnkes or 
 claws, used to hold bo-its or small vessels. Tultcn. 
 
 GUAP'IM.K, (cnip'pl,) v.t. [Golh. jrreipttii, lo gripe ! 
 G. greij'fn ; U. gnjpcn ; Dan. gribcr ; Sw. grahba, 
 grifa; It. ffrappare; VV. crapeaio. See Grape and 
 Gripi:.] 
 
 1. To seize ; to lay fast hold on, either with the 
 hands or with hooks. We say, a man grapples his 
 anta^'onist, or a ship grapplrs another ship. 
 
 2. To fasten ; to fix, as the mind or lieart. [JVut 
 ill ii.ie.] Slink. 
 
 GK.\P'PL.E, r. t. To seize ; to contend in close fight, 
 as wrestlers. Milton. Addison. 
 
 'I'o grapple with ; to contend with j to struggle 
 nptinst with boldness. S/iut. 
 
 GRAP'PLE, M. A seizing; close Img in contest ; the 
 wrestler's hold. Mdton. 
 
 2. Close fight. Shak. 
 
 3. A hook or iron instrument by which one ship 
 fastens on nnothcr. Dryden. 
 
 GRAP'Pl.KI), pp. Seized ; laid fast hold on. 
 GRAP'PLE-.MK.NT, n. A grappling; close fight or 
 embrace. 
 
 GRAP'PLING, ppr. L.iying fast hold on. ' 
 GKAl"PLIiVG-t'ROXS, n. pi. Irons used as instru- 
 lui'iits of grappling and holding fast a vessel or 
 some othi-r object. 
 GRAP'TO-LITK, n. [Gr. ) <iarrrof and Xi9of.] 
 
 .\ fossil zoiipliyte, Having the appearance of writ- 
 ing or sculpture, found in the Silurian shales. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 GR.^P'Y, a. Like grapes ; full of clusters of grapes. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 2. Made of grapes. Oaij. 
 GRASP, V. t. [It. graspare.] 
 
 1. To seize and hold by cl.isping or embracing with 
 the fingers or arms. We say, to grasp with tlie hand, 
 or with the arms. 
 
 2. To catch ; to seize ; to lay hold of ; to take pos- 
 session of. Kings often grasp more than they can 
 hold. 
 
 GRASP, r. t. To catch or seize ; to gripe. Dryden. 
 
 2. To stniggle ; to strive. [JVo£ in use.] 
 
 3. To encroach. Dryden. 
 To grasp at ; to catch at ; to try to seize. Alexan- 
 der grasped at universal empire. 
 
 GRASP, n. The gripe or seizure of the hand. This 
 seems to be its proper sense ; but it denotes also a 
 seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. 
 2. Possession ; hold. 
 
 ;>. Reach of Die arms ; and figuralivrhj, the power 
 of seizing. Bonaparte seemed to think he had the 
 Russian empire within his grasp. 
 
 GRASP'A-llLE, o. That can be grasped. 
 
 GRASP'i'D, (grispt,) pp. Seized with the hands or 
 arms ; embraced ; held ; possessed. 
 
 GRXSP'ER, n. One who gnisps or seizes; one who 
 Ciiti-iies at ; one who holds. 
 
 •JRASP'IN'G, ppr. or a. Seizing; embracing; catch- 
 ing ; holding. 
 
 GR.VSP'ING-LY, adr. In an eager, grasping manner. 
 GRASS, n. [Sax. gras, gttrs^ or gr<ed ; Goth, gnu ; G. 
 
 and I), gras ; Sw. grds ; Dan. grirs. In G. ra^en is 
 
 turf, sod, and rcrriwm, to overgrow with grass ; 
 
 hence, g may be a prefix. Oniss may be allied to 
 
 Gr. aj (xjffTij, Kotiart^y j natrrii.] 
 
 1. in cvmmon usage, herbage ; the plants which 
 constitute the food of cattle and other be.asts. 
 
 2. In Aofuni/, a plant having simple leaves, a stem 
 generally jointed and tubul.ir, a husky calyx, called 
 glume, and the seed single. I'his definition includes 
 wheat, rye, oats, barley, &.C., and excludes clover 
 and some other plants which .are commonly called 
 by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous 
 family of plants. Kncyc. 
 
 Ora.is of Parnassus ; a plant growing in wet ground, 
 of the genus Parnassia. 
 GRASS, V. L To cover with grass or with turf. 
 GRASS, r. i. To breed grass ; to be covered with 
 
 grass. Tusser. 
 GRAS-SA'TION, n. fU grassatio.] 
 
 A wandering abodf. [Utile used.] 
 GRASS'-BLADR, n. A blade of grass. 
 GRASS'-GREE.V, a. Green with grass. Shenstone. 
 
 2. Dark-green, like the color of gras.s. 
 GRASS'-GRoWN, a. Overgrown with grass. 
 
 T/ioinson. 
 
 GRXSS'HOP-PER, n. [grass and hop.] An insect 
 that hvps among grass, a species of Gnilus. 
 
 GIIASS'I-.VESS, n. [from grassy.] The state of 
 alKiundine with grass; a grassy state. 
 
 GRASS'LESS, a. Destitute of gr.-iss. 
 
 GRXSS'-PLOT, n. A plat or level spot covered with 
 grass. 
 
 GRASS'POL-Y, ji. A plant, a species of Lythrum or 
 willow-wort. 
 
 GRASS'VKTCII, n. .\ plant of the genus I.athvriis. 
 GRASS'WRACK, ( rak,) k A plant, the Zostera. 
 GRASS'Y, a. Covered with grass ; abounding with 
 
 grass. Spcitser. 
 2. Resembling grass ; green. 
 GRATE, n. [It. grata, crates, a grate, a hurdle, du. 
 
 its alliance to the verb, to grate.] 
 
 1. A work or frame, composed of parallel or cross 
 bars, with interstices ; a kind of lattice-work, such 
 as is used in the windows of prisons and cloisters. 
 
 2. An instrument or frame of iron bars for holding 
 coals, used as fuel, in houses, stores, shops, &c. 
 
 GRATE, V. t. To furnish with grates; to make fast 
 with cross-bars. 
 
 GRATE, I). I. [Fr. gratter. It. graUare, to scratch ; 
 Dan. gryttcr, to grate, to break ; Sp. grirln, a scratch, 
 a crevice; VV. rhathu, to rub ofl', to strip, to clear; 
 rhalhclt, a rasp. See the Sliemilic TiJ, 19-iri, nin, 
 and Tip. Class Rd, No. 38, 58, 62, 81. If 5- is a 
 prefix, this word coincides with L. rado. See Ciiv.] 
 
 1. To rub, as a body with a rough surface against 
 another body ; to rub one thing against another, so 
 as to produce a harsh .sound ; as to grate the teeth. 
 
 2. 'i'o wear away in small particles, by rubbing 
 with any thing rough or indented ; as, to grate a 
 nutmeg. 
 
 3. To offend ; to fret ; to vex ; to irritate ; to mor- 
 tify ; as, harsh words grate the liearl ; they are grat- 
 ing to the feelings ; harsh sounds grate the ear. 
 
 4. To make a harsh sound by rubbing or tlie fric- 
 tion of rough bodies. JUilton. 
 
 GRATE, r. i. To rub hard, so as to offend ; to offend 
 by oppression or importunity. 
 
 Tliij grated li.inKT upon Ihc hearta of men. South, 
 2. To make a harsh sound by the friction of rough 
 bodies. ^ Hooker. 
 
 GRATE, a. [L. gratus.] 
 
 Agree.'ible. [A'yt in use.] 
 pRAT'ED, pp. or a. Rubbed harshly ; worn off by 
 rubbing. 
 
 2. Furnished with a grate ; as, grated windows. 
 GRATE'FIJL, a. [from L. graliui. See Grace.] 
 
 1. Having a due sense of benefits ; kindly disposed 
 toward one from whom a favor has been received ; 
 willing to acknowledge and repay benefits ; as, a 
 grateful heart. 
 
 2. .Agreeable; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; 
 as, a grateful present; a grateful offering. 
 
 3. Pleasing to the taste ; delicious ; affording pleas- 
 ure ; as, food or drink grateful to the appetite. 
 
 Now golden fniils on l>xuli>t! bnnclira shine. 
 
 Anil grateful cluster* swell w Uh floods of wine. Pope. 
 
 GRaTE'FJJL-LY, adv. With a due sense of benefits 
 or favors ; in a manner that disposes to kindness, in 
 return for favors. 'I'he gift was gratefully received. 
 
 2. In a pleasing manner. Study continually fur- 
 nishes something new, which may strike the imagi- 
 nation grattj'nllit. 
 
 GRATE'FlJb-NESS, n. The quality of being grate- 
 ful ; gnititude 
 
 2. The quality of being agreeable or pleasant to the 
 mind or to the taste. 
 
 GRAT'ER, n. [See Grate.] An instniment or uten- 
 sil, with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off 
 small particles of a body ; as, a grater for nutmegs. 
 
 GRA-Tie-U-LA'TIOX, 71. The division of a design 
 or draft into squares, for the purpose of reducing it 
 to smaller dimensions. Oieilt. 
 
 GRAT-I-FI-CA'TIO.V, n. [L. gratifieatio, from grati- 
 ficor; gratus and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. The act of pleasing, either the mind, the t.astc, 
 or the appetite. We speak of the gratification of the 
 taste or the pal.ate, of the appetites, of the senses, of 
 the desires, of the mind, soul, or heart. 
 
 2. Th.at which affords pleasure ; satisfaction ; de- 
 light. It is not easy to renounce gratifications to 
 which we are accustomed. 
 
 3. Reward ; recom|>onse. Morton. 
 GRAT'I-FI-£D, ( fide,) pp. or a. Pleased; indulged 
 
 according to desire. 
 GRAT'I FI-ER, n. .One who gratifies or ple.a-ses. 
 GRAT'l-Ft, V. L [L. gral{fia)r ; gratus, agreeable, 
 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To please ; to give pleasure to; to indulge; as, 
 to gratify the t.aste, the appetite, the senses, the de- 
 sires, the mind, &c. 
 
 2. To delight ; to please ; to humor ; to sootiie ; to 
 satisfy ; to indulge to satisfaction. 
 
 For who woul J die to fnm/y a (be f Drydtn. 
 
 3. To requite ; to recompense. 
 GB.\T'I-F?-1XG, ppr. Pleasing; indulging to satis- 
 faction. 
 
 2. o. Giving pleasure; affording s.atisfaction. 
 GRAT'I.NG, ppp. [See Grati.] Rubbing; wearing 
 off in particles. 
 
 2. a. Fretting j irritating; harsh; as, grating 
 sounds, or a grating refiection. 
 GRAT'ING, n. [See Grati.] A harsh sound or rib- 
 bing. 
 
 2. A partition of bars, or laltice work of wood or 
 Irtm ; a-s, the grating of a prison or convent. 
 
 3. An open cover for the hatehi-s of a ship, resem- 
 bling lattice-work ; eommoiily used in the plural. 
 
 GRAT'ING-LY, ado. Harshly ; offensively ; in a man- 
 ner to irritate. 
 
 GRA'TIS, ado. [L.] For nothing; freely; wilhimt 
 recompense; as, to give a thing gratis! to perform 
 service gratis. 
 
 GRAT'I-T'L'DE, n. [L. graJifuiio, from £to(i«, pleas- 
 ing. See Grace.] 
 
 An emotion of the heart, excited by a favor or ben- 
 efit reriMved ; a sentiment of kintlness or good-will 
 towaril a benefactor ; thankfulness. Gratitude is an 
 agreeable emotion, consisting in, or accompanied 
 with, good-will to a benefactor, and a disposition 
 to make a suitable return of benefits or services, 
 or, when no return c:in be made, with a desire to 
 see the benefactor prosperous and happy. Grati- 
 tude is a virtue of the highest excellence, as it im- 
 [ilies a filling and generous heart, and a proper 
 sense of duty. 
 
 The iovc of God is the sublimcst gratitude. Paley. 
 
 GRA-TC'I-TOUS, a. [U. graluiliis, from gratus; Fr. 
 gratuit; It. gratuita. See Grace.) 
 
 1. Free ; voluntary ; not required by justice ; grant- 
 ed without claim or merit. 
 
 We mistake the gmjuilout blessings of Heaven for the fruit* of 
 onr own indimry. If'Btlrange. 
 
 2. Asserted or taken without proof; as, a ^ratui- 
 tnus argument or atfirination. 
 
 GRA-TO'I-TOUS-LY, ado. Freely ; voluntarily ; 
 without claim or merit ; witliout an equivalent or 
 compensation ; as, labor or services grutititoiisly be- 
 stoweil. 
 
 2. Without proof; as, a principle gratuitously as- 
 sumed. 
 
 GRA-TC'I-TY, 71. [Fr. gratuiti, from gratuit, from 
 
 gratus.] 
 
 1. A free gift ; a present ; a donation ; that which 
 is given without a compensaliiui or eipiivalent. 
 
 2. Something given in return for a favor; an ac- 
 knowledgment. 
 
 GRAT'l'-LATE, i'. t. [L. gratiilor, from gratus, plea.s- 
 ing, gniteful ; Russ., with the prefix na, nagrada, 
 recompense ; nagrajdayu, to gratify, to reward. See 
 Grace.] 
 
 1. To express joy or pleasure to a person, on ac- 
 count of his success, or the reception of some good ; 
 to salute with declarations of joy ; to congratulate. 
 [The latter icord is mure generally u.<ed.] 
 
 To gratulate Oie gfentle prince* there, Shak. 
 
 2. To wish or exjiress joy to, Sliali. 
 
 3. To declare joy for ; to mention with joy, 
 
 B. .Jnnson. 
 
 GRAT'IJ-La-TED, pp. Addressed with expressions 
 of joy. 
 
 GRAT'lJ-LA-TING, ;>pr. Addressing with expressions 
 of jnv, on account of some good received. 
 
 GRAT-II-LA'TIO.N, n. [h. gratiiliitio.] 
 
 An adilress or expression of joy to a person, on .ac- 
 count of some good received by him ; congratulation 
 
 I sl):v]l turn my wishes into gratu!aaont. S'outh, 
 
 GRAT'fl-LA-TO-RY, n, [L. gratiilatio.] An .address 
 or expression of joy t<» a pcrstm, on account of some 
 good received hv him ; congratulation, 
 
 GRAT'q-L,\-TO-RY, a. Expressing gratulation ; con- 
 gratulatory, 
 
 GRA-VA'ME.\, n. [L,] In law, the grievance com- 
 plained of; the substantial cause of the action. Bouvier. 
 
 GRAVE, a fin.al syllable, is a grove. Sax. grrf ; or it is 
 an officer, G. graf. 
 
 GRAVE, V. I. : pret. Graved ; pp. Gratex or Graved, 
 [Fr, graven Sp. grabar ; Sax. grafan, G. grabcn : D. 
 graaven; Dan. graver; Sw. grafca; .\x\\\. engrafU, 
 eilgravi ; \t. grafadh, grafaim ; W . eririaw,fto\nrhiv ; 
 Gr. ypaijiu), to write ; originally all writing was grav- 
 ing; Eng. to .tcrope; Ch. and Syr. 2^3, to plow. See 
 C1.TSS Rb, No. 30.] 
 
 1. To carve or cut letters or figures on stone or 
 other h.ard substance, with a chisel or edged tool ; 10 . 
 engrave. [The latter icord is now mart genrratty used.] 
 
 Thou slintt tike two onyx-itones, and grace on them the name* 
 of Utc childivn of IsrAel. — Ex. xxviii. 
 
 2. To carve ; to form or shape by cutting with a 
 chisel ; as, to grave an image. 
 
 Thou sh.ilt not m.\ke to lltee ftny graocn Imaj?. — Ex. n. 
 
 3. To clean a ship's bottom by burning off filth, 
 grass, or other foreign matter, and paying it over with 
 pitch. 
 
 4. To entomb. [ Unusual.] Shak, 
 GRAVE, V. i. To carve ; to write or delineate on bard 
 
 substances; to practice engraving. 
 GRAVE, n. [!<.ax. gra:f : G. grab ; D. and Sw. graf; 
 Dan. grac; Russ. grob, a ditch, a trench, a gr.ave ; 
 L. scrobs. See the verb.] 
 
 1. The ditch, pit, or excavated place, in which a 
 dead human body is deposited ; a [ilace for the corpse 
 
 2. A tomb. [of a human hiring ; a sepulclier 
 
 3. Any place where the dead arc reposited ; a 
 place of great slaughter or mortality. Flanders was 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 Co' 
 
 RR 
 
 il7 
 
GRA 
 
 formerly tile i^rare of Enslisli armies ; Russia proved 
 to be the irraoe of the French army under Bonaparte ; 
 tlie tropical climates are the grace of American sea- 
 men and of British soldiers. 
 
 4, In a figurative sense^ death or destruction. 
 
 5. Oraves ; in the plural, sediment of melted tallow. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 GRSVE'-CLOn, n. Clod of a grave. 
 GRaVE'-CLoT HES, n. pi. The clothes or dress in 
 
 which the dead are interred. 
 GRaVE'-DIG-GER, n. One whose occupation is to 
 
 dia sraves. 
 
 GRaVE'-LOOK-TNG, a. Appearing grave. 
 
 GRAVE'- IM.Xtv-ER, 71. A grave-digger. Shai. 
 
 GRA VE'-ROB-BER, ?i. One who rohs a grave. 
 
 GRaVE'-KOB BIN'G, n. A robbing of the grave. 
 
 GRaVE'SToXE, 71. A stone laid over a grave, or 
 erected near it, as a monument to preserve the mem- 
 ory of the dead. 
 
 GRAVE'YXRD, 7i. A yard or inclosure for the inter- 
 ment of the dead. 
 
 GRAVE, a. [Fr. Sp. and It. grave ; Arm. grcvus ; from 
 L. gravis, heavy, whence L. gravo, and aggravo, to 
 
 aggravate. Hence grief, which see. Ar. i 
 
 karaba, to overload, to press, to grieve. Class Rb, 
 No. yO.] Propcrhj, pressing, heavy. Hence, 
 
 1. In music, low ; depressed ; solemn ; opposed to 
 shar]>, acute, or high : as, a grave lone or sound. 
 Sometimes grave denotes slow. 
 
 2. Solemn ; sober ; serious ; opposed to gay, light, 
 or jovial ; as, a man of a grave deportment 3 a grave 
 character. 
 
 Youth on silent win^s is flown ; 
 
 Graver years come roiling on. Prior. 
 
 3. Plain ; not gay ; not showy or tawdry ; as, a 
 grave suit of clothes. 
 
 4. Being of weight; of a serious character; as, a 
 grave writer. 
 
 5. Important; momentous; having a serious and 
 interesting import. Lord Eldan. Kent. 
 
 GRAVED, pp. [See the verb.] Carved; engraved; 
 
 cleaned, as a ship. 
 GR.W'EL, 71. [Fr. gravelle, gravicr ; Arm. grevell, or 
 
 maen-gravcU, stone-gravel ; G. grober sand, coarse 
 
 sand ; D. graved. Probably from rubbing, grating. 
 
 See Grave, the verb.] 
 
 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone, or very 
 small pebbles, larger than the particles of sand, but 
 often intermi.\ed with them. 
 
 2. In medicine, a disease produced by small, calcu- 
 lous concretions in the kidne> s and bladder. Ci/c. 
 
 GRAVEL, 71. (. To cover with gravel ; as, to gravel 
 a walk. 
 
 2. To stick in the sand. Camden. 
 
 3. To puzzle ; to stop; to embarrass. Prior. 
 
 4. To hurt the foot of a horse, by gravel lodged 
 under the shoe. 
 
 GR.\V'EL-£U, pp. or a. Covered with gravel; 
 stopped ; embarrassed ; injured by gravel. 
 
 GRA VE'LESS, a. [from grave.] Without a grave or 
 tomb ; unbiiried. Shnk. 
 
 GRAV'EL-ING, ppr. Covering with gravel; embar- 
 rassing ; hurting the feet, as of a horse. 
 
 GRAV'EL-ING, ji. The act of covering with gravel. 
 
 GR,\V'EL-LY, a. [from gravel.] Abounding with 
 gravel ; consisting of gravel ; as, a gravelly soil or 
 land. 
 
 GRAVEL-WALK, (-wawk,) 71. A walk or alley 
 covered with gravel, which makes a hard and dry 
 bottom ; used in gardens and malls. 
 
 GRAVE'LV, urfc. [from grave.] In a grave, solemn 
 manner; soberly; seriously. 
 
 The queen of learning gniocly smiles. Sioift. 
 
 2. Without gaudiness or show; as, to be Bresscd 
 gravrJy. 
 
 GRA-VE-MEN'TE, [It.] In Tniivic, with a depressed 
 
 tone ; solijinnly. [See Gkavk.] 
 GRA VE'NE.SS, n. .Seriousness; solemnity; sobriety 
 
 of behavior ; gravity of manners or discourse. 
 
 Denliam. 
 
 GRA'VE-O-LENCE^ 71. [L. gravis and olco.] 
 
 A Ktrong and ofltinsive smell. 
 GRa'VE-O-LENT, a. Having a strong odor. 
 GRAVER, 71. [See GnAVK.] One who carves or en- 
 graves ; one whose profession is to cut letters or 
 figures in stone, &c. ; a sculptor. 
 
 2. An engraving tool ; an instrument for graving 
 on hard substances. 
 CR.^ VER, a. roTn/j. More grave. 
 GRAVIES'!', n. ituperl. Most grave. 
 GRAV'IO, o. [L. gravidas, from gravis, heavy.] 
 
 Pregnant; bi'ing with child. JlerberU 
 GRA V'llJ-A-'l'EI), a. .Made pregnant; big. [JVot m 
 
 use. 1 Barrow. 
 ORAV-ID-A'TION, 71. Pregnancy. [J^at in use.] 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 GRA-VID'I-TY, 71. Pregnancy. [J^otinusr.] 
 
 J^rbuthnot. 
 
 GRA-VfM'F, TER, n. [L. gravis, and Gr. /i/rp.i..] 
 An instriHiient for anc-ertjiiiiiiig the specitic gravity 
 of bodies, solid or lii|iiid. 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRA VING,;ipr. Engraving; carving; cutting ligures 
 on stone, copper, or other hard substance. 
 
 GRAVING, 71. The act of cutting figures in hard 
 substances. 
 
 2. Carved work. 
 
 3. The act of cleaning a ship's bottom. 
 
 4. Figuratively, impression, as on the heart. 
 GR.WI-TaTE, v. i. [Sp. gravitar ; Ft. graviter ; 
 
 from L. gravitas, from gravis, heavy.] 
 
 To be attracted according to the law of gravitation. 
 A body is said to gravitate, when it tends toward 
 another body in accordance with the law of grav- 
 itation. 
 
 GR,\V'I-Ta-TING, ppr. or a. Being attracted, or 
 tending toward another body according to the law 
 of gravitation. 
 
 GRAV-I-TA'TION, 71. The act of tending to the cen- 
 ter, or of being drawn toward something. 
 
 2. In natural philosophy, the tendency of all matter 
 in the universe toward all other matter. Every body 
 or portion of matter attracts and is attracted directly 
 as its quantity of matter, and inversely as the square 
 of its distance from the attracting body. Olmsted. 
 
 GRAVI-TY, 71. [Fr. gravite ; S]). gravidad ; L. grav- 
 itas, from gravis, heavy. See Grave.] 
 
 1. Weight; heaviness. 
 
 2. In natural philosophy, the tendency of a mass of 
 matter toward it's central liody ; particularly, the ten- 
 dency of a body toward the center of the earth ; ter- 
 restrial gravitation. IVeight is the measure of gravity. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 The force of gravity in a body is in direct proportion to iis quan- 
 tity of matter. Anon. 
 
 3. Specific gravity ; the weight of a body comjiared 
 with another of the same bulk, taken as a standard. 
 Water is the standard for solids and liquids, common 
 air for gases. Thus the e.\act weight of a cubic inch 
 of gold, compared with that of a cubic inch of water, 
 is called its specific gravity. Olmsted. 
 
 4. Seriousness ; sobriety of manners ; solemnity of 
 deportment or character. 
 
 Great Cato there, for gravity renowned. Dryden. 
 
 5. Weight ; enormity ; atrociousness ; as, the ^T-atj- 
 ity of an injury. [JV(/( used.] Hooker. 
 
 6. In 7nui!c, lowness of sound. 
 
 GRA'VY, 71. The fat and other liquid matter that 
 drips from flesh in rot-isting, or when roasted or 
 baked, or a mi.vture of that juice with flour. 
 GRAY, a. [Sax. grig, grwg ; G. grau; D. graauw ; 
 Dan. graae; S\v. gra ; It. grigio j Ir. gre. This is 
 probably Fo'ii/tnt, Orwcus, Oreek, Oraii, the name 
 given to the Greeks, on account of their fair com- 
 plexion compared with the Asiatics and Africans. 
 (See Europe.) 
 
 ^opKVi 6' av KrjTO} Fpaiaj tckc KaX},iirapnovi, 
 Ek yevZTrjs iroAiaj* ru? tjij Tpaia^ Kn^iovaiif. 
 
 Hesiod. Theog. 270. 
 " Keto bore to Phorcus the Graite with fair cheeks, 
 white from their birth, and hence they were called 
 Orai<r.^' The Greek word yputa is rendered an old 
 woman, and, in this passage of Hesiod, is supposed 
 to mean certain deities. The probability is, that it 
 is applied to an old woman, because she is gray. 
 But the fable of Hesiod is easily explained by sup- 
 posing the author to have had in his mind some im- 
 perfect account of the origin of the Greeks.] 
 
 1. White, with a mixture of black. 
 
 Tlipse gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing 
 whites anil blacks. Newlojt. 
 
 2. White; hoary; as, gray hair. We apply the 
 word to hair that is partially or wholly white. 
 
 3. Dark ; of a mixed color; of the color of ashes ; 
 as, gray eyes ; the gray-eyed morn. Oay. Shak. 
 
 4. Old ; mature ; as, gray experience. Mmes. 
 GRAY, 71. A gray color. Farnelt. 
 
 2. An animal of a gray color, as a horse, a badger, 
 and a kind of salmon. Smart. 
 
 GRA Y'-BicARD, (1. An old man. Shak. 
 
 GR A Y'-EY-KD, (gru'Idc,) a. Having gray eyes. 
 
 GRAVELY, 71. 'i'he truinpet-fly. Jl/i7(07t. 
 
 GRAY'-IIAlR-iCr), a. Having gray hair. 
 
 GRAY'-HEAD-EI), (gri'hed-cd,) a. Having a gray 
 hi ad or gray hair. 
 
 GRAV'IIOUND, 71. [Sax. grighund. See Gkey- 
 
 HOI'NI).] 
 
 GRAY'I.SH, a. Somewhat gray; gray in a moderate 
 degree. 
 
 GRAY'LING, 77. A fish of the genus Salmo, called, 
 also, umber, a voracious fish, about sixteen or eigh- 
 teen inches in length, of a more elegant figure than 
 the trout ; the back and sides are of a silvery-gray 
 color. It is found in clear, rapid streams in the north 
 of Europe, and is excellent food. Diet. JVat. Hist. 
 
 GRAY MARE. " The gray mare is the belter horse," 
 — said of a woman who rules her husband. Orose. 
 
 GRAY'NES.S, 71. The qiudity of being gray. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 GRA Y'.*^To.\E, 71. A grayish or greenish compact 
 rock, composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to 
 basalt. 
 
 GRAY'VVACKE, (-wak,) 17. [G. /rrn«7cac/(r.] 
 
 in geology, a conglomerate or grit-rock, consisting 
 
 GRE 
 
 of roiinoed pebbles and sand firmly united together. 
 The name is applied only to certain rocks below the 
 coral series, and deposits of shale are sometimes in- 
 cluded under this designation, along with the con- 
 glomerate. Dana. 
 GRAZE, 7j. U [Sax. grasian; G. grasen ; D. graazen; 
 from grass, or from the root of L. rado, rasi, or rodo, 
 rosi ; Sp. rozar. Port, rofar, to rub against, to graze. 
 In Russ., grizu, or grezu, signifies to bite, to gnaw.] 
 
 1. To rub or touch lightly in passing ; to brush 
 lightly the surface of a thing in passing; as, the bul- 
 let grazed the wall or the earth. 
 
 2. To feed or supply cattle with grass; to furnish 
 pasture for ; as, tlie farmer grazes large herds of 
 cattle. 
 
 3. To feed on ; to eat from the ground, as growing 
 herbage. 
 
 The lambs with wolves sliall graze the verdant mead. Pop€. 
 
 4. To tend grazing cattle ; as, Jacob grazed La- 
 han's sheep. S/iak. 
 
 GRAZE, V. i. To eat grass ; to feed on growing herb- 
 age ; as cattle uraze on the meadows. 
 
 9. To supply grass ; as, the ground will not graze 
 well. Bacon. 
 3. To move on devouring. Bacon. 
 GRAZ'£D, pp. Touched lightly by a passing body ; 
 brushed. 
 
 2. Fed by glowing grass ; as, cattle are grazed. 
 
 3. Eaten, as growing herbage ; as, the fields were 
 rrrazed. 
 
 GRA/'ER, n. One that grazes or feeds on growing 
 herlingp. Philips. 
 
 GRA'ZIER, (gru'zhur,) n. One who pastures cattle, 
 and rears thein for market. Bacon. 
 
 GRAZ'ING, ppr. Touching lightly, as a moving body. 
 
 2. Feeding on growing herbage ; as, nroiiiin- cattle. 
 
 3. a. Supplying pasture ; as, a grazing farm. 
 GRAZ'ING, 71. A pasture. 
 
 OR^-ZI-O'SO, (grat-se-6'so,) [It.] In 77!7isic, grace- 
 fuj, smooth, and elegant. 
 
 GRicASE, 71. [Fr. graisse; It. grasso ; Sp. grasa, 
 grease ; Port, graxa, grease for wheels, and a dis- 
 temper in a horse when liis fat is melted by exces- 
 sive action. Part. Diet.] 
 
 1. Animal fat in a soft state ; oily or unctuous mat- 
 ter of any kind, as tallow, lartl ; but particularly the 
 fatty matter of land animals, as distinguished from 
 the oily matter of marine animals. 
 
 2. An inflammation of the heels of a horse, which 
 suspends the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, 
 and which produces dryness and scurfiness, followed 
 bv^ cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences. 
 
 GRkASE, (greez,) v. t. To smear, anoint, or daub, 
 with grease or fat. 
 
 2. To bribe ; to corrupt with presents. [JVot ele- 
 gant.] Dnjdnu 
 
 GRf.AS'ED, pp. Smeared with oily matter ; bribed. 
 
 GReAS'I-LY, ado. With grease or an appearance of 
 it ; grossly. 
 
 GRi5AS'I-NESS, n. The slate of being greasy ; oiPi- 
 ness ; unctuousness. Boyle. 
 
 GReAS'ING, pjjr. Smearing with fat or oily matter; 
 brjbing. 
 
 GRicAS'Y, (greez'y,) a. Oily; fat; unctuous. 
 
 2. Smeared or defiled with grease. 
 
 3. Like grease or oil ; smooth ; as, a fossil that has 
 a greasy feel. 
 
 4. Fat of body ; bulky. [Little nsed.] Shak. 
 
 5. Gross ; indelicate ; indecent. Marston. 
 GREAT, a. [.Sax. great ; D. groot ; G. gross : Norm. 
 
 gres; It. grosso ; Sp. grne-so i Port, grosso ; Fr. gros ; 
 Ann. grogz ; and probably L. crassus. Great and 
 gross are the same word dialecticallv varied in or- 
 thography. Sec Class Rd, No. 59, 22,'79.] 
 
 1. Large in bulk or dimensions ; a term of com- 
 parison, denoting more magnitude or extension than 
 something else, or beyond what is usual ; as, a great 
 body ; a great house ; a great farm. 
 
 2. Being of extended length or breadth ; as, a great 
 distance ; a g"at lake. 
 
 3. Large in number; as, a great many; a great 
 multitude. 
 
 4. Expressing a large, extensive, or unusual, de- 
 gree of any thing ; as, great fear ; great love ; great 
 strength; great wealth; great power; great influ- 
 ence ; great folly. 
 
 5. l,ong continued ; as, a great while. 
 
 6. Important ; weighty ; as, a great argument ; a 
 great truth ; a great event ; a thing of no ^r-rcat con- 
 sequence ; it is no great matter. 
 
 7. Chief; principal ; as, the great seal of England. 
 
 8. Chief; of vast imvver and excellence ; supreme; 
 illustrious ; as, the great God' the ^rra( Creator. 
 
 9. Vast ; extensive ; wonderful ; admirable. 
 Cf«i( are lliy wttrks, Jehovah. Aftlton. 
 
 10. Possessing large or strong powers of mind ; as, 
 a great genius. 
 
 11. Having made extensive or unusual acquisitions 
 of science or knowledge ; as, a great philosopher or 
 botanist ; a great scholar. 
 
 19. Distinguished by rank, oflire, or power; ele- 
 vated ; eminrut ; as, a great lord ; the great nu n of 
 the nation ; the great Mogul ; AU'xander the Great. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 518 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 13. Dipnified in aspect, mien, or manner. 
 AmitUl Ui« crowtl she wnlkt serenely grent. Dryden. 
 
 14. Maunaniiiiuus ; generous ; ol" elevated senti- 
 ments ; liigli-ininilt'd. lie lias n frrcat soul. 
 
 15. Kicli ; siiinptiiuiis ; ina^nincent. He disdained 
 not to appear at /jreat tables j a ^reat feast or eiuer- 
 taininont. 
 
 1(1. Vast ; sublime ; as, a great conception or idea. 
 
 17. Dignified ; noble. 
 
 Nothing can bo grtat wliich u not right. Bnmbter. 
 
 18. Swelling ; proud ; as, lie was not disheartened 
 by irreat looks. 
 
 19. Cliief ; principal ; niiicli traveled ; as, a /rreat 
 road. The ocean is called the froai highway of 
 nations. 
 
 S20. Pregnant , teeming ; as, great with young. 
 
 21. Hard ; dldicult. It is no great iiialter to live in 
 peace with meek people. 
 
 22. Familiar; iiiliinate [FuJu-nr.] 
 
 23. Distinguished by extraordinary events, or unu- 
 sual importance. Jiidc 6. 
 
 24. Denoting consanguinity one degree more re- 
 mote, in the ascending or descending line ; as great 
 grandfather, the father of a grandfather; irreat great 
 grandfather, the father of a great grandfather, and 
 so on indeHnitely ; and great grandson, great great 
 grandson, ice. 
 
 25. Superior ; preeminent ; as, great chamberlain ; 
 great marshal. 
 
 The sense of great is to be understood by the things 
 it is intended to i|ualify. Oreat pain or wrath is vio- 
 lent pain or wrath ; great love is ardent love ; great 
 peace is entire peace ; a great name is extensive re- 
 nown ; a great evil or sill is a sin of deep malig- 
 nity, &c. 
 
 GREAT, n. The whole; the gross ; the lump or mass ; 
 as, a carpenter contracts to build a ship by the great. 
 
 2. People of rank or distinction. The poor envy 
 the treaty and the great despise the poor. 
 
 GUt;.\T'-HKL,-Ll-£:D, n. Pregnant ; teeming. Shak. 
 (;iu;.^T'-COAT, H. An overcoat. 
 G II K.aT'-CO.VT-ED, a. Wearing a great coat. 
 GREAT' ». «. To enlarge. [Obs.] Ralegh. 
 GREaT'£.V, v. i. To increase; to become large. 
 [Ob..] 
 
 GREAT'ER, a. Larger; more extensive or wonderful. 
 GREAT'EST, a. Largest ; most extensive or important. 
 GREAT'-HEART'£D,a. High-spirited ; undi jected ; 
 
 noble. Ctareiidoiu 
 GKEAT'LY, adv. In a gre.it degree ; much. 
 
 1 will greatly inuUiply lliy sorrow. — Gen. ill. 
 
 3. Nobly ; illustriously. 
 
 By (i hi^h hue, Uioii greatly diclst expire. Dryden. 
 3. Magnanimously ; generously ; bravely. He 
 greatly scorned to turn his back on his foe. He 
 greaHij spurned the otiered boon. 
 GKE.AT'NESS, II. Largeness of bulk, dimensions, 
 number, or i|iiantily ; as, the »Tfa<;irasof a mountain, 
 of an editice, of a multitude, or of a siiiii of money. 
 With reference to solid bodies, however, we more 
 generally use bulkj size^ extent^ or magnitude^ than 
 greatness : as, the bulk or .<iie of the body ; the extent 
 of the ocean ; the magnitude of the sun or of the earth. 
 
 2. Large aniuunl ; extent ; as, the greatness of a 
 reward. 
 
 3. High degree ; a.s, the greatness of virtue or vice. 
 
 4. High rank or place ; elevation; dignity; dis- 
 tinction ; eminence ; power ; command. 
 
 Fitrewetl, a loii^ rirewcll, to nil niy greatnett. Shak. 
 
 5. Swelling pride ; affected slate. 
 
 Il is not of pride or ^eaj/itf«« that be Cometh not Bbotiid your 
 ships. Uaevn. 
 
 6. Magnanimity, elevation of sentiment ; noble- 
 ness ; as, greatness of mind. 
 
 Virtue Is the only solid \a»a of grtalnetg. RamhUr. 
 
 7. Strength or extent of intellectual faculties ; as, 
 the greatness of genius. 
 
 8. Large extent or variety ; as, the greatness of a 
 man's acquisitions. 
 
 9. Gnindeiir ; pomp; magnificence. 
 Orentnett with 1'iinon dwells in such a drin^ht. 
 
 As hrinjs all BroUli^nnfT before your tliou^hu Popt. 
 
 10. Force ; intensity ; as, the greatness of sound, 
 of passion, heat, ice. 
 
 GREAT SEAL, n. The principal seal of a kingdom, 
 slate, ice. 
 
 GREAVE, for Grove and GaooTE. [See Grove and 
 
 Groove.] Spenser. 
 GREAVES, (greevz,) n. pi. [Port, and Sp. grecas. 
 In Fr. grece is the caJf of the leg.] 
 
 I. Armor for the lejPi ; a sort of boots. 1 Sam. xvii. 
 ' 2. Oreaces, or graces ; the sediment of melted tal- 
 low. Brande. 
 1 GREBE, ». .A name common to numerous species of 
 web-footed birds with short wings, and very expert 
 at diving. They constitute the genus Podiceps of 
 . Latham, or part of the Linnxan genus Colyinbus. 
 ' _^ , Partington. P. Cye. 
 
 GRk'CLW, (gre'shan,) a. Pertaining to Greece. 
 GRi'.'CIAN, n. A native of Greece. Also, a Jew who 
 I understood Greek, .icts vi. 
 
 2. One well versed in the Greek language. 
 GRE'CIAN-riRE. See Gukkk-Fiue. 
 GRC'CISM, II. [L. gro'cismiis.] 
 
 An idiom of llie (Jruek language. Jlddison. 
 GRE't'I'/E, D. (. To rondtr Grecian. 
 
 2. To translate into Greek. 
 GRk'CIZE, i V. i. To speak the Greek lan- 
 GKE'CIAN-IZE, i guage. 
 GRIC'CIZ-KD, (gres'i/.d,) pp. Rendered Greek. 
 GRk'CI/,-1NG, ppr. Rendering Greek. 
 GREE, II. [Kr. n^re. See Agree.] 
 
 ). Good-will. [Obs.] SpeiLier. 
 2. Step or stair; rank ; degree. [See Decree.] 
 [OA.%-.] Spenser. 
 GIIEE, I), i. To agree. [Obs.] [See Aoree.] 
 GREECE, II. (W. grUi ; L. gressus. It is the plural 
 of Gree, a step, and is sometimes written Grice, or 
 Gri»e.] 
 
 A llight of steps. [04s.] Bacon. 
 GREED, II. Greediness. [Obs.] Graham. 
 GREED'I-LY, adv. [See Greedy.] With a keen 
 apjietite for food or tlriiik ; voraciously ; ravenous- 
 ly ; as, to eat or swallow greedily. 
 2. With keen or ardent desire ; eagerly. Jude 11. 
 GREED'I-NESS, 11. Keenness of appetite for food or 
 drink ; ravenousness ; voracity. 
 
 Fox In ste.ilth, wuir in greediuesa. SlioJc. 
 9. Ardent desire. 
 GRV;ED'V, (I. [Sax. gritdig ; D. greetig ; Goth. gre~ 
 dags, from gredon, to hunger. It agrees in elements 
 with L. gradior, and probably signifies reaching for- 
 ward.] 
 
 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; rav- 
 enous ; voracious ; very liiingrj' ; followeil by of; 
 as, a lion that is greedii o/liis prey. Ps. xvii. 
 
 2. Having a keen desire of any thing ; eager to 
 obtain ; as, greedy of gain. 
 
 GREEU'V-(;UT, n. A glutton ; a devourcr ; a bully- 
 god. [ rulgar.] Todd. 
 
 GREEK, a. Pertaining to Greece. [See Grav.] 
 
 GREEK, n. A native of Greece. 
 2. The language of Greece. 
 
 GREEK'ESS, M. A female Greek. Taylor. 
 
 GREEK'-FIRE, ii. A eoiiibiistible composition which 
 burns under water, the constituents of which are 
 supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. 
 
 Urc. 
 
 GREEK'ISH, a. Peculiar to Greece. MiUun. 
 GREEK'LING, n. A little Greek, or one of small 
 
 esteem or pretensions. B, Jonson, 
 
 GREEIC'-IloSE, Ii. The flower campion. 
 GREEN, a. [Sax. grrne ; G. griln; D. groen ; Dan. 
 
 ^oii; Sw. grbn; Ileb. IJpi, to grow, to flourish. 
 
 Class Rn, No. 7.] 
 
 1. Pru/icWi/, growing, flourishing, as plants ; hence, 
 of the color of herbage and plants when growing, a 
 color composed of blue and yellow mys, one of the 
 original prist. latic colors ; verdant. 
 
 2. New ; Iresh ; recent; as, a green wound. 
 The greenett usurpation. Burke. 
 
 3. Fresh ; flourishing ; undecayed ; as, green old 
 age. 
 
 4. Containing its natural juices ; not dry; not sea- 
 soned ; as, green wooti ; green timber. 
 
 5. Not roasted ; half rasv. 
 
 We s-ty Uie meat is green, w hen b^lf rtl.'uted. Wattt. 
 [Rarely, If ever, used in Americ.i.l 
 b. Unripe ; immature ; not urrivcil to perfection ; 
 as, green fruit. Hence, 
 
 7. Immature in age ; young; inexperienced; raw; 
 as, green in age or judgment. 
 
 8. Pale; sickly ; wan ; of a greenish pale color. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 In cookery, a goose is said to be green until it is 
 more than ftnir mtmths old. Kncyc. Dom. Kcon. 
 GREE.N, II. The color of growing plants; a color 
 composed of blue and yellow mys, which, mixed in 
 different proportions, exhibit a variety of shades ; as, 
 apple 'n-crn, meadow green, leek green, &.C. 
 
 2. Agra-ssy plain orplat; apieceof ground covered 
 with verdant herbage. 
 
 O'er Ihv sinooUi enameled green. A/i/lon. 
 
 3. Fresh leaves or branches of trees or other plants ; 
 wreaths ; usnalty in the pturaL 
 
 The fmgr.mt greena 1 se^'k, my brows to bind. Dryden. 
 
 4. The leaves and stems of young plants used in 
 cookery or dressed for food in the spring ; in the 
 pluraL 
 
 In th.it soft season, when descending shoti-en 
 CjII forth lite green*, mid wnkc the hsiu' flower*. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 GREE.\, r. ^ To make green. This is used by 
 Thonisim and by Barlow, bnt is not an elegant 
 word, and indeed is hardly legitimate, in the sense in 
 which these writers use it. " Spring greens the 
 year." " God jfrreiu the groves." The only legiti- 
 nuite sense of this verb, if used, would be, to dye 
 green, or to change to a green color. A plant grow- 
 ing in a dark room is yellow ; let this plant be car- 
 ried into the open air, and the rays of the sun will 
 green it. This use would correspond with the use of 
 whiten, blacken, redden. 
 
 GRFEn'u^EF.I)'' I "• [''••'"t of the genus Genista. 
 
 (;REK.\'C1,0 I'll, n. A board or court uf justice held 
 in llif counting-bouse of llie llnlisli king's Imuse- 
 IkiIiI, coiiipost-il of the lord stewaril ;iiid the ofhcers 
 under him. 'i'his court has the charge and cogni- 
 zance of all matters of justice in the king's house- 
 hold, with power to correct offenders and keep the 
 peace of the verge, or jiiri.sdictiun of the ciurt-royal, 
 which extends every way two hundred yards from 
 the gale of the palace. Johnson, Encyc, 
 
 GREEN'-eOL-OR-^rD, ( kiil urd,) o. Palo; sickly. 
 
 GREE.\'-CKOP, II. A crop of green vegetables, such 
 as artificial grasses, turnips, Sec, consumed on a 
 farm in their unripe stale. Farm. Kneye. 
 
 GREEN'-E.VRTH, ii. A spticies of earth or mineral, 
 so calh'tl ; the i/iomtfairi ^rrecii of artists. Ure. 
 
 GREEN'f;i), fgrCiid,) pp. Made green. 
 
 GREE.\'ER-V, 11. Green plants ; verdure. 
 
 GREi;.\'-E?-£l), (-Ide,) o. Having green eyes ; as, 
 grren-eyrd jealousy. Shak. 
 
 GIIEEN'FINCH, n. A bird; also called green gross- 
 beak. 
 
 GREEN'FISH, n. A fish so called. .^ins. 
 GREEN'GAGE.ii. A species of plum. 
 GREEN'-(;Ro-CER, «. a retailer of vegetables or 
 
 fruits in Ilitrir frt;sh or green state. 
 GREEN'HAIK /'.'D, a. Ilaving grt^en locks or hair. 
 GREEN'-H AND, ii. One raw and inexperienced. 
 GIU'EN'IIOQD, II. A state of greenne-ss. Chaucer. 
 GREEN'HURN, II. A raw youth. W. Irring. 
 
 GREEiN '-HOUSE, n. A hoii.se in which tender plants 
 
 are sheltered from the weather, and preserved green 
 
 during the winter or cold we.ather. 
 GREE.V'I.VG, II. A well-known sort of apple. 
 GREEN'ISH, a. Somewhat green; having a tinge of 
 
 green ; as, a greenish yellow. J^^wton. 
 GREE.N'ISH-NESS, II. The quality of being greenish 
 GREEN'LV, adv. With a green color ; newly 
 
 freshly ; iiiiiiiatiirelv. — a. Of a green color. 
 GREEN'-.MAN'TLfiD, a. Covered with green. 
 GREEN'NESS, n. The quality of being green ; 
 
 viridity ; as, the greenness of grass or of a meadow. 
 
 2. Immaturity ; unripeness ; in a literal or figurative 
 sense ; as, the greenness of fruit, or of youth. 
 
 3. Freshness ; vigor. South. 
 
 4. Newness. 
 
 GREE.\'OCK-lTE, n. [from Lord (?rccii<ic/i.] A na- 
 tive sulpliuret of cadmium, presenting a honey-yellow 
 or orange-vellow color. 
 
 GREEN'-ROO.M, n. The name given to the retiring- 
 room of play-actors in a theater. 
 
 GREENS, II. pi. The leaves of various plants, as 
 spinach, &.C., boiled in their green slate for food. 
 [See (Jreex.I Encyc. of Dum. /Ccnn. 
 
 GREEN'-SAND, n. .\ term applied to beds of .sand, 
 sandstone, or limestone, belonging to the Cretaceous 
 Period ; so called because green earth, or chlorite, 
 is ordinarily, though not always, scattered throughout 
 the sandstone, limestone, &c. Lyell. 
 
 GREEN'-SICK-NESS, ii. A disease of females, 
 characterized by pale, lurid complexion, languor, 
 listlessness, depraved appt>tite and digestion, and a 
 morbid condition of the catameiii.il excretion. 
 
 GREEN'-SlCK-NESS-iD, (-sik'nesl,) a. Having a 
 sickly taste. Biship Bundle. 
 
 GREE.V'-SNAKE, n. Two small species of snakes, 
 not poisonous, of the genus Coluber, are known by 
 this name in the United States. 
 
 GREEN'-STALL, n. A stall on which greens are 
 exposeil to sale. 
 
 GREE.N'STo.VE, «. [So called from a tinge of green 
 in the color.J 
 
 A rock "f the trap formation, consisting of horn- 
 blende and feldspar in the state of grains or small 
 crvstals. Ure. 
 
 GREEN'-SWARD, n. Turf green with gruss. 
 
 GREEN'-VIT'RI-OL, n. A popular name for the 
 sulphate of iron. 
 
 GREEN'-WEED, n. Dyer's weed. ' 
 
 GREE.\'WOOI),o. A wikiiI when green, as in summer. 
 
 GREE.\'W()6d, a. Pertaining to a greenwood ; as, 
 a greenwood shatle. Dryden. 
 
 GRLET^e. U [Sax. gretan, grettan, to salute, to ex- 
 claim, To cry out, to bid farewell, to appro.ich, to 
 touch ; G. gnisscn ; D. groeten, to greet ; Sax. gree- 
 dan, to cry ; Goth, greitan, Sw. grata, Dan. grader, 
 to weep ; It. gridare ; Sp. and Port, gritar : \V. gry- 
 dian, ^rydiaw, to shout, to scream, or shriek, to wad, 
 to inaKe a vehement, rough noise ; perhaps L. rudo, 
 to bray, to roar. See Class Rd, No. 7, 19, 43, 70, 75.J 
 I. To address with expressions of kind wishes; 
 to salute in kindness and respect 
 
 My lord, the mayor of London conies to great you. Sliak. 
 3. To address at meeting ; to address in any man- 
 ner. Shak. 
 
 3. To congratulate. 
 
 4. To pay compliments at a distance ; to send kind 
 wishes to. Col. iv. 2 7'iiit. iv. 
 
 5. To meet and address with kindness ; or to ex- 
 press kind wishes accompanied with an embrace. 
 1 Thess. V. 
 
 e. To meet. Shak. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
GRI 
 
 GRI 
 
 GRI 
 
 GREET, II. i. To meet and salute. 
 
 Th^re greet in silence aa the dead are wont, 
 
 And sleep in peace. Shak. 
 
 2. To weep ; written by Spenser Greit. [04s.] 
 GRF.ET'ED, pp. Addressed with kind wislies ; com- 
 GREET'Elt, n. One wlio greets. [plimented. 
 GREET'[NG, jrpr. Addressing with kind wislies or 
 
 expressions of joy ; complimenting ; congratulating ; 
 
 saluting. 
 
 GREET'ING, n. Expression of kindness or joy ; sal- 
 utation at meeting; coni|)linient addressed from one 
 
 GREEZE, «. fL. /rressus.] [absent. 
 A step, or night of steps. [OJs.] [See Gbeece.] 
 
 GREF'FI-Ell, n. [Fr.] [See Graft.] A registrar, or 
 recorder. Bp. Hall, 
 
 GRk'GAL, a. [L. ffrex.] 
 
 Pertaining to a Bock. Diet. 
 
 GRE Ga'IU-AN, a. [See Gregarious.] Belonging 
 to tlie herd or common sort. Jlowell. 
 
 GRE-Ga'RI-OUS, a. [L. ffregarius, from grcz, a 
 herd.] 
 
 Having the habit of assembling or living in a flock 
 or lierd ; not habitually solitary or living alone. 
 Cattle and sheep are grcguriuus animals. Many 
 species of birds are gregarious. Rapacious animals 
 are generall}' not gregarious. 
 GRE-Ga'RI-OUS-LY, ado. In a flock or herd; in a 
 company. 
 
 GRE-Ga'R[-OUS-NESS, 7!. The state or quality of 
 
 living in flocks or herds. 
 GREG'GoE, n. A short jacket. 
 
 GRE Go'RI-AiN^, a. Denoting what belongs to Greg- 
 ory. The Gregorian calendar is the regulation of 
 the year according to the reformation introduced by 
 Pope Gregory XIII., in 1582. The Orcgorian year 
 is the year as now reckoned according to the f?re«-o- 
 r/a/i calendar. Thus, every year which is divisible 
 by 4, except those divisible by 100 and not by 400, 
 has 366 days ; all other years have 3C5 days. 
 
 Gregorian chanty is choral music, according to the 
 eight celebrated church modes, as arranged by Pope 
 Gregory I. Porter. 
 
 Gregorian telescope! a form of the reflecting teles- 
 cope, so named from its inventor, Prof. James Greg- 
 ory, of the University of Edinburgh. In this telescope 
 the light, proceeding from a heavenly body, is collected 
 by a large concave mirror, and forms an image in 
 the focus of a small reflector, which transmits the 
 light back through an opening in the center of the 
 large mirror, where it forms a second image, which 
 is niagnifled by the eye-glass. Oluutcd. 
 
 GRkIT, v. i. [Goth, greitan.] 
 
 _l'o lament. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 GRkITH, v. t. [Sax. gerisdian, to prepare ; ge and 
 hriede, ready.] 
 
 To make ready. [Obs."] Chaucer. 
 
 GRf.ITH, n. Goods; furniture. [Obs.] CJiauccr. 
 
 GRlC'.MI-AL, a. [h. gremium.] 
 
 lielonging to the lap or bosom. Diet. 
 
 GRE-NaDE', n. [Sp. granada, \t. gra.nata, Fr. gre- 
 nade^ a pomegranate, or grained apple<y 
 
 In tlie art of war, a hollow ball or shell of iron or 
 other metal, about two inches and a half in diameter, 
 to be filled with powder, which is to be fired by 
 means of a fusee, and thrown by hand among en- 
 emies. This, bursting into many pieces, does great 
 injury, an l is particularly useful in annoying an en- 
 emy in trenches and other lodgments. Encyc. 
 
 GREN-A-1)IER', 71. [from Fr. grenade, Sp. granada, 
 a pomegranate-tree ; so called, it is said, from the 
 cap worn, which resembled the flowers of that tree ; 
 or, as others allege, so called from carrying and 
 throwing hand grenades. The latter the opinion 
 of Lunier.] 
 
 1. A foot-soldier, wearing a high cap. Grenadiers 
 are usually tall, active soldiers, distinguished from 
 others chiefly by their dress and arms ; a company 
 of them is usually attached to each battalion. 
 
 2. A fowl found in Angola, in Africa. [Kncyc. 
 GRE NAT'I-FOR.VI, a. Being in the form of grena- 
 
 tite. GMs. 
 GRE.\'A-TITE, v. Staurotide or staurolite, a mineral 
 of a dark, reddish brown. It occurs imbedded in 
 mica slate, and in talc, and is infusiHs by the 
 blowpipe. It is also calliul prismatic garnet. Cijc. 
 GRES-So'IU-AE, o. \nurnithiilog\i, having three toes 
 of the feet forward, two of them connected, and one 
 behind. 
 GKI'.VV, pret. of Grow. 
 GREY. SeetjRAr. 
 GUeVIIOIJiND, n. [Sax. grighund.-] 
 
 A tall, fleet dog, kept for the chase. 
 CRICK, 71. A little pig. 
 
 2. A flight of steps. [See GiiKECK.] B. .Jonsnn. 
 CKWi'M^, 71. [W.grcidell, from grcdiaw, to heat, 
 Hinge, scorch.] 
 
 A pan, broad and Hhallow, for baking cakes. 
 GUIDE, V. t. [ll.gridare; Sp. griltir ; Port. <(/. ; Fr. 
 crier; Eng. cry i Sax. grtrdan ; Dan. grceder ; Sw. 
 grata. See Gbket.] 
 
 'I'o grate, or to cut with a grating sound; to cut ; 
 to pirneliatc or pierce harshly ; as, the gridimr sword. 
 
 MUlnn. 
 
 ThAt through hli Ihjj^h the morul sleel dlil gridt. tS'pttuer. 
 
 GKID'E-LIN, 71. [Fr. gri.^ de lin, flax gray.] 
 
 A color mixed of white and red, or a gray violet. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 GRID'ING, ppr. Grating ; cutting with a grating 
 sound. 
 
 GRIDT-RON, (-I-urn,) 7i. [W . gredia^n ; Ir. greadam, 
 to heat, scorch, roast, and iron. See Griddle.] 
 
 A grated utensil for broiling flesh and fish over 
 coals. 
 
 GRII)'i-RO.\-PEND'lI-LUM, n. See Pendulum. 
 GRIeF, (grJf,) I!. [D. grief, hurt ; Fr. grief, and gre- 
 
 vcr, to oppress ; Sp. agravio ; Norm, grief, gref, greve ; 
 
 L. gravis. See Grave and Aggravate. The sense 
 
 is, pressure or oppression.] 
 
 1. The pain of mind produced by loss, misfortune, 
 injury, or evils of any kind ; sorrow ; regret. We 
 experience grief when we lose a friend, when we 
 incur loss, when we consider ourselves injured, and 
 by symjiathy, we feel grief at the misfortunes of oth- 
 ers. 
 
 2. The pain of mind occasioned by our own mis- 
 conduct ; sorrow or regret that we have done wrong; 
 pain accompanying repentance. We feel grief when 
 we have ofliendi d or injured a friend, and tile con- 
 sciousness of having (tflended the Supreme Being, 
 fills the penitent heart with the most poignant griif. 
 
 3. Cause of sorrow ; that which afllicts. 
 
 Wliich were a g-n'c/ of mind unto Isaac and to Rebekait. — Gen. 
 A foolish son is a grief to his taUier. — Prov. xvti. [ :xvi. 
 
 GRIfr.F'FUL, a. Full of grief or sorrow. Saclcville. 
 
 GRIf,F'-I.\I-IUT'TER-KD, a. Imbittered by grief. 
 
 GRiKF'LESS, n. Without grief. Huloet. 
 
 GRll.-.F'-SHOT, a. Pierced with grief. Shak. 
 
 GRIf,V'A-BEE, a. Lamentable. [Obs.] Oower. 
 
 GRIEVANCE, 71. [from grief.] That which causes 
 grief or uneasiness ; that which hurtiens, oppresses, 
 or injures, implying a sense of wrong done, or a con- 
 tinued injury, and therefore applied only to the effects 
 of human conduct ; never to providential evils. The 
 oppressed subject has the right to petition for a re- 
 dress of grievances. 
 
 GRIiSVE, V. t. [D. grieven ; Fr. grevcr, to oppress ; 
 Sp. agravtar, agravar ; It. gravare ; L. gravo, from 
 gravis. See Grave.] 
 
 1. To give pain of mind to ; to afllict ; to wound 
 the feelings. Nothing grieves a parent like the con- 
 duct of a i)roflig:ite child. 
 
 2. To artlict ; to inflict pain on. 
 
 For he doth not afflict willingly, nor grieve die children of men, 
 
 3. To make sorrowful ; to excite regret in. 
 
 4. To oflend ; to displease ; to provoke. 
 
 Crieue not the Holy Spirit of God. — Eph. iv, 
 
 GRIicVE, B. i. To feel pain of mind or heart ; to be 
 in pain on account of an evil ; to sorrow ; to mourn. 
 We grieve at the loss of friends or property. We 
 grieve at the misfortunes of others. We grieve for 
 our own misfortunes, follies, and vices, as well as 
 for those of our children. It is followed by at or 
 for^ 
 
 GRli-.V'ED,' pp. or a. Pained; afllicted ; suffering 
 Sorrow. 
 
 GIURV'ER, n. He or that which grieves. 
 GRIIOV'LNG, ppr. or a. Giving pain ; aftlicting. 
 
 2. Sorrowing, exercised with grief; mourning. 
 GRiF.V'INtJ-EY, aiZ/i. In sorrow ; sorrowfully. Shak. 
 GRh';V'OU.S, a. [from grieve, or grief] Heavy ; op- 
 pressive ; burdensome ; as, a grievous load of taxes. 
 
 2. Atllictive ; painful ; hard to be borne. 
 
 Correction is grievoitt to him that forsaketh the way. — 
 Prov. x». 
 
 3. Causing grief or sorrow. 
 
 Tiie thing was very grieooae in Abraham's sl^ht, because of his 
 soil.— Gen. xxi. 
 
 4. Distressing. 
 
 The famine w.as very grievous in the land. — Gen. xii. 
 .5. Great ; atrocious. 
 
 Because tlieir sin is very grievous. — Gen. xviii. 
 fi. Expressing great uneasiness ; as, a grievous com- 
 plaint. 
 
 7. Provoking; offensive; tending to irritate; as, 
 grievous words. Prov. xv. 
 
 8. Iliiitfiir, destructive; causing mischief; as, 
 grievous wolves, jjcts XX. 
 
 GHir;V'()US-EY, adv. With pain; painfully; with 
 great pain or distress ; as, to be grievously tilllicted. 
 
 2. With discontent, ill-will, or grief. Knolks. 
 
 3. ('.tlamitously ; miserably; greatly ; with great 
 uiu-asiiii-ss, distress, or grief. 
 
 4. Atrociously ; as, to sin or offend grievously. 
 GIUi;V'()('.-i .\i;ss, „. Opiiressiveness ; weight that 
 
 giv(!s pain or distress ; as, the gricvousne^'s of a bur- 
 den. 
 
 2. Pain; affliction; calamity; distress; as, the 
 grierousnrss of sickness, war, or famine, 
 
 3. (Jrcaliiess , enormity ; alrociuusnesa ; as, the 
 grievousnrss of sin or oflVnses. 
 
 GRIF'FIN, j 71. [Fr. griffon ; Sp. grifo : It. griff'o, grif- 
 GRIF'F().\, ( fonc ; (i. grcif; Dan. grif: I), griffwen ; 
 
 I,, griips, gryphus ; Gr. ) fiurp i W. gru/, fierce, bold, 
 
 n gnfliii.] 
 
 In the natural history of the ancients, an imaginary 
 animal, said to be generated between the lion and 
 the eagle. It is represented with four legs, wings, 
 and a beak, the upper part resembling an eagle, and 
 the lower part a lion. This animal was supposed to 
 watch over mines of gold and hidden treasures, and 
 was consecrated to the sun. The figure of the grif- 
 fin is seen on ancient medals, and is still borne in 
 coat-armor. It is also an ornament of Greek archi- 
 tecture. Encyc. 
 
 GRIF'FIN-LIKE, a. Resembling a grifiin. 
 
 GRIG, 71. A small eel ; the sand-eel. 
 
 2. A merry creature, from lively motions, like 
 those of the cel. SwifL 
 
 3. Health. [Obs.] 
 GRILL, V. t. [Fr. grdler.] 
 
 1. To broil. 
 
 2. To torment, as if by broiling 
 
 GRILL, a. Causing terror or shaking with cold. [06s.] 
 
 Cltuueer. 
 
 GRIL-LADE', ti. [Fr.] Broiled meat, or something 
 broiled. 
 
 GRIL'LAGE, 71. A name given to the sleepers and 
 cross-beams on which some erections are carried up, 
 as piers on marshy soils, &c. Buchanan. 
 
 GRILL'£D, pp. or a. Broiled ; tormented. 
 
 GRILL'ING, ]i])r. Broiling; tormenting. 
 
 GRIL'LY, 1!. (. To harass. [JVut ill itsc] Hudibras. 
 
 GRIM, a. [Sax. ^rim, fierce, rough, ferocious ; gram, 
 raging, fury ; gremian, to provoke ; D. gram, angry ; 
 grimmen, to growl ; grimmig, grim ; gronimen, to 
 grumble ; G. grimm, furious, grim ; grimmen, to rage ; 
 gram, grief, sorrow ; Dan. grim, stern, grim, peevish ; 
 gram, grutlging, hating, peevish ; W. greuiiavf, to 
 gnash, to snarl, from rkem, whence rkemial to nuil- 
 ter. Hence Fr. grimace. These words belong prob- 
 ably to the root of L. fremo, which has a ditferent 
 prefix, Gr. lifiipw. En;-, grumble, rumble, Ir. grim, 
 war. See Class Rm, No. II, 13.] 
 
 1. Fierce ; ferocious ; impressing terror ; frightful; 
 hoiTible ; as, a grim look ; a grim fiice ; £-7-im war. 
 
 Milton, .^ddisoiu 
 
 2. Ugly ; ill-looking. Slmk. 
 
 3. Sour; crabbed; peevish; surly. 
 GRIM'-FAC-iSD, (-fiste,) a. Having a stern counte- 
 nance. 
 
 GRLM'-GRIN-NING, a. Grinning with a fierce coun- 
 tenance. Slta/c. 
 
 GRIM'-VIS-AG-£D, (-viz-ajd,) a. Grim-faced. 
 
 GRI-MaCE', 71. [Fr., from grim, or its root ; Sp. gri- 
 niazo.] 
 
 1. A distortion of the countenance, from habit, af- 
 fectation, or insok^nce. Sprctatur. 
 
 2. An air of aflectation. Granville. 
 [" Half the French words used aflectedly by Me- 
 
 lantha, in Dryden's Marriage d-la-Mode, as iiiiiova- 
 tioiis in our language, are now in common use: cAa- 
 ^171, double-entendre, eclaircissenient, embarras, etjui- 
 vogue, foible, grimace, naivete, ridicule. All these 
 words, which she learns by heart to use occasion- 
 ally, are now in common use." 
 
 D'Israeli, Curiosities of Literature, Second Scries, 
 2d ed. vol. i. p. 305. — E. II. B.] 
 GRI-MaC'£D, (gre-mast',) a. Distorted; having a 
 crabbetl look. 
 
 GRI-MAL'KIN, ji. [Qii. Fr. gris, gray, and matkin.] 
 The name of an old cat. Philii's. 
 GRI.ME, H. [Ice. grnnia, S:iK. hrum, soot; Rabbinic, 
 Dn3, soot. Class Rm, No. 21.] 
 
 Foul matter; dirt; sullying bl.ackness, deeply in- 
 sinuated. Shak. IVoodtnard. 
 GRI.ME, V. t. To sully or soil deeply ; to dirt. Shak. 
 GRIM'LY, a. Having a hideous or stern look. 
 
 Bcaum. ^ Fl. 
 
 GRIM'LY, adv. Fiercely ; ferociously ; with a look of 
 fury or ferocity. Mdison. 
 2. Sourly ; sullenly. Shak. 
 
 GRI.M'NESS, 71. Fierceness of look; sternness ; crab- 
 bedness. 
 
 GRI'MY, a. Full of grime ; foul. 
 
 GRIN, V. i. [Sax. grinnian ; G. greinen, grinsen ; D. 
 
 grynen, grinzcn ; Sw. grina ; Dan. grinrr. In W. 
 
 ysgyrnmg is a grin or snarl, and ysgiirn, scorn.] 
 
 1. To set the teeth together anil open the lips, or 
 to open Ihe mouth and witlulraw the lips from the 
 teeth, so as to show them, as in laughter or scorn. 
 
 I'oola grin on fools. Young. 
 
 2. To fix the teeth, as in anguish. 
 
 GRIN, 71. The act of closing the teeth tiiid showing 
 them, or of withdrawing the lips and showing the 
 teeth. Jiddison. IVatts. 
 
 GRIN, 71. A snare or trap. [Kot in use.] Chaucer 
 
 GRIN, V. I. To express by ginning. 
 
 grinned horribly u ghastly smile. Milton. 
 
 GRIND, v.t.;prct. and pp. Ground. [Sax. ^rinrfan. 
 Thin word, if n is radical, may be allied to rriirf; if 
 not, it coincides with grate. Sei^ Class Rn, No. 9, 
 to make smooth, as mollis in L. allied to mido.] 
 
 I. To bri!ak and reduce lo fine particles or powder 
 by friction ; to conimiiiiite by attrition ; to triturate. 
 
 Take the milUuin«» and grind meal. — Is. xUii. 
 
 Wc say, to grind meal; but this is an cllipticnl 
 phrase. The true phrase is, to grind corn lo mcaL 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 
 
 f>30 
 
GRI 
 
 GRO 
 
 GRO 
 
 2. To break and reduce to small pieces hy the teeth. 
 
 ]}rtjtltlt. 
 
 3. To sharpen liy rubliinj or friction ; to wear oft" 
 the substance of a uieial'.ic instrument, and reduce 
 it to a sliurp edge by the friction of a etoncj a^, to 
 grind an a.v or scythe. 
 
 4. To make sniootli ; to polish by friction i as, to 
 grind glass. 
 
 5. To rtib one against another. 
 
 ll.irah tounUf, niul the /^ndinf ot one stone ngriinst nnottiT, 
 make a iliivcriiig or horror id tlio Uxly anil Kt the tvrtli on 
 ctlgc. Bacon. 
 
 6. To oppress by severe exactions ; to afflict cruel- 
 ly ; to harass ; as, to gri'id the faces of the poor. 
 Is. iii. 
 
 7. To crush in pieces ; to ruin. Jtratt. 
 
 8. To crate ; as, griiidinir pains. Drydrn, 
 GRI.N'I), V. i. To iierforui the operation of grinding ; 
 
 lo move a mill. .button. 
 
 2. To be moved or rubbed tosether, as in tin; o\y- 
 eration of grinding; as, the irrinding y.\\v<. Ruire. 
 
 3. To be ground or pulverized by friction. Corn 
 will not ^TinJ well before it is dry. 
 
 4. To be polished and made smooth by friction. 
 Glass aTind,^ sn)ooth. 
 
 5. To be sharpened by grinding. Steel grinds to a 
 fine edge. 
 
 GRI.N'U'ER, n. One th.it grinds, or moves a mill. 
 
 2. The instrument of grinding. I'hilipa. 
 
 3. A tooth that grinds or chews food ; a double- 
 tooth ; a jaw-tooth. 
 
 4. The teeth in general. Dryden. 
 GRI.XD'IN'G, ppr. or a. Reducing to powder by fric- 
 tion ; tritumting ; levigating ; chewing. 
 
 2. Making sharp ; making smooth or polishing by 
 friction. 
 
 3. Oppressing. 
 
 GRI.ND'I.VG, n. The act of reducing to powder; al- 
 so, of sharpening or polishing. 
 
 GRI.N'D'S'I'o.VK, n. A flat, circular stone used for 
 grinding or sharpening tools. Orindlestone, used by 
 old writers, is obsolete. 
 
 GRI.\''.\ER, n. [.SeeGBiN.l One that grins. jJiWuon. 
 
 GKl\'.\(i\'G, ;<;>r. or n. ('losing the teetli and show- 
 ing them, as in laughter ; a slmwing of the teeth. 
 
 GRI.N'M.NC-LV, ndiy. With a grinning laugh. 
 
 GRM', n. The griffin. f.Vut in itsr.] Sliak. 
 
 GRIP, n. [Dan. grcb ; G. griff. See GniPE.I 
 
 .\ grasp ; a lioldmg [Obsukle or vulgar.] 
 
 GRIP, «. [1). irrotp ; Sax. gr(i:p.'\ 
 
 A small ditch or furrow. [.Vot xued in Jimrrica.'] 
 
 GRIP, r. f. To trench ; to drain. [J\rut used.] 
 
 GKIPG, r. t, [Sax. gripan ; Golli. grcipan ; D. gnfpen ; 
 G. greifm ; Sw. gripa; Dan. griber; Ft. grippcr ; 
 Arm. scraba, scrapein ; \V. grab^ a cluster, a grape ; 
 grabiny a clasping ; grahiniair, to grapple, to scram- 
 ble, (ill. Sans, grcpipan. These worils may be al- 
 lied in origin to L. rapio.] 
 
 1. To seize ; to grasp ; to catch with the hand, and 
 to clasp closely with the fingers. 
 
 2. To hold fast; to hold with the fingers closely 
 prc^si'd. 
 
 3. To seize and hold fast in the arms ; to embrace 
 closely. 
 
 4. To close the fingers ; to clutch. Pope, 
 
 5. To pinch ; to press ; to compress. 
 
 6. To give pain to the bowels, as if by pressure or 
 contraction. 
 
 7. To pinch; to straiten; to distress; as, griping 
 poverty. 
 
 GRIPE, r. i. To seize or catch by pinching; to get 
 money by Hard bargains or mean exactions; as, a 
 piping miser, 
 a. To feel the c lie. Locke, 
 3. To bring her head tco close to the wind, as a 
 ship. R. H. Dana, Jr. 
 
 GRIPE, n. Grasp; seizure; fast hold with the hand 
 or paw, or with the arms. Sbak. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Squeeze ; pressure. Dryden, 
 
 3. Oppression ; cruel exactions. Shak. 
 
 4. AHIiction; pinching distress; as, the gripe of 
 poverty. 
 
 5. In seamen's language, the fore-foe t, or piece of 
 timber which terminates the keel at the fore end 
 
 Tolten. 
 
 6. Oripes ; in the plural, pain in the intestines of 
 the chanu tcr of that w hich .accoinpaiiies a lax. This 
 sort of |iain in the intestines is technically called (i/r- 
 mt'itu. 
 
 7. Oripeji ; in seamen's language, an assemblage of 
 ropes, dead-eyes, and hooks, fasU'ned t,i ring-holU 
 in the deck, to securtt the boats. TolUn. 
 
 GKIPhVFIjL, a. Disposed to gripe. 
 GIIIP'ER, R. One who gri|ies; an oppressor; an ex- 
 tortioner. 
 
 GUIP'I.N'G, ppr. or o. Grasping; seizing; holding 
 r' ' T*>/ R'""^'"'"' ; oppressing; distressing the bowels. 
 GRIP'I.N'G, n. A pinching or grnsp ; a peculiar pain 
 of the inti stines, as in a lax or dlic. 
 0. In gramrn's laugitagr, the inclination of a ship 
 the windw.vd of her course. .War. DieL 
 GRII 'l.\G-LY, odr. With a peculiar pain in the in- 
 testines. 
 
 GRIP'PLE, a. [from gripe.] Griping ; greedy ; cove- 
 tous ; unfeeling. [Oiw.] Spenser. 
 2. (; rasping fist ; tiii.icions. [Obs.] Sprnser. 
 GRIP'PI.E NESS, n. Ci.vetoiisness. [OI>s.\ Bp. Hall, 
 GRIS, (grCz,) n. [Fr. gris, gray.] 
 
 A kind of fur. Chaurer. 
 GRIS'AiM-BER ; used, by Milton, for Amukri^bis. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 GUISE, n. A step, or scale of steps, [h. gressus, Sw. 
 
 rcsa. See Greece.] [06^.] SJiak. 
 2. A swine. [Obs.] - 
 ORr-tiKTTE', (gre-zet',) n. FFr.] A tradesman's 
 
 wife or daughter. [Mit use/t.^ Sterne. 
 GItlS'KIX, n. [See Gbise.] The sphie of a hog. [Au( 
 
 GRIS'L^-XESS, n. Quality of being grisly, or horri- 
 ble. Sidney. 
 
 GKIS'LY, (griz'Iy,) a. [Sax. gri'ilic ; O. grn.-s, gru-s- 
 licli, anti gratis; W.ecryi, dire, .shocking, Ih.it (unsis 
 to start, from rhijs, a rushing ; Sa.v. agrisan, to shud- 
 der.] 
 
 Frightful ; horrible ; terrible ; as, grisly locks ; n 
 grisly counten.'tnee ; a grisly faci; ; a grisly specter. 
 
 Sliuk, Milton, Dryden. 
 Grisly bear. See GnlzzLY. 
 GRT'.'SON, n. .\ Stiiitli American animal, of the glut- 
 
 liHi kinil, a little larger llian a weasel. Partington. 
 Glt('S("i.\S, (grG'ziiiiz,) ;i. pi. Inhabitants of the east- 
 ern Swiss Alps. 
 
 GRIST, n. [Sax. irW.5<; Eth. charats, to grinil, 
 
 coinciding with Ileb. and Cli. j'ln. Class Rd, No. 
 CO, 58, Ulc] 
 
 1. Properly, that which is ground ; hence, corn 
 ground ; but in common usage, it signifies, corn for 
 grintliiig, or th.tt which is ground at one time ; as 
 much grain .is is carried lo the mill at one time, or 
 the meal it produces. 
 
 (irt gi-ist lo the mill to have plenty in store. Toeser. 
 
 2. Supply ; ]>r<>vision. Swift. 
 
 3. Profit ; gain ; [as in Latin emolumcntnm, from 
 molo, lo grintl ;] in the phrase, it brings grist to the 
 mill. 
 
 GRIS'TLE, (gris'l,) 71. [Sax. nri-rffc ; perhaps the L. 
 cartU, in carldago ; cartil for cratil. tin. Gr. im.<Ti- 
 po;, KfiaT£nog, slrtmg, tir Ir. crisUon, sinews.] 
 
 A cartilage ; a smooth, solid, clastic substance, in 
 animal bodies, cliieriy in those parts where a small, 
 easy motion is reipiireil, as in the nose, ears, larynx, 
 trachea, and sternum. U covers the ends of all 
 bones which are united by movable articulations. 
 
 Quincy. 
 
 GRIST'LY, ij. Consisting of gristle ; like gristle; car- 
 tilaginous ; as, the gristly rays of fins connected by 
 membranes. Ray. 
 
 GRl-ST'-.MIEL, n. A mill for grinding grain. 
 
 GRIT, n. [Sax. grevt, or gryt, grijtta ; G. gric.t, grit ; 
 griitie, groats; D. grut, gruite, and gruis ; linn, grus, 
 or griid ; Sw. grus, probably allied tt> grate ; Dan. 
 grytter, to bruise or grate ; W. grut, grud, the latter 
 from rkud, a cast, or driving forward.] 
 
 1. The coarse part of meal. 
 
 2. Oats bulled, or coarsely ground ; written also 
 Groats. 
 
 3. Sand or gravel ; rough, hard particles. 
 
 4. A hard sandstone ; stone comjHised of particles 
 of sand agglutinated. 
 
 GRITH, n. Agreement. [J\o£ in use.] Chaucer. 
 
 GRIT' ROCK, ) o„o n v a 
 
 GRIT'STONE. ^• 
 
 GRIT'TI-NESS, n. The quality of containing grit, or 
 consisting of grit, sand, or small, hard, rough parti- 
 cles of stone. 
 
 GRIT'TY, a. Containing <and or grit ; consisting of 
 
 grit ; full of hard particles ; sandv. 
 GRIZ'E-I-IN. SecGniDELiN. 
 GRIZ'/.LE, n. [Fr. Sp. and Port, gris, gray.] 
 
 Gray ; a gray color ; a mixture of white ami black. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 GRIZ'ZLED, o. Gray ; of a mixed color. Ocii. xxxi. 
 GRIZ'ZIA',a. Somewhat gray. Bacon. 
 Grizzly bear ; a large and ferocious bear of Western 
 
 North America, the Ursus feroz of Lewis and Clark. 
 GRO.VN, p. i, [Sax. granian, grunan; W. grtcnnn ; 
 
 It, grunnio; Fr,*-ffrondcr f Hp, gruhir j It. gragnire; 
 
 At, ranna, Heb. and Cli. 121, (o cry out, to groan ; 
 
 L. raiia, a frog. Class Rn, No. 4.] 
 
 1. To breathe with a deep, murmuring sound ; to 
 utter a mournful voice, as in pain or sorrow. 
 
 2. To sigh ; to be oppressed or afflicted ; or to com- 
 plain of oppression. A nation groans under the 
 weight of t;ixcs. 
 
 GROA.V, n. A deep, mournful sound, uttered in pain, 
 sorrow, or aiiguisli. 
 
 2. Any low, rumbling sound ; as, the groans of 
 roaring wind. Shak, 
 
 GROA.N'FIJL, a. Sad ; inducing groans. Spenser. 
 
 GROA.N'I.NG, ppr or o. Uttering a low, mournful 
 sound. 
 
 GRO.AN'INO, n. T' e act of groaning; lamentation; 
 complaint ; a deep ound uttered in i>ain or sorrow. 
 I ItiTC h'-.ml the groo'dng of tlie cliilda-u of l»ri''l. — Ki. tL 
 2. In hunting, the cry or noise of the buck. 
 
 Chamb. 
 
 GROAT, (grawt,) n. [D. groot, G. grot, that is, great, 
 a great piece or coin; so calleil because lieliire tins 
 piece was coined by Edward III., the English had no 
 silver coin larger than a penny.] 
 
 1. An English nu>n< y of account, equal to four 
 
 2. A proverbial name for a small sum. [pence. 
 GROATS, (gruwis,) ;i. ;</. [.<ee GiiiT.J Oats that have 
 
 the'iiull-i tak 'ii oil". 
 
 GROA TS'-WOUTII, (grawts'wurth,) n. The value 
 of a groat. Slwneood, 
 
 Gl!6'<;i:it, n, [This is usually consideri^d as formed 
 from gross, but in other languages, the corrcs|>onding 
 Word is from tlie name of plants, herbs, or spices ; 
 D. krnidcnier, from kruid, on herb, wort, spices ; unlrr- 
 kramer, a dealer in wtirts, herbs, or spices ; Sw. krydd- 
 krdmarr. The French, Spanish, anci Portuguese, use 
 words formed fnmi the name of spice, anil the Itil- 
 ian is frttin the same worti as drug. It would seem, 
 then, that a grocer, whatever may be the origin of the 
 name, was originally a selli^r of spices and other veg- 
 etables.] 
 
 A tradiT who deals in ten, sugar, spices, cofTee, 
 liquors, fruits, tc. 
 GRO'CER-Y, ?i. The commodities sold by grocers. It 
 is used in the singular in England, in the plural in 
 the L'nited States. 
 2. A grocer's store. United States. 
 
 GROG, n. A mixture of spirit and water not sweet- 
 ened. 
 
 GROG'-UI.OS-SOM, n. A rum-bud ; a redness on the 
 nose or face of men who ilrink ardent spirits to ex- 
 cess ; a deformily that marks the beastly vice of in- 
 temperance. .America, 
 
 GROG'-DRINK-ER, n. One addicted to drinking 
 grog. 
 
 GROG'GY, a. A groggy horse, is one that bears 
 wholly on his heels in trotting. Cye, 
 2. \n vulgar language, t\\t:iy ; intoxicated. 
 GROG'RA.M, ) ri. 1 
 GKOG'lt W i "■ geossagrana, gross gram.] 
 
 A kind of stuff made of silk and mohair. 
 GROG'SHOP, n. In -imcrico, a shop where grog and 
 
 other spirituous liquors are retailed. Grogcery has 
 
 also been used of late. 
 GROI.N', n. [Ice. and Golli. "rein. Chalmers. But I 
 
 do not find this in Lye.] 
 
 1. The depressed part of the human body between 
 the belly and tin; thigh. 
 
 2. Among builders, the angular ciirx'e made by the 
 intersection of two semi-cylinders or archies. Kncyc. 
 
 3. [Fr. groin ; Gr. pir,] The snout or nose ol a 
 swine. Ckauccr, 
 
 GROI.V, r. I. To groan. [Obs.] Chaucer, 
 GIl()I.\'f;i), a. Having an angtil.ir curx'e m.ade by the 
 
 intersection of two semi-cylinders or arches ; as, a 
 
 groined arcii ; a groined ceiling. 
 GUf)M'ET, \ n, [.\rm. gromm, a curb, Fr. gour- 
 GRO.\r.\IET, i nifHc.] 
 
 Among seamen, a ring formed of a strand of rope 
 
 laid roiinil, used for various purposes. Tottcn. 
 GRO.M'WELL, j 11. A plant of the genus Lithospcr- 
 GRtJ.M'IL, j mum. The German Gromwell is 
 
 the Stellera. , o Fam, of Plants, 
 
 GROOM, n. [Pers. Lc^.:i garma, a keeper of horses. 
 
 Uu. Flemish or old D. grom, a boy.] 
 
 1. .\ boy or young man ; a waiter ; a ser%'ant. 
 
 2. .\ man or boy who has the charge of horses ; 
 one who takes care of horses or the stable. 
 
 3. In England, a title of several officers of the 
 royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's 
 department ; as, the groom of the chamber ; groom of 
 the stole or robes. Brande. 
 
 GROO.M, n. [Sax. and Goth, guma, a man.] A man 
 recently married, or one who is attending his pro- 
 posed spouse in order to be married ; used in conijio- 
 sition, as in bridegroom, which sec. [This is a jial- 
 pable mistake for goom.] 
 
 GROO.M, r. L To lake care of horses. 
 
 GR(30M'IN(i, 71. The care and feeding of iKirses. 
 
 GROO.M'-POR'TER, n. .\n officer in the household 
 of th ■ king of England, who succeeded the mtister 
 of revels, and gave direction .as to sports. Fosbroke. 
 
 GROOVE, (groov,) n. [Ice. groof ; Sw. grop : but it 
 is merely a variation of grace. See Grave and 
 Gbip.1 
 
 1. A fu rrow, channel, or Itmg hollow cut by a tool. 
 Among joiners, a channel in the edge of a molding, 
 sty le, or rail. 
 
 2. Among miners, a shaft or pit sunk Into the 
 earth. 
 
 GROOVE, p. t. (Sw. grbpa,] 
 
 To cut a channel with an edged tool ; to furrow. 
 GROOV'KD, pp. Channeleil ; cut with grooves, 
 GROOVER, n. A miner. [Loeui.] Holloway, 
 GR(JOV'lNG, ppr. Cutting in channels. 
 GROPE, V. i, [.<ax. gropian, grapian ; G. grabbeln, 
 greifcn 1 D. grypcn, grabbelen ; Dan. griber, to gripe. 
 
 TO.NE. BJ;LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8, — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 66 
 
 RR" 
 
GRO 
 
 GRO 
 
 GRO 
 
 to grope ; S\v. grubla, Dan. gruhler, to search. The 
 sense is, to feel or to catch with the hand.] 
 
 1. To feel alons; to search or attempt to find in 
 the (lark, or as a blind person, by feeling. 
 
 We grope for the wall like tliP bliiiil. — Is. lix. 
 
 Tlie cl> iii5 believer leaves tlie weeping children of mortiility to 
 grope n little longer among the iinseries and sensualities of 
 a worldly life. BuckminsUr. 
 
 2. To seek Mindly in intellectnal darkness, with- 
 out a certain puide or means of knowledge. 
 
 GKoPE, V. t. To search by feeling in the dark. We 
 groped onr way at midnight. 
 
 But Strephon, c\utiou3, never meant 
 
 The liottom of the pan to grope. Swi/t. 
 
 GRoP'KD, (gropt,) pp. Felt in the d.irk. 
 
 GKoP'ER, 71. One who gropes ; one who feels his 
 way in tiie dark, or searches by feeling. 
 
 GROP'IN'G, ppr. Feeling for something in darkness ; 
 searching by feeling. 
 
 GRoP'ING-IJY, ado. In a groping manner. 
 
 QHOS, grd,) [Fr.] Thick; strung; a word used in 
 many compound words for silk goods; as, gros 
 de, J^ap or jiTaplcs, gros de Tours, &.C., all strong fab- 
 rics. Kiicijc. Jim. 
 
 GRoS'BEAK, n. A bird. See Grossbeak. 
 
 GROSS, (I. [ Fr. gros ; It. and Port, grosso : Pp. grueso, 
 grosero; li.crassus; a dialectical variation of irmit.] 
 
 1. Thick ; bulky ; particularly applied to animals ; 
 fat ; corpulent ; as, a gross man ; a gross body. 
 
 2. Coarse j rude ; rough ; not delicate ; as, gross 
 sctilptnre. IVotton. 
 
 3. Coarse, in a figurative sense ; rough ; mean ; 
 particularly, vulgar ; obscene ; indelicate ; as, gross 
 language ; gross jests. 
 
 4. Thick; large; opposed to fine; as, wood or 
 stone of a gross grain. 
 
 5. Impure ; unrefined ; as, gross sensuality. 
 
 6. Great ; palpable ; as, a gross mistake ; gross in- 
 justice. 
 
 7. Coarse ; large ; not delicate ; as, gross features. 
 
 8. Thick ; dense ; not attenuate'd ; not reSned or 
 pure ; as, a gross medium of sight ; gross air ; gross 
 elements. Bacon. Pope. 
 
 9. Unseemly ; enor.naous ; shameful ; great ; as, 
 gross corruptions ; gross vices. 
 
 10. Stupid ; dull. 
 
 Tell her of things th tt no gross ear can hear. MUton. 
 
 11. Wliole ; entire; as, the gross sum, or gross 
 amount, as opposed to a sum consisting of separate 
 or specified parts. 
 
 GROSS, ji. The main body ; the chief part ; the bulk ; 
 the mass ; as, the gross of the people. [We now 
 use Bulk.] .Addison. 
 
 2. The number of twelve dozen ; twelve times 
 twelve ; as, a gross tit bottles. It never has the 
 plural form. We sjiy, five gross or ten gross. 
 
 In the gross, in gross, in he bulk, or the whole un- 
 divided ; all parts taken together. 
 
 By tlie gro.^-s, in a like sense. 
 
 Gross weight, is the weight of merchandise or 
 goods, with the dust and dross, the bag, cask, chest, 
 &c., in which tin y are contained, for which an al- 
 low.mce is to be made of tare and tret. This being 
 deducted, the remainder, or real weight, is den' mi- 
 nated neat or net weight. Oross weiglit was ab..lished 
 in (Connecticut by statute, M.ay, 1827. 
 
 In English law, a villain in gross, wn^i onewlindid 
 not belong to the land, but imiiiediately t i the per- 
 son I f the lurd, and was transf. rrable by deed, like 
 chattf.ds, from one owner to another. Blackstone. 
 
 MroiDson in gross I an advnwson separated fri^m 
 the property of a manor, and anne.ved to the person 
 of its owner. Blackstone. 
 
 Common in gross, is common anne.\ed to a man's 
 person, and not appurtenant to land. Blackstone. 
 GRoSS'Br:.\K, )i. A singing bird of several species, 
 i.llied to the finches and linnets. The bill is convex 
 above, and very thick at the base, from which cir- 
 cumstance it takes its name. P. Cijc. 
 GRoSS'KST, a. Coarsest; rudest; most inilelicate. 
 GROSS'-UEAD-ED, a. Having a thick skull ; stupid. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 GRCSS'I.Y, adn. In bulky or large parts ; coarsely. 
 This matter is grosslii pulverized. 
 
 2. Greatly ; palpably ; enormously ; as, this affair 
 has been grossly misrepresented. 
 
 3. Greatly ; shamefully ; as, grossly criminal. 
 
 4. Coarsely; without refinement or delicacy; as, 
 .*>. Wilhoiit art or skill, [language grosstif vulgar. 
 
 GRriSS'.N'ESS, n. 'I'hici-ness ; bulkiness; corpulence; 
 fatness ; appltrd to unimal bodies. 
 
 2. 'J'liickm-ss ; spissilude ; deuHily ; as, the gross- 
 nesH of vapors. 
 
 3. Coarseness ; nidenesH ; want of refinement or 
 delicacy ; vulgarity ; as, the grossncsa of language ; 
 the grossn'88 of wit. 
 
 Abhor Ihe ■wlitiah grotttnat ttuit dellKhU to wound ihi: onr of 
 d.licicy. Dieight. 
 
 4. Grealnrsgj enormity; n" the ;fToS)me.«j? of vice. 
 GUOSS'l.;'l,AR, a. I'erlaining to i.r resembling a 
 
 giinni-h'*rry ; grossiilar garnet. 
 GROHH'l) l,AII, n. A sjiecieii of garnet of a green 
 color. I^Buprn.] 
 
 GROT, j n. [Fr.grotte; It.groUa: Sp. and Port. 
 GROT'TO, i grata ; G. and Dan. grotte ; D. grot ■ 
 Sax. grut. Orotta is not used.] 
 
 1. A large cave ; a subterraneous cavern ; and, 
 primarily, a natural cave or rent in the earth, or such 
 as is formed by acurrent of water, nr an earthquake. 
 
 Prior. Drydcn. 
 
 2. An artificial, ornamented cave for coolness and 
 refreshment. Pope. 
 
 GRO-TESUUE', (gro-tesk',) a. [Fr. grotesque ; Sp. 
 and Ptirt. grotesco ; It. grottesca ; frtun grotto.] 
 
 Wildly formed; whimsical; extravagant; ef ir- 
 regular forms and proportions; ludicrous; antic. 
 Tlie term is derived from th.^ figures found in the 
 subterraneous apartments (irn>MoCA') in the ancient ru- 
 ins .at Rome, and is hence applied to pieces of sculp- 
 ture and painting, and to natural scenery ; as, wro- 
 tr.>"gMf painting ; grotesfjne dt'sign. Drydcn. 
 
 GRO-TESaUE', (gro-tesk'j) n. Whimsical figures or 
 scenery. 
 
 2. Artificial grotto-work. Brande. 
 
 GRO-TESaUE'LY, ado. In a fantastical manner. 
 
 GRO-TESaUE'NESS, re. State of being grotestpie. 
 
 GROUiND, «. [Sa.x.grund: G. Dan. and Sw. ^ruud ; 
 D.grond; Rnss. grunt. This word maybe the Ir. 
 ^rian, ground, bottom of a river or lake, from grean, 
 W. graean, gravel. [See Grain.] It seems, primari- 
 ly, to denote the gravelly bottom of a river or lake, 
 or of the sea, which slu ws the appropriate sense of 
 the verb to ground, as used by seamen.] 
 
 The surface of land or upper part of the earth, 
 witliout reference to the materials which compose it. 
 We apply ground to soil, sand, or gravel, indifferent- 
 ly, but never ai ply it to the wliole mass of the earth 
 or globe, n.ir to any portion of it when removed. We 
 never say a shovei full or a load of ground. We say 
 under ground, but ntit under earth ; and we speak of 
 the globe as divided into land and crater, not into 
 ground and water. Yet ground, earth, ami lujid, are 
 often used synonymously. We say, the produce or 
 fruits of the ground, of the earth, or of land. The 
 water overflows tlie low ground, or the low land. 
 
 There \v:is not a man to till the ground. — Gen. ii. 
 The grouiut shall give its increase. — Zech. viii. 
 The lire ran along on the ground. — Exod. ix. 
 
 2. Region ; territory ; as, Egyptian ground : Brit- 
 ish ground ; heavenly ground. Milton. 
 
 3. Land ; estate ; possession 
 
 Thy next design is on thy neighbor's grounds. r>njd£n. 
 
 4. The surface of the earth, or a floor or pavement. 
 Dagon h.ad fallen on his face to the ground. — 1 Sam. v. 
 
 5. Foundation; that which supports any thing. 
 This argument stands (m defensible I'roMiirf. Hence, 
 
 6. Fundamental cause ; primary reason, or origi- 
 nal principle. He state I the jrru«ii(/i of his complaint. 
 
 M.tking happiness the ground uf his unhappiness. Sidney. 
 
 7. First principles; as, tlie grounds of religion. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 8. In painting, that which is first put on ; the sur- 
 face on which a figure or object is represented ; that 
 surface or substance which retains the original color, 
 and to which the other colors are applied to make 
 the representation ; as, crimson on a wliite ground. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 9. In manufactures, the principal color, to which 
 others are considered as ornamental. Ilakewill. 
 
 10. Grounds ; plural, the bottom of liquors ; dregs ; 
 lees; fi-ces ; as, coffee grounds; the grounds of 
 strung beer. 
 
 The term grounds is also used in architecture, to de- 
 note pieces of woi d, flush with the plas'ering, to 
 which moldings, &,c., are atta' lied. Brande. 
 
 11. The plain song; the tune on which descants 
 are raised. 
 
 On that ground I'll build a holy descanL Sfiak. 
 
 12. In etching, a gurnmous composition spread over 
 the surface i f the metal to be i tclied, to prevent the 
 nitric acid from eating, except where the ground is 
 opi ned with the point of a needle. F.nryc. 
 
 Ki. Field or place of action. He fought with fury, 
 and would not quit the sToiinrf. 
 
 14. In music, the name given to a composition in 
 which the base, consistiiigof a f -w bars of independ- 
 ent notes, is continually repeated to a continually 
 varying melody. Busliy. 
 
 1. 'j. Th(> fiiil to set a tiling off. [Ob.i.] Shak. 
 Ifi. iiermcWy, the pit of a playhouse. B. .Jonson. 
 To gain ground ; to ailvance to proceed fiirwaril 
 
 in coiillict; .as, an army in battle <rai«j>- ground. 
 Hence, to obtain an advantage ; to have some suc- 
 cess ; as, the army ^ai'iis ground on the enemy. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. 'I'o gain credit ; to prevail ; tohecmne more gen- 
 eral or extensive ; as, the opinion gums ground. 
 
 To lose ground ; to retire ; to relreiit ; to withdraw 
 from the position taken. Ilence, to It.se advantage. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. 'I'o lose credit ; to decline ; to become less in 
 force or extent. 
 
 To gire ground ; to recetle ; to yielil advantage. 
 
 T" A'C' ground, and to gather ground, are seldom 
 used. 
 
 GROUND, V. t. To lay or set on the ground. 
 
 2 To found ; to fix or set, .as on a foundation, 
 cause, reason, or principle ; as, arguments grounded 
 on reason ; faith grounded on scriptural evidence. 
 3. To settle in first principles ; to fix firmly. 
 Being rooted and grounded in love. — Kph. iii. 
 
 GROUND, V. i. To run aground ; to strike the bottom 
 and reni:iin fi.xed ; as, the ship grounded in two fath- 
 oms of water. 
 
 GROUND, prcl. and pp. or a. from Grind. 
 
 GR0UND',\GE, n. A lax paid by a ship for the 
 ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier. 
 
 GUOUND'-AN"GLING, n Fishinjt without a float, 
 with a weight placed a fev intliea from the hook. 
 
 GROUND'-ASH, n. A spplii.g of ash ; a young shoot 
 from the stump of an ?isli Mortimer. 
 
 GROIIND'-BaIT, ji. Bait consisting of halls of boiled 
 barley, &c., dropped to the bottom of the water to 
 collect together the fish. Walton. 
 
 GR0UN1>-CHER'RY, n. An American weed {idnjsea- 
 lis viscosa) having an inflated calyx, or seed-jwd. 
 
 GROUND'ED, pp. Laid in the ground ; run aground 
 
 GROUND'ED-LY, ado. Upon firm principles. 
 
 GROUND'-FLoOR, n. The first or lower floor of a 
 house. But the English call the second floor from 
 the ground the first floor. 
 
 GROUND'-FORM, re. In grammar, the basis of a 
 word, to which the other parts are added in declen- 
 sion or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, 
 the same as the root. Gibhs. 
 
 GROUND'-HOG, ii. [ground and hog.] The popular 
 name of the Anierican Arctoniys, or marmot, usually 
 called, in New England, woodchuck. 
 
 GROUND'-I-VY, n. A well-known plant, the Gle- 
 chonia hedrracea; called, also, alehoof and gill. 
 
 GROUND'LESS, a. Wanting ground or foundation; 
 wanting cause or reason for support ; as, groundless 
 fear. 
 
 2. Not authorized ; false ; as, a groundless report 
 or assertion. 
 
 GROUND'LESS-LY, adv. Without reason or cause ; 
 without authority for support. Boyle. 
 
 GROUND'LESS-NESS, n. Want of just caiisi;, rea- 
 son, or authority for support. Tillotson. 
 
 GROUND'LING, n. A fish that keeps at the bottom 
 of the water. Shak. 
 
 2. Jlnciently, one who stood in the pit of the thea- 
 ter, which was literally on the ground, having neither 
 floor nor benches. Toonc. 
 
 GROUND'LY, arfi!. Upon principles ; solidly, ^scham. 
 [.^ bad word, and not used,] 
 
 GROUND'-NEST, 71. A nest on the ground. 
 
 GROUND'-NUT, n. The fruit of the jlrachis hypogma, 
 called also pea-nut, a native of South .\meric;u [See 
 also Earth-Nut.] 
 
 2. A leguminous, twining plant, .^pios tuberosa, 
 producing clusters of dark-purple flowers, and having 
 a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste. 
 
 Dewey's Ma.fs. Rep, 
 
 GROUND -oAK, re. A sapling of oak. Mortimer, 
 
 GROUND'-PI.\E, re. A plant, a species ofTeiicriuin 
 or germander, said to be so called from its resinous 
 smell. Eitciic. Hill. 
 
 GROUND'-PLaTE, re. In architecture, the ground- 
 plates are the outermost pieces of timber lying on or 
 near the ground, framed into one another with mor- 
 tises and tenons. Harris. 
 
 GROUND'-PLOT, re. The ground on which a build- 
 ing is placed. 
 2. The iciinograpliy of a building. Johnson. 
 
 GROUND'-RENT, re. Rent paid for the privilege of 
 building on another man's land. Johnson. 
 
 GROUND -ROO.M, re. A room on the ground ; a low- 
 er room. Taller. 
 
 GROU.ND'SEL, n. A plant of tlie genus Senecio, of 
 several species. 
 
 GUonND'SF.L, )n. [Troiiiirf and Sax. .«///, basis, 
 
 GROUND'SI l,L, i allied probably to L. sella, that 
 which is set. See Sill.] 
 
 The timber of a building which lies next to the 
 grouml, coiumouly calletl a sill. 
 
 GROUND'-SWELL, re. A swell and heaving of the 
 sea, with great power from beneath, whili: the sur- 
 face is not agitated by any exi.sting tempest. 
 
 GROUND'-TACK-LE, (-tak-1,) ». \n ships, a general 
 term for every thing necessary to secure a vessel at 
 anchor. Tolten. 
 
 GUt)UNI)'-WeSRK, re. The work which Airms the 
 foundation or support of any thing ; the basis ; the 
 fuiidameiitiils. 
 
 2. The ground ; that to which the rest are addition- 
 al. Drydcn. 
 X First principle ; original reason. Dryden, 
 
 GROUP, 71. [It. groppo, a knot, a bunch ; Fr. groupe; 
 Sp. gripo. It IS radically Ihe same word as croup, 
 crupper, rump ; VV. grab, a cluster, a grape.] 
 
 1. A clustrr, crowd, or throng; an assemblage, 
 either of persons or tilings ; a number collected wilb- 
 oiit any regular form or arrangement ; as, a group of 
 iiii'ii or of trees; a group of ish-s. 
 
 2. In pointing and sculpture, an asseniblagi' of two 
 or more figures of men, beasts, or other things, wliich 
 have some relation to each other. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F<\LL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARTNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MCVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 528 
 
GRO 
 
 GRU 
 
 GRU 
 
 GKOUP. 11. (. [Fr. jTuitpiT.] 
 
 To form a gniup ; to bniis or place together ill a 
 cluster or knot ; to tbrm an ii.sseinlilagc. 
 
 Tlif ililliciiUy ill ilrawliis niicl ilii>|)osii.s, or, in tho p.uiit.'ra 
 Ccrin il, iu groupuig audi a nuiltiluilc of dillortfiit ol j-xu. 
 
 GUOl'P'£D, (groopi,) ;)p. or a. Formed or placed ill a 
 crowd. 
 
 GKOt;i"lNG, jipr. Bringing together in a cluster or 
 a^senihlage. 
 
 GKOliriNU, II. The art of composing or combining 
 tlie objects of a picture or piece of sculpture. Cijc. 
 
 GROUSE, (grous,) n. [Pera. ^j^^j^ kliaros, gros, 
 a cock.] 
 
 A lirath cock, or cock of the Avood, a bird of the 
 genus Telrao. Tlie name is given to several species, 
 highly prized for food, such as the black game, the 
 red game, the plarmiL'an, Ihe rulfed grouse, Slc. 
 
 GROUSE, B. i. To seek or shoot grouse. 
 
 GROUS'ING, ppr. Shooting grouse. 
 
 GROUT, n. [Sax. /rrut. See Guoat.] 
 
 1. Coarse meal ; pollard. 
 
 2. .A kind of wild apple. Johnson. 
 
 3. A thin, co,irsc mortar, used for pouring into the 
 joints of masonry and brick-work. The term is also 
 applied to a finer material, used in finishing the best 
 ceilings. Qicilt. Bramlc. 
 
 A. Lees ; that which purges off". Warner. 
 f>. Wort of the last running. Jlolhirnij. 
 GR01;T'I.N(J, n. The process of filling in or finishing 
 with grouu QwiU. 
 9. The grout thus filled in. 
 CROUT'NOL. See Growthead. 
 GROVE, It. [Sax. grirf, graf, a trrave, a cave, a irrove ; 
 Goth, groba ; frjri cutting an avenue, or from the rc- 
 stmblaiice of nr. avenue to a channel. 1 
 
 1. In gatdinmg, a small wood or cluster of trees 
 with a sh.i'ied avenue, or a wood impervious to 
 the rays of ihe s'ln. A grove is either o[ien or close ; 
 open when con'.isting of large trees whose branches 
 shade the ground below ; close when consisting of 
 trees and uuilerwiKul, which defend the avenues from 
 Uie rays of the sun and from violent winds. Encyc. 
 
 2. ,k wood of small extent. In America, the word 
 is applied to a wood of natural growth in the field, as 
 well as to planted trees in n garden ; but only to a 
 wood of small extent, and not to a forest. 
 
 3. Something resembling a wood, or trees in a 
 wood. 
 
 Tall groott ol m:\sla arose in Iwaiitcoiis pride. Trumbittt. 
 GBOV'f.T., (grov'l,) r. I. [Ice. irritiia ; Chaucer, sT"if, 
 llat on the ground or face ; Scot, on grou/c ; allied to 
 grtipr, which see.] 
 
 1. To creep on the eHTtli, or with the face to the 
 ground ; to lie prone, or move with the boily pros- 
 trate on the earlli ; to act in a prostrate posture. 
 
 Ciate on iiiul f^vel on tliy (:tc«. Shale, 
 To CIV -p aiitl jroec' on Ihe ^roiniil. M'Uton, 
 
 2. To he low or mean ; as, irrovclinir sense ; grotel- 
 intr thoughts. Dnjtlcn. .^ddi:ion. 
 
 GROV'Kl. ER, n. One who grovels ; an abject wretch. 
 
 GROV'KL-I NG, p/ir. Creeping; moving on the ground. 
 2. a. .Mean ; without dignity or elevation. 
 
 GRTiVY, a. Pertaining to a grove ; frequenting proves. 
 
 GROVV^, p. i. ; pre/. Gkew ; Grown. [Siix. growan ; 
 D. irritrncn : Dan. gruer; Sw. groj a coiitnicted word ; 
 W. croliair, crijthu, to grow, to swell. This is prob- 
 ably the same word as L. crr^-fco, Russ. rajtu^mxtu, a 
 dialectical variation of crotlh or grvilh. The French 
 croitrff and Eng. increase, retain the final conso- 
 nant.] 
 
 1. To enlarge in bulk or stature, by a natural, im- 
 perceptible addition of matter, through ducts and se- 
 creting organs, as aniin.'il and vegetable bodies ; to 
 vegetate a.s plants, or to be augmented by nalnnil 
 process, as animals. Thus, a plant grows from a 
 seed to a shrub or tree, and a human being graas 
 from a fetus to a man. 
 
 lie c-iuwth Uie gnus to grots for catUe. — Ps. cit. 
 
 2. To he produced by vegetation ; as, wheat grovs 
 in most (larls of tlie world ; rice grutcs only in warm 
 climates. 
 
 3. To increase , to be auzmented ; to wax ; as, a 
 body fTvir.1 larger by indation or distention ; intem- 
 perance is a nToiciiii.' evil. 
 
 4. To advance ; to improve ; to make procress ; ns, 
 to grow in grace, in know ledge, in piety. The young 
 man is grouting in reputation. 
 
 5. To advance ) to extend. His reputation is grow- 
 mg. 
 
 6. To come by degrees ; to become ; to reach any 
 sUite ; as, he grotes more skilll"iil, or more prudent. 
 Let not vice grow to a habit, or into a habit. 
 
 7. To come forw.-ird ; to advance. [J^Tol tnach \uti.] 
 
 Winu r l»f m U frou fast on. KnoUtt. 
 
 8. To be changed from one st.ate to another ; to 
 bi come ; as, to grovi pale ; to grow poor ; to grow 
 rich 
 
 9. To proceed, as from a cause or reason. Lax 
 morals may grow from errors in opinion. 
 
 10. To accrue ; to come. 
 
 Why shouUl d.iinu je groiD lo tlio him of the kinjs f - Ezra it. 
 
 1 1. To swell ; to increase ; as, the wind ^Tcifl to a 
 tempest. 
 
 To grow out of; to issue from, as plants from the 
 soil, or us a branch from the main stem. 
 
 Tlieso wars have grown out of coniiiierct.il coiisiilentions. 
 
 h\<leralinl^ UniniHon. 
 
 To grow up: to arrive at manhood, or to advance 
 to full stature or maturity. 
 
 'J'o grow lip : ) to close and adhere ; to lierome 
 
 To grow together ; \ united by growth, as llesh or 
 the bark of a tree severed. 
 
 Grow signifies, properly, to shoot out, to enlarge ; 
 but it is oflen used to denote a passing from one stale 
 to another, and from greater to less. 
 
 Marruif^cs grow leis frequent. Paley. 
 
 [To grow less, is an abuse of this word ; the phrase 
 should be, to become less.] 
 
 GRoW, r. t. To cause to grow ; to produce ; to raise ; 
 as, a farmer grows large quantities of wheat. [This 
 is a modern, agricultural use of grow, but prevalent 
 in Great Uritaiii, and the Hritisli use begins to be 
 imitated in America. Until within a few years, we 
 jiever heard grow used as a transitive verb in New 
 Euclaiiil, and the eat revolts at the practice.] 
 
 GROWER, II. One who grows ; that which in- 
 creases. 
 
 2. In English itse, one who raises or produces. 
 
 GROWING, ppr. or a. Increasing ; advancing in size 
 or extent; biiconiiiig ; accruing; swellina ; thriving. 
 
 GROWL, V. i. [(Jr. yni XXn, a grunting ; Flemish, grol- 
 Un. Juniiut. I). kroUen, to caterwaul.] 
 
 To murmur or snarl, as a dog ; to utter an angry, 
 grumbling sound. Gaij. 
 
 GROWL, V. t. 'i'o express by growling. Tlioiiuon. 
 
 GROWL, n. The murmur of a cross dog. 
 
 GROWL'ER, 11. A snarling cur ; a gruinliU r. 
 
 (JROWL'I.N'G, ppr. or a. Griimblin!; ; snarling. 
 
 GKOWL'LN't;, >i. The act of grumbling or snarling. 
 
 GROWL'LN'G-LY, nili: In a gninibling manner. 
 
 GROWN, pp. or a. from Giiow. Advanced ; increased 
 in growth. , 
 
 2. Having arrived'tit full size or stature ; as, a 
 grown woman. Locke. 
 Grown over ; covered by the growth of any thing ; 
 
 GROWSE, V. i. [Si\K. agrLan.] [overgrown. 
 To shiver ; to liave chills. [JVot used,] Ray. 
 
 GROWTH, n. The gradual increase of animal and 
 vegetable bodies ; the process of springing from a 
 germ, seed, or root, .and proceeding to full size, by 
 the addition of matter, through ducts and secretory 
 vessels. In plants, vegetation. We speak of slow 
 growth, and rapid growth ; of early growth, late 
 growtJi, and full growth. 
 
 2. Product ; produce ; that which has grown ; as, 
 a fine growth of wood. 
 
 3. Production ; any thing produced ; as, a poem of 
 English growth. Dryden, 
 
 4. Increase in number, bulk, or frequency. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 5. Increase in extent or prevalence ; as, the growth 
 of tratle ; the growth of vice. 
 
 6. Advancement; progress; improvement; as, 
 growth in grace or piety. 
 
 GROWT'IIEAD, ( n. [Probablv gToss,x>x great-head.] 
 
 GROWT'NOL, ( A kind of fish. ./Iiiisworth. 
 2. A lazy person ; a lubber. [0&5.] Tusser. 
 
 GRUH, r. i. [Goth, ffrtiian. See Grave. The prima- 
 ry sense is probably to rub, to mkc, scrape, or scratch, 
 as wild animals dig by scratching. Russ. grcbu, to 
 mke, to row ; grcbcn, a comb ; grob, a grave ; grob- 
 Ua, a ditch.] 
 To dig ; to be occupied in digging. 
 
 GRUI1,b. t. To dig ; mostly followed by i/p. To grub 
 up, is to dig up by the riKits with an instrument ; to 
 riHit out by digging, or throwing out the soil ; as, to 
 grub up trees, riislies, or sedge. 
 
 GRUB, II. (from the verb.] A name given to any 
 fieshy, dingy -colored larva, whether proceeding from 
 the egss of a beetle, ninth, or other insect. It has 
 sometimes been confined to the larvte of beetles and 
 weevils. Partington. 
 2. A short, thick man ; a dwarf, in coatcinpt. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 GRUR'-AX, n. A tool used in grubbing up roots, &c. 
 GRUIVHER, n. One who grubs. 
 
 2. An instrument for digging up the rootj of 
 trees, kc. 
 
 GRUIt'MING, ppr. Dinging up by the roots. 
 GRI'R'HI.NG, M. Operation of digging up shnibs, &c., 
 Iiy the roots. 
 
 GRUB l)l.\<;-IIOE, II. An instrument for digging up 
 trees, shrubs, jcc, by the roots; a mattock; called 
 also a grub-<iz. 
 
 GRUU'BLE, r. L [G. gr^beltu See Grotel and 
 Grariile.] 
 
 To feel in the dark ; to grovel. [Rare.] Dryden. 
 GRUR'STREF.T, n. or a. Originally, the name of a 
 street near Miwrfields, in I.,ondon, much inhabited by 
 mean writers ; hence applied to mean writings ; as, 
 a Grnhstrett [Weill. Johnson. 
 
 [The street is now called Milton streeL Smart.] 
 
 GRUDGE, V. t. [W. gnrg, a broken, rumbling noise ; 
 grwga^, a murmur, and, as a verb, to ntunnur ; 
 gnega^u, to grumble ; from the root of rbirctaw, lo 
 grunt, or grunible ; rhw^, ii grunt, what is rough ; 
 L. rugio ; Scot, gruch, to grudge, to repine; Gr. 
 )i)i\o). VV'c see the primary sense is, tt, grumble, 
 and this from the rout of rough.] 
 
 1. To he discontented at another's enjoyments or 
 advanlag<^s ; to envy one the possession or iKijipinesa 
 w hicli we desire for ourselves. 
 
 'Tls not In tlieo 
 
 To jrru'/'e my pleamires, to cut oli" my tniin. flltnle. 
 1 havi- ult'-ii li''nn( the PrLftbyteriails s.iy, Uiey did not gru/tft ua 
 our employments. Ste^/t. 
 
 It is followed by two objects, but probably by el- 
 lipsis ; as, grudge us, for grudge to us. 
 
 2. To give or take unwillingly. 
 
 Kor grxttlsie my coM emlimcea in tlie prwire. Drydtn. 
 They luive grmlgrd tlioae eontrihutions, whlcii have set our 
 country at Uie head of alt Uie goveniniciitj of Europe. 
 
 Aaduon. 
 
 GRUDGE, r. i. Tomnrmur; torepine; to complain; 
 as, t • grudge or comphiin of injustice. Hooker. 
 
 2. To lie unwilling or reluctant. Grudge not to 
 serve your country. 
 
 3. To be envious. 
 
 Grii'lge not one against another. — James v. 
 
 4. T<i " ish in secret. [.Vot used, nor proper.] 
 
 .1. To feel compunction ; tti grieve. [A'ot in u.ie.] 
 GRUDGi;, n. Sullen malice, or iiialevtdence ; ill-will; 
 secret enmity ; hatred ; as, an old grudge. 
 
 B. JonsoTU 
 
 2. Unwillingness to benefit. 
 
 3. Remorse of coiif cience. [Ots.] 
 GRUDG'KO.NS, (grudj'uiiz,) n. J./. Coarse meal. [JVwt 
 
 in use.] Beaum. &[ Fl. 
 
 GRUDG'ER, n. One that grudges ; a miirmiirer. 
 GRUDG'LNG, ;ipr. or a. Kiivying; being uneasy at 
 
 nniillier's possession of something which we have a 
 
 di^sire to jiossess. 
 GRUDc'i'I.NG, II. Uneasiness at the possession of 
 
 something by another. 
 
 2. Reluctance ; also, a secret wish or desire. 
 
 jyryden. 
 
 He liad a grudging still to be n knave. [Ob>.] Drydtn. 
 
 3. .\ svmptom of disease. [J^Tot in use.] Jack-ion. 
 GRUnG'ING-LY, ai/i). Unwillingly; withreltirtance 
 
 or discontent ; as, to give grudgingly. 
 GRO'EL, H. [Ft- grtiau ; W.grual.] 
 
 A kind of light food made by boiling meal in wa- 
 ter. It is usually made of the meal of oats or maize. 
 GRUFF, a. [D. ^'■e/-" G. grob ; Vnn. grov ; Sw.grof; 
 W. gruf, a grilhn, one fierce and bold.] 
 
 Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or counte- 
 nance ; sour ; surly ; severe ; rugged ; harsh. 
 
 GRUFF'LY, adv. Roughly; sternly; ruggedly; 
 harshly. 
 
 Anil grujjty looked tlie god. DryUn. 
 GRUFF'NESS, n. Roughness of countenance, of 
 
 manner, or voice ; sternness. 
 GRU.M, a. [Dan. grum, cruel, fierce, peevish; Sw. 
 gnjm, id. ; Dan. gremmer, to mourn ; W. grwm, 
 growling, surly ; grymian, to grumble.] 
 L Morose; severe of countenance ; sour; surly. 
 
 Jirbutlinot. 
 
 2. Low ; deep in the throat ; guttural ; rumbling ; 
 as, a grum voice. 
 GRU.M'IiLE, r. i. [D. grommclen, grommen ; Sax. 
 gnjmctnn ; Vl:\n. gremmer ; Fr. groinmeter ; \V.gri/mi- 
 al, lo grumble ; Russ. grom, a loud noise, thunder ; 
 grenilyu, to make a loud noise, to thunder ; Arm. 
 grommellat ; Ir. cruim, thnntler ; probably from the 
 root of rumble; Heb. Ch. Syr. Dy^, to ro;ir, murmur, 
 thunder ; Sax. reomian, rhcniman, to scream. Class 
 Rin, No. 11, 13.] 
 
 1. To niurinitr with discontent ; lo utter a low 
 voice by way of complaint. 
 
 L'Avane, not imiiiir h.ilf his store, 
 
 Still gruitib'.et lh.it he has no more. Prior. 
 
 2. To growl ; to snarl ; as, a lion grumbling over 
 his prey. 
 
 3 'l o rumble ; to roar ; to make a harsh and heai'y 
 sotintl ; as, grumbling thunder; a grumbling storm. 
 [In this sense. Rumble is eenerally used.] 
 
 GRU.M'HLER, n. One who grtinibles or murmurs; 
 one who roinplain-i ; a discontented man. Swift. 
 
 GRU.M'BLI.N'G, ppr. or a. Murmuring through discon- 
 tent ; rumbling; growling. 
 
 GRU.M'llLI.N't;, II. A murinuring through discontent; 
 a rtiinbliii:!. 
 
 GRU.M'liLING-LY, adc. With grumbling, or com- 
 plaint. 
 
 GRf'.ME, n. [Fr grumeau; L. grumus; It. and Sp. 
 
 grumo.] 
 
 A thick, viscid consistence of a fluid ; a clot, as of 
 blood, &c. 
 
 GRU.M'LY, adv. Morosely; with a sullen counte- 
 nance. 
 
 GRO'.MOUS, a. Thick ; concreted ; clotted ; as, gm- 
 inous blood. 
 
 2. In botany, in the form of little clustered grains. 
 
 Ltndley. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, TJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € ai K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH a» SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
GUA 
 
 GUA 
 
 GUE 
 
 GRC'MOUS-NESS, n. A slate if being rlntled or 
 concreted. Wiseman. 
 
 GRUMP'V, a. Surly ; dissatisfied. [Local in Eng- 
 land.] Fiirbij. 
 
 GRUND'SEL. See Groundsel. .mitoti. 
 
 GRUNT, V. i. [Dan. irrynter; G. irrunien ; Sax. gru- 
 nan; Fr. orogner ; Aim. gromtal ; lA.grunnio; Sp. 
 grunir; It grugnire. See Heb. Cli. Sam. p">, Ar. 
 
 rannflj to cry out, to murmur. Class Rn, No. 4.] 
 
 To murmur like a hog ; to utter a short groan, or a 
 
 deep, guttural sound. Swift. Skak. 
 
 GRUNT, n. A deep, guttural so\md, as of a hog. 
 GRUNT'ER, 71. One tliat grunts. [Dnjilen. 
 2. A fisli of tlie gurnard kind, so called from the 
 
 peculiar n"ise u liich it makes. Diet, A'ut. Hist. 
 GRUNT'ING, ppr. or a. Uttering the murmuring or 
 
 guttural sound of swine or other animals. 
 GRUNT'ING, ji. The guttural sound of swine and 
 
 other animals. 
 GRU.NT'I,\G-LY, adv. With grunting or murmurs. 
 GRU.XT'LE, V. i. To grunt. [JV'u( muck itseil.] 
 GRUNT'LING, 7i. A young hog. 
 GRUTCH, for Grudge, is now vulgar, and not to be 
 GRS, 71. [Gr. ),oi'.] [used. 
 
 1. A measure containing one tenth of a line. LocUe. 
 
 2. Anv thing very small, or of little value. [Rare] 
 GRYl'H'ITE, 71. [L. grijpltitrs ; Gr. yov-oi, ln.oked. 
 
 Crowstone, an oblonn fossil shell, narrow at the 
 head, and widertoward the e\tremity, where it ends 
 in a circular limb ; the head or beak is very hooked. 
 
 GUA-€Ha'RO-BIRD, 77. A nocturnal bird of South 
 America, of the genus Steatornis. It feeds on hard 
 fruits, and is valued fur its fat. Humboldt. 
 
 GUi\'IA-€U.M, (gwa'ya-knm,) 77 The name of a genus 
 of plants, and also of the resin of the species G. ofiici- 
 nale, poi)ularly called LignumviUryOX poz wood; a tree 
 produced in the warm climates of America. The 
 wood is very hard, ponderous, and resinous. The 
 resin of this tree, sometimes called guicc, is of a 
 greenish cast, and much used in medicine. Encyc. 
 
 GUX'NA, 71. A species of lizard, found in tlie warmer 
 parts of America. 
 
 GUA-NX'eO, 71. The Auchenia Iluanaca, a species 
 of the genus of ruminant mammals t.i which the la- 
 ma belongs. It inhabits the .Andes, and is domesti- 
 cated. It is allied to the camel. 
 
 GU.\-NIF'ER-OUS, a. Yielding guano. Vre. 
 
 GUX'NO, 71. A substance found on some parts of the 
 South .Vmerican and African coasts, which are fre- 
 quented by sea-fiivvls, and composed chiefly of their 
 excrement; used as a manure. Ure. 
 
 GU.^'RA, 71. A bird of Brazil, the Tantalus ruber, 
 about the size of a spoonbill. When first hatched, 
 it is black ; il afterward changes to gray, and then 
 to vivid red. Diet, of J^at. Hist. 
 
 GU.-\R-AN-TEE', (gar an-tee',) 71. [Fr. garant; Sp. 
 garantia; Arm. goarand ; ir. barrantai \V. gwarant.] 
 
 1. An undertaking or engagement, by a third per- 
 son or party, that the stipuhuions of a treaty shall be 
 observed by tlie contracting parties or by one of them ; 
 an undertaking that the engagement or promise of 
 another shall be performed. We say, a clause of 
 guarantee in a treaty. Hamilton. 
 
 2. One who binds himself to see the stipulations 
 of another performed. [Guara-ntee is becoming the 
 prevalent spelling.] 
 
 GUAR-AN-TEE', (gar-an-tee',) v. t. [Fr. garantir ; 
 It. guarentire ; Arm. goaranti; W. gwarantu, from 
 gwar, secure, smooth, or rather from gicara, to fend, 
 to fence, the root of guard, that is, to drive off, to 
 hold off, to stop ; I), waaren, to preserve, to indem- 
 nify; Sax. wcrian, to defend; Eng. to ward; allied 
 to warren, &.C, See Warrant.] 
 
 1. To warrant ; to make sure ; to undertake or en- 
 gage that another person shall perform what he has 
 stipulated ; to oblige one's self to see that another's 
 engagements are performed ; to secure the perform- 
 ance of; as, to guarantee the e.\ecntion of a treaty. 
 
 Madison. Hamilton. 
 
 2. To undertake to secure to another, at all events, 
 as claims, rights, or possessions. [Thus, in the 
 treaty of 1778, France guaranteed to the United 
 Slates their liberty, sovereignty, and independence, 
 and their iiossessions ; and the United States guar- 
 antied to France its possessions in America. 
 
 The Vmm\ SuU-l nliult guarantee to rvi-ry SliUf in lIiT Unior 
 rcpuUlkJln form of gi^vcriiincnl. Contt. of United £>tatct, 
 
 3. To indemnify ; to save harmless. [Sec Guar- 
 
 ANTir.] 
 
 GUAR-AN-TEF.D', ) ,,. , , 
 
 GUAR'A.\-TIf:i), i " •-'"•■"ifd. 
 
 GUAK-AN-TKE'IN*;, ppr. Warranting. 
 
 GUAR'AN TOR, (gar'an tor,) 71. A warrantor; one 
 who engages to »(■!• that the stipul.ations of anrthcr 
 are performed ; also, one ivho engages to '^C' 
 another in any right or possession. 
 
 OUAK'AN-TV, (gar'an ty,) 7>. l. [ Fr. garantir.] To 
 warrant ; to make sure ; to undertake or engage that 
 another pemm shall perform whnt he has slipulalod. 
 2. 'I'o undertake to secure to anothor, at all events. 
 U. To indemnify ; to savt harndeiia. 
 
 GUAR'AN-TY, (siar'an-ty,) 71. [Fr. garant: Sp. ga- 
 rantia.] An undertaking or engagement by a third 
 person or party, that the stipulations of covenant 
 shall be observed by the contracting parties or by one 
 of them. 
 
 2. One who binds himself to see the stipulations 
 of another performed. [Written also Guarantee.] 
 GUARD, (gard,) v. t. [Fr. garden Sp. and Port, guar- 
 dar; It, guardare, to keep, preserve, defend ; also, to 
 look, to behold ; Rasque, gordi; W. gicara, to fend 
 or guard, to fence, to play. The primary sense is, to 
 strike, strike back, repel, beat down, or to turn back 
 or stop; hence, to keep or defend, as by repelling 
 assault or danger. The sense of seeing, looking, is 
 secondary, from the sense of guarding, and we re- 
 tain a sinnlar application of the root of this word in 
 beware; or it is from the sense of reaching, or cast- 
 ing the eye, or from turning the head. This is the 
 Eniilisii to ward. In W., gwar is secure, mild, pla- 
 cid, that is, set, fixed, held. It seems to be allied lo 
 G. wahr, true, L. vcrus : rcdhren, to keep, to last, to 
 hold out ; bcwahren, to keep or preserve ; bewdhren, 
 to verify, to confirm ; D. rcaar, true ; waaren, to keep, 
 preserve, indemnify ; waarande, a warren, and guar- 
 antee ; waarison, a garrison ; Dan. vaer, wary, vigi- 
 lant, watching; Eng. ware, aware; Dan. va;rgcr. to 
 guard, defend, maintain ; vare, a guard, or watch, 
 wares, merchandise ; rarer, to keep, last, endure ; 
 Sw. vara, to watch, and to be, to exist ; Dan. varer, 
 to be ; Sax. warian, wcrian, to guard, to defend, to be 
 warti. The sense (>f existing implies extension or 
 continuance. See Regard and Reward.] 
 
 1. To secure against injur}', loss, or attack ; to pro- 
 tect ; to defend ; to keep in safety. We guard a city 
 by walls and forts ; a harbor is guarded by ships, 
 booms, or batteries ; innocence should be guarded by 
 prudence and piety ; let observation and experience 
 guard us against temptations to vice. 
 
 2. To secure against objections or the attacks of 
 malevolence. 
 
 Homer h^s guarded every circumstance wilh caution. Broome. 
 
 3. To accompany and protect ; to accompany for 
 protecti(Ui ; as, to guard a general on a journey ; to 
 guard the baggage of an army. 
 
 4. To adorn with lists, laces, or ornaments. [ Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. To gird • to fasten by binding. B. Jonson. 
 GUXRD, V. i. To watch by way of caution or defense ; 
 
 to be cautious ; to be in a state of defense or safety. 
 Ouard against mistakes, or against temptations. 
 GU.^UD,7i. [Ft. garde; Sp. guarda ; It. giiardia ; Eng. 
 ward.] 
 
 1. Defense ; preservation or security against in- 
 jury, loss, or attack. 
 
 2. That which secures against attack or injury ; 
 that which defends. Modesty is the guard of inno- 
 cence. 
 
 3. A man or body of men occupied in preserving a 
 person or place from attack or injury ; he or they 
 whose business is to defend, or to prevent attack or 
 surprise. Kings have their guards to secure their 
 persons. Joseph was sold to Potiphar, a captain of 
 Pharaoh's guard. 
 
 4. A state of caution or vigilance; or the act of 
 observing what passes, in order to prevent surprise 
 or attack ; care ; attention ; watch ; heed. Be on 
 your guard; temerity puts a man off his guard. 
 
 5. That which secures against objections or cen- 
 sure ; caution of expression. 
 
 Ttiey linve exprpsaed themselves with aj few guards nnd re- 
 EUictions iia 1. Atterburi/. 
 
 6. Part of the hilt of a sword, which protects the 
 
 7. In fencing, a posture of defense. [hand 
 
 8. An ornamental lace, hem, or border. [OAs.] 
 .Sdvancxd guard ; j in military affairs, a body of 
 Ko7i guard ; J troops, either horse or foot, 
 
 that march before an army or division, lo prevent 
 surprise, or give notice of (langer. 
 
 Rear guard ; a body of troops that march in the 
 rear of an army or division, for its protection. 
 
 Life guard ; a boily of select troops, whose duty is 
 to defend the person of a prince or other officer. 
 
 The guards of a steamboat are a widening of the 
 deck by a framework of strong timbers, which curve 
 out on each side to the water-wheel, and protect it 
 and the shaft against collision with wharfs and other 
 boats. 
 
 GUaRD'-RoAT, 71. A boat appointed to row the 
 rounds among ships of war in a harbor, to observe 
 that their otHcers keep a good look-out. Mar. Diet. 
 
 GUAI!l)'-('llA.M-BER, 71. A guard room. 1 Kings \\v. 
 
 GUARD'-ROO.M, 71. A room for the accommodation 
 of guards. 
 
 GUARD'-SIIIP, 71. A vessel of war appointed to su- 
 periiiteml tin: marine affairs in a harbor or river, and 
 also, in the English service, lo receive impressed 
 seamen. 
 
 GUAllD'A-BI.E, 0. That may be prolcctcd. 
 GUXKD'AGi;, 71. Wardship. [Obs.] ShaJi. 
 GUARD'ANT, a. Acting as guardian. [Obs.] 
 
 2. In heraldry, having the face turned toward the 
 spectator. 
 
 GUARD'ANT, 71. A guardian. Shak. 
 
 GUARD'ED, /ip. Defended; protected; accompanied 
 by a guard ; provided with means of defense. 
 
 2. a. Cautious ; circumspect. He was guarded in 
 his expressions. 
 
 3. Framed or uttered with caution ; as, his expres- 
 sions were guarded. 
 
 GUARD'ER-LY, adv. With circumspection. 
 GUXRD'ED-NESS, «. Caution; circumspection. 
 GUaRD'ER, 71. One that guards. 
 GUARD'FUL, a. War>- ; cautious. 
 GUARD'I-AN, H. [from guard; Fr. gardien; Sp. 
 guurtlian.] 
 
 1. A warden ; one who guards, preserves, or se- 
 cures ; one to whom any thing is committed for 
 preservatitm from injury. 
 
 2. In law, one who is chosen or appointed to take 
 charge of the estate and education of an orphan who 
 is a minor, or of any person who is not of sufficient 
 discretion to manage his own concerns. The person 
 committed to the care of a guardian is called his ward. 
 
 Guardian of the spiritualities ; the jierson lo whom 
 the spiritual jurisdiction of a diocese is intrusted, 
 during the vacaricy of the see. 
 
 GUaRD'I-AN, a. Protccling; performing the office 
 of a protector ; as, a guardian angel ; guardian care. 
 
 GUARD'I-AN-ESS, 71. A female guarilian. [JVot in 
 use.] Beaum. 4' -f' • 
 
 GUXRD'I-AN-SHIP, 71. The olfice of a guardian ; 
 protection ; care ; \\-atcli. 
 
 GUARD'ING, yiyir. Defending; protecting; securing; 
 attending fur protectitjn. 
 
 GUARD'LESS, a. Without a guard or defense. 
 
 GUARD'SHIP, w. Care ; protection. [Little used.] 
 
 GUa'RISH, (ga'rish,) i-. (. [Fr. guerir.] [SwifL 
 To heal. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 GUA'VA, (gwi'va,) 71. An American tree, and its fruit, 
 of the genus Psiditim. Two species are well known, 
 the P. pyrifcrum, or white guava, and P. pomifernm, or 
 red guava. The fruit or berry is large and oval-shaped, 
 like a pomegranate, which it resembles in its astrin- 
 gent quality. The pulp is of an agreeable flavor, 
 and of this fruit is luaile a delicious jelly. Encyc. 
 
 GU'BER-NaTE, v. t. [L. guberno.] 
 To govern. [J\'ot used.] 
 
 GU-BER-Na'TION, 71. [L. gubernatio. See Govern.] 
 Government; rule; direction. [Rare] Watts. 
 
 GO'BER-NA-TIVE, a. Governing. Chaucer. 
 
 GU-BER-NA-To'RI-AL, a. [L. gubcrnator.] 
 Pertaining lo government, or lo a governor. 
 [Sometimes used in .America.] 
 
 GUD'GEON, (gud'jun,) 71. [Fr. gonjon.] 
 
 1. A small, fresh-water fish, of the genus Cypri- 
 ntis, a fish easily caught ; and hence, 
 
 2. A perstm easily cheated or insnared. Swift. 
 
 3. A bait ; allurement ; something to be caught lo 
 a man's disadvantage. Shale 
 
 4. An iron pin on which a wheel or shaft of a ma- 
 chine turns. In a ship, a clamp on which the rudder 
 turns. Hebert. Totten. 
 
 Sea-gudgeon ; the black goby or rock-fish. 
 
 Gui'BRE.i"- L~,">Mel] 
 
 The name given by the Mohammedans to the Per- 
 sian fire-worshipers. The Guebers inhabit the south- 
 ern parts of Persia, are poor, and miserably oppressed 
 by their Mohammedan lords. In India, they are 
 called Parsee-^. Murdoch. 
 
 GUEE'DER-RoSR, (gel'der-) 71. See Gelder-Rose. 
 
 GUELF, j (gwelf,) II. The fJiic?/s, so called from the 
 
 GUELPII, i name of a family, composed a faction 
 formerlyin Italy, opposed lothe Ghibelines. J. Adam.'s, 
 
 GUER'DON, (ger'don,) 71. [Fr., from the same root 
 as reward. Norm, regarde.] 
 
 A reward ; retjuital ; recompense ; in o good or bad 
 sense. [ Obs.] Spenser. Milton. 
 
 GUER'DON, t'. f. To reward. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 
 
 GUER'DON-A-BLE, a. Wo'rthy of toward. Buck. 
 
 GUER'DON-A'D, pp. Rewarded. 
 
 GUEU'DON-LES.S, a. Unrecompensed. [Obs.] 
 
 GUER-RIL'LA, (gwer-ril'la,) 11. or a. [Sp.,lutle war.] 
 A term applied lo an irregular mode of carrying on 
 war, by the constant attacks of independent bands. 
 It was adopted in the north of Spain during the Pen- 
 insular war. Tlie term is, for the most part, used 
 adjectivcly. 
 
 GUESS, (ges,) V. U [D. gissen ; Sw. gissa ; U. gca- 
 sam ; Dan. gieller. It coincides with east, like the 
 Ij. conjicio ; for in Danish, gietter is to guess, and giet- 
 huus, \* a casting-house or fouuilery, n-i/i/cr, to pour 
 out. Hence we see Ihat Ibis is tin' ii. giessen, to 
 pour, cast, or found. Eng. to gush. In lUiss. gadayu 
 
 is to guess, and Aii/i/i/K, to cast. Ar. cftaiai, to 
 
 divine or guess. Class Gs, No. 31. See ulso Class 
 Gd. The sense is, to oi..', Ihat is, lo throw together 
 circumslanc't^s, or lo cast forward in miml.] 
 
 1. 'i'o conjecture ; to form an opinion without cer- 
 tain principles or means of knowledge; to judge at 
 random, either of a jiresenl unknown fact, or of a 
 future fact. 
 
 Kir»t, If ttiou cAnst, llic liarder rcocon guett. Pop*. 
 
 2. To judge or form an opinion from some reasons 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi^T. — METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 5^4 — 
 
GUI 
 
 GUI 
 
 lli.il render a thine probiililc, but Hill sliort of siif- 
 iH ieiit rvidencc. From tli^-lit circiiiiistHiiccs or oc- 
 casioiKil expressions, we an uullior's meaning. 
 
 3. To hit upon by acriji iit. Locke. 
 
 4. To suppose j to tliinit ; to he incJined to believe. 
 
 Vour own people have lafurmcil you, I guett, Iliia 
 
 MvtdLtlan, 
 
 GUESS, r. i. To conjecture ; to judge at random. 
 \Vc do not know which road to take, but we must 
 j-Mfti* at it. 
 
 GUKSS, n. Conjecture ; judgment witliout any cer- 
 tain evidence or grounds. 
 
 A piict miw( conll'as 
 Hit (irt'i like pl^xsic, but a iMjipy gucsa. Dry<?en. 
 C.VEfS'F.n, (gest,) pp. Conjectured ; divined. 
 UUKtfS'KK, n. One who guesses ; a conjec tnrer ; one 
 wlio judges or gives an opinion witliout certain inean-i 
 of kiu>wing. /)„,,f 
 GU K^S'INO, ppr. Conjecturing; judging witliout 
 
 ■certain evidence or grminils ol" opinion. 
 CUESS'I.NG, n. The roriniiig of conjectures. 
 
 SH.'i""?'^!'-^ -;''^' "■•■'>' <"' conjecture. S'lak. 
 
 GUIOS'-nol'K. Sec Glest-Koh:. 
 
 GUESS'-\VOHK,n. Work perforiiied at hazard or by 
 mere conjecture. 
 
 GUEST, (gest,) n. r.=!ax. erst ,■ G. and D. <ra.>-f .• Dan. 
 pic^l! Sw. ffdst; U. ^wc,l, a going out, a r..v<f, an 
 inn, a lodging ; also, lo visit, to be a giie^t ■ inrr-i -i 
 going; Russ. go.1t, a guest. This is the Latin ij,«L 
 Lug. cu.it, with the Celtic prcfi.it. See Owen's IfeUli 
 Dictivnartj.] 
 
 1. .\ stranger ; one who comes from a distance 
 ami takes lodgings at a place, either for a night oi^ 
 for a longer time. siUani. 
 
 •_>. A visitor; a stranger or friend enlertaineil in 
 the house or at the table of another, whether by in- 
 vitation or otlicrivisc. 
 
 Tlie wediliiiff was furnulicd with gnesU. — M.iit. xxiL 
 GUEST'-CH.^.M-HER, n. An apartment apjiropriated 
 
 to the entertainment nf guests. .Murk xiv. 
 SHS^I!"" "■ » Chapman. 
 
 SHfr^i, . i'"'' ! '■"1"^ '"^v "■'"'> >"• to make 
 
 GUESS'-ltoPE, i fast a boat. Star. D,cU 
 
 GUEST'U ISE, ailv. In the manner of a guest. 
 GUG'GI.E. SeeGunr.LE. 
 
 GUHR, (gur,) II. A loose, e.irthy deposit from water 
 found in the cavities or clefts of rocks, mostly white 
 but sometimes red or yellow, from a mixture of clay 
 
 ,n,'!'„'I^'.'"T;, „ ^ XichvUun. Clcavcland. 
 
 GUI!) A-IILE, a. That may be guided or governed bv 
 counsel. SnraU 
 
 GUII)'.\GE, n. [.'Sec Guide.] The reward given to a 
 guide for services. [UtUe useti.] 
 
 GUII)'A.\CE, »i. [See Glide.] The act of "uidiii 
 directum ; government ; a leading. Submit to the 
 guidance of age and wisdom. 
 
 GUIDE, (gide,) r. t. [Fx. puider; It. tniidare; Sp. 
 euiar, lo guide ; guia, a gui.le, and, in seamen 
 language, a ffuy ; PorL id. See Class Gd, No. 17, 
 53.] 
 
 1. To le.id or direct in n way; to conduct in n 
 course or path ; as, to /ruide an enemy or a traveler 
 who is not acipiainted with the road or course. ' 
 
 The meek will he guide in Ju.lgmeiil P«. 
 
 2. To direct; lo ordeiv 
 
 He will exiidc liii nlTnln Willi ilisctrtion. — P.. c jii. 
 
 .3. To influence; to give direction to. Men are 
 guuled by their interest, or siip[)oscd intere^u 
 
 4. To instruct and direct. Let parents iruide their 
 childn n lo virtue, dignity, and hapiiiness. 
 
 5. To direct ; to regulate and manage ; to superin- 
 tend. 
 
 1 will ih;« Uie )oiin"^r women mxnj, tw chiklren, luid ruide 
 Uw liouje. — ! Tun. T. * «mw 
 
 GUIDE, n. [Ft. g^idt ; It. iiiirfo ; Sp. gTiia.] 
 
 1. A person who leads or directs another in his 
 way or course; a conductor. The army followed 
 the iptule. The traveler may be deceived bv his 
 gwdt. ' 
 
 2. One who directs another in his conduct or course 
 of life. 
 
 He will tw our git'ult, e»en unlo ilrnth. — Pi, Klrill. 
 
 3. A director; a regulator; that which leads or 
 rrViv Experience is one of our best guida. 
 i.Ltu hi), pf, ; conducted ; directed in the way ■ 
 
 iiistnicled and directed. '"-"ay, 
 Gl IDE'LESS, o. Destitute of a guide; wanting a ' 
 
 GI|II,E..POST, ,. A post at the forks of a rJa L for 
 
 ilirecting travelers the way. ' 
 (.LID'EK, It. A guide ; one who guides or directi. 
 
 ''V'".'Hnt?nd'rg. ^"""""'"Si dT-I'ng; 
 
 '■'reei'men'i' iJ'n''""'^ " ^^'^ "^^e silk slandani of a 
 
 to pay something toward the charge and su,,,,„rt of 
 the Company.] ii 
 
 111 F.,u:Umd, a society, fraternity, or comnanv as- 
 sociated lor some purpose, parliciilarly for carrviiiir 
 on coiiimerco. The iiieicliaiit-.r«,7,is of our ane, «i„rs 
 answer to our niodiTn corporations. They were li 
 censed by the king, and governed by laws and orders 
 
 Grii:!J'i),^^;^-G^:rEr°"'''^- 
 
 G1UL1)'-IIALL, (gild'hawl,) „. The hall where a 
 guild or corporation usually assemble ; the grc'al 
 court of judicature in Loudon. 
 GUILE (gile,) „. [(i„. i.-,,,|icli euilU, or mUr. It 
 may be the Celtic form of Eng. wiU. See Etiiiopic, 
 Cast. col. 5J3.] ' ' 
 
 Craft; cunning; artifice; duplicity; deceit; usu- 
 ally in a bad xciue. 
 
 VVc rrmy, wiih more nuco-cfnl hope, rvs(.l»o 
 I o \v;.g>. I,y lurci- or giiiu l u rii il war. fiWlon 
 B. liol.1 mi Nroelile in.lrt.l, In »l.oin m no juUe. — J„hii i.' 
 
 rl'n'r-'i'n',' To disguise craftily. [Ob,.] 
 GLILL IIJL, „. Cunning; crarty ; artfuf; wily ; de- 
 ceitful ; insiilions ; as, a ffmlrfnl person. 
 
 y. Treai lieroiis • deceitful. glialc 
 IT?' Iv'.'m ',"'?' "••C'-'ive ; as, guilrfnl words. 
 ercIiMv' ^ '^"'■""y i insidiously ; tn ach- 
 
 GUILE'Ej;i^.\ESS, n. Deceit; secret treachery""'' 
 
 GUTLE'LESS, a. Free from guile or deceitTar'tless ; 
 
 frank ; sincere; hnnesL ' 
 ."iS'Ji'r,',''!:"':'; i;^"' ^rtlessly ; honestly. 
 
 guile ' ; ff'^cii.im from 
 
 GUIL'ER, n. One who betrays into danger by insid- 
 
 GLILLL-.MOI (giric-mot,) n. [from the Welsh 
 iwtlawif, whirling about.] 
 
 A water-fowl, of the genus Uria, allied to the Pen- 
 guins, Auks, and Divers. It is found in the northern 
 
 «7//; //Vi^r'^i' "• ^ '"'-■'•""•''ting liipiors. 
 
 QUII^I.OCIIK, (g,I-Iosl,',) „. [Fr.] ,^ arclntcctnrr, 
 an ornament in the form of two or more bands or 
 strings twisting over each other in a coiitinucii se- 
 ries. ^ -. 
 GUIL'LO-TI.N'E, (gil'Io-teen,) „. [Fr., from tlie nan.e 
 of the inventor.] 
 
 An engine or machine for beheading persons at a 
 stroke. 
 
 GUIL'LO.TI\E,(gil'lo-tecn,) t,. u To behead with 
 
 the guillotine. 
 GUIL'LO-TL\-£D, pp. Beheaded at a stroke by a 
 guillotine. •' 
 
 r^m^i'i""'''''-^'^!^- "'■'"■"'linR In a guillotine. 
 
 I A. ' "• P''"'t> tl"^ corn mangold. 
 Gb I L I (g.lt ) ;i. [Sax. gijh, a crime, and a debt, con- 
 nected with g^ijldan, to pay, or it is from the root of 
 D. and {j. sdiuld, Ihm. .,ky!J, a debt, fault, guilt. f.S-e 
 Shall, Shol ld.) If the word is from W,/un, ,n,l,lan 
 to pay. It denotes a debt contracted by an otfen-^e a 
 fine, and thence came the present signification.) ' 
 
 1. Criminality ; tli.it st.ate of a moral agent which 
 results from Ins .actual commission of a criine or of- 
 fense, knowing It to be a crime, or violation'of law 
 Po constitute guilt, there must be a moral agent en- 
 Joying freedom of will, and capable of distin-uishi,,., 
 between right and wrong, and a wilful or intentional 
 violation of a known law or rule of duty. The guilt 
 of a |«rson exists as soon .is the crime is coniniitted 
 but to evince it to others, it must be proved by con- 
 fession, or conviction in due course of law Guilt 
 renders a p<-rson a debtor to the law, as it binds him 
 to p.ay a penalty in money or siiflering. Guilt there- 
 fore, implies both criminality and liableness u „- 
 
 ishmenl Guilt may proceed either from a positive 
 known duty " ' ""'""^'y ""gl'^ct of 
 
 a. Criininality, in a political or civil view ; expo- 
 sure lo forfeiture or other penalty. ' 
 
 A >l,ir Incun e»Ul l,y the vioblion of . blockade. A-en(. 
 
 3. Crime ; ofi'ense. o,,„,. 
 
 guIlt'Mv'^" i^'"'"-"-] 
 
 iilcentlv."""'- " '-"^ e"ilt . no. 
 
 GUILT'I.NE.SS, „. The state of being guilty w "k- 
 edness; criiiiinalitv; giiiii av/ 
 
 inmJenL "''"'•''se ; 
 
 GUL 
 
 to punishment ; not iiinotenu It may be followed 
 by of; as, to be )f,„U,j of theft or arson. 
 
 N,.r h.-, ,„.r yo,i, w.-re gMHy of \W- .irife. Unftm. 
 2. U irked ; corrupt; sinful; as, a /tui7/» world. 
 3 (,oiis,:,ous. B.7«,«„„. 
 In itrnptiirf, to be gtultij of death, is to have com 
 muted a crime which deserves death. Malt xxui 
 
 7o be guilt,, of the bndij and blood of CliriM is to be 
 chargeable with the crime of crucifying Christ afresh 
 an.l orfering iinlignity to his perstm and ri"liteous- 
 ness, represented by the symbols of the Liird's suih 
 per. I Cor. xi. ' 
 GIILM'IiARD, 71. A musical iiistriiiiient, the jewsharp. 
 
 GUI.N'E \, (gln'ny,) n. [from Guinea, in Africa.'wMch 
 abounds with gold.] ' 
 
 F.innrrhj, a gold coin of Great Britain, of the v.aluc 
 01 tweiiiy-oiie shillings sterling, etpial to S4.lifiJ 
 American money. v j, 
 
 GIJI.N'EA COR.V, n. Tlie great or Indian millet, 
 
 GUL\ EA-I)KOP-PER, „. One who cheaU by drop- 
 ping guineas. ' "i"!"- 
 
 r '!■■■» iiV- v''^' ' J"<^ -'deairi'^, a fowl 
 
 • ■ "^ Vr , *. '•'••'"""'ceoHs r.rdeV, a na- 
 
 ve of Africa. It is larg. rllian the comnmn d.unes. 
 
 •fri "'?i."';' I T "<" '"I'-f' -l fleshy horn on 
 
 e. r si.le ot the irad. Its color is a .lark gJav, beau- 
 
 l.\ LA-I hi I LK „. ,\ ,,|;,„(^ „ species of ^mn. 
 
 n.r'pickle"''"'"""' 
 GL I.N'EA-PIG, n. In loUtogij, a quadriiiied of the cc- 
 nus tavia or Cavy, a native of lira/.il. It is almul 
 seven inches in length, an.l of a while color, varie- 
 gate.l with spots of orange and black 
 G I • I \ ' l-A D. See G w I > 1 A D. 
 
 Gi;iSE, (gize,) n. (Fr. guLse : It. eiiwa, way, manner, 
 : ; \\ . ipeei, order, sha|>e ; Sax. wise ; 
 
 Tb - Unljill^nol^hoU liiin ffui/U«,, that lakrth hi. naine i 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, qMTE.— 
 
 2. Not produced by the slaughter of animals. 
 
 Dm frtim ih- moiiiiuiiii'i rruiT tiJe 
 ^„„.^ Af-i^-.r-.-tlbrin,.' • Go!d.miA. 
 
 GUIKr'v'"/;ui''.°"i ^'^^^ in consequence of'gulu. 
 , ,, •'■''">•'''■ (Sax. ^B/(„r.l rHeaum 
 1. Criminal ; having knowingly iommilt^d a mmc 
 or olfense or having violated a law by an overt art 
 or by neeleci. and by that act or neglect being I . iW,' 
 
 66 
 
 AX»GER. V.»CIOUS-e ■» K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH a. SH ; TTT^^iTT;^ 
 
 Arm. »r«„, ,r,i. 
 
 i-ng. iB.«; G. weuc : D. guizen, to iM-guiie.l 
 
 1. External app.'arance , drpss ; garb. He appeared 
 yiJi^Treligt;:.^"*^"""''- 
 
 '"'•'nl::,:m'£,i!i:^;:''°"' ri^^f^iz" 
 
 2. Manner ; mien ; cast or behavior. 
 
 Uv lli.-ir guUe 
 3,M men tl,.-y y-em. 
 
 3. Custom ; mode ; practice. 
 
 The sw.iin r.-plie<i, It never wns our gnite 
 1 o.ll^'hl the |«jur, or aught humane >|,-,,„«. 
 GflJ'Eft, (gi'/.er ) n. A person in disguise : a muni- 
 
 and P.,rt. guitnrra: L. cit/iara ; Gr. «,«„«., 1 
 
 A stringed instrument of music. In Enihind and 
 the L nited StUes used chiefly by ladies, but n Sm"„ 
 anil Italy much used by men p' 
 
 go'la: i "■ u^'c;^:{z:'''" » ""^^ 
 
 r'X\' V},\":. '■"^'■'=''"'"1? t'> the thro.at. p Cue 
 
 lick and a goose, the breast and belly whi"e The 
 
 G^L;:',ir;;n'.i:^?;..:y":i^r"''"'^ "'-^^ 
 
 Gri'l'l!'".'"," ' "rdi vounng. [J\'„« ,„^.i 
 
 Gt.Ll.S, (gulz,) n. [Fr. gueutes, tv,i.] ' 
 
 "^'/^/Dii^-d;:^^::;,^ ^'-."^.Ari;.: 
 
 1. A recess in the ocean from the general line of 
 the shore into the land, or a tract of water exte Mi °-. 
 from the ocean or a sea into the land, betwee.^ 
 points .,r promontories ; a large bay ; as, the ,nitf "f 
 McMco; the g„lf of Venice" Uie g^uZ/'of Fhduid 
 A ffnlf aii.1 a tlitreronly i„ extent. VVe ajX 
 to a large or small recess of the sea, as, I he o^ 
 
 4-of".Avru's." ^''^'sUi:;.""' 
 
 3. .\ whirlpool ; an absorbing eddy. S^cT^iZ' 
 A. Any thing insatiable. <ii.7t 
 GULF'-I.\-DE.\T EI),«. Indented with gulf, oX^y, 
 
 F"ll of whirlpcd. or gulfs -'t^'tgulf, 
 
 "5?;;.'c;,5)„.P" '''■^'"«-' p-"- 
 
 trick dr?r.;ud.""''" • 
 
 The rulfar, guIlM into rebellion, .rmetj. Drydtn 
 GUJ.L ». A cheating or cheat ; trick ; fraud. Shak. 
 
 'J. One easily cheated. g/,^ 
 GL LL, n. [W. incijlmt ; Corn, gullan.] 
 wi^n "eb-foi.ted sea-fowl, with lone 
 
 wings, belonging to the genus Larus. There are nu- 
 merous spixies. D , 
 GULL'-CATCII-ER, „. A cheat ; a ma.f wh^^r^ls 
 or enlrajM silly |>eople. 54^*. 
 
 5i5 
 
GUM 
 
 GUN 
 
 GUT 
 
 GULL'f;D, pp. Cheated; dectived ; defrauded. 
 GULL'l^R, n. A clieat ; an impostor. 
 GUl.L'ER-Y, re. Cheat. [JVuI used.] Burton. 
 GUL'LET, re. [Fr. goulet, goulut, from L. gala ; Rass. 
 chailo ; Sans, gola.^ 
 
 1. The passage ui the neck of an animal by which 
 food and liquor are taken into the stomacli ; the esoph- 
 agus. 
 
 2. A stream or lake. [JVot v.^cd.] Hei/lin. 
 GUL-LI-BIL'I-TY, n. Unsuspecting credulity. low 
 
 wortL] Jolui Faster. 
 
 GUL'LI-BLE, a. Easily gulled. [Lma.] 
 GUI/LI-£D, (gul'lid,)pp. or a. Having ahollow worn 
 
 by water. 
 
 GUIjL'ING, ppr. Cheating; defrauding. 
 GULL'I.-^H, a. Foolish ; stu|iid. [.,Vi>( in use.] 
 GL'LL'ISU-NESS, n. Foolishness; stupidity. [J\'"o( 
 in 
 
 GITL'LY, re. A channel or hollow worn in the earth 
 by a current of water. J\'V'7C England. Jlitford. 
 2. A large knife. [Scottish.] n'liltrr Scott. 
 
 GUL'LV, V. t. 'I'o wear a hollow channel in tlie earth. 
 
 Jiuierica, 
 
 GUL'LY, r. i. To run with noise. [A'ot in n.ie.] 
 GL'L'LY-HoLE, «. An opening where gutters empty 
 their contents into the subterraneous sewer. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 GUL'LY-ING, ppr. Wearing a hollow channel in the 
 earth. 
 
 GU-LOS'I-TY, 71. [L. gulosus, from gvla, the gul- 
 let.] 
 
 Greediness; voracity ; excessive appetite for food. 
 [Utile used.] Brown. 
 GULP, V. t. [D. gulphn ; Dan. gulprr.] 
 
 To swallow eagerly, or in large draughts. Onij. 
 To gulp up ; to throw up from the tliroat or stom- 
 ach ; to disgorge. 
 GULP, n. A swallow, or as nmch as is swallowed at 
 once. 
 2. A disgorging. 
 GULP'£D, (gulpt,) pp. Swallowed eagerly. 
 GULPH. See Gulf. 
 
 GU.M,n. [Sax. goma. See the next word.] 
 
 The hard, fleshy substance of the jjws which in- 
 vests the teetli. 
 GU.M, n. [Sax. goma ; L. g-ummi ; D. gnin ; Sp. goma ; 
 It. gomnia ; Fr. gninmr ; Gr. K'^tpn; Kuss. kamcd. 
 See Class Gm, N'o. 12, 29.] 
 
 L The concrete mucilage of vegetables ; a concrete 
 juice which exudes through the hark of trees, and 
 thickens on the surface. It is snhihle in water, lo 
 which it gives a viscous and adhesive ipiality. Ii is 
 insoluble in alcohol, and coagulates in weak acids. 
 When dry, it is transparent and brittle, not easily 
 pulverized, and of an insipid or slightly saccharine 
 ta-^te. Gum differs from resin in several particulars, 
 but custom has inaccurately given the name of gum 
 to several resins and gum-resins, as gum-co|ial, gum- 
 sandaracli, gum-ammoniac, and others. The true 
 gums are gum-arabic, gum-scnegal, gum-tragacanth, 
 and the gums of the peach, plum, and cherry trees, 
 &c. Mcholson. Hooper. 
 
 2. A tree of the genus Nyssa, called, also, black 
 gum and .lour gum. 
 
 Oum-elastic, or Elastic-gum, [cnovtchouc,] is a wi 11 
 known substance, obtained from a tree in America 
 by incision. It is a white juice, which, when dry, 
 becomes very tough and clastic, and is used for bot- 
 tles, surgical instruments, for overshoes, &c. This 
 substance is also much used for various other pur- 
 poses, being perfectly impermeable to water. 
 
 JSTicholson, Eucijc. 
 
 GUM, V. t. To smear with gum. 
 
 2. To unite by a viscous substance. 
 
 GUM-AR'A-liie, re. A gum which (lows from the 
 Acacia, in Arabia, Eevpt, &c. 
 
 GUM'-UOIL, re. A boil on the gum. 
 
 GUM-RES'IN, re. [Sec Kksin.] A name given to 
 certain inspissated saps. A juice of plants, consist- 
 ing of resin and various other substances, which 
 have been taken for a giimniy suhstaiice. Tlie gum- 
 resins do not tlow naturally from plants, hut are 
 mostly extracted by incision, in the form of white, 
 yellow, or red emulsive Huids, which dry and con- 
 solidate. The most important species are olibanuin, 
 palbaiium, scanimony, gamboge, eu|)horbium, asafi t- 
 ida, aloeB. myrrh, and ammoniac. Fourr.roij. 
 
 GUM-.'!EN'E-(;AL, n. A gum resembling gum arabic, 
 brought from the country of the River Senegal, in Af- 
 rica. 
 
 GUM-TRAG'A CANTII, n. The gum of n thorny 
 shrub of that name, in Crete, Asia, and Greece. 
 
 F.nctjc. 
 
 GUM'-TREK, n. The popular name of the black gum, 
 of the genus Nyssa, one of (he largest trees of the 
 Houtl'Crn States. It bears a small blue fruit, which is 
 the favorite food of the opossum. Most of the large 
 trees become hollow, and hence gum-tree is the term 
 to denote a hollow tree, in many of the Southern 
 States. Bee hives arc extensively made from por- 
 tions of thesi- hollow trunks ; and hence, in many 
 places, bee-gum has become the term to denote a bee- 
 hive. 
 
 GUM'BO, n. A dish of food made of young capsules 
 
 of ocra, with salt and pepper, stewed and served 
 
 with melted buiti'r. 
 GUM'LAC, ij. The resinous produce of an insect 
 
 which deposits its eggs on the branches of a tree 
 
 called (iiAar, in Assam, a country borderingon Thibet, 
 
 and elsewhere in Asia. [See Lac] J\''ichoLiou. 
 GU.M-.MIF'ER-OUS, a. Producing gum. 
 GUM'MI-NESS, re. The stale or quality of being 
 
 gummy ; viscousness. 
 2. Accumulation of gum. Wiseman. 
 GUM-MOS'l-TY, n. The nature of gum ; guiiimi- 
 
 ness ; a viscous or adhesive quality. Floiier. 
 GU.M'MOUS, a. Of the nature or quality of guin ; 
 
 viscous ; adhesive. Il'oodmard. 
 GU.M'iMY, a. Consisting of gum; of the nature of 
 
 gum ; viscous ; adliesive. Ralrgh. 
 
 2. Produclive of gum. Jlilion. 
 
 3. Covered with gum or viscous matter. Dnjdrn. 
 GU.MP, n. [Uan. and S\v. gump, the rump of a fowl.] 
 
 A foolish person ; a dolt, [i^ulgar.] Holloway. 
 GU.MP'TION, (guuip'shiin,) H. [Sax. gymene, care; 
 gyoian, to observe, or be careful.] 
 
 Capacity; shrewdness; address, [l^ulgar.] 
 
 Smart. Forby. 
 
 GUN, re. [W. gwn ; Corn, g^m.] 
 
 An instrument consisting of a barrel, or tube of 
 iron, or other metal, fixed in a stock, from which 
 balls, siiot, or other deadly weapons are discharged 
 by the explosion of gunpowder. The larger species 
 of guns ;u'e railed cannon ; and the smaller sjie- 
 cies are called juusketf, carbines, fowling-pieces, &c. 
 But one species of tire-arms, the pistol, is never 
 called a gun, 
 
 GUN, im'. To shoot. [Ob.i.] 
 
 GUN'-BAR-REL, n. The barrel or tube of a gun. 
 
 GUN'-BoAT, 71. A boat or small vessel fitted to carry 
 a cannon in the bow or amidships. Totten. 
 
 GUN'-CAR-RIAGE, ( kar-rij,) re. A wheel carriage 
 for bearing and moving cannon. 
 
 GUN'-CO'I'-TON, re. A highly explosive substance 
 obtained by soaking cotton, or any vegetable fiber, 
 ill nitric and sulphuric acids, and then leaving it to 
 dry. It is used as a substitute for gunpowder. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 GUN'NAGE, 71. The number of guns in a ship of 
 war. 
 
 GUN'-FIRE, re. In military affairs, the hour at which 
 tile morning or evening gun is fired. 
 
 CampbcWs J\til. Diet. 
 
 GUN'NEL. See Gunwale. 
 
 GU.\'i\ER, re. One skilled in the use of guns ; a can- 
 nonier ; an officer appointed to manage artillery. In 
 the nary, a warrant olficer, having charge of all the 
 ordnance of a vessel. Totten. 
 
 GUN'iN'ER-Y, n. The science of artillery ; the art of 
 managing cannon. CumphrWs Md. Diet. 
 
 GUN'NING, n. The act of hunting or shooting game 
 with a gun. 
 
 lu the earlier times, the art of gunning was but liule practiced. 
 
 OcliUioith. 
 
 GUN'NY, n. [Bengal.] A coarse sackcloth manufac- 
 tured in Bengal, of which bags are made for con- 
 taining salt and other articles. Brande. 
 
 GUN'P()VV-l)Ell, 71. A composition of saltpeter, sul- 
 phur, and charcoal, mixed and reduced to a fine pow- 
 der, then gianulated and dried. It is used in artil- 
 lery, in shooting game, in blasting rocks, &:c. 
 
 GUN'llOOM, 71. In shijis, an aiiartment occupied as a 
 mess-riHim by the coinitiissioiied otiicers. Totten. 
 
 GUN'SIIOT, 11. The distance of the point-blank 
 range of a cannon shot. Totten. 
 
 GUN'.'^IKJT, u. Made by the shot of a gun; as, a 
 gunshot wound. 
 
 GUN'SMITII, re. A maker of small arms; one 
 whose occupation is to make or repair small fire- 
 arms. 
 
 Gll.N 'SMlTII-ER-Y, re. The business of a gunsmith ; 
 llie art of making small fire-arms. 
 
 GU.N'.'^TK'K, 71. A rammer, or ramrod; a stick or 
 rod to ram down the charge of a musket, &c. 
 
 GUiN'STOCK, re. 'I'hc stock or wood in which the 
 barrel of a gun is fixed. 
 
 GUN'SToNE, re. A stone used for the shot of can- 
 non. Before the invention of iron balls, stones were 
 used for shot. Shak. 
 
 GUN'-TACK-LE, (-tak'l,) n. A gvn-taekle purchase, in 
 seawcn^s language, is composed of two single blocks 
 and a fall. Totten. 
 
 GUN'TEIl'S CHAIN, re. [from Edmund Oiiiifcr, the 
 inventor.] Thi! chain comirioiily used for inea'^urlug 
 land. It is four rods or Uli feet huig, anil is divided 
 into 100 links. 
 
 GUN'TEK'.S l.r.NE, re. A logarithmic line on Gunter's 
 scale, used for performing the multiplication and di- 
 vision of numbers mechanically. 
 
 GUN'TEIl'S SC.\LE, re. A large plane scale having 
 various lines of numbers engraved on it, by means 
 of whic h questions in practical geometry and arith- 
 metic arc remdved with the aid of a pair of com- 
 passes. Brande. 
 
 GUN'WALE, ) n. The upiier edge of a ship's side; 
 
 GUN'NEL, t the ii|iperinost wale of n ship, or 
 that piece of limber which reaches on either side 
 from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, being the 
 
 uppermost bend which finishes the upper works of 
 the hull. Mir. Did. Encyc. 
 
 GURGE, re. [Ij. gurges ; It. gorgo.] 
 
 A whirlpool; [Liille used.] Milton. 
 
 GURGE, )i. t. To swallow. f.Vot in use.] 
 
 GUR'GEO.N, 11. The coarser part of meal separated 
 from the bran. [JVijt used.] HoUinshrd. 
 
 GI'R'GLE, V. i. [It. gorgogliare, from gorga, the 
 throat, gorgo, a wiiirlpool, L. gorges. See (Jarole, 
 which seems to be of the same family ; or the same 
 word dilferentl}* applied.] 
 
 To run as liquor witli a purling noise ; to run or 
 flow ill a broken, irregular, noisy current, as water 
 from a bottle, or a small stream on a stony bottom. 
 
 Ptire ^urghrte^ rilU the loii'^ly tlescrt Ir.ice. Youjtg. 
 
 GIIR'GLING, p;jr. Running or flowing with a purl- 
 ing soiinil. 
 
 GUR'GLING, re. A running with a broken, noisy 
 current. ' 
 
 GUR'HOF-TTE, 71. A subvariety of magnesian car- 
 bonate of lime, found nearGiirhof, in Lower Aus- 
 tria. It is snow-white, and has a dull, sliL'htly 
 conchoiihil, or even fracture. Clrarrloml. 
 
 GUR'NARU, I n. [\r. guirnrad ; W. pen-grrmju. Corn. 
 
 GUR'NET. \ pcK-ifar/i, horn le ad, or irtiii-head.] 
 A se.a-fish of several species, some tif which are 
 highly esteemed for food. They belong to the Lin- 
 nieaii genus Trigla. The head is loricatcd with 
 rough lines, or bony plates. 
 
 J3sh. F.neyc. of Dom. Kcon, 
 
 GUR'NET, re. A kind of fish thiit abounds on the 
 south coast of lievoii-^hire, in England. 
 
 GUR'R.XIl, 71. A kind of plain, coarse Indian mus- 
 lin. 
 
 GUSri, V. i. [fr. gaisim : G. giessen ,• or D. gtidsen, or 
 kisseo. SeeGi'Kss.] 
 
 1. To issue Willi violence and rapidity, as a fiiiitl ; 
 to rush forth as a tliiiil from coiifiuemeiit ; as, blood 
 gushes from a vein in venesection. 
 
 Bdioiti, tie wtiole Uie ruck, that the w.ttcrs gushed out. — Ps. 
 IxxvUi. 
 
 2. To flow copiously. Tears gushed from her eyes. 
 GUSH, V. t. To emit iu copious etTiision. 
 
 The ^-ipiiig wounil gushed out a crimson Hood. [Umtsunl.] 
 
 Drylen. 
 
 GL^SII, re. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from 
 an inclosed place; an emission of liquor in a large 
 qiiautily and with force ; the fluid thus emitted. 
 
 ilurrey. 
 
 GUSiriNG, 7</>r. or o. Rushing forth with violence, 
 
 as a fluid ; flowing coiiiously ; as, gushing waters. 
 2. Emitting copiously ; as, gtishing eyes. Pope. 
 GUSH'INt;, re. A rushing forth with violence. 
 GUSH'ING-LY, ado. In a gushing manner. 
 GUS'SET, re. [Fr. gousset, a fob, a bracket, a gusset, 
 
 as if from gousse, a cod, husk, or shell. But in W. 
 
 cwysed is a gore or gusset, from ewys, a furrow.] 
 A small piece of cloth inserted in a garment, for 
 
 the purpose of strengthening or enlarging some part. 
 GUST, 11. [L. gustus. It. Sp. gusto, Fr. ''"fK, taste ; 
 
 L. gusto, G. kosten, W. ^waethu, to laste ; Gr. j£ii'.>, 
 
 a contracted word, for it has jcdois, taste; W. 
 
 cwaeth, id.] 
 
 1. Taste ; tasting, or the sen.se of tasting. More 
 generally, the pleasure of tasting ; relish. Tillotson. 
 
 2. Sensual enjoyment. 
 
 Wliere love ia duly oil the female side, 
 
 On theirs, mere sensual gost, tuid sought with surly pride. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 3. Pleasure; amusement; gratification. 
 
 r)i'stroy all cretilures for lliy sport or gost. Pope. 
 
 4. Turn of fancy ; intellectual taste. 
 
 A ctioicf of it iniiy be made accorxliiig lo Ihe guat and manner of 
 the ancients. Drylen. 
 
 [Taste is now generally used.] 
 GUST, c. t. To taste ; to have a relish. [Little used.] 
 GUST, re. [Dan. gust; \r. gaoth, \\mi\ ; VV. cirylh, a 
 puff, a blast of wind ; allied perhajis to rrii.</;.] 
 
 1. .\ sudden squall ; a violent blast of wind ; a 
 sudden ruslung or driving of the wind, of short 
 duration. Dnjdrn. ..Addison. 
 
 2. A sudden, violent burst of passion. Bacon. 
 GUST'A-BLE, a. That may be tasted ; tastable. 
 
 Ifarvey. 
 
 2. Pleasant to the laste. [f.ittle used.] Derham. 
 GUST-A'TIOiN, «. The act of tasting. [Little used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 GU-'ST' A-Tfl-RY, n. Pertaining to gust or taste. 
 (JUST'FIJL, a. Tasteful ; well tasted ; that relishes. 
 GUST'Fi]L-NESS, n. Relish; pleasantness to the 
 
 taste, ' Barrow. 
 GUST'LESS, «. Tasteless. Broion. 
 GUST'O, 11. [It. and Sp. See Gust.] Relish ; that 
 which excites pleasant sensations in the palate »r 
 tongue. Derham. 
 2. Intellectual taste. [^Little used.] Dryden. 
 GUST'Y,n. Subject to sudden blasts uf wind ; stormy; 
 tempestuous. 
 
 llnce upon a raw and gttsty day, 
 Ttu- truiiliird TilxT cli.ifmt; with liis whont. Shak. 
 
 GUT, re. [G. kuttrl ; Ch. wSnip tiitfa.] 
 
 I. The iiiti'stiiial canal of an nnimal ; n pipe or 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, VVHj>T — METE, rUBY "NE, MARINE, HIKU — NOT E, DOVE, MOVE, WgLF, BQQK — 
 
 _ 
 
II 
 
 lubi! oxtendinc. with iiiiinv rirriimvolutions, from 
 tlie pyUirus Ut tUv vent. 'I'his |upo is roiripusoit ttf 
 three ciinls, unci is ntt:ichi'd Ki tliu body by a iiiein- 
 bniiio cnlluil the mesciilertj. Thisc:iii;il is ufdiirrr^nt 
 sizes ill dilU rt-iit [larts, niid takes different iinines. 
 The thill and siiiull partd are railed tlic (/iim/cniim, the 
 lYcii'ii, and the jejunum ; the large and thick parts are 
 called the ctecum^ the coUni^ ami the rectum, lly this 
 pipe, the'iliidiiiested nnd iiiiabsnrbed parts nf Tuud 
 are conveyed frum the atiuiiach anil discliarged. 
 This word in the plural is applied to llie whole mass 
 funned by its natural cunvnliitions in the ahdumon. 
 
 2. The stomach; the receptacle of food. [Lmn.] 
 
 Dritden. 
 
 3. Gluttony ; love of gormandizing, [/.ow.] 
 
 //<iAfir;«. 
 
 GUT, V, t. To take out the bowels ; to eviscerate. 
 2. To plunder of contents i as, tiie mob <;uUe.H\\e 
 
 house. Dnfdni. 
 QUr'TA SF. RE'MI, [L.] In mcrficiiic, amaurosis ; 
 
 blindness occasioned by u palsied retina. 
 GUT'TA-TED, a. [U gulla.] Besprinkled with 
 
 drops. 
 
 GUT'TED, pp. Deprived of the bowels ; eviscerated ; 
 
 deprived of conleiits. 
 GUT'TKK, 71. [Fr. jfimttnre, from gonttr, a drop; Sp. 
 
 and Port, i^ffd, a drop ; Sp. irutera^ a iriiUcr ; iVmn L. 
 
 guUa, a drop. A gutter is a dropper, that « Inch 
 
 catches drops.] 
 
 1. A channel for calrliins anil convpyinz off the 
 water which collects on the roof at the caves of a 
 building. 
 
 2. A channel or passajc for water; a hollow in the 
 earth for conveyiiii; water ; and, in pit/iuhir ii.N-«;rc, a 
 channel worn in the earth by a current of wat. r. 
 
 GU'1"'TEU, r. (. To cut or form into small hnlli.ws. 
 
 S/tuk, JJrijtien, 
 GUT'TER, r. t. To be hollowed or channeled. 
 
 2. To run in drops or hollows, as a candle. 
 GUT''ri/K-A.'l), /</'. Kormcil into small hollows. 
 GL'T'TEIl-I.N'ti, p/ir. Funning into small hollows; 
 
 riiniiiii!; in hollows. 
 GUT'TEll-ING, «. A forinins into hollows. 
 GUT'TI-FEIl, ;i. (L. gulta and /rro.] 
 
 In boianu^ a plant that exudes sum or resin. 
 GUT-TIF'EK-OUS, a. Yielding gum ur resinous sub- 
 stances. 
 
 GUT'TLE, V. t. To swallow. [A«t used.] 
 
 h'' FMrantre. 
 
 GIJT'TI.E, r. i. To swallow Rreedily. [A'ut used.] 
 GUT'TI.ER, 71. A greedv eater. 
 GUT'TIJ-EOUS, a. [from I.. -Tullula, a little drop.] 
 In the from of a small drop, or of small drops. 
 
 [Lillle tisril.] Bniirn. 
 GUT'TIR-AL, 
 
 throat.] 
 
 IVrlainini! to the throat ; formed in the throat ; as, 
 a iTHrturnl letter ur sound ; a gutturul voice. 
 
 GL'T'TUR-AI., n. A letter pronounced in the throat; 
 as the Greek \. 
 
 GUT'TI;R-AL.-LY, ado. In a guttural manner; in 
 the throat. 
 
 GU T' TUR-AL-XESS, n. The (|ualily of being gnl- 
 tiiml. 
 
 GUT'TL'R-l.NE, a. Pertaining to the throat. [.Vof in 
 
 u.T.] Rail. 
 GUT'TY, a. [from 1,. a drop.l 
 
 In heraldrijy ciiarged or sprinkled with drops. 
 
 Kitctic. 
 
 GUT'WORT, II. A plant glohularia alijpum, a violent 
 piirg-.itive. 
 
 GU?, (gl,) n. [?p. and Port, guia, from guiar, to 
 
 guide. See Gve.J 
 
 In marine affairs, a rope attached to any thine to 
 
 steady it, and bear it one way and aiioiher iii hoist- 
 
 inc or lowering. K. II. Puna, Jr. 
 
 GU7."/,LE, (giiz'l,) r. i. [Protably allii-d to Ann. 
 
 gouioucq, the throat. In Italian, gozio is Uie crop of 
 
 a bird.] 
 
 [Fr. guttural, from li. guUiir, the 
 
 H 
 
 To swallow liquor greedily; to drink much; to 
 drink frequently 
 
 W'lio, wlitic ihi; gusties, chau Uic iloctur'ti pTniv. 
 
 fioscnmnwn. 
 
 GUZ'ZI.E, tj. t. To swallow much or often ; to swal- 
 low with immoderate gust. 
 
 Stiil guzzling mukt of wiii>^. IJrytxn. 
 
 GUZ'ZLE, 71. An insatiable thing or person. 
 GIJZ'ZI.KI), pp. Swallowed often. IMarslnn. 
 GUZ'ZI.EU, H. One who guzzles; nn immoderate 
 drinker. 
 
 GIJZ'ZIjl\(;,;)/)r. Swallowing with immoderate gust. 
 GVVIN'IAI), 71. [W. giren, isinjn, white.] A lish of 
 
 the salmon kinil, shaped like the herring, and oHen 
 
 rallril the frrsli-tcater herring. 
 (■; VISE, (jibe,) II. .\ sneer. [See Giue.I 
 GYHE, r. /. In sramru's langiwgr,UiriU'm a boom of a 
 
 fore-aiid aft sail from one side of a vu.ssi l to the 
 
 olhir Totleii. 
 OVIS'I.NG, ;>;ir. Shifting a boom from one side of a 
 
 vessel 111 tlie other. 
 (;?l'., r. (. To guide. [Obs.] Clittucrr. 
 GY.M-.\.\'SI \ItCII, 71. [Gr. i tiiii/iiiTioi' and ii')\i.] 
 .An Alli'.nian oliicer who provided lite oil and nllier 
 
 necessaries for the gymnasia at his own expense. 
 
 Brands. 
 
 G Y.M-N'.'\'?I-U.M, n. [Gr. )vpiiacior, from iv/iios, 
 naked.] 
 
 1. .\ place where athletic exercises are performed ; 
 originaUij, in Oreree, by persons naked. 
 
 2. /\ school for tile higher branches of literature 
 and science. 
 
 GY.M'NAST, (jiin'nasl,) n. One who teaches or 
 learns j/ymnaslic exercises. 
 
 (^Y.M-.\AS'TIG,rt. [ lj. ^i/i/i«ff.*(icHji; Gr. yvpynariKo^, 
 from y ■ (II u^' to exercise, from j i'(ii"i{ naked ; the 
 aiicieiils beinu' naked in their exercises.] 
 
 Pertaining to ailil<-tic exercises of the body, in- 
 li ihli il for health, defense, or diversion, as riiiiiiiiig, 
 leaping, \\Tesiliiiir, throwing the discus, the javelin, 
 or the hoop, playing Willi halls, ,tc. The modern 
 g} niiiastic exercises are iiilciuleil ciuetly for the prcs- 
 er\*alit>n anil prunintioii of health. 
 
 CA M .N AS 'l'lt:, 11. Allili lic exercise. 
 
 GY.M-.\ AS' ri<>-.\L-I.V,«</i). luagyinnastic manner ; 
 allllelicallv. Brinrn. 
 
 GY.M-.S'A.'^'TieS, 71. The gymnastic art; the ait of 
 performing athletic exercises. 
 
 CY.M'Nltl, { jini'iiik,) (I. [Gr. > ivinitoc ; E. "•7/mmcii.v.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to athletic exercises of the body. 
 
 2. Performinir athletic exercises, Mtlton. 
 GYM'Mt", n. Alhletic exercises. Burton. 
 GY.M-.NOS'O-PIIIS T, n. [Gr. yvpnaf, naked, and 
 
 GittptoTn^, a philosopher.] 
 
 A philosopher ol' liulia, so called from bis going 
 with bare feet, or wiili litUe clulliiii^. The Cyiii- 
 nosophi^ts in India lived iit ilie wood-i and mi inoiiii- 
 taiiis, suhsi^iing on wild prodiicliiiiis of the earth. 
 They never drank wine, nor marrii il. Some of them 
 traveled aliou* and practiced physic. They be- 
 lieved in the iiioiiorlality anil tiaiiMiiigration of the 
 soul. They placed Ihe cliiei nappitiess of man in a 
 contempt of tile goods of forlune, and of the pleasures 
 of sense. Knctie. 
 
 GYM-.\<)S'0-PI1Y, 11. [Supra.] The doctrines of the 
 Gyniiiosopliists. Oaud. 
 
 GY.M'iNO-SPER.M, n. [Gr. ju/i-uj, naked, and awj)^.!, 
 seed.] 
 
 In hiitanii, a plant that bears naked seeds. 
 
 GYM-NO-SPER.M'UUS, a. [Supra.] Ilavins naked 
 seedii, or seeds not inclosed in a capsule or otliiT ves- 
 
 GY.M'.NOTE, 71. [froiiiGr.] A naked iiersoii. [sel. 
 
 GY.M-.\0'TI,'S, n. '7" "< ''wuf.] A genus of 
 South .American Iresh-water fishes, inclndiii!! the 
 electric cel. Cijc. 
 
 GY.\, p. £. To begin. [Obs.] 
 
 GY-.\.\.\"nitl-.\, 71. [Gr. J wi'T), a female, and m ijfi, a 
 male.] 
 
 IIAA 
 
 III the f.inntean sijstem of botany, a class of plants 
 whose stamens grow out of, or arc united wii.i, the 
 pistil. h'Min. Kncijc. 
 
 GY-N A.V'HRI A\, I a. Having stamens inserted in 
 
 GY-\A.N'1)I{()I S, ( the pistil. 
 
 GY.N'.VR €;IIY, (jin'ar ke,) h. [Gr. yvvri, woman, and 
 u j\i/, rule.] 
 
 Government bv a female. Chester/itld. 
 
 GY.\-E-euC'R.\-CY, 71. [Gr. yv^aiKOKpartu.] PcU 
 licoat government ; female power. 
 
 GY.N-K't;iA.\, (I. Relating to women. 
 
 G Y.\-E-OCR.\-t,'Y, 71. [Gr. j>ii"i and itparo?.] 
 
 Government over which a woman may rule or pre- 
 side. Sclden. 
 
 GY.V'n-riroUE, 71. [Gr. j uirj and (/.aotM.] 
 
 The pedicel on which stands the ovary in certoin 
 flowei-s, as in the passioii-Ilower. Lindtey. 
 
 GYP, n. [Saul to he a sportive up|ilication of i rU/, a 
 vulture.) A cant term for a serv^inl at Cambridge, 
 EiiglaiKl, as .-icout is used at Oxford. Smart. 
 
 CYP'SE-Oi:S, [See GvniM.] Of Ihe nature of 
 gypsum ; partaking of the qualities of gy|isuni ; re- 
 sembling gvpsiini ; containing gyp.iuin. 
 
 GYP'S Y, i' ,, 
 
 GYP-SKY, i^''" 
 
 GYI'-SII' T.R-OIIS, (I. Containing gypsum. 
 GYP'SU.M,H. [L., from Gr., / iii|u, ; C'h. D^siJ and CDJ, 
 B Ij 
 
 to overspread with plaster ; Ar. ,a,amA.=> gibsi- 
 
 717111.] 
 
 Sulphate of lime, containing 21 per cent, of water. 
 It often occurs in transparent crj stals, or crystalline 
 masses, easily splitting into plates, and is then called 
 Selenile. There are compact and earthy varieties of 
 various colors. W hen while, fine-grained, and trans- 
 lucent, it ceiistiliites ulahastcT. Gypsum burnt to 
 drive off the water, and ground up, forms Plaster of 
 Paris. Dana. 
 GV'l!AI.,n. [See GvRE.] Whirling ; moving in a cir- 
 cular forni. 
 
 OV'UATE, a. In botany, winding or going round, as 
 in a circle. i.indtry. 
 
 GY'RATl'i, r. L To revolve round a central [loiiil, as 
 a tornado. Hedjicld. 
 
 0V-R.A'TIO.\,7i. gyratio. See Gvke.] 
 
 .■\ tiiriiiiii.' or whitJiiig round ; a circular motion. 
 
 (■;Y'RA-'r() RY, u. Moving in a circle. [jVewtun. 
 
 0?ltE, n. [\.. gyrus: GT. ]\'p„f. Class Gr.] 
 
 A circular motion, or a circle described by a mov- 
 ing body ; a turn. 
 
 ttmcli ftiul mure qiiicll Ik- spina ill ^ddy gyret. Drylen. 
 
 G-VRE, c. «. To turn round. Bishop Hall. 
 
 GVR'/;i), o. Falling in rings. Shall. 
 
 GYR'FAI^eo.N,(jer'faw-kn,) 71. [Fr. gcrfault. 'I his 
 is said to he in Latin /o/Tii/ii/cii, from Gr. I'o i;, sa- 
 cred, and faleo, and so named from the veneration of 
 the I'^gyptiaiis for hawks. Cuvier.] 
 .\ species (if Falco, or hawk. 
 
 GY lUIG'O.N T I E, n. The fossil seed of the chara, a 
 plant found in ponds and ditches; once sujiposed to 
 be shells. I.yell. 
 
 G\ |{ O'.M A, 71. [Gr.] .A turning round. SmOA. 
 
 GYK'0-M.V.\-C\ , 71. [(Jr. ^tf/o;, a circuit, and pap- 
 rti.i, iliviiiatioii.] 
 
 A kind of divination performed by wnlking rniind 
 in a circle or ring. Cye. 
 
 Gv'RoX,/!. In heraldnj, an ordinary consisting of 
 two lines I'roiii several parts of the escutcheon, meet- 
 ini! ill Ihe fesse |KUnt. .^sh. 
 
 G^'lioSr,. (I. Turned round like a crook. Launder. 
 
 GVVE, (jive,) 71. [\Y. «-/-fw7i; Ir. gribbeal, or getbioti; 
 from holding or making fiist. See Gavel.] 
 Gyres are letters or shin kles for the legs. 
 
 Gyvet tlic mill li i<t LtiiiLtl (hM. hRiton. 
 
 G? YE, r. t. To fetter ; to shackle ; to chain. 
 GVV'/;i), (jtvd,) pii. Fettered. 
 GV Y'l.N'G, ;vir. Putting on gyves. 
 
 H. 
 
 nis the eighth letter of the English .alphabet. It 
 is proporlv the representative of the I'haldee, 
 Syriac, nnd llebrew n, which is (he eighth letter in 
 tl.iise alphnbets. Its fonii is tlicsame as the Greek H, 
 ela. It is not strictly a vowel, nor an artirulatinn, 
 but the mark of a stronger breathiiic than th.it which 
 precedes the utterance of any other letter. It is pro- 
 nounced with an expinition of breath, which, pre- 
 ceding a vowel, is perceptible by the ear at a consid- 
 erable distance. Thus »<irai and arm, htar and ear, 
 krai and ra.', are distinsuished at .dmost anv distance 
 at which Ihe voice ran be heard. II is a' letter ™i 
 generis, but a.s useful in forming and distinguishing 
 words as any other. 
 
 In our mother tongue, the Anglo-Saxon, and other 
 Teutonic dialects, A sometimes Represents Ihe E. c, 
 and the (!r. « ; as in Aorii, L. cornu, Gr. Kinof ; hide, 
 G. bant, i^w. hud, U. huid, Dan. A u J, It. cutis ; Sax. 
 hlinian, I., c/mo, Gr. xA<i".>, to lean ; E. cc/n, to conceal, 
 S.ax.Ariun, G. hehlen, Dan. Aiiirr. In Latin, A some- 
 times represents the Greek y ; as in Au/«, Gr. \.iA i.. 
 hin, \,ia) In the modern European lajiguages, it 
 represents oiner guttural letters. 
 
 In Ensfiish, A is stmietimes mute, tis in honor, 
 honest : also when united with ^i-, as in n^'Ar. 
 Jight, brought. In vhieh, irhal. itho, tehnm, ami 
 some otner words in which it follows w, it is pro- 
 nounced before it, AirtcA, htrat, ice. As a numeral 
 
 in Latin, II denotes 200, and with a d.ish over it, H, 
 2(ii),iiau. 
 
 .As an abbreviation, in Latin, II. stands for homo, 
 h/Trrs, horn, &:C. 
 
 Il.\ ; an exclamation, denoting surprise, joy, or grief. 
 With the first or Iiuie sound of a, it is used as a ques- 
 tion, and is equivalent to " \Yhat do you say.'" 
 When ri |ie,ated, Aa, ha, it is an expression of laugh- 
 ter, or sometimes it is equivalent to " Well I it is so." 
 
 IIX.AF, 71. The term used to denote the fishing of cod, 
 ling, and tusk, in the Shetland Isles. Jamiison. 
 
 IIS.AK, (hike,) n. A lish, the hake. Ash. 
 
 II.A-.HU'KIES, 71. Capillary pyrites in very delicate 
 acic>ilar crystals. Brande. 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, UNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"ClOi;s — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as .SII ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 52~ 
 
IIAB 
 
 HA'BE-JlS COR' PUS, [L., have Uie body.] A writ 
 for delivering a person from fjilst; imprisonment, or 
 for removing a person from one court to another, &,c. 
 
 Cowd. 
 
 HA-BE^nUM, n. [L.] The ?econd part of a deed 
 or conveyance, (from its commencing with this 
 word,) llie first l)eing tlie premises. 
 HAIi'Ell-DAt:H-ER, «. [I'erliaps from G. habe, D. 
 Iiace, goods, and G. tausc/ien, to barter, to truck. 
 If not, I can give no account of its origin.] 
 
 A seller of small wares ; confined, at present, to 
 ril)bons, tapes, pins, needles, and thread. Smart, 
 word little ii^e/l, or not at all, in the United StatesA 
 HAB'EK-DASH-ER-V, n. The goods and wares sold 
 
 by a haberdasher. 
 IIAB'ER-DliNE, (liab'er-deen,) n. A dried salt cod. 
 
 .^insworth. 
 
 HA-BER'GE-ON, n. [Fr. hauber/reon: Norm, liauheri- 
 om ; Arm. hobrctron. It has been written, also, ha- 
 bcrge, hauberk, &.C., G. huUber^c : hah, the neck, and 
 bertren, to save or defend ; It. tuberiro.] 
 
 A coat of mail or armor to defeml the neck and 
 breast. It is formed of little iron rings united, and 
 descending from the neck to the middle of the body. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 H.^B'ILE, a. Fit ; proper. [J^ot in tise.] Spenser. 
 HA-BIL'I-.ME.\T, ji. [Kr. hahiUenunt, from hubiller, 
 to clothe, from L. haben, to iiave.] 
 
 A garment ; clothing ; usually in the phir.al, hahdi- 
 menu, denoting garments, clothing, or dress in gen- 
 HA-Iill.'I-TATE, v. t. [Fr. habditcr.] [eriil. 
 
 To qualifv. [.N'ot used.] Bacon. 
 IIA-IilL'I-TATE, (J. aualified or entitled. Bacon. 
 HA-I5IL-I-Ta'TION, n. Uualilication. [jVu( in use.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 n.\-BIL'I-TY. See Abilitt. 
 
 HAB'IT, n. [Fr. Iiabil ; Sp. habito; It. abito ; L. 
 /laiitus, from /i«6po, to have, to hold. See Have.] 
 1. Garb; dress; clothes or garments in general. 
 
 The scenps are olil, the habits ure the eaiiie 
 
 We wore Lisl yenr. Drylen. 
 
 There nre, ttiiioiig Uie suluts, several of Venua, in Uitiereiit 
 
 habits. Addman. 
 
 Q. A coat worn by ladies over other garments. 
 
 3. State of any thing, imply ing s^>me continuance 
 or permanence temperament, or particular st;ite of 
 a body, formed by nature or induced by e.vtraneous 
 circumstances ; as, a costive or la.\ luibit of body ; 
 a sanguine habit. 
 
 4. A disposition or condition of the mind or body, 
 a tendency or aptitude for Ihe performance of certain 
 actions, acquired by custom, or a frequent re|)etition 
 of the same art. Hahit is that which is held or re- 
 tained, the effect of custom or frequent repetition. 
 Hence we speak of good habits and bad hubits. Fre- 
 quent drinking of spirits leails to a habit of intem- 
 perance. We should endeavor to correct evil habtts 
 by a change of practice. A great point in the educa- 
 tion of children, is to prevent the formation of bad 
 
 Habit of plant-i : the general form or ap[)earance, or 
 the conformity of plants of the same kind in struc- 
 ture and growth. Marlyn. 
 HAB'IT, V. t. To dress ; to clothe ; to array. 
 
 They habited thenisf-Ives like runil il-ities. Dryden. 
 
 HAB'IT, t).*«. To dwell : to inhabit. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 HAB-IT-A-BIL'I-TV, n. Habitableness. BueUand. 
 
 HAB'IT-A-BEE, a. [Fr., from L. habitabiUs, from 
 habito, to dwell.J 
 
 That may be inhabited or dwelt in ; capable of sus- 
 taining human beincs ; as, the habduble "world ; 
 some climates are scarcely habitable. 
 
 IIAB'IT-A-BLE-NErfS, n. Capacity of being inhab- 
 ited. Mure. Ban. 
 
 H.'VB'IT-A-BLY, ado. In such a manner as to be hab- 
 itable. Forsijth. 
 
 ILMt'IT-A GEE, n. A dwcihng; also, a niche for a 
 statue. rjVu( used.] 
 
 IIAB'IT-A\cE, n. Dwelling ; abode ; residence. 
 [JVof now used.] Spenser. 
 
 II.\H'IT-AN-(;Y, n. Eegal settlement or inhabitancy. 
 [See I NHARiT.vNcv.) Belknap. 
 
 HAB'IT-ANT, n. [Vr., from E. hnbitan.i.] 
 
 An inhaliitant ; a dwelliT ; a resident ; one who 
 has a perm.anent abode in a place. AtUtan. Pope. 
 
 HAB'IT-AT, H. [I,.] Habitation; the natural abode 
 or locality of an aiimial, plant, &c. Smart. 
 
 IIAB IT-A'TIO.V, «. [I,, habitatio, from habito, to 
 dwell, from habcu, to hold, or, as we .say in English, 
 to keep.] 
 
 1. Act of inhabiting ; stale of dwelling. Denliani. 
 Q. Place of abode ; a setlleil ihvelliiig ; a niaiision ; 
 
 a house or other jilace in wbicli man or any aiiiniiil 
 dwells. The stars may be the habitalwiis of numer- 
 ous races of beings. 
 
 The I.Qfii Ueiwlh Ihe hnhit tlion ol the Jiiil. — Prov, ili. 
 
 HAB'IT-A-TOR, 71. [E.] A dweller; an inhabitant. 
 
 [JViif «»«/.] Brown. 
 HAB'IT EI), pp. or a. Clothed; dressed. Ho was 
 
 habited like a xheplierd. 
 
 2. Acriiilmned. [^JVot u.iual.] 
 HA-BIT'lJ-AL, a. [Fr. habilucl, from habit.] 
 
 HAC 
 
 1. Formed or acquired by habit, frequent use, or 
 custom. 
 
 Arl is properly an hahitani knowledge of cert.iiii roles and 
 maxiilis. South. 
 
 2. Customary; according to habit ; a9, the habitual 
 practice of sin ; the habitual exercise of holy affec- 
 tions. 
 
 It is the distinoroishin^ mark of hnbit>tal piety to I)e srnit'-ful for 
 the most cuinmui) [>Iei>siii^s. BuclitniusleT. 
 
 X Formed by repeated impressions ; rendered per- 
 manent by continued causes ; as, an habitual color of 
 the skin. S. S. Smith. 
 
 HA-BIT'IJ-AL-EY, adv. By habit; customarily; by 
 frequent practice or use ; as, habitually profane ; hu- 
 bituallii kind and benevolent. 
 
 HA-BIT'II-AE-NE.SS, n. Quality of being habitual. 
 
 H.VBIT'IT-.ITE, c. (. [Fr. habUucr, from habu.] 
 
 1. To accii.'toin ; to make familiar by fretiuent use 
 or practice. i\len may habituate themselves to the 
 taste of oil or tobacco ; they habituate themselves to 
 vice ; let us habduale ourselves and our children to 
 the e.xei'ci.se of charity. 
 
 2. To settle as an inhabitant in a place. Temple. 
 H.A.-BIT'II-ATE, a. Inveterate by custom. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 2. Formed by habit. Temple. 
 HA-BIT'lJ-A-TED, pp. Accustomed ; made familiar 
 by use. 
 
 H.\-BIT'tI-A-TIX<;,;)7)r. Accustoming; niakingeasy 
 and familiar by practice. 
 
 IIA-BlT-l]-A'TiON, n. The state of being habitu- 
 ated. 
 
 HAB'I-TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. habitude, from habitus.] 
 
 1. Relation ; respect ; state with regard tti some- 
 thing eNe. [Little used.] Hale. South. 
 
 2. Fietpient intercourse ; familiarity. [JYot usual.] 
 To write well, one must have frcquent habitudes with ttie best 
 
 company. Dryden. 
 
 3. Customary manner or mode of life ; repetition 
 of the same acts ; as, the habitudes of fowls or in- 
 sects. Goldsmith. 
 
 4. Custom ; habit. Dryden. Prior. 
 H.A'liEE, a. [L. hubilis.] Fit ; proper. [See Able.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HAB'iN'.M!, adr. [hap ne hap, let it happen or not.] 
 At random ; by chance ; withtiiit order or rule. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 HAB'RO-NEME, a. [Gr. li/Jfioj, delicate, and vriua, 
 a thread.] 
 
 In mineraloirii, having the form of fine threads. 
 
 H./lC-l-KJ\r'DA,'H. [Hp.] All isolated farm or farm- 
 lifHise. Stephens. 
 
 HACK, V. t. [Sax. harenn ; D. hakkm; G. hacken ; 
 Dan. hahkcr; Sw. haeka; Fx. lurcher, from which we 
 have hash and hatchet, and, from the same root, 
 hatchel; Arm. haicha; VV. haciaw, to hack; ha<^, a 
 gash ; and haggle is of the same family, as are hew 
 and hoe. Class Cg.] 
 
 1. To cut irregularly and into small pieces ; to 
 notch ; to mangle by repeated strokes of a cutting 
 instrument. 
 
 2. To sjieak with stops or catches ; to speak with 
 hesititlion. Shak. 
 
 H.\("K, n. \ notch ; a cut. Sliak. 
 ll.VCK, II. A iiorse kept for hire; a lior.se much used 
 
 in draught, or in hard service ; a worn-out Iiorse ; 
 
 any tiling e.xposed to hire, or used in common. 
 
 2. A coach or other carriage kept for hire. [From 
 kackneiji used in .America.] 
 
 3. Hesitating or faltering speech. More. 
 
 4. A writer emjiloyed in tlie drutlgery ami details 
 of book-making. 
 
 A rack for feeding cattle. [Loral.] 
 H.\CK, a. Hired; much used or worn, like a hired 
 
 Iiorse. Wnkejield. 
 H.VCK, V. i. To be exposed or offered to common use 
 for hire ; to turn prostitute. Hanmer. 
 
 a. 'J'o cough ; to make an effort to raise phlegm. 
 [See Hawk.] 
 
 H.\(;K'I!ER-RY, n. An American tree, Cellis cra.ssifo- 
 lia, with a tall, straight tnink, anil grayish, unbroken 
 back, covered with asperities unequally distribuled 
 over the surface. Farm. F.ucyc. Encyc. J3m. 
 
 11 ACK'/OD, (liakt,) pp. Chopped ; mangled ; "coughed. 
 
 HACK'l'MlV, H. A street cart in Bengal, drawn by 
 o.xen. Malcam. 
 
 II Al 'K'lXG, p;ir. Chopping into small pieces; man- 
 gling ; iiiaiiliiig; coughing in a broken iiianiier. 
 2. a. Shorl ami interrupteil ; as, a hachin<r cough. 
 
 IIACK'I.E, (hak'I,) u. t. [C heeheln ; L). hrkelcn. 
 This is a dialectical vtuiation of hutehel, hetchcl.] 
 
 1. To si |iar.ite the coarse part of H;ix or hemp from 
 the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle 
 or liatcliel. 
 
 2. To tear asunder. Burke. 
 IIACK'I.E, (hak'I,) n. An instrument with teeth lor 
 
 separating the coarse part of tlax or hemp from the 
 fine ; a halchel. [The latter word is used in tlie 
 United States.] 
 
 2. Kaw silk ; any fiimsy sub.stanco nnspun. 
 
 Johnson. IValton. 
 
 3. A fly for angling, dressi'd with feathers or silk. 
 
 Chalmers, 
 
 HAG 
 
 H,\CK'I,Y, a. [from hack.j Rough ; oroken, as if 
 hacked. 
 
 In mineralogy, having fine, short, and sharp points 
 on the surface , as, a hackly fracture. Cleaveland. 
 
 HACK'iM A-TACK, it. The popular name of the 
 American larch, Laris .Americana, a very large tree, 
 and much prizetl for timber. Bruwne^s Syl. Am. 
 
 H.VCK'NEY, 71. [Fr. hatfueuee, a pacing horse ; Sp, 
 hacanea, a nag somewhat hirger than a pony ; haca, 
 a pony ; Port, hacanea or acanea, a choice pad, or 
 ambling nag; It. chinca.] 
 
 1. A pad ; a nag ; a pony. Chaucer. 
 
 2. A Iiorse kept for hire ; a horse much used ; also, 
 a lady's pony. 
 
 3. A coach or other carriage kept for hire, and often 
 exjiosed in the streets of cities. The wortJ is some- 
 times contracted to haelc 
 
 4. Any thing much used or used in common; a 
 hireling ; a prostitute. 
 
 H.^CK'NEY, «. Let out for hire ; devoted to common 
 use; as, a /f/7f/i/ic_v-coach. 
 
 2. Proslitiite ; vicious fiir hire. Roscommon, 
 
 3. Much useil ; common; trite; as, a hackney au- 
 thor or remiirk. 
 
 H.VCK'NEY, 7'. (. To use ranch; to practice in one 
 thing ; to make trite. 
 2. To carr^' in a hackney coach. Cowper, 
 HACK'NEY-eOACH, 71. A coach for hire in cities, 
 
 coniniiuilv at stands in the street. 
 HACK'NEV-eoACII'MAN, 7i. A man who drives a 
 
 hackney coach. 
 H.\CK'NEY-/,'D, (liak'nid,) pp. or a. Used much or 
 in common ; worn out. 
 2. Practiced ; accustomed. 
 
 He is lon^ hackneyed in llie ways of men. Sliak. 
 
 HACK'NEY-ING, ppr. Using much ; accustoming. 
 
 H.\CK'XEY-M.\i\, 71. A man who lets horses and 
 carriages for hire. Barret 
 
 HACK'STER, 71. A bully ; a ruffian or assassin. 
 [Obs.] Bp, Hall, 
 
 HACatJE-TON, 71. [Fr. hoquetmi,] 
 
 A stuffi'd jacket formerly worn under armor, some- 
 times made of leather. [Mjt used.] Spc7iser, 
 
 H.\D, pret. and pp. of Have ; contracted from Sax. 
 lurfd, that is, hared ; as, I had; I have had. In the 
 phrase, " I had bs lter go," it is siippo.sed that had is 
 used for would: " I'd better go." The sense of the 
 phrase is, " it would be better for me to go." 
 
 HAD-I-WIST', a proverbial expression — O llmt I had 
 knoirn ! l^odd, 
 
 HAD'DER, 71. [G. heidr.] 
 
 Hettth. [.Yot in use.] [See Heath.] 
 
 HAD'DOCK, n. [Ir. codog. The first syllable seems 
 to be cod or gadus, and the last, the termination, as 
 in bullock.] 
 
 A sea-fish of the genus Gadus or cod. It has a 
 long boily, the upper part of a dusky brown color, 
 and the belly of a silvery hue ; the lateral line is 
 black. This fish breeds in immense numbers in the 
 nlirthern seas, and constitutes a considerable article 
 of ftitid. Partington. 
 
 HADE, 71. Among miners, the steep descent of a shaft; 
 also, the descent of a hill. lyrayton. 
 
 2. \n mining, the inclination or deviation from the 
 vertical of any mineral vein. Ure. 
 
 HA'DICS, 71. [Gr. aini, qu. a negative, and fu)w, to 
 see.] 
 
 The region tif the dead ; the invisible world, or the 
 grave. 
 
 n.'\r)J,7i. [.\r.] The pilgrimage to Mecca and .Medi- 
 na, |)eiforuied by Klohammeilans. 
 
 IiyEC-ClO'I-TY, n. [from E. ha-c, this.] 
 
 A worti used by the schotilmtui to denote the es- 
 sence of individuality. Smnrt. 
 
 H.AF'FEE, I', i. To speak unintelligibly; to prevari- 
 cate. 
 
 HAFT, 71. [Sax. hcrfl, a haft, and hirflan, to seize ; G. 
 heji ; D. heft : Dan. hefte ; from the root of hace, or of 
 L. capio, W. ha^liaw, to snatch.] 
 
 A lianille ; that part of an instrument or vessel 
 which is taken into the hand, and by which it is 
 held and used. It is used chiefiy for the part of a 
 knife, sword, or dagger, by which it is held ; the 
 hilt. 
 
 HAFT, 7'. t. To set in a hafl ; to furnish with a han- 
 HAFT'ER, 71. [\V. hufiiir, to Caleb.] [die. 
 
 A caviler ; a wrangler. [JVef i« i/.<e.] Barret. 
 HA<3, 71. [In Sax. hwgesse is a witch, fury, or gtililiil, 
 answering 10 the Hecate of mylliology. In W. hagyr, 
 ugly, is from hag, a gash, from tin- rtiot of hack. In 
 Riiss. ega is a foolish oUI woman, a sorceress. See 
 
 IlAfJOAltO.] 
 
 1. An ugly old woman ; as, an old hag of threty 
 Bcore. Dryden. 
 
 2. A wilfh ; a sorceress ; an enchantress. Shot:, 
 
 3. A fury; n she-monster. Crasham. 
 
 4. A cartilaginous fish, the Gastrobranchiis, {Myii- 
 ne glutinosa of Einiiiniis,) « hicli enters other fishes 
 aiitl devours tbeiii. It is about five or six inclios 
 long, anil roseinbles u siiiall eel. It is allied to tlia 
 lamprey. Ctjc 
 
 5. Appearances of light and fire 011 horses' inanca, 
 or men's hair, were formerly called hags. Blount, 
 
 FATE, PAR. FALL, WHAT MftTE, PUfiT PINE, MARINE, BTllD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQEF, BQQK.— 
 
11 A 1 
 
 11 AI 
 
 HAL 
 
 HA(;, r. f. To lianiss ; to torment. Bullcr 
 
 •J. 'i'o tire ; to weary with vexation. 
 HAtl'-BOU.N, a. Born of a hag or witch. Skali. 
 HAG'G.VKl), a. [G. ha<rrr, h:an ; \V. hag, a gash; 
 hacciaic, to hack. Pee Hack.] 
 
 1. LittTiiUii, having a ragged look, as if liackcd or 
 gashed. Hence, lean j meager ; rough ; having eyes 
 sunk in their orbits ; nglv. 
 
 ■J. Wild or intractable ; disposed to lireak away 
 from duty, like a haggard or refractory haw k. 
 
 If I lio prove h'T haggard. 
 Though that h.T JfM.*i wi-re my ileixr ttwrutrings, 
 IM wtiutlc licr off, ami kl licr down Uie wiini, 
 To pn-y al fonune. Shak. 
 
 H.AG'GARD, n. [Sec Hao. This and the otiier de- 
 rivatives ot'hag ought to he written witli a single g.] 
 
 1. .^n untramed or refractory hawk, whicli often 
 broke away or Hew off. Partinglun. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Figvrativehj, any thing wild and intractable. 
 
 SItnh. 
 
 3. A hag. Ourih. 
 H.\G'G.\KU, n. [Sa.t. haga, a little field, and gcanl, a 
 
 \'ard.] 
 
 H.\G'GARD-LY, adv. In a haggard or ugly manner; 
 with deformity. Drydcn. 
 A stack-yard. JIuicM. 
 
 HAG'GEO, a. Lean ; uglv ; like a hag. Gray. 
 
 HAG'GESS, i n. [from AocA.] A pudding containing 
 
 H.\G'Gl!5S, \ the entrails of a sheep or lamb, chopped 
 with fine herbs and suet, highly seasoned with leeks 
 and spices, and boiled in the maw. I'errij. 
 
 HAG'GISII, a. Of the nature of a hag; deformed; 
 ugly ; horrid. Shak. 
 
 H.\(;'GI.SII-LV, adr. \n the manner of a hag. 
 
 HAG'GI.E, r. t [\V. hag, a gash or cut. It is a di- 
 minutive from the rool of AuW;.] 
 
 To cut into small pieces ; to notch or cut in an un- 
 skillful manner ; to make rough by culling ; to man- 
 gle ; as, a boy haggles a stick of wood.] 
 
 Siiliblk liral cliod, mill Vork, .ill haggled oVr, 
 
 Cumcs lo him where in gore he (ay iiisleeped. Shale. 
 
 IIAG'GLE, p. i. To be difficult in bargaining; to hes- 
 itate and cavil. [See Higgle.] 
 
 H.'VG'GLf.'D, p/). Cut irregularly into notches ; made 
 rough hv cutting; mangled. 
 
 IIAG'GI-ER, n. One who haggles. 
 
 3. One who cavils, hesitates, and makes difficulty 
 in bargaining. 
 
 H.\G'GLI.NG, ppr. or a. Hacking; mangling; cavil- 
 ing and hesitating in bargaining. 
 
 HAtJ'GLI.N'G, 71. The act of hesitating and making 
 dilficiiltv in bargaining. 
 
 HA'<5I-.\R-eHY, n. [Gr. liyiif and novi-] 
 
 The sacred government ; government of holy or- 
 ders of men. SouOiey. 
 
 HA-Oil-OG'RA-PHA, n. p/.- [L., from Gr. lij i</s, holy, 
 and yoabi, a writing.] 
 
 LUcrally, sacred writings ; the last of the three 
 Jewish divisions of the Old Testament. The Jews 
 divide the IxMiks of the Scriptures into three parts : 
 the law, which is contained in the first five books of 
 the Old Testament ; the Prophets, or Nevim ; and 
 the Cetuvim, or leriting.^, by way of eminence. The 
 latter class is called by the Greeks Ilagiographa, com- 
 prehending the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Dan- 
 iel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Ruth, Esther, Chronicles, Can- 
 ticles, Lamentations, and Ecclesiastes. 
 
 2. In tht Roman Catholic church, the lives of the 
 saints. Brandt. 
 
 Ha-GI-OG'RA-PH.\L, a. Pertaining to the liagiogra- 
 pha, whirli see. 
 
 Ha-CI-OG'RA PHER, II. One of the wriurs of the 
 hagiograph.x. 
 
 HA-til OG'RA-PHY, n. See llAGionnAfHA. 
 
 UA-OI-OL'O-lilST, n. One who writes or treats of 
 the sacred writings. 
 
 HaGI-OL'OGY, n. The history or description of the 
 sacred writings. Qu/irt. Rev. 
 
 HAG'-RID-U£'.\', a. Afflicted with the nightmare. 
 
 Chnjnt. 
 
 HAG'-SEED, n. The descendant of a hag. Shak. 
 HAG'SHIP, n. The state or title of a hag or witch. 
 
 Middlelon. 
 
 IIAGUE'BUT, (hag'biit.) See .\BijrEBi-9i:. 
 
 HAH ; an exclamation expressing surprise or effort. 
 
 HA-HX', II. .\ fence or bank sunk between shipes, or 
 a ditch not seen till close upon iL Walpole derives 
 it from an expression of surprise at fimling a sudden 
 check to progress in a walk — ha! ha! 
 
 IIaIK, n. A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth 
 worn by .\rabs over the tunic, but under the bur- 
 noose. [Spelt also Hvke.] 
 
 H.^IL, m. [Sax. h,rgcl, or hagel ; G. D. Dan. and Sw. 
 Aai.'(; ; so called from its rough, broken form, fruin the 
 root of hack, haggle.] 
 
 Moisture precipitated from the atmosphere in the 
 form of ice. The concretions of ice are usually more 
 or less spherical, constituting haiUtonrs, but'siiine- 
 times consist of plates or laminx, or of agglomerated 
 masses. Olm.-lrd. 
 
 H.\tL, v.L Topoiirdown masses ofice or frozen vapors. 
 
 HAIL, o t To pour down in the manner of hail. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HAIL, a. [Sax. Iial, whole, sound; htcl, health; G. 
 hnl, I), and Dan. heel, Sw. hcl, Gr. ui'Auj, whole. See 
 Hkal.] 
 
 Sound ; whole ; healthy ; not impaired by disease ; 
 as, a hail boily ; hail corn, [/n Uiis seitdc it ij usually 
 written Hale.] 
 
 IIAIL, an e.\clamation, or rather a verb in the impera- 
 tive mode, being the adjective hail used as a verb. 
 y/ui7, be well ; be in health ; health to you ; a term 
 of salutation equivalent to L. salve, salvete. 
 
 Hail, hail, brave fiieiut. Shak. 
 
 HAIL, n. A wish of health ; a salutation. This word 
 is sometimes used as a noun ; as, " the angel hail be- 
 stowed." Milton. 
 
 HAIL, V. t. [from the same root as call, L. calo, Gr. 
 KciAciu. See Call and ILmi-] 
 
 To call ; to call to a |)erson at a distance, to arrest 
 his attention. It is properly used in any case where 
 the person accosted is distant, but is appropriately 
 used by seamen. Ifiio, or hui, the ship alivny, is the 
 usual ninniier of hailing a ship; to which the answer 
 is, holtua, or Iwllo. Then follow the usual questions. 
 Whence came ye? Where are you bound.' tc. 
 
 IlAlL'^D, pp. Called to from a distance ; accosted. 
 
 HAIL'-KEL-LOW, n. An intimate companion. 
 
 IIAIL'ING, ppr. Saluting ; calling to from a distance. 
 2. Pouring down hail. 
 
 HAIL'SHOT, n. Small shot which scatter like hail- 
 stones. [J\'ot used.] liayward. 
 
 HAIL'STO.NE, n. A single mass of ice falling from 
 a cloud. Drydcn. 
 
 HAIL'Y, a. Consisting of hail ; as, haily showers. 
 
 Fope. 
 
 HAIR, 71. [Sax. h<rr; G. /ui«r ; D. hair; Sw. har; Dan. 
 hoar.] 
 
 1. A small filament issuing from the skin of an an- 
 imal, and from a bulbous root. Each filament con- 
 tains a tube or hollow within, occupied by a pulp or 
 pith, which is intended for its nutrition, and extends 
 only to that part which is in a slate of growth. Cye. 
 
 When Auir means a single filament, it has a plural, 
 hairs. 
 
 2. Tile collection or mass of filaments growing 
 from till' skin of an animal, and fiirining an integu- 
 ment or covering ; as, the luiir of the head, //air is 
 the common covering of many beasts. When the 
 filaments are very fine and short, the collection of 
 them is called fur. IVool, also, is a kind of hair. 
 When hair signifies a collection of these animal fil- 
 aments, it has no plural. 
 
 3. Any thing very small or fine ; or a very small 
 distance ; the breadth of a Aair. He judges to a hair, 
 that is, very exactly. Drydcn. 
 
 4. A trilling value. It is not worth a Aair. 
 
 5. Course ; order ; grain ; the hair falling in a cer- 
 tain direction. [-VoC used.] 
 
 You go &^aiii3l die hair oF your prof.-*aioo. Slta.^. 
 
 6. Long, straight, and distinct filamer.ts on the 
 surface of plants ; a species of down or pubescence. 
 
 A'arti/71. 
 
 HaIR'HELIj, n. A plant, a species of hyacinth ; tlic 
 harebell. Smart. 
 
 lIAIR'-liRAIN'-SD. See IIake-brained. 
 
 HAIR'-BREADTH, (-bredth,) n. [See Breadth.] 
 The diameter or breadth of a hair ; a very smull dis- 
 tance ; sometimes, definitely, the 4tith part of an 
 inch. 
 
 ScTcn hunilml chosen men left-lwnded : CTeiy one could sling 
 ituni:* to a haxr.breadlh. — Judgva xx. 
 
 It is used as an adjective ; as, a hair-breadth escape. 
 But, in .Yew England, it is generally Aair's breadth. 
 
 IIAIR'-BRUSH, II. .\ brush for smoothing the h.air. 
 
 IIAIR'eLOTH, II. Stuff or cloth made of hair, or in 
 part with h.iir. In military affairs, pieces of this 
 cloth are used for covering the powder in wagons, or 
 on batteries, or for covering charged bombs, &c. 
 
 IIAIR'£n, a. Having hair. [Eneyc. 
 
 HAIR'-HIJ.VC, a. Hanging by a hair. Young. 
 
 II.\IR'I-NESS, n. [from Aain/.] The state of abound- 
 ing or being covered with hair. Johnsoti. 
 
 HAIR'L.\CE, n. A fillet for tying up the hair of the 
 head. Swifl. 
 
 IIAIR'LESS, a. Destitute of hair; bald ; as, luirtess 
 scalps. Shak. 
 
 HAIR'-LI.VE, n. A line made of hair. 
 
 HAIR'-.\ r.E-DLE, ( II. .\ pin used in dressing the 
 
 HAIR'-P1.\, i hair. 
 
 IHIR'-PE.N-CIL, n. .\ bnish or pencil made of very 
 fine hair for painting. Ure. 
 
 HAIR'-POW-DER, ii. A fine powder of flour for 
 sprinkling the hair of the head. 
 
 HAIR'-SALT, n. [Aaar-.va/:, Werner.] 
 
 A v.ar'iety of native Epsom salt. Also, a compound 
 of the sulphates of magnesia and iron. Dana. 
 
 HAIIl'-SPLIT-TI.N'G, a. Making very minute dis- 
 tiiirlioiis in reastming. Robinson. 
 
 II A IR'-SPLIT-TI.\G, n. The act or practice of mak- 
 ing minnle distinctions In reasoning. 
 
 H.AlR'-WORM, n. A genus of worms, (verme.t,) called 
 Gordius, resembling a long hair; a filiform animal 
 found in fresh water or in the earth. There are sev- 
 eral species. Encyc 
 
 llAlR'Y,a. [from Aair.] Overgrown with hair ; cov- 
 ered with hair; abounding with hair. 
 
 »:tu, my brother, is a hairy man. — Ijen. xxvii, 
 9. Consisting of hair ; as, Aairy honors. Dryden. 
 3. Reseiiibliiig hair ; of the nature of hair. 
 
 HAKE, n. A kind of sea-fish of the cod family, the 
 Merluceius vulgaris, in shape somewhat resembling 
 the pike. It is often salted and dried, but is not 
 very much esteemed as fmnl. Jardine^s J^''at. Lib. 
 
 HAKE, r. i. To sneak ; to go about idly. Orose. 
 
 HAK'OT, II. A'fish. Jlimncorth. 
 
 HAL, in some names, signifies hall. 
 
 IIAL'BERI), n. [Fr. haUcbardc ; G. htttrbardr : D. Aff- 
 lebnard; It. alabarda or luhardo ; Sp. Port, alabarda i 
 Russ. bcrdish, a halberd or battlc-ax, a pole ax. The 
 etymology is not settled. It seems anciently to have 
 been a battle-ax fixed to a long pole, and in Gothic, 
 AiWc is battle.] 
 
 A military weapon, consisting of n pole or shaft of 
 wood, with a head armed Willi a steel point, with a 
 cross piece of steel, flat and pointed at both ends, or 
 with a cutting edge at one end, and a bent point at 
 the other. It is carried by sergeants of foot and dra- 
 goons. Knr.ye. 
 
 HAL-BERD-IkR', (hol-bcrd-eer',) n. One who is 
 armed with a li;i]berd. Bacon. 
 
 IIAL'BI;R1)-SHaP-£U, (-shSpt,) a. Having the shape 
 of a halberd. 
 
 HAL'CY-0.\, (hal'se-on,) n. [L. halcyon, Gr. ayKVUv, 
 a king fisher, from nXt, the sea, and xi", to con- 
 ceive, from breeding among reeds by the sea. JSIorin.] 
 The name anciently given to the king-fislier, oth- 
 erwise called alccdo ; a bird that was said to lay her 
 eggs in nests, on rocks near the sea, during the calm 
 weather about the winter solstice. Hence, 
 
 HAL'CY-OiV, a. Calm ; quiet ; peaceful ; undisturbed; 
 liappy. llalajon days were seven days before and as 
 many after the winter solstice, when the weather 
 w;is calm. Hence, hy halcyon days are uow under- 
 stood (lavs of peace and traiKiuillily, 
 
 HAL-CY-6'.M-A.\, a. Halcyon ; calm. Sheldon. 
 
 HALE, a. [Sax. Iial, sound, whole. See Hail and 
 Heal.] 
 
 Sound; entire; healthy; robust; not impaired; 
 as, a hale body. 
 II.\LE, n. Welfare. \J\''ut in use.] Spenser. 
 HALE or HALE, r. t. [Sw. hala ; Fr. halcr.] 
 
 To pull or draw with force ; to drag. This is now 
 more generally written and pronounced Aau', which 
 see. 
 
 HALF, (haf,) n. ; pi. Halves, (havz.) [Sax. half or 
 henlf; Goth. Aa/is ; D. A«//; Sw.half; Van. Jialv ; G. 
 halb.] 
 
 One part of a thing which is divided into two 
 equal parts, either in fact or in contemplation ; a moi- 
 ety ; as, half a pound ; Italf a tract of land ; half an 
 orange ; An// the miseries or pleasures of life. It is 
 applied to quantity, number, length, and every thing 
 susceptible of division. In practice, of is often or 
 usually omitted after half. We say, half a. pound ; 
 Aa//a mile ; Aa//the number. 
 
 Haif the misery of life. Adtliton. 
 HALF, (haf,) r. U To divide into halves. [See 
 Halve.] 
 
 HALF, adv. In part, or in an equal part or degree. 
 
 Haif loth iind haif ccnsciiting. Drifitn. 
 
 In composition, half denotes an equal oart ; or, in- 
 drfinitelv. a part, and hence, imperfecL 
 
 HALF'-liLOOD, (harblud,) ii. Relation between per- 
 sons born of the same father or of the same mother, 
 but not of both ; as, a brother or si.ster of the half- 
 blood. The v. oril is sometimes used as an ailjeetive. 
 
 HALF'-BLOOU'EU, a. Mean ; degenerate. [UttU 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 2. Proceeding from a male and female, each of t'lill 
 bltiod, but of dillVreiit breeds ; as, a half blooded 
 
 HaLI"-BRE1), a. HalMilood. d. [sheep. 
 
 IIALK'-BREEI), a. Half-blooded. 
 
 HXLF-BROTll'ER, (hif-,) ii. A brother by one pa- 
 rent, but not by bolli. 
 
 nxLF'-e.\P, II. A cap not wholly put olT, or faintly 
 moved. Shak. 
 
 HXLF'-CASTE, 11. In India, one born of a Hindoo 
 parent on the one side, and of a European on the 
 other. 
 
 HXLF'-COCK, n. When the cock of a gun is re- 
 tained by the first notch, the gun is said to he at luUf- 
 cock. Booth. 
 
 HXLF'-DEAD, (-ded,) a. Almost dead; nearly ci- 
 hausted. 
 
 HXLF'£.\', 0. Wanting half iu due qualities. [JVW 
 
 used.] Spenser. 
 HXLF'£.\-D£AL,iuJo. [TeuX. halfdeeU] Nearly half. 
 
 Spenser 
 
 HXLF'ER, n. One that possesses half only. 
 
 2. A male fallow deer gelded. 
 IL\LF'-FAC'£D, (-HLsle,) a. Showing only part ol 
 
 the face. Shuk. 
 HXLF'-IIATCH-ED, (-hatclit,) a. Imperfectly 
 
 hatched ; as, half-hatched eggs. Qay. 
 IIXLF'-HEARD, (-herd,) a. luiperfecUy heard; not 
 heard to the end. 
 
 And leave ha^J htard UiC melaii£holy tti!«. Pop*. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 — € as K j as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 67 
 
 ss 
 
 52!t 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 HAM 
 
 HALF'-HOL'I-DaY, n. A half of a day given to 
 
 children in schools for recreation. 
 IIaLF'-LEARN-£D, (-lernd,) a. Imperfectly learned. 
 
 Suutlt. 
 
 IIALF'-LOST, a. Nearly last. Mihm. 
 
 Il.siLF'-.MARK, n. A coin ; a noble, or 6s. 8rf. sterling. 
 
 IIALF'-.MOON, n. The moon at the quarters, when 
 lialf its disk appears illuminated. 
 
 2. Any tiling in the shape of a half-moon. In for- 
 tification, an outwork composed of two faces, forming 
 a salient angle, wliose gorge is in the form of a cres- 
 cent or half-moon. Encyc. 
 
 HALF'-NoTE, 71. In music, a minim, being half a 
 semibreve. 
 
 HALF'-PART, n. An equal part. Shak. 
 
 IIALF'-PaY, n. Half the amount of wages or salary ; 
 as, an otficer retires on half-pay, [It is reduced, but 
 seldom literally half tlie amount. Smart.] 
 
 IIALF'-PAY, a. Receiving or entitled to hcilf-pay ; as, 
 a half-pay oflicer. 
 
 IIALF'-PEN-NY, (hap'pen-ny or ha'pen-ny,) n. A 
 copper coin of the value of half a penny ; also, the 
 value of half a penny. It is used in the plural. 
 
 He cheats for half-pence. Dryden. 
 
 [This coin is not current in America.] 
 IIALF'-PEN-NY, a. Of the price or value of half a 
 
 penny ; as, a half-penny loaf. Shak. 
 HALF'-PEN-NY^WORTH, n. The value of a half- 
 penny. 
 
 JIXLF'-PIKE, 71 A short pike carried by officers. 
 
 Taller. 
 
 2 A short pike used in boarding ships. Mar. Diet. 
 HXLF'-PINT, n. The half of a pint or fourth of a 
 
 qiiart. Pope. 
 HALF'-READ, (-red,) a. Superficially informed by 
 
 reailing. Dryden. 
 HALF'-ROUND, n. A semicircular molding. Owilt. 
 HALF'-SeHOL AR, n. One imperfectly learned. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 IIALF'-SeAS-o'VER ; a low expression, denoting 
 h.ilf-drunk. 
 
 HA LF'-SHIFT, 71. In playing the violin, a move of 
 the hand a little way upward on the neck of the in- 
 strument, to reach a high note. 
 
 IIALF-STGHT'EU, (hifsit'ed,) a. Seeing imperfect- 
 ly ; having weak discernment. Bacon. 
 
 HA LF'-SIS'TER, 71. A sister by one parent, but not 
 by both. 
 
 HALF-SPHkRE, 7!. Hemisphere. B. Jonson. 
 
 HALF'-STARV-KD, a. Almost starved. 
 HALF'-STRaIN-£D, a. Half-bred j imperfect. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 HALF'-SWoRD, (hafsord,) »!. Within half the 
 lenjrth of a sword ; close fight. Shak. 
 
 IIALF'-WAY, ailn. In the middle; at half the dis- 
 tance. Granville. 
 
 HALF'-Wa Y, a. Equally distant from the extremes ; 
 as, a haf-way liouse. 
 
 Ha LF'-W'IT, n. A foolish person ; a dolt ; a block- 
 head. Dryden. 
 
 HALF'-WIT-TED, a. Weak in intellect; silly ; fool- 
 ish. _ Swift. 
 
 HA LF'-Yf-.i^R-LY, a. Two in a year; semi-annual. 
 
 HaLF'-YkAR-LY, ado. Twice in a year; semi-an- 
 nually. 
 
 H.\L'l-I5U'' , n. A fish of the genus Hippoglossus, 
 and fan iiy Pleuronectida;. This fish has a compiessed 
 body, one side resembling the back, the other the 
 belly, and both eyes on the same side of the head. 
 It grows to a great size ; some to the weight of 300 
 or 400 pounds. It forms an article of food, and some 
 parts of the body arc fat, lender, and delicious. 'J'his 
 fish, like other Hat fish, swims on its side, and hence 
 the name of the family. Jardine's JVat. Lib. 
 
 IIAL'I-DOM, 7!. [Sax. hnligdome; holy and dovi.] 
 Adjuration by what is holy. [04s.] Spenser. 
 
 IIAL'I-.M AS.S, 71. [Sax. halig, holy, and maas.] 
 The feast of All Souls; Hallowmas. 
 
 HAL'INr. or HAL'liVf;. See Hai lino. 
 
 HA-LIT'li-OM.S, a. [L. halitus, breath.] 
 
 Like breath ; vaporous. [04.<.] Boyle. 
 
 HALL, 71. [Sax. heal: l). hal or zaal ; G. sanl ; Sw. 
 and \htn. sal ; Fr. .v«//e ; It. and Sp. .fd^a ; L. aula; 
 CmT. avXrj ; Sans, aala ; Copt, uuli ; Turk, uwti { Ciu. 
 
 - ' £ 
 
 Heb. '^nN, a tent, Ar. to marry, and to begin 
 
 housekeeping, or Heb. t'h. and Syr. Si^n, a palace. 
 Qu. are these all of one family.' Sec Salt.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a large room at the entrance of 
 a house or palace. In the houses of ministers of 
 nt.-itc, magistrates, *i.c., it is the place where they 
 give audience and di-tpali li business. Knryc. 
 
 2. An edifice in which courts of justice are held ; 
 a», WeHtniiiistcr //n/.', which was originally a royal 
 palace ; the kings of England formerly h(dding their 
 parliamentii and courts of Judiealure in their own 
 dwellings, as is still th(^ prarttce in .^pain. Kneyc. 
 
 3. A manor-houMe, so cilled because in them 
 courtH were formerly hi ld. Jlddinon. 
 
 4. A college, or large edifice, belonging to a colle- 
 giate inatitulion. 
 
 5. A room for a corporation or public assembly ; 
 as, a town-AaZi; Faneuil Hall, in lioslon, &c. 
 
 6. A collegiate body in the universities of Oxford 
 and Cambridge. Prideaui. 
 
 HAL-LE-LU'IAH, ) (hal-lc-Iu'yil,) n. [Heb. n> iSSn, 
 HAL-LE-Lu'JAH, j praise ye Jah or Jehovah, from 
 bbn, to praise, that is, to throw, or raise the voice, 
 
 to utter a loud sound. Ar. halla or ealla, to ap- 
 pear ; to begin to shine, as the new moon ; to ex- 
 claim ; to exult; to sing; to rejoice; to praise or 
 worship God. Gr. cXeXev, a shout in battle. It co- 
 incides in elements with howl, L. ululo.] 
 
 Praise ye Jehovah ; give praise to God ; a word 
 used in songs of praise, or a term of rejoicing in 
 solemn ascriptions of thanksgiving to God. It is 
 used as a noun, or as an exclamation. 
 
 [This word is improperly written with j, in con- 
 formity with the German and other continental lan- 
 guages, in which j has the sound of y. Hut to pro- 
 nounce the word with the English sound of j destroys 
 its beauty. The like mistake of the sound of j in je- 
 hovah, Jordan, Joseph, has j)erverted the true pronun- 
 ciation, which was Yehovah, Yordan, Yoseph. This 
 perversion must now be submitted to, but in Hallelu- 
 iah it ought not to be tolerated.] 
 
 HAL'LIARD, ( (hal'yard,) 71. [from hale, haul.] A 
 
 HAL'YARD, j term applied to ropes or tackles for 
 hoisting or lowering yards or sails. Brande. Tottcn. 
 
 HAL'LI-ER, 71. A particular kind of net for catching 
 birds. Encyc. 
 
 HAL-LOO', V. i. [This seems to belong to the family 
 of call ; Fr. haler/\ 
 
 To cry out ; to exclaim with a loud voice ; to call 
 to by name, or by the word halloo. 
 
 Country folks hallooed and hooted after me. Sidney. 
 
 HAL-LOO', V. t. To encourage with shouts. 
 
 OM Jolin hallooes his liounds again. Prior. 
 
 2. To cliase with shouts. Shak. 
 
 3. To call or shout to. Shak. 
 [This verb is regular, and pronounced with the ac- 
 cent on the first syllable.] 
 
 HAL-LOO' ; an e.xclamation, used as a call to Invite 
 attention. 
 
 HAL-LOO'ING, ppr. Crj ing out. 
 
 HAL-LOO'ING, 71. A loud outcry. Smart. 
 
 HAL'LoW, !J. (. [Sax. haligan or hatgian, to conse- 
 crate, to sanctify, from halig or halg, holy, from hal, 
 sound, safe, whole ; G. heiligen, fi'om heilig, holy, 
 heil, whole; heilen, to heal ; I), heiligen, from hcilig, 
 holy, heil, safety, happiness ; Dan. helliger, from 
 heilig, holy ; keel, whole, entire ; Sw. helga, from 
 helig, holy. (See Holy.) It coincides in origin with 
 hold, and L. calico, to he able.] 
 
 1. To make holy ; to consecrate ; to set apart for 
 holy or religious use. Ez. xxviii. xxix. 1 Kings viii. 
 
 2. To devote to holy or religious exercises ; to treat 
 as sacred. 
 
 Halloie the Sabbath day, to do no work therein. — Jer. xvH. 
 
 3. To reverence ; to honor as sacred. 
 
 Hallowed be thy name. Lord's Prayer. 
 
 HAL'LoW-JCI), pp. or a. Consecrated to a sacred 
 use, or to religious exercises; treated as sacred; 
 reverenced. 
 
 HAL'LoW-EEN, 7t. The evening preceding All 
 Hallows or All Saints' day. [ScoUisA.j 
 
 HAL'LoW-ING, ppr. or a. Setting apart for sacred 
 purposes ; consecrating ; devoting to religious exer- 
 cises ; reverencing. 
 
 IlAL'LoW-MAS, 71. [See Mass.] The feast of All 
 Souls. Slmk. 
 
 nAL-Lu'CIN-ATE,7J. i. [L. hatlucinor.] 
 To stumble or blunder. 
 
 IIAL-LU-CIN-A'TION, 71. [L. hallucinatio, from hal- 
 lucinur, to blunder,] 
 
 1. Error; delusion; mistake, [Little used.] 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 2. In medicine, faulty sense {dysasthrsia) or errone- 
 ous imagination. Jfallucination.i of the sniscs arise 
 from some defect in the organs of sense, or from 
 some unusual circumstances attending the object, as 
 when it is seen by moonlight ; and tliey are some- 
 times symptoms of general disease, as in fevers. 
 Maniacal hallucinations arise from stime imaginary or 
 misUiken idea. Similar hallucinations occur in 
 rcveni. Darwin. Parr. 
 
 IIAL-LO'CIN-A-TO-RY, a. Partaking of hallucina- 
 titm. 
 
 HALM, (hawm,) n. [Sax, healm; h-culmus.] 
 Straw. [See Haum.] 
 S - 
 
 HA'LO, 11. [Ar. ^Ltf) haulon. The verb signifies to 
 
 frighten, and to adorn with necklaces.] 
 
 A name given to the circular or elliptical appear- 
 ances Hurroiinding the sun, moon, ur other celestial 
 body, llalos occur sometimes singly, sometimes in 
 concentric or inlersecting curves, which are usually 
 more or less diversified in color. Olmsted. 
 
 HAL'O-GEN, 71. [Gr. aAs, salt, and yfn^uu, to gen- 
 erate.] 
 
 A substance which, by combination Vfith a metal, 
 forms a haloid salt. Dana. 
 
 HA-LOCt'EN-OUS, o. Having the nature of halogen. 
 
 HA'LOID, a. [Gr. lUf, salt, and ekJos, form.] 
 
 Resembling a salt. In chemistry, the term haloid 
 salt is applied to binary compounds containing 
 chlorine, iodine, and the allied elements. Common 
 salt, which is a chlorid of sodium, is a Italoid salt, 
 
 HALSE, (hawls,) 71. [Sax. hals.] [Benelius. 
 The neck or throat. [Oi>.«.] Spenser. 
 
 HALSE, I'. 1. To embrace about the neck ; to adjure , 
 to greet. [Obs.] 
 
 HAL'SEN-ING, a. Sounding harshly in the throat or 
 tongue. [Obs.] Carew. 
 
 HALS'ER, (haws'er,) 71. [Sax. hals, G. D. Dan. and 
 Sw. hals, the neck ; and qu. Sax. seel, a rope or 
 strap.] 
 
 A large rope of a size between the cable and the 
 tow-line. [See Hawser.] 
 HALT, V. i. [Sax. healt, halt, lame ; healtian, tn limp ; 
 G. halt, a hold, stop, halt ; halten, to hold ; Sw. halt, 
 halta; Dan. halt, halter; from the root of hold.] 
 
 1. To stop in walking ; to hold. In military affairs, 
 the true sense is retained, to stop in a march. The 
 army halted at noon. 
 
 2. To limp ; that is, to stop with lameness. 
 
 3. To hesitate ; to stand in doubt whether to pro- 
 ceed, or what to do 
 
 How long halt ye tjetween two opinions ? — 1 Kings xviii. 
 
 4. To fail ; to falter ; as, a halting sonnet. Shak. 
 HALT, V. t. To stop ; to cause to cease marching ; a 
 
 military term. The general halted liis troops for re- 
 freshment. fVashington. 
 HALT, a. [Sax. healt.] 
 
 Lame ; that is, holding or stopping in walking. 
 Brinj liither the poor, tlie maimed, the /mil, and the blind. — 
 Luke xiv. 
 
 HALT, 7!. A stopping; a stop in marching. The 
 troops made a halt at the bridge. 
 2. The act of limping. 
 HALT'ED, pp. Stopped. 
 HALT'ER, 71. One who halts or limps. 
 HALT'ER, 71. [G. holler, a holder. See Halt.] 
 
 1. A rope or strap and head-stall for leading or 
 confining a horse. 
 
 2. A rope for hanging malefactors. 
 
 3. A strong cord or string. 
 
 HALT'ER, V. t. To put a halter on ; as, to hatter a 
 horse. 
 
 2. 1'o catch and hold, or to bind with a rope or cord. 
 HALT'ER-A'D, pp. Caught or bound with a rope. 
 HALT'ER-ING, ppr. Putting a halter on ; catching; 
 binding. 
 
 HALT'ING, 71. The act of stopping or faltering. 
 
 HALT'ING, ppr. or a. Stopping; limping. 
 
 HALT'ING-LY, adv. With limping ; slowly. 
 
 HALVE, (hlv,) V. t. [from half] To divide into two 
 equal parts ; as, to halve an apple. 
 
 HALV'£D, (hivd,) a. In botany, hemispherical ; 
 covering one side ; placed on one side. 
 
 HALVING, ppr. Dividing inio two equal parts. 
 
 HALVES, (havz,) 71.; pi. of Half. Two equal parts 
 of a thing. 
 
 To cry halves, is to claim an equal share. 
 To go halves, is to have an eipial share. 
 
 HALVING, (hiiv'ing,) ppr. Dividing into two equal 
 
 HAL'YARD. See Halliard. [parts. 
 
 HAM, [Sax. ham,] a house, is our modern word homf,G. 
 heini. It is used in hamlet, and in the names of pkices, 
 as in Waltham, wood house, wall, a wood, anil /ia77i, 
 a house, [not Wal-tliam, as it is often pronounced,] 
 Bucking-ham, JVotting-lum, IVrent-ham, Dur-ham,6LC. 
 
 HAM, 71. [Sax. ham.] 
 
 1. The inner or hind part of the knee ; the inner an- 
 gle of the joint which unites the thigh and the leg 
 of an animal. Hence, 
 
 2. The thigh of a beast, particularly of a hog, 
 whether salted and cured or not. l!ut the word is 
 more generally understood to mean the thigh of a 
 hog salted and dried in smoke. 
 
 HAM'A-DR5-AD, 71. [Gr. a/ia, together, and Spvf, a 
 tree.] 
 
 A wood-nymph, feigned to live and die with the 
 tree to which it was atlacheil. S/)fct«(or. 
 IlA'MATE, a. [L. hamatus.] 
 
 Hooked ; entangled. Berkeley. 
 HA'MA-TEl), a. [L. hamatus, from hama, a hook; 
 Celtic and Peis. lam, crookeil.] 
 
 Hooked or set with hooks. Stoift. 
 HAM'BLF., V. I. [.-^av. Artnif/n7i.] 
 
 To liani.string. [JVu* used.] 
 HAMES, 71. pi. \Ct. kummet ; lluss. chomvt, a collar; 
 but it seems to be the Scot, haims. In Sw. hdmrna ii 
 to stop, or restrain.] 
 
 A kind of collar for a draught horse, consisting of 
 two bentling pieces of wood or bows, and these 
 placed on curving pads or siiitle 1 leather, made to 
 conform to I be shape of the ni:ck. 
 HAME'SUCK-f.'N, 71. In Scnltisk /lie, the violent 
 seeking ami invasion of a person in his own house. 
 
 Bouvier. 
 
 FITE, FAR, FALL, WUJ^V MpTJS, PB5Y. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 530 ~~ 
 
 I 
 
HAM 
 
 HAN 
 
 HAN 
 
 HA'MITK, n. The fi)ssil rtiiii»iiii! uf a curved uluW ; 
 
 nil extinct sitt'Cies tif ccphalopuds, Maiitrll. 
 HAAI'mT, ?i. [Sax. ham, a house ; Fr. hameau ; Arm. 
 
 haiiieilt iir hamm. Seu 11om£.] 
 
 A small village ; a little cluster of houses in the 
 
 coiinlry. 
 
 This word seemii originally to have sif;^ified the 
 scat ur a freeholder, cumprclicnding the mansion- 
 house and adjacent building's. It now denotes a 
 small collection of houses in the country, in distinc- 
 tion from a city, a large town, or township. 
 
 Tlie country wiulctl niid the hamUU burned. Drydfn. 
 
 n.\M'LET-El), a. Accustomed to a hamlet, or to a 
 rountr\' life. FcUham. 
 
 llAM'iMER, «. [Sax. hamer : D. hamer ; G. and Dan. 
 liamincr ; S\v. hammnrc ; probably, the beater.] 
 
 1. An instrument for driving nails, beatinj; metal.'), 
 and the like. Itconsistsof an iron head, (i.vcd cross- 
 wise to a handle, lianimers are t>f varioius sizes ; a 
 large hammer used by smiths is called a sletlge. 
 
 3. A piece of steel covering the pan of a musket 
 lock. Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 
 H.X.M'.Mnil, r. (. To beat with a hammer; as,toA«ni- 
 nter iron t)r steel. 
 
 2. 'I'o form or forge with a hammer ; to shape by 
 beating. 
 
 3. To work in the mind ; to contrive by intellectu- 
 al labor; usu.ally with out; as, to hammer out a 
 scheme. 
 
 H.X.M'.MER, t>> i. To work ; to be busy; to labor in 
 contrivance, 
 ti. Ttt be working, or in agitation. 
 
 II.\M'.Mr.li-.\-ltLli, a. That may be shaped by a 
 hammer. Sherwood. 
 
 HA.M'.\IEll-Bif..\.M, n. In Gothic architecture, a beam 
 acting as a tie at the feet of a pair of principal rat- 
 ters, but not extending so as to connect the opposite 
 sides. OicilL 
 
 IIA.M'.MEU-eLOTII n. The cloth which covers a 
 co:icli-l)o.it, so calletl from the old practice of carrying 
 a hammer, nails, &c., in a little gwcket hid by this 
 cloth. Peirge. 
 
 II.\.M'.MEU-Kn, pp. or n. Beaten with a hammer. 
 
 H.AM'UEK-EI!, n. One who works with a Inunmer. 
 
 H.A.\r.MER-ll.\Kl), n. Iron orsteel hardened by ham- 
 mering. Jloion. 
 
 H.^.M'.MER-ING, ppr. Beating with a hammer ; work- 
 ing ; contriving. 
 
 HA.M'SIER-ING, lu The act of beating with a ham- 
 mer. 
 
 H.A.M'MER-MAX, it. One who beatsor works witUa 
 liiimmrr. 
 
 HA.M'iMER-WORT, n. An herb. Chalmers. 
 
 H.-\.M'.M<)CK, n. [Sj). hamaca ; Port. maca. A word 
 of Indian origin; for Ctilunibiis, in the Narrative of 
 his first Voyage, says, '.'.A great many Indians in 
 canoes came to the ship to-day for the purixise of 
 biuiering their cotton, and hamacaj, or nets, in which 
 they sleep."] 
 
 A kind of hanging bed, suspended between trees 
 or posts, or by hooks. It consists of a piece of hemp- 
 en cloth about six feet long and three feet wide, gath- 
 ered at tlie^ends, and suspended by cords. It forms 
 a bed, or a receptacle for a bed, on board of ships. 
 
 Kncyc. Mar. Diet, 
 
 UAM-MO-eilRY'SO.S, n. [Gr. oM/tos and xi'^aui.'] 
 .\ stone with spangles of gold color. 
 
 Ha'MOUS, a. [L. hamwt, a hook; Celtic, cam, 
 crooked.) 
 
 Hooked ; having the end hooked or curved ; aterm 
 of botany. Lee. Marlijn. 
 
 HA.M'I'ER, n. [Contracted from kmaper,ot from hand 
 pannier.] 
 
 1. A large basket for conveying things to mar- 
 ket, &c. 
 
 3. Fetters, or some instrument that shackles. 
 
 H^. Browne. 
 
 [This signification, and that of the verb following, 
 indicate that this word is from hanaper, and that the 
 latter is from the sense of interweaving twigs.] 
 HA.M'PER, v.l. [See the noun.] To shackle ; tnen- 
 tanele ; hence, to im|H-de in motion or progress, or to 
 render progress dilficulu 
 
 A lion ttam/Krtd in a net. L'Ewtrangt. 
 TUcj hamper •nil enuing'e our wuU, and hinder lh.*ir di^t 
 upwanl. TilloUon, 
 
 2. To insnare ; to inveigle ; to catch with allure- 
 ments. Shak. 
 
 3. To tangle; to render complicated. Blaekmore. 
 
 4. To perplex ; to embarrass. 
 
 Itamprrtii by the lawi. BulUr. 
 II.\M'rER-£D, pp. Shackled; enUingled ; insnared ; 
 p«-rple)ted. 
 
 HA.M'PER-ING, ppr. Shackling; entangling; per- 
 plexing. 
 
 IIAM'STER, «. [G. hamsttr; Russ. ehomiak.) 
 
 A S|iecie3 of rat, the .Wiij cricetus of Linnaeus, or 
 German marmot. This rat is of the size of the wa- 
 ter rat, but IS of a browner color, and ivs belly and 
 lez9 of a dirty yellow. It is remarkable for two bags, 
 like those of a baboon, on e.-ich side of the jaw, un- 
 der the skin, in which it conveys grain, pe.is, and 
 acorns lo its winter residence. F.ncyc. (loldsmiih. 
 
 HAJI'STRING, B. The tendons of the ham. 
 
 tVt.ieman, 
 
 H.AM'STRIXG, r. <. ; pret. anA pp. Hamstri no, or 
 Uam^tri NcED. To cut the tendons of tlie ham, and 
 thus to tame or disable. Dn/den. 
 
 HAM'STKhNG-I.NG, ppr. Cutting the tcnilons of the 
 ham, and thus disabling. 
 
 HA.M'STRUNG, j»p. Disabled by having the tendons 
 of the ham cut. 
 
 HAN, for Have, in the plural. Spenser. 
 
 HAiN'A-PER, II. [Norm, hanap, a cup, a hamper; 
 Sax. huiPp, G. napj, D. nap, Fr. hanap. Arm. hiiuaff. It. 
 nappo, a bowl or cup. Tliese seem to be all the sains 
 word, yet I see not how a cup and a basket should 
 have the same name, unless the vessel was originally 
 made of bark, and so tight as to hold liquors.] 
 
 The hanaper wa.s used in early days, by the kings 
 of England, for liolding and carrying with them their 
 money, as they journeyed from place to place. It 
 was a kind of basket, like the Jiscus, and hence came 
 to be considered as the king's treasury. Hence, the 
 clerk or warden of the hanaper, is an officer who re- 
 ceive the fees due to the king for seals of charters, 
 patents, commissions, and writs. There is also an 
 oflicer who is controller of the hanaper. This word, 
 therefore, answered to the modern ucUequer. 
 
 Spe^^an. 
 
 IIXNCE, II.\UNCE, for Enhance. [Ois.] feee E.n- 
 
 HAKCE. 
 
 HAN'CES, n. pi. [h. ansa.] 
 
 1. In archdcclure, the ends of elliptical arches, 
 which are the arches of smaller circles than the 
 scheme or middle part of the arch. Harris. 
 
 2. In n ,</ii/>, falls of the fife-rails placed on balus- 
 ters on the poop and quarter-deck down to the gang- 
 way. Jlurrii. 
 
 H.A.N'l), ». [?:\\. hand, hand; G. and D. Aniirf ; Dan. 
 haand ; Sw. hand. This word may be connected in 
 origin with Sax. hentan, to follow, to take, or seize, 
 Gr. \iii'^avoj, L. heiulu, in prrhendo ; but from its de- 
 rivatives, handy, handsome, it would appear to pro- 
 ceed from a root signifying to be strong, right, straight, 
 which would give the sense of fitness and of beauty. 
 Chaucer has hcnde, hendtj, civil, courteous.] 
 
 1. In man, the extremity of tlic arm, consisting of 
 the palm and fingers, connecteil with the arm at the 
 wrist ; the part with which we hold and use any in- 
 strument. 
 
 2. In falconry, the foot of a hawk ; and in the ma- 
 nege, the fore foot of a horse. 
 
 3. A measure of four inches ; a palm ; applied 
 chiefly to horses; as, a horse 14 hands high. 
 
 4. Side ; part ; right or left ; as, on the one hand 
 or the other. This is admitted on all hands, that is, 
 on all sides, or by all parties. So, to be on the mend- 
 ing hand, is to be on the side of recovery from ill- 
 ness. 
 
 5. Act ; deed ; performance ; external action ; that 
 is, the elfect for the cause, the hand being the instru- 
 ment of action 
 
 Thou sawest Uie contradiction between mj heart and hand. 
 
 King CharUt. 
 
 6. Power of performance ; skill. 
 
 A friend of mine iins a rery fine hand on the violtu. Addixon. 
 11c hod a mind to try his hand at a Spectator. AdOixun. 
 
 7. Power of making or producing. 
 
 An intelligent htiing coming out of the hands of infinite perfec- 
 Uoii. Cheyite. 
 
 8. Manner of acting or performance ; as,heclianged 
 his hand. Drydeiu 
 
 9. Agency ; part in performing or executing. Pun- 
 ish every man who had a hand in the mischief. \Ve 
 see the hand of God in this event. 
 
 10. Conveyance ; agency in transmitting. 
 
 11. Passession ; power. The estate is in the hands 
 of the owner. The pajiers are in my hands. 
 
 12. The cards heltl at a game ; hence, a game. 
 
 13. An index, or that which performs the office of 
 the hand, or of a finger, in pointing ; as, the luind of 
 a clock ; the huat-hand, and the ininiite-/ian>J. 
 
 14. A iierson : an agent ; a man employed in agen- 
 cy or service. The mason employs twenty hands. 
 
 15. Form of writing; style of penmanship; a.s, a 
 good hand ; a bad hand a fine hand. 
 
 16. .Agency ; service ; ministry. Ez. iv. Lev. viii. 
 
 17. Rale ; price ; conditions ; as, " bought at a dear 
 hand." [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 18. In Scripture, the hand of God, is his eternal pur- 
 pose and executive power, .^cts iv. 
 
 19. The providential bounty of God. Ps. civ. 
 
 20. The [lower of God exerted in judgments or 
 mercies, in punishing or defending. Judges ii. Ps. 
 xxxii. 
 
 21. The Spirit of God ; divine influence 
 xviii. 
 
 iSJ. The favor of God, or his support. AVA. ii. 
 Luke i. 
 
 jJ( hand : near ; either present and within reach, or 
 not far distant. 
 
 Your iiuitnnd i< al hand ; 1 hear hit InimpeL Shai. 
 2. .\enr in lime ; not distant. 
 
 Tlic d.>y of Chrix b at hand. — 2 Then. ii. 
 By hand: with the hands, in distinction from the 
 
 1 Kings 
 
 instnimentality of tiMils, engines, or anini.als ; as, to 
 weed a garden by hand ; to lift, draw, or entry by 
 hand. 
 
 In hand ; present payment ; in respect to the re- 
 ceiver. 
 
 Receiving tn hand one ycar'a trilnite. KnoUet. 
 
 2. In the state of execution. I have a great work 
 in hand. 
 
 Jit my hand, al his hand, Sec, denote from the per- 
 son or being. 
 
 Shall we receive frood at the hand of Go<I, and shall we not 
 ccivc evil t — Job ii. 
 
 On hand ; in present possession ; as, he has a sup- 
 ply tif goods on hand. 
 2. Under one's care or management. 
 
 Jupiter had Ii fami on his hands. L'Esiranft. 
 
 Offhand; without delay, hesitation, or diinciilty ; 
 immediately ; dcxtrously ; without previous prepara- 
 tion. 
 
 Out of hand; ready payment, with regard to the 
 payer. 
 
 Let not tlie w«*es of any ma« Urry with tlie*l ; but give It him 
 ou( 0/ lianl. Tobit. 
 
 2. At once ; directly. 
 
 To his hand, to my hand, Sll. in readiness ; already 
 prepared ; ready to be received. 
 
 Tlic work ia made to hit hands. Locke. 
 
 Under his hand, under her hand, fee. ; witluthe prop- 
 er writing or signature of the name. This deed is 
 executed undtr the hand and seal of the owner. 
 
 Hand over hcxd ; negligently ; rashly ; without see- 
 ing what one does. [Little used.] Baeun. 
 
 Jland ever ftand : bypassing the hands alternately 
 one before or above another ; as, to climb hand over 
 hand; also, rapidly; as, to come up with a chase 
 hand arer hand ; wicd by seamen. Mar. Diet, 
 
 Jland to /land; in close union ; close fi:;lil. Dryden, 
 
 But from hand to hand, is, frtini one person tti an- 
 other. 
 
 Hand in hand; in union ; conjointly ; unitedly. 
 
 Swifts 
 
 To join liand in hand, is, to unite efforts and act in 
 concert. 
 
 Hand in hand : fit; pal; suitable. Shak. 
 
 Hand lo mouth. To live from hand to month, is to 
 obtain food ami other necessaries, as want requires, 
 without making previous provision, or having an 
 abundant |irevious su|iply. 
 
 To bear in hand ; to keep in expectation ; to elude. 
 [J^ot XLsed.] Shal:. 
 
 To bear a hand ; to hasten ; a seaman's phrase. 
 
 Tolten. 
 
 To lend a hand : to give assistance. B. H. Dana, Jr. 
 To be hand and glove ; to be intimate and faiiiiliar, 
 as friends t»r associates. 
 
 To set tlie hand to ; to engage in ; to undertake. 
 That tlie Lord tliy Gml m^iy bless tJiee, in all thou teuest Uam 
 hatvi to. — Ueut. zxiii. 
 
 To take in hand; to attempt ; to undertake. Luke i. 
 Also, to seize and deal with. 
 
 7i> hare a hand in ; lo be concerned in ; to have a 
 part or concern in doing ; to have an agency in. 
 f South. 
 
 To put the last hand, or finishing hand, to : to com- 
 plete ; to perfect; to m.ake the last corrections, or 
 give the final polish. 
 
 To change hands; to change sitlcs ; to shift; to 
 change owners. Butler. 
 
 Hand, in the sense of rate, price, terms, conditions, 
 as used by Bacon, Taylor, &c., is ob.solete ; as, "to 
 buy at a dear hand;" ".accept the mystery, but at 
 no hand wrest it by pride or ignorance." So in the 
 sense of advantage, g;iin, sii[Hriorily, as used by 
 Ilayward ; and in that of coniiietilion, content, as 
 usetl by Shakspeare. 
 
 To get htmd, to gain influence, is obsolete. 
 
 .4 heary hand ; severity or oppression. 
 
 .4 light hand ; gentleness ; moderation. 
 
 strict hand; severe discipline; rigorous govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Hands off; a vulgar phra.se for keep off, forbear. 
 
 To pour lealrr on Uie hands, in the phmseologj' of 
 the Scriptures, is to serve or minister to. 2 Kings iii. 
 
 To wash the hands ; to profess innocence. MalU 
 ixvii. 
 
 T o kifs the hand, imports adoration. Job xxxi. 
 
 To lean on the hand, im|Kirls familiarity. 2 Kings V. 
 
 To strike hands; to make a contract, or to become 
 surely for another's debt or good behavior. Prov, 
 xvii. 
 
 Putting the hand under the thigh, was an ancient 
 ceremony used in swearing. 
 
 To give the hand, is to make a covenant with one, 
 or to unite with him in design. 2 Kings x. 
 
 7'Af stretching out of the liand, denotes an exertion 
 of (lower. But, 
 
 'The sireuhing out of the hand to God, imporLi earn- 
 est prayer or solemn dedication of one's self to him. 
 Ps. Ixviii. and cxliii. 
 
 7Vi< lifting of the hand, was used in affirmation and 
 swearing, and in prayer imported a solemn wishing 
 of blessings from Goii. Gen. xiv. Ln. xix. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 331 
 
HAN 
 
 To lift the luind against a superior ; to rebel. 2 Sam. 
 
 XX. 
 
 To put forth the hand against one ; to kill him. 1 
 Sam. .\.\iv. 
 
 To put one^s hand to a neighbor's goods i to steal 
 tlieni. Kz. xxii. 
 
 To lay hands on in anger; to assault, or seize, or to 
 smite. Ez. sxiv. Is. xi. 
 
 To lay the Imrnl on the mouth, imports silence. Job xl. 
 
 The laying on of hands, was also a ceremony used 
 in consecrating one to office. J\~urn. xxvii. 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 It was also used in blessing persons. Mark x. 
 
 Hitting the liand in the bosom, denotes idleness ; in- 
 activity ; sluggishness. Prov. xix. 
 
 The clapping of hands, denotes joy and rejoicing. 
 But, in some instances, contempt or derision, or joy 
 at the calamities of others. Ps. xlvii. Eirk. x.w. 
 
 A station at the right liand is Ijonoralile, and de- 
 notes favor, approbation, or honor. A station on the 
 lift hand is less iionorable. Matt. xx. 
 
 Qod\^ standing at the right hand of men, imports his 
 regard for thcin, and his readiness to defend and as- 
 sist them. Ps. xvi. 
 
 Satan's standing at the riglit hand of men, imports 
 his readiness to accuse tliem, or to hinder or torment 
 them. Zcch. iii. 
 
 Clean hands, denotes innocence and a blameless 
 and holy life. Ps. xxiv. 
 
 J? slack hand, denotes idleness ; carelessness ; sloth. 
 Prov. X. 
 
 The right hand, denotes power ; strength. Ez. xv. 
 HAND, V. I. To give or transmit with the hand. Hand 
 uis a book. 
 
 2. To lead, guide, and lift with the hand ; to con- 
 duct. Locke. 
 
 3. To manage ; as, I hand-my oar. Prior. 
 
 4. To seize ; to lay hands on. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 
 5. In seamanship, to furl ; to wrap or roll a sail close 
 to the yard, stay, or mast, and fasten it with giiskets. 
 
 Jilar. Diet. 
 
 To hand down ; to transmit in succession, as from 
 father to son, or from predecessor to successor. Fa- 
 bles are handed down from age to age. 
 1I.\N0, c. i. To go hand in hand ; to cooperate. [Ois.] 
 
 Massingcr. 
 
 HAXD'-BALL, n. An ancient game with a ball. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 HAND'-BAR-RoW, n. A barrow or vehicle borne 
 by the hands of men, and without a wheel. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 H.VND'-BASK-ET, n. A small or portable basket. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 HAND'-BELL, n. A small bell rung by the hand ; a 
 
 ttible-bell. Bacoiu 
 HAND'-Bl.oW, n. [hand ani blow.] A blow or stroke 
 
 with the hand. 
 HAi\l)'-I!OOK, n. A book for the hand ; a manual; 
 
 applie<l frelpiently to a guide-book for travelers. 
 H.\i\l)'-BoVV, 11. A bow managed by the hand. 
 HA.N'O'BREADTII, f-bredlh,) 71. A space equal to the 
 
 breadth of tin- hand ; a palm. Ez. xxv. 
 HA.VD'-eLOTII, 71. A handkerchief. 
 HANU'eUAF'!', 7i. [Sax. Iiandcraft.] 
 
 1. Manual occupation ; work performed by the 
 hand. .Addison. Harmer. 
 
 2. A man who obtains his living by manual labor ; 
 one skilled in some mechanical art. Dryden. 
 
 [This word is usually spelt Handicraft ; but the 
 prrfcrable spelling would be Handcraft, in accord- 
 ance with the Sazon.] 
 HAiVD'CRXFTS-.M AN, ti. A man skilled oremployed 
 in manual occupation ; a manufacturer. Swift. 
 
 HANU'eUFF, n. [.Sax. handcopsr.] 
 
 A name given to manacles, consisting of inm rings 
 for the wrists, and a connecting chain to confine the 
 hands. 
 
 n,\Nl)'eUFF, V. t. To manacle ; to confine the hands 
 
 with liandcufTs. 
 HAND'CUFF JED, (-kuft,) pp. Manacled ; confined 
 
 bv handcuffs. 
 
 HA.VD'EO, pjj. Given or transmitted by the hands; 
 
 conducted ; furled. 
 IIAND'EI), a. With hands joined. Milton. 
 2. In composition; as, riglit-//tt;if/c'/, most dextrous 
 or strong with the right hand ; liaving the riglit hand 
 most able and ready. 
 
 I.ifi-hundcd ; liaving the left hand most strong and 
 convenient for principal use. 
 HA.N'U'ER, 71. One who hands or transmits; a con- 
 veyer in succession. Dryden. 
 HAND'I'AS T, 71. Hold ; custody ; power of confining 
 
 or kii-ping. [Obs.] Sliak. 
 HA.NI>'l'AnT, a. Faul by contract ; betrothed by join- 
 ing hands. [.See the verb.] 
 HAND'FAS'i', V. (. (.Sax. handfo'stan.] 
 
 To pledge; to beiroth by joining hands, in order 
 to cohabitation, before the celebration of marriage. 
 
 Jamieson. 
 
 HAND'FAST-INr,, 71. A kind of betrothing by join- 
 ing handft, in order to cohabitation, before inarrjagc. 
 
 H.\N1>'-FET-TKR, ti. A fetter for the hand ; a inan- 
 nch". Sherwood. 
 
 HANO'FIJL, n. Ai much an tho hand will grasp or 
 contain. Jiddison. 
 
 HAN 
 
 2. .Xs much as the arms will embrace. 
 
 3. A palm ; four inches. [Ois.] Bacon. 
 
 4. A small quantity or nunibur. A handful of men. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 5. As much as can be done ; full employment. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 In JlmeHca, the phrase is, he has his hands full. 
 
 HAND'-GAL-LOP, 71. A slow and easy gallop, in 
 which the hand presses tlie bridle, to hinder increase 
 of speed. Johnson. 
 
 HANU'GLiASS, 71. In gardening, a glass used for 
 placing over, protecting, and forwarding, various 
 plants in winter. Cyc. 
 
 HAND'-GRE-NaDE', 71. A grenade to be thrown by 
 the hand. 
 
 HAND'GRIPE, 71. [hand and gripe.] A gripe or seiz- 
 ure and pressure with the hand. lludibras. 
 HA2VD'-GUN, 71. A gun to be used by the hand. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 HAND'I-CRAFT, 71. [Sax. handcra:ft.] 
 
 1. Manual occupation ; work performed by the 
 hand. Jiddison. Harmcr. 
 
 2. A man who obtains his living by manual labor ; 
 one skilled in some mechanical art. Dryden. 
 
 [See Handcraft. 1 
 HANU'I-CRAFTS-MAN, 71. A man skilled or em- 
 ployed in manual occupation ; a manufacturer. Swift. 
 r'See Handcraft.] 
 HANO'I-LY, a<7ii. [See Handy.] With dexterity or 
 skill ; dextrously ; adroitly. 
 2. With ease or convenience. 
 HAND'I-NESS, 71. The ease of performance derived 
 
 from practice ; dexterity ; adroitness. Chesterfield. 
 HANU'ING, ppr. Giving with the hand. 
 HAND'I-WORK, 71, [A corruption of handwork.] 
 
 Work done by the hands. [OAs.] 
 HAND'KER-CHIEF, (hank'er-chif,) 71. [hand and ker- 
 chief. See Kerchief.] 
 
 1. A piece of cloth, usually silk or linen, carried 
 about the person for the purpose of cleaning the face 
 or hands, as occasion requires. 
 
 2. A piece of cloth to be worn about the neck, and 
 sometimes called a neckerchief. 
 
 HAND'-LAN"GUAGE, (-lang'gwaje,) 71. The art of 
 conversing by the hands. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 HAND'LE, V. t, [G. liandcln, D. handtlen, Sw. handla, 
 Han. handler, to treat, to trade, to negotiate. But in 
 English it has not the latter signification. The word 
 is formed from hand, as manage from L. maTiits.] 
 
 1. To touch ; to feel with the hand ; to use or hold 
 with the hand. 
 
 The bodicfl we daily handle — liinder the approach of the part of 
 our hands thai prc&a them. Locke. 
 
 2. To manage ; to use ; to wield. 
 
 Thai fellow handles a bow like a crow-keeper. Sl\ak. 
 
 3. To make familiar by frequent touching. 
 
 The breeders in Flanders — handle Uieir colls Eix months every 
 
 year. Temple. 
 A. To treat ; to discourse on ; to discuss ; to use or 
 manage in writing or speaking. The author handled 
 the subject with address. The speaker liandlcd the 
 arguments to the best advantage. 
 5. To use ; to deal with ; to practice. 
 
 They that handle the law knew ine not. — Jer. ii. 
 G. To treat ; to use well or ill. 
 
 How wen thou handled ? Shak. 
 7. To manage ; to practice on ; to transact with. 
 Yoti shall see how 1 will handle her. Shak. 
 HAND'LE, 71. [Sax. Qu. L. a7isa. Norm. AaTi^cr.] 
 
 1. That part of a vessel or instrument which is 
 held in the hand when used, as the haft of a sword, 
 the bail of a kettle, &c. 
 
 2. That of which use is made ; the instrument of 
 effecting a purpose. South. 
 
 HAND'LE-A-BLE, (hand'I-a-bl,) a. That maybe han- 
 dled. Sherwood. 
 
 HAND'-LEAD, ( led,) 71. A small lead for sounding. 
 
 HAND'EKD, Touched; treated; managed. 
 
 HAND'LESS, a. Without a hand. Shak. 
 
 HAND'LING, ppr. Touciiing ; feeling ; treating ; man- 
 aging. 
 
 HAND'EING, 71. A touching or use by the hand ; a 
 
 treating in discussion. 
 HAND'-LOOM, 71. A weaver's loom worked by the 
 
 hand. 
 
 HAND'MaID, ) 71. A maid that waits at hand ; a 
 HAND'AIAID-JSN, j female servant or attendant. 
 
 Script are. 
 
 HAND'MILL, n. A mill worked by the hand. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 HAND'RAIL, TI. A rail supported by balusters, &c., 
 
 as in staircases. Girilt. 
 HAND'SAILS, 71. pi. Sails managed by the hand. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 HAND'SAW, 71. A saw to be used with the hand. 
 In the proverb, " not lo know a hawk from a hand- 
 gaw," (lt;iiotiiig great ignorance, haniLsnw is a corrup- 
 tion of hcronshuw, i. e., the heron, wliich sel^ 
 
 Todd's Shak. 
 
 HAND'SCREW, (-skrii,) 71. An engine for raising 
 
 heavy timbers or weights ; a jack. 
 IIAND'SEE, 71. (Dan. handsel; Sax. handselen, from 
 
 HAN 
 
 haiidsyllan, to deliver into the hand. See Sale and 
 Sell.] 
 
 1. The first act of using any thing ; the first sale. 
 
 Elvo(. 
 
 2. An earnest; money for the first sale. [Little 
 used.] Hooker. 
 
 IIAND'SEL, V. U To use or do any thing the first 
 time. Dryden. 
 
 HAND'SEI,-i!D, pp. Used or done for the first time. 
 
 HANU'SOME, (hand'sum,) a. [D. handiaam, soft, lim- 
 ber, tractable ; hand and laam, together. Zaam, or 
 saaiii, we see in assemble. 'I'he sense of docility is 
 taken from hand, as in G. behandcln, D. bchandelen, to 
 liandle, to manage. The Dutch sense of soft, lim- 
 ber, is iirobably from the sense of easily managed or 
 handled.] 
 
 1. Properly, iexlrows ; ready; convenient. 
 
 For a lhi.^f it is so hcrdsome, as it may seem il was first in- 
 vemed for hiui. Spenser. 
 
 This sense is either from the original meaning of | 
 hand, or from the use of the hand, or rather of the | 
 right hand. In this sense the word is still used. We 
 say of a well-fought combat and victory, it is a hand- 
 some affair, an affair well performed, done with dex- 
 terity or skill. [See Handv.] 
 
 2. Moderately beautiful, as the person or other 
 thing; well made; having symmetrj' of parts; well 
 formed. It expresses less than beautiful or elegant ; 
 as, a handsome woman or man ; she has a handsome 
 person or face. So we say, a handsome house ; a hand- 
 some type. 
 
 3. Graceful in manner ; marked with propriety and 
 ease ; as, a handsome address. 
 
 4. Ample ; large ; as, a handsome fortune. 
 
 5. Neat ; correct ; moderately elegant ; as, a /ia7i<i- 
 some style or composition. 
 
 6. Liberal ; generous ; as, a handsome present. 
 The applications of this word, in popular language, 
 
 are various and somewhat indefinite. In general, 
 when applied to things, it imports that the form is 
 agreeable to the eye, or to just taste ; and when ap- 
 plied to manner, it conveys the idea of suitableness, 
 or [iropriely with grace. 
 
 HAND'SO.ME, as a verb, to render neat or beautiful, is 
 not an authorized word. Donne. 
 
 HAND'SOME-LY, ado. Dextrously ; cleverly ; with 
 skill. Spenser. 
 
 2. Gracefully ; with propriety and ease. 
 
 3. Neatly ; with due symmetry or proportions ; as, 
 a thing is handsomely made or finished. 
 
 4. With a degree of beauty ; as, a room handsomely 
 furnished or ornamented. 
 
 5. Amply ; generously ; liberally. She is handsome- 
 ly endowed. 
 
 IIAND'SOME-NESS, 71. A moderate degree of beauty 
 or elegance ; as, the Iiand^ojneness of the person or tif 
 an edifice. 
 
 2. Grace ; gracefulness ; ease and propriety in man- 
 ner. 
 
 HAND'SOM-ER, a. comp. More handsome. 
 
 HAND'SOM-EST, a. snperl. IMost handsome. 
 
 HAND'SPIKE, 71^. A bar, usually of wood, used with 
 the hand as a lever, for various purposes, as in rais- 
 ing weights, heaving about a windlass, &.c. 
 
 HAND'STAFF, 7u ; pi. Handstaffs. A javelin. Ei. 
 xxxix. 
 
 HAND'STRoKE, 7i. [hand and stroke.] A blow or 
 stroke given by the hand. Beaum, 4' El. 
 
 HAND'VICE, 71. A small vice used by hand, or for 
 small work. Mozon. 
 
 H.\ND'WEAP-ON, (-wep'n,) 71. Any weapon to be 
 wielded by the hand. JVutii. xxxv. 
 
 HAND'-WlNG-ioD, a. A liter.al translation into Eng- 
 lish of the technical term cheiroptcrous, a term in nat- 
 ural history used in application to the family of bats. 
 
 Kirbii. 
 
 H AND'WORK, n. Work done by the hands. [ Obs.] 
 HAND'WRlT-ING, 71. The cast or form of writing 
 
 peculiar to each hand or person. Sliak. 
 2. Any writing. 
 HAND'Y, a. [U. handig, behendig ; Dan. ha:ndig ; 
 
 from hand.] 
 
 1. Performed by the hand. 
 
 Tliey aune lo /uinrfy blows. [Obt.] Knotlet. 
 
 2. Dextrous ; ready ; adroit ; skillful ; skilled to 
 use the hands with ease in performance ; applied to 
 persons. He is handy with the saw or the plane. 
 ICnch IS handy in his ivay. Dryden. 
 
 3. Ingenious; performing with skill and readiness. 
 
 4. Ready to the hand ; near. My books are very 
 handy, 
 
 5. Convenient ; suited to the use of the hand. 
 
 6. Near ; that may be used without didirulty or go- 
 ing to a distance. VVc have a spring or pasture that is 
 haiidti. Ilolloway. 
 
 IIA.Mj'V-DAN-DY, 71. A play among children in 
 which something is shaken between two hands, 
 and then a guess is made in which hand it is re- 
 tained. Todd, 
 
 HAND'Y-GRIPE, 71. Seizure by the h.and. 
 
 Jfudibras. 
 
 HAN'D'Y-STROKE, 11. A blow inflicted by the hand. 
 HANG, 11. (.; yjrrt. and 77). Hamied or Huno. [Sax. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 532 
 
HAN 
 
 kaniran ; Sw. hdm^a : D.in. lunnner : G. and D. han- 
 iren ; VV. /io«;Tia;i, to li!iiig ; Aoin', a hangiiis, or (liing- 
 liiig ; AtfHC, 11 sliakc, a wagging ; honcaWf to sinke, 
 wag, stagger, to waver. The latter seems to be tlie 
 primary sense.] 
 
 1. To suspend ; to fasten to some fixed object 
 above, in siich a m.inner as to swing or move ; as, 
 to /mil" a lliief. Pliaraoli hanged tlie chief baker. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. To put to death by suspending by the neck. 
 Many iii''n woiiM rrix-l mth'-r than bo ruined ; but tliey would 
 
 niDuT not rebel than be hanged. Amea. 
 
 3. To place without any solid support or founda- 
 tion. 
 
 He hangeth the earth upon nothiner. — Job xxxvi. 
 
 4. To fix in such a manner as to be movable; as, 
 to /laiin- a door or grate on hooks or by butts. 
 
 5. To cover or furnish by any thing suspended or 
 fastened to the walls ; as, to kaiijr an apartment with 
 curtains or with pictures. 
 
 llun' be the he.iveiu with lilack. S}:nk. 
 Ami Aun; tJiy holy rools wiili aiwnge t\K-i\t. Dryden. 
 
 To hang out ; to suspend in open view ; to dis|)lay ; 
 to exhibit to notice ; as, to /mnn- out false colors. 
 
 2. 'I'o hang abroad ; to suspend in the open air. 
 
 To hang dmcn ; to let fall below the proper situa- 
 tion ; to nend down ; to decline ; as, to hung down 
 the head, and elliptically, to hang the head. 
 
 To hang up ; to suspend ; to place on somethir.g 
 fixed on high. 
 
 2. To suspend ; to keep or suffer to remain un- 
 decided ; as, to hang up a (piestion in di^bate. 
 
 To hang fire ; in the military art, is to be slow in 
 communicating, us tire in the pan of a gun ti) the 
 charge. 
 
 HA.NG, V. i. To be suspended ; to be sustained by 
 someiliing above, so as to swing or be movable below. 
 
 2. To danglB ; to be loose and (lowing below. 
 
 3. To bend forward or downward ; to lean or in- 
 cline. .Addison. 
 
 Ills neck obliquely o'er hij tUouldcr hung. Pope. 
 
 4. To float ; to play. 
 
 Antl fall thoic KiyiiigB from Ihrit ^ntle tongue, 
 
 Where civil sjx-ech antl tvfl jx'nsu.ision hun^. Prior. 
 
 5. To be supported by something raised above the 
 ground ; as, a hanging garden on the top of a house. 
 
 G. To depenil ; to rest on something for support. 
 This question hangs on a single point. 
 
 7. To rest on by embracing; to cling to; as, to 
 hang on the neck of a person. 
 
 Two infanta hangins on her necjt. Peacham. 
 
 8. To hover; to -impend ; with over. View the 
 dangers that hang over the country. 
 
 9. To be delayed ; to linger. 
 
 A noble iUiAet he lifted hi^h, 
 Which hun» not. Milton. 
 
 10. To incline ; to have a steep declivity ; as, 
 hanging grounds. Jilortimer, 
 
 11. To be executed by the halter. 
 
 Sir B.alaAin hangs. Pope. 
 To hang on, or upon ; to adhere to, often as some- 
 thing troublesome and unwelcome. 
 
 A clieerful temper disaipates the appruheniionf which hang on 
 U)e tiinoroiii. Ad/Ueon. 
 
 2. To be suspended in fixed attention and interest. 
 
 Though wondering •enatea hitng on all he spoke, 
 
 The club inUAt hail him master of llie juke. Pope. 
 
 3. To adhere obstinately ; to be importunate. 
 
 4. I'o rest ; to reside ; to continue, as sleep on the 
 eyelids. Sliak. 
 
 5. To be dependent on. 
 
 How wrptche<l 
 
 It that poor man that hange on phncea' laeors I ShaM. 
 
 6. In seamen^s language, to hold fast without belay- 
 ing ; to pull forcibly. 
 
 To hang over: to extend or project from above. 
 To hang in doubt ; to be in suspense, or iii a state of 
 uncertainty. 
 
 Thy life shall hang in doubt belbrc thee. — Deut, xxTlii. 
 To hang together; to be closely united ; to cling. 
 In the common cauie we are all of a piece ; we hang together. 
 
 DryrUn. 
 
 2. To be just united, so as barely to hold together. 
 
 Shall. 
 
 To hang on, or upon ; to drag; to be incommf>- 
 diously joined. 
 
 Life hange upon me, and becomes a bnnien. Additon. 
 To hang to; to adhere closely ; to cling. 
 II.\NG, n. A sharp declivity. [Colloquial.] 
 IIA.N'G'BIRD, n. A name familiarly given in America 
 to the Baltimore oriole, from the peculiar conslniction 
 of its nest, which is suspended from the limb of a 
 tree. 
 
 IlA.VO'nV, n. A dependent, in contempt. Ray. 
 
 il.A.NG'DOG, n. A term of reproach for 0119 of a base 
 and degraded character, a.s if fit only to be the hang- 
 man of dogs. 
 
 HA.NG'Kn, pp. Susiiended ; put to death by being 
 suspended by the neck. 
 
 11 AP 
 
 HANG'Ell, n. Tliat by which a thing is suspended. 
 
 2. A shiirt, broad sword, incurvated toward the 
 point. Smollett. 
 
 3. One that hangs, or causes to bo hanged. 
 
 Jlubrey. 
 
 HANG'ER-ON, 71. One who besets another imjior- 
 
 tunately in soliciting favors. 
 2. A dependent ; one who eats and drinks without 
 
 payment. Sirift. 
 IIANG'ING, ppr. Suspending to something above. 
 
 2. Being siispendeti ; dangling ; swinging. 
 
 3. a. Foreboding deulh by the halter. 
 
 \N hat a hanging face I Dnjdcn. 
 
 4. Requiring punishment by the halter ; as, a hang- 
 ing matter. Johnson. 
 
 IIANG'ING, 71. A term applied to linings for rooms 
 of arras, tapestry, paper, inc. Qwill. 
 No purple hangings clothe the palace walls. Dryden. 
 
 2. Death by the halter ; as, hard words or hanging. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. Display ; exhibition. Mdison. 
 IIANG'ING-SIDE, n. In mining, the overhanging 
 
 sitle of an inclined or hading vein. Cifc. 
 IIANG'IN'G-SLKEVES, 71. pi. Strips of the same 
 
 stiitT with the gown, hanging down the hark from 
 
 the shoulders. [04s.] Ilulifai. 
 IIANG'.MAN, 71. One who hangs another ; a public 
 
 executioner ; also, a term of reproach. 
 H.\NG'NSIL, 71. A small piece or sliver of skin which 
 
 hangs from the root of a tinger-nail. Holloxrriy. 
 II.MS'G'NEST, 71. The name of certain specie-i of 
 
 birds, which build nests suspended from the branches 
 
 of trees, such as the Baltimore oriole or red-bird ; 
 
 also, the nest so suspended. 
 HANK, 7>. [Dan. hank, a handle, a hook, a tack, a 
 
 clasp ; Sw. hatik, a band.] 
 
 1. A name given to two or more skeins of thread 
 or silk tied together. Brande. 
 
 2. In ships, a name given to rings of \vooil, &c., 
 fi.\ed on stays, to confine tlic sails when hoisted. 
 
 T.itltn. 
 
 3. A rope or withy for fastening a gate. [Load.] 
 HANK, r. (. To form ir.to hanks. 
 
 HA.NK'EU, V. i. [I), hunkrren. The corresponding 
 word in Danish is higer, and probably 71 is casual.] 
 
 1. To long for witli a keen appetite and une.i-siness ; 
 171 a literal sense ; as, to hanker for fruit, or uflcr fruit. 
 
 2. To have a vehement desire of something, ac- 
 companied with uneasiness ; as, to hanker after the 
 diversions of the town. Mdison. 
 
 It is usually followed by after. It is a familiar, but 
 
 not a loin word. 
 HANK'ER-ING, ppr. or a. Longing for with keen 
 
 appetite or ardent desire. 
 HANK'ER-ING, 71. A keen appetite that causes un- 
 
 e,isinesstill it is gratified ; vehement desire to possess 
 HANK'ER-ING-LY, ai/o. Longingly. for enjoy. 
 
 IIANK'LE, (hank'l,) v. L [See lU.tK.] To twist. 
 
 [Aot in use.] 
 
 II.\N'SARD, ju A merchant of one of the Hanse 
 Towns. McCullocfi, 
 
 H.\.\-SE-AT'ie, 0. Pertaining to the llanse Towns, 
 tir to their confi der.icy. 
 
 IIANSE TOWNS. Uanse signifies a society; Goth. 
 hansa, a multitude. The JIunse Toions, in Oennany, 
 were certain conimerci.al cities which associated for 
 the protection of commerce as early as the twelfth 
 century. To this confederacy acceded certain com- 
 mercial cities in Holland, England, Fnince, Spain, 
 and It.ily, until they amounted to seventy-two; and 
 for centuries this confederacy commanded the re- 
 spect and defied the [Kiwer of kings. It li.ns now 
 cea.sed to exist, and its remnants, Lubeck, Hamburg, 
 Bremen, and Frankfort, are called f)ree Cities. 
 
 Encyc. .^m. 
 
 HAN'T; a vulgar contraction of Have not or Has 
 not; as, I han^t, he han^t, we Aaii'f. 
 
 H.^P, 71. [\V. hap, or hab, luck, chance, fortune, that 
 is, that which falls, or a coming suddenly. This 
 seems to be allied to Fr. /tapper, to snap or catch ; D. 
 happen ; Norm, happer, to seize ; \V. hafiatc, to 
 snatch. In Sp. haber signifii;s to Imve, to happen or 
 befall, to take. These verbs seem to unite in one 
 radix, and all coincide with L. eapio. The primary 
 sense is, to fall or to rush ; hence, to rush on and 
 seize J 
 
 1. That which comes suddenly or unexpectedly ; 
 chance ; fortune ; accident ; casual cvenL [See 
 Chaivce and Casuai..] 
 
 Wh'ther an it was or hfe<Ue«s hap. Spenser. 
 
 Cursed be pood hops, and cursed be they that build 
 
 Their hopes on haps. Sidney, 
 
 2. Misfortune. 
 
 [But this word is obsolete, or obsolescent, except in 
 
 compounds and derivatives.] 
 H.\P, r. i. To happen ; to befall ; to come by chance. 
 
 [ Obs.] Spensrr, Bacoru 
 
 n.\P-H.\Z'ARD, 71. [This is tautological. See Hai- 
 
 ARO.] 
 
 Chance ; accident. 
 
 We uke our principles at hap-hasard, on trust. Locke. 
 HAP'LESS, 11. Luckless: unfortunate; unlucky; 
 unhappy ; as, hapless youth ; hapless maid. Dryden. 
 
 HAR 
 
 HAP'LY, adv. By chance ; perhaps ; it may be. 
 
 Lest liaply ye tie found to fl^hl against God. — Acu v. 
 2. By accident ; casually. Milton, 
 IIAP'PKS, (hap'n,) v. i. [VV. hapiaw, to happen, to 
 have luck. (Sec IIap.) faw. Atipiiu, to be surpriscti or 
 aina/.ed.] 
 
 1. To come by chance ; to come without one's 
 previous expectation ; to fall out. 
 
 There sIliH no evil happen to llie Just. — ProT. xll. 
 
 2. To come ; to befall. 
 
 They talkeil toffelher of all tJiose tiling which had happened. — 
 Luke xxiv. 
 
 3. To light ; to fall or come unexpectedly. 
 
 1 have lutppened on sonic other occounta relutin? to mortalities. 
 
 r.munl. 
 
 n.\P'Pf:.V-ING, ppr. Coming or falling ; befalling. 
 HAP'Pl-liY, adn. [See llAPpy.] By good fortune; 
 fortunately ; luckily ; with success. 
 
 Preferreil by c*>nquest, happily o'erthrown, Watler. 
 
 2. In a happy state ; in a state of felicity. He 
 lived happily with his constirt. 
 
 3. With aildress or dexterity ; gracefully ; in a 
 manner to insure success. 
 
 verse, hapjnhj to steer 
 , from liv. ly u> severe. 
 
 Pop: 
 
 Formed by lliy 
 
 From fp-iive to 
 4. By chance. [See Haply.] 
 HAP'Pl-IMESS, 71. \Ut>m happy.] The agreeable sen- 
 sations whicli spring from the enjoyment of good ; 
 that state of a biMiig in which his desires are grati- 
 fied by the enjoyment of pleasure without pain ; fe- 
 licity ; but happiness tisu.ally expresses less than fe- 
 licity, and felicity less than bltss. Happiness is com- 
 parative. To a person tlistrcssed with pain, relief 
 from that pain alfords liappiness : in othi;r cases, we 
 give the name happiness to positive pleasure or an 
 excitement of agreeable sensations. Happiness there- 
 fore admits of indefinite degrees of iiirrea.se in en- 
 joyment, or gratilication of desires. Perfect happi- 
 ness, or pleasure unalloyed with jKtin, is Hot attaina- 
 ble in this life. 
 
 2. Good luck ; good fortune. Johnson. 
 
 3. Fortuitous elegance ; unstudied grace. 
 
 For there's a hajijitnets, as well as care. Pope. 
 
 HAP'PY, a. [from liap: \\. hnpus, properly lucky, 
 fortunafe, receiving g4u»d from soiiK'thing Ilint falls 
 or comes to one unexpccieilly, or by an event that is 
 not within control. Ser Hol'r.] 
 
 1. Lucky ; fortunate ; successful, 
 finding experiments than 
 
 So we say, a happy thought ; a happy expedient. 
 
 2. Being in the eiijoyiiient of agreeable sensations 
 from the possession of good ; eujtn'ing pleasure from 
 the gratification of appetites t)r desires. The pleas- 
 urable sensations derived from the gratification of 
 sensual appetites render a perstm tem|K>rarily happy; 
 hut he only can be esteemed reall\' and peniianently 
 happy, who eiij(i>'s peace of inintl in the favor of 
 God. To lie in any tiegree happy, «'e must he free 
 from pain htith of hotly and of mind ; to be very 
 happy, we must be in the enjojment of lively sensa- 
 tions of pleasure, either of body or mind. 
 
 Happy am I, (jr the dan^lilers will Cidl me bleas'-d. — Gen. XXX. 
 He louiid hiiiuelf luippiest in coiiunMiiictiling liiippiin-u to 
 others. Wirt. 
 
 3. Prosperous ; having secure possession of good. 
 
 Happy is thit people whose God ia Jehovah. — Ps. cxiiv. 
 
 4. That supplies pleasure; that furnishes enjoy- 
 ment ; agreeable ; applied to things ; as, a happy con- 
 dition. 
 
 5. Dextrous ; ready ; able. 
 
 Chemista have been more happy 
 the causes of them. 
 
 One gentleman ia happy at a reply, another cxcela 
 
 rejoinder. 
 
 6. Blessed ; enjoying the presence and favor of 
 God, in a future life. 
 
 7. HarnuMiioiis ; living in concord ; enjoying the 
 pleasures of friendship ; as, a happy family. 
 
 8 Propitious ; favorable. Shak. 
 
 HAP'PY-MaK-ING, a. .Making happy. Milton. 
 
 HACiUE'BUT, (hak'but,) 71. An arquebusc or hand- 
 gun. Brande. 
 
 HA-RANGUE', (ha rang',) 71. [Fr. harangue ; Sp. and 
 Port, arenga ; It. aringa ; ,\rm. hareneg ; from the 
 root of ring, to sound, Sax. hringan.] 
 
 J. .\ speerh .addressed to an assembly or an army ; 
 a popular oration ; a public aildress. This word 
 seems to imply loudness or declamation, and is 
 therefore appropriated generally to an address made 
 to a popular assembly or to an army, and not to a 
 sermon, or to an argument at the bar of a court, or to 
 a speech in a deliberative council, unless in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 2. Declamation ; a noisy, pompous, or irregular 
 
 address. 
 
 HA-RANGUE', (ha rang',) r. i. To make an address 
 or speech to a large assembly ; to make a noisy 
 speech. 
 
 HA-RA.\GUr/, (ha-rang',) r. f. To adilress by ora- 
 tion ; as, the general harangued the lroo|is. 
 HA-R.\.\G'U£,"D, pp. Addressed by oration. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IINITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 67* 
 
 SS* 
 
 .133 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 HA-RAXGUE'FUL, a. Full of harangue. 
 HA-RANG'UER, (lia-rang'er,) n. An orator ; one who 
 
 addresses an asseinlily or aruiy ; a noisy declaimer. 
 HA-RA\G'UINO, ppr. Declaiming; addressing with 
 
 noisy eloquence. 
 HAR' ASS, V. t. [Ft. harasser. Qu. Ir. creaaam.] 
 
 1. To weary ; to fatigue to excess ; to tire with 
 bodily labor ; as, to harass an army by a long march. 
 
 BacoH. 
 
 2. To weary with importunity, care, or perplexity ; 
 to tease ; to perplex. 
 
 Nature oppressed and harassed out with care. Addison, 
 
 3. To waste or desolate. [06s.] Hammond. 
 HAR'ASS, n. Waste ; disturbance ; devastation. 
 
 [Little tised.] Milton. 
 HAR'.^SS-£I5, (bar'ast,) pp. Wearied ; tired ; teased. 
 HAR'.'\SS-EU, 71. One who harasses or teases ; a 
 
 Fpoiler. 
 
 HAR'.A^S Ii\G, ppr. or a. Tiring; fatiguing ; teasing. 
 
 H.XR'BIN-GER, «. [See Harbor. Harbinrrer is prop- 
 eriy a piTson who goes to provide harbor or lodgings 
 for those that follow.] 
 
 1. In England, an officer of the king's household, 
 wlio rides a day's journey before the court when 
 traveling, to provide lodgings and otlier accommoda- 
 tions. Encyc. 
 
 •3. A foreninner ; a precursor ; th:it which precedes 
 and gives notice of the expected arrival of something 
 else. 
 
 H.\K'BIi\'-CiER-JED, a. Preceded by a harbinger. 
 
 HaR'BOR, n. [Sax. here-berga, the station of an 
 army ; D. herberg, an inn ; Dan. Sw. and G. kcr- 
 hi rge ; Fr. aubergt i Sp. and Port, ulbcraue : It. al- 
 bcrgo. The first syllable, in the Teutonic dialects, 
 signifies an army, or a troop, a crowd ; the last sylla- 
 ble is fterjT, burg, a town, or castle, or from bergen, 
 to save. But in the Celtic dialects, the first syllable, 
 al, is probably different from that of the other dia- 
 lects.] 
 
 1. A lodging ; a place of entertainment and rest. 
 
 For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked. Lhyden. 
 
 2. A port or haven for ships ; a bay or inlet of the 
 sea, in which ships can moor, and be sheltered from 
 the fury of winds and a heavy sea ; any navigable 
 water where ships can ride in safety. 
 
 3. An asylum; a shelter; a place of saftty from 
 storms or danger. ^ 
 
 HaR'BOR, v. t. To shelter; to secure; to secrete; 
 as, to harbor a thief. 
 
 2. To entefv'.iin ; to permit to lodge, rest, or reside ; 
 as, to liarbor malice or revenge. Harbor not a thought 
 of revenge. 
 
 HaR'BOR, t). i. To lodge or abide for a time ; to re- 
 ceive entertainment. 
 
 This nijht let's harbor here in York. Shnk. 
 2. To take shelter. 
 HXR'B0R-.\GE, n. Shelter; entertainment. [JVo( 
 
 ^/.s'fi^A] Shak, 
 UklVROK-EX),pp. Entertained; sheltered. 
 HA R'BOR-ER, n. One who entertains or shelters an- 
 <ither. 
 
 Ha R'BOR-ING, ppr. Entertaining; sheltering. 
 
 HXR'BOR-LESS, a. Without a harbor; destitute of 
 shelter or a lodging. 
 
 HXR'HOR-.MAS'TER, n. An officer who has charge 
 of the mooring of ships, and e.\ecutes the regulations 
 respectmg harbors. J^cw York. 
 
 HAR'BOR-OUGH, (h'ir'bur-ro,) n. A harbor or lodg- 
 ing. 
 
 HAR'BOR-OUS, a. Hospitable. [JVut in i/se.] 
 HARD, a. [Sax. heard; Goth, harda; D. hard; G. 
 
 hart; Dan. Iiaard; Sw. hard. The primary sense is, 
 
 pressed.] 
 
 1. Firm ; solid ; compact ; not easily penetrated, or 
 separated into parts ; not yielding to pressure ; applied 
 to material bodies, anil opposed to soft ; as, Aarti wood ; 
 hard fiesh ; a hard apple. 
 
 2. Difficult ; not ea.sy to the intellect. 
 
 In which arc some lhinE> hard to he understood. —2 Pet. iii. 
 The hard ciujuyi they broun:ht to Muses. — Ex. xviii. 
 
 3. Difficult of accomplishment ; not easy to be 
 done or executed. A Jiard task ; a disease hard to 
 cure. 
 
 Is any thing too hard tor the I^rd i — Gen. XTiii. 
 
 4. Full of difficulties or obstacles; not easy to be 
 traveleil ; as, a knrd way. JUUton. 
 
 5. Painful; diffi(^ult; distressing. 
 
 Rach' l trir-lrd, and she had hard labor. — Oen. 
 0. Laborious; fatiguing; attcnilert with difficulty 
 or pain, or both ; as, liard work or labor ; Itard duty; 
 luird service. 
 
 7. OpprensiVB ; rigorous ; severe ; cruel ; as, Aarii 
 bondagt! ; a fuird master. Er.. i. xiv. 
 
 8. I/nfeelini; ; insennihle ; not easily moved by pity ; 
 nut suiceplible of kinilne»8, mercy, or other tender 
 Bfrecliimii ; an, a hiird heart. 
 
 9. S<^vere ; liaruli ; rough ; abuHivc. 
 
 Iljive yon jfiirn iuni any hard wonls of late t .^aJc. 
 
 10. Onfavoralile ; unkind; implying blame of an- 
 other ; an, hard thoughts. 
 
 11. Severe ; rigorom ; oppressive. The enemy wns 
 
 compelled to submit to hard terms. So we say, a Aarii 
 bargain ; hard conilitions. 
 
 12. Unreasonable ; unjust. It is hard to punish a 
 man for speculative opinions. It is a hard case. 
 
 13. Severe ; pinching with cold ; rigorous ; tem- 
 pestuous ; as, a hard winter ; hard weather. 
 
 14. Powerful; forcible; urghig; pressing close on. 
 
 The sta^ was too hard fjr the horse. Estrange. 
 The disputant was too liard for his antagonist. Anon. 
 
 15. Austere ; rough ; acid ; sour ; as liquors. The 
 cider is hard. 
 
 16. Harsh ; stiff ; forced ; constrained ; unnatural. 
 
 Others — make the figures harder than tlie marble itself. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 His diction is hard, his figures too bold. Dryden. 
 
 17. Not plentiful ; not prosperous ; pressing ; dis- 
 tressing ; as, hard times, when markets are bad, and 
 money of course scarce. 
 
 18. Avaricious ; difficult in making bargains ; close. 
 Matt. XXV. 
 
 19. Rough ; of coarse features ; as, a liard face or 
 countenance. 
 
 20. Austere ; severe ; rigorous. 
 
 21. Rude ; unpolished or unintelligible. 
 
 A people of hard language. — Ezek. iii. 
 
 22. Coarse ; unpalatable or scanty ; as, hard fare. 
 Hard water, is that which contains some n)ineral 
 
 substance that decomposes soap, and thus renders it 
 unfit for washing. 
 HARD, ai/t'. Close; near; as in the phrase hard by. 
 In this phrase the word retains its original sense of 
 pressed, or pressing. So in It. presso, Fr. prcs, from 
 L. pressiLs. 
 
 2. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligent- 
 ly ; laboriously ; earnestly ; vehemently ; importu- 
 nately ; as, to work hard for a living. 
 
 And prayed so liard for mercy from the prince. Dryden, 
 
 3. With difficulty ; as, the vehicle moves ?iard. 
 
 4. Uneasily ; vexatiously. Shak. 
 
 5. Closely ; so as to raise difficulties. 
 
 The question is hard set. Brown. 
 
 6. Fast ; nimbly ; rapidly ; vehemently ; as, to run 
 hard, that is, with pressure or urgency. 
 
 7. Violently ; with great force , tempestuously ; as, 
 the wind blows hard, or it blows hard. 
 
 8. With violence ; with a copious descent of wa- 
 ter ; as, it rains hard. 
 
 9. With force ; as, to press hard. 
 
 Hard-a-lee; in seamen's language, an order to put 
 the helm close to the lee-side of the ship, to tack or 
 keep her head to the wind ; also, that situation of the 
 helm. Mar. Did. 
 
 Hard-a-weather ; an order to put the helm close to 
 the weather or windward side of the ship ; also, that 
 position of the helm. 
 
 Hard-a-port ; an order to put the helm close to the 
 larboard side of a ship. 
 
 Hard-a-starboard ; an order to put the helm close to 
 the starboard side of a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 HaRD'Bf..\M, n. A tree of the genua Carpinus, so 
 calliMl from its compact, liorny texture ; hornbeam. 
 
 HARD'-BE-SET'TIMG, a. Closely besetting or be- 
 sieging. Milton. 
 
 HARD'BOUND, a. Costive; fast or tight; as, hard- 
 bound brains. Pope. 
 
 HARD'-DRINK'ER, n. One who drinks to excess. 
 
 HARD'-DRI.NK'I.\G, n. Drinking to excess. 
 
 HARD'-EARN-£D, (-ernd,) a. Earned with toil and 
 difficulty. Burke. 
 
 HARD'iCN, (bard'n,) B. «. To make hard or more hard ; 
 to make firm or compact ; to indurate ; as, to harden 
 iron or steel ; to Itarden clay 
 
 2. To confirm in effrontery; to make impudent; 
 as, to harden the face. 
 
 3. To make obstinate, unyielding, or refractory ; 
 as, to harden the neck. Jrr. xix. 
 
 4. To confirm in wickedness, opposition, or enmi- 
 ty ; to make obdurate. 
 
 Why tlien do ye harden yonr hearts, as Phamoh and the Egyp- 
 tians hardened their hearts / — 1 Sam. vi. 
 
 So God is said to harden the heart, when he with- 
 draws the influences of his Spirit from men, and 
 leaves them to pursue their own corrupt inclinations. 
 
 5. To make insensible or unfeeling ; as, to harden 
 one against impressions of pity or tenderness. 
 
 6. To make firm ; to endure with constancy. 
 
 I would harden inysi lf in sorrow. — Job vi. 
 
 7. To inure ; to render firm, or less liable to injury, 
 by exposure or use ; as, to Itarden to a clin)ate or to 
 lahi^r. 
 
 HARl)'f;N, (hilrd'n,) ». t. To become h.ard or more 
 hard ; to actpiire solidity, or more compactness. Mor- 
 tar hardens by drying. 
 
 2. To become unfeeling. 
 
 3. 'i'o become inured. 
 
 4. To iniliiratc, as rtesh. 
 
 HARD'K.N-A.'l), p/i. or a. Made bard, or more hard 
 or compact; UKule unfeeling ; made obstitiiite ; ct>n- 
 firnii^d in error or vice. 
 
 IlXRD'KN-iCK, n. He or that which makes hard, or 
 more Ann and compact. 
 
 HARD'EN-ING, ppr. or a. Making hard or more com- 
 pact ; making olulurate or unfeeling; confirming; 
 becoming more hard. 
 
 HAUU'/:.\-lj\G, n. The giving a greater degree of 
 hardness to bodies than they had before. Encyc, 
 
 IIARU'ER, a. More hard. 
 
 HARIVEST, a. Most hard. 
 
 H.KRD'-Fa-VOR-£D, a. Having coarse features ; harsh 
 of coimtenance. Dryden. 
 
 HARD'-Fa-VOR-£D-NESS, n. Coarseness of fea- 
 tures. 
 
 HARD'-FeAT-IIR-£D, a. Having coarse featines. 
 
 SmolleU. 
 
 HSRD'-FIST-ED, a. Having hard or strong hands, 
 as a laborer. 
 
 2. Close-fisted ; covetous. Hall. 
 
 HXRD'-FOUGHT, ( fawt,) a. Vigorously contested ; 
 as, a hard-fought battle. 
 
 HAR1)'-G0T-T£.\, a. Obtained with difficulty. 
 
 HARD'-HAND-ED, a. Having hard hands, as a la- 
 borer. Sliak. 
 
 HARD'HEAD, (-hed,) n. Clash or collision of heads 
 in contest. Dryden. 
 
 HARD'-HEART'ED, (-hart'ed,) a. Cruel; pitiless; 
 mercile.ss ; unfeeling ; inhuman ; inexorable. 
 
 Shak. Dryden. 
 
 HARD'-HEART'ED-LY, adv. In a hard-hearted man- 
 ner. 
 
 HARD'-HEaRT'ED-NESS, ji. Want of feeling or ten- 
 derness ; cruelty ; inlitnnanity. Sout/t. 
 HARD'I-E.ST, a. Most hardy. Barter. 
 HARD'I-HOOD, 71. [.See Hardy and Hood.] Bold- 
 ness, united with firmness and constancy of mind ; 
 dauntless bravery ; intrepidity. Milton. 
 It is the society of numlieis wtiich gives hardViood to iniquity. 
 
 Buckmitister, 
 
 Hardihead and Hardiment, in the sense o( hard- 
 ihood, are obstdete. Spenser. Fairfax. 
 HaRD'I-LY, ado. With great boldness ; stoutly 
 
 Scott. 
 
 2. With hardship ; not tenderly. Qoldsmith, 
 HXRD'1-NESS, 71. [Ft. hardicsse. See Hardy.] 
 
 1. Boldness ; firm courage ; intrepidity ; stoutness ; 
 bravery ; applied to the mind, it is synonymous with 
 ImrdUiood. 
 
 2. Firmness of body derived from laborious exer- 
 cises. 
 
 3. Hardship; fatigue. [Ofo.] Spenser. 
 
 4. Excess of confidence ; assurance ; effrontery. 
 HARD'-LA'BOR-i'D, a. Wrought with severe labor ; 
 
 elaborate ; studied ; as, a hard-labored poem. Suiift. 
 HARD'LY, adv. [See Hard.] With difficulty ; with 
 great labor. 
 
 Recovering hardly what he lost before. Drydin. 
 
 2. Scarcely ; barely ; almost not. 
 
 Hardly shall you find any one so Liad, but he desires the'cn'dit 
 ol being ihonglit good. Soulh. 
 
 3. Not quite, or wholly. The object is so distant 
 we can Itardly see it. The veal is luirdly done. The 
 writing is hardly completed. 
 
 4. Grudgingly ; as an injury. Shak, 
 
 5. Severely; unfavorably; as, to think Aarti/i/ of 
 public measures. 
 
 6. Rigorously ; oppressively. The prisoners were 
 hardly used or treated. Mdison. SwifL 
 
 7. Unwelcomely ; harshly. 
 
 Such information comes very hardly and hai^ldy to a grown 
 man. Locke. 
 
 8. Coarsely ; roughly ; not softly. 
 
 He.aven w.as h^r canopy, bare earth her bed ; 
 
 So Itardly lodged, Dryden. 
 
 HXRD'-MOUTH-£D, a. Not sensible to the bit ; not 
 easily governed ; as, a hard-mouthed horse. Dryden. 
 
 HARD'NESS, 71. [See Hard.] Firmness; "close 
 union of the component parts; compactness; solid- 
 ity ; the qu.ality of bodies which resists impression or 
 the separation of their particles ; ppposcd to softness 
 and fluidity. 
 
 2. Difficult" »o be understood. Shak. 
 
 3. Diiriciilty to be executed or accomplished ; as, 
 the hardness of an enterprise. Sidney. 
 
 4. Scarcity; penury; ditficulty of obtaining mon- 
 ey ; as, the Itardness of the times. Swift. 
 
 5. Obduracy ; impenitence ; confirmed state of 
 wickedness ; as, hardness of heart. 
 
 6. Coarseness of features ; harshness of look ; as, 
 hardness of favor. Ray. 
 
 7. Severity of cold ; rigor; as, the hardness of win- 
 ter. 
 
 8. Cruelty of temper ; savagencss ; harshness. 
 
 The Wame 
 
 May hang upon your hardness. Shak. 
 
 9. Stiffness; harshness; roughness; as, the Anri- 
 nci.ie.s of sculpture. Dryden. 
 
 10. Closeness ; nigg.ardliness ; stinginess. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 11. Hiirdship ; severe labor, trials, or sufferings. 
 
 Kmlure hardmii as a good soldier of Jesus Christ. —2 Tim. II. 
 
 12. A qunlily in some kinds of water which unfits 
 It for wa-ihiiig. [See IIaiiii.] 
 
 IIXRD'MB-B/'.'l), ( nihil, ) a. Having a hard nib or 
 point. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BQQK — 
 
 _ 
 
HAR 
 
 IIXU'DOCK, n. Probably Iwardock, dock with whitish 
 
 leaves. Shak. 
 nxRI) PAN. Sec Pan, No. 4. 
 
 IIXKDS, n. pi. The refuse or co.irse part of fla.x ; 
 
 t(HV. ' 
 
 H.XKD'SHIP, 71. Toil ; fatipie j severe labororwant; 
 
 whatever oppresses the body, 
 ii. Injur)'; oppression; injustice. Swift. 
 IIXIU)'-VIS-A<SKI), a. Having coarse features ; of a 
 
 harsh countenance. Burke. 
 IIARD'WARE, 71. A general name for all wares 
 
 made of iron or other metal, as pets, kettles, saws, 
 
 knives, &c. 
 
 HAKU'VVARHI-MAN, 71. A maker or seller of hard- 
 wares. Swift. 
 
 I1XRI)'-\V0N, a. Won with difficulty. ScoU. 
 
 H.\RI)'-VVORK-ING, a. Laboring hard. 
 
 IIXRD'Y, a. [Fr.hardi: Serin, harihj ; Arm. hardii, 
 hardth : It. ardire, to dare, and boldness, assurance. 
 The sense is, shooting, or advancing forward.] 
 
 1. Hold J brave ; stout ; daring ; resolute ; intrepid. 
 Who is hard ij enough to encounter contemi)t.' 
 •2. Strong; tirm ; compact. 
 
 An uuwhutetome blnsl may thake in pieces hU hardy fabric. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. Confident ; full of assurance ; impudent ; stub- 
 born to excess. 
 
 4. Inured to fatigue ; rendered firm by exercise, as 
 a veteran soldier. 
 
 HARD'Y, II. An iron-smith's tool. 
 
 HAR, HARE, HERE, in composition, signify an army. 
 Sax. here, G. hter, I), heir. So Harold is a general of 
 an army ; llrncin, a victorious army. So in Greek, 
 Stratoclcs, from arparos, and Polemarchus, from 
 
 H.\RE, 71. [Sax. Aara; Dan. and Sw. hare.] 
 
 1. A quadruped of the genus Lepus, with long 
 ears, a short tail, soft hair, and a divided upper lip. 
 It is a timid animal, often hunted for sport, or for its 
 Hesh, which is excellent food. It moves swiftly by 
 leaps, and is remarkable for its fixiuidity. 
 •2. A constellation situated directly under Orion. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 IIaRE, B. t. [Norm. Aarer, Aarier, to stir up, or pro- 
 voke.] 
 
 To fright, or to excite, tease, and harass, or worry. 
 r.Vef used.] [See Harrv.] Locke. 
 II.ARE'BELL, n. A plant of the genus Ilyacinthus, 
 with caiiipaniform or bcll-sliaped Howers. 
 
 Fam. ofTlants. 
 H.aRE'-BR.^IN-ED, a. [Aar« and Jrain.] Wild ; gid- 
 dy ; volatile ; heedlesii. Bacon. 
 II ARE' FOOT, n. A bird ; a plant. .ainsworlh. 
 HARE'-IIi-IaRT'ED, (-hUrt'ed,) a. Timorous; easily 
 
 frightened. AiLtwortli. 
 HARE'-HOUND, 71. A hound for hunting hares. 
 
 Chalmers. 
 
 HaRE'-HU.\T-ER, 71. One who hunts, or is used to 
 
 hunting hares. Pope. 
 HaRE'-HL'NT-ING, 71. The hunting of hares. 
 
 Sonterville. 
 
 HARE'LIP, 71. A fissure or perpendicular division of 
 one or both lips, but more coinnionly the upper one, 
 like that of a hare. Wiseman. 
 
 HaKE'1,1P-PKD, (-lipt,) a. Having a harelip. 
 
 HARE'.Ml.NT, 11. A plant. .^insworUu 
 
 II.\RE'PIPE, n. A snare for catching hares. 
 
 Stat, James I. 
 
 HARE'S'-kAR, 71. A plant of the genus liupleurum. 
 
 The Ba.itard Hare's Ear is of the genus Phyllis. 
 HARE'S'-IXT-TUCE, ( let-Us,) n. A plant of the 
 
 genus Sonchus. 
 HARE'WORT, n. A plant. 
 
 HAR'EM, n. [Ar. 
 
 karama, to prohibit, drive 
 
 ofl', or deny access.] 
 
 The division allotted to females in the larger dwell- 
 inc-hoiiscs of the East. Smart. 
 HA-RE.N'(5I-KOR.M, a. [See Hebbino.] Shaped 
 
 like a herrins. Dict.jVaL HisL 
 
 HAR'I-COT, (har'e-ko.) n. [Fr. from Or. apaKOf.] 
 1. A kind of ragout of meat and roots. 
 
 Cktsterfield. 
 
 1. The kidney-bean. 
 
 H.\R'I-ER, 71. [from hare.) A dog for hunting h.ires. 
 [This siK'lling is now disused. Smart.] [See Hak- 
 niEB.] 
 
 HAR-I-0-I,A'TION, ti. (L. hariolatio.] 
 
 Prognostication ; soothsaying. 
 HAR'ISH,a. Like a hare. 
 
 H.\RK, r. 1. [Contracted from A^arA'ni, which see.] 
 To listen ; to lend the ear. SAaJt. Hudihras. 
 [This word is rarely or never used, except in the 
 Imperative mode, Aart, th;it is, listen, hear.] 
 HXRL, 71. The skin of flax; the filaments of flax, or 
 hemp. 
 
 2. A filamentous substance. Mortimer. 
 HAR'LE-UUI.N. (hir'le-kin,) n. [Fr. AaWr^uin, a buf- 
 
 fiH>n ; It. arUahino ; Sp. arletfum : Arm. harliijiti, 
 /urluijin, a juggler. I know not the orit'in of this 
 word. It has been suggested that the last com|K>- 
 nent part of the word is from the Gothic, Sw. Itea, 
 
 HAR 
 
 to play, and a story is told about a comedian who 
 freipiented the house of M. de Harley ; but I place no 
 reliance on these suggestions.] 
 
 A bulliioii, dressed in party-colored clothes, who 
 plays tricks, like a nieiry-andrew, to divert the 
 populace. This character w;is first introduced into 
 Italian comedy, but is now a standing character in 
 English pantomime cntertainiiiuiits. ICncyz. 
 
 inoiinillriui anil inntl, ilisonltTril rhyme WUA Been ; 
 >uguiMd Apullu clianc^cd to Htirletjuin. 
 
 ijoileaiiU An of Poetry ; English Trangtation of 
 hit Works, Lonil. I7lj, vol. i. p. 89. —E. II. B.) 
 
 HXR'LE-aUIN, ti. i. To play the droll; to make 
 sport by playing ludicrous tricks. 
 
 HXR'LE-aUlN-AUE', n. Exhibitions of harlequins. 
 
 HXR'LOCK, 71. A |)lant. Drayton. 
 
 HA II' LOT, 71. [W. hcrlawd, a stripling; hcrlodcs, a 
 hoiden ; a word composed of Acr, a push, or chal- 
 lenge, and llawd, a Irnl. This word was formerly ap- 
 plied to males, as well as females. 
 
 A siurtlie tiarlot — Ui.it was liT litwtci man. Chjlucer, Tales. 
 lie waj a ^itlil liarlot aiul a kind. Jbm. 
 
 The word originally signified a bold stripling, or a 
 hoiden. But the W. llawd signifies not only a lad, 
 that is, a shoot, or growing youth, but as an adjec- 
 tive, tending forward, craving, /cicJ. See Lewu.] 
 
 1. A woman who prostitutes her body for hire ; a 
 prostitute ; a common woman. Drijdeit. 
 
 2. In Scripture, one who forsakes the true God and 
 worships idols. Is. i. 
 
 3. A servant ; a rogue ; a cheat. [Ofts.] Foz. 
 HAR' LOT, a. Wanton ; lewd ; low ; base. Shak. 
 IIAR'LOT, r. I. To practice lewdness. Milton. 
 HAR'LOT-RY, 71. The trade or practice of prostitu- 
 tion; habitual or customary lewdness ; prostitution. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 HARM, 77. [,Sax. Afa7Tn or harm. In G. the word sig- 
 nifies griel, sorrow.] 
 \. Injury ; hurt ; damage ; detriment ; misfortune. 
 Do ihvK-lf no harm. — Acu xvi. 
 
 He sli.ill niakt- amends {or Ihc harm he hath (lone in the liuly 
 thuig. — Lrf!v. V. 
 
 2. Moral wrong; evil; mischief; wickedness; a 
 pflj)ular sense of the word. 
 HARM, 7!. t. To hurt ; to injure ; to damage ; to im- 
 pair soundness of body, either animal or vegetable. 
 
 miller. Ray. 
 
 HAR-MAT'TAN, n. A hot dry wind from the interior 
 of Africa, w hich destroys vegetation. It corresponds 
 to the sainiel or simoom of Arabia, &c. Encyc. .Smer. 
 HARM'Kl), ;/;). Injured; hurt; damaged. 
 HAR'MEL, 71. The wild African rue. 
 HAR.M'FIJL, a. Hurtful; injurious ; noxious ; detri- 
 mental ; mischievous. 
 
 Tlie earth brought forth fruit and food for man,witliout any iriix- 
 lure of harmful quality. Ralegh. 
 
 HARM'FJJL-LY, a<2». Hurtfully ; injuriously; with 
 damage. .^.^cham. 
 
 HAR.M'FJJL-NESS, 71. Hurtfulness ; noxiousness. 
 
 IIAR.M'LNG, ;>;»r. Hurting; injuring. 
 
 HAR.M'LESS, a. Not hurtful or injurious ; innoxious. 
 Ceremonies are harmless in themselves. Hooker. 
 
 2. Unhurt ; undamaged ; uninjured ; as, to give 
 bond to save another tuirmlcss. 
 
 3. Innocent ; not guilty. 
 
 Who b holy, h/irmUss, undcliled, teparate from ainncn. — 
 Heb. vu. 
 
 HAUM'LESS-LY, adv. Innocently ; without fault or 
 crime : as, to pass the time harmlctsly in recreations. 
 2. VVitliout hurt or damage. 
 
 Bullets fail harmltssly into wood or fe.athers. Decoy of Piety, 
 HARM'LESS-NESS, n. The quality of being inno.x- 
 ious ; freedom from a tendency to injure. 
 2. Innocence. 
 HAR-MO.N'ie, fa. (_Sce Harmont.] Relating 
 HAR-.MO.N'ie-AL, ) to liarinony or music ; as, liar- 
 inonical use. Bacon. 
 
 2. Concordant ; musical ; consonant ; as, AarmoTiic 
 sounds. 
 
 Harmonic twnnir of leather, horn, and llrass. Pope. 
 Tlie basis of an Kanncnic systL-m. Encyc. 
 The harmome elements are the three smallest concords. 
 
 Edin. Eneyc. 
 
 3. An epithet applied to the accessary sounds 
 which accompany the predominant and apparently 
 simple tone of any chord or string. 
 
 Harmonic triad : in music, the common chord ; the 
 chord of a note with its third and fifth. Brande. 
 
 Harmonicai mean ; in arithmetic and tdirebra, a term 
 used to express certain relations of numbers and 
 quantities, which bear an analogy to musical conso- 
 nances. 
 
 Harmonicai proportion ; in aritJimetic and algebra. 
 See Pbopobtion. 
 
 Harmonicai serie^^ or prorrression ; a series of num- 
 bers such that any three consecutive terms are in 
 liarmoiiiral proportion. Brande. 
 
 HA R-.MO.N'I-CA, It. A musical instrument invented 
 by Dr. Franklin, in which the tones are produced by 
 frictitm against the edges of a series of heuiispherical 
 glasses. HeberL 
 
 HAR .MOX'IC AL-LY, adv. Musically. 
 
 HAR 
 
 IIAR-MON'ICS, It. Harmonious sounds ; conso- 
 nances. 
 
 2. The doctrine or science of musical sounds. 
 
 I>r. R. Smith. 
 
 3. Derivative sounds, generated with pri doininant 
 sounds, and produced by subordinate vibrations of a 
 cliord or string, when Its whole length vibrii<" 
 'i'liese shorter vibrations produce more acute „^uiiU8 
 and art! called acute harmonics. 
 
 4. Grave harmonics, are low soiinils wliich accom- 
 pany every perfect consonance of two sounds. 
 
 Kdin. Encyc. 
 
 HAR-MO'NI-OUS, a. Adapted to each other ; having 
 the parts proportioned to each other ; syninietrical. 
 
 God hatli made the intellectual world liarmonious and b>-nutiful 
 witliuut us, Locke. 
 
 2. Concordant; consonant; sjmphonioiis ; musi- 
 cal. Harmonious sounds are such as accord, and are 
 agreeable to the ear. 
 
 3. Agreeing ; living in peace and friendship; as, a 
 harmonious family or society. 
 
 HAR-Mo'Nl OUS-LY, ado. With just adaptation and 
 proportion of parts to each other. 
 
 Disl:ince8, motions, and quantiti'-s of matt'*r Aarmoniouf^y ad- 
 Justed in this ^rt-at variety ol our system. ISentley. 
 
 3. With accordance of sounds ; musically ; in con- 
 cord. 
 
 3. In agreement ; in peace and friendship. 
 IIAR-Mo'Nl-OUS-NESS, n. I'ro|iortion and adapta- 
 tion of parts ; niusicalness. 
 2. Agreement ; concord. 
 HAR-iMON'I-PllON, 7i. [Gr. hppovta and 0tonj.] 
 
 A musical instrument whose sound is produced 
 by the vibration of thin mettillic [ilatcs. The air 
 which acts on these vibrating substances is blown 
 by the mouth through an elastic tube. It is played 
 with keys like a piano-forte. 
 IIAR'MO-NIST, 71. A musician; a composer of 
 music. 
 
 2. One who brings together corresponding pas- 
 sages, as of the four (Jospels, to show their agree- 
 ment. 
 
 HAR'MO-NIZE, ». i. To be in concord; to agree in 
 sounds. 
 
 2. To agree ; to be in peace and friendship, as 
 individuals or families. 
 
 3. To agree in sense or purport ; as, the arguments 
 harmonize ; the facts stated by different witnesses 
 
 harmonize. 
 
 IIAR'.MO-NIZE, V. t. To adjust in fit proportions ; to 
 cause to agree. 
 
 2. To make musical ; to combine according to 
 the laws of counterpoint. 
 
 HAR'MO-NIZ-KI), pp. or a. Made to be accordant 
 
 HAR'MO-NIZ-ER, ii. One that brings together or 
 2. In music, a practical harmonist. [reconciles. 
 
 HAR-.MO-NIZ-ING, ;i;jr. Causing to agree. 
 
 HA R'MO-.NIZ-ING, a. Being in accordance; bring- 
 ing to an agreement. 
 
 IIAR-MO-NO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. iiocona and fitrnov.] 
 An instrument or inonochord for measuring the 
 harmonic relations of sounds. 
 
 HAR'.MO-NY, 71. [L. Aa7Tnimia; Gr. inpovia, a set- 
 ting together, a closure or seam, agreement, concert, 
 from to fit or adapt, to stpiare ; Sji. armonia ; It. 
 ill. ; Fr. harmonic. If the Greek aot«j is a contracted 
 word for k'wio, which is probable, it may be the 
 French carrer, eyuarrir.] 
 
 1. The just adaptatiim of parts to each other, in 
 any sy.steni or coniptisition of things, intended to 
 form a connected whole ; as, the harmony of the uni- 
 verse. 
 
 Kquality and correspondfnce arc the causrs of Aarmony. Bacon. 
 Ail (li«cunl, harmony not underetoMi, Pope. 
 
 2. Just proportion of sound ; consonance ; musical 
 concord ; the accordance of two or more intervals or 
 sounds, or that union of diftiTcnt sounds which 
 pleases the ear ; or a succession of such sounds, 
 called chords. 
 
 Ten thousand h-trps, that tuned 
 Anglic hannomes. fifillon. 
 
 3. Concord ; agreement ; accordance in facts ; as, 
 the harmony of the Gosjiels. 
 
 4. Concord or agreement in views, sentiments, or 
 manners, interests, &c. ; qiKtd correspondence ; 
 peace and friendship, 'i'lie citizens live in harmony. 
 
 Cy. The aL'reemeiit or consistency of different his- 
 tories of the same events ; as, the harmony of the 
 Gospels. 
 
 6. A literary work which brings together parallel 
 p.assaixes of historians respecting the same events, 
 and shows their agreement or consistency. 
 
 J\,'atural liarmony, in music, consists of the har- 
 monic triad, or common chord. .Artificial harmony, is 
 a mixture of concords and discords. Fi-rured har- 
 mony, is when one or more of the parts move, during 
 the continuance of a chord, thniugh certain notes 
 which do not form any of the constituent parts of 
 that chord. Bu.iby. 
 
 Perfect harmony, implies the use of untempiTed 
 Ct-ncords only. Tempered harmony, is when the notes 
 are varied by temperament. [See Temi-ebami>t.] 
 
 Harmony of the spheres. See Muiic. [£iicyc. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; B as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 53S 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR'MOST, 71, [Gr. apijiornp, from ap/iuaa-o, to reg- 
 ulate.] 
 
 In ancient Oreece, a Spartan governor, regulator, 
 or prefect. Mitford. 
 IISR'MO-ToME, n. [Gr. ap/ius, a joint, and Tipiiw, 
 to cut.] 
 
 In mineralogy, cross-stone, or staurolite, called 
 aist, ^iramidical zeolite. [See Cross-Stone.] 
 HAR'Nt.J'*, n. [W. harnacs, from ham, that is, 
 closely fitteJ ; Ft- luirnoi.i ; Arm. harncs ; It. arnesc ; 
 Sp. arnes : Port, arne: f D. liarnas ; G. harnisch; Sw. 
 hariiesk ; Dan. hamisk. The primary sense is, to fit, 
 prepare, or put on ; and in different languages, it 
 signifies not only harness, but furniture and uten- 
 sils.] 
 
 1. Armor ; the whole accouterments or equipments 
 of a knight or horseman ; originally, perhaps, defen- 
 sive armor, hut in a more modern and enlarged 
 sense, the furniture of a military man, defensive or 
 offensive, as a casque, cuirass, helmet, girdle, sword, 
 buckler, &c. 
 
 2. The furniture of a draught horse, whether for 
 a wagon, coach, gig, chaise, &.c. ; called, in some of 
 the American States, tackle or tackling, with which, 
 in its primary sense, it is synonymous. DnjJen. 
 
 HXR'NESS, r. (. To dress in armor; to equip with 
 armor for war, as a horseman. 
 
 Harnessed in ruji^d steel. liowe. 
 9. To put on the furniture of a horse for draught. 
 Harness the horses. — Jer. xlvi. 
 
 3. To defend ; to equip, or furnish for defense. 1 
 Mncc. iv. 
 
 HXR'NESS-£D, (har'nest,) pp. or a. Equipped with 
 armor; furnished with the dress for draught; de- 
 fended. 
 
 HaR'NESS-ER, n. One who puts on the harness of a 
 Imrse. Sherwood. 
 
 HXR'i\ESS-lXG, ppr. Putting on armor or furniture 
 for draught. 
 
 H.\ RNS, li.p/. Brains. Orose. 
 HaRP, n. [Sax. hearpa; G. harfe ; D. harp; Svv. 
 
 luirpa ; Dan. Iiarpe ; Fr. harpe ; It. Sp. and Port. 
 
 ar/Jrt.] 
 
 1. An instrument of music of the .stringed kind, of 
 a triangular figure, held upright, and commonly 
 touched with the fingers. Kncyc. Johnson. 
 
 2. A constellation, Lyra, or the Lyre. P. Cyc. 
 HARP, I), i. To play on the harp. 
 
 I hcanl the voice of harpers, harping with their liarps. — Rev. 
 
 2. To dwell on tediously or vexatiously, in speak- 
 ing or writing. 
 
 He seems 
 
 Proud Hnd (iis.l.iiiifiil, hftrping on wlial lam — 
 
 Not wh.it lie knew 1 was. Shak. 
 
 3. To touch, as a passion ; to affect. Shak. 
 H.\RP'ER, n. A player on the harp. 
 IIaRP'IN'G, ppr. Playing on a harp ; dwelling on con- 
 tinually. 
 
 HARP'KNG, a. Pertaining to the harp; as, Iiarjiing 
 
 symphonies. Milton. 
 HXRP'IiVG, n. A continual dwelling on. 
 
 Makiiij infinite merriment by harpings npon old themes. 
 
 Iruing. 
 
 HARP'ING, n. ; pi. Habpinos. In ships, harpings are 
 the fore parts of the wales, which encompass the 
 bow of the ship, and are fastened to the stem. Their 
 use is to strengthen the ship, in the place where she 
 sustains the greatest shock in plunging into the sea. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 Cat-karpings are ropes which serve to brace in the 
 rigging, to tighten it, and to give a greater swi'ep to 
 the yards. Totten. 
 HXRP'ING-I-RON, (-I-urn,) n. A harpoon, which 
 see. 
 
 HARP'IST, 71. A harper. Bruion. 
 
 HAR-POON', n. [l-'r. hur/ion ; Pp. arpon; Port, arpim, 
 arpeo ; It. arpione ; G. luirpiinc ; I), harpoen ; from Vr. 
 harper, to grapple ; Sp. arpar, to claw ; Gr. A(/?r i^(.), 
 from uoTTao), to seize with the claws ; probably L. 
 rapio, by transposition of letters. Class Rb.] 
 
 A liarping-iron ; a spear or javelin, used to strike 
 whales for killing them. It consistsof along shank, 
 with a broad, flat, trittngtilar heiid, sharpened at both 
 ctlges fur pi netrtitjiig the whale with facility. It is 
 gimt;rally thrown bv hand. 
 
 IIAR-POOiS', V. t. To strike, catch, or kill with a har- 
 poon. 
 
 The Mildly Is usually canght in nets, but is sometimes fiar- 
 puoiie'i. Peitiuint. 
 
 HXR-P00.\'^:D, pp. Struck, caught, or killed with a 
 harpoon. 
 
 HAK l'"().\'ER, j Ji. One who uses a harpoon; the 
 
 IIA It I'O-.NEKR', ( man in a whale-boat who throws 
 Hie li:irpoon. 
 
 IIAIt POO.V'I.VG, ppr. Striking with a harpoon. 
 
 HAISP'.SI-CIIORD, n. [Imrp uiii] clmrd.\ An instru- 
 ment of music with strings of win:, pl.iyed by the 
 fiiiger*t, by inf^ans of kevs. The striking of these 
 keys movi a cerlain little Jacka, which move a double 
 row of cords or strings, stretched over four bridges 
 on the tabic of the instrument. Encyc. 
 
 HAR 
 
 HAR'Py, n. [Fr. karpic : It. Sp. and Port, arpia ; L. 
 harjiyia ; Gr. itp-jrvLa, from the root of tipTra^oj, to 
 seize, or daw.] 
 
 1. In antiquity, the harpies were fabulous winged 
 monsters, ravenous and filthy, having the face of a 
 woman, and the body of a vulture, with their feet 
 and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were 
 three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno. They 
 were sent by Juno to plunder the table of Pliineus. 
 They are represented as rapacious and filthy ani- 
 mals. Lempriere. 
 
 2. The largest of the eagle tribe ; the Ilarpyia 
 destructor, inhabiting Mexico and Brazil. 
 
 3. Any rapacious or ravenous animal ; an extor- 
 tioner ; a plunderer. 
 
 HAR'CiUE-UUSE. See Ar<iuebuse. 
 IIAR-RA-TEEN', n. A kind of stuflT or cloth. 
 
 Shenstnne. 
 
 HAR'RI-CO, n. A dish of vegetables, as beans. [See 
 Haricot.] 
 
 HAR'RI-DAN, 7i. [Fr. hariilclte, a jade, or worn-out 
 horse. See Hare, the verb.] 
 
 A decayed stniitipet. Swift. 
 
 HAR'RI-/^!), (har'rid) pp. Stripped; harassed. 
 
 IIAR'RI-ER, «. A kind of hound for hunting hares, 
 having an acute sense of smelling. [The original 
 spinning Harier is disused. Smart] 
 
 IIAR'RoVV, n. [Sw. harf, Dan. harve, a harrow, D. 
 hark, G. hurke, a rake, is probably the same word, al- 
 lied to Sw. harja, Dan. herger. Sax. hcrgian, to rav- 
 age, or lay waste.] 
 
 An instrument of agriculture, formed of pieces of 
 timber sometimes crossing each other, and set with 
 iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowetl land 
 to level it and break the clods, and to cover seed 
 when sown. 
 
 HAR'RoVV, !i. t. [Sw. harfca; Dan. harver.] 
 
 1. 'J'o draw a harrow over, for the purpose of 
 breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for cov- 
 ering seed sown ; as, to hat-row land or ground. 
 
 2. To bretik or tear with a harrow. 
 
 Wiil he harrow the valleys after thee t — Job xxxix. 
 
 3. To tear ; to lacerate ; to torment. 
 
 I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word 
 
 Would harrow up thy soul. Shak. 
 
 4. To pillage ; to strip ; to lay waste by violence. 
 [A^o( used.] 
 
 .5. To disturb ; to agitate. [Obs.] Sliak. 
 
 HAR'RoVV, [Old Fr. harau.] An exclamation of sud- 
 den tiislress ; help; halloo. Spenser. 
 
 HAR'RoVV-£i), pp. or a. Broken or smoothed by a 
 harrow. 
 
 HAR'KoW-ER, n. One who harrows. 
 2. .\ hawk. 
 
 IIAR'R6VV-ING, ppr. Breaking or levelling with a 
 2. a. Tormenting ; lacerating. [harrow. 
 IIAR'RoW-ING, 71. The act or process of using a 
 harrow. 
 
 HAR'RY, V. t. [Sax. hergian, to strip ; hyrtoian, to up- 
 braid ; or \V. herwa, to rove for plunder, to scout ; 
 her, a push.] 
 
 1. To strip ; to pillage. [See Harrow.] 
 
 2. To harass ; to agitate ; to tease. Shak. 
 HAR'RY, To make a predatory incursion. [Obs.] 
 
 Bcanin. 4' ^V. 
 
 HARSH, a. [G.harsch; Scot, harsk. In D:ii\. harsk, 
 Sw. hctrsk, is rank, rancid.] 
 
 1. Rough to the touch ; rugged ; grating ; as, harsh 
 sand ; harsh cloth ; opposed to smooth. Boyle. 
 
 2. Sour ; rou^li to the taste ; as, harsh fruit. 
 
 3. Rough to the ear ; grating ; discordant ; jar- 
 ring ; as, a harsh sound ; harsh notes ; a harsh voice, 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. Austere ; crabbed ; morose ; peevish. Civiliza- 
 tion softens the harsh temper or nature of man. 
 
 5. Rough; rude; abusive; as, harsk words; a 
 harsk reflection. 
 
 (i. Rigorous ; severe. 
 
 Thou^rji harsh tlic precept, yet the preacher cliarmed. Dryden. 
 IIARSII'LY, adv. Roughly ; in a harsh manner. 
 
 2. Sourly ; austerely. 
 
 3. Severely ; morosely ; crabbedly ; as, to speak or 
 answer liar.ility. 
 
 4. Roughly ; rudely ; with violence ; as, to treat a 
 person liarslily. Mdisitn. 
 
 5. Roughly ; with a grating sound ; unpleasantly. 
 
 It would sound harshly in her ei\rs. tSliak. 
 IIXRSII'N'ESS, 71. Roughness to the touch ; opposed 
 to softness anti smoothness. 
 
 2. Sourness; nustereness ; as, the harshness of 
 fruit. 
 
 3. Roughness to the ear; as, the /lars/iiicssof sound, 
 or of a voice, or of verse. 
 
 'Tis not enough no harshness pives DlTense, 
 'I'lie sound must seem an echo to Uic sense. 
 
 Pops. 
 
 4. Roughness of temper ; morosencss ; crabbcd- 
 ness ; peevishness. Sliak. 
 
 5. Roughness in manner or words ; severity ; as, 
 the harshness of reproof. 
 
 "ah'let,''! "• [■'•«•'"'■''«• «»■] 
 
 The heart, liver, lights, &.C., of a hog. 
 
 HAR 
 
 HA RT, 71. [Sax. heart ; Dan. and Sw. hiort ; G. kir.<:ck ; 
 D. hert.] 
 
 A stag, or male deer; an animal of the cervine ge- 
 nus. 
 
 HART'BEEST, 7i. A species of the antelope, the 
 Caama, the most common of the large antelopes in- 
 habiting the plains of South Africa, P, Cyc. 
 
 HART-ROY'AL, n. A plant. 
 
 HARTS'HORN, ti. The horn of the hart or male 
 deer. Hartshorn shavings, originally taken from 
 the horns of stags, or harts, which are a species of 
 bone, are now obtained chiefly by planing down the 
 bones of calves. They afford a nutritious and speed- 
 ily-formed jelly. Hcbcrt. 
 
 Salt of hartihorn, or volatile salts ; an impure solid 
 carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive 
 distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 Spirit of hartshorn : an impure solution of carbonate 
 of ammonia, obtained by the distillation of bones, 
 hoofs, horns, or other refuse of the slaughter-house, 
 
 Ilebert. 
 
 Hartshorn plantain ; an annual species of ]>lantain, 
 Plantago coronopus i cn\\t;d, aUo, btickskorn. Boot/u 
 
 HARTSn'O.VGUE, (-tung,) n. [See Tongue.] A 
 common British fern, the Scolopendrium officinarum o( 
 Smith i also, a West Indian fern, the polypodium phyl- 
 litidis of Linnxus. Partington. 
 
 HART'VVORT, 71. The name of certain umbelliferous 
 plants of the genera Seseli, Tordylium, and Bupleu- 
 riim. 
 
 HaR'UM SCAR'UM, a. Wild; precipitate; giddy; 
 rash. [CoUiiquial.] Smart. 
 
 HA-RLTS'PICE, n. [L. haruspei, from sjiecio, to view.] 
 In Roman history, a person who pretentled to for- 
 tell future events by inspecting the entrails of be.asts 
 sacrificed, or watching the circumstances attending 
 their slaughter, or their manner of burning and the 
 ascent of the smoke. F.ncyc. Mam. 
 
 HA-RUS'PI-CY, 71. Divination by the inspection of 
 victims. 
 
 HXR'VEST, 71. [Sax. httrfest, harfest, harvest, au- 
 tumn ; G. kerb.ll i D. kerfst. This word signifies 
 autumn, and primarily had no reference to the col- 
 lection of the fruits of the earth ; but, in German, 
 herbsticit is harvest time. It seems to be foiiiieil 
 from the G. herbe, harsh, keen, tart, acerb, L. accrbus, 
 and primarily it refers to the cold, chilly weather in 
 autumn, in the north of Europe. This being the 
 time when crops are collected in northern climates, 
 the word came to signify harvest.] 
 
 1. The season of reaping and gathering in corn or 
 other crops. It especially refers to the time of col- 
 lecting corn or grain, which is the chief food of men, 
 as wheat and rye. In Egypt and Syria, the U'heat 
 harvest is in April and May ; in the south of Europe 
 and of the United States, in June ; in the Northern 
 States of America, in July ; and in the north of Eu- 
 rope, in August and .September. In the United 
 Sttites, the harvest of maize is mostly in October. 
 
 2. The ripe corn or grain collected and secured in 
 barns or stacks. The harvest this year is abundant. 
 
 3. The product of labor ; fruit or fruits. 
 
 Let us tlie haroest of our labor eat. Dryden. 
 
 4. Fruit or fruits ; effects ; consequences. lie that 
 sows iniquity will reap a harvest of woe. 
 
 5. In Scripture, liarvest signifies, figuratively, the 
 proper season for business. 
 
 He that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causelh shame. — 
 Prov. X. 
 
 Also, a people whose sins have ripened them for 
 judgment. Joel iii. 
 
 Also, the end of the world. Jlfn«. xiii. 
 Also, a seasonable time for instructing men in the 
 gospel. Jifatt. ix. 
 IIAR'VEST, V. t. To reap or gather ripe coin and 
 
 other fruits for the use of man and beast. 
 IIAR'VEST-EI), pp. or a. Reaped and collected, as 
 
 ripe corn and fruits. 
 IIAR'VEST-ER, 71. A reaper; a laborer in gathering 
 grain. 
 
 IIAll' VEST-FEY, 71. A name applied to several large 
 insects of the cicada group, popubiily called lociuits. 
 The males of several species are remarkable for their 
 loud, buzzing noise. 
 
 IIAR'VEST-Ho.ME, 71, The time of harvest. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 9. The song sung by reapers at the feast made at 
 the gathering of corn,' or Hie feast itself. Dryden. 
 3. The oppoiliinity of gathering treasure. Shak. 
 
 IIAR'VEST IN(i, H. Operation of reaping and col- 
 lecting, as ripe grain, 
 
 IIAR'VEST-ING, p/ir. Reaping and collecting, as ripe 
 corn and oilier fruits. 
 
 HAR'VEST-LOUl), 71. The head-ieaiier at the har- 
 vest. 'Passer. 
 
 IIAR'VEST-.MAN, 71. A laborer in harvest. 
 
 IIAR'VEST-MOON, 71. The moon near the full, 
 about the time of the autumnal equinox, when, liy 
 reason tif the small angle of the ecliptic and moon^s 
 orbit with the horizon, it rises nearly at the same 
 hour for several daj'S. The name is given, because 
 this is, in ICii|;lan<l, the period of harvest, Olmsted. 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WHAT — METE, PRgY — PINE, MARJNE, DIED. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQIC — 
 
 53§ 
 
HAS 
 
 HXR' VEST-MOUSE, n. A very small Europt-an 
 s|K.'ciLS of fii-lil inmisc, llie ,Muj me/sorias, n liicli 
 builds its nest on llie stems ut' wlieut or other plants. 
 
 Parthtirttin. 
 
 HXR'VEST-Cit'EEN, n. An imace representing Ce- 
 res, fiirinerly carried about on tbe last day of harvest. 
 
 IIA.«. The third person sinsnlar of llic verb Hate. 
 
 II.V^E, r. /. To urge, drive, harass. Huutli. [Still 
 used anioii<: sailors. R. If. Dana, Jr. See Haze.] 
 
 HASH, 1-. (. [Fr. hachcr ; Arm. haicha; Eng. to hack. 
 See Hack.] 
 
 To chop into small pieces ; to mince and mix ; as, 
 to hash meat. Oarth, 
 
 II.\SH, n. .Minced me.it, or a dish of meat and vcge- 
 tahles chopped into small pieces and mixed. 
 
 II.\SH'/;D, (liasht,) pp. or a. Cut up into small pieces, 
 as meat. 
 
 H.\SK, n. A case made of rushes or flags. [JVot useil.] 
 
 Spender. 
 
 HAS'LET. See Harslet. 
 
 ItXSP, n. [Sax. lueps : <3. A<i.«;ie, a hinge ; Dan. hasp. 
 S\v. kaspe. We probably have the word from the 
 Danes.] 
 
 I. A clasp that passes over a staple to be fastened 
 by a padlock. Jitortimer. 
 a. .\ spindle to wind thread or silk on. [/.oca/.] 
 IIXSP, r. (. To shut or fasten with a hasp. Oarth. 
 H.\S'SOeK, )i. [\V. he^or. Qu. from A«», sedue, 
 rushes. It signifies, in Scottish, a besom, any thing 
 bushy, and a turf of peat moss used as a seat. 'I'he 
 sense is, therefore, the same as that of mat, a collec- 
 tion or mass.] 
 
 .\ thick mat or b.ass on wbich persons kneel in 
 church. Addison. 
 Ami kniM'S and h<un>rk» (irf well nigh clivoreed. Covper. 
 FJAST, the second person singular of Have-, I have, 
 thou hast, contracted from luivcsU It is used only 
 in the solemn style. 
 
 llxs'T^TED I"" [L. from Aa,'(a, a spear.] 
 In botany, spear-shaped ; resembling the head of a 
 halberd ; triangular, hollowed at tlie base anil on the 
 sides, with the angles S|>reading ; as, a hastate leaf. 
 
 Martijn, Lee. 
 HASTE, n. [G. Sw. and Dan. hust; D. haast; Fr. 
 hnte, for haste; Arm. hast; from hurrying, pressing, 
 driving. See Heat.] 
 
 1. Celerity of motion ; speed ; swiftness ; dis- 
 patch ; ex|)edition ; applied only to voluntary beings, 
 
 ' as men and other animals; never to oUier bodies. 
 U'e never say, a ball flies with hasu. 
 
 The king'* btuiiifss rcquinnl haste. — 1 Sam. xx\. 
 
 2. Sudden excitement of passion ; quickness; pre- 
 cipitance ; vehemence. 
 
 I ditl in my htutg, Alt men nre ILm. — Ps. cx%'i. 
 
 3. The state of being lirged or pressed by business ; 
 aii, I am in great haste. 
 
 HASTE, (hast,) j v. t. [G. hasten ; D. haasten ; Sw. 
 HAST'BN, (has'n.) j hasta; Dan. hastcr; Fr. hater.] 
 To press ; to drive or urge forward ; to push on ; 
 
 to precipitate ; to accelerate movement ; to expedite ; 
 
 to hurry. 
 
 I would hasten my cacap* from the wimly storm. — P». W. 
 H.XSTE, ) r. i. To move with celerity ; to be rapid 
 HAST'£.V, I in motion ; to be speedy or quick. 
 
 They were ticublcd, niiU hasted awny. — Ps. xlviU. 
 HAST'ED, I pp. Moved rapidly ; accelerated ; 
 HAST'/:.\-KD, i urged with speed. 
 H.\S I"^.'N'-EU, n. One that hastens or urges forward. 
 HXST'I.VG, > ppr. t'rgmg forward ; pusliing on ; 
 HAST'fiX-IXG, j proceeding rapidly. 
 
 That stAle b hasteninr to ruin, ia which no thlTcrtnce is made 
 between gmttl and bod men. Antisthenes. Enfield, 
 
 HAST'I-LY, ode. [See Hastt.] In haste; with 
 speed or quickness'; sjieedily ; nimbly. 
 
 Half clothed, half naked, Aiutiyy retire. Drydtn. 
 3. Rashly ; precipitately ; without due reflection. 
 
 We Aorri/yeognf^ in the war. Siei/U 
 3. Passionately ; under sudden excitement of pas- 
 sion. 
 
 IIAST'I-NESS, n. Haste ; speed ; quickness or celer- 
 ity in motion or action, as of animals. 
 
 2. Rasihness ; heedless e.agerness ; precipitation. 
 Our hastiness to engage in the war caused deep 
 regret. 
 
 3. Irritability ; susceptibility of anger, warmth, or 
 temper. 
 
 H.\ST'1.\G-PEaR, It. An early pear, called, also, 
 
 erern chisseU Encyc 
 HaST'INGS, n, pi. [from hasti:] Teas that come 
 
 'arly. Mortimer. 
 HAS T'lVE, 0. [Fr. htitif, from haste.] 
 
 Forward ; early ; as fruit. [A"ol muck used,] 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 HAST'Y, a. Quick ; speedy ; expeditious; opposed to 
 alow. 
 
 Be not hasty to ;ro out of his sighL — Ccclcs. riii. 
 
 2. Eager ; precipitate ; rash ; op|iosed to deliberate. 
 Sc«i thou • nun that u *<ury in hisw onUf There is more 
 hope or « fool than ot bun. — Pror. xxis. 
 
 HAT 
 
 3. Irritable ; easily excited to wratli ; passionate. 
 
 He that i5 hasty of spirit exitltc-lli folly. — I'rov. xiv. 
 
 4. F.arlv ripe ; forward ; as, ha.ity fniil. Is. xxviii. 
 HAS T'Y-l't;D'DI.\G, «. A (•dding maile of the meal 
 
 of maize moistened with water and boiled, or of 
 niijk and flour boiled. 
 H.VT, II. [Sax. hicl; G. hut; D. hard; Dan. hat; Sw. 
 hatt; VV. hed or heL 'I'lie word signifies a cover, 
 and, in (!erman, fingcr-hut is a thimble. The pri- 
 mary sense is probably to ward ofl", or defend.] 
 
 1. A covering for the head, made of various mate- 
 rials, and worn by men or women for defending the 
 head from rain or heat, or for ornament. Hats for 
 men arc usually made of fur or wool, and formed 
 with a crown and brim. Hals fur females are made 
 of straw or grass braid, and various other materials. 
 Of these, the ever-varying forms admit of no descrip- 
 tion that can long be correct. 
 
 2. The dignity of a cardinal. 
 
 HaT'A-BLE, a. [from Imte.] That may he hated ; 
 odious. SUcncood. 
 
 II.\T'-B.\MD, n. A band round the crown of a hat. 
 
 H.\T'-HO.X, ) II. A box for a lial. Hut a case for a 
 
 IIAT'-t'ASE, ) lady's hat is called a band-buz. 
 
 IIAT'-l!lli;sil, n. .\ soft brush for hats. 
 
 II.\TC''II, r. t. [G. hecken, aushecken, Dan. hekkrr, to 
 hatch. This word seems to be connected with G. 
 heck, Dan. hekhe, Sw. heick, a hedirc, Dan. hek, a fence 
 of pales ; and tlie hatches of a ship arc doubtless of 
 the same family. The sense probably is, to thrust 
 out, to drive off, whence in Sw. hd<rn, a hedge, is al- 
 so protection ; hdirna, to hedge, to guard. To hatch 
 is to exclude.] 
 
 1. To produce young from eggs by incubation, or 
 by artificial heat, la Egypt chickens are Itatchcd by 
 artificial heat. 
 
 Tlie partridge sittetJt on eggs and halchtth them not. — Jcr. xvii. 
 
 2. To contrive or plot ; to form by meditation, and 
 bring into being ; to originate and produce in silence ; 
 .as, to /ia<c/i mischief ; to /latc/i heresy. lloukcr. 
 
 HATCH, n. L [Fr. hachcr, to hack.] 
 
 1. To cross with lines, in drawing and engraving, 
 in a peculiar manner called IIatchim:, which see. 
 
 Those hatching strokes of the poaoil. Dryttcn. 
 
 2. To steep. [04s. J" Bcaum. 
 H.\TCII, I), i. To produce young; to bring the young 
 
 to maturity. Eggs will not hatch without a due dc- 
 gri!e and continuance of heat. 
 HATCH, n. A brood ; as m.any chickens as are pro- 
 duced at once, or by one incubation. 
 
 2. The act of exclusion from the egg. 
 
 3. Disclosure ; discovery. Shak. 
 HATCH, n, [Sax. haca; D. hek, a railing, gate, &c. 
 
 See Hedge and Hatch, siiprx] 
 
 1. The opening in a ship's deck, or the passage 
 from one deck to another, the name of the grate it- 
 self being used for the opening ; this is more properly 
 called the Hatchway. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A half-door, or door with an opening over it 
 Qu. JuhnsoTu Shak. 
 
 3. Floodgates. Encyc .^insworth, 
 
 4. In Cornwall, Eng., openings into mines, or in 
 search of them. Encyc. 
 
 5. Ilaulies, pi. ; the coverings placed over the hatch- 
 ways. TViUfii. 
 
 To be under the hatches; to be confined below ; to 
 be in distress, dejiressioii, or slavery. Locke. 
 HATCII'EL, II. [G. hcchet, D. hekel, Dan. hegle, Sw. 
 
 hdckla, whence the common pronunciation in Amer- 
 , ica. hetchcl. In Slav, hakel is a rake.] 
 
 An instrument formed with long, iron teeth set in 
 a board, for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow, 
 hards, or coarse part. The hauhel is a large sjiccies 
 of comb. 
 
 HATCII'EL, r. t To draw flax or hemp through the 
 teeth of a hatchet, for separating the coarse part and 
 broken pieces of the stalk from the fine, fibrous parts. 
 
 2. To tease or vex by sarcasms or reproaches ; a 
 vulgar use of the word. 
 
 IIATCirEL-£D, pp. or a. Cleansed by a hatchel ; 
 combed. 
 
 H.ATCirEr..-ER, n. One who uses a hatchel. 
 II.VTCH'EL-ING, ppr. Drawing through the teeth of 
 a hatchel. 
 
 UATCU'EU, n. One that hatches, or contrives a plot. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 H.\TCirET, n. [G. hacke ; Dan. hakke; Fr. haehe; 
 
 from hack, which scc.l 
 ■ a sni 
 
 one hand 
 
 A small ax with a short handle, to be used with 
 
 To take up the hatchet, a phrase borrowed from the 
 
 nativ.-s of America, is to make war. 
 To bury the hatchet, is to make peace. 
 H.^TCH'E T-F.^iCF., n. A sharp, prominent face, like 
 
 the edge of a hatchet. Dryden. 
 IIATCH'E-TI.NE, n. .\ substance of the hardness of 
 
 soft tallow, of a yellowish-white or greenish-yellow 
 
 color, found in .'viuth Wales. Cleaeelaud. 
 nATClI'ET-SIIAr-£D, (-shapl,) a. Having the shape 
 
 of a hatchet. 
 
 H.ATCH'l.NG, n. Act of producing young by incuba- 
 tion. 
 
 HAU 
 
 II AT('iri.N'(!, n. A mode of execution in riigravini, 
 drawing, and miniature painting, in which lliu effect 
 is prtidiiced by courses tif lines crossing each other at 
 nngli!s more or less acute. Jjcelya, 
 
 II ATCH'I.N'G, ;i;ir. Producing young from eggs. 
 
 II ATCII'.ME.\T, n. [(Jorrupted from achin>ement.] An 
 armorial escutcheon of a dead person, placed in front 
 of the house, on a hearse at funerals, or in a church. 
 
 Sluik. 
 
 HATCII'WAY, It. In «Aip3, a square or oblong open- 
 ing in the deck, affording a passage from one deck 
 to another, or into the hold or lower aiKirtments. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 HATE, r. t. [.Sax. kalian, to hate, and to heat ; Goth. 
 hntyaii ; G. ha.<scn : 1). haaten ; Sw. futta ; Dan. hader; 
 L. vdi, for /iO(/i. In all the langii.ages except the Sax- 
 on, hate and heat are distinguished in orthogra[ihy ; 
 but the elements of the word are the same, and prob- 
 ably they are radically one word, denoting, to stir, to 
 irritate, to rouse.] 
 
 1. To dislike greatly ; to have a great aversion to. 
 It expresses less than abhor, detect, niu\ abaminate, un- 
 less pronounced with peculiar emphasis. 
 
 How long will /oofs h.'Ue knowledge? — Pn»v. i. 
 Bl'-Rsrtt an; ye wh'-u men sh ill hale you. — I.uke vi. 
 The Koinan tyrant w.is contented to be hated, il* he was but 
 feared. liatni}ier. 
 
 2. In Scripture, it signifies, to love less. 
 
 If any man come to me, and Itate not fulher and moUicr, tec. — 
 r.uke liv. 
 
 He Uiat spareth tjie rod }LaUlh bis son. — Pro». xiii. 
 
 HATE, n. Great dislike or aversion ; hatred. Dryden. 
 
 HAT'ED, pp. or a. Greatly disliked. 
 
 HaTE'FJJL, n. Odious ; exeiliiig great dislike, aver- 
 sion, or disgust. All sin is liatrful in the sight of God 
 anil of gooil men. 
 2. That feels hatred ; malignant ; malevolent. 
 
 And worse tluin deatll, to view Willi fuUe/ul ejca 
 
 Ilia rival's coii<|tiest. Drydsn, 
 
 HATE'F{JI.,-LY, adn. Odiously ; with gre.at dislike. 
 
 2. .Malignantly ; maliciously. E-.ek, xxiii. 
 HATE'FUL-.\ESS, n. Odioiisnc ss ; the qu.ility of 
 
 being hateful, or of exciting aversion or disgust. 
 HAT'ER, 11. One that hates. 
 
 An enemy to God, and a hater of all gooii. Brown. 
 
 HAT'IXG, ppr. Disliking extremely ; entertaining a 
 
 gn at aversion fur. 
 H AT'LESS, a. Having no hat. 
 
 Ha'TREI), n. Great dislike or aversion ; hate; en- 
 mity. Hatred is an aversion to evil, and may spring 
 from utter disapprobation, as the hatred of vice or 
 meanness ; or it may spring from offenses or injuries 
 done by fellow-men, or from envy or je.alousy, in 
 which case it is usually accompanied with malevo- 
 lence or malignity. Extreme hatred is abhorrence or 
 detestation. 
 
 II.\T'TED, a. [from kat.] Covered with a hat ; wear- 
 ing a hat. 
 
 HAT'TER, V. t. To hariss. [JVot in ii.s'C.] Dryden. 
 HAT'TER, n. [from Ao/.] A maker of hats. 
 HAT'TI-SHERTFF, ii. An irrevocable order which 
 comes immediately from the grand seignior. 
 
 Encyc. Jim. 
 
 HAT'TLE, a. Wild ; skittish. [LocaL] 
 
 H.\T'TOCK, II. [Erse, alloek.] 
 A shock of corn. [.Vol in use.] 
 
 HAU'BEKK, n. A co.at of mail without sleeves, 
 formed of steel rings interwoven. [OAs.] (See 
 Habebceun.] (tray. 
 
 IMUD P.^S'Sr-BVS JE'QUIS, [L.] Not with equal 
 p.ace or rapidity. 
 
 HAUGII, haw,) ii. A low-lying meadow. [ScoffisA.] 
 
 HAUGHT, (hawt,) a. [Uu. Fr. Aaii<, or the root of 
 tile English Ai!.'A. If it is from the French luiut, the 
 orthography is corrupt, for haul is from the Latin al- 
 ius, that is, hallus, clianged to hauL] 
 
 High; elevated; hence, proud ; insolent. [Ol-t.] 
 Spenser. SJuik, 
 
 HAUGII'TI-ER, a. More haughty or disdainful. 
 
 HAUGII'TI-EST, a. .Must haughty Borrow. 
 
 UAUGH'TI-LY, (haw'te-ly,) adr. [See Haccht and 
 Haughty.] Proudly ; arrogantly ; with contempt or 
 disdain ; as, to speak or behave haughtily. 
 
 Her heavenly form too haughtily she prized. Dryden. 
 
 IIAUGH'TI-N'ESS, (liaw'te-ness,) n. The quality of 
 being haughty ; pride mingled with some degree of 
 contempt for others ; arrogance. 
 
 1 will l.iy tow the haughdntss of the lerriMe. — la. xiii. 
 HAUGir TY, (haw'ty,) a. [from haugU, Fr. hauL] 
 1. Proud and disdainful ; having a high opinion of 
 one's self, with some contempt for others ; lofty and 
 arrogant ; supercilious. 
 
 A haughty spirit goeUi before a fidl. — Pror. 
 
 2. Proceeding from excessive pride, or pride min- 
 gled with contempt ; manifesting pride and disdain ; 
 as, a haughty air or walk. 
 
 3. Proud and imperious ; as, a haughty nation. 
 
 4. I^fty ; bold ; of high hazard ; as, a haughty en- 
 terprise. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 
 H^IJL, r. I. [Fr. kaler; Arm. hala ; Sp. haleo- ; D. 
 
 TtNE, BULL. IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 68 
 
HA V 
 
 HAV 
 
 HAW 
 
 Kaalen. It is sometimes written hale, but haul is 
 preferable, as au represents tlie broad sound of a.] 
 
 1. To pull or draw witli force ; to drag ; as, to haid 
 a heavy body along on tlie ground ; to haul a boat on 
 shore. Haul is equivalent to drair, and difl'ers some- 
 times from jiiM and rfrnw, in expressing more force 
 and labor. It is much used by seamen ; as, to ImuI 
 down the sails ; haul in the boom ; haul aft, &c. 
 
 2. To drag ; to compel to go. 
 
 When applied to persons, luiul implies compulsion 
 or rudeness, or both. 
 
 To Itaul the wind, in fcamaiiship, is to turn the head 
 of the ship nearer to the point from which the wind 
 blows, by arranging the sails more obliipiely, bracing 
 the yards more forward, hauling the sheets nu)re 
 afl, &c. -Wiir. Diet. 
 
 HALTL, 71. A pulling with force ; a violent |iull. 
 
 'J'homson. 
 
 2. A draft of a net ; as, to catch a hundred fish at 
 a haul. 
 
 UAUh'ED, (hawld,) pp. Pulled with force ; dragged ; 
 
 com|ie!led to move. 
 HAUL'ING, ppr. Drawing by force or violence; 
 
 dragging. 
 
 HAULM, ) (hawm,) n. [?ax. hralm ; G.D.Sw. and 
 HAUM, i Dan. halm; Fr. chainne ; L. cutmiuf, the 
 stalk of corn. 'J'he sense is probably that which is 
 set, or a shoot. It seems to be the VV'. colov, a stem 
 or stalk, whence columna, a co/h//ih.] 
 
 1. The stem or stalk of grain, of all kinds, or of 
 pease, bea;is, hops, i^c. 
 
 2. Straw ; the dry stalks of corn, &c., in general. 
 IIXLTiN'CH, n. [Fr. hatiche; Arm. luiinch ; Sp. It. and 
 
 Port, atica.] 
 
 1. The hip ; that part of the body of man and of 
 quadrupeds which lies between the last ribs and the 
 thigh. Encijc. 
 
 2. The rear ; tire hind part. [JV/^f used.'] Shak. 
 IIXUNCH'^:D, (hincht,)./)/). or a. Having haunches. 
 Il.^LUNT, r. (. [Fr. hunter ; Arm. hantein or henti.] 
 
 1. To frequent ; to resort to much or often, or to 
 be much about ; to visit customarily. 
 
 Ccit sLull Venus tiaunts Iduliu's groves. Pope. 
 
 2. To come to frequently ; to intrude on ; to trouble 
 with frequent visits; to follow importunately. 
 
 You wrong me, sir, thus stiU to haunt my liouse. ShcJc. 
 Tliose ciivs that haunl the court .ni.l town. Sici/t. 
 
 3. It is particularly applied to specters or appari- 
 tions, which are represented by fear and credulity as 
 frcquentiug or inhabiting old, decayed, and deserted 
 houses. 
 
 Foul spirits haunt my resting-pl.tce. Pair/ax. 
 HXUNT, V. i. To be much about ; to visit or be pres- 
 ent often. 
 
 I've charged thee not lo haunt .iboijt my iJoor. S^liak. 
 
 HXUNT, n. A place to which one frequently resorts. 
 ■J'averns are often the hauyits of tipplers. A den is 
 the liamit of wild beasts. 
 
 2. The habit or custom of resorting to a place. 
 [JVat u.<ed.'\ .^I'buthnoL 
 
 3. Custom ; practice. [Ohs.] Cliaucer. 
 HXUNT'ED, pp. or a. Freipiently visited or resorted 
 
 to, especially by apparitions. 
 2. i'roubled by fretjuent visits. 
 HXUNT' Kit, K. One who frequents a particular 
 
 [place, or is often about it. 
 HAUNT'ING, ppr. Frequenting; visiting often; 
 
 troubling with frequent visits. 
 HAUS'.MANN-ITE, n. [from M. Jlmigmann.'] One 
 
 of the ores of manganese, having a brownish-black 
 
 color. Dana. 
 HAUST, n. [Sax. Awn.s-m.] 
 
 A dr>' cough. [O/m.] Rav. 
 HAU.S''I'EL-LATK, a. Provided with a hauslellum 
 
 or sucker, as certain insects. 
 HAUT'BOY, (ho'boy,) n. [Fr. //a«f, high, and buli, 
 
 wood, or a shoot.] 
 
 1. A wind instrument, sonu'what resembling a 
 flute, but widening toward the bottom, and sounded 
 through a reed. The treble is two feet long. 'J'he 
 tenor goes a fifth lower, when blown open. It has 
 only eight holes ; but the base, which is five feet 
 long, has eleven. Kticijc. 
 
 2. A sort of strawberry. [Tlie name belongs to 
 the Htrawberrv.] 
 
 IIAU-Ti;Ull', (ii,)-ture', or ho-taiir',) n. [Ft.] Pride ; 
 haughtiness ; liangbty manner or spirit. 
 
 OOf/r, (ho-goo',) [Fr.] High relish or tiLstc. 
 2. High xeastuiing. 
 
 II.AU'YNE, (how'in.) ;i. A mineral, named from the 
 French lninl'ralllgi^l IliiUy.ocdiri mg in grainsor small 
 masses, and alscj in groups of niinulc, shining crys- 
 tals. Its color is blue, of various shades. It is 
 fiiiind imbedded in volcanic rocks, basalt, cliiik- 
 sl<ine, &c. CIruritand. 
 
 HAVi;, (hav,) ij. t. ; pret. and pp. \\m>. Indie, present, 
 I hure, thou htut, he ha.t ; yir, they tutve. [Sax. 
 huhhnn ; (*olh, hahan ; (i. hah en ; I), hehbrn; Sw. 
 hnfra ; Dan. harrr ; It. hahro ; Sp. hahrr ; Port, luirer; 
 It. uerre ; Fr. flroir : \V. ha.littir, to snatch or Heizo 
 li'p«lily, and hapiaie, to happen. The Spanish huhrr 
 unit«« kane with happen ; haber, to liave or iNissesii, 
 
 to take, to happen or befall. The primary sense, then, 
 is, to fall on, or to rush on and seize. See Happen. 
 Class Gb, No. 74, 79.] 
 
 1. To possess ; to l^d in possession or power- 
 How many loaves have ye ? Matt. xv. 
 
 He that gathered much had nothing over. — Ex. jivi. 
 I have a Levite lo my priest. — Juuges xvii. 
 
 To have and to hold ; terms in a deed of convey- 
 ance. 
 
 2. To possess, as something thai is connected 
 with, or belongs to, one. 
 
 Have ye a father ? Have ye anotlier brother ? — Gen. xliii. 
 and xliv. 
 
 Sheep that have no shepherd. — 1 Kin^ xxii. 
 
 3. To marry ; to take for a wife or husband. 
 
 In the resurrection, whose wife shall she be of the seven i for 
 they all had her. — Malt. xxii. 
 
 4. To hold ; to regard. Tlius, to have in honor, 
 is, to hold in esteem ; to esteem ; to honor. 
 
 To have in derision or contempt ; to hold in derision 
 or contempt ; to deride ; to despise. 
 
 5. To maintain ; to hold in opinion. 
 
 Sometimes tliey will have Uiem to be the natumlheat; sometimes 
 they will have them to be the qualities of the taii^ble p;trts. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. To be urged by necessity or obligation ; to be 
 under necessity, or impelled by duty. I have to visit 
 twenty patients every day. We haue to strive 
 against temptations. We have to encounter strong- 
 prejudices. The nation Atw to pay Uie interest of an 
 immense debt. 
 
 7. To seize and hold ; to catch. The hound has 
 hiin. [The oriirinal, but now a vulgar use of the 
 word. ] 
 
 8. To contain. The work has many beauties and 
 many faults. 
 
 9. To gain ; to procure ; to receive ; to obtain ; to 
 purchase. I had this cloth very cheap. He has a 
 guinea a month. He has high wages for his services. 
 
 10. To bring forth, to produce, as a child. 
 Had rather, denotes wish or preference. 
 
 I liad rather be a door-keeper in the house of my God, than dwell 
 in llie teuls of wicketliiess. — Ps. Ixxxiv. 
 
 Is not this phrase a corruption of would rather 7 
 
 To have after j to pursue. [JVoi much used, nor ele- 
 gant.'] a Shak. 
 
 To have away i to remove ; to take away. Tusser. 
 
 To have at ; to encounter ; to assail ; as, to have at 
 him ; to have at you. [Len-itimate, but vulgar.] 
 
 To enter into competition with ; to make trial 
 with. Shak. 
 
 Have with you, is, have one with you ; let us go to- 
 gether. Shak. 
 
 To hai e in ; to contain. 
 
 To have on ; to wear ; to carry, as raiment or 
 weapons. 
 
 He saw a man who had not on a wedding garment. — M.ttl. 
 xxii. 
 
 fo have out ; to cause to depart. 2 Sam. xiii. 
 To have a carej to take cai'e ; to be on the guard, 
 or to guard. 
 
 To have pleasure ; to enjoy. 
 
 To have pain ; to sutfer. 
 
 To have sorrow ; to be gi'ieved or afflicted. 
 
 With would and should. 
 
 He would have ; he desires to have, or he reqtlires. 
 
 }le should have; he ought to have. 
 
 liut the various uses of have in such phrases, and 
 its uses as an auxiliary verb, are fully explained in 
 grammars. As an auxiliary, it assists in forming 
 the pi rfect tense ; as, I have formed, thou hast formed, 
 he hath or has formed, we lutoe formed ; and the 
 prior-past tense ; as, I had seen, thou hadst seen, he 
 had seen. 
 
 [" To have and to he. The distinction is marked 
 in a beautiful sentiment of a German poet — Hast 
 thou anything.' Share it with me, and I will pay 
 thee the worth of it. ./4rt thou any thing .' 0,then, 
 let lis exchange souls." 
 
 Dr. Soulhcy's Omniana, i. 237. — E. H. H.] 
 
 HAVE'LESS, (hav'less,) a. Having little or nothing. 
 [JVot in tise.] Gowcr. 
 
 Il.v'VKN, (ha'vn,) n. [Sax. hjrfan; D. haven; Dan. 
 havn; Fr. h&vre ; Arm. haffn : G. hnfcn; from haber, 
 a Gaulish word, signifying the mouth of a river, 
 says Lunier. liut in Welsh, /i«i> is summer, and 
 liavyn is a flat, extended, still place, ami a haven.] 
 
 1. .\ harbor ; a port ; a bay, recess, or inlet of the 
 sea, or the mouth of a river which allurtls good an- 
 chorage and a safe station for ships ; any place in 
 whii li shiiis can be sheltered by liie land from the 
 force of ttunpesls and a violent sea. 
 
 2. A shelter ; an asylum ; a place of safety. Shak. 
 II A'V/,'N-i;it, H. The overseer of a jiort; a harbor- 
 
 niasler. [j\'<( used.] Carcw. 
 ILWEll, H. One wlio has or possesses; a possessor ; 
 
 a holder, [l.illlr usej.] Shak. 
 HAV'l'Mt, n. [G. hnfrr ; D. haver; perhaps Ij, avena.] 
 Oats; a woril of local use in the north of Eng- 
 land ; as, hat^rrbrrud, oaten bread. Johnson. 
 IIA V'EH-SACK, 71. [ Fr. havrc-suc] 
 
 A soldier's knapsack. 
 HAVING, 7i;)r. [from /inoc] Possessing ; holding in 
 
 power or possession ; containing ; gaining ; receiv- 
 ing ; taking. 
 
 HAV''ING, n Possession ; goods ; estate. Shak. 
 
 2. The act or state of possessing. Sidney. 
 HaV'IOR, 71. Conduct ; manners. Spenser. 
 UAV'Oe, 71. [W. havo(r, a spreading about, waste, 
 devastation ; hacoiri, to commit waste, to devastiite ; 
 supposed to be from hav, a spreading. But qu. Ir. 
 arcach, havoc] 
 
 Waste ; devastation ; wide and general destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Ye gods ! what havoc does ambition make 
 
 Anion?; your works 1 Addison. 
 
 As lor Saul, he made havoc of the church. — Acts viii. 
 
 IIAA'^'Oe, II. t. To waste ; to destroy ; to lay waste 
 To waste and havoc yonder world. AfUton. 
 HAV'Oe, CTclam. [Sax. hafoc, a hawk.] 
 
 Originallij, a term of excitement in hunting, but 
 afterward, a war-cry and the signal for indiscriminate 
 slaughter. Toonc. 
 Do not cry havoc when you should bul hunt 
 With modest warrant. SJiak. 
 Vrj havoc! and k't slip the dogs of war. jS'/ioi. 
 
 HAW, Ji. [Sax. hag, hag, G. heck, D. haag, heg, Dan. 
 iiek, hrkke, a hedge.] 
 
 1. The berry anil seed of the hawthorn, that is, 
 hedge-thorn. Bacon. 
 
 2. [Sax. haga.] A small piece of ground adjoining 
 a house ; a small field ; property, an inclosed piece of 
 land, from hedge, like garden, which also signifies an 
 inclosure. [Dan. hauge, a g.arden.] 
 
 3. In farriery, an excrescence, resembling a gristle, 
 growing under the nether eyelid and eye of a horse. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. A dale. [06s.] Cliaucer. 
 .5. A hesitation or intermission of speech. 
 
 HAW, V. i. [Corrupted from hawk, or hack.] To stop, 
 in speaking, with a haw, or to speak with interrup- 
 tion and hesitation ; as, to hem and haw. 
 
 L^Estrange. 
 
 HAWFINCH, 71. A bird, a European species of gross- 
 beak. 
 
 HAW-HAW', 71. [Duplication of haw, a hedge.] A 
 fence or bank that inlerrujits an alley or walk, sunk 
 between slopes, and not perceived till approached. 
 [See Haha.] Chalmers. 
 
 HAWING, ppr. or 7i. Speaking witli a haw, or with 
 hesitation. 
 
 HAWK, 71. [Sa.^. hafoc ; D. havilc ; G. habicht ; Sw. 
 Itiik ; Dan. Iiog, Itoog ; W. hebog, named from hcb, 
 utterance.] 
 
 A name common to numerous species of birds, 
 nearly allied to the falcons, having a crooked beak 
 furnished with a cere at the base, a cloven tongue, 
 and the head thick set with feathers. Most of the 
 species are rapacious, feeding on birds or other small 
 animals. Hawks were formerly trained for sport or 
 catching small birds. 
 HAWK, 1!. i. To catch, or .attempt to catch, birds by 
 means of hawks trained for the purpose, and let loose 
 on the prey ; to practice falconry. 
 
 He that ha'cks at larks and span-ovvs. Locke. 
 A fdconer Henry is, when Kinni'i hateks. Prior. 
 
 2. To fly at ; to attack on the wing ; with at. 
 
 To hdicic at Hies. Dryilen. 
 
 HAWK, V. i. [W. ha(i; Scot, hawgh. Clu. dial. n>J, 
 and keck, and cough. See Class Gk, No. 5, 29, 3ii.] 
 
 To make an eflbrl to force up phlegm with noise ; 
 as, to hawk and spit. Shuk. Harveij. 
 
 To haiok up, transitively ; as, to hairk vp phlegm. 
 HAWK, 71. An effutt to force up phlegm from the 
 
 throat, accompanied with noise. 
 HAWK, r. (. [Qu. G. Aoc/ifH, to take on the bark; 
 hiicken, to higgle ; hocker, a huck.ster ; or the root of 
 L. auctio, auction, a sale by outcry. The rout of the 
 latter probably signified, to cry out.] 
 
 To cry ; to oft'er for sale by outcry in the strei t, or 
 to sell by outcry ; as, to hawk goods or pamphlets. 
 II.WVKE, n. .Among phuttercrs, a small board, with a 
 handle on the under side, to hold mortar. 
 
 Bnchanan. 
 
 IIAWK'KD, (hawkt,) pp. Ofiered for s.ale by outcry 
 in the street. 
 2. a. Crooked ; curving, like a hawk's bill. 
 
 IIAWK'ER, n. One who offers goods for sale by out- 
 cry in the street , a pi diller. Swijl. 
 
 2. A falconer. [.Siix. hafcrre.] 
 HAWK'-EV-A'D, ( ide,) a. Having a keen eye ; dis- 
 cerning. 
 
 H.\\VK' HEAD El), ( hed-cd,) a. Having a head like 
 that of a hawk. Dr. Warren. 
 
 HAWK'ING, ppr. Catching wild birils by hawks. 
 " 2. Making an elliirt to discharge plileuin. 
 
 3. OUVring for .sale in the street by outcry. 
 HAW K'INt;, n. The exercise of taking wild fowls 
 
 iiy means of hawks. 
 
 2. Making an ell'oit to discharge phlegm. 
 
 3. Ollering for sale in the streets bv outcry. 
 HAWK'-.MOTIl, 71. A very large moth, or biiMi rlly, 
 
 which moves from (lower to llower with great rapid- 
 it>' and a loud, humniiiig sound. 
 H.VWK'-NOsS-i'.'D, a. Having an aquiline nose. 
 
 Furrand. 
 
 FATE, FAB, Fftl-L, WH/IT. — AIETB, PIIBY. — PINE, MAKINE, BIIID. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 538 
 
IIAZ 
 
 HE A 
 
 HEA 
 
 IIAVVK'-WKEl), II. The vulgar name of several spo- 
 I cles of (iliints, (if ilie genera llieraciuni, Crcpia, lly- 
 I osffis, and .\nilrvala. 
 
 ! IIAWSIC, (haw7.,)' n. [See IUlser.] The situation 
 iif the ( allies before a vessel's stem, when moored 
 with two anchors from the bows, one on the star- 
 lioaril, Ihe other on the larboard bow ; ns, the sliij) 
 has a cieaf haicie, or a foul liiiiosc. A ftiul haic.ir, is 
 when the cables cross each other or are twisted to- 
 gether. JIar. Pict. 
 
 The word is also sometimes used to denote the lit- 
 tle distance ahead of the vessel ; as, to anchor in our 
 
 Il A\V?E'-lIf)I,I', 71. A cylindrical hole in the bow of 
 
 a ship, Ihrongii which n cable passes. 
 lIA\VSB'-I'If:(;E, n. One of the foremost timbers of 
 
 a shi|i, throu|;h which the hawse-hole is cut. 
 IIAWS'Iill, n. [See Halser.] A small cable ■, or a 
 
 large rope, in size between a cable and a tow-line. 
 
 Jllar. Diet. Encijc. 
 
 ItAWS'ES. See IIawse-IIole. 
 
 llXW'I'llORX, II. [Sax. hicg-thorrt. hedge-thorn j Svv. 
 hantvrn ; Dan. hagetorn i G. hagedorti ; D. Iiaage- 
 dourn. ] 
 
 A shrub or tree which bears the haw, of the genus 
 CmtU'gus ; the white-thorn. 'I'he hawthorn is mucli 
 used for hedges, and for standards in gardens. It 
 grows naturally in all parts of Europe. Kncijc. 
 HAVV'THOKN-1'LS, ii. An insect so called. 
 
 irattim. 
 
 ' UaX, n. [Sa.x. Ae^, Ai » ; G. Acu ; D. Aooi ; Dan. Abe ; 
 Sw. AS.] 
 
 Grass cut and dried for fodder ; grass prepared for 
 preservation. iMake Aai/ while the sun shim s. 
 
 7(1 daiicr the haij : to dance in a ring. i^uiiiie. 
 HaV, e. (. [G. Aeudi.] 
 
 To dry or cure gr.iss for preservation. 
 HAV, II. '[.Six. lurs.} 
 
 1. .\ hedge. rOfc.l Oinucrr. 
 
 2. A net which incloses tlie haunt of an animal. 
 
 Jlannrr. 
 
 HXY, r. t. To l.ay snares for rabbits. J/uluct. 
 
 H.W'-BOTE, 71. Iledge-bote. In Bin'/i.-A /aw, an al- 
 lowance of wood to a tenant for repairing hedges or 
 fences. Blacki^tane. 
 
 Ha VeOCK, n. A conical pile or heap of hay, in the 
 field. 
 
 IIaY'DKX-TTE, 71. A mineral resembling chabasite, 
 and perha|)s identical with it. It occurs near Italti- 
 
 . more, in piile, yellowish-brown crystals, where it was 
 discovered by Dr. Ilayden. 
 
 HaY'ING, 11. Haymaking ; the getting in of hay. 
 
 Bcanm. S^' Fl. 
 
 n.\Y'-K\TFE, (-nTfe,) ii. A sharp instrument used in 
 cutting hav out of a stack or mow. 
 
 H.A V'-LOl'T, 71. A loft or scallold for hay, particular- 
 ly in a Inrn. 
 
 H.\Y'M AK-EIl, It. One who cuts and dries grass for 
 fodder. 
 
 Ha Y'.M.^1\-I^'G, ti. The business of cutting grass and 
 
 curing it for lodder. 
 H.\Y' .MaK-KET, II. A place for the sale of hay. 
 IIaV'MOW, II. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a 
 barn fur preservation. 
 I H.aY'IUCK, 71. A rick of hay; usually, a long pile 
 I for preservation in the open air. 
 ]| H.^Y'ST.\t"K, 71. A stack or large conical pile of hay 
 in the open air, laid up for preservation. 
 llA V'-STAI,K, n. A stalk of hay. 
 HSY'TIIDIIN, II. Hawthorn. Scoff. 
 Ha Y'W.MU), 71. [Er. Auic, hedge, and ward, hedge- 
 ward.] 
 
 A person formerly appointed to guard the hedges, 
 and hence to keep ciltle from doing them injury. In 
 J^ftB Kngland, the haiprard is a town officer, whose 
 duty is to iin[H>nnd cattle, and particularly swine, 
 which are found running at large in the highways, 
 contrary' to law. 
 HAZ'ARI), 71. [Fr. A<i-<(irrf ; probably from the root of 
 I L. c^vjiN, a fill, and nn/, the common termination. 
 But qii. the word in Italian is aziardo.] 
 
 1. Chance ; accident ; casualty ; a fortuitous event ; 
 that which falls or conies suddenly or unexpectedly, 
 the cause of which is unknown, or whose operation 
 is unforeseen or unexpected. 
 
 1 wilt iliikI Uie hazard of the die. SHiak. 
 
 2. Danger ; peril ; risk. He encountered the enemy 
 at the kaxard of his reputation and life. 
 
 Mi'n «p. 1«1 on from on' ttijc of life lo nnollier, iu n condition 
 d Uv imiKttl hazard, Hogert. 
 
 3. .\ game at dice. Sieift. 
 To run Ute hazard: to risk ; to take the chance ; to 
 
 do or neglect to do something, when the conse- 
 quences arc not foreseen, and not within the pow- 
 ers of calculation. 
 H A7,' A R D, r. f. ( Fr. hofardrr. ] 
 
 1. To expose to chance ; to put in danger of loss 
 or injury- ; to venture ; to risk ; :is, to hazard life to 
 save a friend ; to hazard an estate on the throw of a 
 die ; Ut hazard salvation fur temporal pleasure. 
 
 Men Aannf nothing by a coune of cTangvtical obf^lirnf. 
 
 J. Clarkt. 
 
 — 
 
 2. To venture to incur, or bring on ; as, to Itaiard 
 the loss of reputation. 
 H.\/.'AIU), r. i. To try the chance ; to adventure ; to 
 run the risk or danger. 
 
 Pause u d;iy or two before yeu hazard. ShaJc. 
 
 IIAZ'ARD-A-m.E, a. That is liable to hazard or 
 chance. Brown. 
 
 HA/'ARD-ED, pp. I'M at risk or in danger; ven- 
 tured. 
 
 IIAZ'ARD ER, II. One who ventures or puts at stake. 
 H.\Z'ARI)-I.\(;, ppr. Exposing to danger or jieril ; 
 
 venturing to bring on. 
 HAZ'ARD-OCS, a. Dangerous; that exposes to peril 
 
 or danger of loss or evil ; as, a haiardaiLs attempt or 
 
 experiment. 
 
 HAZ'ARD OUS-LY, mh. With danger of loss or evil ; 
 with peril. 
 
 IIAZ'ARD-OUS-NESS, n. State of being attended 
 
 with danger. 
 IIAZ'ARD-RV, 71. Rashness, temerity. [OAs.] 
 
 Spptucr. 
 
 9. Gaming in gener.d. [0/w.] C/iaurcr. 
 
 H.aZIC, 71. [The primary sense of this word is proba- 
 bly, to mix, or to turn, stir, and make thick.} 
 
 Vapor which renders the air thick, but not as 
 damp as in foggy weather. 
 
 II.\ZE, V. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze, [jf lo- 
 cal word.J Ray. 
 
 HAZE, r. f. [See Ha3e.] To urge, drive, harass, es- 
 pecially with labor ; itsciZ among sailors. 
 
 n. ir. Dana, .Jr. 
 
 II.\'Zf;L, (ha'zl,) 71. [Sax. Atf.-r!, a hat, oi cap ; lursl, 
 hazel; ha-M-nittu, hazel-nut; G. ha.'.el ; 1). hazrlaar ; 
 Dan. Iiasscl, hiuseln'Od; Sw. hasstl. By Ihe Saxoii, 
 it a|ipears th.at the word signifies a cap, and the name 
 of the nut, a cap-niit.] 
 
 A shrub, of the genus Corj liis, bearing a nut con- 
 taining a kernel of a mild f.irinaceous taste. Knnic. 
 
 Ha'ZKI., (hi'zl,)a. I'erlaining to the hazel, or like it ; 
 of a light-brown color, like the ha/.el-nnt. 
 
 U.\'7.ELr-R.\RTIl, (hi'zl-erth,) ii. A kind of red loam. 
 
 Ha'ZKL-NUT, n. The nut <ir fruit of tlie hazel. 
 
 H.A'ZKL-LY, a. Of the color of the hazel-nut ; of a 
 light brown. Mortimer. Eneije. 
 
 Ha'ZI NESS, n. The state of being hazy. 
 
 HA'ZY, a. [See Haze.] 'J'hick with vapor, but not 
 as damp as in foggy weather ; as, Aaij/ weather ; the 
 hazy north. Thomson. Totten. 
 
 HE, pronoun of the third person ; noni. he ; poss. Am ; 
 obj. Aim. [.Sax. m;is. Ac ; fein. heo ; neut. Ait, now 
 contracted to it, L. id, for hid. It seems to be a con- 
 tracted word, for the L. is hie, and the Saxon acciis.a- 
 tive is sometimes hig. In English it has no plural, 
 but it has in Sa.xon Ai, thnj.] 
 
 1. A pronoun, a substitute for the third person, 
 masculine gender, representing the man or male per- 
 son named before. 
 
 TUy desire •hull lie to thy hiubnnd, and h« almll rule OTcr Ihee. 
 — Oen. iii. 
 
 Thou slvdt fear Jehovah thy God ; him ihalt thou serve. — 
 Dcuu I. 
 
 2. It often has reference to a person th.it is named 
 in the subsecpient part of the sentence. He is the man. 
 
 3. He is often used without reference to any par- 
 ticular [lerson, and may be referred to any person in- 
 definitely that answers the description. It is then 
 synonymous with any man. 
 
 Ht thai u-alkelh with wise men ihall be wije. — PrOT. xiii. 
 
 4. He, when a substitute for man, in its general 
 sense, expressing mankind, is of common gender, rep- 
 resenting, like its antecedent, the whole human race. 
 
 My spirit shall not always stnvc wilh iitan, for Uial /le also is 
 rfcsli. — ticn. vi. 
 
 5. Man ; a male. 
 
 1 stnnil to answer thee, or .any he the proudest of thy sort. ShaJc. 
 
 In this use of he, in the ludicrous style, the word 
 has no variation of case. In the foregoing sentence, 
 Ae is in the objective case, or position, and the word 
 is to be considered as a noun. 
 
 fi. He is sometimes prefixed to the names of ani- 
 mals to designate the male kind ; as, a he-goat, a Ac- 
 bear. In such cases, Ac is to be considered as an ad- 
 jective, or the two words as forming a compound. 
 H E A 1), (bed,) n. [Sax. heafod, hrfrd, hrafd ; D. hoofd ; 
 Dan. hnred ; Sw. hufcud ; G. Aniipl. This word is a 
 participle of the Sax. heafan, hrfan, to heave, pret. hof, 
 hove ; G. ArArn, hob, &c. Heafod, heaved, the ele- 
 vated part, the top. Cl.xss Gli.] 
 
 1. The uppermost part of the human body, or the 
 fori'most part of the body of prone and creejiing an- 
 imals. This part of the human body contains the 
 organs of hearing, seeing, tasting, and smelling; it 
 contains also the brain, which is supjioscd to be the 
 seat of the intellectual powers, and of sensation. 
 Hence the head is the chief or most important part, 
 and is used for the whole person, in the phrase, Let 
 Uie evil fall on my head. 
 
 2. An anim.al ; an individual ; ai, the tax was 
 raised by a certain rate per heaii. And we use the 
 singular number to express many. The herd con- 
 tains twenty head of oxen. 
 
 Tlurty thousand head of swine. Adiiiton. 
 
 3. .\ chief ; a principal person : n leader ; a coin- 
 inandrr , one wIki has the first rank or place, and to 
 \\'li()iii olhcrs are suliordiiiate ; as, the head of an ar- 
 my ; lliit hriid of a sect or parly. F.ph. v. 
 
 4. The first place ; the place of hoiKir, or of coin- 
 Iiiaud. The lord mayor sat at the head of the table. 
 Till? general marched at the Aruri of his troops. 
 
 .V Coiiiiti'iiance ; presence; in the phrases, to hide 
 tlK' hrail, to show the head. 
 
 (!. riiderslanding ; faculties of the mind; soine- 
 titiii'S iu a ludicrous sense ; as, a inaii h.is a good 
 head, or a strong head. The.se men laid their Acuiw 
 togi tlii r to fiiriii the scheme. Never trouble your 
 head about this afi'air. So wc .»ay, to beat the Aea..' ; 
 to break the head: that is, to stiiily hard, to exercise 
 the uudcrsttitiding or mciit.-il faculties. 
 
 7. Face ; front ; fore part. 
 
 The mvifthers lurii hetvl, the fl^lil n;news. \Unutaal.\ Dry'len. 
 
 8. Resistance ; successful opposition ; in the phrase, 
 to riiuAc head against ; that is, to .advance, or resist 
 with success. 
 
 9. S|Miiitaneoiis will or residntion ; in the phrases, 
 of his men head, on their own head. Hut of is more 
 usual than on. 
 
 ID. State of a deer's horns by which his age is 
 known. The buck is called, the fiftli year, a buck of 
 the first head. Shak. 
 
 11. 'I'lie top of a tiling, especially when larger 
 than the rest of the thing ; ns, the head of a sprar ; 
 the head of a cabbage ; the head of a nail ; the head 
 of a mast. 
 
 12. The fore part of a thing, ns the Ararf of a ship, 
 which incliiiles the bows on both sides; also, the or- 
 namental figure or image erected on or before the 
 stem of a ship. Encye. 
 
 13. The blade or cutting part of an ax, distinct 
 from the lielve. 
 
 I I. A rounded mass of foam which rises on a pot 
 of beer, &.c. .Mortimer. 
 IC). The upper part of a beil or bedstead. 
 IG. The brain. 
 
 They turn their heads lo imitate the sun. Poji*. 
 
 17. The dress of the head ; as, a laccil Aca</. [ Un- 
 usual.] Sinift. 
 
 18. The principal source of a stream ; as, the head 
 of the Nile. 
 
 19. Altitude of water in ponds, as applicable to 
 the driving of inill-wlieels. The mill hits a good 
 A((/</ of water. 
 
 20. Topic of discourse ; chief point or subject ; a 
 summary ; as, the Aca</.< of a discourse or treatise. 
 
 21. Crisis ; pitch ; hight. The disease has grown 
 to such a lieeid as to threaten life. 
 
 22. Inrtuence ; force; strength; pitch. The sedi- 
 tion got to such a head as not to be easily qui lled. 
 
 23. Body ; conrttix. [Obs.] Shuk. Spenser. 
 
 24. Power ; armed force. 
 
 My lorxl, my lord, the French have gatliered head. ShaJ:. 
 
 25. Liberty ; freedom from restraint ; as, to give 
 a horse the head. Hence, 
 
 2fi. License ; freedom from check, control, or re- 
 straint. Children should not have their heads. 
 He hat too lon^ given hia unruly pajsions the head. South. 
 
 27. The hair of the head ; as, a head of hair. 
 
 28. The top of com or other plant ; the part on 
 which the seed grows. 
 
 29. The end, or the boards that form the end ; as, 
 the head of a cask. 
 
 30. The part most remote from the mouth or open 
 ing into the sea ; as, the Acoti of a bay, gulf, or 
 creek. 
 
 31. The maturated part of an ulcer or boil ; hence, 
 to enme to a head, is to suppurate. 
 
 J lead ana ears; a phrase denoting the whole per- 
 son, especially when referring to immersion. He 
 plunged head and ears into the water. He w.as Aea<i 
 and ears in debt, that is, completely overwhelmed. 
 
 Head and shoulders ; by force ; violently ; as, to 
 drag one head and shoulders. 
 
 They bring in evciy figure of apeech, htad and ghouldert. 
 
 Head err tail, or neither head nor tail ; a phrase de- 
 noting uncertainly ; not reducililelo certainty. Burke, 
 
 Head, as an adj. or in com|iosition, chief ; princi- 
 pal ; as, a head workman. 
 
 By the head, in seamen^s language, denotes the 
 state of a ship laden too deeply at the fore-end. 
 HEAD, (bed,) r. f. To lead ; to direct ; to act as lead- 
 er to ; as, to head an army ; to head an expedition ; to 
 head a riot. 
 
 2. To behead ; to decapitate. [Umuiual.] Shak. 
 
 3. To form a head to ; to fit or furnish with a I'eail ; 
 as, to head a nail. 
 
 4. To cut off the head ; to lop ; as, to head trees. 
 
 5. To go in front of; to get into the front in order 
 to stop ; as, to head a drove of cattle. Hi nee, figu- 
 ralinely, to head a person, is to check or restrain him. 
 
 (i. To si^t on the head ; as, to head a cask. 
 7. To oppose ; to veer round, and blow in opposi- 
 tion to the course of a ship ; ns, the wind heaiU us. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K j G aa J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 HEAD, (lied,) v. i. To originate ; to spring ; to have 
 us source, as a river. 
 
 A broad river, that heads in the ^reat Elue Ridge of moiinl-'iinB. 
 
 Admr. 
 
 ^, To be directed ; as, how does the ship head ? 
 3. To form a head ; as, llie cabbages head early. 
 HEAD'ACHE, (hed'ake,) n. Pain in tlie liead. 
 HEAD'BAND, (hed'band,) n. A fillet; a band for 
 the head ; also, the band at each end of a book. 
 Is. iii. 
 
 IIEAD'BOR-OUGH, (hed'bur ro,) n. In England, for- 
 merly, the chief of a frank ple<lgc, tithing, or decen- 
 narj', consisting of ten families ; called, in some 
 counties, bors-holder, that is, boroutrk^s eldfr, and 
 sometimes tithingman. Blackstone. 
 
 HEAD'-DRESS, (hed'dress,) 71. The dress of the 
 head ; the covering or ornaments of a woman's head. 
 
 Pu-pe. Jiddison. 
 
 2. The crest or tuft of feathers on a fowl's head. 
 
 MddUon. 
 
 HEAD'ED, (hed'ed,) pp. Led : directed ; furnished 
 with a head ; having a top. This is used in compo- 
 sition as an adjective ; as, c\c7ix -headed, \ong-hcadcd, 
 thick-headed, &c. 
 
 HEAD'ER, (hed'er,) n. One who heads nails or pins. 
 
 2. One who leads a mob or party. 
 
 3. A brick or stone laid with its shorter face or 
 head in the surface of the wall. Owilt. 
 
 HE.-VD'FASTi, (hedTi.st',) n. A rope at the head of a 
 ship to fasten it to a wharf or other fixed object. 
 
 Totlcn. 
 
 HEAD'-FinST', (hcd'furst',) adc. With the head 
 foremost. 
 
 HEAD'-GAR-GLE, (hed'gar-gl,) n. A disease of cat- 
 tle. Jilurtimer. 
 
 HE.\D'-GeAR, (hed'geer,) n. Covering or ornament 
 of the head. Burion. 
 
 HEAD'I-LY, (hed'e-ly,) adv. Rashly ; hastily. 
 
 HEAD'I-NESS, (hed'e-ness,) n. [See Heady.] Rash- 
 ness ; precipitation ; a disposition to rush forward 
 without due deliberation or prudence. Spenser. 
 2. Stubbornness ; obstinacy. 
 
 HEAD'ING, (hed'ing,) n. Tliat which stands at the 
 head ; title ; as, the heading- of a paper. 
 2. .Materials for the heads of casks. 
 
 IIE.\n'L.\ND, (hed'land,) n. A cape ; a promontory ; 
 a point of land [irojecting from the shore into the sea, 
 or other expanse of water. 
 
 2. A ridge or strip of uiiplowed land at the ends 
 of furrows, or near a fence. 
 
 IIEAU'LESS, (hed'less,) a. Having no head ; behead- 
 ed ; as, a headless body, neck, or carcase. Spenser. 
 
 2. Destitute of a chief or le.ader. Ralegh. 
 
 3. Destitute of understanding or prudence ; rash ; 
 obstinate. Spenser. 
 
 HEAD'LOXG, (hed'long,) ailv. With the head fore- 
 most ; as, to fall headlong. Vrijden. 
 
 2. Rashly ; precipitately ; without deliberation. 
 
 He hurries headlong to his fate. Dryden, 
 
 3. Hastily ; without delay or respite. 
 HEAD'LONG, (hed'long,) a. Steep ; precipitous. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Rash ; precipitate ; as, headlong folly. 
 
 nEAD'-I,UG-G£D, a. Dragged by the head. Shale. 
 
 HEAD'-MAIN, n. The main ditch by which water is 
 drawn from a river, &c., for irrigation, to be distrib- 
 uted through smaller channels. Loudon. 
 
 HEAD'-MAN, (hed'man,) n. A chief; a leader. 
 
 HEAD'MoLD-SnOT, n. A disease in children, in 
 which the sutures of the skull, usually the coronal, 
 ride, that is, when their edges shoot over one anoth- 
 er, and arc so close locked as to compress the brain, 
 often occasioning convulsions and death. Enajc. 
 
 HEAD'-MO^'-EY, (lied'mun-ny,) n. A capitation-tax. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UEAD'MoST, (hed'most,) a. Most advanced ; most 
 forward ; first in a line or order of progression ; as, 
 the headmost ship in a fleet. 
 
 HEAD'-l'AN, (hed'pan,) n. The brain-pan. [^Vot in 
 v.ie.] 
 
 HEAD'-PENCE, (hed'pens,) n. A poll-tax. [05.9.] 
 HEAD'-PIkCE, (hed'pCse,) 71. Armor for the head ; a 
 helmet ; a UKirion. Si/tnejf. Dryden. 
 
 2. Understanding; force of mind. [J^ot co7nnion.1 
 
 Pridcaxiz. 
 
 HEAD'-QUART'ERS, n. pi. The quarters or place 
 of residenctf of iho commander-in-cliief of an army. 
 
 2. Tlie residence of any chief, or place from which 
 orders are issued. 
 
 IIEAD'-UOPE, fhed'rSpe,) n. That part of a holt-rope 
 which is sewed to the upper edge or head of the prin- 
 cipal sails. Tutten. 
 
 HEAD'-.SaIL, (hed'siile,) 71. The general name for all 
 those Hails of a vessel which are set forward of the 
 foremaxt. Tallen. 
 
 HI;AI)'-.'!kA, (lied'Kce,) 71. Waves that meet the head 
 of n ship, or roll againnt her course. ToUen. 
 
 HEAD'-HJIAKE, (hed'Hhike,) 71. A signincant shake 
 iif the head. Shak. 
 
 IIEAU'HIIIP, (hcd'ship,) 71. Authority ; chief place. 
 
 llate^. 
 
 ii EADR'.M A.N, (hcdz'man,) 71. One that cuts off heads ; 
 an cxvcutiuncr. [ Unumuil.] Dryden. 
 
 HEAD'SPRING, (hed'spring,) n. Fountain ; source ; 
 origin. 
 
 HEAD'STALL, (hed'stawl,) 71. That part of a bridle 
 
 which encoii'ipasses the head. 
 HE.AD'-SToNE, (hed'stone,) 71. The principal stone 
 in a foundation ; the chief or corner stone. Psalms. 
 2. The stone at the head of a grave. 
 HEAD'STRONG, (hed'strong,) a. Violent ; obstinate ; 
 ungovernable ; resolute to run his own way ; bent on 
 pursuing his own will ; not easily restrained. 
 
 Now let the headstrong boy ray will control. Dryden. 
 2. Directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding 
 from obstinacy ; as, a hcadstronrr cotirse. Dryden. 
 HEAD'STRONG-NESS, 71. Obstinacy. [JVo« in use.] 
 
 Oayton. 
 
 HEAD'-TIRE, (hed'tire,) 71. Dress or attire for the 
 head. 1 Esdras iii. 
 
 HEAD'WAY, (licd'wa,) 7!. The motion of an advanc- 
 ing ship. A ship makes headway, when she ad- 
 vances, as from a state of rest. 
 
 HEAD'-WIND, (hed'wind,) n. A wind th.at blows in 
 a direction opposite to the ship's course. 
 
 HEAD'-WORK, 7t. Mental or intellectual labor. 
 2. An ornament for the key-stone of an arch. 
 
 Gwill. 
 
 HEAD'-WORK'MAN, 71. The chief workman of a 
 
 party ; a foreman in a manufactory. Swift. 
 HEAD'Y, (hed'y,) a. [See Head.] Ra.sh ; hasty ; pre- 
 cipitate ; violent ; disposed to rush forward in an en- 
 terprise without thought or deliberation ; hurried on 
 by will or passion ; ungovernable. 
 
 All the talent required, is to be heady, to be violent on one aide 
 or the other. Temple. 
 
 2. Apt to affect the head ; inflaming ; intoxicating ; 
 strong ; as, spirituous liquors. Champagne is a heady 
 wine. 
 
 3. Violent ; impetuous ; as, a heady current. [JVot 
 7f5ifa?.] Shak. 
 
 HeAL, v. t. [Sax. halan, helan, gehelan, to heal, and 
 to conceal, L, celo ; Goth, hailyan, to heal ; G. heilen ; 
 D. heelen ; Svv. hela ; Dan. heeler ; from hal, heil, heel, 
 hd, whole, sound, allied to hold and holy. Heb. '73, 
 'j'jD, Ch. n'73, to be whole or entire, all. The prima- 
 ry sense of the root is, to press, strain, extend ; hence, 
 to hold, to shut, inclose, conceal, to embrace the whole. 
 To heal is to make whale, hale, sound, and to conceal 
 is to hold, or keep close.] 
 
 1. To cure of a disease or wound, and restore to 
 soundness, or to that state of body in which the nat- 
 ural functions are regularly performed ; as, to heal 
 the sick. 
 
 Speak, and my servant shall be healed. — Matt. viii. 
 
 2. To cure; to remove or subdue ; as, to heal a dis- 
 ease. 
 
 3. To cause to cicatrize ; as, to heal a sore or 
 wound. 
 
 4. To restore to soundness ; as, to heal a wounded 
 limb. 
 
 5. To restore purity to ; to remove feculence or for- 
 eign matter. 
 
 Thus saith tlie Lord, I have healed these waters. — 2 Kin^ ii. 
 
 6. To remove, as differences or dissension ; to rec- 
 oncile, as parties at variance ; as, to Iteal a breach or 
 difference. 
 
 7. In Scripture, to forgive ; to cure moral disease, 
 and restore sountlness. 
 
 I will heal their backsliding. — Hoi. xiv. 
 
 8. To purify from corruptions, redress grievances, 
 and restore to prosperity. Jer, xiv. 
 
 9. To cover, as a roof with tiles, shite, lead, &c. 
 [^Sax. helan.] Eneyc. 
 
 HuAL, 7). t. To grow sound; to return to a sound 
 state ; as, the limb heals, or the wound heals ; some- 
 times with up or over; it will heal up or over. 
 
 HkAIj'A BLE, a. That may be healed. Sherwood. 
 
 Hf;ALDS,7i. pi. The harness for guiding the wariv- 
 Uireads in a loom. Ure. 
 
 Hi",AL'^;D, pp. Restored to a sound state. 
 
 HeAL'ER, 71. He or that which cures, or restores to 
 soundness. 
 
 HliAL'lNG, ppr. Curing ; restoring to a sound state. 
 2. a. Tending to cure ; mild ; imdiifying. 
 
 HeAI/ING, 71. The act or process by which a cure is 
 effected. 
 2. The act of covering. [04.?.] 
 
 HkAI/ING-I.Y, adv. So as to cure. 
 
 HEAI/ril, (hflih,) 71. [from a™;.] That state of an 
 animal or living body, in which the parts are sound, 
 wi ll organized and disposed, and in which they all 
 perform freely thiiir natural functions. In this state, 
 tin: animal feels no pain. ThiK word is also adai>teil 
 to plants. 
 
 Tlionf^h health may Iw en)oyed without rratilude, It can not be 
 ■jlortcd with without Iobs, or regained by coiirij^e. 
 
 Biidtfiiimtcr. 
 
 2. Sound stale of the mind ; natural vigor of fac- 
 ulties. Bacon. 
 
 3. Hound state of the mind, in a moral sense i puri- 
 ty ; gootliiess. 
 
 Th'-n- bi no health In ns. Common Prayer. 
 
 4. Salvation or divine favor, or grace which cheers 
 God's peojile. Ps. xliii. 
 
 5. Wish of health and happiness ; used in drinking. 
 " Come love and health to all ; " an elliptical phrase, 
 for, I wish health to you. 
 HEALTH'FIJL, (helth'ful,) a. Being in a sound state, 
 as a living or organized being ; having the parts or 
 organs entire, and their functions in a free, active, 
 and undisturbed operation ; free from disease. We 
 speak of a healthful body, a healthful person, a health- 
 fid plant. 
 
 2. Serving to promote health ; wholesome ; salu- 
 brious ; as, a healthful air or climate ; a healthful 
 diet. 
 
 3. Indicating health or soundness ; as, a healtltful 
 condition. 
 
 4. Salutary ; promoting spiritual health. 
 
 Common Prayer. 
 
 5. Well-disposed ; favorable. 
 
 A healthful ear to hear. \Unusufil.\ Shak. 
 
 HEALTH'FyE-LY, ade. In health ; wholesomely. 
 
 HEALTH'fRl-NESS, 71. A state of being well ; a 
 state in which the parts of a living body are sound, 
 and regularly perform their functions. 
 
 2. Wholcsomeness ; salubrity ; state or qualities 
 that promote health ; as, the hcnltlifulness of the air, 
 or of climate, or of diet, or of exercises. 
 
 HEALTH'I-LY, arfo. [See Health.] Without disease. 
 
 HEALTH'I-NESS, 7!. The state of health; sound- 
 ness ; freedom from disease ; as, the healthiness of an 
 animal or plant. 
 
 HEALTIIT^ESS, (heltli-,) a. Infinn ; sickly. 
 
 2. Not conducive to health. [Little nseil.] Taylor. 
 
 HEALTH'EESS-NESS, n. State of being healthless. 
 
 HEALTH'SO.ME, (hclth'sum,) a. Wholesome. Shak. 
 
 HEALTH'Y, a. Being in a sound state; enjoying 
 health ; hale ; sound ; as, a healthy body or consti- 
 tution. 
 
 2. Conducive to health ; wholesome ; salubrious ; 
 as, a healthy exercise ; a healthy climate ; healthy rec- 
 reations. Locke. 
 
 HeAM, 71. In beasts, the same as after-birth in 
 women. Johnson. 
 
 Heap, 71. [Sax. heap, heap ; D. hoop ; G. haufe ; Sw. 
 hop ; Dan. hob ; Riiss. kupa ; W. cub, a heap, what is 
 put together, a bundle, a cube. See Class Uh, No. 1, 
 2, 3, 4, 5.] 
 
 1. A pile or mass ; a collection of things laid in a 
 body, so as to form an elevation ; as, a heap of earth 
 or stones. 
 
 Huge heaps of slain around the body rise. Dryden. 
 
 2. A crowd ; a throng ; a cluster; applied to living 
 persons. 
 
 [Inelegant, and not in use.] Bacon. Dryden. 
 J. A mass of ruins. 
 
 Thou h;ist m.ade of a city a heap. — Is. xxv. 
 Heap, v. t. [Sax. hcapian; Sw. hopa; G. hdxifcn; D. 
 hoopen.] 
 
 1. To throw or lay in a heap ; to pile ; as, to heai) 
 stones ; often with up ; as, to heap up earth ; or with 
 071 ; as, to heap on wood or coal. 
 
 2. To amass ; to accumulate ; to lay up; to collect 
 in great quantity ; with up ; as, to heap up treasures. 
 
 Though the wicked heap up silver as the dust. — Job xxvii. 
 
 3. To add something else, in large quantities. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. To pile ; to add till the mass takes a roundish 
 form, or till it rises above the measure ; as, to heap 
 any thing in measuring. 
 
 HeAP'£D, (heept,) ji;;. Piled ; amassed ; accumu- 
 lated. 
 
 HeAP'ER t. One who heaps, piles, or amasses. 
 HicAP'ING, ppr. Piling; collecting into a mass. 
 HeAP'Y, a. Lying in heaps ; as, heapy rubbish. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 He.\R, v. t. : pret. and pp. Heard, but more correctly 
 Heared. [S;\x. hcoran, hyran : G.hdren; V. hooren ; 
 Dan. luirrr ; Sw. hiira. It seems to be from car, L. 
 aiin's, or from the same root. So L. audio seems to be 
 connected with Gr. ons. The sense is probably, to lend 
 the ear, to turn or incline the ear, and car is probably 
 a shoot or extremity.] 
 
 1. To perceive by the car ; to feel an impression of 
 sound by the proper organs ; as, to hear sound ; to 
 hear a voice ; to heur words. 
 
 2. To give audience or allowance to speak. 
 
 He sent for Paul and heard him concerning the f;uUi in Clirisl. — 
 Acts xxiv. 
 
 3. To attend ; to listen ; to obey. 
 
 To-day, if )C will Aear his voice, hardiui imt your h'-art. — Pa. 
 xcv. 
 
 4. To attend favorably ; to regard. 
 
 Thev think they shall be heard for their much six-ukin^. — 
 'Mutt. »i. 
 
 5. To grant an answer to prayer. 
 
 I love tlie I-onl, U'cause Ir' hatll heard my voice. — P». cxvi. 
 
 n. To attend to the farts, evidence, and arguments, 
 in a cause between parlies ; to try in a court of law 
 or equity. The cause was heard and determined nl 
 the last term ; or, it ivns heard at the last term, and 
 will he deterinincil at the next. So 2 Sara. xv. 
 
 7. To acknowledge a title ; a Latin phrase. 
 
 Ilnlr'st thou «uliuii«»ive, but a lowly birth. Prior. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.- PINE, MARtNK, niRD.-NOTK, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 
 
 540 
 
HE A 
 
 8. To be ft lioiiror of ; lo sit under the preaching of ; 
 as, what minister do you licarl [Jl culloquial use of 
 the witrtt.] 
 
 9. To learn. 
 
 I snc.ik to itie wurlil Ihosc (hiiiga wliicli I have heard of liim. — 
 Joliii v.a. 
 
 10. To api)rove and embrace. 
 
 Tliry diicnk of Uio worM, niid Ihe world hearelh them. — 1 
 Joliii iv. 
 
 To hear a bird ainff ; to receive private communica- 
 tion. Shak. 
 IllcAK, p. i. To enjoy the sense or facnlty of perceiv- 
 ing sonnd. He Is deaf, he can not Afor. 
 
 2. To listen ; to hearken ; to attend. He hears 
 with solicitude. 
 
 3. To be told ; to receive by report. 
 
 1 hear th'Te nre tlivi»!Oii* among you, niid I partly believe it. — 
 1 Cor. il. 
 
 IIKARD, (herd,) prcL and pp. of IIkar. Perceived by 
 llie ear. 
 
 IIkAR'ER, n. One who hears; one who attends to 
 what is orally delivered by another ; an auditor ; one 
 of an audience. 
 
 IlE.AK'liNG, ppr. Perceiving by the ear, as sound. 
 
 2. Listening to ; attending lo; obeying; observing 
 Avhat is commanded. 
 
 3. Attending to witnesses or advocates in a judi- 
 cial trial ; trying. 
 
 Hk.XK'ING, «. The faculty or sense by which sound 
 is perceived. 
 
 2. Aiulicnce ; attention to what is delivered ; op- 
 portunity to be heard. 1 waited on the minister, but 
 could not obtain a hearing: 
 
 3. Judicial trial ; attention to the facts, testimony, 
 and arguments, in a cause between parties, with a 
 view to a just decision. 
 
 4. The act of perceiving sound ; sensation or per- 
 ception of sound. 
 
 1 hiive lieivnl of ihi'c by thr hearing of the car. — Job xtii. 
 And to ilK' otiicni Iw wid in my hearing. — Kzck. ix. 
 
 5. Reach of the ear ; extent within which sound 
 may be heard. He was not within hcarinir. 
 
 HE.\ ilK'f.W, (hirk'n,) v. i. [Sa.v. hcorcnian, hyrcnian ; 
 G. horchen.] 
 
 1. To listen ; to lend the ear ; to attend to what is 
 uttered, with eagerness or curiosity. 
 
 The furies hearken^ and their snakes uncurl. Dryden. 
 
 . 2. To attend ; to regard ; to give heed to what is 
 uttered ; to observe or obey. 
 
 Hearken. O Urtrl. lo the statutes and tlie Judgments which I 
 leach you. — Dent, iv, 
 
 3. To listen ; to attend ; to grant or comply with. 
 Hearken thou lo the supplication of thy servant. — I Kings viii. 
 
 HEXRK'K.V, (hirk'n,) v.-u To hear by listening. 
 
 [hitlte u.ird.] 
 
 HK.\KK'K.\->:D, (hurk'nd,) pp. Heard by listening. 
 UEAKK'A'.\'-ER, (hUrk'n-cr,) n. A listener; one who 
 hearkens. 
 
 HEX KK'£X-I.\G, (hirk'n-ing,) ppr. Listening; at- 
 tending ; observing. 
 
 HEAR'S.\L, for Reheabsau [Ant in itsc] Spenser. 
 
 HkAR'SAY, n. [hear and saij.] ReiM)rt ; rumor; 
 fame ; common talk. He aHinns without any au- 
 thority except hearsay : the account we have depends 
 on hearsay. It is sometimes used as an adjective ; as, 
 hearsay evidence. 
 
 HE.\Rf-E, (herse,) n. [See Herse.] A temporary 
 monument set over a grave. [06«.] Sluik. 
 
 2. .\n ornamented car in which the bodies of the 
 great were carried lo the cemetery. [0A.<.] Hence, 
 
 3. A carriage for conveying the dead to the grave, 
 [See Herse.] 
 
 4. A hind in the second year of her age. Enryc 
 HEARSE, (herse,) v. L To inclose in a hearse; to 
 
 bury. Shak, 
 HEARSE'-CLOTH, (herse'kloth,) n. A pall ; a cloth 
 
 to cover a hearse. Sanderson, 
 HEARSE'-LIKE, (hcrsc'like,) a. Suitable to a funeral 
 HEXRT,fhilrt,) n. [Sax. A«rt ; G. Arri ; U. hart : Sw. 
 hierta: Dan.Aierte; Gr. xaoSia : Sans. Arrrfa, I know 
 not the primary sense, nor whether it is from the root 
 of Kiap, L. cor, cordis, and allied to Eng. core, or 
 named from motion, pulsation.] 
 
 1. A muscul.ir viscus, which is the primary organ 
 of th'" bl(K>dN motion in an animal body, situated in 
 the thorax. From this organ all the arti ries arise, 
 and in it all the veins terminate, lly its alternate 
 dilatation and contniction, the blood is received from 
 the Veins, and returned through the arteries, by 
 whirh means the circulation is carried on, and life 
 preserved. 
 
 2. The inner part of any thing ; the middle part or 
 interior ; as, the heart of a coiintrv, kingdom, or em^ 
 pire ; the heart of a town ; the heart of a tree. 
 
 3. That which has the shape or form of a heart 
 
 4. The chief part ; the vital part ; the vigorous or 
 ctlirarious part. Bacon. 
 
 5. The seat of the aflections and passions, as of 
 love, joy, gri€'f, enmity, courage, pleasure, &c. 
 
 The heart is deceitful above all Ihincs. Every im 
 agination of the Uioughts of the heart is evil contin 
 
 HEA 
 
 ually. We read of an honest and good heart, and an 
 evil heart of unbelief, a willing heart, a In avy hmrl, 
 sorrow of heart, a hard heart, a proud heart, a pure 
 heart. The heart faints in adversity, or under dis- 
 couragement, that is, courage fails ; the heart is de- 
 ceived, enlarged, reproved, lilted up, li.\ed, estab- 
 lished, moved, Ace. Scripture. 
 
 G. lly a metonymy, heart is used for an ullection or 
 passion, and particularly for love. 
 
 The king's ftearr w;m toward Absidoin. — 2 Sam. xiv. 
 
 7. The seat of the understanding ; as, an under- 
 standing heart. We read of mennvise in heart, and 
 slow of heart. Scripture. 
 
 8. The seat of the will ; hence, secret purposes, in- 
 tentions, or designs. There are many devices in a 
 man's Acarf. The heart of kings is unsearclialile. 
 The Lord tries and suarcln s the heart. David had it 
 in his heart to build a house of rest for the ark. 
 
 Scripture. 
 
 Sometimes Aeart is used for the will, or determined 
 purpose. 
 
 The heart of the sons of men is fully sot In them lo do evil. — 
 Ecclcs, viii. 
 
 9. Person; character; used icitli rcsjiect to courage 
 or kindness, 
 
 Chccrly, my heart*. i^ak. 
 
 10. Courage ; spirit ; as, to take heart ; to give 
 heart ; to recover heart. Spenser. Temple. Milton. 
 
 11. Secret thoughts; recesses of the mind. 
 
 Michal saw king David leaping and d.-tncing before the Lord, 
 niul slic despised him in her hearL — 2 S.vm. vi. 
 
 12. Disposition of mind. 
 
 He had a heart to do well. Sidney. 
 
 13. Secret meaning ; real intention. 
 
 And then show you the heart of my message. Sltak. 
 11. Conscience, or sense of good or ill. 
 Kvery man's fuarl and conscience — doth either like or dis.al- 
 low it. Hooker. 
 
 15. Strength ; power of producing; vigor; fertility. 
 Keep the land in heart. 
 
 Thai the spent eartli may gather heart again. Dryden. 
 IG. The utmost degree. 
 
 This gny chann — liafh beguiled me 
 
 To the very heart of loss. Shak. 
 
 To get or learn by heart ; to commit to memory ; to 
 learn so perfectly as to be able to repeat without a 
 copy. 
 
 To lalic to heart ; to be much affected ; also, to be 
 ze.alous, ardent, or solicitous, about a thing ; to have 
 concern. 
 
 To lay to heart, is used nearly in the sense of the 
 foregoing. 
 
 To set the heart on; to fix the desires on ; to be 
 very desirous of obtaining or keeping ; to be very 
 fond of. 
 
 To set the heart at rest ; to make one's self quiet ; to 
 be tranquil or easy in mind. 
 
 To find in the heart ; to be willing or disposed. 
 1 Jind it in my heart lo ask your pardon. Sidney. 
 
 For my heart ; for tenderness or affection. I could 
 not for my heart refuse his request. 
 
 Ur this phrase may signify, for my life; if my life 
 v. as at stake. 
 
 1 could nol get him for my heart to do it. Sliak. 
 
 To speak to one's heart; in Scripture, to speak kind- 
 ly to ; to comfort ; to encoumge. 
 
 To hace in the heart ; lo purpose ; to have design or 
 intention. 
 
 A hard heart ; cruelty ; want of sensibility. 
 HEXRT, c. i. To encourage. [Aot much used.] 
 
 Pride^ux. 
 
 HEXRT'-A€nE, (hUrt'Ske,) n. Sorrow ; anguish of 
 mind. Shak, 
 
 HEART'-AF-FECT'ING, a. Affecting the heart. 
 
 HEXRT'-AL-LOR'ING, a. Suited to allure the affec- 
 tions. Parnell. 
 
 HEXRT'-AP-PALL'ING, a. Dism.tying the heart. 
 
 HEART'-BREAk, n. Overwhelming sorrow or grief. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 HEXnT'-RREAK-ER, n. A lady's curl ; a love-lock. 
 
 HEXRT'-BREAK-ING, a. Breaking the heart ; over- 
 powering wiili crief or sorrow. Spenser. 
 
 HEXRT'-BREAK-IXG, n. Overpowering grief ; deep 
 alllii'tion. Jlaketrill. 
 
 IlEXRT'-BRED, (I. Bred in the heart. Crashair. 
 
 IIEXRT'-BROK-fr.V, a, D(e|.ly afflicted or grieved. 
 
 11EaRT'-BUR-I-£D, (-ber'rid,) a. Deeply immersed. 
 
 Yonmr. 
 
 HF,XRT'-nURM,ii. Cardialg)-; adisease or ain-eliim 
 of Ihe stom.ich, attended with a sens,ition of heal 
 and iineasines.*!. 
 
 HEXRT'-BURN-£D, a. Having the heart inflamed. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 HEXRT'-BURN-ING.a. Causing discontent. 
 
 Middleton, 
 
 HEXRT'-RURN-ING, n. Heart burn, which see. 
 
 2. Discontent ; secret enmitv. Sirifl. 
 HEXRT'-CHILU£D, (hirt'cli'ild,) o. Having the 
 heart chilled. Skenstoue. 
 
 HE A 
 
 lIEXKT'-eoN-SOM'lNG, a. Destroying peace of 
 mind. 
 
 IIKaH T'-COR-ROD'IiXG, n. Preying on the heart. 
 IIKART'-DkAK, «. Sincerely beloved. Slutk. 
 IIKART'-DEEl', «. liooteil in the heart. llrrbenrU 
 lli;xilT'-UlS-COUR'Al5-ING, a. [Sec Cot ihge.] 
 
 Drpressiiig the spirits. Snuth. 
 nE.\RT'-KASE, 11. Uuiet; tranquillity of mind. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 HEXRT'-KAS-IXG, a. Giving quiet to the niiinl. 
 
 Mdtim. 
 
 IIEXRT'-rAT-IN'G, a. Preying on the heart. Burton. 
 I1EaKT'-E.\-I,IV'/;i\-I.NG, a. Enlivening tlie heart. 
 IIE.\RT'-E.\-PA.M)'1NU, a. Eiilarghig the In art ; 
 
 opening the feelifigs. Thomson. 
 IIE.\in"-FELT, a. Deeply felt; deeply affecting, 
 
 eilhcr as jov or sorrow. 
 III'.Alt'r'-tJIUKi', H. Affliction of the heart. Mdton. 
 HEaKT'-GRI.N"D-L\G, o. Grinding the heart. 
 
 Mrs. Butler. 
 
 HEXRT'-HXRD-£N-£D, a. Obdurate; impenitent; 
 iiiifi'cline. Ilarmcr. 
 
 HEXRT'-IIARD-K.VIXG, a. Renilering cniel or ob- 
 durate. SAoA. 
 
 HEXRT'-HEAV'I-NESS, ( hcv'e-nes,) n. Depression 
 of spirits. Shak. 
 
 HEXKT'-IUJM-BLED, n. Humblid in heart. Muore. 
 
 IIEaRT'I-KR, a. iMore hearty. 
 
 IIKaRT'I-EST, a. Most ht-arly. 
 
 II1;.\IIT'I,I:T, n. a Imle heart. 
 
 UEXRT'-OF-FEND'INU, a. Wounding the heart. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HEART'-PaLX-IXG, a. Giving pain to the hearU 
 HEXRT'-PE.\, n. A plant, heart-.seed, which see. 
 
 Mdler. 
 
 IIE.\RT'-PlK.RC-I.\G, a. Piercing Ihe heart. 
 IIEAKT'-Pf''KI-FV-I.NG, a. PurifyiiiK the heart. 
 HEART'-UUELL-l.NG, a. Conquering the affection. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HEXRT'-REXn-ING, (J. P.reaking the heart; over- 
 powering with anguish ; deeply afflictive. IValler. 
 
 HEART'-RIS-l.NG, n. A rising of the heart; oppo- 
 sition. 
 
 HEXRT'-ROB-BI.NG, o. Depriving of thought ; ec- 
 static. Spenser, 
 2. Stealing the heart ; winning. Speniier. 
 HEART'S'-BLuOD, ) , ,, ■ > i n. The blood of the 
 IlEART'-BLOOD, t-""'"!^ ( fieart ; life ; essence. 
 
 SAoA-. 
 
 HEXRT'S'-icASE, ?i. A plant ; n species of Viola or 
 
 violet ; also, a species of Polygonum. 
 HEART'-SEARCH-I.NG, ( sereh-ing,) a. Searching 
 
 the secret thoughts and |iurpt)ses. 
 HEART'-SEED, n. A climbing plant, of the genus Car- 
 
 diospermiiim. having round seeds which are marked 
 
 with a 5|)ot like a heart. Loudon. 
 HEART'-SIlAP-i;!), a. Having the shape of a heart. 
 IIEART'-SICK, a. Sick at heart; pained in mind; 
 
 deeply afflicted or depres.scd. 
 HEARt'-SICK'£i\-LNG, a. Sickening the heart. 
 
 K, KverfU, 
 
 IIEXUT'SO.ME, a. Merry; cheerful; lively, [&o^ 
 
 HEART'-SoRE, n. That which pains the he.irt. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HEART'-St'iRE, o. Deeply wounded. SAaA. 
 HEART'-SUK'KoW-LN'G, a. Sorrowing deeply in 
 
 litrart. S/iak. 
 HEAKT'-STTR-RING, a. Moving the heart. 
 HEXRT'-STRIKE, v. L To affect at heart. 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 HEXRT'-STRLXG, n. A hypothetical nerve or ten- 
 don, sup|K)setl to brace and sustain the heart. 
 
 SAaA. Taylor. 
 HEXRT'-STRUCK, a. Driven to the heart; inti.xed 
 in the mind. 
 2. Shocked with fear ;. dismayed. Mdton. 
 HEART'-SWELL-LNG, a. Rankling in the heart. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 IIEART'-TIIRILL I.\G, a. Thrilling the heart. 
 
 II EA R T'-TOi;cil-LNG, a. Affecting the heart. 
 
 HEX RT'-W HEEL, n. The name of a well-known 
 mechanical contrivance, (an elliptical wheel for con- 
 verting a circular motion into an alternating rectilin- 
 ear one,) common in rolton-mills. Brande, 
 
 HEAKT'-WlloLE, (-hole,) a. [See Whole.] Not 
 affected with love ; not in love, or nol deeply af- 
 fected. 
 
 2. Ilavine unbroken .spirits, or good courage. 
 HEART -WOOD, ;i. The hard, ceiitr.tl jjart of the 
 trunk of a tree, differing in color from the outer lay- 
 ers. Brande. Lindlry. 
 HEXRT'-WOrND-ED, a. Wounded with love or 
 
 grief; deeply affectid with some passion. Pope, 
 IlEXRT'-WOUND-ING, a. Piercing w ith grief. Rowe. 
 HEXRT'ED, a. Taken lo heart. [A'ol used.] Shak. 
 2. Composed of hearts. [JVet used.] Shak. 
 X Uiid up in the heart. SAaA. 
 This word is chielly used in composition; as,hard- 
 hrartrd, faint-Ararff/7, sl«)Ut -Afttr/**rf, &c. 
 HEA RT'£N, (hUrt'n,) r. U To encourage ; to anini.ile ; 
 to incite or stimulate courace. Sidney. 
 
 2. To restore fertility or strength to ; as, lo hrurtrn 
 land. [Utile used.] May. 
 
 TONF,, BI;LL, unite. — AN"GER, VI"C10U8. — € as K; 6 na J; S as Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 6S 
 
 TT 
 
 541 
 
HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 HESRT'£N-ER, (Irsrt'n-er,) n. He or tli;it wliicli 
 
 gives courage or an ination. Brown, 
 HEARTH, (Irartli \ kfrtfi is sanctioned hy no recent 
 
 orthoepist ;) jt. [Sax. keortk ; G. herd Dan. hoard ; 
 
 S\v. hard. Qu. its connection with earth, wliicli 
 
 must liave been the primitive hearth.] 
 
 1. A pavement or floor of brick or stone in a chim- 
 ney, on which a fire is made, and from vvliicli there 
 is a passage for the smoke to ascend. 
 
 2. Fi ^rurativclij, the house itself, as the abode of 
 comfort to its inmates and of liospituhty to strangers. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 HEXRTH'-MO.V-EY, ) n. A tax on hearths. 
 HE.\RTH'-PE.\-NY, j Blacksfone. 
 HEAKTH'-SToNE, tu Stone forming tlie hearth ; 
 fireside. 
 
 HEXRT'I-LY, arfc. [from hrartij.] From the heart ; 
 with all the lieart ; with sincerity ; really. 
 
 1 heartily forgive Ihem. Sliak. 
 
 2. With zeal ; actively ; vigorously. He heartily 
 assisted the prince. 
 
 3. With eagerness ; freely ; largely ; as, to eat 
 hrartihi. 
 
 HEART'I-NE.SS, n. Sincerity; zeal; ardor; earn- 
 2. Eagerness of appetite. [cslness. 
 HEXRT'LESS, a. Without courage ; spiritless ; faint- 
 hearted. 
 
 Heartless they foiijht, and quitted soon their grouiiil. Djylen. 
 
 9. Without feeling or affection. 
 HEaRT'LESS-LY, ar/r. Without courage or spirit; 
 faintly ; timidly ; feebly. 
 
 2. Without feeling or affectitm. 
 HEaRT'LE.-:S-NESS, 7i. Want of courage or spirit ; 
 dejection of mind ; feebleness. Bp. Hall. 
 
 2. Destitution of feeling or affection. 
 HEART'Y, a. Having the heart engaged in any thing ; 
 sincere ; warm ; zealous ; as, to be hearty in support 
 of government. 
 
 2. Proceeding from the heart ; sincere; warm; as, 
 a hearty welcome. 
 
 3. Being full of health ; sound ; strong ; healthy ; 
 as, a hearty man. 
 
 4. Strong; durable; tis, hearty timber. [JVot used 
 in America.] iVotton. 
 
 .">. Having a keen appetite ; eating mucli ; as, a 
 hearty eater, 
 ti. Strong; nourishing; as, Aefirff/ food. 
 HEXRT'Y-HaLE, o. Good for tht; heart. [Obs.] 
 
 Spender. 
 
 HkAT, 71. [Sax. heed, lust; D. hitte; G. hilzc; Sw. 
 hetta ; D. hcUc f L. {estus, for lucstas, or ca^Mis. See 
 the verb.] 
 
 1. Heat, as a cause of sensation, is considered by 
 some to bs the result of the vibration of elastic media, 
 by others as a subtile fluid, contained in a greater 
 or less degree in all bodies. In modem ehcmislry, it 
 is called caloric. It expands all bodies in different 
 proportions, and is the cause of fluidity aiul evapora- 
 tion. A certain degree of it is also essential to ani- 
 mal and vegetable life. Heat is latent, when so 
 combined with other matter as not to be perceptible. 
 It is sensible, when it is evolved and perceptible. 
 
 Lavoisier. Rncyc. 
 
 2. Heat, as a sensation, is the effect produced on 
 the sentient organs of animals, by the passage of 
 caloric, disengaged from surronndmg bodies, to the 
 organs. When we touch or approach a hot body, 
 the caloric or heat passes from that body to our organs 
 of feeling, and gives the sensaticm of heat. On the 
 contrary, when we touch a cold hotly, the caloric 
 passes from the hand to that body, and Ciiuscs a sen- 
 sation of cold. Lavoisier. 
 
 J^Tote. — This theory of heat seems not to be fully 
 settled. 
 
 3. Hot air ; hot weather; as, the heat of the trop- 
 ical climates. 
 
 4. Anyiiiccuniulation or concentration of the mat- 
 ter of heat or caloric ; as, the heat i>f the body ; the 
 heat of a fuffiace ; a red heat ; a. wliite heal i a weld- 
 ing heat. 
 
 5. The greatest accumulation of heat, or the time 
 of such accumulatitm ; as, in the heat of the day. 
 
 0. The state of being once heated or hot. Give 
 the iron another hcaL 
 
 7. A violent action unintcrmitted ; a single efftirt. 
 
 Many Ciiuw,'ii arc TOlnired for refreahinetit between the /lentji. 
 
 IJnjiten. 
 
 8. A single pfTort in ninning ; a cour.se at a race. 
 Hector won at the first heat. 
 
 9. Redness of the face ; flush. Addison. 
 
 10. Animal excitemi^nt ; vitdcnt action or agita- 
 tion of Ihc syirtem. 'I'hu boily is all in a heat, 
 
 11. Utmost violence; rage; veliemencc; as, the 
 heat of battle. 
 
 12. Violence ; ardor ; no, the heat of party. 
 
 13. Agitatitm of mind ; inllaniination or excite- 
 ment ; exiusperation ; as, the heat of passion. 
 
 14. Ardor; fervency; animation in thought or 
 discourne. 
 
 With nil till- ilri-n^fth an'l tieat of <-loqncnM. A'1'Iinon. 
 
 15. Kermentalion. 
 
 HEAT, t>. 1. [Sax. hatan, to call, to order, romrnand, 
 
 or promise ; gehatan, tt> call, to promise, to grow 
 warm ; fuetun, to heat, to conniiand, to call ; gehatan, 
 to promise ; Ittese, ordiT, comiiiaml ; behies, a vow ; 
 beki£tan, to vow ; onhwtan, to hetlt, to inlhmie ; hatian, 
 to heat, to be hot, to boil, to hate ; Ittet, heat, heat ; 
 hat, hot ; hate, htitred, hate ; L. odi, osus, for hodi, 
 ftosas ; Goth, hatyan, to hate ; haitaii, gahaitan, tt) call, 
 to command, to vow or promise ; G. heiss, hot ; 
 heisscn, to call ; heitzen, to heat ; hitze, heat, ardor, 
 veiiemence ; ireheiss, contmand ; verhcisscn, to prom- 
 ise ; luL'is, hate ; liassen, to hate ; D. hect, hot, eager, 
 liasty ; hitte, he:\t; hcctcn, to heat, to name or call, to 
 be called, to command ; haat, hate ; haaten, to hate ; 
 verhitten, to inflame ; Sw. het, hot; hetta, heat, pas- 
 sion ; hetta, to be hot, to glow ; )tfta, to be called or 
 named ; hat, hate, hatred; hata, to hate ; Dan. heed, 
 hut ; hede, heat, ardor ; hedcr, to heat, to be called or 
 named ; had, hate ; lutder, to hate. With these 
 words coincides the L. a:stas, for ha:stns, heat, tide, 
 Gr. aiSdi, to burn, and the English Imste anil hoist 
 are probably of the same family. The primary and 
 literal sense of all these words is, to stir, to rotise, to 
 raise, to agitate, from the action of driving, urging, 
 stimulating, whence Sw. hetsa, Dan. hedscr, to ex- 
 cite, to set on dogs. See Class Gd, No. 39, and oth- 
 ers. It may be further added, that in W. c&s is 
 hatred, a cattle, from the sense of separating ; casaa, 
 to hate ; and if this is of the same family, it unites 
 castle with the foregoing words. In these words we 
 see the sense of repulsion.] 
 
 1. To make hot ; to communicate heat to, or cause 
 to be hot ; as, to heat an oven or a furnace ; to licat 
 iron. 
 
 2. To make feverish ; as, to heat the blood. 
 
 3. To warm with passion or desire ; to excite ; to 
 rouse into action. 
 
 A noble emulation heals your breast. Dryien. 
 
 4. To agitate the blood and spirits with action ; to 
 excite animal action. Dryden. 
 
 HeAT, 1'. i. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, 
 or extrication of latent heat. Green hay heals in a 
 mow, and green corn in a bin. 
 
 2. To grow warm or hot. The iron or the water 
 heats slowly. 
 
 HEAT, for Heated, used by Shakspeare and Ben Jon- 
 son, is still sometimes used, and pronounced heti 
 but it is not elegant. 
 
 HeAT'ED, pp. or a. Made hot; inflamed ; exasper- 
 
 IIEAT'ER, )t. He or that which heats. [ated. 
 2. A mass of iron which is heated and inclosed in 
 a box or case in order to heat or keep something 
 hot ; as, a coffee-Amtrr. 
 
 HkATH, 71. [Sax. /Mf/i ; D. and G. heide ; Dan. hede ; 
 Sw. hed; Scot. Iiaddyr ; W. eiziar, connected with 
 eiziaw, to take to, or possess ; the clinging plant.] 
 
 1. A plant of the genus Erica, of many species, 
 bearing beautiful flowers. It is a shrub which is 
 used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for 
 the poor, and for heating ovens. Its leaves are 
 small, and continue green all the year. It is called 
 also LiKG. Miller, P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A place overgrown with heath. Temple. 
 
 3. A place overgrown with shrubs of any kind. 
 
 Bacoti. 
 
 HEATH'-eLAD, a. Clothed or crowned with heath. 
 llF.ATH'-eOCK, (71. A large bird which frequents 
 HeATH'-GaJIE, ) heaths, a species of grouse. 
 
 Glrcw, 
 
 IIEATH'-Pii.V, 71. A species of bitter vetch, Oiobus. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 He.\TH'-POUT, 71. A bird, the same as the heath-cock. 
 
 Ed. Encye. 
 
 Hf.ATH'-RoSE, 7!. A plant. Ainsworth. 
 UK.VTliEy, (he'thn,) h. [Sax. lucthen ; G. heide, 
 
 lieath, and a heathen or pagan; D. hciden ; Dan. 
 
 and Sw. hedning ; Gr. cOi/oj; from heath, that is, one 
 
 who lives in the country or woods, as pagan from 
 
 pagus, a village.] 
 
 1. A pagan ; a Gentile ; one who worships idols, 
 or is unacquainted with the true God. In the Scrip- 
 tares, the word seems tt) comprtdieud all nations ex- 
 cept the Jews or Israelites, as they wi;re all strangers 
 to the true religiim, and all addicted to idolatry. The 
 Word may now be applied, perhaps, to all nations, 
 except to Christians and Mohammedans. 
 
 Heathen, without the plural termination. Is used 
 pluriilly or collectively, for Gentiles or heathen na- 
 tiims. 
 
 A>k of me, and I will jjive thee the heathen for thine iiiberitJinc"'. 
 — P«. ii. 
 
 Heathen, however, has a plural, expressing two or 
 more individuals. 
 
 If men linve n-tuton to lie luathens in Japan. Locke. 
 1'lie pn-&'pta and examples of the ancient heatjieni. Addison. 
 
 2. A mde, illiterate, barbarous person. 
 
 IIEA'T II/';N,a. Gentile; pagan; as, a/ieaf/ir» author. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 IlEA'THf.'N-DOM, 71. Thtit part of the worlil where 
 heathenism prevails. Irving. 
 
 y eA'THA.N-ISII, a. Belonging to Gentiles or pagans ; 
 as, heathenish rites. 
 
 2. Rude ; illiterate ; wild ; uncivilized. 
 
 3. llarbarons ; savagi^ ; cruel ; rapacious. Spenser. 
 
 HeA'THKN-ISH-LY, ado. After the mannei of hea- 
 thens. 
 
 Hr;A'TH7=;X-ISn-NESS, 71. The state of being hea- 
 tlien, or like heathens. 
 
 HeA'T HiCN-IS.M, n. Gentilism ; paganism ; igno- 
 rance of llh; true God ; iiltdalry ; the rites or system 
 of religion of a pagan nation. Hammond. 
 2. Kudeiu'ss ; btirbarisiu ; ignorance. 
 
 flEA'Tili'.'N-IZE, V. I. To render heathen or liea- 
 Ulenish. Firmin. 
 
 IlEA'THf-'N-IZ-Jl'D, pp. Rendered heathen or hea- 
 thenish. 
 
 HEA'TIIA'N-rZ-ING,;7;V. Rendering heathenish. 
 
 HEA'TIWO.N'-NE.-iS, n. State of being heathens. 
 
 HEATH'Etl, (heth'er. This is the only pronuncia- 
 tion in Scotland.; Heath. 
 
 HEATII'ER-IJEI-L.'5, (heth'er-Ucl/.,) 7i. pi. The blos- 
 soms of the heather. Burns. 
 
 HEATH'EH-Y, (heth-,) a. Heathy; abounding in 
 heather. Mrs. Hemiins. 
 
 HE.VTH'Y, a. [from /ira(/(.] Full of heath ; aht.und- 
 ing with lieath ; as, heathy land. Mortimer. 
 
 HeAT'ING, ppr. MakingVarm or hot; inflaming; 
 rousing the passions ; exttsperating. 
 
 2. a. Tending to impart heiit to ; promoting 
 warmth or heat; exciting action ; stimulating; as, 
 heating metlicines or applicatiitns. 
 
 HeAT'1NG-LY, adv. So as to impart heat to. 
 
 HeAT'LESS, a. Destitute of heat ; Cold. 
 
 Bcaum, !,■ Fl. 
 
 HEAVE, (heev,) v, t. ; pret. Heaved, or Hove; pp. 
 Heaved, Hove, ft)frmerly' Hoven. [Sax. heafau, 
 hffan, hcofan ; Goth, hafijan ; Sw. hafra ; D. hejj'cn ; 
 G. hcben ; Dan. fuever, to heave ; Gr. KUipf to, to 
 breathe; Kairvu), iii. Cla.ss Gb.] 
 
 1. To lift ; to raise; to move upward. 
 
 So stretched out husre in length tlie arcli fiend lay, 
 
 Cliaiiieil on the burning lake, nor ever h'lice 
 
 Hiu risen, or heaved his head. Milton. 
 
 2. To cause to swell. 
 
 The glittering finny swarms 
 Tluit heave our friths and crowd upon our stiures. T\otii8on. 
 
 3. To raise or force from the breast ; as, to heare a 
 sigh or groan, which is accomjianietl with a swelling 
 or expansion of the thorax. 
 
 4. To raise; to elevate; witU high. 
 
 One heaved on high. Shak. 
 
 5. To pufl'; to elate. Ifnijteard. 
 C. To throw; to cast ; to send ; as, to Aciice a stone. 
 
 This is a common use of the word in [mpular lan- 
 guage, and among seamen ; as, to heare the lead. 
 
 7. To raise forcibly, by turning a windlass ; with 
 up ; as, to heave up the anchor. Hence, 
 
 8. To turn a windlass or capstan with bars or 
 levers. Hence the order, to heave atvay. 
 
 To heave ahead ; to force a vessel ahead by any 
 means, when not under sail. Totten. 
 
 To heave astern ; to ctmse to recede ; to draw back. 
 
 To heave down ; to throw or lay down on one side ; 
 to careen. 
 
 To heave ont ; to throw out. With seamen, to loose 
 or unl'url a sail, particularly the stay-sails. 
 
 To heave in staijs ; in tacking, to put a vessel on 
 the other tack. Totten. 
 
 To heave short: to draw so much of a cable into 
 the ship, as that she is almost perpendictilarly above 
 the anchor. 
 
 To heave a strain; to work at the wintUass with 
 unusual exertion. 
 
 To heave taught; to turn a capstan, &c., till the 
 rope becomes strained. [See Taught and Ticuit.] 
 
 To heave to ; to bring the ship's head to the wind, 
 and stop her motion. 
 
 To hcjtve up; to relinquish; [so to (/irojo T/p ; ] as, 
 to heave up a design. [ yulgar.] 
 HF:AVE, (heev,) v. i. To swell, distend, or dilate ; as, 
 a horse heaves in panting. Hence, 
 
 2. To pant; to breathe with labor or pain ; as, he 
 heaves for breath. Drijdcn. 
 
 3. To keck ; to make an effort to vomit. 
 
 4. To rise in billows, as the sea ; to swell. 
 .5. 'I'll rise ; to be \ii\r.tX ; as, a ship heaves. 
 
 6. 'J'o rise or swell, as the earth at the breaking up 
 of frost. 
 
 'I'o heave in sight; to appear; to make its first ap- 
 pearance ; as, a ship at sea, or as a distant object 
 approiiching or being approached. 
 
 We observe that this verb has often the sense of 
 raising or rising in an arrh or circular l'>iim,as in 
 throwing and in distention, and from this sen.se is 
 deriveti its application to the apparent iirch over our 
 heads, heaven. 
 HEAVE, (licev,) 71. Arising or swell ; an exertion or 
 effort upward. 
 
 None could guesi whether the next heave of the earthquake 
 would letUc or Hwidlow tliem. Vryiun. 
 
 2. A rising swell, or distention, as of the breast. 
 
 These profound heaves. Shak. 
 
 3. An efliiit to vomit. 
 
 A. An ellotl to rise. Hiidihras.' 
 IIEAV'/.I), pp. i.iltetl ; swelled; panted; tried to 
 vomit. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 _ 
 
HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 IlEC 
 
 III'.AV'i-W, (liev'ii,) n. [Sax. heufen, lufen, hcofcn, 
 I'nmi liriifan, to lieavc, and signifying ekvaleil or 
 arclieil.] 
 
 1. 'I'liK rcRion or expanse « liirli snrmtimls t!u> 
 uarlli, unil wliicli apiH-ars above aiiil around us, like 
 an immense arcli or vault, in wliicli arc«uentlie 
 sun, moon, and stars. 
 
 2. Amcnig Christians, the part of space in wliicli 
 the omnipresent Jehovah is suppos<:d to afford more 
 sensible manifestations of his };Ii>ry. Hence, Iliis is 
 called the habitation of Ciod, anil is represented as 
 the residence of angels and blessed spirits. Deut. 
 xxvi. 
 
 I'li-r »nctiRt^l Iwart loves heactJt fiT its purity, and noil far liia 
 goutiness. liuckmiutur. 
 
 3. .\iiiong pagans, the residence of the celestial 
 gods. 
 
 A. The sky or air ; the region of the atmosphere ; 
 or an elevated place ; in a lurij inJitimte scn.'r. 'I'liiis 
 we speak of a moiintnin reaching' to htnven ; llie 
 fowls of hravcH ; the clouds of Acuct« ; hail or ram 
 from heaven. Jer. ix. M_\\xv. 
 
 Their cilirs nre u-.illitl lo hefleen. — Di-ul. i. 
 
 5. The Hebrews acknowledged three lieiivens ; the 
 air or aiirial heavens; the lirmainenl in N\'tiieli the 
 stars are supposetl to be plaetul ; ami the heaven of 
 he.avens, or third heaven, the residence of Jehovah. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 fi. Modern philosophers divide the expanse above 
 and around the earth into two parts, the atmosphere 
 or aerial heaven, an<l the ethereal heaven beyond 
 the region of the air, in which there is supposed to 
 be a thill, iinri'sisting medium, called rthtr. Fncyc. 
 
 7. The Supreme Power ; the Sovereign of heaven; 
 God ; as, prophets sent by Heaven. 
 
 1 havo BiiinM ftiru'ist Ilracen. — I.iikt? XT. 
 
 Shim til" iinpivus pruf.iiii*iinfli wliicti aculHi at the Ulslitittinns of 
 Ittavtn. Dmght, 
 
 8. 'J'hc pagan deities; celesti.'ils. 
 
 Anil slitnv thi- hmreiis more JtlsC SliO^. 
 
 9. Elevation ; sublimity. 
 
 O fur a muse ol f\r^; that wuuM nscrnil 
 
 The bri^lili^l henetn oriiivi-iitiui). SitcJc. 
 
 10. Piipreme felicity ; great happiness. 
 
 11. The angels. Joh w. \5. 
 
 V2. Distingniihed iilory. h. xiv. 12. 
 IlE.VV'tX-.VS-riK'ING, a. .\spiring to heaven. 
 
 Alirnsiile. 
 
 nEAV'£N-B.\N'ISIl-f:D, ( ban'isht,) a. Itanished 
 
 from heaven. MUUtn. 
 llE.W'i.N-UE-GOT', a. Begot by a celestial being. 
 
 Drtjden. 
 
 IIE.W'EN-BORN, a. Bom from lie.avcn ; native of 
 heaven, or of the celestial regions; as, heaien-burn 
 sisters. •" Pupe, 
 
 IIEA V'f:\-BUEn, a. Produced or cultivated in 
 he;iven ; as heiii-en-brtd |Kio>v. Shak, 
 
 I1I:AV'^:.\"-1!1U(;IIT, «. DnglU as heaven. 
 
 IIEAV'E.V-llt'll.T, ( bilt,) u. Built by the agency or 
 favor of the gods ; as, a hrarrn-buHt wall. Pnjie. 
 
 IIEAV'KN-DaR-I.VG.ii. OllVring defiance to Heaven, 
 or to the divine will and cominands. 
 
 HEAVf-N-DI-llECT'EI), a. Pointing to the sky; 
 as, a hearrn-itirected spire. Pupe. 
 
 *j. Taught or ilirected by the celestial powers ; as, 
 henrni-iiirretril h.ailds. Pupe. 
 
 IIKA V"A;.\-EX A1,T'ED, a. Exalted to heaven. 
 
 1IEAV'K.\"-FAI.I,'K.\, a. Fallen from heaven ; hav- 
 ing revolted frnni (;od. .Millmu 
 
 HEAVi-N-GIFT ED, a. Bestowed by Heaven. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HEAV'TN-GIV KV, a. Given bv Heaven, yrrplanck. 
 HE A\"K\-»:i:il) i:n, «. Divim-lv- guided. Milton. 
 IIEAV'£.\-IN-SPIll'/;i), a. Inspired by Heaven. 
 
 Miltun, 
 
 HEAV'£.\-IN-STRUeT'ED, 0. Taught by Heaven. 
 
 Crashatt. 
 
 HEAV'KN TZE, (hev'n-ize,) v. L To render like 
 Heaven. [Uimiitliorr.rJ.] Bp. /rati. 
 
 HEAV'/-;.\-KlSS'l.\G, a. Touching, as it were, the 
 sky. Sliak. 
 
 HEAV'EN-Ll-XESS, n. [from hearenlij.] Fn|ireine 
 excellince. Dunes. 
 
 HEAV'f;.\-I.OV-/;D, (-luvd,)a. Beloved bv Heaven. 
 
 ■ MiUun. 
 
 HEA V'KX-I.Y, a. Pertaining to heaven ; celestial ; 
 as, hravenlij regions; hearenlif bliss. 
 
 3. Keseiiibling heaven; siipremely excellent; as, 
 a heavenly lyre ; a heuvenhj teiii|)er. 
 
 The lore of hcivven niAk(.s one luaeenly. Sidnty. 
 3. Inhabiting heaven ; as, a heavenly race ; the 
 hriirenly throng. 
 HEA V'K.N-LY, oi/e. In a m,inncr resembling that of 
 heaven. 
 
 Wliep* Ampen^y, pensive CuiilrmptaUon dwells. Pop*. 
 2. By the influence or agency of Heaven. 
 
 Our teievnly pii.|r.| ,„„! ,h.^| chmK MUlon. 
 
 HEAV'KX-I.Y-MI.ND'ED, a. Having the afTcctions 
 placed on heaven, and on spiritual things. 
 
 Milner. 
 
 HEAV'i-iX-LY-MI.ND'ED-NESS, n. The sUile of 
 having the aflectiuns placed on heavenly things and 
 spiritual objects. Milncr. 
 
 HEAV'/:.\'-l'UO-TEeT'ED, a. Protected by divine 
 power. 
 
 IIEAV'i'.X-SA-LOT'I.NG, a. Touching the sky. 
 
 Cru.-'haw. 
 
 IIEAV'KN-WARD, orfe. Toward heaven. Prior. 
 HE.VV'i.N'-WAR'Kl.N'G, a. Warring against Heaven. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IliiAVE'-OF-FER-I.\G, n. Among the Jnes, an of- 
 fering or oblation made to Go<l ; so called because it 
 was to be heaved or elevated. JYum. .w. and xviii. 
 The same as tearc-nffrnnir. 
 
 Hk.W'ER, n. One who heaves or lifts. Among ica- 
 mcn, a start" for a lever. 
 
 IIE.\VES, (heevz,) n. A disease of horses, cliaractcr- 
 ized by ditticiilt and laboriotis respiration. 
 
 IlEAV'l-EK, (liev'e-er,) a. More heavy. 
 
 HEAVI EST, (hev'e-<st,) a. Most heavy. 
 
 IIEAV'I-LY, (hev'e-ly,) ado. [from heavy.] With 
 great weight ; as, to bear heavily on a thing ; to be 
 heaviltf loaded. 
 
 2. With great weight of grief; grievously; afllict- 
 ively. When calamities fall heavily on the Christian, 
 he linils consolation in Christ, 
 
 3. Sorrowfully ; with grief. 
 
 t CTint- Iiilli'T lo trinspiTl tin* Uilings, 
 
 Wliicli 1 li.ivi- heaviiy l>uni>-'. SttaJ:. 
 
 4. With an air of sorrow or dejection. 
 
 \Vhy luulis your grace so heavily lo-day ? Shak. 
 
 5. With weight ; oppressively. Taxes sometimes 
 bear heavily on the people. 
 
 G. Slowly and laboriously ; with difficulty ; as, to 
 move heavily. 
 
 So lliey drove Uiem heavily. — Ex. xiv. 
 IIEAV'I-NESS, (hev'e-ness,) n. Weight; ponderons- 
 ness ; gravity ; the quality of being heavy ; as, the 
 heaviness of a body. 
 
 2. Sadness ; sorrow ; dejection of mind ; depression 
 of spirits. 
 
 fliravinest in the heart of man maketh it stoop. — Prov. xii. 
 Ye gn-atiy rejoite, though now for a se;ison ye ani in heaviiieta^ 
 ihruiigli iiianil'olil teniputiuiis,« t Pet, i. 
 
 3. Sluggishness ; toriiidiiess ; dullness of spirit ; 
 languidness ; languor; lassitude. 
 
 What means Uiis heaviness that liaii<rs upon me ? Addison. 
 
 4. Weight; burden; oppression; as, ihe heaviness 
 of taxes. 
 
 5. That which it requires great strength to move 
 or overcome ; that which creates labor and dithculty ; 
 as, the heaviness of a draught. 
 
 6. Thickness ; moistness ; deepness ; as, the Acac- 
 iness of ground or soil. 
 
 7. Thickness; moistness; as of air. 
 
 HkA V'l.NG, ;»;)r. or a. Lilting; swelling; throwing; 
 
 [■anting ; making an ertort to vomit. 
 Hii.W'I.N'G, M. A rising or swell ; a panting. 
 
 .Addison. Shak. 
 HEAV'I-SO.ME, (hcv'c-sum,) a. Dull ; dark ; drowsy. 
 
 [/.<,r«/.l 
 
 HEAVY, (hev'y,) a. [Pax. hea.fig, hejig, that is, I ifl- 
 Uke, lifted »'itti l:ilH>r, from heafaii, to heave.] 
 
 1. Weighty ; iHinderoiis ; having great weight ; 
 tending strongly to the center of attraction : conlrarj' 
 to Uglit ; applied to material bodies ; as, a heavy stone ; 
 a heavy loatl. 
 
 2. Sad ; sorrowful ; dejected ; depressed in mind. 
 
 A H»hl"Wile makes a henvy hitstnnil. ShaJc. 
 So is he tliat singelh songs lo a Aeary heart. — Pruv. xxv, 
 
 3. Grievous; afflictive ; depressing to the spirits ; 
 OS, heavy news ; a heavy calamity. 
 
 4. Bnrdeiisuiiie ; oppressive ; as, heavy taxes. 
 Make Uiy laUier's Acaey yoke — ligliier. — 1 Kin*^ xii. 
 
 5. Wanting life and animation ; dull. 
 
 My Amry eyes, you s.iT, confess 
 
 A heart to love and grief inclined. Prior. 
 
 G. Drowsy ; dull. 
 
 Their eyes were Aeary. — Matl. xxvi. I.uke ix. 
 
 7. Wanting spirit or anim.alion ; destitute of life or 
 rapidity of sentiment; dull; as, a heavy writer; a 
 heary style. 
 
 8. 'Wanting activity or vivacity ; indolent. 
 
 But of a heavy^ dull, degenerate miml, Pryden. 
 
 9. Plow ; Sluggish. He walks with n heavy galL 
 
 10. Burdensome ; tedious ; as, heavy hours. Time 
 lies heavy on him who has no enipliiynient. 
 
 11. I.iKided ; encumbered; burdened. 
 
 He fount! his men heavy, anil Isilen with huoly. Baeon. 
 
 12. Eying with weight on the stomach ; not easily 
 digested ; as, oily fotKl is heavy to tile stomach. 
 
 13. Moist ; di-ep ; soft ; iiiir>' ; as, heary land ; a 
 heary stiil. We apply heavy lo soft, loamv, or clayey 
 land, which makes the draught of a plow or wagoii 
 dillicnH and laborious. So we s:iy, a hearv road. 
 
 11. Difficult; biborioiis; .as, a AruriMlriiiglit. 
 15. Weary ; supported with p:iiii or dillicully. 
 
 Anil llw* harMls of .Muses wen: heavy. — tlx. 
 
 Hi. Inflicting severe evils, punishments, or judg- 
 ments. 
 
 The hanil of the lyjpl was Aeacy on Uiem of Anhiloil. — 1 S.\in. ». 
 
 17. Burdensome ; occasioning great care. 
 
 This tiling is Uio Aeapy for Ihoe. — Kx. xviii. 
 
 18. Dull ; not hearing ; inattentive. 
 
 Neither liis ear heavy, tJial be can not hear. — Is. lix. 
 
 19. Large, as billows ; swelling and rolling with 
 gri-al force ; as, a heavy sea. 
 
 20. Large in amount; as, a heavy expense ; a heavy 
 di'lit. 
 
 21. Thick ; dense; black ; a.i, a heavy cloud. 
 
 22. ^'iolent ; temjiestuous ; as, a heavy wind or gale. 
 
 23. Large ; abundant ; as, a heavy fall of snow or 
 rain. 
 
 21. Great; violent; forcible; as, a heavy fire of 
 cannon or small arms. 
 
 2.). Not raised by leaven or fermentatiun ; not 
 light ; clammy ; as, heavy bread. 
 
 20. Keipiiring much labor or much expense ; as, a 
 heavy undertaking. 
 
 27. Loud i as, henry thunder. 
 
 Heavy metal, in military iij/iiirs, .signifies large guns, 
 carrying balls of a large size, or it is applied to large 
 balls themselves. 
 
 With great weight; used in 
 
 To make heavy. [JVuf in 
 
 ' IViekliJfc. 
 Having heavy brows. 
 Clumsy ; not active or dcx- 
 
 HEAV'Y, (hev'y,) adv. 
 
 eomposition. 
 HEAVY, ihcv'y,) r. /. 
 
 use.] 
 
 IlEAV'Y-nRilW-Kl), a, 
 HEAVY IIA.ND-EU, a. 
 trous. 
 
 HEAV Y-HEAD-ED, a. Having a heavy or dull head. 
 I1E.\Y'Y-L.aD'/;.\', II. L;iih;n with a heavy burden. 
 1IEAVY-SP.\K, «. [Sec Barvta.] A heavy, sjiarry 
 mineral, but little harder than culc-.spar and sulphu- 
 ric acid. 
 HiiA'ZY, a. [Ice. hoese.] 
 
 IIoar.se ; wheezing. [Loeal.] 
 HEll'DO-.MAD, n. [(Jr. i/y,lo,,uf, seven days, from 
 i-ra, seven ; L. hebdiniiada.] 
 A week ; a iieriod of seven dtiys. [.iVof used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 HEB-DOM'AD-AL, ) a. Weekly ; consisting of sev- 
 
 HEB-DOM'AD-A-KY, i en days, or occurring every 
 seven days. Broutn. 
 
 HEB-DO.M'AD-A-UY, n. A member of a chapter or 
 convent, whose week it is to ofliciate in the choir, 
 reliearse the anthems and prayers, and lu rfnrm other 
 services, which, on extraordinary occasions, are per- 
 formed by the superiors. 
 
 HEB-DO-.MAT'IC AL, a. VYeekly. Bp. .Morton. 
 
 HElt'EN, n. Ebony. Spenser. 
 
 11EB'E-T.\TE, V. (.' [L. Acftc(o,from Acici, dull, blunt, 
 heavy.] 
 
 To dull ; to blunt ; to stupefy ; .is, to hebetate the 
 intellectual faculties. Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 HE1!'E-Ta-TEI), pp. .M.ade blunt, dull, or stupid. 
 
 HEB'E-TA-TING, p/n-. Rendering blunt, dull, or stn- 
 piil. 
 
 HEB-E-Ta'TIO.N', rt. The act of making blunt, dull, 
 or stupid. 
 2. The st.ate of being dulled. 
 
 HEB'icTE, a. Dull ; stupid. [Ois.] 
 
 llEli'E-TL'DE, «. [L. hebetudo.] 
 
 Dullness; stupidity. J/arreij. 
 
 HE BRa'IC, a. [from Ilelrrne.] Pertaining to the 
 Hebrews ; designating the language of the Hebrews. 
 
 HE-BRA'ie-.\I.-LY, adv. After the manner of the 
 Hebrew hinguage ; from right to left. SusifL 
 
 HE'BR.A-IS.M, n. A Hebrew idiom; a jieciiliar ex- 
 pression or manner of speaking in the Ilebrew lan- 
 giiase. 
 
 Hk'HR.\-IST, n. One versed in the Hebrew language 
 and learning. 
 
 My, liR.A-IST'lC, a. Pertaining to or resembling He- 
 brew. 
 
 Hk'HR.V IZE, r. f. To convert into the Hebrew id- 
 iiun ; to make Hebrew. ./. P. Smith. 
 
 lll*;'BR.\ r/E, r. 1. To speak Ilebrew, or lo conform 
 III the Hebrews. 
 
 lll";'l!R.\ I7,-/;n, Converted into the Hebrew id- 
 iom. 
 
 IIE'llREW, (he'bn!,) n. ('Heh. ilj? Kbrr, either a 
 proper name, or a name ilentiling (la.ssage, pilgrim- 
 age, or Cuming from beyond the Euphrates.] 
 
 1. One of the descendants of Elier, or lleber ; hut 
 particularly, a descendant of Jacob, w ho was a de- 
 scendant of Eber ; an Israelite ; a Jew. 
 
 2. The Ilebrew language. 
 
 IlK'BREW, a. Pertaining to the Hebrews; as, the 
 
 Ihhreie language or rites. 
 Hl":'liREW-ESS, n. An Isrnrlitish woman. 
 hi; lilir'CIA.N, tbe-brish'an,) 71. One skilled in the 
 
 Hebrew language. [Less proper.] [See llEnn tisT.] 
 IIE-BRID'I-A.V, a. Pertaining to the isles called lleb- 
 
 rides, west of Scotland. Johii.ion. 
 HEe'A-Tt"V.MB, (hek'a toom,) n. [L. heeatemibe : Gr. 
 
 iKtiropiin ; tKarvv, a hundred, ana .io'-^, an ox.] 
 In antiquity, a sacrifice of a hiinilr- d oxen or 
 
 beasts of the same kind, and, it is said, at a hundred 
 
 altars, and by a hundred priests. Eneye. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, lTNITE.-AiN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; C as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 .S43 
 
HED 
 
 HEE 
 
 11 EG 
 
 Hence, soiiietimcs indefinilcUj, ;iny sacrifice of a 
 large number of victims. Brande. 
 HECK, n. [See Hatch.] An engine or instrument 
 for catching fish ; as, a sahnon heck. Cfiambers. 
 
 2. A rack for holding fodder for cattle. ILccal.] 
 
 Ray. 
 
 3. A bend in a stream. [G. ccke, a corner.] 
 
 4. .\ liatcfl or latcli of a dour. [LucuL] Orose. 
 HECK'LE, (heli'l,) v. t. A different ortliograpliy of 
 
 Hackle, or Hatchel. 
 HECTARE, H. [Gr. txarov, a Imndred, and L. 
 area.] 
 
 A French measure containing a hundred ares, or 
 ten thousand square metres, or nearly two and a half 
 English acres.^ Lunicr. 
 HEG'Tie, jo. [Gr. i<ri«-05, from ijij, habit of 
 HEC'Tie-AL, \ body, from £xw, to have.] 
 
 1. Habitual; pertaining to hectic. 
 
 2. Aflected with hectic fevers ; as, a liectic pa- 
 tient. 
 
 No ti£cdc sludent scares the ^ntle inaij. Taylor. 
 
 IIEG'Tie, n. An exacerbating and remitting fever, with 
 stages of chilliness, heat, and sweat, variously inter- 
 mixed ; exacerbation, chielly in the evening ; the 
 sweats mostly in the night ; pulse weak ; urine with 
 a natant, furfuraceons cloud. Tally. 
 
 HEC'Tie-AL-LY, (k/c. Constitutionallv. Johnson. 
 
 HECTOGRAM, ) n. [Gr. tvarur, a hundred, and 
 
 HEC rO-ORjiMME, \ , .i-./^^u, a grain.] 
 
 In the French system of weights and measures, a 
 weight containing a hundred gamines, or about 3^ 
 ounces avoirdupois. Lunier. 
 
 HEe-'I'OL'l-TER, j 7!. [Gr. i/caro>', a hundred, and 
 
 HECTO-Lt-TRE, \ >iTi,a, a pound.] 
 
 A French measure of capacity for liquids, contain 
 ing a hundred litres; equal to a tenth of a cubic 
 metre, nearly 26^ gallons of wine measure, or 22 im 
 perial gallons. As a dry measure, it is called ascticr, 
 and contains 10 decalitres, or about 2^ Winches- 
 ter bushels. Lunier. JilcCulIoch. 
 
 HEe-TO.M'E-TER, ) n. [Gr. U,itoi>, a luindred, and 
 
 HEC'TO-ME-TRE, \ iut„u,; measure.] 
 
 A French measure equal to a hundred metres ; the 
 metre being the unit of lineal measure. It is equiva- 
 lent nearly to 328 English feet. Lunier. 
 
 HEG'TOR, n. [from Ileclvr, the son of Priam, a 
 brave Trojan warrior.] 
 
 1. A bully ; a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow. 
 9. One who teases or vexe.s. 
 
 HEe'TOR, V. t. To threaten ; to bully ; to treat with 
 insolence. Drydeii. 
 
 2. To tease ; to vex ; to torment by words. 
 HEe'TOR, V. i. To play the bully ; to bluster ; to be 
 
 turbulent, or insolent. Swift. 
 
 IIEG'TOR -KI), pp. Bullied ; teased. 
 
 HEe'TOR-ING, /)/>;-. Bullying; blustering; vexing. 
 [" The epithet of a hectorintr fellow is a more fa- 
 miliar instance of a participle similarly formed, 
 though strangely distorted in its use to express a 
 meaning .almost the opposite of its original. The 
 Hector of Homer unites, we know, 
 
 ' TliC mildi-sl 1 
 
 villi tlie Urav.'st i 
 
 The sole bulwark of Troy, he reveres the opinion of 
 lier citizens ; armed, ninl hastening to the battle, he 
 stops to caress his infant, and to soothe the aliiic- 
 tions of its mother ; to his brother's faults he is in- 
 dulgent ; and Helen herself witnesses, over his grave, 
 that she had never heard from him one accent of un- 
 kindness, or ceased to be protected from the re- 
 proach of others by his mild speech and kindly dis- 
 positions : 
 
 Si"; r* ayavn'PnotjvvT), K'n aoti ayvaoXi tirltaai.'*^ 
 J^'airii J^IrtriciP, an unpublished work by Lord 
 " Grenvillc, 1824, p. Sri. — E. II. 1!.] 
 HF.G'TOR-IS.M, n. i he disposition or pr.ictice of a 
 
 ht'ctor ; a bullying. Ch. Relief. Jippeul. 
 
 Hi;e'TOR-EY, a. lilustering : insolent. Barrow. 
 IIED'DLES, (hed'illz,) n. pi The harness for guiding 
 
 the warp threads in a loom. Buchanan. 
 IIED'EN'-IIERG I'i'E, n. [from Hcdenberg, who first 
 analyzed it.] 
 
 A dark, or nearly black, cleavable variety of au- 
 gite, semi-m' tallic in appearance, containing a large 
 propiirtiun of oxyd of iron. JJann. 
 HED-E-RA'CEOUti, (-i'shus.) a. [I,, hederar.en.i, from 
 kedera, ivy; VV. eiiam, ivy, from holding, clinging; 
 eiiiau), to possess. See Heath.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to ivy. 
 
 2. Producing ivy. 
 
 HEU'E-IIAL, a. Composed of ivy ; belonging to ivy. 
 
 n,iileij. 
 
 HED E RIF'ER-OUS, a. [I,, hedera, ivy, and fero, to 
 bear.) 
 Producing ivy. 
 HEDGE, (hej,) n. [Sax. Acyc, heafr, h^^r, h'lrrre ; G. 
 her/i ; D. heir, haair ; Dan. krklie or hek ; S\v, hdifn, 
 hedge, protection; Fr. haic ; \V. cue. Heuco Eng. 
 
 S , 
 
 luiw, and Ifa^ue in Holland. Ar. ^^-^ fiaujron, 
 a H|ipcica of thorny plant,] 
 
 Properly, a thicket of thorn-bushes, or other shrubs, 
 or small trees ; bii apprupriatelij, such a thicket [ilaut- 
 ed round ^ field - o fence it, or in rows, to separate 
 the parts of a garden. 
 
 Hedtre, prefixed to another word, or in composi- 
 tion, denotes something mean, as, a icd^e-priest, a 
 Aei/n-c-press, a Aci/n-c-vicar, that is, born in or belonging 
 to the hedges or woods, low, outlandish. [JVi/t used 
 in Ameriea.l 
 
 HEDGE, (hej,) v. t. To inclose with a hedge; to 
 fence with a thicket of shrubs or small trees ; to 
 separate by a hedge ; as, to hedge a field or garden. 
 
 2. To obstruct with a hedge, or to obstruct in any 
 maimer. 
 
 1 will hedge up Ihy way wilh thorns. — Hos. ii. 
 
 3. To surround for defense ; to fortify. 
 
 England hedged in w ith the miiin. Shale. 
 
 4. To inclose for preventing escape. 
 
 TliAt is a law to hedge in tlie cuckow. Locke. 
 
 Dryden, Swift, and Shakspeare, have written 
 Hedge for Edge, to edge in, but improperly. 
 
 5. To guard, or protect ; as, to hedge one's bets, that 
 is, after having bet on one side, to bet also on the 
 other side, thus guarding one's self against great 
 loss, whatever may be the result. Smart. 
 
 HEDGE, (hej,) v. i. To hide, as in a hedge ; to hide ; 
 to skulk. Shale. 
 2. To bet on both sides. [See No. 5, above.] 
 HEDGE'-IiILL, ) n. A cutting hook used in dress- 
 HEDG'ING-BILL, ( ing hedges. 
 HEDGE'-BORN, a. Of low birth, as if bom in the 
 
 woods ; outlandish ; obscure. Shak. 
 HPjDGE'-BoTE, 71. Wood for repairing hedges. 
 
 Blaekstojie. 
 
 HEDG E'-CREEP-ER, n. One who skulks under hedges 
 for bad purposes. 
 
 HEDGE-FO'iMI-TO-RY, 7i. A plant. Jlinsworth. 
 
 HEDGE'HOG, n. A quadruped of the genus Erina- 
 ceus. The common hedgehog has round ears, and 
 crested nostrils; his body is about nine inches long, 
 and the upper part is covered with prickles, or spines, 
 and the under part with hair. When attacked, this 
 animal erects his prickles, and rolls himself into a 
 round form, which presents the points of the pric- 
 kles, on all sides, to an assailant. 
 
 Ediii. Encyc. Partington. 
 
 2. A term of reproach. Shak. 
 
 3. A plant of the genus Medicago, or snail-trefoil. 
 The pods are shaped like a snail, downy, and armed 
 with a few short spines. Loudon. 
 
 4. The globe-fish. jJs/i. 
 
 This fish belongs to the genus Diodon. It is cov- 
 ered with long spines, and has the power of inflating 
 its body, whence the name globe-fish. [Fr. orbe.] 
 
 Ctivier. 
 
 The sea-hedgo!iog is the echinus, a genus of 
 zoophytes, generally of a nearly spheroidal or oval 
 form, and covered with movable spines. [See Echi- 
 nus.] Cuvicr. Cijc. 
 
 HEDGE'HOG-THIS'TLE, (-this'l,) ?i. A plant, the 
 Cactus. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 HEDGE'-IIYS-SOP, n. A bitter herb of the genus 
 Gratiola. 
 
 HEDGE'LESS, a. Having no hedge. 
 HEDGE'-IMUS-TARD, 7i. A plant of the genus Erysi- 
 mum. 
 
 HEDGE'-NET-TLE, 71. An herb, or undershrnb, of 
 the genus Stachys, whose flowers grow in spikes. 
 The shrubby hedge-nettle is of the genus Prasium. 
 
 IIEDGE'-NoTE, 71. A term of contempt for low writ- 
 ing. Dryden. 
 
 HEDGETIG, 71. A young hedgehog. Shak. 
 
 HEDGE'-RoW, 71. A row or series of shrubs, or 
 trees, ])lanted for inclosure, or separation of fields. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HEDGE'-SPAR-RoW, ti. A European bird of the 
 I.iniui'an genus Motacilla, frequenting hedges ; distin- 
 guished from the sjiarrow that builds in thatch. 
 
 Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 HEDGE'-STaKE, 71. A stake to support a hedge. 
 
 HEDGE'-WRIT-ER, 71. A Grub-street writer, or low 
 author. Smift. 
 
 HEDG'ER, 77. One who makes hedges. 
 
 IIEDG'ING, p;ir. InclosTiig with a hedge; obstruct- 
 ing ; confining ; betting on both siiles. 
 
 HEDG'ING-BILL, n. A bill or hook like a sickle, for 
 pruning hedges, 
 
 HE D(>.\'1C, a. [Gr. fifovn, pleasure,] 
 
 Prrtaiuing to pleasure. The Jledonic sect, in an- 
 tii/uity, was one that placed the highest happiness in 
 pleasure. This was called the Cyrenaic sect, 
 
 Hk'DY-PHANE, 71. [Gr. I'fduj, sweet, and ipaino, to 
 appear ] 
 
 A white or grayish mineral, of an adamantine lus- 
 ter, consisting of o\yd of lead, and lime, combined 
 with the arsenic and phos{ihoric acids, and sonn; chlo- 
 rine, Dana. 
 HEED, V. t. [Sax. hedan : G, MHen ; D, hocdun ; Gr, 
 »r/flfr,) ; Sp, and Port, cuidar.] 
 
 To mind ; to regard with care ; to take notice of; 
 to attend to ; to ob.servo, 
 
 Mtilh plcrumiu Argiia the niuatcian heedt. Dryden. 
 
 HEED, 71. Care ; attention. 
 
 Willi wanlon heed snd gitMy cuiniing. Milton. 
 
 2. Caution ; care ; watch for danger ; notice ; cir- 
 cumspection ; usually preceded by take. Take heed 
 of evil coinpanj- ; take heed to your ways. 
 
 Amasa took no heed to the swurU U).it was in Joab's hand. — 2 
 Sam. XX. 
 
 3. Notice ; observation ; regard ; attention ; often 
 preceded by give. 
 
 The preacher gave gooil heed, - - Kccles. xii. 
 
 Neither giue heed to fables. — 1 Tiui. i. 
 
 TJiereiore we ought to give tlie more earnest lieed, — Ileb. ii. 
 
 4. Seriousness ; a steady look. 
 
 A heed 
 
 Was in his countenance. [Unusual.] Sluik. 
 
 HEED, 7'. ;. To mind ; to consider. Warton. 
 
 HEED'ED, jtp. Noticed ; observed ; regarded. 
 
 HEED'FIJL, fl. Attentive; observing; giving heed; 
 as, heedful of advice. Pope. 
 2. Watchful ; cautious ; circumspect ; wary. 
 
 HEED'FIJL-LY, ai/e. Attentively; carefully; cau- 
 tiously. Listen heedfully to good advice. 
 2. Watchfully. 
 
 HEED'FUL-NESS, 7i. Attention ; caution ; vigi- 
 lance ; circumspection ; care to guard against dan- 
 ger, or to perform duty. 
 
 HEED'I-LY^ arfc. Cautiously ; vigilantly. Diet. 
 
 HEED'I-NESS, 71. Attention; caution. 
 
 HEED'LESS, a. Inattentive ; careless ; negligent of 
 the means of safety ; thoughtless ; regardless ; un- 
 observiug. We say, heedless children ; heedless of 
 danger or surprise. 
 
 The heedless lover does not know 
 
 Whose eyes Ihey are that wound him so. Waller. 
 
 HEED'LESS-LY, aid. Carelessly; negligently; in- 
 attentively ; without care or circumspection. Broicn. 
 
 HEED'LESS-NE.SS, n. Inattention ; carelessness ; 
 thoughtlessness ; negligence. Locke. 
 
 HEEL, 71. [Sax. hel, hcla : D. hiel ; Sw. hdl : Dan. 
 h/rl; L. calx. (iu. its alliance to Gr. KnX'i, a tumor.] 
 L The hind part of the foot, particularly of man ; 
 but it is apiilied, also, to the corresponding part of the 
 feet of quadrupeds. 
 
 2. The whole foot. 
 
 The stag recalls his strength, his speed, 
 
 His winged /.eei*. Detthnm. 
 
 3. The hind part of a shoe, either for man or beast. 
 
 4. I'he part of a stocking intended for the heel. 
 To be out at the heels, is to have on stockings that 
 
 are worn out ; hence, figuratively, to be in bad con- 
 dition. 
 
 5. Something shaped like the human heel ; a pro- 
 tuberance or knob, Mortimer. 
 
 6. The latter part ; as, a hill was introduced into 
 the legislature at the heel of the session. 
 
 7. A spur. 
 
 This horse understands the heel well. Encyc. 
 
 8. The after end of a ship's keel ; the lower end 
 of the sternpost to which it is connected ; also, the 
 lower end of a mast. 
 
 To be at the heels ; to pursue closely ; to follow 
 hard ; also, to attend closely. 
 
 Hungry want is at my Iieels. Otu>ay. 
 To show the hcek ; to flee ; to run from. 
 To take to the heels; to flee ; to betake to flight. 
 To lay by the heels ; to fetter ; to shackle ; to con- 
 fine. Jiddison. 
 To have the heels of; to outrun. 
 JVcck and hecLi ; the whole length of the body. 
 HEEL, V. i. To dance. Shak. 
 HEEL, 1!. t. To arm a cock. Johnson. 
 
 2. To add a heel to ; as, to heel a shoe. 
 HEEL, V. i. [Sax. hyldan, to lean or incline ; D. /if(- 
 ten ; Dan. helder ; Sw. halla, to tilt.] 
 
 To incline; to lean, as a ship; as, the ship heels 
 a-port, or a-starboard. Encyc. 
 HEEL'KD, pp. Supplied with a heel. 
 HEEL'ER, 71. A cock that strikes well with his heels. 
 HEEL'ING, ;>/)r. Supplying with a heel. 
 IIEEL'-PIKCE, 71. Armor for the heels. Chesterfield. 
 
 2. A piece of leather on the heel of a shoe. 
 HEEL'-T.\P, n. [heel and tup.] A small piece of 
 
 leather for the heel of a shoe. 
 HEEL'-TAP, 71. (. To add a piece of leather to the 
 
 heel of a shoe. 
 HEFT, 11. [Sax. hrfr, from hefan, to heave, to lift.] 
 L Heaving ; clfort. 
 
 II.' t-racks his gori;e, his sid. 
 Wilh violent luifU- \Not i 
 
 ted.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 9. Weight ; ponderoiisness. [This use is common 
 in popular hHignage in America. And we .sometiuu^s 
 hear it used as a verb as, to heft, to lift for the pur- 
 pose of feeling or judging of the weight. Provincial 
 in England. See llulhiwoy.] 
 
 3.11). heft.] A handle ; a had. [JVot used.] 
 
 Waller. 
 
 IIEFT'F.D, rt. Heaved ; expressing agitation. Sluik. 
 HE GE-MO.NMC, 
 
 HE-GE-MON'l€-AL, \ 
 
 Principal ; ruling ; predominant. 
 
 j a. [Gr. I'jj ipoviKOf.] 
 
 Fotherby. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WIl^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 M4 
 
 Ik 
 
IIEI 
 
 MKCI'KA, n. [Ar., from to remove, 
 to ^le^•t■rt.] 
 
 In chrnnotoirij^an rpocli nmong tliR Stoliuininedans, 
 from wliiuh llirv compute time. 'I'lii- event which 
 K'lve rise to it wns tlio tliiiht of Mohammed troiii 
 Slecca; from which the magistrates, feariiis liis im- 
 postures m*li!ht raise a sedition, expelled liiiii, July 
 Iti, A. D. U'J-2, under the reign of the emperor llerac- 
 lius. Harris. Encijc. 
 
 lU'.lK'ER, (hefcr,) H. [Sax. heiifre, licalifurc, hettfbre. 
 Uu. Ileh. n->D.J 
 .\ ^oun^ cow. Pope. 
 
 IIi;i(;l'r-n6, (hl'ho;) an exclamation expressing 
 some degree of languor or uneasiness. Urj den lias 
 u-ii d it for the voice of exultation. 
 
 IIIOKJIIT, ) ,, ,, , i n. [Sax. Wit/io, Iieatko, lieklhc, 
 
 IlKillT, j j kmil/w, liet/ie, hilult, htjlulic, con- 
 
 tracted or changed from heagthc, or hi^elh, or /li Wi- 
 (Ac; G. luSlie, hohtit ; I), hoo^te^ S\v. liUgkrt, liii^rd; 
 Uan. liSjde, hojked. This word is formed from heah, 
 huh, hog, now high; and, as the ortlii)!;rapliy is un- 
 settled, I should prefer to form it regularly from the 
 present English word Aii.'-A, and write it hight, as was 
 formerly done by distinguished writers.] 
 
 1. Elevation above the ground ; any mdefinite dis- 
 tance above the earth. The eagle tlies at a great 
 highl, or higluh. 
 
 2. The altitude of nn object ; the distance which 
 any thing rises above its foot, basis, or foundation ; 
 as, the hight or highUi of a tower or steeple. 
 
 3. Elevation of a star, or other celestial luminary, 
 above the hori/.on. 
 
 4. Degree of latituile cither north or south. In this 
 application, the distance from the eipiator is consid- 
 ered as elevation. Latitudes are liiglicr as they ap- 
 proach the pole. Johnson. 
 
 Guillen licUi to the uortti icii, ia the same htght as Porn to the 
 soalh. Abbot. 
 
 .5. Distance of one thing above another. 
 
 6. An eminence ; a summit ; an elevated part of 
 any thing. 
 
 7. .A hill or mountain ; any elevated ground ; as, 
 the hights of Dorchester. 
 
 8. Elevation of rank ; station of dignity or 
 office. 
 
 By him llint raised me to this careful hight. Sfuik. 
 
 9. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in pow- 
 er, learning, arts. 
 
 10. Elevation in fame or reputation. 
 
 11. Utmost degree in extent or violence ; as, the 
 higluh or hight of a fever, of passion, of madness, of 
 folly, of happiness, of gooil-breediug. So we say, 
 the Ai^At of a teni|>est. 
 
 1!2. Utmost exertion. ,. 
 
 I shnll now put you to The hight of your breejin j. Shak. 
 13. Advance ; degree ; progress toward perfection 
 or elevation ; speaking comparatively. 
 
 Social iiiili''!i arc c.\rricd to a jrc-itcr Ai*/i( — by tJie principles of 
 our n-liijioii. A'Uliton. 
 
 HEL 
 
 (hu'n,) 
 
 \v. L To raise higher ; hut 
 \ not often used in t/tts literal 
 
 HEtGHT'EN 
 HIGIIT'£N, 
 seiuie. 
 
 2. To advance in progress toward a better stale ; 
 to improve ; to meliorate ; to increiise in excellence 
 or good qualities ; as, to highlcn virtue ; to highten 
 the beauties of description, or of poetry. 
 
 3. To aggravate ; to advance toward a worse state ; 
 to augment in violence. 
 
 Foreign it&tca hare ciiUcavored to highten our confusion. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 4. To increase ; as, to highten our relish for intel- 
 lectual ple.xstirc. 
 
 5. In painting, \n make prominent by touches of 
 light or brilliant colors, as cuntra:>ted with the .shad- 
 ows. Srandr. 
 
 HEIGIIT'EN-KD, j ,,,.,,„,, ^ ( pp. or a. Raised higher; 
 HIGIlT'KN-frD, (("""".Jj elev.ited ; exalted ; ad- 
 vanced ; improved ; aggravated ; increased. 
 
 milir'r'EN-'ER'^' \ ^"'^ heightens. 
 HF.TGIIT'kX-INC, ; ,,,.„„ j„„ ^ ( ppr. or a. Raising : 
 IIIGIIT'K.N-IXG, i " I elevating ; cxalt^ 
 
 ing ; improving; increasing; aggravating. 
 HEIGIIT'K.N'-I.NG, ( ,,,.„„ . „ , i n. The act of ele- 
 IlIGHT'£N-h\G, i " I vating ; increase 
 of excellence ; improvement. Dnjdcn. 
 2. .\ggravation ; augment:ition. 
 n£IN'OUS, (h^'nus,) a. [Fr. haineur, fmm haine. 
 li:arod. Qu. Gr. fiiK..(. The spelling II.M;<ot;9 would 
 accord better with the etymology of this word.] 
 
 PruperUj, hateful ; odiou.s. Ilence, great ; enor- 
 mous ; aggravated ; as, a heinous sin or crime. 
 
 Milford. 
 
 HBIN'OUS-I \-, adv. Hatefully; abominably; enor- 
 mously. 
 
 HBI.\'ors-XESS, n. Odiousness ; enormity ; as, the 
 , hetnoumess of theft, or robbery, or of any crime. 
 
 fl Johnson. 
 IR, (are,) n. [Norm. Airr, A^rc ; Arm. Aenr, hah-; 
 w.kertderoi Port, krrdeiro ; Fr. hrriticr ; It. erede ; 
 
 h. hares, liaredis, from the verb, Eth. 
 
 Ileb. CT", Ar. warala, to become an heir, to 
 
 inherit. The primary sen.se is, to seize, or to rush on 
 and take, or to expel and dispossess others, and take 
 their property, according to the practice of rudo na- 
 tions. VVe observe, in tlio Hebrew and Ethiopic, the 
 lust consonant is a sibilant, as in the Latin nomina- 
 tive ; but the obliigue c;ises in the Latin correspond 
 with the Arabic wonl, whose linal consonant is a 
 dental. This word may be connected with the Gr. 
 a!')iw, to take. See Cl;iss R(l, No. 51, 52, 08.] 
 
 1. The man who succeeds, or is to succeed, an- 
 otlier in the possession of lands, tenements, and 
 hereditaments, by descent ; the man on wliiim tlie 
 law casts an estate of inheritance by the de;Uli of the 
 ancestor or former possessor ; or the man in whom 
 the title to an estate of inheritance is vested by the 
 operation of law, on the death of a former owner. 
 
 VVe give the title to a person who is to inherit 
 alter the death of an ancestor, and during his life, 
 as well as to the person who has actually come into 
 possession. A man's children are his /ici>.«. In 
 most monarchies, the king's eldest son is heir to the 
 throne ; and a nobleman's eldest son is heir to his 
 title. 
 
 IjO, one born in my house is my heir. — Gen. xr. 
 
 2. One who inherits or takes from an ancestor. 
 The son is ollcii Acirto the disease or to the miseries 
 of the father. 
 
 3. One who succeeds to the estate of a former pos- 
 sessor. Jer. xlix. J\Iic. i. 
 
 4. One who is entitleil to possess. In Scripture, 
 saints are called heirs of the iiromise, heirs of right- 
 eousness, Acirs of salvation, lx,c., by virtue of the 
 death of Christ, or of God's gracious promises. 
 
 Rom. viii. 
 
 II£IR, (ire,) v.t. To inherit; to take possession of 
 an estate of inheritance, after the death of the an- 
 ct'slor. Urydcn. 
 
 HEIU-AP-PAR'ENT, Ji. The man who, during the 
 life of his ancestor, is entitled to succeed to his es- 
 tate or crown. 
 
 IIBIR'DO.M, (are'dura,) 7i. Succession by inheritance. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 HBIR'ESS, (ar'ess,) n. A female heir ; a fein;ile that 
 inherits, or is entitled to inherit, an estate ; an in- 
 heritrix. 
 
 HElll'LESS, (are'less,) n. Destitute of an heir. 
 IlEIR'-LOOM, (are'looin,) n. [heir and Sax. loma, 
 geloma, andloman, utensils, vessels.] 
 
 Any furniture, niov;tble, or personal chattel, which 
 by law descends to the heir with the house or free- 
 hold, as tables, cupboards, bedsteads, &c. 
 
 Eng. Law. 
 
 HEIR'-PRE-SUMP'TIVE, n. One who, if the an- 
 cestor should die immeiiiately, would be heir, but 
 whose right of inheritance may be defeated by any 
 contingency, as by tiie birlli of a nearer relative. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 HBIR'SHIP, fare'ship,) >i. The state, character, or 
 privileges of an heir; right of inheriting. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. Heirship movables ; in Scotland, Iho best of cer- 
 tain kinds of movables which the heir is entitleil to 
 take, besides the licrit;ilile estate. Kneyc. 
 HELD, ;irf(. and pp. of IIolo. A court was held in 
 Westminster Hall. At a council held on tlic first of 
 January. 
 
 HliLE, B. (. [L. cf/o.] To hide. [Ohs.] Ootoer. 
 [Tliis is the m.asonic Aci7 or hail, to concejil, which 
 is ignorantly supposed to be had, to salute.] 
 Hi:'Ll-Ae, ) o. [L. hcliacils; Ft. hcliai/ne; from 
 HE-LI' AC-AL, j Gr. /(.Vi..?, the sun ; W. haul.] 
 
 Emerging from the liiiht of the sun, or passing 
 into it. The heliacal rising of a star, is when, alter 
 being in conjunction with it and invisible, it emerges 
 from the light so as to be visible in the morning be- 
 fore sun-rising. On the contr.ary, the heliacal setting 
 of a star, is wlien the sun approaches so near as to 
 render it invisible by its superior splendor. Kneyc. 
 IIE-LI'Ae-AI^LY, air. A star rises Ar/iaca%, when 
 it emerges from the sun's light, so as to be visible. 
 [See the preceding word.] 
 IIEL'I-C.\L, a. [Gr. tXi{, a scroll, or spiral body.] 
 Spiral ; winding ; coiled in a spiral form. 
 
 IVUkins. 
 
 HEL'I-CrrE, n. [See Helix.] Fossil remains of the 
 helix, a shell. 
 
 HEL'I-eolD, a. [Gr. iAi(, a winding, and e,io{, 
 form.] 
 
 In geometry, an epithet of a curve which arises from 
 the supposition that tho axis of the common parab- 
 ola is bent round into the periphery of a circle, and 
 is a line then passing through the extremities of the 
 orilinaies, which now converge toward the center of 
 the said circle. This curve is also called the para- 
 bolic spiral. Brande. 
 IIEL'l-CO.\, n. A mountain in Dceotia, in Greece, 
 from which flowed a fountain. The Greeks placed 
 here the residence of tho Muses. 
 
 HEL 
 
 HEL-I-eO'M-AN, a. Pertaining to Helicon. 
 HR'LINti, 71. [from Ac/c, obs. ; i.. celo.\ 
 
 The covering of tho roof of a building; written 
 also lliLLimi. [JVot used in tJie United States.] 
 IIE-LI-0-(;E.\'Tltie, to. [irr.helioecnlriiiue ; Gt. 
 HE-LI-O-CEN'TIlie-AL, j fiXtos, the sun, and «£v- 
 Tfioi', center.] 
 
 Heliocentric place ! the position of a heavenly body, 
 as seen from the sun. 
 
 Heliocentric longitude ; tho distance of a heavenly 
 body from the vernal etpiinox, as seen from the sun, 
 and measured on the ecliptic. 
 
 Heliocentric latitude; the distance of a heavenly 
 body from the ecliptic, as seen from the sun, and 
 measured on a secondary to the ecliptic. Olmsted. 
 HE-LI-O-GRAPH'ie, a. Pertaining to hcliography. 
 HE-LI-OG'RA-PIIY, n. [Gr. liXtof and /.oa'A'/.j 
 
 The art of fixing images of objects by the camera 
 obsciira. 
 
 [ This name is preferable to that of DARt;EiiRco- 
 Tvi-E, which Sep.] 
 IIE-H-OL'A-TEIl, 71. [Gr. i;A"Of, the sun, and >o- 
 Tfieooi, tt) worship.] 
 A worshiper of the sun. Drummond. 
 IIE-LI-OL'A-TRV, 7i. [Gr. i]Xio(, the sun, and 
 Xarneta, service, worship.] 
 The worship of the sun, a brancli of Sabianism. 
 IIE-LI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. //Xioj, the sun, and 
 pCTpetii, to measure.] 
 
 A kind of micrometer for measuring with exact- 
 ness the apparent diameter of the sun ; used also to 
 measure any small celestial sp;ice, as the diameter of 
 tile moon, planets, &c. Brande. 
 IlE'LI-O-Seoi'E, 71. [Gr. ij.Xioj, the sun, and okojico}, 
 to view.] 
 
 A sort of telescope fitted for viewing the siin with- 
 out pain or injury to the eyes, as when m.-ide with 
 colored glasses, or glasses blackened with siiinke. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 HE'LI-O-STAT, 71. [Gr. i|Xio{, the sun, and r.iroj.] 
 An instrument by which a sunbeam may be intro- 
 duced into a dark room, and, by means of clock- 
 work, ke|)t steadily in. Brande. 
 
 Hf.'LI-O-TROPE, 71. [<;r. I'jXiof, the sun, and rpeaoi, 
 to turn ; rpo-ii, a turning.] 
 
 1. Among the ayicicnis, an instniment or machine 
 for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and 
 the equinoctial line. Kneyc. 
 
 2. The popular name of certain species of plants 
 belonging to the genus heliotropium. 
 
 3. A mineral, a subspecies of rliomboidal quartz, 
 of a deep-green color, peculiarly pleasant to the eye. 
 It is usually variegated with blood red or yellowish 
 dots, and is more or less translucent. liefnre the 
 blowpipe, it loses its color. It is generally supposed 
 to be clialcedony, colored by green earth or chlorite. 
 
 Cleareland. Ure. 
 HEL-I-SPHF.R'IC, ) ,. , , , 
 
 IIEL-I-SPIIER'ie-AI,, i l'"^'" "P'""-^ 
 
 Spiral. The hrtispfierieal line is the rhomb line in 
 navigation, so callcil because, on the gKibe, it winds 
 round the pole spirally, coming nearer and nearer 
 to it, but never Icriiiiiialiiig in it. Barlow. 
 HE'LIX, 71. ; IIel'i cks. [Gr. tAif, a wiinling.] 
 
 1. A spiral line, as of wire in a coil ; a circumvo- 
 lution ; a winding, or something that is spiril ; as, a 
 winding staircase in architecture, or a c:iuliciile or 
 little volute under the flowers of the Corinthian cap- 
 ital. In anatomy, the whole circuit or extent of the 
 auricle, or external border of the ear. Brande. 
 
 2. In zoiilo'f}/, the siiail-shell. 
 
 HELL, 71. [.-^ax. hrll, hclle ; G. liblle; D. hel, helle; 
 Sw. helvetc ; Dan. hrlvede. Uii. hole, a ileep place, 
 or from Sax. helan, to cover.] 
 
 1. The place or suite of piinishnieiit for tile wicked 
 after death. JHulL x. Luke xii. 
 
 Sin is hetl begun, as religion is heaven anlicipale<I. J. Lathrop. 
 
 2. The place of the dead, or of souls after death ; 
 the lower regions, or the grave ; called in Hebrew 
 sheol, and by the Greeks hailcs. Ps. xvi. Jim. ii. 
 
 3. The paiiui of hell ; temporal death, or agonies 
 that dying gicrsons feel, or which bring to the brink 
 of the' grave. Ps. xviii. 
 
 4. The gates of hell ; the power and policy of Satan 
 and his instruments. JUatt. xvi. 
 
 5. Tile infernal powers. 
 
 ^^'hile Saul and belt crossed hij strong fate in Tain. Couley. 
 
 6. The place at a running pl.iy to which are car- 
 ried those who are caught. Sidney. 
 
 7. A place into which a tailor throws his shreds, 
 or a printer bis broken type. Hnd'ibras. 
 
 8. A dungeon or prison. [04<.] 
 
 9. A gambling-house. 
 IIELL'-IiEXD-ER, 71. A name given to the large 
 
 Xorth American salamander. 
 
 HELL -BLACK, a. Illack as hell. Shak. 
 
 HELL'-llORX, a. Horn in hell. 
 
 HELL'-BREI), a. Produced in hell. Spnser. 
 
 HELL'-HREW-tD, (-brude,) a. Prepared in hell. 
 
 HELL'-BROTH, 11. A composition for infernal pur- 
 poses. Shak. 
 
 HELL'-CAT, 71. A witch ; a hag. Middletan. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
IlEL 
 
 HEL 
 
 HEM 
 
 IIELL'-eON-FOUND'[i\G,a. Defeating the infernal 
 
 powers. Beaum. FL 
 
 UELL'-DOO.M-£D, o. Doomed or consigned to liell. 
 
 Miltoti. 
 
 HELL'-GOV-ERN-£D, a. Directed by hell. S/toA. 
 IIELL'-HAG, 71. A hag of hell. 
 HELL'-IIaT-ED, a. Abhorred as hell. Shak. 
 IlELL'-IlAUiNT-£D, a. Haunted by the devil. 
 
 Drijden. 
 
 HELL'-HOUND, n. A dog of hell ; an agent of hell. 
 
 Dryden. Milton, 
 HELL'-KITE, n. A kite of an infernal breed. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HEL-LAN-OD'ie, n. [Or. i\\r,v and iiKn.'] 
 
 In ancient Q-recce, a judge of the games, e.xercises, 
 or combats, who decided to wliich of the candidates 
 the prizes belonged.] 
 
 IIEL'LE-BOUE. n. [L. hellehorus ; Or. tXXeffopos.] 
 The nameot several plants of different genera, the 
 most important of which are the black hellebore, 
 Christmas rose, or Christmas flower, of the genus 
 Helleborus, and the white hellebore, of the genus Ver- 
 atrum. Both are acrid and poisonous, and are used 
 in medicine as evacuants and alteratives. Cyc, 
 
 HEL'LE-BO-RISM, ji. A medicinal preparation of 
 hellebore. Farrand, 
 
 HEL-LEN'ie^'^' I t^''- ^>>')'"<^'"'f. '^^'7''"'£-] 
 Pertaining to the Hellenes, or inhabitants of 
 Greece so called from Hellas, in Greece, or from 
 Hellen. 
 
 HEL'LEN-ISM, n. [Gr. ax^i-nrjioj.] 
 
 A phrase in the idiom, genius, or construction of 
 the Greek language. Addison. 
 HEL'LEN-IST, n. [Gr. iWr^viTm.] 
 
 1. A Grecian Jew ; a Jew who used the Greek 
 language. Campbell, Eiicyc. 
 
 2. One skilled in the Greek language. 
 HEL-LEN-IST'ie, a. Pertaining to the Hellenists. 
 
 'I'be Hellenistic language was the Greek spoken or 
 used by the Jews who lived in Egypt and other 
 countries, where the Greek language prevailed. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 HEL-LEN-IST'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to the 
 
 Hellenistic dialect. Oretrory. 
 HEL'LEN-IZE, v. i. To use the Greek language. 
 
 Haimuond. 
 
 HEL'LES-PONT, n. A narrow strait between Eu- 
 rope and Asia, now called the Dardanelles ; a part 
 of the passage between the Euxine and the Egean 
 Sea- 
 
 HEL-LES-PONT'INE, a. Pertaining to the Helles- 
 pont. Jllitford. 
 
 HEL'LI-ER, n. A tiler, or slater. [See Hele.] 
 [JVoi in use.] 
 
 HELL'ISH, a. Pertaining to hell. Sidney. 
 2. Like hell in qualities; infernal; malignant; 
 wicked ; detestable. South. 
 
 HELL'ISH-EY, ado. Infernally; with extreme ma- 
 lignity ; wickedly ; detestably. Bp. Barlow. 
 
 HEEL'ISII-NESS, n. The qualities of hell, or of its in- 
 habitants ; extreme wickedness, malignity, or im- 
 piety. 
 
 IIELL'WARD, ado. Toward hell. Pope. 
 
 HELL'Y, a. Having the qualities of hell. Anderson. 
 
 HELM, a termination, denotes defense ; as in Sigliclm, 
 victorious defense. [See Helmet.] 
 
 HEL.M,n. [Sax. hclma ; G. helm, a helm, and n helve ; 
 U. and Dan. Ae/m ; Sw. hielm ; called, in some dia- 
 lects, h(im.sl.nck, which must be the tiller only; prob- 
 ably from the root of hold.] 
 
 1. 'J'hc instrument by which a ship is steered, con- 
 sisting of a rudder, a tiller, and, in large vessels, a 
 wheel. [See RroDtn.] Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. Station of government; the place of direction 
 or management ; as, to be at the kdm in the admin- 
 istration. 
 
 HELM, ». t. To steer; to guide; to direct. {Little 
 used. 1 Shak. 
 2. To cover with a hemlet. Milton. 
 
 IIf^m'eT i t^'"'" Helm.] 
 
 1. Defensive armor for the head ; a head-piece ; a 
 morion. The helmet is worn by horsemen to defend 
 the head against the broadsword. 
 
 2. 'I'lie part of a coat of arms that bears the crest. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. The upper part of a retort. Boyle. 
 
 4. In botany, the hooded upper-lip of some tlow- 
 erf. P. Cyc. 
 
 HELM'AGE, n. Guidance. 
 
 IIl'L.M'E'J' EI) ( I' '"''"shcd with a helmet. 
 HEl'mLV'TIIIC, a. [Gr. iX/.i^, a worm.] 
 
 Ki'biliiig lo worms ; expelling worms. 
 IIEL-.MLN''l'Hie, n. A medicine for expelling worms. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 HEI^MIN' TIIO-LOG'IC, jo. [See Helminthol- 
 IIEI, MI.NTHO-LOG'IC-AL, i o<;v.] I'ertainingto 
 
 worms f»r vrrmen, or to their history. 
 IIEI--.MIN-TIK)L'(> OI.S'I", n. One who U versed In 
 
 the nalnrnl hiHtory of vcrmen or wormti. 
 nEL-MLN THOL'O-CY.n. [Gr. iA/iii'$, a worm, and 
 
 htyif, diHCourscj 
 
 The science or knowledge of vermes or worms ; 
 the description and natural history of vermes or 
 worms.] Ed. Encyc. 
 
 HELM'LESS, a. Destitute of a hemlet. Barlow. 
 2. Without a helm. 
 
 HELMS'MAN, n. The man at the helm. 
 
 HELM'WIND, n. A wind in the mountainous parts 
 of England, so called. Burn. 
 
 Hk'LOT, n. A slave in ancient Sparta. 
 
 He'LOT-ISM, n. Slavery ; the condition of the He- 
 lots, slaves in Sparta. Steplimis. 
 
 He'LOT-RY, n. The collective body of the Helots. 
 
 T. B. Macauley. 
 
 HELP, t'. t. ; a regular verb ; the old past tense and 
 p<irticiple, holp and holpen, being obsolete. [W. 
 helpu i Sax. helpan, hylpan; G. helfen ; D. helpen; 
 Sw. hielpa; Dan. Iiielper ; Goth, hilpan.] 
 
 1. To aid ; to assist; to lend strength or means 
 toward effecting a purpose ; as, to help a man in his 
 work; to Ac/p another in raising a buiUling ; lo help 
 one to pay his debts ; toAeip the memory, or the un- 
 derstanding. 
 
 2. To assist ; to succor ; to lend means of deliver- 
 ance ; as, to help one in distress ; to help one out of 
 prison. 
 
 3. To relieve ; to cure, or to mitigate pain or dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Help and ease them, but by no means bemoan Uiem. Loclte. 
 The true calamus helps a cough. Gerard. 
 
 Sometimes with of; as, to help one of blindness. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 4. To remedy ; to change for the better. 
 
 Ceaae to lament for what thou canst not help, Shak. 
 
 5. To prevent ; to hinder. The evil approaches, 
 and who can help it 
 
 6. To forbear ; to avoid. 
 
 I can not help reniarkui^ the resemblance between him and our 
 author. Pope, 
 
 To help forward ; to advance by assistance. 
 To help on ; to forward ; to promote by aid. 
 To help out : to aid in delivering from difficulty, or 
 to aid in completing a design. 
 Tlie sod of learning and of light 
 
 "Would want a god himself lo Itelp him out. Sm/t. 
 
 To help over ; to enable to surmount ; as, to help 
 one over a difficulty. 
 
 To help off; to remove by help; as, tohelp ojTtime. 
 [Unusual.] Locke. 
 
 To help to ; to supply with ; to furnish with. 
 Wliom they would Ittlp to a kingdom. — 1 Maccabees. 
 
 Also, to present to at table ; as, to help one to a 
 glass of wine. 
 HELP, V, i. To lend aid ; to contribute strength or 
 means. 
 
 A generous present helpt to penuade, as well as an ^recable 
 person. GarVi, 
 
 To help out ; to lend aid ; to bring a supply. 
 HELP, 71. [W. help,] 
 
 1. Aid ; assistance ; strength or means furnished 
 toward promoting an object, or deliverance from dif- 
 ficulty or distress. 
 
 Give us help from trouble ; for vain is the help of man. — Ps. Ir. 
 
 2. That which gives assistance ; he or that which 
 contributes to advance a purpose. 
 
 Virliw is a friend and a help lo nature. South, 
 God is a very present help ui uuie of trouble. — Ps. xlvi. 
 
 3. Remedy ; relief. The evil is done ; there is no 
 kelp for it. There is no help for the man ; his disease 
 is incurable. 
 
 4. A hired man or woman ; a servant. 
 
 United States. 
 
 HELP'J^D, (helpt,) pp. Aided ; assisted ; relieved. 
 HELP'ER, 71. One that helps, aids, or assists; an as- 
 si.'^tant ; an auxiliary. 
 
 2. One that furnishes or administers a remedy. 
 Compassion — is oftentimes a helper of evils. More. 
 
 3. One that supplies with any thing wanted ; 
 with to. 
 
 A helper lo a husband. jSTio*. 
 
 4. A supernumerary servant. Swift, 
 HELP'FIJL, a. That gives aid or assistance; that 
 
 furnishes means of promoting an object; useful. 
 2. Wholesome; salutary; as, Ae/;</uI medicines. 
 
 Halegh. 
 
 HELP'FIJL-NESS, 71. Assistance; usefulness. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HELP'ING, ;);«-. or (1. Assisting; aiding; sujjport- 
 iiig. 
 
 HELP'LESS, a. Without help in one's self; desti- 
 tute of the power or means to succor or relieve one's 
 self. A person is rendered helpless by weakness, or 
 want of means. An infant is helpless, 
 
 2. Destitute of support or assistance. 
 
 How >h:dl I tlirn your helpleai fame drfeiul ? Pope. 
 
 3. Admitting no help; irremediable. [J^otused.] 
 
 4. Unsupplietl ; destitute. [Spenser. 
 
 J/elplcMi of all lh»t innnau wiinU reiinire. [Not used.] Dryden. 
 
 HELP'LF.SS-LY, adv. Without succor. Kid. 
 HELP'LESS NESS, n. Want of strength or ability; 
 
 intibility ; want of means in one's self to (iljlain 
 relief in trouble, or to accomplish one's purposes or 
 desires. 
 
 It is the tendency of sickness to reduce our extmvagant self- 
 estimation, by exliibitiug our soliuiry helplessness. 
 
 Buckminsler. 
 
 HELP'MaTE, ) 71. An assistant; a helper; a com- 
 IIELP'MEET. i panion. 
 
 HEL'TER-SKEL'TER; cant words denoting hurry 
 and confusion. [ Vulgar.] (iu. L. hilariter and 
 
 celeriter, or Ch. to mix. 
 
 HELVE, (helv,) 71. [Sax. helf; G. helm, a helve and a 
 helm ; probably from the root of hold.] 
 
 The handle of an ax or hatchet. Johnson, 
 
 HELVE, (helv,) v, t. To furnish with a helve, as 
 
 HELV'iCD, pp. Fitted witli a helve. [an ax. 
 
 HEL-VET'ie, a, [Sax. Heefcldcn, the Helvetii. Qu. 
 hill-men, or high hill-men.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Helvetii, the inhabitants of the 
 Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and 
 inhabitants of the Alpine regions; as, the Helvetic 
 confederacy ; Helvetic states. 
 
 HEL'VIN, 71. [from Gr. i,Xi..j, the sun ] 
 
 A mineral, of a yellowish color, occurring in regu- 
 lartetrahedrons, with truncated angles. Cleuveland, 
 
 HELVING, jrpr. Furnishing with a helve, as an ax. 
 
 HEM ; an exclamation whose utterance is a sort of 
 voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, as the emo- 
 tion may suggf^t. Smart, 
 
 HEM, 71. [Sax. hem ; W. hem ; Russ. kaima,] 
 
 1. The border of a garment, doubled and sewed 
 to strengthen it and prevent the raveling of the 
 threads. 
 
 2. Edge ; border. Matt, ix. 
 
 3. A particular sound of the human voice, ex- 
 pressed by the \N'ord hem, 
 
 HEM, V. t. To form a hem or border ; to fold and sew 
 down the edge of cloth to strengthen it. 
 2. To border ; to edge. 
 
 All the skirt .tbonl 
 Was hemmed with golden fringe. Spenser. 
 
 To hem in; to inclose and confine; to surround ; 
 to environ. The troops were hemmed in by the ene- 
 my. Sometimes, perhaps, to hem about or round may 
 be used in a like sense. 
 HE.M, V. i. [D. hemmen.] 
 
 To mtike the sound expressed by the word hem. 
 HEM'A-eHATE, 71. [Gr. a'lpa, blood, and axams, 
 agate.] 
 
 A species of agate, of a blood color. Encyc. 
 HEM-A-DYN-A-MO.M'E-TER, 71. [Gr. a\pa, blood, 
 and dynamometer, which see.] 
 
 A contrivance for ascertaining the pressure of the 
 blood in the arteries. 
 HEM-E-STAT'1€-AL, a. 'Gt. a\pa, blood, and 
 CTtlTtKoi;.] 
 Relating to the weight of the blood. 
 HEM'A-TIN, 71. [Gr. uiV-i, blood.] 
 
 The coloring principle of logwood, of a red color 
 and bitterish taste. Cherreul. 
 HEM'A-TITE, 71. [Gr. lu/mrirrif, from a!;;.!, blond.] 
 Red hematite is a variety of the specular ore of 
 iron. Brown hematite, the hydrated oxyd of iron. 
 The name hematite is now mostly restricted to the 
 latter ore. The word alludes to the red or brownish- 
 red color of the mineral when rubbed or powdered. 
 Both of these ores are used extensively in the man- 
 ufacture of iron. Dana. 
 IIEM-A-TIT'ie, a. Pertaining to hem.itite, or resem- 
 bling it ; composed of or containing hematite. 
 HE.M'A-TO-CELE, 71. [Gr. aipa, blood, and itijXi;, a 
 tumor.] 
 
 A tumor filled with blood. 
 HEM-A-To'SIN, 71. One of the proximate principles 
 
 of the blood, containing its red coloring-matter. 
 HEM-A-To'SlS, 71. A morbid (juantity of blood. 
 HE.M-E-RO-BAP'TIST, n. [Gr. >)it'.pa, day, and 
 fJarrrw, to wash.] 
 
 One of a sect among the Jews, who bathed every 
 dav. 
 
 HEM'I, in composition, from the Gr. fiptavs, signifies 
 
 half, like drmi and snni. 
 HEM'l-CR.A-NY, 71. [Gr. ii/iiffus, h.alf, and Kpaviov, 
 
 the skull.] 
 
 A pain that affects only one side of the head. 
 IIEM'I C^-CLE, (-si-kl,) 71. [Gr. i')/ii«-n«A"{.] 
 
 A half circle ; more generally called a semicircle. 
 HEM-I-DI'ToNE, 71. In Oreck 7nii4ic,the lesser third. 
 
 [See Demi-Ditone.] Busbij. 
 HEM-I-lliS'DRAL, u. [Gr. 'naav, h.ilf, and 'idpa, 
 face. ] 
 
 In minrralosry, a term applied to a crystal with half 
 of the similar edges or angles similarly replaced. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 HEM'I-NA, 71. (_L.] In Roman antiquity, a measure 
 containing hall a scxiary, and accoriling to Arbutli- 
 not, about half a pint English wine-nieasuie. Encyc. 
 
 2. In medicine, a measure equal to about ten 
 ounces. Quincy. 
 IIEM-I-I'LK'l";I-A, ) 71. 'Gr. I'l/iioiit, half,and itXnyn, 
 IIEM'l-PLK (;V, i a" stroke, from irXiiaaoj, to 
 ■••Irike j 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WH^T METE, PafiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.- 
 
HEN 
 
 HEP 
 
 HER 
 
 A palsy tliat artVrcts one half of the Iiody ; a par- 
 alytic ariV'Clion on one side of the luiinan frame. 
 
 Eiicijc, 
 
 HE M I-PUIS-M AT'ie, a. Half prisnialic. 
 Ili;-.MII""I'EK, n. ( [Ur. t'liiiavf, half, and 
 
 HE-MI1"TE11-A, n. pl.\ mepw, a wing.] 
 
 Terms applied to insects with the upper wings, or 
 wing-covers, usually half coriaceous and lialf mem- 
 branaceous, and incumbent on eucli other ; as the 
 Cimex. 
 
 HE-.MIl"TER-AL, ) a. Having the upper wings 
 HE-MIP'TER-OUS, ( halfcoriaceous and haifniem- 
 
 bninaccous. 
 HE.M'I-SPHERE, ii, [Gr. i'i,.ii7(4ai.oioi'.l 
 
 1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, 
 when divided by a plane passing through its center. 
 Parlicularlij, one half the mundane sphere. The 
 equator divides the sphere into two equal parts. 
 That on the north is called the northern liemigphrrf. ; 
 the other, the souUirrH, So the horizon divides the 
 sphere into the upprr an»l luieer kniiLtphcrcjt. Hemi- 
 sphere is also used for a map or proJecti(Ui of half tlie 
 terrestrial or celestial sphere, and is then often called 
 plani^yihere. 
 
 2. A map or projection of half the terrestrial globe. 
 HEM-ISPIIEll'ie, I a. Containing half a sphere 
 HEM-I SPIIEK'ie-AL, ( or globe ; as, a Acmi^p/icric 
 
 figure or form ; a hemispherir^l bodv. 
 HEM-I-.><PHEK'ULE, n. A half spherule. 
 HE.M'IS-TieU, (heni'e-stik,) ii. [(Jr. iiiitariyirtv.] 
 Half a poetic verse, or a verse not completed. 
 
 Dnjilen, Enctic 
 HE-MIP'Tieil-AI., (he-mis'tik-al,) a. Pertaining to 
 
 a hi'mistirb ; denoting a division of the verse. 
 HE.M'l I'oXE, II. [Cr. .i/iir.ii .1.] [IVarlon. 
 
 \ half lone ill music ; now called a Skmito.m:. 
 HEM'l TKOPE, 0. [Gr. iiptavi, half, and rpu-/;, a 
 turning.) 
 
 Half liirncd ; a hemitrope mjstal is one in which 
 one segment is turned through half the circumference 
 of a circle. The word is used also as a noun. Ilaiiy. 
 HE.M'LOUK, n. [Sax. hemleac ; tlie latter syllable is 
 the same a.s Irek, Clii. is it not a border-plant, a plant 
 growing in hedges.' ] 
 
 1. A plant of the genus Conium, whose leaves and 
 root are (Kjisoiious. [See, also, \Vateb-He.mlock ] 
 
 a A North .American tree, of the genus Abies or 
 Fir, an evergreen. 
 
 3. A poison, an infusion or decoction of the poi- 
 " sonoiis plant. [See Cici;t.v.] 
 
 Fopul.ir liberty inifflit then have rsctpeO l}f indelible reproach 
 of (leerwins: to the snme citiiens Uie hemlock on one ii.»y, 
 and statiiet'oii the next. FetteraJiMl, Maditori. 
 
 HEM'MKD, pp. or «. Bordered; edged; folded and 
 sewed down at the edge. 
 
 HE.M'.MEL, 71. [Dan. hemmrli^, close.] 
 A shed or hovel for entile. [Ijical.] 
 
 HEM'.Ml.NG, ppr. Bordering; folding and sewing 
 down at the edge of the cloth. 
 
 HE-.MOP'TY-SIS, ) n. [Gr. ai|/a, blood, and Trrverif, 
 
 HE-.MOP'TO-E, ( a spitting.] 
 .\ spitting of blood 
 
 HEM'OR-RIIACE, n. [Gt. aipofi^ayia; ai>a, blood, 
 and ^ij) I't't*), to burst.] 
 
 Any discharge of bltwd from vessels destined to 
 contain it. The ancients confined the word to a 
 discliarjie of blood from the nose ; but in modrm 
 «.«, it 13 applied to a flux from the nose, lungs, in- 
 testines, &.C. F.nciie. 
 
 HE.M-OR-RHAO'te, ( mj'ik,) a. Pertaining to a" Ilux 
 of blood ; consisting in hemorrhage. 
 
 HE.M-OR-RHUIU'AL, a. Pertaining to the hemor- 
 rhoids ; as, the hfmorrhoiilal vessels, 
 
 •2. Consisting in a flux of blood from the vessels of 
 the anus. 
 
 HE.M'OR RHOIDS, n. [Gr. aipoppois ; alpa, blood, 
 and ^ln., a (lowing.] 
 
 A discharge of blood from the vessel.s of the anus ; 
 the piles ; in Scripturr, einerods 
 
 The term is also applied to tumors formed by a 
 morbid dilatation of the hemorrhoidal veins. When 
 they do not discharge blood, they are called Wind 
 piles ; when tliey occasion.illy emit blood, blteiling or 
 opm piles. Cijc. Parr. 
 
 HEMP, H. [Sax. henrp ; G. hnnf : D. kcnnrp or krnnip ; 
 Sw.hampa; Dan. hamp ; Fr. dianvre ; Arm. canab ; 
 If. uinnaib^ cnaib ; L. cannabis; Gr. Kaifva'it^ ; Sp. 
 Miiania ; It. canapa ; Riiss. konopel. It is found in the 
 Arabic. See Class Nb, .No. 20, ai.] 
 
 1. .V fibrous plant, of the genus Cann.ibis, whose 
 skin or bark is used for cloth and cordage. Hence, 
 cantos, the crKirse, strong cloth used for sails. 
 
 Z. The skin or rind of the plant, prepared for spin- 
 ning. Large quantities of hemp are exported from 
 Russia. 
 
 IIF.MP-AG'RI-MO-NY, n. A plant, a species of Eu- 
 p.ttoriiim. 
 
 HEMP'£.\, (hemp'n,) a. Made of hemp ; as, a hempen 
 cord. 
 
 HEMP'-XET-TLE, «. An annual plant of the genus 
 Galcopsis, n'h(M« flower has a grotesque figure. 
 
 " Loiulon. 
 HKMP'\,a. Like hemp. [Dnusual.] liovelL 
 HE.N, K. [Sax. kemte; G. krnne : D. ken; Sw. 
 
 hiina ; Dan. hone. In Goth, hana. Sax. ban, hana^ is 
 a cock ; <■. hahn ; \i, hann. In Sw. anil l);iii. bane is 
 a cock, the male of a fowl, and ban is he, the per- 
 sonal pronoun.] 
 
 The female of any kind of fowl ; but it is particu- 
 larly applied to the female of the ilomestic fowl of 
 the gallinaceous kind, or, as sometimes called, the 
 barn-door fowl. 
 
 HEa\'Ha.\E, n. [Aen and Jan^.] A plant of the ge- 
 nus Ilyoscyanius, of several species. The roots, 
 leaves, anil seeds, are poisonous. F.najc. 
 
 IIEN'IIIT, n. A name common to several plants; 
 also called Dead-mettle, or Speedwell, which see. 
 
 IIE.\'-e001', n. A coop or cage for fowls. 
 
 HE.N'-DRIV'ER, 7i. A kind of hawk. miton. 
 
 HEN'-II.\R.M, 111. A species of buzzard, Falco 
 
 HE.\''-IIAR-KI-ER, i ganeiis of Linn;eiis. It de- 
 rives Us English name from its persecutions in the 
 poultry j ard. Edin. Encyc. 
 
 HEN'-IIEXKT-ED, a. Cowardly: timid ; da.stardly. 
 
 HEiN'-IIOi;SE, n. A house or shelter for fowls. 
 
 II E.N'-PECK-tD, (-pekt,) a. Governed by the wife. 
 
 IIE.N'-ROOST, n. A place where poultry rest at 
 night. Jiddison. 
 
 IIE.NS'FEET, n. A plant, hedge fumitor}'. Johnson. 
 
 HE.\'(,'E, (hens,) ode. [Sax. hcona ; Scot, hyne ; G. 
 bin.] 
 
 1. From this place. 
 
 Arj»e, let us <ro hencf. — John %\r. 
 
 I will ieiul thee far hence to the tjentiles. — Act« xxB. 
 S. From this time ; in the future ; as, a week 
 hence ; a year hence. 
 
 3. From this cause or reason, noting a consequence, 
 inference, or deduction from something just before 
 suited. 
 
 Hence, nerh.-ifa, it is, lh;il Solomon cn'U tlie fear of llie T.ortl the 
 Icg-innin^urwLKluin. Tillauon. 
 
 It sometimes denotes an inference, or consequence, 
 resulting from something that follows. 
 
 Wlwnc; come wars and fi^luin^ amon^ you f Come tbey not 
 hence, even Ironi your liisu f — J.uiics iv, 
 
 4. From this source, or original. 
 
 All other faces borrowctl hence. Suckling. 
 
 Hence signifies from this, and from, before hence, is 
 not strictly correct. But from hence is so well estab- 
 lished by custom, that it may not be practicable to 
 correct the use of the phrase. 
 
 Hence is used elliptically and imperatively, for go 
 hence i depart hence; away; begone. 
 
 Hence with your little ones. Shak. 
 
 Hence, as a verb, to send otT, as used by Sidney, is 
 improper. 
 
 HE.VCE-FORTH', (hens forth',) adv. From this time 
 forward. 
 
 I never from Ihy side henceforth will stray. MUton, 
 HENCE FOR'WARD, (hens-for'ward), adr. From 
 
 this time forward ; henceforth. S/i«*. Drydcju 
 HE.N'CH'.M.A.N ( n. [Sax. Ainc, a servant.! 
 HEXCH'BOY, i A page ; a servant. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. Zhydeju 
 
 HEND, ( P. t. [Sax. hentxin.] 
 
 HENT, j To seize ; to lay hold on ; tooccupy. [Obs.] 
 The preterit of He.nd is also Hent. [SAat. 
 HEND, or IIEXD'Y, a. Gentle. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 HEN-DECA-GON, n. [Gr. i»d£«u, eleven, and 
 
 yuvta, an angle.] 
 In geometry, a plane figure of eleven sides and as 
 
 many angles. Encyc. 
 HE.\-l")Ee-A-SYL-I.AB'ie, a. Pertaining to a line 
 
 of eleven svllahles. 
 HE.\-DEe-A-"SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. l^itKa and 
 
 A metrical line of eleven syllables. Warton. 
 HEN-DI'A-DYS, h. [L., from Gr. iti iia ovotf, one 
 by two.] 
 
 In grammar, a figure in which the same idea is 
 presented by two words or phrases. 
 HE.N'NA, n. [.Arabic] A deciduous, tropical tree, or 
 shrub, of the genus Lawsonia. Also, a paste made 
 of its pounded leaves, and much used by the Egyp- 
 tians and Asiatics for dyeing their nails, &c., of 
 an orange hue. It is also used by the men for 
 dyeing their beards, the orange color being after- 
 ward changed to a deep black, by the application of 
 indigo. I^>udon. Partington. P. Cyc 
 
 HEP, n. The fniit of the wild dog-rose. [See Hi p.] 
 H£'P.\R, n. [L. Af;)ur, the liver; Gr. ^tho.] 
 
 A combination t)f sulphur with an alkali, or rather 
 with the mcullic base of an alkali, was formerly 
 called by chemists hejmr sulpburi.i, liver of sulphur, 
 from its brown-red color. The term has been 
 applied to all combinations of alkali, or earth, with 
 sulphur, or phosphorus. A'icholson. 
 
 The hepars are, by modem chemists, called sulphu- 
 rets. Fourcroy. 
 HE-PAT'ie, ) a. [L. hepaticus ; Gr. ijmtri/toj, 
 HE-PAT'lC-AL, i from ijra.,, the liver.] 
 
 Pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic gall; hepatic 
 pain ; hepatic artery ; hepatic fliiX. Quinci/. JlrbuthnoL 
 
 Hepatic air, or gns, is a fetid va[x>r, or elastic fluid, 
 emitted from combinations of sulphur with alkalies, 
 earths, and metals. J^'ichaUon. F.ncijc. 
 
 This species of air is now called sutphureted hy- 
 drogen gas. Fourcroy. 
 Hepatic mercurial ore, or hepatic cinnabar. See 
 
 Ci?i:«APAR. 
 
 HEP'.\-TITE, n. A gem, or mineral, that takes its 
 name from the liver. Plin. I. 37, II. 
 
 Hepatite is a name given to the fetid sulphate of 
 baryta. It sometimes occurs in globular masses, and 
 n either com{>act, or of a foliated structure. By 
 friction, or the apfilication tif heat, it exhales a fet- 
 id odor, like that of sulpliureted hydrogen. 
 
 Clearrland. 
 
 HEP-A-TI-ZA'TIO.V, n. The act of impregnating 
 with sulpliureted hydrogen gas. 
 
 2. Conversion into a substance resembling the liv- 
 er. Dun glison. 
 IIEP'A-TIZE, p. L To impregnate with sulpliureted 
 hj drogeii gas. 
 2. To fill with blood or plastic matter. Dunglison. 
 HEP'.\-TI/-/;D, pp. or a. Impregnated or combined 
 with sulpliureted hydrogen gas; gorged with blotxl, 
 or plastic matter. 
 
 On tlie rij^hl of the river wen: two wells of hepadied water. 
 
 BarroiB. 
 
 HEP-A-TOS'eO-PY, 71. [Gr. ^nan, the liver, and 
 oxorrtw, to view.] 
 
 The art or practice of divination by inspecting the 
 liver of animals. Encyc. 
 
 HEP'PE.X, a. [Sax. lurplic] 
 
 Neat ; fit ; comforlalile. Grose. 
 
 HEP'TA CHORD, (-kord,) n. [Gr. iirra, seven, and 
 Xopin, chord.] 
 
 A system of seven sounds. In ancient poetry, 
 verses sung or played on seven chords or dilferent 
 notes. In this sense the word was applied to the 
 lyre, when it had but seven strings. One of the in- 
 tervals is also called a hrptachnrd, as ctmtaiiiing the- 
 same number of degrees between the extremes. Encyc. 
 
 HEP'TaDE, n. The sum or number of seven. 
 
 HEP'TA-GLOT, n, [Gr, i^ra, seven, and jXwrra, 
 language.] 
 
 A book of seven languages. 
 
 HEP'TA-GON, 71. [Gr, t-ru, seven, and )<.)na, an 
 angle.] 
 
 In geometry, a plane figure consisting of seven 
 sides and as many angles. 
 
 In fortification, a place that lias seven ba.»tions- for 
 defense. Enci/e, 
 HEP-TAG'0\-AL, a. Having seven angles or sides. 
 Heptagonal numbers ; in arithmetic, a sort of polygonal 
 numbers, wherein the ditrcreiice of the ti rms of the 
 correspoiitling aritbinelical progression is One of 
 the properties of these numbers is, that if they are 
 multiplied by 40, and 9 is added to the product, the 
 sum will be a square number, Brande. 
 HEP-TA-GYN'I-A, 7i. [Gr. iTra, seven, and j mi), a 
 female.] 
 
 In botany, an order of plants having sex'en styles. 
 
 Linjueus, 
 
 HEP-T.\-GYN'I-AN', ( a. In botany, having seven 
 HEP-TAG'YN-OrS, ( styles. 
 
 HEP-TA-He'DRO.V, 71. A solid figure with seven 
 
 sides. 
 
 HEP-TA-HEX-A-IlK'DnAL, a. [Gr. iirra, seven, 
 and hcTahedral-'] 
 
 Presenting seven ranges of faces one above an- 
 other, each range containing six faces. Ocaveland. 
 
 IIEP-TA.M'E-REDE, 71. [Gr. trru, seven, and /.tpij, 
 part.] 
 
 That which divides into seven p.irt3. Jl. Smith. 
 IIEP-TAi\'DUI-A, 71. [Gr. iirra, seven, and amp, a 
 male.) 
 
 In botany, a class of plants having seven stamens, 
 
 Linnaus. 
 
 hT:P^ AN'DROrs,' I ""'''"8 stamens. 
 HEP-TAN"GU-LAR, a. [Gr. i-ro, seven, and angu- 
 lar.] 
 
 Having scx'en angles, 
 
 HEl'-T.\PH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. tirro, sex-en, and 
 i^i'XA'ji', a leaf.] 
 
 Having seven leaves. 
 
 HEP-TARCII'ie, a. Denoting a sevenfold govern- 
 ment. H'arton. 
 
 HEP 'TXRCH-IST, ) 71. A ruler of one division of a 
 
 HEP'T.\RCII, ( heptarchy. Warfon. 
 
 IIEP'TXKCH-Y, 71. [Gr. trra, seven, and apx'l, 
 rule.] 
 
 .A government by seven persons, or the country 
 governed by s<'ven persons. But the word is iisuoJly 
 applied to England, when under the government of 
 seven kings, ordivided into seven kingdoms ; as, the 
 Saxon heptarchy, which cttinpreliended the whole of 
 England, when subject to seven indept iideiit princes. 
 These petty kingdoms xvere those of Kent, the South 
 Saxons, [Sussex,] West Saxons, East Saxons, [Es- 
 sex,] the East Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland, 
 Hist of England. 
 
 HEP'TA-TEOen, ( take,) n. [Gr. irru, seven, and 
 ri i'\of, book.] 
 The first sex'en books of the Old Testament. 
 
 IIEP'-TREE, n. The wild dog-rose, a species of Ro- I 
 sa, the Rosa ranina. ' 
 
 HER, (bur ;) an adjective, or pronominal adjecti»e, 
 
 TONE. BtJLL, qXIT E.-AX"GER. V T'CIOUS — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SB ; TU as in THIS 
 
 547" 
 
HER 
 
 of the third person. [Sax. hire, sing., hcoru, pi., the 
 possessive case of he, heo ; but more properly, an ad- 
 jective, like tlie L. .™a.v.] 
 
 J. Belonging to a female ; as, her face ; her head 
 2. It is used before heuter nouns in personifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Wisdom's ways are ways of pleaaanlneas, and all litr paths 
 peace. — Pror. iii. 
 
 Her is also used as a pronoun, or substitute for a 
 female, in the objective case, after a verb or prepo- 
 sition. 
 
 She ^ave also to her liusband with her, and he did eat. — Gen. 
 
 Hers is primarily the objective or genitive case, de- 
 noting something that belongs to a female. But it 
 stands as a substitute in the nominative or objective 
 case. 
 
 And what his fortune wanted, tiers could mend. Dryrlen. 
 
 Here hers stinds for her fortune ; but it must be con - 
 sidered as the nominative to could mend, I will take 
 back my own book, and give you hers. Here hers is 
 the object after trtee. 
 HER'.'VLD, n. [Fr. heraxit, for herauH; Arm. herald, or 
 harod ; i^p. hcraldo : Port, araato ; It. araldo ; G. he- 
 rolil ; \V. Arr()(/j/r, embassador and herald, from he- 
 rawd, a defiance or challenge, heriaw, to brandish, to 
 threaten, from hir, a push, a motion of defiance, a 
 challenge. Tlie primary sense is, to send, thrust, or 
 drive.] 
 
 1. An ofiicer whose business was to denounce or 
 proclaim war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim 
 peace, and to bear messages from the conmiander 
 of an army. Hence, 
 
 2. A proclaimet; a publisher; as, the AcraU of an- 
 other's fame. 
 
 3. A forerunner ; a precursor ; a liarbinger. 
 
 It was the lark, the ftera/d of tiie mom. Shck, 
 
 4. An officer in Great Britain, whose business is to 
 marshal, order, and conduct, royal cavalcades, cer- 
 emonies at coronations, royal marriages, installations, 
 creations of dukes and other nobles, embassies, fu- 
 neral processions, declarations of war, proclamations 
 of peace, &c. ; also, to record and blazon the arms 
 of the nobility and gentry , and to regulate abuses 
 therein. Eiicyc. 
 
 5. Formerly applied, by the French, to a minstrel. 
 HER'ALD, V. t. To introduce, as by a herald. Shak. 
 HER'ALD-ED, pp. Introduced, as "by a herald. 
 HER-AL'Die, n. Pertaining to heralds or heraldry ; 
 
 as, heraldic delineations. Warton. 
 
 HER-AL'DI€'-AL-LY, adr. In a heraldic manner. 
 
 HER' AIjD-I\G, ppr. Introducing, as by a herald. 
 
 HER'/VLB-RY, 71. The art or oflice of a herald. Her- 
 aldry is the art, practice, or science, of recording gen- 
 ealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns armorial. It 
 also teaches whatever relates to the marshaling of 
 cavalcades, processions, and other public ceremonies. 
 
 Encijc. 
 
 HER'ALD-RHIP, v. The oflice of a herald. Selden. 
 HERB, (erb,) ?i. [L. hcrha ; Fr. herbe ; It. erba : Sp. 
 
 yerba: Port, eri-a. Q,u. Ir. forba, glebe, that is, food, 
 
 pasture, subsistence ; Gr. -Jtrpffu.] 
 
 1. A plant or vegotalile with a soft or succulent 
 stalk or stem, which dies to the root every year, and 
 is thus distinguished from a tree and a shrub, which 
 have ligneous, or hard, woody stems. 
 
 Milne. Martyn. 
 
 2. In Oie LiniKran botany, that [)art of a vegetable 
 which springs from the root and is terminated by the 
 fructification, including the stem or stalk, the leaves, 
 tlic fulcra or props, and the liibernacle. 
 
 Mdne. Martyn. 
 The word herb comprehends all the grasses, and 
 numerous plants used for culinary purposes. 
 HERIi-CliRIST'O PHEU, n. An herb, Mira spicata, 
 
 whose riiot is used in nervous diseases. Partington. 
 HEKB-ROB'EKT, n. A plant, a species of Gera- 
 nium. 
 
 HEK-BS'CEOUS, (her-bS'shus,) a. [L. herbaceus.] 
 Pertaining to herbs ; having the nature of an herb. 
 Herbaceous plants are such as perish annually down 
 to the root ; soft, succulent vegetables. Ho, a herba- 
 ceous stem is one which is soft, not woody. Herba- 
 ccoiis, applied to animals by Derham, is not author- 
 izeil. [See llERBlvoltofs.] 
 
 HERD' AGE, (crb'aj or lierb'aj,) ii. [Fr., from herbc] 
 
 1. Herbs collectively ; grass; pasture; green food 
 for beo-sLs. 
 
 The hiflii'-nc; of true religion is inilrl, iM>fl, and nois-Ws, and 
 constant as the descent of tjic evening dew on tlie lender 
 herbage. Backminster. 
 
 2. In laio, the liberty or right of pasture in the for- 
 est or grounda of another man. Encye. 
 
 HERH'AG-AI), a. Cnvered with grass. Thomson. 
 
 IIEIUl'AL, (herb'al,) n. A book that contains the 
 names and descriptions of plants, or the classes, gen- 
 era, Bpccie«, and cpialilies of vegetables. Baron. 
 
 U. '\ hnrtUK Biccus, or dry garden ; a collection of 
 KperimenH of plants, dried and preserved. Encyc. 
 
 HEHIi'AI-, a. Pertaining to herbs. 
 
 UKKB'AL<-IST, 71. A person skilled in plants; one 
 who make! collections of plants. 
 
 HER 
 
 HERB'AR, 71. An herb. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 HERB'AR-IST, n. A herbalist^ [Little used.] 
 
 Derhnm. Boyle'. 
 
 HER-Ba'RI-UM, 7!. ; pi. IlEnBARiuMs. A collection of 
 plants carefully dried and preserved. Jiled. Repos. 
 2. A book or other contrivance for thus preserving 
 
 HERB'A-RIZE. See Herborize. [plants. 
 
 HERB'A-RY, 7t. A garden of plants. tVarion. 
 
 HERB'E-LET, 7!. A small herb. Shak. 
 
 HERB'ER, 7i. Formerly, an ^r\tor. [See IIerbarv.] 
 
 HERB-ES'CE.\T, a. [L. hcrbescens.] 
 Growing into herbs. 
 
 HERB'ID, a. [L. herbidus.] 
 
 Covered with herbs. [Little useil.] 
 
 HERB-IF'ER-OUS, a. Bearing herbs. 
 
 HERB'IST, 71. One skilled in herbs. 
 
 HERB-IV'O-RA, 7i. pi. In science, animals subsisting 
 on herbs or veiietables. 
 
 HERB-IV'O-ROUS, a. [h. herba and voro, to eat.] 
 Eating herbs ; subsisting on herbaceous plants ; 
 feeding on vegetables. The ox and the iiorse are 
 herbivormis animals. 
 
 HERB'LESS, (erb-) a. Destitute of herbs. Wartm. 
 
 HERB'O-RIST. See Herbalist. Ray. 
 
 HERB-O-RI-ZA'TION, (herb-) n. [from herborize.'] 
 The act of seeking plants in the field ; botanical re- 
 search. 
 
 2. The figure of plants in mineral substances. [See 
 Arrorization.] Diet. JV*a£. Hist. 
 
 HERB'O-RiZE, v. t. To search for plants, or to seek 
 new species of plants, with a view to ascertain their 
 characters, and to class them. 
 
 He herborized as he traveled, and enriched the Flora Succiea 
 with new discoveries. Toolee. 
 
 HERB'O-RIZE, v. t. To figure ; to form the figures 
 
 of plants in minerals. [See Arborize.] Fourcroy. 
 HERB'0-RfZ-£D, pp. or a. Figured ; containing the 
 figure of a plant ; as a mineral body. 
 
 Daubenton has thou'a that herborized stones cont-ain very fine 
 mosses. Fourcroy. 
 
 HERB'O-RVZ-ING, jipr. Searching for plants. 
 
 2. Forming tlie figures of plants in minerals. 
 HER'BOR-OUGH, (her'bur-ro,) n. [Ger. herberg.] 
 
 Place of temporary residence, especially for troops. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 IIERB'OUS, a. [L. herbosus.] 
 
 Abounding with herbs. 
 HERB'-WOM-AN, 77. A woman that sells herbs. 
 HERB'Y, a. Having tlie nature of herbs. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 HER-eO'LE-AN, a. [from Hercules. See Club of 
 Hercules.] 
 
 1. Very great, difficult, or dangerous; such as it 
 would require the strength or courage of Hercules 
 to encounter or accomplish; as, Herculean labor or 
 task. 
 
 2. Having extraordinary strength and size ; as, Her- 
 culean limbs. 
 
 3. Of extraordinary strength, force, or power. 
 HER'€U-LeS, n. A hero of antiquity, celebrated for 
 
 his strength. 
 
 2. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, near 
 Lvra. P. Cyc. 
 
 IIER-CYN'I-AN, a. [from Hercynia ; G. harz, resin.] 
 Denoting an extensive forest in Germany, the re- 
 mains of which are now in Swabia. 
 
 HERD, n. [Sax. herd, heard ; G. herde; Sw. and Dan. 
 hiord; Basque, arrfi. Words of this kind have for 
 their primary sense, collection, assemblage. So in 
 Saxon, here is an army. It may be from driving, W. 
 gyr, or'Acr.] 
 
 1. A collection or assemblage ; applied to beasts 
 when feeding or driven together. We say, a herd of 
 horses, oxen, cattle, camels, elephants, bucks, harts, 
 and, in Scripture, a herd of swine. But we say, a 
 flock of sheep, goats, or birds. A number of cattle 
 going to market is called a drove. 
 
 2. A company of men or people, in contempt or 
 detestation ; a crowd ; a rabble ; as, a vulgar herd. 
 
 HERD, 7!. [Sax. hyrd ; G. Atrt ; Sw. herdc : Dan. hyrdc, 
 or hip-e ; from the same root as the preceding, that is, 
 tlie holder or keeper.] 
 
 A keeper of cattle ; used by Spenser, and still used 
 in Scotland, but in English now seldom or never used, 
 except in composition ; as, a slicphcrd, a goatherd, a 
 steineherd. 
 
 HERD, ij. i. To unite or associate, as beasts ; to fi^ed 
 or run in collections. Most kinds of beasts manifest 
 a disposition to herd. 
 
 2. To associate ; to unite in companies customa- 
 rily. 
 
 3. To associate ^ to become one of a number or 
 party. ffalsh. 
 
 IIKRI), 7'. (. To form or put into a Jierd. B. Jorison. 
 IIERD'ER, 71. A lierdsnian. 
 
 HER'DER ITE, 71. [from Herder, who discovered it.] 
 A miiii ral which occurs in Saxony, in crystals im- 
 bedded in tluor. Brandc. 
 HERD'r.SS, 71. A shepherdess. [Ob.s.] Chaucer. 
 HERD'GROOiM, 71. A keeper of a herii. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HERD'I.NG, ppr. Associating in companies. 
 1IERDS'-(;RASH, 77. A name given to various grasses 
 
 HER 
 
 which .are highly e.^teemed for h.ay, jiarticular!" Tim- 
 othy, (Phlcunt prat.eu-se,) Fox Tail, {^.dhpecurus pror 
 te7isis,) and Red Top, {.^grosti^ vulgaris.) 
 
 HERDS'MAN. n. A keeper of herds : one employed 
 in tending herus 01 cattle 
 
 2. Formerly, the owner of a lierd. [Formerly spelt 
 Hebdman.1 Sidney. 
 
 Hif.RE, adv. '[Goth, her; Sax. her: G. and D. hieri Sw. 
 hdr ; Dan. her. It denotes, this place.] 
 
 1. In tiiis place ; ill the place where the speaker is 
 present ; opposed to there. Behold, here am I. Lodge 
 fiere this night. Build here seven altars. Scripture. 
 
 2. In the present life or state. 
 
 Thus shall you be happy here, and more happy hereafter. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. It is used in making an offer or attempt. 
 
 Then here's for earnest. Dryden. 
 
 4. In drinking health. 
 
 Here's to tliee, Dick. Coiolcy. 
 
 It is neither here nor there ; it is neither in this place 
 nor in that ; neither in one place nor in anotlier. 
 
 Here and there ; in one place and another; in a dis- 
 persed manner or condition ; thinly ; or irregularly. 
 HkRE'A-BOUT, ) [comp., here and about.] About 
 Hf.RE'A-BOUTS, ( this place. Md'ison. 
 HeRE-AFT'ER, [comp. here and after.] In time to 
 come ; in some future time. 
 2. In a future state. 
 HeRE-XFT'ER, 71. .\ future state. 
 
 'Tis Heaven itself that points out a hereafter. Addison. 
 
 HeRE-AT', [comp. here and at.] At this. He was 
 
 ofleiided hercat, tliat is, at this saying, this fact, &c. 
 HeRE-BY', [comp. here and by.] By this. 
 
 Hereby we became acquainted with the nature of thin2;s. Wattt. 
 HiSRE-IN', [comp. here and in.] In this. 
 
 Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear nmch fruit. — John 
 
 XV. 
 
 HeRE-IN'TO, [comp. here and into.] Into this. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 HeRE-OF', (heer-ofT,) [comp. here ana of.] Of this; 
 from this. 
 
 Hereof eomes it that Prince Harry is valiant. 
 
 Shai. 
 
 Hf:RE-ON', [comp. here and 071.] On this. Brown. 
 H)jRE-OUT', [comp. here and ouL] Out of this place. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HP.RE-TO' j [comp. Acre and 7t«(o or to.] To this. 
 
 HeRE-UN-TO',( Hooker. 
 
 HeRE-TO-FoRE', [comp. here and tofore.] In times 
 before the present ; formerly. Sidney. 
 
 HeRE-UP-ON', [comp. here and 7ipo7i.] On this. 
 
 HERE-VVITH', [comp. here and with.] With this. 
 Most of the compounds, of here and a preposition, 
 are obsolete or obsolescent, or at least are deemed 
 inelegant. But hereafter and heretofore are in elegant 
 use. Herein ami hereby are frequently used in the 
 present version of the Scriptures, and ought not, per- 
 haps, to be discarded. Indeed, some of tliese words 
 seem to be almost indispensable in teclinical law 
 language. 
 
 HE-RED'IT-A-BLE,a. [from the root of Aeir ; L. /ms- 
 reditas.] 
 
 That may be inherited. [jVo( miicA iiscti.] [See In 
 
 HERITABLE.] Lockc. 
 
 HE-RED'IT-A-BLY, adv. By inheritance ; by right ot 
 descent. 
 
 The oue-house-owners belong hereditably to no private persons. 
 
 'Tookc, JiusB. ^ncyc. 
 
 IIER-E-DIT'A-MENT, n. [h. hares, haredium. See 
 Heir.] 
 
 Any species of property that may be inherited ; 
 lands, tenements, any thing corporeal or incorporeal, 
 real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 A corporeal hereditament is visible anil tangible; 
 
 an incorporeal hereditament is an ideal right, existing 
 
 in contemplation of law, issuing out of substantial 
 
 corporeal property. 
 HERED'IT-A RI LY, adv. By inheritance; by de- 
 
 sci'iit from an ancestor. Pope. 
 HE-RED'IT-A-RY, o. [Fr. hercditaire ; It. eredtlario. 
 
 See Heir.] 
 
 1. That lias descended from an ancestor. He is in 
 possession of a largi! hereditary estate. 
 
 2. That may descend frtmi an ancestor 10 an heir ; 
 descfiiiiible to an heir at law. The crown of Great 
 Britain is hereditary. 
 
 3. That is or may be transmitted from a parent to 
 a child ; as, hereditary priile ; hereditary bravery ; Ae- 
 reditani d isease. 
 
 IIER'E-SIIT, 71. A hermit. [OA.--.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 HER-E-.MIT'ir-AL, a. [See Hermit. It should 
 rather bo written Hermitical.] Solitary ; secluded 
 from society. Pope. 
 HER'E-SI-\ReH or HE-Re'SI-ARCH, n. [Gr. ai'/it- 
 iris, heresy, and iir)\05, chief.] 
 A leader in heresy ; the chief of n sect of heretics. 
 
 StUlingflcet. 
 
 HER'E-SI-ARCIl-Y, 71. Chief heresy. 
 IIER-E-SI-OC'RA-PHER, n. [Gr. aiVttrij and ypaijiw.] 
 One who writes on heresies. 
 
 FATE, FAB, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 548 
 
IIER 
 
 HER 
 
 IIER 
 
 IIF.R-E-SI-OG'RA-PIIY, n. A tre:Uise on heresy. 
 IIEIt'E-SY, n. [Gr. utotaij, from a'tjjcio, to take, to 
 liolil ; L. hwrexi-i ; Fr. Iicrenic] 
 
 1. A fiimliiineiitiU error in reliRion, or an error of 
 opinion rosju'ctins some fiinilamcntal doctrine of re- 
 liliion. Itul in countries wliere there is an established 
 church, an opinion is deemed herfsy when it diders 
 from that of the cliurch. The Scriptures being tlie 
 standard of faitli, any opinion that is repugnant to 
 its doctrines is keresij ; but as men difler in the inter- 
 pretation of Scripture, an opinion deemed krreMcal by 
 one body of Christians may be decnicd ortliodo.x by 
 anotlier. In Scripture and primitive nsage, hcre.tij 
 meant merely sect, parly, or the doctrines of a sect, 
 as wo now use dcnoinination or persuasiojt, implying 
 no reproach. 
 
 2. J/rrcsy, in (aw, is an otTense against Christiani- 
 ty, consisting in a denial of some of its essential 
 doctrines, publicly avowed, and obstinately main- 
 tained. Blaclislonc. 
 
 .1. .An untenable or unsound opinion or doctrine in 
 politics. Sioift. 
 IIi;it'E-Tie, n. [Gr. alpcTiKoi ; It. eretico ; Ft. here- 
 
 person under any religion, but particularly 
 the Christian, who holds and teaches opinions repug- 
 nant to the established faith, or that which is made 
 the standard of orthodoxy. In strictness, among 
 Christians, a person who holds and avows religious 
 opinions contrary to the doctrines of Scripture, the 
 only rule of I'aitli anil practice. 
 2. Any one wlio maintains erroneous opinions. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IIE-RET'ie-AL, a. Containing heresy ; contrary to 
 the established faith, or to the true faith. 
 
 HE KET'ie-.AL-LY, adc. In a heretical manner; 
 with heresv. 
 
 H E I! E'r'I€-'.\TE, V. t. To decide to he heresy. 
 
 II Kit' E TOG, I n. [Sax. Acrrtin'n, Acre , an army, and 
 
 llElt'E- TOCil, i troche, a le;ider, from Icoguii, Icon, 
 to lead, I., dnco, tlux, Eng. to tu^.] 
 
 Among our Saron ancestors, the leader or com- 
 mander (»f an army, or the commander of the militia 
 in a county or district. This ollicer was elected by 
 the people in folkmote. 
 
 IIEU'l-OT, 71. [Sax. hcrejral: here, army, and geal, 
 tribute, supply, from ^rotan, to flow, to rentier.] 
 
 In En^fli^fk low, a tribute or fine payable to the lord 
 of the fee on the decease of the owner, landholder, or 
 •va-ssal. Originally, this tribute consisted of military 
 furniture, or of horses and arms, as api>ears by the 
 laws of Canute, C. 09. But as defineil by modern 
 writers, a fieriot is a customary tribute of goods and 
 chattels, payable to the lord of the fee on the decease 
 of the owiier of the land ; or a render of the best 
 beast, or other movables, to the lord, on the death of 
 the tenant. Ileriots were of two sorts ; hcriot ser- 
 vice, which was due by reservation in a grant or lease 
 of lands ; and heriot custom, which depended solely 
 on immemorial usage. H'llkius. Spehnaii, Blackstonc. 
 
 IIEU'1-OT-A-BLE, a. Subject to tile payment of a 
 Inriot. Barn. 
 
 IIElt'lS-SON, n. [Fr., n hedgehog, from herisscr, to 
 bristle, to stand ont as hair.] 
 
 In fortification, a beam or bar anned with iron 
 spikes pointed outward, and turning on a pivot, used 
 to block up a p;issage. Encyc. 
 
 IIER'IT-A-1U,E, a. [from the root of hrir, L. lueres.] 
 1. Capable of inheriting or taking by descent. 
 
 2. That may be inherited. [ This is the true sense.] 
 
 3. .Annexed to estates of inheritance. In Scots law, 
 hcntobic rights are all rights th.at ati'ect lands or other 
 immovables. Encyc. Blackstone. 
 
 IIER'IT-AGE, Ti. [Fr., from the root of heir.] 
 
 1. Inheritance ; an estate that passes from an an- 
 cestor to an heir by descent or course of law ; that 
 which is inherited. In Scots lair, it sometimes signi- 
 fies inmiovabic estate, in distinction from mov.iblc. 
 
 2. In Scripture, the saints or people of God are 
 called his heritage, as being claimed by him, and the 
 objects of his special care. 1 Pel. v. 
 
 IlER'lT-OR, n. In Scotland, a proprietor or landhold- 
 er in a parish. Jamieson, 
 HER MAPII-RO-DE'I-TY, n. Ilcrmaphrodism. 
 
 B. .Tonson. 
 
 llEU-MAPlI'RO-niSM, ) n. [Infra.] The union 
 lIEll-.MAPIl'RO-DIT-ISM, ( of the two sexes in the 
 
 same individual. Diet. A'ur. IFist. 
 
 IIEK-.MAPII'RO-DITE, (-maf 'ro-dlte,) n. [Fr., from 
 
 Gr. iftiiaippodiTOi ; 'Ejjpni, Mercury, and Aippoitrri, 
 
 Venus.] 
 
 1. .An animal or human being having the parts of 
 generation both of male and female. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In botany, a flower that contains both the sta- 
 men and the pistil, or the male and female organs of 
 generation, within tlie same calyx, or on the same 
 receptacle Martyn. Encyc. 
 
 3. A plant that has only hermaphrodite flowers. 
 
 Martyiu 
 
 HER-.MArH'RO-mTE, o. Designating both sexes iu 
 the same onimal, flower, or plant. 
 
 Among A-t:i//jr.?, a hermaphrodite brig, is one that is 
 . square-rigged forward, and schooner-rigged aft. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 IIER-l\IAPII-RO-niT'ie, ) a. P.artaking of both 
 
 IIER-iMAPII-RO-lJIT'ie-AL, i sexes. Brown. 
 
 IIER-MAPlI-RO-I)IT'ie-AL-LY, adv. After the inan- 
 ni r of hermaphrodites. 
 
 IIER-!\1E-NE0'TIG, jo. [Gr. IpprivevriKof, from 
 
 IIER-ME-NEO'Tie-AL, ( tppn''evs, an interpreter, 
 from 'K'>nn(, Mercury.] 
 
 Interpreting; explaining; unfolding the significa- 
 tion ; as, hcrmeneutic theology, the art of expounding 
 the Scriptures. BloomfieUl. Encyc. 
 
 IIEK-ME-NEO'Tie-AI^LY, adv. According to the 
 true art of interpreting words. Jlf. Stuart. 
 
 IIER-ME-NEO'TieS, ?i. The science of interpreta- 
 tion, or of finding the meaning of an author's w ords 
 and phrases, and of explaining it to others ; par- 
 ticularly applied to the interpretation of the Scri|>- 
 tiires. 
 
 IIER'.MES, 71. [Gr. 'Eo/ii!?, Mercury.] 
 
 In archa-ology, a name given to rough, quadrangu- 
 lar stones or pillars, having a he.ad sculptured on the 
 top, without arms or body. Such stones were placed 
 by the Greeks in front of buildings, and used by the 
 Romans as boundaries or landmarks. As they origi- 
 nally bore the head of Hermes or .Mercury, they have 
 been called by his name, even when surmounted by 
 the heads of other deities, &c. SmiUi^s Diet. 
 
 IlER-.MET'lC, I a. [Fr. hermrtique ; Sp. hermetico ; 
 
 HER-MET'ie-AL, ( from Gr. 'Ep/ji;,-, Mercury, the 
 fabled inventor of chemistry.] 
 
 1. Designating chemistry; chemical; as, the her- 
 metic art. 
 
 2. Designating that species of philosophy which 
 pretends to solve and explain all the phenomena of 
 nature from the three chemical principles, salt, sul- 
 phur, and mercury ; as, the hermetic philosojiby. 
 
 3. Designating the system which explains the 
 causes of diseases and the operations of medicine, 
 on the principles of the lieriiietical philosophy, and 
 particularly on the system of an alkali and acid ; as, 
 hcrmctical physic or medicine. Encyc. 
 
 4. Perfectly close, so that no air, gas, or spirit, can 
 escajic ; as, a hermetic seal. The hermetic seal is 
 formed by heating the neck of a vessel till it is soli, 
 and then twisting it, till the aperture or passage is 
 accurately closed. Encyc. 
 
 Jlcrmclic books ; books of the Egyptians, which 
 treat of astrology. Bryant. 
 
 Hooks which treat of universal principles, of the 
 nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, 
 and other topics. Enfield. 
 
 IIER-MET'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to the hermet- 
 ic art ; chemically ; closely ; accurately ; as, a vessel 
 hermetically scaled or closed. 
 
 lIER'iMIT, 71. [Fr. hermite, crmite ; Sp. crTnifafio ; It. 
 crcmita ; Gr. cpni'trtf, from cpnfiof, solitary, desti- 
 tute. Perhaps from the Sheinitic Din, to cut olT from 
 society, to expel, or to be separated. Class Rni. See 
 Uarem.] 
 
 1. A person who retires from society and lives in 
 solitude ; a recluse ; an anchoret. The word is usu- 
 ally applied to a person who lives in solitude, disen- 
 gaged from the cares and interruptions of society, 
 for the purpose of religious contemplation and devo- 
 tion. 
 
 2. A beadsman ; one bound to pray for another. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 HER'MIT-A6E, n. The habitation of a hermit ; a 
 house or hut with its appendages, in a solitary place, 
 where a hermit dwells. Milton. 
 
 2. A cell in a recluse place, but annexed to an ab- 
 bey. Encyc. 
 
 3. A kind of wine. 
 
 HER'.MIT-A-RY, n. A cell for the hermits annexed 
 to some abbey. Hoicell. 
 
 IIER'. MIT- ESS, 71. A female hermit. Drummond. 
 
 llER-.MIT'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to a hermit, or to re- 
 tired life. 
 
 Q. Suited to a hermit. Coventry. 
 
 IlER-MO-DAC'TYE, n. [Gr. 'E-i,jij<, Mercur)-, and 
 iaKTvXof, a finger; Mcrciir)'s finger.] 
 
 In the materia medica, a root brought from Turkey. 
 It is in the shape of a he.irt flattened, of a white col- 
 or, ccmipact, but easy to be cut or pulverized, of a 
 viscous, sweetish taste, with a slight degree of acri- 
 mony. Some sufipose it to be the root of the Colclii- 
 cum variegatiim ; others, the root of the Iris tiibero- 
 sa. It was anciently in great repute as a cathartic; 
 but that which is now furnished has little or no ca- 
 thartic qtialitv. Enci/c. 
 
 IIER;MO-Gi":'.\I-ANS, 71. p/. a sect of ancient here- 
 tics, so called from their leader, llermogene.^, who 
 lived near the close of the second wnturj'. He 
 held matter to be the fountain of all evil, and that 
 souls are formed of cornipt matter. Encyc. 
 
 HERN, n. .A heron, which see. 
 
 IIER.N'IIILE, 71. A plant. 
 
 IIER'.VI-A, n. [Gr. (.okia.from ipvo(,s. shooting forth, 
 a branch.] 
 
 In surrrn-y, a protrusion of some organ of the ab- 
 domen through an interstice in its parietcs ; pro- 
 ducing a soft and slightly clastic tumor. 
 
 IIER'.\I-.AIj, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, 
 hernia. 
 
 HEK.V'SIIAW, 71. A heronshaw or heron. [Obs.'' 
 
 Spenser 
 
 IlK'RO, 71. [L. heros, Gr. hpit'i, a demizod. It coin- 
 cides in eleiiicnis with Ir. earr, noble, grind, n 
 champion, and with the G. Acrr, D. Acer, lord, mas- 
 ter.] 
 
 1. A man of distinguished valor, intrepidity, or 
 enterprise ill danger ; as, a hero in arms. Cowley. 
 
 2. A great, illustrious, or extraordinary person ; 
 as, a hero 111 learning. [[Mile used.] 
 
 3. Ill a poem, or romance, the principal personage, 
 or the person who has the principal shari- in the 
 transactions related ; ns Achilles in the Iliad, Ulys- 
 ses in the Odyssey, and yf:neas in the A'.nc\i\. 
 
 4. Ill pagan mythology, a hero was an illustrious 
 person, mort.il indeed, but supi>osed by the populace 
 to partake of immortality, and after liis death to bo 
 placed among the goils. Encyc. 
 
 IIE Uo'Dl ANS, 71. pi. A sect among the Jews, 
 which took this name from llcrod ; hut authors ore 
 not agreed as to their peculiar notions. 
 
 IIE-Ro'IC, a. Pertaining to a hero or heroes ; as, Ae- 
 Toic valor. 
 
 2. llecoining a hero; bold; daring; illustrious; 
 as, heroic action ; heroic enterprises. 
 
 3. Brave ; intrepid ; nuiuMianinioiis ; enterprising ; 
 illustrious for valor; as, Hector, the heroic son of 
 Priam ; a Airoic race. 
 
 4. Productive of heroes ; as, a Acroie line in pedi- 
 gree. 
 
 .'). Reciting the achievements of heroes ; as, a A«- 
 roic poem. 
 
 C. Used in heroic poetry or hexameter ; as, heroic 
 verse ; a heroic foot. 
 
 Heroic age ; the age when the heroes, or those 
 called the children of the gods, are supposed to have 
 lived. 
 
 IIE-Ro'ie-AL, n. The same as IIekoic. [Little used.] 
 
 IIE-Ro'ie-AE-LY, adv. In the manner of a hero; 
 with valor ; bravely ; courageously ; intrepidly. The 
 wall was heroically defended. 
 
 HE RO-I-eO.\I'ie, a. [.Sec lleno and Comic.] Con- 
 sisting of the heroic and the ludicrous ; denoting the 
 high biirlesipie ; as, a heroi-comic poem. 
 
 IIER'O-I.NE, (her'o-in,) n. [Fr. heroine, from hero.] 
 A female hero ; a woman of a brave spirit. [IIeko- 
 Ess is not in use.] Dryden. 
 
 HER'O-IS.M, 71. [Fr. heroisme.] 
 
 The qualities of a hero ; bravery ; courage ; intre- 
 pidity ; particularly in war. Broome. 
 
 IIER'ON, 71. [Fr.] A waterfowl of the genus Ar- 
 dea, with long legs, wings, and neck, a great de- 
 voiirer of fish. 
 
 IIER'ON-KY, 71. A place where herons breed. 
 
 l}erham. 
 
 IIER'ON-SH.AW, 11. A heron. PcunanL 
 
 Iir.-RO-OI,'<) GIST, 71. One who treats of heroes. 
 
 H i:'KO;SlllP, 71. The character of a hero. Coteper. 
 
 IIEU'PkS, 71. [Gr. iprni, from ipnio, to creep.] 
 
 Tetters ; an eruption of the skin ; erysipelas ; 
 ringworm, &,c. This disease takes various names, 
 according to its form or the part alfected. 
 
 Coze. Encyc, 
 A term applied to several cutaneous eruptions, from 
 their tendency to spread or creep from one jiart of 
 the skill to another. Cye. 
 
 An eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, 
 accompanied with itching or tingling ; including the 
 shingles, ringworm, tec. Good. 
 
 IIER-PET'ie, a. Pertaining to the herpes or cutane- 
 ous eruptions ; resembling the herpes, or partaking 
 of its nature ; as, herpetic eruptions. Dancitu 
 
 HER-PET-O-EOG'IC, ) a. Pertaining to herpe- 
 
 HER PET-0-I,OG'IC-AL, j tologv. 
 
 HER-PE-TOI/O GIST, 71. A person versed in hcr- 
 petology, or the natural history of reptiles. 
 
 HER-PE-TOE'O-GY, «. [Gr. cp^crnf, a reptile, \o- 
 yo{, discourse.] 
 
 A description of reptiles ; the natural history of 
 reptiles, including oviparous quadrupeds, as the cr(»c- 
 odile, frog, and tortoise, and serpents, 'i'lie history 
 of the latter is called ophiology. 
 
 IIER'RI.VG, 71. [Sax. lurring : Fr. hareng; .Arm. 
 harincif ; (J. hertng ; I), haring ; It. aringa : Sp. 
 ar Clique ; Pitrt. id.] 
 
 A fish of the genus Clii[>ea. Herrings, when they 
 migrate, move in vast shoals, and it is said that the 
 name is formed frtmi the Teutonic Acre, heer, an 
 army or multitude. They come from high northern 
 latitudes in the spring, and visit the shores of Europe 
 and .America, where they arc taken and s.alted in 
 creat quantities. 
 
 IIER'RI.NG-FISH'ER-Y, 71. The fishing for her- 
 rings, which cimstitutes an important branch of busi- 
 ness n itii the English, Dutch, and .Americans. 
 
 IIERR.VHUT ER, n. [Ger.] One of a sect est.ab- 
 lislied by Nicliol.as Lewis, count of Zinzcndorf; 
 called also Moravians, 
 
 HERS, (hur/.,) pr<77i. fern, possessive; as, this house 
 is hers, that is, this is the house of her. But perhaps 
 it would be more correct to consider hers as a substi- 
 tute for the noun and adjective, 111 the nominative 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C asK ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 69' 
 
 540 
 
HET 
 
 HET 
 
 HEX 
 
 case. Of the two houses, hers is the best ; that is, 
 
 hfr house is llie best. 
 HER'SAL, n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 HER'SCHEL, (her'shel,) 71. A planet discovered by 
 
 Dr. Herschel, in 1781, first called Gcurgium Sidus, 
 
 and now, Uranus. 
 HERSE, (hers,) 71. [Fr. /ifrse, a harrow, a portcullis, 
 
 priibably from cross-work ; radically the same word 
 
 as Harrow, which see.] 
 
 1. In fortification, a lattice or portcullis in tlie form 
 of a harrow, set with iron spikes. It is hung by a 
 rope fastened to a nioulinet, and when a gate is 
 broken, it is let down to obstruct the passage. It is 
 called also a sarrasin or cataract, and when it con- 
 sists of straight stakes without cross-pieces, it is 
 called orgae^^. 
 
 Herse is also a harrow, used for a chevau.\-dc-frise, 
 and laid in the way or in breaches, with the points 
 up, to obstruct or incommode the march of an en- 
 emy. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A carriage for bearing corpses to the grave; 
 now spelt Hearse. It is a frame onl}', or a box, 
 borne on wheels. 
 
 3. A temporary monument set over a grave. [ Ob- 
 solete.'] fVeevcr. 
 
 4. A rehearsal ; " the holy herse," rehearsal of 
 prayers. [04s.] Spenser. 
 
 HERSE, (hers,) v. t. To put on or in a herse. 
 
 2. To carry to the grave. [Shale. Chapman. 
 HER SELF', pron. [her and self.] This denotes a 
 female, the subject of discourse before mentioned, 
 and is either in the nominative or objective case. In 
 the nominative, it usually follows she, and is added 
 for the sake of emphasis, or emphatical distinction ; 
 as, she herself will bear the blame. 
 
 The daughter of Pharaoh came down 10 wash herself. — 
 Exod. ii. 
 
 2. H.aving the command of herself ; mistress of 
 her rational powers, judgment, or temper. The wo- 
 man was deranged, but she is now herself again. 
 She has come to herself. 
 
 3. In her true character; as, the woman acts like 
 herself. 
 
 HERSE'LIKE, (hers'like,) a. Funereal ; suitable to 
 funerals. Bacon. 
 
 HERS'IL-LON, 71. [Fr., from herse.] In the military 
 art, a plank or beam, whose sides are set with spikes 
 or nails, to incommode and retard the march of an 
 enemy ; a herse. Brande. 
 
 HER'Y, V. t. [Sax. herian.] 
 
 To regard as holy. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 HES'I-TAN-CV, n. [See Hesitate.] A doubting; 
 literally, a stopping of the mind ; a pausing to con- 
 sider ; dubiousness ; suspense. 
 
 The reason of niy htsitancy about the air is — Boyle. 
 
 HES'I-TANT, a. Hesitating ; pausing ; wanting vol- 
 ubility of sneech. 
 
 IlES'l-TANT-LY, adn. With hesitancy or doubt. 
 
 II ES' IT ATE, V. i. [L. htcstto ; FT.hesi'ter; from hast, 
 prrt. of L. hfEreo, to hang.] 
 
 1. To stop or pause respecting decision or action ; 
 to be doubtful as to fact, principle, or determination ; 
 to be in suspense or uncertainty ; as, he hesitated 
 whether to accept the offer or not. We often hesitate 
 what judgment to form. 
 
 It is never transitive, unless by poetic license. 
 
 Just hint a fault, and hesiinle dislike. Popt. 
 
 2. To stammer; to stop in speaking. 
 HES'I-Ta-TEI), /jp. Stopped; paused; doubted. 
 HES'I-Ta-T1i\G, ppr. or a. Doubting ; pausing ; stam- 
 mering. 
 
 HES'I-Ta-TIN(;-LY, ado. With hesitation or donbt. 
 
 HES-I-TA'TION, n. A pausing or delay in forming 
 an opinion or commencing action ; doubt ; suspen- 
 sion of opinion or decisiim, from uncertainty what 
 is proper to be decided. When evidence is clear, we 
 may decide without hesitation. 
 
 2. A stopping in i<i)ecch ; intermission between 
 words ; stammering. Swift. 
 
 IIE.S-PE'RI-AN, a. [L. hesperius, western, from hes- 
 perus, vesper, the evening star, Venus, Gr. ioittpoi.] 
 Western , situated at the west. 
 
 HES-I'ii'RI-AN, 71. An inhabitant of a western coun- 
 try. ./. Barlow. 
 
 HE.S'HIAN, (hesh'an,) o. Relating to Hesse, in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 IIES'SIAN-FLV, 71. [So called from the opinitm that 
 it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, 
 during the revolution.] 
 
 A Huiall, two-winged fly or midge, nearly black, 
 very destructive to young wheat. It is the Cectdo- 
 mijia de.ilruclin- of Say. E. C. Ilrrrick. 
 
 HEH'J', 71. [Sax. lutsr ; O. geheias, a command ; heis- 
 len, to call, to bid ; I). Iicrtin. Sec Heat.] 
 
 Command ; precept ; injtinction ; order. Shall. 
 
 [Now obsolete, but it is retained in the con>pound, 
 bthrMl.] 
 
 HES TI.KN'AL, a. Pertaining to yesterday. Smart. 
 HE.S'y CIIA.ST, 71, [Gr. l,avxos.] 
 
 A (piiefKt. Bib. Repository. 
 
 HET'E RAR CIIY 71. [Gr. irc^oj, another, and upx";, 
 rule.] 
 
 The government of an alien. Bp. Hall. 
 
 HET E-RO-CIR'CAL, a. [Gr. £r£o,«, and xip/t s-] 
 An epithet applied to fishes which have the upper 
 fork of the tail longer than the lower. .Sirassn. 
 
 HET'E-RO-CLlTE, n. [Gr. i-tpi.K\iTov ; irtpus, an- 
 other, or different, and xXiros, from kXivoj, to in- 
 cline, to lean.] 
 
 1. In inammar, a word which is irregular or anom- 
 alous either in declension or conjugation, or which 
 deviates from ordinary forms of inflection in words 
 of a like kind. It is particularly applied to nouns 
 irregular in declension. 
 
 2. Any thing or person deviating from common 
 forms. Johnson. 
 
 HET'E-RO-€LrTE, ) a. Irregular ; anomalous ; 
 
 HET-E-RO-eLIT'I€, [ deviating from ordinary 
 HET-E-RO-CLIT'ie-AL, ) forms or rules. Brown. 
 HET-E-ROe'LI-TOUS, a. Heteroclitic. [JVuf in lUf.] 
 HET'E-RO-DOX, a. [Gr. irtpoi, another, different, 
 and 6 Ju, opinion.] 
 
 1. In theoloipj, heretical ; contrarj' to the faith and 
 doctrines of the true church ; or, more precisely, con- 
 trary to the real doctrines of the Scriptures ; as, a 
 heterodox opinion ; opposed to Orthodox. 
 
 2. Repugnant to the doctrines or tenets of any es- 
 tablished church. 
 
 3. Holding opinions repugnant to the doctrines of 
 the Scriptures ; aSj a hctcrodoz divine ; or holding 
 opinions contrary fS those of an established church. 
 
 IIET'E-RO-DOX-LY, adv. In a heterodox manner. 
 
 HE'l''E-RO-DOX-NESS, 71. State of being heterodox. 
 
 HET'E-RO-DOX-Y, 71. Heresy; an opinion or doc- 
 trine contrary to the doctrines of the Scriptures, or 
 contrary to those of an established church. 
 
 HET-E-ROG'A-MOUS, a. [Gr. irtpof, different, and 
 }ap'if, marriage.] 
 
 In botany, having different essential parts of fruc- 
 tification. 
 
 HET'E-RO-GeNE, a. [Ofo.] [See the next word.] 
 HET-E-RO-Gli'NE-AL, (a. [Gr. irtpof, other, and 
 HET-E-RO-Gi2'NE-OUS, ) ycof, kind.] 
 
 Of a different kind or nature ; unlike or dissimilar 
 in kind ; opposed to Homoge.neous. 
 
 The light whose rays are all alike refrangible, I call simple, 
 houiogeneal, and similar ; and dial whose rays are some 
 more refrangible than others, 1 call compound, beterogeneal, 
 and dissimilar. Newton. 
 
 Heterogeneous nouns, are such as are of different 
 genders in the singular and plural numbers ; as, hie 
 locus, of the masculine gentler in the singular, and 
 hi loci and h4£c loca, both masculine and neuter in the 
 plural. Hoc calum, neuter in tiie singular; hi cali, 
 masculine in the plural. 
 
 Heterogeneous quantttie.'i, in matliematics, are such 
 as are incapable of being compared together in re- 
 spect to magnitude. Brande. 
 
 Heterogeneous surds, are such as have different 
 radical signs. Bartow. 
 HET-E-RO-fiE^NE'I-TY, 71. Opposition of nature ; 
 contrariety or dissimilitude of qualities. [Ill formed.] 
 
 2. Dissimilar part ; something of a different kind. 
 
 HET-E-RO-GE'NE-OUS-NESS, 71. Difference of na- 
 ture and quality ; dissimditude or contrariety in 
 kind, nature, or qu.alities. 
 
 HET-E-RO-PATH'ie, a. The same as Allopathic. 
 
 HET-E-ROPH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. ti-cpos, diverse, 
 and ipv^^op, leaf.] 
 
 Having leaves different from the regular form. A 
 heterophyllous violet is one which has leaves not 
 analogous to the leaves of other violets. 
 
 HET'E-RO-POD, 71. One of an order of molluscous 
 animals, whose foot is compressed into a vertical, 
 muscular lamina, serving for a fin. 
 
 HET-E-ROP'Ties, 71. [See Optics.] False optics. 
 
 Spcctattir. 
 
 IIET-E-ROS'CIAN, 71. [Gr. ircpo;, other, and ctmo, 
 shadow.] 
 
 Tliose inhabitants of the earth are called hctero.'s- 
 cians, whose shadows fall one way only. Such are 
 those who live between the tropics and the polar cir- 
 cles. The shadows of those who live north of the 
 tropic of Cancer fall northward ; tliose of the inhab- 
 itants south of the tropic of Capricorn fall south- 
 ward ; whereas the shadows of those who dwi II be- 
 tween the tropics fall sometimes to the north and 
 sometimes to the south. 
 
 I!ET-E-ROS'CIAN, a. Having the shadow fall one 
 way only. Oreirory. 
 
 HE'l''E-RO-SITE, 71. A mineral, of a greenish-gr.iy 
 or bluish ctilor, becoming violet on cxpostire, anil 
 consisting of phtisphuric acid, and the oxyds of iron 
 anil manganest;. Dona. 
 
 HE T-E ROT'O-MOUS, a. [Gr. ircpos, another, and 
 Ttpfio, to cleave.] 
 
 Having a different cleavage; applied to a species 
 of the felilspar family, because the cleavage differs 
 from that of common feldspar. Dana. 
 
 HET E ROT'RO I'AI,, ( r/- j 1 i 
 
 IIET-E-ROT'RO-POUS, j «• i^"' ^"''»« 
 
 In botany, when the inicropyle is at neither end of 
 the seed, the embryo will be neither eriict nor in- 
 verted, but will he in a more or liws oblif|ue direcliim 
 with resperl to the seed, and is then said to be hctc- 
 rotropous, or heterotropal, Lintlley, 
 
 HET'MAN, 71. A Cossack commander-in-chief. 
 
 HEU'LAND-ITE, 71. [from M. Hculand.] A mineral 
 of the zeolite family, occurring in anu'gdalnid, in 
 pearly, foliated masses, and also crystallized in 
 rhomhoidal prisms, with the basal plane pearly. It 
 consists of silica, alumina, and lime, with about 15 
 per cent, of water. Dana. 
 
 HEW, (hii,) V. t. ; pret. Hewed ; pp. Hewed or 
 Hewn. [Sax. hcawian; G. hauen ; D. houwen; Sw. 
 hagrra; Dan. hugger. In Sw., Itugg is a cut, a 
 slash ; Dan. hug, a beating, a striking; so that the 
 I)rimary sense is to strike, to drive with the hand. 
 See Hoe.] 
 
 1. To cut with an ax, or other like instrument, for 
 the purpose of making an even surface or side ; as, 
 to hew timber. 
 
 2. To chop ; to cut ; to hack ; as, to here in pieces. 
 
 3. To cut with a chisel ; to make smooth ; as, to 
 heto stone. 
 
 4. To form or shape with an edged instrument; 
 with (lilt ; as, to hew out a sepulcher. Is. xxii. 
 
 5. To form laboriously. 
 
 1 now pass my days, not studious nor idle, rather polishing old 
 works than heioing oat new ones. {Unusual.] Pope. 
 
 To hew down ; to cut down ; to fell by cutting. 
 To hew off; to cut off; to separate by a cutting in- 
 strument. 
 
 HEW, n. Destruction by cutting down. Spenser. 
 
 2. Color. [See Hue.] 
 HEW'i^D, pp. or a. Cut and made smooth or even ; 
 
 chopped ; hacked ; shaped by cutting or by a chisel. 
 HEWER, 11. One who hews wood or stone. 
 HEW'IN'G, ppr. Cutting and making smooth or even; 
 
 chopping ; hacking ; forming by the chisel. 
 IIEWfij, (hune,) pp. or a. The same as Hewed. 
 HEX'A-CHORD, »i. [Gr. £(, six, and V'f^n, a chord.] 
 In ancient mnsic, an imperfect chord called a siitli. 
 Also, un instrument of six chords or strings, and a 
 scale or system of six sounds. Botisseau. 
 HEX-A-DAC'TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. i{ and tSuKruAos.] 
 
 Having six fingers or toes. 
 HEX'aDE, 71. [Gr. £(, six.] 
 
 A series of six numbers. Med. Repos. 
 
 HEX'A-GON, n. [Gr. li, six, and j-wi/iu, an angle.] 
 In geometry, a plane figure of six sides and six 
 angles. If the sides and angles are equal, it is a reg- 
 ular hexagon. The cells of honey-comb are hexa- 
 gons, and it is remarkable that bees instinctively 
 form their cells of this figure, which fills any given 
 space without any interstice or loss of room. * 
 HEX-AG'ON-A L, a. Having six sides and six angles. 
 HEX-AG'ON-Y, for Hexagon, is not useil. 
 HEX-A-GYN'I-A, 11. [Gr. ((, six, and ywn, a female.] 
 In botany, an order of plants having six styles. 
 
 LinJUEUs. 
 
 HEX-AO'YN-OUs' i "■ l">t<""J, having six styles. 
 HEX-A-Hr:'DRAL|a. Of the figureofa hexahedron; 
 
 having six equal sides. 
 HEX-A-He'DRON, 71. [Gr. tj, six, and i6pa, a base 
 
 or seat.] 
 
 A regular, solid body of six sides ; a cube. 
 HEX-A-IIe'ME RON, 71. [Gr. if, six, and Lpcpa, day.] 
 
 1. The term of six days. Oood. 
 
 2. The history of the six days' work of creation, 
 as contained in the first chapter of Genesis. Many 
 of the learned fathers wrote commentaries on this 
 history, giving their views of the created universe. 
 
 Murdoch. 
 
 HEX-AM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. if, six, and ptrpop, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 In ancient poetry, a verse of six feet, the first four 
 of which may be either dactyls or spondees the filth 
 must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a 
 spondee. lu this species of verse are composed the 
 lliatl of Homer and the iEneid of Virgil. 
 
 Diva so \ lo fix \ OS ocu \ he a \ versa ten | ebat. Virffil. 
 
 HEX-AM'E-TER, a. Having six metrical feet. 
 HEX-A MET'RIC, ) a. Consisting of six metrical 
 HEX-A-MET'K.e-.'^L, i feet. IVarton. 
 HEX-AN'DRI-A, 7i. [Gr. if, si", ""d ""iPi male.] 
 In botany, a class of plants having six stamens. 
 
 LiniuBtcs, 
 
 HExiAN'DROUS,' | ""'""^ 
 IIEX-AN"G(J-LAR, a. [Or. if, six, and angular.] 
 
 Having six angles or corners. 
 IIEX-A-PET'AL OIJS, a. [Gr. if, six, and irtrtiXoi', 
 a leal", a petal.] 
 
 Having six pet.ils or flower-leaves. 
 IIEX-APH' YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. if, six, and i^i'XAoi', a 
 leaf.] 
 
 Having six leaves. 
 HEX'A-PEA, 71. [<;r. if and lirrAot.i.] A collection of 
 the Holy Scriptures in six languages, applied partic- 
 ularly to the collection published by Origen, in the 
 third century. Ennjc. .4m. 
 
 HEX'A-PI.AR, a. [Gr. if, six, and I'lirAnr.., to unfold.] 
 
 Sextuple; ctmtaining six columns ; (mm hriapla. 
 IIEX'A-rOI), a. [Gr. tf, six, and novf, nc6oi, L.pu, 
 pedis, the foot.l 
 Having six feet. 
 HEX'A POD, 71. [Gr. if and novf.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 550 
 
HID 
 
 HIE 
 
 HIG 
 
 1. An insect having six feet. 
 Q. A fatliuin. [JVut in itsc] 
 IIEX'A-STlfH, (-stik,) n. [Ur. if, six, and r<X''«. » 
 verse] 
 
 A poem consisting of six verses. Johjuon, JVeever. 
 IIE.\'A-ST5LE, n. [Gr. if, six, and r^Aos, a col- 
 
 UIMM.] 
 
 A liiiilding witli six columns in front. F.neyc. 
 UEX-Oe-TA-llK'DKON, n. ^Gr. t(, six, oierw, uiglit, 
 and if pa, face.] 
 
 A solid contained under forty-eight equal, triangu- 
 lar faces. Dana, 
 IIBV, (ha;) an exclamation of joy or mutual exhorta- 
 tion, the contrary to the L. Itei. Prior. 
 HEY'D.XY, (ha'di,) rxclam. [«u. AiVft-rfai/.] An ex- 
 pression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of 
 wonder. Sliak. 
 IlEV'DAY, n. A frolic ; wildness. Skak. 
 IIEV'l)E-GUV, n. [Perhaps from heyday and g-uise.] 
 A kind of dance; a country dance or round. [Oiii.J 
 
 Speri^-er, 
 
 III-X'TIOX, n. [L. Aio, to gape.] 
 
 The act of gaping. [JVut used.] 
 HI-.\''rUS, n. fl,., from Aio, to open or gape, Gr. 
 Xa<j.] 
 
 1. An opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm. 
 
 2. In srammar, the concurrence of two vowels in 
 two successive syllables or words, occasioning a 
 hardness in the pronunciation. Pupe. 
 
 3. \ defect ; a chasm in a manuscript, where some 
 part is lost or effaced. Encye. 
 
 III-BER'.N A-CLE, 71. [L. hihemacula, winter-quar- 
 ters.] 
 
 1. !n iofanu, the winter-quarters of a plant; that 
 is, a bnlb or a bud, in which the cnibrj'o of a future 
 plant is inclosed by a scaly covering, and protected 
 from injuries during winter. Barton. .Martyn. 
 
 '2. 1'he winter-lodge of a wild animal. 
 HT-IiEK'.XAL, a. [L. hibernus.] 
 
 lirloniiini; or relating to winter. Brown. 
 III'BEK-NaTE, v. i. [L. hiberno ; It. vrrnnre.] 
 
 To winter ; to pass the season of winter in close 
 
 quarters or in seclusion, :is birds or beasts. Darwin. 
 IlI'liEIl-\.\-TI.NG, ppr.oia. Passing the winter in 
 
 close quarters. 
 IlMiEU-.N'A'TlOX, n. The passing of winter in a 
 
 close lodge, as beasts and fowls that retire in cold 
 
 weather. Darwin. 
 IIT-liER'i\I-AN, a. Pertaining to Hibernia, now Ire- 
 IIM!Ell'M-A.\, II. A native of Ireland. [land. 
 HT BEK'NI-CIS.M, ) II. .\n idiom or mode of speech 
 IIMIER'.NI-A.N-IS.M, i peculiar to the Irish. Todd. 
 Ill-liEK'XO-CEL'Tie, n. The native language of 
 
 the Irish ; the Gaelic. 
 Hie'ClUS noe'TlUS. [au. L. hie est doctus.] A 
 
 cant word for a juggler. Iluilibras. 
 Hie'eOUGIl, (hik'up,) n.. [Dan. hik or hikkea: Sw. 
 
 AicA'a ; D. hik, hikken ; Fr. hoquet ; W. i/r, itrian ; 
 
 Arm. hie/f. The English is a compound of hie and 
 
 cough ; and hie may be allied to hiteh, to catch.] 
 Convulsive catch of the respiratory nnisdes, with 
 
 sonorous inspiration ; repeated at short intervals. 
 
 Oood. 
 
 Hie'COUGlI, (hik'up,) v. i. To have convulsive 
 
 catch of some of the respiratory muscles. 
 n/C JA'CET, [L.] Here lies. 
 
 HICK'O-UY, II. fcevenil American trees of the genus 
 Carya are so called. They are sometimes called 
 walnut, but not very correctly. Its nut is called 
 hickory-nuL 
 
 HICK'I'P ; a spelling sometimes given to Hiccough. 
 llIcK'W.^Yt'i"- [a"-A"^W.] 
 A small species of wood|)ecker. 
 HID, ) pp. of Hide. Concealed; placed in se- 
 HID'DJC.V, i crecy. 
 
 2. a. Secret ; not seen or known. 
 
 3. Mysterious ; dilhcult to be known. 
 
 HID' AGE, n. [from hide, a quantily of land.] An 
 extraordinary Lax formerly paid to the kings of Eng- 
 land for every hide of land. 
 
 Hl-DJIL' ao, n. [Sp.j In Spain, a nobleman of the 
 lowest cl.ass. Brande. 
 
 HID'DKN-LY, adv. In a hidden or secret manner. 
 
 HIDE, r. preL Hid; pp. Hid, IIidde:*. [Sax. Ay- 
 da ii ; \V. cuitaui ; Arm. cuia, or cuddyo, or kytfio ; 
 Corn, kitha ; Russ. kutayu ; Gr. icti tfu. In Sw., 
 hydda, Dan. hytte, is a Aiit; and the Sw. hyda,forhy- 
 da, Dan./orAuer, to sheathe a ship, seem to be the 
 same word. Hood, as well as Auf, may belong to this 
 root. See Class Gd, No. 2(), 31, 43, 55.) 
 
 1. To conceal ; to witliliold or withdmw from 
 sight ; to place in any st.ate or position in which the 
 view is intercepted from the object. The interven- 
 tion of the moon between the earth and the sun 
 Ai</« the latter from our sight. The jieople in Tur- 
 key *ii/e their grain in the earth. No human being 
 can hide bin crimes or his neglect of duty from his 
 Maker. 
 
 2. To conceal from knowledge ; to keep secret. 
 
 Depart to the mountAiiu ; hidi jounelres there three dayi. — 
 Ju«h. ii. 
 
 Tell me now wlut thou hut done— U<1« it not froiD me. — 
 Jo«h. vii. 
 
 3. In Scripture, not to confess or disclose ; or to ex- 
 cuse and extenuate. 
 
 I ftcl<nowl<Nlifc my tin to iher, anil mjr iiiiquitT have I not bid. — 
 !>.. xiul. 
 
 4. To protect ; to keep in safety. 
 
 ]u the time of trouUo be ihKll hide tne in bis pavilion. — Pf. 
 xxvji. 
 
 To hide the face from ; to overlook ; to pardon. 
 
 Httle thy /ace from my tint. — Pa. li. 
 To hide llic face ; to withdraw spiritual presence, 
 support, and consolation. 
 
 Thou (tiilflt Airte thy /ace, and 1 w.ia troubled. — Fi. xxx. 
 To hide one's self ; to put one's self in a condition 
 to be safe ; to secure protection. 
 
 The prudent man forcx-'etii the evil and hidelh himtel/. — Frvv. 
 xxii. 
 
 HIDE, K. i. To lie concealed ; to keep one's self out 
 of view ; to be withdrawn from sight. 
 
 Bred 10 dla^uise, in puMic 'tis you hide. Pope. 
 Hidc-and .teck ; a pl.ty of children, in which some 
 hide themselves, and another seeks them. Oullirer. 
 HIDE, II. [According to Lye, Sax. Diet., under tccaZ- 
 styllintr, this word signified originally a station, cov- 
 ered place, or ])lace of refuge for besiegers against 
 the attacks of the besieged. Ciii.] 
 
 In the ancient taws of Knsland, a certain portion of 
 land, the quantity of which, however, is not well 
 ascertained. Some authors consider it as the quan- 
 tity that could be tilled with one plow ; titlicrs, as 
 much as would maintain a family. Some suppose it 
 to be GO, some 80, and others 100 acres. 
 
 Spelman. Kncye. 
 HIDE, n. [Sax. hyd, hyde ; G. haul ; D. huid ; Sw. and 
 Dan. And; L. cutis; Gr. irus, it uriioi' ; either a peel, 
 frtim stripping, separating, or a cover.] 
 
 1. The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed ; 
 more generally applied to the undressed skins of the 
 larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, &.c. 
 
 2. The human skin, in contempt. Dryden. 
 HIDE'IiOUND, a. .An animal is AidfftoMn//, when his 
 
 skin sticks so closely to his ribs and back .as not to 
 be easily loosened or raised. Far. Diet. 
 
 Trees are said to he hidebound, when the bark is so 
 dose or firm that it impedes the growth. Bacoiu 
 
 2. Harsh ; iintractablc. [JVut used.] liudtbras. 
 
 3. Nigpirdly ; penurious. [JVut used.] .^insworlh. 
 IIID'E-OUS, a. [Fr. hideuz ; Norm, hidous, from Aide, 
 
 fright, dread.] 
 
 1. Frightful to the sight ; dreadful ; shocking to the 
 eye ; applied to deformity : .as, a hideous monster ; a 
 hideous spectacle ; hideous looks. Shak. Dryden. 
 
 2. Shocking to the ear; exciting terror ; as, a Aid- 
 eoiLs noise. Woodward. 
 
 3. Detestable. Spenser. 
 IIID'E-OUS-LY, adv. In a manner to frighten ; dread- 
 fully ; shockingly. Shak. 
 
 IIID'E-OUS-NESS,n. Frightfulncss to the eye ; dread- 
 fulness ; horrilileness. 
 
 IIID'KR, n. [from Aide] One who hides or conceals. 
 
 Hin'ING, p;jr. Concealing; covering or withdrawing 
 from view ; keeping close or secret. 
 
 HID'ING, n. Concealment. Hab. iii. 
 
 2. Witlidrawment ; a withholding ; as, the hidings 
 of Gotl's face. .Milner. 
 
 3. A beating, [yulgar.] Smart. 
 
 iriD'I.NG-PLACE, n. A place of concealment. 
 
 HIE, V. i. [Sax. Ai^nn higian, to hasten, to urge for- 
 ward, to press, to entleavor; also, hiegan and higgan, 
 to be urgent, to strive.] 
 
 1. To hasten ; to move or run with haste ; to go in 
 haste ; a word chiefly uscf *n poetry. 
 
 Tlie youth, returning to hu tnUuess, hUe. Dryden. 
 
 9. With the reciprocal pronoun ; as, hie thee home. 
 IITE, n. Haste ; diligence. [Obs.] » CAoucer. 
 III'E-RARCH, n. [Gr. ico'in\ni, q. d. 6 tuiv fcpui' ap- 
 X' '!', a ruler in sacred things.] 
 One who rules or has authority in sacred things. 
 
 Suicer. 
 
 HI'E-RXRGII-AL, o. Pertaining to a hierarcli. 
 
 Jtitton. 
 
 IIT-F-R.1RCH'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to a hierarchy. 
 lU'E-R.^ReH-ie-AL LY, ade. After the manner of 
 a hierarchy. 
 
 HI'E RARCH-IS.M, n. Principles of a hierarchy. 
 HI'E-RXRCH-Y, n. [Gr. i paox:"'-! 
 
 1. Dominion or nulhorily in sacred things. Suieer. 
 
 2. The persons who have the exclusive direction 
 of things sacred ; used especially of a body of clergy 
 of different ranks or orders ; but applicable to all who 
 claim to be a holy order of men, witli an exclusive 
 right to minister in holy things. Murdock. 
 
 3. The celestial hierarchy, in the uritinirs of pseudo- 
 Dionysius, embraced Christ as its head, and the va- 
 rious orders of angels as his ministering spirits. 
 
 JMurdoek. 
 
 HI-E-RAT'ie, a. [Gr. UpariKH, sacerdotal, from ; 
 icpof, sacred ] ' 
 
 1. Consecrated to sacred uses ; sacerdotal ; pertain- 
 ing to priests. Russell. 
 
 2. A term applied to a mode of ancient Egyptian 
 writing, chiefly used in papyri, considered as a' rapid 
 
 mode of writing hieroglyphics, and being the sacer- 
 dotal character, as the demotic was that of the people. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 III-E-ROC'RA-CY, ji. [Gr. iroot and Kpari,,,.] 
 
 Goverjimenl by ecclesiastics. ./effrrson. 
 
 IIT'E-RO-GIA PII, ( n. [Gr. irooj, sacred, and > Ati- 
 
 III-E-IlO-GLYPH'ie, i to carve.] 
 
 1. Literally, a sacred character ; applied to a sp<!- 
 cies of writing first practiced by the ancient Egyptian 
 priests, often called picture-writing, which expressed 
 a series of ideas by representations of visible objects. 
 According to <?liam[H>llion, the Egyptian hieri>gl> ph- 
 ics consist of three different species of characters : 
 I. The hieroghjphir. properly so called, in which the 
 object is represented by a picture, either entire or in 
 an abridged form. 2. Symbolical, in which an idea 
 is expressed by some visible object which represents 
 it ; as adoratiim by a censer containing incense. 3. 
 Phonetic characters, in which the sign represents not 
 a visible object, but a sound. Brande. 
 
 III-E-RO-GEYPiriC, (a. Emblematic ; express- 
 
 HI-E-RO-GLYPII'ie-AI,, ( ive of some me.aniiig by 
 characters, pictures, or figures ; as, hieroglyphic wri- 
 ting ; a hteruirliiphic tibelisk. 
 
 HI-E-RO-GI-YPH'ie-AL-LY, adv. Emblematically; 
 by characters or pictures expressive of facts or moral 
 qualities. The .Mexicans wrote history hiero^htphic- 
 ally. 
 
 HI-E-RO-GLVPII'IST, n. One versed in hieroglyph- 
 ics. Oliddun. 
 
 HI'E-RO-GR.\XI, n. [Gr. I'cpof, sacred, and yuappa, 
 letter.] 
 
 A species of sacred writing. 
 HI-E-RO-GRAM-.MAT'ie, a. [Gr. I'toos, sacred, and 
 J nappa, letter.] 
 
 Demiting a kind of writing in sacred or sacerdotal 
 characters, used only by the priests in Egypt. 
 
 H'arburlojt. 
 
 III-E-RO-GRAM'.MA-TIST, n. LUeralhj, a sacred 
 writer; an Egyptian priest whose duly was to deci- 
 pher hieroglyphics, and preside over the religious ser- 
 vices. Brande. 
 
 HT-E-RO-GRAPH'IC, ) a. Pertaining to sacred 
 
 HT-E-RO-GRAPII'IC-AL, ( writing. 
 
 HI-E-ROG'RA-PIIY, «. [Gr. iipof, holy, and ypa^ia, 
 to write ; ) O'l :>j), a writing.] 
 Sacred writing, [/.ittle used.] 
 
 HT-E-RO-LOG'IC, t a. Pertaining to hierology. 
 
 HI E-RO-LOG'ie-AL, i 0/id./««. 
 
 III-E-ROL'O-GIST, 71. One versed in hierology. 
 
 HI-E-ROL'O-GY. 71. [Gr. iVpoj and hoy.s.] 
 
 Literally, a discourse on sacred things ; particularly, 
 the science which tre.its of the ancient writings and 
 inscriptions of the Egyptians, or a treatise on that 
 science. 
 
 HI'E-RO-.MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. Upas, sacred, and pav- 
 TCia, divination.] 
 
 Divination by observing the various things offered 
 in sacrifice. £iici/c. 
 HI-E-RO.M-Ne'.MON, n. [Gr. Icpos, sacred, and put- 
 pf'f, preserving memory.] 
 
 In ancient Greece, the most honorable of the two 
 classes of representatives which composed the Am- 
 pliictyonic council. The word sometimes occurs, 
 also, as apulied to priests or magistrates, in some of 
 the Gri ' ian states. Smith's Diet. 
 
 HI'E-RO-PHANT or HI ER'O-PHANT, n. [Gr. Uoo- 
 •pai rrif upof, sacred, and i^ iiiu, to show.] 
 
 A priest ; one who teaches the mysteries and du- 
 ies of religion. //<i/c. 
 III-E-RO-PIIANT'ie, a. Rel.ating to hicrophants ; 
 sacred. 
 
 IIIG'GLE, r. i. [In Dan. hykler signifies to flatter, 
 fawn, disguise, or play the hypocrite ; Sw. hyekla, id. 
 In Welsh, hiciaw is to snap, to catch suddenly, to 
 trick, as if allied to AitcA. This word may be from 
 the same root as L. cocio. See Huckstfr.] 
 
 1. To carry provisions about and offer them for 
 sale. 
 
 2. To chaffer ; to be tedious and nice in making a 
 bargain. 
 
 It nrjur* i^iorxnt mind, where we hare wiongcd, to higgtt 
 nnd d(Ml?i> in Uie amends. Hate. 
 
 HIG'GLF^DY-PIG'GLE-DY, adr. In confusion; a 
 low word. 
 
 HIG'GLER, n. One who carries about provisions for 
 sale. 
 
 2. One who is tedious and nice in bargaining. 
 HIG'GI.l.NG, n. The employuieni of a higgler; the 
 
 act of being tedious and nice in bargaining. 
 HIGH, (hi,) a. [.Sax. AcaA, Ai>, AcA, or A/A ; G. AocA ,- 
 
 D. hooir; Stv. Aa»; Dan. hSj ; San. uchehah. The W. 
 
 tic, nert, may be the .same word, with the loss of the 
 
 first letter ] 
 
 1. Extending to a great distance above the surface 
 of the earth ; elevated ; lofty ; of great altitude ; as, 
 a high mountain ; a Ai;^A tower. 
 
 2. Rising, or having risen, or being, far abox'e the 
 earth ; elevated ; lofty ; as, a Ai^A flight ; the clouds 
 are AiyA in the atmosphere. 
 
 3. Elevated above the horizon ; as, how Ai^fA is the 
 sun It is an hour AiVA. 
 
 4. Raised above any object. 
 
 //if A o'er their heads a moldenn; rock b placed. Drydtn. 
 
 TOJJE, BULL, qNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
HIG 
 
 IIIG 
 
 HIG 
 
 5. Exalted in nature or dignity. 
 
 Tl.e highest faculty of the soul. Baxter. 
 
 G. Elevated in rank, condition, or office. We speak 
 of Itigk and low ; of a higk office ; Itigli rank ; high. 
 station ; a hijrh court. 
 
 7. Possessing or governed hy honor.ible pride ; no- 
 ble ; exalted ; magnanimous ; dignified ; as, a man 
 
 8. Exalted in excellence or extent, [of Aio-A mind. 
 
 Solomon livpil at ease, nor aimed beyond 
 
 Higher design than to enjoy his slate. Milton. 
 
 9. Difficult ; abstruse. 
 
 They meet to he.^r, .and answer such high things. Shdk, 
 
 10. Boastful ; ostentatious. 
 
 His furc»-s, after all the high iliscourses, amounted really but to 
 eighteen hundivd fool. Clarendon. 
 
 11. Arrogant; proud; lofty; loud. 
 
 The governor made himself merry wilh hi^ high and threatening 
 l.uiju.ige. darendnn. 
 
 12. Loud ; boisterous ; threatening or angry. The 
 parties had very AiVA words. 
 
 V.}. Violent ; severe ; oppressive. 
 
 When there appeareth oo either side a high hand, violent perse- 
 cution, &c. Bacon. 
 
 14. Public ; powerful ; triumphant ; glorious ; or 
 under divine protection. 
 
 The children of Israel w§^t out of Egypt with a high hand. — 
 Ex. xiv. 
 
 15. Noble ; illustrious ; honorable ; as, a man of 
 high birth. 
 
 16. Expressive of pride and haughtiness ; as, high 
 
 17. Powerful ; mighty. [looks. Is. x. 
 
 Strong is thy hand, high is thy right hand. — Ps. Uxxix. 
 
 18. Possessed of supreme power, dominion, or ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 Thou, Lord, art high above all the earth. — Ps. xcvii. 
 
 19. Gre^t ; important ; solemn ; held in venera- 
 tion. 
 
 For that Sabbath day was a high day. — John xix. 
 
 20. Violent ; rushing with velocity ; tempestuous ; 
 as, a high wind. 
 
 21. Tumultuous ; turbulent ; inflamed , violent ; 
 as, high passittns. 
 
 22. Full ; complete. It is high time to retire. 
 
 It is high time to awake from sleep. — Rom. xiii. 
 
 23. Raised; accompanied by, or proceeding from, 
 great excitement of the feeling3 ; as, high pleasure of 
 body or mind. 
 
 24. Rich ; luxurious ; well-seasoned ; as, high fare ; 
 high living ; high sauces. JlilLon. Bacon. 
 
 25. Strong ; vivid ; deep ; as, a high color. 
 
 2G, Dear; of a great price, or greater price than 
 usual ; as, to purchase at a high rate ; goods are 
 high. 
 
 27. Remote from the equator north or south ; as, a 
 high latitude. 
 
 28. Remote in past time ; early in former time ; as, 
 high antiquity. 
 
 29. Extreme ; intense ; as, a high heat. 
 
 30. Loud ; as, a high sound. But more generally, 
 
 31. In music, acute ; sharp ; as, a high note ; a high 
 voice ; opposed to tote or grave. 
 
 32. Much raised ; as, high relief, [alto relievo.] 
 
 33. Far advanced in art or science ; as, high at- 
 tainments. 
 
 34. Great; capital; committed against the king, 
 sovereign, or .state ; as, high treason, distinguisheil 
 from petty treason, which is connnitted against a 
 master or other superior. 
 
 35. Great ; exalted ; as, a high opinion of one's 
 integrity. 
 
 High and dry ; applied to the situation of a vessel 
 when aground above water mark. 'J'utlcn. 
 
 High church and low church ; in Great Britain, a 
 distinction inlrijduccd aftt^r the revolution. The high 
 clmrcli were supf><>sed to favor the papists, or at li-ast 
 to support the high claims to prerogative which were 
 maintained hy the Stuarts, Tlie low church enter- 
 tained more moderate notions, manifested great en- 
 mity to popery, and were inclined to circumscribe 
 the royal prerogatives. This distinction is now less 
 marked, but not wholly obliterated. 
 
 High day, high noon; the time when the sun is in 
 the meridian. 
 
 High Dutch, is the German language, as distin- 
 guished from Low Dutch or Helgic, or the cultivated 
 German, as opposed to the vulgar dialcct.s. 
 HIGH, n</i;. Aloll J to a great altitude; as, towering 
 
 2. Kmmcntly ; greatly. [high. 
 
 Heavrn and earth 
 Shall high extol thy prai*rji. hfilton. 
 
 3. With deep thought ; profoundly. 
 
 He rcMoned high. Milton. 
 
 4. Powerfully. Milton. 
 ilTGII, n. An clevnicd place ; auperior region ; lus, on 
 
 high ; from on Aij^A. 
 
 On AiVA ; aloud. [OA.».l Spenur. 
 2. Aloft. 
 
 HIGH'-AI.M-/;D, a. Having grand or lofty designs. 
 
 Crashavj. 
 
 1IIGH'-ARCH-£D, (-drcht,) a. Having elevated 
 arches. Jlay. 
 
 HlGir-AS-PIR'LN'G, a. Having elevated views; 
 aiming at elev.ited objects. Bp. Hull. 
 
 HTGH'-BLEST, a. Supremely happy. jnilun. 
 
 HIGH'-BLoVVN, a. Swelled much with wind ; in- 
 flated, as with pride or conceit. Shak. 
 
 HIGH'-BOUN, a. Being of noble birth or extraction. 
 
 Ruice. 
 
 HiGH'-BRED, o. Bred in high life. Byron. 
 
 HIGII'-BRO\V-£D, a. Having high brows. Moore. 
 
 HIGH'-BUILT, (hl'bilt,) a. Of lofty .structure. Mtlton. 
 2. Covered with lofty buildings. 
 
 The high'buitt elephant Ills castle re.irs. Creech. 
 
 HIGH'-CHURCH, a. An epithet applied to those in 
 the episcopal church, who attach the highest impor- 
 tance to episcopacy, so as to question fir deny the 
 validity of rites and ordinances, performed by those 
 who have not been episcopally orilained. 
 
 HIGH'-UHURCH'ISiM, )i. The principles of the high- 
 church party. 
 
 HIGH'-CHURCH'MAN, n. One who holds high 
 
 church principles. 
 HIGir-eLIMB-ING,(hi'klIra-ing,) a. Climbing to a 
 
 great hight. 
 
 2. Difficult to be ascended Milton. 
 HiGH'-eOL-OR .ED,(hi'kul-lurd,)3. Having a strong, 
 deep, or glaring color. Ftoyer. 
 
 2. Viviil ; strong or forcible in representation ; as, 
 a higlt-colored description. 
 HIGH'-eON'STA-BLE, n. A police officer in some 
 
 cities. Bouvier. 
 HIGH'-eURL-ING, a. Rising high in curls. 
 
 M. Bruce. 
 
 HiGH'-DaV, 0. Fine ; befitting a holiday. Shak. 
 HlGH'-DE-SlGN'L\G, a. Forming great schemes. 
 
 Drydeil. 
 
 HIGH'-E.M-BoW'£D, a. Having lofty arches. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HTGH'-EN-GEN'DER-£D, a. Engendered aloft, or 
 in the air. Shak. 
 
 HiGH'-FED, a. Pampered ; fed luxuriously. Milton. 
 
 HrGH'-FL\'lSH-£D, (-fin'islit,) a. Finished com- 
 pletely. 
 
 HIGH'-FLa.M-ING, a. Tiirowing flame to a great 
 
 hiL'ht. Pope. 
 mGH'-FLA-VOR-£D, a. Having a high flavor. 
 HiGH'-FLI-ER, II. One that carries his opinions to 
 
 extravagance. Sicift. 
 HIGH'-FLoVVN, a. Elevated; swelled; proud ; as 
 
 high-flown hopes. Denkam. 
 2. 'i'urgid ; swelled ; extravagant; as, a high-flown 
 
 hyperbole. L'K.-itrangc. 
 HiGH'-FLUSH-SD, (hi'flusht,) a. Much elateil. 
 
 Young. 
 
 HIGH'-FL'V-ING, a. Extr.avagant in claims or opin- 
 ions ; as, AiVA-^i/innf, arbitral^ kings. Dniden. 
 
 HlGH'-GAZ-ING, a. Looking upward. More. 
 
 HIGIi'-Go-J.N'G, a. Moving rapidly. Massinger. 
 
 HiGH'-GRoWN, a. Having the crop considerably 
 grown. 
 
 HiGH'-HAND-Ei), a. Overbearing; oppressive ; vio- 
 lent. 
 
 HlGH'-nii:AP-£D, (hi'heept,) a. Covered with high 
 piles ; as, a high-heaped table. Pope. 
 2. Raised in liigh piles. Pope. 
 HTGIl'-HEART-ED, a. Full of courage. Beaum. 
 HIGH'-HEEL-£D, a. Having high heels. Swift. 
 HTGH'-lIU.\G,a. Hung aloft ; elevated. Dryden. 
 HrGH'-LIV-£D, a. Pertaining to high life. 
 
 Ooldsmith. 
 
 HlGH'-MSSS, 71. Among Roman Catholics, that mass 
 which is read before the high altar on Sundays, 
 feast-days, and great occasions. Kncyc. .^m. 
 
 HIG11'-.M'ET-TL£U, a. Having high spirit ; ardent ; 
 full of fire; as, a high-mcttled steed. 
 
 IIIGIl'-MlND-EO, a. Proud ; arrogant. 
 
 Be not high-miniled, but fear. — Rom. xi. 
 2. Having honorable pride; magnanimous; op- 
 posed to mean. 
 
 HIGII'-MIi\I)-ED-NESS, n. State of being high- 
 iiiiiideil. 
 
 HIGH'-PLaCE, 71. In Scripture, an eminence or 
 mound on which sacrifices were offered. Before 
 the temple was built in Jerusalem, sacrifices were 
 offered to Jehovah by his worshipers, on high 
 place.-) ; but afterward such mounds were devoted 
 to idolatrous sacrifices. 
 
 HIG11'-PLAC-£D, (-plast,) o. Elevated in situation 
 tir rank. Shak. 
 
 Hl(;ir-PRESS'1TRE, a. See Steam-Enoini!. 
 
 lliCll'-l'lili-.ST, H. A chief priest. Scripture. 
 
 llI(;ir-l'Hir;.ST'Sl|[P, «. office of a high-priest. 
 
 HIGII'-PRI.\'-C1-PL£I), a. Extravagant in notitms 
 of ptilitirs. Swift. 
 
 IIKJH'-PROOF, a. Highly rectified; very strongly 
 alrcili(]|ic ; as, high-proof spirits. 
 
 IIIG11'-RXIS-£I), a. Elevated; raised aloft. Dryden. 
 2. Raised with great expectations or conceptions. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HTGir-RrACII-L\G, «. Reaching to a great hight. 
 
 2. Rtrarhing upward. Milton. 
 
 3. Ambitious ; aspiring. Shalt. 
 
 HIGH'-REAR-£D, a. Raised high; of lofty struc- 
 ture. Shak. 
 
 HiGH'-RED, a. Having a strong red color; deeply 
 red. Boyle. 
 
 HIGH'-RE-PENT'ED, a. Deeply repented. [///.] 
 
 Sluik. 
 
 HIGH'-RE-SOLV'£D, a. Very resolute. 
 
 Tit. .indron. 
 
 HTGH'-Ro.^D, 71. A highway ; a much frequented 
 road. 
 
 HlGH'-RoPES, 71. pi. A person is said to be on his 
 Ain^A ropes when he is greatly elevated or excited, es- 
 pecially by passion. Orose. 
 
 IIIGH'-RObF-£D, (hi'rooft,) a. Having a lofty or 
 sharp roof. Milton. 
 
 HlGH'-Sr:A'SOX-£D, a. Enriched with spices or 
 other se.asoning. 
 
 HIGH'-Sf.AT-ED, a. Fi.xed on high; seated in an 
 elevated place. Milton. 
 
 HIGH'-SIGHT-ED, a. Always looking upward. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HlGH'-SoUL-£D, a. I'aving a high spirit. Everett. 
 
 HIGH'-SOUND-IXG, a. Pompous; noisy; ostenta- 
 tious ; as, hii'h^soundini- words or titles. 
 
 HIGH'-SPIK'IT-ED, a. Full of spirit or natural fire ; 
 easily irritated; irascible. 
 
 2. Full of spirit ; bold ; daring. 
 
 HlGH'-STO.M'AeH-£D, ( stum'akd,) a. Having a 
 lofty spirit ; proud ; obstinate. Shak. 
 
 HlGH'-SVVELL-£D, a. Swelleit to a gre.at hight. 
 
 HlGH'-SWELL-IXG, a. Swelling greatly; inflated; 
 boastful. 
 
 HTGH'-SVVoLX, a. Greatly swelled. Shak. 
 HIGH'-Ta-PER, )i. a plant of the genus Verbascum. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 HIGH'-TaST-ED, a. Having a strong relish ; piquant. 
 
 Denham. 
 
 HlGH'-TTME, n. Quite time ; full time for the occa- 
 sion, or the time when any thing is to be done. 
 HlGH'-ToN-£D, a. Higli in sound. 
 HIGH'-T0W-ER-£D, a. Having lofty towers. Milton. 
 HIGH'-VIU-£U, ( vlst,) a. Enormously wicked. 
 
 SAai. 
 
 HIGH'-WA'TER, n. The utmost flow or greatest ele- 
 vation of the tide ; also, the time of such elevation. ' 
 
 HIGH'-VVA'TER-.MARK, K. The line made on the 
 shore by the tide at its utmost hight. Mar. Diet. 
 
 HIGH'-WROUGHT, (rawt,) a. Wrought with ex- 
 quisite art or skill ; accurately finished. Pope. 
 
 9. Inflamed to a high degree ; as, high-wrought 
 passion. 
 
 HTGH'ER, a. comp. More high. 
 HIGU'Es r, a. super!. Most high. 
 HIGH'G.aTE RES'IN. See Fossil Copal. 
 HIGH'L.\ND, 71. Elevated land; a mount.iinous re- 
 gion. 
 
 Highlands of Scotland ; mountainous regions inhab- 
 ited by the descendants of the ancient Celts, who 
 retain their primitive language. 
 
 Higlilands on the Hudson, sixty miles from New 
 York. These aflbrd most subiime and romantic 
 scenery, and here is West Point, a fortified post 
 during the revolution, and now the seal of one of 
 the best military schools of the age. 
 
 HIGH'LAND-ER, n. An inhabitant of the moun- 
 tains ; as, the Highlanders of Scotla'W?. 
 
 HIGH'L.\ND-Isn, a. Denoting higl or mountainous 
 land. Drummond, 
 
 HIGH'LY, (hi'ly,) adv. With elevation in place. 
 
 2. In a great degree. We are AiWi/i/ favored. Ex- 
 ercise is highly requisite to health. 
 
 3. Proudly ; arrogantly ; ambitiously. Shak. 
 
 4. With elevation of mind or opinitm ; with great 
 estimation ; as, to think highly of one's perform- 
 ances. 
 
 HtGH'MoST, a. Highest. [JVot ilwI] Shale. 
 HIGH'NESS, (hl'ncss,) n. Elevation above the sur- 
 face ; loftiness ; altitude ; hight. 
 
 2. Dignity ; elevation in rank, character, or power. 
 
 3. Excellence ; value. Howell. 
 
 4. Violence ; as, the highness of wind. 
 
 5. Great amount ; as, the highness of price. 
 
 G. Acuteness ; as, the highness of a note or voice. 
 
 7. Intenscness, as of heat. 
 
 8. A title of honor given to princes or other men 
 of rank. 
 
 HIG H.T, (bite,) 71. [Sec Height.] Elevation ; alti- 
 tude ; hiltiness. 
 
 [It is very desirable that Ibis noun should be thus 
 regularly formed from the adjective high, as was for- 
 merly dime by distinguished writers. 
 
 Hiirht, named, called, promised, commanded, &e., 
 (sometimes written Hote,) is a rorruption from Sax. 
 Aatan. It is obsolete. [See Hkat.] Chaucer. Spenser. 
 
 HIGIIT'£N-ER, ti. One that bmhtcns. 
 
 IIIGII'VVAV, n. A |>ulilir road ; a way open to nil 
 passengers ; so calletl, either lierause it is a great or 
 public rtiad, or because llie eailli was r.aised to form 
 a dry path. Highways open a conimtinication from 
 one city or town to anollier. 
 2. Course ; road ; train of action. CAiW. 
 
 IITGII'WAV-MA.V, II. One who robs on the public 
 road, or lurks in the highway for the purpoto of 
 robbing. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PHBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
IIIN 
 
 IlIL'A-RATfi is not ill U3C. See Khmilarate. 
 
 HI-LA'RI-Ol'S, a. Mittlifiil; merry. 
 
 IlI-LAIl'I-TV, n. [h. hiliirilnx; Gr. iAnpov, joyful, 
 merry. If r is radical, this ciinnut be from Iajci, to 
 be propilioiis.] 
 
 A pleasuralilo excitement of tlie animni .spirits ; 
 mirth ; merriment ; gayety. Jlitaritij dilfers from 
 joy: tile latter, cxcitnl liy giioil news or prosperity, 
 is an nftVftion of the m'iiiil ; the former, liy social 
 pleasure, drinking, Si-c, which rouse the animal 
 .spirits. 
 
 IIII/.\-llY-TERM, n. The term of courts, &c., 
 
 which begins about ihc time of the festival of SI. 
 
 Hilary, or near the miclille uf Jaiiiiarv. Enalaiid. 
 HILl), [G. and D. held, Dan. lulilt. a hero,) is retained 
 
 in names ; as, Ilildcbcrt, a bright hero ; JiliUliUil, J\Ia- 
 
 tiUla. a heroic lailv. 
 IIILII'ING, 71. [(in. Pa\. hijlilau^ to decline, or hylde- 
 
 leii.1, destitute of atfection.] 
 A mean, sorrj-, paltry man or woman. [Ob..-.] 
 IITLE. See Hilum. [Shak. 
 IllLL, n. [Sax. Iiilt or Ay/; L. cotlis; perhaps Gr. 
 
 «iiAf). It cannot be the G. hu^il, 1). Ucucel, unless 
 
 contracted.] 
 
 1. A natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth 
 rising above the coniiiion level of the surrounding 
 land ; an eminence. A hill is less than a inoniitain, 
 but of no definite magnitude, and is sometimes ap- 
 plied to a mountain. Jerusalem is seated oil two 
 hills. Rome stood on sevi'n hills. 
 
 •2. A cluster of plants, and the earth raised about 
 them ; as, a hill of maize or potatiie-i. United Slates. 
 HIMj, v. I. To raise eailh almnt plants, to raise a 
 little mass of e.artli. farmers in .New England UU 
 their maize in July. Hdliiij; is generally tho third 
 hoeing. 
 
 2. To cover. [06.«.] [Sax. Ae7an ; L. c«/o.] 
 HITJj'AT), jtp. or a. Raised into hills ; having hills. 
 HlLL'I-NES.'i, ,1. The state of being hdly. Rich.DicL 
 HIMi'l.NG, ppr. Raising into hills. 
 
 HILL'ING, n. A covering. [Ob^.] 
 
 9. Tho act of raising the earth around plants. 
 HII.L'OCK, M. A small hill. Mdtun. Dnidcn. 
 
 HILL'-SIDE, n. The side or declivity of a hill. 
 IIIIX'-TOl", n. The top of a hill. [J. Barlow. 
 
 HILL'V, 0. Abounding with hills ; as, a kilhj 
 country. 
 
 HILT, u. [Sax. hilt, the hold, from hraldnn, to hold.] 
 
 Tlie handle of any thing ; but chieliy applied to 
 . the handle of a sword. 
 HILT'EU, a. Having a hilt. 
 HI'LU.M, II. [L. : W. lul, a particle, issue.] 
 
 The eye ot a bean or other seed ; the mark or scar 
 of the umbilical cord, by which the seed adheres to 
 the placenta. Jilartijn. 
 HI.M, pron. The objective case of he, L, cum, an- 
 ciently tm or im. 
 
 IFim that is wc.-ik in tl»c faitii n^iTe. — Uoin. xW. 
 Ifim and his were formerly used for nouns of tho 
 neuter gender, but the practice is obsolete. 
 HIM-SELF', pron. [him and self.] In the nomina- 
 tive or objective case. 
 
 1. He; but himself is more eniphatical, or more 
 expressive of distinct personality than Ac. 
 
 With Biiamc rememljcrs, while himsel/wns ono 
 
 Of Uie vimc licrd, himtelf the ■.inie IiaJ done. DcTOtam, 
 
 2. When himself ia adde<l to A«, or to a noun, it 
 expresses discrimination of person with particular 
 emphasis. 
 
 Slit Ae himuif reluniiMl from lite tiiuArrii's. — Jud-^ ili. 
 But God Ainwe^iruith lU for our capuin, — 'i Citron, xiti. 
 
 3. When used as the reciprocal pronoun, it is not 
 usually emphatical. 
 
 D.ivi.l ItUI him*tlf'm the fieM. — I &\m. xx. 
 
 4. It was formerly used as a substitute for neuter 
 nouns ; as, high as heaven himself. [TVtts use is now 
 improper.] 
 
 5. It is sometimes separated from he : as he could 
 not go himself, for he himself could not go. 
 
 6. Himself is used to express the proper character 
 or natural temper and disposition of a person, after 
 or in opposition to wandering of mind, irregularity, 
 or devious conduct, from derangement, passion, or 
 extraneous influence. We say, a man has come to 
 himself, after delirious or extravagant behavior. Let 
 the man alone ; let him act him.iclf. 
 
 By himself; alone ; unaccompanied ; sequestered, 
 lie sits or studies by himself. 
 
 Attdb went one wiiy by himself, and Ofiadi.tlt went another wny 
 fcy lamtilf. — i King* xvui. 
 
 HIX, B. [Heb. p.] 
 
 A Hebrew measure of liquids, said by Joseplius to 
 be double the Greek \ous, and therefore about six 
 quarts English measure. Oesenius. 
 HIND, n. [Sax. hinde ; G. and D. hinJe : Sw. and 
 Dan. Mnd; allied perhaps to Auii. Aeii. See Hen.] 
 The female of the red deer or stag. 
 HI.Nl), It. [Sax. hine : Scot. Ai/iic] 
 
 1. .\ domestic; a servant. ' [Oft--.] Shak. 
 '2. A peasant ; a rustic ; a countryman ; a swain ; 
 a boor ; or a husbandman's servant. IKiigliih.] 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 IIIN 
 
 HLVl), rt. [Sax. hyndan, hiitdaa ; G. hinfan ; D. hinder. 
 Uerir. comp. Hi>o£ii, suprrl. Hindmost.] 
 
 Backward; iiertaiiiing to the part which follows ; 
 in tippiisitiou to the fore part ; as, the hind legs of a 
 (piailriipcd ; the hind toes ; the Ai/ii/ shoes of a horse; 
 the hind part of an animal. 
 
 HiND'liER-RY, ii. The wild fruit of a species of 
 Rubiis, allied to the raspberry. Booth. 
 
 HI.ND'ER, ff. ; co rap. of Hind. Th.it is in a position 
 contrary to that of the head or fore part ; designating 
 the part which follows; as, tho hinder part of a 
 wagon ; the hinder part of a ship, or the stern. Jlcls 
 xxvil. 
 
 HliN'DER, V. t. [Sax, hrnan, hynan, hindrian; G. 
 hindern ; V. hiixderen ; Sw. hindra ; Dan. hindrrr ; 
 from hind, hyn. 'i'he S;txon verbs henan, hynan, sig- 
 nify to oppress, as well as to hinder, and hcan is low, 
 humble, poor. tin. I., cunclor, or Gr. oKvao for oȣ- 
 vcio. See Cla.ss Gii, No. 4, 14, 41.] 
 
 1. To stop ; to interrupt ; to obstruct ; to impede 
 or prevent t^roni moving forward by any nujaus. It 
 is applicable to any subject, physical, mural, or intel- 
 lectual. 
 
 Tliciii th.a were entering in, yc hindtrt'I. — Luke xi. 
 
 2. To retard ; to check in progression or motion ; 
 to obstruct for a lime, or to render slow in motion. 
 Cold weather hinder.i the growth of plants, or hinders 
 them from coming to maturity in due sea-son. Let 
 no obstacle hinder tlaily improvement. 
 
 3. To prevent, in a i;cneral sense ; as, what hinders 
 our having that right.' 
 
 W'liitl hinderM yuun^er brolltcrs, Ijcing Ctllicra of fatltiliei, fVom 
 haviuj^ tlie ^tnie right i Locke. 
 
 HIN'DER, V. L To interpose obstacles or impedi- 
 ments. 
 
 This objection hindert not but tJiat (lie heroic action of some coni- 
 nmiider may be written. Diyden. 
 HIN'DER-ANCE, ) n. The act of impeding or ro- 
 HIN'DRA.VCE, j straining motion. 
 
 3. Impediment ; that wliich stops progression or 
 advance ; obstruction. 
 
 lie must remove all tlicse hinderancee out of the way. 
 
 Aticylury. 
 
 IIIN'DER-£D, pp. Stopped ; impeded ; obstructed ; 
 retartled. 
 
 III,\'I)ER-ER, n. One who stops or retards; th.at 
 which hinders. 
 
 IIIN'DEU-LNG, p;)r. Stopping; impeding; obstruct- 
 ing ; retarding. 
 
 IIIND'ER-LING, n. A paltry, worthless, degenerate 
 animal. 
 
 HIND'ER-MriST, a. That which is behind all others ; 
 
 the last. JJIlut we now u.se Hinumost.I 
 HI.ND'.MoST, a. The last; that is in the rear of all 
 
 otliers. 
 
 He met thee in the way, and stnoto Utc hindmolt of tlice. — 
 Dout. XXV. 
 
 HIX'DOO, j n. An aboriginal of Ilindoostan, or Ilin- 
 HIN'DU, ( doslan. The language of the Hindoos is 
 
 called Ifindoo.ttance. 
 HIN'DOO-IS.M, j n. The doctrines and rites of the 
 IIIN'DU-IS.M, ) Hindoos ; the system of religious 
 
 principles among the Hindoos. 
 HIN-DOO-STAN'EE, a. or n. A term applied to the 
 
 Hindoos or their Language. 
 IIIXGE, (hinj,) n. [This word appe.irstobe connected 
 
 with ham;, and with ain'/c, the verb ; G. ans^el, 
 
 a hook, or hinge ; D. hcngzcl, a hinge, a handle.] 
 
 1. The hook or joint on which a iloor, gate, &c., 
 turns. 
 
 The (rate self-opencd wide, 
 On golden hinget turning. Milton, 
 
 2. That on which any thing depends or turns ; a 
 governing principle, rule, or point. This argument 
 was the Ainj-e on which the question turned. 
 
 3. A cardinal point, as cast, west, north, or south. 
 [Little used.] Creech. 
 
 To be off the hinges, is to be in a state of disorder 
 or irregularity. TiUotson. 
 III.VGE, r. t. To furnish with hinges. 
 
 2. To bend like a hinge. [Lillie used.] Shak. 
 HINGE, V. «. To stand, depend, or turn, as on a 
 
 hinge. The question hinses on this single point. 
 HI.VG'KD, (hinjd,) pp. Pl.aced on a hinge. 
 HI.N'G'ING. (Iiinj'ing,) ppr. Depending ; turning. 
 HI.\'NI-.\TE, j ». i. [L. Ainiiio.] To neich. 
 HIN'NY, i B. Jon.wn. 
 
 HIN'NV, It. The produce of a st.allion and a she-ass. 
 
 Booth. 
 
 HINT, V. t. [It. eenno, a nod, or hint; occraiiarc, to 
 nod, or becktin.] 
 
 To bring to mind by a slight mention or remote 
 allusion ; to allude to ; to suggest by a slight intima- 
 tion. 
 
 Just hint a ^ult, and henlale dislijie. Pope. 
 
 HINT, r. i. To Aint at, is to allude to ; :o mention 
 slishtly. 
 
 III.N'T, n. A dist,ant allusion ; slight mention ; intima- 
 tion ; insinuation ; a word or two intended to give 
 notice, or reininil one of something, without a full 
 declaration or explanation. 
 2. Suggestion. 
 
 mil . 
 
 3. tlccasion ; as, our hint of woe is common ; it 
 was my Aint to s|H'ak. \Obs.] [.May not this word 
 be from Ach(, (heiitan,) to seize, or lay hold of, and 
 thus denote that which is to be laid hold uf, as an oc- 
 casion, all intimation, &c. ? EiL] 
 
 Hl.\T'ED,pp. Alluded to ; mentioned slightly. 
 
 HINT'lNtJ, ppr. Alluding to; mentioning slightly. 
 
 HINT'ING-LY, ado. In u hinting manner; suggest- 
 ingly. 
 
 HIl", ?i. [Sax. hipe, hype, hypp ; G. hiifte ; D. hrup; 
 Sw.liiift! Dan. hofle. It coincides with Aca;), Sax. 
 hy!)e, and probably signifies a mass, or lunip.l 
 
 The iirojecting part of an animal forniej by the 
 hriuiu'h bone ; the haunch, or the flesh that covtrrs 
 the bone and the adjacent parts ; the joint of the 
 thigh. 
 
 V'o Aiii'C on the hip ; to have the advantage over 
 one ; a law phrase, borrowed probably from wrest- 
 lers. 
 
 To .-.v/itfc hip and thigh ; completely to overthrow or 
 defeat. .Judges XV. 
 HIP, V. t. To sprain or dislocate the hip. 
 
 IIol' i ^^^^^^ dog-rose, or wild brier. 
 
 HII'.'hIP'I'A'D, mi'TISH. See Hyp. 
 11I1"HALT, a. [Ai^ and Aa/I.] Lame; limping. [Obs.] 
 
 (loiPir. 
 
 HIP'PKD-ROOF, (hipt'roof,) n. A roof whi>sc ends 
 slant back at the same angle with the adjacent 
 sides ; also called IIip-itooF. GwilL 
 
 HIP'PO-€.\llP, n. [Gr. irToxajiiroj ; [iriruf, a horse, 
 and KopTTTM, to bend.] 
 
 A name given to the sea-horse Browne. 
 
 IIIP-I'O-CEN'TAUR, 71. [Gr. iirir-i/cexTOnoos ; i.Tiruf, 
 a horse, KCtreio, to spur, and rattpoj, a bull.] 
 
 In ancient fable, a supjiosed monster, half man and 
 half horse. The hippocentaur differed from the cen- 
 taur in this, that the latter rode on an ox, and the 
 former on a horse, as the name iinptirts. Encyc, 
 
 HIl"PO-eRAS, n. [Fr., quasi winr if Hippocrates.] 
 A medicinal drink, composed of wine with an in- 
 fusion of spices and other ingreilients ; used as a 
 cordial. That directed by the late London Dispensa- 
 tory, is to be made of cloves, ginger, cinnamon, and 
 nutmegs, beat and infused in canary with sugar; to 
 the infusion, milk, a lemon, and some slips of rose- 
 mary are to be added, and the whole strained through 
 flannel. F.neiic 
 
 HIl'-POe'RA-Tr:*' SLEEVE, 7i. A kind of bag, 
 made by uniting tho opposite angles of a .square 
 piece of flannel, used for straining sirups anil de- 
 coctions. Quincy. 
 
 IIlP-tO-CR.\T'ie F.\CE, 71. [1.. fades hippocraUca.] 
 Pale, sunken, and contracted features, considered as 
 a fatal svmptom in diseases. Parr. 
 
 HlP-POe'RA-TlSM, 71. The philosophy of Hippoc- 
 rates, as it regards medicine. Cluimbcrs. 
 
 HIP'PO-DA.ME, 71. A sea horse. Spen.icr. 
 
 IHP'PO-DRO.ME, 71. [Gr. hrr.idpopof ; i'tt-.s, a horse, 
 and <y'V"i!, a course, from fptpot, to run.] 
 
 Jlnciently, a circus, or place in which horse-races 
 and chariot-races were iwrformed, and horses e.xer- 
 cised. The lorin is still in use. Brande. 
 
 HIP'PO-GUIFF, n. [Fr. hippogriffc, from Gr. i.TTOf, a 
 horse, and ) pt ii/, n gritTin.] 
 
 A fabulous animal or monster, half horse and half 
 griffin ; a winged horse. Johnson. MUton. 
 
 HIP-PO-PA-THOL'O-GY, ii. The science of veteri- 
 nary medicine; the pathology of the horsi;. 
 
 HIP-fOPH'A-GOUS, a. Feeiiiiig on horses, as the 
 Tartars. 
 
 HIP-POPH'A CY, 71. [Gr. Ir-TTos, a horse, .and i^uyoi, 
 to eat.] 
 
 The act or practice of feeding on horses. 
 
 Quart. Rev. 
 
 HIP-PO-POT'A-MIJS, n. [Gr. 'm-oi, a horse, and 
 TTorapof, a river.] 
 
 A pachydermatous mammal allied to the elephant, 
 having a thick and square head, a very hirge mu/.zle, 
 small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, short 
 legs terminated by four t<K.'s, a short tail, two ventral 
 diigs, skin without hair, except .at the extremity of 
 the tail. It inhabits nearly the whole of Africa. 
 There are supposed to be two species. Ho has been 
 found of the length of seventeen feet. He delights 
 in the water, but feeds on hl-rbage on land. 
 
 HII'-PU'RIC ACID, 71. [(;r. I'Tirof, horse, and O'-nov, 
 urine.] An nciil allied tt> benzoic acid,obtaineft from 
 the urine of horses, Slc. Brande. 
 
 HIP'PlMtn'E, 71. .\n extinct bivalve mnllusk of the 
 genus Hippurites, occurring in the chalk fomiation. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 HIP'ROOF, 71. [Ai> and roof.] The same with Hipped- 
 Roor, which see. 
 
 HIP'SHOT, a. [hip and shot.] Having the hip dis- 
 located. Vtlstrange. 
 
 HIP'VVORT, n. A plant. 
 
 HIR, pron. In old English, Heb; sometimes used for 
 the plural Their. 
 
 HlR'Cie /VC'ID, 71. An acid produced by the snponi- 
 ficatitin of hircin. Vre. 
 
 lUR'CI.N, 71. [L. Aircii.s-, a goat.] A liquid, fatty mat- 
 ter, obtained from mutton suet, and giving it a pecu- 
 liar rank smell. Brandt. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € aa K ; 6 as J j 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 TO 
 
 Sfi.1 
 
ills 
 
 HIS 
 
 HIT 
 
 IIiRE, V. U [Sax. huran ; D huurcn ; Sw. hyra ; Diin. 
 
 kyrcr i W. kuriaici C!i. r. Saiit. "^-N, Ar. 
 agar, to hire, Class Gr, No. 10.] 
 
 1. To procure from another person, and for leinpo- 
 rary use, at a certain price, or for a stipulated or rca- 
 sonal>le equivalent ; as, to hire a farm for a year ; to 
 kire a horse for a day ; to hire mtmey at legal interest. 
 
 2. To engage in service for a stipul.ited reward ; 
 to contract with for a compensation ; as, to hire a 
 servant for a year j to hire laborers by the day or 
 month. 
 
 3. To bribe ; to engage in immoral or illegal service 
 for a reward. 
 
 To hire nut o>ic\< self; to let ; to engage one's ser- 
 vice to another for a reward. 
 
 Th''y liave hired out themselves for bread. — 1 Sam. il. 
 To hire, or to hire out ; to let ; to lease ; to grant 
 the temporary use of a thing for a compensation. 
 He has hired out his house or hjs farm. 
 HIRE, n. [Sa.x. hyre. Uu. can the Gr. KcpSus be of 
 this family ? ] 
 
 1. The price, reward, or compensation paid or 
 contracted to be given for the temporary use of any 
 thing. 
 
 2. Wages ; the reward or recompense paid for per- 
 sonal service. 
 
 The laborer is worLhy of his hire. — Luke x, 
 
 3. Reward for base or illegal service ; a bribe. 
 HIR'£;D, pp. or a. Procured or taken for use, at a stip- 
 ulated or reasonable price ; as, a hired farm. 
 
 2. Employed in service for a compensation ; as, a 
 hired man ; a hired servant. 
 HIRE'LE.>^S, a. Without hire. 
 
 HiRE'LING, n. One who is hired, or who serves for 
 wages. 
 
 2. A mercenary ; a prostitute. Pope. 
 HIRE'LING, a. Serving for wages ; venal ; merce- 
 nary ; employed for money or other compensation. 
 
 A twlioils crew 
 Of hireling UiOmm-TS. Dryden. 
 
 Hi'REN, n. A i^truinpet. [ Obs.] Todd\i Shakspeare. 
 
 HIR'ER, 71. One that hires; one that procures the 
 use of any thing for a compensation ; one who em- 
 ploys persons for wages, or contracts with persons 
 for service. 
 
 IIIIl'ING, ppr. Procuring the use of for a conipensa- 
 IlIR-SC'TE', a. [L. hirsntus. dii. hair.] [lion. 
 
 1. Hairy ; rough with hair ; shaggy ; set with 
 bristles. 
 
 2. In botany, it i.^ nearly synonymous with hisjiid, 
 but it denotes iiaving more hairs or bristles, and less 
 stiff. JIartyn. 
 
 HTR-SuTE'NESS, n. Hairiness. Burton. 
 HIS, (hiz,) pron. posscssioe of He. [Sax. gen. hys, and 
 hy^e, male.] 
 
 1. Of hiiu. Thus in Alfred's Orosius, " Same for 
 his eise ne dorstan.^^ Some for fear (/ him durst not ; 
 literally, for his awe, for awe of him. liib. 3, 8. In 
 this instance, his does not express what belongs to 
 the antecedent of his, (Philip,) but the feiu: which 
 others entertained of him. 
 
 2. The present use of his is as a pronominal ad- 
 jective, in any case inditferently, corresponding to 
 the \i. nuus. Thus, tell John his papers are ready. I 
 will deliver his papers to his messenger. He may 
 take his son's books. When the noun is omitted. 
 Aw stands as its substitute, either in the nominative 
 or objective case. 1'ell Jtdin this book is kus. He 
 may take mine, and I will takt; his. 
 
 3. /fui was formerly used for its, but improperly, 
 and the use has ceased. 
 
 4. It was formerly used as a sign of the posses- 
 sive. Tile man his ground, for the viaii^s ground. 
 This use has also ceased. 
 
 5. His is still usi;d as a substitute for a noun, pre- 
 ceded by of; as, all ye saints of his ; ye ministers of 
 hts. Scripture. 
 
 HisfiELF is no longer used. 
 IIIS'l.\-GER-ri'E, n. A aofl, black, iron ore, nearly 
 earthy, consisting of silica and iron, with 20 per cent. 
 <»f wa'er. Dana. 
 HISK, o. I. To breathe with dilhculty. 
 HIS'PID, a. [h. hispidiis.) [JVorth of England. 
 
 1. Hough with liristles or minute spines ; bristly. 
 9. In botany, having strong hairs or bristles ; beset 
 with stiff bristles. Martyn. 
 HI.SS, p. J. [.Stix. hysian, hiscan, hispan, hysjiaii.] 
 
 1. To make a sound by driving the breath between 
 the tongue and thi' u|ipi r teeth ; to give a strong as- 
 piration, resi riihlmg the noise made by a serpent and 
 some olhiT aniiiiai.-i, or that of water thrown on hot 
 Iron. Hissing in an expression of contempt. 
 
 Tlie mTttunU aifi';i>)( the people shall lU ihee. — Eiek. 
 xivii, 
 
 2. To express contempt or disapprobation by liiss- 
 infr 
 
 3. To whi/., as an arrow or other thing in rapid 
 flight. 
 
 HIHS, V. t. To condemn by hixsing ; to explode. The 
 tpectators hissed him off the stage. 
 
 [L. hisioricus ; Fr. hislorique.] 
 
 2. To procure hisses or disgrace. 
 That of an hour's age doth kiss die speaker. ShaJe. 
 HISS, 71. Thp sound made by propelling the breath 
 between the tongue and upper teeth ; the noise of a 
 serjient, a goose, iStc. 
 
 He hiss for Idss returned. Mi/ton. 
 9. An expression of contempt or disapprobation, 
 used in places of public exhibition. 
 HIS.S'ED, (hist,) pp. Expressed contempt by hissing. 
 HISS'hXG, ppr. or a. Making or resembling the noise 
 of serpents. 
 
 HISS'ING, 71. A hissing sound ; an expression of 
 scorn or contempt. 
 
 2. The occasion of contempt ; the object of scorn 
 and derision. 
 
 1 will make tliis city desolate, and a hissittg. — Jer. xii. 
 HISS'Ii\G-LY, adv. With a whistling sound. 
 
 Shencood, 
 
 HIST, exclam. [Dan. hyst. In Welsh, Aiist is a low, 
 buzzing sound.] 
 
 A word commanding silence; equivalent to hush, 
 be silent. 
 
 IIIS-Tfj'RI-AL, a. Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 IHS-To'RI-AN, 71. [Fr. historien; L. historicus ; It. 
 istorico. See History.] 
 
 A writer or compiler of history ; one who collects 
 and relates facts and events in writing, particularly 
 respecting nations. Hume is called an elegant his- 
 torian. 
 
 HIS-TOR'ie, 
 
 HIS-TOR'ie-AL, 
 
 1. Containing history, or the relation of facts; as, 
 a historical poem ; the historic page ; historic brass. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Pertaining to history ; as, historic care or fiilelity. 
 
 3. Contained in history ; deduced from history ; 
 as, historical evidence. 
 
 4. Representing history ; as, a historical chart. 
 Historical painting: that highest br.incli of the art 
 
 which can embody a story in one picture, and invest 
 it with the warmth of poetry. Smart. 
 
 Historical sense, is that meaning of a passage which 
 is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, 
 &c., under which it was written ; the primary sense, 
 as opposed to any secondary or remoter one. 
 HIS-TOR'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of history ; 
 according to history ; by way of narration. 
 
 Tlie Uosp ls ileclare historically somelhiug which our Lonl Jesus 
 Clinsl diil, spoke, or siulercd. Hooker. 
 
 HIS'TO-RI-KD, (his'to-rid,) a. Recording in history. 
 
 HIS-To'RI-ER, 71. A historian. [Obs.] 
 
 HIS-TOR'1-ES, u. t. To relate; to record in history. 
 fJV(*t 7i.vpf/. ] Sidney, 
 
 IlIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHER, 71. [Gr. laTopia, history, 
 and jpi<0(o, to write.] 
 
 A historian ; a writer of history ; particularly, a 
 professed historian , an officer employed to write the 
 ilistory of a prince or state ; as, the historiographer of 
 his Britannic majesty. 
 
 IIIS-TO-RI-OG'KA-PUY, n. The art or employment 
 of a historian. 
 
 IIIS-TO-RI-OL'O-GY, 71. A discourse on history, or 
 the knowledge of history. [Jt'ot in use.] 
 
 HIS'TO-R Y, n. [Gr. iaropia ; L. Sp. and Port, historia ; 
 It. istoria: Fr. hisloire ; Ir. sdair, stair; Sax. stair, 
 ster, probably from the Latin ; W. ysduri, history, 
 matter of record, what is of concern or ill mind, 
 from ysdawr, an object of care or concern, from 
 dawr, to care, to be concerned, to regard. The 
 Greek ((rroifj signifies knowing, learned, and inropiu) 
 is rendered to inquire, to explore, to learn by inspec- 
 titm or intpiiry. This would seem to be connected 
 with W. ystyriaw, to consider, to regard or take no- 
 tice. IIisToRv and Stoiiv are the same word dif- 
 ferently written.] 
 
 1. An account of facts, particularly of facts re- 
 specting nations or states ; a narration of events in 
 the order in which tliey happened, with their causes 
 and effects. History differs from annals. .Annals re- 
 late simply the facts and events of each year, in 
 strict elirouological order, without any observatitms 
 of the annalist. History regards less strictly the ar- 
 rangement of events under each year, and admits 
 the observations of the writer. This distinction, 
 howeviT, is not alw;iys regardt^d with strictness. 
 
 Hi.itory is of diffen^nt kinils, or treats of diffiTent 
 snbji cts , as, a history of government, or political 
 history; history of the Christian church, or ecclesias- 
 tical ///.v(orj/ ; history lii war and conipii'sts, or mili- 
 tary history ; history of law ; history of coiiinierce ; 
 history of the crusades, Jfi.c. In these and similar 
 examijles, history is inrittea narrative or relatiiui. 
 What is the history of natitms, but a narrative of the 
 follies, crimes, and miseries of man 
 
 2. Narration ; verbal relation of facts or events ; 
 story. Wc listen with pleasure to the soldier or Iho 
 seaman, giving a history of hi.s adventures. 
 
 What hisloriee of lull could I decliire I Pope. 
 
 3. Knowledgi^ of facLs and events. 
 
 Jlntory — In ncccMary to divines. M'att*. 
 
 4. Di'scnplion ; an acciHiiit of thinc.s that exist ; 
 
 as, natural history, which comprehends a desrriptiim 
 of the works of nature, particularly of anini.'ils, 
 plants, and minerals ; a history of aiiiiiials, or zoolo- 
 gy ; a history of plants. 
 
 5. An account of Ihe origin, life, and actions of an 
 individual person. We say, we have a concise Itis- 
 tory of the prisoner in the testimony offered to the 
 court. 
 
 A formal written account of an individual's life, 
 is called Hn>r:nAi hv. 
 III.S'TO-RY-PI]"5CE, 71. A representation of any real 
 event in painting, which exhibits the actor*, their 
 actiims, and the attending events to the eye, by fig- 
 ures drawn to the life. 
 IIIS'TRl-ON, 71. Ajilayer. [Jfotinuse.] Pope. 
 IIIS-TRI-ON'ie, \a. [L. hist rionicus, from his- 
 HIS-TRI-ON'ie-AL, j trio, a buIToon, an actor, or 
 stage-player.] 
 
 Pertaining to a stage-player ; belonging to stage- 
 playing; befitting a theater ; theatrical ; pantomimic. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 HIS-TRI-ON'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a 
 stage-player ; theatrically. 
 
 HIS'TRI-O-NIS.M, ji. Tiie acts or practice of buf- 
 foons or iiantomiines ; stage-playing. Southey. 
 
 HIT, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Hit. [Sw. hitta, Dan. hitter, 
 to find, to meet, that is, to come to, to come or fall 
 on. 'J'his word illustrates the signification of Find.] 
 
 1. To strike or touch, either with or without force. 
 We hit a thing with the tiiiger, or with the head ; a 
 cannon ball hits a in.ast, or a wall. 
 
 2. To strike or touch a mark with any thing di- 
 rected to that object ; not to miss. 
 
 The archers hit liiin. — 1 Sam. xxxi. 
 
 3. To reach ; to attain to. 
 
 Birds learning tunes, and their endeavors to hit tlie notes riirht. 
 
 Loelce. 
 
 4. To suit; to be conformable. 
 
 Melancholy, 
 Whose saintly visa*e is loo bright 
 
 To hit Uie sense of huinau st^lit. Milton, 
 
 5. To strike ; to touch properly ; to offer the right 
 bait. 
 
 There you hit him — that argument never fails with him. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 To hit off; to sirike out ; to determine luckily. 
 2. To represent or describe exactly. [ Temple 
 To hit out ; to perform by good luck. [Little used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HIT, V. i. To strike ; to meet or come in contact ; to 
 clash ; followed by against or on. 
 
 II lx)dies be mere extension, how can they move and Air one 
 
 a^ninst anothet. Locke. 
 Corpiiscli-s, meeting with or hitting on those bodies, Ucoine 
 coiijointed with ihcin. Woodward. 
 
 2. To meet or fall on by good luck ; to succeed by 
 accident ; not to miss. 
 
 And oft it/iifs 
 
 "Where hope is coldest, and despair most fits. Shak, 
 
 3. To strike or reach the intentled point; to suc- 
 ceed. 
 
 Antl millions miss for one that hits, Stni/t, 
 To hit on, or upon ; to light on ; to come to or fall 
 on by chance ; to meet or find, as by accident. 
 
 None of them hit upon the art. Addison, 
 HIT, 7!. A striking against; the collision of one 
 body against another ; the stroke or blow that touches 
 any thing. 
 
 So he the famed Cilician fi-ncer praisrtl, 
 
 And at each hit with wonder sei nis amazed. Dryden. 
 
 2. A chance ; a casual evtuit ; as, a lucky hit. 
 
 3. A lucky cliaiice ; a fortunate event. Dryden. 
 
 4. A term in backgammon. Three Aits are equal 
 to a gammon. 
 
 5. A striking expression or turn of thought, which 
 seems to be peculiarly applicable, or to Ai( the point. 
 
 HITCH, r. I. [Ar. liTli^ hatha, to hitch along ; W. 
 heeiiin, to halt, hop, or limp, or hictnw, to snap, to 
 catch suddenly, liotli may be of one famllj .] 
 
 1. To move by ji'rks, or with stops ; as, in collo- 
 quial language, to hitch along. 
 
 Whoe'er ollends, at some inibicky time 
 
 Shd. a in a verse, or hitches in a rhyme. Pope. 
 
 2. To become entangled ; to be caught or hooked. 
 
 SotUh. 
 
 3. To hit the legs together in going, as horses. 
 [jM'ut used in the United .'Stales.] 
 
 4. To hop ; to spring on (UiiHeg. [Local,] Grose, 
 f). To move or walk. Oriise. 
 
 HITCH, r. I. To hook ; to catch by a hook ; a.s, to 
 
 hiteh a lirjdl<\ 
 2. To fasten by hilcliing ; ns^ to hilrh a horse ny a 
 
 bridle, or lo hdrh liim to a post. Acw England. 
 IH TCII, n. A catch ; any thing lh:it holds, as a hook ; 
 
 an iinpi'diinent. 
 
 2. The art of catching, as on a hook, &c. 
 
 3. In seamrn*s laniruage, a knot or noose in a ropo 
 for fastening it to a ring or other object ; ns, n clove 
 hitch, a timber hitch, S^r. Mar. Diet. 
 
 4. A slop or sudden halt in walking or moving. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII->T. - METE, PHfiV PfNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, UOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
II OA 
 
 HOB 
 
 Shale. 
 
 HITCH'Kl), (hitclit,);V'. Cnuplit ; hooked; fastPiicd. 
 HI'i CII'KI,, V. t. To luitilid. [JVvt tuicd.] [See 
 
 IIatc-mli..] 
 Iiri'('ll'IN(;, ;i;)r. HookinR; fu-^toiiiiiK. 
 m rcil'lN(;, n. a fastenini;, iis with a siring or strap 
 
 III a l iii^', liook, or other lixt'irc. 
 IirFllli, II. [Sax. Iiijlli.] 
 
 A port or small haven ; ns in Qucenliitlie and 
 
 f.atiil>ltit/tc, now Lambrtk. [En!rli<h.'\ 
 III ril'Kll, aili: [Sa.v. hitkrr or liidcr ; Goth, hidre; 
 
 Dan. kill; Sw. hit.] 
 
 1. To this place ; used with verb.s sijnifying nio- 
 tii>n ; as, to come hilkcr ; to proceed hither ; to bring 
 hither. 
 
 y. Iliihrr and thither! to this place and that. 
 ;i. 'J'o Ihis point ; to this argument or topic ; to tllis 
 end. [Little u^eil, and nut to he encouraged.] 
 
 Jliltier we refer wlmtcvcr Ix-IunSH to tlic highest prfxlion of 
 II, nn. Hooker. 
 
 niTII'EK.a. Nearest; toward the person speaking ; 
 as, on the hither side of a liill ; the hither end of tlie 
 building. 
 
 IIITIl'KR-MOST, a. Nearest on this side. IMe. 
 HIT ll'Klt-TO, [conip. hither and to.] To this time; 
 yet. 
 
 The Lord Imth blessed me tiitlierto. — Josh. XTii. 
 
 2. In any time, or every lime till now ; in time 
 preceding the present. 
 
 More ftinple spirit th.iii liiihrrto was wnnt. Spenger. 
 
 3. To this place ; to a prescribed limit. 
 
 hilli<-rto sti.ilt Uiou come, liiil iiii furlher. — Job xxxviii. 
 
 niTU'EIl-W.XRI), [comp. hitJier and ward.] This 
 way ; toward this place. 
 
 A piiiss.'tiit ntid mighty pe»er — 
 Is iiitirchiiig tiiUiericnrd in pruiiU iiliiiy. 
 
 IIIT'TING, ppr. Striking. 
 
 HIVK, n. fPax. h,^e: Eth. kaf,: Cl.iss Gb, No. 
 
 88. In Vv. cijf is the stem or stock of a tree, and 
 eufnrenrm is a bee-hive. So in G. tiicncnstock, Sw. 
 Ai,.f«i-A-, bee-stock. The liiveof wild bees is a liollow 
 tree.] 
 
 1. A box, chest, or kind of basket for the reception 
 nnil lialiitation- of a swann of honey-bees. It is 
 made of boards, straw, or other materials. > 
 
 2. A swarm of bees ; or the bees inhabiting a 
 hive. Shnk. 
 
 . 3. .\ company or society together, or closely con- 
 nected. [U'inmal.] Sieift 
 HIVE, 1-. I. To collect into a hive; to cause to enter 
 a hive ; as, to kive bees. Drijdrn, Jifiirtitner. 
 
 2. To contain , to receive, as a liabitation, or place 
 of deposit. 
 
 Where all delicious sweets are hived. Cleavetand, 
 HIVE, V. i. To take shelttff or lodgings together ; to 
 
 reside in a collective body. Pvpe, 
 IITV'KI), pp. Lodged in a hive or shelter, 
 lit V'ER, H. One that collrcts bees into a hive. 
 HIV'I.NG, ;>pr. Collecting into a hive. [J\Ii>rtimer. 
 HIVES, w. [Scot. Ciu. hciirr.] 
 
 A disease, the croup, or etjnanche trachealis ; ral- 
 lies. 
 
 2 A iKipnlar name of an eruptive disease, allied to 
 the chicken-pox. Buehanan, 
 m/.Z, r. i. To hiss. Shak. 
 m//'I.\G, n. A hissing or hiss. May. 
 IlO, rjdain. A word tised by teamsters, to stop their 
 trams. It has been used as a noun, for stop, moder- 
 ation, bounds. 
 
 Thf-re is no ho with them, Dekker. Green. 
 
 [This word is pronounced also leAS, or /iteS.j 
 
 A call to excite attention, or to give notice of ap- 
 proacli. 
 
 Wlnt noise there, Ao ? 
 Hoa I who's within t 
 
 Shak. 
 Sliak. 
 
 llt^AR, a. [Sax. Aar; Htib. Ch. Syr. and Ar. im, 
 white. 1 
 
 1. White; as, Aoar frost ; hoar clifTs. Thomson. 
 2., Gray; white with age; hoar)'; as, a matron 
 
 gnive and hoar. Spen.-ier. 
 3. .Musty; moldy. [Ohfolrle.] Spenser. 
 liriAK, n. Ilonriness ; antiquity. Burke. 
 IlO Ml, V. i. To become moldy or musty. [LiUle 
 
 ll\er/.] 
 
 Iln AK'-FROST, n. The white particles formed by 
 
 the Congelation of dew. 
 HO ARIl, ri. [Sax. hard, from gathering, hiding, or 
 
 depositing.] 
 
 A store, stock, or large quantitv of any thing ac- 
 cumulated or laid up; a hidden sttick ; a treasure ; 
 as, a hoard of provisions for winter ; a hoard of 
 money. Shak. IVnodwanl. 
 
 2. A fence inclosing a house and materials while 
 builders arc at work. [Eny.] Smart. 
 
 HOAR!), r. t. To collect anil lay up a Urge quantity 
 of any thing ; to amass and deposit in secret ; to 
 store secretly ; as, to hoard grain or provisitms ; to 
 hoard silver and gold. Dryden. 
 
 It is sometimes followed by iip, but wiljiout use ; 
 OS, to hoard up provisions. 
 
 IIO.MUJ, V. i. To collect and foriu a hoard ; to lay 
 uj) store. 
 
 Nor cared to hoard for those whom he did treed. ifjteuter. 
 HoARD'KI), />;). or a. Collected and laid up in xlore. 
 ll("j.\lU)'EI{, H. One wilo lays up in store ; one who 
 
 ai ciMniilates anil keeps in secret. 
 IIO.\Rl)'lNG, ppr. Laying up in stt>re. 
 
 2. a. liistiiietively collecting and laying up pro- 
 visions for winter; as, tiie siguirrcl is a hoarding 
 animal. 
 
 Ho.\KI)'h\G, n. A laying up in store. 
 
 HoAR'f.'l), «. Moldy ; niusly. [A'tit in ii.tr.] 
 
 IloAK'IKJU.M), H. 'Tlie name of several plants of 
 differeiit genera. The coinuioii hoarhoiind is the 
 JIarrabiuin rulgarc. It has a bitter taste, and is 
 used as a tonic. Knryc. 
 
 IIo.\R'I-NESS, n. [from /loan;.] The state of being 
 wliite, whitish, or gray ; as, the hoarincss of the hair 
 or Iteatl of old men. 
 
 lloAIUSE, (hois,)o. [Syr. liars, to be rough or 
 
 hoarse.] 
 
 1. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice, as when 
 aftecled with a cold. 
 
 2. Rough ; grating ; discordant ; as the voice, or 
 as any sotinil. We say, the hoarse raven ; the hoarse 
 re.soiinding shore. Dn/drn. 
 
 IIoAUSE'-SOUiNU-LNG, a. JIaking a rough, grating 
 siiuiid. j*/(eii. 
 
 IloARSE'LY, adv. With a rough, harsh, grating 
 voice or sound. Dnjdrn. 
 
 IIO.VRSE'NESS, n. Harshness or roughness of voice 
 or sound ; preternatural asperity of voice. 
 
 .^rbuthnot, 
 
 IlOAU'SToN'E, It. [Arm. hari, a bound or limit. 
 " In many parts of Great liritain are to be seen cer- 
 tain upriglil. rude pillars, or massive blocks of stone, 
 which in England are called hoarstones^oT by a name 
 of nearly tlic same sound, with all the gradations of 
 dialectical variety. Their appellation in Scotland is 
 the hare-atane.^^] 
 
 A landmark ; a stone designating the bounds of an 
 estate. 
 
 IIO.AR'Y, a. [See IIoah.] White or whitish ; as, the 
 hoary willows. .Addison. 
 
 2. V\liite or gray with age; as, Itoary hairs; a 
 lioary head. 
 
 Reverence the hoary head. Dwight, 
 
 3. Moldy ; mossy. Knowles. 
 
 4. In biilany, grayish-white, caused by very short, 
 dense hairs covering the .surface. Lindlcy. 
 
 lloAX, 71. [Sax. AuMt, or Akcj;, contempt, irony, de- 
 rision ; or W. hvced, cheat, deceit, juggle, trick.] 
 
 Something done for deception or mockery ; a trick 
 playpil otT in sport. 
 
 IlOA.X, V. t. To deceive; to play a trick upon for 
 s|H)rt, or without malice. [-4 colloquial word, but not 
 elfirant] 
 
 HOA.X'A;!), (hokst,) pp. Deceived; played a trick 
 upon for sport. 
 
 HoA.X'ER, 71. One who hoaxes or deceives. [Colto- 
 nmat.] %nart. 
 
 HoAX'lNG, ppr. Deceiving ; tricking, without mal- 
 ice, m 
 
 lion, ( 71. [Dan. hob, a heap; or W. hob, that which 
 
 HL'U, i swells.] 
 
 The nave of a wheel ; a solid piece of timber in 
 which the spokes are inserted. Washington. 
 
 Holt, 71. The ll.at part of a grate at the side, where 
 things are placed to be kept warm. Smart. 
 
 HOI!, n. A clown ; a fairy. 
 
 IIOI! OR N'Oli. See I1ob:«ob. 
 
 IIOli'lllS.M, 71. The principles of the skeptical Thomas 
 Iliibbes. Skcllon. 
 
 lIOIi'HlST, n. A follower of llohhes, the skeptic. 
 
 IIOIl'liLE,(hob'bl,) i'. 1. [W. Auftf;ii,tohop,lo/ioM;c. 
 See llur.] 
 
 1. To walk lamely, bearing chiefly on one leg ; to 
 limp ; lu walk with a hitch or hop, or with crutches. 
 
 The friar was hobljting the same w.ay too. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. To walk awkwardly, ns when the feet are cn- 
 cnmbered with a clog, or with fetters. 
 
 3. To move roughly or irregularly, as verse. 
 
 While von Piiidarfc trntlis rehearse, 
 She hol)b!ee in alternate verse. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 HOB'BLE, r. e. To perplex. [A'o< iti tijtf.] 
 llOli'HI.E, 71. .An unequal, halting gait; an encum- 
 bered, awkward step. 
 
 He has a hobbte in his gait. Si^i/t. 
 
 2. Difliculty ; perplexity. Rich. Did. 
 
 H01t'BI,K.-I)E-II0V, 71. A stripling; a cant phtase 
 
 for a boy between fourteen and twenty-one. Sw{ft. 
 HOlt'HI.ER, n. One that liobble.s. 
 liOlI'DLKR, 71. [from AoMi/.] One who by his tenure 
 
 was to maintain a hobby for military service ; or one 
 
 who served as a soldier'on a bobby with light armor. 
 
 F.najc. Danes. 
 IIOn'RI.IN'G, ppr. or a. Walking with a halting or 
 
 interrupted step. 
 HOU'ULl.N'G-LY, adv. With a limping or interrupted 
 
 step 
 
 HOD 
 
 UfJB'ltV, 71. [W. hobrl, what slops or starts suddenly ; 
 Ann. hiibrrrU : Er Imbrrrnu.] 
 
 A species of faleon, Fnlco subbntrs. It is extremely 
 active, and was formerly trained lor hawking. 
 
 Jardine. 
 
 IinH'IiV, n. [Norm. Fr. hobyn, and allied to the pre- 
 ceding.] 
 
 1. .\ strong, active horse, of a miilille size, said to 
 have been originally from Ireland ; a nag ; a pacing- 
 horse ; a garran. John-ion. Encyc. 
 
 2. A slick, or figure of a horse, on which boys 
 ride. 
 
 3. Any favorite object ; that which a person pur- 
 sues with zeal or delight. 
 
 4. A stupid fellow. 
 
 IIOli'BV-IIOR.'^E, 71. A hobby ; a wooden horse on 
 which boys ride. [ 7'riu(o/oi'iru/.] 
 
 2. A character in Hie old May games. Douce. 
 
 3. A stiipitl or foolish person. Sliak. 
 
 4. The fivorite object of pursuit. 
 
 IIOn nV-IIOKS'ie-AI,, a. I-enaiiung to or having a 
 holiby-liorse ; eccentric. Uterne. 
 
 IlOli liV-HORS'ie-AI.-I,V, nrff. Whimsically. Strrne. 
 
 IIOB'GOB-LIN, 71. [rrobably W. hob, hop, and gob- 
 lin.] 
 
 A fairy ; a frightful apparition. 
 HOB'I I,EI{, 71. A feudal tenant bound to serve as a 
 light liorseman or bowman ; the same as Huhbler. 
 
 BrantU. 
 
 IIO'BIT, 71. [Pp. hobus; G. haubil-.r.] 
 
 .\ small mottar, or short gun for throwing bombs. 
 [See llciwiTZEii, the common orthography.] 
 IKJB'MKE, a. Clownish ; boorish. Cotgrave. 
 llOii'NAIL, ;i. [G. hiifnagcl, hoof-nail.] 
 
 1. A nail with a thick, strong head, such as is used 
 for shoeing horses. Shak. 
 
 2. A clownish person, in contempt. Milton. 
 lIOU'NAIL-iD, o. Set with hobnails ; rough. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 IIOn'NOB, adv. [Clu. Sax. habban, nitbban, have, not 
 have.] 
 
 Take or not take ; a familiar invit.ation to recipro- 
 cal tirinking. Shdi. 
 
 IIOH-O-MOK'KO, 71. Among American Indians, an 
 
 Ilo'liOY. See Hautbov. [evil spirit. 
 
 HOIi'SON'S CHOICE ; a vulgar proverbial expression 
 denoting a choice without an alternative ; tlie thing 
 offered or nothing. It is said to have hail its origin 
 in the name of a person at Cambridge, England, 
 named llobson, who let horses, and obliged every 
 customer to take in his turn that horse which stood 
 n ' Xt the stalile-door. Encyc. .^m. 
 
 IIOCK, 71. [Sax. hob. Sec HoroH.] 
 
 1. The joint of an animal between the knee and 
 the fetlock. Johnsoti. 
 
 2. A part of the thigh. 
 
 HOCK, j V. (. To hamstring ; to hough ; to disable 
 HOCIv'LE, i by cutting the tentlons of the hain.l 
 IIOCK, 71. [from Ifnrhheiin, in Germany.] A higlily- 
 esteemed sort of Rhenish wine, of a liglit-yellowish 
 color. Mortimer. 
 HOCK'A-MORE, n. A Rhenish wine. [Sec Hock.] 
 
 liiulibras. 
 
 HOCK'DaY, ) 71. High day ; a day of feasting and 
 IIoKE'DaY, 1 mirth, formerly held in England the 
 second Tuesday after Easter, to commemorate the 
 destruction of the Danes in the time of Ethelred. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 HOCK'KD, (hokt,) pp- Hamstrung ; disabled by cut- 
 ling the tendons of the ham. 
 IIOCK'EY, n. [G. hoch, Sax. heah, high. Qu.] 
 
 1. Harvest-home. [JVet used.] 
 
 2. A game at ball played with a club curved at the 
 bottom. It seems to be the same with Hawket, as 
 described by Holloway. 
 
 IIOCK'HERB, (-erb,) n. A plant, the mallows. 
 
 .SiiLsworth. 
 
 IIOCK'LE, (hok'l,) r. L To hamstring. JIunmer. 
 
 2. To mow. Mason. 
 IlO'CUS-ro'CUS, It. [W. hoerd, a cheat or trick, and 
 
 perhajis birg or pwca, a hobgoblin.] 
 A juggler ; a juggler's trick ; a cheat used by con- 
 
 jtirers. Hud'ibras. 
 Ho'CUS-PO'CUS, p. «. To cheat. L'Estrangc. 
 HOD, 71. \Vt.hutte.] 
 
 A kintl of tray for carrying mortar and brick, used 
 
 in bricklaying. It is lilted with a handle, and borne 
 
 on the shoulder. 
 II0I)'I)K.\-(;R.\V, 71. Cloth made of wool in its nat- 
 ural slate, wilhoiit lieing dyed. [ScoKijA.] 
 HOD'DY-IJOD'DV, 7i. An awkward or foolish person. 
 
 r Obs.] B. Jonson. 
 
 HODOE-PODCE, ) n. [flu. Fr. hochrr, to shake, or 
 IIOTCH'-I'OTCH, ( hachii, minced meal.) 
 
 A mixed mass ; a medley of ingredients. [Vulgar.] 
 
 [See Hotchpot.] 
 HO-l)l-ER.\'AL, o. [L. hodiemus, from hodie, hoc die, 
 
 this liny.] 
 
 Of this dnv ; belonging to the present d.iy. 
 HOI)'.M.\i\, 71. A man who carries a hod ; a mason's 
 tender. 
 
 HOD'MAN-DOI), 71. A shell-fish, otherwise called 
 dodman. Baton. 
 2. A shell-snail. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € u K; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TII a< in THIS. 
 
IIOl 
 
 IIOE, (ho,) n. [G. haue ; S«'. hacka, anj this is the 
 IJan. kakkc, G. hacke, a mattock ; Fr. Iwue. It seems 
 this is from the root of Jiack and hew ; Sax. heawian ; 
 D. houwen ; G. hackcn, Sw. hacka, Dun. hakkcr, to 
 chop, to hack, to hew ; Fr. houer.] 
 
 A farmer's instriimeiit for cutting np weeds and 
 loosening the earth in fields and gardens. It is in 
 shape something like an adz, being a plate of iron, 
 witli an ej'e for a handle, which is set at an acute 
 angle with the plate. 
 
 HoB, V. t. To cut, dig, scrape, or clean with a hoe ; 
 as, to hoe the earth in a garden ; to hue the beds. 
 2. To clear from weeds ; as, to hoe maize ; to hoe 
 
 HoE, V. i. To use a hoe. [cabbages. 
 
 Ho£0, (hode,) pp. Cleared from weeds, or loosened by 
 the hoe. 
 
 HoE'ING, ppr. Cutting, scraping, or digging with a 
 _ 2. Clearing of weeds with a hoe. [hoe. 
 
 IIoE'ING, ?i. The act of scraping or digging with a 
 hoe. 
 
 Ho'FUL, a. [Sax. hohfuU, ho'rfall; ho ra, care, and 
 
 full.] 
 
 Careful. [ Obs.] 
 HOG, 71. [W. Awf, a hog, a push or thrust; Arm. 
 
 houch ; probably so named from his snout, or from 
 
 rooting j Sp. hocico, the snout of a beast ; hocicar, to 
 
 root.] 
 
 1. A swine ; a general name of that species of an- 
 imal. 
 
 2. In Eiia-lanJ, a castrated sheep of a year old. 
 
 3. A bullock of a year old. ~1sh. 
 
 4. A brutal fellow ; one who is mean and filthy. 
 
 5. Among seamen, a sort of scrubliing-broom for 
 scraping a ship's bottom imder water. Tottcii. 
 
 HOG, J!. U To scrape a ship's bottom under water. 
 
 2. [G. hockcn.] To carry on tlie back. \_Lncal.] 
 
 Orose. 
 
 3. To cut the hair short ; as, to hog the mane of a 
 horse. ■ Smart. 
 
 HOG, V. i. To bend, so as to resemble in some degree 
 a hog's back ; as, a ship hoas in launching. 
 
 HOG'CoTE, n. [hog and cote.] A shed or house for 
 swine ; a sty. Mortimer. 
 
 HOG'GKD, (hogd,) pp. Scraped under water. 
 
 2. Curving; having the ends lower than the mid- 
 dle. £(011. 
 
 HOG'GER-EL, n. A sheep of the second year. Mt. 
 
 HOG'GET, n. [Norm, hog-ct.] 
 
 1. A sheep two years old. Skinner. 
 
 2. A colt of a year old, called also hog-colt. [Lo- 
 cal.] Orosc. 
 
 3. A young boar of tlie second year. Cyc. 
 HOG'GIXG, ppr. Scraping under water. 
 HOG'GISH, a. Having the iiualities of a hog; brutish; 
 
 gluttonous; filthy; mean; .selfisli. 
 
 HOG'GISH-LY, adv. In a brutish, gluttonous, or 
 filthy manner. 
 
 HOG'GISH-NESS, n. Prutishness ; voracious greedi- 
 ness in eating; beastly filthiness ; mean selfish- 
 
 HOGH, (h3,)n. [See High.] A hill ; a cliff. [Obs.] 
 
 Speiuier. 
 
 HOG'IIERD, n. [Aon' and Aeri/.] A keeper of swine. 
 
 Browtic. 
 
 Ho'GO, n. [Corrupted from Aaut ^-oiit.] High flavor; 
 strong scent. [See Haut Gout.] 
 
 HOG'PEN, n. [hog and pen.] A hogsty. 
 
 HOG'-PLUM, 71. A troiiical tree of the genus Spon- 
 dias, with fruit somewhat resembling plums, but 
 chiefly eaten by hogs. Booth. Loudon. 
 
 HOG'-llIN'G-Elt, 71. One whose business is to put 
 rings in the snouts of swine. 
 
 HOG'S'-BlcAN, 71. [A mere translation of the Gr. 
 'Tor7Kua/jo{.] A plant, Hyoscyainus niger, andotlier 
 species of the genus Hyoscyainus ; henbane. 
 
 insworttl, 
 
 HOG'S'-FEN-NEL, n. A plant of the genus Peuccd- 
 aniim. 
 
 HOG'S'-MUSH-ROOMS, n. A plant. ./linsworth. 
 
 HOGS'IIEAI), (hogz'hed,) 71. [1). oxhoofd ; G. oihoft; 
 Dan. ozchiived ; Sw. oihnfoud ; that is, oxhead. The 
 English orthography is grossly corrupt.] 
 
 1. A measure t»f capacity, containing 03 wine pal- 
 Ions, or about .VJ', imperial gallons. The old ale hogs- 
 head contained 54 ale gallons, or nearly .'j.'j imperial 
 gallons. McCidloch. 
 
 2. In Jlmerica, this name is often given to a butt, a 
 cask containing from 110 to 120 wine gallons ; as, a 
 hogshead of spirit or molasses. 
 
 3. A large cask of indefinite contents. Bacon. 
 HOG'-SKIN, 71. Tanned leather made of the skins of 
 
 Hwine. 
 
 HOfJ'.STEER, 71. A wild boar of three years old. 
 [J^ot in twc.j 
 
 "OG'ST?, n. [hog and sty.] A pen or inclosuro for 
 
 hORH. 
 
 HOG' WASH, n. [hog nni mash.] Swill ; the refuse 
 miittem of a k Iclieii or brewery, or like matter for 
 "wlne- Arbuthnot. 
 
 HOIII.'.SPATH, n. [G.] The mineral otherwise 
 cnlli'd made, and chioittolilc. 
 
 HOI'DKN, 71. [VV. hacden, a flirt, a wanton, a co- 
 quet.] 
 
 HOL 
 
 1. A rude, bold girl ; a romp. 
 
 2. A rude, bold man. [JN'oJ used in the United 
 States.] Milton. 
 
 n01'D£N, a. Rude ; bold ; inelegant ; rustic. 
 
 Young. 
 
 H0I'D£N, 7>. i. To romp rudely or indecently. Suiift. 
 H0I'r)£N-I100D, 71. State of being a lioiden. 
 H0I'D£N-ISH', a. Having the manners of a hoiden. 
 HOIST, V. t. [Originally hoise; but corrupted perhaps 
 
 beyond remedy. G.hissen; D.hyssen; Sw.hissa; 
 
 hun.hisccr! Fr. isscr; Ann. I'fia; Sp. izar; Port. 
 
 i;ar. This appears by the German to be radically 
 
 the same word as heat ; which see.] 
 1. To raise ; to lift. 
 
 We'll quickly hoist Doke Humphrey from his scat. Shak. 
 In popular language, it is a word of general appli- 
 cation. But the word has two approfiriate uses, one 
 by seamen, and the other by milkmaids, viz. 
 
 9. To raise, to lift or bear upward by means of 
 tackle ; and to draw up or raise, as a sail along the 
 mast or stays, or as a flag, though by a single block 
 only; I/uist the main-sail. Jloist the flag. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. To lift and move tlie leg backward ; a word of 
 command used by milkmaids to cows, when they 
 wish them to lift and set 'ua'^k the right leg. 
 
 HOIST.n. In marine language, IhB perpendicular hight 
 of a flag or sail, as opposed to the fiy, or breadth from 
 the stair to the outer edge. Encyc. 
 
 HOIST'ED. pp. Raised ; lifted ; drawn up. 
 
 HOIST'ING, ppr. Raising ; lifting. 
 
 IIOIT, V. I [Icel. hauta.] To leap ; to caper. 
 
 Bcaum. Sf Fl. 
 
 IIOI'TY TOI'TY ; an exclamation denoting surprise 
 or disapprobation with some degree of contempt. 
 IloUy toity I what have I to do with dreams i Congreve. 
 [On. Ice. hauty, to leap.] 
 HOL'CAD, 71. [Gr. 6A»tici(»i'.] 
 
 In ancient Greece, a large ship of burden. Milford. 
 Hold, v. t. ,* prct. Held ; pp. Held. Holden is obsolete 
 in elegant writing. [Sax. hcaldan ; G. halten ; D. 
 houden, I suppressed ; Sw. Italia ; Dan. holder ; Gr. 
 TfoiXud), to hold, or restrain ; Ileb. to hold or con- 
 tain ; Ch. and Syr. to measure, that is, to limit ; nVj, 
 to confine, restrain, or shut up; Cli. Syr. id; Ar. 
 
 "^X *— ■ to keep, guard, or preserve ; Ch. V^N, to take, 
 also, to eat, to roar, to thunder. [See Call.] The pri- 
 mary sense is, to press, to strain. Class Gl, No. 18, 
 33, 31;, 40.] 
 
 1. To stop ; to confine ; to restrain from escape ; 
 to keep fast ; to retain. It rarely or never signifies 
 the first act of seizing or falling on, but the act of re- 
 taining a thing when seized or confined. To grasp, 
 is to seize, or to keep fast in the hand ; hold coin- 
 cides with grasp in the latter sense, but not in the 
 former. We AoW a horse by means of a bridle. An 
 anchor holds a ship in her station. 
 
 2. To embrace and confine, with bearing or lift- 
 ing. We hold an orange in the hand, or a child in 
 the arms. 
 
 3. To connect ; to keep from separation. 
 
 The loops held one curtain t^anoUier. — Exod. xsxvi. 
 
 4. To maintain, as an opinion. He holds the doc- 
 trine of justification by free grace. 
 
 5. To consider ; to regard ; to think ; to judge, 
 that is, to have in the mind. 
 
 I hold hhn hut a fool. Shak. 
 'I'lie Lord will nol hold him guiltless, that takcth lu's name in 
 vain. — £xod. xi. 
 
 fj. To contain, or to have capacity to receive and 
 contain. Here is an empty basket that AoW* two 
 bushels. This empty cask holds thirty gallons. The 
 church holds two thousand people. 
 
 7. To retain within itself ; to keep from running 
 or flowing out. A vessel with lioles in its bottom 
 will nol hold fluids. 
 
 'I'hey have hewed them out broken cisterns, Uiat can hold no 
 water. — Jer. ii. 
 
 8. To defend; to keep possession ; to maintain. 
 
 With what arma 
 We mean to hold what ancienlly wc claim 
 Of eini>irc. Millon. 
 
 0. To have ; as, to AoW a place, office, or title. 
 
 10. To have or possess by title ; as, he held his 
 lands of the king. The estate is held by copy of 
 court-roll. 
 
 11. To refrain ; to stop; to restrain ; to \vtthhold. 
 Hold your laughter. Hold your tongue. 
 
 Dcalli I what du'st t O, hold thy blow. Crcishaw. 
 
 12. To keep ; as, hold your pence. 
 
 1:1. To fix ; to confine ; to compel to observe or 
 fulfil ; as, to bfild one to his promise. 
 
 14. To confine ; to restrain from motion. 
 
 !.'■>. To confine ; to bind ; in a legal or moriil ieiise. 
 lie iH held to |)i rforni his covenants. - 
 
 IG. To maiiilain ; to retain ; to continue. 
 
 But Htill he ttrlit hill piirjKiBe to depart. Dryden. 
 
 HOL 
 
 17. To keep in continuance or practice. 
 And Niglit and Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold 
 
 Eternal anarchy. Milum. 
 
 18. To continue ; to keep ; to prosecute or car- 
 ry on. 
 
 Seod-lime and harvest, heat and boaiy frost, 
 
 Shall ;ioM Uieir course. Mlton. 
 
 19. To have in session ; as, to hold a court or par- 
 liament ; to hold a council. 
 
 20. 'I'o celebrate ; to solemnize ; as, to liold a 
 feast. 
 
 21. To maintain ; to sustain ; to have in use or ex- 
 ercise ; as, to hold an argument or debate. 
 
 22. To sustain ; to sujiport. 
 
 Thy right hand shall hold me. — Ps. r.iixix 
 
 23. To carry ; to wield. 
 
 They all hold swords, being expert in war. — CanL iii. 
 
 24. To maintain ; to observe in pr.actice. 
 
 Ye hold the traditions of men. — Mark vit. 
 
 2.5. To last ; to endure. The provisions will hold 
 us, till we arrive in port. So we say, the provisions 
 will last us ; but the phrase is clli|)tical for will hold 
 or last /or us, the verb being intransitive. 
 
 To hold forlli ; to offer ; to exhibit ; to propose. 
 
 Observe the connection of ideas in the propositions wliicli books 
 Itotd/orth and pretend to teach. Locke. 
 
 2. To reach forth ; to put forward to view. Cheyne. 
 To hold in ; to restrain ; to curb ; to govern by the 
 bridle. SwifU 
 2. To restrain in general ; to check ; to repress. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 To hold off; to keep at a distance. Pope. 
 To hold on ; to continue or proceed in ; as, to hold 
 on a cotirse. 
 
 To hold out ; to extend ; to stretch forth. 
 
 The king held O'M to E;>ther the golden fcj pter. — Esther v, 
 
 2. To propose ; to offer. 
 
 Fortune holtU out these to yon .as rewards. B. Sanson. 
 
 3. To continue to do or suffer. 
 
 He can not long hold ottt these pangs. [Not used,] Shalt. 
 
 To hold over ; to remain in after one's term lias ex- 
 pired. 
 
 To hold up ; to raise ; as, hold up your liead. 
 
 2. To sustain ; to support. 
 
 He holds liinis?lf »/) in virtue. Sitloey, 
 
 3. To retain ; to withhold. 
 
 4. To offer : to exhibit. He held up to view the 
 prospect of gain. 
 
 5. To sustain ; to keep from fidling. 
 
 To hold o7ie's own ; to keep good one's jwesent con- 
 dition ; not to fall olf, or to lose ground. In .s-cfliHr/i's 
 language, a ship holds her own, when she sails as fasl 
 as another ship, or keeps her course. 
 
 To hold, is used by the Irish, for to lay, as a bet, to 
 wager. I hold a crown, or a dollar ; but this is a 
 vulgar use of the word. 
 Hold, v. i. To be true; not to fail ; to stand, as a 
 fact or truth. This is a sound argument in many 
 cases, but does not hold in the case under consider- 
 ation. 
 
 The rule holds in lands aa well as in other thingB. Locke. 
 
 In this application, wc often say, to hold true, to 
 hold good. The argument Ao/<^* good in both cases. 
 This holds true in most cases. 
 
 2. To continue unbroken or unsubdued. 
 
 Our force by land hath nobly held. [Liltle used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To last ; to endure. Bacon. 
 We now say, to hold out. 
 
 4. To continue. 
 
 While our olwdience holds. Milton. 
 
 .5. To be fast ; to be finn ; not to give way, or |)art. 
 The rope is strong ; I believe it will hold. The an- 
 chor holds well. 
 
 G. To refrain. 
 
 His dauntless heturt would fain have held 
 
 From weeping. Dryleu. 
 
 7. To stick or atlhcre. The plaster will nol hold. 
 
 To hold forth ; to speak in public ; to harangue ; to 
 preach; to proclaim. I,'' l:.strangr. 
 
 To hold in ; to restrain one's self. He was tempted 
 to laugh ; he could hardly hold in. 
 
 2. To continue in gooii luck. [Unusual.] Swift 
 
 To hold off; to keep at a distance ; to avoid con- 
 nection. 
 
 7'o AoM of; to be depi'iident <m ; to derive title 
 from. 
 
 My crown la absolute, and hold* of none. Dnjden. 
 To hold on ; to continue ; not to be interrnpled. 
 
 The trade held on many year". Smi/t. 
 
 2. To keep fiist hiibl ; to cling to. 
 
 3. To proceeil in ;i course, .lob xvii. 
 
 To hold out: to last; to endure ; to continue. A 
 consumptive constitulion may hold out a few years. 
 He will accomplish the work if his strength holds 
 out. 
 
 2. Not to yield ; not to surrender ; not to be sub- 
 dued. The garrison still held out. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WII.^T — METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W(?LF, BQQK.w- 
 
 566 
 
 4 
 
HOL 
 
 To hold to ; to cling or cleave to ; to adhere. 
 
 Else ho will hold to tlie one, mid despisu the oUicr. — Matt. vl. 
 
 To hold under, or from ; to have title from ; as, [let- 
 ty barons holdinir under the greater barons. 
 
 To hold with ; to adhere to ; to side with ; to stand 
 up for. • 
 
 To hold plow ; to direct or steer a plow by the Iiand 
 ill tillagii. 
 
 To hold together ; to bo joined ; not to separate ; to 
 remain in union. Dnjdcn. Locke. 
 
 To hold up; to support one's self; as, to hold up 
 under misfortunes. 
 
 To cease raining ; to cease, as falling weather ; 
 used impersonally. It holiis up ; it will hutil up. 
 
 3. To continue the same speed ; to run or nun c as 
 fast. CoUtcr. 
 
 Hut we now say, to heep up. 
 
 To hold a wager; to lay, to stake, or to hazard, a 
 wager. Sici/t. 
 
 Hold, used imperatively, signifies stop ; cease ; for- 
 bear ; be still. 
 HOLD, n. A grasp with the hand ; an embrace with 
 the arms ; any act or exertion of the strength or limbs 
 which keeps a thing fast and prevents escape. Keep 
 your hold ; never quit your hold. 
 
 It is much used after the verbs to laUe, and to lay ; 
 to take hold, or to laij hold, is to seize. It is used in a 
 literal sense ; as, to take hold with the hands, with 
 the arms, or with the teeth ; or in a figurative sense. 
 
 Sorrow shall take hold on Ihc inliiilnlanis uf P.ile8tina. — Ex. xv. 
 
 Take fasl hold of inbtnictioii. — Prov. iv. 
 
 My soul look hold on Ihfe. A'ldUon. 
 
 2. Something which may bo seized for support; 
 that which supports. 
 
 If a man be upon a high place, without a ffootl hold, lie is rraily 
 to f;OI. • Bacon. 
 
 3. Power of keeping. 
 
 On vour viror now 
 My hold of this new kinguom all depends. Milton. 
 
 4. Power of seizing. 
 
 The law hath yet another hold on you. Shnk. 
 
 5. A prison ; a place of confinement. 
 
 They laid hands on them, and put lliem in hold till the next day. 
 — Acts iv. 
 
 6. Custody ; safe keeping. 
 
 King Richard, he is in the mighty hold 
 Of Solingbroke. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 7. Power or influence operating on the mind ; ad- 
 vantage that may be employed in directing or per- 
 suading another, or in governing his conduct. 
 
 Fear — by which God and his laws take llie surest hold of iis. 
 
 Tillolson. 
 
 Gives fortune no more hold of him than is necessary. Drydcn. 
 
 8. -Lurking-pl.ace ; a place of security ; as, the hold 
 of a wild beast. 
 
 9. A fortified place; a fort ; a castle; often called 
 a strontT hold. Jer. li. 
 
 10. The whole interior cavity of a ship, between 
 the floor and the lower deck. In a vessel of one 
 deck, the whole interior space from the keel or floor 
 to the deck. That part of the hold which lies abaft 
 the main-mast, is called the after-hold ; that [)art im- 
 mediately before the main-mast, the main-hold ; that 
 p;irt about the fore-hatchway, the fore-hold. Mar. Diet. 
 
 1 1. In music, a mark directing the performer to rest 
 on the note over which it is placed. It is called also 
 a pause. 
 
 HoLD'UACK, n. Check; hinderance; restraint. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 2. The iron in the thill of a wheel carriage, to 
 which a part of the harness is attached, in oriler to 
 enable the animal to hold back the carriage. 
 IIOL.U'HH, »• One who holds or grasps in his hand, 
 or embraces with liis arms. 
 
 2. A tenant ; one who holds land under another. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 3. Something by which a tiling is held. 
 
 4. One who owns or possesses ; as, a holder of stock 
 or shares in a joint concern. 
 
 5. In ships, one who is employed in the hold. 
 
 Mar. DicU 
 
 HOLD'ER-FoRTH', n. A haranguer; a preacher. 
 
 Uudibras. 
 
 IIOIjD'FXST, 71. A general name of various contri- 
 vances for si?curiiig and holding things in Iheir place, 
 as a long, tiat-headcd nail, a catch, a hook, &c. 
 
 IlcbcrU 
 
 IIoLD'ING, ppr. Stopping; confining; restraining 
 
 kei'pini! ; retaining; adhering; maintaining, &c. 
 lIol.U'ING, n. A tenure ; a farm held of a superior. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 2. The burden or chonis of a song. Shak. 
 
 3. Hold ; influence ; power over. Burke. 
 IIoLE, II. [Sax. hoi ; G. hSIdc ; D. hoi ; Dan. hul, hale ; 
 
 Sw.hal; Basque, eliUoa; Gr. /coiAn;, KoiXos- Ou. 
 
 Hob. Sn, or Ar. khala. Class Gl, No. 20, 23.] 
 
 I. A hollow place or cavity in any solid body, of 
 any shape or dimensions, natural or artificial. It may 
 dirter from n rent or fissure in beinc wider. A cell ; 
 a den ; a cave or cavern in the earth ; an excavation 
 
 HOL 
 
 in a rock or tree ; a |iit, &.c. Is. xi. ICtck. viii. JVaA. 
 ii. Malt. viii. 
 
 2. A perforation ; an api rtiiri; ; an o|iening in or 
 through a solid body, left in the work or made by 
 an instrument. 
 
 Jelioida took a chest, and bored n holt In the lid of it. — 2 
 Kings lii. 
 
 3. A mean habitation ; a narrow or dark lodiiing. 
 
 Drijdcu. 
 
 4. An opening or means of escape ; a subterfuge ; 
 in the vulgar phrase, he has a hole to creep out at. 
 
 Arm-hole : the arm-pit ; the cavity under the shoul- 
 der of a person. Bacon. 
 2. An opening in a garment for the arm. 
 
 V. i. 'I'o go into a hole. B. .lonson. 
 
 IIoLK, I', f. To cut, dig, or make a hole or holes in ; 
 as, to hole a post for the insertion of rails or bars. 
 2. To drive into a bag, as in billiards. 
 IIOL'I HUT. See Haliiu t. 
 
 UOL'I-DA.M, 71. [Ao/y and <ia77t«.] Blessed lady, an 
 ancient oath. llaumrr. 
 
 IIOL'I-UAY, n. A day set apart for commemorating 
 some important event in history ; a festival. 
 
 2. A day of joy and giiyety. 
 
 3. A day of exem()tion i'rom labor ; a day of amuse- 
 ment. JSee lIoLvoAV.j 
 
 IIOL'I-DaY, a. Pertaining to a festival ; gay. 
 
 II0'Ij1-LY, ado. [from holy.] Piously ; with sanctity. 
 2. Sacredly ; inviolably ; without breach. ILitilc 
 used.] Shak. Sidney. 
 
 HO'M-NESS, 71. [from holy.] The state of being ho- 
 ly ; purity or integrity of moral charticter ; freedom 
 from sin ; sanctity. Applied to the Supreme Bcinjr, 
 holiness denotes perfect purity or integrity of moral 
 character, one of his essential attributes. 
 
 Who is like Dice, glorious in holincti 7 — Exod. iv. 
 
 2. Applied to human beintrs, holiness is purity of 
 heart or dispositions ; sanctified aflections ; piety ; 
 moral goodness, but not perfect. 
 
 We sec piety tuid holiness ridiculed as morose singularities. 
 
 Jtogera. 
 
 3. Sacredness ; the state of any thing hallowed, 
 or consecrated to God or to his worship ; applied to 
 churches or temples. 
 
 4. That which is separated to the service of God. 
 
 Israel was holiness unto the Lord. — Jer. ii. 
 
 5. A title of the pope, and formerly of the Greek 
 emperors. Encyc, 
 
 IIoL'ING-AX, 71. A narrow ax for cutting holes in 
 ixists. 
 
 IIOL-LoA',) czclam. A word used in calling. Among 
 IIOL-Lo', ! seamen, it is the answer to one that 
 
 hails, equivalent to, *' I hear, and am ready." It is 
 
 also written Holla. 
 HOL'LO, j (hol'lo or hol-15',) v. u [Stix. ahhwan.J To 
 HOL'L.\, i call out or exclaim. [See Halloo. J 
 HOL'LAND, 71. Fine linen first manufactured in 
 
 Holland. 
 
 noL'LAiVD-ER, ti. A native of Holland. 
 I10L'LA.\I)-ISH, a. Like Holland. 
 HOL'LANDS, ti. Gin made ill Holland. 
 HOL'LE.X. See Holly. 
 
 HOL'LoW, a. [Sax. hoi; G. hold; D. Iiol; Pw. 
 halig: Dan. /lu/ed; Ann. gouUo, or ftouUii, emptied. 
 See Hole.] 
 
 1. Containing an empty space, n.atiiral or artificial, 
 within a solid substance ; not solid ; as, a hollow 
 tree ; a hollow rock ; a hollow sphere. 
 
 H9II0W with tioartts sh,alt thou make it. — Exod. xxvii. 
 
 2. Sunk deep in the orbit ; as, a hollow eye. 
 
 3. Deep ; low ; resembling soiintl reverberated from 
 a cavity, or designating such a sound ; as, a hollow 
 roar. Drydcn. 
 
 4. N'ot sincere or faithful ; false ; deceitful ; not 
 sound ; as, a hollow heart ; a hollow friend. 
 
 Milton. Shak. 
 HOL'LoW, 71. A cavity, natural or artificial ; any 
 depression of surface in a body ; concavity ; as, the 
 hollow of the hand. 
 
 2. A place excavated ; as, the hnlloie of a tree. 
 
 3. A cave or cavern ; a den ; a hole ; a broad, open 
 space in any thing. S/iak. Prior. 
 
 4. A pit. Addi.wn. 
 
 5. Open space of any thing; a groove; a channel ; 
 a canal. Addison. 
 
 HOL'LOW, r. L [Sax. holian.\ 
 
 To make hollow, as by digging, cutting, or en- 
 graving ; to excavate. 
 
 Trees rudely holloired diil Ihe waves sustain. Drydrn. 
 
 IinL'LGW or HOI^LoW', v. i. To shout. [See 
 Holla and Hollo.] Dryden. Addison. Smart. 
 
 HOL'LOW, fldr. He carried it Ao//oie, or he bi'at 0// 
 hollow: that is, he beat all bis competitors without 
 difficulty. [Colloquial.] Grose. 
 
 HOL'LOW'-f.'I), pp. or o. Made hollow ; excavated. 
 
 I10L'L6W-EV-/';i), (-ide,) a. Having sunken eyes. 
 
 HOL'LoW-HE.\KT-ED, a. Insincere ; deceitful ; 
 not sound and true ; of practice or sentiment dilfer- 
 ent from profession. Butler. 
 
 HOL'LOW-L\G, ppr. Making hollow ; excavating. 
 
 HOL 
 
 HOL'LOW-LY, arfo. Insincerely ; deceitfully. Stiak. 
 IKlL'LdW-NESH, 71. 'I'he state of being hollow; 
 
 cavity ; depression of surface ; excavation. Bacon. 
 2. Insincerity ; deceitfulness ; treachery. SoutJt. 
 HOI/Lf)W-KOUT, 71. A plant, tuberous inosi hntel, 
 
 or inglorious, constituting the genus Adoxa ; a low 
 
 jilaiil, whose leaves and flow< rs smell like musk ; 
 
 lieiice it is sometimes called viusk-eroirfoot. Eneyc. 
 HOI/I.OW-SPAR, 71. The mineral called, also, chiaa- 
 
 tohlr. 
 
 IIUl/I,oW-SaUARK, 71. A body of foot soldiers 
 drawn up to receive the charge of cavalry, having 
 ail empty space in the middle to n ceive the ollici rs, 
 artillery-men, &c., and protected on iUI sides by a line 
 of bayonets. 
 
 HOL'L'V, 71. [.«ax. holefrn; D. hulst : perhaps L. i7«, 
 for hilrr. In Welsh, Ihe corresponding word is cclyu, 
 from the root of eclu, to conceal, L. cclo. The ilei, 
 in ."^w., is called iro;i oak.] 
 
 The holm-tree, of the genus Ilex, of several spe- 
 cies. The common holly grows from 20 to 30 feet 
 high ; the stem, by age, becomes large, and is cov- 
 ered with a grayish, smooth bark, and set wilJi 
 branches which form a sort of cone. The lt;aves arc 
 oblong oval, of a lucid green on the upper surface, 
 but pale on the under surface ; the edges are indent- 
 ed and waved, with sharp thorns terminating ciich of 
 the points, 'i'he flowers grow in clusters, and are 
 succeeded by roiinilish berries, which turn to a beau- 
 tiful red itbout .Micliaelnia-s. This tree is a beautiful 
 evergri^eii. Kncyc. 
 
 2. 'I'lie holm oak, Qucrcus ilex, an evergreen oak ; 
 ofti^n calleil hully-onk. P. Cyc. Brande. 
 
 Knee-holly; a plant, the butcher's broom, of the 
 genus Riiscus. 
 
 Sra-hollii; a plant of the genus Erj ngium. 
 
 HOL'LV-IIOCK, 71. [Sax. holihoe.] 
 
 A plant of tlie genus Althira, bearing flowers of 
 various robirs. It is called, also, rose-malloir. 
 
 HOL'LY-RoSR, 71. A scentless plant. Smart. 
 
 IIoL.M, 71. 'i'he evt'rgreeii oak ; the ilex. 
 
 2. An islet, or river isle. 
 
 3. A low, flat tract of rich land on the banks of a 
 river. Cyc. 
 
 HoI.M'ITE, 77. A variety of carbonate of lime ; so 
 called from Mr. Holme, who analyzed it. [Obsolrlc.] 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 HOL'O-CAUST, 71. [Gr. o\^s, whole, and KooaTos, 
 burnt, from «oiw, to burn.] 
 
 A burnt sacrifice or ofterinz, tlie whole of which 
 was consumed liy fire ; a species of sacrifice in use 
 among the Jews and some pagan nations. 
 
 Ray. Encyc, 
 
 IIOL'O-GRAril, 77. [Or. oUi, whole, and ypaipoi, to 
 write.] 
 
 A deed or testament written wholly by the grantor's 
 or testator's own hand. Enciic. 
 
 ilOL-()-(;RAPiI'lC, rt. Written wholly by the grantor 
 or testator himself. 
 
 liOL-O-Hli'DRAL, a. [Gr. oA'i?, wliole, and iipa, 
 face.] 
 
 In minrraloiry, a term applied to a crystal witll ail 
 the similar edges or angles simil.arly ri-jilnced. 
 
 /.>a7ia. 
 
 HO-LOM'E-TEK, ti. [Gr. 6X0,, all, and ptT,,cio, to 
 measure.] 
 
 An iiistriiinent for taking all kinds of measures, 
 both on the earth and in the heavens ; a pantoineler. 
 
 IlebcrU 
 
 HoLP, HoLP'i'N, the antiquated pret. and pp. of 
 llELr. 
 
 HOL'STER, 71. [Sax. heoUtrr, a hiding-place or re- 
 cess ; Port, cohlrc ; from holding, or concealing, L. 
 celo. Sax. helan,] 
 
 A leathern case fi>r a pistol, carried by a horseman 
 at the fore part of his sadiile. 
 
 IloL'STER-i'D, a. Bearing holsters; as, a hoUtered 
 steed. Bi/ron, 
 
 iioLT, 71. [Sax. holt, Ir. eoillte, W. eetlt, a wooti, from 
 the root of Sax. hrlan, L. celo, W. cflu, to hide, to 
 keep close ; a word ret:tined in ii.aines.] 
 
 A Wood woodland ; obsolete, except in poetry. 
 
 Drayton, Browne. 
 
 IIO'LY, «. [Sax. hahg; G. and I). h'eiUs ; Sw. hrlig; 
 H.iii. hilli^ : I'rom the root of heal, hold, whole, and 
 all ; Sax. hal, G. hnl, i). heel, Sw. hel, Dan. heel, 
 whole. See Heal anil IIolo, and Class Gl, .\o. 31, 
 35, 42. The sense is whole, entire, complete, sound, 
 unimpaired.] 
 
 1. Properly, whole, entire, or perfect, in a moral 
 sense. Hence, pure in lie;irt, trm|N.'^or dispositions, 
 free from sin and siiit'iil afl'eclions. Applied to the 
 Supreme Being, holy signifies perfectly pure, immac- 
 ulate, and complete, in monil character ; and man is 
 more or less holy, as his heart is more or le.ss sancti- 
 fied, or purified from evil dispositiims. We call a 
 m:in holii, when his heart is confonned in some de- 
 gree to the image of God, and his life is regulated 
 by the divine precepts. Hence, holy is used as nearly 
 synonymous with good, pious, godly. 
 
 Be ye holy ; fur I am holy. — 1 PeL I. 
 
 2. Hallowed ; consecrated or set apart to a sacred 
 use, or to the ser^'icc or worshfp of God j a sense 
 
 TONE, B5JLI.,, tJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 To- 
 
 ll U" 
 
 557 
 
HOM 
 
 frequent in Scripture ; as, the holy Salitiatli ; Imly 
 oil 1 hvly vessels ; a holy nation ; tile holy temple ; a 
 /iv/v priestlujod. 
 
 3. Proceeding from pious principles, or directed to 
 pious purposes ; as, holy zeal. 
 
 4. Perfectly just and good ; as, the holy law of 
 God. 
 
 5. Sacred ; as, a holy witness. Shal:. 
 
 Holy of holies ; in Scripture, the innermost apart- 
 ment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the 
 ark was kept, and where no person entered, except 
 the high priest once a year. 
 
 Holy Ohost, or Holy Spirit ; the divine Spirit ; the 
 third person in the Trinity ; the Sanctifier of souls. 
 
 Hilly war; a war undertaken to rescue the Holy 
 Land, the ancient Judea, from the infidels ; a cru- 
 . sade ; an expedition carried on by Christians afrainst 
 the Saracens, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth 
 centuries : a war carried on in a mostunW;/ manner. 
 Hp'LY-eKOSS DAY, n. The fourteenth of i^eptem- 
 ber, observed as a festival, in memory of the exalta- 
 tiim of our Savior's cross. Brande. 
 Ho'LY-eRu-EL, a. Cruel from excess of holiness. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Ho'LY-DaY, 71. A religious festival; sometimes ap- 
 plied to a festival of any kind, for which Uolidav is 
 the more appropriate term. 
 
 Ho'LY-OF'FlCE, n. A name for the Inquisition. 
 
 HO'LY-0.\'E, ( wun,) n. An appellation of the Su- 
 preme Being, by way of emphasis. 
 
 2. An appellation of Christ. Js. xliii. 
 
 3. One separated to the service of God. Deiit. 
 xxxiii. 
 
 Ho'LY-ROOD, n. The cross or crucifix, particularly 
 one placed in Roman Catholic churclies, over the en- 
 trance of the chancel. 
 
 [As applied to the palace in Edinburgh, the word 
 is pronounced hid' o-rooil. Swarf.] 
 
 HO'LV-ROOD DAY, n. A festival observed on the 
 fourteenth of September, in memory of the exalta- 
 tion of our Savior's cross. Brande. 
 
 Ho'LY-STo.N'E, H. A stone used by seamen for 
 cleaning the dr'cks of ships ; so called in derision, it 
 is said, frtmi the dislike of seamen to use it. Totten. 
 
 Ho'LY-STo.VE, V. t. To scrub the deck of a vessel 
 with a stone used by seamen for this purpose. 
 
 HO'LY-THIS-TLE, (-this'l,) n. A plant of the ge- 
 nus Contaurea. 
 The blessed thistle, Centaurea bi.ncdicta. Cue 
 
 Ho'LY-THURS'DAY, n. The day on which the as- 
 cension of our Savior is commemorated, ten days be- 
 fore Whitsuntide. John.son. 
 
 Ho'LY-VV_\-TER,)i. In the Greek and Roman Catholic 
 churches, water which has been consecrated by the 
 priest to sprinkle the faithful, and things used for 
 iioly purposes. 
 
 IIO'LY-WEEK, n. The week before Easter, in which 
 the passi<iii of our S;ivior is commemorated. Johnson. 
 
 HO'LY-WRIT, (-rit,) n. 'I hc sacred Scriptures. 
 
 HO.M'.'VGE, H. [Fr. homma<rc ; ^^.homenage; ll.omag- 
 giu ,■ from L., hnoio, man.] 
 
 1. In feudal law, the submission, loyalty, and ser- 
 vice which a tenant promised to his lord or superior, 
 when first admitted to the land which he held of 
 him in fee ; or rather the act of the tenant in making 
 this submission, or being invested with the fee. The 
 ceremony of doing homasre was thus perfiirmed. The 
 tenant, being ungirt and uncovered, kneeled and 
 held up both his hands between those of the lord, 
 who sat before him, and there professed that " he did 
 become his man, from that day forth, of life, and limb, 
 and earthly honor," and then received a kiss from 
 his lord. Bluckstone. 
 
 2. Obeisance ; respect paid by external action. 
 
 00, go, with homage yon pruutl victons rnrel. Unjdtn. 
 
 3. Reverence directed to the Supreme Being ; rev- 
 erential worship; devout alTectioii. 
 
 HOiM'ACE, V. U To pay respect to by external action ; 
 to give reverence to ; to profess fealty. 
 
 Hf)M'AGE-A-BI>E, a. Subject to homage. Howell. 
 
 IIO.M'A-OEIl, n. One who does homage, or holds 
 land of another bv homage. Bacon. 
 
 IIO.M'BERG'S PY-ROPH'O-RUS. Ao inflammalile 
 composition whose essential ingredient is siilphiiret 
 of pot.'Lssiiiin in a state of minute division. Turner. 
 
 HfiNlE, n. [Sax. ham; G. and I), heim ; Sw. hem; 
 Dan. hiem ; Gr. Kuifin > properly, a house, a close 
 place, or place of rest. Hence hamlet, Fr. hameau, 
 Arm. Iiamcll. The primary sense is probably to in- 
 cIoHe, to cover, or to make fast. Derivatives in G. 
 U. Sw. and Dan. signify secret, close ; and we say, 
 to bring home arguments, that is, press them close ; 
 tu drive home a nail, &.c. If the radical sense is close, 
 
 it niny be from the Jame root as Ar. t?*J' kamai, to 
 
 cover. Sec Chemmtrt, and Class Gni, No. 7,9,20, 
 23.] 
 
 1. A dwrUinp-houRc ; tlu- houHf; or place in which 
 one rcriidcH. lie waH not ut humf.. 
 
 'i'brii ihe (Ikclptf* went nwujr ngalu tu their own home. — John 
 
 Horn* U the mcml mfugt of our life. 
 
 HOM 
 
 2. One's own country. Let affairs at Aomc be well 
 managed by the administration. 
 
 3. The place of constant residence ; the seat. 
 Fl•^lll^^ia, by plenty, made Ihe home of war. Prior. 
 
 4. The grave ; death ; or a future state. 
 
 Man gueth to his long home. — Eccles. xii. 
 
 5. The present state of existence. 
 
 Whildt we are at home m the body, we are absent from Uie Lord. 
 — 2 Cor. V. 
 
 jjf home ; at one's own house, or lodgings. 
 To be at home ; to be conversant with what is fa- 
 miliar. 
 
 IIo.ME, a. Pertaining to one's dwelling or country ; 
 domestic ; as, home manufactures. 
 2. Close ; severe ; poignant ; as, a home thrust. 
 
 Ho.ME, adu. [This is merely elliptical, to being omit- 
 ted.] 
 
 1. To one's own habitation ; as in the phrases, go 
 home, come home, bring home, carry home. 
 
 2. To one's own country. Home is opposed to 
 abroad, or in a foreign country. My brother will re- 
 turn home in the first ship from India. 
 
 3. Close ; closely ; to the point ; as, this consider- 
 ation comes home to our interest, that is, it nearly af- 
 fects it. Drive the nail home, that is, drive it close. 
 
 To haul home the top-s;iiI sheets, in seamen^s lan- 
 guage, is to draw the bottom of the top-sail close to 
 tlie yard-arm by means of the sheets. 
 
 An anchor is said to come home, when it loosens 
 from the ground by tlie violence of the wind or cur- 
 rent, &c. 
 
 IIO.ME'-BORN, o. Native ; natural. Dunne. 
 
 2. Domestic ; not foreign. Pope. 
 HoME'-BOLTND, a. See Homewabd-boi,'nd. 
 Ho.ME'-BRED, a. Native ; natural ; as, home-bred lusts. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 2. Domestic ; originating at home ; not foreign ; 
 as, home-bred evil. Spenser. 
 
 3. Plain ; rude ; artless ; uncultivated ; not polished 
 by travel. 
 
 Only to me two home-bred youths belong. Dryncn, 
 HoME'-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built in our own country. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 HolME'-DRIV'SN, a. Driven home, as a blow; 
 driven closely. 
 
 Ho.ME'-OWELL'ING, a. Dwelling at home. 
 
 HO.ME'-FELT, a. Felt in one's own breast; inward ; 
 private ; as, home-felt joys or delight. 
 
 JMilton. Pope. 
 
 IIOME'-KEEP-ING, a. Staying at home ; not gad- 
 ding. ' Sliak. 
 
 HoME'LESS, a. Destitute of a home. 
 
 IIO.ME'LI-ER, a. comp. More homely. 
 
 Ho.ME'LI-EST, a. supcrt. Most homely. 
 
 IlO.ME'LI-LY, adD. Rudely ; inelegantly. 
 
 II6.ME'LI-i\E.SS, n. [from Aunic/y.] Plainness of fea- 
 tures ; want of beauty. It expresses less than Ug- 
 liness. 
 
 2. Rudeness ; coarseness ; as, the homeliness of 
 dress, or of sentiments. Mdison. 
 IIO.ME'-LOT, n. An inclosiire on or near which the 
 
 niansion-house stands. [.S/nerica.'j 
 IlO.ME'LY, o. [from Aomc.] Ono-ina%, belonging to 
 h.ime ; domestic; hence, of plain features; not 
 h;indsome ; as, a homely face. It expresses less 
 than Uglv. 
 
 Let time, which makes you homely, make you wise. 
 2. Plain ; like that which is made for common do- 
 mestic use; rude; coarse ; not fine, or elegant; as, 
 a homely garment ; a homely house ; homely fare. 
 
 Now Stn.'plion daily eiilenaiiis 
 
 His Ctiloe in the homeliest strains. Pope. 
 IIoME'LY, adu. Plainly; rudely; coarsely; as, Aamo- 
 
 bi ilresseil. [Little used.] 
 IIo.M F,'1,Y.\, 71. A species of fish. 
 IIo.ME'-.MaDE, o. Made at home ; being of domestic 
 
 m;tiiiifactiire ; made cither in private families, or in 
 
 mil 's own country. Locke. 
 IK) mi; O-PATH'ie, a. Pertaining or belonging to 
 
 lliilileop:illlv. 
 
 IIO-ME-O-I'ATH'ie-AL-LY, orfc. In the method of 
 iKuiH-opalhy. 
 
 H()-.Mi:-()I"A-THIST, 71. A believer in homeopathy. 
 IIO-.ME-OI"A-THY, 71. [(ir. b^otunaOcio. ; Ofiuioj, 
 
 like, and vailoi, affection.) 
 Tlie doctrine or theory of curing diseases with 
 
 very minute doses of medicine, by producing in the 
 
 patient atlectiuns similar to those of the disease. 
 
 Med. and Surg. .7oum. 
 IIO'MER, ) 71. A Hebrew measure containing, as a 
 eil5'MER, ) liipiid measure, ten batlus, and as n dry 
 
 measure, ten epiialis. Oesenius. 
 IIO-MER'IC, a. Pertaining to Homer, Ihe great poet 
 
 of Greece, or to his poetry ; resembling Homer's 
 
 verse. 
 
 HOME'SICK, a. Depressed in spirit.'!, or grieved at a 
 
 Heparntiiin irimi home. 
 IIO.VIE'SICK-NESS, 11. In medicine, nostalgia, grii^f, 
 
 or depression of spirits, occnsionecl by a separation 
 
 from one's home or country. 
 IIOME'-SI'icAK-ING, 71. Forcible and efficacioiiH 
 
 speaking. Milton. 
 
 HOM 
 
 IIO.ME'SPUN, a. Spun or wrought at home ; of dt/- 
 mestic manufacture. SwifL 
 
 2. .\ot m;ide in foreign countries. Addison. 
 
 3. Plain ; coarse; rude ; homely ; not elegant ; as, 
 a homespun English proverb ; a homespun author. 
 
 Dniden. jirtdisou- 
 Iln.ME'SPUN, 71. Cloth made at home; as, he w.is 
 dressed in homespun. 
 
 _ 2. .A coarse, unpolished, ru.stic person. ShaJc. 
 
 HoME'STALL, t n. The place of a mansion-liou.se ; 
 
 Ho.\IE'S'I'E.\D, i the inclosure or ground immedi- 
 ately connected with the mansion. Dryden 
 
 2. Native seat; original station, or place of resi- 
 dence. 
 
 We can trace Uieni back to a homestead c 
 Ural. 
 
 I t)te Rivers Volga and 
 7bo*«. 
 
 _ [In the United States, Ho.MESTE\Disthe word used.] 
 HO.ME'WARD, ade. [Sax.Aam and meard.] 
 
 Toward home ; toward one's habitation, or toward 
 one's native country. Sidney. Milton. 
 
 Ho.ME'WARD-BOUND, a. Bound or directing the 
 course homeward, or to one's native land ; as, the 
 homeward-bound fleet. We spoke a brig homeward- 
 bound. 
 
 IIOJI'I-CI-D.\L, a. [from homicide.] Pertaining to 
 
 homicide ; murderous ; bloody. 
 HOM'I-CIDE, n. [Fr., from L. homicidium ; homo, man, 
 
 and ccedo, to strike, to kill.] 
 
 1. The killing of one man or human being by an- 
 other. Huniiciile is of three kinds — jusUJiiMc, ex- 
 cusable, aud felonious ; justifiable, w^heu it proceeds 
 from unavoiiiable necessity, without an intention to 
 kill, and without negligence ; excusable, when it hap- 
 pens from misadventure, or in self-defense \ felonious, 
 when it proceeds from malice, or is done in the pros- 
 ecution of some unlawful act, or in a sudden pas- 
 sion. Homicide committed Willi premedit;ited mal- 
 ice, is murder. Suicide, al.so, or self-murder, is 
 feliinious homicide. Homicide comprehends murder 
 and manslaughter. Btackstone. 
 
 2. A person who kills another ; a manslayer. 
 
 /)riiden, 
 
 HOM-I-LET'ie, jo. [Gr. 6,;iA>;n'fos,froin 
 HO.M I-LET'IC-AL, \ to converse in company.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to familiar intercourse ; social ; con- 
 versable ; coiiipanioiiahle. [Bart.] Attcrbury. 
 
 2. Pertaining to homiletics. 
 HOM-I-LET'ieS, 71. The science which teaches the 
 
 principles of ailapting the discourses of the pulpit 
 to the spiritual benefit of the hearers. It is a part of 
 practical theology. E. T. FUeh. 
 
 HO.M'I-LIST, 11. One that preaches to a congregation. 
 
 Beauin. S( Fl. 
 
 IIOM'I-LY, 71. [Fr. homelie ; Sp. homiiia ; It. omelia ; 
 Gr. hniXia, from o/jiAew, to converse in comjiany, 
 a company or assembly.] 
 A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an 
 audience. 
 
 The Book of Homilies, in the English church, is a col- 
 lection of plain sermons, which u'as prepared at the 
 time of the Reformation, to be preachetl by those of 
 the inferior cleig)' who were not qualified to compose 
 discourses themselves. 
 
 HO.M'I-NY, 71. [Indian.] In .America, maize hulled 
 and broken, but coarse, prepared for food by being 
 mixed with water and boiled. .^dair. 
 
 HO.M'MOCK, 7u [I sujipose this to be an Indian 
 word.] 
 
 A hillock, or small eminence of a conical form, 
 sometimes covereil with trees. Bartram. Encyc. 
 HOM-O-CEN'TRie, n. [Gr. o/ioj and otir/Joi.] 
 
 Having the same center. 
 IIO-MOG'A-MOUS, a. [Gr. bp if, the same, and ja- 
 poi, marri.age.] 
 
 In botany, having the same essential parts of fruc- 
 tification. 
 
 HO-.MO-Gl3:'NE-.AL, ) a. [Fr. homogene ; Gr. bpoyi- 
 HO-MO-Gk'NE OUS, S p,,s ; 'op ,(, the same, and 
 
 icvif, kind.] 
 Of the same kind or nature ; consisting of similar 
 
 parts, or of e.i .neiits of the like nature. Thus we 
 
 say, homogeneous particles, elements, or principles ; 
 
 homogeneous bodies. 
 HO-iMO-Gk'NE-AL NESS, ) jeordi not to be encour- 
 HO-MO-GE-i\F:'I-TV ; ) aged, eiiuicalent to 
 HO-.MO-GE'NE-OUS-NESS, n. Sameness of kind or 
 
 ntitiire. 
 
 HOM'O-GE-NY, 71. Joint nature. Bacon. 
 HOM-OI-OI" I'0-TON, 71. [Gr. opotoi, like, and irrco- 
 ro!, falling.] 
 
 A figure in rhetoric, in which the several parts of 
 a sentence end with the same case, or a tense of like 
 sound. 
 
 HO-iMOI-OU'SI-.AN, n. or a. [Gr. o/ioioiiirioj ; hpniof, 
 similar, and ovaiii, being.] 
 
 In church history, a term applied, in the fourth cen- 
 tury, to those Ariaiis, who helil that the Son was ld:e 
 the I'allier ill essence, but not the some. Braiute. 
 
 IIO iMOI/O GATE, r. (. [It. omologarc ; Fr. homolo- 
 gnrr; Gr. 6/ioAo; ttu ; o/ii^j, the same, and Xiyoj, to 
 8pt-:tk. ] 
 
 To approve ; to allow. Wheaton's Rep. vol. iv. 
 HO-iMO 1.1 iG'IC-AI., n. Pertaining to homology ; hav- 
 ing a structural altiiiity. Dana. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — M£TE, PRfiY — PINE, MARJNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 553 
 
HON 
 
 HON 
 
 HON 
 
 HO-MOI/O-GOUS, u. [Gr. o^..s, llie same, and U- 
 j |)rt)|>(>rtion.] 
 
 Ilitviii:: tho siiiiir ralii) or propitrtioii. lii f^eomrtrtt, 
 it is u|)|ilii'd to lluisc sides of similar fiiiiires wliicll, 
 being opposite to equal and corruspuiiding ancU's, are 
 proportional to each other. Brtimie, 
 
 The hiimiihfroits terms of n proportion are either 
 the two aiiti-eedenls or tlie two (-onseqiiem-s. ./. Omj. 
 no ,Mt)h'()-GV, H. In iihij.siral fcinicn, attinity dep< nd- 
 inL' on structure, and not merely un simdarily of form 
 or use. JJuna. 
 [lO.M'O-NY, ri. See Homist. 
 HO.M'O-.NY.M, n. [Gr. ii/i { and .jko/io.] 
 
 .•\ term applieil to words \\ liic h are tliP same in 
 sound, liut dill'er in signification; as tliu noun licar 
 and Ihe verb (» brar. Bramlr, 
 HO-.\IO.N"Y-.MOl't<,a. [Gr. o/iwi/e/iuf ; o/iot, the same, 
 aiMl ')i "i;oi, name.] 
 
 K<piivocal ; amliiguous ; that has ditlen nt si^nifi- 
 catiiuis, or niav he applied to didVrent things. IVtitu. 
 IIO-.MOi\'Y-iMUUS-LY, adc. In an equivocal manner. 
 
 Ilurrti!. 
 
 IIO-MO.N'Y-.MY, ri. [Gr. See .supra.] 
 
 .Vuihigulty ; ecpiivocatiun. S>anuMiess between 
 words whicii dill'er in signilieation ; ambiguity. 
 
 HO-MO OU'SI-AN, n. or a. [(Jr. iii jovawf ; o/i.'s, the 
 sauu', and oi'iri i, being.] 
 
 In chiircli hUtonj, a leim applied, in the fourth cen- 
 tury, to those who maintained that the .Son had the 
 4'(/Hic essence with the Father ; opjiosed to lloMoiou- 
 siAN. Hrandf. 
 
 HO.M'O-PIIONE, 71. [Fr., from Gr. o/io? and „.) 
 A letter or character expressing a like sound with 
 another. Gluldon. 
 
 IIO-.MOI'irO-NOUS, a. [Gr. 6f.,-s, the same, and 
 (pionit tone.] 
 
 Iteing of the same pitch; in unison; expressing 
 tile f.MHf sound or letter. 
 IIO-.Mi)riru-.\' V, II. [Gr. bfioi, the same, and <jtuivii, 
 .sound.] 
 
 S.iiiieness of sound. Among the Orrek.i, a kind of 
 music performed in unison, in opposition tu.\.sTiPH- 
 
 ONV. 
 
 IIO-.MO'r'O-.NOl'S, a. [Gr. o/f/j, the same, and r^ieuj, 
 tone.] 
 
 Kqiiabic ; of the same tenor ; applicti to rfi.vrasM 
 which have a unifurm tcitvr ofrisCy statCf or dfdriijiioii. 
 
 IIO-MOT'K()-P.\L, a. [Gr. ojioj, the same, and r,u..ffii, 
 a turning.] 
 
 In Imiaiiij, a term used in describing the direction 
 of bodies, to denote any one having the same direc- 
 tion as the body to winch it beloiig.s, but not being 
 straight. Brande. 
 IIoM;, II. [Sw. Aen, a hone; Sax. lucnaii, to stone. 
 The n (U(l is found in Ihe Greek .or o n : and in two 
 dialects of the ISurinan empire, Aifi, Aceii, sigiiities a 
 stone. Asial. Rr^earcheSy 5, 228. We find the word 
 
 also in the Syriac j i oj oAana, a hune, coticni.i, La- 
 pis I.ydins. Oi<f. Hrpt. 213.] 
 
 .\ stone of a fine grit, used for sharpening instru- 
 ments that require a fine edge, and particularly for 
 setting ra/.ors. 
 
 [We never, I believe, call a hone a whrMonc. The 
 Ijiller is a stone of coarse grit. See the word.] 
 IIO.N'F., I. L To rub and sharpen on a hone; as, to 
 
 hour a razor. 
 HO.N K, r. I. [(In. W. hawn, eager.] 
 
 To pine ; to long. [Oft.-.] 
 n^\'KI>, /»/». Sliarpeneil on a Inuio. 
 IIO.VK'WOIIT, n. An umbelliferous plant of the ge- 
 nus Sisiui. 
 
 IIO.X'EST, (on'esl,) a. [Fr. hnnwUe, for honrsle: Sp. 
 and Port, honejto ; IL onesto ; from L. honcstas, from 
 hotipSy Adiier. ] 
 
 1. I'priglit ; just ; fair in dealing with others ; free 
 from trickishness and fraud ; acting and having the 
 disposition to act at all times according to justice or 
 correct nuiral principles ; afiplird to persons. 
 
 All honeitt in«ii'» llip iiol>l.*st work ol f!o.l. Pope. 
 Au honeti pliysici.iii Iciv.'s liid patioiil, when he can contribute 
 no lUrtliLT to his heiltth. Ttmple. 
 
 a. Fair ; just ; equitable ; free from fraud ; as, an 
 honest tninsactiuii ; an huiie.st transfer of property. 
 
 3 Frank ; sincere ; unreserved ; according to truth ; 
 as, an htmrst ctinfe.ssion. 
 
 4. Sincere; proceciling from pure or just princi- 
 ples, or directed to a good object ; as, an /lonc.f inipii- 
 ry after truth ; an honcjt enileavor ; honest vii:ws or 
 
 5. Fair ; gootl ; unimpeaclied. [motives. 
 
 Sock levcn men ut honest p-port. — Act* vi. 
 
 6. Decent ; honorable, or suitable. 
 
 l-rovi,le lliingB honttl in the tight a! all men. — Roni. xiL 
 
 7. Chaste; faithful. 
 
 Wir« may be merrjr, luid ril honttl loo. Shai. 
 With reference to this last sense, a man who mar- 
 ries his concubine is still said to make an honest 
 ...Tv',';:'-"..."'^ S.iwr,. 
 . , ' • es'O «- To adorn ; to grace. [.Vot 
 '"'•^•1 Sam/is. 
 
 110N-ES-TA'TI0N,n. Adorniiient ; grace. [JV<i< u.»frf.] 
 
 .Mountit 'Tit. 
 
 HON"F,.«iT I,Y, (on'cst-ly,) adv. Uprightly , justly ; 
 with integrity and fairness; as, a contract huncMy 
 nnide. 
 
 2. With frank sincerity ; without fraud ordisgnise ; 
 according to trutli ; us, to confess hoiieMij one's real 
 design. 
 
 ;). I!y upright means ; witli upright conduct ; as, to 
 live hoHFdtlij. 
 A. (.'hastely ; with conjugal loyally and fidelity. 
 1I0.N'ES-TY, (on'es-ty,) n. [Fi. honiictete ; L. honcn- 
 ta...] 
 
 1. In principle, an upright disposition ; moral recti- 
 tude of heart ; a disposition to conftirin to justice and 
 correct moral principles, in all social transactions. 
 In foct, upright conduct ; an actual conformity to jus- 
 tice and moral rectitude. 
 
 J/one.<tij is chielly apjilicable to social transactions, 
 or mutual dealings in the exchange of pro|)erty. 
 
 2. Fairness : candor ; truth ; as, the huiic^tij of a 
 narrative. Wardlaio. 
 
 ;!. Frank sincerity. Sluik. 
 
 4. A llowenng hi rb of the genus Liinarla. 
 IIO.N'EY, (liiin'y,) n. [Sax. /luinV ; O. huniff ; D. Ao- 
 nii^j honinir ; S\v. fianintr ; Dan. Ai»;i;i//iff.] 
 
 I. ,\ sweet juice collected by bees from the flowers 
 of plants, and de|Kisited in cells of the comb in hives. 
 Honey, when pure, is of a moderate consistence, of u 
 whitish color, tinged with yellow, sweet to the taste, 
 of an agreeable smell, soluble in water, and becom- 
 ing vinous by fermentation. In medicine, it is useful 
 as a detergent and aperient. It consists chielly of 
 sugar, mucilage, and an .acid. Encyc. Ure. 
 
 i. Sweetness; lusciousness. 
 
 The kin^ hath fonnil, 
 M ilter airainst him, tluit foivver man 
 T)iv honey of liii* laiigu.ige. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. A word of tenderness ; sweetness ; sweet one. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 This word is sometimes used adjectively ; as, the 
 music of his honey vows. 
 Hfi.V'EY, r. i. To talk fondly. [Utile used.] Shak. 
 HO.V'l'.Y, e. f. To sweeten. 
 
 IIO.\"'EY-U.\G, 71. The receptacle for honey in a hon- 
 
 ■ ey-liee. Orew. 
 
 IIO.V'EY-eOJin, (hun'y-koinc,) 77. A substance of a 
 firm, close texture, formed by bees into hexagonal 
 cells for repositories of hom y, and for the eggs wliicli 
 produce their young. 
 
 2. A casting of iron or other metal which has cells 
 like a bont^yctunb. 
 
 IIO.\'EY-eo.MU-£D, (-komd,) a. Having little flaws 
 or cells. IVUeman. 
 
 I10.\"EY-nEW, ( dii,) 71. A sweet, saccharine sub- 
 stance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants 
 in sina.l drops, like dew. Two substances have Iwcn 
 called by this name: one secreted from the pl.-tiits, 
 and the other deposited by a small insect, called the 
 aphis, or viiie-freiter. Bees and ants are saiil to be 
 ftuitl of honey -tlciv. Eneife. 
 
 IIO.N'EY-f.T), (hun'nid,)a. Covered with honey. Mlton 
 a. Sweet ; as, honeyed wortls. Milton. SJiak. 
 
 II0.N"EY-F1.<)W-ER, n. All evergreen shrub, of the 
 genus Melianlhus, a native uf the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Loudon. 
 
 llf)\'EY-G.\AT, (-nat,) 71. An insect, .^insworth. 
 
 IIO.N'EV-GL'IDE, H. A species of Cuckoo, of the ge- 
 nus Indicator, found in .Africa, whicli, by its motions 
 and cries, conducts persons to hives of wild honey. 
 
 P. Cue. 
 
 lION'EY-n.XR-VEST, 71. Honev collected. Dnjd'ni. 
 
 IIO.N'EY-LESS, n. Destitute of honev. Shak. 
 
 llO.\'EY-I,f) CirsT, 71. A North-American tree, the 
 Oleditschia triacantJiiLs, nniu-ti with thorns, and having 
 wood resembling that of the locust. It ha.s some- 
 times, though erroneously, been CiUled the tJirce- 
 thorned acacia. Encije. Jim. 
 
 IIO.N'EY-.MOO.V, ) 71. The first month after mar- 
 
 llfi.\'EY-.MO.\TII, i riagc. MdUon. 
 
 HO.N'EY-.MOU'fll-i'JD, u. Soft or smooth in speech. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HON'EY-STALK, (hun'y-stawk,) 71. Clover-flower. 
 
 llrt.\'EY-.<T6.NE. See .Mki.liti. [Mason. 
 
 I1(5.\'EY-SUCK-LE, «. The popular name of some 
 species of a genus of plants, the l.K)nicera or Capri- 
 folium, one of wliicll is caJled jcondbine. They are 
 celebrated for the beauty and fragrance of their flow- 
 ers. 
 
 IIO.N'EY-StrcK'LED, (-siik'ld,) a. Covered with 
 
 honevsnckles. 
 Hfi.N ' l-iY-SW EET, a. Sweet as honey. Chaucer. 
 HO.S"'EY-TO.NGU-£D, ( tungd,) a. Using soft speech. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HON'EY-WOIIT, 77. A r'mt of the genus Cerinthe, 
 whose flowers are very attractive to bees. Loudon. 
 
 IlO.Vti, 11. The Chinese name uf large factories at 
 Canton, where each nation has a separate hon_'. 
 Hence, a hon;; mercliaiit is a Chinese who is aiithor- 
 Izi-d to triile with these hongs. Buchanan. 
 
 //n'AV SOir qui M.II. Y PE^VSE, [Fr.] Slmme 
 be to him that evil thinks. 
 
 HO.\''I-KD, (hnn'iiid,) [III.] See Ho:<eted. 
 
 HON'OR, (on'iir,) 71. [L. honor, honoa; Fr. hanneur 1 
 Sp. honor i Port, honrai It. onore : Ann. enor ; lu 
 07ifiir.] 
 
 I. The esteem due or paid to worth ; high estima- 
 tion. 
 
 A prorityt Ii not williojt Aonor, except In his own country. -~ 
 MM. liii. 
 
 Q. .\ testimony of esteem ; any expression of re- 
 spi-ct or of high estiniatioii by words or atttitms; as, 
 til honors uf war ; military Iwitorn ; fuiierul honors; 
 civil honors. 
 
 3. Dignity ; ex'dted rank or place; distinction. 
 
 I have giy<>n tliee rictv* anil honor, — 1 Khisrs iii. 
 Thoii art clothi-il vvilli honor unil In.iji'iity. — Pi. civ. 
 In doin{{ a gouU tliiii(^, iIrtv is hotli honor ami ple.isnre. 
 
 /VnnJt?in. 
 
 4. Reverence ; veneration ; or any .act by whicli 
 reverenci: and siibniission are expressed, as worsliip 
 paid to the Sii|)reiiie Being. 
 
 .'). Ueputatiun ; good name ; as his honor is unsul- 
 lied. 
 
 6. True nobleness of mind; magnanimity; digni- 
 fied respect for elianicter, springing from probity, 
 principle, or moral rectitude ; a distioguishinir trait in 
 tlie character of irood men. 
 
 7. An assumed appearance of nobleness ; scorn of 
 meanu(!.ss, springing fioiii the fear of reproach, with- 
 out regaril to principle ; as, shall I violate my tru^t.' 
 F'lrbitl it, honor. 
 
 8. Any particular virtue much valued, as bravery 
 in ini'n, and chastity in females. Shak. 
 
 y. Dignity of mien ; noble appearance. 
 
 Uuillike en-ct, w ilh native honor cl.ul. Milton. 
 
 10. Th.at which honors ; he or that which confers 
 dignity ; us, the chancellor is an honor to his profes- 
 sion. 
 
 II. Privileges of rank or birth ; in the plural. 
 
 Restore me to my Aonorj. Shale. 
 
 12. Civilities paid. 
 
 Thru hi-re a hl.ive, or, if you will, a lunl, 
 
 To ilo the honors, iiii.l to give il.e wi»rj. Popt. 
 
 13. Th.at which adorns ; ornament; decoration. 
 
 The sire llieii «hook llie honort oftiia head. UryrUn. 
 
 14. A noble kind of scignory or lordship, held of 
 the king in capitc. Encije. 
 
 Honors ; in iraines, the four higliest cards, the ace, 
 king, queen, and jark. 
 
 Honors iifirar ; distinctions granted to a vanquished 
 enemy, as of marching out from a ramp or iiilrench- 
 meiils with all the insignia of niilitaiv etiquette. 
 Also, the compliments paid to great pi-r.-^ouages when 
 they appear bt l'ore an armed body of men ; likewise, 
 such as are paid to the remains of a deceased officer. 
 
 Encyc. Jim. 
 
 On or upon my honor : words accompanying a dec- 
 laration which [ileilge one's honor or re|>iitalion for 
 the truth of it. The iiu'inbers of the house of lords, 
 in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their 
 opinions on their honor. 
 
 Laies of honor, among persons of fashion, signify 
 certain rules by which their social intercourse is reg- 
 ulated, and which are founded on a regard to repu- 
 tation These laws require a puiirtilioiis nttenlion 
 to decoriiiii in external deportment, but admit of the 
 foulest violations of moral duty I*aley. 
 
 Court of honor ; a court of chivalry ; a court of civil 
 and criminal jurisdirlion, having iKiwer to redress 
 injuries of honor, and to hold pleas respecting mat- 
 ters of arms and deeds of war. Encyc. 
 IIO.\'OR, (on'iir,) r. t. [L.honoTo; Fr. honoreri Sp. 
 honrnr : It. onorare.] 
 
 1. To revere ; to respect ; to treat with deference 
 and submission, and perform relative diitie.-* to. 
 
 Honor thy f.iilivr lutil Ihy niolhor. — Kx. XX. 
 
 2. To reverence ; to manifest the highest venera- 
 tion for, in Words and actions ; to entertain the most 
 exalted thoughts of; to worship ; to adore. 
 
 Th.it all men ithoiilit honor tlie Sun, even oa tlicy Aonor tJie 
 h'.itliiT. — John V. 
 
 3. To dignify ; to raise to distinction or notice ; to 
 elevate in rank or station ; to exalt. .Men are some- 
 times honored with titles and ulfices which they do 
 nut merit. 
 
 TUiu shall it ii" (tone to the man whom Ihe king dcliglib lli to 
 honor. — B»tjKT vi. 
 
 4. To glorify ; to render illustrious. 
 
 1 will he honored upon Pluraoh, and upon alt hi« Iwvt. — F.x. 
 xiv. 
 
 5. To treat with dun civility and respect in the or- 
 dinary intercourse of lite. The troops honored the 
 governor wilh a s.alute. 
 
 fi. In eoinmercr, to .accept and p;iy when due ; as, to 
 honor a bill of exchange. 
 1I().\'()R-A l!EE, a. [\.. honorabUis ; Ft. honorable.] 
 1. Holding a distinguished rank in society; illus- 
 trious or noble. 
 
 Sliechetii waa more honorahie th-an all the houie of hia Callier. — 
 Ij.'ll. xxxiv. 
 
 Many of Owin If'li.'ve,! ; al»? of Aonora^< women who were 
 Greek* — not a fi-w. — Acu xvti. 
 
 S. Possessing a high mind ; actuated by principles 
 
 TO.NE, BJvLL, tJNITE.- A.V'GER, Vl"CIOUS._e as K ; i« J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 r>5<i 
 
IIOO 
 
 of honor, or a scrupulous reK'i''il to probity, rectitude, 
 or reputation. He is an honorable man. 
 
 3. Conferring honor, or procured by noble deeds ; 
 as, honorable wounds. Dryden. 
 
 4. Consistent with honor or reputation. It is not 
 honorable to oppress the weak, or to insult the van- 
 quislied. 
 
 5. Respected ; worthy of respect ; regarded with 
 esteem. 
 
 Mam'awe is honorable in all. — Heb. xiii. 
 
 C. Performed or accompanied with marks of lien- 
 or, or with testimonies of esteen; ; as, an honorable 
 burial. 
 
 7. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, 
 or directed to a just and proper end ; not base ; not 
 reproachful ; as, an honorable motive. A'othing can 
 be honorable which is immoral. 
 
 8. Not to be disgraced. 
 
 HOO 
 
 HOP 
 
 Let her descend ; my clumbers are honorahU. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 9. Honest ; without hypocrisy or deceit ; fair. His 
 intentions appear to be honorable. 
 
 10. An epithet of respect or distinction; as, tlie 
 honorable senate ; the honorable gentleoiuu. 
 
 11. Becoming men of rank and character, or suited 
 to support men in a station of dignity ; as, an honor- 
 able salary. Constitution of Jila^sachusetts. 
 
 HON'OR-A-BLE-NESS, (on'ur-a-bl-ness,) n. The 
 state of Wing honorable ; eminence ; distinction. 
 
 2. Conformity to the ))rincip]es of honor, probity, 
 or moral rectitude j fairness j applied to disposition or 
 to conditct. 
 
 HO\'OR-A-BLY, adv. With tokens of honor or re- 
 spect. The man was honorably received at court. 
 
 2. Magnanimously ; generously ; with a noble spirit 
 or purpose. The prince honorably iriterposed to pre- 
 vent a rupture between the nations. 
 
 3. Reputably ; without reproach. 
 
 Why did I not more honorably st-irve ? Dryden, 
 
 HOR-OR-A'RI-U.M, ) n. .4 term applied, in Europe, to 
 
 HON'OR-.VRV, j the rcconipt nsc! olK-red to pro- 
 fessors in universities, and to medical or otiier pro- 
 fessional gentlemen fur tiieir services. It is nearly 
 equivalent to Fee, with the additional idea of being 
 .given honoris causa, as a token of respect. Brande. 
 
 HO.\'()R-A-RY, a. Conferring honor, or intended 
 merely to confer honor; as, an honorary degree; an 
 honorary criuvn. 
 
 9. Possessing a title or place without performing 
 services or receiving a reward ; as, an honorary mem- 
 ber of a society. 
 
 HON'OR-£D, (on'urd,) pp. or a. Respected ; revered ; 
 reverenced ; elevateil to rank or olhce ; dignitied ; 
 "exalted ; glorified ; accepted and paid, as a bill of 
 exchange. 
 
 HON'OR-ER, n. One that honors ; one tliat reveres, 
 reverences, or regards vviili respect. 
 2. One who exalts, or who confers honors. 
 
 HOX'OR-ING, n. The act of giving honor. 
 
 HON'OR-ING, p;>r. Respecting highly ; ruvrencing; 
 exalting; dignifying; conferring marks of esteem; 
 accepting and paving, as a bill. 
 
 HO.\'OR-LESS, (on'ur-lcss,) a. Destitute of honor ; 
 not honored. H'arbnrton. 
 
 noon, in composition, [Sax. had, hade, G. heit, D. heid, 
 H\v. tiH, Dan. hcd, as in manhood, ekildliood,] denotes 
 state or fixedness, hence quality or character, from 
 some root signifying to set, .Sax. hadinn, to ordain. It 
 is equivalent to the termination hms in English, and 
 ta.i in Latin ; as goodness, G. gutlieit ; broUierliood, L. 
 fraternitiu. 
 
 HOOD, n. [Sax. hod; W. hod. Qu. from the root of 
 hut or hide.] 
 
 1. A covering for the head, used by females, and 
 deeper I ban a boniut. 
 
 2. A covering for the head and shoulders, used by 
 monks ; a cowl. 
 
 3. A covering for a hawk's head or eyes, used in 
 fali'.onry. ^ 
 
 4. Any tiling to ho drawn over the head to cover it. 
 .0. An ornamental fi>ld that hangs down the back 
 
 of a graduate to mark his degree Johnson. 
 
 li. A low, wooden porch over the ladder which 
 leads to the steerage of a ship ; the upper part of a 
 galley chimney ; the cover of a piiinp. jV/ur. Did, 
 HOOD, f. t. To dress in u hood or cowl ; to put on a 
 Ji I. 
 
 The frijr boofled, and the nion.ircti cruwncd. Pope. 
 
 2. To cover ; to blind. 
 
 I'll hood my eye*. SliaJc. 
 
 3. 'I'o cover, 
 
 And hoo/t die II iineg. Dryden, 
 
 HOOD'EI),p;i. or a. Covernl with a homl ; blinded. 
 
 HOOD'I.N'f;, ppr. Covering Willi a houd. 
 
 HWD'I.EH.S, a. Having no hood. 
 
 HOoH'MAN-IIIJND, v. a pluv in which n pemon 
 bliiiili'd in to catch another, and tidl liiK name; blind- 
 inilli'x lillir. Skak. 
 
 IIQOD'WI.NK, r. t. [hood and vaik,] To blind by 
 coveriiiK the eyi.n. 
 
 Wa wUI Uiiid Mill hoiKlieinIc hlin. 
 
 2. To cover ; to hide. 
 
 For the prize I'll bnn^ tliee to, ' 
 Shall hoodainh lliis mischance. Shak. 
 
 3. To deceive by external appearances or disguise ; 
 to impose on. Sidneu. 
 
 HOOD'U'IXK jED, (-winkt,) pp. Blinded ; deceived. 
 
 HOOD'U'INK-IXG, ppr. Blinding the eyes; cover- 
 ing; hiding; deceiving. 
 
 HOOF, n. [Sax. hof; G. liuf; D. horf; Dan. hov ; Sw. 
 hof, a hoof, and a measure. Class Gb, No. 31.] 
 
 1. The horny substance that covers -or terminates 
 the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, sheep, 
 goats, deer, &c. 
 
 2. All animal ; a beast. 
 
 He bad not asing^le /loo/ofany kind to slaughter. Washinglon. 
 HOOF, V. i. To walk as cattle. [LitUe used,] 
 
 William Scott. 
 
 HOOF'-BOUXD, a. A horse is said to be hoof-bound 
 when he has a pain in the fore feet, occasioned by 
 the dryness and contraction of the horn of the quar- 
 ters, wliicli straitens the quarters of the heels, and 
 often makes him lame. Far. Diet. 
 
 HOOF'£D, (hooft,5 a. Furnished with hoofs. 
 
 Of all tlie hoofed qu-adrnpeds llie horse is the most beautifid. 
 
 Crete. 
 
 HOOF'LESS, a. Destitute of hoofs. 
 HOOF'-TREAD, «. The tread of a hoof; a track. 
 HOOK, n. [.Sax. hoe ; 1). haak ; G. hakrn ; hake ; 
 
 Dan. hage ; W. hwg ; Heb. njn ; Ch. on. Class C", 
 
 No 22,23,24.1 
 
 1. A piece of iron, or other metal, bent into a Curve 
 for catcliiiig, holding, and sustaining any thing ; as, 
 a hook for catching fish ; a tenter-Auoi ; a chimney- 
 Iiook i a pot-hook, &.c. 
 
 2. A snare ; a trap. Shak. 
 
 3. [\V. hoc, a scythe.] A curving instrument for 
 cutting grass or g»ain ; a sickle; an instrument for 
 cutting or lopping. Mortimer. Pope. 
 
 4. That part of a hinge which is fixed or inserted 
 in a post ; whence the phrase, to he off the hooks, to 
 be unhinged, to be disturbed or disordered. Swift. 
 
 5. A forked timber in a ship, placed on the keel. 
 
 6. A catch ; an advantage, [f^ulgar.] 
 
 7. In husbandry, a field sown two years running. 
 [Liical.] Jli}isworth. 
 
 By hook and by crook ; one way or other ; by any 
 means, direct or indirect. Dryden. 
 HOQK, V. t. To catch with a hook ; as, to hook a fish. 
 
 2. To seize and draw, as with a hook. Shal;. 
 
 3. To fasten with a hook. 
 
 4. To entrap ; to insnare. 
 
 5. To draw by force or artifice. JVurm. 
 To hook on : to apply a hook. 
 
 HOOK, i\ i. To bend ; to be curving. 
 
 UOOK'.VH, >i. A Turkish pipe, in which the smoke 
 
 of tobacco is made to pass through water for the sake 
 
 of cooling it. 
 
 HOOK'£D, (hook'ed or hijnkt,) a. Bent into the form 
 of a hook ; curvated. The claws of a beast are 
 hooked. 
 
 2. Bent ; curvated ; aquiline ; as, a hooked nose. • 
 
 Brown. 
 
 H00K'/:D, (hookt,) Caught with a hook ; fastened 
 with a hook. 
 
 HOOK'ED-NESS, n. A state of being bent like a 
 hook. 
 
 HOOKTNG, ppr. Catching with a hook ; fastening 
 with a hook. 
 
 HOOK'-NoS-£D, a. Having a curvated or aquiline 
 
 nose. S/iu/i. 
 HOOK'Y, a. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks. 
 HOOP, n. [D. hocp, hoepcl.] 
 
 1. A band of wood or metal used to confine the 
 staves of casks, tubs, &.C., or for other similar piir- 
 |)oses. Wooden hoops are usually made by splitting 
 an oak or hickory sapling into two parts ; but some- 
 times they are made of thin splints, and of otlier spe- 
 cies of wood. 
 
 2. A piece of whalebone, in the form of a circle or 
 ellipsis, used formerly by females to extend their pet- 
 tictmls ; a farthingale. Swift, 
 
 3. Something resembling a hoop ; a ring ; anv thing 
 circular. Jlddison. 
 
 HOOP, r. (. 'l"o bind or fasten with hoops ; as, to hcop 
 a barrel or |>iincheoii. 
 2. To clasp ; to encircle ; to surround. 
 
 Slink. Grew. 
 
 HOOP, x\ i. [Rax. hralian, heofan, to howl, to lami nt, 
 to weep; also, hwcopan, to whip, to weep, to howl, to 
 ■whoop ; till' latti^r is written also wropun, wepan, to 
 weep; Goth, wopyan, to whoop. The Sax. hcajian 
 seems to be connected with heave, and the sense is 
 probably to raise or throw the voice. Whether heofi- 
 an and hwropan are radically the same word, is not 
 certain ; most probably they are, and wlump and weep 
 are evidently the s.inie. IVceping, in rude ages, is 
 by howling, or loud outcries. Sec Whoop, the same 
 word dillV renlly written.] 
 
 'I'o shout ; to utter a Imul cry, or a particular sound 
 by way of call or pursuit. 
 
 HOOP, V, I. To drive with a shout or outcry. Shale. 
 2. 'I'o call by a slioiit or hoop. 
 
 HOOP, n. A shout ; also, [Sw. hof,] a measure, equal 
 
 to a peck. 
 2. The hoojioe. 
 HOOP'i^D, (lioypt,);^. Fastened with hoops. 
 HOOP'ER, 71. One who lioops casks or tubs ; a 
 
 cooper. 
 
 HQOP'ING, ppr. Fastening with hoops. 
 '2. Crying out ; shouting. 
 
 HOOP'lNG-eoUGH, 71. A cough in which the pa- 
 tient hoops, or whoops, with a deep inspiration of 
 breath. 
 
 HOOP'oE, ) n. [Fr. huppe, the hoopoe, and a tuft; 
 HOOP'OO, j huppe, tufted ; or L. upupa, epops; Gr. 
 
 eJTOKp.] 
 
 A bird of the genus Upupa, whose liead is adorned 
 with a beautiful crest, wliich it can erect or depress 
 at pleasure. Encyc. 
 HOOP'-PoLE, Ji. A small young tree cut for making 
 hoops. 
 
 HOO'SIER, (hoo'zher,) n. A term applied to the citi- 
 zens of the state of Indiana. United States. 
 
 HOOT, V. i. [W. hwd, or hwt, a taking oft", off, away ; 
 hwtiaw, to take oft", to push away, to hoot ; and udaw, 
 to howl or yell ; Fr. huer, a contracted word ; hence, 
 hue, in hue and cry.] 
 
 1. To cry out or shout in contempt. 
 
 Matrons and ^rls shall hoot at thee no mon;. Dryden. 
 
 2. To cry as an owl. 
 
 The cl.uiiorous owl, Uiat nightly hools. Dryden. 
 
 HOOT, V. t. To drive with cries or shouts uttered in 
 contempt. 
 
 Partridge and liis clan may hool me for a cheat. Sirift. 
 HOOT, 71. A cry or shout in contempt. Glanvillc. 
 HOOT'ED, pp. Driven with shouts of contempt. 
 HOOT'ING, ;)/)r. Shouting in ctmtempt. 
 HOOT'ING, 7!. A shouting in contempt. 
 
 2. The cry of an owl. 
 HOOVE, j 71. A disease in cattle consisting in the 
 HOOV'£N, j excessive inflation of the stomach by 
 gas, ordinarily caused by eating too much green food. 
 
 Oaj'dnrr. 
 
 HOP, V. i. [Sax. hoppan ; G. hvpfen ; D. Imppelen ; Sw. 
 hoppa; Dan. hopper: W. hobelu, to hop, to hobble. 
 It has the elements of caper.] 
 
 1. To leap, or spring on one leg ; applied to prr.'ious. 
 
 2. To leap ; to spring forward by leaps ; to skip, as 
 birds. 
 
 Hopping from s^tray to spray. Dryden. 
 
 3. To walk lame ; to limp ; to halt. 
 [We generally use Hobble.] 
 
 4. To move by leaps or starts, as the blood in the 
 veins. [A''ot used.] Spender. 
 
 5. To spring ; to leap ; to frisk about. 
 
 6. To dance. Chaucer. 
 HOP, 71. A leap on one leg; a leap; a jump; a 
 
 spring. 
 2. A dance. [Colloquial.] 
 
 HOP-O'-MY-THUJIB, a. A verj' diminutive person. 
 [ K ulgar. ] Orose, 
 
 HOP, 71. [D. hop ; G. hopfcn ; probably hoop, from wind- 
 ing-] 
 
 A plant constituting the genus Humuliis The 
 stalk or vine, which grows to a great leiigtli, is weak, 
 and requires to be supported. In growing, it climbs 
 or winds round a pole or other support. This plant 
 is of great importance in brewing, as it tends to pre- 
 serve malt liquors, and renders them more salubri- 
 ous. Encyc. 
 
 HOP, !'. t. To impregnate with hops. Mortimer. 
 
 HOP'-BI.ND, 7(. The stalk or vine on which hops 
 grow. Blnckstone. 
 
 HoP'0.\ST, 71. In Kent, a kiln for drying hops. 
 
 HOP'-PICK-ER, 71. One that picks hops. 
 
 HOP'-PoLE, 71. A pole used to support hops. Tusser. 
 
 HOP'- VINE, H. The stalk of hops. 
 
 IIOP'-YaRD, j 71. A field or inclosiire where hops 
 
 HOP'-GaR-DE.V, i are raised. 
 
 Hope, 71. [Sax. hopa ; D. hoop ; Sw. hopp ; Dan. haab ; 
 G. hoffnung. Qu. I.. cii;)i«. Class Gb. The primary 
 sense is, to extend, to reach forwai;d.] 
 
 1. A desire of some good, accompanied with nt 
 least a slight expectation of obtaining it, or a belief 
 that it is obtainable. Ifope ditl'ers from wish and de- 
 sire in this, that it implies some expectalum of ob- 
 taining the good desired, or the possibility of possess- 
 ing it. Hope, therefore, always gives pleasure or 
 joy ; H'hereas wish anil desire may produce, or be ac- 
 companied with, pain and anviety. 
 
 The bvpocrile'* hope nhall periali. — Job viii. 
 
 He wii-lied, but not with hojte. A/i/ton, 
 
 Sweet hope I kind client ! Craslmie. 
 
 He that lives iipim hope will die f.istini,'. t'mnklin. 
 
 2. Confidence in a future event ; the highest de- 
 gree of well foundetl expectation of good ; as, a hope 
 founded on (imPs gracitnis promises ; a scriptural 
 sense. A well-founded scriptural hope is, in our re- 
 ligion, the source of ineffable happini ss. 
 
 3. That wliicli gives liopi' ; he or that which fur- 
 nishes grounil of expectation, or promises desired 
 good. 'J'lie h"pe of Israel is the Messiah. 
 
 The Lor^l will be the hope of bU people. — Joel iii. 
 
 4. An opinion or belief not amounting to certainty, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FAI,L, WH^T — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQl.F, HQOK.— 
 
 SCO 
 
HOR 
 
 HOR 
 
 HOR 
 
 but firoumlccl on subsliiiitial evijeiico. 'I'lii! Chris- 
 tiiiii iiululges a ItnpF that his sins arc pardoneil. 
 IIOl'R, r. !. [Sax. hiipian; G. huj'en ; D. hoiipcn, to 
 hops, and to lieap ; Dan. Iiaaber ; tiw. hoppas.] 
 
 1. To cherish a desire of Rood, witli some expecta- 
 tion of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable. 
 
 Hope fur good success. Taylor. 
 
 8oht>r luul hope 10 tho end. — I Pet. i. 
 Hope liiiinl.ly then, wilh livniWiiig pinions soar. Pope, 
 
 2. To place confidence in ; to trust in with confi- 
 dent expectation of good. 
 
 Why nrt Uiou cast down, O my toul, and why art thou disquieted 
 within me ? Hope thou in God. — Pi. xlii. 
 
 IloPn, V. t. To desire with expectation of pood, or a 
 beliL-f tliat it may be obtained. Hut as a trunsilive 
 verb, it is seldom nsi!d, and the plirases'in which it 
 is so used are elliptical, for being understood. 
 So stiinils the Thnician herdsman with Iiis spear, 
 Full in the ^p, ami hopes the hunted Ijcar. DrytUn. 
 
 ilOi E, ?i. A sloping plain between ridges of moun- 
 
 tiiiiis. [JVo« in use.'] Jliiisicurtli. 
 IloP' /■;!), (hopt,) ;)/). Desired with expectation. 
 HoPr/-UU-SF.RT'ED,a. Deserted by hope ; hopeless. 
 llOl'K'KIJL, a. Having qualities which excite liope ; 
 promising or giving ground to expect good or success ; 
 as, a hoprfid youth ; a hopeful prospect. 
 2. Full of hope or desire, wilh expectation. 
 I was hope/ul the success of your first attempts would encourage 
 you to tlic trial of more nice and dilUcult experiments. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 IIOPK'FIJL-LY, adv. In a manner to raise hope ; in 
 a way promising good. He prosecutes his scheme 
 hoprftttlij. 
 
 2. In a manner to produce a favorable opinion 
 respecting some good at tho present time. The young 
 man is hopefully pious. 
 
 3. With hope ; with ground to expect. 
 H5PE'FIJL-NESS, n. Promise of good ; ground to 
 
 expect what is desirable. fVotton. 
 HOPE'LEHS, a. Destitute of hope ; having no expec- 
 tation of that which is desirable ; despairing. 
 
 1 am a woman, friendless, hopeless. SJiak. 
 2. Giving no ground of hope or expectation of 
 good; promising nothing desirable ; desperate; as, a 
 hopeless condition. 
 Hol'E'I. EPS-LY, arir. Without hope. Beamn. Fl. 
 IIOPE'LESS-NESS, n. A state of being desperate, or 
 
 alt'oriliiig no hope. 
 IIoP'Ell, n. One that hopes. Shak. 
 HoP'IN'G, ppr. Having hope; indulging desire of 
 good, with tile expectation of obtaining it, or a be- 
 2. Confiding in. [lief that it is obtainable. 
 
 [loP'IXG-LY, adv. With hope or desire of good, and 
 
 expcct.ition of obtaining it. Hammond. 
 HOP'LITE, n. [Gr. OT.Virijs, from hjT\nv, a weapon.] 
 In niicieiit Greece, a heavy-armed soldier. MitforcL 
 HOP'PiOD, (hopt,) pp. Leaped on one leg ; danced. 
 
 2. Impregnated with hops. 
 HOP'PER, lu [See Hop.] One who hops, or leaps 
 on one leg. 
 
 2. Properly, a wooden trough or shoe through 
 which grain passes into a mill ; so nameti from its 
 moving or slialting. But we give the name to a box 
 or frame of boards, which receives the grain before 
 it passes into the trough ; also, to a similar box which 
 receives apples for conducting them into a mill, and 
 to one which supplies fuel to a furnace, &c. 
 
 3. A vessel in which seed-corn is carried for sow- 
 ing. Encijc. 
 
 n01"PER-BOY, n. In mi7/,s, a rake moving in a circle 
 to draw the meal over an opening in the floor, 
 through which it falls. 
 
 HOi"PERS, H. A pl.ay in which persons hop or leap 
 on one leg ; hopscotch, which see. Johnson. 
 
 HOP'PING, ppr, Leaping on one leg ; springing j 
 2. Impregnating with hops. [frisking; dancing. 
 
 HOP'PING, 71. A leaping on one leg; a springing, 
 frisking, or dancing. 
 2. A gathering of hops. Smart. 
 
 IIOP'PLE, V. t. To tie tlie feet near together, to pre- 
 vent leaping ; as, to hopple an unruly horse. Uolloway. 
 
 HOP'PLES, (-plz,) >i. pi. Fetters for horses or other 
 animals when turned out to graze. Brande. 
 
 HOP'l'O, n. In China, a collector; an overseer of 
 commerce. Malcom. 
 
 HOP'seOTCH, 71. A play among boys. The word 
 scotch refers to lines which are scotched or traced on 
 the ground, over which the player can pass only by 
 hopping. Toone. 
 
 HO'RAI,, a. [L. hora, an hour. See Hour.] 
 
 Rehitint; to an hour, or to hours. Prior. 
 
 H6'RAL-I,V, adc. Hourly. [JVi.t in use.] 
 
 HCK.\-RY, a. [L. horarius i Fr. horaire ; from L. 
 hvra, hour.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to an hour; noting the hours; as, 
 the horary circle. Encyc. 
 
 2. Continuing an hour. Brown. 
 HORDE, 71. [D. horde, a rian, and a hurdle ; G. horde, 
 
 A clan, and a pen or fold. This seems to be the Sax. 
 hcord, a herd.) 
 
 .\ rj)inpany of wandering people, dwelling in tents 
 or wagons, and migrating from place to place, for the 
 
 sake of pasturage, plunder, &c. Such are some 
 
 tribes of the Tartars in tlie north of Asia. A horde 
 
 usually consists of fifty or sixty tents. 
 
 Encyc. Mitford. 
 HGR'nE-IN, ?!. A substance analogous to starch, 
 
 fotind in barley. 
 HoKE'HOUND, 71. [Sax. Aara-Aunc, white hune.] See 
 
 HOARHOUND.] 
 
 HO-RI'ZON, 77. [Gr. bnil^iov, from hpi^to, to bound, 
 bpoi, a limit ; Fr. horizon; Sp. horizontc; It. ortionte. 
 This word was formerly pronounced hor'iion, like 
 or'ison, which is in accordance with tlie regular 
 analogy of Englisli worils.] 
 
 1. A circle tuucliing the earth at the place of the 
 spectator, anil bounded by tlie line in which the earth 
 and skies seem to meet. This is called the sensible 
 horizon. 
 
 2. The great circle which divides the earth into 
 upper and lower hemispheres, and separates the vis- 
 ible heavens from the invisible. This is called the 
 rational horizon. The sensible horizon is parallel to the 
 rational, but is distant from it by tlie semi-diameter of 
 tlie eartli, or nearly 4000 miles. Olmsted. 
 
 nOR-l-7.( ).\'T.\L, a. Pertaining to the horizon, or 
 relating to it. 
 
 2. I'artillel to the horizon ; on a level ; as, a hori- 
 zontal line or surface. 
 
 3. Near the horizon ; as, horizontal, misty air. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HOR-I-ZON'TAL-LY, adv. In a direction parallel to 
 the horizon ; on a level ; as, a ball carried hurizon- 
 talhi. 
 
 IIOR-I-ZON-TAL'I-TY, 7t. The state of being hori- 
 zontal. Kirwan. 
 
 HORN, 71. [Sax. horn ; G. Sw. and Dan. horn : Goth. 
 tiaurn ; D. hoorn ; Sw. horn, a corner; W. corn, a 
 horn, cornel, a corner ; Ij. cornu ; Sp. aterno ; It. and 
 Port, corno ; Fr. corne; Heb. Cll. Syr. Etli. Ar. pp. 
 The sense is, a shoot, a projection. Class Iln, No. LS.] 
 
 1. A hard substance growing on the heads of cer- 
 tain animals, and pat ticulaily on cloven-footed (piad- 
 rupcds ; usually projecting to some length, and ter- 
 minating in a point. Horns are generally bent or 
 curving, and those of some animals are spiral. 
 They serve for weapons of offense and defense. 
 The substance of horns is gelatinous, and in Papiu's 
 digester it may be converted into jelly. Encyc. 
 
 Horn is an animal substance, chietly membranous, 
 consisting of coagulated albumen, with a little gelatin 
 and phosphate of lime. Ure. 
 
 The horns of deer possess exactly the properties of 
 bone, and are composed of the same constituents, 
 only the proportion of cartilage is greater. Thomson. 
 
 2. A wind instrument of music, made of horn ; a 
 trumpet. Such were used by the Israelites. 
 
 3. In modern times, a wind instrument of music, 
 made of metal. 
 
 4. An extremity of the moon, when it is waxing 
 or w.aning, and forming a crescent. Drydcn. 
 
 5. The feeler or antenna of on insect. 
 
 6. The feeler of a snail, which may be withdrawn ; 
 hence, to pull or draw in tlie /lorns, is to repress one's 
 ardor, or to restrain pride. Johnson, 
 
 7. A drinking cup ; horns being used anciently for 
 Clips. Hence, in vulgar language, to take a Iwrn, to 
 drink. 
 
 8. .\ winding stream. Dryden. 
 
 9. Horns, in the plural, is used to characterize a 
 cuckold. He wears the Iwrns. 
 
 10. In Scripture, Iwrn is a symbol of strength or 
 power. 
 
 The horn of Moab is cut off. — Jer. xlviii. 
 Horn is also an emblem of glory, honor, dignity. 
 My horn is exalted m Ihe Lord. — 1 Sam. ii. 
 
 In Daniel, /ier« represents a kingdom or state. 
 HORN, f. i. To cuckold. B. Jonson. 
 
 HORN'HijAK, n. A fish. [See Hornfish.] 
 HORX'lll'.AM, 7U [See Re.vm.] The popular name 
 of one or two species of a genus of trees, the Car- 
 pinus, having wood of a horny toughness and hard- 
 ness, used for various implements of husbandry. 
 
 Farm, Encyc. 
 
 HORN'IIILL, 71. A large, voracious biro, of the genus 
 Buccros, which has a flat, bony forehead, with two 
 horns ; a native of the East Indies. There are many 
 species in India and Africa, distinguished in general 
 bv a large bill with one or two horns. 
 
 HORN'RLENDE, 7i. [G, liorn and blende,] A com- 
 mon mineral, occurring massive or in prismatic crys- 
 tals, and of various colors, from white, through green 
 sliade.s, to black. The crystals are sometimes short, 
 but generally very long and slender, blade-like or 
 mere fibers. The black variety is called Hornblende ; 
 the green, .^ctinolUe; the white, Tremolile, or fVhitc 
 Iwmbicnde ; the fibrous, .^.^bestus. 
 
 This mineral consists essentially of silica combined 
 wilh magnesia, lime, or iron. 
 
 HORN'HLENDE-SClIIST, (-shist,) n. A hornblende 
 rork of schistose structure. Dana, 
 
 HoRN-RLEND'ie, o. Composed chiefly of horn- 
 blende. PcreiraPs OeoL 
 
 HORN'HT,0W-ER, n. One that blows a horn. 
 
 HOR-VIJCQK, H. The first book of children, or that 
 
 in which they learn their letters and nidlmentii; to 
 called from its cover of horn. [Auis little used.] 
 
 Jjocke, 
 
 HORN'-IlUG, 71. A kind of beetle of a dark, mahoga- 
 ny color. Farm, Encyc, 
 
 HORN'-DIS-TEM'PER, 7i. A disease of cattle, af- 
 fecting tho internal substance of the horn. Encyc, 
 
 HORN'£D, a. Furnished with horns ; horned cat- 
 tle. 
 
 2. Shaped like a crescent, or the new moon. 
 
 MiUon. 
 
 HORN'KD HORSE, 7i. The Gnu, which see. 
 HOIIN'ED-NESS, 7i. The appearance of horns. 
 IIOUN'ER,7i. One who works or deals in horn. Grew, 
 
 2. One who winds or blows the horn. Shcrjeood. 
 IIORN'ET, 71. [Sax. hi/met, hymcle; G. homiss; D. 
 horzel. ] 
 
 An insect of the genus Vespa or wasp, the Ve.fpa 
 erabro. It is much larger and strtmger than the 
 wasp, and its sting gives severe jiain. This insect 
 constructs a nest of leaves, or other substances, 
 which resemble brown paper of a light color. This 
 is attached to tho branches of trees, and often of the 
 size of a half peck measure. 
 
 HORN'FISH, 71. The gar fish or sea-needle, of the old 
 genus Espz, Encyc. 
 
 HORN'FOOT, a. Having a hoof ; hoofed. Hukrwill. 
 
 HORN'I-Ft, V. t. To bestow horns upon. [M used, 
 or vulfjar.] Beaum. ^- Fl. 
 
 HORN'L\G, 71. Appearance of the moon when in- 
 creasing, or in the form of a crescent. Gregory. 
 
 2. Ill Scottish law, tetters of horning are a process 
 against a debtor requiring the debt to be paiil with- 
 in a limited time, in default of which the debtor in- 
 curs a charge of rebellion. IV. Scott. Brande. 
 
 IIORN'ISH, a. Somewhat like horn ; hard. Sandys. 
 
 HORN'I-TO, 71. [L.fornarc, Sp. /ior;io.] 
 An oven. 
 
 HORN'-LEAD, ( led,) 7i. Chloriil of lead. 
 
 HOUN'LESS, a. Htivini: no horns. Journ. of Science. 
 
 IIOK.\''-iMAI), a. M.id from cuckoldom. Shah. 
 
 HOKN'-iMAK-ER, 77. A maker of cuckolds. Shak. 
 
 HORN'-MER'eU-RY, 71. Chlorid of mercury. 
 
 HORN'OWL, 71. A sjH^cies of owl, so called from two 
 tufts of feathers on its head, like horns. Jlinsirorth. 
 
 HORN'PIPE, 71. An instrument of music in Wales, 
 consisting of a wooden pipe with horns at the ends, 
 one to collcrt the wind blown from the mouth, the 
 other to carry olT the sounds as modulated by the 
 performer. [W . pib-corn.] Encyc. 
 
 2. A lively air or tune of triple time, with six 
 crotchets in a bar; four to the descending beat, and 
 two to the ascending. Entyc. 
 
 3. A characteristic British dance. Smart. 
 IIORN'-SHaV INGS, 71. pi. Scra|)ings or raspings of 
 
 the horns of deer. B. Jonson. 
 
 HORN'-SIL-VER, 71. Chlorid of silver. 
 
 HORN'SLaTE, n. .A grav, silicious stone. Kirwan. 
 
 HORN'SPqON, 77. A spoon made of horn. 
 
 IIORN'STo.NE, 71. A silicious stone, a subspecies of 
 quartz. It is divided by Jameson into splintery, 
 conrboidal,an(l wood-stone. [See Chf.rt.] 
 
 IIOUN'VVORK, 71. In fortification, an outwork com- 
 posed of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 HORN'WRACK, (-rak,) 71. A species of coralline. 
 
 [See CORALLOID.J 
 
 noRN'Y, a. Consisting of horn, or horns. .Milton, 
 
 2. Resembling horn. 
 
 3. Hard ; callous. Dnjden. 
 HO-ROG'RA-PHY, 71. [Gr. w.ia, hour, anil >,«i.>ai, 
 
 to write, ypuipn, a description.] 
 
 1. An account of hours. 
 
 2. The art of constructing dials. Cyc. 
 HOR'O-LOGE, 71. \Fr. horloge; I,, horoln^ium ; Gr. 
 
 i>o<>\iiyiov ; oion, hour, and Acj (,?, to tell.'] 
 
 An instrument that indicates ihe hour of the day. 
 But Chronometer is now generally used. 
 HOR-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to the liorologe, or 
 to liorolog;'. 
 
 IIOR-O-LQ-GI-OG'RA-PHER, 71. A maker of clocks 
 or dials. 
 
 HOR-()-I,0-GI-0-GRAPH'ie, a. Pertaining to the 
 art of dialiiii:. Chambers, 
 
 HOR-O-LO-Gr-OG'RA-PHY, 71. [Gr. iipa, hour, \oyH, 
 discourse, and ypo'^n, description.] 
 
 An account of instruments that show the hour of 
 the day ; also, of the art of constructing dials. Diet. 
 
 HO-ROL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. I'.ij/oA-); cw ; uipa, hour, and 
 Af)'-', to indicate. See Horologe.] 
 
 That branch of mathematics which treats of the 
 principles and construction of machines for mea.s- 
 uring and indicating portions of time, as clocks, 
 watches, &c. Edin, Encyc, 
 
 HOR-O-.MET'Rie-AL, o. [from horometnj,] Be- 
 longing to borometry, or to the measurement of time 
 by liou.'s and subordinate divisions. .^sinl. Res, 
 
 IIO-ROM'E-TRY, 71. [Gr. upu, hour, and pirpor, 
 measure.] 
 
 The art or practice of measuring time by hours and 
 subordin.ate divisions. 
 HOR'O-SeOPE, 71. [Fr., from Gr. Iioockotos ; topa, 
 hour, and itk"-t[o>, to view, or consider.] 
 
 1. In astrology, a scheme or figure of the twelve 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 71 
 
 5()1 
 
HOR 
 
 HOS 
 
 houses, or twelve signs of the zodiac, in which is 
 marked the disposition of the heavens at a given 
 time, and by whicli astrologers formerly told the for- 
 tunes of persons, according to the position of the 
 stars at the time of their birth. Encyc. 
 
 2. The degree or point of tlie heavens arising 
 above the eastern point of the horizon at any given 
 time when a prediction is to be made of a future 
 event. Encyc. 
 HO-ROS'eO-PY, 71. The art or practice of predicting 
 future events by the disposition of the stars and 
 planets. 
 
 IIOll'IlENT, a. [L. horrens. See Horror.] 
 
 Bristled; standing erect as bristles ; pointing out- 
 ward. 
 
 With brijlit emblaxonry and horrent arms. ^Tiltan, 
 IIOR'RI-BLE, a. [L. Iwrribilis. See Horror.] 
 
 Exciting, or tending to excite, horror ; dreadful ; 
 terrible ; shocking ; hideous ; as, a horrible figure or 
 sight ; a horrible story. 
 
 A dungeon horrible on .all sides round. MUton, 
 HOR'RI-BLE-NESS, n. The state or qualities that 
 may excite horror ; dreadfuluess ; terribleness ; liid- 
 eousness. 
 
 HOR'Rl-BLY, adv. In a manner to excite horror; 
 dreadfully; terribly; as, horribly loud; horribly 
 afraid. 
 
 HOR'RID, a. [L. horridus. See Horror.] 
 
 1. That does or may excite horror; dreadful ; hid- 
 eous; shocking; as, a Aorriii spectacle or siglit ; hor- 
 rid symiiathy. Milton. 
 
 2. Rough ; rugged. [ Thhs is the literal and primary 
 sense.'\ 
 
 Horriil willl P*rn, and intricate with Ihom. Dryden. 
 
 3. Shocking; very offensive ; a colloquial smse. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 HOR'RrD-LY, adv. In a manner to excite horror; 
 
 rirr:iill'ully ; shockingly. 
 HOK'RII) NESH, 11. The qualities that do or may ex- 
 cite hurrtn* ; hitleousness ; enormity. Hammond. 
 HOR-HIF'ie, a. [L. Iwrrificus.] 
 
 Causing horror. Thomson. 
 IlOR'RI-FT-£0, (hor're-fide,)p/). ore. Made horrible; 
 
 struck wttli horror. 
 HOU'Rl-F?, V. t. [L. horror and facio.] 
 To make horrible ; to strike willl horror. 
 
 E. Irving. 
 
 HOR-RIP-I-L.\'TION, n. A bristling of the hair of 
 the head or body, resuUing frum disease or terror. 
 
 HOR-RIS'O-NOUS, a. [L. horrisonus ; horrco, to 
 shake, anil sonu.i, sound.] 
 
 Soiniding dreadfully ; uttering a terrible sound. 
 
 IIOU'IK II!, [L., from horreo, to shake, orshiver,or 
 111 SI t up the bristles, to be rough.] 
 
 1. A shaking, shivering, or siiuddcring, as in the 
 cold fit v.'liich pieredrs a fever. This ague is usually 
 accompanied with a contraction of the skin into small 
 wrinkles, giving it a kind of roughness. 
 
 2. An excessive degree of fear, or a painful emo- 
 tion which makes a person tremble ; terror ; a shud- 
 dering with fi ar; but appropriately, terror, or a sen- 
 sation approaching it, accompanietl with hatred or 
 detestation. Horror is often a passion compounded 
 of fear and hatred or disgust. The recital of a 
 bloody deed fills us with horror. 
 
 A horror of ip-eat d.-irl%n<*ss fell on Aijram. — (Jen. xv. 
 IJorror liatll tilieiv hold on rae, brcansc of the wiciicii dial forsake 
 Uiy law. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 3. That which may excite horror or dread ; gloom ; 
 dreariness. 
 
 And breatti'-a a brownrr horror on the woods. Pope. 
 
 4. Dreadful thoughts. 
 
 5. Distressing scenes ; as, the horrors of war or 
 famine. 
 
 The horrors; a result of habits of inebriation ; a 
 state of extreme bodily and mental agitation, occa- 
 sioned by a withdrawment of the customary stim- 
 ulus. 
 
 HOR'HOR-STRK.'K'KX, a. Struck with horror. 
 linns HE COMBAT', (hor-de-kom-bJi',) [Fr.] 
 
 Out of the combat ; disabled to fight. 
 HOUSE, 71. [Sax. hors i G. ross ; V. ros ; Ft. rosse ; 
 
 It. roizo.] 
 
 1. A species of quadrupeds of the genus Eqiius, 
 having six erect and parallel fore-teeth in the upper 
 Jaw, and six somewhat prominent in the under jaw ; 
 the dog-teeth are solitary, and the feet consist of an 
 iindiviiird hoof. The horse is a beautiful animal, 
 and of gri-at use for draught, or conveyance on his 
 barjt. llorae, in English, is of common gender, and 
 may comprehend the male and female. 
 
 2. A constellation. Creech. 
 
 3. Cavalry ; a body of troops serving on horse- 
 back. In this sense, it has no plural termination. Wo 
 «ay, a thousand hnr.ie ; a regiment of home. 
 
 4. A ni.ichine by wlilch something is supported ; 
 UHiial'y, a wooden frame with lets. Various ma- 
 chines used in Ihe arts are thus called. Encyc. 
 
 r>. A wooden machine on which soldiers ride by 
 way of punislirni nt ; HometimeK called a timbrr mure, 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 G, In Heamm^B lanpuifie^ a font roi>e extending 
 
 from the middle of a yard to its extremity, to sup- 
 port the sailors while tlicy loose, reef, or furl the 
 sails ; also, a thick rope extendetl near the mast for 
 hoisting a yard or extending a sail on it. Totleii, 
 To take liorse ; to set out to ride on liorseback. 
 2. To be covered, as a mare. [Mdison, 
 HORSE, V, t. To mount on a horse. 
 
 2. To take or carry on the back. 
 
 The keeper, horsing a deer. Butler. 
 
 3. To ride or sit on any thing astride ; as, ridges 
 horsed. Shah. 
 
 4. To cover a mare, as the male. Mortimer. 
 HORSE, V. i. To get on horseback. Shclton. 
 HORSE'BACK, (hors'bak,) n. The state of being on 
 
 a liorse ; the posture of riding on a horse. 
 
 I saw them salute on horseback. Slink. 
 
 HORSE'-Be.VN, n, A small liean usually given to 
 horses. Mortimer, 
 
 HORSE'-BLOCK, n, A block or stage that assists 
 persons in mounting and dismounting from a horse. 
 
 HOKSE'-Bo.'VT, 71. A boat used in conveying horses 
 over a river or other water. 
 
 2. A boat moved by horses ; a species of ferry- 
 boat. 
 
 HORSE'-BOY, 7!. A boy employed in dressing and 
 tending horses ; a stable-boy. Knoltes, 
 
 HORSE'-BRE.\K-ER, ri. One whose employment is 
 to break horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. 
 
 Creech, 
 
 HORSE'-CHEST'NUT, r. A large nut, the fruit of 
 a species of /Esculus ; or the tree that produces it. 
 The tree is much cultivateti for shade. 
 
 HORSE'-CIjOTH, 71. A cloth to cover a horse. 
 
 H0RSE'-eoURS<£R, n. One that runs horses, or 
 keeps horses for the race. ,Johnson. 
 2. A dealer in horses. Wiseman. 
 
 HORSE'-CRAB, 7!. A crustaceous fish. .Sinsworth, 
 
 HORSE'-€C'eUM-BER, 7i. A large green cucumber. 
 
 Mortimer, 
 
 HORSE'-DeAL-ER, 7!. One who buys and sells 
 horses. 
 
 HORSE'-DRENCH, !t. A dose of physic for a horse. 
 HORSE'-DUNG, 71. The dung of horses. [Shali, 
 HORSE'-EM-MET, ?i. A species of large ant. 
 HORSE'-FaC-£D, ( fdste,) a. Having a long, coarse 
 face. 
 
 HORSE'-FLESH, 71. The fiesh of a horse. Bacon, 
 HORSE'-FLf , 71. A large fly that stings horses. 
 HORSE'-FQOT, 71. A plant, called also Colt.sfoot. 
 
 ,^insjcorth. 
 
 HORSE'-GUXRDS, 71. pU A body of cavalry for 
 guards. 
 
 HORSE'-HaIR, 71. The hair of horses. 
 HORSE'-HoE, 71. A hoe for cleaning a field by means 
 of horses. 
 
 HORSE'-JOCK-EY, 71. A dealer in the purchase and 
 
 svle of horses. 
 HORSE'-KEEP-ER, n. One who keeps or takes care 
 
 of horses. 
 
 HORSE'-KNaVE, (-nave,) 71. A groom. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 IIORSE'-KNOPS, (hors'nops,) n. pi. Heads of knop- 
 
 weed. Grose. 
 HORSE'-LXUGII, ( lif,) 71. A loud, boisterous laugh. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 HORSE'-LEECH, 71. A large leech. [See Leech.] 
 
 2. A farrier. .^insworth, 
 IIORSE'-LIT-TER, 71. A carriage hung on poles 
 which are borne by and between two hoi'ses. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HORSE' -Load, ti. a load for a horse. 
 HORSE'LY, a. Applied to a horse, as manly is to a 
 man. 
 
 HORSE'MAN, 71. A rider on horseback. .9ddison, 
 
 2. A man skilled in riding. Dryden, 
 
 3. A soldier who serves on horseback. Ilayward, 
 IIORSE'MAN-SHIP, 71. The act of riding, and of 
 
 training and managing horses. Pope, 
 HORSE'-MAR-TEN, 71. A kind of large bee. 
 
 .^in^worth, 
 
 IIORSE'MATCII, 71. A bird. Ainsieorth, 
 HORSE'-MEAT, 71. Food for horses ; proveniler. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 HORSE'-MIIil,, 71. A mill turned by a horse. 
 
 HORSE'-.MIL'LI-NER,7i. [horse -.mi milliner.] One 
 who supplies ribbons and other decorations for 
 horses. Smart, 
 
 HORSIV-MINT, 71. A species of large mint. 
 
 IIORSE'-MUS-CLE, (-mus'l,) ?i. A largo muscle or 
 shell-fish. Bacon. 
 
 IIORSI'.'-PATII, 71. A path for horses, as by canals, 
 
 IIOi;si;'-l'IiAY, n. Rough, rugged play. Dryden. 
 
 1I(J|;SI'/-1'()ND, 11. A pond for watering horses. 
 
 HOU.'^K'-l'OW-EI!, ri. The power of a hor.sc ; or its 
 equivalent, which has been estimated, by Mr. Watt 
 as a power which will raise 32,000 llw. avoirdupois 
 one foot high per minute. Vrc. 
 
 IIOltSIO'-PURS'LAiNE, n, A plant -of the genus 
 Trianthema. 
 
 IIOR.SE'-KACE, 71. A race by horses; a match of 
 
 horses in running. 
 HOUSE'-RAC-liM;,n. The practice or act of running 
 
 Iiorses. 
 
 HORSE-RAD'ISH,7i. A plant of the genus Cochlearia, 
 a species of scurvy-grass, having a root of a pungent 
 taste. 
 
 HORSE'SHOE, ( shoo,) 71. A shoe for horses, consist- 
 ing of a plate of iron of a circular form. 
 2. Anv thing shaped like a horseshoe. 
 
 HORSE'SHOE-HEAD, (-shoo-hed,) 11. A disease of 
 infants, in which the sutures of the skull are too 
 open ; opposed to HEADM0LD-sr40T. 
 
 HORSE'SHOE-ING, n. The act or employment of 
 shoeing horses. 
 
 HORSE'-STkAL-ER, ) A . , 
 
 HORSE'-THIkF, "• A stealer of horses. 
 
 HORSE'-STkAL ING, 71. The stealing of a horse or 
 
 HORSE'-STING-ER, 71. The dragon-fly. [horses. 
 
 HORSE'-TaIL, n, A plant of the genus Equisetum, 
 allied to the ferns. The shrubby horsetail is of the 
 genus Ephedra. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 2. A Turkish standard. Commanders are distin- 
 guished by the number of horse-tails carried before 
 them, or planted in front of their tents. Thus, the 
 sultan has seven, the grand-vizier five, and the 
 pashavvs three, two, or one. Encyc. Am. 
 
 HORSE'-TONGUE, ( tung,) 71. A plant of the genus 
 Ruscus. 
 
 HORSE'-VETCH, ) 71. A plant of the genus 
 
 IIORSE'SHOE-VETCH, \ Hippocrepis. 
 HORSE'-WaY, j 71. A way or road in which horses 
 HORSE'-RoAD, ( may travel. 
 
 HORSE'WHIP, 71. A whip for driving or striking horses 
 HORSE'WmP, V. t. To lash ; to strike with a horse- 
 whip. 
 
 HORSE'WHIP-P/!D, pp. Struck with a horsewhip. 
 HORSE'WHIP-PING, ppr. Lashing or beating with 
 a horsewhip. 
 
 HORSE'WIIIP-PING, 71. A striking with a horsewhip. 
 HORSE'WOM-AN, n, A woman who rides on horse- 
 back. 
 
 HORSE'-WORM, 71. A worm that infests horses ; a 
 bott. 
 
 HOR-Ta'TION, 11. [L. horlatio, from hortor, to exhort.] 
 The act of exhorting, or giving advice ; exhorta- 
 tion ; advice intended to encourage. [iJiii Exhorta- 
 tion i.>f generally nsed,] 
 
 HOR'TA-TIVE, a. Giving exhortation ; advisory. 
 
 HOR'TA-TIVE, 71. Exhortation; a precept given to 
 incite or encourage. Bacon, 
 
 HOR'TA-TO-RY, a. Giving exhortation or advice ; 
 encouraging ; inciting ; as, a hortatory speech. 
 
 HOR-TEN'SIAL, (-shal,) a, [L. hortensU;] 
 
 Fit for a garden. [Jv'ot used,] F.rrlyn, 
 
 nOR'TI-eUL-TOR, 71. [L. hortus, a garden, and 
 citltor, a tiller.] 
 
 One who cultivates a garden. 
 
 IIOR-TI-eUL'TlTR-AL, a. Pertaining to the culture 
 of gardens. 
 
 HOR'TI-eUL-Tl;RE, k. [L. hortus, a garden, and 
 eultura, Cvilture, from colo, to till.] 
 
 Tlie cultiv.ition of a garden ; or the art of culti- 
 vating gardens. 
 HOR-TI-€UL'TtJR-IST, 71. One who is skilled in 
 
 the art of cultivatinz gardens. 
 HOR'TU-LAN, a. [h. hortulanus.] 
 
 Belonging to a garden ; as, a hortulan calendar. 
 
 Evelitn. 
 
 HOR'TUS SICCUS, 71. [L.] Literally, a dry garden ; 
 an appellation given to a collection of specimens of 
 plants, carefully dried and preserved. Tlie old name 
 of Hfru.vrium. Encyc. 
 
 HORT'YXRD, 71. An orchard ; which see. 
 
 HO-SAN'NA, 71. [llcb., save, I beseech you.] 
 
 An exclamation of praise to God, or an invocation 
 of blessings. In the Ilcbreto ceremonies, it was a 
 prayer rehearsed on the several days of the feast of 
 tabernacles, in which tliis word was often repealed. 
 
 HoSE, 71. ; pi. Hose, (hozc,) formerly Hosen, (ho'/.n.) 
 [Sax. ho.-; a heel, a thorn, or twig, and hose ; G. 
 Iiosc ; D. kous ; W. hos, hosan, from hws, a cover- 
 ing, a housinir ; Fr. cAau.wc ; Ir. asan. Tlie \\ rish 
 unites this word with house. The hose, or hosan, was 
 a garment covering the legs and thighs, like the 
 modern long trowscrs. Hence, in G. hasen-o-iirl, a 
 hose-irirt, is a waist-band ; and hoscn-trdtrer, hose- 
 sujiporter, or shoulder-strap, indicates that the hose 
 was su.stained, its breeches and pantaloons now are, 
 by suspenders or braces.] 
 
 1. Hreeclliis or trow.sers. Shal;. 
 
 2. Stockings ; covering for the legs. This word, 
 in mrreantile use, is synonymous with stockings, 
 though originally a very diflerent garment. 
 
 3. A flexible pipe, generally made of leather, u.sed 
 with engines, for conveying water to extinguish 
 fires, &.C. 
 
 HO'SIER, (hO'zhur,) 71. One who deals in stockings 
 
 and socks, &c. 
 Ho'SIER-Y, (ho'zliur-y,) 71. Stockings in general ; 
 
 socks. 
 
 IflOS'l'ICE, (hos'pees,) 71. ( Fr., from L. hospilimn.] 
 A term apiilii d to convents in some of the jiassos of 
 the Alps, fiir I lie entei lainnu nt of travelers. 
 
 HOS'PI-TA-HLE, a. [I,, hosiiitalis, from hospe.i, a 
 guest ; It. osinlolr and ospilnbilr. llosprs is from the 
 Celtic ; W. osb, a stranger or wanderer, a guest; 
 Arm. osb, osp, hospyd. See IIost.J 
 
 PATE, FAR, FftLL, WHAT. — MRTi',, PUBV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
HOS 
 
 HOT 
 
 IIOU 
 
 1. Ileccivins ami cntertainin;! strangers with kind- 
 ness and williuut rtnvard ; kind lo s!ran[;ors and 
 guests ; dis|Hisod lo treat guests with generous kind- 
 ness ; as, a hospitable man. 
 
 S2. Proceeding from or indicating kindness to guests ; 
 manifesting generosity ; as, a lio.<pUiMc table ; lios- 
 pitabie rites. Dnjileiu 
 
 3. Inviting to strangers j offering kind reception ; 
 indicating hospitality. 
 
 To where von cnjwr cheers the v.\le, 
 
 With hosjtiuibte my. ColiUmiOi. 
 
 II0S'1M-T.V-1!I,Y, adv. With kindness lo strangers 
 or guests ; with generous and hhcial entertainment. 
 
 friar. SwijX. 
 
 HOS'PI-TACE, n. Hospitality. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 HOS'PI-T.AL, n, [Fr. liOpital, for hospital ; L. hospi- 
 talis., supra.] 
 
 1. A building appropriated for the reception of 
 sick, intirin,and helpless paupers, who are snpimrted 
 and nursed by charity ; also, a house for the reci [)- 
 tion of insane persons, whellier paupers or not, or 
 for seamen, soldiers, foundhni:s, &.c., who are sup- 
 ported by the public, or by private charity, or for in- 
 fected persons, ice. 
 
 2. A place for shelter or entertainment. [Oftj.] 
 
 iSpciiscr 
 
 HOS'PI-T,\I., n. Hospitable. {^Tut in use.] Unwell. 
 HOS'PI -TAL-ER, v. [from hospiljil.] I'roperlij, one 
 residing in a hospital for the purpose of receiving 
 the poor and strangers. Thi^ hospitalers were an 
 order of knights who built a hospital at Jernsaleni 
 for pilgrims. They were called kniahlj uf St. John, 
 ami are the same as the kni'^rhts of Malta. Knci/c. 
 I10.<-PI-']'AL'1-TV, n. [Fr. hospitalite ; L. hosp'Uali- 
 tas; W. iisbtjd. See M*)31'Itahle.] 
 
 The act or practice of receiving and entertaining 
 strangers or guests without reward, or with kind 
 and generous liberality. 
 
 A hishop — must lie given to ho^ilaUtt/. — I Tim. iii. 
 Haspilatity I have fuund a« univenal as the liicc ot mim. 
 
 Lc'/yartf. 
 
 HOS'PI-TATE, II. i. [L. hospitor.1 
 
 To reside or lodge under the roof of another. 
 [.Yot used.] Grcir. 
 
 IlUS'l'l-TATE, I'. (. To lodge a person. [JVot used.] 
 
 HOS'PO-D.KR, n. A governor appointed by the Turk- 
 ish porte over the Christian provinces of Moldavia 
 and VVallachia. Since 18JS), the appointment is for 
 life. Brandc. 
 
 HCf'T, n. [Fr. hote, for hoste ; It. oste ; Sp. Auc.v;<«Z ; 
 Port, hospede ; and L. hostis, a stranger, an enemy, 
 probably of the same family. (See Hospitable.) 
 The sense is, a stranger or foreigner, that is, a wan- 
 Acrci or traveler, from some root signifying to wan- 
 der, to go or pass, or to visit. See Class Gs, No. 5, 
 14, !().] 
 
 1. One who entertains another at his own house, 
 without reward. 
 
 Homer never einert.alnetl guests or hosts with long spcech'-s. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 2. One who entertains another at his house for 
 reward ; an innkeeper ; a landlord. 
 
 3. A guest ; one who is entertained at the house 
 of another. The innkeeper says of the traveler, he 
 has a good host, and the traveler mys of his landlord, 
 he has a kind host. [See Guest.] Encyc. 
 
 HOST, 71. [L. hosth, a stranger, an enemy. The 
 sense is probably transferred from a single ioe to an 
 army of fi>cs.] 
 
 1. An army; a number of men embodied for 
 war. 
 
 2. Any great number or multitude. 
 
 Host, n. [L. hostia, a victim or saerifiec, from Iwslis, 
 an enemy ; Fr. lioslie ; applied to the Savior, who 
 was offered for the sins of men.] 
 
 In the Roman CalJiolic church, the sacrifice of the 
 mass, or the consecrated wafer, represenlins the 
 body of Christ, or, as the Koman Catholics allege, 
 transubstantiated into his own body and blood. 
 
 Brandc, 
 
 HOST, r. I. To lodge at an inn ; to lake up enter- 
 tainment. [Litllc u.ird.] Shak. 
 HOST, i>. «. To give entertainment to. [A'otiweri] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 HOS'T.\GE, n. [Fr. dtarre,' for o-itaire : Ft. oslmr^io ; 
 .\nn. ostaich ; G. geisscl ; W. gwystyl, a pledge, 
 pawn, surety, hostage.] 
 
 A person delivered to an enemy or hostile power, 
 as a pledge to secure the perfi>rmance of the condi- 
 tions of a treaty or stipulations of any kind, and on 
 the performance of which the person is to be re- 
 leased. Bacon. Mcrbunj. 
 
 HOSTF.L, 1 . . , 
 
 HOS'TEL-RY, ( An mn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 HOS'TEL^ErI 71. An innkeeper. Booth. 
 
 HOST'ESS, 11. .V female host ; a woman who enter- 
 tains guests at her house. Dnjden. 
 2. A woman who keeps an inn. Temple. 
 
 HOST'ESS-SIUP, n. The character or business of a 
 hostess. Shak. 
 
 HOS'TIE, (hos'te,) n. [L. hostia.] The consecrated 
 "■afer. HurncL 
 
 HO^'^II,E, (hns'lil.) a. [L. hostilis, from hoslis, an 
 enemy, that is, a foreigner.] 
 
 1. Belonging to a public enemy ; designating en- 
 mity, ;>(ir((cu/uWi^ public enmity, or a stale of war; 
 inimical ; as, a hostile band or army ; a livalilc force ; 
 hostile intentions. 
 
 2. Possessed by a public enemy ; as, a hosUle coun- 
 try. Kent. 
 
 3. Pertaining to or expressing private enmity or 
 opposition ; as, hostile to sudden change. 
 
 HOS'TILE-LY, adv. In a hostile manner. 
 HOS-TIL'I-TY, ji. [Fr. hostiliti ; L. hosliUlas, from 
 hoslis, an enemy.] 
 
 1. The state of wnt between nations or states ; 
 the actiims of an open enemy ; aggression ; attacks 
 of an enemy. These secret enmities broke out in 
 hostilities. 
 
 Hostt'ily being thus snspenilcd with Pmne«. Hnytpard. 
 We have earned on even our hogtilUies with humanity. 
 
 Aturbury. 
 
 2. Private enmity ; a sense less proper. 
 HOS'TIL-IZE, V. t. To make an enemy. [Little used.] 
 HoST'lNG, ?i. [from Aoat, an army.] An encounter; 
 
 a battle. [Little used.] Mdlon. 
 2. A muster or review. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 HOS'TLER. (hos'leror os'ler,) 71. [from Fr. hOlelier, 
 an innkeeper. See Hotkl.] 
 Tile person who has the care of horses at an inn. 
 HoST'LESS, a. Inhospitable. [JV'ut in use.] 
 HoST'RY, n. A stable for horses. hrijden. 
 
 9. A lodging-lioust.'. IIoiccll. 
 HOT, a. [Sax. hat ; G. heiss ; V. hect ; Sw. Aet ; Dan. 
 heed. See He.it. j 
 
 1. Having sensible heat ; opposed to cold ; as, a hot 
 stove or tire ; a hot cloth ; hot liiiuors. Jlot expresses 
 more than warm. 
 
 2. .\rdent in temper ; easily excited or exasper- 
 ated ; vehement. 
 
 Achilles is impatient, ftol, ami n-ven^'^fiil. Drylen. 
 
 3. Violent; furious; as, a hot engagement or as- 
 sault. Dnjden. 
 
 A. Eager ; animated ; brisk ; keen ; as, a hot pur- 
 suit, or :i person hut ill a pursuit. 
 
 5. Lustful ; lt;wd. Shak. 
 
 6. Acrid; biting; stimulating; pungent; as, hot 
 as mustard or pepper. 
 
 HOT, IloTE, Uo'TE.\, pp. Called ; named. [Obs.] 
 
 Oower, 
 
 HOT'HED, 71. In gardening, a bed of earth and 
 horsediing, or tanner's bark, covered with glass to 
 defend it from the cold air, intended for raising early 
 plants, or for nourishing exotic plants of warm cli- 
 mates, which will not thrive in cool or temperate 
 air. Farm. Kncije. 
 
 2. A place which favors rapid growth or develop- 
 ment ; as, a hotbed of sedition. 
 
 IIOT'-BLOOD-ED, a. Having hot blood ; high spirit- 
 ed ; irritable. 
 
 HOT'-I5Ra!.N-/;D, a. Ardent in temper; violent; 
 
 rash ; precipitate ; as, hot-brained j'oiuli. Dnjden. 
 IIOTCII'POT, 71. [Fr. hochepot, from hocher, to shake, 
 
 and probably pot, a pot or dish.] 
 
 1. Properhj, a mingled mass; a mixture of ingre- 
 dients. Bacon. Camden. 
 
 2. In laic, a mixing of lands. Thus lands given 
 in frank-marriage to one daiichter, shall, after the 
 death of the ancestor, be blended with the lands de- 
 scending to her and to her sisters from the same an- 
 cestor, and then be divided in equal portions to all 
 the daughters. Blackstonc. 
 
 HOTCH'POTCII. See Hodcepodce and Hotchpot, 
 No. 1. 
 
 IIOT'-eOCK-LKS, (-kok'lz,) n. pi. [Clu. Fr. hautes 
 coquWes, high shells.] 
 
 A play in which one covers his eyes, nnTl guesses 
 who strikes him, or his hand placed behind him. 
 
 Oay. 
 
 HO-TEL', 71. [Fr. hdlel, for Aos(f.', a palace or dwell- 
 ing-house of a prince or lord.] 
 
 1. A house for cntertainini; strangers or travelers. 
 It was formerly a house for genteel strangers or 
 lodgers, hut the name is now given to any inn. 
 
 2. In France, a palace or dwelling of persons of 
 rank or wealth. 
 
 HO-TEL' niEW.fo-tcyae-u',) [Fr.] A hospital. 
 
 HOT'-FLCE, 71. An apartment heated by stoves or 
 steain-pi|>cs, in which padded and printed calicoes 
 arc dried. Ure. 
 
 HOT'-HEAD-ED, a. Of ardent passions ; vehement ; 
 violent ; nuih. Jirbutlinot. 
 
 HOT'HOUSE, 71, A house kept wann to shelter ten- 
 di r plants anil shrubs from the cold air ; a place in 
 which the plants of wanner climates may be reared, 
 and fruits ripened. 
 
 2. A bagnio, or place to sweat and cup in. Shak. 
 
 3. A brtithel. B. Jonson. 
 HOT'LY, adv. [from hot.] With heat. 
 
 2. Ardently ; vehemently ; violently ; as, a stag 
 hotly pursued. 
 
 3. Lustfully. Dn/den. 
 HOT'-MOU'f II-ED, a. Headstrong ; ungovernable. 
 
 Thai hot-moiithtd l)e.isl thai bears against Ihe curb. Dryden. 
 
 HOT'.NRS.S, 71. Sensible heat beyond a moderate de- 
 gree of warmth. 
 2. Violence ; vehemence ; fury. 
 
 HOT'-PRESS-£0, (-prest,) a. Pressed while heat ia 
 applied, for the purpose of giving a smooth and 
 glossy snrface. 
 
 IK)')"'-PKIiSS-ING, 71. The application of heat in con- 
 junction with mechanical pressure, for the purpose 
 of giving a smooth and glossy surface, us to paper, 
 linen, ^c. 
 
 HOT'-SPIR'IT-ED, a. Having a fiery spirit. Irvtng. 
 
 IIOT'SPIJK, 71. [hot and npur.] A man violent, pas- 
 sionate, heady, rash, or precipittite. Shu/c. 
 2. A kind of pea of early growth. 
 
 IIOT'SPIJK, a. Violent ; impetuous. Spenser. 
 
 HOT'SPUR-RKD, (liot'spurd,) a. Vehement ; rash ; 
 headv ; heailstrong. Peaeham. 
 
 IIOT't£.\-TOT, 71. One belonging to a South Afri- 
 can tribe, formerly esteemed the most degraded of 
 the human race. 
 2. A savage, brutal man. 
 
 HOT'T£N-TOT-CHER'RV, 71. A plant. [SceCnER- 
 BT.J Chambers. 
 
 HOT'TEST, a. Most hot. 
 
 HOT'-WALL, 71. In gardening, a wall constructed 
 with dues for the coniliirtiiig of heat, for securing or 
 hastening the growth of fruit-treirs. Brande. 
 
 HOIJ'DAIl, 71. A seat to be fixed on a camel's b.ack. 
 
 HOUGH, (hok,) 71. [Sax. AoA, the heel or the hough ; 
 G. haeke, D. hnk, a heel, n hoe.] 
 
 1. 'J'lie lower p;irt of the tnigh ; the ham ; the 
 joint of the hinci leg of a beast that connects the 
 thigh with the leg. Eneyc. 
 
 2. An adz ; a hoc. [JVol in use.] StiUim'fiiet. 
 HOUGH, (hok,) v. t. To hamstring; to disable by 
 
 cutting the sinews of the ham. 
 2. To cut with a hoe. [Obs.] 
 HOUGiriCL), (hokt,) pp. HauKstrung; disabled by 
 
 cuttiuE the sinews of the ham. 
 HOU'I.ET, 71. All owl. [See Howlet.] 
 IloUI/r. See Holt. 
 
 HOUM), 71. llSax. hand: G. Sw. Dan. and Scot. 
 hund ; D. hand ; h. canis ; Gr. kvlO', Kvi'oi ; Fr. chicit ; 
 It. cane.] 
 
 A generic name of the dog ; hut in English it is 
 confined to a particular breed or variety, used in the 
 chase. It has long, smooth, pendulous ears. 
 
 IIOUXD, f. f. To set on the chase. Hramhnll. 
 2. To hunt; to chase. L' Estrange. 
 
 HOUiVD'FISII, 71. \ name of certain lishes i f the 
 shark family. The smooth houndfish, or smooth 
 shark, is the Mustelus Itcvis, wliifli grows to the 
 length of three or four feet, and is esteemed delicate 
 food among tlio Hebrides. Jardi/ie's jVal. Lib. 
 
 HOUND.^, 71. pi. In setimcu*s language, the projecting 
 part-s of the head of a mast, serving as shoulilers for 
 the top or trestle-trees to rest on. Toiten. 
 
 HOUND'S'-TO.NGUE, (-tiing,) n. A plant of the ge- 
 nus Cynoglossum, so called from the shape of its 
 leaves. Parlim'ton. 
 
 HOUXD'-TREE, n. A kind of tree. AauicorUi. 
 
 HOUP. See lloopoo. 
 
 HOUR, (our,) ?i. [L. and ."p. Aorii ,• Gr. o'loa ; It. orii ; 
 Fr. heure i Ann. hear; W. awr ; Ir. tiair ; G. nhr ; I). 
 Miir. The primary sense is, time or season, occasion, 
 from a root which signifies to come, to happen, to 
 fall, to rush or drive. Hence the Fr. hcur signifies 
 luck, good fortune, and heurcuz, lucky, fortunate, 
 liajipy, that is, seasonable. So in L. tcmpesticus, 
 from tcmpus. (See Time.) But Aour, Aora, afterward 
 came to signify a certain portion or division of the 
 day. This has been ditl'crent in diirerent nations.] 
 
 1. A space of time equal lo one twenty-fourth |«rt 
 of the natural day. An hour answers lo fifteen de- 
 grees of the eiiu.ator. It consists of sixty niiiiiites, 
 each minute of sixty seconds. Sec, 
 
 2. Time ; a particular time ; .as, the Aour of death. 
 Jesus saith, Woman, my Aoiir is not yet come. — Jchn ii. 
 
 3. The time marked or indicated by n chronome- 
 ter, clock, or watch ; -the particular time of the day. 
 What is the Aour ? At what Auur shall we meet.' I 
 will be Willi you at an early hour. 
 
 Good hour, signifies early or seasonably. You 
 have arrived at a good hour. 
 
 To keep good hfurs ; to hi; at homo in good se.ison ; 
 not to be abroad late, or at the usual hours of retiring 
 to rest. 
 
 Hours ! in (Ac plural, certain prayers in the Roman 
 Catholic church, to be repeated at suited times of 
 the day, as matins and vespers. Encyc. 
 
 In mythology, the Hours, (^fhrtr,) were divinities, 
 regardetl either as the godtlesses of the seasons or of 
 the hours of the day. Brande. 
 
 HOI'R'-CIR-CLE, (our'sur-kl,)7i. In astronomy, a me- 
 ridian ; so called because Ihe arcs of the equatoi, in 
 tercepted between the meridians, are used ns meiu. 
 ures of lime. Olmsted 
 
 HOUR'-GLXSS, (our'gUss,) 71. A chronomeli i 1I..11 
 measures intervals of time by tbo riinnin!; of sand 
 from one glass vessel to another, through a small ap- 
 erture. The quantity of sand may be so propor- 
 tioned as to measure an hour, a half hour, or a 
 quarter. 
 
 2. Space of time. Bacon. 
 HOUR'-IIAND, 71. The hand or pointed pin which 
 shows tlie hour on a chronometer. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJMTE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 563" 
 
HOU 
 
 IIOUR'I, (liour'e,) 71. Among the Mohammedans, a 
 nymph nf paradise. Johnson. 
 
 HOUR'LY, (uur'ly,) 0. Happening or done every 
 liour ; occurring hour by hour ; frequent ; often re- 
 peated. 
 
 Obsen-e the »-anin^ moon with hourly view. DryiUn. 
 
 2. Continual. 
 
 We must live in hourly expectation of havbig the troops recalled. 
 
 Sai/t. 
 
 HOUR'LY, (our'ly,) adv. Every hour; frequently; 
 continually. 
 
 Great was their strife, which hourly was renewed. Dryden. 
 HOUR'-PLaTE, (oiir'plate,) n. The plate of a clock 
 
 or otlit r timepitce on which the liours are marlced ; 
 
 the dial. Locke. 
 H0US'.\t5E, 71. [from house.'] A fee for keeiiing 
 
 goods in a house. [JVui in use.] Chambers. 
 HOUSE, (hous,) 7!. [Sax. hus ; Goth. Svv. and Scot. 
 
 Alts ; G. Iiaus ; D. huis ; Dan. hiius ; L. casa ; It. Sp. 
 
 and Port, casa ; VV. hws, a covering or liousing. If 
 
 the jjrimory sense is a covering, this word may be 
 
 referred to Heb. Ch. Syr. nD3, Ar. I -y kasa, 
 to put on, to cover. Class Gs, No. 57. It corre- 
 sponds to C'ji, in a ditfercnt dialect.] 
 
 In a gemral sense, a building or shed intended or 
 used as a habitation or slielter for animals of any 
 kind ; but appropriately, a building or edifice for the 
 habitation of man; a dwelling-jilace, mansion, or 
 abode for any of the human species. It may be of 
 any size, and composed of any materials whatever 
 - wood, stone, brick, ice. 
 
 2. An edifice or building appropriated to the wor- 
 shiu of God; a temple; a church ; as, the house of 
 God. 
 
 3. A monastery ; a college ; as, a religious house. 
 
 4. The manner of living; the table. He keeps a 
 good house, or a miserable house. 
 
 5. In astrolo'/ini, the station of a planet in the heav- 
 ens, or tliB twelfth part of the heavens. 
 
 Johnson. Kncyc. 
 C. A family of ancestors ; descendants and kin- 
 dred ; a race of persons from the same stock ; a 
 tribe. It particularly denotes a noble family or an 
 illustrious race; as, the house of Austria; the house 
 of Hanover. So, in Scripture, the house of Israel, or 
 of Judali. 
 
 Two of a house few agps can afford. Drydcn. 
 
 7. One of the estates of a kingdom assembled in 
 parliament or legislature ; a body of men united in 
 their legislative capacity, and holding their place by 
 right or by election. Thus we say, the house of 
 lords or peers of Great Britain ; the hoivse of com- 
 mons; the house of representatives. In most of the 
 United States, the legislatures consist of two houses, 
 the senate, and the house of representatives or dele- 
 gates. 
 
 8. The quorum of a legislative body ; the number 
 of representatives assembled who are constitution- 
 ally empowered to emict laws. Hence we say, there 
 is a sutiicient nuiubL;r of representatives present to 
 form a house. 
 
 9. In mereantile affairs, a firm or commercial es- 
 tablishment, as the house of Baring &. Brothers. 
 
 10. In Scripture, those who ilwell in a house and 
 compose a family ; a liousehold. 
 
 Curneliijs was a devout man, and feared God witJi all his house. 
 — Acu X. 
 
 11. Wealth ; estate. 
 
 Ye devour widows' houses. — Matt, xxiil. 
 
 12. The grave ; as, the luju.sc appointed for all liv- 
 ing. Job XXX. 
 
 J3. Household affairs; domestic concerns. 
 Set thy house in order. — 2 Kin^ xx. 
 
 H. The body ; the residence of the soul in this 
 world ; a.s, our earthly house. 2 Cor. v. 
 
 15. The church among the Jews. 
 
 Mo«e» was faithful in all his /loute. — Jleb. iil. 
 
 16. A iilace of residence. Egypt, is called the 
 huuse of bondage. Kr. xiii. 
 
 17. A square, or division on a chess-board. Encyc. 
 Woitte of correction ; a prison for Ihe punishment of 
 
 idle and disorderly persons, vagrants, tresjiassers, &.C. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 HOL'SE, (hou/.,) V. t. [Sw. hysa.] 
 
 I. 'I'd cover from tin: incli-mcncies of the weather; 
 to shelter ; to protect by covering ; as, lo/wusc wood ; 
 to house fanning utensils ; to house cattle. 
 
 2. To admit to residence ; to harbor. 
 
 Falhuliuj wUlicl him lo house ati llic Ileluts. SUlney. 
 
 3. To deposit and cover, as in the grave. Sandys. 
 
 4. To drive to a shelter. Shak. 
 HOUSK, (houz,) V. i. Tu take shelter or lodgings; to 
 
 keep abode ; to reside. 
 
 To house with (lirknrM and with death. MUton. 
 2. To have nn astrological station in the heavens. 
 
 Whrrc Smuni houses. Dnjilen. 
 
 HOUHE'-BOAT, (hoiis'Wiat,) 71. A covered boat. 
 
 HOU 
 
 HOUSE'BoTE, (hous'bste,) »i. [house and Sa.t. hot, 
 supply.] 
 
 In law, a sufficient allowance of wood to repair 
 the house and -supply fuel. 
 
 HOUSE'-BREAK-ER, (hous'brak-er,) 77. One who 
 breaks, opens, and enters a house by day with a fe- 
 lonious intent, or one who breaks or opens a house, 
 and steals therefrom by daylight. Blackstone. 
 
 HOUSE'-BREAK-ING, (hous'brak-ing,) 71. The 
 breaking, or opening and entering of a house by 
 daylight, with the intent to commit a felony, or to 
 steal or rob. The same crime committed at night is 
 burrrlary. Blackstone. 
 
 HOUSE'-DOG, 71. A dog kept to guard the house. 
 
 Mdi-ion. 
 
 IIOUS'fCD, (houzd,) pp. Put undercover ; sheltered. 
 
 HOUSE'HoLD, (hous'hold,) 71. Those who dwell un- 
 der the same roof and compose a family ; those who 
 belong to a family. 
 
 I haptized also tlie household of Stephai 
 
 - 1 Cor. L 
 
 2. Family life ; domestic management. Shak. 
 HOUSE'HoLD, a. Belonging to the house and fami- 
 ly ; domestic ; as, household furniture ; liousehold af- 
 fairs. 
 
 HOUSE'IIoLD-BREAD, (-bred,) 71. Common bread, 
 or not of the finest quality. 
 
 HOUSE'IIoLD-ER, 71. The masteror chief of a fami- 
 ly ; one who keeps house with his family. Matt. 
 .\iii. 
 
 HOUSE'HoLD-STUFF, 71. The fu.'-niture of a house ; 
 the vessels, utensils, and goods of a family. Bacon. 
 
 HOUSE'KEEP-ER, 7!. One who occupies a house 
 with his family ; a man or woman who maintains a 
 family state in a house; a householder; the master 
 or mistress of a family. Locke. 
 
 2. A female servant who has the chief care of the 
 family, and superintends the other servants. SwifL 
 
 3. One who lives in plenty. [JVof in use.] Wotton. 
 
 4. One who keeps much at home. [JVot used.] 
 
 Slmk. 
 
 5. A house-dog. [JVof used.] Slmk. 
 HOUSE'KEEP-ING, a. Domestic; used in a family; 
 
 as, housckeepinrr commodities. [Little iised.] Carew. 
 HOUSE'KEEP-U\G, 71. The family state in a dwcU- 
 ing; care of domestic concerns. 
 
 2. Hospitality; a plentiful and hospitable table. 
 [Obs.] Shak. 
 HOUS'EL, (houz'el,) n. [Sax. huseL Lye supposes 
 this to be from Goth, hunsa, a victim.] 
 The eucharist ; the sacred bread. 
 HOUS'EL, V. t. [Sax. huslian.] 
 
 To give or receive the eucharist. [OS5.] Chaucer. 
 HOUSE'-LAMB, n. A lamb kept in a house for fat- 
 ting. 
 
 HOUSE'LEEK, 71. [See Leek.] A plant of the ge- 
 nus Senipervivum, which is found on the tops of 
 houses. Tlie lesser houseleek is of the genus Se- 
 dum. 
 
 HOUSE'LESS, a. Destitute of a house or habita- 
 tion ; as, the houseless child of want. Qoldsinitli. 
 2. Destitute of slielter. 
 
 HOUSE'LINE, ) 71. Among seamen, a small line 
 
 HOUS'ING, i formed of three strands, smaller 
 than rope-yarn, used for seizings, &c. Totlen. 
 
 IIOUSE'-iMAID, 71. A female servant employed to keep 
 a house clean, &c. 
 
 HOUSE'-PIG-EON, 71. A tame pigeon. Gregory. 
 
 UOUSE'-RaIS-ER, 71. One who erects a house. 
 
 IVotton. 
 
 HOUSE'-ROOJI, 71. Room or place in a house. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 HOUSE"- SNaIL, 71. A particular kind of snail. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 HOUSE'-WARM-ING, (hous'warm-ing,) 71. A feast or 
 merry-making at the time a family enters a new 
 house. Johnson. 
 
 IIOUSE'WTFE, 71. [house and wife ; contracted into 
 hu.twife, hussy.] The mistress of a family. I'ope. 
 
 2. A female economist ; a good manager. 
 
 Drydcn. Addison. 
 
 3. One skilled in female business. .Addison. 
 
 4. A little case or bag for articles of female work ; 
 (7iro7i. huz'zif.) Sheltan. 
 
 IIOUSE'VVlFE-I 
 a family 
 
 2. Taken from housewifery, or domestic affairs ; 
 as, a housewifery mctaiihiir. Blackstone. 
 IIOIISE'VVIFE-H.Y, »!. The business of the mistress 
 of a family ; femttle business in the economy of a 
 family ; female nuiiiagement of domestic ctmcerns. 
 
 Temple. Taylor. 
 IIOUSE'VVRIGllT, (hous'rite,) n. An architect who 
 
 builds iKHises. Fotherby. 
 HOUS'ING, ppr. Depositing in a house; covering; 
 sheltering. 
 2. Warped ; crooked, as a brick. 
 HOUS'ING, 71. [I'r. hou.ise; W. hw», a covering.] 
 
 1. Cover or cloth over or under a horse's saddle, used 
 originally to keep olf dirt, and afterwards its an or- 
 namental or mililary appendage ; a saddle-cloth; a 
 horse-cloth. 
 
 2. Horses, taken collectively. [Obs.] 
 
 3. [See lluUHELl^E.] 
 
 ?E-LY, a. Pertaining to the mistress of 
 
 HOW 
 
 4. In architecture, the space taken out of one solid, 
 to admit tll.c insertion of another. Brande. 
 Also, a niche for a statue. Oloss. of Mrchit. 
 HOUS'LING, a. [See Housel.] Sacramental ; as, 
 housliug fire, used in the ceremony of marriage. 
 [04s.] Spenser. 
 HOUSS, 71. A covering. [See Housing.] Dryden. 
 HoVE ; pret. of Heave. 
 
 HOVEL, 71. [Sax. hof, hofe, a house, a cave.] 
 
 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, protecting 
 produce, k.c., from the weather. Brande. 
 
 2. A cottage; a mean house. 
 HOVEL, V. t. To put in a hovel ; to shelter. 
 HO VEL-£D, pp. Put in a hovel ; sheltered. 
 HoV£N, ;//). of Heave. 
 
 HOVER, (huv'cr,) «. i. [W. hoviaw, to hang over, to 
 fluctuate, to hover.] 
 
 1. To flap the wings, as a fowl ; to hang over or 
 about, fiiittering or flapping the wings, with short, ir- 
 regular flights. 
 
 Great flights of UrIs iirc hovering about tlie bridge, and settling 
 on it. Addison. 
 
 2. To hang over or around, with irregular mo- 
 tions. 
 
 A ?i0Derin^ mist came swimming o'er his sight. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To stand in suspense or expectation. Spenser. 
 
 4. To wander about from place to place in the neigh- 
 borhood ; to move back and forth ; as, an army hov- 
 ering on our borders ; a ship hovering on our coast. 
 
 Craneli's Rep. 
 
 H5VER, 77. A protection or shelter by hanging over. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 HOVER-GROUND, n. Light ground. Ray. 
 HOVER-ING, ppr. Flapping the wings ; hanging 
 over or around ; moving with short, irregular flights. 
 HOVER-ING-LY, adv. In a hovering manner. 
 HOW, adv. [Sax. hu ; D. hoe.] 
 
 1. In what manner. I know not liow to answer. 
 How Ci\n a man be born when he Is old f Iloto caa these things 
 
 her— Jolui iii. 
 
 2. To what degree or extent. How long shall we 
 sufler these indignities? How much better is wis- 
 dom than gold '. 
 
 O, holo love 1 thy law ! Houj sweet are thv words to my taste I 
 Ps. cxix. 
 
 3. For what reason ; from what cause. 
 
 i/ouJ now, my love, why is your dieek so pale ? Shak. 
 
 4. By what means. How can tliis effect be pro- 
 duced } 
 
 5. In what state. 
 
 Hour, and with what reproach shall I rptum I Dryden. 
 
 6. It is used in a sense marking proportion; as, 
 how much less ; how much more. 
 
 Behokl, he putteth no trust in his servants — how much less iu 
 them that dwell in houses of clay 1 — Job iv. 
 
 By how much they would diminish Uie present extent of the sea, 
 so mucti they would hnpair the fertility, and founUiins, anti 
 rivers of Uie earth. BenUey. 
 
 7. It is much used in exclamation. 
 
 How are the mighty fallen I —2 Sam. i. 
 
 8. In some popular phrases, how is superfluous or 
 inelegant. 
 
 Thick clouds put us in some hope of land ; knowing how that 
 part of die South Sea was utterly unknown Bacon. 
 
 HOW'BE, adv. Nevertheless. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 HOW-Bk'IT, at/ii. [how, be, anii it.] Be it as it may; 
 
 nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; yet; but; however. 
 HOVVDY, 71. A midwife. [Local.] Orose. 
 HOW D'YE ; how do you how is your health 
 HOW-EVER, adv. [how and ever.] In whatever 
 
 manner or degree ; as, however gootl or bad the stylo 
 
 2. At all events ; at least. [may be. 
 Onr chief end is lo be freed from all, if it may be, however from 
 
 tile greatest evils. Tillolson. 
 
 3. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding; yet. I shall 
 not oppose your design ; I can not, however, approve 
 of it. 
 
 You mijht, hoicc'er, have took a Inircr way. Drydrn. 
 
 hSw'Itz-ku, i [^P- «• 
 
 A kind of mortar or short gun, mounted on a licld 
 carriage, and used for throwing shells. The diller- 
 ence between a morlar and a howitz is, that the 
 trunnions of :i mortar are at the end, but those of a 
 howitz are at the miildle. Kncyc. 
 
 HOW'KER, 71. A Dutch vessel with two masts, a 
 main and a niizzeii-mast ; also a lisliing-boal with 
 one ma.-l, used on the coast of Ireland. Mar. Diet. 
 
 HOWL, f. i. [U.huilcn; G. heuUn ; Sw'.yla; Dan. 
 hi/ler' Sp. auhar; L. ii'ii'o ; Gr. vXnoi ; Corn, hoatra. 
 Ciii. W. wylnin; Ann. gucla, or inia: Ir. guilim : It. 
 iruaiohirc. The latter coiiu'ide witli wail and ■yell.] 
 " 1. To crv as a ilogor widf ; to tiller a particular kind 
 of loud, piiiliacled, alid mournful sound. We say, 
 the dog /loif '->■ ; the wtdf /loWv. Hence, 
 
 2. To utler a loud, mournful .sound, expressive of 
 distress ; to wail. 
 
 Howl ve, lor tlie day of Iho I,or<l Is at liaiu!. — Is. xiU. 
 Ye rich men, weeji and howl. — James v. 
 
 3. To roar, as a tempest. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 564 
 
HUE 
 
 HUL 
 
 HUM 
 
 HOWL, V. t. To utter or speak with outcry. 
 
 Go — fioutl it oul ill cli'serta. Philipt, 
 
 HOWL, »i. The cry of a dog or wolf, or otiier like 
 sound. 
 
 2. The cry of a human being in horror or anguish. 
 HOVVL'i-'D, jip. Uttered with outcry, as a dog or 
 wolf. 
 
 IIOWL'ET, n. [Fr. huloUe; from owl.] 
 An owl. 
 
 IIOWL'ING, ppr. Uttering the cry of a dog or wolf ; 
 
 uttering a loud cry of distress. 
 noWL'ING, a. Filled with howls, or liowling beasts ; 
 
 dreary. 
 
 Iimuincniblc artificca and stratagems are acted in the howling 
 wilUern^ss nnil in the grcAl deep, tllat can never comi" to our 
 knowledge. ^(Wi«on, 
 
 HOWL'INO, 71. The act of howling; a loud outcry 
 
 or mournful soiinti. 
 IlOW'So, a<io. [Abbreviation of Aow-wewer.] Alllioiigh. 
 
 UanieL 
 
 IIOW-SO-EV'ER, a,h\ [kow, so, and ever.] 
 
 1. In what nuinner soever. Rnletrlu 
 
 2. Altliough. Skali. 
 [For this word, However is generally used.] 
 
 HOX, V. I. To hough ; to hamstring. [J\ u£ used.] 
 [See Hough.] Sliiik. 
 
 HOY, 71. .\ small vessel, usually rigged as a sloop, 
 and employed in. conveying passengers and gootls 
 from place to jilace on the sea-coast, or in transport- 
 ing goods to and from a ship in a road or bay. 
 
 F.ncye. Mar. Diet. 
 
 HOY ; an e\cIam:ition, of no definite meaning. 
 
 H(;H, n. [See Hob.] The nave of a wheel. [See 
 Nave.] 
 
 Ui> to the hub ; to a great extent ; deeply involved ; 
 
 Rs, a man is in debt up to the hub. 
 HUlt'liUH, n. A great noise of many confused voices ; 
 
 a tumult ; uproar; riot. Spciuser. Clarendon. 
 
 HUli-l!i;i!-BOO', n. A howling. Smart. 
 HUCK, «. t. To haggle in trading. [JVot in use.] 
 HUCK, n. The name of a German river trout. Diet. 
 HUCK'A-BACK, ii. A kind of linen with raised 
 
 lignres on it, used for table-cloths and towels. 
 HIIC'K'LE, 71. [Infra.] The hiii, that is, a bunch. 
 HUCK'Ll';-HACK-£D, (huk'I-bakt,) a. [G. JiScker, a 
 
 bnnch, and back.] 
 
 Having roiiiul shoulders. 
 lIUCK'LE-liEll-RY, (huk'l-,) n. The berry called, 
 
 also, WHonri.EiiEititY. 
 HUCK'LE-BoNE, (huk'l-,) n. [G. liUcher, a bunch.] 
 
 The hip bone. 
 HUCK'STEK, Ji. [G. liiScke, hiicker; Van. liolJicr. It 
 
 seems to be from hockrit, to take on the back, and to 
 
 signify primarily a peddler, one that carries goods on 
 
 his back.] 
 
 1. A retailer of small articles, of provisions, 
 nuts, &c. 
 
 2. A mean, trickish fellow. Hub. Tale. 
 HUCK'STER, V. i. To deal in small articles, or in 
 
 petty bargains. Swift. 
 
 HUCK'STER-ACiE, »i. The business of a huckster; 
 a dealing. Mdtoa. 
 
 HUCK'STRESS, n. A f.-male peddler. 
 
 HUD, ji. The shell or hull of a nut. [Local.] Grose. 
 
 HUU'DLE, J), i. [In Get., kudeln signifies to bungle. 
 
 It may be allied to kut, hide, or euddle.] 
 II 1. To crowd ; to press together promiscuously, 
 
 '.jiYitbout order or regularity. We say of a throng of 
 people, they huddle together. 
 
 2. To iiKwe in a promiscuous throng without or- 
 der ; to press or hurry in disorder. The people hud- 
 dle alons, or huddle into the house. 
 
 HUD'DLE, V. t. To put on in haste and disorder; as, 
 she hudMed on her clothes. 
 
 2. To cover in haste or carelessly. Edieards. 
 
 3. To perform in haste and disorder. Dryden. 
 
 4. To throw together in confusion ; to crowd to- 
 gether without regard to order ; as, to huddle propo- 
 sitions together. Locke. 
 
 HUD'DLE, n. A crowd ; a number of perstms or 
 things crowded together without order or regularity ; 
 tumult ; confusion. Qlancille. Locke. 
 
 IU'D'DLKD, pp. Crowded together without order. 
 
 IIUD'DLEII, (I. One who throws things into confu- 
 sion ; a bungler. 
 
 HUD'DLING, ppr. Crowding or throwing together in 
 disorder; putting on carelessly. 
 
 HU-DI-BRAS'Tie, a. Similar in style to Hudibras, 
 or doggerel poetry. 
 
 HOE, (Im,) n. [Sax. hiaoe, hiw, color, form, image, 
 beauty; hiieian, to form, to feign, to simulate. This 
 may be contnicted ; for in Sw. htjcIJa, Dan. hi/klcr, is 
 lo play the hypocrite. Perhaps how is of this family.] 
 Color; tint; dye. 
 
 Flowers of all hue. Mtlon. 
 
 HOE, in the phrase hue and cry, signifies a shouting or 
 vociferation. In law, a hue and cry is the pursuit of 
 a felon or olfender, with loud outcries or clamor to 
 give an alarm. Hue is a contracted word, Norm, hue, 
 Fr. huer or hucher, Dan. hut, or, more probably, it is 
 from the same root as hooL 
 
 IWF.D, (hude,) o. Having a color. 
 
 HOE'LESS, a. Destitute of color. 
 
 HO'ER, II. One whose business is to cry out or give 
 an alarm. [JVot in use.] Carcw. 
 
 HUFF, «. [Sp. ehiifa, an empty boast ; ehufar, to hec- 
 tor, to bully ; Sw. yfcas, yfva siir. 'J'his wtird coin- 
 cides in elements witli heave, hove, Dan. hovncr, to 
 swell ; but it may be a difi'erent word. See Class 
 Gb, No. 4, 31.] 
 
 1. A swell of sudden anger or arrogance. 
 
 A Spaniard was wonderfully upon the hujj^ about his extraction. 
 
 L'Estraitge. 
 
 2. A boaster ; one swelled with a false opinion of 
 his own value or importance. 
 
 Lewd, shallow-brained /luJTa make atheism and contempt of re- 
 ligion the badjje of wit. SvulfL, 
 
 HUFF, V. t. To swell ; to enlarge ; to puff up. Grew. 
 2. To hector ; to bully ; to treat with in.solence and 
 
 arrogance ; to chide or rebuke with insolence. 
 HUFF, V. i. To swell ; to dilate or enlarge ; as, the 
 
 bread huffs. 
 
 2. To bluster ; to swell with anger, pride, or arro- 
 gance ; to storm. 
 
 Tliis arroo;ant conceit made them huf at Uie doctrine of repent- 
 ance. Soiilh. 
 A hiijfmg, sliining, flattering, cringing coward. Olucay, 
 
 UTTFF'ED, (hurt,, pp. Swelled ; punned up. 
 IIUFF'ER, JI. A bully ; a swa^'gerer ; a blusterer. 
 IIUFF'I-NESS, ji. i'etulancc; the state of being puffed 
 
 up. Iludtbras. 
 IIUFF'ING, ppr. Swelling; puffing up; blustering. 
 HUFF'ING, 71. Petulance; liiiffiness. 
 HUFF'ISII, a. Arrt/gant ; insolent ; hectoring. 
 IIUFF'ISH-LY, ado. With arrogance or blustering. 
 HUFF'ISH-NESS, 71. Arrogance ; petulance j noisy 
 
 bluster. 
 
 HUFF'Y, a. Swelled or swelling ; petulant. 
 
 HUG, V. t. [Dan. hegrr, to hug, to cherish, Sw. huir- 
 na ! Dan. huircr, to sit squat on the tail. The latter 
 seems to be the G. hocken, to sit squat, to keep close, 
 D. hukken. The sense is lo press, and tliis word may 
 be allied to hedge.] 
 
 1. To press close in an embrace. 
 
 And hugged me in liis arms. Sliak. 
 
 2. To embrace closely ; to hold fast ; to treat with 
 fondness. 
 
 We hug deformities if Uiey bear our names. Glanville. 
 
 3. To congratulate ; followed by a reciprocal pro- 
 noun ; as, to hug one's self. Smart. 
 
 4. To gripe in wrestling or scuffling. 
 
 5. In seoineii^s language, to keep close to ; as, to hug 
 the land ; to hug the wind. ToUen. 
 
 HUG, ji. A close embrace. Gay. 
 2. A particular gripe in wrestling or scuffling. 
 
 HOGE, tt. [This word seems to belong to the family 
 of high, D. hoog, G. hoch. If so, the primary sense 
 is, to swell or rise. If not, I know not its orijin.] 
 
 1. Very large or great ; enormous ; applied to bulk 
 or size ; as, a huge mountain ; a huge ox. 
 
 2. It is improperly applied to space and distance, 
 in the sense of great, va.st, immense ; as, a huge 
 space ; a huge diflVrence. This is inelegant, or 
 rather vulgar. 
 
 3. In colloquial language, very great ; enormous ; 
 as, a huge feeder. S/uik. 
 
 1I0GE'-15EL'LI-£D, a. Having a verj' large belly. 
 
 Mittoti. 
 
 IICGE'-BUILT, (bilt,) a. Built to a huge size. 
 HOGE'LV, adv. Very greatly ; enormously ; im- 
 mensely. 
 
 Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea I ShaJc. 
 
 HC6E'NESS, n. Enormous bulk or largeness ; as, 
 the hugeness of a mountain or of an elephant. 
 
 HUG'GKD, pp. Closely einbraeed ; held fast. 
 
 IIUG'GER-.MUG'GER, 71. [//u^-.rer contains the ele- 
 ments of hug and hedge, and mugger those of smoke, 
 W. mwg, ami of smuggle.] 
 
 In hugger-mugger, denotes in privacy or secrecy, 
 and the word, adverbially used, denotes secretly. 
 [It is a low, cant word.] Holloway. 
 
 IIUG'GING, ppr. Pressing or embracing closely ; 
 ftintlling. 
 
 HC'GUE-NOT, (hu'ge-not,) 71. [The origin of this 
 word is uncertain. It is conjectured to be a corrup- 
 tion of G. eiitgeiwsscn, confederates ; cid, oath, and 
 genoss, consort.] 
 
 A name formerly given to a Protestant in France. 
 IIO'GUE-NOT-IS.M, 71. Tlie religion of the Iliigiie- 
 
 nots in France. Sherwood. 
 HO'GY, a. [from huge.] Vast in size. [JVut used.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 HUT'SHER, (hwe'sher,) 71. [Fr. huiasier.] 
 
 An usher. [04*.] [SeeUsHKa.! B.Jonson. 
 HOKE, 71. [W. Au^-.j 
 
 A cloak ; n liyke. Bacon. 
 HULCII, 71. A bunch or hump. [JVot used.] 
 HULCH'Y, n. Much swelling ; gibbous. [JVot used.] 
 HULK, 71. [D. hulk; Sax. hide, a cottage or lodge, a 
 vessel ; Dan. hoik, a hoy ; Sw. halk. Q.\i. Gr. oAirjf.] 
 1. The body of a ship, or decked vessel of any 
 kind ; but the word is applied only to the body of an 
 old ship or vessel which is laid by as unfit for ser- 
 
 vice. A sheer-hulk is an old ship fitted with an ap- 
 paratus to fix or take out the mast-s of a ship. 
 
 Encyc. Mur. Diet. 
 2. Any thing bulky or unwieldy. [JVot used.] Sluik, 
 The hulks ; in England, old or dismasted ships, for- 
 merly used as prisons. 
 HULK, V. To take out the entrails; as, lo hulk a 
 
 bare. [Little used.] Jiinsworth. 
 nULK'Y, a. Bulky ; unwieldy. [JVot used.] 
 HULL, 71. [Sax. hul, the cover of a nut ; G. htibe ; D. 
 Aulsc; W. Aft;, a cover; huliaw, to cover, to deck, G. 
 hiitcn. See Hulk.] 
 
 1. The outer covering of any thing, particularly of a 
 nut or of grain. Johnson says, the AuHof a nut cov- 
 ers the shell. 
 
 2. The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of her 
 masts, yards, .sails, and rigging. ToUrn. 
 
 To lie a hull, ill seamen's language, is to lie as a .ship 
 without any sail upon her, and her helm lashed a-lce. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 To strike a hull, in a storm, is to take in the sails, 
 and lash the helm on Uie lee-side of a ship. 
 
 Eneye. 
 
 Hull down, expresses that the bull of the ship is 
 concealed by the convexity of the sea. 
 HULL, V. I. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls ; 
 as, to hull grain. 
 
 2. To pierce the hull of a ship with a cannon 
 ball. 
 
 HULL, r. 1. To float or drive on the water, like the 
 
 hull of a ship, witlioiit sails. Jlilton. 
 liUlA,' EI), pp. or a. Stripped off, as the hulls of seed. 
 Hulled corn or grain ; corn or grain boiled in a 
 
 weak lye, so that the hull or coat separates, or is 
 
 easily separated, from the kernel. 
 IIULL'ING, ppr. Stripping off the hull. 
 HULL'Y, a. Having husks or pods ; siliquous. 
 IIUL'VEK, 71. Hidly, an evergreen shrub, or tree. [D. 
 
 huht.] Tusser. ' 
 
 HUM, 1'. i. [G. hummen; D. /io7ii77if/c7!.] 
 
 1. To utter the sound of bees ; to buzz. 
 
 2. To make an inarticulate, buzzing .sound. 
 
 Tlie cloudy messen^r turns me his Uick, 
 
 And /tu//itf._ iViat, 
 
 3. To pause in speaking, and mak<: an audible 
 noise, like the humming of bees. 
 
 He hummed aud hawed. Ilmlibrat. 
 
 4. To make a dull, heavy noise like a drone. 
 Still humming on tlieir drowsy course they took. Pope. 
 
 5. To applaud. [ Obs.] 
 
 IIUJI,7). t. To sing in a low voice ; as, to Aiini a tune. 
 
 2. To cause to lium ; to impose on. [Vulgar.] 
 HUM, 71. The noise of bees or insects. 
 
 2. A low, confused noise, as of crowds ; as, the 
 busy hum of ini^n. Jtlillvn. 
 
 3. Any low, dull noise. I'opr. 
 
 4. A low, inarticulate sound, uttered by a s[«uiker 
 in a pause ; as, /iiij;i,v and haws. Shak. Dryden. 
 
 5. An expression of applause. Spcc'lalor. 
 G. An imposititm in jest. [Vulgar.] Smart 
 
 IIU.M, cj-clam. A .sound with a pause iin|)lying doubt 
 and deliberation. Pope. 
 
 HO'.AIA.N, (J. [L. /ii(777anii.'i ; Fr. humain ; Sp. Aumnxo ; 
 It. umano. I am not certain which are the radical 
 letters of this word, but am inclined to believe tlii in 
 to be JIfii ; that the first syllable is a prefix ; that ho- 
 mo in Latin is contracted, the 71 being dropped in the 
 nominative, and restored in the oblique ca.-ies ; hence 
 homo, and tlie Gotliic and Sax. guma, a man, may be 
 the same word ; but this is doubtful If Mn arc" the 
 elements, this word is from the root of 77ia;i, or rath- 
 er is formed on the Teutonic word. Ilcb. fiirin, 
 species. The corre^iioiitliiig word in G is menschUch, 
 (manlUce,) t>. inenschehjk. See .M an.] 
 
 1. Belonging to man or mankind ; pertaining or 
 relating to the race of man ; as, a human voice ; A«- 
 Tnaa shape ; human nature ; human knowledge ; Au- 
 77ia/t life. 
 
 2. Having the qualities of a man. SwifL 
 
 3. Profane ; not sacred or divine ; as, a human au- 
 thor. [JVot ill use.] Brown. 
 
 HO'.MAN-ATE, a. Endued with humanity. [Obs.] 
 
 Cranmer. 
 
 HU-MANE', a. [Supra.] Having the feelings and 
 dispositions proper to man ; having tenderness, com- 
 passion, and a tiispositiou to treat others with kind- 
 ness ; particularly in relieving them wlien in distress, 
 or in captivity, when they are helpless or defense- 
 less ; kind ; benevolent. 
 
 2. Inclined to treat the lower orders of animals 
 with tenderness. 
 HU-.MA.NE'LY, adv. With kindness, tenderness, or 
 compassion ; as, the prisoners were treated humanely. 
 2. In a humane manner ; with kind feelings. 
 IIU-.Ma.\E'.\ESS, 71. 'J'enderness. Scott, 
 HO'.MAN-IST, 71. One who pursues the study of the 
 humanities, lliteriE humaniores,) or polite litcnitiire; 
 a tenn iiseil in various European universities, es- 
 pecially the Scottish. Braude. 
 2. One versed in the knowledge of human nature 
 ShojXc^bury. 
 
 HU-MAN-I-Ta'RI-AN, 71. [L. Aii77iaji«.<, Aiimonila.*.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH , TH as in THIS. 
 
HUM 
 
 HUM 
 
 HUM 
 
 One wiio denies tlic divinity of Clirist, i\nd believes 
 hiui to be a mere ni;in. 
 UU-MAN-I-Ta'RI-Ai\-IS.M, lu The doctrine of the 
 
 human itariuns. 
 HU-.MAN'I-TV, )!. [L. humanitas ; Fr. humanite.] 
 1 The peculiar nature of man, by u hicli lie is dis- 
 tinguished from other beinjs. Thus Clirist, by liis 
 incarnation, was invested with hummntij. 
 
 2. Mankind collectively ; the human race. 
 
 If he is able lo unlie Uiuse knots, lie is able to leach all humaniti/, 
 
 aianiiiUe. 
 
 It is a debt we owe to humanity, S. S, Smith, 
 
 3. The kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies 
 of man, by which he is distinguished from the low- 
 er orders of animals; kindness; benevolence ; es- 
 pecially, a disposition to relieve persons in distress, 
 and to treat with tenderness those who are helpless 
 and defenseless ; opposed to Cri'elty. 
 
 4. A disposition to treat the lower orders of animals 
 with tenderness, or at least to give them no unneces- 
 sary pain. 
 
 5. The exercise of kindness ; acts of tenderness. 
 
 6. Philology ; grammatical studies. Jnhiusan. 
 
 Humaiiifies, in the plural, signifies gnimmar, rheto- 
 ric, the Latin and Greek languages, and poetry ; for 
 teaching which there are professors in the universities 
 of Scotland. Encyc. 
 
 HtI-MA.\-I-ZA'TION', n. The act of humanizing. 
 HC'.MA.\-IZE, ». (. To soften; to render liumruie ; 
 to subdue dispositions to cruelty, and render suscepti- 
 ble of kind feelings. 
 
 Was it tlie business of raajic lo humauize our natures ? 
 
 AdiUson, Witlierspoon. 
 Hu'.MAN-IZ-iD, pp. Softened in feeling; rendered 
 humane. 
 
 Hu'.MAN-IZ-I.\G, ppr. or a. Softening; subduing 
 cruel dispositions. 
 
 HO'M.\N-KIND, n. The race of man ; mankind ; the 
 human species. Pope. 
 
 Hu'M.\N-LY, atJv. After the manner of men; ac- 
 cording to the opinions or knowledge of men. The 
 present prospects, humanly speaking, promise a hap- 
 py issue. 
 
 2. Kindly; humanely. [06^.]- Pope. 
 HU-M.^'TION, n. Interment. [JVotused.] 
 HaJI'BIRD, )n. A very small bird of the ge- 
 
 UU.M'.MIXG-BIRD, \ nus Trochiliis, so called from 
 the sound of its wings in fliglit. The rostrum is 
 subulate, filiform, anil longer than the head ; the 
 tongue is filiform and tubulous. It never lights to 
 take food, but feeds while on the wing. 
 HU.M'i3L.E, a. [Fr. kumble ; h. Iiumilis ; supposed to 
 be from Jtmnus, the earth, or its root.] 
 
 1. Low ; opposed to High or Lofty. 
 
 Thy humble iicsl bujit an oie jxrouiicl. Coiclcy. 
 
 2. Low ; opposed to Loftv or Great ; mean ; not 
 magnificent ; as, a humble cottage. 
 
 A humble roof, and an ol>scure retreat, ^non. 
 
 3. Lowly ; modest ; meek ; submissive ; opposei to 
 Proud, llAuriHTv, Arrogant, or Assuming. In an 
 cvan •relir.al sense, having a low opinion of one's self, 
 and a deep sense of un worthiness in the sight of God. 
 
 Gotl rsistelh the pruuj, but givelh grace to the hujnble, — 
 
 Without a humlite imitation of the divine Author of our blessed 
 lelijion, we can never hope lo be a happy nation. 
 
 WasUington'e Circular Address or LeUer, June 18, I7l*3. 
 
 HUM'liLE, V. t. To bring down ; to reduce to a low 
 state. 'I'his victory AiiraWcrf the pride of Rome. T)ie 
 power of Rome was humbled, but not subdued. 
 
 2. 'J'o crush ; to break ; to subdue. Tile battle of 
 Waterloo humbled the power of Bonaparte. 
 
 3. To mortify, or make ashamed ; as, one may be 
 humbled without having true humility. 
 
 •I. 'i'o make humble or lowly in mind ; to abase the 
 pride of ; to reduce arrogance and self-dependence; 
 to give a low opinion of one's moral worth ; to make 
 meek and Eubinicsive to the divine will ; tite cvan 
 gcitcal sense. 
 
 Humble yourwive* under the inijhty hand of God, that he may 
 
 exalt yon. — 1 Pel. v. 
 Hezekiah nuinbled himi'-lf for the pride of his heart. — 2 Chron. 
 
 xxxii. 
 
 5. To make to condescend. He AitmAiM himself to 
 speak to them. 
 
 6. To bring down j to lower; to reduce. 
 
 Tlie hi;^h':sl mountains may be humbled into valleys. IlakewUt. 
 
 7. To deprive of chastity. Deul. xxi. 
 
 To humble one's self; to repent; to afflict one's self 
 for win ; lo make contrite. 
 HIJ.M'BI.f;-BEK, n, [C. hummel; T). hommet : Dan. 
 hummel; Kw.humU; friiin hum. It is often called 
 bumblebee, L. bombus, a l>u/./,iiig.] 
 
 A bee of n large ii|)(;cie>i, that draws its food chiefly 
 from rlovi r flowers. 
 Hlf.M'BLf.lJ, pp. or a. Made low; abased; rendered 
 
 mi'< k and HubmisHive ; penitent. 
 HU.M'IILIi-.MOUlTH-KD, a. Mild ; meek ; modest. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 m;.M'IU,n-.M«.S, n. The state of being humble or 
 
 low ; humility ; metikneHn. Baeon. Sidney. 
 
 HUM'BLK-PLANT, n. A •pccieti of »enxilive plant. 
 
 Jilorlimer. 
 
 HUM'BLER, n. He or that which humbles; he that 
 reduces pride or mortifies. 
 
 U.M'BLES Entrails of a deer. Johnson. 
 
 HUM'BLe'sS, 7^ [Old Fr. /mmWcsse.] Humbleness; 
 
 humility. Spenser. 
 HU.M'BLIN'G, ppr. Abasing; crushing; subduing. 
 
 2. a. .Adapted to abase jiride and self-dependence. 
 HU.M'BLING, ;i. Humiliation ; abatement of pride. 
 HUM'BLY, adv. In a humble manner ; with modest 
 submissiveness ; with humility. 
 
 Hope humbly then ; with trembling pinions soar ; 
 W;ut the great teacher, death, and God adore. Pope. 
 2. In a low state or condition ; without elevation. 
 HUM'BoLDT-L\E, 71. [from Humboldt.] A native 
 
 oxalate of iron. 
 HU.M'BoLDT-ITE, n. [from Humboldt.] A rare 
 
 mineral, a variety of datholite. 
 HUM'BUG, n. An imposition under fair pretenses ; a 
 
 person who thus imposes. [j3 loio word.] 
 HU.M'liUG, c. £. To deceive; to impose on. [jj low 
 word.] 
 
 HU.M'BUR-GED, pp. Imposed on ; deceived. 
 HUM'BUG-GER-Y, 71. Tlie practice of imposition. 
 HU.M'DRUM, a. [Qu. hum and drone, or VV. trom, 
 heavy.] 
 
 Dull ; stupid. .Addison. Hudibras. 
 
 HUM'DRU.AI, 71. A stupid fellow ; a drone. 
 HO-.MEGT', ) c. t. [L. humcclo, from humco, to 
 HU-.MEeT'ATE, j be moist ; Fr. hnmeclcr.] 
 To moisten ; to wet ; to water. [Little used.] 
 
 hrown. Howell. 
 HU-MECT-.A'TION, n. The act of moistening, wet- 
 ting, or watering. [Litjle used.] Bacon. 
 HU-MECT'IVE, a. Having the power to moisten. 
 Hu'MER-AL, a. [Fr., from L. humerus, the shoulder.] 
 Belonging to the shoulder; as, the humeral artery. 
 HUM'HUAI, 7(. A kind of plain, coarse India cloth, 
 
 made of cotton. 
 Hu'Mie ACID, n. An acid formed from humus by 
 
 the action of an alkali. Cuoley. 
 HU-.MI-eU-BA'TION, 71. [L. humus, the ground, and 
 cubo, to lie.] 
 
 A lying on the ground. [Litllc used.] Bramhall. 
 Hu'.MIU, a. [L. humidus, from humco, to be moist; 
 Fr. humide.] 
 
 1. Moist ; damp ; containing sensible moisture ; 
 as, a humid air or atmosphere. 
 
 2. Somewhat wet or wmtery ; as, humid earth. 
 HU-MID'I-TY, 71. Moisture ; dampness ; a moderate 
 
 degree of wetness, which is perceptible to the eye or 
 touch, occasioned by the absorption of a fluid, or its 
 adlierence to the surface of a body. When a cloth 
 has imbibed any fluid to such a degree that it can be 
 felt, we call it humid ; but when no humidity is per- 
 ceptible, we say it is dry. Quicksilver communi- 
 cates no liumidily to our hands or clothes, for it does 
 not adhere to them ; but it will adhere to gold, tin, 
 and lead, and render them humid and sott to the 
 touch. 
 
 2. Moisture in the form of visible vapor, or per- 
 ceptible in the air. 
 HO'.MID-NESS, 71. Ilumiditv. 
 HU-MIL'I-aTE, I', t. [L. humUio ; Fr. humiUer.] 
 
 To humble; to lower in condition j to depress; 
 as, humiliated slaves. Eaton. 
 HU-.MIL'I-A-TED, pp. Humbled ; depressed ; de- 
 graded. 
 
 HLr-MIL'I--5-TI\G,ppr. Humbling; depressing. 
 2. a. Abating pride ; reducing self-confidence ; 
 
 mortifying. Boswell. 
 HU-MIL-l-A'TION, 71. The act of humbling; the 
 
 state of being humbled. 
 
 2. Descent from an elevated state or rank to one 
 that is low or humble. 
 
 The former was a /iu;/iiiia£ion of deity ; the latter, a humiliation 
 of nianliood. JJoukcr. 
 
 3. The act of abasing pride ; or the state of being 
 reduced to lowliness of mind, meekness, penitence, 
 and submission. 
 
 The (loclrrnc he preached was humiliation and repentance. 
 
 Sivi/U 
 
 H. Abasement of pride ; mortification. 
 HU-.MIL'I-TY, 7«. [L. humUitas ; Fr. humiliti. See 
 
 Hl'MIlI.E.] 
 
 I. Ill ethics, freedom from pride and arrogance ; 
 hunibli ness of mind ; a modest estimate of one's 
 own worth. In t/icvlojry, humility consists in lowli- 
 ness of mind, a deep sense of one's own unworthi- 
 ncss in the sight of God, self-abasement, penitence 
 for sin, and submission to the divine will. 
 
 Uf fort! honor is humility. — I*n>v. xv. 
 Serving the Lonl with all humility of mind. — Acta xx. 
 2. Act of submission. 
 
 Willi Ihew: humilities they satisfied the young king. Dmiies. 
 IIO'.MIX, 7t. See Humus. 
 
 IIO'Mr/'E, 71. A red Vesuvinn mineral, occurring in 
 minute complex crystals. It was named from Sir 
 David Hume. Dana. 
 
 IIIIM'iMER, 71. [from Aiim.] One that hums ; an a|)- 
 plauiler. JlinsteorlJi. 
 
 IIUM'MING, ppr. or a. Making a low buzzing or 
 murmuring. 
 
 HUM'MING, 71. The sound of bees ; a low, murmur- 
 ins Stillllll, 
 
 HU.M'.MING-aLE, 71. Sprightly ale. Dnjdcn. 
 HU.M'JUiNG-BIIlD, 71. The smallest of birds, of the 
 
 genus Tiocliilus. [See Humbiku.] 
 HUM'iMOCK, 71. A solid mass of turf considerably 
 
 elevated above the surrounding earth. [See Hom- 
 
 mock.] 
 
 HUM'iMU.MS, 77. pi. [Persian.] Baths or places for 
 sweating. 
 
 HU'iMOR, II. [L., from humco, to be moist ; Sans, ama, 
 moist. The pronunciation yumor is odiously vul- 
 gar.] 
 
 1. .Moisture ; but the word is chiefly used to ex 
 press the moisture or fluids of animal bodies ; as, 
 the humors of tlie eye. But more generally the word 
 is used to express a fluid in its morbid or vitiated 
 state. Hence, in popular speech, we often hear it 
 said, the blooil is full of humors. But the expression 
 is not technical, nor correct. 
 
 .Aqueous humor of the eye; a transparent fluid, oc- 
 cupying the space between the crystalline lens and 
 the cornea, both before and behind the pupil. 
 
 Crystalline humoror lens ; a small, transparent, solid 
 body, of a softish consistence, occupying a middle 
 position in the eye, between the aqueous and vitre- 
 ous humors, and diiectly behind the pupil. It is of 
 a lenticular form, or with double convex surfaces, 
 and is the principal instrument in refracting the rays 
 of light, so a.s to form an image on the retina. 
 
 Vitreous humor of the eye; a fluid contained in the 
 minute cells of a transparent membrane, occupying 
 the greater part of the cavity of the eye, and all the 
 space between the crystalline and the retina. 
 
 IVistar 
 
 2. A disease of the skin ; cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 Eieldintr. 
 
 3. Turn of mind ; temper ; disposition, or rather a 
 peculiarity of disposition often temporary ; so called 
 because the temper of mind has been supposed to 
 depend on the fluids of the body. Hence we say, 
 good humor ; melancholy humor ; peevish humor. 
 Such humors, when temporary, we call freaks, 
 whims, caprice. Thus a person characterized by 
 good nature may have a fit of ill humor ; and an ill 
 natured person may have a fit of good humor. So 
 we say, it was the humor of the man at the time ; it 
 was the humor of the multitude. 
 
 4. That quality of the imagination which gives to 
 ideas a wild or fantastic turn, and lends to excite 
 laughter or mirth by ludicrous images or representa- 
 tions. Humor is less poignant and brilliant than wit ; 
 lience it is always agreeable. Wit, directed against 
 folly, often offends by its severity ; humor makes a 
 man ashamed of his follies, without exciting his re- 
 sentment. Humor may be employed solely to raise 
 mirth and render conversation pleasant, or it may 
 contain a delicate kind of satire. 
 
 5. Petulance ; peevishness ; better expressed by ill 
 humor. 
 
 Is my friend all perfection 1 has he not humors to be endun?d ? 
 
 South. 
 
 6. A trick ; a practice or habit. 
 
 I like not the humor of lying. ShaJ:. 
 IIO'MOR, V. t. To gratify by yielding to particular in- 
 clination, humor, wish, or desire ; to indulge by com- 
 pliance. We sometimes humor clnldien to their in- 
 jury or ruin. The sick, the infirm, and the a^ed 
 often require to be humored. 
 
 2. To suit ; to indulge ; to favor by imposing no 
 restraint, and rather contributing to promote by oc- 
 casional aids. We say, an actor humors his part, or 
 the piece. 
 
 Il is my part to invent, and that of l)»e musicians to humor lhat 
 invention. Dryden. 
 
 Hu'MOR-AL, a. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, 
 the humors ; as, a humoral fever. Harvey. 
 
 Itumoral patholo/ry ; that pathology, or doctrine of 
 the nature of diseases, which attributes all morbid 
 phenomena to the disordered condition of the fluids 
 or humors. Cijc. 
 HO'MOR-AL-IS.M, 7t. State of being humoral. 
 
 Caldwell. 
 
 2. The doctrine that diseases have their seat in 
 the humors. 
 
 HO'AlOlt-AL-I.ST, n. One who favors the humoral 
 
 pathologv. 
 Hu'MOR-i;r), ;)/). Indulged; favored. 
 IIO'MOK-ING, ppr Indulging a particular Wish or 
 propensity; faiwing ; contributing to aid by falling 
 into a design or course. 
 HO'MOR-ISM, 71. 'i'he state of the humors. 
 HO'MOIt-IST, 71. One who conducts liimself by his 
 own inclination, or bent of mind ; one who gratifies 
 liis own fiuinor. 
 
 The humorist is one that is jrrently pleased or greatly displeased 
 Willi tiltle thinps; his uctiuiis seldutn directed by the n-ason 
 and nature of things. Watts, 
 
 2. One that indulges humor in speaking or wri- 
 ting ; one who has a playful fancy or genius. [See 
 Humor, No. 4.] 
 
 3. One who lias odd conceits ; also, a wag ; a 
 droll. Hall. Bodley. 
 
 PATE, PAR, FALL, WII/IT — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, ByQK.- 
 
 56e 
 
1 nm known to be a humorous patrician. 
 Roiijrli OS a itonn, ami humorout oi llic wind. 
 
 HUN 
 
 HP'MOR-LESS, a. Deslinite of litiinor. 
 
 HO'-MOK-OUfi, II. Coiitniniiij: huirior ; full of wilil 
 or fanciful iniases ; adapted io excite laugliter ; jocu- 
 lar; as, a humprous cssny ; a humortfus stor>'. 
 
 2. Ilavinj! the power lo speak or write in the style 
 of humor; fanciful; playful; exciting laughter; as, 
 a liumorous man or author. 
 
 3. t'ubject to be governed by Immor or caprice ; 
 irregular; capricious; wliimsical. 
 
 Dryltn. 
 
 4. Moist ; humid. [A*o< in use.] Drayton. 
 HC".MOR-OUS-I,Y, adv. With a wild or grotesque 
 
 combination of ideas ; in a manner to excite laugh- 
 ter or mirth ; pleasantly ; jocosely. Addison de- 
 scribes humorously the manual exercise of ladies' 
 fans. 
 
 2. Capriciously ; whimsically ; in conformity with 
 one's humor. 
 
 We irsolvc by halv«, rashly and humorously. Calamy, 
 IIO'MOR-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of be- 
 ing humorous ; oddness of conceit ; jocularity. 
 
 2. Fickleness ; capriciousness. 
 
 3. Peevishness ; petulance. Goodman. 
 HO'.MOR-SO.ME, (-sum,) a. Peevish ; petulant; in- 
 fluenced by the humor of the moment. 
 
 The conunons do not abel humorsomt, factious arms. Burke. 
 
 5. Odd ; humorous ; adapted to e.xcite laughter. 
 
 Strift 
 
 HO'MOR-POME-LY, odr. Peevishly; petulantly. 
 
 2. Oddlv ; humorously. [Johnson. 
 HU.MP, n. (L. umbo.] 
 
 The protuberance formed by a crooked back; as, 
 a camel with one hump, or two Aiiinp". 
 HU.MP'BACK, n. A crooked back ; high shoulders. 
 
 2. A humpbacked person. [ Tatlrr. 
 
 HirMP'BACK-/:D, (-bakt,)a. Having a crooked back. 
 HO'.MUS, n. [I-., ground.] .\ pulverulent brown 
 substance formed by the action of air on solid ani- 
 mal or vegetable matter. It is a valuable constituent 
 <if soils. Oraham. 
 HUNCH, 71. [See the verb.] A hump ; a protuber- 
 ance : as, the hunrh of a camel. 
 
 2. A lump ; a thick piece ; as, a hunck of bread ; 
 a word in common vulgar w.N'f in AVic Knirland, 
 
 3. .A push or jerk with the fist or elbow. 
 HUNCH, r. !. To push with the elbow ; to push or 
 
 thrust with a sudden jerk. 
 
 2. To push out in a protuberance ; lo crook the 
 back. DryJen. 
 
 HUNCII'IIACK, n. A humpback. 
 
 HU.\CH'BACK-/;D, ( bakl,) o. Hanng a crooked 
 back. Estranfre. Drydeu. 
 
 Hr.NCH'£D, (huncht,) pp. Pushed or thrust with 
 the tist or elbow. 
 
 HLWCiriXG, pp Pushing with the fist or elbow. 
 
 IIU.N'D'REB, a. [Sax. hund or hundred; Goth, hund: 
 D.honderd: G. hundert : Sw. Aundrn; Dan. hundre, 
 hundred : L. eentum ; \V. cant, a circle, the hoop of a 
 wheel, the rim of any thing, a complete circle or 
 series, a hundred ; Corn, ram ; Arm. cant ; Ir. ceanlr. 
 l.ye, in his t^axon and Gothic Dictionary, suggests 
 that this word hund is a mere termination of the 
 (i<itliic word for ten ; taihun-taVtund, ten times ten. 
 I!ui this can not be true, for the word is found in the 
 Celtic as well as Gothic dialects, and in the Arabic 
 SO, 
 
 tXjLi^ Aand, Class Gn, Xo. G3 ; at least, this is proba- 
 bly the same word. The Welsh language exhibits 
 the true sense of the word, which is a circle, a com- 
 plete scries. Hence W. canlrev, a division of a 
 county, or circuit, a canton, a hundred. (See Cast- 
 tun.) The word signifii's a circuit, and the sense of 
 hundred is secondary. The centuria of the Romans, 
 and the hundred, a division of a county in England, 
 might have been merely a division, and not an exact 
 hundred in number.] 
 
 Denoting the product of ten multiplied by ten, or 
 the number of ten times ten ; ."is, a hundred men. 
 
 HU.ND'RED, n A collection, body, or sum, consisting 
 often times ten individuals or units ; the number lOU. 
 
 2. A division or part of a county in England, sup- 
 posed to have originally contained o. hundred fauulics, 
 or a hundred warriors, or a hundred manors. 
 
 [But as the word denotes primarily a circuit or 
 dicision, it is not certain that .Alfred's divisions had 
 anv reference to that number.] 
 
 HU.ND'RED-eSURT, n. In fcn^/and, a court held 
 for all the inhabitants of a hundred. Blackstone. 
 
 HL"ND'RED-ER, n. In England, a man who may be 
 of a jury in any controversy respecting land within 
 the hundred to which he belongs. 
 2. One having the jurisdiction of a hundred. 
 
 HUND'REDTH, a. The ordinal of a hundred. 
 
 HUNG, pret. and pp. of IIaso. 
 
 HUNG'-BEEF, «. T<ie lleshy part of beef slightly 
 salted and hung up to dr)' ; dried beef. 
 
 HU.N"G.\-RY-WA'TER, n. A distilled water pre- 
 pared from the tops of flowers of rcjemary ; so 
 called from a queen of Hungary, for whose use it 
 was first made. Encyc 
 
 HUN 
 
 I1UN"GER, n. [Sax. hun-;rr, ('.. Dan. and Sw. Auii- 
 
 fer, l>. hunger, Golll. huhrus, hunger ; Sax. hun^rian, 
 inirrian, Goth, hui'^rijan, to hunger. It appears 
 from the Gothic that 71 is nut radical ; the root, 
 then, is H^'.] 
 
 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned by the want of 
 food ; a craving of food by the stomach ; craving 
 appetite, Huntrer is not nu*rely vanl of food, for per- 
 sons when sick may abstain long from eating witli- 
 out hun^rrr or an appetite for food. Iluntrer, there- 
 fore, is the pain or uneasiness of the sttimacli of a 
 healthy person, when too long destitute of food. 
 
 2. Any strong or eager desire. 
 
 For hunger of my gol.l 1 dif. Dryden, 
 HUN"GER, r. 7. To feel the pain or uneasiness 
 which is occasioned by long abstinence from food ; 
 to crava food. 
 2. To desire with great eagerness ; to long for. 
 BIos»ed are Uicy dial hunger and Uiirst nAer ri^litcuLisce^s. — 
 Malt. Y. 
 
 nUN"GF.n, r. t. To famish. [Ao« in use.] 
 HUN"GER-BIT, j a. Pained, pinched, or weak- 
 
 HC.\"GER-B1T-TEX, 1 eiied by hunger. Milton. 
 HU.\"GEK-£D, pp. 01 a. Pinched by want of food ; 
 hungn,'. 
 
 nUN"GER-IN'G,/»pr. Feeling the uneasiness of want 
 of food : desiring eagerly ; longing for ; craving. 
 
 nUN"GER-LY, a. Hungry ; wanting food or nour- 
 ishment. Shak. 
 
 HUN"GER-LY, adv. W'ith keen appetite. [LMt 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 IIUX"GER-STXRV-RD, Ji. Starved with hunger ; 
 pinched by want of food. Shak. Dryden, 
 
 nr.\"GER-STUNG, a. Stung hy hunger. Drake. 
 
 HUN"GR£)D, a. Hungry; pinched by want of food. 
 [Obs] Baron. 
 
 HUN"GRI-LY, arfp. [from hungry.] With keen ap- 
 petite ; voraciously. 
 
 \VIi'.-n on harsh acorns hungrily they fed. Dryden. 
 
 HUX"GRY, a. Having a keen appetite ; feeling pain 
 or uneasiness from want of food. Eat only w hen 
 you are hungry. 
 
 2. Having an eager desire. 
 
 3. Lean ; emaciated, as if reduced by hunger. 
 
 Cassias lias a lean and hungry look. Shak. 
 
 4. Not rich or fertile ; poor ; barren ; requiring 
 substances to eiuich itself; as, a hungry soil; a 
 hungry gravel; jVortimer. 
 
 HUXKS, n. A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a 
 
 niggartl. Dryden. 
 HUNS, 71. pi [L. Hunni.] 
 
 The Scythians, who conquered Pannonia, and gave 
 
 it its present name, Hungary. 
 HUNT, r. t. [Sax. huntian. This word does not ap- 
 
 pe.-u- in the cognate languages. Sec Class Gn, No. 
 
 67.1 
 
 1. To chase wild animals, particularly quadrupeds, 
 for the purpose of catching them for food, or for the 
 diversion of sportsmen ; to pursue with hounds for 
 taking, as game ; as, to hunt a stag or a hare. 
 
 2. To go in search of, for the purpose of shooting ; 
 as, to AuTit wolves, bears, squirrels, or partridges. 
 This is the common use of the word in America. It 
 includes fowling by shooting. 
 
 3. To pursue ; to follow closely. 
 
 Evil shall hunt tlic Tiolent man lo oveniirow him. — Ps. cxl. 
 
 4. To use, direct, or manage hounds in the chase. 
 
 He hunta a pack of dogs. Ad[^on. 
 
 To hunt out, up, or ttfter ; to Eeek ; to search out 
 
 /Mke. 
 
 To hunt from ; to pursue and drive out or away. 
 To hunt daten ; to depress ; to bear down by perse- 
 cution or violence. 
 HUNT, r. i. To follow the ch.ase. Oen. ixvii. 
 
 2. To seek wild animals for game, or for killing 
 them by sluioting when noxious; with for; as, to 
 hunt fur bears or wolves ; to hunt for quails, or for 
 ducks. 
 
 3. To seek by close pursuit; to search; with for. 
 The adullaress viU hunt /or the precious life. — ProT. vi. 
 
 To hunt counter ; to trace the scent backward in 
 hunting; to go back on one's steps. [Ois.J Shak. 
 To run counter is still used. 
 HUXT, R. A chase of wild animals for catching 
 them. 
 
 2. .\ huntsman. [-Vot in use.] Chaucer. 
 
 3. A pack of hounds. Dryden. 
 
 4. Pursuit ; chase. Sheik. 
 
 5. A seeking of wild animals of any kind for 
 ga:ne ; as, a hunt for squirrels. 
 
 6. An association of huntsmen ; as, the Caledonian 
 hunt. 
 
 HUXT-eOUNT'ER, ti. A dog that nins back on the 
 scent, and hence is worthless. Shak. 
 
 HU.NT'KI), pp. or 0. Chased; pursued; sought. 
 
 HU.NT'ER, 71. One who pursues wild animals with a 
 view to take them, either for sport or for food. 
 
 2. A dog that scents game, or is employed in the 
 chase. 
 
 3. .\ horse used in the chase. 
 
 HUR 
 
 IIUNT'ING, ppr. Chasing for seizure; pur.'iuing , 
 SCI king ; Kcarcliing. 
 
 Hl'XT'lXO, n. The act or practice of pursuing wild 
 animals, for catching or killing them. Hunting w.'m 
 originally practiced by men for the purpose of pro- 
 curing food, as it still is by uncivili/.ed natttuis. But, 
 among civilized men, it is practiced mostly for exer- 
 cise or diversion, or fur the destruction of noxious 
 animals, as in America. 
 2. A pursuit ; a seeking. 
 
 HU.XT'IXti-HORX, 71. A bugle; a horn used to 
 cheer the hounds in pursuit of game. 
 
 IIU.NT'l.N'G-HORSE, ( 71. A horse used in hunting. 
 
 IIUNT'lXG-NAG, ( Butler. 
 
 IIUXT'LNG-SkAT, 71. A temporary residence for the 
 purpose of hunting. Grav. 
 
 HUNT'KESS, 77. .\ female that hunts, or follows the 
 chase. Diana is called the huntrtn.i. 
 
 HUXTS'M.'VN, 71. One who hunts, or who practices 
 hunting. Waller. 
 
 2. The servant whose oflice it is to manage the 
 chase. VEstrange. 
 
 HUXTS'.MAX-SHIP, 71. The art or practice of hunt- 
 ing, or tlie qualifications of a liunter. Donne. 
 
 HUR'D^:X, a. [.Made o(hurd.-<, hards, or coarse flax.] 
 A coarse kind of linen, [fjoeal or obs.] Shenstone. 
 
 HtU'DLE, 71. [Sax. hyrdel ; G. hiirde, a hurdle, a 
 fold or pen ; D. horde, n hurdle, a horde. The ele- 
 ments of tliis word are the same as of the L. crates, 
 Hrd, Crd. It Coincides, also, with lierd, denoting 
 closeness, pressure, lu Iding.j 
 
 1. A texture of twigs, osiers, or sticks; a crate of 
 various forms, according to its destination. 
 
 2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals 
 were drawn to llie place of execution. In this sense, 
 it is not used in America. Bacon. 
 
 .1. Ill fortification, a collection of twigs or sticks 
 interwoven closely, and sustained by long stakes. It 
 is made in the figure of a long square, five or six 
 feet by three and a half. Hurdles si-rve to render 
 works firm, or to cover traverses and lodgments for 
 the defense of workmen against fireworks or stones. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. In husbandry, a movable frame of split timber or 
 sticks wattled together, serving lor gates, inclosures, 
 It is sometimes made of iron. Form. Encyc. 
 HUR'DLE, r. (. To make up, hedge, cover, or close, 
 
 with hurdles. Seward. 
 IIUKDS, 71. The coarse part of flax or hemp. [See 
 Hards,] 
 
 HUK'DY-GUR'DY, n. .\ stringed instrument of mu- 
 sic, whose sounds are produced hy the friction of a 
 wheel, and regulated hy the finsers. Porter. 
 
 HURL, r>. t. [.\rni. harlua. This may be a different 
 spelling of vhirl.] 
 
 1. To throw with violence; to drive with great 
 force ; as, to hurl a stone. 
 
 And hurl tliem headlong to Ibeir fleet and main. Pope. 
 
 9. To utter with vehemence ; as, to hurl out vows. 
 [Avt m use.] Spenser. 
 
 3. To play at a kind of game. Carew. 
 HURL, r. t. To move rapidly ; to whirl. [Rare.] 
 
 Thojnson. 
 
 HURL, 77. The act of throwing with violence. 
 
 2. 1'timult; riot; commotion. JCnolles. 
 UURL'B.'VT, lu A whirl-bat ; an old kind of weapon. 
 
 .^insKorlh. 
 
 HURL'Bo.VE, 77. In a Iwrsc, a bone near tlie middle 
 of the buttock. Encyc. 
 
 IIURL'f:D, pp. Thrown with violence. 
 
 IIURL'ER, 71. One who hurls, or who plays at hurl- 
 ing. Carete, 
 
 IIURL'IXG, ppr. Throwing with force ; playing at 
 hurling. 
 
 HURL'WIND, 71. A whirlwind, which see. Sandys. 
 HUK'LY, (71. [Russ. iur/yu, to be noisy or 
 
 HUR'LY-BUR'LY, j turbulent ; Dan. hurl om burl, 
 
 topsy-turvy ; Fr. hurlu burlu, inconsiderately.] 
 Ttinuilt ; bustle ; contusion. Shak. 
 Hi;R-K.ii,' ) ezelam. [Sw. Aiirro. The ^Velsh h.is 
 lli.R-RXlI', J cirara, play, S|Kirt ; but the Swedish 
 
 appears to be the English word.J 
 A shout of joy or exultation. 
 HUR'RI-CaNE, 71. [Sp. Aiiracaa, for furacan, from 
 
 the Ij.furio, furo, to nige ; Port, fura^am ; It. oraga- 
 
 no ; Fr. ouragan : I), orkaan ; G. Dan. and Sw. orcan. 
 
 I know not the origin nor the signification of the last 
 
 syllable.] 
 
 A violent stiirm, distinguished by the vehemence 
 of the wind and its sudden changes. .A hurricane pn 
 the water is called a gale; on the land, a tornado. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 Hurricane deck; a^ame given to the upper deck of 
 steambonu, which, from its higlit, is liable to be in- 
 jured by sudden and violent wind-:, 
 HUR'RI-'£D, fhur'rid,) ;7>. or a. [(tvm hurry.] Hast- 
 ened ; urged or impelled to rapid motion or vigorous 
 action. 
 
 HUR'RI-£D-LY, adv. In a hurried manner. 
 
 Bovring. 
 
 IIUR'RI-ED-.NESS, n. St.ite of being hurried. SeoO. 
 HUR'RI ER, n. One who hurries, urges, or impels. 
 HUR'RY, r, L [This word is evidently from the root 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 567 
 
HUS 
 
 HUS 
 
 HUZ 
 
 ofL. cttrro; Fr.courir; Sw. kora; \\^ n^i/ru, lo drive, 
 impel, thrust, nm, ride, press forward. See Ar. 
 
 tS^^ jarai, and^L^s kaura, to go round, to hast- 
 en. Class Gr, No. 7, 32, 3().] 
 
 1. To hasten ; to impel to greater speed ; to drive 
 or press forward with more rapidity ; to urae to act 
 or proceed with more celerity ; as, to hurry tlie work- 
 men or the work. Our business hurries us. The 
 weather is hot and the load heavy ; we can not safe- 
 ly hurry the horses. 
 
 2. To drive or impel with violence. 
 
 ImDetuous lust hurries liiin od to satisfy tbe cravings of it. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. To urge or drive with precipitation and confu- 
 sion ; for confusion is often caused by hurry. 
 
 Anil wild .imazement hurries up anil down 
 
 The lilUe number of your doubtful friends. ShaJc, 
 
 To hurry away ; to drive or carry away in haste. 
 
 HUR'RY, V. i. To move or act with haste ; to proceed 
 with celerity or precipitation. The business is ur- 
 gent ; let us hurry. 
 
 HUR'RY, It. A driving or pressing forward in motion 
 or business. 
 
 2. Pressure ; urgency to haste. We can not wait 
 long ; we are in a hurry. 
 
 3. Precipitation that occasions disorder or confu- 
 • sion. 
 
 It is necessary sometimes to be in liastc, but never in a hurry. 
 
 Ajton. 
 
 4. Tumult ; bustle ; commotion. 
 
 Ambition rais-*s a tumult in the soul, and puts it into a violent 
 hurnj of tiiougltt. * .4-Wison. 
 
 HUR'RY-ING, ppr. Driving or urging to greater 
 spend ; precipitating. 
 
 HUR'RY-IiXG, n. The urging to greater speed; ra- 
 pidity of motion. 
 
 HUR'RY-IN'G-LY, adv. In a hurrj ing manner. 
 
 HUR'RY-SKUR'RY, ade. Confusedly ; in a bi:stle. 
 [A' it in use.] Gray. 
 
 HURST, 71. [Sax. hurst or hyrst.] 
 
 A wood or grove ; a word found in many names, 
 as in Hazlehurst. 
 
 HURT, V. t. ; prcl. and pp. Hurt. [Sax. hyrt, wound- 
 ed ; It. urtare, Fr. hrurtrr, to strike or dash against ; 
 W. hyrziaic, to piisli, thrust, or drive, to assault ; to 
 butt ; Ann. hrurda.] 
 
 1. To bruise; to give pain by a contusion, pres- 
 sure, or any violence to the body. We hurt the body 
 by a severe blow, or by tight clothes, and tbe feet by 
 fetters. Ps. cv. 
 
 2. To wound ; to injure or impair the sound state 
 of the bodv, as by incision or fracture. 
 
 3. To litirm ; to damage ; to injure by occasioning 
 loss. We hurt a man by destroying his property. 
 
 4. To injure by diminution ; to impair. A man 
 hurls his estate by extravagance. 
 
 5. To injure by reducing in quality ; to impair the 
 strength, purity, or beauty of. 
 
 Nurt not the wine and the oil. — Rev. vi. 
 G. To harm ; to injure ; to damage, in general. 
 7. To wound ; to injure; to give pain to; as, to 
 hurt the feelings. 
 HURT, «. A wound ; a bruise ; any thing that gives 
 pain to the body. 
 
 The jvdns of sickness and hurts. Lock 
 
 2. In a general sense, whatever injures or harms 
 1 Iwve slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my 
 
 hurL — tjen. iv. 
 
 3. Injury ; loss. 
 
 Why should dama^ ^ow to the hurt of the kin^ ? — Eirn iv. 
 
 HURT'KR, n. One who hurts or does harm. 
 
 HIJRT'ERS, n. pi. Pieces of wood at the lower end of 
 a platform, to prevent the wheels of gun-carriages 
 from injuring the parapet. 
 
 HURT'FtJL, a. Injurious; mischievous; occasion 
 ing loss "or destruction ; tending to impair or destroy. 
 Ne;;ligence is hurtful to properly ; iii«tmpcrancc is 
 hurtful to health. 
 
 HURT'FIJL-LY, o//ti. Injuriously; mischievously 
 
 HURT'F'!;L-NKSS, n. Injuriousness ; tendency to 
 occasion loss or di;struction ; mischievousness. 
 
 HUK'TLK, (hiir'tl,) r. i. [from hart.] To clash or 
 run against ; to jostle ; to skirmish ; to meet in shock 
 and encounter ; to wheel suddenly. [Mil now lu-iCtL] 
 Spenacr. ShaJc. 
 
 liUR'TLE, r. t To move with violence or impetuos- 
 ity, f Uh.t. ] Speiucr. 
 9. 'I'll piiih fiirriblv ; to whirl. 
 
 HUR'TI.K-Itini-ltV, n. A wlK>rtleberry, which see. 
 
 HX!ll''l'J,F.*, I n. pi. A name of horses among the 
 
 HI;R'TA;I,9!, ( Iliuhlandcrs in Scotland. 
 
 Ht.'KT'I.KS.S, a. Marmlesn ; innocent; doing no in- 
 jury ; innoxioUH ; as, hurllma blowH. JJryden. 
 'J. P.en iviiig no injury. 
 
 III'RT'l-ESS l.V, O//0. Wilhoutharm. [/.ilth n.ml.] 
 
 .Siflneti. 
 
 HURT'I.EHS-.Nf;SH, n. Freedom from any liariiiful 
 
 (piality. [Little UMCd.] Juhntton. 
 UCs'BANU, n, [Sax. htubmuta ; Aiu, houio, and burnd, 
 
 a farmer or cultivator, or an inhabitant, from to 
 inhabit or till, contracted from bugian ; Ban." huus- 
 honde; Sw. husbonde ; Sw. bygrria. Ban. by^ger^ to 
 build : B. boiiicen, G. bauen, to build, to till, to plow, 
 or cultivate ; G. bauer, a builder, a countryman, a 
 clown, a rustic, a boor ; B. buur, the last component 
 part of neighbor. Band, bond, in this word, is the par- 
 ticiple of buan, byan, that is, buend, occupying, tilling, 
 and husband is the farmer or inhabitant of the house ; 
 in Scottish, s farmer ; thence the sense of husbandry. 
 It had no relation, primarily, to marriaije ; but among 
 tile common people, a woman calls her consort viy 
 man, and the man calls his wife my woman, as in 
 Hebrew ; and in this instance the farmer or occupier 
 of the house, or the builder, was called my farmer ; 
 or by some other means, husband came to denote the 
 consort of the female head of the family.] 
 
 1. A man contracted or joined to a woman by mar- 
 riage. A man to whom a woman is betrothed, as 
 well as one actually united by marriage, is called a 
 husband. Lev. xi.v. Deut. xxii. 
 
 2. In seamen^s Innguage, the owner of a ship who 
 manages its concerns in person. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. 'I'he male of animals of a lower order. Dryden. 
 
 4. An economist ; a good manager ; a man who 
 kntiws and practices the methods of frugiUily and 
 profit. In this sense, the word is modified by an ep- 
 ithet; as, a good husband ,* a bad hiutband. 
 
 Davies. Collier. 
 [But in .America, this application of Vic word is little 
 or not at all use^.] 
 
 5. A farmer; a cultivator; a tiller of the ground. 
 
 Bacon. Urydcn. 
 [In tJtis sense it is not used in America ^ we always 
 ?/.?e Husbandman.] 
 HUS'B.\ND, V. t. To direct and manage with frugal- 
 ity, in expending any thing ; to use or employ in the 
 manner best suited to protluce the greatest effect ; to 
 use with economy. We say, a man husbands his es- 
 tate, his me.ans, or his time. 
 
 Ue is conscious how ill he hm husbanded the great deposit of liis 
 Creator. Uamhler. 
 
 2. To till ; to cultivate with good management. 
 
 BcLcon. 
 
 3. To supply with a husband. [Little ^istd.] Shak 
 HUS'BANB-A-iJLE, a. Manageable with economy 
 
 [///.] Sherwood. 
 
 HUS'BANB-ED, pp. Used or managed with economy ; 
 well managed. 
 
 HUS'B.\ND-IXG, ppr. Using or managing with fru- 
 gality. 
 
 HUS'B.\XB-ING, 71. The laying up or economizing; 
 
 frugal management. 
 IIUS'BANB-LESS, a. Destitute of a husband. Shak. 
 IIUS'BANB-LY, a. Frugal ; thrifty. [Little used.] 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 HUS'B.AND-MAN, n. A farmer ; a cultivator or tiller 
 of the ground ; one who labors in tillage. In Amer- 
 ica, where men generally own the land on which 
 they labor, the proprietor of a farm is also a laborer 
 or husbandman ; but the word includes the lessee 
 and the owner. 
 
 2. The master of a family. [A'ot in use in .Ameri- 
 ca.] Chaucer. 
 
 HUS'B.\ND-RY,'7i. The business of a farmer, com- 
 prehending agriculture or tillage of the ground, the 
 raising, managing, and fattening of cattle and other 
 domestic animals, the management of the dairy, and 
 whatever the lanil produces. 
 
 2. Frugality; domestic economy; good manage- 
 ment ; thrift. But in this sense, we generally prefix 
 good ; as, good husbandry. Swift. 
 
 3. Care of domestic affairs, usually with good. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 HUSH, a. [G. /iu,«c7i ; Dan. hys, hysL In W. hcz is 
 peace ; hliu, to make peace ; cws is rest, sleep ; and 
 bust is a low, buzzing sound ; Ileb. n^n, to be silent. 
 Class Gs, No. 4C.] 
 
 Silent ; still ; quiet ; as, they are htish as death. 
 This adjective never precedes the noun which it 
 qualifies, except in the compound hush-money. 
 HUSH, I', t. To still ; to silence; to calm ; to make 
 quiet ; to repress noise ; as, to hush the noisy crowd ; 
 the winds were hushed. 
 
 JMy Umg-ue shall hush a^dn tliis storm of war. Shak. 
 2. To appease; to allay ; to calm, as commotion or 
 agitation. 
 
 Will thou, then, 
 Hush my ciTve I Ouvay. 
 
 HUSH, V. i. To be still ; to bo silent. Spenser. 
 HUSH ; inii)i rative of the verb, used as an exclama- 
 tion ; be still ; he silent or quiet ; make no noise. 
 To hush up ; to suppress ; to keep concealed. 
 
 Tliia niiitOT is hushrdup. Pope. 
 
 IIUSII'KI), (husbt,) pp. Stilled ; silenced ; calmed. 
 
 HIJSI1'I.N'(;, ppr. Silencing; calming. 
 
 HUSlI'-MCji\-i;V, ( uiiin-y,) ti. A bribe to secure si- 
 lence ; money paid to hinder information or disclo- 
 sure of facts. SwifX. 
 
 IIU.'^K, n. [^^n. W. gwLtg, Corn, quc.ik, a rover ; or It. 
 gu-n-in, biirk or shell ; Sp. and Port, casca, husks of 
 grapes, bark. It signifies, probably, a cover or a 
 peel.] 
 
 The external covering of certain fruits or seeds of 
 plants. It is the calyx of the flower or glume of com 
 and grasses, formed of valves embracing the seed. 
 The husks of the sme'l grains, when separated, are 
 called chaff; but in America we apply the word 
 chiefly to the covering of the ears or seeds of maize, 
 which is never denominated cliaff. It is sometimes 
 used in England for the rind, skin, or hull of seeds. 
 HUSK, V. t. To strip off the external integument or 
 covering of the fruits or seeds of plants ; as, to husk 
 maize. 
 
 HUSK'£D, (huskt,) pp. Stripped of its husks. 
 
 2. a. Covered with a husk. 
 HUSK'I-LY, orfc. Dryly ; roughly. 
 IIUSK'I-NESS, 7!. The state of being dry and rough, 
 like a husk. 
 
 2. Figuratively, roughness of sound ; as, huskiness 
 of voice. 
 
 HUSK'ING, ppr. Stripping off husks. 
 
 HUSK'ING, 71. The act of stripping off husks. In 
 New England, the practice of farmers is to invite 
 their neighbors to assist them in stripping their 
 maize, in autumnal evenings, and this is called a 
 hitsking. 
 
 IIUSK'Y, a. Abounding with husks ; consisting of 
 husks. Dryden. 
 
 2. Resembling husks ; dry; rough. 
 
 3. Rough, as sound ; harsh ; whizzing. 
 Hu'SO, 7!. A chondropterygious fish with free branchia?, 
 
 belonging to tbe genus Acipenser. It is frequently 
 found to exceed twelve and fifteen feet in length, and 
 to weigh more than tH'elve hundred pounds. The 
 finest isinglass is made from its natatory bladder. It 
 inhabits the Danube and the rivers of Russia. The 
 sturgeon belongs to the same genus. 
 
 HUS-SaR', (huz-zir',) 7i. [Tartar, uswar, cavalrj- ; 
 Sans, uswit, a horse. Thomson.] 
 
 A mounted soldier or horseman in German caval- 
 ry. The hussars are the national cavalry of Hungary 
 and Croatia. Their regimentals are a fur cap adorned 
 with a feather, a doublet, a pair of breeches to which 
 the stockings are fastened, and a pair of red or yel- 
 low boots. Their arms are a saber, a carbine, and 
 pistols. Hussars now form a part of the French and 
 English ca\'alry. Encyc. 
 
 HUSS'ITE, 71. A follower of John Huss, the Bohe- 
 mian reformer, who was burnt alive in 1415. 
 
 HUS'SY, 71- [Contracted from huswife, housewife.] 
 
 1. A bad or worthless woman. It is used also lu- 
 dicrously in' slight disapprobation or contempt. Go, 
 hussy, go. 
 
 2. An economist; a thrifty woman. Tusser. 
 HllS'TlNGS, 71. pi. [Sax. huslinge; supposed to be 
 
 composed of has, house, and tiling, cause, suit ; the 
 house of trials.] 
 
 1. A court held in Guildhall, in London, before the 
 lord mayor and aldermen of the city ; the supreme 
 court or council of the city. In this court are elect- 
 ed the aldermen and the four members of parliament. 
 
 2. The place where an election of a member of 
 parliament is held. Burke. 
 
 IIUS'TLE, (hiis'l,) V. U [D. hutsclcn, to shake; Sw. 
 hutia, to shuffle.] 
 To shake together in confusion ; to push or crowd. 
 
 IIUS'TLKD, (hus'ld.) pp. Shaken together. 
 
 HUS'TLI.VG, ppr. Shaking together. 
 
 HUS'WIFE, (Imz'zif,) 71. A worthless woman ; a bad 
 manager. [.See IIussv.] Shale. 
 2. A female economist : a thrifty woman. Shall. 
 
 HUS'WIFE, (huz'zif,) tj. L To manage with economy 
 and frugality. Dryden. 
 
 HUS'WIFE-RY, (hU7.'zif-ry,) 71. The business of man- 
 aging the concerns of a family by a female : female 
 management, good or bad. Tusser. 
 
 H UT, 71. [G. Ai/((c B. hut : Ban. hyttc ; Fr. huUe ; per- 
 haps a dialectical orthography of Sa.x. has, house, and 
 cot ; W. cwt.] 
 
 A small house, hovel, or cabin ; a mean lodge or 
 dwelling ; a cottage. It is particularly applied to log- 
 luiuses erected for troops in winter. 
 
 IIUT, V. t. To place in huts, as troops encamped in 
 winter quarters. Marshall. Smollett. 
 
 HUT, V. i. To take lodgings in huts. 
 
 The troops huUcd fur tlie winter. Pickering. 
 
 HUTCH, 71. [Fr. huche ; Sp. huelia ; Sax. hw.rcen.] 
 
 1. A chest or box ; a corn cliest or bin ; a case for 
 rabbits. Mortimer. 
 
 2. A rat-trap. 
 
 HUTCH, J), t. To hoard, as in a chest. ^fUton. 
 IIUTCH'KI), (hiitcht,) pp. Deposited in a chest. 
 HUTCH'INt;, ppr. Depositing in a hutch. 
 IIUTCII-IN-SO'M-AN, 71. A follower of the opinions 
 
 of John Hutchin.son, of Yorkshire, England. 
 HUT'TEI), pp. liodged in huts. Milford. 
 IIUT'TING, ppr. Placing in huts ; taking lodgings in 
 
 huts. 
 
 HU.X, I', f. To fish for pike with hooks and lines fasl | 
 enetl li> floating bladders. Knct/c. 
 
 HU7.'/., r. i. To buzz. [JVef in use.] Barret. 
 
 Hj;Z-ZX', 71. A shout ot joy. The word chiefly used 
 is our native \\ ()rd, llt-RXAii, which see. 
 
 I1IJ7,-7.A', r. I. To niter a loiul shout of Joy, or an nc- 
 clumalion in joy or praise. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII-^T METE, PRgY. — PL\E, MARINE, PIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 SfiH 
 
HYD 
 
 HYD 
 
 HJJZ-ZX', V. t. To rccfive or utleiul witli Kliouts of 
 jov. jiddUon. 
 
 Ilil7.-ZX'£D, (hiiz-zAd',) pp. Uttered in shouts of joy. 
 •3. Received with slioms of joy. 
 
 II!JZ-ZX'lNG,/);»r. Shouting with joy; receiving Willi 
 shouts of joy. 
 
 nyZ-ZA'ING, n. A shouting witli joy ; a receiving 
 with siiouts of joy. 
 
 HS'A-CINTH, 71. [L. hyiidnthus; Gr. vii/civJo!.] 
 
 1. In botany, the popular name of some species of 
 a (jenus of plants. Tlie Oriental hyacinth has a 
 large, purplish, bulbous root, from wliicli spring scv- 
 eml narrow, erect leaves ; tlic (lower stalk is upright 
 and succulent, and adorned with many bell-shaped 
 flowers, united in a large pyramidical spike, of dif- 
 ferent colors in the varieties. Knajc. 
 
 2. In minn-alo/ry, a red variety of zircon, some- 
 times used as a gem. JSeeZincoN.] Dana. 
 
 H Y- A-CINTH'INE, a. Alade of hyacinth ; consisting 
 
 of hyacinth; resembling liyacinlh. MUlon. 
 II?'.'\-I)r;S, / n. pi. [Gr. iucSts, from iiio, to rain ; vito{, 
 1I?'ADS, i rain.l 
 
 In (Lttrouomij, a cluster of five stars in the Bull's 
 face, supposed by the ancients to bring rain. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 HV'A-LINE, a. [Gr. iaXivo^, from va\o(, glass.] 
 Glassy ; resembling glass ; consisting of glass. 
 H?'A-LITE, 71. [Gr. i.iA.yj.] [MUlon. 
 A pellucid variety of opal, looking like colorless 
 e»m or resin. It is also called Jhitlcr's ^'lajs. Vana. 
 HS'A-LOID, a. [Gr. i«..,\.<5 and Ltfo;.] 
 
 A term applied to transparent membranes, es- 
 pecially that which invests the vitreous humor of 
 the eye. 
 IIY IJfli'N '\ GT E ^ 
 
 IlV'ltEll !\\Te' ' V II'XEnNACI.E, HlDERNATE, 
 
 HY-ltEui.N-k'TlbN. ) "'BERNATION. 
 
 n?'lllUI), or HYB'RID, n. [Gr. i/Jpij, injury, force, 
 
 rape ; L. hybrida.] 
 
 .\ mongrel ; an animal or plant produced from 
 
 the mixture of two species. Ler. Marlyn. 
 
 IlVltUII), j a. Mongrel; produced from the 
 lIVI!'ini)-OUS, \ mixture of two species. 
 Ilt'lilUD-IS.M, ) 71. State of being the offspring of 
 IIY-HKIU'I-TY, S two species. 
 HY'UAGE, 71. In law, a ta.v on lands, at a cert.iin rate 
 
 by the hide. Blackstonc 
 UYD'A-TID, n. An intestinal worm of the genus 
 
 llvdatis, which see. 
 HYD'A-TIS, 71. [Gr. Mnrif, from ihop, water.] 
 
 In natural kistury, the name of a genus of Entozo'A. 
 
 or intestinal worms, found in various te.\tures anu 
 
 cavities of the human bi>dy ; indeed in all, (as is 
 
 said,) except the cavity of the alimentary canal. 
 HS'DU.A, n. [L. hydra; Gr. I'Jjii, from Mco/i, w.atcr.] 
 
 1. A water serpent. In /(idu/ous AislurT/, a seipoiit 
 or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in I'el- 
 oponnesus, represented as having many heads, one 
 of which, being cut otf, was immediately succeeded 
 by aniithiT, unless the wound w.is cauterized. Her- 
 cules killed this monster by applying firebrands to 
 the wounds, as he cutolfthe heads. Hence we give 
 the name to a multitude of evils, or to a cause of 
 multifarious evils. 
 
 2. The name of a genus of minute fresh-water 
 poly ps. Vana. 
 
 3. A southern constellation of great length. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 H?-DRAC'ID, (-dras'sid,) n. [Gr. Hup, water, and 
 acuL] 
 
 An acid whose base is hydrogen. 
 HY'DIIA-GOGL'E, (h5'dra-gog,) u. [i'<!pnj.Myo{ ; ilioo, 
 water, and ayio) i), a leading or drawing, from a> w, to 
 lead or drive.] 
 
 A medicine that occasions a discharge of watery 
 humors. 
 
 In general, the stronger cathartics are hydragogues. 
 
 Qaincy. Encye, 
 H?-DR.\\'GE-.\, 71. [Gr. Wwo, water, and #j-)£io>', 
 a vessel.] 
 
 1. A plant which grows in the water, and bears a 
 beautiful dower. Its capsule has been compared to 
 a cup. De Theis, Oloss. Botan, 
 
 2. The name of a genus of plants. 
 HY'UR.VN'T, 71. [Gr. v/if.aii/ui, to irrigate, from iiiiyp, 
 
 water.] 
 
 .■V pipe or machine with suitable valves and a spout 
 by which water is raised and discharged from the 
 main conduit of an aqueduct. 
 HY-DRXR'GIL-LITE, n. [Gr. icJwp, water, and 
 (i,r>) iXAof, clay.] 
 
 A mineral, called also Wavrlide. 
 Ht-DRAR'GO-eHLO'RID, 7i. A compound birhlorid 
 of mercury (corrosive sublimate) with another 
 chlnrid. Brandc. 
 I1?-DRXR'6Y-RU.M, n. [Gr. iiap and a/), v.nov.] 
 
 (luicksilver. 
 IIt'I)R.\TE, 71. [Gr. t'^cjo, water.] 
 
 Ill chemU-lry, a compound, in definite proportions, 
 of a metallic oxyd with water. Ure. 
 
 A hydrate is a substance which has formed so in- 
 timate a union with water as to solidify it, and ren- 
 der 11 a component part. Slaked lime is a hydrate of 
 huie. Parke. 
 
 H'C'DRa-TED, a. Formed into a hydrate. 
 
 HV-DR A UL'ie, ) a. [ I'r. hydraulique ; L. ft/rfr<7u- 
 
 H?-I)RAUL'I€-AL, ! licis: Gr. i6;>.,v\,i,'i» instru- 
 ment of music played by water; viMp, water, and 
 av\ii(, a pipe.] 
 Pertaining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. 
 Hydraulic time; a species of lime which, whin 
 formed into mortar, hardens in water; used for ce- 
 menting under water. Journ. of Hcicnec. 
 
 IIY-nRAUL'ie PRESS. See IIvdrostatic Press. 
 
 HY-DRAUL'ie RAM. See Ram. 
 
 HY-DRAUL'I€-ON, 77. An ancient musical instru- 
 ment acted u|)on liy water ; a water organ. 
 
 HY-l)RAUL'leS, 71. That branch of the science of 
 hydrodynamics which treats of fluids considered as 
 in motion. Kd. Knaic 
 
 Ht-DREi\-TER'0-CELE, 71. [Gr. I'r'wp, water, 
 ii/Tcp 'v, intestine, and icr/Aij, a tumor.] 
 
 A hernial tumor, whose contents are intestine, with 
 the addition of water. 
 
 IIY'I)RI-AI), 71. In mytholoi;y, the name of a kind of 
 water nymphs. 
 
 HYD'RI-()-D.\TE, 77. A supposed salt formed by the 
 hydriodic acid with a base. More correctly, Iodohv- 
 DRATE. De Claubry. 
 
 HYL)-IU-OD're, a. [hydroa-cn and iodine.] A term 
 denoting a peculiar acid, produced by the combina- 
 tion of hydrogen and iodine. Better, Iooohvdric. 
 
 HV-DRO-BRo'Mie, a. Composed of hydrogen and 
 bromine. More correctly Bromohvuric. 
 
 nY-DR()-eXR'BO.\, 71. A term applied by chemists 
 to compounds of hydrogen and carbon. Brandc. 
 
 Ht-l)R()-e\R'BOi\-ATE, 71. [Gr. txju.o, water, or 
 rather hydro<;en, and L. carlo, a coal.] 
 
 Carbureted hydrogen gas, or heavy inflammable 
 air. Jiikin. 
 
 H?-DRO-exR'BU-UET, 71. Carbureted hydrogen. 
 
 Ucnry. 
 
 HY'DRO-CkLE, 7t. [Gr. vSpoKriXri ; {rjcjp, water, and 
 KrjXn, a tumor.] 
 
 A dropsy ol the vaginal tunic of the spermatic 
 cord. 
 
 H?-DRO-CEPH'A-LUS, 71. [Gr. idap, water, and 
 Kiit>'i^n, the head.] 
 Dropsy of the head. 
 
 HY-DRO-tellLO'RATE, »i. A supposed conipouml 
 of hydrochloric acid and a base ; formerly called a 
 muriate. More correctly, Chlorohvdrate. The hy- 
 drochloratcs are really cJdurids. Journ. of Science. 
 
 HY-I)RO-eilLo'Rie, a. [hydrogen and cUoric.] 
 
 Hydrochloric acid is muriatic acid, a compound of 
 chlorin and hydrogen gas. More correctly, Chloro- 
 HVDRlc. Brande. 
 
 II?-DRO-CV'A-NATE, 77. A supposed compound of 
 hydrocyanic acid with a base. More correctly, Cvan- 
 
 OHVDRVTE. 
 
 HY-DRO-C?-AN'ie, a. [Gr. Wcj.o, water, or rather 
 hydrogen, and ivi-arus, blue.] 
 
 A term applied to an acid whose base is hydrogen, 
 and its acidifying principle cyanogen ; more correct- 
 ly, CvANOHVDRic. This acid is one of four or five 
 different compounds that have been called prussic 
 acid. 
 
 IIY-DRO-DY-NAM'IC,a. [liw/), water, and Svvapi;, 
 power, force.] 
 Pertaining to the force or pressure of water. 
 
 IIV-DRO-DY-NA.M'ies, 71. That branch of natural 
 philosophy which treats of the properties and rela- 
 tions of water and other fluids, whether in motion or 
 at rest. It comprehends both hydrostatics and hy- 
 draulics. Kd. F.ncm. 
 
 HY-DRO-FLO'ATE, 71. A supposed compound of hy- 
 drofluoric acid and a base. Better, Fluohydrate. 
 
 IIV-DRO-FLU-OR'ie, a. [Gr. iiboip, water, and 
 fiuor.] 
 
 Consisting of fluorin and hydrogen. The hydro- 
 fluoric acid is obtained by distilling a mixture oi^ one 
 part of the purest fluor spar in fine powder, with two 
 of sulphuric acid. Jlore correctly, Fluouvdric. 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 HY'DRO-GEX, 71. [Gr. water, and jt^m,,., to 
 
 generate ; so called as being considered the generator 
 of water.] 
 
 In cheir.istry, a gas which constitutes one of the el- 
 ements of water, of which it constitutes one ninth 
 part, and oxygen eight ninths. Hydrogen gas is an 
 aeriform fluid, the lightest body known, and, thoueh 
 extremely inflammable itself, it extinguishes burning 
 bodies, and is fatal to animal life. Its specific gravi- 
 ty is O.OCW, that of air being I.OO. In consequence 
 of its extreme lightness, it is employed for filling air- 
 balloons. Lavoisier. Brande. 
 IIY'DRO-GE.N-ATE, r. fc To combine hydrogen with 
 anv thins. 
 
 HY'DRO-GEX-A-TED, pp. or a. In combination with 
 hydrogen. 
 
 HY'DRO-GEN-rZE, r. U To combine with hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 HV'URO-GE\-TZ-En, pp. Combined with hvdroscii. 
 Ilt'DRO-GEN-IZ-ING, ppr. Combining with hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 HT-DROC'E-NOUS, a. Pertaining to hydrogen. 
 Ht-DROG'R.\-PllER, 71. [See Hvorooraphv.] One 
 who draws maps of the sea, lakes, or other waters. 
 
 with the adjacent shores ; one wlio describes the sea 
 
 or other waters. Boyle. 
 II?-I)KO GRAPirie, \a. Rel.ating to or conlain- 
 llV-URO GRAPH'ie-AL, \ ing a description of the 
 
 sea, sea-coast, isles, shoals, depth of water, &c., or uf 
 
 a lake. 
 
 IIY-DROG'RA PHY, Ji. [Gr. iriwn, water, and }na'tiM, 
 to describe ; ypaijiii, description.] 
 
 The art of measuring and describini the sea, lakes, 
 rivers, and other waters ; or the art of forming charts, 
 exhibiting a representation of the sen-coast, gulfs, 
 bays, isles, promontories, channels, stmndings, &c. 
 
 HY-i)l{0(;'li-Rr,T, H. A compound of hydrogen with 
 a base ; a livdruret. [Little tued.] 
 
 HY'DUO LITE, n. [Gr. Hup, water, and XiOus, a 
 stone.] 
 
 A mineral whose crj stals are described as six-sided 
 prisms, terminated by low, six-sided pyramids, with 
 truncated siimiTiils. Cleuvelaml. 
 
 H?-1)RO-I,()0'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to hydrology. 
 
 IIV-I)R<JI,'()-GY, 71. [Gr. iiotp, water, and X-jos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The science of water, its properties, phenomena, 
 and laws. 
 
 HY'DRO-MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. Mw.o, water, and pnvrita, 
 divination.] 
 
 A method of divination or prediction of events by 
 water, invented, according to Varro, by the Persians, 
 and practiced liv the Romans. Encye. 
 HY-DRC)-.MAN'Tie, a. Pertaining to divination by 
 water. 
 
 Ht'DRO-MEI,, 71. [Fr., from Gr. Hup, water, and 
 /jcAi, honey.] 
 
 A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water. Be- 
 fore fermentation, it is called simple hydromel ; after 
 fermentation, it is called vinous hydromel, lyz mead. 
 
 HY-l)ROM'E-TER, 71. [See Hvdromktrv.] An in- 
 strument for determining the s|)ecific gravities of 
 liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, 
 these being inversely as their specific gravities. 
 
 Brantlr. 
 
 IIY-nRO-MF.T'Rie, ) a. Pertaining to a hvdrom- 
 UY DRO-.MET'RIC-AL, j et. r, or to the determina- 
 tion of the specific i;ravily of fluids. 
 2. Maile liy a hydrumi ter. 
 IIY-DRO.M'E-TRY, 71. [Gr. iiU.io, water, and pcrouv, 
 measure.) 
 
 'I he art of determining the specific gravity of li- 
 quids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors. 
 
 HY-DRO-PA'J'iriC. a. Pertaining to ludropathv. 
 
 II-S-DROP'A-TllIST, jt. One who practices hydropa- 
 thy. 
 
 HS-1)R0P'A-THY, 71. [Gr. Ihop and raO»f.] 
 
 The water-cure, a mode of treating diseases, by the 
 copious and frequent use of pure water, both inter- 
 nally and externally. 
 
 Ilf'DRO-PII.A^i'E, 71. [Gr. Hup, water, and (/.aii-w, 
 to show.] 
 
 In mineralogy, a variety of opal made transparent 
 by immersicm in water. Kinrau. 
 
 HY-DROPH'A-NOUS, a. Made transparijit by im- 
 mersion in water. Kirtcnn. 
 
 Ht-nROPiri-I)KS, 77. pi. [Gr. H'.m .and o./.i..] 
 
 A term applied to that section of the Ophidians 
 which includes the water-snake. Brandc. 
 
 HY-DR()-Pllo'l!I-A, J 71. [Gr. iVcn, water, and ^o- 
 
 HS'DRO PIIO-BY, i /?r..,"i<, to fear.] 
 
 A preternatural dread of water ; a symptom of ca- 
 nine m.adness, or the disease itself, which is thus 
 denominated. This dre.ad of water sometimes takes 
 place in violent inflammations of the stomach, and 
 in hysteric fits. Kucyc. 
 
 HY-DR()-PlIOB'ie, a. Pertaining to a dread of water, 
 or canine madness. McJ. Rrpos. 
 
 HS'URO-PHvTE, 71. [Gr. ii'w/i, water, and iJivtuv, a 
 plant.] 
 
 .\n aquatic plant. Bell. 
 HV-DROP'ie, ) a. [L. A7/(/r<7ps ; Gr. WpwtJ/, drop- 
 HY-UROP'ie-AL, ) sy, H.,;.,, water.] 
 
 1. Dropsical ; diseased with extravas,ated water. 
 
 2. Containinz w.ater ; caused by cxtravasated wa- 
 ter ; as, a hydropic swelling. 
 
 3. RestMnbling dropsy. 
 
 Kvcrv liist i_ 
 drink ih'- 
 
 kiiiil of hydropic ilulcmpcr, and the rtwrt «• 
 we shall lliint. Tillatton, 
 
 Hy-DRO-P.VEU-.MAT'ie, ( nii-mat'ik,) a. [Gr. Huo, 
 water, and nvevpartKoi, intl.ated, from rricu;ia, breath, 
 spirit.] 
 
 An epithet given to a vessel of water used to col- 
 lect eises in chemical experiments. Silliman. 
 HY'DUOP-SY. See Dropsv. 
 
 H?'l)RO-S.\LT. n. A salt supposed to be formed by 
 
 a hvdracid and a base. 
 HY'liRO-seOPE, 71. [Gr. Hup, water, and oKontu, 
 
 to view.] 
 
 A kind of water-clock, or instrument used .ancient- 
 ly for measuring time, consistinc of a cylindrical tube, 
 conical at the bottom, perforated at the vertex, and 
 the whole tube craduated. Encye. 
 HY DRO STAT'ie, (a. [Gr. Huo, water, and 
 IIY-DRO-STAT'ie-AL, j orunitoj, static, standing, 
 or settling.] 
 
 Relating to the science of weighing fluids, or hy- 
 drostatics. 
 
 TO.\E, BI;LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
HYL 
 
 Utjdrostatic balunce ; a balance for weighing sub- 
 stances in water, fur the purpose- of ascertaining their 
 specific gravities. Brandc, 
 
 Hijilrostatic pre.?s ; a machine for obtaining an enor- 
 mous pressure through tlie medium of water. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 H?-DRO-STAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to hydro- 
 statics, or to hydrostatic principles. Beiitleif. 
 
 H?-DRO-STAT'ieS, n. Il.idrostntics is that branch of 
 the science of hydrodynamics wliich treats of the 
 properties of fluids at rest. Ed. Enojr. 
 
 HV-DRO-SUL'PH.\TE, n. The same as Hvdrosul- 
 
 PHl'RET. 
 
 Ht-DRO-gUL'PHU-RET, n. [hydro^renandsuliihurct.] 
 A combination of sulphuretcd liydrogen with an 
 
 earth, alkali, or metallic oxyd. 
 H5-DRO-SUL'PHU-RET-EU, a. Combined with sul- 
 
 phureted hydrogen. 
 H?-DRO-SUL-PHu'Rie acid is called also htjdruthiun- 
 
 ic acid., or sulphurcted hydrotren, 
 Hf-DRO-THo'RAX, n. [Gr. idup, water, and Ooi- 
 
 pu|.] 
 
 Dropsy in the chest. Cuxe. 
 H^-DROT'ie, o. fGr. Mo>p, water.] 
 
 Causing a discharge of water. 
 H?-DROT'ie, n. A medicine that purges off water 
 
 or phlegm. Mrhiithnut. 
 IIY-DROX-AN'THATE, n. [Gr. ic'w/., water, and 
 {ukOos, yellow.] 
 
 In ckemUtnjj a compound of hydroxanthic acid with 
 abase. [Scarce!}/ u^ied.] 
 HY-DROX-A.\"rni€, a. A term used to denote a 
 new acid. f<>rnieil by the action of alkalies on the 
 deutosul|jhuret of carbon. It is called also carbo- 
 .^uljik :rir arid. [Rarely used.] Ilcnni, 
 Hy DROX'VD, 7!. [Gr. iVwp, water, and ozyd.] 
 
 A iiR-talljc oxyd combined with water ; a metallic 
 hydrate. Parke. Coze. 
 
 H^'DRU-RET, ji. A compound of hydrogen destitute 
 
 of acidify. 
 HY'DRL'S, n. [Gr. i'loo, water.] 
 
 A water-snake ; also, a new constellation of the 
 southern hemisphere, near the south pole. P. Cyc. 
 H5-li;'M.\L, a. [L. AiCHis, wmter ; Sans. Aima, cold; 
 Slav, zima.] 
 Belonging to winter ; done in winter. 
 HVE-.MaTE, v. u To winter at a place. [J\''u£ in 
 use.] 
 
 H?-E-Ma'TION, n. [L. Memo, to winter.] 
 
 The passing or spending of a winter in a particular 
 place. 
 
 H?'E.MS, re. [L.] Winter. Shak. 
 
 HV-E'i\A, n. [L. hijtena; Gr. vaiva.] 
 
 A quadruped of the genus Canis, having small, 
 naked ears, four toes on each foot, a straight-jointed 
 tail, nnd erect hair on the neck ; an inhabitant of 
 Asi;itic Turkey, Syria, Persia, and liarbary. It is a 
 solitary animal, ami feeds on tlesli ; it preys on Hocks 
 and herds, and will open graves to obtain food. It 
 is a fierce, cruel, and untamable animal, and is 
 sometimes called the tiger-wulf. Shakspeare writes 
 thi-^ woTil hyen. 
 
 HV-Ol":'I.\N, a. Relating to Ilygeia, the goddess of 
 health. 
 
 HY-Gl-EI'NA, ^ 71. Health, or the art or science of 
 Ht-GI-El'NE, S preserving health. 'I'hat department 
 Hy-GI-ElVE', ) of medicine which treats of the pres- 
 ervation of health. 
 HY 6I-E.\'ie. n. Pertaining to health. 
 H?-GKOL'0-GY, Ji. [Gr. 005 and A.j, 05.] 
 
 The doctrine of the fluids of the body. 
 HY-GRO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. oy/ius, moist, and iicrpot', 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring tlie degree of moist- 
 ure of the atmosphere. F.ncijc. 
 H?-GRO-.VlET'Rie, I a. Pertaining to hygrome- 
 H5-GRO-MET'Rie-AL, \ try ; made by or according 
 to the hygrometer. 
 
 2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture, as 
 potash. Brande. 
 Iiy -GROM'E-TRY,7i. The art of measuring the moist- 
 ure of the air. 
 
 H?'GRO-.«eOPE, 71. [Gr. I'j or.f, moist, and trKOTCw, 
 to view.] 
 
 The same as HrunoMETER. The latter is now 
 chifrfly used. 
 
 Ht-GRO-seOP'ie, a. Pertaining to the hygroscope ; 
 having the property of readily imbibing moisture 
 from the atrnospli. re. .idams. 
 
 nV-GRO-STAT'ie.S, 71. [Gr. I'.j poi, moist, and ara- 
 
 TtKn.] 
 
 The science of comparing degrees of moisture. 
 
 [Oi*.] Enclyn. 
 HyKE, 71. [Ar.] A loose Arabi.m g.'irment. [Sec 
 
 "*>"•] ParklmrsL 
 HY-I.AR'eniC-AE, a. [Gr. v\,„ matter, and apx'i, 
 
 rule.] 
 
 PreMiding over matter. IlaUiwcU. 
 II?-I,^. SAU'RUH, 71. [Gr. Wa<',f, belonging to 
 wood, nnd la'y/' 5, a lizard ] 
 
 An extinct animal, which blended the osteology of 
 the criicoddc with tlitit of the lizard ; found in the 
 wealden formation, England. [Sometimi s wriiti n 
 htjUosaur.] Mnnt.cll. 
 
 HYP 
 
 H^'LO-IST, 71. One who believes matter to be G04. 
 HY'LO-TIIE-IS.M, n. [Gr. v\n, matter, and Otus, 
 God.] 
 
 The doctriije or belief that matter is God, or that 
 there is no God, except matter and the universe. 
 H5-IiO-Zo'ie, 71 [Gr. I'lAr/, matter, and ^w/j, life.] 
 One vvho holds matter to be anim.itcd. Clarke. 
 HV-LO-Zo'ie, a. Pertaining to hylozoism. 
 IlY-LO-Zo'lSM, 71. [Gr. v\ii, matter, and i^wi}, life.l 
 Tlie doctrine that matter possesses a species of life. 
 
 Cndwurth. 
 
 H?-LO-Z(i'IST, 7!. One who holds that matter and 
 every particle of it has a species of life or animation. 
 
 HY.M, 71. A bloodhound ; a mistake in transcription 
 for ;;/l;l. Slink. Smart. 
 
 HY'.ME.V, 71. [L., from Gr. vpriv, membrana, pellic- 
 ula, hymen.] 
 
 1. In ancient mythology, a fabulous deity, the son 
 of Racchus and Venus, supptised to preside over mar- 
 
 2. In anatomy., the virginal membrane. [riages. 
 
 3. In botxiny, the fine pellicle which incloses a 
 flower in the bud. 
 
 HV-MEX-ff' \n' j rcrtaiuing to marriage. Pope. 
 HV-MeK'-iI'Al! I , 
 
 HY-ME.\-e'A.N ( A ni^i"!* song. Mdton. 
 Hy-JIEN-OP'TER, 71. ) [Gr. i/iT/i-, a membrane, 
 UY-.ME.\-Oi"TE-RA, 71. pi. \ and Trrf^oe, a wing.] 
 In entomology, ttirms applied to insects, having four 
 membranous wings, and the tail of the female mostly 
 armed with a sting, of which the bee is an example. 
 HY-.MEN-OP'TER-AL, (a. Having four nifmbra- 
 H?-MEN-OP'TER-OUS, ( nous wings. 
 HYMN, (him,) n. [L. Iiymmis ; Gr. ti/iKus ; Eng. hum.] 
 A song or ode in honor of God, and, among pagans, 
 in honor of some deity. A hymn among Christians 
 is a short poem, composed for religious service, or a 
 song of joy and praise to God. The word primarily 
 expresses the tune, but it is used for the ode or poem. 
 Ami when they liad sung a hymn, Uiey went out to the Mount 
 
 of Olives. — Mult. xxvi. 
 Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns. — Col. iii. 
 
 HYMN, (him,) v. t. To praise in song ; to worship by 
 singing hymns. Milton. 
 
 2. To sing ; to celebrate in song. They /iy77i7i then- 
 Maker's praise. 
 HYMN, (him,) v. i. To sing in praise or adoration. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 HYMN' EX), pp. Sung; praised; celebrated in song. 
 
 HYArNie, a. Relating to hymns. Donne. 
 
 H V.MN'ING, p;7r. Praising in song ; singing. 
 
 IIVMN'ING, 71. The singing of hymns. 
 
 HY.M-NOL'O-GIST, 71. A composer of iiymns. Busby. 
 
 IIYM-NOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. ^""5 and Xoyoi.] 
 
 A collection of hymns. Mcde. 
 
 HV'OID, a. A term denoting a bone of the tongue. 
 
 H?-OS-CY'A-MIN, )7i. An alkaloid obtained from 
 
 H?-OS-CY-AM'I-NA, V Hvoscyamus niger, and con- 
 
 HY-OS-CY'A-MA, ) sidered tobe newand pecu- 
 li.ir. Thomson supposes that it is identical with 
 Mtropina or Daturina ; but the effects of Hyoscya- 
 mus differ too nmch from Atropa and Datura, to allow 
 any probability to Thomson's hypothesis. 
 
 HYP, 71. [A contraction of hypocUuudrias.] A disease ; 
 depression of sjiirits. 
 
 HYP, 17. t. To make melancholy; to depress the 
 spirits. Spectator. 
 
 Hy-PyE'THRAL, a. [Or. ino, under, and aiUrjp, the 
 air.] 
 
 In architecture, a term applied to a building or tem- 
 ple without a roof. Qailt. 
 HY-PAL'LA-GE, (hi|)-pal'la-jy,) 71. [Gr. ti7r,iAAa> 17, 
 change, from iinaXXaaaui ; viro and ciAAuoow, to 
 change.] 
 
 In grammar, a figure consisting of a mutual change 
 of cases. 'I'hus, in Virgil, dare classibus austros, Cur 
 dare classes austris, llypallage is a species of hyper- 
 baton. 
 
 HY-PAS'PtST, fhip-) 71. [Gr. vnaattiaTtn ; viro and 
 aiyTTf;, a shield.] 
 
 A soldier in the armies of Greece, armed in a par- 
 ticular manner. Mitjord. 
 HY'PER [Gr. vnep, Eng. aver] is used in composition 
 to denote excess, or something over or bi>yonil, 
 2. 71. A liyi)ercritic. [Ml used.] Prior. 
 II?-I'ER-AS'P1ST, 71. [Gr. i7:i/)a(j7ria7-77s ,- incp and 
 aT.Tis, a shiclil,] 
 
 A defenili-r. Chillingworth. MUner. 
 
 HV IT.R-HAT'lC, a. Transposed; invented. 
 llV-l'ER'liA-TO.V, 71. [Gr. vnp/lirov, from VKCp- 
 to transgress, or go beyond.] 
 In grammar, a figurative construction. Inverting 
 the nalnral ami ]inipi r order of words and sentences. 
 The species ar.- the anastrophe, the hysteriin prote- 
 ron, till- llypallage, the symliysis, the tmesis, the 
 pari Mlhesis, and the proper hyperbiiton, which last 
 is a long retention tif the verb which completes the 
 senleiice. Encyc. 
 II V-I'ER'IiO-EA, 71. [Gr. iircp, over, beyond, and 
 (inSX,.,, to throw.] 
 
 In grnmriry, a curve formed by a section of a cone, 
 when till- cutting jilane makes a greater angle with 
 the base than the side of the cone makes. H'ibber. 
 HV-PI;R'1J(J-I,E, 71. [Er. hyperbole; Gr. irrcplJoXr,, 
 
 HYP 
 
 excess, from itreppaWai, to throw beyond, to ex- 
 ceed.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a figure of speech which e\pr sses 
 much more or less than the truth, or which repre- 
 sents things much greater or less, better or worse, 
 than they really are. An object uncommon in size, 
 either great or small, strikes us with surprise, and 
 this emotion produces a momentary conviction that 
 the object is greater or less than it is in reality. The 
 same eflect attends figurative grandeur or littleness ; 
 and hence the use of the hyperbole, which expresses 
 this momentary conviction. The following are in- 
 stances of the use of this figure. 
 
 lie was owner of a piece of ground not larger tlian a Tjacede- 
 
 moiiian letter. Lotigiiius, 
 If a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed 
 also be nuinbcred. — Gen. xiii. 
 
 Ipse arduus, alt-aque pulsat 
 SiJera. Virgil. 
 He was so g:aunt, Uie case of a Hagelet w.as a mansion for hun. 
 
 altak. 
 
 H?-PER-BOL'ie, } a. Belonging to the hyper- 
 HY-PER-BOL'ie-AL, ( bola ; liaving the nature of 
 the hyperbola. 
 
 2. Relating to or containing hyperbole ; exaggerat- 
 ing or diminishing beyond the fact ; exceeding the 
 truth ; ,as, a hyperbolical expression. 
 
 Hyperbolic space : in geometry, the area compre- 
 hentied between the curve of a hyperbola and a 
 dtjuble ordinate. 
 
 In the form of a hy- 
 a manner to express 
 
 HY-PER-BOL'ie-AL-LY, ado 
 perbola. 
 
 2. With exaggeration ; in 
 more or less than the truth. 
 
 Scylla — is hyperbolically described by Homer as inaccessible. 
 
 Broome. 
 
 H?-PER-BOL'I-FORM, a. [hyperbola and form.] 
 Having the form, or nearly the form, of a hyper- 
 bohi. Johnson. 
 HY-PER'BO-LIS.M, n. The use of hyperbole. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 H?-PER'BO-LIST, 71. One who uses hvperboles. 
 HY-PER'BO-LIZE, v. i. To speak or write with ex- 
 aggeration. Mountao-u. 
 H5-PER'BO-LrZE, v. t. To exaggerate or extenuate. 
 
 Fotherby. 
 
 IIY-PER'BO-LOID, 71. [hyperbola, and Gr. iiSof, 
 form.] 
 
 A hyperbolic conoid ; a solid formed by the revi lu- 
 tion of a hyperbola about its axis. Ed. Encyc. 
 HY-PER-Bo'RE-AN, a. [L. hyperboreus : Gr. i.rt.o- 
 /iopcoi ; I'in-E/j, beyond, and /:>of>f((v, the north.] 
 
 1. Northern ; belonging to or inhabiting a region 
 very far north ; most northern. 
 
 2. Very cold ; frigid. ^ 
 HY-PER-BcVRE-AN, 71. An inhabitant nf the most 
 
 northern region of the earth, l^he ancients gave 
 this deniiniination to the people ami places to the 
 northward of the Scythians, people and regions of 
 which they had little or nti knowledge. The livjier- 
 boreans, then, are the Laplanilers, the Sanioiedes, 
 ami the Russians near the White Sea. 
 
 H?-PER-eXR'BU-RET-ED, a. Siipercarbtireted ; 
 h.aving the largest proportion of carbon. Silliman. 
 
 HY-PER-CAT-A-LEe'Tie, a. [Gr. t.TMkuruA7,«ri- 
 kog ; vntp and Kara\tj<ii, termination.] 
 
 A hypercalalectic verse, in Gretrk and T.atin poetry, 
 is a verse which has a syllable or two beyond the 
 regular and just measure. Bailey. Enciic. 
 
 Il-f-PER-CRIT'ie, 71. [Fr. hypercritiiine ; Gr. imp, 
 beyond, and kpitiko^, critical. See Critic.] 
 
 One who is critical beyond measure or reason ; an 
 over-rigid critic ; a captious censor. Drydrn. 
 
 IIY PER-CRIT'IC, ; a. Over-critical ; critical bc- 
 
 n?-PER-eRIT'ie-AL, \ yom\ use or reason ; ani- 
 m.idverting on faults with unjust severity ; as, a 
 hypercritical reader. Swift. 
 
 2. Excessively nice or exact ; as, a hypercritical 
 punctilio. Ecehfn. 
 
 HY-PKR-CRIT'ie-AL-LY, ado. In a hypercritical 
 manner. 
 
 HY-I'ER-eRIT'I-CISM, 71. Excessive rigor of criti- 
 cism. Med. Rrpos. Bailey. 
 
 II?-PER-DU'LI-A, 71. [Gr. v-cp, beyond, and i\„v\:ta, 
 service.] 
 
 Super-service in the Roman Catholic church, per- 
 formed to the Virgin Mary. Ihher. 
 
 IlY-l'I'.lt'I CO.V, 71. Jidin's wort. Stnliety. 
 
 IIY-I'K'RI-ON, 71. A name of ,\piilln, the god of clay, 
 who was distinguished for his beauty. 
 
 Su exc'lii'iit a kipiff ; that waa to lliis, 
 
 Hypcriun ti> a Batyr. Shak. 
 
 [Pronounced IlyperVon in the classics.] 
 lit i'lCU'.'ME-TKR, n. [Gr. uirtp, beyond, and /n 
 TjHn , measure.] 
 
 Any thing greater than the ordinary stanilard of 
 measure. Addison. 
 
 A verse is called a hypermeter, when it contains a 
 syllable more than Ih" orilinary measure. When 
 this is the case, the following line begins with a 
 vowel, and tin; redundant syllable of the former line 
 blenils with the fust of the following, and they are 
 read as one svllMble. 
 HY PER .MET'Rie AL, a. Exceeding the common 
 nieiisurt! ; having a redundant syllable. Rambler 
 
 PATE, Fill, FALL. WIl^T — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 p70 
 
HYP 
 
 HYP 
 
 HYT 
 
 n?-PER-OR'THO.DOX-Y, n. Ortliodoxy indulged 
 to excess. Dick. 
 
 H5-PER-OX'yD, 71. [Gr. v-rnp and oixjd.] 
 
 That whicli lias an excess of oxygun ; a super- 
 oxvd. 
 
 II?-i'i:R-OX'Y-GE.\-A-TED, ) a. ffir. ilrt,;, beyond, 
 IIt-PEU-OX'Y-GEN-IZ-£U, ( and oiyscmUcd, or 
 
 oiHireiiiied,] 
 Super-saturated with cTygcn. [04s.] 
 
 Dancin, Med. Rr/ws. 
 HY-rER-OX -Y-MO'RI-ATB, n. Tlie same as Urn-o- 
 
 HATK. [Oi.s.l 
 II?-PER-0.\-Y-.MU-Rt-.\T'ie, a. The hypcroiymuri- 
 
 alic ai id is llie cliloric acid. [Oi.>-.] 
 HT-PER-PllVS'ie-.\L, a. Supi rnatiiral. 
 HV-PER-SaR-CO'SIS, n. [Gr. i-cp, beyond, and 
 
 (ra..f, tiesli.j 
 Proud or tunp;oiis flesh. 
 Ht'PER-STEXE, ) n. [So named from its diffiriilt 
 U?'PEK-STHE.\E, ] fraiigibility. Gr. inip and 
 
 aOci'Oi.] 
 
 A mmcral, Labrador iiornbli nde, or schillerspar. 
 Its coJor is between grayish and greenish-blacl<, but 
 nearly copper-red on llie cleavage. Kincun. PUtllips. 
 
 It is a foliated variety of eillicr augite or horne- 
 hlende. Dana. 
 lI?-PER-STHEN'ie, a. Composed of or containing 
 hypersthcno. 
 
 Ilt-PER-TIIYR'I-ON, n. [Gr. incp and Ovptov, a 
 door.] 
 
 That part of the architrave, in baildinir, whicli is 
 ovt'r a door or window. 
 
 II9-PER-TKOPll'ie, la. Producing or tending 
 
 ll?-PER-TR()PII'ie-Al., ( to produce hypertrophy. 
 
 II9-PER'TRO-PlIY, n. [Gr. I'.Tto and T,w4,t,.] 
 
 In medicine, the enlargement of a part of the body 
 from excess of nourishment. P. Cijc. 
 
 Ilf PIIE.V, n. [Gr. •ri^tj', under one, or to one.] 
 
 .\ mark or short line made between two words to 
 show ih.at they form a compound word, or are to be 
 connected; as in pre-uccujiicd ; Jinc-teared ; ink-^itand. 
 In icriting and printing, the hyphen is used to con- 
 nect the syllables of a divided word, and is placed 
 after the syllable that closes a line, denoting the con- 
 nection of that syllable, or part of a word, with the 
 first syllable of the next line. 
 
 IIYP-NOT'ie, a. [Gr. iWf.s, sleep.] 
 
 Having the quality of producing sleep; tending to 
 produce sleep ; soporific. Bruirn. 
 
 nVP-NOT'ie, II. A medicine that produces or tends 
 to produce sleep ; an o[)iate ; a so[)oriIic. 
 
 II?'P(J ; a Greek prepositiim, iizi, nn<ler, beneath ; 
 used in compositiun. 'PIms, Iniposiilphuric acid is an 
 acid containing less oxygen than sulphuric acid. 
 
 IIY-POB'O-LE, ju [Gr. uffo, under, and lSa\\u>, to 
 cast.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a figure' in which several things are 
 mentiiined that seem to make against the argument, 
 or ill favor of the opposite side, and each of them is 
 refuted ill order. Kncyc. 
 IIYP'O-GAUST, B. [Gr. viroKavaTiv ; uiro and kuiu, 
 to burn.] 
 
 1. Among the Greeks and Romans, a subterra- 
 neous pl.ace where was a furnace to heat baths. 
 
 2. Among the moderns, the place where a fire is 
 kept to warm a stove or a hothouse. Eiicyc. 
 
 llVP-O-eilON'DRY, ... See HvpocHONDRiA. 
 
 IIYP-0-eao.\'DRI-A, n. [Gr., from iiro and X"»'- 
 6po{, a cartilage.] 
 
 1. In anatiimy, the sides of the belly under the car- 
 tilaaes of the spurious ribs ; the sjiaces on each side 
 of the epigastric region, Coxe. Kncyc. 
 
 •2. Hypochondriac complaints, being a combina- 
 tion of melancholia and djspepsia, consisting in 
 gloomy ideas of life, dejected spirits, and indisposi- 
 tion to activity. The true name of tliis disease is 
 Hypochondriasis. Tatlrr. 
 IIYP-0-eHON"l)Rl-Ae, a. Pertaining to the hypo- 
 chondria, or the p;irts of the body so called ; as, the 
 hypochondriac region. 
 
 2. Allected by a disease, attended with debility, 
 depression of spirits, or melancholy. 
 
 .'t. Producing melancholy, or low spirits. 
 HVP O eilO.\'DRI-Ae, n. A pi rs.ui arfcctcd with 
 
 debilitv, low ness of spirits, or nielancholv. 
 HVP-O eiIO.\-URI'Ae-AL, a. The same as IIvpo- 
 
 CHOXDRIAC. 
 
 IIYP-O-eno.N DRI'.\e-AL-LY, <K/r. In a depressed 
 
 or melaneliolv manner. 
 HYP-0-eilt).\:DRI'.\-nsM, n. A disease charnctcr- 
 
 izeii by languor or debility, depression of spirits or 
 
 nielancholv, with dvspepsy. Dtinein. 
 IIYP-0-eilOX-DRl'.\.SIS, n. Ilypoclioiidriacism. 
 HV PO-ClST'lti, n. [Gr. urruuionj, sub cisto, under 
 
 the cistns.] 
 
 An inspissated Juice obtained from the Cylinus 
 IlypccisUs. The juice is expressed from the iinri|)e 
 fruit and evaporated to the consistence of an extract, 
 formed into cakes and dried in the siin. It is an as- 
 tringent, useful in diarrheas and hemorrhages. 
 
 £ncyc. 
 
 HV-PO-eRA-TER'I-FORM, a. [Gr. urrj, under, a-iu- 
 rr/n, a cup, and form.] 
 
 Tubular below, but suddenly expanding into a Hat 
 border at top ; applied to a iiionopetalous enrol. 
 
 Bi:ref(>fr, 
 
 HY-POe'RI-SY, (hip-pnk're-sy,) n. [Fr. hypocrisic; 
 Ii. hypoerisis ; Gr. vno<ptati, simulation; vnu^|^t- 
 vopai, to feign ; v-nn and Kpivot, to separati?.] 
 
 I. Siuiulatiim ; a feigning to be what one is not ; 
 or dissiiiiulati(m, a concealment of one's real charac- 
 ter or motives. Jiforc trencrally, hypocrisy is siiiiiila- 
 tion, or the assuming of a false appearance of virtue 
 or religion ; a deceitful show of a good character, in 
 morals or religion ; a counterfeiting of religion. 
 
 2. SiniulatioR ; deceitful appearance ; false pre- 
 tense. 
 
 Hypocrisy is thf ii'-wss^iry bunlrn of villniny. Rambler, 
 HYP'O-CRI'l'E, n. (Pr. hypocrite : Gr. viroKpnr,i.] 
 
 1. One who feigns to be what he is not ; one who 
 h.as the form of godliness without the jMiwer, or w ho 
 assumes an appearance i f piety and virtue, when he 
 is destitute of true religion.. 
 
 And Ihe hypoerile^s Ijopc shnll perish. — Job viii. 
 
 2. A dissembler ; one wlio assumes a false ap[>car- 
 ance. 
 
 P.iir hypocritCt you seek to cheat in vain. Dryden. 
 
 IIYP-OeRIT'ie, (a. Simulating; counterfeiting 
 IIYP-O-GRIT'ie-AL, ( a religious character ; assum- 
 ing a false and deceitful appearance ; applied to 
 persons. 
 
 2. Dissembling; concealing one's real character or 
 motives. 
 
 3. Proceeding from hypocrisy, or marking liypocri- 
 sv ; as, a hupoeritietil face or look. 
 
 HYP O-€Kri"ie-AL-LY, adn. With simulation ; 
 
 with a false appearance of what is good ; f;dsely ; 
 
 without sincerity. 
 Hf-PO-GAS'TRie, a. [Gr. irro, under, ;ind yaarno, 
 
 the belly.] 
 
 1. Relating to the hypoirastrium, or middle part of 
 the lower region of the belly. 
 
 2. An appellation given to the internal branch of 
 the iliac artery. Encyc. 
 
 II«-PO-GAS'TRO-CELE, n. [Gr. iiroj aurpioi/, and 
 Ki;Ar,, a tumor.] 
 A hernia through the walls of the lower belly. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 IIYP'0-6ENE, a. [Gr. vvo and yivopat.'] 
 
 A term applied to rocks not formed on the surface 
 of the earth, but thrust up from below, as granite, 
 gneiss, &c. Lyell. 
 
 IIY-PO-GP;'UM, n. [Gr. iito, under, and yaia oi yr\, 
 the earth.] 
 
 A name given by ancient architects to all the parts 
 of a budding which were under ground, us the cel- 
 lar, &c. QwiU. 
 
 IIYP'O-GY'N, 71. A hypogynous plant. 
 
 UY-POG'Y-XOUS, a. [Gr. i-u, under, and yvvn, a 
 female.] 
 
 In botany, growing from below the base of the 
 ovary. Lindley. 
 
 IlY-PO-NI'TROi;S ACID, n. An acid composed of 
 nitrogen and oxygen, but containing less oxygen 
 than nitrous acid. It is composed of three eipiiva- 
 Icnls of oxveen and one of nitrogen. Silliman. 
 
 HY-PO-PHOS^PHITE, 71. A compound of hypophos- 
 phoroiis acid and a salifiable base. 
 
 HY-PO-PHOS'PHOR-OUS, a. [Gr. i.TO and phospho- 
 rous.] 
 
 The hypophosphorous acid contains less oxygen 
 than the phosphorous, and is obtained from the 
 phosphuret of barytuni. It is a liquid which may 
 be concentrated by evaporation, till it becomes vis- 
 cid. It has a very sour t,asie, reddens vegetable 
 blues, and does not cryst.illize. Ure. 
 IIY-PO'PI-U.M, 71. [Gr. iiTo, under, and Ttuoi', pus, 
 because there is pus under thi: cornea.] 
 
 An effusion of pus into the anterior chamber of 
 the eye, or that cavity which contains the iiqiieous 
 humor. It is always a mere sequel of an indamma- 
 ticm. 
 
 HY-POS'TA-SIS, 71. [L. hypostasis; Fr. hxjpostase ; 
 Gr. i»T'»(Tr(io-t5, from vr,o, and htt7//h, to slaiul.] 
 
 Prnperbi, subsistence or substance. Hence it Is 
 used to denote distinct substance, or subsistence of 
 the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, in the Godhead, 
 callid by the Greek Christians three hypostases. 
 The Latins more generally used persona to express 
 the sense of hyp 'St.nsis, and this is the modern prac- 
 tice. VVe say, the Gudhead consists of three per- 
 sons. 
 
 HY PO-ST.VT'ie, ) a. Relating to hypostasis ; 
 
 HY PO STAT'ie-AL, j constitutive. 
 
 I*el oiir CAnieatl'^ warn nvn not to iiibscrihe to the ^rand Joc- 
 trint* of Ihf cheinicu, tmichin; their Uirce hypotflUcai pniici- 
 plr», till iht-y ba»c a litUe exajnined iL Boyie. 
 
 2. Personal, or distinctly personal ; or constituting 
 a distinct substance Pearson. 
 
 HV-PO-STAT'ie-AL-LY, adc. Personally. 
 
 II 9-P()-Sl'I, 'I'll ATE, 71. A compound of liypiisiilpliu- 
 ric aeiil anil a base. 
 
 IIY PO SUL'PIII TE, n. A compound of liyfiosulphur- 
 nus acid and a salilialili; base. 
 
 Ilt-PO SCL-PIIC'RIC, a. Hyposulphuric arid is an 
 acid combination of snlphiir and oxygen, interme- 
 diate between sulphurous and sul|ihiiric acid. Ure. 
 
 Ht-I'O-SUL'PHUR-OlJS, a. Ilvpo-mlphurous acid is 
 an acid containing less oxygtrii than sulphurous acid. 
 This acid is known only in cuiiibiii.itioii w itii saliliu- 
 ble bases. Ore. Henry. 
 
 H Y-I'OT'E-.NC'.'^E, 71. [Gr. isxreifuucii, part, of iim- 
 Tcifw, to subtend.] 
 
 In ireomrtry, \\v: subtense or Iimgest side of ?l right- 
 angled triangles, or the line that subtends the right 
 angb?. Kncttc 
 
 HY-POTU'E-e.^TE, r. L [L. hypotheca, a |>ledge ; 
 Gr. i~iOiiKn, from izunOripi, to put under, to sup- 
 pose.] 
 
 1. To pledge, and, property, to pledge the keel of 
 a ship, that is, the ship itself, as security for the re- 
 payment of money borrowed to carry on a voyage. 
 In this case, the lender hazards the loss of his money 
 by the loss of the ship ; but if the ship returns safe, 
 he receives his principal, with the premium or inter- 
 est agreed on, though it may exceed the legal rate of 
 interest. Btackstunc. Park. 
 
 2. To pledge, in general, for the security of a cred- 
 itor, as gtiods, stocks, &.c. Park. 
 
 HV-POTirE-eA-TEl), pp. Pledged as security for 
 nionev borrou-ed. 
 
 HY-POTH E C.\ 'riN'G, ppr. Pledging as security. 
 
 HY-POTII-E-CA'TIU.N', n. The act of pledging, as 
 a security for debt, without parting with the iiiinie- 
 diate possession, differing in this last particular from 
 tile simple jiled^e. Brandt. 
 
 HY-POTil'E C.\-TOR, n. One who pledges a ship or 
 other property as security for the repayment of money 
 borrowed. jml"e Johnson. 
 
 IIY-POTII'E NOSE, 71. Hypotenuse, which see. 
 
 11 Y-POTII'E-SIS, K. [I.., from (ir. inroOcaif, a suppo- 
 sition ; iTToriUniii, to suppose ; iiro and riUrn".] 
 
 1. A supposition ; a proposition or [irinciple which 
 is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a 
 conclusion or inference for proof of the imiiit in 
 question ; something not proved, but assumed fur 
 tlie purpose of argumriit. t'.nryc. 
 
 2. A system or theory imagined or assumed to ac- 
 count for what is not understood. Encyc. 
 
 HY-PO-THET'ie, j a. Ineluiling a supposition ; 
 
 HY-PO-THET'ie-AL, ( conditional ; assumed with- 
 out proof for the purpose of reasoning and deducing 
 proof. Hutu. 
 
 HY-PU-TllET'ie-AL BAP'TIS.M. See Baptism. 
 
 HY-PO-THET'IC-AL-LY, adv. By way of supposi- 
 tion ; conditionally. 
 
 HY-PO-TYP-6'SIS, 11. [Gr.] In rhetoric, imagery ; a 
 description of things in stnmg or lively colors. 
 
 IIYP'P/;i), (hipt,) pp. M.ade melancholy. 
 
 HYP'PISII, a. .Allected with hypochondria. 
 
 HYRSE, (hirs,) 71. [G. hirse.] 
 Millet. 
 
 HYRST, 71. A wood. [See Hurst.] 
 IIY'SO.X, n. A species of green tea from China. 
 HYS'SOP, (lii'/.up or his'sup,) 7i. [L. hyssvpms : Gr. 
 iiaatoiroi. It would be well to write tins word Hy- 
 
 SOP.] 
 
 A pl.ant, Ilyssopus officinalis. The leaves have an 
 aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. Some- 
 thing called hyssop was much used by the Jews in 
 purifications. Encyc. 
 
 IIYS-TER'IC, (a. [Tt. hysteriqiie ; Gr. larcoiKOf, 
 
 IlYS-TER'ie-AL, ( from vortia, the womb.] ' 
 
 Disordered in the region of the womb ; troubled 
 with fits or nervous affections. 
 
 HYS-TER'ies, 1 71. A disease characterized by con- 
 
 HYS-Te'RI-.A, i vulsive struggling, alternately re- 
 mitting and exacerbating ; rumbling in the btiwels ; 
 sense of suffocation ; drowsiness ; urine copious and 
 limpid ; temper fickle. Qood. 
 
 HYS-TER'O-CELE, 7i. [Gr. vcrcoa, the womb, and 
 kiiAt), a tumor.] 
 A species of hernia containing the womb. Coze. 
 
 HYS-TER OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. icrtn.f and Ao,o$.] 
 In rhetoric, a figure by which the ordinary course 
 of thought is inverted in expression, and the last put 
 first ; called also hiistrron-proteron. 
 
 HYS'TER-O.N-PROT'ER-ON, 7i. [Gr. iarepoy, last, 
 and -puTtp'iv, first.] 
 
 In grammar, a figure in which the wi rd ih.at should 
 follow conies first ; as, vnlet atque vicit, '* he is well 
 and lives." Hence the word is sometimes used to 
 denote an anachronism, or the putting uf a later his- 
 torical event before an earlier one. Enciic. .Iin 
 
 HYS-TER-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. iiarepa, the uterus, and 
 ToiiTi, a cutting.] 
 
 In surgery, the Cesarean section ; the operation of 
 cutting into the uterus, for taking out a fetus which 
 can not be excluded bv the usual inca:js, 
 
 IIYTIIE, n. .\port. [See Uitiie.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as j ; S as Z ; Ch as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
IBE 
 
 ICE 
 
 ICl 
 
 I is tlie ninth letter, anil the third rowel, of the Eng- 
 lish alphabet. \Ve receive it, through the Latin 
 and Greek, from the Shemitic ji'd,je, or ye, in Greek 
 loira, whence our En^'lish word jot. This vowel in 
 French, and in most European languages, has the 
 long, fine sound, which we express by e in ?np, or ec 
 in ser.n, meek. This sound we retain in some foreign 
 words which are naturalized in our language, as in 
 viachuie, mtrisrne. But in most English words this 
 long sound is shortened, as in holiness, pity, gift ; in 
 which words the sound of i coincides with that of 
 y in hypocrite, and at the end of words in unaccented 
 syllables, as in holy, glory. It is this sl.ort sound of 
 the French and Italian i which we hear in the pro- 
 nunciation of bten, which we pronounce bin. After 
 I, this letter has sometimes the liquid souiid of y, m 
 in million, pronounced milyon. This sound corresponds 
 with that of the Hebrews, as in .Inseph, which in Syria 
 is pronounced Yoseph, and with the sound of tlie Ger- 
 man j, as in ja, jallr, that is, ya, yakr. 
 
 The sound of i long, as in.A«f, kinJ, arise, is diph- 
 thongal ; it begins with a sound approaching to that 
 of broad a, but it is not exactly the same, as the or- 
 gans are not opened to the same extent, and there- 
 fore the sound begins a little above that of aw. The 
 sound, if continued, closes with one that nearly ap- 
 proaches to that of e long. This sound can be learned 
 only by the ear. 
 
 This letter enters into several digraphs, as in fail, 
 field, seize, feign, vain, friend ; and with o in oil, join, 
 coin, it helps to form a proper diphthong. 
 
 No English word ends with i ; but when the sound 
 of the letter occurs at the end of a word, it is ex- 
 pressed by y : alkali, banditti, and a few other words 
 of foreign origin, are tlie only excei>tions. 
 
 As a numeral, I signifies one, and stands for as 
 many units as it is repeated in times, as II, two. III, 
 three, &c. When it stands before V or X, it sub- 
 tracts itself, and the numerals denote one less than 
 the V nr the X. Thus IV expresses four, one less 
 than 'V,five ; IX stands for jtine, one less than X,ten. 
 But when it is placed after V or X, it denotes the ad- 
 dition of a unit, or as many units as the letter is 
 repeated in limes. Thus VI is fre and one, or siz ; 
 and XI is ten and one, or eleven ; VIII stands for Jioe 
 and tJiree, or eight, &.c. 
 
 Among the ancient Romans, 10 stood for 500 ; CIO, 
 for 1000; 100, for 5000; CCIOO, for 10,000 ; 1000, 
 for 50,000 ; and CCUIOOO, for 100,000. 
 
 I, formerly prefixed to some English words, as in 
 ibuilt, is a contraction of the Saxon prefix ge ; and 
 more generally this was written y. 
 I, pron. [Sax. ic ; Goth, and I), ik ; G. ich; Sw. jag; 
 Dan. jeg ; Gr. cyoj ; L. ego ; Port, cu ; Sp. yo ; It. io ; 
 Fr.je; Hnns. agam. In Armoric mc is the nomina- 
 tive ; so W. mi, Fr. moi, Hindoo, me. Either ego is 
 contracted from mego, or / and me are from different 
 roots. It is certain that mc is contracted from meg or 
 mig. See Me.] 
 
 The pronoun of the first person ; the word which 
 expresses one's self, or that by which a speaker or 
 writer denotes himself. It is only the nominative 
 case of the pronoun ; in the objective case we use 
 me. I am attached to study ; study delights me. 
 
 We often hear, in popular language, the phrase it 
 is me, which is now considered to be ungrammatical, 
 for it is I. But the phrase may have come down to 
 us from the use of the Welsh mi, or from the French 
 use of the phrase c'cjf moi. 
 
 \n the plural, we use we and us, which appear to 
 be words radically distinct from /. 
 
 Johnson observes that Sliakspeare uses / for ay or 
 yes. In this he is not followed, and the use is incor- 
 rect. 
 
 I-A.M'Bie, n. [Fr. iambijue ; L. iambicus ; Gr. iaii0t- 
 /<«.] 
 
 rcrtammg to the iambus, a poetic foot consisting 
 of two syllables a short one followed by a long one. 
 T-A.M'Hie, / ■ , „ , , 
 
 I-A.M'BUS, ) L''- ><"'ili"; Gr. Ki/j/^fif.] 
 
 In poetry, a foot consisting of two syllables, the 
 first short and the last long, as in delight. The fol- 
 lowing line consists wholly of iambic feet: 
 lie KonM I ihe furt>' | lhal dnrr-» ) liU fii [ ry iUiy. 
 T-AM'Bie-AI^I,Y, ndr. After the manner of iambics. 
 I-A.M'Blt/'S, n. pi. Verses coinposid of short and long 
 syllables alternately. .Anciently, certain songs or sat- 
 ires, supposed to have given birth to ancient com- 
 edy. 
 
 I-A-TRO-LKP'TIC, a. [Gr. larooj and a\ti<po>.] 
 
 'I'liat which cures by anointing. 
 I'BEX, n. [L.] A H|H;cies of Caprn, or goat, inhabit- 
 ing tho Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, &c. The male 
 
 is red-brown in summer, and gray-brown in winter. 
 The female is earthy-brown and ashy. The young 
 is gr.ay. The horns of the male are flat, and bent 
 backward, with two longitudinal ridges at the sides, 
 crossed by numerous transverse knots. The horns 
 of the female are short, more erect, with three or 
 four knots in front. 
 
 The JEgagrus, or wild goat of the mountains of 
 Persia, appears >o be the slock of the tame goat. 
 The Ibez is a distinct species. Cuvier. 
 
 IB'II) ; a contraction of ilndem. 
 
 IB-I'DE.M, [L.] In Ike same place. 
 
 i'BIS, n. [Gr. and L.] A genus of grallatorj' birds, 
 one of whose most remarkable species is the Ibis 
 religiosa of Cuvier. Tliisisfound throughout Africa. 
 It was reared in the teinples of ancient Egypt, with 
 a degree of respect bordering on adoration. Ibis 
 rubra, another species, is found in all the hot parts 
 of America. 
 
 I-eA'llI-AN, a. [from Icarus, the son of Daidalus, 
 who (led on wings to escape the resentment of Minos ; 
 but his tlight, being too high, was fatal to him, as the 
 sun melted the wax that cemented his wings. j 
 
 Adventurous in flight; soaring too high for safety, 
 like Icarus. 
 
 ICE, 71. [Sax. is, isa; G. eis; D. ys ; Dan. its; Sw. 
 and Ice. is; Ir. cuise. The true orthography would 
 be ise. The primary sense is doubtless to set, to fix, 
 to congeal, or harden. It may be allied to the G. 
 eism, iron ; perhaps also to L. os, a bone.] 
 
 1. Water or other fluid congealed, or in a solid 
 state; a solid, transparent, brittle substance, formed 
 by the congelation of a fluid, by means of the ab- 
 straction of the heat necessary to preserve its fluidity, 
 or, to use common language, congealed by cold. 
 
 2. Concreted sugar. 
 
 To break the ice, is to make the first opening to 
 any attempt; to remove the first obstructions or dif- 
 ficulties ; to open the way. ShaJi. 
 ICE, V. t. To cover with ice ; to convert into ice. 
 
 Fletcher. 
 
 9. To cover with concreted sugar; to frost. 
 
 3. To chill ; to freeze. [Puller. 
 ICE'BERG, 71. [ice and G. berg, a hill.] 
 
 A hill or mountain of ice, or a vast body of ice 
 floating on the ocean. 
 
 This term is applied to such elevated masses as 
 exifl in the valleys of the frigid zones; to those 
 which are found on the surface of fixed ice ; and to 
 ice of great thickness and hight in a floating state. 
 These lofty floating masses are sometimes detached 
 from the icebergs on shore, and sometimes formed 
 at a distance from any land. They are found in 
 both the frigid zones, and are sometimes carried 
 toward the equator as low as 40°. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 ICE'-BIRD, n. A bird of Greenland. 
 
 ICE'BLIiS'K, ?i. A name given by seamen to a bright 
 appearance near the horizon, occasioned by the ice, 
 and observed before the ice itself is seen. Encyc. 
 
 ICE'-B5AT, h. A strong boat, commonly propelled 
 by steam, used to break a passage through ice. 
 
 2. A boat for sailing on the surface of ice ; much 
 used in Holland. Hebert, 
 
 ICE'-BOUND, a. In seamcn^s language, totally sur- 
 rounded with ice, so as to be incapable of advancing. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 ICE'-BUILT, (-bill,) o. Composed of ice. 
 
 2. Loaded with ice. Oray. 
 ICE'-CRkAM, 71. Cream flavored and congealed by a 
 freezing mixture. Sometimes, instead of cream, the 
 matrrials of a custard are used. 
 ICK'-l'ALLS, 71. Falls composed of ice. Coleridge. 
 ICE'-Fi,OE, 71. A large mass of floating ice. 
 ICE'-GLaZ-A-'D, a. Glazed or incrusted with ice. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 ICE'-IIOUSE, 77. [ice and house.] A repository for 
 the preservation of ice during warm weather; a pit 
 with a drain for conveying olT the water of the ice 
 whi n dissolved, and usually covered with a roof. 
 
 ICE'-TSLE, (Ise'Ile,) 71. [ice and isic] A vast body 
 of lloating ice, such as is often seen in the Atlantic, 
 olfthr- banks of Newfoundland. J. Barlow. 
 
 When flat and extending beyond the reach of 
 sight, it is called yifW ice ; whew smaller, but of very 
 large diuiensious, it is called a fine; when lofty, au 
 iceberg. There are numerous other terms for the 
 dilfi iont app(^arances of floating ice. KJ. Kncyc. 
 
 TCE'LAM)-i;it, «. A iialive of Iceland. 
 
 ICE-LAN D'lC, a. Pi riaining to Iceland ; and as a 
 noun, the language of Ihi' Icelanders. 
 
 ICK'LAND-MOSS, 71. A kind of lichen common in 
 mouiitaiiiuiiH districts of Europe. It is a tonic and 
 nutritive. 
 
 ICE'LAND-SPXR, 71. Calcareous spar, in laminated 
 
 masses, easily divisible into rhombs, perfectly similal 
 to the primitive rhomb. Cleaveland. 
 
 iCE'-PLaIN, 71. A plain of ice. Coleridge. 
 
 ICE'-PLANT, 71. A plant of the genus Mesembryan- 
 themuin, sprinkled with pellucid, glittering, watery 
 vesicles. Encyc. 
 
 ICE'SPaR, 71. A variety of feldspar, the crystals of 
 which resemble ice. Jameson. 
 
 ICE'-TONGS, 7!. pi. Large iron nippers for handling 
 ice. 
 
 ICH DIEN, (eeh deen,) [G.] Literally, / ^CT-ce ; the 
 motto of the Prince of Wales. Brande. 
 
 ICH-NEu'JION, n. [L., from the Gr. ixvtviiw, from 
 ixvtvoj, to follow the steps, 1x^0%, a footstep; a fol- 
 lower of the crocodile.] 
 
 An animal of the genus Viverra, or Mangusta. 
 Its body is dotted equally all over ; dirty yellow and 
 slate color, each hair being annulated alternately 
 with these tints ; paws and muzzle black ; tail long 
 and terminated by a diverging tuft. It inhabits Egypt 
 and feeds on the eggs of the crocodile, mice, and all 
 sorts of small animals. It is domesticated. Its 
 native name is J^ems. 
 
 Ichneumon fly ; a genus of flies, of the order Hy- 
 menoptera, containing several thousand species. 
 The abdomen is generally petiolated, or joined to 
 the body by a pedicle. These animals are great de- 
 stroyers of caterpill.iis, plant-lice, and other insects, 
 as the ichneumon is of the eggs and young of the 
 crocodile. Encyc. 
 
 ICH-NEU-MON'I-DAN, a. Relating to the ichneu- 
 monidie, a familv ot^predaceous insects. 
 
 leil-NO-GUAPH'ie, j a. [See Ichhocraphy.] 
 
 ICH-NO-GRAPH'ie-AL, j Pertaining to ichnogra- 
 phy ; describing a ground-plot. 
 
 leH-NOG'RA-PHY, 71. [Gr. ixi'of, a footstep, and 
 ypa\l)Ui, to describe.] 
 
 In drawing, a plan ; a horizontal section of a 
 building or other object, showing its true dimensions 
 according to a geometric scale. IleberU 
 
 reilOR, 77. [Gr. ixw/<.] 
 
 1. A thin, watery humor, like senim or whey. 
 
 2. Colorless matter flowing from an ulcer. 
 I'CHOR-OUS, (7. Like ichor; thin; watery; serous. 
 ICH'THY-O-COL, ) n. [Gr. ixO"i, a fish, and 
 ICH'THY-O-eOL-LA, ( KuWa, glue.] 
 
 Fish-glue ; isinglass ; a glue prepared from the 
 sounds of fish. Tooke. 
 ICH-THY-O-DOR'U-LITE, n. [Gr. ixflus, a fish, 
 6opv, a spear, and \t(lo;, stone.] 
 
 The fossil dorsal spine of certain fishes. Humble. 
 I€H-THY-OG'RA-PHY, 71. [Gr. ixSvf and >-/)ci0w.] 
 
 A treatise on fishes. 
 ICH'THY-OID, a. [Gr. fish, and aSo;, form.] 
 
 A term ap|)lied to saurians having many of the 
 characters of a fish. P. Cyc. 
 
 leil'THY-O-LITE, It. [Gr. ixSvs, a fish, and XiOos, 
 a stone.] 
 
 Fossil fish ; or the figure or impression of a fish in 
 rock. Hitchcock. 
 leil-THY-O-LOfi'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to iclithy- 
 ologv. 
 
 leil-THY-OL'O-GIST, 71. [See Ichthyology.] One 
 
 versed in ichthyology. 
 ieiI-THY-0L'0-GY,7!. [Gr. ixOuj, a fish) and \oyas, 
 
 discourse.] 
 
 The science of fishes, or that part of zoology which 
 treats of fishes, their structure, form, and classifica- 
 tion, their habits, uses, &.C. Encyc. Edin. Encyc. 
 leil'THY-O-MAN-CY, 7i. Divination by the heads 
 of fishes. 
 
 leH-TilY-OPH'A-GlST, n. [Gr. txOvs, a fish, and 
 
 <fia\ io, to eat.] 
 6ne who eats or subsists on fish. 
 leil-THY-OPIPA-GOUS, a. [Gr. ixSi'S, fish, and 
 (bay 0), to eat.] 
 
 E;iting or subsisting on flsh. D'.^nrille. 
 ieH-TlIY-OPIl'A-GV, 71. [Supra.] The practice of 
 eating fish. 
 
 leil-TllV-OPH-TIIAL'MITE, 71. [Gr. ix9*{, a fish, 
 and mptl.iXn 'f, an eye.] 
 
 Fish-eye-stone. [See AropiiYLLiTE.] 
 
 leil-TlIY-O-SAn'RUtf, 71. [Gr ixUi'S. a fisl'i and 
 aiivpof, a lizard.] 
 
 The fish-li/.aid, an extinct marine animal, whose 
 fossil remains are found in Engliind and other coun- 
 tries, and whose ski lelon combines in its structure 
 the chaincteristirs of a fish with those of a crocodile. 
 [Sometimes written It in iivosaub.] Bnekland. 
 
 ICIl-TllV-o'SlS, H. [Cr.] A roughness of the skin, 
 which In comes thick, hard, and scaly. 
 
 I'Cl-CLK, (i'sik kl,) 71. [Sax. iees-ge.cel, D. yskegcl, 
 ice-cone. Kegel is a cone or ninepin.] 
 A pendent conical mass of ice, formed by the 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — MfiTE, PBBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIllD.-NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
IDE 
 
 IDE 
 
 IDI 
 
 freezing of water or oilier lluid as it rtows down 
 an inclined plane, nr collects in drops and is siis- 
 penilrd. In tlie nortli of Un^lanJ, it is callid irklr. 
 
 I'CI-NESS, n. Tlie state of being icy, or of being 
 very cold. 
 2. 'I'lie state of Rcnerating ice. 
 
 I'CING, ppr. Covering with ice. Byron. 
 2. CoveriiiK with concreted sugar. 
 
 I'CI.NG, lu A covering of concreted sugar. 
 
 I'eo.V, 71. [Gr. iiKiiv, an image, from ilku>, to resem- 
 ble.] 
 
 An image or representation. [JVot in use.'] 
 
 Brown. Iluknoill. 
 I'CON-ISM, 11. [Or.] A figure or representation. 
 
 Mure, 
 
 I-eON'O-CLASM, n. The act of breaking or destroy- 
 ing images, as of idolaters. ■ 
 
 I-eO-N'O-CLAST, H. [Fr. iconoclnste ; Gr. cikwi', 
 an image, and nXtitTrnif a breaker, from xAau, to 
 break.] 
 
 A breaker or destroyer of images ; a name wliich 
 
 Roman Catholics give to those who reject the use of 
 
 images in religious worship. Encijc. 
 I-eo.N-O-eLAyT'It), a. Breaking images. 
 I-eoN-OG'R.V-PIlV, ji. [Gr. ukuh, an image, and 
 
 J pd'Oi.i, to describe.] 
 'I'he description of images or ancient statues, 
 
 busts, semi-busts, paintings in fresco, mosaic works, 
 
 and ancient pieces of miniature. 
 I-eON-OL'A-TER, ii. [Gr. tuajp, an image, and \a- 
 
 Tpcv\, a servant.] 
 One that worships images ; a name given to the 
 
 Roman Catholics. 
 I-€0.\-OL'0-CY, 71. [Gr. £i<c&ii', an image, and Ao^os, 
 
 a discourse.] 
 
 The doctrine of images or emblematical represent- 
 ations. Johiisoju 
 I-GO-S.A-His'DRAL, a. [Gr. tiKoat, twenty, and tdon, 
 seat, basis.] 
 
 Having twenty equal sides or faces. 
 I-eO-.>^.A-IIE'DRO.\, n. [Supra.] A solid of twenty 
 equal sides or faces. 
 
 In geometry, a regular solid, consisting of twenty 
 equal and similar triangular pyramids whose vertices 
 meet in the center of a sphere supposed to circum- 
 scribe it. Encyc. Enfield. 
 I-eO-SAi\'DRI-A,n.p/.[Gr. cikoci, twenty, and arj/o, 
 a male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of plants having twenty or more 
 stamens inserted in the calyx. Linn<ru3. 
 
 I-eO-SAN'DRI-.\N, j a. Pertaining to the class of 
 
 I-eO-S.\N'DROUS, ( plants Icosandria ; having 
 twenty or more stamens inserted in the caly.v. 
 
 le-TER'ie, i a. ictmcus, from icterus, jaun- 
 
 le-TER'ie-AL, i dice.] 
 
 1. .Affected with the jaundice. 
 
 2. Good in the cur« of the j.aundice. 
 le-TER'ie, n. A remedy for the jaundice. Siciyi, 
 
 iI^ter'S-to usf ' i t^- j^" 
 
 Yellow ; having the color of the skin when it is 
 affected by the jaundice. 
 I'CY, a. [from ice.] Abounding with ice ; as, the icy 
 regions of the north. 
 
 2. Cold ; frosty ; as, icy chains Shak. 
 
 3. Made of ice. 
 
 •1. Resembling ice ; chilling 
 
 Rcli^iua Injt not on icy band on the true ]ojs of lif^. 
 
 5. Cold ; frigid ; destitute of affection or passion. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 6. Indifferent ; unaffected ; backward. Shak. 
 rCY-PEARL-£D, (-perld,) a. Studded with spangles 
 
 of ice. jVUton. 
 I'D ; contracted from I would or I had. 
 ID. ; contracted from itlrm. 
 
 1-Dk'.\, n. [L. idea; Fr. idee; Gr. tica, from eiioj, to 
 see, L. video.] 
 
 1. Literally, that which is seen ; hence, form, im- 
 age, model of any thing in the mind; that which is 
 held or comprehended by the understanding or intel- 
 lectual faculties. 
 
 I have used the word idea, to express whatever is 
 meant by phantasm, notion, species, or whatever it 
 is which tile mind can be employed about in think- 
 ing. Locke. 
 
 Whatever the mind perceives in itself, or is the 
 immediate object of perception, thought, or under- 
 standing, that I call an idea. Locke 
 
 The attention of the underst.inding to the objects 
 acting on it, by which it becomes sensible of the im- 
 pressions they make, is called by logicians percep- 
 tion ; and the notices thems.'lves, as they exist in the 
 mind, as the materials of thinking and knowledge, 
 are distinguished by the name of ideas. 
 
 Encyc, art. Lorrie. 
 
 An idea is the reflex perception of objects, after the 
 original perception or impression has been felt by the 
 m"id. Encyc. 
 
 In popular tanirmire, idea signifies the same thing 
 as conception, apprehension, notion. To have an 
 idea of any thing is to conceive it. In philosophical 
 use. It does not signify that act of the mind which 
 
 we call thought or conception, but some object of 
 thought. Heid. 
 
 According to modern writers on mental iihilosophy, 
 an idea is tlie object of thought, or the notice which 
 the mind takes of its perceptions. 
 
 Darwin uses idea for a notion of external things 
 which our organs bring us acquainteil with originally ; 
 and lie defines it, a contraction, motion, or configura- 
 tion of the fibers which constitute the immediate or- 
 gan of sense ; synonymous with which he sometimes 
 uses sensual motion, in contradistinction to muscular 
 motion. Z.uiin. 
 
 2. In popular use, idea signifies notion, conception, 
 thought, opinion, and even purpose or intention. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 3. Image in the mind. 
 
 llcr BWi'cl utea wiirnlcR-d tliroiigh liiA thoiighU. Fair/ax. 
 bad use of the word.] 
 
 4. An opinion ; a proposition. These decisions are 
 incompatible with the idea, that the principles are de- 
 rived from the civil law. 
 
 I-Dli'AL, a. Existing in idea ; intellectual; mental j 
 as, ideal knowledge. 
 
 There will aiways be a wide interval between pmclical and irteal 
 exccll>^iicc>. liambter. 
 
 2. Visionary ; existing in fancy or imagination on- 
 ly ; as, ideal good. 
 
 3. That considers ideas as images, phantasms, or 
 forms in tlie mind ; as, the ideal theory or iihiloso- 
 phy. 
 
 I-Uli'A-LESS, a. [irfco and fcs«.] Destitute of ideas. 
 
 I-Dk'.\L-IS.M, n. The system or theory that makes 
 every thing to consist in ideas, and denies the cTcist- 
 ence of material bodies. H'alsh. 
 
 I-DF:'AL-IST, n. One who holds the doctrine of ide- 
 alism. 
 
 I-DE-AI/t-TY, JI. A lively imagination, united to a 
 love of the beautiful, forming, in its higher exercises, 
 one of the chief constituents of creative genius in 
 poetry and the fine arts. Combe. 
 
 M)E-AL-I-'/-A'TION, n. The act of forming in idea. 
 
 I-Dii'AL-IZE, V. i. To form ideas. 
 
 I-DE'AL-LY, ado. Intellectually ; mentally ; in idea. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 I-DE'aTE, v. t. To form in idea ; to fancy. [Aut in 
 
 u.'ie.] Donne. 
 I'DE.M, [L.] The same. 
 
 I-DE.\'Tie, a. Identical, which see. [Rarely ttsfrf.] 
 I-DEN'TIC-AL, a. [Pt. idcntique i Sp. idcntico ; twm 
 
 L. iilcm, the same.] 
 The same ; not (lifferent ; as, the identical person ; 
 
 the identical proposition. We found on the thief the 
 
 identical gooils tliat were lost. 
 I-DE.\"T1C-AH,Y, ado. With sameness. 
 I-DE.\'Tie-.'\L,-NESS, n. Sameness. 
 I-DEN-Tl-FI-GA'TION, n. The act of making or 
 
 proving to be the same. 
 I-DE\'TI-FI-jED, pp. Ascertained or made to be the 
 
 same. 
 
 I-DEN'TI-FV, V. U [L. idem, the same, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 1. To ascertain or prove to be the same. The own- 
 er of the goods found them in the possession of the 
 thief, and identified them. 
 
 2. To make to be the same; to unite or combine 
 in such a manner as to make one interest, purpose, 
 or intention ; to treat as having the same use ; to 
 consider as the same in effect. 
 
 Paul has identi/ied the two onliimnces, circumcision and bapUsni, 
 and Itius, Ly <l<-inonsln\tiii<^ tlvit th'-y hiive one and the •ame 
 iiM and ineaninc:, he h:u exhibited to our vii-w the very 
 t.imf aciU of tiu<r6 co».'nant. J. M. Mason. 
 
 That treaty in fact identified Sjvun with the republican foveni. 
 mrnt of Frtnc<, by a virtual acknowleil^mcut of unqualified 
 vanalagc, and by ipecific stipulations of unconflitiunal ile- 
 fenie. Brinefi Dectaraiion, Jan. 1805. 
 
 Every precaution la taken to identify the intcresu of the fvople, 
 and of the mien. Ratntay. 
 
 I-DEN'TI-FV, r. i. To become the same ; to coalesce 
 in interest, purpose, use, effect, &c. 
 
 An enlightened ielf-iuteit^st, wliich, when well understood, they 
 t< ll uj will identi/y with an intea'st more cnlarg'-d anil 
 public. Burke. 
 
 I-DE\'TI-F?-ING, ppr. Ascertaining or proving to 
 be the same. 
 
 2. Making the same in interest, purpose, use, elfi- 
 cacv, &c. 
 I-UE.N'TI-TY, n. [Fr. identiti.] 
 
 Sameness, as (fislinguisheil from similitude and 
 diversity. We speak of the identity of goods found, 
 the identity of persons, or of personal identity. 
 
 LaeJce. South. 
 
 ID-E-O-GRAPII'ie, I rM,-„njn, . t 
 
 ID-E-0-GRAPiri€-AL, j l"'" ^'^^ )."««".] 
 Representing idoas independently of sounds, as 
 the digit 9, which to an Englishman represents 
 nine, ami to a Frenchman netif. Brande. 
 
 ID-E-0-LOC;'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to ideology. 
 
 II)-E-0L'0-f;IST, n. One who treats of ideas. 
 
 ID-E-OL'O-GY, n. [idea and Gr. ,V„,„5.] 
 
 1. A treatise on ideas, or the doctrine of ideas, or 
 the operations of the understanding. Jefferson, iv. 297. 
 
 2. The science of mind. StewarL 
 
 IDES, n. pi. [l,. idiis. Qu. the Ilttnirian iduo, to di- 
 vitle, the root of wide, divide, individual. The ety- 
 mology is not ascertained.] 
 
 In Oie ancient Roman calnular, the fifteenth day of 
 March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth 
 day of the other months. Eight days in each month 
 often pass by this name, but only one strictly receives 
 it, the others being called the day before the ides, 
 the third from the ides, and so on, backward, to the 
 eighth from the ides. Eneyc. Brande. 
 
 ID EST, [L.] That is. 
 
 ID-I-Oe'RA-SY,n. [Gr. idioj, proper, peculiar to one's 
 
 self, and Kiianfj mixture, temperament, from nepaio, 
 
 (tf/)«i>( ii(ii, to mix.] 
 
 Peculiarity of constitution ; that temperament, or 
 
 state of constitution, which is peculiar to a person. 
 ID-I-f)-eRAI"ie, ) „ . • , . . 
 ID-I-O-CRAT'ie-AL, j «• P""'""- "' constitution 
 ID'I-O-CY, n. [Gr. ,,if..Ti('i. fee Idiot.] 
 
 A defect of understanding ; properly, a natural ile- 
 
 fect. 
 
 Idiocy and lunacy excuse from the piilt of crime. Eneye. 
 
 ID-I-O-E-LEe'TRie, n. [Gr. k'i.k, separate from 
 others, peculiar to one's self, anil elrclne.] 
 
 Electric per se,or containing electricity in its natu- 
 ral state. Gregory. 
 
 ID'I-O.M, n. [Fr. idiomc ; L. idioma, from Gr. idii ua, 
 from tiirif, proper, or peculiar to one's self. The 
 root of ijtu{ is that of divide, Iletrurian iduo, Eng 
 
 wiamr, wide, Ar. iSj hadda, to separate. Class Bd, 
 No. I.] 
 
 1. A mode of expression peculiar to a language; 
 peculiarity of expression or phraseology. In this 
 sense it is used in the plural to denote forms of 
 speech or phraseology iieculiar to a nation or lan- 
 guage. 
 
 And to just idioma fix our doubtful speech. Prior. 
 
 2. The genius or iieculiar cast of a language. 
 
 lie fullowrd tlie Latin language, but did not comply with the 
 idiom of OMn. Dryden. 
 
 3. Dialect. 
 
 ID-I-O-MAT'ie, fa. Peciiliarto a language ; per- 
 
 ID-I-0-MAT'IC-.\L., ! taining to the particular gen- 
 ius or modes of expression which belong to a lan- 
 guage ; as, an idiomatic phrase. 
 
 ID-I-O-M AT'ie- AL-LY, ado. According to the idiom 
 of a language. 
 
 ID-I-O-PATirie, o. [See Idiopathv.] Pertaining 
 to or indicating a disease ntit preceded and occasioned 
 by any other ilisease ; opposed to Svmpt(1matic. 
 
 ID-I-O PATII'IC-AE-LY, adv. In the manner of an 
 idiopathic disease ; not symptoniatically. 
 
 ID-I-OP'A-TIIY, n. [Gr. iiii-x, proper, peculiar, and 
 naOof, suffering, disease, from iraux ••, to suffer.] 
 
 1. A mtirbid state or coiitlition not pr«ceded and 
 occasioned by any other disea.se. 
 
 2. Peculiar affectitm. More. 
 ID-I-O-RE-PUL'SIVE, a. Repulsive by itself; as, the 
 
 idiorepuLfive power of heat. 
 
 ID-I-0-SYN'€RA-SY, n. [Gr. i^iot, proper, o«i', with, 
 and Koaoif, temperament.] 
 
 A peculiarity of constitution and susceptibility oc- 
 casioning certain peculiarities tif effect from the im- 
 press of extraneous influences or agencies. Synon- 
 ymous with Idiocbasv. 
 
 ID-I-0-.'!YN-eRAT'ie, o. Of peculiar temper or dis- 
 position. 
 
 ID'I-OT, n. [L. idiota ; Gr. if ibirris, private, vulgar, 
 unskilled, from ir'iot, peculiar, that is, separate, sim- 
 ple ; 8p. and It. idiota; Fr. idiot. See Idiom.] 
 
 1. A natural fool, or fool from his birth ; a human 
 being in form, but destitute of reason, or the ordina- 
 ry intellectual powers of man. 
 
 A per»on who ha* understanding enough to meajure a yard of 
 cloth, nuiiiLt-T twenty corrrcUy, fil ih: days of the wcfk, 
 dtv-., is nut an i^tot in tliu eye ol the law. £ncyc. 
 
 2. A foolish person ; one unwise. 
 
 [" A collection of picturesque words, found among 
 our ancient writers, wonlil constitute a precious sup- 
 plement to the histor}' of our lanzuago. Far more 
 expressive than our term of rircutioncr is their sol- 
 emn ontiof the deatlistnan : — than our ranabond their 
 seattfrlmg ; — than tiiir idiot or lunatic their moonling ; 
 a word which, .Mr. Gilford ob.serves, should not have 
 been suffrretl to grow obsolete." 
 
 Israeli, Curiosities of I^tn-ature,Qd scries, 
 
 2d edit. vol. i. p. 407. — E. H. B.] 
 [See I:ii»o< EnT.] 
 ID'I OT-CY, n. State of being an idiot. 
 ID-I-OT'ie, ) a. Like an idiot; foolish; sot- 
 ID-I-OT'IC-AL, ( tish. 
 
 ID-I-OT'ie-AL-LY, adv. After the manner of an 
 idiot. 
 
 ID-I-OT'I-eO\, n. [Gr.] A dictionary of a particu- 
 lar dialect, or of the words s^iid phrases peculiar to 
 one pjirt of a country. Brande 
 
 ID'I-OT-ISH, 0. Like an idiot ; partaking of idiocy ; 
 foolish. Palry. 
 
 ID'I-OT-ISM, 71. [Fr.il/iofi.vmi!; It. and Sp. idiotismo ; 
 
 TONE, BULL, i:XITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z; CH M SII ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 72' 
 
 573 
 
IDO 
 
 IF 
 
 IGN 
 
 Gr. i^iMTiffio<t, a form ul' speech taken from the vul- 
 gar, from irli"j.] 
 
 1. An idiom ; a peculiarity of expression ; a mode 
 of expression peculiar to a lanfruage ; a peculiarity 
 in the structure of words and phrases. 
 
 Scliolars sometimes g'we liTiiiiiialions and idiotisms, Biiitable lo 
 tlieir native language, to WQfils newly invented. Jlale. 
 
 2. Idiocy. BetJdoes, Hy^eia, 
 But it would he w fll to restrain this word to its 
 
 proper signification, and keep idiocy and idiutism dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 ID'I-OT-iZE, » 1. To hecome sf,:pid. Pers. Letters. 
 
 I'DLE, (I'dl,) a. [Sax. idrl, ijdrl, % empty ; G. cltd, 
 mere, pure, idle, frivoii>ii> ; I;. i*, vain, empty, idle j 
 Dan. and Sw. idd, im re, piiri', unmixed. See 
 Addle. Class DI, No. il, Iti, -J.'i, 29.] 
 
 1. Not employed ; unoccupied with business ; in- 
 active ; doing nothing. 
 
 Why stand here ail the day idle? — Matt. xx. 
 
 Tu be idle, is to be vicious. Jiambler, 
 
 2. Slothful ; given to rest and case; averse to la- 
 bor or employment ; lazy ; as, an idU man ; an idle 
 fellow. 
 
 3. Affording leisure; vacant; not occupied ; as, 
 idle time ; idle hours. 
 
 4. Remaining unused ; unemployed ; applied to 
 things ; as, my sword or spear is idle. 
 
 5. Useless ; vain ; inefiictual ; as, idle rage. 
 
 Down tlieir idle weapons dropped. Milton. 
 
 6. Unfruitful ; barren ; not productive of good. 
 
 of antres vast and idle deserts. Shale. 
 Idle weeds. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 7. Trifling; vain; of no importance; as, an idle 
 story ; an idle reason ; idle arguments. 
 
 Jluukcr. Dryden. Swift. 
 
 8. Unprofitable ; not tending to edification. 
 
 Every idle word that men shall speak, tliey shall give an account 
 rtiereof in the day of judgment. — Malt. xii. 
 
 Idle differs from laiy ; the latter implying constitu- 
 tional or habitual aversion or indisposition to labor or 
 action, sluggishness ; whereas (f//r, in its proper sense, 
 denotes merely unemployed. An industrious man 
 may be idle, but lie can not be lazy. 
 I'DLE, V. i. To lose or spend time in inaction, or 
 without being employed in business. 
 
 To idle away; in a transitive sense, to spend in 
 idleness ; as, to idle away time. 
 I'DLE-HEAD-ED, (I'dl-li'ed-ed,) a. [idle and Acad] 
 Foolish ; unreason.ihle. Carew. 
 2. Delirious ; infatuated. {Little userf.] 
 
 L^ Estrange. 
 
 I'DLE-NESS, 71. Abstinence from labor or employ- 
 ment ; the state of a person who is unemployed in 
 labor, or iinocciipii;d in business; the state of doing 
 nothing. Idleness is the parent of vice. 
 
 Through th-* vlleness of the hands the house droppelh through. 
 — 'J:kcles. X. 
 
 2. Aversion to labor ; reluctance to be employed, 
 or to exertion either of body or mind; laziness; 
 sloth ; sluggishness. This is properly laziness ; but 
 idleness is often the effect of laziness, and sometimes 
 this word may be used for it. 
 
 3. Unimportance ; trivialness. 
 
 Apes of idleness. Shak. 
 
 4. Iiiefficacy ; uselessness. [Little w.?frf.] 
 
 5. llarreiiiic-ss ; worthlessness. [f.illle u.sed.'j 
 
 C. Eiuptiness ; foolishiicss ; infatuation ; as, iVWc- 
 nrss of brain. [Little nsrd.] Baenn. 
 
 I'DLE-l'A-TEl), a. Idl>;-heade(l ; stupid. Ocerbury. 
 
 I'DEEIl, ». One who does nothing ; one who s|)ciids 
 his time in inaction, or without being engaged in 
 business. 
 
 2. A lazy person ; a sluggard. Rale<rh. 
 I'DI,ES-I!Y, (I'dlz-be,) n. ' An idle or lazy person. 
 
 IJVo( u.i«/.] WhitXoek. 
 I'DM.N'G, ppr. Spending in idleness or inaction. 
 I'DLY, adc. In an idle manner ; without employ- 
 
 m(;iit. 
 
 2. Eazily ; sluggishly. 
 
 3. Foolishly ; usele.ssly ; in a trifling way. 
 
 4. Carelessly ; without attention. Prior. 
 
 5. Vainly; ineffectually; as, to reason tt//y against 
 truth. 
 
 ID'O-CRASE, n. [Gr. i^cn, form, and /t/jutrif, mix- 
 ture ; a niixtrd figure.] 
 
 A mineral, occurring either in massive or in modi- 
 fled «piare prisms, prcsunting a handsome brown or 
 brownish-yellow color. It consists esst^iitially of sil- 
 ica, alumina, and lime. It is the Vesunian of Wer- 
 ner. Cijprinc ia the name of a rose-red variety. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 rnOI,, n. [Fr. idoU; It. and Sp. iV/nfo ; Ij.idolam; 
 Gr. ttf>i'i}\ tvy from t((i>s, form, or to'w, to see.] 
 
 1. An image, form, or representation, usually of n 
 mm or other animiil, consecrated as an object of 
 worship; n pagan deity. Idols arc usually siatiios or 
 images, carved out of wood or stone, or formed of 
 metals, particularly silver or gold. 
 
 Thr go*ll of the Millions are itMe. — P«. xcvl. 
 
 2. An image. 
 
 Nor ever iihjl §eeuied so mucli alive. Dryden. 
 
 3. A person loved and honored to adoration. The 
 prince was the idol of the people. 
 
 4. Any thing on which we set our affections ; that 
 to which we indulge an e.\cessive and sinful attach- 
 ment. 
 
 I.iule chililren, keep yourselves from idols. — 1 John v. 
 An idol is any thing which usurps the place of Ciod in the hearts 
 of his rational creatures. .S\ Miller. 
 
 5. A representation. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 I-DOL'A-TER, n. [Fr. idolatre; L. idololatra ; Gr. 
 
 £i(5'i)A0'\urp/)?. See Idolatry.] 
 
 1. A worshiper of idols ; one who pays divine 
 honors to images, statues, or representations of any 
 thing made by hands; one who worships as a de- 
 ity that which is not God ; a pagan. 
 
 2. An adorer ; a great admirer. Hard. 
 I-DOL'A-TRESS, 7i. A female vvoishiper of idols, 
 i nO-LAT'Rie-AL, a. Tendini; to idolatry. 
 I-DUL'A-TRIZE, V. i. To worship idols. 
 I-DOL'A-TRIZE, v. t. To adore ; to worship. 
 
 .^inswoi-tk. 
 
 I-DOL'A-TKTZ-iCn, pp. Worshiped ; adored. 
 
 I-D()L'A-TRfZ-L\G, p/ir. Adoring; worshiping. 
 
 I-DOL'A-TROU.S, a. Pertaining to idolatry ; partak- 
 ing of the nature of idolatry, or of the worsiiip of 
 false gods ; consisting in the worship of idols ; as, 
 idolatrons worship. 
 
 2. Consisting in or partaking of an excessive at- 
 tachment or reverence ; as, an idolatrous veneration 
 for antiipiity. 
 
 I-DOL'A-TROUS-LY, arfn. In an idolatrous manner ; 
 with excessive reverence. Hooker. 
 
 I-DOL'A-TRY, n. [Fr. idolatrie ; L. idololatria : Gr. 
 ti^< i\o\aTptia i £itfuAcor, idol, and Aarpcyto, to wor- 
 ship or serve.] 
 
 1. The worship of idols, images, or any thing 
 made by hands, or which is not God. 
 
 Idolatry is of two kinds ; the worship of images, 
 statues, pictures, &c., made by hands ; and the wor- 
 ship of the heavenly bodies, the sun, moon, and 
 stars, or of demons, angels, men, and animals. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 2. Excessive attachment or veneration for any 
 thing, or tliat which borders on adoration. 
 
 I'DOL-ISH, a. Idolatrous. Milton. 
 I'DUL-ISil, n. The worsiiip of idols. [Little jised.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 I'DOL-IST, n. A worshiper of images ; a poitieal 
 word._ Mdtan. 
 
 I'DOL-iZE, V. t. To love to excess ; to love or reve- 
 rence to adoration ; as, to idolize gold or wealth ; to 
 idolize children; to idolize a virtuous magistrate or a 
 hero. 
 
 I'DOL-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Loved or reverenced to ado- 
 ration. 
 
 I'DOL-IZ-ER, 71. One who idolizes or loves to rever- 
 ence. 
 
 I'DOL-lZ-ING, ppr. Loving or revering to an excess 
 
 bordering on adoration. 
 T'DOL-OUS, a. Idolatrous. 
 
 I-Do'NE-OUS, a. [L. idonevs ; probably from the 
 
 root of Gr. ^wapai, to be strong, able, or sulhcienl.] 
 Fit ; .suitable ; proper ; convenient ; adequate. 
 
 [Little used.] Boyle. 
 ID'RI-A-LIN, 71. A bituminous substance obtained 
 
 from the quicksilver mines of Idria. Brande. 
 I'DYL, 21. [L. idyllium; Gr. ciSvWiov ; supposed to 
 
 be from eii is, form.] 
 A short poem ; properly, a short pastoral poem ; as, 
 
 the idyLi of Theocritus. 
 T. K. stands for L. id est, that is. 
 
 lE'LANU, or rather I'LAND, n. [G. and D. eiland; 
 Sax. ealond, ietjland; composed of ie, ea, water, Fr. 
 eau, coiitracti'd from L. 07KO, and land. This is the 
 genuine English word, always used in discourse, 
 though in spelling it has been changed into island, 
 an aiisurd compound of Fr. isle and land, which sig- 
 nifies land-in-water land, ov raXhet ieland-land. Mit- 
 ford writes lliis woril Hand ; and in the liishops' Ui- 
 ble it was always written Hand or yland; but it is 
 probably too late to hojic for any general return to 
 the true spelling. 
 
 1. A portion of land surrounded by water, as 
 Bermuda, Itarbadocs, Cuba, Great Britain, Borneo. 
 
 2. A large mass of floating ice. 
 
 IF, I'. (. Imperative, contracted from Sax. grif, from 
 Hifnn, Goth, aihan, to give. It introduces a conili- 
 tioiial sentence. It is a verb, without a specified 
 nominative. In like manner we use trrant, admit, 
 suiijiose. Ri'Tulorhj, //should be followetl, as it was 
 formerly, by liie siihstiliite or pronoun that, referring 
 to the succeeding sentence or proposition. // that 
 John shall arrive' in season, I will send him with a 
 message. Hut tlmt U now omitted, and the subse- 
 quent sentence, proposition, or aflirmation, may bo 
 considered as the object of the verb. Oioe John 
 shall arrive ; isrnnt, suppose, admit tlr.it he shall ar- 
 rive, I will send him with a message. The sense of 
 if, or jgiec, in this use, is grant, admit, cause to be, 
 let the fad be, lei ihi> thing lake place. //, then, is 
 efpuvalellt til jrrant, allow, admit. ** If tilou wilt. 
 
 thou canst make me whole,*' that is, tliou canst 
 make me whole, gice the fact, that thou wilt. 
 
 // ihou art the Son of Ciod, command that these stories he made 
 bread. — MaU. xiv. 
 
 2. Whether or not. 
 
 UncerUiin if by augury or chance. Dryden. 
 So in French, soit que, let it be that. 
 I'FAITII', arZo. [Abbreviation of (« /ai(/i.] Indeed; 
 
 truly. aii'ilc. 
 IG-A-Su'Rie ACID, rr. An acid found combined 
 with strychnine in nux vomica and St. Igiiatius's 
 bean. Brande. 
 IG-Na'RO, 7!. [It.] A term formerly used for blockhead. 
 IG'NE-OUS, a. [L. i<^nrus, from ignis, fire, Saus. 
 afrhiii or ao-nis, or agnik. Bengali, aag, o<rin, Slav. 
 ogn.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to or consisting of fire; as, iirnrous 
 particles emitted from burning wood. 
 
 2. Containing fire ; having the nature of fire. 
 
 3. Resembling fire ; as, an igneous appearance. 
 
 4. In geology, proceeding from the action of fire ; 
 as, lavas and basalt are igneoits rocks. Dana. 
 
 IG-NES'CENT, a. [L. ignescens, iguesco, from ignis, 
 fire.] 
 
 Einittinfi spnrks of fire when struck with steel j 
 sciulillatint; ; as, ig-nescmt stoufs. Foarcroij, 
 IG-NES'C'E\T, H. A slunt: or mineral tliat gives out 
 sparks when struck with steel or iron. 
 
 Many other stones, brsiik-s this cl.iss of ignescenls, produce u 
 real sciiuill.iuuii when struck n^^ainst swcl. I^'uurcruy. 
 
 IG-NIF'ER-OUS, 71. Producing fire. 
 
 IG NI-FI KD, C-nde,) pi>. Formed into fire. 
 
 IG-NIF'LU-OUS, a. [L. ignijiuus.] 
 
 Flowing with fire. Coelceraoi. 
 IG'Nl-FV, 11. I. [L. ignis and facio.] 
 
 To form into fire. Stukehi. 
 IG'NI-Ft-ING, ;vr. Forming into fire. 
 IG-NlG'E-NOUS, n. [L. ignis and (ir. } evpaio.] 
 
 Produced by fire. It is siipjiosed a part of the 
 crust of the earth is ignigenous 
 IG-.\IP'0-TENT, a. [L. iViiw, fire, and potcns, pow- 
 erful.] 
 
 Presiding over fire. Vulcan is called the power 
 io-niputent. Pope. 
 
 IG'NIS FAT-U-US, 71.; pi. Tones Fatui. [L.] A 
 meteor or light that appears in tlie night, over marshy 
 grounds, supposed to be occasioned by the decoiii|)o- 
 sition of animal or vegetable substances, or by some 
 inflammable gas; vulgarly called Will-icith-tlte-wisp, 
 and .Jack-wiUL-a-lantern. Kd. Kncijc. 
 
 IG NITE', r. (. [L. iViiis, fire.] 
 
 1. To kindle or si t on fire. 
 
 2. More generally, to roiiimunicate fire to, or to 
 render luminous or red by heat; as, to ig-rtite char- 
 coal or iron, .\ntliracite is ignited with more difli- 
 ciilty than bituminous coal. 
 
 IG NITE', V. i. To take' fire : to become red with heat. 
 IG-NIT'EU, pp. or a. .Set on' fire. 
 
 2. Rendered red or luminous bv heat or fire. 
 IG-NIT'I-BLE, a. Capable of being ignited. 
 IG-NlT'lNG, ppr. Setting on fire ; becoming red 
 with heat. 
 
 2. Coiiiiniinicating fire to ; heating to redness. 
 IG-NI"TIO.\, (ig-iiish'un,) 71. The act of kindling, 
 or setting i n fire. 
 
 2. The act or operation of communicating fire or 
 heat, till the substance becomc-s red or luminous. 
 
 3. Tlie state of being kindled ; more generally, the 
 state of being heated to redness or luiuiuousness. 
 
 4. Calcination. 
 
 IG-NI V'O-.MOI'S, a. [L. ignivomus, ignis, fire, and 
 vomo, to vomit.] 
 
 Vomiting fire ; as, an ignivomous mountain, vol- 
 cano. Verhatn. 
 IG-NO-BIL'I-TY, 71. Ignobleness. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Ball. 
 
 IG-Nt")'BLE, a. [Fr., from L. ignobilis ; in and nuliilis. 
 See Nohll.] 
 
 1. Of low birth or family; not noble - not illus- 
 trious. 
 
 2. Mean ; worthless ; as, an ignoble plant. 
 
 3. Base; not honorable, elevated, or •;inerons ; 
 applied to feelings and nelions ; as, an ignoble motive. 
 
 IG-No'BLE-NESS, H. Want of dignity ; mr.iniiess. 
 
 Ainswortli. 
 
 IG-No'l!LY, u(;». Of U)W family or birth; as, t^;io- 
 bln born. 
 
 '2. iMeanly ; dishonorably ; reproachfully ; dispnce- 
 fiillv ; basely. The troops igoobhi lly. 
 IG-N()-MIN'l-OUS, o. [U. ignominiosns. See loMO- 
 
 MINV.] 
 
 1. Incurring disgrace; cowardly; of mean char- 
 acter. 
 
 Then Willi pale fear surprised, 
 Fled ignoinimou*. Alilton, 
 
 2. Vi>ry shameful ; reproachful ; dishonorable ; in- 
 famous. To be liangeii fiir a crime is ignominious. 
 Whipping, crojipiiig. and branding arc ignominious 
 punislinieiits. 
 
 3. Despicalili' ; worthy of contempt ; as, an ignn- 
 ininiiins priijertnr. Strip. 
 
 U: M)-MI\'l ol. S LV, «i/(>. iMeanly ; disgracefully ; 
 sliaiiii'lully. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MF;TE, PKBV —PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DOQK.— 
 
 574 
 
ILL 
 
 IG'NO-MIN-Y, H. [L. iiriiomiiiia ; in and nomen, 
 R<:iiinst iiaiuc or rc|)nl:itiuu ; Kr. iir,tuminii:] 
 
 Piihlic (lis;;r;if(: under IIr' ini|iiil:iti(iit cf tiislionora- 
 bte iiiittivL's ui oomluLt J siiaiiic 3 repruach j dishun- 
 or ; iiifaiiiy, 
 
 .Tlieir jfonfrat* have \>'rn ira'ivp«l wltli honor aftfr iheir (Ipfrrtl ; 
 
 yoiire W illi ignomintf iifirr Cuiiqtif*!. A'tiliaon. 
 V'lCf lA'gins ill ii;lAt;ik«-, itiiil i-iuls til igiwmitiy. Kambler. 
 
 I<;'^'0-^^Y, ti. Ah aI)Iir('Viiiti(>n of ifruomin\f. Shtik, 
 IG-N()-UA'MUS, /i. [L., we are igiioraiit j IVuin (,;,'■- 
 
 1. The indiirsi'iiicnt wliii h a "mild jury niiikc on 
 a hill priwtiiti d to thcMii for in njiry, when there is 
 not evidi nci' to suiiiioit the rhar/.'es, on which all pro- 
 cocilincs are stoppi d, and the accused person is dis- 
 cliarfied. 
 
 2. An ignorant person ; a vain pretender to knowl- 
 edge. Snltth, 
 
 I(;'.\'C)-IIANCE, n. [Ft., from L. igiwrnntin; ijiinro, 
 not to know; i/rnuras, ignorant; in and gmira..<, 
 kno\\'iny.] 
 
 1. Want, absence, or destitution of knowledge; 
 tile negative state of the mind which has nut been 
 instructed in arts, litevaluie, or science, or has not 
 been infi^rim-d of facts. Ignorance nv.\\ he {;i neral, 
 or it nia_\' he limiti'd to particular subjects. I>riw- 
 rance tif the law dties nol excuse a man for violating 
 it. J^norancf of lads is idten venial. 
 
 i^itomfice in pe-tcr.ilil'.' to error. Jr^crson. 
 
 5. Irrintrauces, in the plural, is used soinetinu's !*or 
 oinissi(Uis or mistakes ; but the use is uncommon, 
 and not to hi- encouraged. 
 IG'NO-UA.NT, «. [1,. lirtioriinf.] Destitute of knowl- 
 eilge ; uniustructeil or uninformed ; nMlaui!ht ; un- 
 enlightenetl. A man may be ijpwraiit ttf the law, or 
 of any art or science, lie may be i^iwraitt of his 
 own rights, or of the rights of others. 
 
 2. L'nknown ; nnili.-.covered ; u puelical u:ic ; as, 
 i^imriiiif concealment. S/iak. 
 
 'J. l'uac(|uainled with. 
 
 /^iiomnt uf uuili, I Icir not shame. Drydcn. 
 4. Unskillfully made or done. [JVut Irrriiimatc] 
 Pour ignorant iKiiilitn. iV/rU-. 
 
 IG'NO-R.ANT, n. A person untaught or uninformed ; 
 one unlettered or unskilled. 
 
 IJid I lor tliis tlkr pains lo U'ach 
 Our xt-'aluitii igtioratilg tu pt^.-acli ? 
 
 Deiiham. 
 
 IG'XO-R.\NT-LY, a'/c. Without knowledge, instruc- 
 tion, or information. 
 
 Whom Ih'-n-fon: >*c ignoratuli/ worship, him declare I to you. — 
 .\cls xvii. 
 
 2. Unskillfully ; inexpertly. A man may mistake 
 blunders for beauties, and i'^iu^rantlij admire them, 
 IG-NoKE', c. t. To be ignorant of. [J^ut in ii.^e.] 
 
 Bviilc. 
 
 Q. In law, the grand jury arc said to iirnore a hill, 
 when they do not tiiol the evidence such as to in- 
 duce theiii to make a presentment. Bramle. 
 IG-\OS'('l-l!I.i:, a. [L. ignuicibilU.] Pardonable. 
 [J^ot used.] 
 
 IG-.\oTi;', a. [L. iV/iodis.] Unknown. [JVul u--ril.] 
 m VA'S.K, ( w.i'iia,) n. A genus of saurian re|)'iles. 
 2. The Iguana tuberculata, the common Igii.'ina 
 
 of South .\inericu, whose tiesh Is eaten and esteemed 
 
 delicious. 
 
 IG-l!A'.N()-DON, n. An extinct sauri.an reptile. The 
 fossil remains of this animal found in Tilgate fon-st, 
 and at .Maidstone in Kiiglaiid, indicate the animal to 
 be sixty, seventy, or more feet in leiiglh. JMaiilclL 
 
 ILE ; so written by Pope for atlc, a walk or alley in a 
 church or public biiildin'_*. [.\'('( oi lisc] 
 "2. All ear <if corn. [jVut i/scr/.l Jiinsirorth. 
 
 IL'E L'.'^, n. [Gr. i,\iof.] 'J'he ti cnnical sfiecific name 
 of common colic, both in ancient and modern 
 times. 
 
 2. Intestinal intiissu.sception, from the hypothesis 
 that this state always exists in common colic. 
 I'l.K.X, II. [L.1 In biitamj, the generic name of the 
 Holly tree. AI.SO, the Ciuercus ilex, or great scarlet 
 oak. 
 
 IL'(-.\€, a. [Ti. iliacui, from ilia, the Hank, or small 
 intestines ; Gr. nXioi, to wind.] 
 
 Pertaining to the lower how els, or to the ileum. 
 Tile Uiac p:i-sion is a bad form of ileus or common 
 colic, in which there is inversion of the peristaltic 
 action of the upper part of the small intestines. 
 
 It. [from Ilium, lliaii, 'I'loy.J An epic po- 
 em, coiiijHised hy Homer, in twenty lour books. I'he 
 subject of this |Hi< m is the wrath of .Acliilli's ; in 
 describing which, the |M>et exhibits the misenible ef- 
 fects of disunion and public dissensions. Hence the 
 phrase Ilian malurum, an lliail of woes or calamities, 
 a Wiirld of disasters. Cicera. 
 
 ILK, a. [Sax. f/c, each.] The same ; each. Spcnsrr. 
 Ill Sci.«wA, the phrase uf that iVt denotes that a per- 
 son's surname and title are the same; as, Grant of 
 lhal ilk, i. e., Oraiif uf (trant. Jamieson. 
 
 ILL, a. [Siippiiscd to be contr.icted from rn(. Sax. 
 vfel; bill this is doubtful. It is in Swedish i«a, and 
 l)an. iliU.] 
 
 I. Pad or evil, in a trrnrral stnst : contrary to good, 
 
 ILL 
 
 physical or moral ; applied to things ; evil ; wicked ; 
 wrong ; iniipiitous ; as, his ways are ill ; he sets an 
 iU example. 
 
 ■2. Producing evil or mi.;fortiiiie ; as, an i/Z star or 
 planet. 
 
 3. Pad; evil; unfortunate; as, an ill end; an ill 
 fate. 
 
 -1. Unhealthy ; insalubrious ; as, an ill air or cli- 
 mate. 
 
 5. Cross; crabbed; surly; peevish; as, iZ/ nature ; 
 ill temper. 
 
 (). Diseased ; disordered ; sick or indisposed ; ap- 
 plied to persons ; iis, the man is illi he has been ill a 
 long time ; he is ill of a fever. 
 
 7. Diseased ; inip:iired ; as, an i7/ state of health. 
 
 8. Discordant; harsh; disagreeable; as, an ill 
 sound. 
 
 9. Homely; ngly ; as, iZi looks, or an i7Z counte- 
 nance. 
 
 10. Uufavorahle ; suspicious; as when we say, 
 this all'air bears an ill look or aspect. 
 
 11. lliide ; unpolished ; as, ill breeding; ill man- 
 ners. 
 
 I'J. Not proper ; not regular or legitimate ; as, an 
 ill exjiression in grammar. 
 ILL, «. Wickedness ; depravity ; evil. 
 
 Slronij virtu**, lilor struu^ unturr, stroffwlcs still, 
 
 Kxcru ilii' ir, aiKl Uii-it lliroWA olt Uii- ill. Drydcn. 
 
 2. .Misfortune; calamity; evil; disease; pain; 
 whatever aiiuuys or impairs happiness, or prevents 
 success. 
 
 Wlio can itll sense of otliors' Hit escape 
 Is but a brute at ival iu liuinaii slia|H;. 
 
 TaU. 
 
 ILL, adi: Not well ; not rightly or perfectly. He is 
 ill at ease. 
 
 2. N'ot easily ; with pain or difliculty. He is ill 
 able to sustain the burden. 
 
 /// lieiir* the »-x Itie youllilul torero* fate, 
 
 Wlicii jusi npproadiin; to tite iiiiplial sute. Drydfn. 
 
 Illij is sometimes hut erroneously used for ill. 
 
 ILL, prefixeil to participles of the present tense, and 
 denoting evil or w rung, may be considered as a noun 
 governed hy the participle, or as making a part of a 
 coinpoiind word ; as, an ill-mcaninir man, an itl-dc- 
 siisnttitr man, an ill-boilinir litmr ; that is, a man 
 metining ill, an hour boiling ill. It is more conso- 
 nant, however, to the genius of our language, to 
 treat these and similar words as compounds. In 
 some cases, as before the participles of intransitive 
 verbs, ill must be considered as a part of the com- 
 poiiiui, as in ill-loukintr. When used before the per- 
 fect participle, iVZ is to be ctuisidered as an adverb, 
 or mollifying w'ord, or to he treated as a part of the 
 compound ; as in ill-bred, iti-rroveriied, ill-fated, itl- 
 fivured, dt-fiirmcd, ill-minded. In these, and all simi- 
 lar connections, it might be well to unite the two 
 words in a coiiipotiiid hy a hyphen. As ill may be 
 prerixeil to almost any participle, it is needless to at- 
 tempt to collect a list of such wortls for insertion. 
 
 //, prefixed to words beginning with /, stands for 
 in, as used in the Latin langinigc, and usually de- 
 notes a negation tif the sense of the simple word ; as, 
 ille:Snl, not legal ; or it denotes to or on, and merely 
 augments or enforces the sense, as in illuminate. 
 
 IL-LAlt'lLK, a. [Sec Labile.] Not liable to fall or 
 err; infallible. [JVut ii.vc(/.] Chn/ne. 
 
 IL-LA-PIL'I-TY, n. 7'he quality of not being liable 
 to err, fall, or apostatize. [JVut tiscd.] Cheijne. 
 
 IL-LAC'EIl-A-liLE, a. [See Lacebate.] That can 
 not be torn or rent. 
 
 11.,-LAe'UV-MA-llLE, a. [U iUacnpnabilis.] Inca- 
 pable of weeping. 
 
 IL-LAPSE', (illaps',) n. [.=ec Lapse.] A sliding in; 
 an inimissioii or entrance of one thing into another. 
 
 JVurn.<. 
 
 2. .^ falling on ; a sudden attack. Thomson. 
 IL-LAU'UE-aTE, lil-lak'wir-f.le,) p. f. [U illaijuco; 
 in and laijneo, to insnare ; laqnens, a snart;.] 
 
 To insnare; to entrap; to entangle; to catch. 
 [Liule i(.«crZ.] More. 
 II^LAU'UE-A-TED, pp. Iiisnared. 
 IL-LA<i-L'E-A'TI().\, 71. The act of insnarii>g ; a 
 catching or entrapping. [Lilllc tused.] Broan. 
 2. A snare. 
 
 ILL'-AU-UA.N(;'/;D, a. Not well arranged. 
 
 ILL'-AS-SOIIT'EO, a. Not well assorted. 
 
 IL-L.^'TION, n. [LuiUatio; in and Za<iu, a bearing; 
 Uuns, from fern.] 
 
 An inference from premises; a conclusion; div 
 duction. [Little u.^rd.] Locke. 
 
 IL'LA-'I I VE, a. [See Ii.latioh.) Relating lo illa- 
 tion ; thai may be inferred ; as, an illaiice conse- 
 quence. 
 
 2. That denotes an inference; as, an illatire word 
 or panicle, as then and tlierefure. Watts. 
 IL'L.\-TIVE, n. That which denotes illation or in- 
 ference. Bp. IlalL 
 IL'LA-TIVE-LY, adv. By inference. 
 
 Bp. Richardson. 
 IL-LAUD'.VBLE, a. [.=!cc Lai-daiile.] .Not lauda- 
 ble ; not worthy of approbation or coniniendation ; 
 as, an illaudnble motive or act. 
 2. Worthy of censure or dispraise 
 
 ILL 
 
 IL-LAUD'A-PLY, oiZb. In a manner unworthy of 
 pni'se : without deserving pniise. Broome. 
 
 ILL'-PAL'ANC-/vI), (-bal'anst,)a. Not well balanced. 
 
 ILL'-HLOUD, n. Iteseiitiiient ; enmity. 
 
 Quart. Rep. 
 
 ILL'-HRED, a. Not well bred : nnpolite. 
 
 ILL'-llltEEU'lNG, n. Want of good breeding; un- 
 piditeness. 
 
 IlIaCo^:™?^'';??; I «• ^ot wen contrived. 
 lLI^t;t)N-l)l"TI<).\ /ri), (-kon-dish'und,) a. [.Sec 
 
 CoNoiTioN.] lieing in bad ordiT or >tate. 
 ILL'-CON Dl'CT'Ell, a. liadly coiiiluetcd. 
 ILL'-OO.N SID'Ell-Kl), n. .Not well ctuisidered. 
 ILL'-I)E FIN'KI), a. Nol well ilefineil. 
 ILL'-l)E-»EltV'/;i), a. Not well disserved 
 ILL'-DE-VIS'^.I), a. Not well devised. 
 ILL'-DI ItECT'El), a. Not well directed. 
 ILL'-DIS I'nS'/;!), a. Not well disposed. 
 IL-Li;'CE-l!UOrs,n. [L. illeerbrosus.] 
 
 Alluring ; full of allurement. Klvot. 
 IL-LE'G.M,, a. [See Lkijal.] Not legal ; unlawful ; 
 
 contrary to law; illicit; as, an illegal act; illegal 
 
 tratle. 
 
 I1^LE-G.\L'I-TY, 71. Contrariety to law ; unlawful- 
 ness ; as, the illcgalihj of trespass, or of false impris- 
 onment. 
 
 IL-LK'(;AL r/.E, r. l. To render unlawful. 
 IL-Lk'OAL-I/-KO, pp. Retideretl unlawful. 
 IL»-Lk'GAI.-LY, a</e. lii a manner contrary to law ; 
 unlawfully ; as, a man ilkgalhj imprisoned. 
 
 Blaek.^tone. 
 
 IT^LK'OAL-NESS, 71. Illegality. 
 
 IL-LEG-l-UlL'I-TY, 71. The (juality of being illegi- 
 ble. 
 
 IL-LEG'I-IILE, a. [Pec Lecjiile.] Tli.at can not be 
 reati ; obscure or di-facetl sti that the wt)rtls can not 
 be know n. It is a tlisgrace to a gentleman to write 
 an ille^rible hand. The manuscripts found in the ru- 
 ins of Ilereulaneuni are mostly ille'rihle. 
 
 II.-LElV|.HLlvNESS, 11. State of being illegible. 
 
 IL-LEG'l-HLV, adr. In a manner not to be read; 
 as, a letter written illeniblii. 
 
 IL-LE OIT'I-.MA CY, 71. ^See Legitimate.] The 
 state of being born out of wctllock ; the stale of bas- 
 tardy. Blaekstone. 
 
 2. The state of being not genuine, or of legiti- 
 mate origin. 
 
 IL-LE-GlT'I-.M.\TE,a. [Pee Leoitimate.] Unlaw- 
 fully begotten ; born out of wedlock ; spurious ; as, 
 an illetrifirniitc sou or tiaughter. 
 
 2. Unlawful ; contrary to law. 
 
 3. Not legitimately deduced; illogical; as, an i77«- 
 gitimnte inference. 
 
 <t. Not authorized by good usage ; as, an iUegiti- 
 vtatr word. 
 
 II^LE-GIT'I-M.aTE, r. t. To render illegitimate , to 
 prove to be born out of wedlock ; lo bastarili/.e. 
 
 IVotlon. 
 
 IL-LE-l":IT'I-:M.\-TEn, pp. Rendtred illegitimate; 
 proved lo htne been horn out of wedlock. 
 
 IL-LE tilT'I-.MA I E LY, adv. Not inwedlock ; with- 
 out nnthoritv. 
 
 IL-LE-GIT I-"Ma'TIO.\, 71. The state of one not bom 
 in wetllock. Bacon. 
 2. Waul of genuineness. Martin. 
 
 ILL'-E-(ll IP'P/-:I), (-kwipt',) a. Not well equipped. 
 
 IL-LEV'I-A-ULE, a. [in, not, and I'r. leier, to raise 
 or levy.] 
 
 Th.it can not be levied or collected. Ifalc. 
 lLL'-FAC-i."D, (-fastc,) a. Having an ugly face. 
 
 Ilatt. 
 
 ILL'-F.^-TED, a. Unfortunate. 
 
 ILI/-F.^'VOR-/;I), a. [ill and favored.] Ugly; ill- 
 looking; wanting beauty; deformed. 
 
 Ill/noQred ami lean-Reslietl. —Gen. xli. 
 
 ILL'-F.:^'VOR-/;n-LY,B<Zr. With deformity. 
 
 2. Roughlv ; riiih lv. ILneelL 
 ILL'-FA'VUU-f;U-NESS, 71. L'gliiiess ; deformity. 
 ILL'-FIT-'i ni), a. Not well nited. 
 ILL'-FDR.M-KD, a. Not well formed. 
 I LL'-FI!.\.M-f;I), a. Not w ell fmiiied. 
 ILL'-Fl U'N1SH-/;I), (-fur'uisht,) a. Not well fur- 
 nish. il. 
 
 II.L'-IIAIi'lT-En, a. Not well habited 
 IL-LI1I'EI!-.\L, a. [.See Liberal.] Not liberal ; not 
 free or generous. 
 
 2. .Vol noble ; not ingenuous ; not catholic ; of a 
 contracted mind. Cold in charity ; in n ligioii, illib- 
 eral. K. Charles, 
 'i. .Not candid ; iincharilahle in judging. 
 
 4. Not generous ; not iiiuniticeiil ; Sfitiring of giflj. 
 
 ii'oodtrard. 
 
 .">. .Not becoming a well-hred man. Harris. 
 (1. Not pure; not well aiithoriT^eil or elegant ; as, 
 illihrral wurilsin Latin. [ t/aitiua/.j Chestrrjield. 
 II.-LIIi-ER-AL'1-TV, n. Narrowness of mind; con- 
 tnictedness ; meanness ; want of catholic opinions. 
 2. Parsinionv ; want of munificence. Bacon. 
 IL-LIB'ER-AL-tZE, r. (. To make illiberal. 
 
 .\'i-ir Jinn. Rig. 
 II^LIR'ER- \L-IZ KD, pp. Made illiberil. 
 IL-LIH'ER-AL-I/ ING, ;.pr. .Making illiberal. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C «8 K j G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 575 
 
ILL 
 
 IL-LIB'ER-AL-LY, arfi!. Ungenerously; uncanilidly ; 
 
 uncharitably ; disingenuously. 
 2. Parsimoniously. 
 IL-LIC'IT, (il-lis'sit,) a. [L. illiciuts ; in ani licit us, 
 
 from liceo, to permit.] 
 
 Not permitted or allowed ; prohibited ; unlawful ; 
 
 as, an illicit trade ; illicit intercourse or connection. 
 IL-LIC'IT-LY, aUv. Unlawfullv. 
 IL-LIC'IT-NESS, «. Unlawfjlness. 
 IL-LIC'IT-OU8, a. Unlawful. 
 
 IL-LI(;HT'£.V, v. t. [See Licht, Lighten.! To 
 enliiTliten. [JVu« in use] Ralegh. 
 
 ILL'-IiM-AG'IN-£D, a. Not well imagined. 
 
 IL-LI.M'IT-A-BLE, a. [in, not, and limit, or L. 
 limes.] 
 
 That can not be limited or bounded ; as, the illim- 
 itable void. I'liomson. 
 IL-Ll.M'IT-A-BLY, adv. Witliout possibility of be- 
 ing bounded. 
 2. Without limits. 
 rL-LIM-IT-A'TION, n. The state of being illimit- 
 able. 
 
 IL-LI.\I'IT-ED, a. [Fr. iUimite ; in and L. limes, a 
 limit.] 
 
 Unbounded ; not limited ; interminable. Bp. Hall. 
 IL-LIM'IT-EL)-NESS, n. Boundlessness; thestateof 
 being without limits or restriction. 
 
 The .ib«olut(?ness and iltimiudnese of his commission was much 
 spoken of. Clarendon. 
 
 ILL'-IN-FORM'fH), a. Not well informed. 
 IL-LI-NI"TIOi\,(il-Ie-nish'un,) n. [h. illinitus, illinio, 
 
 to anoint; in and lino, t(» besmear.] 
 A thin crust of some extraneous substance formed 
 
 on minerals. 
 
 It is sometimes disafuiscd by a tliin cnist or iltinition of Hack 
 maitgaiieso, KiriDan, 
 
 2. A rubbing in of an ointment or liniment. 
 
 IL-LIT'ER-A-CY, n. [from illiterate.] The state of 
 being untaught or unlearned ; want of a knowledge 
 of letters ; ignorance. Encijc. 
 
 IL-LIT'ER-AL, a. Not literal. 
 
 IL-LIT'ER-.\TE, a, [L. illitcratus ; in and litcratus ; 
 from litera, a letter.] 
 
 Unlettered ; ignorant of letters or books ; un- 
 taught ; unlearned ; uninstriicted in science ; as, an 
 illiterate man, nation, or tribe. fVultun. 
 
 IL-L1T'ER-.\TE-NESS, n. Want of learning ; igno- 
 rance of letters, hooks, or licicnce. Boyle. 
 
 IL-LlT'ER-A-TLiRB, iu Want of learning. [IMtle 
 vsed.] Jlijliffe. 
 
 ILL'-JUDG-KD, o. Not well judged. 
 
 ILL'-LtV-£U, a. Leading a wicked life. [Little 
 used.] Bp. I/all. 
 
 ILL'-LOOK-IXC, n. H.iving a bad look. 
 
 ILL'-.MANN-f:D, a. Not well furnished with men 
 
 ILL'-.MEAN'K\G, a. .Meaning ill or evil. 
 
 ILL'-MOD'EL-KD, a. Badly modeled. 
 
 ILL'-Na'TLJRE, n. [ill and nature.] Crossness ; 
 crabbcdness ; habitual bad temper, or want of kind- 
 ness ; fractiousncss. Soutlt. 
 
 ILL'-Na'TIIR-KD, a. Cross; crabbed; surly; in- 
 tractable; of habitual bad lemi)er ; peevish; frac- 
 tious. An ill-natured person may disturb the liarmo- 
 ny of a whole parish. 
 2. That indicates ill-nature. 
 
 The ilt-tuitured task fuse. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 3. Intractable; not yielding to culture; as, ill- 
 
 vatared land. [J*J'ot letritimate.] Ptiiliits. 
 ILL'-NA'TUR-£I)-LY, o//i'. In a peevish or froward 
 
 manner ; crossly ; unkindly. 
 ILL'-Na'TUR-^;U-NESS, ;i. Crossness ; want of a 
 
 kind dispositi(Ui. 
 ILL'NESS, n. [from iV(.] Badness ; unfavorablcness ; 
 
 as, the illness of the weather. [JVot used.] Locke. 
 
 2. Disease ; indisposition ; malady ; tlisordcr of 
 health ; sickness. He has recovered from his ill- 
 ness. 
 
 3. Wickedness ; iniquity ; wrong moral conduct. 
 
 SImli. 
 
 IL-L06'ie-AL,o. [Pee LofiicAL.] Ignorant or neg- 
 ligent of the rules of logic or correct rc-jsuning ; as, 
 un ilhirirM tlisputaut. 
 
 2. Contrary to the rub s of logic or sound reason- 
 ing ; as, an ilto:;ical inference. 
 
 IL-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a manner contrary to the 
 rules of correct reasoning. 
 
 IL-L()Cie-AL-.N'ESS, n. Contrariety to sound reason- 
 ing. Hammond. 
 
 ILI.'-n'.ME.V f;D, a. Having unlucky nini ns. JVrele. 
 
 ILL'-I'IKC-KI), f-poest,) n. Not well pieced. Burke. 
 
 ILL'-PHO I'^^K'-i'lON /.;!),«. Not well proportioned. 
 
 II,I,'-PKO-VII)'EI), a. Not well provided. 
 
 ir,l/-RE-UI'IT'EI), n. Not well ri'iiuited. 
 
 II.I.'-SORT'KI), a. Not wcdl sorted. 
 
 ILL'-HOKT'lNr;, a. Not well sorting. 
 
 ILL'-STAR-RA-U, a. [ill niiil star.] Fated to be unfor- 
 tunate. Beddaes. 
 
 ILL'-H'I'OR-KD, a. Not well stored. 
 
 ILL'-.Si;P-PHE.SH'KI), ( prest',) a. Not fully sup- 
 preHKed. 
 
 ILL'-TK.M"PER-f;D, a. Of bad temper; morose; 
 crabbed; sour; pcevUh ; fretful. 
 
 ILL 
 
 ILL'-TIME', V. t. To do or attempt at an unsuitable 
 time. 
 
 ILL'-TIM-£D, a. Done or said at an unsuit.-ible time. 
 ILL'-TKaIN-£D, a. Not well trained or disciplined. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 ILL'-TURN, n. An unkind or injurious act. 
 
 2. A slight attack of illness. [Familiar.] .America. 
 IL-LODE', V. t. [L. illudo; in and ludo, to play. [See 
 
 Lt DICBUUS.] 
 
 To play uiron by artifice ; to deceive ; to mock ; to 
 
 excite hope and disappoint it. 
 IL-LUD'EI), Deceived; mocked. 
 IL-LOD'ING, ;)/)r. Playing on by artifice ; deceiving. 
 IL-LC.ME', )v.t. [Fr. illuminrr ; L. illuinino ; ia 
 IL-Lu'MINE, j and /u??iino, to enlighten, from iumnt, 
 
 light. See Luminous.] 
 
 1. To illuminate ; to enlighten ; to throw or spread 
 light on ; to make light or bright. Milton. 
 
 [These words are used chiejltj in poetmf.] 
 
 2. To enlighten, as the mind ; to cause to under- 
 stand. 
 
 3. To brighten ; to adorn. 
 
 The mountain's brow. 
 Illumed wiUi fluid gold. Tliomson. 
 
 IL-Lu'MIN-ANT, n. That which illuminates or af- 
 fords light. Boyle. 
 
 IL-LO'MINwiTE,)). «. [See Illume.] To enlighten; 
 to throw light on ; to supply with light. [Tkis word 
 is used in poetry or prose.] 
 
 2. To adorn with festal lamps or bonfires. 
 
 3. To enlighten intellectually with knowledge or 
 grace. Heb. x. 
 
 4. To adorn with ornamented letters, or with pic- 
 tures, portraits, and other paintings; s.s,lo illuminate 
 manuscripts or books, according to ancient prac- 
 tice. Kncye. 
 
 5. To illustrate; to throw light on, as on obscure 
 subjects. Wufts. 
 
 IL-LO'INIIN-ATE, a. Enlightened. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IL-Lu'MIN-ATE, 71. One of a sect of heretics, pre 
 tending to possess extraordinary light and knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 IL-Lu'MIN-A-TED, pj>. or a. Enlightened ; rendered 
 light or Inniiiiotis ; illustrated ; adorned with orna- 
 nieiited li tters and pic tures, as books. 
 IL-LU-iMIN-A'Ti, 7i. J)/, j A church term, anciently 
 IL-Lu-.MIN-EE', 71. j applied to persons who 
 had received baptism ; in wliich ceremony they re- 
 ceived a lighted taper, as a symbol of the iaith and 
 grace they had received by that sacrament. Encyc. 
 
 2. The name of a sect of heretics, who sprung up 
 in Spain about the year 1575, and who afterward ap- 
 peared in France. Their principal doctrine was, 
 that, by means of a sublime manner of prayer, they 
 had attained to so perfect a state as to have no need 
 of ordinances, sacraments, and good works. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 3. The name given to certain associations of men 
 in modern Europe, who were said to have combined 
 to overthrow the existing religious institutions, and 
 substitute reason, by which they expected to raise 
 men and society to perfection. It has been denied, 
 however, that this was their object. Bobison. 
 
 IL-Lu'MIN-A-TING, ppr. Enlightening ; rendering 
 liiniiiuMis or bright ; illustrating ; adorning with or- 
 namented letters and pictures. 
 
 IL-Lu'iMI.\-A-TING, n. The act, practice, or art, of 
 adorning manuscripts and books with ornamented 
 letters and paintings. 
 
 IL-LU-MIN-A'TION, 71. The act of illuminating or 
 rendering luminous ; the act of supplying with 
 light. 
 
 2. The act of rendering a house or a town light, 
 by placing lights at the windows, or in elevated sit- 
 uations, as a manifestation of joy ; or the state of 
 being thus rendered light. 
 
 3. That which gives light. 
 
 Tlie sun — is an illumination created. Halesh. 
 
 4. Brightness ; splendor. 
 
 r>. Infusion of intellectual light; an enlightening 
 of the umli^rstanding by knowledge, or the mind by 
 spiritual light. 
 
 0. The act, art, or practice, of adorning manu- 
 scripts and books with ornamented letters and pic- 
 tures. Encyc. 
 
 7. A manuscript or book thus adorned. Fosbroke. 
 
 8. Inspiration ; the special communication of 
 knowledge to the mind by the Supreme Being. 
 
 Ilynjns and jisalmi — are fraineil by meililiition Ix^fureiiand, or 
 liy proph' tica! t/tu77iiunfion arc iu^pired. /yoy.'.er. 
 
 IL-LO'MIN-A-TIVE, a. [Fr. ilhminatif.] 
 
 Having thi> power of giving light. Dlfrby. 
 IL LO'.MIN ATOK, )i. lie or that which illuminates 
 or gives light. 
 
 2. One whose occupation is to decorate manii- 
 Bcripts and books with ornamented letters, or with 
 pictures, portraits, and drawings of any kind. This 
 practice began aiiiong the Romans, and was contin- 
 ued during the iiiiddle ages. The manuscripts con- 
 taining portraits, pictuies, and emblematic figures, 
 form a valuable part of the riches preserved in the 
 principal libiurii s m Europe. Hrberl. Encyc. 
 
 From this word, by contraction, is formed Limukb. 
 
 IMA 
 
 IL-LO'.MI.\-/:i), /ip. liluniiiiated ; made lislit. 
 IL-Lf''MIN-IN(;,;j/)r. Rendering light ; ilhiminating. 
 IL-LP'JIi.\-ISM, 71. The principles of the llluminati. 
 IL-Ll'MIN-iZE, II. t. To initiate into the doctrines 
 
 or principles of the llluminati. jjm. Review. 
 
 IL-LU'.MI.N'-IZ-ED, ;)/). Initiated .into the doctrines, 
 
 &c., of the llluminati. 
 IL-LU'.MlN-lZ ING, ppr. Initiating into the doctrines, 
 
 &.C., of the (lluminati. 
 IL-Lu'SION, (il-lu'z.hun,) n. [Fr. Ulusion ; L. illusio ; 
 
 from illudo, to illude.] 
 Deceptive appearance ; false show, by which .1 
 
 person is or may be deceived, or his expectations dis- 
 appointed ; mockery. 
 
 Ye son illusions, dear deceits, arise ! Pope. 
 IL-LCi'SION-IST, n. One given to illusion. 
 IL-Lu'SIVE, a. Deceiving by false show ; deceitful ; 
 
 false. 
 
 Wliile the fonil soul. 
 Wrapt in ^y visions of unreal I'iiss, 
 Still p.aints Ih' illusive form. Thomson. 
 
 IL-Lu'SIVE-LY, adv. By means of a false show. 
 IL-Lu'SIVE-NESS, 71. Deception ; false show. .3sh. 
 IL-Lu'SO-RY, a. [Fr. illusoere, from L. Ulusus, 
 illudo.] 
 
 Deceiving or intending to deceive by false appear- 
 ances ; fallacious. His offers were illusory. 
 IL-LUS'TRaTE, 71. t. [Fr. illustrer ; L. Ulustro ; in 
 and lustra, to illuminate. See Luster.] 
 
 1. To make clear, bright, or luminous. 
 
 2. To brighten with honor; to make distinguished. 
 Matter to me of glory I whom llieir hate 
 
 lllustratis. Anion. 
 
 3. To brighten ; to make glorious, or to display the 
 glory of; as, to illustrate the perfections of God. 
 
 4. To explain or elucidate ; to make clear, intelli- 
 gible, or obvious, what is dark or obscure ; as, to 
 illustrate a passage of Scripture by comments, or of a 
 profane author by a gloss. 
 
 5. To explain and adorn by means of pictures, 
 drawings, &c. 
 
 IL-LUS'TRa-TED, 2'P. or a. Made bright or glo- 
 rious. 
 
 2. Explained ; elucidated ; made clear to the un- 
 derstanding. 
 
 3. Explained bv pictures, &c. 
 IL-LUS'TRa-TINU, ppr. Making bright or glorious ; 
 
 rendering distinguished ; elucidating ; explaining by 
 pictures, &.c. 
 
 IL-LUS-TRa'TION, 71. The act of rendering bright 
 or glorious. 
 
 2. Explanation ; elucidation ; a rendering clear 
 what is obscure or abstruse. Locke. 
 
 3. An engraving or picture designed to illustrate. 
 IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of eluci- 
 dating and making clear what is obscure ; as, an 
 argument or simile illustrative of the subject. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 2. Having the quality of rendering glorious, or of 
 
 displaving glorv. 
 IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE-LY, adv. By way of illustration 
 
 or elucidation. Brown. 
 IL'LUS-TIlA-TOR, 71. One who illustrates or makes 
 
 clear. 
 
 IL-LUS'TRA-TO-RY, a. Serving to illustrate. 
 IL-LUS'TRI-OUS, a. [Fr. itlustre ; L. illustris.] 
 
 1. Conspicuous ; distinguished by the reputation 
 of greatness or renown ; eminent ; as, an illustrious 
 general or magistrate ; an illustrious prince. 
 
 2. Conspicuous ; renowned ; conferring honor ; 
 as, illustrious actions. 
 
 3. Glorious; as, an illustrious display of the divine 
 perfections. 
 
 4. A title of honor. 
 IL-LUS'TR[-OUS-LY, adv. Conspicuously; nobly; 
 
 eminently ; with dignity or distinction. 
 2. Gloriously ; in a way to manifest glory. The 
 
 redemption of man disphiys illustriously the justice 
 
 as well as the bcuievoleiice of God. 
 IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-Ni;.-<S, 71. Eminence of character ; 
 
 greatness; grandeur; glory. 
 IL-LUX-Ij'Rl-OUS, a. Not luxurious. Drury 
 ILL'-WILL', H. Enmity; malevolence. 
 ILL'-WII.I.'EK, n. One who wishes ill to another. 
 ILL'-W5UN, a. Not well worn. 
 
 IL'LY, adv. A word sometimes used, though improp- 
 erly, for III. 
 
 IL'MEN-ITp;, n. A black, metallic mineral, consisting 
 
 of titanic acid and oxyd of iron. Dana. 
 I'M, contracted from 1 am. 
 
 IM, in composition, is usually the representative of the 
 Latin in ; n being changed to m, for the sake of ea.sy 
 Utterance, before a labial, as in imbibe, immense, im- 
 partial. Wc use the same prefix in compounds not 
 of Latin origin, as in imhank, imbitfer. For tm, the 
 French write cm, which we also use in words bor- 
 rowed from their languagi'. 
 
 IM'A<5H, n, [Fr. imaire ; L. Imago; Sp. imagen ; It. 
 imaise, immairine ; !r. iomaigli.] 
 
 1. A represtintation or similitude of tiny person or 
 thing formed of a material substance ; as, an image 
 wrought out of stone, wood, or wax. 
 
 W'lioBe in iIiIn ima!;e and BuixTBCriplion t — Matt. xxll. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 fire ~~~~~ 
 
IMA 
 
 9. A statue. 
 
 3. An iiliil ; the rcprcsentnlion of any person or 
 tliiiic tiial IS ail object of worship. 'I'lie second com- 
 niandnuiit fnrbids the worship of iiMsre.s. 
 
 4. Tlie likeness of any thing on canvas ; a pic- 
 ture ; n resemblance painted. 
 
 .5. Any copy, representation, or likeness. The 
 child is the ima're of it.s mother. 
 (). Semblance ; show ; appearance. 
 
 Tlie fiicii of Ihiiigs a frighlfiil imoye benri. Drydtn. 
 
 7. An idea ; a representation of any thine; to the 
 mind ; a conception ; a picture drawn by fancy. 
 
 Can we eonc ivc 
 Ivuigt of might <]cli>rhifiil, lotl, or gn-iU f Prior. 
 
 8. In rhcturic, a lively description of any thins in 
 discourse, which prese'nts a kind of picture to the 
 ntind. F.ncijc. 
 
 W. In oplic.<, tlic fijiire of any object, made by rays 
 of litfht proceeding from tlie several points of it. 
 Thus a mirriir reflects tlie imaije of a person staudins 
 before it, as does water in a vessel or stream, wiien 
 undisturbed. 
 
 I.M'ACiK, B. (. To represent or form an image of; as, 
 mountains imasred in the peaceful lake. 
 
 2. To form a likeness in the mind by the fancy or 
 recollection. 
 
 Aiul iiiM^e ch.irms he must behold no more. Pope. 
 
 I.M'AGE-A-IJLK, a. That may be ima-jcd. 
 I.M'.'\C-KI), pp. Formed into an image ; copied by the 
 imagination. 
 
 IM'AfilC-LlCSS, fl. Having no image. Shelleii. 
 IM'ACK KY, (im'aj-ry,) n. Sensible representations, 
 pictures, statues. 
 
 Hich cirviiigii, portniturei, and iiiutgcry. Dryden. 
 
 2. Show ; appearance. 
 
 Wiiat c;ui thy ifnn^cry and sorrow mertii ? Prior. 
 
 3. Forms of the fancy ; false ideas ; imaginary 
 phantasms. 
 
 The imagery of a mel.iiicholtc fancy. Atterbary. 
 
 4. Representations in writing or speakitig : lively 
 descriptions, which impress the images of things on 
 the mind ; figures in discourse. 
 
 1 wisli there may he in thLs poem any insuince of gooti imagery. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. Form ; make. 
 
 IM'At;F.-U'OirsilIP, n. The worship of images; 
 idolatrv. 
 
 IM-A(5'I.\-A-I1LE, n. TFr. See Imagine.] That 
 
 ni.iy or can be imagineil or conceived. This point is 
 
 proved with all imairhuiblc clearness. 
 I.M-ACi'l.N-A-lil.Y, adv. In an imaginable manner. 
 I.>I-A(j'l.N-ANT, a. Imagining; conceiving. [jVot 
 
 H,vC'/.] Bacon. 
 IM AO'IN-A-RY, a. Existing only in imagination or 
 
 fancy ; visiiniary ; fancietl ; not real. 
 
 Imagituiry ills and fancied lortnrcs. AddUon. 
 
 Imairinarij quantity; a. name given to certain ex- 
 pressions that arise in various algebraical and trigo- 
 nimielrical operations, to which no value, cither ra- 
 tional or irrational, can be assigned. Barlow. 
 IM-.\G-1.N-A'T10N, II. [L. imaginalio; Fr. imagina- 
 tion.] 
 
 1. The power or faculty of the mind by which it 
 conceives and forms ideas of things communicated 
 to It by the organs of sense. Encyc. 
 
 Imal'inatiun I understand to be the representation 
 of an individual thought. Baron. 
 
 Our simple apprehension of cor|)oreaI objects, if 
 present, is sense ; if absent, is imaginalion^ [concep- 
 tion.] Glanoille. 
 
 /mn^rination, in its proper .wise, signifies a lively 
 conception of objects of sight. It is distinguished 
 from conception as a part from a whole. RriJ. 
 
 The business of conception is to present us with an 
 e.tact transcript of what we have frit or perceived. 
 Bui we have also a power of modifying our concep- 
 tions, by combining the parts of ditlVrent ones so as 
 to form new wholes of our own creation. I shall 
 employ the word imairinntion to express this power. 
 I apprehend Ibis to be the proper sense of the word, 
 if imagination be the power which fives birth to the 
 productions of the poet and the paii t(T. Stnenrt. 
 
 We woulil define imagination to oe the will w ork- 
 ing on the materials of menuiry ; not satisfied with 
 following the order prescribed by nature, or suggest- 
 ed hy accident, it selects the parts of dilferent con- 
 ceptions, or objects of memory, to form a whole, 
 more pleasing, more terrible, or more awful, than 
 has ever been presented in the ordinary course of na- 
 ture. Kd. Kncyc. 
 
 The two latter definitions give the true sense of 
 the word, as now understood. 
 
 2. Conception ; image in the mind ; idea. 
 
 Someiimes Despair darkeiii all her imoginolion*. Sidney. 
 llui imafinadong were often as Jnal a« Ila-y were twIil and 
 strung. Dennit. 
 
 3. Contrivance ; scheme formed in the mind ; de- 
 vice. 
 
 Thou bast swn nil their Tengtnncr, and all their imaginadonM 
 afaiiiM me. — Lam. Ui. 
 
 1MB 
 
 4. Conceit ; an nnsoiid or fanciful opinion. 
 
 We are apt to think that space, in Itself, is netnally lionnrlleu ; to 
 which imagitia&on tlie idea of space of itselt leads us. 
 
 Lceke. 
 
 5. First motion or purpose of the mind. Oeju vi. 
 IM-AG'IN-A-TIVE, a. [Kr. imajrinatif.] 
 
 1. Th.tt forms imaginations. Taylor. 
 
 2. Full of iinagiiiations ; fantastic. Bacon. 
 Milton had a highly imairinatirr, Cowley a very 
 
 fanciful mind." S. J'. Coleridge, Biog. Lit. i. 88. — 
 
 E. II. n.] 
 
 [S^ee Imaoination.] 
 IM-AC'IN-A-TIVE-NESS, n. Stale of being imagin- 
 ative. 
 
 IM-AG'INE, v. t. [Fr. imagintr; Sp. imaginar ; L. 
 imagiuor. from imago, image.] 
 
 1. To form a notion or itiea in the mind ; to fancy. 
 We can imagine the figure of a htirse's head united 
 to a human hotly. 
 
 [In f/tw sense, Fascv t.v Ike more proper word.] 
 
 2. To form itieas or representations in the mind, 
 by modifying and combining our conceptions. Stewart. 
 
 3. To contrive in purpttse ; to scheme ; to devise. 
 
 How long will ye imni;tne mischief ag-.iinBt a man ? — Ps. Uii. 
 
 IM-ACINE, v. i. To conceive ; to have a notion or 
 idea. I can not imagine how this should have hap- 
 peiieil. 
 
 I.M-ACIN-KD, pp. or a Formed in the mind ; fan- 
 cied ; ctmtrived. 
 
 I.M-AG'IN-ER, n. One who forms ideas; one who 
 ctuitrives. Baron. 
 
 IM'.AO-INO, n. The forming of an image. CarlUlr, 
 
 IM'AOISG, ppr. Forming into an image; ilepicling 
 by the iin;igiiiation. 
 
 I.M-A'VlN-ING, n. The act of forming images or ideas. 
 
 Cttunning. 
 
 I.M-.\G'Ii\-IXG, ppr. Forming ideas in the mind ; de- 
 vising. 
 
 I-MA.M', \n. A minister or priest who performs the 
 I-.M AL'.M', > regular service of the mti.st|iie among the 
 VMliS, ) ."Moliammedans. 
 
 2. A Moltaniinedaii prince who unites in his person 
 
 supreme spirituttl x'lnd temporal power; as, the imaunt 
 
 of .Muscat. 
 
 IiM-R.XL.M', I.M-BAR'C.O, I.M-R.\RK', IM-BASE'. See 
 Embalm, EMitAittio, Emhakk, Emhask. 
 
 IM-B.\N', r. t. [in aiitl ban.] To excommunicate, in a 
 civil sense ; to cut otf from the rights of man, or ex- 
 clude from the common privileges of humanity. [JVot 
 welt autliorizcd.] J. Burl inc. 
 
 IM-HA.\D', !j. J. [in and band.] To form into a band 
 or bands. 
 
 Beneath full s.ails imbanded nations rise. J. Bartow. 
 
 IM-BAi\1)'ED, pp. or a. Formed into a band or bantls. 
 I.M-BA.\K', r. (. ■'in and bank.] To inclose with a 
 
 bank ; to defend bv hanks, mounds, or dikes. 
 IM-HANK'£:D, (im-bankt',) pp. Inclosed or defended 
 
 with a bank. 
 
 I.M HAiXK'lNG, ppr. Inclosing or surrounding with a 
 bank. 
 
 IM-BANK'MENT, n. The act of surrounding or de- 
 fending with a bank. 
 
 2. Inclosure by a bank ; the banks or mounds of 
 earth that are raised to defend a place, especially 
 against floods. 
 IM-BA.N"NEU-£D, a. Furnished with banners. 
 IJI-BXKN', B. t. To deposit in a barn. [JV'of used.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 I.M-BAS'TARD-IZE,r. «. To render degenerate. [Obs.] 
 
 jVilton. 
 
 I.M-BATHE', V. t. [in and bathe.] To bathe all over. 
 
 And e.ive her to h'T daughters to imbaihe 
 
 In m ctarvd l.ivem strowe*) with asphotlel. Milton, Cdmtit, v. 837. 
 
 [" The word Imhathe occurs in our author's Refor- 
 mation: — ' Alelliinks a stivereign and reviving joy 
 must needs rush into the bosom of him that reads or 
 hears ; and the sweet odor of the returning gospel 
 imballie his soul with the fragnince of heaven.' ( Prose 
 IVorks, vol. i. p. 2.) What was enthusia.sm in most 
 of the ptiriLanic.'il writers was poetry in Milton." T. 
 IVarton. Minor Poems of Milton, p. 235. — E. II. B.l 
 IM-BaT1I'£D, pp. Bathed all over. 
 I.M-IliC.\D', V. t, [ire and bead.] To fasten with a 
 bead. 
 
 The strenjT, bright bayonet imlxtvltd f;isL J. Barloio. 
 
 IM-RF:AI)'f;i), pp. Fastened with a bead. 
 LM-Br;.VD'I.\<;, ppr. Fastening with a bead. 
 I.M'BE-CILF;, (im'be-sil or im-be-seel',) a. [\.. imbeeil- 
 
 lis; Fr. imbecile-. This seems to he a compound word, 
 
 of which the primitive, bee, is not now to be found 
 
 or recognized.) 
 
 Weak ; feeble ; destitute of strength, either of body 
 
 or of mind ; impotent. Barrow. 
 IM'BE (;ILE, (im'be-sil or im-hc-seel',) n. One desti- 
 
 tut ■ of strength, either of body or mind. 
 IM'llE-ClLE, r. (. To weaken. [Obs.] Bp. Taylor. 
 IM-BE-CIL'I-TATE, c. L To weaken ; to render fee- 
 
 ble. .4. WiLion. 
 
 I.M-IIE-CIL'I-TY, n. fL. imbecillitas ; Fr. imbeciUiti.] 
 1. Want of strength ; weakness ; feebleness of 
 
 body or of mind. We speak of the imbecility of the 
 
 body or of the intellect, when either does not |)Ossess 
 
 IMR 
 
 the vigor that usually belongs to men, and w hich 
 is necessary to a due |KTfiiriiiance of its functions 
 This may be natural, or induced by violence or dis- 
 ease. 
 
 3. Impotence of males ; inability to procreate chil- 
 dren. 
 
 I.M-I!ED', r (. [in and in/.] To sink or lay in a bed ; 
 
 to place in n mass of earth, sand, or other substance, 
 
 so as to be partly inclosed. 
 IM-IIF.D'DEI), pp. or a. Laid or inclosed, as in a bed 
 
 or mass of surrounding mailer. 
 IM-HED'DINn, ppr. Laving, as in n bed. 
 I.M-liEL'Lie, a. (L. in .ind bellicus.] 
 
 Kiit warlike I. r martial. [ /.ittle used.] Juniu.i. 
 I.M-HE.NCII'ING, 71. [in and icHcA.] A rttised work 
 
 likir a bench. Parkhursf. 
 IM-lilltlV, V. t. [L. imbibo ; in and bibo, to drink ; Fr. 
 
 imbibrr. ] 
 
 1. To drink in ; to absorb ; ns, a dry or porous body 
 imbibes a fltiitl ; a sponge imbibes moisture. 
 
 2. To receive or admit into the mind ami retain ; 
 as, to imbibe principles ; tii imbibe errors. Imbibing in 
 the ini»(/, always implies retention, at least for a time. 
 
 .1. To imbue, as used by Newton ; but he has not 
 been followed. 
 IM HIH'KI), Drank in, as a fluid; absorbed; re- 
 ceived inl'i the mind anil retained. 
 IM-lilli'r.lt, n. Il(f iir that which imbibes. 
 I.M-liIl!'I.V<;, ppr Drinking in ; absorbing ; receiving 
 
 antl ret.'iiniiig. 
 IM-BI-BI"TIO,\, ( bish'un,) u. The act of imbibing. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IM-BIT'TER, r. I. [in and bitlrr.] To make bitter. 
 
 2. To make uiili;tp|iy or grie%'oiis ; to render dis- 
 tressing. The sins of youth often imbittcr old age. 
 Grief imbitlers our eiijoymenls. 
 
 3. To exasperate ; to make more seviV-, poignant, 
 or painful. The sorrows of true pt;nitence are imbil- 
 tered by a sense of our ingratituiie to our Almighty 
 Benefactor. 
 
 4. Tt) exaspt»rate ; to render more violent or malig- 
 nant ; as, III imttitterttunnty, anger, rage, p.assion, Acc.^ 
 
 IM-liri''Ti",l! f,'I), pp. or u. Made unhappy or ]iainful ^ 
 
 exasperated. 
 IM-lilT'TElt ER, n. That which makes hitfr. 
 
 ./oftiuion. 
 
 IM-RIT'TER-ING, ppr. Rendering unhapi)y or dis- 
 tressing ; exasperating. ' 
 IM-BOD'I-A'D, pp. or «. [Sec Embodv.] Formed into 
 I.M-IiOD'Y. See Embodv. [a b (Jy. 
 
 I.M-lli iIL', B. i. To effervesce ; t.i rage. Spenser. 
 I.M-KoI.D'f.N. See Emkoi.oen. 
 
 l.M-BOR'DER, V. t. [in and border.] To furnish or 
 inclose with a border ; to adorn witli a border. 
 
 2. To terminate ; to biiunil. Milton. 
 IM-B0R'DER-/:D, pp. Furnished, inclosed, or .adorned 
 
 with a bnrtler; boundett. 
 
 IM-IIOR'DER-I.NG, ppr. Furnishing, inclosing, or 
 adorning with a border; bounding. 
 
 I.M-BOSK', e. f. [It. imio.-curc. See BesH.] 
 
 To conceal, as in bushes ; to bide. Milton. 
 
 IM-BO.'^K', e. I. To lie concealed. Milton. 
 
 IM-BO'SO.M, V. t, [in and bosom.] To hold in the 
 bosom ; to cover fondly with the folds of one's gar- 
 ment. 
 
 3. To hold in nearness or intimacy. 
 
 The Father intiiiile, 
 By whom in bliss imbosomed *At Uie ±>on. Milton. 
 
 3. To admit to the heart or atfection ; to caress. 
 But !;Iad desin-', his late imbotomed gut'st. Sidney. 
 
 4. To inclose in the midst : to surround. 
 
 Villages ifn6o*o7n<{/Bof^ h> trees. Thornton. 
 
 5. To inclose in the niid.sl ; to cover; as, pe.arls 
 imbosomed in the deep. 
 
 IM-BO'SO.M-AT), pp. or a. Held in the bosom or to 
 tJie breast ; caressed ; stirrouiuled in the midst ; in- 
 closed ; ct>vered. 
 
 IM-BO'?().M-I.VG, Holding in the bosom ; caress- 
 
 ing; holding to the breiust ; inclosing or covering in 
 the midst. 
 
 I.M-BOl'.N'D', r. <. [in and Aoiinrf.] To inclose in lim- 
 its ; to shut in. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 I.M-BoW', e. t. [in antl bou>.] To arch; to vault; 
 as, an imhoircd rftof. JiVilton. 
 
 2. To make of a circular fonn ; as, imbowed win- 
 dows. Bacon. 
 
 IM-BOW'KD, pp. or a. Ardied ; vaulted; made of 
 a circular form. 
 
 IM-BOW'ER. See Embower. 
 
 l.M-B6W'I.\G, ppr. Arching; vaulting; making of a 
 
 circular form. 
 IM-BoW'.MENT, n. An arch ; a vault Bacon. 
 I.M-B().\', r. I. To inclose in a box. 
 l.M-BOX'KI), (iin-biiksl',) pp. Inclosed in a box. 
 IM-BOX'I.N't;, ppr. Inclosing in a box. 
 |M-BKA.\"(;LE, r. (. To entangle. Hiulibras. 
 I.M-BREl)', pp. Generated within. 
 IM-BREED', r. t. To generate within ; to inbrceil 
 I.M-BREED'I.NG, ppr. Generating within. 
 I.M'BRI CATE, I a. [I.. i«i*ri«i(u.«, imbrteo, from 
 LM'BRI-Ca-TEP. i imbrrr, a tile.] 
 
 1. Bent and hollowi^d like a roof or gutter tile. 
 
 TONE, B}JH' UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as Sll ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 73 
 
 WW 
 
2. In botany, lyin^ over each other in regular order, 
 like tiles on a roof, as the scales on the cup of some 
 acorns ; overlapping each other parallelly at tlie mar- 
 gins, without any involution, as leaves in the bud. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 IM-BRI-Ca'TION, n. A concave indenture, like that 
 of tiles ; tiling. Derliam. 
 
 IM-BRoGL'IO, (im-brol'yo,) n. [It.] In tlie drama, 
 an intricate, coinpliraled [ilot. 
 
 I.M-BROWN', V. I. [in and brown.] To make brown ; 
 to d:irken ; to obscure. 
 
 2. To darken the color of; to make dirty. 
 
 The foot ^rous black lhat \v;is with ilirt iinbrotsned. Gay. 
 
 3. To tan ; to darken the complexion. 
 IM-BROVVX'KD,;;/). Made brown ; darkened ; tanned. 
 IM-BROWN'IA'G, ppr. Rendering brown ; darken- 
 ing ; tanning. 
 
 IM-BROE', (ini-bru',) v. t. [Gr. c/(,/?ofx"i to moisten ; 
 cii and liocx'^- Hence it is allied to embrocate, and 
 Sp. embriairar, to intoxicate. See Ebriety, Brook, 
 and Rain.] 
 
 1. To wet or moisten ; to soak ; to drench in a 
 fluid, chiefly in blood. 
 
 VVbose arrows in my blood their win^ imbrue. Sandys. 
 
 Lucius pities ttie ollemiers, 
 That would imbrue tiK-ir hands in Cato's blood. Adtlison. 
 
 2. To pour out or distil. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 lil-BRV' EV>, pp. Wet; moistened; drenched. 
 IM-BRO'ING, ppr. Wetting; moistening; drenching. 
 I,M-BRC'.ME\T, n. The act of imbruing. 
 IM-BRuTE', V. t. [in and brute.] To degrade to the 
 
 state of a brute ; to reduce to-brutality. 
 
 And mix with bestial stime 
 Tliis essence to incarnate and iitibrule. 
 
 miton. 
 
 I.M-BRuTE',^r. i. To sink to the state of a brute. 
 
 The son! e^ws clotted by cont.as;ion, 
 tmbodies and imbrutes, till she quite lose 
 
 The divine projjcrty ol her first bein^. liTUton^a Comus, v. 466. 
 Thus, also, Satan speaks of the debasement and 
 corruption of his original divine essence. 
 ^ Mixed with bestial slime, 
 
 ^ This essence to incarnate and imbrute, 
 
 Tliat to tlie higlit of deity aspired. Parail. Lost, 9, 165. 
 
 IM-BRuT'ED, pp. Degraded to brutism. 
 IM-BRuT'ING, ppr. Reducing to brtitishnesg. 
 I.M-BuE', (im-bu',) v. 1. [h. imhuo ; in and the root 
 
 o: Eng. buck : to buck cloth, that is, to dip, drench, 
 
 or sleep, in w.iter.] 
 
 1. To tinge deeply ; to dye ; as, to imbue cloth. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 2 To tincture deeply ; to cause to imbibe ; as, to 
 imbue the minds of youth with good principles. 
 
 I.Vl-Bu'/Cr), {m-bHie' .) pp. Tinged ; dyed ; tinctured. 
 
 IM-Bu'I.\G, wr. Tinging ; dyeing ; tincturing deeply. 
 
 IM-Bu'.MEXT, n. A deep tincture. 
 
 IM-BURriE', (im-burs',) t,-. t. [See BtjusE.] To supply 
 mone\', or to stock with money. [J\'ot used.] 
 
 IM-BUUSE'.ME\T, n. The act of supplying money. 
 
 2. .Money biid up in stock. 
 
 IM BO'TIO.V, «. Act of imbuing. Lee. 
 IM-I-TA-BIE'I-TY, ji. [See Imitable, Imitate.] 
 
 The quality of being imitalile. J^Torri.'s. 
 IM'I-T.\-BLE, a. [Kr., from L. imitabilis. See Imi- 
 
 tateJ 
 
 1. That may be imitated or copied. Let ns follow 
 our Savior in all his imitable condticl and traits of 
 character. There are some works of the ancients 
 that are hardly imitable. The dignified style of 
 Johnson is scarcely imitable. 
 
 2. Worthy of imitation. 
 
 IM'I-TaTE, v. t. [Vt., imiler; Sp. and Port, imt'ter ; 
 It. imilare ; L. imittr,' allied, perhaps, to Gr. opoi, 
 similar, eipial.] 
 
 1. To follow in manners ; to copy in form, color, 
 or (juality. We imitate aiiotlier in dress or manners ; 
 we imitate a statue, a painting, a sound, an action, 
 when We make or do that which resembles it. We 
 should seek the best moilels to imitate; and, in mor- 
 als and piety, it is our duty to imitate the example of 
 our Savior. But, as we can not always make an ex- 
 act similitude of the original, hence, 
 
 2. To attempt or endeavor to copy or resemble ; 
 as, to imitate the colors of the rainbow, or any of tile 
 beauties of nature. Cicero appears to have imilated 
 the Greek orators. 
 
 3. To counterfeit. 
 
 This hand app«.-ared R sliiiling: dword to wield, 
 
 And tliat iin«tufted an imtUUed sliir.-ld. Dryden. 
 
 4. To pursue the course of a composition, so as to 
 use like iinage-i and examples. Johnson. Oaij. 
 
 rM'I-TA-TF,l), ;/;). or n. rolbuved ; copied. 
 I.M'I-'1'A-TI.\(;, ;>/»r. rollowing in manner; ropying. 
 I.M I-'J'A'TIO.\, ;i. [rr.,from Uimitalio; imilor,lu im- 
 ilatc.] 
 
 I. The net of following in manner, or of copying 
 in form ; the a<:t of making the similitude of any 
 thing, or of.-ittempting a resemblance. By the imita- 
 tion of bad men or of evil examples, we are apt to 
 contract vicious habits. In the imitation of natural 
 forms and colors, wr; are often iinsiirct ifful. Imita- 
 turn in mu»ic, says Rounseau, is a reitertiticm of the 
 same air, or of one which is Hunilnr, \n several parts. 
 
 I MM 
 
 where it is repeated by one aft'ir the other, either in 
 unison or at the distance of a fourth, a fifth, a third, 
 or any interval whatever. Imitation in oratory, is an 
 endeavor to resemble a speaker or writer in the qual- 
 ities which we propose to ourselves as patterns. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 2. That which is made or produced as a copy; 
 likeness ; resemblance. We say, a thing is a true 
 imitation of nature. 
 
 3. A method of translating, in which modern ex- 
 amples and illustrations are used for ancient, or do- 
 mestic for foreign, or in which the translator not only 
 varies the wortls and sense, but forsakes them as he 
 sees occasion. Johnson. Dryden. 
 
 IM'I-Ta-TIVE, a. Inclined to follow in manner; as, 
 man is an imitatioe being. 
 
 2. Aiming at resemblance ; that is used in the 
 business of forming resemblances. Painting is an 
 imitative art. 
 
 3. Formed after a model, pattern, or original. 
 
 This temple, less in form, with equal ^ace, 
 Was imiuitive of the first in Thrace. 
 
 Dryden 
 
 Imitative music, is that which is intended to resem- 
 ble some natural operation, the passions and the like. 
 
 Basbtj. 
 
 IM'I-Ta-TIVE-LY, adv. In an imitative manner. 
 IiM'I-Ta-TOR, 71. One that follows in manners or de- 
 portment. 
 
 2. One that copies, or attempts to make the resem- 
 blance of any thing. 
 
 IM'I-Ta-TOR-SHIP, n. The oflice or state of an imi- 
 tator. Marston, 
 
 IM-MA€'U-LATE, a. [L. immaculatus ; in and mac- 
 ula, a spot.] 
 
 1. Spotless ; pure ; unstained ; undefiled ; without 
 blemish ; as, immaculate reputation ; immaculate 
 thoughts. Our Savior has set us an example of an 
 immaculate life and conversation. 
 
 2. Pure; limpid; not tinged with impure matter ; 
 as, an immaculate fountain. Shak 
 
 Immaculate conception. The doctrine of the immac- 
 ulate conception, as held in the Roman Catholic 
 church, is the doctrine that the Virgin .Mary was 
 born without original sin. Hook. 
 
 IM-MAC'lj-LATE-LY, adv. With spotless purity. 
 
 I.M-MAC'U-L.'VTE-NESS, n. Spotless purity. 
 
 IM-M.^IL'i^D, o. Wearing mail or armor. Broxone. 
 
 IM-.MAL'LE-A-BLE, a. [in ani malleable.] Not mal- 
 leable ; that can not be extended by hammering. 
 
 Med. Repos. 
 
 IM-MAN'A-eLE, v. t. [in and manacle.] To put 
 manacles on ; to fetter or confine ; to restrain from 
 free action. jililton. 
 
 IM-MAN'A-eL£D, pp. Fettered ; confined. 
 
 IM-MAi\'A-eLlNG,y)f)r. Fettering; confining. 
 
 I.M-MA-Na'TION, n. A flowmg ur entering in. 
 
 IM-MaNE', a. [h. immanis.] [Oood. 
 Vast ; huge ; very great. [Little used.] 
 
 IM-MaNE'LY, adv. Monstrously ; cruelly. Milton. 
 
 I.M'JIA-NEN-CV, n. Internal dwelling. Pearson. 
 
 IM'MA-NENT, a. [L. in and manens, maneo, to 
 abide.] 
 
 Inherent; intrinsic; internal. SouUi. 
 IM-MAN'I-TY, n. [L. immanitas.] 
 
 Barbarity ; savageness. Shak. 
 IM-MAN'U-EL, n. [Heb.] God with us; a name 
 
 given to the Savior. Matt. i. 23. 
 I.M-.MaR-CES'SI-BLE, a. [L. in and marccsco, to 
 fade.] 
 
 Unfading. Diet. 
 IM-MAR'TIAL, (ini-mllr'shal,) a. [in and martial.] 
 
 Not martial ; not wtirlike. Chapman. 
 I.M-.MaSK', II. t. [in and jnos/;.] To cover, as with a 
 
 mask ; to disguise. Shak, 
 I.M-M.\SK'/.;D, (iin-mtiskt',) pp. Covered; masked. 
 I.M-MX.SK'I.\G, ppr. Covering; disguising. 
 IJl-.MATCIl'A-BLE, a. That can not be matched ; 
 
 peerless. 
 
 IiM-MA-TE'RI-AL, a. [Ft. iminalcriel ; in and mate- 
 rial.] 
 
 1. Incorporeal ; not material ; not consisting of 
 matter ; as, immaterial spirits. Tlie mind or soul is 
 i7/i7/iaffri«/. 
 
 2. Unimportant ; without weight ; not material ; 
 of no essential consequence. 
 
 Melmiith. Min. llaidcy. Riiffbrad. 
 lM-MA-Ti;'RI-AI,-IS.M, «. The dcJcIrine of the ex- 
 istence or state of immaterial substances or spiritual 
 beings. 
 
 IM-.M.\-Tr;'RI-.\L-IST,n. One who professes imma- 
 lerialitv. Swift. 
 
 I.M .MA-'j'E RI-AL'I-TY, n. The quality of being im- 
 material, or not consisting of matter ; destitution of 
 matter; as, the immateriality of the soul. 
 
 I.M-.MA-'i'l'c'RI-AL-IZ-iEU, o. Rendered or made im- 
 m.-ilerial._ Glanvillc. 
 
 I.M .MA-Ti:MtI-.M, LY, adv. In a manner not de- 
 pending on matter. 
 
 2. In a manner iinimport.'Lnt. 
 
 I!VI-MA-'1'|.:'RI-AI,-NE.SS, «. 'J'he state of being im- 
 material ; immateriality. 
 
 IM-MA-Tk'RI ATE, (1. Not consisting of matter; 
 incorporeal ; iiiini.'iterial. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 IMM 
 
 IM-MA-TC'llE', j a. [L. immaturus ; in and ma- 
 m-MA-TvR'KU, ] turns.] 
 
 1. Not mature or ripe; unripe ; that has not ar- 
 rived to a perfect state ; applied to fruit. 
 
 2. Not perfect ; not brought to a complete state ; 
 as, immature plans or counsels 
 
 3. Hasty ; too early ; that comes before the natural 
 time. Taylor. 
 
 [In this sense. Premature is generally used.] 
 IM-MA-TuRIC'LY, adv. Too soon ; before ripeness 
 
 or completion ; before the natural time. 
 IM-MA-TuRE'NESS, ) n. Unripeness ; iiuomplete- 
 IiM-M A-Tu'KI-TY, ( ness ; the state of a thing 
 
 which has not arriveil to perfection. 
 IM-ME-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [L. in and meo, to pass.] 
 Want of power to pass. Arbuthnot. 
 The proper sense is, the quality of not being per- 
 meable, or not affording a passage through the pores. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 IM-SIE4S'UR-A-BLE, (im-mezh'ur-a-bl,) a. [in and 
 
 m''asure.] 
 
 That can not be measured ; immense : indefinitely 
 extensive ; as, an immeasurable distance or space ; an 
 immeasurable abyss. Milton. .Addison. 
 
 IJI-ME.AS'UR-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being 
 incapable of measure or measurement. 
 
 IM-MEAS'lJll-A-BLY, adv. To an extent not to be 
 measured ; immensely ; beyond all measure. Milton, 
 
 IM-.MEAS'UR-£D, a. Exceeding common measure. 
 
 IM-ME-€IlAN'ie-AL, a. [in and mccliuuical.] Not 
 consonant to the laws of mechanics. [Obs.] 
 
 Chrync. 
 
 IJI-ME-CHAN'ie-AL-LY, adv. Inconsistently with 
 
 the laws of mechanics. 
 IM-Me'UI-A-CY, 71. [from immediate.] Power of 
 
 acting without dependence. Shak. 
 IM-ME''DI-.\TE, a. [Fr. immediat; It. immediato ; L. 
 
 ill and medius, middle.] 
 
 1. Proximate; acting without a medium, or with- 
 out the intervention of another cause or means ; pro- 
 ducing its effect by its own direct agency. -An im- 
 mediate cause is that which is exertetl directly in 
 producing its eflect, in opposition to a mediate cause, 
 or one more remote. 
 
 2. Not acting by second causes ; as, the immediate 
 will of God. Mbot. 
 
 3. Instant ; present ; without the intervention of 
 time. We must have an immediate supply of bread ; 
 immediate duty. 
 
 Immediate are my needs. ShaJc. 
 DcaUi — infticted — by an immediate stroke. AJUlon. 
 
 IM-Mii'DI-ATE-LY, adv. Without the intervention 
 of any other cause or event ; opposed to Mediately. 
 
 The transfer, whether accepted immf<t'tately by himself, or medi- 
 ately by his agent, vests in him llie propiTty. Alien. 
 
 2. Instantly ; at the present time ; without delay, 
 or the intervention of time. 
 
 And Jesiis put forlli liis hand, ami touched him, s.-.ying, I w ill : be 
 thou clean. And immediately liis leprosy was cleaiiseil. — 
 jMatt. viii. 
 
 IM-Me'DI-ATE-NESS, n. Presence with regard to 
 time. 
 
 2. Exemption from second or intervening causes. 
 IM-MEU'I e.V-BLE, a. [L. immedicabilis ; in and 
 medicabdi^, from medico, to heal.] 
 
 Not to be healed ; incurable. Milton. 
 IM-ME Lo'UI-OUS, a. Not melodious. Drummond. 
 I.M-.ME.M'O-RA-BLE, a. [L. immf inora4i/is ; in and 
 meiuorabilis. See Memory.] 
 Not to be remembered ; not worth remembering. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 IM-ME-Mo'RI-AL, o. [Fr., from L. in and memor, 
 vicmoria.] 
 
 Beyoiiil memory ; an epithet given to time or du- 
 ration, &c., whose beginning is not remembered, or 
 can not be traced and ascertained ; as, when it is 
 said a man has po.ssessed an est.ite in fee from time 
 immemorial, or time out of mind. Such possession 
 constituti« prescription, or prescriptive right. So we 
 speak of immemorial use, custom, or practice. In 
 Knoland, a thing is said to be immemorial, when it 
 coininenced before the reign of Edward IT. 
 LM-ME-Mo'RI-AL-EY, adv. Beyond memory. 
 
 i*f/l(/c;/. 
 
 IiM-iMENSE'. a. [Ft., from L. immcnsiis : in and incn- 
 sus, vietior, to measure.] 
 
 1. Unlimited ; unbounded ; infinite. 
 
 O goodness infinite I goodness immense / Mllon. 
 
 2. Vast in extent ; very great ; as, an immen.^e dis- 
 tance. 
 
 3. Huge in bulk ; very large ; as, the immense body 
 of Jiijiiter. 
 
 IM-MENSE'LY, adv. Infinitely; without limits or 
 2. Vastly ; very greatly. [measure. 
 IM-MENSE'NESS, 7i. Unbounded extent or great- 
 ness. 
 
 IM-MENS'I-TY, 71. Unlimited extension; an extent 
 not to be measured ; infinity. 
 
 By Ute power we find In ourselves of repenlin?, n» often in w« 
 will, any idea of space, wc get Uio idea of immentily. 
 
 Loda. 
 
 2. Vnstness in extent or bulk ; greatness. 
 IM-MEN-SU-RA-BII/I-TY, n. [from immensurable.] 
 
 FATE, FAH, F^LL, WH^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
I MM 
 
 j Tlic quality of not bciiic capable of measure ; im- 
 possibility to he meiisurjii. 
 IM-MKN't^lf-RA-llLE, o. [L. in and mensurabilis, 
 tVoin jnfiisitraj ini'iisure ; vieiisus^ inetior.] 
 Nut to be measurrd; immeasurable. 
 The l:iw of n;iture — a Irrtn iiniMn^uTatile extent. Ward. 
 
 IM-MEN'Sn-RATE, o. Unmeasured. W.Mountairu. 
 I.M-MIORCli', (ini inerj',) i'. t. [L. immcrgo ; in and 
 mertroy lit piun'^c] 
 
 1. To plunge mto or under a fluid. [Sec Im- 
 merse, vvliicli is RfULTiillK used.] 
 
 2. 1'. i. To disappear by entering into any medium, 
 as into tlie light of the sun, or the sliadow of the 
 carlli. 
 
 IM-MEUli'FD, (im-merjd',) pp. Plunged into. 
 I.M.Mi;Ut;'l.\(J, ppr. Entering or pluni;ing into. 
 IM-MEIl'lT, ;i. Want of worth. [A'ot 11.W.J 
 IM-MEIl'IT-ED, a. Unni.rited. [JVot u.iril.] 
 l.M-.MEIl'IT-OUS, a. Undeserving. [A^i/t use,!.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IM-MERSE', (im-mcrs',) v. t. [h. immersus, Irom im- 
 mer^ro ; in and mcrirOf to plunge.] 
 
 1. To jiut under water or other fluid; to plunge j 
 to dip. 
 
 2. To sink or cover deep ; to cover wholly ; as, to 
 be immcrsFti in a wood. Drijden. 
 
 3. To plunge ; to overwiielm ; to involve ; to en- 
 gage deeply ; as, to immerse in business or cares. 
 
 It is iiiiposjiilil.' tor a man to have a lively lioiie in nnottier lif"^, 
 anil yvl oc dcciily iinjiterscd iu Ibe enjoyment if am. 
 
 AuerbtMry. 
 
 I.M-MERSE', (I. Ruried ; covered; sunk deep. 
 IM-MER!5'£D, (im-inerst',) pp. Put into a fluid; 
 pliingeil ; deeply engaged ; concealed by entering 
 into any medium, as into the light of the sun, or the 
 shadow of the earth. 
 IM-MERS'I.N'G, ppr. Plunging into a fluid ; dipping; 
 
 overw helming ; deeply engaging. 
 IM-.MEK'SION, II. The net of putting into a fluid be- 
 low the surface; the act of plunging into a fluid 
 till covered. 
 2. 'I'he state of sinking into a fluid. 
 .3. The state of being overwhelmed or deeply 
 engaged ; as, an itnmersion in the atfairs of life. 
 
 ^Ucrbiinj. 
 
 4. In ttstronomij, the disappearance of a celestial 
 body by entering into any medium, as into the 
 light of the sun, or the shadow of the earth, op- 
 postMt to Emersion. Olmsted. 
 
 IiM-MESir, e. (. [in and tiimA.] To entangle in the 
 meshes of a net, or in a web. Observe whether the 
 fly is completely immeshed. The spider used his 
 efforts to immc^k the scorpion. GoldsmitJi. 
 
 IM-.ME.Sll'A'l), (im-mesht',) pp. Entangled in meshes 
 or webs. 
 
 1M-ME?H'ING, ppr. Entangling in meshes or webs. 
 I.M-.ME TIIOD'ie-.VL, o. [in and methodical. See 
 Mkthod.] 
 
 Having no method ; without systematic arrange- 
 ment ; without order or regularity ; confused. 
 
 MdLson. 
 
 I.M-.ME-TlIOlVie-AL-LY, adv. Without order or 
 
 regularity ; irregularly. 
 IM-.ME-THOD'ie-AUNESS, n. Want of method ; 
 
 confusion. 
 
 IM'.MI-GRANT, 71. A person that removes into a 
 country for the purpose of permanent residence. 
 
 IM'.\n-<5RATE, I", i. [L. immi^ro ; in and migro, to 
 migrate.] 
 
 To remove into a countrj' for the purpose of per- 
 manent residence. [See Emigrate.] Belknap. 
 
 IM-.MI-(Jll.\'TION, 71. The passing or removing into 
 a country for the purpose of permanent residence. 
 
 I.%r'Ml-.\'E.\CE, n. [L. immintrntia, inuninco, to hang 
 over.] 
 
 Properlfi, a hanging over, but used by Shakspeare 
 for impending evil or danger. [LiUle used.] 
 IM'.MI-XE.N'T, a. [L. tmmiiieii.*, from iHiminro, to hang 
 over; in and minor, to threaten. See .Menace.] 
 
 Literally, shooting over ; hence, hanging over ; 
 impending ; threatening ; near ; appearing as if 
 about to fall on ; vsed of evils ; as, imminent dan- 
 ger ; imminent judgments, evils, or ileatli. 
 
 Hooker. Milton. 
 IM'.Mt-XEXT-LY, adv. Impendinglv ; threateningly. 
 I.M-.MI.\'"GLE, c. (. [in and mingle.] To mingle ; lo 
 
 mix; tf> unite with numbers. Thomson. 
 IM .M1N"GLKD, pp. Mi.teil ; mingled. 
 IM-MI\"GI,IXG, ppr. Mixing; mingling. 
 IM-MI-\0'TIO\, 7U [L. imminutio, imnunuo i in and 
 ininuo, to lessen.] 
 A lessening; tliminution ; decrease. Raij. 
 I.M-MlS-CI-BlL'I-TY,n. [Ij. immisceo ; in ani misceo, 
 to mix.] 
 
 Incap.-icitv of being mixed. 
 LM-MIS'tJI-BLE, o. [in and miseiifc] Not capable 
 
 of bi-ing mixed. Med. Rcpos. 
 
 IM-MIS'SIO.N, (ini-mish'un,) 11. [L. immisfio, im- 
 mi//o; in and milto, to send.] 
 
 The act of sending or thrusting in ; injection ; 
 contrary lo Emission. 
 IM-.V IT', r.t. [L. immilto ; in and milto, to send.] 
 7 o send in ; to inject. OreenhUL 
 
 IMM 
 
 IM-UIT'l-GA-BLE, a. [in and mitigate.] That can 
 
 not be mitigated or appeased. JfarrLi. 
 IM-MIT'I G.\-ULY, ado. In an immitigable manner. 
 IM-MIT'TEI), pp. Sent in ; injected. 
 I.M-MIT'TING, /ipr. Sending in ; injecting. 
 IM-MIX', V. t. [in and mit.] To mix ; to mingle. 
 IM-MIX'A-HLE, a. Not capable of being mixed. 
 
 lyUkins. 
 
 Im-m'xT''"' j Unmixed. Herbert. 
 IM-MIX'IX(;, ppr. Minding. 
 
 IM-I\10-niL'l-'I'Y, «. Il'r. immchillti; L. immobilila.i, 
 from immohil'ts in .and mobilis,Uwn iniipco, to move.] 
 Uninovableness ; fixedness in place or state ; n - 
 sistauce to mtition. ^rbuthnoL 
 
 IM-MOI)'ER-A-CY, n. Excess. Bruwii. 
 
 IM-MOU'ER-ATE, a. [I., immoderatus ; in and vtod- 
 eratus. See .Mudkkate.] 
 
 Exceeding just or usual bounds ; not confined to 
 suitable limits; excessive; extravagant ; unreasona- 
 ble ; as, immoderate demands ; immoderate passions, 
 cares, or grief. 
 
 I.M-MOD'E>l-ATE-I,Y, orfr. Excessively ; to an un- 
 due degreo ; unreasonably ; as, to weep immodcr- 
 atelij. 
 
 IM-MOD'ER-aTE NESS, n. Excess; extravagance. 
 
 Shrlford. 
 
 I.M-MOD-ER-A'TION, n. E.xcess; want of modera- 
 tion. Hammond. 
 
 !M-.MGD'EST, >j. \Yt. immodeste; L. iynmodcstus ; in 
 end i/.i/uV::.;, iiii;dest. See the latter.] 
 
 1. Literally, nut limited tu due bounds. Hence, 
 in a general sir.se, immoderate ; exurbilant ; unrea- 
 sonable ; arrogant. 
 
 2. .^fpropriulet'j , wanting in the reserve or restraint 
 which decency reipiires ; wanting in decency and 
 delicacy. It is immodest to treat superiors with the 
 familiarity that is ctistumary among equals. 
 
 3. Wanting in chastity ; unchaste ; lewd ; as, an 
 vnmodest female. 
 
 4. Impure; indelicate; as, nn iinmorfciJ thought. 
 .5. Obscene; as, an tin;;/(Ji/i'.s-t word. [Drijden. 
 
 IM-.MOD'E.ST-LY, ade. Without due reserve ; inde- 
 
 cenlly ; unch;ustely; obscenely. 
 IM-MOD'ES-TY, n. [L. immodestin.] 
 
 1. Want of moilesty ; indecency ; unchastity. 
 
 2. Want of delicacy or tiecent reserve. 
 IM'MO-L.\TE, c. t. [Fr. immolcri h. immolo, to sac- 
 rifice ; in and jnola, meal sprinkled with salt, which 
 was thrown on the head of the victim.] 
 
 1. To sacrifice ; to kill, as a victim oflered in sac- 
 rifice. Boxjle. 
 
 2. To offer in sacrifice. 
 
 Now iinjiwltUa the tonjues anil mix tlie wine. Pope. 
 IM'.MO-La-TED, pp. or a. Sacrificed ; oflered in sac- 
 rifice. 
 
 From the Hune nltnr on which the imall states shall be immola- 
 ted, will rise the smoke of s.ichticed lilKity, and tlespotisin 
 must t)e the dreadful successor. U. Tracy. 
 
 ISI'-MO-LS-TIXG, ppr. Sacrificing ; oflering, as a 
 victim. 
 
 I.M-.MU-La'TION, n. The net of sacrificing. Brown. 
 
 2. A sacrifice oflered. 
 I.M'.MO-Ua-TOR, n. One who oflcrs in sacrifice. 
 I.M-.MoLU', ti. (. To mold into shape ; to form. 
 
 FlcUher. 
 
 IM -MoLD'ED, pp. Molded into shape. 
 
 l.MMfil.D'ING, ppr. Molding into shape. 
 
 I.M-Mo'.MENT, a. Trifling. [Xot English.] Shak. 
 
 IM-MO-.ME.NT'OUS, a. Unimportant. Seward. 
 
 IM-.MOR'Ali, a. [in and moral.] Inconsistent with 
 moral rectitude ; contrary to the moral or divine l;iw ; 
 wicked ; unjust ; dishonest ; vicious. Every action 
 is immoral which contravenes any divine precept, or 
 which is contrary lo the dutit»s which men owe to 
 each other. 
 
 2, Wicked or unjust in practice ; vicious ; dishon- 
 est; as, an immoral man. Every man whp violates 
 a divine law ur a social tluly is immoral; but we par- 
 ticularly apply the term to a person who habitually 
 violates the laws. 
 
 IM-MO-RAI/I-TY, n. Any act or practice which 
 contravenes the divine commands or the social duties. 
 Injustice, dishonesty, fraud, slander, profaneness, 
 gaming, intemperance, lewdness, are immoralities. 
 All crimes are iinniuralities ; but crime expresses 
 mtire than iinmoratity. 
 
 I.M-.MOR'.\L-LY, ado. Wickedly ; viciously ; in vio- 
 lation of law tir duty. 
 
 IM-MO-RIG'ER-OUS, a. [Low I,, immoriger.] 
 
 Rude ; uncivil. Stackhouse. 
 
 I.M-MO-RlG'ER-OU.S-XESS, n. Rudeness; di.sobe- 
 dience. Bp. Taylor. 
 
 IM-MOR'TAI,, a. [L. immortalis. See .Mortal.] 
 
 1. Having no principle of alteration or corruption ; 
 exempt from death ; having life or being tli.at :ih:UI 
 never end ; as, an immortal soul. 
 
 Unto Oie King etcni.tl, immorMt, invisit>le, the only wise God, 
 be honor ami glory forever. — I Tun. 1. 
 
 2. Connected with, or terminating in immort-ality ; 
 never to cease ; as, immortal hoi>es, desires, Ate. 
 
 1 have 
 
 tmmortnt lon^ngs in me. Slink. 
 
 IMM 
 
 3. Perpetual; having iinliiniled existcnci . A cor 
 poration is called an immortal being. 
 
 4. Destined tu live in all ages of this worlil ; im- 
 perishable ; as, immortal fame. So Homer is called 
 the immortal bard. 
 
 I.M-MOR'T.\l,, n. One who is exein|)t from death. 
 IM-.MOR TAL'I-TY, n. The quality of nc\ er ceas- 
 ing to live or exist ; exemption from di ;ith ai. 1 anni- 
 hilation ; lift: di^stined to endure without eL 1 ; as, 
 the immortalUij of the liunian soul. 
 
 Jesus Christ, who hath abolishiM] death, and hath brought life and 
 immortality to light ihroujifh die gospel. - i Tim. i. 
 
 9. Exempt i<m from oblivion. 
 
 3. Pt'UK'tuity ; existence not limited ; as, the im- 
 viortiititi, ')f a corporatuin. J. Marshall. 
 
 IM-.MOK-TAL-I-Za'TIOX, n. The act of immor- 
 tali/.ing. 
 
 IM-.MOR'TAL-IZE, v. t. [Ft. immortaliier ; Sp. im- 
 
 vwrtnlizar.] 
 
 1. To rentier immortal ; to make perpetual ; to 
 causi: to live or exist while the worlil shall endure. 
 The Iliad has immortalized the name of Homer. 
 
 Alexander liad no Homer to immortalize his ? ullty name. 
 
 T. Daact. 
 
 2. To exempt from oblivion ; to make [lerpetual. 
 IM-MOR'TAL-IZE, v. i. To become iiiiniorliil. [jVot 
 
 in use.] Pope. 
 IM-MOR'TAL-IZ-£D, pp. Rendered immortal or per- 
 petual. 
 
 IM-MOR'TAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Making immortal or per- 
 petual. 
 
 IM-.MOR'TAI^T.Y, ndi). With endless existence ; with 
 
 exeniptiuu from de.ath. 
 I.M-MOIl-TI IT-CA'TION, n. [in and mortiUcation.] 
 
 Want of subjection ( f the passions. Bp. Taylor. 
 UI-MOV-A-HIU'l-TY, n. Steadfastness that can not 
 
 be movetl t>r shaken. 
 LM-MflV'.'V-HLE, a. [in and movable.] Tliat can not 
 
 be moved frtuu its place ; as, an immnea^/c fuiintlation. 
 
 2. Not to be muvetl from a puriKise ; steadfast ; 
 fixetl ; that c;tn not be indiicetl to change or alter ; a^y' 
 a man who remains immovable. 
 
 3. That can not be altered or shaken ; unalterable ; 
 unchangeable ; as, an iininurai'/e purpose or rest>lution. 
 
 4. That can nut be affected or moved ; not impres- 
 sible ; nt)t susceptible of compassion or tender feel- 
 ings ; unfeeling. Drydcn. 
 
 5. Fixed ; not li.able to be removed ; permanent in 
 place ; as, immovable estate. Blaekstone. Ayliffe. 
 
 (>. Not tu hi? shaken or agitated. 
 IM-MOV'A-IILE-NESS, 11. The ipiality of being im- 
 movable. 
 
 IM-MOV'A-BLEi«,(-blz,) n.pl. In lam, the opposite of 
 MovAiiLEs; things which can not be legally taken 
 away, in leaving a house, farm, &.c. Bimvier. 
 
 IM-,MOV'A BUY, ii(/i'. In a manner nut tu be moved 
 from its place or purpose ; or in a manner not lo be 
 shaken ; unalterably ; unchangeably. Immovahhj firm 
 to their duty ; immovablii fixed or established. 
 
 IM-MUM)', a. [L. immtindus.] 
 
 Unclean. Burton. 
 
 IM-.MUN-DIC'I-TY, n. Uncleanness. Mountagu. 
 
 IM-MU'»\I-TY, n. [Fr. immunitc : L. iniiniiniftu, from 
 imrmtnis, free, exempt ; in antl munus, charge, office, 
 duty.l 
 
 1. Freedom or exemption from obligation. To be 
 exempted from observing the rites or duties of the 
 church, is an immunity. 
 
 2. Exemption from any charge, duty, oflice, tax, 
 or imposition ; a |)articiilar privilege ; ,as, the imniKiii- 
 ties of the free cities of Germany ; the immunities of 
 the clergy. 
 
 3. Freedom ; as, an immunity from error. Dryden 
 I.M-MuRE', r. (. [Xonn. cmmurrrr, to wall in; Sw 
 
 inmura, I,, in and murus, a wall.] 
 
 1. To inclose within walls ; to shut up ; to confine ; 
 as, to immure nuns in cloisters. The student immures 
 himself voluntarily. 
 
 2. To wall ; to surround with walls. 
 Lysimachus immured it with a w:dl. {Not usuaj.] Sandyt. 
 
 3. To imprison. DenAam. 
 I I-Mf'RE', n. A wall ; an inclosure. [JVtit usetl.] 
 I.M-.MCR'KI), />p. Confined within walls. [Shak. 
 IM-MfiR'I.\G, ppr. Confining within w lis. 
 I.M-MO'Sie .AU, a. [in and musical.] >ot musical; 
 
 inharnioniuiis ; not accordant ; hars^d. i icon. Brown. 
 IJI-MU-TA-BlI/i-TY, n. [Fr. immutatilt. i : L. immu- 
 tabilitas ; in and muOtbiUs, mutable, fr ^m muto, to 
 changf. J 
 
 Unch.angeableness ; theqii.ality that renders change 
 or .alteration iin[>ossible ; invariableness. Immutabil- 
 ity is an attribute of God. 
 I.M-.MO'TA-BUE, a. [L. immutabilis : in and mutabilu.] 
 
 Unchangeable ; invariable ; untUterable ; nut capa- 
 ble or susi^'ptible of change. 
 
 ,1 by two immutnbte thin^, ii 
 tioil to lie, we might have alrong consuls 
 
 IM-MO'TA-BLE-XESS, n. Unch.angeableness ; im- 
 mutability. 
 
 I.M-MC"T.\-BLY, adv. Unchangeably ; unalterably ; 
 invariably ; in a manner that admits of no change. 
 
 B,>yle. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 € as K ; 03 J ; $ as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 579 
 
IMP 
 
 IM-MU'TATE, a. [U immulatus.] 
 
 Unrliansed. Lee. 
 IM-MU TA'TION, n. [L. immutatio.] 
 
 Clianse; alcerntion. More, 
 IM-MuTE', V. I. To clianse or alter. Salkeld. 
 I.MP, n. r\V. imp, a slioot or cioii ; Sw. ymp, Dan. 
 ynipe, id.] 
 
 1. A son ; offspring; progeny. [Ods.] 
 
 The tpniI'T imp was w»>aned. 
 A lad ol lile, An imp uf fame. 
 
 Fdirfax. 
 S'hak. 
 
 2. .\ siil)altern or puny devil. Honker. Milton. 
 Imp, an addition to a bee-liive ; also, one length 
 of hair twisted, as forming part of a fishrng-litie." 
 ./. T. Brockett, Glossary of JiTorVi Country IVords, 2d 
 edit. p. 164. — E. H. B.] 
 IMP, V. t. [AV. impiaw, G. impfen, Sw. ympa. Sax. im~ 
 pan, nan. ympcr, to ingraft ; D. ent, a graft ; enten, to 
 ingraft.] 
 
 1. To graft. Chaucer. 
 
 2. To lengthen ; to extend or enlarge by something 
 inserteil or added ; a term originally used liy falcon- 
 ers, who repair a hawk's wing hy adding feathers. 
 
 Imp out our tlrooj>iug countrv's brok'^n wings. ShaJc, 
 Till- I'.ilsp liiinli (lispLiys 
 Iler broken le.tgui.' to imp her serjient wmgs. RftUon, 
 
 {This verb Lt, I believe, used only in poetrtf.'\ 
 [hi ^fatconry, to imp a feather in a hawk's wing, is 
 to adii a nevv piece to a mutilated stump, from the 
 Sax. impan, to ingraft. Spenser.'\ 
 liM-PA'e.A-KLE, a. [L. in and paco, to appease.] 
 
 iVot to be appeaseil or qu ieleil. SpciLicr. 
 IM-PA'CA-BLY, adv. In a manner not admitting of 
 
 being appeased. 
 IM-PAGT', i\ t. impactwi, from inrpingo ; in and 
 paniro, to drive.] 
 
 To drive close j to press or drive firmly together. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 IM'PAeT, 71. Touch ; impression. Darwin. 
 2. In mechanics, the single instantaneous blow or 
 stroke communicated from one body in motion to 
 another either in motion or at rest. Barlow. 
 IM-PAGT'EL), ;>;). Driven hard; made close by driv- 
 
 ins. IVoodicard. 
 IM-PAGT'IXG, ppr. Driving or pressing rinse. 
 I.M-PAIiVT', V. L To paint ; to adorn with colors. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 IM-PAINT'ED, pp. Ornamented with colors. 
 IM-Pa1.\'T'1NG, ppr. Adorning with colors. 
 IM-PAIR', V. t. [Ft. empircr ; Sp. empeorar ; Port, em- 
 
 peiorar, from peiur, worse, Sp. pcor. Ft. pire, from L. 
 
 prior.] 
 
 1. To make worse; to diminish in quanti,ty, value, 
 01 excellence. An estate is impaired by extravagance 
 or neulect. The proflig.ite impairs liis estate and his 
 reputation. Imprudence impairs a man's usefulness. 
 
 2. To lessen in power ; to weaken ; to enfeeble. 
 Tlie constitution is impaired by intemperance, by hi- 
 nrmity, and by age. The force of evidence may be 
 unpaired by tlie suspicion of interest in the witness. 
 
 IM-PAIR', t. i. To be lessened or worn out. [Little 
 
 used.] Spender. 
 II<'PAlR, a. [Jj. impar, unequal.] 
 
 1. Unsuitable. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 2. In crystaiiorrraphy, a term applied, by Ilaiiy, to 
 crystals whose sides and summits have not the same 
 number of faces. [DLnuied.] 
 
 IM PAIR', ( n. Diniimition ; decrease ; injury. 
 
 l.M-P.AlR',MI',.\"l», i [^|•olused.] Broirn. 
 I.M-PAill'£!), pp. or a. Diminished ; injured ; weak- 
 ened. 
 
 IM-l'AIR'ER, n He or that wliich impairs. 
 
 IVarbnrton. 
 
 IM PAtR'IX<J, ppr. Making worse ; lessening ; injur- 
 ing ; cnfeeblinz. 
 IM-PAL'A-TA-ULE, o. Unpalatable. [Little vsed.] 
 LM-PALFV, u. (. [\j. in and palus, a pole, a stake.] 
 
 1. To fix on a stake ; to put to death by fixing on 
 an upright, sharp stake. [See Empale.] 
 
 2. To inclose with stakes, posts, or palisades. 
 
 3. In heraldry, to join two coats of arms pale-wise. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 IM-PA[.E'.MENT, n. The act of inclosing or surround- 
 ing with stakes. [Rare.] Milton. 
 
 2. A pu dshment formerly used by the Turks and 
 other nati ns, whirli consisted in tiiriistiiig a stake 
 through t e fiuidanient into tlitf body, and thus leav- 
 ing the VI lim to a lingering death. Brande. 
 X In III aUry, the division of a shield pah -wise. 
 
 IM-PAL'LI J, r. <. To make pallid or pale. [JVot in 
 unr.] Felthain. 
 
 IM-PALM', (im-pitni',) v. t. [L. in and palma, the 
 hand.] 
 
 To grafp ; to take In the hand. J. Barlow. 
 
 IM-PAI,-PA-ltlI.,'l TV, «. The quality of not being 
 
 IKilpahb- or pi-rt epiible bv the touch. .lorlin. 
 I.M PAI/PA-lil.E, a. \Vt., from I,, in and palpo, to 
 
 feel. Hee P * i.p * hi.k.J 
 
 1. ^l•t to br- fell ; that can not be perceived by the 
 touch ; u«, an iinpalpahle puwder, whoHt- pjirts art^ so 
 minute that they can not he distiiiguinhed by the 
 Beni*«'H, particularly by feeling. F.neyc. 
 
 2. Not coarxe or grtmn. JVnrton, 
 IM-PAI/PA-ULV, ajo. In a manner not to be fell. 
 
 IMP 
 
 IAI-P.\L'SI£D, ( pol'zid,) pp. Struck with paUjy. 
 I.M-PAL'SY, (-pol'ze,) K. «. [in anA palsy.] To strike 
 
 with palsy ; to paralyze ; to deaden. 
 IM-PAL'SY-ING, ppr. Affecting with palsy. 
 IM'PA-NATE, a. [L. in and panis, bread.] 
 
 Embodied in bread. Cranmer. 
 IM'PA-NATE, 0. t. To embody with bread. 
 
 IVaterland. 
 
 IM'PA-Na-TED, pj). Embodied in bread. 
 
 I.M'PA-NA-TING, p/)r. Embodying in bread. 
 
 IM-PA-NA'TIO.\, ?!. The supposed real presence and 
 union of Clirist's material body and blood with the 
 substance of bread, in the eiicharist. Rupert of 
 Diiytz, in the tweltlh century, proposed this modi- 
 fication of the doctrine of transubstantiation. He 
 supposed the Messiah assumes the bread in the eu- 
 cliarist, just as he assumed human nature at his in- 
 carnation, i. e., by a union of the two natures, with- 
 out any change of either. Luther's doctrine of con- 
 substantiation was understood, by both Papists and 
 the Reformed, to be tiie same with impanation. 
 
 Murdoch. 
 
 IM-P.\N'NEL, V. t. [in and panel.] To write or enter 
 the names of a jury in a list, or on a piece of parch- 
 ment, called a panel: to form, complete, or enroll a 
 list of jurors in a court of justice. 
 
 IM-PAN'NEfe-£D, pp. Having the names entered in 
 a panel ; formed, as a jury. 
 
 IM-PAN'NEI..-UVG, jipr. Writing the names on a pan- 
 el ; forminL", as a jury. 
 
 IM-PAR'A-L)ISE, ti. (. [It. imiiaradisare ; in and para- 
 dise.] 
 
 To put in a place of supreme felicity ; to make per- 
 fectly happy. 
 
 IM-PAR'A-DIS-KD, pp. Placed in a condition resem- 
 bling that of paradise ; made perfectlv happy. 
 IM-PAR'A-DIS-l.N'G, ppr. Making perfectly happy. 
 I.M-PAR'AL-l.EL iU, a. Unparalleled. [Mit used.] 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 I.M-PAR-A-SYL-LAB'ie, a. [L. in, par, and syllaba.] 
 Not consisting of an equal number of syllables. 
 An imparasyltabic noun is one which has not the 
 same number of syllables in all the cases; as, lapis. 
 Inpidis : mens, menti.i. Brt/aiit. 
 
 IM-PXR'DO,\-A-BLE, a. Unpardonable. South. 
 
 IW-PAR'l-TY, n. [in and parity; L. par, equal.] 
 
 1. Inequality; disproportion. Bacon. 
 
 2. ()ddness ; indivisibility into equal parts. Brown. 
 
 3. Difference of degree, rank, or excellence. 
 
 Sancrofi. 
 
 IM-PSRK', V. U [in and park.] To inclose for a jiark ; 
 to make a park by inclosure ; to sever from a com- 
 mon. Johnson. 
 
 IM-PaRK'ED, (im-parkt',) pp. Confined in a park. 
 
 IM-l'ARK'ING,p/)r. Inclosing in a park. 
 
 IM-PaRL', ». i. [Norm, emperler; in and Fr. parler, 
 to speak.] 
 
 To hold mutual discourse ; appropriately, in lau>, to 
 have license to settle a lawsuit amicably ; to have de 
 lay for mutual adjustment. Blaclutone. 
 I.M-PaRL'ANCE, )i. Properly, leave for mutual dis- 
 course ; appropriately, in law, the license or privilege 
 of a defendant, granted on motion, to have delay of 
 trial, to see if he can si ttle the matter amicably by 
 talking with the plaintiff, and thus to determine 
 what answer he shall make to the plaintilPs action. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. The continuance of a cause till another day, or 
 from day to day. Blacksto'ne. 
 
 IM-PAR-SON-EE', a. A parson imparsoiiee, is a parson 
 presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, 
 and in full possession. Bloekstone. 
 
 IM PART', B. t. [L. imperlior; in and partio, to di- 
 vide ; from pars, a [lart.] 
 
 1. To give, grant, or communicate ; to bestow on 
 another a share or portion of something; as, to imparl 
 a portion of provisiiuis to the poor. 
 
 2. Ill a 7CiV/cr ^en^'c, simply to bestow on another; 
 to grant ; to give ; to confer ; as, to impart honor or 
 favor. 
 
 3. To communicate the knowledge of something; 
 to make known ; to show by words or tokens. 
 
 Gentle latly, 
 
 When first I did impart my love to you. Shak. 
 
 IM-PAUT'ANCE, 71. Communication of a sh.are ; grant. 
 I.M-PART-A'TKJN, 71. 'I'he act of imparting or con- 
 
 fiTring.^ ^JYot oiuch used.] Chauncq/. 
 IM-VAlVV'hD, pp. or a. Communicated; granted; 
 
 conferred. 
 IM I'A RT'ER, 77. One that imparts. 
 IM-PAR'TI.AI., (im-pilr'shal,) a. [171 and partial, from 
 
 part, Ij. pars.] 
 
 1. Not partial ; not biased in favor of one party 
 more than another; inrlitferent ; unprejudiced; di.s- 
 interesti d , as, an impartial jmlno or arbitrator. 
 
 2. Not favoring one party more than another ; equi- 
 table ; just; as, an impartial judgment or decision; 
 an impartial opinion. 
 
 IM-PAR'TIAE-IST, 71. One who is impartial. [Littie 
 used.] Boidr. 
 
 IM-PAli-TIAI/l-TY, (im-par-shal'e-ty,) n. Indiffer- 
 ence of opmiou or jmlgineiit ; freedom from bias in 
 favor of one side or party more than another ; disiii- 
 
 IMP 
 
 terestedness. Impartiality is indispensable to an up- 
 right judge. 
 
 2. Equitableness ; justice ; as, the impartiality of a 
 decision. 
 
 IM-PAR'TIAL-LY, ado. Without bias of judgment ; 
 without prejudice ; without inclination to favor one 
 party or side more than another ; equitably ; justly. 
 
 IM-PART-I-BIL'I-TY, 71. The quality of not being 
 subject to partition. 
 
 2. The quality of being capable of being commu- 
 nicated. 
 
 IM-PART'I-BLE, a. [Sp. impartible ; in and partible.] 
 
 1. Not partible or subject to partition ; as, an 1771- 
 partible estate. Blackstone. 
 
 2. [from impart.] That may be imparted, con- 
 ferred, bestowed, or communicated. Vigby. 
 
 II*I-PART'ING, ppr. Communicating; granting; be- 
 sto'ving. 
 
 IM-rXRT'MENT, 71. The act of imparting ; the com- 
 munication of knowledge ; disclosure. Shak. 
 IM-PAS3 A-BLE, a. [in and passable. See Pass.] 
 That can not be passed ; not admitting a passage ; 
 as, an impassable road, mountain, or gulf. 
 
 Mihon. Temple. 
 IM-PXSS'A-BLE-NESS, 7!. The state of being im- 
 passable. 
 
 IM-PASS'.\-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree that 
 
 prevents passing, or the power of passing. 
 IM-PAS-SI-BIL'l-TY, ) 71. [from impassible.] Ex 
 IM-PAS'Sl-BLE-NESS, \ enqition from pain or suf- 
 fering; insusceptibility of injury from external things. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 IM-PAS'SI-BLE, 0. [Fr. impassible; Sp. impasible; L. 
 impassibilis, from passus, patior, to sulier.] 
 
 Incapable of pain, passion, or suffering ; that can 
 m t be affected with pain or uneasiness. Whatever 
 is destitute of sensation is impossible. 
 
 Though n:iked and impassible, depart. Dryden. 
 XM-PAS'SION, (iin-pash'un,) v. t. [in and passion.] 
 
 To move or affect strongly with i)assion. 
 XM-PAS'SION-A-BLE, a. Easily excited to anger ; 
 
 susceptible of strong emotion. 
 IM-PAS'SIO.\-ATE, V. t. To affect powerfully. More. 
 IM-PAS'SIO.\-A-TE, a. Strongly affected. 
 
 2. Without passion or feeling. Burton. 
 IM-PAS'SI0N-/;D, (-pash'und,) a. Actuated or agi- 
 tated by passion. 
 
 The tempter, all impajsioned, thus began. Milton. 
 
 2. Animated ; excited ; having the feelings 
 warmed ; as, an impassioned orator. 
 
 3. Animated; expressive of passion or ardor; as, 
 an impassioned discourse. 
 
 IM-PAS'SI VE, a, [L. i;i and passus, patior, to suffer.] 
 Not susceptible of pain or suffering; as, the im- 
 passive air ; impassive ice. Dniden. Pope. 
 
 IM-PAS'SI VE-LY, ado. Without sensibility to pain 
 or siiirering. 
 
 IM-PAS'Sl VK-NESS, 71. The state of being insuscep- 
 tible of pain. Mvunliiiru. 
 
 IM-PAS-SIV"I-TY, 71. The quality of being insuscep- 
 tible of f(-eling, pain, or suffering. Paiuanias. Trans. 
 
 IM-PAS-Ta'T1()IV, n. [in and paste.] A union or 
 mixture of dill'erent substances by means of cements 
 which are capable of resisting the action of fire or 
 air. Brande. 
 
 lAl-PASTE', V. t, [Fr. enipaler; in and p&te, paste.] 
 
 1. To knead ; 10 make into paste. 
 
 2. _ In painting, to liiy on colors thick and bold. 
 IM-PaST'ED, pp. or o. Concreted, as into jKiste. 
 
 Slmk. 
 
 2. Pasted over ; covered with paste, or with thick 
 paint. 
 
 I M-PAST'ING, ppr. Making into paste. 
 
 IM-PAT'l-liLE, a. [I., impolibilis.] 
 Intolerable ; that can not be borne. 
 
 IM-PA'TIENCE, 71. [Fr. ; L. impatientia, from impa- 
 tiens; in and /;ritinr,^o suffer.] 
 
 Uneasiness under pain or suffering; the not en- 
 during pain with ciunposure; restlessne.ss occasioned 
 by suffering positive evil, or the absence of expertt.d 
 good. Impatience is not ra^e, nor absolute inabiliti/ to 
 hi'ar pain ; but it implies want of fortitude, or of its 
 evercise. It usually springs from irritability of tem- 
 
 IM-PA'TI ENT, a. [L. impotiens.] [per. 
 
 1. Uneasy or fretful under suffering; not bearing 
 pain with composure ; not enduring evil without fret- 
 fuliie.ss, uneasiness, and a desire or effort to get rid 
 i f the evil. Young men are impatient of restraint. 
 We are all apt to be impatient under wrongs'; ljut it 
 is a Christian duly not to he impalimt in sickness, or 
 under any alllictive dispensation of Providence. 
 
 2. Not suffering quietly ; not enduring, 
 f'tune, imnaiifiu ii( rxtnunm, dp-cayit 
 
 Not nioR- Ijy riivv than cxc i* of praitie. Pope. 
 
 .1. Hasty; eager; not enduring di'lay. The I'mjia- 
 tient man will not wail lor information ; he oflen 
 acts with precipitance. Be not impatient fir the re- 
 lurn of spring. 
 
 4. Not to be borne ; nn, impatient smart. Spenser. 
 This woril is followed liy of, at, for, or under. We 
 
 are impatient of restraint, or of wrongs ; impatient at 
 the delay of expected gooti ; impatient for the return 
 of a friend, or for the arrival of the mail ; impatient 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII<kT. — METE, PRfiY. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQJJ.— 
 
 580 
 
IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 under evils of any kind. Tliu proper use of these 
 particles can be learnt only by practice or observa- 
 tion. 
 
 IjM rA'TIENT, )i. One who is restless under suffer- 
 ing, r Unusual.] 
 
 IiM-l'.\''i'Ii;N'i'-LY, ailv. With unea-siness or restless- 
 ness ; as, to bear disappointment impnUrntly, 
 
 2. Witli cafeer di'sire lausing uneasines.s ; ao, to 
 wait impalirntlij for thif arrival of one's friend. 
 
 3. Passionately ; ardently. Clarnidon. 
 I.M-P.\T-RON-I-ZA'T[ON, ii. Absolute seipnory or 
 
 poss(rssion. Cot^rrave. 
 IM-PAT'llO.N-IZE, r. t. [Fr. impaironisrr.) 
 
 To gain to one's self the power of any seignorj-. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IM PAWN', r. t. [in and pawn.] To pawn ; to pledRo; 
 
 to di posit asHCCurilv. Shak 
 IM-PAW.N'KI), pp. i'lcdged. 
 I.\l-P.\ W.N'INU, ppr. Pl.nluiiiK. 
 
 IjM-Pk.ACII', v. L [Fr. empdc/icr ; Arm. amprichj am- 
 ptchcin: Port, and Sp. cmpachnr ; It. impacciarc ; to 
 hinder, to stop. It si{;nii\os also, in Purliisuesc, to 
 surfeit, to overload, to glut. It belongs to the family 
 
 of pack ; L. pango, partus ; Ar, 
 
 bakka, to press 
 
 or compress. Class Bg, No. 18, 20, 61. The literal 
 sense of impeach is,*o thrust, or send against ; hence, 
 to hinder, to stop.] 
 
 1. To hinder ; to impede. This sense is found in 
 our early writers. 
 
 Tlu'sc uii^mciouii pnctics of liu soiu did impeach bis Joiirn**/ 
 
 to tho lioly Land. Davits. 
 A dvfluxion on niy Uiro;u impeached my utterance. Howell. 
 [This applicatian vf the word is obsolete.] 
 
 2. To accuse ; to charge with a crime or niisde- 
 nioaiior ; but appropriate! i/, to e.xhibit charges of mal- 
 administration against a public ollicer before a compe- 
 tent tribunal, that is, to send or put on, to load. The 
 word is now restricted to accusations made by au- 
 thority ; as, to impeach a judge. [See Lmpeach- 
 
 MENT.] 
 
 3. To charge with impropriety ; to call in question ; 
 a.s, to impeach one's motives or conduct. 
 
 4. To call to account ; to charge .is answerable. 
 IM-Pr.ACll', ». Hinderaiice. [Obs.] Shak. 
 IM-Pli.AClI'A-BLE, n. Liable to accusation ; charge- 
 able with a crime ; accusabic; censurable. 
 
 2. Liable to be called in question ; accountable. 
 Owiicre of lands in fecsimple aro not impeachable for wiute. 
 
 Z. Stm/t. 
 
 IM-Pf;ACII'iED, (im-peecht',) pp. Hindered. [Obs.] 
 2. Accuseil ; charged with a crime, misdemeanor, 
 or wrong ; censured. 
 
 The first dunce hi tall may commit waste without bpxng im- 
 peached. .• Z. Htsifl, 
 
 IM-PeA('I1'ER, n. An accuser by authority; one 
 
 who calls in question. 
 IM-PEACH'ING, ppr. Hindering. [Obs.] 
 
 2. Accusing by authority ; calling in question the 
 
 purity or rectitude of conduct or motives. 
 IM-PEACir.ME.N'T, ;i. llinderance ; impediment; 
 
 stop; obstruction. [0J«.] Spenser. Shak. 
 
 2. An accusation or charge brought against a pub- 
 lic otticcr for maladministration in his office. In 
 Great Britain, it is the privilege or right of the house 
 of commons to impeach, and the right of the house 
 of lonis to try anil determine impeachments. In the 
 United States, it is the right of the house of repre- 
 sentatives to iinpe.tch, and of the senate to try and 
 determine im|)eacliments. In Great Britain, the 
 house of peers, ,ind in the United States, the sen- 
 ate of the United States, and the senates in the sev- 
 eral states, are the high courts of impeachment. 
 
 3. The act of impeaching. 
 
 4. Cen.siire ; accusation ; a calling in question the 
 purity of motives or the rectitude of conduct, &c. 
 This tleclanition is no impeachment of his motives or 
 of his judgment. 
 
 .S. The act of c.illing to account, as fur waste. 
 6. The state of iR'ing liable to account, as for 
 waste. 
 
 IM-PEARL', (im-pprr,)r. f. [in ani pearl.] To form 
 in the resemblance of pi^irls. 
 
 I>i-\v.dn)i»s which the son 
 Impearlt on ^T.-ry Icuf, nnd eviTv flower. ^ftlton. 
 
 2. To decorats with pearls, or with things resem- 
 bling pc.trls. 
 
 The dews of tlie morning impearl erery thorn. Digby. 
 IM-PE.\RL'£D, pp. Formed in the resemblance of 
 pearls. 
 
 I.M-PE.VRIj'INO, pp. Forming in the rescmbl.ance of 
 
 p»>arls ; decorating with pearls. 
 IM-PKC-f A-IIIL'I-TY, j n. [See Impeccable.] The 
 liM-PEe e \.\-CV', \ quality of not being liable 
 
 to sin ; exemption from sin, error, or offense. Pope. 
 I.M-PE6'eA-ia,E, a. [Sp. jinprcaUe: Fi. impeccable ; 
 
 tn and Sp. pecable, Fr. peccable, from L. pecco, to err, 
 
 to sin. 1 *- . > 
 
 .Not linblo to sin ; not subject to sin ; exempt from 
 the p<issibility of sinning. No mere man is impecca- 
 ble. 
 
 IM-PEOE', V. L [Sp. impcdir ; It. impedire ; L. iiiipc- 
 dio ; siipimsed to be compounded of in and pedes, 
 feet, to catch or entangle the feet.] 
 
 To hiiuler ; to stop in progress ; to obstruct ; as, to 
 inipftfc the progress of troops. 
 
 I.M-l'F.D'lOl), Hindered; slopped; obstructed. 
 
 I.M-I'I'.'Dl-Hl.i:, «. Tliat may be impeded. 
 
 I.M-l'ED'l-iMENT, n. fL. impeilimcnlum.] 
 
 1. 'I'hat which hinders progress or motion; hin- 
 deraiice ; obstruction ; obstacle ; applicable to every 
 subject, physical or moral, iiad roaiis are impriliments 
 in marcliiiig and traveling. Idleness and dissipation 
 are impediments to iniprtiveiiieiit. 'I'he cares of life 
 are impediments to the progri'ss of vital religion. 
 
 2. That which prevents distinct articulation ; ae, 
 an impediment in speech. 
 
 I.M-PEU'I-MENT, V. t. To impede. [JiTot in use.] 
 
 Bp. /itvnolds, 
 
 IM-PED-I-MENT'AL, a. Hindering ; obalracling. 
 
 Jthuntairu. 
 
 IM-PicD'INO, ppr. Hindering ; stopping ; obstructing. 
 IM'PE-llITE, a. Hi;-.Jered. Toylor. 
 IM'PE-DITK, e. f. To impede. [JVot in u.ie.] 
 I.M-PE-DI"TION, ( pe-dish'un,) n. A huidering. 
 
 Barter, 
 
 I.M-PED'I-TIVE, a. Causing hindcrance. Sanderson. 
 I.M-PEL', V. t, [Sp. impeler i It. impcllere; L. impeUo ; 
 in and pello, to drive.] 
 
 To drive or urge forward ; to press on ; to excite 
 to'action, or to move forward, by the application of 
 physical force, or moral suasion, or necessity. A 
 ball is impelled by the force of powder ; a ship is im- 
 pelled by wind ; a man ni.iy b'^impi llt d by hunger or 
 a regard to liis safety ; motives of policy or of safety 
 inipfi nations to confederate. 
 
 The snr^ impelled me on a craff^ cofisl. Pope. 
 And Si-vend men impel to scvenu inds. Pope. 
 
 I.M-PEL'LKD, (im-peld',) pp. Driven forward ; urged 
 on ; moved by any force or power, physical or moral. 
 
 I.M-PEL'LEiV'i', a. Having the quality of inpi lling. 
 
 I.M-PEL'LENT, ri. A power or force thai '■ v. < for- 
 ward ; motive or impulsive power. OtunaUte, 
 
 IM-PEL'LER, 71. He or that which impels. 
 
 IM-PEL'LL\G,ppr. or a. Driving forward ; urging; 
 pressing. 
 
 IM-PEi\', V. U [in and pen,] To pen ; to shut or in- 
 close in a narrow place. Feltham. 
 
 I.'M-PEND', V, i, [L. impendeo ! in and pendeo, to 
 haugj 
 
 1. To hang over ; to be suspended above ; to threat- 
 en. A dark cloud impends over the laud. 
 
 Destruction sure o'er all your Iieatis impends. Pope. 
 
 2. To be near ; to be approaching and ready to 
 fall on. 
 
 It expresses our deep sense of God's impetuling wrath. 
 
 Sinalridge. 
 
 Nor bear advices of impending foes. Pope. 
 
 IM-PEND'ENCE, ) «. The state of hanging over ; 
 
 I.M-PE.ND'EN-CY, j near approach; a menacing at- 
 titude. Hammond, 
 
 IS!-PE.\D'ENT, a. Hanging over ; imminent ; threat- 
 ening; pressing closely ; as, an impendent evil. Hale, 
 
 I.M-PE.\I)'I.\G, ppr. or a. Hanging over; approach- 
 ing near ; threatening. 
 
 I.M-PEN-E-TRA-I!II,'I-TY, n. [from impenetrable.] 
 The quality of being impenetrable. 
 
 2. In ;iri(iira< philosophy, that ipiality of matter by 
 which it excludes all other matter from the space it 
 occupies. Olmsted. 
 
 3. Insusceptibility of intellectual impression. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 I.M-PEN'E-TRA-BLE, a. [L. impenetrabilis ; in and 
 pcnetrabilis, frtim prnctro, to penetrate.] 
 
 1. 'i'hat can not be penetrated or pierced ; not ad- 
 mitting the passage of other bodies ; as, an impene- 
 trable shiehl. 
 
 2. .Not to be affected or moved ; not admitting im- 
 pres.sion3 on tlu^ mind. The hardened sinner re- 
 mains impenetrable to the admonitions of the gospel. 
 
 3. Not to be entered by the sight ; as impenetrable 
 darkness. Hence, 
 
 4. Not to be entered and viewed by the eye of the 
 intellect ; as, impenetrable obscurity or abstriiseness. 
 
 I.M-PE.\'E-TR.V-ULE-NESS, n. Impenetrability, 
 which see. 
 
 IM-PEN'E-TRA-ni,Y, ndv. With solidity that admits 
 not of being penetrated. 
 
 2. With hardness that admits not of impression ; 
 as, imprnrtrably dull. Pope, 
 IM-PEN'I-TENCE, j lu [Tt, impenUenee ; Sp. impen- 
 I.M-PE.\'1-TEN-CY, i itrncia; It. impeniten:a ,' L. in 
 and pirniteiu, from paniteo, to repent, ptrnu, |iain.] 
 
 Want of penitence or repentance ; absence of con- 
 trition or sorrow for sin ; obduracy ; hardness of 
 heart. Final impenitence dooms the sinner to inev- 
 itable punishment. 
 
 He will advance Irom one degree of impenitence lo another. 
 
 Pogere. 
 
 IM-PEN'I-TENT, a. [Fr. ; in and poiitcnf, supra.] 
 -Not penitent ; not repenting of sin ; not contrite ; 
 obdurate ; of a hard heart. 
 
 They died 
 
 Imptniunl. Afi/lon. 
 
 I.M-PEN'I-TENT, n. One who docs not fcpent;a 
 hardened sinner. 
 
 I.M-PEN'I-TENT-LY, adv. Without repentance or 
 colli rilioii for sin ; obdurately. 
 
 I.M-1'EN'.\ATE, a. or n. [L. in and pn"n«.] A term 
 applied to swiniiiiing birds, as penguin^, character- 
 ized by sh rt wings covt red with feathers reseiii- 
 bl In 2 Sl ab s. Brande, 
 
 IM-l'i;.N'.\/;i), pp. Inclosed in a narrow place. 
 
 1 M-I'1',.\'.M.\G, ppr. Inclosing in a narrow place. 
 
 l.M-l'l_;.\'.\OUS,«. [in and pcnnous.] Ilavinsf no wings 
 
 I.M-Pl'.O'PI.E, (iiii-pee'pl,) e. t. 'lo form into a coin- 
 iiiiiiiity. [See People.) Biaam. 4' h'l, 
 
 IM-PP.O'PI.A'i), j(p. Formed into a comiiiiinily. 
 
 I.M-Pl'",0'I'Ll.\(i, ppr. Forming into a coininuiiity. 
 
 I.M'PE-RANT, a. [L. impm).] 
 
 Coiiiiiiaiuliiig. Baiter. 
 
 IiM'PE-RAI'E, a. [L. imperatu.i, imprro, to coiiiiiiaiiil.] 
 Done by impulse or direction of the iiiiml. iJVot 
 ■used.] ^'outh. I/ale. 
 
 IM-PEK'.\-TIVE, a. [Fr. imperalif; I,, imperativus, 
 from imprro, to coiniiiaiiil. See ICmpiue.] 
 
 1. ('oiiinianding ; aullioritative ; expressive of 
 command ; containing positive coiiiinand, as distin- 
 guished from .Advisory, or Disciietionakv. The or- 
 ders are imperative. 
 
 2. In grammar, the imperatire mode of a verb is 
 that wliich expresses command, entreaty, advice, or 
 e.\liortation ; as, go, write, attend. 
 
 IM-PER'.VTIVE-LV , adv. With command ; author- 
 itatively. 
 
 IM-PER-A-To'RI-AL, a. Coi>>iiianding. [Mdinvse.] 
 I.M-PER-CkIV'A-BLE, a. lm|K>rceptible. [Aorrw. 
 I.M PK.K-CkIV'A-BLE-NESS, n. Imperceptiblencss. 
 LM-PER CEP'TI-I;LE, «. [Fr. ; in and perceptible,] 
 
 1. Not to be perceived ; not to be known or discov- 
 ered by the senses. We say a thing is imperceptible 
 to the touch, to the eye or sight, to the ear, to the 
 taste, or smell. Hence, 
 
 2. Wry small ; line ; minute in dimensions ; or 
 x'ery slow in motion or progress ; as, the growth of a 
 plant or animal is imperceptible; it is too slow to be 
 perceived bv the eye. 
 
 IM-PER-CEP'TI-Iil,E, n. That which can not be 
 perceived bv the senses on account of its smallness. 
 [Little used.] Tatter. 
 
 Ol-PER-CEP'TI-BI-E-NESS, ) n, Tliequalilv of being 
 
 ni-PER CEP-'1'I-1!II/1-TY, ( inipurceptible. Hale. 
 
 I.M-Pi;U-(;i',P'TI-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be 
 perceived. Jiddisini, 
 
 I.M-PER-CIP'I-E.\T, a. Not perceiving or not having 
 power to perceive. Baiter, 
 
 liM-PER-DI-BIL'I-TY, n. The state or quality of be- 
 ing iiii])erditile. 
 
 I.M-PEK'Dl-BLE, a. Not destructible. [J^ot a legiti- 
 viate irord.] 
 
 I.M-PER'FEeT, a. [I,, imperfectus ; in and perfectus, 
 finished, perfect ; perjicio, to perfect; prr and /acio, 
 to make.] 
 
 1. Not finished ; not complete. The work or design 
 is imperfect. 
 
 2. Defective ; not entire, sound, or whole ; want- 
 ing a part ; impaired. 'J lie writings of Livy are iin- 
 
 pcrfect. 
 
 3. Not perfect in intellect; liable lo err ; .is, men 
 are imperfect; our minds and understandings are im- 
 perfect. 
 
 4. Not perfect in a moral view ; not according to 
 the laws of God, or the rules of right. Uur services 
 and obedience are imperfect. 
 
 5. In grammar, Dk imperfect tense denotes an ac- 
 tion in time past, then present, but not finished. 
 
 (). In music, iiicdiiiplete : not having all the acces- 
 sary sounds ; as, an imperfect chord. 
 
 An imperfect interval, is tnie which does not contain 
 its coiiipleineiit of simple sounds. Busby. 
 
 7. In botany, wanting cither stamens or pistils, as 
 a flower. 
 
 Imperfect number ; one which is not equal to the 
 sum of its aliquot parts or divi.sors. [See Perkect.] 
 LM-PER-FEC'TION, n, [Fr., from L. imperfcUio, au- 
 pr.L] 
 
 1. Defect ; fault ; the want of a part or of some- 
 thing necessary to complete a thing ; equally apjdica- 
 ble lo physical or moral subjects. When fruit fails to 
 come to niatiirity, and after it begins to decay, we 
 denominate the defect an imperfection. Laws some- 
 times fail of till' intended effect, cither from their iin- 
 perfcction, or from the imprrfeetion of the ailiiiiiiistm- 
 tion. Men are all chargeable with imperfections, both 
 in character and in conduct. 
 
 2. In book-binding, a sheet or signature wanting to 
 complete a book. 
 
 Dl-PER'FECT-LV, adv. In an imi»rfcct manner or 
 degree ; not fully ; not entirely ; not completely ; not 
 ill the best manner; not without fault or failure. 
 IM-PER'FECT-NESS, n, 'I'he state of being imperfect. 
 l.M-PEK'FO-RA-l!I.E, a, [Infra.] That can not be 
 
 perforated or bored through. 
 I.M-PER'FO-RATE, a. | L. in and prrforatus, perfaro , 
 Not perforated or pieiced ; having no opening. 
 
 Sharpe. 
 
 IM-PER'FO-R.\-TED, a. Not perforated. Brown. 
 2. Having no pores. Sir J. Banks. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS. — e os K ; 6 as J ; 8 .as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 T3* 
 
 WW 
 
 &el 
 
r 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IM-PER FO-Ra'TION, j!. The state of being not per- 
 
 fiiniii'd, or without any aperture. 
 I.M-Pk'UI-AL, tt. [Kr., from L. im/jcriaits, from impe- 
 
 rOy to coiniitaud. See Emperor.] 
 
 1. I'l rtaiiiin^ to an empire, or to an emperor ; as, 
 an imjirrial g( .verumcnt ; an imperial diadem ; impe- 
 rial authority' or edict ; iwprrial power or sway. 
 
 2. Royal ; beloucing lo a nionarcii j as, an imperial 
 palace ; imperial arts. Drydea. 
 
 3. Pertaining to royalty ; drnoting sovereignty. 
 
 4. Conirnaniliim ; iiiauitaiuing supremacy ; as, the 
 tmpcrmi denioci.u y lit' Allirns. Milfurd. 
 
 Imperial chamber : l\\c sovereign court of the Ger- 
 man empire. Encijc. 
 
 Imperial city : a city in Germany having no head 
 but the emperor. 
 
 Imperial diet ; an assembly of all the states of the 
 German empire. Encyc. 
 IM-Pe'KI-AL, n. In architecture, a kind of dome, 
 which, viewed in profile, is pointed toward the top, 
 and widens as it descends, as in Moorish buildings. 
 
 Elmes. 
 
 9._ A tuft of hair on a man's lower lip. 
 IM-Pk'UI-AL-IST, n. One who belongs to an empe- 
 ror ; a subject or soldier of an emperor. The denom- 
 ination imperialists is often given to the troops or 
 armies of the emperor of Germany. 
 IxM-PE-RI-AL'I-Ty, 71. Imperial power. 
 
 2. The right of an emperor to a share of tlie prod- 
 uce of mines, &c. 
 
 Tlie late eiriprcss li.'ivine:, by ukiises of ^ce, relinquished her 
 iinperiahties on the" private minLS, viz. the teiilli; of the 
 copper, iron, silver, siiul gold. Toulic. 
 
 I.M-PE'RI-AL-lZ-£D, a. Made imperial or belonging 
 to a_n emperor. Fatter. 
 
 IM-Pe'IU-AL LY, a'lv. In an imperial manner. 
 
 I.M-Pf.'RI-AL-TY, n. Imperial power. Sheldon. 
 
 IM-PER'IL, V. t. [in and peril.] To bring into dan- 
 ger. Spenser. 
 
 IM-PER'IL-ED, pp. Broiisht into danger. 
 
 LM-PER'II.-I.\G, ppr. liritiiiing into danger. 
 
 IM-PE'IU-(JUr<, (I. [L. i"'.pirii}sus; It. and Sp. impcri- 
 oso ; Fr. imperieui. S(;e Imi'ERIal.] 
 
 1. Commanding ; dictatorial ; haughty ; arrogant ; 
 overbearing; domineering ; 'as, an imperious tyrant; 
 an imperious dictator ; an imperial man ; an imperi- 
 ous temper. More. Shale. 
 
 2. Commanding; indicating an imperious temper ; 
 authoritative ; as, imperious words. Locke. 
 
 3. Powerful; overbearing; not to be opposed by 
 obstacles ; as, a man of a vast and imperious mind. 
 
 l^illotson. 
 
 4. Commanding ; urgent ; pressing ; as, imperious 
 love ; imperious circumstances ; ijnperious appetite. 
 
 Dryden. S. S. Smith. 
 
 5. Authoritative ; commanding with rightful au- 
 thority. 
 
 The comm.-\ndmcut high and imperious in its claims. 
 
 D. A. Clarke. 
 
 IM-Pe'RI-OUS-IjY, ade. With arrogance of command ; 
 with a haughty air of authority ; in a domineering 
 manner. South. 
 9._With urgency or force not to be opposed. 
 IM-Pk'RI-OUS-NE'SS, n. Authority ; air of command. 
 
 South. 
 
 2. Arrogance of command ; haughtiness. 
 
 Impel 
 
 :a-s and severity is a 
 o>on to guide tiiein. 
 
 ill way of treatin 
 
 JM-PER'ISH-A-BLE, a. [Fr. imperissable ; in and per- 
 ish.] 
 
 Not subject to decay ; not liable to perish ; inde- 
 structible ; enduring permanently ; as, an imperisha- 
 ble monument ; imperishable renown. Elegant dis- 
 courses on virtue — will not supply the consolations 
 of imperishable hope. 
 1M-PER'I.S1I-A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being 
 inip'Ti^liable. 
 
 I.M-1'|;R'I.S11-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be liable to 
 dicny. 
 
 IM-l'l:'Rf-UM IJV IM-PE'RI-0, [L.] Government 
 
 within a gt»vcrnm(^nt. 
 r.M I'ER'.M A-iNE.N'CE, 7i. Want of permanence or 
 
 continued diiration. IV. Jitouuta<ru. 
 
 I.M PEIl'.M A-NENT, o. [in and permanent.] Not per- 
 
 in.'incnt ; not enduring. Gregory. 
 l.M I'ER-.ME A-I!1I/I-TY, n. Tlieciuality in boilies of 
 
 not permitting a tlnid to pass through them. 
 
 Cavallo. Asiat. Res. 
 I.M-I'ER'ME-A-BLK, o. [I,, in and pcrjnco ; ;jcr and 
 
 meo, to pays.] 
 
 A term applifd to hoilii's which do ntit permit fluids 
 
 to pa~i ilin.ugh Ihi'ui. India rubber is impermeable to 
 
 water; hl.idilir is i/n/;( rmraWo to air. Olmsted. 
 I.M-PER'.Mi; A lil-E .NE.SS, 71. State of being Inipcr- 
 
 miahlr. 
 
 liM PKR'.ME-A-BLY, adv. In an impermeable man- 
 ner. 
 
 IM-PKR-HCRO'TA-BLE, a. That can not be Hcarchcd 
 out. 
 
 IM PER HCRO'TA-BIX-NESS, 71. State of not being 
 
 rapalilir of hcrutiny. 
 IM-PKIl'.S().\-AL, a. [Ft. imprrsonnel; 1,. imprrsona- 
 
 lU ; in and persontdis, from persona. Hoe I'cnuuN.] 
 
 In frrammar, an impersonal verb is one which is not 
 emjjloyed with the first and second persons, / and 
 tl'ou or yon, we and 7/c, for nominatives, and which 
 has no variation of ending to express them, but is 
 used only with the termination of the third person 
 singular, with it for a nominative in English, and 
 without a nominative in Latin; as, it rains; it be- 
 comes us to be modest ; L. t^.det ; libel ; putrnatur. 
 
 IM-PER-SON-AL'I-TY, ji. Want or indistinctness of 
 personality. Draper. 
 
 lAI-PER'SON-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of an im- 
 personal verb. 
 
 IM-PER'SON-.aTE, v. t. To invest with personality 
 or the bodily substance of a living being. 
 
 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person ; to person- 
 ifs'. fVarton. 
 
 IM-PER'SOX-A-TEn, pp. or a. Made persons of. 
 [See Personated.] tVarton. 
 
 IM-PBR-SOX-a'TION, 7!. Embodiment, or state of 
 being invested with personality. 
 
 2. The act of personifying, or representing things 
 without life as persons. West. Rev. 
 
 IM-PER-SPI-eO'I-TY, n. Want of perspicuity or 
 clearnesfti to the mind. 
 
 IM-PER-SPie'lJ-OUS, a. [in and perspicuous.] Not 
 perspicuous ; not clear ; obscure. Bailey. 
 
 IM-PER-SUa'SI-BLE, a. [L. in and pcrsuasibilis. 
 See Persuade.] 
 
 Not to be moved by persuasion ; not yielding to 
 arguments. Decay of Piety. 
 
 IM-PER'TI-NENCE, ) n. [Fr. impertinence, from L. 
 
 IM-PER'TI-NEX-CY, ( impertinens ; in and perti^ 
 nens, pertineo, to pertain ; per and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 1. That which is not pertinent; that which does 
 not belong to the subject in hand ; that whicJi is of 
 no weight. Bacon. 
 
 2. The state of not being pertinent. 
 
 3. Folly ; rambling thought. [Little used.] Skak. 
 
 4. Rudeness ; improper intrusion ; interference by 
 %vord or conduct which is not consistent with the 
 age or station of the person. 
 
 [This is the most usual sense.] 
 
 We sliould avoid the vexation and impertinence of pedants. 
 
 Swi/t. 
 
 5. A trifle ; a thing of little or no value. 
 
 There are many snbtile impertinences learnt in schools. Walts. 
 
 IM-PER'TI-NENT, a. [L. impertinens, supra.] 
 
 1. Not pertaining to the matter in hand ; of no 
 weight ; having no bearing on the subject ; as, an 
 impertinent remark. Hooker. Tillotson. 
 
 2. Rude ; intrusive ; meddling with that wliich 
 does imt belong to the person ; as, an impertinent 
 coxcomb. 
 
 3. Trifling ; foolish ; negligent of the present pur- 
 pose. Pope. 
 
 IM-PER'TI-NKNT, 71. An intruder ; a meddler ; one 
 who interferes in what does not belong to him. 
 
 L^ Estranfre. 
 
 IM-PER'TI-NENT-LY, adv. Without relation to the 
 
 matter in hand. 
 2. Officiously ; intrusively ; rudely. Addison. 
 IM-PER-TRAN-SI-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of not 
 
 being capable of being passed through. Hale. 
 I.M-PER-TRAN'SI-BLE, a. [L. in and pertranseo; 
 
 per anil transeo, to pass over or through; trans and 
 
 CO, to go.] 
 
 Not to be passed through. [Little used.] 
 IM-PER-TURB'.\-BLE, a. [L. in and perturho, to 
 disturb ; per and turbo.] 
 
 'I'hat can not bo disturbed or agitated ; permanently 
 quiet. Encifc. 
 IM-PER-TTJR-Ba'TION, 71. Freedom from agitation 
 
 of mind ; calmness. fV. Mountairu. 
 
 IM-PER-TURB'£U, a. Undisturbed. [J^ot in use.] 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 IM-PER'VI-A-BLE, a. Impervious. 
 IM-PER'Vr-A-HLE-NESS, j n. Iniperviousness. 
 I.M PER-VI-A-BIL'I-TY, j Ed. Rev. 
 
 IM-PER' Vl-OUS, a. [L. impervius ; in and pervius, 
 passable ; per and via, way.] 
 
 1. Not to be puni trateil or pas.scd through ; impen- 
 etrable ; as, an impervious ^\\\{ ; iin impervious forcat. 
 
 2. Not penetrable ; not to be pierced by a pointed 
 instrument ; as, an impervioiLi shield. 
 
 3. Not penetrable by light ; not permeable to fluids. 
 Glass is pervious to light, but impervious to water. 
 I'aper is impervious to light. In the latter sense only, 
 impervious is synonymous with impenneahle. 
 
 IM-PER' VI-OU.S-I>Y, ado. In a manner to prevent 
 passage or penetration. 
 
 I.M-PER'VI-Ot;S-NESS, 7i. The state of not admit- 
 ting a pjissage. 
 
 I.M-PE.S'TER, V. t. To vex ; to tease. [JVbf H.«crf.] 
 
 IH-PE-TIG'IN-OIJS, a. [\i. impetijro, u ringworm.] 
 Of the nature of impetigo. 
 
 IM-PE 'ri'(;o, n. [\j.] A cutam^ous eruption con- 
 sisting (jf clustering pustules which are yellow and 
 itching, and terminate in a yellow, scaly crust, intt^r- 
 fleeted with cr:icks. Good. 
 
 IM'PE TRA i!EK, a. [Sco Imi-etrate.] That may 
 he oblaini il by pi^titioii. 
 
 IM'IMvTHaTE, II. (. [I,, impetro.] 
 
 To obtain by retpiest or (entreaty. Usher. 
 
 IM-PE-TRa'TION,ji. The act of obtaining by prayer 
 or petition. Herbert. 
 
 2. In law, the pre-obtaining of benefices from the 
 church of Rome, which belonged to the disposal of 
 the king and other lay patrons of the realm. Encyc. 
 
 IM'PE-TRA-TIVE, a. Obtaining; tending to obtain 
 by entreaty. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IM'PE-TRA-TO-RY, a. Beseeching; containing en- 
 treaty. Taylor. 
 
 IM-PET-U-OS'I-TY, 7!. [See Impetuous.] A rush- 
 ing with violence and great force; fury ; violence. 
 2. Vehemence ; furiousness of temper. 
 
 lai-PET'lI-OUS, a. [Fr. impelueuz ; L. impetuosus, 
 from impetus, impeto; in anil peto,to urge, to rush. 
 See Bid.] 
 
 1. Rushing with great force and violence; moving 
 rapidly; furious; forcible; fierce; raging; as, an 
 impetuous wind ; an impetuous torrent. 
 
 2. Vehement of mind ; fierce ; hasty ; passionate ; 
 violent ; as, a man oi impetuous temper. 
 
 IM-PET'tT-OUS-LY, adv. Violently; fiercely; forci- 
 bly ; with haste and force. Addison. 
 
 IM-PET'[I-OUS-NESS,7i. A driving or rushing with 
 haste and violence ; furiousness ; fury ; violence. 
 2. Vehemence of temper ; violence. 
 
 IM'PE-TUS, 7!. [L. supra.] Force of motion ; the 
 force with which any body is driven or impelled. 
 
 2. The force with which one body in motion strikes 
 another. 
 
 3. In gunnery, the altitude through which a heavy 
 body must fall to acquire a velocity equal 1 1 that 
 with which a ball is discharged from a piece. 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 IM-Pie'TUR-ED, a. Painted ; impressed. Spenser. 
 IM'PIER. See Umpire. 
 
 IM-PIeRCE', 71. t. To pierce through ; to penetrate. 
 
 Draiitoii. 
 
 IM-Pri?,RCE'A-BLE, (im-peers'a-bl,) a. [in and pierce.] 
 Not to be pierced or penetrated. Spenser. 
 
 IM-PlERC'i-.'D, (iin-peerst',) pp. Pierced through. 
 
 IM-PIkRC'ING, ;>/ir. Piercing through. 
 
 IM-Pl'E-TY, 71. [Fr. impiete; L. impietas; in and 
 pietas, pins.] 
 
 1. Ungodliness ; irreverence toward the Supreme 
 Being ; contempt of tlie divine ch.aracter and author- 
 ity ; neglect of the divine precepts. These con- 
 stitute different degrees of impiety. 
 
 2. Any act of wickedness, as blasphemy and scoff- 
 ing at the Supreme Being, or at his authority ; pro- 
 faneness. Any expression of contempt for God or 
 his laws, constitutes an impiety of the highest degree 
 of criminality. Disobedience to the divine com- 
 mantls, or neglect of duty, implies contempt for his 
 authority, and is therefore impiety. Impiety, when 
 it expresses the temper or disposition, has no plural ; 
 but it is otherwise when it expresses an act of wick- 
 edness, for all such acts are impieties. 
 
 IM-PIG'NO-RaTE, v. t. To pledge or pawn. [JVo( 
 in use.] 
 
 IM-PIG-NO-Ra'TION, 7t. The act of pawning. [A'ot 
 in use.] 
 
 IM-PINGE', (im-pinj',) v. 1. [L. impintro ; in and 
 paniro, to strike. See Pack.] 
 
 To fall against; to strike; to dash against; to 
 clash upon. 
 
 The cause of reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid 
 or impervious parts of bodies. Neiolon. 
 
 IM-PINGE'MENT, 71. Act of impinging. D.Clinton. 
 IM-PING'ING, ppr. Striking against. 
 IM-PIN"GUaTE, (-ping'gwate,) v. t. [L. iti and 
 pintruis, fat,] 
 
 To fatten ; to make fat, [JVot in use.] Bacmi. 
 IM'PI-OUS, a. [E, impius; in and pius, pious,] 
 
 1, Irreverent toward the Supreme Beiii^; wanting 
 in veneration for God and his authority ; irreligious; 
 profane. The scoffer at God and his authority is 
 impious. The profane swearer is impious. 
 
 When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, 
 
 The post of Iionur is a private station. Addison. 
 
 2. Irreverent toward God ; proceeding from or 
 manifesting a cimtempt for the Supreme lieing ; 
 tending to dislumor God or his laws, nnti bring them 
 into coiitemiit ; .as, an impious deed ; impious l.m- 
 guage ; itupious writings. 
 
 IM'PI-OUS-l,Y, ado. With irreverence for God, or 
 contempt for his autliorily ; profanely ; wickedly. 
 
 IM'PI-OIJS-NESS, 71. Impiety ; contempt of God and 
 his laws. 
 
 IMP'ISII, a. Having the qualities of an imp. 
 IM-PlM-CA-HII/r-TV, ) 71. [from im;i?(ir(i/)^c] The 
 IM PI.A'eA-llI.E-NESS, j quality of not being ap- 
 peasable ; iiiexorableness ; irreconcilable enmity or 
 anger. 
 
 [M-PEA'eA-BI,E, n. [Fr., from h. implacabilis ; in 
 and placabilis, from plncn, to appease.] 
 
 1. Not to he appeasetl ; that can not be pacified 
 and renilered pcaci-able ; inexorable ; stubborn or 
 constant in enmity ; as, an implacable prince. 
 
 2. Not to be a[)peaseti or subdued ; as, implacable 
 anger ; implncable enmity, malice, or revenge. 
 
 IM-PEA'CA lil.Y, ni/ii. With enmity not to bo paci- 
 fieil or subdued ; inexorably ; as, to hato a per.non 
 implacably. . 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T, — METE, PIIBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— 
 _ 
 
IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 l.M-l*I<AN'l'', ». i. [in and plant, I,. plaiUo.] 
 
 To si t, plant, c)r inlix, for tile purposi;' of sirowth ; 
 
 as, to im/ilant the seeds of virtue, or tile principles 
 
 of knowledge in tlio minds of youlli ; to implant 
 
 grace in the heart. 
 
 [ll is now seldom or never used in its literal sense for 
 
 sHtinir plants or seeds in the earth.] 
 IM-I'LA.\T-a''J'ION, II. The act of setting or infix- 
 
 ins! in the mind or heart, as principles or first riidi- 
 
 nu-iits. Brown. 
 I.\1-I'LANT'ED, pp. or a. Set ; infixed in the mind, 
 
 as priiiciptcs or riKliiiicnts. 
 I.M I'hANT'l.Nti, ppr. Setting or infixing in the mind, 
 
 as principles. 
 
 I.M-l'LAL'-SI-BIL'I-TV, n. [from implausible.] Tlie 
 qiinliiv of not being plausible or specious. 
 
 IM-PL.VU'SI-BLE, u. [in and plaiisibk.] Not spe- 
 cious; not wearing the appearance of truth or cred- 
 ibility, and not likely to be believed ; as, an implau- 
 sible liarangue. Swift. 
 
 IJI-I'I,AU'S1-15LE-NESS, ii. State of not being plau- 
 sible." 
 
 IM-l'LAC'SI-BLY, adv. VVitliout an appearance of 
 prob:i])iIitv. 
 
 IM-1'LkACII', 1). t [iniu\i pleach.] To interweave. 
 
 f JV.it i« u.<e.] Shak. 
 I.^I•I•L^CAD', V. U [in and plead.] To institute and 
 
 prosecute a suit against one in court; to sue at law. 
 
 The corporation shall have power to plead and be 
 
 impleaded. 
 
 LiM ihom implead one anolher. — Acts xix. 
 
 I.M-PLkAD'ED, pp. Prosecuted ; sued ; subject to 
 answer to a suit in court. 
 
 IM-PI-kAD'EK, II. One who prosecutes another. 
 
 I.M-PLkAD'I.N'G, ppr. Prosecuting a suit. 
 
 I.M-PI.f:AS'l.\"G, a. (Jnpleasing. [Aot in u-ic] 
 
 IiM-PI,E1)("".E', (ini-plej',) ». (. To pawn. [JVut used.] 
 
 I.M-PI-Kl)ti'AU, a. Pledged; pawned. 
 
 I.M'PI.E-.\ii:.\'l', II. [Low L. impleinentum, from im- 
 pleo. to fill ; in and pleo.] 
 
 Whatever may supply wants ; particularly applied 
 to tools, utensils, vessels, instniinents ; the tools or 
 instrtiinenls of labor; the vessels used in a kitchen, 
 &c. ; as, the implemenls of trade or of husbandry. 
 [It is a word of very eztensive sitptifcatian.] 
 
 IM'PLE-.MENT-IXG, a. Furnishing with implements. 
 
 Kd. Rev. 
 
 IM-PLE'TI0\, n. [I,, impleo, to fill ; in and pleo.] 
 The act of filling ; the state of being full. 
 The iinptetion is piUipr in simple or com|y>innl flowrra. The 
 iiitpletion of simplr flowcn is by the liiciviise either of Uie 
 peuiU lt of tiie iiecturj'. Lee. 
 
 I.M'PLEX, a. [L. implezus. See Implicate.] 
 Infolded ; intricate ; entangled ; complicated. 
 KverT poem is simple or implex; it is c-iitetl simple, when there 
 u no change of fortoKC in it; irnptet, when the fortune of 
 the cliJef RCtor changes from had to gT>Ml, or fr^>in good to 
 Uid. SpectaU/r. 
 
 IM-PI,EX'IOX, (im-plek'shun,) n. (See Implicate.] 
 The art of.infoWling or involving ; the state of being 
 involved; involution, [/.ittle used.] Diet. 
 
 IM'PM-CATE, ». t [Fr. impliqucr ; It. implicare ; L. 
 impticoy implicatus ; in and plico, to fold ; Gr. TrA^iroi, 
 \V. pUiffit.] 
 
 1. 'I'd infold ; to involve ; to entangle. Boyle, 
 [Seldom luted in its literal setlse.] 
 'i. To involve ; to bring into connection with ; 
 also, to show or prove to be connected or concerned ; 
 as, the evidence does not implicate the accused per- 
 son in this conspiracy. 
 l.M'PI,I-C.\-TEl), pp. Infolded : involved. 
 
 9. Involved ; connected ; concerned ; proved to be 
 concerned or to have had a part. Twenty persons 
 are implicated in the plot. 
 IM'PLI-e.\-TI.NG, ppr. Involving ; proving to be 
 concerned. 
 
 IM-PLi e.A'TIO.V, n. [L. implicalio, supra.] 
 
 1. The act of iiifolihng or involving. 
 
 2. Involution ; entanglement. 
 
 Three prina{«l cnusrs of finnness nre, the grossness, the qniel 
 contact, and Ibo iinpUcaUon of llic component ptvrts. Boytt, 
 
 3. An implying, or that which is implied, but not 
 expressed ; a tacit inference, or something fairly to 
 be understtwd, though not expressed in words. 
 
 The doclori Are, by impliradon, of a flitferent opinion. Aytiffe. 
 IM'PLi eA-TIVE, o. Having implication. 
 IM'PI.I eA-TIVE-I.Y, a<it>. I!y implication. Bitot. 
 I.M-PLIC'IT, (im-plis'it,) a. [L. impiicifiis, from tm- 
 plico.\ 
 
 1. Infolded ; entangled ; complicated. 
 
 In his woolly fteec* 
 1 cUng tm^ciL {IMU* u*ed.\ Pop*. 
 
 iJ. Implied ; tacitly comprised ; fairly to be under- 
 stootl, though not expressed in words ; as, an implicit 
 contract or agreement. 
 
 3. Resting on another ; trusting to the word or 
 authority of another, without doubting or reserve, or 
 without examining into the truth of the thing itself. 
 Thus we give implicit credit or confidence to the 
 derlamtionslif a person of known veracity ; we re- 
 ceive with implicit faith whatever God bos clearly 
 revealed. 
 
 I.M-PLIC'IT-LY, adv. Hy iiitcrcnce deducible, but 
 not expressed in words; virtually; in reality, but 
 not in name. 
 
 He th:it tlenies the providence of Uod impliciUi/ di-iiies his 
 exiaU'nce. lienllfy. 
 
 2. By connection with something else ; depeiid- 
 ently ; with unreserved confidence ; without doubt- 
 ing, or without examining evidence. VVe are dis- 
 posed to believe implicitlij what a man of veracity 
 testifies. 
 
 Ijoani nut to dispute the methods of his providence, but htimhij 
 and iiitpliciili/ to uapiiesce in »nd adore Uioin. .41lcr6ury. 
 
 I.M-PLIC'IT-NESS, n. The state of being implicit ; 
 the state of trusting without reserve. 
 
 I.M-PLI'liD, pp. or (I. [See Imply.] Involved ; con- 
 tained virtually, though not expressed ; as, an implied 
 promise. 
 
 IM-PLI'ED-LY, adv. Bv implication. 
 IM-PLO-Ka'TIO.\, 71. Earnest supplication. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 IM'i'LO-RA-TOR, n. One who implores. Shak. 
 I.M-PLoRE', J'. L [Fr. implorer ; Sj). implorar; It. im- 
 plorare ; L. imploro ; in and plojt), to cry out.] 
 
 1. To call upon or for, in supplication ; to beseech ; 
 to pray earnestly ; to petition with urgency ; to en- 
 treat ; as, to implore the forgiveness of sins ; to iin- 
 plore mercy. 
 
 Imploring all the gods that rcigii atiove. Pope. 
 5. To ask earnestly ; to beg. 
 I.M-PI.ORE', r. i. To entreat ; to beg. 
 I.M-PLoKE', n. Earnest supplication. [jVot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 IM-PLOR'KD, pp. Earnestly supplicated ; besought. 
 
 I.M-Pl.fjR'Kll, II. One who prays earnestly. 
 
 I.M PI.oR'lNG, ppr. or a. Beseeching; entreating; 
 praying earnestly. 
 
 IM-I'LOK'I.NG-LY, adv. In the manner of entreaty. 
 
 I.M-I'lA'M'/.I), I a. Having no plumes or feathers. 
 
 IM-I'I.O.M'OUS, ! Johnson. 
 
 I.M-PI.U.\tSE', (im-plunj',) r. L To plunge; to im- 
 merse. Fuller. 
 
 IM-PLY', r. t. [Fr. impliqucr; Sp. implicar ; It. im- 
 plicare ; L. implico ; in and plicoj to fold. See Im- 
 plicate.] 
 
 1. Literally, to infold or involve ; to wrap up. 
 [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 2. To involve or contain in substance or essence, 
 or by fair inference, or by construction of law, wlien 
 not expressed in words. 
 
 Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious intention is tns- 
 plied, Sherlock. 
 
 When a man smploya a laborer to worlt for him, or an a^r-nt to 
 transact Uleiness for him, the act of hiring impliee an obliga- 
 tion, and a promise tliat he sliall pay hnn a reasonable n.*- 
 wani for hi* services. Contmcu are expressed or implied ; 
 expr-ss contracts are those in which an agreement or prom- 
 ise is exprt'ssed by wonis or in writing ; implied contncts 
 nn such as arise from Uie presutnptiou of law, or the Justice 
 and reason of the transaction. BiackaloM. 
 
 IM-PL?'IXG, ppr. Involving ; containing in sub- 
 stance, or by fair inference, or by construction of 
 law. 
 
 IM-POCK'ET, r. U To pocket. [J^ot used.] 
 I.M-POIS'ON, (im-poiz'n,) v. U [Fr. empoisonner. 
 See Poison.] 
 
 1. To poison ; to impregnate with poison ; to cor- 
 rupt with poison. 
 
 2. To imbitter : to impair ; as, grief impoisons the 
 pleasures of life. 
 
 3. To kill with poison. [Rare.] Shak. 
 IM-POIS'ON-£U, pp. Poisoned; corrupted; imbit- 
 
 tered. 
 
 I.M-POIS'ON'-IXG, ppr. Poisoning; corrupting ; im- 
 bittering. 
 
 I.M-POIS'OX-XIEXT, n. The act of poisoning. 
 
 Pope, 
 
 IM-Pf5'LAR-I-LY, adc. Not according to the direction 
 of the poles. [A'ot tuetl.] Brown. 
 
 I.M-POL'l-CY, II. [ill and policy.] Inexpedience ; 
 unsuitableness to the end proposeii ; bad policy ; de- 
 fect of wisdom ; a word applied to private as well as 
 public affairs. fVashin^on. 
 
 IM-PO-LITE', a. [in and poIite.'\ Not of polished 
 manners; iin|iolile ; uncivil ; ruile in manners. 
 
 IM-PO -LITE'LY, adc. Uncivilly. 
 
 I.M PO-LITE'NESS, n. Incivdity ; want of good 
 manners. Chesterfield. 
 
 IM-POL'I-Tie, a. Not wise ; devising and pursuing 
 measures ada[ited to injure the public interest; as, 
 an impolitic prince or minister. 
 
 2. Unwise ; ailapted to injure the public interest ; 
 OS, an impolitic law, measure, or scheme. 
 
 3. Not wise in private concerns ; pursuing meas- 
 ures ill suited to promote private welfare ; not pru- 
 dent. 
 
 4. Not suited to promote private interest, 
 ni PO-HT'ie-AI., for Impolitic, is obsolete. 
 I.M-PO-LIT'ie-AL-LY, adv. Without art or forecasL 
 
 lAol used.] Bacon. 
 I.M-POL'I-Tie-LY, adv. Not wisely ; not with due 
 
 forecast and pmdence ; in a manner to injure public 
 
 or private interest. 
 IM-PO.\"-DER-A-BIL'I-TY,n. Destitution of sensible 
 
 weight. 
 
 LM-PON'DER-A-Bl.E, a. [m and ponderable.] Not 
 
 having sensible weight. 
 
 Meat, light, electricity, and magnetism, are called 
 
 imponderable substances. Brande. 
 I.M-P().\'I)ER-A-BLE-NESS, ii. Slate of being im- 
 
 poiideralile. 
 
 I.M-PO.N'UER-OUS, a. Not having sensible weight. 
 
 ^roirii. 
 
 I.M-PON'DER-OUS-NESS, n. State of being impon- 
 deroiis. 
 
 IM-PoNE', F. t. [L.] To stake ; to wager. [Obs.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 IM-POOR', r. t. [in and pour.] To impoverish. [JVot 
 in use.] Browne. 
 
 IiM-PO-ROS'I-TY,n. [in and pffro.»i/i/.] Want of po- 
 rosity ; closeness of texture ; compactness that ex- 
 cludes pores. • Bacon, 
 
 I.M-Po'KOL'S, a. Destitute of pores; very close or 
 conipact in texture ; solid. Brown. Ray. 
 
 IM-PoRT', r. t. [Fr. importer; h, importo ; in and 
 porta, to bear. See Bkaii.] 
 
 1. To bring from a foreign country or jurisdiction, 
 or from another state, into one's own country, juris- 
 diction, tir state ; opposed to Expowt. We import teas 
 and silks from China, wines from Spain and Fmnce, 
 and dry goods from Great Britain. Great Britain im- 
 ports cotton from America and India. We may say 
 also that Connecticut, iMassncliusetIs, and Maine, im- 
 port fiour from the Middle States. 
 
 2. To bear or convey, as signification or meaning; 
 to mean ; to signify; to imply. We are to under- 
 stand by a term what it clearly imports, 
 
 3. To be of weight to ; to be of moment or conse- 
 quence to ; to bear on the interest of, or to have a 
 bearing on. 
 
 Her len <rth of sickness, with what else more tcrious 
 ImporUlh the<; to know, tliis beam. Slink. 
 If Icndun: it, wliat i/n/>or(s it you ? Dryden. . 
 
 IM'PoRT, n. That which is borne or crmveyed in 
 words ; meaning ; signification ; the sense which 
 words are intended to convey to the understanding, 
 or which they bear in sound interpretation. Import 
 dilTvrs from Implication in this, that the meaning of 
 a term, or number of words, in connection, is less ob- 
 scurely expressed. Import depends less on inference, 
 or deduction, than implication, and is also applied 
 more frequently to a single word. In all philosophi- 
 cal discussions, it is useful to iLscertain the import of 
 the terms employed. In the construction of laws 
 and treaties, we are to examine carefully the import 
 of words and phrases. 
 
 2. That which is imported or brought into a coun- 
 try from another country or state ; generally in tlie 
 plural. Our imports exceed our exports ; the balance 
 must be paid in specie ; hence the scarcity of coin. 
 
 3. Im[iorl.ance ; weight; consequence. [Formerly 
 accented on Utc second sullattle.] Skak. Dryden. 
 
 I.M-PORT'.\-HLE, a. 'I'hat may be iniportt cl. 
 2. Insupportable; not to be endured. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 ni-PORT'ANCE, n. [Fr. ; Sp. imporfaiicio ; It. ioi- 
 portanza ; from import^ 
 
 1. Weight ; consequence ; a bearing on some in- 
 terest ; that quality of any thing by n liich it may af- 
 fect a me.isiire, interest, or result. The education of 
 youth is of great importance to a free goveriiiiieiit. A 
 religious education is of infinite importance to every 
 human being. 
 
 2. Weight or consequence in the scale of being. 
 
 Thy own importance know. 
 Nor bound tiiy narrow views to Unngs below. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. Weight or consequence in self-estimation. He 
 believes himself a man of importance. 
 
 4. Thing implied ; matter ; subject ; importunity. 
 [In tliese senses, obsolete.] Shak. 
 
 IM-PORT'A.\T, a. [Fr.] £i*fro«y, bearing on or to. 
 Hence, weighty ; momentous ; of great conse(|uence ; 
 having a bearing on some interest, measure, or re- 
 sult, by which good or ill may lie produced. 'I'riith 
 is important to happiness as well as to knowledge, but 
 none so important as religious truth. The commerce 
 of Great Britain is important to her navy, and her 
 navy is important to her independence. .Men often 
 forget the important end for which they were created. 
 
 2. Bearing on ; forcible ; driving. 
 
 He fiercely at him flew, 
 And nith important sctrage him assailed. Sjieneer, 
 
 3. Importunate. [JiTot itsrii.] Shak. 
 IM-PORT'ANT-LY, <u/r. Weightily; forcibly. 
 
 Hammond, 
 
 IM-PoR-T.\'TION, n. [Fr. ; from iniporf.] 
 
 1. The act or practice of importing, or of bringing 
 from another con ntry or slate ; tipposed to Exporta- 
 tion. Nations forbid the importation of commodities 
 which are produced or manufactured in sutfident 
 abundance at home. 
 
 2. The wares or commodities imported. Tlie im- 
 portations, this season, exceed those of the losL 
 
 3. Conveyance. 
 
 I.M-PORT'ED, pp. or a. Brought Trom another coun- 
 try' or state. 
 
 IM-PORT'ER, n. He that imjiorts ; the mercbanl 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJ.NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 e as K ; 6 as J ; S as K ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 will), by liiiiiself or liis agent, brings goods from an- 
 other C()nnlr\- or slate. 
 IM-PoRT'ING, ppr. or a. Bringing Roods, &c., into 
 one's own country or state from a foreign or distant 
 state. 
 
 2. Bearin<r, as asignification ; meaning. 
 
 3. Having weight or consequence. 
 IM-PoRT'LESS, a. Of no weight or consequence. 
 
 [Jful used.] Shak. 
 
 IM-PORT'lT-.VA-CY, n. The act of importuning; 
 importunateness. 
 
 IM-POllT'U-NATE, a. [L. importunus. See Impor- 
 tune.] 
 
 1. Bearing on ; pressing or virging in request or de- 
 mand ; urgent and pertinacious in solicitation; as, 
 an impuTluiiate suitor or petitioner. 
 
 2. Pressing ; ui^ent ; as, an importunate demand. 
 
 3. Inciting ursently for gratilication ; as, importu- 
 n/tte passions and appetites. 
 
 IM I'ORT'r-XA'l'E LV, nrfi!. VVitli urgent request; 
 
 Willi pressing solicitation. 
 IM-PORT'IJ-XATE-NESj;, n. Urgent and pressing 
 
 solicitation. Diffbii. 
 IM-PORT'U-NA-TOR,n. One that importunes. [JVot 
 
 in nse.] Siiiidijs. 
 I.M-POR-TuNE', V. U [Fr. importuner ; S[i. importunar ; 
 
 It. importitnare ; from L. importunms ; in and porta, to 
 
 bear on.] 
 
 To recpiest with urgency ; to press with solicita- 
 tion ; to urge with frequent or unceasing application. 
 
 Their niiiiistt-rs ami i^ideiils here have perpelitally iTnjiortttned 
 
 Uie court wiUl I 
 
 iiiiblii demands. 
 
 Formerly ac- 
 
 IM-POR-TuNE', a. [L. importunus. 
 cented on the second syllable.] 
 
 1. Pressing in request ; urgent ; troublesome by 
 frequent demands ; vexatious ; unreasonable. 
 
 Spenser. Bacon. 
 9. Unseasonable. Milton. 
 [This word is obsolete; being superseded by Im- 
 pomuNATE, unless perhaps in poetry.] 
 lM-POR-Tu.\''£D, pp. Requested with urgency. 
 I.M-POR-TONE'LY-, adi: With urgent solicitation ; 
 incessantly; continually; troublesomely. [04s.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. Unseasonably ; improperly. [Ofe.] 
 
 Sanderson. 
 
 IM-POR-TuX'ER, n. One who urges with earnest- 
 ness. 
 
 IM-POR-TuX'lXO, ppr. Soliciting with urgency. 
 IM-POR-Tu'NI-TY, ». IFr. iinpurtunite ; Ij. importa- 
 nitas.] 
 
 Pressing solicitation ; urgent request ; application 
 for a claim or favor, which is urKd with trouble- 
 some frecpiency or pertinacity. !\Ien are sometimes 
 overcome by the imporlunitij of their wives or 
 children. 
 
 IM-PoRTM J-OUS, a. [L. importmsus ; in and portus.] 
 
 Without a port, haven, or harbor. 
 IM-POS'A-BLE, a. That may be imposed or laid on. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 IM-PoS'.\-BLE-\F.S.S, ji. State of being imposable. 
 ISI-PoSE', I', t. [I'r. imposcr ; L. impositum, from im- 
 
 pono ; in and pono, to put. Pono, as vvritten, belongs 
 
 tu Class Bn ; and posui, positam, to Class Bs or Bd. 
 
 The alter coincides with Eng. put. But n and s may 
 
 be convertible.] 
 
 1. To lay on ; to set on ; to lay on, as a burden, 
 tax, toll, duty, or penalty. The legislature imposts 
 taxes for the support of government ; toll is imposed 
 on passeu'it rs to niuintain roads, and penalties are 
 imposed on those who violate the laws. God im- 
 poses no burdens on men which they are unable to 
 bear. 
 
 On impious rcalmA and burbaiuus Ungs impose 
 
 Thy plagues. Pope. 
 
 2. To place over by authority or by force. The 
 Romans often imposed rapac ious governors on their 
 colonies and conquered countries. 
 
 3. To lay on, as a command ; to enjoin, as a duty. 
 
 Thou on Ihe dt^p impotest nobler lawi. WtUlfr. 
 Impost but your coiiiiiianda. Dryiten. 
 
 4. T<i fix on ; to impute. [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 5. To lay on, as hands in tlie ceremony of ordina- 
 tion, or of confirmation. 
 
 G. 'I'o obtrude fallaciously. 
 
 Our poet ihinki not lit 
 To i>ii/.ot« upon you what lie writes for wit. Dryden. 
 
 7. Among printers, to put the pages on the stone 
 and ft! on the chase, and thuii prepare the form for 
 the press. 
 
 To impose on ; to deceive ; to mislead by n trick or 
 false iiretciiMc ; rulsurlij, to put upon. We nrc liable 
 lu be impoacd en by ulliers, and sometimeu we impose 
 on oiiri<elveH. 
 
 IM-POSE', n. Command ; injunction. [Au( untd.} 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IM-PAS'frn, (im-|iS7'.d',) pp. Laid on, as a tax, bur- 
 den, duly, or penally ; enjoined. 
 Imposed on : di reived. 
 IM-Pr>«E'.ME.\T, *. liiipoHition. [Barf.] Moore. 
 IjM-I'0«'ER, n. One who lays on ; one who enjolnn. 
 The tmfCMrs of liw*si> oiths inifrht n-p>*nt. Walton. 
 
 IJI-POS'IN'G, ;>/>r Laying tm ; enjoining; deceiving. 
 2. a. Commanding ; adapted to impress forcibly ; 
 as, an imposinj^ air or maimer. 
 
 Larg"e and imposing edifices, imbosomed in the proves of some 
 rich valley. B'sliop Hobart. 
 
 IM-PoS'ING, n. Among printers, the ait of putting 
 the pages of a sheet in proper order on t le imposing- 
 stoiie, and preparing them to be printed. Brande. 
 
 IM-PoS'ING-LY,_aui'. In an imposing manner. 
 
 IM-POS'ING-STo.N'E, «. Among printers, the stone 
 on which the pages or columns of types are imposed 
 or made into forms. 
 
 IM-PO-SI"TION, (iin-po-zish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. 
 impositio. See Impose.] ^ 
 
 1. In a general sense, the act of laying on. 
 
 2. The act of laying on hands in the ceremony of 
 ordination, when the bishop in the Episcopal church, 
 and the iiitnisters in most other churches, place 
 their hands on the head of the person whom they 
 are ordaining, while one prays for a blessing on his 
 labors. The same ceremony is used in other cases. 
 
 3. The a»t of setting on or adixing to ; as, the im- 
 position of names. Boyle. 
 
 4. That which is imposed ; a tax, toll, duty, or 
 excise, laid by authority. Tyrants oppress their sub- 
 jects with grievous impositions. 
 
 5. InjuiKtioii, as of a law or duty. Milton. 
 
 6. Constraint ; oppression ; burden. 
 
 Let it not he m.aile, contrary to its own nature, the occasion of 
 slrile, a liarrow spirit, and unreasonable impositions on tjie 
 mind and practice. Walls, 
 
 7. Deception ; imposture. 
 
 Beinir acfpiainted with Iiis hand, I had no re:uon to suspect an 
 imjiusition. Snioltsll. 
 
 8. A supernumerary exercise enjoined on students 
 as a punishment. England. 
 
 [" Every pecuniary mulct whatever on young men 
 in statu pupillari, should be abolished ; the proper 
 punishment is employing their minds in some useful 
 imposition.^^ Enormous Expense of Education in Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 " Literary tasks called impositions, or frequent 
 compulsive attendances on tedious anil unimproving 
 exercises in a ctillege hall." T. Warton, Minor Po- 
 ems of Milton, p. 422. — E. H. B.] 
 IM-POS-SI,BIL'I-TY, 71. [from impossible.] That 
 which can not be ; the state of being not jiossible to 
 exist. That a thing should be and not be at the same 
 time, is an impossibilittj. 
 
 2. Impracticability; the state or quality of being 
 not feasible or possible to be done. That a man by 
 his own strength should lift a ship of the line, is to 
 him an impossibilitjj, as the means are inadequate to 
 the end. [See Impossible.] 
 IM-POS'SI-liLE, a. [Fr., from L. inipossibilis ; in and 
 possibilis, from possum, to be able.] 
 
 1. That can not be. It is impossible that two and 
 two should make five, or that a circle and a square 
 should be the same thing, or that a thing should be 
 and not be at the same time. 
 
 2. Impracticable ; not feasible ; that can not be 
 done. 
 
 With men tliis is impossible ; but with God all tilings are possi- 
 ble. — Matt, xix. 
 Without faith it is imj^ossihte to please God. — Heb. xi. 
 
 There are two kinds of impossibilities, physical and 
 moral. That is a physical impossibility, which is con- 
 trary to the law of nature. A thing is said to be 
 morally impossible, when in itself it is possible, but 
 attentled with dilliciiltics or circumstances which 
 give it the appearance of being impossible. [See 
 Possiule, Praciicable, and Impracticable.] 
 
 Ejicyc. 
 
 Impossible quantity. See Imaoinary. 
 XM'PoST, n. [.Sp. and It. imposta; Fr. impOt, for im- 
 post; It. impositum, iinpono.] 
 
 1. Any tax or tribute imposed by authority ; partic- 
 ularly, a duty or tax laid by government on goods 
 iiiipoited, and paid or secured by the importer at the 
 time of importation. Imposts are also called cus- 
 toms. 
 
 2. In arcbitrctiire, that |>art of a pillar in vaults and 
 arches tm which the weight of the building ri'sts ; or 
 the capit.il of a pillar or cornice which crowns tli 
 pier and supports the first stone or part of an arch. 
 
 AinsteorUl. Jish. 
 
 IM-POS'TIIU-MaTE, (im-pos'tu-mite,) v. i. [See 
 Imposthime.] To form an abscess; to gather; to 
 collect pus or purulent mutter in any part of an ani- 
 mal bodv. .Irbuthnot. 
 
 I.M-POS'THU-MaTE, ». t. To affect with an impos 
 thiiine or abscess. 
 
 IM-POS'TUU-MA-TED, pp. Affected with an impos 
 thuine. 
 
 IM-POS'TI1U-Ma'TL\G, ppr. Forming into an ab 
 Kcess. 
 
 IM-POS-TIIU-Ma'TION, n. The act of forming an 
 abscess ; also, an abscess; an impostliume. 
 
 Coie, Bacon, 
 
 IM-POS'TIU'ME, (im-pos'tume,) n, ['I'liis word is 
 a rorriiplioii of apostem, L. aptistriiia, Ur. an arriii'i, 
 from aptarnpi, to separate, to withdraw, or to stand 
 off; nrr and iarniii, to stand.] 
 
 An abscess : a collection of pus or purulent matter 
 in any part of an animal body. Encyc. 
 
 ['I'his word and its derivatives, being mere corrup- 
 tions, might «ell be suffered to pass into oblivion.] 
 IM-POS'THUME, V. i. The same as Imposthi mate. 
 IM-POS'TOR, n. [Fr. imposteur; Sp. and Port, impos- 
 tor; It. impostore; from Low L, impostor, from tm- 
 pono. See Impose.] 
 
 One who imposes on others ; a person who as- 
 sumes a character for the purpose of deception ; a 
 deceiver under a false character. It seems to be yet 
 unsettled whether Perkin Warbeck was an impostor. 
 A religious impostor may be one who assumes the 
 character of a preacher without authority : or one 
 who falsely pretends to an extraordinary commission 
 from Heaven, and territics people with deniincia- 
 timis of judgments. Encyc. 
 IM-POS'TIiR-AOE, 71. Imposition. [JVot i7i use.] 
 
 Bp. Taylor. 
 
 IM-POS'TTTRE, 71. [Fr., from L. imposlura. See 
 Impose.] 
 
 Deception practiced under a false or assumed 
 character; fraud or imposition practiced by a false 
 pretender. 
 
 Form new legends. 
 And fill the world wiUi follies ami impostures. Irene. 
 
 IM-POS'TUR-£D, a. Having the nature of imposture. 
 
 Beaum. 4' El. 
 IM-POS'TIIR-OUS, a. Deceitful. [JVof used.] 
 
 Beaum. Fl. 
 
 IM'PO-TENCE, ) n. [L. impotcntia ; in and potentia, 
 I.M'PO-TEN-CY, i from patens, from the root of L. 
 
 possum, posse, which consists of the elements Pd or 
 
 Pt. See Power.] 
 
 1. Want of strength or power, animal or intellec- 
 tual ; weakness ; feebleness ; inability ; imbecility ; 
 defect of power, natural or adventitious, to perform 
 any thing. 
 
 Some were poor by the impoteney of nature ; as yonng fatherless 
 children, old decrepit persons, idiots, and cripples. 
 
 Hayward, 
 
 The impotence at exercising animal motion attends fevers. 
 
 ArttuOtnot. 
 
 2. Moral inability ; the want of power or inclina- 
 tion to resist or overcome habits and natural propen- 
 sities. 
 
 3. Inability to beget. 
 
 4. Ungovernable passion ; a Latin si^ilf cation. 
 [Little used/] Milton. 
 
 [Jl'PO-TENT, a. [Fr., from L. impotens.] 
 
 1. Weak; feeble; wanting strength or power; un- 
 able by nature, or disabled by disease or accident, to 
 perform any act. 
 
 I know liiou wast not slow to hear. 
 
 Nor impotent to s;ive. Addison. 
 
 2. Wanting the power of propagation, as males. 
 
 3. Wanting the power of restraint ; not having the 
 command over ; as, i/n/iofr/it of tongue. Dniden. - 
 
 IM'PO-TEXT, n. One who is feeble, infirm, or lan- 
 guishini: under disease. Sliak. 
 
 IM'PO-TEXT-LY, adv. Weakly; without power 
 over the p.assitins. 
 
 IM-POUNU', t). (. [in and poimrf. See Pol'xd ] 
 
 1. To put, shut, or confine, in a pound or close 
 pen ; as, to impound unruly or stray horses, cat- 
 tle, &c. 
 
 2. To confine ; to restrain with limits. Bacon. 
 IM-POUXI)'El), pp. Confined in a pound. 
 IM-POUXD'ER, II. One who impounds the beasts of 
 
 another. 
 
 IM-POUXD'IXG, jipr. Confining in a pound ; re- 
 straining. 
 
 IM-POV'ER-ISII, V. t [Fr. appauvrir, appauvrissatit, 
 from paurre, poor ; It. impoverire. See Poor.] 
 
 1. To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indi- 
 gence. Idleness and vice are sure to impoverish in- 
 dividurds and families. 
 
 2. To exhaust strength, richness, or fertility ; as, 
 to impoverish lanil by frequent cropping. 
 
 IJI-POV'ER-ISII-J-.D, (im-pov'er-isht,) pp. or a. Re- 
 duced to poverty ; exhausted. 
 
 IM-POV'ER-ISH-ER, 7i. One who makes others poor. 
 2. That which impairs fertility. 
 
 IM-POV'KR-ISII-IXG, ;>/"•. Making poor ; exhausting. 
 
 I.M-POV'ER-ISII-IXG, a. Tending or fitted to r< iluce 
 to poverty, or to exhaust of fertility. White crops 
 are imporerUhing to land. 
 
 IM-POV'ER-ISII-l-Y, adv. So as to impoverish. 
 
 IM-POV'ER-ISII-.MEXT, n. Drpauperation ; a re- 
 ducing to indigem-e; exhaustion; drain <Jl" wealth, 
 richness, or ferlilitv. 
 
 IM-POW'EU. See Empower. 
 
 IM-PKAC-TI-CA-ltll.'l-TY, ) M. [See lMPR\rTi- 
 IM-PRAC'TI CA-BLE-XESS, j cable.] 
 
 1. The stale or ipiality of being bi ytuid human 
 power, or the means proposed ; infeasibility. 
 
 2. nnlractableni ss ; stubbornness. Burnet. 
 IM-PRAC'TI CA BLE, a. [in and practicable ; Fr. 
 
 impracticable. See PuAcrlcE. ] 
 
 1. That can not be dime or [lerformed ; infeasilile ; 
 not to bo efi'ected by human means, or by the means 
 pro|M>scd. It is impracticable for a inaii lii lift a tu" 
 by Ills unassisted strength ; but not impracticable for 
 a man aided by a iiu clinnical power. 
 
 FATE, FAR, TALL, WHAT MCTE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, V ^LF, BQQK.— 
 
 R84 
 
IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 2. Untractable ; unmanageable ; stubborn : as, a 
 fierce, impraclicitble nature. Howe. 
 
 3. That can not be passed or tr;iveleil ; as, an ii/i- 
 praclicahle road ; a cuUntiuial seittte. 
 
 IM-PU.\(:'TI-€A-UIA', ui/i). In a manner or degree 
 that hinders practice. 
 
 MorAlity not impractiatb!y rigid. Johnson. 
 IM'PRE-e.^TK, V. t. [L. imprecor ; in and prccor, lo 
 pray. See Pray.] 
 
 To invoke, as an evil on any one ; to pray that a 
 curse or calamity may fall on one'.s self or on another 
 person. 
 
 IM'PRK-e.\-TED, pp. Invoked on one, as some evil. 
 
 I.M'PlU:-e.\-TIi\'G, ppr. Calling for evil on one's self 
 or another. 
 
 IM-PllK-e.^'TrON, 71. [L. imprcralh.) 
 
 Tlie act of iiniirecating, or invoking evil on any 
 one ; a prayer that a curse or calamity may fall on 
 anv one ; a curse. 
 
 IJM'PIU:-C.\-TO-RV, a. Containing a prayer for evil 
 to befall a person. 
 
 IM-PKK-CIS'lON, ?i. [in and prrcmon.] Want of 
 precision or evactness ; defect of accuracy. Taijlnr. 
 
 IM-PKE(1N', (im-preen',) r. t. [It. imprripiarc ; Fr. 
 imprcgncr V,. in nxidi prir.srnans. See Pukonant.] 
 
 To impregnate ; to infuse tlie seed of young, or 
 other prolific principle. [Used in poetry. Si-o Im- 
 pregnate.] Mtltnn. TlioinsDn, 
 
 IM-PKEG'.\.\-nLE, a. [fr. imprcmMr.] 
 
 1. Not to be stormed, or taken by assault ; that 
 can not be reduced by force j able to resist attack ; 
 as, an imprerrnahlf. fortress. 
 
 2. Nut to be moved, impressed, or shaken ; invin- 
 cible. 
 
 The iiiftn's ailixlion rvmaiiia wliully uiicoi)Ccni«:il and bnpre^iia. 
 bit. Soulh. 
 IM-PREG'.V.V-DLY, adv. In a manner to resist pene- 
 tration or assault ; in a manner to defy force ; as, a 
 place imprr^nahlij fortified. Sandyg, 
 lAI-PREti'NATE, v. t. [It. imprcirnarc ; Fr. imprcirncr ; 
 Sp. impretrttar. See Precnant.] 
 
 1. To infuse the principle of conception ; to make 
 pregnant, as a female animal. 
 
 2. To deposit the fecundating dust of a flower on 
 the pistils of a plant ; to render prolific. 
 
 3. To infuse particles of one thin;; into another ; 
 to comuuinicate the virtues of one tiling to another, 
 as in pharmacy, by mixture, digestion, &c. 
 
 IM-PREC;'NATE, a. Impregnated; rendered prolific 
 or fruitful. 
 
 IM-PRE(;'Na-TF,D,p;;. or a. Made pregnant or pro- 
 lific ; fecundated ; filled with something by mix- 
 ture, <fcc. 
 
 IM-PRE(;'Na-TING, ppr. Infusing seed or pollen ; 
 renderins pregnant ; fructifying ; fecundating ; filling 
 bv infusi(ui or mixture.. 
 
 ni-PREG N.^'TION, II." [Fr.] The act of fecun- 
 dating and rendering fruitful ; applied to animals or 
 plants. 
 
 2. The communication of the particles or virtues 
 of one thing to another. 
 
 3. That with which any thing is impregnated. 
 
 Uerhinn. 
 
 4. Saturation. .^insirorth. 
 IM-PRE-JO'Di eATE, a. [I,, in, pr<c, and judico.] 
 
 Not prejudged ; unprejudiced ; not prepossessed ; 
 impartial. JJVoJ luied.] Brown. 
 IJI-PREP-A-RA'TION, n. [in and prepnratintu] 
 
 Want of preparation \ uiipreparedne.ss ; unreadi- 
 ness. [Little iMff/.j Hooker, 
 I.M-PRE-SeRlP-TI BIL'I-TY, ii. . [Fr. imprescriplibi- 
 lit6, from imprescriptible.] 
 
 The .state of being independent of prescription ; 
 (he state which renders a thing not liable to be lost 
 or impaired by the prescription of another, or by 
 one's own non-user. Vattcl, Trans. 
 
 IM-PRE-^eRlP'TI-liLE, a. [Fr., from pritscriplibU, 
 from L. prtescribo ; pne and seribn, to write.] 
 
 That can not be lost or impaired by non-user, or 
 by the claims of another founded on prescription. 
 Righu of mcrr ability which n man mar u«e or not al {>l<'aftin-, 
 wilhoiit any person's hiivina^ a right to prv»crjb^> lo nie on 
 lh.it 9Uh]ect, Br*^ impreteri/itibit. VtiUeU Tmnt. 
 
 The ligha of navi^,ition, fishing, ami oth'fa tint may l>? cxcr- 
 cisr;il on the s-a, belonging to tl)'.* light ol mere ability, ore 
 iinprescTtptittle. Vaitet. 
 
 I.M-PRESS', r. ^ [Ij. impressunij from iinprimo ; in 
 and premo, to press.] 
 
 1. To imprint; to stamp ; to make a mark or fig- 
 ure on any thing by pressure ; as. to impress coin 
 with the figure of a man's head, or with that of an 
 ox or sheep ; to impress a figure on wax or clay. 
 
 2. Tn print, as bdok?. 
 
 3. To mark ; to indent. 
 
 4. To fix deep ; as, lo impress truth on the mind, 
 or facts on the memory. Hence, to convict of sin. 
 
 5. To compel to enter into public service, as sen- 
 men ; to sei/.B and take into si'rvice by compulsion, 
 as nurses in sickness. In this sense, we use press or 
 impress inditferently. 
 
 fi. To seirc ; to take for public service ; as, lo im- 
 pre.is provisions. Marshnll. 
 IM'PKESS, n. A mark or indentation, made by 
 pressure. 
 
 9. 'I'lie figure or image of any thing made by pres- 
 sure ; stamp ; likeness. 
 3. Mark of distinction ; stamp ; character. 
 Goit Icavffl ns tliia "TrMierHl imprtf or character on llie worl,* ol 
 creation, that they wcru very good. i'oulA. 
 
 4. Device ; motto. 
 
 To tlescribc cnibLizoncd shieliU, 
 Impretnea quaint. 
 
 A;i;ton. 
 
 5. The act of compelling to enter into public ser- 
 vice. (See Phksj.] Sliak. 
 I.M-PRES.S'-G.\NG, ii. A party of men with an olfi- 
 cer, employeil to impress seamen for ships of war. 
 
 r.^ee PltK93-(jANO.] 
 
 I.>I-PIlESS'£:i), (im prest',) pp. or a. Imprinted ; 
 stamped ; marked by pressure ; coinptdletl tn enter 
 jiublic siTvice ; seized for jHililic use ; fi.ved in the 
 mind ; made sensible ; convinced. 
 
 IM-PRESS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. The tpiality of being im- 
 pressible. 
 
 I.M-PRESS'I-RLE, a. That may be impressed ; that 
 yields to an inipressiim; that may receive impres- 
 sions. Solid botlics are not easily impressible. 
 
 2. That may be impressed ; that may have its fig- 
 ure stamped (ui nuotlier body. 
 
 IM-PRESS'I-I5LY, adv. In a manner to make im- 
 pression. 
 
 I!\l PRF.SS'ING, jjpr. Imprinting; st.amiiing ; fixing 
 
 in the miml ; compelling into strrvice. 
 I.M-PKES'SION, (-prcsh'un,) ii. [Fr. ; I,, impressio.] 
 
 1. The act of impressing, as one body on another ; 
 as, a figure made by impression. 
 
 2. Mark ; indentittitui ; stainj) made by pressure ; 
 as, a seal makes an impression tm wax. 
 
 3. The effect which objects produce on the mind. 
 Thus we say, the truths of the gospel make nn im- 
 pression on the mind ; they make no impression, or 
 a deep and lasting impression. The heart is impressed 
 with love or gratitude. Wc lie open to the impres- 
 sions of flattery. 
 
 4. Image in the mind ; idea. 
 
 5. Sensibli! eflect. Tin: artillery inaiie no imprc-i- 
 sion on the fort. The attack made no impression on 
 the enemy. 
 
 6. A single edition of a book ; the books printed 
 at once ; as, a copy of the last impression. The 
 whole impression of the work was sold in a month. 
 
 7. Slight, indistinct remembrance. I have an im- 
 pression that the fact w.as staleil to me, but I can not 
 clearly recollect it. 
 
 IM-PRES'SIOX-A-HLE, a. Susceptible of impression ; 
 
 that can be inii)ressed. 
 IM-PRESS'IVE, n. Making or tending to make an 
 impression ; having the power of ulfectiiiL', or of e.x- 
 citing atttuition and feeling ; adapted to touch sensi- 
 bility or the conscience; as, an imprejssive discourse ; 
 an impre^^sive scene. 
 2. Capable of being impressed ; susceptible. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 I.M-PRESS'IVE-LY, atlv. In a manner to touch sen- 
 sibility or to awaken conscience ; in a manner to 
 prtKliire a powerful effect on the mintl. 
 
 LM-PRESS'lVE-NESS, ;i. The quality of being im- 
 pressive. 
 
 1M-PRESS'.ME.\T, n. The act of impressing men 
 into public service ; as, the impressment of seamen. 
 
 2. The act of compelling into any service ; as, tlie 
 impressment t)f nurses to attenil the sick. 
 
 3. The act of seizing for public use ; as, the im- 
 pressment of provisitins for the army. Marshall. 
 
 I.M-PRESSM;RE, n. The mark niaile by pressure ; in- 
 
 tli-iitation ; dent ; imprtrssiiui. S/uUc, 
 IM'PREST, n. [It. impreslarc.] 
 
 A kind of earnest-money ; loan ; money ad- 
 vanced. Burke. 
 I.M PKEST', V. t. To advance on loan. 
 IM-PREV'A-I.ENCE, n. Incapability of prevailing. 
 
 JIall. 
 
 IM-PRI-MA'TUR, n. [L., let it bc printed.] A li- 
 cense to print a book, &c. 
 
 I.M PRIM'ER-Y, 11. [Fr. imprintcrie.] 
 
 A print ; impressiim ; a printing-house ; art of 
 printing. [JVot in «.«.] 
 
 I.^i-PR^.MIS, ado. [L. imprimis, fortw primis."] 
 In the first place ; first in order. 
 
 IM'PRI.NT, n. The name of the publisher of a book, 
 newspaper, fee, with the place and time of publi- 
 cation, inserted in tin; first page. 
 
 I.M-Pltl.VT', r. t. [!t. imprimrrc ; Sp. imprimir ; Fr. 
 imprimrr ; L. imprimu ; in and prenu), to press. See 
 Print.] 
 
 1. To iini)ress ; to mark by pressure ; as, a charac- 
 ter tir tievice impriiittit on w.ax t>r clulh. 
 
 2. To stamp letters and words on paper by means 
 of types ; to print. 
 
 3. To fix on the mind nr memor>' ; to impress. 
 Let your fiitber's admonitions and instructions be 
 imprinted tdi yotir inintl. 
 
 IM-PRINT'EI), pp. .Marked by pressure ; printed; 
 
 fixed in thi' mind tir memory. 
 I.M-PRI.N'T'I.Nt;, Marking by pressure ; printing; 
 
 fixinc on the mintl or memory. 
 I.M-PRIS'O.V, (iin-priz'n,) v. L [Fr. emprisanner; in 
 
 and prison.] 
 
 1. To put into a prison ; to confine in a prison or 
 jail, or to arrest ami di iaiii in custody in any place. 
 
 2. To confine ; lo shut iiii ; to restrain from esca|>e ; 
 to deprive of the liberty to move from place to place ; 
 us, to bo impriioned in a cell. 
 
 lb* impriionett wa« in clinint n-inodilc: 
 Try to imprison tlie r<»i»tleci wiiidj. 
 
 I.M-PRlS'0.\'-/^r), pp. or a. Confined in n prison or 
 
 jail ; restrained from escape, or from going at large. 
 I.M-PRIS'0.\-]CR, n. One who iinprLsons another. 
 
 Ctaytijn. 
 
 IM-PRISS'ON-ING, n. Act of confining in pri-son. 
 IM-PRISS' O.N'-I.N'CJ, ppr. Shutting up in prison ; con- 
 
 finini; in a place. 
 IM-PRLS'O.N'-.MENT, n. The act of putting and con- 
 
 finiiii; in prison ; tlio act of arresting anil detaining 
 
 in ciistimy. 
 
 2. ('ouiinement in a place ; restraint of liberty to 
 go from plar c to placi; at |ileasiire. .^ppropriatcty, 
 the coiifiiiement of a criminal or debtor within the 
 walls of M prison, or in the custody of a sheriff, &c. 
 
 False imprisonment, is any ctuifinement of the per- 
 son, or rirstraiiit of liberty, without legal or siiflicieiil 
 atithtirity. 'I'he arn-st or di-triition of the person by 
 nn otiicer, without warrant, or by an illegal warrant, 
 or by a legal warrant executed at an unlawful time, 
 is false imprisonment. Blaekstone. 
 I.M-PROB-A-HIL'I-TY, n. [Sec Impkobable.] The 
 qtiality of being iiii|>rt>bable, or not likely to bc true ; 
 uiilikt-lihood. 
 
 IM-PRUIi'A-HI,E, a. [Sp. Fr., from L. improbabilis ; in 
 
 and pnibahtlis, iVoin probo, to prox'e.] 
 
 Not likt ly to be true ; not to be expected under the 
 
 circumstances of the cast;. It is always improbable 
 
 that men will knowingly opptjso their own interest ; 
 
 yet the fact is possible. It is improbable that snow 
 
 will fall in July, but not incredibli;. 
 I.M-PROIi'A-BLY, ado. In a manner not likely to be 
 
 true. 
 
 2. In a manner not to be approved. [Obs.] Boyle. 
 IM'PRO BATE, e. (. [L. imprubo,] 
 
 To disallow ; not to approve. [Act used,] 
 
 Jiinsworth. 
 
 IJI-PRO-Ba'TIO.V, 71. The act of disapproving. [JViit 
 in use.] .Hinsicirrtli. 
 
 I.M-PROB'I-TY, 71. [L. improbitas; in and probilas, 
 from probo, to approve.] 
 
 That xvhich is disapproved or disallowed ; xvant of 
 integrity or rei-tiiiide of principle ; dishonesty. A 
 man of known improbity is always suspected, antl 
 usuallv despised. 
 
 I.M-PKd-DOC'iD, (im-pro-dust',) a. Not produced. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 nr-PRO-FI"CIENCE, (-pro-fish'ens,) I ji. Want of 
 I.M-PRO-FI"CIEN-CY, (-pro-fish'en-sy,) j proficien- 
 cy. Bacon. 
 I.M-PROF'IT-A-DLE, a. Unprofitable. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Eluot. 
 
 IM-PRO GRES'SIVE, a. Not progressive. 
 I.M-PRO-EIF'ie, (I. Not prolific ; unfruitful. [Obs.] 
 
 fVater}tou.ie. 
 
 I.M-PRO-I,IF'ie-ATE, r. L To impregnate; to fe- 
 eiindale. [Obs,] 
 
 I.M-PRO.MP'TU, adr. or a. [L. in promptu, in readi- 
 ness, frnm promptus, ready, quick.] 
 
 Off hanil ; without previous stutly ; as, a verse ut- 
 tered or written impromptu. 
 
 IM-PRO.MP'TU, n. A piece made off hand, at the 
 moment, or without previous study ; an extempora- 
 neous composition. 
 
 I.M-PROP'ER, a. [L. hnpropriiLS ; in and proprius, 
 proper.] 
 
 1. Not proper : not suitable ; not •adapteil to its end ; 
 unfit; as, an im/jrnprr medicine for a parlicul.ar dis- 
 ease ; nn improper regulation. 
 
 2. Not becoming ; not decent ; not suited to the 
 character, time, or place ; a.s, improper coniliirt in 
 church ; improper beliavior before sujieriors ; an tm- 
 proper speech. 
 
 3. Not according to the settled usages or principles 
 of a language : as, an improper wortl or phrase. 
 
 4. Not suited to a particular place or office ; unqual- 
 ified ; as, he is an improper man for the office. 
 
 Improper fraction ; a fraction whose denominator is 
 not greater than its numerator. 
 
 IM-PROP'ER-LY, adr. Not filly ; in a manner not 
 suited to the end ; in a manner not suited to the com- 
 pany, time, place, and circumstances; unsuitably; 
 incongruously. 
 
 2. In a manner not according with est.ablished 
 usages ; inaccurately ; ungrammatically ; as, to speak 
 or writt? improperly. 
 
 IM-PRO-PI"TIOUS, (-pro-pisb'u9,) 0. Not propitious ; 
 unpropitioiis. WoUon, 
 [ Tlie lallrr is the irord in tise.] 
 
 IM-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE, a. Not proportionable. 
 [Little used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 LM-PRO-PoR'^TIO.\-ATE, a. Not proportionate ; not 
 adjusted. [Little used.] SmitJL 
 
 ISI-PR6'PRI-ATE, r. L [L. in and proprius, proper.] 
 I. To appropriate to private use ; to take to one's 
 self; as, to impropriate thanks to one's self. [Ai<< 
 used.] Bacon, 
 
 TONE, BULL, yNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 74 
 
 5a=i 
 
IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 2. To place the pnifits uf etclusiiislical property in 
 the liandj of a layjiian. Hook. 
 
 [" 'J'he Money -god, in Ari-^toplmnes, pretends a 
 ronimand from Jupiter to ili.-ti ibut:' as great a largess 
 to the wicked as to the L'uod ; hecanse, if vertue 
 sliould once imprvprmtr rii he^, tli.il faire Goddesse 
 would be more wooed fur lier dov\ ry tlitin for lier 
 native beauty." .Archbishop Sancroft^ Modern Poli- 
 cies, edit. 5, Lond. Iti54, l-2mo. — E. II. li.] 
 IM-PRo'PRI-ATE, a. Devolved into the hands of a 
 layman. 
 
 IM-PUO'PRI-A-TEl), pp. Appropriated to one's self. 
 [See Appropriated.] 
 
 2. Put in possession of a layman, as church prop- 
 erty. 
 
 I.\I-PUO'PRl-A-TING, ppr. Appropriating to one's 
 self. 
 
 2. Placing profits of ecclesiastical proj>erty in the 
 hands of a layman. 
 
 IM-PRO-PRl-A'TION, 71. The act of putting an ec- 
 clesiastical benefice into the hands of a layman. 
 2. The benefice impropriated. [JlijUffe. 
 
 IM-PKO'PRI-A-'J OR, n. A layman who has posses- 
 sion of the lands of the church, or an ecclesiastical 
 living. Jii/liffc. 
 
 IM-PRO-PRl'E-TY, 71. [Fr. impropricte, fnuii L. im- 
 propriius. See Improper. 1 
 
 1. Unfitness ; unsuitableness to character, time, 
 place, or circumstances ; as, improprttty of behavior 
 or manners. Levity of conduct is an iiripropnety in 
 a religious assembly and at a funeral. Rudeness or 
 forwardness in young persons before their superiors 
 is iinprupricUj. Indecency and indecorum are impro- 
 prietie-s; 
 
 2. Inaccuracy in language ; a word or pihrase not 
 according with the estabiislied usages or principle.^ of 
 speaking or writing. 
 
 M.iiiy gross improprieties, however authorized by pmclice, 
 ought to be iliscarjfd. Swi/t. 
 
 IM-PROS-PER'I-TY, 71. Unprosperity ; want of suc- 
 cess. JVaunton. 
 
 IM-PROS'PER-OUS, a. [in and prosperous.] Not 
 prosperous ; not successful ; unfortunate ; not yield- 
 ing profit ; not advancing interest ; as, an improsper- 
 ou,s- undertaking or voyage. Dryden. 
 
 [Unpbosperous is the word most generaliy usedin 
 thi-i sen.se.l 
 
 IM-PRO.S'PER-OUS-LY, adv. Unsuccessfully ; un- 
 
 ]>rosperously ; unfortunately. Boyle. 
 ISl-PROS'PER-OUS-NESS, 71. Ill success; want of 
 
 prosperity. Hammond. 
 IM-PROV-A-BIL'I-TY, 71. [See Improvable.] The 
 state or quality of being capable of improvement j 
 susceptibility of being made better. 
 IM-PROV'A-liLE, a. [See Improve.] Susceptible of 
 improvement; capable of growing or being made 
 better ; that may be advanced in good qualities. 
 
 We have stucli enoiiijh, and tiiat too of an improvniile nature, 
 
 tliat IS capable ol iufiuite advancement. Decay of Piety, 
 Man id accominoilated with mural principles, improvable by llie 
 
 exerrise ol his f.icnili'-s. Hate. 
 1 have a tine spread ul improvafjle lands. Ad/luon. 
 
 2. Th.at may be used to advantage, or for the in- 
 crease of any thing valuable. 
 
 The essiys o( vvealtcr heads aflord iinjrrovabte liints to i)euer. 
 
 Broijjn. 
 
 3. Capable of tillage or cultivation. 
 
 A scarcity itnprovnhte lands b-'u^an to l>c felt in these colonies. 
 
 Itauieay Ilisl. Catotiita. li. Truinboll. 
 
 IM-PRO V'A-RLE-NESS, 71. Susceptibility of improve- 
 ment ; ca|)ableness of being made better, or of being 
 used to advantage. 
 
 I.M-PROV'A-liLY, aiie. In a manner th.it admits of 
 improvement. 
 
 IM PROVE', (im-proov',) i>. t. [Norm, printer, to im- 
 prove ; improiBmeiit, improving. The I'rench and 
 Italians use the same compound in a diirerent sense. 
 It is from the L. in and proOo, to prove, or the atljec- 
 tive pruliiis.] 
 
 1. To m.aUe better; to advance in value or good 
 qualities. We amend a bad, but improve a good thing. 
 A good education improves the mind and tin; m;iii- 
 ners. A judicious rotation of crops tends to impruoc 
 land. ./ohtt.<on. 
 
 2. To use or employ to good purpose; to make 
 productive ; to turn to proliiable account ; lo use for 
 advantage ; to employ for .advancing interest, reputa- 
 tion, or happiness. 
 
 Many opiKjrtnnities occur of improvittg money, which, If n man 
 
 m(sii.a,lie may nol afo-rwarfU n-covi-r. liainblfr. 
 McIImus wu a man of parUi, cipal.lc of enjoying and laijtroiitrtg 
 
 life. HanMer. 
 True policy, u well na j^oial fallh, In my opinion, binds n> lo 
 
 improve Ihe occtai.jn. Wunldttstou. 
 This succi-as Wiia nol imjironefl. Mamlinll. 
 Thoae who enjoy the nilvanlafe of brucr Inalruclion, ul Id 
 
 improet their phvilcjf.-s, Milner. 
 W« shall eajycially honor (ioil by Improving lUllgenlly the lab 
 
 eiitj which O'hI halh comrnilt/-d Uj na. tlarroiv. 
 They were iiware of the advnnlji)i:>'a of their position, and tm. 
 
 proved them with e(jual ahill nnri diliirence. 
 
 Waleli, Hev. 0/ Itamilton'e Work: 
 ThoiK momenls were rlillrenlly improved. Gitttmn. 
 The CAn'llilate imjn-mw^/ Tiia advantt^^-a. Oibtjon. 
 A hint that I do nut rvtrienibcr tu have aeen openetj iiiitl un- 
 
 prooed. AtUtiton, Sjjsa. lij. 
 
 WhaU^ver interest we b.tve at the Uirune of gTace, siiovild l>e 
 improved in b«'half of otln-nj. Scott, Com. Kx. xxxiii. 
 
 The court seliloin fails lo iinproue the opportunity, lilackstime. 
 
 My lords, no tilne should U* lost, wlticll may promise To imjn'ooe 
 this ilisposiuon in America. Lord Ctiatliam. 
 
 If we neglect to improve our Luowledge to the ends for wbicti it 
 was £;iven. Locke. 
 
 It is the laiiit ol persons not improving that light. .S. Clarke. 
 
 The shorter Uie lime — the more eager were tliey to improve iu 
 
 lyirdiier. 
 
 A young minister wishing to improve the occasion. C. Simeon. 
 
 3. To apply to practical purposes ; as, to improve a 
 discourse, or the doctrines stated and proved in a 
 sermon. Oioen. 
 
 4. To advance or increase by use ; in a bad sense. 
 
 I fear we have nol a little improved the wretched inlierilatice of 
 our ancestors. [III.] Porteus. 
 
 5. To use ; to employ; as, to improve a witness or 
 a deposition. 
 
 Lei even the coach, Ihe inns, or the ships, be improved as 
 openings lor useful instruciion. 7". i'cort. 
 
 6. To use ; to occupy ; to cultivate. The house 
 or the farm is now improoed by an industrious 
 tenant. 
 
 This application Is perhaps peculiar to si. me parts 
 of the United States. It, however, deviates little 
 from that in some of the foregoing definitions. 
 
 Old authors sometimes use this word for C'ErtsURE 
 or Impeach, i. e. reprove. Rich. Diet. 
 
 IM PROVE', (im-proov',) ». i. To grow better or 
 wiser; to advance in goodness, knowledge, wisdom, 
 or other excellence. \Ve are pleased to see our chil- 
 dren improve in knowledge and virtue. A farm im- 
 proves uiitier judicious management. The aitisan 
 improves by e,\]ierience. It is the duty, as it is the 
 desire, of a good man to improve in gface and piety. 
 
 We tajte care to improve in our Irugality and liiligence. 
 
 Altcrhury. 
 
 2. To advance in bad qualities; to grow worse. 
 
 Doiniliail 
 
 [/ rcifret to see litis word thtis used, or rather per- 
 verted.] 
 
 3. To increase ; to be enhanced ; to rise. The 
 price of cotton improvrji, or is improved. [A mercan- 
 tile and modern u.vc of the tnord.] 
 
 To improve on : to make useful additions or amend- 
 ments to ; to bring nearer to ptTlVclitiii , as, lo improve 
 on the mode of tillage usually pitifticeil. 
 IM-PROV'A'D, pp. or a. Made belter, wiser, or more 
 e.vcellent ; advanced in moral woith, knowledge, or 
 manners. 
 
 2. Made better; advanced in fertility or other good 
 qualities. 
 
 3. Used to profit or guoil pur[)ose ; as, opportunities 
 of learning improved. 
 
 4. Used ; occupied ; as, improved land. 
 IM-PROVE'MEMT, (im-proov'ment,) «. Advance- 
 ment in moral worth, leariniig, wisdom, skill, or 
 other excellence ; as, the improvement of the mind or 
 of the heart by cultivation ; improvement' in classical 
 learning, science, or mechanical skill; improvement 
 in music ; improvement in holiness. 
 
 2. Jlelioration ; a making or growing better, or 
 more valuable ; as, the improvement of barren or ex- 
 hausted land ; the improvement of the roads ; the im- 
 provement of the breed of horsies or cattle. 
 
 3. A valu.able addition ; excellence added, or a 
 change for the better ; sometimes with on. 
 
 The parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some lew others, are i>ny7roi)«- 
 merite on die tireek poet. Adduon. 
 
 4. Advance or progress from any state to a better. 
 
 There is a desirii ol publishing the histi>ry of arcliiu^ctiire, with 
 its several improvements a'nd ilecays. Addison. 
 
 a. Instruction ; growth in knowledge or refine- 
 Hu nt ; edification. 
 
 J look u\ion your city as lite best place of improvement. South. 
 
 C. Use or employment to beneficial purposes ; a 
 turning to good account ; as, the improvement of nat- 
 ural advantages, or spiritual privileges. 
 
 A trood imyH-owcTjienf of Ids reason. ,S. Clarke. 
 
 7. Practical apjilication ; as, the improvement of the 
 doctrines and principles of a sermon. 
 
 I shall make some improvement of tliis doctrine. TVtoteon, 
 Hence, 
 
 8. The part of a discourse hitended to enforce and 
 
 apply Ihe di ctrines, is called the improvement. 
 y. Use ; occupancy, 
 
 III. Improfrmrnls, pi.; valuable additions or melio- 
 ration, as buildings, clearings, drains, fences, iXtc.,on 
 a farm. Kent. 
 IM-PR("»V'ER, 71. One who improves ; one who makes 
 hiinseir or .•iity thing else better ; as, an improver of 
 horses or catiie. 
 
 2. That wliii'h improves, enriches, or meliorates; 
 as, chalk i-< an improver ul lands. Mortimer. 
 IM PRO VTD'IOI), (1. (L. improvisus ; in and provideo, 
 to foresee or piovide.] 
 
 Unforeseen ; unexpected ; not provided against. 
 
 {0/;v.] .Sprn.^er. 
 -PIloyi DE.NUE, 77. [I.. IB and proridens, provi- 
 dentin, from pro, before, and video, to see.] 
 
 Want of providence or forecast ; neglect of fore- 
 
 sight, or of the measures which foresight niii:!tt dic- 
 tate for safety or advantage. Half Ihe iuconveiiieiices 
 and losses which men sufl'er are the effects of improv- 
 idence. 
 
 IM-PRO V'l-DENT, a [h. in and providens ; pro and 
 video, supra.] 
 
 Wanting forecast ; not foreseeing what will be 
 necessary or convenient, or neglecting the measures 
 which foresight would dictate ; wanting care to make 
 provision for future exigencies. Seamen are prover- 
 bially improvident. It is sometimes followed by of; 
 as, improvident of harm. 
 
 IM-PROV'I-DE.NT-LY, adv. Without foresight or 
 forecast ; without care to provide against future 
 wants. 
 
 l.M-PROV'ING, p/ir. Making better ; growing better ; 
 using to advantage. 
 
 IM PROVING, a. Growing better; tending to ad- 
 vance in good qualities; as, an improving rotation of 
 crops. 
 
 IM-PROV'ING-I.Y, adv. In an improving manner. 
 IM PROV'I-SATE, a. Unpremeditated. 
 I.M-PROV-I-Sa'TION, 71. Act of making poetry or 
 
 performing music extemporaneously. 
 IM-PUOV-I-SJl-r(yRE,u. [it.] a man who makes 
 
 rhymes and short iKieins extemporaneously. 
 
 [This word is usually spelled with but one v by the 
 
 English and French.] 
 IM-PROV'I-SA-TO-RY, a. Relating to extemporary 
 
 composition of rhymes. 
 IM-PHOV-I-SA-TRl'CE, (im-prov-e-sa-tre'cha,) n. 
 
 [It.] A woman who makes rhymes or short poemsi 
 
 extemiioraneotisly. 
 
 [This word is usually spelled with but one v by the 
 
 English ami French.] 
 liM-PllO-VlSE', V. i. To speak extemporaneously, es 
 
 pecially in verse. Smart 
 lAl-PRO-VIS'lON, (-vizh'un,) 71. [i« and provision.] 
 Want of forecast ; improvidence. [Little used.] 
 
 Brouin 
 
 I.M-PRu'DENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. impriulentia ; in and 
 pnnleiittii, prudence.] 
 
 Want of prudence ; indiscretion ; want of caution, 
 circumspection, or a due regard to the consequences 
 of words to be uttered, or actions to be performed, or 
 their probable etlects on the interest, safety, reputa- 
 tion, or happiness, of one's self or others ; heedless- 
 ness ; incoiisiderateness ; rashness. Let a man of 
 sixty attempt to eiitiinerate the evils which his impru- 
 dence has brought on himself, his family, or his neigh- 
 bors. 
 
 IM-PRO'DENT, a. [Fr., from h. imprudens ; in and 
 yrndens, prudent.] 
 
 Wanting prudence or discretion ; indiscreet ; inju- 
 dicious ; not attentive to the consequences of words 
 or actions ; rash ; heedless. The imprudent man ol'len 
 laments his mistakes, and then repeats them. 
 IM-PRO'DE.\T-LV, adv. Without the exercise of pru- 
 dence ; indiscreetly. 
 IM'PU-DENfE, a. [Fr., from L. impudens ; in and 
 pttdens, from pudeo, to be ashamed.] 
 
 Shainelessiiess ; want of modesty ; effrontery ; as- 
 surance, accompanied with a disregard of the opin- 
 ions of others. 
 
 Those clear triitlis, that either their own eviilence forces us to 
 admit, or cumnion experience makes it imptulence 10 deny. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 IM'PU-DENT, a. [Fr., from L. imptulens.] 
 
 Shameless ; wanting modesty ; bold, with contempt 
 of others ; saucy. 
 
 When we l)ebold an angel, not to fear 
 Is 10 be impudent. Dryden. 
 I.M'PU-IIENT-LY, aiiii. Shamelessly; with indecent 
 assurance. 
 
 At once assail 
 
 Wilh open mouths, and impudently mil. Sandys. 
 LM-PU-1)IC'I-TY, 71. [L. impudicitia.] 
 
 Immodesty. Sheldon. 
 I.'M-POGN', (iin-pQne',) Ji. «. [Ft. impugnrr ; .<p. ini- 
 pu<rnar ; L. impugno ; in anu ptigno, to fight, or re- 
 sist.] 
 
 To oppose ; to attack by words or arguineiits ; to 
 contradict. The lawfulness of lots is impugned by 
 some, and di^fended by others. 
 
 The truth hereof I will not rashly iinpugn, or over-boldly all'inn. 
 
 Ptaehatn. 
 
 IM-PUG-NA'TION, n. Opposition, [r.illle n.sed.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 l.M POGN'iCD, (im-pund',) pp. Opposed ; contra- 
 dicted. 
 
 IM-PCG.\'F.R, 77. One who opposes or contradicts. 
 I.M-I'OCN'ING, 3)/)r. Opposing; attacking; coulra- 
 dirtillg. 
 
 IM Pfi'lS S.ANUR, 77. [Fr. ; in and puissance.] 
 
 Impotence; weakness, t Uacon- 
 IM-Pfi'lS SANT, H. [I'r.] \Vi ak ; impotent. 
 I.M'PUI.SE, (iiu')iuls,) n. [I., impnlsn.--, from impelh. 
 See I Ml' EI..] 
 
 1. Force communicated instantaneously; the ef- 
 fect of a stulilen or momentary communication of 
 iiiiitinn. Imimlsr is in proportion to the quantity of 
 mailer iiiitl veluciiy "I' Ibe iiiipelliiig body. 
 
 2. Inlltieiici' ailing on the mind ; motive. 
 
 These were my natural impulses for the undorLikiilg. Dryden. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT — MBTB, WlBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE,.DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 50) 
 
IMP 
 
 3. fmpressioii ; siippusud siipematuml influence on 
 t>ie mind. 
 
 Mfrtnliinc, by Jove'i impulie, Mrzciilius, armed, 
 Succeeded Ttirmw. Dnjilen. 
 
 IM PIIL'SION, ( shun,) ii. [Fr., from L. impiilsio. 
 Sec Imtel.] 
 
 1. The act of ririviuR apiinst, or impelling ; the 
 Budilcn or momentary agency of a body in motion on 
 anollier body. Bacon, 
 
 2. Inducnce on the mind ; impulse. Milton. 
 IM-PUI,S'IVK, a. [Fr. impuUif. See Impel.] 
 
 1. llavinR the powerof driving or impelhng ; mov- 
 ing ; impellent. 
 
 Poor men 1 poor pnren I W'e and they 
 
 Do some iinpuUivt force obey. Prior. 
 
 2. Actuated by impulse ; as, a person who is im- 
 puht'wf. 
 
 IM-PULS'IVE-LY, adu. With force; by impulse. 
 IM-PLIi\e'TU-.'\l,, «. Not punctual. 
 I.M-PUNe-TU-AL'l-TY, h. Neglect of punctuality. 
 
 Ji. Hamiltun. 
 IM-PO'NI-BI,Y, adn. Without punishment. 
 I.M-PO'.N l-T V, rt. [V^r . iinpiLmtc i L. tmpuniUis; maud 
 pHitiu. to punish.] 
 
 1. Kxeinplion from punishment or penalty. No 
 person should be permitted lo violate tlie laws with 
 ivtpHiiity. liiijiunittj encourages men in crimes. 
 
 2. Freedom or exemption from injury, pome fe- 
 rocious animals arc not to bo encountered with imiiu- 
 
 IM-PPRE', a. [Fr. impur ; L. impurasi in and purvs^ 
 pure.] 
 
 I. .Not pure; foul j feculent; tinctured; mixed 
 or impregnated with extraneous substances ; as, im- 
 pnrc water or air ; impure salt or magnesia. 
 
 9. Ol»sc<!ne ; as, impure language or ideas. 
 
 3. Unchaste ; lewd ; unclean ; as, impure actions. 
 
 4. Defiled by sin or guilt ; unholy ; as persons. 
 
 5. Unhallowed ; unlioly ; as tliin^rs. 
 
 C. Unclean ; in a teiral sense : not purified ac- 
 cording'to the ceremonial law of Moses. 
 
 I.M-PCRE', ti. t To render foul; to defile. [JVu« 
 «.<-</. J Bp. I/all. 
 
 I.M-POkE'LY, adv. In an impure manner; with im- 
 purilv. 
 
 IM-PCRE'NESS, ) B. [Fr. impurcti; L. impuritas, 
 l.M-PC'KI-TV, ( supra.] 
 
 1. Want of purity ; foulness; feculence; the ad- 
 mixture of a foreign substance in any thing ; a.s, the 
 impunfij of water, of air, of spirits, or of any species 
 of earth or mt^Uil. 
 
 2. Any foul matter. 
 
 3. Unchiustity ; lewdness. 
 
 The foul irnpuriliet Ui.it reijuetl nmoiig Ihe monkish clersry. 
 
 Atterhury. 
 
 4. Want of sanctity or holiness ; defilement by 
 guilt. 
 
 .'). Want of ceremonial purity ; legal pollution or 
 uncleanness, Ily the Mosaic law, a person con- 
 tracted impurity by tourlimg a dead body or a leper. 
 
 C. Foul language ; obscenity. 
 
 Pror;\neiie», impuritt/, or scitidal, \i not wit. Buckminster. 
 
 IM PUU'PLE, V. t. [in and purple; Fr. empnurjirer.] 
 To color or tinge wjth purple ; to make red or 
 reddish; as, a field impurpted with blood. 
 
 The bright 
 PuTement, that like a tea ot jasper shone, 
 ImpurpltA witli O'lesti.d ruMes, smiled. A/i/ton. 
 
 IM-PUR'PL£D, pp. or o. Tinged or stained with pur- 
 ple cohir. 
 
 IM-PL'R'PLIXG, ppr. Tingingor coloring with purple. 
 
 I.M-Pf'T'A-IU,E, <i. [See Implte.] That may be 
 imputed or charged toaperstm; chargeable. Thus 
 we say, crimes, sins, errors, trespasses are imputable 
 to those who ctmimit them. 
 
 2. 'I'hal may be ascribed lo ; m a good sense. This 
 favor is imputable to your goodness, or to a gt)od mo- 
 tive. 
 
 3. Accusable ; chargeable with a fault. [A*o« prop- 
 tr.] JJijllffe. 
 
 4. That may be set to the account of another. It 
 has been a qtieslion much agitated, whether Adam's 
 sin is imputable to his posterity. 
 
 IM-POT'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being im- 
 putable. Mrris. 
 
 ni-PU-TA'TION,n. [Fr., from impiKcr.] The act of 
 imputing or charging ; auribution ; generally in an 
 ill sense : as, the imputation of crimes or faults to the 
 true authors of them. We are liable to the imputa- 
 tion of numerous sins and errors ; to the imputtUion 
 of pride, vanity, and self confidence ; to the impula- 
 lion of weakness and irresolution, or of rashness. 
 
 2. Sometimes in a good sense. 
 
 If 1 hAd a soil to M,«rr Sh.illow, I wonid humor hia men wilh 
 llie imjiulnaon U bnn^ near their master. Shai. 
 
 3. Charge or attribution of evil ; censure ; re- 
 pro.ich. 
 
 L« us be cairful to (iiard ounelrei a»ainst the« sroundleai 
 im/junuion. of our enemiea, and to ri«: .-ibore them. 
 
 Additon. 
 
 IM-I C TA TIV E, a. That ni.ay lie imputed. 
 
 IN A 
 
 IM-P0;TA-'PIVE-I-_Y, ado. I(y imputation. F.neyc. 
 
 IM-PO'l'E', V. t. [Fr. impuler It. impnlnre; Sp. impa- 
 tar ; \,. imputo ; in anil pntn, \n tliiiik, to reckon; 
 properhi^ to set, to put, t(i throw to or on.] 
 
 I. To charge; to altriliulr ; to se t to Ihe account 
 of; generally ill, soiiietiiiies fr,(of/. Wt. impute cnme^^ 
 sins, Irespassi-s, faults, blame, &.C., to the guilty per- 
 sons. We impute wrong actimis to bad motives, or 
 to ignorance, or to folly anil rashness. We impute 
 misfortunes and miscarriages to imprudence. 
 
 2. To attribute ; to ascribe. 
 
 I h:\ve read a Iwjok imputed lo Lord B.ithiint. Stci/l. 
 
 3. To reckon to one what docs not belong to him. 
 It has Ijeeii licld that Adam's ain is imputed to all his iM)^i.'rify. 
 
 Encuc. 
 
 Thy merit 
 
 Imputed shall absolve them who r-nounce 
 
 Their own IkjUi righteous and unrighteous deeiis. A/i/ton. 
 
 I.M-PC'T'EI), or a. Charged to the account of ; at- 
 tributed ; ascribed. 
 
 IM-PfiT'F.R, n. One that imputes or attributes. 
 
 I.M-POT'ING, ;i;>r. Charging to the account of; at- 
 tributing ; ascribing. 
 
 I.M-PU-TRES'CT-liL,E, a. [in and L. putresco, to pu- 
 trefy.] 
 
 Not subject to putrefaction or corruption. 
 IN, a prefix, [I,, in,] is used in com|Kisition as a particle 
 of negation, like the F.iiglish tin, of which it seems to 
 be a dialectical orthography ; or it denotes wilbin, 
 into, or among, as ill inbred, inease ; or it serves only 
 lo augment, or render einphatical, the sense of the 
 word to which it is prefixed, as in inclose, increase. 
 
 before /, is changed into i7, as in illusion; and 
 before r into ir, as in irreirulnr ; and into im before 
 a labial, as in imbitter, immaterial, impatient, 
 IN, prep. [L. in; Gr. £1/; Goth, in ; Sax. in ; Fr. en ; 
 Sp. en ; It. i« ; G. in, or cin ; D. in ; Dan. ind ; S w. 
 in ; W. yn ; Sans, antu.] 
 
 In denotes jireseiit or inclosed, surrounded by lim- 
 its ; as, in a house ; in a fort ; in a city. It denotes a 
 state of being mixed ; as, sugar in lea; or combined, 
 as carbonic acid in marble, or latent heat in air. It 
 denotes present in any state ; as, in sickness or 
 health. It denotes present in time ; as, in that hour 
 or day. The uses of in, however, can not. In all 
 cases, be defined by eiguivalent words, except by ex- 
 plaining the phrase in which it is used ; as, in deed ; 
 in tact; in essence; in quality ; in reil-son ; in cour- 
 age ; in spirits, &c. A man in spirits or Rotid cour- 
 age, denotes one who possesses at the time spirits or 
 courage ; in reason, is equivalent to loith reason ; one 
 in ten, denotes one of that number ; and we say also 
 one of ten, and one oii( o/ten. 
 
 In the name, is used ill phrases of invoking, swear- 
 ing, declaring, praying, &.c. Ill prayer, it denotes 
 by virtue of, or for the sake of. In Uie name of the 
 people, denotes on their behalf or part ; in their 
 stead, or for Iheir sake. 
 
 In, in many cases, is equivalent lo on. This use of 
 the word is frequent in tlie Scriptures ; as, h t fowls 
 multiply in the earth. This use is more frequent in 
 Knglaiid than ill America. We generally use on in 
 all stiiiilar phrases, and this is most correcL 
 
 fn signifies by or through. In thee shall all na- 
 tions be blt>ssed. I am glorified in them. 
 
 In a lull, properly denotes under the surface; but 
 in a rallry, denotes on the surface of the land. 
 
 Inlhal, is sometimes equivalent to because. 
 
 Some things Uiey tlo in thai ihey are nmn ; some tlitnrs in Uuit 
 they arc men nnaled and blinded widi error. Hooker. 
 
 In these and similar phrases, timt is an antecedent, 
 substitute, or pronoun relating lo the subsequent pan 
 of Ihe sentence, or the subsequent clause. God coni- 
 mendeth his love towarti us, in Oiut, while we were 
 yet sinners, Christ died for us. Th.it is, in the facts 
 slated in Ihe latter clause, for which thai is the sub- 
 stitute. Rom. V. 
 
 In as much: seeing; seeing that; this being the 
 fact. I will ride for heallh, ina.<miich as I am inliriu. 
 
 In is often used without llio noun to which it 
 properly belongs. I care not who is in, or who is oiif, 
 that is, in office, or out of office. Come in, that is, into 
 the house or other place. Who has or will come in, 
 that is, info office. A vessel li.is come in, that is, 
 into port, or has arrived. 
 
 7*11 be or keep in with ; to be close or near. Keep the 
 ship in teith the land. 
 IN-A-BIL'I-TV, n. [Fr. inhahiVai ; L. inhabdis , in 
 and hnbilis, .Norm. luiMr, able.] 
 
 1. Want of sulficient physical power or strength; 
 as, the inability of a man to raise an arm or a leg. 
 
 2. Want of adeqii.ate means; as, an inability to 
 purchase a farm, or to fit out a ship. 
 
 3. Want of moral ptiwer. Murid inability is con- 
 sidered to be want of inclination, disposition, or 
 will, or a dee(vrooted aversion to act, and therefore 
 improperly so called. 
 
 Moral inability a^^niua our pillL Scotl. 
 
 4. Want of intellecluni strength or force ; as, an 
 maiility lo comprehend a mathematical demonstra- 
 tion. 
 
 INA 
 
 5. Want of knowledge or skill ; as, an inab'dity to 
 read or write. 
 
 IN A'l!Li;-.ME.\T, n. (.See Enabi.j;.] Ability. [Xot 
 
 " Bacon. 
 IN All'STI NF.NCE, n. [in and abstinence.] A not 
 
 abstaining ; a partaking ; indulgence of ip|H'tiic ; 
 
 as, the inabstinence of Eve. Milton. 
 IN-AH-STRAeT'EI), a. Not abstracted. Hooker. 
 IN-A-HO'SIVE-I.Y, a</n. Witlioiit abuse. I.. Jforlh. 
 IN-AG CES.S-I-HII,'I-TY, in. (from inn<:ce,„,Wf.l 
 IN-Ae-CESS'I-HLE NESS, ( The quality or state 
 
 of being inaccessible, or not to he reached. 
 IN-Ae-CESS'MU,E, a. [in and aeres.-<ible.] Not to 
 
 be reached ; as, an inaecctsible liiglit or rock. The 
 
 depths of the sea arc inaccessible. 
 
 2. Not to be obtained. The necessary vouchers 
 are inaccessible. 
 
 3. Not to be ajiproachcd ; forbidding access ; as, 
 an inaccessible prince, 
 
 IN-AG-CESS'I-liEY, ai/». So as not to be approached. 
 
 tVurUin. 
 
 IN-ACeU-RA-CY, n. [from inneeurate.] Want of 
 accuracy or exactness; mistake; fault; difect ; er- 
 ror ; as, an inaccuracy in writing, in a transcript, or 
 in a calculation. 
 
 IN-.Ae eU-RATE, a. [m and ari-urafc] Not accu- 
 rate ; not exact or correct; not according to trulli ; 
 erroneous ; as, an i/iocciir«/c man ; he is inaccurate in 
 narration ; the transcript or copy is inaccurate ; the 
 instrument is inaccurate. 
 
 IN-Ae'eU-RATE-LY, adv Not according to truth ; 
 incorrectly ; erroneously. The accounts are inoccu- 
 ratrlif stalt tl. 
 
 IN-AC-tiU.^IXT'ANCE, n. Unarqiiaintance. Oood. 
 
 I.N'-AC-dUI-KS'CE.N'T, ii. Not ai qiiiescing. 
 
 IN-AC'TION, n. [Fr. ; in and «cf ion.] Want of ac- 
 tion ; forbearance of labor; idleness; rest. Pope. 
 
 IN-AGT'I V'E, a. [in and ocfice.] Not active ; inert; 
 having no power to move. Matter is, per sc, iiioc- 
 tive. 
 
 2. Not active; not diligent or industrious; not 
 busy; idle. Also, liabitiuilly idle ; indolent ; slug- 
 gish ; as, an inactire tifliccr. 
 I.N-ACT'I VE-I,V, adv. Idly; sluggishly; without 
 
 motion, labor, or eiiiployiiieiit. 
 IN-ACT-IV i-TV, n. [in and activity.] Inertness; 
 as, the inactivity of matter. 
 
 2. Idleness, or habitual idleness ; want of action 
 or exertion ; sluggishness. Sioi^. 
 IN-A€T'U-aTE, r. £. To put in action. [JVot used.] 
 
 Glanrille. 
 
 IN-ACT-^-a'TION, n. Operation. [A^ot u.ied.] 
 
 Olancdie. 
 
 IN-AD-APT-a'TION, n. A state of being not adapted 
 or fitted. Dick. 
 
 L\-AI)'E-aUA-CY,n. (^from inarfcijMaff.] The quali- 
 ty of being unequal or insufficient for a piir|)ose. 
 
 The inadetjuary and coiitiequcilt iueilic;icy ol the allegeil ciiiset. 
 
 Diciglu. 
 
 2. Inequality. 
 
 Dr. Price Considers this inadequacy of repit'tentiition aa our 
 fuiuUmenuil ^evaiio*. Burke. 
 
 3. Incompleteness ; defectiveness ; as, the inotf- 
 eqnaeii of ideas. 
 
 IN-Al)'E-aU,\TE, a. [in and adequate, L. adaquatus, 
 from ndtrijun, to equal.] 
 
 1. Not equal to the purpose; insufficient to effect 
 the object ; unequal ; as, inadequate power, strength, 
 resources. 
 
 2. Not equal to the real state or condition of a 
 thing ; not just or in due proportion ; partial ; in- 
 complete ; as, inadequate ideas of God, of his per- 
 fections, or nionil gcu'ernuieiit; an inadequau com- 
 pensation for servici^s. 
 
 3. Incomplete; defective; not just ; as,inadeqiiate 
 represeiiiation or descri|ition. 
 
 IX-AD'E-UUATE-LV, adv. Not fully or sufficiently ; 
 not coniplclelv, 
 
 IN-AD'E (11J.\TE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 inadequate ; inadequacy ; incqiialily ; incomplete- 
 ness. 
 
 I.N-AD-E-atTA'TIO.V, n. Want of exact correspond- 
 ence. [Obs.] Puller. 
 
 IiVAD-Ilf.. SIO.N, ( he'/.hun,) n. [in and adhesion.] 
 Want of adhesion ; a not adhering. 
 
 Porc-l dn chiy is disling^nishril from colorific earths by intvttietion 
 lu til- (injem. Klrmn. 
 
 I.\-An Mt.''-SI-BII/I-TY, n. [from inadmiisible.] The 
 quality of being inadmissible, or not proper to be re- 
 ceivetl ; as the inadmuisibility of an argument, or of 
 evidence in court, or of a firojMisal in a negoti:ilion. 
 
 I.V-AD-.MIS'SI-BI.E, n. [Fr. ; in and admissible, from 
 adniitto, to admit.] 
 
 Not admissible ; not proper to be admitted, al- 
 lowed, or received ; as, inadmissible testimony ; an 
 inadmi.vsible projKisition. 
 
 IN-AI) .M(.s'SI-BLY,arfn. In a manner not admissible. 
 
 I.\-AI)-VERT'ENCE, j n. [Fr. inar/rerfancf, from L. 
 
 IN-AI)-VERT'E.\'-CY, j in and adtertens, adcerto. 
 See .Advert.] 
 
 1. A not turning the inind to ; inallention ; negli- 
 gence ; heedlessness. Many mistakes, and some 
 misfortunes, proceed from inadvertence. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 587 
 
INA 
 
 INA 
 
 INC 
 
 2. The effect of inattention ; any oversight, mis- 
 take, or fault which proceeds from negligence of 
 thought. 
 
 The productions of a ^reat genius, with many lapses and inorf- 
 verunczes, are intiniteiy preli;rable to works of an inferior 
 kind of author. Addison. 
 
 I\-AD-VERT'ENT, a. [L. in and adveTteiu.1 Not 
 turning the mind to ; heedless ; careless ; negli- 
 gent. 
 
 IN-AD-VERT'ENT-LY, adv. Heedlessly; careless- 
 ly ; from want of attention ; inconsiderately. 
 
 IN-AF-FA-BIL'I-TY, n. Reservedness in conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 IN-AF'FA-BLE, a. Not affable ; reserved. 
 IN-AF-FEeT-A'TION, n. Destitution of affected man- 
 ner. 
 
 IN-AF-FECT'ED, a. Unaffected, [mtjised.] 
 IN-aID'A-BLE, o. That can not be assisted. Shak. 
 IN-AL'IEN-A-BLE, (-al'ycn-a-bl,) a. [Ft. in and al- 
 ienable^ from L. alieno, alienns.] 
 
 Unalienable; that can not be legally or justly al- 
 ienated or transferred to another. The dominions 
 of a king are inalienable. All men have certtiin nat- 
 ural riglits which are inalienable, 'i'he estate of a 
 minor is inalienablr, without a reservation of the 
 right of redemption, or the authority of the legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 IN-aL'IEN-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being in- 
 alienable. ScotL 
 
 IN-aL'IEN-.VBLY, adv. In a manner that forbids al- 
 ienation ; as, riahts inalienably vested. 
 
 IN-AL-I-MENT'AL, a. [in and aliment.] Affording 
 no nourishment. Bacon. 
 
 IN-AL-TER-A-BIL'I-Ty,7!. [from tViu/ffraJ/e.] The 
 qtlality of not being alterable or changeable. 
 
 Fvurcroy. 
 
 IN-AL'TER-A-BLE, a. { in nm\ alterable] That can 
 not or may not be altered or changed ; unalterable. 
 
 Ilakrjoill, 
 
 IN-a'MI-A-BLE, a. Unamiable. Wot in use.] 
 1N-A'.MI-A-BLE-NE.SS, «. Unamiableness. [JVot in 
 use.] 
 
 IN-A-MIS'SI-BEE, a. [L. in and amitto, to lose.] 
 
 Not to be lost. \LitUe used.] Hammond. 
 IN-A-MIS'SI-BLE-NESa, n. The state of not being 
 liable to be lost. 
 
 A lover. Marston. 
 IN AND IN; to breed in and in. See To Bheed. 
 IN-aNE', a. [L. inanis^ empty.] 
 
 Empty ; void ; sometimes used as a noun, to ex- 
 press a void space, or space beyond the confines of 
 the world. Locke. 
 IN-AN"GU-LAR, a. Not angular. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Brown, 
 
 1N-AN'I-MaTE, v. t. [Infra.] To animate. [LMte 
 used.] 
 
 IN-AN'I-MATE, a. [L. inanimalus ; in and animo, 
 antmatus.] 
 
 1. Destitute of animal life. Plants, stones, and 
 earth are inanimate substances ; a corpse is an inani- 
 mate body. 
 
 2. Destitute of animation or life. 
 IN-AN'I-Ma-TED, a. Destitute of animal life. 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 2. Not animated; not sprightly. [See Unanima- 
 
 TED.J 
 
 IN-AN-I-Ma'TION, n. Animation. [Unusual and 
 useless.] 
 
 IN-A-NI''TI0N, 71. [Fr., from L. manis, empty.] 
 Emptiness; want of fullness ; as, inanifion of body 
 or of the vessels. Burton. 
 IN-AN'I-TY, 71. [L. inanitas, from inanis, void.] 
 
 Emptiness ; void space ; vacuity. D'gbv- 
 IN-AP'PE-TENCE, ) 7i. [in and appetence, L. ajipeten- 
 IN-AP'PE-TEN-CY, j tia.] 
 
 1. Want of appetence, or of a disposition to seek, 
 select, or imbibe nutriment. [See Apphtekce.] 
 
 2. Want of desire or inclination. Cfinjne. 
 IN-AP-PLI-eA-BIL'I-T\', 71. [from inapplieabtc.] The 
 
 qualitv of not being applicable ; unfitness. 
 
 IN-AP'PLI-e.VBEE, a. [in anil applicable.] Not ap- 
 plicable ; that can-fiot be applied ; not suited or suit- 
 able to the purpose. The argument or the testimony 
 is inapplicable to the case. 
 
 IN-.M"PI,I-eA-B^Y, adv. In a manner not suited to 
 the ptirpose. 
 
 IN-AP-PI.I-€a'TION, ti. [Fr. ; in and applicMim.] 
 
 Want of application ; want of atteiititui or assiduity ; 
 
 negllRencc indolence ; neglect of study or industry. 
 IN-AP'PO-SITE, a. [in and appu.iile..] Not apposite ; 
 
 not fit or Builable ; not pertinent ; as, an inapposite 
 
 argument. 
 
 IN-AP'PO-SITE-LY, ailv. Not pertinently ; not suit- 
 ably. 
 
 IN-AP-PRP,'CIA-BI,E, a. [in and appreciable, from 
 apprcciaU.] Not to bo a|)[)reciiiteil ; that can not be 
 duly valued. 
 2. 'I'hat ( an not be estimated. Urc. 
 IN-AP-PUE IIEN.S'I-HLE, a. Not intelligible. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IN-AP-PRE-HENS'IVE, o. Not apprehensive ; regard- 
 lc««. Taylor. 
 
 IN-AP-PRoACII'A-BLE, o. [in and approachable.] 
 Not to be approached ; inaccessible. 
 
 IN-AP-PRoACH'A-BLY, ado. So as not to be ap- 
 proached. 
 
 IN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE, a. [in and appropriate.] Not 
 appropriate; unsuited ; not proper. J. P. Smith. 
 2. Not appropriate ; not belonging to. MeJ. Repos. 
 IN-AP-PRo'PUI-ATE-EY, adv. Not appropriately. 
 IN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE-NESS, 71. Uusuitablencss. 
 IN-APT', a. Unapt ; not apt. 
 
 IN-APT'I-TUDE, 71. [ill and aptitude.] Want of apt- 
 itude ; unfitness; unsuitableness. Burke. 
 IN-APT'I,Y, adv. Unfitly ; unsuitably. 
 IN-APT'NES.S, 71. Unfitness. 
 IN-A'QUA'l'E, a. [L. in and aquatus.] 
 
 I^m bodied in water. Cranmer. 
 IN-A-aUA'TION, 71. The state of being inaquate. 
 
 Gardner. 
 
 IN-AR'A-BLE, a. [in and arable.] Not arable ; not 
 capable of being plowed or tilled. Diet. 
 
 IN-ARCH', 7'. [ill and arc/i.] To graft by approach ; 
 to graft by uniting a cion to a stock without separa- 
 ting it from its parent tree. Miller. Encyc. 
 
 IN-ARCH'i;D, (in-archt',) pp. Grafted by approach. 
 
 IN-ARCH'ING, ]>pr. Grafting by approach. 
 
 IN-ARCH'ING, 71. A method of ingrafting, by which 
 a cion, without being separated from its parent tree, 
 is joined to a stock standing near. Encyc. 
 
 IN-AR-Tie'U-LATE, a. [in and articulate.] Not ut- 
 tered with articulation or junction of the organs of 
 speech ; not articulate ; not distinct, or with distinc- 
 tion of syllables. Tlie sounds of brutes and fowls 
 are, for the most part, inarticulate. 
 2. In loolotry, not jointed or articulated. Dana. 
 
 IN-AR-Tie'lJ-LATE-LY, ado. Not with distinct syl- 
 lables ; indistinctly. 
 
 IN-AR-Tie't^-LATE-NESS, 7i. Indistinctness of ut- 
 terance by animal voices ; want of distinct articula- 
 tion. 
 
 IN-XR-TIG-U-La'TION, 71. Indistinctness of sounds 
 in speaking. 
 
 IN-AR-TI-FI"CIAL, (-Sr-te-fish'al,) a. [in and arti- 
 Jicial.] Not done by art ; not maile or performed by 
 the rules of art ; formed without art ; as, an inarti- 
 ficial style of composition. 
 2. Simple ; artless. 
 
 IN-\Jl-TI-FI"CIAL-LY, adv. Without art; in an 
 aitless manner ; contrary to the rules of art. Collier. 
 
 tN-AS-MUCH', adv. [in, as, and much.] Such being 
 the case or fact ; seeing. 
 
 IN-AT-TEN'TiON, ti. [I'n and attentioit.] The want 
 of attention, or of fixing the mind steadily on an ob- 
 ject ; heedlessness ; neglect. 
 
 Novel lays attract our ravished ears, 
 But old the ntind with inattention hears. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 IN-AT-TENT'IVE, a. [in and attentive.] Not fi.\ing 
 the mind on an object ; heedless ; careless ; negli- 
 gent ; regardless ; as, an inattentive spectator or hear- 
 er ; an inattentii^c habit. fVatts. 
 
 IN-AT-TENT'I VE-LY, adv. Without attention ; care- 
 lessly ; heedlessly . Johnson. 
 
 IN-XUD'I-BLE-NEs's, ! °'" ^"^'"S inaudible. 
 
 IN-AUD'l-BLE, a. [in and audible.] That can not 
 be heard ; as, an inaudible voice or soimd. 
 2. Making no sound ; as, the inaudible foot of time. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IN-AUD'I-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be heard. 
 
 Colebrokc. 
 
 IN-AU'GU-RAL, a. [L. inau^uro ; in and oiig-iir.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to inauguration ; as, inaugural cere- 
 monies. 
 
 2. Made or pronounced at an inauguration ; as, an 
 inaugural address. 
 
 IN-AU'GU-RaTE, v. t. [Supra.] To introduce or in- 
 duct into an office with solemnity or suitable ceremo- 
 nies ; to invest with an office in a formal manner ; a 
 word borrowed from the ceremonies used by the Ro- 
 mans when they were received into the college of 
 augurs. Kings and emperors are inaugurated by 
 ctjronalion ; a jirelate, by consecration ; and the 
 president of a college, by such ceremonies and 
 forms as give weight and authority to tile transac- 
 tion. 
 
 2. To begin with good omens. [JVuJ ii.scrf.] 
 
 fVotton. 
 
 IN-AU'GU-RATE, a. Invested with office. Drat/ton. 
 IN-AU'GI;-Ra-TE1), pp. inducted into office with 
 
 appropriate ci'renionies. 
 IN-AU'(;U-Ra-T1NG, p!>r. Inducting into office with 
 
 solemnities. 
 
 IN-AU-GU-Ra'TION, 71. The act of inducting into 
 ortlce with solemnity ; investiture with office by ap- 
 propriate ceremonies. 
 
 IN-AU'GU-RA-TOR, 71. One who inaugurates. 
 
 Coleridge, 
 
 IN AU'GU-RA-TO-RY, a. Suited to induction into 
 ort'ico ; pertaining to inauguration ; as, inauguratory 
 gratulatioiis. Johnson's Lives of the Pocl.i. 
 
 IN-AU-ltA'TION, 71. [L. inauro, inanratus ; in and 
 aurum, gold.] 
 The act or process of gilding or covering with gold. 
 
 Jfrbuthnot. 
 
 IN-AU'SPI-GATE, a. Ill-omened. Buck. 
 
 IN-AU-SPI"C10US, r-aw-spish'us,) a. [in and au- 
 spicious,] Ill-omened; unfortunate; unlucky ; evil ; 
 unfavorable. The war commenced at an inauspicious 
 time, and its issue was inauspicious. The counsels 
 of a bad man have an ittauspicious influence on soci- 
 ety. 
 
 IN-AU-SPI"CIOUS-LY, adv. With ill omens , unfor- 
 tunately ; unfavorably. 
 
 IN-AU-SPI"CIOUS-NESS, n. Unluckiness ; unfa- 
 vorableness. 
 
 IN-Bli'ING, 71. [ill and if ill n-.] Inherence; inherent 
 existence ; inseparableness. Watts, 
 
 IN'CoARD, a. Carried or stowed within the hold of 
 a ship or other vessel ; as, an inboard cargo. 
 
 IN'BoARD, adv. Within the hold of a vessel. 
 
 IN'BORN, a. [iii and born,] Innate; implanted by 
 nature ; as, inborn passions ; inborn worth. 
 
 Dnjden, .Addison, 
 
 IN'BREAK-ING, o. Breaking into. Ed, Rev, 
 
 IN-BRkA'±'HE', V, t. To infuse by breathing. 
 
 _ Coleridge, 
 
 IN-BRkATH'£D, pp, or a. Infused by brcatliing or 
 inspiration. Milton, 
 
 IN-BRf.ATH'ING, ppr. Infusing by breathing. 
 
 IN'BRED, a. [in and bred, breed,] Bred within , in- 
 nate ; natural ; as, inbred worth ; inhrcd affectioB. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 IN-BREED', v. t. To produce or generate within. 
 
 Bp, Retinoids, 
 
 IN'CA, (ink'a,) ti. The title given by the niitives of 
 Peru to their kings and to the princes of the blood, 
 before the conquest of that country by the Spaniards 
 
 IN-GAGE', V. (. [inanicage,] To confine in a cage ; 
 to coop up; to confine to any narrow limits. SItak. 
 
 IN-€aG'£D, pp. Cooped up ; confined to a cage or to 
 narrow limits. 
 
 IN-GAGE'.MENT, 71. Confinement in a cage. Shelton, 
 
 IN-GaG'ING, i>pr. Confining to a cage or to narrow 
 limits. 
 
 IN-GAL'GU-LA-BLE, a. That can not be calculated ; 
 beyond calculation. 
 
 IN-eAL'eU-LA-BLE-NESS, 7i. Quality of being be- 
 yond calculation. 
 
 IN-GAL'eU-LA-BLY, adv. In a degree beyond cal- 
 culation. 
 
 IN-e.'V-LES'CENCE, ) 7i. [L. incalescens, incalesco ; 
 IN-€A-LES'CEN-CY, ) in and calcsco, caleo, to be 
 hot.] 
 
 A growing warm ; incipient or increasing heat. 
 
 Ratj, 
 
 IN-GA-LES'CENT, a. Growing warm ; increasing 
 in heat. 
 
 IN-€AM-ER-A'TION, 7i. [iii and camera, a chamber 
 
 or arched roof.] 
 The act or process of uniting lands, revenues, or 
 
 other rights, to the pope's domain. Encyc, 
 IN-GAN-DES'CENCE, 71. [L. incandcscens, incaudcs- 
 
 co f in and catidcsco ; candco, caiteo, to be white, to 
 
 shine ; canus, white.] 
 A while heat ; or the glowing whitcjiess of a body 
 
 caused by intense heat. We say, a metal is lieated 
 
 to incandcsrenr.e. 
 IN-eAN-UES'CENT, a. White or glowing with 
 
 heat. 
 
 IN-GANT-A'TION, 71. [L. incantatio, ineanto ; in and 
 canto, to sing.] 
 
 The act of enchanting ; enchantment; the act of 
 using certain formulas of words and ceremonies, for 
 the pur|)ose of raising spirits. Eneijc. Bacon. 
 IN-e.\NT'A-TO-RY, a. Dealing by enchantment ; 
 
 magical. Brotvn. 
 IN-CANT'ING, a. Enchanting. [JVut 7is«;.] 
 IN-CAN'TON, II. t, [lit and cuiifuii.] To unite to a 
 
 canton or separate commtinitv. .Addison, 
 IN-CA-PA-BIL'I-TY, ( 71. [from incapable,] The 
 IN-€A'PA-BLE-NESS, j quality of being incapa- 
 ble ; n.atiiral incapacity or wtint of power; .as, tlie 
 incapablcitess of a child to comprehend logical syllo- 
 gisms. 
 
 2. Want of legal qualifications or of legal power ; 
 as, the incnpabilily of lioltling an oflicc. 
 IN-Ca'PA-BLE, a. [Fr, in and ettpable,] 
 
 1. Wanting capacity sufficient; not having room 
 sufficient to contain or hold ; followeil by if. VV'e 
 say, a vessel is incapable 0/ containing or boliling a 
 certain quantity of liquor ; but I believe we rarely 
 or never say, a vessel is incapable o/lbat ipiantity. 
 
 2. Wanting natural power or capacity to learn, 
 know, understand, or comprehend. .Man is iiicu;m- 
 ii/c of comprehending the es.sence of the divino Be- 
 ing. An idiot is incapable of learning to read. 
 
 3. Not admitting ; not in a state to receive ; not 
 susceptible of; as, a bridge is incapable of reparation. 
 
 4. Wanting power equal to any purpose. 
 
 Is not your father f^rown incapable 
 Of rea.,.iuiblc allkirs f 
 
 Slialt. 
 [See No. 2.] 
 
 .'). Wanting moral power or disposition. He is 
 incapable of it dishonorable act. 
 
 G. Untiualifiid or disipialified, in a legal sense; 
 not httving the legal or constitutional (gitalilications. 
 A man not thirty years of age is unqualified, and 
 
 FATE, FAR, FM.L, WUAlT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, HQQK — 
 
 588 
 
INC 
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 llii rpfdre iticuimhlr of liiililiii); tho oli'ici- of president 
 of (lie I'liiU'd Sl^ti'.i ; a mm ninvictcil on inip'-acli- 
 inent isdisqnalijieil, anil thcri lore mcajutblr ot'liuliling 
 any office of honor or profit under Iliu (jovernnient. 
 
 Incnpable properly denotes a want of passive 
 power, the power of receivins, anil is applicable 
 particularly to the mind ; unable denotes the want of 
 active po»vcr, or power of performing, and is appli- 
 cable to tlie body or mind. [See lNe*i'*ciTV.] 
 
 IN-eA'rA-llI.Y, nilp. Ill an incapable manner. 
 
 IN-eA-PA'CIOUS, (-ka-pA'.shns,) a. [in and capa- 
 cious.] Not capacious ; not large or spacious ; nar- 
 row ; of smaU contfait ; as, an incapacious soul. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 IN-eA-P.A'CIOi;S-NESS, n. Narrowness; want of 
 
 containing space. 
 IN-CA-PAU'I-TATE, r. f. [in and cipariuite.] 
 
 1. To deprive of capacity or natural power of learn- 
 ing, knowing, undersLinding, or performing. Old 
 age and inlirniity often incapacitate men to exercise 
 the office of a judge. 
 
 2. To render or make incapable; as, infancy inca- 
 pacitates a child for learning algebra. 
 
 3. 'J'o disable j to weaken ; to deprive of comi)e- 
 tent power or ability. This is an improper use of 
 the word. The loss of an arm disabics a soldier, but 
 does not incapacitate him. 
 
 'I. To render unlit ; as, infancy incapacitates one 
 for marriage. 
 
 5. To disqualify ; to deprive of legal or constitu- 
 tional requisites ; as, conviction of a crime incapaci- 
 tates one to be a witness. 
 
 I\-t;A-l'.'\C''I-TA-TED, pp. Rendered incapable ; de- 
 prived of capacitv. 
 
 IN-eA-l'AC'l-TA-TL\G, ppr. Depriving of capacity ; 
 rendering incapable. 
 
 IN-eA-P.\t'-l-TA'T10N, n. Want of capacity ; dis- 
 qualification. Burke. 
 
 IN-eA-P.\C'I-TY, n. [in and capacity.] ^Vanl of 
 capacity, intellectual power, or the power of receiv- 
 ing, containing, or understanding ; applied to the 
 initid, and it mail be natural or casual. There is a 
 natural ineapacitii in children to comprehend difficult 
 propositions in logic or metapbjsics, and a natural 
 ineapaeitij in men to comprehend the nature of spirit- 
 ual beinis. The defect of understanding proceeding 
 from intoxication, or from an injury done to the 
 brain, is a casual imapacitij. 
 
 9. Want of (pialification or legal requisites ; ina- 
 bility ; as, the incapacity of minors to make binding 
 contracts. 
 
 3. Disqualification ; disability by deprivation of 
 power ; as, the incapacity of a convict to give testi- 
 mony in .a court of law. 
 IN-eXR'L'ER-.<TE, r. (. [L. incnrcero ; in and career, 
 a prison, Pp. eared, Sax. earctern, Goth. Uarkara, G. 
 and D. kcrkrr, W. cartMr. Career seems to be allied 
 to W. care, Eng. carJt, care ; showing that the pri- 
 marj' sense is, to press or strain.] 
 
 1. To imprison ; to confine in a jail. 
 
 2 To confine ; to shut up or inclose. Tfarcey. 
 I\-€aR'CER-ATR, a. Imprisoned ; confined. Mure. 
 I.\ eXR'CKK-.A-TED, pp. Imprisoned. 
 IX-e.\R'CKIJ-A-TI.VG, ppr. Imprisoning. 
 l.\-t;.\l!-CER-.\'TION, K. The act of imprisoning or 
 
 confining; imprisonment. 
 IN-€aUN', r. t. [L. incamo ; in and caro, carni-;, 
 
 flesh.] 
 
 To cover with flesh ; to invest with flesh. 
 
 Illseman. 
 
 IN-eXRN', r. i". To breed flesh. tl'iseman. 
 I.\-eAll.\'A-DINE, a. (Kr. incarnadin ; It. incama- 
 tino : li. in and earo, flesh.] 
 Flesh-colored ; of a carnation color ; pale red. 
 
 Shik. 
 
 IN-exR\'A-DI\E, r. t. To dye red or flesh color. 
 [Ldtlr u.mt.] 
 
 IN-e.\KN'ATE, r. t. [Fr. incarner; Pp. encarnar; IL 
 incarnare ; L. inearno ; in and ear.i, llesh.] 
 To clothe with flesh ; to embodv in Mesh. 
 
 .V/7/(in. .Isiat. Res. 
 IN€.\RN'ATE, 11. Invested with flesh; embodied in 
 flesh ; as, the incarnate Son of Goii. 
 
 2. In Scotland, of a red color ; tli'sh-colored. 
 IN-e.\U.\'A-TEI), pp. Clothed v. illi flesh 
 IN-exRX'A-TIXG, ppr. Investing with flesh. 
 lN-e.\R\-A'TIOX, 11. The act of cb>thing with flesh. 
 
 2, The act of assuming flesh, or of taktnz a human 
 body and the nature of man ; as, the incarnation of 
 the Son of God. 
 
 X In surgeru, the process of healing wounds and 
 fillins the [Kirt'with new flesh. Kueyc 
 IX-C\RN' A TI VE, a. [ Fr. iaearnnlif.] 
 
 Causing new flesh to grow : healuiL'. F.neye. 
 IN-eXR.N'A TIVE, n. .\ medicine that tends lo pro- 
 mote the growth of new llesh, and assist nature in 
 llie healing of wounds. /;iiri/c. 
 1N-Ca!<E', r. (. [in and co-if.] ^^o inclose in a case. 
 tJ. To inclose; lo cover or surround with some- 
 Unng solid. 
 
 Rkh pUtn of fold Uk foldlDg doon incade. Pop€. 
 
 IN-CAS'ED, (in-kasi',) pp. Inclosed ns In a case, 
 sheath, or box. 
 
 I\-CASE'.\I|;NT, n. An ini losing with a easement. 
 I.V-GA.'^'I.N't;, ppr. Inclosing as in a case. 
 I.N'-CXSK', I'. (. To put into a cask. Sherwood, 
 IN-€A3'TEL-LA-TED, a. Confined or inclosed in a 
 castle. 
 
 IN-CAT-E-NA'TION, 71. (L. catena, a chain.) 
 
 The act of linking together. Chddsmith. 
 
 IN-CAU'TION, II. Want of caution. Rich. Diet. 
 
 IN-eAU'TlOUS,!!. [ill and cautious.] Not cautious ; 
 unwarj' ; not circumspi-ct ; heedless ; not attending 
 to the circumstances on which safety and interest 
 depend ; as, incautious voutli. 
 
 IN-CAU'TIOUS-LY, ado. Unwarily; heedlessly; 
 witliout due circumspection. 
 
 IN-eAU'TIOU.S-NESS, 11. Want of caution ; unwa 
 rint-'ss ; want of foresight. 
 
 IN'CA-V A-TED, a. [ L. in and cava, to make hollow.] 
 M.adc hollow ; bent round or in. 
 
 IN-CA-VA'TION, n. The act of making hollow. 
 2. .\ hollow made. 
 
 I.\-CEND', r. t. [I,, ineemlo.] 
 
 To inflame ; to excite. [fJttle used.] Mnrston. 
 
 I\-CE\U'I-A-RIS.M, n. The act or practice of mali- 
 ciously setting lire to bnildiugs. 
 
 IN-CEND'I-.\-llY, n. [I,, inrendiarius, from i»cfn<7o, 
 to burn ; in and cundeo, to shine, or be on fire.] 
 
 1. .\ i)ers<in who maliciously sets fire to another 
 mail's ihvelling-hoiisc, or to any out-house, being 
 parei l of the same, as a barn or stable ; one who is 
 guilty of arson. 
 
 2. .Any person who sets fire to a building. 
 
 3. A person who excites or inllaines factions, and 
 promotes quarrels. 
 
 S -vf ml ci(i'-« of fir-pf^^ drove llirm out tx* inetndinriet. BerOley. 
 
 ifxendinriet of fi^re niut <li«tincliun, wliu an; tiv. iiivciKurs ^ind 
 puUisli-re of ffuss r.iltt'liooUs, cm uol Ijc rcjanled liil with 
 tbe utmoat it'.-t-.-sLition. Addi40n, 
 
 4. lie or that which excites. 
 IN-CEND'I-.\-U V, a. Pertaining to the malicious 
 
 burning of a ilwelling; as, an inceudiunj purpose. 
 
 a. Tending to excite or inllamu factions, sedition, 
 or quarrel. 
 
 IN-CEND'I-OUS, ij. Promoting faction or contention. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-CEXD'I-nuS-I,Y, ado. In a manner tending to 
 
 promote coiileiitioii. 
 IN'CE.NSE, (iii'seiis,) n. [Ij. incensum, burnt, from 
 
 inccndo, to burn ; It, incensn : Fr. encens.] 
 
 1. Perfume exhaled by fire ; the odors of spices 
 and gums, burnt iu religious rites, or as an oll'ering 
 to some deity. 
 
 A thick cloud of inrcn.te went up. — Ezcli, viii, 
 
 2. The materials burnt for making perfumes. The 
 incense used in the Jewish offerings was a mixture 
 of sweet spices, slai te, oiiycha, galbanum, and the 
 gum of the frankincense-tree. 
 
 iiid Aliilui, lliL- loiis of An 
 id put lire Uiffciii, II 
 
 in, look nllipr of thTn his 
 d put incense Uicrvon. — 
 
 3. Acceptable prayers and praises. Ma!, i, 
 IX'CEXSE, (in'sens,) r. t. To iierfiimewith incense. 
 In the Roman Catholic church, it is the deacon's office 
 to incense the officiating priest or prelate, and the 
 choir. F.neye. 
 IN CEXSE', {in-sens',) r. t. To enkindle or inllaine 
 to violent anger ; to excite angrj- p.xssions ; to pro- 
 voke ; to irritate ; to exasperate ; to heat ; to fire. It 
 expresses less than Enrage. 
 
 Ilow could my piool ion lliy power iiifcn« 7 Dryden. 
 
 IN-CEXS'f:D, (in-senst',) pp. or a. Inflamed to vio- 
 lent anger ; exasperated. 
 
 IX-CE.N'SE'.ME.N'T, (in-sens'mcnt,) n. Violent irritv 
 tiim of tho passions ; heat ; exasperation. It e.x- 
 presses less than Rake and Flrv. Shak. 
 
 IX-CEXS'ING, ppr. Inflaming to anger ; irritating; 
 cxasperatins. 
 
 IX-CE.\'SIO.\, 71. [I,, inern.tio, from incendo, lo bum.] 
 The act of kindling ; the state of being tm fire. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 IX-CENS'IVE, 0. Tending to excite or provoke. 
 
 Burrow. 
 
 IX-CEXS'OR, n. [I..] A kiiidlcr of anger; an in- 
 
 flanier of llie angry p.issioiis. 
 IN-(,'E.\S'O llY, II. The vessel in which incense is 
 burnt and offered. .^insworth. 
 [We generally use Ce»ser.] 
 IX-( E.\'SliR-A-i!LE, a. Not censurable. Dinifrht. 
 I.\-CE.\'T1 VE, o. [Low L. iiiwiUiriu, from iiiccni/o, 
 lo burn.] 
 Inciting ; enconmging or moving. 
 Coiiipt-u-iicy u liip in'M tnrrnlirc tu industry. Decay o/ Piety. 
 IN-CEN'TIVE, n. [Iaiw L. inerntivum.] 
 
 1. That which kindles or inflames ; usednoa in a 
 Jivuratice sense only. 
 
 2. That which liioves the mind or operates on the 
 passions ; that which incites or has a tendency to in- 
 cite to determination or action ; that which promjits 
 to good or ill ; motive ; spur. The love of money, 
 and the desire of promotion, arc two most powerful 
 ineentires to action. 
 
 IN-CE\'TIVE-I.Y, adv. Incitingly ; encouragingly. 
 
 IX-CEI"TIO.\, II. [L. incqitio, from tntipta, to begin ; 
 in and eupio, lo take.] 
 liegiiining. Bacon, 
 1 hope this suciKy will not bo mAricM with rtmclty cf inception, 
 apalliy of pro|^rCM, and pmrmtun-'niras of docay. liaujle. 
 
 IN-CEP'TIVE, a. [L. iHceptiviu, from incipio, to 
 begin.] 
 
 Regmning ; noting beginning ; ns, an incqdive 
 proposition ; an inceptire verb, which expresses the 
 beginning tif action. A point is inceptive of a line, 
 and .'I lino is inceptive of a surface. 
 IN-CEP'TIVE-LY, ailv. In a manner noting begin- 
 ning. 
 
 IN-CEP'TOR, n. A beginner; one in the rudiments. 
 
 IVallon. 
 
 IN-CER-A'TIO.V, n. [h. inctro, from ecra.] 
 
 The act of covering with wax. 
 IX-CEK'A-TIVE, a. Cleaving to like wax. 
 IN-CER'TA1.\, a. [in and certain.] Uncerlnin : 
 
 doubtful ; unste.iily. fairfaz. 
 IX-CEIl'TAIX-I.Y, adv. Doubtfully. 
 IN-Cr,R'T.\IX-TY, n. rncertainty ; doubt. Daviea. 
 IX CER'TI-TUDE, n. [L. iuccrtitudo, from inccrdi.'j ; 
 
 ill and eertus, certain.] 
 Uncertainty ; doubtfulness ; doubt. 
 IX-CES'SA-RLE, a. Unceasing; continual. [Little 
 
 used.] Shetlon. 
 IN-CES'SA-RI,Y, adv. Continually ; unceasingly. 
 IN-CES'S.\X-CY, n. [from incessant.] Uiiintermitted 
 
 continuance; iinceasingness. Dwight. 
 IN-CES'SANT, a. [L. in and cessans, from ccssu, to 
 
 cease.] 
 
 Unceasing; unintermilted ; uninterrupted ; contin- 
 ual ; its, incessant rains ; incessant clamors. 
 
 Milton. Pope. 
 IX-CES'SANT-LY, ade. Without ceasing ; continu- 
 ally. Spenser, 
 IN'CEST, n. [Fr. inccste; L. incr.;rtu7n ; in and castas, 
 chaste.] 
 
 The crime of cohabitation or sexual commerce be- 
 tween persons related within the degrees wherein 
 marriage is prohibited by the law of a country. 
 
 Spiritual incest, is a like crime committed between 
 persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of 
 baptism or confirmation. It is also understood of a 
 vicar or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, 
 the one depending on the collation of the other. 
 
 F.neye. 
 
 IN-CEST'U-OUS, a. Guilty of incest ; as, an incestu- 
 ««,? person. 
 
 2. Involving the crime of incest ; as, an incestuous 
 connection. 
 
 IN-CEST'U-OUS-LY, a//t'. In an incestuous man- 
 ner; in a manner to involve the crime of incest 
 
 IN-CEST'tT-OUS-NESS, ii. The state or qualify of 
 luMUg incestuous. Bp. Hall, 
 
 INCH, n. [Sax. ince ; L. unria, the twelflli part ; Gr. 
 00} J ill, but said to be from the Latin.] 
 
 1. A lineal measure in (ireat Rrilain and the 
 United States, being the twelfth part of a foot, and 
 equal to llie leuutti of three barley-corns. 
 
 2. Proverbially, a small qiianlity or degree ; as, to 
 die by inches; to gain ground by inches, 
 
 3. .\ precise point of time. 
 
 Ecld.^nit?, I tbtiik wo WAlchiHl you at an inch. [Unufual.] Sttak. 
 
 INCH, r. L To drive by inches or small degrees. 
 
 [Litile itsed.] Dryden, 
 
 2. To deal out by inches ; lo give sparingly. [Lit- 
 tle used.] JiioswortK, 
 INCH, V. L To advance or retire by small degrees. 
 
 [Little use/l,] John.<on, 
 Inched, containing inches, is added to words of 
 
 number ; as, four-inched, SJiaJ:, 
 lint in .America the common practice is lo add only 
 
 incA : a-s, a seven-inch cable. 
 IX-CHa.M'BER, c. t [Fr. cncAamircr.] To lodge in 
 
 a chamber. 
 IX-CIIAR'I-TA-nLE, a. Uncharitable. 
 
 [ The latter is the word used,] 
 IN-CIIAS'TI-TY, 11. [in and chastity.] lx>wdness; 
 
 impurity ; unchastily. J. Fjlwards. 
 
 IX-CIIEST', r. t. To put into a chest. Sherwood, 
 IN-CIIEST'ED, pp. Put info a chest 
 INCH'-.MliAL, n. [inch and meal.] A piece an inch 
 
 long. 
 
 Bu inch-meal ; by small degrees. Shak. 
 IN'CHO-aTE, (in'ko-ile,) v. t. [L. inckoo.] 
 
 To begin. [Little used.] More. 
 IN'eilO-ATE, a. Uegun ; commenced. 
 
 It is neither a substance perfect, nor a substajtcc inehotUt. 
 
 Kaltgli. 
 
 IN'eilO-ATE-LV, adv. In an incipient degree. 
 IN-eHO-.\'TIO.\, II. The act of beginning; com- 
 mencement ; inception. 
 
 Tlie sotting nn fiK>l some of thoae am in those vnTU, would be 
 looked ou as tlic liist inchoation ol thcin. [LitUi uted.] 
 
 Hale. 
 
 IN-CHO'A-TIVE, a. Noting beginning; inceptive; 
 
 as, an inchoative verb, tdherwise calletl Inceptive, 
 I.XCH'PI.V, n. Stmic part of tho inwards of a de«r. 
 IX-CII)E', v.U [L. incido ; in and otdo, to strike.] 
 To cut ; to separate ; as medicines. ro*.«.) 
 
 Quincy. ' ArbuthnoL 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THia 
 
 74 
 
 XX 
 
 589 
 
INC 
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 IN'CI-DENCE, K. ["L. iiicideits ; incido, to {M on; in 
 and cttr/y, to fall.] 
 
 1. Literally, a falling on ; whence, an accident or 
 casualty. Sluik. 
 
 3. In natural p/(i7o.>fjpAi/, the direction in which a 
 ray of light or heat falls on any surface. 
 
 lu equal incidences Lliere is a considerable inequality of refrac- 
 tions. Netoton. 
 
 ^ngle of incidence ; the angle which a ray of liglit, 
 falling on any surface, malses with a perpendicular 
 to that surface. Olmsted. 
 IN'CI-DENT, o. 
 
 1. Literally, falling on ; as, an iiicidrnl ray. 
 
 2. Falling; casual; fortuitous; coining or happen- 
 ing occasionally, or not in the usual course of tilings, 
 or not according to expectation or in connection 
 with the main design. 
 
 As the onlinary conrae of cominon afl'airs is disposed of by ^n- 
 er.il laws, so man's rarer incident necessities and utilities 
 shtJiild be with special equity considered. Hooker. 
 
 A proposition introduced by wlio, which, whose, 
 whim, &c., is called an ineident proposition ; as, 
 Julius, whose surname was Cesar, overcame Pompey. 
 
 IVatts. 
 
 3. Happening ; apt to happen ; as, intemperate 
 passions incident to liuman nature ; diseases incident 
 to a climate ; misfortunes incident to the poor. 
 
 4. Appertaining to or following the chief or prin- 
 cipal. A court bartm is incident to a mtinor. Kncyc. 
 
 IN"CI-DE\T, 71. That which falls out or takes place ; 
 an event ; casualty. 
 
 2. That which happens aside of the main design ; 
 an episode or subordinate action. 
 
 No person, no incident in a play but must be of use to carry on 
 the main design. IJryden. 
 
 3. In law, something necessarily appertaining to 
 and depending on another, which is termed the prin- 
 cipal. Brande. 
 
 IN-CI-DE.\T'AL, a. Happening as an occasional 
 event, without regularity ; coming without design ; 
 casual ; accidental ; as, an incidental conversation ; 
 an incidental occurrence. 
 2. Not necessary to the chief purpose ; occasional. 
 
 IX-CI-DENT'.\L, 71. An incident. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Pope. 
 
 IN-CI-DENT'AL-LY, adv. Casually ; without inten- 
 tion ; accidentally. I was incidentally present when 
 the conversation took place. 
 2 Beside the main design ; occasionally. 
 I treat either purposely or incidentally of colors. Boyle, 
 
 IN'Cr-DENT-LY, adv. Occasionally; by the way. 
 
 \J^ot u-^ed^l Bacon. 
 IN-CIN'ER-aTE, v. U [L. 171 and cinia, cincris, 
 
 ashes,] 
 
 To hum to ashes. Bacon. 
 I.\-CI.\''1:R A-TEl), pp. Burnt to ashes. 
 IN CL\'EIl-A-TING, ppr. Reducing to ashes by com- 
 bustitjn. 
 
 IN-CIN-ER-A'TION, n. The act of reducing to ashes 
 by combustion. Boyle. Encye. 
 
 IN-CIP'I-EN-CY, 71. Beginning; comniencement. 
 
 IN-CIP'I-ENT, a. [L. incipiens, incipio ; in and capio, 
 to take.] 
 
 Beginning; commencing; as, the iVici/jieiif stage of 
 a fever ; incipient light or day. 
 [N-f'IP'I-ENT-LY, adi>. In an incipient manner. 
 I.V-CIR'CLET, 71. A small circle. Sidne,/. 
 IN-CIR-eUM-SCRIP'TI-BLE, a. That can not be 
 
 circumscribed or limited. Cranmer. 
 IN-CIR-eUM-SPEC'TION, 7i. [in and circumspection.] 
 
 Want of circumspection: heedlessness. Brown. 
 IN-CISE', V. L [Fr. inciser.] 
 
 To cut in ; to carve ; to engrave. Carew. 
 IN-CIS'KD, pp. or o. [L. inci.ius, from incido, to cut.] 
 Cut or engraved ; made by cutting; as, an incised 
 wound ; incited lips. Wiseman. 
 IN-CISE'LY, adv. In the manner of incisions or 
 
 notches. Eaton. 
 IN-CIS'ING, ppr. Cutting in ; carving. 
 IN-CUS'ION, (in-sizh'un,) ti. [Fr. ; L. incisio, from 
 inr-ido, tt\ cut.] 
 
 1. A cutting; the act of cutting into a substance. 
 
 2. A cut ; a gash ; tli<! separation of the surface of 
 any Hiibstance made by a sharp instrument. The 
 Hurgeon with his knife makes an inr.i.-iion in the flesh, 
 and the gardener in a tree ; but we dt) not say, an 
 incision is made v^illi a plow or a spade ; at least, 
 Biich phra«eology Is unusual. 
 
 3. Sc|7araiion (if viscid matter by medicines. [Obs.] 
 IN-CT'.SIVE, a. [¥t. inci.tif.] [Bacon. 
 
 Having the (|iialily of cutting or separating Ihc 
 superficial part of any thing. 
 
 Inriiive trfth. In animnU, aro the fore Itjeth, the 
 cnlterri or iiicisorH. 
 IN-Cr'SfiR, 71. [L.) A cutler; a fore tooth, which 
 
 cut-", bileti, rjr separalen. 
 IN-t^l'.'^OH.Y, a. Having the qiialily of cutting. 
 IN-CIK'lJRE, (in-Bi7,h'yur,) n. ( I,. i7i<:i.<ur<i.] 
 
 A ciii ; a place o|H;ne(i by cutting ; an iiiclHlon. 
 
 Derliam. 
 
 IN-CI'T.\NT, 71. [from incite.] That which excites 
 
 action in an animal btidy. Darwin. 
 IN-CI-TA'TION, 71. [L. incitatio. See Incite.] 
 
 1. The act of' inciting or moving to action ; incite- 
 ment. Brown. 
 
 2. Incitement ; incentive ; motive ; that which 
 excites to action ; that which rouses or prompts. 
 
 Oovernment oftfte Toug'ne, 
 IN-ClTE', V. t. [L. incito i in and cito, to call, to stir 
 up.] 
 
 1. To move the mind to action by persuasion or 
 motives presented ; to stir up ; to rouse ; to spur on. 
 
 Antiochns. when he incited Prussi;is to join in war, set before 
 liiiu t!ie fatness of the Romans. Bacon. 
 
 2. To move to action by impulse or influence. 
 
 No blown ambition does our arms incite. ShaJ:. 
 
 3. To animate ; to encourage. 
 
 In general. Incite denotes to operate on (he mind 
 or will ; Excite has the same sense, but it extends 
 also to the [lassions and to material substances ; as, 
 to ercite action in the heart and arteries. 
 IN-CIT'ED, pp. Moved to action ; stirred up ; spuned 
 on. 
 
 IN-CITE'MENT, 71. That which incites the mind or 
 moves to action ; motive ; incentive ; impulse. 
 From the lon^ records of a distant age, 
 Derive incil£rnenls lu renew thy rage. Pope. 
 
 IN-CTT'ER, 71. He or that which incites or moves to 
 action. 
 
 IN-CIT'ING,p;)r. or o. Exciting to action ; stirringup. 
 IN'-(^lT'IN(i-LY, ade. So as to excite to action. 
 IN-CIV'lL, <7. [171 and civil.] Uncivil; rude; un- 
 
 polite. [But Uncivil is generally used.] 
 IN-CIV-IU-I-Za'TION, 71. An uncivilized state. 
 IN-CI-VIL'I-TY, 71. [Fr. incivilUe.] 
 
 1. Want of courtesy ; rudeness of manners toward 
 others ; impoliteness. TiUotson. 
 
 2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding; with a 
 plnral. Loud laughter and uncomely jests, in re- 
 spectable company, are incivilities and indecencies. 
 
 IN-CIV'IL-LV, ai/i^ Uncivillv ; rudely. 
 
 IN-CIV'IS.M, 71. [in and cii'i.sm.] Want of civism; 
 want of Uive to one's country, or of patriotism ; un- 
 friendliness to the state or government of which one 
 is a citizen. JIme.i. 
 
 IN-eLASP',p. t. To clasp; to hold fast. Cadwuith. 
 
 lN-eLSSP'ir;i), (in-kr,i!.pt') pp. Held fast. 
 
 IN-CLASP'IN<i, ppr. Holding fast. 
 
 IN'CLA-Va-TED, a. Set ; fast fixed. Diet. 
 
 IN'CLE, (ink'l,) See Inkle. 
 
 IN-CLE.M'EN-CY, 71. [Fr. inclemence ; L. inclr.inenlia. 
 See Clemency.] 
 
 1. Want of clemency ; xvant of mildness of tem- 
 per ; unmerciftilness ; harshness ; severity ; applied 
 to per.tons. 
 
 2. Roughness ; boisterousness ; storminess ; or 
 simply raininess ; severe cold, &c. ; applied to tlie 
 weather. We were detained by llie inclemency of 
 the weather. 
 
 IN ei.E.M'ENT, a. Destitute of a mild and kind 
 temper ; void of tenderness ; unmerciful ; severe ; 
 harsh. 
 
 2. Rough ; stormy ; boisterous ; rainy ; rigorously 
 cold, &c. ; as, inclement weather ; inclement sky. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 IN-€L,EM'ENT-LY, (i(/o. In an inclement manner. 
 IN-CLIN'A-ltLE, a. [L. inclinabilis. See ^NCLI^•E.] 
 
 1. Leaning; tending; as, a tower inclinnble to 
 fall. Bentiey. 
 
 2. Having a propension of will ; leaning in ilispo- 
 sition ; somewhut disposed ; as, a mind inclinable to 
 truth. Milton. 
 
 IN t LIN'A-BLE-NESS, 71. The state of being in- 
 clinable ; inclination. 
 
 IN-CLIN-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. inclinatio. See 
 Incline.] 
 
 1. A leaning ; any deviation of a body or I. "e from 
 an upright position, or from a parallel line, 'oward 
 another body ; us, the inclination uf the liead in 
 bowing. 
 
 2. In geometry, the angle made by two lines or 
 planes, which nit^et, tir which would meet, if pro- 
 duced ; as, the inclination of the axis of the carlli to 
 the plane of the ecliptic is 23' 28'. 
 
 3. A h ailing of the mind or will ; propension or 
 prop(;nsily ; a disposition more favorable tt» one thing 
 than to another. The prince has no inclination to 
 peace. The bachelor has inanift'sted no inclinntion 
 to marry. Men have a natural inclination to pleasure. 
 
 » not properly a willing of that 
 South. 
 
 4. Love ; nflection ; regard ; desire ; with for. 
 Some men have an inclination for music, otiiers for 
 painting. 
 
 .Y Disposition of mind. Shak. 
 
 6. The dip ol tlie magnetic needle, or its tendency 
 to incline tiiwanl llie earth ; also, the angle made by 
 the needle with Ihc horizon. Enfield. 
 
 7. The act of descanting liquors by atoopiiig or in- 
 clining the VCHKel. tinincil. 
 
 IN-CI.I.\'A-TO-KI-LY, od«. Obliquely ; with incli- 
 nation. Brown. 
 
 IN-€LTN'A-T0-RY, a. Having the quality of lean- 
 ing or inclining. Brown. 
 
 IN-CLINE', v. i. [L. inclino ; in and cfiHo, Gr. k\ivo>. 
 Sax. hlinian, Ideonian, hlynian. Eng. to lean, G. lehnen, 
 D. leunni, Russ. Idonyu and nalUoniayu, It. cleoiiaim ; 
 Fr. incliner; Port, and Sp. inclinar ; It. inclinare, in- 
 chinare, chinare. Class Ln.l 
 
 1. To lean ; to deviate from an erect or parallel 
 line toward any object ; to tend. Converging lines 
 incline toward each other. A road inclines to the 
 north or south. Connecticut River runs south, iii- 
 clining, in some part of its course, to the west ; and, 
 below iMiddletown, it inclines to the east. 
 
 2. To lean ; iii a miyral sense ; to have a propension ; 
 to be disposed ; to have some wish or desire. 
 
 Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech. — Judges ix. 
 
 3. To have an appetite ; to be disposed ; as, to be 
 inclined to cat. 
 
 iN-CLl.NE', r. (. To cause to deviate from an erect, 
 perpendicular, or parnllt l line ; to give a leaning to ; 
 as, incline the column or post to the east ; incline 
 your head to the right. 
 
 2. To give a ttMideiicy or propension to the will or 
 affections ; to turn ; to dispose 
 
 Inc'ine our hearts to keep this law. Common Prayer. 
 
 Incline niy heart to thy testimonies, — Ps. cxix, 
 
 3. To bend ; to cause to stoop or bow ; as, to iii- 
 eline the heatl or the body in acts of reverence or 
 civility. 
 
 IN-ei.IN'£D, pp. or a. Having a leaning or tendency ; 
 disposed. 
 
 Inclined plane, ui weehanics, is a plane that makes 
 an oblique angle wiih the plane of the horizon ; a 
 sloping plane. It is one of the five simple mechan- 
 ical powers. 
 
 IN-CLI.\'ER, 71. An inclined dial. 
 
 IN-CLlN'LVG, ppr. Leaning ; causing to lean. 
 
 IN-CLI.V'ING, a. Leaning. 
 
 IN CLIi", r. (. [in and cZip.] To grasp; to inclose; 
 
 to surround. Shale. 
 IN-CLIP'PEI), (in-klipt',) pp. Grasped ; inclosed. 
 IN-CLIP'PING, />/77-. Grasping; surrounding. 
 IN-CLOIS'TER, V. t. [in and cloister.] To shut up 
 
 or confine in a cloister. [But Cloister is generally 
 
 used.J 
 
 IN-CLoSE', V. t. [Fr. enclos : Sp. It. incluso ; L. inclu- 
 sus, inclndo ; in and claudo, or cludo,] 
 
 1. To surround ; to shut in ; to confine on all 
 sides ; as, to inclose a field with a fence ; to inclose a 
 fort or an army with troops ; to inclose a town with 
 walls. 
 
 2. To separate from common grounds by a fence ; 
 as, to inclose lands. 
 
 3. To include ; to shut or confine ; as, to inclose 
 trinkets in a box. 
 
 4. To environ ; to encompass. 
 
 f>. To cover with a wrapper or envelope ; to cover 
 under si'al ; as, to inclose a letter or a bank note. 
 
 IN-€LoS'AJD, pp. or a. Surrounded; encompassed; 
 confined on all sides ; covered and sealed ; fenced. 
 
 IN-CLoS'EK, 71. Heorthat which incloses ; one who 
 separates land from coninion grounds by a fence. 
 
 IN-CLoS'ING, ppr. Surrounding ; encompassing ; 
 shutting in ; covering and confining. 
 
 IN-eLoS'LJRE, (in-klo'zhur,) 71. The act of in- 
 closing. 
 
 2. The separation of land from common ground 
 into distinct possessiims by a fence. 
 
 3. The appropriation of things common. Taylor. 
 
 4. State of being inclosed, shut up, or encom- 
 passed. Ray. 
 
 ,5. That which incloses ; a barrier or fence, 
 (i. A space inclosed or fenced ; a space compre- 
 hended within certain limits. 
 
 7. Ground inclosed or separated from common 
 land. 
 
 8. That which is inclosed or contained in an en- 
 velope, as a paper. Washington. 
 
 IN-CI.OUD', V. t. [in and cloud.] To darken ; to 
 obscure. Shak. 
 
 IN-CLOUD'ED, pp. Involved in obscurity. 
 
 I.\ CI.OUD'liNG.ppr. Darkening; obscuring. 
 
 IN' CI. ODE', V. t. [L. include ; in and ciiiiio, to shut 
 up ; Fr. cnclorre.] 
 
 1. To ciinline within ; to hold ; to contp' ; as, 
 till' shell of a nut inrludrs lln' kernel ; a peart is iii- 
 elndrd ill a shell. [ Ihit ill these senses we more com- 
 iiioiily ii.se Ini lose.] 
 
 2. 'i'o comprise ; to comprehend ; to contain. The 
 history of England necessarily inclndes a portion of 
 that (if France. The word iliity includes what we 
 owe to God, to our fcllow-ineii, and to ourselves; it 
 inrludrs also a tax payable to the government. 
 
 liN-CLl'D'ED, /i;>. or u. Contaliii ii ; comprehended. 
 IN-CI.OD'ING, /i/ir. Coiitaining ; comprising. 
 IN CLO'SION, (in-kliTzhun,) n. [L. inclusio.] 
 
 The net of including. 
 IN-CLO'SIVE, (I. (Fr. inrlusif] 
 
 1. Inclosing; encircling. Shak. 
 
 2. ('oiiiprelirntletl in the number or sum ; as, from 
 Monday to Saliirdiiy inclusive, that is, taking in both 
 Moiidav anil Saturday, 
 
 IN-CLO'SI VE-LY, ailv. Comprehending the thing 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH/^T MkTE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.— 
 
 690 ^ ' 
 
INC 
 
 meiiliuiied ; us, f'ruiu Muiiday lo Saturday inclii- 
 sh-eltj. 
 I \ GO \G'r' ) 
 
 IN-eO-Xe T'FD 1 '^ntoiistrained. 
 liN-eO-ACi'lJ-LA-ULE, a. [in and coa^ulaifc] That 
 
 c;m mil he i ija;;ulat<:d or concri'ttd. 
 I.N eO KU't'l-ltLli, II. [in and ciicrcible, frcini corrcv.'] 
 
 Nut tu be cucrced or cuiiipullud ; tliat can not be 
 
 forced. Black. 
 IN-eO-E.\-IST'E.NCE, n. [in and coexistence.] A 
 
 not existing to^rthor. [.Yttt common.] Ltickc. 
 IN-GOG', ado. [contracted friini incognito.] In con- 
 
 cealniitnt; in disguise; in a manner not tu bo 
 
 known. 
 
 IN-eoG'l-TA-BLE, o. Unthonslit of. Dean Kinir. 
 IX eOG'I-TA.NCE, ( n. [U ineoaitantia; in and con-i- 
 lN-fO0'(-TAN-Cy, i to, lo think. 
 
 Want of thought, or want of tlie power of think- 
 ins. Drcait vf Piety. 
 
 IN-GOO'I-TANT, a. Not thinking ; thoughtless. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 I.\-eOl5'I-TANT-LY, adv. Without considffration. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 I.N-eOft'I-TA-TIVE, a. [in and cogitative.] Not 
 thinking ; wanting the power of lliought ; as, a vege- 
 table is an incogitative bt-ing. Locke. 
 
 I.\-eOG'NI-'l'0, a. or at/i>. [It.] 
 
 Unknown; in concealment: in a disi:nise. Ills 
 sometimes used as a noun, its also is incognitUf in the 
 feminine. 
 
 IN-t'OO'NI-ZA BLE, (in-kog'nc-za-bl or in-kon'e- 
 za-l)l,) a. [in and cognizable.] 
 
 That can not be recognized, known, or distin- 
 guished. 
 
 Tlie L««ttisli wc, not a primilivr stock of Uie Skivi, but a (URliiicl 
 br.uicli, now Iwconio incognizable. Tooke. 
 
 IN-eO-IIP.K'E.VCE, ( n. [in ami coherence.] Want 
 l.\-eO-II Kll'K.N'-CY, ( of coherence ; want of cohe- 
 sion or adherence ; looseness or unconnected stttle 
 of p.lrts, as of a powder. Boyle. 
 
 2. Want of connection ; incongrnityj inconsisten- 
 cy i want of agreeiuent or dependence of one pari 
 on anotlier ; as, liie incoherence of arguments, facts, 
 or principles. 
 
 3. Inconsistency; that whicli does not agree with 
 other parts of the same thing. 
 
 IX-CO-lll'f R'E.NT, a. [in and cri/irrfi;(.] Wanting 
 cohesion ; loose ; nncoiinectetl ; not lixed lo each 
 other ; Hitpiied to material .'.iib^tances. iyooilward. 
 
 2. Wanting coliereiice or agreement ; incoiigru- 
 t>ns ; inconsistent ; h;iving no ticpendence of one 
 part on another ; as, the tlioii<;liLs of a dreaming 
 man, and the language of a m.kdman, are incoherent. 
 
 l.\-e(J-IIl";li'E.\'I'-L\', adr. Inconsistently; without 
 ciihereiice of parts; as, lo talk incohe^'entlif. 
 
 I.\-eO-I.N"CI-I)E.\'CE, II. [ill and coinciiU'nce.] Want 
 of coMictdfiice or agreene-ni. 
 
 I\-t"').|.N'Cl-I)E.\T, a. [oi and c«iiifi(/cn(.] Not co- 
 incident : not n'.'reein<; in time, place, or principle. 
 
 I.N-eO-l.O'.MI-TV, M. [L. incolumilas.] 
 
 Safety ; security. Iloxcrll. 
 
 IN-COM-'l!t\'I.\'(;, a. Not combining or uniting; 
 disagreein;; ; tlitr-rini:. .Milton. 
 
 IN ei).M-lillST-l-l!IL'l-TV, m. [from incirmliiulible.] 
 The quality of being incapable of beuig burnt or 
 consnmetl. Ran. 
 
 IN-eO.M-BUST'I-BLE, a. [i« and roin6ii.t(;W<-.] Not 
 lo be burnt, decoin|M)scd, or consumed by fire. As- 
 besttis is an incmnlinstiblr stibst^mee. 
 
 IN €OM-BlIST'l-Bl,E-NESS, ii. Incombustibility. 
 
 IN-eO.M-BUST'I-liLY, air. Sous lo resist combus- 
 tion. 
 
 IN'GOME, (in'kum,) n. [in and come.] That g;iin 
 which proceeds from labor, business, or property of 
 any kind ; the produce of a farm ; the rent of 
 houses ; llie proceeds of prol'essional business ; the 
 profits of commerce or of occniuition ; the interest of 
 money or slock in funils. Income is often used sy- 
 nonymously with Rcvf-NUE, but income is mtire gene- 
 rally applied to the gain of private [H-rsons, and ree- 
 f»H« lo that of a sovereion or of a stale. We speak 
 of the annual income of a gentleman, and llie an- 
 nual reerniie of the stale. 
 2. A coinins in ; adinissitin ; introduction. [O65.] 
 
 IN't OM-I.M;, (in'kum-ing,) o. Coming in. Bnrke. 
 
 IN'C0.M-1.\(;, K. [in and come J Income ; gain. 
 
 M.nijr itteoininf!! iire «uUj«l to ^rc;U floctu.itiona. 7*001**. 
 
 tX COM-MFJ^'DjiM, [I,aw Lat.] In England, to 
 hold a vacant living in commendam, is to liold it by 
 favor of the crown, till a proper pastor is provided. 
 
 Black.^toae. 
 
 IN-eOM-MEN'-SU RA-BIL'I-TY, ) n. [from inconi- 
 l.N-eo.M-ME\'SU-RA-BLK NESS, j mensurable.] 
 The quality or sUate of a thing, when it ha.s no 
 common measure with another thing, or when the 
 same thing will not exactly measure both. 
 l.N'-CO.M-.MEN'SU-R,\-BLE, o. [in and commtnsura- 
 blc.j 
 
 Having no common measure, (luantities are in- 
 commensurable when no third quantity can bo found 
 that is an aliquot part of bolh. F.nciic 
 IN COM-.MEN'SL'-RA-Bl-Y, adv. So as not to admit 
 of 'mensuration. 
 
 INC 
 
 IN-€O.M-MEN't!U-RA'i"E, a. [m and coinmensuraU.] 
 
 Nut admitting of a common measure. More. 
 2. Not of equal measure or eiti nl ; not adequate. 
 
 Our means are incommeiusnrate lo our wants. 
 IN-e().M-.MEN'.~=lMlArE-I,Y, udo. Not in equal or 
 
 due measure or proportion. Cheyne. 
 IN-t'0.\l-,MlS'Cl-BI.E. a. [in and commie.] That 
 
 can not he commixed or niiittialty mixed. 
 IN-CO.M-MlX' l l KK, n. A state of being unmixed. 
 l.\-CU.M'.M<) l)A i'i;, I. (. To incoininode. [Brown. 
 IN-€O.M'M(J-l)A-'i'i;i), pp. Incommoded. 
 IN-CO.M'.MO-DA-TINC, ppr. Incommoding. 
 IN-eo.M-MO-UA'TlON, n. Slate of being incommo- 
 
 dated. 
 
 IN-COM-.MoDE', 7). t. [Ij. incommodo ; in and com- 
 modo, con and modus.] 
 
 To give inconvenience to ; lo give trouble to ; to 
 disturl) or molest in the quiet enjoyment of some- 
 tliing, or in tlie facility of acquisition. It di noti s 
 less than Annoy, Vex, or IIxRAits, We are incommoded 
 by want of room lo sit at ease. Visits of strangers, 
 at unseasonable hours, incommode a family. Often 
 we are inrommoded by a fashionable dress, 
 
 IN-GOM-.MoD'EI), I'ut to inconvenience ; mo- 
 lested. 
 
 IN-€OM-.MoDE'MENT, n. Inconvenience. [Ob.i.] 
 
 Chryue. 
 
 IN-eOM-MOI)'lNG, p;)r. Subjecting to trouble or in- 
 convenience. 
 
 IN-t"OM-.Mo'I)I-OUS, o. [I., incommndus.] 
 
 Inconvenient; not afl'oriling ease or advantage; 
 unsuitable; giving trouble without much injury. A 
 seal in church, or the site of a house, may be incom- 
 modions. 
 
 I.\-CO.M-.Mo'I)I-Oi:.S-I,Y, adv. In a manner to create 
 inronvenieiice ; incoiivi iiieiitly ; uiiMiitalily. 
 
 IN-CO.M-.Mo'L)l-OLIri-.\Etf.S, M. Inconvenience; iiii- 
 suitableness. 
 
 IN €O.M-.MOI)'I-TY, Ji. [I'r. incommoditi ; L. incom- 
 moditas.] 
 
 Inconvenience ; trbuble. [jVoto little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-COM-.Mt;-NI-eA-BII,'l-TY, ) n. [from incum- 
 IN.eo.M-,MU'M-€A-liLE-\ESS, j nmnicuble.] The 
 (lualily of not being conimiinicuble, or capable of be- 
 ing imparted to another. 
 IN-fO.M-.MO'NI-CA-BLE, n. [in and ci/mmiinicoMcl 
 That can not be communicated or imparted lo oth- 
 ers. 
 
 2. That can not or may not be communicated, told, 
 or revealed to others. South. 
 
 IN-eO.M-.M0'NI-€.\-l!LY, adv. In a manner not tu 
 be imparted or coininiinicated. /lakeiotll. 
 
 IN'-€O.M-.M0'Nl-eA-TEI», a. Not imparted. 
 
 l.\-eOM-.MC'Nl-CA-TlN(i, fl. Having no cominiin- 
 ion or intercourse with each other; as, an ndininis- 
 traiion in iiiromninnicating hands. ifule. 
 
 IN-GO.M-MO'Nl-GA-TI VE, a. Not conimnuicative ; 
 not tVee or apt lo impart to others in conversation. 
 
 2. .Not disposed to hold coininuiiion, fellowship, or 
 intercourse with. 
 
 The Cliiii.: 
 
 t incommunicative iialjon. 
 
 Budianan. 
 
 IN-eO.M-MC'Nl-eA-TIVE-LY, ado Not communi- 
 cativelv. 
 
 IN-f n.M"-.Mr'T-A-l!lL'I-TY, ) n. The quality of bc- 
 
 lN-rO.M-.Mf'T'A-liLK-.\E.-<S, ( ing incommutable. 
 
 IN-fO.M-.MC r'A-lU.E, n. [in uni{ commntable.] Not 
 to he exchanaed or coinmiited Willi another. 
 
 IN-eO.M-MCT'.\-BLY, adr. Without reciprocal 
 change. Ch. Rrliir. jipprul. 
 
 IN-fOM-PAGT', )a. [inM\i\ compiict.] Not coin- 
 
 lN-€().M-l'Atn''En, i pact; not having the parts 
 liriiily united ; not solid. Boole. 
 
 I.\-t;o.M'I'A-RA-l!l.E, u. (in and comparable.] That 
 admits of no comparison with others; usually in a 
 good sense, hut il may be prt>perly used in a bad 
 sense^ When we s.ay, an incomparable man, we 
 mean a man (»f gooil qualities, or of some excellence 
 that niises hini above cmnparison or equality with 
 others. So we say, incomparable excellence, virtue, 
 wit, &c. Bui incomparable baseness or malignity 
 may be used with propriety. 
 
 IN eo.M'PA-RA-BI.E-NESS, n. Excellence beyond 
 comparison. 
 
 IN-C().M'PA-RA-BI,V, ad:: Beyond comparison ; 
 without coiiiiletition. .Newton was incomparably 
 the greatest philosopher the English nation hail 
 produced. 
 
 IN-eo.M-PAR'f:D, a. Not matched; peerless. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 IN-eOM-PAS'SION, n. 'Want of co.npassion. ( Obs.] 
 I.N-t;O.M-PAS'SIO.N-.\TE, .i. [in and com;)o..\>-iuiio/c.] 
 Void of compassion or pity ; (lestilute of tenderneiis. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 IN-eO.M.PAS'SION-ATE-I.Y, adv. Without pity or 
 tenderness. 
 
 IN-€O.M-PAS'SIO.N-ATE-NE.'5S, n. Want of pity. 
 
 Oran <rer. 
 
 IN-COM-PAT-I-BII,'I-TY, n. [from incompalible?] In- 
 consistency ; that quality or stale of a thing which 
 renders il iin|H>.-isiblc that it should subsist, or be 
 consistent with, something else. There is a perni.a- 
 nenl incompatibilily between truth and falsehood. 
 
 INC 
 
 3. Irreconcilable disagreement. During the rev- 
 olution in France, incompatibility of temner woji 
 deemed a sutficient cause for divorcing man and 
 wife. 
 
 IN-eOM-PAT'MH,E, a. [Ft., from the L.in and com- 
 peto,\.ii suit, to lie propt r or coiivcnit-iit ; mm and pftti, 
 lo press lowaril, to seek, or press on. It was for- 
 merly uicooiprlitflr.] 
 
 1. liiroiisisii iit , that can not subsist with somc- 
 thiiig ( Ke. Thus, truth and falsehood are essential- 
 ly incompatible, as are virtue and vice. A degree of 
 colli that congeals water is incompatible with vegeta- 
 tion. Dissipation is incompatible with health, reputa- 
 tion, and viitue. 
 
 2. Irrieoiicilably dilTerent or disagreeing; incon- 
 gruous ; as, iHCumpalible tempers. 
 
 ;(. I.efally or coii>tiiiitioiiaIly inconsistent; that 
 cannot he united in the same person, without viola- 
 ting the law or constitution. By our constitution, 
 theollices of a IegislaIor;ind of a judge are incompati 
 ble, as they cannot be held at the same time by the 
 same [lerson. 
 
 A, In chemistry, a term applied to salts and other 
 siihslaiices, which can not exist together in solution 
 without natural decomposition. Brande. 
 IN-€O.M-PA'l''l-BLV', adn. Inconsistently; incon- 
 gruously. 
 
 IN-€O.M PENS'A-BLE, (I. That can not be recora 
 pensrd. 
 
 IN-eo.M'PK-TENCE, in. [Fr. incompetence, from 
 I.N-eo.\rPE-TEN-(;V, ( inr.ompetnit.] 
 
 1. Inability; want of siiHicient intellectual pow- 
 ers or talents ; as, the incompitcncy of infants or 
 idiots. 
 
 2. Want of natural adeipiate strength of body or 
 of siirtalile faculties ; :is, the incompetency of the 
 e>'<.'s lo discern the niotions of the heavenly bodies 
 
 3. Want ol leiial or constitutional qualifications 
 as, the iitcooipoiency o( a witness, 
 
 4. Want of adequate means. 
 
 ,">. InsiiliicienCy ; inadequacy ; as, the incomyjctency 
 of testimony. 
 
 I.N-eo.M'PE-TENT, a. [Fr., from L, in and compeUns, 
 coinpeto. See iNiroMKATiiiLE.] 
 
 1. VN'aiitiiig adeqiiiite powers of mind, or siiitablt 
 faculties; as, an incompetent j»idge. Infancy, de 
 rangenieiit, w ant of learning, or dotage, may render 
 person incompetent tu fill an office or lo transact busi 
 ness, 
 
 2. Wanting due strength or suitable faculties ; un- 
 abh'. 
 
 '3. Wanting the legal or constitutional qualifica- 
 tions. A peisoii convicted of a crime is an incompe- 
 tent witness in a court td' law or equity, 
 
 4. Oestitule of means ; unable. 
 
 5. Iiiadet{uate; iiisiitlicienl ; as, incompetent testi- 
 mony. 
 
 U. Unfit; improper; legally unavailable. 
 
 It in incomjtelent fur the tlcrouit.-tnt to iruUte this dcO nio. 
 
 Mae*, Rep. 
 
 IN-eOM'PE-TENT-LY, adv. Insufficiently; inad- 
 equately; not suitably. 
 
 IN-€O.M-Pl.l".TE', o. [in and complete.] Not finished. 
 The building is incomplete. 
 2. Imperfect ; defective. 
 ?,. In bolnnii, lacking calvx or corolla, or both. 
 
 IN eo.M-PLK'i'E LV, adv. ' Iiii|K-rfectly. 
 
 IN-GO.M-PI.lTl'E'NESS, n. An unfinished suate ; inj- 
 perfectuess ; di fectivenes.s. 
 
 I.N-CO.M-PLk'TION, II. Incoinpletencss. [Unau- 
 thorized.] Smart. 
 
 IN-€0.\1-PI.EX', a. [in and ceinp/«.] Not complex; 
 uncoiupi'iinilcd ; simple. 
 
 IN-ef).M-I"l.l'A-BI.E, a. Not compliable. 
 
 IN-CO.M-lM.I'A.Nt.'E, n. [in and compliance.] De- 
 fect of compliance ; refus;il to comply with solicita- 
 tions, 
 
 2. I'ntractableiiess ; unyielding temper or consli- 
 lulioii. 
 
 Self 
 
 imo it pnnloc^-B p^f-vbhticia and incomptia 
 liiiit^s liwliii anil iiliiill'irrvilt. 
 
 or iiumor in 
 Tilloum. 
 
 IN-GO.M-PLi'.VNT, a. [in and com;i/ian£.] Unyield- 
 ins; to request or solicitation ; not disposed to com- 
 ply. 
 
 I\-eo.\l PLI'ANT-LY, adv. Not compliantly. 
 I.N-CO.M-PoS'/.'l), a. [in and composed.] Disordered; 
 disturbed. • Mdlon. 
 
 [But this word is little iiwd. Instead of il we use 
 
 DiSCOM eo3ED.] 
 
 IN-etJ.M-POS'ITE or IN €O.M'PO-«ITE, a. [in and 
 composite.] Uncflniponiided ; simple. 
 
 IN-eo.\l-PO.'^"*I-BIL'I-TV, n. [in and compossible.] 
 The quality of . not being po-ssible but Iv the negation 
 or destruction of something ; inconsistency with 
 something. [Little used.] More. Hale. 
 
 IN-eOM-POS'SI-ItLE, a. [in, con, and po-wiWcl .Not 
 possible lo he or subsist with something else. [This 
 and the preceding iron/ are little used, and can hardly 
 be considered as Irintimote English vords.] 
 
 IN-€O.M-PRF^HENS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [.See the next 
 word.] The qiialitv ol being incomprehensible, or 
 bevond the reach of human intellect ; inconceivablc- 
 ness. CampbelL 
 
 TONE, BtJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; 6 as J j 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 591 
 
INC 
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 IN-eOM-PRE-HENS'l-I5LE, a. [Fr. See Comfue- 
 
 HEND.] 
 
 1. Tlint can not be comprehended or understood ; 
 th:it is beyond the reach of human intellect ; incon- 
 ceivable. The nature of spiritual being is incompre- 
 hensible to us, or by us. 
 
 2. Not to be contained. [Lirrle used.] Hooker. 
 IN-e01I-PRE-lIENS'I-BLE-XE§S, n. Incompreliens- 
 
 ibilitv, which see. 
 IN-eOM-PRE-HENST-DLY, ade. In a manner which 
 the human mind can not c<)rni)rehend or undi rstand ; 
 
 inconceivably. 
 IN-eOM-PKE-HEX'.^IO.\, n. 
 
 sion or niulfr^ranilini:. 
 IN-€OM-PRE-[lE.\L- IVE, a. 
 
 not extensive. 
 IN-eOM-PRESS-I-BrL'I-TY, n. 
 
 BLE.] The quality of resisting 
 
 Locke. 
 Want of comprehen- 
 
 Bacon. 
 iS'ot comprehensive ; 
 
 IVurton. 
 [See INCOMPRES5I- 
 compression, or of 
 being incapable of reduction by tbrce into a smaller 
 compass. 
 
 IN-eO-M-PRESS'I-BI.E, a. [in and enmprcssihic.] Not 
 to be compressed; not capable of being reduced by 
 force into a smaller compass ; resisting compression. 
 Water is not, as was once supposed, wholly incom- 
 jiressiitlp. 
 
 IN-eO.M-PDT'A-BLE, a. That can not be computed. 
 IN-eO.\-CeAL'A-BLE, a. [in and concmlable.] Not 
 
 coiirealable ; not to be hid or kept secret. Brown. 
 IN-€ON-CkIV'A-BLE, «. [in and conceivable; Fr. 
 
 inconrevahic.] 
 
 1. That can not be conceived by the mind; incom- 
 prehensible. It is inconceivable to us how the will 
 acts in producing muscular motion. 
 
 2. That can nut be unilerstood. 
 IN-eON-Cf;IV'A-IiLE-NESS, re. The quality of be- 
 ing inconceivable ; incomprehcnsibilitv. 
 
 IN-eON-CfilV'A-BLY, adv. In a manner bsyoiid 
 comprehension, or beyond the reach of human intel- 
 lect. South. 
 
 IN-eON-CEP'TI-BLE, a. Inconceivable. [LitUeused.] 
 
 Hale. 
 
 IN-eON-CIN'NI-TY, re. [L. inconcinnitas.] 
 
 Unsuitableness ; want of proportion. Jilore. 
 IN-€ON-eLu'DEXT, a. [L. in and conclitdcns, con- 
 cludn, to conclude.] 
 
 Not inferring a conclusion or consequence. [Little 
 u.ml.] -^yliffc. 
 IN-eON-eLuD'IXG, a. Inferring no consequence. 
 
 Pearsoyi. 
 
 IN-GON-eLu'SIVE, a. [in and conclusive.} Not pro- 
 ducing a conclusion ; not closing, conchnfing, or set- 
 tling a point in debate, or a doubtful question. An 
 argument or evidence is inconclusive, when it does 
 not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a 
 manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to de- 
 bate or dowbt. 
 
 IN-eON-eLu'.SIVE-LY, adv. Without such evidence 
 •as to determine the understanding in regard to truth 
 or falsehood. 
 
 IN-eON-€LC'SIVE-NESS, re. Want of such evidence 
 
 as to satisfy the mind of truth or falsehood, and put 
 
 an end to debate. 
 IN-eo\-eoeT', a. Inamcocted. 
 IN-eOi\-eoeT'ED, a. [in and concoct.] Not fully 
 
 digested ; not matured ; unrijiened. Baeon. 
 IN-eO.\-eoe'TrO.\, «. [in and concoction.] The 
 
 slate of being indigested ; unripeness ; immaturity. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-eON-et,'R'RI.Vf!, a. [in and concnrring, from con- 
 cur.] Not concurring ; not agreeing. Brown. 
 IN-eoN-eUS'SI-BLE, a. That can not be shaken. 
 
 Reynolds. 
 
 IN-eON-DRN.S-A-RII/I-TY, n. [See Inconpensa- 
 BLE.l The qualitv of being not condensable. 
 
 IN-eO.\-DEN.S'A-lU,E, a. [in nnA condensable.] Not 
 capable of cmulensation ; that can not be made more 
 dense or compact. Black. 
 
 2. Not to be converted from a state of vapor to a 
 fluid. 
 
 IN-eO.\'DITE, a. [L. ineouditux ; in and condo, to 
 build.l 
 
 Rude; unpolished; irregular. [Little u.icd.] 
 
 Philips. 
 
 IN-eON-ni"TION-AL, ( kon-disb'nn-al,) a. [in and 
 conditional.] Without any condition, exception, or 
 limitation : absolute. [J^ul now lescd.] [See U\con- 
 DlTloNAi,.) Brown. 
 
 IN-e()X-i)F'TI()N-AT15, a. fi'i and condition.] Not 
 limited or restrained by coiiditions ; absolute. [Md 
 now utrd.] Boyle. 
 
 IN CO.N'-FIIIM'KD, for Uncokpiiimed, is not in uiju. 
 
 I\-€0.\-FOIl.M'A-I!|,E, n. Not conformable. 
 
 IN-eON-FOKM'l-TY, >i. [in and conformi',/.] Want 
 of conformily; inconqiliance wilh the practice of 
 othem, or with the requisitions of law, rule, or cus- 
 tom ; non-conforuiily. ['/'he latter word is more com- 
 wonlif tLtrd, ejipeeiallij to erpress dissent in reliirion.] 
 
 L\-eo'N-FOS'/il), a. Not confused ; distinct. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 rN-CON Ffl'SION', (-fu'/.hun,)n. DistlnctnesH. Bacon. 
 1N-€().N (;r;AI/A l)l,E, a. Not capable of being 
 frozen. 
 
 IN CUN crAL'A-ni.E-NES.^, n. The impossibility 
 of being coHKcalcd or frozen. 
 
 IN-GON-Ge'NI-AL, a. [in nud cons-cniat.] Not con- 
 genial ; not of a like nature ; unsuitable. 
 
 IN-eON-(5E-NI-AL'I-TY, n. Unlikeiiess of nature ; 
 unsuitableness. 
 
 IN-€ON"GIlU-ENCE, re. [in and conrp-uence.] Want 
 of congruence, adaptation, or agreement ; imsuitable- 
 ness. [Little used. We now use Incongruitv.] 
 
 Buylc. 
 
 IN-eON"GRU-ENT, a. Unsuitable ; inconsistent. 
 
 Elliot. 
 
 IN-eON-GRU'I-TY, re. [in and cong-ndty.] Want of 
 congruity ; impropriety; inconsistency; absurdity; 
 unsuitableness of one tiling to another. The levity 
 of youth in a grave divine is deemed an inconrrruily 
 bet\^'een manners and profession. 
 2. Disagreement of parts ; want of symmetry. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 IN-eON"GRU-OUS, a. [L. incongruus.] 
 
 Not congruous ; unsuitable ; not fitting; inconsist- 
 ent ; improper. The dress of a seaman on a judge 
 \vould be deemed incongruous wilh his character 
 and station. 
 
 IN-eoN"GRU-OUS-LY, aiiu Unsuitably; niirttly ; 
 improperlv. 
 
 IN-eON-NES'TIOX, H. [;,! and ronncrtion.] Want 
 of ctumection ; Kmsi-, ilj-joiiucd state. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-eO.\-Nr,X'KU-LV, « without connection. 
 
 IN-'eON'SGION-A-liLE, (-kon'.-luin-n I.I,) a. Having 
 no sense of good and evil ; iinron-rl-iMiible. Spenser. 
 
 IN-€ON'SK-aUENCE, n. [i.. ior„::s,:i„rntia.] 
 
 Want of just inference ; inconclusivi ness. 
 
 Stillilltrflcct. 
 
 IN-€ON'SR-aUENT,a. Not following from the prem- 
 ises ; without regular inference ; as, an inconse<iucnt 
 deduction or ariiument. Brown. 
 
 IN-eoX-SE-UUE.\"TIAL., a. Not regularly follow- 
 ing from the premises. 
 
 2. Not of consequence ; not of importance ; of lit- 
 tle moment. Chesterfield. 
 
 IN-€ON-SE-aUEN-TIAIVl-TY, n. Slate of being of 
 no consequence. 
 
 IN-eON-SE-QUEN'TIAL-LY, adv. Without regular 
 sequence or d.-ducrion. 
 
 IN-eoN-.<II)'r.i;-A-BLE,a. [in ani considerable.] Not 
 worthy of coiisiilrratiou or notice; unimportant; 
 small ; trivial. W'e speak of an inconsiderable dis- 
 tance ; an inconsiderable quality or amount ; incon.tid- 
 erablc value. No sin is inconsiderable in the sight of 
 a holv God. 
 
 IN-eON-SID'ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. Small importance. 
 
 'I'dlotson. 
 
 IN-eON-SID'ER-A-BLY, ado. In a small degree ; to 
 
 a small amount ; very little. 
 IN-eON-HID'Ell-A-CV, n. Thoughtlessness ; want of 
 
 consideration. [Unnsuul.] Cliesterjield. 
 IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE, a. [L. inconsideratas. See 
 
 Consider. ] 
 
 1. Not considerate ; not attending to the circum- 
 stances which regard safety or propriety; hasty; 
 rash; imprudent; careless; thoughtless; heedless; 
 inattentive. The young are generally inconsiderate. 
 
 2. Proceeding from heedlessness; rash; as, incon- 
 siderate conduct. 
 
 3. Not duly regarding ; with of before the subject ; 
 as, inconsiilerate of consequences. 
 
 IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE-LY, adv. Williout due consid- 
 eration or regard to consequences ; heedlessly; care- 
 lessly ; rashly ; imprudently. Mdison. 
 
 IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE-NE.SS, n. Want of due regard 
 to consequences.; carelessness; thoughtlessness; in- 
 advertence ; inattention ; imprudence. Tillotson. 
 
 IN-eON-HID-ER-A'TlUN, «. [Fr. ; in and consiilera- 
 tion.] 
 
 Want of due consideration ; want of thought ; in- 
 attention to consequences. Taylor. 
 IN-eO.\-S|ST'ENCE, In. [in anA consistence.] Snch 
 IN-€ON-Si.ST'EN-C Y, j oiiposition or disagreement 
 as that one preposition infers the negatiim of the 
 other ; such contrariety between things that both can 
 not subsist together. 
 
 There is u perf cl inconeisteney between Unit wliicU is of debt 
 all.) l)i;it which is uf free ^ill. South. 
 
 2. Absurdity in argument or narration ; argument 
 or narrative where one part destroys the other; self- 
 conlradictirm. .Johnson. 
 
 ;i. Incongruity ; want of agreement or uniformity ; 
 as, the inconsistency of a man U'ith himself. 
 
 '1. Unsteadiness : chaiiiirableness. 
 IN-GON-SI.ST'E.NT, a. Ineom|iatiblo ; incongruous; 
 not suitable. Uuud laughter in grave company is in- 
 consi--.tnil with good breeding. Iliibiliial gloom is m- 
 consisiriit With health and happiness. 
 
 2. .N'ot consislent ; contrary, so lliat one infers the 
 negation or di'sliurlion id' tiir iplber, orso lleit the 
 truth id' one proves the otlirr to !).-■ false. Two cov- 
 enants, one that a man shall have an estate in fee, 
 and the other that he shall hold it for years, are in- 
 con.vi.':trnt. 
 
 3. Not uniform; being contrary at dilfi'rent times. 
 Men are soinelimcs inconsistent with tliniiselves. 
 
 IN-CON-SI.-iT'E.NT-I.Y, udr. With abMirdily ; in- 
 cmigruouHly ; with Helf-conlrudiclion ; without stead- 
 inesH or uniformity. 
 
 IN-€ON-SIST'ENT-NESS, n. Inconsistency. [JVot 
 
 in use.] More. 
 IN-eoN-SIST'ING, a. Inconsistent. [A'-ot used.] 
 
 Drndcn. 
 
 IN-eON-SoL'A-BLE, a. [in and consolable.] Not to 
 he consoled ; grieved beyond susceptibility of com- 
 fort. _ Mdison. 
 
 IN-eON-SoL'A-BLY, ado. In a manner or degree 
 that does luit admit of consolation. 
 
 IN-eON'SO-NAN'CE, ;i. Disagreement of sounds; 
 discordance.' Busby. 
 
 IN-eON'SO-N.'VN-CY, re. [in and consonancy.] Dis- 
 agreement ; inconsistency. In mttsic, disagreement 
 of sounds ; discordance. 
 
 IN-eoN'SO-N.\NT, a. Not agreeing ; inconsistent ; 
 discordant. 
 
 IN-eON'SO-N.-VNT-I.Y, adv. Inconsistently ; discord- 
 antly. 
 
 IN-edN-SPie'Q-OUS,-a. [in anA conspicuous.] Not 
 discernible ; not to h.! perceived by the sight. Boyle. 
 2. Not conspicuous. 
 
 IN eoN-SPIcq-OOS-LY, adv. So as not to be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 IN-€ON'STAN-CY, n. [L. inconstantia. See Con ■ 
 
 STANCV.J 
 
 1. Mutability or instability of temper or affection ; 
 unsteadiness; fickleness. Mdison. 
 
 2. Want of uniformity ; dissimditude. Woodward. 
 IN-CON'STAN'l', a. [L. inr.onslnns : Fr. inconstant.] 
 
 1. Mutable ; subject to change of opinion, inclina- 
 tion, or purpose ; not firm in resolution ; unsteady ; 
 fickle i used of persons ; as, inconstant in love or friend- 
 ship. 
 
 2. Mutable; changeable; variable; used of things. 
 IN-eON'STANT-LY, adv. In an inconstant manner; 
 
 not steadily. 
 
 IN-CON-SuM'A-BLE, a. [in and consnmable.] Not 
 to be consumed ; that can not be wasted. Brown. 
 
 IN-CON-Su.M'A-ELY, adv. So as not to be consuma- 
 ble. S/if//f«. 
 
 IN-eON-SU.M'.^IATE, a. Not consummate; not fin- 
 ished ; hof'coinplcte. 
 
 IN-eON-SUM'MATE-NESS, n. State of being in- 
 complete. 
 
 IN-eON-SUMP'TI-BLE, a. [L. in and consuwptns.] 
 
 1. Not to be spent, wasted, or destroyed by fire. 
 [JVu« used.] Digby. 
 
 2. Not to be destroyed, f JVot used.] 
 IN-eON-TAM'I.\ ATE, a. Not contaminated. Moore. 
 IN-eON-TAM'IN-ATE-NESS, re. Uncorrupted state. 
 IN-eON-TEST'A-BLE, a. [Fr.] Not contestable; 
 
 not to be disputed ; not admitting debate ; too clear 
 to be controverted ; incontrovertible ; as, incontestable 
 evidence, truth, or facts. 
 IN-CON-TEST'.A-BLY,™/!!. In a manner to preclude 
 debate ; indisputably ; incontroveitibly ; indubitably. 
 
 Rcid. 
 
 IN-eON-TIG'IT-OUS, a. [in and conti^tous.] Not 
 contiguous ; not adjoining ; not touching ; separate. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 IN-CON-TIG'lI-OUS-LY, adv. Not contiguously ; sei>- 
 aratelv. 
 
 IN-CON'TI-NENCE, ) 71. [L. i/icontincnd'a ; Fr. incon- 
 IN-eON'TI-NEN-CY, i tinence. See Continence.] 
 
 1. Want of restraint of the passions or appetites ; 
 free or uncontndlcd indulgence of the passi(ms or ap- 
 petites, as of anger. Gillies' .Aristotle. 
 
 2. AVant of restraint of the sexual appetite ; free or 
 illegal indulgence of lust ; lewdness; u.ied of either 
 se,r, but appropriately of the male sex. Incontinence in 
 men is the same as unchastity in women. 
 
 3. ,'\mong physicians, the inability of any of the 
 animal organs to restrain discharges of their con- 
 tents, so that the discharges are inviduntary. 
 
 IN-CON'Tl-NENT, a. [L. incontinens.] 
 
 1. Not restraining the p;is;iions or ajipetites, partic- 
 ularly the sexual appetite ; indulging lust without re- 
 straint, or in violation of law ; unchaste ; lewd. 
 
 2. Unable to restrain discharges. 
 
 In the sense of inimcdiate or inimediatdy , obsolete. 
 IN-CON'TI-NE.NT, re. One who is unchaste. 
 
 B. .lonson. 
 
 IN-CON'TI-NENT-IjY, adv. Without due restraint 
 of the passions or appetites ; unchaslely. 
 2. Imniediatelv. Pope. Dickens. 
 
 UN'-CON-TRACT'ED, a. Not contracted ; not short- 
 ened. Blaekwnll. 
 
 [.\-f;0.V-TI!OI/r,A-HLK, a. [«» and controllahle.] Not 
 to be coutrolb'd ; that can not bo restrained <U' gov- 
 erned ; uiiconlidllMbli'. Walsh. 
 
 IN-C<>.\-Tl!ol/I.A-HI,V, adv. In a manner that ud- 
 niils of no control. 
 
 IN-C().\-Ti;u-Vi;HT'I-lil.E, a. [in and controverti- 
 ble.] liidispiilable ; loo clear or certain to admit of 
 dispute. 
 
 IN-fX)i\'-'l'RO-VEI!T'I IlIA', adr. In a manner or to 
 
 a decree that precludes debate or controversy. 
 l.N-€ON-Vi:.\'l ICNCi;, In. [i,. iueonrrniens ; in and 
 I\-C<)N-Vl";.\'IEN-CV, i conrenio, conrrniens.] 
 I. Unlilness ; iiiisuitableneKs ; incrxpedience. 
 
 They plemi n^riliut tlie ii 
 
 pujlivtl U|){MI'el. 
 
 iiul the iiiiliiwfiilFieiw, of 
 Honker. 
 
 2. That which gives trouble or uneasiness ; disad- 
 
 FATE, FAU, PALL, WH^T. — METE, PUBV. — PINE, MARtNB, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 __ 
 
INC 
 
 vantage ; any tiling that disturbs (|iii(.'t, impedes pros- 
 perity, or incrcasi^s the difficulty (if action or success. 
 Uuin and bad roads are incumcniencci to llie traveler ; 
 want of utensils is n great inconveniencf tu a family ; 
 but the great inconvenience of human life is the want 
 of money and the means of obtaining it. 
 IN-eON-VRN'lE.VT, a. [Fr., from the f,., snpm.] 
 
 1. Incommodious ; unsuitable ; disadvantageous ; 
 giving trqiible or uneasiness ; increasing the dillicul- 
 ty of progri!ss or success ; as, an inconvenient dress 
 or garment ; an inconvenient house ; inconvenient cus- 
 toms ; an inconoenicnt arrangement of business. 
 
 2. Unfit; unsuitable. lluoker. 
 IN-€ON-VkN'IENT-LY, aJo. Unsuitably; incom- 
 modiously ; in a manner to give trouble ; unseason- 
 ablv. 
 
 IN-CON-VEIIS'A-BLE, a. [in a.nA conversabh.] Not 
 inclined to free conversation ; incommunicative ; un- 
 social ; reser\'ed. More. 
 
 IN-(JON'VERtJ-ANT, a. Not conversant ; not famil- 
 iar ; not versed. Shaw's Zo'ut. 
 
 l.\-t'0.\-VEKT-I-niL'I-TY, 71. [from incunrrrtihle.] 
 The quality of not being changeable or convertible 
 into something else; as, the inconvertibility bank 
 notes or other currency into gold or silver. JVatslt. 
 
 IN-eON-VERT'l-BLE a. [in and convertible.] Not 
 convertible ; that can not be transmuted or changed 
 into something else. One metal is inconvertible into 
 another, liank notes are soinetiiiies inconvertible into 
 spi'cie. n'al.<li. 
 
 IN eON-VrCT'ED-NESS, 7i. State of being not con- 
 victed. [Bail.] More. 
 
 IN-eo.\-VI\'CI-l5LE, a. [in and coni-ijifiJ/f.] Not 
 convinciblc ; that can not be convinced ; not capable 
 of conviction. 
 
 I.N-eo.N-VIN't'l-BLY, ni/e. In a manner not adniit- 
 tini: of ctuiviction. 
 
 IN-t"o'NY, II. or H. [(in. in and con, to know.] 
 
 Unlearned , artless ; an accomplished person, in 
 contempl. [III.] Sliul:. 
 
 I.N-COU'Pl) K.\L, a. [in at\i\ corporol.] Not consist- 
 ing of matter or body ; immaterial. [Lncoiu'okeal 
 (S Tfncrolli/ n.'ieil.] Ralcirh. 
 
 (N-eoR-PO"-R.\L'I-TY, 71. The quality of not con- 
 
 .sistiiig of niatler ; iinmaterialitv. 
 IN-eORTO-R AL-LY, adv. Without matter or a body ; 
 immateriallv. 
 
 IN-eOK'PO KATE, a. [in and corporate.] Not con- 
 sisting of mutter; not liaviiig a material body. [Lil- 
 lle used.] 
 
 2. Mixed ; united in one body ; associated. 
 
 Bacon. Shak. 
 IN-€OR'PO-RaTE, v. t. [Fr. incorporer; Sp. incorpo- 
 rar ; It. incorporare ; L. incorporo ; in and corpus, a 
 body.] 
 
 1. In pharmacy, to mix different ingredients in one 
 mass or boily ; to reduce dry substances to the con- 
 sistence of paste by the adini.\ture of a fluid, as in 
 making pills, &c. F.ncyc. 
 
 2. To mix and embody one substance in another ; 
 as, to incorporate copper with silver. 
 
 3. To unite; to blend ; to work into another mass 
 or body ; as, to incorporate plagiarisms into one's own 
 com|K>sitinn. 
 
 4. To unite ; to associate in another government or 
 empire. The Romans incorporated coiuiuercd coun- 
 tries into their government. Addison. 
 
 5. Tu embody ; to give a material form to. 
 
 TUe ulolaleri, who worsliiped their imagra as gotis, supposed 
 some spirit tu be incorjuirated ihen^u. StiUingJleet. 
 
 6. To form into a legal body, or body politic ; to 
 constitute a body, composed of one or more individ- 
 uals, with the unality of perpetual existence or suc- 
 cession, unless limited by the act of incorporation ; 
 as, to incorporate the inhabitants of a city, town, or 
 parish ; to incorporate the proprietors of a bridge, the 
 stockholders of a bank, of an insurance company, 
 &c. New Ilaven was incorporated in Jamiarv, 1784, 
 Hartford in .Ma)-, 1784. Stat, of Conn. 
 
 IN-e0R'I'O-R.\TE, r. i. To unite .so .as to make a 
 part of another body ; to lie mixed or blended ; to 
 grow into, &c. ; usually followed by wiOi. 
 
 P;uiili'n' culom and asha do hcltrr incorporate igith oil. Bacon. 
 
 IN-eOR'PO-RA-TED, pp. or a. Mixed or united in 
 
 one body ; associated ill the same political body ; 
 
 united in a legal body. 
 IN-eoR'PO-RA-TING, ppr. Mixing or uniting in one 
 
 body orm.ass ; associating in the same political body ; 
 
 forming a legal bodv. 
 IX-euR-PO-RA'TION, n. The act of incorporating. 
 
 2. Union of difl'erpiit ingredients in one mass. 
 
 3. .\ssociation in the same political body ; as, the 
 incorporation of conquered countries into the Roman 
 
 I republic. 
 
 I 4. Formation of a legal or political body by the 
 I union of individuals, cimstituting an artificial per- 
 ' iv*<''\o BA Blackstonc. 
 : '^"t'OK-PO'RE-AL, a. [Fr. ineorporel i h. incorpora- 
 
 tis, incorporeujt.] 
 Not consisting of matter ; not having a material 
 
 bmly ; immaterial. Spirits are deemed incorporeal 
 
 substances. 
 
 INC 
 
 IN-eOK-PO'RE-AL-LY, ado. Without body ; imma- 
 teri.illy. Bacon. 
 
 IN-eOK PO-Ui":'I-TY, 71. The quality of being not 
 material ; imniateriality. 
 
 IN-eoRPt^E', (in-korps',) D.«. To incorporate. [Bar- 
 barons.]^ Shak. 
 
 IN-CORRECT', a. [in and correct.] Not correct; 
 not exact ; not according to a copy or model, or to 
 established rules ; inaccurate ; faulty. 
 
 Tlie piocc, y.tii (Itiiik, id incorrect. Pope, 
 
 2. Not according to truth; inaccurate; as, an m- 
 correct statement, narration, or calculation. 
 
 3. Not .according to law or morality. 
 
 4. In old writers, not duly regulated or subordina- 
 ted. 
 
 It shows a will most incorrcd to hcavrn. Sliak. 
 
 IN-COR-REC'TION, 71. VYant of correction. Arnway. 
 IN-COR-KECT'LY, ado. Not in accordance with 
 
 truth or other standard ; iiiaccur.ately ; not exactly ; 
 
 as, a writing incorrectly copied ; testimony incorrectly 
 
 stated. 
 
 IN-€OR-REeT'NF,.-JS, 71. Want of conformity to 
 truth or to a sfaiidard ; inaccuracy. Incorrectness 
 may consist in defect or in redundance. 
 
 IN-COK-RE-SPOND'ING, a. Ntit corresponding. 
 
 Coleridn-e. 
 
 IN-COR'UI-Cil-nLE, a. [Fr. ; in and corri;rMc; L. 
 corri'jn ; con and reiro.] 
 
 1. That can not be corrected or amended ; bad be- 
 yond correction ; as, incorriirible error. 
 
 2. Too de|)ravcd to be correcleil or reformed ; as, 
 an ineorri'nbic sinner ; an incorriirible (triinkard. 
 
 IN-f:nR'RI-(5MiLE-NESS, \ n. The quality of being 
 
 IN-COR-KI-GI-BII.'l-'l'Y, i bad, erroneous, or ile- 
 pra.V( (I beyond correction ; hopeless depravity in per- 
 sons and error in things. Locke. 
 
 IN-eOR'Rl-CI-liLY, a(/». To a degree of depravity 
 beyonti all moans of amendine-nt. Roscommon. 
 
 r.\-€OR-l!olVr-liI,E, a. That can not be corroded. 
 
 IN-('OU lUII'T', la. [L. incorruptas ; in and cor- 
 
 IN-COU-KUPT'KD, J runipo, corrujttus; con and rum- 
 po, to break.] 
 
 Not corrupt ; not marred, impaired, or spoiled ; not 
 defiled or depraved ; pure ; sound ; untainted ; above 
 the power of bribes ; applicable to persons, principles, 
 or substances. MUton. 
 
 IN-COR-RUl'T-I-niL'I-TY, 71. ffrom incomiptible.] 
 The quality of being incapable of decay or of being 
 corrupted. 
 
 IN-eOR-RUPT'I-I?I,E, a. [Fr. ; in and corruptible.] 
 
 1. That can not corrupt or decay ; not admitting of 
 corruption. Thus gold, glass, mercury, &c., are in- 
 corrnptible. Spirits are supposed to be incorruptible. 
 
 Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptibte uiid inuuort.il 
 sutMUinccs. Wake. 
 
 2. That can not be bribed ; inflexibly just and up- 
 right. 
 
 IN-eOR-RirPT'I-nUE-NES.S,77. The quality of being 
 incorruptible, or not liable to decay. Boyle. 
 
 IN-COR-KUPT'l-HLY, adv. So .is not to admit of cor- 
 niption or decav. 
 
 IN-eOR-RUP'Tl'O.V, 71. [ill and corruption.] Incapa- 
 bility of being corrupted. 
 
 It is sown in corruption ; it is mbcd tu incorruption. — 1 Cor. 
 
 IN-eOR-RUPT'IVE, a. Not liable to corruption or 
 decay. Akenside. 
 
 IN-COR-RUPT'NESS, 71. Exemption from decay or 
 corruption. 
 
 2. Purity of mind or manners; probity ; integrity ; 
 honesty. Woodward. 
 IN-('R.\S'S.\TE, r. U [L. incrasso, incrassatus ; in and 
 crassu.<, thick.] 
 
 1. To make thick or thicker; to thicken ; the con- 
 trary to Attenu.\te. 
 
 2. In pharmacy, to make fluids thicker by the mix- 
 ture of other substances less fluid, or by evaporating 
 the thinner parts. 
 
 Acids tlisiolve or attenuate : allcdies precipitate or incmssate. 
 
 Neielon. 
 
 IN-CRAS'SaTE, r. i. To become thick or thicker. 
 
 I.N-CRAS'.SATE, j a. In botany, thickened or be- 
 
 I.X-CRAS'S.a-TED, i coming thicker. Martyn. 
 2. Fattened. 
 
 IN-CRA.-^'Sa-TED, pp. Made thick or thicker. 
 
 IN-€R.\S'SA-TI.\t;, pirr. Rendering thick or thicker; 
 growing thicker. 
 
 IN-CKAS S.\'TIO.V', 71. The act of thickening, or 
 state of becoming thick nr thicker. Brown. 
 
 IN-CR.\.S'SA-TIVE, a. ILaving the quality of thick- 
 ening. 
 
 IN-CRAS'SA-TIVE, 71. That which has the power 
 
 to thicken. Harvey. 
 IN-eUE.VS'A-BLE, a. That may be increased. 
 
 _ _ Sherwood. 
 
 I.N'-CRe.VSE', r. u . [L. incresco ; in and crcsco, to 
 
 grow, Fr. croitre, Sp. creccr, It. cre.iscerc, Arm. crcsqi. 
 
 As the Latin pret. is creoi, this word and the Eng. 
 
 grow are probably of the same family. Class Rd, 
 
 No. 50, 75.] 
 
 1. To become greater in bulk or quantity ; to 
 grow ; to augment ; as plants. Hence, to btxome 
 
 INC 
 
 more in number; to advance in value, or in any 
 quality, good or bad. Animal and vegetable bodies 
 increase by natural growth ; wealth increases by in- 
 dustry ; heat increases as the sun advances toward 
 the meridian ; a mulliliide increases by accession of 
 numbers ; knowledge increases with age and study ; 
 passion and enmity increase by irritation, and misery 
 increases with vice. 
 
 Thr; I.onl make you to increase and abound in love one toward 
 ojiulIkt. — 1 'I'lieitt. lii. 
 
 2. To become more violent ; as, the fever increases : 
 the pain inerta.-trs ; cold, wind, or a storm, increases. 
 
 3. 'I'll become more bright or vivid ; as, the light 
 increases. 
 
 4. To swell ; to rise. 
 
 Tlie wali-rs ijtcreojied, and iKin? up the ark. — Gen. Tii. 
 
 5. To swell ; to become louder, as sound. 
 
 6. To become of more esteem and authority. 
 
 He niuiit iucrcdiie, but I niuKt ilr-cr'ase. — John iii. 
 
 7. To enlarge, as the enlightened part of the 
 moon's disk. 
 
 IN-CRk.V.'^E', 71. (. To augment or make greater in 
 bulk, (piantity, or amount ; as, to increase wealth or 
 treasure ; to increase a sum or value. 
 
 2. To advance in quality ; to add to any quality or 
 affection ; as, to increase the strength of moral hab- 
 its ; to increase love, /.i;al, or iiassion. 
 
 3. To extend ; to lengthen ; as, to increase dis- 
 tance. 
 
 4. To extend ; to spread ; as, to increase fame or 
 renown. 
 
 5. To aggravate ; as, to increase guilt or trespass. 
 IN-CRRASE' or lN'eiU";ASE, 71. Augmeiitatiim ; a 
 
 growing larger in si/.c, extent, ipiantity, &.c. 
 
 of the increase of his guveriniiunt unti peace, tjiere shall be no 
 end. — lit. ix. 
 
 2. The result of augmentation ; profit; interest; 
 that which is addeil to the original stock. 
 
 Take thou no iut. r. »l uf liii: 
 L. V. XXV. 
 
 increase ; but fear thy God. — 
 
 3. Produce, as of land. 
 
 Then shall the earth yi^ld h'.T 
 
 4. Progeny ; issue ; otfsprin 
 
 5. Generation. Shak. 
 
 6. The waxing of the moon ; the augmentation of 
 the luminous part of the moon, presented to the in- 
 habitants of the earth. 
 
 Seeds, hair, nails, h'-d j'-s, and hcrljo will grow soonest, if set or 
 t ul the moon. Hacon. 
 
 7. Augmentation of strength or violence ; as, iii- 
 crcase of heat, love, or other p.assion ; increase of 
 force. 
 
 8. Augmentation of degree ; as, increase of happi- 
 ness or misery. 
 
 IN-eRf;A.S'/-;D, (in-kreest',) or a. Augmented ; 
 
 made or grown larger. 
 I.\ eRKASE'FJJL, a. Abundant in produce. Shak. 
 I.\ Clilj;.\S'ER, 71. He or lli.at which increases. 
 I.\ {'I;k.\S'I.\G, 7i;ir. or a. Growing ; becoming 
 
 larger; ailvnncing in any qualitv, good or bad. 
 IN-CRicAS'ING-LY, aJv. In the' way of growing; 
 
 growingly. 
 
 IN-CRE-aTE', v. t. To create within. Howe. 
 I.N'CUE-.XTE, ) a. Uncreated, which sec. ['rite 
 I.\'t'RE-A-TED, ) latter is the wnrd mostly used.] 
 IN-CREU-I-BII/I-TY, «. [Fr. incrcdtbiliti. See I.n- 
 
 CREOIIILE.] 
 
 The quality of surpassing belief, or of being too 
 extraordinary to admit of belief. Drydrn. 
 IN-GRED'I-liLE, a. [h. incrcdibilis ; in am\ crcdibilis, 
 credible.] 
 
 That can not be believed ; not to be credited ; too 
 extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief. 
 
 Why shoitlil it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God 
 should r.iis.- the d. ad I — Acts xxvi. 
 
 IN-CRE!)'I-I!LE-NESS, 71. Incredibility, which see. 
 I.\-CKEI)'l liLY, a(/i). In a m.mner to preclude be- 
 IN-CRE-DO'LI-TY, 71. [Fr. increduliti.] [lief. 
 The quality of not believing ; indisposition to be- 
 lieve ; a withholding or refusal of belief. Ralegh. 
 Of every sp-'cies of tricrcdufify, religious unbelief is infinitely tlie 
 nio«t irnitional. Buckminsler. 
 
 IN CRED'lI-LOUS, a. [L. incredulus; in and credu- 
 las : credo, to believe.] 
 
 Not believing ; indisposed to admit the truth oi 
 wliat is related ; refusing or withholding belief. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 I.\-eRED'tI-I<OUS-LY, adv. In a manner not dis- 
 posed to believe. 
 
 I.N'-CRED'U-LOUS-NESS, 71. Incredulity, which see. 
 
 IN CRE.M'A-BLE, a. [L. in and cremo.] 
 
 That can not be liurnt. [J\'ot used.] Broien. 
 
 IN'CRE-ME.NT, n. [L. incrcwicntum, from incrcsee. 
 S<>e Increase.] 
 
 1. Increase ; a growing in bulk, quantity, number, 
 value, or omount ; augmentation. 
 
 2. Produce ; production. 
 
 3. Matter added ; increase. 
 
 TtNE, BJjLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SlI ; TH as in THIS 
 
 75 
 
 XX- 
 
 593 
 
INC 
 
 INC 
 
 IND 
 
 4. In matliematics, the finite increase of a variable 
 quantity. Barlow. 
 IN'CKE-PaTE, v. t. [L. incrtpo.] 
 
 To cliide ; tci rebuke. [AQ/i in wsc] 
 IN-CRE-l'A'TION, H. [It. incrrpaiionc] 
 
 A cliidin; nr rebuking ; re))uke ; reprehension. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 IN-eRES'CENT, a. [L. incrrscens. See Increase.] 
 
 Inrreasini.' ; crowing; augmenting; swelling. 
 IN-€11IM'IN-aTE, v. t. [L. in and criminor, to ac- 
 cus^e. 8ee Crime.] 
 To accuse ; to charge with a crime or fault. 
 IiV-eRLM'IN-A-TED, pp. Accused ; charged with a 
 crime. 
 
 IN-eRIM'IX-A-TING, ppr. Charging with a crime or 
 fault. 
 
 IN-CRU-ENT'AL, o. [L. incrventus.] 
 
 Unbloody ; not attended with blood. [JVot in ?«c] 
 IN-CRUST', V. t. [L. incriu^to ; in and crwsto, to 
 crii-t.] 
 
 To cover with a crust or with a hard coat ; to form 
 a cnist on the surface of any substance ; as, iron in- 
 crustcd with o.\yd or rust ; a vessel incrusted with 
 salt. 
 
 IN-CRUST'aTE, i>. t. To incrust. [Less frequently 
 used.'] 
 
 IN-CRUST-a'TION, n. [Fr., from L. incrustatio.] 
 1. A crust or coat of any thing on the surface of a 
 body. 
 
 9. A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, or 
 other substance, attached by cramp-irons, cem- 
 ent, &c. Brande. 
 
 IN-CRUST'ED, pp. Covered with a crust. 
 
 I\-€RUST'Ii\G, ppr. Covering with a crust. 
 
 IN-eiiUST'.MENT, n. Incrustation. Ed. Rn. 
 
 IN-CRYS'TAL-LlZ-A-BLE, a. [in and erystallizable.'\ 
 That will not crystallize ; that can not be formed in- 
 to crystals ; uncrystallizable. 
 
 IN'GU-BaTE, v. i. [L. incubo; in and cubo, to lie 
 down.] 
 
 To sit, as on eggs for hatching. 
 IN-CU-Ba'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. incubatio.] 
 
 The act of sitting on eggs for the purpose of batch- 
 ing young. Rap. 
 
 This word has of late been sometimes applied to 
 the hatching of eggs by artificial he.at. Ure. 
 IN-eO'lil-TlIRE, 7!. Iiicnbation. [JVutused.] 
 IN'€U-BUS, 71. [L., from ineubn, to lie on.] 
 
 1. The nightmare; suffocative anlnlatinn, with a 
 sense of external pressure upon the tlu st, nft. n seem- 
 ing to be that of some hideous nuawter, and with 
 tremor or violent struggle, transitory ; most common- 
 ly occurring during sleep, though sometimes during 
 wakefulness. 
 
 2. A demon ; an imaginary being or fairy. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-CUL'e ATE, V. t. [L. inculco, to drive or force on ; 
 
 ill and calcii, to tread, calz, the heel.] 
 To impress by frequent admonitions ; to teach and 
 
 enforce by frequent repetitions ; to urge on the mind. 
 
 Our Savior inculcates on his followers humility and 
 
 foririveness of injuries, 
 IN-eUL'CA-TED, p/). Impressed or enforced by fre- 
 quent admonitions. 
 IN-CUL'eA-TING, ppr. Impressing or enforcing by 
 
 repeated instruction. 
 IN-eCL-C.^'TION, H. The action of impressing by 
 
 repeated admonitions, 
 IN-€UL'1'A-BLE, a. [L. in and cvlpabilis, from culpa, 
 
 a fault.] 
 
 Without fault ; unblamable ; that can not be ac- 
 cused. Soutli, 
 IN-eUL'PA-BLE-NESS, 71. Unblamableness. 
 
 Mtmntatni, 
 
 IN-eULTA-BLV, adv. Unblamably ; without blame. 
 
 So alk. 
 
 IN-CUL'PaTE, v. t. [h. ineutpo, to excuse.] 
 
 To lilame ; to censure ; oj)po.sed to Exculpate. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 [This sense is directly cnntiaiy to that of the 1-at- 
 in word, but is I'stablished by good authority.] 
 I.\-€Ul,'r.\-TEI), pp. iilained ; censured. 
 l.\-fl'l/rA-TI.\G, ppr. Blaming; censuring. 
 I.\-C(,'l. I'A'TIO.N', 71. [L. Ill and culpa.] 
 
 Bl inie ; ceiisuri'. Jefferson, 
 I.V-CI I,'l>A-'rO-llY, a. Imputing blame. 
 IN-Ci;i/I'', a. [I,, incullu.i ; in and cultus, from colo.] 
 
 I'lilillcd ; uni nitivateil. Tliom'son. 
 I.\-eUL,'TI-VA-TEIj, u. Xot cultivated ; uncultiva- 
 ted. 
 
 Ii\-ei;L-TI-VA''J'ION, 71, Neglect or want of culti- 
 vation, Brrinstnn. 
 IN-CUL'TI^RE, 71, Want or neglirct of cultivation, 
 
 Fcltham. 
 
 lN-Ci;.M'BE\-CY, 71, [from i,icum4cii(.] A lying or 
 renting on nomelliing. 
 
 2. Tlie Ktate of holding or being in possession of a 
 benefice, or of an ollicc, 
 
 Tho^i fimi arc 10 l» piild to thn 1-l.hop only during DW inatm- 
 „ '«"'y- Swyft. 
 Th'Ti- u 110 lr»t of Umj tciium Irtit Uieumbency on tli<' p-m of the 
 lo")r- E. i:^reu. 
 
 liV-eUM'BENT, a. [L. incumbent, incumbo; in and 
 tumbo, to lie down ; Hf. incumhir.] 
 
 1. Lying or resting on. 
 
 Anil when to move the itcuiitbent Iwad tliey try. A'Sdison. 
 
 2. Supported ;■ buoyed up. 
 
 And fly incumienl on the dusky air, Vryden. 
 
 3. Leaning on or resting against ; as, incumbent sta- 
 mens or anthers, in botany. Jlartijn. 
 
 4. Lying on, as duty or obligation; imposed and 
 emphatically urging or pressing to performance ; in- 
 dis[)ensable. 
 
 All nipu, truly zerilons, will perform those good works wliich are 
 iiicuitiherU on all Chrisuans. iS'piat. 
 
 IN-CUSI'BENT, 71, The person who is in present pos- 
 session of a benefice, or of any ofiice [It is applied 
 to ciril officers as well as to ecclesiastical.] 
 
 IX-€(JM'BENT-LY, ado. In an incumbent manner. 
 
 CiLalmers. 
 
 IN-€UJI'BER, V. t. [Fr. encombrer; It. ingo/nbrare.] 
 To burden with a load ; to embarrass." [See En- 
 cumber, and its derivatives.] 
 
 IN-eUM'BRANCE, 71. A burdensome and trouble- 
 some load ; any thing that impetles nrotion or ac- 
 tion, or renders it difficult or laborious ; clog; imped- 
 iment ; embarrassment. 
 2. A legal claim on the estate of another. 
 
 IN-CI/.M'liRAX-CER, 71. One who has an incum- 
 brance, nr siinie legal claim on an estate. Kent. 
 
 IN-GU.M'BllUUS, a. Cumbersome ; troublesome. 
 [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 IN-CUR', V. t. [L, iTicKTTO, to run against; in and 
 ciirrv, to run ; It, incorrere; Sp, incarrir.] 
 
 1. Liti rail II, to run against; hence, to become lia- 
 ble to ; tn become suliject to. Thus, a tliief incurs 
 the punishiiient of the law by the act of stealing, be- 
 fore he is convicted, and we have all incurred the 
 penalties of God's law, 
 
 2. 'I'o bring on ; as, to incur a debt ; to incur guilt ; 
 to incur the displeasure of God ; to incur blame or 
 censure. 
 
 3. To occur ; to meet ; to press on ; with to or into. 
 [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 IN-CuR-A-BIL'I-TY, 7i, [Fr, incurabiliti.] 
 
 The state c»f being incurable ; impossibility of cure ; 
 insnsecpt hilitv of cure or remedy, Harvey. 
 
 IN-CUli'A-l!LE, o, [Fr, ; 171 and curaWc] That can 
 not be cured ; not admitting of cure ; beyond the 
 power of skill or medicine ; as, an incurable dis- 
 ease, 
 
 2, Not admitting remedj' or correction ; irremedia- 
 ble^ remediless ; as, incurable evils, 
 
 IN-€uR'A-BLE, 71, A person diseased beyond the 
 reach of cure, 
 
 IN-eull'A-IiLE-NESS, 71, The state of not admitting 
 cure or remedy, 
 
 IN-euR'.\-IiLY, adv. In a manner or degree that ren- 
 ders cure impracticable, 
 
 IN-eU-RI-OS'I-TY, K. Want of curiosity ; inatten- 
 tiveness ; indifference. Wutton. 
 
 IN-Gu'RI-OUS, a. [iii and ciiWous.] Destitute of cu- 
 riosity ; not curious or in<|uisitive ; inattentive. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 IN-Cu'RI-OUS-LY, ado. Without inquisitiveness. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-€u'RI-OUS-NESS, n. Want of curiosity or intpiis- 
 itiveness. Chesterfield. 
 
 1N-€UR'RKD, (in-kurd',) pp. Brought on. 
 
 lN-€UR'liENCE, n. The act of bringing on, or sub- 
 jecting one's self to ; as, the incurrence of guilt. 
 
 IN-CUR'RING, ppr. Becoming subject or liable to; 
 bringing on. 
 
 IN-CUR'SION, n. [Fr, ijicursion; L, incursio, from 
 incurro. See Incur.] 
 
 1. Literally, a running into ; hence, an entering in- 
 to a territory with hostile intention ; an inroad ; ap- 
 plied to the e.\i)editions of small parties or detach- 
 ments of an enemy's army, entering a territory for 
 attack, plunder, or destruction of a post or niaga/ine. 
 Hence it differs from invasion, wliich is the hostile 
 entrance of an army for conipiest. During the revo- 
 lution, the British troops maile an incursion to Dan- 
 bury, and destroyed the magazines. In opposing 
 this incursion, General Wooster wa.s killed. 
 
 a. Attack ; occurrence ; as, sins of daily incursion. 
 [Unusual.] South. 
 IN-CUR'SIVE, a. Hostile; making an attack or in- 
 ciiisicin. 
 
 IN-eUU V \TE, V. t. [la. incurvo ; in and curvus, 
 bent.] 
 
 'I'o bend ; to crook ; to turn from a right line or 
 
 straight course, 
 IN-rURV'ATE, a. Curved inward or upward, 
 IN-CUR V'A-'J"EI), pp. Bent; turned from a rectilinear 
 
 direction. 
 
 IN-eURV'A-TING, ppr. Bending; turning from a 
 right lini>. 
 
 IN-CURV A'TION, 11. The act of bending. 
 
 2. The state of being bent or turned from a recti- 
 linear course ; cnrvity; crookedness. 
 
 'J. The act of bowing, or bending the body in re- 
 spect or reverence. StiUingjlert. 
 IN-eUliVE', (inkurv',) t>. t. To bend; to make 
 crooked, 
 
 IN CI'R V'/^D, pp. or n. Bent ; bent or curved inward, 
 IN-CURV'l-TY, 11. - - 
 
 [from L, incuruK*.] 
 
 A state of being bent or crooked; crookedness; a 
 bending inward. Brown. 
 IN'DA-GaTE, v. t. [L, indago.] 
 
 To seek or search out, [A'bt used.] 
 IN-DA-Ga'TION, 71, The act of searching ; search ; 
 inquiry ; examination, [Little used.] 
 
 Boyle. Brown. 
 IN'DA-Ga-TOR, 71, A searcher; one who seeks or 
 
 inquires with diligence, [Little used.] Boiile. 
 IN-DAiM'AGE, See Endamage, 
 
 IN-DXRT', v. i. [in and dart.] To dart in ; to thrust 
 or strike in, Shak 
 
 IN DART'ED, pp. Darted in. 
 
 IN-DAR'i''lNG, ;)/ir. Darting or thrusting in. 
 
 JJV-DKB-I-TA' TUS MS-SUMP'Srr. See Assump- 
 sit, 
 
 IN-DERT', ( det',) a verb, is never used. 
 IN-DEBT'ED, (in-det'ed,) a. [It. iiii/f JifiKo.] 
 
 1. Being in debt ; having incurred a debt ; held or 
 obliged to pay. A is indebted to B ; he is indebted in 
 a large sum, or to a large anujuiu. 
 
 2. Obliged by something received, for which resti- 
 tution or gratitude is due. We are indebted to our 
 p,irents for their care of us in infancy and youth ; 
 we are indebted to God for life ; we are indebted to the 
 Christian religion fur many of the advantages, and 
 much of the refinement, t.f modern times. 
 
 L\-DEBT'ED-NESS, (in-det'ed-ness,) 71. The state 
 of being indebted. Smart. 
 
 IN-DEBT'iMENT, (in-det'ment,) 71. The state of be- 
 ing indebted. [Little used.] Hall. 
 
 IN-l)i5'CEN-CY, 11. [Fr. indecence : It, indecenza ; L, 
 indrcens, indeeeo ; in and deceo, to become,] 
 
 That which is unbecoming in language or man- 
 ners ; any action or behavior which is deemed a vio- 
 lation of modesty, or an oftense to delicacj', as rude 
 or wanton actions, obscene language, and whatever 
 tends to excite a blush in a spectator. Extreme as- 
 surance or iinj)iidence may also be deemed indecency 
 of behavior toward superiors, [,See Indecorum,] 
 
 IN Dk'CENT, a. [Fr. from L. indecens.] 
 
 Unbecoming ; unfit to be seen or heard ; offensive 
 to modesty and delicacy ; as, indecent langu.age ; in- 
 decent manners ; an indecent posture or gesture, 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 IN-DE'CENT-LY, adv. In a manner to offend mod- 
 esty or delicacy, 
 
 IN-DE CID't;-OUS, a. [171 and rfccii/iioiis,] Not fall- 
 ing, as the leaves of the trees in autumn ; lasting ; 
 evergreen. 
 
 IN-DEC'I-MA-BLE, a. Not liable to the payment of 
 tithes. Cowrl. 
 
 IN-DE-Cl'PHER-.\-BLE, a. That can not be deci- 
 phered. 
 
 IN-DE-CIS'ION, (-de-si/.h'un,) ii. [in and decision.] 
 Want of decision ; want of settled purpose or of 
 firmness in the determination of the will; a waver- 
 ing of mind ; irresolution. Burke. 
 
 IN-DE-CI'SIVE, a. [111 and deeisii-e.] Not decisive ; 
 not bringing to a final dose or ultimate issue ; as, an 
 indecisive battle or engagement ; an argument indeci- 
 sive of the qiiestitm. 
 
 2. L'nsettled ; wavering; vacillating; hesitating; 
 as, an indecisive state of mind ; an indecisive char- 
 acter. 
 
 IN-DE-CI'SIVE-LY, aiiii. Without decision. 
 
 IN-DE-Cl'SIVE-NESS, 11. The state of being unde- 
 cided ; unsettled state ; state of not being brought to 
 a final issue. 
 
 IN-DE-CLIN'A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L, indeclinabilis ; 
 in and dcclino.] 
 
 Not declinable ; not varied by terminations ; as, 
 pondo, in Latin, is an indeclinable noun, 
 L\-DE-eLIN'.V-BLY, adv. Without variation, 
 
 Mountagu. 
 
 IN-DE-eOM-PoS'A-BLE, a. [in and decomposable, 
 decompose.] Not capable of decomposition, or of 
 being resolved into the primary constituent elenii'nts. 
 
 Kncife. 
 
 IN-DE-eO.M-PoS'.V-BLE-NESS, 71. Incapableness of 
 decomposition, 
 
 IN-DE-Co'ROUS or I.X-DEC'O-ROUS, a. [L, indeco- 
 rus; in and decor, drcui, deceo, to become.] 
 
 Unbecoming; violating good maniieis; contrary 
 to the established rules of good breeding, nr to the 
 forms of respect which age and station require. It 
 is indecorous in a young person to take the highest 
 place in comp.iny, when his superiors are present. 
 Indecorous is sometimes etpiivalent to indecent ; but it 
 is less frequently applied to actions which otfend 
 modesty and chastity, 
 
 IN-DE-CO'ROUS-LY or IN-DEC'O-UOIIS-LY, adv. 
 In an unbi ctuiiiiig manner, 
 
 IN-DE-C6'R()IJS NESS or IN-DEC'O ROUS-NESS, 
 11. Violation of good inaiineis in words or behavior, 
 
 IN-DE-CO'RU.M, 11. [L. 1/1 and i/,,wiiiii.] 
 
 Impropriety of behavior; that in behavior or man- 
 ners which violates the established rules of civility, 
 or the duties of respect wliieli age or statitm reipiires ; 
 an unbi'coming actiiiii. It is sometimes syniuiymoiis | 
 with Indkckm v ; bill iiii/ici'iii j/, more frequently than 
 indeeornm, is iqiplied I0 words or actions which refer 
 to what nature and propriety require to be concealed 
 or suppressed. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PUfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 INF 
 
 IN-DEED', arfw. [in and deed.] In reality ; in truth ; 
 in fact. 
 
 'rij!" carnal mintl Is enmity nsfainiit God ; for it is not lubjcct to 
 tlie liiw ot tiud, nt'illuT ituleed can be. — Koin. viiU 
 
 Indeed is usually einpliatical, but in some cases 
 more so than in others ; as, this is true ; it is indeed. 
 1 werp n l«'Rat Indeed to tlo yon wroii*. DrijiUn. 
 Soinp sons, indeed, hohh' very ti"w \vi' soe, 
 W'liu R'*ep tlit'iiiS 'Ive* from itiis infl'ctiun frep. Dryden. 
 Thi n- is, indeed, no grwuer pleasure in vitjiling these imiira/jnps 
 
 of wi*r. Adilison. 
 It is listed to dcnotn concession or admission j as, 
 ships not so liij;;!' indeed, but l)cttcr nianiied. 
 
 Indeed is used ns an expression of surprise, or for 
 the purpose of obtaining confirination of a fact stated. 
 Indeed ! is it possible.-* is it so in fttet 7 
 IN-1)K-F.\T'I-GA 15LK, a. [L. indefatignbilis ; in and 
 drfiili!To,Jiiti;ro, to fatigue.] 
 
 Unwearied ; not tired ; not exhausted by lalior ; 
 not yielding to ftitisue ; as, indefatiguMc e.vertions ; 
 indtfatigable attendance or perseverance. 
 
 Uplwnie witli indefatigable wiii^. l^Idlon. 
 Ii\-DE-PAT'I-GA-I?LE-NESS, ii. Unvveariedne^s ; 
 
 persistency. Purnell. 
 IN-DE-FAT 'I-GA-HLY, adv. Without wetiriness ; 
 
 without vieldins; to fatigue. Drijden. 
 IN-llE-F.\T-l-U.\'TION, «. Unwearieduess. [Mt 
 used.] 
 
 IN-UE-FkAS-I-BII/I-TV, n. [fioin indefeasible.] The 
 
 quality or state of being not subject to be made void ; 
 
 as, the indefetu^-ibilitij of a title. 
 IN-l)E-Fif.Ai5'[-HLE, a. [m and defeasible; Ft. de- 
 
 faire, defait, to undo, to defeat ; de and fuirc, to make, 
 
 Ij. facio.] 
 
 Not to be defeated ; that can not be made void ; 
 as, an indefeasible estate or title. 
 IN-l)E-FiiAS'I-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be dc- 
 
 fe:ited or niatle void. 
 IN-l)E-FEe r-I-lUL'I-TV,n. [(n>m indefectible.] The 
 quality of being subject to no defect or dectiy. 
 
 C/t. Obsen^er. 
 
 IN-DE-FEGT'I-HLE, a. [in and defect.] Unfailing ; 
 not liable to defect, failure, or decay. 
 
 IN-DE-FEGT'IVE, a. Not defective; perfect; com- 
 plete. South. 
 
 IN-DE-Fiol'sr-BLE, a. Indefeasible. [A'ot ws-ed.] 
 
 IN-I)E-FENS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [from indefensible.\ 
 The quality or state of not being capable of defense 
 or vindication. IVulsli. 
 
 IN-DE-FENS'I-BLE, a. [in and defensible, from de- 
 fend.]^ 
 
 1. That can not lie defended or maintained. A 
 military post may be indefensible ; a bad cause is inde- 
 fensible. 
 
 2. Not to be vindicated or justified. An improper 
 action or indecent expression is indefensible. 
 
 IN-l)E-FE.\.'^'I-BLY,-u(/e. In an indefensible manner. 
 IN-1)E-FE.\.~<'IVE, n. Having no defense. Herbert. 
 IN-DE-FI"CIE.\-UY, (-fisli'en-se,) n. The quality of 
 
 not being deficient, or of sitlfering no delay. 
 IN-DE-FI"CTENT, a. Not deficient ; not failing ; 
 
 perfect. 
 
 IN-DE-FIN'A-BLE, a. That can not be defined. 
 
 Reynolds. 
 
 IN-DE-FIN'.\-BLY, adv. So as not to be capable of 
 definition. 
 
 IN-DEF'IN-ITE, a. [L. indefnitas ; in and definilns, 
 definio, to define ; de and finio, to eni, finis, end.] 
 
 1. Not limited or defined ; not determinate ; not 
 precise or certain ; as, an indefinite time. An indefi- 
 nite proposition, term, or phrase, is one whicli has 
 not a precise meaning or limited signification. 
 
 2. That has no certain limits, or to which the 
 human mind can affix none , as, indefinite space. A 
 space mav be indefinite, though not infinite. 
 
 IN-DEF'IN-ITE-LV, adr. Without any settled limita- 
 tion ; as, space indefinitehj extended. 
 
 2. Not precisely ; not with certainty or precision ; 
 as, to use a word inilefiniteln. 
 
 IN-DEF'IN-ITE NESS, The quality of being un- 
 defined, iinliiiTited, or not precise and certain. 
 
 IN-DE-FIN'I-TUI)E, n. Uuantity not limited by our 
 understanding, though yet finite. [A'ot used.] Hale. 
 
 IN-DE-HIS'CENT, o. [in and <if/ii«ccnt.] Not open- 
 ing spontaneously at maturity, as the pericarp of the 
 ha/.el-nut. Lindley. 
 
 IN-DB-LIB'EU-ATE, a. [in and deliberate i Fr. in- 
 delibere.] 
 
 Done or performed without deliberation or consid- 
 eration ; sudden ; unpremeditated ; as, the indeliberate 
 cominissiim of sin. 
 
 IN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE LY, adr. Without deliberation 
 or premeditation. 
 
 IN-DEL-I-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being indcl- 
 'hle. Ilorslctl. 
 
 IN-DEL'I-BLE, a. [Fr. indrlebUe : L. indelebilus in 
 and delehdis, from deleo, to blot out.] 
 
 1. .Not to be blotted out ; that can not be effaced 
 or canceled ; as, indelible letters or characters. Indel- 
 ible ink is such as can not be taken out of paper or 
 cloth, or not by ordinary means. 
 
 2. Not to be annulled. 
 
 They .rr rniloni with indelible powpr from abore, lo f-nl and 
 lovornihi. hoiu-holJ. [t/muaaj.] Sprat. 
 
 3. That can not be effaced or lost ; ns, impressions 
 on the mind n)ay be indelible ; reproach or stain on 
 reput.-ition may be indelible. 
 IN-DEL'l-lilA', nr/u. In a manner not to be blotted 
 out or eliaced ; too deeply impritited to be elluced, or 
 to vanish. 
 
 IN-OEL'l-CA-CY, n. [in and delieaeij.] Want of 
 delicacy ; want of decency in language or behavior, 
 regarding what nature and manners require to be 
 concealed. .Addison. 
 
 2. Want of a nice sense of propriety, or tiiee re- 
 gar. 1 to refinement in manners or in Ilie treatment of 
 others ; rudeness ; coarseness of manners or lan- 
 guage ; that wliich is otlensive to refined taste or 
 purity of mind. 
 
 IN-DEL'I-eATE, a. Wanting delicacy; indecent; 
 hut itexprt^sses less than Inukclnt ; as, an indelicate 
 word or expression ; imlclicate behavior ; indelicate 
 customs. 
 
 a. Oirmsive to good manners, or to purity of ininil. 
 IN-l)El/l-t" A'l'IM.V, .if/e. luilerenlly ; in a ujanner 
 
 to olVenil ai::tin>t iii;iniiers or i)uritv of niinil. 
 IN-DE.M-N1-FI-€.a'TION, n. ffroui ind'emnifij.j The 
 
 act of iiulemnitying, saving liarinless, or securing 
 
 against loss, damage, or penalty. 
 
 2. f>ecurily against U>ss. 
 
 3. Ueinilnirseinent of loss, damage, or penaltv. 
 IN-DE.M'Nl-FI-A'l), (m-dem'ne-l'Ide, ););;. Saved harm- 
 less ; secured against dtimatie. 
 
 IN-IJE.M'NI-FV, c. t. [in and damnify; L. damnificus ; 
 damnntn, loss.J 
 
 1. To save Harmless ; to secui'e against loss, dam- 
 age, or penalty. 
 
 2. To make good ; to reimburse to one what he 
 has lost. We indemnify a niiin by giving sufiicient 
 security to make good a future loss, or by actual re- 
 imhuisenient of loss, after it litis occurred. 
 
 IN-1)EM'N1-F5-ING, p/)r. Saving harmless; secur- 
 ing agtiinst loss; reiniliursing loss. 
 
 IN-UE.M'NI-TY, «. [Fr. indemnit( ; Sp. indemnidad; 
 It. indennitd ; L. in tmd damnum, loss.] 
 
 1. Secnrtty given to stive harmless; a writing or 
 pledge by whicli a person is secured against future 
 
 2. Security against punishment. [loss. 
 
 3. Indemnification or conipenstition for injury sus- 
 tained. 
 
 They werp toM to exjiect, npon tlie fill rjf Walpule, a lar^e and 
 liicralive indimntly fot tlirir prt't'^iRletl wrongs. 
 
 Lord Medion's History 0/ E>if;tand. 
 
 [This is a recent sense of the word, borroweil from 
 the French, anil, perhaps, not fully aulhori/.ed.] 
 
 IN-DE-AK)N'STUA-B1,E, a. [in and dtmonstrable.] 
 That can not be deinonstrtited. 
 
 IN-DEN-I-ZA'TION, n. Tile act of n.aturalizing, or 
 the patent by which a person is made free. 
 
 IN-DEN'IZE, V. t. To eiidenize, wiiich see. 
 
 IN-DEN'I-Zi-.N, e. t. To invest with the privileges of 
 a free citizen. Ovrrburi/. 
 
 IN-DEN'I-ZKN-/:D, pp. invested with the privileges 
 of a free citizen. 
 
 IN-DEN'I-ZKN-ING, jipr. Investing with the privi- 
 leges of a free citizen. 
 
 IN-i)ENT', !). (. [in and Fr. dent, L. dens, a tooth; 
 Fr. denteJer ; Arm. danta.] 
 
 1. To notch ; trt jag ; to cut any margin into 
 points or inequalities, hke a row of teeth ; as, to in- 
 dent the edge of paper. 
 
 The niar^niia — nre indented. Woodward. 
 
 2. To bind out by indentures or contract ; as, to 
 indent a young man to a shoemaker ; to indent a 
 servant. 
 
 IN-I)E.\T', r. i. To be cut or notched ; hence, to 
 crook or turn. Miltnn. 
 
 2. To contract; to bargain or coven.mt. [From 
 the practice of using indented writings or counter- 
 parts.] SVioA-. 
 IN-DENT', 71. Incisure ; a cut or notch in the margin 
 of anv thing, or a recess like a notch. Slialt. 
 2. A stamp. 
 
 IN-DENT', «. A certificate or indented certificate is- 
 sued by the government of the United States at the 
 close of the revolution, for the principal or interest 
 of thi> public debt. [J^Tnt used.] Ramsay. Hamilton. 
 
 IN-DENT-A'TION, n. A notch ; a cut in the mtirgin 
 of ptiper or other things. IVoodicard. 
 2. \ recess or depression in any border. 
 
 IN-1)E.\T'ED, pp. or a. Cut in the edge into points, 
 like teeth. 
 
 2. Bound out by indented writings ; as, an indented 
 apprentice or servant. , * 
 
 3. Bimiid out by writings, or covenants in writing. 
 [The pnictice of indenting writings is, in some jjlaces, 
 discontinued, btit the term remtiins in use.] 
 
 IN-DENT'EI)-LY, adr. With indentations. 
 IN-DE.\T'I.NG, ppr. Culling into notches. 
 
 2. Binding out by covenants in writing. 
 IN-I)E.\T'I.NG, n. An impression like that made by 
 a tiHith. 
 
 IN-DENT'.MENT, n. Indenture. [Obsolete.] 
 
 Bp. HaU. 
 
 IN-11E.NT'(;RE, n. A writing containing a contract. 
 Indentures are generally duplicates, laid together 
 and inilented, so that the two papers or parchments 
 correspond to each other. But indenting is often 
 
 neglected, while the writings ji countcrp.arts retain 
 
 the name of indentures. 
 IN-DENT'IJKE, v.t. To indi nt ; to bind by iudi nt 
 
 ures; as, toii/</cH(u7-c an apprentice. 
 IN-UENT'liUE, V. i. To run in and out ; to indent. 
 
 Heifirood. 
 
 IN-DENT'tTR.j^D, pp. Bound by indentures; ap- 
 prenticed. 
 
 IN-l)ENT't{R-ING, ppr Binding by indentures. 
 1N-I)E-I»ENU'ENCE, ) , , , , i 
 IN-I)E-1'EMJ'EN-CY, ( ["' ''<7'""'"'"'-] 
 
 1. A stall! of being not dependent ; complete cx- 
 emplion fiom control, or the power of others ; ns, 
 tile independence of the Su|)reine Being. 
 
 2. A state in which a person does nc>t rely on oth- 
 ers for subsistence ; tibility to support one's self. 
 
 3. A state of mintl in which a person acts without 
 bias or infiuence from others; exeiiiiiliiui from iia 
 due influence; seff-direction. ynt/c/jcH(/f«cc of mind 
 is an iiii|Kirtaiit i|ualiIictilion in 11 juilge. 
 
 1. In eectesinsiirul nadirs, a system of independency 
 is o.ie in whic h etieh congregation of Christians is a 
 corii|iltte churcli, suliject to no superior authority. 
 
 IJi rtaration of Independence ; the solemn dechiration 
 of the congress of tin.' United Slates of Aniericti, lui 
 the 'Uli of July, 1771'), by which they formally re- 
 nounced their subjection to the goveriimcnt of Great 
 Brittiin. 
 
 IN-DE-l'END'EXT, a. [/» anil dependent.] 
 
 1. Not dependent; not subjett lo tile control of 
 others ; not subordinate. God is the only being who 
 is perl'eetlj' independent. 
 
 2. Not holding or enjoying possessions at the will 
 of tmotlier; not relying on others; not dcjiendent. 
 We Jill wish to be independent in property ; yet few 
 men are wholly independent, e\ en in property, and 
 none independent fur the supply of tle-ir wants. 
 
 3. Affording the means of independence ; ;is, an iit- 
 dependcnt esttite. 
 
 4. Not subject to bitis or influence ; not obsequi- 
 ous ; self-directing; as, a man of an independent 
 mind. 
 
 .5. Not connected with. It is believed that the soul 
 may exist independent of matter. 
 
 6. Free; easy; self-cominaniling ; bold; uncon- 
 strained ; as, an independent air or manner. 
 
 7. Separate from ; exclusive. 
 
 1 mean the account of tliat oLliiration in general, under wliich we 
 coiiwive oiirs^ves houinl lo olieya law, inflependent oftlioso 
 resources « liich the liiw provides for it* own cnlorcemfiit. 
 
 Ward. 
 
 8. Pertaining to the Independents. 
 
 This word is followed by of nt on, both of which 
 are well authorized. On is most conformable Vi anal- 
 og)-, fiir it always follows depend, but of is mostcom- 
 nion. 
 
 IN-DE-PEND'ENT, 71. One who, in religions affairs, 
 mainlaiiis that every eongregtitioii of Christians is a 
 complete cliurcli, Mibject to no superior authority, 
 and cotnpetent to perforin every act of goveninieiit 
 in ecclrsiastical affairs. 
 
 IN 1)E-1>KNI)'ENT-I.Y, adv. Without depending or 
 relying on others ; without control. 
 
 2. Without undue bias or inrtuer"e; not obsequi- 
 ously. 
 
 3. AVilhout connection with other thinns. 
 IN-DE1''RK-€A-1!I,K, n. That can not be deprecated. 
 IN-UEI'-RE-IIENS'I-BLE, a. That can nut be fimnd 
 
 out. Bp. jVorton. 
 
 IN-DE-l'RIV'A-BI.E, a. That can not be deprived. 
 
 IN-I)E-S€KIB'.\-r.l,E, a. That can not be described. 
 
 IN-DE-seilIl"Tl VE, a. Not descriptive or contain- 
 ing just ilescnption. 
 
 IN-IJi;-SEKT', n. [in axii desert.] Want of merit or 
 worth. Jlddison. 
 
 IN-UES'I-NENT, a. [L. in and desino, to cease ; de 
 and ..-i/io.J Not ceasing; perpetual. 
 
 IN-DES'I .\ENT-I.V, ai/c. Wilhout cessation. Rau. 
 
 IN l)E-.«TirA-l'.l,E, a. Not desirable. 
 
 IN-DE-STKUCr-l-BIL'l-TY, n. [from imlestructi- 
 ble.] 
 
 'I he quality of resisting decomposition, or of being 
 incapable of destruction. 
 IN-DE-STlU eT'l-BLE, a. [in and deslruetildr.] 
 
 That can not be destroyetl ; incapable of decompo- 
 sition ; as a materi.al substance. Boyle. 
 IN-I)E-!<TRUt;T'I-BLY, adv. In an indestructible 
 man ner. 
 
 IN-DE-TER.M'IN-A-BLE, a. [in and determinable.] 
 
 1. That can not be determined, ascertained, or 
 fixed. Brown, 
 
 2. Not to be determined or ended. 
 
 IN-UE- l Ell.\I'IN-A-BLY,a<fc. In an indeterminable 
 manner. 
 
 IN-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE, a. [in and dcterminiUr.] 
 
 1. Not determinate ; not setlled or fixed ; not defi- 
 nite ; uncertain ; as, an indeterminate number of 
 years. 
 
 2. Not certain ; not precise. 
 
 An inilctcrminate quantity ; in mntbematies, a qnanlily 
 which has no fixed value, but which may be varied 
 in accordance with any proposed condition. 
 
 j«. D. Stanley. 
 I.\-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE-LY, ade. Not in any settled 
 
 TONE, BULL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS G as K ; G aa J ; S a* Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 595 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 IND 
 
 iiuiiiner ; iiuU ti lately ; I'ol with precise limits ; :\s,a 
 
 space iutltU'rminattitt large. 
 2. Not with certainty or precision of signification ; 
 
 as, an idea indeierminatehj expressed. 
 IN-DE-TERM'IN-ATE-NESS, n. Indefiniteness ; 
 
 want of certain limits ; want of precision. Paley. 
 IX-DE-TERAI-IN-A'TION, n. [in and delerminatiun.] 
 
 1. Want of deteiinination ; an unsettled or waver- 
 ing state, as of the mind. 
 
 2. Want of fixed or stated direction. Bramhall. 
 IN-DE-TER.M'IN-JED, a. [in and dclermiiicd.} Un- 
 determined ; unsettled ; unfixed. 
 
 IN-D&VoTE', a. Not devoted. Bentley. 
 IN-DE-VoT'ED, a. Not devoted. Clarendon. 
 IN-UE-Vo'TION, n. [Fr. ; in and dcvntion.] 
 
 Want of devotion ; absence of devout affections. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 IN-DE-VOUT', a. [Fr. indevot.] 
 
 Undevout ; not having devout affections. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 IN-DE-VOUT'LY, adc. Without devotion. 
 IN'DEX, n. ; pi. Indexes, sometimes Indices. [L., 
 connected with indico, to show ; in and dico, Gr. 
 
 S^LKVV'iJ.] 
 
 1. That which points out ; that which shows or 
 manifests. 
 
 Tastes are the indexes sf the diilerent qualities of plants. 
 
 ArbuUiTWt. 
 
 2. The hand that points to any thing, as the hour 
 of the day, the road to a place, &c. Bentley. 
 
 3. A table of the contents of a book. fVatts. 
 A table of references in an alphabetical order. 
 
 4. In anatomy, the fore-finger, or pointing finger. 
 
 5. In arithmetic and algebra, the figure or letter 
 which shows to what power any quantity is in- 
 volved; the exponent. [In this sense, the plural is 
 always Indices.] Barlow. 
 
 6. The indci of a logaritlm, is the integral part of the 
 logarithm, and is always one less than the number of 
 integral figures in the given number. It is also called 
 the ckuracierislic. Barlow. 
 
 7. The index of a globe, or the giwmon, is a little 
 style fitted on the north pole, which, when the globe 
 is turned, serves to point to certain divisions of the 
 hour-circle. Encyc. 
 
 ti. Indet of refraction ; in optics, the sine of the 
 angle of incidence, the sine of the angle of refrac- 
 tion being taken for unity. Thus the indcz of refrac- 
 tion for sulphur is 2, because, when light passes out 
 of air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of incidence 
 is double the sine of the angle of refraction. 
 
 9. In muilc, a diri:ct, which see. [Olmsted. 
 
 In Vie Roman Catholic church, the indez prohibitory 
 is a catalogue of books which are forbidden to be 
 read ; the index eipurgatory is a catalogue specifying 
 passages in books which are to be expunged, or al- 
 tered. These catalogues are published with addi- 
 tions, from time to time, under the sanction of the 
 
 pope. 
 
 Hook. 
 
 IN'DEX, V. t. To provide with an index or table of 
 references ; to reduce to an index ; as, to indez a 
 book. 
 
 IN'DEX--ED, (in'dcxt,) pp. Furnished with or reduced 
 to an index. 
 
 IN'DE.\-ER, n. One who makes an index. 
 
 IN-DEX'ie-AL, a. Having the form of an index; 
 perttiininu to an index. 
 
 IN-I)EX'ie-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of an in- 
 dex. Sirift. 
 
 IN'[)EX-ING, ppr. Furnishing with a table of n fer- 
 
 IN-l)EX-TEll'I-TY, II. [in and dexterity.] [ences. 
 
 1. Want of dexterity or readiness in the use of 
 the hands ; clumsiness ; awkwardness. 
 
 2. Want of skill or readiness iu any art or occupa- 
 tion. Ilarvcy. 
 
 IN'DIA, (ind'yi,) n. A country in Asia, so named 
 
 from the River Indus. 
 IN'l)I.-\-.MAN, II. A large ship employed in the India 
 
 trade. 
 
 IN'J^IAN, (ind'yan,) a. [from Jndia, and this from 
 
 Indu-i, the name of a river in Asia.] 
 Pertaining to either of the Indies, East or West, or 
 
 to the aborigines of America. 
 IN'DIAN, n. A general name of any native of the 
 
 Indies ; as, an East Indian, or West Indian. It is 
 
 particularly applied to any native of the American 
 
 continent. 
 
 IN'IilAN AR'RoW-ROOT, n. A plant of the genus 
 Maranta. 
 
 IN'DIAN BER'RY, n. Cocculus Indicus, which see. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 IN'DIAN BREAD, n. A plant of the genus Jatropha. 
 IN'DIAN t;<JR.\, 71. A plant, the maize, of the genus 
 
 Zea, a native of America. 
 IN'DIAN CRESS, n. A plant of the genus TropiDO- 
 
 liim. 
 
 I.V'DI.W FKJ, n. A plant of the genua Cactus. 
 
 IN'DIA.N INK, ; n. Asiibslaiire brought chiefly from 
 
 IN'DIA INK, ( (;iiina, uicd for water colors. It 
 is in rolls, or in sipiare caken, and is said to consist 
 of lainplilnr k and animal glue. Brande. 
 
 IN'DIA.V ITE, n. (from India.] A doubtful miner- 
 al of the feldspar family. Dana. 
 
 IN'UIAN-LIKK, a. llesembling nn Indian. 
 
 IN'DIAN RED, n. A epecies of oclier, a very fine, 
 purple earth, of a firm, compact texture, anil great 
 weight. , Hill. 
 
 IN'DIAN REED, 71. A plant of the genus Canna. 
 
 IN'DIAN TO-BACeO, n. A species of Lobelia, 
 which see. 
 
 IN'DIAN TUR'NIP, n. An American plant. Arum 
 tripliylliim, with a head of red flowers growing on a 
 stein, a root resembling a small turnip, but having 
 a very acrid juice. Farm. Kneyc. 
 
 IN'DIA RUB'BER, i n. The caoutchouc, a substance 
 
 IN'DIAN RUB'BER, \ of extraordinary elasticity, 
 called also Elastic Glm, or Resin. It is produced 
 by incisiim from several trees of different genera. 
 
 IN'DI-€ANT, a. or n. [L. indicans ; in and dico, to 
 show.] 
 
 A term applied to that whicti points out what is to 
 be tlone for the cure of disease. Coze. 
 IN'DI-CATE, V. t. [L. indico ; in and dico, to show, 
 Gr. dcmwti:.] 
 
 1. To show ; to point out; to discover; to direct 
 the mind to a knowledge of something not seen, or 
 something that will probably occur in future. Thus, 
 fermentation indicates a certain degree of heat in a 
 liquor. A heavy swell of the sea, in calm weath- 
 er, often indicates a storm at a distance. A particular 
 kind of cloud in the west, at evening, indicates the 
 approach of rain. 
 
 2. To tell ; to d isclose. 
 
 3. In medicine, to show or manifest by symptoms ; to 
 point to as the proper remedies ; as, great prostration 
 of strength indicates the use of stimulants. 
 
 IN'DI-Ca-TED, ;)/). Shown ; pointed out ; directed. 
 IN'DI-Ca-TING, ppr. Showing; pointing out; di- 
 rectinL'. 
 
 IN-DI-Ca'TION, 71. The act of pointing out. 
 
 2. Mark ; token ; sign ; symptom ; whatever serves 
 to discover what is not before known, or otherwise 
 obvious. 
 
 The fi-cquent stops they make in the most convenient plaws are 
 pLiiii indicali:n: of their weariness. « Addison. 
 
 3. In medicine, any symptom or occurrence in a dis- 
 ease, which serves to direct to suitable remedies. 
 
 4. Discovery made ; intelligence given. Bentley. 
 
 5. Explanation ; display. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 IN-Die'A-TIVE, o. [h. indicativus.] Showing ; giv- 
 ing intimation or knowledge of something not visi- 
 ble or obvious. Reserve is not always indicative of 
 modesty ; it may be indicative of prudence. 
 
 2. In grammar, the indicative mode is the form of 
 the verb that indicates, that is, which affirms or de- 
 nies ; as, he writes, he is writing; they ran ; we mis- 
 i/n/jrovc advantages. It also asks questions ; as, /les 
 the mail arrived ? 
 
 The word is often used as a noun to denote this 
 mood. 
 
 IN-Die'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In a manner to show or 
 signify. Orcw. 
 
 IN'DI-Ca-TOR, 71. He or that which shows or points 
 out. Smith. 
 
 IN'DI-CA-TO-RY, a. Showing ; serving to show or 
 make known. 
 
 lA'^-DI-CA' yiT, 71. [t,.] In England, a writ of pro- 
 hibition which lies for the patron of a cliurcli whose 
 incumbent is sued in the sjiiritual court by another 
 clergyman, for tithes amounting to a fourth part of 
 the profits of the advowson. Blackstone. 
 
 IN'DICE. See Index. 
 
 IN'DI-eO-LlTE, 71. [L. indicum, indigo, and Ai9us,a 
 stone.] 
 
 Ill mineralogy, a variety of shorl or tourmalin, of 
 an indigo-blue color, sometimes with a tinge of a/.iire 
 or green. Cleavcland. 
 
 IN-DICT', (in-dlte',) v. t [L. indictus, from indico ; in 
 and dico, to speak.] 
 
 In law, to .accuse or charge with a crime or misde- 
 meanor, in writing, by a grand jury under oath. It 
 is the [leculiar province of a grand jury to indict, as 
 it is of a house of representatives to impeach. It is 
 followed by of; as, indicted n/ treason or arson. 
 
 IN-DIUT'A-BLE, (in-dlt'a-bl,) a. 'J'hat may be in- 
 dicted ; as, an indictable ofiVuder. 
 
 2. Subject to be presented by a grand jury ; sub- 
 ject to indictment; as, an indictable otYcnnt: 
 
 IN-DiCT'ICD, (in-dlt'ud,) pp. Accused by a grand 
 jury. ^ 
 
 IN-DICT-EE', n. A person indicted. 
 
 IN-DICT'ER,(in-dit'er,) «. One who indicts. 
 
 IN-DIUT'ING, (in-dit'ing,) ppr. Accusing, or making 
 a formal or written charge of a crime by a grand 
 jiirv. 
 
 IN-DIC'TION, 71. [Fr., from Low L. indictio, indico.] 
 
 1. Declaration ; proclamation. Bacon. 
 
 2. In chronology, a cycle of fifteen years, instituted 
 by Constaiitine the Great ; originally a period of tax- 
 ation. Constantino, having reduced the lime which 
 the Romans were obliged <o serve in the army to fif- 
 teen years, imposed a tax ortribute at the end of that 
 term, to pay the troops discharged. This practice in 
 troduced the keeping of accounts by this period. 
 Hut, us it is said, in honor of the great victory of 
 Ct.nstanline over Me/.entius, Sefit. 21, A. D. 312, by 
 which 1,'hristiunily was more eflectually established. 
 
 the council of Nice ordained that accounts of years 
 should no longer be kept by Olympiads, but that the 
 indiction should be useil as the point from which to 
 reckon and date years. This was begun January 
 1, A. D. 313. Johnson. Eiicic. 
 
 IN-Die'TIVE, a. Proclaimed ; declared. Kcniut. 
 
 IN-DlCT'JIENT, (in-dlte'nient,) ii. A written accu- 
 sation or formal charge of a crime or misdemeanor, 
 preferred to a court by a grand jury under oath. 
 
 blackstone. 
 
 2. The paper or parchment containing the accusa- 
 tion of a grand jury. 
 
 IN'DIES, (iiid'vez,) n. jil. of India. 
 
 IN-DIF'FER-ENCE, n. [Fr., from L. indiffrrcntia ; in 
 and diffcro, to difier. Indiffehencv is little used.] 
 
 1. Equipoise, or neutrality of mind between differ- 
 ent persons or things ; a state in which the mind is 
 not inclined to one side more than the other; as 
 when we see a contest of parties with indifference. 
 
 9. Impartiality ; freedom from prejudice, prepos- 
 session, or bias ; as when we read a book on ctuitro- 
 verted points with indifference. [This is a different 
 application of the frst definition.] 
 
 3. Unconccrnediu ss ; a state of the mind when it 
 feels no anxiety or interest in what is presented to 
 it. No person of humanity can behold the wretch- 
 edness of the poor with indifference. 
 
 4. State ill which there is no difference, or in 
 which no moral or phj'sical reason preponderates ; 
 as when we speak of the indifference of things in 
 themselves. Hooker. 
 
 IN-DIF'PER-ENT, a. [Fr., from L. indiffcrcns.] 
 
 1. Neutral ; not inclined to one side, party, or 
 thing more than to another. 
 
 Cato knows nei'lier of them, 
 Indijferenl in his choice to sleep or die. Addison. 
 
 2. Unconcerned ; feeling no interest, anxiety, or 
 care respecting any thing. It seems to be impossible 
 that a nitional being should be indifferent to the means 
 of obtaining endless happiness. 
 
 It was a remarkable f.iw of Solon, that any person who, in the 
 commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an inttijrer. 
 ent spccLitor of the contending parties, sliould be cond.'iiuii'd 
 to perpetual banishment. Addison. 
 
 3. Having no influence or preponder.ating weight ; 
 having no difference that eives a preference. It is 
 indifferent which road we take. 
 
 4. Neutral, as to good or evil. Things in them- 
 selves indifferent may be rendered evil by the prohi- 
 bition of hiw. 
 
 5. Impartial ; disinterested ; as, an indifferent 
 judge, juror, or arbitrator. 
 
 6. Passable ; of a middling state or quality ; 
 neither good, nor the worst ; as indifferent writing or 
 paper. 
 
 Indifferent, used adverbially, as indifferent honest, 
 is ungraminatical and vulgar. 
 IN-DIF'FER-ENT-IS.M, 71. State of indifference. 
 
 [Bad.] Carlisle. 
 IN-DIF'FER-ENT-LY, adv. Without distinction or 
 preference ; as, to offer pardon indifferently to all. 
 
 jiiUlisnn. 
 
 2. Equally ; impartially ; without favor, prejudice, 
 or bias. 
 
 They may truly and indijferently minister jvistice. 
 
 Common Prayer. 
 
 3. In a' neutral state ; without concern ; without 
 wish or aversion. 
 
 Set honor in one eye and death i' the other. 
 And 1 will look on deatli indijferendy. 
 
 Shalt. 
 
 4. Not well ; tolerably ; passably ; as, imliffcrcntly 
 well ; to be indifferently entertained. 
 I.\'D1-GENC'E, ; 71. [Fr. indigence, from L. indigrn- 
 IN'Dl-GEN-CY, ) tia, from i«(/iV<;o ; in, or im/, and 
 egeo, to want, to lack.] 
 
 Want of estate, or means of comfortable subsist- 
 enc« ; penury ; poverty. A large portion of the hu- 
 man race live in indigence, while others jiossess more 
 than they can enjoy. 
 IN'DI-GE.NE, 71. [L. iniligcna; in, or ind, and ^-ciio, 
 gigno, to beget or to be born.] 
 One born in a country ; a native animal or plant. 
 
 Kvehin. Vattel. 
 IN-Dl6'EN-OUS, o. [L. indignia, suprii'.] 
 
 1. Native ; born in a country ; applied In persons. 
 Q. Native; produced naturally in n country or cli- 
 mate ; not e\otic ; apjdicd to vrgrtables. 
 IN'UI-GENT, (I. [ L. i«</ii,rni.< ; Vr. indigent.} 
 
 Destifiite of property or means of comfortable sub- 
 sistence ; neetly ; poor. 
 
 Charity consiata in rehcvinj the imligent. Addison. 
 IN'DI-<5ENT-LY, aitv. In an indigent, destitute man- 
 ner. 
 
 IN-DI-GEST', 71. A crude mass. [JVo< «.<«/.] Shak. 
 IN-Dl-GEST'EI), rt. [ill and digested; L. inttige..itus.] 
 
 1. Not digested . not concocted in the stomach | 
 not changed or prepared for nourishing the body ; 
 undigested ; crude. 
 
 2. Not sejinrated into distinct cUisscs or orders, or 
 into proper Inriii ; not regularly disposed and ar- 
 ranged. Chaos is representeil as a rude or indigested 
 mass. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT yiRT% PKfiY PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD NATE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 5«)6 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 IND 
 
 3. Not mclhndized ; not ruduccd to due form ; 
 crude ; as, !m huli>re.ited sclicinc. 
 
 4. Not prt'iMred by licat. 
 
 5. Not brouslit to sup|)uration, as tile contents of 
 an abscess or boil ; as, an inJii^rsted wound. 
 
 IN-l)I CEST'[-HLF,, a. [in and rfi>c«fiWc] Not di- 
 jli'stiblc ; not easily converted into chyme, or pre- 
 pared in tlie stomach for nourishing the body. 
 
 ^rbulhnut. 
 
 2. Not to be received or patiently enilnred. 
 I\-I)I-GKST'I-1)LY, atlv. Not digestibly. 
 IN-DI-OKS'TIUN, (-jest'yun.) «. [in and dirrestion.'] 
 
 Want of due coclion in the stomach ; a failure of 
 
 that change in food which prepares it for nutriment; 
 
 crudity. F.iicijc. 
 As a iliscasr, dyspepsy ; that state of the stomacii, 
 
 in which it is incapable of performing its natural 
 
 healthy functions. 
 IN-I)I(5'1T-aTE, v. i. To coniniunicale ideas by the 
 
 tiii^'ers ; to show or compute by the linfrors. 
 I.\-1)10'IT-aTE, v. U To point out with the finger. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 IN-1)I0'IT-A-TING, p/ir. Showing, directing, or coiu- 
 
 piitiiii; l>v the fineers. 
 IN-l)Iti IT-.^'TION, B. The act of pointing ont with 
 
 the linger. More. 
 IN-DION', fin-dine',) a. [L. iii /iViiits.] 
 
 Unwiirtny ; disgraceful. [^OAj.] Shak, 
 IN-DIG'N.\NCE, n. Indignation. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 IN-DIG'N.\NT, a. [h, indigTians, from in</i>;ior, to 
 disdain ; in and dii^nory di*rnns,'] 
 
 .Affected at once with anger and disdain ; feeling 
 the mingled emotions of wraih and scorn or con- 
 tempt, as when a person is cxaspernti d at one de- 
 .spised,or by a mean action, or by the charge of a <lis- 
 hoiiorublc act. Uoliutli was indignant at the chal- 
 lenge of David. 
 
 il." fctriiU-a imti^nant, and with hnii^hly crie» 
 
 single figltl llie fairy prince di-li- a. ' TickeU. 
 
 I V-DFG'.N A.\T-LY, arfu. In an indignant manner. 
 
 IN-DIG-N.\'TIO.V, n. [Fr., from L. indiirnatio.] 
 
 I. .\ strong and elevale(l disapprobation of what is 
 flagitious in character or conduct ; anger, or extreme 
 anger, mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhor- 
 rence. 
 
 Wh'-'ii Human saw Monl'^ai in ihr Itiiig'i ff^ite, thnt h? stnod 
 nut up, nor movrtt for him, he vioM of xiidigtuition 
 ii*.iiiisl Monlocai. — ]rl»iU. v. 
 9. The .anger of a superior ; extreme anger ; pnr- 
 tientnrly, the wrath of God against sinful men for 
 their ingratiiiide and rebellion. t2 KiH:r.< iii. 
 
 3. The i lfects of anger ; the dri adful effects of 
 God's wrath ; terrible judgments. /<. xxvi. 
 
 4. Holy displexsure at one's self for sin. 3 Cor. 
 vii. 
 
 IN-I)IG'.\I-F?, V. i. To treat disdainfully. [Ao( 
 used.] Spenser. 
 
 IN-UI(;'Nr-TY, >i. [L. indianitas.] 
 
 Unmerited, contrinptiious conduct toward an- 
 other ; any action toward anniher which manifests 
 contempt for him ; conluinely ; incivility or injury, 
 accoinp;inied with insult. Contemptuous words re- 
 s|M'Cting (me, or foul languace in the presence of 
 prrstuis of character and delicacy, and indecent be- 
 liavior, are indignities. Christ on the cross was 
 treated will) the foulest indirrnilv. 
 
 IN-UIGN'LY, (in-dine'ly,) orfo. Unworthily. [Obs.] 
 
 Hall. 
 
 IN'DI-GO, n. [L. ini/icum, from India; Fr. It. and Sp. 
 
 indiiro, ] 
 
 .■\ substance or dye, prepared from the leaves and 
 stalks of the indigo-pl;int, which are sti epid in water 
 till the pulp is extracted, when the liquor is drawn 
 off anil churned or agitated, till the dye begins to 
 granulate. The flakes are then K ft to settle ; the 
 liquor is again drawn off, and the indigo is drained 
 in bags and dried in boxes. It is used for dyeing a 
 di'cp blue. E/lwards, IV. Ind. 
 
 IN-I)l-(;r) GKN, n. White or rciliiced indigo, pro- 
 duced by the action U|K>n blue indigo of any deoxy- 
 daliug body. Graham, 
 IN-t)l-GO.M'E-TER, n. An instriiineni for ascerttin- 
 
 ing the slrenirth of indigo. (fre. 
 IN'Dl-G()-PI,ANT, II. .\ name common to several 
 E|iccies of the genus Iiidigofera, from which is pre- 
 porcd indigo. They are natives of Asia, .Africa, and 
 America, and are called by the native Americans 
 anil. The calyx is patent ; the carina of the corol is 
 furnished with a subulate, patulous spur on each 
 side ; the legume is linear. Several species are cul- 
 tlvatoil for making indigo, of which the most impor- 
 tant are the /. fiiictorui, or co.nmon indigo-plant, the 
 /. and, a larger species, and the /. dL'perma, which 
 furnishes the Guatimala indigo. 
 
 Eneiic. Miller. Edin. Enevc. 
 IN-Dl GOT'ie, 0. Mitotic add is obtained by boiling 
 wM r ""'"'^ '^''"^ weight of 
 
 IN-DII/A-TO-UY, a. [in and diUtory.] Not dilatory 
 .Of. st.xT^„ Corn,eallis. 
 
 IN-I)IL'I-GENCE n. [in and dUi^ence. 
 diligence ; sluthfulness. 
 
 IN-UlL'l-GKNT, a. Not diligent : idle ; slotbfiil. 
 
 Kcltliain, 
 
 IN-DIL'I-GENT-LY, ado. Without diligence. 
 
 lip. Hall. 
 
 IN-RI-.MIN'ISH-A-BLE, a. That can not be dimin- 
 ished. Mdlim. 
 
 IN-Dl-KEGT', a. [L. indirectus; in and directiis, from 
 diri^o.] 
 
 1. Not straight or rectilinear ; deviating from a ili- 
 rect line or course ; circuitous. From .New York to 
 England by llourdc.aux, is an indirect course. 
 
 2. Not direct, in u tnvral sense ; not tending to a 
 purpose by the shortest or plainest course, or by the 
 obvitnis, ordinary means, but obliiiuely or ctuise- 
 ([iientiaily ; by remote means ; as, an indirect accu- 
 sation ; all indirect attick on reputation ; an indirect 
 answer tir proposal. Hence, 
 
 3. \Vron<; ; iiiiprojier. Sbak. 
 
 4. Not fair; not honest; tending to mislead or 
 dixeive. 
 
 Indirect dcnlinj will be discoveirtl one time or oilier. Titlolson. 
 
 5. Indirect tax, is a tax or duty on articles of con- 
 sumption, as an excise, customs, &c. 
 
 IN-UI-KE€'TION, n. [in and direction.] Oblique 
 course or means. Shak. 
 2. Dishonest jiractice. [0J«.] Sliak. 
 IN-UI-REGT'LY, adv. Not in a straight line or 
 course ; obliipiely. 
 2. Not by direct means. 
 
 3 Not in express terms. He indirectly mentioned 
 the sr>.)ject. 
 4. I'nfaiily. 
 
 Vour cii'wn an.l kin^om indirectly held, StuUc. 
 I.\-DI-KECT'.\'ES9, ji. Obliquity; devious course, 
 2. L'lifairni ss ; dishonesty. Mounta^m. 
 IN-DliS-CEKN'l liLE, (-diz-zcrn'aJ)l,) a. [in and dis- 
 cernible.] Th.at can not be discerned ; not visible or 
 perreptible ; not discoverable. Denham. 
 IN-1)1.« CERN'I-BLE-NESS, n. Incapability of being 
 
 discrriied. JJamtnond. 
 IN-DIS-CEllN'I-DLY, ada. In a manner not to be 
 
 seen or perceiveil. 
 IN-UlS-CERl"i-ULE, a. Indiscerptiblc. [Obs.] 
 
 Mure. 
 
 IN-DIS-CERP'I-BLE-NESS, n. The state of not being 
 capable of separation of constituent parts, 
 
 IN-1)1S-CERI'-TM!IL'I-TY, n. The quality of being 
 incapable of dissolution, or separation of parts, 
 
 IN-l)IS-CKRl>"IT-l!LE, a. [in and di.-<cerytible.] In- 
 capable of being destroyed by dissolution, or separa- 
 tion of prirls. Bp. Butler. 
 
 I.\-DIS-CER1"TI-ULA'', adv. So as not to be capable 
 of separation into parts, 
 
 IN-DIS'CI-l'LIN-.A-ULE, a. [in and disciplinable.] 
 That can not be disciplined or subjected to discipline ; 
 not capable of being improved by discipline, I/ale. 
 
 IN-DIS'CI-I'LINE, ;i. Want of discipline, or instruc- 
 tion, n. Morris. 
 
 IN-DIS-eOV'ER-A-nLE, (-kiiv'er-a-bl,) a. [in and 
 discoverable.] That can not be discovered ; undis- 
 coverable. 
 
 IN-I)I.S-COV'ER-V, n. [in and dhcoi-ery.] Want of 
 
 discovirv. [l^nnsual.] Srotcn. 
 I.\-DlS-eREET', a. [in and discreet.] Not discreet ; 
 
 wanting in discretion ; imprudent ; inconsiderate ; 
 
 injudicious ; as persons. 
 2. Not according to discretion or sound judgment ; 
 
 as, indiscreet bi^havior. 
 IN-I)1S eUEET'IA', adv. Not discreetly ; without 
 
 prudence ^ inconsiderately ; without judgment. 
 IN-lilS-GRliTE', a. Not discrete or separated. 
 
 Pownal. 
 
 IN-DIS-eRE"T10N, ( dis-kresh'un,) n. [in and dis- 
 cretion.] Want of discretion ; imprudence. The 
 grossest vices p:is3 under the fashionable name in- 
 discretionit, 
 
 IN-niS-eUlM'IN-.ATE, a. [L. imliscriminatu^. See 
 
 DlSCHIMI NATE.] 
 
 1. Uiidistingiiisliing ; not making .any distinction ; 
 as, the indiscriminate voraciousness of a ghuioii. 
 
 Chesterjitld. 
 
 2. Not having discrimination ; confused. 
 
 3. Uiidistinirulsheri or undistingiiishable. 
 IN-UIS-eUI.M'IN-ATE-LY.odc. Without distinction ; 
 
 in confusion. 
 
 IN-I)l.<!-tRI.M'I.\-A-TING, a. Not making any dis- 
 tinction ; iLs, the victims of an indiscrinunatin'r sjiirit 
 of rapine. Marlliall. 
 
 IN-OIS-CRIM-IN-A'TION, n. Want of discrimiu.a- 
 lion or distinction. Jrffer-^un. 
 
 IN-I)I.^ eRIM'IN-A-TIVE, a. Making no di.stinction. 
 
 lN-I)IS-eUSS'£D, ( dis-kust'i) a. Not discussed. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 IN-DIS-PENS-A-DIL'I-TY, n. Indispensahleness. 
 
 [l.illle used.] Skelton. 
 1N-I)l.>i-I>EN.<'A-BI,E, a. [Fr. ; in and rfi..7>ni.snft/r.] 
 Not lo be dispensed with ; th.al can not be omitted, 
 remitted, or spared ; absolutely necessary or reqiii- 
 sile. Air and water .are indi-pensable to the life of 
 man. Our duties to God and to our fellow-inen are 
 of indi-fpensabte oblis.ation 
 
 The state or quality 
 
 ] Want ofj IN DIS PENS'A-DI.l-V-NESS, n. 
 B. Jnnson. I of being absolutely necessary. 
 
 Iff wnn sulTiciently injtisjx>aed totoard the perBoni, or the 
 iciplc* of CjiIvin'B dij,ciiilt:i». Clarendon. 
 
 Disinclined ; averse ; un- 
 
 IN-UId-PEN.S'A-HLY, ado. Necessarily ; in a man- 
 ner or degree that forbids dispensation, omission, or 
 want. 
 
 IN-Dia-PER.S'£D, (-dia-pcrst',) a. Not dispeiscd. 
 
 Mere. 
 
 I.\-1)IS-P0SE', r. <. [Fr. indi-^oser; in and disposer, 
 to dispose or lit. See Disi-ose.] 
 
 1. To disincline ; to alieii.ate the mind and render 
 it averse or unfavorable to any thing. A love of 
 pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study and 
 steady attention to business. The pride and selfish- 
 ness of men indispose them to religious duties. 
 
 2. To render unlit ; to disqualify for its proper 
 functions ; to disorder; as, the disteiiiperatiire of in- 
 di-poscd organs. Olam ille. 
 
 3. To disorder slightly, as the licaljiy functions of 
 the body. 
 
 It m:idc him nthcr irulUpored Uian sick. Walton. 
 
 4. 'i'o make unfavorable or disinclined ; with 
 toward. 
 
 The kin 
 priiici] 
 
 IN-DIS-PoS'£D, pp. or a. 
 willing ; unfavorable. 
 
 2. Disordered; disqualilieil for its functions ; unfit. 
 
 3. Slightly disordered ; not in perfect health, , 
 IN-DIS-PoS ED-NES.-<, n. Disinclination ; slight aver- 
 sion ; unwillingness ; iinfavorableiiess. 
 
 2. Unfitness; disordered state. 
 IN-DlS-PoS'INO,;»/)r. Disinclining; rendering some- 
 what averse, unwilling, or unfavorable. 
 2. Disocilering ; rendering unfit. 
 IN-DIS-P0-SI"'i'10N, (-po-/.ish'un,) n. [Fr. ; in and 
 disposition.] Disjnclination ; aversion; iiiiwilliiig- 
 ness ; dislike ; o-s the indisposition of iiien to submit 
 to severe discipline ; an indisposition to abandon 
 vicious practices. 
 
 A ^-ncnil inditpogition towiirt! Ijelifving. Alterl/ury. 
 
 2. Slight disorder of the healthy functions of the 
 body ; tendency to disease. Indisposition is a slight 
 defect of healthy action in bodily functions, rather 
 than settled or marked disease. 
 
 3. Want of tendency or natural appetency or affin- 
 ity ; as, the indisposition of two substances to com- 
 bine. 
 
 IN-D!S'PU-TA-!!I,E, a. [Fr. ; in and disputable.] Not 
 to be disputed ; incontrovi rtible ; incoulcstJible ; too 
 evident lo admit of dispute. JiddUun. 
 
 IN-DlS'PU-TA-llIj:-NEt<S, n. The state or quality 
 of being indisputable, or too clear to admit of con- 
 troversy. 
 
 IN-DIS'PU-TA liLY, adv. Without dispute; in a 
 manner or degree not admitting of controversy ; 
 unquestionably ; without opposition. 
 
 IN-DIS-POT'ED, a. Not disputed or controverted; 
 undisputed. Encye. 
 
 I.\-DIS-SO-I.U-I!IL'I-TY, n. [Fr. indissolubiliuS. Sec 
 
 INDISSOLUBLE.] 
 
 1. The quality of being indissoluble, or not capable 
 of being dissolved, melted, or liqiielicd. Locke. 
 
 2. The quality of being incapable of a breach; 
 perpetuity of union, obligation, or binding force. 
 
 IVarbiirtoH, 
 
 IN-DIS'SO-LU-HLE, a. [Fr.. from T.. indissolubUU ; in 
 and dissoluhilis, from dissolvo ; rftsand solvo, to loosen.] 
 
 1. Not capable of being dissolved, melted, or lique- 
 fied, as by heat or water. Few substances are abso- 
 lutely indissoluble by heat ; many are iiulissoluhle in 
 water. 
 
 2. That can not be broken or rightfully violated ; 
 perpetually binding or obligatory ; as, an indi.ssoliibU 
 league or covenant. The marriage covenant is in- 
 dissoluble, except ill certain specified cases. 
 
 .3. Not to be broken ; firm ; stable; as, indissoluble 
 friendship ; indissidnhlc baiiiLs of love. 
 I.\-D1S'S()-LU-I11,E-NES.S, n. The quality of being 
 iiii apable of dissolution, separation, or breach ; indis- 
 sohibihty. j[,iie, 
 IN-Dl.'^'.SO-LU-lU.Y, adv. In a m.anner resisting sep- 
 aration ; liruily united beyond the power of sep,ara- 
 in a manner not to be dissolved or broken. 
 
 tion ; 
 
 (In tlioy iiinve 
 Irulutotubiy lirni. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IN-DIS-SOT.Y'A-Iil,E, ( diz-zolv'-,) a. [in and dis- 
 solvable.] 'I'li.it can not be dissolved ; not capable 
 of being inelteil or liqiiufii-d. 
 
 2. Indissohilile ; that can not be broken ; perpetu- 
 ally firm and binding ; as, an indissolvablc bond of 
 union. 
 
 3. Not capable of separation into parts by natural 
 process. 
 
 IN I)I.«-?()I.V'A-DI.E-NESS, n. Indi.ssolubleness. 
 
 IN DIS'T.AN-UY, n. Want of distimce or separation. 
 \j1 bad trord, and not used,] Pearson. 
 
 IN-DIS-TINCT', a. [Fr. ; L. indistinUus ; in and dis- 
 tinclus. See Distinct.] 
 
 1. Not distinct or distininiishnble ; not sep.irate in 
 such a manner as to be perceptible by itself. The 
 parts of a substance are indistinct, when they arc so 
 blended that the eye can not sepanite them, or per- 
 ceive them as separale. Sounds are indistinct, when 
 the ear can not se|)arate them. Hence, 
 
 TONE, BULL. UNITE. — A.\"GER. VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; ti as J ; 8 as#; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 75 
 
 r>!»7 
 
IND 
 
 IN D 
 
 IX D 
 
 2. Obscure ; not clear ; confused , as, induitinct 
 ideas or notions. 
 
 3. Imperfect; faint; not presenting clear and well- 
 definetl images ; as, indistinct vision ; an induitinct 
 view 
 
 4. ,Vot exactlv discerninii. [Unusiial.] Shak. 
 IN-DIS-TINCT'I-BLE, a. Undistingiiisliable. [Little 
 
 M-sei/ J IVarton. 
 IN-DIS-TINC'TIOX, n. Want of distinction ; confu- 
 sion ; uncertainty. 
 
 The indistitiction of many of the suiie name — hath made some 
 doubt. Browru 
 
 2. Indiscrimination ; want of distinction. Sprat. 
 
 3. Equality of condition or rank. Coze, Sicitz. 
 IN-D[S-Tli\e'T'LY, ado. Without distinction or sep- 
 aration ; as when parts of a thing are indistinctly 
 seen. 
 
 2. Confusedly; not clearly; obscurely; as when 
 ideas are iniLi.stmctlii comprehended. 
 
 3. Not definitely ; not with precise limits ; as when 
 the border of a tiling is indistinctly marked. 
 
 IN-DIS-TINeT'NESS, ;i. Want of distinction or dis- 
 crimination ; confusion ; uncertainty. 
 
 2. Obscurity ; faintucss ; as, the indistinctness of 
 vision. 
 
 IN-DlS-TlN"GUtSH-.\-nLE, (-ting'gwish-a-bl,) a. 
 [ill and dMns-uiskablc] That can not be distin- 
 guished or separated ; undistinguishable. Ti/tler. 
 
 IN-DIS-TlN"Gi;iSn-ING, o. Making no difference ; 
 as, indistinmdsliing liberalities. Julmsnn. 
 
 IN-DIS-TURB'ANCE, n. [in and disturiance.] Free- 
 dom from disturbance ; calmness; repose; tranquil- 
 lity. Temple. 
 
 IN-DITCH', V. t. To bury in a ditch. [Litile usid.] 
 
 Bp. IMl. 
 
 IN-DITE', ti. «. [L. indico, indictum ; in and dicu, to 
 speak.] 
 
 1. To compose ; to write ; to commit to words in 
 writing. 
 
 He.ar Itow learned Greece her nsefiil rules inriites. Pope. 
 
 2. To direct or dictate what is to be uttered or 
 written. Tlie late President Dwight indited his ser- 
 mons. 
 
 My heart is iivUting a j;ood matter. — Ps. xlv. 
 
 TN-DlTE', V. i. To compose an account of. IVallrr. 
 [This is from the same original as Indict. The 
 different api)lications of the woril liave induced au- 
 thors to express each in a different orthography, but 
 without good reason.] 
 
 IN-DIT'ED, pp. Composed ; written ; dictated. 
 
 I.\-DlTE'.MENT, n. The act of inditing. 
 
 IN-DlT'EIi, n. One who indites. 
 
 IN-DlT'ING, ppr. Committing to words in writing; 
 dictating what shall be written. 
 
 IN-DI-VlD'.A-BLE, n. Not capable of division. Shak. 
 
 IN-DI-VlI)'El), a. Undivided. Patrid:. 
 
 IN-Dl-VID't;-.\L, a. [Fr. ijidividnel ; L. individitus ; 
 ZH and dividuiis, from divida, to divide.] 
 
 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; single; one; 
 as, an individual man or city. 
 
 Under hig great vicegerent rei^ii abide 
 
 United, as one individual soul. Millon. 
 
 2. Pertaining to one only ; as, individual labor or 
 e.\erlions. 
 
 IN-DI-VIU'U-AL, n. A single person or human be- 
 ing. This is the common application of the word; 
 as, there was not an individual present. 
 
 2. A single animal or thing of any kind. But 
 this word, as a noun, is applied particularly to hu- 
 man being.s. 
 
 IN-DI-VIU'U-AL-ISM, n. The state of individual in- 
 terest, or aitacliinent to the interest of individuals, 
 in preference to the common interest of society. 
 
 IN-UI-VID-U-AL'I-TY, n. Separate or distinct ex- 
 istence ; a state of oneness. Jirbnthnnt. 
 
 IN-DI-VIU-U-AI,-I-Za'TION, n. The act of individ- 
 ualizing ; the state of being individualized. 
 
 IN-DI-VID'IJ-AL-IZE, v. t. To distinguish; to sc-- 
 lect or niaric as an individual, or to disiingui.sh the 
 peculiar properties of a person from others. Drake. 
 
 IN-I)1-V ll)'IJ-AL-IZ-ED, ;;/». Distinguished as a par- 
 ticular person or thing. Drake. 
 
 IN-UI-VID'IJ-AL-IZ-ING, jipr. Distinguishing as an 
 individual. 
 
 IN-I)I-VID'IT-AL-LY, <i<i». Separately; by itself; to 
 the exclusion of others. Thirty men will unitedly 
 accomplish what each of tlu:m individually can not 
 porforiM. 
 
 2. With separate or di.stinct existence. 
 
 ilow ■hoiild that suUift toliljiry by ilseir, wliich hath no iub- 
 •Uiiice, hut irulimdually Uio very same wlicn:!')! otii-n 
 ■ul»i>t wlUi \il Hooker. 
 
 3. Inseparably ; incominunicably. 
 
 Oinniacicnce — an attribute iri'tiuuluaUy nroticr U) tlie Godhead. 
 
 UakemUI. 
 
 IN-ni-Vin'IT-ATE, a. Undivided. 
 INDI VID'Ii-A'l'E, K. r. To make dingle ; to distin- 
 gniNh from others of the npecics. 
 
 Life la inftivifliMted Into indnilc niiiiibers, that have Ui' lr «liMlinct 
 ■ciiae »iid pi' tuure. More. 
 
 IN-Dl-VID-t;-A'TION, n. The act of making Kingle 
 or the name, to the cxciuiilun uf ottiem. fValln. 
 
 2. The act of separating into individuals by analy- 
 sis, Etymol. Vocnbularit. 
 IN-DI-VID-IJ'J-TY, 71. Separate existence. [JVot 
 vsed.'\ 
 
 IN-DI-VIN'I-TY, n. Want of divine power. Brown. 
 
 IN-DI-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [See Indivisible.] The 
 state or property of being indivisible. Locke. 
 
 IN-I1I-VIS'I-BLE, a. [hi and divisible. See Di- 
 vide. 
 
 That can not he divided, separated, or broken ; not 
 separable into parts. Perhaps the particles of matter, 
 however small, can not he considered as indivisible. 
 The mintl or soul must be indivisible. A mathemati- 
 cal point is indivisible. 
 IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE, II. In geomclnj, indivisibles are 
 the elements or principles, supposed to be infinitely 
 small, into which a body or figure may be resolved. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE-NESS, 71. Indivisibility, which see. 
 IN-DI-VIS'I-BLY, adv. So as not to be capable of di- 
 vision. 
 
 IN-UI-VIS'ION, li. A state of being not divided. 
 
 More. 
 
 IN'DO-BRIT'ON, 71. A person born in India, one of 
 whose parents is a native of Great Britain. Malcom. 
 
 IN-Do'CI-BLE or IN-DOC'I-BLE, a. [in and doci- 
 hle ; Ij. docro, to teach.] 
 
 1. Unteachable ; not capable of being taught, or 
 not easily instructed ; dull in intellect. Bp. Mall. 
 
 2. Intractable, as a beast. 
 IN-Do'CI-BLE-NESS or IN-DOC'I-BLE-NESS, 71. In- 
 
 docilitv. Taylor. 
 IN-Do'ClLE or IN-DOC'ILE, a. [Fr.; Uindocilis; 
 in and docilis ; docco, to teach.] 
 
 1. Not teachable ; not easily instructed ; dull. 
 
 Bcntley. 
 
 2. Intractable, as a beast. 
 IN-DO-CIL'l-TY, 71. [Fr. indocHite.] 
 
 1. Uiiteachableness ; dullness of intellect. 
 
 Bp. Kail. 
 
 2. Intractableness, as of a beast. 
 IN-DOe'TRIN-ATE, v. t. [Fr. endoctriner ; L. in and 
 
 doctrina, learning.] 
 To teach ; to instruct in rudiments or principles. 
 
 He took much delight in indoctrinatirg his young, unexperienced 
 f-tvorite. Clarendon. 
 
 IN-DOe'TRIN-A-TED, pp. Taught; instructed in 
 the principles of any science. 
 
 IN-DOl'TRIN-a-TING, ppr. Teaching; instructing 
 in principles or rudiments. 
 
 IN-DOe-TIUN-A'TlON, 71. Instruction in the rudi- 
 ments and principles of a1iy science ; information. 
 
 Bruijyn. 
 
 IN'DO-LENCE,7i. [Fr., from L. indolcntia; in and do- 
 Ico, to be pained.] 
 
 1. iiVfrff/?!/, freedom from pain. Burnet. 
 
 2. Habitual idleness ; indisposition to labor ; lazi- 
 ness ; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, 
 proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil. In- 
 dolence, like laziness, implies a constitutional or ha- 
 bitual love of ease ; idleness does not. 
 
 IN'UO-LENT, a. [Fr.] Habitually idle or indisposed 
 to labor ; lazy ; listless ; sluggish ; indulging in ease ; 
 applied to persons. 
 
 2. Inactive ; idle ; as, an indolent life. 
 
 3. Free from pain ; as, an indolent tumor. 
 IN-DO-LENT-LY, adv. In habitual idleness and ease ; 
 
 without action, activity, or exertion ; lazily. 
 
 Cahii and serene you infloleitUy sit. Addison. 
 
 IN-DOM'I-TA-BLE, a. [L. in and domo, to tame.] 
 That can not be subdued ; irrepressible; untamable. 
 
 Jlerbrrt. 
 
 IN-DO:\IPT'A-BLE, a. [Fr. in and domptcr, L. domo, 
 to tame.] 
 
 Not to be subdued. [Unasnal.] Take. 
 IN-I)ORS'A-BLE, a. That may be indorsed, assigned, 
 
 and made payable to order. 
 IN-DOKSE', V. t. [h. in and dorsum, the back.] 
 
 1. To write on the back of a paper or written in- 
 strument ; as, to indorse a note or hill of exchange ; 
 to indorse a receipt or assignment on a bill or note. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. To assign by writing an order on the back of a 
 note or bill ^ to assign or transfer by indorsement. 
 The lull was indor.mi to the b;iiik. 
 
 3. To give sanction or currency to ; as, to indor.se 
 a statement or the opinions of another. [.Modern.] 
 
 To indorse in blank : to write a name only on a note 
 
 or bill, leaving a blank to be filled bv the holder. 
 lN-l)()KS'/;i),(in-diirst',);)/).ora. Written on the b.ick ; 
 
 assigned ; sanclionetl. 
 IN-I)OR-SEE', II. The person to whom a note or bill 
 
 is indorsed, or assigned by indorseiiii iit. 
 IN-DOltSE'iMENT, 11. The art of writing on the back 
 
 of a note, bill, or other written iiistriimeiil. 
 
 2. That which is wrillen on the back of a note, 
 bill, or other paper, as a name, an order for jiayiiient, 
 the return of an olliccr, or the verdict of a grand 
 Jury. 
 
 3. Sanction or support given, as the indorsement of 
 a rumor. 
 
 IN-1)01{.~<'ER, n. The person who indorses, or writes 
 hi» name on the back of a note or bill of exchange ; 
 
 and who, by this act, as the case may be, makes him- 
 self liable to pay the note or bill. 
 IN-DORS'ING, ppr. Writingon the back ; assigning ; 
 sanctioning. 
 
 IN-DOllS'ING, 71. The act of making an indorse- 
 ment. 
 
 IN'DRXUGHT, (in'diiift,) 71. [in and drnnirkt.] An 
 opening from the sea into the land ; an inlet. | Ods.] 
 
 Balcf;!,. 
 
 IN'DRAWN, a. Drawn in. 
 
 IN-DRENCH', J', t. [in and drench.] To overwhelm 
 with water ; to drown ; to drench. Shak. 
 
 IN-DRENCH'AD, (in-drencht',) pp. Overwhelmed 
 with water. 
 
 IN-Du'BI-OUS, a. [L. ittdnbius; in and dubius, doubt- 
 ful.] 
 
 1. Not dubious or doubtful ; certain. 
 
 2. Not doubting ; unsuspecting ; as, indubious con- 
 fidence. Harvey. 
 
 IN-DC'BI-TA-BLE, a. [Fr., from Ij. indubitabilis ; in 
 and dubitabilis, from dubilo, to doubt.] 
 
 Not to be doubted ; unquestionable ; evident ; ap- 
 parentlv certain ; too plain to admit of doubt. IVatts. 
 IN-Dtj'BI-TA-BLE-NESS, 71. State of being indubita- 
 ble. Jish. 
 IN-DU'BI-TA-BLY, adv. Undoubtedly ; unquestion- 
 ably ; in a manner to remove all doubt. Sprat. 
 IN-Du'BI-TATE, a. [L. indubitatus.] 
 
 Not questioned ; evident ; certain. [JVot used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-DuCE', V. t. [L. induco ; in and duco, to lead ; Fr. 
 induire ; It. indurre.] 
 
 1. To lead, as by persuasion or argument ; to pre- 
 vail on ; to incite ; to influence by motives. The 
 emperor could not be induced to take part in the con- 
 test. 
 
 2. To produce by influence 
 
 As this belief is absolutely necessary for all mankind, the evi- 
 dence for inducing il nnist Ite of Uiat nature as to arciiniino- 
 date itself to all species of men. Korijcs, 
 
 3. To produce ; to bring on ; to cause ; as, a fever 
 induced by extreme fatigue. The revolution in 
 France has induced a cliange of opinions and of 
 property. 
 
 4. To introduce ; to bring into view. 
 
 The poet may be seen inducing liis personages in the fir^t Iliad. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 5. To offer by way of induction or inference. [.Yot 
 used.] Brajrn. 
 
 6. In electricity, to transmit an electric influence 
 through a non-conducting medium without any ap- 
 parent communication of a spark. 
 
 IN-DuC'i!D, (in-du.st',) pp. Persuaded by motives; 
 iurtuenced ; pioducetl ; caused. 
 
 IN-DUCE'MENT, 11. Motive; any thing that leads 
 the mind to will or to act ; any aigunieiit, reason, or 
 fact, that tends to persuade or influence the mind. 
 The love of ease is an inducement to idleness. The 
 love of money is an inducement to industry in good 
 men, and to the perpetration of crimes in the bail. 
 
 2. In law, a statement of facts introducing other 
 material facts. 
 
 IN-DuU'ER, 7!. He or that which induces, persuades, 
 or influences. 
 
 IN-Du'CI-BLE, a. That may be induced ; that may 
 be offered by induction. Brown. 
 2. That may be caused. Barrow. 
 
 IN-DuC'ING, ppr. Leading or moving by reastm or 
 arguments; persuading; producing; causing ; trans- 
 mitting electrical influence through a non-conducting 
 medium. 
 
 IN DUCT', V. t. [L. inductus, from induco; in and du- 
 co, to lead.] 
 
 1. Literally, to bring in or introduce. Hence, 
 
 2. Apprnp'rintely, to introtliice, as to a benefice or 
 office ; to put in actual possession of an ecclesiastical 
 living, or of any other office, with the customary 
 forms and ceremonies. Clerks or jiarsons a e in- 
 ductrd by a mandate fiom the bishop 10 Ilie arch- 
 deacon, who usually issues a precept to oilier cler- 
 gymen to perfiirin the duty. In the United States, 
 certain civil otfictrs, and presi^lents of colleges, are 
 inilnrtrd into office with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 IN-DUCT'ED, pp. Introduced into ollice with the 
 usual fiirmalities. 
 
 IN DUCTIliE, a. [in and ductile.] Not capable of 
 being drawn into tlireads, as a metal. [See Duc- 
 tile.] 
 
 IN-DUe-TIL'I-TY, 71. The quality of being induc- 
 tile. 
 
 IN-DUCT'ING, ;i/ir. Introducing into oflice with the 
 
 usual fiirmalities. 
 IN-DlJCTIOiN, 71. [Fr., from L. indurtio. See Iri- 
 
 DC'CT. ] 
 
 1. Literallii, a bringing in ; introduction ; entrance. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Tlie bringing fiirwaid of particulars or inilivid- 
 ual cases, with a view to establish some general con- 
 clusion. 
 
 3. A kind of argument «'Iiicli infers respecting a 
 whole class « lial has lieeii ascertained respecting 
 one or more individuals of that class. IVIiately. 
 
 This is the inductive method of Bacon, and is the 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH/yT. — MitE, PEBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W9LF, BQQK.— 
 M8 — — — -— 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 INE 
 
 direct reverse of lugical deduction, ll asconiLs from 
 tlie parts to the whole, ami foriiis, from llie general 
 analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the 
 case, conc lusions which have greater or less degrees 
 of force, and which maybe stronnthened or weak- 
 ened by subse<|uent experience. It relates to actual 
 existences, as in physical science, or the concerns of 
 life. Deduction descends iVoni the wiiole to some iu- 
 clinled part , its inferences are necessary conclusions 
 a( cordiii;! to Ilie laws of thouRht, being merely the 
 mental reco^niticm of some particular, ns included or 
 ctuitained in soniethin*; g;-neral. 
 
 4. The inference of SOU!.' g. neral truth from all the 
 particulars embraced under it, as legitimated by the 
 laws of thoUL'ht, and abstracted from the conditions 
 of any particular matter. This may be called mrta- 
 plui.-ical induction, and should be carefully distin- 
 yuislied from the illations of physics, spoken of 
 above. 
 
 5. The conclusion or inference drawn from a pro- 
 cess of inductbin. 
 
 (). 'i'he introduction of a rlerffyman into a benefice, 
 or piving possession of an ecclesiastical living; or 
 the introduction of a person into an ollice by the usu- 
 al forms and cerenu>nies. Induction is applied to the 
 introduction of othcers, only when certain oaths are 
 to be aduiinistereil or other foruialuies are to be ob- 
 served, which are intended to confer authority or 
 give dignity to the transaction. In Ureal Britain, in- 
 dnctioH is used for giving |Hissession of ecclesiastical 
 oliices. In the United States, it is applied to the for- 
 mal introduction of civil otncers,and the higher otH- 
 cers of colleges. 
 
 7. In clrciricitij, an influence exerted by an electri- 
 fied body through a non-con<lucting medium, without 
 any apparent cunnnunicati<ni of a spark. Thus elec- 
 trical attr.ictions and repulsions may be transmitted 
 by induction tiirongh glass, altliuugii no spark can 
 pass through such a medium. Olm.<tcd. 
 
 8. In oUI iiluy.-., an introductory scene, leading to 
 the main action, ;is the episode of the Diikc and the 
 Tinker, in tfiiakspeare's Taming of the Shrew. 
 
 Toone, 
 
 IN-DUe'TIO.\-AL, a. Pertaining to induction. 
 
 Maunder, 
 
 IN-DUeX'lVE, a. Leading or drawing ; with to. 
 
 A brmiah vice, 
 Inductivt mainly to tlie sin ol Kve. Milton. 
 
 2. Tending to induce or cause. 
 
 They may be iiulactioe ofcre^libility. [Unusua2.] JIaJe. 
 
 3. Leading to inferences ; proceeding by induction ; 
 employed in drawing conclusions from premises ; as, 
 inductive reasoning. 
 
 l.\-l)I'eT'lVE-LY, ndr. By induction or inference. 
 
 I.N'-DUeT'OR, ?i. The person who inducts another 
 into an otiice or benefice: 
 
 IX-DCE', rin-du',) v. t. [L. induo ; Gr. cvfvoi ; Fr. en- 
 duire. ^ his wi'rd coincides nearly in signification 
 with endow, that is, to put on, to furnish. Duo is ev- 
 idently a contracted woril.] 
 
 1. To put on something ; to invest ; to clothe ; as, 
 to indue matter with forms, or man with intelligence. 
 
 2. To furnish ; to sup|ily with ; to endow. 
 IN-I)C'f:i), (in-dude',) ;)/!. Clothed ; invested. 
 I.\-UC'1".\IENT, (in-du'ment,) ;i. .\ putting cm ; en- 
 dowment. JMountagu. 
 
 IN-I)C'l\0 ppr. Investing; putting on. 
 IN-DULOF/, fm-dulj',) r. r. [I., indnl^eo. This word 
 
 is Aimpounu, but the primitive, simple verb is not 
 
 known, nor the radical sense. If allied to Q. and D. 
 
 diilden, to bear, to tolerate, it is from the root of L. 
 
 tolcro, j 
 
 1. 'lo permit to be or to continue ; to suffer; not 
 to restniiii or opiM)se ; as, to indulijc sloth ; to indulge 
 the passions ; to indulge pride, selfishness, or inclina- 
 tions 
 
 2. To gratify, negatively : not to check or restrain 
 the will, apiietite, or desire ; as, to indulge children 
 in amusements. 
 
 3. To gratify, posiiivelij; to grant something, not of 
 right, but a« a favor ; to grant in compliance with 
 wishes or desire. 
 
 Yet, yel a moment, one dim ray of lig^hl 
 
 indulge, dn-.ul Cliau« .-ind eternal Nigtil I Pop€. 
 
 4. In general, to gratify ; to favor ; to humor ; to 
 yield to the wishes of; to withhold restraint from. 
 
 It is remarked by Johnson, that if the matter of 
 indulgence is a single thing, it li.as wilh before it ; if 
 il is a habit, it has in. He indulged himself mUt a 
 gla.«s of wine ; he indulges himself in sloth or intem- 
 pf ranee. 
 
 IN-DULCE', (in-dulj',) r. i. To permit to enjoy or 
 practice ; or to yield to the enjoyment or |iractice of, 
 withinit restraint or control ; as, to indulge in sin, or 
 in sensual pleasure. This form of expn-ssion is ellip- 
 tical, a pronoun being omitted : as, to indulge muielf 
 or kifnsclf. 
 
 MoU men Hie mnie willin; lo indulgt la eaiT Yicei. tlian to 
 piacuco labunoua virtu<-i. Jokrison. 
 
 2. To yield ; to comply ; to be favorable. [Little 
 used.] '■ 
 ly-UVLO'KO, pp. Permitted to be and to operate I 
 
 without check or control i as, love of pleasure in- 
 dulged to exci'ss. 
 
 2. Gratified ; yielded to ; humored in wishes or de- 
 sires ; as, a child indulged by his parents. 
 
 .3. Granted. 
 
 IN-DUL'GE.NCE, ) 7i. Free permi.ssion to the appe- 
 ii\-UUL'GEN t,'V, i tiles, humor, desires, passions, 
 or will, to act or operate ; forbearance of restraint or 
 control. How many children are ruined by indul- 
 gence! Indulgence is not kinilness or tenderness, but 
 it may be the ellVct of one or the other, or of lu^gli- 
 gence. 
 
 9. Gratification; as, the iHiyu/ifciicc of lust or of a|>- 
 petitc. 
 
 3. Favor granted ; liberality ; gratification. 
 
 If all Uiese ^racions itidulffenciea are wiUiout elli ct on ua, wc 
 must perUb in our lolly. liogera. 
 
 4. In the Roman Ciitliolic church, remission of the 
 punishment due to sins, granted by the pope or 
 cliiireli, and siipposeil to save the sinner from pur- 
 gatory ; absolution from the censures of the church 
 and from all transgressions. Encijc. 
 
 I\-I)UL'GE.\T, «. Yielding to the wishes, desires, 
 humor, or appetites of those under one's care ; coin- 
 pliaiit; not opposing or restraining ; as, .an indulgent 
 parent. 
 
 2. Jlild; favorable; not severe; as, the indulgent 
 censure of posterity. H'allcr. 
 
 3. Gratifying; favoring; with o/. 
 
 The feeble old, iitdulgenl of Uieir eaae. Dryden. 
 IN'-DIJL-GEN'TIAL, a. Kelating to the indulgences 
 of the Koinaii Catholic church. [jVo{ icclt authorized.] 
 
 Brecint. 
 
 IN-DUL'CJENT-LY, adv. With unrestrained enjoy- 
 ment. Hammond. 
 2. Mildly ; favorably ; not severely. 
 
 I.\-I)ULG'EK, 71. One who indulges. Mounlagu. 
 
 L\-DULG'L\G, p/>r. Permitting to enjoy or to prac- 
 tice ; gratifying. 
 
 IN-DULT', ( n. [Fr. ; It. indulto,a pardon; L. in- 
 
 IN-UULT'O, J dnltu.1, indulged.] 
 
 1. A privilege or exemption. Johnson. 
 
 2. In (Ac Roman Catholic church, a privilege granted 
 by the po|ie, to certain persons, of doing or obtaining 
 something contrary lo established rule or law. 
 
 Lunier. 
 
 3. In Spain, a duty, tax, or custom, paid to the king 
 for all goods imported from the \Vesl Indies in the 
 gallecuis. Kncijc. Brit^ 
 
 IX-UO'FLI-e.'\TE, a. [L. m and duflicalus.] 
 
 In botany, having the margins bent abruptly in- 
 ward, and the external face of these edges applied 
 to each other without any twisting, as in some spe- 
 cies of Clematis. Lindley. 
 
 IN'DU-IIaTE, v. i. [L. induro; in and duro, to hard- 
 
 o grow hard ; to harden or become hard. Clay 
 indurates bv drying, and by extreme heat. 
 IN'DU-KATE, V. t. To make hard. Extreme heat in- 
 durates clay. iSome fossils are indurateii by exposure 
 to the air. 
 
 2. To make nnfeeling; to deprive of sensibility ; 
 to render obdurate ; as, to indurate the heart. 
 
 Goldtmitli. 
 
 IN'DU-R.'l-TEU, pp. or a. Hardened ; made obdu- 
 rate. 
 
 IN'DU-RA-TING, ppr. Hardening; rendering insen- 
 sible. 
 
 IN-DC-RA'TIOX, n. The act of hardening, or process 
 of growing hanl. Bacon. 
 2. Hardness of heart ; obduracy. Decay of Piety. 
 L\-I)U'SIAL, ( sbal,) a. [L. indusia.] 
 
 Connxised of or containing the petrified cases of 
 the larves of certain insects ; as, indiusial limestone. 
 L\-I)0'SI-i;.\I, ( she um,) «. [L.] In Aofany, a col- 
 lection of hairs upon the style of a (lower, united 
 into the form of n cup, and inclosing the stigma, as 
 in the Goodeniace<r. Lindley. 
 
 2. A superincumbent portion of cuticle continuing 
 to cover the sori of ferns when they are mature. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 IN-DL'S'TRI-AL, a. Consisting in industry ; pertain- 
 ing to imlustry. 
 
 IN'-HUd'TKI-AL-LY, adv. With reference to indus- 
 try. 
 
 IN'-UUS'TRl-OIJS, a. [L. industrius, from indu.itria.] 
 
 1. Diligent in business or study; constantly, reg- 
 ularly, or habitually occupied in business ; assiduous ; 
 opfiosed to Slothkul and Idle. 
 
 Kruff-.J and ituiiutriou* men are commonly friendly lo the e»iiit>- 
 lulled ^vernnienc. Ttmpte. 
 
 2. Diligent in a particular pursuit, or to a particular 
 end ; op|M)sed to Klmiii!! or Slack ; as, indu-^trious to 
 accomplish a journey, or to reconcile contending 
 parties. 
 
 3. Given to industry; characterized by diligence ; 
 as, an indu.-itrious life. 
 
 4. Careful ; assiduous , as, the industrious applica- 
 tiim of knowing men. JVatfs. 
 
 L\-l)U.-<'TRl-OU.-<-LY, adr. With habitual diligence ; 
 with steady application of the powers of body or of 
 mind. 
 
 2. Diligently ; a.ssiduously ; with care ; applied to 
 
 a particular purfio.ie. lie atti iiipted ind'istriously lo 
 make peaci>. Ho industriously concealed his name, 
 IN'DUS-TKY, 71. [L. industria : Fx. industrie. This 
 is a coinnound word, and the root |>rubably of the 
 Class Ds.l 
 
 H. 'iliitiiiil diligence in any employment, either 
 bodily or mental ; sleaily attention to business ; 
 assiduity; opjiosed to Sloth and Idlci^ess. Wc 
 are directed to take lessons of industry from the bee. 
 Industry pays debts, while idleness or despair will 
 increase them. 
 
 IN'I)\VELI,-EK, n. An inhabitant. Spenser 
 
 l.\'l)\Vi;i.L-l.\(;, a. [m and dieelling.] Dwelling 
 u itliin ; remaining in the heart, even after it is re- 
 newed ; as, indwelling sin. 
 
 Owen. JilaekuiglU. Milner. 
 
 I.\'DWELL-L\'G, 71. Residence within, or in the 
 heart or soul, 
 
 IX-i2;'liRI-.\,\T, a. [See Inebriate.] Intoxicating. 
 
 LN-i^'I!KI-AXT, 71. Any thing that intoxicates, as 
 o|mim, F.ncye. 
 
 IX ic'llltl-.^TE, V. t. [L. inebrio, inehriatus ; in and 
 cbrio, to intoxicate ; ebrius, soaked, drenched, drunk- 
 en. The Latin ebrius is contracted I'roiii cbrigus or 
 ebregws, as appears from the Spanish ewbria^ar, to 
 intoxicate; embriago, inebriated; It. briaco, drunk; 
 imbriacarc, imbriacarsi. The sense is, to wash or 
 drench, and it is eviilently from the common root of 
 the Gr. liocxai, to water or irrigate. See Rain.] 
 
 I. To make drunk ; to intoxicate. Sandys. 
 2. To disorder the senses ; to stupefy, or to make 
 
 furious or frantic ; to produce cflecis like those of 
 liquor, which are various in dilfereiit constitutions. 
 IX-K'BKI-aTE, v. i. To be or become intoxicated. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 I.\'-K'BRI-ATE, 71. An habitual drunkard. 
 
 Some inettrialet have their paroxysma of inebriety terminated by 
 much piOc urine, proluv; sweata, &c. lianein. 
 
 I.\-i7.'I!RI-.A-TED, pp. Intoxicated. 
 IX-I",'iil!l-.A-TI,\(;,;);)r. Making drunk ; intoxicating. 
 L\-1~;'BKI-A-TIX(;, a. Having intoxicating ipialities ; 
 
 tending to intoxic^'ite ; as, inebriating litiuors. 
 IX-E-BRI-A'TIOX, n. Drunkenness; intoxication. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 IX-E-BRI'E-TY, 71. Drunkenness ; intoxicatiim. 
 
 Dartcin. 
 
 IX-ED'IT-ED, a. [in ani edited.] Unpublished. 
 
 War(07i. 
 
 IX-EF-FA-BIL'I-TY, ti. Unspeakablencss. 
 I.\-EF'F,V-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. ineffabilis ; in and 
 
 ejfabilis, from ejfor, to speak.] 
 Unspeak.abic ; unutterable ; that can not be ex- 
 
 presse<l in wonls ; usually in a good sense ; as, the 
 
 ineffable joys of heaven ; the ineffable glories of the 
 
 Deitv. 
 
 IX-EF'FA-BLE-XESS, n. Unspcakableness ; quality 
 
 of being unutterable. Scott. 
 IX-EF'F.\-IILY, ai/e. Unspeakably; in a manner not 
 
 to be expressetl in words. Milton. 
 IX-KF-FArE'A-BLE, «. That can not be ellaeed. 
 IX El' FACE'A-ULV, adv. So as not to be ellaceablc. 
 IX-IU'-FKCT'IVE, a. [i;i and f^ictiic] .Not erfecl- 
 
 ive ; not producing any efl"cct,or the effect intended ; 
 
 inefiicieiit ; useless. , 
 
 The word of God, without the spirit, ii a dead and in^ectiv* 
 letter. 3'oy(or. 
 
 2. Not able ; not competent to the service intend- 
 ed ; as, ineffective troops ; ineff ctive force. 
 
 3. Producing no ellect. 
 IX-EF-FECT'lVE-LY, u,lo. Without effect ; ineffi- 
 
 cienllv. 
 
 IX-EF-FEGT'IT-AL, a. [in and effectual.] Xot pro- 
 ducing its proper ell'ect, or not able to produce its 
 eftect; inellicient; weak; as, an ineffectual remedy; 
 the Spaniards made an ineffectual attempt to reduce 
 Gibralt.ar 'See Inefkicaciocs.J 
 
 I.X-EF-FEeT'i;-AL-LY, adv. Without effect; in 
 vain. 
 
 IX EF-FECT'U-AL-XE.SS, 71, Want of effect, or of 
 power to produce it ; inetlicacy. 
 
 James siiealts ot the in^ectaaintat of some men's devotion. 
 
 Wakt. 
 
 IX-EF-FER-VES'CE.XCE, 71. [in and rffcrceseence.] 
 Want of clfervescence ; a state ol not elVervescing. 
 
 Kir wan. , 
 
 IX-EF-FER-VES'CEXT, a. Not effervescing, or not 1 
 
 susceptible of elfervcscence. 
 IX-EF-FER-VES-CI-BIL'I-TY, 71. The quality of not 
 
 ell'ervescing, or not being susceptible of eti'erve.scence. 
 
 Kirwan. 
 
 IX-EF-FER-VES'CI-BLE, a. Not cajiable of elfer- 
 vcscence. 
 
 IX-EF-FI-€.\'CIOUS, a. [It, and Fr. inrfficace s L. 
 ineff cajr ; in and efficar, effcio, to eflect ; ez and faeio, 
 to make.] 
 
 .Not elhearious ; not having power to pmdiice the 
 ell'ect desired, or the proper eflect ; of iiiade(|unle 
 power or force. 
 
 Ineffectual, says Jidinson, rather denotes an actual 
 failure, and inefficacious, an habitual impiiteiicc to 
 any effect. But the distinction is not alw.ays ob- 
 served, nor can it be ; for we can not always know 
 whether means are inefficacious, till exjieriment ha» 
 
 TONE, BPLL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
INE 
 
 proved them iifffectual : nor even tliiMi, for we can 
 not lie certain that the failure of means to produce 
 nn effect is to be attributed to habitual want of pow- 
 er, or to accidental and temporary causes. Ineffi- 
 ciciors is therefore sometimes synonymous with 
 
 I N E F FEt^TL' Al,« 
 
 IN-EF-FI-eA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Without efficacy or 
 effect. 
 
 IN-EF-FI-Ca'CIOUS-NESS, n. Want of power to 
 
 produce tlie effect, or want of effect. 
 IN-EF'FI-e.\-CY, 71. [in and f/ricacw, L. cjjicacia.] 
 
 1. Want of power to produce the desired or proper 
 effect ; inefficiency ; as, the inrfficaoj of medicines or 
 of means. 
 
 2. Ini'ffectualness ; failure of effect. 
 IN-EF-FI"CIE.\-Cy, 71. [in and ejlcienqi.] Want 
 
 of power or exertion of power to produce tlie effect ; 
 inefficacv. 
 
 IX-EF-FI''CrEXT, (-fish'ent,) o. [in and rfficienu] 
 Not efficient ; not producing the effect ; inefficacious. 
 
 2. Not active ; effecting nothing ; as, an inefficient 
 force. Chesterfield. 
 
 IN-EF-FI"CIE\T-LY, adv. Ineffectually ; without 
 effect, 
 
 IN-E-LAB'O-R.'VTE, a. Not elaborate ; not wrought 
 with care. Cockeram. 
 
 IN-E-LAS'Tie, a. [in and dastic.'] Not elastic; 
 wanting elasticity ; unelastic. 
 
 rN-E-L,\?-TIC'I-TY, 7?. The absence of elasticity ; 
 the want of elastic power. 
 
 IN-EL'E-G.\NCE, ) 7i. [See Ineleoast.J Want of 
 
 IN-EL'E-GAN-CY, ( elegance ; want of beauty or 
 polish in langu.age, composition, or manners ; want 
 of symmetry or ornament in building ; want of deli- 
 cacy in coloring, &c. 
 
 IN-EL'E-G ANT, a. [L. inelegans ; in and eh'rans, 
 from the root of eligo, to choose.] 
 
 Not elegant ; wanting beauty or polish, as lan- 
 guage, or refinement, as manners ; wanting symme- 
 try or ornament, as an edifice ; in slioit, wanting in 
 any thing wliich correct taste requires. 
 
 IN-EL'E-GANT-LY, adn. In an inelegant or unbe- 
 coming manner ; coarsely ; roughly. Cliesterjield. 
 
 IN-EL-I-GI-BIL'I-TY, ii. [from ineligible.] Incapaci- 
 ty of lieing elected to an office. 
 
 2. State cr qualitv of not being worthy of choice. 
 
 IN-EL'I-Cl-IiLE, a. ' [mand eligible.] Not capable of 
 being elected to an office. 
 
 2. .\ot worthy to be chosen or preferred ; not 
 expedient. 
 
 IN-EL'I-GI-BLY, adv. In an ineligible manner. 
 
 IN-EL'O-UUEN'I', a. [inand eloquent.] Not eloquent; 
 not speaking with fluency, propriety, grace, and pa- 
 thos ; not persuasive ; used of persons. 
 
 2. .N'ot fluent, graceful, or pathetic ; not persuasive ; 
 as language or composition. Milton. 
 
 IN-EL'O-aUENT-IA', ado. Without eloquence. 
 
 IN-E-LUCT'A-BLE, a. [L. ineluctabilis.] 
 
 Not to lif resisted by struggling ; not to be over- 
 come. [.Vii( used.] Pearson. 
 
 IN-E-LuO'l-BEE, a. [in and eludible.] That can not 
 be eluded or delVateil. Glmvillc. 
 
 IN-EM'BRY-ON-.\'l'E, a. Not fonned in embryo. 
 
 1N-E-NAR'RA-BI,E, a. [L. inenurrabdis.] 
 That can not be narrated or told. 
 
 IN-EPT', a. [L. iiieplus: in and nptns, fit, apt.] 
 
 1. Not apt or fit ; unfit ; unsuitable. Woodward. 
 
 2. Improper ; unbecoming ; foolish. Jilore. 
 IN-EPT'I-TUDE, 71. Unfitness ; inaptitude ; unsuit- 
 
 ableness ; as, an ineptitude to motion. MrbuVinot. 
 IN-EPT'LY, adv. Unfitly ; unsuitably ; foolishly. 
 
 Qlanville. 
 
 IN-EPT'.\ESS, 71. Unfitness. More. 
 
 IN-K'QUAIi, a. [m and Cf/i<aZ.] Unequal ; uneven ; 
 various. [Little used.] Shenstone. 
 
 IN-E-UUAE'I-TY, n. [I., imrqualitas ; in and <cqual is, 
 equal ; Fr. incgalitc.] 
 
 J. Difference or want of equality in degree, quan- 
 tity, length, or quality of any kind ; the state of not 
 having equal measure, degree, dimensions, or amount ; 
 a.s, an inequality in size or stature ; an inequality of 
 numbi'rs or of power; inequality of distances or of 
 motions. 
 
 2. Unevcnness ; want of levelncss ; the alternate 
 rising and falling of a surface ; as, the inequalities of 
 the surface of the earth, or of a marble slab. 
 
 3. IJipproportion to any office or purpose ; inade- 
 quacy ; incompetency ; as, the inri^Ma/ifi/ of terrestrial 
 things to the wants of a rational soul. 
 
 4. Diversity; want of uniformity in different times 
 or pl.iCM ; as, the inequality of air or tenqierature. 
 
 5. Difference of rank, station, or condition ; as, 
 the inrqualtliea of men in society ; inequalities of rank 
 or properly. 
 
 6. In ailrnnnmy, an irregularity or deviation in the 
 motion of a planet or sale llile from its uniform mean 
 motion. Urandc. 
 
 IN-E (iUI-DIS'TANT, a. Not being equally distant. 
 
 Say. 
 
 IN-E-QUI-LAT'ER-AL, a. Having unequal sides. 
 
 Say. 
 
 m E-qiJi r.IB' KI-0, fl,.] In nn even poise. 
 IN-Ea'UI TA-1II,E, (-ck'we-Li-bl,) a. [m and equiu- 
 blt.] Not equitable ; not just. 
 
 Having unequal 
 valves, as the shell 
 
 Having no energy. 
 
 INE 
 
 IN-F.'UUI-VALVE, ( (1 
 
 IN-E-QUI-VALV'U-LAR, ( 
 of an oyster. 
 
 IN-E-R.\b'I-eA!-BLE, a. That can not be eradicated. 
 
 Channinir. 
 
 IN-E-RAD'I-CA-BLY, adv. So as not to be eradica- 
 ble. 
 
 IN-ER-GET'ie, 
 IN-ER-CET'ie-AL, 
 IN-ER-GET'ie-AL-LY, adv. Without energy. 
 
 IN ERM'OUS j [^: inemiis , in and arma, arms.] 
 Unarmed ; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a 
 leaf; a botanical irord. Martyn. 
 
 IN-ER-RA-BIL'I-TY, 71. [from inerraMe.] Exemp- 
 tion from error, or from the possibility of erring; in- 
 fallibility. 'King Charles. 
 
 IN-EK'R.\-BLE, a. [in and err.] That can not err ; 
 exempt from error or mistake ; infallible. Hammond. 
 
 IX-ER'RA-BLE-NESS,7i. Exemption from error; in- 
 errability. Hammond. 
 
 IN-ER'RA-BL\ , adv. With security from error ; in- 
 fallilily. 
 
 IN-ER-R.\T'ie, a. [in and erratic.] Not erratic or 
 
 wandering ; fixed. Pau.^. Trans. 
 
 IN-ER'RING-LY, adv. Without error, mistake, or 
 
 deviation. Qlanville. 
 IN-ERT', a. [Ij. iners ; in and ars, art. The English 
 
 sense is drawn not from art, but from the primary 
 
 sense, strength or vigorous action.] 
 
 1. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of 
 active resistance to motion impressed ; as, matter is 
 ijte7-t. 
 
 2. Dull ; sluggish ; very slow to act ; indisposed to 
 move or act. Thomson. 
 
 IN-ER'TIA, (in-er'sha,) 71. [L.] A property of mat- 
 ter by which it tends to preserve a state of rest when 
 still, and of uniform rectilinear motion when mov- 
 ing. Bigelow. 
 2. Inertness; indisposition to move. 
 
 IN-BR'TION, 71. Want of activity ; want of action 
 or exertion. 
 
 Tli'-se vicissitudes of exprtion and inerlion of the arterial system 
 constitute tlie paroxysms of reinittent fever. Darwin. 
 
 IN-ERT'I-TUDE, n. The state of being inert, or a 
 tendency to remain quiescent till impelled by exter- 
 nal force to move. Good. 
 
 IN-ERT'LY, adv. Without activity ; sluggishly. 
 
 Dun dad. 
 
 IN-ERT'NESS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 inert, or destitute of the power to move per se. [See 
 Inertia.] 
 
 2. Want of activity or exertion ; habitual indispo- 
 sition to action or motion ; sluegishness. 
 IN-ES'e.\TE, V. t. [L. inesru.]' 
 
 To bait ; to lay a bait for. 
 IN-ES'e.^-TED, pp. Baiteil. 
 
 I.\-ES-f'A'TlON, ji. The act of baiting. Halhjwell. 
 
 IJV ES'SE. [L.] In being ; actually existing ; dis- 
 tinguished from in posse, or in potentia, which denote 
 that a thing is not, but may be. 
 
 IN-ES-SEN'TIAL, a. Not essential ; unessential. 
 
 IN-ES'TI-MA-BLE, a. [L. ina:stimabilis. See Esti- 
 mate.] 
 
 1. That can not be estimated or computed ; as, an 
 inestimiMe sum of money. 
 
 2. Too valuable or excellent to be rated ; being 
 above all price ; as, inesUmuble richts. The privi- 
 leges of American citizens, civil and religious, are 
 inestimable. 
 
 IN-ES'TI-.MA-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be esti- 
 mated or rated. 
 IN-E-Va'SI-BLE, a. That can not be evaded. 
 
 Ec. Rev. 
 
 IN-EV'I-DENCE, 71. Want of evidence ; obscurity. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 IN-EV'I-DE.\T, a. [11 and evident.] Not evident ; 
 not clear or obvious ; obscure. Broicn. 
 
 IN-EV-I-T.\-BI1/I-TY, 71. [from inevitable.] Impos- 
 sibility to be avoided ; certainty to happen. 
 
 Bramhall. 
 
 I\-EV'I-T.\-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. incvitaiilis ; in 
 antl evitabUis, from cvito, to shun.] 
 
 Not to be avoided ; that can not be shunned ; una- 
 voidable ; that admits of no escajie or evasion. To 
 die is the inevitable lot of man ; we are all siihjected 
 to many inevitable calamities. 
 
 IN-EV'I-TA-BLE-NESS, 71. The state of being una- 
 voidable. 
 
 IN-EV'l-TA-BLY, adv. Without possibility of escape 
 or evasion ; unavoidably ; certainly. 
 
 How inevitably tlocs Immodcriilc liiuglit'-r end In ft ( .5oiitA. 
 
 IN-EX-AGT', (i as gz,) a. [in and exact.] Not exact ; 
 
 not precisely correct or true. 
 IN-EX-ACT'NESS, (i as gi,) n. Incorrectness ; want 
 
 of precision. 
 
 IN-E.X ( i r'A-BEE, a. [in and ercitablc.] Not sus- 
 ceptible of excitement; dull ; lifeless ; torpid. 
 
 IN-EX €Ci«'A-BEE, a. [E. inercusabilis ; in and er- 
 cusabilis, ercu.io. See Eicuse.] 
 
 Not to be excused or justified ; ns, inexcusable 
 folly. 
 
 IN-EX-eC»'A-BLE-NESS, »i. The qu.ality of not 
 
 INE 
 
 adiiiitling of excuse or justification - «norinity be- 
 yond forgiveness or palliation. 
 
 This inezcusnhleness is stated on the eupposiliou lliat tli'-y knew 
 God, liut dill not glorify hiin. .South. 
 
 IN-EX-€uS'A-BLY, adv. With a degree of guilt or 
 folly beyond excuse or justification. 
 
 IN-E.X-E-'eOT'A-BLE, a. That can not be executed 
 or performed. O. Morris. 
 
 IN-E.X-E-eu'TION, 71. Neglect of execution ; non- 
 performance ; as, the inezecution of a treaty. 
 
 IN-EX-ER'TION, (i as g:,) n. [in ami" exertion.] 
 Want of exertion ; want of effort ; defect of action. 
 
 Dancin. 
 
 IN-EX-H.aL'A-BLE, (i as gz,) a. [in and ezliulable, 
 L. exlialo.] 
 
 Not to be exhaled or evaporated ; not evaporable. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 IN-EX-HAUST'ED, (x as gi,) a. [in and exhausted.] 
 Not exhausted ; not emptietl ; unexh.austed. 
 
 2. Not spent ; not having lost all strength or re- 
 sources ; unexhausted. 
 
 IN-EX IIAU.ST'I-BLE, (i as gz,) a. [in and ciliaust- 
 ible.] That can not be exhausted or emptied ; un- 
 failing ; as, an inexhaustible quantity or supjily of 
 water. 
 
 2. That can not be wasted or spent ; as, inexliausti- 
 ble stores of provisions. 
 
 IN-EX-IIAUST'I-BEE-NESS, (1 as gz,) 71. The 
 state of being inexhaustible. 
 
 IN-EX-IIAUST'I-BLY, {z as gz,) adv. In an inex- 
 h.austible manner or degree. 
 
 IN-EX-HAUST'IVE, (i as gz,) a. Not to be ex- 
 hausted or spent. 
 
 IX-EX-IST', (X as gz,) v. >'. Not to exist. Tucker. 
 
 IN-E,X-IST'E.\CE, (z as gz,) 71. [in and existence.] 
 Want of being or existence. Broome. 
 2. Inherence. 
 
 IN-EX-IST'ENT. (z as gz,) a. [in and existent.] Not 
 havinc being ; not existing. South. Brown. 
 
 2. Existins in something else. Boyle. 
 
 IN-EX-O-RA-BIL'I-TV, n. The quality of being in- 
 exorable or unyielding lo entreaty. Paley. 
 
 IN-EX'O-RA-BLE, a. [Fr., frorn L. inexorabilis : in 
 and exorabilis, from exoro, to entreat ; ex and ore, to 
 pray.] 
 
 1. Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or 
 prayer ; too firm and determined in purpose to yield 
 to supplication ; as, an inexorable prince or tyrant ; 
 an inexorable judge. 
 
 2. Unyielding ; that can not be made to bend. 
 
 Inezornble equality of laws. Cibbon. 
 
 IN-EX'O-RA-BLY, adv. So as to be immovable by 
 entreaty. 
 
 IN-EX-PEeT-A'TION, 71. State of having no expec- 
 tation. Felthum. 
 I.\-EX-PEeT'ED, a. Not expected. [J^ot in use.] 
 IN-E.X-Pf,'DI-E.\CE, j 11. [in and expedience.] Want 
 IN-EX-Pk'DI-EN-CY, ( ol fitness ; improjiriety ; un- 
 suitableness to the purpose. The inrxpediencc of a 
 measure is to be determined by the prospect of its 
 advancing the purpose intended or not. 
 IN-E.X-P1C'U1-E.\T, a. [in and erpediml.] Not ex- 
 pedient ; not tending to promote a purpose ; not 
 tending to a good end ; unfit ; improper ; unsuitable 
 to time and place. Whatever tends lo retard or de- 
 feat success in a gootl cause, is inexpedient. What is 
 expedient at one time, may be inexpedient at an- 
 other. 
 
 IN-EX-PE'DI-ENT-LY, adv. Not expediently f un- 
 fitly. 
 
 IN-EX-PENS'IVE, a. Not expensive. Coleridge. 
 
 IN-EX-Pi:'Rl-ENCE, 71. [in and experience.] Want 
 of experience or experimental knowledge ; as, the 
 inexperience of youth, or their ineiperic-nce of the 
 worlil. 
 
 IN-E.X-Pk'RI-ENC-KD, (-eks-pC're.cnst,) a. Not hav- 
 ing experience ; unskilled. 
 
 IN-E.X-PERT', a. [in and expert.] Not expert ; not 
 skilled ; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived 
 from practice. 
 
 In letters .ind in laws % 
 
 Not inexpert. Prior. 
 
 IN-EX-PERT'NES^, n. Want of expcrtness. 
 I.\-E.X'PI-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. inexpiabilis. See 
 Expiate.] 
 
 1. Tli.at admits of no atonement or satisfaction; 
 as, an inexpiable crime or olleiise. 
 
 2. That can not lie mtillified or appeased by atone- 
 ment ; as, inexpiable lialr. Milton. 
 
 IN-EX'PI-A-IIEV, o</c. To a degree that admits of 
 no atonement. Roscommon. 
 
 IN-EX-PE^ IN'A-BI,E, a. That can not be explained ; 
 inexplicable. [O/w.] 
 
 IN EX-PI.K'A BEY or IN-EX'PLE-A-BLY, adv. In 
 satiably. [.Vnf xsed.] Sandys. 
 
 IN-EX-PEI-£;A-BIL'I-rY, n. The quality or sUtle of 
 being ini'vpliciible. 
 
 IN-E.X'PI.I <'A-I1I.E, 71. [Fr., frtmi L. incxplicabitis ; 
 in and erplieo, to unfold. j 
 
 That ctin not In' explained or Interpreted ; not ca- 
 pable of lii'ing rciiilered plain and intelligible; ns,nn 
 inexplicable mysliry. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHi^T MRTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, UIRD.-NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 600 
 
JNF 
 
 lN-F.X'PL[-eA-I!LE-NESS, n. A state of being in- 
 
 (wplicahlc. 
 
 IN' I'.K'lM.I-eA-ULY, iiih. In a manner not to be ox- 
 
 plMIIII'll. 
 
 li\-EX-I'LlC'IT, a. Not explicit; not clear in state- 
 ment. 
 
 IN-EX-PI^OR'A-BLE, a. [in ahd erphrable, from ex- 
 plore,] 
 
 Tliut can not be exniM-cd, searched, or discovered. 
 
 Tiwlu: 
 
 IN-EX-POS'lJRE, 71. [i« and exposure.] A state of 
 not beiiiff exposed. Med. Repas. 
 
 IN-EX-PUE-SS'l-ULE, o. [in and crin-essible, from 
 exprc-is.] 
 
 Not to be cxprosspd in words ; not to be uttered ; 
 unspeak:il)le ; unutterable ; as, inexpressible grief, 
 joy, or ple.isnro. 
 
 r;?J-EX-PKE.SS'l-BLY, adv. In a manner or dejiree 
 not to be told or expressed in words ; unspeakably; 
 unutterably. Hammond. 
 
 IN-EX-PUE'SS'IVE, a. Not tending to express; not 
 expressing ; inexpressible. 
 
 IN-EX-PUESS'IVE-NESS, n. The state of being in- 
 expressive. 
 
 IN-EX-PlJG'NA-BLE,fl. [Fr.,from 1.. inexpugnabdia ; 
 
 in and crpu^no: ex and vuirno, to fii:ht.] 
 
 Not to be subdued by force ; not to be taken by as- 
 sault ; impregnable. Hay. 
 rN-EX-SU'PEIl-A-BLE,ffl. [L. ineisuperabilis.] 
 
 Not to be passed over or surmounted. 
 IN-EX-TE.\'I)'E1), «. Ilaviuf; no extension. Good. 
 IN-EX-TEN'SIOi\, II. fill and extension.] Want of 
 
 extension ; unextendeu state. Encyc 
 IJV F.X-TEjVSO, I L.l Fully ; at full length. 
 IN-E.X-TER;.I'IN-A-BI,E, a. [in and exterminable.] 
 
 That can not be externiinateil. Rusk. 
 rN-EX-TINeT',n. Not quenched ; not extinct. 
 IN-E.\-TIN"GUISU-A-HI,E, a. [in and f.i(iii..r,(i>Afl- 
 
 ble.] That can not be extiniiuislicd ; unquenchable ; 
 
 as, ine~rtintruis/ial>le llame, thirst, or desire. 
 IN-EX-TIKP'A-BLE, «. That can not be extirpated. 
 IN-EX'TRI-CA-liLE, a. [Fr., from L. incxlricabilis. 
 
 See ExTRicATK.] 
 
 1. Not to be disentangled ; not to be freed from in- 
 tricacy or perplexity ; as, an inextricable maze or dif- 
 ficulty. Sherlock. 
 
 2. Not to be untied ; as, an inextricable knot. 
 IN-EX'TRI-C/V-BLE-NEt^S, n. The state of being 
 
 inextricable. Donne. 
 IN-E.X'TRi-e.-V-BLY, ado. To a degree of perplexity 
 
 not to be disentangled. Pope. 
 IN-E?E', (iu-i',) V. t. To inoculate, .as a ir ■ or a 
 
 bud. / .tl'ps. 
 
 lA'-E^i'KD, (iu-idc',) pp. Inoculated, as a tree or 
 
 bud. 
 
 IN-FAB'RI-e.\-TED, a. Unfabricated ; unwrought. 
 [JVnt used.] 
 
 IN-FAL-LI-BIL'I-TY, In. [from iii«i»iWc.] The 
 IN-F.^L'LI-BLE-NES.S, \ quality of being incapa- 
 ble of error or mistake ; entire exemption from lia- 
 bility to error; inerraliility. No human being can 
 justly lay claim to infullibi'litij. This is an attribute 
 of God only. 
 
 IN-FAL'H-BLE, a. [Fr. infaillible ; in and /«///i>, L. 
 fallo.[ 
 
 1. Not fallible ; not capable of erring ; entirely ex- 
 empt from liability to mistake ; applied In person.^. No 
 man is infailiblc ; to be infallible is the prerogative of 
 God only. 
 
 2. Not liable to fail, or to deceive confidence ; cer- 
 tain ; as, infallible evidence ; infallible success. 
 
 To wliom he showed himself aiive after his pnxsioii, by mawj 
 in/nUib!e pruols. — Acts i. 
 
 [N-FAL'LI-BLY, ade. Without a possibility of erring 
 or mistaking. Srnalridife, 
 
 2. Certainly; without a possibility of failure. Our 
 Savior has directed us to conduct that will infallibly 
 render us happy. 
 IN-FaME', v. U To defame. [jYut used.] 
 
 Bacon. Milton. 
 IN'FA-MIZE, V. L To make infamous. [jVot well au- 
 thorized,] 
 
 IN'F.\-.MOUS, a. [Fr. injamc : Ij.iiifamis; infamo, to 
 defame ; in and fama, fame.] 
 
 1. Of ill rvytort, cmpbaticalhj ; having a reput.ation 
 of the worst kind ; publicly branded with odium for 
 Vice or guilt; base; scandalous; notoriously vile ; 
 used of persons i as, an infanunis liar; an itifamous 
 rake, or gambler. 
 
 2. Odious ; detestable ; held in abhorrence ; that 
 renders a person infamous ; as, an infamous vice. 
 
 3. Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime. 
 An iii/umuiu person can riot be a witness. 
 
 IN'F .VMOUS-LY, ado. In a manner or degree to ren- 
 der infamous ; scandalously ; disgracefully ; shaine- 
 ^ 2. With open reproach. [fully. 
 
 ' "• [Ff- infamie ; L. injamia ; 
 IN'FA-MOUS-NESS, ( ii.'and fama, report.] 
 
 1. Total loss of reputation ; public disgrace. Avoid 
 '"""OS and vices tvhich expase men to infamy. 
 
 2. Qualities which are detested and despised ; 
 qualnies notoriously bad and scandalous ; as, the 
 m/amy of an action. 
 
 INF 
 
 3. In law, that loss of character or public disgrace 
 which a convict incurs, and by which a person is 
 rendered incapable of being a witness or juror. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 IN'FAN-CY, 71. [\j. infantia. See Infant.] 
 
 1. The first part of life, beginning at the birth. In 
 common usa^re, infancy extends not beyond the first 
 year or two of life ; but there is not a defined iimit 
 where infancy ends, and chiUlhood begins. 
 
 2. In law, infancy exlcuils to the ago of twenty-one 
 years. 
 
 3. The first age of any thing ; the beginning or 
 early period of existence ; as, the infnnry of the Ro- 
 man republic; the iii/micy of a rolli'ge, or of a charita- 
 ble society ; the infancy of agriculture, of inanurac- 
 tures, or of commerce. 
 
 IN-FAN'DOU.S, a. [L. infandns.] 
 
 Too odious to be expressed. [JVut in use.] ffowell. 
 IN-FANG'TIIEF, n. [Sax. tii, faniran, to take, and 
 thcnf, thief] 
 
 In r.iiiflu^h law, the privilege granted to lords to 
 judge thieves taken on their manors, or within their 
 iVauchises. CoirrIL 
 IN'F.ANT, 71. [Fr. enfant; I,. iii/uii.<; in and fans, 
 speaking, fari, to sjieak.] 
 
 1. A child in the first period of life, beginning at 
 his birth ; a young babe. In common usaisc, a chiM 
 ceases to be called an infant within the first or second 
 year, but at no definite period. In some cases, au- 
 thors indulge a greati'r latitude, anil extend the term 
 to include children of several years of age. 
 
 2. In lam, a person under the age of twenty-one 
 years, who is incapable of making valid contracts. 
 
 Spenser used infant for the son of a king, like the 
 Spanish infante. 
 IN'FANT, a. Pertaining to iiifitiicy or the first period 
 of life. 
 
 2. Young ; tender ; not mature ; as, infant strength. 
 IN-F.iNT'A, 71. In Spain and Portn^ral, any princess 
 
 of the royal blood, except the eldest daughter w hen 
 
 heiress apparent. 
 IN-FANT'E, 71. In Spain and Portiiffal, any son of 
 
 the kin::, except the eldest, or heir apparent. 
 IN'FANT-GAUl), 7i. A toy for children. 
 IN-F.\NT'I-ClI)E, II. [Low h. inj'anlicidiani ; infans, 
 
 an infant, and ca:do, to kill.] 
 
 1. The intentional killing of an infant. 
 
 2. The slaughter of infants by Ilerod. Mall. ii. 
 
 3. A sla\ er of infants. 
 IN'FANT-ILE, a. [I.. infantUis.] 
 
 Pertaining to infancy, or to an infant ; pertaining 
 to the first period of life. 
 IN'FANT-INE, a. Pertaining to infants or to young 
 
 children. Sir fValter Scott. 
 
 IN'F.\NT-LTKE, a. Like an infant. .Shak. 
 IN'FANT-LY, a. Like a child. Branm. S,- Fl. 
 
 IN'FANT-RY, 71. [ Fr. iii/aiKcric; Sj). iii/antcr!a ; It. 
 fantcria. See Inf.\nt.] 
 
 In military affairs, the soldiers or troops that serve 
 on foot, as distinguished from cavalry; as, a compa- 
 ny, regiment, or brigade of infantry. In some ar- 
 mies, there have been heavy-armed infantry, and li^ht- 
 armed or light-infantry, according to their manner of 
 arming and eqaip|>ing. 
 IN-F.KRCE', 7). t. To stuflf. [^Vot in use] 
 IN-FARC'TION, 7t. [L. infarcio, infercio, to stuff; in 
 anil farcio.] 
 The act of stnlfing or filling ; constipation. 
 
 y/arecv. 
 
 IN-FASH'ION-A-liLE, a. Unfashionable. [J\ot used.] 
 
 Beaum. 4* i'"'. 
 IN-FAT'I-GA-BLE, a. Indefatigable. [Obs.] 
 IN-FAT'U-aTE, v. U [L. infatue; in and fatuus, 
 foolish.] 
 
 1. To make foolish ; to aficct with folly ; to weaken 
 the intellectual powers, or to deprive of sound judg- 
 ment. In treneral, this word does not signify to de- 
 prive absolutely of rational powers and reduce to id- 
 iocy, but to deprive of sound judgment, so that a 
 person infatnatcd arts in certain cases as a fool, or 
 without couiuion discretion and prudence. Whom 
 God intends to destroy, he first infatuates. 
 
 The jiirl2:nieiit of fi<t,l will b? Tory vi^ihle in in/atnntin^ a peo- 
 ple ripe uiiil pp-pap.'il fur dcstnicliun. Clarendon. 
 
 2. To prepossess or incline to a person or thing in 
 a manner not justified by prudence or reason ; to in- 
 spire with an e.xtravasant or foolish passion, too ob- 
 stinate to be controlled by reason. Hen are often iii- 
 fataatrd with a love of g.amiiig, or of sensual pleas- 
 
 IN-FAT'U-ATE, a. Infatuated. [ure. 
 IN-FAT'd-.\-TE!), pp. or a. Affected with folly. 
 l\-F.\T'lj-A-TIX(5, ppr. or a. Affecting with folly. 
 IN-FAT-li-A'TION, K, The act of affecting with 
 folly. 
 
 2. A state of mind in which the intellectual pow- 
 ers are weakeiu-d, either generally or in regard to 
 particular objecu, so that the person affected acts 
 without his usual judgment, and contrary to the dic- 
 tates of reasoir. All men who waste their substance 
 in gamin;:, iiiti niperanee, or any other vice, are 
 chnrireable with tit/a/iuittea. 
 IN-FAUST'I.NG, n. [L. infaustus.] 
 
 l''iie act of making unlucky. [O&s.] Bacon, 
 
 INF 
 
 IN-FRAS-I-BIL'I-TY, j n. [(mm infeajfible.] hn 
 
 IN-FICAS'I-BLE-.NESS, ( practicability ; the quality 
 of not being capable of being done or performed. 
 
 IN-Fi":AS'I-IILE,a. [in and feasible; Fr./utsuWc, from 
 faire, to make or do, L. facio.] 
 
 Not to be done ; that can nut be accomplished ; im- 
 practicable, (llanvdle. 
 
 IN-FE6T', V. t. [Fr. infecter ; Sp. infectar; It. infetta- 
 re; L. infcio, infectus ; in and facio. In this applica- 
 tion i»f infcio, as in infcior, to deny, we find the rad- 
 ical .sense of facio, to make, which is, to thrust, to 
 drive. To infect, is to thrust in ; Ut deny, is to tlirust 
 against, that is, to thrust away, to rcpc]. And here 
 we observe the difi'erent effects of the prefix in ujion 
 the verb.] 
 
 1. To taint with disease ; to infuse into a healthy 
 body the virus, miasma, or morbid matter of a dis- 
 eased body, or any pestilential or noxious air or sub- 
 staure by which a disease is produced. Persons in 
 health are infected by the contagion of the plague, of 
 syphilis, of smallpox, of measlc^s, of malignant fevers. 
 In some cases, persiuis can be infected only by con- 
 tact, as in syphilis ; in most cases, they may be i7t- 
 fected without contact with the diseased body. 
 
 2. To taint or affect with morbid or noxious mat- 
 ter ; as, to infect a lancet ; to tnfcct clothing ; to in/'ect 
 an ap;irtment. 
 
 3. To communicate bad qualities to ; to corrupt ; to 
 taint by the coininunication of any thing noxious or 
 pernicious. It is melancholy to see the ytjung infected 
 and corrupted by vicious examples, or the minds of 
 our citizens infected with errors. 
 
 4. To contaminate with illegulitv. 
 IN-FE€T', a. Infected. [J^otused.^ 
 IN-FECT'El), pp. or a. Tainted witli noxious matter ; 
 
 corrupted by poisonous exhalations ; corrupted by bad 
 
 (pialities conununicated. 
 I.\-FECT'EU, n. He or that which infects. 
 IN-FEeT'IN(!, ppr. Tainting ; corrupting. 
 IN-UE€"TION, n. [Fr., from L. ioficio.] 
 
 1. The act or process of infecting. 
 
 2. The thing which infects. In medicine, the terms 
 infection and conlag-ion are used as synonymous in a 
 great majority of cases. Different writers proposed 
 and attempted to make a distinction between them, 
 but there has been a great disagreement as to what 
 the distinction should be ; and in general no regard is 
 paid to the proposed distinctions. 
 
 Infection is used in two acceptations ; first, as de- 
 noting the effluvium or infectious matter exhaled 
 from the person of one diseased, in which sense it is 
 synonymous with contagion ; and secondly, as signi- 
 fying the act of communication of such morbid efllu- 
 vium by which diseases are transferred. Cyc. 
 
 3. That which taints, poisons, or corrupts, by com- 
 munication from one to another ; as, the infection <»f 
 error or of evil example. 
 
 4. Coiitamiiinlion by illegality, as in cases of con- 
 traband goods. 
 
 5. Communication of like qualities. 
 
 .M:ui!,iiul lire gay or scriinu by injection, Ranihttr. 
 
 IN-FEG'TIOUS, (-fek'shus,) a. Having qualities that 
 may taint, or ctJiumunicate disease to; as, an infec- 
 tious fever ; infectious clothing ; infectious air ; infec- 
 tions miasma. 
 
 2. Corrupting ; tending to taint by communication ; 
 as, infectious vices or manners. 
 
 3. Contaminating with illegality; exposing to seiz- 
 ure and forfeiture. 
 
 Coiitralxiiid [irlicles arc 6.iid to l)e of an in/ecdom nature. Kent. 
 
 4. Capable of being conununicated by near ap- 
 proach. 
 
 Grief, as well as joy, is in/ectioug. A'rimfs. 
 
 IN-FEC'TIOUS-LY, ado. Bv infection. 
 
 IN-FEC'TIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being in- 
 fectious, or capable of communicating disease or taint 
 from one to another. 
 
 IX-FECT'IVE, a. Having the quality of communica- 
 ting disease or taint from one to another. Sidney. 
 
 IN-FP:'eUND, a. [L. infacundus ; in and fucundiui, 
 prolific] 
 
 Unfruitful ; not producing young ; barren. 
 IN-FE-€UND'I-TY, n. [L. infa:cunditas.] 
 
 Unfruitfulness ; barrenness. Med, Rrpos, 
 
 IN-FE-LtC'I-TOUS, o. Not felicitous ; unhappy. 
 IN-FE-LIC'I-TY, 7u [Fr, infelicite ; infelicitas. See 
 Felicity.] 
 
 1. Unliappincss; misery; misfortune. 
 
 2. Unfortunate state ; unfavorableness ; as, the in- 
 felicity of the times, or of the occasion. 
 
 IN-FEOFF', ( fef.) See ExmoFF. 
 IN FER', V. t. [Ft. inferer ; L. mfero ; in and fero, to 
 bear or produce.] 
 
 1. Literally, to bring on ; to induce. [Little v.ied.] 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 2. To deduce ; to draw or derive, as a fact or con- 
 sequence. From the character of God, as creator 
 and governor of the world, we infer the indispensable 
 obligation of all his creatures to obey his commands. 
 We iitfo-one proposition or truth from another, when 
 we perceive that if one is true, the other must be true 
 also. 
 
 3. To offer ; to produce. (JVut used.] Shak, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, QNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C: '>US. — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 601 
 
INF 
 
 fN-FER'A-BLE, n. Tliat iiiny be inferred or deduced 
 from premises. [Miu irrittcn Inferrible.] Burke. 
 
 IiN'FER-ENCE, n. [Vt., from mferer.] 
 
 A trutli or proposition drawn from anotlier which 
 is admitted or supposed to he true ; a conclusion. In- 
 ferences result from reasoning, as when the mind per- 
 ceives sucli a connection between ideas, as that, if 
 certain propositions called premixts are true, the con- 
 clusions or propositions deduced from them must also 
 be true. 
 
 IN-FE-REN'TIAL, a. Deduced or ueducible by infer- 
 ence. 
 
 IN-FE-REN'TIAL-LY, ai!v. liv way of inference. 
 IJV-FE' R1-.X, 71. pi. [L.] Sacrifices olfered by tlie 
 
 ancients to the souls of deceased heroes or friends. 
 IN-FE'RI-OR, a. [L., conip. from iiiferus, low; Sp. 
 
 id. : Vr. infirteiir.] 
 1. Lower in place, 
 
 9. Lower in station, ase, or rank in life. Pay due 
 res|)ect to tliosc wilo aif siipi i ior in staticm, and due 
 civility to those who :iic uif' ri»r. 
 
 3. Lower in excellence or value ; as, a poem of I'n- 
 frrior merit ; cloth of inferior qualify or price. 
 
 4. .Subordinate; of less importance. Attend to 
 health and safety; case and convenience are inferior 
 considerations. 
 
 IN-FE'RI-OR, 71. A person who is younger, or of a 
 lower station or rank in society. 
 
 A person jots more by obligiu* his inferior, tlian by tlisiUiining 
 hiin. Soitth. 
 
 IN-FE-RI-OR'I-TY, n. [Fr. iitfcriorili.] 
 
 A lower state of dignity, age, value, or quality. 
 
 ^Ve speak of the inferiority of rank, of oflice, of tal- 
 
 eiit«, of a^'e, of worlli. 
 IN-Fk'RI-OR-LY, udi'. In an inferior manner, or on 
 
 the inferior part. [M word tliat deserves no counlii- 
 
 liance.'l 
 
 IN-FER'NAL, a. [Fr., from L. infermts.] 
 
 1. Properly, pertaining to the lower regions, or re- 
 gions of the dead, the Tartarus of the anyeiits. 
 Hence, 
 
 9. Pertaining to hell ; inhabiting hell ; as, infernal 
 spirits. 
 
 3. Hellish ; resembling the temper of infernal spir- 
 its ; malicious; diabolical; very wicked and detesta- 
 ble. 
 
 IN-FER'NAL, 7i. An inhabitant of hell, or of the 
 lower regions. 
 
 Infernal stone, [lapis infemalis ;] a name formerly 
 given to lunar caustic, a substance prepared from an 
 evaporated solution of silver in nitric acid. 
 
 Lunar caustic is nitrate of silver fused and cast in 
 j small cylinders. Brande. 
 1 IN-FER'NAL-LY, adv. In an infernal manner. 
 I IN-FER'R£D, pp. Deduced as a consequence. 
 1 IN-FER'UING, ppr. Deducing, as a fact or conse- 
 quence. 
 
 IN-FER'TILE, (-til,) a. [Fr., from L. infcrfdls; in 
 and fcrtilis.] 
 
 Not fertile; not fruitful or productive ; barren; as, 
 an infertile soil. 
 IN-FER'TILE-LY, adv. In an unproductive manner. 
 IN-FER-TIL'I-TY, n. Unfriiitfulness ; unproductive- 
 ness ; barrenness ; as, the hifertdit^i of land. Hale. 
 IN-FEST', V. U [Fr. iiifeslrr : L. infesto.] 
 
 To trouble greatly ; to disturb ; to annoy ; to har- 
 ass. In warm weather, men are infested with nius- 
 quitoes and gnats ; flies infest horses and cattle. The 
 sea is often infested with pirates. Small parties of the 
 enemy infest the coast. 
 
 Tlicse, s;uil Ihe giMiiiia, .tre envy, ftvarice, superstition, love, with 
 the like can;s and p;t$sioiis that infest hurn;;u lilc. Addison. 
 IN-FEST', a. Mischiev»us. [Obs.] Spenser. Smart. 
 IN-FEST-A'TION, 7i. The act of ;nfesti»t ; molesta- 
 tion. Bacon. 
 IN-FEST'ED, pp. Troubled ; annoyed ; harassed ; 
 plagued. 
 
 IN-FES'TER-£D, a. [in and fester.] Rankling ; in- 
 veterate. 
 
 IN-FEST'ING, ppr. Annoying ; harassing ; disturb- 
 ing. 
 
 I.\-FES'TIVE, n. [i7i and festire.] Having no mirth. 
 
 IN-FES-TIVl-TY, h. [in and fesllritii.] Want of 
 festivity, or of cheerfulness and mirth, at entertain- 
 ments. 
 
 ! IN-FE.ST'IJ-OUS, (I. [L. infe.itus.] 
 
 Mischievous. [JVut uicd.] Bacon. 
 IN-FKOD-A'TION, 71. [L. m and frudam, fend.) 
 
 1. The act of putting one in possession of an es- 
 tate in fee. Hale. 
 
 2. The granting of tithes to laymen. Blnchslone. 
 IN-FUHI-LA'TKJN, 71. [L. ivfibulo, from fihnUi, a 
 
 clasp.] 
 
 A clasping, or confining with a small buckle or 
 padlock. Miner. 
 IN'FI DEI,, n. [Fr. infidele ; L. infidel is 1 in and fde- 
 lu faithful.] 
 
 I'nbelieving ; disbelieving the inspiration of the 
 8cri|itiireH, or llic divine iiistiiiiiion ol ( liriNtianity. 
 
 Tite inJUUt wrlt»T b ii cteiit ' h'-iny lo •■Kiely. Knox. 
 
 IN'FI-DEL, 71. f)nc who dixbi tieveii the inspiration 
 of the .Scripturen, and the divine origin ol C'hriH- 
 tionity. 
 
 In the wars spring-in<r out of the cru.'^ades, this word 
 was applied particularly to the JMohaniiiiedans, who, 
 in return, called Christians giaours or infidels. The 
 name was also given by the older writers to pagans. 
 IN-FI-DEL'[-TY, 71. [Fr. infidelite : L. infdelitas.] 
 
 1. In general, want of faith or belief; a withhold- 
 ing of credit. 
 
 2. Disbelief of the inspiration of the Scriptures, or 
 the divine original of Christianity ; unbelief. 
 
 There is no doubt that vanity is one principal cause of infi/lelity. 
 
 Knox. 
 
 3. Unfaithfulness, particularly in married persons ; 
 a violation of the marriage covenant by adultery or 
 lewdness. 
 
 4. Breach of trust ; treachery ; deceit ; as, the inji- 
 delitij of a friend or a servant. In this sense Unfaith- 
 Fi'LNEss is most used. 
 
 IN-FISLD', ». t. To inclose, as a field. [JVot in good 
 use. ]_ 
 
 IN'Fli'.LD, 71. Land kept continually under crop. 
 IN-FIL'TER-^;i), o. Infiltrated. [Scotlislu 
 IN-FIL'TRATE, v. i. [Fr. fltrrr, to filter.] 
 
 To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of 
 
 a subslance. 
 IN-FIL'TRA-TED, pp. or a. Filtered in. 
 IN-FIL'TRa-TINC!, ppr. Penetrating by the pores or 
 
 interstices. 
 
 IN-FIL-TRa'TION, 71. The act or process of enter- 
 ing the pores or cavities of a body. 
 
 2. The substance which has entered the pores or 
 cavities of a body. 
 
 Cal&ireous vifiltrations, filling the caviiies of oilier slunrs. 
 
 Kirican, 
 
 IN'FI-NITE, (-nit,) a. [L. infnilus ; in and fuitus, 
 tcrilliiiated ; Fr.infiiit; ^p. iufnito.] 
 
 1. W'uiiout Innit'; : iiiilioiiinled ; biitindless ; not 
 circiiiii>t*r)licd ; ajipjicii to tnnr. space, and iptalities. 
 Goil is iiijiiiih- in (liiialion, having neillier beginning 
 nor end of r\isli iire. llr is al-o infinite in presence, 
 or omnijirrsi'iit, ami ins [»erf<:ctions are i//.^rtrti£c. We 
 also sprali of I'lji'iitc spuci*. 
 
 2. i'lial u iil iiav<' no t nd. Thus angels and men, 
 though ihi y have hail a beginning, will e.\ist in inji- 
 nitf duration. 
 
 3. That has a beginning in space, hut is infinitely 
 extended ; as, a line beginning at a point, but e.x- 
 Icndeii indefinitely, is an infnite line. 
 
 4. Infinite is used loosely and hyperbniically for in- 
 definitely huge, immense, of great size 01 e.\tent. 
 
 In niailinmitics, a term applied to quantities which 
 are greater tlian any assignable quantity. 
 Infinite canon ; in music, a periietiial fugue. 
 IN'FI-NITE, 71. In mathematics, an iiilimle ipiaiitity. 
 IN'FI-NITE-LY, udi\ Without bounds or liiiiils. 
 
 2. Immensely ; greatly ; to a great extent or de- 
 gree ; as, I am infinitely obliged by your condescen- 
 sion. 
 
 IN'FI-NITE-NESS, 7!. Boundless extent of time, 
 Bpace, or qualities ; infinity. Taylor. 
 2. Immensitv ; greatness. 
 IN-FIN-l-TES'l-MAL, a. Infinitely small ; less than 
 
 any assignable quantitv. .John.^on. Barlow. 
 
 IN-FIN-l-TES'l-JIAL, 7!. An infinitely small quan- 
 tity ; that which is less than any assignable quantity. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 IN-FIN-I-TES'I-INIAL-LY, ado. By infinitesimals ; in 
 infinitely small quantities. 
 
 IN-FIN'I-TIVE, a. [L. tiifinitivus ; Fr. iyifinitif.] 
 
 In grammar, the infinitwe mode expresses the ac- 
 tion of the verb, without limitation of jierson or 
 number ; as, to lore. The word is often used as a 
 noun to denote this mode. 
 
 IN-FIM'I-TIVE-LY, adv. In the manner of an infin- 
 itive mode. 
 
 IJV-FI-J\rt' TO, [It.] In tnvMc, perpetual, as a canon 
 whose end leads back to the L^giniiing. 
 
 IN-FIN'l-TUDf^, 71. Infinity; infiiiiteness ; the qual- 
 ity or state of being without limits; infinite extent; 
 as, the infinitude of space, of time, or of jierfectiiiiis. 
 
 2. Immensity ; greatness. 
 
 3. Boundless niiinher. .Addison. 
 IN-FIN'I-TY, «. [Fr. infinite ; h. infinitas.] 
 
 1. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity ; 
 boundlessness. We apply infinity to God and his 
 perfections ; we speak of the infinity of his exist- 
 ence, his kiiowletlge, his power, his goodness, and 
 holiness. 
 
 2. Immensity ; indefinite extent. 
 
 3. Endless or indefinite number; a hyperbolical u.^e 
 of the word as, an infinitit of beauties. 
 
 IN-FIRM', (in-fi-rin',) a. [Fr. infirme; L. infinnus ; in 
 and firiiins.] 
 
 1. Not lirm or sound ; weak ; feeble ; as, an iT\finn 
 body; an infirm coiisiitiilion. 
 
 2. Weak of mind ; irresolute ; as, infirm of pnr- 
 [Misi!. shttli. 
 
 3. Not Holld or stable. 
 
 lie wlio llxes on false prindplel treads on infirm (;vonn(l. 
 
 iS'oiitA. 
 
 IN-FIRM', (in-ferm',) v. L To weaken. [JVot used.] 
 
 Jlolegh. 
 
 IN-FTRM'A-RY, (in-ferni'a-ry,) n. A hospital or place 
 where the sick are lodged and nursed. I 
 
 IN-FIR,M'A-TIVE, a. [Fr. infirmntif.] 
 
 Weakening ; annulling, or tending to make void. 
 IX-FIR.M'I-TY, (in-ferm'i-ty,) n. [Fr. infirmite ; L. 
 infirmitas.] 
 
 ] An unsound or unhealthy state of the body ; 
 weakness ; feebleness. Old age is subject to infirm- 
 ities. 
 
 2. Weakness of mind ; failing ; fault ; foible. 
 
 A friend sliould bi^ir a friend's infinnilies. Sliak. 
 
 3. Weakness of resolution. 
 
 4. Any particular disease; malady; applied rather 
 to chronic than to violent diseases. Hooker. 
 
 5. Defect ; imperfection ; weakness ; as, the i«- 
 firmities of a constitution of government. Hamilton. 
 
 IN-FIR>I'LY, adr. In an infirm manner. 
 IN-FIRM'NESS, (in-ferm'ness,) 71. Weakness ; fee- 
 bleness ; unsoundness. Boyle. 
 IN-FIX', 7'. t. [L. infixus, infigo ; in and figo, to tlx.] ' 
 
 1. To fix by piercing or thrusting in ; as, to infix a I 
 sting, spear, or dart. ' 
 
 2. To set in ; to fasten in something. 
 
 3. To implant or fix, as principles, thoughts, in- 
 structions ; as, to infix good principles in the mind, 
 or ideas in the meinorv. 
 
 IN-FIX'£D, (in fikst',) pp. Thrust in ; set in ; in- 
 serted ; deeply implanted. 
 
 IN-FIX'ING, p/ir. 'J'hriisting in ; setting in : implant- 
 ing. 
 
 IN-FLaME', ti. (. [L. iiifiammo ; in and fiamma, 
 flainc.] 
 
 1. 'J o set on fire ; to kindle ; to cause to burn ; in 
 a literal sense. But more generally, 
 
 9. To excite or increase, as passion or appetite ; to 
 enkindle into violi-nt action ; as, to inflame love, lust, 
 or thirst ; to inflame desire or anger. 
 
 3. To exaggerate; to aggravate in description. 
 
 A friend exairirerales a man's virtues, an enemy injlanies his 
 crimes, f^nuyua/.] AdJison. 
 
 4. To heat ; to excite excessive action in the blood- 
 vessels ; as, to inflame Willi wine. 
 
 ri. To provoke ; to irritate ; to anger 
 (i. To increase ; to exasperate ; as, to inflame the 
 eiiiiiity of parties, or the spirit of sedition. 
 
 7. To increase ; to augment; as, to iii/iamc a pre- 
 siiinptioii. Kent. 
 IN-FLa.ME', v. i. To grow hot, angry, and painful. 
 
 H^iseman. 
 
 IN-FLaM'£D, pp. or a. Set on fire; enkindled; 
 
 heated ; provoked ; exasperated. 
 IN-FLa.M'ER, 71. The person or thing that inflames. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 IN-FLaM'ING, jipr. Kindling; heating; provoking; 
 exasperating. 
 
 IN-FLAiM-.MA-BIL'I-TY, 7i. Susceptibility of readily 
 taking fire. 
 
 IN-FL.\M'.MA-BLE, a. That may he set on fire ; ea- ' 
 si'iy enkindled ; susceptible of combustion ; as, in- 
 flammable oils or spirits. } 
 
 IN-FLAM'iMA-BLE-NESS, 7!. The quality of being ; 
 susceptible of flame, or capable of taking fire ; in- ' 
 flammaliility. Boyle. j 
 
 IN-FLAAI'MA-BLY, adv. In an inflammable man- , 
 ner. I 
 
 1N-FLA,M-Ma'TI0N, 7!. [L. i;'^;H7nnf;«.] 1 
 
 1. The act of setting on fire or inflaming. \ 
 
 2. The state of being in flame. Temple. Wilkins. 1 
 
 3. In mciyiriHc and i7l7■n•f7^^, a redness and swelling ' 
 of any part of an animal body, attended with hi at, , 
 pain, and febrile symptoms. Knaje. | 
 
 4. Violent excitement ; heat ; animosity ; turbu- ' 
 lence ; as, an inflammation of the body politic, or of 
 parties. 
 
 IN-FLA.M'.MA-TO-RY, (!. Inflaming; tending to ex- 
 cite heat or iiillainiuatiun ; as, medicines of an t)i- 
 flammutory nature. \ 
 
 2. Accompanied with preternatural heat and ex- I 
 ci'.nmeat of arterial action ; as, an inflammatory fever I 
 or ijipease. [ 
 
 3. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or | 
 sedition ; as, inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, I 
 or publications. i 
 
 IN-FLaTE', n. (. [L. inflatiis, from inflo; in and Jlo, 
 to blow.] 
 
 1. To swell or distend by injecting air; as, to in- 
 flate a bladder ; to inflole the lungs. 
 
 2. To fill » itii llie liiealli ; to blow in. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To swell ; lo piifl' up ; to elate ; as, to inflate one 
 with pride or vanity. 
 
 Ii\ FLATE', ( a. In botany, pufl"ed ; hollow and dis- 
 
 IN-FLaT'KI), i tended, as a perianth, corol, necta- 
 ry, or pericarp. Martyn. 
 
 IN-FLA T'Ell, pp. or a. Swelled or distended with 
 air ; pulled up. 
 
 IN-FLAT'lNt;, ppr. Distending with air ; pufling up. 
 
 IN-FL.^T'ING-LV, adv. In a manner tending lo in- 
 flate. 
 
 IN-FL.\'TION, ji. [\,. iiiflalio.] 
 
 1. The act of inflaliiig. | 
 
 2. The slate of being distendi d with air injected | 
 or tnliali (I. 
 
 3. The slate of being imllid up, as with vanity. 
 
 4. Colic, -it. B. Jon.son. 
 IN-FI.i;C T', I'. (. [L. iiiflecto ; in and Jleelo, to bend.] 
 
 KATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^kT, — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, IlIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK 
 
INF 
 
 1 To bend ; to turn frcnn a direct line or course. 
 
 Arc nol ihi' r.iya nf tlu* sun rclV-cwd, R'IrACtcd, iiml inflccwl by 
 oiiu uiitl tiio siviiic priiicipli: i AV'u'tufl. 
 
 2. Ill /grammar, to vary a noun or a vcrl) in its ter- 
 minations ; to decline, as a noun or adjective, or to 
 conjugatr, as a verb. 
 ■1. To niodiilnto, as the voice. 
 IN-FLEeT'ICI), ;>;). or a. H(Mit or turned from a direct 
 line or course ; as, an inflected ray of liglit ; varied in 
 termination. 
 
 IN-FLECT'INC, ppr. ItendinR or turninu from its 
 course; varying in lerniination ; modululin;;, as the 
 voice. 
 
 IN-FLEe'TIO.\, ),. ri,. inflrrtio.] 
 
 1. Tile act of bunding or tui ning from a direct line 
 or course. 
 
 2. In iii)tks,a term used to denote certain plienom- 
 cna whicli liglil exliibits wlien it passes near the 
 edges of an opaque body, such as the formation of 
 colored fringes; aUo called I)ikfr\ction. Olnistcrt. 
 
 3. In (rrammar, the variation of nouns, &c., by de- 
 clension, and Verbs by conjugation. Enctjc. 
 
 i. A slide of the voice in speaking, either up or 
 down. Hooker. 
 
 Point of iiifirctinn ; in geomrtry, the point on oppo- 
 site sides of which a curve bends in contrary ways. 
 
 jj. D. Stnnlnf. 
 IN-FLECT'IVE, a. Having the power of bending; 
 
 as, the injlrrtii-i' ipialitv of the air. Dtirliuiit. 
 Ii\-FLEX'/;i), (in-Il. kst',) it. M.. iuflriH.i.] 
 
 Turned ; hent ; bent iiiwaril. Fclfham. Brnndr, 
 IN-FLEX-l-liIl,'l-TV, \ n. [Vt. iiifiezibitilc,fnm\ in- 
 li\-l'l,E.\'I-m,E-NE8S, i flczMc: L. in and flcribi- 
 /i,s-, from Jlrcto^ to bentl.] 
 
 1. The nualily of being inflexible, or not capable 
 of being bent ; UTi) ieldirig stUfiK'ss. 
 
 2. Obslinacv' of w ill or temper ; firmness of pur- 
 pose that will not > letd to iinp^rtuiiity or persuasion ; 
 unbending p. -rt mac it v. 
 
 IN-FLEX'1-1!I,K, n. [Fr. ; L. iofleribilis.] 
 
 1. That can not be bent ; as, an iujlrxtblc oak. 
 
 2. 'i'liat wdl Hot yield to pr;i\'ers or arguments ; 
 firm in purposi; ; not to be prex'adedon ; that can not 
 be turned ; as, a man of upright and i.ijlrjiblc tem- 
 per. Addison. 
 
 3. Not to be changed or altered. 
 
 The iiiKurv of lliiiigs is injUxible, WatU, 
 
 IX-FLEX'I Hl.V, adv. With a firmness that resists 
 all importunity or persi^iasion ; with unyielding perti- 
 nai-iousiiess ; inexorably. A judge should be injicxi- 
 btii just and impartial. 
 
 IN Fl.EX'IOX. See Inflection. 
 
 l.\-i'l.l€T', r. I. [I,, iiiflicius, iiifli^o; in and fti^'o, to 
 strike ; Eng. to .f)" .'.] ■' 
 
 To lay on ; to throw or send on ; to apply ; as, to 
 inflict pain or disgrace ; to inflict punishment on an 
 offender. 
 
 To inflict an ollice, condition, knowledge, tender- 
 ness, &c., oil mil', as used by Chesterfield, is not an 
 aiithori/.ed use of the word. 
 
 IN-FLieT'EI), p/i. Laid on ; applied ; as punishments 
 or judiruients. 
 
 l.\-FEie i"'ER, n. lie who l.iys on or applies. 
 
 l.\-Fl.ieT'I.\(;, p;)r. Laving on ; applying. 
 
 LN-FLIt''T10\, .1. [L. i";l<r(i,..l 
 
 1. The act of laying on or applying ; as, the inflic- 
 tion of torment or of punishment. 
 
 2. The punishment applied. 
 
 HU f-vi-P'sl injiictiont iirc in llicinsrlvi-s acU of JiiMtcc Mid 
 n<;hti*oiji>ii< kj. Uogers. 
 
 LN'-FLICT'IVE, a. Tending or able to inflict. 
 IN-FLO-l!E.<'l'EXCE, ii. [I,, inflorcsccnn, inflortsco, 
 infiorcoi tn and fiorcu^ to blossom.] 
 
 1. In bidiintf, a mode of flowering, or the manner 
 in which Howers are supiwrted on their fool-stalks 
 or peduncles. 
 
 injtortfcnce .ilTonljt an oxcrllont chnmclcristic mark in iliMjii- 
 guUliiiiij Ih'-* njn'ciM of pl.u]ts. Milne. 
 
 2. A flowering ; the unfolding of blossoms. 
 
 Journ. of Scirnee. 
 IN'FLU-EXCE, n. [Fr., from L. in;l«fn.., inflno, to 
 flow in J in and fluo, to flow ; Sp. influcncia ; It. in- 
 fluenia.] 
 
 1. Literally, a flowing in, into, or on, and referring 
 to substances spiritual, or too subtile tn be visible, like 
 inspiration. Uence the wufd was formerly followed 
 by into. 
 
 God iiath his injluence into the very rfvncc of [ill thinprs. 
 
 } looker. 
 
 It IS now followed by on or tcith. 
 
 2. In a general sense, influence denotes power 
 whose operation is invisible, and known only by its 
 effects, or a power whose cause and operation are 
 unseen. 
 
 3. The power which celestial bodies arc supposed 
 to exert on terrestrial ; as, the influence of the planets 
 on the birth and fortunes of men : an exploded doctrine 
 oj astroto^. 
 
 ^. .Moral power; power of truth operating on the 
 mind, rational faculties, or will, in persuading or dis- 
 
 INF 
 
 sanding ; as, the influence of motives, of arguments, 
 or of prayer. We siiy, arguments hail no influence on 
 the jury. The magistrate is not popular; lie lias no 
 influence with the |ieople, or he has great influence wiUt 
 the prince. 
 
 5. Physical power ; power that aflects natural bod- 
 ies by unseen opi'ration ; as, tlie rays of the sun have 
 an influence in wliiteniiig cloth, and in giving a green 
 color to vegetables. 
 
 0. I'owcr acting on sensibility ; as, the influence of 
 love or pity in sympathy. 
 
 7. Spiritual power, or the immediate power of God 
 on the mind ; as, divine influence ; tlie influences of 
 the Holy Spirit. 
 IX'FLU-E.XUE, e. «. To move by physical power op 
 crating by unseen laws or force ; to ali'ect. 
 
 These exporinicniii succeed after the same iiiariiier in ttfiruo as 
 in the open air, and 'herefure are not iuJluencM Ity the 
 weight or preMunj of the atmosphere. Newton. 
 
 2. To move by moral power ; to act on and aflVrt, 
 as the mind or will, in persuading or dissuading; to 
 induce. Men are influenced by niolives of interest or 
 pleasuri!. An orator may influence the people to take 
 arms, or to abandon an enterprise. 
 
 3. To move, as the passions ; as, to influence one 
 by pity. 
 
 4. To lead or direct. This revelation is sullicicnt 
 to influence our failli and practici;. 
 
 IN'FLU-EXC-£0, (iu'llii enst,) ;>/). Moved ; excited ; 
 allected ; persuaded ; iiidiicetl. 
 
 IN'FLU-EiN'C-lXfi, ppr. .Mov ing ; afTecting ; inducing. 
 
 IN'FUJ-ENC-IXG, Ji. Act of inciting, moving, or in- 
 ducing. 
 
 IX'FLL'-EXT, a. Flowing in. [r.ittle u.<cd.] Arbulhitot. 
 
 I.V-FLU-EX'Tl AL, a. Exerting iiiMuence or power by 
 invisible operation, as pliysit;al causes on bodies, or 
 as moral causl^s on the iiuiid. It is particularly used 
 toexprtjss tlie tiperation of moral causes. jVifner. 
 
 Infiuentinl cfiurtieters ; persons who possess the 
 power of iucliiiiiig or controlling the minds of oth- 
 ers. Hamilton. 
 
 IN-F1,U-EN'TIAL-LY, adr. By means of influence, 
 so as to incline, move, or tliiect. 
 
 IN-FLU-EX'ZA, «. [It. influenza, influence.! 
 
 An epidemic catarrh. Tlie influenza of October 
 anil November, 1781), anil that of April and May, 
 1790, were very gtuieral or universal in llie United 
 States, and unusually severe. A like influenza pre- 
 vailed in the winters of IB05 and iBjii. 
 
 IN'FLl'X, )i. [L. influziis, influo ; in ami fluo, to flow.] 
 
 1. The act t»f flowing in ; as, an influx of liglit or 
 
 2. Iiil'usion ; intromission. [other fluid. 
 Th-' iojlux of ilie ktuiwleil^ o( God, in rcl.tliun to cvcrl i.'iiiij 
 
 lile, IS inlinitely of inuinent. Jlate. 
 
 3. Influence ; power. [.Vot its-ci/.] Hale. 
 
 4. A coming in ; iiitroiluctioii ; imjioitalion in abun- 
 dance ; as, a great influx of goods into a country, or 
 an influr of gold and silver. 
 
 I.\-FLU .\'U)i\, 71. Infusion ; intromission. Bacon. 
 IX-FLL'X'IOUS, a. Influemial. [JVot ii,sn/.] 
 IN-l''Ln.\'I VE, a. Having influence, or liavinga ten- 
 
 deiiev to flow in. [jVot used.^ Halcstcortlu 
 IN FLL'X'IVE-LY, u(/e. By infliixion. 
 IX-FoLIV, V. i. [in and fold.] To involve; to wrap 
 up oriiiwrap; to-inclose, 
 
 infold his limLn In bands. Blackmore. 
 2. To clasp with the arms ; to embrace. 
 
 NuMe Ruiipiu, let nio in/old tliee, 
 
 And hwtd tliec lo iny he.irt. Sliak. 
 
 IX-FoLD'EU, pp. Involved; inwrapped ; inclosed; 
 einlirared. 
 
 IN- IT) 1. 1)' I NO, jipr. Involving ; wrapping up ; clasping. 
 IN-Fnl.D'.MENT, )i. Act of infolding; state of being 
 
 illloMed. 
 
 Ii\-F(')'LI aTE, v. t. [L. in and folium, a leaf.] 
 
 To cover or overspread with leaves. [J^ot much 
 
 u.ird.] Hoirell. 
 IX-F()IiM', V. t. [Fr. informer ; Sp. infbrmar; It. in- 
 
 furmnrc ; L. informo, to shape ; in and formo, forma, 
 
 form.] 
 
 Properly, to give form or shape to ; bfit in this sense 
 not used. 
 
 1. To animate ; to give life to ; lo actuate by vital 
 powers. 
 
 Ijfl others belter mold the running man 
 Uf ineLds, and in/omi the htrathing limss. Dryien. 
 Bp"i»lh in/ormt this flei'tin* fnune. Prior. 
 BrvaUi'-s in our soul, m/onnt our vitd pnrl. Poju. 
 
 [T'/iis use is chiefly or leholly poetical.] 
 
 2. To instruct ; lo tell to ; to aci|uaiiit ; to commu- 
 nicate knowledge to ; to make known to by woril or 
 writing : usually fidluwed by of. Before we judge, 
 we should be well informed of the facts relating to 
 the case. A messenger arrived, and informed the 
 roinniander of ihe static of the troops. iK-'tters from 
 Europe inform us of the commencement of hostilities 
 between the Persians and Turks. 
 
 3. To coniinunicnte a knowledge of facts to one 
 by way of accusation. 
 
 Trrtullus informed the yoTenior against Paul. — Acu xxxr. 
 In this application, the verb ia usually intransitive ; 
 as, A informed against B. 
 
 INF 
 
 IN-FORM', V. I. To give intelligence. Shak 
 
 He ni';rlil cillii-T teach in the s;oue in-mner, or inform how ig 
 had U-en t.ugtil. Mont/dy Hev. 
 
 To inform against ; to communicate facts by way 
 of accusation ; to give intelligence of a breach of 
 law. Two persons came to the magistrate, and in- 
 formed aifuin.it A. 
 L\-Ff)KM', a. \\.. informis.] 
 
 V\'ilhriut rigular form ; shapeless; ngly. fOft'.] 
 IN-FUK.M'.AL, (1. [ill and formal.] Not ill the regu- 
 lar or usual form; as, an i/i/onnaf writing ; infonnal 
 proceedings. 
 
 2. Not in the usual manner ; not according to cus- 
 tom ; as, an informal visit. 
 
 3. Not H ith the ollicial forms ; as, the secretary 
 made to the envoy an informal communication. 
 
 Sliakspeare uses informal in the sense of irregular 
 or ileranoed in mind. 
 
 IN-FOK-MAI/I-TV, n. [from informal.] Want of 
 regular or customary form. The informality of legal 
 prorecdings may render them void. 
 
 IN-F01{.M'.\L-LY, o</(i. In an irregular or informal 
 manner; without the usual f'orms. 
 
 IN-I'()I!M'.\NT, n. One who informs or gives intel- 
 ligence. 
 
 2. (Tne who offers an accusation. [See Informer, 
 which is gem iallv used. J Shitk. 
 IN-FOIt.M-A'TION, n. [ Fr., from L. informatio.] 
 
 1. Intelligence; notice; news or advice commiini- 
 cati d hy Word or writing. We received information 
 of the eapluie of the ship by an arrival at Boston. 
 The information by the messenger is eonfirnied hy 
 letters. 
 
 2. Knowledge derived from reading or instruction. 
 
 the subject hu intends to 
 
 He Hhoiil't g>.t some in/orniatio 
 iMudle. 
 
 3 Knowledge derived from the senses, or from the 
 ojieration of the intelli^etual faculties. 
 
 The active in/ortnatiooM of the intellect. South. 
 
 4. Communication of facts for the pur|iosc of ac- 
 cusation ; a charge oracrusaiion exliibited to a magis- 
 trate or court. An information is the accusation of a 
 common informer, or of a priv;ite person ; the .accu- 
 sation of a grand jury is called an indictment or a prc~ 
 sentmrnt. BlacLstone. 
 IN-FOU.M'A-TIVE, a. Having power to animate. 
 
 More. 
 
 IN-FORM'£I), pp. Told ; instructed ; made acquaint- 
 ed. 
 
 IN-FORM'£D, c Ill-formed ; misshapen. [ Ob.i.] 
 
 ISpenser. 
 
 IN-FOKM'KD STARS. See U.nfobmeu. 
 IIS' rORM'EK, n. One who animates, informs, or gives 
 intelligence. 
 
 2. Our. who communicates to a magistrate a knowl- 
 edge of the violations of law. In a bod sense, one who 
 gains his livelihooil by iiifnrmiiig against others, or 
 who does it from base tir niiworthv motives. 
 IN-FOR'MI-I).\ l!LE, a. [in -.mii' formidailc.] Not 
 formidable ; not to be feared or dreaded. 
 
 Foe not iiiforin'ulttbte. Milton. 
 
 IN-FORM'IXG, ppr. or a. Giving notice or intelli- 
 gence ; teiling. 
 2. Communicating f;icls by way of accusation. 
 Informius oflicrr, is an officer whose duty it is lo 
 inform against persons for breaches of l:iw, as an al- 
 lorney-general, a elierifl", constable, or grand-juror. 
 
 A common informer, is any person who informs 
 against another. 
 IN-FOit.M'I-TV, n. [L. informii.] 
 
 Want of ri guhir f rni ; shapelessncss. Broien. 
 IN-FOR.M'OU.-^, «. [Vt. infornie ; I,, informis.j 
 
 Of no regular form or figure ; shapeless. ( Obs.] 
 Brmen. IV llford. 
 fJV FO'RO C0.V-SC/-/:A*'7'A^, ( kon-she-en'she-e,) 
 
 [L.] Before the tribunal of conscience. 
 IX-FOR'TIJ-NATE, a. [L. infortuntttu.i.] 
 
 Unlucky; unfortunate. [The latter is commonly 
 used.] 
 
 IN-FOll'TII-NATE-LV, adv. Unfortunately. [Jfot 
 
 used.] 
 
 IN-FOR'TtJ.XE, n. Misfortune. [Mt used.] FJyot. 
 IN-FRAC'I"', r. f. [L, infractus, from infringo ; in and 
 franco, to lireak.] 
 
 To break ; to violate. [ This U synaniimous with 
 Infrinok ; If i.s an unneces.iary vord, and liUle used.] 
 IX-FKAC T'EI), pp. Broken. 
 
 IN FRACTION, n. [Fr., from L. infractio. See In- 
 fract.] 
 
 The act of breaking ; breach ; violation ; non- 
 observanre ; as, an infraction of a treaty, compact, 
 agreeiiifiil, or law. Watts. 
 IN FRACT (.)R, II. One that violates an agreement, 
 &e. 
 
 IN-FRa'GRAXT. a. Not fragrant. 
 
 1N-FRA-LA1'S-A'RI-A.\, o. Pertaining to the Infra- 
 lapsarians, or to their doctrine. 
 
 IN FRA LAP.-1-A'RI-AN, n. [L. infra, below, or af- 
 ter, and lapsus, fall.] 
 
 A name given to that cl iss of Calvinists who con- 
 sider the decree of election .as contemplating the apos- 
 tasy as past, and the elect as being in a fallen and 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € us K ; as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 603 
 
INF 
 
 ING 
 
 IN (J 
 
 guuty state. The Suprnhipsariaiut consider this de- 
 cree as contemplating tlie elect as persons to be crea- 
 ted, and to apostatize with the rest of the race, and 
 then to be recovered by divine grace. Tlie former 
 considered the election of grace as a remedy for an 
 existing evil ; the latter regarded it as a part of God's 
 original purpose in regard to men. Murdoch. 
 
 IN-FRA-MU.\'DAXE, a. [L. infra, below, and mun- 
 datiiis, mundus, the world.] 
 Lying or being beneath the world. 
 
 IN-FRAN'GI-BLE, a. [in and frangible.] 
 
 1. Not to be broken or separated into parts ; as, in- 
 frangible atoms. Cheyn^. 
 
 2. Not to be violated. 
 IN-FRA-TER-RI-To'RI-AL, a. Within the territory. 
 
 _ Storif, Sup. Court. 
 
 Unconimonness ; rareness ; the state of rarely oc- 
 curring. Broome. 
 IN-FRK'CiUENT, a. [L. iiifrejuens; in and frcquens, 
 frequent.] 
 
 Rare; uncommon; seldom happening or occuning 
 to notice ; unfreqiient. 
 IN-FRK'aUENT-LY, adv. Not frequentlv. 
 IN-FRIG'ID-ATE, v. t. [h. in and frirridus, cold.] 
 
 To chill ; to make cold. [Little used.} Bov'e. 
 Uf-FRIG-ID-A'TION, n. The act of making cold. 
 
 Tatler. 
 
 IN-FRIN6E', (in-frinj',) v. t. [L. infringe ; in and 
 frango, to break. See Break.] 
 
 1. To break, as contracts ; to violate, either posi- 
 tively by contravention, or negatively by non-fulfill- 
 ment or neglect of performance. .\ prince or a pri- 
 vate person infringes an agreement or covenant, by 
 neglecting to perform its conditions, as well as by 
 doing what is stipulated not to be done. 
 
 2. To break ; to violate ; to transgress ; to neglect 
 to fulfill or obey ; as, to infringe a law. 
 
 3. To destroy or hinder ; as, to infringe efficacy. 
 [Little used.] Hooker. 
 
 This word is very frequently followed by on or up- 
 on : as, to infringe upon one's rights. 
 
 IN-FRIN(5'£1), pp. Droken ; violated ; transgressed. 
 
 IN-FRINGE'. MENT, (in-frinj'ment,) n. Act of viola- 
 ting ; breach ; viol.ation ; non-fullillnient ; as, the in- 
 fringement of a treaty, compact, or other agreement ; 
 the infringement of a law or constitution. 
 
 IN-FRl"N<5'ER, n. One who violates ; a violator. 
 
 IN-FRI.\G'ING, ppr. Breaking ; violatnig ; transgress- 
 ing ; failing to observe or fulfill. 
 
 IN-FRU'GAL, a. Not frugal ; prodiial. 
 
 IN-FRU-6IF'ER-OUS, a. Not bearing fruit. 
 
 IN FLT-CaTE, v. t [L. infuco ; in and fuco, to paint.] 
 To stain ; to paint ; to daub. 
 
 ZN-FU.M'J;D, a. [L. infumtUas.] 
 Dried in smoke. 
 
 IN-FUN-DIB'i;-LAR, a. Having the form of a tun- 
 nel. Kirbu. 
 
 IN-FUN-DIB'TJ-LI-FORM, a. [L. infundibulum, a fun- 
 nel, and form.] 
 
 In botany, having the shape of a funnel, as the Cor- 
 el of a rtower ; nionopetalous, having an mversely 
 conical border rising from a tube. Martyn. 
 
 IN-FC'RI-ATE, a. [L. in and furiatus, from furia, 
 fury.] 
 
 Enraged ; mad ; raging. Milton. Thomson. 
 
 IN-FO'RI-ATE, V. t. To render furious or mad ; to 
 enrage. Decay of Piety. 
 
 IN-FO'RI-A-TED, pp. or a. Rendered furious or mad. 
 
 IN-FO'UI-A-TING, ppr. Rendering furious. 
 
 IN-FUS'CaTE, v. I. [L. infascatus, infusco, to make 
 black ; in and fusco,fuscus, dark.] 
 To darken ; to make black. 
 
 IN-FUS e A'TION, n. The act of darkening or black- 
 ening. 
 
 IN-FOSE', V. t. [Fr. infuxer, from tn/ityu.?, infiindo, 
 to pour in ; in and fando, to pour.] 
 
 1. To pour in, as a li(|uid. 
 
 That •trong Cireeaii liquor cc-ue to infuse. DcnJiam. 
 
 2. To instill, as principles or qualities. 
 
 Why should he dcsin; to have qualities infused into his son, 
 which himself never possessed i aai/l. 
 
 3. To pour in or instill, as into the mind. Infuse 
 into young minds a noble ardor. 
 
 4. To introduce ; a.'s, to infuse Gallicisms into a 
 composition. 
 
 5. To inspire with ; as, to infuse the breast with 
 magnanimity. [JVot usal.j Sliali. 
 
 C. To ster p in liquor wuhout boiling, for the pur- 
 pone of extracting medicinal qualities. 
 
 One scnjplc ot dried leaves is in/used in ten ounces of warm 
 water. Core. 
 
 7. To make an infusion with an ingredient. [JVot 
 lued.] Bacon. 
 IN-FOSE', n. InfUKion. [Oi».] Spenser. 
 IN-FOS'KI), pp. Poured in; instilled; steeped. 
 IN-FOS'EU, n. One who infuses. 
 IN FO SI BII/I TV, n. (from in/i«iMc.] The capa- 
 bility of being infiirted or [Muired in. 
 2. The incapabililv of being fused <ir diBsolvcd. 
 IN-FC'SI-BLE, o. [I'rom the verb.) Thai may be In- 
 
 fused. (Jood principles are infusible into the minds of 
 youth. 
 
 IN-Fu'SI-BLE, a. [in, not, and fusible, from fuse. 
 Not fusible ; incapable of fusion ; that can not be 
 dissolved or melted. 
 
 The best crucibles are made of Limoges earth, which seems ab- 
 sulutely in/usible. Laooisier. 
 
 IN-FDS'ING, ppr. Pouring in ; instilling ; steeping. 
 
 IN-FO'SION, (in-fa'zhun,) n. The act of pouring in 
 or instilling ; instillation ; as, the infusion of good 
 principles into the mind ; the infusion of ardor or 
 zeal. 
 
 2. Suggestion ; whisper. 
 
 His folly aud his wisdom are of his own growtli, not the echo or 
 io/usion of other men. Swi/l. 
 
 3. In pharmacy, the process of steeping in liquor, 
 an operation by which the medicinal qualities of 
 plants may be extracted by a liquor without boiling. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. The liquor in which plants are steeped, and 
 which is impregnated with their virtues or qualities. 
 
 Coxe. 
 
 ^. The art of introducing into the veins medicinal 
 substances by a kind of syringe. 
 IN-FU'SIVE, a. Having the power of infusion. 
 
 Tluimson. 
 
 IN-FU-So'RI-.4, n. pi. [L.] Microscopic animals 
 inhabiting water and liquids of various kinds, and 
 having no organs of motion e.\cept e.\tremely minute 
 hairs, called vibratile cilia:. Dana. 
 
 IN-FU-So'RI-.\L, i a. Pertaining to the infusoria; 
 
 IN-Fu'SO-RV, i composed of or containing infu- 
 soria. 
 
 IN-FO'SO-RY, n. ; pZ. Isfusories. A name given to 
 certain microscopic animals living in water or other 
 liquids, called, also, Infusoria, which see. 
 
 ING, in Saion, signifies a pasture or meadow, Goth. 
 winga. [See English.] 
 
 IN-GAN-Na'TION, n. [It. inaannare, to cheat.] 
 Cheat ; fraud. [J\'o£ used.] 
 
 IN'GaTE, lu [in aud gate.] Entrance; passage in. 
 r 06.O Spenser. 
 
 IN-GATH'ER-ING, n. [in and gathering.] The act 
 or business of collecting and securing the fruits of 
 the earth ; harvest ; as, the feast of ingathering. 
 Er. xxiii. 
 
 IN-GEL'A-BLE, a. [in and gclable.] That can not 
 
 be congealed. 
 IN-GE.M'IN-ATE, o. [L. ingeminatus.'] 
 
 Redoubled. Taylor. 
 IN-GEM'IN-aTE, c. t. [li. ingemino ; in and ^cmino.] 
 
 To double or repeat. Sandys. 
 IN-GEM'IN-a-TED, pp. Doubled. 
 IN-GE.M'IN-A-TING, ppr. Doubling. 
 IN-GEII-IN-a'TION, n. Repetition ; reduplication. 
 
 misall. 
 
 IN-GEN'DER. See Engender. 
 
 IN-GEN-ER-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [Infra.] Incapacity of 
 being engendered. 
 
 IN-GEN'ER-A-BLE, a. [in and generate.] That can 
 not be engendered or proiluced. Boyle. 
 
 IN-GEN'ER-aTE, u. f. [L. ingencro ; in and genero, 
 to generate.] 
 To generate or produce within. Fellows. 
 
 IN-GEN'ER-ATE, a. Goner,ited within ; inborn ; in- 
 nate ; inbred ; as, ingencratc powers of body. 
 
 Wotlon. 
 
 IN-GEN'ER-A-TED, pp. Produced within. 
 
 Noble habits ingenerated in the soul. Jlale. 
 
 IN-GEN'ER-A-TING, ppr. Generating or producing 
 within. 
 
 IN-GeN'IOUS, o. [L. ingeniosus, from inge7iium; in 
 and genius, geno, gigno, to beget, Gr. ytivopai.] 
 
 1. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of invention ; 
 hence, skillful or prompt to invent; having an ajiti- 
 tude to contrive, or to form new combinations of 
 ideas ; as, an ingenious author ; an ingenious me- 
 chanic. 
 
 The more ingenious men arc, the more apt are they to trouble 
 llicmslves. Temple. 
 
 2. Proceeding from genius or ingenuity ; of curious 
 design, structure, or mechanism ; as, an ingenious 
 performance of any kind ; an ingenious scheme or 
 jilan ; an ingenious model or machine ; ingenious fab- 
 ric ; ingenious contrivance. 
 
 3. Witty ; well formed ; well adapted ; as, an in- 
 genious rt^ply. 
 
 4. Mental ; intellcctu.al. [JVof itsei/.] Shali. 
 This word has sometimes been confounded with 
 
 Inoenuoi's. 
 
 IN-GkN'IOUS-LY, ado. With ingenuity ; with readi- 
 ness in contrivance ; with skill. 
 
 IN-GkN'10U.S-NES.S, 71. The quality of being ingen- 
 ious or prompt in invention ; ingenuity ; used of per- 
 sons. 
 
 2. Curioiisncss of design or mechanism ; used of 
 things. 
 
 IN-GEN'ITE, a. [I., ingenitns; in and gcnitus, bom.] 
 Innate ; inborn ; inbred ; native ; ingencrate. 
 
 Soutli. 
 
 IN-GE-NO'I-TY, n. [Fr. ingenuiU.] 
 
 1. The <|uality or power of ready invention ; 
 
 quickness or acuteness in combining ideas, or in 
 forming new combinations ; ingeniousuess ; skill ; 
 used of persons. How many machines for saving 
 labor has the ingenuity of men devised and con- 
 structed ! 
 
 2. Curiousness in design, the effect of ingenuity; 
 as, the ingenuity of a plan or of mechanism. 
 
 3. Openness of heart ; fairness ; candor. 
 
 [This sense of the word was formerly common, 
 and is found in good autlicrs down to the age of 
 Locke, and even later ; but it is now wholly obsolete. 
 In lieu of it, Ingenuol'swess is used.] 
 IN-GEN'lJ-OUS, a. [L. ingenuus.] 
 
 1. Open ; frank ; fair ; candid ; free from reserve, 
 disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation ; itscrf of per- 
 sons or things. We speak of an ingenuous mind ; an 
 ingenuous man ; an ingenuous declaration or con- 
 fession. 
 
 2. Noble ; generous ; as, an ingenuous ardor or 
 zeal; ifi^ennons detest.ition of falsehood. Locke. 
 
 3. Of honorable extraction ; freeboru ; as, ingenu- 
 ous blood or birth. 
 
 IN-GEN'U-OUS-LY, arfp. Openly; fairly; candidly; 
 without reserve or dissimulation. Dryden. 
 
 IN-GEN'lI-OUS-NESS,ji. Openness of heart ; frank- 
 ness ; fairness ; freedom from reserve or dissimula- 
 tion ; as, to confess our faults with ingenuousness. 
 
 2. Fairness ; candidness ; as, the ingenuousness of 
 a confession. 
 
 IN'GE-NY', n. Wit; ingenuity. [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 IN-GEST', V. t. [L. ingestus, from ingcro ; in and 
 gero, to bear.] 
 
 To throw into the stomach. [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 IN-GES'TION, (in-jest'yun,) ji. The act of throwing 
 into the stomach ; as, the ingestion of milk or other 
 food. Harvey. 
 
 IN"GLE, (ing'gl,) n. [(in. L. ignicidus, ignis.] 
 
 1. Flame ; blaze. [.Vo£ in xise.] Ray. 
 
 2. In Scottish, a fire, or fireplace. Bums. 
 
 3. A term of endearment ; a darling ; a paramour, 
 r Obs.] Toone. 
 
 IN-GLo'RI-OUS, a. [L. ingloriiu^ ; in and gloria.] 
 
 1. Not glorious; not bringing honor or glor>' ; not 
 accompanied with fame or celebrity ; as, an inglori- 
 ous life of ease. 
 
 2. Shameful ; disgraceful. He charged his troops 
 with inglorious flight. 
 
 IN-GLo'RI-OUS-LY, adv. With want of gloiy ; dis- 
 honorably ; with shame. 
 
 IN-GLo'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. State of being inglorious, 
 or without celebrity. 
 
 IN'GOT, n. [Fr. lingot. Uu. L. lingua.] 
 
 A mass or wedge of gold, silver, or other metal, 
 cast in a mold ; a mass of unwrought metal. HcbcrL 
 
 IN-GRAFT', V. L [in and gruff. The original word 
 is ingraffox graff, but it is corrupted beyond recov- 
 erj'.] 
 
 1. To insert a cion of one tree or plant into another 
 for propagation ; as, to ingraft the cion of an apple- 
 tree on a jiear-tree, as its stock ; to ingraft a peach 
 on a plum. 
 
 2. To propagate by incision. May. 
 
 3. To plant or introduce something foreign into 
 that which is native, for the purpose of propagation. 
 
 This fellow would ingraft a foreign luvne 
 
 Upon our stock. Dryden. 
 
 4. To set or fis. deep and firm. 
 
 Ingrafted love he bears to Cesar. SliaJe. 
 
 IN-GRXFT'ED, pp. or a. Inserted into a stock for 
 growth and propagation ; introduced into a native 
 stock ; set or fixed deep. 
 
 IN-GRXFT'ER, 71. A person who ingralts. 
 
 IN-GRXFT'ING, ppr. Iiiserliug, as cions in stocks ; 
 introducing and inserting on a native stock what is 
 foreign ; fixing deep. 
 
 IN-GRSFT'.MENT, n. The act of ingrafting. 
 2. The thing ingrafted. 
 
 IN'GRaIN or IN-GRaIN', f. «. [in mA grain.] To 
 dye in the grain, or before nianulactiire. 
 
 2. To work into the natural texture ; to impreg- 
 nate the whole mtitter or substance. Rich. Diet. 
 
 IN'GRa1N-£D or IN-GK.^IN'KD, pp. ax a. Dyed in 
 the grain or in the raw material ; as, ingrained car- 
 pets. 
 
 2. Wrought into the natural texture ; thoroughly 
 impregnated. 
 
 IN'GKaIN-ING or IN-GRAIN'ING, ppr. Dyeing in 
 the raw material. 
 
 2. Working into the texture ; thoroiiglily impreg- 
 nating. 
 
 IN-GR.-VP'PL£D, n. Grappled; seized ou ; entwined. 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 IN'GRaTE, la. [L. ingralus ; in and grutus I 
 
 IN-GRATE'F}JL, j Fr. mgrat.] 
 
 1. Ungrateful; unthankful; not having feelings of 
 kiiiilnes.i for a favor received. Milton. Pope. 
 
 2. Unpleasiiig to the sense. 
 
 He gives uo ingrate/ut food. Milton, 
 
 IN'GRATE, n. [Fr. ingrat.] 
 
 An ungrateful person. 
 IN-(;RAT1;'FI,11,-1.Y, a,/o. Ungratefully. 
 IN-(;UATE'FijL-.\ESS, «. Ungratefulness. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fi^LL, WH^T. — METE, PBBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 604 
 
INH 
 
 INII 
 
 INII 
 
 Dnjcten. 
 [See also 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 preg- 
 
 rN-GRS'T[ATi;, (in-gra'shute,) i>. L [It. iii»To:ia- 
 itansi ; li. tn aiiil i^rulin^ fiivur. ] 
 
 1. To coimiiicikI oiiti's self to rtiiutlier's good will, 
 confidi'iice, or kiiiilDcss. It is uhvnj'.s used as u re- 
 ciprocal vfrl), and followed by ici(A, before the poison 
 whose favor is sought. Ministers and courtiers in- 
 UruiiaU themselves with their sovereign. Dema- 
 gogues iitfrratiutc themselves vjith the populace. 
 2 'J"o recunimcnd ; to render easy ; used of things. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 IN-GRa'TIa-TED, pp. Commended one's self to an- 
 other's favor. 
 
 IN-GKA'TIA-TING, ppr. Commending one's self to 
 
 llie favor of another. 
 IN-GRa'TIA-TIN«, n. The act of commending one's 
 
 self to another's favor. 
 IN-CRAT'I-TIJUK, n. [Fr. j in and irratitudc.] 
 
 1. Want of gratitude or sentiments of kindness 
 for favors received ; iuscnsibility to favors, and want 
 of a dispusitiim to repay them ; unthankfulness. No 
 man will own himself guilty of ingratitude. 
 
 Itigralitude in i\bliorr«tl l>y liod and man. L'Estrajtge. 
 
 2. Retribution of evil for good. 
 Nor wiis it witli ingrnltlude returned, 
 
 IN-GRaVE' ». fc To bury. [JSI^t uscrf.] 
 
 Enokave.J 
 IN-GRAV'I-DaTE, v. t. [L. gravidas.] 
 
 To impregnate. 
 IN-GR.\V'l-I)A-TRn, pp. Impregnated. 
 I.N-(;R.\V'I-I)a-T1NG, ppr. impregnating. 
 1N-(;R.\V-I-Ua'T10N, h. The state of bein; 
 
 nant. 
 
 IN-GKEaT', v. t. To make great. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Fotlierhij. 
 
 IN-GUf.'DI-ENT, n. [Fr., from L. inirredicns, enter- 
 ing into ; inirredittr ; in and gradior. See Grade.] 
 
 That which entors into a compound, or is a com- 
 ponent part of any compound or mixture. It is par- 
 ticularly applied to the simples in medicinal compo- 
 sitions, but admits of a very general application. 
 We say, an ointment or a decoction is composed of 
 certain ingredients ; and Adilison wondered that 
 learning was not thought a jiroper ingredient in the 
 education of a woman of quality or fortune. 
 
 IN'GRESS, n. [L. ingressnSy ingrediur, supra.] 
 
 1. Entrance ; as, the ingress of air into the lungs. 
 It is particularly applied to the entrance of the moon 
 into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun's 
 entrance into a sign, &c. 
 
 2. Power of entrance ; means of entering. All 
 ingress was prohibited. 
 
 IN-(iRES'S!ON, (-grcsh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. ingres- 
 
 A'i'tf, ingredior.] 
 The act of entering ; entrance. Digby. 
 I.\"GUIN-AL, (ing'g\vin-al,) 0. [from L. inifuc/i, the 
 
 groin.] 
 
 Pertaining to the groin ; as, an inguinal tumor. 
 
 IN-GULF', r. «. [in and gulf.] To swallow np in a 
 vast deep, gulf, or whirlpool. J>Iillon. 
 2. To cast into a golf. Ilayieard. 
 
 IN-GULF'£D, (in-gulfl',) pp. Swallowed up in a 
 gulf or vast deep ; cist into a gulf. 
 
 IN-GULF'I.NG, ppr. Swallowing up in a gulf, whirl- 
 pool, or vast tlecp. 
 
 IN-GULF'-MENT, n, A swallowing up in a gulf or 
 abvss. 
 
 I.\'-GUR'GI-TaTE, v. U [L. ingurgito ; in and gur- 
 ges, a gulf.) 
 
 To swallow greedily or in great quantity. Diet. 
 IN-GITR'GI-TaTE, v. i. To drink largely ; to swill. 
 IN-(;1!R'GI-Ta-TE1), pp. Sw.illowcd gfeedilv. 
 I.\-GI R-GI-Ta'TIO.\, «. The act of swallowing 
 
 grcedilv, or 'n great quantity. Dariciiu 
 IN-GL'.-<i"A-IlLE, a. [ 1,. in and gusto, to taste.] 
 
 That can not be tasted, [l.iltte used.] Brown 
 IN-HAB'II.E, a. [Fr., from L ii 
 lis, apt, tit.] 
 
 1. iN'ot apt or fit; unfit; not convenient; as, in- 
 habile matter. Eneyc. 
 
 2. Unskilled ; unready ; unqualified ; used of per- 
 sons. [Little used.] [See Unable.] 
 
 IN-IIA-BIL'I-TY, n. [from inhabtlr.] Unaptness ; 
 unlitne.ss ; want of skill. [LitlU used.] [Sec I.na- 
 
 BILITV.] 
 
 I.N-llAIi'lT, 
 dwell.] 
 
 To live or dwell in ; to occupy .is a place of settled 
 residence. Wilil beasts inhabit the forest ; fishes in- 
 habit the ocean, lakes, and rivers ; men inhabit cities 
 and houses. 
 
 IN-IIAB'IT, r. i. To dwell ; to live ; to abide. 
 
 Ttiey Kij wild tKuu in^aiJit here. Wnller. 
 
 IN-llAB'IT-.\-nLE, o. [from inhabit.] Habitable ; 
 that may be inhabited ; capable of atUirding habita- 
 tion to animals. The stars may be inhabitable 
 worlds. Some regions of the earth are not inhabiia- 
 hlt, by reason of cold or sterility. A building may 
 be too old and decayed to be inhabitable. 
 
 2. Not habitable. [Pt. inhabilalde ; Uinhabitabilis.] 
 [A-ot in use.] shak. 
 
 [Fr., from L. inJiobilis; in and habi- 
 
 L [L. inhabito ; in and habito, to 
 
 IN-IIAB'IT-ANCE, n. Uesidciice of dwellers. [Lit- 
 tle useil.] Carew. 
 
 IN-IIAII'IT-AN-CY, n. Residence ; habiUmcy ; per- 
 manent or legal residence in a town, city, or parish ; 
 or tin: domiciliation which the law ruipiires to entitle 
 a pauper to demand support from the town, city, or 
 parish in which he lives, other\\^sc called a legal 
 settlement, which subjects a town to support a per- 
 son, if a pauper. Laws of jMas.i. Blaehstonc. 
 
 IN-HAH'Ti'-ANT, n. A dweller ; mie who dwells or 
 resides permanently in a place, or who has a fixed 
 residence, as distinguished from an occasional lodger 
 or visitor ; as, the inhabitant of a house or cottage ; 
 the inhabitants of a town, cily, county, or state. So 
 brute animals are inhabitants of the regions to which 
 their natures are adapted ; and wc speak of spiritual 
 beings as inhabitants of heaven. 
 
 2. One who has a legal seltlcment in a town, city, 
 or parish. 'J'he eiiiiilitiiiiis or (lualilications which 
 constitute a pi-rson an tuhaliitant til' a town or par- 
 ish, so as to subject the town or pttrish to support 
 him, if a pauper, are dclined by the statutes of diU'cr- 
 ent governments or states. 
 
 IN-HAB IT-A'TION, n. The act of inhabiting, or 
 state of being inlialiiteil. Ilaligh. 
 
 2. Aboile ; place of ilwelling. JliUuu. 
 
 3, Population ; whole nniss of inhabitants. 
 [This ward Li little use4.] [Broien. 
 
 IN-IIAH'IT-A-TIVE-NES.S, n. In phrntotogy, an or- 
 gan which produces the desire of iiermanence in 
 place or abode. Brandc. 
 
 IN-H Ali'lT-EL), pp. or a. Occupied by inhabitants, 
 human or irrational. 
 
 IN-il Alt'lT-ER, 71. One who inhabits ; a dweller; an 
 inhabitant. Derham. 
 
 IN-11 A1!'IT-ING, jipr. Dwelling in; occupying as a 
 setlh'd or permanent inhabilant ; residing in. 
 
 IN-llAB'IT-KESS, n. A female inliahitaMl. 
 
 Hp. liichardson. 
 
 IN-IIA-I.A'TIO.V, n. The a<!t of inhaling. 
 
 1N-1IaLE', i: t. [I,, inhalo ; in and halo, to breathe.] 
 'i'o draw into the lungs; to inspire; us, to inlude 
 air; opposed to Exhale untl ExnitE. 
 
 Martin was w.-vlkinj forth to inhale the fp'sli hreeze of the 
 evening. Arbulhnot and Poj)€. 
 
 IN-IlAlj'/cn, pp. Drawn into the lungs. 
 
 IN-IIaL'EU, n. One who inhales. 
 
 2. In medicine, an apparatus for breathing or draw- 
 ing warm steam or some aiiriform substance into the 
 lungs, as a remedy for coughs and catarrhal com- 
 plaints. Dangltson. 
 
 IN-HaL'ING, ppr. Drawing into the lungs; breath- 
 ing. 
 
 IN-HXU-iMON'lG, ) a. Unharinonious ; discord- 
 IN-llAlt-.MON'ie-AT., ( ant. 
 
 1.\-HaR-.Mo'NI-OUS, «. [in and AnrmoKioi/.'!.] Not 
 
 harmonious ; unmusical ; discordant. Broome. 
 IN-IIAU-.Mo'NI-OUS-LY, adr. Without harmony; 
 
 disciinlaiUly. 
 l.N'-IlAll'.MO-.NY, 71. Want of harmony ; discord. 
 IN-IIF.1.1)', pp. Contained in itself. 
 IN-lll'".RE', i'.^. [1.. inhirreo; in and hcrreo, to hang.] 
 To exist or he fixiMl in something else ; as, colors 
 
 inhere ill cloth ; a dart inheres in the flesh. 
 IN-IIkR'E.\'CE, I n. Existence in something ; a 
 IN-lIlcll'E.\-CY, i fixed state of being in another 
 
 body or substance. 
 IN-11 kR'E.N'I", a. Existing in something else, so as 
 
 to be insepara'ike from it. 
 
 Inherent iKueiicss. Shak. 
 2. Innate ; naturally pertaining to ; as, the inherent 
 
 qualities of the magnet ; the inherent riglit of men to 
 
 life, liberty, and protection. 
 I.\-I1kR'E.\T-LY, aih: By inherence. Bentley. 
 1.\-1IkR'ING, ppr. Existing or fixed in something 
 
 else, 
 
 IN-HER'IT, r. f. [Sp. heredar; Port, herdar ; It. irrc- 
 darc ; Fr. heriter ; frcun L, htcres, an heir. See Ilein.] 
 
 1. To take by descent from an ancestor ; to take 
 by succession, as the representative of the former 
 possessor; to receive, as a right or title d(!scendible 
 by l;iw from an ancestor at his decease. The heir 
 inherits the lands or real estate of his father ; the 
 eldest son of the nobleman inheriLt his tattler's title, 
 anil the eldest son of a king inherits the crown. 
 
 2. 'I'o receive by n:iliire from a progenitor. The 
 son inherits the virtues of his father ; the daughter 
 inherits the temper of her mother, and children often 
 inherit the constitutional infirmities of their parents. 
 
 3. To possess ; as, the world tiiid all it doth inherit : 
 to inherit a thouglit of ill concerning some one. 
 [0*«.l Shah. 
 
 4. 'I'o enjoy ; to take as a possession, by gift or 
 divine appropriation ; as, to inherit everlasting life ; 
 to inherit the promises. 
 
 Tli.1t thou mayrrt live, atHi inArrit the land which Jetiovvh thy 
 tiwl pivi lli Iti'v. — l)eut. xvi. 
 
 Th"* inc-li thidl inAerit the cnrth M.itL r, 
 
 IN-IIER'IT, V. L To take or have possession or prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Thou •hilt not inherit in our father** houM, — Judge* xi, 
 I.VIIER-IT-A-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being in- 
 heritable or tiescendibic to heirs. Jefferson. 
 
 IN HER'IT-A-1!LE, a. 'i luit may be inherited ; 
 transmissible or tiescenilible from the ancestor to 
 the heir by course of law ; as, an inheritable estate 
 or title. 
 
 2, That may be transmilled from the parent to the 
 child ; as, inheritable ipialilies or infirmities. 
 
 3. Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiv- 
 ing by descent. 
 
 By ntuiridcr — tlie hIno<I of the jv-rton ntudnted b no corrupted 
 as tu Ijo fvndert'd no loiifpr inlteritable. BtaeliBlone. 
 
 IN-IIER'lT-A-BI.Y, aelr. By inheritance. Sherwood. 
 
 IN-IIF.R'IT-A.VCE, n. An estate derived from an an- 
 cestor to an heir by succession or ill course t>f 
 law ; or an estate which the law casts tm a chilli or 
 other person, as the representative of the deceased 
 ancestor. 
 
 2, The reception of an estate by hereditary right, 
 or the descent by which an estate t>r title is cast on 
 the heir ; as, the heir received the estate by inherit- 
 ance, 
 
 3, The estate or possession which may descend to 
 an heir, though it has not descended. 
 
 And Itucln'I I,e;di answered and Mid, Ii tliere yet any p<»r- 
 tiMu or itihentetnce for un in our ilither'i tinu»e I — Gen, XKxi, 
 
 4, An estate given or possessed by donation or di- 
 vine ajtpropriation. J^uin. xxvi. 
 
 5, Tliat wliicli is possessed or enjoyed ; possession. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 A*l( of me, and I will rive thee the heathen for thine inlieritana. 
 ~ fa. ii. 
 
 IN-HER'IT-ED, pp. or a. Received by descent from 
 an ancestor ; possesseil. 
 
 IN-HEll'IT-I.\(;, ppr. Taking by succession or right 
 of reprtjsentatioii ; receiving from ancestors ; pos- 
 sessing. 
 
 I\-IlER'IT-OR, n. An heir; one who inherits or 
 may inherit. 
 
 I.N-llER'rr KKSS, ) n. .\n heiress,; a female wlio 
 
 I.N-llKR'lT lilX, j inhirits, or is entitled to in- 
 lieril, after the dt;ath of her ancestor. 
 
 I.X IlEK.Si;', K. f. [in and Acr.«f.] To inclose in a fu- 
 neral iiKinument. Sliak. 
 
 IN-III'.'SIO.\, (in-he'zhun,! 71. [I,, inlutsio, inha^ea.] 
 Inherence ; the state of existing or being fixed in 
 something. 
 
 IN-III-A'TION, 71. [L. inhialio.l 
 
 A gaping after ; eager ilesire. [J\'"o( vjed.] 
 
 IN-Illlt'lT, f. [ Fr. iii/ii/;(r ; 1,. inhibeo ; in and Aa- 
 beo, to hold, properly to rush or drive.] 
 
 1. To restrain ; to hinder ; to check or repress. 
 'I'hcir motions also are excited or inhittited — by the obJ<^ctj 
 
 wiUiout tlicin. Bentley. 
 
 2. To forbid ; to prohibit; to interdict. 
 
 All men were infiiliiled by prDChunation at the di^wolnlion to 
 much ns to mention a parliament. Clarendon. 
 
 IN-niB'IT-ED, pp. Restrained ; forbid. 
 IN-lllU'IT-ING, ppr. Restraining; repressing; pro- 
 hibiting. 
 
 IN III-BI"TION, ( bish'un,) 71. [Fr., from L. inhi- 
 bits.] 
 
 1. Prohibition ; restraint ; emb.argo. 
 
 2. In law, a writ to fi>rbid or inhibit a judge from 
 farther proceedings in a cau.se deiiending before him ; 
 commonly, n writ issuing from a higher ecclesiastical 
 court to an inferior oiii', on appeal. Cowtl. 
 
 IX-IlIjriT-O-UY, a. Prohilutory. Soulhey. 
 IN-IIOIjD', v. t. : pert, anil pp. I.nheld. [in and *«/</,] 
 To have inherent; to contain in itself, [Little 
 
 7<,s-frf,] Ralegh. 
 I.\'-116LD'ER, n. An inhabitant. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 IN-IIOOP', V. t. [ta and hoop.] To conline or incltisc 
 
 in any plane. Sliak. 
 I.\-IIOOP'KD, (in-lioijpt',) pp. Confined or inclosed. 
 I.\-Il6s'PI-T.\-BLE, 0. [i« and hospitable.] 
 
 1. Not hospitable ; not dispitsed to entertain stran- 
 gers gratuitously ; declining to entert'iin guests, or 
 entertaining them with relustancc ; as, an inhospitii- 
 blc person or people. 
 
 2. AH'ordiiig no conveniences, subsistence, or shel- 
 ter to strangers ; as, inlwspitable deserts or roeks. 
 
 .Milton. Drvden. 
 IN-IIOS'P(-TA-Bl,E-\ESS, ( n. Want of hospitality 
 IN-HOS-PI T.VI.'I-TY, i or kindness to stran- 
 gers ; refusal or unwillingness <o eiiti rtaiii guests or 
 strangers >yitlii>ut reward. Chesterfield, 
 IX-llOS'PI-T.\-liLY, adv. Unkindly to strangers. 
 
 J\lillaa. 
 
 IN-IIO'M AN, a. [Fr. inhumain: L. inhumanas ; in 
 and hnmanns, liuiiiaiie.J 
 
 1. Deslilute of the kindness and tendernes.'* that 
 bclont; to a human being ; cruel; barbarous; .savage; 
 uiifeelint! ; ils, an inhuman pi-rsoii or |H:ople. 
 
 2. .Marked willi cruelty ; as, an inhuman act. 
 I.N-IIU-.MAN'I-TY, n. [Fr. inhnmanile.] 
 
 1. Cruelty in disposition ; savagcncss of heart ; 
 used of persons. 
 
 2. Cnielly in act ; liarbarity ; used of actions. 
 IN-HC''.M.\.N'-LY, adv. With cruelty ; barbarously. 
 
 Sici/L 
 
 IN-HO'.MATE, r. (. To inhume, which see. 
 I.\-HU-.MA'TIO.\, II. The act of burying; inter- 
 ment. 
 
 TONE, BULL, I.INITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 76' 
 
 \ Y • 
 
 G05 
 
INI 
 
 IN-HO.ME', r. i. [Fr. inliumcr; L. inhumo, humo, to 
 bun.'.] 
 
 To bury ; to inter ; to deposit in the eartli, as a 
 (lend Imdy. 
 
 rX-IIuM'A'n, y>y>. Buried ; interrtd. 
 
 IN-llOM'IXC, W""- riiiryins; iiitcrrin!;. 
 
 IA'-I.\l-Aii'IN-A-IiLE, «. Unimaginable; inconceiva- 
 ble. Pcargon. 
 
 IN-I.M'IG-AL, a, [L. inhnicus ; in and aiiiicuSy a 
 friend.] 
 
 1. Unfriendly; liavin? tlie disposition or temper of 
 an enemy ; applied to private enmity, as hostile is to 
 public. 
 
 2. Adverse ; Imrtful ; repugnant. 
 
 Sivaje riokiices ijwnical to coiomerce. Ward. 
 
 IN-IMTe AL-LV, adr. In an nnfriendlv manner. 
 
 IN-I.M-I-TA-BIL'I-TV, n. [from inimitable.] The 
 quality of bein<; incapable of imitation. JVon-is. 
 
 IN-IM'l-TA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. intmitabilis ; in and 
 imitabilis^ from iniitor, to imitate.] 
 
 Tliatcan nut be imitated or copied ; surpassing im- 
 it.ntion ; as, inimilablc beauty or excellence ; an inim- 
 itablc description ; inimitable eloquence. 
 
 [N-I.M'I-T.V-BLY, ailo. In a manner not to be imi- 
 tated ; to a degree beyond imitation. 
 
 Charms such as lliiiic, iTamilahly JTXjal. Brootne, 
 
 IN-ia'UI-TOUS, (in-ik'\ve-tus,) «. [See Iniijuitv.] 
 
 Unjust ; wicked ; as, an iniqnitous bargain ; an in- 
 
 {(jnitons proceeding. 
 [It is applied to things rather than to persons, but 
 
 may be applied to persons.] 
 IN-Ul'Ur-TOUS-LY, oi/o. Unju.stlv ; wickedly. 
 IN-ia'Ul-TV, (in-ik'we-ty,) ii. [Fr. iniquile; L. in- 
 
 iqnitas; in and tequitus^ equity.] 
 
 1. Injustice; nnrighteousness ; a deviation from 
 rectitude ; as, the iniiiuitij of war ; the iniquity ot the 
 slave trade. 
 
 2. Want of rectitude in principle ; as, a malicious 
 prosecution originating in the iniquity of the autlior. 
 
 3. A |)articular deviation from rectitude ; a sin or 
 crime ; wickedness ; any act of injustice. 
 
 Yuur initjuiiies liave s>^p,u-atccl betw(;cn you aiiU your GoJ. — 
 Is. lix. 
 
 4. Original want of holiness, or depravity. 
 
 1 \v;i5 shajK'n in invjuily. — Ps. Ii, 
 
 I\-I'aUOUS, a. Unjust. [M,t a.ial.] 
 
 L\-IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TV, «. [i/iand irrilahility ] The 
 quality of being inirrilable, or not suscej>tibk' of con- 
 traction bv excitement. Darwin. 
 
 IN-lR'RI-TA-Iil,E, a. [in and irritable.] Not irrita- 
 ble ; not susceptible of irritation, or contraction by 
 excitement. Darwin. 
 
 IN-IR'RI-TA-TIVE, a. Not accompanied with ex- 
 citement ; as, an Inirritative fever. Darwin. 
 
 IN-ISLE', (in-ile',) v. t. [in and vslc] To surround ; 
 to encircle. [J^at in iL-ic.] Drayton. 
 
 IN-["TIAL, (in-isli'al,) a. [Fr.,from L. initialis, ini- 
 tium, beginning.] 
 
 1. Beginning; placed at the beginning; as, the 
 initial letters of a name. 
 
 2. Beginning ; incipient ; as, the initial symptoms 
 of a disease. 
 
 IN-I"TIAE, 77. The first letter of a name. 
 IN-1"TIAL^LY, ado. In an incipient degree. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 IN-I"TI ATE, (in-ish'ate,) v. t. [Low L. initio, to en- 
 ter or begin, from initam, ineo, to enter; in and eo, 
 to go.] 
 
 1. To instruct in rudiments or principles ; or to in- 
 troduce into any society or sect by instructing the 
 candidate in its principles or ceremonies ; as, to i»- 
 itiate a person into the my.steries of Ceres. 
 
 2. To introduce into a new state or society ; as, to 
 initiate one into a club. .^ildison. 
 
 3. 'I'o instruct ; to acquaint with ; as, to initiate 
 one in the higher branches of mathematics. 
 
 4. 'I'o begin upon. Clarendon. 
 IN-I"TI aTE, v. i. To do the first act ; to perform the 
 
 first rite. Pojie. 
 IN-i"'l'IATE, (in-ish'ate,) a. Unpracticed. Shale. 
 2. Begun ; commenced. A tenant by the courtesy 
 initlaU, becomes su by the birth (jf a child, but his 
 estate is not consummate till the death of the wife. 
 
 Blackittone. ' 
 
 IN-I"TIATE, n. One who is initiated. J. Barlow. 
 
 IN-1"TIA-TKD, pp. or a. Instructed in the first prin- 
 ciples; entered ; received into u society or sect by 
 the proper ceremonies. 
 
 IN-I"TIA-TING, p;»r. Introducing by instruction,- or 
 hy appropriate ceremonies. J. M. Mason. 
 
 IN-I"TI-A'TION, (in-ish-e-a'sliim,) 77. [L. 77ii((u(io.] 
 
 1. The act or process of introducirjg one into a new 
 society, by ini4lructing him in its pnnciples, rules, or 
 cercniiinies ; an, to inUialc a person into a Christian 
 community. 
 
 2. The net or procrsx of making one acquainted 
 with principles before unknown. 
 
 3. AdniiHiion by application of ceremonies or use 
 nfsymbolii ; ns, to inilmtr. one into the visible church 
 by bapti.xin. llammomL 
 
 1N-I"TI A-TIVE, a. Herving to initiate. 
 
 IN-I"TI A TI VE, 7t. An introductory step or move- 
 
 INJ 
 
 ment. The term is applied especially to the action 
 of legislative bodies ; as when one of two houses has 
 the right to orig^inate any measure, it is said to have 
 the initiatioe. Such is the right of the house of 
 commons in respect to money bills. Brandc. 
 IN-I"TIA-TO-RY, (in-ish'a-to-ry,) a. Introductoiy ; 
 as, an initiatory step. 
 
 2. Initialing or serving to initiate ; introducing by 
 instruction, or by the use and application of synibols 
 or ceremonies. 
 
 Two i7ii/inlory rites of llie same general import can not exist 
 lojjoiher. J. M. Mason. 
 
 IX-I"TIA-TO-KY, 77. [supra.] Introductory rite. 
 
 L. AddUon. 
 
 IN-I"TION, (in-ish'un,)n. A beginning. [Obsolete,] 
 
 J\liuntun. 
 
 IN-JECT', V. L [L. injectus, injiclu ,• 7'7i and jacio, to 
 throw.] 
 
 1. To throw in ; to dart in ; as, to inject any thing 
 into the mouth or stomach. 
 
 2. To cast or throw on. 
 
 And iiloumi Inject on niourut. Pope. 
 
 IN-JECT'ED, pp. or a. Thrown in or on. 
 I.\-JE€T'IN(;, ppr. Tlirowing in or on. 
 IN-JEC'TION, (in-jek'shun,) ti [Fr., from L. injectio.] 
 
 1. The act of throwing in ; applied particularly to 
 the forcible throwing in of a liquid or aeriform body, 
 by means of a syringe, pump, (fcc. 
 
 9. A li<piid medicine thrown into the body by a 
 syringe or pipe ; a clyster. 
 
 3. In anatomy, the act of filling the vessels of an 
 animal body with some colored substance, in order 
 to render visible their figures and ramifications. 
 
 IN-JOIN'. gee Enjoin. 
 
 IN-J U eUND' I-T Y, 77. [L. injacunilitas.} 
 
 Unpleasantness ; disagreeableness. [Little used.] 
 IN-JO'l)l-CA-IiLE, a. Not cognizable by a judge. 
 
 [Lillle n-rd.] 
 
 IN-.IU DT'CIAE, (-ju-dish'al,) a. Not according to 
 til ' forms of law. Diet. 
 
 IN-JU-U1"C10US, (-ju-dish us,) a. [in and jurfiVioii--.] 
 Not judicious ; void of judgment ; acting witliout 
 jutlgment ; unwise; as, an itijndieious person. 
 
 2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion ; 
 nn«'ise ; as, an injudicious measure. 
 
 IN-JU-DI"CI0US-LY, nrfo. Without judgment ; un- 
 wisely. 
 
 IN-JU-Dr'ClOUS-NESS, ji. The quality of being 
 injudicious or unwise. IVkltlock. 
 
 IN-J UNCTION, 77. [L. injunctio, from injungo, to 
 enjoin ; 177 and jun<ra, to join.] 
 
 1. A command ; order ; preci^pt ; tiie direction of 
 a superior vested with autliority. 
 
 For slill tliey knew, and on^lit to have slill remembered 
 The high injunction, not to lastc Uial fruit. Milton. 
 
 2. Urgent advice or exhortation of persons not 
 vested with absolute authority to command. 
 
 3. In law, a. writ ororiler of theCoui't of Chancery, 
 directed to an inlerior cotirl, or to parties anil tfieir 
 counsel, directing them to stay jiroceeiliiigs, or to <lo 
 some act, as to put the itlaintilf in possession for 
 want of the defendant's appearance, to stay waste 
 or other injury, &.c. When tlie reason for granting 
 an injunction ceases, the injunction is dissolved. 
 
 Blackstonc, 
 
 IN'JURE, tJ. f. [Fr. 777ji7rr, i7ijuri7!r; L. i77ju7-i«, injury ; 
 Sp. 77i/77ri77r ; It. t'77irii7r7arc. See I.vjunv.] 
 
 1. To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair 
 soundness, as of health. 
 
 2. To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or 
 estate. 
 
 3. To slander, tarnisli, or impair, as reputation or 
 character. 
 
 4. To impair or diminish ; to annoy; as happiness. 
 f>. To give pain to; to grieve; as sensi'ulity or 
 
 feelings. 
 
 fi. To impair, as the intidlect or mind. 
 
 7. To hurt or weaken ; as, to injure a good cause. 
 
 8. To impair ; to violate ; as, to injure rights. 
 
 9. To make worse ; as, great rains i«j«7'c the roads. 
 
 10. In general, to wrong the person, to damage the 
 properly, or to lessen the happiness of ourselves or 
 others. \ man injures his person by wounds, his 
 estate by negligence or extravaganct!, and his hap- 
 piness by vices. He injures his neighbttr by violence 
 to his ])rTsuii, by fraud, by calumny, and by non-l'ul- 
 filliuent of his contracts. 
 
 IN'J(j'll-7.'l), pii. or a. Hurt; wounded; damaged; 
 
 impairi'il ; weakened ; made worse. 
 IN'JUR-EK, 71. One who injures or wrongs. 
 IN'JUR-I.NG, ;7/ir. Hurting; damaging; impairing; 
 
 weakening ; rendering worst;. 
 IN-JO'RI OUS. a. [E. tnjurlu.i; Fr. 1 77jHnV7i r. ] 
 
 1. Wroiigriil ; unjust; hiirtfiil to the riglits of 
 another. Tliat which impairs rights or prevents 
 the enjoyment of tlieiu, is injurious. 
 
 2. Hurlful to the iierson or health. Violence is 
 injurious to the jii^rson, as intcm]ierance is to the 
 health. 
 
 3. Afl"i:cting with dainngo or loss. Indolence is 
 injurioiLH to prtjperly. 
 
 INL 
 
 4. IMischievoiis ; hurtful; as, the injurious conse- 
 quences of sin or fully. 
 
 5. Lessening or tarnishing reputation. The very 
 suspicion of cowardice is i7iju7iuiu' to a soldier's 
 character. 
 
 0. Detractory ; contumelious ; hurting reputation ; 
 as, obscure hints, as well as open detraction, are 
 sometimes injurious to reputation. 
 
 7. In general, whatever gives pain to the body or 
 mind, whatever impairs or destroys projierty or rights, 
 n liatever taruisht s reputation, whatever disturbs 
 hapjiiness, whati'ver retards |)rosperity or defeats the 
 success of a good cause, is deemed injurious, 
 
 IN-Ju'RI-OUS-LV, (7(/c. Wrongfully ; hurtfully ; with 
 injustice ; mischievously. 
 
 IN-JO'RI-OL'S-XESS, 71. The quality of being inju- 
 rious or hurtful ; injury. 
 
 IN'JU-RY, 71. [h. injuria; 171 and jus, jiirw, right ; Fr. 
 injure ; It. iuiriuria ; Sp. 7 77ji7r7a.] 
 
 1. In trenernl, any wrong or damage done to a 
 man's person, rights, reputatiim, or goods. That 
 which impairs the soundness of the body or health, 
 or iives pain, is an injury. That which impairs the 
 mental faculties is an injury. These injuries may be 
 received by a fall or by other violence. Trespass, 
 fraud, and non-fulfillment of covenants and contracts 
 are injuries to rights. Slander is an injury to reputa- 
 tion, and so are cowardice and vice. Whatever im- 
 pairs the quality or diminishes the value of goods or 
 property, is an injury. We may receive injury by 
 iiiisfortnnc .as well as by injustice. 
 
 2. Mischief; detriment. 
 
 Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling on Irining 
 argiMuenls. Watts. 
 
 3. Any diminution of that which is good, valuable, 
 or advantageous. 
 
 L\-JU.S'TICE, 71. [Fr., from L. injiustitia; in and jus- 
 titia, justice.] 
 
 1. Iniquity ; wrong ; any violation of another's 
 rights, as fraud in contracts, or the withholding of 
 what is due. It has a particular reference to an 
 unequal ili-tnlmtion of rights, property, or privileges 
 among persons who have equal claims. 
 
 2. The withholding tVom another merited praise, 
 or ascribing to him unmerited blame. 
 
 INK, 77. [U. i77/,(.- Fr. enere. tiu. It. i7ic/iiWro, from 
 incliludere, L. inelndo.] 
 
 1. A black liquor or substance used for writing, 
 generally made of an infusion of galls, copperas, 
 and gum-arabic. 
 
 2. .\ny liquor used for writing or forming letters, 
 as red iiiA', &.C. 
 
 3. .\ pigment. 
 
 Printing' ink is made by boiling linseed oil, and 
 burning it for a short lime, and mixing it with lamp- 
 black, with an addition of soap and resin. 
 
 Ink for the rolliug press, is made with linseed oil 
 burnt as above, and mixed with Frankfort black. 
 
 Indian ink, from China, is composed of lamfiblack, 
 and size or animal glue. JVictwlson. 
 
 Sympathetic ink, a liquor used in writing, which 
 exhibits no color or appearance till some other means 
 are used, such as holding it to the fire, or rubbing 
 somelliing over it. Encyc. 
 INK, 7'. To black or daub with ink. 
 l.\K'-IiAG, 71. A bag or sac containing a deep black 
 liijuid ; found in certain animals, as the cuttle-fish. 
 
 i^l7C/i7ll777/. 
 
 INK'RLUR-RKI), n. Blurred or darkened with ink. 
 
 INK'KI), C'ukt,) ;»;7. Covered or daubed with ink. 
 
 INK'IIORN, n. [ill/; and horn; horns being formerly 
 used for holding ink.] A small vessel used to hold 
 ink on a writiug table or desk, or for carrying it 
 about the person. Inkhorns are made of horn, glass, 
 or stone. 
 
 2. A portable case for the instruments of writing. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 INK'IIORN, a. A reproachful epithet, meaning art"ect- 
 ed, pedantic, or pompous. [Obs.] Bale. 
 
 INK'I-NESS, 71. [from <77/,y.J The state or quality 
 of being inky. 
 
 INK'ING, ;i/7r. Covering or daubing with ink. 
 
 INK'LE, (ink'I.) «. A kind of broad linen tape, 
 
 ^ Shak. 
 
 INK'LING, 71. A hint or whisper ; an intimation. 
 
 i^llCOTI. 
 
 2. Inclination ; desire. Grose. 
 
 ['I'his is the proper sense of the word ; it being from 
 incline, inclination.] 
 INK'-.M.\K ER, 71, One whose occupatimi is to make 
 ink. 
 
 L\-K.MT', (in-iiil',) r. t. To knit in. Sonlliey. 
 IN-K.NOT', (in-not',) e. t. [in and knot,] To bind, as 
 
 with a knot. Fuller, 
 INK'ST.\N1), 71. A vessel for bidding ink and writing 
 
 materials. 
 
 INK'-STf).\E, 77. A kind of small, round stime, of .1 
 white, red, gray, yellow, or black color, containing a 
 quantity of nativij vitriol or sulphate of iron, used in 
 making ink. Eiieye, 
 
 INK'Y, n. Consisting of ink ; resembling ink ; black. 
 2. Tarnished or blackeiieil with ink. 
 
 IN-LACnC, I', t, [in and luce.] To embellish with va- 
 riegations. Fletcher, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY, — I'lNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IIQQK.— 
 
 606 ' ~ 
 
INN 
 
 INN 
 
 INO 
 
 IN-1-aC'£D, (-Ust'O pp. Einbtllialied wilh varii-ga- 
 tiiins. 
 
 IN-LAC'ING, ppr, £nil>cllisliin° Willi viiricgationn. 
 
 IN-LA-Ga'TIO.\, ?i. The rostittuion of an outlawed 
 persim to the protection of the law. Bouehr. 
 
 IN'-LAII)', pp. of Im-av, «liich s;v. 
 
 IN'LAND, «. [in and lainl.] Inti rior; remote from 
 tlie sea. Worcester in .Massacliuselts, and Lancas- 
 ter in Pennsylvania, are larjie iitland-Utwus. 
 
 3. Within land ; remote from tho ocean ; as, an in- 
 lanii lake or sea. Spinscr. 
 
 3. Carried on within a conntry ; domestic ; not 
 foreinn ; as, inland trade or transportation ; inland 
 navigation. 
 
 4. (-'onfined to a conntry ; drawn and payable in 
 the same country ; a-s, an inland bill of exchange, 
 distinEiiished from a forrinn bill, wliioli is drawn in 
 one country on a person livini; in another. 
 
 IN'LA.Nl), «. The interior part of a comitiy. 
 
 Stiak. .Vt'.lon. 
 
 I.N'I. WD-ER, n. One who lives in the interior of a 
 country, or at a distance from tlie sea. Brown. 
 
 IN"L.\.NI)-ISII, a. Denoting something inland ; na- 
 tive. [Ohs.] 
 
 I.\-LAr'l-D.\TE, r. U [L. in and lapido, hpLi, a 
 stone.) 
 
 'J'o convert into a stony substance ; to petrify. [Lit- 
 tlr u.<rrl.] Bacon. 
 I.N-LAW', V. I. To clear of outlawry or attainder. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 I.\ T,AW'/:D, pp. Cleared of attainder. 
 
 IN-LXY', r. f. ; jtrrt. and pp. Inlmo. [in and lap.] 
 To diversify cabinet or other work by laying in and 
 fiistenins with jihie or cement, thin slices or leaves 
 of line wimhI, ivory, p: arl, mosaic, &c„ on a cronnd 
 of eoniiihtn wood, • r ei)arser material. 'J'his is used 
 in rnakin^; compartments. Omit. 
 
 IN'LAV, n. .Matter or piecw of wood, ivory, &c., in- 
 laid, or pri'paroil for inlaying. Jfiltun. 
 
 V'KR, II. 'I'lie person who inlays, or whose oc- 
 cupation it is to inlay. 
 
 I.N'-l.AY'l.N'G, ppr. Layins in thin slices of wood, 
 wory, ic, on another surface. 
 
 IN-I..^V'I.\(5, II. 'J'he opi ration of diversifying or or- 
 namenting work with thin pieces of wood, ivory, 
 pearl, cScc, set ill a ground of other wood, or coarser 
 material. 
 
 I.\'LET, n. [in and Irt.] A passase or opening by 
 which an inclosed place may be entered : place of in- 
 cri'ss ; entrance. Thtis, a window is an inh't for 
 light into a house; the senses are the iii^-ts of ideas 
 or perceptions into Ihv. iniiul. 
 
 2. A bay or recess in the shore of the sea, or of a 
 lake or large river, or between isles. 
 
 t.V /./.»/'/ . VK, [L.] At the threshold ; at the begin- 
 ning or outset. 
 
 I.V I.I.<T'. Sec E:hi,i5t. 
 
 I.N'-I.DCK', V. t. To lock or inclose one thing within 
 another. 
 
 I.\-I,orK'KD, (in-lokt',) pp. Locked or inclosed with- 
 in another thing. 
 LV I.n'CO, ( L.] In the place. 
 
 l.N'LY, c. [ill and /i/fc] Inlernid; interior; secret. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IN'I.Y, adv. Internally; within; in the heart; se- 
 cretly ; as, to be inly pleased or grieve-d. 
 
 Mdton. 5/ifrtjrrr. 
 IN'M.ATE, n. [in, or inn, and iiio/r.) A (lerson who 
 bulges or dwells in the same house with another, oc- 
 cupying ditlerent riHims, but using the same door for 
 p:issing in and out of the house. Cftcet, 
 
 2. A bidger; one who lives with a family, but is 
 not otherwise ouinecied with it than as a lodger. 
 IN'.M.A TE, n. Admitted .as a dweller. -ViV/mi. 
 /.V ME'IJl-jiS RE.S, [I..] In the midst of things. 
 I.X'.MoST, n. [in and niii,«f.] Deepest within ; remot- 
 est from the surface or external part. 
 Th- sil'-iil, nlow, coiisDinin? fires. 
 
 Which oil my itirnoft vAnis prey. Addison. 
 1 ji>l into ihL- inrnott Court. Gulliver. 
 
 IW, n. [Sax. inn, probably from the Ileli. and Ch. 
 n:n, to dwell, or to pitch a tent, wlience Ch. ni;n, 
 an inn. Class (in. .No. 19.] 
 
 1. A house for the lodging and entertainment of 
 travelers ; often a tavern where liquors are furnished 
 for travelers and others. 
 
 Thciv wat no r>oin for lh'*in in Ih^ inn. — Lulic ii. 
 
 0. In England, a college of municipal or common 
 law professors and students ; the word inn having 
 formerly been used .as synonymous with lodging- 
 bouse or residence, and also for the town-house of a 
 nobleman, bishop, or other distinguished personage, 
 in which he resided when he attended the court. 
 Hence the terms Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, tec, 
 which were once the residences of tlie noble fam- 
 ilies w hoso names they bear. Toone. 
 
 Inns of court: colleges in which students of law 
 reside and are instnicted. The princiinl are the In- 
 ner Temple, the .Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and 
 Gray's Inn. 
 
 /nii.1 ofchanemi: colleges in which voung students 
 formerly began their law studies, these are now 
 occupied cbiehy by atUirneys, solicitors, tc. Knriic 
 
 IN.\, r. i. To take lip lodging ; to lodue. Donne, 
 
 INN, r. (. To house ; to put under cover. Bacon. 
 
 I.V.V'IIOLD-ER, n. [inn and hold.] A person who 
 keeps an inn or bouse for the entertainment of trav- 
 elers ; also, a t u erner. 
 2. An iiitiabitaiit. [Ofr.*.] Spmser. 
 
 IXN'KEEl'-ER, n. [inn and kn-p.] An iniiliolder. 
 In .America, the iiinkecpi-r is olleii a tavern-keeper 
 or taverner, as wi II as an innkeeper, the iiiii for fur- 
 nishing lodgings and provisions being usually united 
 with the tavern for the s;ile of liipiors. 
 
 IN'.N.\TE or IN-.\.ATE', a. [L. inna^uj, from innas- 
 cor ; in and nascor, to be born.] 
 
 Inborn ; native ; natural. Innate ideas are such as 
 are supposed to he stamped on the mind at the nio- 
 meiit when existence begins. Mr. Locke has taken 
 great pains to prove that no such ideas exist. 
 
 Enctjc. 
 
 IN'X.A-Tr.n, for Innate' i« not used. 
 I.\'.\aTE-LY or I.\-\aTE'LY, ado. Naturally. 
 I.N'NaTE-.NESS or I.\-.\ATE'NESS, n. The quality 
 
 of being innate. 
 irs'-X.\V'I-(; A-llLE, a. [L. innaciffabilis ; in and nae- 
 
 i^abitis. See Navioate.] 
 That can not be navigated ; impassable by ships or 
 
 vessels. Drydrn. 
 IN-.\'A V'I-GA-1!LY, adv. .«o as not to be navigable. 
 IX'.NER, a. [from in.] Inti rior ; farlher inward than 
 
 something I'lse ; as, an inner chamber; the inner 
 
 court of a temple or palace. 
 2. Interior; internal; not outward; as, the inner 
 
 man. Kph. iii. 
 I.\'.\ER-LY, ni.'e. More within. [Ohs.] Barret. 
 I.N'NER-.MoST, a. I'lirtliest inward ; most remote 
 
 from the outward part. I'ror. xviii. 
 I\-.\ ER V-A'TIOX, n. [in, ncg., and nerve] A state 
 
 of weakness. Hall. 
 2. .Act of .strengthening. 
 IN'-NER VE', ». (. [in and ncree.] To give nerve to ; 
 
 to invigorate ; to strengthen. Dici^lU. 
 I.N'-.NEUV'KD, pp. Invigorated. 
 Ii\-.\ERV'IN'(;, ppr. Strengthening. 
 L\.\'L\G, n. 'I'lie ingathering of siraiii. 
 
 2. A term in cricket, the turn fur usins the bat. 
 INN'IXGS, H. ;)/. Lands recovered from the sua. 
 
 Jiinsicurlh. 
 
 I.VXO-CEX'CE, In. [Fr., from L. innoccnfia ; in and 
 LX'.\U-CE.X-CY, S nucro, to hurt.) 
 
 1. Propcrlii, freedom from any quality that can in- 
 jure ; iunoxiousuess ; hariiilessness ; as, the innocence 
 of a medicine which can do no harm. In this sense, 
 the noun is not obsolete, though less useil than the 
 adjective. 
 
 2. In a moral sense, freedom from crime, sin, or 
 guilt ; untainted purity of heart and life ; unimpaired 
 
 • integrity. 
 
 Enjoymcnl Irrt nothing to asic — 
 
 3. Freedom from guilt or evil intentions; simplici- 
 ty of heart ; :is, the innorencr of a child. 
 
 "1. Free(li>m iVoin the guilt of a particular sin or 
 crime. This is the sense in which the word is most 
 generally iised, for perfect innocence can not be predi- 
 cated of man. A man charged with theft or murder 
 may prove his innocence. 
 
 h. The state of being lawfully conveyed to a bel- 
 ligerent, or of not being contraband ; as, the iiaiDrcnce 
 of a cariro, or of any merchandise. Kent. 
 IX'XO-(:;i;.\T, a. [Kr., from L. innm-di.*.] 
 
 1. PruperUj, not noxious ; not producing injury ; 
 free from qualities that can injure ; harmless ; in- 
 noxious ; as, an innocent medicine or remedy. 
 
 2. Free from guilt; not having done wrong or vi- 
 ol.ated any law ; not tainted with sin; pure; upriiiht. 
 In this general sense, no human being t.'iat is a mor- 
 al agent can be innocent. It is followed by of. 
 
 3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or evil 
 action ; as, a man is innocent o/llie crime charged in 
 the indictment. 
 
 4. Lawful ; permitted ; .as, an innocent tride. 
 
 5. Xot contraband ; not subject to forfeiture ; as, 
 innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation. Kent. 
 
 fi. Icnoraiit ; imbecile; idiotic. j'OA.t.l 
 IX'XO-CE.XT, n. One free from guilt or liarni. SUak. 
 2. An ignorant |K rson ; hence, a natural ; an idiot. 
 [Unusual.] Hooker. 
 IN'.XO-CEXT-LY, a</r. Without harm , without in- 
 curring giiili. 
 
 2. With simplicity ; without evil design. 
 
 3. Without incurring a forfeiture or penally; as, 
 goods innocently iin|iorted. 
 
 IX-XOG'li-OCS, a, [L. innocuus ; in and noceo, to 
 hurt.] 
 
 I Harmless; safe; producing no ill effect ; innocent. 
 Certain poisons, us<'d as medicines, in small quan- 
 tities, prove not only innocuous, but beneficial. It is 
 I applied only to things, not to persons. 
 IX-XOe'C-OCS-LY, adv. Without harm ; without 
 
 injurious effects. 
 lX-XOe'U-Oi;s-N£aS, B. Ilarmb ssness ; the quality 
 of being destitute of mischievous qualities or effects. 
 
 Digby. 
 
 I IX-XO.M'I-.NA-BLE, a. Not to be named. Chaucer. 
 
 tX-NO.M'I-NATE, a. Having no name ; anonymous. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 IX'XO-VaTE, r. t. [Fr. innover; L. innovo f in and 
 novo, to make new, novus, new.] 
 
 1. To cliange or alter by introducing Bomething 
 new. 
 
 t'njMi hiii nlt''ni|>U iijwii llit ciiil lowt'r, ht' jirocc-^li to xnnovnt* 
 Gu>l'k uurahij). SuitC. 
 
 2. To bring in something new. Bacon. 
 IX'.NO-VA'I'E, B. i. To introduce novelties ; to make 
 
 changes in any thing established ; with on. It is 
 often dangerous to innovate on the customs uf a 
 nation. 
 
 IX'.\'0-Va-TED, 7)/). Changed by the introduction of 
 something new. 
 
 LX'.XO- V.A-TIXfJ, ppr. Introducing novelties. 
 
 IX-XO-VA' TIO.V, n. [from iii»i«i «ff.] Change made 
 by the introduction of sum thing new; change in 
 established laws, customs, rites, or practices. Inno 
 ration is expedient when it remedies an evil, and 
 safe when men are prepared to receive it. Innova- 
 tion is often used, ill an ill sense, for a change that 
 disturbs settled ottinioiis and practices, without an 
 equivalent advantage. 
 
 IX^^'0-V.^-TOR, n. An introducer of changes. 
 
 Tim*" in UiP gr-*.»trol innoro^or. lia.:on. 
 
 2. One who introduces novelties, or who makes 
 changes by introducing something new. South. 
 IX-.\OX'IOU.S, a. [L. innuxius ; in and vozias, noceo, 
 to hurt.] 
 
 1. Free from mischievous qualities ; innocent ; 
 harmless ; as, an innorions drug. 
 
 2. .Not producing evil ; linriiiless in cfTect-s. 
 
 Innozinim H-idii^ ;(n- oflcn itccit on Ihc li.iir ol inpu's tl'*n(1t, and 
 on liurif-k* in.iii'-». Digblf. 
 
 3. Free from crime ; pure; innocent. Pope. 
 iX'-XOX'lOLiS LY, uJo. Harmlessly; without mis- 
 chief. 
 
 2. Without harm suffered. Brotrn. 
 IX-.NO.X'IOUS-XESS; n. Ilarmlessness. 
 
 TJw iotiorioutnett of ilip «iTi.U[.pox. Tooke. 
 
 IX-.\U-EX'DO, n. [L., from innuo, to nod ; in and 
 
 nno.] 
 
 1. .\n oblique hint ; a remote intimation or refer- 
 ence to a person or thing not named. 
 
 Mercury — owns it .1 iniirrinji; l.y innurii/lo. Dnjden. 
 
 2. In law, a word used to (loiiit out the application 
 of some injurious remark to the person aimed at. 
 
 IX'XU-ENT, a. [L. innucns.] 
 
 Sigiiilicanl. Burton. 
 IX-XU-MKIl A-niL'I-TY, in. Stale of being Inuii- 
 IX-XU'.MER-A-I5LE-XESS, j inenible. 
 
 FiiUierbti. Sherwood. 
 IX-Xli'.MER-.\-I!LE, a. [L. innnmeraliili.i. See Xlm- 
 
 llKR.) 
 
 1. Xot to be counted ; that can not be enumerated 
 or niiiiibered for multitude. 
 
 2. In a loose sense, very numerous. 
 IX;-XC".\I F.R-A-I!LY, adv. Wiilioiit nuiiiber. 
 IX-.NL''MEIl-OL'S,a. [L. mnunieriL'! : in and nnmern.^, 
 
 niiiiiber.) Too many to he counted or numbered ; 
 innumerable. Milton. Pnpe. 
 
 IN-NU-TRI"TION, (-nu-trisli'iin,) n. [in and nutri- 
 tion.] \Yant of nutrition ; failure of nourishment. 
 
 Dartfiin. 
 
 I.X-XU-TRI"TIOUS, (-nu-lrish'us,) a. [in and nutri- 
 tious.] .Not nutritious ; not supplying nourishment ; 
 not iioiirisliing. Darwin. 
 
 I.X-XO'TRl-'i'I VE, a. Not nourishing. Good. 
 
 LN-0-Iti:'DI-E.NCE, H. Disobedience; neglect of obe- 
 dience. Bp. Bedell. 
 
 IX-U-lii";'DI-E.NT, o. Xot yielding obedience; neg- 
 lecting to obifv. 
 
 I.N-OI!-«ERV'.\-nLE, n. [in and observable] That 
 can not be seen, (MTeeivctl, or observed. 
 
 I.X-OI!-?ERV'A.\CE. n. Want of observance ; neg- 
 lect of observing ; disobedience. 
 
 Bacon. Barrow. 
 
 I.X-On-SERV'.\XT, a. [in and observant.] .Not tak- 
 ing notice. Beddoes. 
 
 IX-OH-SERV-A'TIO.\, n. Neglect or want of obser- 
 vation. Shuckford. 
 
 I.N ()1!-TRC''SIVE, <i. Not obtrusive. Coleridge. 
 
 IX-OI!-TRC 'SI VE LY, adv. Unobtrusively. 
 
 I.N-OIt-TUO SIVE-.NESS, n. A quality of being not 
 obtrusive. 
 
 IN-OC-eL' I'A'TIO.X, n. Want of occupation. 
 
 C. B. Brown. 
 IN-Oe'TT-LA-RLE, a. That may be inoculated. 
 
 3. Tiiat may communicate disease by inoculation. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 IN-Oe'X^-LATE, V. L [U inoculo ; in and oeulus, the 
 eye.] 
 
 1. To bud ; to insert the bud of a tree or plant in 
 another tree or plant, for the purpose of growth on 
 the new stiKk. All sorts of stone fruit, apples, (lears, 
 &.C., may be inoculated. We inoculate the stock with 
 a foreign bud. 
 
 2. To communicate a disease to a person by insert- 
 ing infectious matter in his skin or flesh ; .as, to 
 inoculate a person with the matter of small-pox. 
 
 TO.XE, BJjLL, qXITE. — .\N"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
INO 
 
 INQ 
 
 INS 
 
 When tli8 cow-pox is coiiiiiiuniciitedj it is called 
 vaccination. 
 
 IN-Oe'U-LATE, r. i. To propagate by liiidding ; to 
 practice inoculation. The time to inoculate- is wlicu 
 tlie buds are formed at the extremities of the same 
 year's shoot, indicating tliat the sjiring growth for 
 that season is complete. 
 
 INOe'U-L.\-TED, pp. or a. Budded; as, an inocu- 
 utated stock. 
 
 2. Inserted in another stock, as a bud. 
 
 3. Infected by inoculation with a particular dis- 
 ease. 
 
 IN-Oe'U-LA-TING, ;>;)r. Budding; propagating by 
 insertins a bud on another stock. 
 2. Infeclins hv inoculation. 
 IN'-Oe-U-LA'TIOX, H. [h. inoculatio.] 
 
 1. The act or practice of inserting huds of one 
 plant under the bark of another for propag.ation. 
 
 2. The act or practice of communicating a disease 
 to a person in health, by inserting contagious m.itter 
 in liis skin or llesh. This term is limited chiefly to 
 the communication of the small-pox. [t?ee Vaccin- 
 
 ATIOV.J 
 
 IN-Oe'L -L.X-TOU, 71. A person who inoculates ; one 
 
 who propazates plants or diseases bv inoculation. 
 IN-O'DI-ATE, 1-. (. [L. in and odium'.] 
 
 To make hateful. [jVoi in iuc] SonVi. 
 IN-O'DOR-ATE, a. [L. in and adoratus.] 
 
 JIavina no sciMit or odor. Bacon. 
 IN-O'DOR-OUS, a. [L. inodonis; in and oiIot.] 
 
 Wanting scent ; having no smell. 
 
 The while of an egg is an inodorous litiuor. AtbttOuwl. 
 IN-OF-FENS'IVE, a. [in and offensiff.] 
 
 1. Giving no offense or provocation ; as, an inoffen- 
 sive man ; an inoffensive answer. 
 
 2. Giving no uneasiness or disturbance ; as, an 
 inoffensive appearance or sight. 
 
 3. Harmless ; doing no injury or mischief. 
 
 Thy ino^ensive sulircs never bile. Drydcn. 
 
 4. Not obstructing ; presenting no hinderance. 
 
 From h-nce a passage hruatl, 
 Smooth, easy, inojfeitsiae, down lo Xi^W. ^lillon. 
 
 [Unusual.'] 
 
 IX-OF-FEXS'IVE-LY, adv. Without giving offense ; 
 without harm ; in a manner not to offend. 
 
 IN-OF-FENS'IVE-XESS, n. Harmlessness ; the qual- 
 ity of being not otJunsive either to the senses or to 
 the mind. 
 
 IN-OF-FI"CIAL, (-of-fish'al,) a. \in and official.] Not 
 official ; not proceeding from the proper officer ; not 
 clothed with the usual forms of authority, or not 
 done in an official character; as, an ino^ciai commu- 
 nication ; inofficial intelligence. 
 
 Piiickney and Mareliall wouM not make inofficial visits to dis- 
 cuss othciat business, Pickering. 
 
 IX-OF-FI"CTAL-LY, adv. Without the usual forms, 
 
 or not in the official character. 
 IN-OF-F["LTOL'S, (-of-fish'iis,) a. [in and offcious.] 
 Unkind ; regardless of natural obligation ; contraiy 
 to natural duty. 
 
 Siigjfsting that the mn?nl had lost the use of his reason, when 
 
 Tic made liie inofficioue t.-stantenl. Blarkstone. 
 Let not a father hope to excose an inofficioiia disposition of his 
 fortune, by alleging that every man may do what he will 
 with liis own. Paley. 
 
 2. Unfit for an office. 
 
 Thou drownV tliysclf in ino^ciaue sleep. li. Joneon. 
 
 3. Not civil or attentive. B. Jon.ion. 
 IN-OF-FI"CIOU.S-LY, adi: Not officiously. 
 IN-OP-ER-.A'TIO.\, «. .\gency; inllucnce ; produc- 
 tion of effects. [A'ut used.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-OP'ER-A-TIVE, a. [iu and operative.] Not oper- 
 ative ; not active; having no operation; producing 
 no effect ; a-^, laws rendered inoperative by neglect ; 
 inoperative remedies. 
 
 I.N-OP'IN-ATE, a. [L. inopinatas.] Not expected. 
 [Ohs.] 
 
 I.V-OI'-l'OR-TCNE', a. [L. inopportunus. See Or- 
 
 POflTU^E.] 
 
 Not Opportune ; inconvenient ; unseasonable in 
 time. 
 
 IN-OP-POR-TCNE'I.Y, adv. Unseasonably; at an 
 
 inconvenient time. 
 IN-OP-PRESS'IVE, a. [in and oppressive.] Not op- 
 
 presHive ; not burdensome. O. IVntcolt. 
 
 IN-OI"IJ-LKNT, a. Un and opulent.] Not opulent; 
 
 not wealthy ; not aflliu iit or rii li. 
 IN-<JR'UI.\-A-CV, 71. [from inordinate.] Deviation 
 
 from orili^r or rule prescribed ; irregularity ; disorder ; 
 
 excess, or want of moderation ; as, the inordinary of 
 
 deBire or oilier passion. Bp. Taylor. 
 
 IN-OR'I)l.\-.\TE, a. [I,, inardinatiia ; in and vrdo, 
 
 order.] 
 
 Irregular ; disordiTly ; excessive ; Inimodcrnte ; 
 not limited to rules jirescribed, or to U'^tial bounds; 
 aH, an inordinate lovi; of the world ; inordinate desire 
 of fame. 
 
 Initrdinale proportion i in mntjiematic.i, a proportion 
 In which the order of the leriiis is not regular. 
 
 Burlov. 
 
 IN-OR'DIN-ATE-LY, adv. Irregularly ; cxceiisively ; 
 Immoderately, Skellon. 
 
 IN-OR'DIN-ATE-NESS, 7!. Deviation from order; 
 excess ; want of moderation ; inordinacy ; intemper- 
 ance in desire ot other passion. Bp. Hull. 
 
 IN-OR-DIN-.A'TION, n. Irregularity; deviation from 
 rule or riiiht. South. 
 
 IN-OR-GA.\'ie, ) a. [in and nrn-oiiic] Devoid of 
 
 I\-OR-GAN'ie-AL, \ organs ; not formed with the 
 organs or instruments of life ; as, the inorganic mat- 
 ter that forms the earth's surface. Kirwan. 
 
 Iiiurgauic bodies are such as have no organs, as 
 minerals. 
 
 I\-OR-GAN'ie-AL-LY, adv. Without organs. 
 IN-OR'GAN-lZ-£D, a. Not having organic structure ; 
 
 void of organs, as earths, metals, or other minerals. 
 IN-OS'eU-LATE, t'. i. [L. in and osculatus, from os- 
 
 culor, to kiss.] 
 In anatomy, to unite by apposition or contact ; to 
 
 unite, as two vessels at tiieir extremities ; as, one vein 
 
 or arti^ry inosculates with another ; a vein inosculates 
 
 with an artery. 
 IN-OS'eU-LATE, V. t. To unite, as two vessels in an 
 
 animal body. 
 
 IN-OS'GU-La-TING, ppr. Uniting, as the extremi- 
 ties of two vessels. 
 
 IN-OS-eU-L.A'TION, n. The union of two vessels of 
 an anim.il body at their extremities, or by contact and 
 j>erfiiration of their sides, by means of which a com- 
 munication is maintained, and the circulation of fluids 
 is carrieil on ; anastomosis. Bay. 
 
 /.V OTO, [L.J In the esg ; in infancy. 
 
 I.V PF.R-P1:T'U-J1.M RE'I .ME-MO'RI-Mt, [L.] For 
 a perpetual memorial of the affair. 
 
 m PER PET'U-UM, [L.] To perpetuity ; forever. 
 
 IJV PET' TO, [It., in the breast, L. inpeclare.] 
 In secret ; in reserve. 
 
 /JV POS SE, [L.] In possibility of being. 
 
 /J\" PRO'PRI-A PER-SO'jXA, [L.] In one's own 
 person. 
 
 IN'tlUEST, 71. [Tr.enquHe; li. inquisitio, inquiro ; in 
 and qutcro, to seek.] 
 
 1. Inquisition ; judicial inquiry ; official examina- 
 tion. An inquest of office is an inquiry made by the 
 king's officer, his sheriff, coroner, or escheator, con- 
 cerning any matter that entities the king to the pos- 
 session of lauds or tenements, goods or chattels. 
 It is made by a jury of no determinate number. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 In the United States, a s'lnilar inquiry, made by the 
 proper officer, uuiler the authority of a State. 
 
 2. A jury : particularly, a ctiioner's jury, assembled 
 to inquire into the cause of a sudden death. 
 
 3. Inquiry ; search. South. 
 IN-QUI'ET, V. t. To disturb ; to trouble. [JVot used.] 
 IN-aUI-ET-A'TlON, 71. Disturbance. [JVot used.] 
 IN-QUI'ET-IJDE, 71. [Fr., from L. inquietudo; in and 
 
 quies, rest.] 
 
 Disturbed state ; want of quiet; restlessness ; un- 
 easiness, cither of body or mind ; disquietude. Pope. 
 IN'CiUI-NATE, V. t. [L. inquino, to detile ; in and Gr. 
 Koivow, from «oii"jf, common.] 
 
 To defile ; to pollute; to contaminate. [Little used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 IN-QUI-Na'TION, 71. The act of defiling, or state of 
 being defiled ; pollution ; corruption. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-aUIR'A-liLE, a. [from inq^tire.] That may be 
 inquired into ; subject to inquisition or inquest. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-CIUIRE', r. i. [Fr. cnqucrir; Sp. in</«i;-ir ; h. in- 
 quiro ; 171 and qu(£ro, to seek ; Malayan, charee, to 
 seek. See ActiuiRE.] 
 
 1. To ask a question ; to seek for truth orinforin.i- 
 tion by asking ipiestions. 
 
 We will call die damsel and inijuire at h'-r mouth. — Gen. xxiv. 
 
 It lias o/ before the person asked, /iiyiiirc «/them, 
 or of him. It has of, concerning, or after, before the 
 suliject of inipiiry. 
 
 He sr-nt Iladorani, his son, to King David to inTuire o/ his 
 welfare. —1 Chnti. xviii. 
 
 For lliou dost not inquire wisely concerning this. — Eccl. vii. 
 
 When search is to be made for particular knowl- 
 edge or information, it is followed by iiifo. The cor- 
 oner by jury inquires into the cause of a sudden death. 
 When a plat;e or person is sought, or something hid 
 or missino, for is commonly used. Inquire fur one 
 Saul of 'I'arsiis. He was inquiring for the house to 
 which he was directeil. Inquire for the cloak that 
 is lost. Inquire for the right road. Sometimes it 
 is fiilli)«-ed hy after. Inquire after the right way. 
 
 When some general information is sought, this 
 verb is followed by ahout : sometimes by concerning. 
 His friends inquired about him ; tlury inquired concern- 
 ing his welfare. 
 
 2. To sei'k for truth by argument or the discussion 
 of ipiestions, or by investigation. 
 
 To inquire into: to make examin.ation ; to seek for 
 particular information. Inquire into the time, ninn- 
 ner, and place. Inquire into all the circumstances of 
 the rase. 
 
 IN (iriRiy, 7!. r. To ask about ; to seek by asking ; 
 ns, he inquired the way ; but the phrase is elliptical, 
 for inquire for the way. 
 2. Tu call or name. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 IN-Q.V\R'ET), pp. Asked about ; sought by asking. 
 
 IN-aUIR'E\T, a. Making inquiry. Sheiutone. 
 
 IN-CiUIR'ER, 71. One who asks a question ; one who 
 interrogates ; one who searches or examines ; one 
 who seeks for knowleilge or information. 
 
 IN-ClUlR'ING, ppr. Seeking for information by ask- 
 ing questions; asking; questioning; interrogating; 
 examining. 
 
 IN-liUlR'ING, a. Given to inquiry; disposed to in- 
 vestigate causes ; as, an inquiring mind. 
 
 IN-QUIR'IXG-LY, adv. By way of inquiry. 
 
 IN-(iUI'RY, 71. [Norm, cw/iiwc, from }uo-cr, to in- 
 quire.] 
 
 1. The act of inquiring ; a seeking for information 
 by asking questions ; interrogation. 
 
 The men who were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry for 
 Simon's house, and stood before the gate. — Acts x. 
 
 2. Search for truth, information, or knowledge; 
 research ; examination into facts or principles by 
 proposing and discussing questions, by solving 
 problems, by experiments or other modes ; as, phys- 
 ical inquiries; inquiries about philosophical knowl- 
 edge. Locke. 
 
 The first inquiry of a rational bein* should be, Who made me ? 
 tlie second. Why w;is 1 inailef who is my Creator, and 
 what is his will ( Anon. 
 
 IN-QUI-SI"TION, (in-kwe-zish'un,) n. [ti., from 
 L. inquisitio, inquiro. See Inquire.] 
 
 1. Inquiry ; examination ; a searching or search. 
 Ps. ix. 
 
 2. Judicial inquiry ; official examination ; inquest. 
 The justices in eyre had it formerly in charge to make in7Uuifion 
 
 concerning mem by a jury of tlie county. Blackstone. 
 
 3. Examination ; discussion. Baton. 
 
 4. In some Roman Catholic countries, a court or tri- 
 bunal established for the examination and punish- 
 ment of heretics. This court was established in the 
 twelfth century by Father Dominic, who was charged 
 by Pope Innocent III. with orders to excite Roman 
 Catholic princes and people to extirpate heretics. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 IN-QUI-SI"TION-AL, a. Making inquiry ; bu.-^y in 
 inquirv. Sterne. 
 
 IN-aUI-SF'TION-A-RY, a. Inquisitional. 
 
 IN-CiUIS'I-TIVE, a. Apt to ask questions ; addlt lea 
 to inquirj' ; inclined to seek information by ques- 
 tions ; followed by about or after. He was very ri-^ 
 quisitire about, or after, news. Children are usually 
 inquisitive. 
 
 9. Inclined to seek knowledge by discussion, in- 
 vestigation, or observation ; given to research. He 
 possesses an inquisitive mind or disposition. We live 
 in an inquisitive age. 
 
 IN-QUIS'I-TIVE, 71. A person who is inquisitive; 
 one curious in research. Temple. 
 
 IN-aUIS'I-TIVE-LY, adv. With curiosity to obtain 
 information ; with scrutiny. 
 
 IN-aUlS'I-TlVE-NESS, n. The disposition to obtain 
 information by questioning others, or by researches 
 into facts, causes, or principles; curiosity to leain 
 what is not known. The works of nature furnish 
 ample matter for the inquisitivaicss of the human 
 minil. 
 
 IN-UUtS'I-TOR, 71. [L. See iNQUinE.] One who 
 inquires ; particularly, one whose official duty it is to 
 inquire and examine. Drydrn. 
 
 2. ■\ member of the court of inquisition in Roman 
 Catholic countries. Eucue. 
 IN-aUIS-I-To'RI--'\L, a. Pertaining to inquisition ; 
 as, in'iuisitorial power. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the court of inquisition, or resem- 
 bling its practices ; as, inquisitoriul tragedy. Encyc 
 
 Inquisitorial robes. Buchanan. 
 
 IN-QUIS-I-To'RI-AL-LY, adv. In an inquisitorial 
 manner. 
 
 IN-QUIS-I-To'RI-OUS, a. Making strict inquiry. 
 
 [Obs.] jViltou. 
 IN-llAiL,', V. t. [in and rail.] To rail in ; to inclose 
 
 with rails. Hooker. Gay. 
 
 IN-RaIL'£D, pp. Inclosed with rails. 
 IN-RaII,'IN(;, ppr. Inclosing with rails. 
 IN-IU:G'IS-TER, V. t. [Fr. enregistrcr. See Recis- 
 
 TER.] 
 
 To register ; to record ; to enter in a register. 
 
 fVahh. 
 
 IN'RHAD, 11. [in and road.] The entrance of an en- 
 emy into a country with purposes of hostility , a sud- 
 den or tiesultory incursion or invasion. The confines 
 of England and Scotland were formerly liarassed 
 with frequent inroads. The ICnglish made inroads 
 into Scotland, and the Scots into England, and the 
 country was somelimes desolated. 
 2. Attack ; enrroaclinieiit. 
 
 IN-SAFE'TV, 71. Want of safety. [III.] J\aunton. 
 
 IN-SA-EO'IIRI-OUS, a. [in and solnhrwus.] Not sa- 
 lubrious ; not healthful ; unfavorable to health ; un- 
 whi lesomi' ; as, an in.-ulubrious air or climate. 
 
 IN-SA-LC'IIRI TY, ii. [in and salubrity.] Want of 
 salubrity; iinhealihfuluess ; iinwliolesomcness ; as, 
 the in.tutubritit of air, water, or cliinatt\ 
 
 IN-SAL'lI-TAlRV, a. [,n and salutary.] Not salu- 
 tary ; not favorable lo health or soundness. 
 2. Not tending lo safely ; productive of evil. 
 
 PATE, PAR, PALL, WHAT MSTE, PREY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, RQQK 
 
 k 
 
INS 
 
 INS 
 
 INS 
 
 IN-SAN-A-UIL'I-TY, ) ?i Stale of being iiicura- 
 IN-SAN'A-1!LK-NESS, ( lile. 
 
 IN-SAN'A-HLE, a. [L. insanabilis ; in and sano, to 
 heal.] 
 
 Incnrable ; that can not be healed. Johnson. 
 IN-SAN'A-1!IjV, ailo. So as to be incurable. 
 IN-S.\NE', a. [L. insanws ; in and sanus, sound.] 
 
 1. Unsound m mind or intellect ; mad; deranged 
 in mind ; ilelirious ; distracted. Shak. 
 
 2. Used by or appropriated to insane persons ; as, 
 an injfaiip. hospital, 
 
 3. Makin;; mad; causing madness ; as, the insane 
 root. [Obs.] Slmk. 
 
 IN-SANE', n. An insane person; as, a hospital for 
 the insane. 
 
 IN-SaNE'LY, adv. Madly ; foolishly ; without rea- 
 Si>n. Montsomcry. 
 
 IN-S.\NE'NF,SS, ) n. The state of being unsound in 
 
 IN-SAN'1-TY, i miml ; deraujiement of intellect ; 
 madness. Insanity is chiefly used, and the word is 
 applicable to any degree of mental derangement, 
 from slight delirium or wandering, to distraction. It 
 is, however, rarely used to express slight, temporary 
 delirium, occasioned by fever or accident. 
 
 IN-SAT'O-RY, a. [L. in and sapor, taste.] 
 
 Tasteless ; wanting flavor. [Mit iiscil.] Herbert. 
 
 IN-S.\'TIA-BLE, (in-sa'sha-bl,) a. [Fr., from L. in- 
 satiiibilis ; ik and satio, to satisfy.] 
 
 Incapable of being satisfied or appeased ; very 
 greedy ; as, an insatiable appetite or desire ; in:)atiabte 
 thirst. 
 
 IN-Sa'TIA-I!LE-NESS, ) n. Greediness of appetite 
 IN-S.\-TIA-1)IL'I-TY, ! tliat can not be satisfied or 
 
 appeased. Kinir Charles. 
 
 IN-SA'TI.\-nT,Y, (in-sa'sha-bly,) adv. With greedi- 
 ness not to be satisfied. South. 
 IN-SA'TIATE, (in-sa'shate,) a. [L. insatiatiui.] 
 
 Not to be satisfied ; insatiable ; as, insatiate thirst. 
 
 Ph'dips. 
 
 IN-SA'TIATE-LY, adv. So greedily as not to be sat- 
 isfied. 
 
 IN-SA-TI'E-TY, 71. Insatiableness. Oranirer. 
 IN-SAT-IS-F ACTION, n. Want of satisfaction. 
 
 Baeon. 
 
 IN-SAT'TT-RA-IiLE, a. [L. insaturabilis ! in and 
 sarnr, full.] 
 
 Not to be saturated, fdled, or glutted. Johnson. 
 IN'S("i-ENUK, H. [ill and science.] Ignorance ; want 
 
 of knowledge. Ch. Reliu'. .Appeal. 
 
 IN-Seiilli'A-HLK, a. That may be inscribed. 
 IN-SeiUU'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being inscriba- 
 
 ble. 
 
 IN-S€UinE', V. t [L. inscribo ; in and scribo, to 
 write, Eng. to scrape. See ScninE.] 
 
 1. To write on ; to engrave on for perpetuity or 
 duratiiui ; as, to inscribe a line or verso on a monu- 
 ment, on a column o^ pillar. 
 
 2. To imprint on ; as, to inscribe any thing on the 
 mind or memory. 
 
 3. To assign or address to ; to commend to by a 
 short address, less formal than a dedication ; as, to 
 inscribe an ode or a book to a prince. 
 
 4. To mark with letters, characters, or words ; as, 
 to inscribe a stone with a name. 
 
 5. To draw a figure within another, so that all the 
 angles of the figure inscribed touch the sides or 
 bounding planes of the other figure. 
 
 Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 IN-SeUIB'ED, pp. Written on ; engraved; marked; 
 addressed ; drawn within. 
 
 IN-SeUIIi'KU, H. One who inscribes. Pownall. 
 
 IN-~^Cl!ir.'INR, ;j;)r. Writing on ; engraving; mark- 
 ing; addressing; drawing within. 
 
 IN-seHIP'TION, H. [Fr., from L. inscriptio. See 
 In^ckibe.] 
 
 1. Something written or engraved to coinmunicato 
 knowledge to after ages ; any ch;iractcr, word, line, 
 or sentence written or engraved on a solid substance 
 for duration ; as, inscriptions on monuments, called 
 epitaphs, on |)illars, &.c, 'I'lie inscription on a medal 
 is usually in a stnight line across it, while the legend 
 is pl.aced in a circle round the rim. We do not call 
 writings on paper or parchment inscriptions. 
 
 2. A title, 
 
 3. An address or consignment of a book to a per- 
 son, as a mark of respect, or an invitation of patro- 
 nage. It is less formal than a dedication, 
 
 IN-SGRIP'TIVE, a. Bearing inscription. 
 I.N-SC1{(;5I,L', r. t. To write on a scroll. Shak. 
 I\-seRoI.L'A:i), jtp. Written on a scroll. 
 I.N-SUROI^I/ING, ppr. Writing on a scroll. 
 , IN-SCRU-TA-BILM-TY, J n, "The quality of being 
 IN-S€Ktj'TA-BLE-NESS, j inscnitable. 
 IN-SCRO'TA-BLE, a. [l"r,, from L, inscrutabilis ; in 
 and scrutor, to search,] 
 
 1, Unsearchable ; that can not be searched into 
 and understood by inquiry or study. The designs of 
 the emperor appear to be inscrutable. 
 
 2, That can not be penetrated, discovered, or un- 
 derstood by human reason. The ways of Provi- 
 dence are often inscrutable. Mysteries are inscnita- 
 bU. 
 
 IN SCRr'T.\-BLY, adr. In a manner or degree not 
 to be found out or understood. The moral govern- 
 
 ment of an Infinite Being must often be inscrutably 
 dark and mysterious, 
 IN-SeULP', u. L [L. insculpo! in and sculpo, to en- 
 grave,] 
 
 To engrave ; to carve, [Little used.] Shak. 
 IN-SeULP'TION, 71. Inscription. [Little used.] 
 
 7'ourncur. 
 
 IN-SeULP'TlJRE, 71. An engraving ; sculpture. 
 
 [See Sei'i.PTUKE, which is generally used.] [S/ut&. 
 IN-SeULP'Ti;R-A;i), a. Eiigraveil. 
 IN-SkAM', v. t. [in and scam.] 'i'o impre.ss or mark 
 
 wit^i a seam or cicatrix. [Poitiral.] Pope. 
 IN-SK.\.M'f;n, pp. Impressed with a seam. 
 IN-Sk.\M'I.\(;, yipr. Marking with a seam. 
 IN-Si;AR(;n', (in-serch',) v. U To make search. 
 
 [A'at used.] Elyot. 
 IN-SEe'A-BLE, a. [L. imeeabilis ; in and seco, to 
 
 cut.] 
 
 That can not be divided by a cutting instrument ; 
 indivisible. Encye. 
 IN'SECT, K. [L. insecta, pi., from mseco, to cut in ; 
 in and seco, to cut. This name seems to have been 
 originally given to certain small animals, whose bod- 
 ies appear cut in, or almost divided. So in Greek 
 
 CtT'J/i'I.] 
 
 1. In zvbtoiry, an articulate animal, having the 
 body composed of three distinct parts, — the head, 
 corslet or thorax, and abdomen ; the legs, six in num- 
 ber, with usually two or four wings, attached to the 
 thorax ; and along the sides of the abdomen, minute 
 punctures, called spiracles, by means of which the 
 respiration takes place. This term was formerly ex- 
 tended to spiders and Crustacea, and is so used by Lin- 
 nipus ; and in a still looser sense has been applied to 
 worms and other sintill animals. Vana. 
 
 2. Any thing small or contemptible. Thomson. 
 IN'SECT, a. Small ; mean ; contemptible. 
 IN-SEC-TA'TOR, 7i. [L.] A persecutor. [Little 
 
 itsed.] 
 
 IN'SEGT-ED, a. Having the nature of an insect. 
 
 JIowcll. 
 
 IN-SEGT'ILE, a. Having the nature of insects. 
 
 Jiacon. 
 
 IN-SECT'ILE, 71. An insect. [J\;o« u.W.] JVotton. 
 IN-Si;e'TION, 71. .\ cutting in ; incisure ; incision. 
 IN-SEe-TIV'O-RA, «. pi. [from L.l A family of 
 vertebrate quadrupeds, the species of which live on 
 insects. It includes the shrew and mole. Dana. 
 
 2. In Tcmmiiick's stjstem, an order of birds that 
 feed on insects. Brande. 
 IN-SEC-TIV'O-ROUS, a. [insect and L. voro, to eat.] 
 Feeding or subsisting on insects. Many-winged 
 animals are insectivorous. />/;•(. JVa(, Ilist. 
 
 IN-SEC-TOL'O-GER, 71. [insect and Gr, Xo) o?,] 
 
 One who studies insects. [JVut in use.] [See En- 
 tomologist.] 
 
 IN-SE-eORE', a. [in and secure.] Not secure; not 
 safe ; not confident of safety ; used of persons. No 
 man can be quiet when he feels insecure. 
 
 2. Not safe ; not elTectually guarded or protected ; 
 unsafe; exposed to danger or loss. Goods on the 
 ocean are insecure. Ilay and grain unhoused are in- 
 secure. Debts are often in.-iccure. 
 
 IN-SE-eORE'LY, ado. Without security or safety; 
 without certainty. Chesterfield. 
 
 IN-SE-eO'K[-TV, 71. [in and secnrily.] Want of 
 safety, or want of coiilidence in safety. Seamen in 
 a tempest must be conscious of their insecurity. 
 
 2. Uncertainty. With what insecurity of truth we 
 ascribe effects to unseen causes. 
 
 3. Want of safety ; danger ; hazard ; exposure to 
 destruction or loss ; applied to thinirs ; as, the iiise- 
 curity of a building ex|)osed to fire ; the insecurity of 
 a debt. 
 
 IN-SE-eO'TION, 71. [L. insccutio.] Pursuit. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 IN-SEM'IN-aTE, r. U [L. insemino.] To sow ; to 
 impregnate. [Little used.] 
 
 IN-SE.M-I.\-A'TION, 71. The act of sowing or im- 
 pregnating. [Little useiL] 
 
 IN-SEXS'.\TE, a. [Fr. inscnsd : L. in and scnsus, 
 sense.] 
 
 Di'stitute of sense ; stupid ; foolish ; wanting sen- 
 sibilitv. Milton. Hammond. 
 
 IN-SE.\S-I-BIL'I-TY, 71. [from insensible] Want 
 of sensibility, or the power of feeling or perceiving. 
 A frozen limb is in a state of insensiidity, as is an 
 animal body after death. 
 
 2. Want of the power to be moved or affected ; 
 want of tenderness or susceptibility of emotion and 
 passion. Not to be moved at the distresses of others 
 denotes an insensibility extremely unnatural. 
 
 3. Dullness ; stupidity ; torpor. 
 IN-SENS'I-BLE, a. [Kr. and Sp., from L. in and scn- 
 
 siu, sense, sentio, to feel.] 
 
 1. Imperceptible; that can not be felt or perceived. 
 The motion of the earth is insensible to the eye. A 
 plant grows, and the body decays, by insensible de- 
 grees. The humors of the body are evacuated by in- 
 sensible perspiration. 
 
 The dense and bri^l lifhl of Ihc circle will olwcnro the rare 
 nnd weiik li^l uf (Ik*? d.-\rk colore round aboul it, and rv-o- 
 der Uiem nlinosl intensibU. A'eulon, 
 
 2. Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving ; 
 
 wanting corporeal sensibility. An injury to tne 
 spine ofien renders the inferior |>arts of the body in- 
 
 sensible. 
 
 3. Not susceptible of emotion or passion ; void of 
 feeling; wanting tenileriiess. To be insensible to 
 the siiflerings of our fellow-iiien, is iiihiinian. To 
 be insensible of danger, is not always evidence of 
 
 4. Dull ; stupid ; torpid, [courage, 
 
 5. Void of sense or meaning ; as, insensible words. 
 
 Hale. Du Ponceau 
 IN-SENS'I-BLE-NESS, n. Inability to perceive ; want 
 of sensibility. [See iNSEiisiiiiLiTr, which is gener- 
 ally used,] 
 
 IN-SENS'I-BI/Y. ailv. Imperceptibly ; in a manner 
 not to be felt or perceived by the senses. 
 
 Tlie liitln rise tn«eruiA/y, Adduon. 
 2, By slow degrees ; gradually. Men often slide 
 insensibly into vicious habits, 
 IN-SEN'TIi:.\T, (-sen'shent,) a. [in and sentient.] 
 Not having perception, or the power of perception. 
 
 Heul. 
 
 IN-SEP'A-RA-HLE, a. [Fr., from I,, inscparabilis ; in 
 and separahilis, separo, to se|>arale.] 
 
 That can not be separated or disjoined ; not to be 
 parted. There is an inseparable connection between 
 vice and suffering or punisliinenl. 
 IN-SEP'A-KA HLE-NKSS, ( n. The quality of being 
 IN-SEP-A-RA-I)IL'I-TY, j inseparable, or incapa- 
 ble of disjunction. [The latter word is rarely used.] 
 
 lAickc. 
 
 IN-SEP'A-RA-BLY, adv. In a manner that prevents 
 separation ; with indissoluble union. 
 
 Baeon. Temple. 
 
 IN-SEP'A-RATE, n. Not separate. [A^nt used.] 
 
 IN-Si;P'.\-RATE-LY, arfc. So as not to be separated. 
 [JVot used.] Crattmer. 
 
 IN-SERT', r. f. [Fr. inserer; h.insero, insertum ;■ in 
 and sero, to thrust.] 
 
 Literally, to thrust in ; hence, to set in or among ; 
 as, to insert a cion in a stock ; to in.tert a letter, word, 
 or passage in a composition ; to insert an advertise- 
 ment or other writing in a paper. 
 
 IN-SKRT'EI), pp. or a. Set in or among. 
 
 IN-.'^ERT'INt;, ppr. Setting in or among. 
 
 IN-SERT'ING, ». A setting in. 
 
 9. Something set in, as lace. See, into garments. 
 
 IN-SER'TION, «. [Fr., from L. insertio.] 
 
 1. The act of setting or placing in or among other 
 things ; as, the insertion of cioiis in stocks ; the in- 
 sertion of words or passages in writings ; the insertion 
 of notices or essays in a public paper. 
 
 2. The manner in which one part is inserted into, 
 or adheres to, another ; as, the insertion of stamens 
 into a calyx ; the insertion of muscles, tendons, &c., 
 in iiarts of tlio body. Lindley. 
 
 3. The thing inserted. Broome. 
 IN-SERVE', V. i. [L. inservio.] To be of use to 
 
 an end. 
 
 IN-SERV'I-EXT, a. Conducive. 
 
 IN-SES-So'Ri'.S, 71. J)/., [L.] An order of birds that 
 pi rrli ; percliers, 
 
 IN-S1;S-S()'1U-.\I>, a. Perching; an epithet applied 
 to all birds which live habitually among trees. Their 
 feet are formed for grasping or perching, Swainson. 
 
 IN-SET', V. I. To infix or implant, Chaucer. 
 
 IN'SET, 71, In language, a note within a note. 
 
 Dabney. 
 
 IN-SEV'ER-A-BLE, a. That can not be severed. 
 IN-SHaD'ED, a. Marked with diflerent shades. 
 
 Broxrne. 
 
 IN-SHELI,', r. t. To hide in a shell. Shak. 
 IN-SIIELI,'f;D,j>;7. Hid in a shell. 
 IN-SIIEL'TER, e. 1. To shelter. Shak. 
 IN-SHEL'TER-^;D, pp. Sh Itered. 
 IN-SIIIP', r. (. To ship ; to emb;irk. Shal:. 
 IN-SHoRE', adv. Near the shore. 
 IN-SIIKINE'. See Enshrine. 
 I.V-Sie-eA'TION, 71. The act of drying in. 
 IN'SIDE, 71. [in and side.] The interior p.art of a 
 
 thing ; intern.al part ; opjiospd to Outside ; as, the iii- 
 
 side of a chiircli ; the inside of a letter. It is also 
 
 used as an adjective. 
 IN-SID'I-ATE, c. t VL. insidioT.] 
 
 To lie in ambush for. 
 I.\-SII)'I-A-TEI), pp. Laid in ambusb. 
 I.\-Sir)'I-A-TL\'G, ppr. Lving in ambush. 
 IN-Sll)'l-A-TOR,n, One who lies in ambush. Barrme. 
 IN-SII)'I-OUS, a. [L, insidiosus, ttutn insideo, to lie in 
 
 wait ; i« and sedeo, to siL] 
 
 1. Properly, lying in wait ; hence, w.atching an op- 
 portunity to insnarc or entrap ; deceitful ; sly ; treach- 
 erous ; used of persons. 
 
 2. Intended In entrap ; as, insidious arts. 
 I.V-SID'I-OUS-LY, adr. With intention to insnare ; 
 
 deceitfully ; treacherously ; with malicious artifice 
 or stratagem. Bacon. 
 
 I.\-SID'I-()US-NESS, 71. A watching for an opportu- 
 nity to insnare ; deceilfulness ; treaclierv. Barrotc. 
 
 I.N'StGIIT, (in'sltc,) 71. [m and siirht.] Sight or 
 view of the interior of any thing; deep inspection 
 or view ; introspection ; thorough knowledge or 
 skill. 
 
 A gnnlen gives us a ktmi innghl Into the eontriT«ne« snd 
 wisdom of Proridcncc. Spectator. 
 
 TONE, ByLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 7r 
 
INS 
 
 LN-SIG'NI-A, II. pi. [I..] Uadgijs or distingiiisliing 
 marks of office or honor. Burke. 
 
 '2. Marks, signs, or visilile impressions, by which 
 any thing is known or distinguished. Beattie. 
 IN-SIG-NIF'I-e.VXCE, ) !i. [in and si-rnijicance.'] 
 IN-SlG-XIF'l-eAi\-CV, \ Want of significance or 
 meaning ; as, tlie injiirnificance of words ot plirases. 
 
 2. Unimportance ; want of force or effect ; as, the 
 insignificance of liunian art or of ceremonies. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 3. Want of weight ; meanness. 
 IN-SIG-NIF'I-e.AN'i', a. [in and significant.] Void 
 
 of signification ; destitute of meaning ; as, insignifi- 
 cant words. 
 
 9. Unimportant ; answering no purpose ; haWng 
 no weiglit or etti'ct ; as, insignificant rites. 
 
 3. Witliout weight of character ; mean; Contempt- 
 ible; as, an in.-simii/icant being or fi'llow. 
 IN-SIG-NIF'I-€ANt, n. An insignificant, trifling, or 
 
 wortldess tiling. Tatlcr. 
 IN-SIG-NIF'I-CANT-LY, ado. Without meaning, as 
 words. 
 
 3. Witliout importance or effect ; to no purpose. 
 IN-SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIVE, o. Not expressing by exter- 
 nal signs. 
 
 IN-SIN-CeRE', a. [L. insincerus; in and sincerus, 
 sincere.] 
 
 1. Not sincere ; not being in truth what one ap- 
 pears to be ; dissembling; hypocritical; false; used 
 of persons : as, an iitsinccre heart. 
 
 2. Deceitful; hypocritical; false; used of things ; 
 as, insincere declarations or professions. 
 
 3. Not sound ; not secure, as joys. Drijdcn. 
 IN-SIN-CeRE'LV, adv. Without sincerity ; liypo- 
 
 criticallv. 
 
 IN-SIN-CER'I-TY, n. Dissimulation ; want of sin- 
 cerity or of being in reality what one appears to be ; 
 . hypocrisy ; vscd of persons. 
 
 2. Deccitfulness ; hollowness ; used of things; as, 
 the insinrmtij of professions. 
 IN-SIN'EW, (iii-sin'nu,) v. t. [in and smca).] To 
 
 strengthen ; to give vigor to. SJmk. 
 IN-SIN'EW-SD, pp. Strengthened. 
 IN-SIN'EW-FNG, ppr. Giving vigor to. 
 IN-SIN'tT-ANT, a. [Fr., from L. in.iinuans.] 
 
 Insinuating ; having the power to gain favor. 
 [Little used.] fVotton. 
 IN-SIN'(J-a'1 E, ». (. [Fr. itisinuer; L. iyisinuo ; in 
 and sinus, the bosom, a bay, inlet, or recess.] 
 
 1. To introduce gently, or into a narrow [lassage ; 
 to wind in. Water insinuates itself into the crev- 
 ices of rocks. 
 
 2. To push or work one's self into favor ; to intro- 
 duce by slow, gentle, or artful means. 
 
 He insinuaud iiims'jlf into the very good gr-ice of the duke of 
 Bucltin^hani. Clarendon, 
 
 3. To hint ; to suggest by remote allusion. 
 
 And Ihr* fictions liartis pnriii 
 Do !)ut insinuate wlkit's true. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 4. To instill ; to infuse gently ; to introduce art- 
 fully. 
 
 All the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, are for oothinp 
 else but to iminwue wroiiff id'.;.is, move tlie passions, and 
 thereljy mislead the judgment. Locke. 
 
 IN-SIN'IJ-ATE, V. i. To creep in ; to wind in ; to 
 flow in ; to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly, as 
 into crevices. 
 
 2. To gain on the affections by gentle or artful 
 means, or by imperceptible degrees; aSy insinuating 
 flattery. 
 
 3. To wind along. JiUltan. 
 IN-SIN'IJ-A-TEI), pp. Introduced or conveyed 
 
 gently, imperceptibly, or by winding into crev- 
 ices ; hinted. 
 
 IN-SIN'IJ-A-TING, ppr. Creeping or winding in ; 
 flowing in ; gaining on gently ; hinting. 
 
 2. u. Tending to enter gently ; insensibly win- 
 ning favor and confidence. 
 
 IN-SI.\'tJ-A-TI.\G-LY, adi'. Tiy insinuation. 
 
 IN-SIN-U-A'TION, n. [I'r., from L. insinuatio.J 
 
 1. The act of insinuating; a creeping or wmding 
 in ; a flowing inl{) crevices. 
 
 2. The act of gaining on favor or affections, by 
 genllr or artful means. 
 
 3. Th - art or power of pleasing and stealing on 
 the affections. 
 
 He had a natnnd ineinualion fuld adjreas, wliich mode him 
 Mcceptiible in tlie U;M company. Oarentton. 
 
 4. A hint ; a suggestion or intimation by distant 
 alliiHion. Slander mav lie conveyed by insinuations. 
 
 IN-SIN'U-A-TIVE,a. Stealing on the affections. 
 
 Bncnn. 
 
 I.\-SIN'U-A-TOR, n. One who insinuates; one that 
 hints. 
 
 IN-.SII"ID, a. [ Fr. iiwt;>i</c : l..insipidus ; in nni\ aapi- 
 dwi, napiu, to last/!.] 
 
 1. 'i'iisteleg4 ; dcHlilute of taste ; wanting the quali- 
 ties which affect the organs of taste ; vapid ; as, in- 
 gipitl Ii()iior. 
 
 2. Wanting spirit, life, or animation ; wanting pa- 
 thoii, or the jKiwi r of i xciiing eiriolions ; Hat ; dull ; 
 h(;avy ; an, un insipid address ; an insipid composi- 
 tiun. 
 
 INS 
 
 3. Wanting power to gratify desire; as, insipid 
 pleasures. 
 IN-SI-PID'I-TY > 
 
 IN-SIP'ID-NESS, i'"- insviditi-] 
 
 1. Want of taste, or the power of exciting sensa- 
 tion in the tongue. 
 
 2. Want of life or spirit. 
 
 Dryden's lines sliiue strongly dirough the insipidity of Tate's. 
 
 Pojie. 
 
 IN-S*IP'ID-LY, adv. Without taste ; without spirit or 
 life ; without enjoyment. Locke. 
 
 IN-^'IP'I-ENCE, n. [L. insipientia ; in and sapio, to 
 be wise.] 
 
 Want wisdom ; folly ; foolishness ; want of un- 
 derstan ng. 
 
 IN-SIST', V. i. [Fr. insisler ; L. insisto i in and sisto, 
 to stantl.] 
 
 1. IJtcrally, to stand or rest on. [Rarehj tuied.] Bay. 
 
 2. In geometry, an angle is said to insist upon the 
 arc of the circle intercepted between the two lines 
 which contain the angle. 
 
 3. To dwell on in discourse ; as, to insist on a par- 
 ticular topic. 
 
 To insist on: to press or urge for any thing with 
 immovable Iirmn-.-ss ; to persist in demands ; aSj to 
 insUt on f)ppressive terms in a treaty ; to insist 07l mi- 
 mediate payment of a debt. 
 IN-SIST'ED', pp. Dwelt on ; urged. 
 IN-SIST'ENT, n. Standing or resting on; as, an in- 
 sistent wall. [Little used.] lyottun. 
 IN-SIST'ING, j</;r. Urging; pressing. [See Insist.] 
 IN-SIST'lTRE, 71. A dwelling or standing on ; fixed- 
 ness. [Olis.] Shale. 
 IN-SI"Tfi;\-CY, V. [h. in and sitio, to thirstj 
 
 I'ri c cliini from thirst. Orew. 
 IN-SI"T1( )\, (in-sish'un,) n. [L. insitio, from insi- 
 tus, insero, to plant.] 
 The insertion of a cion in a stock ; ingraftment. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 TJV SI'TU, [L.] In its original situation or bed. 
 IN-SNaRi5', t'. t. [in and snare.] To catch in a snare ; 
 to entrap ; to take by artificial means. 
 
 2. To inveigle ; to seduce by artifice ; to take by 
 wiles, stratagem, or deceit. The flattering tongue is 
 apt to insnare the artless youth. 
 
 3. To entangle; to involve in difficulties or per- 
 plexities. 
 
 [Tills word is often written Ensnare, but Insnare 
 is the true orthography.] 
 
 IN-SNAR'£D, pp. Caught in a snare ; entrapped ; in- 
 veigled ; involved in perplexities. 
 
 IN-SN.JR'ER, 71. One that insnares. 
 
 IN-SNaK'1NG, ppr. or o. Catching in a snare ; en- 
 trapping; seducing; involving in difficultie.s. 
 
 IN-SO-BRI'E-TY, n. [in and sobriety.] Want of so- 
 briety ; intemperance; drunkenness. Decay of Piety. 
 
 IN-So'CIA-BLI3, a. [Fr., from L. ii!soci<i4i&- ; in and 
 SQciabitis, socio, to unite.] 
 
 1. Not inclined to unite in social converse; not 
 given to conversation ; unsociable ; taciturn. 
 
 2. Tliat can not be joined or connected. 
 
 Lime and wood are insociabte. [Not in use.] Wotton. 
 
 IN-SO'CIA-RLY, adv. Unsociably. 
 
 IN'SO-LaTE, c. (. [L. insolo; in and sot, the sun.] 
 To dry in the sun's rays ; to expose to the heat of 
 the sun ; to ripen or pn pare by exposure to the sun. 
 
 IN'SO-La-TED, pp. Exposed to the sun; dried or 
 matured in the sun's rays. 
 
 IN'.SO-La-TING, ppr. Exposing to the action of sun- 
 beams. 
 
 IN-SO-La'TION, 71. Tlie act or process of exposing 
 to the rays of the sun for drying or maturing, as 
 I'ruits, drugs, &c., or for rendering acid, as vinegar. 
 
 2. A stroke of the sun ; the action of extreme heat 
 on the living system. 
 IN'SO-LE.\CE, n. [Fr., from L. insolentia; in and so- 
 leo, to be accustomed.] 
 
 Pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuous 
 ami overbearing treatment of others ; petulant con- 
 tempt ; impudence. Johnson. 
 
 Blown with insolence and wine. AftUon, 
 
 IN'SO-LF-NCE, V. t. To treat with haughty contempt. 
 [JV«( used.] K. Charles. 
 
 IN'SO-I.ENT, (I. Proud and haughty, with contempt 
 of others; overbearing; domineering in power; as, 
 an insolent master. Jitterhury, 
 
 2. Proceeding from insolence ; haughty and con- 
 teiupluoiis ; as, insolent words or behavior. 
 
 3. Unaccustomed; the primary sense. [J^ot vsed.] 
 IN'SO KENT-1,Y, adv. With contemptuous pride ; 
 
 liauglilllv ; rudely j saucily. Drydcn. 
 
 IN-S().UII)'I-'1'Y, 71. [in and .toW.Vt,.] Want of so- 
 lidity ; weakness. More. 
 
 I,\-SOI--l|-HIL'I-TY, 71. [from insoUMr.] The i]iiali- 
 ty of not being soluble or dissolvable, particularly in 
 a fluid. 
 
 IN-SOI/IT-RUE, n. [Fr., from h. insolubilis ; in and 
 solva, to dissidve.] 
 
 I. That ran not be dissolved, particularly by a 
 li(piid. We say a substance is insoluble in water, 
 when Its parts will not separate and unite with that 
 fluid. 
 
 INS 
 
 2. Not to be solved or explained ; not to be re- 
 solved ; as, a doubt or difficulty. [JVu( much used.] 
 IN-SOLV'A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. in and soho to 
 loosen or dissolve.] 
 
 1. Not to be cleared of difficulty or uncertainty ; 
 not to be solved or explained ; not admitting solution 
 or explication ; as, an insulouble problem or difficulty. 
 
 fVatts. 
 
 2. That can not be paid or discharged. Pope. 
 IN-SOLV'EN-CY, 71. [Infra.] Inability of a person 
 
 to pay all his debts; or the state of wanting property 
 sufficient for such payment ; as, a merchant's insulo- 
 ency. 
 
 2. Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the own- 
 er ; as, the insolceney of an estate. 
 Jict of insolvency. See infra, Insolvent Law. 
 IN-SOLV'ENT, a. [L. in and soloens, soloo, to solve, 
 to free, to pay.] 
 
 1. Not having money, goods, or estate sufficient to 
 pay all debts ; as, an insolccot iliditor. 
 
 2. Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner ; 
 as, an insolvent estate. 
 
 3. Respecting insolvent debtors ; relieving an in- 
 solvent debtor from imprisonment for debt, or from 
 liability to arrest and imprist.nment for debts previ- 
 ously contracted ; as, an insolvent law. 
 
 Daggett. Sergeant. 
 Insolvent Imp, or act of insolvency ; a law which 
 liberates a debtor from imprisonment, or exempts him 
 from liability to arrest and imi>risoiiment on account of 
 any debt previously contracted, 'i'hese terms may 
 be considered as generic, comprejiending also bank- 
 rupt laws, which protect a man's future actpiisitions 
 from his creditors. But in a limited sense, as the 
 words are now generally used, an insolvent law ex- 
 tends only to protect the person of the debtor from 
 impriscmment on account of di'bts previously cim- 
 tracted. Stat, of Conn. H'heaton''s Rep. 
 
 IN-SOLV'ENT, 71. A debtor unable to pay his debts. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 
 IN-SOM'NI-OUS, a. [L. insomniosus ; or in and soni- 
 
 nus, sleep.] 
 Troubled Avitli dreams ; restless in sleep. 
 IN-SO-iMUCII', at/u. [in, ot, and miic/i.] So that ; to 
 
 that degree. 
 
 Simonides w.as an excellent poet, intomucli that he made his 
 fortune by it. I.^Ksuan^e. 
 
 [This word, or combination of wonls, is not deemed 
 elegant, and is obsolescent, at least in classical com- 
 position.] 
 
 IN-SPECT ', V. t. [L. inspicio, inspectuin ; in and spccio, 
 to view.] 
 
 1. To look on ; to view or oversee for the purpose 
 of examination. It is the duty of parents to inspect 
 the conduct or mannei-s of their children. 
 
 2. To look into ; to view and examine for the pur- 
 pose of ascertaining the quality or condition of a 
 tiling ; as, to inspect potash ; to in.ipect flour; to in- 
 spect arms. 
 
 3. 'I'o view and examine for the purpose of discov- 
 ering and correcting errors ; as, to inspect the press, 
 or the proof-sheets of a book. 
 
 4. To superintend. 
 
 IN SPECT', 71. Close examination. [JVot a.srrf.] 
 
 IViomson. 
 
 IN-SPECT'ED, pp. or a. Viewed with care ; exam- 
 ined by the eye or officially. 
 
 IN-PPECT'ING, pjrr. I,ooking on or into ; viewing 
 with care ; examining for ascertaining the quality or 
 condition. 
 
 IN-SPEC'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. !)i.<77Cc(io.] 
 
 1. A looking on or into ; prying examination ; 
 close or caret'ul survey ; tis, the divine inspection into 
 the affairs of the world. Brntley. 
 
 2. Watch ; guardianship ; as, a youth placed at 
 school under the inspection of a friend. 
 
 3. Superintendence ; oversight. The fortificiitions 
 are to be executed under the inspection of an officer 
 of the army. 
 
 4. Ofiicial view ; a careful viewing and examining 
 of commodities or manufactures, to ascertain their 
 quality ; as, the inspection of flour. 
 
 5. Official examination, as of arms, to see that 
 they are in good order for service. 
 
 IN-SPFCT'IVE, a. Inspecting. 
 
 IN-SPECT'OR, 71. One who inspects, views, or over- 
 sees ; as, an in.^peetor of murals ; an inspector of the 
 press. 
 
 2. A superintendent ; one to whose care the exe- 
 cution of any work is committed, for the purpose of 
 seeing it faithfully performed. 
 
 3. An oflicer whose duty is to examine the quality 
 of goods or commoditioH offered for sale. 
 
 4. An officer of the customs. 
 
 5. A military officrr whose iluty it is to inspect the 
 troops and examiiio their arms, 
 
 IN SPFCT'Oll-ATE, I 71. The office of an inspector. 
 IN-SPF.CT'OR-SIIIP, j IVashington. 
 IN SPF.RS'/;i), (in sperst',) a. Sprinkled cm. [JVu( 
 ttsrd. I 
 
 IN SPl'.R'SION, 71. [L. inspcrsio, inspergo ; in and spar- 
 go. to scatter.] 
 
 The art of sprinkling on. Ainsicorth. 
 
 FATE. FAR, VfilX., WUfyT 
 
INS 
 
 INS 
 
 INS 
 
 I^r-SPF.X'I-MUS, n. [I,., wo h:ive inspei-leil.] In 
 Knirtaml, the first word of ancient timrtcrs, coii- 
 fiiming :i prant made by a. former king; lienco, the 
 nanii- of a ro\ al grant. Smart. 
 
 IN-S1MIi:RI;',"b. «. lin ani sphere] To place in an 
 ttrh ttr spliere. Milton. 
 
 IN SPHKll'A;n, pp. Placed in n sphere. 
 
 I.\-SlMlKl{'IN(;, ppr. I'lacins in a sphere. 
 
 IN-SriK'.\-liLi;, a. [from iuspirc.] That may be in- 
 spired. 
 
 a. That may be drawn into Iho lungs ; inholablc ; 
 as air or v.apors. 
 IN-SI'I-Ka'TION, n. [Fr., from L. inspiro.] 
 
 1. The act of drawin!" air into lire lungs ; the in- 
 lialing of air ; a part of respiration, and opposed to 
 
 ExPIB VTION.] 
 
 2. The art of hreathiiij.' into any thing. 
 
 3. Tlie supernatural inlluence of the Spirit of Ood 
 on the human mind, bv which propliets, apostles, 
 nnd sacred writers, were cpiaiified to set forth divine 
 truth witlKuit any mixture of error; or the C(unuui- 
 nication of the divine will to the undi'rstandins by 
 8uggestions or impressions on the mind, whicli leave 
 no room tu doubt the reality of their supernatural or- 
 igin. 
 
 All Scriptitn' U ^vf 11 by insjnra^n ofGiMi. — 2 Tim. iii, 
 
 4. The infusion of ideas or directions by the sup- 
 posed deities of pagans. 
 
 5. The infusion or communication of ideas or po- 
 etic spirit, by a superior being or supposed presiding 
 power ; as, the inapiralion of Ilomer or other poet. 
 
 li. A highly exciting influence ; as, the inspiration 
 of the scene. 
 
 IN Sl'I'll.\- IO-RY or IN'SPI-RA-TO-RY, a. Per- 
 taining tu or aiding inspiration, or inhaling air into 
 the lungs. Jihd. Hcpos. 
 
 I.N-SPiRE', V. I. [L. inspiro ; in and spiro, to breathe ; 
 Fr. inspircr.j 
 
 To liraw m breath ; to inhale air into the lungs ; 
 opposeil to Etpirc. 
 IN-SPIRE', ij. t. To breathe into. 
 
 Yi' iiin'', <lc«ccii(l ami sin?, 
 
 'I'lie lin'atliiiig iimlruiiK'nts inspire. Pope. 
 9. To infuse by breathing. 
 
 He kiifvr nut hij Miiiicr, and luin lh:it inspired into him hu 
 activ soul. iVisftom. 
 
 3. To infuse into the mind ; as, to inspire with new 
 life. 
 
 4. To infuse or suggest ideas or monitions snper- 
 nnturally ; to commiinicattr divine instructions to the 
 mind. In this manner we suppose the prophets to 
 have been in.ipiml, and the Scriptures to have been 
 composed under divine inlluence or direction. 
 
 5. To infuse idi^as or poetic spirit. 
 
 Ck To driw int(» the lungs ; as, to inspire nnd cxjtire 
 the air with dilliedlty. Ilarrnj. 
 I.N-r'PIR'EI), pp. or a. Breathed in ; inhaled ; infused. 
 
 a. Informed or directed by the Holy Spirit. 
 IN-SPIR'KR, n. He that inspires. 
 I.\-SPTR'I.\(;, ppr. Breathing in ; inhaling into the 
 lungs ; infusing into the mind supernaturally. 
 2. a. Infusing spirit or courage ; animating. 
 IN-.*PIR'IT, e. (. [in and j7»ir/(,] To infuse or excite 
 spirit in ; to enliven; to animate; to give new life 
 tu ; to encourage ; to invigorate. 
 
 The c«iip.%ffe of AfAiiiemnon is inspirited tiy tlic loTe of '»mpire 
 and aniljilioii. Pop*. 
 
 Enlivened ; animated ; iiivigo- 
 Infusing spirit ; giving hew 
 
 IN-PPIR'IT-ED, pp. 
 rated. 
 
 IN SPIR'IT-ING, ppr. 
 hf • to. 
 
 I\-.-<PIS ?.:iTE, V. t. [L. in and .fpL'sus, thicki] 
 
 To tliicken, as fliiiils ; to bring to greater consist- 
 ence by evaiKir.tting the thinner parts, tec. 
 
 IN-SPIS SA'l i:, <i. Thick. OremhilU 
 
 l.\ .-JPIS'SA-TEI), pp. or a. Thickened, as a liquor. 
 
 IN-.<P1S'S.\-T1.\(;, ppr. Thickening, as a liquor. 
 
 I.N^aPtS-SA'TIO.N, II. The act or openition of ren- 
 dMng a lliiid subst;incc thicker bv evaponition, S:c 
 
 I.\'-STA-I!IL'I-TV, n. [Fr. mslaljlidi ; I., inslabilitas, 
 inslitbili.i : in anti .sinhilis, from .«fo, to stand.] 
 
 1. Want of stability ; want of firmness in pur|v>sc ; 
 inconstancy ; fickleness ; nnitnbility of opini(>n or 
 conduct. Instuiility is the characteristic of weak 
 minds. 
 
 2. Changeableness ; mutability; as, the intUibilitij 
 of laws, plans, or measures. 
 
 IN-STA'HI.r,, a. [L. iH.-.labilis.] 
 
 1. Inconstant; prone to change or recede from a 
 purpose ; mutable ; of prrson.'-. 
 
 2. Not steady or fixed ; changeable ; of things. 
 [Instarlc and Unstahle are synonijinous^ and the 
 
 latter w more commonly usetl.'\ 
 IN ST.^ IILE-NESS, n. Vn 
 instability. 
 
 IN STALL', r. U [Fr. in.s-taller; Pp. instalar: It. in- 
 stallare ; from G. stall, from stcllcn, D. slcllen, to set, 
 Gr. TrcXAoi, to send.] 
 
 To set, place, or instate in an ofTicc, rank, or or- 
 der ; to invest with any charge, oflice, or rank, wilh 
 the customary ceremonies. To in.-f/iH a clergyman 
 or minister of the gospel, is to place one who h is 
 been previously ordained over a particular church 
 
 L'nstablcness ; mutability ; 
 
 and congregation, or to invest an ordained ininist< r 
 with a particular pastoral chartie ; in /•'.norland, to in- 
 duct a (lean, prebimdarj', or other ecclesiastical dig- 
 nitary, into pos.sessiuii of the church to which he 
 belongs. 
 
 IN-STAM,-A'TIO.V, n. The act of giving possession 
 of an office, rank, or order, with the customary cer- 
 emonies. . * 
 
 On the election, the Ijishop given a mandate for hiB tnstallnrion. 
 
 Aylijfe. 
 
 IN-PTALI/ED, pp. Placed in a seat, office, or order. 
 IN-STALIj'ING, ;i;)r. Placing in a .seat, oflice, or or- 
 der. " 
 
 IN-STALL'MF,NT, n. The act of installing, or giv- 
 ing possession of an ofTice with the usual cerenumies 
 or solemnities. Shalt. 
 
 2. 'J"he seat in which one is placed. [Unasnal.] 
 
 Shali. 
 
 3. In commerce, a part of a large sum of money 
 paid, or to he paid, at a jjarticular period. In consti- 
 tuting a capital stock by subscriptions of individuals, 
 it is cusloinary to afVoril facilities u> subscribers, by 
 dividing the sum subscribed into install menL'i, or por- 
 tions payable at distinct jieriods. In largo contracts, 
 also, it Is not unusual to agree that tiio money shall 
 be paid by installinent.-t. 
 
 IN'STANCE, n. [Fr., from L. insto, to press ; in and 
 stOi to stand.] 
 
 IMerallij, a standing on. Ilcnce, 
 
 1. Urgency ; a pressing ; solicif.ation ; importunity ; 
 application. The reipiest was granted at the instance 
 of the defendant's advocate. 
 
 2. Example; n case <M-curring ; a case olTered. 
 Ilowanl furnished a remarkable in.-stance of disinter- 
 esteil benevolence. The world may never witness a 
 second instance of the success of daring enterprise 
 and usurpation eipial to that of Bonaparte. 
 
 Suppose tlie earth should be rcinoTed nearer to the sun, and 
 P'volvr, for tfulnnre, in the orbit of Mercury; tli- whole 
 ocean would boil with heat. Bentley. 
 
 The use of insuinces is to illustntte and explain a dillicullr. 
 
 Biilcer. 
 
 3. Time ; occasion ; occurrence. 
 
 The>e secin as if, in Uie time of Kdward I., they were drawn up 
 ill thi- form ol a law, in the first in#lance. Jlfile. 
 
 4. Motive; influence. [Ofts.] Shak. 
 
 5. Process of a suit. |"Ois.] .^ijUffi: 
 In.stttnce Court : a. braiicli of the Court of Admiralty, 
 
 . in Knirland, tlistinct from the Prize Court, 
 
 On fAe continent of Europe, a court of the frst in- 
 stance is one which has original jurisdiction of a 
 case ; courts of the second and third instunce are 
 courts of successive appeal. Encyr. .^m. 
 
 IN'ST.\NCE, V. i. To give or ofler an example or 
 case. 
 
 As to f.d8e cilnlions — I shall instfince two or three. 71//ot<on. 
 
 IN'STANCE, t'. t. To mention as an example or case. 
 He instanced the event of Cesar's death. 
 
 IN'ST.\NC-f:D, (in'staii.st,) pp. or a. Given in jiroof 
 or as an exriniiiie. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN''ST.\NC-ING, ppr. Giving as proof or as an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 IN'S T.ANT, a. [Fr., from L. initans, ia^fo.] 
 
 1. Pressing ; urgent ; inipoi'.iinate ; earnest. 
 Rejoicing in hope ; patient in tntmtation ; contiouiDf instant 
 
 in prayer. — Hoin. xii. 
 
 3. Immediate; without intervening time ; present. 
 
 Iinpeiidiii^ death is tliim', and iiislnnl doom. Prior. 
 
 3. Uuick ; making no delay. 
 
 ynjtant li<- H'.'V/ w ith liiispiuible haste. Pope. 
 
 4. Present ; current. On the tentli of July in.itant. 
 IN'ST.\.\'T, II, .-V point in duration; a moment; a 
 
 part of duration in which we perceive no succession, 
 or a part that occupies the time of a single thought. 
 
 2. .V jiarticul.nr lime. Shak. 
 IN-STA.NT-A-Nli'I-TV, n. Unprcmedit.ited produc- 
 tion. Shenslone. 
 
 IN-STA\T-A'NE-OUS, n. [Fr. irusfantaiie ; Sp. and 
 It. in.'.7an//iiir^i.] 
 
 Done in an instant; occurring or acting aithout 
 any |ierceptilile succession ; very speedily™ The 
 passage of electricity through any given space ap- 
 pears to be instantoneoiut. 
 
 I.N-ST.\NT-.\'.VE t)l'S-I,Y, ade. In an instant ; in a 
 moment ; in an indivisible point of duration. The 
 operations of the human mind are wonderful ; our 
 thoughts rty from world to world initanlaneoH.ilii. In 
 the we.stern parts of the Atlantic States of \iiierica, 
 showers of run soinetimea begin instanlanronshi. 
 
 IN-STANT-A'NK-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of be- 
 ing done in an instant. 
 
 IN-ST.\.\TEll, ailv. [I,.] In laa, immediately; at 
 the present time ; « itliout delay. The party was , 
 coini>eIIed to plead in.-tantrr. ' 
 
 IN'ST.V.NT-LY, u</r. Imnn dialely ; without any in- j 
 lerveiiing time ; at the mouunt'. Lightning often ; 
 kills instantly. I 
 
 2. With urgent importunity. ] 
 And wh-ii they C4ITK to Jesiw, they besniieht him instantly, \ 
 
 «.iyiuir, tliat he was worthy lor w'hoiii he should do llus.— | 
 
 I.ukevu. 
 
 3. With diligence and earnestness, jjcts «vi. I 
 
 IN-STAR', B. f. [ill and stun] To set or ordain wilh 
 
 stars, or wilh brilliants. 
 IJ^STAJi OM'J^I-UM, [L.] Like all; an example 
 
 for all. 
 
 IN-STAR'R£D, ( stdrd,) pp. Adorned with stars. 
 
 A c^ol'len throne 
 /nsblrrerf with Jems. J. Bartott. 
 
 IN-STATE', r. L [in and state.] To set or place ; to 
 establish, as in a rank or condition ; as, to instate a 
 person in greatness or in favor. South. Atlerbarii. 
 2. To invest. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 IN-8TaT'I:|), pp. Set or placed. 
 
 I.\-STAT'I.\G, ppr. Setting or placing. 
 
 yjV STA'TU (iUO, [L.J In the former state or con- 
 dition. 
 
 IN-STAU'RATE, v. t. [L. instanro.] 
 
 To reform ; to repair. [ Obsolete.] Smith. 
 IN-STAIJ-RA'TION, n. [Fr., from L. in«taiira(iu, in- 
 stauro, to renew.] 
 
 Renewal; repair ; rei-slablishment ; the restoration 
 of a thing to its former state, after decay, lapse, or 
 dilapidation. 
 
 IN-STAIJ-RA'TOR, n. One who renews or restores 
 to a former condition. Mare. 
 
 IN-STEAI)', fin-sted'.) [.A compound of in and stead, 
 place ; but stead retains its character of a noun, and 
 is followed by of; instead of, in the same manner as 
 in tlic stead of.] 
 Ill tlie place or room of. 
 
 Let thistles prow instead of wheat. — Job xxxi. 
 Absalom made Aln;is;i Ciiptiin of tlie hoil instead of Joab. — 2 
 Sam, xvii. 
 
 This consideration is instead of a thoiisanif argu- 
 ments. In this use, instead in.ay be e<|uivalent to 
 eijual to. 
 
 VVhen in.^ead is used without of following, there 
 is an ellipsis, or some words are understood. 
 IN-STEEP', e. (. [in and steep.] To steep or soak ; 
 to drench ; to macerate in moisture. Sliak. 
 9. To keep under or in water. 
 IN-STKEP'Al), (in-steept',) pp. Steeped ; soaked ; 
 
 ilrenclied ; lying under water. 
 IN-STICEP'ING, ppr. Steeping ; soaking. 
 IN'STEP, n. [in and step.] The in.---lrp of the human 
 foot is the fore part of the upper side of the foot, neat 
 its junction with the leg, 
 
 2. 'i'he in.step of a horse is that part of the hind 
 leg which reaches from the ham to the [lasterii Joint. 
 
 Farm. Encttc. 
 
 IN'STI-GaTE, v. t. [L. instigo ; in and stigo, iniisit, 
 Gr. oTi^f-i, to prick.] 
 
 To incite ; to set on ; to provoke ; to urge ; used 
 chiefly or wholly in an ill sense ; as, to instigate one to 
 evil ; to instiisate to a crime, 
 IN'.^TI-GA-TEf), pp. Incited or persuaded, as to evil, 
 IN'STI-Ga-TI.NG, ppr. Inciting; tempting to evil. 
 I.N'STI-Ga-TING-LY, aJn. Incitingly ; temptingly, 
 IN-STI-GA'TIUN, 71, Incitement, as to evil or wick- 
 edness ; the act of encouraging to commit a crime 
 or some evil act, 
 
 2, Temptation ; impulse to evil ; as, the instigation 
 of the devil. 
 
 IN'STI-(Ja-TOR, n. One who incites another to an 
 evil act ; a tempter. 
 
 2. That which incites; that which moves persons 
 to commit wickedness. 
 
 IN-STII.L', V. t. [L. instillo: in and slillo, to drop.] 
 1. To infuse by drops. Milton. 
 9. To infuse slowly, or by small quantities ; as, to 
 in.<'fi// good principles into the mind. 
 IN-STIL-LA'TIO.\, n. [L. i;i.-,ei«ii(ir..] 
 
 1. The act of infusing by drops or by small quan- 
 tities. 
 
 9. The act of infusing slowly into the mind. 
 
 3. That which is instilled or infused, 
 IN-STILL'£U, /)/). Infused by drops or by slow de- 
 grees. 
 
 IN-S riLT/ER, n. He that instills. 
 
 IN-STILL'ING, ppr. Infusing by drops or by slow 
 
 degrees. Shak. 
 IN-STILL'.MENT, n. The act of instilling; any 
 
 thing instilled. 
 INSTI,M'l'-LATE, r, L To stimulate; to excite, 
 
 [jViif tised.] 
 I.V-STI.M'U-LA TED, pp. Excited, 
 IN STI.\rU-LA-TI.NG, jj;>r. Not stimulating ; not ci- 
 
 citiiis vital powers. Chrijne. 
 I.N-STI.\I-IT-LA'TIO.\, n. [in and .vfimii/oritin,] The 
 
 act of stimulating, inciting, or urging forward. 
 IN-STI.NCT', a. [L, instinctits. See the noun,] 
 
 Moved ; animated ; excited ; as, instinct with spiriL 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Betulia — ifijtt'rwt with life. Piber. 
 LN'STINCT, n. [Fr. ; It. in.«fin(o, iVtinfo ; Sp. and 
 Port, instinto ; from L. instinctus, inwardly moved ; 
 inand stinguo, Gr. <my.i, irri) i.i. (See Distimoi hh, 
 EjTiMiiiJH.) The sense of the root is to thrust; 
 h'-nci' the coinpounil, instinctus, signifies, pro(ierly, 
 thrust in, infixed. See Is4tio\te.] 
 
 .A certain |H>wi r or dis|Hisitioii of mind, by which, 
 indeiH iidi'iit of all instruction or exjieric nee, without 
 deliberation, and without having any end in view, 
 animals are unerringlv directed to do spontaneously 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AX"GER, Vl"CIOUS e as K ; G a-s J ; S as 7. ; CH as SH ; TH na in THIS. 
 
 611 
 
IX s 
 
 whatever is nece«s;iry fur the preservation of tlie in- 
 dividual or tile continuation of the kind. Such, in 
 the human species, is the instinct of sucking, exerted 
 immediately after birth, and that of insects in depos- 
 iting tlieir eggs in situations most favorable for hatch- 
 ing. Eacyc. 
 
 Instinct may he defined, the operation of the prin- 
 ciple of organized life by the e.vercise of certain nat- 
 ural powers directed to the present or future good of 
 the individual. Instinct is the genera! property of 
 the living principle, or the law of organized life in a 
 state of action. Qood. 
 
 And rmson luise o'er ins6nct as you cau 
 In Ods 'tis God diivcis, in Uial 'us man. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 IN-ST[NeT'ED,o. Impressed as an animating power. 
 [Little usal.] Bcntleij. 
 
 IN-STINC'TION, n. Instinct. [A'ot in iwc] EbioL 
 
 IN-STIXeT'IVE, a. Prompted by instinct ; sponta- 
 neous ; acting without reasoning, deliberation, in- 
 struction, or experience ; dLternjined by natural im- 
 pulse or propensity. Tlie propensity of bees to form 
 hexagonal cells for holding their honey and their 
 young, nmst be instinctive. 
 
 IN-STINCT'IVE-LV, aJr. By force of instinct; 
 without reasoning, instruction, or experience ; by 
 natural impulse. 
 
 IN'STI-TUTE, V. U [L. instituo; in and slatuo, to 
 set.] 
 
 1. To establish ; to appoint ; to enact ; to form and 
 prescribe ; as, to institute laws ; to institute rules and 
 regulations. 
 
 2. To found ; to originate and establish ; as, to in- 
 sti^tc a new order of nobility ; to institute a court. 
 
 3. To ground or establish in principles ; to edu- 
 cate ; to instruct ; as, to institute children in the prin- 
 ciples of a science. 
 
 4. To begin ; to commence; to set in operation; 
 as, to institute an inquiry ; to institute a suit. 
 
 5. To invest with the spiritual part of a benefice, 
 or the care of souls. Bhukstone, 
 
 IN'STI-TUTE, 71. [L. institutum ; Fr. institut.] 
 
 1. Established law ; settled order. 
 
 2. Precept ; maxim ; principle. 
 
 To make the Stoic institutes thy own. Dryden. 
 
 3. A book of elements or principles ; particularly 
 a work containing tlie principles of the Roman law. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. In Scot* law, when a number of persons in suc- 
 cession hold an estate in t;iil, the first is called the 
 institute, the others substitutes. Encyc. 
 
 5. A literary and philosojihical society ; applied 
 particularly to the principal society of this kind in 
 France. Brande. 
 
 IN'STI-TU-TED, pp. Established ; appointed ; found- 
 ed ; enacted ; invested with the care of souls. 
 
 IN'STI-TU-TING, ppr. Establishing ; founding ; 
 enacting ; investing with the care of souls. 
 
 IN-STI-TO'TION, n. [Fr., from L. instUutio.'] 
 
 1. The act of establishing. 
 
 2. Establishment ; that which is appointed, pre- 
 scribed, or founded by authority, and intended to be 
 permanent. Thus we speak of the institutions of 
 Moses or I^ycurgus. \Vc apply the word institution 
 to laws, rites, and ceremonies, which are enjoined 
 by authority as permanent rules of conduct or of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 3. An organized society, established either by law 
 or by the authority of individuals, fur promoting 
 any object, public or social. We call a colli^ge or an 
 academy a literary institution; a llible society a be- 
 nevolent or charitable institution ; a banking compa- 
 ny and an insurance company are commercial insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 4. A system of the elements or rules of any art or 
 science. Encyc. 
 
 5. Education ; instruction. 
 
 llij learning waf not llie efllt:t of precept or intltttilion. 
 
 BenUey. 
 
 6. The act or ceremony of investing a clergyman 
 with the spiritual part of a benefice, by which the 
 care of souls is committed to his charge. Blacluttune, 
 
 IN-STI-T0'TIO.\-AL, a. Enjoined ; instituted by au- 
 thority. Elym. yocabuUinj. 
 2. Elementary. 
 
 IN-STI-TfTIO.\ A-KY, a. Elemental ; containing 
 the first principles or doctrines. Brown. 
 
 IN'STI-TU-TI.ST, n. A writer of institutes or ele- 
 mentary rules and instructions. Harvey. 
 
 IN'S'l'I-TL'-'I'lVE, a. That establishes; having the 
 power to establish. Bamm. 
 2. EsUililislicd ; depending on institution. Milton. 
 
 IN'8TI-Ti;.TOK, n. [I,.] The person who estab- 
 liKheii 1 one who eiiaciH laws, rites, and ceremonies, 
 and enjoins the observniice of them. 
 
 2. The pcrsnn who founds an order, iiecl, society, 
 or nchcme, for the promotion of a public or social 
 object. 
 
 3. An instructor ; one who cducaten; as, an insti- 
 tutor of yoiilh. H'allirr. 
 
 4. In the Episcopal ehurch, a presbyter apfHiinted by 
 the bl-liop to inalilutc a rector or osMiHtant minister 
 In a pnnah church. Staunton. 
 
 INS 
 
 I\-STOP', i: t. [in and stop.] To stop ; to close ; to 
 make fast. [LitUe used.] Dryden. 
 
 IN-STRAT'I-Fi-BD, (-strat'e-f Ide,) a. Stratified with- 
 in something else. Jouriu of Science. 
 
 IN-STUUCT', V. t. [L. instruo, instj^ctum ; in and 
 struo, to set or to put on, to furnish ; Fr. and It. in- 
 struirc ; Sp. instruir. The L. struo is contracted from 
 struco or struffo. See Destrov.] 
 
 1. To teacli ; to inform the mind ; to educate ; to 
 impart knowledge to one who was destitute of it. 
 The first duty of parents is to instruct their children 
 in the principles of religion and morality. 
 
 2. To direct ; to enjoin ; to persuade or admonish. 
 She, being Ijefore insb-ucled by her mother, said, Give me here 
 
 the liead oi John tJie Baptist in a charger. — Alau. xiv. 
 
 3. To direct or command ; to furnish with orders. 
 The president instructed his envoy to insist on tlie 
 restitution of the property. 
 
 4. To inform ; to advise or give notice to. On this 
 question the court is not instructed. 
 
 5. To model ; to form ; to prepare. [JVot used.] 
 
 .ayliffe. 
 
 IN-STRUeT'ED, pp. Taught ; informed ; Uamed up ; 
 educated. 
 
 IN-STRUCT'I-BLE, a. Able to instruct. [Ill] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-STRUCT'IXG, ppr. Teaching; informing the 
 
 mind ; directing. 
 IN-STRUC'TION, n. [Fr., from L. instnutio.] 
 
 1. The act of teaching or informing the under- 
 standing in that of which it was before ignorant ; in- 
 
 2. Precepts conveying knowledge. [formation. 
 
 Receive iny instruction, and not silver. — Prov. viii. 
 
 3. Directiim ; order ; command ; mandate. The 
 minister received instructions from his sovereign to 
 demand a categorical answer. 
 
 IN-STRUeT'IVE, a. [Sp. i/is(ructii)0 ; It. instruttim 
 Fr. instructif.] 
 
 Conveying knowledge ; serving to instruct or in- 
 form. .•Vffliction furnishes very instructive lessons, 
 
 IN-STRUCT'IVE-LY, adc. Si) as to afford instruc- 
 tion. Pope. 
 
 IN-STRU€T'IVE-NESS, n. Power of instructing. 
 
 IN-STRU€T'OR, n. A teacher ; a person who im 
 parts knowledge to another by precept or informa- 
 tion. 1 Cor. iv. 
 
 2. The preceptor of a school or seminary of learn 
 ing ; any president, professor, or tutor, whose busi 
 ness is to teach languages, literature, or the sciences 
 any professional man who teaches the principles of 
 his profession. 
 
 IN-STRUCT'RESS, n. A female who instructs ; a 
 preceptress ; a tutoress. 
 
 IN'STRU-MEN'T, n. [Fr., from L. i)ti(r«mf;!(iim,from 
 instruv, to prepare ; that which is prepared.] 
 
 1. .\ tool ; that by which work is perftirmed, or 
 any thing is efliected ; as a knife, a hammer, a saw, 
 a plow, tk.c. Swords, muskets, and cannon, are m- 
 struments of destruction. A telescope is an astro- 
 nomical instrumcuL 
 
 2. That which is subservient to the execution of a 
 plan or purpose, or to the pnxluction of any effect ; 
 means used or contributing to an effect ; applicable to 
 persons or t/tiuffs. Bad men are often instruments of 
 ruin to others. The distribution of the Scriptures 
 may be the iiistrument of a vastly extensive reforma- 
 tion in morals and religion. 
 
 3. An artificial machine or body constructed for 
 yielding harmonious sounds; as an organ, a harpsi- 
 chord, a violin, or flute, &c., which are called musi- 
 cal iiLitrujuents, or instruments of music. 
 
 4. In taw, a writing containing the terms of a con- 
 tract, as a deed of cxmveyance, a grant, a patent, an 
 indenture, &c. ; i« trcneral, a writing by wliich some 
 fact is recorded for evidence, or some right con- 
 veyed. 
 
 5. .\ person who acts for another, or is employed 
 by another liir a special purpose ; and if the purpose 
 is dishonorable, the term implies degradation or 
 meanness. 
 
 I.N-S'jaiU-.ME.NT'AL, a. Conducive, as an instrument 
 or means, to some end ; contributing aid ; serving to 
 promote or effect an object ; helpful. 'I'he pre.ss h.as 
 been instrumental in enlarging the bounds of knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 2. I'ertainiiig to instruments ; made by instrii- 
 nieiiLs ; as, vistrumental music, distinguished from 
 rornl music, which is made by the human voice. 
 
 IN-S'I'RIJ .ME.NT-AL'I-TY, n. Subordinate or auxil- 
 iarj- agency ; agency of any thing, a» means to an 
 end ; as, the instrumentality of second causes. 
 
 I.N-STRU-.MENT'A1,-I,Y, adv. I)y way or means of 
 un instrument ; in the nature of an instrument, as 
 means to an end. Sout/t. 
 2. With instruments of music. 
 
 IN-STRU-.\IE.\T'AI^NESS, n. Usefulness, as of 
 means to an end ; instrumentality. Hammond. 
 
 IN-STVI.IV, r. (. [in and style.] To call ; to denom- 
 inate. [JViif used!] Crasliaw. 
 
 IN-SUAV'I-TY, (in-swav'e-ty,) n. [L. insuavitas.] 
 Unpleasantness. Burton. 
 
 IN-SUU-JEC'TIUN, 71. State of disobedience to gov- 
 ernment. I 
 
 INS 
 
 Defect of submission ; diso- 
 Not submitting to author- 
 
 IN-SUB-.MIS'SION, 71. 
 
 bedience. 
 IN-SUB-OR'DI-NATE, a. 
 
 itv. 
 
 IN-SUB-OR-DI-Na'TION,71. Want of subordination ; 
 disorder ; disobedience to lawful authority. 
 
 Jilarsluill. J. M. Mason 
 IN-SUB-STAN'TIAL, a. Unsubstantial ; not real. 
 
 Shali. 
 
 IN-SUC-Ca'TION, 71. [L. insucco, to moisten ; iii and 
 succus, juice.] 
 
 The act of soaking or moistening; maceration ; so- 
 lution in the juice of herbs. Coze. 
 IN-SUF'FER-A-15LE, a. [in and suffcrablc.] Intoler- 
 able ; that can not be borne or endured ; as, insujfer- 
 able heat, colfl, or pain. 
 
 9. That can not be permitted or tolerated. Our 
 wrongs are insufferable. 
 
 3. Detestable ; contemptible ; disgusting beyond 
 endurance. 
 
 A mnliilude of scritWers who daily pester tlie world with their 
 insajferable st.ill'. Drydtn. 
 
 IN-SUF'FER-A-BLY, adv. To a degree beyond endu- 
 rance ; as, a blaze insufferably bright; a person insuf- 
 ferably proud. 
 
 IN-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY, (-suf-fish'en-se,) 7i. [in and 
 sufficiency.] Inadequateness ; want of sufficiency; 
 deficiency ; as, an insu^cicncy of provisions to supply 
 the garrison. 
 
 2. Inadequacy of power or skill ; inability ; inca- 
 pacity ; incompetency ; as, the insufficiency of a man 
 for an office. 
 
 3. Want of the requisite strength, value, or force ; 
 ' defect. 
 
 Tlie insutjiciena/ of the light of nature is supplied by the light 
 of iscripture. Hooker. 
 
 IN-SUF-FI"CIEXT, ( suf-fish'ent,) a. [in and suffi- 
 cient.] Not sutficient ; inadequate to any need, use, , 
 or purpose. The (irovisions are insufficient in quanti- I 
 ty, and defective in quality'. 
 
 2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, or ski'l ; 
 incapable ; unfit ; as, a person insufficient to discharge 
 the duties of an office. 
 
 IN-SUF-FI"CIE.\T-LY, adv. With want of suffi- 
 ciency; with want of proper ability or skill; inade- 
 quately. 
 
 IN-SUF-FLa'TION, 71. [L. in and sufflo, to blow.] 
 
 1. The act of breathing on. 
 
 2. The act of blowing a substance into a cavity of 
 the body. Coze. 
 
 IN-SuIT'A-BLE, a. Unsuitable. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 IN'SU-LAR, ) a. [\i. insularis, from insula, an 
 IN'SU-LA-RY, ! isle.] 
 
 Belonging to an isle ; surrounded by water ; as, an 
 insular situation. 
 IN'SU-LAR, 71. One who dwells in an isle. 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 IN-SU-LAR'I-TY, 71. The state of being insular. 
 IN"SU-L.-\R-LY, adv. In an insular manner. 
 IN'SU-LaTE, ti. t. [L. insula, an isle.] 
 
 1. To place in a detached situation, or in a state to 
 have no communication with surrounding objects. 
 
 2. In architecture, to set a column alone, or not con- 
 tiguous to a wall. 
 
 3. In electrical ezpcrimeuts, to place electrified bod- 
 ies, by means of non-conductors, in such a situation 
 that the electricity is prevented ftnin escaping. 
 
 4. To make an isle. [Little used.] 
 IN'SU-La-TED, pp. or a. Standing by itself ; not be- 
 ing contiguous to other bodies ; as, an insulated house 
 or cohiiiin. 
 
 2. In electrical rrprriments, placed, by means of non- 
 conductors, so that the electricity is prevented from 
 escaping. 
 
 IN'SU-LA-TING, ppr. Setting in a detaclied posi- 
 tion. 
 
 2. In electrical eipcriments, placing, by means of 
 non-conductors, so that the electricity is prevented 
 from escaping. 
 
 IN-SU-La'TK)!V, 71. The act of insulating ; the state 
 of being detached from other objects. 
 
 2. In electrical experiments, act of placing electrified 
 bodies, by means of non-conductors, in such a situ- 
 ation that the electricity is prevented from escaping; 
 the state of being thus jilacrd. 
 
 IN'SU-LA-TOR, ». In electrical erprriments, the sub- 
 .stance or body that insulates, or interrupts the com- 
 munication of electricity to surrounding ohjocts ; a 
 non-conductor, or electric. Eil. Encyc. 
 
 IN'SU-LOUS, a. .-\bounding in isles. 
 
 IN-SUI,SE', (111-suls',) (I. [I,, insulsus.] 
 
 Dull ; insipid. [.Vut used.] Milton. 
 
 IN'SUI/r, 71. [I'r. insullr: \.. insulins, (win insilio, to 
 leap on ; 111 and salw, to leap.] 
 
 1. Tlie act of leaping'on. [Lillle used.] Dryden. 
 
 2. Any gross abusi^ oli'ered to another, either by 
 words or actions ; act or speech of insolence or con- 
 tein|it. 
 
 The niMileis Bnrer timt injiii/1 iidtts to griet. Savage. 
 IN-SULT', r. t. [Fr. insulter: It. insultare; Sp. insul- 
 tar ; \,. insulto. .^ee the noun.] 
 To treat with gross abuse, insolence, or contempt, 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WH/kT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK — 
 
INS 
 
 by words or actions ; as, to call a man a coward or a 
 liar, or to sneer at him, is to insult Inni. 
 IN-SULT', 0. i. To beliavc with insolent triumph. 
 
 B, ,/ur.dOii, 
 
 To inaiiU over ; to triumph over with insolence and 
 cont(!inpt. 
 
 IN-SULT-A'TION, n. The act of insultinR ; abusive 
 treat nirnt. Fettham. 
 
 IN-tiUL,i''Kn, pp. Abused, or treated with insolence 
 and coiitompt. 
 
 IN-SULT'Ell, n. One who insults. Rowe. 
 
 IH-^VLT'ISG, ppr. Treating with insolence or con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Ii\-SLJLT'I.\G, a. Containing or conveying gross 
 
 abuse ; as, insullin!T language. 
 IN-SULT'IN<;-IiY, ttilv. With insolent contempt ; 
 
 with contemptuous triumph. DnjiLcn. 
 IN-SULT'AIENT, n. Tlie act of insulting. [JVot 
 
 «,«•</.] Shak. 
 IN-SOME', V. t. insumo.] 
 
 To take in. [.\'ut \i.ied.] F.cehjn. 
 IN-SU-PER-A-BIL'f-TY, ». [Uom insuperable.} The 
 
 quality of beins; insuperable. 
 IN-SO'PEK-A-BLE, a. [L. insuperabilis ; m and su- 
 
 perabUis, from supcro, to overcome or surp.iss.] 
 
 1. That can not be overcome or surmounted ; in- 
 surmountable ; as, insuperable dillicultics, objections, 
 or obstacles. 
 
 2. That can not be passed over. 
 
 AnJ mi.liilc niuim's, how tht*y loii* to )uiQ I 
 
 Yd never p.\!w the irtguperabte line. P-7X. 
 
 The latter applicatitm is unusual. This word is 
 rarely or never used, in reference to an enemy, in 
 the sense of ineincible or uticotiiptcrable. We do imt 
 say that troops or enemies are iitsupemble ; but the 
 word is a|)plied chielly to diliiculties, objections, ob- 
 stacles, or impeiliments. 
 
 IN-SC'TER-A-BHO-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 insuperable or insurmountable. 
 
 IN-f 0'PER-A-1!LY, In a manner or degree not 
 
 to be overcome ; insurniouiitably. Grew. 
 
 IN-SL'P-I'oRT'A-BLE, a. [Er. ih and supportable] 
 
 1. That can not be supported or borne; as, the 
 weight or burden is insupportable. 
 
 2. That can nt)t be borne or endured ; insufferable ; 
 inttderablf. We say of heat or cold, insult, indig- 
 nity, or disgrace, it is insupportable. 
 
 IN-l<lJP-Pf)RT'A-I!LE-NE.><S,n. The quality of being 
 insupportable ; insufferablcness ; the state of being 
 bi ycind i ndnrance. Sidney. 
 
 lN'-SLIl'-PoRT'.\-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree 
 that can not be supported or endured. Dnjdrn. 
 
 IN-SUP-PREdS'I-BLE, o. Not to be suppressed or 
 cimcealeil. Younff. 
 
 I.\-SUP-PRESS'I-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree 
 that can not be supgiresscd or concealed. 
 
 IN-SLfP-PRESS'lVE, a. Not tending to suppress. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IN-SOR'A-BLE, (in-shur'a-bl,) a. [from insure.] That 
 may be insured against loss or damage ; proper to be 
 insured. 
 
 Tlie Frencli law ninmti the I.ittcr policies so ^ a« lliey cxMstl 
 th? insurable iiil>-n-st whicli reinoincil iu the iiuurcd nl Uie 
 lime ot the aulecription lln rcof. Waish. 
 
 IN-S0R'A:^CE, (in-shiir'ans,) n. [from injure] The 
 act of insuring or assuring against loss or damage ; 
 or a-<ontract by which t)ne engages ft)r a stipulated 
 consideraliim or premium per cent, to make up a loss 
 which aniither may sustain. Insurance is usually 
 made on gooils or property e.\posed to uncommon 
 hazard, or on lives. . 
 2. The premium paid for insuring property or life. 
 Insurance company ; acoin))any or corporation whose 
 business is to insure against loss or tlamaiie. 
 L\-S0R'AN-C;ER, «. An underwriter. [J\r,it in use.] 
 
 R. Blair. 
 
 IN-SORE', (in-shure',) v. i. [in and sure. The French 
 use assurer.] 
 
 1. To make sure or secure ; as, to insure safety to 
 any one. 
 
 2. To contract or covenant, for a consideration, to 
 secure a person against loss ; or to engage to indem- 
 nify another for the loss of any specified properly, at 
 a certain stipulatt-d rate per cent., called a premium. 
 The properly usually insured is such as is exposed to 
 e\lrat>rdinary ha/.ard. 'J^lms the merchant insures 
 his ship or its cargo, or both, against the dangers of 
 the sea ; houses are insured against fire ; sometimes 
 ha/.ardtius tiebts are insured^ and sotneliines lives. 
 
 IN-SC'RE', r. i. To underwrite; to practice making 
 insurance. This company insures at three par cent., 
 or at a low premium, 
 
 IN-SOR'fl), {iii-shurd',) pp. or a. .Made sure; as- 
 sured ; secured airainsl loss. 
 
 l.N-^C'R'ER, (in-shur'er,) n. One who insures ; the 
 p<:rson who contracts to pay the losses of another for 
 a prnniiiin ; an underwriter. 
 
 IN-SUR'OENT, a. [L. insur^ens; in and surgo^ to 
 rise.] 
 
 Rising in opposition to lawful civil or political au- 
 thority; as, iB,«uriffn( chiefs. Stephens. 
 I.N'-Sl'R'CiEN'T, n. A person who rises in opposition 
 to civil or political authority ; one who openly and 
 
 I N T 
 
 actively resists the execution of laws. [See I.isi r- 
 
 HECTIOn.] 
 
 An I^isunrtENT differs from a REnr.!*. The insnrfrent 
 opposes the execution of a particular law or laws ; 
 the rebel attempts to ovt^rthrow or change the govern- 
 ment, or he revolts, and attempts to place his coun- 
 try uiitler another jurisdiction. All rebels are iiisurff- 
 ents, but all insurgents are not rebels. 
 
 IN-SOR'ING, (in-shur'ing.) ppr. Making secure ; as- 
 suring against loss ; engaging to indemnify for losses. 
 
 IN-SUR-.MOirXT'A-BLE, a. [Fr. insurmontable. See 
 
 SunMOUNT.] 
 
 1. Insuperable ; that can not be surmounted or 
 overctune ; as, an insurmountable difficulty, obstacle, 
 or impediment. 
 
 2. Not to be surmounted ; not to be passed by as- 
 cending; as, an insurmountable wall or rampart. 
 
 IN-SUR-iMOUNT'A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree 
 
 not to be overcome. 
 IN-SUH-RECTION, n. [L. nisiir^-o ; in and surgo, to 
 
 rise. J 
 
 1. A rising against civil or political authority; the 
 open and active opposition of a number of per.stms 
 to the execution of law in a city or state. It is equiv- 
 alent to Sedition, except that sedition expressesa less 
 extensive rising of citizens. It differs from Rebellion, 
 for the latter expresses a revt>lt, or an attemjit to over- 
 throw the government, to establish a different one, or 
 to place the country under another juristlictiou. It 
 differs from Mutiny, as it respects the civil or political 
 govornment ; whereas a vtutiny is an open tipposititni 
 tt) law in the army or navy. Insurrection is, how- 
 ever, used with such latitude as to comprehend either 
 sedition or rebellion. 
 
 It is found Ihnt this city of oltl time hath m.i(le insurreetion 
 ug^iinst kings, nnil tlmt rebellion and sedition luave Ijccu 
 niiije theivin. — Eira iv. 
 
 2. A rising in mass to oppose an enemy. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 IN-SUR-REe'TrON'-AL, a. Pertaining to insiirrec- 
 titm ; consisting in "insurrection. J3m. Rev. 
 
 IN-SUR-REe'TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining or suit.able 
 to insurrertion. Burke. 
 
 IN-SUK-REe'TION-IST, n. One who favors insur- 
 rection. 
 
 IN-SUS-CEPT-I-RII.'I-TY, n. [from insiLxceptible.] 
 Want of susceptibility, or capacity to feci or perceive. 
 
 Med. Repos. 
 
 IN-SUS-CEPTT-BLE, a. [in and su.fceptible.] Not 
 susceptible ; cot capable of being moved, affected, or 
 impressed ; as, a limb insusceptible of pain ; a heart 
 insusceptible of pity. 
 2. Not capable of receiving or admitting. 
 IN-SUS-UR-Ri'TION, n. [L. insusnrro.] 
 The act of whispering into something. 
 IN-TA€T', a. Untouched. 
 
 IN-TAeT'A-BI.E, a. [L. intactum ; in and factum, 
 langn, to touch.] 
 
 Not perceptible to the touch. Diet. 
 IN-TAGL'Ia TED, (in-tarya-ted,) o. [See Intaolio.] 
 
 Engraved or stamped t)n. Warton. 
 IN-TAUL'IO, (in-tal'yo,) ?i. [It., from intagliare, lo 
 carve ; in and tmrliare, to cut, I'r. (ai7(fr.] 
 
 Literally, a cutting or engraving ; hence, any thing 
 engraved, or a precious stone with a lie.id or an in- 
 scription cut in or hollowed ouL It is the opposite of 
 a (>AMEo. .Addison. 
 IN-TA.N'CI-BEE, a. [in and tann-iMc] That can not 
 or may not be touched. Ifilkins. 
 2. Not perceptible to the touch. 
 A coqiurvtiun is an nrtiftcial, invisUe, jrilan^/« bein?. 
 
 MarthaU, 
 
 I\.TAN'GI-BI,E-NEF!S, ) n. The quality of being in- 
 
 I.\-T \N-CiI-BII/I-TY, i tangible. 
 
 IN-TA.\'<5I BI,Y, adv. So as to be intangible. 
 
 IN-T.\ST'A-BLE, a. [in and tastahle, ta.iU.] Th.it 
 can not be tasted ; that can not affect the organs of 
 taste. OreiD. 
 
 IN'TE tSER, n. [L. See Entire.] The whole of 
 any thing ; particularly, in arithmetic, a whole num- 
 ber, in contradistinction to a fraction. Thus, in the 
 number 51.7, in decimal arithmetic, 54 is an integer, 
 and 7 a fraction, or seven tenths of a unit. 
 
 IN'TE-GRAL, a. [Fr., from integer.] Whole; en- 
 tire. 
 
 A IocaI motion keepelh bodies integral. Bacon. 
 
 Q. Making part of a whole, or nccess.arj' to make 
 a whole. 
 ;). Not fractional. 
 
 4. Uninjured ; complete ; not defective. Haider. 
 
 Inteirrat calculus. See Cai.cuh;s. 
 
 Integral molecules ; the smallest particles into which 
 a biMly can be supposed to be divided by mechanical 
 mean's. Olmsted, 
 IN'TE-GR.M,, n, .\ whole; an entire thing. 
 
 2. In mathematics. See DitFERLNTiAL and Cal- 
 
 CfLlJS. 
 
 IN-TE-GRAL'I-TY, 71. Entircness. [J^ot used.] 
 
 IVhitaJicr. 
 
 IN'TE-GR.VL-LY, mtr. Wholly ; completely. 
 
 Whitaker. 
 
 I.N'TE-GRANT, a, M.iking p.art of a whole ; neces- 
 sary to constitute an entire thing. Burke. 
 
 INT 
 
 Integrant parts or particles <if hotlics, are those into 
 which bodies are n;(iuced by mechanical division, as 
 distinct from elementary or constituent purttctes. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 IN'TE GRATE, v. t. (L. intrgro.] 
 
 To renew ; to restore ; to perfect ; to make a thing 
 
 entire. South. 
 IN'TE GRS-TEI), pp. M.ade entire. 
 hV'TE (iltA-TlNt;, ppr. .Making entire. 
 I.V-TE (iRA'TION, «. The act of making entire. 
 IN-TEG'RI-TY, n. [Fr. integrity L. inUgntas, from 
 
 integer.] 
 
 1. Wholeness; cntireness ; unbroken state. The 
 constitution of the United Suites guaranties to each 
 state the integrity of its territories. The contracting 
 parties guarantied the integrity of the empire. 
 
 2. The entire, unimpaired slate of any thing, par- 
 ticularly of tl^e mil il ; moral soundness or purity ; 
 incorrnptness ; uprightness ; honesty. Integrity com- 
 prehends the whole moral character, but ha.s a special 
 reference to u|)riglitness in mutual dealings, transfers 
 of property, and agen ;ies for others. 
 
 The inoml ^r.mdcur ol independent integrity is the sublimest 
 tiiin;^ ni niitim*, tx-lore which the pomp «I K.tslern niAfnifi- 
 cence imd the splenilor of coiKjuest are wlioiis ns wdl na 
 perishftble. Buchnintler. 
 
 3. Purity ; genuine, unadulterated, unimpaired 
 state ; as, the intesritn of l.'iiigiiage. 
 
 IN-TEG-q-:M.A'TION, n. [I,, inlego, to cover.] 
 
 That part of pliysiology which treats of the integ- 
 uments of animals and plants. Encyc. 
 
 IN-TEG'U-.MK.\T, n. [L. inlegumcntum, intego, to 
 cover ; in and tego. See Deck.] 
 
 That which naturally invests or covers another 
 thing ; but appropriately and chief y, in anatomy, a 
 covering wliicli invests the body, as the skin, or a 
 membrane that invc^sts a jiarliciilar jiart. 'I'he skin 
 of seeds and the sliells of crust.aeeous animals are 
 denominated integuments. Kncyc. 
 
 IN-TEG-i;-.M E.NT' A-RY, a. Belonging to or composed 
 of integumi^nts. 
 
 IN'TEL-LECT, 71. [Fr., from L. intellectus, from intel- 
 ligo, to understand. See Intellioeice.] 
 
 That faculty of the human soul or mind which re- 
 ceives or comprehends the ideas coiiinmnicated to it 
 by the senses, or by perception, or by other means ; 
 the faculty of llliiiliiiig ; ollierwise called the Unoek- 
 9TANDING. A dear /wfc/Zrcf receives and entertains 
 the same ideas which another communicates with 
 perspicuity. 
 
 IN-TKL-Llie'TION, 71. [Fr., from I,, intellcclio, from 
 inteltigo.] 
 
 The act of understanding ; simple apprehension of 
 ideas. Bcntley. 
 IN-TEL-LECT'IVE, a. [Fr. iutellcctif.] 
 
 1. Having power to iinderstanil. Olanrille. 
 
 2. Produced by the nndoistanding. Harris. 
 
 3. To be perceived by the understanding, not by 
 the senses. Milton. 
 
 IN-TEL-LECT'IT-AI,, a. [Fr. intcllectuel.] 
 
 1. Relating to the intellect or understanding; be- 
 longing to the minil ; performed by the understand- 
 ing; mental; as, intellectuai powers wr operations. 
 
 2. Ideal ; pi rceived by the intellect ; existing in 
 the understanding; as, an intellectual scene. Pope. 
 
 3. Having the power of understanding ; as, an I'n- 
 tellcctuol being. 
 
 4. Relating to the understanding; treating of the 
 mind ; as, inlelleclual philosophy, now sometimes 
 called mental philosophy. 
 
 IN-TEL-I.EeT'U-AL, n. The intellect or understand- 
 ing. [LiUlcusrd.] Milton. 
 
 IN-TEL-LEGT'lT-AL-IST, n. One who overrates the 
 understanding. Bacon. 
 
 IN-TEL-LEeT-(:-AL'I-TY, 71, The state of intellec- 
 tual power. [Aut used.] Ilalliwell. 
 
 IN-TEl.-LEeT'U-AL-LY, adv. By means of the un- 
 derstanding. 
 
 IN-TEL'LI-GENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. intelligentia, 
 from intellign, to iinderstiiiid. This verb is proba- 
 bly composed of ih, inter, or inlus, within, and lego, 
 to collect. The primary sense of understand is gen- 
 erally to take or liold, as we say, to take one's ideas 
 or meaning.] 
 
 1. Understanding : skill. Spenser. 
 
 2. Notice ; information communicated ; an account 
 of tilings disUint tir before unknown. Intelligence m:iy 
 be transinitti'il by messengers, by letters, by signals, 
 or by telegraphs. 
 
 3. Couiinerce of acquaintance ; terms of inter- 
 course. Good intelligence between men is harmony. 
 So we say, there is a good understanding between 
 persons when they have the same views, or are 
 free from discord. 
 
 4. /\ spiritual being ; as, a created intelligence. It 
 is believed that the universe is peopled with innu- 
 meniblc siiOiTior intelligences. 
 
 IN-TEE'I,I-GENUE, r. t 'j'o infonn ; to instrucU 
 [Little used.] 
 
 IN-TEL'LI-GENU-ED, (in-iel'le-jenst,) pp. Informed ; 
 instructed. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 IN-TEL'Ll-GENChM)F'FICE, 11. An office or place 
 where informal ion may be obtained, particularly re- 
 specting servants to be hired. 
 
 TPNE, BJJLU. IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 77 
 
 ZZ 
 
 613 
 
INT 
 
 lX-TEL'L[-GEN-CEIi, n. One who sends or conveys 
 iiilellitrence ; one who gives notice of private or dis- 
 tant transactions ; a messenger. Bacon, ^^ddisoti, 
 2. A public paper; a newspaper. 
 
 IN-TEL'LI-GEX-CING, jipr. or a. Giving or fonvey- 
 ing notice t i or from a distance. 
 
 Ii\-TEL'LI-GE.V'l', a. [Fr., from L. intrUnreiis.] 
 
 1. Endowed witli the faculty of understanding or 
 rensijn. .Man is an intelti^eut being. 
 
 2. Knowing ; understanding ; well informed ; 
 skilled ; as, an ivlelthrrnt officer ; an iiitrlli^ent 
 young man ; an iiitdliircnt architect ; sometimes 
 followed by /'/; as, inldlitrent of seasons. Milton. 
 
 3. Giving information. [JJ'ot used, nor prop(T.'\ 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IN-TEI,-LI-GEN'TL\L, a. Consisting of unbodied 
 mind. 
 
 Pooi alike those pure 
 InteUigenli/U sultelanct-s require. Milton. 
 
 2. Intellectual ; exercising understanding. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IX-TEL'LI-GENT-LY, adv. In an intelligent man- 
 ner. 
 
 IN-TEL-LI-Gl-BIL'I-TY, ) n. [from intelligible.] 
 
 IN-TEL'LI-GI-RLE-NESS, i The quality or state 
 of being intelligible; the possibility of being under- 
 stood. Lockr. Tookc. 
 
 IN-TEL'Lt-GI-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. intelli^^ibUis.] 
 That may be understood or comprehended ; as, an 
 infllig-iblc account. The rules of human duty are 
 iniellitrible to minils of the smallest capacity. 
 
 IN-TEL'LI-GI-BLY, adt\ In a manner to be under- 
 stood ; clearly ; plainly ; as, to w rite or speak intelli- 
 aibhi. 
 
 IX-TEM'ER-ATF,, a. [L. inUmtratwi.] 
 Pure ; undefiled. [J^'ot in inc.] 
 
 IN-TE.M'ER-ATE-NESS, n. State of being unpollu- 
 ted. [JVff uncd.] Donne. 
 
 IN-TE.Vl'PER-A-MENT, n. [in and temperament.] A 
 bad state or constitution ; as, the intemperamcnt of an 
 ulcerated part. Harvey. 
 
 IN-TE.M'PER-ANCE, n. [Fr., from L. intcmper- 
 antia.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, want of moderation or due 
 restraint; excess in any kind of action or indul- 
 gence ; any exertion of body or mind, or any indul- 
 gence of appetites or passions which is injurious to 
 the person or contrary to morality ; as, intemperance 
 in study or in labor, in eating or drinking, or in any 
 other gratification. Hence, appropriately and ein- 
 pluLticaUij, 
 
 2. Habitual indulgence in drinking spirituous li- 
 quors, with or without into.iication. 
 
 SliouIJ a fon^ifl^i .irmy ]aiHl on our shores, to levy such a t.ix 
 upon us as interiipemnce levk-s — no mortal power coulil 
 resist the swelling tide of indiffnalioa that would over- 
 whelm it. L. Btecher. 
 
 IN-TEM'PER-ATE, a. [L. intemperatus ; in and tem- 
 peratas, from tempera, to moderate or restrain.] 
 
 1. Not moderate or restrained within due limits; 
 induljring to excess any appetite or passitm, either ha- 
 bitually or in a particular instance; immoderate in 
 enjoyment or exertion. A man may be intemperate 
 in passion, intemperate in labor, intemperate in study 
 or zeal. Hence, by customary .'ip]>Iication, intemper- 
 ate denotes indulging to excess tii the use of foot! or 
 drink, but particularly in the use of spirituous li- 
 quors. Hence, 
 
 2. Addicteil to an excessive or habitual use of spir- 
 ituous lupiiirs. 
 
 3. Pa-ssionate ; ungovernable. Skak. 
 
 4. Excessive; exceeding the convenient mean or 
 degree ; as, an intemperate climate, yhe weather 
 may be rendered int' mpcrnte by violent winds, rain, 
 or snow, or bv excessive cold or hi^at. 
 
 IN-TE.\1'I'ER-ATE, v. t. To disorder. [JVof in use.] 
 
 Whilakrr. 
 
 IN-TE.M'PER-.\TE-LY, flrfi'. With excessive indul- 
 gence of appetite or passion ; with undue cxer- 
 ti<tn ; iniiuoderatelv ; excessively. 
 
 I.\-TE.M'PER-ATE-NESS, n. VVant of moderation ; 
 excessive degree of indulgence ; as, the intcmperati^ 
 nesH of appetite or passion, 
 
 2. Immoderate degree of any quality in the weath- 
 er, as in cold, heal, or storms. 
 
 I.\-TEM'PER-A-TI;KE, n. Excess of some quality. 
 
 IN-TE.M-PEfiT'IVE, a. [L. inlcmpestious.] 
 
 Uniiinely. [Aol u.ied.] Burton. 
 
 I.N TEM PErfT'lTE-LY, adv. Unseasonably. [JVu< 
 used.] 
 
 IN-TE.M-PES-TIV'I-TY, n. Untimeliness. [M\,t 
 wted. I 
 
 IN-TE.\'A-ni.E, a. [in and tenable.] That can not 
 be held or mainlain>;d ; that is not defen?"-' .!», an 
 intenable opinion ; an intenablc fortress. Warburton. 
 
 [IJsTE.SAiii.E, though not nujre proper, is more 
 generally used.] 
 IN-TEM)', r. (. [\,.intrndo; in and (cii>/o, to stretch 
 or Ktrain, from trnnr, (Jr. tmk.), to stretch.] 
 
 I. To Hirelch ; to strain ; to extend ; to distend. 
 
 By Uiis lite luii^i are intenltd or remitied. llatt. 
 
 [Thig literal getue is now uncommon.] 
 
 9. To mean ; to design ; to purpose ; that is, to 
 
 INT 
 
 stretch or set forward in mind. [Ttiis is now the 
 usual sense.] 
 
 For they intended evil against thee. — Ps. xii. 
 
 3. To regard ; to fix the mi.id on ; to attend ; to 
 take care of. 
 
 Having no children, she did with singular care and tenderness 
 intend llie education of Philip. Bacon. 
 
 [This use of the word is now obsolete. We now 
 use Tend and Superintend, or Regahd.] 
 
 4. To enforce; to make intense. Brown. 
 IN-TEND'A\-CV, n. The office or employment of 
 
 an intendant, or the district comuiitted to his 
 IN-TE.\D'A.\T, n. [Fr., from L. intendo.] [charge 
 
 1. One who has tU<; charge, oversight, direction, 
 or management of some public business ; as, an in- 
 tendant of marine ; an intendant of finance ; a word 
 much used in France, and sometimes in England and 
 America ; but we generally use in lieu of it Super- 
 intendent. 
 
 2. In Charleston, South Carolina, the mayor or 
 chief municipal officer of the city. 
 
 IN-TEND'ED, pp. or a. Designed; purposed; as, the 
 insult was intended, 
 
 a. Stretched ; made intense. [Little used.] 
 
 IN-TEND'ED-LY, adv. With purpose or intention ; 
 by design. Milton. 
 
 IN-TEND'ER, ji. One who intends. 
 
 IN-TEND'I-.MEXT. n. Attention; understanding; 
 consideration. [OJj.l 
 
 IN-TEND'ING, ppr. Meaning ; designing ; purpos- 
 ing. 
 
 2. Stretching; distending. [Little used.] 
 IN-TEi\I)'AlE.\T, 71. [Fr. entendement, with a sense 
 somewhat diflV-rent.] 
 
 Intention ; design ; in law, the true meaning of a 
 person or of a law, or of any legal instrument. In 
 the construction of statutes or of contracts, the in- 
 tendment of the same is, if possible, to be ascertained, 
 that is, the true meaning or intention of the legisla- 
 tor or contracting party. 
 IN-TEN'ER-ATE, v. t. [L. in and tener, tender.] 
 To make tender ; to soften. 
 
 Autumn viffor gives 
 Equal, inteneraling, rnllliy griin. Philips. 
 
 IN-TEN'ER-A-TED, pp. Made tender or soft. 
 
 IN-TE.\'ER-A-Tli\(l, ppr. Jlaking tender. 
 
 IN-TEN-ER-A'TION, n. The act of making soft or 
 tender ; the state of being made tender. Bacon. 
 [iNTENEBATE and its derivatives are little used.] 
 
 IN-TEN'I-I5LE, a. That can not hold. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 IN-TENS'aTE, v. i. To make intense, or more in- 
 tense. 
 
 IX-TENS'A-TING, ppr. Making intense, or more in- 
 tense. 
 
 IN-TEN.SE', a. [L. intensns, from intendo, to stretch.] 
 
 1. jLi((Ta/;i/, strained, stretched ; hence, very close, 
 strict, as when the mind is fixed or bent on a partic- 
 ular subject ; as, inteitsc study or applictttion ; intense 
 thought. 
 
 2. Raised to a high degree ; violent ; vehement ; 
 as, intense heat. 
 
 3. Very severe or keen ; as intense cold. 
 
 4. Vehement; ardent; as, intense phrases in lan- 
 
 5. Extreme in degree. [guage. 
 Tlic doclriiie of the atonement supposeit tfiat the sins of men were 
 
 so laid on Christ, that his sullerings wtre inconceivahly iri- 
 tense and overwhelming. o. E. Dmght, 
 
 6. Kept on the stretch ; anxiously attentive ; op- 
 posed to Remiss. Milton. 
 
 IN-TEN'SE'LY, adv. To an extreme degree; vehe- 
 mently; as, a furnace intensehj heaXei; weather in- 
 tenselij coltl. 
 
 2. Attentively ; earnestly. Spenser. 
 IN-TENSE'NESS, n. The state of being strained or 
 stretcheil ; intensity ; as, the intensene.<s of a ctird. 
 
 2. The state of being raised or concentrated to a 
 great degree ; extreme violence ; as, the intcnsenc-ss 
 of heat or cold. 
 
 3. I'xtreme closeness ; as, the intcnseticss of study 
 or thought. 
 
 IN-TENS'I VT-EY),pp. Made more intense. 
 IN TENS'I V. I. To reiidi r more intense. Bacon. 
 ir\-'l'i;.\S'M'?-ING, ppr. Reiuluriiig more intense. 
 IN-TEX'.'^ION, ;i. [I,, intensio.] 
 
 1. A straining, stretching, or bending ; the state of 
 being strained ; as, the intension of a musical string. 
 
 2. Increase of powiT or energy of any quality ; op- 
 poseil to Remission. 
 
 IN-TENS'l-TY, „. [Fr. inten.iilif.] 
 
 1. The st.ate of being strained or stretched ; in- 
 tenseness, as of a musical cord. 
 
 2. The state of being rniseil to a great degree ; ex- 
 treme violenct; ; as, the intensity of heal. 
 
 3. Extreme closen<;ss ; as, i/ttr/i.vi/i/ of application. 
 
 4. Excess ; extreme degree ; as, the intensity of 
 cuilt. Burke. 
 
 IN-TEi\.'^'l Vi;,n. Stretched, or ailniitting of cxtcn.siiui. 
 
 2. Intent ; unremittetl ; assiduous ; as, int.en,Hve 
 circiiiiispection. Ifotton. 
 
 3. Serving to give force or emphasis ; as, an intcn- 
 nire particle or preposilion. 
 
 IN-TE.\S'I VE-EY, adv. By increase of degroo ; in a 
 manner to give force. BramhaU. 
 
 INT 
 
 IN-TENT', a. [L. inUntas, from intendo. See In- 
 tend.] 
 
 Literally, having the mind strained or bent on an 
 object ; hence, fixed closely ; sedulously applied ; 
 eager in pursuit of an object; anxiously diligent; 
 formerly with <o, but now with on; as, intent on busi- 
 ness or pleasure ; intenl on the acquisition of sci- 
 ence. 
 
 Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the speaker. 
 
 Walls. 
 
 IN-TENT', n. Literally, the stretching of the mind 
 toward an object ; hence, a design ; a purpose ; in- 
 tention ; meaning; drift; aim; applied to persons or 
 things. 
 
 The principal inlffnl of Scripture is to deliver the laws of duties 
 
 supernatural. Hooker. 
 I ask, therefore, for what intent ye have sent for me. — Acta x. 
 
 To all intents; in all senses ; whatever may be de- 
 signed. 
 
 lie was imserahle to all intents and purposes. L'Estrange. 
 IN-TEN'TION, n. [Fr., from L. inlmtio. See In- 
 tend.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a stretching or bending of the mind 
 toward an otiject ; hence, uncommon exertion of the 
 intellectual faculties ; closeness of application ; fi.x- 
 edncss of attention ; earnestness. 
 
 Intention is when the mind, with great eantestness, and of choice, 
 fixes its view on any idea, considers it on every side, anil 
 will not be called off by tiie orxlinary solicitation nf other 
 idnas. Locke. 
 
 2. Design; purpose; the fixed direction of the 
 mind to a particular object, or a determination to act 
 in a particular manner. It is my intention to proceed 
 to Paris. 
 
 3. End or aim ; the object to be accomplished. 
 
 In chronicid distempers, the principal intention is to restore the 
 tone of the solid parts. Arbutknot. 
 
 4. The state of being strained. [See Intension.] 
 
 5. In surgery, a wounil is saiil to heal by the first 
 intention, when it cicatrizes without suppuration. 
 
 Dunglison. 
 
 IN-TEN'TION-AL, a. Intended ; designed ; done 
 with design or parjwse. The act was intciuional, 
 not atcidental. 
 
 IN-TEN'TION-AL-LY, adv. By design ; of purpose ; 
 not casually. 
 
 IN-TEN'TION-£D, in composition ; a.s, well-inten- 
 tioned, having good designs, honest in purpose ; ill- 
 intentiiined, having ill designs. Mdnrr. Ch. Obs. 
 
 IN-TENT'I VE, a. Attentive ; having the mind closely 
 applied. Bacon. 
 [This word is nearly superseded by .Attentive.] 
 
 IN-TENT'IVE-LY, ado. Closely ; with close applica- 
 tion. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-TENT'IVE-NESS, n. Closeness of attention or 
 application of mind. fV. Muuntagu. 
 
 IN-TENT'LY, adv. With close attention or applica- 
 tion ; with eagerness or earnestness; as, the mind 
 intently directed to an object ; the eyes intently fixed ; 
 the man is intently employed in the study of geology. 
 
 IN-TENT'NESS, «. The state of being intent ; close 
 application ; constant employment of the mind. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 IN'TER ; a I.atin preposition, signifyingtamoHo' or be- 
 tween ; used as ti prefix. 
 
 IN-TER', V.I. [Fr. enterrer; en and terre, L. tcrri?, 
 the earth ; Sp. enterrar: It. interrare.] 
 
 1. To bury ; to deposit and cover in the earth ; as, 
 to inter a deail animal body. 
 
 2. To cover with earth. 
 
 But it is tised almost exclusively to denote the de- 
 positing and covering of dead animal bodies. 
 IN-TER-,\eT', H. [i«(cr and ac(.] Intermediate em- 
 ployment or time ; a short piece between others. 
 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 IN-TER-AC'TION, n. Intermediate action. /. Taylor. 
 Ii\-TEK-A'GEi\T, 71. An intermediate agent. Kirby. 
 IN-TER-AM'M-AN, a. [L. inter and amni.-s, river.] 
 Situated betw'oen rivers. Bryant. 
 IN-TEII-AN'I-.MaTE, v. t. To animate niiitiially. 
 
 [Little used.] Donne. 
 IN-TER-.'vR-Tie'U-LAR, n. Being between the 
 
 joints or articulation. 
 IN-TER-HAS-TA'TIO.\, n. [Sp. bastear, to baste.] 
 Patchwork. [jV«f in use.] Smith. 
 IN-TER'CA-LAR, / n. [Fr. iiifocn/nirc : I,, iiiffrca- 
 IN-TER'CA-I,A-UV, i larius ; inter and ca/o, to call 
 
 or proclaim.] 
 
 Inserted or introduced in the midst of others ; as, 
 
 an intercalary verse ; applied particularly to the uiltl 
 
 day iiiserti d in leap-yetir. The twc uly-nuith of 
 
 February in leap-year is called the intircalury day. 
 
 We reati ill Etvv of an interciilary month. 
 IN'TER-CAL-.\fE or IN-TKK'CAE-aTE, r. <. [L. 
 
 intrrcalo ; inter and calo. to call.] 
 To insert an extrtioiilinary d.ay or other portion of 
 
 time. 
 
 IN'TER-CAL-S-TED or IN-TER'CAL-A-TED, p/). or 
 ff. liisertetl, 
 
 IN'TER CAE S TING or IN-TEU'eAE-A-TING,;v<r. 
 Inserting. 
 
 IN-'l'ER-CAI,-A'TION, n. [L. intmalalio.] 
 
 The insertion of an odd or extraordinary day, or 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 614 
 
I 
 
 INT 
 
 otlicr portion of time, in tho rnlondar ; as, tlie 29th 
 of Fi biiiiuy ill li-np-year. 
 IN-TER-C'P.I)E', V. i. [L. intrrccilo ; inter and cedo ; 
 lUrrulhi, to niovi.' or pass between.] 
 
 1. To pass between. 
 
 He kujijumcs thai ii vast p'-riod interceded between orij^na- 
 tiuil ivnil the ti^> in which he lived. I^ale. 
 
 2. To mediate ; to interpose ; to make interces- 
 sion ; to act lietween partie.s with a view to recon- 
 cile lluwe wlio ditrer or contend ; usually followed 
 by with. Calamy. 
 
 3. To pleail in favor of one. 
 1N-TE1{-("KI)'ICI), J)/). Mediated; interposed. 
 IN-TE15-C KD'ENT, a. Passing between ; mediating ; 
 
 pleading for. 
 
 IN-TEK-Cicrt'ER, n. One who intercedes or inter- 
 poses between parties, to elTect a reconciliation ; a 
 mediator ; an intercessor. 
 
 IN TEli-CKD'INi;, ;v>r. ."Mediating; pleading. 
 
 I.\-TE|{-CEI/L(J-1.AK, n. Lying between the cells 
 or elementarv bladders, as of plants. P. Cue. 
 
 IN-TER-CEP'i"', V. t. [Ft. interceptcr : L. intcrcrptiK, 
 iHtercipiOf to stop ; inter and capio^ to take.] 
 
 1. To take or seize on by the way ; to stop on its 
 passage ; as, to intercept a letter. 'I'lie prince was 
 intercepted at Rome. The convoy was intercepted by 
 a detachment of the enemy. 
 
 2. To obstruct ; to stop in progress ; as, to intercept 
 rays of light ; to intercept the current of a river, or a 
 course of proceedings. 
 
 3. To slop, as a course or passing ; as, to intercept 
 a course. Dnjden. 
 
 '1. To interrupt communication with, or progress 
 towaril. 
 
 While storms viiulictive intercfpt the shore. Pope, 
 5. To take, include, or c<unpreliend between. 
 
 Ri^ht nsCJ'iiKiun is lui arv of th" '-qunlor, reclioiiin^ toward the 
 e»sl, iiiUrcejited U-twe«ii the beginning ol Aries nml the 
 point of tile tHjuatur whicli rises ut the winiu time Willi tlic 
 ' lun or star in a right spliere. Bailey. 
 
 I.N'-TRR-CEPT'EI), pp. or a. Taken on the way ; 
 seized in progress ; stopped ; included or compre- 
 hended bitweeii. 
 
 IN-TER-CEI' l"'Elt, n. One who intercepts. 
 
 IN-TER-("KrT'l.\G, ppr, Seizing on its passage; 
 hindering from proceeding ; compreheniling be- 
 tween. 
 
 IN-TER-CEP'TIOiN, (-scp'shun,) n. The act of seiz- 
 ing something on its passage ; a stopping ; obstruc- 
 tion of a course or proceeding ; hinderaiice. 
 
 IVotton. 
 
 IN-TER-CES'.^ION, ( sesh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. in- 
 (crcwsin, from intercctlo. See Intercede.] 
 
 1. The act of interceding ; mediation ; interposi- 
 tion between parties at variance, with a view to 
 reconciliatitm. 
 
 2. Prayer or solicitation to one party in favor of 
 another, sometimes against another. 
 
 Your iiUerctseion now is needless erown ; 
 Ketire, .mil let iiie spe.^k with tier alone. Dryden. 
 tie l>on- tie- sin of many, and inude tnkrcession for tiic tratu* 
 gn-ssurs. — Is. liii. 
 
 IN-TER-CES'SIOX-AL, o. Containing intercession 
 
 or entreatv. Encyc. 
 IN-TER-i;Et*'SOR, n. [L. See Intercede.] 
 
 1. A mediator ; one who interposes between par- 
 ties at variance, with a view to reconcile them ; one 
 who pleails in behalf of another. Milton. 
 
 2. A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, ad- 
 ministers the bishopric till a successor is elected. 
 
 Kncijc, 
 
 IN-TER-CES-SO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to an inter- 
 cessor. 
 
 IN-TER-CES'SO-RY, a. Containing intercession ; 
 interceding. 
 
 IN-TER-CHaIN', ». J. [inter and cAain.] To chain ; 
 to link together. Shak. 
 
 I.\-TER-CII.\I.\'^:i), pp. Chained together. 
 
 IN-TER-CHAIN'ING, ;);>r. Chaining or fastening to- 
 gether. 
 
 IN-TER-CHaX(5E', r. L [inter and rhttnire.] 
 
 1. To put each in the place of the other ; to give 
 and take mutually ; to exchange ; to reciprocate ; as, 
 to interduutge places ; to interc/utnire cores or duties. 
 
 I sh.ill interchange 
 My waned sutc for Henry's legitl cruwn. ShaJt. 
 
 2. To succeed alternately, or to cause alternation. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 IX'TER-CH.^NGE, n. Mutual change, each giving 
 and receiving; exchange ; permutation of commodi- 
 ties ; barter ; as, tile intcrcltantrc of commodities be- 
 tween New York and Liverpool. 
 
 2. Allern.ate succession ; as, the inUrchange of 
 tight and darkness. 
 
 Sweet interchange 
 Of hill and T:Ul. y, rir, n, w oods, And pLiins. Miltan. 
 
 3. A mutual giving and receiving ; reciprocation ; 
 a.-", an interchanae of civilities or kind offices. 
 
 IN-TER-CIIX.NGE'A-ltLE, a. That may be inter- 
 changed ; that m.ay be uiven and taken mutually. 
 
 o c n Bacon. 
 
 2. hollnwing each other in alternate succession ; 
 as, the four inttrehan^reahle seasons. Holder. 
 
 INT 
 
 IN-TERCIIA.NGE-A lill/ITY, in. 'ihe state of 
 IN-TER-CllANCiE'A-ULE-NESS, j being inter- 
 cliaiigealile. 
 
 L\-TER CH.aNGE'A-IILY, ado. Alternately; by re- 
 ciprocation i in a manner by which each gives and 
 receives. Jlookrr. 
 
 IN-TER-CIISNG'£D, pp. Mutually exchanged ; re- 
 ciprocated. 
 
 IN-TER.CHaNGE'ME.\T, n. Exchange; mutual 
 transfer, [/.i/llr ii.ied.] SImk. 
 
 IN-'i'ER-CHA.N'G'IiNf;, ppr. or a. Mutually giving 
 and receiving ; taking each other's place successive- 
 ly ; reciprocating. 
 
 I\-TER-CHAP'TER, n. An interpolated chapter. 
 
 I.\-'i"ER-Ct'lJE.\T, a. [L. intcrcidu.] 
 
 Falling or ctiming between. Boyle. 
 
 IN-TER-CIP'I-ENT, a. [L. intcrcipiens. See Inteb- 
 
 CEPT.] 
 
 Intercepting; seizing by the way ; stopping. 
 IN-TER-C1P'I-E.\T, «. Ho or that which intercepts 
 
 or sto[is on llie passage. JVhtemnn. 
 IN-TER-ClS'lON, (in-tcr-sizh'un,) n. [L. intercido ; 
 inter and c<rdo, to cut.] 
 
 lnterrn|)tion. [Little uscd.^ Brown. 
 IN-TER-CLOUE', i). t. [L. intcrchido ; inter aiut cludo, 
 to shut.] 
 
 1. To shut from a place or course by something in- 
 tervening; to intercept. Holder. 
 
 2. TociitolV; to interrupt. jMilford. 
 IN-TER-CLOD'ED.pp. Intercepted; intcrruiited. 
 I.N-TER-CLCD'I.M;, ppr. Inti rruiiting. 
 IN-TKR-CLO'SIO.V, «. Interception ; a stopping. 
 lN-TER-eo-LUi«I-.\l-.\'TIO.\, «. [L. inter and co- 
 
 lumna, a column.] 
 
 In archilcctiirc, the clear space between two col- 
 umns. Ily the mil's of the an, this should be in pro- 
 portion to the hight and bulk of the columns. 
 
 F.ncyc. 
 
 IN-TER-CO.AI'.MON, v. i. [inter and common.] 
 
 1. To feed at the same table. Bacon. 
 
 2. To gnize cattle in a common pasture ; to use a 
 common with others, or to possess or enjoy the right 
 of feeding in common. 
 
 Conuiioii Ijecjiuse of vicinage, is wjiere the inhalntinta of two 
 townships, contiguous lo each otiier, have ii^nlly intercom^ 
 moned with one another. lilackelone. 
 
 IN-TEU-CO.-U'MON-AGE, n. Mutual commonage. 
 
 Jiobcrts. 
 
 IN-TER-CGM'MON-ING, ppr. Feeding at the same 
 table, or using a common pasture ; enjoying a com- 
 mon field with others. 
 
 IN-TER-eOM-.M0'NI-e.\-BLE, a. That may be inii- 
 tuallv ciiniinunicated. 
 
 Ii\-TER-eo.\l-Mu'NI-e.\TE, v. i. [inter and eommu- 
 nicate.] To coiiimuuicate mutually ; to hold mutu.al 
 CDininiinication. 
 
 IN-TEU eO.M-.MU-NI-eA'TION.n. Reciprocal com- 
 miiiiieation. 
 
 IN-TER-eO.M-MC.\'IO.\, n. [inter and communion.] 
 Mutual comiiiunioii ; as, an intercommunion of de- 
 ities. Fuber. 
 IN-TER-COM-MO'M-TY, n. [inter and community.] 
 A mutual communication or community ; mutual 
 freedom or exercise of religion ; as, the intcrcommu' 
 jiitif of paizan tlii'Ology. Palry. 
 IN-'I ER-eOST'AI,, a. [Fr., from L. inter, between, 
 and costa, a rib.] 
 
 Placed or lying between the ribs ; as, an intercostal 
 muscle, artery, or vein. f.ncyc. 
 I.\-TER-eoST'AL, h. A part lying between the ribs. 
 
 Derluim. 
 
 IN'TER-CSURSE, n. [L. intcrcurstis, inUrcarro ; in- 
 ter and ciirrc, to run.] 
 
 1. /.ifcTO^;;/, a running or passing between. Hence, 
 
 2. Communication ; commerce ; connection by re- 
 ciprocal dealings between persons or nations, either 
 in common all'airs and civilities, in trade, or corre- 
 spondence by letters. We have an intercourse with 
 neighbors and friends in miitn.-il visits and in social 
 concerns ; nations and individuals have vilercoiirse 
 with foreign nations or individuals by an interchange 
 of commodities, by purcliase and sale, by treaties, 
 contracts, &c. 
 
 3. Silent communication or exchange. 
 
 This sweet inUreourte 
 Of loolis and smiles. Millon. 
 
 IN-TER-eUR', r. i. [L. intrrcurro.] 
 
 To intervene; to come in the mean time. [04*.] 
 
 ShfltoH. 
 
 IN-TER-eUR'RE.\'CE, n. [L. inUreurreiw:, intercurro.] 
 
 A p:issin2 or running between. Boyle. 
 I.N-TER-CL R'RE.NT, a. [L. intercurreiii.] 
 
 1. Running between or among. Boyle. 
 
 2. Occurring ; intervening. Barrow. 
 IN'-TER-eU-TA'i\E-OUS, a. [L. infer and cutis, the 
 
 skin.] 
 
 Iteing within or under the skin. 
 
 IN'TER-Dl"AL, n. [infer and dca/.] Mutual dealing ; 
 traffic. rOA.s-.] Spcnaer. 
 
 IN-TER-DE.\'TIL, «. The space between two den- 
 tils, a will. 
 
 I.V-TER-I)E-PE\n'F\CE, ii. Mutu.al dependence. 
 IX-TER-DF.-P1;M)'ENT, a. Mutually deiieiident. I 
 
 INT 
 
 IN-TER-DICT', 0. t. [L. interdieo, iiUtrdictum; inter 
 and dico, to speak.] 
 
 1. To forbid ; to prohibit. .\n act of congress in- 
 terdicted the sailing of ves.sels from our ports. Our 
 intercourse with foreign nations was tnlrrdictrd. 
 
 2. To forbid communion ; to rut otT from the en- 
 joyment of communion with a church. 
 
 All iirchhishop may not only exroniinunicile and inttrdiet his 
 sullrajf.iiis, hiil his vicae-general may do the same. Ayl\ff'a. 
 
 IN'TER-DICT, n. [L. interdictum.] 
 
 1. Prohibilion ; a prohibiting order or tlerree. 
 '2. A proliiliition of the pope, by which the clergy 
 are restrained from performing divine service; a spe- 
 cies of ccclesi.istical censure. The \m\x has some- 
 times laid a whole kingdom under an intrrdict. 
 
 3. A proliibitioii of the pope, by which persons are 
 restrained from attending divine service, or prevent- 
 ed from enjoving some privilege. 
 
 IN-TER-I)ICT'EI), pp. or a. Forbidden ; prohibited. 
 IN-TER-I)ICT I.\(;, ;i;,r. Forbidding; prohibiting; 
 
 cutting oir from the eiijovmeiit of some privilege. 
 I.\-'J'KR-I)ie'T10.\, H. [Fr., from I,, intrrdictio.] 
 
 Tlie act of interdicting ; prohibition; prohibiting 
 decree ; curse. Mdton. S/iak. 
 
 IN-TER-niCT'IVE, a. Having power to prohibit. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 IN-TF,R-meT'0-RY, a. Serving to prohibit. 
 Ii\-TER-E-aUI-NOC'TIAL, a. [inter and equinoi.] 
 Coming between the vernal and autumnal equi- 
 noxes. [JVof in use.] 
 
 Spring and nutunm I Tiave denominated equinoctial periwis. 
 bummer oiitl winter 1 have called iuteretfuinoctiai inUTvaU. 
 
 Itel/ourf Atiat. Hee. 
 
 IN'TER-ESS, for IsTEnE<T, is obsolete. 
 IN'TER-EST, r. t. [Fr. intercsser ; It. interessare ', 
 Sp. inlere-sar ; L. inter and Crf.se.] 
 
 1. To concern; to atlect ; to excite emotion or pa.-;- 
 sion, usually in favor, but sometimes against, a per- 
 son or tiling. A narration of siitl'ering interests us in 
 favor of the sufferer ; we are inlerc-itrA in the story 
 or in the fate of the snfl'crer ; we are interested to 
 know the result, issue, or event, of an enterprise. It 
 is followed by in or for. We are interested in the 
 narratiim, but for the sufferer. 
 
 2. To give a share in. Christ, by bis .atonement, 
 has intere.-ited believers in the blessings of the cove- 
 nant of gr.ice. 
 
 3. To have a share. 
 
 We are not all interested in the public funds, hut we arc all 
 interested in the iiapjiineM of a free ^iveniment. 
 
 4. To engage ; as, to ii:t£rest one in our favor. 
 
 To interest one's self, is to take a share or con- 
 cern in. 
 
 IN'TEll-EST, n. Concern ; advantage ; good ; as, 
 private in(erc<f ; public interest. 
 
 Divisions hiuder tlie common interest and public good. 
 
 Tetnpte. 
 
 2. Influence over others. They had now lost their 
 interest at court. 
 
 He knew his interest sulTiciciit to procure the otiice. IiiUnl>ter. 
 
 3. Share; portion; part; participation in value. 
 He has parted with his interest in the stocks ; he has 
 an interest in a manufactory of cotton goods. 
 
 4. Regard to private profit. 
 
 'Tis interest calls olf all her sneaking tnin. Pope, 
 
 5. Premium paid for the use of money ; the profit 
 per cent, derived fiiim money lent, or property used 
 by niiotlier person, or from debts remaining unpaid. 
 Commercial states have a legal rate of interest ; debts 
 on book bear an interest after the expiration of the 
 credit ; courts allow interest in many cases where it 
 is not stipulated ; a higher rate of interest than that 
 which the law allows is called usury. 
 
 Simple interest, is that which arises from the princi- 
 pal sum only. 
 
 Compound interest, is that whicli arises from the 
 principal with the interest added ; interest on in- 
 terest. 
 
 C. Any surplus advantage. 
 
 With all speed, 
 Vou shall have your desires wiUi inUi-est. Shak. 
 
 [In this la-st sense, the word is also applicable to 
 injury ; as, to repay a blow with in(ere.sf.] 
 IN'TER-EST-F.I), pp. Made a sharer ; as, one inter- 
 ested ill the funds. 
 
 2. .Affected ; moved ; having the passions excited ; 
 as, one interested by a story. 
 
 3. a. Having an interest ; concerned in a cause or 
 in consei|uences ; liable to be affected ; as, an inter- 
 r.ttrd witness. 
 
 IN'TER-EST-IXG, ppr. Giving a sh.are or concern ! 
 as, by interestinir one in a voyage, or in a banking 
 company. 
 
 2. Engaging the affections ; as, by interesting a 
 person in one's favor. 
 
 3. a. Engaging the attention or curitxiity ; exciting 
 or adapted to excite emotions or passions ; as, an 
 interestin;r stoTV. 
 
 IN-TER-Fa'CIAL, (-shal,) a. Included between two 
 faces. An inlerfaciai angle is formed by the mei'ing 
 of two planes. Dana. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, y.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 G15 
 
I 
 
 INT 
 
 IN-TER-FkRE', v. L [L. inter and fcro, to beai-, or 
 ferio, to strike.] 
 
 1. To interpose ; to intermeddle ; to enter into or 
 talie a part in the concerns uf olfiers. It is prudence 
 not to interfere in party disputes but from necessity. 
 
 2. To clash ; to conie in collision ; to be in opposi- 
 tion. Tlie claims of two nations may interfere. 
 
 3. A horse is said to interfere, when one lioof or 
 shoe strikes against the fetlock of the opposite leg, 
 and breaks the skin or injures tlie fiesh. Far Diet, 
 
 IN-'J'ER-Ki;R'i;D,;)p. Interposed; meddled. 
 
 2. Clashed. 
 
 3. Struck one foot against tlie fetlock of the oppo- 
 site leg. 
 
 IN-TER-FeR'ENCE, 71. Interposition ; an intermed- 
 dling; mediation. Biirlie, 
 Q. A clashing or collision. 
 
 3. .\ striking of one foot against the othtr. 
 
 4. In optics, a term employed to denote certain 
 phenomena which result from the mutual action of 
 the rays of lishl on each other. 
 
 IN-TER-FkR'EK, h. One who interferes. 
 IN-TER-FkR'1.\G, p;)r. Interposing; meddling. 
 
 2. Clashing; coming in collision. 
 
 3. Striking one foot against the fetlock of the op- 
 posite leg. 
 
 IX-TER FKR'IXn, 71. Interference. Bp. Buder. 
 IX-TKI!-FF:R'1\(;-LY, aJo. Bv interference. 
 IX-TER'FLL,'-E.\T, ) a. [L. intcrfiun; inter and fiuo, 
 IN-TER'FLU-OUS, \ to flow.] 
 
 Flowing between. Boyle. 
 IN-TER-FO-LI-A'CEOUS, a. [L. inter and foliiim, a 
 leaf.] 
 
 Being between opposite leaves, but placed alter- 
 nately with them ; as, interfoliaceoiis tlowers or pe- 
 duncles. Martijn. 
 
 IN-TER-Fo'LI-ATE, v. t. To interweave. Erehjn. 
 
 IN-TER-FUL'GENT, a. [L. inter and fulgens, shin- 
 ing.] 
 
 Shining between. Johnson. 
 IN-TER-FUS'£D, a. [L. interfusus : inUr and fiindo, 
 to pour.] 
 Poured or spread between. 
 
 The ambient air, wiile interfused, 
 Enibracinj round tllis lloriU earUi. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IN'TER-IM, 71. [L.] The mean time ; time inter- 
 vening. Taller. 
 
 2. .\ decree of the emperor Charles V., by which 
 he intended to reduce to harmony the conflicting 
 opinions of the Protestants and Uomau Catholics. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 IN-TE'RI-OR, a. [L., comp. formed from inter or 
 intra, in or within.] 
 
 1. Internal ; being within any limits, inclosure. 
 or substance ; inner ; opposed to ExTEnion,or superfi- 
 cial ; as, the interior apartments of a house ; the in- 
 terior ornaments ; the interior surface of a hollow 
 ball ; the interior parts of the earth. 
 
 2. Inland; remote from the limits, frontier, or 
 shore ; as, the interior p:irts of a country, state, or 
 kingdom. 
 
 I.\-Te'RI-OR, 71. The internal part of a thing ; the 
 inside. 
 
 2. The inland part of a country , state, or kingdom. 
 IN-TF;'RI-0R-I,Y, oiiti. Internally; inwardly. />unne. 
 IN-TER-J.A'CEN-CY, 7t. [L. interjacetu ; inter and 
 jacens, l\"ing.] 
 
 1. A lying between ; a being between ; interven- 
 tion ; as, the interjacency of tlie Tweed between 
 England and .Scotland. Hale. 
 
 2. That which lies between. {Little used.] 
 
 Brotsn. 
 
 IN-TER-Ja'CENT, a. [L. interjaccns, supra.] 
 
 Lying or being between; intervening; as, intfry'o- 
 
 ceiiJisles. Ralegh. 
 IN TER-JECT', v. t. [L. inlcrjicio ; inter and jacio, to 
 
 throw.] 
 
 To throw between ; to throw in between other 
 things ; to insert. 
 
 A circiirriBUnoc — inny hti biUrJecUd even between a rel«livc 
 word and tiiat to wliich it relates. Encyc. 
 
 IN-TER-JEGT'ED, pp. Thrown in or inserted be- 
 tween. 
 
 IN-TER-JEGT'ING, jrpr. Throwing in or inserting 
 between. 
 
 IN-TER-JEe'TION, 7i. The act of throwing be- 
 tween. 
 
 9. A word, in speaking or writing, thrown in be- 
 tween woriln connected ill construction, to express 
 some emotion of passion. " 'i'hese were delightful 
 days, but, ala»! tlicy are no more." [See Eicl^ma- 
 
 TK.N.] 
 
 F.N-TER-JEC'TION'-AL, a. Thrown in between 
 other word* or phrases ; as, an intcrjectional remark. 
 
 Ohscrver. 
 
 IN-TER JOIN', r. t. [itUer tim\ join.] To join mutu- 
 ally ; lo intfrmarry. [/.itile MJir.il,] H/ialc 
 
 IN-'I i;R-J«I.N'f;l), pp. iMulnally joined. 
 
 I.N-'; ER-JOI.N"Ii\(;, OTir. JoiiiniK mutually. 
 
 IN'TKR JOIST, n. The »pace or inleival between 
 two joint". (twill. 
 
 I.N-TER JIJ.NC'TIO.N, 71. A mutual joining. Smart. 
 
 l,\-'J'ER-K.MT',{ nil,) v. t. To knit together. Southcij. 
 
 INT 
 
 I.N'-TER-KXOWL'EDGE, (-nol'lej,) 71. [inter and 
 knowledge.] Mutual knowledge. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-TER-LaCE;, J), t. [Tr. entrelacer ; lU intralciare ; 
 Sp. entrelaiar. See Lace.] 
 
 To intermix ; to put or insert one thing with an- 
 other. 
 
 They interlaced some eiTors. Hayward. 
 Thf epic way is every wliere interlaced with diiUogue. VrytJen. 
 
 IN-TER-LaC'£D, (in-ter-last',) pp. Intermixed ; in- 
 serted between other things. 
 
 IN-TER-LaCE'.MENT, 71. Intermixture or insertion 
 within. 
 
 IN TER-LaC'IXG, ppr. Intermixing ; inserting be- 
 tween. 
 
 I.N-TER-LAJI'IN-a-TED, a. [L. inter and lamina, a 
 plate.] 
 
 Placed between laminis or plates ; inclosed by lam- 
 in;c. Humble. 
 IX-TER-LAPSE', (in-ter-Iaps',) 71. [infer and lapse.] 
 The lapse or flow of time between two events. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 IN-TER-LaRU', v. t. [Fr. entrelarder ; entre, among, 
 and larder, to lard.] 
 
 1. Primarily, to mix fat with lean ; hence, to inter- 
 pose ; to insert between. Caretc. 
 
 2. To mix ; to diversify by mi.Tture. Hale. 
 IN-TER-LAR1)'ED, pp. Interposed ; inserted be- 
 tween ; mixed. 
 
 IN-TER-LaRD'ING, ;jpr. Inserting between ; inter- 
 mixing. 
 
 IN-TER-LaY', v. t. To lay or place among or be- 
 tween. 
 
 IN'TER-LkAF, 71. [See Leaf.] A leaf inserted 
 between other leaves ; a blank leaf inserted. 
 
 Cliesterfield. 
 
 IN-TER-LeAVE', v. t. [inter and leaf.] To in.sert a 
 
 leaf ; to insert a blank leaf or blank leaves in a book, 
 
 between other leaves. 
 IIS'-TBR-LeAV'£D, pp. or a. Inserted between 
 
 leaves, or having blank leaves inserted between 
 
 other leaves. 
 
 IN-TER-LeAV'ING, ppr. Inserting blank leaves be- 
 tween other leaves. 
 
 I.\-TER-LlNE', V. U [inter and line.] To write in 
 alternate lines ; as, to interline Latin and English. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. To write between lines already written or 
 printed, for the purpose of adding to or correcting 
 what is written. Swift. 
 
 IN-TER-LIN'E-AR, I a. [inter and linear.] Writ- 
 
 IX-TER-LIN'E-A-RY, i ten between lines before 
 wi ilten or printed. 
 
 IN-TER-LIN'E-A-RY, 71. A hook having insertions 
 between the lines. Milton. 
 
 IN-TER-LIN-E-A'TION, 71. [inter and lineation.] 
 The act of inserting words or lines between lines 
 before written or printed. 
 
 2. The words, passage, or line inserted between 
 lines before written or printed. 
 
 IN-TER-LTN'jKD, pp. or a. Written between lines ; 
 as, an interlined word. 
 
 2. Containing a line or lines written between 
 lines ; as, an interlined manuscript. 
 
 IN-TER-LIN'ING, 7i;jr. Writing between lines al- 
 ready written or printed. 
 
 IN-TER-LIX'ING, 71. Correction or alteration by 
 W'riting between the lines. Burnet. 
 
 I.\-TER-LIXK', V. t. [inter and link.] To connect 
 by uniting links ; to join one chain to another. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 IN-TER-LIXK'J<:D, (-linkt,) pp. Connected by union 
 of links ; joined. 
 
 IX-TER-LIXK'IXG, ppr. Connecting by uniting 
 links ; joining. 
 
 IN-TER-LOB'tJ-LAR, a. Being between lobes. Hall. 
 
 IN-TER-LO-Ca'TION, 71. A placing between ; inter- 
 position. 
 
 IN-TER-LOCK', v. i. To embrace, communicate 
 
 with, or flow into one another. 
 IN-TER-Lo eO'TIOX, 71. [L. intcrlocutio ! inter and 
 
 locntio, loipior, to speak.] 
 
 1. IJialogue ; conference ; interchange of speech. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. In lam, an intermediate act or decree before 
 final decision. .'iiiliffe. 
 
 IN-TER-LOC'lJ-TOR, n. [L. inlcrloquor, snpra.J 
 
 1. One who sjieaks in dialogue ; a dialogi.st. 
 
 Boijle. 
 
 2. In ScoU law, an interlocutory judgment or sen- 
 tence. Kncyc. 
 
 IN-TE«-LOe'lJ-TO-RY, a. [Fr. interlocutoirc, supra.] 
 
 1. Consisting of dialogU(^ 
 
 There arc ieverRl interlocutory iSUcounf a Id the Holy Scripture. 
 
 2. In lajo, intermediate ; not final or definitive. 
 An order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an 
 intermediate stage of a cause, or on some intermedi- 
 ate question before the final decision, is called inter- 
 locutory ; as a decree in chancery referring a ques- 
 tiim ol fact to a court of law, or a juilginent on de- 
 fault in a court of law. BlacJmtone. 
 
 IN-TKR-Lnl'E', ii. i. [inter and 1). loopen, G. laufen, 
 to run. Eng. to leap. See Leai'.] 
 
 INT 
 
 To run between parties and intercept without 
 right the advantage that one should gam from the 
 other; to traffic without a proper license; to fore- 
 stall ; to prevent right. Johnson. 
 
 IX-TER LoP'ER, 71. One who runs into business to 
 which he has no right; one who interferes wrong- 
 fully ; one who enters a country or place to trade 
 without license. 
 
 IN-TER-LoP'IXG,;)i)r. Interfering wrongfully. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 IN-TER-Lu'€.5TE, v. t. To let in light by cutting 
 awav branches of trees. [Oi.*.] 
 
 IN-TER-Lu'€a-TED, pp. Divested of branches so 
 as to let in light. 
 
 IN-TER-Lu'Ca-TING, ppr. Letting in light by cut- 
 ting away branches. 
 
 IX-TER-LU-Ca'TION, 71. The act of thinning a 
 wood to let in light. [Obs.] Eeclyn. 
 
 IN-TER-LU'CENT, a. [L. interlucens; inter and Inceo, 
 to shine.] 
 
 Shiniiii; between. Diet. 
 
 IX'TER-LUDE, 71. [L. inter and Indus, play.] 
 
 An entertainment exhibited on the stage between 
 the acts of a play, or between the play and the after- 
 piece, to amuse the spectators, while the actors take 
 breath and shift tlieir dress, or tlie scenes and deco- 
 rations are changed. In ancient tragedy, the chorus 
 sung the interlucies. In modern times, interludes 
 consist of songs, feats of activity, dances, concerts 
 of music, &c. Encyc. 
 
 IN'TER-LUD-ED, a. Inserted or made as an inter- 
 lude. 
 
 IN'TER-LuD-ER, n. One that performs in an inter- 
 lude. B. Jonson. 
 IN-TER-Lu'EX-CY, 71. [L. intcrluens, interim, to 
 flow between.] 
 A flowing between ; water interposed. [Little nsed.] 
 
 Hale. 
 
 IN-TER-Lu'XAR, ) a. [L. inter and Iwia, the 
 
 IN-TER-Lu'NA-KY, ( moon.] 
 
 Belonging to the time when the moon, at or near 
 its conjunction with the sun, is invisible. 
 
 Brown. JUilton. 
 
 IN-TER-MAR'RIAt":E, 7i. [intei- nnA marriage.] Mar- 
 riage between two families, where each takes one 
 and gives another. .hhnson. .Addison. 
 
 IN-TER-MAR'R1-£D, pp. Mutually connected by mar- 
 riage. 
 
 IN-TER-JIAR'RY, v. i. [inter and Tnan-w.] To mar- 
 ry one and give another in marriage, as two fami- 
 lies. 
 
 2. To maiTy some of each order, family, tribe, or 
 nation with the oilier. 
 
 About tlie middle of the fourth century from the building of 
 Rome, it waa declared lawful for nobles and pkU-ians to 
 iiilermarnj. Sisift. 
 
 IN-TER-JIAR'RY-ING, p]rr. Mutually giving and re- 
 ceiving in marriage ; mutually connecting by mar- 
 riage. 
 
 IN-TER-MAX'IL-L/V-UY, a. Being between the 
 ciieek hones. 
 
 IN'TER-MeAN, 71. [infer and jneoii.] Interact; 
 something done in the mean time. [JVot u.trd.] 
 
 Todd. 
 
 IN-TER-ME a'TION, 71. [L. inter and nico, to flow.] 
 
 A flowing between. [.Vot in u^e.] 
 IN-TER-iMEU'l)Li:, v. i. [inter and v\eddle.] To 
 meddle in the affairs of others, in wliich one has no 
 concern ; to meddle ofliciuusly ; to interpose or inter- 
 fere improperly ; to intermix. 
 
 The practice tif Spain h.as been, by war and by conditions of 
 treuty , to intermeddle wiUl foreigJl suites. Bncyc. 
 
 IX-TER-MED'ULA'D, pp. Interposed ofliciously ; in- 
 truded. 
 
 IN-TER-JIED'DLER,n. One that interposes officious- 
 ly ; one who meddles, or intrudes into busini ss to 
 which he has no right. Sieift. 
 
 IN-TER-iMEU'DLLNG, ppr. Interposing ofliciously ; 
 inliiidiiig. 
 
 IX-TER-iMED'DLlNG, 71. Oflicious interposition. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 m-TFR MKDE', (-imAe,) In. An interlude ; a 
 
 IJ\r-TKIi-MEZ'ZO,(-mod'7.n,)\ short musical dni- 
 iiKitic piece, usually of a burlesque character. 
 
 :X-TER-.ME'l)I-A-Cy, 71. Interposition; interven- 
 titjn. [Uiiautliorized.] 
 
 IX-TER-ME'Dl-AL, a. [L. inter and medius, mid- 
 dle.] 
 
 Lying between; intervening; mtervenieiit. 
 
 Ecelyn. 
 
 IX-TER-ME'UI-.A-RY, a. Lying between ; as, an in- 
 termediary project ; intermediate. IVade. 
 Someliines, IhoUiih rarely, used as a noun. 
 
 IN-TER-Me'IJI-A-RV, a. In mineralogy, a term ap- 
 plied to the seciuidary planes <iii crystals, iiilc riiie- 
 diato ill jiosition bi lweeii the planes on an edge and 
 tlio.se on the angle. 
 
 IN-TER-5110'1>I-.A'1'I', a. [Fr. intcrmcdiat ; L. inter 
 and mediu.i, middle.] 
 
 Lying or being in the middle place or degree be- 
 tween two extremes ; iiilerveniiig ; interposed ; as, 
 an intermediate space between hills or rivers ; inter- 
 mediate colors. Man has an intermcdiats nature anil 
 rank between angels and brutes. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T.— METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 616 
 
INT 
 
 INT 
 
 INT 
 
 IN-TER-JIE'DI-ATE-LY, adv. By way of interven- 
 tion, 
 
 IN-TER-.ME-DI-A'TION, n. Intervention ; common 
 
 means. Cheyne. 
 IN-TER-ME'DI-UM, n. [L.] Intermeiliato space. 
 
 jiak. 
 
 2. An int<'rvenini; aRent. Cowper. 
 IN-TER-MELL', v. t. or i. [ Ft. entrnneier.] 
 To tnterniix or intermeddle. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Mitrslott. FisfitT. 
 IN-TER'RIENT, n. [from inter.] 'I'hc act of dopos- 
 
 itins a di ad body in tlic eartli ; liiirial ; scpiiUiirt\ 
 IN-TER-MEN'TlbN, I), To mention anioiig other 
 
 tliinss ; to include. [JVot used.} 
 IN-TER-MI-€A'TION, n. [L. intcrmico ; inter and 
 mico, to slline.] 
 
 A shilling; lietwcen or among. 
 IN-TEU-.MI GR.\'TION, n. [L. inter and miVro, to 
 migrate.] 
 
 Recipriical migration ; removal from one country 
 to anoliier liy men or trilies wliicli take the place 
 each of the ntlicr. Jlale. 
 IN-TERM'liV-A-HLE, a. [L. in and terminus, end; 
 termino, to end.] 
 
 Boundless ; -endless ; ndmittin;; no limit ; as, in- 
 terminnblc. sp;ice or duration ; interminable sulVurings. 
 Milton applii'S this word to God, as one whom no 
 bound can confine. 
 IN-T1;k.M'L\ A-ULE-.\'ESS, n. The state of being 
 endless. 
 
 IN-TER.M'IX-A-BLY, ailv. Without end or limit. 
 IN-TER.M'IN-ATE, n. [L. interminatus, intermino.] 
 Unbounded ; unlimited ; endless ; as, interminule 
 sleep. Chapman. 
 IN-TERM'IN'-ATE, r. t. [L. interminor.] 
 
 To menace. [.■Vof used.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-TERM-IN-A'TION, H. [L. intfrminor, to menace 
 or forbid.] 
 
 A menace or threat. [.Vu( itscrf.] IldU. 
 
 IN-TER-.MIN"GLE, ( miii-i'gl,) v.L [inUr and min- 
 gle.] To mingle or mi.\ together; to put some things 
 with others. Jfouker. 
 
 IN-TER-iMIN"GLE, v. i. To be mi'fed or incorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 IN-TER-MIN"OLiD, pp. or a. Intermixed. 
 
 Their trrri nn<l intermingled temples rise. Pope, 
 IN-TER-ML\"GLIXG, ppr. Mingling or mi.xing to- 
 gether. 
 
 IN-TER-MIS'SIOi\, (-mish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. in- 
 termUtsio. See I?iter.mit.] 
 
 1 Cessation for a time ; pause; intermediate stop ; 
 as, to labor without intcrmiision ; service or business 
 will bc^in after an intermission of one hour. 
 
 2. Intervenient time. SJiak. 
 
 3. The temporary cessation or subsidence of a fe- 
 ver ; the space of time between the paroxysms of a 
 disease. Intermission is an entire cessation, as dis- 
 tinguisliL-d from remi<sioH, or abatement ofjever. 
 
 4. The state of being neglected ; disuse ; as of 
 words, [l.ittte tued.] B. Jonson. 
 
 IN-TER-.MIS'SIVE, n. Coming by tits, or alter tein- 
 |)oriry cessations ; not continual. Ihicell. 
 
 IN-TER-.MIT', n.U [L. intcrmitto ; into- and mitto, to 
 send.] 
 
 To cause to cease for a time ; to interrupt ; to sus- 
 pend. 
 
 Pny to the gixU to iiilermil tlic ptrvciie 
 
 Tlial iieeiis must li?l)t on lliia in Jr:\utit(le. Shak. 
 
 IN-TER-MIT', V. i. To cease for a time ; to go off at 
 intervals ; as a fever. A tertian fever iiifcrmit.* every 
 other day. The pulse sometimes intennits for a sec- 
 ond of time. 
 
 IN-TER-MIT'TEU, pp. or o. Caused to cease for a 
 
 time ; suspended. 
 L\-TER -MIT'TE.VT, a. Ceasing at intervals ; as, an 
 
 intrrmittfiit fever. 
 IN-TER-MIT'TE.\T, n. A disease which entirely 
 
 subsides or ceases at certain intervals. The term is 
 
 particularly applied to the ague and fever. 
 I.\-TER-MIT'T1XG, ppr. or a. Ceasing for a time; 
 
 2. Causing to cease. [pausing. 
 IN-TER-.Mrr'TING-LY, adv. With intermissions; 
 
 at intervals. 
 
 I.\-TER-MI.\', r. t. [inter and mix.] To mix to- 
 gether ; to put some things with others ; to inter- 
 mingle. 
 
 In yonder ipring of roses, iiitennUed 
 
 Witii myrtle, tiriii wliat to redress till noon. Milton. 
 
 IN-TER-MIX', V. i. To be mixed together; to be in- 
 termingled. 
 
 IN-TER-MIX'ED, (-mixt,);,p. Mingled together. 
 IN-TER-MIX'ING, ppr. Intcrminsling. 
 IN-TER-MI.X'TtiRE, n. A mass formed by mixture ; 
 
 a mass of ingredients mixed. 
 2. Admixture ; something additional mingled in a 
 
 mass. 
 
 In this (uyht of impiety there wiuited not iin inlfrmirlurj of 
 le»ity luid folly. Bacon. 
 
 IN-TER-MO-DIL'LION, (-mo-dil'yun,) n. In areki- 
 Ucture, the 8|>ace between two modillions. Elmrs. 
 
 IN-TER-MONT'.\NE, o. [L. inter and mentanus, 
 marta-, a mountain.] 
 
 Between mountains ; as intermontane soil. Mease. 
 
 IN-TER-MUN'DANE, o. [L. iii^er and mundaniis, 
 
 mundus, the worltl.] 
 Being between worlds, or between orb and orb ; as, 
 
 intermutidane spaces. Locke, 
 IN-TER-MO'RAL, a, [h, inter and muralis, murus, a 
 
 wall.) 
 
 Lying between walls. Ainsworth, 
 IN-TER-MU.S'eU-LAR, a. [inter ani mustie,] Be- 
 tween the muscles. Beorrly, 
 IN-TER-MU-TA'TION, ». [inter and mu<a(ion.] In- 
 terchange; mutual or reciprocal change. Tliomson, 
 IN-TER-MO'TU-AL, for Mutual, is an illegitimate 
 word. 
 
 IN-TERN', n. Internal. [J^Tol iniich used.] Howell. 
 Ii\-TERi\'AI,, a. [L. intemus.] 
 
 1. Inwartl ; interior; being within any limit or 
 surface ; not external. We S|ieak of the internal 
 parts of a body, of a bone, of the earth, itc. Inter- 
 nal excellence is opposed to erternul. The internal 
 peace of man is peace of mind or conscience. The 
 internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scrip- 
 tures is the evidence which arises from Iht; excel- 
 lence of its precepts, and their .adaptation to the con- 
 dition of man, or from other peculiarities, 
 
 2. Pertaining to the heart. 
 
 With onr Savior, inlenuU pnri'y is crery thiii^, Foley, 
 
 3. Intrinsic ; real ; as, the internal rectitude of ac- 
 tions, 
 
 4. Within a country ; domestic ; opposed to For- 
 tioN ; as, the internal trade of a state or kiiigiloiu ; 
 intcmji troubles or dissensions ; internal war. Inter- 
 nal taxes are taxes on the lands and other properly 
 within a state or kingdom ; ojiposetl to external taxes. 
 
 Ilamiltun. 
 
 IN-TER.\'AL-LY, adr. Inwardly ; within the body ; 
 beneath the surface. 
 
 2. Mentally ; iiitellectu.illy. 
 
 3. Spiritually. 
 
 IN-TER-.V A'TIO.V-AL, a. [inter and national.] Ex- 
 isting and regulating the mutual intercourse between 
 different nations ; as, international law. 
 
 J. Q. Jidains. Barinff. 
 IN-TER-NE'CINE, a. [L. iii(cr«eciniis, interncco, to 
 kill ; inter and neco.] 
 
 Deadly ; destructive. [LiUle used.] Iludibras. 
 IN-TER-Ni:'CIO.\, (-ne'sluin,) n. [L. iiifmicdo.] 
 Mutual slaughter or destruction. [Little used.] 
 
 Hale 
 
 IN-TER-Ne'CI VE, a. Killing ; tending to kill. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 IN-TER-NEe'TION, n. Connection. [CTidM.*.] 
 
 fV. Mountatru, 
 IN'TER-NODE, 71. [L. internodium; inter und nodus, 
 knot.] 
 
 1. In botany, the space between two joints of a 
 plant. Murlyn. 
 
 2. .\lso, the space between two nodes or points of 
 the stem from which the leaves arise. Lindtey. 
 
 IN-'I'ER-No'UI-AL, a. Intervening between nudes, 
 
 joints, &c. 
 IN'TER NoS, [L.] Between ourselves. 
 IN-TER-NUX'CIUS, ( n. [L. iiKeniunciti,* ; inter and 
 IN-TF.R-NUi\'CIO, \ nunciui, a messenger.] 
 
 1. A messenger between two parties. Johnson. 
 
 2. The title of the pope's representative at repub- 
 lics and small courts, and also of the Austrian em- 
 bassador at Constantinople. Eneyc. Am. 
 
 IN-TER-OS'SE-Ou's j [I"- '"'er and os, a bone.] 
 Situated between bones ; as, an inlerosscotts liga- 
 ment. 
 
 IN-TER-PkAL', r. t. [L. interpello.] 
 
 To interrupt. [A'o< used.] More. 
 IN-TER-PEL', r. f. To set forth. [J^'ot used.] 
 
 B. Jonson. Mason. 
 IN-TER-PEL-L.X'TIO.\, n. [L. interpellatio, inter- 
 pello; inter and pcllo, to drive, or thrust.] 
 
 1. A summons; a citation. AyJiffe. 
 
 2. Interriiptiun. More. 
 
 3. An earnest address ; intercession. Bp. Taylor. 
 I.V-TER-l'EN'E-TUATE, v. u To penetrate between 
 
 other substance's. Shelly. Bulwer. 
 
 IN-TER PE.\'E-TRA-TED, pp. Penetrated within 
 or between. 
 
 IN-TER-PET'I-0-I,AR, a. Being between petioles. 
 
 I.N-TER-PI-L.VS'TER, n. The interval between two 
 pila-sters. FMncs. 
 
 I.\-TER-PLP..\D', V. i. [inter and plead.] In law, to 
 discuss a point incidentally happening, before the 
 principal ctuso can be tried. Jameson. 
 
 IN-TER-PLkAI)'ER, n. A bill of interpleader, in 
 chancery, is wliure a person owes a debt or rent to 
 one of the parties in suit, hut, till the determination 
 of it, he knows not to which, and ho desires that 
 they may interplead or settle their claims between 
 themselves, th.al he may be safe in the payment. 
 
 BlackstoTie. 
 
 IN-TER-PLEDCE', (in-ter-plej',) r. L To give and 
 take .rs a mutual iiledgc. Davenanl. 
 
 IN-TER-PLEUO'/JU, pp. Given and taken as a mu- 
 tual pledge. 
 
 IN-TER-PLEDG'ING, ppr. Giving and receiving as a 
 mutual pledge. 
 
 IN-TER-POI.VT', V. t. To point ; to distinguish by 
 
 stops or marks. 
 IN-'i'ER-POIN J''EI), pp. Distinguished by stops and 
 
 marks. 
 
 IN-TER-POINT'ING, ppr. Distinguishing by stops 
 or marks. 
 
 IN'TEIt PO-EATE or IN-TER'PO-l,ATE, b. f. [Fr. 
 interpoler ; L. intcrpolo ; inter and polio, to polish,] 
 
 1. To renew ; to b^gin again ; to carr)' on with 
 intermission ; as, a successiim of interpolated motions. 
 [Obs.] Hale. 
 
 2. I'd foist in ; to insert, as a spurious word or 
 pas.sagc in a manuscript or Ixxik ; to add a spurious 
 Word or passage to the original. 
 
 'Die A tli' iiL^ns were put in jKissessiotl of Salainis hy another Inw, 
 wliicli wus ci(i-4l \iy Sulun, or, njs some think, inlerpolnted by 
 him fitr Uial piirjKiw. Pope, 
 
 3. In alitebra and astronomy, to fill up iiitcrine- 
 diato terms of a series according lo the law of the 
 series. 
 
 IX'TER-PO-EA-TEI) or I.\-TER'PO-LA-TED, pp. or 
 
 a. Inserted or aildetl to the original. 
 IN'TER-PO-La TI.NG or I.N-TER'PO-LA-TIXG, ppr. 
 
 Foisting in a spurious word or passa^'e ; filling up or 
 
 inserting. 
 
 K\-TER-PO-LA'TIO.\, n. The act of foisting a word 
 or passage into a manuscript or book. 
 
 2. A spurious word or passage inserted in the gen- 
 uine writings of an author. 
 
 1 liAvi* clmn£red tlie silu.ition of some of the I.nlin Terses, i\nd 
 unite some inleriiolaliona. CromweU lo Pop*. 
 
 3. In algebra anil astronomy, a method employed 
 for filling up the intermediate terms of a series of 
 numbers or observations, by numbers which follow 
 the same law. Brande. 
 
 IN'TER-PO-LA-TOR or I.\-TER'PO-LA-TOR, n. 
 [L.] One who foists into a book or manu.script 
 spurious worils or passages ; one who adds some- 
 thing to genuine writings. Swift. 
 
 IN-TER-POI.'ISH, r. t. To polish between. 
 
 IN-TER-POE'ISH-Al), (-pol'islit,) pp. Polished be- 
 tween. 
 
 IN-TER-POI/ISII-ING, ppr. Polishing between. 
 IN-TER-PoNE', V. t. [L. inter and pono.] 
 To set or insert between. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 Ch. RelifT. Appeal. 
 IN-TER-PSS'AL, n. [from ititerpose.] The act of 
 interposing; interposition; interference ; agency be- 
 tween two persons. South. 
 2. Intervention ; a coming or being between. 
 
 Qtancille, 
 
 IiV-TF.R-PCSE', r. ^ [Fr. interposer ; L interpono, in- 
 terpositum : inter and pono, to place.] 
 
 1. To place between ; as, lo interpose a body be- 
 tween the sun and the earth. 
 
 2. 'I'o place between or among ; to thrust in ; to 
 intrude, as an obstruction interruption, or incon- 
 venience. 
 
 \Vli:vt watcliful Ciires do inlrrnosc theinselres 
 B'twixt your eyes .-xnd ni:rht Shak. 
 Uum.in tniilty will too often interpoee iuelf among persons of the 
 hulirst lunctloii. Sw{ft. 
 
 3. To offer, as aid or services, for relief or the 
 adjustment of differences. The emperor interposed 
 his aid or services to reconcile the contending 
 parlies. 
 
 The common Father of mankind seasooaMy interposed his h\nd 
 and rescued iniseniljle man. Woodieard. 
 
 I\-TER-PoSE', V. i. To step in between parties at 
 variance ; to mediate. The prince interjiosed and 
 made peace. 
 2. To put in by way of interruption. 
 But, interposes Kleuttierius, this ot>Jection may be made n^nsl 
 almost any liypolhesis. Boylt. 
 
 I.\'TER-PfiSE, Ti. Interposal. [Au( used.] Spenser. 
 IN-TER-POS'£D, pp. or a. Placed between or among ; 
 thrust in. 
 
 IN-TER-POS'ER, n. One that interposes or comes 
 between others ; a mediator or agent between par- 
 ties. 
 
 IN-TER-POS'ING, ppr. Placing between ; coming 
 
 between ; offering aid or services. 
 IN-TER-POS'IT, n. A pl.ice of de|)Oslt between one 
 
 commercial city or country and another. Mitford. 
 IN-TER-PO-SI"TION, ( po-zish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. 
 
 itUerpositio,] 
 
 1. being, placing, or coming between ; interven- 
 tion ; as, the interposition of the Baltic Sea between 
 Germany and Sweden. The interposition of the 
 moon between the earth and the sun occasions a 
 solar eclipse. 
 
 2. Intervenient agency ; aSj the interposition of the 
 magistrate in quieting sedition. How many evi- 
 dences we have of divine interposition ill favor of 
 good men '. 
 
 3. Mediation ; agency between parties. By the 
 interposition of a common friend, the parties have 
 been reconciled. 
 
 4. Any thing interposed. Milton. 
 I.\-TEB-POS'l(RE, n. Interposal. [JVbt in use.] 
 
 Montage. 
 
 IN-TER'PRET, r. L [Ft. interpreter ; L. inltrpretor, 
 from interpres The word is compounded of inter 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UMTE. — Ai\"GER, VI"CIOl S - as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 ZZ' 
 
 617 
 
INT 
 
 and prrs, prctis ; but tlii' latter is lu.t fiinnii in its 
 simple I'lirin, ami its origin is uncertain. It coincides 
 in elements with Tis or c-is, to part, to spread.] 
 
 1. 'J'o explain tlie meaning of words to a person 
 who does not understand tliem ; to expound ; to 
 translate unintelligible words into intelligible ones ; 
 as, to interpret the Hebrew language to an Eng- 
 lishman. 
 
 lnim:imi'-I, wliicli, bcin^ inUrpreled, sigmficSj God wiUi us. — 
 — Mall. i. 
 
 2. To e.\plain or unfold the meaning of predic- 
 tions, visions, dreams, or enigmas ; to expound and 
 lay open what is concealed I'ruiii the undi-rstanding ; 
 as, Joseph interpreted the dreams of I'haraoh. 
 
 3. To decipher. 
 
 4. To explain something not understood ; as, to 
 interpret looks or signs, 
 
 5. To define ; to explain words by other words in 
 the same language. 
 
 IN-TER'PRET-A-liLE, a. That may be interpreted 
 
 or explained. Collier. 
 IN-TEK PRET-A'TION,n. [Fr.,from L. interpretatin.] 
 
 1. The act of interpreting ; explanation of unin- 
 telligible words in language that is intelligibh;. In- 
 terpretation is the design of tran!=!ation. 
 
 2. The act of expounding or unfolding what is 
 not understood or not obvious j as, the interpretation 
 of dreams and prophecy. 
 
 Look liovv we cm, or Biul or m'^rrily, 
 
 htterpretation will iiiisqitole our looks. t^iak, 
 
 X The sense given by an interpreter ; exposition. 
 We sometimes find various interpretations of the 
 same passage of Scripture and other ancient writings. 
 4. The power of explaining. Bacon, 
 IN-TER'PRE T-A-TIVE, a. Collected or known by 
 interpretation. 
 
 Au iitterpTetatiue si. ling Willi herelics. Hammond, 
 2. Containing explanation. Barrow, 
 IN-TER'I'RET-A-TIVE-LY, adv. As may be col- 
 lected by interpretation. Bay. 
 IN-TER'PRET-ED, Explained; expounded. 
 IN-TER'PItET-ER, h. One that explains or ex- 
 pounds ; an expositor ; as, an interpreter of the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 2. A translator ; one who renders the words of 
 one language in words of corresponding signilication 
 in another. 
 
 IN TER'PRET-ING, pjir. Explaining; expounding; 
 translating. 
 
 IN-TKR-PUNe'TION, n. [L. intcrpunctio, inierpun- 
 
 go ; inter and pungo^ to point.] 
 
 The making of points between sentences or parts 
 
 of a sentence. Hut Punctuation is generally used. 
 IN-TER-RE-CEIVE', v. I. To receive between or 
 
 within. Carlisle. 
 Ii\-TER'R£D, {in-terd',) pp. Buried. 
 IN-TER-KEG'NUM, n. [L. inter and regnum, rule or 
 
 reign.] 
 
 The time in wliich a throne is vacant, between 
 the death or abdication of a king and the accession 
 of his successor. An interregnum, in strictness, can 
 happen only in governments where the king is 
 elective; for, in hereditary kingdoms, the reign of 
 the successor commences at the moment of his pred- 
 ecessor's death or demise. Tiie word, however, is 
 used with more latitude. 
 IN-TER-REIG.\"', (in-ter-rane',) n. A translation of 
 interregnum^ Fr. interregne. 
 An interregnum or vacancy of the throne. [Supra.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 IN-TER'RER, »i. [from inter.] One that inters or 
 buries. 
 
 IN'TER-RE.X, n. [L. inter and rej, king.] 
 
 A regent ; a niagistr.ate that governs during an 
 interregnum. 
 IN-TER'RI.\G, ppr. Burying. 
 
 IN-TER'RO-GATE, 1!. (. [I'r. interroger ; L. interro- 
 
 go i inter and rogo, to ask.] 
 
 To (piestiiui ; to examine by asking questions ; as, 
 
 to interrogate a witness. 
 IN-'I'EK'R()-GaTE, e. i. To ask questions. Baron. 
 I.N 'i'ER'RO-tiA-TEI), />/). Examined by questions. 
 IN-TE|{'RO-(;a-TIiN'G, ;;;»-. Asking questions of one ; 
 
 examining by questions. 
 IN-TI;R-R()-Ga''I'ION, n. The net of questioning ; 
 
 examination by ipiestious. 
 
 2. A question put ; iixpiiry. Pope. 
 .'t. A note that marks a question ; as, does Job 
 
 serve (;od for nought 
 IN-TEK-R0(;'A-'I'IVE, a. [Fr. interrogallf,] 
 
 Uenotnig a questi<m ; expressed in the form of a 
 
 qui.'stion ; as an inlerrogatiee phrase or sentence. 
 l.\-TEK-ROG'A-'l'IVK, «. A word used in asking 
 
 quextions ; n«, who ? what 7 irlueh. ? why ? 
 IN-'l'ER RO(;'A-'J IVE.LY, ado. In the form of n 
 
 rpiCHtion. 
 
 IN-TER'RO-GA-TOR, n. One who asks questions. 
 
 IN-TEK-R()(;'A-T<J KV, n. [Vt. interrogatoire.] 
 
 A qufiKtion or inquiry, hi /<iio, n partu'.ular qncfi- 
 tiiin to a wilnesH, who in to aiiMwi-r it under the so- 
 lemnitien of an oath. Tliis may be in open court or 
 before roininlsHloiirrH. 
 
 IN-TEIl-KOG'A-TO-liy, a. CVinlainini; a quenlion ; 
 
 INT 
 
 expressing a question ; as, an interrogalonj sen- 
 tence. Johnson. 
 
 IJV TEB-BO' REM, [L.] For a terror or warning. 
 
 IN-TER-RUPT', J), t, [L. interrumpo, intcrruptas ; 
 inter and rumpo, to break.] 
 
 1. To stop or hinder by breaking in upon the 
 course or progress of anything; to break the cur- 
 rent or motion of; as, a fall of rain interrupted our 
 journey. There was not a tree nor a bush to inter- 
 rupt the charge of the enemy. The sjieaker was in- 
 terrupted by shouts of acclamation. We apply the 
 word btith to the agent and to his progress. We 
 say, an alarm interrupted the speaker, or his argu- 
 n)ent or discourse. 
 
 2. To divide ; to separate ; to break continuity or 
 a contiinu'd series. The road was on a plain, not 
 interrupted by a single hill, or interrupted Jiere and 
 there by a hill. 
 
 IN-TER-RUPT', a. Broken ; containii.g a chasm. 
 
 jVilton, 
 
 IN-TER-RUPT'ED, pp. Stopped ; hindered from pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 IN-TER-RUPT'ED, a. Broken : intermitted. 
 
 2. In botany, a term used when any symmetrical 
 arrangement is destroyed by local causes, as when 
 smaller leaves are interposed among the larger ones 
 in a pinnate leaf Lindlen, 
 
 IN-TER-RIIPT'ED-LY, adv. With breaks or inter- 
 ruptions. Boyle. 
 
 IN-TER-RUPT'ER, n. One that interrupts. 
 
 IN-TER-RUPT'ING, ppr. Hindering by breaking in 
 upon. 
 
 IN-TER-RUP'TION, n. [Fr., from L. interruptio,] 
 L Tlie act of interrupting or breaking in upon 
 progression. 
 
 2. Breach of any thing extended ; interposition ; 
 as, an isle separated from the Continent by the inter- 
 ruption of the sea. Hale, 
 
 3. Intervention ; iiiterposition. 
 
 Lest tiio interruption of liine cause you lo lose the idea of one 
 part. Vryden. 
 
 4. Stop ; hinderance ; obstruction caused by break- 
 ing in upon any course, current, progress, or motion. 
 An interruption may be temporary or durable, 'i'he 
 work of the Erie Canal has siifiered fevv interruptions 
 from storms and floods. The lava met with no tntcr- 
 ruption till it descended to the foot of the mountain. 
 The author has met with many interruptions in the 
 execution of his work. The speaker or the argu- 
 ment proceeds without inteiruption. 
 
 5. Stop ; cessation ; intermission, Locke. 
 TN-TER-RUPT'l VE, a. 'l ending lo internipt. 
 IN-TER-RUPT'IVE-LY, ado. By interruption. 
 IN-TEU SCAP'lJ-LAR, a. [L. inter and seapula, Ihe 
 
 shoulder-blade.] 
 
 Situated between the shoulder-blades. 
 IN-TER-SCIND', v. t. [inter and scindo.] 
 
 To cut off. Diet. 
 IN-TER-SCIND'ED, pp. Cut ofl". 
 IN-TER-SCIND'lNG,;v"-. Cutting off. 
 1N-TER-S€RII!E', v. t, [L. inter and scribo,] 
 
 To write between. Diet, 
 IN-TER-SeRIH'KD, pp. Written between, 
 IN-TER-SeRIB'ING,p;;r, Writing between. 
 IN-TER-SIC'CANT, a, [L. intersccans ; interseco ; 
 inter and seco, to cut.] 
 
 Dividing into parts ; crossing. Diet. 
 IN-TER-SECT', v. t. [L. interseco I inter, between, 
 and seco, to cut.] 
 
 To cut or cross mutually ; to divide into parts. 
 Thus two lines or two jilanes may intersect each 
 other. The ecliptic inlersecU the equator. 
 I.N-'l'ER-SECT', 0. /. To meet and cross each other ; 
 as, the point where two lines intersect. [This if 
 elliptical, \ 
 
 IN-'l'liR-steT'ED, 2>P- Cut or divided into parts; 
 crossed, 
 
 IN-TER SEGT'ING, ppr. Cutting ; crossing ; as 
 lines. 
 
 IN-'l'Eli-SEe'TION, J7. [li. intersectio,] 
 
 1. The act or stale of intersecting. 
 
 2. The point or line in which two lines or two 
 plnni's cut each other. 
 
 I.\-'J'KR-Sr,.M'l-NA'l'E, ». (. [L, interseminatus ; inter, 
 between, and seniino, to sow.] 
 To sow between or among. [Little used,] 
 IN-TF,R-SERT', v. t. [L. intcrsero ; inter, between, 
 and .frro, to throw.] 
 
 To sei or pill in between other things. Brerewood. 
 liN-TKli SI'.UT'Kl), pp. Put in between other things. 
 IiN-Tl',|{-Si;RT'l.\G, ppr. Putting in bi twceu other 
 things. 
 
 IN-TI;R-SF,R'TI0N, n. An inserlion or thing insert- 
 ^mI berwei'u uther tilings. J/annnond, 
 
 I\''I'ICR SPACi;, 71. [inter and space,] A space be- 
 tween other tilings. IlacUct. 
 
 IN-'J'KK SPEIlSiy, (in-ter-spers',) ?>. t, [L, intersi>er- 
 sit^ ; niter, between, and spnrgo, to scatter.] 
 
 'I'o Hcalti-r or set hi-ri* anil there among other 
 things ; as, an able argument interspersed with llow- 
 er^ of ili.-Inric. Intersperse shrubs among trees. 
 
 IN-TKR SPi;itS'/:i), ( sperst',) /);). Scattered or situ- 
 ated here ami (here among otluT things. 
 
 INT 
 
 IN-TER-SPERS'ING, ppr. Scattering here and there 
 
 among other things. 
 IN-TER-SPER'SION, n. The act of scattering or 
 
 setting here and there among other things. 
 IN-TER-STEIVLAR, I a. [L. inter and Stella, a 
 IN-TER-STEL'LA-RY, \ star.] 
 
 Situated beyond the solar system, or among the 
 
 stars. Bacon. 
 IN'TER-STICE or IN-TER'STICE, n. [Fr,, from L. 
 
 interstitium ; inter and sto, to stfind ] 
 
 1. A space between things ; but chiefly, a narrow 
 or small space between things closely set, or the 
 parts which compose a body. We speak of the in- 
 terstices between the pai-ts of wood or stone. 
 
 2. Time between one act and another. Jlijliffe. 
 IN-TER-STINCT'IVE, «. Distinguishing. (JVof 
 
 used.] IVttlU.i. 
 
 IN-TER-STI"TIAL, (in-ter-stish'al,) a. Pertaining 
 to or containing interstices. Kncyc. 
 
 IN-TER-STRAT'I-FI-A'D, (in-ter-strat'e-fide,) a. 
 Stratified among or between other bodies, Eneyc. 
 
 IN-TER-TALK', (iii-ter-tawk',) t'. i. To exchange 
 conversation. [JVot vsed.] Carev), 
 
 IN-TER-TAN"GEE, (-tang'gl,) v, t. To intertwist ; 
 to entangle. Beamn, S( Fl, 
 
 IN-TER-TEX'TTJRE, (-text'yur,) n, [h, interteztus ; 
 inter and teio, to weave.] 
 
 The act of interweaving, or the state of things in- 
 terwoven. More, 
 
 IN'TER-TlE, ) n. In earpentru, a short, horizontal 
 
 IN'TER-DPCE, i timber framed between two posts, 
 in order to tie them together. Brunde, 
 
 IN-TER-TIS'Sn-f;D, (in-ter-tish'shude,) a. Wrought 
 with joint tissue. Everest, 
 
 TN-TER-TRAN-SPie'lI-OUS, a. Transpicuous with- 
 in or between. 
 
 IN-'l'ER-TROP'ie-AL. «. [inter and tropical.] Situa- 
 ted brtween the tropics. ./. Morse, 
 
 IN-TE1!-'J'\VI.\1'.', t. [!/i(fr and twine,] 'J'o unite 
 by twilling or tu isting one with another. Milton, 
 
 IN-TER-'l'WIN'iCD, pp. Twined or twisted one with 
 another. 
 
 IN-'i'ER-TWIN'ING, ppr. Twining one with another. 
 
 IN-TEK-TWi.\'lNG-LY, adi: By intertwining or be- 
 ing intertwined. 
 
 IN-TER-TWIST', ». e, [iH(cr and deist.] To twist 
 one with another. 
 
 IN-TER-TVVIS'J''E1), 7<;). Twisted one with another, 
 
 IN-TEll-T\\ IST'ING, j'pr- Twisting one with an- 
 other. 
 
 IN-TER-TWIST'ING-LY, ado. By intertwisting, or 
 
 being intertwisted. 
 IN'TER-VAL, n. [Fr, iniervulle ; li, interrallum ; inter 
 
 and vallum, a wall, ovvallus, a stake.] 
 
 1. A space between things ; a void space interven- 
 ing between any two objects ; as, an intereal between 
 two pickets or palisades, between two houses or 
 walls, or between two mountains or hills. 
 
 2. Sljiace of time between any two points or events ; 
 as, the interval between the death of Challes I. of 
 England and the accession of Charles II. ; the inte-~ 
 val between two wars. Hence we say, an uito-i'a( of 
 peace. 
 
 3. The space of time between two paroxysms of 
 disease, pain, or delirium ; remission ; as, an internal 
 of ease, of peace, of reason. 
 
 4. The distance between two given sounds in mu- 
 sic, or the difl'eience in point of gravity or aciiteness, 
 
 Brande, 
 
 5. A tract of low or plain ground between hills, or 
 altuig the banks of rivers, usually alluvial land en- 
 riched by the overflowings of rivers, or by fertilizing 
 de|)osits of earth from tlie adjacent liills. Hutchinson, 
 
 [Dr, Belknap writes this I^TKUVALE ; / think im- 
 properly.] 
 
 IN-'I'ER-VEIN'KD, (-ter-vand',) a. [inter and vein,] 
 Intersected as with veins. 
 
 Fair cliamjiain^n Willi less rivers inlervcined, AlUton. 
 
 IN-TER-ViiNE', V, i. [L. intervenio ; inter and venio, 
 to come.] 
 
 1. To come or be between persons or things ; to 
 be situated between. Thus the .Atlantic intervenes 
 between Europe and America; the Mediterranean 
 intervenes between Europe and Africa. 
 
 2. 'I'll come bi tweeii |iiiiiils of time or events ; as, 
 the period that intrrveucd between the treaty of Rys- 
 wick anil llielri'aly of Utrecht. 
 
 3. 'J'o hapiien in a way to disturb, cross, or inter- 
 rupt. I'h'eiits may intervene to frustrate our ptif|)oses 
 or wishes. 
 
 4. To interpose or undertake voluntarily for anoth- 
 er. A third party m.ay intervene, and accept a bill of 
 exi liange for another. 
 
 IN-Tl'.R-\ kNE', A coming between; interven- 
 tion. [Mot used.] Wotton. 
 
 IN-TER-VkN'IE.\ T, a. Coming or being between; 
 intercedent ; interposed. [Ai(//c Hscrf.] Bacon. 
 
 IN-TER-Vn;N'IN(!, ppr. ox ii. (Joining or being be- 
 tween persona or tilings, or between jioints of time ; 
 as, intervening space or time ; intervening events or 
 misfortunes ; iuferrenintr jieace 
 
 IN-TER VEN'TION, 11. [Fr., from E. in'.enmilio.] 
 1. A state of coming or being between ; inlerposi- 
 
 FATE, far, fall, what MftTE PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 618 ~ ~ " 
 
INT 
 
 INT 
 
 INT 
 
 tioii Lichl is not iiitcrruptcd by the intcrvenlion of 
 a transp'iront hodx'. 
 
 2. Asi iuy of persons liotwrm prrsoiis ; inli'rpi>si- 
 ti<'ii ; iiii'ilinticiii ; any inteiTuroiicu that iiKiy oltucl 
 tlie iiituresls of others. 
 
 Let tifl (li-cUle uiir quarrrls at home wiUiout the intervention of a 
 lofi^ii power. Temple. 
 
 3. /Veoncy of means or instrmn''nts ; as, fdl'Cta arc 
 proilni'i-(l hy tin; intmention of n:itnral causes. 
 
 4. Inti rposilion in favor of annther; a vohintary 
 iintlertakins of one party for anotliiT. A hill of ex- 
 clian^u may he accepted hy the interoentuin of a third 
 person in behalf of the drawer, or of one of the in- 
 dorsers. Fretich Ci'inntrrcial Coilc. H^alsfi. 
 
 IN-TER-VKX'TOIl, «. [L.] A mediator ; a pel. son 
 anciently lU'signated by a chnrcli to reiM)ncile iKir- 
 ties, ami unite them in the choice of othcers. 
 
 IN-TKIl-VE.\'IIE, M. [Fr. interocnu.] IColeman. 
 Interpo-sition. [JVut uscft.] Bluunt, 
 
 IN-TEK-V'EUT', v. t. [L. intcrverto ; inter and t7erto, 
 to turn.] 
 
 To turn to another course or to another use. [Litr 
 lie u-irj.] JKottoH. 
 IN-TER-VER'TE-BRAL, a. Being between tlie vcr- 
 tcline. 
 
 IN'TER-V[EVV, 71. [iii^cr and nVir ; Fr. riitrerue.] 
 A mntiial sicht or view ; a metaling ; u.^-naltif^ a 
 formal meetins for st>nie conference on an important 
 subject ; hence the word implied a cont'erence, or 
 mutual coninuinication of thoughts. The envoy had 
 an iiUervicm with the kini;, or with the secretary of 
 foreign affairs. Tlie |>:\rties had an iiUcnicui, and 
 adjustetl their dilft^rences. 
 
 IN-'l'ER-VIS'I-Bl.E, a. In .«urrryiii?> an epithet ap- 
 plied to stations which are iniilually visible, or can 
 be seen the one trom the other. 
 
 IN-TER-VOLVE', (in-tcr-volv',) i'. L [L. iiitcrcolvo ; 
 intir and ro/co, to roll.] 
 
 To involve one within another. Milton. 
 
 IN-TER-V0LV'/;D, pp. involved one within anoth- 
 er ; wrapiwd together. 
 
 IN-TER-VOLV'h\G, ppr. Involving one within an- 
 other. 
 
 IN-TER-VVic.VVE', ». t. ; preL I.vterwote ; pp. In- 
 terwoven. [i/t(fr and weave.] 
 
 1. To weave together; to intermix or unite in text- 
 ure or construction ; as, threads of silk and cotton 
 intcrioovtiu 
 
 2. To intermix ; to set among or together ; as, a 
 covert of intt-ncoven trees. 
 
 3. To intermingle ; to insert together ; as, to inter- 
 weave truth with falsehood. 
 
 I\-TER-\Vl-;AV'I.\G, //;>r. Weaving together. 
 
 I.V-TER-\Vl":AV'I.\"G, n. Intertexlure. Milton. 
 
 l.N-TEK-VVISU', B. (. [inter and wiwA.] To wish inu- 
 liiallv to each other. \Little used.] Donne. 
 
 I.\-'l'ER-\VI.-Jir/;i), (-wisht,) pp. Wished niulnallv. 
 
 I.N-TER-WORK'l.NT., n. The act of wotkiiig to- 
 gether. 
 
 IN-TEIt-WOVE', ;»rct. of IsTEBWEiVE. Hilton uses 
 it as a participle for intertcoven, 
 
 IN-TER-WoV'/;.\, ora. Woven together; inler- 
 mifed ; int: rminglmg. m 
 
 I.N-TEll-WKCAfirKI), a. Woven into a wreath. 
 
 IN-TEST' .\-BLE, a. [L. in-Mlahilis ; in and leslabitis; 
 ffts/i-v, a witnt!ss ; testur^ to testify.] 
 
 Not capable of making u will ; legally unqualified 
 or disipialilied to make a testament ; .is, a person un- 
 qiialitied for want of discretion, or disqualilied hy loss 
 of re.-won, is intestable. Jlyliffe. 
 
 IN-TEST' A-C Y, n. [from i<i/es(flfc.] The state cf dy- 
 ing without luaking a will or disposing of one's ef- 
 fects. Btaekstone. 
 
 IN-TEST' ATE, a. [Ft. intcttat ; L. inUstatus ; in and 
 UstatiLx, te.itor, to make a will.] 
 
 1. Dying without having made a will. When a 
 man dies intr.ittUe, bis estate is committed for settle- 
 ment to administrators. 
 
 2. Not devised ; not disposed of by will ; as, an 
 intestate est.ate. Laws of Mass. and Conn, 
 
 I IN-TEST' ATE, n. A person who dies without mak- 
 I ing a will. Blackstone. 
 I IN-TES'TIN-AL, a. [from intestine.] PerLiining to 
 I the inlt^stiiies of an uiiiinal body ; as, the intestinal 
 ' lube or canal. JlrbntlmoU 
 i IN-TES-TI.\-.\'LI-A, n. p/. .\ cl.iss of animals which 
 infest the interior of the bodies, and especially the 
 I intestinal canal, of other animals. Brande, 
 I j I.N-TES'TIXE, ( tes'tin,) a. [Fr. in(»tin ,- L. inlesti- 
 I nii.«, from iiidw, within.] 
 
 1. Internal; inward; op|>osed to External; <i;>- 
 pUed to the human or other animal body ; as, an intestine 
 disease. 
 
 •J. Internal with regard to a state or country : do- 
 mestic, not foreign ; as, intestine fends ; i«/«,«(i(i"cwar; 
 in(r.«(iitt enemies. It is to be rem.arked that this word 
 IS usually or alw.iys applied to evils. We never s.iy, 
 I intestine happiness or prosperity ; intestine trade, man- 
 ] ufaclures, or bills ; but intestine broils, trouble, disor- 
 ders, c;ilainilies, war, &c. We say, internal peace, 
 well'are, prosperity, or internal broils, war, trade, &.c. 
 This restricted use of uiUstine seems to be entirely 
 arbitrt.ry. 
 
 TONE, ByLL, IINITE. — 
 
 IN-TES'TINE, n. ; usually in the plural, I>tkstines. 
 The canal in- tube that extends, with convolutions, 
 from the right orifice of the stoiiiarh to llie anus. 
 
 IN-TE.\'TUR-KIJ, a. Inwrouuht , woven in. 
 
 IN-TII!UST', (iii-thur.st',) v. U [in and I/i<rs(.] To 
 make thirsty. [Au( used.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 I.\-'I'IIKALL', V. t. [in and tliraU; Sax. ihreai, a ser- 
 vant ; it. trail!.] 
 
 To enslave ; to reduce to bondage or ser\'itiide ; to 
 shackle. Tlie Greeks have been inUiraltcd by the 
 Turks. 
 
 She Mtotlina, but nrvcr Mil inlhralt my mind. Prior, 
 IN-TIIRALL'£D, pp, or a. Enslaved ; reduced to aer- 
 vitiidi." 
 
 I\-TII1{AI,L'IXG, ppr. Enslaving. 
 
 IN-TIIRALL'MENT, >i. Servitude; slavery ; bond- 
 age. Milton. 
 
 1N-TIIR6NE', V. t. [in and throne.] To seat on a 
 throne ; to raise to royalty or supreme dominion. 
 [See Enthrone, which is the luore coniiiion orthog- 
 raphy.] 
 
 2. To induct or install a bishop into the powers 
 
 and privileges of a vacant see. 
 IN-TllRf)N-l-ZA'TU).\, n. The act of enthroning, 
 
 or state of being enthroned. Warbiirton, 
 IN-THRo.N'lZE, ». (. To enthrone. [See 1 nthhone.] 
 I.N'TI-.\l.\-i; Y, n. [from intimate.] Close faiiiiliarily 
 
 or fellowship ; nearness in friendship. Rogers. 
 IN'Tl-.M ATE, a, [L. iiilimus, superl. of intus, or intc- 
 
 ru.i, within.] 
 
 1. Inmost; inward; internal; as, intimate im- 
 pulse. Milton, 
 
 2. Near ; close 
 
 11c w.is honored with nii intinuite uiid imnicdiat; admission. 
 
 3. Close in friendship or acquaintance ; familiar ; 
 as, an intimate friend ; intimate aciiuaintance. 
 
 IN'TI-.M.-\TI2, n. A familiar friend or associate ; one 
 to whom the thoughts of another are intrusted witli- 
 ■ out reserve. 
 
 IN'TI-iMaTE, v. i. To share together. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 IN'TI-MaTE, v. U [Fr. intimer; Sp. intimar ; It. inti- 
 mare : Low L, intimo, to intimate, to register, to love 
 entirely, to make one intimate, to enter, from mti- 
 mw.v.] 
 
 To hint ; to suggest obscurely, indirectly, or not 
 very plainly ; to give .slight notice of. He intimated 
 his intention of resigning his ofhcc. 
 'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter, 
 And intinuiu-s eternity to iiutn. Addison. 
 
 IN'TI-.Ma-TED, pp. Hinted ; slightly mentioned or 
 signified. 
 
 IN'TI-.MATE-LY, adv. Closely ; with close inter- 
 mixture and unitin of parts ; ns, two fluids intimatelij 
 mixed. 
 
 2. Closely; with nearness of friendship or alliance ; 
 as, two frienils intimatelij united ; two families inti- 
 matchj connected. 
 
 3. Familiarly ; particularly ; as, to be intimately ac- 
 quainted with facts or with a subject. 
 
 IN'TI-.Ma-TI.N'G, p;ir. Hinting; suggesting. 
 
 lN-TI-.M.\'TIO.\, n. [Fr., from in(iin<i(c.] Hint ; an 
 obscure or indirect suggestion or notice ; a declara- 
 tion or remark communicating imperfect information. 
 Our friend lefl us without giving any previous inti- 
 mation of his design. 
 
 IN'TI.ME, (in'tim,) a. [I., intimus.] 
 
 Inwanl ; internal. [.Yut used.] Diirby, 
 
 IN-TIM'I-I)aTE, v. t, [Fr. inlimider; in and L. timi- 
 duSf fearful ; tiineo, tt) fear.] 
 
 To make feiurful ; to inspire with fear ; to disheart- 
 en ; to abash. 
 
 Now ^lilt, once harixirrd in the conacioua breast, 
 tntitnbtau* tlie Inive, degr.ules Uie ^al. Irene, 
 
 IN-TI.M'I-Da-TED, pp. Made fearful ; abashed. 
 
 I\-TI .M'I-Da-TI.NG, ppr. .Making fearful ; ab.ashing. 
 
 IN-TI.M-I-1)a'TIO.\', m. The act of making fearful ; 
 the state of being abashed. 
 
 IN-TINC-TIV'I-TY, ii. [L. in and tinctus, dipped, 
 stained.] 
 
 The want of the quality of coloring or tinging other 
 bodies. Fuller's earth is distinguished from colorific 
 earths hy its intinetiriti/, JCinoan, 
 IN-TIRE', IN-TIRE LY. See Entire and its deriva- 
 IN-TI'TLE. See Entitle. [fives. 
 IN'TO, pr^p. [in and (o.J Noting entrance, ora |iass- 
 ing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts. 
 It follows verbs expressing motion. Come into the 
 house ; go into the church ; one stream falls or runs 
 intu another. Water enters into the fine vessels of 
 planus. 
 
 2. Noting penetration beyond the outside or sur- 
 face, or access to it. Look into a letter or book ; look 
 into nil apartment. 
 
 3. Noting insertiim. Infuse more spirit or anima- 
 tion into the composition. 
 
 4. Noting mixture. Put other ingredients into the 
 compound. 
 
 5. Noting inclusion. Put these ideas inta other 
 words. 
 
 6. Noting the passing of a thing (rom one form or 
 state to another. Compound substances may be re- 
 
 solved into others which are more simple ; ice is con- 
 vertible i;i(o water, and witter into vajior. .Men are 
 more easily tirawii than forced into compliance. We 
 reiluce many distinct substances into one inass. We 
 are led by evidence into belief of truth. Men are 
 often enticed intv the comiiiission of crimes. Chil- 
 dren are sometimi s frightened into his, and wo are 
 all liable to be sediici'd into error and follv. 
 IN-TOL'ER-A-BLE, a, [Fr., from L. mtJlerabilU ; in 
 and to.erabilis, tolrro, to bear.] 
 
 1. .Not to be borne ; thai can not be endured; ns, 
 intolerable pain ; intolerable heat or cold ; an intolera- 
 ble hiirtlen. 
 
 2. Insufferable ; not to be allowed ; as, intolerable 
 la/iness. 
 
 IN-TOL'ER-.VHLE NESS, n. The quality of being 
 not tolerable or siiil'erable. 
 
 IN-TUL'ER-A-liLY, aili; To a degree beyond endur- 
 ance ; as, intiitrrnbhj cold ; intulmiblij abusive. 
 
 IN-TOI.'KR-A.\CE, n. [from iHtWfraiil.] Want of 
 capaeify to endure. Brande, 
 
 2. Want of toleration ; the not enduring at all, or 
 not siilleriiig to exist without persecution ; as, the in- 
 tolerance of u jirince or a church toward a religious 
 sect. Burke, 
 
 IN-TOL'ER-ANT, a. [Fr., from L. in and loieru, to 
 endure.] 
 
 1. Not enduring ; not able to endure. 
 
 The pijwers of the humitn body being hmited and intnlemni of 
 exci'sw-s. Arti-iUirujt. 
 
 2. Not enduring difference of opinion or worship ; 
 refusing to tolerate others in the enjoyment of their 
 opinions, rights, and worship. 
 
 I.N-TOL'ER-.VNT, n. One w ho docs not favor tolera- 
 tion. Lowtlu 
 
 IN-TOL'ER-ANT-LY, adx>. Not tolerantly; not in- 
 dlllgelltlv. 
 
 IN-TOL'ER-A-TED, a. Not cB 'ured ; not tolerated. 
 
 Chesttrfield. 
 
 IN-TOL-ER-S'TIO.V, n. Intolerance; refusal to tol- 
 
 enite others in their opinions or worship. Chesterjield. 
 IN-TOMIi', (iii-tooin',) i". I. [in and tomb.] To deposit 
 
 in a tomb ; to biir>'. Drijilrn. 
 IN-TO.MIi'/'n), (iii-toomd',) pp, at a. Deposited in a 
 
 toiiih ; buried. 
 IN-TO.MH'L\G, (in-toom'ing,) ppr. Depositing in a 
 
 tomb ; interring. 
 IN'TO-NaTE, e. i. [ L. intono, intonotiu ,- in and loiu), 
 
 to sound or thunder.] 
 
 1. To souiiil ; to sound the notes of the musical 
 
 2. To tliiiiider. [scale. 
 IN-TO-Na'TION, r. In mH.'!i>, the action of sound- 
 ing the notes of the scale with the voice, or any other 
 given order of musical tones. Brande, 
 
 2. 1'hc manner of sounding or tuning the notes of 
 a musical .scale. 
 
 3. In speaking, the modulation of the voice in ex- 
 pression. 
 
 IN-ToNE', V. i, [L. intono, supra.] 
 
 To utter a sound, or a deep, protracted sound. 
 
 Ass iritanee to ass. Pope. 
 IN-TOR'SION, «. [L. intorqiieo, intorsum, to twist.] 
 A winding, bending, tir twisting, in any particular 
 direction. In botanij, the bending or twining of any 
 part of a plant toward one side or the other, or in 
 any tlirectioii from the vertical. Martijiu 
 IN-'i'OR'l'', V. t. [L. intortiis, f'rom intorqueo, to twist.] 
 
 To twist ; to wreath ; to wind ; to wring. Pope. 
 IN-TORT'ED, pp. Twisted ; made winding. 
 
 JirbiithnoL Pope, 
 IN-TORT'ING, ppr. Winding ; twisting. 
 /..V TO' TO, [I-.1 Wholly ; entirely. 
 1N-TOX'I-CaTE, V, t, [in and L. tozicum, which, 
 Pliny informs us, is from taxa, a species of tree, in 
 Greek a/i(A(i(. IJb. xvi. 10. Tozicum is from the 
 Greek r '^or, a bow or an arrow ; the barbarians used 
 to poison their .arrows, and hence tozir.am, in Latin, 
 came to signify poison,] 
 
 1. To inebriate ; to make dnink ; as with spiritu- , 
 ous liquor. ' 
 
 As with new wine intoxieated loth, 
 
 They swim in ndrUi. ^fUton. 
 
 3. To excite the spirits to a kind of delirium ; to 
 el.ite to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness. Success 
 may sometimes intozicate a man of sobriety. An en- 
 thusiast inav be intozicated with zetil. 
 
 I.N-TO.\'I-e.\TE, a. Inebri.tted. J. Montgomery, 
 
 IN-TOX'ie.A-TED, pp. or a. Inebri.ated ; made drunk; 
 excited to frenzy. 
 
 IN-TO.X'I-Ga-TED-NESS, m. Suite of intoxication. 
 
 IN-TOX'i e.A-TING, ppr. Inebriating ; elating to ex- 
 cess or frenzy. 
 
 2. a. Having qualities that produce inebriation 
 
 ns, in/ifrirdrifii,'' lltpiors. ij 
 
 IN-TOX-I-CA'TIO.X, >u Inebriation ; ebricty ; dnink- ,,' 
 
 enness ; the act of making drunk. South, li 
 
 TTccAmVa;/;), intoxicalion is made up of extraordi- 
 
 nnrj' exhilaration gradually incre.ising to delirium, | 
 
 with imperfect articiil.Ttion ami inability to regiilnlc i 
 voluntary motion genenlly, which finally passes into 
 unconsciousness and coma. 
 
 2. FifTuratirehj, a high excitement of mind ; an ela- | , 
 
 tion which rises to enthusiasin, frenzy, or madne«8. j j 
 
 AX"GER, V1"CI0L"S. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 619 
 
INT 
 
 IN-TRA€T'A-BLE, a. [L. intractabilis ; in and trac- 
 titbilis, tracto, to Imndle, manage, govern ; Fr. intrai- 
 table ; IL intraUabiU.] 
 
 1. Not to be governed or managed ; violent ; stub- 
 linrn ; obstinate ; refractory ; as, an intractable tem- 
 per. 
 
 3. Not to be tauglit ; indocile. 
 rN-TRACT'A-BLE-NESS, ) n. The quality of being 
 
 ungovernable ; obstina- 
 Porteus. 
 
 In a perverse, stubborn 
 
 IN-TRAeT-A-BIL'I-TY, 
 cy ; perverseness. 
 2. Indocility. 
 IN-TRAGT'A-BLY, ailv. 
 manner. 
 
 IN-TRa'DOS, n. In architecture, the interior and low- 
 er line or curve of an arch. Braiule. 
 
 IN-TRA-FO-LI-a'CEOUS, a. [L. intra and folinm, a 
 leaf.] 
 
 In botany, growing on the inside of a leaf ; as, 
 trafoliaceotis stipules. Lee. Murtyn. 
 
 IN-TRS.N'CE'. See Entrance. 
 
 IN-TRAN-QUIL'LI-TY, n. [in and tranquilUtii.] Un- 
 quietness ; inquietude ; want of rest. Temple. 
 
 IN-TRAN'SIEXT, (-shent,) a. Not transient ; not 
 passing suddenly away. KilUn^bcck. 
 
 IN-TRANS'I-TI VE, a. [L. intransitivus ; in and transeo, 
 to pass over.] 
 
 In frrammar, an intransitive verb is one which ex- 
 presses an action or state that is limited to the agent, 
 or, in other words, an action that does not pass over 
 to, or operate upon, an object ; as, I walk ; I run ; I 
 sleep. 
 
 IN-TRANS'I-TIVE-LY, ailv. Without an object fol- 
 lowing ; in the manner of an intransitive verb. 
 
 Loirtb. 
 
 IJV TRAJ^S[-TU, [L.] In passing, or on the way 
 out. 
 
 IN-TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE, a. That can not be trans- 
 mitted. J. P. Smith. 
 
 IN-TR ANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of not 
 being tnmsrautable. Ray. 
 
 IN-TRANS-.Mu'TA-BLE, a. [in and transmutable.] 
 That can not be transmuted or changed into anoth- 
 er substance. Ray. 
 
 IN'TRANT, a. [L. intrans.] 
 
 Entering ; penetrating ; making entrance. 
 
 IN-TREAS'l;RE, (in-lrezh'ur,) v. t. [in and treasure.] 
 To lav up as in a treasury. ILittle used.] Shak. 
 
 IN-TReAT'FUL, a. Full of entreaty. Spenser. 
 
 IN-TRENCH', v. t. [in and Fr. trancher, to cut. See 
 Trench.] 
 
 1. To dig or cut a trench around a place, as in for- 
 tification i to fortify with a ditch and parapet. The 
 army intrenched their camp, or they were intrenched. 
 
 2. To furrow : to make hollows in. 
 
 His face 
 r had inti encficd. 
 
 MUlon. 
 
 Deep scare of Umnd' 
 
 To intrench on ; literally, to cut into ; hence, to in- 
 vade ; to encroach ; to enter on and take possession 
 of that which belongs to another. In the contest for 
 power, the king was charged with intrenchin<r on the 
 rights of the nobles, and the nobles were accused of 
 intrenching on the |)reroKatives of the crown. 
 
 IN-TRE.\CH'ANT, a. Not to be divided or wounded ; 
 indivisible. [JVo( used.] Shak. 
 
 IN-TRENCH'£D, (in-trencht',) pp. Fortified with a 
 ditch and parapet, 
 
 IN-TRENCH'ING, ppr. Fortifying with a trench and 
 parapet. 
 
 IN-TRENCH'.MENT, n. Properly, a trench or ditch 
 only ; but, as the earth thrown out of a trench forms 
 a part, and often the most necessary and useful part, 
 of a fortification, hence inlrenchmenl is generally un- 
 derstood to signify a ditch and parapet, and some- 
 times it signifies fascines covered with earth, gabions, 
 bags filled with earth or other materials collected to 
 cover men from an enemy's fire. 
 
 On O'lr eide we liave thrown up inlrenchmenU on Winter and 
 Prospect Hills. Washiuglon. 
 
 2. Hence, /"-iiratii'fl!/, any defense or protection. 
 IN-TREP'ID, a. [L. intrcpidus ; in and trepidus, trepi- 
 do, to tremble.] 
 
 Literally, not trembling or shaking with fear ; 
 hence^ fearless ; bold ; bravo ; undaunted ; us, an 
 intrepid soldier. 
 IN-TRE-PID'I-TY, v. [Fr. in(rcpi<ii/^.] 
 
 Fearlessness ; fearless bravery in danger ; undaunt- 
 ed courage or boldness. The troops engaged with 
 intrepidity. 
 
 IN-TREI"II)-LY, ailr. Without trembling or shrink- 
 ing from danger ; fearlessly ; daringly ; resolutely. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 IN'TBI-GA-BLE, a. Entangling. [J^ot in v-ie.] 
 
 SheJton. 
 
 IN'TRI-€A-CY, n. Ifrom i«(rica'c.] The state of be- 
 ing entangled i perplexity ; involution ; complication ; 
 an, the mtricar.y of a knot, nnt\, Ji/rnralirely, the intri- 
 cacy of acc^juntfl, the intricacy of a cause in contro- 
 verMy, the intricacy of a pb>t. .Addison. 
 
 IN'TRI-CATE, a. [I.. intricMaii, from inlrico, to fold ; 
 tn and tricor; It. intrcfxiare. Hee TnicK.] 
 
 Entangled ; involved ; perplexed ; complicated ; 
 obncure. Wc panxed through intricate wuidlngH; 
 wc found the accounla intricate : the case un trial in 
 
 INT 
 
 intricate ; the plot of a tragedy may be too intricate 
 to please. 
 
 IN'TRI-e.\TE, V. U To perplex; to make obscure. 
 [Little used.] . Camden. 
 
 IN'TRI-e.ATE-LY, adv. With involution or infold- 
 ings ; with perplexity or intricacy. fVotton. 
 
 IN'TRI-CATE-NESS, n. The state of being involved ; 
 involution ; complication ; perplexity. Sidney. 
 
 IN-TRI-€A'TION, n. Entanglement. [JVot used.] 
 
 IN-TRIGUE', (in-treeg',) n. [Fr. id. ; It. intrigo ; 
 verbs. Fr. intriguer, to perplex, embroil, intrigue ; It. 
 intricare, intrigare, to perplex, to make intricate ; 
 Low L. intrico, intricor, to inwrap ; tricor, to trifle, 
 to show tricks; allied to Gr. -Spif, roixof, hair or 
 a lock of hair, as we should say, a plexus. In D. 
 bcdriegen, G. bitriegen, signify to cheat ; D. driegen, 
 to tack, to baste; G. triegen, to deceive; trug, de- 
 ceit, fraud. The primary sense seems to be, to fold, 
 lay over, or to draw together.] 
 
 1. A plot or scheme of a complicated nature, in- 
 tended to eflTect some purpose by secret artifices. An 
 intrigue may be formed and prosecuted by an indi- 
 vidual, and we often ])ear of the intrigues of a min- 
 ister or a courtier, but often several projectors are 
 concerned in an intrigue. 
 
 2. The plot of a play or romance; a complicated 
 scheme of designs, actions, and events, intended to 
 awaken interest in an audience or reader, and make 
 them wait with eager curiosity for the solution or 
 development. 
 
 3. A secret understanding or commerce of forbid- 
 den love between two persons of ditferent sexes. 
 
 Smart 
 
 4. Intricacy ; complication. [JVot in use.] Hale. 
 IN-TRIGUE', (in-treeg',) v. i. To form a plot or 
 
 scheme, usually complicated, and intended to effect 
 some purpose by secret artifices. The courtier in- 
 trigues with the minister. 
 2. To carry on a commerce of forbidden love. 
 
 Smart. > 
 
 IN-TRYGUE', (in-treeg',) v. t. To perplex or render 
 intricate. [A'ut used.] L. .Addison. 
 
 IN-TRIGU'ER, (in-treeg'er,) n. One who intrigues; 
 one who forms plots, or pursues an object by secret 
 artifices. 
 
 IN-TRIGU'ING, (in-treeg'ing,) ppr. Forming secret 
 plots or schemes. 
 
 2. a. Addicted to intrigue ; given to secret mach- 
 inations. 
 
 IN-TRiGU'ING-LY, (in-treeg'ing-ly,) adv. With in- 
 trigue ; with artifice or secret machinations. 
 
 IN-TRIN'SE-CATE, a. Entangled ; perplexed. [JVat 
 in iLse.] 
 
 IN-TRIN'Sie, ) a. [Fr. intrinseque ; Sp. intrin- 
 IN-TRIN'Sie-AL, j scco ; It. intrinsico ; L. intrinse- 
 cus ; intra anisecus. It was formerly written Intrin- 
 
 SECiL.] 
 
 1. Inward ; internal ; hence, true ; genuine ; real ; 
 essential ; inherent ; not apparent or accidental ; as, 
 the intri?isic value of gold or silver ; the intrinsic 
 merit of an action ; the intrinsic worth or goodness 
 of a person. Prior. 
 
 2. Intimate; closely familiar. [Ois.] JVotton. 
 IN-TRIN'Sie-AL-LY, adv. Internally ; in its nature ; 
 
 really ; truly. 
 
 A tie is a thing absolutely and tnlrinticaUy evU. South. 
 
 IN-TRO-CES'SION, (-sesh'un,) Tt. A depression, or 
 sinking of parts inward. Smart. 
 
 IN-TRO-DOCE', V. t. [L. introduco ; intra, within, 
 and duco, to lead ; Fr. introduire ; It. introdurre.] 
 
 1. To lead or bring in ; to conduct or usher into 
 a place ; as, to introduce a person into a drawing- 
 room. 
 
 2. To conduct and make known ; to bring to be 
 acquainted ; as, to introduce a stranger to a person ; 
 to introduce a foreign minister to a prince. 
 
 3. To bring something new into notice or practice ; 
 as, to introduce a new fashion, or a new remedy for 
 a tlisease ; to introduce an improved mode of tillage. 
 
 4. To bring in ; to import ; as, to introduce foreign 
 goods. 
 
 .5. To produce ; to cause to exist ; as, to introduce 
 habits into children. Locke. 
 
 (i. To begin ; to open to notice. He introduced the 
 subject with a long preface. 
 
 7. To bring before the public by writing or dis- 
 course ; as, to introduce one's self to notice or to the 
 public. 
 
 IN-TRO-DCC'JCD, (in-tro-dust',) ;>p. Led or conduct- 
 ed in ; brought in ; made acquainted ; imported. 
 
 IN-TRO-UuC'EU, n. One who introduces ; one who 
 ccinducLs another to a place or person ; one who 
 makes strangers known to each other ; one who 
 brings any thing into notice or practice. 
 
 IN-TRO-I)0C'ING, ppr. Conducting or bringing in ; 
 making known, as one stranger to another ; bringing 
 any thing into notice or practice. 
 
 IN-TR()-I)lJ€"riO.\, 71. [I'r., from I,, inlroduclio.] 
 
 1. The action ol^ conducting or ushering into a 
 place ; H.-icd of persons ; as, the introduction of a 
 Htranger into a saloon. 
 
 2. The act of making persons known to each 
 other ; as, the introduction of one stranger to another ; 
 
 INT 
 
 the introduction of a foreign minister to a prince or 
 court, and the introduction of company to a levee. 
 
 3. The act of bringing into a country ; as, the in- 
 troduction of gold or bullion, or of merchandise. 
 
 4. The act of bringing something into notice, prac- 
 tice, or use ; as, the introduction of new modes of 
 dress or of tillage. 
 
 5. The part of a book which precedes the main 
 work ; a preface or preliminary discourse. 
 
 6. That part of an oration or discourse in which 
 the speaker gives some general account of his design 
 and subject, and prepares the minds of his audience 
 for a favorable reception of liis remarks or argu- 
 ments. 
 
 IN-TRO-DUe'TIVE, a. Serving to introduce ; serv- 
 ing as the means to bring forward something. 
 
 Lowtli. 
 
 IN-TRO-DUe'TIVE-LY, adv. In a manner serving 
 to introduce. 
 
 IN-TRO-DU€'TOR, n. An introducer. [JVot used.] 
 IN-TRO-DU€'TO-RI-LY, adv. By way of introduc- 
 tion. 
 
 IN-TRO-DUe'TO-RY, a. Serving to introduce some- 
 thing else; previous; prefatory; preliminary; as, 
 introductory remarks ; an introductory discourse. 
 
 IN-TRO-FLEX'£D, (-flekst',) a. Flexed or bent in- 
 ward. 
 
 IN-TRO-GRES'SION, (-gresh'un,)n. [1,. intra gressio.^ 
 
 Entrance. [JVot used.] 
 IN-TROIT', n. [Fr., from L. introitus.] 
 
 In the Roman Catholic service, the entrance or begin- 
 ning of the mass ; a passage of Scripture sung or 
 chanted when the priest enters within the rails of the 
 altar. Wheatley. 
 IN-TRO-MIS'SION, (-mish'un,) n. [L. intromissus, 
 introniitto ; intra and mitto, to send.] 
 
 1. The action of sending in. Peacham. 
 
 2. In Scots law, an intermeddling with the effects 
 of another. Johnson. 
 
 IN-TRO-MIT', r. t. [L. intramitto, supra.] 
 
 1. To send in ; to let in ; to admit. Oreenhill. 
 
 2. To allow to enter ; to be the medium by which a 
 thing enters. Glass in the window intromits light 
 without cold into a room. 
 
 IN-TRO-.MIT', V. i. In ScottUh late, to intermeddle 
 with the effects of another. 
 
 IN-TRO-MIT'TED, pp. Allowed to enter. 
 
 IN-TRO-.MIT'TING, ppr. Admitting. 
 
 2. Intermeddling with the etfects of another. 
 
 IN-TRO-RE-CEP'TION, n. The act of admitting in- 
 to or within. Hammond. 
 
 IN-TRO-SPE€T', v. U [L. introspicio ; intra and spe- 
 cie, to look.] 
 To look into or within ; to view the inside. 
 
 IN-TRO-SPEG'TION, n. A view of the inside or in 
 terior. 
 
 I was forced to make an introspection into my own mind. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 IN-TRO-SPEeT'IVE, a. Inspecting within. 
 IN-TRO-SfjME', ». t. [L. ititro and sumo.] ' 
 
 To sink in. [JVot in use.] 
 IN-TRO-SUS-CEP'TION, j n. The falling of one 
 IN-TUS-SUS-CEP'TION, j part of an intestine in- 
 to another, or the passing of one part within another. 
 
 Core. Hooper. 
 IN-TRO-VkN'IENT, a. [L. intra and venicns, venio, 
 to come.] 
 
 Coming in or between ; entering. [Little jtscd.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 IN-TRO-VER'SION, n. The act of turning inward. 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 IN-TRO-VERT', v. t. [L. intra and vcrtn.] 
 
 To turn inward. Cowper. 
 IN-TRO-VERT'EI), pp. Turned inward. 
 IN-TRO-VERT'ING, ppr. Turning inward. 
 IN-TRODE', v. i. [L. intrudo ; in and truda, to thrust. 
 See Thrust.] 
 
 1. To thrust one's self in ; to come or go in with- 
 out invitation or welcome; to enter, as into compa- 
 ny, against the will of the company or the host ; as, 
 to intrude on families at unseasonable hours. Never 
 intrude where your company is not desired. 
 
 2. To encroach ; to enter or force one's self in 
 without permission ; as, to intrude on the lauds of 
 another. 
 
 3. To enter uncalled or uninvited, or without just 
 right. Col. ii. 
 
 IN-TRODE', V. U To thrust one's self in, or to enter 
 into some place without right or welcomo. 
 2. To force or cast in. Oreenhill. 
 IN-TROD'EU, pp. Thrust in. 
 
 2. a. In geology, intrusive, which see. 
 IN-TROI)'ER, II. One « ho intrudes ; one who thrusts 
 himself in, or enters where he has no right, or is not 
 welcome. 
 
 They were but intrudtrt on the posaesjiion, during tlie minority 
 
 of the heir. Damet. 
 They were all stmn^rs and ititrudert, Locke. 
 
 IN-TROI)'ING, ppr. Entering without invitation, 
 
 right, or welcome. 
 IN TRO'SION. ( tru'zliun,) n. [Fr., frimi L. intrusio, 
 
 from intrudo. ] 
 
 1. The action of thrusting in, or of entering into a 
 
 place or state without invitation, right, or welcome. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, PKBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 620 
 
INU 
 
 INV 
 
 INV 
 
 The compiiny may be disturbed by the intriLsion of an 
 unwelcome guest. 
 
 M;iny excellent stmiiiB which hfxvc bci-ii joalk-d olF by the intru- 
 sion* of poelic.ll ficliuna. Itroton, 
 Why liiis intrueion ? 
 Wore not my onU-ra dial 1 i.houlii Ix- priviitc f Addison. 
 
 2. Encroachment ; entrance without right on the 
 property or possessions of another. 
 
 3. Voluntary entrance on an undertaking unsuita- 
 ble for the person. Ifnttun. 
 
 4. In geoluiry, llic penetrating of one rock, while 
 in a melted state, into the cavities of otlicr rocks. 
 
 Dtnia. 
 
 IN-TRO'SIVE, o. Thrusting in or entering without 
 right or welcome ; apt to intrude. Thom.nm. 
 
 2. In geology, inlrtisive rocks, are rocks which have 
 been forced, while in a melted state, into the cavities 
 or between the layers of oilier rocks. Dann. 
 
 IN-TUO'SIVE LY, ado. VVilliout welcome or invita- 
 tion. 
 
 l.N'-TRO'SIVE-NESS, n. The act of entering without 
 permission or invitation. 
 
 IN-TRUST', ». t. [in and trust.'] To deliver in trust ; 
 to confide to the care of; to commit to another with 
 confidence in his fidelity ; as, to intrust a servant with 
 one's money or goods, or to intrust money or goods to 
 a servant. We intrust an agent or factor iri(/i com- 
 mercial business, or we intrust commercial concerns 
 to an agent. We intriist our friends with secrets, or 
 nitrust secrets to them. 
 
 IN-TRUST'ED, Delivered in trust; committed 
 to the haiiils or care of another, in confidence that 
 he will be faithful in discharging'liis duty. 
 
 IN-TRUST'ING, ppr. Delivering in trust ; confiding 
 to the care of. 
 
 IN-TU-I"TION, (in-tu-ish'un,) n. [^\). intuicion ; L. 
 intuitu^, intueor; in and tueor.] 
 
 A looking on ; a sight or view ; but restricted to 
 mcntat view or perception. Particulartij and appropri- 
 ately, the act by which the mind perceives the agree- 
 ment or disagreement of two ideas, or the truth of 
 things, immediately, or the moment they are present- 
 ed, without the interventiim of other ideas, or with- 
 out re:isoning and deduction. 
 
 We know by iniiiilion, tliat a part b lew th.in the whole. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 IN-TC'I-TIVE, a. [Sp. and It. intuitiro ; Fr. intuitif.] 
 
 1. Perceived by the mind immediately, without the 
 intervention of argument or testimony ; exhibiting 
 truth to the mind on bare inspection ; as, intuitioe 
 evidence. 
 
 2. Received or obtained by mtiiition or simple in- 
 spection ; as, iiidiifiee judgment or knowledge. 
 
 3. Seeing clearly ; as, an intuitive view ; intuitive 
 vision. Hooker. 
 
 4. Having the power of discovering truth without 
 reasoning; as, the intuitive powers of celestial be- 
 ings. 
 
 IN-TO'I-TIVE-I,Y, adv. By immediate perception; 
 
 without reasoning ; as, to perceive truth intuitively. 
 IiN-TU-.MESCE', (in-tu-mes'i) t>. i. [L. intumcsco ; in 
 antl tujnco, to swell.] 
 To swell ; to enlarge or expand with heat. 
 Id a higher hcut it intumesces, and meltj into a ycltnwlsli-hlaclc 
 mass. KiriMin. 
 
 IN-TU-MES'CENCE,n. [.Supra.] The action of swell- 
 ing. 
 
 2. A swell ; a swelling with bubbles ; a rising and 
 enlarging ; a tiunid state. Woodward. 
 
 IN-TO'ML'-LS-TED, a. Unburied. 
 
 IN-TUR-GES'CE.NCE, n. [L. in and turgesco, to 
 swell.] 
 
 A swelling ; the action of swelling or state of be- 
 ing swelled. Brown. 
 IN'TUSE, n. [L. intusus.] 
 
 A bruise. TjVof in use.] Spaisrr. 
 IN-TUS-SUS-CEP'TIO.N, n. [L. in/iw and su.scrptiis.] 
 The reception of one part within another; iip|>lied 
 to the reception of a contracted part into a part not 
 contracted. 
 
 IN-TWINE', V. ^ [lit and twine.] To twine or twiat 
 together ; to wreath ; as, a wreath of flowers in- 
 twined. 
 
 IN-TWIN'KD, pp. Twi>-ted together. 
 IN-TWTN'ING, ppr. Wreathing tocether. 
 IN-TWIST', r. (, [m and twist.] To twist together ; 
 
 to interweave. Parkhurst. 
 IN-TWIST'ED, pp. Twisted together. 
 IN-TiVlST'IXG, ppr. Twisting together. 
 IN'II-LI\, n. .\ peculiar vegetable principle extracted 
 
 from the Inula heleniutn, or elecampane. Ure. 
 IN-U.M'BRATE, e. t. [L. inumbro.] 
 
 To shade. 
 IX-tTM'BRA-TED, pp. Sh.-dcd. 
 
 IN-UNC'TION, n, [L, inunctus, inungo ; in and uniro, 
 to anoint.] 
 
 The action of anointing ; unction. Ray. 
 IN-UNG-TU-OS'I-TY, n. [L. in and unetus, or Eng. 
 unctuous.] 
 
 The want of unctuosity ; destitution of greasiness 
 or oilincss which is perceptible to the touch ; as, the 
 I inHncluosily of ;)orcelain clay. Kirwan. 
 1 IN-UN'UANT,o. [L. inundan^, infra.] 
 I Overrtowmg. Shmstone. 
 
 IN-UN'DATE, V. t. [L. inundo, inuiutat.us ; in and un- 
 Ua, a -vave, or its root.l 
 
 1. To overflow ; to ileluge ; to spread over with a 
 fluid. The low lands along the Mississippi arc inun- 
 dalcU almost every si>ring. 
 
 2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or super- 
 fluity ; as, the country was once inundated with bills 
 of credit. The presses inundate the country with pa- 
 pers. 
 
 IN-UN'DS-TED, pp. or a. Overflowed ; spread over 
 
 with a fluid ; copiously supplied. 
 IN-UN'Da-TING, ppr. Overflowing ; deluging ; 
 
 spreading over. 
 IN-UN-OS'TION, II. [L. inundatio.] 
 
 1. An overflow tif water or other fluid ; a flood ; a 
 rising and spreadingof water over low grounds. IIol- 
 lanil has fretiueiitly suffered immensely |jy inundations 
 of the sea. The Delta in Egypt is annually enriched 
 by the inundation of the Nile, 
 
 2. An overspreading of any kind ; an overflowing 
 or superfluous abundance. 
 
 IN-IJ.\-DER STAND'I.\'G, a. Void of understanding. 
 had word, and not used.] Pearson. 
 
 IN-UR-Ba.\1'/, rt. Uncivil; uncourteous , iiiipol- 
 
 IN-UR-BANE'LV, n//i>. Without uriianity. [ished. 
 
 IN-UR-ltANE'.\ESS, 7.. Incivility. 
 
 IN-UR-liAN'I-TY, n. [i« and iirAani!.!/.] Incivility; 
 rude, unpolished manners or deportment ; want of 
 courteousness. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IN-IJRE', (in-yure',) r. t. [in nm\ tire, l/rc sigiiilies 
 use, pr.iclice. In old English and Norman French. In 
 ('haueer, it seems t(» bear rather the si!:ni(icati(m of 
 luck or fortune. In Scottish, it is used in both senses. 
 See U..E.] 
 
 To habituate ; to accustom ; to apply or expose in 
 use or practice till use gives little or no pain or incon- 
 venience, or makes little impression, 'i'hus a man 
 inures his body to labor and toil, till lie sustains that 
 which would <lestroy a body unaccustomed to it. So 
 we inure ourselves to cold or heat. Warriors arc in- 
 ured to blood, and seamen are inured to hardships 
 and deprivations. 
 
 IN-liRE', V. i. To p.iss in use ; to take or have effect ; 
 to be applied ; to serve to the use or benefit of; as, a 
 gift of lands inures to the heirs of the grantee, or it 
 inures to their benefit. 
 
 IN-lJR'iJI), (in-yi"ird',) /ip. Accustomed; hardened by 
 use. 
 
 IN-tlRE'lMENT, (in-yiire'ment,) 71. Use; practice; 
 habit ; custom ; frequency. Johnson. fVotton. 
 
 IN-1;R'ING, (in-yiir'ing,) i)/ir. Habituating; accus- 
 toming. 
 
 2. Passing in use to the benefit of. 
 IN-UR.N', ». t. [in and urn.] To bury ; to inter; to 
 intomb. 
 
 The sppulrher 
 
 Whcp-in we naw thee iinii-lly inuriieii. Shak. 
 
 9. To put in an urn. 
 
 IN-URN'^;i), ;);). Deposited in a tomb. 
 
 I.X-UR.V'l.N'G, ;);>r. Interring; burying. 
 
 lN-tJ-$I-TA'TloN, n. Neglect of use ; disuse. [Lit- 
 tle u.trd.] Paley. 
 
 IN-US'TION, (in-ust'yun,) 71, [L. inustio, intiro ; in 
 and vro, to burn.] 
 
 1. The actiim of burning. 
 
 2. A branding ; the actii/H of marking by burning. 
 IN-t]'TII,E, a. [Fr., from L. iniitifc.] 
 
 ilnprorttable ; useless. [JVlit in use.] Bacon. 
 IN-TKl'II/I-TY, n. [Fr. inuUlite ; L. inutilitas ; in and 
 utilitjis. See Utilitt.] 
 
 Uselessness ; the qii.ality of beinc unprofitable ; 
 unprofitableness ; as, the inutility of vain specula- 
 tions and visionary proji cts. 
 IN-UT'TER-A-BLE, a. That can not be uttered. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 /jV yjiCtl-0, [L.1 In a vacuum or empty space. 
 IN-VADE', r. U [L. inrado ; in and I'arfo, to go.] 
 
 1. To enter a country, .as an army with hostile in- 
 tentions; to enter as an enemy, with a view to con- 
 (|U< St or plunder ; to attack. The French armies in- 
 vaded Holland in 1795. They invaded Russia and 
 perished. 
 
 2. To attack ; to assail ; to assault. 
 
 There iili:ill In- w-ditiuus ttnioup men, and inradtTtg one nnoUier. 
 — 'i t^ilnu. 
 
 3. To attack ; to infringe ; to encroach on ; to vi- 
 olate. The king invaded the rights and privileges of 
 the people, and the [H-ople invaded the prerogatives of 
 the king. 
 
 4. To go into; a /.'I'in ism. [JVut used.] Spenser, 
 ti. To fall <m ; to attack ; to seize ; as, a disease 
 
 invades the system. 
 IN-VA1)'EI), Tip. or a. Entered by an army with a 
 hostile design ; attacked ; assaulted ; infringed ; vi- 
 olated. 
 
 I,\-V.\I»'ER, n. One who enters the territory of an- 
 other with a view to war, conquest, or plunder. 
 
 Bacon. Swijl. 
 
 2. .\n assailant. 
 
 X .An enrroaclier ; an intruder ; one who infrinses 
 the rishtsof another. Hammond. 
 I.N-VAD'I.NG, p;>r. or n. Entering on the [Kissessions 
 of another with a view to war, conquest, or plunder ; 
 assaulting; iiifriiigine ; attacking. 
 
 IN-VA-I.ES'CENfE, n. (I,, invaleseo.] 
 
 Pirengtli ; health. Diet. 
 IN VAI. i:-TC'DI.\-A-RY, a. Wanting health. 
 IN-V.-M/ID, u. [I., iniiilidas; in and vahdas, strong, 
 from raleo, to be strong, lo avail.] 
 
 1. Weak ; of no force, weight, or cogency. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. In law, having no force, cflTcct, or efficacy ; 
 void ; null ; as, an invalid contract or agreement, 
 
 IN 'V .A- LI I), n. [Fr. in ea/(V/e ; i,. invalidus, 9n\}Tti.] 
 
 1. .'V person who is weak and infirm; a person 
 sickly or indisposed. 
 
 2. A person who is infirm, wounded, maimed, or 
 otherwise disabled for active ser^'ice ; a soldier or 
 seaman worn out in service. The hospitals fur in- 
 valids at Chel.sca and Greenwich, in England, are in- 
 stitutions honorable to the English nation. 
 
 IN'VA-MI), ti. (. To enroll on the list of invalids in 
 
 till' military or naval service. 
 IN-VAI.'ID-.aTE, v. t. [from invaliil ; Fr. invalider.] 
 
 1. 'i'o weakc'ii or lessen the force of; more /rener- 
 ally, to destroy the strength or v:ilidily of ; to render 
 of no force or ell'ect ; as, to invaliilate an agreement 
 or a contract. 
 
 2. To overthrow ; to prove to be of no force ; as to 
 invalidate an argument. 
 
 IN-VAL'ID-A-TED, pp. Rendered invalid or of no 
 force. 
 
 IN-VAI/ID-A-TING, ppr. Destroying the force and 
 IN-VA-LID'I-TY, n. [Ft. inviUidilc.] [eflVct of. 
 
 Weakness; want of cogency ; want of legal force 
 
 or elhcacy ; as, the invalidity of an agreement or of a 
 
 will. 
 
 IN-VAL'ID-NESS, Tt, Invalidity; as, the invalidness 
 of reasoning, 
 
 I.\-VAI,'II-A-BLE, a. [in and valuable.] Precious 
 above estimation ; so valuable th.'it its worth can not 
 be estimated ; inestimable. The privileges of Chris- 
 tians are invaluable. 
 
 IN-VAI.'lJ-A-BLY, arfe. Inestimably. Bp. HaU. 
 
 IN-Va'RI-A-BLE, o. [Fr. ; in and variable, from 
 vary.} 
 
 Constant in the same state ; immutable ; un.altera- 
 ble ; unchangeable ; that does not vary; always uni- 
 form. The character and the laws of the Supreme 
 Being must necessarily be invariable. 
 
 IN-V.^'RI-.\-Bl,E-NESS, ) 71. Constancy of state, 
 
 1N-Va-RI-AI11L'I-TY, ( condition, or quality; 
 immutability ; uncliange.ableuess. 
 
 IN-VA'Rl-A-BLY,n(/e. Constantly; uniformly ; with- 
 out alteration or change. We are bound to pursue 
 inrariablij the path of duty. 
 
 IN-Va'RI-£D, (in-vi'rid,) a. Unvaried; not changing 
 or altering. Blackwall. 
 
 IN-Va'SION, (-va'zhun.) n. [L. inKa.<io, from inrado. 
 Sec Invade.] 
 
 1. A hostile enfrance into the possessions of anoth- 
 er ; particularly, tlie entrance of a hostile army into 
 a coiinlry fur the purpose of coiKpicst or plunder, or 
 the attack of a military force. The north of Eng- 
 land and south of Scotland were for centuries 
 subject to inro.'.-ion, each from the other. 'J'he inra- 
 sion of England by ^Vlllianl the Norman was in 
 lOGG. 
 
 2. An attack on the rights of another ; infringe- 
 ment or violation. 
 
 3. Attack of a disease ; as, the inr<i.<ion of the 
 plague, in Egypt. Jirbiitlinot. 
 
 IN-Va'SIVE, a. [from invade.] Entering on anoth- 
 er's possessions with hostile designs ; aggressive. 
 2. Infrinaing another's rights. 
 
 IN-VE€'TION, n. Invective, which see. [I.ivicTios 
 is little used.] 
 
 IN-VE€'TIVE, 71. [Fr. ino«(iti<!; Pp. inr«(ira ; It. 
 invettiva; from I., inveho. See Inveioh.] 
 
 A railing speech or expression ; something uttered 
 or written, intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or 
 reproach on another ; a harsh or repmaclifiil .icciisa- 
 tion. It differs from reproof, as the latter may come 
 from a friend, and be intended fur the cood of the 
 persoti reproved ; but invective proceeds from an en- 
 emy, and is intended to give pain or to injure. 
 
 Eneye. 
 
 It is followed by against, lie uttered severe invec- 
 tives atjainst the unfortunate geiienil. 
 IN-VEC'TIVE, a. Satirical; abusive; railing. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 IN-VEG'TIVE-LY, adv. Satirically; abusively. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 IN-VEIGII', (in-v;;',) r. i. [I-. inveho, to bear, throw 
 or bring 011 oracainst ; in and reho, to carry.) 
 
 To exclaim or rail aeainst ; to utter censorious and 
 bitter langutige against any one ; lo reproach ; with 
 against. The author inveighed sharply against the 
 vices of the clergy in liis age. .Men mveigh agaiiisl 
 the follies of fashion. 
 
 IN-VEIGH'ER, (in-vi'cr,) n. One who rails; a 
 railer. 
 
 IN-VBIGH'ING, (in-\-5'ing,) p^r. Exclaiming against , 
 railing at ; uttering bitter words. 
 
 IN-VkI'GLE, (in vc'gl,) v. t. [Norm, enveojrler, to in- 
 veigle, to blind ; Fr. aveugler. Un. G. aufwiegein, to 
 stir up or rouse ; Sw. upwigla, the same. The affin- 
 ities of Ibis word are obscure.] 
 
 TCNE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 621 
 
INV 
 
 To entice ; to seduce ; To wlieeille ; to persuade to 
 soinetliing evil by deceptive arts or tlattery. 
 
 Ypi have they many baits and guileful spells 
 Tu inveigle aud invite tli* unwary sense. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 IN-Vi;f'GI,£D, (in-ve'gid,) pp. Enticed ; wheedled ; 
 
 seduced fioin tlutv. 
 IN-Ve['GLE-.MEA"'T, (in-v£'gl-inent,) ;i. Seduction 
 
 to evil ; eulicetnent. Sciutli. 
 IX-VeI'GLEII, 71. One who entices or draws into 
 
 anyjlesign liy arts and flatter)'. 
 IN-Vi:1'(;lI.\G, ppr. or a. Enticing; wheedling; 
 
 pi-r-iiiatliii;; to any thing bad. 
 IX-V£1L'£D, (in-vuld',) a. Covered as with a veil. 
 
 Browne. 
 
 IN-VEXD'I-nLE, a. Not vendible or salabl!>. 
 
 Jfjfersojl. 
 
 IN-VENT', 7;. «. [Fv. iiiventer ; Sp. itweiitar ; It. i/i- 
 vcntnre : L. iitreniu, inventtim; miimi vcttio, to come ; 
 literalhi, to come to, to fall on, to meet, Eng. to Jind.] 
 I. To finti out sumetliing new ; tf» devise some- 
 thing not before known ; to contrive aiul proiliice 
 something that diti not before exist ; as, to intent a 
 new instrument of music; to invent a machine for 
 spinning; to int'cn« gunpowder. [t?ee Invention.] 
 •2. To forge ; to faliricate ; to contrive falsely ; ;is, 
 to invent falsehoods. 
 
 To feign ; tt) Ihime by the imagination ; as, to 
 invent the machinery of a poem. 
 
 4. To liglit on ; to meet with. [Tliis is the literal 
 sensr^ but not now u.'^ed.] Spenser. 
 
 IN-VENT'ED, pp. Found out; devised; contrived; 
 forced ; filiricated. 
 
 IiN-VENT'FUL, a. Full of invention. Oifford. 
 
 IN-VENT'I iiLE, n. That can be invented. 
 
 IN-VENT'1-BLE-NE?.S, n. The state of l,eing inventi- 
 
 IN'-VEN'TIOX, n. [Fr., from L. inventio.] [ble. 
 
 1. 'I'he action or operation of fintiing out stime- 
 thing new ; tlie contrivance of that wliich did not 
 before exist ; as, the invention of logaritlitns ; the in- 
 veiUion of the art of printing ; the inrcntion of the 
 orrery. Inventidn difi'TS from DiscuvEitv. Invention 
 is applied to the contrivance and production of some- 
 thing that did not beftire e.xist. Discovery brings to 
 light that which existed before, hut which was not 
 known. VVe are indebted to invention for the ther- 
 mometer ai^d barometer. We are indebted to di.-t- 
 coverij for the knowledge of the isles in the Pacitic 
 Ocean, and for the kjiowletlge of galvanism, aiitl 
 many species of earth not formerly known. This 
 distiiiction is important, though not always ob- 
 served. 
 
 2. That which is invented. The cotton gin is the 
 invention of Whitney ; tile steaniboat is tlie invention 
 of Fulton. Tlie Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders 
 are said to be inventions of the Greeks ; the Tuscan 
 and Composite are inventions of the Latins. 
 
 3. Ftirgery ; fiction. Fables are the inventions of 
 ingenious men. 
 
 4. In painting, tlie finding or choice of the objects 
 which are to enter into the composition of the piece. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 5. In poetry, it is apjilied to whatever the poet adds 
 to the history of the subject. 
 
 6. In rhetoric, the finding and selecting of argu- 
 ments to prove and illustrate the point in view. 
 
 7. The power of inventing; that skill or inge- 
 nuity which is or may be empltiyed in contriving any 
 thing new. Thus we say, a man of invention. Knetjc. 
 
 8. Discovery ; the finding of things hidden or be- 
 fore unknown. lLe.-:s proper.] Rmj. 
 
 Invention of the cross; a festival in the Roman 
 Catholic church, celebrated May 3d, in honor of tlie 
 liu'ling of our Savior's cross. Brnnde. 
 
 [x\-VENT'IVE, a. [Fr. inocntif.] 
 
 Able to invent; (piick at contrivance; ready at 
 expctlients ; ns, an inventive head or genius. Dntden. 
 
 IN-VE.\T'IVE-LY, ndo. l!v the power of inventit)n. 
 
 IN-VE.VT'IVE-.\ESS, n. the faculty of inventing. 
 
 IN-VE.\T'OR, n. One who finds out something new ; 
 one who contrives aiitl prtidiiccs any thing not be- 
 ft)re existing; a contriver. The inventors of many 
 of the nu)st useful arts are not knt)wn. 
 
 E\-VEN-To'KI-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of an 
 inventory. Shale. 
 
 IN'VE.\'-tO-RI-f;D, (in'ven-to-rid,) pp. Inserted or 
 registered in an inventory. 
 
 IN'VE.\-TO-KY, ji. [Sp. and It. invcnlario! Fr. in- 
 venlaire; from invent.] 
 
 1. An acrtMint, catalogue, or schedule, of all the 
 poods and chatti ls of a deceased person. In 8i>me of 
 the United States, the inventory must im:lutle an 
 nixoiint of the real as well as the personal estate of 
 the deceased. 
 
 2. A catalogue of movables. 
 
 X A catalogue or nccoiint of particular things. [An 
 in4r finite use of the word.] 
 IN' VEN-TO RY, v. t. ( Fr. inventorier.] 
 
 1. To make an inventory of ; to make a list, cata- 
 logue, or 'schedule of; as, to inventory the gooils and 
 eHtates of tin; dereaned. Ulaekslone. 
 
 2. To insf'rt or register in an ncrnunt of goods. 
 IN-VEN'l''REa8, n. [from inoent.J A female that 
 
 invents. Dryden. 
 
 INV 
 
 IN-VERS'E', (in-vers',) a. [L. inversus. See Invert.] 
 Inverted; reciprocal; opposed to Direct. 
 Inverse or reciproral ratio, is the ratio of the recip- 
 rocals of two (juantities. 
 
 Inverse or reciprocal proportion, is an equality be- 
 tween a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio, 'i'hus, 
 4 : 2 : : : ^, or 4 : 2 : : 3 : 6, inversely. J. Day, 
 
 IN-VERSE'LY, (in-vers'ly,) adv. In an inverted or- 
 der or manner ; a term used when one litiantity is 
 greater or less according as another is less or greater. 
 
 IN-VEK'S10N,n. [Fr., from L. iniicrsio. SwelNVEnT.] 
 
 1. Change of order, so that the last becomes first 
 ami the first last; a turning or change of the natural 
 order of things. 
 
 It is Just tile inu^rsion t)f an act of parliament ; your loTYlship 
 first signed it, and llicn it was passed among the lords and 
 conunuus. Drylen. 
 
 2. Change of places, so that each takes the place 
 of the other. 
 
 3. A turning backward ; a contrary metliod of 
 operation. Trobleins in geometry and arithmetic 
 are often proved by inversion, as division by multi- 
 plication, aud multiplication by division. 
 
 4. In geometry, a change in the order of the terms 
 of a proportion, so that tiie second takes the place of 
 the first, and the fourtli of tlie tliird. 
 
 5. In irrammnr, a change of the natural order of 
 words ; as, "of all vices, impurity is one of tlie most 
 detestable," instead of "unpurity is one of the most 
 detestable of all vices." 
 
 6. In mii.<ic, llie change of position either of a sub- 
 ject or of a chord. Busby. 
 
 IN-VEllT', f. i. [L. inverto ; in and verto, to turn.] 
 
 1. To turn into a contrary direction ; to turn up- 
 side down ; as, to invert a cone ; to invert a hollow 
 vessel. 
 
 2. To place in a contrary order or method ; as, to/n- 
 vert the rules of justice ; to invert the order of words. 
 
 And winter storms invert die year. Dryden. 
 
 3. In mvjic, to change the order of the notes which 
 form a chord, or the parts which compose harmony. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 4. To divert ; to turn into another channel ; to 
 embezzle. [.Vu/. in use.] JCnoUes. 
 
 IN-\'ER'TE-1!RAL, a. I)cstitute of a vertebral col- 
 umn, as auiuiLlIs. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 IN-VER'TE-HKATE, n. An animal having no verte- 
 bral roliimn, or spinal bone. 
 
 Ii\-VER'TE-I)UATE, / a. Destitute of a back-bone 
 
 IN-VEK'TE-BR.\-TED, j or vertebral chain. [See 
 
 VeRTERKAT ED.] 
 
 IN-VEKT'ED, pp. or a. Turned to a contrary direc- 
 tion ; turned upside down ; changed in order. 
 
 IN-VERT'ED-LY, adv. In a contrary or reversed 
 order. Dcrham. 
 
 IN-VERT'EXT, n. A medicine intended to invert 
 the natural order of the successive irritative motions 
 in tile system. Darwin. 
 
 IN-VER r'I.\G, ;i/)r. Turning in a contrary direction ; 
 changing the order. 
 
 IN-VEST', r. t. [Fr. investir ; L. inveslio ; in and 
 vcstio, to clothe. See Vest.] 
 
 1. To cloihe; to dress; to put garments on; to 
 array ; usually and niftt correctly followed by with, 
 before the thing put on ; as, to invest one witJi a 
 mantle or robe. In this sense, it is used chiefly in 
 poetry and elevated prose, not in colloquial dis- 
 course. 
 
 2. To clothe with office or authority ; to place 
 in possession of an oflice, rank, or dignity ; as, to 
 iiirist a iier^oii with a civil oflice, or with an eccle- 
 siasliral tligiiity. 
 
 3. To adorn ; to grace ; as, to invest with honor. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. To clothe ; to surround ; as, to be invested with 
 light, splendor, or glory. 
 
 5. To confer; to give. [Little u.ml.] Bacon. 
 (i. To inclose ; to surround ; to block up, so as to 
 
 intercept succors of men and provisions and prevent 
 escape ; to lay siege to ; as, to invest a town. 
 
 7. To lay out money in the |)urcliase of some 
 species of property, usually of a permanent nature; 
 litrnilhi, to clothe money in something ; as, to invest 
 inuiiey 01 fiinilfil or bank stock; to invest it in lantis 
 or goods. In this application, it is always followed 
 by in. 
 
 IN-VEST'ED, /i/i. Clothed; dressed; adorned; in- 
 cIosimI. 
 
 IN-VEST'IENT, (-yent,) a. Covering ; clothing. 
 
 fVoodward. 
 
 IN-VES'TI-GA-IILE, o. [from ini'r.v(i;rafc.] That 
 may be investigated or searched out ; discoverable 
 by rational siiarch or disquisition. Tin; causes or 
 reasons of things are sometimes investi^ahle. 
 
 IN-VES'Tl-tJATi;, V. t. [Ii. investinoi in antl vestigo, 
 to follow a track, to search; vestigium, a track or 
 Jhotstep. ] 
 
 To search into ; to inquire and examine into with 
 care and accuracy ; to find out by careful distpiisi- 
 tion ; as, to invesligute the powers nnit forces of 
 nature ; to inresligolc the causes of natural phenom- 
 ena ; to investigate the principles of moral duty ; I 
 
 INV 
 
 to investigate the conduct of an agent or the motives 
 of a prince. 
 
 L\-VES'TI-Ga-TED, pp. Searched into; examined 
 with care. 
 
 IN-VES'TI-GA-TING,ppr. Searching into ; inquiring 
 into with care. 
 
 IN-VES-Tl-GA'TION, n. [Fr.,from I., investigatio.] 
 The action or process of searching niinuteiy Ibr 
 truth, facts, or principles; a careful inquiry to fintl 
 out what is unknown, either in the physical or moral 
 world, and either by observation and experiment, or 
 by argument and discussion. Thus we speak of the 
 investigations of the philosopher and the mathema- 
 tician ; the investigations of the judge, the moralist, 
 and the divine. 
 
 IN-VES'TI-Ga-TIVE, a. Curious and deliberate in 
 researches. Peirrre. 
 
 IN-VES'TI-GA-TOR, n. One who searches difigent- 
 ly into a subject. 
 
 IN-VES'J''h\G, ;;/)r. Clothing; dressing; adorning; 
 inclosing. 
 
 IN-VE:?T'I-Tlti{E^ „. [pr. Sec Invest.] The ac- 
 tion of giving possession, or livery of seizin. 
 
 The gr.iMt of land or a fend was perfected by the ceremony of 
 coqwnd invesliiure, or open delivery of possession. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 It was customary for princes to make inveBtiiure 01 ecclesi-islical 
 tieuelices. JCncyc. 
 
 2. The right of giving possession of any manor, 
 oflice, or benefice. 
 
 He had refused to yield to the pope the invesliiure of bishops. 
 
 lialegk. 
 
 IN-VEST'IVE, a. Clothing ; encircling. 
 IN-VEST'.MENT, 71. The action of investing. 
 
 2. Clothes ; dress ; garment ; habit. Skak. 
 [VVe now use Vestment.] 
 
 3. The act of surrounding, blocking up, or besieg- 
 ing by an armed force. 
 
 The capilul.ition was signed by the commander of the fort, within 
 six days afttr its inoeslinent. Marshall. 
 
 4. The laying out of money in the purchase of 
 some species of property, usually of a permanent na- 
 ture ; literally, the clothing of money with some- 
 thing. 
 
 Before the inueslment could be made, a change of the market 
 niiglit render it ineligible. Bainillon. 
 
 Ii\-VET'ER-A-CY,71. [L. i7K!c(cratio. See Inveter- 
 ate.] 
 
 Long continuance, or the firmness or deep-rooted 
 obstinacy of any quality or state acquireil by time ; 
 as, the inveteracy of custom and habit ; usually or al- 
 ways applied in a bad sense; as, the inveteracy of 
 prijudice, of error, or of any evil habit. 
 IN-VET'ER-ATE, a. [h.inveteratu.s, invctero ; 171 and 
 Vetera, from vetus, old.] 
 
 1. Old ; long established. 
 
 U is an invcterole and received opinion. [Uhe.] Bacon. 
 
 2. Deep-rooted ; firmly established by long contin- 
 uance ; obstinate; used of evils; as, an inveterate 
 disease ; an iiwelerate abuse ; an inveterate course of 
 sin. 
 
 3. Having fixed habits by long continuance ; used 
 of persons; as, an inveterate sinner. 
 
 4. Violent ; ileeji-rooted ; obstinate ; as, inveterate 
 enmity or malice. 
 
 IN-VET'ER-.\TE, r. t. [L. invctero, to grow old.] 
 To fix and settle by long continuance. [Obsolete, 
 
 or little used.] Bacon, 
 IN-VET'ER-ATE-LY, ado. With obstinacy; vio- 
 
 lenllv. 
 
 IN-VET'ER-ATE-NES.S, 71. Obstinacy confirmed by 
 time; inveteracy; as, the invcterutcncss of a mis- 
 chi<ff. Locke. 
 
 IN-VET-ER-a'TION, 71. The act of hardening or 
 confirming by long continuance. 
 
 IN-VID'I-OIJS, a. [L. invidiosus, from invideo, to en- 
 vy ; in and video, to see. Invideo signifies, proper- 
 ly, to look against.] 
 
 1. Envious ; malignant. Evelyn, 
 
 2. Likely to incur ill-will or hatred, or to provoke 
 envy; hateful. [This is tlic ■usual sense.] 
 
 A^.iinenuion found it an inviiiioun alVair to give die prefer*'ncc to 
 any oneof Uie lirecian heroes. iirouine. 
 
 IN-VI1)'I-0US-LY, n(/e. Enviously; malignantly. 
 
 2. In a manni r likely to provoke hatred. 
 IN-VII)'I-OU.S-i\ESS, 71. The quality of provoking 
 
 envy or hatri;d. 
 Ii\-VlO'I-L.ANCE,(-vij'c-lans,)H. Want of vigilance; 
 
 neglect of watching. 
 IN-VIG'OR-^'5TE, 7'. (. [It. invigorirc; in and vigor.] 
 To give vigor to ; to strengthen ; to animate ; to 
 
 give life anil energy to. Exercise invigorates the 
 
 body ; cheerfulness invigorates the mind. 
 
 Christian (rraceB and virtiieH thry can not Ije, unleM fed, invigor' 
 aOnI, and aniiiiitti'd by nnivers.ll diarity. Atlerbiiry. 
 
 IN-VIG'OR-A-TED, pp. or a. Strengthened ; ani- 
 mated. 
 
 IN-VIG'OR-A-TIiN'G, j)/)r. oro. Giving fresh vigor to; 
 
 strenctheiiing. 
 IN-VI(i-(JR-A'TION, 71. The action of invigorating, 
 
 or static of being invigorated. 
 IN-VIL'LAG-£D, a. Turned into n villnga. Broicne. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, UIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 622 
 
INV 
 
 INV 
 
 IN W 
 
 I.\-VIN'CI-I1LE, a. [Fr. iiicincMe ; L. m and tiirico, 
 to conqiif r.] 
 
 1. to be conquerod or siibdiircl ; iliiit can not 
 be overcome ; unconquvrable j as, an inoir.cMc ar- 
 my. 
 
 a. Nut tn be overcome ; insiipcrnblc ; as, an invin- 
 cible obstacle, err<)r, habit, or objection. 
 IN-VI.\"CI-ULE-.\KSS, j »i. The qnahly of bein? nn- 
 VlN'-t'I-lilL'I-TV , ) conquerable J insiipurabh'- 
 ni-~s. 
 
 IN-Vl\'CI-r>I,Y, ttJo. Unconquerably; insuperably. 
 VT'O-LA-lil.K, a. [Fr., from L. iiwiolal/ilis ; I'uand 
 viotitliilisj I'ititoy to viuutU,] 
 
 1. iNot to he profaned j that oiialit not to be in- 
 jured, polluted, or treated with irreverence j as, a sa- 
 cred place and sacred things should be considered 
 iiifioltibtr. JMitton. 
 
 12. Not to be broken ; as, an inviolable league, cov- 
 enant, agreement, contract, vow, or promise. 
 
 3. Not to he injured or tarnished ; as, incioluhlc 
 chastity or honor 
 
 4. Not susceptible of hurt or wound ; as, invinlubic 
 saints. Milton. 
 
 rN-VI'0-I.A-I!LE-NESS, j n. [from inviolable ] The 
 IN-VI-0-I,.\-BIL'l-TY, j quality or state of being 
 inviolable i as, the inviolnbililij of crowned heads. 
 
 H'nrrf. 
 
 2. The quality of not being subject to he broken. 
 IN-Vt'0-l,A-BLY, aih. Without profanation ; with- 
 out breach or failure ; as, a sanctuary inviolably sa- 
 cred ; to keep a promise uiniolubln. 
 
 IN-VT'0-I, VTE, n. [L. inciol<iln.i.'] 
 
 I'nhurt; uninjured; unprofancd ; unpolluted; 
 unbroken. 
 
 Bill lot inoiolnte truth be illwnys flcar 
 Tu On e. 
 
 Denbam. 
 
 IN-VT'O-L.A-TED, a. Unprofaiied ; unbroken; un- 
 
 vidlated. Jiraijlon, 
 l.N' V l-OUS, (I. [L. inritts ; in and »ia, way.] 
 
 Impassable ; iintrodiien. Jlmlibras. 
 IN'VI-OUS-NE^S, n. Slate of being impassable. 
 IN-VI-RIL'l-TY, n. Absenceof manhood. 
 
 IVurit. Pnfnnr, 
 l.\'-VIS'e.\TE, V. t. [L. in and viscus, glue, bird- 
 lime. | 
 
 1. To lime ; to daub with Blue. 
 
 2. Tt) catch with glue or birdlime ; to entangle 
 with glutinous matter. [Little tised.] Brown. 
 
 IX-VIS'eA-TEl), pp. Limed ; daubed with glue. 
 IN-VlS'CEll-ATE, r. (. To breed ; to nourish. [j3 
 
 but! Wiirit.] JMi>nnta<ru. 
 IN-VIS-I-HIL'I-TY, j u. [Fr. inciVifcihte, Iroin'iiui- 
 IN-VIS'I-m,E-\ES.><, ( sible.] 
 
 The state of being invisible ; imperceptibleness to 
 the sight. Rail. 
 I.\-VI»'l-in,E, a. [Fr., from L. invisibilis; in and 
 vi^ibilLs^ ri.vw, to see.] 
 
 That can m.t he seen : nnperccptihle by the sight. 
 Millions of stars, invisible to the naked eye, may be 
 seen by the telescope. 
 
 Hi. eii<liin>l, ni i/'riiiS l^i'" ^vho is inoigtbte. — Hot), xi. 
 IN-VlS'i ni,Y,a(/c. In a manner to escape the sight ; 
 
 imperceptibly to the eye. 
 
 Denliam, 
 
 VIS'ION. (-vizh'iin,) «. [in and rf.Won.] Want of 
 vision, or the power of seeing, [l.itlle usril.] Brawn. 
 m-yi'TJl MI-J<-F.R' yjl, r. a. [L Minerva, the god- 
 dess of wisdom, being unwilling.] 
 Withiiut the help of genius. 
 IN-VI-Ta'TIO.V, II. [Fr., from L. invitatio. See In- 
 vite.] 
 
 The act of invitinu ; solicitation; the calling or re- 
 questing of a person's company to visit, to dine, or 
 to accnmpany liiui to any place. 
 
 IN-VI'T.\-T()-UY, a. Using or containing invita- 
 tions. fVhcalleii. 
 
 IN-VI'TA-TO RY, ;i. .\ part of the service in "the 
 Roman Catholic church ; a psalm or anthem sung in 
 the morning, 
 
 Atitiplioitnrv, n 8rTvic..-lxK)k, which contained Ml the inritatoritg, 
 rKpuiisunea, iiiiil collt^cis, £ncyc. 
 
 IN-VTTE', r. I. [L. innitn : U.inritare: Fr tnn'(*r. 
 This word is formed by in and the Teutonic bid, or 
 its root ; inbid. Sre I5id.] 
 
 1. To ask to do some act or to go to some place ; to 
 r(!qnest the company of a person ; as, tti inini^one to 
 dine or sup ; to inrilc friends to a wedding ; to inrilt 
 coininny to an entertainment ; to invite one to an ex- 
 cursion into the country. 
 
 2. To allure; to draw to; to tempt to come; to 
 induce by pleasure or hope. 
 
 Shiwiy provei, that caty iliyp invite. Dryltn. 
 
 3. To present temptations or allurements to. 
 
 The people ibouia be in a wtuatioo not to invite hnstitiiirs. 
 
 Perlemtitt, Jay. 
 
 IN-\TTE', e. i. To a.sk or call to any thing pleasing, 
 IV \iTij?T\ Jitilton, 
 IN- > IT ED, pp. or a. Solicited ; requested to come or 
 go m person ; allured, 
 y' T*^'?', One who invites. Pope. 
 I.\-Vri"IN(;, ppr. Soliciting the company of; asking 
 
 to attend. 
 
 2. a. .Alluring; tem|iliug; drawing to ; as, an I'lt- 
 riti/ii' ainuseiiient or prospect. 
 
 IN-VIT'INO, 71. Invitation. Sbak. 
 I.\-VIT'ING-LY, ado. In such a manner as to invite 
 or allure, 
 
 IN-VIT'ING NESS, ri, Tlic qu.ility of being inviting, 
 
 'raijlor. 
 
 IN-\ IT'RI-FT-A-1!I-E, a. [in afld vitrifiahlr, from rit- 
 rifij.] Tliat can not be vitrified or converted into 
 glass. , Kincan. 
 IN'VO-CaTE, v. t. [h. invoeo ; in and voco, to call.] 
 'I'o inv(d<e ; to call on in supplication; to implore ; 
 to ndtlress in prayer. 
 
 If I)a?un lie thy god, 
 Go to hiy tntiijitcj itiiwcale h'ls aid. Ali'.ton. 
 
 [Instead of this word, Iv voke is generally used.] 
 IN'\ 0-e.\-TEl), pp. Invoked ; called on in prayer. 
 l.\'VO-eA-TlN(i, ppr. Invoking. 
 IN-VO t'A'TIO.\, n. [Fr., from I,, invocatio.] 
 
 1. 'I'he act of addressing in pra>'er. Hooker. 
 
 2. The form or act of calling for the assistance or 
 presence of any being, particularly of some divinity ; 
 as, the invocation of the muses. 
 
 The wliole ro^m is n prayer to Portunf, and the ini'ofif.'on is 
 tlivuli'd U twt'Cii th'- two ({■■jli-'S. A'l'iuiott. 
 
 3. A judicial call, demand, or order; as, the inivi- 
 cafi'uii of pa|)ers or evidence into a cr>urt. 
 
 fVheaton*.f Rep. 
 IN'VOICE, n. [Fr. cni-oi, a sending, or thing sent, 
 fr'Mn envoyer, to send, It- inviarc ; envois, pi., things 
 se..t.l 
 
 1. In eommrrce, a written account of the particu- 
 lars of inercliaiidise shipped or sent to a purchaser, 
 t •insitriiet!, f.ictor, &.C., with the value or prices and 
 charges annexed. 
 
 2. A written account of nitahle estate. 
 
 Imws of J^^eio Ffampshire. 
 IN'VOICE, r. t. To make a written account of goods 
 or properly with their prices. It is usual tit invoire 
 giHids in the currency of the country in which the 
 seller resides. 
 
 Gooils, wiires, and incrchaiidisp iinporteil from Norway, and 
 inooiceU in Uie currt;nt dollar ol NurM'iiy. ^ 
 Moflinon's Proclarnalion. 
 
 IN'VOIC-KD, (-voist,) pp. Inserted in a list with the 
 price or value annexed, Robinson, Mm. RrporVs. 
 
 IN' V01C-IN(J, ppr. Making an account in writing of 
 goods with their prices or values annexed ; inserting 
 in an invoice. 
 
 IN-\T>KE', tt, t, [L. invoco ; in and voco, to call ; vox, 
 a word.] 
 
 1. Lttcrnllii, to call for or ask. Ilence, 
 
 2. To address in prayer ; to call on for assistance 
 and protection ; as, to invoke the Supreme Being. Po- 
 ets iiieuAc the muses for assistance. 
 
 3. Ill a TC(i/fr .s-cM.sT, locall for with earnestness; as, 
 to invoke the aid of government. [Rrcrnt.] 
 
 IN-VoK'KD, pp. Addresseil in prayer for aid ; called. 
 IN-VOK'INO, ppr. Addressing in prayer for aid ; call- 
 ing, 
 
 I.\-VOI/U-CEL, 71. [dim. of ineoterf.] The involu- 
 cre of an umbellule or timlTrllet ; an involucret. 
 
 IN VO-Lf''CHI.,-LATE, a. [Supra.] Surrounded with 
 inviducels. Barton. 
 
 IN-VO-LC"eRAX>, a. Pertaining to an involucrum, 
 
 SmiUt. 
 
 IN-VO-I.P'GRE, > TT • F r , i 
 
 IVVO I O'CRUM t f innolKcruTn, from muoioo.J 
 
 In botany, n sort of calyx inclosing those aggregates 
 of dowers constitiitiii!; iiniliels, but occasionally in- 
 closing (lowers not limhellate. It is usually more or 
 less tlistaiit from the liowers which it enveU)ps. 
 IN- VO-L.O'CR£1), a. Having an invulucre, as umbels, 
 
 &c. JIartyn. 
 IN-VO-I,C"CRET, II. An invtducel, which see. 
 IN-VOL'UN-TA RI-LY, a./i>. [from inco/uii<ar«.] 
 Not by choice ; not spontaneously ; against one's 
 will. Baxter. 
 2. In a manner independent of the will. 
 IN-VOL,'UN-TA-RI-NESS, n. Want of choice or will. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 2. Independenct^ on the will. 
 IN-VOL'UN-TA-RV, a. [Fr. involontaire ; L. in and 
 Koluntarius. See Volcntarv.] 
 
 1. Not having will or choice ; unwilling. 
 
 2. Indepeiiilent of will or choice. The motion of 
 the heart and arteries is iiico/unCarv, but not against 
 the will. 
 
 3. Not proceeding from choice ; not done willing- 
 ly ; opposed to the will. A slave and a conquered 
 nation vield an involuntani submission to a nia.ster. 
 
 IN'VO-LU TE, n. [I., inro'lutiu.] 
 
 A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon 
 another curve, or unwound from it. [See Evo- 
 
 LfTE.] 
 
 I.\'V()-LUTE, la. \h. intolutik^, involvo. See Is- 
 
 IN'VO-I.U-TED, i voLVE.] 
 
 In botany, rolled spirally inward. Involuted folia- 
 tion, or vernation, is when the leaves within the bud 
 have their erli!i>s rolled spirally inward on bulh sides 
 toward the upper surface. Martyn. 
 
 2. In eoncholoiTy,ti term used when the exterior lip 
 is turned inward, at the margin, as in the Cypren. 
 
 J Jumble. 
 
 IN-VO-I,0'TION, 71. [Fr. ; L. iii»o/«tio. See In- 
 volve.] 
 
 1. The action of involving or infolding. 
 
 2. The state of being entangled or involved ; com- 
 plication, 
 
 AH thin;r« an; inixoil nilil c.'iilc.'X blirndril by muttial inro/ulionj. 
 
 Olajivitle. 
 
 3. In irrntnmar, Uio insertion of one or more clauses 
 or niriniiiTS of a si'iilence between the agent or s >b- 
 ji'i't and the verb, in a way which inrolvrji the con- 
 slriit liiiii, and makes it dilliciilt ; a third iiilervening 
 mriiibi r wiiliiii a second, &c. : as, liahiliial false- 
 Iioud, if tre may jutltrc from erperience, infers absolute 
 di'iiravity. 
 
 A. In aritlimrtic and alirelira, the raising of a quan- 
 tity to any power assimied ; tlii^ multiplication of a 
 ([iiantity into itsril" a jiivi-n iiiiniher of tunes. Thus 
 9x2x2 = 8. Ill re the Iliinl power of 2, is found 
 by involution, or iiiuhipiyitig the number into itself, 
 anil the product liy Ihe same number. 
 IN-V()l,Viy, (in-viilv',) r. t. [L. i«eo(eo ; in and Vol- 
 vo, to roll. Eng. to ica/Zoie.] 
 
 1. To envelop; to cover with surrounding nmtti.r; 
 as, 1o invoire one in smoke or dust. 
 
 2. To envelop in any thing which exists on all 
 sides ; as, to involve in tlarkness or obscurity. 
 
 3. 'I'o imply ; to ctimprise. To be and not to be at 
 the same time, involve.i a ctmtmiliction. 
 
 ■1. 'I'o entwist ; to join ; to connect ; to draw in by 
 way of cniinection ; to implicate ; as, to involve a 
 friend in one's ruin. 
 
 lie knows hiii end with mine involped. Milton. 
 
 5. To take in ; to catch ; to conjoin. 
 
 'Die pitlwriii^r niiiiilMT, as it movft aloii^, 
 Incoleee a v;i«l iiivulililLiry throng. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 6. To entangle. Let not our enemy involve the 
 nation in war, nor our imprudence involve us ill 
 dillictilty, 
 
 7. To plunge; to overwhelm. Extravagance often 
 involves men in debt and distress. 
 
 8. To inwrap ; to infold ; to com|ilicate or make 
 intricate. 
 
 yijnie ini'Olved tti'-ir snaky f.il-Is. Afitton. 
 Florid, witly, iiipo.Ved iliscoiira' S. Locke. 
 
 9. To blend; to mingle confusedly, Milton. 
 
 10. In aritkinctic and al^rrbra, to raise a qiitmtity to 
 any assigned power ; to multiply n i|uantity into it- 
 self a given niimlit r of times ; as, a quantity involved 
 to the third or fourth power. 
 
 IN-VOLV'A'D, pp. or a. Enveloped ; implied ; in- 
 wrapped ; eiitani:led ; raised to a power. 
 
 IN-VOLVE'MENT, 71. Act of involving; state ofbc- 
 iiig involved. Mar.ihall. 
 
 IN-VOLV'ING, ppr. Enveloping ; implying ; com- 
 prising ; entangling ; complicating ; raising to a 
 power. 
 
 IN-VUL-NER-A-HTr.'I.TY, In. [from inniZncraMc] 
 lN-VUI,'NER-A-liI,E-NE.<S, ( -The quality or st.ale 
 of being invulnerable, or secure from wounds or in- 
 jury IVaUh. 
 I.\-Vl'I/.\ER-A-ni,E, a. [Fr., from L. invulnerabilis. 
 
 See VuLMEHABLE.] 
 
 'I'hat can not be wounded ; incapable of receiving 
 injury. 
 
 Nur vainly hop.? 
 To be invutnerabte in those bri^hi arms. Milton. 
 
 IN-WALL', V. t. [in and icall.] To inclose or fortify 
 with a wall. Spenser. 
 
 IN-WALL' /;i), pp. Inclosed or fortified with a wall. 
 
 IN-\VALL'1.N(;, ppr. Inclosing with a w all. 
 
 LN'WAiU), ri. [Sax. iiiircard ; G. eintedrts ; in and 
 leard. See Ward.] 
 
 1. Iiileriial ; interior ; placed or being within ; as, 
 the inirard structure of the body. 
 
 y. Intimate; domestic; familiar. Spenser. 
 fin this sense, also, Shakspeare uses it as a noun.] 
 fl. Seated in Ihe mind or soul. Sliak. 
 IN'W.ARD, adv. Toward the inside. Turn the aUen- 
 lion inirartl. 
 
 2. Toward the center or interior ; as, to bend a 
 tiling inward. 
 
 3. Into the mind or thoughts. 
 
 Cfl -sti.d light shnic inunna. .Vi/ton. 
 IN'WARD-LY, adv. In the Inner p.trts ; internally. 
 
 Iv't B'-iif-tlick, liko ciirervd fiiv, 
 
 Consuuw* away in sj^lM, waste inunrdly. Shak. 
 
 2. In the heart ; privately ; secretly. He inicardly 
 repines. It is not easy to treat with respect a person 
 wlioni we inwardly despise. 
 
 3. Toward the center. 
 
 LV'WARD-.N'ESS, ii. Intimacy ; familiarity, [.Vo« 
 used.] S/iak. 
 2. Internal state, [Unusual.] More. 
 IN'WARUS, II. pi. The inner parts of an animal ; the 
 
 Iwwels ; the viscera. >lr. xxix. .Vi(£oii. 
 IN-Wic.WE', V. I.: pert. Ixwove: pp. Inwoveh, Is- 
 wovE. [in ami icrave. J To weave together ; to in- 
 terinix or intertwine by weaving. 
 
 Down thi-y cast 
 Thfir crowns iniror« » all .unarinlh and gohl. MUton. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 623 
 
lOT 
 
 rX-WF-AVING, ppr. Weaving together 
 IN-\VHEEL', r. U [in and whetl.] To encircle. 
 IN-WHELL'ED.pp. Encircled. [Beaiim. 
 I.\-\VHEEL'I.\G, ppr. Encirdini. 
 IX'WIT, n. [in and wit.] Mind; understanding. 
 lObs.] 
 
 IN WOOD', t). «. To hide in woods. Sidney. 
 I.\-\vOOD'ED, pp. Hidden in woods. 
 IN-W6RK'£D, (-wurkt,) pp. \Vorlced in ; operated 
 within. 
 
 IN-U'ORK'ING, ppr. or a. [in and work.] Worlting 
 
 or operating witiiin. 
 [N-\VORK'Ii\G, n. Internal operation ; energy within. 
 
 Mackjiiffkt. 
 
 IN-WoVE', )pp. of Inweave. Woven in; inter- 
 
 IN-WoV'£N, j twined by weaving. 
 
 1\-WRAP', (in-rap',) u. f. [in ■•mil :crap.] To involve ; 
 to infuld ; to cover by wrapping ; as, to be inwrappcd 
 in smoke or in a cloud ; to inwrap in a cloak. 
 
 2. To involve in difficulty or perplexity ; to per- 
 plex. Bacun. 
 
 3. To ravish or transport. [Ill] [See Rap.] 
 IN-WRAP'P£D, (-rapt',) pp. Involved ; covered by 
 
 wrapping. 
 
 IN-WR.\P'PI.\G, ppr. Covering by wrapping. 
 IN-WRe.\THE', (in-rettie',) v. t. [in and tcreathe.] 
 To surround or encompass as with a wreath, or 
 with something in the form of a wreath 
 
 Resplendent locks iiiicTeaOied willi L)eaiiis. 
 
 Ariilon. 
 
 IX-WROUGHT', (in-rawt',) pp. or a. [in and wrought, 
 from work.] 
 
 Wrought or worked in or among other things ; 
 adorned with figures. .Milton. 
 
 I'O-DAL, n. [from iodine and alcolutl.] An oleaginous 
 liquid obtained from the action of alcohol and nitric 
 acid on iodine. Graham. 
 
 I'O-Da'I'E, n. [See Iodine.] Any compound of iodic 
 acid with a base. 
 
 I-OD'IG, a. Iodic acid is an' acid compound consisting 
 of iodine oxygenized to the highe.«t point. 
 
 I'O-DID, n. A non-acid compound of iodine with a 
 metal or other substance. 
 
 I'O-DINE, 71. [Gr. i .xli/?, resembling a violet.] 
 
 In chemistry, a peculiar substance discovered by 
 Courtois, a manufacturer of saltpeter in Paris. It is 
 obtauied from certain sea-weeds or marine plants. 
 At the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere* it is 
 a solid, apparently a simple substance, at least hith- 
 erto undecomposed. It is incombustible, but, in com- 
 bining with several bodies, it exhibits the phenomena 
 of combustion ; hence it has been considered a sup- 
 porter of combustion. Like chlorine, it destroys 
 vegetable colors, but with less energy. Its color is 
 bluish-black or grayish-black, of a metallic luster. It 
 is often in scales, resembling those of micaceous iron 
 ore ; sometunes in brilliant rhomboidal plates, or in 
 elongated octahedrons. Its taste is acrid, and it is 
 somewhat poisonous. It is fusible at 225' of Fah- 
 renheit. The color of its vapor is a beautiful violet, 
 whence its name. Henry. Ure. 
 
 I'Q-DOUS, a. lodous acid is a compound of iodine 
 and oxygen, containing less of the latter than iodic 
 acid. 
 
 I-OD'lJ-RET, 71. A non-acid compound of iodine and 
 a metallic or other base. Synonymous with Iodiu. 
 
 I'O-LlTE, 71. [Gr. i a violet, .and Ai'Ji.j, stone.] 
 A mineral having a glassy appearance, remarkable 
 for presenting a blue or violet-blue color in one direc- 
 tion, and, at right angles with this direction, a yel- 
 lowish-gray or brownish color. It consists of silica, 
 alumina, and magnesia, with .some oxyd of iron. 
 The name dichroiti, often applied to this mineral, 
 alludes to its colors, and is from the Greek dn, two, 
 and \iioa, color. Dana. 
 
 J^ole. — By the regular principles of pronouncing 
 the Greek luta and the Shemitic jjd, this word ought 
 to he pronounced yo'lite. 
 
 I'O.V, 71. A name given to the elements which appear 
 at the respective poles when a body is subjected to 
 electro-chemical decomposition. SiiUman. 
 
 I-0.\'IC, a. [from Ionia.] 'I'he Ionic order, in archi- 
 tfcturf?, is that species 01 culumn named from Ionia, 
 in Greece, whose distinguishing feature is the volute 
 of its capital. It is more slender than the Doric and 
 Tuscan, hut less slender and less ornamented tlian 
 the Corinthian and Composite. It is simple, hut nia- 
 jextic. Its higlit is about 18 modules, and that of 
 the entablature four and a half. Kncyc. Brandt. 
 
 2. The Ionic dialect of the Greek language wii3 the 
 dialect iiHud in Ionia. 
 
 3. The Ionic aect of pliiliisophers was that founded 
 by Thalea of .Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguishing 
 tenet waJi, that water is the princijde of all natural 
 thingH. y.ncyc. 
 
 4. Denoting an airy kiiwl of music. 'I'he Ionic or 
 Ionian modt wan, reckoning f'ri»m grave to aciitt?, the 
 second of the five iiiiihlte modes. Bnsby, 
 
 5. The Ionic foot, in vrritijicatwn, consislH of four 
 •yllahlex, either two short and two long, or two long 
 and two Hhort. 
 
 I O'TA, 71. [(Jr. name of the letter i.] A tittle, n very 
 Hinali rpmiitity or degree. We iiho jot, a change uf 
 the name name. 
 
 IRO 
 
 I. O. U. In England, a paper having on it these let- 
 ters, (signifying / owe you,) followed by a given sum, 
 and duly signed, is called an /. O. U., and is consid- 
 ered equally binding in honor with a promissory note. 
 Such papers are ordinarily given in gambling trans- 
 actions. 
 
 IP-E-eAe iJ-AN'IIA, 71. A medicine of the shops 
 produced by a considerable number of plants. That 
 which is considered the best, is the root of Cephaelis 
 Ipecacuanha of South .America. 
 
 Ipecacuanha is a little wrinkled root, about the 
 thickness of a moderate quill, much used as an 
 emetic, and against diarrlieas and dysenteries. Cyc. 
 
 IP'SE DIX'IT. [L. he asserted.] A mere saying or 
 assertion, without proof. 
 
 IP-SIS' SI-MJl P'ER'Bji, [L.] The identical words. 
 
 IP' SO FJiC'TO, [L.] In fact, in reality, or by the 
 fact. 
 
 I-KAS-CI-BIL'I-TY, ) 71. [from irascible.] The 
 
 I-RAS'CI-BLE-.\ESS, j quality of being irascible, 
 or easily iiillaiiied by anger; irritability of temper. 
 
 I-R.VS'CI-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. irascor, from ira. 
 SeelRE.j Very susceptible of anger ; easily provoked 
 or inllaiiied with reseiitnienl ; irritable; as, an irasci- 
 ble man ; an irascible temper. 
 
 T-RAS'CI-BLY, adc. In an irascible manner. 
 
 IRE, 71. [Fr., from L. 170, wrath ; W. irad, pungency, 
 passion, rage. Sec Eng. Whath.] 
 
 Anger; wrath; keen resentment; award chiefly 
 used in poetry. 
 
 Tiius will (lersisl, releiuk-ss in his ire. Dryden. 
 
 IRE'FJJI', a. [ire and full.] Angry ; wroth ; furious 
 with anger. 
 
 Tlic ireful Ijait.inl Orleans. Jhak. 
 
 IRE'FUL-LY, adt. In an angry manner. 
 
 i'IIE-NaRCH, (I're-nark,) 11. [Gr. iio>n'iii\rii.] 
 
 An oliicer formerly employed in the Greek empire, 
 to preserve the public tranquillity. 
 
 I-REN'IC-AL, a. Pacific; desirous of peace. 
 
 IR-I-DES'CE.\L'E, ji. Exhibition of colors like those 
 of the rainbow. 
 
 IR-I-DES'CE.\T, a. [from iris.] Having colors like 
 the rainbow. Fourcrmi. Barrow. 
 
 i-RID'I-U.M, 71. [from iris.l A metal "of a whitish 
 color, not malleable, found in the ore of platinum, 
 and in a nati\'e alloy with osmium. Its specific 
 gravity is above 18. It takes its name from the vari- 
 ety of colors which it exhibits while dissolving in 
 muriatic acid. I'iie native alloy with osmium, or 
 native iridium, is of a steel gray color and shining 
 metallic luster. It usually occurs in small, irregular, 
 Hat grains, in alluvial soil, in South .ynerica. 
 
 Cleacelaud. fVe'jster^s Manual. 
 
 I'RIS, 71. ; pi. laisE-i. [1.. iris, iridis, the rainbow, Gr. 
 
 Ifjl5.] 
 
 1. The rainbow. Browii. 
 
 2. An appearance resembling the rainbow. 
 
 JsTewton. 
 
 3. The colored circle which surrounds the pupil of 
 the eye, by means of which that opening is enlarged 
 and diminished. 
 
 4. The flower-de-Iis, or flag-flowcr, a genus of 
 many species. 
 
 I'RIS-A-TEl), a. Exhibiting the prismatic colors ; re- 
 sembling the rainbow. Pkdlips. 
 
 I'RIS-£D, (i'rist,) a. Having colors like those of the 
 rainbow. Cliaptal. 
 
 T'RlSfl, a. Pertaining to or jiroduced in Ireland. 
 
 I'RISH, 71. .\ native of Ireland. 
 
 2. The language of the Irish ; the lliberno-Celtic. 
 
 I'lUSII-lSM, 71. A mode of speaking peculiar to the 
 Irish. 
 
 I'RISH-nY, 77. The people of Ireland. BnjskeU. 
 
 IRK, (urk,) ». t. [Scot, irk, to weary; irk, indolent. 
 Lye suggests that this may be from Sax. weorce, 
 work, which signifies, also, pain, or anxiety ; but it 
 seems more probably to be connected with Sax. cur^r, 
 slothful, lazy, Gr. aoyo<;.] 
 
 To weary ; to give pain to ; used only imperson- 
 ally ; as, it irketh me, it gives me uneasiness. It is 
 nearly obsolete. Sliak. 
 
 IRK'SO.ME, (urk'sum,) a. Wearisome ; tedious ; tire- 
 some ; giving uneaiiiness ; used of something trou- 
 blesome by long continuance or repetition ; as, irk- 
 some hours ; irksome toil or task. ^Jdison. Milton. 
 
 TRK'SO.ME-LY, arfe. In a wearisome or tedious nian- 
 iii'r. 
 
 IRK'SO.ME-.N'ESS, 71. Tediousness ; wearisomeness. 
 
 I'RO.N, (i'lirn,) 71. [Sax. iren ; Scot. i>7ir, 7/rii, or aim ; 
 Isl, larn ; Sw. jarn or idrn ; Dan. iern ; \V. haiarn ; 
 Ir. iarann ; Arm. hoarn ; G. cisen ; I), yier. tin. L. 
 ferriioi, for hrrriim. The radical elements of this 
 word are not easily ascertained.] 
 
 I. .\ iiiei:il, the harilest, most common, and most 
 useful, of all the metals ; of a livid whitish color 
 iiiclini'd to gray, iiileriially composed, to appearance, 
 of small facets, and susceptible of a fine polish. In 
 the coiiditiiiii of steel, it is so hard and elastic as to 
 becnpalil ' of de stroying the aggregation of any other 
 inelal. Ni!\t 10 liii, it is the lightest of all metallic 
 HUbHtitnccM, iiiid next lo goUl, the most tenacious. It 
 may b" liiiiiimered into jilates, but nut into leaves. 
 Us diiclilily IS more ciuisiderable. It has the prop- 
 
 IRO 
 
 erty of magnetism ; it is attracted by the lodestone, 
 and will acquire its properties. It is found rarely in 
 native masses ; but in ores, mineralized by dilTerent 
 substances, it abounds in every part of the earth 
 Its medicinal qualities are valuable. 
 
 Fourcroy, Encyc. 
 
 2. An instrument or utensil made of iron ; as, a 
 flat-iro7i ; a smootliing-ireTi. 
 
 Canst liiou fill iiis skin wiUi barbed iron* ? — Job xli. 
 
 3. Figuraticely, strength ; power; as, a rod of iron. 
 Dan. ii. 
 
 4. Irons pi.; fetters; chains; manacles; hand- 
 cuffs. Ps. cv. 
 
 I'R 0.\, (I'urn,) a. Made of iron ; consisting of iron ; 
 as, an iron gale ; an iron bar ; iron dust. 
 
 2. Resembling iron in color ; as, an tro7i-gray 
 color. 
 
 1 Harsh ; rude ; severe ; miserable as, the iron 
 age of the world. 
 
 Iron years of wars and dan^rs. Rowe. 
 Jove crushed tite nations with an iron rod. Pope. 
 
 4. Binding fast ; not to be broken ; as, the iro7i 
 sleep of death. Philips. 
 
 5. Hard of understanding ; dull; as, an iru7i wil- 
 led fool. Sluik. 
 
 6. Firm ; robust ; as, an iron constitution. 
 
 I'R OjV, r. t. To smooth with an instrument of iron. 
 
 2. To shackle with irons ; to fetter or handcuff. 
 
 3. To furnish or arm with iron. 
 I'ROX-BOU.N U, a. Bound with iron. 
 
 2. Faced or surrounded with rocks ; rugged ; as, 
 an iron-bound coast. 
 I'RO.N eL.\D, a. Clad in iron. ScotL 
 I'RON €LaV, n. A substance immediate between 
 b.-usalt and wacke, of a reddish-brown color, and oc- 
 curring massive or vesicular. Cyc. 
 I'RON eROW.\,7i. A golden crown set with jew- 
 els, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and 
 indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called 
 from containing a circle said to have been forged 
 from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. 
 
 Encyc. .Sm, 
 
 I'RON £D, (I'urnd,) pp. Smoothed with an iron; 
 
 shackled ; armed with iron. 
 I'RON-ER, 11. One who irons. 
 
 l'RO.\-FiL-INGS, K. pi. Fine particles of iron made 
 by filing or rasping. 
 
 i'RON-FLINT, «. An opaque ferruginous variety of 
 quiirtz, having, in some degree, the appearance of 
 flint, but of red or yellow colors, and usually some- 
 what granular in its texture. Dana, 
 
 I'KO.X-FOU.ND-Ell, 71. One who makes iron cast- 
 inas. 
 
 I'Rd.V-FOUND-F.R-Y, ( 71. The place where iron 
 I'RO.V-FOUND-KY, \ castings are made. 
 i'R0.V-FRa.\1-£I), a. Having an iron or firm frame. 
 I'RON GL.'iNCE, 71. A pero.xyd of iron of a dark 
 
 steel-gray color. 
 I R 0.\-H-\.\D-ED, a. Having hands hard as iron. 
 
 Dwioht. 
 
 i'RON-HE.KRT-ED, a. Hard-hearted; unfeeling; 
 cruel. 
 
 I'RO.N-ING, ppr. Snjoothing with an iron; shack- 
 ling: furnishing or arming with iron. 
 
 I'RON Lia'L'OR, (i'lirn lik'ur,) 71. Acetate of iron 
 used as a mordant by dj ers, &c. Buchanan. 
 
 I'RO.N-I.VG, 11. A smoothing with an iron. 
 
 2. A shackling with irons. 
 
 3. .\ furnishing or arming with iron. 
 I'RO.\-iMoLD, 71. A spot on cloth made by applying 
 
 rusty iron to the cloth when wet. 
 I'RON-MO.\"GER, 71. A dealer in iron wares or 
 hardware. 
 
 I'RO.V-,M0.\"GER-Y, ( I'urn-mung'ger-re,) n. A gen- 
 eral name for all articles made of iron ; hardware. 
 
 Gwill. 
 
 I'RO.X PY-Rl'Ti.;S, 71. Common pyrites; yellow sul- 
 
 pliuret of iron. 
 I'R O.V S.AND, H. .\n iron ore in grains, used to sand 
 
 pafter after writing. 
 T'RON-SIIkATU-AD, a. Sheathed with iron. Scuff. 
 I'RO.\-SlK)D,a. Shod with iron. 
 I'RON-SICK, a. In seawir<i'.< language, a ship is said 
 
 to be in)7i-iic/>, \fheli her bolts and nails are so much 
 
 corroded or eaten with rust that she lias become 
 
 leaky. Encyc. 
 I'RON-SID-ED, a. Having iron sides, or very firm 
 
 sidi'S. Forby. 
 I'R ON-S.MITII, n. .\ worker in iron ; an artixan who 
 
 makes and repairs utensils of iron ; a much more 
 
 proper term than Bi.vcksmitii. 
 I'RON-SToNE, n. An impure ore of iron, containing 
 
 much clav. Dana. 
 I'ltON-W6QI), n. The popular name of some species 
 
 of a genus of trees called Sideroxylon ; so called 
 
 from their hardness. Also, the popular name of Os- 
 
 trya Virginira, sometimes culled Ilop-IIornheam, a 
 
 tree of the I'niteil States. 
 I'RO.\'-U'OUK, (!'urii-work,) 71. A general name of 
 
 the parts or pieces of a building, vessel, carriage, 
 
 See., which consist of iron ; any thing made of iron. 
 I'R 0.\'-\VflRlvS, 11. /(/. The works or establishment 
 
 where pig iron is wrought into bars, itc. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^VLL, WH^T.— M£TK, I'RBY PINE, MAIIINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
IRR 
 
 IRR 
 
 IRR 
 
 I'llON-WCillT, H. Tlir p(ipiil;ir name of some spe- 
 cies of a goims of plants callod SidcritU. 
 
 I-KO.V'U', a. Ironical. B. Joiuon. 
 
 I-UON'IC-AI,, a. [I''r. irunif/nc See Ibonv.] 
 
 Expressing one tiling and nieanin",' tlio opposite. 
 An ironical expression is often accompanied with a 
 manner of utterance which Indicates tliat the spealt- 
 cr intenils to he understood in a sense directly con- 
 tntry Vo that whicli the words convey. 
 
 I-UO.\'ie-AL 1,Y, mil!, liy way of irony ; by the use 
 of irony. A commendation may be ironicallij se- 
 vere. 
 
 I'RO.N-IST, II. One wlio deals in irony. Pope 
 
 I'UO.\-V, (I'urn-e,) «. [from iron.] Made or con- 
 sistini! id" iron ; partakinj! of iron ; as, irony chains; 
 irony particles. Hammond. 
 a. Kesemlilins; iron ; hard. 
 
 I'RO.\-Y, [I'r. irvnie: L. ironia; Gr. tipwua, from 
 fio .11-, n dissembler in speech.] 
 
 A kind of ridicule which exposes the errors or 
 faults of others by seeiiiins to adopt, approve, or de- 
 fend them ; as, Nero was a very virtuous prince ; I'ope 
 Hiklebraiiil was remarkable for his meekness and 
 humility. When irony is uttered, the dissimul.ation 
 is generally a|)parent from the manner of speaking, 
 as by a smile or an nrcii look, or perhaps by an af- 
 fected gravity of countenance. Jrony in writing may 
 also ho detected by the manner of expression. 
 
 I'ROUS, a. [from ire] Apt to be angry. [Ob.i.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 1R-Ra'1)I-ANCE, ) n. [I., irrailians, from irradio. 
 IK-R.\'l)l-A.\-CV, i See Irradiate.] 
 
 1. Emission of rays of light on an objixt. 
 
 2. Beams of light emitted ; luster j splendor. 
 
 MiHon. 
 
 IR-R.X'I)I-ATE, t). t. [L. irradio; in and radio, to 
 shim-. See Rvv.] 
 
 1. To ilhiiniiinte ; to brighten ; to make splendid ; 
 to adorn with luster. South. 
 
 2. 'I'o enlighten intellectually ; to illuminate ; as, 
 to irradiate the mind. Milton. 
 
 3. 'I'o animate by heat or light. Hale. 
 
 4. To decorate with shining ornaments. Pope. 
 IR-Ra'1)I-a'1'E, v. i. To emit rays ; to shine. 
 1R-R.\'I)I-.'VTE, a. Adorned with brightness, or with 
 
 any tiling shining. Mason. 
 IR-RA'I)l-A-TEI), pp. Illuminated; enlightened; 
 
 made luminous or bright ; decorated with rays of 
 
 light or with soiiiething shining. 
 1R-Ra'1)1-a-T1.\(;, ;</)!•. Illuminating; decorating 
 
 with beams of light. 
 IR-R.\-1)I-a' TIOX, II. The act of emitting beams of 
 
 2. Illumination ; brightness. [liL'ht. 
 
 3. Intellectual light. lli!r. 
 
 4. The act of emitting minute p.articles or ertluvia 
 from some substance. F.ncijc. 
 
 5. In physical science, an apparent enlargement of 
 objects beyond their prop r b iiinds, in consequence 
 of the vivid impression of light on the eye. 
 
 Oluisteil. 
 
 IR-RAD'I-eSTE, r. (. To root deeply. 
 IR-R.\'TK)\-AI., (-ri'slmn-al or -ra#li'nn-al,) a. [L. 
 irrationaJis ; in and ratinnalis, from ratio.] 
 
 1. Not rational ; void of reason or unoerstanding. 
 Brutes are irrational animals. 
 
 2. Not according to the dictates of reason ; contra- 
 ry to reason ; absurd. To pursue a course of life 
 which destroys happiness, is irrational. 
 
 Irrational qunntttit. See Surd. 
 IR-RA-TU).\-.\L'l-tY, n. Want of reason or the 
 
 powers of iiiulerstanding. 
 IR-R.\' riON-.\L-LY, (-r.i'shiin-al-ly or -rash'un-al- 
 
 ly,) aitp. Withiiut reason ; in a manner contrary to 
 
 reason ; absurdly. 
 IR-RE-CL.^I.M'.\-HI>E, a. [in nm\ rejJaimahtr.] Not 
 
 to be reclaimed ; that can not be recalled from error 
 
 or vice ; that can not be brought to reform. .Addison. 
 Q. That can not be tamed. 
 IR-RE-ei..Al.\r.\-ULY, ode. So as not to admit of 
 
 reformation. 
 
 IR-REe-0.\-CH-'.\-RLE, a. [in and rrconeilaUe.] 
 Not to be recalled to amity, or a st;ite of frienilship 
 and kindness ; retaining enmity that can not be a|>- 
 peased or subdued ; as, an irreconcilable enemy or 
 faction. 
 
 2. That can not be appeased or subdued ; as, ir- 
 reconcilable enmity or hatred. 
 
 3. Tliat can not be made to agree or be consistent ; 
 incongruous ; incompatible ; as, irreco/iciirt/i/r absurdi- 
 ties. It is followed by wi/A or to. A man's conduct 
 may be irreconcilable to or loitA his avowed princi- 
 pb-s. 
 
 IR-REe-ON-CII/.VBLE-XESS, tf. The quality of 
 being irreconcilable ; incongruity ; incompatibility. 
 
 IR-REC-ON-CII,'A-HLY,arfe. In a manner that pre- 
 cludes reconciliation. Men may be irreconcdably op- 
 posed to each other. 
 
 IR-RECON-CiLE, v.L To prevent from being rec- 
 onciled. [III.] Bp. Taylor 
 
 IR-REC'ON-ClL-£D, a. [in and reconcded.] Not 
 reconciled. Thumson 
 2. Not atoned for. Shak. Prvlrauz. 
 
 IR-REC-ON-CILE'MENT, n. Want of reconcilia- 
 tiiiii ; disagreement. 
 
 IR-REe-ON-CIL-I-A'TION, n. Want of reconcilia- 
 tion. I'ridtaui. 
 
 1R-RE€'()\-CIL-ING, ppr Preventing from being 
 recimciled. 
 
 IR-RE-euRO'A-HLE, o. Not to be recorded. 
 
 Cockeram. 
 
 IR-RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE, (-knv'cr-,) a. [in and recmy 
 erable.] Not to be recovered or repaired ; as, an i>- 
 recovrrable loss. 
 
 2. Tliat can not be regained. Time pa.st is irrc- 
 covcrubtr. Ro<rrrs. 
 
 3. Tliut can not be obtained by demand or suit, as 
 a debt. f^anhlin. 
 
 4. Not to be remedied ; as, irrecoverable misery. 
 
 7'iUotson. 
 
 IR-RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE-NESS, «. The state of being 
 irrecoverable. Donne. 
 
 IR-RE-eOV"ER-A-ni,Y, adn. Beyond recovery ; be- 
 yond the possibility of bejng regained, repaired, or 
 remedied. Hajipiness may be irrecoverably lost 
 
 2. Beyond the possibility of being reclaimed. A 
 prolligate may be irrecoverably abandoned to vice. 
 
 IR-RE eO'PER-A-BLE, a. [L. in and recupero, to re- 
 cover.] 
 
 Irrecoverable. [Ao( iised.] 
 
 IR R R-eC'PER-A-BLY, adv. Irrecoverably. [JVol iLsed.] 
 
 IR-RI>eO'SA-BLE, a. [in and Fr. recusable.] 
 Not liable to exception. 
 
 IR-RE-1)I;E.\I'A-BLE, a. [in and redeemable.] That 
 can not be redeemed. 
 
 2. Not subject to be paid at the pleasure of gov- 
 ernment ; as, irredeeinable debts ; irredeemable certifi- 
 cates or stock. Hamilton. Smollett. 
 
 IR-RE-1)EE.\I'A-BLR-NESS, ( n. The quality of be- 
 
 IR-RE-l)Ei;M-A-lill,'I-TY, ( ing not redeemable. 
 
 IR-KE-I)EE.M'A-BL,Y, adv. So as not to be redeema- 
 ble. Smart. 
 
 IR-UE-I)0'CI-nLE, a. [in and r«/«ci6/f.l Not to be 
 reduced ; that can not be brought back to a former 
 state. 
 
 2. That can not be reduced or changed to a differ- 
 ent state ; as, corpuscles of air irreducible into water. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 Irreducible eojie ; in algebra, a particular case in the 
 solution of a cubic equation, in which the formula 
 coniuKinly employed contains an imaginary quantity, 
 and tlii refore fails in its application. BranUe. 
 IR RE-I)C'L'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 irreducible. 
 
 IR-RE-l)0'CI-BI,Y, adv. In a manner not reducible. 
 
 IR-RE-l'I.EeT'lVE, a. Not reflective. Wheiocll. 
 
 1R-UI:-FRa'GA-BLE or IR-REF'RA-GA-BLE, a. [in 
 and rrfrairable, L. rcfra^or; re and the rovloffraniro, 
 to break.] ^ 
 
 That can not he refuted or overthrown ; incon- 
 testable ; undeniable ; as, an irrefrairable argument ; 
 irrrfrnstnble reason or evidence. Jittcrbiiry. Sicift. 
 
 IR-RE-KHa'GA-B1,E-NESS, ( n. The quality of be- 
 
 IR-REI' RA-GA-BIL'I-TY, j ing irrefragable or in- 
 capable of refutation. 
 
 lU-RE-FR.A'GA-lil.Y or IR-REF'R.\-GA-BI,Y, adv. 
 With force or strength that can not be overthrown ; 
 with certainty beyond refutation. We say, the 
 point in debate was irrrfra^abtii proved. 
 
 IR-REF'lI-TA-BLE or IR-RE-FOT'A-BLE, a. [Low 
 L. irref alnbilis. See Rei'L'TE.I 
 That can not be refuted or uisproved. Bp. Hall. 
 
 IR-REF'^^TA BLY or IR-RE-FOT'A-BLY, ailr. Be- 
 vond the possibilitv of refutation. Komei/n. 
 
 IR'-RE-t;E.N"ER-A-CY, n. Uiiregeiieracy. ./. M. Mason. 
 
 IR-KE-0E.\-ER-a'TION, n. An unregeiierate state. 
 
 IR-REG'IJ-I.AR, a. [Fr. irreguUer; L. irregularis; 
 in and rcisidaris, retrula. See Reoular.] 
 
 1. Not regular ; not according to common form or 
 rules ; as, an irregular building or fortification. 
 
 2. Not according to established principles or cus- 
 toms ; deviating from usage ; as, the irregular pro- 
 ceedings of a legislative body. 
 
 3. Not conformable to nature or the usual opera- 
 tion of natural laws ; as, an irre^/ar action of the 
 heart and arteries. 
 
 4. Not according to the niles of art; immethodi- 
 cal ; as, irretrular verse; an irregular discourse. 
 
 5. Not in conformity to laws, human or divine ; 
 deviating from the rules of moral rectitude ; vicious; 
 as, irregular conduct or pro|K'nsities. 
 
 G. Not straight ; as, an irretrular line or course. 
 
 7. .Not uniform ; as, irregular motion. 
 
 8. In grammar, an irregular noun or verb is one 
 which deviates from the common rules in its inflec- 
 tions. 
 
 IR-RF.G'tJ-LAR, n. A soldier not in regular service. 
 IR-REG'lJ-LAR-IST, n. One who is irregular. [KenU 
 IR-REG-lJ-I.AR'l-TY, ii. [Fr. irregularity.] 
 
 1. Deviation from a straight line o' from any com- 
 mon or established rule ; deviation from method or 
 order ; as, the irregularity of proceedings. 
 
 2. Deviation from law, human or divine, or from 
 moral rectitude; inordinate practice; vice. It is a 
 favorable syin|>tom when a prolligate man becomes 
 ashamed of his irregularities. 
 
 IR-REtJ'li-LAR-LY, adv. Without rule, method, or 
 order. 
 
 IR-REG'IJ-I,A'1'I^, c. t. To make irregular; tiidiaot- 
 di*r. fA'"/'f in use.] Broipa, 
 
 IR Ri;i/A-TI VE, a. [in and r«/uiinf.] Not relative ; 
 unconnected. 
 
 Irrelative rhoriU, in music, have no common sound. 
 
 IR-REI,'A-TI VE-LY, ai/o. L'nconni cteilly. Boijle. 
 
 lU KEI,'E-VAN-CY, ii. [from irrelevant.] Inap|>li- 
 cability ; the quality of nut being applicable or of 
 not si'rving to aid and support ; as, the irreleraney 
 of an argument or of testimony to a case in question. 
 
 IR-REI.'lvVA.NT, a. [in and Fr. relrver, lo raise, 
 from elerer, lever, L. etero, Irvo, to raise.] 
 
 Not relevant ; not applicable or pertinent ; not serv- 
 ing to support. We call evidi nce, t>-siimony, and 
 arguments irrelevant to a cause, when tlwy are iiia|>- 
 plicalile to it, or do not serve lo support it. 
 
 IR Hi;i,'E-VANT-LY, adv. Without being to the 
 purpose. 
 
 IR-RE-LIkVA-BLE, a. Not admitting relief. 
 
 Ilarirrave. 
 
 IR-RE-I.IG'IOX, (ir re-lid'jiin,) n. [Fr. ; in and re- 
 ligion.] Want of religion, or contempt of it ; im- 
 piety. Dryden. 
 
 IR-RE-LIG'ION-IST, n. One who is destitute of re- 
 ligious principles ; a despiser of religion. J^ott. 
 
 IR-RE-LIG'IOUS, (ir-re-lid'jiis,) a. [Fr. irreliirieiir.] 
 
 1. Destitute of religious principles ; contemning 
 religion ; impious ; ungodly. 
 
 Sliani'? and r<-proa(!li are guncrally llie purtlon of Ibe iinplouf 
 uiij irreligious. South. 
 
 2. Contrary to religion ; profane ; impious ; wick- 
 ed ; as, an irreligious speech ; irrcIi>rions conduct. 
 
 IR-RE-l.lO'IOi;S-LY, adv. With impi. tv ; wickeilly. 
 IR-RE-L.IG'IOi;.S-NESS, n. Want of religious prin- 
 ciples or practices ; ungodliness. 
 IR-Rk'ME-A-BLE, a. [L. irremeabilis ; in and remeo, 
 to return ; ro and meo, to pass.) 
 
 Admitting no return ; as, an irremeable way. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 IR-RE-Mk'DI-A-BI.K, a. [Fr. ; in and remediable, from 
 remedy.] 
 
 1. Not to be remedied ; that can not be cured ; as, 
 an irremcdiablt: disi'ase or evil. 
 
 2. Not to be corrected or redressed ; as, irremedia- 
 ble error or mischief. 
 
 IR-RE-.Mk'DI-A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being irre- 
 mediable. 
 
 IR-RE-Mf.'DI-A-BI>Y, adv. In a manner or degree 
 that precludes remedy, cure, or correction. 
 
 Bp. Taylor. 
 
 IR-R E-M IS'SI-BI.E, a. [Fr. ; in and remissible ; L. n 
 initio. See Remit.] 
 
 Not to be pardoned ; that can not be forgiven or 
 remitted. Ithistnn. 
 IR-RH-.MIS'PI-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 
 unpardonable. Hammond. 
 IR-RE-.MIS'Sl-BLY, adv. So as not to be paidoiu-d. 
 
 Shericood. 
 
 IR-RE-MIS'SIVE, a. Not remitting. 
 
 IR-RE-MnV-A-HII-'I-TY, n. [Sec Irremovabi.e.] 
 The quality or state of being irremovable, or not re- 
 movable friMii ottice. 
 
 IR-RE-.MOV'A-BI,E, (-moov'a-bl,) a. [in and remov- 
 able.] That can not be moved or changed. Sliak. 
 
 2. That can not be legally or constitutionally re- 
 moved from otlice. 
 
 IR-RE-.MOV'A-BLY, adv. So as not to admit of re- 
 moval. 
 
 IR-RE-.\|OV'.AL, n. .Absence of removal. 
 lR-RE-.\lC"NER-A-HI.E,a. [in.aiid rcniMneruWc.] That 
 
 can not be rewarded. 
 IR-RE-NOWN'AI), a. Not renowned ; not celebrated. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 IR-REP-.\-RA-RII.'I-TY, n. [See Irreparable.) The 
 ipiality or stale of being irreparable, or beyond repair 
 or recovery. Sterne. 
 
 IR-REP'A-liA-liLE, a. [Fr., from L. irrrparaii/t,. Sec 
 Repair.) 
 
 1. That can not be repaired or mended ; as, an ir- 
 reparnble hreaeh. 
 
 2. That can not oe recovered or regained ; as, an 
 irreparable loss. Milton. Jidditon. 
 
 IR-REP'.\-R.\-1!LE-NESS, n. State of being irrepa- 
 rable. 
 
 IR-REP'.\-RA-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree that 
 precludes recovery or repair. 
 
 IR-RE-Pl"cAI--A I!ri.'l-'l'Y, n. [from irrr^ca<nU«.] The 
 qualilv of being irrepealable. 
 
 IR-RE-I'i^AL'A-BLE, a. [in and repealable. See Re- 
 peal.] 
 
 That can not be legally repealed or annulled. 
 
 Suttiran. 
 
 IR-RE-Pf.AL'A-BLE-.\ESS, n. Irrepenlalulity. 
 IR-RE-Pk.\L'A-BLY', adv. Beyond the (Kiwerof re- 
 peal. 
 
 IR-RE-PENT'.\NCE, n. Want of repentance ; impen- 
 itimci:. Mountagn. 
 
 IR-RE-PLEV'I-A-BI,E, a. [in and r(;:''Tiiaii/f.] That 
 can not he replevied. 
 
 IR-RE-PLEV'l-SA-BI,E,a. [inanireplevisahle.] That 
 can not be replevied. 
 
 IR-REP-RE-IIENS'I-BLE, a. [in and reprehensible.] 
 Not reprehensible ; not to be blamed or censured ; free 
 from fault. yaUel, Trans- 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, V1"CI0US. — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 T9 
 
 AAA 
 
 (i2& 
 
IRR 
 
 IRR 
 
 ISI 
 
 IR-REP-RE-IIE.\S'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of 
 beins irref -elifiisible. 
 
 IR-REP-RE-HEN'S'I-BLY, adv. In a manner not to 
 incur blunie ; without lilame. Sherwood. 
 
 IR-REP-RE-SENT'A-BLE, a. [in and represent.] Not 
 to be represented ; tliat can not be figured or repre- 
 sented bv anv imajje. Stillin^ficet. 
 
 IR-RE-PRESS'I-BLE, a. [in and repressiblc] Tliat 
 can not be repressed. 
 
 IR-RE-PRESS'I-BLY, ailv. In a manner or degree 
 that can imt be repressed. 
 
 IR-RE-PRoACH'A-BLE, a. [in and rejtroachMe..] 
 Tliat can not be justly reproaclied ; tree from blame ; 
 upright ; innocent. An irreproachable life is the higii- 
 est honor of a rational being. 
 
 IR-RE-PRoACH'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality or 
 state of heing not reproachable. 
 
 IR-RE-PRoACH'.\-BI,Y, adv. In a manner not to 
 deserve reproach ; blamelessly; as, deportment irre- 
 proaclmbhi upright. 
 
 IR-RE-PR6V'A-BLE, (-proov'a-lil,) a. [in and re- 
 provable.] That can not be justly reproved ; blame- 
 less ; upright. 
 
 IR-RE-PROV'A-BLY, adv. So as not to be liable to 
 
 reproof or blame. JVeever. 
 IR-REP-TI"TI0US, (-tish'us,) a. Secretly introduced. 
 
 IR-RE-SIST'.\NCE, n. [in and resistance.] Forbear- 
 ance to resist ; non-resistance ; passive submission. 
 
 Pulpi/. 
 
 IR-RE-SIPT-I-IilL'I-TY, ) n. [from irresistible.] the 
 Ill-RE-SIST'I-BLE-NESS, ( quality of being irresist- 
 ible J power or force beyond resistance or opposition. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 IR-RE-SI.ST'I-BLE, a. [Fr. ; in and resistible. See 
 Resist.] 
 
 That can not be successfully resisted or opposed ; 
 superior to opposition. 
 
 An irresistible law of our nature impels us to seeli hapninpsa, 
 J. M. mason. 
 
 IR-RE-SIST'I-BLY, adv. With a power that can not 
 
 be successfully resisted or opposed. Dniden. 
 IR-RE-SIST'LESS, a. That can not be resisted. 
 
 OlanvUle. 
 
 IR-RES'O-EU-ELE, a. [L. in and resolvo.] 
 
 Not to be dissolved ; mcapable of dissolution. 
 
 BnyU. 
 
 IR-RES'O-LU-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 indissoluble ; resistance to separation of parts by 
 heat. Bnijle. 
 
 IR-RES'0-I,UTE, a. [in and resolute.] Not firm or 
 constant in purpose ; not decided ; not determined ; 
 wavering ; given to doubt. Irresolute men eitiier re- 
 solve not at all, or resolve and re-resolve. 
 
 IR-RES'O-LUTE-LY, ado. Witliout firmness of mind ; 
 without decision. 
 
 IR-RES'O-LUTE-NESF?, v. Want of firm determina- 
 tion or purpose ; vacillation of mind. 
 
 IR-RES-O-LU'TION, n. [Fr. ; in and resolution.] 
 Want of resolution ; want of decision in purpose ; 
 a (iiietuatiou of mind, as in doubt, or between hope 
 and fear. Addison. 
 
 ra-RE-SOLV-A-BIL'I-TY, )n. The state or quality 
 
 IR-RE-SOLV'.\-BLE-NESS, \ of not being resolva- 
 ble. 
 
 IR-RE-?OLV',\-BI,E, a. That can not be resolved. 
 
 IR-RE-SOEV'ED-LY, adv. [in and resolved.] With- 
 out settled determination. [Little used.] Boiile. 
 
 IR-RE-PPF.eT'IVE, a. [m and T-wpwdtie.] Not' hav- 
 ing regard to; with of; as, irrespective of conse- 
 quences. 
 
 2. Not regarding circumstances. [Obs.] 
 
 Accordini^ to this doctrine, it must be rcBolved wholly into the 
 aljwilutc, irresjiective will o( Goii. Bacvn. 
 
 IR-RE-SPECT'IVE-LY, adv. Without regard to ; not 
 taking circumstances into considenition. Hammond. 
 
 IR-RES'P;-KA-BLK, a. [in and respirable.] Unfit for 
 respiration ; not having the ipialities which support 
 animal life ; as, irrr.tjiinible air. 
 
 IR-RE SPONS-I-Bll-'I-TY, 71. Want of responsibil- 
 ity. 
 
 IR-RE-PPONS'I-BLE, a. [in and respnn.iiblc.] Not 
 responsible ; not liable or able to answer for conse- 
 quences ; iiol answerable. 
 
 IR-RE-.SPO.\.S'I-liLY, ado. So as not to be responsi- 
 ble. 
 
 IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-IILE, a. Not capable of being re- 
 vived. 
 
 IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLY, ado. So as not to be rcsus- 
 citnble. 
 
 IR-RE-TENT'IVE, a. Not retentive or apt to retain. 
 
 Skrltun. 
 
 IR-RE-TRAf:F,'A-!lI,E, a. That can not be retraced. 
 
 IR-RE-TRinv'A-llI.E, «. [inand retrievable, from rc- 
 trieve.] -Not to be recovered or repaired ; irrocoveni- 
 blo ; Irreparable ; an, ati trrrtrirvahle loss. 
 
 IR-RE TRIkV'A-BI.E-NESS, n. The state of being 
 im:lrievable. 
 
 IR-RE-'1'RIkV'A-UI,Y, of/n. Irreparably; irrecovera- 
 bly ; in a m.aiiner not Ui be regained. Woodward, 
 IR-RK-'I'CR.V'A-BI/E, a. Not to be returned. 
 IR-Rf^-VRAL'A-ni.E, a. Thai nmy not be revealed. 
 IR-RE-V£AI,'A-I1LV, adv. So an not to be revealable. 
 
 IR-REV'ER-ENCE, n. [L. irreverentia ; in and reve- 
 rcntia. See Revkrence.] 
 
 1. Want of reverence, i>r want of veneration ; want 
 of a due rcgartj to the authority and character of the 
 Supreme Being. Irreverence toward God is analogous 
 to disrespect toward man. 
 
 9. The state of being disregarded ; applied to men. 
 But this word is appropriately applicable to the Su- 
 preme Being, and to his laws and institutions. 
 IR-REV'ER-ENT, a. [Fr. ; in and reveretit.] Want- 
 ing in reverence and veneration ; not entertaining or 
 manifesting due regard to the Supreme Being. 
 
 2. Proceeding from irreverence ; expressive of a 
 want of veneration ; as, an irreverent thought, word, 
 or phrase. 
 
 3. Wanting in respect to superiors, Milton. 
 IR-REV'ER-ENT-LY, adv. Without due regard to 
 
 the authority and character of the Supreme Being ; 
 in an irreverent manner. 
 2. Without due respect to superiors. 
 
 IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE, a. [in and reversible.] That can 
 not be reversed ; that can not be recalled, repealed, 
 or annulled ; as, an irreversible decree or sentence. 
 
 IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE NESS, 71. State of being irre- 
 versible. 
 
 IR-RE-VERS'I-I!LY, adv. In a manner which pre- 
 cludes a reversal or repeal. 
 
 IR-REV-0-€A-IUL'I-TY, ) 71. State of being irrcv- 
 
 IR-REV'O-eA-HLE-NESS, ( ocable. 
 
 IR-REV'O-eA-IiLE, a. [Fr., from L. irrevocabilis ; in 
 and rcvocabilis, rcvoco ; re and voco, to call.] 
 
 Not to be recalled or revoked ; that can not be re- 
 versed, repealed, or annulled ; as, an irrevocable de- 
 cree, sentence, edict, or doom; irrevocable fate; an 
 irrevocable promise. Mtlton. Dryden. 
 
 IR-REV'O eA-BLY, adv. Beyond recall; in a man- 
 ner precluding repeal. 
 
 IR-RE-VoK'A-BLE, a. [hi and revokable.] Not to 
 be recalled ; irrevocable. Asiat. Res. 
 
 IR-REV'O-LU-BLE, a. That has no revolution. [JVot 
 used.] _ Milton. 
 
 IR'RI-GaTE, 7j. t. [L. irrigo; in and riffo, to wa- 
 ter.] 
 
 1. To water ; to wet ; to moisten ; to bedew. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 2. To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow 
 upon it and spread over it. 
 
 IR'RI-Ga-TED, pp. Watered ; moistened. 
 IR'RI-Ga-TING, ppr. Watering; wetting; moisten- 
 ing. 
 
 IR-RI-Ga'TION, h. The act of watering or moisten- 
 ing. 
 
 2. In airriculture, the operation of causing water to 
 flow over lands, for nourishing plants, a 
 IIl-RIG'U-OUS, a. [L. irriguus. See Ibbigate.] 
 I. Watered ; watery ; moist. 
 
 The flowery lap 
 Of some irrigaous valley sprcaiU her store. 
 
 MOUm. 
 
 2. Dewy ; moist. Philips. 
 
 IR-RiS'ION, (ir-rizh'un,) n. [L. irrisio, irr idea ; in and 
 rideo, to laugh.] 
 
 The act of laughing at another. Woodward. 
 
 IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TY, 71. [from irritable.] Suscepti- 
 bility of excitement ; the quality of being easily irri- 
 tated or e.xasperated ; as, irritability of temper. 
 
 2. In physiology, (1.) A healthful vital susceptibility 
 to the influence of natural, medicinal, and mechani- 
 cal agents, and the power of responding in a normal 
 manner, both by sensations and actions. (2.) A mor- 
 bid and plainly excessive vital .susceptibility to the in- 
 fluence of natural, medicinal, and mechanical agents, 
 and a capability of responding only by vitiated and 
 abnormal sensations and actions. 
 
 This tertn is also used in both of the preceding 
 acceptations, with the limitation of confinement to 
 susce[itibility of actions, in contradistinction from 
 sensations. Tully. 
 
 IR'Rl-TA-BLE, ff. [from i'r7-iVa(c] Susceptible ofex- 
 citement, or of heat anil action, as animal bodies. 
 
 2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily in- 
 flamed or e.vasperated ; as, an irritable temper. 
 
 3. In physiology, susceptible of irritation, which 
 see. 
 
 In peneral, there Is nothing iiriiable 
 the muscular filK'rs. 
 
 the animal body, but 
 IJatter. Emyc. 
 
 IR'RI-T,\-BI,Y, adv. In an irritable manner, 
 I R' Kl-TA N-CY, n. Tlie .state of being irritant. 
 IR'KI-TANT, a. Irritating. 
 
 IR'iU-TANT, ». Au agi^nt, whi^ther natural, medici- 
 nal, or mechanical, which [iroduces vitiated and ab- 
 normal sensations and actions, in a part or the whole 
 of an animal system. Tulhi. 
 
 IR'lil-TATE, ij." t. [\j. irrilo ; in and ira, wrath ; "W. 
 irud, pungency, passion, rage ; or perhaps more 
 crly from Sw. rcla, to provoke ; G. rcHicn ; to tickle, 
 vellicate, irritate.] 
 
 1. 'I'o excite heat and redness in the skin or flesh 
 of living animal bodies, as by friction ; to inflame ; 
 to fret ; as, to irritate a wounded part by a coarse 
 bandage. 
 
 2. 'I'o excite anger ; to prov<d(c ; to tease ; to ex- 
 nspcrutc. Never irritate a child for trilling faults. 
 1'hc insolence of a tyrant imtatcs his subjects. 
 
 .'). To increase action or violence ; to highten ex- 
 citement in. 
 
 Air, if very cold, irrilaielh the flame. Bacon. 
 
 4. Iii^ physiology, to produce irritation, which see. 
 IR'RI-TaTE, part. a. Excited : hightened. 
 IR'RI-Ta-TED, pp. or a. E.xcited ; provoked; sub 
 
 jected to irritation. 
 IR'RI-Ta-TING, ppr. or a. Exciting; angering; pio- 
 
 vokingj causing irritation. 
 IR-RI-Ta'TION, 7i. 1'he operation of exciting heat, 
 
 action, and redness, in the skin or flesh of living an 
 
 inials, by friction or other means. 
 
 2. 'riie e.vcitement of action, in the animal sys- 
 tem, by the application of food, medicines, and th* 
 like. 
 
 3. Excitement of anger or passion ; provocation , 
 exasperation ; anger. 
 
 4. In physiolopj, a vitiated and abnormal sensatioM 
 or action, or both in conjunction, produced by natu 
 ral, medicinal, or mechanical agents, either upon an 
 unhealthy state of the vital susceptibilities, or by an 
 excessive or otherwise improper use or application 
 of the natural, medicinal, or mechanical agents. 
 
 Tully. 
 
 IR'RI-TA-TIVE, a. Serving to excite or irritate. 
 
 2. Accompanied with or produced by increased 
 action or irritation ; as, an irritative fever. Darwin. 
 
 IR'RI-TA-TO-RY, a. E.xciting ; producing irritation, 
 which see. Hales. 
 
 IR-RO-Ra'TION, 7!. [L. irroratio ; in and ros.] 
 
 The act of bcilewing ; the state of being moistened 
 with dew. Spallanzani, Trans. 
 
 IR-RUP'TED, a. [L. irruptus.] Broken witii vio- 
 lence. 
 
 IR-RUP'TION, 77. [Fr., from L. irruptio ; in and riiiTt- 
 po, to break or burst.] 
 
 1. A bursting in ; a breaking, or sudden, violent 
 rushing into a place. Holland has been often inun- 
 dated by irruptions of the sea. 
 
 2. A sudden invasitm or incursion ; a sudden, vio- 
 lent inroad, or entrance of invaders into a place or 
 country ; as, the irruption of the northern nations 
 into France and Italy. 
 
 IR-RUP'TIVE, a. Rushing in or upon. 
 
 IS, V. i. [Sax. is; G. ist ; D. is; L. est; Gr. tori; 
 Sans, asti ; Pers. est or hist.] 
 
 The third person singular of tlie substantive verb, 
 which is composed of three or four distinct roots, 
 which appear in the words am, be, are, and ijf. fs 
 and IMS coincide with the Latin esse, and Goth, we- 
 san. In the indicative, present tense, it is thus 
 varied ; I am, thou art, he, she, or It, is we, ye or 
 you, they, are. In writing and speaking, the vowel 
 is often dropped ; as, he's gone ; there's none left. 
 
 IS'A-BEL, 7.. [Fr, isabelle.] 
 
 Isabel yellow is a brownish yellow, with a shade 
 of brownish red. Kirwan. 
 
 I-SA-GOG'I€, ) rr.. -, 
 
 I-SA-GOG'ie-AL, i t^'- ^'™) '*"S'l 
 
 Introductory. Gregory. 
 
 I'SA-GON, 71. [Gr. laoi, equal, and j lovia, an angle.] 
 A figure whose angles are equal. 
 
 IS'A-TIS, 71. In loiilogy, the arctic fox, or Canis lago- 
 pus. Encyc. 
 
 IS-€HI-AD'ie, (is-ke-ad'ik,) a. [L. ischiadicus, from 
 ischias, the sciatica, from ischium, the hip ; Gr, lax'Of, 
 ia\ia6iK(>s.] 
 
 Pertaining to the hip. The ischiadic passion or 
 disease is ranked by Cullen with rheumatism. It is 
 a rheumatic or neuralgic affection of some part 
 about the hip joint. It is called also Sciatica. 
 IJ-eilU-RET'lC, (is-ku-ret'ik,) o. [See Ischurv.] 
 
 Having the quality of relieving ischury. 
 IS-eilU-RE'I^'ie, 71. A medicine adapted to relieve 
 
 ischury. Coze. 
 IS'€1IU'-RY, (is'ku-re,) 71, [Gr, taxivpia, from 
 to stop, and ouo'm', urine,] 
 
 A stoppage or suppression of urine ; diflferent from 
 Dy^urv, Coze. Kncyc. 
 
 IS'E-RIN 
 IS'E-RINE, I 
 
 [G. eisen, iron.] 
 
 A variety of (i(n7iic ore, a compound of oxyd of 
 iron and titanic acid. Dana. 
 ISH, a termination of English words, is, in Sax. isc, 
 Dan. isk, G. isch ; and not improbably it is the ti^rmi- 
 nation of c.k/uc, in French, as in grotesque. It. esco, in 
 grotcsco, and the Latin termination of (he inceptive 
 verb, as in fcrvesco. Annexed to English adjectives, 
 ish denotes diminution, or a small degree of the 
 ipiality ; as, whitish, from white; yellowish, [torn yel- 
 low. 
 
 /,<7i annexed to names forms a possessive adjective, 
 as in Swedish, Dnni<h, F.nglish. 
 
 Ish annexed lo ctJiiimon nouns forms an ailjectivo 
 denoting a participation of the qualities expressed by 
 the noun, as foolish, from fool; rogubh, fiom rogue; 
 bruti'b, from /irii(f. This is the more common use 
 of this termination. 
 
 I'SI-CLE, 71. A pendant shoot of ire, is more gen- 
 erally written Iriei.K. (See Ice and Icicle.] 
 
 I'$IN"(;LASS, (i'/.ing-gl.lss,) 71. [That is, ise- or ice- 
 fflri.KS.] A substance ct)nsistiiig chiefly of gelatin, of 
 a firm lexture and whitish color, prepared from the 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PREY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 626 
 
ISO 
 
 ISS 
 
 ITC 
 
 sounds or air-bladders of certain fresh-water fishes, 
 particularly of the liuso, a fish of the sturpeon kind, 
 found ill the rivers of Russia. It is used as an ng- 
 glutinant, and in fining wines. Encyc. 
 
 I'S.I.\"GL.!tSS-SToNi:. Sec Mica. 
 
 IS'LAiM, n. The religion of Mohammed, and also the 
 whole body of those who profess it lliroughout the 
 worUI. Brande. 
 
 IS'LAM.IS.^^, n. [from the Ar. «,Vam salama, to 
 be free, safe, or devoted to God.] 
 
 The true faith, according to the Mohammedans ; 
 Mohaniniedisin. Eiicuc. 
 IS-I.A.M-lT'ie, a. Pertaining to Islam ; .Moham- 
 medan. K. E. Sali^iburi/. 
 ISI,'A.\D, fl'land,) n. [Sax. calami, D. G. ctliind. 
 See Iei-.vnd,] 
 J. A tract of land surrounded by water. 
 2. A large mass of floating ice is called an island 
 of ice. 
 
 tSIj'AND-ER, (I'land-cr,) n. An inhabitant of an 
 island. 
 
 ISLE, (lie,) n. [Fr. isle or Uc, from It. isola, L. in- 
 sula.] 
 
 I. A tntrt of land surrounded by water, or a de- 
 tached portion of land imbosonied m the ocean, in a 
 lake or river. 
 
 * The islet sliatl w.iii fur his law. — Is. xlii. 
 
 9. A passage in a church. [Sec Aisle.] 
 TS'I.ET, (t'let,) «. A little isle. 
 
 t-PO-eill'.I'.MAL, la. [Gr. iffof, equal, and Yciua, 
 t-SO eill'.ME.V-AL, ! :vf wmter.] 
 
 Having the same mean winter teinperalnre. 
 
 Prout. 
 
 Isochimenal lines ; lines drawn through places h.av- 
 iiic the same :pean winter tiimperature. IlmnboUlt, 
 I-S()-eilRO-M.VT'ie, o. [Gr. icjf, equal, and xpw;", 
 color.] 
 
 Having the same color ; a term applied to two 
 rings, curves, or lines, having the same color or 
 tint. Brande. 
 r-SOeirRO:>I-AL, l a. [Gr. laof, equal, and XP"'o;> 
 I-SOeH'UO.\-OUS, ( time.] 
 
 Uniform iu time; of equal time; performed in 
 equal times. 
 
 An isochronal line, is that in which a heavy body 
 is supposed to descend witll a uniform velocity. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 fsoclironat vibrations of a pendulum are such as 
 are performed in the same space of time. Brande. 
 I-SOD'0-.MO.\, n. [Gr.] In Orccian archtecture, a 
 construction of equal thicknesses and equal lengths. 
 
 Elmrs. 
 
 IS'O-L.^TE, (ICnowles pives i'so-l."ae ; Walker, iz'o- 
 lite,) r. t. [It. isola, an isle or island.] 
 
 1. To place in a detached situation ; to place by it- 
 self ; to insulate. J\Ied. Repos. 
 
 2. In electricity, to insulate, which see. 
 IS'0-L.\-TEU, pp. or a. [Fr. isoU ; It. Uolato, from 
 
 isola, an isle.l 
 
 Standing detached from others of a like kind ; 
 placed by itself or alone ; insulated. 
 
 IS'()-LS-'i'IXG, ppr. Placing liy itself, or detached, 
 like an islo ; insulating. 
 
 IS-O-La'TION, n. St;Ue of being isolated ; insula- 
 tion. 
 
 I-SO-MER'ie, 17. Compounds consisting of the same 
 
 elements in the same proportions, but with diflerent 
 
 properties, are said to be isomeric. 
 I-SOM'F.ll-IS.M, n. [Gr. mm, equal, and iicor>^, part.] 
 Identity of elements and proportions with diver- 
 
 silv of properties. 
 I-SO-MORPH'IS.M, n. [Gr. i<roj, like, and /iip,^i,, 
 
 form.] 
 
 1. The quality of assuming the same crj'stalline 
 fonn, though composed of ditferent elements, or 
 proximate principles, yet with the same number of 
 equivalents. 
 
 2. The quality of a substance by which it is capa- 
 bl ' of replacing another in a compound, without an 
 alteration of the previous crjstalline form of the 
 comriound. Dana. 
 
 I-SO-MORPH'OCS, a. Having a ditferent composi- 
 tion as respects elements, or proxiin.ate principles, 
 though not as respects number of equivalents, but 
 with the same cn stallinc form. FjI. Rer. 
 
 I-SON'O-MY, n. '[Gr. m k, equal, and ,-u«s, law.J 
 Equal law ; equal distribution of rights and privi- 
 
 . 'I'Res- Mil/ord. 
 
 I-SO-PER-r-MET'Rie-AL, a. [Sec Isoferimetrv.] 
 Having equal perimeters or circumferences ; as, iso- 
 perimelrieat figures or bodies. 
 
 I-SO-PE-RIM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. ico;, equal, mpt, 
 around, and iitmnv, measure.] 
 In geometry, the science of 
 lieriini ters or boundaries. 
 
 rsO-POI), n. [Gr. i^,,,- and r .,.?.] 
 
 One of an order of cnistaceoiis insects, having the 
 legs of nearly equal size, and fourteen in number. 
 
 . c, D/r\ T\r\ Partintrton. 
 
 I-t<OP O-DOUS, a. Having the characteristics of an 
 isopod. 
 
 ' figures having equal 
 
 I'SO-P?RE, II. [Gr. la if and n-i.. .] 
 
 A silicate of alumina, lime, and peroxyd of iron. 
 I-SOS'CE-LRS, a. [Gr. i(ru(T<cAi/j ; iros, equal, and 
 (TKtAo?, log.] 
 
 A term applied to a triangle having two legs or 
 sides only that are equal. 
 
 I-SO-STE.M'0-NOi;S, a. In 4<)(uhi/, having an equal 
 number of stamens and pistils. Lindley. 
 
 I-SO I'lI'Elt-AIj, a. [Gr. laoj, equal, and Oc'ws, sum- 
 mer.] 
 
 Having the same mean summer temperntiire. 
 Isolheral lines: lines passing through pl.aces having 
 the same mean summer temperature. Ilambuldl. 
 I-SO-THERiM'AL, a. [Gr. iffut, equal, proper, and 
 Cjc'iii;;, heat.] 
 
 Having equal degrees of heat. 
 
 holhcrniitl lines; lines passing through places of 
 equal mean temperature. Jlumhuldt. 
 
 Isothermal zones; spaces on opposite sides of the 
 equator having the same mean temperature, and 
 bounded by corresponding isothermal lines. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 I SO-TON'ie, a. [Gr. iir x, equal, and nwii, tone.] 
 Having equal tones, 'I'he isotonic system, in 7/m- 
 sic, consists of intervals, in which each concord is 
 alike teinpi red, and in which there are twelve equal 
 semitones. 
 
 I$'RA-EL-ITE, n. A descendant of Israel or Jacob ; 
 a Jew. 
 
 IS-UA-i:i^lT'ie, )a. Pertaining to Israel. 
 
 IS-RA-El.-IT'ISH, i J. P. Smith. 
 
 IS'SU-A-BLE, (ish'slm-a-bl,) a. [from issue.] That 
 may be issued. In lair, an iisiial/le term is one in 
 which issues are maile up. Blaclc^tone. 
 
 IS'SUE, (ish'shu,) n. [Fr. L<suc ; It. nseio, a door, anil 
 itscirc, to go out. It may coincide in origin with 
 
 Heb. Ch. NS>, Eth. tcatsa.] 
 
 1. The act of passing or flowing out ; a moving 
 out of any inclosed place ; egress ; applied to water 
 or other fluid, to smoke, to a body of men, &.C. We 
 say, an issue of water from a pipe, from a spring, or 
 from a river ; an issue of blood from a wound, of air 
 from a bellows ; an issue of people from a door or 
 bouse. 
 
 2. A sending out ; as, the issue of an order from 
 a commanding oflicer or from a court ; the issue of 
 money from a treasiirj'. 
 
 3. Event ; consequence ; end or ultimate result. 
 Our present conditiim will be best for us iu the issue. 
 
 4. Passage out ; outlet. 
 
 To (.I'-d tli>' Lord l»c]on|x th*? issues from death. — Pa. Ixviii. 
 
 5. Prog<Siy ; a child or children ; olTspring; as, he 
 had itsiie a son ; and we s|H;ak of issue of the whole 
 blood or half blood. A man dies without issue. 
 
 ti. Produce of the earth, or prolits of land, ten- 
 ements, or other property. A conveyed to IJ all his 
 right to a term for years, with all the issues, rents, 
 and profits. 
 
 7. [n surgery, a fontanel ; a little ulcer made in 
 some part of an animal body, to promote discharges. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 8. Evacuation ; discharge ; a flux or running. Lei: 
 xii. JMalt. ix. 
 
 9. In law, the close or result of pleadings ; the point 
 of matter depending iu suit, on which the parties 
 join, and put the case to trial by a jury, and are hence 
 said to join issue. Cowel. 
 
 10. A giving out from a repository ; delivery j as, 
 an issue of rations or provisions from a store, or of 
 powder from a magazine. 
 
 IS'SUE, (ish'shu,) e. i. [It iLscire. Sec the noun.] 
 
 1. I'o pass or flow out ; to run out of any inclosed 
 place ; to proceed, as from a source ; as, water issues 
 from springs ; blood issues from wounds; sap or gum 
 issiie4i from trees ; light is-iues from the sun. 
 
 2. To go out ; to rush out. Troops issued from the 
 town, and attacked the besiegers. 
 
 3. To proceed, as progeny ; to spring. 
 
 Of thy sons that sh.All Msti£ from iliw. — 2 Kin^ xx. 
 
 4. To proceed ; to be produced ; to arise ; to prow 
 or accrue ; as, rents and profits issuing from land, 
 tenemtrnts, or a capital stock. 
 
 5. In le^ral pleadin:;s, to come to a point in fact or 
 law, on which the pnrtii'S join and rest the decision 
 of tlic cause. Our lawyers say, a cause w^iits to the 
 court or to the jury ; it issuer in demurrer. 
 
 G. To clase ; to end. We know not how the cause 
 will Lisue, 
 
 IS'SUE, V. I. To send out ; to put into circulation ; as, 
 to issue money from a treasury, or notes from a bank. 
 
 2. To send out ; to delu'er from authority ; as, to 
 issue an order from the department of war ; to issue 
 a writ or precept. 
 
 3. To deliver for use ; as, to issue provisions from 
 a store. 
 
 IS'SUKD, (ish'shude,) pp. or a. Descended ; sent ouL 
 
 Shali. 
 
 IS'SUE-LESS, (ish'shii-lcss,) a. Having no issue or 
 progeny ; wanting children. Sliak. 
 
 IS'SU-F.H, (ish'shii-or,) n. One who issues or emits. 
 
 IS'SU-I.NG, (ish'shu-ing,) ppr. Flowing or passing 
 out; proceeding from ; sending out. 
 
 IS'SU-ING, (ish'sbu-ing,) ii. A flowing or passing 
 out. 
 
 2. Emission ; a sending out, as of bills or notes. 
 
 ISTH'MI-AiV; (ist'me-an,) n. The IsVimian frames 
 were one of the four great festivals of Greece ; so 
 called because ctdebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 ISTH'.MUS, (ist'miis,) n. [I,., from Gr. laO^ni.] 
 
 A neck or narrow slip of land by which two conti- 
 nents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united 
 to the main land, .^uch is the neck, so called, which 
 connects Ilnston with the main land at Roxbury. 
 But the word is applied to land of considerable ex- 
 tent between seas ; as, the fsthmiis of Darieii, which 
 connects .North and .South America, and the isUmius 
 between the Euxine and Caspian Seas. 
 
 IT, pron. [Sax. hit : l>. hel ; G. es : I., id.] 
 
 1. A substitute or pronoun of the neuter gender, 
 sometimes called demoHstrative, and standing for any 
 tiling except males and females. " Keep thy heart 
 with all diliiience, for out of it are the issues of life." 
 Prov. iv. Here it is the substitute tor heart. 
 
 2. It is much used as the noiiiinative case fir word 
 to verbs called impersonal ; as, it rains ; it snows. In 
 this case, there is no determinate thing to which it 
 can be referred. 
 
 In other cases, it may be referred to matter, affair, 
 or some other word. Is it come to this 
 
 3. Very often, it is used to introduce a sentence, 
 preceding a verb as a nominative, but referring to a 
 clau.se or distinct member of the sentence " /( is 
 well ascerUiined that the figure of the earth is an 
 oblate spheroid." \Vhat is well ascertained The 
 answer will show : The figur<^ of the earth is an ob- 
 late spheroid ; it [that] is well ascertained. Here it 
 represents the clause of the sentence, the figure of 
 tilt; earth," &e. If the order of the sentence is in- 
 verleil, the use of if is superseded. 'I'lie flgiirt; (if the 
 earth is an oblate spheroid ; tliat is well ascertained. 
 
 It, like Uiat, is often a substitute for a sentence or 
 clause of a .sentence. 
 
 4. It often begins a sentence, when a personal 
 pronoun, or the name of a person, or a nia.sculine 
 noun follov/s. It is I : be luit afraid. It was Judas 
 who betrayed Clirist. When a tiuestion is asked, il 
 follows the verb ; as, who was it that betrayed 
 Chris: 
 
 5. It is used also for the state of a person or affair. 
 
 How I. it our general f Slink. 
 
 6. /( is used after intransitive verbs very indefi- 
 nitely, and sometimes ludicrously, but rarely in an 
 elevated style, 
 
 If Abmhnm broti^lit nil with him, it is not protal^le meant to 
 wiilli il bjick lor his pleiuure. RcUegh, 
 
 The LwceiU-moni.ui*, m Ih" Straiu of Tht-miopyl.*, when llieir 
 tirins faik'd them, fought il out with tli«-'ir nulls and terrth. 
 
 ZJwien. 
 
 Whether tJie charmer sinner il or Kiint il. Pops. 
 
 I-T.\I,'IAN, (it-tal'yan,) a. Pertaining to Italy. 
 
 I-TAL'IAN, (it-tal'yan,) n. A native of Italy. 
 
 2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians. 
 
 I-TAL'lAi\-.\TE, (it-tal'yan-ate,) r. I. To render Ital- 
 ian, or ironformable to Italian customs. [Olis.] 
 
 I-TAI^IA.\-IZE, (it-tal'yan-Ize,) i\ i. To play the 
 Italian ; to speak Italian. Cotgrare. 
 
 I-T.\L'IC, o. Relating to Italy; applied, purficiifaWy, 
 to a kind of type first used by Italian priiiteis, and 
 hence called italics. 
 
 r-T.\L'I-CrZE, V. L To write or print in Italn char- 
 acters. 
 
 I-TAL'l-CTZ-KD, p;). or a. Written or printed in Italic 
 letters. 
 
 I-T.-\I,'I-CIZ-IXG, ppr. Printing in Italic cliaricters. 
 
 I-TAL'ie.s, 71. pi. Italic letters or characters ; charac- 
 ters first used in Italy, and which stand inclining; 
 the letters in which titii clause is printed, 'i'hey are 
 used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, 
 antithesis, &c. 
 
 ITCH, n. [!-ax. gictha; D. jculne ; Ch. ^O^n ; Ar, 
 r, - 
 
 *5^=. AiUaA ; EUi. rt^n^ ''al'ky. See the verb.] 
 
 1. \ cutaneous disease of the human race, appear- 
 ing in small, watery pustules on the skin, accom|>a- 
 nied with an uneasiness or irritation that inclines 
 the p.aticnt to use friction. This disea.se is supposetl 
 by some authors to be occasioned by a small insect, 
 a species of Acariis, as the microscope delects these 
 insects in the vesicles. Others suppose the pu.stules 
 only form a nidus for the insects. This disease is 
 taken only by contact or contagion. 
 
 2. The sensatii.n in the skin occasioned by the dis- 
 ease. 
 
 3. .\ constant te.asing desire ; as, an itch for praise ; 
 an itch (or scribbling. Drydcn, 
 
 ITCH, r. i. [G. juckrn ; D. jruken, to itch ; Ch. isn ; 
 
 Ar. U,Ci» hakka; Eth. ll^TlTl hakak, to scratch. 
 Hence .\t., to be aflected w itli the itch. Class Cg, 
 No. 22.] 
 
 1. To feel a particular uneasiness in the skin, 
 which inclines the person to scratch the part^ 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
J AC 
 
 •J, To liave a constant dpsire or teasing inclination ; 
 as, itchins; ears. 9 Tun. iv. 
 ITCiriNc;, ppr. or o. Having a sensation that calls 
 for scratcliing. 
 2. Having a constant desire. 
 ITCH'ING, «. The state of the skin when we desire 
 to scratch it. Smart. 
 2. A constant teasing desire. 
 ITCH'Y, a. InfL-cted witli tlie itch. 
 I'TE.M, ado. [L. ilcm, also.] 
 
 Also ; a word used when something is to be added. 
 I'TE.M, n. An article ; a separate particular in an ac- 
 count. The account consists of many items. 
 2. A hint; an innuendo. 
 I'TE.M, II. (. To make a note or memorandum of. 
 
 .^ildison. 
 
 I'TEM-jrv'G, ppr. JIaking a memorandum of. 
 IT'ER-A-HLE, a. That may be repeated. [JVo£ 
 
 iisf</.] BroiDn. 
 IT'EK-A\T, a. ' [See Iterate.] Repeating ; as, an 
 
 iterant echo. Bacon. 
 IT'ER-.^TE, V. U [L. itero, to repeat, from iter, a 
 
 going.] 
 
 To repeat; to utter or do a second time; as, to 
 iterate advice or admonition ; to iterate a trespass. 
 IT'ER-A-TED,pp. Repeated. 
 
 IT'ER-A-TL\G, ppr. Repeating; uttering or doing 
 
 over again. 
 IT-ER-A'TION, n. [L. iteratio.} 
 
 Repetition ; recital or pert'ormance a second lime. 
 IT'ER-A-TI\'E, a. Repeating. [Bacon. 
 I-TIN'ER-A-CY, n. Practice of itinerating. 
 
 J This letter has been added to the English alpha- 
 • bet in modern days ; the letter i being written 
 formerly in words where j is now used. It seems 
 to have had the sound of y in many words, as it still 
 has in the German. The English sound of this letter 
 may be expressed by dzh or edih^ a compound sound 
 coinciding exactly witli that of g in genius; the 
 French j, with the articulation d preceding it. It is 
 the tenth letter of the English alphabet. 
 J AB'BER, J), i. [D. frabhrrcn, or Fr. juboter. Class Gb.] 
 To talk rapidly or indistinctly ; to chatter ; to prate. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 J AB'BER, n. Rapid talk with indistinct utterance of 
 
 words. Sicift. 
 JAB'BER-ER, n. One that talks rapidly, indistinctly, 
 
 or unintelligibly. 
 J \B'BER-I.VG, ppr. or a. Prating; talking rapidly 
 
 and confusedly. 
 J \B'BER-[\G, n. Confused talk or prating. 
 J VB'BER-ING-LY, ado. In a confused or jabbering 
 
 manner. 
 
 J \B'BER-MENT, 71. Idle prate. [Obs.] Milton. 
 
 J \BM-RU, n. A genus of grallatory or wading birds, 
 the Mycteria of Einnrpiis. Us habits are entirely the 
 same with those of the stork. P. Cyc. 
 
 JACA-.MXR, n. One of a genus of brilliant birds, (Gal- 
 bula,) allied to the kingfishers, but dilTering from them 
 in the form of their beak and feet. Their pliiiiiage 
 has a metallic luster which it is impossible to imitate 
 by art. They are found in tropical climates. Cuvier. 
 
 Ja'CE.NT, a. [L. jacciis^jacco, to lie.] 
 
 laying at length. IVotton. 
 
 JA'CI.N'TH, n. [A din>rent orthography of IIyaci >th.] 
 A species of pellucid gems. [6<ee Hvaci.vth.J 
 Rrr. xxi. 
 
 JA(yK, n. [:c/;w, in Etiiiopic, is the pronoun he or 
 
 1. A nickname or diminutive of John, used as a 
 general term of contempt for any saucy or paltry 
 fellow. John.ion. 
 
 2. The name of an instniment that supplies the 
 place of a boy ; an instrument to |)ull otT boots. 
 
 mifi. 
 
 3. A portable machine for raising great weights 
 through a Hniall space. Ilcberl. 
 
 4. An engine to turn a spit; as, a kitchen jack; a 
 ■moke jat)i. 
 
 5. A young pike. Mortimer. 
 C. A coat of mail. [Sp. raco, xaqucta.] Hayieard. 
 
 7. A pitcher of waxed leather. Dryden. 
 
 8. A Hmull howl thrown out for a mark to the 
 bnwIurH. 
 
 !). Part of a muiiical instrument called a virginal. 
 
 Baron. 
 
 10. The male of certain animalu, as of the ass. 
 [Arm. ozoc/i, a hiinliand.) JirhulhnoL 
 
 11. A liorite or wiNiilcn frame on which wood or 
 timber is «aweil. JlinxiBortli. 
 
 12. In nea lanfftuigr, a flag, euKlgn, or color.s, dis- 
 played from u staff on the end of a bowsprit. 
 
 Mar. DicL 
 
 3 AC 
 
 I-TIN'ER-AN-CY, n. Amassing from place to place. 
 
 H. More. 
 
 I-TIN'ER-ANT, a. [L. iter, a way or journey.] 
 
 Passing or traveling about a country ; wandering ; 
 not settled ; as, an itinerant preacher. 
 
 I-TI.\'ER-ANT, 71. One who travels from place to 
 place, particularly a preacher ; one who is unsettled. 
 
 I-TIN'ER-ANT-LY, ado. In an unsettled or wander- 
 ing manner. 
 
 I-TI.\'ER-.\-RY, 71. [Fr. itineraire ; Low L. itincrari- 
 um, from i£er, a going.] 
 
 An account of travels, or of places and their dis- 
 tances ; as, the Itinerary of Antoninus. 
 
 I-TI.N'ER-A-RY, a. Tr.aveling ; passing from place 
 to place, or done on a journey. Bacon. 
 
 I-TIN'ER-aTE, v. i. [L. iter, a going; Low L. itin- 
 era.] 
 
 To travel from place to place, particularly for the 
 purpose of preaching, lecturing, &c. ; to wander 
 without a settled habitation. 
 IT-PELF', pron. [it and self.] The neutral, recipro- 
 cal pronoun, or substitute applied to things. The 
 thing is good in itself; it stands by itself. 
 
 Borrowino^ of foreigners, in itself, makes not Uie kinj'lom rich 
 or poor. Locke. 
 
 IT'TRI-A, ) n. A non-acid compound of the metal 
 YT'TRI-A, \ Ittriuni or Yttrium with oxygen. 
 IT'TRl-UM, 71. Belter written Yttrii'm, unless yttria 
 should be written ittria. A brittle metal of a scaly 
 texture, a grayish-black color, and a perfectly metal- 
 lic luster. Its oxyd, called ittria or yttria, was dis- 
 
 J. 
 
 13. In Yorlishire, half a pint. Orose. A quarter 
 of a pint. Pegue. 
 
 14. In mechanics, a machine used for raising "heavy 
 weights. Brande. 
 
 15. In botany, the T.^^jaca or Actocarpus integrifolia, 
 a species of the bread-fruit-tree. Brande. 
 
 16. A term often applied to seafaring men. 
 
 Jack at all trades ; a person who can turn his hand 
 to any kind of business. 
 
 Jack by the hedge ; a plant of the genus Erysimum, 
 that grows under hedges. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 Jack in a box ; a plant of the genus Hernandia. 
 
 2. A large wooden male screw turning in a female 
 one. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Jack with a lantern ; an ignis fatuus, a meteor that 
 appears in low, moist lands. 
 
 Jack of Vie clock-house ; a little man that strikes the 
 quarters in a clock. 
 JACK-A-DAN'DY, n. A little foppish, impertinent 
 fellow. 
 
 JACK'AL, 71. [Pp. eliacal ; Turk, chical.] 
 
 An animal of the genus Canis, resembling a dog 
 and a fox ; a native of Asia and Africa. It preys on 
 poultry and other small animals, and upon the bodies 
 of the dead on the field of battle. It is the Canis au- 
 reus of Linnaius. Kucyc. Cyc. 
 
 JACK'A-LENT, n. Originally, a sort of puppet thrown 
 at in Lent, like Shrovetide cocks. Hence, a boy, in 
 ridicule. Shak. Todd. 
 
 JACK'A-NaPES, 71. [ jack and ape.] A monkey ; an 
 2. A coxcomb; an impertinent fellow. [ape. 
 
 < A youii^ upstart Ja<Jcanapes. ArbuOinoL 
 
 JACK'-XRCII, 71. An arch of the thickness of one 
 brick. Buchanan. 
 
 JACK'ASS, 7!. The male of the ass. 
 9. A dolt ; a blockhead. 
 
 JA(;K'-ltL()CK, 71. A block used in sending top-gal- 
 lant-iiiasts up and down. Dana. 
 
 JACK'-liOOTS, 71. />/. [See Jack, No. C] Large boots 
 reaching above the knee, and serving to protect the 
 leg. Spectator. 
 
 JACK'DAW, 7). [jack ani daw.] A bird of the genus 
 Corvus, thievish and mischievous to the farmer. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 JACK'ET, 71, [S]) laqurtn, a short, loose coat ; zaco, 
 a short jack..., riumetUla, a jacket; Fr. jaqucttc; 
 Basque, jacaya.] 
 
 A short, close garment, worn by males, extending 
 downward to the hips ; a short coat. 
 
 JACK'ET-EI), a. Wearing a jacket. 
 
 JACK'-FL.AG, 71. A Hag hoisted at the spritsail top- 
 mast-head. Kncyc. 
 
 JACK'-KETCII, n. In England, a public executioner 
 or hangman. 
 
 JACK'KNIFE, (-nife,) 7i. A large, strong clasp-knife 
 
 for the pocket. 
 JACK'-PLANE, 71. A plane about eighteen inches 
 
 long, used by join>-rs for coarse work. Owilt. 
 JACK'-P};i)-I)ING, n. [>(■;< and ;)u</</i/ii'.] A luorry- 
 
 andrew ; n bulfoim ; a zany. Gay. 
 
 .1 AC 
 
 covered by Professor Gadolin, in 1794, in a mineral 
 found at Ytterby, in Sweden. 
 
 I'VO-RY, 77. [Fr. ivoire ; It. avorif ; L. rbur.] 
 
 The tusk of an elephant, a hard, solid, fine-grained 
 substance, of a fine \v4iite color. This tooth is some- 
 times six or seven feet in leng'li, hollow from the 
 base to a certain hight, p.nd fiiled with a compact, 
 medullary substance, seeming to contain a great 
 number of glands. The ivory of Ceylon is not so 
 liable to become yellow in wearing, and hence is 
 preferred to that of Guinea. Kncyc. 
 
 Tlie name ivonj is als-) given to the tusks or teeth of 
 certain other animals, a.'> the walrus, narwhal, &c. Vre. 
 
 I'VO-RY, a. Consisting of ivory ; made of ivory ; as, 
 an ivory comb. 
 2. White, hard, or smooth, like ivory. 
 
 I'VO-RY-BLACK, n. A kind of charcoal in powder, 
 made by charring ivory or bones. Dana. 
 
 I'VO-RY-NUT, 71. 'I'he nut of a species of palm, 
 (the Phytelephas macrocarpa,) often as large as a 
 hen's egg, consisting of a close-grained and very 
 hard substance, resembling the finest ivory in texture 
 and color, and often wrought into ornamental work. 
 
 rVY, 71. [Sax. i^o-; G. f/iAfit.] [Silliman. 
 An epiphytic plant of the genus Hedera, which 
 creeps along the ground, or, if it finds support, rises 
 on trees or buildings, climbing to a great iiight. 
 
 Direct llie clasping iwy %\ here to climb. Milton. 
 
 I'VY FD i 
 
 I'VI-£D ' i (''^'•''^ Overgrown with ivy. Wartcm. 
 I'VY-iMAN'TL£D, a. Covered with ivy. 
 
 JACK'-SAUCE, 71. A saucy fellow. 
 JACK'SMITH, 71. A smith who makes jacks for the 
 chimney. 
 
 JACO BIN, 71. [So named from the place of meeting, 
 which was the monastery of the monks called Jaco- 
 bines.] 
 
 The .Jacobins, in France, during the revolution of 
 1789, were a s ciety of violent revolutionists, who 
 held secret meetings in which measures were concert- 
 ed IP direct the proceedings of the National Assembly. 
 Hence, a Jacobin is the member of a club, or oth- 
 er person, who opjtoses government in a secret and 
 unlawful manner, or by violent means ; a turbulent 
 demagogue. 
 
 JAC'O-BI.X, a. The same as Jacobinical. 
 
 JACO-BIN, 71. A monk of the order of Domini- 
 cans. 
 
 2. A pigeon with a high tuft. .Ainineorth. 
 JAe O-BIN'ie, j a. Resembling the Jacoliin.s of 
 JAC-O-BIN'ie-AL, i -France ; turbulent ; discon- 
 tented with government ; holding democratic priii- 
 ci|iles. 
 
 J,\e-0-BIN'ie-.\L-LY, adv. In a manner resembling 
 the Jacobins. 
 
 JACO BIN ISM, n. Jacobinic principles; unreasona- 
 ble or violent opposition to legitimate government ; 
 an attempt to overthrow or change government by 
 secret cabals or irregular means ; popular turbu- 
 lence. 
 
 JACO-BIN-IZE, V. t. To taint with Jacobinism. 
 
 Barkc. 
 
 JACO-BIN-TZ-KD, pp. Tainted with Jacobinism. 
 JAC'O-BIN-IZ-ING, ppr. Infecting with Jacobinic 
 principh^s. 
 
 JACO-HIN-LY, ar/r. In the manner of Jacobins. 
 
 JA€'0-niTE, II. [from Jacohu.i, James.] A partisan 
 or adherent of James II., king of England, alter he 
 abdicated the throne, and of his descendants ; of 
 course, an opposer of the revolution in Kiss, in fa- 
 vor of William and Mary. Bolinghroke. 
 
 2. One of a sect of Christians in Syria and Mesrv- 
 potamia, who hold that Jesus Christ had but one na- 
 ture ; so named from .Jacob Barad/.i, their didin- 
 guished leader, in the sixth century. Murdoch. 
 
 JACO-BITE, a. Pertaining to the parti.sans of 
 James II. 
 
 JAC-O-BIT'ie-AL, o. Belonging to the Jacobites. 
 JAC'O-BIT-IS.M, 71. .The princiiiles of the partisans 
 
 of James II. Mason. 
 Ja'COB'S-LAD'DER, 71. .\ plant of the genus Sini- 
 
 lax. Drwnfs Mass. Rep. 
 
 9. In 7101'ni! affairs, a rope-ladder with wooden steps 
 
 for going aloft. Brande. 
 JA'COM'S-STAFF, ti. A pilgrim's staff. 
 
 2. A start" concealing a dagger. 
 
 3. A cross-stalf; a kind of astrolabe. Johnson. 
 JA-CO'BUS, n. [Ij. .Jacobus, James.] A gold coin, 
 
 value twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign 
 of James I. VKstrange. 
 JAC'O-NET, 71. A light, soft muslin, of an open lei- 
 ture, used for dresses, neckcloths, &,c 
 
 FATE, FAR. FALL. WHAT. — METE, PRfiy. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 62« 
 
J AI 
 
 JAN 
 
 J AS 
 
 JAC-Cll'XRD', (jak kivrd',) ii. An ai>i>enda<!e to a 
 loom, for wuavini; fiKiircd erauls, botli silk anil cot- 
 ti>n. It Una also briui a|>|>lic(I to carpets. 
 
 JAC'TAN-CV, n. [I., juclaiittn.] 
 A boasiini;. [J^tot unetl.] 
 
 JAe-TI-TA'TION, n. [L. jactito, jacto. It ought 
 ratlu'r to be Jactation, L. jactatin^] 
 
 1. A tossinf; of tlie bo Jy i restlessness. Harvrij. 
 
 2. V'ain bo.-istlng. 
 
 3. A tt rin in llio canon law for a false pretension 
 to niarriaac. Johifson. 
 
 J.\e'i;-LATE, V. t. [L. jacu!or.] 
 Ta ilart. 
 
 J.\e-li-I'A'TIO.\, n. The action of darting, throwing, 
 or launching, lus missive weapons. Millun. 
 
 JAe'II-l..^-'l'()K, n. The shooting fish, a species of 
 Chietodon, found in hot climates. It feeds on in- 
 sects, which it procures by shooting or cjcctiTig a 
 drop of water tbrongh its tubular snout with such 
 precision as to disable its prey and cause it to fall 
 into the water. P- Cijc- 
 
 JAe'U-L.A-TO-RV, a. Darting or throwing out sud- 
 denly, or suddenly thrown out ; uttered in short sen- 
 tences. [t?ee EjAcuLAToRy.] 
 
 JADE, II. [Of unknown origin. Qu. Sp. jadcar, to 
 pant.] 
 
 1. A mean or poor horse ; a tired liorse ; a worth- 
 less nag. 
 
 Tin-Hl as njade in ovcrloadcii eart. Si/lnfi/. 
 
 2. A mean woman ; a word of contempt, noting 
 sometimes age, but generally vice. Johiuon. 
 
 Slie Blkiiicn l>ic finl ol UMlered jaitet. S-JiifL 
 
 3. A young woman, in irony or slight contempt. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 J.ADE, n. A mineral, called also Nephrite, or \e- 
 ruRiTic Sto.ve, remarkable for its hardness and te- 
 nacity, of a color more or less green, and of a resinous 
 or oily aspect when |iolished. It is fusible into a 
 glass or enamel. It is usually found in connection 
 with lalcose rocks. Werner, Jameson, Dana, 
 
 JADE, V, u To tire ; to fatigue; to weary with liard 
 ser^'ice ; as, to jade a horse. 
 
 2. To weary with attention or study ; to tire. 
 
 The inintl, ouc^ jiuitd by nn atu-mpt iiIkjvc its power, ii Tcry 
 liarilty brou^lil to ext-rl ils force u^n. Locke, 
 
 3. To harass ; to crush. Sk«k. 
 
 4. To tire or wear out in mean offices ; as, a jaded 
 groom. S/uik, 
 
 5. To ride ; to rule with tyranny. 
 
 I <lo not now fool myself, to let im.tjjln.ttion Jade me. Shak. 
 JADE, V. i. To become weary ; to lose spirit ; to 
 sink. 
 
 'I'tiry sre promUins^ in the tjcginDiQ^,bul they foil, and jade, rrnd 
 tire in tlic piusixutjon. South, 
 
 JAD'ED, ;»p. or a, Tifed ; wearied; fatigued; har- 
 assetl. 
 
 JAI)'ER-Y, n. The tricks of a jade. Beaum. 
 JAD'I.NG, ppr. Tiring; wearyini; ; harassing. 
 JAO'lSlI, a. Vicious; bad ; like a jade; applied to a 
 horse. 
 
 2. Unchaste ; applied to a woman. L' Eilran ire, 
 J.VG, n. [s<p. zaja, a load packed on the back part of 
 a carriage. Uu.] 
 
 A small load. Forby, 
 
 [Local in England, sometimes used in America. 
 See also J a no.] 
 J.AGG, r. L [perhaps G. laekm, a tooth ; a prong ; to 
 indent ; Sw. tatri;, a sharp point.] 
 
 To notch ; to cut into notches or teeth like those 
 of a saw. 
 
 J.AGG, I n, A notch ; a racged protuberance ; a den- 
 J.'\U, t tictilation. In 6u(<zni/, a cleft or division. 
 
 Martya, 
 
 JAG'GED, ;>p. .\otched ; uneven. 
 
 2. a. Having notches or teeth; cleft; divitled; 
 laciniate ; as, jatrffcd leaves. 
 
 JAG'(;ED-.\ESS,71. The st-ate of being denticulated ; 
 unevenness. Praeh/im. 
 
 JAG'tJEIt, II. A brass wheel for cutting cakes. [See 
 Ja<:oi sg-Iron.] Knc\ic, Doin, Ke,^ 
 
 JAG'GEK-Y, II. In /niti'a, dark, coarse sugar made of 
 the juice of palni'i. Malcom. 
 
 JAtJ'GI.NG, ppr. Notching; cutting into teeth; di- 
 viding. 
 
 JAG'GI.N'G-I-RO.V, (-I'lirn,) n. A brass wheel with a 
 notclieil or jaiged edge for cutting cakes or pastry 
 into ornamental figures. 
 
 J.VG'GY, a. Set with teeth ; denticulated ; uneven. 
 
 ,^ddLsnti, 
 
 JAG'lllRE,(jag'gCr,) ii. .\ district of land, or the prod- 
 uct thereof, assigned by the East Indian govern- 
 ment to an inilividual, c'ominonlv for the support of 
 some public establishment, particularly of a military 
 nMwe, Malcom. 
 
 J AG'jURE-DXR, II. A person holding a jagliire. 
 
 JAG-l;-XR',n. The American tiger, or ounce of Brazil, 
 (the Fc/uoHca,) a large and ferocious animal of South 
 America. p q,,^ 
 
 J.Xll. n. [Ileh. nv] JehtwalL 
 
 JAIL, n. [Fr. ^role : Ann. geol OT jol ; Pp. j.iii/a, a 
 cage, a ri ll. .Sometimes written very iiii|)roperly 
 Gaol, and as improperly pronounced Gole.] 
 
 A prison ; a building or pl.ace for the confinement 
 
 of persons arrested for debt or for crime, and held in 
 
 the custody of the sberilT. 
 JAIL'-BIHD, (-burd,) a. A prisoners one who has been 
 
 confined in prison. 
 JAIL'ER^ii. Thekceperof a prison. 
 JAIL'-Fk-VER, II. A dangi ■rolls and often fatal fever, 
 
 generated in jails and other places crowded with 
 
 people. 
 
 JAKES, n. [Ciu. L. jacio, to throw.] 
 
 .•\ house of office or back-house ; a privy. Swift. 
 JAI.'AP, II. [Port. ja?upa ; Vr. jalnp ; lalapa : so 
 
 called from Xalapa, a province in Mctico, whence it 
 
 is imported. 
 
 The root of a plant, a species of Convolvulus. It 
 is brought in thin transverse slices, and also whole, of 
 an oval shape, hard, solid, and heavy. It has little 
 or no taste or smell, but is much used in powder as a 
 cathartic. C«c. 
 
 JAL'A-PIN, n, A vegetable pro.\imate principle of the 
 officinal Jalap. 
 
 J.\M, II. A conserve of fruits boiled with sugar and 
 water. 
 
 2. A kind of frock for children. 
 J.\.M, V, t, [Kuss. jem, a press ; jmu, to press.] 
 
 1. To press; to crowd; to squeeze tight; to 
 wedge in. 
 
 2. In F.n<r!and, to tread hard or make firm by tread- 
 ing, as land by cattle. (irote, 
 
 JAM, i II. Among the lead miners of Mendip, a thick 
 JAMB, i bed of stone, which hinders them when pur- 
 suing the veins of ore. Cyr, 
 JA-.MA'CI NA, j II. [from Jamaica,] An alkaloid 
 JA-.MAI'C'IN, j obtained from the Andna inerinis, 
 
 or cabbage-bark-tree of the West Indies. 
 JA-MAI'eA PEP'PER. See Alljpice. 
 J.VMB, (jam,) ii. Ih'r, jamhc, a leg; jambcs de force, a 
 corbel or pier ; IL gamba, a leg ; gambo, a stem or 
 stalk.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a supporter ; the side-piece or 
 post of a door; the side-piece of a fireplace. 
 
 2. A pillar to support the superior part of a build- 
 ing. Elmes, 
 
 JAM-BEE', n. A name formerly given to a fashiona- 
 ble cane. Taller. 
 
 J.AM'BEUX, (zham'boo,) n. [Supra.] Armor for the 
 lees. [06s.] Vryden, 
 
 J.^.M'MKD, (jamd,) pp. Pressed; crowded. 
 
 JA'.ME-SON-ITE, 71. [from Prof, ./amcion.] A steel- 
 gray ore of antimony and lead. 
 
 JA.M'MING, ppr. Pressing; crowding; wedging in. 
 
 JANE, n. A coin of Genoa. [See Jeas.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 2. A twilled cotton cloth. See Jean. 
 JAN"GLE, (jang'gl,) B. i. [G. lanken,] 
 
 To quarrel in words; to altercate; to bicker; to 
 wransle. Shak, 
 J.\N"GLE, ti. t. To cause to sound untunably or dis- 
 cordantly. 
 
 E'er monkish rhymes 
 Hiul Jangled Uietr l.^nLtstic chimes. Prior. 
 
 JAN"GLE, (jang'gl,) n. | Old Fr. ;aii^!c.] Prate; 
 
 babble ; discordant sound ; contention. Miilon, 
 JA.V'GLER, II. A wrangling, noisy fellow. 
 JA.VGLI.N'G, ppr. Wrangling; quarreling; sounding 
 
 discordantly. 
 J.\N"GLIN(;, n. A noisy dispute ; a wrangling. 
 JAN'I-TOR, II. [L.] A door-kee|)er ; a porter. 
 
 fVartm. 
 
 J.\N-I-ZA'RI-AN, (I. Pertaining to the Janizaries, or 
 their government. Burke. 
 
 J.\N''I-Z.\-RY,ii. [Turkish, yenisAcn' ; yeni ani askari, 
 new troops. F.Uin,'] 
 
 A soldier of the Turkish fool-guards. The Jani- 
 zaries were a body of infantry, and reputed the 
 grand seignor's guards. They became turbulent, 
 and, rising in arms against the sultan, were attacked, 
 defeated, and destroyed in Constantinople, in June, 
 lt<2t>. 
 
 JAN '.NOCK, II. Oat-bre.ad. [I^cal.] 
 
 JA.N'SEN-IS.M, n. The doctrine of Ji 
 tti free will and grace. 
 
 JAN'."*EN-IST, II. A follower of Cornelins Jansen, a 
 Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Fl.anders, who 
 denied free will, and held to irresistible grace and 
 limited .atonement. EncycAm. 
 
 JXNT. See Jaunt. 
 
 JA.NT'I-I.Y, adc, [from janty,] Briskly ; airily ; 
 gayly. 
 
 J.WT'I-NESS, n. Airiness; flutter; briskness. 
 
 JA.NT'Y, a. [Ft. gentil,] Airy ; showy ; fluttering ; 
 finical. llnbbe.i. 
 
 JA.N'tJ-.A-RY, n. [Ir. irionbhar, or ginnvar ; Riiss. 
 genvar; Fr. janrier ; It. gennaio : Pp. enero ; Port. 
 janeiro: L. juiiii(iriti.v. It is evident, fnini the Irish 
 and Russian word<, that the first syllable of Jaiiimri/ 
 is from the root of I,, geno, to beeet. Eng. to begin. 
 Sax. aginnan. far is said to signify a revidution. 
 January then signifies the beginning, or first month. 
 Jauiu is pnibahly from the same root.] 
 
 The first month of the year, according to the pres- 
 ent computation. At the foiind.ation of Rome, March 
 was considered the first month. Januarj' and Feb- 
 ruary were introduced by .Numa Pompilius. Encyc 
 
 Jansen in regard 
 
 JA'NUS, II. [L.] A Latin deity, represented with 
 two faces looking in 0|)|K>siio directions. Mis tem- 
 ple, at Rome, was never closed except in a time of 
 universal peace. 
 J.A-PA.N', n. [from the country in Asia, so called.] 
 This name is given to work varnished and figured 
 in the manner practiced by the natives of Ja|ian. 
 
 Encyc. Cye, 
 
 JA-PAN"-EARTII, ( urth,) n. Catcchii, a dry, brown 
 extract obtained by decoction and cva|)oration from 
 the Acacia Catechu. It cimsisls chiefly of tannin 
 combined with a peculiar species of extractive. 
 
 'I'hnmjtfin, 
 
 JA-P.AN', t'. I. To cover with a thick coat of hard, 
 brilliant varnish, an art derived from tin; Japanese. 
 
 2. To black and gloss, as in blacking khoes or 
 boots. Gay. 
 
 J/VP-.V-.NESE', a. Pertaining to Jajian or it« inhabit- 
 ants. _ • 
 
 J.M' .A-Nl".SE', II. A native of Ja|>an ; or the language 
 of tin; inhabitants. 
 
 J.\-PAN'N£!D, pp. or a. Varnished in a particuLar 
 manner. 
 
 JA-P.A.N'NER, II. One who varnishes in the manner 
 of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art. 
 2, A shoe-blacker. Pope„ 
 JA-PA.N'NI.NG, ppr. Varnishing in the manner of 
 
 the Japanese ; giving a glossy, brilliant surface. 
 JA-P.\N'NIN(i, II. The art of varnishing and draw- 
 ing figures on wood or other material, in the manner 
 practiced by the Japanese. 
 JAPE, r. I. [Ice. geipa.] Encyc, 
 To jest. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 JAPE, V, L [Sax. geap, deceitful.] 
 
 To cheat, [ Obs. ] Chaucer. 
 JAPE, n. A jest ; a trick. [Obs.] CItaucer. 
 JAP'ER, n. A jester. [Ob.-:] 
 
 J.'X-PIIET'ie, a. Pertaining to Japhetli, the eldest son 
 of Noah ; as, the Japhrtic nations, which people the 
 north of .^sia and all Europe ; Japhetic languages. 
 
 JAP'IJ, n. A bird of Brazil that suspends its nest. 
 
 JAR, r. i. To strike tocether with a short rattle or 
 tremulous sound ; to strike untunably or harshly ; to 
 strike discordantly ; as, a jarring sound. 
 
 A string may Jar in the U-st ln:tster'» li.ind, flotcommon. 
 
 2. To clash ; to interfere ; to act in opposition ; to 
 be inconsistent. 
 
 For onlers anil decrees 
 
 Jar not with lilierty, but welt consist. Milton. 
 
 3. To quarrel ; to dispute ; to clash in words. 
 
 Dnjden, 
 
 4. To vibrate regularly ; to repeat the same sound. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 JAE, r. L To shake ; to cause to tremble ; to cause a 
 
 short, tremulous motion in a thing. 
 JAR, II. A rattling vibration of sound; a shake; as, a 
 
 trembling jar. Holder, 
 
 2. .\ harsh sound ; discord. 
 
 3. Clash of interest or opinions ; collision ; dis- 
 cord ; debate. 
 
 Ami yet his p"nce is hnt c«>ntinti;\l Jnr. Spenter, 
 
 4. The state of a door half open, or ready to move 
 and strike the post. Swift, 
 
 5. Repetition of the noise made by the pendulum 
 of a clock. Shak. 
 
 JAR, n. [Sp. iiirra ; jarro : Port, id, ; It. giarro,] 
 
 1. A vessel with a large belly and broad mouth, 
 made of earth or glass ; as, a jar of lioiicy. 
 
 Drydcn, 
 
 We say, an electrical battery of nine jars, 
 
 2. A certain measure ; as, a jar of oil. 
 J.\R-.\-R.\e'A, II. A species of .serpent in .America, 
 
 seldom exceeding 18 inches in lenstli, havini: promi- 
 nent veins on its liead, and ofa dusky, brownish color, 
 variegated with red and black spots. It is very poi- 
 sonous. Cyc 
 
 J \v''fV^' ! *• y^"^ '" "■'"■] Spenaer. 
 
 JARDES, (jardz,) n. [Fr.] Callous tumors on the 
 
 legs of a horse, helow the bend of the bam on the 
 
 outside. Far. DicL 
 
 JAR'GLE, (jilr'gl,) v. i. To emit a harsh or shrill 
 
 sound. [A'ot in use.] Bp. HatL 
 
 JXR'GO.N, II. [Fr. j irgon; It. gergo, gergone ; Sp. 
 
 lerga, jarson, and coarse frieze, serge.] 
 
 1. Confused, unintelligible talk or language ; gab- 
 ble ; gibberish ; cant. 
 
 All Jor-on of \\y schools. Prior, 
 
 2. A mineral, ,a variety of zircon, which see, 
 JXR GO NEI.LE', (jar-go-nel',) ii. A variety of pear. 
 JXR-(!O.N'IC, a. Pertaining to the niinera" jargon. 
 JXR'RKD, (jird,) pp. from Jar. Shaken. 
 JXR'RI.NG, ppr. or a. Shaking; making a hatsb 
 
 sound ; discordant. 
 J.\ R'RI.NG, lu A shaking ; discord ; dispute ; collision. 
 
 fiuriiet. 
 
 JXR'RI.NG-LV, adc. Shaking discordantly. 
 
 JA'SEY, n. .\ contemptuous name for a wig, and 
 even (up a head of bushy hair ; .as if comfiosed of 
 Jersey yarn, of which jazy is a corrupt pronuncia- 
 tion. Forby. 
 
 JAS'llAWK, n. A young hawk a contraction of 
 Etas-hawk. Booth. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CII as SH ; TU as in THIS 
 
 79' 
 
 AAA' 
 
JAY 
 
 JEG 
 
 JER 
 
 JAS'MIN', n. [Ft. jasviin ; Sp. jazinin ; It. gelsomino. 
 B 
 
 Tlie Ar. is ^mX. ; ijasimoti. It is sometimes written 
 
 in English Jessamine.] 
 
 Tlie popular name of certain species of the genus 
 Jasniiniim, Uearins: beautiful flowers. The common 
 white jasmin is a clijnhins shruh, rising on supports 
 15 or 20 feet high. The name is also given to sev- 
 eral plants of ilifTerent genera; as, the Arah'mn Jas- 
 min^ of the genus Nyctanthes ; the Bastard Jasviiii^ 
 of the genus Cestrum, and also of the genus Lycium ; 
 the Persian Jasmin, of the genus Syringa ; the Red 
 Jasmin, of the genus Pliinieria; the ScarlH and Yel- 
 low Jasmin, o{ the genus Bignonia, and Gelseminum. 
 
 Encijc, 
 
 JASTA-CHATE, n. A name anciently giTen to some 
 
 varieties of agate jasper. Ciic. 
 JAS'PER, ji. [Fr. jasjie ; L. iaspis ; Gr. taa-nts ; It. di- 
 S u , 
 
 aspro ; Ar. yasfan : Heb. n2'w\] 
 
 An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, 
 and also of some dull colcirs, breaking with a smooth 
 surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for 
 vases, seals, siiulf-boxes, &.c. When the colors are 
 in stripes or bands, it is called striped jasper. The 
 Egyptian pebble is a brownish-yellBw jasper. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 JAS'PEU-A-TED, a. Mixed with j.isper ; containing 
 
 particles of jasper ; ;i^,jiispcrated :i^iite. Fuurcroy. 
 JAS'PER-Y, a. Having the qualities of jasper. 
 J.AS-PID'E-AN, j a. Like jasper; consisting of jas- 
 JAS-PID'E-OUS, ! per, or partaking of jasper. 
 
 Kirtcan. 
 
 JAS'POID, a. [Fr. jaspe, and Gr. tK^.i?.] 
 
 Resembling jasper. PerciraVs Oeol. 
 
 JAS'PO-NYX, 71. Tlie purest horn-colored onyx, with 
 beautiful green zones, composed of genuine matter 
 of the finest jaspers. [ 04s.] Encyc. 
 
 JJiUNCE, V. i. [Ft. janccr.] 
 
 To jolt or shake ; the same as Jounce, which see. 
 [Obs.] Shal:. 
 
 JXUN'DICE, 7!. [Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow. 
 See Yellow.] 
 
 A disease, in its most common form, characterized 
 by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine; white- 
 ness of the discharges from the intestines ; uneasi- 
 ness, referred to the region of the stomach ; loss of 
 appetite, and general languor and lassitude. 
 
 JAUN'DIC-J;D, (jin'dist,) a. Affected with the jaun- 
 dice. 
 
 2. Prejudiced ; seeing with discolored organs. 
 JAUNT, V. i. [In Fr. jantc is the felly of a wheel, and 
 the original root signified, probably, to extend or to 
 run, to ramble.] 
 To ramble here and there ; to make an excursion. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 JaUXT, 7!. An e.'icursion ; a ramble; a short journey. 
 
 Jliltun. 
 
 JAV'EL, c. (. To wet or bemire; and, as a voun, a 
 wandering or dirty fellow. [04'.-.] Spr^/ser. 
 
 JAVE'UN, (jav'lin,) ti. [Fr. jardine ; It. jruwtllolto ; 
 ^p. jabalina, the female of the wild boar, and a jave- 
 lin, from jabali, a wild bciar.J 
 
 k sort of spear about five feet and a half long, the 
 shaft of which was of wood, but pointed with stei l ; 
 used by liorse or foot. Every Uoman soldier carried 
 ?'pvvn javelins. 
 
 JAW, 71. [Fr.jouc, the cheek. It coincides in origin 
 "with ckaiD, chew, Arm. joaga, to chew ; javed or gav.cd, 
 a jaw. In old authors, jaw is written chaw. It be- 
 longs to Class Cg. See Chaw and Chew. J 
 
 1. The bones of the mouth in w hich the teeth are 
 fixed. They resemble a horse-shoe. In most ani- 
 mals, the under jaw only is movable. 
 
 2. The mouth. 
 
 3. In lu/n-ar language, scolding, wrangling, abu- 
 sive clamor. 
 
 JAW, r. i. To scold ; to clamor. [Vulgar.] 
 JAW, r. t. To abuse by scolding. [Vulgar."] 
 JAW'-b6nE, 71. The bone of the jaw, containing 
 ihe teeth. 
 
 JAVV'/:r), a. Denoting the appearance of the jaws. 
 9. Having jaws. [Shdton. 
 
 JAW'-FAI.I., n. IjniD and fall."] Depression of the 
 jaw ; figuralirehj, depression of spirits. M. Griffilh. 
 
 J AW'-FALL f;.N', (I. I)epres.sed in spirits; dejected. 
 
 JAWING, ;;/)r. Abusing; scolding. 
 
 JAW-\, r. i. To yawn. [J\rol in use.] [See Yawh.] 
 
 JAW'Y, o. Rel.-iting to Ihe jaws. Qaylon. 
 
 JXY, n. [Fr. grai: Sp. gnyo,] 
 
 A bird of the gcmK" Ciirvus. The European jay, 
 (the Corvus trlarulariun,) is of a wine buff c^)lor, i. e. 
 u mixture of yellow, red, and brown, melted into 
 i;aeli othor, and h.as, to some extent, the faculty of 
 wnitaling the voices of other birth. The American 
 Jay, or Blue Jay, (the O'rous eristatuji,)*\» a much 
 more beautiful bird, of very brilliant plumage, anil 
 nmamentt'd with a crest of light blue or purple fealli- 
 rrs, tvhicti he can elevate or depress at pleasure. 
 
 Partington, 
 
 JaY'ET. See Jet. 
 
 Ja'ZEL, 71. A gem of an azure-blue color. [Qu. Sp. 
 
 azul, corrupted.] [A'bi used.] 
 JAZ'ER-ANT, 71. A frock of twisted or linked mail, 
 
 without sleeves, somewliat lighter than the hauberk. 
 JEAL'OUS, (jel'us,) a. [Fr. jaloux ; U. gclosa. The 
 
 Spanish use icloso, from zelo, zeal ; but the Italian 
 
 word seems to be of distinct origin from zeal, and to 
 
 belong to Class Gl.j 
 
 1. Suspicious ; apprehensive of rivalship ; uneasy 
 through fear that another has wMthdrawn or may 
 withdraw from one the affections of a person he 
 loves, or enjoy some good which he desires to obtain ; 
 followed by of, and applied both to Iho object of love 
 and to the rival. We say, a young man \s jealous vf 
 the woman he loves, or jealous o/his rival ; a man is 
 jealous o/"his wife, and the wife o/her husband. 
 
 2. Suspicious that we do not enjoy the affection or 
 respect of others, or that another is more loved and 
 respected than ourselves 
 
 3. Euuilous; full of competition. Dryden. 
 
 4. Solicitous to delend the honor of; concerned 
 for the character of. 
 
 I have l)eeu very jealous for the Lonl God of hosts. — 1 Kin 
 xix. 
 
 5. Suspiciously vigilant ; anxiously careful and 
 concerned for. 
 
 1 am jealous over you with a godly jealousy. — 2 Cor. xi. 
 
 6. Suspiciously fearful. 
 
 'Tis iluin* wron? creates such doubts as these, 
 
 Renders us Jealous, and destroys our peace. Waller. 
 
 JE.AI-.'OUS-LY, (jel'us-ly,) adr. With jealousy or 
 suspicion ; eimilously ; with suspicious fear, vigi- 
 lance, or caution. 
 
 JE.VL'UUS-NE.SS, (jel'us-ness,) 71. The state of being 
 jealous ; suspicion ; suspicious vigilance. 
 
 King Charles. 
 
 JE.\L'OUS-Y, (jel'us-y,) 71. [Fr. ja/oitsic ; It. gclosia.] 
 
 1. That passion or peculiar uneasiness which 
 arises from the fear that a rival may rob us of the 
 affection of one whom we love, or the suspicion that 
 he has already done it ; or it is the uneasiness which 
 arises from the fear that another does or will enjoy 
 some advantage which we desire for ourselves. A 
 man's jealousy is excited by the attentions of a rival 
 to his favorite Itidy ; a woman's jealousy is roused by 
 her husband's attentions to another woman ; the can- 
 didate for ofiice manifests a jealousy of others who 
 seek the same office ; the jealousy of a student is 
 awakened by the apprehension that his fellow will 
 bear away the palm of praise. In short, jealousy is 
 awakened by whatever may exalt others, or give 
 them pleasures and advantages which we (lesire for 
 ourselves. Jealousy is nearly allied to enry ; for jeal- 
 ousy, before a good is lost by ourselves, is converted 
 into envy, after it is obtair.ed by others. 
 
 JeahusT/ is the apprehension of superiority. Shenstone. 
 ^Vhoeve^ had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had exa-jlence to 
 deserve our fondness. Eanibler. 
 
 2. Suspicious fear or appreliension. Clarendon. 
 
 3. Suspicious caution or vigilance ; an earnest con- 
 cern or solicitude for the welfare or honor of ethers. 
 Such was Paul's ^oi\y jealousy for the Cc-;ii:th;an.s. 
 
 4. Indignation. Gotl's jealousy signifies his con- 
 cern for liis own cliaracter and government, with a 
 holy indignation against those who violate his laws, 
 ami offend against his majesty. Ps. Ixxi.x. 
 
 JE.\N, (jane,) 71. A twilled cotton cloth. Satin jean 
 is woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of 
 satin. 
 
 Je.'vRS, 71. pi. In sea-language, an assemblage of 
 tackles, by which the lower yards of a ship are 
 hoisted or lowered. Hoisting is called swaying, and 
 lowering is called strildng. This word is sometimes 
 written Jeers or Geaks. [See Gear.] Mir. Viet. 
 
 jK.\'l',n. A fossil of a fine black color. [Obs.] [See 
 Jet.] . Ml. 
 
 JEER, !•. I. [G. se.heren, to rail at, to jeer, to shear, to 
 sh:ive, I), seheeren, Dan. skierer, Sw, skdra, Gr. Knp(o, 
 without a prefix. These all seem to be of one family. 
 Class Gr. The priniury sense is probably to rub, or 
 to cut by rubbing ; and we use rub in a like sense ; 
 a dry rub, is a keen, cutting, sarcastic remark.] 
 
 To utter severe, sarcastic reflections ; to scolf; to 
 deriile ; to flout ; to make a mock of; as, to j>cr at 
 tuii^ in sport. Herbert. 
 
 JEF.Il, V. t. To treat witli scoffs or derision. Howell. 
 
 JEEU, 7t. Railing language; scoff; taunt; biting 
 jest ; flout ; jibe ; mockery ; derision ; ridicule with 
 scorn. 
 
 Midas, enprwc-d to all their jeers. 
 
 Had lu»t art, and kept hia cars. Stc\ft. 
 JEER'f;!), Railed at; derided. 
 JEER'ER, H. A scoffer: a raikr ; ascorner; a mocker. 
 JEl'.lt'lNG, ppr. Scofling; mocking; deriding. 
 JEElt'INt;, n. Derision. 
 
 JEER'IN(;-LY, With raillery; scornfully; con- 
 
 leinptiuitisly ; ill mockery. Verham. 
 Ji;i:i(91. SiejEAiis. 
 
 JEF'FER SON ITK, n. A variety of augite of a dark 
 
 ulive-grrcn color passing into brown. Dana. 
 JEG'GE'l', 71. A kind of sausage. [Au( tn iwr.] 
 
 JSinsworOi. 
 
 JE-Ho'VAFI, 71. The Scripture name of the Supreme 
 Beiiii, Heb. nin\ If, as is supposed, this name is 
 from the Hebrew substantive verb, the word denotes 
 the Peumanent Being, as the primary sense of the 
 substantive verb, in all languages, is, to be fixed, to 
 stantl, to remain or abide. 1'his is a name peculiarly 
 appropriate to the eternal Spirit, the unchangeable 
 God, who describes himself thus: I am that I am. 
 Et. iii. 
 
 JE-Ho'VIST, 71. Among critics, one who maintains 
 that the vowel-points annexed tn the word Jehovah, 
 in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of the word, and 
 express the true pronunciation. The Jchuvists are 
 opposed to the JidonieU, who hold that the points 
 annexed to the word Jehovah are the vowels of the 
 word J^donal. Encyc. 
 
 JE-JuNE', a. [h. jrjunns, empty, dry.] 
 
 1. Wanting; empty ; vacant. Bacon. 
 
 2. Hungry ; not saturated. 
 
 3. Dry; barren; wanting interesting matter; as, 
 a. jejune narrative 
 
 JE-JONE'LY, adv. In a jejune, barren manner. 
 
 Baxter. 
 
 JE-JuNE'NESS, 77. Poverty ; barrenness ; particu- 
 larly, want of interesting matter ; a deficiency of 
 matter that can engage the attention and gratify the 
 mind ; as, the jejuncytcss of style or narrative. [Je- 
 JUNITY is not used.] 
 
 JEL'LI-£D, (jel'lid,) a. [See Jelly and Gelly.] 
 Brought to tile consistence of jelly. 
 
 JEL'LY, 77. [Sp. ja/ca, from L. gelo, to congeal. See 
 Gellv.] 
 
 1. The inspissated juice of fniit, boiled with sugar. 
 
 2. Something viscous or glutinous; something of 
 the consistency of jelly ; a transparent, sizy substance, 
 obtained from animal substances by decoction. 
 
 JEL'LY-BAG, 71. A bag through which jelly is dis- 
 tilled. 
 
 JE.M'I-D.\R, 71. A native officer in the Anglo-Indian 
 army having tlie rank of lieutenant. Buchanan. 
 
 JEM'.MI-NESS, 71. Spruceness. [Vulgar.] Smart. 
 
 JEM'MY, (!. Spruce. [Vulgar.] Smart. 
 
 JE'NiTE, 71. A ditferent orthography of Yenite, 
 which see. 
 
 JEN'NET, 71. A small Spanish horse, properly 
 Genet. 
 
 JEN'NET-ING, 71. [Said to be corrupted from jiinpatinir, 
 an apple ripe in June, or at St. Jean.] A species of 
 early apple. Jfortiincr, 
 
 JEN'NY, 7!. A machine for spinning, moved by water 
 or steam, and used in manufactories. 
 
 JENT'LING, 71. A fish, the blue cimb, found in the 
 Danube. 
 
 JEOF'AIL, (jef 'fail,) 71. [Fr. j'ai/ut7/;, I have failed.] 
 An oversight in pleading or other proceeding at 
 law ; or the acknowledgment of a mistake. 
 
 Btackstojte. 
 
 JEOP'ARD, (jep'ard,) v. t. [See Jeopahdy.] To 
 hazard ; to put in danger ; to expose to loss or injury. 
 Zebulon and Naphuali were a people tU.il jeoparded their lives to 
 the death in tlie high places ol the field. — Judges x. 
 
 JEOP'ARD-ED, (jep'ard-ed,) pp. Put in danger. 
 JEOP'ARD-ER, (jep'ard-er,) 71. One who puts to 
 hazard. 
 
 JEOP'ARD-ING, (jep'ard-ing,) ;)pr. Hazarding; put- 
 ting in danger. 
 
 JEOP'ARD-iZE, (jep'ard-Ize,) v. t. To expose to loss 
 or injury ; to jeopard. 
 
 [This is a modern word, rarely used in England, 
 butoftener in America. It is synonymous with Jeoi-- 
 ARo, and therefore useless.] 
 
 JEOP'ARD-OUS, (jep'ard-us,) a. Exposed to dan- 
 ger ; perilous ; hazardous. 
 
 JEOP'ARD-OUS-LY, (jep'ard-us-ly,) adv. With risk 
 or danirer. 
 
 JEOP'ARI)-Y,(jep'ard-y,)7i. [The origin of this word 
 is not settled. Some' authors suppo.se it to be Fr. 
 j'ai perdu, I have lost, or jeu perdu, a lost game. 
 Tyrwhitt supposes it to be jrii parti, an even game, or 
 game in which the chances are even. " Si nous les 
 
 • voyonsijeu parti." If we seetliem at an even game. 
 Froissarl, vol. i. c. 234. But jeopardy may be cor- 
 rupted from the G. gefalir, daiigiir, hazard ; gefajtrden, 
 to haz.ird, to jeopard. See Fare.] 
 
 Exposure to death, loss, or injury ; hazard ; dan- 
 ger ; peril. 
 
 They wcn^ filled with water, and were in jeopaniy, — Luke viti. 
 
 JEll'BO-A, 71. A small quadruped, having very short 
 fore legs, and very long hind oiu s, calli d also the 
 JiiMPiM! Mot sE. .Ml of the species nf iliat genus of 
 mammals u hicli is named Dipus, are called Jerboa 
 in English. 
 
 JE-HEEI)' or JE-RID'. See Djebbid. 
 
 JER-E-.MI'.ADE, 71. [from Jeremiah, the prophet.] 
 Lamentation ; a tiilc of grief, sorrow, or complaint. 
 
 JERK, V. t. [This is probably the Cli. Ileb. p-i>, to 
 reach, tn spit, that is, to throw out with a sudden 
 effort, Sax. hnrean, hcrca. If not, I know not its 
 origin or alliiiities. It seems to be a different orthog- 
 raphy of Yerk.] 
 
 1. 'I'o thrust out ; to Ihriist with a sudden effort ; 
 to give a sudden pull, twitch, thrust, or push ; as, to 
 jrWi one iiniler the ribs ; to jir/i one with the elbow. 
 
 PATB, FAn, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PUBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. — 
 
 630 
 
JES 
 
 JEW 
 
 JOB 
 
 2. To throw with a quick, sninrt motion ; as, to 
 jerk a stone. Wc apply this word to c.xpruss the 
 mode of tlirowing to a little distance by drawing llic 
 arm back of the bo<ly, and thrusting it forward 
 aiiainst the side or hip, which stops the arm sud- 
 denly. 
 
 JEUK, I'. (. To accost eagerly. [Acn,tn««f.1 
 
 iyniden. 
 
 JERK, 71. .\ short, sudden thrust, push, or twitch ; a 
 strikin? aRainst something with a sliort, quick motion ; 
 as, a jerk of the elbow. 
 
 Hill Jmli" f;ive him n jtrk. B. Jonton, 
 
 2. A sudden spring. 
 
 LoUlrre swim by jerk*. Greio. 
 
 JERK'ED-BKEF, (jerkt-,) n. Beef cut into thin 
 slices, and dried m the sun. Cuolcy. 
 
 JEUK'i:!), (jerkt,) pp. Twitclied ; pulled with a sud- 
 den efl'iirt. 
 
 JEUK'EU.M. One who strikes with a smart, quick blow. 
 JEltK'IN, !i. A jacket; a short coat ; a close waist- 
 coat. Shtili, South. 
 2. A kind of htiwk. Ainsmorth. 
 JEKK'I.VG, j^r. Thrusting witli a jerk. 
 JElk'SEV, H. [from the island so called.] 
 
 1. Kine yarn of wool. Johnson. 
 
 2. The finest of wool separated from the rest j 
 combed wool. Bailey. Kncye. 
 
 J1M{0'SA-I,E.M XR'TI-CUOKE, n. [In this name 
 the word Jerusalem is a mi re corruptum of the Ital- 
 ' ian Girasdlc, i. e. sunllower or turnsole.] 'I'he nanu- 
 of a plant. (Originally applied to certam species of 
 Heliotropiuin, but now to the Ileliantlius tuberosum 
 of lirazil, cultivated in Europe and the United Slates. 
 JKIl'VI-N.\, j n. [Sp. ;cria, the poison of the Vera- 
 JEll'VlN, i trum album.] 
 
 .\n alkaloid obtained from the root of Vcratrum 
 album, or while Hellebore. 
 JES,<, ». .\ short strap of leather tied round the legs 
 of a hawk, by which she is held on the fist. 
 
 Jfnnnier. 
 
 2. A ribbon that hangs down from a garland or 
 crown in falconry. F.nctjc. 
 
 JE.~i'S.\-MINE, ». The popular name of certain species 
 of Jasminum, a genus of plants. [See Jasmin.] 
 
 JES'SE, )i. .\ large brass candlestick branched into 
 many sconces, hanging down in the middle of a 
 church or choir. Coicell. 
 
 [So called as resembling the genealogical tree of 
 Jesse, of which a picture was formerly hung up in 
 churches. Smart-] 
 
 JESS'ED, (jest,) n. Having jesses on ; a term in 
 heraldry. 
 
 JEST, n. [Pp. and Port. cAi'sff, a witty saying, a jest 
 or joke ; ckistoso, gay, facetious ; allied perhaps to 
 
 Ij. freslio.] 
 
 J. .\ joke ; somclhing ludicrous uttered and meant 
 only to excite laughter. Religion should never be 
 the subject of je.st. 
 
 2. The object of laughter or sport ; a laughing- 
 stock. 
 
 Tlien let nie be yoiir;V«f ; I iles^rve it. Sliak. 
 
 In jest ; for mere sport or diversiim ; not in truth 
 and reality ; not in earnest. 
 
 Ami gWvn in cantost wlial I bf^jcil inJeiU Sliak. 
 
 3. A mask. 
 
 •1. A de<:d ; an action. [Obs.] 
 JEST, V. i. 'l"o divert or make merry by words or ac- 
 tions ; to joke. 
 
 Je$t not Willi (V ruilc man, lest thy anceston be dinjmcril. 
 
 iCcclet. 
 
 2. To utter in sport ; to say what is not true mere- 
 ly for diversion. 
 
 3. To plav a part in a mask. SAoi. 
 JEST'ED, pp'. Joked ; talked for merriment. 
 JEST'ER, n. A person given to jesting, sportive 
 
 talk, and merry pranks. 
 
 He miTiblnl lip and dowu 
 With sliallow JesUrt. Shak. 
 
 2. One given to sarcasm. 
 
 Now, as a Jc»:rr, I iiccost you. SiM/U 
 
 3. A buffoon ; a mcrry-andrcw, a person formerly 
 ret;iined by princes to make sport fur them. 
 
 JEST'PyL, a. Given to jesting ; full of jokes. 
 JEST'LNG, ppr. or a. Joking j talking for diversion or 
 merriment 
 
 JEST'ING, n. A joking ; concise wit ; wit that con- 
 sists in a trope or verbal figure, in a metaphorical 
 sense of words, or in a double sense of the same 
 word, or in similitude of sound in diflerent words. 
 
 JEST'1.\G-LY, adv. In a jocose manner ; not in 
 earnest. Herbert 
 
 JEST'ING-STOCK, n. A laughing-stock : a butt of 
 
 JLS IJ-IT, II. One of the Society of Jesus, so called, 
 founded by Ignatius lA)vola, in 1534, a society re- 
 markable for their cunning in propagating their prin- 
 ciples. Hence, 
 MT •'V'^'^J' Pefson ; an inlrigiier. 
 
 JES'U-IT-El), o. Conforming to the principles of the 
 Jesuits. - 
 
 mue. 
 
 Ji;s'lI-IT-ESS, ji. An order of nuns established on 
 the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed bv I'ope 
 Urban ill I(i30. j'/ook. 
 
 JHS-If-lT'ie, la. Pertaining to the Jesuits or 
 
 JES-U-IT'IC-AL, i their principles and arts. 
 
 2. Oesit'uing ; cuiiiiiiig; deceitful; jirevaricating. 
 
 JEIS-IT-IT'IG-AL-LY, adr. Craflily. 
 
 Ji;s'l|-IT-ISM, n. The arts, principles, and practices 
 of the Jesuits. 
 
 2. Cunning; deceit; hypocrisy; prevarication; 
 deceptive practices to effect a purpose. 
 
 JES'^-ITS'-liXRK, n. Peruvian bark; the bark of 
 certain species of (cinchona, trees of Peru. 
 
 JET, n. [U. 1,'it ; I''r. jayct : h. n-difafM.] 
 
 A mineral ; a varii ly of lignite, of a very compart 
 texture, and velvet-black color, susceptible of a good 
 polish, and glossy in its fracture, which is conchoidal 
 or undulating. It is found, not in strata or continued 
 masses, but in unconnected heaps. It is wrought 
 into toys, buttons, mourning jewels, &c. Dana. 
 
 JET, n. [I'r. jf(. It. irrt(o, a cast; probably from L. 
 jaclus, wlience Ft.jettcr, It. ffcttare, to throw.] 
 
 1. A spout, spouting, or shooting of water; a jet 
 d^eav. 
 
 2. A yard. Tusser. 
 
 3. Drift ; scope. [JVot in vse, or local.]^ 
 
 JET, i". 1. [.See the noun.] To shoot lorward ; to 
 shoot out ; to project ; to jut ; to intrude. Shak. 
 
 2. To strut ; to throw or toss the body in haughti- 
 ness. Shak. 
 
 3. To jerk ; to jolt ; to be shaken. Wi.ieman. 
 \ThL^ orthorrraphy is rarely used. See Jut.] 
 
 JET'-BLACK, a. Of the deepest black, the color of 
 jet. 
 
 JKT-D'K^U', (zhS-do',) [Fr., a throw of water.] A 
 
 spnut for delivering water. 
 JET'SA.M, ) 
 
 JET'SO.N, } n. [Fr. K«fr, to throw.] 
 
 JET'TI-SO.\, ) 
 
 In tatp and commerce, properly, the throwing of 
 goods overboard in order to lighten a ship in a tem- 
 pest for her preservation. The words may, however, 
 lie used for the goods thus thrown away, or adverb- 
 ially. 
 
 Jetsam is where gooils arc cast into the sea, and there sink and 
 remain nnilor water ; _/fo/*07n is u liere they continue swim- 
 niilif : tigan is wliere they are sunk in the sea, bill lied to a 
 corl( or buoy. Park, Blackslone. 
 
 JET'TEAU, (jet'to,) ii. [Fr. jet d'eau.] 
 
 A throw or spout of w ater. Jlddison. 
 JET'TEE, H. A projection in a building. 
 JET'TER, 71. A spruce fellow ; one who struts. 
 J ET'TY, V. i. To jut. 
 
 JET'TY, 71. A small pier ; also, a projection into a riv- 
 er for narrowing it and raising llie water above. 
 
 JET'TY, a. Made of jet, or lil.ick as jet. Prior. Pope. 
 
 JET'TY-HEAU, (-lied,) n. The projecting part of a 
 wharf; the front of a w'harf wliose side forms one 
 of the cheeks of a dock. Mar. Did. 
 
 JKW-DE-MOTS', (zhu'de-mo',) [Fr.] A play upon 
 words ; a pun. 
 
 JF.U'-D'RS-PRIT', (zhu'de-sprcc',) [Fr.] A witti- 
 cism ; a play of wit. 
 
 JEW, (jii,) H. [A contraction of Jiit/tts or yiiJaA.] A 
 Hebrew or Israelite. 
 
 JEWEL, (ju'el,) H. [It. ^iuifl, joy, mirth, a jewel; prioicl- 
 /o, a jewel ; FT.joyan; Sp. joy«, joi/r/ ; G. juwet ; I). 
 juweel. It is from the root of joy. Low L. jocalc. 
 Class Cg.] 
 
 1. An ornament of dress in which the precious stones 
 form a principal part. 
 
 2. A precious stone. Shak. 
 
 3. A name expressive of fondness. A mother 
 calls her child her jewel. 
 
 JEWEL, r. t. To dress or adorn with jewels. 
 
 B. .hnson. 
 
 JEWEI--IIOUSE, ) n. The place where the royal 
 
 JEWEI^-OF-FICE, j ornaments are reposited. Shak. 
 
 JEWEL-LIKE, a. Brilliant as a jewel. Shak. 
 
 JEWEL-fTD, pp. or n. Set or adorned with jewels. 
 
 JEWEIj-ER, n. One who makes or deals in jew- 
 els and other omainenls. 
 
 JEWEL-I.\G, p/jr. Adorning with jewels. 
 
 JEWEL-UY, II. Jewels in general. 
 
 JEWESS, II. A Hebrew woman. Acts xkW. 
 
 JEWISH, a. Pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews. 
 ■PiL I. 
 
 JEWISII-LY, adv. In the manner of the Jews. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 JEWISII-NESS, 71. The rites of the Jews. .l/«r(in. 
 JEWRY, 71. Jiidea; also a district inhabited by 
 Jews, whence the name of a street in London. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 JEU'S'-E.\R, 71. The popubtr name of a species of 
 Fungus, the Peziza auricula, bearing some resem- 
 blance to the human ear. ./oAiisuii. Lee. 
 
 JE\V?-FRA.\K-I.N'CE.\SE, 71. A plant, a species of 
 Styrax. 
 
 JEU'S'-HARP, n. [Jew and htirp.] An instrument 
 of music shaped like a harp, which, placed betwet^n 
 the teeth, and by means of a spring struck by the 
 finger, gives a sounil which is modulated by the 
 breath into sofl melody. It is called also Jews- 
 
 TBfMP. 
 
 JE\VSS'-.M.\L'Lo\V', 71. A plant, a species of Cor- 
 JKWS'-MTCII, 11. Asplialtmn, which see. [chorus. 
 Jl'V.'E-UEL, It. An impudent, daring, vicious wmnan. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 JIB, 71. The foremost sail of a ship, being a large, tri- 
 angular stay-sail extended from the outer end of the 
 jib-boom toward the fore-topmast-head. In sloops, it 
 is on the bowsprit, and extends toward the lower 
 mast-head. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 JIB'-BOOM, 71. A spar which is run tint from the ex- 
 tremity of the bowsprit, and which serves as a coiitin- 
 iiutiiin of it. Beyond this is sometimes extended the 
 Jlijinif-Jib-boom. 
 
 JIll'-Doolt, (-dore,) ii. A door which stands flush with 
 the Willi, without dressing or moldings. Francis. 
 
 JIIU;, r, t. To shift a booin-sail from one side of a 
 vessel to the other. 
 
 JIB' /CD, (jilid,) pp. Shifted from one side to the other, 
 as a boom-sail. 
 
 JIli'LNt;, ;>/ir. Shifting from one side to the other, as 
 a btiniii-sail. 
 
 JI-BOY'.V, 71. An American serpent of the largest 
 kind. 
 
 JICK'A-JOG, 71. [,V cant word, from JO"'.] A shake, 
 
 a push. B. Jon.<on. 
 
 JIF'FY, 71. A moment. Jlolloway. 
 JIG, 71. [It. fiV'i; i'r. rria-iie. See Gic] 
 
 1. A Kind of light dance, or a tune or air. 
 
 2. .\ kind of farce in rhyme, with dancing, after a 
 ]ilay was finished. B. Jonson. 
 
 Jlc;, i'. 1. To dance a jig. 
 
 JIG'GER, 71. In sea-lnniruar^e, a machine consistingof 
 a rope about five feet long, with a block at one end 
 and a sheave at the other, used to hold on the cable 
 w hen it is heaved into the ship, by the revolution of 
 the windlass. Jl/ur. Diet. 
 
 2. A troublesome insect. [See Checks.] 
 
 JIG'(;iSII, 71. Suitable to a jig. 
 
 JIG'GLI.Vti, a. Dancing. [.Vo( authorized in good 
 
 i/.sr.l .Mrs. Farror, 
 
 JIG'-JIaK-ER, 71. One who makes or plays jigs. Sliak. 
 
 2. A ballad-maker. Dckker. 
 JIG'-PL\, ». A pin used by miners to hold the turn- 
 beams, and prevent them from turning. Cyc. 
 JILL, 71. .A young woman, in contempt. [See GiLi..] 
 JILL'-FLIRT, II. A light, wanton woman. 
 
 Quardian, 
 
 JILT, 71. [Of uncertain etymology.] A woman who 
 gives her lover hopes and capriciou-.Iy disappoints 
 him ; a woman who tri.'les with her lover. Olteay. 
 2. A name of contempt for a woman. Pope. 
 
 JILT, e. (. To encourage a lover and then frustrate 
 his hopes ; to trick in love ; to give hopes to a lover 
 and then reject him. Drydrn. 
 
 JILT, I', i. To play the jilt ; to practice deci ption in 
 love and discard lovers. Con^reec. 
 
 JILT'EI), pp. Cheated or tricked in love. 
 
 J1LT'1.\(J, ppr. Plaving the jilt ; tricking in love. 
 
 JlM'AIERiS, n. Jointed hinges. [Obs.] Bailey. 
 
 JIMP, o. Neat; handsome; elegant of shape. [See 
 
 GlMl-.l 
 
 JL\-GAL.L', 71. In India, a light gun mounted on a 
 
 carriage easily borne by two men. 
 JIN"GLE, (jing'gl,) V. i. [Q.U. Ch. and Syr. Jr, NJr, a 
 
 little bell ; or Persian 
 
 (iJoj zank, a 
 
 little brass ball 
 
 or bell. It may be allied to jangle.] 
 
 To sound with a fine, sharp rattle ; to clink ; as, 
 jingling chains or bells. 
 JI.N"GLE, v. t. To cause to give a sharp sound, as a 
 little bell, or as pieces of metal. 
 
 The bi'lls b\irjin^ted, and the whisUe bli vv. Pope. 
 JIN"GLE, 71. A rattling or clinking sound, as of little 
 bells or pieces of metal. 
 
 2. A little bell or rattle. 
 
 3. Correspondence of sound in rhymes. Dryden. 
 JI.\"GLf;D, pp. Caused to give a siiarp sound, as a 
 
 bell, or as pieces of metal. 
 JI.\"GLING, ppr. or a. Giving a sharp, fine, rattling 
 
 sound, as a little boll, or as pieces of meUil. 
 J1.N"GLING, n. .\ sharp, fine, rattling sound, as of 
 JIP'PO, 71. [Fr. jupe.] [little bells. 
 
 .\ waistciuit or kind of .stays for females. 
 JOB, 71. [Of unknown origin, but perhaps allied to. 
 
 chop, primarily to strike or drive.] 
 
 1. A piece of work ; any thing to be done, whether 
 of more or less importance. The carpenter or mason 
 undertakes to biiilil a house by the job. 'J'he erec- 
 tion of Westminster Bridge was a heavy job ; and it 
 was a great job to erect Central Wharf, in Boston. 
 The mechanic has many small jobs on hand. 
 
 2. A lucrative busini>ss; an undertaking with a 
 view to profit. 
 
 No cheek is known to blush, nor heart 10 throb, 
 
 Save wh'-n ihey lose a ijuestiun or a job. Pop*. 
 
 3. A sudden stab with a pointed instrument. 
 [This seems to be nearly the original sense.] 
 To do Uie job for one; to kill him. 
 
 JOB, r. (. To strike or stab with a sharp instmment. 
 
 V F^'trange. | 
 2. To drive in a sh.irp-pointed instrument. 
 
 .Vdj^in. 1 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, tJXITE. — A.V'GER, Vr'CIOfS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 «31 
 
JOG 
 
 JOI 
 
 JOL 
 
 JOB, r. i. T . deal in llie public stocks ; to buy and 
 sell, as a broker. 
 
 The jiKl^e shallyoi, the bishop bite the town, 
 
 And niiglily dukes p.ick cards for h;Ut" a crown. Pope. 
 
 IO-Ba'TION, 71. A scolding; a long, tedious reproof. 
 
 [Vulgar.] Orose. 
 JOB'liER, ?i. One who does small jobs. 
 
 2. A dealer in tbe public stocks or funds ; usually 
 called a 1?tock-jobber. Swift. 
 
 3. One who engages in a low, lucrative affair. 
 
 4. A meri'bnut w ho purchases goods from im- 
 porters and sells to rt trul.-rs. 
 
 J0U'BER-\O\VL, n. [.<aid to be from Flemish joblie, 
 dull, and Sax. hnul, head or top.] 
 A loggerhead ; a blockhead. (".9 low word.] 
 
 HufJibra.T. 
 
 JOB'BIN'G, 7!. The practice of taking jobs for profit. 
 2. The practice of purchasing from importers and 
 
 selling to retailers. 
 JOIi'BIXG, ;i/)r. Stabbing with a pointed instrument. 
 JoB'S'-TkAUS, n. A grass-like plant of the genus 
 
 Coix, with shining, pearly fruit, resembling falling 
 
 tears. 
 
 JO'CAN'T-RY, 71. [L. jocans.] 
 
 The art or practice of jesting. [JVof ijt good ivse.] 
 
 More. 
 
 JOCK'EY, 71. [Said to be from Jockey, a diminutive 
 of Jack, John ; primarily, a boy that rides horses.] 
 
 1. A man that rides horses in a*ace. Addison. 
 
 2. A dealer in horses; one who makes it his busi- 
 ness to buy and sell horses for gain. Hence, 
 
 3. .\ cheat ; one who deceives or takes undue ad- 
 vantage in trade. 
 
 JOCK'EY, 1'. r. To play the jockey; to cheat; to 
 
 trick ; to deceive in (raile. 
 
 2. To jostle liv ruling against one. .Johnson. 
 JOCK'EY-£l), (jok'ul,) p;7. Cheated; tricked in 
 
 trade. 
 
 JOCK'EY-ING, ppr. Playing the jockey; cheating; 
 
 deceiving in trade. 
 JOCK'EV-IS.M, 11. Practice of jockeys. 
 JOCK'EY-SHIP, 71. I'iie art or practice of riding 
 
 horses. Cowper. 
 JO-€oSE', a. [L. jocosiis, from jocus, a joke.] 
 
 1. Given to jokes and jesting ; merry ; waggish ; 
 useiZ of persons. 
 
 2. Containing a joke ; sportive; merry; as, jocose 
 or comical airs. Watts. 
 
 JO-€oSE'LY, adc. In j^est ; for sport or game ; wag- 
 gishly. Broome. 
 
 JO-eoSE'NESS, 71. The quality of being jocose ; 
 waggery : merriment. [Jocosity is not used.] 
 
 JO-eO-SE'RI-OU.?, a. Partaking of mirth and seri- 
 ousness. Green. 
 
 JOCH-LAR, c. [L. jncularh, from jocus, a joke.] 
 
 1. Jocose ; wagu'ish ; merry; given to jesting ; 
 used of persons. 
 
 2. Containing jokes; sportive; not serious; as, a 
 jocular expression or st\ le. 
 
 JOe-i;-LAR'I-TY, 71. Merriment ; jesting. Brown. 
 JOC U-LAR-LY, adv. In jest ; for sport or mirth. 
 
 Bp. Laviagton. 
 JOe'lf-LAR-Y, a. Jocular. [A'at in use.] 
 
 Ash. Bacon. 
 
 JOe'U-LA-TOR, n. [L.] A jester; a droll; a min- 
 
 streh Strult. 
 JOC'IT-LA-TO-RY, a. Droll ; merrily said. 
 JOe'ITND, a. [L. jocundus, from jocus, a joke.] 
 Merry ; gay ; aiiy ; lively ; sportive. 
 
 Rural sporu and ^ocunti slrains. Prior. 
 JO rUND'I-TY, ( 71. State of being merry ; gay- 
 JOC'IJXD-NES.'S, S etv. 
 J()€'IJi\D-LY, aiZe. Merrily; gayly. 
 JOG, ti. (. \Q,vi. W. gogi, to shake, or D. schohken, to 
 jolt or shake, which seems to be the Fr. choquer. 
 Eng. shock, shake.] 
 
 'J'o push or shake with the elbow or hand ; to give 
 notice or excite attention by a slight push. 
 
 .Sudden I jogscd Ulysses. Pope. 
 JOG, V. i. To move by jogs or small shocks, like 
 those of a slow trot. 
 
 So hnn" his (h'sliny, never to rot, 
 
 While hi: might Bli'll Jo^ on, and keep his Irot. Milton. 
 
 2. To walk or travel idly, heavily, or slowly. 
 
 Thus Uiey jog on, still irickin*, never dirivinjj. Oryden. 
 JOG, 71. A push ; a slight shake ; a shake or push in- 
 tended to givi; notice or awaken attention. When 
 your friend f;ills asleep at church, give him ajo«. 
 2. A rub ; a small stop ; obslriictiim. Glavville. 
 JOG'-TROT, n. A slow, regular pace. [CuUo(/uial.] 
 
 Orose. 
 
 JOG'OKD, (Jogd,) pp. Pushed or shaken slightly. 
 JOG'GER, n. One who walks or moves heavily and 
 idowly. 
 
 2. f)ne who gives a sudden push. 
 
 SO(;'(',\Sii, ppr. Pushing slightly ; mnving by jogs. 
 
 JOG'GI.N't;, n. A slight jiush or shake. 
 
 JOG'GI.E, r. t. [from (nn-.l To shake sliehtly ; to 
 give a sudden but slight push. 
 
 JO(;'Gl,/;i>, (j<'K'Rl'l-) /'/'• Slightly shaken. 
 
 J()(;'(;i,f;l), a. Matched by Herraturcs no as to pre- 
 vent sliding. 
 
 JOG'GLING, ppr. Shaking slightly. 
 
 JO-HAN'NKS, 71. [John Latinized.] A Portuguese 
 gold coin of the value of eight dollars ; contracted 
 often into joe ; as a joe, or half-jee. It is named 
 from the figure of King John, which it bears. 
 
 JOHN'AP-PLE, (jon'ap-pl,) n. A sort of apple, good 
 for spring use, when other fruit is spent. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 JOHN BULL, 71. The well known collective name of 
 the English nation, first used in Arbuthiiot's satire. 
 The History ofJolin Bull, usually published in Swift's 
 works. Brande. 
 
 JOHN Do'RY, 71. [Corrupted from Fr. jaune dorie, 
 golden yellow.] A sea-fish of a golden-yellow color, 
 and grotesque lorm, the Zeus Faber of Liniiteus. 
 
 Encyc. Dom. Ec. 
 
 JOHN'NY e.AKE, 71. [Clu. journey cake.] A cake 
 made of the meal of maize or Indian corn, mixed 
 with water, ami baked on the hearth. America. 
 
 JOHN'SON-IS.M, 71. A peculiar word or manner of 
 Johnson. JV. Ann. Reg. 
 
 JOHNS'-WORT. See St. Johns-Wort. 
 
 JOIN, V. t. [Fr. joindre; It. giuo-nerei from L. jungo, 
 jungere ; jungo for jugo ,■ Sp. and Port, juntar, 
 to join; L. juguni; Eng. yoke; Gr. i^im and 
 ^£1)) us, a yoke, and a pair; ^vyoa, to yoke;^cvy- 
 
 wiii, to join; Ch. J"t ; Syr. Ar. 
 
 lawm, to join, to couple, to marrj', to pair; Eth. 
 
 mi log, a pair, as in Arabic. It signifies also, 
 in Syriac,"to rage, to cry out ; showing that the pri- 
 mary sense is, to strain, to stretch, to extend, pre- 
 cisely as in .^Tiflii.] 
 
 1. To set or bring one thing in contiguity with an- 
 other. 
 
 Woe to Ihein that join house to house, that Lay field to iield. — 
 
 2. To couple ; to connect ; to combine ; as, to _;'oi7i 
 ideas. Locke. 
 
 3. To unite in league or marriage. 
 
 Now Jehoshaphat had riches and honor in abundance, an<l 
 
 joined alhnily with Ahab. — 2 Ch. xviii. 
 What God hath Joined lo2;cther, let not man put asuuder. — 
 
 Malt. xix. 
 
 4. To associate. 
 
 Go near and join thyself to Uiis chariot. — Acts viii. 
 
 5. To unite in any act. 
 
 Thy tuneful voice with numbers /otn. Dryden. 
 C. To unite in concord. 
 
 But that ye be perfectly joined tosfether ui the same mind, and 
 in tiie same Judgment. — I Cor. i. 
 
 The phrase to join battle is probably elliptical, for 
 join in battle ; or it is borrowed from the Latin com- 
 viittcre pncLinm, to send ttigether the battle. 
 
 In general, join signifies to unite two entire things 
 without a breach or intermixture, by contact or con- 
 tiguity, eitlier temporary or permanent. It diflers 
 from Connect, which signifies properly, to unite by 
 an intermediate substance. But join, unite, and ctiii- 
 neet are often used synonymously. 
 JOIN, 71. I. To grow to ; to adhere. The place where, 
 two bones of the body joiii, is called a joint or articu- 
 lation. 
 
 a. To be contiguous, close, or in contact; as, 
 when two houses join. 
 
 3. To unite with in marriage, league, confederacy, 
 partnership, or society. Russia and Au.stria joined in 
 opposition to Bonaparte's ambitious views. Men 
 join in great undertakings, and in companies for 
 tr.ade or manufacture. They join in entertainments 
 and amusements. They join in benevolent associa- 
 tions. It is often followed by ici(/i. 
 
 Any other may join loith him that is injured^ and assist him in 
 rt'COVering satisfaction. Locke. 
 
 Should we again break thy commandments, :^m\ Join in allinity 
 with the peoi»Ie of those abominations f — Kzra ix. 
 
 JOIN'DER, 71. A joining; as, a joinder in demurrer. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 J0IN'/;D, pp. Added ; united ; set or fastened to- 
 gether; associated; confederated. 
 
 JOIN'l'.R, 71. One whose occupation is to construct 
 things by joining pieces of wood ; but appropriately 
 and usually, a mechanic who doi^s the wood work in 
 the covering and finishing of buildings. This is the 
 true and originalsen.se of the word in Great Britain 
 and in New England. This person is called in New 
 York a carpenter. [See Carpenter.] 
 
 JOIN'ER-Y, 71. The art of fitting and joining pieces 
 of timber in the construction of utensils or jiarts of a 
 building, so ns to form one entire piece. 
 2. The work of a joiner. Burke. 
 
 JOIN'-IIANI), 71. Writing in which letters are joinr d 
 ill words ; as distinguished from writing in single 
 lelters. Addison. 
 
 JOI.N'I.Nt;, ppr. Adding; making ctnitignous ; unit- 
 ing ; cnnfeileratiiig. 
 
 JOIN'l',7i. ( Fr. j(iiH( ; Sp. jiinfn, jiinfuia," It. f iiindirn ; 
 Ij.junrtura. See Join.] 
 
 1. The joining of two or more things. 
 
 2. In anatomy, the joining of two or more bones ; 
 
 an articulation ; as the elbow, the knee, or the 
 knuckle. 
 
 3. A knot ; the union of two parts of a plant ; or 
 the space between two joints ; an internode ; as, the 
 joint of a cane, or of a stalk of maize. 
 
 4. A hinge ; a juncture of parts which admits of 
 motion. 
 
 5. The place where two pieces of timber are 
 united. 
 
 6. In joinery, straight lines are called a joint, when 
 two pieces of wood are planed. Mozon. 
 
 7. One of the limbs of an nnimal cut up by the 
 butcher. 
 
 Old of joint; luxated; dislocated; as when tbe 
 head of a bone is displaced from its socket. Hence, 
 figuratively, in disorder or confusion. 
 JOINT, a. Shared by two or more ; as, joint pro|i- 
 erty. 
 
 2. United in the same profession ; having .an in- 
 terest in the same thing ; as, a joi«(-heir or heiress. 
 
 3. United ; combined ; acting in concert ; as, a 
 joint force ; joint efforts ; joint vigor. 
 
 J6INT, V. t. To form with joints or articulations ; 
 used mostly in the participle ; as, the fingers ure jointed; 
 a cane has a jointed stalk. 
 
 2. To form many parts into one ; as, jointed wood 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. To cut or divide into joints or quarters. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 4. To straighten and smooth the edges of boards 
 which are to be joined, so that they may unite 
 closely. 
 
 JOI.VT'ED, pp. or a. Formed with articulations, as 
 tile stem of a plant. 
 2. Separated into joints or quarters. 
 
 JOIN T'ED-LY, adr. By joints. Smith. 
 
 JOINT'EH, H. Tlie longest plane used by a joiner in 
 smoothing the surface of boards or straightening the 
 edge (i( those which are to he joined. Owdt. 
 
 JOINT'-HEIR, (-are,) 7i. [joint and heir.] An heir 
 having a joint interest with another. Rom. viii. 
 
 JOINT'ING, 71. The making of a joint. 
 
 JOINT'LY, adv. Together; unitedly; in concert; 
 with cooperation. 
 
 2. With union of interest ; as, to be jointly con- 
 cerned in a voyage. 
 
 JOINT'RESS, 71. A woman who has a jointure. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 JOINT'-STOCK, 71. Stock held in company. 
 
 JOINT-STOCK-eOM'PA-NY, n. A company for 
 carrying on any business, having the stock or capi- 
 tal divided into shares which are transferable by each 
 owner without the consent of tbe other partners. 
 The holders of the stock are not, in most cases, lia- 
 ble in their individual capacity lor tlie debts of the 
 company. Brande. Encyc. Am. 
 
 JOIN'l''.STOOL, 71. A stool consisting of parts in- 
 serted in each other. South. 
 
 JOINT-TEN'AN-CY, 7i. [joint and tenant.] A ten- 
 ure of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and 
 possession. Blackstone. 
 
 JOLNT-TEN'ANT, n. [joint and tenant.] One who 
 holds an estate by joint-tenancy.' 
 
 JOINT'ITRE, 71. [Fr.] An estate in lands or tene- 
 ments, settled on a woman in consideration of mar- 
 riage, and which she is to enjoy after her husband's 
 decease. Blackstonc 
 
 JOINT'tiRE, V. t. To settle a jointure upon. 
 
 Cowley. 
 
 JOINT'IJR-ED, pp. Endowed with a jointure. 
 J0INT'1;R-ING, ppr. Endowing with a jointure. 
 JOIST, 71. [Scot, gcist or gest. du. Fr. gesir, to 
 lie.] 
 
 A small piece of timber, such as is framed into the 
 girders and summers of a building to sujipoit a floor. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 JOIST, V. t. To fit in joists ; to lay joists. 
 JOIST'ED, p/i. Fitted in joists. 
 JOIST'INU, ppr. Laying joi.sts. 
 
 JoKE, 71. [L. jociij; Dan. giek, a joke; giekker, to 
 joke ; Sw. gacka, to ridicule ; G. srAatci-ii.] 
 
 1. A jest ; something said for the sake of exciting 
 a laugh ; .something witty or sportive; raillery. A 
 jealous person will rarely bear njoke. 
 
 2. .\n illusion ; something not real, or to no pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Inclose whole downs in walls, 'tis all a jote / Pope. 
 A practical joke, is a trick played on a person, some- 
 times to the injury or annoyance of his IkkIv. 
 
 In joke; in jest; for the sake of raising a laugh; 
 not in earn<!st. 
 JoKE. 7'. i. [L.jorOT-.] 
 
 'i'6 jest ; to be merr>' in words or actions. 
 JOKE, V. t. To rally ; to cast jokes at ; to make 
 merry with. 
 
 JCiK'KD, (ji)kt,) 71/1. Jesteil ; rallied ; made merry 
 with. 
 
 Jt'iK'ER, 71. A jester ; a merry fellow. Dennis. 
 
 JfiK'INt;, ;<;ir. or a. Jesting; making merry with. 
 
 jriK'LNti-LV, In a joking way. 
 
 JOLE, 71. I Sometimes svritten Jowl. Sax. ceole, the 
 Jaw or cheek ; Ir. ginl. Uu. Arm. ehagell, con- 
 tracted.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PtNE, MARtNE, BIRD —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 
 
 632 
 
JOU 
 
 JOY 
 
 JUD 
 
 1. The cheek ; used in (he plirase cheek hy jole, 
 that is, with the cheeks togutlier close. Driiden. 
 
 2. The head of a lish. Pupe. 
 JOm or JOr.L, V. t. To strike the head against aitV 
 
 thing ; to clash with violence. [JVut twf J. J SUak. 
 JOL-LI-Ft-eATIO.V, n. Noisy festivity and incrj-i- 
 nient. [A low word used sometimes in Kngland and 
 AmcricaT] 
 
 JOL'M-LV, adv. [See Jolly.] Witli noisy mirth ; 
 
 with a disposition to noisy mirth. Dryden. 
 JOL'LI-iMENT, Ti. Alirth ; merriment. [Obs.] 
 
 Spfnser, 
 
 JOr/r.t-NESS, ) n. [from jothj.l Noisy mirth ; gay- 
 JOL'LI-TY, j ety ; merriment ; festivity. 
 
 All was now tiinipd to jzlliiy and piini'*. Milton, 
 
 2. Elevation of spirit; gayety. 
 
 He, with It proiut JoWih/, coniinanilcd him to leave that innmrlfor 
 liiin who w;u only worthy to enter into it. ifitJrtetj. 
 
 [This word, in America, is not now applied to re- 
 spectable company.] 
 JOL'L.Y,o. [Fr.jo^t, pretty ; It. ^iiJiiio, joyful, merry. 
 Qu. Sax. ffeoUi, geliol, a feast, the yule, or feast of the 
 nativity.] 
 
 1. Merry j gay ; lively ; full of life and mirth ; jo- 
 vial. It expresses more life and noise than Chker- 
 ri'L i as, a jo//i/ troop of huntsmen. Sliak. 
 
 [It is seldom applied, in colloquial usage, to re- 
 spectable company. We rarely say of respectable 
 persons, they are jolly. It is applied to the young 
 and the vulgar.] 
 
 2. Expressing mirth or inspiring it. 
 
 Ami with hia Jolly pipe deli^hta the crnjves. Prior. 
 The coachman ia swi-Ued into joHy dimen&ioni by rrL'qu.-nl pota- 
 tions ot niitit liquors. Irving. 
 
 3. Exciting mirth and gayety; as,jully May. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. Plump, like one in high health ; pretty. South. 
 JOL'LY-BOAT, ;i. A small boat belonging to a ship. 
 
 [,\ sailor's corruption for yawl-buat. See Sw. julle, a 
 yawl.] 
 
 JOl/r, I!. I. To shake with short, abrupt risings and 
 fallings, as a carriage moving on rough grouiuJ. The 
 carriage jolts. 
 
 JOIjT, t:. (. To sliake with sudilcn jerks, as in a car- 
 riage on rough grounil, or on a hi:;li trotting horse ; 
 as, the horse or carriage jolts the rider. 
 
 JOLT, n. A shock or shake by a sudden jerk, as in a 
 carriage. Sicifl. 
 
 JOLT'ED, pp. Shaken with sudden jerks. 
 
 JOLT'ER, n. He or that which jolts. 
 
 JOLT'HEAD, (-hed,) n. A great-head; a dunce; a 
 blockhead. Shak. 
 
 JOLT'INGl, ppr. or a. Giving sudden jerks or shakes. 
 
 JOLT'ING-LY, ailr. In a jolting manner. 
 
 JON'QUIL, n. [Fr. jonijuUle ; It. giunchigUa, g-iunco ; 
 L. juncu,<, a rush, and It. giglio, n lily. It is some- 
 times called the Rush-leafed Daffodil.] 
 
 A plant of the genus .Narcissus, bearing beautiful 
 flowers of various colors, yellow and white. 
 
 Enci^c. 
 
 JOR'DEN, n. A vessel for chamber uses. Swift, 
 
 J(5'RAM,)n. A colloquial name, in many parts of 
 
 JO'RUM, \ Rnglnnd, for a large drinking vesitel, and 
 also for its contents, viz., nut-brown ale, toast, with 
 sugar and spice. Forby. 
 
 JO'SEPH, n. A woman's riding dress, formerly much 
 in use. Grose. 
 
 JO'SO, n. A small fish of the gudgeon kind. 
 
 JOSS'-STICK, n. A name given to small reeds, cov- 
 ered with the dust of odoriferous woods, which the 
 Chinese burn before their idols. JUalcom. 
 
 JOS'TLE, (jos'l,) r. 1. [Vr.jouter, for joiuitrr; lu gios- 
 trare ; &p.jus'ar. Written, also, Jl'4tle.] 
 To run against and shake ; to pti^h, 
 
 JOS'TLED, (jos'ld,) ;■;». Run against; pushed. We 
 say, a thing is jostled out of its place. 
 
 JOS'TLING, ppr. Running against ; pushing. 
 
 JOS'TLING, n. A running against ; a crowding. 
 
 JOT, n. [Gr. iwra, Ch. Hcb. yod, Syr. yudA, the name 
 of the letter ^ or i.] ^ 
 
 An iota ; a point ; a tittle ; the least quantity assign- 
 able. 
 
 Till heaven and earth pats, one Jot or one little shall In no wi*o 
 p&as from liic law ull all snail be rtiirilled. — MatL r. 
 
 A man may rmd much, and acquire not a Jot of knowled^, or 
 be a jot the wiser. Anon. 
 
 JOT, V. U To set down ; to make a memorandum of. 
 
 H'alter Scott. 
 
 JOT'TING, lu A memorandum. Todd. 
 
 JOT'TING, ppr. .Making a memorandum of. 
 
 JOU'lS-SAXCE, (ju'is-sans,) rt. [Fr.] Jollity; mer- 
 riment.^ [Aot in iwc] Spenser. 
 
 JOUNCE, B. L To jolt ; to shake, as rough riders are 
 apt to do. It is the same as Jauxce, bv a common 
 change of diphthongs. [" .«pur-gnlled and tired by 
 jouncing." BoUngbroke. Shak. Forby.] Used as a 
 noun for jolt or shake. 
 
 JOi;P, r. (. To shake ; to dash. Orose. 
 
 JOUR'NAL, (jur'nal,) n. [Pr. journal ; It. (riomale, 
 from giomo, a day ; Corn, jama ; W. diurnod : L. 
 dturnum. This was originally an adjective, signify- 
 ing daUy, as in Spenser and Shakspeare ; but the ad- 
 jective IS obsolete.] 
 
 1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and 
 events ; or the book containing such account. 
 
 2. Among inercliants, a botik in which every par- 
 ticular article or charge is fairly entered from the 
 waste-book or blotter. 
 
 'J. In navigation, a daily register of the ship's 
 course and distance, the winds, weather, and other 
 occurrences. 
 
 4. A pa|>er published daily, or other newspaper ; 
 also, the title of a book or pamphlet publisluul at 
 stated times, containing an account of inventions, 
 discoveries, and improvements, in arts and sciences j 
 as, the Journal de Savans ; the .Journal of Science. 
 
 JOl'K'NAL-IS.M, (jur'nal-izm,) n. The keeping of a 
 journal. Carlisle. 
 2. The management of public journals. 
 
 JOUR'NAL-I.ST, (jur'niU-ist,) k. 'J'he writer of a 
 journal or diary. 
 
 2. The ctmductor of a public journal. 
 
 JOUK'N.\L-lZE, (jur'nal-I/.e,) n. (. To enter in a 
 journal an account of daily transactions. 
 
 JOUR'.\AL-IZ-i'U, (jur'nal-Izd,) pp. Entered in a 
 journal. 
 
 JOUR'N Aly-IZ-ING, ppr. Entering in a journal. 
 
 JOCK'.NEY, (jur'ny,) ii. [Vt. joarnec, a day or day's 
 work ; It. jriornala, a day ; Sp. jornada, a journey, 
 or travel ofa day ; It. giorno, a day, from L. diurnus, 
 dies.\ 
 
 1. Orin-iiirt/Zy, the travel of a d.iy. [0'«.] Milton. 
 
 2. Travel by land to any distance and for any time, 
 indefinitely ; as, a journey frotn London to Paris, or 
 to Rome ; n journey to visit a brother ; a week's jour- 
 neij ; we made two journeys to I'hilailt Iphia. 
 
 3. Passage from one place to another ; as, a long 
 journey from the upper regions. Burnet. 
 
 4. It may sometimes include n p.assing by water. 
 JOIJR'NEY, (jur'ny,) v. i. To travel from place to 
 
 place ; to pass from home to a distance. 
 
 Abraham journeyed, guin^ on still toward the south. — Gen. xii. 
 
 JOUR'NEY-EU, (jur'ny-er,) n. One who journeys. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 JOUR'NEY-ING, (jur'ny-ing,) ppr. Traveling; pass- 
 ing from place to placi;. 
 
 JOLTK'NEY-I.NG, n. A traveling or passing from one 
 pl.ace to another ; as, the journeyings of the children 
 of Israel. 
 
 JOUR'NEY-MAN, n. [journey and man.] Strictly, a 
 man hired to work by the d.iy, but in fact, any me- 
 chanic who is hired to work for another in his em- 
 ployment, whether by the month, year, or other term. 
 
 It is applied only to mechanics in tlieir own occu- 
 pations. 
 
 JOUR'NEY-WORK, (jur'ny-wurk,) n. Work done 
 for hire by a mechanic in his proper occupation. 
 [This word is never applied to farming.] 
 JOUST. See Just. 
 
 Jo VE, 71. [L. Jovis, gen. of Jupiter, Gr. Zlvs.] 
 
 1. The name of the Supreme Deity among the 
 Romans. 
 
 2. Tile planet Jupiter. 
 
 Or ask of yoniler ar^'-nt fields above 
 
 Why Jove'M satellites are less tlian Joitt. Pope. 
 
 3. The air or atmosphere, or the god of the air. 
 And Jove descends in showers of kindly rain. Dryden. 
 
 4. In alchemy, tin. B. Silliman, Jr. 
 JO'VI-.\L, a. [from Jbre, supra.] Under the influence 
 
 of Jupiter, the planet. 
 
 Tlio fixed stars nstrolo^ically difTcirneed by the planets, and 
 eateem'-d .Marti.d or Jooial acconlin^ to the colors whereby 
 they answer lliour planets. Brown. 
 
 2. In atchemv.a term applied to preparations of tin. 
 JO'VI-AL, a. [Fr. and Sp. id. ; It. gioviale; probably 
 from the root of giovane, young, or from, that of joy. 
 If it is from Jove, it must be from the sense of airy, 
 or fresh.] 
 
 1. Gay ; merry ; airy ; joyous ; jolly ; as, a jovial 
 youth ; a jovial throng. 
 
 2. Expressive of mirth and hilarity. 
 
 His o<les are some of tliem panegyrical, others moral, the rest 
 
 are_/ODia^ or txicchaii.dian. Dryden. 
 
 JO'VI-AL-IST, II. One who lives a jovial life. Halt. 
 
 JO'VI-AL-LY, arfn. Merrily; gavly ; with noisy mirth. 
 
 JO'VI-.AL-NESS, n. Noisy mirth ; gayety. 
 
 JO'VI-AL-TY, n. Merriment. 
 
 JOWL. n. The cheek. [See Jole.] 
 
 JOWL'ER, n. The name of a hunting-dog, beagle, or 
 other dog. Dryden. 
 
 JOW'TER, II. One who carries fish around the coun- 
 try, on horseback, for sale. It probably means Jolt- 
 r.R. [Obs.'j ■ jish. 
 
 JOY, 71. [Ir. joiV; It. gioia; Arm. joa, contracted; 
 G. jauehzen, to shout ; 1). juichm, to rejoice ; Sp. go- 
 10 ; Port. id. This word belongs to the Class Cg, and 
 its radical sense is, probably, to shout, or to leap, or 
 to play or spurt, and allied perhaps to jo** and juggle. 
 Qll. L. gaudium.] 
 
 I. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisi- 
 tion or expectation of good ; that excitement of 
 plea-surable feelings which is caused by success, 
 good fortune, the gratification of desire or some good 
 possessed, or by a rational prospect of possessing 
 
 what we love or desire ; gladness ; exultation ; ei- 
 hilaration of spirits. 
 
 Joy is a delight of tlie mind, from the consJtleraUon of the pn»- 
 ent or assun'd appruachui^ posaesatun a food. LockM. 
 
 Peace, 
 
 hr\nie heaveidy balm (o heal my country's wounds, 
 
 Joy to my soul, and iranspurt to my luy. D. Humphrey. 
 
 2. Goyety ; mirth ; festivity. 
 
 The roofs with Joy resound. DrydMn. 
 
 3. Happiness ; felicity. 
 
 Her heavenly form behelil, all wished her^oy. DryUn. 
 
 4. A glorious and triumphant state. 
 
 Who, for the loy tjiat was s<'t Ufore him, endured the crosa. — 
 lleb. lii. 
 
 6. The cause of joy or happiness. 
 
 I-'or ye are our glory and ^oy. — I Thess. B. 
 6. A term of ftmdness ; the cause of joy. 
 JOY, r. i. To,rejoice ; to be glad ; to exult. 
 
 I will Joy in the God of my Klivation, — Hab. lil. 
 
 JOY, V. t. To give joy to ; to congratulate ; to enter- 
 tain kindly. 
 
 2. To gladden ; to exhilarate. 
 
 My soul was Joyed in vain. Poju. 
 
 3. [Fr. jouir.] To enjoy ; to have or possess 
 with plensure, or to have pleiasure in the possession 
 of. [Little used.] [See Enjov.] Milton. Drydm. 
 
 JOY'ANCE, 71. [Old Fr. joiant.] Gayety ; festivity. 
 
 [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 JOY'A,"!), pp. Gladdened ; enjoyed. 
 JOY'FJJL, a. Full of joy ; very glad ; exulting. 
 My soul shall be Joy/ut in my God. — Is. xli. 
 Rarely, it has of before the cause of joy. 
 
 Sad for their loss, but joyful o/our life. Pope. 
 
 JOY'FIJL-LY, adv. With joy ; gladly. 
 
 Never did men mure Joyfully ob*'y. Drydtn. 
 
 JOY'FJJL-NESS, 71. Great gladness; joy. Lieut, 
 xxviii. 
 
 JOY'ING, ppr. Gladdening ; giving joy to. 
 JOY'-IN-SPIR'ING, a. Inspiring joy. Bowring. 
 JOY'LESS, a. Destitute of joy ; wanting joy. 
 
 With downcast eyes the Joylttt victor s-al. Drydtn. 
 Rarely followed bj' (if; as, joyless of the grove. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 2. Giving no joy or pleasure. 
 
 A Joytege, dismal, black, and sorrowful issue. Shak, 
 
 JOY'LESg-LV, adv. Without joy. Milton. 
 JOY'LESS-NESS,7i. State of being joyless. Donnt. 
 JOY'OUS, a. [Fr. joyeux.] 
 
 I. Glad ; gay ; merry ; joyful. 
 
 JoyouM the birds : fresh rales and ffeuUe a 
 VViiisperol it. 
 
 Afillon 
 
 Spenter. 
 
 Drydtn 
 
 2. Giving joy. 
 
 They, all as glad as birds ot JoyouM prime. 
 It has of before the cause of joy. 
 
 And Joyoue o/our conquest early won. 
 
 JOY'OU.S-LY, adv. With joy or gl.adness. 
 JOY'OUS-NEi^S, 71. The state of being joyous. 
 JUB, 71. A bottle or vessel. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 JO'BI-LANT, a. [h. juhilans. See Jubilee.! 
 
 Uttering songs of triumph ; rejoicing ; snouting 
 with joy. 
 
 While the bright pomp ascended Jubilant. Milton. 
 
 JU-BI-LX'TE,7i. [L.] The third Sunday atter East- 
 er ; so called because the church service, in early 
 times, beg.an, on that day, with the words of the GCth 
 Psalm, "Jubilate Deo," &c. Brande. 
 
 JU-BI-La'TIO.N, n. [Fr., from L. jubilalio. See 
 Jubilee.] 
 The .act of declaring triumph. 
 
 JO'Bl-LEE, 71. [Fr. jubili ; L. jubilum, from jubilo, 
 to shout for joy ; Sp. jnbileo ; It. giubbileo ; Heb. 
 or Si3i'>, the blast of a trumpet, coinciding with Eng. 
 bawl, peal, L. pello.] 
 
 1. Among the Jews, every fiftieth year, being the 
 year following the revolution of seven weeks of 
 years, at which time all the slaves were liberated, 
 and all lands, which had been alienated during the 
 whole period, reverted to their former owners. This 
 was a time of great rejoicing. Hence, 
 
 2. A season of great public joy and festivity. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at 
 Rome, in which the pope grants plenary indulgence 
 to sinners, or to as many as visit tiie churches of Sl 
 Peter and St. Paul at Rome. Encyc 
 
 JU-eU.\D'I-TY, n, [L. jucunditas, from juoundus, 
 sweet, pleasant.] 
 Pleasantness ; agrceableness. [Little used,] 
 
 Brorm, 
 
 JU-DA'ie, ) 
 JU-DA'ie-AL, j' 
 JU-DA'ie-AL-LY, adv. After the Jewish manner. 
 
 MiUoH. 
 
 JO'D.\-ISM, n. [Fr. judaisme, from Judah, whence 
 Jew.] 
 
 1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews, as 
 
 Pertaining to the Jews. Milner. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH; TH as In THIS. 
 
 80 
 
 633 
 
JUD 
 
 JUD 
 
 JUL 
 
 I 
 
 enjoined in the laws of Moses. Judaism was a tem- 
 porary dispensation. 
 2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies. 
 
 Enctjc. 
 
 JU-DA-I-Za'TION, n. A conforming to tlie Jewisli 
 reli-rion or ritual. Southeij 
 
 JU'D.^-IZE, r. i. [Fr. judaiser, from Jiidah.] 
 
 To conform to tlie religious doctrines and rites of 
 the Jews. 
 
 Tlify — prevailed on the Galatiana to jttdaize so far as to ob- 
 eervc the rites of Moaes in various instaiia-s. IvIUtict. 
 
 JO'D.A-iZ-ER, n. One who conforms to the religion 
 of the Jews. . MachnitfJit. 
 
 JC'D.\-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. Conforming to the doctrines 
 anti rites of the Jews. 
 
 JO'D.XS-TUEE, n. A leguminous flowering tree, of the 
 genus Cercis, common in the East. On one of these 
 Jmlas is said to have hung himself. 
 
 JIJD'DOCK, n. A sm.all snipe, called also Jack- 
 snipe. 
 
 JUDCE, 71. [Fr. ju<re; Pp. jwez ; Port, jiiiz ; It. 
 uilice; L. juder, supposed to be conipt)Unded of jtw, 
 law or right, and dico, to pronounce. " Hinc judex, 
 quod jus dicat accepta potestate." Vai^o.] 
 
 1. A civil officer \\'ho is invested with authority to 
 hear and determine causes, civil or criminal, between 
 parties, according to his cumiuission ; as, the jiidtrcg 
 of the Ring's Hench, or of the Comuion Pleas ; judges 
 of the Supreme Court, of District Courts, orof a Coun- 
 ty Court. The jiulge of a Court of Equity is called a 
 chanceUinr, 
 
 'J The Supreme Being. 
 
 Sli 11 not the Judge of all t!ie earth do right ? — Gen. xviii. 
 
 ;i. One who presides in a court of judicature. 
 
 -1. One who has skill to decide on the merits of a 
 question, or on the value of any thing ; one who can 
 discern truth and propriety. 
 
 A man wlio is no judge of law may be a food judge uf poetry 
 or eloquence, ur of the inrrits of a painting. Dryden. 
 
 5. In the hUtory of Israel, a chief magistrate, with 
 civil and military pnwtM's. The Israelites were gov- 
 erned by judges more than three hundred years, and 
 the history of their transactions is called the Book of 
 Judges. 
 
 JUDCE, V. i. [FT.jugcr; L. judico ; It. giudicare ; 
 Sp. jiizgur.] 
 
 1. To compare facts or ideas, and perceive their 
 agreement or disagreement, anil thus to distinguisli 
 truth from falsehood. 
 
 Judge not according to the appearance. — Jolin vii. 
 
 2. To form an opinion ; to bring tt^ issue the rea- 
 soning i r deliberations of the mind. 
 
 If I did not know the oi^^inals, 1 should not be able to Judge, 
 by the copies, which was Virgil and which Ovid. Dryd£n. 
 
 3. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial ; 
 to pass sentence. He was present on the bench, but 
 could not judge in the case. 
 
 The hitrd judge between thee and me. — Gen. xvi, 
 
 4. To discern ; to distinguish ; to consider accu- 
 rately for the purpose of forming an opinion or con- 
 clusion. 
 
 Judge in yourselves : is it comely that a woman pray to God 
 luicovered ? — 1 Cor. xi. 
 
 JUDGE, r. t. To hear and determine a case ; to ex- 
 amine and decide. 
 
 Chaos shall judge the strife. A/if/on. 
 
 2. To try ; to examine and pass sentence on. 
 
 Take ye him and judge him acording to yovir law. — John xviii. 
 GiHl shall judge die righti ous and the wicked. — Kcdes. iii. 
 
 3. Rightly to understand and discern. 
 
 He tliat is Bpirilual judgeth all things. — I Cor. ii, 
 
 4. To censure rashly ; to pass severe sentence. 
 
 Judge not, that ye lie iwl judged, — Matt. vii. 
 
 5. To esteem ; to think ; to reckon. 
 
 If ye hAVe judged ine to be faithful to the Lord. — Acts xvL 
 
 6. To rule or govern. 
 
 The Lord »UaI\ judge his people. — lieb. x. 
 
 7. To doom to punishment ; to punish. 
 
 I will^i(//^e llii-e acconling to thy ways. — Elek. viL 
 
 JUD6E-AD'Vf)-0ATE, n. A person appointed to act 
 as iiuhlic prosecutor in courts-martial. 
 
 IVnii'FA), pp. Heard and determined ; tried judicial- 
 ly ; 81'ntenced ; ct'nsuri il ; doomed. 
 
 JUDCER, n. One who jiidgi s or passes sentence. 
 
 JUDGE'.'^Hn', (jiij'ship,) «. The olhce of a judge. 
 
 JUDO'ING, ;<;>r. Hearing and determining; forming 
 an opinion ; dooming. 
 
 JUD6'.ME.\T, „. ( I-r. jugrwct.] 
 
 1. The act of Jiiilgiug ; the at t or process of thi: 
 mind in comparing its ideas, to find their agreement 
 or diHagreenient, anil to ascertain truth ; or the 
 proceiiH of examining facts and argiimenis, to iiscer- 
 tain propriety and justice ; or the process of exam- 
 ining the relations between (Uie proposititui ;tnd an- 
 other, fjijckr. I'.ncijc. .Iohn.sim. 
 
 2. The faculty of the mind liy which iiiuii is en- 
 abled t" compare iih-as, and aMi i'rt.'iin the relations 
 of terms and pro|xi«UionH ; us, a man of clear judg- 
 
 ment, or sound judgment. The judgment may be bi- 
 ased by prejudice. Judgment supiilies the want of 
 certain knowledge. 
 
 3. The determination of the mind, formed from 
 comparing the relations of ideas, or the comparison 
 of facts and arguments. In the formation of our 
 judgments, we should be careful to weigh and com- 
 pare all the facts connected with the subject. 
 
 4. In law, the sentence or doiun pronounced in any 
 cause, civil or criminal, by the judge or court by 
 which it is tried. Judgment may be rerdered on de- 
 imirrer, on a verdict, on a confession or default, or 
 tm a nonsuit. Judgment, thtiugh (tronotmced by the 
 judge (»r cottrt, is pro|)erly the determination or sen- 
 tence of the law. A pardon may be pleaded in ar- 
 rt!st of judgment. 
 
 5. 'J'iie right or power of passing sentence. SItak. 
 
 6. Determination j decision. 
 
 Let r>":vson govern us in the formation of out judgment of things 
 projxtsed to our inquiry. Anon. 
 
 7. Opinion; notion. 
 
 She, in niy judgment, was as fair as yon. Shale. 
 
 8. In Scripture, the spirit of wisdom and prudence, 
 enabling a perst)n to disctrn right and wrtuig, got)tl and 
 evil. 
 
 Give the king thy judgments, O God. — Ps. Ixxii. 
 
 9. A remarkable punishment ; an e.\traordinary 
 calamity indicted by Goil on sinners. 
 
 Juxlgmenls are prepared for ccorners. — Prov. xix. Is. xxvi. 
 
 10. The spiritual government of the world. 
 
 The Father hath comniitt'-'d all judgment to the Son, — John v. 
 
 11. The righteous statutes and commandments of 
 God are called his judgments. Ps. cxix. 
 
 12. The doctrines of tiie gospel, or God's word. 
 Jl/ii«. xii. 
 
 13. Justice and equity. Luke xi. Is. i. 
 
 14. The decrees and purposes of God concerning 
 nations. Rom. xi. 
 
 15. A court or tribunal. Matt. V. 
 
 16. Coiitroveisie.sJ or decisions of controversies. 
 1 Cur. vi. 
 
 17. The gospel, or kingdom of grace. Matt. xii. 
 
 18. Till! fiiiiil trial of the human race, when God 
 will decide the fate of every individual, and award 
 sentence accortliiig to justice. 
 
 For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every 
 secret Uiing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. — 
 Eccles. xii. 
 
 Judgment of God. Formerly, this term was applied 
 
 to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arms 
 
 and single combat, by ordeal, or hot plowshares, &lc. ; 
 
 it being imagined that God would work miracles to 
 
 vindicate innocence. 
 JUDG'.MEN'T-DaY, n. Tile last day, or day when 
 
 final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects 
 
 of (iod's moral government. 
 JUDG'MENT-HAEL, ji. The hall where courts are 
 
 held. 
 
 JUDG'MENT-SeAT, n. The seat or bench on which 
 judges sit in court. 
 2. A court ; a tribunal. 
 
 W^e shall all sund before Ihe JudgTnent-eeat of Christ. — Rom. 
 
 JO'DI-CA-BLE, a. That may be tried and judged. 
 JO'DI-CA-TIVE, a. Having jiovver to judge. 
 
 Hamtnond. 
 
 JO'Dl-eA-TO-RY, a. Dispensing justice. 
 JO'DI-CA-TO-RY, 71. [L. judicalorium.] 
 
 1. A court of justice ; a tribunal. .9llrrliury. 
 
 2. Distribution fif justice. Clurcnduu. 
 JO'DI-eA-TtlRE, 71. [Fr.] The power of ilistribu- 
 
 ting justice by legal trial and determination. A 
 court of judicature is a court invested with powers to 
 administer justice between man and man. 
 2. A ctmrt of justice ; a judicatttry. Stnifh. 
 JU-DI"CI,\L, (ju-dish'al,) a. Pertaining to courts of 
 justice ; as, judicial power. 
 
 2. Practiced in the distribution of justice; as, ju- 
 dicial proceedings. 
 
 3. Proceeding from a court of ju.stice ; as, a ju- 
 dicial determination. 
 
 4. Issued by a court under its seal ; as, a judicial 
 writ. 
 
 ."). Inflicted, as n penalty or in judgment ; as, ju- 
 dicial hardness of hetirt; a judicial punishment. 
 JU-DT'CIAL-LY, adv. In the forms of legal justice ; 
 as, a sentence judicially declareil. 
 
 2. liy way of penally or judgment ; as, to bo ju- 
 dicialhj punislu^d. 
 JU-DI"(,y .\-R Y, (ju-dish'a-re,) a. [Fi. juiiciairc ; Vi. 
 judiciari us.] 
 
 1. Passing judgment or sentence. Boyle. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the courts of judicature, ur legal 
 tribuiKil-i. 
 
 JU-D1"(;IA RY, 71. That branch of governmiuit which 
 is comM-rnetl in the trial ami detennination of ctmtro- 
 versies between parties, and of criminal prosecutions ; 
 the system of courts of justice in a government. An 
 independi^nt judiciary is the firmest bulwark of free- 
 ilom. United SttUes. 
 
 JU-DI"CIOUS, (ju (lish'u3,)a. [Fr. judicicux i lU giii^ 
 I dicio-io.] 
 
 1. According to sotiiid judgment ; wise; prudent; 
 rational ; adapted to obtain a good end by tlie best 
 means ; used of things. Nothing is m-ire important 
 
 • to success in ihe world than a judicious application 
 of time, unless it may be a judicious expenditure of 
 money. 
 
 2. .'\cting according to sound judgment ; possess- 
 ing sound judgment ; wise ; directed by reason and 
 wisdom ; used of persons i as, a judicious magistrate; 
 a judicious historian. 
 
 JU-Dl"CIOU.S-LY, adv. With good judgment; with' 
 discretion or wisdom ; skillfully. 
 
 Loiiginos has juiliciously preferred the sublime genius that 
 sometimes errs, to the tiiiddling or indiHerent one, w bicli 
 makes few faults, but seldom rises to excellent'. Drylen. 
 
 JU-DI"CIOUS-NESS, 71. Thf quality of acting or be 
 ing according to sound judgment. 
 
 JUG, 71. [Junius mentions the Danish jugge, an urn, 
 or water-pot.] 
 
 A vessel, usually earthen, with a swelling belly 
 and narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying 
 liijuors. Swift. 
 
 JUG, V. i. To utter a sound resembling this word, as 
 certain birds do, especially the nightingale. 
 
 Jti'GS-TED, a. Coupled together. 
 
 JUG'GLE, V. i. [D. guichelen or guochelen ; G. gaukeln ; 
 It. giocolare ,• Dan. gtigler, to juggle ; gickker, to joke ; 
 Sw. gdck, a jester ; gdcka, to mock, to make sport ; 
 L. jocular, to jest, from jocus, a joke ; jocor, to joke, 
 which coincides with the Pp. and Port, juo-ar, to play, 
 to sport ; Fr.jouer, contracted. It is certain that Joi^ 
 and jocular, and probable that jo?/, are from the same 
 root as juggle ; perhaps Ch. Tin hukk, or chuk, to 
 laugh, to piay,-to sport. Class Gk, No. 18.] 
 
 1. To play tricks by sleight of hand ; to amuse and 
 make sport by tricks, which make a false show of 
 extraortiinary powers. 
 
 2. To practice artifice or imposture. 
 
 Be these juggling liends no more believed. Sliak. 
 
 JUG'GLE, 71. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. 
 
 Is't possible die spells of France should _;«^^;e 
 
 Men into sucli strange mockeries ? Shak. 
 
 JUG'GLE, 71. A trick by legerdemain. ^ 
 
 2. -An imposture ; a deception. Tillotson. 
 JUG'GLER, 71. juglar i Fr. jongleur; It. giocola- 
 
 tore ; D. guichelwr.] 
 
 1. One who practices or exhibits tricks by sleight of 
 hand ; one who makes sport by tricks of extraordi- 
 nary dexterity, by which the spectator is deceived. 
 Jugglers are punishable by law. 
 
 2. .\ clieat ; a deceiver ; a trickish fellow. Shak. 
 JUG'GLER-Y, 71. Legerdemain. 
 
 JUG'GLING, ppr. or a. Playing tricks by sleight of 
 
 hand ; deceiving. 
 JUG'GLING, 71. The art or practice of e.xhibiting 
 
 tricks of legerdemain. Hence, 
 2. Trickery ; deceit. 
 JUG'GLING-LY, adv. In a deceptive manner. 
 JC'GU-L.\R, a. [L, jugulum, the neck, either from 
 
 jugunt, a yoke, or from its radical sense, to extend, 
 
 tt) join. Pee Join.] 
 Pertaining to the neck or throat ; as, the jugular 
 
 vein. 
 
 JO'GU-L.\R, 71. A large vein of the neck. 
 
 JU'GU-L-\TE, t. [L. jagulo.] 
 
 To kill. Hall. 
 
 Ju'GU-La-TED, pp. Killeil ; destroyed. 
 
 JU'GU-La-TIN(;, ;i/ir. Kiliing; destroying. 
 
 JuICE, (jiise,) H. [I). /iii/s; Fr. jii.v. The regular or- 
 thography is JlJsE.] 
 
 The Slip of vegetables ; the fluid part of animal 
 substances. Knci/c. 
 
 JO ICE, c.^. To moisten. [Oljs.] Fuller. 
 
 Jl'IC'/OD, (just,) pp. .Moistened. 
 
 JCICE'LES.'^, (ja.se'less,) a. Destitute of juice ; dry ; 
 
 without moisture. More. 
 JOl'CI-NEPP, (ju'se-ness,) ii. The st.ate of abounding 
 
 with juice ; succulence in plants. 
 Jl'^IC'ING, ppr. Moistqiiing. 
 
 JOl'CY, tiu'sy,) a. Abounding with juice; moist; 
 
 succulent. ' Bacon. 
 JOIPU, n. [L. jus.] 
 
 Judgment ; justice. [Obs.] o }^ Ooincr. 
 
 JO'JUliE, 71. [L. ziiyphum; Pcrs.^jjyj-^ lizafon.] 
 
 The name of a plant and of its fruit, which is 
 pulpy, aiiil resembles a small plum. The plant is 
 Zi/yphus .|ujub:i, a native of the East Indies. The 
 fruit w as fiirnn ily iisi il in pi ctortd decoctions, but it 
 is no" in litlle r«'piiI;ition. F.ncyc. Miller. 
 
 The term Jejuni:, or Jiui'iiu P.\stk, is now ap- 
 plied to an expectorant niatle of gum arable, sweet- 
 ened. 
 
 JCKE, ». 1. [Fr. j«r/»cr.] 
 
 To perch (Ui something; to bend the head and toss 
 it back, a.s in acts of civility. [J\rut used.] Smart. 
 S ' » 
 
 JO'LEP, 71. [Ar. i.^'^^s^ julahon ; PersI id. ; Ft. ju- 
 lep ; It. giulehho.] 
 In pharmacy, a medicine composed of some proper 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, ROOK.— 
 
JUN 
 
 JUP 
 
 JUS 
 
 liquor and a v-iip of suRnr, of estempnmiipoiis prp|>- 
 aration, serving as a vcliicle to othur fDvnis of medi- 
 cine, h'.ncyc. (^itincy. 
 
 JOL'IAN,o. Noting tile old account of tlie year, as 
 resulated by Johns Cesar, wliicl) continued to be 
 used in England till 17.V2, when the Gregorian year, 
 or nt:w style, was adopted. 
 
 Julian Alps, called also Carnian, betw een Venetia 
 and Noricoin. V'.^nrille. 
 Julian Ptriod. Pee Perioo. 
 
 JC'IilS. n. A small lish bc lonsins to the Wrasse fam- 
 ily, of a beantifiil violet rolor. PurliHUlon. 
 
 JCXl'S, II. [Gr. irni> <, a handful or bundle.] 
 
 1. In bolami, a catkin or ament, a species of inflo- 
 rescence consisting of scal; s, under which siauil 
 flowers arranged along a stalk, as in hazle, birch, 
 willow, &c. .Murtijn. 
 
 2. A genus of multiped insects, of the ordi r of Ap- 
 ters, of a semi-cylindrical form, with moniliforni an- 
 tennae, and two articul ited palpi. F.nctjr. 
 
 Jl'-I.Y', n. The seventh montli-of the year, during 
 which the sun enters the sign I^eo. It is so called 
 from Julius, the surname of Caius Cesar, who was 
 born in this mimth. Before that time, this month 
 was called Qniulilit, or the tilth month, according to 
 the old Roman calendar, in which March was the 
 first month of the year. 
 
 JlM.'?'-FI-0\V-Ell, II. The name of certain species 
 of plants. The dure Jutu-floiPcr is of the genus 
 Uianthus ; the qucen^.i Julii-flotrrr, of the genus Iles- 
 peris ; and the stock Jnhj-jluwcr, of the gunus C'hei- 
 ranthus. [See Gii.lv-Fi.ower.] Lee. 
 
 JO'MART, n. [Fr.] The offspring of a bull and a 
 mare. Locke. 
 
 JU.M'HLE, r. t [Chancer, jorHftrc,] To mi.v in a con- 
 fused mass ; to put or throw together without order. 
 It is often followed by to^eCter. 
 
 OiM- m.-»y oliBfrve how apt (linl is lo jumble UigeOier [WMA-rfa of 
 Scriplurt*. Locke. 
 
 JUM'BLG, V. i. To meet, nii.x, or unite in a confused 
 manner. S/cifl. 
 
 JUM'BLB, n. Confused mixture, mass, or collection, 
 without order. Swifi. 
 2. A small cake, in shape like a ring. 
 
 JUM'BL£D, ;7/i. or a. Mixed or collected in a confused 
 mass. 
 
 JU.M'BLE-MKNT, II. Confused mixture. [JVot in use.] 
 JU.M'BLER, II. One who mixes things in confusion. 
 JU.M'BLINti, ppr. Putting or mixing in a confused 
 mass. 
 
 JII.M'BLING-LY, adv. In a confused manner. 
 JO'.ME.N'T, II. [Fr., from L. junieutam, a beast.] 
 
 A beast of burden. [jVut ii.sc</.J Brown. 
 JU.MP, V. i. "[Uu. the root of It. laminUare, to spring.] 
 
 1. To leap ; to skip ; to spring. Jijiplu-d to men, it 
 signities to spring upward or forward with both feet, 
 in distinction from Ho(, which signifies to spring 
 with one foot. .\ man jumps over a ditch ; a beast 
 jumps over a fence. A iiiaii jumps ujiou a horse ; a 
 goat jumps from rock to rock. 
 
 2. I'o spring over any thing ; to pass to at a leap. 
 We f^c a litUe, pn;suiue a great ileal, aiul ko jump to the coii- 
 
 clusiou. Uptctatar. 
 
 (■" To jump the life to come," in Sliakspeare, is to 
 risk or cciiturr, as one does ill leaping suddenly. 
 
 «ic/i. Diet.] 
 
 3. To bound ; to pass from object to object ; lo jolt. 
 The Doisc of tirt muling of the \vh''»'lj», ami of the prAiichig 
 
 hont-'s, Olid of the jumping chariots. — N;ihuiii iii. 
 
 4. To agree ; to tally ; to coincide. 
 
 In Boine tort it jumpavi\\.\\ my tiiimor. Sliak. 
 [This use of the word is now vulgar, and in Amer- 
 ica, I think, is confined to the single phrase, to jump 
 in judirment.] 
 
 JUMP, e. (. To pass by a leap; to pass over eagerly 
 or hastily ; as, to jump a stream : but over is uiidef- 
 stuod. 
 
 JUMP, n. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a 
 bound. ^ 
 2. A luckv chance. Shak. 
 JUMP, n. [Fr. jiipe ; It. n-iuboa.] 
 
 A kind of loose or limber slays or waistcoat worn 
 by females. 
 
 JUMP, adv. [from the verb jump, to agree or tally.] 
 Exactly ; as, jump at the dead of night. [Olis.] 
 
 JUMP'/;i), (jumpt,) pp. Passed by a leap. [SAaJt, 
 
 JUMP'ER, n. One who jumps. 
 
 JUMP'ING, ppr. Leaping; springing; bounding. 
 
 JUMP'ING, n. The act of leaping or springing. 
 
 JUNe'.ATE, It. [It. jriuneala, cream, cheese ; Fr. 
 joHchit de crcme, a kind of cream cheese served in a 
 frail of green rushes, and for that reason so called, 
 or because made in a frail or basket of rushes ; L. 
 juncus, a rush.] 
 
 1. A cheese-cake ; a kind of sweetmeat of curds 
 and sugar. Johnson. 
 
 2. Anv kind of di-licato food. Milton. 
 
 3. .\ furtive or private entertainment. [It is now 
 written Jes»tT.] 
 
 JU.NG'OUS, a. [L. junctua or juntosus, from juneus. 
 
 Full of bulrushes. [Littie used.] 
 
 JUNCTION, 71. [Fr., from L. >iu;ti«, from junno, to 
 join.] 
 
 1. The net or operation of ji>inin<; ; as, the junction 
 of two armies or detachiiienls. 
 
 2. Union ; coalition ; combination. 
 ■1. 'I'he place or point of union. 
 
 JUNC'TIIRE, n. [L.junelura : ^p. juntura ; It. giun- 
 tura; from 1*. juniro, to join. J 
 
 1. A joining; union; amity; as, the 7'Mnffur« of 
 hearts. [Little used.] King Ctiarle.^. 
 
 2. A union of two bodies; a seam ; particulurlij, a 
 joint or articulation. Kuetic. 
 
 3. 'I'he line or point at which two bodies are joi'ni;d. 
 
 Bntjle. 
 
 A. A point of time ; particularly, a point rendi red 
 critical or important by a ciHicurrencc of circum- 
 stances. .Addison. 
 JUNE, II. [\^. juntas I Fr.juin; It. giugno; Sp. j«- 
 in'o.] 
 
 1 he sixth month of the year, when the sun enters 
 the sign Cancer. 
 
 JO.NE'A-TING, 71. A kind of early apple which ri- 
 pens in June. P. Cije. 
 
 JUN"GI,E, (jung'gl,) 71. [Hindoo.] In Ilimloslnn, 
 land mostly covered with forest-trees, brush-wood, 
 4cc., or coarse, reedy vegetation, but not wliolly nii- 
 inhabited ; sometimes equivident to Coi'NrKV, as 
 distinguished from Villages. Malcum. 
 
 JUN"GI<Y, a. Consisting of jungles ; abounding with 
 jungles. .4.<mt. Kes, 
 
 JO.N'IOR, (jiin'y<"'>) [I-"> from jupciiij.-, young ; qua- 
 si juveniur.] 
 
 1. YiMinger; not as old as another; as, n junior 
 partner in a company. It is applied to disiiiiiiiiish 
 the younger of two persons bearing llie same name 
 in one f;iinily or town, and opposed to ELuEn ; as, 
 John Doe, junior. 
 
 2. Noting the third year of the coIU-giate course in 
 American colleges, or the first year in the theological 
 seminaries. 
 
 JCN'IOR, n. A person younger than another. 
 
 The fouis, my juraort by a ycir. Hisi/t. 
 
 2. One In the third year of his collegiate course in 
 an .\mericaii college, formerly calletl Ji;nior Sophis- 
 
 TER. [See SOPHISTEH.] 
 
 Also, one in the first year of his course at a theo- 
 logical seminary. 
 JuN-IOR'l-TY, ii. The state of being junior. 
 
 Bullokar. 
 
 JU'NI-PEU, n. [Ti. juniperws ; It. ginepru ; Fr. ge- 
 nevre ; Sp. piic/;r/i.] 
 
 A tree or shrub, Jiiniperus communis, bearing fruit 
 of a bluish color, of a warm, pungent, sweet taste, 
 yielding, when fresh, by expression, a rich, sweet, 
 aromatic juice. They are useful carminatives anti 
 stomachics. The wood of the tree is of a reddish 
 color, hard and durable, and is u.sed in cabinet work 
 and veneering. The oil of juniper mixed with thai 
 of niit.s, makes an excellent varnish ; and the rt^sin 
 powdered is used under the name of /loiiiicc. This 
 oil is also used to give to gin its peculiar flavor. 
 
 F.ucye. 
 
 JUNK, 71. [L. juneus. It. giuneo. Pp. jnnco, Fr. jone, 
 a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages.] 
 
 1. Pieces of olil cable or old cord;ige, used for mak- 
 ing points, gaskets, mats, &c., and wlien untwisted 
 and picked to pieces, it forms oakum for filling the 
 seams of shi[is. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A ship used in China ; a Chinese vessel, [jfii 
 K^isteru irord.] 
 
 3. A thick piece. [See Chunk.] 
 JUNK'ET, n. [See Ji xcATE.] A sweetmeat. Shak. 
 
 2. .\ stolen entertainment. 
 JU.N'K'ET, r. i. To feast in secret ; to make an enter- 
 tainment by stealth, SwtfL 
 2. To feast. 
 
 Job'* chiUlmi junketed and fcnjted together •ften. 
 
 JO'NO, n. In mythology, the name of the Latin divin- 
 ity who presitlcd over nnirriages, and who was sup- 
 posed to protect married women. 
 
 2. In a.ttronomy, one of the small planets or aste- 
 roids which revoive round the sun between the orbits 
 of .Mars and Jupiter. Brande. 
 
 JU.N'T.\, ti, A grand ."panish council of stale. 
 
 JUN'TO, n. [Sp. iuiifa, a meeting or councd, from L. 
 junctus, joined ; It. iriuuto.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a select councilor assembly, which 
 deliberates in secret on any affair of government. 
 In a good sense, it is not used in English ; but 
 hence, 
 
 2. A cabal ; a meeting or collection of men com- 
 bined for secret deliberation and intrigue for |>arty 
 purposes ; a faction ; as, a junto of ministers. 
 
 Gulliver. 
 
 JO'Pl-TER, n. [L., the air or heavens ; Jiici.-; pnlrr.] 
 
 1. The supreme deity among the Greeks and Rt>- 
 man.s. 
 
 2. One of the •-.iperior planets, remarkable for its 
 brightness, its diameter is alxiut eighty-nine thou- 
 sand miles ; its distance from the sun, four hundred 
 and ninety millionsof miles, and its revolution round 
 the sun, a little less than twelve years. 
 
 JUP-PON', 71. [Fr. ju/)07i ; It. giubbone.] 
 
 A short, close coat. rh-ydrn. 
 JO'RAT, II. [Fr., friun L. juratus, sworn, from jura, 
 to swt!ar.] 
 
 In England, a magistrate in some corporations ; an 
 aldennan, or an assistant lo a baililf. Encye. 
 J0'R.\-TO-RY, a. [I'r. juratoire, from L. jaro, to 
 swear.] 
 
 Comprising an oath ; as, juratory caution. [LitUe 
 nsed. ] Miffe. 
 
 JVRE nr-yrjVO, TL.] By divine right. 
 
 JU-RII)'IC-.\L, a. [L, jurulicus i jus, juris, inw, And 
 dieo, lo pri louiice.J 
 
 1. .^cliIlg in the distribution of justice; pertaining 
 to a judge. 
 
 2. Used ill courts of law or tribunals of justice. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 JU-Rin'IC-AL-LY, adv. According lo forms of law, 
 or proceedings in tribunals of justice; with legal au- 
 thority. 
 
 JU-Rl.-^-eON'SUI/r, n. [\.. iuri.-<consultw); jus and 
 consultus, eonsiiln, to coiisiili.] 
 
 A man learned in the law ; a counselor .at law ; a 
 master of Roman jurisprudence, consulted on the in- 
 terpretatinii of the laws. Eneyc. 
 
 JU-RI.S-I)IC''1'I(J.\, II. [Fr., from \,. jurisdtelio ; jus, 
 juris, law, and i/iV/iw, from dim, Ui pronounce; It 
 giuridizione ; ^p. juri\dii etiine : Port, jiirisdi^am,] 
 
 1. The legal powi r or authority of doing justice 
 in cases of cuinplaiiit ; the power of executing thif 
 laws and distrihiitiiig justice. I'hiis we speak of 
 certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain 
 crimes, being within the jnrisdietwu of a court ; that 
 is, williiii the limits of their authority or coiiiiiiissi n. 
 Inferior courts have jurisdirii„n of debt and trespass, 
 or of smaller offenses ; the supreme courts have ju- 
 ruidiction of Ire.ason, murder, and other high crimes. 
 JurLidietion is secular or ecclesiastical. 
 
 2. Power of governing or legislating. The legis- 
 lature of one State can exercise no juritdictioa in an- 
 other. 
 
 3. The power or right of exercising authorily. 
 Nations claim excjiisive juri^dictnm on the sea, io 
 the extent of a marine league from the main land 
 or shore. 
 
 4. The limit within w hich power may be exer- 
 cised. 
 
 Jurisdiction, in its" mast general sense, is the power 
 to make, declare, or apply the law ; when confiiii'd 
 to f/ic judiciary department, it is what we detioiiiinate 
 the judicial power, the right of administering justice 
 through the laws, by tile means which the laws have 
 provitled for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to 
 place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. 
 
 Du Poneeau. 
 
 JU-RIS-Die'TIO.\-AL,a. Pertaining to jurisdiction ; 
 as, jitrisdietinnal rights. 
 
 JU-RtS-DIC'TI VE, a. Having jurisdiction. Milton. 
 
 JU-RIS-PRO'OE.VCE, II. [Fr.,froin L. _/uri,.jin«icii/ia ; 
 jus, law, ami prudentia, science.] 
 
 The science of law ; the knowledge of the laws, 
 customs, and rights of lU' n in a suate or community, 
 necessary fir the due administration of justice. The 
 study o( jurisprudence, no\l to that of theology, is the 
 most important and useful to men. 
 
 JU-KIS-PKP'DENT, «. Understanding law. H'esL 
 
 JU-RIS-PRU-1)EN'TI.\L, a. Pertaining to jurispru- 
 dence. Ward. 
 
 JO'lUSI', II. [Fr. juriste; It. giurista; Sp. jurista; 
 from L. jus, juris, law.] 
 
 1. A iinui who professes the science of law ; one 
 versed in the law, or more particularly, in the civil 
 law ; a civilian. Baeon. 
 
 2. One versi'd in the law of nations, or who writes 
 on the subject. 
 
 JU'ROK, II. [L. jurator ; or rather juro, to swear.] 
 One that serves on a jury ; one sworn to deliver 
 the truth on the evidence given him concerning any 
 matter in question or on trial. 
 
 JO'RV, II. [Fr. jure, sworn ; I^ juro, to swear.] 
 
 A number of freeholders, selected in the manner 
 prescribed by law, imiiaiinel' d and sworn to inquire 
 into anil try any nialti r of fact, and to decl.are the 
 truth on the evidence giv. n them in the case. Grand 
 juries consist usually of tnenly-four freeholders at 
 least, and arc snmiiifined to try matters alleged in 
 indictments. Petty jurtes, consisting usually of 
 twelve men, attend courts to try matters of fact 
 in civil causes, and to decide both the law and 
 the fact ill criminal prttsecutioiis. 'J'hc decision of 
 a petty jury is called a rerdict. 
 
 In addition to these, there are juriej of inquest, 
 which are summoned occasionally in cases of sud- 
 den or violent death, to examine into the cause. 
 
 JO'RY-.M.\.\, n. One who is impanneled on a juiy, 
 or who serves as a juror. 
 
 JC'RY-MXST, n. A mast en ctcd in a ship, to sup|ily 
 the place of one carried away in a temiiest or a» en- 
 gagement, Ilc. The most probable origin of the 
 word jury, in this com|xiund, is that proposed by 
 Thtinison, viz., fnun the Fr. jour, day, qu>asi jouri, 
 tempomrv, or fntin L. juvare, to assist 
 
 JUS GFJ/'TI-UM (-.-lie-iiiii,; [L.J Thelawofnations. 
 
 JUST, o. [Fr. jiu^e : Sp. justu : It. giustn: U j-..tus. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 635 
 
K 
 
 The primary sense is probal)ly, straight or close, from 
 tile sense of setting, erecting, or extending.] 
 X. Regular ; orderly ; due ; suitable. 
 
 When nil 
 
 The war aball stand ranged in its juet amy. Addison. 
 
 2. Exactly proportioned ; proper. 
 
 PleasetJi your lonlahip 
 To meet hia grace, ^u«I distance 'tween our armies ? Shak. 
 
 3. Full ; complete to the common standard. 
 
 He was a comely personage, a little above ^u*t stattuc. Bacon. 
 
 4. Full ; true ; a sense allied to the preceding, or 
 the same. 
 
 So that once the skirmish was like to have come to a. just battle. 
 
 KnoUes. 
 
 5. In a moral sense, upright ; honest ; having prin- 
 ciples of rectitude ; or conforming exactly to the 
 laws, and to principles of rectitude in social con- 
 duct; e(]uitable in tlie distribution of justice ; as, a 
 just judge. 
 
 6. In an evangelical sejise^ righteous ; religious ; in- 
 fluenced by a regard to the laws of God ; or living 
 in exact conformity to the divine will. 
 
 There is not a just man on earth, that doeth good, and siuneth 
 not. — Eccles. vii, 
 
 7. Conformed to rules of justice ; doing equal jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Just balances, _/U£f weights, a yu«f ephab, and a just bin shall 
 ye have. — Lev. xix. 
 
 8. Conformed to truth ; exact ; proper ; accurate ; 
 as, just thoughts ; just expressions ; jtist images or 
 representations; a jitst description ; a just inference. 
 
 9. True , founded in truth and fact ; as, a just 
 charge or accusation. 
 
 10. Innocent; blameless; without guilt. 
 
 How should man be just with God ? — Job ix. 
 
 11. Equitable ; due ; merited ; as, a just recompense 
 or reward. 
 
 Whose damnation is/usf. — Rom, liL 
 
 12. True to promises ; faithful ; as, just to one's 
 word or engagements. 
 
 13. Impartial ; allowing what is due ; giving fair 
 representation of character, merit or demerit. 
 
 JUST, adv. Close or closely ; noar or nearly in 
 place. He stood just by the speaker, and heard 
 what he said. He stood just at the entrance of the 
 city. 
 
 2. Near or nearly in time ; almost. Just at that 
 moment he arose and fled. 
 
 3. Exactly; nicely ; accurately. They remain jitst 
 of the same opinion. 
 
 'Tis with our judgments as our watches ; none 
 
 Go just alike, yet each believes bis own. Pope. 
 
 4. Merely ; barely ; exactly. 
 
 And having yujl enough, not covet more. Dryden. 
 
 5. Narrowly. He jiut escaped without injury. 
 JUST, n. [Fr. jouste, now joute ; Sp. justa; Port. id. ; 
 
 It. giostra ; probably from the root of joMe or justle. 
 The primary sense is, to thrust, to drive, to push.] 
 
 A mock encounter on horseback ; a combat for 
 sport or for exercise, in which the combatants pushed 
 with lances and swords, man to man, in mock flght; 
 a tilt ; one of the exercises at tournaments. Encyc 
 JUST, V. i. [Fi. jouter; Sp. and Port, juslar; It. gios- 
 trare.} 
 
 1. To engage in mock flght on horseback. 
 
 2. To push ; to drive ; to justle. 
 
 JDSTE MIL-IEV, (zhQst-mil-yu'.) In French poli- 
 ties, a party which claim to hold the czact middle 
 point between the old monarchical and the recent re- 
 publican principles. 
 
 JUS'TICE, n. [Fr. ; Sp. justicia ; It. giustiiia; from 
 h.justitia, from justus, just.] 
 
 1. The virtue which consists in giving to every 
 one what is his due ; practical conformity to the laws 
 and to principles of rectitude, in the dealings of men 
 with each other; honesty; integrity in commerce or 
 mutual intercourse. Justice is distributive or commu^ 
 tative. Distributive justice belongs to magistrates or 
 rulers, and consists in distributing to every man that 
 right or equity which the laws and the principle* of 
 equity require ; or in deciding controversies accord- 
 
 K 
 
 ing to the laws and to principles of equity. Commu- 
 tative justice consists in fair tlealing in trade and mu- 
 tual intercourse between man and man. 
 
 2. Impartiality ; equal distribution of right in ex- 
 pressing opinions ; fair representation of facts respect- 
 ing merit or demerit. In criticisms, narrations, histo- 
 ry, or discourse, it is a duty to do justice to every man, 
 whether friend or foe. 
 
 3. Equity ; agreeableness to right ; as, he proved 
 the justice of his claim. This should, in strictness, 
 be Justness. 
 
 4. Vindictive retribution ; merited punishment. 
 Sooner or later, ji/sttce overtakes the criminal. 
 
 5. Right ; application of equity. His arm will do 
 him justice. 
 
 6. [I,ow L. justiciarius.'\ A person commissioned 
 to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and 
 administer justice to individuals ; as, the ch\e{ jus- 
 tice of the King's Bench, or of the Common Pleas, in 
 England ; the chief justice of the Supreme Court in 
 the United States, &c. 
 
 JUS'TICE, !). t. To administer justice. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 JUS'TICE-A-BLE, a. Liable to account in a court of 
 
 justice. [JVot used.] Hayward. 
 JUS'Tl-CER, 7u An administrator of justice. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 JUS'TICE-SHIP, n. The oflice or dignity of a jus- 
 tice. Swift. 
 
 JUS-TI"CIA-BLE, a. Proper to be examined in courts 
 of justice. 
 
 JUS-TI"CIA-RY, (jus-tish'a-ry,) ) ■ ,• • i 
 
 JUS-TI"C1AR, (jus-tish'ar,) \ J"^tman,is.] 
 
 1. An administrator of justice. Burke. 
 
 2. A chief justice. Blackstone. 
 
 3. One that boasts of the justice of his own act 
 f.Vut used.] Bering. 
 
 JUST'I-Fl-.4-BLE, a. [from jititi/j/.] That may be 
 proved to be just ; that may be vindicated on princi- 
 ples of law, reason, rectitude, or propriety ; defensi- 
 ble ; vindicable. No breach of law or moral obliga- 
 tion is justifiable. The execution of a malefactor, in 
 pursuance of a sentence of court, is justifiable homi- 
 cide. 
 
 JUST'I-FI-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 justifiable ; rectitude ; possibility of being defended 
 or vindicated. King Charles. 
 
 JUST'I-Fl-A-BLY, adv. In a manner that admits of 
 vindication or justification ; rightly. 
 
 JUST-I-FI-e.\'TION, 71. [Fr., from justifier, lo justify.] 
 
 1. The act of justifying ; a showing to be just or 
 conformable to law, rectitude, or propriety ; vindica- 
 tion ; defense. The court listened to the evidence 
 and arguments in justification of the prisoner's con- 
 duct. Our disobedience to God's commands admits 
 no justification. 
 
 2. Absolution. 
 
 1 hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an 
 esa.iy of my virtue. ShaJt. 
 
 3. In law, the showing of a suflicient reason in 
 court why a defendant did what he is called to an- 
 swer. Pieas in justification must set forth some spe- 
 cial matter. 
 
 4. In theology, remission of sin, and absolution 
 from guilt and punishment ; or an act of free grace 
 by which God pardons the sinner, and accepts him 
 as righteous, on account of the atonement of Christ. 
 
 JUST-IF'I-CA-TIVE, a. Justifying; that has power 
 to justify. 
 
 JUST-I-FI-€a'TOR, n. One who justifies. ILiUle 
 used.] 
 
 JUST-lF'I-eA-TO-RY, a. Vindicatory ; defensory. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 JUST'I-FI-ER, n. One who justifies ; one who vin- 
 dicates, supports, or defends. 
 
 2. He who pardons and absolves from guilt and 
 punishment. 
 
 That he might he Just, and the justifier of him who belicveth in 
 Jcuus. — Rum. iii. 
 
 JUST'I-F?, r. t. [Fr. jiii(i;/!cr; Sf. justificar ; It. gius- 
 tificare ; L. justus, just, and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To prove or show to be just, or conformable to 
 law, right, justice, propriety, or tiuty ; tu defend or 
 
 K 
 
 maintain ; to vindicate as right. We can not justify 
 disobedience or ingratitude to our Maker. We can 
 not justify insult or incivility to our fellow-men. In- 
 temperance, levfdness, profaneness, and dueling, are 
 in no case to be justified. 
 
 2. In theology, to pardon and clear from guilt ; to nh- 
 solve or ac<iuit from guilt and merited punishment, 
 and to accept as righteous on account of the merits 
 of tlie Savior, or by the application of Christ's atone- 
 ment to the offender. St. Paul. 
 
 3. To cause another to appear comparati\'ely 
 righteous, or less guilty than one's self. Eick. xvi. 
 
 4. To judge rightly of. 
 
 Wisdom is justified by her children. — MatL xi. 
 
 5. To accept as just and treat with favor. James ii. 
 JUST'I-FV, V. i. In printing, to agree ; to suit ; to 
 
 conform exactly ; to form an even surface or true 
 line with something else. Types of different sizes 
 will not justify with each other. 
 JUST'I-Ft'-ING, ppr. Making or proving to be just. 
 2. a. In theology, that has the quality of absolv- 
 ing from guilt ; as, justifying faith. 
 JUS'TLE, (jus'l,) V. i. [See Jostle and Just.] To 
 run against; to encounter ; to strike against ; to clash. 
 The chariots shall rage in the streets ; th<'y shall justle one 
 against another in the broad ways. — Nah. ii. 
 JUS'TLE, (jus'l,) V. L To push ; to drive ; to force 
 by rushing against ; commonly followed by off or 
 out ; as, to justle a thing off the table, or out of its 
 place. 
 
 JUS'TLKD, pp. Pushed; forced by driving against. 
 JUS'TLING, 71. Shock ; the act of rushing against 
 each other. 
 
 JUST'LY, adv. [from just.] In conformity to I.iw, 
 justice, or propriety ; by right. The oflender is juslfy 
 condemned. The hero is justly rewarded, applauded, 
 or honored. 
 
 2. According to truth and facts. His character is 
 justly described. 
 
 3. Honestly ; fairly ; with integrity ; as, to do 
 justly. Mic. vi. 
 
 4. "Properly; accurately; e.xactly. 
 
 Their feet assist Uieir hands, and justly beat the ground. 
 
 Drydtn. 
 
 JUST'NESS, 71. Accuracy ; exactness ; a-t, the just- 
 ness of proportions. 
 
 2. Conformity to truth ; as, the justness of a de- 
 scription or representation. 
 
 3. Justice ; reasonableness ; equity ; as, the just- 
 ness cause or of a demand. [Justness is properly 
 applied to things, and justice to persons ; but the dis- 
 tinction is not always observed.] 
 
 JUT, i. [A different spelling of Jet.] To shoot 
 forward ; to project beyond the main body ; as, the 
 jutting part of a building. A point of land juts into 
 the sea. 
 
 JUT, 71. A shooting forward ; a projection. 
 JUT'TING, ppr. or a. Shooting out ; projecting. 
 JUT'TING-LY, <«/!). Projectingly. 
 JUT'TY, 7). 7. To jut. [JVoJ «.«(/.] Shak, 
 JUT'TY, 71. A projection in a building; also, a pier 
 or mole. 
 
 JUT'-WIN-DoW, 77. A window that projects from 
 
 the line of a building. 
 JO'VE-NAL, 71. A sportive name for a youth. Shal:. 
 JU-VE-NES'CENCE, 77. A growing young. 
 JU-VE-NES'CENT, a. Becoming young. Lamb. 
 JU'VE-NILE, a. [h. juvenilis, from juvenis, young. 
 
 Sans, yuvan.] 
 
 1. Young; youthful; as, juvenile years or age. 
 
 2. Pertaining or suited to youth ; as, jinjc7iiic sports. 
 JC'VE-NILE-NESS, ) 7i. Youthfulness ; youthful 
 JU-VE-NlL'l-TY, j age. Glonvilic. 
 
 2. Liglit and careless manner ; the manners or 
 customs of youth. Olanvillc. 
 JUX-TA-POS'lT-ED, a. [L. jiu-M, near, and posited.] 
 
 Placed near ; adjacent or contiguous. Macquer. 
 JUX-TA-PO SI"T10N, (-jio-zish'un,) n. [L. juxta, 
 near, and position.] 
 
 A placing or being pla^^ in nearness or contiguity, 
 as the parts of a substannfcor of a com|x)sition. The 
 connection of words is sumetiiucs to be ascertained 
 by juxtaposition. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kthe eleventh letter of the English alphabet, ia 
 J borrowed from the Creeks, being the same char- 
 acter a* the Greek kappa, anHWcring to the Oriental 
 kaph. It reprCHcnta a close articulation, formed by 
 prvHfiing the root of the tongue agalnnl the upper part 
 of the mouth, with a dcpresxlun of the lower Jaw 
 and op<;ning of the teeth. It Is UHunlly denominated 
 a guttural, but U more properly a palatal. Before all 
 this voweli, It haa one invariable «uund, correHpond- 
 
 Ing with that of e before a, o, and u, as in keel, ken. 
 In monosyllables, it is used after c, as in crack, check, 
 duk, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronuncia- 
 tion in the derivatives, cracAu/, c'lecked, decked, crack- 
 ing ; for without it, c, before the vuweU e and t, 
 would bo sounded like s. 
 
 Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of 
 Latin origin, as in musick, publick, rcjmblick. But in 
 inoilein practice, k is very properly omitted, being 
 
 entirely .■superfluous, and the more properly as it is 
 never written in the derivatives, viiisicul, publication, 
 republican. 
 
 K is silent before ti, ns in knmv, knife, knee. 
 
 As a nuineriil, K stands for 25U ; and with a stroke 
 over it, thus, K, for 250,(m 
 
 This character was not used by the ancient Ro- 
 ninnn, and rarely in the later ages of their empire. 
 In the place of k, they used c, as in cUno, fur ttls 
 
 FATE, PAB, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 636 
 
KEC 
 
 KEE 
 
 KEE 
 
 Greek oXivw. In the Teiilonic dialectx, this Greek 
 letli-r is sometimes represented by A. [tice H.] 
 
 KAK'FER. Sec Cafkbr. 
 
 KA-KOX'ENE. See Cacoxene. 
 
 KALE, n. [L. caulU: W. cawl.] 
 
 A kind of cabbage, having the leaves generally 
 curled or wrinkled, but not formed into a close, round 
 head. Knaic. Dom. Eton, 
 
 KALE'- YARD, n. In Scotland, a kitchen garden. 
 
 Janiieson. 
 
 KA-LEID'O-SeOPE, n. [Gr. /taAof, beautiful, ctioi, 
 form, and o-noTtw, to see.] 
 
 An instrument which, by an arranpement of re- 
 flecting surfaces, exhibits an infinite variety of beau- 
 tiful colors and symmetrical forms of its contents, 
 an invention of Dr. Brewster. 
 
 KAL'EN-DAR. See Calendar. 
 
 KAL'EN-DER, n. A sort of dervise. [See Calender.] 
 
 KA'LI, (ka'le,) n. [Ar. ^^Jl3 kali, the ashes of the 
 
 Salicornia, from ^yXj> kalai, to frj-.] 
 
 A plant, a species of Salsola, or glasswort, the 
 ashes of which are used in making glass. Hence 
 Alkali, which see. 
 KA'LIF. See Calif. 
 
 K.\L'.MI-A, n. The name of a genus of evergreen 
 shmbs, natives of North America, sometimes in- 
 correctly called laurel, ivij-bitsh, and also calico- 
 ba^h, &.C. 
 
 KA-LOY'ER. See Caloyers. 
 
 KAM.o. Crooked ; awrv. [Obs.] SftoA-. 
 
 K.\L'SO-MINE, n. A kind of pamt without oil, used 
 on the walls of rooms, ceilings, &c. 
 
 KA.M'SI.\. n. A hot southerly wind in Egypt ; the 
 simoom. 
 
 KA\, 1 n. In Persia, an officer answering to a gov- 
 
 KAIJ.\, > ernor in Europe or America. Among the 
 
 KliAN,; Tartars, a chief or prince. [See Khan.] 
 
 KAN"GA-RO()', V. A singular animal found in New 
 Holland, resembling in some respects the opossum. 
 It belongs to the genus Kangurus. It has a small 
 head, neck, and shoulders, the body increasing in 
 thickness to the rump. The fore legs are very short, 
 useless in walking, but used for digging or bringing 
 food to the mouth. The hind legs, which are long, 
 are used in moving, particularly in leaping. Encyc. 
 
 KANT'I-AN, a. Relating to the doctrines or philoso- 
 phy of Emanuel Kant, a German philosopher. 
 As a noun, a follower of Kant. 
 
 K.VNT'ISM, 71. The doctrines or theory of Kant, the 
 German metaphysician. 
 
 KANT'IST, 71. A disciple or follower of Kant. 
 
 Ka'O-LIN, n. A variety of clay used for making por- 
 celain, proceeding from the decomposition of the 
 mineral feldspar. It is also called Petunse. Dana. 
 
 KAK'A-G.VNE, n. A species of gray fox found in the 
 Russian empire. Tooke. 
 
 KXRPH'O LITE, n. [Gr. Kap(pos, straw, and ,\iUo{,a 
 stone.] 
 
 A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw- 
 yellow color, and consisting of silica, alumina, and 
 oxyd of manganese, with 11 per cent, of water. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 KA'TY-DID, 71. A large insect, of a greenish color, be- 
 longing to the order orthoptrra. They are abundant 
 in the United St,ites during the autumn, and at night, 
 by means of membranes in their wing-covers, niake a 
 peculiar harsh sound, nearly articulate, resembling 
 the combination ka-ty-did ; whence the name. 
 
 C. Ilerrick. 
 
 KA-VASS', 71. In Turkey, an armed constable. 
 KAW, V. I. [from the sound.] To cry as a raven, 
 
 crow, or rook. Locke. 
 KAW, 71. The cry of the raven, crow, or rook. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 KAVVN, 71. In Turkey, a public inn ; commonly 
 
 l^HAN. 
 
 KAYLE, 71. [Fr. quille, a nine-pin, a kerl.] 
 
 1. A nine-pin, a kettle-pin ; sometimes written 
 Keel. Sidnnj. Carnr. 
 
 2. A kind of play in Scotland, in which nine holes, 
 ranged in threes, are made in the ground, ami an 
 iron ball rolled in among them. Julinson. 
 
 KAZ'ARD-LY, a. Unlucky ; liable to accident. 
 
 JV. of Eng. 
 
 KEB'LAH, 11 The point toward which Mohamme- 
 dans turn their faces in prayer, being the direction 
 of the temple at Mecca. Encyc. .3m. 
 
 KECK, V. i. [G. kSken.] 
 
 To heave the stomach ; to reach, as in an effort to 
 vomit. [Little used.] Baccm. Swift 
 
 KECK, n. A reaching or heaving of the stomach. 
 
 CIteyne. 
 
 KECK'LE, (kek'l,) r. L [(In. G. kumln, to roll.] 
 To wind old rope round a cable to preserve its 
 surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains 
 round a cable to defend it from the friction of a 
 _ rocky bottom, or from the ice. Mar. DieL 
 
 KECK'SV, B. [Q.U. Fr. ciniie, L. cicula. It is said to 
 be commonly pronounced kex,] 
 
 Hemlock J a hollow, jointed plant. [JVuC used in 
 .America.] SkaJc 
 
 KECK'Y, u. Resembling a kex. 
 
 2. 11. An Indian scepter. Qrew. 
 
 KEDGE, 11. [Allied probably to cag and Ac-r.] A 
 small anchor with an iron stock, used to keep a ship 
 steady when riding in a harbor or river, and particu- 
 larly at the turn of the tide, to keep her clear of her 
 bower anchor, also to remove her from one part of a 
 harbor to another, being carried out in a boat and let 
 go, as in warping or kcdging. [Sometimes written 
 Kedoer.] Mar. Diet. 
 
 KEDGE, r. U To warp, as a ship ; to move by means 
 of a kedge, as in a river. 
 
 KEDGE or KEDG'Y, a. Brisk ; lively. [iocaJ.] 
 
 Furby 
 
 KEDG'/CD, pp. Moved by means of a kedge. 
 KKDG'ER, 71. [from ktd.je.\ 
 
 1. A small anchor used in a river. 
 
 2. A fish-man. Grose. 
 KRDG'ING, ppr. Moving by means of a kedge. 
 KED'LACK, 71. A weed that grows among wheat 
 
 and rye ; charlock. [/ believe not u.tcd in .America.] 
 Tasscr. Johnson. 
 
 KEE, pi. of Cow. [Zjocal in England, ami not used in 
 .^mrrica.] Qay- 
 
 KEECH, 71. A mass or lump. [JViif in liss.] Percy. 
 
 KEEK, r. i. To peep ; to look pryingly. [ScofrisA.J 
 
 KEEL, n. [Sax. cicle; G. and I), kiel ; Dan. kiil, kiol ; 
 Russ. kiU Sw. kSl; Fr. quille; Sp. quilla ; Port. 
 quilha. The word, in dilferent languages, signifies 
 a keel, a pin, kaylc, and a qaill ; probably from ex- 
 tending.] 
 
 1. The principal timber in a ship, extending from 
 stem to stern at the bottom, and supporting the whole 
 frame. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A low, (lat-bottomed vessel, used in the River 
 Tyne, to convey coals fruiii Newcastle for loading 
 the colliers. 
 
 3. In botany, the lower petal of a papilionaceous 
 corol, inclosing the stamens and pistil. Martyn. 
 
 False keel ; a strong, thick piece of timber, bolted 
 to the bottom of the keel, to preserve it from injury. 
 Oti an even keel ; in a level or horizontal position. 
 KEEL, V. t. To plow with a keel ; to navigate. 
 
 J. Barlow. 
 
 2. To turn up the keel ; to show the bottom. Shak. 
 
 KEEL, 71. t. [Sax. aelan, to cool.] To cool ; as, to 
 A:cp/ the pot. [Oft.?.] Shak. Smart. 
 
 KEEL'AGE, 71. Duty paid for a ship entering llartle- 
 p<ioI, England. 
 
 KEEL'-UoAT, 71. A large covered boat, with a keel, 
 but no sails, used on American rivers for the trans- 
 portation of frtMght. 
 2. See Keel, No. 2. 
 
 KEEL'f;i), a. In botany, carinatcd ; having a longi- 
 tudinal prominence on the back ; as, a keeled leaf, 
 calyx, or nectary. Martyn. 
 
 KEEL'ER, j K. One who manages barges and ves- 
 
 KEEL'MAN, ( sels. 
 
 KEEL'ER, 11. A shallow tub. Ray. 
 
 KEEL'-F.\T, 71. [Sax. cirtan, to cool, and fat, vat.] 
 A couli'r ; a vessel in which liquor is set for cool- 
 ing. [..Vo! u-ied.] 
 
 KEEL'II AUL, V. t. [D. kielhaalcn ; keel and kaul.] 
 To haiil under the keel of a ship. Keelhauling is 
 a punishment inflicted in the Dutch navy for certain 
 offences. The oti'ender is suspended by a rope from 
 one yard-arm, with weights on his legs, and a rope 
 fastened to him, leading under the ship's bottom to 
 the opposite yard-arm, and being let fall into the 
 water, he is drawn under the ship's bottom and 
 raised on the other side. Mar. Diet. 
 
 KEEL'H AUI^I.NG, 71. The act or practice of punish- 
 ing a ciiiprit by drawing him under the ship. 
 
 KEEL'fIAUL-l.\G, ppr. Inflicting punishment by 
 driwing under a ship. 
 
 KEEL'ING, 71. A kind of small cod, of which stock 
 fish is made. 
 
 KEEL'ING, ppr. Plowing with a keel ; navigating. 
 
 KEEL'SON, (kel'sun,) n. A piece of timber in a 
 ship, laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the 
 keel, fastened with long bolts and clinched, and 
 thus binding the floor timbers to the keel. 
 
 Mar. DicU 
 
 KEEN, o. [Sax. cctic ; G. kiihn ; D. koen ; properly, 
 bold, stout, eager, daring, from shooting forward. 
 Class Gn.] 
 
 _ 1. Eager ; vehement ; as, hungry curs too keen at 
 ific sport. Tatler. 
 The the«p ven to keen on the acorns. UE$trange. 
 
 2. Eager ; sharp j as, a iff7i appetite. 
 
 3. Sharp; having a verj' fine edge; as, a keen 
 razor, or a razor with a keen edge. We say, a icen 
 edge, but a sharp point. 
 
 4. Piercing; penetrating; severe; applied to cold 
 or to wind ; as, a keen wind ; the cold is very keen. 
 
 5. Hitter; piercing; acrimonious; aa, keen satire 
 or sarcasm. 
 
 C;<xhJ fttlhrr CATvlinil, cry Ihou Kineo 
 
 To n.y keen cur.... Shak. 
 
 G. Acute of mind ; sharp ; penetrating. 
 
 Rich. Diet. 
 
 KEEN, B. f. To sharpen. [Unusual.] Thomson. 
 KEEN'-EV-KD, ( Ide,) a. Having acute sight. Mien. 
 KEEN'LY, arfo. Eagerly: vehemently. 
 
 2. Sharply ; severely ; bitterly. 
 KEEN'NESS, n. Eagerness; vehemence; aa, the 
 keenness of hunger. 
 
 2. Sharpness ; fineness of edge ; as, the keenness 
 of a razor. 
 
 3. The quality of piercing ; rigor ; sharpness ; as, 
 the keenness of the air or of cold. 
 
 4. Asperity ; acrimony ; bitterness ; as, the keen- 
 ne.is of satire, invective, or sarcasm. 
 
 5. Acuteness ; sharpness ; as, the keenness of wit. 
 KEE.\'WIT-TED, a. Having acute wit or disccrn- 
 
 iiient. Scott. 
 KEEP, V. t. ; fret, and pp. Kept. [Sax. crpan, Syr. 
 
 kaba, Eth. aliaba, to keep. Class 
 
 Gb, No. 68, 85. The word coincides in elements 
 with have, L. habeo, and cupio ; but 1 think the radi- 
 cal sense to be different.] 
 
 1. To hold ; to retain in one's power or posses- 
 sion ; not to lose or part with ; as, to keep a house or 
 a farm ; to keep any thing in the memory, mind, or 
 heart. 
 
 2. To have in custody for security or preservation. 
 
 The crown of Slephanns, firsl king of Hungary, wiu nlwajri 
 kept in Ihc caallc of Vic.-gratlu. KnoUet. 
 
 3. To preserve ; to retain. 
 
 Tlie I.onl Goi\, merciful and gracioufl, keeping mercy for Ihou- 
 8JU)(l8. — Kx. xxxiv. 
 
 4. To preserve from falling or from danger ; to pro- 
 tect ; to g\iard or sustain. 
 
 And tiehold, I am with tlicc, and will keep Uiee. — Gen. xxviii. 
 Luke iv. 
 
 5. To hold or restrain from departure ; to detain^ 
 Thil 1 m.iy know what keep* inc here with you. J}ryden. 
 
 6. To tend ; to have the care of. 
 
 And the Lord Owl took the man and put him in the paidea of 
 Kdeii , to dn-M it and to keep il. — Ocn. ii. 
 
 7. To tend ; to feed ; to pasture ; as, to keep a 
 flock of sheep or a herd of cattle in a yard or in a 
 field. He keeps his horses on oats or on hay. 
 
 8. To preserve in any tenor or state. Keep a stiflT 
 rein. 
 
 Keep the constitution sound. Addieon. 
 
 9. To regard ; to attend to. 
 
 While the surs and course of hearen 1 keep. Dryden. 
 
 10. To hold in any state ; as, to keep in order. 
 
 11. To continue any state, course, or action ; as, 
 to keep silence ; to keep the same road or the same 
 pace ; to keep reading or talking ; to keep a given dis- 
 tance. 
 
 12. To practice ; to do or perform ; to obey ; to 
 observe in practice ; not to neglect or violate ; as, to 
 keep the laws, statutes, or commandments of God. 
 
 Scripture. 
 
 13. To fulfill ; to perform ; as, to keep one's word, 
 promise, or covenant. 
 
 11. To practice ; to use habitually ; as, to keep bad 
 hours. Pope. 
 
 15. To copy carefully. 
 
 Her servant's eyes were fixed upon her face, 
 
 Aiul as she moved or turned, her motions viewed. 
 
 Her imasures kept, and step by step pursued. Dryden. 
 
 16. To observe or solemnize. 
 
 Ye shall keep it a feast to the Lord. — Ex. xii. 
 
 17. To hoard ; to maintain ; to supply with neces- 
 saries of life. 'The men are kept at a moderate price 
 per week. 
 
 18. To have in the house ; to entertain ; ns, to 
 keep lodgers. 
 
 19. To maintain ; not to intermit ; as, to keep 
 watch or guard. 
 
 20. To hold in one's own bosom ; to confine to 
 one's own knowledge ; not to disclose or conimiiiii- 
 cate to others ; not to betray ; as, to keep a secret ; 
 to keep one's own counsel. 
 
 21. To have in pay ; as, to keep a servant. 
 
 To keep back; to reserve ; to withhold ; not to dis- 
 close or communicate. 
 
 I will keep nothing back from you. — Jer. xHi. 
 
 2. To restrain ; to prevent from advancing. 
 
 Keep b(Kk thy sTvanl also from prrsuniptuous sins. — Ps. xix. 
 
 3. To reserve ; to withhold ; not to deliver. 
 .acts V. 
 
 TV keep company trith ; to frequent the society of; 
 to associate with. Let youth ieep company with the 
 wise and good. 
 
 2. To accompany ; to go with ; as, to keep company 
 vith one on a journey or voyage. 
 
 Til keep down : to prevent from rising ; not to lift 
 or suffer to be raised. 
 
 To keep in ; to prevent from escape ; to hold in 
 confinement. 
 
 2. To conceal ; not to tell or disclose. 
 
 3. To restrain ; to curb. Locke. 
 To keep off: to hinder from approach or attack ; aa, 
 
 to keep off an enemy or an evil. 
 
 To keep under; to restrain ; to hold in subjection ; 
 
 TtNE, BULL, QNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 80' 
 
 BBB 
 
 6^7 
 
KEL 
 
 as, to kfpp under an antasioiiist or a conquered coun- 
 try ; to keep under tile appetites and passions. 
 
 Til keep up; to maintain; to prevent from falling 
 or diinintition ; as, to keep up tlie [irice of goods j to 
 keep up one's credit. 
 
 2. 'J'o maintain ; to continue j to binder from 
 ceasing. 
 
 In joy, that wliich keeps up the action is the desire to continue it. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 To keep out; to hinder from entering or talcing pos- 
 session. 
 
 To keep bed; to remain in bed without rising; to 
 be conlined to one's bed. 
 
 To keep house; to maintain a family state. Ilis in- 
 come enables him to keep house. 
 
 2. To remain in the house; to be confined. His 
 feeble Itealth obliges him to keep house. 
 
 To keep from ; to restrain ; to prevent approach. 
 
 To keep a school ; to maintain or support it ; as, the 
 town or its inhabitants keep ten schools ; more -proper- 
 hj, to govern and instruct or teacli a school, as a pre- 
 ceptor. 
 
 To keep a term, in univcrsitiesj is to reside during a 
 term. 
 
 KEEP, V. i. To remain in any state ; as, to keep at a 
 distance ; to keep aloft ; to keep near ; to keep in the 
 house ; to keep before or behind ; to keep in favor ; to 
 keep out of company, or out of reach. 
 
 2. To last ; to endure ; not to perish or be impaired. 
 Seek, for winter's use, apples that will keep. 
 
 If the malt is not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will not 
 keep. Mortimer. 
 
 3. To lodge ; to dwell ; to reside for a time. 
 Knock at the study, where, they say, he keeps. Sliak. 
 
 To keep from ; to abstain ; to refrain. 
 
 To keep to ; to adhere strictly ; not to neglect or de- 
 viate from ; as, lo keq) to old customs; to keep to a 
 rule ; to keep to one's word or promise. 
 
 To keep on ; to go forward ; to proceed ; to tiontinue 
 to advance. Drijden. 
 
 To keep np ; to remain unsubdued ; or not to be 
 confined to one's bed. 
 
 In popular lan^ua^e^ this word signifies, to con- 
 tinue ; to repeat continually ; not to cease. 
 KEEP, 7!. Custody ; guard ; care or keeping ; as, the 
 keep of a horse. [Little used.] Dnjden. 
 
 2. Colloquiallij, case ; condition ; as, in good keep. 
 
 fVade. 
 
 3. Guardianship ; restraint. [Little used.] 
 
 Jlscham. 
 
 4. A stronghold in the middle of a castle, the last 
 resort in a siege. Campbell's Mif, Diet. 
 
 5. A place of security ; in old castles, the dungeon. 
 KEEP'EK, n. One who keeps; one that hcids or has 
 
 possession of any thing. 
 
 2. One who retains in custody ; one who has the 
 care of a prison and the custody of prisoners. 
 
 3. One who has the care of a park or other inclos- 
 ure, or the custody of beasts ; as, the keeper of a park, 
 a pound, or of sheep. 
 
 4. One who has the care, custody, or superintend- 
 ence of any thing. 
 
 In Great Britain, the keeper of the great seal is a 
 lord by his office, and one of the privy council. All 
 royal grants, commissions, and charters pass through 
 his hands. He is constituted lord keeper by the de- 
 livery of the great seal. The keeper of Die prioy seal 
 is also a lord by his office, and a member of the privy 
 council. 
 
 KEEP'ER-SHIP, n. The office of a keeper. [Little 
 used.] Carew. 
 
 KEEP'lN'G, ppr. Holding ; restraining ; preserving ; 
 guarding; prolexting ; performing. 
 
 KEEP'I.N't;, n. A holding ; restraint ; custody ; guard; 
 preservation. 
 
 2. Feed ; fodder. The cattle have good keepinir. 
 
 3. In paintinir, the observance of a due proportiftn 
 in the general light and coloring of a picture, so that 
 a proper harmony and gradation prevail throughout 
 the whole. Brown. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 4. In popular use, just proportion ; conformity ; 
 congruity ; consistency ; as, these subjects are in 
 keepinir with each other. Heed. 
 
 KEEP'IiNO-ROOM, n. A Common parlor or sitting- 
 room in which a family generally live. Forby. 
 [ Si/meiimes used in J^Tcw England.] 
 KEhP'.^AKE, n. Any thing kept, or given to bo kept, 
 
 for the sake of the giver ; a token of friendship. 
 KEEVi:, 71. [Fr. cuvc.J 
 
 A largo verirfel for fermenting liquors; a beor-tub ; 
 a niaxhing tub. [f,ociil.] 
 KEE VE, 7:. t. To set in a kecvc for fermentation. 
 
 y. To tip up a cart. Jiay. 
 KEI 'KE KIE, n. See Kikkekil. 
 Kllii, n. [ Vr. raque.] 
 A 
 
 Cm. 
 
 Hiiiall ca»k or barrel ; written more correctly 
 
 h'KI.K, r. I. To brat Houndly. [Local.] 
 
 KEI.K, n. A blow ; large utoneii. [Local.] [tin. E. 
 
 KELL, n. A sort of pottage. [JVot used in .America.] 
 
 Ainjtwortk. 
 
 KER 
 
 KELL, 71. The caul or omentum. [See Caul, the 
 usual orthography of the word.] Wiseman. 
 2. The chrysalis of the caterpillar. B. Junson. 
 
 KELP, n. [Ar.-and Pers.] The calcined ashes of sea- 
 weed, used in the manufacture of glass. This is a 
 dark-colored, alkaline substance, which, in a furnace, 
 vitrifies with silicious substances, and becomes trans- 
 parent glass. Kncije. 
 
 2. A plant. The popular name of certain species 
 of the genus Salicomia. 
 
 KELP'IE, 71. An imaginary spirit of the waters, in the 
 form of a horse, who is vulgarly believed to warn, by 
 preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be 
 drowned in that neighborhood. [Scottish.] 
 
 Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary. 
 
 KEL'PON. See Keelson. 
 
 KEL'TER, 7i. [Dan. kilter, to gird, to truss up ; kilte, a 
 folding.] 
 
 Regular order or condition ; as, to be out of kelter. 
 
 KE.MB, r. t. [Sax. cemhan, to comb.] [Barrow. 
 To comb, which see. Kcmb is an obsolete orthog- 
 raphy. B. Jonson. Dryden. 
 
 KEM'E-LIN, 77. [an. Or. K[i,iri\iny, furniture.] 
 
 A tub; a brewer's vessel. [J^ol in use.] Chaucer. 
 
 KEN, V. I. [\V. ceniaw, to see ; ceiniiiw, to take a view, 
 to perceive ; ^^■hich Owen deduces fnun can, cain, 
 clear, liii'jlit, fair, white, and sight, brightness, and 
 this ciiinriili-s w ith L. cauus, white, ciineo, to be 
 white, and this with L. euno, to sing, canto. Eng. to 
 cant, to chant. These coincide in elements with G. 
 kcnnen, to know, erkennen, to see, know, discern ; D. 
 kennen, Sw. kunna, Dan. kiender, to know, to be able ; 
 Sax. connan, cunnan, Gtith. kunnan, to know. In Sax. 
 cennan is to bear, L. gignn, Gr. ) cin aio. The r.adical 
 sense is, to strain, extend, reach. In Sans, kunna is 
 an eye. See Can.] 
 
 1. To see at a distance ; to descry. 
 
 We ken them from alar. AdtltBon. 
 
 2. To know ; to understand. [Obs.] Shak. Oay. 
 [ This verb is used chiejlij in poetry.] 
 
 KEN, V. i. To look round. Burton. 
 KEN, 71. View ; reach of sight. 
 
 Coaalinir they kepi the lantl within their Acn. Dryden. 
 
 KEN'DAI.-GREEN, n. A species of green cloth made 
 at Kendal. Shak. 
 
 KEN'NEL, 71. [Fr. chcnil ; It. canile ; from L. caiiis, a 
 dog.] 
 
 1. A house or cot for dogs, or for a pack of hounds. 
 
 2. A pack of hounds, or tlieir cry. Encyc. 
 
 3. 'I'he h(de of a fox or other beast ; a haunt. 
 Hence, the fox, when driven out, Is said to be un- 
 kcnneled. Brande. 
 
 KEN'NEL, 71. [It. canale; Fr. canal; Eng. channel.] 
 
 1. The watercourse of a street ; a little canal or 
 channel. 
 
 2. A puddle. 
 
 KEN'NEL, V. i. To lodge ; to lie ; to dwell ; as a dog 
 or a fox. 
 
 The liog kenneled in a hollow tree. Estrange. 
 
 KEN'NEL, 11. t. To keep or confine in a kennel. 
 KEN'NEL eOAL. See vnnel Coal. [Tatler. 
 KEN'NI:L-7U1), pp. Kept in a kennel. 
 KE.\'NEL-I.\G, yi/ir. Keeping in a kennel. 
 KE.N'NING, n. View ; sight. Bacon. 
 KEN'TLE, (ken'tl,) n. [\V. cant, a hundred ; L. cen- 
 tum.] 
 
 In commerce, a hundred pounds in weight ; as, a 
 kentle of fish. [It is written and pronounced also 
 
 (iiriNTAL.] 
 
 KENT'LEDGK, n. In seamen's language, pigs of iron 
 
 for ballast laid on the lluor of a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 KEPT, pre/, and ;>;/. of Keep. 
 
 KEPT'-MIS'TRESS, n. A concubine, or woman kept 
 by a particular intlividual as his paiamoiir. 
 
 Booth. 
 
 KEI!1!'-ST(1NE, KIltn'-SToNE. See Curb Stone. 
 KER'CIIIEF, (ker'chif,) 71. [Cimtracted from cover- 
 
 chirf ; Fr. couvrir, lo cover, anil chef, the head, Cliau- 
 
 cer.] 
 
 1. A head-dress ; a cloth to cover the head. Shak. 
 
 2. A cloth iiseil in dress. Hayward. 
 
 The Word is now seldom used, excefit in its com- 
 pound. Handkerchief, and sometimes Necker- 
 chief. 
 
 KEIl'CIUEF-KD, ) a. Dressed ; hooded ; covered. 
 KF.Il't'lllEl"]', i Milton. 
 KERF, n. [Sax. eyrf : ccorfan, cearfan, to cut, Enc. to 
 earoc ; i). kerf, a notch ; kcrvcft, to cut ; G. kerb, ker- 
 ben, Ir. cearb.] 
 
 The cut of an ax, a saw, or other instrument; the 
 notch or slit made in wood by cutting. 
 s o 
 
 KER'IMKiS, II. [Ar. v3 /i/rmiVaii, Coccus baphica. 
 CaslelL] ' ' 
 
 In looloiry, an obstdeto name of the Coccus Ilicls, 
 an insect iirodiiceil upon the (iuercus Ilex, a small 
 species of oak growing in Ilu; south of Europe. This 
 in-ect is full of reddish juice, which is used in dyeing 
 ri'tl. Ilcnre the word ('kimson. 
 
 KEU'.MkS MIN'IMt-AL, 11. A salt composed of two 
 eipiualeiit.i of sesipiisulphid of antimony with one 
 
 KEY 
 
 equivalent of sesquoxyd of antimony. It has an or- 
 ange-red color. 
 KERN, 71. An Irish footman or foot-soldier. Spenser. 
 
 2. In English law, an idle person or vagabond. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. Among printers, that part of a type which hangs 
 over the hotly or shank. .^dams. 
 
 KERN, 71. A hand-mill consisting of two stones, one 
 of which is turned by the hand. [Usually written 
 CiUEBN, which see.] 
 2. A churn. [Obs.] 
 
 KERN, V. i. [G. and D. kern, a kernel ; G. kcrnen, to 
 curdle.] 
 
 1. 'I'o harden, as corn in ripening. Carew. 
 
 2. To take tlic form of corns ; to granulate. 
 
 Qrew, 
 
 KERN'-B.^-IiV, 71. [corn and baby.] An image 
 
 dressed with corn, and carried before reapers to 
 
 their harvest-home. [Obs.] 
 KERN'EL, 71. [.Sax. cyrncl, a little corn, grain, or n.i' , 
 
 (J. and D. kern ; Fr. cerneaa ; W. cwaren, a gland, a 
 
 kernel.] 
 
 1. The edible substance contained in the shell of a 
 nut. More. 
 
 2. At\y tiling included in a shell, husk, or integu- 
 ment ; a grain or corn ; as, a kernel of wheat or oats. 
 
 3. The seed of pulpy fruit ; as, the kernel of an 
 apple. Bacon. 
 
 4. The central part of any thing ; a small mass 
 around which other matter is concreted ; a nucleus. 
 
 .^rbutJinot^ 
 
 5. A hard concretion in the flesh. 
 
 KERN'EL, I'. !. To harden or ripen into kernels, as 
 the seeds of plants. 
 
 KERN'EL-£1), a. Having a kernel. 
 
 KERN'EL-LY, a. Full of kernels ; resembling kern- 
 els. 
 
 KEK'SEY, 71. [D. kcrzaai; Fr. carisct ; Sp. carisea.] 
 A species of coarse, woolen cloth ; a coarse stufT 
 made chiefiy in Kent and Devonshire, England. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 KER'SEY-MeRE, 71. A twilled woolen cloth ; cassi- 
 
 inere. [The more common spelling is Cassimere.] 
 KERVE, 7!. t. To carve. UVot used.] 
 KERV'ER, 71. A carver. [A''ot used^ 
 KE'SAK, 71. [from Cesar.] An emperor. [06s.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 KES'LOP, 71. The stomach of a calf prepared for 
 rennet, % Oro.ie. 
 
 KES'TREL, 71, A bird of the genus Faico, or hawk 
 kind ; called, also, stannel and jrindhovrr. It builds 
 in hollow oaks, and feeds on quails and other small 
 birds. Encyc. 
 
 KETCH, 71. [Fr. quaiclie ; G. and D. /ate.] 
 
 A vessel with two masts, a main and mizzen-mast, 
 usually from 100 to 250 tons burden. Ketches are 
 generally used as yachts or as bomb-vessels. The 
 latter are called bomb-ketches. Mar. Diet. 
 
 KETCH'UP, 71. A sauce. [See Catchup.] 
 
 KET'TI-E, 71. [Sax. cetl, cetel, or cytel ; G. kessel ; D. 
 ketel ; Uan. kedel : Sw, kit/el ; Russ. kote.l.] 
 
 A vessel of iron or other metal, with :i wide mouth, 
 usually without a cover, used for heating and boiling 
 water or other liquor. 
 
 Among the Tartars, a kettle represents a family, or 
 as many as feed from one kettle. 
 
 Among the Dutch, a battery of mortars sunk in the 
 eaith is called a kettle. Encyc. 
 
 KE T'TLE-DRUM, n. A drum maile of a copper ves- 
 sel like a kettle, covered with parchment. It is now 
 seldom used. Booth. 
 
 KET'Tl.E-DRUM-MER, 71. The man who beats the 
 kettle-drum. 
 
 KET'TLF.-PINS, II. Nine-pins; skittles. 
 
 Ki;V'EL, 71. In ships, a piece of timber serving to be- 
 lay the sheets or great ropes by which the bottoms of 
 the fore-sail and main-sail are extended. Mai: Diet. 
 
 2. A species of antelope founil in Africa. It is 
 similar to the gazelle in its manners and habits. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 KEX, 71. Hemlock; the. stem of the te.asel ; a dry 
 
 stalk. [See Kkcksv.] 
 Key, (ke,) II. [Sax. ca-g.] 
 
 1. Ill a general sense, a fastener ; that which fast- 
 ens ; as a piece of wood in the frame of a building, 
 or in a chain, &c. 
 
 2. An instriinient for shutting or npiMiing a lock, by 
 pushing the bolt one way or llie other. Keys tire of 
 various forms, anil filled to the wards of the locks to 
 which they belong. 
 
 3. An iiistrunient by which something is screwed 
 or turned ; as, the key of a watch or other chronom- 
 eter. 
 
 4. The stone which binds an arch. [See Ket- 
 Stone.] 
 
 ,5. In an organ ox hnriisiehord, the key, or finger- 
 key, is a little lever or pu re in llii' fore part by which 
 the inslrunM iit is played on by the fingers. 
 
 fi. in musie, the key, or key nntr, is the fundamen- 
 tal note or lone lo wliirh llie \\'hole piece is ;icromino- 
 dateil, and with wliii li it usually begins and always 
 ends. There are two keys, one of the major and 
 one of (he minor mode. Key sometimes signifies a 
 scale or system of intervals. Roiuseau, 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^Uh, WH^T — MRTE, PHfiY. — PINE, MAIHNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 638 
 
KID 
 
 KIL 
 
 KIN 
 
 7. An index, or tliat which serves to explain u ci- 
 pliir. Ilcncr, 
 
 8. Tliiil which serves to explain any thing difficult 
 to be nndrrslooil. 
 
 y. In //if Human Catholic church, ecclesii'istical juris- 
 diction, or the power of the pope ; or the power of 
 exconiniiinicating or uh^lvin^;. Kneiic. 
 
 10. A ledge or lay of rocks near the surface of the 
 water; 
 
 11. The husk containing the seed of an ash. 
 
 ErclifTt, 
 
 KkY, (ke,) n. [Ir. crigh; D. Aviai ; G. kai ; Vr. i/vai : 
 Arm. The word is prc»hably contracted from the 
 rout ol the precedin;; word, signifying to hohl, make 
 fast, restrain. Class Cg.] 
 
 .A hank or wharf built on the side of a river or 
 harbor, for the convenience of loadinu and unloadinR 
 slii|>s, and securing tlii m in their stations. Hence, 
 keys are furnished with posts, rin^s, cranes, cap- 
 stans, SiC. It is sometimes written Uuav. Encyc. 
 
 KtcY'AGE, n. Money paid for the use of a key or 
 quay. 
 
 Ki:Y'-Bf).ARn, n. In music, the wliole range of the 
 
 keys of an organ or forte-piano. 
 KEY'-eol.lJ, a. Cold as an iron key ; lifeless. [Obs.] 
 
 ShaJi. 
 
 KKY'F.T),a. Furnished with keys; as, a keyed instru- 
 
 9. Set to a key, as a tune. [ment. 
 KeY'-IIoI.K, fi. .\ hole or aperture in a door or lock, 
 
 fur receiving a key. 
 
 KkY'-STo.NE, n. The stone on the top or middle of 
 an arch or vauh, which, being wider at the top than 
 at the bottom, enters like a wi dge and binds tlie 
 work ; jtrojtcrly, t\w fiuitrninir-stottc. 
 
 KIIA.N, (kawii,) «. in Per.Ha, a governor of a prov- 
 ince ; among Uie Tartars, it is equivalent to hinrr or 
 prince. Eton. 
 '2. An Eastern inn or caravansarj'. 
 
 KItA\''ATE, (kawn'atc,) «. The (loniinion or juris- 
 diction of a khan. Tooke. 
 
 KIBE, ;i. [This word has the elements of chap, gap, 
 gape. Class Gb, No. 7. Perhaps it is of Persian ori- 
 
 gin, ^iX/Ol^Ej ^q/IJun, to crack, to split. Ciu. Dan. 
 
 kiebe, the chops.] 
 
 A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold ; 
 an ulcerated chilblain ; as in the heels. 
 
 KIU'KD, (I. Ch.apped ; cracked with cold; affected 
 with chilblains ; as, kibtd \\i:vU. Darwiu. 
 
 KI-BITK.i, n. .K Tartar vehicle, consisting of a 
 frame of wood rounded at top, covered with felt, and 
 placed on wheels, serving ;ls a kind of movable hab- 
 Uation. Life uf llcber. 
 
 KIR'Y, n. Afferled with kibes. 
 
 KICK, V. t. [\V. ciontir, from cic, the foot. Owen. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 -g\ ^— ^ , a kn 
 
 , a kicking.] 
 
 To strike with the foot ; as, a horse kick.s a servant ; 
 a man kick.-' a dog. 
 KICK, r. I. To practice striking with the foot or feet ; 
 as, a horse accustomed to kick. 
 
 2. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence, 
 either in wantonness, resistance, anger, or contempt ; 
 to manifest opp«)sitiun. 
 
 \Vhcn-for»* kick yr ai my s.icrif)c< ? — I S-xm. ii. 
 JfiflKiriin wux-'(i fit! .iii<) ticked. — l)i-iit. xxx'n. 
 Il is lianl for Ui'f lu kick a^^iiiiat tti*^ ^iNuld. — Actj ix. 
 
 KICK, n. A blow with the foot or feet ; a striking or 
 
 tlinist of the foot. 
 KICK'^.I), (kikt,) pp. Struck with the foot or feet. 
 KICK'ER, n. One thiit kicks. 
 
 KICK'ING, ;i/ir. Striking with the foot ; thrusting out 
 
 the foot wjlli violence. 
 KJCK'I.N'G, n. 'I'he act of striking with the foot, or 
 
 of yerking the foot with vhdem'c. What can not 
 
 be effected by kicking, may sometimes be done by 
 
 coaxing. 
 
 KICK'SII A\V, ju [Corrupted from Ft. quclque chose, 
 something.] 
 
 1. Someiniag fantastical or uncommon, or some- 
 thing that h.'is no [Kirticiilar name. 
 
 2. ,\ dish so changed by cooking, that it can 
 scarcely be known. Johnson. 
 
 KICK'SIIOE, (kik'shoo,) n. A dancer, in contempt ; 
 acaperer; a buffoon. [.\ word used only by Mil- 
 ton.] 
 
 KICK'SY-WICK'SY, ii. A man's wife, in contempt, 
 between whom and her husband kicks or winks 
 pass, as the humor happens. Shak. Smart. 
 
 KII), B. [Dan. *iV/; Sw. kid, kidling ; \V. cidms, a 
 go,nl, cidiim, a voung goat; I,, hirdii.t : vulgar Gr. 
 jica; San.s. ada': Turk gelsi ; Heb. Ch. ; Syr. 
 l*j.^a kid ; Iluss. kidayu, to throw, to bring forth 
 
 young.] 
 
 1. A young goat. 
 
 2. A fagot ; a bundle of heath and fur/.e. Eng. 
 
 3. A small wooden tub or vessel ; applied, among 
 seamen, to one in which they receive their fo<Hi. 
 
 Hollowaii. 
 
 KII), V. I. or i. To bring forth a young goat. 
 
 'I'o make into a bundle, as fagots. Eng. 
 KID, V. t. [Sax. cythuH.] 
 
 To show, discover, or make known. [OA.--.] 
 
 Ouwcr. 
 
 KID'DEI), pp. Ilrouglit forlh, as n young kid. 
 
 KIU'DEK, ji. [Sw. kytu, to truck.] 
 
 An engrosser of corn, or one who carries corn, 
 provisions, and merchandise, about the country for 
 sale. Eng. 
 
 KID'lJLE, n. A kind of wear in a river for catching 
 fish ; corriiptly pronounced kittle. Jilagna Charta. 
 
 KID'DoW, ?i. A web-footed fowl, called, also, (Ii ii.- 
 LKMoT, Sea-hen, or SKet'T. Chamber.^. 
 
 KID'Ll.'VtJ, 71. [Sw.] A young kid. Browne. 
 
 KID'NAP, V. I. [G. kinderdieb; D. kinderdief, child 
 thief. Kid is usually supposifli to be cmitracted from 
 kind, a cliilil, in which case ;ia;i may be the oriental 
 3:;, to steal. See K.nab.] 
 
 To steal a human being, man, woman, or child ; 
 or to sei/.e and forcibly carry away any person what- 
 ever from his own cuuiury or state into another. 
 
 Eiiciic. 
 
 KID'NAP-PED, (kid'napt,) ;);). or a. Stolen or forci- 
 bly carrieit away, as a human being. 
 
 Klli'NAP-PEU, li. One who steals or forcibly carries 
 away a human being ; a man-stealer. 
 
 KI11'N.\1'-PI.\G, ppr. Stealing or forcibly carrying 
 away human beings, 
 
 KII)'i\.\P-riNG, II. The act of stealing or forcible ab- 
 duction of a human being from liis own counliy or 
 state. This crime was capitid by theJewish law, and 
 in modern times is highly penal. 
 
 KID'NEY, n. [1 have not found this word in any oth- 
 er language.] 
 
 1. The kidneys are two oblonr, llattrned bodies, 
 extending from the eleventh and twelllli ribs, to 
 the fourth lumbar vcrlebia, behind the intestines. 
 Their use is to separate the urine from the blood. 
 
 Parr. Quincy. 
 
 2. Sort ; kind. Sluik. 
 [.^ Indicrons use of the word.] 
 
 3. A cant term for a waiting-servant. Taller. 
 KID'.\KY-I!nAN, n. A sort of bean, so named from 
 
 its resemblance to the kidney. It is of the genus 
 Phaseolus. 
 
 KID'.N'EY-FOUM, ) a. Having the form or shape 
 KID'NEY-SIIAP-KD, ! of a kidney. Kirtcan. 
 KID'NEY-VETCll, n. A [ilant of the genus Aiitliyl- 
 lis, 
 
 KID'iN'EY-VVORT, n. A plant of the genus Saxifraga. 
 KIE, It. pi. Kine. [Scottish.] 
 
 KIeE'E-KIL, 71. A species of clay called also .Meer- 
 schaum, used chiedy in forming the bowls of tobacco 
 pipes. [See Meerschaum.] 
 
 KII/, II. A Dntch word, signifying a channel or bed 
 i>f a river, and hence a stream. 
 
 KIL'OEK-KI.N, II. [au. D. kinJirkin.] 
 
 A small barrel ; a liquid tnea.sure containing two 
 firkins, or Iti or IS gallons. Encitc. 
 
 KILL, V. t. [The Dutch has keel, the throat, and Acci- 
 cii, to cul the throat, to kill. In Uiiss. kohju is to 
 slab. Hill this word seems to be allied to Sax. cioel- 
 laii, to kill, to quell, that is, to beat down, to lay ; 
 and if so, it, may be connected with I), kicellen, G. 
 quaten, Sw. qnilia, Dan. qtuelcr, to tornient, but in 
 I)anisli, to stitle, choke, or quell. This athnity is 
 rendereil probabli' by the seamen's phrase, to kill tile 
 wind, that is, to allay or destroy it.] 
 
 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in any 
 manner or by any means. To kill an animal or a plant, 
 is to put an end to the vital functions, either by de- 
 stroying or essentially injuring the organs necessary 
 to life, or by causing them to cease from action. An 
 animal may be killed by the sword or by poison, by 
 disease or by suffocation. A strong solution of salt 
 will kill plants. 
 
 2. To butcher; to slaughter for food; ns, to kill 
 an ox. 
 
 3. To quell ; to appease ; to calm ; to still ; as, in 
 seamen's lani:uage, a shower of rain kills the wind. 
 
 KIL'L.AS, 71. The name of clay-slatc among the (,'orn- 
 ish miners. Urr. 
 
 KILL'DEER, ) n. A small bird in America, so called 
 
 KILL'DEE, ) friun its voice or note; Charadrius 
 voclferiis, a s|M'cies of plovi-r. 
 
 KILL' /CD, />p. Deprived of life ; quelled ; calmed. 
 
 KILL'EK, II. Une who deprives of life ; he or that 
 which kills. 
 
 KILL'hN't!, ppr. or a. Depriving of life ; quelling. 
 
 KILL'I.VG, II. A deprivation of life. 
 
 KIL'LI-.NITE, n. A mineral, a variety of spodumene, 
 
 found at Killiney, in Ireland. Taylor. 
 KIL'LOW, 71. An earth of a blackish or deep blue 
 
 color. fVoodwurd. 
 KILN, (kil,) n. [Sn.T. ciiZii, from eyiene, a furnace or 
 
 kitciien ; L. culina; W. cyl, and cybjn.] 
 
 1. .\ large stove or oven ; a fabric of brick or stone 
 which may be heated for the purpose of hardening, 
 burning, or drying anything; as, a kUn for baking 
 or hardening earthen vessels; a kiln for drj iug grain 
 or meal. 
 
 2. A pile of brick constructed for burning or hard- 
 ening; called also a Urick-kil.v. 
 
 KILN'-DKI-KD, (kil'drlde,) or a. Dried In a 
 kiln. 
 
 KILN'-DRV, (kil'ilrT,) r. t. To dry in a kiln ; as, to 
 
 kiln-dry niiNil or grain. 
 KIL\'-1)K?-I.\(;, kil'drl-ing,) ppr. Drying in a 
 
 kiln. 
 
 KIL'O-GRA.M, (II. [Fr. AiV<i»Tami7ie; Gr. xiAu.i, 
 Klh' OUHJIM.VE,] a thousand, and J ijiifijia. Hce 
 Gram.] 
 
 In the new si/stem of French ipeight.'i and meo-furen, a 
 thousand graniines. According to Ltiiiier, the kilo- 
 graniine is eipial in weight to a cubic decimeter of 
 water, or two pounds, five drams and a halt'. 
 KI-l.()l,'l-Ti;i{, I 11. [Fr. kdulitre; (Jr. \iXii,s a thoii- 
 KII.' O l.t-TUE, \ sand, and XiT()a,aGreek measure. 
 See Liter.] 
 
 In t'lr nrw French measures, a thousand liters; or 
 2IM gallons, and •Il,2:)l cubic inches, .\ccordiiig to 
 Liiniir, it is nearly equal to a tun of wine of Hoiir- 
 dennx. 
 
 KI Lo.M'E-TI'li, I 11. [Fr. kilometre; Gr. \i\ioi, a 
 tr/I.' U-MK-TIlJi, \ thousand, and ptrpov, a me- 
 ter.] 
 
 In the French system of measures, a thousand me- 
 ters ; the meter being the unit of linear measure. 
 The kilometer is nearly equal to a ipiaiter of a 
 French league. Lunier. 
 KII.T, II. .-\ kind of short petticoat, reaching from the 
 belly to the knees, worn by men in the Highlands of 
 Scotland, and by children in the Lowlands. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 KILT, V. t. To tuck up ; to tru.ss up, as the chithes. 
 
 [ Srn//l.v/l.] 
 
 KILT, pp. Killed. [Obs.] 
 
 KI.M'liO. ) a. [Probably from the Celtic ram, crcKiked. 
 KIM'lioW, ) The Italian .v'-Acmfco, crooked, awry, is 
 from the same source.] 
 Crooked ; arched ; bent ; as, a kimbo handle. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 To set the anus a-kimbo, is to set the hands on the 
 hips, with the elbows projecting outw.'ird. 
 KIN, n. [Sax. cyn. cynn, or cind, gecynd, kind, genus, 
 race, relation ; Ir. cine : G. ktnd, a child ; D. ktud ; 
 \V. eenal, cenaw ; L. genus; Gr. yti'it^; connected 
 with L. gigno, geno, Gr, yiixjpai. Class Gn, No. 29, 
 See IJeuix.] 
 
 I. Relation, properly, by consanguinity or blood, 
 but perhaps sometimes used for relation by affinity 
 or marriage. 
 
 Tills man is of hin to me. Biicon, Dryden. 
 
 3. Relatives; kindred; persons of the same race. 
 
 The fUh^T, inollicr, .on] ih** kin l>!»ide. Dryritn. 
 
 3. A relation ; a relative. Davits. 
 
 4. The same generical cUiss; a thing related. 
 
 ,Atnl til*? c.\r-(ItMfriiiiisr vuicd of llis ofacle, 
 
 Kin to Jov.-'b llitiiitlor. SluUc. 
 
 5. As a termination, kin is used ns a diminutive, 
 denoting small, from the sense of child: as, in mani- 
 kin, a little man ; Tompkin, IVilkin, Pipkin. 
 
 KIX, o. Of the same nature ; kindred; congenial. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 KI'NATE, 71. [D. Aiiio, i. e. CoicAona.] 
 
 .\ salt formed by the union of kiiiin acid with a 
 base. Ure, 
 KIND, n. [.Sax. cyn, or cyiiii. Pee Kin.] 
 
 1. Ilaci' ; genus ; generic class ; as, in maniiiiii or 
 human Aiiic/. In technical language. Kind answers 
 to Gem s. 
 
 2. Sort, in a sense more loose than genus ; as, there 
 are sevenil kinds of eloquence and of style, many 
 kind^ of music, many kind.i of governineiit, various 
 kinds of architecture, or of painting, various A'iik^ of 
 soil, &c. 
 
 3. Particular nature ; as, laws most perfect in their 
 /;iiii/. Baker. 
 
 4. Natural slate ; produce or commodity, as distin- 
 guished from iniuiey ; as, l.axes paid in kind. 
 
 5. Nature ; natural pro|ionsity or determination. 
 
 Some of you. on pun- iiiHtiiicI ot ti itor**, 
 
 Air led t-y kin4 to udiiiir^ yiiur l-lJowsrrc.'Uurr. Dryden. 
 
 fi. iManner; way. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 7. Sort. He spoke with a kind of scorn or con- 
 tempt. 
 
 KI.N'I), a. [\V. and .Arm. ciin, kind, favorable, attrac- 
 tive. In Ir. ceann is alfection. This word would 
 seem to be connected with the preceding, tint in 
 sense it coincitles best with the Teutonic gunstig, 
 fax'orable, kind, from G. ^dinuen, to be glad or ple.ased, 
 to love to see, to favor, 1). •.'uniifii, to grant or vouch- 
 safe.] 
 
 1. Disposed to do good to others, and to make 
 them happy by granting tl«'ir requests, supplying 
 their wants, or assisting them in distress ; having 
 tendi^rness or goodness of nature; benevolent; be- 
 nignant. 
 
 Goil is kinil to tht^ undianltfnl and to the evil. — T,uIk tI. 
 Bt* yo kind oni- lo nnoilicr, tciHltfr-Iicart'-il. — Eph. ir. 
 
 2. Proceeding from tenderness or goodnesa of 
 heart . benevolent ; as, a kind act ; a kind return of 
 favors. 
 
 KIND'ED, a. Begotten. [Obs.] [See Kin.] 
 
 SprnslT, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 630 
 
KIN 
 
 KI.N'D'-IIEXRT'ED, a. Having much kindness of 
 nature. Iroing. 
 
 KI.N'ULE, (kin'dl,) v. U [W. cynneu; L. accmJo ; 
 fruni tlic ruot of candco, caiieo, to be light or wliite, 
 to sliine.] 
 
 1. To set on fire ; to cause to burn with flame ; to 
 lijlit ; as, to kindle a fire. 
 
 2. To intiaine, as Ilie passions ; to exasperate ; to 
 rouse; to provoke; to excite to action ; to heat; to 
 fire ; to animate ; as, to kindle anjjer or wrath ; to 
 kinUlr. resentment ; to kindle the flame of love, or love 
 into a flame. 
 
 So is a contentious woman to kiridle strife. — Prov. xxvi. 
 
 3. To bring forth. [Sax. cc»?ion.] [JVotuscd.] 
 
 Skuk. 
 
 KIN'DLE, V. i. To take fire ; to begin to bum with 
 flame. Fuel and fire, well laid, will kindle without a 
 bellows. 
 
 2. To begin to rage, or be violently excited ; to be 
 roused or exasperated. 
 
 It shall kiruUe in tlie tliickesl of the forest. — Isa. \x, 
 
 K[N'DL£D, pp. Set on fire ; inflamed ; excited into 
 action. 
 
 KIN'DLER, 71. He or that which kindles or sets on 
 fire. 
 
 KIND'LESS, a. Destitute of kindness ; unnatural. 
 
 S/tak, 
 
 KTND'LI-ER, a. comp. More kindly. 
 KIN D'LI-EST, a. su;)fr/. .Most kindly, .^insicorth. 
 KINU'Ll-NESS, 71. Aflcction ; afl'cctionate disposi- 
 tion ; benignity. 
 2. Natural disposition. Milton. 
 KIN'DLING, ppr. Setting on fire; causing to burn 
 
 with flame; exciting into action. 
 KIND'LY, a. [See Ki.nd, the noun.] Homogeneal ; 
 conjienial ; kindred ; of the same nature. 
 
 This Johnson supposes to be the original sense ; 
 hut it is also used as a derivative of the adjective, in 
 the sense of, 
 2. Mild ; bland ; softening ; as, kindly showers. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 KIND'LY, adv. With good will ; with a disposition 
 to make others happy or to oblige ; benevolently ; 
 favorably. Let the poor be treated kindly. 
 
 Be kindly affectioned one to anotlier, witli brotherly love. — 
 Ron), xii. 
 
 And he comforted Uiem, and spake k-indty to them. — Geo. i. 
 
 KTND'LY-Na'TUR-£D, (-nat'yurd,) a. Having a 
 
 kind disposition. ScoU. 
 KIND'NEtfS, 7!. [from kind, the adjective.] 
 
 1. Good will ; benevolence ; that temper or dispo- 
 sition which delights in contributing to the happi- 
 ness of others, which is exercised cheerfully in grat- 
 ifying their wishes, supplj'ing their wants, or allevi- 
 ating their distresses ; benignity of nature. Kindness 
 ever accompanies love. 
 
 There is no man whose kindness we m.ay not some time want, 
 or by whose malice we mny not some time suIIlt. Rambler. 
 
 2. Act of good will ; beneficence ; any act of be- 
 nevolence which promotes the happiness or welfare 
 of others. Charity, hospitality, atteniitms lo the 
 wants of others, &.C., are deemed acts of kindness, or 
 kindnes.its. Acts xxviii. 
 
 KI.V'UKED, 71. [from kin, kind; Sax. cynren; W. 
 ccnal, rrnedyl.'] 
 
 1. Relation by birth ; consanguinity. 
 
 Like her, of equal kindred to the throne. Dryden. 
 
 2. Relation by marriage ; affinity. 
 
 3. Relatives by blood or niurriuge, more properly 
 the former. 
 
 Thou shall go to my country and to my kindred. — Gen. rxlv. 
 
 4. Relation; suit; connection in kind. Sliak. 
 Kr.\'DREI), a Related; congenial; of the like na- 
 ture or properties ; as, kindred souls ; kindred skies. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 KI.\E, 71.; pi. of Cow; D. koeyen. )lut Cows, the 
 regular plural, is now in general use. 
 
 KI.N'G, 71. [Sax. cyntr, cynig, or cyninir ; G. kSni/r : D. 
 koninif : ^w. kuniintr, kuntr ; V:in. konire ; VV. cft/i, a 
 c liicf,"a leader, one that attracts or draws. If the 
 Welsh word is the same, or of the same fam- 
 ily, it proves th.at the primary sen<e is a leader, n 
 guide, or one who goes before, for the radical sense 
 of the verb must be lo draw. It coincides in ele- 
 ments with the Ir. cean, hriui, and with the oriental 
 klmn, or kamu The primary sense is probably u head, 
 a leader.] 
 
 1. The chief macistrate or sovereign of a nation ; 
 a man invested with supreme authority over a nation, 
 tribe, or country. Kings are absolute inoiiarchs, when 
 they p««sc«« the jHiwers of government without ctm- 
 Irol, or the entire sovereignty ovirr a nation ; they 
 are called limiud ninnarcliH, when their jMiwer is re- 
 •tnilncd by fixed laws. Kingn are hrrrdilary sove- 
 reigns, when they hold the p^iwers of government by 
 right of birth or inheritance, and electioe, when raised 
 tu the throne by choice. 
 
 Kings will )k tyraniA from policy, witen subjects uv rcli«>U from 
 princijil'*. Burks, 
 
 2. A sovereign ; n prince : a ruler. Christ is called 
 the King of his church. Pn. ii. 
 
 KIN 
 
 3. A card hiiving the picture of a king; as, the 
 iiit^ of diamonds. 
 
 4. The chief piece in the game of chess. 
 
 Kini^ at arms ; an officer in England of great an- 
 tiquity, and formerly of great authority, whose busi- 
 ness is to direct the heralds, preside at tlieir chap- 
 ters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. There are 
 three kings at arms, viz., garter, clarencieux, and 
 norroy. The latter [iwrtltroy] ofliciates north of the 
 Trent. Encyc. 
 
 KING, V. t. In ludicrous lantruafre, lo supply with a 
 kina, or to make ro> al ; to raise to royalty. Shak. 
 
 KING'-.\P-PLE, C-ap'l'l,) «• A kiiiil of apple, so 
 called. 
 
 KING'HtRD, 71. An .\inerican bird, a species of the 
 genus Muscicapa. so called from its courage in at- 
 tacking larger birds. 
 
 KING'CRAKT, ;i. The craft of kings ; the art of gov- 
 erning ; usually in a bad sense. 
 
 KING'eUl*, The buttercup, (/{anuncu;«.>- iii/dosiw,) 
 a species of crowfoot. Qay. 
 
 KINU'DOM, 71. [king and f/om, jurisdiction.] 
 
 1. The territory or country subject to a king; an 
 undivided territory under the dominion of a king or 
 monarch. The foreign possessions of a king are not 
 usually included in the term kintrdovi. Thus we 
 speak of the kintrdunt of England, of France, or of 
 Spain, without including the East or West Indies. 
 
 2. The inhabitants or population subject to a king. 
 The whole kinirdom was alarmed. 
 
 3. In natural hiHury, a division ; as, the animal, 
 vegetable, and mineral kintrdums. 
 
 4. A region ; a tract ; tiie place where any thing 
 prevails and holds sway ; as, the watery kingdom. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. In Scripture, the government or universal do- 
 minion of God. 1 Clirnn. xxix. Ps. cxlv. 
 
 6. The power of supreme administration. 1 Sam. 
 xviii. 
 
 7. A princely nation or state. 
 
 Ye shall be to me a kingdom of priests. — Ex. XNC. 
 
 8. Heaven. Malt. xxvi. 
 
 9. Stale of glory in heaven. Matt. v. 
 
 10. The reign of the Messiah. Matt. iii. 
 
 11. Goveriiinent ; rule; supreme administration. 
 KING'I)O.M-£l), a. Proud of royalty. Sliak. 
 KING'FISH-ER,H. A bird of the genus Alcedo, which 
 
 preys on fish. 
 KING'HQOD, K. .Slate of being a king. [Ois.] 
 
 Qowcr. 
 
 KING'LESS, a. Having no king. Byron. 
 KING'LiKE, a. Like a kins. 
 K I NG'LI-N ESS, 71. State of being kingly. 
 KING'LING, 71. A little king. 
 
 KING'LY, a. Belonging to a king ; suitable to a king ; 
 as, a kingly couch. Hhak. 
 
 2. Royal ; sovereign ; monarchical ; as, a kingly 
 government. 
 
 3. Noble; august; splendid; becoming a king; 
 as, kingly magnificence. 
 
 KING'LY, adv. With an air of royalty ; with a supe- 
 rior dignity. 
 
 Low twwed the rest ; he, kingly, did but nod. Pojte. 
 
 KING'-P6ST, 71. In carpentry, a beam in the frame of 
 a roof rising from the tie-beam lo the ridge. Oieilt. 
 
 KINGS, 71. pi. The name of two books of the Old 
 Testament. 
 
 KING'S'-BENCII', n. A higli court or tribunal in Eng- 
 land, so called because the king used to sit there in 
 person. It is the supreme court of common law, 
 consisting of a chief justice and three other justices. 
 
 Blackstonc. 
 
 KING'S EN"GLISH, (ing'glish,) ti. An English 
 phrase for correct or current language of good 
 speakers. 
 
 KING'S-K' V/L, 71. A disease of the scrofulous kind. 
 KING'SIIIP, 71. Royalty; the state, office, or dignity 
 
 of a king. _ ^^'"g Charles. 
 
 KING'S'-SPiiAR, 71. A plant of tlic genus Aspliode- 
 
 lus. 
 
 KING'.STONE, 71. A fish. Jiin.-nvorth. 
 
 Pi itainiiig to Cinchona ; as, the kinic acid. Ure. 
 KT'NIC, a. [U. kina, i. e. Cinchcmn.] 
 KI.\K, H. [Sw. Jiiiii, I). /ciiijt, a bend or turn. Qu. L. 
 
 ciugo.] 
 
 The twist of a rope or thread, occasioned by a 
 spoiitaneiius winding of the rope or thread when 
 doubled, tliat is, by an elfort of hard-twisted ropes 
 or threads to untwist, they wind about each other. 
 
 The [lackthrcad will curl up, runnliif into loops or kinks. 
 
 Knryc. Art. Hope. 
 
 KINK, 1-. i. I'll \vind into a kink ; to twist sponlane- 
 ollsly. 
 
 KINK, 71. A fit of coughing; a convulsive fit of 
 laiighlrr. r A'cuf/i,.A. ] 
 
 KINK'A-JOli, 71. A plantigrade, carnivorous mammal 
 living in South America. It is about as largo as a 
 full-grown tat, and has a preliensile tail. It is the 
 Crrcolcples ciiudivolviilus of llliger. 
 
 KINK'IIAUST, 11. 'J lie chiiicoiigli. [JVof iwcrf.] 
 
 KI'NO, 71. All astrinsi lit extract of a deep brownish- 
 red color, olilaiiK il from various trees, /fino consists 
 of titiiiiin and i xiraciive. Ure. 
 
 KIT 
 
 KINS'FoLK, 71. [kin ani folk.] Relations ; kindred ; 
 persons of the same family. [Oiw.] 
 
 KINS'MAN, 71. [kin and vian.\ A man of the same 
 race or family ; one related by blood. Dryden. 
 
 KINS'WO.M-AN, 71. A female relation. Dennis. 
 
 Kf -OSK', n. A Turkish open summer-house, support- 
 ed liy pillars. Murdock. 
 
 KIP'PER, 71. A term applied to a salmon, when unfit 
 to be taken, and lo the lime when they are so consid- 
 ered. £/l*T. 
 
 KIP'PER-ED-SAL-MON, (-sam'mun,) ) 71. A salmon 
 KIP'PER, i split open, 
 
 sailed, and dried or smoked ; a favorite dish in 
 Scotland. Jamieson. 
 
 The word kipper originally denoted a salmon di- 
 rectly after the spawning season ; and as fish, in tliis 
 state, are not good for use while fresh, they were 
 usually cured and hung up. Hence the word, which 
 properly denoted a spawning salmon, came to be 
 generally used for one that is salted antl dried. 
 
 Jamiesoiu 
 
 KIP'-SKIN, 11. Leather prepared from the skin of 
 younff cattle, intermediate between calf-skin and 
 cow-hide. 
 
 KIRK, (kurk,) 71. [S.ax. eyre, or ciric; Gr. xu/jioiri;, 
 from k L'oioi, lord.] 
 
 lu Scotland, a church. This is the same word as 
 Church, differently written and pronounced. [See 
 Church.] 
 
 KIUK'.MAN, 71. One of the church of Scotland. 
 KIKSCH'WAS-SER, >i. [G.] A distilled liquor, 
 
 obtained by fermenting the small black cherry. 
 KIR'TLE, (ker'tl,) ?i. [Sax. cyrtel ; Sw. kivrtel.] 
 
 1. An upper garment ; a gown ; a petticoat ; a 
 short jacket ; a mantle. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 2. A quantity of flax, about a hundred pounds. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 [f know not that tJiis word is vsed in America.] 
 KtR'TLKD, (ker'tld,) a. Wearing a kirtle. 
 KISS, V. t. [Sax. cy.'isaii ; G. kiissen i D. kuschen ; Sw. 
 hyssa; Dan. Icysser.] 
 
 1. To salute with the lips. 
 
 2. To treat Willi fondness ; to caress. 
 
 The hearts of princes kiss obedience. Shak. 
 
 3. To touch gently. 
 
 When the sweet wind did gently ifcis* the tz«e«. Shak. 
 
 KISS, 71. A salute given with the lips ; a common 
 token of affection, 
 a. A small piece of confectionery. 
 
 KISS'iCD, (kist,) pp. Saluted with a kiss. 
 
 KISS'ER, 71. One that kisses. 
 
 KISS'ING, 71 Act of saluting with the lips. 
 
 KISS'ING, pjir Saluting with the lips. 
 
 KISS'ING-eOM'FIT, (-kum'fit,) n. Perfumed sugar- 
 plums to'sweeten the breath. Sluik. 
 
 KISS'ING-CRUST, n. In cookery, xhe crust of a loaf 
 that touches anotlier. 
 
 K 1ST, 71. A chest. [J^otused.] 
 
 KIT, 71. [D. kit.] 
 
 1. A large bottle. Skinner. 
 
 2. A small fiildle. Orem. 
 
 3. A kind of fish-tub, and a milk-pail. Entick. 
 [I know not that this word is used in America.] 
 
 4. The whole ; particularly applied to a soldier's 
 complement of necessaries, a mechanic's bundle of 
 tools, &.C. Grose. 
 
 In Seottisk, the whole ; applied to one's property, 
 family, or lineage, &c. Jamieson. 
 
 K1T'-C,\T, 71. A term applied to a club in London, 
 to which Addison and Steele belonged; so called 
 from Christopher CM, a pastry cook, who served the 
 club with mutton pies ; applied also to portraits a 
 little less than a half length, because such were 
 placeil in the club-room. Chalmers. 
 
 KITCII'EN, 71. [Sax. cycene; G. kiichc! B. kruken; 
 Sw. kok; Dan. kokke ; VV. cegin ; It. cucina ; L. co- 
 quina ; Sp. cociiio ; from the root of L. coqua, to 
 cook.] 
 
 1. A cook-room ; the room of a house ai>propriated 
 to cookery. 
 
 A fat kilehen makes o lean will. fyanklin. 
 
 2. In ships, the galley or caboose. 
 
 3. A utensil for roasting meat ; as, a t'ln kitcken. 
 KITCII'EN-GAR-I)£N, n. A garden or piece of 
 
 ground ap|)ropriated to the raising of vegetables for 
 the table. 
 
 K1T(;H'EN-M^TD, ti. a female servant whose busi- 
 ness is to rli^aii tln! kitchen and utensils of cookery, 
 or, in general, to do the work of a kitchen. 
 
 KITCU'EN-STLIFF, ii. Fat collected from pots and 
 dripiiingpans. Donne. 
 
 KITCII'EN-WENCH, ti. The woman who cleans 
 tlie kitchen and iileiisils of cookery. 
 
 KITCMI'EN-WORK, (kicli'cn-wiirk,) n. Work done 
 in the kitclien ; as cookery, washing, &.c. 
 
 KITE, Ti. [Sax. cyta.] 
 
 1. A ra|>acious bird of the genua Faico or hawk 
 kind, remarkable for gliding through the air without 
 freipieiitly moving its wings ; hence culled Gi.iuE. 
 
 2. A name of reproach, denoting rapacity. SAnA. 
 
 3. A light frame t)f wood and paper constructed 
 for flying in the air for the amusement of boys. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, UIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQpK.— 
 
 640 
 
KNA 
 
 KITB, II. Ill I'le nortli nf Engluml, the bolly. 
 KITK'rOO'r, n. A son of tobacco, so callril. 
 KT'l'K'S'rQO T, II. A plant. Amsaorth. 
 KITH, II. [Sax. cytlilhc] 
 
 Ac(|ii:iintance. [0&<.] Kitli and kin ; \ni\mMe ac- 
 quaiiitaiico and relationship, Qotocr. 
 KIT'I.I.NG, II. [L. catnlus.] 
 
 A whrlp ; tile younj; of a beast. B. Joiison. 
 
 KIT'TKN, (kit'lii,) II. [0. kuljr.] 
 
 \ yonni' rat, or the j'oiiii'; of the cat. 
 KIT'TK.Nj^kit'lii,) I). I. To briiis forth young, as a cat. 
 KIT"I'I-\VaKK, n. A bird of the genus Larus, or 
 KIT'TI.i:, / , re.,, ., , 1 [gull kind. 
 
 To tickle. [JVot Hsri!.] SJicrwooi!. 
 KlT'TLISIl, a. Tickli.sh ; diHicnlt to inauage. 
 KIVE, II. [Fr. cure.] [Sir fValler Scott. Orosf. 
 
 A inashiug vat. 
 KlVr.ll, I'. (. To rover. [Kii/ii-ur.] Haloet. 
 KLICK, B. I. [A diUerent orthography or diminutive 
 of clack.] 
 
 1. To make a small, sharp sound by striking two 
 things together. 
 
 •2. In Scotland, to pilfer, by taking with a snatch. 
 
 KLICK'iXG [ ^ regular, sharp noise. 
 K.XAIl, viiab,') ti. I. [D. knappan; G. ill.} 
 
 To seize with the lectli ; to lay hold of or ajipre- 
 hend. [Vulnar.] Smart. 
 
 [This word may belong to the root of nibble, and 
 it properly signifies to catch or seize suddenly with 
 the teeth. 1 L* blstran:;c, 
 
 KNAB'HA;!), ;!(nabd,) /ip. Bitten ; gnawed ; seized. 
 KNAli'BLE, r. i. To bite or nibble. [AVt itsci/.] 
 
 Broron. 
 
 KN.ACK, (nak,) n. A little machine; a petty con- 
 trivance ; a toy. 
 
 A knack, i\ toy, n trick, a baliy's cip. Shak. 
 9. A readiness or dexterity in some slight opera- 
 tion i habitual facility of performance ; dexterity ; 
 adroitness. 
 
 My niiUior hM a ffn»nl knack it( rcinnrlo. AUerbury. 
 Til" ileal! wiw fitmuilj in liis liriic, 
 
 Ami liiil u l«iii<l ot knack Lit rhyme. Siei/t. 
 3. A nice trick. 
 For how shoiilil f^iiitl colors ilo tli"* knack 7 
 Cli.iiiieIl'Oilit who Citn piiint in whit." and bl.ick f Pope. 
 
 KNACK, (nak,) v. i. [G. kiiaclien : Dan. knairer.] 
 
 To crack ; to make a sharp, abrupt noise. [Lillle 
 
 used.] Johnson. 
 K.N'ACK'EK, (nak'cr,) ii. A maker of knacks, toys, 
 
 or small work. Jilortimer. 
 
 2. A rope-maker, or collar-maker. [.Vut in use.] 
 
 Ainitieorth, Kntiek. 
 
 3. One who buys worn-out horses for slaughter, 
 and cnt-i them up for dog's meat. [Knrr.] Smart. 
 
 K.NACK'ISII, ^^nak'ish,) a. 'I'rickisli. More. 
 K.V ACK'ISII-M'.SS, II. Artifice ; irickishness. 
 K.NACK'V, (iiak'y,) a. Having a knack j cunning; 
 
 rrally. [/,<icn/.] 
 KNA(i, (nag.) ii. [Dan. Iiiii.t-, Sw. knagg, a knot in 
 
 wood, Ir. rimir, \V. cincc] 
 
 1. A knot Ml wood, or a protuberant knot ; a wart. 
 
 2. .A peg for hanging things on. 
 ;t. The shiHit of a deer's horns. 
 
 KNAG'tJY. fnag'gy,) a. Knotty ; full of knots ; 
 
 rough with Knots ; hence, rough in temper. 
 K.N.M', (nap,) n. [Sax. ciutp, W. cnnp, a button; a 
 
 knob, I). A'iiii;i.] 
 
 A protuberance ; a swelling, [Little xised.] [See 
 
 Knoii.] Bacon. 
 KN.VI*, (nap,) r. r. [D. knappen. Sec Ksaii.] 
 
 1. To bite; to bite olF; to hre;ik short. [Little 
 used.] More. 
 
 2. To strike with a loud noise. Same as Snap, 
 [fMile used.] Bacon. 
 
 KNAP, (nap,) r. i. To make a short, sharp sound. 
 
 fVueinan. 
 
 KNAP'IIOT-TI-E, (nap'lKit-tl,) n. A plant. 
 
 K.\AI"I'ISH, (nap pish,) a. Snappish. [See Sxap.I 
 
 K.\'A1"PLE, (nap'pl,) r. i. To break olF with an ab- 
 rupt, sharp noise. 
 
 KNAP'S.VCK, (iiap'sak,) n. [G. knappsack; D. knap- 
 lak, from kunppen, to eat.] 
 
 A frame of leather, or a sack for containing neces- 
 iaries of food and clothing, borne on the back by 
 Soldiers, travelers, &c, 
 
 KNAP'WEED, (nap'weed,) n. A plant of the genus 
 Centaurea, so called probably from *iia;i, a button. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 
 KNXR, (nlr,) n. [G. knor, or knorren ; D. Aiinr.J 
 A knot in wo<id. On/den. 
 
 KN.XRL'KD, (irirlil,)<i. Knotted. [See Gnarled.] 
 
 '^■'^'•^'Vl'^'' ("■''■'fe,) o. Knotty. Chaucer. 
 
 K.NAVE, (nive,) n. [Sax. riiii;m or cnn/n, a l«iy ; G. 
 kuahc ; I), knaap : Dan. Aiini ; oritinallii, a boy or 
 young man, then a servant, and las'tly a rogue.] 
 
 1. A boy ; a man-child. [Obs.] 
 
 2. .A servant. [Obs.] Drydm. 
 
 3. A false, deceitful fellow ; a dishonest man or boy. 
 In <l'li«iH:c of Jenioiuirjiion, knaft will conliniic lo iiros.-lylo 
 
 Amt,. 
 
 4. A card with a soldier painted on it. Hudibras. 
 
 KNI 
 
 KNSV'KR-Y, (nfiv'er-y,) ii. Dishonesty; deception 
 in trntlic ; trick ; petty villainy ; fraud. 
 
 Sfiak. Dnjdcn. 
 2. Mischievous tricks or practices. 
 KNA V'ISH, (niv'ish,) fl. Dishonest; fraudulent; as, 
 ' a knavi.ih lellow, tir a knniusli trick or transaction. 
 2, Waggish ; iniscliievous. 
 
 Citpitl ia a llrnilinf/t liul, 
 
 Tims to iimke pour fenialcB mad. Shak. 
 KN.aV'ISII-LY, (niv'ish-Iy,) ado. Dishonestly ; 
 fraudiihntly, 
 2. Waggishly ; mischievously. 
 KN.A V'ISII-NESS, (n.tv'isli-ness,) n. The quality or 
 
 habit of knavery ; dishonesty. 
 KNAW'EI,, (naw'el,) ». A plant, (Scleranthus,) 
 
 growing in sandy soil. 
 K.N BAD, (need,) c. t. [Sax. cnadan; G. knctcn ; D. 
 kncedcn ; Dan. kncdcr ; Sw. A'liaiyn.] 
 
 To work and press ingredients into a mass, vsn 
 ally with the hands; particuliirlij, to work into a well- 
 mixed m.iss the materials of bread, cake, or paste ; 
 as, to knead dough. 
 
 Till" c;ik«? shi- kiieatUd vi\% the Bivory moat. Prior. 
 KNkAD'ED, (need'ed,) jip. Worked and pressed to- 
 gi-^lier. 
 
 KNl'..\I)'ING, (need'ing,) ppr. Working and mixing 
 
 into a Weil-mixed mass. 
 KNioAD'ING, II. The act of working and mixing 
 
 into a m.iss. 
 
 KNliAD'ING-TROUGH, (necd'ing-trawf,) n. A trough 
 or vessel in which dough is workiul and mixed. 
 
 KNEE, (nee,) n. [Sax. ciifoio ; G. knic : O.knie; Sw. 
 knd ; Dan. kntc ; I'V. gcnoii ; It. irinocchio : L. rrenu ; 
 Gr. J oi/v ; Sans, janii. As the same word in Saxon 
 signifies generation, it appears to belong to the fami- 
 ly of ymopai, ^ciio, ami to signify a shoot or protu- 
 berance.] 
 
 1. In aiiataiii!/, the articulation of the thigh and leg 
 bones. 
 
 2. A piece of timber or metal cut or c.ist with an 
 angle snmewliat in the shape of the human knee 
 when bent. Thus, in ship-building, tile knees are 
 timbers having two branches or anus, and used to 
 connect the beams of a ship with her sides or tim- 
 bers. Francis. 
 
 KNEE, (nee,) !>. «. To supplicate by kneeling. [JVul 
 used,] Shak. 
 
 KNEE -€ROOK-ING, (nce'-kr99k-ins,) a. Obsequi- 
 ous. ' -Shak. 
 
 KNEED, (need,) a. Having knees; as, iii-tncei/, out- 
 kneed. 
 
 2. In botany, geniculated ; forming an obtuse an- 
 gle at the joints, like the knee when a little bent ; as, 
 /;iiepi/-grass. Martyn. 
 
 KNEE'-DEEP, (nee'deep,) a. Kising to the knees; 
 as, water or snow knee-deep. 
 
 2. Sunk to the knees; as, wading in water or 
 mire knre-dcep. 
 
 KNEE'-lirGII, (nee'hi,) a. Rising to the knees; as, 
 water knee-hi^h. 
 
 KNEE'llOL-LY, (nee'hol-ly,) n. Butcher's broom, a 
 plant of the genus Riiscus. 
 
 K.NEE'IIoL.M, (nee'hoinc,) n. Kneeliolly. 
 
 KNEEL, incel,) c. i. [0. knielen ; Dan. kntelcr ; Fr. 
 ageniiuiUcT, from n-fnoHiV, the knee.] 
 
 To bend the knee ; to fall on the knees ; sometimes 
 with doieiu 
 
 As soon lis you an; dressed, kneel down and say the Lord's 
 Prayer. Taylor. 
 
 KNEEL'£D, (necld,) prcfc and pp. of Kneei.. 
 
 And he kneeled down and crii'd with a loud voice, " Lonl, lay 
 not tlii:> bit! to their charge." — Acu vii, 60, 
 
 K.N'EEL'ER, (neel'er,) n. One who kneels or wor- 
 ships by kneeling, 
 
 K.N'BEL'ING, (neel'ing,) jipr. or a. Falling on the 
 knees. 
 
 KNEEL'ING-LY, adv. In a kneeling position. 
 K.NEE'PA.V, (nee'pan,) n. The round bone on the 
 
 lore-part of the knee. 
 KNEE'-TRIB'UTE, i nce'-trib'yute,) n. Tribute paid 
 
 by kneeling ; worship or obeisance by genuflection.. 
 
 JMiiton. 
 
 KNEI.L, (nel,) n, [Sax, cnyll: enyllan, to beat or 
 knock ; W, cnnl, a passing bell ; G, knallrn, to clap, 
 or crack ; Sw. knalla ; Dan. irnellcr, to bawl,] 
 
 Properly, tile stroke of a bell ; hence, the sound 
 caused by striking a bell ; appropriately, and perhaps 
 etclusireiy, the sound of a bell rung at a funeral ; a 
 tolling. 
 
 K.NELT, pret. and pp. of Kneel; but Kneeled is lo 
 be prefcrretl, 
 
 KNEW, (nil,) prct, of Know, 
 
 KNICK'KNACK, H. A trifle or toy, [Familiar.] 
 
 KNIKE, (nife,) II, ; pi. Knivks, (nivez,) [Sax, cnif; 
 Dan, Aiiic ; Sw, knif ; Fr, £-oni/, or canif. This word 
 seems to have a connection with the D, knippen, Sw, 
 knipa. to clip or pinch, to nip ; Dan, knibcr, G, kneifcn, 
 W, cnciviaw, lo clip, to shear. Its primary sense, then, 
 is an instrument that niyij otT, or cuts off with a 
 stroke,] 
 
 I, A cutting instrument with a sharp edge. Knives 
 are of various shapes and sizes, adapted to their re- 
 
 KNI 
 
 spective uses; as, table-iruDU ; carving Kiiicu, or 
 carvers ; pen-/iiiirM, &c, 
 2. A sword or dagger. Spnsrr. 
 
 KNil'E'-GKI.NDER, (iiife-,) n. One whose business 
 it IS to grind knives. 
 
 KNiri;'-SIIARP'A;N-ER, (nlfe ) «. A nmchine for 
 sliarpciiing knives, 
 
 KNiFE'-TKaY, (iilfe'tri,) n, A wicker-b.asket or 
 other reccplacle I'or knives, 
 
 KNKJIIT, (nite,) n, [Sax, cm/it, cnrnht, a boy, a ser- 
 vant, Ir, cniucht,C. knecht, D, kncgt, .Sw, knecht, Dan, 
 
 l.nri,!.] 
 
 1. Originally, a knight was a youth, and young 
 men being employed as servants, hence it came to 
 signify a servant. But among our warlike ancestors, 
 the Word was particularly applied to a young man 
 alter he was adiiiilted to the privilege of bearing 
 arms. The adinission to fliis iirivilege was a cere- 
 mony of great imiinrlance, and w:us the origin of the 
 iiistitiilioii of kiiiglilliiiod. Hence, in feudal times, a 
 /iTiii^'yit was a inaii admitted to military rank by a 
 certain cereinniiy. This privilege was conferred on 
 youths of family and fortune, and hence sprung the 
 honorahlr title of knight, in modern usage. A knight 
 has the title of sir. Kncyc. Johnson. 
 
 2. A pupil or follower. Shak. 
 
 3. A champion. Drayton. 
 Knight of the post; a knight dubbed at the whip- 
 ping post or [lillory ; a hireling witness. Johnson. 
 
 Kniijht of the shire ; in England, one of the repre- 
 sentatives of a county in |>arliameiit, originally a 
 kniglit ; but now any geiitleniau having an estate in 
 laud of six hundred pounds a year is i|ualitied. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 KNIGHT, (nile,) r. (, To dub or create a knight, 
 which is done by the king, w ho gives the person 
 kneeling a blow with a swoid, and says, Btse, Sir. — , 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 KNIGIIT-UACH'EL-OR, n. The lowest order of 
 knights, 'J'bey wi re expected to remain unmar- 
 ried until tli'y had gained some renown by their 
 acliieveiiiriits. Brandr. Booth. 
 
 KNT(;1IT'1;i>, (nit'ed,) pp. Created a knight, 
 KNICII r-EK'K;\NT, H, [tiiiV/i( and L, crraiu, o-ro, 
 to wander,] 
 
 .\ wandering knight ; a knight who traveled in 
 search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting 
 military skill, prowess, and generosity, 
 
 KNiGHT-ER'KAN r-RV, ii. The practice of wan- 
 dering in quest of adventures; the manners of wan- 
 dering knights, 
 
 KMGHT'-HEADS, (nitc'hedz,) 11,71/, \nships, bollard 
 timbers, two pieces of timber rising just within the 
 stem, one on each side of the bowsprit to secure its 
 inner end ; also, two strong fnnies of timber which 
 inclose and support the ends of the windlass, 
 
 .Will-. D,r'. 
 
 KNIGIIT'HOOl), n. The character or dignity >.f a 
 knight. 
 
 2. A military order, honor, or degree of ancient 
 nobility, confi rred as a reward of valor or merit. It 
 is of four kinds, military, regular, honorary, and so- 
 cial. ' Encyc. 
 
 KNIfJIITTNG, p;ir. Cre.iting knights, 
 K\T(;HT'LI;ss, a. Unbeconiing a knight, Spen.irr, 
 K.Ni(;iri''I,lKK, a, Ilesembling a knight, ScotU 
 KNlGHT'LI-NESS, n. Duties of a knight. ' Spenser. 
 KNKJHT'LY, n. Pertaining to a knight ; becoming a 
 
 knight; as, a AmV/it/;/ combat. Sidney. 
 KNIGIIT'LY, ade. In a manner becoming a knight. 
 
 SheriffooiL 
 
 KNIGHT'-MXR-STIAI,, 71, An olTicer in the house- 
 hold of the British king, who has cognizance of 
 transgressions within the king's household and verge, 
 and of coiilnirts made there, Encyc. 
 
 KNIGHT'-SEIIV-ICE, 71, In English feudal law, a 
 tenure of lands held by knights on condition of per- 
 foriiiing military service, every possessor of a knight's 
 /ee, or estate, origin,ally of twenty pounds' anniuU val- 
 ue, being obliged to attend the king in his \\:\rs. 
 
 KNIT, (nit,) r, t, ; prct. and pp. Kmt or Knitted, 
 [Sax. cr.yLian ; kr.i^ta ; Dan, knyUcr ; probably L. 
 nodo, whenc;: nodus. Lug, knot.] 
 
 1, To unif., as threads by needles ; tn connect in 
 a kind vi net- work ; as, toAnit a stocking, 
 
 2 lo unite closely ; as, let our hearts be itnit to- 
 gether in love, 
 
 3, To join or cause to grow together. 
 
 Niiture can not knit the tunes, wtiile tJie parts are under a tU» 
 charge, Hlteman. 
 
 4. To lie ; to fasten. 
 
 And he s:tw lienren opcneil, and a c«>itain vessel di'seemlinf I* 
 him, as it wen a sheet knit at lltc four comers, — 
 
 Acts X, 
 
 5, To draw together ; to contract ; as, to knit the 
 brows, 
 
 KNIT, (nit,) r, i. To unite or interweave by 
 needles, 
 
 2, To unite closely ; to grow together. Broken 
 bones will in time Anit and become sound, 
 
 KNIT, (nit,) n. Union by knitting ; texture. [LittU 
 
 usriL] 
 
 KNITCH, n. A fagot, or burden of wood. 
 
 TONE, BL'LL, t^NITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS, 
 
 81 
 
 6BB 
 
 641 
 
KNO 
 
 KNO 
 
 KllA 
 
 KNIT'TA-BLE, (nit'ta-bl,) a. That may be knit. 
 KNIT'TER, (nit'ter,) n. One that knits. 
 KNIT'TING, (nit'tinp,) rpr. Uniting by needles ; 
 
 forming texture ; uniting in groH tli. 
 KNIT'TING, n. Tlie formation of net-work by knit- 
 
 tinf!-neeill' S or niacliinery. 
 
 2. Tlie net-work thus formed. 
 
 3. In a more general sense, union or junction. 
 
 IVutton, 
 
 KNIT'TI.\G-NEE'DLE,(nit'tin5;-nee'dl,) n. A long 
 needle, n^u.ally made of wire, used for knitting tlire.ids 
 into sii.i kiML'>. ir irters, &.C. 
 
 KNIT'TIXG-SIIP.ATH, (nit'ting-,) v. An instnnnent 
 with a small perforation to receive the end of the nee- 
 dle in knitting. J?*/'. 
 
 KNIT'TLE, init'l,) n. [from /.•»»(.] A string that 
 gathers or draws together a purse. 
 
 2. A small line used in ships to sling hammocks, 
 &c. ' Mar. Vict. 
 
 KNOB, (nob,) n. [Sax. cnicp ; G. knopf; D. knoop ; 
 S\v. kiiopp ; Dan. knop, knub, knap; W. cnwb, cnwpa. 
 The word signifies a button, a top, a bunch.] 
 
 1. A hard protuberance ; a hard swelling or rising ; 
 a bunch ; as, a knub in the flesh, or on a bone. Raij. 
 
 2. A round ball at the end of any thing ; as, the 
 knob of a lock. 
 
 KXOB'BSD, (nobd,) a. Containing knobs; full of 
 knobs. 
 
 KNOB'BI-NESS, (nob'be-ness,) n. [from knobhj.] 
 The quality of having knobs, or of being full of pro- 
 tuberances. 
 
 KNOB'BY, (nob'by,) a. Full of knobs or hard pro- 
 tuberances ; hard. 
 
 KNOCK, (nok,) v. i. [Sa.\. cnucian ; W. cnociaw ; Sw. 
 knacka,] 
 
 1. To strike or beat with something thick or heavy ; 
 as, to knock with a club or with the fist ; to knock at 
 the door. We never use this word to express beatuig 
 with a small stick or whip. 
 
 2. To drive, or be driven against ; to strike against ; 
 to clash ; as, when one heavy body knocks against an- 
 other. 
 
 To knock under ; to yield ; to submit ; to acknowl- 
 edge to be conquered ; an expression borrowed from 
 the practice of knocking under Vie table, when con- 
 qriered. Johnson. 
 KNOCK, (nok,) i\ t. To strike ; to drive against ; as, 
 to knock the head against a post. 
 
 2. To sirike a door for admittance ; to rap. 
 
 To knock down i to strike down; to fell; to pros- 
 trate by a blow or by blows ; as, to knock down an ox. 
 
 To knock out ; to force out by a blow or by blows ; 
 as, to knock out the brains. 
 
 To knock up ; to arouse by knocking. In popular 
 ■use, to beat out ; to fatigue till unable to do more ; as, 
 the men were entirely knocked np. 
 
 To knock off; to force off by beating. At auctions, 
 to assign to a bidder by a blow on the counter. In 
 seamen^s lauguai/e, to cease ; to desist. 
 
 To knock on lUe head; to kill by a blow or by 
 blows. 
 
 KNOCK, (nok,) n. A blow ; a stroke with something 
 thick or heavy. 
 
 2. A stroke on a door, intended as a request for 
 admittance ; a rap. 
 KNOCK'KD, (nokt,)pp. Beat ; struck. 
 KNOCK'Klt, (nok'er,) n. One that knocks. 
 
 2. An instrument or kind of hammer, fastened to 
 a door to be used in seeking for admittance. 
 KNOCK'ING, nok'ing,) ppr. Heating ; striking. 
 KNOCK'ING, (nok'ing,) n. A beating ; a rap. 
 KNoLL, (nole,) v. t. [riax. cntjUan, to beat or strike. 
 See K.xKLL.] 
 To ring a bell, usually for a funeral. SkaJi. 
 KNOLL, (Hole,) 1. To sound, as a bell. Skak. 
 
 [Thi3 word, I believe, is not used in .America.] 
 KNoLL, (nole,) n. [Sax. cnoll; Svv. knyi, kiiSl; W. 
 cnol.] 
 
 1. The top or crown of a hill ; hut more generally, a 
 little round hill or mount ; a small elevation of earth. 
 
 2. The ringing of a bell ; as, the curfew knoll. 
 
 IVordswortk. 
 
 KNoLL'KD, ;);). Rung, or tolled, as a bell. 
 
 KNoI,I,'|;K, n. One who tolls a bell. Sherwood. 
 
 K.NoI.L'INiJ, ppr. Kinging, as a bell. 
 
 KNOf, fnop,) n. [A dillerenl spelling of Knap or Non.] 
 A knob ; a tuft -d top ; a bud ; a biinch : a button. 
 
 KN0I"I'/;D, (nopt,) a. Having knops or knobs; 
 fastened as with buttons. 
 
 K.NOI"I'i;ilN, (nop'pern,) n. Excrescences produced 
 by the puncture of insects on the llovvcr-cups of the 
 fnik. Ure. 
 
 K.\(jT, (not,) n. [Sax. cnolta ; G. knnim; IJ. knot; 
 Sw. kniitn ; Dan. knude : 1,. noilns ; probably connected 
 with knit, but pt rhaps from .swelling or gathering.] 
 
 1. Thi^ conijilication of threads made by knitting ^ 
 n lie; union of conls by interweaving; oh, a knot 
 diUlcult to be untied. 
 
 2. Any figure, tin; lines of which frequently inter- 
 sect each other; on, uAnot in gardening. 
 
 Ill iirilM Hiid cuHoui knoU. A/i/ton, 
 
 D. A bond of luiiociation or union ; !ih, the iniiitial 
 knot. 
 
 4. The part of a tree where a branch shoots. 
 
 5. The protuberant joint of a plant. Mariyit. 
 
 fi. A cluster; a collection; a group; as, n knot of 
 ladies ; a knot of figures in painting. 
 
 7. Difficulty ; intricacy ; something not easily 
 solved. South. 
 
 8. Any intrigue or difficult peridexity of affairs. 
 
 9. A bird of the genus Tringa. [Drydcn. 
 
 10. An epaulet. 
 
 11. In seatnen's language, a division of the log-line, 
 serving to measure the rate of the vessel's motion. 
 The number of knots which run off from the reel in 
 half a minute, shows the number of miles the vessel 
 sails in an hour. Hence, when a ship goes eight 
 miles an hour, she is said to go eight knots. 
 
 KNOT, (not,) V. t. To complicate or tie in a knot or 
 knots ; to form a knot. 
 
 2. To entangle; tope'plex. 
 
 3. To unite closely. Bacon. 
 KNOT, (not,) II. t. To form knots or joints, as in 
 
 plants. 
 
 2. To knit knots for fringe. 
 KNOT'BEll-llY, (not'ber-ry,) n. A plant of the genus 
 Itubiis. 
 
 KNOT'GRSSS, (not'grUss,) n. The name of several 
 species of plants, so denominated from the joints of 
 the stem. 'I'he common knotgrass is the Polygonum 
 aviculare. An infusion of it was once supposed to 
 have the effect of stopping the growth of an animal, 
 and hence called " hindering knotgrass." Skalc. 
 
 KNOT'LESS, (not'less,) a. Free from knots ; with- 
 out knots. Martipi. 
 
 KNOT'TEO, (not'ted,) a. Full of knots ; having 
 knots ; as, the knotted oak. Dryden. 
 
 2. Having intersecting figures. Shak. 
 
 3. In geology, a term applied to rocks characterized 
 by small, detached points, chiefly conqxised of mica, 
 less decomposable than the mass of the rock, and 
 forming knots in relief on the weathered surface. 
 
 PercivaPs Geol. 
 KNOT'TI-NESS, (not'ti-ness,) n. [from knotty.] 
 Fullness of knots ; the qualify of having many knots 
 or swellings. 
 2. Dilficiilty of solution : intricacy. 
 KNOT'TING, Entangling; uniting closely. 
 KNOT'TY, (not'ty,) a. Full of knots ; having many 
 knots ; .as, knotty timber. 
 
 2. Hard ; rugged ; as, a knotty head. Rou>e. 
 
 3. Difficult ; intricate ; perplexed ; as, a knotty 
 question or point. 
 
 KiN'OUT, (nowt,) ;i. An instrjiment of punishment in 
 Uussia, consisting of a str.-ip of leather about half 
 an incli wide, with which stripes are inflicted on 
 the bare back. 
 
 KNOUT, (nowt,) v. t. To inflict punishment with the 
 knout. 
 
 KNOW, (no,) v.t.; pret. K^evr ; pp. Knows. [Sax. 
 cnaw ui ; Russ. znayu, with a prefix. This is proba- 
 bly from the same original as the L. nosco, cognosce; 
 Gr. ; (i wiTk-a), although much varied in orthography. 
 JsTosco makes nfwi, \vlneli, v\ ith ^ or c prefixed, gnotii, 
 or cnovi, would coincide with knoic, knew. So L. crcsco, 
 creoi, coincides witli groiD, grew. The radical sense 
 of knowing is gener.ally to take, receive, or hold.] 
 
 1. To perceive with certainty; to understand 
 clearly ; to have a clear and certain perception of 
 truth, fact, or any thing that actually exists. To 
 know a thing precludes all doubt or uncertainty of 
 its existence. We know what we see with our eyes, 
 or perceive by other senses. VVe know tiiat fire ami 
 water are dilTerent substances. We know that truth 
 and falsehood express ideas incompatible with each 
 other. We know that a circle is not a square. We 
 do not know the truth of rejwrts, nor can we always 
 know what to believe. 
 
 2. To be informed of; to be taught. It is not unu- 
 sual for us to say we know things from information, 
 when we rely on the veracity of tlie informer. 
 
 3. To distinguish ; a.i,lo know one man from an- 
 other. We know a fixed star from a planet by its 
 twinkling. 
 
 4. To recognize by recollection, remembrance, 
 representation, or description. Wo do not always 
 know a person after a long absence. We someliines 
 know a man by having seen his portrait, or having 
 heard him described. 
 
 5. To be no stranger to ; to be familiar. This 
 man is wi ll known to us. 
 
 (i. In Scripture, to have sexual commerce with 
 
 7. To approve. [den. iv. 
 
 Tlie Lord knotoeth llii! way of tlie righteous. — Pa. i. 
 
 8. To learn. Prov. i. 
 
 !). To acknowledge with due respect. 1 Thess. v. 
 
 10. To choose ; to favor or take an interest in. 
 
 11. To commit ; to have. [MniosVn. 
 II'' liiilh iiiiul'r liiiii to U' Hill for us, wlio kncio no Kin. — 2 Cor. 
 
 12. To have full assurance of; to have satisfactory 
 evidence of iiiiy thing, though short of certainty. 
 
 KiVOW, (no,) 11. /. To have clear and certain percep- 
 tion ; not to bo doubtful ; sometimes with of. 
 
 ir any iiiiin will tlo hit will, lie •li.ill ilcnoui of llie doclrinr, 
 wlirtlier it lj« of Ood, or whi-tlior 1 ipcuTt of iny*"ll. — 
 Joliti Til. 
 
 2. To be informed. 
 
 Sir Joiin must not knoia of ii. Shale. 
 
 3. To take cognizance of; to examine. 
 
 Know of yijur youth — examine well your Ijlood. Sliak. 
 KNoW'A-BLE, (iio'a-bl,) a. That may be known; 
 
 that may be discovered, understood, or ascertained. 
 KNoW'ER, (no'er,) n. One who knows. [Locke. 
 KNOWING, (no'ing,) ppr. Having clear and certain 
 
 perception of. 
 
 2. a. Skillful ; well informed ; well instructed; as, 
 a knowing man. 
 
 The krtotrt/ig iind intplliijent part of the world. South. 
 
 3. Conscious; intelligent; significant. 
 
 A knoioing, prudent cause. Blackmoie 
 KNOWING, (no'ing,) ». Knowledge. Shak. 
 KNoW'ING-LY, (no'ing-ly,) ado. With knowledge. 
 
 He would not knowimrly offend. 
 KNOWL'EDGE, (nol'lej,) n. [Chaucer, knowleching, 
 
 from knowleche, to acknowledge. Ciu, the sense of 
 
 lech.] 
 
 1. A clear and certain perception of that which 
 exists, or of truth ami fact ; the perception of the 
 connection and agreement, or disagreement and re- 
 pugnancy, of our ideas. Encic. Locke. 
 
 VVe can have no knowledge of that which does not 
 exist. God has a perfect knowledge of all his works. 
 Human knowledge is very limited, and is mostly 
 gained by observation and experience. 
 
 2. Learning; illumination of mind. 
 Il^iiorance is the curse of God, 
 
 Knoi£lalge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. Shak. 
 
 3. Skill ; as, a knowledge of seamanship. 
 
 4. Acquaintance with any fact or person. I have 
 no knowledge of the man or thing. 
 
 5. Cognizance ; notice. Ruth ii. 
 
 (j. Information ; power of knowing. Sidney. 
 7. Sexu.al intercourse. But it is usual to prefix 
 
 carnal ; as, carnal knowledge. 
 KNOWL'EDGE, for Acknowledge, or Atow, is not 
 
 used. Bacon. 
 KNOWN, (nSne,) pp. or a. [from knou!.] Perceived ; 
 
 umiersfood ; recognized. 
 KNUB, (nub ) ) r. t. To bent ; to strike with 
 KNUB'BLE, (nub'bl,) j the knuckle. [JVot used.] 
 KNUCK'LE, (nuk'l,) n. [Sax. c««ci; G.knochcl; D. 
 
 kneukel; VV. cnuc, a joint or junction; cnuciaw, to 
 
 join, to couple.] 
 
 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when protu- 
 berant by the closing of the fingers. 
 
 2. The knee joint of a calf; ;is, a knuckle of ve.al. 
 
 3. The joint of a plant. [JVof used.] Bacon. 
 KNUCK'LE, (nuk'l,) v. i. To yield; to submit in 
 
 contest to an antagonist. 
 
 [This use of the word is said by Smart to be de- 
 rived from the old custom of striking the under side 
 of a table when defeated in argument.] 
 
 KNUCK'LiCD, (nuk'ld,) a. .lointed. . Bacon. 
 
 KNUFF, (nufl',) n. A lout ; a clown. [JVof used.] 
 
 KNUR, (niir,) \ n. [G. knorrcn, a knot, a knag, a 
 
 KNURL, (iiurl,) i guar.] 
 
 A knot ; a hard substance. TVoodward. 
 
 KNURL'/';D, (niirld,) a. Full of knots. 
 
 KNUR'LY, (nur'ly,) a. [from jtnur.] Full of knots ; 
 hiiril. This seems to be the same as Gnakly. 
 
 KNUR'RY, (nur'ry,) a. Full of knots. 
 
 Ko'BA, H. A mammal of the tribe {-'aprida;, the Da- 
 inaliskoba, an animal resembling an antelope, of a 
 size equal to a stag, and found in Central Africa. 
 
 KOII, 71. Coxd; thc^ord used in calling cows. [Pers. 
 koh, G. kuh, D. koe, Dan. koe, Sw. ko, a cow.] 
 
 [It is remarkable that our farmers have retained 
 the exact pronunciation of this word from the earli- 
 est ages.] 
 
 Ko'KOn, 71. A venomous serpent of America. 
 
 KOL'LY-RITE, «. [Gr. noUop'^n:] 
 
 A variety of clay whose color is pure white, or 
 with a shaile of gray, red, or yellow. [See Collv- 
 iin'E.] Cleaeeland. 
 
 K(),\I'A1A-NIC, 71. The crested lark of Germany. 
 
 KON'IL ITE, 71. [Gr. »oi/"{, dust, and Ai^ 'S, a stone.] 
 A mineral in the form of a loose powder, consist- 
 ing chiefly of silex, and remarkably fusible. Phillips. 
 
 KfTNITE. See Cdnite. 
 
 Ko'PECK, 71. A Russian coin, about the value of a 
 cent. 
 
 KO'RAN, (pronounced by oriental scholars korawn,) n. 
 O ,u > S - 
 [Ar. ^^j-'i koranan, from j^i" kara, to read, to call, 
 to teach.] 
 
 The Jlohaminedan book of faith ; the Alkoran. 
 
 K(")'RI;T, 71. A delicious fish of the East Indie.i. 
 
 KrtU'.MISS, ( 71. A liipior made among the Calmncks 
 
 KCl'.MI.S'''^, i by IVrim iiting mare's ntilk, and from 
 which they obtain, by distillation, an intoxicating 
 spirit, cttllcd Rack or Rackv. Ure. 
 
 KOU'PHO-LITE, 71. [Gr. Kovipof, light, and XiSof, 
 Ntime.] 
 
 A variety of Prehnite. Dana. 
 KRA'AL, II. In the soothirn part of .Africa, among the 
 Hottentots, a village ; n collection of huts 
 
 FATE, FXtt, FALL, VVII^T. - MP.TE, PRfiY I'lNE , MAUINE, UIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQpK — 
 
LAB 
 
 KRA'KI'/iV, n. A supposed enoriiuius sea nniirial. 
 
 KRK'A-SOTK. Sec Creosote. [(Jut/irie. 
 
 KKK.M'I.IN, ;i. [Iroiii IJiiss. krem, a forlrcS!<.] 
 
 In Russia, the liuuli'l of a town or city. The 
 term 19 particularly applied to the aiicieiit citadel of 
 Mosrow, wliirli now contains an imperial palace, 
 seviral churches and coiiv(Mits, an arsenal, &.C., 
 which, situated on a hill, with llieir iiilded domes and 
 spires, have a ma|;ni!ici nt appearance. It is of a 
 iriansular form, about two miles in circumference, 
 and surrounded liy a hi^h wall. 
 
 KKP'KA, 11. A bird of Russia and Sweden, resem- 
 hlino; a hedge-sparrow. Pennant, 
 
 KRL'L'LKR, n. [l». krullcn, to curl. This is curl, 
 with tlie letters transposed.] 
 A cako curled or crisped, boiled in fat. 
 
 Lthe twelfth letter of tlie Enslish alphabet, is usu- 
 ; ally denominateil a semi-nnoi!, or a lii/uiil. It 
 represents an imperfect articulation, formed by pla- 
 cing the tip of the tongue against the gum that in- 
 closes the roots of the upper teeth ; but the sides of 
 the tongue not being in close contact with the roof 
 of the mouth, the breath of course not being entirely 
 intercepted, this articulation is attended with iin im- 
 perfect s lund. The shape of the li tter is evidently 
 borrowed from that of the Oriental tamed, or 
 
 lomad, nearly coinciding with the Samaritan 2(. 
 
 L has only one sound in English, as in like, canal. At 
 the end of nionosyllabli^s, it is often doubled, as in 
 fall, full, tell, bell: but not after diphthongs and di- 
 graphs : ft*itl, fool, prowl, growl, foal, «itc., being 
 written with a single /. 
 
 With some nations, / and r are coniniutable ; ns in 
 Greek Aioioe, L. lilium ; It. scoria, an escort, Sp. and 
 Port, cscolta. Indeed, I and r are letters of the same 
 organ. 
 
 By sonic nations of Celtic origin, I at the beginning 
 of words is aspirated and doubled in writing, as in 
 the W. Ued, L. latus ; lliin, a lawn; Uaitr, a floor; 
 Sp. llamar, L. clamo. 
 
 In some words, I is mute, as in half, calf, walk, talk, 
 clialk. 
 
 In our mother tongue, the Anglo-Saxon, I is sometimes 
 preceihrd by h, and :v,s[)irated, as in liliff, loaf; hlailan, 
 to lade or load ; hlot, lot; Itlinian, hleonian, to lean, 
 Gr. x.Vu ai. L. clino. In the latter word, the Saxon A 
 represents the Greek k and Latin c, as it does in 
 many other words. 
 
 In English words, the terminating syllable (c is unac- 
 cented, the e is silent, and / has a feeble sound ; as 
 in able, ea^le, pronounced abl, eairL _ 
 
 As a numeral, L. denotes 50, and with a dash, L, 
 50,000. .\s an abbreviation, in accounts, L. stanils for 
 pound, [Ij. Ultra, pound.] It is also used for book, or 
 division of a work, [L. /iter.] In Latin, it stands 
 for Lucius ; and L. L. S. for a sesterce, or two libne 
 and a half. Encijc. 
 
 LA, eiclam. FPerhaps corrnpted from look ; but this is 
 doubtful.] Look ; see ; behold. Shali. 
 
 LA ; the sixth of the musical syllables in Guido's scale, 
 do or lit being the first. Brandt. 
 
 L/\n, n. .V great talker: a blabber. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 L.\B'.-\-I)IST, n. Tbf Labadists were followers of Jean 
 de Labadie, a zealous, hut mystical, and mtlier indis- 
 creet reformer of the seventeenth cenlur)-. Though 
 not faullless, they were doubtless charged with errors 
 in doctrine of wiiich they were not guilty. .Mardoek. 
 
 LAB'.\-RL'.M, n. [L. The original source of this word 
 is unknown.) The standard borne before the empe- 
 ror Constantine, after his conversion to Christianity. 
 It was a long pike, having a transverse beam, to 
 which w.as attached a silken vnil, wrought with im- 
 ages of the monarch and his children, and on the top 
 was a crown of gold inclosing the mysterious moniv- 
 gram representing the cross, with the initi.al letters 
 of the name of Christ. The word is sometimes used 
 for any other standard or llag. 
 
 See jJiitMrortA's Diet, and Oibbon^s llisL ch. XX. 
 
 LAn nAMJM. See Laua:«im. 
 
 LAB-E-FAe'TIO.\, ». [L. labrfactio, from labefacio; 
 labo, to totter, and facia, to make.] 
 
 .\ weakening or loosening : a failing ; decay ; 
 downfall ; ruin. 
 L.AB'E-FT, e. J, To weaken or impair. [jVut ii-«c</.] 
 
 DicU 
 
 L.^'BEL, n. [\V. llah, a strip ; labed, a label.] 
 
 1. A narrow slip of silk, paper, or parchment, con- 
 taining a name or title, and atlixed to anv thing, de- 
 noting lU contrnus. Such are the labels affixed to the 
 vessels of an a|K«liccary. l^els also are alfixed to 
 deeds or writmgs to bold the appended seal. 
 
 Harris. 
 
 LAIJ 
 
 KRV'O-LITE. See Chvolite. 
 
 KO'l'lC, a. The Kufic letters were the ancient letters 
 of the Arabic, so called from Kufa, on the Euphrates. 
 KO'MISS. See Koumiss. 
 
 KP'RIL, n. A bird, the black petrel. PennauU 
 KU-RIL'I- AN, u. 'I'lie Kurilian Isles !irc a chain in 
 
 the I'acilic, exti'iidiiig from the .southern extremity 
 
 of Kanischatka to Jesso. 
 KV, n. Kine. [J^'ol in »wr.] 
 
 K?'A-i\I'J"E, n. [C. kijanit, Werner; fr(mi the Gr. 
 Kvaviii, sky-coloreil.] 
 
 A mineral occurring usually in long, thin, blade- 
 like crystals, of a clear blue or bluish-w hite color. It 
 is very hard and infusible, and consists of silica 
 and alumina. Dana. 
 
 K?'AN-IZE, V. I. [from ICijan, the inventor of the 
 
 2. Any paper annexed to a will by way of addition ; 
 as a codicil. Encyc. 
 
 3. In heraldry, [a fillet with pendants or points. 
 The number of pendants is inditl'crent, but is usually 
 three. The label with three pendants is added to the 
 family arms by an eldi.st or only son, while his fa- 
 ther is still living. — E. II. li.] 
 
 4. .\ long, thin, brass rule, with a small sight at 
 one enil, and a center-hole at the other, comuiiuily 
 used with a tangent line on the edge of a circumfe- 
 rentor, to take altitudes, &c. Encyc. 
 
 5. In Oolhic architecture, a projecting tablet or mold- 
 ing over doorways, windows, &,c. ; also called the 
 DiupsToNE. ^ Qloss. of.drchiL 
 
 L.a'BEL, t'. t. To affix a Label to. 
 
 La'HEL-KD, pp. Furnished wit'a a label. 
 
 L.A'HEL-IiVG, ppr. Distinguisiiing by a label. 
 
 La'BE.VT, a. \l..labens.] 
 
 Sliding; gliding. Diet. 
 
 La'BI-AL, «. [Fr., from L. /a.'.;ttjn, a lip. See Lii-.] 
 Pertaining to the lips; formed by the lips; as, a 
 labial articulation. Tiius 6, 0, and m, are labial ar- 
 ticulations ;.and 00, Fr. ou. It. u, is a labial vowel. 
 
 La'BI-AL, n. .\ letter or character representing an 
 articulation of the lipa ; as, 4,/, m, p, i: 
 
 LA'Bl-AIj-LY, adv. In a labial manner; by the lips. 
 
 LA'BI-A-TED i ^ '«''""«> ''!'•] 
 
 In botany, a labiate cored is irregular, monopetalous, 
 with two lips, i. e. monopetalous, consisting of a nar- 
 row tube with a wide mouth, divided into two or 
 ' more segments arranged in two op|>osite divisions or 
 
 lips. Martya. Encyc. 
 
 LA'BII,E,a. [Low L. labilis.] 
 
 Liable to err, fall, or apostatize. fJVbt used.^ 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 LA-BI-O-DEXT'AL, a. [L. labium, a lip, and dens, a 
 tooth.] 
 
 Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the 
 lips and teeth ; as / and v. Holder. 
 LA'BOR, n. [L. labor, frcmi labo, to fail.] 
 
 1. Exerti(m of muscular strength, or bodily exer- 
 tion which occasions weariness ; particularly, the ex- 
 ertion of the limbs in occupations by which subsist- 
 ence is obtained, as in agriculture and mannfacturoe, 
 in distinction from exertions of strength in play or 
 amusements, which are ilenoiiiinated cxerci.^e, rather 
 than labor. Toilsome work ; jKiins ; travail ; any 
 bodily exertion which is attended with tatigue. Af- 
 ter the labors of the day, the farmer retires, and rest 
 is sweet. .Moderate labor contributes to health. 
 
 WImt is olitrtiin'fl l.y Intior, will of right be llie projx-ny ortiim by 
 wliuso teihor it in g-.uiicl. itanihler. 
 
 2. Intellectual exertion ; opplication of the mind 
 which occasions weariness ; as, the labor of compil- 
 ing and writing a history. 
 
 a. Exertion of mental jKiwers, united with bodily 
 employment ; as, the labors of Uie apostles in propa- 
 gating Christianity. 
 
 4. Work done, or to be done ; that which requires 
 wearisome exertion. 
 
 Scini; a Inbor of K> (fn-fU tlilliculty, tlio cxnct peribrnutny iht-re- 
 of we iiuiy ratlitT wUli Uian loult for. Hooker. 
 
 5. Hendc achievement ; a.i, the labors of Hercules. 
 
 6. Travail ; the pangs and etforts of childbirth. 
 
 7. The evils of life ; tri.als ; persecution, &.c. 
 
 Th'-y rtl from llj.-ir labort. — Uct. xiv. 
 LA'BOR, c. i. [L. laboro.l 
 
 1. To exert nniscular strength ; to act or move with 
 painful elTort, particularly in servile occupations ; to 
 work ; to toil. 
 
 Six .1 »y« &li.»U thou labor, nnd do ull thy work. — Exod. XX. 
 
 2. To exert one's powers of body or mind, or both, 
 in the prosecution oKany design ; to strive ; to take 
 pains. 
 
 Labnr not for tlie meal whion periaheth. — John vi. 
 
 LAB i 
 
 process.] To prevent the rotting of wtioil by im- 
 mersing it in a solution of corrosive sublimate or 
 titlier siibstaiif-es. Stiltwan. 
 KYR'l-E ; a word used at the beginning of all ni.'iss- 
 es. It is soiiietiiiies used to denote the ntovemeiit 
 itself. It is tile vocative cjise of the Greek K 'cioj, 
 Lord. 
 
 KYR-I-O-LOG'ie, j a. [Gr. KvpioX;) iKOf ; kvoio. 
 KVR-I-O-LOG'IC-AL, ( X'yco), to s|»ak prii|Mrrly ; 
 KviiiiiXiiyta, a discourse consisting of proper words ; 
 Kvoiw; anil \<i) oy.] 
 
 Serving perfectly to denote objects by conventional 
 signs or alphabetical characters. I.rlrunne. 
 
 The origiii.'tl (Jreek alphabet of sixteen lellers w.as 
 called kiinoloi'ic, because il represented the pure el- 
 ementary sounds. 
 
 3. To toil ; to he burdened. 
 
 Come unto me, all ye thut labor and arc li'-avy Udrn, and I will 
 give you rem. — .Mutt. xi. 
 
 4. To move with difficulty. 
 
 The Btonc tleit lnbt)TB up tlie hill. CianvUle. 
 
 5. To move irregularly with li'.tic progress ; to pitch 
 and roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent se.a. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 6. To be in distress ; to !:e proi^ed. 
 
 As sountliii^ cymbals aid the !aiy>n.t* ir-ncn. Dryden. 
 
 7. To be in travail ; to suffer the pangs of child- 
 
 8. To journey or inarch. [birth. 
 
 Miike not all the people to labor thither. — Josh. »ii. 
 
 9. To perform the duties of the p.astoral office. I 
 
 10. 'J'o perform Christian offices. [ 7'iirt. v. 
 
 To tabor under ; to be atllicted with; to be bur- 
 dened or distressed with ; as, to Zaii»r under a disease 
 or an alHiction. 
 
 LA'BOR, V. U To work at ; to till ; to cultivate. 
 
 The most excellent lands are lying fallow, or only labored by 
 children. 7b«>l-«. 
 
 2. To prosecute with effort ; to urge ; as, to labor a 
 point or argument. 
 
 3. To form or fabricate with exertion ; as, to labor 
 arms for Troy, Dryden. 
 
 4. To beat; to belabor. [T'Ac latter word is trentr- 
 ally used.'] Dryden. 
 
 5. To form with toil and care ; as, ;i labored com- 
 position. 
 
 LAB'O-RANT, 71. .\ chemist. [J^ot nsed.] Boyle. 
 L.Vll'O-RA-TO-RV, Ji. [Fr. laboratuire, from labor.] 
 
 1. A house or place where operations and experi- 
 ments in chemistry, pharmacy, pyrotechny, &c., are 
 performed. 
 
 2. A place where arms are mannfttctiired or re- 
 paired, or fireworks prepared ; as, the laboratory in 
 Springfield, in Massachusetts. 
 
 3. A place where work is performed, or any thing 
 is prepared for use. Hence Ilie stumacli is called the 
 grand laboratory of the littinan body ; the liver, the 
 tttboratorn of the bile. 
 
 LA'BOR-Kl), pp. or a. Tilled; cultivated; formed 
 with labor. 
 
 2. a. Bearing marks of constraint in execution : 
 opposed to Easy or Free ; as, a labored style. 
 La'HOR-ER, 71. One who labors in a toilsome occu- 
 pation ; a man who does work that retiuires httlc 
 skill, as tlistiiiiiuished from an artisan. 
 LA'Bf)K ING,;>;;r. or a. Exerting iniisciilar strength 
 or intellectual power; toiling; moving with pain or 
 with diffiriilly ; cultivating. 
 
 2. .A labariiitr man, or laborer, is often used for a 
 man who performs work that reipiires no apprentice- 
 ship or professional skill, in distinction from an arti- 
 san; but this restricted sense is not always obser\ed. 
 A hard-laborintr wan is one accustomed to hard labor. 
 
 lAtborina oar: the oar which requires the most 
 strenith or exertion, or on which most depends. 
 LA'BOR-I.Vt;, n. The act of bestowing labor. 
 
 2. The pitching and rolling of a vessel in a heavy 
 sea. 
 
 L.\-lio'RI-OrS, a. [L. taboriosus ; Fr. laboriruj.] 
 
 1. I'siiig exertion ; em|doying labor ; diligent ii^ 
 work or service ; assiduous ; used of persons : as, a 
 laboriviL-^ husbandman or mechanic ; a laboriuus min- 
 ister or pastor. 
 
 2. Requiring labor; toilsome ; tiresome; not easy; 
 as, tabnriiius duties or services. 
 
 3. Requiring labor, exertion, perseverance, or sac- 
 rifices. 
 
 Dtwt thou love watchinga, abstinence, or tuH, 
 
 Laborioat vinu'-s all ! Learn diese from Cato. A'tditon. 
 
 LA-BO'RI-OUS-LY, adc. With labor, toil, or difHeuI- 
 ty. Pope. 
 
 TONE, B};LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, YI"CI0US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as / ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 643 
 
LAC 
 
 LAC 
 
 LAC 
 
 I.A-Bo'KI-OUS-NESS, ji. Tlie qii.ility of beiiis labo- 
 rious, or aueiided with toil ; toilsomeiiess ; ditiiculty. 
 2. DiliEience ; assiduity. 
 
 LJ'BOR-LESSi, o. Not laborious. Brerewood. 
 
 La'BOR-SaV-ING, a. Saving labor ; adapted to su- 
 persede or diminish the labor of men. 
 
 La'BOR-SO.ME, n. Made with great labor and dili- 
 gence. [JVut ill use] Sandjjs. 
 
 L.A'BRA, H. [Sp.] A lip. Sliak. 
 
 LAB'RA-DoR-lTE, ». Labrador spar, a beautiful va- 
 riety of opalescent felspar, from Labrador. 
 
 La'BRoSE, a. [L. labrum, a lip.] 
 Having thick lips. 
 
 LA-BUR'.\U.\I, 71. A tree of the genus Cytisus, a na- 
 tive of the Alps, and much cultivated by way of or- 
 nament. 
 
 LAB'Y-RL\TH, 71. [L. labyrinthvs ; Gr. lal^vpivBoi.'] 
 
 1. Among the aticicitts, an edifice or place full of 
 intricacies, or formed with winding passages, which 
 rendered it difficult to find the way from the interior 
 to the entrance. The mus^t remarkable of these edi- 
 fices mentioned are tiie Egyptian and the Cretan tab- 
 yrinth--i. Enaic, Lempriere. 
 
 2. A maze ; an inexplicable dilficulty. 
 
 3. Foriiierlij, an ornamental maze or wilderness in 
 gardens. Spenser. 
 
 4. In anatomy, that part of the internal ear behind 
 the cavity of tiie tympanum or drum. Forsyth. 
 
 5. In ynclallurini, a series of troughs in a stamping- 
 mill, through which water passes for washing pul- 
 verized ore. Brande. 
 
 LAB-Y KINTH'I-AN, a. Winding; intricate; per- 
 plexed. Bp. Hall. 
 
 LAB-Y-KTNTH'ie, a. Like a labyrinth. 
 
 LAB-Y-RL\TH'I-FORM, a. Having the form of a lab- 
 yrinth ; intricate. Kirby. 
 
 LA B- V-RL\TU'L\E, a. Pertaining to or like a laby- 
 rinth. 
 
 LAG, 71. [Sp. laca ; G. lacU ; Dan. D. lak ; said to be 
 from the Arabic] 
 
 A resinous substance produced mainly upon the 
 Ficus Indica, or Banyan-tree, by the Coccus Ficus 
 or Coccus Lacca. It is composed of five different 
 varieties of resin, with a small quantity of several 
 other substances, particularly a' red coloring matter. 
 Stick lac is tile substance in its natural state, incrust- 
 ing small twigs. When broken off, and boiled in 
 water, it loses its red color, and is called seed luc. 
 "When melted, and reduced to a Ihin crust, it is called 
 shell lac. United with ivory black or vermilion, it 
 forms black and red sealing wa.t. Lac, dissolved in 
 
 • alcohol or other menstrua, by dififercnt methods of 
 preparation, constitutes various kinds of varnishes 
 and lackers. Thomson. 
 
 LAC, ) 71. In (Ac /Casf/zK/ics, one hundred thousand ; 
 L.\CK, \ as, a lac of rupees. 
 
 LAe'Cie, (lak'sik,) a. Pertaining to lac, or produced 
 
 from it ; as, laccic acid. 
 LAe'CINE, 71. A substance from shell lac, brittle, 
 
 yellow, translucent; soluble in caustic potash, and 
 
 in sulphuric acid. 
 LACE, 11. [Sp. lain, a tie or knot; Fr. lacet; It. lac- 
 
 cio i L. laiiueus.] 
 
 1. A work composed of threads interwoven into a 
 net, and worked on a pillow with spindles or pins. 
 Fine laces are manufactured in France, Italy, and 
 England. 
 
 2. A string ; a cord. Spenser. 
 
 3. A snare ; agin. Fairfax. 
 
 4. A plaited string with which females fasten their 
 clothes. 
 
 Doll ne'er wns c;illc(i to cut her lace. Sinift. 
 
 5. In old cant language, spirits added to coffee or 
 other beverage. .Addison. 
 
 LXCE, V. t. To fasten with a string through eyelet 
 holes. 
 
 When Jenny** stays arc newly laced. Prior. 
 
 2. To adorn with lace ; as, cloth laced with silver. 
 
 SkaL 
 
 3. To embellish with variegations or stripes. 
 
 I..>ok, love, wh.At envious strealts 
 
 Do lace the severing cluiiils in yonder east. Shak, 
 
 4. To beat; to lash ; [probably to make stripes on.] 
 
 I'll lore your co,tI t.<r ye. VEstratige. 
 
 f). In old cant language, to add spirits to cofi'ee or 
 other beverage. Smart, 
 LACE'-BAUK, 71. The bark of a shrub in the West 
 Indies^ the Daphne lagetto, so called from the texture 
 of its Miner bark. 
 LAC'f;iJ, (list,) pp. or a. Fastened with lace or a 
 string ; alno tricked off with lace. 
 
 jMced coffee : coffee with spirits in it. Mdison. 
 
 • iMttl mutton, (set off with laces ;) a prostitute. 
 [Oli».] Shak. 
 
 LACE'.M A.V, n. A man who deals in lace. Mdi^ion. 
 
 LAC'EU-A-BLE, a. [See Lacerate.] That may be 
 torn. JIaroeu. 
 
 LACER ATE, v. t. [L. larero, Ui tear.] 
 
 To l4rar ; Uy rend ; to nefiarate a Hubfitance by vio- 
 lence or tearing ; as, to lucrrale the flesh. It Is ap- 
 plied chiefly In the (le«li, or figiimtively to the heart. 
 Iliit siiiiieliines it is npjilied to the political or civil 
 divisions in a statt.*. 
 
 LACERATE, ) „ . . 
 
 LACER-A-TED, i ''>'■ °^ ^""^ ' 
 
 2. In botany, having the edge variously cut into ir- 
 regular segments ; as, a lacerated leaf. Martyn. 
 
 LAC-ER-A'TIUN, 71. The act of tearing or rending ; 
 the breach made by rending. .Srbuthnot. 
 
 LAC'ER-A-TIVE, a. Tearing; having the power to 
 tear ; as, lacerative humors. Harvey. 
 
 LA-CER'TA, 7!. [L.] The name of a genus of lizards. 
 2. A northern constellation ; the Lizard. 
 
 LA-CER'TI AN, u. A saurian of the family Lacertin- 
 idiB. The common lizard is an example of this fam- 
 ily. P. Cyc. 
 
 L.\-CER'TIAN, a. Pertaining to saurians, resembling 
 the commim lizard. 
 
 LA-CER'TINE, a. [L. lacertus.] Like a lizard. 
 
 Journ. of Science, 
 
 LA-CER TUS, 71. [L.] Tile girrock, a fish of the gar-fish 
 kind ; also, the lizard-fish. Did. JVat. Hiit. Cyc. 
 
 LaCE'-WING-KD, a. Having wings like lace. 
 
 LaCE'V\ OiM-AN, 71. A woman who makes or sells 
 lace. 
 
 LACHE, ) 71. [Norm. Fr. lachesse, from lache; L. 
 LACH'ES, ( laxus, lax, slow.] 
 In lam, neglect ; negligence. 
 LACH'RY-MA-BLE, a. Lamentable. Morley. 
 LACH'RY-.MAL, a. [Fr., from L. lachryma, a tear.] 
 
 1. Generating or secretrng tears ; as, the lachrymal 
 gland. 
 
 2. Pertaining to tears ; conveying tears. 
 LA€H'RY-MA-RY, a. Containing tears. Mdison. 
 LAeil-RY-MA'TION, 7i. The act of shedding tears. 
 LACH'RY-MA-TO-RY, 77. [Fr. lurJirymatoire.] 
 
 A vessel found in sepulchres of the ancients, in 
 which it has been supposed the tears of a deceased 
 person's friends were collected and preserved with 
 the ashes and urn. It was a small glass or bottle 
 like a phial. Encyc. 
 
 LACH'RY-MoSE, a. Generating or shedding tears. 
 
 LA€H'RY-MoSE-LY, adv. In a lachrymose manner. 
 
 LACING, ppr. Fastening with a string; adorning or 
 trimming with lace. 
 
 LACING, 71. A fastening with a string or cord 
 through eyelet holes. 
 2. A cord used in drawing tight or fastening. 
 
 LA-CIN'I-A-TED, | f^' " 
 
 1. Adorned with fringes. 
 
 2. In iufanij, jagged. ' Martyn. 
 LACK, V. I. [b. Iceg, empty ; leegen, to empty ; Dan. 
 
 lak, a fault ; lakkcr, to decline or wear away ; Goth. 
 ujligan, to hack or fail ; L. dcliqnium, which seems to 
 be connected with linipto, to leave, to faint, and with 
 litjtto, to melt, litjuid, &cc.] 
 
 1. To want; to be destitute of; not to have or 
 possess. 
 
 If iviiy of you lack wisdom, let him ask it of God. — James i. 
 
 2. To blame. [JVot in use.] Chaucer. 
 L.\CK, V. i. To be in want. 
 
 The young lions do taci: and sulTer hunn^er. — Ps. xxxiv, 
 2. To be wanting. 
 
 Perhaps tliere shall tocJl: five of the fifty righteous. — Gen. iviii. 
 LACK, 71. Want ; destitution ; need ; failure. 
 
 lie that gatliered little had no lack. — Ex. xvi. 
 A lack of rupees, in the East Indies, is one hundred 
 thousand rupees, which, at 55 cents each, amount to 
 filly-five thousand dollars, or, at 2s. 6d. sterling, to 
 £12,500. 
 
 LACK-A-DaY', eiclam. of sorrow or regret ; alas. 
 
 LACK-A-DAI'SY, and hence LACK-A-DAI'SI-CAL, 
 adj., affectedly pensive, are used in ludicrous lan- 
 guage. Smart, 
 
 LACK'BRAIN, 71. One that wants brains, or is defi- 
 cient in understanding. Shak. 
 
 LACK'ER. See Lachuer. 
 
 L.\CK'EY, (lak'e,) «. [Fr. laqaais ; Sp. Uicayo ; Port. 
 
 lacaia ; It. lacchi ; Eth. lak, to send, whence 
 
 lake, a servant ; L. lego, to send. From this 
 root is the Slieinitic In'jD, a messenger.] 
 An attending servant ; a footboy or footman. 
 LACK'EY, V. t. To attend servilely. Milton. 
 LAt'K'EY, V. i. To act as footboy; to pay servile at- 
 tendance. 
 
 oft have I servants seen on hoTses ride, 
 'I'he Iree and nol)le lackey l»y tlieir side. 
 
 Sandyt. 
 
 LACK'EY-/;!), (lak'id,) pp. Attended servilely. 
 LACK'ING, /i;ir. Wanting; not possessing. 
 LACK'-LIN-EN, a. Wanting shirts. [Little used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LACK'-LUS-TER, ) 71. A want of luster, or that 
 LACK'-LUS-TRE, i which wants brightnes.s. 
 LACK'-LUS-TER, a. Wanting luster or brightness. 
 LACK'-UJS-TKE, j S/iuk. 
 LA-eON'ie, (a. [Fr. laconique; L. laconicus ; 
 LA-CON'IC-AL, j from Laconia, or Laconct, the 
 Spartans.] 
 
 1. Short; brief; pithy; sententious; expressing 
 much in fi w worils, after tife manner of the Spar- 
 tniiri ; as, a laconic phrase. Pope. 
 
 2. Pertaining t» Sparta or Lacedemonia. 
 
 Traits, of Pausanias. D^.^nville. 
 LA-eON'ie-AL-LY, adti. Briefly; concisely; as, a 
 
 sentiment laconically expressed. 
 LA-CON' ICS, 71. A book of Pausanias, which treats 
 
 of Lacedemonia. 
 LA'CON-ISM, ) rr 7 • n 
 LA-€ON'I-CISM, ! '""'"«««».] 
 
 1. A concise style. 
 
 2. A brief, sententious phrase or expression. 
 LACaUER, (lak'ker,)7i. [Pr. laqut.] A kind of var- 
 nish. The basis of lactpiers is a solution of the sub- 
 stance called lac in spirit of wine or alcohol. Var- 
 nishes applied to metals improve their color and 
 preserve them from tarnishing. Encyc. Cyc. 
 
 Lacquers consist of different resins in a state of 
 solution, of which the most common are mastic, 
 sandarach, l.ic, benzoin, copal, amber, and asphalt. 
 The menstrua are either expressed or essential oils, 
 or spirit of wine. J\rieholson. 
 
 LACCiUER, (1. (. To varnish ; to smear over with 
 lacker, for the purpose of improving color or pre- 
 serving from tarnishing and decay. 
 
 LACCiLJER-iiD, pp. or a. Covered with lacquer; var- 
 nished. 
 
 LAC'CIUER-ING, ppr. Covering with lacquer; var- 
 nishing. 
 
 LACQUER ING, 71. The act of putting on lacquer. 
 
 2. The covering of lacquer or varnish thus put on. 
 LAC-Rl-MO'SO, [It.] Noting a plaintive movement, 
 
 as if in weeping. 
 L.ACTAGE, 71. The produce of animals yielding 
 
 milk. Shue.kford. 
 LAC'TANT, a. [L. lactans, from lacto, to give suck ; 
 lac, milk.] 
 
 Suckling; giving suck. [Little used.] 
 LACTA-RY, a. [L. lactarius, from lacta ; lac, milk.] 
 Milky ; full of white juice like milk. [Little used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 LAC'TA-RY, 71. [L. lactarius.] A dair>--hiiuse. 
 LACTATE, 71. In chrmiilry. a salt formed by the 
 
 lactic acid, or acid of milk, with a base. Fourcroy. 
 LAC-TA'TION, 71. [L. lacto, to give suck.] 
 
 The act of giving suck ; or the time of suckling. 
 
 Johnson, Encyc. 
 LA€MTE-AL, a. Pertaining to milk. 
 
 9. Ctmveying chyle ; as, a lacteal vessel. 
 LACTE AL, 71. A vessel or slender tube of animal 
 bodies, for conveying chyle from the intestines to the 
 common reservatory. Encyc, 
 LACTE-AL-LY, adv. Milkily ; in the manner of 
 milk. 
 
 L.\CTE-.-\N, a. [L. lactcus.] Milky ; resembling 
 milk. 
 
 2. Lacteal ; conveying chyle. 
 LACTE-OUS, a. [L. lacteus, from lac, milk.] 
 
 1, Milky ; resembling milk. Brown. 
 
 2. Lacteal ; conveying chyle ; as, a lacteov.< vessel. 
 
 Bcntley. 
 
 LACTE-OUS-LY, ado. Milkily ; lacteally. 
 L.AC-TES'CENCE, 71. [L. tactescens, lactesco, from 
 lacto : lac, milk.] 
 
 1. Tendency to milk; milkiness or milky color. 
 
 i*<i;//c. 
 
 ■ 2. In botany, milkiness ; the liquor which flows 
 abundantly from a plant, \\ hen wounded, commonly 
 white, but sometimes yellow or red. Martyn, 
 LAC-TES'CENT, a. Producing milk or white juice. 
 
 .Srbuthnot. 
 
 2. Aboltniling with a thick-colored juice. Encyc. 
 LACTIC, a. Pertaining to milk, or procured from 
 
 sour milk or whey ; as, the lactic acid. Fourcroy. 
 LAC-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. lac, milk, and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 1. Bearing or conveying milk or white juice ; as, 
 a lacliferiiiis duct. Boyle. 
 
 2. Producing a thick, colored juice, as a plant. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 LACTIME, II. .\ cryst.illizable acid, formed from c\;t\t- 
 orating the whey of milk, also called sugar of milk. 
 
 Oraliam. 
 
 LAC-TOAI'E TER, n. [L. lac and mrfraiii.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the proportion of 
 cream in milk. It is a glass tube graduated and filled 
 with milk. 
 
 LAC-'i'U-CA'RI-UM, 71. The inspissated juice of the 
 common lettuce, sometimes used as a substitiile for 
 opium. Cotdey, 
 
 LAC TO'CIC ACID, 11. An acid obtained from the 
 stitmg scented lettuce, Lactiica virosa, and bearing 
 some resemblance to oxalic acid. Brande. Cooley. 
 
 LA-CO'N.A, II. p/. LACiih-.*:. [L.l A small opening ; 
 a small pit or depression ; a small lilank space. 
 
 LA-CU'NAL, a. Pi ilaiiiing to or having lacuna!. 
 
 LA-CO'NAR, 71. [I..] Ill nrc/ii/ir/i/rc, the ceiling or 
 under surface of any part, when it consists of cimi- 
 partnients sunk or hollowed without spaces or hands 
 lietween the panels, Brande. 
 
 LAC IJ NOSE', a. [L. lacuno.ins, from lacuna, a ditch 
 or hollow.] 
 
 Fiirrowetl or pitted. A lacunose leaf has the disk 
 depressed between the veins. Martyn. 
 LA-CUS'TRINE, I a. Pertaining to lakes or swamps. 
 LA-CUS'TKAL, j Buckland. 
 
 FATE, FAE, F^LL, WH.>T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WX?LF, BQQK — 
 
 644 
 
LAD 
 
 LAD, H. r\V. llatcd,VL lad; and Sax. leotl,G. Itute, 
 Riiss. lead, |)i-ople, are probably frcini the same root ; 
 Ir. latli, a youth, 1). loot, a shoot ; Ucb. Ch. Syr. Sam. 
 
 lS'>to procreate or bear young; Eth. (DAi? ; Ar. 
 
 jjj walatla, id. Class Ld, No. 29.] 
 
 A younc man, or bov ; a slriplinf;. Locke. 
 
 LAn X XUM, n. [tJaiii to be Ar.nbic] The resinous 
 juice which exudes from the Cistus ladaniferiis, a 
 shruh which prows in Spain and I'ortugiil, or from 
 Cistus Creticiis, which grows in Crete, Syria, &.C. 
 It is collected with a kind of rake, with leather 
 thoniis attached to it, with which the slirubs are 
 brushed. The best sort is in dark-colored black 
 masses, of the consistence of a soft pliister. The 
 other sort is in long rolls coiled up, harder than 
 the former, and of a paler color. It is chielly used 
 in external applications. Encijc. Parr. 
 
 LAO'DElt, !i. [Sax. hUdder : T). latlder, OT ledcr ; G. 
 letter, a ladder, a leader, a cuide ; Iriten, to lead.] 
 
 I. A frame of wood, consisting of two side-pieces, 
 connected by rounds inserted in them at suit.able dis- 
 tances, and ihns forming steiw by which persons may 
 ascend a building, &c. 
 
 ■2. That by which a person ascends or rises ; means 
 of ascending ; as, a ladder made of cords. Shak. 
 
 Lowlim'Sa is yuuiig AniliiLion's ladder. StinJ:. 
 
 3. Gradual rise ; elevation. 
 
 Moiiitliri^ f:\si toward ilie tup of the Uvlder Mclt-si-iatioil. Sici/t. 
 
 LAD'DIE, (lad'de,) n. .\ lad or young man. [Scofd'.'.A.] 
 LaOE, r. t. : j*rft. Laded ; pp. I.adcd, Laden. [Sax. 
 Uufan n\u\ hladan ; (I. laden: I) taaileit ; Sw. laddal 
 Dan. ladder; Russ. klud,:i load or cargo; kladu, to 
 put, to lay, to make, hnild, or found, to lay eggs, to 
 give, to suppttse, &c. Here we observe that to load, 
 or lade, is to throw ; that is, to put on or in, for to 
 send, thrust, throw, is the sense of laying eggs. 
 Now, this is precisely the radical signification of 
 the witrds loud, lad. \V. Iltiwd, clod, 1*. plaiido, &c.] 
 I. To load ; to put on or in, as a burden or freight. 
 We lade a ship with cotton. We lade a horse or oth- 
 er beast with corn. 
 
 ■ with tlic corn, and departed tlicocc. 
 
 And th'^y laded their i 
 — Uen. xlii. 
 
 2. To dip; to throw in or out, as a fluid, with n 
 ladle or dip|>er; as, to lade water out of a tub or in- 
 to a cistern. 
 
 3. To draw water. ^jVo( in use.'] 
 
 I.ADr., II. The mouth 01 a river. [Ois.^ Gibson. 
 LAD'KI), { pp. Loaded; charged with a burden or 
 L.AU'f."N, t freight. 
 
 2. a. Oppressed ; burdened. 
 LSD'l.N'G, ppr. Loading; charging with a burden or 
 
 freight ; throwing or dipping out. 
 LAO'ING, n. That whicli constitutes a load or cargo ; 
 
 freiglit ; burden ; as, the lading of a ship, .^cts 
 
 Jixvii. 
 
 LAD'KfN, n. A little lad ; a ynutli. [Little used.] 
 LA'DLK, n. [Sax. hUr.dlr, from hiadnn, supra.] 
 
 1. A utensil somewhat like a dish, with a long 
 handler used for throwing or dipping out liquor from 
 a vessel. 
 
 2. The receptacle of a mill-wheel, which receives 
 the water which mox'es it. 
 
 3. In yuiiiipn/, an instrument for drawing the 
 charge nf a cannon- Mar. Diet. 
 
 LA'ULK-FyL, «. The quantity contained in a ladle. 
 
 Sicil'L 
 
 LA'nV, n. [fnx. hlafdi^, hl.rfdiga, hicrfdia. The first 
 syllable of this woril occurs in hlaford, lord, and Ibis 
 is supposed to be liinf, a loaf, ami the words to signi- 
 fy breail-rrieers. Itut this is doubtful ; the meaning 
 of the last syllable not being ascert^iined in either 
 word.] 
 
 1. A woman of distinction, correlative to Lord; 
 in^nsUtnd, a title prelixed to the name of any wom- 
 an whtise husband is not of lower rank than a 
 knight, or whose father was a nobleman not lower 
 than an earl. Smart. 
 
 2. A term of complaisance ; applied to almost any 
 well dressed woman, but oif}>ropriaUhj, to one of re- 
 fined manners and education. Guardian, 
 
 3. Mistress; the feinali' who presides or has au- 
 thority over a manor or a family. 
 
 LS;nY RTRl),-! 
 
 l,.yl)^*-!l^,'0, In. a small, red, vaginopennous, or 
 La'OV-COW, f sheath-winged. insect. Qau. 
 L.A'IJY-FL?, J 
 
 2. A small coleopterous ir.sect of various brilliant 
 colors, feeding on plaiit-lice, and belonging to the ge- 
 nus Coccinilla. Limutus. 
 LA'DY'S ItED'STRAW, n. An East Indian ever- 
 green undenihnib, of the genus Pharnaceiiin. 
 
 I^udon. 
 
 alis -"^ P'""' eenus Clem- 
 
 LA'DY'S COMn, M. A plant of the genus Scandix. 
 LA'n VS egSII'IO.N, ». a plant of the genus Saxif- 
 
 raga 
 
 LAK 
 
 LA'DV'S FL\'"(;EU, II. Kidney vetch ; a plant of the 
 
 genus Antliyllis. 
 LA'UY'S iM.WTLE, n. A plant of the genus Alche- 
 
 niilla. 
 
 La'DV'S Sf; AL, n. A plant of the genus Tainus. 
 LA'DY'S SLIP'l'ER, n. A plant of the genus Uypri- 
 pt-diiini. 
 
 LA'DY'S S.MOCK, n. A plant of the genus C.arda- 
 mine. 
 
 LA'DY'S TRA'CES, n. A plant of the genus Neot- 
 tia. 
 
 LA'DY-CIIAP'EL, n. A chapel dedicated to the Vir- 
 gin Mary. 
 
 LA'DY-DAY, n. The day of the annunciation of the 
 
 Virgin Mary, March ■-'.'ith. 
 LA'DY-LIKE, a. Like a lady in manners ; genteel ; 
 
 well-bred. 
 
 2. Soft; tender; delicate. Lhnjden. 
 LA'DY-LOVE, n. A sweetheart or mistress. 
 LA'DY'-SIIIP, n. The title of a lady. 
 
 Shak. Dry den. 
 L.AG, a. [This word belongs to the ro n( slack, slow, 
 sluggL^li, lan/ruiih, long ; Goth, laggs ; \Y. llag,llac: 
 Gr. Aa; ) cu'.>, Xu) Cla-ss Lg. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Coming after or behind ; slow ; sluggish ; tardy. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. Last ; long delayed ; as, the lag end. Shak. 
 [This ailjective is not now in use.] 
 
 L.\G, H. The lowest class ; the rump ; the fag end. 
 
 2. He that comes behind. [JVot in use.] Sliak. 
 L.\G, V. i. [W. Hag, line, slack, loose ; Goth, laggs, 
 long ; Eng. to flag, and flueceo, langueo, to languish, 
 &.C. The sense is to extend or draw out, or to bc- 
 ctune lax or loose. Class Lg.] 
 
 To walk or move slowly ; to loiter ; to stay be- 
 hind. 
 
 I «1i:vll not lag behind. Milton, 
 
 LAG'GARD, <u Slow ; sluggish ; backward. Collins, 
 L.\G'GARD, It. One who lags ; a loiterer. 
 
 Waller Scott, 
 
 LAG'GER, n. A loiterer ; an idler ; one who moves 
 
 slowly and falls behind. 
 LAG'GING, ppr. or a. Loitering; moving slowly and 
 
 falli lg behind. 
 
 Tlie niiree went lagging after with the child. Dnj'len. 
 
 L.\G'GrNG-LY, adv. Loiteringly. 
 L.'\G'0-MYS, ji. [Gr. Xnyos or Xayus, a hare, and 
 (ii'C, mouse or rat.] 
 
 The animal called R4T-iiARE,a genus between the 
 hare and rat, found in Siberia. Manlell. 
 LA-GOON', ) ?i. [It. and Sp. laguna, from the root of 
 L.\-GuXE', i lake] 
 
 A marsh, shallow pond, or lake, into which the 
 sea flows ; as, the lagunes of Venice. 
 
 Rail. SmollrU. 
 LX'ie, j a. [It. laieo, laicalc, Fr. laiqur, Sp. laycal, 
 L.A'IC-AL, \ I), leek, L. laicus, from Gr. >anr .5, from 
 Alio!, people. The Greek Aaoj is probably a contract- 
 ed word.] 
 
 lU'loiiging to the laity or people, in distinction from 
 the clergy. 
 
 LA'ie, K. A layman. Bp. Morton, 
 
 L.Ain, prrt. and pp. of Lat ; so written for Lated. 
 Laid up ; stored away ; confined to one's bed ; dis- 
 mantled and out of use, as a ship. 
 
 LAI.V, pp. of Lie. Lien would be a more regular or- 
 thography, biit L.vin is gene.'.-„'ly used. 
 
 LAIR, n. '[(;. lager, froni the root of lay, L. locut.] 
 
 1. A place of rest ; the bed or couch of a boar or 
 v\'ild be.ast. Miiton. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Pasture ; the ground. Spenstr. 
 LAIKD, n. [Contracted from Sa.x. hlaford, lonl.] 
 
 1. .\ person of superior rank , a lord. (SeoULth.) 
 
 2. A landholder under the degree of a knight or 
 squire. [S(roHi,s-A.] 
 
 3. .\ le;uler or captain. 
 
 LA'I-T\', n. [Gr. A.105, people. See Laic.] 
 
 1. The people, as distinguished from tne clergy; 
 the body of the people not in orders. Stei/l. 
 
 2. The state of a Layman, or of not being in orders. 
 [^'ot used,] .Syliffe. 
 
 L.AKE, r. i. [Sw. Irka : Dan. Irger; Goth, laikon.] 
 To play ; to sport. [.N'ui tA of England.] [This is 
 
 plait. Sax. pirgnn, without a prefix.] 
 LAKE, II. [G. laehe, a puddle ; Fr. lac; L. laetLs; Sp. 
 
 and It. lago ; Sax. luh ; ScoL Inch : Ir. tough ; Ice. 
 
 laugh. ,\ lake is a stand of water, from the root of 
 
 lay. Hence L. lagcjia. Eng. Jlagon, and Sp. laguna, 
 
 lagoon.] 
 
 .\ large and extensive collection of water con- 
 tained in a cavity or hollow of the e.arth. It dilTers 
 from a Posd in size, the latter being a collection of 
 small extent ; but sometimes a collection of water is 
 called a pond or a lake indifferently. North .America 
 contains some of the largest lakes on the globe, par- 
 ticularly the lakes Ontario, Eric, Huron, Michigan, 
 and Sii[>erior. 
 
 L.AKE, n. A deep-red coloring matter, consisting of 
 aluminous earth anil cochineal or other red substance. 
 Sometimes the term lake is indiscriminately applied 
 to all compounds of alumina and coloring matter. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 LAKE'LET, lu .\ little lake. Mrs. Butler. 
 
 LAM 
 
 LAKE'-LIKE, a. Ucseinbling a lake. Mrs, BuUrr. 
 
 LAK'Y,n. Pertaining to a lake or lakes. Shrrteovd, 
 
 L.VL-LA'TION, n. [Letter/.] An iiiiperf>/rt pronun- 
 ciation of the letter r, which iilli rs it like /. 
 
 LA'.MA, n. The soveri igii pontiff, or rather the god of 
 the Asiatic Tartars. Kneye. 
 
 2. A ruminant iiiainmni, called by nntiirnlists Aii- 
 cbenia Glaina, inlialiiiing Pi rii and the .Smthern 
 Andes. It is nearly allied to the camel, and has been 
 domesticated ami used ad a beast of burden. 
 
 L,\-.M.'\.N''TI.\, / II. The sea-cow or manatee. [See 
 
 LAMEN'TIN, ( Manatee.] 
 
 LAMU, (lam.) 11. [Goth, luwb ; Sax. hmb ; D. Dan. 
 lam ; G. lamm : Sw. lamb. The letter fc is casual and 
 useless. I suspect the word to signify a shoot, as in 
 other cases t»f the young of animals, from a root 
 which is retained in the Welsh llama, to bound, to 
 skip.l 
 
 1. The young of the sheep kind. 
 
 2. The Lamb of God, in .•Scripture, the Savior Je- 
 sus Christ, who was typified by the paschal laiub. 
 
 Behold tlie Lamb 0/ God, who ulceth awny . !»e sin of the world. 
 — John i. 
 
 L.AMI5, p. t. To bring forth young, as slieep. 
 LAMB'ALE, (lam'ile,) n. A feast at the time of 
 
 shearing lambs. 
 LAM'UA-TIVE, a. [L. ;<iraio, to lick; VV. Uaib, 
 
 lleibiam, to lap.] 
 
 Taken by licking. [Little u-ird.] Brown, 
 I/AM'I1.\-TI VE, n. .V medicine taken by licking with 
 
 the tongue. fViseman, 
 LA.MB-DOID'AL, a. [Gr. Xapff^a, the name of Uie 
 
 letter A, and ti^oc, form.] 
 
 In the form of the Greek A, (lambda,) the English 
 
 L ; as, the lambdoidal suture. Sharp, 
 LA.M'IIE.NT, a. [L. /nmiifii.s, /amio, to lick.] 
 
 Playing about; touching lightly; gliding over; 
 
 as, a lambent flame. Drydm, 
 LAMIi'KIN, (lam'kin,) n. A small lamb. Oay, 
 LAMR'LIKE, (lain'like,)n. Like a Iamb; gentle; 
 
 liuiiible; meek; mild; innocent; as, a lamblike tem- 
 per, 
 
 LA.MB'S'-WOOL, n. The wool of lambs. 
 
 2. Ale mixed with sugar, nutmeg, and the pnip of 
 roasted apples, said to be corrupted from lawns ubhal, 
 the day of the apple fruit. Burton. 
 
 LAME, a. (Sax. lame, or lama ; G. lahm ; D. Dan. lam ; 
 Sw. lahm. It is probahly allied to limp.] 
 
 1. Crippled or disabled in a limb, or otherwise in- 
 jured so as to be unsound and impaired in strength ; 
 as, a lame arm or leg, or a person lame in one leg. 
 
 2. Imperfect; net satisfactory ; as, a fame excuse. 
 
 Smift. 
 
 3. Hobbling ; not smooth ; as, numbers in verse. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Lame duck ; a cant phrase for a defaulter at the 
 stork exchange. Orose. 
 
 L.AME, r. L To make lame ; to cripple or disable ; to 
 render imperfect and uiisoiiiid ; as, to lame an arm or 
 a leg. Dryden, 
 
 LA.M'f;D, pp. .Made ^i*^ crippled. 
 
 LA.M'EL, in.; pi. Lamels or Lamellj:. [h.lamel- 
 
 LA-.MEL'LA, i la : W. Ilnnjn, See Lamina.] 
 A tliin plate or scale of any thing. 
 
 LAM'EL-LAR, a. [from lainrt.] Conijiosed of thin 
 pl.ates, layers, or scales; disposed in thin plates or 
 scales. 
 
 LAM'EI>-LAR-LY, adr. In thin plates or scales. 
 LA.M'EI,-L.ATE, / a. CemiMised of thin plates or 
 L.\M'EI.-LA-TED, ) scales, or covered with them. 
 LA-MEL'LI-eORN, ji. [L. lamrlla^ud comu, a 
 
 horn.] , _ 
 
 A coleopterous insect, having airt^ntiac terminating 
 
 in lamellar joinls. 
 LAM-EI..-LlF'ER-OUS, a. [i.. lamella and /ero, to 
 
 bear.] 
 
 Having a structure composed of thin layers ; hav- 
 ing a foliated sfruclure. Humble. 
 LA-.>IEL'LI-FOUJl, a. [L. lameUa, a plate, and 
 form.] 
 
 Having the form of a plate or scale. 
 
 Joum. of Science, 
 LA.M-EL-LI-ROS'TRAL, a. [L. lameUa and ros- 
 trum.] 
 
 A term applied to a tribe of swimming birds, in 
 which the margin of the beak is furnished with 
 lamels, or thin, deiit:il plates, as the goose, duck, 
 and swan. Brande. 
 LAME'LY', adr. [See Lame.] Like a cripple ; with 
 imiuiired strength ; in a h.alting manner ; as, to walk 
 lamely. 
 
 2. Imperfectly ; without a complete exhibition nf 
 parts ; as, a figure lamely drawn ; a scene lamely de- 
 scribed. 
 
 3. Weakly ; poorly ; unsteadily ; feebly. 
 LAMF.'NESS, 11. .\» impaired state of the body or 
 
 limbs; loss of natiinil soundness and strength by a 
 wound or by a disease ; particularly apfilied to Uie 
 limbs, and implying a total or [Kirtial inability ; aa, 
 llle lameness of the leg or ami. 
 
 2. Imperfection ; weakness ; as, the lameness OC 
 an argument, or of a description. 
 L.\-MENT', r. 1. [L. (amentur.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; 7H as in THIS. 
 
 81 
 
 64a 
 
L A M 
 
 1. To mourn ; to grieve ; to weep or wail ; to ex- 
 press sorrow. 
 
 Jeremiah lamented for Josiah. — 2 ChroB. xxxv, 
 
 2. To regret deeply ; to feel sorrow. 
 LA-ME\T', V. t. To bewail; to mourn for; to be- 
 moan ; to deplore. 
 
 One I-iaglieii ;U follies, one lamented crimes. Dnjden, 
 L.\-ME.NT', n. [L. lameiitiim.] 
 
 Grief or sorrow expressed in complaints or cries ; 
 lamentation ; a weeping. 
 
 Torment, anti loud lament, and furious rage. lifdlon. 
 [ Tliis noun is ttseti ckiefiy or safely in poetry.'] 
 2. .\n elesy or mournful ballad. 
 LAM'ENT-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. lameutabilis.] 
 
 1. To be lamented ; deserving sorrow; as, a lam- 
 entahtc declension of morals. 
 
 2. Mournful ; adapted to awaken grief; as, a lam- 
 entable tune. 
 
 3. Expressing sorrow ; as, lamentable cries. 
 
 4. Miserable ; pitiful ; low ; poor ; in a sense rather 
 Ittflicrtnts. ^/Jttle tiscd.] Stillinirjlcet. 
 
 LAM'ENT-A liLY, adv. Mournfully; with expres- 
 sions or tokens of sorrow. Sidney. 
 
 2. So as to cause sorrow. S/tot. 
 
 3. Pitifully ; despicably. 
 L.\M-ENT-A'TIO.\, n. [L. lamrntatio.] 
 
 1. Expression of sorrow ; cries of grief ; the act of 
 bewailing. 
 
 In Rama wiis there a voice heard, lamentation am! weeping. — 
 Malt. u. 
 
 2. In the plural, n book of Scripture, containing 
 the lamentations of Jeremiali. 
 
 L.4-MEXT'ED, pp. or a. Bewailed ; mourned for. 
 L.\-.ME.\T'ER, n. One who mourns, or cries out 
 
 with sorrov/. 
 L.V.MEN'TI.V. See Lamantin. 
 
 LA-.ME.\T'I.\"G, ;vr. Bewailing; mourning ; weep- 
 L.'^-ME.VT'I.NG, n. A mourning ; lamentation, [ing. 
 LA-.ME.\T'ING-LV, aiji.'. With lamentation. 
 La'.M1-A, II. [L.] .'V bag ; a witch ; a dennm. 
 L.AM'IN-A, 71. ; Lamin-*:. [L. lamina; W.llavyn, 
 from extending, W. llai-.] 
 
 1. .V thin plate or scale ; a layer or coat lying over 
 another; applied to the plates of minerals, bones, &:c. 
 
 2. A bone, or part of n bone, resembling a thin 
 plate, such as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid 
 bone. Parr. 
 
 3. The lap of the ear. Parr. 
 
 4. The border, or the upper, bro.ad, or spreading part 
 of the petal, in a pulyiietalous corol. JIartijn. 
 
 5. Tile part of a leaf \vhich is an expansion of the 
 parenchyma or pith of the petiole ; the blade of a 
 leaf. It is traversed bv veins. Lindleii. 
 
 LA.M'IN-.4-BLE, a. Capable of being formed inti. thin 
 plates. Kirican. 
 
 L.\.M'IN-AR, a. In plates ; consisting of thin plates 
 or layers. 
 
 LAM'f.V-.^TE, j a. Plated ; consisting of plates, 
 LA.\I'IN-A-TED, ) scales, or layers, one over an- 
 other. 
 
 LAM-IN-a'TIO.V, It. State of being laminated. 
 L.^.M'I.\G, pjir. Crippling. 
 
 L.\.M-IN'-IF'EIl-OUS, a. [L. lamina and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Having a structure consisting of lamime, or layers. 
 
 . Humble. 
 
 La.M'ISII, a. Somewhat lame. (Vood. 
 
 L.'iM.M, ». To beat. [^Tot in itse.] Beaum. If Ft. 
 
 L.\M'.*>;.*\S, 71. [Sax. Mammtcs.-'e, from Mafm'cssr, loaf- 
 maas, bread-feast, or feast of first fruits. Lyr.] 
 The fir.st day of August. Bacon. 
 
 LAM'MEK-GElR, n. The Gypaetos barbatus, the 
 largest bird of prey in Europe, Asia, or Africa, in- 
 habiting chains-of high mountains; also called the 
 Bearded Vulliire. 
 
 LA.Ml',/i. [Vt. lampe : Ij. linnpas ; Gr. Xa/iiras, from 
 A.i,j!T(.), to shine ; lleb. Cli. ^^c'7. Un.J 
 
 1. A vessel used for the combustion of liquid in- 
 flammable bodies, for the purpose of producing arti- 
 ficial light. 
 
 2. FiLrurativebj, a light of any kind. The moon is 
 called the lamp of heaven. 
 
 Thy g»'iitlc ejres S'-nd forth a quickening spirit, 
 
 To feed tile dying lamp ot" lif.: within ine. Rove. 
 
 Lamp nf aafrty, or safety lamp ; a lamp for lighting 
 coal ininex, williotit exposing workmen to the explo- 
 sion (if inllaminabic air. Damj. 
 LAMP'.\-I)IST, n. One who gained the prize in the 
 lampailroine. 
 
 LA.MP'A-DKOME, ii. [Gr. >a^'ra; and r'^o/ios-] In 
 Jlthcnsj a race by young men, with lamps in their 
 hands. Ho who reached the goal lirst, with his 
 lamp iinextinguinlied, gained the prize. F.lmes. 
 
 LA.M'PAS.-', n. [Kr.] An accidental swelling of the 
 (Icnliy lining of the roof of the mouth immi diately 
 behind the fore IiH'tb in the liorsc, which wnm sub- 
 nide« if left to itnelf. HoinetlmeH called (hampers. 
 
 LAM'PATK, n. A com|>ound Halt, composed of lampic 
 acid and a baxe. Urr. 
 
 LA.MP'-IILACK, 71. [lamp and hlatk ; being originally 
 made by meaiiH of a lamp or torch.] 
 
 A One Hoot formed by the condeniiation of the 
 
 LAX 
 
 smoke of burning oil, pitch, or resinous substances, 
 in a chimney ttirminating in a cone of cloth. 
 
 Fourcroy. 
 
 LAM'PER-EEL, 71. The same as the Lamprey. 
 
 Forby. 
 
 LAMP'ie, a. The lampic acid is obtained by the 
 combustion of ether by means of a lamp furnished 
 with a coil of platinum wire. Ure. Cooley. 
 
 LAMP'I.VG, a. [It. iiwtpante.] 
 
 Shining ; sparkling. [J\'tit used.] Spenser. 
 
 LAMP' LIGHT, ». Lfght from a lamp. 
 
 LA.M-POON', 11. [Qu. Old Fr. lamper.] 
 
 .\ personal satire in wrilins ; abuse ; censure 
 written to reproach and vex rather than to reform. 
 
 Johnson. Drydcn. Pope. 
 
 LAM POON', ». «. To abuse with personal censure; 
 to reproat^h in written satire. 
 
 L.\.^I-POO.^''£D, pp. Abused with personal satire. 
 
 L.\M-POON'ER, n. One who abuses with personal 
 satire ; the writer of a lampoon. 
 
 The squibs ar« those who are called Ubelers, lampooners, and 
 pamphleteers. TaUer. 
 
 LAM-POOX'IXG, ppr. Abusing with personal satire. 
 LAM-POOX'RV, tt. Abuse. 
 
 L.^M'PREY, 7!. [Fr. lamproie ; Sax. lampra-da : G. 
 latnprete ; D. lamprci ; Dan. lampret ; Sp. and Port. 
 lamprea; U.lamprcda; W.llei/irog ; Arm, lampreienu. 
 In Arm. lampra signifies to slip or glide. In Welsh, 
 Ueipiam is to lick or lap, and llciprutt, to make flabby. 
 If m is casual, which is jirobable, the .Armoric lampra, 
 for Za/ira, coincides with L. Znior, to .«/;/), and most 
 probably the animal is named from slipping. If, 
 however, the sense is taken from licking the rocks, 
 as Camden supposes, it accords with the sense of 
 the technical name of the genus Petromyzon, the 
 rock-sucker.] 
 
 The [lopular name of several species of Petromyzon, 
 a genus of anguilliform fishes, resembling the eel, 
 and moving in water by winding, like the serpent on 
 land. This fish has seven siiiraules on each side of 
 the neck, and a fistula or aperture on the top of the 
 head, but no pectoral or ventral fins. Tlie marine 
 or sea lamprey is sometimes found so large as to 
 weigh four or five pounds. Kncyc. 
 
 LAM'PREL and L.V.M'PROX. See Lampkey. 
 
 La'NA-RY, 71. A store-place for wool. Smart. 
 
 ^^,ijj*^'ip^'p j a. [L. lanatus, from lana, wool.] 
 
 Wooly. In botany, coveritd with a substance like 
 
 curled hairs ; as, a lanated leaf or stem. 
 LXiVCE, 7!. [L. lancea; Fr. lance; Sp. lama; It. 
 
 ?niicia ; G. lanze ; D. Sw. lans ; Dan. lantse ; Slav. 
 
 lamlia; Gr. X'lyxi- This word probably belongs to 
 
 Class Lg, and is named from shooting, sending.] 
 .K spear, an offensive weapon in form of a half 
 
 pike, used by the ancients and thrown by the hand. 
 
 It consisted of the shaft or handle, the wings and the 
 
 dart. Encyc. 
 LX.N'CE, V. t. [.'Vrm. lan^za, to shoot, to vomit.] 
 
 1. To pierce with a lance, or with a sharp, pointed 
 instrument. 
 
 Seizi'd the due victim, .and with fur>' lanced 
 
 Her Ixick. Dryden. 
 
 2. To pierce or cut ; to open with a lancet ; as, to 
 lance a vein or an abscess. 
 
 3. To throw in the manner of a lance. [See 
 Lanch.] SmurL 
 
 LXNC'^u, (liinst,) ;);). Pierced with a lancet. 
 
 LaXCE'LY, n. Suitable to a lance. Sidney. 
 
 LAi\"CE-0-L.\R, a. In botany, tapering toward each' 
 end. .^s. Res. 
 
 LA.\"CE-0-LaTE, j a. Oblong and gradually ta- 
 
 L.\.\'CE-0-La-TED, \ pering toward the outer ex- 
 tremity ; as, a lanceolate leaf. 
 
 LAiVCE'-PE-SADE', n. [It. lancia-spezzata, a demi- 
 lance man, a liulil horseman.] 
 
 An otiicer under the corporal. J. Hall. 
 
 LXN'C'ER,7i. One who lances; one who carries a 
 lance. .Anciently, a laiici't. 
 
 LA.N'CET, (lan'set,) n. [Fr. lancctte, from lance.] 
 
 1. A surgical instrument, sharp-pointed, and two- 
 edged, used in venesection, and in opening tumors, 
 abscesses, &c. F.ncye. 
 
 2. A high and narrow window pointed like a 
 lancet, often called a lancet-winduic. 
 
 LANty'II, r. t. [from lance, Fr. lancer.] 
 
 To throw, as a lance ; to dart ; to let fly. 
 
 See whtisc jirni can lanch the surer lioll. Dryden. Lee. 
 
 L\N'CH'/.I), (lincht,) pp. Caused to dart or flv off. 
 
 .t/«r. Diet. 
 
 LXNCH'IXG, ppr. Darting ; letting fly, as an arrow. 
 LAN'CI-FOR.M, a. Having the form of a lanre. 
 
 Mantcll. 
 
 LA\'CI-N-\TE, V. t. [L. lancino.] 
 
 To tear ; t<t lacerate. .lohnson. 
 
 LA.N-CI-NA'TION, 71. A tearing; laceration. 
 
 LA.\t''I.\G, ppr. (ipi'ning or piercing with a lancet. 
 
 LAND, 71. [.'Sax. land: Golb. <!. II. Dan. and Sw. 
 land. I suppose Ihirs to bi> the W. linn, a clear place 
 or area, and thesanieas Lwvm ; Cantabrian, landa, a 
 plain, or field, It. and Sp. landa. The final d is prob- 
 ably ndyi iiiHious. 'J'be primary sense is a lay or 
 spread. Class Lii.] 
 
 LAN 
 
 1. Earth, or the solid matter which constitutes the 
 fixed jiait of the surface of the globe, in distinction 
 from the sea or other waters, which constitute the 
 fluid or movable part. Hence we say, the globe is 
 terraqueous, consisting of land and water. The 
 seaman in a long voyage longs to see land. 
 
 2. Any portion of the solid, superficial part of the 
 globe, whether a kingdom or country, or a particular 
 region. The United States are denominated the 
 laud of freedom. 
 
 Go, view tile land, even Jericho. — Josli. ii. 
 
 3. .\ny small portion of the superficial part of the 
 earth or ground. We speak of the quantity of land 
 in a manor, l-'ive hundred acres of land is a large 
 farm. 
 
 4. Ground ; soil, or the superficial pail of the earth 
 in respect to its nature or quality; as, good land; 
 poor land ; moist or dry land. 
 
 5. Real estate. A traitor forfeits all his Zaiiiis and 
 tenements. 
 
 6. The inhabitants of a country or region ; a nation 
 or people. 
 
 These answers, in the silent night iw^ived, 
 
 The king himseit divulged ; the iand helieved. Dryden. 
 
 7. The ground left unplowed between furrows is 
 by farmers called a land. 
 
 To make the land, I in seamen^s language, is to dis- 
 
 To make land, j cover land from the sea as 
 the ship approaches it. 
 
 To shut in the land; to lose sight of the land left, 
 by the intervention of a point or promontory. 
 
 To set the land ; to see by the compass how it bears 
 from the ship. 
 
 Land 0' tJie lea! ; place of the faitliftd or blessed ; 
 heaven. [Scottish.] 
 L.\ND, V. t. To set on shore ; to disembark ; to de- 
 bark ; as, to land troops from a ship or boat ; to land 
 goods. 
 
 L.\ND, V. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat ; to 
 disembark. 
 
 L.\.\D'A.M-iM.\N, 71. A chief magistrate in some of 
 the Swiss cantons. 
 
 2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic 
 republic. 
 
 LAN'DAU, 71. A kind of coach or carriage whose 
 top may be opened and thrown back ; so called from 
 a town in Germany. 
 
 LA.\-I)AU-LET', 11. A chariot opening at top like a 
 landau. Smart. 
 
 LAND'-BREEZE, 71. [land and breeze.] A current 
 of air setting from the laud toward the se,a. 
 
 LAND'D.A.MN, (laud'dam,) f. t. To banish from the 
 laud. Shak- 
 
 L.\ND'ED, pp. Disembarked ; set on shore from a 
 ship or boat. 
 
 2 a. Having an estate in land ; as, a landed gen- 
 tleman. 
 
 The house of commons must consist, for the most part, oflanded 
 men. " Addison. 
 
 3. Consisting in real estate or land ; as, landed 
 security ; landed pntperty. The landed interest of a 
 nation is the interest consisting in land ; but the 
 word is used also for the owners of that interest, the 
 projirietors of land. 
 
 LAXD'FALL, 71. [land rmi fall.] A sudden transla- 
 tion of property in land by the death of a rich man. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. In seamen's language, the first land discovered 
 after a voyage. Jllar. Diet. 
 
 A good land fall, is the discovery of the land at the 
 time and place expected. 
 
 LAND'FLOOD, (-find,) 71. [land and JUwd.] An 
 overflowing of land by water ; an inundation. 
 Properly, a flood from the lanil from the swelling 
 of rivers ; but I am not sure that it is always used 
 in this sense. 
 
 LAXD'-FoRCE, 11. [land and force.] .\ military 
 fiirce, army, or body of troops serving on land, as 
 distinguished from a naval force. ^ 
 
 L.\XD'GK.A VE, II. [G. la:dgrtif; D. laudgraaf ; graf, 
 or graaf, is an carl or count. Sax. "•rrc/(i,a companion 
 or'count. It is contracted into reece, as in sheriff, or 
 shire-reei:e.] 
 
 A title taken by some German counts in the twelfth 
 century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior 
 counts'undLr their jurisdiction. Three of Ihein were 
 princes of the em|)ire. Brande. 
 LA.\I)-GR.\'VI-.\TE, II. The territory held by a 
 landgrave, or his ollice, jurisdiction, or authority. 
 
 F.ncye. 
 
 LAXD'IlgLD-ER, 71. A holder, owner, or proprietor 
 of land. 
 
 LAXD'I.NG, fipr. Setting on shore ; coming on shore. 
 L.A.XD'ING, n. The act of going or setting on shore 
 from a vessel. 
 
 2. A place for going or setting on shore. 
 
 3. Ill architecture, the part of a staircase which is 
 levil, without steps, connecting one flight with 
 another. Khnes. 
 
 LA.NI)'l.\(i-NET, 71. .\ small hoo|)-net used by an- 
 glers lo land the fish they have taken. 
 
 LANl)'IX(;-PLACE, II. 'a place for the landing of 
 persons or goods fVom a vessel. 
 
 PATE, FAB, FALL, WH^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 646 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 LAND'JOIi-ltKIt, n. A iiiuii who iiinkcs u l>iisiiii!j;i 
 of linyini' on spcciilatiun, or of buyini: im<l 
 
 sclliiiz for tlie profit of liiii'ijiuiij, or wlio buys aiul 
 sells fur othorrf. 
 
 LA.\1)'I>A-1)Y, II. [Sec LiNui.oBD.] A woman who 
 has tenants liolilhi^ from lier. Johnson. 
 Q. The niislrosrt of an inn. Swift. 
 
 L.\.N'l)l.i;sS, u. Ue.stitute of land i having no prop- 
 erly in hiiil. Sliak. 
 
 L.\.\l)'LO(,K, r. (. [land and lndt.'\ To inclose or 
 encompass liv land. 
 
 IjA.M)'L.()C1C-A;1), ( lokt,) pp. Encompassed by land, 
 so that no point of the compass is open to the sea. 
 
 F.iiriic. 
 
 LAND'LO-l'F.fl, ) II. [D. lanilloffiicr, litrrnlhj L\fiu- 
 I.ANIJ'LOUI'-IOII, ) Ri'NXEii, from lund and toupni, 
 to run or ramble.] A vagabond or vagrant ; one 
 who has no settled habitation. [See also L^noluu- 
 
 I) K R. ] 
 
 L.\.\l)'r,OUI), n. [f!ax. land-Mnford, lord of the land. 
 Rut in Ueiinati lelm-ltrrr, D. lccii-/icrr, is lonl of llie 
 tuun or lii f. Perhaps the Saxon is so written by mis- 
 take, or the word may have bei n corrupted.] 
 
 1. 'i'lie lonl of a manor or of land ; the owner of 
 land or houses who has tenants under him. 
 
 Jiihn.fon. 
 
 2. The master of an inn or tavern. .Addison. 
 LAND'I.OIUMIV, n. The state of a landlord. [04s.] 
 LA.VU'HJIl-llKU, ;i. [Perhaps from landloper.] A 
 
 term of reproach among seamen for one who passes 
 his life on land. 
 
 L.WD'.M.VN, ». A man who lives or serves on land ; 
 opposed to Slaman. 
 
 L.\.\I)',M/\RK, n. [land and mart.] A mark to desig 
 nale the boundary of hind ; any mark or fixed ob- 
 ject ; a.s, a marked tree, n stone, a ditch, or a heap 
 of stones, by w Inch the limits of a farm, a town, or 
 other portion of territory may be known and pre- 
 served. 
 
 Ttioti sliill not remove tliy nHghljor's landnmrk, — Dout. xix. 
 
 Q. In navigation, any elevated object on land tliat 
 serves as a guide to seamen. 
 
 LANI)'-OF-FICE, n. In tlie United S/a(es, an office in 
 which the sales of new land are registered, and 
 warrants issued for the location of land, and other 
 business respecting unsettled land is transacted. 
 
 LANI)'6\V.\-ER, n. The proprietor of land. 
 
 L.\.\1)'UF.EVE, II. A subordinate o/lirer on an exten- 
 sive estate, who acts as an assistant to the steward. 
 
 LAND'SeAI'E, II. [D. landscltap ; G. landschaft ; Dan. 
 landskab ; Sw. lambikap ; land and i/kape.] 
 
 1. A (loition of land or territory which the eye can 
 comprehend in a single view, including mountains, 
 rivers, lakes, and whatever the land contains. 
 
 Whilst ih'' landscape roiiiitl U measures, 
 Wlieiv the nibbling Hocks Ho slr:ty. 
 
 Mi.'IOB. 
 
 2. .\ picture, exhibiting the form of a district of 
 country, as far .as the eye can re.ach, or a particular 
 extent of land and the objects it contains, or its vari- 
 ous scenery. .Addison. Pope. 
 
 3. The view or prospect of a district of country. 
 LAMl'seAI'E-GXK'D^.V-ING, «. The art of laying 
 
 out grounds and arninging trees, shrubbery, &.C., in 
 such a manner as to produce the most pleasing etfect. 
 
 L.\Nl)'SI.II)E, ) n. .\ portion of a hdl or mountain, 
 
 L.-WD'SIjIP, j which slips or slides down; or the 
 sliding down of a considerable tract of land from a 
 mountain. Land.'ilips are not unfrequent in Switzer- 
 land. OoltL-milh. 
 
 L.A.MJS'MAN, n. One who lives on the land ; op- 
 posed to Sea MAS. 
 
 2. In .■teatnen\'i lan^uaar, a sailor on board a ship, 
 who has not bi foro been at sea. 
 
 L.\.\'l)'-SPRL\G, n. A spring of water which comes 
 into .action onlv after heavy rains. Brande. 
 
 LAXD'STl!EI(;ilT, (-strite,) «. A narrow slip of 
 land. LVfii u^id.\ Mountai^n. 
 
 LA.\D'-'I AX, n. A tax assessed on land tuid build- 
 ings. 
 
 LAND'-TITRM, B. A land breeze. Encyc. 
 
 L.\N1)'-VV.\IT-E1I, 71. \n officer of the customs, 
 whose duty is to irait i.r .ittend on the landing of 
 gooils, and to examine, weigh, or measure, and take 
 an account of llieni. hrnndc. 
 
 LA.ND'VVAIU), nr/o. Toward the land. Sandys. 
 
 LA.ND'WBIIR, ( ware,) n. [Gcr. lan-ruard.] In jJus- 
 tria and Prussia, the militia. Brande. 
 
 L.\NI)'-\VI\I), lu A wind blowing from the land. 
 
 LA.\I)'-\VORK-ER, (-wurk-er,) n. One who tills the 
 B'V""''- Poienall. 
 
 LA.NE, II. [D. (aon, a l.ane, a walk. Class I, n.] 
 
 1. ■\ narrow way or passage, or a private p:issage, 
 as distinguished from a public road or highway. A 
 lane may be open to all passengers, or it may be in- 
 closed and appropriated to a man's private use. In 
 the Umltd Siate.i, the word is used chielly in the 
 couiitf}', and answers in a degree to an allni in a 
 city. It has ."onulimes been used for allri/. In I^n- 
 don, the word lane is added to the naiiie of some 
 stri ets ; as, Chaucrry-lane. 
 
 2. "A (>as.sage between lines of men, or people 
 standing on each side. Bacon. 
 
 LA.\"GRA(5E, (lang'graj,) / n. Langrel ulial, or Ian- 
 I/.\N"(il{EL, (laiig'urel,) j irrmjr, is a particular 
 kind of shot used at sea for tearing sails and rlL'siiig, 
 and thus disahling an enemy's ship. It consists of 
 bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fastened to- 
 gether, wl/iir. ]iict. 
 LANG'SET-TLE, ;i. A long bench to sit on. [j\*ur£A 
 
 of Kntrland.] 
 I,A .N'tJ-SVNE', a//ii. Long ago. [Scottish.] 
 L.\.\'G Tl'.U-.\-I,()0', n. An old game .at cards ; oflen 
 
 abridged to lantrrloo and lanirtra. Tutler. Soiart. 
 L.^iVGUACE, {liuig'gwajc,) 71. [Fr. langaire ; Sp. 
 It-nijaa, I'^n'jnatrc; Port. liniTuaircm ; It. Uniruajriria ; 
 Arm. langaich; from L. tin<saa, the tongue and 
 sptsech. It seems to be connected with linijo, to lick ; 
 the n is evidently casual, for liirula, in Latin, is a lit- 
 tle tongue, and this signifies also a strap or lace, as 
 if the primary sense were to extend.] 
 
 1. Human speech ; the expression of ideas by 
 Words or significant articulate sounds, for the coiu- 
 niiinication of thoughts. !.nn<riia<re coiisi.>its in the 
 oral utterance of sounds, which usage has made the 
 representatives of ideas. When two or more per- 
 sons customarily annex the same sounds to the same 
 ideas, the expression of these sounds by one person 
 coniuiuiiicates his ideas to another. This is tlie pri- 
 mary sense of lansuase, the use of which is to com- 
 municate the thoughts of one person to another 
 through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds 
 are represented by letters, marks, or characters, 
 which form words. Hence language consists also in, 
 
 2. Words duly arranged in sentences, written, 
 printed, or engraved, and exhibited to the eye. 
 
 y. The speech or expre-ision of idea^ jieruliar to a 
 particular nation. Men had originally one and the 
 same language; hut the tribes or fiimilies of men, 
 since their dispersion, have distinct lanj^iiagcu. 
 
 4. St\ le ; niaiiuer of expression. 
 Olli'-rs for lanf;aa^e all th'-ir c;ire express. Pope. 
 
 .5. The inarticulate sounds by which irrational an- 
 imals express their feelings and wants. Each spe- 
 cies of animals h.as peculiar sounds, which are ut- 
 tered instinctively, and are unilerstood by its own 
 species, and its own species only. 
 
 li. Any manner of expressing thoughts. Thus we 
 speak of the language of the eye, a language very 
 expressive and intelligible. 
 
 7. j\ nation, as distinguished by their speech. 
 Dan. iii. 
 
 LA.\"GUA(5-J3r), (lang'gwajd,) a. Having a lan- 
 guage; skilled in language; as, many-lunguaged na- 
 tions. Pope. 
 
 LAN"GUAGE-iMXS'TER, n. One whose profession 
 is to teach languages. Spectator. 
 
 /wJ.V-fJt/KJV' [It.] In music, in a languishing 
 manner. 
 
 LAN"GUET, 71. [Fr. longueUe.\ 
 
 Any thing in the shape ot the tongue. [JVut 
 
 Knglislt.] Johnjion. 
 L.\N''GIIID, (lang'gwid,) a. [L. languidus, from lan- 
 
 gueo, to droop or Jiag. See Lanovisii.] 
 
 1. FlagL'ing ; drooping ; hence, feeble ; xve.ak ; 
 heavy ; dull ; indisptised to exertion, 'i'he body is 
 languid after excessive action, which exhausts its 
 powers. 
 
 2. Slow ; its, languid motion. > 
 
 3. Uiill ; heartless ; without animation. 
 
 Anil thftr langu'itt soul with Cato's virtue. Atl/lison. 
 .LAN""GIJID-l,Y, atlv. Weakly ; feebly ; slowly. Boyie. 
 LAN"GITID-NESS, n. Weakness from exhaustion of 
 strength; feebleness; dullness; languor. 
 2. Slowness. 
 
 L.\.N'"GUISII, V. i. [Fr. languir, languissant ; Arm. 
 languicia ; It. langutre ; L. languco, lachinisso ; Gr. 
 >rt) nu'.i, to flag, to lag. This word is of the family 
 of W. Uac, slack, loose ; llaciaw, to slacken, to relax. 
 L. lazo, larus, fiarceo, and Goth, la^^s, long, may be 
 of the same family.] 
 
 1. To lose strength or animation ; to be or be- 
 come dull, feeble, or spiritless ; to pine ; to be or to 
 grow heavy We languisk under disease or after 
 excessive exertion. 
 
 She lh.u hftth tome seven InnguUlieth. — Jer. xv. 
 
 2. To wither ; to fade , to lose the vegetating 
 power. 
 
 For Uie fi-I.fs of tleslibon lanffidsh. — Is. xvi. 
 
 3. To grow dull ; to be no longer active and vigor- 
 ous. The war languished for want of supplies. 
 Cominerce, agriculture, manufactures languish, not 
 for want of money, but for want of good markets. 
 
 4. To pine or sink under sorrow or any continued 
 passion ; as, a woman languishes for the loss of her 
 lover. 
 
 Tlien-fun* shall the ]nnt\ moum, and everyone that tlvrelleth 
 tlKT-in sliall Ifingouh. — llusen iv. 
 
 .5. To look with softness or tenderness, as xvith 
 the head reclined and a peculiar cast of tin; eye. 
 LA.V'GIJISH, r. t. To cause to droop or pine. [Lit- 
 tle usrd.]^ ShaJ:. Dniden. 
 L.\N"Gi;iSII, n Act of pining; also, a soft aiid ten- 
 der look or npiiearance. 
 
 Aii'l ill.? blue languish of soft AllU's eye. Pope. 
 
 LAN"GIJISII-/';I), (lang'gwisht,) pp. Drooped ; pined 
 
 I,Ai\"(;i,MSII-EK, 71. One who languishes or pines. 
 
 LA.\"GL'ISII-I.\(;, ppr. lieroiiiing or being leeble ; 
 losing strength ; pining ; withering ; fading. 
 
 2. a. Having a languid appearance ; as, a lan- 
 ffuishin ir eye. 
 
 LA.\"(ilJIS'lI-I.\G, n. Feebleness; pining. 
 
 LA\"GU1SII-L\G-LV, a</r. Weakly; feebly ; dul- 
 ly ; slowly. 
 2. Willi tender softness. 
 
 LAN"(iUI.SII-.ME.NT, 71. The state of pining. 
 
 2. Softness of look or mien, with the head re- 
 clined. Drtplen. 
 
 L.\i\"'(;UOR, (lang'gwor,) 71. [L. languor; Fr. /ai»- 
 «"Ufi/r. ] 
 
 1. I't'ebleness ; dullness; heaviness; lassitude of 
 body ; that state of the body which is induced by 
 exhaustion of strength, as by disr.isc, by extraordi- 
 nary exertion, by the relaxing effect of heat, or by 
 weakness from any canst?. 
 
 2. Dullness of the intellectual fatuity ; listli.'ssness. 
 
 3. Softness; laxity. [IVatLs. 
 To Ulcs of fniirniiic^, lily-Bilvfreil v.iles, 
 
 Oillufiing languor in the p.irtintj Dunciad. 
 
 LAN"GUOR-OUS, a. Tedious ; melancholy. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 LAN"GURE, V. t. To btiigtiish. [JV»( in use.] 
 
 [Chaucer. Spenser, 
 LAX'IARD, (lan'yartl.) Sec Lanvard. 
 L.a'.N'I-A-RY, h. Shambles ; a place of slaughter. 
 
 2. ,\ term tipplietl to the canine or dog teeth. 
 L.\'MI-A-RV', a. [L. /aHi«.i, a butcher.] [Brande. 
 Lacerating or tearing; as, the lanianj teeth, i. e., 
 the canine teeth. 
 LA'NI-.xTE, r. t. [L. lanio.] 
 
 To tear in pieces. [Little used.] 
 L.\-N'l A'TIO.V, n. .\ tearing in pieces. [Little used-.] 
 LA-NIF'ER-OLS, a. [L. lanifcr ; laiia, wool, and /ero, 
 to prothice.] 
 
 Ileariiii! or producing wool. 
 L A-\IF'ie-AL, a. Working in wool. 
 LAiVM-FICE, 71. [L. lanijxcium ; lana, wool, and facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 .Manufacture of wool. [Little u.ied.] Bacon. 
 LA-NIO'ER-OUS, a, [L. lauiger; /ana, wool, and ge- 
 ro, to bear.] 
 
 Hearing or producing wool. 
 LAXK, a. [Sax. lilanca ; (Jr. Xayapoi ; probably allied 
 to flank, and W. Hoc, slack, lax; llaciaw, to slacken ; 
 G. schlnnk.] 
 
 1. Loose or lax, and easily yielding to pressure; 
 not distended ; not stiff or firm by distention ; not 
 plump ; as, a lank bladder or purse. 
 
 The d'Tsry's Iki^ 
 Are lank and Ic.m with thy extortions. Shak. 
 
 2. Thin ; slenilcr; meager; not full and firm ; as, 
 a lank hotly. 
 
 3. Languid ; drooping. [See Lamcuism.] Milton, 
 LAXK, II. i. To become lank. [ Obs.] Shak, 
 L.ANK'LY, adv. Thinly ; loosely ; laxly. 
 LA.XK'XESS, «. Laxity; flabbiiiess ; Icanne-ss; slen- 
 
 ilerness. 
 
 L.'V.NK'V, a. Lank and tall. [Fulgar.] Smart. 
 
 LAN'.NEIl, ^11. [Fr. /aiiiVr ,' L. /aiiiariuj, /allium, a 
 
 LA.\'.\ER ET, j butcher.] 
 
 A European species of hawk. Lanner is the fe- 
 male ; lannrrri, the male. 
 
 L.^NS'UL"E-XET, (lans'kc-net,) 71. [lance and knecht, 
 a boy, a knighi.j 
 
 1. A name formerly given to the German infantry, 
 who were armed mostly with pikes, sometimt^s with 
 muskets. Brande. 
 
 2. A game at cards, vulgarly called Lamrskinnet. 
 
 Smart, 
 
 LAX'TER.V, 71. [Fr. lanterne ; L. lalerna; G. lateme; 
 D. lantaarn ; Sp. lintcrna.] 
 
 1. A case or ve.ssel made of tin perforated with 
 many holes, or of some transparent substance, as 
 glass, horn, or oil(>tl paper; used for carrying a can- 
 dle or other light into the open air, or into stables, 
 &c. Locke. 
 
 A dark lantern is one with a single opening, which 
 m.iy be closed so as to conceiU the light. 
 
 2. A lighthouse or light to direct the course of 
 ships. .ffddison, 
 
 3. Ill architecture, a little dome raised over the roof 
 of a building to give light, and to .serve as a crown- 
 ing to the fabric. Encyc. 
 
 4. A stjiiare cage of cjirpcntry placed over the ridge 
 of a corritlor or gallery, between two rows of shops, 
 to illuminate them. F.neiic, 
 
 Jlagic lantern : an optical machine by which paint- 
 eil images are representetl so much magnified as to 
 appear like the elfect of magic. 
 L.\N'TER\, f. t To put to death at or on the lamp- 
 post. 
 
 LAN'TER.N'-i.'D, pp. or a. Put to death at a lam|>-post. 
 
 O. .I/.-rrij. 
 
 LA\'TERi\-FLY, 71. The English name of Kiilgora 
 lanternaria, a heinipteroiis insect of South America, 
 which emits a stnmg light in the dark. 
 
 L.\.N'TER.\-L\G, ppr. Putting to death at or on a 
 lamp- post. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qXITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
LAP 
 
 LAR 
 
 LAR 
 
 I,A.\'TER.\'-JAW-/:D, «. Il.ivirig a tliin visage. 
 LAN'TiOIt.N-JAVVS, ii. pi. Long, tliin jaws; hence, 
 a thin vis:ii;e. Spectator. 
 
 LA.VTHA-NUm'^'' 1 "• ^ '"3'""". conceal.] 
 
 A nietiil, recently discovered, occurring with ce- 
 rium in certain minerals. 
 
 LAN'TIIORN ; a wrong spelling of Lat^tern. 
 
 LA-.Xu'OI-XoSE, j 12. [L. laiiuiriiiosiis, from lanugo, 
 
 L.VNU'Ot-iN'OUS, ! down, fioni laiia, wool.] 
 Downy ; covered with down, or fine, su(t hair. 
 
 LAN'YAUD, Ji. [Fr. lamcre, a strap.] 
 
 A short piece of ro[)e or line used for fastening 
 something in -^Iiips ; as the laiiyarih- of the gun-port-s, 
 of the bvKiy, mT I li!- c ii lioiik, &c. ; but especially used 
 to extenri tin- ^lin.niN and stays of the masts by their 
 commnnicatlun with the dead eyes, &c. Mar. Diet. 
 
 LA-Oe'O-OX, 7>. \n faliulous histortj, the priest of 
 Neptune or .Apollo, during the Trojan war. In 
 fciiliitiire, the group of the LaocoUn is this priest 
 with his children, infolded in the coils of two ser- 
 pents, as ^fiescribed by Virgil. 
 
 LA-OD-I-Cf.'Ai\, a. Like the Christians of Laodi- 
 cea ; lukewarm in religion. 
 
 LA-OD-I-C£'AN-IS.M, n. Lukewarmness in religion. 
 
 £. Stiles. 
 
 LAP, n. [Sax. Iceppe ; G. lappeni D. Dan. lap { Sw. 
 lapp. This word seenia to be a different orthography 
 of Flap.] 
 
 1. The loose part of a coat ; the lower part of a 
 garment that plays loosely. Swift. 
 
 2. The part of clothes that lies on the knees when 
 a person sits down j hence, the knees in this posi- 
 tion. 
 
 Men ex]Tect th.-vt h:\ppiiiess shoukl drop into tbeir laps. 
 
 TUtotson. 
 
 3. That part of one body which lies on and covers 
 another. Owilt. 
 
 LAP, t'. t. To fold ; to bend and lay over or on ; as, 
 to lap a piece of cloth. 
 
 To lap boariLi, is to lay one partly over another. 
 
 2. To wrap or twist round. 
 
 I tapped a slender lliread about the paper. Neaton. 
 
 3. To infold ; to involve. 
 
 Her ^.irnient spreads, and laps him in tlie folds. Dryden. 
 L.\P, V. i. To be spread or laid ; to be turned over. 
 
 The upper win^ are opaclous ; at their hinder ends, where they 
 tap over, transparent like the win j of a fly. Grew. 
 
 LAP, !!. i. [Snx. luppian ; D. labhe.n; Arm. lappa; Fr. 
 lapcr ; Dan. laber : W. llepiaw, lleibiaw ; Gr. X'iittw. 
 If m is casual in L. lambn, as it probably is, this is the 
 same word. Class Lb, No. 23.] 
 
 To t;ikc liijuor or food with the tongue; to feed 
 or drink by licking. 
 
 The ilo^ii by th- River Nilus'a side, bein^ thirsty, tap hastily as 
 
 they run along the stion;. * Digliy. 
 And the nnniU-r of them that lapped were three htnidr^d men. — 
 Judges vii. 
 
 LAP, 1'. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue ; 
 
 to lick up ; as, a cat lap^t milk, Skak. 
 LAP'DOG, «. A small dog fondled in the lap. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 LA-PEL', n. [from lap.] That part of a coat which 
 
 laps over the facing. 
 LA-PEL'Lt'D, a. Furnished with lapels. 
 LAP'FUL, ?i. As much as the lap can contain. 2 
 
 Kinas iv. 
 
 LAP'I-CIJ)E, n. A stone-cutter. [J^olused.'] Diet. 
 LAP-I-D.\'RI-OUS, a. [L. lapidarius, from lapis, a 
 stone.] 
 
 Stony ; consisting of stones. 
 LAP'I-I)A-RY, n. [Fr. lapidairc: h. lapidarius, lapis, 
 a stone.] 
 
 1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves 
 preciotis stones. 
 
 2. A dealer in precious stones. 
 
 3. A virtuoso skilled in the nature and kinds of 
 penis or [)recious slt»nes. Kncyc. 
 
 LAP'I-DA-RY, a. Pertaining to the art of cutting 
 stones. The lapidary style deiuifes that which is 
 proper for monumental and other inscriptions. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LAP'I-DSTE, V. t. [L. lapido.] 
 
 To slone. [JVi(( used.] 
 L.AP l-l)A''J'ION', ;i. The act of stoning a person to 
 
 death. IJall. 
 LA-PI D'i:-OUfi, a. [L. lapiUeus.] 
 
 Stony ; of the nature of stone ; as, lapidcous mat- 
 ter. [ f.ilile ujied.] Ray. 
 LAP-I-Oi;S'CENOE, n, - - 
 
 atone. 1 
 1. Th 
 
 [Tj. lapideseo, from lapis, a 
 
 rile process ol becoming utonc ; a hardening 
 iiitr* a Hkiny sub-tance. 
 2. A Htony concretion. Brown. 
 LAP-I-IIES'CEN'l', a. <;rowing or turning to stone ; 
 
 that hai the rpialily of pi trifv ing boilii s. F.nryc. 
 LAP-I-DES'CENT, n. Any niibstance which has the 
 fpiiilily of petrifying n body^ or converting it to stone. 
 LAP-I DIK'ie, a. [L. lapu, a Btone, and facio, to 
 make] 
 
 Forming or converting lnlt> stone. 
 LA-PII)-I-FI CA'TI(»\, n. The opi-ratlon of forming 
 or convcrtiht; into a tdony substance, by meatiH of a 
 
 liipiid charged with earthy particles in solution, 
 which crystallize in the interstices, ai»d end in form- 
 ing free-stone, puddiii[;-sloue, &c. Diet. JVat. Jlist. 
 
 LA-P[D'I-FI-/yD, Cla-i>id'e-fide,) pp. or a. Turned 
 into stone ; formed into stone. 
 
 LA-PID'I-F?, V. t. [L. lapis, a stone, and facio, to 
 form.] 
 To form into stone. 
 
 LA-PID'l-FV, V. i. To turn into stone ; to become 
 stone. 
 
 LA-PID'I-FY-ING, ppr. Turning into stone. 
 LAP'I-DIST, n. A dealer in precious stones. [See 
 Lapidary. 1 
 
 LAP-IL-L.:\'TION, n. The state of being, or act of 
 
 making stony. Smart. 
 LA-PIL'LI, 71. [L.] Volcanic ashes in which glob- 
 ular concretions |)ievail. Mantell. 
 La'PIS ; ill Latin, a stone. Hence, 
 
 Lapii Bonoaien'sis : the Bolognian stone. 
 Lapis hcpat'icus ; liver stone. 
 
 Lapu! iufenia'lis ; fused nitrate of silver ; lunar caus- 
 tic. Brande. 
 
 Lapis lazttli ; azure stone, an aluminous mineral, of 
 a rich blue color, resembling the blue carbonate of 
 copper. [.See Lazuli.] 
 
 Lapis Lydius, touchstone ; basanite ; a variety of 
 silicious slate. 
 LAP'LING, 71. [from lap.] One who indulges in 
 ease and sensual delights ; a term of contein|il. 
 
 Hewyt. 
 
 LAP'PED, (lapt,) pp. Turned or folded over. 
 L.AP'PER, 71. One that laps ; one that wraps or folds. 
 
 9. One that takes up with his tongue. 
 LAP'PET, 71. [dim. of lap.] A part of a garment or 
 
 dress that hangs loose. Srnift. 
 LAP'PING, p;)7-. Wrapping; folding; laying on. 
 
 2. Licking ; taking into the mouth with the 
 tongue. 
 
 LAPS'A-BLE, a. That may fall or relapse. Cudwortli. 
 LAPSE, «. [L. lapsus, from labor, to slide, to fall. 
 Class Lb.] 
 
 1. A sliding, gliding, or flowing ; a smooth course ; 
 as, the lapse of a stream ; the lapse of time. 
 
 2. A falling or passing. 
 
 The lapee to indolenc*? is soft and imperceptihle, but the return 
 to diligence is dilficull. Rnmbte'r. 
 
 3. A slip ; an error ; a fault ; a failing in duty ; a 
 slight deviation fjom truth or rectitude. 
 
 This Scripture may be usefully applied as a caution to ^ard 
 against those lapses and failings to which our inlinnlties 
 daily expose us. Rogers. 
 
 So we say, a lapse in style or propriety. 
 
 4. In ecclesiastical lam, the slip or omission of a 
 patron to present a clerk to a benefice, vvilhin six 
 months after it becomes void. In this case, the ben- 
 efice is said to be lapsed, or in lapse. Encyc. 
 
 .■). In theology, the fall or apostasy of Adam. 
 LAPSE, V. i. To glide ; to pass slowly, silently or by 
 degrees. 
 
 This flisposition to shorten our words by relrenchin* the vowels, 
 is nothing else but a tendency to lapse into the barbarity ol 
 those northern nations Ironi which we descended. Siri/l. 
 
 2. To slide or slip in moral conduct ; to fail in du- 
 ty ; to deviate from rectitude ; to commit a fault. 
 
 To lapse in fullness 
 Is sorer than to lie for need. ShaJc. 
 
 3. To slip or commit a fault by inadvertency or 
 mistake. 
 
 Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersiles, has lapsed 
 into the burlesque character. Addison. 
 
 4. To fall or pass from one proprietor to another, 
 by the omission or negligence of tlie ptitron. 
 
 If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months ensuing, it 
 lapses to the king. Aylije. 
 
 5. To fall from a state of innocence, or from truth, 
 faith, or perleclion. 
 
 Once morr: I will renew 
 Ills lapsed powers, Aftlton. 
 
 LAPS'KD, (lapst,) ;>;), or a. Fallen ; passed from one 
 proprietor to another by the negligence of the patron ; 
 as, a lapsed benefice, A lapsed legacy is one which 
 falls to the heirs through the failure of the legatee, as 
 when th(^ legatee dies before the testator. 
 
 LAP'SID-EI), (lop'sltl-ed,) «, [lap and .fide.] Hav- 
 ing one side heavier than tho other, as a ship, 
 
 Mir. Diet. 
 
 LAPS'ING, ppr. Gliding; flowing; failing; falliug to 
 one person through the omission (»f another, 
 
 LAP'SToNE, II, [lap nnd stonr.] A stone on which 
 shoemakers beat leather on the knees. 
 
 IJiP'SVS UMi'OUJK, [L.l Aslijiof the tongue ; a 
 mistake in uttering a word. 
 
 LAP'WING, 71. A bird of the Eastern contim^nt of 
 the plover family ; also called Pcwct. It is of tho 
 genus Vanelliis, of llrisson, B. Cijc. 
 
 LAP'WORK, {-wurk,) n. Work in which one part 
 laps over another. Grew. 
 
 LAR, n, ; ;>1, Lakes. [L.] A household deity. 
 
 Lovelace. 
 
 LAU'HOARD, 71. [board, bord, \a ji»u\e; hut I know 
 not the meaning of lar. The Dutch use baJilioord, 
 ami the (ierinaiis liarlilwrd.] 
 
 The left-hand side of a ship, when a person 
 stands with his face to the head ; opposed to Star- 
 board, 
 
 LXR'Iio ARD, a. Pertaining to the left-hand side of a 
 ship ; as, the larboard quarter. 
 
 LSR'CE-NY, 77. [Fr. larcin ; Norm, larcim ; Arm. 
 lacroncy, or lazroncy, contracted from L. latrocinium, 
 from the Celtic ; W. lladyr, theft ; lladron, thieves ; 
 Sp. ladron ; It. Vidro, ladrime.] 
 
 Theft ; the act of taking and carrying away the 
 goods or personal property of another feloniously. 
 Larceny is of two kinds ; simple larceny, or theft, not 
 accompanied with any atrocious circumstance; and 
 mixed or compound larceny, which includes in it the 
 aggravation of taking from one's house or person, as 
 in burglary or robbery. In Enaland, when the value 
 of the thing stolen is less than twelve pence, and in 
 JWro York, when it is less than $23, the crime is petty 
 larceny. Dlackstone. 
 
 LARCH, 71. [h.larir: Sp. alcrce ; It. larice; G. ler- 
 clteiibauat ; 1). lorheaboom.] * 
 
 The common name of a division of the Linnwan 
 genus Piniis, species of which are natives of Amer- 
 ica, as well .as of Europe. 
 
 LARD, 71. [Fr. lard ; L. lardiim, laridum ; It. and Sp. 
 larda ; Arm. lardt, Qu. W. liar, that spreads or drops, 
 soft.] 
 
 1, The fat of swine, after being melted and sepa- 
 rated from the flesh. 
 
 2. Bacon ; the Mesh of swine. Dryden. 
 LARD, «, (, [Fr, larder; Arm, tarda.] 
 
 1. To stuff with bacon or pork. 
 
 The larded thighs on loaded altars laid. Dryden. 
 
 2. To fatten ; to enrich. 
 
 Now Palsuitf sweats to death, 
 And lards the lean earth. 
 
 SbaJc. 
 
 3, To mix with something by way of improve- 
 ment, 
 
 Ijet no alien interpose, 
 To lard with wit thy hiingry Epsom prose. Dryden. 
 
 LARD, ». 1. To grow fat. Drayton. 
 
 LAR-DA'CEOUS, (Ulr-di'shus,) a. Of the nature of 
 lard ; consisting of larti. Coze. 
 
 LARD'ED,pp. Stuffed with bacon ; fattened ; mixed. 
 
 LARD'ER, 77. A room where meat and other articles 
 of food are kept, before they are cooked. Baroa. 
 
 LARD'ER-ER, ti. One who has charge of the larder. 
 
 LARD'ING, ppr. Stuffing; fattening; mixing. 
 
 LARD'-OIL, 71. Oil which is ubtainetl from lard. 
 
 LARD'ON, 71. A bit of bacon. 
 
 LARD'RY, 71. A larder. [JVotused.] 
 
 La'ReS, 71. pi. [L,] The household gods of the Ro- 
 mans, regarded as the souls of deceased ancestors, 
 
 LARGE, (larj,) a. [Fr. large; Sp, Port, and It, larao ; 
 Arm, lara ; L, largus. The primary sense is to 
 spread, stretch, or distend, to difluse ; hence, to loosen, 
 to relax ; Sp. largar, to loosen, to slacken, as a rojie. 
 Class Lr. Itseems to be connected with Gr. Ampo?, 
 wide, copious, and perhaps with floor, W. llawr, and 
 with //aicrr, much, many. In Bastpie, larria is gross, 
 and larritu, to groiv.J 
 
 1. Big ; of great size ; bulky ; as, a large body ; a 
 large horse or ox ; a large mountain ; a large tree ; a 
 large ship. 
 
 2. Wide ; extensive ; as, a large field or plain ; a 
 large extent of territory. 
 
 3. Extensive or populous ; containing many inlnib- 
 itants ; as, a large city or town. 
 
 4. Abundant; plentiful; ample; as, a large sup- 
 ply of provisions. 
 
 5. Copious; diffusive. 
 
 I iniirhl he very large on the importance and aiivantnsres nf 
 education. !• eilun. 
 
 6. In seamcji's language, the wind is large when it 
 crosses the line of a sliip'svconrse in a favortible di- 
 rection, particularly on the beam or quarter. F.oeyc. 
 
 7. Wide; consisting of much water; as, a large 
 river. 
 
 8. Liberal ; of a great amount ; as, a large dona- 
 tion. 
 
 At large ; without restraint or confinement ; as, to 
 go at larae ; to be left «( large. 
 
 2. Difl\isely ; fully ; in the full extent ; as, to dis- 
 course on a siiliject at large. 
 
 L.\RGE, n. Formerly, a musical note equal to four 
 breves, or eight semihreves. Bitsbi/. 
 
 LARGE-I1EAU'I''ED-NESS, (-liilrt'ed-,) n. Largeness 
 of heart ; libiTality. [A'ot used.] Bp. Rnjnidds. 
 
 LARGE'-LIMII-/'.'!), a. Having hirge limbs. Milton. 
 
 LARGE'LY, ai/c. Widely; extensively. 
 
 2. Copiously; dill'u.sely ; amply. The subject was 
 largelii discussed. 
 
 3. Liberally ; bountifully, 
 
 llxw he lives and eatt; 
 How /flr^f/y gives. Dryden. 
 
 4. Abundantly. 
 
 They their IlU of love mid love's disport 
 
 Toolt lariely. Milton. 
 
 LAR6F/NESS, n. Bigness; hulk; magnitude; as, 
 the largene.is of an animal. 
 
 2. (Jreatness ; coiiiprcliension ; as, the largeness of 
 mind, or of capacity. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, I'RIJY. _ PI.\E, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, UQQK.— 
 
LAS 
 
 LAS 
 
 LAT 
 
 3. Extent ; extcnsivoiiess ; aa, lar^mesa of vicwa, 
 
 4. Extension; amplitiiile ; llliernlity ; as, tliu /ar^e 
 nens of an offer ; largeness of heart. 
 
 Hooker. WatliT. 
 
 5. Widencss ; extent ; as, the lartrrnrss of a river. 
 LAR'GESS, 71. [Vr. largesse ; Lt,largitio; from largus, 
 
 larire.] 
 
 A present ; a gift or donation ; a bounty bestowed. 
 
 Baron, /Jrljdrn. 
 LAR-OirF.T'TO, (litr-Ret'to,) [It.] Sonienliat slow- 
 ly, but not so slowly as lariro. 
 LAII-OII'"'LU-OIIS, a. [L. largus and /bo.] 
 
 Flowing copiously. 
 LXRO'ISII, a. Somewhat large. [Unusual.] 
 
 Caralh. 
 
 LXR-OI"TIO\, (lUr-jish'un,) n. [h. largitio.] The 
 bestiiwnient of a largess or gift. [Ofe.] 
 
 LAR'GO, [It.] A musical term, directing to slow 
 movenuMit. Largo is one degree quicker than grai-ey 
 and two degrees quicker than adagio. Diet. 
 A quaver in largo is equal to a minim in presto. 
 
 LAU'l-AT, n. The lasso, a long cord or tlmng of 
 leather with a noose, used in catching wihl horses, 
 &r. IV. Irving. 
 
 LARK, n. [Sax. luferc, lauerce ; Scot, laerrok, Inucrok ; 
 G. lerclie ; I), leeuwrik : Dan. lerke ; Sw. larka ; Icl. 
 lava, loora. As the Latin alaiula coincides with 
 laudo, Eng. loud, so the lirst syllable of lark, laf, Ian, 
 lave, may coincide with the Dan. lover, to praise, to 
 sing or cry out. But 1 know not the sense of the 
 word.] 
 
 A bird of the genus Alauda, distinguished for its 
 singing. 
 
 !2. A sport or piece of merriment. [Vulgar.'] 
 
 Smart. 
 
 L.^lRK, ». i. To catch larks ; hence, in vulgar lan- 
 ffww""', to make spttrt ; to sport. Smart. 
 
 LAUIC'KR, II. .\ catcher of larks. Diet. 
 
 LA KK'LIKE, a. Kesenibling a lark in manners. 
 
 LAKK'S'-IIEEL, ;i. A flower called [mitin I'ltcs!!. 
 
 LAKK'SPUR, n. .\ plant with showy flowers, of the 
 genus Delphinium. 
 
 LAR'.MI-ER, n. [t'r., from larme, a tear or drop.] 
 
 The Hat, jutling part of a cornice ; litrraUij, the 
 dropper ; the eave or drip of a house ; the corona. 
 
 L.\R'RUP, V. t. [I'orby derives it from Sax. tarrian, 
 to lick. Jenning considers it a corruption of lee- 
 rope, used by sadors in beating the boys.] To beat 
 or Hog. [.'} low icord.] Forbij. 
 
 LAR'U.M, ?i. [G. Idrm, bustle, noise ; Dan. id.] 
 
 Alarm ; a noise giving notice of danger. [See 
 Alarm, which is generally used.] 
 
 LAR'VA, \ n. [L. larva, a mask : Sw. larf ; Dan. and 
 
 LARVE, i G. larve.] 
 
 An insect in the caterpillar or grub state ; the first 
 stage after the egg in the metamorphoses of insects, 
 preceding the pupa or chry.salis and perfect Insect. 
 
 Linn, 
 
 LAR'VAL, a. Belonging to a larva. 
 L.KR'VA-TEn, a. Masked ; clothed as with a mask. 
 L.\-RY.\'GE-AL, ( a. [See Larv.nx.] Pertaining to 
 LA-RYiN"Gi;-A.\, j the larynx. 
 L.\R-YN-GI'T1S, II. An inflammation of the larynx 
 of anv sort. 
 
 LAR-YN-GOT'O-MY, n. [lary/tz and Gr. Tcpvu), to 
 cut.] 
 
 The operation of cutting into the larynx ; the mak- 
 ing of an incision into the larynx for assisting re- 
 spiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign 
 bodies. Coze. Quincij. 
 
 LAR'YNX, n. [Gr. Ami.) (.] 
 
 In anatomy, the upper part of the windpipe or tra- 
 chea, a cartdaginous civiiy, which modulates the 
 voice in speaking and singing. Qnincii. 
 
 LAS'CAR, n. In the East fndie^s, a term applied to 
 native sailors, many of whom are employed in Eu- 
 ropean vessels. Brande. 
 
 LAS-CIV'I-E.\-Cy, LAS-CIV'I-E.\T. [A'ut vsul.] 
 See the next words. 
 
 LAS-CIV'I-OUS, a. [Ft. lascif; It. and Sp. lascieo ; 
 from L. lascivus, from laxus, lazo, to relax, to loosen. 
 Class Lg.) 
 
 1. Loose; wanton; lewd; lustful; as, lascivious 
 men ; lascivious desires ; lascivious eyes. JUiitan. 
 
 2. Sod ; wanton ; luxurious. 
 
 cnppn nimbly id « lady's chnmher. 
 To ttie latciriout pleasing of .1 lute. Sfiak. 
 
 LAS-CI V'l-OUS-LY, adv. Loosely ; wantonly ; lewdly. 
 
 LAS-CIV'I-OUS-\ESS, n. Looseness; irregular in- 
 dulgence of animal desires; wantonness; liistful- 
 ness. 
 
 Wlw, beinif pait ferlln', have given UtenucWca OTer lo Uucivi. 
 outntit, — Kfili. iv. 
 
 2. Tendency to excite lust, and promote irregular 
 indulgences. 
 
 Tiv rp.iK.li pirtcnitiHl by Aii'iistui wiu, the ItudciouniMf of 
 nu U -fK» mill hi» An ul l»Te. Dryiin. 
 
 LASH, n. [This m.ay be the same word as leash, Fr. 
 laisse, or it may be allied to' the G. lasche, a slap, 
 laseiun, lo lash or slap, and both may be from one 
 root.j ' 
 1. The thong or braided cord of a whip. 
 I i>l»T»ol Uial your whip ««nt«l a to It Additon. 
 
 5!. A leash or String. [Obs.] 
 
 3. A .stroke with n whip, or any thing pliant and 
 tough. The culprit received thirty-nine lashes. 
 
 4. A stroke of satire ; a sarcasm ; an expression or 
 retort that cut.s or gives pain. 
 
 The moriil in a Ifuh iit the vanity of arrogsillng that to ouniolvei 
 which siicc<ri;iU well. L'JCitlrange. 
 
 I^.ASH, r. t. To strike with a lash or any thing pliant ; 
 to whip or scourge. ^ 
 
 Wo lash ihi' |iiiiiil iukI ilffniinl the wartl, Dryilen. 
 
 2. To throw up with a sudden jerk. 
 
 lie tiills ; and lashing up his heels, hU rider throws. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To beat, as with something loose ; to dash 
 against. 
 
 And bi* wavci lash the friglited shores. Prior. 
 
 4. To tie or bind with a rope or cord ; to secure or 
 fasten by a string ; as, to lask any thing to a mast or 
 to a yard ; to lash a trunk on a coach. 
 
 5. To satirize ; to censure with severity ; as, to 
 /a.</( vice. 
 
 LASH, ti. i. To ply the whip ; to strike at. 
 
 To laugh at folliiis, or to lash at vice, Dryden, 
 To lash out, is to be extravagant or unruly. 
 
 Frltham. 
 
 LASH'KD, (lasht,5 pp. Struck with a hish ; whipped ; 
 
 tied ; made fast by a rope. 
 LASU'Elt, H. One that whips or lashes. 
 LASII'KR, } n. A piece t>f rope for biiuling or mak- 
 L.VSH'LN'G, ) ing ftust one thing to another. 
 
 Mar. Diet, 
 
 LASH'-FREE, a. Free from the lash of satire. 
 
 B. Jouson. 
 
 L.4SH'I\G, n. Castigation or chastisement. Smart. 
 
 2. Extravagance ; unriiliness. South. 
 
 3. A rope for making fast. [See Lasher.] 
 L.^SS, n. [till, from ladde.'is, as llickes suggests.] 
 
 A young woman ; a girl ; a|>plied particularly to 
 a couulry girl. Lassie is sometimes used, particu- 
 larly in Scotland. Philips. 
 LAS'SI-TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. lassitudo, from lassus, 
 antl this fnim laxus, laxo, to relax.] 
 
 1. Weakness ; dullness ; he.'iviness ; weariness ; 
 languor of body or mind, proceeding from exhaustion 
 of strength by excessive labor or action, or other 
 means. 
 
 2. Among pliijsirians, lassitude is a morbid sensa- 
 tion of languor which often precedes disease. 
 
 LXSS'LORN, a. Forsaken by his lass or mistress. 
 
 ShaJc 
 
 LAS'SO, n. [Fr. laLise ; L. la.i.-nis,] 
 
 A rope or cord with a noose, used for catching wild 
 horses, &c. 
 
 LAST, a. [Contracted from latest ; Sax. last, from 
 lato.1t ; G. Itttt ; 1). laalst, from (aat, late. Uu. is the 
 Gr. AotffOof from the same root? See Late and 
 Let.] 
 
 1. I'h.at comes after all the others ; the latest ; ap- 
 plied to time ; as, the last hour of the day ; the last 
 day of the year. 
 
 2. That follows all the others; that is behind r.!i 
 the otiu'rs in place ; hindmost ; as, this was the last 
 man that entered the church. 
 
 3. Beyond which there is no more. 
 
 Ilert* , last of Britons, let your names be read. Pope, 
 
 4. Next before the |>rescnt ; as, the last week ; the 
 last year. 
 
 5. Utmost ; that beyond which there is nothing 
 greater. 
 
 Their last endcivors bend. 
 
 To uuuliiite each other, Dryden. 
 They are contending lor principles of the last Imporlance. 
 
 Hotxirt Hall. 
 
 6. Lowest ; meanest. 
 
 Aniilochui 
 
 Takes the last pnu: Pope, 
 At last, at the last : at the end ; in the conclusion. 
 
 Gad, a truop shall overcome him ; but he shall overcome at the 
 
 last. — lien 
 
 xli> 
 
 To tlie last ; to the end ; till the conclusion. 
 
 And blunder oa in business to the last. Pope. 
 In the phrases, "you arc the last man I should 
 consult," " this is the la.it pl.ice in which I should 
 expect to find you," the word la.<t implies improba- 
 bility ; this is the most improbable place, and there- 
 fore I should resort to it last. 
 LAST, adv. The last lime ; the time before the pres- 
 ent. I saw him last at New York. 
 2. In conclusion ; finally. 
 PIcaseil with his idol, he commends, aitmin^, 
 Adoivs ; and last llic thing adored desirt:*. Dryden. 
 
 LAST, r. i. [Sax. lastan, lastan. This verb seems to 
 be from the adjective last, the primary sense of which 
 is continued, drawn out. See Let.] 
 
 1. To continue in time ; to endure ; to remain In 
 existence. Our government can not last long unless 
 administered by liimest men. 
 
 2. To continue unimpaired ; not to decay or per- 
 ish. Select for winter the best apples to last. This 
 color will la.it. 
 
 3. To hold out ; to continue unconsumed. The 
 
 captain knew he had not water on board to Uut a 
 week. 
 
 LAST, n. [Sax. htastc; G. Sw. D. and Dan. last; 
 Iliiss. laste ; Ft. lest ; Arm. lastr ; \\. Utcyth. See 
 Load.] 
 
 A load ; hence, a certain weight or measure. [It 
 is generally estimated at 4000 lbs., but varies exceed- 
 ingly as to difl'ereut articles. JlcCalloeh,] A last u( 
 codlish, white herrings, meal, and ashes, is twelve 
 barrels ; a last of com is ten quarters or eighty bush- 
 els ; of gunpowder, twenty-four barrels ; of red 
 herrings, twenty cades ; of hides, twelve dozen ; of 
 leather, twt'nty dickers ; of pitch and tar, fourteen 
 barrels ; of wool, twelve sacks ; of fiax or feathers, 
 1700 lbs. Eocye. 
 
 2. The term is sometimes applied to the burden of 
 a ship. McCutloeh. 
 LAST, n. [Sax. laste, lasU ; G. leisten ; I', leest ; Dan. 
 Ltst ; Sw. Id.1t.] 
 
 A nitdd or form of the human foot, ma^e of wood, 
 on which shoes are formed. 
 
 Tlie cobbler is not lo jjo beyond his last. L' Sstrange. 
 
 LAST' AGE, n. [Fr. Irstagr. See Last, a load.] 
 
 1. A duty paid for freight or transportation. [JVot 
 used in the United States.] 
 
 2. linllast. [J^nt u.ied!] 
 
 3. The lading of a ship. [JVot used.] 
 LAST'ER-Y, II. A red color. [JVnf ire «.«.] Spenser. 
 LAST'ING, ppr. Continuing in time ; enduring; re- 
 maining. 
 
 2. a. Durable ; of long continuance ; that may 
 continue or endure ; as, a lasting gooil or evil ; a 
 lasting color. 
 
 LAST'ING, n. Endurance. 
 
 2. .\ species of smooth woolen stiirt" used in 
 making siloes. Enctie. of Dom. Econ, 
 
 LA.ST'I.NtJ-I, Y, ai/e. Durably; with continuance. . 
 
 LaST'I.\'(;-NESS, n. Durability; the quality or st.ate 
 of long continuance. Sidney. 
 
 LAST'LY, a/lv. In the last place. 
 
 2. In the conclusinn ; at last ; finally. 
 
 LAST'-MEN'TlOX-i'D, a. iMenlioneil la^t. 
 
 L.\TCII, II. [Fr. /()(/iic( ; Arm. liciicd or cliaied, coin- 
 ciding with L. ligula, from ligo, to tie, and wilh 
 English lock. Sax. lirr.cnn, to catch, 'i'he (J. klinke, 
 D. klink, coincide with Fr. clcnrhe, which, if u is 
 casual, are the Arm. cLirijed, Eng. to eimih. The 
 same word in VV. is r'icird, a latch, and the It. larcio, 
 a snare, L. taijuens, from which we have lacr, may 
 belong to the same root. The primary sense of the 
 root is. In catch, to close, stop, or make fast.] 
 
 A small jiieco of i.-cui or woi;d used to fasten a 
 door. Gay. 
 
 LATCH, t>. t. To fai^ten with a latch ; to fasten. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 % [Fr, hfi.er.) To smear. [JVot tuied.] Shak. 
 LATCIl'-KEk', «. A key used to raise the latch of a 
 door. 
 
 LiiTC'H'ES, n. pi. Small lines, like loops, used in 
 connecting the head and fiu.t of a sail. Smart. 
 
 LATCII'ET, II. [from /«/c/i. Fr. lacct.] The siring 
 that fastens a shoe. Mark i. 
 
 LATE, a. [Sax. Let, lot ; Goth, lata s D. laal ; Sw. liU ; 
 Daii. lad, idle, lazy ; Goth, latyan. Sax. lalian, lo de- 
 lay or rc'tard. 'I'his word is from the root of let, Uu: 
 sen.se of which is to draw out, extend, or pnilimg; 
 hence to be slow or late. (See Let.) This adjitctn'e 
 has regular terminations of the comparative and su- 
 perlative ilegrees, later, late.it, but it has also latter, 
 and latr-it is often contracted into ia.it.] 
 
 1. Coming after the usual time ; slow ; tardy ; 
 long delayed ; as, a late spring ; a late sumiiier. The 
 crops or harvest will be late, 
 
 2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as, a 
 lale hour of the day. He began at a late period of 
 his life. 
 
 3. Last, or recently in any place, ofllce, or ch.arac- 
 ter; as, the lale ministry ; the late administration. 
 
 4. E.xisting nut long ago, but now tlecayetl or de- 
 parttul ; as, the late bishop of London. 
 
 5. Not long past ; hapix ning not long ago : recent ; 
 as, Ihe late rains. VVe have received late intelligence. 
 
 LATE, adv. After the usual time, or the lime ap- 
 pointed ; after delay ; as, he arrived late. 
 
 2. .After the proper or usual season. This year 
 the fruits ripen late. 
 
 3. Not long ago ; lately. 
 
 And ruond tbem throng 
 With leaps anil bounds Uie late hnprisuneit young. Poire. 
 
 4. Far in the night, ilay, week, or other particular 
 period ; as, to lie a-bed late ; to sit up late at night. 
 
 Of late, lately : in lime not long past, or near the 
 present. The practice is of late uncommon. 
 
 7'iio late : after the proper time ; not in due time. 
 \Ve arrived too late to see the procession. 
 LAT'EI), a. Behated ; being too late. [M)t used.] 
 L.V-TEEN', a. [Fi. latine.] [Shak, 
 A lateen nail is a triangular sail, extended by a 
 long yard, which is slung about one qtiarier the dis- 
 tance from the lower end, which is brought down at 
 the tack, » hilc the other end is elevati'd al an angle 
 of about 45 degrei's ; used in xebecs, [mlacres, .md 
 settees, in the .Mediterranean. Mar. DtcU 
 
 TONE, BULL. qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
LAT 
 
 LaTE'LY, ode. Not long aso ; recently. We called 
 
 on a gentleman who Jias lately arrived from Italy. 
 L.^'TEN-CY, n. [See Latent.] The state of being 
 
 concealed ; abstniseness. Patcy. 
 LaTE'.VESS, II. The state of being tardy, or of com- 
 
 in;; after tlie usual time ; as, the lateness of spring or 
 
 of liarvest. 
 
 2. Time far advanced in any particular period ; as, 
 Intene^s of the day or niglit ; UUcness in the season ; 
 lateness in life. 
 
 3. Tiie slate of being out of time, or after the ap- 
 pointed time ; as, tlie lateness of one's arrival. 
 
 La'TENT, a. [L. latens, lateo ; Gr. XnSw, Xm6avo>; 
 Heb. BnS, to cover, or r.ithcr Ch. ttah, to hide or be 
 liid. Class Ld, No. 1, 11.] 
 
 Hid ; concealed ; secret ; not seen ; not visible or 
 apparent. We speak of later.t motives ; latent rea- 
 sons ; latent springs of action. 
 
 Latent heat; the portion of heat which enters into 
 a body while changing its form from tlie solid to the 
 liquid, or from the liquid to the aeriform state, with- 
 out altering its temperature. Olmsted, 
 
 La'TENT-LY, adv. Secretly; concealedly ; invisi- 
 bly. 
 
 LaT'ER, a. [comp. deg. of Za£e.] Posterior ; subse- 
 quent. 
 
 LAT'ER-AL, a. [Fr., from L. lateralis, from latus, a 
 side, and broad, Gr. rAaroj ; coinciding with W. 
 lied, Ihjd, breadth, and probably with Eng. flat, W. 
 plad or Ilez, or both. The primary sense of these 
 words is, to e.ttend, as in late, Itt.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to tlie side ; as, the lateral view of 
 an object. 
 
 2. Proceeding from the side ; as, the lateral 
 branches of a tree ; lateral shoots. 
 
 I,AT-ER-AL'l-TY, n. The quality of having distinct 
 sides, [JVot iiseil.] Brown. 
 
 L.\T'ER-AL-LY, adv. Ry the side ; sideways. 
 
 2. In the direction of the side. [Holder. 
 
 LAT'Ell-.\.\, «. One of the churches at Rome, with 
 a pal.ice and other buildings annexed to it. The 
 nitine is said to have been derived from that of a 
 man who owned the ground in the time of Nero. 
 In this palace several ecclesiastic:il councils, hence 
 call"d Latrran councils, have been held. P. Cyc. 
 
 A L-iT'E-RE, [L.] A legate a latere, is a pope's 
 legate or envoy, so called because sent from liis side, 
 fnun anions Ins favorites and counselors. Parr. 
 
 V.ATr.K-FA), a. Del.iyed. [Obs.] Chancer. 
 
 LAT-ER-I-Fo'LI-OUS, a. [L. latus, side, and/u/ium, 
 leaf] 
 
 In botany, growing on the side of a leaf at the 
 base ; as, a latrrifolious flower. Lec. Martyn, 
 LAT-ER I' TIOUS, (lat-er-ish'us,) a. [L. lateritius, 
 from later, a briclt.] 
 
 Like bricks ; of the color of bricks. Med. Repos. 
 Latcritinus sediment ; a sediment in urine resem- 
 bling brick dust, observed after the crises of fevers, 
 and at the termination of gouty paro.\ysms. Parr. 
 L.aT'EST, a, [siipcrl. deg. of late.] Longest after 
 
 the usual time ; tardiest. 
 L.X TE'VVARr), adv. Somewhat late. 
 L.\TH, «. [W. elated, a thin board, or a rod ; 
 
 Fr. liMe : Sp. lalas, pi. ; G. latte : D. lat.] 
 
 1. A thin, narrow board, or slip of wood, nailed 
 to the rafters of a budding, to support the tiles or 
 covering. 
 
 2. .\ thin, narrow slip of wood, nailed to the studs, 
 to support tlie plastering. 
 
 LXTIl, r. U To cover or line with laths. Mortimer. 
 
 LATH, n. [Sa.t. leVi. The signification of this word 
 is not clearly ascertained. It iii.ay he from Sax. la- 
 Vtian, to call together, and signify, primarily, a meet- 
 ing or assembly. See Wapentake.] 
 
 In some parts of F.nirlnnd, a part or division of a 
 county. Spenser, Spi'hnan, and Blackstone do not 
 agree in their accounts of the lath ; but, according to 
 the laws of Edwaril the Confessor, the lath, in some 
 counties, answered to the IriUiing, or third part of a 
 comity in others. Wilkins. 
 
 LATHE, n. [Uu. laOi, supra, or W. /otAru, to make 
 siiiouth.] 
 
 A iiia::hinc by which instruments of wood, ivory, 
 mi't.-ils, and other materials, are turned and cut into 
 a smooth, round form. 
 
 L.XTIl'AM), (lilhl,) ;<p. Covered or lined with laths. 
 
 LATH'ER, ». i. [.'^ax. lalhrian, to lather, to anoint. 
 Uu. W. llaUiru, to make smooth, or Ihthraw, to 
 glide ; tlilhri^r, slippery, or UyUt, soft ; Uyiu, to 
 spread.] 
 
 To form a foam with water and soap ; to become 
 froth, or frothy matter. 
 LATH'ER, V. L To Bpread over with the foam of 
 R*':t p. 
 
 LATH'ER, n. Foam or froth made by soap moistened 
 with water. 
 
 2. Foam or froth from profuse aweat, as of a 
 hor«-. 
 
 LATH'I'.R-f;!), pp. Spread over with the foam of 
 w.ap. 
 
 LATH'ER-ING, ppr. S|)roading over with the foam 
 of Hoap. 
 
 LXTH'Y, 0. Thin as a lath ; long and slender. 
 
 Chalmers. 
 
 LAT 
 
 LA-TIB'U-LlZE, V. i. [L. lalibulum, a hiding-place.] 
 To retire into a deu, burrow, or cavity, and lie 
 dormant in winter ; to retreat and lie hid. 
 
 The tonoise latibulizes in Oclol>er. Shaw's Zool. 
 
 LAT'I-GLaVE, n. laticlavium ; lutiis, broad, and 
 clavus, a stud.] 
 
 A distinctive badge worn by Roman senators. It 
 is supposed to have been a broad stripe of purple on 
 the fote jiart of the tunic, set with knobs or studs. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 LAT-I-eOS'TATE, a. [latus and casta.] Broad- 
 ribbed. 
 
 LAT-I-DEN'TATE, a. [latus and dens.] Broad- 
 toothed 
 
 L.\T-l-Fo'LI-OUS, o. [latus and folium.] Broad- 
 leaved. 
 
 LAT'IN, a. Pertaining to the Latin.s, a people of 
 Latium, in Italy ; Roman ; as, the Latin language. 
 
 Latin church ; the Western church ; the Christian 
 church in Italy, France, Spain, and other countries, 
 where the Latin language was introduced, as dis- 
 tinct from the Greek or Eastern church. Encijc. 
 
 LAT' IN, 71. The language of the ancient Romans. 
 An e.vercise in schools, consisting in turning Eng- 
 lish into Latin. .Mscltam. 
 
 LAT'IN-IS.M, n. A Latin idiom ; a mode of speech 
 peculiar to the Latins. Mdison. 
 
 LAT'IN-IST, n. One skilled in Latin. 
 
 LA-TIN'l-TY, n. Purity of the Latin style or idiom ; 
 the Latin tongue. 
 
 LAT'IN-IZE, D. t. To give to foreign words Latin 
 terminations and make them Latin. 
 
 R. O. Cambridge. 
 
 LAT'IN-IZE, V. i. To use words or phrases bor- 
 rowed from the Ijatin. Dryden. 
 
 LAT'1N-IZ-£U, pp. or a. Made into Latin ; borrowed 
 from the Latin. 
 
 LAT'IN-IZ-ING, ppr. Giving to foreign words Latin 
 terminations. 
 
 L.^T'L\-LY, adv. So as to understand and write 
 Latin. [Ohs.] Jlcylin. 
 
 LAT-I-ROS'TROUS,a, [L. Zotits, broad, and rostrum, 
 beak.] 
 
 Having a broad beak, as a bird. Brown, 
 LaT'ISH, a. [from lali.] Somewhat late. 
 L.\T'I-TAN-C V, n. [L. latitaits, latito, to lie hid, from 
 lateo. See Latent.] 
 The state of lying concealed ; the state of lurking. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 LAT'I-TANT, a. Lurkii.g; lying hid ; concealed. 
 
 Bmile. 
 
 [These words are rarely used. See Latent.] 
 UlT'l-TAT, n. [ L., he lurks.] A writ by which a 
 person is summoned into t.ie King's Bench to answer, 
 as supposing he lies concealed. Blaclistone. 
 L.\T-1 Ta'TIuN, n. A lying in concealment. 
 LAT'1-TUOE, 71. [Fr., Irom L. latdudo, breadth; 
 latus, broad ; W. Ibid, breadth.] 
 
 1. Breadth ; wid^U ; extent from side to side. 
 
 PVuttaiu 
 
 2. Room ; space. Locke. 
 [In the Joregointr senses, little used.] 
 
 3. In astronomy, the distance of a heavenly body 
 from the ecliptic. 
 
 4. Ill geom-aphy, the distance of any pl.ice on the 
 globe, north or souili of the equator, boston is situ- 
 ated in the forty-third degree of north latitude. 
 
 5. Extent of meaning or construction ; indefinite 
 accept;ition. The words will not bear this latitude 
 if construction. 
 
 G. Extent of deviation from a settled point ; free- 
 dom from rules or limits ; laxity. 
 
 lu human aciiona, there are no decrees and precise n.-uunil liiniu 
 described, but a latiludt is indulged. Taylor, 
 
 7. Extent. 
 
 1 pretend not to treat ot them in their foil latitade, Locke, 
 
 LAT-I-TC'DIN-AL, a. Pertaining to latitude ; In the 
 direction of latitude. Gregory, 
 
 LAT-I-TU-I)L\-A'R1-AN, a. [Fr. latitudinaire.] 
 
 Not restrained ; not confined by precise limits ; 
 thinking or acting at large; lax in reliuioiis princi- 
 ples or views ; as, latitudinarian opinions or doo 
 Irines. 
 
 LAT-I-TU-DIN-A'RI-AN, n. One who is moderate 
 in his notions, or not restrained by precise settled 
 limits in opinion ; one who indulges freedom in 
 thinking. 
 
 2. In the Church of England, formerly, one who de- 
 nied or doubled the divine right or oricin of episco- 
 pacy, though he admitted its expediency. 
 
 3. In tlicology, oni- who ileparts in opinion from the 
 strict principles of orthodoxy ; or one who indulges 
 an undue latitude of thinking and interpretation. 
 
 LAT-I-TU-I)1N-A'RI-AN I.?.M, n. Undue freedom 
 or laxiicss of opinion, particularly in theology. 
 
 Ch. Obs. 
 
 9. Indifference to religion. fK Jones, 
 
 LAT-I-Tfi'I)I\-l)i;s, a. Having latitude, or large 
 LA'TRANT, a. [U tutro, to bark.] [extent. 
 
 Harking. lUekelL 
 LA'TKATR, r. i. To bark as a dog. [JYof used.] 
 LA-TRA'TION, 71. A U-irking. [J^otused.] 
 
 LAU 
 
 LA-TRl'A, Ti. [L., from Gr. A-ir/icia.] 
 
 The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God ; 
 distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or 
 the inferior worship paid to saints. Kncyc. 
 
 LAT'RO-HITE, II. [from Liilrobe.] A mineral from the 
 coast of Labrador, of a pink or rose-red color, allied 
 to the feldspars, and consisting of silica, alumina, 
 lime, potash, and some nianganese. Dana. 
 
 LAT'UO-CIN-Y, n. [L. /afrociiiium.] 
 Theft ; larceny. [JVbt in use.] 
 
 L.-VT'TEN, 7!. [Fr. leton or lailon; D. lata en j Arm. 
 laton.] 
 
 \. In the middle ages, a fine kind of brass used for 
 crosses, candlesticks, &c. Francis. 
 2. Sheet tin ; iron plate covered with tin. 
 LAT'TEN-BRXPS, ii. Plates of milled brass reduced 
 to different thicknesses, according to the uses they 
 are intended for ; sometimes called Latten. Encijc. 
 LAT'TER, a. [.\n irregular comparative of fnfe.] 
 
 1. Coming or happening after soinetning else ; op- 
 posed to Former ; as the former and latter rain ; 
 former or latter harvest. 
 
 2. llentioned tlie last of two. 
 
 The ditlerence between reason and revelaiioD — and in what 
 sense tlie Inuer is superior. M'aUs. 
 
 3. Modern ; lately done or past ; a-s, in these latter 
 ages. 
 
 LAT'TER-LY, odu. Of late; in time not long past ; 
 latelv. R-chardson. 
 
 LAT''i'ER-AIATH, n. The Httcr nowing ; that 
 which is mowed after a former mowing ; the after- 
 math. 
 
 LAT'TICE. (lat'tis,) ( n. [Fr. lattis. a covering of 
 LAT'TICE-WORK, ( latlui, from litle, a lath: W 
 cledrwy, from clcdur, a board, shingle, or rail.] 
 
 Any work of wood or iron, made by crossing laths 
 rods, or bars, and forming ojien squares like net- 
 work ; as, tlie lattice of a \Kindow. 
 LAT'TICE, 71. A window of lattice-work. 
 
 The mother of Sisem looked out at a window, and cried through 
 tiie Imdce, — Jiiiijos v. 
 
 LAT'TICE, a. Consisting of cross pieces ; as, lattice- 
 work, 
 
 2. Furnished with lattice-work ; as, a lattice win- 
 dow. 
 
 LAT'TICE, T. t. To form with cross bars, and open 
 work. 
 
 2. To furnish with a lattice. 
 LAT'TIC-KU, pp. or a. Furnished with a lattice. 
 LA'TUS REC'TU.M, n. [L.] In conic sections, the 
 
 same as Parameter. Brande. 
 LAUD, 71. [L. laiis, laudis ; W. clod; Ir. cloth ; allied 
 
 to Gr. icAti ■', icAtos. This is from the same root as 
 
 Eng. loud, G. laut, and the primary sense is, to strain, 
 
 to utter sound, to cry out. See Loi o.] 
 
 1. Praise ; commendation ; an extolling in words ; 
 honorable mention. [Little used.] Pope. 
 
 2. That part of divine worship which consists in 
 praise. Bacon. 
 
 3. Music or singing in honor of any one 
 
 4. Lauds, in tlie Roman Ciitlutlic chitrclt, the prayers 
 formerly used at daybreak, between those of matins 
 and prime. Brande. 
 
 LAUD, r. f. [L. Zaii'/o.] 
 
 To praise in words alone, or with words and sing- 
 ing ; to celebrate. Bcntley. 
 LAUD'A-BLE, a. [L. laudabili.^.] 
 
 1. Praiseworthy; commendable; as, laudable mo- 
 tives ; laudable actions. 
 
 2. Healthy; salubrious ; as, laudable juices of the 
 body. JSrbuthnot. 
 
 3. Healthy ; well digested ; as. laudable pus. 
 LAUD'A-BLE-NESH, n. The quality of deserving 
 
 praise; praiseworthiness ; as, the laiidabU'n&ss oi 
 sigus, purposes, motives, or actions. 
 
 [Lal-dabilitv, in a like sense, has been used, but 
 rarely.] 
 
 LAUD'A-BLY, adv. In a manner deserving praise. 
 LAUD'A-NUM, 71. [A contraction of /au(/aii<fu7ii, from 
 
 L. Inudo, to praise.] 
 Opium prepared in spirit or wine ; tincture of 
 
 opium. Coie, 
 LAUD-A'TIOX, 71. Praise ; commendation. 
 LAUD'A-TIVE, n. [L. laudatirus.] 
 
 ' A panegyric ; a eulogy. [Liule used.] Bacon. 
 LAUD'A-TO-RY, a. Containing praise ; tending to 
 
 praise. 
 
 LAUD'A-TO-RY, 11. That which contains praise. 
 
 .1fi«071. 
 
 LAUD'ER, n. One who praises. 
 
 LAUU'IN(J, li/T. Praising; celebniting. 
 
 LXUGII, flUfr,) t>. I. [Sax. hlilian ; Goth. Iilahynn ; G 
 
 lacken : 1). liichgen ; Sw. te : I>an. leer ; lleb. and Ch. 
 
 JJ)S, long. Class Lg, No. 17.) 
 
 1. To make the noise and exhibit the features 
 which are characteristic of mirth in the human 
 epecies. Violent laughter is accompanieil with the 
 shaking of tlie sides, and all laughter expels breath 
 from the lungs. Bacon. I 
 
 2. In poetry, to be gay; to appear gay, cheerful, 
 pleasant, lively, or brilliant. 
 
 Thfii Imight (lie childl»li year with flnwereu crowned. f}ryd*n. 
 And o'er the foaininjr liowl, the Inunhing wine. Pope. 
 
 FATE, PXtt, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRBY.-PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 6S0 
 
LAU 
 
 LAV 
 
 LAW 
 
 To Iniish at; to ridicule ; to treat with some degree 
 of contempt. 
 
 No luol lo laugh, at, which hf* vnlucd more, Pojjt. 
 
 an honor bestowed on those who excelled in writing 
 verse. This was an ancient practice at Oxford, from 
 which probably originated the denimiiiiation of pact 
 laureate. fVarton. 
 LAU'REL, 71, [L, /(/II rill ; It, kiiro ; Fr, fawripr ; Sp. 
 laurel; Port, laureiro ; W.Uonoijz, Ihru^ijzen, laurel- 
 wood, fritni the root of llawr, a Moor, Uor, that 
 spreads ; Dan. laur-bir.r'tree ; G. lorbeer, the laurel 
 or bayberry. Laut coincides in elements with flow- 
 er, Jlareo.] 
 
 The English of Laums, a genus of plants of sev- 
 eral species. The laurel was d' dicated lo Apolli>, 
 and used in making garlands or wreaths for vic- 
 tors, &c. F.ne.ijc. 
 LAU'REL-ED, a. Crowned or decorated with laurel, 
 
 (ir with a laurel wreath ;. laureate. 
 LAU'UES-TINE. n. [\.. lauru.-^linus.] 
 
 \ plant, the Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub 
 or tri e, of the south of Europe. 
 LAU-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. laurus and /ero, to bear.] 
 
 Producing or bringing l;turi'l. 
 LAU'RI.V, «. A fatty, acrid matter containeil in the 
 
 berries of the l.iiirel. Brandc. 
 Ly}C/>! DE'O, [L.] Praise to God. 
 LAUS'KRAUT, n. [G. ldu.-<ckraut, louse-plant.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Di lpliiiiiuni. 
 LAU'TtI, ». A baiiil of cotton, twisted and worn on 
 the head of the liica of Peru, as a badge of royalty. 
 
 J. Bnrloto. 
 
 LA'V.l, n. [Probably from flowing, and from the root 
 of L. flun, or lavo ; It. /<ih«, a streaui, now /nea.] 
 
 1. A mass or streaui of mi lled minerals or stony 
 matter vvliii h bursts or is thrown from the inmitli or 
 sides of a Volcano, nnii is sonietinies ejected in such 
 quaulitii-s as to overwheliii cities, (.^alauia, at the 
 foot of Etna, has often been destroyed by it, and, in 
 1783, a v.ist tract 1 f land in Irelanil w.as ovi:rspiead 
 by an irruption of lava from Mount Heela. 
 
 2. The same matter when cotd and hardened. 
 LA'VA-l.IKR, a. Resembling lava. 
 L.\-VA'T1()N, ji. [L. ;«ra£iu, from lavo.] 
 
 A washiuff or cleansing. Ilakeuiill. 
 L.\V'A-TO-KY, n. [See L.ivE.] A place for wash- 
 ing. 
 
 2. A wash or lotion for a diseased part. 
 
 3. A place wliere golil is obtained by w.ashing. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 La VE, V. t. [Fr. laver ; Sp. lavar ; It. lavare ; L. lavo ; 
 Gr. Aou'.i; S&ns.aUava; probably contracted from ia- 
 go or laufTo.] 
 
 To wash ; to bathe ; a word used chiefly in poetry or 
 rhetoric Mdton. Dryden. 
 LAVE, a. [Sax. te/an, to leave.] 
 
 The remainder ; others. [ScotfiV/i.] 
 LAVE, II. i. To bathe ; to wash one's self. Pope. 
 LAVE, u. t. [Ft. lever.] 
 
 To throw up or out ; to lade out. [JS'Vit in iwc] 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 LAV'EDj 7>p. Bathed ; washed. 
 
 LA VE'-lC.AR-ZCD, a. Having large, pendent ears. 
 
 [JVo( ill use.] Bp. Hall. 
 LA-VEER', V. t, [Fr. loiitiot/cr, or louvier ; D. lavee- 
 
 ren. ] 
 
 In seamen's language, to tack ; to sail back and 
 forth. Dryden. 
 [I believe this word is not in common use.] 
 LAVE'.MENT, 71. [Fr.] A washing or bathing. 
 
 2. A clyster. 
 LAV'EN-OER, 71. [L. laramhila.] 
 An aromatic plant, Lavandula. 
 LAV'E.N-DER-VVA'TER, 71. A liquor composed of 
 spirits of wine, essential oil of lavender, and am- 
 liergris. 
 
 LA'VER, n. [Fr. laroir, from laver, to lave.] 
 
 A vessel lor washing ; a large basin ; in Scripture 
 history, ti basin placed in the court of the Jewish tab- 
 ernacle, where the officiating priests washetl their 
 hands and feet, and the entrails of victims. Encyc. 
 
 LA'VER, 71. The fronds or leaves of certain marine 
 (ilaiiLs, potted in order to be eaten. SinarL 
 
 LAV'ER-OCK, n. The lark. [ScoKisA.] [See Labk.] 
 
 LAVING, ppr. Washing; bathing. 
 
 L.W'ISH, 0. [I know not from what source we have 
 received this word. It coincides in elements with 
 L. liber, free, liberal, and L. laro, to wash.] 
 
 1. Prodigal ; expending or bestowing with profu- 
 sion ; profuse. He was lavish of expense ; lavish of 
 prai.sc ; lavish of encomiums; lavish of censure ; lav- 
 ish of blood and treasure. 
 
 2. Wiisteful ; ex|K?nding without necessity ; liberal 
 to a fault. Dryden. 
 
 3. Wdd ; unrestrained. 
 
 CuiHng im tavijh ipIriL ShaJc. 
 
 L.AV'ISH, r. t To expend or bestow with profusion ; 
 as, to lavish praise or encomiums. 
 
 2. To waste ; to exfientl without necessity or use ; 
 to squander ; as, to lavish money on vices and amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 LAVISH-ED, (Inv'isht,) pp. Expended profusely ; 
 wasted. 
 
 L.WI.s^H ER, 71. A prodigal ; a profuse person. 
 L.WISII-I.N'G, ppr. Ex|icnding or laying out with 
 1 profusion ; wasting. 
 
 LAV'ISH-LY, adv. With profuse expense ; prodigtt!- 
 ly ; wasteftllly. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 L.\V'ISH-.MENT, 71. Prodigality; profuse expendi- 
 tu re. 
 
 LAV'ISH-NESS, 71. Profusion ; prodigality. Spenser. 
 
 LA-V()L'TA j '""""^ 
 
 An old dance in which was much turning and ca- 
 pering. Shali. 
 It is thus described by Sir John Davies : — 
 
 A lofty Jiimpin* or a lenpin^f roitml, 
 
 Wlipp; iirm in iirm two diiiic^ra an? entwined, 
 
 And wliirl th..iiwlvrB with stricl cmlir.icciin:nli round. 
 
 And Itill ttiDir lvt:l an aliapcsl «Lo loijiid. 
 
 LAW, n. [Sax. Inga, lage, lag, or lah ; Sw. lag ; Dan. 
 iov : It. legge ; Sp. ley : Fr. lui ; L. lez ; from the riKit 
 of Sax. /cr:ra'', Goth. /uj-i/nn. (See Lav.) A la\y 
 is that which is laid, set, or fixed, like statute, consti- 
 tution, from L. statuo.] 
 
 1. A rule, particularly an established or permanent 
 rule, prt^scrihed by tilt; supreme [mwer of a state lo 
 its stilijects, for regulating their actions, particularly 
 their social actions. Laws are intprratire or manda- 
 tory, cominandiiig what shall be done ; prohibitory, 
 restraining from what is to lie furborne ; or penni.i- 
 sive, declaring what may be done without incurring 
 a penalty. 'I'lie laws wiiicli enjoin the duties of pi- 
 ety and morality are prescribed by God and found in 
 the Scriptures. 
 
 Law if b<»ncficeiicc octinej by rnlc. Burke. 
 
 2. Municipal law, is a rule of civil conduct pre- 
 scribed by the supreme power of a state, coiutiiaml- 
 ing what its subjects are to do, and prohibiting what 
 they are to forbear; a statute. 
 
 Municipal or civil laws are established by the de- 
 crees, eilicts, or ordinances of absolute [iriiices, .as 
 eui|ierors and kings, or by the foriual acts of the leg- 
 islatures of free states. I.vw , thi r. fiire, is soiiietiines 
 equivalent to Decree, Ei)ic:t, or t.)Hoi?(ANeE. 
 
 3. l,am of nature, is a rule of conduct arising out 
 of the n.atural relations of huiiian beings, established 
 by the ("reator, and existing prior to any posilivi; pre- 
 cept. Thus it is a lam of nature that one luaii should 
 not injure another, and luiirtltT and fniud would be 
 crimes, independent of any prohibition from a su- 
 preme power. 
 
 4. Imws of animal nature ; the inherent principles 
 by which the economy and functiiuis of animal bod- 
 ies are performed, such as respiration, the circula- 
 tion of the blood, digestion, nutrition, vsrious secre- 
 tions, &.C. 
 
 ."j. L tms of vegetation ; the principles by which 
 plants are proiliiceil, and their growth carried on till 
 they arrive to perfection. 
 
 (j. Physical law.i, or law.< of nature : the invariable 
 tendency or deterniin.ation of any species of matter 
 to a particular form with definite properti<!s, and the 
 determination of a btxly to certain motions, changes, 
 and relations, which uniformly take place in the 
 same circumstances, is calletl a pby.-'-ical lair. These 
 tendencies or deterininaiioiis, whether called laws 
 or affections of matter, have been established by the 
 Creator, and are, with a peculiar felicity of expri's- 
 sion, tlenoiiiinated, in Scripture, ort/iiiaiicM of /leaven. 
 
 7. Imws of nations ; the rules that regulate the mu- 
 tual intercourse of nations tir states. These rules 
 depend on natural law, or the principles of justice 
 which spring from the social state ; or they are found- 
 ed on customs, compacts, treaties, leagues, and 
 agreements, between independent communities. 
 
 By tlic lau} of nation*, we to undmseind that code of piihi'c 
 inslriicuon, which dt'flni.9 Ihi rights utid pp*»crily.-« ill-; dii. 
 lies of ii.aions, 111 their iiitercoiinw with each oUier. A>nl. 
 
 8. Moral law : a law which prescribes to men their 
 religitius and social duties, in other words, their du- 
 ties to God and to each other. The moral law is 
 summarily containeil in the decalogue, or ten com- 
 inaudments, written by the finger of God on two 
 tables of stone, and delivered to .Moses on .Mount 
 Sinai. Et. x\. 
 
 9. Fj-cle.<ia.<tical late : a rule of action prescribed for 
 the government of a church. 
 
 10. Canon law; the body of ecclesiastical Roman 
 law. 
 
 11. Written or statute late ; a law or rule of action 
 prescribeil or enacted by the legislative power, and 
 promulgated and recorded in writing ; a written stat- 
 ute, oriliiiance, edict, or decree. 
 
 12. Untrritien or coniiiifii lato ; a rule of action 
 which derives its authority from long usage or estab- 
 lished custom, which has been inimemorially received 
 and recogni/.ed by judici.al tribunals. As this law 
 can be traced to no positive statutes, its rules or prin- 
 ciples are to be found only in the records of courts, 
 and in the reports of judicial decisions. 
 
 13. By-lav: a law of a city, tow n, or private cor- 
 poration. [See By.] 
 
 14. Mosaic late; the institutions of Moses, or the 
 code of laws prescribed to the Jews, as distinguished 
 from the gospel. 
 
 15. Ceremonial law : the Mosaic institutions, which 
 prescribe the external rites and ceremonies to be ob- 
 
 LAUGH, V. t. To ridicule or deride ; with out ; as, to 
 lauir/i one out of a plan. 
 
 To luu^k to scorn ; to deride ; to treat with mock- 
 ery, contempt, and !>corn. JVrA. ii. 
 LXUGII, (liff,) 11. An expression of mirth peculiar to 
 the liunian species. 
 
 But fi-i(»ns ft /rtuff/i, to 111'* s"arch nroiiiid, 
 
 Ami by lliat tnu^ti fh*> willinsr t:iir a Ibiliiil. Pope. 
 
 LXUGirA-ISLE, (Klir'a-bl,)(i. Th.it may justly excite 
 lansliter ; as, a Inwrhablt storv ; a laughable scene. 
 
 LAU(;iI'A-l!I,E-NEtiS, «. The quality of being 
 laiizh iIiIl'. 
 
 LXUt;iI'.\-Rr<Y, ailv. In a manner to excite lauslitcr. 
 LXUUIl'-A.VU-LAV-DOWN', n. A RamK at cards. 
 
 Skclton, 
 
 LAUGII'KD, (1.1ft.) jirrt. anil pp. of Lauhh. 
 LKL'GII'Klt, (lilf'er,) ii. One who laughs or is fond 
 of inrrrinn'iit. 
 
 'I'lie iaui;her§ are ii ninjonty. Pojte. 
 
 LAUGII'I.XG, (lAlf'ini,) p|)r. or a. Expressing mirth 
 In a particular manner. 
 
 LAUGH I. \G, (Lilfins,) 11. Laughter. 
 
 LAUGII'I.NG-LY, (l.tlfing-ly,) aili: In a merry way ; 
 with lausliter. 
 
 LAUGIl'ING-GA.'', n. Nitrous oxyd, or protovyd of 
 nitrogen ; so called from the exhilaration and laugh- 
 ter which it ordinarily produces when inhaled. 
 
 Brandf. 
 
 LXUGH'I.XG-STDfK, n. An object of ridicule ; a 
 butt of sport. Sprnser. Sha/c. 
 
 LAUGIl'TKIl, (lltf'fr,) n. Convulsive merriment ; 
 iin expression ot' iiiirlh peculiar to man, consisting in 
 a peculiar noise anil con'liguration of features, with a 
 shaking of the sides, and (^\puIsion of breath. 
 I sail! of laughter, It is mad. — Kcolea. ii. 
 
 LAUGH'TER LESS, a. Without laughing. 
 
 LAUGir-WOR-T HV, a. Deserving to be laughed at. 
 
 B, Jailunn, 
 
 LAU'MON-ITE, «. Eflioresceiit zeolite ; so called 
 iVom Laumont, its discoverer. It is found in lami- 
 nated massi;s, in groups of prismatic crj'stals or pris- 
 matic distinct concretions. Exposed to the air, it 
 disintegrates. CUaveland. 
 
 LAUXCE, ;i. Balance. [04s.] 
 
 Tint roitunt* nil in ciiiial /ounce doth tway. Spenter, 
 
 LAUNCH, r. t. To move or cause to slide from the 
 land into the water ; as. to launc!'. a ship. 
 
 LAUNCH, 11. i. To go forth, as a sliip into the water; 
 as, to launch into the with; world. Hence, 
 
 2. To exp.atiate in language ; as, to launck into a 
 wide field of discussion. 
 
 LAU.N'CH, n. The sliding or movement of a ship from 
 the land into the water, on ways prepared for the 
 purpose. 
 
 2. A kind of boat, longer, lower, and more flat- 
 bottoui^d than a huig-boat. jVnr. Diet, 
 
 LAUNCirf.T), (linclit,) pp. Moved into the water ; 
 expatiated on. 
 
 LAU.VCH'lNG, ppr. Moving into the water; expa- 
 tiating. 
 
 LAUXn, n. A lawn. [JVot used.] Chaitecr. 
 LAUN'DEIl, (lin'der,) ». [from L. lavo, to wash.] 
 A washerwoman ; also, a long and hollow troiigh, 
 
 used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the 
 
 box where it is beaten. Encttc. 
 LAUN'DER, (lUn'der,) r. t. To wash ; to wet. S'loA-. 
 LAU.N"DEK-ER, (Lln'der-er,) n. A man who follows 
 
 the business of washing clothes. Butler. 
 LAUN'DKESS, (Un'dress,) n. TFr. lavandiere ; Sp. 
 
 larandera ; It. tacandaia ; from L. lavo, Sp. lavar, to 
 
 wash.] 
 
 .\ washerwoman ; a female whose employment 
 is to wash clothes. 
 
 LXUN'DRESS, (Un'dress,) r. i. [Supra.] To prac- 
 tice washing. BlounL 
 
 LAUN'DRY, (lin'dr)-,) n. [Sp. lavadero,'] 
 
 1. A washing. Bacon. 
 
 2. The place or room where clothes arc washed. 
 LAU'RE-.Vl'E, a. [L. laureatus, from laurea, a 
 
 rel.] 
 
 Decked or invested with laurel ; as, laureate hoarse. 
 
 Milloru 
 
 Soft OH hor hp her laureate ion rrclinn. Pope. 
 Poet laureate : in f?rra( Britain, an officer of the 
 kiiigN household, whose business is to compose an 
 ode annually for the king's birthday, and for the new 
 year. It is said this title w;is first given him in the 
 time of Edward IV. Encijc. 
 LAU'RE-aTE, v. t. To honor with a degree in the 
 univetvity, and a present of ti wreath of laurel. 
 
 lynrton. 
 
 L.\U'RE-A TED, pp. Honored with a degree and a 
 1 laurel wreath. 
 
 1 LAU'RK-.VI E-SHIP, n. Office of a laureate. 
 
 LAU'RE-A-TING, ppr. Honoring with a degree and 
 1 a laurel wreath. 
 
 LAC-RE a'TIO.V, n. The act of conferring a degree 
 in the university, together with a wreath of laurel ; 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, qNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 6.-. I 
 
LAW 
 
 served by tlie Jews, as distinct from the moral pre- 
 cqiU, w liicli are iif perpetual oliligation. 
 
 Ifi. A rule of direction; a directory; as reason and 
 natural conscience. 
 
 These, having not the Zaw, are a law to thcmselveB. — Rom. ii. 
 
 17. That which governs or has a tendency to rule ; 
 that which has the power of controlling. 
 
 But 1 see another law in my members waning against the law 
 of my mind, and bringing me into &\ptjvity to the law of sin 
 wliich is in my members. — Roin. vli. 
 
 IS. The word of God ; the doctrines and precepts 
 of God, or liis revealed will. 
 
 But his (ietiglit is in the law of tiie Loi\l, and in liis law doth he 
 meditiile d.iy and iiiglit. — Ps. i. 
 
 19. The Old Testament. 
 
 Is it not wrillen in your lawy 1 said. Ye arc gods ? — John x. 
 
 20. The institutions of Moses, as distinct from the 
 other parts of the Old Testament ; as, the law and 
 the prophets. 
 
 21. A rule or axiom of science or art ; settled prin- 
 ciple ; as, the laws of versification or poetry. 
 
 22. Law martial, or martial law, the rules ordained 
 for the lovernment of an army or military force. 
 
 23. Marine laws : rules for the regulation of navi- 
 gation and the comnjercial intercourse of nations. 
 
 24. Commercial law, law-mcrehaiit ; the system of 
 rules by which trade and commercial intercourse are 
 regulated between merchants. 
 
 25. Judicial process; prosecution of right in courts 
 of law. 
 
 Tom Touchy is a fellow fainoua for taking the law of every 
 body. Sjjeclator. 
 
 Hence the phrase to fro to law, to prosecute; to 
 seek redress in a legal tribunal. 
 
 26. Jurisprudence ; as in the title doctor o f laws. 
 
 27. In general, law is a rule of action prescribed 
 for the government of rational beings or moral 
 agents, to which rule they are bound to yield obe- 
 dience, in default of which they are e.^posed to pun- 
 ishment ; or law is a certain inherent, instinctive 
 propension of irrational animals to particular .actions ; 
 or an invariable determination or tendency of inani- 
 mate bodies to certain motions, combinations, and 
 forms. 
 
 Law is not a series of actions, but the cause or 
 principle from which they proceed, and of which 
 incy are the evidence. 
 
 Civil law. Criminal law. See Civil and Crim- 
 
 I.VAL. 
 
 Laws of honor. See Honor. 
 
 Law laiia^va'^e; the language used in legal writings 
 and forms, particularly the Norman dialect or Old 
 French, which was used in judicial proceedings from 
 the days of WUliam the Conipieror to the SUth year 
 of Edward lit. 
 
 IVairer of law : a species of trial formerly used in 
 Englalid, in which the defendant gave security that 
 he would, on a certain day, make his law ; that is, 
 he would make oath that he owed nothing to the 
 plaintitr, and would produce eleven of his neighbors 
 as compurgators, who should swear that they be- 
 lieved in their consciences that he had sworn the 
 truth. Blackstonc. 
 LAW'-BKEaK-ER, n. One who violates the law. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 LAW'-DaY, 71. .\ day of open court. tSUali. 
 2. ,\ li;et or sherilf's court. 
 
 LAWFUL, a. Agreeable to law; conformable to 
 law ; ailowed by law ; legitimate. Thtit is deemed 
 lawful which no law forbids, but many things are 
 lawful which are not expedient. 
 
 2. Constituted by law ; rightful ; as, the lawful 
 owner of lands. 
 
 LAWFUL LY, adv. Legally ; in accordance with 
 law ; without violating law. We may lawfully do 
 what the laws do not forbid. 
 
 LA VV'FIJL-NES.S, 71. The quality of being conform- 
 able to law ; legality. The lawfulness of an action 
 does not .always prove its propriety or expedience. 
 
 LAWGIV-ER, n. [law and give] One who makes 
 or onacts a law ; a legislator. Swift. 
 
 LA WGI V-ING, 0. Making or enacting laws; legis- 
 lative. IVallcr. 
 
 LAVV 'IiVG, 71. ExpcHitation ; the art of cutting off 
 the claws and balls of the fore feet of mastilTs, to pre- 
 venl them from running after deer. Blackstnne, 
 
 LAW'LKSiJ, a. Not subject to law ; unrestrained by 
 law ; an, a lawless tyrant ; lawless men. 
 
 2. Contrary to law ; illegal ; unauthorized ; as, a 
 lawless claim. 
 
 He nordi no indirect nor lawleit coiine. Shak. 
 D. Not subject to the ordinary laws of nature ; un- 
 controlled. 
 
 lie, meteor-like, (Umei tawlett through the volrl. gope. 
 LAW'LE83-LY, adv. In a manner contrary to law. 
 
 .S7ia/f. 
 
 LAWLF.'<H-NESS, 71. The quality or state of being 
 iinrestrami'd by law ; dixordi r. Sjienscr. 
 
 LAW'-LfiHF., n. Ancient law Icamine. Jefferson. 
 
 LAW-.M A K'EIt, 71. Oik; who enacts or ordainfi 
 laws ; a legislator ; a lawgiver. Law malicrs shimld 
 not he law.4>reakerii. Atlage, 
 
 LAY 
 
 LAW-MaK'ING, a. Enacting laws. 
 
 LAW'-MON"GEU, n. A low dealer in law ; a petti- 
 fogger. Milton. 
 
 LAWN, 71. fW. ;?a7!, an open, clear place. It is the 
 same word as laiid, with an appropriate significa- 
 tion, and coincides with plain, planus, Ir. cluain, Sp. 
 llano.] 
 
 An open space between woods ; a space of ground 
 covered with grass, generally in front cf or around 
 a house or mansion. 
 
 Betwixt tliem lawns, or level downs, ami flocks 
 
 Grazing the tender herbs, were interepeised. I^rilton. 
 
 LAWN, 7t. [Fr. linon, from lin, flax, L. linum.] 
 
 A sort of fine linen or cambric. Its use in the 
 sleeves of bishops explains the following line : — 
 
 A saint in crape is twice a aaint in lawn. Pope. 
 
 I,AWN, a. Hade of lawn. 
 
 LAWN'Y. a. Level, as a plain ; like a lawn. 
 ■■ 2. Made of lawn. Bp. Hall. 
 
 LAWSUIT, 71. [See Suit.] A suit in law for the 
 recovery of a supposed right; a process in law insti- 
 tuted by a party to compel another to do him justice. 
 
 LAWYER, 71. [That is, lawer, contracted from law- 
 wer, law-man.] 
 
 One versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law ; 
 one whose profession is to institute suits in courts of 
 law, and to prosecute or defend the cause of clients. 
 This is a general term, comprehending attorneys, 
 counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and ad- 
 vocates. 
 
 LAWYER-LIKE, a. Ijke a real lawyer. 
 LAWYER-LY, a. Judicial. Milton. 
 LAX, a. [L. laziLs; Sp. laso ; It. lasso; Fr. lack e, for 
 lasche..] 
 
 1. Loose ; flabby ; soft ; not tense, firm, or rigid ; 
 as, lax flesh ; a lax fiber. 
 
 2. Slack ; not tight or tense; as, a lax cord. 
 
 3. Not firmly united ; of loose texture ; as, gravel 
 and the like laxer matter. Woodward. 
 
 4. Not rigidly exact ; as, a lax moral discourse. 
 .5. Not strict ; as, laz morals. [Baker, 
 6. Loose in the intestines, and having too frequent 
 
 discharges. 
 LAX, 71. A looseness ; diarrhea. 
 
 2. A species of fish or salmon. [Sa.x. hex.] [JVi<< 
 in use.] 
 
 LAX-A'TION, 7!. [L. lazatio.] 
 
 The act of loosening or slackening ; or the state of 
 being loose or slackened. 
 
 LAX'A-TIVE, a. [Fr. lazatif, from L. lazo.] 
 
 Having the power or quality of loosening or open- 
 ing the intestines, and relieving from constipation. 
 
 LAX'A-TIVE, 71. A medicine that relaxes the intes- 
 tines, and relieves from costiveness ; a gentle purga- 
 tive. Coze. 
 
 LAX'A-TIVE-NESS, 71. The quality of relaxing. 
 
 LAX'I-TY, 7!. [L. lazitas.] 
 
 1. Looseness ; slackness ; the opposite of Texse- 
 NEss or Tension. 
 
 2. Looseness of texture. Bcntley. 
 
 3. Want of exactness or precision"; as, laxity of ex- 
 pression. 
 
 4. Looseness ; defect of exactness ; as, laxity of 
 morals. 
 
 5. Looseness, as of the intestines ; the opposite of 
 Costiveness. 
 
 6. Openness ; not closeness. 
 
 LAX'LY, adv. Loosely ; without exactness. Rees. 
 LAX'NES.S, 71. Looseness ; softness ; flabbiness ; as, 
 the lozness of flesh or of muscles. 
 
 2. Laxity ; the opposite of Tension. 
 
 3. Looseness, as of morals or discipline. 
 
 4. Looseness, as of the intestines. 
 
 5. Slackness, as of a cord. 
 
 Lay, prct. of Lie. The estate lay in the county of 
 Hartford. 
 
 When Ahab heard these wonls, he tent his clothes, and put 
 5.ackcloth tipon his head, and Tasted and lay in sackcloth. — 
 1 Kinvs xxi. 
 
 LAY, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Laid. [Sax. leeaan, legan ; 
 D. letrgen ; G. letren ; Sw. Idgga : Dan. legeer ; Russ. 
 /(>;■«,• L. loco, whence locus, W. lie, place. Eng. ley or 
 lea; W. lle.au, to lay. Hence Fr. (icii. Arm. lecit, a 
 place ; Ir. legadh. Arm. Incqant, to lay. The primary 
 sense ia, to send or throw ; hence this word is the L. 
 lego, Icgarc, differently applied; Gr. \tyopai, to lie 
 
 down ; Etli. /rt/i<!, to send, whence lackey. 
 
 Class I,g, No. 1, 21. It coincides with lodge and 
 with lie.] 
 
 \. Literally, in throw down ; hence, to put or place ; 
 applied to things broad or long, and in this respect 
 differing from Sit. We lay a book on the table, when 
 we place it on its side ; but we .let it tm the end. Wc 
 lay the foundation of a house ; but we set a building 
 on its foundation. 
 
 He laid his rohe from him. — Jonah III. 
 
 Kuft on the lluwery herb I (onnil me lavl. . MUlon. 
 A stone was broui^ht and laid ou the liiouth of the den. — 
 Dan. vl. 
 
 2. To beat down : to prostrate. Violent winds, 
 with rain, lay corn and grass. 
 
 3. To Kettle ; to fix anil keep from rising. A 8ho»v- 
 er lays the dust. 
 
 LAY 
 
 4. To iilace in order; to dispose with regularity in 
 building ; as, to lay bricks or stones, in constructing 
 walls. 
 
 f>. To spread on a surface; as, to lay plaster or 
 paint. 
 
 6. To spread or set ; as, to lay snares. 
 
 7. To calm ; to appease ; to still ; to allay. 
 
 After a tempest, wiien the winds are IomI. Waller. 
 
 8. To quiet; to still ; to restrain from walking; as, 
 to lay the devil. URstrange. 
 
 9. To spread and set in order; to prepare ; as, to 
 lay a table for dinner. 
 
 II). To place in the earth for growth. 
 
 The cliief time ^ii laying gilly-flowere is in July. MorHintr. 
 
 11. To play at hazard ; to wage ; to stake ; as, to 
 lay a crown or an eagle ; to lay a wager. 
 
 12. To bring forth ; to exclude ; as, to lay eggs. 
 
 13. To add ; to join. 
 
 Woe to them tlial join house to house, that lay field to field.— 
 
 14. To put ; to apply. 
 
 She layeOt her hand to the spindle. — Prov. xxxi. 
 
 15. To assess ; to charge ; to impose ; as, to lay a 
 fax on land ; to lay a duty on salt. 
 
 Ifi. To charge ; to impute ; as, to lay blame on one ; 
 to lay want of pruilence to one's charge. 
 
 17. To impose, as evil, burden, or punishment. 
 The Lord hull laid on liiin Uie iniipiity of us all. — Is. liii. 
 
 18. To enjoin as a duty ; as, to lay commands on 
 one. 
 
 19. To exhibit; to present or oflTer; as, to lay an 
 indictment in a particular county. 
 
 20. To prostrate ; to slay. 
 
 The le.adeis tirst 
 He laid along. Drrjden 
 
 21. To depress and lose sight of, by sailing or de- 
 parting from ; as, to lay the land ; o seaman's phrase. 
 
 22. To station ; to set ; as, to lay an ambush. 
 
 23. To contrive ; to scheme ; to plan. 
 
 To lay a cable ; to twist or unite the strands. 
 To lay apart ; to put away ; to reject. 
 
 Lay apart all filttiiness. — James i. 
 To lay aside ; to put olT or away ; not to retain. 
 Let us lay aside every weight, and the sin that doth so easily 
 beset us. — Ilcb. xii. 
 
 • 2. To discontinue ; as, to lay aside the use of any 
 thing. 
 
 To lay away; to reposit in store; to put aside for 
 preservation. 
 
 To lay before ; to exhibit ; to show ; to present to 
 view. The papers are laid before congress. 
 
 To lay by ; to reserve for future use. 
 
 Let every one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered 
 him. — I Cor. xvi, 
 
 2. To put away ; to dismiss. 
 
 Let brave spirits not be laid by, as persons unnecessary for the 
 time. Bacon. 
 
 3. To put off. 
 
 And she arose and went away, and l<ud by her veil. — Gen. 
 xxxviii. 
 
 To lay down ; to deposit, as a pledge, equivalent, 
 or satisfaction ; to resign. 
 
 I lay down my lile for the sheep. — John x. 
 
 2. To give up ; to resign ; to quit or relinquish ; as, 
 to lay down an office or commission. 
 
 3. To quit ; to surrender tlie use of; as, to lay down 
 one's arms. 
 
 4. To ofl'er or advance ; as, to lay down a proposi- 
 tion or principle. Mdison, 
 
 To lay one's self down ; to commit to repose. 
 I u itl belh lay vt£ down in peace and sleep. — Ps. iv. 
 
 To lay hold of; to seize ; to catch. To lay hold on, 
 is used in a like sense. Locke. 
 
 To lay in; to store; to treasure ; to provitle pre- 
 viously. Mdison. 
 
 To lay on ; to apply with force ; to inflict ; as, to 
 lay on blows. 
 
 To lay open ; to open ; to make bare ; to uncover ; 
 also, to show ; to expose; to reveal ; as, to lay open 
 the designs of an enemy. 
 
 To laii over ; to spread over ; to inrrust ; to cover 
 the surface ; as, to lay over with gold or silver. 
 
 To lay out ; to expend ; as, to lay out money, or 
 sums ol'^intuipy. 
 
 2. To display; to discover. 
 
 He takes occasion to lay out l»iffutr>' and false confidence in all 
 its colors. [Obt.] Allerbttry. 
 
 3. To plan ; to dispose in order the several parts ; 
 as, to lay out a garilen. 
 
 4. To dress in grave clothes, and place in a decent 
 posture i as, to lay out a corpse. Shakspearo uses to 
 tail forth. 
 
 5. To exert ; as, to laij out all one's strength. So 
 with the reciprocal pronoun, to lay tine's self out, is 
 to exert strength. 
 
 To lay to ; to charge U|)on ; to impute. Sidnnj. 
 
 2. To apply with vigor. Tusser. 
 
 3. To attai'k or harass. [Obs.] KnoUes. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T METE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nOQK.— 
 
 652 
 
LAY 
 
 LEA 
 
 LEA 
 
 4. To check the motion of a ship, and cause her 
 to be stationar)'. 
 
 To lay loirctiirr : to collect ; to bring to one place ; 
 also, to brin^ into one view. 
 
 To lay to heart ; to permit to affect greatly. 
 
 To lay under : to subject to ; as, to lay one under re- 
 straint or obligation. 
 
 To lay up ; to store ; to treasure ; to reposit for fu- 
 ture use. 
 
 Lay up for yoursclve* trensiirva In hciven. — Matt, vi. 
 
 G. To confine to tlie bed or chamber. lie is laid 
 up with (he poiil. 
 
 3. To dismantle, and place in a dock or some safe 
 place, as a ship. 
 
 To lay siege; to besiege; to encompass with an 
 army. 
 
 To lay wait ; to station for private attack ; to lay in 
 ambush for. 
 
 7'u lay l/ic course, in sailing, is to sail toward tlie 
 port intended without jibing. 
 
 To lay irafle ; to destroy ; to desolate ; to deprive 
 of inhnliilants, improvements, and productions. 
 
 Tit Iny Ike land, in seamen's laniruatrr, is to cause 
 the land apparently to sink or appear lower, by sail- 
 ing from it, the distance diminisliing the elevation. 
 LAY, V. i. To bring or produce eggs. 
 
 Hens will ffrcctlily cat llie herb that will make thrm lay tl>c 
 l«.(l->r. Mortitner. 
 
 9. To contrive ; to form a scheme. [Unusual.] 
 To lay uhont : to strike or throw the arms on all 
 sides ; to act with vigor. Spenser. South. 
 
 To lay at : to strike or to endeavor to strike. 
 
 The •wonl of him thai Uiyelh at hiiri c;\n not hold. — Job xli. 
 
 To lay in for; to make overtures for ; to engage or 
 secure the possession of. 
 
 1 hare laid in for tht^. Dnjden. 
 
 To Ian on : to strike ; to heat ; to deal blows inces- 
 santly and with vehemence. 
 
 3. To act with vehemence ; used of expenses. Shak. 
 
 To lull out ; to purpose j to intend. He lays out to 
 make a journey. 
 
 2. To take measures. 
 
 1 made Klricl inquiry wh'«rcver I cajne, antt laid out ftir intr-Ili- 
 gcncc ot all plac-s^ Woodteard. 
 
 To lay upon ; to wager upon. Smart 
 2. To importune. [Ohs.] 
 LAY, n. That which lies or is laid; a row;' a stra- 
 tum ; a layer ; one rank in a series reckoned up- 
 ward ; as, a lay of wood. 
 
 A viol cboiilil have a lay ofwire'ttrinrs below. Bacon. 
 
 2. A bet ; a wager, [f.iule used.] Oraunt. 
 
 3. Station ; rank. [A'ot used.] 
 
 LAY, n. f Sax. leair, leah, lege ; \V. lie ; Russ. lug ; L. 
 locus: Fr. lieu. (See Lav, the verb.) The words 
 which signify place,-'aTe from verbs which express 
 setting or laying. It is written also Lev, and Lea, 
 but less properly.] 
 A meadow ; a plain or plat of grass land. 
 
 A Itilt of ilaiKirs on a flowrrv Uiu. 
 
 The lowing hcnl wind slowly o cr the lea. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 Gray. 
 
 LAY, n. [Sax. legh or ley ; Gr. Xr;<rr(,>, to sound. It 
 might also he deduced from G. lied, a song ; D. id. ; 
 Sax. leoth ; Scot, leid, lede, or laid : It. lyidh ; Gael. 
 laoidh ; from the root of loud, L. laudo, plaudo. Sax. 
 hlydan.] 
 
 1. A song; as, a soft lay ; immortal lays. Milton. 
 
 2. .\ species of narrative poetry among the ancient 
 minstrels ; as, the Lay of the Last Minstrel. fV. SeotL 
 
 LAY, o. [Fr. lai, L. laicus. It. laico, Sp. lego, a lay- 
 man ; Gr. >uiit'),, from Xaoj, people ; Sax. lead.] 
 
 Pertaining to the laity or people, as distinct from 
 the clergy ; not cleric:U ; as, a lay person ; a lay 
 preacher ; a lay brother. 
 
 LAY'-liROTII'ER, (-brutb'er,) n. One received Into 
 a convent of monks under the three vows, but not 
 in holy orders. Brande. 
 
 LAY'-GLEKK', n. A layman who leads the respon.ses 
 of the coniregation, &c., in the church service. Hook. 
 
 LAY'-F.I.D'KR, ji. In the Presbyterian church, the 
 same as Kldcr, which sec. 
 
 LAY'ER, (U'er.) n. [from lay, the verb.] A stratum ; 
 a bed ; a body spread over another ; as, a layer of 
 clay or of sand. 
 S2. A course, as of bricks, stones, kc. 
 
 3. A shoot or twig of a plant, nut det.ached from 
 tile slock, laid under ground for growth or propaga- 
 tion- F.ncyc. 
 
 4. One that lays, as a hen. Mortimer. 
 l-J^'ER-ING, n. A pro|>agating by layers. Gardner, 
 iir'i^i^ OUT, n. One who ex|>en<ls money; a steward. 
 LAY'Ell UP, n. One who reposiw for future use : a 
 
 treasurer. 
 
 J*^ J'|-F'*'''TRE, ) n. A figure made of wood or cork, 
 
 LAV 'MAN, \ in imitation of the human body. 
 It can he placed in any position or attitude, arid 
 serves, when clothed, as a model for the drapeo', &c. 
 
 T ivrvr" Brown. 
 
 JjAY I.NG, ppr. Putting; placing; applying; im- 
 puting; wagering. 
 
 LAY'ING, n. The first coat on laths of plasterer's 
 two-cuat work. 
 
 2. Thi^ act or period of laying eggs ; the eggs laid. 
 L.^ V'LANI), n. Land lying untillcd ; fallow ground. 
 [Local.] 
 
 LaY'.MA.V, (li'man,) n. [lay and man. Old Eng. 
 letodeman. Seldcn.] 
 
 1. A man who is not a clergyman ; one of the laity 
 or people, distinct from the clergy. Dryden. Sicift. 
 
 2. A figure used by painters. [See Lay-Fkuihe.] 
 
 3. A lay-clerk. [Dryden 
 LAY'STALL, n. [lay and stall] A heap of" dung, 
 
 or a pliicc where (lung is laid. Jlsh. 
 
 LA'ZAR, n. [from Lazarus; Sp. laiaro.] 
 
 A person infected with nauseous and pestilential 
 disease. Skak. Dryden. 
 
 LAZ-A-KKT' ) n. [Sp. lazarrto ; It. laizcrctlo ; 
 
 LAZ-A-KET'TO, ( Fr. lazaret, from Lazarus.] 
 
 A public building, hospital, or pest-house for the 
 rfception of diseased persons, particularly for those 
 affected with contagious distempers. 
 
 La'/.AR-IIOUSE, ;i. A lazaretto; also, a hospital 
 for quarantine. 
 
 LAZ'AR-ITES, ) n. pi. An order of missionaries in 
 
 LAZ'.AR-ISTS, ! the Roman Catholic church, es- 
 tablished in lii3.>, and deriving their name from the 
 priory i>f St. Liizarus, in Paris, which was their head- 
 quarters. Brande. 
 
 LA'ZAK-LrKE, ) a. Full of sores ; leprous. 
 
 LA'ZAK-LY, i Bp. Hall. 
 
 L.VZ-A-UO'NI, 11. pi. In Ati/i/fi, the poor, who live 
 by begging, or have no permanent linbitation ; so 
 called from the hospital of St. Lazarus, which .serves 
 as their refuge. Brande. 
 
 LA'ZAR WORT, ) n. The popular English name of 
 
 LA'SER-VVORT, ( some species of Laserpitium, a 
 genus of plants of several species, natives of Ger- 
 many, Italy, France, &c. 
 
 LAZE, I!. I. To live in idleness, [fulgar.] 
 
 LAZE, t). t. To WiLste in sloth. [Vulgar.] 
 
 La'ZI-LY, adv. [from lazy.] In a heavy, sluggish 
 manner ; sluggishly. 
 
 Whfiher lie lazily and listlessly dieanis away his time. Locke. 
 
 LA'ZI-N'ESS, n. [from lazy.] The state or quality of 
 being lazy ; inilis|)osition to action or exertion ; inilo- 
 lence; sluggishness; heaviness in motion ; habitual 
 sloth. iMziness differs from idleness ; the latter being 
 a mere dt^fect or cessation of action ; but laziness is 
 sloth, with natural or habitual disincliuation to ac- 
 tion. 
 
 Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes dim. 
 
 Pranklin. 
 
 2. Slowness ; tardiness. 
 LAZ'ING, a. Spending time in sluggish inaction. 
 
 ^Estrange. 
 
 [This is an ill-formed, inelegant word,] 
 LAZ'lJ-LL iMpis lazuli is a mineral of a fine, azure-blue 
 color, usually amorphous, or in rounded masses of a 
 moderate size. It is often marked by yellow spots 
 or veins of sulphuret of iron, and is much valued for 
 ornamental work. It is distinguished from lazulite 
 by the intenseness of its color. [Uu. Ar. azul.] 
 
 Clcarctand. 
 
 LAZ'U-LITE, n. A mineral of a light, indigo-blue 
 color, occun'ing in small nuisses, or crystallized in 
 oblique, four-sided prisms, and consisting of pbos- 
 pliuric acid, alumina, and magnesia. Dana. 
 
 LA'ZY, 0. [G. Iu.is, liUsig; \V. llesg. The Fr. idc/ie 
 is from L. lojus, and it is doubtful wliether this is of 
 the same family.] 
 
 1. Disinclined to action or exertion ; naturally or 
 habitually slothful; sluggish; indolent; averse to 
 labor ; heavy in motion. 
 
 Wicki-d men will ever live like ro^es, and not fall to work, but 
 be lazy and spend victuals. Bacon. 
 
 2. Slow ; moving slowly or apparently with labor ; 
 as, a lazy stream. 
 
 The night-owl's lory (lighL SlioJ.: 
 LB. stands for pound in weight ; Lbs., {oi pounds. 
 LD. stands for Lord. 
 
 LkA, j II. [See Lav.] A meadow or sward Land. 
 
 LEY, ) The Welsh write lie : but as this word is 
 from the root of lay, the latter is the more correct or- 
 thography. 
 
 LkACH, c. (. [Sw. laka, to fall in drops, to distill; 
 
 laJia, to leak ; Dan. leJckrr, to drop, to leak. (See 
 
 Leak.) Perhaps L. liz may be from the same rout.] 
 To wash, as ashes, by percolation, or causing 
 
 water to pass through them, and thus to separate 
 
 from them the alkali. The water thus charged with 
 
 alkali is called lye. 
 Lk.VCII, n. A qu.antity of wood ashes, through 
 
 which water passes, and thus imbibes the alkali. 
 LSACH'-TUB, n. A wooden vessel or tub in which 
 
 ashes are leached. It is sometimes written Letch- 
 
 TL'B. 
 
 LEAD, (led,) n. [Sax. I<rd; G. loth; D. load; Dan. 
 and Sw. lod ; Russ. lot, pri>bably a mass, like clod.] 
 
 1. A metal of a dull white color, with a cast of 
 blue. It is the least el.-ustic and sonorous of all the 
 metals, and at the same lime it is soft and easily fusi- 
 ble. It is found native in small masses, but generally 
 mineralized by sul|ihur, and sometimes by other sub- 
 stances. Ix^ad, fused in a strong heat, throws olT 
 vapors which are unwholesome. 
 
 3. A plummet, or moss of lead, used in sounding 
 at sea. 
 
 3. .\ thin plate of type-metal, used to separate 
 lines in printing. 
 
 4. A small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, 
 used in ever-pointed pencils. 
 
 5. Leads ; a flat roof covered with lead. 
 
 Shak. Bacon. 
 [See also White Lead and Red Lead.] 
 LEAD, (led,) ti. t. To cover with lead ; to fit with 
 lead. 
 
 2. In jtriiiting, to widen the space between lines 
 by inserting a lead or thin plate of type-metal. 
 LEAD, (leeil,) v. t. ; pret. and pp. Led. [Sax. ladan ; 
 Cw. Iriten ; D. Iriden ; Sw. leda ; Dan. Icder ; probably 
 to draw, to strain, or extend.] 
 
 1. To guide by the hand ; as, to lead a child. It 
 often includes the sense of drawing, as well as of di- 
 recting. 
 
 2. To guide or conduct by showing the way ; to 
 direct ; as, the Israelites were led by a pillar of cloud 
 by day, and by a jiillar of fire by night. 
 
 3. To conduct to any place. 
 
 lie ttadeth nic U-sidc Ihe still waters. — Ps. xxiii. 
 
 4. To conduct, as u chief or commander, implying 
 authority ; to direct and govern ; as, a general luuU 
 his troops to battle and to victory. 
 
 Christ took not on liim flrsli and blood, tiiat he might eonquer 
 and rule nations, lead armies, Sic. Soavt. 
 
 5. To precede ; to introduce by going first. 
 
 As H.'sjxTna, that leads the sun his way. Fair/ax. 
 
 6. To giiiile ; to show the method of attaining an 
 object. Self-examinatiim may lead us to a knowl- 
 edge of ourselves. 
 
 7. To draw ; to entice ; to allure. The love of 
 pleasure leads men into vices which degrade and im- 
 poverish them. 
 
 8. To imluce ; to prevail on ; to influence. 
 
 He was drivim by the iifcssities of the times more than led by 
 his own disposition to any rigor of actions. A'. Charles. 
 
 9. To p.a.ss ; to spend, that is, to draw out ; as, to 
 lead a life of g.ayety, or a solitjiry life. 
 
 That v.-c may Icofl a quiet and peace.ible life iu all geilliness and 
 hone^ly. — 1 Tim. ii. 
 
 To lead astray; to guide in a wrong way, or into 
 errf»r ; to seduce from truth or rectiliide. 
 To lead captipe; to carry into captivity. 
 Le.\D, I), i. To go before and thow the way. 
 
 1 will lead on softly. — (jen. xxxiii. 
 
 2. To conduct, as a chief or commander. Let the 
 trooj)S follow where their gentTal leads. 
 
 3. To draw ; to have a tendency to. Gaming leads 
 to other vices. 
 
 4. To exercise dominion. Spenser. 
 To lead off, or out ; to go first ; to begin. 
 
 _ Cumberland. 
 Lk.\D, n. Precedence ; a going before ; guidance. Let 
 the general tJike the lead. [j1 colloquial word, in repu- 
 table use.] 
 
 LE.XU'ED, (Icd'ed.) pp. or a. Fitted with lead ; set in 
 
 lead ; as, leaded windows. 
 2. Septirated by leads, as lines in printing. 
 LEAD'KN, (led'n,) a. [hum lead.] Made of lead ; as, 
 
 a leaden bail. 
 
 2. Iletivy ; indisposed to action Sliak. 
 
 3. Heavv : dull. Sluik. 
 LEAD'AN-IIEART-ED, (led'nhilrt-ed,) a. Stupid; 
 
 destitute of feeling. Thomson. 
 LEAD'E.\-IU;EI,-KD, a. Moving slowly. Ford. 
 LEAD'f:N-STEP-PI.\G, a. .Moving slowly. Milton. 
 LK.\I)'ER, (leed'er,) h. One th.at leads or conducts ; 
 
 a guide ; a conductor. 
 
 2. A chief; a commander; a captain. 
 
 3. One who goes first. 
 
 4. The chief of a parly or faction ; as, the leader of 
 the Whigs or of the tories ; a leader of the Jacobins. 
 
 5. A performer who leads a band or choir in mu- 
 sic. 
 
 6. The leading editori.al article in a newspaper. 
 
 7. The leaders are the principal wheels in any kind 
 ofmachinerv. yrancis. 
 
 Lr..\l)'ER-SlilP, n. The slate or condition of a b-adcr. 
 LEAD'I.NG, (led'ing,) ppr. Fitting or setting in lead. 
 
 2. Separating by leads, as in printing. 
 LlC.VD'l.Nti, ppr. Guiding; conducting; preceding; 
 drawing ; alluring ; passing life. 
 
 2. II. Chief; principal; capital; mo.st important 
 or influential ; as, a leading motive ; a leading man 
 in a party. 
 
 3. Showing the way by going first. 
 
 He li'fi his molh'-r a countess by pauent, which wnh a new [sad- 
 ing ex;unple. Il'ouon. 
 
 LE.VD'I.NG, n. Guidance; the act of conducting ; dl- 
 reetuni. SJiak. Spenser, 
 
 Ll-.AD'I.XC-LY, arfr. By leading. 
 
 LEAD'I.NG ai.'ES'TIO.V. See ai EsTioit. 
 
 LEAD'I.NG-STRI.NGS, n. pi. Strings by which chil- 
 dren are stipjiorted when beginning to walk. Drydea. 
 
 To be in leading-strings ; to be in a stale of iiitiiiicy 
 or depcnilencc, or in pupilage under ibe guidance of 
 others. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, tINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C BS K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 62' 
 
 crc- 
 
 053 
 
LEA 
 
 Ll5AD'-MAX, n. One who begins or leads a dance. 
 
 rods.] B. Jonson. 
 
 LEAU'-PEX-CII,, (led'pen-sil,) n. An instrument for 
 
 drawing or making lines, made of plumbago or black 
 
 lead. 
 
 LEAD'-SHOT, (led'sliot,) n. Shot made of lead. 
 LEAD'WORT, (led'wurt,) n. The popular English 
 name of some species of Plumbago, a genus of plants. 
 LEAD'Y, (led'dy,) a. Of the color of lead. 
 
 air T. Ehjot. 
 
 LEAF, n. ; pi. Leaves. [Sax. leafc ; D. loof ; G. laub ; 
 Sw. lof; Dan. loo : Goth. /««/.] 
 
 1. In botamj, leaves are organs which usually shoot 
 from the sides of the stems and brandies, but some- 
 times from tile root ; sometimes tiiey are sessile ; more 
 generally supported by petioles. They are of various 
 forms — flat, extended, linear, cylindric, &c. The 
 term leaf is also popularly applied to the thin, extend- 
 ed part of a flower ; the rtowcr-leaf or petal. 
 
 2. A part of a book containing two pages. 
 
 3. A term formerly applied to the sides of window- 
 shutters, folding-doors, &c. Ghss. of .Orckit. 
 
 4. Something resembling a leaf in thinness and 
 extension ; a very thin plate ; as, gold leaf. 
 
 5. The movable side of a table. 
 
 LEAF, V. i. To shoot out leaves; to produce leaves. 
 
 The trees leaf in May. 
 LeAF'AGE, 71. Leaves collectively ; abundance of 
 
 leaves. 
 
 LlsAF'-BRIDCE, n. A drawbridge having a leaf or 
 ])lafform on each side which rises and falls. Francis. 
 
 LeAF'-BUD, 71. The rudiment of a young branch, 
 or a growing point covered with rudimentary leaves 
 called scales. Lindley. 
 
 LeAF'-GROWN-ED, a. Crowned with leaves or fo- 
 liage. Moore. 
 
 LeAF'£D, (leeft,) a. Having leaves. 
 
 LeAF'-FAT, n. The fat which lies in leaves or lay- 
 ers within the body of an animal. 
 
 LeAF'I-NESS, n. A state of being full of leaves. 
 
 LeAF'L\G, n. The process of unfolding leaves. 
 
 LeAF'-LXRD, 71. Lard made of leaf-fat. 
 
 LeAF'LESS, a. Destitute of leaves; as, a leafless 
 tree. Pope. 
 
 Lf.AF'LE?S-NEPS, 71. Destitution of leaves. 
 
 LiiAF'LE l', 71. A little leaf. 
 
 i. In botany, one of the divisions of a compound 
 leaf ; a foliole. 
 
 LeAF'-STALK, (-stawk,) n. The petiole or stalk 
 which supports a leaf. Martyn. 
 
 LEAF'Y, o. Full of leaves ; as, the leafy forest. 
 
 Drijden, 
 
 LkAGUE, (leeg,) 7!. [Fr. ligue; It. lega ; Sp. liga ; 
 from L. /in-o, to bind.] 
 
 1. An alliance or confederacy between princes or 
 slates, for their mutual aid or defense ; a national 
 contract or compact. A league may be offensive or 
 defensive, or both. It is offensive, when the contract- 
 ing parties agree to unite in attacking a common en- 
 emy ; defensive, when the parties agree to act in con- 
 cert in defending each other against an enemy. 
 
 2. A combination or union of two or more parties 
 for the purpose of maintaining friendship, and pro- 
 moting their mutual interest, or for executing any 
 design in concert. 
 
 And let llicre be 
 'Twixt U3 and them no league, nor amity. Denham. 
 
 LEAGUE, (leeg,) v. i. To unite, as princes or states, 
 in a contract of amity for mutual aid or defense ; to 
 confederate. Russia and Austria leagued to oppose 
 the ambition of Bonaparte. 
 
 2. 'I'o unite or confetlerate, as private persons for 
 mutual aid. 
 
 .^EACJUE, (leeg,) 7u [Of Celtic origin. W.Hcc, aflat 
 stone, whtMice Low L. leuca, Sp. Icirna, It. lega, Fr. 
 tieue, Ir. Irar. It appears from the Welsh, that this 
 word is from the root of lay.] 
 
 1. Origin dlti, a stone erected on the public roads, 
 at certain distances, in the manner of the modern 
 mile-stones. Hence, 
 
 2. The distance between two stones. With the 
 English and .Americans, a league is the length of three 
 miles ; but this m(>asure is used chiefly at sea. The 
 league, on the continent of Europe, is very different 
 among diffi rent nations. The Dutch and German 
 |eai:in- contains four geographical mili;s. I'.ncyc, 
 
 I liAGU'f.'l), (leegd.) pp. or a. United in mutual com- 
 
 pTict ; fonfcderated. 
 LEAGIJ'ER, (lueg'er,) ti. One who unites in a league ; 
 
 a conf'-derat*;. F.ncyc. 
 LEAGU'ER, 71. [T). bele-rgeren. Sec Beleaguer.] 
 Siege ; investment of a town or fort by an army. 
 
 [/.itllr used.] 
 LRAGU'I.N'G, 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 ppr. Uniting in a compact. 
 LEAK, (leek ) n. [D. Uk, a leak, and leaky; lekken, 
 to li'ak, to drop, to itleek or makir smooth ; tekker, dain- 
 ty, delicate, nice, delicious ; G. Uck, a leak, and leaky ; 
 lerJien, to leak, to drop out. In jump, to Urk , lerker, 
 dainty, delicious, lickerish ; Sw. laJtn, to di»lill or drop, 
 nml liiha, to leak ; Dan. Irk, leaky ; Ickke, a leak ; lek- 
 krfiid, a dri|>piriE-pan ; Irkkrr, to Urak, lo drop ; Irkkrr, 
 dainty, dclicatt;, nice, lickrrith ; Sax. hirer, leaky. If 
 the noun i» the primary word, it may be the Gr. An 
 ifi{, a (lnHurc or crevice, from SnucM, Dor. A.kci.p, to 
 
 LEA 
 
 crack, to sound, or to burst with sound, coinciding 
 with L. laccro and loqiinr, and perhaps Eng. clack. It 
 seems that lickerish is from the root of leak, and sig- 
 nifies properly, watery.] 
 
 1. A crail'k, crevice, fissure, or hole in a vessel, 
 that admits water, or permits a fluid to escape. 
 
 2. T.*ie oozing or passing of water, or other fluid 
 or liquor, through a crack, fissure, or aperture in a 
 vessel, either into it, as into a ship, or out o/it, as out 
 of a cask. 
 
 To spring a leak, is to open or crack so as to let in 
 
 water ; to begin to let in water. 
 LEAK, a. Leaky. [Jii^ut in use.] Spenser. 
 LE.'VK, V. i. To let water or other liquor into or out 
 
 of a vessel, through a hole or crevice in the vessel. 
 
 A ship leaks, when she admits water through her 
 
 seams, or an aperture in her bottom or sides, into 
 
 the hull. A pail or a cask leaks, when it atlmits 
 
 liquor to pass out through a hole or crevice. 
 
 To leak out ; to find vent ; to escape privately from 
 
 confinement or secrecy ; as a fact or report. 
 LeAK'.'^GE, 71. A leaking ; or the quantity of a liquor 
 
 that enters or issues by leaking. 
 2. An allowance, in commerce, of a certain rate per 
 
 cent, for the leaking of casks, or the waste of liquors 
 
 by leaking. 
 
 LeAK'IXG, n. The oozing or passing of a liquid 
 
 Uiroush an aperture. 
 LeAK' Y, o. That admits water or other liquor to pass 
 in or out ; as, a leaky vessel ; a leaky ship t)r barrel. 
 2. Apt to disclose secrets ; tattling ; not close. 
 
 /.' Estrange. 
 
 LEAL, a. In Scottish, faithful ; tnie. Hence, " the 
 land of the leal," is the place of the faithful, heaven. 
 
 Jamieson. 
 
 LEAM, 71. A string to lead a dog. Rich. Diet. 
 
 LeA.M'ER, 7!. A dog ; a kind of hound. 
 
 LEA.\, (leen,) v. i. [Sax. hlinian, hleonian, to lean ; 
 
 linian, to recline; G. Ichnen ; D. leunen ; Dan. laner ; 
 
 Sw. Idna sig ; Ir. claonaim ; Russ. klonyu ; Gr. k^ivco ; 
 
 L. clino. Class Ln, No. .1.1 
 
 1. To deviate or move from a straight or perpen- 
 dicular line ; or to be in a position thus deviating. 
 VVe say, a column leans to the north or to the east; 
 it leans to the right or left. 
 
 2. To incline or propend ; to tend toward. 
 
 They deliijht rttliirr to lean to their old customs. Spsnser. 
 Trust in the Lord with all thy hetirt, and Uan not 10 thy own 
 understanding. — Prov. iii, 
 
 3. To bend or incline so as to rest on something ; 
 as, to lean against a wall or a pillar ; to lean on the 
 arm of another. 
 
 4. To bend ; to be in a bending posture. 
 LEAN, V. t. To incline ; to cause lo lean. Shak. 
 
 2. To conceal. [Ice. luna.] [JVot in use.] Ray. 
 LEAN, o. [Sax. lane, or hl<rne ; D. Dan. ana G. kiein, 
 small, lean ; Sw. klen ; allied perhaps lo L. lenis, and 
 Eng. slender.] 
 
 1. Wanting flesh; meager; not fat; as, a lean 
 body ; a lean man or animal. 
 
 2. Not rich; destitute of good qualities; bare; 
 barren ; as, lean earth. 
 
 3. Low ; poor ; in opposition to Rich or Grea.t ; as, 
 a /can action. [Unusual.] 
 
 4. Barren of thought ; destitute of that which im- 
 proves or entertains ; jejune ; as, a (can discourse or 
 dissertation. 
 
 Lean, n. That part of flesh which consists of muscle 
 
 without the fat. Farquhar. 
 LE.\.N'-FAC-£D, (-faste,) a. Having a thin face. 
 
 Among printers, applietl lo letters which have not 
 
 their full breadth. 
 LeAN'-WIT-TED, a. Having but little sense or 
 
 shrewdness. Shak. 
 LEAN'KD, p;7. Inclined; caused to lean. 
 Li;AN'l.\G, ppr. or a. Inclining ; causing to lean. 
 l.y.AN'hY ,adv. Meagerly ; without fat or plumpness. 
 LEA.N'.N'ESS, n. Destitution of fat; want ')!' flesh ; 
 
 thinness of bntly ; meagerness ; applied to amrials. 
 
 2. Want of matter; poverty; emptiness; as, the 
 leanness of a purse. Sluik. 
 
 3. In Scripture, want of grace and spiritual com- 
 fort. 
 
 He sent leanntBs into their soul. — Ps. cvi. 
 
 LEAN'-TO, n. A part of a building which appears to 
 
 lean on the main building. Francis. 
 LEAN' Y, a. Alert ; brisk ; active. [JVtiJ in use] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 LEAP, (leep,) i'. i. [Sax. hleapan, Goth, hlaupan, to 
 leap ; (J. laufeu ; D. loopen, Sw. Itipa, Dan. I'dbrr, to 
 run.lo pass rapidly, to flow, .s(/p, or glide; W.llirf, 
 a leap. From these significtitions, it may be inferred 
 that this woril belongs lo the family of L. labor, per- 
 haps lli b. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. nSn. Class Lb, No. 
 30. (111. 1,. lupus, a wolf, the leaprr.] 
 
 I. To spring or rise from the ground with both 
 feet, as a man, or with all the feet, as other ani- 
 mals ; to jump ; to vault ; as, a man leaps over a 
 fence, or leaps upon a horse. 
 
 S. To spring or movo suddenly ; as, to leap from a 
 horse. 
 
 LEA 
 
 3. To rush with violence. 
 
 And the man in whom the evil spirit waa leaped oa them and 
 overcame them. — Acts xix. 
 
 4. To spring ; to bound ; to skip ; as, to leap for 
 
 5. To fly ; to start. Job xli. [joy. 
 
 He parted frowning from me, a* if ruin 
 Leaj.ed from his eyes. Shak. 
 [Our common people retain the Saxon aspirate of 
 ^his word in the phrase to clip it, to run fast.] 
 Leap, t. To pass over by leaping ; to spring or 
 bound from one side to the other ; as, to leap a wall, 
 a gate, or a gulf; to leap a stream. [But the phrase 
 is elliptical, and over is understood.] 
 2. To copulate with, as the male of certain beasts. 
 
 Dnjdcn. 
 
 LeAP,7!. Ajump; aspring; abound; act of leojung. 
 
 2. Space passed by leaping. 
 
 3. A sudden transition or passing. Swift, 
 
 4. The space that may be passed at a bound. 
 
 'Tis Uie convenient leap 1 mean to try. Dryden. 
 
 5. Embrace of animals. Dryden. 
 C. Hazard, or effect of leaping. Skak. 
 7. A basket ; a weel for fish. [JVot in use.] 
 
 _ Wiclif. Sherwood. 
 
 Leap' ED, (leept or lept,) pp. Jumped ; passed over 
 by a bound. 
 
 Le.^P'ER, n. One that leaps ; as, a horse is called a 
 good Iraper. 
 
 LE.\P'-FROG, 71. A play among boys, in which one 
 stoops down and anotlier leaiis over him by placing 
 his hands on the shoulders of the fnriuer. S'lak. 
 
 LEAP'IXG, ppr. Jutiqiing ; springing; bounding; 
 skipping. 
 
 LE.VP'ING, 71. The act of jumping or passing by a 
 
 LeAP'ING-LY, adv. By leaps. [leap. 
 
 LeAP'-YeAR, 11. Bissextile, a year containing 3C6 
 days ; every fourth year, which leaps over a day 
 mure than a conunon year. Thus, in common years, 
 if the first day of .March is on Monday, the present 
 year, it will, the next year, fall on Tuesday, bit in 
 leap-year it will leap to Wednesday ; for leap-year 
 contains a day more than a common year, a day be- 
 ing added to the mtmth of February. Brown. 
 
 LEAR.V, (lern,) r. U [Sax. lenrnian ; G. lernen ; D. 
 leeren ; Dan. Uercr ; Sw. lara. The latter coincitles 
 with the Sax. Iteran, to teach, the same word having 
 both significations, lo leach and lo learn. In popu- 
 lar use, learn still has both senses.] 
 
 1. To gain knowledge of ; to acquire knowledge 
 or ideas of something before unknown. We learn 
 the use of letters, the meaning of words, and the 
 principles of science. We learn things by in.struc- 
 lion, by study, and by experience and observalittn. 
 It is mi:ch easier lo learn wliat is right, than to un- 
 learn what is wrong. 
 
 Now learn a parable of the fij-tree. — Matt. xxiv. 
 
 2. To acquire skill in any thing; lo gain by prac- 
 tice a faculty of performing ; as, to (eaivi to pl.ay on 
 a flute or an organ. 
 
 The chief art of learning is to attempt but little at a time. Locke. 
 
 3. To teach ; to communicate the knowledge of 
 something before unknown. 
 
 Hast thou not learned me how 
 To make periumos ( Shai. 
 
 [This use of learn is found in respectable writers, 
 but is now deemed inelegant as well as improper.] 
 LEARN, (lern,) v. i. To gain or receive knowledge ; 
 to receive instruction ; to take pattern ; with iif. 
 
 Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me ; for 1 am meek and 
 
 lowly. — M.itt. XI. 
 2. To receive information or intelligence. 
 LEARN'KD, lernd,) ; p;). Obtained as knowledge 
 LE.ARNT, (lernt,) ) or information. 
 LEARN'ED, (lern'ed,) a. Versed in literature and 
 science ; as, a learned man. 
 
 2. Skillful; well acquainted with arts; knowing; 
 with in ; as, learned in martial arts. 
 
 3. Containing learning ; as, a learned treatise or 
 publication. (-'"^e. 
 
 4. Versed in scholastic, as distinct from other 
 knowledge. 
 
 Men of much ^<^adin^ on: grrally learned, but may lie litUo 
 knowing. Locke. 
 
 The learned ; learned men ; men of erudition ; 
 literati. 
 
 LF.ARN'ED-LY, (lern'ed-ly,) adv. With learning or 
 erudition ; with skill ; us, to discuss a question 
 learnedly. 
 
 Every coxcomb swear* lu learnedly as they. Sioi/U 
 
 LEARN'ED-NESS, (lern'cd-ncss,) n. A state of being 
 learned. ■'ibp. Laud. 
 
 LEAUN'ER, (lern'er,) ri. A piTson who i.s gaining 
 knowb'dge from instruction, from reading, or study, 
 or by other means ; one who is in the rudiments of 
 any science or art. 
 
 LEARN'IN<;, (lern'ing,) ;i;ir. Gaining knowledge by 
 instniclion, or readinc, by study, by experience, or 
 observatiim ; .acquiring skill by practice. 
 
 LEARN'INO, (lern'ing,) n. Tiie knowledge of prin- 
 ciples or facts receiveil by instruction or study ; ac- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 654 
 
LEA 
 
 LEA 
 
 LED 
 
 quired kiiowledRe or uli'as in any branch of science 
 or literature ; erudition ; literature ; science. Tlie 
 Scaligers were men of preat learning. [TAio.- is the 
 prttper sense of the tcorcl.j 
 
 2. Knowledge acquired by experience, experiment, 
 or otiservation. 
 
 3. Skill in any tliinR Rood or bad. Jlvoker. 
 LkAS'.\-1!LE, a. Tliat may be leased. Sliericood. 
 LEASE, Ti. [Kr. laisser. Sec the verb.] 
 
 1. /\ demise or letting of lands, tenements, or 
 hereditaments, to another for life, for a term of 
 years, or at will, for a rent or compensation reserved ; 
 also, the contract for such letting. Encijc. 
 
 2. Any tenure by grant or permission. 
 
 Our liii;li-placcil Miicbelh 
 Shnll live Uio lease ol nalUK. Shai. 
 
 LkASE, 1'. (. [Fr. laisser; a ditferent orthography of 
 
 Eng. lei. See Let.] 
 TiUet ; to demise ; to grant the temporary iK)sses- 
 
 sionW lands, tenements, or hereditaments, to anotlier 
 
 for a rent reserved. A leased to B his land in Dale 
 
 for the annual rent of a pepper-corn. 
 LkASE, (leez,) v. i. [Sax. lesaii, to collect, also to 
 
 free, to liberate, to redeem; U.lcezen; G. Irsen, to 
 
 gather, to cull, to sift, also to read, like L. lego ; 
 
 Dan. leser, Sw. lasa, to read.] 
 To glean ; to gather what harvest-men have left. 
 
 [Ob.i.f Dnjden. 
 Ll".AS'i:D, (leest,) pp. or a. Demised or let, as lands 
 
 »ir tenements. 
 LkASE'HOLD, a. Held by lease; as, a leasehold 
 
 leneiuent. Swift. 
 LkASE'IIoLD, n. A tenure held by lease. 
 LE.\SE'HoLD-ER, ». A tenant under a lease. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 .LkAS'ER, n. .\ gleaner ; a gatherer after reajrers. 
 Lif.ASll, II. [Fr. taisse, lesse ; D. Ictse. Uu. It. laccio, 
 L. laqueiis.] 
 
 1. A thong of leather, or long line, by which a fal- 
 coner holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. Shale. 
 
 2. Among sportsmen, a brace and a half ; tierce ; 
 three ; three creatures of any kind, especially gray- 
 hounds, foxes, bucks, and hares. Shale. Dennis. 
 
 X A band whi rewith to tie any thing. Boyle. 
 Lk.A!^I1, t'. 1. To bind ; to hold by a string. Shale. 
 Li'..\Sll'f:n, (leeslit,) pp. Uound ; held by a string. 
 Lk.ASII'ING, ppr. Holding by a string. 
 Lk.VS'ING, (leez'ing,) II. [Sax. leasange, Uomlcase, 
 
 ,r;.\S'lNG, (leez'ing, 
 leiisa, false.] 
 Falsehoon ; lies. 
 
 [Obsolete, or nearly so.] 
 LkAS'OW, (ICso,) 71. [Sax. laswe,] 
 
 A pa.sture. [ Obs.] Wiclif 
 LE AST, (leest,) o. {superl. of Sax. las', less, contracted 
 from Uese^U It can not be regularly formed from little.} 
 Sm.iUest ; little beyond others, either in size or de- 
 gree ; as, the least insect ; the least mercy, 
 
 Lea.tt is often used without the noun to which it 
 refers. " I am the least of the apostles," that is, the 
 least apostle of all the apostles. 1 Cor. xv. 
 LisAiST, adv. In the sm.illcst or lowest degree; in a 
 degree below all others ; as, to reward lliose who 
 least deserve it. 
 Jll least, i to say no more ; not to demand or af- 
 Jit the least ; \ linn more than is barely sulficieiit ; 
 at the lowest degree. If he has not incurred a pen- 
 alty, he at least deserves censure. 
 
 He who ifinnli, thoiiijh Tain, at teatl luperirs 
 
 'I'ho leinptctt wiUi Uultonor. A/i.'lon. 
 
 2. To say no more. Let useful observations be at 
 least a part of your conversation. 
 
 The lea.1t ; in the smallest degree. His faculties 
 arc not in the least impaired. 
 
 .91 leastteise, in the -ense of at least, is obsolete. 
 LEAS'V, (le'zy,) a. I'hin ; flimsy. It is usually pro- 
 nounced */fn:y. [04.«.] .Sscham. 
 Le.\T, n. [Sax. Iirt, daziL] 
 
 .\n artificial trench to conduct water to or from a 
 mill. FnmcLi. 
 LEATII'ER, (leth'er,) n. [Sax. Icther; G. and D. 
 leder; Sw.lader; Dan. Lrther : Arm. lezr ; Ir. leather. 
 The most correct orthography is LcTHEn.] 
 
 1. The skin of an animal dressed and prepared for 
 
 2. Dressed hides in general. [use. 
 
 3. Skin ; in an ironical sense. 
 
 LE.VFll'ER, (leth'er,) o. Leathern; consisting of 
 
 leather ; as, a /^'aiArr glove. 
 LEATH'ER, (leth'er,) c. L To beat, as with a thong 
 
 of leather. Todd. SmarU 
 
 [This which is now a low word, was once in good 
 
 use, and corresponded to the medieval Latin decori- 
 
 are. See Ducange.) 
 LEATIl'ER-COAT, (leth'er-,) n. An apple with a 
 
 touih cant or riml. Shak. 
 LEATII'ER-DRESS-ER, (leth'er-,) n. One who 
 
 dresses leather; one who prepares hides for use. 
 
 LEATII'ER-JACK ET, (leth'er-,) n. A fish of ul? Pa- 
 
 cihr Ocean. Cook 
 LE.\TII'ER-.MOUTH-£D, (leth'er-,) o. 
 
 Br Ita'hrr-mouOitrt fi«h, I nifAn tuch ai Iiavc their (e*lh in their 
 Uinxit, as ibe chub. M'alton. 
 
 LE ATH'ERN, (leth-) o. M.ade of leather ; consisting 
 of leather; as, a Uathem purse ; a leathern girdle. 
 
 LEATH'ER-SELI^ER, n. A seller or dealer in 
 leather. 
 
 LE.Vf H'ER-WING /.I), a. Having wings like leath- 
 er ; an epithet <if a b:it. Spenser. 
 
 LEATirKK-WOOD, n. A small shrub of the United 
 Stales, with very flexible branches, and a tough, 
 le.ilhcrv bark ; the Dirca paliistris. Gardner. 
 
 LEATlI'ER-Y,(leth-)a. Resembling leather; tough. 
 
 Grew. 
 
 LK.WE, (leev,) n. [Pax. leaf, lefe, from leafan, lefanf 
 lijfan, to permit, to grant, to trust, to believe ; G. er- 
 lanb, D. oorluf, vcrlof, leave, farlow ; Sax. leofan, to 
 live, and to leave.] 
 
 1. Permission; allowance; license; liberty grant- 
 ed by which restraint or illegality is removed. 
 
 No frii-mi Ins leave in bear nway llie drail. Dr^ten. 
 D.tviil eanirslly askeil Icaiie of iiie.— 1 Sain, x-x, 
 
 2. Farewell ; adieu ; ceremony of departure'; a for- 
 mal parting of friends; used chiefly in tlie phrase to 
 take leave. .^cL< xviii. 
 
 Iil~;.AVE, r. f. ; prel. and pp. Left. [Sax. lafan, to 
 leave ; Irfan, to permit, to believe ; lefe, leave ; lejian, 
 to live ; leofan, It) leave, tt> live ; leofa, leave, permis- 
 sion, liceii.se ; l^ifan, to permit, also to live. But live 
 is also written liban, libban, with b, which leave is 
 not. Belifan, to remain or be left ; altjfan, to permit ; 
 ge-l(rfan, to leave, to permit, to believe ; ge leaf, leave, 
 license, as.sent, consent, faith, or belief ; ge-lefun, to 
 believe, to think or suppose, to permit, to Iii>e ; ge- 
 leofan,id. ; ge-ltifan,\n believe, tt) trust; ge-liifed,pcT- 
 niitted or allowetl, believed, lawful, also alive, hav- 
 ing life; lenf, loved; lufa, love, also belief; Icojlie, 
 faithful; Iiz/fic, willingly, /i/Acnfcr ; /ii/iic, lovely. The 
 German has leave in urlaub, a furlow, and belief in 
 ^laube ; live in leben : and love in liebe, liebcn, the 
 L,Mm libel , lubct. Gr. Xti.Tdj. Dan. /rrrr, Sw. /c/ea, 
 to live. These are a small part of the affinities of 
 this word. The Germans and Dutch express the sense 
 of leave by lassen, laatcn, which is <>ur let, Fr. laisser; 
 and let in English has the sense both of permit and 
 of hinder. 'J lie most prominent significations of 
 /<!aoe are, to stop or forbear, and to witliilraw.] 
 
 1. To withdraw or dep.irt from ; to quit for a long- 
 er or shorter time intlefinitely, or for perpetuity. We 
 left Cowes, on our return to the United .States, May 
 10, 1825. We leave home for a day or a year. The 
 fever leaves the patient daily at a certain hour. The 
 secretary has Icjl the business of his otHce with his 
 first clerk. 
 
 A man shall leave his fatJter and his motlier, and deare to his 
 wife. — tjeii. ii. 
 
 2. To forsake ; to desert ; to abandon ; to relin- 
 quish. 
 
 We have U/t all anj followed thee. — Morlt x. 
 
 3. To suffer to remain ; not to take or remove. 
 
 Let no man ffaije of it till llie moniing. — Ex. xvi. 
 
 4. To have remaining at death ; as, to {ca»a good 
 name. 
 
 5. 1 o commit or trust to, as a deposit ; or to .suffer 
 to remain. I left the papers in the care of the con- 
 sul. 
 
 C. To bequeath ; to give by will. The deceased 
 has left his lands to his sons, but he has left a legacy 
 to his only daughter. 
 
 7. To [lermit without interposition. Of this, he 
 leaves the reader to judge. 
 
 8. To cease to do ; to desist from ; to forbear. 
 
 Let IIS ntiim, lest my fitther leave carin* for the asses and take 
 Uiooglit for us. — 1 Sam. ix. 
 
 9. To refer ; to commit for decision. 
 
 To be left to one's self: to be deserted or forsaken ; 
 to be permitted to follow one's own opinions or de- 
 sires. 
 
 To leave off; to desist from ; to forbear ; as, to 
 leave o/^work at six o'clock. 
 
 To leave off; to cease wearing ; as, to leave off a 
 garment. 
 
 2. To forsake ; as, to leave off an old acquaint- 
 ance, .^rbuthnot. 
 
 To leave out ; to omit ; as, to leave out a word or 
 name in writing. 
 Leave, r. t. To cease ; to desist. 
 
 He began at the clde*t and U/t at Uie youngest. — Gen. xlir. 
 
 To leave off; to cease ; to desist ; to stop. 
 
 But when you find that vi^rous heat abate, 
 
 L*at>e ojf, and for anoltier suinmouj wait. Rotcommon. 
 
 Leave, v. L [Fr. lerer.] 
 
 To raise ; to levy, as an army. [JVof used.] Spenser. 
 
 Lf.AVE'-TAK-ING, n. Taking of leave ; parting com- 
 pliments, siiak. 
 
 Leaved, fleevd,) a. [from latf; but let^fcd would be 
 preferable.) 
 
 1. Furnished with foliage or leaves. 
 
 2. Having a leaf, or made with leaves or folds ; as, 
 a two-framf gate. 
 
 Ll";AVE'LESS, a. Destitute of leaves. 
 
 LEAV'£.\, (lev'n.) n. [Fr. levain, fromlever, to raise, 
 L. fcru, Eng. to l{ft.] 
 
 I. A mass of sour dough, which, mixed with a 
 larger quantity of dough or paste, produces fermen- 
 tation in it and renders it light. During the seven 
 
 days (if the passiiver, no Itavrn \\:is permitteil to be 
 in the houses of the Jews. Ki. xii. 
 
 2. Any thing which makes a general change in the 
 mass, it geutrrally means soinethiiig wiiicli corrupts 
 or depraves that with which it is mixed. 
 
 ikware of the leatfcn of llic lliarisees and of Uio Sadducceo.— 
 M.ut. xvi. 
 
 LE.\V'f;.\, (U v'n,) V. t. To excite ferment.ition in ; 
 to raise and make Hglit, as dough or paste. 
 
 A little leaven leaoettelh die whole lump. — 1 Cor. r. 
 2. To taint ; to imiiiie. Prior. 
 LEAV'f;.V-f;D, (lev'nd,) pp. or a. Raised and made 
 
 light by fernientation. 
 LE.\V'/.'.\ l.\G, (lev'n-ing,)ppr. Makinglight by fer- 
 muiitaf ion. 
 
 LEAV'/;\-I.\G, (lev'n-Ing,) n. That which leavens 
 or makes liglit. Baeon. 
 
 LE.W'EN-OUS, (lev'n-us,) a. Containing leaven; 
 t^ainted. Milton. 
 
 Leaver, n. [from leave.] One who leaves or re- 
 linquishes ; one who forsakes. Shak. 
 
 Leaves, (lecvz,) 71. pi. of Leaf. 
 
 Ll~;A VI-.\ESS, n. Slate of being full of leaves. 
 
 Leaving, ppr. Quitting; withdrawing from; re- 
 linquishing; suffering to remain ; ceasing; desisting 
 from. 
 
 Leavings, n. p!. Things left; remnant; relics. 
 
 The ieavinge of Plmrsalia. Adttieon. 
 
 2. Refuse ; offal. Stnifl. 
 
 Lea VV, a. [from leaf.] Full of leaves ; covered 
 with leaves. Sidney. SItak, 
 
 [An improper word ; it ought to be Leafy.] 
 
 LECH, for Lick. [OA.i.] See Lick. 
 
 LEC1I'1;R, ti. [It. lecrii, gluttony, lechery; leceare, 
 to lick; /fccar/fo, greedy ; G. lecken ; 1). Itkker. See 
 Lick, Leak, and Lii-kerish. But in Saxon, /c^o^ 
 seipc is lewdness, from leger, a Layer, or a lying 
 down; Ircgnn, Xo lay ; ligan, to lie. See Ll'bbicitv.] 
 A man given to lewdness ; one addicted, in an ex- 
 orbitant degree, to the indulgence of the animal ap- 
 petite, and an illicit commerce with females. 
 
 LECII'ER, V. i. To practice lewdness ; to indulge 
 lust. B. Jonson. 
 
 LECII'ER-OUS, a. Addicted to lewdness; prone to 
 indulge lust; lustful; lewd. Drrham. 
 2. Provoking lust. Chaucer. 
 
 LECU'ER-OUS-LV, a(/». Lustfully; lewdly. 
 
 LECH'ER-OU.S-XESS, 71. Lust, or strong propensity 
 to indulge the sexual appetite. 
 
 LECll'ER-V, H. Lewdness ; free indulgence of lust ; 
 prnrlice of indulging the animal appetite. SItak. 
 
 LEe'TION, n. [L. Iccliu, from lego, to read, Ir. Icig- 
 him, leagham, Gr. Af/ai, Fr. lire.] 
 
 1. A reading. 
 
 2. A difference or variety in copies of a manuscript 
 or book. H'atts. 
 
 3. A lesson or portion of Scripture read in divine 
 service. 
 
 LEG'TIO.N-.A-nV, 71. The Roman Catholic service- 
 book, containing portions itf Scripture. 
 
 LECTOR, n. [L., from ff^o, Iecttt.f.] 
 
 In f^ic ancient church, a reader ; a person designated 
 to read parts of the Bible, Slc, when few other peo- 
 ple could read. 
 
 LECTIiUE, 71. [Fr. lecture, from L. lectura, from lego, 
 to read.] 
 
 1. .\ (li.scourse read or pronounced on any subject ; 
 usually a formal or methodical discourse, intended 
 for instruction ; as, a lecture on morals, pliilosophy, 
 rhetoric, or iheology. 
 
 2. .\ reading; the act or practice of reading; as, 
 in the lecture of Holy Scripture. [Little used.] 
 
 Brmen. 
 
 3. A magisterial reprimand ; a formal reproof. 
 
 i^ddiiion 
 
 4. A rehearsal of a lesson. f*.ng. Vniv 
 LEC'TI'RE, v. i. To read or deliver a formal dis 
 
 course. 
 
 2. 'I'o practice reading lectures for instructiim. We 
 say, the professor lectures on geometry, or on chem- 
 istry. 
 
 LECTURE, V. t. To in-^triict by discourses. 
 
 2. To instruct dogniaticnily or authoritatively ; to 
 
 reprove ; as, to lecture one for his faults. 
 LECTUR-/.'D, pp. Instructed by discourse ; repri- 
 
 llirindeil. 
 
 LECTI;R-ER, 71. One who reads or pronounces lec- 
 tures ; a profe-s-sor or an instructor who delivers for- 
 mal discourses for the instruction of others. 
 
 2. A preacher in a church, hired by the parish to 
 assist the rector, vicar, tir curate. Juhitson, 
 
 LECTURE-SIIIP, 71. The olfico of a lecturer. Swift 
 
 LEC'T1;R-ING, ppr. Reading or delivering a dis- 
 course ; reproving. 
 
 LECTUR.N, II. A reading-desk in some churches. 
 LVot in use.] Chmuer. 
 
 LED, prrl. anil pp. of Lead. 
 
 LED-CAP'TAIN, n. and capfain.] An obsequi- 
 
 ous f^ollower or attenilant. 
 
 LED'/;N, n. [Sax. lyden.] 
 
 Linguage ; true meaning. [0A.«.] Spenser. 
 
 LEDGE, II. rSai. leger, a layer; D. Irggen, to lay, 
 Sax. lecgan.] 
 
 TC.NE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
LEE 
 
 LEG 
 
 LEG 
 
 1. A stratum, la3 er, or row. 
 
 The loivest ledge or row should be merely of stone, WoUon. 
 
 9. A ridce ; a prominent row ; as, a [edcre of rocks, 
 
 3. A prominent part ; a regular part rising or pro- 
 jectini; beyond the rest. Swift. 
 
 4. A small molding. 
 
 5. A small piece of timber pl.aced athwart ships, 
 under the deck, between the beams. 
 
 6. A ridge of rocks near the surface of the sea. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 LEDO'ER, II. The princip.il book of accounts among 
 merchants ; the book into wliich the accounts of the 
 journal are carried in a summary form. 
 
 2. LedfTcrs ; in architecture^ pieces of timber used 
 to support the platform of scaffolding. 
 
 LEDG'ER-LiXE. See Leger-Lixe. 
 
 LEDtJ'Y, a. .^bounding in ledges. 
 
 LEO'-HOR.SE, 71. .\ sumpter-horse. 
 
 LEE, 71, ; pi. Lees. [Fr. lie.] 
 
 Dregs ; sediment. [See Lees.] 
 
 LEE, 71. [Sw. la: Dan. lee. In Sax. hleo, Memti, is a 
 bower or shelter; Scot, le, calm, sheltered ; Ice. We, 
 D. Ill, lee, and law, sheltered from the wind ; lawcn, 
 to cease blowing ; W. cltid, sheltering, warm ; Sp. 
 lua, lee. If the Welsli is the same word, it con- 
 nects these words with Lat. claudo, dado, to shut or 
 stop.] 
 
 Literally, a calm or sheltered place, a place defend- 
 ed from the wind ; hence, that part of the hemisphere 
 toward which the wind blows, as opposed to that 
 from which it proceeds. 
 
 Under the lee, denotes, properly, in the pnrt defend- 
 ed from the wind. 
 
 Under the tee of the land, is, properlij, near the shore, 
 which breaks the force of the wind. 
 
 Under the lee of a ship ; on the side opposite to that 
 on which the wind blows. 
 
 LEK, B. ;. To lie. [Ohs.] [See Lie,] Chaucer. 
 
 LEE'-BoARD. 7i. A frame of plank affixed to the 
 side of a Hat-botlomed vessel, to prevent it from fall- 
 ing to leeward when close-hauled. 
 
 LEE'-GaGE, 77. A greater distance from the point 
 whence the wind blows th.an another vessel has. 
 
 LEE'-LURCH, 77. A sudden and violent roll of n ship 
 to leeward in a liigh sea. 
 
 LEE'-SHoRE, 77. The shore under the lee of a ship, 
 or that toward whicli the wind blows. 
 
 LEE'-SIDE, 71. The side of a ship or boat furthest 
 from ihe point whence the wind blows; opposed to 
 
 the \Ve4 I HER-SIDE. 
 
 LEE'-TIllE, 71. A tide running in the same direction 
 that the wind blows. .\ tide under the Ice, is a stream 
 in an opposite direction to the wind. 
 LEE'U'ARO, a. I'eitaining to the part toward wliich 
 
 the wind blows ; as, a leeward ship. 
 LEE' VV.VRD, adn. Toward the lee, or that part toward 
 which the wind blows ; ojiposed to Windward ; as, 
 fall to leeward. 
 LEE'W.aY, 71. The lateral movement of a ship to the 
 leeward of her course, or the angle which the line of 
 her way makes with her keel, when she is close- 
 hauled. Mar. Diet. 
 LEECH, 7t. [Goth.?fi7.ctj, Sax. Ime, a host or innkeeper, 
 a physician : Dan. Idcire ; Iw^rr, to heal ; Sw. Idkia, 
 to heal ; M/arf, a physician ; iT.liairh; Russ. ;iuA-a7'.] 
 1. A physician ; a professor of the art of liealing. 
 
 Spenser. Dnjdeii. Gait. 
 [This word, in the United States, is nearly or 
 wholly obsolete. Even Cow-leech is not useil.] 
 
 a. [Sax. Itr.cr.an, to seize.] A blood-sucker ; an an- 
 imal of the genus Hirudo, a species of aquatic worm, 
 which is used in the medical art for topical bleeding. 
 One large species of this animal is called hor.ie-leech. 
 
 D. In i(eo77ie7i's lamruage, the border or edge of a 
 sail, whicli is sloping or perpendicular ; as, the fure- 
 leech, the after-leech, «&c. 
 LEECH, c.t. To treat with medicine ; to heal. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 LEECH'-eRSFT, n. The art of healing. [Ohs.] 
 
 Davies. 
 
 LEECII'-LI.XE, 71. Leech lines are ropes fastened to 
 the leech-ropes of the main-sail and fore-sail, serving 
 to truss them up to thi^ yards. 
 
 LEEi'll'-RoPE, 71. That part of the bolt-rope to 
 which the ukirt or border of a sail is sewed. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 LEEF, a. Kind; fond; jJeasing; willing. [Obs.] 
 [."^ec Ll£K.] Spenser. 
 
 LEEK, 71. fSax. leac ; G. ;«hc/i ; D. look; Sw. liik ; 
 Dan. li)g.] 
 
 A plant of the genua Allium, with a bulbous root. 
 • A'mtii. xi. 
 
 LKE'LtTE, 71. A variety of feldspar, so named from 
 
 Ur. Lee. Dana. 
 LKEK. r. i. [D. glunrrn, heglaureii,] 
 
 1, To look obli<|uely ; to turn the eye and cast a 
 look from a corner, either in contempt, defianci:, or 
 frownini;, or for a idy look. Swift. 
 y. To look with a forced countenance, Drijdrn. 
 LEF.K, 1', I. 'I'd nl.ure with smileH, IJrijden. 
 LEEK, 11, [Snx. Ideare, hlror, the cheek.] 
 I. 'I he cheek. [O**,) 
 
 '2. Complexion; liue ; face, [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 3. An oblique view. 
 
 With jeivlous leer malign 
 E^eU tliem askance. Milton. 
 
 4. An affected cast of countenance. 
 
 Damn with faint praise, concede with civil leer. Pope, 
 LEER, o. [Sax. gclatr.] 
 
 Empty; also, trilling ; frivolous. [OJs] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 LEER'jED, pp. Looked obliquely ; allured by smiles. 
 LEER'ING, pjrr. Looking obliquely ; casting a look as- 
 kance. 
 
 LEER'ING-LY, ado. With an arch, oblique look or 
 smile. 
 
 LEES, 71. pt. [Fr. lie ; Arm. ly ; probably a contracted 
 word. It is used in the plural only.] 
 
 The grosser parts of any liquor which have settled 
 on the bottom of a vessel ; dregs ; sediment ; as, the 
 lees of wine. 
 LEESE, J), t. To lose. [Obs.] [See Lose,] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 LEESE, V. t. [L- liesus.] 
 
 To hurt. [Obs.] Wir.lif 
 
 LEET, 77. In Great Britain, a court. The courl-leet, 
 or view of frankpledge, is a court of record held 
 once a year and not oftener, within a pniticular hun- 
 dred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the 
 leet. lis orignial intent was to view the frankpledges 
 or freemen within the liberty, to preserve the peace, 
 and punish certain minute offenses. All freeholders 
 within the precinct are obliged to attend this court. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 The court-leet is for the most part superseded by 
 
 the county court. 
 LEET'-aLE, 71. A feast or merry-making in the time 
 
 of leet. Kntrland. 
 LEET'-M.\N, 71. One subject to the jurisdiction of a 
 
 leet-court. Bancroft. 
 LEFT, /77f(. and pp. of Leave. 
 
 LEF'l', a. [L. lieoas ; Gr. Aaiut, Ilesycli. /\n0o? ; prob- 
 ably from the root of leave, Gr. Xcitti), and properly 
 weak, deficient. Applied to the hand or arm, it de- 
 notes the weak arm, as ojjposed to the right, the 
 strong, or dextrous, H<-nce the ancient idea of sin- 
 ister, unfortunate, attached to the left arm or side,] 
 
 1, Denoting the part opposed to the right of the 
 body; as, tlie left hand, arm, or side. Hence, the 
 noun being omitted, we say, on the left, that is, on 
 tne left, side or wing, as of an army. 
 
 a. The left bank of a river is that which is on the 
 left hand of a person whose face is toward the mouth 
 of the river. 
 
 LEFT'-HAND, 77 The hand on the left side. 
 
 LEFT'-HAND'ED, a. Having the left hand or arm 
 more strong and tlextrous than the right ; using the 
 left hand and arm with more dexterity than the 
 right. 
 
 2. Unlucky; inauspicious; unseasonable. [Ofc.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 Left-handed marriage, or Morganatic marriage ; 
 among German princes, a marriage with a woman 
 of inferior rank, in which it is stipulated, that she 
 and lier cliildri ii shall not enjoy the rank, or inherit 
 the piissessiims, of her husband. Brande. 
 
 LEFT'-IIAXD'ED-NESS, 71. Habitual use of the 
 left hand, or rather the ability to use the left hand 
 with more ease and strength than the right. 
 
 LEFT'-HAND'I-NESS, 71. Awkwardness. 
 
 Chesterjield. 
 
 LEG, 77. [Dan. lirg; It. lacca.] 
 
 1. The limb of an animal, used in supporting the 
 body, and in walking and running; projierly, that 
 part of the limb from the knee to the foot, but in a 
 viore general sense, the whole limb, including the 
 thigh, the leg, and the foot. 
 
 9. Tlie long or slender support of any tiling ; as, 
 the leg of a table. 
 
 Legs of a triangle ; the sides of a triangle ; a name 
 seldom used unless one of the sides is first distin- 
 guished by some approjiriate term ; as, the hypot- 
 enuse and two legs of a right-angled triangle. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 To make a leg; to bow ; a phrase introduced prob- 
 ably by the practice of drawing the right leg back- 
 ward. [Little used.] Locke. Swift. 
 
 To stand on one^s own legs ; to support one's self; 
 to trust to one's own strength or etlbrts, without 
 aid. 
 
 LEG'A-CY, n. [Sp. legado ; Fr. legs; L. Icgatum, 
 from lego, to send, to bequeath ; Eth. , taka, 
 
 Ar. alaka, to send. Class Lg, No. 1.] 
 
 A bequest ; a particular thing or certain sum of 
 miuiey given by last will or testament. 
 
 tiood counBcl ia tlie licst legacy n father can leave to hln child. 
 
 L'Bilcaiige. 
 
 LEG'A-CY-HUNT'ER, 71. One who flatters and courts 
 for legacies. 
 
 Lk'GAL, a. [Fr. ; from L. Icgalis, from Icz, legis, 
 law.) 
 
 I. According to law ; in conformity with luw ; as, 
 ft legal standard or Utnl ; a legal proctMiure. 
 
 a. Lawful ; pt^rmitted by law ; as, a legal trade. 
 Any thing is legal which the laws do not forbid. 
 
 3. According to the law of works, as distinguished 
 from free grace ; or resting on works for salvation 
 
 4. Pertaining to law ; created by law. [Milton 
 The exception must be confined to legal crimes. Pale$ 
 
 So we use the phrase crimined law. 
 Lk'G.\L-IST, 71. One who relies for salvation upon 
 Li^'GAL FICTION. See Fiction, [works of law. 
 LE-GAL'I-TY, 71. Lawfulness ; conformity to law. 
 
 2. In theology, a reliance on works for salvation. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Llc'G.AL-lZE, V. t. To make lawful ; to render con- 
 formable to law ; to authorize What can legalize re- 
 venge 
 
 2, To sanction ; to give the authority of law to 
 that which is done witlioiit law or authority. Irregu- 
 lar proceedings may be legalized by a subseiment act 
 of the legislature. 
 Lt2.'GAL-IZ-KD, pp. or a. Made lawful. 
 Lf.'GAL-TZ-ING, ppr. Making lawful. 
 Le'GAL-LY, ui/e. Lawfully; according to law ; in a 
 
 manner permitted by law. 
 LEG'A-T.\-RY, 71. [Fr. Icgataire; L. legatarius,iwm 
 lego, to bequeath.] 
 A legatee ; one to whom a legacy is bequeathed. 
 [But Leuatee is generally used.] 
 LEG' ATE, 71. [Fr. legat : L. legatus, from lego, to 
 send. See Lackev.] 
 
 1. An emb.issador or envoy ; but especially, 
 
 2. The pope's embassador to a foreign prince or 
 state ; a cardinal or bishop sent as the pope's repre- 
 sentative or commissioner to a sovereign prince. Leg- 
 ates are of three kinds ; legates a latere, or counsel- 
 ors and assistants of his holiness ; legates de latere, 
 who are not cardinals, and legates by ojice. Enciic. 
 
 LEG-A-TEE', n. [L, lego, to send.] 
 
 One to whom a legacv is bequeathed. Swift. 
 LEG'ATE-SHU', 71. The office of a legate. 
 LEG'A-TINE, a. Pertaining to a legate ; as, legatine 
 power. Shak. 
 
 2. Made by or proceeding from a legate; as, a lega- 
 tine constitution. jlijliffe. 
 LE-Ga''JTON, 7i. [L. legntio, from lego, to send.] 
 
 An embassy ; a deputation ; properly, a sending, 
 but generally, the person or persons sent as envoys 
 or embassadors to a foreign court. Bacon. 
 LE-GA' TO, [It.] in vinsie, directs the notes to be per- 
 formed in a close, smooth, gliding manner; opposed 
 to Staccato. 
 
 LEG-A-TOR', n. [L.] A testator ; one who bequeaths 
 a legacy. [Little used.] Dnjdrn. 
 
 LEG'-BAIL, 71. To gicc leg-bail, is to escape from 
 custody and run away. fValtrr Scott. 
 
 LEGE, (lej,) V. t. To allege ; to lighten. [JVo! in use.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 LE'GEND or LEG'END, 71. [It. leggenda ; L. Iege7i- 
 da, from lego, to read ; originally, in the Roman Cath- 
 olic church, a book of service, or lessons to be read 
 in worship.] 
 
 1. A chronicle or register of the lives of saints, for- 
 merly reail at matins, and at the refectories of reli- 
 gious houses. Hence, 
 
 2. An idle or ridiculous story told respecting saints. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 3. Any memorial or relation. Johnson. 
 
 4. An incredible, unauthentic narrative. Bloekinore. 
 
 5. The motto or words placed round the field of a 
 medal or coin. Brande. 
 
 Lr.'GEND, II. (. To tell or narrate, as a legend. Hall. 
 LEG'END-.\-RY, o. Consisting of legcnils ; strange ; 
 fabulous. 
 
 LEG'E.VD-A-RY, Ji. A book of legends ; a rel.ater of 
 legends. Sheldon. 
 
 LEG'ER, 71. [D. leggen, to lie. Sax. leegan.] 
 
 Any thing that lies in a place ; that which rests or 
 remains; .sometimes used as a noun, but more fre- 
 quently as an adjective, as, a leger embassador, that 
 is, resident ; but the word is now obsolete, excejit in 
 particular phrases. 
 
 A legcr-book, or leger ; a book that lies in the coiint- 
 ing-himse, the book into which nierchants carry a 
 summary of the accounts of the journal ; usually 
 and properly written I.eooer, 
 
 LEi':'l'.l{-I,i\E, (led'jei-,) 11, In 7nM«iV,a line added to 
 the slatr of five lines, when more lines than five are 
 waiiteil, for designating iioti'S ascending or descend- 
 ing, 
 
 LEO-ER-DE-MAli\', 71. [Fr. leger, It. leggiero, light, 
 slight, and Fr. dc ma'n, of hand. See Lioht.] 
 
 Sleight of hand ; a deceptive performance which 
 depends on dexterity of band ; a trick perfonncil 
 with such art and adroitness, that the manner or art 
 eludes observation. Tin: wor<l is sometimes usetl ;id- 
 jeclively ; as, a legerdemain trick. 
 LE-GEK'I-'l'V, 11. [Fr. Icgrrcti.] Lightness ; nimble- 
 
 ness, [A^ot in use.] Shak. 
 LE(;(iE,f, (, [Sax. /rfira7i.] To lay. [Obs.] Il ic.lif 
 LEG'ti flepd or leg'ged,) a. [from leg.] Having 
 legs ; usetl in composition ; as, a two-legged animal, 
 LEG'OIN, In. (Iroin leg.] A cover for the leg, 
 LEG'GINt!, j like a Ituig gaiter; a garment llitit in- 
 clt7ses the leg, Mackeniic. Svuthey. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T MflTE, PREY PINE, MAJllNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, JtQQK — 
 
LEG 
 
 LEG-I-BIL'l-TY, ?i. Lugibleiiess ; the quality orstiite 
 
 of boiii(! legible. 
 LE6'I-ltJ^'., 0. [L. leaibilis, fniin Iriru, to read.] 
 
 . 1. Tiiai may uc read ; cmisislinK ol" letters or fi#- 
 
 ures thu itiuy be dislingiiislied by tbe eye ; as, a fair, 
 
 logibic njiiiuscript. 
 
 2. That may be discox'ercd or understood by aj)-. 
 parent marks or indications. The thouglil^ of men 
 are often /ciWWi in their countenances. 
 
 LEC'i nLK-NEaS, n. The (lualily or state of being 
 legible. 
 
 LEG'l-HliY, adv. In such a manner as may bo read ; 
 
 as, a maniftcript lei^iblii written. 
 Lis'GlON, II. (fii-in.'from tevo, to collect.] 
 
 1. In Roman antiiiuilij, a body of infantry, consist- 
 inzof different nnnibers of men at dilfercnt periods, 
 from three to five thousand. Each legion was divided 
 into ten cohorts, each cohort into ten companies, and 
 each company into two centuries. Encijc. 
 y. A military force ; military bands. S/m/;. 
 
 3. A great number. 
 
 WhPM oi»<* tin hn» eiitercil, tegiona will force their wav through 
 
 the mm' lire.icli. Itogeri. 
 My imiiu' U legion, for wc nrc many. — Mark v. 
 Legion of honor ; an order instituted in France by 
 Napoleon, as a reward for merit, both civil and mili- 
 tary. Branile. 
 Lk'0iION-.\-RY, a. Relating to a legion or to legions. 
 'J. Consisting of a legion or of legions ; as, a le- 
 gionarit force. 
 
 3. Containing a great number ; as, a legionary botly 
 of errors. Brown. 
 LF.'(.'ilON-.\-RY, n. One of a legion. Milton. 
 Lk'GION-RY, 71. Bodv of legions. PoUok. 
 LEG'IS-LaTE, v. i. [L. Itz, legis. Law, and fcro, la- 
 tum, to give, pass, or enact.] 
 
 To make or enact a law or laws. It is a tjuestion 
 whether it is expedient to Ugi^late at present on the 
 subject. Let us not legislate, when we have no pow- 
 er to enforce our laws. 
 LEO'IS-L.^-TEI),/»rt. and /ip. of liEoisLATE. 
 LEG'IS-LA-TIN<;, pfir. Enacting laws. 
 LEG-IS-La'TION, II. I^Fr.] The act of p,assing a 
 law or laws ; the enacting of laws. 
 
 Pylhagori* joined Itgitlation to hid philosopiiy. LiWeton. 
 
 LEG'I.S-LA-TIVE, <J. [Fr. legistatlf.] 
 
 1. Giving or enacting laws ; as, a legislative body. 
 
 2. Capable of enactine laws ; as, legi.dative power. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the enacting of laws ; suitable to 
 laws ; as, the leghtlative style. 
 
 4. Done by enacting ; as, a legistatine act. 
 
 JVefp. — In this word, and in Leoi:ilator, LEc;ig- 
 LATRH, LEotsLATL'nE, the accent is nearly equal on 
 the first and third syllables ; and a, in the third, has 
 its first or loni; sound. 
 LBG'IS-I,.\-TOIl, II. A lawgiver; one who 
 
 makes laws for a state or romtnunily. This word is 
 limited in its use lo a supreme lawgiver, the lawgiver 
 of a sovereign state tir kingdom, and is not applied 
 to men that make the by-laws of a subordinate cor- 
 poration. 
 
 LEG-IS-I,a'TOR-SIIIP, n. The office of a legislator. 
 
 [JViit ill 11.4C.] Ilal'ifar. 
 LEG-IIS-EA'TRESS, ( n. A female who makes laws. 
 LEG-IS-La'TRIX, i Tooke. 
 L£G'IS-L.^-TIIRE, (led'jis-lat-yur,) n. [Sp. legislaOa- 
 
 m.] 
 
 The body of men in a state or kingdom invested 
 with power to make and reiK'al laws ; the supreme 
 power of a state. The legislature of Great Britain 
 consists of the house of lords and the house of com- 
 mons, with the king, whose sanctitm is necessary to 
 every bill before it becomes a law. The legislatures 
 of most of the Statf.t in .America consist of two houses 
 or branches ; but the sanction of the governor is re- 
 quired to give their acts the force of law, or a con- 
 currence of two thirds of the two houses after he 
 has declined and assigned his objections. 
 
 LK'GIST, 71. One skilled in the laws. Mar.iton. 
 
 LE-GIT'I-.MA-CY, II. [from /r^itiiiia/r.] Litcra//^, ac- 
 cordance with law. Hence, lawfulness of birth ; 
 opposed to Uastarot. Jiyliffe. 
 
 Q. Genuineness, or reality; opposed to SruRiot's- 
 r<Ess. 
 
 3. Regular sequence or deductit^n ; as, the legiti- 
 macy of a conclusion. 
 
 4. The accordance of an action or institution with 
 established law ; as, the legitimacy of a measure or 
 government. 
 
 LE GIT'I-.MATE, a. [Fr. legitime ; L. Itgitimiu; from 
 Ui, law.] 
 
 LilrraUii, accordant with law. Hence, 
 
 1. I.awfully begotten '>r born ; born in wedlock ; 
 *s, legitimate heirs or children. 
 
 Q. Genuine ; real ; not false or spurious. 
 
 3. Following by regular or natural sequence ; as, a 
 legitimate result. 
 
 A. In accordance with established law ; as, a legit- 
 imate Kovernment. 
 LF--GIT'I-MaTE, v. U [Fr. legitimcr ; Sp. Ugitimar; 
 It. legiltimare.] 
 
 1. To make l.iwful. 
 
 2. To render legitimate ; to communicate the rights 
 
 LEM 
 
 of a legitimate child to one that is illegiiimalc ; to in- 
 vest with the rights of a lawful heir. .Iijlijfe. 
 
 LE-GIT'l-.MA-TEl), OTi. Made lawful. 
 
 LE-G1T'I-MATJ5-LY, adv. Lawfully ; according to 
 law. 
 
 2. Genuinelv ; not falsely. Drtiden. 
 
 LE-GlT'I-.MATE-NErfS, n. Legality ; lawfulness ; 
 genuineiiess. 
 
 LE GIT'I-Ma-TING, ppr. Rendering lawful. 
 
 LE-GIT-I-Ma'TION, n. [Fr.] The act of rendering 
 legitimate, or of investing an illegitimate child with 
 the riglits of oni^ bum in wedlock. 
 2. Lawful birth, [[/nu.iaal.] Shak. 
 
 LE-GIT'1-MI.ST, II. One who supports lecitimale au- 
 thority. In Franre, an ailhi ri-iit of the elder branch 
 of till- liourbon family, which was driven from the 
 
 LE(;'LI'",S.S,a. Having'iio legs. [throne in lx:iO. 
 
 LEtJ'n.ME, ) 71. [Ij.lrgumen ; Vr.lrgume; probably 
 
 LE-GO'ME.\', i from L. lego, to colled, and signify- 
 ing that wliich collec is or Imlds or a colli ctiun.] 
 
 1. In botany, a pericarp or seed-vessel of two valves, 
 in which the seeds are fixed to one suture only. In 
 the latter circumstance, it dilfiTS from a siliqua, in 
 which the seeds are attaolii il to both sutures. In 
 popular use, a legume is called a I'uo, or a Cod ; as, 
 pea-pw/, or puns-cod. Marlyn. 
 
 2. In the plural, pulse, peas, beans, &c. 
 LE-(;0'M1N, 71. A peculiar principle in the fleshy 
 
 cotyledons of the seeds of papilionaceous plants ; 
 veuPlable casein. Qrahaoi. 
 
 LE-(;0'.MIN-OUS, a. Pertaining to pulse ; consisting 
 of pulse. Leguminous plants are such as have a leg- 
 ume for a pericarp, as peas and beans. 
 
 LEI-P.Vril'Y-Mie, a. [Gr. >cit(.. and Or/io?.] 
 
 Fainting; tcniling to swooning. J. Taylor. 
 
 LKlS'tJK-.\-ULE, a. [See Leislihe.] Vacant of em- 
 ployment ; not occupied ; as, Icisurablc hours. [Lit- 
 tle M.sY//.] Brown. 
 
 LKlts'lJR-A-nLY, At leisure; without hurry. 
 
 ILittle used.] Hooker. 
 
 LkIS'IJRE, (lee'zhur or lezh'yur,) k, [Fr. loisir. This 
 is from the saina root as Sw. arid Dan. ledig, void, 
 empty, vacant, free, cased ; Sw. Udighel, Dan. Icdig- 
 hed, leisure ; or it may bo more nearly connected 
 with Goth, laus, loose, free, vacant, Eng. lease.] 
 
 1. Freedom from occupation or business; vacant 
 time ; lime free from employment. 
 
 The desire of Uiture is much more na'.uml than of busine&s and 
 
 can'. Ternjile. 
 I shall leaTC with hbn tliat rebuke to be corisidcrt'd at his tettnre. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. Convenience of time. 
 
 He Bi;;licd aud had no leiture more to say. [Not used.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 This word is sometimes used adjectively ; as, leis- 
 ure time. Drydrn, 
 LEIS'liRE-LY, 0. Done at leisure ; not hasty ; delib- 
 erate ; slow ; as, a leisurely walk or march ; a leisure- 
 Ij survey of life. 
 LkIS'IJRE-LY, adv. Not in haste or hurry ; slowly ; 
 at leisure ; deliberately. 
 
 We descenilod rery leieurety, iny friend bein* CArrful to count 
 the steps. Additon. 
 
 LE'iMAN, 71. [Probably contracted from lifman, Icoe- 
 man ; Sax. leof, loved, and man. Sec Love and Lief.] 
 A sweetheart ; a gallant, or a mistress. [OA*.] 
 Chaucer. Spenser. Shak, 
 
 LeME, n. [Sax. Icoma.] 
 >• of light. '"" 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 .\ ray of light. [Aot in iise.] 
 Lic.ME, i. To shine. [0.'«.] 
 LE.M'JI.V, 71. [Gr. Xriiiiia, from Xau/iaro), lo receive.] 
 In maUtematics, a proposition demonstrated for the 
 purpose of being used in the demonstration of some 
 other proposition. Day. 
 LE.M'MING, i n. An English name applied to a group 
 LE.M'ING, ( of rodent mammals, very nearly allied 
 to the mouse and rat. They mostly inhabit the north 
 of Europe and Asia. Hy some natunilists, this group 
 is made a genus under the name of Lemmas, but by 
 others it is placed under the genus Mus. 
 
 Lcmnian earth, or sphragide, from the Isle of Leni- 
 nos, in the Egean Sea ; a kind of astringent, medici- 
 nal earth, of a fatty consistence and reddish color, 
 used in the same cases as bole. It has the external 
 appearance of clay, with a snuKith surface resembling 
 agate, especially in recent fractures. It removes im- 
 purities like soap. Encyc. Jficholson. 
 LE.M-NI?'e.\TE, n. [L. lemniscus, a ribbon ; Icmnis- 
 ctttus, ailorned with ribbons.] 
 
 In geonittnj, the name of a curve in the form of 
 the figure 8. Barlow. 
 LE.M'ON, n. [Fr. and Sp. limon; It. Jimoiif. This 
 Word is fiiiinil in llie Arabic of .Avicenna ; and in the 
 Amharic dialect of Ethiopia we find /ini« or lame, the 
 same word.] 
 
 1. The fruit of a tree bcloneing to the genus Citnis, 
 which grows in warm climates. 'J'his fruit furnish- 
 es a cooling acid juice, which forms an ingredient in 
 some of our most delicious liquors. 
 
 2. Lemon, or lemm-trtc ; the tree that produces 
 lemons. 
 
 What is called salt of lemons, is really vinoxalate 
 of potash, or potash combined with oxalic acid. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LEN 
 
 LESI-ON-ADE', n. [Fr. limonade ; Sp. limonaJa ; from 
 
 limon. ] 
 
 A liquor consisting of lemon-juice mixed with wa- 
 ter and sweetened. 
 
 liK'MUR, 71. [L.] One of a genus of quadrumanoua 
 mammals, nearly allied to the a[ies, baboons, and 
 monkeys, but with a form approaching that of quad- 
 rupeds, mostly inhabiting Madagascar and the East 
 Indian islands. 
 
 LEM'lJ-RE.?, 71. pi. [L.] Hobgoblins; i vil spirits. 
 (JVi-f KnglL<h.] 
 
 LEND, 11. (. ; pret. and pp. Le.it. [Sax. tenon; Sw. 
 Idna; Dan. laanrr ; G. leihen ; D. lecnen. Lend is a 
 corrupt orthogra|>)iy of len, or loan, or derived from 
 it. See Loan.] 
 
 1. To grant to another for temporary use, on the 
 express or implied condition that the thing shall be 
 returned ; as, to lend a book ; or, 
 
 2. To grant a thing to be used, on the condition 
 that its equivalent in kind shall be returned ; as, to 
 lent/ a sum of money, or a loaf of bread. 
 
 3. To afford ; to grant ; to furnish, in general ; as, 
 to lend assistance ; to lend an ear to a discourse. 
 
 Cato, Icjid iiir- for a white tliy patience. Addittn. 
 
 4. To grant for temporary use, on condition of re- 
 ceiving a compensation at certain periods for the use 
 of the thing, and an ultimate return of the thing, or 
 its full value. Thus money is lent on condition of 
 receiving interest for the use, and of having the prin- 
 cipal sum returned at the stipulated time. Lend is 
 correlative to borrow. 
 
 f). To permit to use for another's benefit. A lent 
 his name to obtain money from (he bank. 
 
 C. To let for hire or compensation ; as, to Und a 
 horse or gig. ['J'his sense is u.sed by Paley, and prob- 
 ably may be common in England. But in the United 
 States, I believe, the word is never thus used, except 
 in reference to money. We lend money upon inter- 
 est, but never lend a coach or horse for a compensa- 
 tion. Wc use let.] 
 LEND'A-BLE, a. 'j'hat may be lent. Sherwood. 
 LEND'ER, 71. One who lends. 
 
 Tlie Imrrower is secant to Uie lender. — ProT. ixii, 
 2. One who makes a trade of putting money to in- 
 terest. Bacon. Dryden. 
 LEND'ING, ppi-. Granting for temporary use. [See 
 
 I*END.] 
 
 LEND'ING, 71. The act of loaning. 
 
 2. That which is lent or furnished. Shak. 
 LENDS, 71. pi. [Sax.] Loins. [Xol in use.] JViclif. 
 LENGTH, 71. [Sax. IcngUie, from Icng, long; U. 
 lengte.'] 
 
 1. llic extent of anything material from end to 
 end ; the longest line which can be drawn through a 
 body, parallel to its sides ; as, the length of a church 
 or of a ship ; the lengUi of a rope or line. 
 
 2. Extent ; extension. 
 
 Stretched at his length, lie spunis the swarthy ground. Dryden. 
 
 3. A certain extent ; a portion of space ; with a 
 plural. 
 
 Large lengths of seas and shores. Shak. 
 
 4. S|iace of time ; duration, indefinitely ; as, a 
 great length of time. What length of time will this 
 enterprise require for its accomplishment.' 
 
 5. Long duration. 
 
 May Ileav.'n, great inonaKh, still aipffmeiit your Miss 
 
 \Viih length of days, and every day like lljia. Drydsn. 
 
 G. Reach or extent ; as, to pursue a subject to a 
 great length. 
 
 7. E.xtent ; as, the length of a discourse, essay, or 
 argument. 
 
 8. Distance. 
 
 He had marcheti to the length of Exeter, [l/nutuaj and Inttt. 
 ^anl.J Clarendon. 
 
 J}t length ; at or in the full extent. Let the name 
 be inserted at length. 
 2. At last ; at the end or conclusion. Dryden. 
 LENGTH, r. t. To extend ; to lengthen. [JV'ot used.] 
 LE.\GTH'£.N, (length'n,) i-. (. To extend in length; 
 to make longer ; to elongate ; as, to lengthen a line. 
 
 2. To draw out or extend in tunc; to protract; lo 
 continue in duration ; as, to lengthen life. The days 
 lengthen from December to June. 
 
 3. I'o extend ; as, to lengthen a discourse or a dls- 
 scrt.ation. 
 
 4. To draw out in pronunciation ; as, to lengthen 
 a sound or a syllable. This verb is often followed by 
 out, which may be sometimes emphatical, but in gen- 
 eral is useless. 
 
 Wlial if I please to ^n^lAcn oul his date I Drydtn. 
 
 LENGTH'JCX, V. i. To grow longer ; to extend In 
 length. A hempen rope contracts when wet, and 
 lengthens when dry. 
 
 LENGTH'£N-KI), flength'nd,) pp. or a. Made long- 
 er ; drawn out in length ; continued in duration. 
 
 LENGTH'£N-ING, ppr. Making longer; extending 
 in length or in duration. 
 
 LENGTiriSN-ING, n. Continuation ; protraction. 
 Dan. iv. 
 
 LE.N'GTH'FJJL, o. Of great length in measure. Pop*. 
 
 TONE, BULL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; g as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
LEN 
 
 LEP 
 
 LES 
 
 liENGTH'I-LY, adu. In a lengthy manner; at great 
 
 length or extent. Jefferson. 
 LEiN'GTIl'I-NESS, n. Length ; the state of being 
 
 lengthy. Kiiickerboc!;r.r, Mirth, 1838. 
 
 LE.NGTH'WISE, ade. In the direction of the length ; 
 
 in a longitudinal direction. 
 LENGTH'Y, a. Being long or moderately long ; not 
 short; not brief; applied mostly to moral subjects, us 
 to discourses, writings, arguments, proceedings, &c. ; 
 as, a lengthy sermon ; a Icngthij dissertation ; a lengthy 
 detail. London Quarterly Review. 
 
 Lengthy periods. Washington's Letter to Plater. 
 
 No niiiiisteriai act in France, in mailers of judicial cognizance, is 
 done wilhout a proces verbal, in wliicli tiie facls are stated 
 amiilsl a great deal of lengthy formality, willi a degree of 
 minuteness highly profitable to the verbalizing otlicen* and 
 to the revenue. Am. Reoiew, Ap. Oct. 1811. 
 
 P. S. Murray has sent, or will send, a double copy of the Bride 
 and Giaour ; in the last one some lengthy additions ; pray 
 RCCept Ihem according to old customs. 
 
 Lord Dyran's Letter to Dr. Clarke, Dec. 13, 1813. 
 Chalmers's Political Annate, in treating of South Carolina — is 
 by no means as lengthy as Mr. H''witt's History. 
 
 Drayton's Vieto of Soath Carolina. 
 These would be details too lengthy. JeJ'erson. 
 
 [This word, which was originally an .American- 
 ism, is now used to a considerable extent by English 
 writers, and has been admitted into the recent Dic- 
 tionaries of Knowles, Smart, and Reid.] 
 LK'NI-EN-CY, n. Lenity. 
 
 LE'NI-ENT, a. [L. Icn'iens, from lento, lenh, soft, 
 
 mild; Ar laina, to be soft, or smooth. Class 
 
 Ln, No. 4. The primary sense probably is smooth, or 
 to make smooth, and blandus may be of the same 
 family.] 
 
 1. Softening ; mitigating ; assuasive. 
 Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand, 
 
 Yel Umcs iiol this. Pope. 
 
 Sometimes with of: as, lenient of grief. Milton. 
 
 2. Relaxing ; emollient. 
 
 Oils relax tlie fiLeni, are lenient, balsamic. Arbuthnot. 
 LE'NI-ENT, m. That which softens or assuages ; an 
 
 emollient. fVi.sfman. 
 Le'.VI-EXT-LY, adv. Mitigatingly ; assuagingly. 
 LF,N'I-F?, V. t. To assuage ; to soften ; to mitigate. 
 
 \ l.iftle used.] Bacon. Dryden. 
 
 LEN'I-.MENT, n. An assnasive. [JVotwsed.] 
 LEN'I-TIVE, a. [It. leniuvo i Ft. lenitif; from L. 
 
 lenie, to soften.] 
 
 Having the quality of softening or mitigating, as 
 
 pain or acrimony ; assuasive; emollient. 
 
 Bacon. Arbuthnot, 
 LEN'I-TIVE, n. A medicine or application that has 
 
 the quality of easing pain ; that which softens or 
 
 mitigiites. 
 
 2. A palliative ; that which abates passion. South. 
 
 LEN'I-TY,n. [L. leuitas, from lenis, mild, soft.] 
 
 Mildness of temper ; softne.>;s ; tenderness; mercy. 
 Young offenders m.ay be treated with lenity. It is 
 opposed to Severity and IIh;or. 
 
 LE.\'NOUK, a. Slender ; pliable. \Local.'] 
 
 LE-NOC'I-NANT, n. [L. Icnocinaiis.] 
 
 Given to lewdness. More. 
 
 LENS, n. ; pi. Lenses. [L. lens, a lentil.] 
 
 In optics, a piece of glass or other transparent sul>- 
 stance, bounded on both sides by polished spherical 
 surfaces, or on the one sitle by a spherical, and on 
 the other by a plane, surface. Itnys of light [)assnig 
 through it are made to change their direction, and to 
 magnify or diminish objects at a certain distance. 
 Lenses are doublo-ctinvex, or convex on both sides; 
 double-concave, or concave on both sides ; plano- 
 convex, or plano-concave, that is, with one side 
 plane, and the other convex or ctmcave ; or convex 
 on one side, and concave on the other ; the latter is 
 called a meniscus, when the concavity is less th;in the 
 convexity ; but a concavo-convex lens, when the con- 
 cavity is greater than the convexity. The term lens 
 is sometimes used by itself for double convex lens. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LENT, pre«. and pp. of Lend. 
 
 LENT, n, [Sax. lenctcn, s])ring, lent, from lena; long ; 
 Icnegan, to lengthen ; so called from the lengthening 
 of the days.] 
 
 The quadragesimal fast, or fast of forty d.'iys, ob- 
 served by the Roman Callii>lic and other churches 
 before Easter, the festival of our Savior's resurrec- 
 tion. It hegms at Ash-Wednosday, anil continues 
 till E<-ist<T. 
 
 LENT, a. Slow ; mild ; ns, /cii(cr heats. \Obs.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 LFJiTT, } [It.] in miwric, directs to u gradual 
 
 J.FJ^-TJiJ^nO, \ retarding of time. 
 LENT'^;N, a. Pertaining to lent ; u.scd in lent ; spar- 
 ing ; as, a Icnltn enti:rtainment ; a lenlen salad. 
 
 SliaJc. 
 
 LEN-Tie'IJ-LAR, a. [L. Unticularis, from lent, su- 
 pra.] 
 
 1. RcHembllng a lentil. 
 
 2. Having the form uf a doublu-convox lens ; len- 
 tiform. 
 
 LEN-Tie'TJ-LAR-LY.orfi). In the manner of a lens ; 
 with a curve. 
 
 LEN'TI-FORM, a. [L. lens and forma, form.] 
 
 Of the form of a double-convex lens. 
 LEN-TIG'I-NOUS, a. [L. lentigo, a freckle, from L. 
 lens.] 
 
 Freckly ; scurfy; furfuraceous. 
 
 LEN-TI'GO, ?( [L.] A frecklv eruption <m the skin. 
 
 LEN'TIL, Ji. [Fr. lentille, from L. lcn.<i.j 
 
 A plant of^the genus Ervum. It is an annual 
 plant, rising with weak stalks about 18 inches. The 
 seeds, which are contained in a pod, are round, flat, 
 and a little convex in the middle. It is cultivated for 
 fodder, and for its seeds. Encyc. 
 
 IjEN'TISK, ) n. [Fr. lentisgue ; It. lentischia ; So. 
 
 LEN-TIS'eUS, i lenti.'>co ; L. lentiscus.] 
 
 A tree of the genus Pistacia, the mastich-tree, a 
 native of Arabia, Persia, Syria, and the south of Eu- 
 rope. The wood is of a pale-brown, resinous and 
 fragrant. [See IMastich.J 
 
 LENT'I-TUDE, n. [L. lentus, slow.] 
 
 Slowness. [JVot xused.] Diet. 
 
 LENT'NER, n. A kind of hawk. IValton. 
 
 LKjV'TO, LtlX-TE-MEJTTE, [It.,] in hiuam, signi- 
 fies slow, smooth, and gliding. 
 
 LEN'TOR, n. [L., from lentus, slow, tough, clammy ; 
 Fr. lenteur.] 
 
 1. Tenacity , viscousness. Bacon. 
 
 2. Slowness ; delay ; sluggishness. Arbuthnot. 
 
 3. Siziness; thickness of fluids ; viscidity ; a term 
 used in the humoral pathologif. Coze. Quincy. 
 
 LEN'TOUS, a. [L. lentus, slow, thick.] 
 
 Viscid ; viscous ; tenacious. Brown. 
 
 L'EJV-KOy, (Un-vwa',) n. [Fr.] A term borrowed 
 from old French poetry, and signifying a few de- 
 tached verses at the cud of each piece, serving to 
 convey the moral, or to address the poem to a par- 
 ticular person. Toone. 
 
 LEN'ZIiV-ITE, n. [from Lcniiiu, a German mineral- 
 ogist.] 
 
 A mineral of two kinds, the opaline and argilla- 
 ceous ; a variety of clay, occurring usually in small 
 masses of the size of a nut. Clr.avcland. Pliillips. 
 Le'0,7i. [L.] The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac. 
 Lk'OD, re. [Saxtm.] People ; a nation. 
 Lic'OF, n. /.ee/denotes love; so leofwin, a winner of 
 
 love ; leofstan, best beloved. Gibson. 
 LE'O-NINE, a. [L. leuniiius, from leo, lion.] 
 
 iJeloiiging to a lion ; resembling a lion, or partaking 
 of his qutilities ; as, leonine fierceness or rapacity. 
 
 Leonine iicrscv, so ntiined from Leo, the inventor, 
 are those the end of which rhymes with the mid- 
 dle ; as, 
 
 Gloria /actorum lemere concedilur /torunx. Johnson. 
 
 Le'O-NINE-LY, adv. In the manner of a linn. 
 
 Harris. 
 
 LEOP'ARD, (lep'ard,) n. [L. leo, lion, and pardus, 
 pard, Gr. imoiios, from Ileb. TiD,to separate, that is, 
 spotted, broken into spots.] 
 
 A carnivorous digitigiade mammal, belonging to 
 the genus Felis, i. e. the (^at group. It inhabits Cen- 
 tral Africa. Its fur is yellow, with at least ten 
 ranges of small, black clusters of spots on each 
 flank. 
 
 LEOP'ARD'S-BaNE, n. The English popular name 
 of several different plants, principally species of the 
 genera Arnica and Doronicum. 
 
 Le'PA.S,?!. [Gr. A£Tr/i;.] The Iiinnman name for the 
 Cirripeda, comprising the lialani or barnacles, and 
 the AnatifiE, of which there are now several genera. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 LEP'ER, 71. [L. lepra, leprosy, Fr. lepre, Ir. lobliar, Gr. 
 Xenpa, from Arr.'«, a scale.] 
 A person alfecteil with leprosy. 
 LEP'II), a. [Ulepidus.] 
 
 Pleasant ; jocose. [Little used.] 
 LEP-l-DO-DEN'DRON, n. [Gr. Xtirij, XtiriJos, a 
 scale, and ^tvSfiov, tree.] 
 
 A fossil tree, so named from the scaly appearance 
 of the stem, produced by the separation of the leaf 
 stalks. MantcU. 
 LEP'll)-OID, V. [Gr. XtKt; and cuW?.] 
 
 One of a family of extinct fossil fishes, of the oolit- 
 ic formation. Bnckland. 
 LEP'I-DO-LITE, n. [Gr. Xcttij, a scale, and >i«"S.] 
 A s[)ecies of the mica family, presenting a lilac or 
 rose violet color ; it usually occurs in masses consist- 
 ing of small scales. It dlll'ers from other mica-s, in 
 containing the earth lithia. Dana. 
 LKl'-l hOP'TEU, n. j [Gr. Xcttk, a scale, and 
 LEP I-DOP'TE-RA, ti. pi. \ tttcivw, a wing.] 
 
 The Lepiduptrra are an order of insects having four 
 membranaceous wings, covered with fine imbricate 
 scales, like powder, .as the hutterfiv. 
 LKP-I 1)01"TEI{-AL, )a. lielonging to the order of 
 LEP I DOP'TICR-Oirs, ( l.epidoptera. 
 LEP'O-RINK or LKl"! )-!! I N I',, «. [I,. Irporinns, from 
 icpus, a litire. tin. the Teutonic leap, to run.] 
 
 Pi^rtaiiiiiig to a Inire ; having the mitiire or qualities 
 of the hare. Johnson. 
 LE-PRDS'l-'l'Y, n, .Squamoiisness. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 LEP'RO SY, n. [See LEi'Kn.] A foul cutaneous dis- 
 ease, appearing in dry, white, thin, scurfy scabs, at- 
 tended with violent Itching. It sometinies covers 
 
 the whole body, rarely the face. One species of 
 it is called elepliantiasis. Encyc, 
 
 The term leprosy is loosely and incorrectly applied 
 to two very distinct diseases, the scaly and the tuber 
 ciliated, or the proper leprosy and the elephantiasis. 
 The former is characterized by patches of smooth, 
 laminated scales, sometimes livid, but usually whit- 
 ish ; in the latter, the skin is thickened, livid, and 
 tiiberculated. It is called the black leprosy ; but this 
 term is also applied to the livid variety of the scaly 
 leprosy. Oood, 
 LEP'ROUS, a. [Fr. leprenix.] [See LtfER.] 
 
 Infected with lepro.sy ; covered witlT whit© scales. 
 His hand was leprous as snow. — Ex. iv. 
 LEP'ROUS-LY, adv. In leprous manner. 
 LEP'ROUS-NESS, n. The state of being leprous. 
 LEP-TO-DAG'TYL, n. [Gr. Xertros, slender, and 
 duKri'Xoi, a toe.] 
 A bird or otiier annual hav4ng slender toes. 
 
 Hitchcock. 
 
 LEP-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. Xeirroi, small, and Xoyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 A minute and tedious discourse on trifling things. 
 
 Lf.RE, 71. Learning ; lesson ; lore. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 Lr.RE, «. (. To learn ; to teach. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 LeRE, a. Empty. [See Leer.] 
 
 LER'NE-ANS, n. pi. A family of parasitic animals, 
 related to the inferior grades of crustace.a. They are 
 foimd attached to fishes, and some species penetrate 
 the skin with their elongated head, and feed on the 
 viscera of the fishes. Dana. 
 
 Le'SION, (le'zhun,) n. [L. la:sio, from terfo, to hurt.] 
 A hurting, hurt; wound; injury. Rush. 
 
 LESS, for (J.'vless. [JVot tn use.] 
 
 LESS, a terminating .syllable of many nouns and some 
 adjectives, is the Sax. teas, Goth, laus, belonging to 
 the verb lysan, lausynn, to loose, free, separate. 
 Hence it is a privative word, denoting destitution ; 
 as, a witless man, a man destitute of wit; childless, 
 without children ; fatherless ; faithless ; pennyless ; 
 lawless. Sec. 
 
 LES.S, a. [Sax. Ues ; perhaps allied to Dan. User, to 
 ab;ite, to lessen, to relieve, to ease. Less has the 
 sense of the comptirative degree of little.] 
 
 Smaller ; not so large or great ; as, a less quantity 
 or number; a horse of less size or v;ilue. We are 
 all destined to sutter affliction in a greater or less 
 degree. 
 
 LESS, adv. Not so much ; in a smaller or lower de- 
 gree ; as, less bright or loud ; less beautiful ; less 
 obliging; fcis careful. The less a man praises him- 
 self, the more disposed are others to praise him. 
 LESS, 71. Not so much. 
 
 Tjiey gathered some more, some less. — Exod. xvi. 
 2. An inferior. 
 
 The less is blessed by the better. — Heb. vii. 
 LESS, V. t. To make less. [Jifol in use] Qower. 
 LES-SEE', 71. [from lease.] The person to whom a 
 lease is given, or vvlio takes an estate by lease 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 LESS'£N, (les'n,) ji. U [from less.] To make less ; to 
 diminish ; to reduce in bulk, size, quantity, number, 
 or amount ; to make smaller ; as, to lessen a kingdom 
 or its population. 
 
 2. To diminish in degree, state, or quality ; as, 
 awkward manners tend to lessen our respect for men 
 of merit. 
 
 3. To degrade ; to reduce in dignity. 
 
 St. Paid chose to magnify his ofiice, when ill men conspired to 
 lessen it. Atterbury. 
 
 LESS'£N, (les'n,) v. i. To become less ; to shrink ; 
 to ctmtnict in bulk, quantity, number, or amount ; 
 to be diminished. The apparent magnitude of ob- 
 jects Ic's.scn.i as we recede from them. 
 
 2. To become less in degree, quality, or intensity ; 
 to decrease. The .strength of the body, and the vi- 
 vacity of the temper, usually lessen as we advance 
 in age. 
 
 LESS'yiN-i^n, pp. Made smaller ; diminished. 
 
 LESS'KN-ING, ppr. Reducing in bulk, amount, or 
 degree ; degrading. 
 
 LES.S'ER, a. [Sax. litssa, Itr.isr, from lies. This word 
 is a corruption, but too well established to be dis- 
 carded.] 
 
 Less ; smaller. Authors always write, the Lesser 
 Asia. 
 
 By the same reaiion mav a man in a stale of nature punish Iho 
 
 (M«er bn™-lii-« c.rtb.il law. Locke. 
 God made the lesser liijht to rule the ni;rht. _ tJen. i. 
 
 LES'SES, 71. pi. [Ft. laissdcs.] The leavings or dung 
 of bcasfs. 
 
 LES'SON, ^l(!s'n,) 71. [This word we probably have 
 received Iroin the Fr. icfon, L. lectio, from lego, to 
 riMid, Fr. lire, iisnnt ; Sp. Irccion ; It. lezione; Sw. 
 Ic/a ; and not friun llie I). Irezcn, G. /c.s'cn, to read.] 
 
 1. Any lliiiii; n ail or rccilrtl to a teacher by a pu- 
 pil or learni'r for improvi ineiit ; or such a portion of 
 a biMik as a pupil learns and repeats at one time. 
 The instriirlor is pli a.ied wlii n his pupils recite theil 
 lessons Willi accuracy anil piomptiiess. 
 
 2. A |)iirliou of !<rri|iture read in divine service 
 Thus eiidi th the first /cwoii. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T._MCTB, PUfiY PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, UpQK.— 
 
 - =:.:r^:r^rrr^..:^ = 
 
LET 
 
 3. A portion of ii l)Ook or manuscript assigned by a 
 preceptor ti> a pupil to bo learnt, or for an exercise ; 
 sometliiiiK to be learnt. Cive liini Ills lesnon. 
 
 4. Precept ; doctrine or notion inculcated. 
 
 Be nol Jr^iluu* ovor tin- wil'c of Ihy bosom, iwd tcoeb h^T not an 
 evil Icttvn lig.viiul Ihysrit. Ecclut, 
 
 5. Severe lecture ; reproof; rebuke. 
 
 Slif would givtf bor a Ut9on for walking lo late. Sidney. 
 
 6. Tune written for an instrument. Daeies. 
 
 7. Instruction or truth, taujiht by experience. Tbe 
 /tssuiii w hicli sickness nnparts, sbe leaves to be prac- 
 ticed when health is established. 
 
 LliS'SON, (les'ii,) V. L To teach ; lo instruct. 
 
 Cliildn'ii thoulil be Uatoned iiuo a contempt tind dt'tcnuuion of 
 tliu vice. L'Kitrange. 
 
 LKS'SON-fJI), pp. Taught; instructed. 
 LK.S'S O.N - i N G , »pr. Teac h i n 
 
 LK.-<'St)K,n. [Iroin Jraaf.) One who leases ; the per- 
 son who lets to farm, or gives a lease. BlacksliDic. 
 
 LKST, pure, [from tlic Sax. leas, (Joth. tuus, l<H>se, 
 separate. In Saxon, it was preceded by (A/-, Uie teas, 
 that less, that not, lie /urte. Hence it denotes a 
 looain^ or separation, and hence it comes to express 
 prevention.] 
 That not ; for fear that. 
 
 Ye shall not eat of it, ucilJtcr tlinll ye touch it, lett yc die. — 
 Gen. iii. 
 
 The phrase may be thus explained : Ye shall not 
 touch it ; that separatetl tir dismissed, ye die. That 
 here refers to the preceding command or sentence ; 
 that being removed, or not observed, the fact being 
 not so, ye will die. 
 
 Sin no more, tett a worw thing come to die*. — John t. 
 
 Sin no more ; that fact not taking place, a worse 
 thing will happen to thee. 
 LET, v. t. : preU and pp. Let. Letted is obsolete. 
 Sax. tefan, lelan, Goth. Irian, to permit, to liinder, lo 
 dismiss or send away, to let go, to leave, to ntlrnit, to 
 think or suppose, to dissemble, to retard, to be /«£eor 
 slow, to diilly or tritle,to lease or let out ; Utan aweg, 
 to let away, to throw ; W. //«:, liinderance ; Uitziaw, 
 to hinder ; D. laatrn, to permit, to sutler, to give, to 
 leave, to loose, lo put, to slow ; G. lasscn, to It^t, to 
 permit, grant, allow, suffer ; vcrlasscn, lo forsake ; 
 unterU.iseii, to ce;ise, to forbear ; Sw. /a/a, to peruiit ; 
 Han. Uuirr, to let, |iermit, allow, grant, sutler, give 
 leave. But in the four latter dialects, there is anoth- 
 er verb, which corresfionds with let in some of its 
 signiticatit>ns ; D. lydeit, G. Uiden, Sw. luJa, Dan. 
 liJcr, to suffer, endure, undergo, lo permit. With 
 this verb corresjionds the English late, D. loat, Sw. 
 lat, Dan. lait, slothful, laz.y ; and the G. lass, feeble, 
 Ui/.y, coincides with lassen, supra, and this may be 
 the Eng. lazy. To let nut, like L. ctucarc, is to lease, Fr. 
 laisser. Let is the Fr..laisser, in a different dialect. 
 By the German and Welsh, it appears that the last 
 radical may have originally been lA, ts, or ti, or other 
 romiHiun I. See Class Ld, No. 2, 15, 19, 23, 32, and 
 Class I.,s, No. 30.] 
 
 1. To permit ; to allow ; to sulTer ; to give leave or 
 power by a |)ositivc act, or negativi^ly, to withhoUl 
 restraint; not lo prevent. A leaky ship water 
 enter into the hold. Let is followed by the infinitive 
 without the sign to. 
 
 Phnmoh laid, 1 will tel you go. — Ex. riii. 
 When th-- ship w>is caught, iind could not bear up into tbe wind, 
 wf Ul h'T drive. — Acw xxvii. 
 
 2. To lease ; lo grant possession and use for a 
 compensation ; as, to lei lo farm ; to let an estate for 
 a year i to let a rtwin to lodgers ; often followed by 
 oitit, a.s, to out a farm ; but the use of out is un- 
 necessary. 
 
 3. To suffer ; to permit ; with the usual sign of the 
 infinitive. 
 
 There's a letter for you, sir, if your name be Horatio, as I am 
 1«I to know it is. [.Vol use^.] Shak. 
 
 A. In the imperatire mailt, let has the following uses. 
 Followed by the first and third persons, it expresses 
 desire or wish ; hence it is used in prayer and en- 
 treaty to superiors, and lo those who have us in their 
 power ; as, let me not wander from thy command- 
 ments. Ps. cxix. 
 
 Followed by the first person plural, let expresses 
 exhortation or entreaty ; as, rise, let us go. 
 
 Followed by the third person, it implies permission 
 Of Command addressed to an inferior. Let kim go, 
 let tkrm remain, arc commands adilresscd lo the sec- 
 ond person. Let thou, or let ye, that is, do thou or 
 you permit him to go. 
 
 Soinetunis let is used to express a command or in- 
 junction to a third person. When the signal is given 
 to ensage, let every man do his duty. 
 
 When applied to things not rational, it implies al- 
 lowance or concession. 
 
 O'er (olden u<b l<l tkh Paclolus Dow. Pops. 
 
 5. To retard ; to hinder ; to impede ; to interpose 
 obslnictions. 2 Tkess. ii. Dryden. 
 P'his sense Is now obsolete, or nearly so.] 
 To let alone ; to leave ; to suffer to remain without 
 intermeddling ; as, let alone this idle project ; let me 
 aione. 
 
 LET 
 
 To let dom ; to permit to sink or fall ; to lower. 
 She Ut them down by a cord through the window. — Josh. ii. 
 
 To let loose ; to free from restraint ; to i>eriuit to 
 wander at large. 
 
 To let in or into ; to permit or suffer to enter ; to 
 admit. Open the door, let in my friend. We arc not 
 let into the secrets of the cabinet. 
 
 2. To insert, as a piixc of wood, into a siKicc formed 
 for the pur|)ose. 
 
 To let Hood; to open a vein and suffer the blood to 
 flow out. 
 
 To let out ; to suffer lo escape, as an nniinni ; lo ex- 
 tend or loosen, as a rope or tlie folds of a gariuenl ; 
 also, to lease or let to hire. 
 
 7*0 let off; to discharge ; to let fly, as an arrow ; or 
 cause to explode, as a gun. 
 
 To let fy; to send firtn or discharge with vio- 
 lence, as an arrow or stone. 
 LET, p. i. To forbear. [Otis.] Baeon. 
 LET, ». A retarding ; liiiiderancc ; obst.aclc ; imped- 
 iment ; delay. [ Obsolete, unless in some leclmUal 
 phrases.] 
 
 LET ; a termination of diminutives ; as, haiiUet, a little 
 house ; rivulet, a small stream. [Sax. lyt, small, less, 
 lew. See Littlk.] 
 
 LETCII, », A leach-tub. [.See Leach.] 
 
 2. A long, narrow swamp in which water moves 
 slowly. BrorkelU 
 
 Lr.'TH.\L, a. [L. lethalu, mortal, from Gr. A/|U/|, ob- 
 livion.] 
 
 Deailly ; mortal ; fatal. Ritlianlson. 
 LF^TIIAL'I-TY, n. Mortality. Mins. 
 LE-TIlAK'Cie, j a. [h. Uthariricu^ ; Ft. Icthar- 
 LE-THAU'ClC-AL, 1 guiue.] 
 
 Preleriiaturally inclined lo sleep ; drowsy ; dull ; 
 heavv. Jjrhuthnot. 
 LE-Tli.XK'Cie-.VL-LV, ailv. In a morbid sleepi- 
 ness. 
 
 LE-Tll.\U'C;rC-AI^\ESS, ) 11. I'reternatiintl or inor- 
 LE-Tll.\K'liie-NESS, ) bid sleepiiii ss or drow- 
 siness. More. Jferttrrt. 
 LETH'AR-GI-£D, pp. or u. Laid asleep; eiitr.iuced. 
 
 SKak. 
 
 LET1I'AR-6Y, n. [L. IcUiarjria ; Gr. XnOao) ta ; X'lUn, 
 oblivion, and aoyui, idle.] 
 
 1. Preternatural sleepiness ; morbid drowsiness ; 
 coiitiuui'd or profound sleep, from which a person 
 can scarcely be awaked. 
 
 2. Dullness ; inaction ; inattention. 
 
 Europe lay Uien under a deep lethargy. Atterbury. 
 
 LETH'AR-GY, v. L To make lethargic or dull. 
 
 Cli archill. 
 
 Lic'THE, (le'the,) n. [Gr. AijO/;, forgetfulness ; XnOco, 
 L. lateo, to be hid.] 
 
 1. In Greek mytholosry, one of the rivers of the in- 
 fernal regions, whose waters were said to cause for- 
 getfulness of the past. Milton. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 9. Oblivion ; a draught of oblivion. Shak. 
 LE-THE'AN, a. Inducing forgetfulness or oblivion. 
 
 Lemprtere. .As. Res. 
 Shakspeare has Lethced in this sense. 
 LE-THIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. frfAum, death, and /cro, to 
 bring.] 
 
 Deadly ; mortal ; bringing death or destniction. 
 
 Robinson. 
 
 LET'TER, n. [from let.] One who permits. 
 
 2. One who retards or hinders. 
 
 3. One who gives vent ; as, a MnoA-letter. 
 LET'TER, n. [Fr. leUre; It. letUra; L. lilera; W. 
 
 llythyr.] 
 
 1. Amark or character, written, printed, engraved, 
 or painted ; used as the representative of a sound, or 
 of an articulalit>n of the human organs of speech. 
 By sounds, and articulations or closures of the or- 
 gans, are formed s\ llables and words. Hence a letter 
 is the first element of written language, as a simjile 
 sound is the first element of spoken langtiage or 
 spi^ech. As sounds are audible, and communicate 
 ideas to others by the ear, so letters arc visible repre- 
 sentatives of sounds, and communicate the thoughts 
 of others by means of the eye. 
 
 2. A written or primed message; an epistle; a 
 communication made by visible characters from one 
 person to another at a distance. 
 
 The style ofteuere ought to be free, easy, and n.-iturd. Waiih. 
 
 3. The verbal expression ; the literal meaning. 
 
 We must olwerrr the tetter of the Kw, without doing vinlfna to 
 Uie reason of the law and Uie iiitentiuits of tlie lawgiver. 
 
 7hyIor. 
 
 4. Type ; a character formetl^ of metal or wood, 
 usually of met.il, and used in printing litMiks. 
 
 5. Letters ; in the plural, learning ; erudition ; as, a 
 man of letters. 
 
 Deal letter; a writing or precept which is without 
 authority or force. The best law may become a deuil 
 letter. 
 
 Letter ofaUomry ; a writing by which one person 
 authorizes another to act in his stead. 
 
 I^urr of credit ; a letter authorizing credit toa cer- 
 tain amount of money to be given to the bearer. 
 
 Brande- 
 
 LEV 
 
 Letter of license; a paiier by which creditors allow 
 an unfortunate debtor tune to |iay his debts 
 
 Brande, 
 
 iMer of marifue ; a coinmission civen lo a private 
 ship by a government to make reprisals on the ships 
 of another si.iie ; hence, the ship thus comiuii-sioned. 
 (See MaH<ti.'E.] 
 
 Ltltrrs patent, or orcrf, open ; a writing executed and 
 sealed, by which power and authority are granted to 
 a person lo do some act, or enjoy some right ; as, tet- 
 ters patent under the seal of England. 
 
 LET'TER, r. f. To impress or form letters on ; as, to 
 Irllrr n book ; a biKik gilt anil IrttereiL 
 
 LET'TEK-liflAKI), n. A b(«ird on which pages of 
 type are placed, when not immediately wanted, or 
 fiir distribuiiiin. 
 
 LET'TI'.R-e.ASE, n. A rase or book to put lelUrs in. 
 
 LET'TER-^.I), pp. Stamped with l. lters. 
 
 LET'TEK-KI), a. Literate; educated; versed in 
 literature or snciire. Collier, 
 2. lielon;;!!!!: In learning; suiting letters. 
 
 LET'TKR-FiMJND'EK, ii. One who casts letlere ; a 
 type. founder. 
 
 LET'TER-ING, p/w. Impressing or forming letters 
 
 on ; as, tetierin-r a book on the cover. 
 LET'TER-ING, II. The act of impressing letters. 
 
 2. The ktlurs impressed. 
 LET'TER-I.ESS, a. Illiterate ; unlettered ; not learned. 
 
 li'otrrland, 
 
 LET'TEIi-PRESS, B. [Utter anii press.] Print , let- 
 ters anil woiils impressed on pa|>er, or other materi- 
 al, bv tvjles. 
 
 LET'TEU-WUTT'ER, m. One who writes letters. 
 2. All iiislriiiiii nt for copying letters, often called 
 
 the maiiifiild Irttf r -writer. 
 LF.T'TING, ppr. Periiiilting ; snilerilig. 
 LET'TI.N'G, h. The pulling out on lease, as u 
 
 farm. 
 
 2. The pulling out iif iKiriious of work to be per- 
 formed by contract, as on a railroad or canal. 
 
 JImerica. 
 
 LET'Tl'CE, (let'tis,) n. [Fr. /uifiie ; It. /al/iio-u ; Sp. 
 teehuaa; Arm. tacluirn : C. Inllirlt ; 1). lutuic ; from 
 L. lactura, ac( t>rding to \'arro, from tar, niilk.] 
 
 The Enclish popular name of si'veral species of 
 Lactiica, some of which are used as salads. 
 
 LeE'Ci'.x'e,!"- [Gr. white.] 
 
 A peculiar wliite pulverult'iil substance obtained 
 from beef fibers, treated with sulphuric acid, and 
 afterward w ith alcohol. BraconnoL 
 LEC'CITE, n. [Gr. XiiKOf, white.] 
 
 A mineral having a dull, gl.xssy appeanince, oc- 
 curring in translucent, twenly-four-sided (trapezo- 
 hedral) crystals. It is found in the volcanic rocks of 
 Italy, esjierially at Vesuvius, disseminated through 
 the lavas. Dana. 
 LEU-CIT'16, a. A term applied to volcanic rocks 
 
 coiilainiiig leucite. Dana, 
 LEO'CO-ETHI-OP'ie, a. [Gr. XtBuoj, while, and 
 acUintS/, black.] 
 
 White and black ; designating a white animal of 
 a black species, or the albino of the negro race. 
 
 /Micrenre. 
 
 LECeO-PIIANE, n. [Gr. Xt k'js, wbiu>, and ^uino, 
 lo appear.] 
 
 A mineral, ticcnrring impe fecily crj'siallizeil, of a 
 
 greenish or wine-yellow col tr, consisting of silica, 
 
 fluoric acid, glucina, lime, an I sodium. 
 LEO eO-PllLEG'M A CY, (lii- tt>-tleg'ma-sc,) n. [Gr. 
 
 XivK 'f, white, and i>Xrj )<a, pi legm.] 
 A dropsical habit of body, >r the ctmimencement 
 
 of anasarca ; paleness, with ■ iscid juices and cold 
 
 sweats. Core, Parr. j9rbutJinoL 
 
 LEO €0 PIILF.GMAT'IC, a. Having a dropsical 
 
 habit of hoilv with a white, bloated skin. 
 LEU-eoS'Tl.NE, ;i. A variety of trachyt.?. 
 LEI'-CO'THl OP, n. [See Leuco-Ethiopic] An 
 
 albino of a black race, 
 LiC'V.A.NT, 0. [Fr. tenant, rising, from Irrrr, L. leva.] 
 Eastern ; denoting the part of the hemisphere 
 
 where the sun rises. 
 
 Forth rush tile levnnt and Uie poncnl winds, MiJton, 
 
 LE-V.\\T', n. [It. lernnle, the East, supra.] 
 
 Proprrln, a coiiiilrj' lo the eastward ; hut appropri- 
 atetu, the countries of Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, 
 Greece, Egypt, (ce., which are washed by the east- 
 ern part of the .Mediterriiiean and its contiguous 
 waters. 
 
 Lf>V.\NT'ER, II. A strong ca.sterly wind in the Med- 
 iterranean. 
 
 2. A l ant name fi>r one who bets at a horse-race, 
 
 and runs away witlioiit payiiis the wager Itwl ; 
 
 hence, in a wuler sense, one who runs away dis- 
 
 gracefiillv. [KmlaniL] 
 Li:UVAN r''INEor LEV'ANT-INE, a. Pertaining to 
 
 the Levant. D'JInriiCe. 
 2. Desiiinating a particular kind of sUk cloth. 
 LE-VA.NT'INE or LEV ANT INE, n. A particular 
 
 kind of silk cloth. 
 LE -VA'TOR, n. [L.. from Zero, to raise.] In anato- || 
 
 my, a muscle that serves to raise some part, n» the 
 
 lip or the eyelid. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE..-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
LEV 
 
 LEV 
 
 LEZ 
 
 '2. A surgical instrument used to raise a depressed 
 part of the skull. fViseman. 
 r,eVE, for Believe. [Obs.] Oower. 
 liEV'EE, 71. [Fr., from lever, to raise, L. ieuo.J 
 
 1. Tlie time of rising. 
 
 2. The concourse of persons who visit a prince or 
 great personage in the morning. Johnson, 
 
 3. A l)ank or causeway, ■particularly along a river, 
 to prevent inundation ; as, the levees along the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 Leree en masse. \See Lety.] 
 LEVEL, a. [Sax. Uefel, id. ; VV. Ibjvn, smooth, even, 
 level, sleek, slippery ; llyvelu, to level, to render uni- 
 form, to devise, invent, giiess ; llyvnu, to make 
 smooth. This seems to be connected with Uyvu, to 
 lick. So Wie, D. gehjk, G. glcich, is smooth, even, 
 level, equal, coinciding with Eng. sleek. Tiie L. U- 
 bella, libra, belong to this root ; It. livella.'] 
 
 1. Horizontal ; coinciding with the plane of the 
 horizon. To be perfectly level, is to be exactly hori- 
 zontal. 
 
 2. Even ; flat ; not having one part higher than 
 another; not ascending or descending; as, a level 
 plain or tield ; level ground ; a level floor or pave- 
 ment. In common tisan, level is often applied to sur- 
 faces that are not perfectly horizontal, but which 
 have no inequalities of magnitude. 
 
 3. Even with any thing else ; of the same hight ; 
 on tlie same line or plane. 
 
 4. Equal in rank or degree ; having no degree of 
 superiority. 
 
 Be leeel in preferments, and you will soon be as Level in your 
 leajjiiiig. Benlley. 
 
 LEVEL, V. t. To make horizontal. 
 
 2. To make even ; to reduce or remove inequali- 
 ties of surface in any thing ; as, to level a road or 
 walk. 
 
 3. To reduce or bring to the same hight with 
 something else. 
 
 And tiioir proud structures level with the ground. Sandys. 
 
 4. To lay flat ; to reduce to an even surface or 
 plane. 
 
 He levels mountains, and he raises plains. Dryden. 
 
 5. To reduce to equality of condition, state, or de- 
 gree ; as, to level all ranks and degrees of men. 
 
 6. To point, in taking aim ; to elevate or depress 
 so as to direct a missile weapon to an object j to 
 aim ; as, to level a cannon or musket. 
 
 7. To aim ; to direct ; as, severe remarks leveled at 
 the vices and follies of the age, 
 
 8. To suit ; to proportion ; as, to level observations 
 to the capacity of children. 
 
 LEVEL, V. i. To accord ; to agree ; to suit. [Little 
 used.] Sliak. 
 
 2. To aim at ; to point a gun or an arrow to the 
 mark. 
 
 3. To aim at ; to direct the view or purpose. 
 
 The glory of Goii and tlie good of his church ouglit to he die 
 niarlt at which we level. Hooker. 
 
 4. To be aimed ; to be in the same direction with 
 the mark. 
 
 He raised it till he leveled ri^ht. Buller. 
 
 5. To aim ; to make attempts. 
 
 Ambitious York did level at thy crown. ShaJe. 
 
 6. To conjecture ; to attempt to guesa. [JVot used.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 LEVEL, n. A horizontal line, or a plane ; a surface 
 without inequalities. IMe. 
 
 2. Rate ; standard ; usual elevation ; customary 
 hight ; as, tlic ordinary level of the world. 
 
 3. Equal elevation with something else ; a state of 
 equality. 
 
 Providence, for the most part, sets us on a level. Spectator. 
 
 4. The line of direction in which a missive weapon 
 is aimed. 
 
 5. An instrument in mechanics by which to find 
 or draw a horizontal line, as in setting buildings, or 
 in making canals and drains. The instrument com- 
 monly used for this purpose is called the .^irit level. 
 
 C. Rule ; plan ; scheme ; borrowed from the me- 
 chanic's level. 
 
 Be the fair level of thy actions laid. Prior. 
 LEVEL-KD, pp. or a. Reduced to a plane ; made 
 even. 
 
 2. lU-diiccd to an equal slate, condition, or rank. 
 
 3. Reduced to an fcqtiality with somtftliing else. 
 
 4. Elevated or depressed to a riiiht line toward 
 something ; pointed to an object ; directed to a mark. 
 
 5. Huited ; pr(i|K)rtioned. 
 
 LEV'EL-ER, n. One that levels or makes even. 
 
 2. One that destroyn, or attempts to destroy, di»- 
 tinctioni, and reduce to eipinlity. 
 LE VEL-L\(J, ppr. or a. Making level or even. 
 
 2. Reducing to an equality of condition. 
 LEVEL-lNfi, II. The reduction of uneven surfaces 
 to a level or plane. 
 
 2. In rurvrying, the art or practice of finding a 
 horizontal line, or of nnrertaining the diirereiil ele- 
 vatlona of objccta on the nurface of the earth. 
 
 Barhto. 
 
 LE VEL-NESS, n. Evenness ; equality of surface. 
 2. Equality with something else. 
 
 LEV£N. See Leaven. 
 
 LEV£N, n. [.Sax. hl(fian.] 
 
 Lightning. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 LEVER, H. [Fr. lecier; It. leva; from lever, levare, 
 L. leva, to raise.] 
 
 In mechanics, a bar of metal, wood, or other sub- 
 stance, turning on o support called the fulcrum or 
 prop. Its arms are equal, as in the balance ; or une- 
 qual, as in steelyards. It is one of the mechanical 
 powers, and is of three kinds, viz. 1. When the ful- 
 crum is betv\ een the weight and the power, as in the 
 handspike, croivbar. Sec. 2. When the weight is be- 
 tween the power and the fulcrum, as in rowing a boat. 
 3. When the power is between the weight and the 
 fulcriini, as in raising a ladder from the ground, by 
 applying the hands to one of the lower rounds. 
 The bones of animals are levers of the third kind. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 Lk'VER, a. The comparative degree of leve, leef, or 
 
 lirf. Jlore agreeable ; more pleasing. [Obs.] 
 Lie' VEll, atiii. Rather, as we now say, I had rather. 
 
 [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 LEVER-AGE, n. Mechanical advantage gained on 
 
 the jirinciple of the lever. Olmsted. 
 LE VEK-ET, n. [Fr. lievret, from lievre, a hare.] 
 
 A hare in the first year of her age. 
 LEVER-OCK, n. A bird ; a lark. [See Lark.] 
 LEVET, n. [Q,n. Fr. lever, to raise.] [Johnson. 
 A blast of a trumpet ; probably that by which sol- 
 diers are called in the morning. [JVot used.] 
 
 Huaibras. 
 
 LEV'I-A-BLE, a. [from levy.] That may be levied ; 
 that may be assessed and collected ; as, sums leviable 
 by course of law. Bacon. 
 
 LE-VI'A-THAN, n. [Ileb. jnn'?.] 
 
 1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of 
 Job, ch. .\li., and mentioned in other passages of 
 Scripture. In Isai.ah, it is called the crooked serpent. 
 It is not agreed what animal is intended by the 
 writers, whether the crocodile, the whale, or a spe- 
 cies of serpent. 
 
 2. The whale, or a gieat whale. Milton. 
 LEVI-£D, (lev'ia,) pp. Raised ; collected. 
 
 LE VI-GATE, V. t. [L. lavigo, from bcvis, smooth, Gr. 
 Aciof.] 
 
 1. In pharmacy and chemistry, to rub or grind to a 
 fine, impalpable powder ; to make fine, soft, and 
 smooth. 
 
 2. To plane ; to polish. Burrow. 
 LEVI-GATE, a. Made smooth. 
 LEVI-Ga-TED, pp. Reduced to a fine, impalpable 
 
 powder. 
 
 LE VI-GA-TING, ppr. Rendering very fine, soft, and 
 smooth,_by grinding or rubbing. 
 
 LEV-I-Ga'TION, 71. The act or operation of grinding 
 or rubbing a solid substance to a fine, impalpable 
 powder. JSncyc. 
 
 LEVIN, n. Lightning. [Obs.] [See Leven.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 LE-VI'RATE, a. [L. letnr, a husband's brother.] 
 
 The levirate law, among the Jews, was one accord- 
 ing to which a woman, whose husband died without 
 issue, was to be married to the husband's brother. 
 Deut. XXV. 5. 
 
 LEV-I-TA'TION, n. [L. levis, levitas.] 
 
 Lightness; buoyancy; act of making light. 
 
 LE'VITE, 71. [from Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] 
 One of the tribe or family of Levi ; a descendant 
 of Levi ; more particularly, an oflicer in the Jewish 
 church, who was employed in manual service, as in 
 bringing wood and other necessaries for the sacri- 
 fices. The Levites also sung and played on instru- 
 ments of music. They were subordinate to the 
 priests, the descendants of Aaron, who was also 
 of the family of Levi. Encyc. 
 
 LE-VIT'IG-AL, a. Belonging to the Levites, or de- 
 scendants of Levi ; as, the Lcvitical law, the law 
 given by Moses, wliicli prescribed the duties and 
 rites of the priests and Levites, and regulated the 
 civil and religious concerns of the Jews. 
 2. Priestly. Milton. 
 
 LE-VIT'ie^iL-LY, adv. After the manner of the Le- 
 vites. 
 
 LE-VIT'ie-Ua, 71. [from Levi, Levite.] A canonical 
 book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and 
 regulations which relate to the priests and Levites 
 among the Jews, or the body of the ceremonial law. 
 
 LEVI-TY, 71. [L. levitas, from levis, light ; connected 
 perhaps with Eng. lift.] 
 
 1. Lightness ; the want of weight in a body, com- 
 pared with another that is heavier. The ascent of a 
 ballimn in the air is owing to its levity, as the gas that 
 nils it is lighter than common air. 
 
 2. Lightness of temper or conduct ; inconstancy ; 
 changcablencss ; unsteadiness; as, the levity of yotilh. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. Want of due consideration ; vanity ; freak. He 
 never employed Ilia omnipotence out of levity or os- 
 tentation. 
 
 4. Oayoty of mind ; want of seriousness ; dispo- 
 Rition to trille. The spirit of religion and seriousness 
 was succeeded by levity. 
 
 LEVY, V. t. [Fr. lever ; It. levare ; Sp. levar ; L. Icco ; 
 Eng. to lift.] 
 
 1. To raise ; to collect. To levy troops is to enlist 
 or to order men into public service. To levy an army 
 is to collect trgops and form an army by enrollment, 
 conscription, or otiier means. 
 
 2. To raise ; to collect by assessment ; as, to levy 
 taxes, toll, tribute, or contributions. 
 
 To levy war, is to raise or begin war ; to take arms 
 for attack ; to attack. Blackstone. 
 
 To levy a fine ; to commence and carry on a suit 
 for assuring the title to lands or tenements. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 LEVY, 71. The act of collecting men for military, or 
 other public service, as by enlistment, enrollment, or 
 other means. 1 Kin^s ix. 
 
 2. Troops collected ; an army raised. 1 Kings v. 
 
 3. The act of collecting money for public use by 
 tax or other imposition. 
 
 4. War raised. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 Levy in mass, [Fr. levee en masse ;] a requisition of 
 all liable to bear arms for service. In Ger 
 styled landsturm. 
 
 ermany, it is 
 
 LEVY-ING, ppr. Raising ; collecting, as men or 
 money. 
 
 LEVYNE, 71. [from lemj.] A mineral, supposed to 
 be identical with chabazite. Dana. 
 
 LEW, (lu,) a. [D. laauw.] 
 
 Tepid ; lukewarm ; pale ; wan. [ Obs.] 
 
 LEWD, (lade,) a. [VV. llodig, having a craving ; llodi, 
 to reach out, to crave ; llodincb, lewdness ; llawd, that 
 shoots out or is growing, a lad ; G. luder, lewdness ; 
 Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. I'ji, to beget, to bring forth ; Ar. 
 
 iX3^ walada, Eth. A.? id.] 
 
 1. Given to the unlawful indulgence of lust ; ad- 
 dicted to fornication or adultery; dissolute; lustful; 
 libidinous. Ezek. .xxiii. 
 
 2. Proceeding from unlawful lust ; as, lewd ac- 
 tions. ' , 
 
 3. Wicked ; vile ; profligate ; licentious. .Sets 
 xvii. 
 
 LEWD, a. [Sax. lewed, lewd. This seems to be a 
 contracted word, and either from the root of laical, 
 lay, or from the Sax. Icod, G. Icute, people, which 
 seems to be from the same root as the foregoing 
 word, like L. gens, from geno.] 
 
 Lay ; laical ; not clerical. [ Obs.] Varies. 
 
 LEWD'LY, (lude'ly,) adv. With the unlawful indul- 
 gence of lust ; lustfully. 
 2. Wickedly ; wantonly. 
 
 LEWD'NESS, 71. The unlawful indulgence of lust ; 
 fornication, or adultery. 
 
 2. In Scripture, it generally denotes idolatry. 
 
 3. Licentiousness ; sliamelessness. Spenser. 
 LEWD'STER, 7i. One given to the criminal indul- 
 gence of lust ; a lecher. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 
 LEX, 71. [L.] Law ; as, lez taliouis, the law of retal- 
 iation ; lex term, the law of the land. 
 
 LEX'I-CAL, a. Pertaining to a lexicon, or lexicogra- 
 phy ; settled by lexicography ; a.s, the lexical meaning 
 of a word. Lewi.':. 
 
 LEX-I-eOG'RA-PHER,7i. [See Lexicography.] The 
 author of a lexicon or dictionary. 
 
 LEX-I-eO-GR.\PH'ie, ) 0. Pert,aining to the 
 
 LE.\-I-eO-GRAPII'It;-AL, ( writing or compila- 
 tion of a dictionary. Boswcll. 
 
 LEX-I-eOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Atfi^oi/, a dictionary, 
 and ) nmpn, a writing.] 
 
 1. The act of writing a lexicon or dictionary, or 
 the art of composing dictionaries. 
 Q. The composition or compilation of a dictionar\'. 
 
 LEX-I-eOL'0-6Y, 71. [Gr. Aijixui , a dictionaiy, and 
 Any"!, discourse.] 
 
 The science of words; that branch of learning 
 which treats of the proper signification and just 
 application of words. Med. Rrpos. 
 
 LE.Y'I-eON, 71. [Gr. Atfuoi-, a dictionary, from Aejif, 
 At) (,i, to speak.] 
 
 .■V dictionary ; a vocabulary, or book containing an 
 alphalK tical arrangement of the words in a language, 
 with the definition of each, or an explanation of its 
 meaning. 
 
 LEX'I-eON-IST, 71. A writer of a lexicon. [Little 
 used.] Orient. Col. 
 
 LEX-I-GRAPIl'ie, a. Expressing words by distinct 
 characters. 
 
 LEX-IG'RA-PIIY, 71. [Gr. Xtfis, a word, and yp<t(po<, 
 to write.] 
 
 The art or practice of defining words. Med. Rcpos. 
 liEV. See LvK. 
 
 LkY ; a difl'crent orthography of Lay and Lea, a 
 
 meadow or field. 
 LE?'I)KN-JAK, j 71. A glass jar or boltle used to 
 LEY'Dy^N-PllI'AL, ( accumulate electricity. It is 
 coated with tin foil, within and without, nearly to 
 its top, and is surmounted by a brass knob for 
 the purpose of rharging it with electricity. It is so 
 named from having been invented in Lrydcn, Hol- 
 land. 
 
 LicZE MAJ'ES-TY ; any crime coniinittcd against sov- 
 ereign power, from the Latin " crimen Iwsa: majesta- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT MftTB, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 660 
 
LIB 
 
 LIB 
 
 LIIKK'ZO-LI TE, ». (IVom A/icrz, in tlir Pyrenees.] 
 A ininoi;il, a vurii ty of pyiDXenu. When rrystiil- 
 lized, its crystals are brillinnt, trunslucid, very simll, 
 and of an cnicrald-creen. Diet. 
 
 LI'A-nLE, a. [Fr. licr, to bind, L. ligo ; Norm, lige, 
 a bond. See Liece.] 
 
 1. Bound ; obliecd in law or equity ; responsible ; 
 answerable. The surety is liable for the debt of liis 
 principal. The parent is not liable for debts con- 
 tracted by a son wlio is a minor, except for necessa- 
 ries. 
 
 This use of liable, is now common amone lawyers. 
 The phrn-se is abridged. The surety is liable ; that is, 
 bound to pay the debt of his principal. 
 
 2. Subject ; obnoxious ; exposed. 
 
 ProiuUy iMurc, yet liitblc lo fiill. Milton. 
 Liable, in this sense, is always applied to evils. 
 Wc never say, a man is liable to lia|)piness or pros- 
 perity, but he is liable to disease, calamities, censure ; 
 he is liable to err, to sin, to fall. 
 
 LT'A-BLE-NESS, j n. The state of bcinR bound or 
 
 LI-A-HIL'I-TY, 1 obliged in law or justice ; re- 
 sponsibility. The orticer wishes to discharge him- 
 self from his liabilitij. 
 
 2. Exposedness ; tendency ; a state of bcins sub- 
 ject ; as, the liablencss of a man to contract disease 
 in an infected room ; a liability to accidents. 
 
 LI'.^R, 71. [from lie] \ person who knowingly utters 
 falsehood ; one who docUiros to another as a fact 
 what he knows to be not true, and with an inten- 
 tion to deceive him. The uttering of falsehood by 
 mistake, and without an intention to deceive, does 
 not constitute one a liar. 
 2. One who denies Christ 1 John ii. 
 
 LI'ARn, (I. Gray. [Obs.] Chaueer. 
 This old English word is still used in Scotland, 
 with the spoiling Liakt, or Lyart ; as, lijart luiffils, 
 crav hairs on the temples. Biirnn. 
 
 LI' AS, 71. A species of limestone, occurring in Hat, 
 horizontal strata, arid supposed to be of recent forma- 
 tion. Kncye. 
 
 I.VAl ^OJV; (le'a-zong,) n. [Fr.] A union, or bond of 
 
 LIB, r. t. [II. lubhrn.] [union. 
 To castrate [.Vi-t in use.] Chapman. 
 
 LI-B.^'TION, II. [I^. libaiio, from libo, to pour out, to 
 taste ; fir. Siiiiut.] 
 
 1. The act of pouring a lio.uor, usually wine, either 
 on the grouudjtir on a victim in sacriiice, in honor of 
 some deity. The Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, 
 practiced hbalion. 'I'his was a solemn act and ac- 
 companied with prayer. F.nerjc. 
 
 Q. The wine or other liquor poured out in honor of 
 a deity. Stillinaftcrt. Dnjdau 
 
 LIU'B.\KD ; an obsolete spelling of Lehpaud. 
 
 Spenser. Jifilton. 
 
 TJB'BARD'S-BaXE, 71. A poisonous plant. B. Jonson. 
 
 LI'BEL, 71. [L. libelltis, a little book, from libcr, a 
 book, from the sense of b.ark, and this from strip- 
 ping, separating. Hence liber, a book, and liber, 
 free, are the same word. Class Lb, No. 24, 27, 
 30, 31.] 
 
 1. A defamatory writing. [L. libellus, famosiis.] 
 Hence, the epithet being omitted, libel expresses the 
 same thing. .\ny book, pamphlet, writing, or pic- 
 ture, containing representations, maliciously made 
 or published, tending to bring a person into con- 
 tempt, or cxiiose him to public hatred and derisiiui. 
 The communication of such defamatory writing to a 
 single person, is considered in law a publication. 
 It is immaterial, with resjiect to the essence of a 
 libel, whether the matter of it is true or false, since 
 the provocation, and not the falsity, is the thing to be 
 punished eriminalhj. But in a ciril action, a libel 
 must appear to bo false, as well as scandalous. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 In a more eitevsiee sense, any blasphemous, trea- 
 sonable, or iminoml writing, or picture, made public, 
 is n libel, and punishable by law. 
 
 2, In the civil late, and in courts of aiimiralty, a 
 declaration or charge in writing exhibited in court, 
 particularly against a ship or goods, for violating the 
 laws of trade or of revenue. 
 
 LI'BEL, r. t. To defame or expose lo public hatred 
 
 and contempt by a writing nr picture ; lo lamiKmn. 
 Some wicked wiu Iiktc tibtlted All ihc £iir. Pope. 
 2. To exhibit a charge against any thing in court, 
 
 particularly against a ship or goods, for a violation of 
 
 the laws of trade or revenue. 
 LI'BEL, r. i. To spread defamation, written or 
 
 printed, with against. He libeU against liic peers 
 
 of the realm. (JVi)( 71010 in n.^r.] 
 LI'IIEL-.\.NT, ». One who libels ; one who brings 
 
 a libel or institutes a suit in an adniir.illy court. 
 
 The co<in*el for Ihe libtlant contcucietl Ihey hail n r^lu t-t n-ajd 
 tho iiulxuclioiu. Cranch, Itep. 
 
 LI'BEL-£D, pp. Defamed by a writing or picture 
 m.ade public 
 
 a. Charged or declared against in an admiralty 
 court. 
 
 LI'BEIi-ER, 71. One who libels or defames by writing 
 or pictures ; a lampooner. 
 
 It ■ ijnontnee uf ouneWei whkh mnkn ui Ih^ libelrri of oOvn. 
 
 Buckminsltr. 
 
 LI'BEL-I.VG, ppr. Defaming by a published writing 
 
 or picture. 
 9. Exhibiting charges against in court. 
 LI'BEL-OUS, a. Defaiiiiaory ; containing that which 
 
 exposes a person to public hatri.d, contempt, and 
 
 ridicule ; as, a libelous pamphlet or picture. 
 LT'UER, 71. [U.] In i<u(U7iy, the inner, newly-formed 
 
 bark of a plant. 
 LIB'ER-AL, a. [Fr.,from L. liberalis, from liber, tree. 
 
 See LiiiEL.] 
 
 1. Of a Ireo heart; free to give or bestow; not 
 close or contracted ; munificent ; bountiful ; gener- 
 ous ; giving largely ; as, a liberal donor ; the liberal 
 founders of a college or hospital. It expresses less 
 than PiioKusE or Extravagant. 
 
 2. Generous; umplu ; large; as, a ft&era2 donation ; 
 a liberal allowance. 
 
 3. Not seltish, nairow, or contracted ; catholic ; 
 enlarged ; embracing other interests than one's own ; 
 as, liberal sentiments or views ; a liberal mind ; lib- 
 eral policy. 
 
 4. General ; extensive ; embracing literature and 
 the sciences generally ; as, a liberal education. This 
 phrase is often, but not necessarily, synonymous with 
 Collegiate ; as, a collegiate education. 
 
 6. Free ; open ; candid ; as, a liberal communica- 
 tion of thoughts. 
 
 r>. Large; profuse; as, a Mcrai discharge of matter 
 by secretions or excretions. 
 
 7. Free ; not literal or strict ; as, a liberal construc- 
 tion of law. 
 
 8. Not mean ; not low in birth or mind. 
 
 9. Lioeiilious ; free to excess. Shale 
 Liberal arLi, as distinguished from meehanical arts, 
 
 are such as depend more on the exertion of the 
 mind than on the labor of the hands, and regard 
 amusement, curiosity, or iiiti.'llectiial impritvemrnt, 
 rather than the necessity of subsistence, or in.inual 
 skill. Such are grammar, rhetoric, painting, scul|>- 
 ture, architecture, music, &c. 
 
 Liberal has of before the thing bestowed, and to 
 before the person or object on which any thing is 
 bestowed ; as, to bo /iicrai «/praiso or censure ; lib- 
 eral to the poor. 
 LIB'ER-AL, 77. One who advocates greater freedom 
 from restraint, especially in political institutions. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LIB'ER-AI^HEXRT'ED, a. Having a generous 
 heart. 
 
 LIB'ER-AL-IS.M, n. The principles of liberals. 
 
 .l/'OaciTi. 
 
 LIB'ER-.-VL-IST, 71. One who is a liberal, or who 
 
 favors the principles of liberals. 
 LIB-ER-AL'I-TY, ti. [L. libcralitas; Fr. liberaliti. 
 
 See LiHERAL.] 
 
 1. Munificence ; bounty. 
 
 Thnl liberality U bill cnst nwnf, 
 
 Wliicli iiiiikcs ua borrow wlnt we C!\n not pay. Denhain, 
 
 2. A particular act of generosity ; a donation ; a 
 gratuity. In this sense, it has the plural number. 
 A prudent man is not impoverished by his liberalities. 
 
 3. Largeness of mind ; Catholicism ; that compre- 
 hensiveness of mind which includes other interests 
 besides its own, and duly estimates in its decisions 
 the value or importance of each. It is evidence of a 
 noble mind to judge of men and things with lib- 
 erality. 
 
 Many treat the pospel with iiulilfereiiee under the name ot liber- 
 aiity. J. M. Maton. 
 
 4. Candor : impartiality. 
 Lin'ER-.\L-I7.E, f. L To render liberal or catholic; 
 
 to enlarge ; to free from narrow views or prejudices ; 
 as to (iVra/:;c Ihe mind. Burke. IValsh. 
 
 LIB'ER-AL IZ-f.'l), pp. Freed from narrow views 
 and prejudices ; made liberal. 
 
 LIB'EK-AL-IZ-I.VG, ppr. Rendering liberal; divest- 
 ing of narrow views and prejudices. 
 
 LIB'KR-AI^LY, adv. Bountifully; freely; largely; 
 Willi munificence. 
 
 ir«ny of yiMi wisilom, let him ask of flod, who gireth to all 
 ifieii lHjemily, and iii>liraid'--ti) nut. — Joules i. 
 
 2. With generous and impartial regard to other 
 interests than our own ; with enlarged views; with- 
 out selfishness or meanness ; as, to think or judge 
 liberally of men and their actions. 
 
 3. Freely ; not strictly ; not literally. 
 I.IB'ER-AI^.MTND'EI), o. Having a liberal mind. 
 Lllt'KR-.\I.-SoCL-£I), a. Having a generous soul. 
 LIB'ER-aTE, r. (. [L. Ubrro, from liber, free; Fr. 
 
 Itberer ; \\. libcrare,] 
 
 1. To free ; to release from restraint or bondage ; 
 to set at liberty ; as, to liberate one from duress or 
 imprisonment ; to liberate the mind from the sliackles 
 of prejudice. 
 
 2. To manumit ; a«, to liberate a slave. 
 LIB'ER-A-TEl), pp. or a. Freed ; released from con- 
 finement, restniiiit, or slavery ; manumitted. 
 
 LIIt'EK-A-TING, ppr. Delivering from restraint or 
 slavery. 
 
 LIll-EK-A'TION, n. [L. liberatio.] 
 
 The act of delivering from restraint, confinement, 
 or slavery. 
 
 LIB'ER-A-TOR, n. One who liberates or delivers. 
 
 LIB-ER-TA'RI-AN, a. 'L. liber, free; tibcrUu, lib- 
 erty.] 
 
 Pertaining to liberty, or to the doctrine of free 
 will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity. 
 
 Remove from their mind libertarian pn-Ju.Iice. Encye. 
 
 LIB-ER-TA'RI-AN, 77. One who holds to free will. 
 LIB-ER-'J'A'RI-A.N'-IS.'M, n. The principles or doc- 
 
 trini!8 of libertarians. 
 LIB'ER-TI-CIUE, n. [liberty, and I,, co-do.] 
 
 Destruction of liberty ; biit used fia an adjective ; 
 " liberticide views." Jefferson. 
 2. A destroyer of liberty. Wade. 
 LIB'ER-TIN-A'CE, 71 Libertinism ; which is most 
 used. 
 
 LIB'ER-TINE, (-tin,) 71. [L. libertinus, from liber, 
 free.] 
 
 1. Among the Jimnans, a freedman ; a person man- 
 umitted or set free from legal servitude. 
 
 2. One unconfined ; one free from restraint. Slink. 
 
 3. A man who lives without restraint of the ani- 
 mal passiim ; one who indulges his lust without 
 restraint ; one who leads a dissolute, licentious life ; 
 a rake ; a debauchee. 
 
 LIB'ER-TINE, a. Licentious ; dissolute ; not under 
 the restraint of law or religion ; as, libertine princi- 
 ples ; a libertine life. 
 
 LIB'ER-TIN-IS.M, n. State of a freedman. f Little 
 used.] Hammond. 
 
 2. Licentiousness of opinion and practice ; an un- 
 restrained indulgence of lust ; debauchery ; lewd- 
 ness. JlUrrbury. 
 
 LIB'ER-TY, 71. [L. liberlas, from liber, free ; Fr. 
 librrle : It. liberta ; Sp. libcrUid. Class Lb, No. 34, 
 27, 30, 31.1 
 
 1. Freedom from restraint, in a gi neral sense, and 
 applicable to the body, or to the will or mind. The 
 body is at liberty when not confined ; the will -or 
 mind is at liberty when not checked or controlled. 
 A man enjoys liberty when no physical force oper- 
 ates to restrain his actions or vtilitions. 
 
 2. J^atural liberty consists in the power of acting 
 as one thinks fit, without any restraint or control, 
 except from the laws of nature. It is a state of ex- 
 emption from the control of others, and from [Kisitive 
 laws, and tlii^ institutions of social life. This liberty 
 is abridged by the establisliiiient of govermnent. 
 
 3. Cicii liberty is the liberty of men in a state of 
 society, or natural liberty, so far only abridged and 
 restrained, as is necessary and expedient for the 
 safety and interest of the society, state, or nation. 
 A restraint of natural liberty, not necessary or ex- 
 pedient for the public, is tyranny or oppression. 
 Ciril liberty is an exemption from the arbitrary will 
 of others, which exemption is secured by et-tahiished 
 laws, which restrain every man from injuring or 
 controlling another. Hence the restraints uf law are 
 essential to civil liberty. 
 
 1'lie liherty of onedeprmli not to much on tlie removn] of all 
 remr.nnt from hiin, as on the due rettninl upon the liberty 
 of others. Aniet. 
 
 In this sentence, the latter word liberty denotes 
 natural liberty. 
 
 4. Political liberty is sometimes used as synonymous 
 with ciiii; liberty. Iliit it more properly designates the 
 liberty of a nation, the freetloni of a nation or slate 
 from all unjust abridgment of its rights and inde- 
 penclence by another nation. Hence we often speak 
 of the political liberties of Europe, or the nations of 
 Europe. 
 
 5. Religious liberty is the free right of adopting and 
 enjoying opinions on religious subjects, and of wor- 
 shiping the Supreme Being according to the dictates 
 of conscience, without external control. 
 
 6. Libertu, in metaphysics, as opposed to iieeessity, is 
 the power of an agent to tlo or forbear any particular 
 action, according to the determination or thought of 
 the mind, by which cither is preferred to the other. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 Freedom of the will ; exemption from compulsion 
 or restraint in willing or volition. I 
 
 7. Privilege ; exemption ; immunity enjoyed by 
 prescription or by grant; with a plural. Tims we I 
 speak of the liberties of the commercial cities of Eu- I 
 rope. 
 
 8. Leave ; permission granted. The witness ob- 
 tained liberty to leave the court. 
 
 9. A space in which one is |H-rmittcd to pass with- I 
 out restraint, and beyond which be may not lawfully 
 pass ; with a plural ; as, the liberties of a prison. 
 
 10. Freedom of action or speech beyond the ordi- 
 nary bounds of civility or decorum. Females should 
 rejud all improper liberties. 
 
 To lake the liberty to do or say any thing ; to use 
 freedom not specially granted. 
 
 To set at liberty ; to deliver from confinement ; to 
 release from restraint. 
 
 To be at liberty ; to be free from restraint. 
 
 Liberty of the press, is freedom from any restriction 
 on the power to publish boiiks ; the free jxiwer of 1 
 publishing what one pleases, subject only to punish- 
 ment for abusing the privilege, or publishing what is 
 mischievous to the public or injurious to individuals. 
 
 Btackstane* 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e na K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 dITd 66r 
 
Lie 
 
 Lie 
 
 LIE 
 
 LI-BETU'EX-ITE, n. A mineral, first found at Libe- 
 tlien, in Hungarj', iinving an olive-green color, and 
 consisting of pbosplioric acid, oxyd of copper, and 
 water. 
 
 L1-BII)'IN-IPT, 71. One given to lewdness. Junius. 
 
 LI-BID'IX-OLTS, a. [L. Ubidinosus, from libido, Inbido, 
 lust, from libeo, libel, lubet, to please, it pleasetli ; G. 
 licbe, love ; liebcn, to love ; Eng. love, which see. The 
 root is lib or liib.] 
 
 Lustful ; lewd 5 having an »«ger appetite for vene- 
 real pleasure. Beutley. 
 
 LI-BlU'I\-OUS-LY, adr. Lustfully ; with lewd desire. 
 
 LI-BID'IN-OUS-KE.-^S, v. The state or quality of be- 
 ing lustful ; inordinate appetite for venereal pleasure. 
 
 LI'BK.V, n. [L.] The Balance ; the seventh sign in 
 the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal 
 equinox, in September. 
 
 LI'BRAL, a. [L. tibralis.] 
 
 Of a pound weight. Diet. 
 
 LI-BRa'RI-AN, n, [L. librarius, with a different sig- 
 nification, from liber, bark, a book.] 
 
 1. The keeper, or one who has the care of, a libra- 
 ry or collection of books. 
 
 2. One who transcribes or copies books. [JVot now 
 u.scf/.J Broome. 
 
 LI-FRA'Rr-AN-SHIP, 71. The office of a librarian. 
 LI'BRA-RY, 71. [L. Ubrariuin, libraria, from liber, a 
 book.] 
 
 1. A collection of books belonging to a private per- 
 son, or to a public institution or a company. 
 
 2. An edifice or an apartment for holding a collec- 
 tion of books. 
 
 LI'BRaTE, v. t. [L. libro, from libra, a balance, a 
 
 level ; allied perhaps to Eng. level'] 
 
 To poise ; to balance ; to hold in equipoise. 
 LI'BRATE, V. i. To move, as a balance ; to be poised. 
 
 Their pans all tibrale on too nice a beam. Cli/ton, 
 Li'BR.5-TED, pp. Poised ; balanced. 
 Li'BRa-TING, ppr. Moving, as a balance ; poising. 
 LI-BRa'TION, h. The act of balancing, or state of 
 
 being balanced ; a state of equipoise, with equal 
 
 weights on both sides of a center. 
 
 2. " In astroiiomij, a term applied to changes in the 
 disk of the moon, by which certain parts of it alter- 
 nately appear .and disappear. The moon always turns 
 nearly tlie same face to the earth ; but by the libration 
 in longitude, tlie parts near the eastern and western 
 borders alternately appear and disappear ; by the Vi- 
 bration in latitude, the parts about the poles alternate- 
 ly appear and disappear; by the diurnal libration, 
 more of the upp-T limb is brought into view at rising 
 and setting. Olm^-ted. Brande. 
 
 3. A balancing or equipoise between extremes. 
 
 Darwin. 
 
 LI'BK.VTO-RY, a. Balancing ; moving like a bal- 
 ance, as it tends to an equipoise or level. 
 LTCE, 71. pi. of Louse. 
 LICE'-Ba.XE, n. .\ plant. 
 
 LI'CENS-A-BLE, a. Tliat may be licensed or permit- 
 ted by legal grant. 
 
 Li'CEXSE, 71. (Fr., from L. licentia, from Uceo, to be 
 permitted, Ir. leiijhim, liirim, to allow or permit.] 
 
 1. Leave ; permission ; authority or liberty given 
 to do or forbear any act. A licence may be verbal or 
 written ; when written, the paper containing the au- 
 thority is called a license. A man is not permitted to 
 retail spirituous liquors till he h.is obtained a license. 
 
 2. Excess of liberty ; exorbitant freedom ; freedom 
 abused, or used in contempt of law or decorum. 
 
 License Uiey mean, when th'-y cry liU?ny. J^Jilton. 
 LI'CENt-E, V. t. To permit by grant of authority ; to 
 remove legal restraint by a grant of permission; as, 
 to license a man to keep an inn. 
 
 3. To authorize to act in a particular character ; as, 
 to license a physician or a lawyer. 
 
 4. To dismiss. [JVol in use.] IVnllon. 
 LI'CENS-ED, (li'senst,) j)p. or a. Permitted by au- 
 thority. 
 
 LI'CENS-ER, n. One who grants permission ; a per- 
 son authorized to grant permission to others ; as, a 
 licenser of the press. 
 
 LT'CENS-I.\G, ppr. Permitting by authority. 
 
 LT'CICNS IXG, n. The act of giving a license. 
 
 I.T'Cl'.NS I It I',, H. A licensing. 
 
 H-CE.N' ri ATE, 71. [from L. licrntia.] 
 
 One w ho has a license to exercise a profession j as, 
 a licentiate in medicine or theology. 
 
 2. In Spain, one who has a degree ; as, a licentiate 
 in law or divinity. The officers of justice are mostly 
 distiiiguislii'd by this title. Encyc. 
 
 LI-CE.\'T1ATE, c. t. To give license or permission. 
 
 Estrange. 
 
 LT-CEN-TI-A'TION, 71. The act of permitting. 
 LI-CE.N'TIOIJH, (li-sen'shus,) a. JL. licentiosu.i.] 
 
 1. Using license; indulging Ircedom to excess; 
 
 unrcstraini-d by law or morality ; loose ; dissolute ; 
 
 a>i, a licentious man. 
 
 3. Exceeding the liniitxof law or propriety ; wan 
 ton ; iinreHirained ; ns, ttcentious desireti. Licentioiu 
 thoiighlH precedi* hcenttviu conduct. 
 
 LT-<;E.N'T10IJ.H-LY, mln. With excess of liberty ; in 
 
 contempt of law and morality. 
 LT-CEN''1'I01J.S-.M;.S.><, n. Excessive indulgence of 
 
 liberty ; contempt of the just restraints of law, mo- 
 rality, and decorum. The liccn/iausness of authors is 
 justly condemned ; the licentiousness of the press is 
 punishable by law. 
 
 Law is the of wise men ; liccnIiouBrt£SB is the god of fools. 
 
 Plato. 
 
 LICH, a. [Sax. lie. See Like.] 
 
 Like ; even ; equal. [Obs ] Oower. 
 
 LICH, 71. [Sax. lie, or lice, a body, the flesh, a dead 
 body, or corpse ; lichama, a living body ; hence lick- 
 wake, watching with the dead ; Lichfield, the field of 
 dead bodies ; Goth. Icili, the fiesli, a bo;;y ; leikan, to 
 please, Sax. liccan ; Goth, leiks, like ; G. n-leick ; D. 
 lyk and gelijk, like ; G. Iciclie, a dead body, D. hjkj 
 
 Heb. p^n clialak, smooth ; Ar. |_ »' V ~^ chalaka, 
 
 to 
 
 shave, to make smooth ; (.jO^ii A'AaMa, to measure, 
 to form, to create, to make smooth and equable, to 
 be beautiful ; derivatives, creature, man, people. We 
 see the radical sense is, smooth, or rather, to make 
 even, equal, smooth ; hence, like, likeness, and a 
 body. We have here an instance of the radical 
 sense of 7n«ji and bodti, niinost exactly analogous to 
 that of Mam, from HOT, to make equal, to be like.] 
 Ll'GHEN, (ll'ken or litch'en,) ii. [L., from Gr. Ati- 
 
 1. In botany, the name for an extensive division of 
 cryptogamous plants, constituting a genus in the or- 
 der of .Al?:e, in the Linnean system, but now form- 
 ing a distinct natural order. They appear in the form 
 of thin, tlat crusts, covering rocks and the bark of 
 trees, or in foliaceous ex|iaiisions, or branched like a 
 shrub in miniature, or sometimes only as a gelatinous 
 mass or a powdery substance. They are called rock- 
 moss and trce-nwss, and some of the liverworts are 
 of this order. They also include the Iceland moss 
 and the reindeer moss ; but they are entirely distinct 
 from the true mosses, (Musci.) Kd. Eneyc, 
 
 2. In medicine, a papular cutaneous eruption, con- 
 sisting of diffuse red Dimiiles. which are attended 
 with a troublesome sense 01 tingling and pricking. 
 A common variety of this affection resembles the 
 effect of stinging with nettles, and is called nettle- 
 lichen. 
 
 Ll-€HEN'ie ACID, n. The acid peculiar to some 
 species of lichens. It appears to be the malic acid. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LieH'EN-IN\ 71. A substance closely allied to starch, 
 extracted from Iri.'laiid moss. Brande. 
 
 LieH-E.\-0-GRAPirie, fa. Pertaining to lich- 
 
 LICH-EN-O-GRAPIl'ie-AL, \ enograpliy. 
 
 LlGH-EN-OG'RA-PIIlST, «. One who describes the 
 lirllens, 
 
 LieH-EN-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Xnxriv and ypaipoj, 
 to write.] 
 
 A description of the vegetables called ?icAc/ts; the 
 science which illustrates the natural history of the 
 lichens. Jicharins. 
 LICH'-OWL, 7t. An owl vulgarly supposed to foretell 
 death. 
 
 LICIT, (lis'it,) a. [I,, liciuis.] Lawful. 
 LICIT-LY, adv. Lawfullv. 
 LICIT-NESS, n. Lawfulness. 
 
 LICK, V. t. [S;ix. liccian ; <»oth. Iniirwan ; G. leeken, 
 schlcckcn : I), iikken ; Uan. likker, slikker ; Sw. slekia, 
 stikia; Fr. lechrr ; It. Irceare : Ir. leagaim, lighim ; 
 Wnff. lokayn, liju ; \j. Hugo ; Gr. X£i\.,i ; Sans. Uh. 
 Class Lg, Xo. 18. See Like and Sleek.] 
 
 1. To pass or draw the tongue over the surface ; 
 as, a dog licks a wound. Temple. 
 
 2. To lap ; to take in by the tongue ; as, a dog or 
 cat licks milk. 1 Kings xxi. 
 
 To lick up ; to devour ; to consume entirely. 
 Now shall this company licit up all lliat are round aliont Qs, ai 
 an ox licktlk up the grass of llie field. — Num. xxii. 
 
 To lick the dust ; to be slain ; to perish in battle. 
 
 His enemies sliall lick Iht dust. — I's. Ixxii. 
 
 LICK, 77. In .America, a place where beasts of the for- 
 est lick for .salt, at salt springs. 
 
 L1(;K, 71. [W. llaf, a lick, a slap, a ray, a blade ; 
 Ua^irnt, to lick, to shoot out, to throw or lay about, to 
 cudgel. Uu. the root of jlog and slay, to strike. See 
 
 lakka, to strike. Class Lg, No. M.] 
 
 1. A blow; a stroke. {Vulgar.] 
 
 Drydrn. Rich. Diet 
 
 2. A wash ; something rubbed on. [JVut in use.] 
 LICK, r. «. To strike repeatedly for punishment; to 
 
 flog ; to chastise with blows. " To lick, a lick, 11 lick- 
 ing, are common words in speech, though not in 
 writing." Hick. Diet. 
 
 [Not an elegant word ; but probably Jlog, L. Jligo, 
 is from the root of this word.] 
 LICK'AD, (likt,) pp. Taken in by the tongue; 
 lapped. 
 
 LICK'ER, n. One that licks. 
 
 LK K'EU ISIl, n. [I). Dan. Irkker, 0. leckrr, Sw. 
 lacker, nice, dainty, delicate. This seems to be con- 
 necU'd with 1). Ickkcn, G. Iccken, Van. trkkrr, Sw. 
 
 /acta, to leak, for in D. tbi' verb signifies alsotomake 
 sicrk or smooth, and in G. to lick, which unites Ihe 
 word with lick, and perhaps with like. In Sa.x. lic- 
 cera is a gUitton, and this is the Italian lecco, a glut- 
 ton, a IcchiT ; leccardo, greedy; leccarc, to lick. The 
 Arm. has lickei, lickerish. The phrase, the mouth 
 waters for a thing, may thrmv light on this word, and 
 if the first syllable of delight, delicious, and delicate, 
 is a prefix, these are of the same family, as may be 
 the Gr ; Avxi's, sweet. The senses of watery, smooth, 
 sipeet, are allied ; likeness is often connected with 
 smoothness, in radical sense, and sleek is probably 
 from the root of lick, like.] 
 
 1. Nice in the choice of^ food ; dainty ; as, a iic/j- 
 erish palate. L^Kstrange, 
 
 2. Eager ; greedy to swallow ; eager 10 taste or 
 enjoy ; having a keen relish. 
 
 Sidney. Dryden, Locke. 
 
 3. Dainty ; tempting the appetite ; as, lickerish 
 baits. Miltoiu 
 
 LICK'ER-ISII-LY, adv. Daintily. 
 LICK'ER-ISII-NESS, 71. Niceness of palate ; dainti- 
 ness. 
 
 LICK'ING, ypr. Lapping ; taking in by the tongue. 
 
 LICK'LN'G, 71. .\ lapping with the tongue. 
 
 2. A flogging, or c;isligation. [Low.] Rich, Diet. 
 
 LICK'SPIT-TLE, 71. A Hatterer or parasite of the 
 most abject character. [This coarse but expressive 
 term is derived from the practice of certain ancient 
 parasites, who are said to'have licked up the spittle of 
 their master, as if delicious to the taste.] Hulloway. 
 
 Lie'O-RICE, (lik'o-ris,) 71. [It. Iiv«iri:ia; U gly- 
 cyrrhiza ; Gr. yXvKVfipi^a ; }Xvkvs, sweet, and pi^u, 
 a root.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Glycyrrliiza. The root of 
 this plant abounds with a sweet juice, much used in 
 demulcent compositions. Encijc. 
 
 LI€'0-ROUS, Lie'O-ROUS-NESS, for Lickerish, 
 &c. [JVo< used.] 
 
 Lie'TOR, n. [L. Qu. lick, to strike.] 
 
 An officer among the Romans, who bore an ax and 
 fasces or rods, as ensigns of his office. The duty of 
 a lictor was to attend the chief magistrates when 
 they appeared in public, to clear the way, and cause 
 due respect to be paid to them. A dictator was at- 
 tended by twenty-four lictors, a consul by twelve, 
 and a master of the horse by six. It was also the 
 duty of lictors to apprehend and punish criminals. 
 
 Encyc. Johnson. 
 
 LID, 71. [Sax. hlid, a cover ; hlidan, to cover ; ge-hlid, 
 a roof ; I). Dan. lid; h. claiida, c/i7rfo ; Gr. kA£io), con- 
 tracted from itAr/idoa); Heb. IOn'j or Oih, to cover, 
 
 Ar. tj latta. Class Ld, No. I, 8, 9.] 
 
 A cover ; that which shuts the openine of a vessel 
 or box ; as, the lid of a chest or trunk ; also, the cov- 
 er of the eye, the membrane which is drawn over the 
 eyeball of an animal at jileasure, and which is in- 
 tended for its protection ; the eyelid, 
 LID'LESS, a. Having no lid. 
 
 LIE, water impregnated with alkaline salt, is written 
 LvE, to distinguish it from Lie, a falsehood. 
 
 LIE, 71. [Sax. lig, or lyge ; Sw. Idgn ; Dan. loim ; D. 
 lewren ; G. lug, luge; Russ. loj. The verb is proba- 
 bly the primary word.] 
 
 1. A criminal falsehood ; a falsehood uttered for 
 the purpose of deception ; an intentional violation of 
 truth. Fiction, or a false statement or misrepresenta- 
 tion, not intended to deceive, mislead, or injure, as 
 in fables, parables, and the like, is not a lie. 
 
 h is willful deceit that makes a lie. A man may net a lie, as 
 by jwintinff his lin^r in a wrong tlirection, when a traveler 
 inquires ol him liis road. Foley. 
 
 2. A fiction ; in a ludicrous sense. Dryden. 
 
 3. False doctrine. 1 John ii. 
 
 4. An idolatrous picture of God, or a false god. 
 Rom. i. 
 
 .'). That which deceives and disappoints confidence. 
 
 Micah i. 
 
 To give the lie ; to charge with falsehood. A man's 
 actions mav gire the lie to his words. 
 LIE, V. i. [Sax. ligan, leosan ; Dan. lyver ; Sw. liuga ; 
 G. Wgen ; D. Irugcnen ; Russ. liru.] 
 
 1. To tiller falsehood with an intention to deceive, 
 or with an immoral design. 
 
 Thou hasl not lied to men, but to Cod. — Acts v. 
 
 2. To exhibit a false representation ; to say or 
 do that which deceives another, when he has a right 
 to know the truth, or when morality requires a just 
 representation. 
 
 LIE, V. i. ;prct. hKi;pp. Lain, (Lien, obs.) [Sax. ligan, 
 or licgan ; (Joth. ligan ; Sw. tiggia ; Dan. ligger ; D. 
 liggen; G. liegrn : Russ. Irja : Gr. Acm'/ik'. The 
 G"r."word usually signifies to speak, which is to utter 
 or tlirtiw out sounds. Hence to lie down is to throw 
 one's self down, and probably Lie and Lav arc of 
 one family, as are jai;io ami jarro, in Latin.] 
 
 1. To be in a horizontal position, or nearly so, and 
 to rt!st on any thing lengthwise, and not on the end. 
 Thus a person lie.i on a bed, and a fallen tree on the 
 ground. A cask stands on its end, but lies on its 
 sllh^ 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^T METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, HQQK — 
 
1 h:ird hibor, fur*i-u 
 Locke. 
 
 LIE 
 
 2. Tu ri'st in an inclining (lusture ; to lean j as, to 
 lie on or against a column. 
 ;i. To rttst ; to pri-ss on. 
 
 4. To 111! roposilcil in the grave. 
 
 Ali llic k'wgt uf Ihe vnrlli, even all of llwin. He in glory. — Im. 
 xiv. 
 
 5. To rest on a bcJ or conch ; to be prostrate ; as, 
 tu lie sick. 
 
 My dniijhtcr IiVlA at tlio point of clcnlli. — Murk r. 
 
 R. To be sitnatcd. New Haven /i>* in tlic forty- 
 socimd degree of north latitude. Ireland lies west of 
 Kngland. 
 
 ilnvy liei U-lwcf-n Ix-inji equal in naturtr, though un(^tit\l in 
 circuinaLuiccs. Collier. 
 
 7. To be ; to rest ; to abide ; to remain ; often fol- 
 lowed by some word tlenotinga particular condition ; 
 as, to lie w;ustc ; to lie fallow ; to lie o|>en ; to lie bid ; 
 to lie pining or grieving ; to lie under one's displeas- 
 ure ; to lie at the mercy of a creditor, or at the mercy 
 of the waves. 
 
 6. 'I'o consist. 
 
 He that thinks tliat (livrnion may not lie 
 Uie early rising uf the huutsiiian. 
 
 9. To be sustainable in law ; to be capable of be- 
 ins maintained. An action lies against the tenant 
 for waste. 
 
 An n[ip<-al liet in this case. Ch. J. Parson*. 
 
 To lie at; to texse or importune. [TMUe tisrd.] 
 To lie at the heart ; to be li.ied as an object of affec- 
 tion or anxious desire. 
 
 The Spaiii inU have but oni» U'mptation to quarrel with na, the 
 ivcuveling of Jani:uca, fur tiut luu ever lain at ttielr hearts. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 To lie bij ; to be reposited, or remaining with. He 
 has the manuscript luins liij him. 
 
 2. To rest ; to intermit labor. We lay by during 
 the beat of the day. 
 
 To lie in the leaij : to be an obstacle or impediment. 
 Remove the (Objections that lie in the way of an ami- 
 cable adjustment. 
 
 To lie liard or heavy; to press ; to oppress ; to bur- 
 den. 
 
 To lie oil hand : to be or remain in possession ; to 
 remain unsold or undisposed of. fJreat (pinutities of 
 wine lie on hand, or have ((liii long on hand. 
 
 To lie on the hand.i : to remain unoccupied or un- 
 employed ; to be tedious. Men are somelimes at a 
 lt)ss to know how to employ the time that /icjf tin ihctr 
 hand.-t. 
 
 To lie on the head ; to be imputed. 
 
 %Vhat hp gr'ts mon! of her than sharp words, let it tie on my 
 heait. Shak. 
 
 To lie in leait ; to wait ftir in concealment ; to lie 
 in ambush ; to watch for an op|)ortunity to attack or 
 seize. 
 
 To lie in one ; to be in the power of; to belong to. 
 
 As much n« litth in you, live jieaceably witii all men. — Rom. xii. 
 
 To lie down ; to lay the body on the ground or tither 
 level place ; also, to go to rest. 
 
 To lie in ; to be in eliildlied ; to bring forth young. 
 
 Vii lie under ; to be subject to ; to sutler ; to be o|)- 
 pressed by. 
 
 To lie on or upon: to be a matter of obligation or 
 duty. It lies on the plaintilf to inaintuin his action. 
 
 7V> lie witit; to lodge or sleep with; also, to have 
 t:arnal knowledge tif. 
 
 2. To belong to. It lies with yoti to make amends. 
 
 7V lie orer ; to rem.iin unpaid after the time when 
 payment is due ; as a note in bank ] also, to be de- 
 ferred to some future occasion j as a resolution in 
 congress. 
 
 To lie to. ,\ ship is said to lie to, when her progress 
 is checked either by counlerbractng tlie yards or tak- 
 ing in sail. 
 
 LIkK, a. [Sax. Irof, loved; D. litf; G. lub. See 
 Love.] 
 
 Dear ; beloved. [ Obs.] Spenser. Shak, 
 
 LIkF, adr. [Supra. This word coincides with love, 
 
 L. lubet, librl, and the primary sense is, to be free, 
 
 prompt, reatly.] 
 Gl.adly ; willingly ; freely ; used in familiar speech 
 
 in the phrase, I hail as lirf go as not. It has been 
 
 supposed that had, in this phrase, is a corruption of 
 
 would. At anv rate, it is anomaliins. 
 LTK'-FRAUGHT, n. Fraught with lies. iMmb. 
 LIP.OE, (leej,) o. [It. Ii>i.i ; Fr. line ; from L. ligo, to 
 
 bind ; Gr. Xij; oto, to bind, to bend ; Airj 05, 3 witlie.l 
 
 1. Round by a feudal tenure ; obliged to be faithful 
 and loyal to a su{H*rior, as a vassal to his lord ; sub- 
 ject ; faithful ; as, a lieire man. By lieire homage, a 
 \-assal was bound to serve his lord against all, with- 
 out excepting his sovereign ; or against all excepting 
 a former lord, to whom he owed like service. 
 
 F.ncye. 
 
 _2. Sovereign ; as, a lirire lord. [See the noun'.^ 
 LiKoF,, (leej.) n. [Supra.] A va-ssal holding a fee 
 by which he is bound to pcrfonn certain services and 
 duties to his lord. 
 
 2. A lord or superior ; a st vereisn. 
 
 Aulc — This is a false ai nl.caliiin of the word, 
 arising probably from transfeiriig the word from the 
 
 LIF 
 
 vassal to the lord ; the lord of liejre tncn being called 
 Itetfe turd. Johnson. 
 
 LliiOtl'-MAN, n. A vassal ; a subject. [Ob.i.] Spenser. 
 
 LI KG' UK, «. A resident embassador. [^Ofr.*.] 
 
 LI'E.N ; tlie tibsolele participle of Lie. .^-ee Lai:». 
 
 LI'KN, (le'eii or li'eii ; .Jtimr-ton ^ire.^ lu'en, Ivnotcles 
 and Smart, \i't i\ ,) n. [.Supra.] A legal claim ; the 
 right by whii h the possessor of property holds it 
 against tlie owner, in satisfaction of a demand. 
 
 LI-E.\-TCll'ie, a. [from lientery.] Pertaining to a 
 lientery. Grew. 
 
 LI'EN-TKR-y, n. [Fr. tienterie ; L. and It. heiiforia ; 
 Gr. Xcioi', smooth, and tircooi', an intestine.] 
 
 A lax or diarrhea, in whirh the aliments are dis- 
 charged undigested, and with little alteration eitlier 
 in color or substance. F.ncye. 
 
 LI'KK, ». [from /ic] One who lies down ; one who 
 rests or remains ; as, a Her in wait or in ambush. 
 Josh. viii. 
 
 LIEO, (lu,) 71. [Fr., from the root of L. toeus, Eng ley, 
 
 or ha. See Lev.] 
 
 Place ; room ; stead. It is used only with in. Let 
 
 me have gold in lieu of silver. In /icu of fashionable 
 
 honor, let justice be siibstituteil. 
 LIEO-TEN'AN-CY, (lu-ten'an-.sy or lef-ten'an-sy,) 71. 
 
 See Lieutenant. 
 
 1. The olTicu or commission of a lieutenant. Shak. 
 
 2. The boilv of lieutenants. Felton. 
 LIEO-TE.N'ANT, (lu-ten'ant or lef-ten'ant,) n. [Fr. ; 
 
 composed of lieu, place, and tenant, L. tencns, hold- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. An officer who supplies the place of a superior 
 in his absence. Oltici is of this kiin! are civil, as the 
 lord-(irii((iinii( of a kingdom or county ; or military, 
 as a /irHfrn«ii(-general, a /icitfp/iaiit-colonel. 
 
 2. In mdilury affairs, the second coiiiniissioncd of- 
 ficer in a company of infantry, cavalry, or artill. ry. 
 
 3. In ships of war, the officer next in rank to the 
 ca[>tain. 
 
 LlEC-Ti;.V',\NT-SinP. See Lieutenancy. 
 LllcVE, for Lief, is vulgar. [See Liek.] 
 LIeV'KITE, h. A mineral, called also Yenite, which 
 
 LIFE, II. ; ;if. Lives. [Sax. lif, hif; Sw. lif; Dan. liv ; 
 O. Icbrn ; D. leencn. See Live.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, that state of animals and 
 plants, or of an organized being, in which its natural 
 functions and motions are perftirmed, or in which its 
 organs are capable of performing their functions. A 
 tree is not destitute of life in winter, wlien tlie func- 
 tions of its organs are suspended ; nor man during a 
 swoon or syncope ; nor strictly birds, tiuadrupiHls, or 
 serpents, during their torpitude in winter, 'l liey are 
 not strictly dead till the functions of their organs are 
 incapable of being renewed. 
 
 2. In animals, animation; vitality; and in man, 
 that state of being in which the soul and body are 
 united. 
 
 He entre.atcd me not to tike his life. Broome. 
 
 3. In plants, the state in which they grow, or are 
 capable of growth, by means of the circulation of the 
 sap. The life of an oak may be two, three, or four 
 hundred years. 
 
 4. The jiresent state of existence ; the time from 
 birth to death. The l{fe of man seldom exceeds sev- 
 enty years. 
 
 If in this life only we have hope la Christ, we arc of all men 
 most luiscmhle. — 1 Cor. IV. 
 
 .S. Manner of living ; conduct ; deportment, in re- 
 gard to morals. 
 
 I will leach my family to lead good Uses. Mr*. Darker. 
 
 C. Condition ; course of living, in regard to happi- 
 ness and miser)'. We say, a man's life has been a 
 series of prosptTity or misfortune. 
 
 7. niood, the supposed vehicle of animation. 
 And the warm life came issuing through the wound. Pope. 
 
 8. Animals in general ; animal being. 
 
 Full nature swarms with li/e. TItomson. 
 
 9. System of anim.il nature. 
 
 Lives lhrou<;h all li/e. Pope, 
 
 10. Spirit; animation; briskness; vivacity; reso- 
 lution. 
 
 They have no notion offiYe and tiie in fancy and words. 
 
 Fdton. 
 
 11. The living form; real pt;rson or state ; in o|>- 
 position to a copy: as, a picture is taken from the 
 l\fe; a description from the liJ'e. 
 
 12. Exact n semblance ; with to before life. His 
 portrait is drawn to the life. 
 
 13. General slate of man, or of social manners; as, 
 the studies and arts that polish l\fe. 
 
 H. Condition ; rank in society ; as, high life and 
 low life. 
 
 15. Common occurrences ; course of things ; hu- 
 man atTairs. 
 
 But to know 
 That which b.-forc lu lira in daily life. 
 Is the prime wisdom. Milton. 
 
 IC. A person : a living being, usually or always a 
 human being. How many lices were sacrificed diir- 
 i ing the revolution ! 
 
 LIF 
 
 17. Narrative of a past life ; history of the events 
 of life ; biographical narration. Johnson wrote the 
 life of .Milloii, and the tu rs of other poets. 
 
 18. In Scriplurv, iiourishuient ; support of life. 
 Kor the tree of the field is main's l\fe, — Ucut. xx. 
 
 19. The stomach or apiHlile. 
 
 Ilii life ahhorrt^Ui bread. — Job xxxiil. 
 
 20. The cujuynicnts or blessings of the present 
 life. 
 
 Having the pruiulse of the life that now is, and of that wliich is 
 to come. — I Tim. iv. 
 
 21. Supreme felicity. 
 
 To t,e splnlually minded is life and peace. — Itoin. viil. 
 
 23. Eti'rnal happiness in In^aven. Rum. v. 
 
 23. Restoration t.i life. Uom. v. 
 
 21. The aiitlior and giver of supreme felicity. 
 
 I am llie way, llie Irulh, and the life. — John xiv. 
 2.5. .\ tpiiikenin!.', animntins, and strengthening 
 priiicijile, in a moral sense. John vi. 
 
 21). fJfr of an rrrrnlion : the period when an execu- 
 tion is in fiiicf, or lielbrc it expires. 
 LII'IV- AN NCi'I-'I V, H. A sum of money paid yearly 
 
 during a person's lilV. Brande. 
 LIFE'-A.s-SCR'A.NCE, (-shur'ans,) n. See Like-Ih- 
 suhance. 
 
 LTFE'-liLOOn, (-bind,) n. The blood necessary to 
 life ; vital blood. Drydcn. 
 
 2. That which constitutes or gives strengtli and 
 energy. 
 
 Money, llie lifC'blooil of Uie n.\tion. Swift. 
 
 LIFE'-BLOOI), a. Neces.sary as blood to life ; essen- 
 tial. Milton. 
 
 LIFE'-BO.\T, n. .\ boat construrled for preserving 
 lives in cases of shipwreck, or other destruction of a 
 
 LTFE'-ltl'i'iV. Sit Ifi-ov. [ship or steamer. 
 
 LI Fiy-C( i.N-Sf'.M '1 M;, a. Wasting life. 
 
 l.lFi;'-Ui:-Vo T'Eli-.NESS, II. The devotedness of 
 life. Carlusle. 
 
 LIFE'-E.\I)-L\G, a. Putting an end to life. 
 
 LIFE'-ES-TaTE', II. An estate that continues during 
 rile life of the possessor. 
 
 LIFE'-EV-ER-LXST'L\G, n. A plant of the genus 
 Gnaphaiiiitn, or cudweed kind. 
 
 LIFE'-Gl V-ING, a. Giving life or spirit ; having pow- 
 er to give life ; inspiriting ; invigorating. 
 
 Spenser. Milton. 
 
 LiFE'-GUARD, 71. A guard of the life or person; a 
 guard that attends the person of a prince or other 
 person. 
 
 LlFi;'-lN-SfR'A.\CE, (in-shur'ans,) n. A contract 
 for tlie payment of a certain sum of money on a p<T- 
 son's tlijatli. Brandt. 
 
 LIFE'-L\'TER-EST, ii. An estate or interest which 
 lasts during one's life. 
 
 LlFI2'LESS, a. Dead ; dejirived of life ; as, a lifdess 
 boily. 
 
 2. Destitute of Tife ; unanimated ; as, lifeless mat- 
 ter. 
 
 3. Destitute of power, force, vigor, or spirit ; dull ; 
 heavy ; inactive. 
 
 4. Void of spirit ; vapid ; as li<|Uor. 
 r>. Torpid. 
 
 6. Waiitins physical energy. 
 LIFE'LE.S.S-LV, adv. Without vigor; dully; heavi- 
 ly i friL'idly. 
 
 LIFG'LES.S-.NESS, n. Destitution of life, vigor, and 
 
 spirit ; inactivity. 
 LIFE'LIlvE, a. Like a living person. Pope. 
 LlFE'-LO.NG, 71. Duration of life. 
 LlFE'-.MALV TAI.N'l.NG, ( „ ^. 
 LTFE'-SLV-TaI.N-I.M;, j Supporting life. 
 LIFE'-PRF. SERVER, n. An apparatus, purticw/oWi/ 
 
 an air-tiglit b^■lt, for preserving lives of persons in 1 
 
 cases of shipwreck, or other destruction of a ship or 
 
 steamer. 
 
 LTFE'-PRE-!«ERV'L\'G, a. Preserving life. 
 LiFE'-RE.N'T, ii. The rent of an estate that contin- 
 ues for life. 
 
 LIFE'-SPRIXG, 71. The spring or source of life. 
 
 EveretL 
 
 LIFE'-STRIN'G, 71. A nerve or string that is imagined 
 to he esscniial to life. 
 
 LTFE'TIME, 71. The time that life continues; dura- 
 tion of life. .Addison. 
 
 LIFE'-WeA-RY, 0. Tired of life ; weary of living. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LIFT, tj. t. [Sw. lifia ; Dan. lUfler, to lilt ; Goth. 
 hlifan, to steal ; .Sax. hlifian, to be high or conspicu- 
 ous; Goth. Aliyliu, a thief. We retain this sense in 
 shoplifter. L. lero, elcco. It. levare, to lifX ; Sp. Iccar, 
 to carry or transport ; Fr. lever, perhaps L. levis, 
 lighl.1 
 
 1. To raise ; to elevate 
 hand ; to lift the head. 
 
 2. To raise ; to elevate mentally. 
 
 To thee, O Lord, do I lift up my somI. — ?». xxt. 
 
 3. To raise in fortune. 
 
 The eye of the Lord lyfled up his head from miaeij. Eectu*. 
 
 4. To raise in estimation, dignity, or rank. His 
 fortune nas lifted him into notice, or into office. 
 
 The Uoinan virtu. s lift up inon-d man. Addieom. 
 
 as, to lift the foot or tho 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
LIG 
 
 LIG 
 
 LIG 
 
 5. To elate ; to cause to swell, as with pride. 
 
 Up is often used after (i/^, as u qualifying word ; 
 sometimes with effect or emiiliasis ; very often, how- 
 ever, it is useless. 
 
 6. To bear ; to support. Spenser. 
 
 7. To steal, that is, to take and carry away. 
 Hence, we retain the use of shoplifter, although the 
 verb in this sense is obsolete. 
 
 8. In Scripture, to crucify. 
 
 When ye have li/l£d up the Son of man. — John viii. 
 To lift up tUe eijcs ; to look ; to fix the eyes on. 
 
 Lot lifted up his eyes and Ixh'-Iii JorJan. — Lien. xiii. 
 
 2. To direct the desires to God in prayer. Ps. cxxi. 
 
 To lift up tlie head ; tii raise from a low condition ; 
 2. To rejoice. Luke xxi. [to exalt. Gen. xl. 
 
 To lift up the hand ; to swear, or to confirm by oath. 
 Oen. xiv. 
 
 2. To raise the hands in prayer. Ps. xxviii. 
 
 3. To rise in oiipositiou to ; to rebel ; to assault. 
 2 Snm. xviii. 
 
 4. To injure or 0|)press. Job xxxi. 
 
 5. To shake olT sloth and engage in duty. Tfeb. xii. 
 To lift up the face ; to look to with confidence, 
 
 cheerfulness, and comfort. Job xxii. 
 
 To lift up the heel against ; to treat with insolence 
 and contempt. 
 
 To lift up Hie horn ; to behave arrogantly or scorn- 
 fully. Ps. Ixxv. 
 
 To lift up the feet ; to come speedily to one's relief. 
 Ps. Ixxiv. 
 
 To lift up the voice : to cry aloud ; to call out, eitlier 
 in grief or joy. Gen. xxi. Is. xxiv. 
 LIFT, V. i. To try to raise; to exert the strength for 
 the purpose cf raising or bearing. 
 
 The body slra'ned by lifting al a weight too heavy. Locke. 
 
 9. To practice theft. [04*.] Spenser. 
 LIFT, 11. The act of raising ; a lifting ; as, the lift of 
 
 the feet in walking or running. Bacon. 
 
 The goat gives the fox a lift. L'Estran^e. 
 
 2. Assistance in lifting, and hence assistance in 
 general ; as, give us a lift. [Popular use.] 
 
 3. That which is to be raised. 
 
 4. A dead lift ; a lift at the utmost disadvantage, 
 as of a dead body. Ilcnce, 
 
 5. An extreme emergency ; something to be done 
 which tasks all one's powers, or which e.xceeds the 
 strength ; as, to lielp one at a dead lift. 
 
 Butler. Swift 
 
 6. A rise ; a degree of elevation ; as, the lift of a 
 lock in canals. Gallatin. 
 
 7. In Scottish, the sky ; the atmosphere ; the fir- 
 mament. [Sax. litfl, air, Sw. luft.] 
 
 8. In seamen's lang-uaffe, a rope descending from 
 the cap and mast-head to the extremity of a yard. 
 Its Use is to support the yard, keep it in equilibrio, 
 and raise the end, when occasion requires. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 LIFT'-LOCK, n. A name sometimes given to a caiia 
 lock, because it lifts or raises a boat from one level 
 to another. 
 
 LIFT'EU, pp. or a. Raised ; elevated ; swelled with 
 LIFT'ER, 71. One that lifts or raises. [pride. 
 
 2. A thief. 
 
 LIFT'ING, ppr. Raising j swelling with pride. 
 LIFT'ING, n. The act of lifting ; ;issistance. 
 LIG, ». !. To lie. [See Lie.] [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 LIG'A-XIENT, n. [L. ligamenlum, from ligo, to bind, 
 
 that is, to strain.] 
 
 1. Any thing that ties or unites one thing or part 
 
 to another. 
 
 Interwoven is the love of liberty with every ligament of your 
 heart*. Waeliington. 
 
 Q. In anntomij, a strong, compact substance, serv- 
 ing to bind one bone to another. It is a white, solid, 
 inelastic, tendinous substance, softer than cartilage, 
 but harder than membrane. F.ucijc. Quincy. Coze. 
 
 3. Bond ; chain ; that which binds or restrains. 
 
 Mdison. 
 
 LIG-.A-MENT'AL, la. Composing a ligament ; of 
 LIG-A-.MENT'OUS, ( the nature of a ligament; 
 binding ; as, a strong ligamentous memhraiie. 
 
 IViseman. 
 
 LI'GAN, n. In lain, ligan is where goods are sunk in 
 the sea, but tied to a cork or buoy. [See Flotsim 
 and Jkthom.] HlackstoiLC. 
 
 LI-GA'TIO.\, n. [L. ligatio.} 
 
 The act of binding »r state of being bound. 
 
 LIG'A-TIJRE, 7.. [Fr., from L./i.'<i(ur«.] [AMUon. 
 
 1. Any thing that binils ; a baml or bandage. Ray. 
 
 2. The act of binding; as, by a strict ligature of 
 the jiartH. Arbuthnot.. 
 
 '.t. Impotence induced by magic. Coze. F.ncyc. 
 
 ■). In miMic, a band or line connecting notes. 
 
 5. Arnong printers, a double character, or a type 
 uinHistiiig of two li llcm or characters united ; as, fi., 
 fi, in Kiiglixh. The old editiuuK of Greek authors 
 abound with ligatures. 
 
 (i. The state of being koiind. Mortimer. 
 
 7. In medicine, HtilfneHs of n Joint. Coze, 
 
 8. In surgery, a cord or string for tying the blood- 
 vi'HHoU, particularly the arteries, to prevent hemor- 
 rhage. 
 
 LIGHT, (lite,) n. [Sax. leoht, liht ; D. and G. lichl ; 
 L. luz, light, anil luceo, to shine ; Port, and Sp. luz, 
 light ; W. Hug, tending to break out or open, or to 
 shoot, to gl^ain, and as a noun, a breaking out in 
 blotches, a gleam, indistinct light ; llwg, that is apt 
 to break out, that is briglit, a tumor, an eruption ; 
 llygu, to make bright, to clear, tti break out, to ap- 
 pear in spots ; (Zaf , a darting, sudden throw, glance, 
 (lash ; llu^iaw, to throw, to (ling, to pelt ; lluccd, a 
 gleam, liglitning. This word furnishes a full and 
 distinct explanation of the original sense of light, to 
 throw, dart, shoot, or break forth ; and it accords 
 with Eng. luck, botli in elements and radical sense. 
 Class Lg, No. 6, 7, 23, 24.] 
 
 1. The agent which produces vision. The phe- 
 nomena of light may be explained, either on thesiip- 
 position that light is a material fluid of extreme sub- 
 tility, emanating in particles from a luminous body, 
 or that it is produced by the undulations of an inde- 
 pendent medium, set in motion by the luminous 
 body. The former suppo.'^ition is called the theory 
 of emanations ; the latter, the thetiry of unilula- 
 tions. -White light is a compound of seven ditferent 
 colors, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, 
 and violet. 'I'he sun is the principal source of light 
 in the solar system ; but light is also emitted from 
 bodies ignited, or in combustion, and is reflected 
 from enliirhtened bt>dies, as the moon. Light is also 
 emitted from various substances, which are hence 
 said to be phosphorescent. It is usually united with 
 heat, but it exists also indepenilent of it. 
 
 Ohnsted. J\ricltolsoN. 
 
 2. That flood of luminous rays which flows from 
 the sun and constitutes day. 
 
 God called the /i^/il d.iy, and the darkness he called night. — 
 Uen. i. 
 
 3. Day ; the dawn of day. 
 
 The niiirdercr, rising with the ii^/it, killeth the poor and needy. 
 — Job xxiv. 
 
 4. Life. 
 
 0, spring to auspicious babe, be born ! Pope. 
 
 5. Any thing that gives light, as a lamp, candle, 
 taper, liglited tower, star, &c. 
 
 Then lie called for a lights and sprang in. — Acts xvi. 
 I have set tbee to l>e a tight to the Gentiles. — Acts xiii. 
 And God made two great lights. — Gen. i. 
 
 6. In painting, the manner in which the light 
 strikes upon a picture ; as, to place a painting in 
 a good light. Also, the illuminated part of a picture ; 
 the part which lies open to the luminary by which 
 the piece is supposed to be enlightened, and painted 
 in vivid colors; opposed to Shade. 
 
 7. Illumination of mind; instruction; knowledge. 
 I opened ArioBto in Itilian, and the very lir^t two lines gave me 
 
 light to all I could d.-sire. Dn/den. 
 Light, understanding, and wisdom — was found in him. — 
 * lian. V. 
 
 8. Means of knowing. By using such lighU! as 
 we have, we may arrive at probability, if not at cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 9. Open view ; a visible state ; a state of being 
 seen by the eye, or perceived, understood, or known. 
 Further researches will doubtless bring to light 
 many isles yet undiscovered ; further experiments 
 will bring to light properties of matter yet unknown. 
 
 10. Public view or notice. 
 
 Wliy am I asked, What next shall see the light 7 Pope. 
 
 11. Explanation ; illustr.ation ; means of under- 
 standing. One part of Scripture throws light on an- 
 other. 
 
 12. Point of view ; situation to be seen or viewed ; 
 a use if the word taken from painting. It is useful to 
 exhibit a subject in a variety of lights. Let every 
 thought be presented in a strong In what- 
 ever light we view this event, it must be considered 
 an evil. 
 
 13. A window ; a place that admits light to enter. 
 1 Kings vii. 
 
 11. A pane of glass ; as, a window with twelve 
 
 lights. 
 
 15. In Scripture, God, the source of knowledge. 
 God is light. — 1 John 1. 
 
 IC. Christ. 
 
 That was tlie true light, that lighleth every man tliat comctli into 
 O.e world. — John i. 
 
 17. Joy ; comfort ; felicity. 
 
 Li§hl is sown for the riglilt'oiis. — Ps. xcvU. 
 
 18. Saving knowledge. 
 
 It is U-cnuse there is no light In tliem. — Ua. viil. 
 
 19. Prosperity ; happiness. 
 
 Then shall tliy light breiilt forth lis tiie morning. — Isa. Iviil. 
 
 21). Support ; comfort ; deliverance. Mic. vii. 
 21. The gospel. Matt. iv. 
 
 2-^. '/'he understanding or judgment. Matt. vt. 
 
 23. The gifts and graces of Christians. Matt. v. 
 
 24. A moral instructor, as John the Baptist. 
 Joli^ v. 
 
 2.5. A true Christian, a perstm enlightened. F.ph.v. 
 2r>. .\ good king, the guide of his peo|>le. Sam. xxi. 
 The light tf tht tonnifnancc ; favor; siniliJS. Ps.iv. 
 
 To stand in one's own light ; to be the means of pre- 
 venting good, or frustrating one's own purposes. 
 
 To come to Light ; to be detected ; to be discovered 
 or found. 
 
 LIGH'J', (lite,) a. Bright ; clear ; not dark or obscure ; 
 as, the morning is light ; the apartment is light 
 
 2. In colors, white or whitish ; as, a /i>/if color; a 
 light brown ; a light complexion. 
 
 LIGHT, (lite,) a. [Sax. liht, leoht; D.ligt; G.leicht; 
 Fr. Icger ; It. leggicro ; Port, ligciro ; Sp. ligero ; 
 Russ. legkei : Sans. leka. The Sw. Idlt, Dan. let, 
 may he contractions of the same word. The Sla- 
 vonic also has lehek and tegok. (in. L. alaeer. This 
 woril accords with light, the fluid, in orthography, 
 and may be from the same radix.] 
 
 1. Having little weight ; not tending to the center 
 of gravity with force ; not heavy. A feather is light, 
 compared with lead or silver; but a thing is liglit 
 only comparatively. That which is light to a man 
 may be heavy to a child. A light burden for a camel 
 may be insupportable to a horse. 
 
 2. Not burdensome; easy to be lifted, borne, or 
 carried by physical strength ; as, a light burden, 
 weight, or loail. 
 
 3. Not oppressive ; easy to be suffered or endured ; 
 as, a light affliction. 2 Cor. iv. 
 
 4. Easy to be performed ; not difficult ; not requiring 
 great strength or exertion. The task is light ; the 
 work is light. 
 
 5. Easy to be digested ; not oppressive to the 
 stomach ; as, light food. It may signify, also, con- 
 tainini: little nutriment. 
 
 0. Not heavily armed, or armed with light weap- 
 ons ; as, light troops ; a troop of light horse. 
 
 7. Active ; swift ; nimble. 
 
 Asaliel was as light of foot as a wild roe. —2 Sara. ii. 
 
 8. Not encumbered ; unembarrassed ; clear of im- 
 pediments. 
 
 L'niuarried men arc best rmisters, but not best subjects ; for they 
 are light to run away. Bacon. 
 
 9. Not laden ; not deeply laden ; not sufficiently 
 ballasted. The ship returned light. 
 
 10. Slight ; trifling ; not important ; as, a light 
 error. Boyle. 
 
 1 1. Not dense ; not gross ; as, light vapors ; light 
 fumes. Dryden. 
 
 12. Small ; inconsiderable ; not copious or vehe- 
 ment ; as, ii light rain ; a light snow. 
 
 13. Not strong ; not violent ; moderate ; as, a light 
 wind. 
 
 14. Easy to admit influence ; inconsiderate ; easily 
 influenced by trifling considenations ; unsteady ; un- 
 settled ; vokitile ; as a light, vain person ; a light 
 mind. 
 
 There is iin greater argument of a light and inconsidente pei^ 
 Bon, than profanely to scoll' at ndiglon. TUlotson. 
 
 15. Gay ; airy ; indulging levity ; wanting dignity 
 or solidity ; trifling. 
 
 Seneca can not be too heavy, nor Plautus too light, ShaJc. 
 We may neiUter be liglit in pr-iyer nor wratliful in debate. 
 
 J. M. Mason. 
 
 Ifi. Wanton ; unchaste ; as, a woman of light car- 
 riage. 
 
 A light wife doth make a heavy husband. Sliak. 
 
 17. Not of legal weight ; clipped ; diminished ; as, 
 light coin. 
 
 18. Loose ; sandy ; easily pulverized ; as, a light 
 Soil. 
 
 To set light by ; to undervalue ; to slight ; to treat 
 as of no importance ; to despise. 
 
 7'ii make light of; to treat as of little consequence ; 
 to slight ; to disregard. 
 LIGHT, (lite,) V. t To kindle; to inflame; to set 
 fire to ; as, to light a candle or lamp ; sometimes 
 with up ; as, to light up an inextinguishable flame. 
 We often liear Lit used for Liohted; as, he lit a 
 candle ; hut this is inelegant. 
 
 2. To give light to. 
 
 Ah, hopek'ss, lasting flames 1 like Uiose tliat burn 
 
 To light tbe dead. Pope, 
 
 3. To illuminate ; to fill or spread over with light ; 
 as, to light a room ; to light the streets of a city. 
 
 4. To lighten ; to ease of a burden. [JVet in ii.se.] 
 [See Lighten.] Spenser. 
 
 LitillT, (lite,) V. i. ['Sax. lihlan, nlihtan, gelihtnn, to 
 light or kindle, to ligliten or alleviate, and to alight; 
 hlihtan, to alight ; D. Hchlcn, to shine ; ligten, to heave 
 or lilt ; G. liehtrn, to weigh, to lighten.] 
 
 1. To faH on ; to come to by chance ; to liappen to 
 find ; with on. 
 
 A wealier man may sonieliiiics light on notions wliich had es- 
 cii«'il a wi..-r. WtUU. 
 
 2. To fall on ; to strike. 
 
 'Hiey shall liimgerno more, iieithrr thirst any more ; neitlier shall 
 the Sim light an Iheui, nor iiny heat. — Hev. vii. 
 
 • 3. To descend, as from n liorso or carriage; with 
 
 dotcn, off, or from. 
 
 He lighted doion from hli chariot. — 2 Kings v. 
 .She lighlid ij/rtlie camel. — Gen. Iiiv. 
 
 4. To settle ; to rest ; to stoep from flight. The 
 bee lights on this flower and that. 
 LKillT, ndi: rightly ; cheaply. Hooker. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T.— METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NATE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
LIG 
 
 LIG 
 
 LIK 
 
 LtUIIT'-ARM-KD, a. Arnied with light vvenpims. 
 I,T(;IIT'-I1I:aK-ER, II. a torch-beiircr. B. Joiuoii. 
 LIGIlT'-IiRAlN, ». An einpty-huaded pursoii. 
 
 Jilartin. 
 
 LICIIT'ED, (lit'cd,) pp. or a. Kindled; set on fire; 
 caused to burn. [Lit, for Lighted, is inelegant, ex- 
 cept in poetry.] 
 
 LIOIIT'f.N, (lit'n,) p. i. [from /iV/if, the fluid; Sax. 
 
 1. To flash ; to burst forth or dart, as lightning ; to 
 shine with an instantaneous illumination. 
 
 Thi« ilreniirul night, 
 Tha' thiindrn, UgttUntf opciis gnivc«, and roan 
 Aa ilolli llic lioii. 
 
 Slwk. 
 
 9. To shine like lightning. 
 3. To fall ; to light. [O//.--.] 
 LIGHT' AN, (lit'n,) r. /. To dissipate darkness; to 
 fill w ith light ; to spread over with light ; to illumi- 
 nate ; to enlighten ; as, to lialiten an apartment with 
 lamps or g:is ; to lighten the streets. 
 A kfy of fire ran nil Along tim alioiv, 
 And li^Jitentd nil tho rivi-r witli u bl;\zc. Drylcn. 
 
 2. To illuminate with knowledge ; in a moral 
 srn^e. 
 
 A liglil (o lighten Ihr. Gentiles. — Luke ii. 
 
 3. To free from trouble and fill with. joy. 
 
 - They luo.Ved lo him nnil were li^hletxtd. — Ps. xxxir, 
 
 LIOIIT'EN, (lit'n,) v. t. [from light, not heavy ; Sax. 
 Ii7il<i».l 
 
 1. To make lighter; to reduce in weight ; to make 
 less heavy ; as, to li'^kttn a ship by unloading; to 
 Ufrhtcn a load or burden. 
 
 2. To alleviate ; to make less burdensome or afllirt- 
 ivc ; as, to liahlcii the cares of life ; to lighlen the 
 burden of grief. 
 
 3. To cheer ; to exhilarate. 
 
 He ligltULS n.y liumgr with his merry )esl. Shak. 
 
 LIGIIT'K.\-KD, (lll'nd,) pp. Made lighter ; filled 
 
 with light ; Mashed, as lighluing. 
 LKJIIT'/CN-IXG, p/)r. Iteiliicing in weight ; ilhiniin- 
 
 nting ; tlashing, as lightning. 
 LI(;HT'ER, (lil'cr,) «. One that lights ; as, a Jii,rA<fr 
 
 of lamps. 
 
 2. \ largi", open, flat-bottomed boat, used in load- 
 ing and unloading ships. 
 
 Lt(;HT'EU-.A6E, H. The price paid for unloading 
 ships by lighters or boats ; also, the act of thus un- 
 loading into lighters or boats. 
 
 LKillT'ER-.M A.N, (lil'cr-man,) n. A man who man- 
 ages a lighter ; a boatman. 
 
 LIGHT'-FL\"GER-^;n, (lil'fing'gerd,) n. Dextrous 
 in taking and conveying away; thievish; addicted 
 to petty thefts. 
 
 M(;HT'-FOOT, la. Nimble in ninning or dan- 
 
 LI(;I1T'-F0()T-ED, (.. cing; active. ILittle ujscd.] 
 
 Sprnser, 
 
 I.TGIIT'-IIEAD-ED, (lit'lied-cd,) a. [Sec Head.] 
 'I'lioughtless ; lieedless ; weak ; volatile ; unsteady. 
 
 Clarfiidon. 
 
 2. Disordered in the head ; dizzy ; delirious. 
 
 LIGIIT'-IIEAD-ED-NESS, n. Disorder of the head ; 
 di'/./.iiicss ; deliriousness. 
 
 LTGHT'-IIEXRT-ED, (llt'h;lrt-cd,) a. Free from grief 
 oranvietv; gav ; cheerful; inern'. 
 
 LH;in"-HEXR'r-ED-LY, \Vith a light heart. 
 
 LIGIIT'-IIEART-ED-NESS, n. Tho state of being 
 frei- from care or grief; cheerfulness. 
 
 LI(;iIT'-lIEEL-Jf;D, a. Lively in' walking or run- 
 ning ; brisk. 
 
 LIGHT'-IIORSE, n. Light-armed cavalry. 
 
 LIGHT'-IIOI'SE, n. A pharos ; a tower or building 
 erected on a rock or point of land, or on an isle in 
 the .lea, with a light or niiniber of lamps on the top, 
 intended to direct seamen in navigating ships at 
 night. 
 
 LIGIIT'-L\'FANT-RY, n. A term applied to bodies 
 of active and strong nu n, carefully selected for rapid 
 evolutions. Their object is to cover and assist other 
 troops. Campbell's MiL Diet. 
 
 LIGHT'ING, ppr. Kindling; si tting fire to. 
 
 LIGIIT'-LEG-GJJD, a. Nimble ; sw ift of foot. 
 
 Sitlnni. 
 
 LIGIIT'LF.SS, (lit'less,) a. Destitute of light ; dark. 
 LIGHT'LY, (llt'ly,) adv. With little weigbl ; as, to 
 tread liahtly ; to press liahtlij. 
 
 2. Without deep impression. 
 
 The aolt iileiu of th" cheerf<il note, 
 
 lAfhtti/ receiveJ, were ea»ily forj.it. Prior. 
 
 3. Easily ; readily ; without difficulty ; of course. 
 
 4. Without reason, or for reasons of little weight. 
 Flutwr not the rich, neiilKT do Uiou willingly or li;At/y nppear 
 
 before great peraoaagca. 7byii>r. 
 
 5. Without dejection ; cheerfully. 
 
 Bid Ih.'U welcome, 
 " hich cornea to punbh ua, and we puoiah U, 
 Seeming to bear It tifhCy. Shalt. 
 G. Not chastely ; wantonly. Sie{fl. 
 7. .\imbly; with agility; not heavily or tardily. 
 He led ine Ughtly over the stream, 
 a Gayly; airily; with levity; without heed or 
 
 LIGIIT'-MIND-KI), a. Unsettled; unsteady; vola- 
 tile ; not considerate. 
 
 lie thnt is h-tsty to <^ve credit is light-minded. Eeclut. 
 
 LTGHT'NESS, (llt'ness,) n. Want of weight ; levity ; 
 the contrary to Heaviness; as, the dV/ifncM of air 
 compared with water; lightness of i\\e animal spir- 
 its. 
 
 2. Inconstancy ; unsteadiness ; the quality of mind 
 which disposes it to be inlluenccd by trilling consid- 
 erations. 
 
 Such is the lightness of you common men. ShaJ:. 
 
 3. Levity ; wantonness ; lewdness ; unchastity. 
 
 Shak. Sidney. 
 
 4. Agility ; ninibleness. 
 
 5. Ill the fine arU, a tpiality indicating freedom 
 from weight or clumsiness. Branje. 
 
 LIGIIT'NING, (ITt'ning,) n. [That is, lightening, the 
 participle present of Uishten.] 
 
 1. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accom- 
 panied by a vivid flash of light. It is commonly the 
 discharge of electricity from one cloud to another, 
 sonietiiiies from a cloud to thi5 earth, in which latter 
 case it is peculiarly dangerous. Thunder is the sound 
 produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through 
 the atmosphere. Olmsted. 
 
 2. [from lighten, to diminish weight.] Abatemi^iit ; 
 alleviation ; milig.ition. Spectator. 
 
 LTGHT'NING-BUG, n. A species of firefly, common 
 in the Northern States of America. 
 
 LIGIIT'NING-GIJINCE, n. A glance or darting of 
 lightning. Men. 
 2. A glance or flash of the eve, like lightning. 
 
 LtGHT'NING-ROn, n. A metallic rod erected to pro- 
 tect buildings or vessels from lightning. 
 
 LIGIiT'-ROO.M, h. In a ship of war, n small apart- 
 ment, having tloiible glass windows toward the mag- 
 azine, and containing lights by which the gunner fills 
 cartridi;es. Jlur. Diet. 
 
 Lit; UTS, (llts,) II. pi. [So called from their light- 
 ness. ] 
 
 The lungs ; the orgiins of breathing in brute ani- 
 mals. These organs, in man, we cull Lungs ; in 
 other animals, Liohts. 
 LiGHT'SOME, (llt'sum,) a. Luminous; not dark; 
 not obscure. 
 
 AVliile walls m.Tke rooms more lightsome tliau black. {IJtUe 
 
 used.] Bacon. 
 The lightsome realms of love. Drydcn. 
 \In tJie latter passage, tlie word U elegant.'] 
 2. G.ay ; airy ; cheering ; exhilarating. 
 
 That lightsome aflectioa of Joy. Hooker. 
 LIGIIT'.«OME-NESS, n. Lnminousness ; the quality 
 of being light ; opposed to Darkness, or Darksome- 
 NE99. Cheyne. 
 2. Cheerfulness ; merriment ; levity. 
 
 [This word is little used.] 
 IT'-SI'IR'IT-ED, a. Having a light or cheerful 
 spirit. Irving. 
 LIG-NAL'6ES, nig-nal'ozc or lln-al'oze,) n. [L. lig- 
 num, wood, antj aloes.] 
 Aloes wood. JVum. xxiv. 
 LIG'NE-OUS,a. [L. tigneus.^ 
 
 Wooden; made of wood; consisting of wood; 
 resembling wood. The harder part of a plant is 
 ligneous. 
 
 LIG-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. lignum, wood, and fao, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Yielding or producing wood. Humble. 
 
 LIG-NI-FI-CA'TION, n. The process of becoming or 
 of converting into wood, or the hard substance of a 
 vegetable. Goor/. 
 
 LIG'NI-FI-£D, (lig'ne-fide,) pp. Converted into 
 wood. 
 
 LIG'NI-FORM, a. [L. lignum, wood, and farm.] 
 Like wood ; resembling wood. Kinean. 
 
 LIG'NI-F?, V. t. [L. lignum, wood, and faeio, to 
 make.] 
 To convert into wood. 
 
 LIG'NI-FY, r. i. To become wood. 
 
 LIG'NI~F?-L\G, ppr. Converting into wood. 
 
 LIG'XI.V, n. [L. lignum, W(K>d.] 
 
 In chemistry, the w(x>dy part or fiber of plants. 
 
 LIG-Nl-PER'DOUS, a. [L. lignum, wood, and perdo, 
 to destroy.] 
 
 An epithet applied to insects which destroy wood. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 UG'NTTE, n. [L. lignum.] 
 
 Mineral coni retaining the texture of the wood 
 from which it was formed, and burning with an 
 einpyrcumatic odor. It is of more recent origin 
 than the antliracitc and bituminous coal of the proper 
 coal series. Dana. 
 
 LlG-NIT'ie, a. Containing lignite; resembling lig- 
 nite. Humble. 
 
 LIG'NOUS, n. Ligneous. [LiUleused.] Erehjn. 
 
 LIG'NUM-VI'T^, n, [L.J The popular name of 
 Guaiacum officinale, or jioxwood. The common lig- 
 num-vitffi is a native of the warm latitudes of Amer- 
 ica. It becomes a large tree, having a hard, brown- 
 ish, brittle bifrk, and its wood firm, solid, ponderous, 
 very resinous, of a blackish-yellow color in the mid- 
 dle, and of a hot, aromatic t.iste. It is of considera- 
 
 ble use in medicine and the mechanical arts, being 
 wrought into utensils, wheels, cogs, and various ar- 
 ticles of turnery. Encye. 
 
 UG'{i:LA^^D,i''- [L "^'", a strap.] 
 
 Like a baiulage or strap ; as, a ligulate flower, .i 
 species of compound flower, the florets of w hich 
 have their corollets flat, spreading out toward the 
 end, with the base only tubular. This is the semi- 
 flosculous flower of Touriiefort. Botany. 
 
 LIG'U-lIX, ! ''A"^'"' " s'f'T-] 
 
 1. In botany, the flat part of the leaf of a grass. In 
 contradistinction from that i)art which sheathes the 
 stem. 
 
 2. A strap-shaped petal of flowers of Syngenesia. 
 LIG't^RE, n. A kind of precious stone. Ezod, 
 
 xxviii. 19. 
 
 LIG'U-RITE, >i. [from Liguria.] A mineral occur- 
 ring in oblitpie rlioiiibic prisms, of an apple-preen 
 color, occasionally sjieckled. Phillips. 
 
 LIKE, a. [.Sax. tic, gelic, Goth, leiks, D. hjk, gelyk,C,. 
 gleich, ^w.lik, Daii. Ug, lige, like, plain, even, equal, 
 smooth. The sense (i( like, similar, is even, smooth, 
 equal ; but this sense may be from laying, pressing; 
 
 and hence this word may be allied to the Etii. 
 lakeo, to stamp, seal, impress, whence its derivative, 
 an image ; or the sense be taki'n from rubbing or 
 shaving. We observe that like has also the sense of 
 please ; to like is, to be pleased. Now, if p in L. pla- 
 ceo is a prefix, the latter may be formed on the root 
 of like. And if de is a prefix in delight, deleeto, ile- 
 licious, delicate, these may be of the same family. 
 Like is evidently from the same root as the Cli. 
 
 and Heb. pSn, Ar. (_jiX^ chalalia, to be or make 
 smooth. Qu. Gr. i/Akos, I'lSiKia. See Lick and 
 
 LlCKKRISH.] 
 
 1. Equal in quantity, quality, or degree ; as, a ter- 
 ritory of like extent with another ; men o( like excel- 
 lence. 
 
 More der^j'men were impoTcrislied by llie late war llian erer In 
 tite tiJie spaa: before. ifprat. 
 
 2. Similar ; resembling ; having resemblance. 
 
 KItinh waa a man Bul)Jr-ct to like passions as we are. — Jamea v. 
 Why might not other planets nave been created lor tike nsea 
 witli the eartli, each for its own iuhai'iunu t Bentley. 
 
 LU:e is usually followed by to, but it is often omit- 
 ted. 
 
 What city la like to fhia Jreat city ? — Ilev. xviii. 
 I saw three unclean spiriis like fror%. — Hev, xvi. 
 Among tliem all w.a« f.)uiid none like Daniel, Hananiah, MishacI, 
 and AZiiriah. — Dun. i. 
 
 3. Probable ; likely ; that is, having the resem- 
 blance or appearance of an event ; giving reason to 
 exiK'Ct or believe. 
 
 I!c Is ;i^c to die of hunger in the place where he ia, for there ia 
 no more breail. — jt-r. xxxviii. 
 " Many were not eaay to be governed, nor tike to conform Ihem- 
 aeives to strict rules. Clarendon. 
 Like figures, in geometry. See under Similar. 
 LIKE, K. [Elliptically, for like thing, Wie event, like 
 perriott.] 
 
 1. Some person or thing resembling another; an 
 equal. The like may never happen again. 
 
 He was a man, lake him for all in all, 
 
 1 shall not look uiion his like again. Shak. 
 
 2. Ifad like, in the phrase " ho had like to be de- 
 feated," seems to be a corruption ; but perhaps like 
 here is used for resemblance or probability, and has 
 the character of a noun. At any rate, as a phrase, it 
 is authorized by good usage. 
 
 LIKE, alv. In the same manner. 
 
 Solunien in all his glory waa not arrayed like one of Uiesc. — 
 
 Mall. vi. l.ule xii. 
 Litre as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them 
 
 llmt fear him. — Ps. ciii. » 
 
 2. In a manner becoming. 
 
 Be strong, and quit yourselves like men. — 1 Sam. It. 
 
 3. Likely ; probably ; as, liJie enough it will. Shak. 
 LIKE, I'. L [Sax. liceaii, lirian : Goth, leikan ; proba- 
 bly L. placco, and deleeto, with prefixes.] 
 
 1. To be pleased with in a moderate degree ; to 
 approve. It expresses less than lore and delighL 
 ^Ve like a plan or ilesign when we approve of it as 
 correct or beneficial. We like the character or con- 
 liuct of a man when it comports with our view of 
 rectitude. We like fiiod that the taste relishes. We 
 like whatever gives us pleasure. 
 
 He proceeded from looking to liking, tuid from liking to loving 
 
 Sidnty. 
 
 2. To please ; to be agreeable to. 
 
 This desire bein^ recommended to her n.ajealT, it liked her to 
 include the same within one entire lease. LC^.J Bacon, 
 
 3. To liken. [Ohs.] Shak. 
 LIKE, V. i. To be pleased ; to choose. 
 
 He may go or stay, as he likts. Loeke, 
 2. TV) n^; to be pleased. [Obs.] KT.one.e. 
 LIKE'Ll-HOOb, n [likely and hood.] Probability; 
 verisimilitude ; appearance of truth or reality. There 
 
 TONE, B^LL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 84 
 
 DDD" 
 
 665 
 
LIL 
 
 LIM 
 
 LIM 
 
 is little likelihood that an habitual drunkard will be- 
 come temperate. There is little Ukdihood that an old 
 offender will be reformed. Prudence directs us not 
 to undertake a design, when there is little or no like- 
 lUiood of success. 
 
 2. Appearance; show; resemblance. [Oft.t.] 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 LIKE'LI-NESS, n. [from likely.] Probability. 
 9. The qualities that please. [See Likely.] 
 
 LIKE'LY, a. [tliat is, Ukc-like.] Probable ; that may 
 be rationally thought or believed to have taken place 
 in time past, or to be true now or hereafter ; such as 
 is more reasonable than tile contrary. A likely story 
 is one wliich evidence or tlie circumstances of the 
 case render probable, and tlierefore credible. 
 
 2 Such as may be liked; pleasing; as, a likely 
 man or woman. 
 
 [Tliis use of likely is not obsolete, as Johnson af- 
 firms, nor is it vulgar. l!ut the English and their de- 
 scendants in .America ditfer in the application. The 
 English apply llie word to externa! aj)pearance, and 
 with them likely is equivalent to kandsome, well- 
 formed; as, a likely man, a likely horse. In America^ 
 the word is also sometimes applied to tlie endow- 
 ments of the mind, or to pleasing accomplishments. 
 A likely man is a man of good character and talents, 
 or of good dispositions or accomplishments, that ren- 
 der him pleasing or respectable.] 
 
 LIKE'LY, adv. Probably. 
 
 Wliile m.-xn was iunocenl, he \v.is likely ignorant of nothing 
 impoitaul for him to know. Glaitville. 
 
 LIKE'-MlND-ED, a. Having a like disposition or 
 
 purpose. Rum. \v. 
 LIK'KN, (lik'n,) V. t. [Sw. likna ; Dan. ligner.'] 
 
 To compare ; to represent as resembling cir snnilar. 
 Whosoever hearelh tin se iayinjrs of mine, and iloeth them, 1 
 will W;en him to a wise man. thai built his house on a rock. 
 — MaU. vi. 
 
 LTK'BN-ED, (lik'nd,) pp. Compared. 
 ■ LIKE'NESS, n. Ueseniblance in form ; similitude. 
 The picture is a good lUceness of the original. 
 
 2. Resemblance ; form ; external appearance. 
 Guard against an enemy in the likeness of a friend. 
 
 3. One that resembles another; a copy ; a counter- 
 part. 
 
 1 took you for your likeness, Chloe. Prior. 
 
 4. An image, picture, or statue, resembling a per- 
 son or tiling. Eiod. xx. 
 
 LIK'iCN-INc;, 7!. The forming of resemblance. 
 Lllv'£.\-11S'G, j)pr. Comparing; representing as simi- 
 lar. 
 
 LIKE'WlSE, eomp. [like Sini wise.] In like manner ; 
 also ; moreover ; too. 
 
 Fftr he seeth lliat wise men die, Itketnise the fool and the brutish 
 pereon perish, and U-avc tlieir wealth to oUiers. — Ps. xlix. 
 
 LIK'ING, ppr. of Like. Approving ; being pleased 
 with. 
 
 2. a. Plump; full; of a good appearance. Dan. i. 
 [Ohs.] 
 
 LIK'L\G, 71. A good state of body ; healthful appear- 
 ance ; plumpness. 
 
 Their yming ones are in pood liking. — Job xxxix. 
 9. State of trial. [JVuf used.] Drydcn. 
 
 3. Inclination ; pleasure ; as, this is an amusement 
 to your liking, Spenser. 
 
 4. Delight in ; pleasure in ; with to. 
 
 lie who has no liking to Uie whole ought not to censure the 
 parts. Dnj'len. 
 
 LI'LAC, 71. [Fr. lihs ,- Sp. lilac] 
 
 A plant or shrub of the genus Syringa, a native of 
 Persia. The common lilac is cultivated for its flow- 
 ers, which are purple or white. 
 
 LI'LA LITE, 71. See Lei-idolite, with which it is 
 identical. Dann. 
 
 LIL-I-A'CEOUS,a. [L. liliaceus, from lilium, a lily.] 
 Pertaining to lilies ; lily-like. A liliacevns corol is 
 one that has six regular petals, or segments of tlie 
 corol. JHurtyn, 
 
 LIL'I-£D, (lil'lid,) a. Embellished with lilies. 
 
 I!y sandy I.a'Ion'» lilied banks. Millon. 
 
 LIL-I-PO'TIAN, 71. One belonging to a diminutive 
 race described in Swift's kingdom of Liliput. 
 
 2. A person of very small size. It is sometimes 
 used as an adjective. 
 
 LILLj V. t. See Loll. But litl is used in New Eng- 
 laiKI. SpensjT. 
 
 LIL'l', V. I. To do any thing witli dexterity or quick- 
 ness. [Lociil.] Pegjie. 
 
 2. To Bing or play cheerfully and merrily. [Scot- 
 liih.] 
 
 LIL'V, (lil'lc,) n. [I,. Wiiim; Or. Uif>iov ; Sp. lirio.] 
 The English popular name of a gi-iins of plants of 
 many Hpecit'Sj which are all Imlbous-rootcd, herba- 
 ceouH pi.ri^iiniaN, producing bi ll-shaped, hexapeta- 
 loua flowern uf great beauty and variety of colors. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 Lily of the valley ; a plant of tlie genus Convalliiria, 
 with a iiionopetaloiiH, bell-Hlmped corol, divided at 
 the top into six Hegments. Jliller. 
 LII/y-nAI"KO DIE, n. A plant and (lowi r. 
 LIL'Y-HA.ND-ED, a. Having white, delicate handu. 
 
 Spen.scr, 
 
 LIL'Y-HY'A-CINTH, n. A species of squill. Ash. 
 LIL'Y-LIV.ER-£D, a. VVliite-livered ; cowardly. 
 
 [JVot jised.] Shuk. 
 LI-Ma'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. limai.] Belonging 
 
 to tlie slug or naked snail, the limax of Linnteus. 
 LI-Ma'TIO.\, 71. [L. limo, to file.] [P. Cyc. 
 
 Tlie act of filing or polishing. 
 LI'MA-TURE, 71. [L. limo, to file.] 
 1. A filing. 
 
 9. Filings ; particles rubbed off by filing. Johnson. 
 LIMB, (lim,) 71. [Sax. lim ; Dan. and Sw. lem; L. 
 limbus, edge or border, extremity ; lijnes, limit*coin- 
 ciding perhaps with W. llcm, llyvi^ sharp, or llama, 
 to leap. Tlie sense of !i;ji6 is from sliooting or ex- 
 tending.] 
 
 1. Edge or border. This is the proper signification 
 of the word ; but in this sense it is limited chiefly to 
 technical use, and applied to the sun, moon, or a 
 star, to a leaf, to a quadrant, &.c. We say, the sun 
 or moon is eclipsed on its northern limb. But we 
 never say the limb of a board, of a tract of land or 
 water, &c. ^ 
 
 2. In anatomy, and in common u.te, an extremity of 
 the liuman body ; a member ; a projecting part ; as, 
 the arm or leg ; that is, a shoot. 
 
 3. Tlie branch of a tree ; applied only to a branch 
 of some size, and not to a small twig. 
 
 4. In botany, the border or upper spreading part of 
 a iiinnopetalous cortil. Martyn. 
 
 Limb cf the law : a member of tlie legal profession. 
 LIMB, (lim,) 7). (. To supply with limbs. Millun. 
 
 2. To dismember ; to tear off the limbs. 
 LIJI'BAT, 71. A cooling, periodical wind in the Isle 
 of Cyprus, blowing from the northwest from eight 
 o'clock, A. M. to the middle of the day or later. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 LIM'BATE, a. Bordered ; when one color is sur- 
 rounded by an edging of another. Lindley. 
 
 LIM'BEC, 71. [Contracted from alembic.] A still; a 
 word nut now used. 
 
 LIM'BEC, V. t. To strain or pass, through a still. 
 [ Obs.] Sandys. 
 
 LIiMB'£D, (limd,) a. In composition, formed with re- 
 gard to limbs ; as, weUMnibed ; large-limbed ; short- 
 liwbed. Pope. 
 
 LI.M'BER, a. [Perhaps from the W. llih, llibin; for 
 71! and b are convertible, and 771 before 6 is often 
 casual.] 
 
 Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant ; yielding. In Amer- 
 ica, it is ajiplied to material things ; as, a limber rod ; 
 a limber joint. 
 LIM'BER, I', t. To attach to the limbers ; as, io limber 
 the gun. 
 
 LIM'BER-NESS,7i. The quality of being easily bent; 
 
 flexibleness ; pliancy. 
 LIM'BERS, j n.pl. In a s/ii>, holes cut through 
 
 LIM'BER-IIfiLES, j the floor timbers, as a passage 
 
 for water to the pump-vvill. Mar. Diet. 
 
 LIM'BER, 71. 517!^. j Two wlieels and » shaft, with 
 LIM'BERS, 71. pi. \ which cannon are drawn by 
 
 horses. 
 
 2. Thills ; shafts of a carriage. Forby. 
 LIM'BIL-ITE, 71. .Supposed to be a decomposed 
 
 chrysolite. Dana. 
 LI.MIi'LRt^S, a. Destitute of limbs. Massinger. 
 LI.MB'MEAL, a. Piecemeal. Shak. 
 
 l'm'BUS i [L. /imiits, edge or border.] 
 
 1. In scholastic theology, a region bordering on hell. 
 The limbus patrnm was consiilered as a place for the 
 souls of good men until the coming of our Savior. 
 Tile limbus infantum was a similar place for the souls 
 of unbaptizcd infants. The term Limbo has been 
 applied by the poets to other sujiposed places lying 
 on the outer borders of hell. Sliakspeare applies 
 the ti riii to hell itself. .Ariosto makes it the place of 
 all lost tilings ; Milton, the paradise of fools. 
 
 Kncyc. Amer. 
 
 2. A place of restraint or confinement. Drydcn. 
 LIME, 71. [Sax. lim, lime, whence geliman, to glue ; 
 
 Sw. and Dan. lint, D. Iijm, G. leim and lehcm, loam ; 
 L. limns ; It. and Sp. limo ; proliably (Jr. A'//i'/, j ^niin, 
 and allied to clammy. On this word is iurmetl 
 slime.] 
 
 1. A viscous substance, sometimes laid on twigs 
 for catching birds. Drydcn. 
 
 2. Calcareous earth, oxyd of calcium, procured 
 from chalk and certain Hlon' s ami shells, by ex- 
 pelling from them the carbonic acid, by means of a 
 strong hi'at in a furnace. The best lime fur mortar 
 or remeiit is obtained from limestone, or carbonate 
 of lime, of which marble is a fine species. 
 
 Hooper. JVicholson. 
 
 3. The linden-tree, or Tili.i. 
 
 LI.ME, 71. [Fr. lime. See Lemon.] A species of acid 
 
 fruit, the I'itrus inedica, smaller than (lie lemon. 
 LIME, 1'. (. [Sax. gelimun.] 
 
 1. To smear with a viscous substance. 
 
 L^Kstriinge. 
 
 2. To entangle ; to insnaro. Shak. 
 
 3. To manure with lime. 
 
 4. To cement. 
 
 LIME'-BURN-ER, 71. One who burns stone to lime. 
 
 Ll.M'£D, (iTmd,) pp. Smeared with lime ; entangled; 
 manured with lime. 
 
 LIME'IIOUND, 7i. A dog used in hunting the wild 
 boar. Spenser. 
 
 Ll.ME'KILN, (lTme'kil,)7i. A kiln or furnace in which 
 stones or shells are exposed to a strong heal and re- 
 duced to lime. 
 
 Ll.ME'-PLANT, n. A name sometimes given to the 
 may apple. 
 
 LI.ME'-SINK, 71. A rounded hole or depression in the 
 ground in limestone countries. America. 
 
 LI.ME'SToNE, 71. Stone of which lime is made by 
 the expulsion of its carbonic acid, or fixed air. It is 
 called carbonate of lime. Of this there are several 
 species. 
 
 LIME'-TWIG, 71. A twig smeared with lime. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 LIME'-TVVIG-G£D,a. Smeared with lime. AddUon. 
 LIME'-WA-TER, 71. Water impregnated with lime. 
 Ll.M'!\(;, ppr. Daubing with viscous matter ; en- 
 Jangling ; manuring with lime. 
 Ll.M'lNG, H. The act of manuring with lime. 
 LIM'IT, 71. [L. limes ; Fr. limites. See Limb.] 
 
 1. Bound ; border ; utmost extent ; the part that 
 terminates a thing ; as, the limit of a town, city, or 
 empire ; the limits of human knowledge. 
 
 2. The thing which bounds ; restraint. 
 
 3. In mathematics, a term used for some determinate 
 quantity, to which a variable one continually ap- 
 proaches, and may come nearer to it tlian by any 
 given dilference, but can never go beyond it. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 4. Limits, pi. ; the extent of the liberties of a prison. 
 LIM'IT, V. t. To bound ; to set bounds to. 
 
 2. To confine wrthiii certain bounds ; to circum- 
 scribe ; to restrain. The government of England is 
 called a limited monarchy. 
 
 They tempted God and limited tlie Holy One of Israel Ps. 
 
 Ixxviii. 
 
 3. To restrain from a lax or general signification. 
 World sometimes signifies the universe, and some- 
 times its signification is limited to this earth. 
 
 LIM'!T-A-BLE, a. That may be limited, circum- 
 scribed, bountled, or restrained. Hume. 
 LI.Al-IT-.yNE-OUS,a. Pertaining to bounds. Diet. 
 LI.M-IT-.A'RI-AN, a. That limits or circumscribes. 
 LIM'IT-A-RY, a. Placed at the limit, as a guard. 
 
 Prouil tiinitary cherub. Millon, 
 
 LI.M-IT-A'TIOi\, 71. [L. limitatio.] 
 
 1. Tlic act of bounding or circumscribing. 
 
 2. Restriction ; restraint ; circumscription. Tlie 
 king consented to a limitation of his prerogatives. 
 Government by tiie limitation of natural rights se- 
 cures civil liberty. 
 
 3. Restriction ; confinement from a lax indeter- 
 minate import. Words of general import are often 
 to be understood with limitations. 
 
 4. A certain precinct within which friars were 
 allowed to beg or e.xercise tlieir functions. 
 
 Oilping. 
 
 5. In lait, the period limited by statute after w hich 
 the claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. 
 
 Bouvier. 
 
 LIM'IT-ED, pp. Bounded; circumscribed; restrained. 
 2. a. Narrow ; circumscribed. Our views of na- 
 ture are verv limited. 
 LIM'IT-ED-LY, ado. With limitation. 
 LIM'IT-ED-NESS, 71. State of being limited. 
 
 Parker, 
 
 LI.M'IT-ER, 71. He or that which limits or confines. 
 2. A friar licensed to beg within certain bounds, 
 or whose duty was limited to a certain district. 
 LLM'IT-LESS, a. Having no limits ; unbounded. 
 
 Daoies. 
 
 LIM'MER, 71. A liinehound ; a mongrel. Johnson. 
 
 2. A dog engendered between a hound and a 
 mastiff. Bailey. 
 
 3. A thill or shaft [Local] [See Llmher.] 
 
 4. A thill-horse. [Local.] 
 
 LIMX, (lim,) 0. t. [Fr. enluminer ; Ji. linnino.] 
 'i'o draw or paint ; or to paint in water colors. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 LIM'NED, (limd,) pp. Painted. 
 
 LIM'NER, 71. [Fr. fii/iiinincur ; L. iV/uim'iiotor, in the 
 miildle ages, altiiminor.] 
 
 1. One that colors or paints on pajier or parchment ; 
 one who decorates books with initial pictures. 
 
 2. A portrait painter. [Ennic. 
 LIM'NING, ppr. Drawing; painting; painting in 
 
 water colors. 
 
 LIM'NINt!, 71. Tho act or art of drawing or painting 
 ill \\'atcr colors. Addison. 
 
 LIM'ON-M'l',, 71. One of the names of brown iron 
 ore or brown henialiti'. It occurs in extensive beds, 
 and often prescnis globular, concentric, .mil stalactite 
 forms. It is an abundant ore in the United States. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 LI'iMOU.S, a. [L. limosus, from limus, slime.] 
 
 Muddy; slimy; thick. Brown. 
 
 LIMP, 1'. i. [.Sax. lemp-heult, lame; ^rJimpiiii, to hap- 
 pen, that is, to fall ; alliiMl perhajis to lame.] 
 To halt ; to walk lamrly. Bacon. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PKBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 666 
 
LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 LISIP, n. A hall ; act of limping. 
 
 LIMP, «. Vapid ; wcalc. [J^ut used.] ffallon. 
 
 LrMI"Kll, n. One lliat limps. 
 
 LIM'PET, n. [L. lejiax ; Gr. Atirn?, from Xcirio, to 
 peel or strip off hark.] 
 
 A univalve shell of the genus Patella, adhering to 
 rorks. 
 
 LIM'PLD, a. [Ij. limpidus ; Gr. Aa/iirw, to shine.] 
 Pure; char; tran.<paront ; as, a /im/iii^ .stream. 
 LI»M-P11)'I-TV, ) ;i. Clearnesij i purity; transpar- 
 LIM'PID-NE.-;;^, i eni-v. 
 
 LIMP'liNG, pur. or a. Halting; walkin;; lamely. 
 LIMP'I.\G-I.iV, adr. Lamely ; in a halting m»nner. 
 
 Weak ; flexible. Farbii. JVno England. 
 
 LIM'V, a. [Tiee Lime.] Viscous ; glutinous ; as, 
 limy snares. 
 
 2. Containin;; lime ; as, a limij soil. 
 
 3. Resembling lime ; having the qualities of lime. 
 LIN, 1). [Ice. ;iiin«.] 
 
 To yield. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 LI\, n. [Celtic] A pool or collection of water, par- 
 ticularly the one above or below a fall of water. 
 
 Rich. Did. 
 
 9. A waterfall, or cataract ; as, Corsa Lin, often 
 spelt /t/ti. [5>C(;(((.sA.] 
 LLNCH," «. A ledge ; a right-angled projection. 
 
 Jenninffs. 
 
 LINCII'PIN, Ti. [Sax. hjnis, an axis, D. teiu, G. 
 Itmse.] 
 
 A pin used to previ nt the wheel of a carriage from 
 sliding off the axle-tree. 
 LIN'eOLN-GUEEN, (link'un-,) !i. A color of cloth 
 formerly made in Lincoln. Spenser. 
 
 LINe'Tlis'^' i [L. /imro. ''■'":««*••] 
 
 Medicine taking by licking with the tongue. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 LIVDE.V, ) n. [Sax. lind ; Sw. and Dan. lirid ; U. linde 
 LIND, ) or linde-boom ; G. linde, lindenbaum.] 
 The limc-lree, or teil-tree, of the genus Tilia. 
 
 Vri/dcn. 
 
 LINE, n. [L. linca ; Ft. liirne, from L. linum ; Gr. 
 Aii'<i', flax ; G. leine: D. hjn ; Sw. linn; Dan. line.] 
 
 1. In /geometry, that which has length, without 
 breadth or thickness. Euclid. 
 
 2. A slender string; a small cord or rope. The 
 angler uses a line and hook. The seaman uses a hand 
 line, a hauling line, spilling lines, &c. 
 
 3. A thread, string, or cord, extended to direct any 
 operation. 
 
 We lu by tine upon th* ocean go. Dryden. 
 
 4. Lineament ; a mark in the hand or face. 
 
 He li!ip!es palmiilry, and dinei 
 
 On all tier Ibrtuuv.tcliiiig Unes. Cteaveland. 
 
 5. Delineation; sketch; as, the /tnu of a building. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 6. Contour ; outline ; exterior limit of a figure. 
 
 Krce M thy stmke, yet faiiUIcss as thy tine. Po]k. 
 
 7. In icritintr, priiitinrr, and entrraving, the words 
 and letters which stand on a level in one row, be- 
 tween one margin and another ; a |>age of thirty 
 lines. 
 
 8. In poetry, a verse, or the words which form a 
 certain number of feet, according to the measure. 
 
 9. A short letter ; a note. I received a line from 
 my friend by the last mail. 
 
 10. .'V rank or row of soldiers, or the disposition of 
 an army drawn up with an extended front ; or the 
 like disposition of a fleet prepared for engagement. 
 
 11. A trench or ram[>art ; an extended work in 
 fortiflcation. 
 
 Unite liiy forces anJ nttjick Iheir tine*. Dryden. 
 
 12. Method ; dispasition ; as, line of order. i<7uiA', 
 
 13. Extension ; limit ; border. 
 
 &len mn tclvcl lier (ine 
 Tietm Anntn eiiaivii-^nl (o (Itc ruy;U lowers 
 Of ffp-'.M Seleuci-i. Aft^n. 
 
 14. Equator ; equinoctial circle. 
 
 When the sun below the tint descen<ls. Cretch. 
 
 15. A series or succession of progeny or relations, 
 descending from a common progenitor. We speak 
 of the ascending or descending Zinc ; the line of do- 
 scent ; the male line : a line of kings. 
 
 16. The twelfth part of an inch. ' 
 
 17. A straight, extended mark. 
 
 18. A straight or parallel direction. The houses 
 must all stand in a line. Every new building must 
 be set in a line with others on the same street. 
 
 19. Occii|iation ; employment ; department or 
 course of business. We speak of men in the same 
 due of business. fVashinrrton. 
 
 20. Course; direction. 
 
 What i^nenvl line ofcomlnct ought to be punned. n'tuhinfUm. 
 
 21. Lint or flaj. [Seldom used.] Spen.ier. 
 
 22. In heraldry, lines are the figures used in armo- 
 ries to divide the shield into different parts, and to 
 compose different figures. Encije. 
 
 23. In Scripture, line signifies a cord for measuring ; 
 also, instruction, doctrine. Ps. xix. Is. xxviii. 
 
 2-1. In military affairs, the line denotes the regular 
 infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, 
 guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, Ate. 
 
 Jl ri^rlit line; a straight line ; the shortest line that 
 can be drawn between two points. 
 
 Horizontal line ; aline drawn parallel to the hori- 
 zon. 
 
 Eiiuinoctial line ; llio equator of the earth or heav- 
 ens. [See EciUiNocTiAL.J 
 
 .Mmdian line ; a iiieriilian, which see. 
 
 Jl ship of the line ; a ship of war large enough to 
 have a place in the line of battle ; also called linc-uf- 
 battte ship. All ships having batteries on two or 
 more ilecks besides the spar-deck, are ships of the 
 line. Siualler ships may somotinu-s be so called. 
 LINE, V. t. [Supposed to be from L. linum, flax, 
 wlii'iice linen, which is often used for linings.] 
 
 ■ To cover on tile inside ; as, a garment lined with 
 linen, fur, or silk ; a box lined with paper or tin. 
 
 2. To put in the inside ; applied iiarliciilarly to 
 money ; as, to line one's jiiirse. Swift. 
 
 Wh it ifl d'l ti'ie one of their liand* ? ShaJc. 
 
 3. To place along hy the side of any thing for 
 guarding ; as, to line a hedge with rifluiiien ; to line 
 works with soldiers. 
 
 4. To strengthen by additional works or men. 
 
 Line and new nrp.iir your lowiia «f war 
 
 WiUi men of counig--'. Shak. 
 
 5. To cover ; to add a covering ; as, to line a 
 crutch. , Sliali. 
 
 C. To .strengthen with any thing added. 
 
 Who lined hlin».;lf uiili hop.-. ShaJc. 
 7. To impregnate ; aiiplied to irrational animals. 
 
 Creech. 
 
 LIN'E-AGE, 71. [Fr. li^mmre, from li^rnr, line.] 
 
 Race ; progeny ; descendants in a line from a com- 
 mon progenitor. 
 LIN'E-AL, a. [L. linralis, from linra, line.] 
 
 1. Composed of lines ; delineated ; as, lineal de- 
 signs, ffotfon. 
 
 2. In a direct line from an ancestor; as, lineal de- 
 scent ; linrnl succession. Locke. 
 
 3. Hereditary ; derived from ancestors. Shak. 
 
 4. AUied by direct descent. 
 
 Fur only you arc lineal to the throne. Dryden. 
 
 5. In the direction of a line ; as, lineal measure. 
 Lineal mtnsure ; the measure of length. 
 
 LIN-E-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being in the form of 
 
 a line. .^m. Review. 
 
 LIN'E-AL-LY, <Kft). In a direct line ; as, the prince is 
 
 lineally descended from the conqueror. 
 LIN'E-A-MENT, 71. [Er., from L. ;i/ica77i£7i/u;n.] 
 
 Feature ; form ; make ; the outline or exterior of a 
 body or figure, particularly of the face. 
 Man he seema 
 In all his t^neamenU. Milton. 
 'I'lie tinratnents of Uie body. Locke, 
 I.tneamen(« of a character. Sici/t. 
 
 LIN'E-AR, a. [L. linearis.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a 
 straicht direction. 
 
 2. In botany, like a line; slender; of the same 
 breadth throughout, except at the extremities ; as, a 
 linear leaf. 
 
 Linear numbers; in mathematics, such as have rela- 
 tion to length only ; such is a number which repre- 
 sents one side of a plane figure. If the plane figure 
 is a square, the linear figure is called a root. Barlow. 
 
 Linear problem ; that which may be solved geomet- 
 rically by Uic intersection of two right lines. 
 
 Brandc, 
 
 Linear persftectire. See Perspective. 
 LIN'E-AR-SIIaP-KD, (-shipte,)a. Of a linear shape. 
 LIN'E-ATE, a. In botany, marked longitudinally with 
 
 depressed parallel lines ; as, a tineate leaf. 
 LIN-E-A'TION, 71. Draught ; delineation, which see. 
 
 fVoodirard, 
 
 LIN'BD, pp. [See Line.] Covered on the inside. 
 
 LIN'E.N, 71. [L. linum, flax, Gr. Xivoi; W. llin, Ir. lin, 
 Russ. len, G. Icin. 'J'ho sense is probably long, ex- 
 tended, or smooth. In the latter sense, it would ac- 
 cord with L. linio, lenio.] 
 
 1. Cloth made of flax or hemp. 
 
 2. The under part of dress, as being chiefly of 
 linen. 
 
 LIN'EN, a. [L. lineus.\ 
 
 1. Made of flax or lieinp; as, linen cloth; a linen 
 stocking. 
 
 2. Kcsenihling linen cloth ; white; pale. Shak. 
 LIN'EN-DRA'PER, jt. A p<Tson who deals in 
 
 linens. 
 
 [Li!»Kj<En and Limen-uan, in a like sense, are 
 obsolete.] 
 
 LIN'EIl, 71. .\ vessel belonging to a regular line of 
 
 packets. [Recent n.<«<rc.] 
 LI.NG, 71. [D. Icng; Ir. long; probably Sax. lenir, 
 
 long.] 
 
 A fish of the genus Gadus, or cod kind, which 
 grows to the length of four feet or more, is very slen- 
 der, with a fl.1t head. This nsh abounds on the 
 coasts of Scotland and Ireland, and forms a consid- 
 erable .article of commerce. Partington. 
 
 LING, 71. [Ice. ling, frtmi leng, long.] 
 
 A species of long gra.ss ; heath. Jamicion. Cye. 
 
 LING, a Saxon termination, as in darling, firstling, de- 
 notes primarily state, condition, or subject. In Homa 
 words, it denotes the young of an animal, or a small 
 one. 
 
 LIN"GnR, r. I. [from the root of long. Sax. leng.] 
 
 1. To delay ; to loiter ; to remain or wait long ; to 
 be slow. 
 
 Nor cjtst one longing, lingering look behind. Gray. 
 Whose Jud^nenl now of a lon^ time lingertth not. — 3 Pet. ii. 
 
 2. 'I'o hesitate; to be slow in deciding; to be in 
 suspense. 
 
 Perhii[ui Uiou lingereet, in deep thought detained. MUion. 
 
 3. To remain long in any state. The patient lin- 
 gers on a bed of sickness. 
 
 LIN"(;KR, (Img'gcr,) v. t. To protract. Shak. 
 LIi\"(;EII-KI), ;>p. Delayed; loitered. 
 LIN"(;i:U-EK, 71. One who lingers. 
 LIN"GEK-IN(;, p/ir. Delaying; loitering. 
 
 2. a. Drawing out in time ; remaining long ; pro- 
 tracted ; as, a lingering disease. 
 
 To die is the fate of man ; but to die wiUi lingering anguish U 
 generally his folly. JiaiiMer. 
 
 LIN"OER-ING, (ling'gi;r-ing,) n. A delaying ; a re- 
 maining long ; tardiness ; protraction. 
 
 The Itngeringa of holid iy ciisujuis. Irving. 
 
 LIN"GER-1NG-LY, adv. With delay; slowly; tedi- 
 ously. Hale. 
 
 LIN"GET, (ling'get,) 7i. [Fr. lingot, from languetU, a 
 tongue.] 
 
 .\ small mass of metal. Camden, 
 LIN"GLE, (ling'gl,) 71. [Fr. ligneul, from ligne.] 
 Slioi inaker's thread. [JVot in use, or local.] 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 LIN"GO, (ling'go,) 71. [L. lingnn.] 
 Language; speech, [ynl'rar.] 
 LIN"GUa'CIOUS, (Iing-gwa'slius,)a. [L. linguaz.] 
 
 Talkative ; loquacious. 
 LIN"GUA-DENT'AL, a. [L. lingua, tongue, and 
 dens, a tooth.] 
 
 Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue 
 and teeth ; as the letters d and t. Holder. 
 LIN"GUA-DE.NT'AL, 71. An articulation formed by 
 
 the tongue and teeth. 
 LIN"Gn.AL, (ling'gwal,) a. [L. lingua, the tongue.] 
 Pertaining to tlie loiigue ; as, the lingual nerves, 
 the ninth pair, which go to the tiuigiie ; the lingual 
 muscle, or muscle of the tongue. 
 LIN"GUI-FOKAl, (ling'gwe-form,) a. [L. lingua and 
 form.] Having the form or shape of the tongue. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 LIN"Gi;iST, (ling'gwist,) 71. [L. lingua, the tongue.] 
 A person skilled in languages ; usually applied to 
 a persim well versed in the languages taught in col- 
 leges, Greek, Latin, and lli lin w. ^Millon. 
 LI.\"GUIST'ie, jo. Relating to linguistics, or to 
 LIN"GUIST'ie-AL, j the allinitics of languages. 
 
 aiiddon. 
 
 LI.\"GUIST'ies, 71. The science of languages, or of 
 the origin, signification, and application of words. 
 
 LIN"GU-LATE, o. [L. lingulatus, from lingua, 
 tongue.] 
 
 Shaped like the tongue or a strap. [But Lioulate 
 is more generally used.] Martm. 
 LING'WORT, 77. An herb. 
 LI.N'GY, (lin'jc,) a. Tall ; limber ; flexible. 
 
 2. Active ; strong ; able to bear fatigue. BroeketU 
 LIN'I-MENT, 71. [Fr., from L. linimentum, from linio, 
 lino, to anoint.] 
 
 A species ol soft ointment ; a composition of a 
 consistence somewhat thinner than an unguent, but 
 thicker than oil. Eneye. 
 LIN'ING, ppr. [See Line.] Covering on the inside, 
 as a garment. 
 
 LIN'I.NG, 71. The covering of the inner surface of 
 
 any thing, as of a garment or a box. The pleura is 
 
 called the lining of the thorax. 
 2. That which is within. Shak. 
 LINK, 71. [G. gclenk, a joint, a ring, n swivel, a link, 
 
 and, as an adjective, flexible, limber, from lenkcn, to 
 
 bend ; Dan. lenkr, a chain.] 
 
 1. A single ring or division of a chain. 
 
 2. Any thing doubled and closed like a link ; ns, a 
 link of horse-hair. Mortimer. 
 
 3. A chain ; anything connecting. 
 
 And love, Uie common linic, the new crration crowned. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. Any single constituent part of a connected 
 series. This argument is a link in the chain of rea- 
 soning. 
 
 {■Jobnsim says that Addison has improperly used 
 link for a series or chain, hut this dors not appear 
 from the p.issage cited. Ed.] 
 
 Links; sausages, so called from being made in a 
 continuous chain. {Sometimes heard in Jimerira.] 
 
 Forhy. 
 
 LINK, 71. [Gr. Xt'-yi o;, L. lychnus, a lamp or candle, 
 coinciding in elements with light.] 
 A torch made of tow or hards, tee., .md pitch. 
 
 Shak. Dryden. 
 
 LINK, tJ. f. To complicate. Johnson. 
 
 TONE, B}JLL, IINITE. — A.N"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; d n« J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 667 
 
LIP 
 
 Q. To unite or connect by souietbing inten-ening 
 or iu other manner 
 
 Link towns lo lowns by avenues of oak. 
 And cieatuie linked to creature, man to man. 
 
 Pope. 
 Pope. 
 
 LINK, V. i. To be connected. Burke. 
 LINK'BOY, I n, A boy or man that carried a link 
 LINK'MAN, ) or torcli to light passengers. 
 
 More. Oray. 
 LINK'ED, (linkt,) pp- United ; connected. 
 LINK'ING, />pr. Uniting; connecting. 
 LIN-N/E'AN, j a. Pertaining to Linnffius, the bota- 
 LIN-Nk'AN, ( nist of Sweden, or to his system of 
 botaiiv. 
 
 LIN'NET, n. [Fr. linoi; W. llinos, from lien, flax, 
 and called also in W. adem y Uin, flax-bird ; Sax. 
 linetwcrre. So in L. carduclis^ from carduus, a 
 thistle/l 
 
 A small European singing bird of the genus Frin- 
 eilla of LinnsEUs, or the finch family. 
 LIN'SEED, j «. [lint, flax, and seed; Sax. Uh- 
 LINT'SEED, i said.] 
 
 Flaxseed. 
 
 LIN'.SEED-CaKE, n. The solid mass or cake which 
 remains when oil is expressed from flaxseed. 
 
 LIN'SEED-OIL, n. Oil obtained by pressure from 
 flaxseed, Ure. 
 
 LIN'SEY, n. [Corrupted from linen.] Linsey-wool- 
 sey. Bentley. 
 
 LIN'SEY-WOOL'SEY, o. Made of linen and wool ; 
 hence, vile ; ' >"ean ; of difiereut and unsuitable 
 parts. Joknsotu 
 
 LIN'SEY-WOOL'SEY, n. Stufl" made of linen and 
 wool, mixed. 
 
 LIN'STOCK, n. [lint and stock.] A pointed staff" 
 with a crotch or fork at one end, to hold a lighted 
 match ; used in firing cannon. It may be stuck in 
 the ground or in the deck of a ship. Encyc. 
 
 LINT, n. [Sax. linet, L. Unteum, lintcus, from linum, 
 flax.] 
 
 Flax ; but more generally, linen scraped into a soft 
 substance, and used for dressing wounds and sores. 
 LIN'TEL, 71. [Fr. lintcau ; Sp. lintel or dintcl.] 
 
 The head-piece of a door-frame or window- 
 frame ; the part of the frame tliat lies on the side- 
 pieces. Eiod. xii. 
 LINT'SEED. See Linseed. 
 
 LI'ON, )i. [Fr., from L. Iro, leoni.s , Gr. AtMv, Arm. 
 lean, W. lleic, a lion ; llcica, to swallow, to devour.] 
 
 1. A quadruped of the genus Felis, very strong, 
 fierce, and rapacious. The largest lions are eight or 
 nine feet in length. The male has a thick head, 
 beset with long, bushy hair, of a yellowish color. 
 'I'he lion is a native of Africa and the warm climates 
 of Asia. His aspect is noble, his gait stately, and 
 his roar tremendous. 
 
 2. A sign in the zodiac, Leo. 
 
 3. An object of interest and curiosity; as, the lion 
 of the day ; to visit the liuiis of a place. This use 
 of the term is derived from the lions kept as objects 
 of curiositv in the Tower of London. 
 
 LI'O.N'-ESS," n. The female of the lion kind. 
 LI'ON-HESRT-EU, (-hirt-ed,) a. Having a lion's 
 
 heart or courage. Scott. 
 LI'ON-IZE, r. i. To visit the objects of curiosity in a 
 
 place. [Familiar.] [See Lion.] 
 LI'0.\-LlKE, j a. Like a lion ; fierce. 
 LT'OXLY, ( Camden. Mlton. 
 
 LI'ON-MET-TL£D, a. Having the courage and 
 
 spirit of a lion. Jhllhonae. 
 LI'ON'S FOOT, n. A plant of the genera L'atanan- 
 
 che, I'renanthes, &c. 
 LI'O.VS Lli.AF, n. A tuberous-rooted plant of the 
 
 genus Lfontice, growing near the Mediterranean. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 LI'ON'S TAIL, 71. A plant of the genus Leonurus. 
 LIP, 71. [Sax. lippa, lippe : D. lip; G. and Dan. lippe : 
 Sw. lapp i L. labium, labrum ; It. labbro ; Sp. labic : 
 
 Fr. levre ; Ir. clah or liobhar ; Pcrs. lab. It may 
 
 be connected with W. llavaru, Ir. labhraim, to speak, 
 that is, to thrust out. The sense is probably a 
 border.] 
 
 1. The edge or border of the mouth. The lips are 
 two fleshy or muscular parts, composing the exterior 
 of the mouth in man and many other animals. In 
 7iian, the hps, which may be opened or closed at 
 pleasure, form the covering of the teeth, and are or- 
 gans of speech essential to certain articulations. 
 Hence the lips, by a figure, denote the mouth, or all 
 the organs of epeech, and sometimes speech itself. 
 Job. li. 
 
 2. The edge of any thing ; as, the lip of n vessel. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 3. In botany, one of the two opposite divisions of a 
 labiate corol. The upper is called the helmet, and 
 the lower the brard. Also, nil nppM'nilage to the 
 flowers of the Orchinea, considered by Linnieus as n 
 nectary. Marlyn. .Smith. 
 
 4. In coneholoiry, the outer edge of the aperture of 
 a univalve slirll. Jlumble. 
 
 To make a lip; to drop the under lip in sullenness 
 or conteniiit. .svia/i. 
 LIP, V. t. To kins. Shale 
 
 LIQ 
 
 LIP-DE-Vo'TION, 11. Prayers uttered by the lips 
 
 without the desires of the heart. 
 LIP'-GOOD, a. Good in profession only. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 LIP'-LA-BOR, 71. Labor or action of the lips without 
 concurrence of the mind ; words without senti- 
 ments. 
 
 LIP'LESS, a. Having no lips. Byron, 
 LIP'LET, 71. A littlelij). Kirby. 
 HP'O-GRAM, 11. [Gr. Acin-tj, to leave, and ypaii^ia, 
 a letter.] 
 
 A writing in which a particular letter is wholly 
 omitted. 
 
 LIP-O-GRAM-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. Xcin-w and > nn^pa.] 
 Omitting a letter. Lipogramvmtic writings are 
 those in which a particular letter is wholly omit- 
 ted. 
 
 LIP-O-GRAM'MA-TIST, 71. One who writes any 
 thing, dropping a particular letter. Mdison. 
 
 LI-POTH'y-MOUS, a. [See Lipothtmt.] Swoon- 
 ing ; fainting. 
 
 LI-POTII'Y-MY, 71. [Gr. Xtmo&vpia ; AtiTrw, to fail, 
 and ^vitn^, soul.] 
 
 A fainting ; a swoon. Coze. Taylor. 
 
 LIP'PBD, (lipt,) a. Having lips; having a raised or 
 rounded edge resembling the lip. 
 2. In botany, labiate. 
 
 LIP'PED, (lipt,) pp. Kissed. 
 
 LIP'PING, ppr. Kissing. 
 
 LIP'Pr-TUDE, 71. [L. lippitudo, from lippus, blear- 
 eyed.] 
 
 Soreness of eyes ; blearedness. Bacon. 
 LIP'-VVIS-DOM, 71. Wisdom in talk without prac- 
 tice ; wisdom in words not supported by experience. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 LIQ'UA-BLE, (lik'wa-bl,) a. That may be melted. 
 Li'UUaTE, v. i. [L. liquo.] 
 
 To melt ; to litiuefy ; to be dissolved. [Little 
 used.] Woodward. 
 LI-aUA'TION, 71. [L. liquatio. See Liquate.] 
 
 1. The act or operation of melting. Brown. 
 
 2. The capacity of being melted ; as, a substance 
 congealed beyond liquation. Brown. 
 
 3. In metallurgy, the process of separating, by a 
 regulated heat, an easily fusible mttal from one less 
 fusible, with which it is combined ; eliquation. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 LIQ-UE-FAC'TION, (lik-we-fak'shun,) n. [L. lUiue- 
 factio, from liquefacio.] 
 
 1. The act or operation of melting or dissolving ; 
 the conversion of a solid into a liquid by the sole 
 agency of heat or caloric. Liquefaction, in common 
 usage, signifies the melting of any substance ; but 
 by some authors it is applied to the melting of sub- 
 stances which pass through intermediate states of 
 softness before they become fluid, as tallow, wax, 
 resin, &c. * Cozens Dispensatory. 
 
 2. The state of being melted. 
 Lia'UE-Fl-A-BLE, a. That may be melted, or 
 
 changed from a solid to a liquid state. Bacon. 
 LIU'UE-FI-£D, (lik'we-fide,) p/>. Melted ; become 
 liquid. 
 
 Lia'UE-FI-ER, 71. That which melts any solid sub- 
 stance. 
 
 LKi'UE-F?, (lik'we-fj,) v. U [Fr. liquefier, from 
 L. liquefacio. See Litiuio.] 
 
 To melt ; to dissolve ; to convert from a fixed or 
 solid form to that of a liquid ; and technically, to melt 
 by tlie sole agency of heat or caloric. 
 LIQ,'UE-Fy, V. i. To be melted ; to become liquid. 
 
 .Sddisoih, 
 
 LIQ'UE-FV-ING, p/)7-. Melting; becoming liquid. 
 
 LI-aUES'CEN-CY, 71. [L. liquescentia.] 
 
 Aptness to melt. Johnson, 
 
 Li aUES'CENT, a. Melting ; becoming fluid. 
 
 LI-CiUEOIl', (le-kure',) 71. [Fr.] A delicate prepara- 
 tion of distilled spirits, usually flavored witii fruits, 
 spices, alcohol, and various aromatic substances. Ure. 
 
 LKl'UIl), (lik'vvid,) a. [L. liquidus, from liquo, to 
 melt, Ir. Iragham ; probably from flowing, and coin- 
 ciding with Sax. logc, water, L. lix and lug, in Lug- 
 dunum, Leydon, Lyons.] 
 
 1. Fluid ; flowing or capable of flowing ; not 
 fixed or solid. But liquid is not precisely .synony- 
 mous with fluid. Air is fluid, but not liquid. 
 
 2. Soft; clear ; flowing; smooth; as, liquid mel- 
 ody. Crashaw. 
 
 3. Pronounced without any jar; smooth; as, a 
 liquid letter. 
 
 •I. Dissolved ; not obtainable by law ; as, a liquid 
 debt. [Obs.] Jlyliffe. 
 LKi'UID, (lik'wid,) 71. A fluid or flowing substance ; 
 a substance whose parts change their rel.itive posi- 
 tion on llie slightest pressure, and which flows on an 
 inclined plane, as water, wine, milk, &c. 
 
 2. In grammar, a letter which has a smooth, flow- 
 ing sound, or wliich flows smoothly after a mute ; 
 as, I and r, in bla, bra. M and 71 are also called li- 
 quids. 
 
 LIU'CHD-ATE, (lik'wid-atc,) r. t [Fr. liquider ; L. 
 liquido.] 
 
 1. To clear from oil obscurity. 
 
 Tim** only can liquittate tJio 
 lytteni. 
 
 niii* of all part* of a compound 
 llamiUon. 
 
 LIS 
 
 2. To settle ; to adjust; to ascertain or reduce to 
 precision in amount. 
 
 Which meOiod of liquidating the amercement to a precise lum 
 w.Ts usually performed in the superior courts. Blackstona, 
 
 The clerk of tlie commons' house of assembly, in 1774, j-Ave cer- 
 tificates to the public creditors that tUeir demauils were 
 liquidated, and should be provided for in the next tax-bili. 
 
 Ramsay. 
 
 The domestic debt may be subdivided into liquidated and «n- 
 liquidated. Hamilton. 
 
 3. To pay; to settle, adjust, and satisfy, as a debt. 
 
 ffhcatoiu 
 
 Fryburg-h was ced^l to Zurich by Sigismund, to Vuiui'lale a debt 
 of a thousand florins. Coie's Sioitz, 
 
 4. To diminish or lessen. Walpole. 
 Lia'UID-A-TED,pp. Settled; adjusted; reduced to 
 
 certainty ; paid. 
 Lld'UID-A-TING, ppr. Adjusting; ascertaining; 
 paying. 
 
 Lia-UID-A'TION, (lik-wid-a'shun,) 71. The act of 
 settling and adjusting d^'bts, or ascertaining their 
 amount or balance due. 
 
 Lia'UID A-TOR, (lik'wid-,) 71. He or that which 
 liquidates or settles. . E. Everett 
 
 Lia-UID'I-TY, (lik-wid'e-te,) 71. [Fr. liquiditi.] 
 
 1. The quality of being fluid or liquid. 
 
 2. Thinness. Olanville. 
 LIQ'UID-LY^, arfr. In a flowing manner. Smart. 
 Lia'UlD-NESS, (lik'wid-nes,) 71. The quality of be- 
 ing liquid ; fluency. Boyle. 
 
 Lia'UOR, (lik'ur,) n. [Sax. loge; Fr. liqueur; L. li- 
 quor.] 
 
 A liquid or fluid substance. [See Liquio.] Liquor 
 is a word of general signification, extending to wa- 
 ter, milk, blood, sap, juice, &c. ; but its most com- 
 mon application is to spirituous fluids, whether dis- 
 tilled or fermented, to decoctions, solutions, tinc- 
 tures. Milton, 
 
 Liquor of flints ; a solution of silicated potash. 
 
 ^raiirfe. 
 
 Liquor of Liiavius : bichlorid of tin. Ure. 
 Lia'UOK, V. u To moisten ; to drench. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Lla'UOR-irE. See Licorice. 
 
 LI'aUOR SIL'I-eUM, 71. [L.] Liquor of flints. [See 
 
 LuiUOR.] 
 
 LIR-I-CON-PAN'CY, 71. .\ flower. 
 LIR'I-POOP, 71. [Fx. liripipion.] The hood of a grad- 
 uate. 
 
 LIR'O-eONE, a. [Gr. Aci.005, pale, and Kama, pow- 
 der.] 
 
 In mineralogy, having the form of a whitish pow- 
 der. Shrpard. 
 
 LIR'O-eON-ITE, 71. A mineral, of a bright-blue or 
 green color, consisting of oxyd of copper, arsenic 
 acid, and water. 
 
 LIS'BON, 71. A sweet, light-colored species of wine, 
 exporteil from Lisbon, in Portugal. 
 
 LISIl, a. Stout ; active. [Locnl] 
 
 LiSNE, (line,) 7i. A cavity or hollow. [jVot in use.] 
 
 Hale. 
 
 LISP, V. i. [G. tispeln, D. li.-^pen, to lisp ; Sax. rlisp, or 
 vlip.i, a lisping ; Sw. Idspa, Riiss. Irpef.u, to lisp.] 
 
 To speak with a particular articulation of the 
 tongue and teeth, nearly as in pronouncing (A. 
 Lisping is particularly noticed in uttering th for s, 
 as yetli for yes. It is most common in children. 
 
 I li£]>e'I in nunii>TB, tor Uic uumbeis came. Pope. 
 LISP, V. t. To pronounce with a lisp ; as, she lisped a 
 few words. 
 
 LISP, 71. The act of lisping, as in uttering an aspi- 
 rated III for s. 
 
 LISP'/';D, (lispt.) pp. Uttered with a lisp. 
 
 LISP'EU, H. One that lisps. 
 
 LISP'INfJ, ppr. or a. Uttering with a lisp. 
 
 LISI"K\'G, 11. The art of speaking with a lisp. 
 
 LISP'ING-LY, or/f. With a lisp. HolJer. 
 
 LIS'SO.M, a. [Probably from the Sax. trsan, to loose.] 
 Limber; sujiple; relaxed; loose. [Local,] 
 
 LIST, ». [fiax.li.1t, Sw. list; It. and Sp. lL<ta : Fr. and 
 Dan. iisfs; V.lyst; G. litic. If //.-/, a roll or cata- 
 logue, aiuUi'i, a border or strip of cloth, are from the 
 same root, wc find the original orthography in I be 
 Arm. Ici, and Sp. li:a, and perhaps the L. Iicium, Fr. 
 licr. Hut in -some languages the words are distin- 
 guished ; Fr. liste, a rod, and lisierc, a list or selvedge 
 of cloth.] 
 
 1. The outer edge or selvedge of cloth ; a strip of 
 clolli forming the border, particularly of broadcloth, 
 and serving to strengthen it. 
 
 2. A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a 
 piece of ground, or field of combat ; hence, in tJic 
 j)?iira/, (lists,) the ground or field inclosed for a race 
 or combat. Hence, to enter tlie lists, is to accept a 
 challenge, or engage in contest. Hence, 
 
 3. A limit or boundary ; a border. 
 
 4. In architecture, a little square molding ; a fillet ; 
 called also a Listei.. 
 
 ."). A roll or catalogue, that is, a row or line ; as, a 
 list of names ; n list of books ; a list of articles ; a list 
 of ratable estate. 
 
 (i. A stri|) of cloth ; a fillet. Sioift 
 Cinil list ; in Great Britain and the United States, 
 tliu civil officers of government, as judges, embassa- 
 
 KATE, FAR, F^LL, WIl^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 668 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 dors, sucreliiries, «tc. Ilciice it is used for tlie rev- 
 enues or apiiropriiiliiiiis of public money for tlic sup- 
 port of tlie civil otlicers. 
 
 liy ;i late l:iw, tlie ciril in P'ngland, enihraces 
 only the expenses of tlie reigning monarcli's lioiise- 
 liold. Brnndr. 
 LIST, r. L [from list, a roll.] To enroll ; to resistor 
 in a list or catalogue ; to enlist. Tlio latter is the 
 more eU jiant word. Hence, 
 
 2. To engage in the public service, as soldiers. 
 
 They in my name arc tigteii, Dnjden. 
 
 3. To inclose for combat ; as, to lust a Held. 
 
 Dnjdrn. 
 
 4. To sew together, as strips of cloth, so as to 
 make a particolored show, or to form a border. 
 
 tVoltOH. 
 
 5. To cover with a list, or with strips of cloth ; as, 
 to list a door. 
 
 (). To hearken ; to attend ; a contraction of listen, 
 which see. 
 
 LIST, I', i. To engage in public service by enrolling 
 one's name ; to enlist. [The latter is the more el- 
 egant word.] fSee Enlist.] 
 LIST, p. I. [fi;\x'. hjstan : C.hlslen; D.lunten: Sw. 
 liisla; Unix. Iijstcr. (See Li'sT.) The primary sense 
 seems to be, to lean, incline, advance, or stretch 
 toward. See the noun.] 
 
 Propcrli), to lean or incline ; to be propense ; hence, 
 to desire or choose. 
 
 T.*'t othtT m^"!! think of your tlcvic*^ lu they lial, ^Vl^^^sifl^ 
 Tlie wiiui bioweUi wht rc it tigleOt. — John iii. 
 3. To hearken ; to attend ; to listen. 
 LIST, n. In (Ac Inns^uaire of seamen, an inclination to 
 
 one side. The ship has a list to port. Mar. Diet. 
 LIST'Kl), pp. Striped ; particolored in stripes. 
 
 2. Covered with list. 
 
 3. Inclosed for combat. 
 
 4. Engaged in public service ; enrolled. 
 LIST'JX, 11. A list in architecture ; a lillet. Eneyc. 
 LIST'KN, (lis'n,) v. i. [Sax. lystan, or hlystan; D. 
 
 laistcren. Uu. <I. lauschrn ; Scot. /iM.] 
 
 1. To hearken j to give ear ; to attend closely with 
 a view to hear. 
 
 On the ^'en hank I sat, and listened lon^. Drylen. 
 
 2. To obey ; to yield to advice ; to follow admoni- 
 tion. 
 
 LIST'KN, (lis'n,) v. t. To hear ; to attend. Sliak. 
 LIST'f:.\-KI), pp. Hearkened ; heard. 
 LIST'f.\\-ER, II. One who listens ; a hearkener. 
 LIST'£N-1NG, ppr. or o. Hearkening; giving atten- 
 tion. 
 
 LIST'KX-ING, 71. The act of giving attention. 
 
 LIST'ER, Ti. One who makes a list or roll. 
 
 LIST'Fl,'L, n. Attentive. [Obs.] Spcn.ser. 
 
 LIST'I.NG, n. The cutting away tlie sap-wood from 
 the edges of a board. Brnnde. 
 
 LIST'ING, ;>pr. Inclosing for combat ; covering with 
 list ; enlisting. 
 
 LIST'LESS, a. Not listening; not attending; indif- 
 ferent to what is passing ; heedless ; inattentive ; 
 thoughtless ; careless ; as, a listless hearer or specta- 
 tor. 
 
 LIS T'LESS-LY, ado. Without attention ; heed- 
 lessly. 
 
 LIST'I.ESS-NESS, n. Inattention; heedlessness; 
 inditference to what is passing, and may be inter- 
 esting. 
 
 LISTS, n. pi. The ground inclosed for a race, com- 
 bat, &c. 
 
 LIT, preU of Licmt. The bird Ul on a tree before me. 
 
 1 tH niy pipe with the pip^r. A't^tison. 
 [This word, though used by some good writers, is 
 verj' inelegant.] 
 LIT'.\-\ Y, II. [Fr. litanic ; Gr. XiTavtta, supplication, 
 from Airat'ftw.i, Xir'i/iai, Aiaco^jii, to pray.] 
 
 A solemn fonn of supplication, used in public wor- 
 ship. 
 
 Siipplic-iiions for the ftppeajinp of Cod's wroth were by the Orrek 
 church tenneU Utatues, by tlie Ljalia ro^Uoiu. Hooker. 
 
 LTTE, a. Little. [JVot in use.] 
 
 ii'TRf' I "• t^^' ^'""^ ^"".'"'•] 
 
 A French measure of capacity, being a cubic de- 
 cimeter, containing, .iccording to Lunier, about a pint 
 and a half old French measure. The liter is equal 
 to G1.028 cubic inches, or about 2 1-9 wine pints. 
 
 McCiiUoeh. 
 
 LIT'ER-AL, o. [Fr., from L. litera, a letter.] 
 
 1. According to the letter ; primitive ; real ; not 
 figurative or metaphorical ; as, the literal meaning of 
 a phrase. 
 
 2. Following the letter or exact words ; not free ; 
 as, a lUtral translation. 
 
 3. Consisting of letters. 
 
 The [iteral noution of uumben wni known to Etiropeani before 
 Uie eiphen. Johntoiu 
 
 LIT'ER-.\L, B, Litcnl meaning. [A'ot ««</.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 LIT'ER-.\L-I$M, n. That which accords with the 
 1^'t^r. Milton. 
 
 LIT'ER-AL-IST, n. One who adheres to the letter or 
 exact word. MiUon. 
 
 LIT-ER-AL'I-TY, n. Original or literal meaning. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 LIT'ER-AL-LY, adv. According to the primary and 
 natural import of words; not figuratively. A man 
 and his wife can not be literally one tlesh. 
 2. With close adherence to words ; word by word. 
 
 So wild and uiigovcmnble a poet ctii not Ic traiisliitcd iUeralty. 
 
 Viyden. 
 
 LIT'ER-AI^NESS, n. The state of being literal ; lit- 
 eral impoit. Quart. Kcv. 
 LlT'Eil-.\-KY, a. [L. literarius.) 
 
 1. I'ertaining to letters or literature; respecting 
 learning or learned men ; as, a literary history ; 
 literary conversation. 
 
 2. Derived from erudition ; as, literary fame. 
 
 3. Furnished with Cfudition ; versed in letters ; as, 
 a literary man. 
 
 4. Consisting in letters, or written or printed com- 
 positions ; as, literary property 
 
 LIT'EK-ATE, a. [L. lileratns.] 
 
 Learned ; lettered ; instructed in learning and sci- 
 ence. Johnson. 
 LIT-ER-A'TT, n. pi. [L. literatns.] 
 
 'I'he learned men ; men of erudition. Spectator. 
 UT-KR-A'Tl.yi, [L.] Letter for letter. 
 MT'ER-A-TOR, ii. [L.J A petty schoolmaster. 
 LIT'EK-A-Ti;ilE, 71. [I., literalura.] [Burke. 
 
 1. Learning; acquaintance with letters or books. 
 
 2. 'I'he collective body of literary productions, em- 
 bracing the entire results of knowledge and fancy 
 preserved in writing. 
 
 3. In the more distinelive and usual sense of the tenn, 
 /i7mi(iirc excludes the positive sciences, ami embraces 
 history, grammar, rhetoric, logic, criticism, languages, 
 &c. ill a still narnnrrr sense, it is sometimes used as 
 synonymous with the belles-lettres, or polite litera- 
 ture. 
 
 LITII, 71. rSax.] A joint or limb. [Ofts.] Chaueer. 
 LI-THAN''rHR.A.X, ti. [Gr. AiUoj, a stone, and ov- 
 U/mf, a coal.] 
 
 Stone-coal, a black, compact, brittle, inflammable 
 substance, of laminated texture, more or less shining. 
 
 J^ichohon. 
 
 LITH'ARGE, 71. [Fr., from L. litharrryros, Gr. AiOa/i- 
 juooj, the spume or scum of silver.] 
 
 A semi-vitreous oxyd of lead, protluced in refining 
 silver by cupellation with lead. It appears in the 
 form of soft flakes, or semi-transparent, shining 
 plates. Diet. JVof. Hist. F.neye. JSTicholsott. 
 
 LITH'ATE, 71. [Gr. AiHi-c, a stone.] 
 
 .\ salt or compound formed by the lithic acid with 
 a base. Hooper. 
 LITHE, a. [Sax. lith, lithe ; W. llyth.] 
 
 That may be easily bent ; pliant ; flexible ; limber ; 
 as, the elephant's lit/ie proboscis. Miltnn. 
 LITHE, V. U To smooth ; to soften ; to palliate. [ Obs.] 
 
 Cliaucer. 
 
 2. To listen. [Obs."] [See Listen.] 
 LITIIE'NESS, n. Flexibility ; limberness. 
 LITU'ER, a. Soft;plianL [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 2. [Sax. Jv£Ar.] Bad ; corrupt. [04.5.] Woolton. 
 LrfH'ER-LY, adv. Slowly; lazily. [Obs.] 
 
 Barret. 
 
 LTf H'ER-NESS, n. Idleness ; laziness. [Obs.] 
 
 Barret. 
 
 LTTHE'SOME, a. Pliant ; limber ; nimble. Scott. 
 
 LlTlI'I-.-V, n. A new alkali, found in the minerals 
 petalite, spodiimene, &c., of which the basis is a 
 metal called lithium. Davy. Silliman. 
 
 LlTH'ie, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to tlie stime in the 
 bladder. The lithic acid, generally called uric acid, 
 forms the most common variety of urinary calculus. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LITH'I-UM, n. The metallic base of lithix 
 LITH-0-BIH'LI-0.\. See Lithophvl. 
 LITH'O-CaRP, 71. [Gr. XiWus, a stone, and itoo-of, 
 fruit.] 
 
 Fossil fruit ; fruit petrified. Diet. A'at. Hist. 
 LITH-O-eoL'LA, 7i. [Gr. XiOo;, a stone, and KoXXa, 
 glue.] 
 
 .\ ci-ment that unites stones. .Ssk. 
 LITH-O-DEN'URON, 71. [Gr. AiOof, stone, and Jei- 
 (S/.o!/, tree.] 
 
 Coral ; so called from its resembling a petrified 
 branch. Parr. 
 
 LITirO-nERM, 71. [Gr. Aif).,{ and hp,,".] 
 
 One of a genus of apodal cchinoderins, h.aving an 
 oval iHidy, covered with a layer of calcareous gran- 
 nies forming a hard crust. 
 
 LITH'O-no.ME, n. ) [(Jr. Aiflif, stone, and Souoc, 
 
 LI-THOD'O .Mt, n.p/. i house.] 
 
 The name given to molluscous animals which form 
 holes in solid mcks, in which they lodge themselves. 
 The holes are not m-rforated mechanically, but the 
 rock ap|>ears to be (lissolved. Liirll. 
 
 LI-THOD'O-MOl'S, a. Relating to a genus of mol- 
 liiscan animals which perforate stones. 
 
 LITII-O-GEN'E-SY, ti. [Gr. XiO/j, stone, and )Cfea,s, 
 generation.] 
 
 The doctrine or science of the origin of minerals 
 composing the globe, and of the causes which have 
 produced their form and dis|xisition. 
 
 DicL JVat. lUsU 
 
 LI-THOG'E-NOUS, a. An epithet applied to imlypa 
 which form coral. Lyrll. 
 
 LITH'O-GLYl'II, 71. The art of engraving on precious 
 stones, KItncs. 
 
 LITH-O-GLYPH'ITE, n. [Gr. Aiffot, stone, and yXv- 
 to engrave.] 
 
 A fossil that presents the appearance of being cn- 
 graveil or shaped by art. Lunier. 
 LITH'O-GRAPII, r. (. To trace letters or figures on 
 
 sloue, and transfer them to paper, &c. 
 LITIl'U GRAPH 71. A print from a draw ing on stone. 
 
 SmarU 
 
 LITH'0-GRAPII-f;n, (lith'o-gruft,) pp. or a. Formed 
 
 bv Iriieini: IftliTs or figures on stone. 
 LI-tllOG'KA PIIEK, H. [See LiTHOGBArHr.] One 
 
 who prai tici s lilhography. 
 LITILO-GltAl'll'IC, \a. Pertaining to lithngra- 
 LITII () CKAI'll'lC-AL, i phy. 
 LITH O-GRAril'IC-AL-LY, mlc. By the lithographic 
 
 art. 
 
 LITirO-GRAPII-ING, ppr. Forming by letters or fig- 
 ures on stone. 
 
 LI-THOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. AiOof, stone, and yiia>!,(j>, 
 to engrave or write.] 
 
 The art of tracing letters, figures, or other designs, 
 on stone, and of Iraiisft rring tliein to paper by im- 
 pression ; an art receiilly invented by .'ilr. Sennefel- 
 der, of Munich, in liavaria. Joiirn. of Seicnr.e. 
 
 LITll-OID'AL, a. Like a stone ; having a stony stnic- 
 liire. Lyell. 
 
 Ll'l'lI-O-LOfi'ie, ( a. In mineralop,, pertaining 
 
 LITH-O-LOC'ie-AL, j to the character of a rock, 
 as derived from the nature and mode of aggrega- 
 tion of its mineral contents. Dana. 
 
 LITH-O-LOG'IC-AL-LY, adu. In a lithological man- 
 ner. 
 
 Ll-THOL'O-GIST, n. A person skilled in the science 
 of stones. 
 
 LI-TIIOL'O-GY, TI. [Gr. Aift/f, stone, and Ao)r,s, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 \. The science or natural history of stones. 
 
 Foureroy. 
 
 2. A treatise on stones found in the body. Coic. 
 LITII'O-MAX-CY, 71. [Gr.AiUi.j, stone, and pavreta, 
 divination.] 
 
 Divination or prediction of events by means of 
 stones. Brown. 
 LITII'O-MXRGE, II. [Gr. Aif'oj, stone, and L. marga, 
 marl.] 
 
 A compact clay of a fine, smooth texture, and very 
 scctile. Dana. 
 LITII'OX-TRIP TOR, j ti. An instrument for tritura- 
 LITH'O-TRI-TOR, ( ting the stone in the blad- 
 
 LITli-ON TRYP'Tie, ) a. [Gr. AiO.-s, stone, and 
 LlTII-OiX-THRVP'Tie, i O.>i.irr„i,towearor break.] 
 Having the quality of destroying the stone in the 
 
 hladiler or kidneys. 
 LrrH-O.N-TRVP'TlC, )n. A medicine which has 
 LITH-O.N'-TIIRVP'Tie, j the power of destroying 
 
 the stone in the bladder or kidneys'; a solvent of 
 
 stone in the human Iirinarv passages. Cote- 
 LI-THOPII'A-Or. Soc LiTHoDOMi. 
 Ll-TIIOPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. AiU.<{, stone, and <j,ayo), 
 
 to eat.] 
 
 Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the os- 
 trich. 
 
 LITH'O-PHOS-PIIOR, ti. [Gr. A1O05, stone, and ^utr- 
 
 A stone that becomes phosphoric by heat. [ Obs.] 
 Diet. .\at. Hist. 
 LITH-O-PIIOS PHOR'ie, a. Pertaining to lithophos- 
 
 phor ; becoming phosphoric by heat. 
 LITH'O-PHYL, Ti. [Gr. A.Uus, stone, and dpuAAoi', a 
 leaf] 
 
 Binliolite, or lilhobiblion, fossil leaves, or the fig- 
 ures of Ii-aves on fousils. 
 LITH'O-PIIYTE, Ti. [Gr. AiOoj, stone, «nd ^VTO*-, a 
 plant ; literally, stone-plant.] 
 
 .\ conil zoophyte ; a name given to those species 
 of polypicra whose substance is stony. The older 
 naturalists classed them with vegetables. 
 
 Curler. Ray. 
 LITH-O-PHYT'ie, a. Pertaining to lithophrtes. 
 LI-TllOPlI'Y-TOi;.S, a. Pertaining to or consisting 
 
 of lithoplivtes. 
 LlTirO-TO.ME, n. [Gr. AiSuf, stone, and rt/iKtu, to 
 cut.] 
 
 A stone so formed naturally as to appear as if cut 
 artificially. Diet \'nt. Hist, 
 
 LITH-O-TO.M'ie, a. Pertaining to or performed by 
 lithotomy. 
 
 LI-THOT'O-MIST, n. [See Lithotomv j One who 
 performs the operation of cutting for the stone in the 
 bladder; or one who is skilled in the operation. 
 
 LI THOT'O-.MY, ti. [Gr. \,0 stone, and ripno, to 
 cut.] 
 
 The operation, art, or practice, of cutting for the 
 stone in the bladder. 
 LITH'O-TRIP-SV, n. The ojierntion of trituniiinp the 
 stone in the bladder by means of an instrument called 
 
 lithotriptor. 
 
 LITH'O-TRIP TIST, 71. One skilled in breaking and 
 extracting stone in the bladder. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 64 ' 
 
 G69 
 
LIT 
 
 LIV 
 
 LIV 
 
 LITH'O-TRtP-TOR, n. [Gr. Aifl -f, a stone, and r,)i- 
 
 001, to grind.] 
 
 An instrument for triturating the stone in the blad- 
 der, so that it may he extracted without cutting, re- 
 cently invented by Dr. Civiale. 
 LI-THOT'UI-TY, n. [Gr. XlS stone, and riipcj, to 
 break down.] 
 
 The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder 
 into small pieces capable of being voided. Brande, 
 LI-THUX'YLE, n. [Gr. Ai&uj, stone, and lv\ov, 
 wood.] 
 
 Petrified wood. It differs from Licnite, being 
 really changed into stone ; such as silicified woods, 
 which are changed into varieties of silex, &c. [OAs.] 
 Diet, JVat. Hist. 
 LITH'Y, 0. [See Lithe.] Easily bent ; pliable. 
 
 [This is probably the word which, in our popular 
 use, is pronounced lathy.'] 
 LIT'l -GAnT, a. [See Litigate.] Contending in 
 law ; engaged in a lawsuit ; as, the parties litigant. 
 
 LIT'I-GANT, n. A person engaged in a lawsuit. 
 
 L'Estrange. 
 
 LIT'I-GaTE, v. t. [L. Utigo, from li^, litis, a contest 
 
 or debate ; Ar. ^x! ladda, to dispute. Cla.ss Ld, No. 
 
 2. Lis, litis, coincides with the Sax. ^it, contention ; 
 fliUm, to contend.] 
 
 To contest in law ; to prosecute or defend by plead- 
 ings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate ; as, 
 to litigate a cause or a question. 
 
 LIT'I-GaTE, v. i. To dispute in law ; to carry on a 
 suit by judicial process. 
 
 LrT'LGA-TED, or a. Contested judicially. 
 
 LIT'I-Ga-TL\G, ;)pr. Contesting in law. 
 
 LIT-I-Ga'TION, n. The act or process of carrying 
 on a suit in a court of law or equity for the recovery 
 of a right or claim ; a judicial contest. 
 
 LI-TIG'IOUS, (le-lid'jus,) a. [Fr. litigieiii. ; L. litigi- 
 
 OSILS.] 
 
 1. Inclined to judicial contest ; given to the prac- 
 tice of contending in law; quarrelsome; conten- 
 tious ; applied to persons. A litigious man is a bad 
 neighbor and a bad citizen. 
 
 2. Disputable ; controvertible ; subject to conten- 
 tion ; as, litigioiLS right. Blackstone. 
 
 No f'-uces, parted fielilp, nor marks, nor bounds, 
 DisUns^oijiKed acres cf liusioue grounds. Dry'Un. 
 
 LI-TIC'IOUS-LY, ado. In a contentious manner. 
 
 LI-TIG'IOUS-NESS, n. A disposition to engage in 
 or carry on lawsuits ; inclination to judicial con- 
 tests. 
 
 LIT'MUS, 7!. A blue pigment, formed from argol, 
 orchal, or archil, a lichen, the Roccella tinctoria. [."^ee 
 Archil.] It is prepared by bruising the archil, and 
 adding quicklime and putrefied urine, or spirit of urine 
 distilled from lime. The mixture, after cooling, and 
 the-evaporation of the fluid, becomes a mass of the 
 consistence of paste, which is laid on a board to dry 
 in square lunii)S. Encyc. 
 
 LIT'ORN, 71. A bird, a species of thnish, in size and 
 shape resembling the hen blackbird. Diet. JVat. Hist. 
 
 LI'TO-TeS, n. [Gr. Aims, slender.] In rhetorie, a 
 diminution or softening of statement for the sake of 
 avoiding censure, or of expressing more strongly 
 what is intended ; as, " a citizen of no mean city," 
 i. e., an illustrious one. 
 
 LI-TIIAM'E-TER, n. An instrument invented by Dr. 
 Hare, for the purpose of ascertaining the specific 
 gravity of liquids. 
 
 LrT''l'ER, n. [Vt. liticre, from lit; contracted from L. 
 leeltis, from the root of lego. Eng. lay, It. Ictlica, or 
 leltiga; Sp. litcra ; Port, liteira: Arm. letrr.] 
 
 1. " A vehicle formed with shafts supporting a bed 
 between them, in which a person may be borne by 
 men or by a horse. If by the latter, it is called a 
 HoRsE-LiTTEiu A similar vehicle in India is called 
 
 a PALANiiUIN. 
 
 2. Straw, hay, or other soft substance, used as a 
 beil for horses and for other purposes. 
 
 3. [Ice. liiler, gencr.'ition, from the root of (fof/.] 
 A brood of young pigs, kittens, puppies, or other 
 quadrupeds. The word is applied only to certain 
 quadrupeds, of the smaller kinds. [Uu. the root of 
 lad.] 
 
 4. A birth of pigs or other small animals. 
 
 5. Waste matters, .«hreds, fragments and the like, 
 scattered on a floor or other dean place. 
 
 LIT'TEll, V. t. 'I'll bring forth young, as swine and 
 other small quadrupeds. It is sometimes applied to 
 butnan beings in contempt. Shak. 
 
 2. To scatter over carelessly with shreds, frag- 
 ments, nnd the like ; as, to liUcr a room or a carpet. 
 
 Sicift. 
 
 3. To cover with straw or liay ; as, to litter a sta- 
 ble. Drydvn. 
 
 4. To supply with litter ; as, to liller cattle. 
 IJT''l"ER-y';l), pp. I'uriiished with straw. 
 
 2. a. (Jovcred or overspread with litter, pieces, 
 ■hreds, &c. 
 
 LIT'TER INfJ, ppr. Furnishing with straw. 
 2. Covering with shreds, pieces, Slc. 
 
 LIT'TLE, a.; com;;. Less, Lesser ; sup. Least. [Sax. 
 hjtcl, lytic! Scot, lite, lyte, adv. hjt ; Goth, leitel; Sw. 
 liten; Dan. lidcn; D. liittel ; probably from the sense 
 of diminishing. Cl.ass Ld, No. 15, 22, 31.] 
 
 1. Small in size or extent ; not great or large ; as, 
 a little body ; a little animal ; a little piece of ground ; 
 a little table ; a little book ; a little hill ; a little dis- 
 tance ; a little child. 
 
 2. Short in duration ; as, a little time or season ; a 
 little sleep. 
 
 3. Small in quantity or amount ; as, a little hay or 
 grass ; a little food ; a little sum ; a little light ; a little 
 air or water. 
 
 4. Of small dignity, power, or importance. 
 
 When thoti wast lilUe in lliy own fiisht, wasl lliou not made tlie 
 head of the tribei ? — 1 Sam. xv. 
 
 5. Of small force or effect ; slight; intionsiderable ; 
 as, little attention or exertions ; little effort ; little care 
 or diligence ; lillle weight. 
 
 LIT'TLE, H. A small quantity or amount. He de- 
 manded much and obtained little. He had little of his 
 
 2. A small spice. [father's liberality. 
 
 Much was in little writ. Dryrlen. 
 
 3. Any thing small, slight, or of inconsiderable 
 importance. 
 
 I view with an^r and disdain 
 
 How Utile gives thee joy and pain. Prior. 
 
 4. Not much. 
 
 These tliey are fitted for, and little else. Cheyne. 
 LIT'TLE, adv. In a small degree ; slightly ; as, he is 
 little changed. It is a little discolored. 
 
 2. Not much ; in a small quantity or space of time. 
 He sleeps little. 
 
 3. In some degree ; slightly ; sometimes preceded 
 by a. The liquor is a little sour or astringent. 
 
 LIT'T'LE-Go, n. In tlic English universities, a cant 
 name for a public examination about the middle of the 
 course, which, being less strict and less important in 
 its consequences than tlie final one, has received this 
 appellation. LyeU, 
 
 LIT'TLE-NESS, ?!. Smallness of size or bulk ; as, 
 the littleness of the body, or of an animal. 
 
 2. Meanness; want of grandeur; as, littleness of 
 conception. 
 
 3. Want of dignity. Contemplations on the majes- 
 ty of God, displayed in his works, may awaken in 
 us a si'iise of our own littleness. 
 
 4. Meanness ; penuriousness. 
 LtT'TO-KAL, a. [L. litloralis, from littiu^, shore.] 
 
 lielnnging to a shore, as of the sea, or a great lake. 
 
 LIT'lI-lTE, n. A fossil, chambered shell, straight, ex- 
 cept at its smaller extremity, which is spiral. It is 
 allied to the ammonite. Bur.kland. 
 
 LI-TUR'GlC, ) a. [See Lituugv.] Pertaining 
 
 LI-TUR'Gie-AL, S to a liturgy. 
 
 LIT'UR-GY, V. [Fr. liturgie ; Sp. and It. liturgiai 
 Gr. SeiTovpj la ; Atirns, public, and epynv, work.] 
 
 In a general sense, the established formulas for 
 public worship, or the entire ritual for public wor- 
 ship in those churches which use written forms. 
 But in a restricted sense, among Roman Catholics, the 
 mass ; and in tlic English church, the communion 
 service. Murdoch. 
 
 LIVE, (liv,) r'. i. [Snx. liban, leofan, lifiath; Goth, (i- 
 ban ; Su\ lefwa ; Dan. lever ; G. Irbcn ; D. licven. It 
 coincides with leave. The primary sense probably 
 is, to rest, remain, abide. If so, the root may be Ar. 
 
 <_*! labba, to be, to abide. Class Lb, No. 1.] 
 
 1. To abide ; to dwell ; to have settled residence 
 in any place. Where do ytju live ? I live in Lt)ndon. 
 He lives in Philatlelphia. He lives in a large house 
 in Second Street, 'i'lie Swiss live on mountains. 
 The liedouin Arabs live in the desert. 
 
 2. To continue ; to be permanent ; not to perish. 
 M' li's evil maimers tiee in br.iss; tlieir virlnes 
 
 We wriU' in water. iShak. 
 
 3. To be animated ; to have the vital principle ; 
 to have the bodily functions in operation, or in a ca- 
 pacity to operate, as respiration, circulation of blood, 
 secretions, &c. ; applied to animals. 
 
 I am Josepli ; doth my f.ulier yet live 7 — Gen. xlv. 
 
 4. To have the principles of vegetable life ; to be 
 in a state in which tho organs do or may perform 
 th(!ir functions in the circulation of sap and in 
 growth ; applied to plants. This tree will not lire, 
 unless watered ; it will not live through the winter. 
 
 5. To pass life or time in a particular mannt'r, witli 
 "regard to habits or condition. In what manner does 
 
 your son livcl Does he live in ease and alHuencei" 
 Does he live according to the dictates of reason and 
 the precepts of religitjn.' 
 
 If wc act by wrvural brolteii views, we sliall /iucand die In misery. 
 
 Speclalor, 
 
 6. To continue in life. The way to live long is to 
 be tem[n'rati-. 
 
 7. To live, emphatically; to enjoy life ; to bo in a 
 Btate of happiness. 
 
 What pn-at'T cnme could envious furtutm givi 
 Than )iist to file wlien I began to live! 
 
 IJnjtlcn. 
 
 8. To feed ; to subsist ; to be nourished and sup- 
 ported in life ; as, horses live on grass or grain , fowls 
 live on seeds or insects ; some kinds of fish live on 
 others ; carnivorous animals live on flesh. 
 
 9. To subsist ; to be maintained in life ; to be sup- 
 ported. Many of the clergy are obliged to live on 
 small stilaries. All men in health may live by indus- 
 try with economy, yet some men live by robbery. 
 
 10. To remain undestroyed ; to float ; not to sink 
 or founder. It must be a good ship that lives at sea 
 in a hurricane. 
 
 Nor can our siialten vessels Hve at sea. Dryden, 
 
 11. To exist; to have being. 
 
 As I live, saiUi tlie Lord. — Ezelt. xviii. 
 
 12. In Scripture,to be exempt from death, temporal 
 or spiritu.al. 
 
 Ye sh ill tliercforc keep my statutes and judgments, which if a 
 man do, he shall Iwe in them. — Lev. xvui. 
 
 13. To recover from sickness; to have life pro- 
 longed. 
 
 Thy son liveth. — Jolm iv. 
 
 14. To be inwardly quickened, nourished, and ac- 
 tuated, by divine influence or faith. Gal. ii. 
 
 15. To be greatly refreshed, comforted, and ani- 
 mated. 
 
 For now we live, if ye stand fast in the Lord. — 1 Tliess. iti. 
 
 16. To appear as in life or reality ; to be manifest 
 in real character. 
 
 And all Uie writer lives in every hue. Pope, 
 To live with ; to dwell or to be a lodger with. 
 9. To cohabit ; to have intercourse, as male and 
 female. Shak, 
 LIVE, (liv,) B. (. To continue in constantly or habit- 
 ually ; as, to live a life of ease. 
 2. To act habitually in conformity to. 
 
 To live down ; to live so as to subdue, or to live till 
 subdued. Burke. 
 LIVE, a. Having life ; having respiration and other 
 organic functions in operation, or in a capacity to 
 operate ; not dead ; as, a live ox. 
 
 2. Having vegetable life; as, a live plant. 
 
 3. Containing fire ; ignited ; not extinct ; as, a live 
 coal. 
 
 4. Vivid, as color. Tliomson. 
 LIV'£D, (livd.) prct. and pp. of Live. 
 
 Lived, a. Having a life ; as, \ong-lived. 
 LIVE'-FEATH'ERS, (-feth'eiz,) re. p.'. Feathers which 
 
 have been plucked from the living fowl, and are 
 
 therefore more strong and elastic. 
 LIVE'LESS. [M'otused.] See Lifeless 
 LiVE'LI-ER, o. comp. More lively. 
 LIVE'LI-EST, a, superl. Most lively. 
 LIVE'LI-HOOD, n. [lively and hood, or lifelodc, from 
 
 lead. I find'in Saxon lif-ladc, lead or course of life, 
 
 vit*s iter,] 
 
 Means of living; support of life; maintenance. 
 Trade furnishes many people with an honest livrli- 
 hood. Men of enterprise seek a livelihood where they 
 can find it. 
 
 LIVE'LI-NESS, 71. [from lively.] The quality or 
 slate of being lively or animated ; sprightliness ; vi- 
 vacity ; animation; spirit; as, the Ziyeii;te^'4' of j'outh, 
 contrasted with the gravity of age. 
 
 2. An apjiearance of life, animation, or spirit ; as, 
 the liveliness of the eye or countenance in a portrait. 
 
 3. liriskness ; activity ; effervescence, as of litjuors. 
 LIVE'LODE, for Livelihood, is not used. 
 
 Hubbcrd's Talc. 
 LIVE'LONG, (liv'long,) a. [live and long,] 
 
 1. Long in passing. 
 
 How could she sit the livelong day, 
 
 Yet never ask ns once to play i Smfl. 
 
 2. Lasting; durable; as, a livelong monument. 
 [JVot used.] Milton. 
 
 3. 71. A plant of the genus Seduni. 
 
 LIVE'LY, a. Brisk; vigorous; vivacious; active; 
 as, a lively youth. 
 
 2. Gay ; airy. 
 
 From gr.ive to gay, from Ww/y to scverv. Pope. 
 
 3. Representing life ; as, a lively imitation of na- 
 ture. 
 
 4. Animated ; spirited ; ns, a lively strain of elo- 
 quence ; a lively description. 
 
 5. Strong ; energetic ; as, a lively faith or hoi)e ; a 
 lively persuasion. 
 
 Lively stones, in Scripture. Saints are called livehj 
 stones, as being quickened by tile Spirit anil active 
 in holiness. Brown, 
 LIVE'LY, adv. Briskly; vigorously. [Little used,] 
 
 Hayward, 
 
 2. With strong resemblance of life. 
 
 That p:irt of poetry must iieeils be liest, which describes molt 
 (ier(y our actions and p;.B>iuiiB. [LiH/f iiscrf.) DryiUn. 
 
 LIVE'-OAK, n. A species of oak, qurrcus vlrens, 
 growing in the Southern Stales, of great durability, 
 and highly esteemi il for shiiKiinber. Encyc, Am. 
 
 LIVER, 71. One who lives. 
 
 And try if life !»• wortli llio fiver's care. JVior. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T METE, I'RBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 670 
 
LIV 
 
 LOA 
 
 LOA 
 
 It is ollen used with a word of qualification ; as, 
 a high liver ; a loose lirer, &c. 
 
 LI V'EU, H. [Sax. lifer, lifre : D. lert er ; G. Icher ; Sw. 
 lefcrr ; Dan. lever ; Riisa. liber. The Saxon word is 
 rendered also librnmentum, and this viscus may be 
 named from its iveiirht.] 
 
 An abdominal and glandular viscus of considera- 
 ble size, and of a reddish color, convex on the ante- 
 rior nnil superior side, and nf an unequal surface on 
 the inferior and posterior side. It is situated under 
 the false ribs, m the right liypochondrium. It con- 
 sists of two lobes, and is destined for llie secretion 
 of the bile. F.ncyc. 
 
 LIV'EU-eOL-OR, a. Dark red; of the color of the 
 liver. JVoodicard, 
 
 LIV'ER-£D, a. Having a liver; as, white /iocrcrf. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 LIV'F.R-GRoWN, a. Having a large liver. Oraunl. 
 
 LIV'Kll-I-/CD, (liv'er-id,) a. Wearing a livcr\', as 
 
 LIV'ER-STO.VE, n. [ii. Irbrrstein.] [servants. 
 A stone or species of earth of llie bani tic genus, of 
 a gray or brown color, which, when rubbed or heated 
 to redness, emits the smell of liver of sulphur, or 
 alkaline sulphuret. Kirican. 
 
 LIVER-WORT, II. Tlie name of many species of 
 plants. Several of the lichens are so called. The 
 liverworts {Ilepatiea) are a natural order of crj pto- 
 ganiic plants, whose herbage is generally fronilose, 
 and resembling the leafy lichens, but whose seeds 
 ore contained in a distinct capsule. The noble livcr- 
 iDort is the Hepatica triloba. Smith. J^ec. 
 
 LIVER Y, n. [.Xorm., from Fr. livrrr, to deliver.] 
 
 1. The act of delivering possession of lands or ten- 
 ements ; a term of English law. It is usual to say, 
 licerij of seizin, \\ \\\e\^ is a feudal investiture, made 
 by the delivery of a turf, of a rod, or twig, from the 
 feoffor to the feoHee. In .America, no such ceremony 
 is necessary to a conveyance of real estate, the deliv- 
 ery of a deed being suificicnt. 
 
 2. Release from wardship ; deliverance. 
 
 King Charles. 
 
 3. The writ by which possession is obtained. 
 
 .Johnson. 
 
 4. The state of being kept at a certain rate ; as, to 
 keep horses at livery. Spenser. 
 
 5. A form of dress by which noblemen and gen- 
 tlemen distinguish their servants. 
 
 6. A particular dress or garb, appropriate or pecu- 
 liar to particular persons or things. Thus, the trad- 
 
 . ers in London have their distinct /iccrici ; the Roman 
 Catholic church has also liveries for confessors, vir- 
 gins, apostles, martyrs, penitents, &c. Hence, the 
 term is figuratively applied to the seasons, &c. ; as, 
 the livery of May ; the livery of autumn. 
 Now c-une ftUII evfiiinj on, anj twilight jmy 
 lliul in h'-T sobiT Uvery nil Utiug^ ctad. Mitlon, 
 
 7. The whole body ofliveninen in London. 
 LTV'ER-Y, V. t. To clothe in livery. Shak. 
 LIV'ER-Y-.M.\.\, II. One who wears a livery, as a 
 
 servant. 
 
 2. In London, a freeman of the city, who, having 
 paid certain fees, is entitled to wear the distinguish- 
 ing dress or liviry of the company to which he be- 
 longs, and also to enjoy certain other privileges, viz., 
 the right of voting in an election for the lord-mayor, 
 sherifls, chamberlain, &.c. P. Cyc. 
 
 LIVER-Y-.ST.\'BLE, lu A stable where horses are 
 kept for hire. 
 
 LIVES, (llvz,) n. pi. of Life. 
 
 LIVE'STOCK, n. [lire and .itock.] Horses, cattle, 
 and smaller domestic animals ; a term applied in 
 America to such animals as may be exported alive 
 for foreign market. 
 
 LIVID, n. [Fr. lieide ; It. livido : Ij. liviJu-s ; from 
 ticeo, U\ be blark and blue.] 
 
 Ulack and blue; of a lead color; discolored, aa 
 flesh by contusion. 
 
 I'pon my hind lijis b«'slow a kiss. Dn/den. 
 
 LI-VID'!-TY, j II. A dark color, like that of bruised 
 
 HVID-NESS, i flesh. [Livio^ikss is the prefera- 
 ble word.] 
 
 LIV'I.VG, /i/ir. [from /inc.] Dwelling ; residing ; ex- 
 isting ; subsisting ; having life or the vital functions 
 in operation ; not dead. 
 
 2, o. Issuing contrnually from the earth ; running; 
 flowing ; as, a living spring or fountain ; opposed to 
 Stagnant. 
 
 3. o. Producing action, animation, and vigor ; 
 quickening ; as, a licing principle ; a living faith. 
 
 Living rock: rock in its native or original state or 
 location ; as, seats cut in the living rock, i. e. solid 
 rock. * ' 
 
 LIVING, n. He or those who are alive ; usuallywith 
 a plural signification ; as. in the land of the living. 
 ■riw iinnj will by it i„ |,i, hran. - KmI.-j. 
 LIVING, ». Means of subsistence; estate, 
 lie di«i<lnl lo Uiem hU living. — Luki- 1». 
 ^'"^ — 'wUrk xi"' '" »" h" ^'i"/- 
 
 2. Power of continuing life. There is no livint 
 with a scold. 
 
 Ttxrf b no linnf wiihout muting toniebojT or ollrr in jonii! 
 
 L'E,trange. 
 
 3. Livelihood. He made a living by his occupa- 
 tion. The woman spins for a living. 
 
 4. The benefice of a clergyman. He lost his (iriii^r 
 by non -conformity. 
 
 LiV'ING-LY, ai/i'. lu a living state. Brown. 
 Ll-yO.V'l-C^ TKR'RjI; a species of fine bole found 
 
 in Livonia, brought to market in little cakes. 
 i/K-«/i/-SO.\'', (liv-ra-zi.ng',) H. [Fr. ; Eng. delivery, 
 
 from livrer, lo (IcIiver.J 
 
 A part <if a book or literary composition printed 
 
 and delivered from time to time, as the work ad- 
 
 vaiires. 
 
 LI'VliE, (li'ver or le'vur,) n. [Fr. ; L. W/rn.] 
 
 .\ French money of account, equal to 20 sous, 18^ 
 cent-*, or iu\arly ten pence sterling. 
 
 i'lx IV'l OIj's I [L. ^'ii'piii.--, from ;ii, lye.] 
 
 1. Obtained by li\iviation ; impregnated with alka- 
 line salt, extracted from wood-ashes. Liiivial s.'ills 
 are those which are obtained by p.assing water 
 throligh ashes, or liy pouring it on llieni. 
 
 2. Containing salt extracted from the ashes of 
 wood. 
 
 3. Of the color of lye ; resembling lye. 
 
 4. Having the qualities of alkaline salts from wood- 
 ashes. 
 
 LIX-IVT-ATE, jo. Pertaining to lye or lixivium ; 
 
 LIX-IV'I-A-TEI), i of the quality of alkaline salts. 
 2. Impregnated with salts from wood-ashes. 
 
 LIX-I VI-A'J'E, r. (. [L. lixivia, lixivium, lye.] 
 
 To form lye ; to impregnate with sails from wood- 
 aslies. Water is lixiviated by pa.ssing through ashes. 
 
 LIX-I V'I-A-TI.\G, ;>/)r. Extracting alkaline salts by 
 leaching ashes ; forming lyo. 
 
 LIX-I V-I-.\'TIO.V, II. Tlie operation or process of 
 extracting alkaline salts from ashes, by pourfng w.a- 
 ter on thi in, tlie water passing through them imbib- 
 ing the salts. 
 
 LIX-IV'I-U.M, n, [L., from lix, lye, Sp. lexia, Fr. les- 
 sive.] 
 
 Lye ; xvater impregnated with alkaline s.alts im- 
 bibed from wood-ashes. It is sometimes applied to 
 other extracts. Boide. 
 
 LIZ'.ARD, n. [Fr. lezarde ; L. IncMus; Pp. lagarto ; 
 It. lucerta, hicertoln ; Ann. glitsard. It lizard is the 
 L. lacerta, there has been a change of e into z or s, 
 which may be the fact. In Etiiiopic, latsrkal is liz- 
 ard. Gebelin deduces the word from an Oriental 
 word, lezn, lo hide. l!ut this is doubtful.] 
 
 The popular Eiiglisli name of all saurian reptiles 
 generally, as the crocodile, the alligator, the chame- 
 leon, &c. ; or of the species of the genus Lacerta 
 only. Lizards, in the widest sense, are covered with 
 scales, and their bodies are supported either by four 
 or two legs^ Their hearts have two auricles. 
 
 LIZ'ARD-T.\IL, II. A plant of the genus Saunirus, 
 anil another of the genus Piper. *"im. of Planu. 
 
 LL. D. ; letters standing for doctor of laws, the title of 
 an honorary degree. 
 
 LL(JYD'S, ) n. A part of the Royal Ex- 
 
 LLOYD'S'-ROO.MS, j chaiigr, in London, appropri- 
 ated to the use of underwriters and insurance bro- 
 kers. The name is derived fnmi Lloyd's ColTee- 
 Ilouse, where there were formerly rooms for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 LO, eicldHt. [Sax. la. \Vhcther this is a contractec^ 
 word or not, does not appear.] 
 
 Look; see; beludd ; observe. This word is used 
 to excite particular .attention in a hearer to some ob- 
 ject of sight or subject of discourse. 
 
 Lo, hfrc is Clirist. — Mrvit. xxiv. 
 
 Lo, Vit turn to tjM Gentiles, — Acts xiU. 
 
 LOCHElj"- 
 
 A small fish of the genus Cobitis, inhabiting small, 
 
 clear streams, and esteemed daiiitv food. fVallon. 
 Load, (lOde,) n. [Sax. Mad or laiie ; W. Uwyth. See 
 
 Laoe.) 
 
 1. A burden ; that which is Laid on or put in any 
 thing for conveyance. Thus we lay a loa4 on a 
 beast or on a man's shoulders, or on a cart or wag- 
 on ; and we say, a light load, a heavy load. A load, 
 then, is indefiuite in quantity or weight. But by 
 usage, in some cases, the word lias a more definite 
 signification, and expresses a certain quantity or 
 weight, or as much as Is usually carried, or as can 
 be well sustained. Load is seldom used, except by 
 poets, for the cargo of a ship; this is called loading, 
 lading, freight, or cargo. 
 
 2. ,\ny heavy burden ; a large quantity borne or 
 sustained. A tree may be said to have a load of fruit 
 upon it. 
 
 3. That which is borne with pain or dilTiculty ; a 
 grievous weight ; cnciimbmncc, in a literal sciise. 
 
 Jovo Ir^lit.-iieil of its load 
 Tiv- ciiurnioiu in.iss. Popr. 
 
 In a figurative arnse, we say, a load of care or grief; 
 a load of guilt or crimes. 
 
 4. Weight or violence of blows. Milton. 
 
 5. .\ quantity of food or drink that oppresses, or as 
 much as can be borne. Dryden. 
 
 Among miners, the quantity of nine dishes of ore, 
 each dish being about half a hundred weight 
 
 Kneyc. Cyc. 
 
 LOAD, V. t. ; jnret. and j>;i. I.oauku. [Loaden, formerly 
 used, is obsolete, and laden bi'longs to lade. Load, 
 from the noun, is a regular verb.] 
 
 1. To lay on a burden ; to put on or in something 
 to be carried, or as mucli as can be carrii'd ; as, to 
 load a camel or .a horse ; to load a cart tir wagon. To 
 load a gun, is to charge, or put in a sulhcieut ipiantity 
 of powder, or powder and ball, or shot. 
 
 2. To encumber ; to lay on or put in that which is 
 borne with pain or dilficiilty ; in a literal sense, as, to 
 load the stom.ich with meat ; or in a figurative sense, 
 as, to load the mind or memory. 
 
 3. To make heavy by something added or ap- 
 pended. 
 
 Thy (Irradful tow, loaden with ilsnth. Addison. 
 
 So, in a literal sen-w, to ?ooif a whip. 
 
 4. To bestow or confer on in great abundance ; as, 
 to load one with honors ; to load with reproaches. 
 
 LO AU'ED, pp. or a. (,'harged wiyi a load or cargo ; 
 
 having a burden ; freighted, as a ship; having a 
 
 char;.'!- of powder, or powder and shot, as a gun. 
 2. I!urdeni (l with any thing oppressive ; as, loaded 
 
 will - ires, with guilt, or shame. 
 LO.AI '.R, It. One who puts on a load. 
 LO.M NG, /i;ir. Charging with a load; burdening; 
 
 enf'ii:i'iering ; charging, as a gun. 
 Lo.\D'l.\'G, 71. A cargo; a burden; also, any thing 
 
 that makes part of a load. 
 LoAD'JlA.\-AGE, n. Pilotage; skill of a pilot. [JVat 
 
 used.] 
 
 LoADS'MAN, n. [/cat/ and man.] A pilot [Obs.] 
 LOAD'STAR, j II. [lead and .Tfar.] The star that 
 LoDE'STAR, ) leads; the polestar; the cynosure. 
 
 [Obs.] Shak. 
 LoAD'SToNE, n. [from the veri) lead and stone.] 
 The old orthography, I.ooestone, would be prefera- 
 ble, .as this word has no connectitm with the verb to- 
 load.] 
 
 The n.itive magnet, an ore of iron in the lowest 
 state of oxydation, which has the power of attnict- 
 ing metallic iron, as iron filings, and of communicat- 
 ing to masses of iron the same property of attraction, 
 forming artificial magnets. [See Lodestone.] 
 LoAF, (lofe,)"ii. ; pi. Loaves. [Sax. hlaf or laf; Goth. 
 hlaibs ; G. leih ; Polish, chlirb ; Hohemian, chleb ; Russ. 
 chlib or chleb ; Croatian, A/i7i ; Finnish, letpa or leipum ; 
 Lapjiouic, laihe. The German Irib is rendered a loaf, 
 and body, waist, belly; leiblich, which in English 
 would be loaf-like, signifies corporeal, bodily. Loaf, 
 then, signifies a lump or mass, from some root that 
 signifies to set, or to collect, or lo form.] 
 
 1. A mass of bread when baked. It is larger than 
 a cake. The size and price of a loaf, in large cities, 
 are regtilated by law. 
 
 2. .\ mass or lump, as of sugar. 
 
 3. Any thick mass. 
 
 LO.\K'EU, li. [G. /a«/er, a runner,from /aii/cn, to run.] 
 .\n iille man ; a vagrant who seeks his living by 
 sponging or expedients. 
 
 LoAF'ING, a. Pertaining to, or having the character, 
 or doing the part, of a loafer. 
 
 LoAF'-sy(;-.\R, (lofe'shug-ar,) n. Sugar refined and 
 formed into a conical mass. 
 
 Lo.A.M, II. [Sax. lam ; D. leem ; G. Ichm : L. limns ; Sw. 
 Urn : Dan. )ii/i, Jiini ; so named probably for smooth- 
 ness or softness ; W. llim.] 
 
 .\ natural mixture of sand and clay with oxyd of 
 iron ; a species of earth or soil of diflerent colors, 
 whitish, brown, or yellow, readily ditfusible in wa- 
 ter. Cleaveland. F.ncyc. 
 
 LoA.M, r. (. To cover with loam. Moion. 
 
 JjC>.\yi'P.n, pp. Covered with loam. 
 
 IjO.V.M'IXG, ppr. Covering with loam. 
 
 Lo.\.M' Y, a. Consisting of loam ; partaking of the na- 
 ture of loam, or resembling it. „ 
 
 L6A.\, )i. [Sax. Iwn, hUrn ; Sw. Zaii : Dan. loan; D. 
 Icen ; G. Wicn ; Sax. tandcs l<rn, a fief. See Lend.] 
 
 1. The act of lending ; a lending. 
 
 2. Thai which is lent ; any thing furnished fortcm- 
 porarj' use to a person at his request, on the express 
 or implied condition that the specific thing shall be 
 returned, or its equivalent in kind, but w ithoiit com- 
 pensation fiir the use ; as, a loan of a book or of bread. 
 
 3. Something furnished for temporary use, on the 
 condition that it shall be returned, or its equivalent, 
 but with a compens.ition for the use. In this sense, 
 loan is generally applied to money. [See Lend.] 
 
 4. A furnishing ; permission to use ; grant of the 
 use ; as, a loan of credit. Kent. 
 
 LO.XN, r. L [Sax. trnaii ; G. lehnert ; D. leenen ; Sw. 
 lava; Dan. laaner.] 
 
 To lend ; to deliver to another for temporary use, 
 on condition that the thing shall be returned, as a 
 book : or to deliver for use, on condition that an 
 etpiivalent in kind shall be returned, .as bread ; or 
 to deliver for lemporan,' use, on cimdiliim that an 
 tHiiiivalent in kind shall be returned, with a compen- 
 sation for the use, as in the case of money at inter- 
 est. Bills of credit were issued, to be loaned on in- 
 terest Ramsay. Kent. Lauts of the United 
 States. Stat, of Conn, and of jSVui York. 
 [Rare in F.ngland.] 
 LOAN'-OF-FICE, n. In .America, a public oflice in 
 
 TONE, mjLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOL'3 — € as K ; O a» J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH; TH ns In THIS. 
 
 671 
 
LOB 
 
 which loans of nionpy are negotiated for the public, 
 or in wliich tlie accounts of loans are kept, and the 
 interest paid to tlie lenders. 
 LoAN'-OF-FI-CER, n. A public ofticer empowered 
 to superintend and transact the business of a loan- 
 office. 
 
 Lo.\TII, a. Unwilling; backward ; reluctant. [See 
 Loth.] 
 
 Loathe, v. t. [Sa.t. Intklan, to hate, to detest, to call, 
 to invite ; n-dathian, to call ; Gulh. Inthon, to call ; Sw. 
 Icdas^ to loathe ; G. eiiiladeii^ to invite, to lade or load, 
 from ladeti, to l.ide, to invite, to cite or summon. See 
 Lade.] [In respect to orthography, see Loth.] 
 
 1. To feel disgust at any thins ; pnprrlij, to have 
 an extreme aversion of the appetite to food or drink. 
 
 Our ssul toniheth this light bread. 
 Loathing ilie honeyed aikes, I Ion 
 
 - Num. xxi. 
 ■ed tor tjread. 
 
 Cawley. 
 
 2. To liate ; to dislike greatly ; to abhor. 
 
 Ye shall loathe yourselves in your own sijrht for all your evils. — 
 
 Not to rt>veal the secret which I loaUie, WaJter. 
 BTie loaUtes the vital itir. Dryden's Virg, 
 
 LOATHE, r.;. To create disgust. [Obs-I Spenser. 
 hoAt'lV KD, pp. Hated ; abhorred ; turned from with 
 disgust. 
 
 LoATIl'ER, 71. One that loathes nr abhors. 
 LoATH'FUL, a. Hating; abhorring. 
 
 Wliich he did with toalh/ul eyes brli„ld. Huhbard. 
 2. Disgusting ; hated ; exciting abhorrence. 
 
 Above the reach of /oatA/u^, siiitnl luat. Spenser. 
 
 LoATH'ING, ppr. Feeling disgust at ; having extreme 
 
 aversion to ; as, loathing food. 
 2. Hating; abhorring; a's, loathing sin. 
 LoATH'ING, Ji. Extreme disgust ; abhorrence. Eieh. 
 
 xvi. 
 
 LoATH'IN6-LY, adv. With extreme disgust or ab- 
 horrence; in a fastidious manner. 
 LoATH'LY, at/e. Unwillingly; reluctantly. 
 
 This sliows that you from iiauire loalltly stray. Donne. 
 
 LOATH'NESS, n. Unwillingness ; reluctance. 
 
 There ^rcvt among them a general silence and toathness to 
 speak. Bacon. 
 
 LoATH'SOME, (-sum,) a. [Sw. ledesam.] 
 
 1. Causing an extreme aversion of appetite ; excit- 
 ing fastidiousness. JVum. xi. 
 
 2. Exciting extreme disgust ; offensive; as, a loath- 
 some AisKase. P.v. xxxviii. 
 
 3. Odious ; exciting hatred or abhorrence ; detest- 
 able ; as, loathsome sloth. Spenser. 
 
 LoATH'SO.ME-LY, at'e. Offensivelv ; odiouslv. 
 LoATH'SOME-NES^, n. The quality of exciting ex- 
 treme disgust or abhorrence. Mdison. 
 LoAVES, (lovz,) n. : pi. of Loaf. 
 
 LOB, n. [W. Hob, allied to lubber, loobij, club, &.C. Qu. 
 G. luff.] 
 
 1. A dull, heavy, sliiggi.sh person. 
 
 2. Something thick anil heavy ; as in lob-worm. 
 LOB, c. «. To let fall heavily or lazily. [fVattun. 
 
 Ami their poor jades 
 Lob down tlieir heads. Shale. 
 
 Lo'BATE, ) a. [from 7n^c] Consistini of lobes. In 
 LoB'£D, ) &('frt/i7/, divided to the middliMnto parts 
 distant fromi?ach otii'-r,with convex inargitis. Martijn. 
 LOB'BY, n. [Qu. G. laubc, an arbor or bower.] 
 
 1. An opening before a room, or an entiiince into 
 a jirincipal apartment, where there is a considerable 
 space between that and the portico or vestibule. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 2. A small hall or waiting-room. Encijc. 
 
 3. A small apartment taken from a hall or entry. 
 
 4. In a ship, an ai)artinentclt>se before the cajitain's 
 cabin. Cijc. 
 
 5. In agriculture, a confined place for cattle, formed 
 by hedges, trees, or other fencing, near the farm- 
 yard. Cyc. 
 
 LOB'BY-MF.M-BER, 7!. A person who frequents the 
 
 lobby of a house of legislation. 
 LOB'-eoCK, ;i. A sluggish, stupid, inactive person ; 
 
 a lob. 
 
 LoltE, 71. [Fr. lobe; Sp. and Port, lubo ; L. Ivbns; Gr. 
 
 1. A part or division of the lungs, liver, &.c. 
 
 2. The lower, soft part of the ean» 
 
 3. A division of a simple leaf. 
 
 4. The cotyledon or placenta of a seed. 
 lAWF.U, a. Lobate, which see. 
 
 LO-BF; L'l A, 7i. [from Lnlid, botanist to King James I.] 
 An extensive genus of pl.ant><. 'i'he Lobelia inflata, 
 or ludian tobacco, is an annual plant of North Amer- 
 ica, whose leaves contain a poisonous, white, viscid 
 juice, of an acrid taste. It has ofirii been used in 
 medicine as an emetic, and expectorant, HiC. 
 
 I'. Cijc. Dewey's Jitass. Rep. 
 
 LOB'LOL-LY, 71. A seamen's name for wattT gruel 
 or spoon meat. .Smart. 
 
 LOB'I.OI- LY-BAY, ti. The popular name of Gor- 
 donia Lasyanthus^ an elei;anl, ornamental, evtTgrecn 
 tree, of the maritime parts of the Soiithi rn United 
 States. It eriiws to the higlit'of .10 or (in feel. Its 
 bark is useful fur tanning, but its wood is of little 
 value. Hylva Jimericana. 
 
 LOG 
 
 LOB'LOL-LY-BOY, 71. A surgeon's attendant on 
 shipboard. 
 
 LOB'LOL-LY-TREE, 71. The Varronia alba, a West 
 Indian tree, about 30 feet in hight, whose fruit is 
 sometimes eaten. 
 
 LOB'SeOUSE, 71. Among seamen, a hash of meat 
 with vegetables of various kinds ; an olio. Otynn. 
 
 LOBS'POUND, 77. A prison. Iludibras. 
 
 LOB'STER, 7U [Sax. loppcitre, or lopystre. The first 
 syllable coincides with Sax. lobbe, a spider, and with 
 loppe, a flea ; probably all named from their shape or 
 legs. The last syllable coincides with ster, in spin- 
 ster, minster.] 
 
 One of the inacrourous or long-tailed Crustacea, 
 belonging to the genus Astacus. Dana. 
 
 LOB'qLE, n. [Sp. lobulo.] 
 A small lobe. 
 
 Lo'C-iL, a. [Fr. and Sp. local; It. locale; L. localis; 
 from locus, place. Sans, log; from the root oiluy, L. 
 loco. See Lav.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a place, or to a fixed or limited 
 portion of space. We say, the local situation of the 
 house is pleasant. We are oflen influenced in our 
 opinions by local circumstances. 
 
 2. Limited or confined to a spot, place, or definite 
 district ; as, a local custom. The yellow fever is 
 local in its origin, and often continues for a time 
 to be a local disease. 
 
 3. In law, local actions are such as must be brought 
 in a particular county, where the cause arises; dis- 
 tinguished from transitory actions. Blackstone. 
 
 Lo'e.^L-ISM, 7!. The state of being local ; alfection 
 for a place. 
 
 LO-GAL'I-TY, 77. Existence in a place, or in a cer- 
 tain portion of space. 
 
 It is thought that the soul and angels are devoid of quantity and 
 dimension, and that tliey liave nothing to do with grosser 
 locality. Gtanville. 
 
 2. Liiliitation to a county, district, or place ; as, 
 locality of trial. Blackstone. 
 
 3. Position ; situation ; place ; particularly, geo- 
 graphical place or situation, as of a mineral or plant. 
 
 LO-CAL-I '/,A'TIOx\, 71. The act of localizing. 
 
 Lo'€AL-lZE, V. t. To make local. 
 
 Lo'CAL-LY, ado. With respect to place ; in place ; 
 
 as, to be locally separated or distant. 
 Lo'CaTE, v. t. [L. toco, locatus ; It. locare.] 
 
 1. To place ; to set in a partictilar spot or position. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 2. To select, survey, and settle the bounds of a 
 partictilar tract of land ; or to designate a portion of 
 land by limits ; as, to locate a tract of a hundred 
 acres in a particular township. United States. 
 
 3. To designate and determine the jjlace of ; as, a 
 committee was appointed to locate a church or a 
 court-house. JVem England. 
 
 LO'Ca-TED, pn. Placed ; siiuatrd ; fixed in place. 
 Lo'eA-TING,;)/j7-. PlacuiL-; ilrMiiiiatiug the place of. 
 LO-Ca'TION, n The act uf plui iiig, or of designating 
 the place of. 
 
 2. Situation with respect to place. TJie location of 
 the city on a large river is favorable fi>r commerce. 
 
 3. That which is located ; a tract of land desig- 
 nated in place. United States. 
 
 4. In the civil law, a leasing on rent. 
 
 LOGH, 71. [Gaelic] A lake; a bay or awi of the 
 sea ; used in Scotland. 
 
 LOCH, 77. Loch, or lohoch, is an Arabian name for 
 the forms of medicine called edcgmas, lambatives, 
 nurtures, and the like. (^uincy. 
 
 LO-GHa'BER-AX, h. a formidable weapon of war 
 formerly used by the Scotch Highlanders. 
 
 LOeil'AGE, 71. [Gr. ,\o\ajoj, Aoxos, a body of sol- 
 diers, and a}oi, to lead.] 
 
 In Oreece, an officer who commanded a lorbus or 
 cohort, the number of men in which is not ci'iiainly 
 known. Mitford. 
 
 Lo(;HE. See Loach. 
 
 LO-GHI'A, (lo-kT'a,) 71. [Gr. Aovcta.] 
 
 A name given to the cv.acuations which follow 
 childbirth. 
 
 Lo'CHI-AL, a. Pertaining to cvacu.ations from the 
 womb after childbirth. 
 
 L'I(;K, 71. [Sax. loc or lore, an inclosed place, the 
 fastening of a door, a tuft, or curl of hair. In the 
 bitter sense, it is the G. locke, I), lok, L. fioccns. Eng. 
 lock; Ir. loc, a stop, hinderance ; VV. i/oc, a mound, 
 an inclosed place ; Riiss. lokov, a lock of hair ; Sax. 
 lucan, Goth, lukaii, to lock ; Dan. lukke, a heilge, 
 fence, or bar; luklccr, to shut, to inclose, to fasten, 
 to lock ; Fr. loquet, a latch ; Arm. liequed, or clicqed, 
 VV. elided. Lock anti flock may be of one family. 
 The primary sense is to shut, to close, to press, strain, 
 or drive, which may be the radical sense u( flock, 
 Gr. !rA(Ko) 7iA«/tot, L. plico, as well as of lock. Hut 
 see Class I.g, No. 48, and 13, 14, 10.] 
 
 1. Lock, in its primary sense, is any thing that 
 fastens ; but wo now appro|)riatc the word to an 
 instruini^nt composed of a spring, wards, and a bolt 
 of iron, or steel, usetl to fasten doors, chests, and the 
 like. The bolt is moved by a key. 
 
 2. Till' part of a musket, or fovvling-piece, or other 
 fire-arm, by which liro is produced for the discharge 
 of the piece. 
 
 LOC 
 
 3. The barrier or works which confine the water 
 of a stream or canal, called also Weir or Guard- 
 lock. 
 
 4. An inclosure in a canal with gates at each end, 
 used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from 
 one level to another, called also a Lift-lock. 
 
 5. A grapple in wrestling. Milton. 
 
 6. Any inclosure. Dryden. 
 
 7. A tuft of hair ; a plexus of wool, hay, or other 
 like substance ; a flock ; a ringlet of hair. 
 
 A lock of hair will draw more than a cable rope. Crew. 
 Lock of water, is the measure equal to the contents 
 of the chamber of the locks by which the consump- 
 tion of water on a canal is estimated. 
 LOCK' -JAW, 71. See Locked Jaw, below. 
 LOCK'-KEEP-ER, 71. One who attends the locks of 
 a canal. 
 
 LOCK'-PAD-DLE,7t. A small sluice that serves to fill 
 and empty a lock. 
 
 LOCK'-SILL, 71. An angular piece of timber at the 
 bottom of a lock, against which the gates shut. 
 
 LOCK'UP, 71. A place where baUiffs temporarily con- 
 fine persons under arrest. 
 
 LOCK'-WeIR, 71. A paddle-weir, in canals, an over- 
 fall behind the upper gates, by which the waste 
 water of the upper pound is let down through the 
 paddles-holes into the chamber of the lock. Cyc. 
 2. A weir having a lock. Buchanan. 
 
 LOCK, V. t. To fasten with a particular instrument; 
 as, to lock a door ; to lock a trunk. 
 
 2. To fasten so as to impede motion ; as, to lock a 
 wheel. 
 
 3. To shut up or confine, as with a lock ; as, to be 
 locked in a prison. Lock the secret in your breast. 
 
 4. To close fast. The frost locks up our rivers. 
 
 5. To encircle or inclose ; as, to lock arms ; to 
 embrace closely : as, to lock one in the arms. 
 
 6. To furnish with locks, as a canal. 
 
 7. To confine ; to restrain. Our shipping was 
 locked up by the embargo. 
 
 8. In fencing, to seize the sword arm of an antago- 
 nist, by turning the left arm around it, after closing 
 the paiade, shell to shell, in order to disarm him. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 LOCK, I', i'. To become fast. The door locks close. 
 2. To unite closely by mutual insertion ; as, they 
 lock into each other. Boyle. 
 LOCK'AGE, 71. Materials for locks in a canal. 
 
 Oallatin. 
 
 2. Works which form a lock on a canal. 
 
 .hum. of Science. 
 
 3. Toll paid for passing the locks of a canal. 
 
 4. Elevation or amount of elev.ation and descent 
 made by the locks of a canal. "The entire lockage 
 will be about fifty feet on each side of the summit 
 level." Clinton. 
 
 LOCK'£D, (lokt,) pp. or a. Made fast by a lock ; 
 
 furnished with a lock or locks ; closely embraced. 
 LOCK'£D-JAW, i 71. A violent contraction of the 
 LOCK'-JAWi i muscles of the jaw by which its 
 
 motion is suspended, a variety of tetanus. Forsyth. 
 LOCK'EIl, 71. A close place, as a drawer or an tipart- 
 
 ment in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. 
 A shot-locker is a strong frame of jilauk near the 
 
 pump-well in the hold, where shot are deposited. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 LOCK'ET, 71. [Fr loquet.] 
 
 1. A small lock ; acatcli or spring to fasten a neck- 
 lace or other orntiment. Johnson. 
 
 2. A little gold case worn as an ornament, often 
 containing a lock of hair. Smart. 
 
 LOCK'ING, ppr. Making fast by a lock ; embracing 
 closely. 
 
 LOCK'IST, 71. An adherent of Locke, the philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 LOCK'LF.SS, a. Destitute of a lock. Byron. 
 1,1 n'K'UAM, 71. A sort of coarse linen. llunmer 
 1,1 )('K'I!( )N, 71. A sort of Rannncultis. Jish. 
 LOI'K'S.MITH, 71. An artificer whose occupation is 
 
 to make or mend locks. 
 LOCK'Y, «. Having locks or tufls. Sherwood. 
 LO-CO-DE-SCRIP'TIVE, a. Descritiing a particular 
 
 place or places. 
 Lo'CO-Fo'GO, 71. [Probably from L. loco foci, instead 
 
 of a fire.] 
 
 1"he American name of a friction mtitcli. 
 
 'I'his term was sportively applied, in 1834, to the 
 extreme portion of the democratic party, because, iit 
 a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, in which 
 there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman 
 left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, with 
 a view to dissolve the meeting ; when those in favor 
 of extreme measures |)rodiiceil liico-foco matches, re- 
 kindled the lights, continued the meeting, and ac- 
 complished their object. 
 LO C()-!Mo'TION, 71. [L. locus, place, and motio, mo- 
 tion.] 
 
 1. rile act of moving from place to place. Brown. 
 
 2. The power of moving from place to place. Most 
 animals possess locomotion ; plants have life, but not 
 locomotion. 
 
 LO-CO-MO'TIVK, a. Moving from place to place; 
 changing phice, or able to change place ; as, a loco- 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WHAT — METE, I'KBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 67S 
 
LOD 
 
 LOG 
 
 viotive nniinal. Most iininKilj aro distingiiislicd from 
 
 plnnt:! I>v IhiMr locnmiitirc faculty. 
 LO-eO-iMO'TlVK KN'OINC, n. A steam engine em- 
 
 ployt'd ill land carriage, cliii tly on railways. 
 LO-eO-MO'TlVK, II. A siL-ain engine pl.iccd on 
 
 wheels, and used in drawing cars on railways. 
 LO-eO-.Mf)'TI VK-NKSS, ) ii. The power of changing 
 1,0 eO-MO-TIV'l-TY, i place. Bnjaiil. 
 LOe'n-I>A-MENT, n. [L. localamciUiun, from lucus, 
 
 tocaliis.] 
 
 In A<i(ani/,the cell of a pericarp in which the seed is 
 lodged. A pericarp is unilocular, bilociilar. Sec. Martijn. 
 
 LOe'lJ-LI-CI'DAL, a. In botanij, the dehiscence of a 
 pericarp is locuticidal when it is vertical, the dissepi- 
 ments remain united, and tlie cells aro opened at the 
 base. Liiidlnj. 
 
 LOC'U-LOSE, a. In botany, divided by internal par- 
 titions into shells. Limlleij. 
 
 LO'CUM TE'JVI-JVS, [L.] A deputy or substitute, 
 coiitriicted in French to lieutenant. 
 
 LO'eUS, n. [L., place.] In geometrical aiiulijsis, the 
 line traced by a point which varies its p-isitiun ac- 
 cording to some determinate law. Brande. 
 
 LO'eUST, n. [h. locasla.] 
 
 A name common to various insects of several gene- 
 ra. Some of these insect-s are at times so nunienius in 
 Africa and the south of .Asia as to devour every 
 green thing ; and when they migrate, they tly in an 
 immense cloud. In Jlmerica, there are several spe- 
 cies of the genus Cicada, which are properly c;Uled 
 
 IjOCUSTS. 
 
 LO'eUST, 7U A popul.ir name of several plants and 
 trees ; as, a species of .Meliaiillius, of Ceratonia, of 
 Kobinia, >^c. 
 
 Lo'eUST-TREE, n. A tree, the Robinia-pscud-aca- 
 cia ; also, Ilymenaja (Jourbaril. The IIoney-Loctist- 
 tree is the Gledilschia triacantlius. 
 
 LODB, II. [from Sax. hrdan, to lead.] 
 
 1. Among iiiinrr.N-, a metallic vein, or any regular 
 vein or course, whether metallic or not, hut common- 
 ly a metallic vein. Kncijc. Ciic. 
 
 2. A cut or reach of water. Ciie. 
 LOUE'STo.VE, n. [This was the original spelling, 
 
 from the verb to (ffli/ and .v(i>/k. It is preferable to 
 Loadstone, since the word has no connection with 
 the verb to load.] 
 
 1. A magnet; an ore of iron; a stone found in 
 iron mines, of a dark or black lead color, and of con- 
 siderable hardness and weight. It attracts iron 
 filings, and communicates to iron the s.ime property 
 of attraction. But its peculiar value consists in its 
 communicating to a needle the property of taking a 
 direction to the north and south, a property of ines- 
 timable utility in navigation and surveying. 
 
 2. .V name given by Cornish miners to a species of 
 stones, called also Tin-stoxei, a compound of 
 stones ami sand, of dUlerent kinds and colors. 
 
 JVic/10/.soii, 
 
 LODCi'A-BLE, a. Capable of affording a temporarj- 
 abode. [JVot used.] 
 
 LOUOE, V. t. [Fr. In^er, to lodge ; It. loggia, a 
 lodge; allogg-iarc, to lodge; alojar ; .\rin. logea; 
 Dan. lagerer". The sense is, to set or throw down. 
 In Sax. logian is to compose, to deposit or lay up, 
 also to repair ; Russ. toju, to lay, to put. It is proba- 
 bly allied to lay.] 
 
 1. To set, lay, or deposit for keeping or preserva- 
 tion, for a longer or shorter time. The men lodged 
 their arms in the arsenal. 
 
 2. To place ; to plant ; to infi.x. 
 
 He lodged an arrow in a tender breiut. Addison, 
 
 3. To fix ; to settle in the heart, mind, or memory. 
 
 I can grive no iviuun 
 More than a lo-lgeti hale. SfuiJc. 
 
 4. To furnish with a temporary habitation, or with 
 an accommodation for a night. He lodged the 
 prince a month, a week, or a nigliL [The word 
 usually denotes a short rcsidewey but for no dejinile 
 time,] 
 
 5. To harbor ; to cover. 
 
 Tbc deer b lodgtd. Additon. 
 
 6. To afford place to ; to ccnt.iln for keeping. 
 
 The memory cnn totlge a fiTvalcr storo of iiTwge* Uian the aenac* 
 can pn^aont at one time. Clieyne, 
 
 7. To throw in or on ; as, to lodge a ball or a bomb 
 
 8. To beat down so as to entangle. [in a fort. 
 Our alghs, and they thall lodge the ■ummer com. Shak. 
 
 LODCE, V. i. To reside ; to dwell ; to rest in a place. 
 Aotl lodge such daring tout* in little men. Pope. 
 
 2. To rest or dwell for a time, as for a night, a 
 week, a month. U'e lodged a nijilit at the Golden 
 Ball. We lodged a week at tlii City Hotel. Soldiers 
 lodge in tents in summer, and in huts in winter. 
 Fowls lodge on trees or rocks. 
 
 3. To fall down and become entaneled, as grain. 
 Wheal and oats, on strong land, are apt to lodge. 
 
 LODGE, n. Asmall house, or habitatitm, in a jmrk or 
 forest. Sidney. SAnA. 
 
 i .\ temporar)' habiuition ; a hut ; as, a lodge in a 
 garden of cucumbers. 
 
 U. .\ small house or tenement appended to a l.irgi r ; 
 as, a porter's lodge. 
 
 A. A den ; a cave ; any place where a wild beast 
 5. A meeting of freem.isons. [dwells. 
 hOV)G'Kl>, pp. Placed at rest ; deposited ; infixed ; 
 furnisheil with acetmimodalions for a niiilu or other 
 short time ; thrown or fallen down and entangled. 
 LODO'ER, 71. One who lives at board, or in a hired 
 room, or who has a bed in another's house for a night. 
 9. One that resides in any place for a time. I'opc. 
 hOUClSG, ppr. riacing at rest; depositing; fur- 
 nishing lodgings. 
 2. Resting for a night ; residing for a time. 
 LODG'ING, 11. A place of rest for a night, or of resi- 
 dence for a time ; temporary habitation ; apitrtment. 
 Wits lake lodgings in tlic sound of Cow. Pope. 
 
 2. Place of residence. 
 
 Fair bosom — the lodging of delight. Spenxrr. 
 
 3. Harbor ; cover ; place of rest. Sidnri/, 
 
 4. Convenience for repose at night. Sidney. 
 LODG'MENT, n. fFr. logemmt] 
 
 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged ; 
 a being placed or di posited at rest for keeping for a 
 time, or for permanence. 
 
 2. Accumulation or ctdlcclion of something depos- 
 ited or remaining .at rest. 
 
 3. In mditanj affairs, an encampment made by an 
 army. 
 
 4. A work cast up by besiegers, during their ap- 
 proaches, in some d.mgerous post which they have 
 gnined, and where it is necessary to secure them- 
 selves against the enemy's fire. Cyc. 
 
 Lo'ESS, II. A tertiary deposit on the banks of the 
 Rhine. Jilantell. 
 
 LOFFE, r. ;. To laugh. [JVot ii.W.] Shak. 
 
 LOFT, 71. [Dan. (()/?, • Sax. lyfle, the air, an arch, 
 vault, or ceiling ; probably allied to lifl, Dan. Idfler. 
 au.Gr. Xi/iof.] 
 
 1. Properly, an elevation ; hence, in a building, a 
 room or space next under the rtwif. G/oss. ofJirchit. 
 
 2. The elevation of one story or floor above anoth- 
 er ; hence, a floor above another ; as, tlie second 
 loft ; third loft ; fourth lofl. 
 
 3. A gallery or small chamber raised within a larger 
 apartment, or in a church. Oloss. of Archil. 
 
 LOFT'I-LY, adv. [from lofty.] On high ; in an cle- 
 
 2. Proudly ; haughtily. [vated place. 
 They are corrupt, and speak wickedly concerning oppression ; 
 
 they speak loftily. — Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 3. With elevation of language, diction, or senti- 
 ment ; sublimely. 
 
 My lowly verse may loftily arise. Spenser. 
 
 4. In an elevated attitude. A horse carries liis 
 head loftili/. 
 
 LOFT'I-NE'SS, 71. night; elevation in place or po- 
 sition ; altitude ; as, the loftiness of a mountain. 
 
 2. Pride ; haughtiness. 
 
 Au'nistus and Tiberius had loftiness enough in their tempers. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 3. Elevation of attitude or mien ; as, loftiness of 
 carriage. 
 
 4. Sublimity ; elevation of diction or sentiment. 
 
 Tlirec poets in three distant ages bom : 
 
 The first in loftiness of thought surpMsed ; 
 
 Tl>e next in majesty ; in butli the lost. Dryden. 
 LOFT'Y, a. Elevated in place ; high ; as, a loflu tower ; 
 a lofty mountain. [But it represses more tlian III i;h, ffr 
 at least is more emphatical, poetical, and clcganL] 
 
 See Uifty I.ebanon bis head advance. Pops. 
 
 2. Elevated in condition or character. 
 
 Thus saitli the high and lofty One, thai Uibabitcth eteraitj, 
 whos!! name is Holy. — Is. Ivij. 
 
 3. Proud ; haughty ; as, lofty looks. Is. ii. 
 
 4. Elevated in sentiment or diction ; sublime ; as, 
 lofty strains ; lofty rhyme. MUtitn. 
 
 ij. Stately; dignified; as, /<//(y steps. 
 LOG, 11. [Tiiis word is probably allied to D. log, logge, 
 heavy, dull, sluggish ; a sense retained in water- 
 logged ; and to lug, luggage, perhaps to clo^.] 
 
 1. A bulky piece or stick of wood or tinioer un- 
 hewcd. Pine logs arc floated down rivers in Amer- 
 ica, and stopped at saw-mills. A piece of timber, 
 when hewed and squared, is not called a /<>», un- 
 less perhaps in constructing log-huts. 
 
 2. In navigation, a machine for measuring the rate 
 of a ship's velocity through the water. The com- 
 niim log is a piece of board, forming the i|uadrant 
 of a circle of about six inches radius, balanced by 
 a sm.ill plate of lead nailed on the circular part, so as 
 to swim perpendicular. Mar. DicL 
 
 3. [Heb. j'ff] A Hebrew measure of liquids, con- 
 tjiiniiig, accortling to some authors, three quarters of 
 a pint ; according to others, five sixths of a pint. Ac- 
 cording to .\rbulhnot, it was the seventy-second part 
 of the bath or ephaJi, and the twelfth part of a hin. 
 
 Johtison. Encyc. 
 LOG,r. i. To move to and fro. [JVo( used.] Polwhelr. 
 
 2. To move or rock ; hence,lo^raii,a rocking stone. 
 LOG'-BO.\RD, II. In n<nri,fation, two boards, shutting 
 like a book, and divided into columns, containing the 
 hours of the day and night, direction of the wind, 
 course of the ship, tec, from which is formed the 
 log-book. Mar. Diet. 
 
 LOG'-BQQK, 71. A book into which arc transcribed 
 
 the contents of the log board. Mar. Diet. 
 
 LOG'-C AH'I.V, ) 11. A litmse or hut whose walls are 
 L()(;'-ll()USr,, > composed of logs laid on each 
 LfJG'-HUT, ) other. 
 
 LOG'-Hr;.\P, 71. A pile of logs for burning, in clearing 
 land. 
 
 L()(;'-l,t\E, n. A line or cord about a hundred and 
 fifty fathoms in length, fasteneil to the loz by means 
 of two legs. This is wound on a reel, called the log- 
 reel. Enajc. Mar. Diet. 
 LOG'-REEL, 71. A reel in the g.allery of a ship, on 
 
 which the loc line is wountl. Encyc Mar. Diet. 
 LOG'A-RI TH.M, 71. [Fr. logarithme ; Gr. Ao) os, ratio, 
 and aotdiiiif, number.] 
 
 Logarithms are the exponents of a aeries of powers 
 and roots. Day. 
 
 The logarithm of a number is that exponent of 
 some other number, which renders the power of 
 the latter, denoted by the exponent, ctpial to the 
 former. Cye. 
 
 When the logarithms form a series in arithmetical 
 progression, the corresponding natural numbers form 
 a series in geometrical progression. Thus, 
 
 Lomrithms, 12 3 * S 
 
 Natural nun.bem, 1 10 lOO lOOO lOOOO lOOOIX) 
 
 The addition and subtraction of logarithms answer 
 to the multiplication and division of their natural 
 numbers. In like manner, involution is iierformed 
 by multiplying the logarithm of any number by the 
 number denoting the required power ; and evolution, 
 by dividing the logarithm by the number denoting 
 the required root. 
 
 Logarithms arc the invention of Baron Napier, lord 
 of .Marchiston, in Scotland ; but the kind now in use 
 were invented by Henry Briggs, professor of geome- 
 try in Gresham College, at Oxford. They are ex- 
 tremely useful in abridging the labor of trigonomet- 
 rical calculations. 
 LOG-A-RITH-.MET'IG, "I a. Pertaining to loga- 
 LOG-A-RITH-MET'IC-.VL, 1 rithins ; consisting of 
 LOO-A-RITII'Mie, f loiiarithms. 
 
 LOG-A-RITU'.Mie-AL, J Encyc. Lavoisier. 
 LOG'G.ATS, lu The name 01*^8 play or game like nine- 
 pins. It was prohibited by Slat. 33 Henry Vlll. 
 [Aot in use.] llanmer. 
 LOG'GER-HEAD, ( hed,) 71. [log and head.] A block- 
 head ; a dunce ; a dolt ; a thirksknll. Sliak. 
 
 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, 
 used to heat tar. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. A species of marine turtle. 
 
 To fall to loggerheads ; ) to come to blows ; to fall 
 To go to loggerheads i ) to fighting without weap- 
 ons. L"* t^trangc. 
 LOG'GER-UEAD-ED, 0. Dull j stupid ; dollish. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LOG'ie, (lod'jik,) 71. [Fr. logiquc; It. logica ; L. id. ; 
 from the Gr. Xoyixn, from \oyof, reason, At) ui, to 
 speak.] 
 
 The art of thinking and reasoning justly. 
 
 Logic w Ih'j art of using reason well in our inquiries after tniUi, 
 and the conuauuiaitiou of it to others. Watts. 
 
 Logic may be considered as the science, and also 
 as the art, of reasoning. It investigates the princi- 
 ples on which argumentation is conducted, and fur- 
 nishes rules to secure the mind from error in its de- 
 ductions. In the former case, it is a science, in the 
 latter, an ai t. fVhatcly. 
 
 Correct reasoning implies correct thinking and 
 legitimate inferences from premises, which are prin- 
 ciples assumed or admitted to be just. Logic, then, 
 includes the art of thinking, as well as the art of 
 reasoning. W. 
 
 The purpose of logic is lo direct the intellectual powers in tlie 
 investigation of truth, and io the communication of it to 
 others. Hedge. 
 
 LOG'IC-.VL, a. Pertaining to lo, c; used in logic ; a-s, 
 logical subtillies. Hooker. 
 
 2. .According to the rules of logi as, a logical ar- 
 gtiinent or inference. This rcasoniUf, a strictly logi- 
 cal. 
 
 3. Skilled in logic ; versed in the art of thinking 
 and reasoning ; discriminating ; as, a logical head. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 LOG'ie-.AI^LY, adv. According to the rules of logic ; 
 
 as, to argue logieally. 
 LO-GI"CI.AN, (Itvjish'an,) 71. A person skilled in 
 logic, or the art of reasoning. 
 
 Each fierce logidan still expelling Locke. Pops. 
 LOG'ieS, n. Equivalent to Logic. Best. 
 LO-GIS'Tie, ( a. Relating to sexagesimal frac- 
 LO-GIS'Tie-AL, ( tions. 
 
 Loglitic logarithms ; logarithms adapted to sexages- 
 imal fractions, employed in astronomical calculations. 
 
 Ilutton, 
 
 LOG '.MAX, 71. A man who carries logs. Shak. 
 2. One whose occupation is to cut and convey log« 
 to a mill. [Ijical.] UnUeJ States. 
 
 L0g":0-GRAp1'iMC-AL, I - f^'»^">*"8 tologography. 
 LO-GOG'R.A-PHY, n. [Gr. \oyo{, a word, and ypatpri, 
 a writing.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U3. — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 S5 
 
 EEE 
 
 673 
 
LOM 
 
 LON 
 
 LON 
 
 A method of printing in which a type represents a 
 word, instead of forcnins a letter. Encyc. 
 LOG'O GKIPH, (los'o-giif,) «• [Gr. Aojuj, a word, 
 and } tnitinq^ a net.] 
 
 A sort of riddle. [06.«.] B. Jonson. 
 
 LO-GO.M'A-emST, (lo-gom'a-kist,) n. One who con- 
 tends atmiit words. E. T. Fitch. 
 LO-GO.M'A-eHY, {lo-?om'a-ke,) n. [Gr. Ao>oj, word, 
 and M'<\r,, contest, altercation. 
 
 Contention in words merely, or rather a contention 
 about words -, a war of words, Howell. 
 LOG-0-.\lET'Rie, o. [Gr. \oyos, ratio, and iicrpeai, 
 to measure.] 
 
 A lurromctric scale is intended to measure or ascer- 
 tain chemical equivalents. fVuUastun. 
 
 LOG'O-THjPE, n. A name given to two or more let- 
 ters ca^t in one piece ; as, ff, <e, &c. Francis. 
 
 LOG'-RoLL, V. t. To assi-t in rolling and collecting 
 logs for burning. Hence lug-rollina, in puUtkal mat- 
 ters, is. Do yon help niey aiul I will help you, to gain 
 your point. [.America.] 
 
 LOG'VVOOD, 71. The popular English name of Ha-m- 
 atoxylon Campeachianum. A tree and wood, called 
 also Campeachy-wood, from the Bay of Campeachy, 
 in f^panish America. This tree has a crooked, de- 
 formed stem, growing to the higlit of QO or 24 feet, 
 with crooked, irregular branches, armed with strong 
 thorns. The wood is of a firm texture and a red 
 color. It is used much in dyeing. Enryc. 
 
 Lo'iiOCK, n. [Ar.] A medicine of a middle consist- 
 ence between a soft electuary and a sirup. [See 
 Loch.] Encyc. 
 
 LOr.Mie, a. [Gr. Xoijiof, plague.] 
 
 Pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders. 
 
 LOIN, V. [Sax. lend: G. D. Icnde; Sw. land; Dan. 
 land; W. clnn; Arm. Itsnenn, or loinch ; Ir. luan, or 
 bleun ; L. clunis ; G. le/ine, support, prop, back. This 
 word seems to be allied to lean, incline.] 
 The loins are the space on each side of the verte- 
 " bne, between the lowest of the false ribs and the up- 
 per portion of the o?sa ilium, or haunch Ixmes, or the 
 lateral portions of the lumbar region ; called also the 
 reins. 
 
 LOI'TER, t'. i. [D. Icnteren ; Russ. leitayu, or letayu. 
 Qu. its alliance to late and lei.] 
 
 To linger ; to be slow in moving ; to delay ; to be 
 dilatory ; to spend time idly. 
 
 If we h;ive loitered, lel us quicken our pace. Ttogert. 
 hOl'Tl'R-ED, pp. Lingered ; delayed ; moved slowly. 
 LOI'TER-ER, 71. A lingerer ; one that delays, or 'is 
 slow in motion j an idler^; one that is sluggish or dil- 
 atory. 
 
 Kver lisllpss loiterers, llml all'^ncl 
 
 No cciuse, nil Inisl, no duly, .^ti.l no friend. Pope. 
 
 LOI'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Lingering ; delaying ; mov- 
 ing slowlv. 
 LOI'TER-ING, 7t. A lingering or delay. 
 LOI'TER-ING-LY, ailv. In a loitering manner. 
 L5KE, n. [Qn. Ir. loch, dark ; Gr. An> n, darkness.] 
 
 1. In the Seandinavian mtftholofry, the evil deity, the 
 author of all calamities j answering to the Arimanes 
 of the Persians. Mallet. Edda. 
 
 2. A close, narrow lane. [Local.] 
 
 LOLL, V. i. [Eth. alolo, to Ihrust out 
 
 the tongue. The sense of this word is to throw, to 
 send. Hence it coincides with the Gr. XrtXt .i, VV. 
 lloliaw, to speak, to prate, Dan. toiler, G. lullen. It 
 coincides, also, with lull, to appease, that is, to 
 throw down.] 
 
 1. To recline; to lean; properly, to throw one's 
 self down ; hence, to lie at ease. 
 
 Vuiil of c;ire, he loUs supine in stale. DryiUn. 
 
 2. To suffer the tongue to hang extended from the 
 mouth, as an ox or a dog when heated with labor or 
 exertion. 
 
 The triple porter of the Stygian seat, 
 
 Willi lotting lori^ue, jay fawning at his feeU Drydcn. 
 
 LOLL, V. t. To thrust out, as the tongue. 
 
 ^icrw lififcri couched aronnd, and lolled llieir tonjiiea. Thyrlen. 
 
 LOL'LARD, 71. [au. G. lallen, lollcn, to prate or to 
 sing.] 
 
 A term applied to a sect of early reformers in Ger- 
 many, and also to the followers of Wiclif in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 I,fH,'I,AUD-Y, n. The doctrines of the Lollards. 
 LOI/LEIl, n. A less usual name for Lullaiiu, which 
 «ee. 
 
 LOI^L'ING, p7»r. Throwing down or out; reclining at 
 
 en*K ; tlini-ting out tin- tongue. 
 LOL'LI-POP, n. The vulgar name for a kind of sugar 
 confectionery which dissolves easily in the mouth. 
 
 Dickfn.-*. Smart. 
 LOL'LOP, r. i. To move heavily ; to lounge. [Imw.] 
 
 Smart. 
 
 LOM'BARD, n. A native of Lombardy ; a money- 
 lender or banker which i>ri>ri'Hsj(in was first exer- 
 ci-ii d in Loiiilon by ihe Lombards. Smart. 
 LO.M'll Alt!) lIOL'Si;, i 71. A public institution for 
 L')M'11AIUI, ( leridiiie mnm v to the poor 
 
 at a nidileriite interest, upon iirlicles tiepimited and 
 pledged ; calleil also Monl de PiM. Encijc. Jim. 
 
 LOM-BXRD'ie, a. Pertaining to the Lombards; an 
 epithet applied to one of the ancient alphabets de- 
 rived from the Roman, and relating to the manu- 
 scripts of Itily. Jlstle. 
 
 LO'iMENT, -71. [L. Inmentum.] 
 
 An elongated pericarp, which nwar bursts. It 
 consists, like the legume, of two valves, with the 
 seeds attached to the under suture, but is divided 
 transversely into small cells, each containing a single 
 seed. EU. Enciic. 
 
 LO-.MEN-Ta'CEOUS, (-tS'shus,) a. [L. lomentum, 
 be:ui meal, a color.] 
 
 Furnished with a loment. The Lomentacex are a 
 natural order of plants, many of which furnish beau- 
 tiful tinctures or dyes, and wliose seeds are con- 
 tained in a loment or a legume. Linnmis. 
 
 A lomentuceous dehiscence of a pericarp is when 
 articulations take place across the legume, and it 
 falls into several pieces. Lindley. 
 
 LOM'O-NITE, 71. Laumonite ; or di-prismatic zeolite. 
 
 Urc. 
 
 LOMP, (lump,) 71. A kind of roundish fish. Johnson. 
 LON'DON-ER, (lun'dun-er,) ti. A native or citizen of 
 London. 
 
 LON'DON-ISM, 71. A mode of speaking peculiar to 
 London. Petrge. 
 
 LON'DON-IZE, V. t. To give a manner or character 
 which distinguishes the people of London. Smart. 
 
 LoNE, a. [Dan. /oh, a corner, nook, a lurking-place ; 
 secrecy ; Uinliir, Sw. liinnli^r, private, close, clandes- 
 tine. The radical sense is, probably, to separate, or 
 rather to withdraw or retire, and the word may be 
 allied to Fr. loin. If alone is composed of all and 
 one, which the Teutonic dialects indicate, it has no 
 connection with lone.] 
 
 1. Solitary ; retired ; unfrequented ; having no com- 
 pany. 
 
 And leave you in lone woods and empty walla. Pope. 
 2 Single ; standing by itself ; not having others in 
 the neighborhood ; as, a lone house. P(rpe. 
 3. Single ; unmarried, or in widowhood. Shak. 
 LoNE, Ti. A lane. [Local.] 
 
 LoNE'LI-NESS, 7i. Solitude; retirement; seclusion 
 from company. He was weary of the loneliness of 
 his habitation. 
 
 2. Love of retirement ; disposition to solitude. 
 
 I see 
 
 The mystery of your lonelineaa. Sltak. 
 LoNE'LY, a. Solitary; retired; sequestered from 
 company or neighbors ; as, a lonely situation ; a (u7ic- 
 ly cell. Drydcn. 
 
 2. Solitary ; as, the lonely traveler. 
 
 3. Addicteil to solitude or seclusion from company. 
 
 Rowe. 
 
 LoNE'NIESS, 71. Solitude ; seclusion. Donne. 
 LoNE'SO.ME, o. Solitary; secluded from society. 
 
 How liorrid will lliese loittso'iix seals appear ! Bladimore. 
 LoNE'SOME-LY, aiii). In a lonesome manner. 
 LoNE'SO.ME-NESS, 71. The state of being solitary ; 
 solitude. 
 
 LONG, a. [Sax. long, lang, and leng ; G. lange ; D. and 
 Dan. lang; Sw. lang; Goth, laggs; L. longns ; It. 
 lungo; Ft. long. The Gotliic word seems to connect 
 this word with lag, in the sense of drawing out, 
 whence delaying.] 
 
 1. Extended ; drawn out in a line, or in the direc- 
 tion of 1 ngth ; opposed to Short, and contradis- 
 tinguished from Broad or Wide. Long is a relative 
 term ; for a thing may be long in respect to one thing, 
 and short with respect to another. We apply lung li^ 
 things greatly extended, and to things whici) exceed 
 the common measure. We say, a long way, a long 
 distance, a lung line, and lung hair, long arms. By 
 the latter terms, we mean hair and arms exceeding 
 the usual length. 
 
 2. Drawn out or extended in time ; as, a longUme ; 
 a long period of lime ; a long tvliile ; a long series of 
 events ; a long sickness or confinement ; a long ses- 
 sion ; a long debate. 
 
 3. Extended to any certain measure expressed ; as, 
 a span long: a yard long: a mile long, that is, ex- 
 tended to the measure of a mile, &c. 
 
 4. Dilatory ; continuing fur au extended time. 
 
 D'NVlh will not lie long in coininfj. EccliiB, 
 
 5. Tedious ; continued to a great length. 
 
 A tide should never he too Zon^. Prior. 
 B. Continued in a series to a gre.at extent; as, a 
 Zo7i!,'- succession of princes ; a long line of ancestors. 
 
 7. Continued in sound ; protractij^ ; as, a long 
 note ; a long syllable. 
 
 8. Continued ; lingering or longing. 
 
 FrayiiiE' for him, and canting a long look that way, lie saw tlie 
 galley leave ihe punnil. .SV//iei/. 
 
 9. Extensive; extending far in prospect or into fu- 
 turity. 
 
 'I'he pereinilal exUlcnce of liodirs corporiile, niiil their forliuiefl, 
 urc thtnjfs parliculurly suilcd to a man w ho has long view*. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 Long home; the grave or death. Eccles. xii. 
 LONG, n. Formrrlij, a imisieal note ciiual to two 
 breves or four Keiiiibreves. [ Olts.] Urande. 
 
 LONG, adv. To a great extent in space ; as, a long- 
 extended line. 
 
 2. To a great extent in time ; as, they that tarry 
 long at the wine. Prav. xxiii. 
 
 When the trumpet soundeth long. — Exod. xix. 
 So, in composition, we say, io»i5--expected, long-foT- 
 got. 
 
 3. At a point of duration far distant, either prior or 
 postiTior; as, not long before; not long after; long 
 before the foundation of Rome ; long after the con- 
 quest of Gaul by Julius Cesar. 
 
 4. Through the whole extent or duration of. 
 
 The God w ho fed me ail my life long to this day. — Gen. xlviii. 
 The bird of dawning siugetli ail ni^ht long. Spenser. 
 
 LONG, adv. [Sax. gelang, cause, or fault. Ciu. belong- 
 ing to, as the cause.] 
 
 By means of ; by the fault of ; owing to. [OJa-.] 
 Mistress, all Uiis coil is long of you. S/iak. 
 
 LONG, V. i. To belong. [JVot used.] Chancer. Spenser. 
 LONG, V. i. [Sax. langian, v\'ith tefter. We now say, 
 
 to long after, or to long for. The sense is, to reach 
 
 or stretch toward.] 
 
 1. To desire earnestly or eagerly. 
 
 I long to see yon. — Rom. i. 
 
 I have longed after thy precepts. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 I have longed ftjr tiiy salvation. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 2. To have a preternatural craving appetite ; as, a 
 longing woman. 
 
 3. To have an eager appetite ; as, to lontr for fruit. 
 LON"GA-NI.M'I-TY, 71. [L. longanimitas ; longns, 
 
 long, and animus, mind.] 
 
 Forbearance ; patience ; disposition to endure long 
 under offenses. Brown. Nnwell 
 
 LONG'-ARM-£D, 0. Furnished with long arms. 
 
 Seutt. 
 
 LONG'-BOAT, 77. The largest and strongest boat be- 
 longing to a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 LONG'-BREATH-£D, (-bretht,) a. Having the pow- 
 er of retaining the breath for a long time. 
 
 LONG'-BUR-I-£D, (-ber-rid,) a. Having been long 
 buried. 
 
 LONG'-eON-CEAL'£D, a. Having been long con- 
 cealed. 
 
 LONG'-eON-TIN'IJ-£D, a. Enduring or continuing 
 
 a long time. Jilleu. 
 LONG'-DE-LaY'£D, a. Delayed a long time. 
 
 E. Everett. 
 
 LONGE, 71. [Fr.] A thrust. [See Lunge.] 
 LONG'ER, 71. One who longs for any thing. 
 LON"GER, (long'ger,) a.; cu»i/<. of Long. More long; 
 
 of greater length ; as, a longer course. 
 LON"GER, ado. For a greater duration. This evil 
 
 can be endured no longer. 
 LON"GEST, a. Of the greatest extent ; as, the Zo7i n-est 
 
 line. 
 
 LON"GEST, (long'ge.st,) ado. For the greatest con- 
 tinuance of time. 
 
 They who live longest are most convinced of the 
 vanity of life. 
 
 LONG-ES-TAB'LISH-UD, (-lisht,) a. Having been 
 establi-ihed for a long time. 
 
 LON-GR'VAL, a. [L. longus and arum.] 
 
 Long-lived. Pope. 
 
 LON-GEV'I-TY, 71. [L. longeevitas ; longns, long, and 
 tecum, age.] 
 
 Length or duration of life ; more generally, great 
 length of li e. 
 
 The instances onongevily are chiefly among the abstemious. 
 _ .ArbutJmot. 
 
 LON-Gl-.'VOUS, a. [L. longa;vus, supra.] 
 
 Living a long time ; of great age. 
 LONG'-FANG-AD, ( fang'gd,) a. Having long fangs. 
 
 Sf(i(f. 
 
 LONG'-FOR-GOT'TEN, a. Forgotten a long lime. 
 LONG'-HEAD-ED, (-hed-ed,) a. Having a great ex- 
 tent of tllllUglll. 
 
 LO.V'GI CORN, 71. [L. longus, long, and cornu, 
 horn.] 
 
 A name given to a tribe of insects, on account of 
 the Icuipth of their antenn.i;. Brande. 
 LO.N-Ol.M'A-NOUS, a. [longus, long, and manus, 
 hand.] 
 
 Uiivtng long bands. Brown. 
 LON-til.M'K-TRY, n. [h. longus, long, and Gr. /ic- 
 7-/)o. , measure.] 
 
 The art or practice of measuring distances or 
 lengths. Burlaw. 
 LONG'ING, ppr. or a. Earnestly desiring; having a 
 
 craving or preternatural appetite. 
 LONG'ING, 71. An eager desire; a craving or preter- 
 natural aiipitite. 
 LONti'ING-LY, adv. With eager wishes or ai>petili'. 
 LON-GlN'(iUl-TY, 71. [L. lunginqnitas.] 
 
 Great distance. Borrow. 
 LON'GI-PALP, n. [L. longus, long, and palpus, a 
 feeler.] 
 
 A name given to a tribe of insects or beetles hav- 
 ing long inaxillarv feelers. Bmnde. 
 LON Gl PEN'NA'i'F., a. [L. longus, long, and pennn, 
 a (piill or wing,] 
 
 A name givi 11 to a family of swimming birds with 
 long wings, as Ihe alliatrt)ss, &lc. Bronde. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T. — M ETE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, HQQV..- 
 
 674 
 
LON 
 
 LOO 
 
 LON-OI-ROS'TERS, «. pL [L. /on»us, long, and roa- 
 trniii, ht^ak.J 
 
 A Iribi- of Wiidini; birds, having vi'r>- lone Iwaks, 
 wliirh they llirusl in tlii; mud in search of food, in- 
 cludiiiE *'<^- Bruiide. 
 
 I,(>\-Cl-KOr!'TKAL, o. Having a long liill ; applied 
 hi rrrtain biriiSf as the snipe. Partinirtuiu 
 
 I.O.Mi'lSII, n. Somi-u hal long ; modi-rati'ly long. 
 
 LON'Ol-'KUDK, n. [L. lungiluilo, from lonfus, lone] 
 
 1. Properly, \Knflh : as, tUc luniritude of a room ; but 
 in tills sonso not now used, jlpprapriatelij, in geu^- 
 raphij, 
 
 o. Till! distance of any place on the globe from an- 
 othiT place, eastward or westward, measured on tlic 
 ci|t:alor; or the distance of any place from a given 
 meridian, measured on the equator. Boston, in .Mas- 
 sachusetli, is situated in the 71st degree of lomjiludc 
 west from Greenwich. To be able to ascertain 
 precisely the Innirilude of a ship at sea, is a great de- 
 sideratum in navigation. 
 
 3. The longitude of a heavenly body, is its dis- 
 tance from the vernal equinn.v, or the beginning of 
 Aries, reckoned im the ecliptic. Olmsted. 
 LON Gl-TO'DIN-AL, a. Pertaining to longitude or 
 length ; as, longitudinal distance. 
 
 2. Extending in length ; running lengthwise, as 
 di.stingiiished friun transverse or across ; as, tile lon- 
 gitudinal diameter of a body. The Ion !ritudinal suwre 
 of the head runs between the coronal and lainb- 
 doidal sutures. Bailey. 
 
 LON-(5l- rO'DIN-.\L-LY, adc. In the direction of 
 length. 
 
 Some of Ui<' fili^Ti of Ilie human body ore placed tongitudinalty^ 
 oUi m lrAii*vpr»---ly. Encyc. 
 L0\G'LEG-G/;D, o. Having long legs. 
 LO.\G'LIV-Kl), a. Having a long life or existence ; 
 
 living long ; lasting long. 
 LO.\(;'-L< ).-*T, a. Lost for a long time. 
 LO.NG'-L0V-f;D, (-luvd,) o. Being loved a long 
 time. 
 
 LONG'LY, adv. With longing desire. [JVut used.] 
 
 Shuk. 
 
 L0.\G'-MEAS-I;RE, (-mezh'ur,) ji. I^ineal measure ; 
 
 the mea-iiire of length. 
 LONG'-XEt'K-£D, (-nekt,) a. Having a long neck. 
 
 Buckland. 
 
 LONG'.N'ESS, 71. Length. [Litdc used.'] 
 LO.\G'-.\URS-£D, (-nurst,) o. Nursed a long time. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 LONG-PART-ED, a. Having been long separated. 
 LONG-PRIM'ER, Ji. .A printing type of a particular 
 
 size, between small pica and bourgeois. 
 LONG-PRI.M'ER, a. Noting a kind of type between 
 
 small pica and bourgeois. 
 LO.\G'-PROM'lS-£D, (-prom'ist,) a. Having been 
 
 long jiromised. 
 LONG'-RU.\, n. Th» whole course of things taken 
 
 toeether ; and hence the ultimate result. 
 LONU'-SET-TL£D, a. Having been long settled. 
 
 Peel 
 
 LONG'-SHAFT-ED, a. Having a long shaft. 
 
 DccandoUe. 
 
 L0NG'-SHANK-£D, (-shankt.) a. Having long legs. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 LONG'-STGHT, n. Long-sightedness. Good. 
 
 LONG'-SIGHT'EU, o. Able to see at a great dis- 
 tance ; used literally of the eyes, and figuratively of 
 the mind or intellect. 
 
 LONG'-SIGHT'ED-NESS, n. The faculty of seeing 
 objects at u great distance. 
 
 t2. In medicine, presbyopy ; that defect of siclit by 
 which objects near at hand are seen confusedly, but 
 at remoter distances distinctly. Hooper. 
 
 LO.N(;'SO.ME, (long'snni,) a. Extended in length; 
 liresouie ; tedious; as, a I<>n^.!ainc plain. [0A.<.] 
 
 Prior. 
 
 LONG'SPL'N, o. Spun or extended to a great length. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 LONG'-STRETCH-ING, a. Stretching far. More. 
 
 LONG-SUF'FER-ANCE, n. Forbearance to punish ; 
 clemency ; patience. Com. Prayer. 
 
 LONG-SUF'FER-ING, 0. Bearing injuries or provo- 
 cation for a long time ; patient ; not easily provoked. 
 
 The I.onl llw), merciful an l griciona, long.tuffering and 
 I abiindaiK in g^otxlnen. — Ex. xtxiv. 
 
 LONG-SUF'FER-ING, n. Long endurance ; patience 
 of oflcnse. 
 
 Drtpivn thou Ihe ricliea of liij ^ooilnea, and forbcamnce, and 
 long MuJcrint > — Kom. ii. 
 
 UONG'-TaIL, n. An animal, particularly a dog, hav- 
 ing an uncut tail. 
 
 A long-tail was a gentleman's dog, or one qualified 
 to hunt; other dogs being pquired to have thrir tails 
 tut. Hence, ciij and long-taU signitied gentlefidks, 
 and otbi-rs as thev might come. Smart 
 LONG'-TONGU-£D, (-tungd,) 0. Rating; babbling. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LONG'W.aYS; a mistake for LorrowisE. 
 LO.VG-WI.ND'ED, a. Lonc-breallied ; hence, tedious 
 
 m spcakini:, argumeut, or narration ; as, a tunir- 
 
 vmded advocate. 
 LO.N'G'WiSE, ode. In the direction of length ; 
 
 lengthwise. [IHtU used.] HakewdL 
 
 LON'ISH, a. Somewhat solitary. [Aot used, and in- 
 elegant.] 
 
 LOO, n. A game at canls. Pope, 
 
 LOO, r. t. To beat the ojiponenis by winniiic every 
 trirk at tile game. Hilink, 
 
 L<JO'Hl-l,V, a<;e. [.See I.oobv.] Like a looby ; in 
 an awkward, clumsy manner. L' Ustriimre. 
 
 LOO'liY, n. 1 VV. Itahi, a tall, lank person, a looby, a 
 lubber, a clumsy fellow ; Hob, a blockhead, an un- 
 wieldy lump.] 
 
 An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lubber. 
 
 Who couM give llie /oo6y «uch aira ? SmiJX. 
 
 LOOF, n. The after part of a ship's bow, or the part 
 where the planks begin to be incurvated, as tin y ap- 
 proach Ihe stem. Mar. Vict. 
 
 LOOF. See Lu> r, which is the word used. 
 
 LOOF'£D, (looft,) a. [See Aloof.] Gone to a dis- 
 tance. (jVot used.] SImlc. 
 
 LQQK, r. t. [Sax. locian ; G. lugen ; Sans, loeh, luklian. 
 It is perha|is allied to W. lygu, to appear, to shine. 
 (Sec LioHT.) The primary sense is to stretch, to 
 extend, to shoot ; hence, to direct the eye. We ob- 
 serve its primary sense is nearly the same as that of 
 seek. Hence, to look for is to seek.] 
 
 1. To direct the eye toward an object, with the in- 
 tention of seeing it. 
 
 When the object is within sight, look is usually fol- 
 lowed by on or aL We look on or at a picture ; \vc 
 look on or at the moon ; we can not look on or at the 
 unclouded sun without pain. 
 
 .^l, after look, is not used in our version of the 
 Scriptures. In common usage, ot or on is now used 
 indifferently in many cases, and yet in other cases 
 usage has established a preference. In general, on 
 is ujed in the more solemn forms of expression. Alo- 
 ses was afraid to look on God. The Lord look on you 
 and judge. In these and similar phrases, the use of 
 at would be condemned, as expressing too little so- 
 lemnity. 
 
 In some cases, at seems to be more properl>' used 
 before very distant objects ; but the cases can hardly 
 be defined. 
 
 The particular direction of the eye is expressed by 
 various modifying words ; as, to look down, to look 
 up, to look back, to look fonoard, to look from, to look 
 round, to look out, to look under. When the object is 
 not in sight, look is followed by after, or fur. Hence, 
 to look after, oi look for, is equivalent to seek or search, 
 or to expect. 
 
 2. To see ; to have the si^-ht or view of. 
 F.Ate seps ihy life loii^l in a brittle g\asa, 
 
 And looks it tliroui;h, but to it can not pasa. Dryften. 
 
 3. To direct the intellectual eye ; to apply the mind 
 or understandini: ; toconsitlcr; to examine. LovknX. 
 the conduct of this man ; view it in all its aspects. 
 Let every man look into the state of his own lieart. 
 Let us look beyond the received notions of men on 
 this subject. 
 
 4. To expect. 
 
 He must toot to fight another battle before he eotild reach Oxford. 
 {iAOie u*ed.\ Oarendon. 
 
 5. To lake care ; to watch. 
 
 Look lh:a ye bind tLem fsjL ShaJc. 
 
 6. To be directed. 
 
 Let thine cyca look right on. — Ptot. It, 
 
 7. To seem ; to appear ; to have a particular ap- 
 pearance. The patient ^o&^ better than be did. The 
 clouds look rainy. 
 
 I am afniid it would took more h1te vanity than gratitude, 
 
 Addidon. 
 
 Obacrre how such a practice looks in another person. Waits. 
 So we s.ay, to look stout or big ; to look peevish ; to 
 look plea.sanl or graceful. 
 
 8. To have a particular direction or situation ; to 
 face ; to front. 
 
 The ffate that tooketh towar,! the nonh, — EirV. »fil. 
 The e.-uit g-ile of die LoiU'a house, that tookelh eastwaid. — 
 Bui. li. 
 
 7*0 look about; to look on all sides, or in different 
 directions. 
 
 To look about one ; to he on the watch ; to be vigi- 
 lant ; to he circumspect or guarded. Arbulhnot. 
 
 To look after: to attend ; to take care of; as, to 
 loo* after children. 
 
 2. To expect ; to be in a state of expectation. 
 
 Men*! hearti failin|r them for fear, and for looking n/ur tho*.; 
 things which aie coinutg on the earth. — Luke xxi. 
 
 3. To seek ; to search. 
 
 My aiibject tioea not oNigr me to look after the water, or point 
 iunh the placa whetvto It baa now retreated. Vr'oodfeard. 
 
 To look for : to expect ; as, to look for news by the 
 arrival of a ship. 
 
 Looi now /or no enchanting Toice. MUton. 
 
 2. To seek ; to search ; as, to look for lost money, 
 or lost cattle. 
 
 To look into ; to inspect closely ; to observe nar- 
 rowly ; to examine ; as, to look into the works of na- 
 ture ; to look into the conduct of another ; to look into 
 one's alfairs. 
 
 Which thingi the angela deaire to took into. — 1 Pet. i. 
 
 To look on ! to regard ; to esteem. 
 
 Her fri'-niU w.iuld look on h-T llie worae. Prior 
 
 2. To consider; to view; to conceive of; to 
 think. 
 
 I looked on Virgil aa a anccinct, maj'atic writer. Dn/den. 
 
 3. To be a mere spectator. 
 
 I'll be a candle-holder, and (oot on. SbnJt. 
 
 To look orer; to examine one by one; .as, to took 
 over a catalogue of books ; to look over accounts. 
 
 7*0 overlook has a dilfereut sense ; to pass over 
 without seeing. 
 
 To look out ; to be on the watch. The seaman 
 looks out for breakers. 
 
 To look to or unfa ; to watch ; to take care of. 
 Look well lo thy hcnla. — Prov, ixvii, 
 
 2. To resort to with confidence or expectation of 
 receiving something ; to expect to receive from. The 
 creditor may look to the surety for payment. 
 
 Look unto ine, and be ye iaved, all the end* of the eartli. — Ii. x\r. 
 
 To look through ; to penetrate with the eye, or 
 with the understanding ; to see or understand per- 
 fectly. 
 
 LQQK, V. L To seek ; to search for. 
 
 Looking my love, I go from place to place. [06«,] Spenser. 
 2. To influence by looks or presence ; as, to look 
 down opposition. 
 
 A sniril (it to lUn into an empire. 
 And (00* the \ ' 
 
 Drydsn. 
 
 Look out 
 
 orld to law 
 
 To look out ; to search for and discover, 
 associates of good reputation. 
 
 To look in the face ; to face or meet with boldness. 
 
 7*0 look one another in tJie face ; to meet for combat. 
 2 Kings xiv. 
 
 To look up a thing, is to search for it and find it ; 
 as, I do not know where the book is ; I must look 
 it up. 
 
 LOOK, in the imperative, is used to e.xcite attention or 
 notice. iMok ye, look you; that is, see, behold, ob- 
 serve, take notice, 
 
 LOOK, n. Cast of countenance ; air of the face ; as- 
 pect ; as, a high look is an index of pride ; a tlown- 
 cast look indicates motlesty, bashfulness, or depres- 
 sion of mind. 
 
 P.^in, diigrac*', and poverty have frightful looks. Locke. 
 
 2, The act of looking or seeing. Evcrj' look filled 
 him with anguish. 
 
 3. View ; watt h. Sieinburnt. 
 LOOK'£l), (lookt,) pp. .'Searched for ; sought. 
 LOOK'ER, ;i. One who looks. 
 
 .\ looker on ; a mere spectator ; one that looks on, 
 hilt hiLs no agency or interest in the affair. 
 LOOK'ING,;)pr. Seeking. 
 
 LAOK'I.VG, n. Search or searching. Looking for; 
 
 expectation. Ilrb. x. 
 LOOK'ING-GLASS, „, A gl.iss which reflects the 
 
 form of the person who looks on it ; a mirror. 
 
 There ia none so honu-ly but Icvta a looking-glass. South. 
 
 LOOK'-OUT, n, A careful looking or watching for 
 aiiy object or evei t. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A small tow ;r, with windows, on the roof of a 
 house, for viewing the scenery around. 
 
 LOOL, ru In metallurgy, a vessel used to receive the 
 washings of ores of metals. Encyc. 
 
 LOO.M, n. [Sax. loma, gelnma, utensils.] 
 
 1. In composition, heir-loom, in law, is a personal 
 chattel that by special custom descenils lo an heir 
 with the inheritance, being such a thing .as cannot 
 be separatetl from the estate, without injury to it ; 
 such as jewels of the crown, charters, deeiis, and 
 the like. Black.itmie. 
 
 2. A frame or machine of wood or other material, 
 in which a weaver works thread into cloth. 
 
 Hector, when he ace* Androin.^che overwhelmed with terror, 
 ■eiulaher for consoLitiun to the tooJn and Uie dia(,tir. 
 
 Ramltler. 
 
 3. [Dan, lorn, or loom, G, lohme.] A bird of the 
 size of a goose. 
 
 4. That part of an oar which is within board. 
 
 Mar. DicU 
 
 LOOM, r. i. [du. Sax. leoman, to shine, from leoma, a 
 beam of light. This dix-'s not give the ejiact sense 
 of the word as now used.] 
 
 1. To appear above the surface either of sea or 
 land, or to appear larger than the real dimensions 
 and indistinctly, as a distant object, a ship at sea, 
 or a mountain. The ship looms large, or the land 
 looms high. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. To rise and lo be eminent, in a moral sense. 
 On no occa»ioi 
 
 glor,ou.ly, 
 
 LOOM'-G.^ LE, n. A gentle gale of wind. F.neye. 
 
 LOO.M'I.N'G, ppr. Ap|>enring above Ihe surfice, or 
 indistinctly, at a distance. 
 
 LOO.M'I.Nt;, n. The indistinct and miinified appear- 
 ance of objects seen in particular stales of the atmo^ 
 phere. [See Miraoe.] Brandt. 
 
 LOO.V, n. [!*col. loan or loon. Qii. Sax. lun, needy, 
 or Ir. liun, sliiegish.] 
 
 1. A sorry fellow ; a rogue ; a ra.sc,al. 
 
 Dryden. Skak. 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, IJNITE. — AVGER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH , TH as in THIS. 
 
 __ 
 
LOO 
 
 a. A migratory water-fowl of the peiius Colym- 
 bus ; also called the Great Nohthern Diver. [Ice. 
 
 liOOP, n. [Ir. lubam, to bend or fold ; lub, luba, a 
 thong, a loop.] 
 
 1. A folding or doubling of a string or a noose, 
 through which a lace or cord may be run for fasten- 
 ing. 
 
 That the probation bear no hinje, nor loop 
 
 To hang a doubl on. Shak. 
 
 2. A small, narrow opening ; a loo[>-hole. Owilt. 
 
 3. In iron works, the part of a row or block of cast 
 iron, melted off for the forge or hammer. 
 
 LOOP'£D, (loopt,) a. Full of holes. Shak. 
 
 LOOP'ERS, n. pi. The larves of certain species of 
 moths, (GeoraetrEjl which form a loop when crawl- 
 ing. Partinfrton, 
 
 LOOP'-HoLE, n. A small opening in the walls of a 
 fortification, or in the bulk-head of a ship, through 
 which small arms or other weapons are discharged 
 ■at an enemy. 
 
 2. A liole or aperture that gives a passage. 
 
 3. A passage for escape ; means of escape. 
 
 Dryilm. 
 
 LOOP'-HoL-ED, (-hold,) a. Full of holes or open- 
 ings for escape. Hiidibrus. 
 
 LOOP'ING, 71. In metallurgy, the running together of 
 the matter of an ore into a mass, when the ore is 
 only heated for calcination. [D. loopcn, to run.] 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 LOORD, n. [D. lo'r, a clown ; Fr. lotird, Sp. lerdo, 
 lieavy, dull, gross.] 
 A dull, stupid fellow ; a drone. [JVti{ in use.] 
 
 Speiiser. 
 
 LOOSE, (loos,) V. t. [Sax. lysan, alysan, hosan ; Sw. 
 losa; D. lessen, looien ; G. loseii; Dan. loser; Goth. 
 lausyan; Gr. kvoi, contracted fioni the same root. 
 The W. llaesu signifies to relax, but may be from 
 the root of lax. These words coincide with the Cli. 
 Syr. Ar. and Heb. yhn. Class Ls, No. 30.] 
 
 1. To untie or unbind ; to free from any fastening. 
 
 Cansl thou loose the bands of Orion ? — Job xxxviii. 
 Ye shall lind an ass tied, and a cult witti her; loose them, and 
 bring them to me. — Matt. xxi. 
 
 2. To relax. 
 
 Tile joints of his loins were loosed. — Dan. v. 
 
 3. To release from imprisonment ; to liberate ; to 
 set at liberty. 
 
 The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed. — Is. li. 
 
 4. To free from obligation. 
 
 Art thou loosed from a wife ? scfit not a wife. — I Cor. vii. 
 
 5. To free from any thing that binds or shackles ; 
 as, a man hosed from lust and pelf. Drydcn. 
 
 6. To relieve ; to free from any thing burdensome 
 or afflictive. 
 
 Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity. — Luke xiii. 
 
 7. To disengage ; to detach ; as, to loose one's hold. 
 
 8. To put off. 
 
 Loose thy shoe from ofl' thy foot. — Josh. v. 
 
 9. To open. 
 
 Who is worthy to o^ieu the boolt, and to loose the seals thereof? 
 
 — Rev. V. 
 
 10. To remit ; to absolve. 
 
 Whatsoever thou slialt loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven. 
 
 — Matt. xvi. 
 
 LOOSE, V. i. To set sail ; to leave a port or harbor. 
 
 Now when Paul and his company it/oscj from Paphoa, they came 
 to Perga, in Panipiiylia. — Acta xiii. 
 
 LOOSE, a. [Goth, laiis ; D. los, losse; G. los; Dan. 
 loa ; Sw. VJs. Q.U. VV. lias, loose, lax.] 
 
 1. Unbound ; untied ; unsewed ; not fastened or 
 confined ; as, the loose sheets of a book. 
 
 2. Not tight or close ; as, a loose garment. 
 
 3. Not crowded ; not close or compact. 
 
 With horse and chariots ranked in loose array. Milton. 
 
 4. Not dense, close, or compact ; as, a cloth or fos- 
 sil of loose texture. 
 
 5. Not close ; not concise ; lax ; as, a loose and dif- 
 fuse style. 
 
 6. Not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate; 
 as, a loose way of reasoning. 
 
 7. Not strict or rigid ; aa, a loose observance of 
 rites. 
 
 8. Unconnected ; rambling ; as, a loose, indigested 
 play. 
 
 Vario ipend* whole mornings in running over loose and uncon* 
 nected pivges. Watts. 
 
 9. Of lax bowels. Locke. 
 
 10. Unengaged ; not attached or enslaved. 
 
 Ut iiit ft* loose from pleamires. and 
 : of llii-ni, UH tliey cin. Att^rhnry. 
 
 11. Disengaged; free from obligation; w Mi from 
 or of. 
 
 Now I stand 
 
 ZjOos* of my tow ; but who knows Calu'i thought I 
 \UtlU used.] Addison. 
 
 12. Wanton ; iinre»trained in beh.avior; dissolute ; 
 unchaxtc ; !ih, a hose man or woniiin. 
 
 13. Containing unchaste language ; as, a loose 
 epistle. Dryden. 
 
 LOP 
 
 To break loose: to escape from confinement; to 
 gain liberty by violence. Dryden. 
 
 To let loose ; to free from restraint or confinement ; 
 to set iit liberty. Locke. 
 LOOSE, n. Freedom from restraint ; liberty. 
 
 Come, ffive thy soul a loose. Drydcn. 
 Vent afl its griels, and give a loose to sorrow. Addison. 
 
 We use this word only in the phrase )rive a loose. 
 The following use of it — "he runs with an un- 
 bounded /yosfi " — is obsolete. Prior. 
 
 LOOS' A"t), (loost,) pp. Untied ; unbound ; freed from 
 restraint or costiveness. 
 
 LOOSE'LY, (loos'ly,) adv. Not fast ; not firmly ; that 
 may be easily disengaged ; as, things loosely tied or 
 connected, 
 
 2. Without confinement. 
 
 Her golden locks for h.tste were loosely shed 
 
 About her cans. Spenser. 
 
 3. Without union or connection. 
 
 Part loosely wing the region. Milton. 
 
 4. Irregularly ; not with the usual restraints. 
 
 A bishop, livin? loosely, was charged that liis conversation was 
 not according to liie apostles' lives. Ca-iden. 
 
 5. Negligently : carelessly ; heedlessly ; as, a mind 
 loosely employed. Locke, 
 
 6. Meanly ; slightly. 
 
 A prince should not be so loosely studied, as to remember so 
 weak a composition. Shak. 
 
 7. Wantonly ; dissolutely ; unchastely. Pope. 
 LOOS'EN, (loos'n,) v. t. [from loose, or it is the Sax- 
 on infinitive retained.] 
 
 1. To free from tightness, tension, firmness, or fix- 
 edness; as, to loosen a string when tied, or a knot; 
 to loosen a joint ; to loosen a rock in tire earth. 
 
 2. To render less dense or compact ; as, to loosen 
 the earth about the roots of a tree. 
 
 3. To free from restraint. 
 
 It loosens his hands and assists his understanding. Dryden. 
 
 4. To remove costiveness from ; to facilitate or in- 
 crease alvine discharges. 
 
 Fear ioosene/A the belly. Bacon. 
 
 LOOS'iCN, V. i. To become loose; to become less 
 tight, firm, or compact. 
 
 LOOS'£N-£D, pp. or a. Freed fromt ightness or fixed- 
 ness ; rendered loose. 
 
 LOOSE'NESS, (loos'ness,) n. The st-nte of being 
 loose or relaxed ; a state opposite to that of being 
 tight, fast, fixed, or compact ; as, the looseness of a 
 cord ; the looseness of a robe ; the looseness of the 
 skin ; the loosetiess of earth, or of the texture of 
 cloth. 
 
 2. The state opposite to rigor or rigidness ; laxity ; 
 levity ; as, looseyiess of morals or of principles. 
 
 3. Irregularity ; habitual deviation from strict 
 rules ; as, hoseness of life. Hayward. 
 
 4. Habitual lewdness ; unchastity. Spenser. 
 
 5. Flux from the bowels ; diarrhea. Bacon, 
 LOOS' EN-ING, ppr. Freeing from tightness, tension, 
 
 or fixedness ; rendering less compact. 
 
 LOOSE'STRIFE, n. In botany, the English popular 
 name of several species of plants, of the genera 
 Lysimachia, Epilobium, Lytbrum, and Gaura. Lee. 
 
 LOOS'ING, p/)r. Setting free from confinement. 
 
 LOP, V. t. [I know not the affinities of this word, 
 unless it is lob, or the W. llab, a stroke ; llabiaw, to 
 slap or strike, or the Eng. flap, or Ir. lubam, to bend. 
 The primary sense is evidently to fall or fell, or to 
 strike down, and I think it connected with flap.1 
 
 1. To cut off, as the top or extreme part of any 
 thing ; to shorten by cutting off the extremities ; as, 
 to lop a tree or its branches. 
 
 With branches lopped in wood, or mountain felled. Milton. 
 
 2. To cut oir, as exuberances ; to separate, as su- 
 perfluous parts. 
 
 Expunge tlie whole, or lop the excrescent parts. Pope. 
 
 3. To cut partly ofT and bend down ; as, to hp the 
 trees or saplings of a hedge. 
 
 4. To let fall ; to flap ; as, a horse lops his cars. 
 LOP, n. That which is cut frcmi trees. 
 
 Klse both body and lop will be of little value. Mortijner. 
 
 LOP, 71. [Sax. loppe.] 
 
 A flea. [Local.] 
 LOPE, prct. of Leap. [Sw. lUpa ; D. loopcn.] [ Obs.] 
 
 Speoser. 
 
 LOPE, 71. [Sw. ISpa, D. loopen, to run. See Leap.] 
 A h ap ; a long step. 
 [.^ word in popular nsc in .America.] 
 LOPE, V. I. To leap ; to move or run with a I»ng Jtep, 
 
 tin a dog. Forby. 
 LO-PIII'O DON,7i. [Gr.Ao,,(,i,r, a summit, and <)(loii(,a 
 
 tooth. J A fossil animal, allied to the rhinoceros and 
 
 tapir ; so named from the eminence of its teeth. 
 LOP'ING, p/jr. Leaping; moving or running with a 
 
 long step. 
 
 LOP'PEI), (lopt,) pp. Cut off; shortened by cutting 
 
 off the top or t ntl ; bent down. 
 LOP'PEK, 71. One that lops. 
 
 LOP'PEIl, 1). i. To turn sour and coagulate from too 
 long standing, as milk. Forby. 
 
 LOR 
 
 LOP'PER-ED, pp. or a. Turned sour and coagulated ; 
 
 as, lopppred milk. Forbtf. 
 LOP'PING, ppr. Cutting off ; shortening by cutting 
 
 off the e.vtremity ; letting fall. 
 LOP'PING, ». A cutting off, as of branches; th.at 
 
 which is cut off. 
 LOP'SID-ED, a. Heavier on one side than the other, 
 
 as a ship. [Commonly spelt Lapsided, but prt>- 
 
 nounced lopsided.] Gro.ie. 
 LO-QUa'CIOUS, (lo-kwa'shus,) a. [L. /ojitai, from 
 
 loqiior, to speak ; Eng. to clack.] 
 
 1. Talkative ; given to continual talking. 
 Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. Dryden. 
 
 2. Speaking ; noisy. 
 
 Blind British bards, with vol.ant touch. 
 
 Traverse ^o?uafrious strings. — Philips. 
 
 3. Apt to blab and disclose secrets. 
 LO-QUa'CIOUS-LY, ado. In a loquacums manner. 
 LO-aU.A'CIOUS-NESS, (lo-kwa'shus-,) ( 71. [L. lo- 
 LO-QUAC'I-TY, (lo-kwas'e-le,) ( gii<ici(a.s.] 
 
 Talkativeness ; the habit or practice of talking 
 continually or excessively. 
 
 Too great loquacity and too great taciturnity by fits. Arbuthnot. 
 LORD, 71. [Sax. hlaford. This has been supposed to 
 be compounded of Idaf, loaf, and ford, afford, to give ; 
 and hence a lord is interpreted a bread-giver. Rut 
 lady, in Saxon, is in like manner written hltcfdit;; ; 
 and dteir can hardly signify a giver. The word oc- 
 curs in none of the Teutonic dialects except the 
 Saxon ; and it is not easy to ascertain the original 
 signification of the word. I question the correctness 
 of the common interpretation.] 
 
 1. A master; a person possessing supreme power 
 and authority ; a ruler; a governor. 
 
 Man over man 
 He made not lord. Milton. 
 
 But now I was the ford 
 Of this fair mansion. Shak. 
 
 2. A tyrant; an oppressive ruler. Dryden. 
 
 3. A husband. 
 
 .\loft in bitterness of soul deplored 
 
 My absent daugliter and my dearer lord. Pope. 
 My ford also being old. — Gen. xviii. 
 
 4. A baron ; the proprietor of a manor; as, the lord 
 of the manor. 
 
 5. A nobleman ; a title of honor, in Great Britain, 
 given to those who are noble by birth or creation ; a 
 peer of the realm, including dukes, marquises, earls, 
 viscounts, and barons. Archbishops and bishops, 
 also, as members of the house of lords, are lords of 
 parliament. Thus we say, lords temjioral and spir- 
 itual. By courtesy, also, the title is given to the sons 
 of dukes and martpiises, and to the eldest sons of 
 earls. Eiicijc. 
 
 6. An honorary title bestowed on certain official 
 characters ; as, lord advocate, lord chamberlain, lord 
 chancellor, lord chief ju.stice. Sec. 
 
 7. In Scripture, the Supreme Being ; Jehovah. 
 When Lord, in the Old Testament, is printed in cap- 
 itals, it is tlie translation of Jehovah, and so might, 
 with more propriety, be rt-ndered. The word is ap- 
 plied to Christ, Ps. ex.. Col. iii., and to the Holy 
 Spirit, 2 Tlics-s. iii. As a title of respect, it is applied 
 to kings, Gen. xl., 2 Sara. xi.\. ; to princes and nobles, 
 Oen. xiii., Dan. iv. ; to a husband, Gen. xviii. ; to a 
 prophet, 1 Kinirs xviii., 2 Kinr^s ii. ; and to a respect- 
 able person, Oen. xxiv. Christ is called the Lord of 
 glory, 1 Cor. ii., and Lord of lords. Rev. xix. 
 
 8. [Gr. Xop(5'<5.] In ludicrous language, a hump- 
 backed person. Smart. 
 
 Lord of misrule; one formerly chosen to direct the 
 sports and revels of a family liuring Christmas holi- 
 days. Strutt. 
 
 Lord lieutenant of Ireland is the representative of 
 royalty in that country. Lord lieutenant of a county 
 is one deputed by the sovereign to manage its mili- 
 tary concerns. Booth. 
 
 LORD, r. t. To invest with the dignity and privileges 
 of a lord. Shak. 
 
 LORD, V. i. To domineer ; to rule with arbilr.ary or 
 despotic sway ; sometimes followed by over, and 
 sometimes by it, in the manner of a transitive verb. 
 
 Tlie whiles she tordeth in licntious bliss. Sjicnser. 
 1 s»e lliem lording it in London sm-els. Uliak. 
 They lorded over them wlioui tliey now serve. MiUon. 
 
 LORD'ING, 71. A little lord; n lord in contempt or 
 
 ridicule. [Little u.ied.] Sicifl. 
 LORD'LIKE, a. Becoming a lord. 
 
 9. Haughty; proud; in.solent. Dryden. 
 LORP'LI-NESS, 71. [from lortlly.] Dignity; high 
 
 station. ShaJi. 
 2. Priile ; haughtiness. More 
 LORD'LINtJ, 71. A little or diminutive lord. Sioift. 
 LORD'I/Y, n. [lord ai\A Itke.] Becoming a lord ; per- 
 taining to a lord. 
 
 Lordly itini retpnre lordly estates to pupporl them. South. 
 2. Proud ; haughty ; imperious ; insolent. 
 
 Kvery rich and lordly swain 
 
 With pride would drag about lier chain. Stfift. 
 LORD'LV, ado. Proudly ; imperiously ; despotically 
 A famished lion, issuing from the wood, 
 Uoari lordly fierce. Dryden. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII/IT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 676 
 
LOS 
 
 LOT 
 
 LOU 
 
 LORD'SIIIP, n. The state orqiiality of being n lord ; 
 hence, a title of honor Riven to noblemen, except to 
 dukes, who have the title of irrace. 
 
 •2. A titular)' conipellation of judges and certain 
 other piTsons in authority and office in EuRland. 
 
 3. Dominion ; power ; authority. [Johnson. 
 They who are nccountcU to nilc over Utc GcnUlrti cxcrciae tord- 
 
 $hip over Uiein. — Mark x. 
 
 4. Selgnory ; domain ; the territory of a lord over 
 which he holds jurisdiction ; a manor. 
 
 Whal l.mdB nml lordakipa for their owner know 
 
 My qiioiiJam Uirhir. Dryden. 
 
 LORD'S SUP'PER, n. In Oie Christian church, the 
 sacrament of the eucliarist. 
 
 LORE, n. [Sax. /ar, from the root of latran, to learn ; 
 D. leer ; G. lehre ; Dan. tere ; Sw. Idra.] 
 Learning ; doctrine ; lesson ; instruction. 
 The Irtw of nntinnH, or the lore of wnr. Pair/ax. 
 Lo I Rome hTn-If, proud nii«ln-'ss now no more 
 Of ArtA, but ihundcriiif a^tinst hf.ithen tore. Pope. 
 
 LORE, n. [L. lomm, strap.] 
 
 In ornithology, the space between the bill and the 
 eve. 
 
 LO'R'EL, n. [Pax. leoran, to wander.] 
 
 An abandoned scoundrel ; a vagrant. [Ofts.] 
 
 Chaucer* 
 
 LORES'MAN, n. [tore and man.] An instructor. 
 [Ohs.] Oower. 
 
 LOR'I-eATE, r. t [L. lorico, loricatus, from lorica, a 
 coat of mail.] 
 
 \. To plate over; to spread over, as a plate for de- 
 fense. 
 
 Nature hath toricaitd the eidc* of the t^panum in animals with 
 car-wax. Ray, 
 
 2. To cover with a coating or crust, as a chemical 
 vessel, for resisting fire. 
 LOR'I-e.^-TED, pp. Covered or plated over ; en- 
 crusted. 
 
 LOR'I-Ca-TING, p;>r. Covering over with a coating 
 or crust. 
 
 LOR-I-Ga'TION, n. The act or operation of cover- 
 ing any thing with a coiiting or crust for defence ; 
 as, the lorication of a chemical vessel, to enable it to 
 resist the action of fire, and sustain a high degree of 
 heat. 
 
 LOR'I-.MER, 71. [L. lorum, a thong ; Fr. lonnier.] 
 .\ maker of bits, spurs, and metal mountings for 
 bridles and saddles ; hence, a saddler. [JVu£ itscrf.J 
 
 Smart. 
 
 LOR'ING, n. Instructive discourse. [OJs.] Spen.icr. 
 Lo'RI-OT, n. [Fr.] A bird called \V'itwall; the 
 
 golden oriole, (Oriolus galbula.) P. Cijc. 
 
 LOR'l-l'ED, n. A molliiscan animal furnished with 
 
 a short, double tube, and having its foot prolonged 
 
 into a kind of cylindrical cord. Cuvirr. 
 Lo'KIS, n. The popiiljir name of several species of 
 i Lemur, which inhabit Ceylon and Java. They are 
 
 qu.adriimaniAis mammals, having a near atiinity to 
 
 the monkeys. 
 
 LORN, a. [Sax. forloren, Dan. /orJeren, lost. See 
 Forlorn.] 
 
 Lost ; forsaken ; lonely. Spenser. 
 LO'RY, n. .\ name common to a subordinate genus 
 
 of birds of the parrot family, usually of a red color, 
 i The lories inhabit South-eastern Asia and the islands 
 
 of the East. Partinirion. 
 LOS'A-BLE, o. That may be lost. [Little used.] 
 LOS'.\N(5E. SeeLoiENOE. [Boyle. 
 LOSE, (looz,) V. t. ; preL and pp. Lost. [Sax. losian, 
 
 forlosian, forUjsan ; D. verlieien ; Goth. Uu.san. The 
 
 sense is probably to part, to separate, and from tlie 
 
 root of loose.] 
 
 1. To mislay ; to part or be separated from a thing, 
 so as to have no knowledge of the place where it is ; 
 as, to lose a book or a paper ; to lose a record ; to lose 
 a dollar or a ducat. 
 
 2. To forfeit by unsuccessful contest ; as, to lose 
 money in gaming. 
 
 3. .Not to gain or win ; as, to lose a battle, that is, 
 to be defeated. 
 
 4. To be deprived of; as, to lose men in battle ; to 
 lose an arm or a leg by a shot or by amputation ; to 
 lose one's life or honor. 
 
 5. To forfeit, as a penalty. Our first parents lost 
 the favor of God by their apost.asy. 
 
 6. To suffer diminution or waste of. 
 
 If Uie Kilt hath toft iu saTor, wherewith shall it be saltxrd? — 
 MatL T. 
 
 7. To ruin ; to destroy. 
 
 The woman that detiberatei ii loti. Addison. 
 
 8. To wander from ; to miss, so as not to be able 
 to find ; as, to lose the way. 
 
 9. To bewilder. 
 
 LoMt in ll« maze of wonla. Pope. 
 
 10. To possess no longer ; to be deprived of; con- 
 trary to Kiicr ; as, to lose a valuable trade. 
 
 11. Not to employ or enjoy; to waste. Titus 
 sighed to lose a day. 
 
 The unhappy hate but houn, and Iheae they tote. Drydm. 
 
 12. To waste ; to squander ; to throw away ; as, 
 to lose a fortune by gaming, or by dissipation. 
 
 j;t. To suffer to vanish from view or perception. 
 We lust sight of the land at noon. I lost my com- 
 panion in the ciowd. 
 
 Llkr- following life in crrnlurea we diaaect. 
 
 We loae it in Die inuiiient wl- d-tect. Pope. 
 
 14. To niin ; to destroy by shipwreck, &c. 
 Tlie Albion was lost on the co.ist of Ireland, Ajiril 
 22, 1822. The admiral lo.it three ships in a tempest. 
 
 1. 'i. To cause to perish ; as, to be lost at sea. 
 
 16. To employ inetrectiially ; to throw away ; to 
 waste. Instructitm is often lost on the dull ; admo- 
 nition is lost on the profligate. It is often the fate of 
 projectors to lose their labor. 
 
 17. To be freed from. 
 
 Ilia acaly back the bunch lias got 
 
 Whicli fAw'm loci before. Parnetl. 
 
 15. To fail to obtain. 
 
 He shall in no wise lote his reward. — Malt. x. 
 To lose oiic'j self: to he bewildered ; also, to slum- 
 ber ; to have tlie memory and reason suspended. 
 LOSE, (looz,) r. i. To forfeit any thing in contest ; 
 not to win. 
 
 We'll talk with them loo. 
 Who totet and who wins ; who's in, who's out. Sfutk. 
 
 2. To decline ; to fail. 
 
 Wisdom in tliscourse with hei 
 Loitt discountenanced, and like lolly shows. Miilon. 
 
 LOS'EL, n. [from the root of loose.] A wasteful 
 fellow ; one who loses by sigth or neglect ; a worth- 
 less person. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 
 LOS'EL, n. W asteful ; slothful. Irvinir. 
 
 LOS'E.\-GER, 71. [Sax. le is, false ; leasungc, falsity.] 
 A deceiver. [Ois.] Chaucer. 
 
 LOS'ER, (looz'er,) n. One that loses, or that is de- 
 prived of any thing by defeat, forfeiture, or the like ; 
 the contrary to Winner or G.hneb. A loser by trade 
 may be honest and moral ; this can nut be said of a 
 /o.irr liy gaining. 
 
 LOS'ING, (looz'ing,) ppr. Parting from ; missing ; 
 forfeiting ; wasting ; employing to no good purpose. 
 
 LOS'ING, a. That incurs or brings loss ; as, a losing 
 game or business. 
 
 LOS'ING-LY, ailv. In a manner to incur loss. 
 
 LOSS, n. Privation ; as, the loss of property ; lo.^s of 
 money by gaming ; /oss of health or reputation. 
 Every lo.is is not a detriment. We can not regret 
 the loss of bad company or of evil habits. 
 
 2. Destruction ; ruin ; as, the loss of a ship at sea ; 
 the loss of an army. 
 
 3. Failure to succeed ; defeat ; as, the loss of a 
 battle. 
 
 4. Waste ; useless application ; as, a loss of time 
 or labor. 
 
 5. Waste, by leakage or escape ; as, a loss of li- 
 quors in transportation. •* 
 
 To bear a lo.ts ; to make good ; also, to sustain a 
 loss without sinking under it. 
 
 To be at a loss ; to be pu/.zled ; to be unable to de- 
 termine ; to be in a state of uncertainty. 
 LOSS'FIJL, o. Detrimental. [JVo( used.] Bp. Hall. 
 LOSS'LESS, a. Free from loss. [jVut used.] Milton. 
 LOST, pp. or a, [from lose.] Alislaid or left in a 
 place unknown or forgotten ; tlial can not be found ; 
 as, a lost book. 
 
 2. Ruined ; destroyed ; wasted or squandered ; 
 employed to no good purpose ; as, lost money ; lost 
 time. 
 
 3. Forfeited ; as, a lost cst.ite. 
 
 4. Not able to find the right way, or the place in- 
 tended. A stranger is lost in London or Paris. 
 
 5. Bewildered ; perplexed ; being in a maze ; as, 
 a speaker may be lost in his argument. 
 
 C. Alienated ; insenflble ; hardened beyond sensi- 
 bility or recovery ; a.s, a profligate lost to shame ; 
 tost to all sense of honor. 
 
 7. Not perceptible to the senses ; not visible ; as, 
 an isle lost in a fog ; a person lost in a crowd. 
 
 8. Shipwrecked or foundered ; sunk or destroyed ; 
 as, a ship lost at sea, or on the rocks. 
 
 LOT, 71, [Sax. hlot, hlodd, Idet, hh/t ; Goth, hlauts ; 
 D. and Fr. lot ; Sw. loU : Dan. and Arm. lod ; G. los; 
 It. lotto ; Sp. lotcria, a lottery. The primary sense is, 
 th.1t which comes, falls, or happens, or a part, a di- 
 vision, or share. The French, from lot, have Uitir, 
 to divide ; Arm. loda, id., whence lodecq, a co-heir.] 
 
 1. That which, in human speech, is called chance, 
 hazard, fortune, but, in strictness of language, is the 
 determination of Providence ; as, the land shall be 
 divided by lot. JiTum. xxvi. 
 
 2. That by which the fate or portion of one is de- 
 termined ; that by which an event is committed to 
 chance, that is, to the determination of Providence ; 
 as, to cast lots ; to draw lots. 
 
 The lot b cast into the bp, but the whole disposing thereof is of 
 Uie L.onl. — Prwv. x»i. 
 
 3. The part, division, or fate, which falls to one by 
 chance, that is, by divine determination. 
 
 The second lol came forth to Simeon. — Josh. xix. 
 
 He was btit Iwm to Iry 
 The fol of man, to sutter and to die. Pop*. 
 
 4. A distinct portion or parcel ; as, a lot of goods ; 
 a lot of boards. 
 
 5. ProiKirtiun or share of taxes ; as, to pay scot and 
 lot. 
 
 B. In the United States, a piece or division of land ; 
 perhaps originally assigned by drawing lota, but now 
 any portion, piece, or division. So we say, a man 
 has a /"( of land in liro.adway, or in the inradow ; he 
 has a lot in the plain, or on the mountain ; he has a 
 home-/of, a house-Ait, a wood-lot. 
 
 Tlu* defendants leased a house and lol in the city of New York. 
 
 Kent. FVanktin. Late of Penn. 
 
 To cajit lots, is to use or throw a die, or some other 
 instrument, by the unforeseen turn or position of 
 which, an event is, by previous agreement, deter- 
 mined. 
 
 To draw loti ; to determine an event by drawing 
 one tiling from a number whose marks are concealirti 
 from the drawer, antl thus determining an event. 
 
 LOT, r. t. To allot ; to assign ; to distribute ; to sort ; 
 to catalogue ; to portion. Prior. 
 
 LOTE, n. [(Jr. At.ir.{; L. lotus, lotos.] 
 
 1. 'I'he modern popular name of several plants, 
 more especially of the Zizyphiis Lotus of Africa, 
 which is three or four inches higli, and produces a 
 fruit about the size of a sloe, with a large stone, 
 which grows on every part of the branches. 
 
 2. A little muddy fish, like an eel. Cotgrare.. 
 LOTH, a. [Sax. lath, Sw. led, Dan. le.rde, odious, 
 
 hatptl. The common orthography is loath, pronounced 
 with o long, but both tlie orthography and pronunci- 
 ation originally followed the analogy of cloth, .Sax. 
 clatli. I have followed Milton, Dryden, Waller, 
 Spenser, and Shakspeare, in the orthography of this 
 word. The verb, also, with the derivatives, was 
 originally spelt without the li tter a, and this spelling 
 would be preferable. The primary sense is to thrust, 
 to turn or drive away. See the verb, and Class Ld, 
 No. 9, 15.] 
 
 1. Lilrralhi, hating, detesting; hence, 
 
 2. Unwilling; disliking; not inclined ; reluctant. 
 I»n^ doth he stiy, as lolh Ko leave tlie land. DavitM. 
 To i>arJoii willing, and to piinah lolh. WalUr. 
 
 LO'TION, n. [L. lolio, from laco, to wash.] 
 
 1. A washing ; parttrutnrhj, a washing of the skin 
 for the piiriHise of rendering it fair. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A liquid preparatiim for washing some part of 
 the body, to cleanse it of f.iuliiessor deformity. Encyc. 
 
 3. In pharmacy, a preparation of medicines, by 
 washing them in some liquid, to remove foreign sub- 
 stances, impurities, &c. Encijc. 
 
 LOT'TED, pp. Allotted; assigned; sorted ; jior- 
 tioned. 
 
 LOT'TER-Y, 71. [Fr. loterie : Sp. lotrria. See Lot.] 
 1. A scheme for the distribution of prizes by 
 chance, or the distribution itself. Lotteries are often 
 authorized by law, but many good men deem them 
 immorni in principle, and almost all men concur in 
 the opinion that their ctfects are pernicious, 
 a Allotment. [jVet useit.] 
 
 hOT'TlSG, ppr. Assigning; distributing; sorting. 
 
 Lo'TL'S, n. [Gr. Xwr-if.] 
 
 The name of a genus of leguminous plants. The 
 ancients applied the name lotus to the Zizyphiis Lo- 
 tus of Africa, [see Lote,] the Nympliiea Lotus, an 
 Egyptian water plant, aiitl to the several species of 
 the genus IjOtus. 
 
 LOUD, a. [Sax. hhul, or lud ; G. laut ; D. liud ; Dan. 
 /;/(/; L.taudo, lo praise, and with a prefix, pfaurfo ; 
 \V. clod, praise, formed from Uod, which signifies 
 what is forcibly uttered ; Itodi. to reach out ; tlaied, 
 that shoots out, that is productive, also a lad. This 
 
 is the Ch. Syr. Ileb. and Sam. iV', Eth. 
 
 walad, Ar. tXJj walada, to bring forth. The primary 
 
 sense is obvious. Qu. its connection with the Ir. 
 blaodh and glaodh, a calling, and Sax. lathian, to call. 
 See Class Ld, No. 8, 29.] 
 
 1. Having a great sound ; high sounding ; noisy ; 
 striking the ear with great force ; as, a loud voice ; a 
 loud cry ; loud thunder. 
 
 2. Uttering or making a great noise ; as, loud instni- 
 ments. 2 Chron. xxx. 
 
 3. Clamorous ; noisy. 
 
 She is lottd and stubborn. — Prov. Tii. 
 
 4. Eniphatical ; impressive ; as, a loud call to avoid 
 danger. 
 
 LOUD, a</r. With loudness ; loudly. Smart. 
 LOUD'-I.AUGII I.N'G, (-LifTing,) o. Laughing loudly. 
 LOUD'LY, atlr. With gre.at sound or noise ; noisily. 
 
 Who lonp and loudly in Uie schools declaimetl. Dtnhnnl. 
 
 2. Clamorously ; with vehement complaints or im- 
 p4irtuiiily. He loudly complained of intolerance. 
 LOUD'.N'KSS, n. Great sound or noise ; a-s, the loud- 
 ness of a voice or of thunder. 
 2. Clamor; clamorousness ; turbulence; uproar. 
 LOUD'-VOIC-£D, (-voist,) a. Having a loud voice. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 LOUGH, (lok,) n. [Ir.] 
 
 A lake, or ann of the sea ; a different orthography 
 of the Scott ish loch. Fatrfar. 
 LOU'IS-DWB',{\oo'c-doie',) n. [Fr.,a Lewis of gold.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IGNITE.— A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; G as J ; S a-s 7, ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
LOV 
 
 LOV 
 
 LOW 
 
 A sold coin of France, first ^triirk in 1640, in the 
 reign cf Luuis XIIl., value twenty shillings sterling, 
 e4]iMl to ahoiit $4.44. 
 LOUNGE, V. I. [Fr. lonais, a lingerer, from long.] 
 
 1. Tu spend time lazily. 
 
 2. To move idly about ; to stroll. 
 
 3. To recline at ease ; to loll. 
 LOUXOF, )i. An idle gait or stroll. 
 
 2. The act of reclining at ease. 
 
 3. A place for lounging. 
 
 LOU\6'ER, n. An idler; one who loiters away his 
 time in indolence. 
 
 LOUNG'JiXG, ppr. oro. Passing the time in idleness; 
 
 LOtTR. See Lower. [reclining at ease. 
 
 LOUSE, )i. ; pi. Lice. [Sax. liis, pi. lys ; D. luis ; G. 
 laiis; S\v. and Dan. lus.] 
 
 The popular name of a genus cf parasitic insects, 
 termed Pediculiis, with a flattened body divided into 
 eleven or twelve segments, to three of which is at- 
 tached a pair of legs, which are short, and terminated 
 by a stout nail or two opposing hooks, which enable 
 these animals to cling with great facility. The 
 mouth consists of a small, tubular protuberance, situ- 
 ated at the anterior extremity of the head, in the 
 form of a snout, and containing a sucker when at 
 rest. Their eggs are termed nits in English. Two 
 species infest the bodies of men. Diflerent animals 
 are infested with different species. 
 
 LOUSE, (low/.,) p. £. To clean from lice. Swift. 
 
 LOUSE'WORT, (lows'wurt,) n. .\ plant of the genus 
 Pedicularis, so named because sheep were supposed 
 to become lousy by feeding much on it. The yellow 
 loascwort is the genus Khinanthus. 
 
 Loadun. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 LOUS'I-LY, ado. [from lonsy.] In a mean, paltry 
 manner; scnrvily. [Fu/n-ar] 
 
 LOUS'I-NESS, n. The state of abounding with lice. 
 
 LOUS'Y, (low'ze,) a. [from louse.] Swarming with 
 lice ; infested with lice. Driidm. 
 
 2. Mean ; low ; contemptible ; as, a lotisij knave. 
 [Vulirar.] Sliak. 
 
 LOUT, «. [Qu. Sax. lead, G. IctUe, people.] 
 
 A mean, awkward fellow ; a bumpkin ; a clown. 
 
 S.iift. Oay. 
 
 LOUT, V. L [Sax. hlutan.] 
 
 To bend ; to bow ; to stoop. [GisoUtc, or local.] 
 SperLicr. B. Jonsan. 
 
 LOUT'ISH, a. Clownish ; rude ; awkward. Sidney. 
 
 LOUT'ISH-LY, adc. Like a clown ; in aiudc, clum- 
 sy, awkward manner. 
 
 LOUT'ISH-NESS, n. Clownishness. TM. 
 
 LOU'VER, (loo'vcr,) n. [Fr. Vonrert.] 
 
 An opening in the roofs of ancient buildings for 
 the escape of smoke or for ventilation, often in the 
 form of a turret or small lantern. Olosi of Archit. 
 
 A louver window, in church steeples, is an opening 
 crossed by bars of wood, &c., to exclude rain, but 
 allow the passage of sound from the bells. Francis. 
 
 LOV'.A-liLE, a. Worthy of love ; amiable. Slurwnod. 
 
 LOVAGE, n. An herb of the genus Ligusticum, 
 sometimes cultivated as a potherb. London. 
 
 LOVE, (luv,) V. t. [Sax. lufan, luoian; D. lienen ; G. 
 lieben ; Russ. liobhjn ; L. libeo, lubeo ; Sans, loab, love, 
 desire. (See LiEt-.) The sense is probably to be 
 prompt, free, willing, from leaning, advancing, or 
 drawing forward.] 
 
 1. In a general sensCfto be pleased with ; to regard 
 with affection on account of some qualities which 
 excite pleasing sensations, or desire of gratification. 
 We Uivea friend on account of some qualities which 
 give us pleasure in his society. We looc a man who 
 has done us a favor ; in which case gratitude enters 
 into the composition of our affection. We love our 
 parents and our children, on account of their con- 
 nection with us, and ()n account of many qualities 
 which please us. We love to retire to a cool 
 shade in summer. We lore a warm room in win- 
 ter. We love to hear an eloquent advocate. The 
 Christian loves his Bible. In short, we love what- 
 ever gives us pleasure and delight, whether ani- 
 mal or intellectual ; and if our hearts are right, 
 we love God .above all tilings, as the sum of all ex- 
 cellence, and all the attributes which can communi- 
 cate happiness to intelligent beings. In other wonis, 
 the Christian (oom God with the love of complacency 
 in his .attributes, the love of benevolence toward the 
 Interests of his kingdom, and the love of gratitude 
 for favors received. 
 
 Titou thMl love ttift L.onl tliy God with nil (hv h^nrl, ami wiUl 
 
 iill lliy nm\, uixl Willi all ihy iinn.l. — Mali. xxii. 
 Tiioii nh:ill looe thy iKMghbor u Uiyw;!/. — Malt. xxii. 
 
 2. To have benevolence or good will for. John iii. 
 lyOVE, r. i. 'I'o delight ; to take pleasure. Smnrt. 
 LOVE, (luv,) n. An affeitioii of the mind excited by 
 
 beauty and worth of any kind, or by the qualities of 
 on objrct which communicate pleasure, Hcnstial or 
 Intellectual. It in opposed to llArnEo. Aobc between 
 the sexes is a com|)ound aff"ertion, consisting of es- 
 teem, benevolence, and animal desire. /,ove is ex- 
 cited by pli'.aslni; qualities of any kind, as by kind- 
 ness, beni-volence, charily, and by ihe ([iialilies 
 which render social interciMirse agreeable. In the 
 hitler C.1SI', hwp in ardent frn-ndslnp, or a sirong at- 
 tachment springing from good will and estruin, and 
 
 I the pleasure derived from the company, civilities, 
 and kindnesses of others. 
 
 Between certain natural relatives, love seems to be 
 in some cases instinctive. Sue h is the love of a 
 mother for her child, which manifests itself toward 
 an infant, before any particular qualities in the child 
 are nnfuhled. This affection is apparently as strong 
 in irrational animals as in human beings. 
 
 We speak of the love of amusement, the lore of 
 books, the love of money, and the loi^e of whatever 
 contributes to our pleasure or supposed profit. 
 
 The love of God is the first duty of man, and this 
 springs from just views of his attributes or excel- 
 lences of character, which afl^ord the highest delight 
 to the sanctified heart. Esteem and reverence con- 
 stitute ingredients in this affection, and a fear of of- 
 fending him is its inseparable eflS;ct. 
 
 2. Courtship; chiefly in the phrase to make love, 
 that is, to court ; to woo ; to solicit union in mar- 
 riage. 
 
 3. P.atriotism ; the attachment one has to his na- 
 tive land ; as, the love of country. 
 
 4. Benevolence ; good will. 
 
 God is toce. — 1 John it. 
 
 5. The object beloved. 
 
 The lover ami the love of human kind. Pope. 
 
 6. A word of endearment. 
 
 Trust me, tove. Dryden. 
 
 7. Cupid, the god of love. 
 
 Such W.1S his form as paintere, when they show 
 
 Ttieir utmost art, on naked Loves bestow. Dryden, 
 
 8. Lewdness. 
 
 He is not lolling on a lewd Zooe-bed. ShaJc, 
 
 9. A thin, silk stuflT. [Obs.] Boyle. 
 Lore in idleness: a kind of violet. SkuJc. 
 Free of love ; a plant of the genus Cercis. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 LOVE'-AP-PLE, (luv'ap-pl,) n. A plant of the genus 
 
 Solaniim, or l.ycopersicum, or its fruit ; the tomato. 
 LOVE'-BRo-KER, n. A third person who acts as 
 
 agent between lovers. S/tak. 
 LOVE'-CRACK /CD, (-krakt,) a. Crazed with love. 
 LOVED, (luvd,) pp. or a. Having the aS°ection of any 
 
 one. 
 
 LO VE'-DXRT-ING, a. Darting love, as the eyes. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 LOVE'-D.\Y, (luv'da,) n. A day formerly appointed 
 for an amicable adjustment of differences. Chaucer. 
 
 LOVE'-Fa-VOR, n. Something given to be worn in 
 token ofjove. Bp. Hall. 
 
 LOVE'-Fi: A.ST, 71. A religious festival, held quarter- 
 ly by the Methodists, in imitation of the agapa of the 
 earlv Christians. 
 
 LOVE'-FkAT, n. The g.allant act of a lover. Shak. 
 
 LOVE'-KILL-ING, a. Killing afl'ection. Baxter. 
 
 LOVE'-KNOT, (luv'not,) n. A knot so called, used 
 as a token of love, or representing mutual affection. 
 
 L0VE'-L.\-BOR-£D, a. Labored by Jove. Mdlon. 
 
 LOVE'-LaSS, n. A sweetheart. 
 
 LOVE'LESS, a. Void of love ; void of tenderness or 
 kindness. Milton. Sficlton. 
 
 LOVE'-LET-TER, n. A letter professing love ; a 
 letter of courtship. 
 
 LOVE'-LIES-BI,EED'ING,n. A species of amaranth, 
 Amarantus caiitlatus. Partington. 
 
 LOVE'LI-LY, (luv'le-ly,) arf)'. [(tora lovely.] Amia- 
 bly ; in a manner to excite love. Otwny. 
 
 LOVE'LI-NESS, (luv'li-ness,) )i. [from Jot'eJi/.] Amia- 
 bleness ; qualities of body or mind that may excite 
 love. 
 
 If lhen> is such a native loveHness in the sex, as to make th-'ni 
 victorious when in Ui.- wrou^, how resiaUess their power 
 wlien they are on the side of truth 1 SpecUUor. 
 
 LOVE'-LINK-ED, (luv'linkt,) o. Linked or con- 
 nected by love, 
 
 LOVE'-LOCK, n. A curl or lock of hair so called, 
 worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth 
 and .lames I. Lily. 
 
 LO VE'-LORN, a. [loveanA lorn.] Forsaken by one's 
 love ; as, the love-lorn nightingale. .Milton. 
 
 LOVE'LY, (luv'ly,) a. Amiable; that may excite 
 love ; possessing qualities which may invite affec- 
 tion. 
 
 Saul and Jonathan were loaely and pleasant in their lives. — 2 
 S.im. i. 
 
 LOVE'LY-FAC-ED, (luv'le-ni.ste,) a. Havinga love- 
 ly face. 
 
 LOVE'.MON"GER, (Itiv'miing-ger,) n. [lore and mon- 
 ger.] One who deals in affairs of love. [JVuf usciL] 
 
 Slink. 
 
 LOVE'-PIN-£D, (luv'pind,) o. Wasting by love. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 LOV'ER, n. One who loves ; one who has a tender 
 affection, particularly for a female. 
 
 I.<ive ij hiiiiil, anil Invert can not see. Sfutk. 
 
 2. A friend ; one who regards with kindness. 
 
 Your Ijn.iher aii.l h:s loner hiive eml.rio-il. Slialc. 
 
 3. One who likes or is pleased with any thing ; as, 
 a lover of books or of science ; a lover of wine ; a 
 lover of ri'U^ion. 
 
 LO'VER and LOO'VER. See Locver. 
 LOVE'-SE-CRET, n. A secret between lovers. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 LOVE'-PHAFT, 71. • Cupid's arrow. Sliak. 
 LOVE'-SICK, a. Sick or langui^lli^g with love or 
 amorous desire ; as, a lovesick maid. 
 
 'I'o Uie dear luistrt^ss of my looe-sick riiinil. Dryden. 
 
 2. Dictated by a languishing lover, or expressive 
 of languishing love. 
 
 Where niglilin^ales their lovesick ditty shig. Dryden. 
 LOVE'-SICK-NESS, »t Languishing and amorous 
 desire. 
 
 LOVE'SOME, a. Lovely. [JVot itscrf.] Dryden. 
 LOVE'-SONG, n. A song expressing love. Shak. 
 LOVE'-SCIT, n. Courtship; solicitation of union in 
 
 marriage^ Sliak. 
 LOVE'-'PaLE, 71. A narrative of love. 
 
 Cato 's a proper person to intrust 
 A love-lale with. Addison. 
 
 LOVE'-TAUGIIT, a. Instructed by love. Muore. 
 LOVE'-TiiOUGHT, (luv'thawt,) n. Amorous fancy. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 LOVE'-To-KSN', n. A present in token of love. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LOVE'-TOY, ji. A small present from a lover. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 LOVE'-TRICK, 71. Art or artifice expressive of love. 
 Other looe.tncks than glancing with ihe eyes. Donne. 
 
 LOVING, ppr. Entertaining a strong afl'ection for; 
 having tender regard for. 
 
 2. a. Fond ; affectionate ; as, a loving friend. 
 
 3. Expressing love or kindness ; as, loving words. 
 LOV'ING-KIND-NESS, 71. Tender regard; mercy; 
 
 favor ; a scriptural word. 
 
 My lomn^-lcinditess will 1 not ulterlr take from him. — Ps. 
 Ixxxix. 
 
 LOV'I.\G-LY, adv. With love ; with affection ; aff'ec- 
 tionately. 
 
 It IS no gn»at matter to live lovingly with meek persons. Taylor. 
 LOVING-NESS, H. Affection ; kind regard. 
 
 The only two bands of good will, loveliness and looingness. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 LOW, a. [D. laag, G. leg, Sw. lag, low ; Sax. loh, a 
 pit or gulf; Russ. log, a low place, a hollow ; Dan. 
 lag, a bed or layer, a row ; from the root of lay.] 
 
 ~1. Not high or elevated ; depn-ssed below any 
 given surfiice or jilace. Low gnmiid or land, is land 
 below the common level. Low is opposed to high, 
 and both are relative terms. That which is law 
 with respect to one thing, may he hi'jli with resjiect 
 to another. A (ojf house would be a Ain-A fence. A 
 low flight for an eagle, would be a high flight for a 
 partridge. 
 
 Q. Not rising to the usual liight ; as, a man of low 
 stature. 
 
 3. Declining ne.ar the horizon. The sun is low at 
 four o'clock in winter, and at six in summer. 
 
 4. Deep ; descending far below the adjacent 
 ground ; as, a low valley. 
 
 The lowest bottom shook of Erebus. Millon. 
 
 5. Sunk to the natural level of the ocean by the 
 retiring of the tide ; as, low w.ater. 
 
 6. Below the usual rate or amount, or below the 
 ordinary value ; as, :i low price of corn ; tow wages. 
 
 7. Not high or loud ; as, a loic voice. 
 
 8. Grave ; depressed in the scale of sounds ; as, a 
 low note. 
 
 9. Near or not very distant from the equator; as, 
 a low latitude. We say, the low southern latitudes ; 
 the high northern latitudes. 
 
 10. Late in time ; modern ; as, the lower empire. 
 
 11. Dejecti^d ; depressed in vigor ; wanting strength 
 or animation; as, low spirits; low in spirits. His 
 courage is low. 
 
 12. Depressed in condition ; in a humble state. 
 
 Why but to k"ep you lote antl ignorant ? Milton, 
 
 13. Humble in rank ; in a mean condition ; as, 
 men of high and IfW condition ; the lower walks of 
 life ; a low class of |ieople. 
 
 14. Mean; abject; groveling; base; ns, a person 
 of low mind. 
 
 15. Dishonorable ; mean ; as, a loto trick or strata- 
 gem. 
 
 IK. Not elevated or sublime ; not exalted in thought 
 or diction ; ns, u low comparison; a low nielaphur; 
 low language. 
 
 In compariaon of the«»* divine writers, the noblest wits of ilie 
 he.itlien world «n> h:s and dull. J-'elton, 
 
 17. Vulgar ; rtmmion ; as, n low education. 
 
 18. Submissive; humble; revi^rent. 
 
 And pay their fealty 
 With )oio subjection. A/i/ton. 
 But first loio n-verence tlone. A/i/Wn. 
 
 19. Weak ; exhausted of vital energy. His dis- 
 ease has brought him very low. 
 
 2fl. Fiv blfl ; weak ; wiihinit fiirce ; as, a tow pulse. 
 21. Moderate ; not inflammatory ; as, a low fever. 
 3'J. Moderate; not intense; as, a ha heat; alow 
 temperature. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T. — METE, PREY. — PL\E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BOQK,— 
 
 678 
 
LOW 
 
 23. ImpovcrisliHd ; in reduced circumstances. The 
 ricli an' often reduced lo a low i-midiliun. 
 
 i2-l. Moderate ; as, a low ciiliiilalion or estimate. 
 
 25. Plain ; simple ; nut rich, liii;b seasoned, or 
 nourishing; as, a hio dirt. 
 LOW, adv. Not alott ; not on high ; often used in com- 
 po.iitioit ; as, /<iw-l>rou'ed rocks. Miltun. Pope. 
 
 2. UndPr the usual price; nl a moderate price. 
 He sulci bis wheat loio. 
 
 '3. Near the yrounil ; as, the bird flics very low. 
 
 4. In a mean condition ; in composition ; as, a hiw- 
 born fi lluw ; a /uir-born lass. ' Sluk. 
 
 5. In time approaching our own. 
 
 Ill the pan o( tlip worltl whicli w;\b first iiilml>il''(l, cvpti loie 
 down as Abr.ih.inr* linn-, thi'y w.ui»l'-n'<t with 111 -ir fl<>.-ks 
 mill h.rvlj. Locke. 
 
 fi. With a depressed voice ; not hiudly ; as, speak 
 low. 
 
 7. In a state of subjection, poverty, or disgrace ; 
 as, to be brought low by oppression, by want, or by 
 vice. 
 
 8. In popular astronomy, having a great southern 
 declination in the diurnal revoliitiim ; as, the moon 
 runs low, i. e., appears far in the south. Olmsted. 
 
 J.CtW, V. t. To sink ; Ui depress. [jVot used.] melif. 
 LOW, r. i. [.Sa.\. hieowan : 11. lirijen. It is probably a 
 
 contracted word, coinciding with L. lu^'eo, to weep, 
 
 the sense of whu-h is, tti cnj out.] 
 To bellow, as an ox or cow. 
 
 The towing liefil wind sttowly o'er the lea. Gray. 
 LOW, n. Flame ; fire. [Obsolete or local.'] Smart. 
 LOW, j A termination of names, as in lled-Zoie. 
 LoWK, i [Sax. Idaw, a hill, heap, or barrow, Goth. 
 
 Idaiw.] 
 
 LOW'-ARCU-£D, (lo'ircht,) a. Having a low arch. 
 
 [Scott. 
 
 LOW'BELL, n, [Pw. lage, flame ; laga, to llaine ; 
 Sax. UriT, /ey, /iV, id. ; Pent, lowe : G. hike.] 
 
 A kind of fowling in the niaht, in wliioli the birds 
 are wakened by a bell, and blinded by light, so as 
 to be easily taken. Cowel. 
 LOW'BELL, 0. t. To scare, as with a lowbell. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 LOW-BORN, a. Bom In low life. 
 LOW'-UllEIJ, a. Bred in a low condition or manner ; 
 vulgar. 
 
 LOW'-CIIUKCH, a. Not asserting exclusive episco- 
 
 liacy ; opposed to IIioh-Chi bch. 
 LOWER, r. (. [from Jow.] To cause to descend ; to 
 
 let down ; to take or bring down ; as, to lower the 
 
 main -sail of a sloop. 
 
 2. To sutler to sink downward. Woodward. 
 
 3. To bring down; to reduce or humble; as, to 
 lower the pride of man. 
 
 4. To lessen ; to diminish ; to reduce, as value or 
 anion lit ; as, to lower the price or value of goods, or 
 the rate of interest. 
 
 LOWER, e. i. To fall ; to sink ; to grow less. Shak. 
 LDWEIi, I', i. To appear dark or gloomy; to be 
 clouded ; to threaten a storm. 
 
 And .ill llio cluiiiU ihiu towtrtd upon our house. Shnk. 
 
 The towering Bpriii^. Drydtn. 
 
 2. To frown ; to look snilen. 
 But »ullcn discontent tat towering on her ftoe. Dryden. 
 LOWER, II. Cloudiness ; gloominess." 
 
 2. A frowning ; sullenness. Sidney. 
 LOWER, o. [rump, of Low.] L(!ss high or elevated. 
 LOWEIl-e.ASE, n. Among printers, the case which 
 coiiLiins the small leiieis. flence, as an adjective, it 
 denotes the small letters, in distinctitni from capiUils. 
 LOWER ED, pp. Caused to descend ; let down ; 
 sunk. 
 
 LOWER-ING, ppr. or a. Letting doivn ; sinking. 
 LOWER-LN'G, ppr. or o. Appearing dark or threat- 
 ening. 
 
 LOWER-ING-LY, adv. With cloudiness or threat- 
 ening doom. 
 
 LOWEK-.MOST, o. (from Joiii.] Lowest. 
 
 LOWER-\', o. Cloudy; gloomy. 
 
 LOW'Esr, a. [suprrl. u( Low.l Most low; deep- 
 est ; most depressed or degradetl. Sec. 
 
 LOW'I.NG, ppr. or a. Bellowing, as an ox. 
 
 LOWI.N'G, n. The b t llowifig or rry of cattle. 
 
 L0W'1..\.\'I), n. Land which is low with respect to 
 the ni-ighbiiring country ; a low tir level couiitr>-. 
 Thus the Uelgic statrs are called Lowlands. The 
 wonl is sometimes oppixsed to a moiintninnus coun- 
 try ; xs, the Lowlands tif Scotland. Soiiietiines it 
 denotes a marsh. Dniden. 
 
 L0WL1-11OO1), n. A humble state. [Ohs.] Chaucer. 
 
 LOW'Ll-LX'', ui/c. Iliunbly ; wiihout pride ; meanly ; 
 without digni'y. 
 
 LOW'LI-NE.SS, n. [from lowhj.] Freedom from 
 pride ; humility ; humbleness of mind. JUlton. 
 
 Walk — wilh all towiinete miil ineekiipu. — Kph. iv. Phil. ii. 
 
 2. Meanness ; want of dignity ; abject state. [In 
 this len.ie liule wied.] Spensc Dnjnen. 
 
 LOW'LY,ii. [lorn nnd like.] Having a low esteem of 
 one's own worth ; humble ; meek ; free from pride. 
 
 T»kr mt toke upon Ton , nnd learn of me, for I am nn-rk aiul 
 
 'oi«'y III IV .in. — .M.itt. xl. 
 He •Cometh the aconien ; but lie fiveth pw uoto the touty. ~~ 
 
 Pniv. lii. 
 
 LOZ 
 
 2. Mean ; low ; wanting dignity or rank. 
 
 One coiiiiiion ri^lit llie (Jr^-ut and iumUj claim. Vo^. 
 
 3. Not lofty or sublime ; humble. 
 
 Tli''»e rural iJorm«, anil their towly mriin. Oi-ylen. 
 
 4. Not high ; not elevated in place. Dnjden. 
 LOWLY, adv. Humbly ; meekly ; modestly. 
 
 Be lowlii wise. A/i.'(on. 
 
 2. Meanly ; in a low condition ; wiihout grandeur 
 or dignity. 
 
 I will silow mytelfliighly f.-il, ami louylf lauijhl. Shak. 
 LOW-.MI.\D-ED, a. Having or indicating a low 
 
 mind or debased feelings ; mean ; base. 
 LOW-.MUT-'I'ER-£l), a. Muttered wilh a low voice. 
 
 Kllon. 
 
 LOWN, n. [See Loon.1 A low fellow ; a scoundrel. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LOW'NESS, n. The state of being low or depressed ; 
 the state of being less elevated than something else ; 
 as, the lowness of the ground, or of the water after 
 the ebb-tide. 
 
 2. Meanness of condition. Men are not to be 
 despised or oppressed on account of the luwness of 
 their birth or condition. 
 
 3. Meanness of mind or cli.aracter ; want of di^ 
 nity. Haughtiness usually springs from tuwness of 
 miiid ; real dignity is distinguished by modesty. 
 
 4. Want of siibliinity in style or sentiment ; the 
 contrary lo Loftiness. Drydcn. 
 
 5. Submissiveness J as, Ihe /orc/if.^^ of obedience. 
 
 Biuon. 
 
 fi. Depression of mind ; want of courage or forti- 
 tude ; dejection ; as, lowness of spirits. 
 
 7. I)epres3ion in furtiine ; a state of poverty; as, 
 the lowness of circumstances. 
 
 8. Depression in strength or intensity ; as, the low- 
 ness of ileal or tcmpemture ; loicness of zeal. 
 
 9. Depression in price or worth ; as, the /iimncw of 
 price or value ; the lateness of the fuiuLs, or of the 
 markets. 
 
 lu. Graveness of sound ; as, the lowness of notes. 
 11. Softness of sound; as, the lowttcss of Uie 
 voice. 
 
 LOW'-I'KK'-En, (lo'prisl,) a. Rearing a low price. 
 LoW-l>ltr,SS'i;i!E, a. See Steam-En(;ine. 
 LOW'-KUOF-BU, (-rooft,) a. Having a low roof. 
 
 LOW-PPIR'IT-ED, a. Not having animation and 
 courage ; dejected ; depressed ; not lively or spright- 
 ly. Losses of property often render men low-.-pirited. 
 Excessive severity breaks the mind, and renders 
 the child or pupil low-spirited. 
 
 LOW-Sl'IR'IT-ED-NKSS, n. Dejection of mind or 
 courage ; a stale of low spirits. Chnjue. 
 
 LOW-SlJN-D.\Y, n. A popular name for the Sunday 
 next after Easter. Brande. 
 
 LOW-'PHOL'GHT'ED, (-lhawt'ed,) a. Having the 
 thoughts employed on low subjects ; not having 
 sublime and elevated thoughts or contemplations ; 
 mean of sentiment ; as, low-OwuglUed care. 
 
 Jildton. Pope. 
 
 LOW-WA'TER, n. The lowest point of the ebb or 
 recedini: tide. 
 
 LOW'-WI.N'ES, n. pf. [lowani wine.] A weak liquor 
 produced by the first distillation tif molasses, or fer- 
 mcnled litiuors ; the first run of the still. 
 
 Edwards, W. Ind. 
 
 LOX-O-DROM'ie, 0. [Gr. Aofof, oblii|ue, and ii,)</ir.{, 
 a course.) 
 
 Pertaining to oblique sailing by the rhumb; as, 
 lotodromic tables. 
 
 Lotodrtmic carte : a line which always makes an 
 equal angle with every meridian ; the rhumb line. 
 
 LOX-O-DRU.M'ies, )i. The art of oblique sailing by 
 the rhumb, a line which always makes an equal an- 
 gle with every meridian ; that is, when a ship sails 
 neither directly under the equator nor under the 
 same meridian, but obliquely. Harris. Budeij. 
 
 LOY'AL, a. [Fr. loyal; ll.leale; Sp. leal ; from L. 
 lez, law.] 
 
 Faithful to a prince or superior ; true lo plighted 
 faith, iluty, or love; not treacherous; used of sub- 
 jects to their prince, and of husband, wife, and lov- 
 ers ; as, a loyal subject ; a loyal wife. 
 
 There Uio-tainia with Rviulne nioven, 
 
 Uiihippy luth I liut toynl in their lovea. Drylen. 
 
 LOY'AL-IST, B. A person who adheres to his sov- 
 ereign ; particularly, one who niaint:tins his allegi- 
 ance to his prince, and defends bis cause in limes of 
 revolt or revtilution. 
 
 LOY'.'\L-LY, atlr. With fiilelity to a prince or sov- 
 crei<:n, or to a husband or lover. 
 
 LOY'.M^TY, n. Fidelity to a prince or sovereign, or 
 to a husband nr lover. 
 
 He h.id tiich loyalty lo Uie kiii|r aa the law require!. Clarendon. 
 
 LOZ'ENCE, 71. [Fr. losange ; Cr. X <f of , oblitiue, and 
 } on 111, a corner.] 
 
 1. \ figure with four equal sides, having two 
 acute and two obtuse angles; a rhomb. 
 
 2. In hrraldni, [it is used exactly as in the first 
 sense. — E. II. B.] 
 
 3. Among jewelers, lozenges arc common to bril- 
 
 LUC 
 
 liants and rose diamonds. In brilliants, they are 
 formed ^y the meeting of the skill and the star fa- 
 cets on the bezil ; in the latter, by the meeting of 
 the facets in the horizontal ribs of^ llie crown. 
 
 Eucyc. 
 
 4. In confectionery, a small cake of sugar, &c., 
 often medicated, originally in the form of n lozenge 
 or rhoiii^, but now usually round. 
 LOZ'E.NG-KD, ( a. Having the form of a 
 
 LOZ'ENOE-SIIaP ED, j lozenge or rhomb. [See 
 
 LoZEVtJE, No. 1.1 
 
 LOZ'E.N'G Y, a. In keraldry, [more usually written 
 
 luieniice, divided lozengc-wi.se. — E. U. Barker.] 
 LP; a contraction of Lordship. 
 Lir. See Loo. 
 
 HJB'BARI). fJVui used.] See LimnEn. 
 
 LUB'BEK, n. [W. llahi, a tall, lank fellow, a clumsy 
 man, a stripling, a lubber, a looby ; llab, a flag or thin 
 strip, a stripe or stroke ; llabiaw, to slap ; Hob, an un- 
 wieldy lump, a dull fellow. From the signilirallons 
 of llabi, it iippcars that the primary sense is tall and 
 lank, like a stripling who gains his hight before he 
 does his full strength, and hence is clumsy. But 
 looby seems rather to be from Uob.] 
 
 A heavy, clumsy fellow; a sturdy drone; a 
 clown. 
 
 Ami liii?.^nnf, .-Mtfra lose many a penny. Totter. 
 LUn'BEIl-LY, a. Properly, tall and lank, without ac- 
 tivity ; hence, biilhv and heavy; clum.iy ; lazy; as, 
 a lubbrrhi fellow or btii^. 
 LUBBERLY, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 Lv'URlU, a. [L. lubricus, slippery.] 
 
 1. Having a sinoolh surface ; slippery ; as, a lubric 
 throat. Crashaw. 
 
 2. Wavering ; unsteady ; as, the lubric waves of 
 state. IVotton. 
 
 3. La-scivious ; wanton ; lewd. 
 
 This lattrie and adult-Tite ag«. Dryden. 
 
 \ Thit word is now little used. ] 
 LP'BRI-eANT, 11. [See Ludbicate.] That which 
 lubricates. 
 
 LC''BRI-C.\TE, r. t. [L. luhrieo, from lubricus, slip- 
 pery ; allied to labor, to slip or slide.] 
 
 To make smooth or slip|>ery. .Mucilaginous and 
 saponaceous medicines lubricate the parts to which 
 lliey are applied. Lubricitate is not used. 
 
 Lu'liRl-CA-TEl), pp. or a. Made smooth and slip- 
 perv. 
 
 LC''BIU-C.\-TING, ppr. or a. Rendering smooth and 
 slippery. 
 
 HT-ltRI-eA'TIO.\, n. The act of rendering smooth 
 
 and slipperv. 
 Lu'BRl-€.\-TOR, n. That which lubricates. 
 LU-BKIC'l-TY, n. [Fr. lubriciti.] 
 
 1. Smoothness of^ surface ; slippcrincss. 
 
 2. Smoothness ; aptness to glide over any thing, or 
 to facilitate the motion of bodies in contact by dimin- 
 ishing friction. Ray, 
 
 3. Slippcriness ; instability ; as, the lubricity of 
 fortune. L'EHrange. 
 
 4. Lnsciviousnesg ; propensity to lewdness ; lewd- 
 ne-ss ; lechery ; incontinency. Dri.den. 
 
 LC"BUI-eurs, a. [L. lubricus.] 
 
 1. Smooth ; slippery. Woodward. 
 
 2. Wavering; unstable; ns, /uAricous opinions. 
 
 Olancille. 
 
 LU-nRI-FAC'TION, n. [Infra.] The act of liibri- 
 l aliiiL' or making smooth. Bacon. 
 
 H'-HRI Fl e.\'T10N, n. [L. lubricus and /ucia, to 
 make.] 
 
 The act or operation of making smooth and slip- 
 pi^ry. Ray. 
 
 Ll'-e.\'.M.\, n. .\ Chilian fruit, in size and flavor re- 
 sembling a peach. Oarduer. 
 
 LfU'E, H. A pike full grown. Johnson. Shak. 
 
 LCCE.NT, a. [L. lucens, from lucro, to shine. See 
 Light.] 
 
 Shining; bright; resplendent; as, the sun's /ucrat 
 orb. Milton. 
 Lf''CER.V, 71. [Qu. W. llusau, plants ; Uysieuyn, a 
 plant ; Com. lyzuan ; or from Lucerne, in Switzer- 
 land.] 
 
 A leguminous plant of the genus .Medicago, culti- 
 vated lor foililer. 
 LU-CER'NAl^MICRO-SCOPE, 7i. [L. iuccnia, a 
 lamp, and uiicroseope.] 
 
 .\ compound microscope, in which the object is 
 illtiminateil by means of a lamp. Olmsted. 
 LO'CII), a. [L. lueidus, from {iicco, to shine. See 
 
 LiCHT.] 
 
 1. Shining ; bright ; resplendent ; as, the lueid 
 orbs tif heaven. 
 
 2. Clear ; transparent; pellucid ; as, a lucid stream. 
 
 .Ui//ull. 
 
 3. Bright with the radiance of intellect ; ntit dark- 
 -oneil or confused by delirium or iiiadn(*ss ; marked 
 
 by the regiil.-ir operations of reason ; as, the lucui in- 
 tervals of a derinued man. 
 
 4. Clear ; distinct . presenting a clear view ; easily 
 understiMid ; as, a lucid order or arrangement. 
 
 LUCID I TY, a. Brightness. [JV,.t used.] 
 LO'CID-LY, ode. Clearly ; distinctly. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, tJNITE.— AN"GER, Vl"CIOLS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 679 
 
LUC 
 
 LO'CID-NESS, re. Biiiilitiiess ; clearness. 
 LU'CI-FER, 71. [L. lux, lucis, light, and fero, to 
 bringj 
 
 1. The planet Venus, so called from its brightness. 
 
 2. Satan. 
 
 And when he falls he Mis like Luci/er, 
 Never lu hope agiiin. Shak. 
 Lu'CI-FER, I n. A match made of a very 
 
 LO'CI-FEK-MArCH, i combustible substance, and 
 ignited by friction. They were oriirinally tipped with 
 a mixture of chlorate of potash and sulphuret of an- 
 timony, but now usually with phosphorus and niter. 
 
 Silliman. 
 
 LU-CI-Fe'RI-AX, a. Pertaining to Lucifer, or to the 
 Luciferians. 
 
 LU-CI-Fe'RI-ANS, 71. pi. The followers of Lucifer, 
 bishop of C.igliari, in the fourth century, who sepa- 
 rated from the orthodox churches because they 
 would not go all lengths with him in opposing the 
 Arians. Murdock. 
 LU-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. lucifir, supra.] 
 
 Giving light ; affording light or means of discov- 
 ery. Buyle. 
 LU-CIF'ER-OUS-LY, adv. So as to discover. Brown. 
 LU-CIF'ie, a. [L. lux, light, and facio, to make.] 
 
 Producing light. Grew. 
 LU'CI-FORM, a. [L. lux, light, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of light ; resembling light. 
 The water prepi\res us, and purifies our luciform spirit to re- 
 ceive the diviiiity. Paus. Tram. 
 LU-CIM'E-TER, 77. A photometer, or instrument for 
 
 measuring the intensity of light. 
 LUC;K, 77. [D. luk, geluk ; G. ghick ; Sw. lycka ; Dan. 
 lykke; Sans, lakki. The sense is, that which comes, 
 falls, happens. W. iluj, a dart or throw ; llufuiw, to 
 
 throw. Qu. Gr. Aayxavu ; Ar. Li! laka. Class 
 Lg, No. 21.] 
 
 "That which happens to a person ; an event, good 
 or ill, affecting a man's interest or happiness, and 
 which is deemed casual ; fortune. Luck respects 
 persons and their proceedings. We never .say, in a 
 literal sense, that a plant has the luck to grow in a 
 particular place ; or a fossil has the luck to be of a 
 particular form. We say, a person has the good 
 luck to escape from danger: or the ill lack toha in- 
 snared or to suffer loss. He has good luck, or bad luck 
 in gaming, fishing, or hunting. Luck, or what we 
 call chance, accident, fortune, is an event which 
 takes place without being intended or foreseen ; or 
 from some cause not under human cimtrol ; that 
 which can not be previously known or determined 
 with certainty by human skill or power. 
 
 Consider the gilt of luck as below the coie of a wise mnn. 
 
 iiamb'er. 
 
 LUCK'-PEX-NY, 71. In Scotland, a small sum given 
 back to the payer, by one who receives money under 
 a contract or bargain. Jumieson. 
 
 LUCK'I-LV, adu. [from lucky.'] Fortunately ; by 
 good fortune ; with a favorable issue ; in a good 
 sense. Luckily, we escaped injury. 
 
 LUCK'I-NES.S, 71. The state of being fortunate ; as, 
 the luckiness of a man or of an event. 
 
 2. Good fortune ; a favorable issue or event. [In 
 this sense, Luck is generally used.] 
 
 LUCK'LESS, )i. Unfortunate ; meeting with ill suc- 
 cess ; as, a luckless gamester ; a luckless maid. 
 2. Unfortunate ; producing ill or no good. 
 Prayers made and granted in a luckless hour. Dry-ien. 
 
 LUCK'LESS-LY, adv. Unfortunately ; unsuccess- 
 fully. 
 
 LUCK'Y, a. Fortunate ; meeting with good success ; 
 as, a lucky adventurer. 
 
 2. Fortunate; producing good by chance ; favora- 
 ble ; as, a lucky adventure ; a lucky time ; a lucky 
 cast. 
 
 LO'eR.\-TIVE, a. [Fr. lucratif; L. lucrativus, from 
 lucror, to gain profit.] 
 
 Gainful ; profitable ; making increase of money or 
 goods ; as, a lucrative trade ; lucrative business or 
 office. 
 
 LCeilA-TIVE-LY, a*. Profitably. 
 
 LO'GRE, (lu'ker,) n. [L. lucrum ; Fr. lucre.'] 
 
 Gain in money or goods ; profit; usually in an ill 
 Bcnue, or with the sense of something base or un- 
 worthy. 
 
 The lu«t of lucre, «nd the dread of death. P"!!'. 
 A h-.shop inu«t he blameleM — not given to filthy liirre. — '1 it. I. 
 
 LO'eRE, (lu'ker,1 v. i. To desire pecuniary advan- 
 tage, {.fij'nt used.] Jinderson. 
 
 LU-CRIF'ER-OUH, a. [L. /acruin, gain, and /cro, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Gainful ; profiUible. [Little used,] Roylc. 
 LH-CRIF'ie, a. [L. lucrum, gain, and fucio, to 
 inake.1 
 
 Prmniclne profit ; gainful. [J\rot used.] 
 LUC-TA'TKl.N", n. [L. tuttutio, from luctor, to wrestle 
 or "irivc.l 
 
 Klniggfn ; cnntcit ; clTort to overcome in ront<tst. 
 fLillte used.] 
 LU€"Ti;-AL, B. [L. tiulu; grief.] 
 
 Producing grief. fWoJ lued.] Buck. 
 
 LUK 
 
 Lu'€U-BRaTE, v. i. [L. luciihro, to study by candle- 
 light, from lucubrum, from lui, light.] 
 
 To study by candle-light or a lamp ; to study by 
 night. 
 
 LU-€U-BRA'TI0N, n. Study by a lamp or by candle- 
 light ; nocturnal study. 
 
 2. That which is composed by night ; that which 
 is produced by meditation in retirement. Taller. 
 
 LU'eU-BRA-TO-RY, a. Composed by candle-light or 
 by night. Pope. 
 
 LU'CO-LEXT, a. [L. luculentus, from luceo, to shine.] 
 
 1. Lucid ; clear ; transparent ; as, luculcnt rivers. 
 
 2. Clear; evident; luminous. [T/iomsoti. 
 
 LU eUL'LITE, 71. [from Lucu'.us, a Roman consul.] 
 A variety of black limestone, often polished for 
 
 ornamental purposes. Brande. 
 LU-DIB'RI-OUS, a. [L. ludibriosus, from lado, to 
 
 sport.] 
 
 Sportive ; wanton. J. Barlow. 
 
 LU'DI-CROUS, a. [L. ludicer, from ludo, to sport.] 
 Sportive ; burlesque ; adapted to raise laughter, 
 without scorn or contempt. Ludicrous differs from 
 ridiculous ; the latter implying contempt or derision. 
 
 Plutareh quotes this instance of Homer's Judgment, in dosing a 
 ludicrous scene witli decency and instruction. Broome. 
 
 Lu'DI-CROUS-LY, adv. Sportively; in burlesque; 
 
 in a manner to raise laughter without contempt. 
 LU'DI-€ROUS-NESS, 7i. Sportiveness ; the quality 
 
 of exciting laughter without contempt ; merry cast. 
 LU-DI-FI-Ca'TION, 71. [L. ludificor.] 
 
 The act of deriding. 
 LU-DIF'I-€A-TO-RY, a. Making sport; tending to 
 
 excite derision. Barrow. 
 Lu'F.S, 71. [L.] Poison ; pestilence ; plague. 
 LUFF, 71. [Goth. iK/a;-Scot. loof; Ir. lav, lamh ; W. 
 
 law.] 
 
 The palm of the hand. [Local.] Smart. 
 
 LUFF, 7!. [Fr. lof: G. luof; D. luef; Arm. loff:] 
 
 Weathergage, or part toward the wind ; or the 
 sailing of a sliip close to the wind. 
 
 LUFF, V. i. [D. loeven ; Arm. luffi.] 
 
 To turn the head of a ship toward the wind ; to 
 sail nearer the wind. Hence, in t/ie imperative, luff 
 is an order to put the tiller on the lee side, in order 
 to make the ship sail nearer the wind. Luff round, or 
 luff a-lee, is the extreme of this movement, intended 
 to throw the ship's head into the wind. A ship is 
 said to spring her luff, when she yields to the helm 
 by sailing nearer the wind. Encyc. 
 
 LUFF'-TACK-LE, (-tak-l,) n. A large tackle not des- 
 tined for any particular place in tile ship, but mova- 
 ble at pleasure. ' Mar. Diet. 
 
 LUG, V. t. [S:ix. lyccan, dluccan, gelugg'ian, to pull, to 
 pluck, Ir. luighim. See Pluck.] 
 
 1. To haul ; to drag ; to pull with force, as some- 
 thing heavy and moved with difficulty. 
 
 Jowler lugs hini still 
 Though heiljes. Dryden, 
 
 2. To carry or convey with labor. 
 
 They must ilividc the image among them, and 80 iii^ olT every 
 
 one his share. Collier. 
 To lug out ; to draw a sword in burlesque. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 LUG, ». i. To drag ; to move heavily. [Qu.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 LUG, 71. A small fish. Carcw. 
 
 2. In Scotland, an ear. [Obs.] Johnson. 
 
 3. A pole or perch, a land measure. [06s.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 4. Something heavy to be drawn or carried. 
 [Vulgar.] 
 
 LUG'GAGli, 71. [from lug.] Any thing cumbersome 
 and heavy to be carried ; a traveler's trunks, bag- 
 gage, &c. 
 
 1 am galliering up mv luggage and preparing for niy journey. 
 
 2. Something of more weight than value. 
 
 What do von mcau 
 To dote on such luggage ? Sliak. 
 
 LUG'GER, 71. [T>.loger,] 
 
 .\ small vessel carrying three masts, with a run- 
 ning bowsprit and long or lug sail.s. 
 
 Tolten. Mar. Diet. 
 LIIGGS, 71. An insect like an earth-worm, but having 
 legs. 
 
 LU(J'-SaII,,7!. a square sail bent upon a yard that 
 hangs obliquely to the ma.st at one third of its 
 lenglli. Mar. Did. 
 
 LU-UO'BKI-OUS, a. [L. lugubris, from lugeo, to 
 Weep.] 
 
 Aloiirnful ; indicating sorrow ; as, n lugubrious 
 li>ok. Decay of I'icty. 
 
 Hr-CO'BRI OUS-LY, adu. Mournfully. 
 LfiKIO or I.EOKK, n. Not fully hot. [Obs.] 
 LCiKE'NESri or LE0KE'NESS,7i. Moderate warmth. 
 [Obs,] 
 
 LOKE'wARM, a. [Sax. vlaco, tepid, moderately 
 warm ; vliician, to warm ; I), laauw, laauwvn (i. 
 Ian ; Dan Unl.rii, lukewarm ; Uuikrr, to make tepid ; 
 allied to flag, tug, or to lay, alluy, or to slack.] 
 
 LUM 
 
 1. Moderately warm ; tepid; as, iitie7ra7T7! water; 
 lukewarm heat. fViseman. JVewton 
 
 2. N(Jt ardent ; not zealous ; cool ; indifferent ; as, 
 lukewarm obedience ; lukewarm patriots. Bev. iii. 
 
 Dryden. .ddd'ison, 
 LuKE'WARM-LY, ado. With moderate warmth. 
 
 2. With indifference; coolly. 
 LtJKE'WAR.M-NESS, 71. A mild or moderate heat. 
 2. Indifference ; want of zeal or ardor ; coldness. 
 The defect of ze.d is lukewarmness, or coldness in religion. 
 
 Sprat, 
 
 LULL, V. t. [Dan. luller ; G. and D. lullen ; L. lallo. 
 Clu. Russ. leleyu, to dandle or fondle. The sense is, 
 to throw down, to still, to appease. Seamen say, the 
 wind lulls, when it subsides.] 
 
 To quiet ; to compose ; to cause to test. The na- 
 tion may be lulled into security. 
 
 To lull him soft asleep. Spenser. 
 
 Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie 
 
 To lull the dailghLcre of necessity. Milton. 
 
 LULL, 71. i. To subside ; to cease ; to become calm ; 
 
 as, the wind lulls. 
 LULL, 71. Power or quality of soothing. Young. 
 2. A season of temporary quiet after storm or 
 
 confusion. 
 
 LULL'A-BV, 71. [lull and by, Russ. baxju. See By.] 
 A song to quiet babes ; that which quiets. 
 
 Shak. Locke. 
 
 LULL'£D, pp. duieted ; appeased ; composed to 
 rest. 
 
 LULL'ER, 71. One that lulls ; one that fondles. 
 
 LULL'ING, ppr. or a. Stilling ; composing to rest. 
 
 LUM, 71. [Qu. Sa.x. leoma.] 
 
 The chimney of a cottage. Todd. 
 
 LCMA-CHEL, ) 71. A grayish-brown limestone, 
 
 LU-.MA-CHEL'LA, ( containing fossil shells, which 
 reflect from within the stone a beautiful play of col- 
 ors. It is also called frc-marble, from the fiery re- 
 flections. Dana. 
 
 LUM-BAG'I-NOUS, a. Pertaining to lumbago. 
 
 LUiM-Ba'GO, 71. [L. tumbus, loins.] [Cheyne. 
 
 1. A pain in the loins and small of the back. 
 
 Quincy. 
 
 2. A rheumatic affection of the muscles about the 
 loins. Hooper. 
 
 LUM'BAL, a. The same as Lcmbak, which see. 
 LUM'BAR, a. [L. lumbus, loins.] 
 
 Pertaining to or near the loins. The lumbar re- 
 gion is the posterior portion of the btuly, between 
 the false ribs and the upper edge of the haunch bone. 
 
 Parr. 
 
 LUM'BER, 71. [Allied to Sax. Icnma, utensils, or to 
 lump, clump, a mass, or Dan. lumpe, a rag; lumperie, 
 trifles ; Sw. lumpor, rags, old cloths ; D. lomp ; G. 
 lumpen ; Fr. lambcau. In French, lambourde is a 
 joist.] 
 
 1. Any tiling useless and cumbersome, or things 
 bulky and thrown aside as of no use. 
 
 The vei^' bed was viol ited — 
 
 And thrown among Uie common lumber, Otway. 
 
 2. In America, timber sawed or split for use ; as 
 beams, joists, boards, planks, staves, hoops, and the 
 like. 
 
 3. Harm ; mischief. [Local.] Pegge. 
 LU.M'liER, I'. (. 'l o heap together in disorder. Bymcr. 
 
 9. To fill with lumber ; as, to lumber a room. 
 LUM'BER, II. i. To move heavily, as if burdened 
 
 with his own bulk. Dryden. 
 2. To cut lumber in the forest, and prepare it for 
 
 market. America. 
 LU.M'BER-ED, pp. Heaped together in disorder. 
 LUiM'BER-Ell, 71. One employed in getting lumber 
 
 from the forest. America. 
 LU.M'BEU-ING, ppr. Filling with lumber; putting in 
 
 disorder. 
 
 LUM'IIER-ING, ppr. or a. Moving heavily. 
 LUM'BER-ING, n. The act or employment of getting 
 lumber in the forest, and preparing it for market. 
 
 .^jiifrica. 
 
 LUM'BER-ROOM, 71. A place for the reception of 
 
 lumber or useless things. 
 LUAl'BRie, 71. [L. lumbricus, a worm.] 
 
 A worm. Med. Rrpos. 
 
 LUM'BRIC-AL, a. [lumbricu.'<, a worm.] 
 
 Resembling a worm ; as, the lumbriciil nniscles. 
 LUM'BRIG-AL, n. A muscle of the fingers and toes, 
 
 so named from its resembling a worm. Of these 
 
 muscles, there are four of the fingers and as many of 
 
 the toes. 
 
 LU.M-BRIC'I-FORM, a. [L. lumbricus, a worm, and 
 form,] 
 
 Resembling a worm in shape. 
 Lfl'MlN-A-RV, 11. [L. luminarr, from lumm, light. 
 Lumen is the Saxon Iroma, a ray, or from luceo, by 
 contraction, for lucmen, lugmen.] 
 
 1. Any body that gives light, but chiefly one of 
 the: c( lestial orbs. The sun is the principal luminary 
 in our system. The sfiirs are inferior luminaries. 
 
 2. One that illustrates any subject, or enlightens 
 mankind ; as. Bacon and Newton were distinguished 
 lumiuanrs. 
 
 LO'MIN ATE, 11. t. [h. Inmino.] 
 To illuminate. [Obs,] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 G80 
 
LUN 
 
 LLMl 
 
 LUS 
 
 LO-MIN-A'TION. See Illi'Mination. 
 
 LO'MINE, (-mill.) v. t. To enligliten. [JSTat used.] 
 
 ISt'e Illumine.] 
 LIJ-MIN-IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. lumen, light, nnd/<To, to 
 
 prodiiro.] 
 
 IVdiliicitiE light ; yicldinj; light. Ure. 
 LO'.MI.N'-DUS, o. [h. lumtiiosiu ; Ft. tumiaeux.] 
 
 1. Shilling; emitting light. The sun in a most iu- 
 mi;ioi/.>' body. 
 
 2. Light; illuminated. The moon is rendered tu- 
 minou.i by the rays of the sun. 
 
 3. Bright ; shining ; as, u luminous color. 
 
 4. Cleiir ; as, a luminous essav or argument. 
 LP'MIN-OIJS-LY, 0(/ii. With brighliiess or clearness. 
 I.C'.Ml.N-OU.S-.NKSS, ( II. The quality of being bright 
 Llt-MI.N OS'l-TV, I or shining; brightness ; as, 
 
 the IttittinoiLiness of llic sea. Kncijc. 
 
 a. Clearness ; perspicuity ; as, the luminoiisness of 
 ideas, arguments, or method. Cheynr. 
 LUM'MO.V, 71. A fat, unwieldy, stupid person ; as if 
 made of loam. [Provincial.] Forhtj, East .^nglia. 
 [Sometimes heard in America.] 
 LlIMr, n. [G. Dan. and Sw. klump ; D. khmp : \\. 
 clamp ami clap. If m is not radical, this belongs to 
 Class 1,1). Lump is clump, without the prefix.] 
 
 1. .A small mass of matter, of no definite shape ; 
 as, a lump of earth; a lump of butter; a lamp of 
 sugar. 
 
 'J. A mass of things blended or thrown together 
 wiihoiit order or distinction ; as, copper, iron, gold, 
 silver, lead, tin, promiscuously in one lump. 
 3. A cluster ; as, a lump of figs. 2 Kings XX. 
 In the lump ; the whole together ; in gross. 
 
 Th*")' may l*uy iiiy piipi>ra in lAf lump. Ailditoji. 
 LUMP, r. t. To throw into a mas:; ; to unite in a body 
 or sum without distinction of particulars, 
 
 Th*- expenses oii'iu lo be lumped. Ayli^e. 
 
 3. To take in the gross. 
 
 LrMr'KI), (lumpt,) pp. Thrown into a mass or sum. 
 
 LL'.MI*'E.\', n. .\ huig fish, of a greenish color, and 
 marked with lines. 
 
 LU.MP'-FISII, H. A sea fish, of the genus Cyclopte- 
 riis, (Lumpus of Ciivier,) also called Ll mp-si i ker. 
 Its head and body are deep, thick, and sliort ; the 
 pectoral fins unite under the throat, and wiili the 
 ventnd fins form a single disk. It is son, without 
 scales, but covered with firm, horny spines, 
 
 Storer, Muss. Rep. Partington. 
 
 LUMP'ING, ppr. Throwing into a mass or sum. 
 
 2. a. Iliilky ; heavy. [A low word.] ArhulhnoL 
 
 3. a. In a mass or lump ; as, a lumping bargain, 
 LU.MP'ltf II, a. Like a lump ; heavy ; gross ; bulky. 
 
 Ralegli. Dnjdrn. 
 2. Dull ; inactive. Sluilt. 
 LUM1"ISI1-LY, ode. Heavily ; with dullness or stu- 
 piditv. 
 
 Ll'.MP'I^H-XESS, n. Heaviness ; dullness ; stupidity. 
 
 LI'MP'V, a. Full of lumps, or small, comp.art masses, 
 
 LO'.N'.V, n. [L.] The moon. [Mortimer. 
 
 LtT'.X.I COk'J^F.-Ji. [L.] Chlorid of silver, so called 
 from its horn-Iike appearance. Among the old chemists, 
 luna was the name of silver. Ure. 
 
 L0'N.'\-(;Y, II. [from L. luna, the moon ; VV. Uan, 
 form, figure, image, the moon.] 
 
 1. A species of insanity or madness, formerly sup- 
 posed to be influenced by the moon, or periodical in 
 the month. 
 
 2. As a general term, it includes all varieties of 
 ment-il alienation which are not fatuous. Boucier. 
 
 LC'.NAR, ) ri I 1 
 LO'NAR-Y, i '""<"■«•] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the moon ; as, lunar observations. 
 
 2. Me:isured by the revolutions of the moon ; as, 
 lunar days. 
 
 3. Resembling the moon ; orbed. Dryden. 
 
 4. Under the inlluencc of the moon. [06^. J 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 LO'NAR GAUS'Tie, n. Fused nitrate of silver. 
 
 J^ichalson. 
 
 LU-NA'RI-A.V, n. An inhabitant of the moon. 
 LO'.N'AR CT'CLF., ii. The i>eriod of time after which 
 
 the new moon returns on the s,ame days of the vear. 
 LO'NAIl MO.N'TII, ii. The time in (vhich the liioon 
 
 completes a revolution about the earth. 
 LO'NA-RY, n. .Moonwort, or honesty, an herb of the 
 
 genus Lunaria. 
 LO'NAR YkAR, 71. The period of twelve lunar 
 
 months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34 
 
 seconds. 
 
 LP'Na TED, a. Formed like a half moon. 
 
 IjC''N',\-1TC, a. AtVected by a species of madness, 
 formerly supposed to be infliii iiced by the moon. 
 
 LCNA-Tie, n. A person allVcted by insanitv, for- 
 merly supposed to be infiiienced or produced by the 
 nuMin, or by its position in its orbit : a madman. Swift 
 
 lU-N.i'T10.\, „. [L.lunatio.] 
 
 The iK-riod of a revolution of the moon round the 
 earth, or the time from one new moon to the next. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 -^f "> [\V. Hiciif, a gulp, a swallow, the gullet; 
 Arm. louncita, langein, to swallow greedily.) 
 
 1. .\ slight repast between breakfast and dinner ; 
 fornicrlv the same as Ll scheon. 
 
 The giassengera in the line-ships regularly have 
 their lunch. 
 
 2. A place for taking a liinrheon ; an eating-house. 
 LUNCH, r. I. To take a lunch. Smart. 
 LUNCII'EON, (lunch'un,) ii. A portion of food taken 
 at any time except at a regular meal. 
 
 I sliceil llie Luncheon from tlic b^vrU-y luaf. Ga» 
 
 LONE, n. [L. luna, the moon.] 
 
 1. Any thing in the shape of ah.alfmA^n. [Little 
 used.} WatU. 
 
 2. In geometry, a figure in the form of a crescent, 
 bounded by two arcs of circles intersecting at its ex- 
 tremities. Brande. 
 
 3. A fit of lunacy or madness, or a freak. [JVut 
 used. ] Sliali. 
 
 4. A leash ; as, the lune of a hawk, 
 LU-NET'1'E', II, [Fr, lunette, from /«iie, the moon.] 
 
 1. In fortifieation, an envelojied counterguard, or 
 elevation of eartli made beyond the second ditch, op- 
 posite to the places of arms ; or a covered place be- 
 fore the courtinc, consisting of two faces that form 
 an angle inward. It is commonly raised in ditches 
 full of w.ater, to serve instead of fausse brays, to dis- 
 pute the enemy's passage of the ditch, 
 
 Kneyc. TrevouT. 
 
 2. In the manege, a half horseshoe, which wants 
 the siMinge, or that part of tlie branch which runs 
 toward the (piarters of the foot. Encijc. 
 
 3. A kind of watch-crystal, which is more than 
 ordinarily flattened in the center. Olmsted. 
 
 4. A piece of felt to cover the eye of a vicious 
 horse. Kncyc. 
 
 .5. In architecture, an aperture for the admission of 
 light into a concave ceiling. 'Brande. 
 
 LO'NET, 71. A Utile moon or satellite. Bp. Hall. 
 
 LU\(i, II. [Sax. lungcn; D. long; G. and Dan. lunge ; 
 Sw. lunga.] 
 
 1. The lungs are the organs of respiration in n>nn 
 and many other aniin.als. There are two of these 
 c^rgans, each of which occupies its cavity in the tho- 
 rax. They alternately inhale and expel the air, by 
 means of which the necessary function of respiration 
 is carried on. 
 
 Eiich lung tills completely the cavity in which it is pl.tced. 
 
 WisUir. 
 
 2. Lungs ; an old cant term for a person having a 
 strong voice ; also, for an alchemist's attendant who 
 puffed his coals. B. ./onson. Smart. 
 
 LU.N'fiE, II. [See Ai.LONnE.] A sudden push or thrust. 
 LUNG'£D, a. Having lungs, or the nature or resem- 
 blance of lungs ; drawing in and expelling air. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 LUNG'-GRoVVN, o. H.iving lungs that adhere to tlie 
 pleura. JIarvcy. 
 
 LU.N 'OIS, n. [Fr. longis, from long.] 
 A lingerer; a dull, drowsy lellow. 
 
 LUNG'LESS, a. Without lungs. 
 
 LU.NG'WORT, 71. An herb of the genus Pulmonari.a. 
 
 LO'NI-FOR.M, a. [L. luna, the moon, and form.] 
 Resembling the moon. 
 
 LU-.NI-So'LAR, a. [L. luna, moon, and Solaris, sol, 
 sun.] 
 
 Compounded of the revolutions of the sun and 
 moon. Johnson. 
 
 The /u7ii.';o/n'-year, at the end of which the eclipses 
 return again in the same order, consists of 5.32 com- 
 mon years, found by multiplying tlie cycle of the sun 
 by that of the moon. Brande. 
 LO'NIS-TICE, n. [L. /una, the moon, and sto, steti, 
 or st.<to, to stand.] 
 
 The furthest jioint of the moon's northing and 
 soiilliing, in its monthly revolution. [Obs.] Kncyc. 
 LUNT, II. [I). /<iii(, Dan. lunte, a match.] 
 
 The match-cord used for firing cannon. Johnson. 
 LO'.NU-LAR, II. [from L. luna, the moon.j 
 
 In botany, like the new moon ; shaped like a small 
 crescent. 
 
 LO'NU-LATE, a. [from L. luna, the moon.] 
 
 In botantt, resembling a small crescent. 
 LO'NU-LITE, n. A small fossil coral. Lyell. 
 LO'PER-CAL, a. Pertaining to the /.KpercuZia, or feasts 
 
 of the Romans in honor of Pan ; as a noun, the feast 
 
 itself. 
 
 LO'PINE, (-pin,) n. [Fr. lupin ; L, Jiipinu*.] 
 
 A kind of pulse. The genus Lupiniis contains 
 several species, mostly annual plants, bearing digitate 
 leaves and papilionacetius flowers. The seeds of the 
 white lupine have a leguminous taste, accompanied 
 with a disagreeable bitterness, and are said to be an- 
 thelmintic. Encye. 
 LO'Pl.N'-I.N', j 71. A bitter substance extracted from 
 LO'PL\-ITE, i tlie leaves of the white lupin. 
 
 Brande. Cooley. 
 
 LO'PU-LIN, 71. [L. lupulus, hops.) 
 
 Tne bitter principle of hops. The term has also 
 been applied to the fine^yellow powder of hops, which 
 contains that principle. Cooley. 
 
 LUR-CA'TION, 71. [See Lurch.] Gluttony; gor- 
 mandizing. [^0A.<.] 
 
 LURCH, lu [W. Here, a frisk, or frisking about, a 
 loitering or lurking ; Ucrcian, to loiter about, to lurk. 
 This is the same word, radically, as lurk. The pri- 
 mary Sense is to nin, start, leap, or frisk about, as a 
 
 man or beast that files from one tree or other object 
 to another, to conceal himself Hence Wc <,ee the 
 peculiar applicabUity of llii,, word in seamen's lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Ir. seamen s language, a sudden roll of a s)ii[i to one 
 side. A lee-lurch is a sudden roll to the leeward, aa 
 when a heavy sea strikes the ship on the weather 
 side. Cye. 
 
 To leare in the lurch ; to leave in a difficult situation, 
 or in embarrassment; to leave in a forlorn state or 
 without help. Denham. 
 LURCH, r. i. To roll or pass suddenly to one side, 
 OS a ship in a heavy sea. 
 
 2. 'I'o withdraw to one side, or to a private place ; 
 to lie in ambush or in secret ; to lie close. [For this, 
 Lurk is now used.] L'Eslrange. 
 
 3. To shift ; to play tricks. 
 
 I orn fiiin tu sliutile, to hr*lge, and lo lurch. Shak. 
 LURCH, V. t. To defeat ; to disappoint, that is, to 
 evade ; as, to lurch the expectation. [Little used.] 
 
 South. 
 
 2. To steal ; to filch ; to pilfer. [Little used.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 LURCH, V. t. [L. lurco, a gliitttm.] 
 
 To swallow or eat greedily ; to doi"our. [JVot 
 
 used.] Bacon. 
 LUKCII'K/), (lurcht,) pp. Rolled suddenly 'o one 
 
 side ; defeated ; evaded. 
 LURCH'ER, n. One that lies in wait or lurks; one 
 
 that watches to pilfer, or to betray or entrap ; a 
 
 poacher. 
 
 Swilt from the phty the BciuMing lurcher flies. Cay. 
 
 2. A dog that lies in wait for game, and seizes 
 them, as hares, rabbits, &.c. ; more used by poacheni 
 than siiortsmen. Buchanan. 
 
 .1. [L. luico, a glutton.] A glutton; a gormand- 
 izer. 
 
 LIJRCH'ING, ppr. Rolling suddenly to one side, as a 
 
 ship at sea ; defeating ; disappointing. 
 LUR'DAN, a. lilockisli. [JVuI used.] Johnson. 
 H'R'DA.N', H, A clown ; a blockhead. (JVot used.] 
 LORE, II. [Fr. Icurrr.] 
 
 1. .'Something helil out to call a hawk ; hence, 
 
 2. Any enticement; that which invites hy the 
 prospect of advantage or pleasure; as, the lures of 
 iieatity or of gain. 
 
 LORE, V. I. To call hawks. 
 
 SUiuiin^ hy one that lured loud and ahrill. Bacon, 
 
 LORE, t). t. To entice; to attract; to invite by any 
 thing that promises pleasure or advantage. 
 
 Lured on Iiy the pleasure of tlie twit. Ternple. 
 Aii'i various science luret the learned eye. Uay. 
 
 LCR'ED, pp. or a. Enticed ; attracted ; invited by the 
 
 hope of pleasure or ttdvantage. 
 I,C'Rll),a. [L. ?iii-k/u.<; VV. «ar, livid, a gloom. Qu. 
 
 the root of lower.] 
 
 1. Gli.astly pale; gloomy; dismal. Thomson. 
 
 2. In botany, a term applied to a dirty brown color, 
 a little cloiideil. Lindley. 
 
 LOR'l.NG, p/ir. or a. Enticing: calling. 
 
 LI'RK, r. i, [W. Urrcian,to frisk or loiter about, to 
 
 lurk; G. laueni; D. locren; Sw. lura ; Dan. lurer. 
 
 See Lurch.] 
 
 1. To lie hid ; to lie in wait. 
 
 2. To lie concealed or iinperceived. See that no 
 selfish motive lurks in the heart. 
 
 The lurking ^old upon the fatal tree. Dryden. 
 
 3. To retire from public observation ; to keep out 
 
 of sight. 
 
 Tlie (Icrendant lurks and wanders about i 
 
 Berks. Dtaekitont. 
 
 LURK'ER, 71. One that lurks or keeps out of sight. 
 LURK'IXG, ppr. or a. Lying concealed ; keeping out 
 of sicbl. 
 
 LURK'I.\"G-PLaCE, 71. A pl.ace in which one lies 
 conce.aled ; a secret phace ; a hiding-place ; a den. 
 I .Sam. .xxiii. 
 
 LUR'RY, 71. A confused, inarticulate sound or utter- 
 ance ; as, a (iirrii of words. UoUoway. 
 
 LUS'CIOUS, (liish'us,) a. [I know not the origin and 
 affinities of this word. The Dutch express it by 
 loetlustig, sweet-lusty. Clu. the root of huury.] 
 
 1. Sweet, or rich .so as to cloy or nauseate ; sweet 
 to excess ; as, luscious food. 
 
 2. Very sweet ; delicious ; grateful to the taste. 
 
 And misiits Iteep their lutciout native taste. Orylen, 
 
 3. Pleoiiing; delightful. 
 
 He will txiit him tu with the lutdout pruposaj of mme ^Infill 
 piirclt^ise. South. 
 
 4. Ftillsome ; as, luseiouji flattery. 
 
 5. Sinntlv ; obscene. [Unusual.] Steele. 
 LUS'CIOUS-LY, (liish'us-le,) adr. With sweetneaa 
 
 or richness that cloys or nauseates. 
 
 2. Obscenely. Steele. 
 LUS'CIOUS-NESS, (liish'us-ness,) 7i. Iminodemte 
 richness or sweetness that cloys or offends. 
 
 Morlimrr. 
 
 LO'SER.V, 71. A lynr. Johnson. 
 
 TtNE, B^LL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
LUS 
 
 LUX 
 
 LYD 
 
 LUSH, o. Full of juice or succulence. Rich. Diet. 
 How lush and lusty ihe CTa^is looks ; how ffreen 1 [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 LU'SI-AD, 71. The celebrnted epic poem of Portusal, 
 written by Camoens, on the establishinejit of the Por- 
 tuguese government in India. Brande. 
 LUSK, a. [Kr. lasclie.] 
 
 Lazy ; slothful. [JVot in use.'] 
 LUSK, n. A lazy fellow ; a lubber. [JVot in jtse.] 
 LUSK, ». i. To be idle or unemployeu. [Ofe.] 
 
 Warmer. 
 
 LUSK'ISH, a. Inclined to be lazy. Marston. 
 LUSK'ISH-LY, adv. Lazily. 
 
 LUSK'ISH-NESS, ii. Disposition to indolence; lazi- 
 ness. [OJs.] Spenser. 
 
 LU-So'Rl OUS, a. [L. lusorius, from liulo, lasi, to 
 sport.] 
 
 Used in play ; sportive. [Litde lued.] Sanderson. 
 LU'SO-RV, a. [L. lusorius, as above.] 
 
 Used in play ; playful; as, liisonj methods of in- 
 structmg children. Watts. 
 LUST, ji. [Sax. tost; G. D. and Sw. lust; Dan. bjst: 
 It. lasudli, lust, and a burning. The primary sense 
 is, to extend, reach, e.\pand, to stretch forward. It is 
 the same as List.] 
 
 1. Longing desire ; eagerness to possess or enjoy; 
 as, the lust of gain. 
 
 My tu6l sliall be satisfied upon them. — Ex. xv. 
 
 2. Concupiscence ; carnal appetite ; unlawful de- 
 sire of carnal pleasure. Rom. i. 2 Pet. ii, 
 
 3. Evil propensity ; depraved affections and de- 
 sires. James i. Ps. Ixxxi. 
 
 4. Vigor ; active power. [JVot used.] Bacon. 
 LUST, r. i. [Sax. lustan; G. liisten ; D. lusten; Sw. 
 
 lysta ; Dan. lyster.] 
 
 1. To desire eagerly ; to long ; with after. 
 
 Thou mayest kill -md eat flesli in all thy j;iteB, whatsoever tliy 
 soul lasUlh a/ler. — Dcul. lii. 
 
 2. To have carnal desire ; to desire eagerly the 
 gratification of carnal appetite. 
 
 Lust not after her bf-auty in tliy heart. — Prov. vi. 
 Whosoever lookelh on a woman to lust after her, hath commit- 
 ted adultery with her alreatly in his heart. — Matt. v. 
 
 3. To have irregular or inordinate desires. 
 
 The spirit that dwelleth in us lustelh to envy. — James iv. 
 Lust not after evil things, as they also lusted. — 1 Cor. X. 
 
 4. To list ; to like. [Obs.] 
 
 LUST'ER, 71. One actuated by lust or strong desire. 
 LUS'TER, ) 71. [Fr. lustre ; L. lustrum ; It. lustra, 
 LUS'TKE, i from L. luslro, to purify ; Dan. lys, 
 
 light; l«scr, to shine ; Sw.lysa; D. luistcr, splendor; 
 
 Ir. lasadh, laisaim, leosam, to give light, to burn ; leos, 
 
 light.] 
 
 1. Brightness; splendor; gloss; as, the luster of 
 the sun or stars ; the luster of silk. 
 
 The sun's mild luster warms the vital air. Pope. 
 
 2. The splendor of birth, of deeds, or of fame ; re- 
 nown ; distinction. 
 
 His ancestors continued about four hundred years, rather without 
 obscurity than with any ^rcat share ol luster. Wotton. 
 
 3. A candlestick ornamented with drops or pen- 
 dants of cut glass. Pope. Encijc. 
 
 4. The space of five years. [L. lustrum.] 
 
 Bolin 'fbroke. 
 
 LUS'TER-LESS, ) 
 LUS'TRE-LESS, i 
 LUST'FUL, a. Having lust, or eager desire of canial 
 
 gratification ; libidinous ; as, an intemperate and 
 
 lustful man. 
 
 2. Provoking to sensuality ; inciting to lust or ex- 
 citing carnal desire. TUlotson. 
 
 Thence his lustful orgies he enlarged. Milton. 
 
 3. Vigorous ; robust ; stout. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Sackville. 
 
 LUST'FIJL-IjY, adv. With concupiscence or carnal 
 desire. 
 
 LUST'FJJL-NESS, 7!. The state of having carnal de- 
 sires ; libidinousncss, 
 
 LURT'I-HEAD, ) 71. [/ii.»(i/ and Aooii.] Vigorofbody. 
 
 LUST'I HQOD, j \Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 LU8T'I-LY,'<ir/ij. With vigor of body ; stoutly; with 
 vigorous exertion. 
 
 I delermlne to fight lustily for him. Sltak. 
 
 LUST'I-NESS, 71. Vigor of body ; stoutness ; strength ; 
 robustness ; sturdiness. 
 
 Ca[»padocian slaves were famous fur thi ir lustiness. DryUn. 
 
 LUSTTNG, ppr. Having eager desire ; having carnal 
 appetite. 
 
 LU.S'C'ING, 71. F.ager desire; inordinate desire; de- 
 sire of carnal gralifiratiiin. 
 LUST'LE.SH, a. I,islle»« ; not willing. [Obs.] 
 
 Sprnser, 
 
 2. Not vigorous. [Olrj.] Gomer. 
 LUS'TRAL, a. [ L. InslrnUs, from luslro, to purify.] 
 I Urii;d In piirificnlioM ; as, lualral water ; lustral 
 Wttvefi. 
 
 2. Pi rtaining to piirificiition ; n«, lustral days. 
 LUH'TIIATE, 1). (. [L. /lulra, to cleanso. Hoe Lui- 
 Ten.] 
 
 Destitute of luster. 
 
 1. To make clsar or pure ; to purify. [See Illus- 
 trate.] 
 
 9. To view ; to survey. 
 LUS'TR A-TED, pp. Malic clear ; purified. 
 LUS'TRa-T1N(j, ;>/ir. Purifying; rendering clear. 
 LUS-TRA'TION, ii. The act or operation of making 
 clear or pure ; a cleansing or purifying by water. 
 
 And holy watec fjr lustration bring. Dryden. 
 
 2. In antiquity, the sacrifices or ceremonies by 
 which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by 
 crimes, were purified. Encyc. 
 
 LUS'TRie-AL, a. Pertaining to purification. 
 
 Middleton. 
 
 LUSTRING, 71. A species of glossy silk cloth. [Cor- 
 
 ruptty written and pronounced Lutestring.] 
 LUS'TROUS, a. Bright; shining; luminous. 
 
 Good sparks and lustrous. Shak. 
 
 LUS'TROUS-LY, adv. In a brilliant or shining man- 
 ner. 
 
 LUS'TRUM, 71. [L.] In ancient Rome, the space 
 of five years. 
 
 LUST'-ST.\IN-£D, a. Defiled by lust. Sliak. 
 LUST' WORT, 71. [lust and wort.] A plant of the ge- 
 nus Drosera. 
 LUST'Y, a. [from lust ; D. lustig.] 
 
 1. Stout ; vigorous ; robust ; healthful ; able of 
 body. This is the correct sense of the word, com- 
 prehending full health and strength ; as, a lusty 
 youth. But it is now used in the sense of, 
 
 2. Bulky ; large ; of great size. This sense does 
 not always include that of vigor. 
 
 3. Handsome; pleasant; saucy. [Obs.] 
 
 Oower. Spenser. Shak. 
 
 4. Copious : plentiful ; as, a lusty draught. Tatler. 
 
 5. Pregnant ; a colloquial use. 
 
 LO'SUS J\rA-riy'R.m. [L.] Sport or freak of nature ; 
 
 a deformed or unnatural production. 
 Lu'TAiN-IST, 71. [from lute.] A person that plays 
 
 on the lute. 
 
 A celebrated luUlnist was playing to a large company. 
 
 Asiat. Res. 
 
 LU-Ta'RI-OUS, a. [L. lutarius, from lutum, mud.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to mud ; living in mud. 
 
 2. Of the color of mud. Orew. 
 LU-Ta'TION, 71. [See Lute.] The act or method of 
 
 luting vessels. 
 LuTE, n. [Fr. luth ; It. liuto ; Sp. laud; D. luit; G. 
 lautc : Sw. luta ; Dan. lut : Riiss. liotnia : G. laut, 
 sound ; lauten, to sound, allied probably to loud and 
 L. laudo.] 
 
 An instrument of music with strings, [t consists 
 of four parts, viz., the table, the body or belly, which 
 has nine or ten sides, the neck, which has nine or 
 ten stops or divisions marked with strings, and the 
 head, or cross. In the middle of the table there is 
 a passage for the sound. There is also a bridge to 
 which the strings are fastened. The strings are 
 struck with the right hand, and with the left the 
 stops are pressed. Encyc, 
 
 LOTMNG I "• f^" '"'""i <:'ayO 
 
 Among ckeinists, a composition of clay, or other 
 tenecious substance, used for stopping tlie juncture 
 of vessels so closely as to prevent the escape or en- 
 trance of air, or for covering them when exposed to 
 heat. 
 
 LCtTE, ». *. To close or coat with lute. Bacon. 
 LOTE'-CASE, 71. A case for a lute. Sliak. 
 LOT' ED, pp. Closed or coated with lute. 
 LO'TEN-IST, 71. A performer on the lute. Busby. 
 LC'TE-OUS, a. [L. /«(cii*.] 
 
 Of a brownish-yellow or clay color. 
 T ft'P' F R J 
 
 LOT'IST I One who plays on a lute. 
 Lu'TE-O-LIN, n. A yellow coloring matter discov- 
 ered in weld. Ure. 
 LtJTE'STRlNG, ti. The string of a lute. Shak. 
 
 2. [Corrupted from lustring.] A plain, stout silk, 
 much used fiir ladies* dresses. Encyc. of Dom. Ecotu 
 
 LC'THER-AN, a. Pertaining to or following Luther, 
 the reformer; as, the Lutheran church. 
 
 LO'THER-AN, 7i. A disciple or follower of Luther ; 
 one who adheres to the doctrines of Luther. 
 
 LC'TIIER-AN-ISM, 71. The doctrines of religion as 
 tauL'ht by Luther. 
 
 LO'TIIF.RN, 71. In architecture, a kind of window 
 over the cornice, in tlio roof of a building, to admit 
 light into the upper story ; the same as Durmak. 
 
 LOT'ING, ppr. Closing with lute. [Brande. 
 
 LO'TU-LE.MT, a. [I/. luttUentus, from lutum, mud.] 
 Muddy ; turhid ; thick. 
 
 LUX'ATI'l, 7). t. [L. lujo; Fr. luirr, to loosen ; prob- 
 ably from the same root as lax, L. laxo, laxiis.] 
 
 To displace or remoTt; from its proper place, as a 
 joint; to put out of joint ; to dislocate. Lux, in a 
 like sense, is, I believe, ntit now ust'd. JCncyc. 
 
 I,UX'A-TEn, pp. or a. Put out of joint ; dislocated. 
 
 LU.X'A-'l'INc;, ppr. Removing or forcing out of its 
 place, ns a joint ; ilislocnting. 
 
 LUX A'TION, 71. The act of moving or forcing a joint 
 from its proper place or articulation ; or the statu of 
 being thus put out of jtiint. 
 
 3. A diskication ; that which is dislociitod. 
 
 LUXE, (Inks,) 71. Luxury. [JSTot used.] Slienstone. 
 LUX-I.J'1U-ANCE, (71. [h. luxuriaiis,luxuriu, to grov/ 
 LUX-lJ'Rl-AN-CY, ] rank, or to wanton.] 
 
 1. Rank growth ; strong, vigorous growth ; exu- 
 berance. 
 
 Flowers grow up in the garden with the greatest luxuriancy and 
 profusion. • Spectator. 
 
 2. Excessive or superfluous growth. 
 
 A fungus prevents healing only by its luiui iancy. WiseTnan. 
 
 LUX-TI'RI-ANT, a. Exuberant in growth ; abundant ; 
 as, a luxuriant growth of grass. 
 
 2. Exuberant in plenty ; superfluous in abundance. 
 
 Prune the luxuriant, the uncouth refine. Pope. 
 
 3. A luxuriant flower multiplies the covers of the 
 fructification so as to destroy the essential parts. 
 
 JIurttin. 
 
 LUX-U'RI-ANT-LY, adv. With exuberant growth. 
 LUX-IJ'RI-aTE, v. i. To grow exuberantly, or to 
 grow to superfluous abundance. 
 
 2. To feed or live luxuriously ; as, the herds luxu- 
 riate in the pastures. 
 
 3. Figuratively, to expatiate with delight ; as, to 
 luxuriate in description. 
 
 LUX-IJ-RI-A'TION, 71, The process of growing exu- 
 berantly, or beyond the natural growth. Lee. 
 
 LUX-U'RI-OU.S, a. [Fr. luxurieux ; L. luxuriosus, from 
 luxo, to loosen ; luxor, to riot.] 
 
 1. Voluptuous ; indulging freely or excessively in 
 the ple,asurps of the table, the gratification of appe- 
 tite, or in rich and expensive dress and equipage ; as, 
 a luxurious life ; luxurious cities. 
 
 2. Administering to luxury ; contributing to free 
 or extravagant indulgence in diet, dress, and equi- 
 page ; as, lururious vvealth. ■ Milton. 
 
 3. Furnished with luxuries ; as, a luxurious table. 
 
 4. Softening by pleasure, or free indulgence in lux- 
 ury ; as, luxurious ejise. 
 
 5. Lustful; libidinous; given to the gratification 
 of lust ; as, ti luxurious bed. Shak. 
 
 6. Luxuriant ; exuberant. 
 
 The work under our labor grows 
 Luxurious by restraint. [Not used.] Aii/ton. 
 
 LUX-TI'RI-OUS-LY, adv. In abundance of rich diet, 
 dress, or equipage ; deliciously ; voluptuously. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 LUX-II'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. State of abounding with 
 luxuries, or of living in the enjoyment of rich abun- 
 dance. 
 
 LUX'U-RIST, 71. One given to luxury. Temple. 
 LUX'I|-RV, 71. [L. luxuria. from luxo. to loosen.] 
 
 1. A free or extravagant intlulgence in the pleas- 
 ures of the table, as in rich and expensive diet, or 
 delicious food antl liquors ; voluptuousni-ss in the 
 gratification of appetite ; or the free indulgence in 
 costly dress and equipage. 
 
 Riches expose a man to pride and luxury. Spectator, 
 
 2. That which gratifies a nice and fastidious appe- 
 tite ; a dainty ; any delicious food or drink. The 
 canvas-back iluck is a luxury for an epicure. 
 
 3. Any thing delightful to the senses. 
 
 He cut the side of a rock for a g-mlen, ami, by laying on it earth, 
 furnished a kind o( luxury iora hermit. Addison. 
 
 4. Lust; lewd desire. [JVot noui used.] SkcJc. 
 
 5. Luxuriance; exuberance of growth. [JVut i/,w 
 used.] BaU'TK. 
 
 LY, a termination of adjectives, is a contrartiori of 
 Sax. lie, G. lich, D. lyk, Dan. lige, Sw. iik. Eng. lihr, 
 as in lovely, manly, that is, tovr-likr, vian-like. As tl-c 
 termination of names, ly signifies field, 01 plain. Sax. 
 leag. Eng. lay, Ira, or ley. L. locim,] 
 
 LVAM, II. A leash fiir holding a hound. Drayton. 
 
 L?-eAN'THRO-PY, 71. [Gr. Auxiii/Optoit.o ; Xu<t-{, a 
 wolf, and influniTroj, mall.] 
 
 A kind of erratic melancholy, in whion the patient 
 imagined himself a wolf, and imitati d h.<i actions. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LY-CE'UM, 71. [Gr, >>VKeiov.] 
 
 1, In Greece, a place near the River Ilissus, where 
 Aristotle taught philosophy, 
 
 2, A house or apartment appropriated to instruction 
 by lectures or disiiuisitions, 
 
 3, An associatiim of men for literary improve- 
 ment. 
 
 L?-CO PO-DI-A'CE-^, (-she-e,) 71. pi. A family of 
 moss-like plants, hut which differ materially from 
 the true mosses. They are sometimes termed Club- 
 Mos.ses, 
 
 LY-CO-PO-DI-A'CEOUS, (-a'shus,) o. Belonging to 
 the Lycoiiodiaceie. Lycll, 
 
 L?-CO-PO'1)I-UM, 71. A fine, yellow powder, the 
 sei^d of the club-nioss, Lycopodiiim clavatinn. 
 When thrown into a flame, it burns with a flash, 
 
 Brande. 
 
 LYD'I-AN, a, [from Lydia,] Pertaining to Lydia, a 
 country of Asia Minor, or to its inlialiitants ; hence, 
 mli ; elfeininate ; noting a kind of soil, slow music, 
 anciently in \'ttgue, Milton, 
 
 LYD'I-AN STONE, 71, A flint slate used by the an- 
 cients to try gold and silver ; a touchstiuie, 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, VVH^T — METE, PIIBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE; DOVE, MOVE, WpLP. BOyK.— 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 LYE, n. [Sax. leak: G. lauire : D. lout;; Arm. liaeoii, 
 or tic/tou ; f^p. Irrtii ; Fr. lessive ; L. /i>, whence 
 Uziviitm. Il cciinciili's with Sav. logf, water ; Ant. 
 L. liia^ whence Lugdunum, Lrydctty Lyons^ that is, 
 fi''fitir-towii.] 
 
 Water iniprecnatcd with alkaline salt imbibed 
 from the ashes of wood. 
 LVE, >i. A falsehood. [See Lie.] 
 L?'LNG, ppr. of Lie. Reing prostrate. [Sec Lie.] 
 Lying ilt ; bcins in childbirth. 
 2. H. The act of bearing a child. 
 Lyinir to; in navigation^ the stats of a ship wlien 
 the sails are so disposed as to counteract each 
 other. 
 
 LY'LNG, ppr. or a. from Lie. Tellinj falsehood ; ad- 
 dicted to falsehood. 
 L?'IN"(!, «. The practice of telline lies. 
 L?'L\G-LY, ailr. Falsely ; by tellins lies. Shrnnoad. 
 LYM, n. A dog lield in a leam ; a bloodhound. 
 
 Shak. Smart. 
 
 LYM'MTE, n. A kind of fresh-water snail fmind 
 LYMPH, (i;mf,) n. [L. lymplia.] [fossil. 
 Water, or a colorless tluid in animal bodies, con- 
 tained in certain vessels called liiniplMtics. Encyc. 
 LYMPHATE, ( a. Frightened into madness; 
 LYMPir.A-TEn, i ravini:. 
 
 LY-M-PIIA T'IC, (lini-rit'ik,) (I. Pertaining to lymph. 
 
 •2. Enlliusiastic. [JV.>( «.<<■'/.] Shaftesbury. 
 LYM-PHAT'ie, (lini fat'ik,) n. A vessel of animal 
 bodies which contains or conveys lymph. 
 
 Tlie lyinphadct aeein lu pcrfurm tlie whole business of iilworption. 
 
 Encyc. ' 
 
 2. A mad enthusiast ; a lunatic. [J^Tut vseJ.] 
 
 Shufte^bury. 
 
 LY.MPH'E-DUeT, n. [L. lympha, lymph, and ductus, 
 a duct.] 
 
 A vessel of animal bodies which conveys the 
 lymph 
 
 LYiM-PIIOG'R A-PIIY, n. [L. lympha, lymph, and Gr. 
 ypuip(o, to describe.] 
 
 A description of the lymphatic vessels, their origin 
 and uses. Kncyc, 
 
 LYMPH'Y, a. Containing or like lymph. 
 
 LYN'CE-AX, a. Pertaining to the lynx. 
 
 LYNCH, r. t. To inflict pain, or punish, without the 
 forms of law, as by a mob, or by unauthorized per- 
 sons. [U.S.] 
 
 LYNCH'KI), (lincht,) jip. Punished or abused with- 
 out the forms of law. 
 
 LYNCH'I.\G, ppr. Punishing or abusing without law. 
 
 LYNCII'-LA\V, 71. The practice of punishing men 
 for crimes or off< nses by private, unauthorized per- 
 sons, without a li'gal trial." The term is said to be 
 derived from a Virginia farmer, named Lynch, who 
 thus took the law into his own hands. [_U. S.\ 
 
 LYN'DEN-TREE. See Linden. 
 
 LYN'.X, II. [L. Zi/ni ; Gr. Auj { ; D. lochs; G. lucks; 
 It. liner.] 
 
 \. A quadruped, the popular name of several species 
 of the genus Felis, resembling the common cat, but 
 with ears huiger and tad shorter. It has been cele- 
 brated, though hyperbulically, for the quickness of its 
 sight. 
 
 2. One of the northern constellations. 
 LY\X'-E?-El), (links'ide,) a. Having acute siglit. 
 L5'RA, n. [L., from Gr. Ai oa, a lyre or harp.] 
 
 A northern constellation, containing a w hite star 
 of the first magnitude, called Jilpha Lynr. Olin^ted. 
 
 LY'UaTE, I a. [from lyre.] In bntany, divided 
 LVK.A-TED, j transversely into several .-muses, 
 the lower ones smaller and more remote from each 
 other than the upper ones ; as, a lyrau leaf 
 
 Jilartyn. 
 
 LfRE, n. [Fr. b/re: L. lyra ; Gr. Xvpa; It. and Sp. 
 lira; D. Her ; G. leier.] 
 
 1. A stringed instrument of music, a kind of harp 
 much used by the ancients, as an accompaniment to 
 poetry. 
 
 2. One of the constellations, Lyra, which see. 
 LVRE'-SII.\I^i-:D, (-shapt,) a. Shaped like a lyre. 
 
 LYll'ie'-AL, j t^- 'f"*^'" •■ 'V''!"^-] 
 
 Pertaining to a lyre or harp. Li/ric poetry is such 
 as is sung to the harp or lyre. This was much culti- 
 vated by the ancienLs, among whom Anacreon, Al- 
 ca^us, Stesichonis, Sappho, and Horace, are distin- 
 guished as lyric poets. The term is now applied to 
 that species of poetry w hich directly expresses the 
 individual emotions of the poet. 
 
 LYR'IC, n. A lyric [«)ejn. 
 
 2. A composer of lyric poems. Addison, 
 
 LYR'I-CISiM, 71. A lyric composition. Gray. 
 
 LY'RIST, 71. A musician who plays on the harper 
 lyre. Pope. 
 
 LY.S, 71. A Chinese measure of length, equal to 533 
 yards, Orasier. 
 
 LYS'SA, 71. ('Gr. Xuffffo.] The madness of a dog. 
 
 L?-Tf.'RI-AN, a. [Gr. Xvrnpiui, from Xvoi, to 
 loosen.] 
 
 In medical science, terminating a disease ; indica- 
 ting the solution of a disease. Jones. 
 LYTH'RODE, 71. A variety of Eloeolite. Dana. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mis the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
 and a labial articul.itinn, formed by a compres- 
 sion of the lips. It is called a semi vowel, as the 
 articulation or compression tif thelips is accompanied 
 with a hiimmin!! sound through the nose, which 
 constitutes a dillVrence between this better and b. 
 Its sound is uniform, as in man, time, rim. 
 
 .M is a numeral letter, and aiinmg the ancients 
 stood for a thousand ; a use which is retained by the 
 moderns. With a d.ish or stroke over it, M, it 
 stands for a thousand times a thousand, or a million. 
 
 As an abbreviation, M. stands for Marcus, Martius, 
 Manlins, or Matins. ■ 
 
 A. .M. or .M. A. stands for artium wagister, master 
 of arts ; .M. D. for medicina doctor, doctor of medi- 
 cine ; A. iM. for anno mnndi, the year of the world ; 
 MS. for manuscript ; MSS. for manuscripts. 
 
 In astronomical tjiblrs, .M stands for meridian, me- 
 ridional, or midday; A. M. for ante meridiem, fore- 
 noon ; P. M. for post meridiem, afternoon. 
 
 In medical prescription.-^, .M st.ands for maniple, or 
 handful, or mUce, mix, or miiXura, a mixture. Encyc. 
 ] In the late. British P/utrmacopa:ias il signifies men- 
 surA, by measure. Parr. 
 
 In taw, .M is a brand or stigma impressed on one 
 convicted of manslaughter, and admitted to the ben- 
 j [It.] In mi/.-iic, not. [etit of clergy. 
 
 1 MAB, 71. [VV. mab, a child.] 
 
 1. In northern mythalogy, Ihc queen of the imagi- 
 nary beings called fairies. 
 
 2. A slattern, Ray. 
 MAB, r. i. To dress negligently. Ray. 
 MAC, in names of Scotch and Irish origin, signifies son. 
 
 [See M.MD.l 
 
 M,Xe-,A[)'.\.M-IZE, r. L [from the projector's name.] 
 To cover, is a road, way, or path with small broken 
 stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface. 
 
 MAC-AD'A.M-IZ-Kll, pp. or a. Covered or formed 
 with small broken stones, so as to form a smooth, 
 hard surface, 
 
 MAC-AD'A.M TZ-LN'G, ppr. Covering with small 
 broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface. 
 
 MA€>Al)'AM-RoAD, n. .\ road or path covered with 
 small broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard 
 surface. 
 
 MA€-A-R(5'\I, n. [It. maecheroni, a sort of paste ; 
 Fr. macaroni , Gr. p.iKon, happy.] 
 
 1. Dough of wheal flour made into a tubular or 
 pipe form, of the thickness of a goose quill ; Italian 
 or Genoese paste. Ure. 
 
 2. A medley ; something extravagant, to please an 
 idle fancy. 
 
 3. A sort of droll or fool ; and hence, a fop ; a 
 fribble ; a finical fellow. 
 
 MAe-.\-RO.N''ie, a. Pertaining to or like a macaroni ; 
 empty ; trifling ; vain ; atfected. 
 
 2. Consisting of a mixture or jumble of words of 
 diflerent languages. Macaronian has been used. 
 [See Macarokic, n.] 
 
 MAC-A-RON'ie, 71. A kind of burlesque poetry, in 
 which words of different languages are intermixed, 
 and native words are made to end in Latin termina- 
 tions, or Latin words are modernized. Jones. Encyc. 
 
 MAC-A-ROON', li. [Fr. macaron.] A small cake 
 compared chiefly of almonds and sugar. 
 2. ,\ finical fellow, or macaroni. 
 
 MA-CAU'CO, ?i. A name of several species of four- 
 handed animals, of the genus Lemur. [See Lemur.] 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 M.^-CAW, ) 71. The name of a race of beautiful 
 MA-eX'O, j American birds, of the parrot family. 
 
 P. Cije. 
 
 MA-CAW'-TREE, 7i. A species of palm-tree, the 
 Cocos aciileata. Miller. 
 
 M.AC-GA-Uk'AN, a. Pertaining to the Jewish princes 
 called Maccabees. 
 
 MAC'CA-UEES, ti. pi. The name of a heroic Jewish 
 family, which rescued Judea from the tyranny of 
 Antiochus Epiphanes and rendered it independent 
 for about a century. Mnrdock. 
 
 2. The name of certain apocryphal books of the 
 Old Testament, which give an account of Jewish 
 afl^iiirs in the time of the Maccabean princes. 
 
 Murdoch. 
 
 MACeO-BOY, 71. A kind of snuff. 
 MACE, n. [It. mazza, Sp. maza, Port, ma^a, Fr. masse, 
 a club.] 
 
 I. An ensign of authority borne before magistrates. 
 Originally, the mace was a club or instrument of 
 war, m.ade of iron and much used by cavalry. Be- 
 ing no longer a weapon of war, its form is changed ; 
 it is made of silver or copper gilt, and ornamented 
 with a crown, globe, and cross. The old English 
 
 writers often use mace for scepter. Brandc. 
 
 A leaden mace. ShaJt. 
 
 A lieavT injii mact. KnolUs. 
 
 2. The heavier rod used in billiards. Smart. 
 MACE, n. [L. macis.] 
 
 A spice ; the second coat which covers the nutmeg, 
 a thin and membranaceous substance, of an oleagi- 
 nous nature and yellowish color, being in flakes 
 divided into many nmificalions ; it is extremely 
 fnigrant and aromatic. Encyc. 
 MaCE'-aLE, 71. Ale spiced with mace. IViseman. 
 M aCE'-BE.\R-ER, 71. A person who carries a mace 
 
 before men in aiithoritv. Spectator. 
 M.aCE'-PROOF, a. Free from arrest. 
 
 Giffi)rd\t Skerley. 
 M,'\C'ER-XTE, r. L [L. macero, from macer, lliin, 
 lean ; maeeo, to be thin or lean ; Fr. maigre : Eng. 
 meager: It. maco ; Sp. magro ; probably allied to 
 Eng. meek, fli. HKO mnk. Class Mg, No. 2, 9.] 
 
 1. To make lean ; to wear away. Harcey. 
 
 2. To mortify ; to harass with corporeal hardships ; 
 to cause to pine or waste away. 
 
 Out of pxcraftivc zeal they iruuxraie Uieir bodies and impnir tiirir 
 Ueahh. I'iddes. 
 
 3. To steep almost to solution ; to soften and sepa- 
 rate the parts of a substance by steeping it in a fluid, 
 or by the digestive process. So we say, food is mac- 
 erale.d in the stomach. 
 
 M A(;'ER-,A-TEn, irp. or a. Made thin or lean ; steeped 
 almost to solution. 
 
 M.\C'ER-A-T1 NG, ppr. Making lean; steeping al- 
 most to solution ; softening. 
 
 MAC-ER-A'TION, n. The act or the process of 
 making thin or lean by wearing away, or by inor- 
 tificaliun. 
 
 2. The act, process, or operation of softening and 
 almost dissolving by steeping in a fiuid. 
 
 The silivn Rervei for Ihc maceration and di^soIuQoii of the meat 
 into chyle, Ray. 
 
 M,^CE'-REED, ) 71. A plant of the genus Typha, 
 REED'-M.aCE, i called al.so Cat-tail. P. Chic 
 .MAeil-I-A-Vf.L'IAN, (mak-e-a-vel'yan,) a. [from 
 Machiacel, an Italian w riter, secretary and historiog- 
 rapher to the republic of Florence,] 
 
 Pertaining to Macliiavel, or denoting his princi- 
 ples; politically cunning; crafty ; cunning in [Hiliti- 
 cal manageinent. 
 MAeH-I-A-Vi-.L'l.\N,ii. One who adopts the princi- 
 ples of Macliiavel. 
 MACH I-A-VEL-IS.M, 7i. The principles of Machia- 
 \'e\, or practice in conformity to them ; political cun- 
 ning and artifice, intended to favor arbitrary power. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 MA-CHie'0-L.\-TED, a. A term applied to castles 
 having machicolations. Brande. 
 
 MACH-I-eO-L,A'TION, n. [Fr. machicoulis.] 
 
 A term applied to openings at the tops of^ old cas- 
 tles and fortifications, through which coinbiistibles 
 melted lead and stones were dropped on the heads of 
 assailants. Oloss. of Archil. Gailt. 
 
 MACtri.V-AL, (mak'in-al,) a, [Sec Machi.ne.] Per- 
 taining to machines. DicL 
 
 M.ACH'IN-aTE, v. L [L. machinoT, from Gr. paxava, 
 or /ii)X<ii/r;.] 
 
 To plan ; to contrive ; to form a scheme. Sandys. 
 
 MACiriN-A-TED, pp. Planned; contrived. 
 
 .MACiriN-,A-TlNG, ppr. Contriving; scheming. 
 
 MACH-IN A'TION, n. [Fr. See .Machine.] The 
 act of planning or contriving a scheme for executing 
 some purpose^ iiarticularly an evil purpose; an artful 
 design formeti with deliberation. Shak. 
 
 M.\CII'I.\-A-TOR, 71, One that forms a scheme, or 
 who plots with evil designs. Olanrille. 
 
 MA-CH(.\E', (ma-sheen',) II. [Fr., from \.. machina.] 
 I. In a general sense, i\ny thing used to augment or 
 regulate force or motion. The simplest machines are 
 those usually denominated the six mechanical pow- | 
 ers, viz., the lever, the pulley, the axis and wheel, 
 the wedge, the sciew, and the inclined plane. 
 
 More properly, a machine is a complex structure, 
 consisting of a combination, or peculiar modification, 
 of the mechanical powers. HeberL 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU3 € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a» in THIS. 
 
 683 
 
MAC 
 
 I 2. An enffine; an instrument of force. 
 
 ' With inward anns llie dire machine they load. Dryden. 
 
 I 3. Supernatural agency in a poem, or a superhu- 
 man being introduced into a poem to perform some 
 e.\ploit. Pope. 
 M.\-CHIX'ER-Y, (ma-sheen 'er e,) 71. The component 
 parts of a complex machine, taken collectively ; as, 
 the vwckhiery of a watch, or other chronometer. 
 
 2. Machines in genera! Great Britain abounds in 
 machtiury. 
 
 3. In epic and dramatic poetry^ superhuman beings 
 introduced by the poet to solve difficulty, or perform 
 some exploit which exceeds human power ; or the 
 word may signify the agency of sueh beings, as sup- 
 posed deities, angels, demons, and the like. 
 
 Nec (leus intersit, nisi digmis viiidice nodus 
 
 Incitiil. HoTfue, 
 
 A deity is not to be introduced, unless a difficulty 
 occurs that requires the intervention of a god. The 
 viac!iiner}j of Milttin's Paradise Lost consists of nu- 
 merous supnrhuman personages. Pope's Rape of the 
 Lock is rendered very interesting by the machinery of 
 sylphs. 
 
 MA-C'H(N'ING, (ma-sheen'-,) «• Denoting the ma- 
 cliinf-ry of a poem. [JVo( nsed.~\ Dnjdeiu 
 
 MA-CHIN'IST, (ma-sheen'-,) n. [Fr. machinistc] 
 A constructor of machines and engines, or one 
 Well versed in the principles of machines. 
 
 MX-CIG'.NO, (ma-chen'yo,) n. [It.] A silicious sand- 
 stone found in Italy. There are two varieties ; one 
 of a grayish-yellow color, the other of a bluish-gray 
 color. Dana. 
 
 RIAC'I-LEN-CY, n. [See Macilent.] Leanness. 
 
 MAC'I-LENT, a. [L. macitentus, from vtacer^ lean, 
 thin. See Macerate.] 
 Lean ; thin ; having little flesh. 
 
 MAUK'ER-EL, n. [D. mackrcel ; G. mackrcle; Fr. 
 maqnereaiL ; Ir. maciireil ; W. macrcll ; from the root 
 of L. macula, a spot ; the spotted fish. So in British, 
 it is called britkilh, Arm. brcseU, for the like reason.] 
 A species of salt-water tish of the genus Scomber, 
 an excellent table fish. 
 
 MACK'ER-EL, 71. [Old Ft. maquerel.'] 
 A pander or pimp. 
 
 Mackcrcl^gale ; in Dryden, may mean a gale that 
 ripples the surface of the sea, or one which is suita- 
 ble for catching mackerel, as this fish is caught with 
 tlif li.iit in motion. 
 
 M.\('K'ER-EI^SKV, 71. A sky in which the clouds 
 have the form called cirro-cmnulus ; that is, are 
 broken into fleecy masses j called, also, ;i. mackerel- 
 bdck-skii. Cooke. 
 
 M.ACK'I.V-TOSII, 71. A term applied, from the name 
 of the inventor, to water-proof garments, particular- 
 ly overcoats, made so by tlie use of India rubber. 
 
 JIA(!-'K'LE, (mak'l,) 11. [L. 7iiac»/a.] Among /iriHfer^, 
 a blur in printing, so tbat part of the impression of a 
 [):i;:e appears double. 
 
 MA€'LE, (mak'l,)n. A name given to a variety of clii- 
 astolite, the crystals of which present a tesselated 
 appearance when cut transversely. Dana. 
 
 2. A similar tesselated ;ippearance in other crys- 
 tals. Dana. 
 
 MAC-LC'RlTE, n. The mineral Cliorulodrite, which 
 see. Dana. 
 
 MAG-RO-BI-OT'ie, a. [Gr. /iri/tjio; and /Jioj.] Long- 
 lived.] 
 
 MAG'RO-eOSM, 71. [Gr. /itiKpos, great, and Kocrpos, 
 w.jrld. 
 
 The great world ; the universe, or the visible sys- 
 tem of worlds ; opposed to Microcosm, or the world 
 (pf man. Kncijc. 
 
 MAG-RO DACTYL, »i. [Gr. pMpm, long, and 6aK- 
 Tv^oi, finger.) 
 One of a tribe of wading birds, having very long toes. 
 
 MAe-RO-DAe-TYL'I€, u. In ornithology, having 
 long toes; applied to a tribe of wading birds, in- 
 cluding the rails, water-hens, &.c. Partington. 
 
 MA€ RO-DI-AG'OiN-AL, «. [C.t. paKftoi, long, and 
 dia^onal.'\ 
 
 'J'he longer of the diagonals of a rhombic prism. 
 MA-GROL'O-tjV, 71, [Gr. puKpos, great, and Aoj of, 
 discourse.] 
 
 Long and tedious talk ; prolonged discourse with- 
 out matter ; superfluity of words. Bullokar. 
 MA-<;R0M'E TER, 71. [Gr. ,,«<o»; and ;,trp.;i,.] 
 An instrument for measuring inaccessible objects 
 hy means of two reflectors on a common sextant. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 MA-GROT' Y-POUS, o. [Gr. p iKpoi, long, and rvm,(, 
 form.) 
 
 In rninmloim, having a long form. Shrpard. 
 MA GROU'itAN, ( II. ((Jr. /.u^«„^, long, and ovfia, 
 MA CRO'RAN, j tail.] A name givi'n to Crus- 
 tacea, reiifmhling the lobster and shrimp. DaiM. 
 MA GKf)ir'ROi;S, ) a. An epithet applied to crus- 
 MA GRP'ROIJS, i tacea resembling the lobster 
 MAG-TA'TIO.\, n. [L. mncto, lo kill.] [and shrimp. 
 
 'i'hc art of killing a victim for »acriflce. Kncyc. 
 MAG'lJ-LA, n. ; M»<.ui.«. [L.] A spot, ns (in the 
 nkin, or on the surface of the nun, or otlier luminous 
 MAG IJ LATE, r. (. [I,, macalo.] [orb. 
 'J'o iipot ; to stain. FJyot. 
 
 MAD 
 
 MAG'lJ-LATE, j „ .. ^ 
 MAG'tF-LA-TED, i ^PO«ed. 
 
 MAG-U-La'TION, 71. The act of spotting ; a spot ; a 
 
 stain. ■ Shali. 
 
 MACULE, a. A spot. [Supra.] [LitUe used.] 
 MAD, a. [Sax. gemaad; Ir. amad : It. malto, mad, 
 foolish ; mattone, a brick, and an arnint fool ; matle- 
 ria and mattezza, foolisiiness j aviinattire, to become 
 distracted.] 
 
 1. Disorilered in intellect ; distracted ; furious. 
 
 We must bind our passions in chains, [est, like mad follts, they 
 hTQAk their locks and bolts. Taylor. 
 
 2. Proceeding from disordered intellect, or express- 
 ing it ; as, a mad demeanor. Milton. 
 
 3. Enraged ; furious ; as, a imid bull. 
 
 And Ikying exceedini^Iy mad ajuinsl them, I persecuted them, even 
 unto strange cities. — Acts xxvi. 
 
 4. Inflamed to excess with desire; excited with 
 violent anil unreasonable passion or appetite ; infat- 
 uated ; followed iiroperly by after. 
 
 Tlie world is running mad after farce, the extremity of bad 
 poetry. Dryden. 
 
 " Mad upon their idols," would be better rendered, 
 " Mad after their idols." Jer. i. 
 
 5. Distracted with anxiety or trouble ; extremely 
 perplexed. 
 
 Thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes. — Deut. xxviii. 
 
 6. Infatuated with folly. 
 
 The spiritual man is mad. — Hos. ix. 
 
 7. Inflamed with anger; very angry. [This is a 
 commony and perliaps the most general, sense of the word 
 in America. It is thus used by .^rbuthnot, and is per- 
 fectly proper.] 
 
 8. Proceeding from folly or infatuation. 
 
 Alad wars destroy in one year the works of many yeare of peace. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 IM.\D, V. t. To make mad, furious, or angry. Sidney. 
 MAD, V. i. To be mad, furious, or wild. 
 
 Wlclif. Spenser. 
 
 MADE ( [^^- "lotfto ; Goth, matha.] 
 
 An earth-worm. [But this is the Eng. moth.] Ray. 
 MAD'AM, 71. [Fr. Tna, my, and dame.] 
 
 An appellation or complimentary title given to mar- 
 ried and elderly ladies, or cliieflv to them. 
 MAD'AP-PLE, 71. A tropical plant or fruit, allied to 
 the Egg plant ; the Solanum insanum of Person. 
 
 Loudon, 
 
 MAD'BRaIN, 1 o. Disordered in mind ; hot- 
 
 MAD'BRAIN-£D, j headed ; rash. Shak. 
 
 MAD'GAP, n. [mad-capiit or cap.] A person of wild 
 behavior; a violent, rash, hot-headed person. 
 
 M.\D'DK.V, (mad'n,) v. t. To make inad. Thom.ion. 
 
 MAD'D£N, V. i. To become mad ; to act as if mad. 
 They rare, recite, and madden round the land. Pope. 
 
 MAD'DKN-iCD, -pp. or a. Rendered mad. 
 
 MAD'D/;N-ING, ppr. or a. Making mad or angry. 
 
 MAD'DER, n. [Sax. vucddere.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Rubia, one species of which 
 is much used in dyeing red. The root is used in 
 medicine, and is in great reputation as an eminena- 
 gogue. It is cultivated in France and Holland. 
 
 Kncyc. Hill. 
 
 MAD'DING, ppr. or a. from Mad. Raging ; furious. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 Made, pret. and pp. or a. from Make. 
 MAD-E-FACTION, 71. [L. madcfacio.] 
 
 The act of making wet. 
 MAD'E-FI-ED, pp. Made wet. Bacon. 
 MAD'E-FY, w. t. [h. viadefio.] 
 
 To make wet or moist ; to moisten [JVot much 
 used.] 
 
 MAD'E-FV-ING, ppr. Making moist or wet. 
 MA-DEI'RA, (ma-da'r'4,) ;(. A rich wine made on the 
 
 Isle of Madeira. 
 MA-DEl'RA-NUT, n. A species of walnut with a 
 
 thin shell, from the Island of Madeira. 
 MJID-KM-OI-ISELLE' , (mad-mwil-zel',) 7i. [Fr. 77ia, 
 
 my, and demoiselle, damsel. See Damsel.] 
 A young woman, or the title given to one ; mi.ss ; 
 
 also, the puppet sent from the French nu tropolis to 
 
 exhibit the prevailing fashions. Spectator. 
 MAD'-IIEAD-ED,(-hed-,) a. Ilot-braincd j rash. 
 
 Shall. 
 
 MAD'-IIOUSE, 71. A house where insane persons are 
 confined for cure or for restraint. 
 
 MA'DI-A, 71. A South American annual plant. Madia 
 saliva, cultivated for the oil yieliled from its seeds by 
 pressure. This oil is by some preferred to olive oil 
 for the table. P. Cvc 
 
 MAD'II), a. [L. madidus.] Wet ; moist. [JViit in 
 use] 
 
 MADUE-IIOVV'LET, 71. [Fr. 77i«c/ic«(f.] An owl. 
 
 B. .fonson. 
 
 MAD'LY, adv. [from »naii.] Without reason or un- 
 derstaniling ; rashly; wildly. 
 
 2. With extreme folly or Infatuated zeal or pas- 
 sion. 
 
 MAD'MAN, 71. A man raving or furious with disor- 
 dered inti llert ; ailistracted man. 
 2. A man without understanding. 
 
 MAG 
 
 3. One inflamed with extravagant passion, and 
 acting contrary to reason. 
 MAD'NESS, 71. [from 7iiarf.] Distraction ; a state of 
 disordered reason or intellect, in whicli tlio patient 
 raves or is furious. 
 
 There are degrees of madnesM, as of folly. Locke. 
 
 2. Extreme folly ; headstrong passion and rashness 
 that act in opposition to reason ; as, the madness of a 
 moh. 
 
 3. Wildness of p.assion ; fury ; rage ; as, the mad- 
 ne.-ts of despair. 
 
 MA-no'X.\, j 71. [Sp. Tnadona ; It. madonna, my 
 
 .M.VDON'NA, \ lady.J 
 
 A term of compellation, equivalent to Madam. It 
 is given to the Virgin Mary. 
 
 MAO'RE-PORG, ii. [Fr. madre, spotted, and pore.] 
 One of the generti of coral zociphytes. The spe- 
 cies usually branch like trees and shruhs. The sur- 
 face is covered with small prominences, each ctm- 
 taining a cell. [See Goral.] Dana. 
 
 MAD'RK-PO RITE, 71. Fossil coral, or limestone com- 
 posed of fossil coral. Dana. 
 
 MAD-RIeR', 71. [Fr.] A thick plank armed with 
 iron plates, with a cavity to receive the mouth of a 
 petard, with which it is applied to any thing intend- 
 ed to be broken dovt n ; also, a jilank used for sup- 
 porting the earth in mines. Chambers. Bailey. 
 
 M AD'RI-GAL, 71. [Sp. Port, and Fr. id ; It. madrigale. 
 Its origin is not ascertained.] 
 
 1. A little amorous poem, sometimes called a pas- 
 toral poem, containing a certain number of free, un- 
 equal verses, not confined to the scrupulous regular- 
 ity of a sonnet, or the subtilty of the epigram, but 
 containing some tender and delicate, though simple 
 thought, suitably expressed. Cijc. 
 
 2. An elaborate vocal composition, in five or six 
 parts. Busby. 
 
 M.iVD'WCRT, 71. A plant of the genus Alyssum. 
 
 MAEL'STROM, (mal'stroui,) n. A celebi'ated whirl- 
 pool on the coast of Norway. 
 
 M^RE, a. It is derived from Saxon Tiicr, famous, 
 great, noted ; so celmere is all-famous. 
 
 Gibson. Todd. 
 
 MA-ES-TO'SO ; an Italian word signifying majestic; a 
 direction in music to play the part with gramleurand 
 strength. 
 
 MAF'FLE, D. I. To stammer. [J\''ot in use.] Barret. 
 MAF'FLER, 71. A stammerer. [JVot in use.] 
 MAG-A-ZINE', (inag-a-zeen',) 71. [Fr. magazin ; It. 
 inagazzino i Sp. magacen and almacen i Fort, almazetn 
 
 or armazem ; from Ar. khazana, to deposit or 
 
 lay up for preservation. This word is formed with 
 the Shemitic prefix m.] 
 
 1. A store of arms, ammunition, or provisions ; or 
 the building in which such store is deposited. It is 
 usually a public store or storehouse. 
 
 2. In ships of war, a close room in the hold, where 
 the gunpowder is kept. Large ships have usually 
 two viagazines. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. A pamphlet periodically published, containing 
 miscellaneous papers or compositions. 'J'he tirst pub- 
 lication of this kind in England was the Ge.ntlemau^s 
 Magazine, which first appeared in 1731, under the 
 name of Sytoanus Urban, by Edward Gave, and which 
 is still continued. 
 
 MAG-A-ZIN'ER, (inag-a-zeen'er,) 71. One who writes 
 for a magazine. [Little used.] Qoldsniith. 
 
 M AG'DA-LE.\, 71. A reformed prostitute. 
 
 MAGE, 71. A magician. [Jfot u.tcd.] Spenser. 
 
 MAC-EL-LAN'IG GLOUDS, »i. pi. Three conspicu- 
 ous nebuhe situated near the south pole, resembling 
 thin, white clouds, and so called from Magellan, the 
 navigator. Olmsted. 
 
 M./10-GIO'RF:, (mnj-jo'T?i,)a. [It.] In Tniisic, greater. 
 
 MAG'GOT, 71. [W. macai, pi. macciod,magiod, a mag- 
 got or grub, from magu, to breed.] 
 
 1. A worm or grub ; particularly, the fly-worm, 
 from the egg of the large blue or green lly. This 
 maggot changes into a fiy. 
 
 2. A whim ; an odd fancy. [Loin.] 
 MAG'GOT-I-NESS, 11. The .state of abounding with 
 
 maggots. 
 
 MAG'(i()T-Y, «. Full of maggots. 
 
 2. Full of whims; capricious; whimsiciil ; hence, 
 via g got y headed. 
 MA'GI, II. pt. [L.] Wi.se men or philo.siiphers of the 
 
 East. Kotherby. 
 MA'OI-AN, a. [Ij. magus ; Gr.. /i<i)"t.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Magi, a sect of philosophers in 
 Persia. 
 
 MA'GI-AN, 71. One of the sect of the Persian Magi, 
 who hold that there are two principles, one the 
 cause of gooil, the other of evil. The kmiwledgc of 
 these philosophers was deemed by the vulgar to be 
 KupiTuatiiral. Kncyc. 
 
 MA'OI-AN ISM, 71. The philosophy or doctrines of 
 the Magi. 
 
 MAOi'IG, II. [L. magia; Gr. /iii)rio, from Mujoj, a 
 philosopher among the Persians.] 
 
 I. The art or science of putting into action the 
 power of spirits ; or the science of producing won- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — MRTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 684 
 
MAG 
 
 MAG 
 
 MAG 
 
 tltiful effects by the aid of siipcrliiiriinn bcinp*, or of 
 di'pnrteil spirits; sorcery ; eiicluuitiiiciit. [This art 
 or sciriice i-t now discnrdt'd.] 
 
 2. The secret operations of natural causes. Bacon. 
 
 JVaturat marric ; the art of cinpIoyiMfi tlie poweis of 
 nature to produce cllucts apparently supernatural. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 Celestial man-ic attributes to spirits a kind of doinin- 
 kin over the planets, and to the planets an inllucncc 
 over men. 
 
 Superstitious or gcotic mairic consists in the invoca- 
 tion of devils or demons, and supposi's some tacit or 
 express agreement between them and human beings. 
 
 Encije. 
 
 MA6'ie, ) a. Pertaining to magic ; used in mag- 
 MAG'IC-.AL, j ic ; as, a mon-'C wand ; ma^ic art. 
 
 2. Performed by magic, the agency of spirits, or by 
 the invisible powers of nature ; as, matrieal ctTects. 
 
 Mairir. square ; a square figure, formed by a series 
 of numbers in arithiMetic<'vJ progression, so disposed 
 in parallel ranks, that the sums of each row or line, 
 taken perpendicularly, horizontally, or diagonally, 
 are equal Brande. 
 MA6'ie-.\rj-LY, adv. By the arts of magic ; accord- 
 ing to the rules or rites of magic ; by enchantment. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 MA-Ol"CI.\N, (ma-jish'an,) n. One skilled in magic ; 
 one that practices the black art; an enchanter; a 
 necromancer ; a sorcerer or sorceress. 
 
 Loeke. Waller. 
 
 MA6're-T,AN'TF.RN, n. An optical instrument, 
 which, by means of a lamp and of small figures 
 painted on transparent varnish or slides of gl.ass, cx- 
 hihits, in a dark room, images of objects considerably 
 maanified. Brande. 
 
 MA-GIS'TER, ?i. [L. masfer.] A title of the middle 
 ages, equivalent to the modern title of doctor. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 MA-GIt.P', n. A gel.atinous compound of linseed oil 
 and niastic varnish, used by artists as a vehicle for 
 colors. Brande. 
 
 MAC-IS-Te'RI-.A.L, a. [See JUdsTRATE.] Pertain- 
 ing to a m.aster ; such as suits a master; authorita- 
 tive. Dryden. 
 
 3. Proud ; lofty ; arrogant ; imperious ; domineer- 
 ing. 
 
 Prel''ns''» ^ n grn'.n wny wilh men that tike fair words and 
 magitUriat louks for curreiil piiynivnl. L'Estran^e. 
 
 3. In chemistry, pertaining to magistery, which 
 
 MAG-IS-Te'RI-AL-LY, adi: With the air of a mas- 
 ter ; arrosantlv ; authoritatively. Bacon. South. 
 MAG-IS-TE'lil'-AL-NESS. n. 'I'he air and manner 
 of a master ; haughtiness ; imperiousness ; percmp- 
 toriness. JJ'elson. 
 MAG'IS-TER-Y, n. [L. marristerium.] 
 
 Among cAcmists, a precipitate ; a tine substance de- 
 posited by precipitation ; usually applied to particu- 
 lar kinds of precipitate, as that of bismuth, coal, 
 cr.ib's eves, sulphur, &.C. [Old.] Encyc. Brande. 
 MAG'IS-TRA-CY, n. [See M*Gi9TRiTE.] The of- 
 fice or dignity of a magistrate. 
 
 Dueling U nol only a tiiurpation of the ciiTine prero^tiv*', but 
 it ii nn in:iutt upon fttagutracy. Ctarisga. 
 
 2. The body of magistrates. 
 MAG'IS-TRAL, 0. Suiting a magistrate; Buthnrita- 
 tive. K>*3.] 
 
 MAG'IS-TR.\L, n. A sovereign medicine or remedy 
 
 [Ohs.] 
 M.\G-IS 
 
 tranquillity antl firmness ; which raises the possessor I 
 above revenge, and makes him ileliglit in arts of be- 
 nevolence ; which makes him disdain injustice and 
 meanness, and prompts him to sacrifice personal ease, 
 interest, and safety, for the accomplishment of useful 
 and noble objects. 
 MAG-NAi\'I-JIOUS, o. [I., ma^natiimus.] 
 
 1. Great of mind ; elevated in soul or in senti- 
 ment ; brave ; disinterested ; as, a maiptanimous 
 prince or general. 
 
 2. Dictated by magnanimity ; exhibiting nobleness 
 of soul ; liberal and honorable ; not selfish. 
 
 Tlicrc is nn intlissolublo nnlon Ix-twcnn n masnanirnous policy 
 and the solid rewartU of puUic prospt-rily ami f'-licity. 
 
 Wasliington. 
 
 MAG-NAN'I-MOUS-LY, adc. With greatne.ss of 
 mind ; bravely ; with dignity and elevation of sen- 
 timent. Milton. 
 
 M.VG'NaTE, pi. Magnates. A person of rank ; a 
 noble or grandee. 
 
 M.\G-NE'SI A, n. [Fr. magnesie. Clu. from JUaipie- 
 sia^ the place where first found. IjUnier says, from 
 Gr. /ill) rm, the loadstone ; but the reason he does 
 not assign.! 
 
 A priinitfve earth, having for its b.ase a metallic 
 substance, called viairnesiitni. Magntrsia is a soft, 
 white powder, witluiut taste or snu^Il. It is general- 
 ly found in combination with other substances. It 
 is antariil, and moderately cathartic. Ure. 
 
 M.\G-NE'SIAN, a. Pertaining to magnesia, or par- 
 taking of its qualities ; containing magnesia; re- 
 sembling magnesia. 
 
 MAG'Nli-SITE, n. A silicate of magnesia contain- 
 ing a large quantity of water. It occurs in amor- 
 phous masses, or in masses tuberous and spongiform ; 
 its color is yellowish gray, or white with spots, and 
 dendritic delineations of blackish brown. The name 
 is also given to a carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 Dana. liavy. 
 
 M.\G-Ni;'SIUiM, n. The undecomposable metallic 
 base of magnesia. 
 
 MAG'NET, >i. [L., from Gr. /laj cijj, from .Magnesia, 
 in Asia Minor.] 
 
 The loadstone ; a term applied to certain specimens 
 of iron ore, (theprotoxyd or octahedral,) which have 
 the prtipcrty of attracting iron and some of its ores, 
 and, when freely suspended, of pointing to the 
 poles. 
 
 A bar of steel to which the peculiar properties of 
 the loaiistone have been imparted, either by contact 
 or by other means. A bar of iron will receive 
 temporarily the same properties under the action of 
 a g.alvanic or electrical battery, and is then generally 
 called an electro-mairnet. Dana. 
 MAG-NET'ie, n. A term applied to any metal, as 
 iron, nickel, cobalt, &c., which may receive, by any 
 means, the properties of the lo,adstone, and lie when 
 suspended in the direction of a magnetic meriillan. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 MAG-NET'ie, j tt. Pertaining to the magnet ; 
 M.\G-NET'ie-AL, j possessing the properties of the 
 
 magnet, or corresponding properties ; as, a magnetic 
 
 bar of iron, or a magnetic needle. 
 2. Attractive. 
 
 fe-TR.AL'I-TY, n. Despotic authority in opin- 
 ion. [ Oiis.l Bacon. 
 MAG'IS-TU.\L-LY, adv. Authoritatively ; with im- 
 
 jieriousness. IGks.] Bramliall. 
 MAG'IS-TR.^TE, n. [L. magistrntus, from magister, 
 master ; majis, major, and strr, Teutonic stforn, a di- 
 rector ; steoran, to steer ; the principal director.] 
 
 A public civil officer, invested with the executive 
 government, or some branch of it. In this sense, a 
 king is the highest or first magistrate, as is the presi- 
 dent of the United S*t,ates. But the word is more 
 particubirly applied to subordinate officers, as gov- 
 ernors, intendants, prefects, mayors, justices of the 
 peace, and the like. 
 
 The mngi^lmte mnsl have hb reverence; the laws their nnthor- 
 4« i'y- Burlct. 
 
 M A6-lS-TRAT'ie, a. Having the authority of a mag- 
 '"ple- Tavlor. 
 
 MAO'IS-TRA-TURE, n. [Fr.] Magistracy. [LitUe 
 «,«</.] 
 
 MAG'M.A, n. Any crude mixture of mineral or orian- 
 
 ic mattcri, in the state of a thin paste. Ure. 
 MAG'NA CHXR'TA, (kir'U,) n. [L., great charter.j 
 
 1. The great charter, so called, obtained by the 
 English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. This 
 name is also given to the charter granted to the peo- 
 ple of Encland in the ninth year of Henry HI., and 
 confirmed by Edward I. 
 
 2. A fundamental constitution which guaranties 
 rights and privileges. 
 
 MAG.NA-Nf.M'I-TY, n. [L. magnanimitas ; magnus, 
 great, and a?iimu», mind.) 
 
 Greatness of mind ; th.it elevation or dignity of 
 «oul, which encounters danger and trouble with 
 
 She that had at] magnetic force alone. 
 
 Donn 
 
 MAG-NET'ie-AL-LY, adv. By means of magnet- 
 ism ; bv the power of attraction. Burton. 
 
 MAG-NET'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 magnetic. 
 
 MAO-NET'ie-NEE'DLE, n. A magnetized needle, 
 or small iron rod, turning on a pivot, principally used 
 to determine the points of compass. 
 
 MAG-NET'I€-TEL'E-GRAPH, n. The electro-mag- 
 netic telegraph ; an instrument, or apparatus, which, 
 by means of iron wires, conducting the electric fluid, 
 conveys intelligence to any given distance with the 
 velocity of lightning. See Electro-Macsetic Tel- 
 egraph. S. F. B. jMorse. 
 
 •M.VG-NET'ieS, n. The science or principles of mag- 
 netism. 
 
 MAR-NET-IF'ER-OU3, a. Producing or conducting 
 magnetism. Joum. of Science. 
 
 MAG'NET-ISM, n. That branch of science which 
 treats of the properties of tlic magnet 
 
 2. Power of attraction ; as, the mttg>ietism of inter- 
 est, nianville. 
 
 Animal magnetism ; a supposed agent of a peculiar 
 and mysterious nature, said to have a powerful influ- 
 ence on the p.atient when acted upon by contact or 
 voluntary emotion on the part of the operator. [See 
 
 M AG-.NKT-ri^S'TIOX, n. The act of magnetizing 
 MAG'NET-I/E, v. L To communicate inagnitic 
 properties to any thing; as, to magnetize a needle. 
 
 Seren of Deilon'i polienu were mafruixed at Dr. Franklin's 
 I'"""'- Eneyc. 
 
 MAG'NET-IZE, r. i. To acquire magnetic properties ; 
 to become magmnic. A bar of iron standing some 
 time in an inclined position will magnetiie. 
 
 M.\G'.VET-rZ-f;n, pp. or a. Made magnetic. 
 
 MAG'.NET-IZ-I^NG, ppr. or a. Imparting magnet- 
 ism to. 
 
 [T.. magn^ficujt.'j 
 
 MAG-Ni?'TW-E-LEe''J'Rie, a. Pertaining to mag- 
 neto-electricity. Dana. 
 
 iMAG-.\r:'TU-E-I.EC-TRIC'I-TY, 'n. Electricity 
 evolvetl by magnets. SiUimun. 
 
 2. The science which treats of electricity thus 
 evolved. 
 
 MAG'NET-IZ-ER, n. A person or thing which Im- 
 parts magnetism. 
 M.\(;-.\ET-0.\rE-TER, n. [magnet, or magnetism, 
 and Gr. iirmor.] 
 
 An instrument to ascertain the force of m.ignetism, 
 MAG NET-O-.MO'TOR, n. [magnet and motor.] 
 
 A Voltaic series of two or more laru'c plates pro- 
 ducing a great quantity of electricity of low tension. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 MAG'NI-FI-A-BLE, n. [See Mag:«ifv.] That may 
 be niagiiifieil ; worthy of being magnified or extolled. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 MAG-NIF'IC, 
 
 MAGMF'It; AL, 
 
 Grand ; splendid ; illustrious. Milton. 
 
 MAG-.N'l F'I€-AI/-LV, ot/e. In a magnificent manner. 
 
 MAG-jYIf I-CAT, [I,.] A term a|iplied to the sonaof 
 the Virgin Mary, l.nke i. -Hi, because it commences 
 with this Word in the Lalin Vulgattr. 
 
 MAG-.\IF'IC-.\TE, !). (. To magnify or extol. [Abt 
 used. 1 Marston. 
 
 MAG-NIF'I-CENCE, n. [L. magnifrentia.] 
 
 (■randcur of appearance ; greatness and splendor 
 of show or state ; as, the magnificence of a palace, 
 or of a procession ; th« magnificence of a Roman tri- 
 umph. 
 
 MAf;-.\IF'I-CENT, a. Grand in appearance; splen- 
 did ; pompous. 
 
 Man hp made, antl for him built 
 Magnifuxol this world. Milton. 
 
 2. Exhibiting grandeur. Sidney. 
 MAG-.MF'I-('E.\T-LY, adv. With splendor of ap- 
 pearance, or pomp of show. The minister was nia^- 
 nificently entertained at court. 
 
 2. With exalted sentiments. We can never con- 
 ceive too marrnificentty o( the Creator and his works. 
 MAG-i\IF'I-eO, 71. [U] A grandee of Venice. Shall. 
 M.\G'i\l-Fl-EK, n. [tVom magnify.] One who niag- 
 nifies ; one who extols or exalts in praises. 
 
 2. An optical instrument, either a convex lens or a 
 concave mirror, which increases the apparent mag- 
 nitude of bodies. 
 MAG'NI F?, I', t. [L. magnifico; magnus, great, and 
 facia, to make.] 
 
 1. To make great or greater; to increase the ap- 
 parent dimensions of a body. A convex lens mag- 
 7i{tics the bulk of a body to the eye. 
 
 2. To make great in representation ; to extol ; to 
 exalt in description or praise. The embassador mag- 
 nified the king and queen. 
 
 3. To extol ; to exalt ; to elevate ; to raise in es- 
 timation. 
 
 Thee that day 
 t mn^Tiifie't. AWton. 
 grtifud Solomon exceedingly. — 1 Chron. xxix. 
 
 To magnify one's self > to raise one's self in pride 
 and pretensions. 
 
 He shall nwigrii/y himtel/in bis heart. — Dan. riii. 
 MAG'XI-FV-I.\G, ppr. or a. Enlarging apparent bulk 
 
 or dimensions ; extolling; exalting. 
 MAG-NIL'O-aUE.NCE, >i. [L. magnus, great, and 
 loqnens, speaking.] 
 
 .\ lofty manner of speaking ; tumid, pompous 
 worcs or style. Bcntlry. 
 MAGMI/O-aUENT, a. Speaking loflily or pom- 
 pon si v. 
 
 MAG-NIL'O-aUENT-LY, adv. With loftiness or pom- 
 
 positv of language. 
 MAG'.N'I-TCDE, n. [I,, magnitudn.] 
 
 1. Extent of dimensions or parts ; bulk ; size ; ap- 
 plied to tilings that hare length, breadth, or thickness. 
 
 2. In geometry, that which is extended, or which 
 has one or more of the three dimensions, length, 
 breadth, and thickness. Doy. 
 
 3. Greatness ; grandeur. 
 
 With plain, heroic magnitude of mind. A/i.'ton. 
 
 4. Greatness, in reference to influence or effect ; 
 importance. In affairs of magnitude, disdain not to 
 lake counset. 
 
 MAG-No'I.I-A, n. The name of a genus of plants 
 comprehending the Beaver-tree, the Ciieiimber-tree, 
 and the I'mbrella tree, of the United States, with 
 the Vulan, the Kobiis, the Coco, and the Figo, of 
 E.isti rn .Asia. 
 M.\(;'PIE, 71. [W. piog, L. pica, wilh 7no>r.] 
 
 A chailering bird, of the crow tribe ; the Corvas 
 pica of Liiina>us. 
 
 ,M (fioT-piE is used by Shakspeare. 
 MAG'UI^Y, 71. A species of Agave, in Mexico, which 
 furnished the natives with a material for their build- 
 ings. Its leaves were used for covering the roofs of 
 their houses, and for paper, clothing, and cordace. 
 
 Ennje. 
 
 The ma^iey is a species of the genus Agave, and 
 is now ciiltivated in .Mexico for the purpose of pre- 
 IKiring from its leaves a spirituous liquorcalled pulque. 
 
 Humboldt. 
 
 Thy thiiTidri 
 The L.or>l m 
 
 TONE, BtJLL, qXlTE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOU3.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 86' 
 
 FKF 
 
 6% 
 
MAI 
 
 MA-HA'LEB, 71. [Arabic] A spi-cies of cherry, Cc- 
 rasiis Malialib, wliose fruit affords a violut dye, and 
 a fernifiited liquor lilte kirschwasser. Ure. 
 
 MA-HUG'A-i\Y, n. A tree of the genus Swictenia, 
 growing in the tropical climates of America; also, its 
 wood, which is of a reddish or brown color, very 
 hard, and susceptible of a tine polish. Of this are 
 made our most beautiful and durable pieces of cabi- 
 net furniture. 
 
 MA-HOM'ET-AN, I This word, and the name of the 
 
 MO-H.\M'iMED-AN, \ Arabian prophet so called, are 
 written in many different ways. The best authorized 
 and most correct orthography seems to be Moham- 
 med, Mohammedan. [See Mohammedan.] 
 
 MA-llO.M'ET-A.\-IS.M, h. See .Mohammedism. 
 
 MA'HOUiXD, ;i. Furmrrhj, a contemptuous name for 
 Mohammed and the devil, &;c. Skelton, 
 
 MaID, ji, A species of skate-fish. 
 
 M.XfD, \n. [Sax. jntfj^A, from mnir, a general name 
 
 MaID'EN, \ of relation, man, boy, or woman ; Goth. 
 vmgath: D. vtaafrd; G. ma^d ; Ir. mo.vh^ a man ; Sp. 
 mo:i), a man-ser\'ant, a bachelor ; moia^ a maid ; Port. 
 miiclw, a male ; Russ. muj. It coincides in elements 
 with Sax. magan, to be able ; Eng. may.] 
 
 1. An unmarried woman, or a young unmarried 
 woman ; a virgin. 
 
 2. A female servant. '■Drydcn. 
 
 3. It is used in composition to express the feminine 
 gender; as in mairZ-servant. 
 
 MaID'£.\, (mJd'n,) n. A maid. 
 
 •2. An instrument reseilibling the guillotine, for- 
 merly used for beheading criminals. 
 .3, \ machine for washing linen. 
 M.^ID'B.N', (mad'n,) a. Pertaining to a young woman 
 or virgin ; as, maiden charms. 
 
 2. Consisting of young women or virgins. 
 
 .\iniii Ih? maiden Uiron^. Addison. 
 
 3. Fresh ; new ; unused. 
 
 He fleshed his mauten sword. Shak. 
 A maiden speech ; the first speech of a new member 
 in a public body. 
 
 MaWES, V. i. To speak and act demurely or mod- 
 estly. Bp- Hall. 
 
 MAll3'i5X-AS-STZE', n. In Encrland, an assize at 
 which no one is condemned to die; literallif, an as- 
 size which is unpolluted with blood. It was usual, 
 at such an assize, for the sheriff to present the judge 
 with a pair of white gloves. Smart. 
 
 MaID'EN-HaIR, n. A species of fern of the genus 
 Afliantum. 
 
 MAID'iv-nfi \d' \ t^'"'- ™''(rdcnJiad, madenhad.] 
 
 1. The state of being a maid or virgin ; virginity. 
 
 The motlest l»re *\ mtwlen}iood. Miltot. 
 
 2. Newness ; freshness ; uncontaniinated state. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 MaID'EX-LIKE, a. Like a maid ; modest. Shak. 
 
 Ma1I)'£N-LI-NESS, 71. The behavior that becomes a 
 maid ; modesty ; gentleness. Sherwood. 
 
 MaID'E.\-L1P, 71. A plant. .^insworth. 
 
 Ma[D'£N-LY, (mid'n-ly,) a. Like a maid; gentle; 
 modest ; reserved. Shak. 
 
 MaID'KN-LY, adv. In a maidenlike manner. Skelton. 
 
 MAID'HOOD, 71. Virginity; sometimes spelt Maid- 
 enhead. Shak. 
 
 MaIO-Ma'RI-AN, 77. Orirrinalhj, thelady of the May- 
 games Yn a morris-dance ; a fteritard^ a character per- 
 sonated by a man in woman's clothes ; .'ilso, the name 
 of a dance. Tuone. Smart. 
 
 MAin'-PALE, a. Pale, like a sick girl. Shak. 
 
 MaID'-SEUV-AN T, 71. A female servant. Swift. 
 
 MAIL, 71. [Fr. maille, a stitch in knitting, a mail ; Sp. 
 mallit, a mesh, net-work, a coat of mail ; Port. iV^ and 
 a spot ; It. inatjlia and eamairtio ; Arm. 7nai7/i ; i). viaal ; 
 W. ma^il, a knot, a mesh ; ma:;lu, to knit, to entan- 
 gle, to entrap, to form meshes. The sense of spot. 
 which occurs in the French and Portuguese, indi- 
 cates this word to be from the root of L. mae.iita, and 
 the Welsh words prove it to be contracted from 711a- 
 
 1. A coat of steel net-work, formerly worn for de- 
 fending the body against swords, poniards, &c. The 
 mail was of two sorts, chain and [date mail ; the for- 
 mer consisting of iron rings, each having four others 
 inserted into it ; the hitti r consisting of a number of 
 small lamins of metal, laid over one another like the 
 Bcales of a fish, and sewed down to a strong linen or 
 leathern jacket. Cijc. 
 
 2. Armor; that which defends the body. 
 
 Wp strip the lobtter of tiiH *c.irlet mail. Gay. 
 We read also of «hirts of mail and gloves of maiU 
 
 3. In nhipn^ a square machine compostrd of rings 
 Interwoven, like nel-work, used for rubbing off the 
 loose hemp on lines anil while cordage. 
 
 A rent. [Sax. mn/.J Also, a spot. [OAs.] 
 MAIL, 71. [Fr. maleiu ; Ir. mala; Ft. malic; Ann. 
 
 TTUl/.] 
 
 1. A bag for the conveyance of letters and papers, 
 particularly li ltern conveyed from one post-otficc to 
 another, undi r public authority. 
 
 3 'i'hc coach or carriage in whicli the mall la con- 
 veyed. 
 
 MAI 
 
 MAIL, 71. (. To put on a coat of mail or armor ; to arm 
 
 defensively. Shak. 
 2. To prepare for transmission by the mail from 
 
 one post-office to another. We say, letters were 
 
 mailed for Ph'iladelphia. 
 MaIL'A-BLE, a. Usually admitted, or proper to be 
 
 admitted, into the mail. 
 MaIL'-CLAD, a. Clad with a coat of mail. Scott. 
 MAIL'-CoACH, 71. A coach that conveys the public 
 
 mails. 
 
 MAIL'£D, pp. Covered with a coat of mail or with 
 ymor ; prepared for transmission by the mail. 
 
 2. a. In zvolotrij^ protected by an external coat or 
 covering of scales or hard substances. Humble. 
 
 3. .Spotted ; speckled. Sherwood. 
 MaIL'ING, ppr. Investing with a coat of mail ; pre- 
 paring for transmission by the mail. 
 
 M.^ IL'-STaGE, 71. The stage or coach for conveying 
 the mails ; a mail-coach. .America. 
 
 MAIL'-SHeATH-£:D, a. Sheathed with a coat of 
 mail. Scott. 
 
 MALM, V. t. [Old Fr. maliemer, or mahaigner i Arm. 
 viahai'rna^ mahairnein.] 
 
 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, so as to render 
 a person less able to defend himself in fighting, or to 
 annoy his adversary. Black.Hone. 
 
 2. To depri\'e of a necessary part ; to cripple ; to 
 disable. 
 
 You maimed tlte jnrisiUction of all bishops. Shnk. 
 MAIM, n. [Written in law language .Mayhem.] 
 
 1. The privation of the use of a limb or member of 
 the body, so as to render tlie sufferer less able to de- 
 fend himself or to annoy his adversary. 
 
 2. The privation of any necessary part ; a crip- 
 pling. 
 
 Surely there is inore cause to fear lest, the want thereof be a 
 jnaim. tlian the use of it a blemish. Hooker, 
 
 3. Injury ; mischief. 
 
 4. Essential defect. 
 
 A noble author esteems it to be a r 
 
 Shale. 
 
 I in history. [Not used.] 
 Hfit/isard. 
 
 MaIM'ED, pp. or a. Crippled ; disabled in limbs ; 
 lame. 
 
 MaLM'ED-NESS, 71. A state of being maimed. 
 
 Bolton. 
 
 MaIM'ING, ppr. Disabling by depriving of the use of 
 a limb ; cripiiling ; rendering lame or defective. 
 
 MAIN, a. [Sax. magn, strength, force, power, from 
 inatranj to be able or strong, that is, to strain or 
 stretch. Eng. may, might. If g is radical in the L. 
 magnu.^, this may be of the same family ; Goth. TTiici- 
 els ; Eng. vtnch.] 
 
 1. Principal ; chief; first in size, rank, importance, 
 &c. ; as, the TnaiTi branch or tributary stream of a 
 river ; llie main timbers of an edifice. 
 
 2. That which has most power in producing an ef- 
 fect, or which is mostly regarded in prospect ; as, a 
 Tnairt design ; a main object. 
 
 Our main interest is to be as happy as we can, and as !on^ as 
 possible. Tiltotson. 
 
 3. Mighty ; vast ; as, the main abyss. Milton. 
 
 4. Important ; powerful. 
 
 This young prince, with a tniin of younj noblemen and gentle- 
 nj^'n, not with any main jtriny, c:inie over to talte nosst'ssion 
 ofhis pairiimi'iy. Daaies. 
 
 MAIN, n. Strength ; force ; violent effort ; as in the 
 phra.se, " with might and main." Drijden. 
 
 2. The gross ; the bulk ; the greater part. 
 
 The mam of them may be reduced to language and an iniprove- 
 mciit in wisdom. Locke, 
 
 3. The ocean ; the great sea, as distinguished from 
 rivers, bays, sounds, and the like. 
 
 He fell, and slrugghng in the main. Dryien. 
 
 4. The continent, .as distinguished from an isle. 
 We arrived at Nantucket on Saturday, but did not 
 reach the main till Monday. In this use of the word, 
 land is omitted ; main for main land. 
 
 5. A hamper. Jlinsicorth. 
 
 6. A course ; a duct. of Parliament. 
 For the wain ; in the main ; for the must part ; in the 
 
 greatest part. 
 MALN, n. [L. mantis, hand ; Fr. Tnain.] 
 
 A hand at dice. We throw a merry main. 
 
 And lncl<y mains make p<'ople wise. {Not used.] Prior. 
 
 2. A match at cock-fighting. 
 MAIN'-DE(M<, 71. The deck next below the spar- 
 
 (lerk in frigates anil seventy-fours. Tolten. 
 MAIN'-KIOEL, n. The printiipal keel, as distinguished 
 
 from the false keel. 
 MAI.N'-L.ANI), n. The continent ; the principal land, 
 
 as opposed to an I's/f. Dnjden. 
 MAI.N'LY, adv. Chiefly; principally. lie is mainly 
 
 occiipii'il with domestic concerns. 
 
 2. Greatly ; to a great degree ; mightily. Bacon. 
 MALN'.MAST, 71. The princijial mast in a ship or 
 
 other vesHt^l. 
 
 MAIN'OU, n. [Old Fr. manoevre, meinour, L. o manu, 
 from the hiinil or in the work.] 
 
 The old law phrase, to he taken as a thief with the 
 mainor, signifies to be taken in the very act of killing 
 venison or stealing wood, or in preparing so to do ; 
 
 MAI 
 
 or it denotes the being taken with the thing stolen 
 upon him. Bluck.~tone. 
 MAIN'PER.V-A-nLE, a. That may be admitted to 
 give surety by mainpernors ; that may be main- 
 prized. 
 
 MaIN'PERN-OR, 71. [Old Fr. main, the hand, and 
 prendre, to take ; penion, pernez, for prenoii, prenez.] 
 
 In laiD, a surety for a prisoner's appearance in court 
 at a day. Mainpernors differ from bail, in that a 
 man's bail may imprison or surrender him before the 
 stipulated day of appearance ; mainpernors can do 
 neither ; they are bound to produce him to answer 
 all charges whatsoever. Black^lone. 
 
 MAIN'PIliZE, 71. [Fr. 7natn, hand, and prendre, pris, 
 to take.] 
 
 1. In law, a writ directed to the sheriff, command- 
 ing him to take sureties for the prisoner's appear- 
 ance, and to let him go at large. These sureties are 
 called mainpernors. Blackstone. 
 
 2. Deliverance of a prisoner on security for liis ap- 
 pearance at a day. 
 
 MAIN'PRiZE, v.' t. To suffer a prisoner to go at 
 large, on his finding sureties, mainpernors, for his 
 appearance at a day. 
 
 MAIN'PRIZ-iCD, pp. Bailed; suffered to go at large, 
 upon giving security for appearance. 
 
 MAIN'SAIL, n. The principal sail in a sliip. The 
 mainsail of a ship or brig is extended by a yard at- 
 tached to the mainmast, and that of a siooj), by the 
 boom. 
 
 MAlN'SHEET,n. The sheet that extends and fastens 
 the mains;iil. 
 
 MaI.X'SWEaR, v. i. [Sax. niansTccrian ; 7nan, evil, 
 
 and swerian, to swear. 
 To swear falsely ; to perjure one's self. Blount. 
 MAIN-TaIN', I', f. [Fr. maintenir ; main, hand, and 
 
 tenir, to hold ; L. manus and temo.j 
 
 1. To hold, preserve, or keep in any particular 
 state or condijion ; to support ; to sustain ; not to 
 sulfer to fail or decline ; as, to maintain a certain de- 
 gree of heat in a furnace ; to maintain the digestive 
 process or powers of the stomach ; to maintain the 
 fertility of soil ; to maintain present character or rep- 
 utation. 
 
 2. To hold ; to keep ; not to lose or surrender ; as, 
 to maintain a place or post. 
 
 3. To continue ; not to suffer to cease ; as, to Tnaiit- 
 tain a conversation. 
 
 4. To keep up ; to uphold ; to support the expense 
 of; as, to maintain state or equipage. 
 
 What maintains one vice would bring up two children. 
 
 PraiMin. 
 
 5. To support with food, clothing, and other con- 
 veniences ; as, to maintain a family by trade or labor. 
 
 6. To support by intellectual powers, or by force 
 of reason ; as, to maintain an argument. 
 
 7. To supjiort ; to defend ; to vindicate, to justify ; 
 to prove to be just ; as, to maintain one's right or 
 cause. 
 
 8. To support by assertion or argument ; to affirm. 
 
 In tnigedv and satire, I maintain that this age and tile last have 
 exK-riL-d the ancients. Dryttcn. 
 
 MAIX-TAIN', JI. I. To affirm a position ; to assert. 
 M.'ilN-TAIN'A-BLE, a. 'I'hat may be maintained, 
 supported, preserved, or sustained. 
 
 2. That may be defended or kept by ftirce or re- 
 sistance ; as, a military post is not maintainable. 
 
 3. That may be defended by argument or just 
 claim ; vindicable ; defensible. 
 
 MAIN-TAIN'ijn, ;)/>. Kept in any state ; preserved ; 
 upheld; supported; defended; vindicated. 
 
 MAIN-TAIN'ER, 11. One who supports, preserves, 
 sustains, or vindicates. 
 
 M AIN-TAIN'ING, /<;<r. Supporting; preserving; up- 
 holding; defending; vindicating. 
 
 MAIN-TAIN'OR, 71. One who aids others with 
 money, or maintains a suit in which he has no in- 
 terest. 
 
 MAIN'TE-NANCE, 71. Sustenance; sustentation ; 
 support by means of supplies of food, clothing, and 
 other conveniences ; as, his labor contributed little to 
 the maintenance of his family. 
 
 2. Means of support; that which supplies conve- 
 niences. 
 
 Those of Ijelter fortune not mal<ing learning tlieir maintenance. 
 
 .Sm/l. 
 
 3. Support ; protection ; defense ; vindication ; as, 
 the maintenance of right or just claims. 
 
 4. (Jimtinuance ; security from failure or decline. 
 
 Whatever is grantiHl to llie chnrcli for Coirs hunorantl the main- 
 tenance of his service, is (rranled lo tiod. South. 
 
 5. In law, an officious iiUtTmcddling in a suit in 
 which the person has no interest, by assisting either 
 party with money or means tti prosecute or defend 
 it. This is a punishable ollenst;. Hut to assist a 
 poor kinsman, from compassion, is not maintenance. 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 MAIN'TOP, n. The top of the mainma.st of a ship or 
 brig. 
 
 MAIN'VARD, n. The yard i n which the mainsail is 
 
 extenileil, sujiported by the mainmast, 
 MAIS'TIOR, for Master, is obsolete. Spen.ier. 
 MAIS'TRESS, for Mistiiess, is obsolete. Chaucer. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 686 
 
MAJ 
 
 MAK 
 
 MAK 
 
 Maize, «. a plant, Zea mays, the native corn of 
 America, called Indian Corn, niucli cultivated for 
 foiiil. 
 
 [In the Lettish and Livotiic lanffua^rp,^^ in the north 
 of Europe, muijse is bread. Toukc. In Ir. maise is 
 food ; perhaps a dilTerent orthography of meat.] 
 MAJ-ES-TAT'IC, j a. Great in appearance ; 
 MAJ-ES-XAT'ie-AL, j having dignity. [Obs.] 
 
 Pococlic. 
 
 MA-JES'Tie, a. [from majesty.] Aufust ; having 
 diRuity of person or appearance ; grand ; princely. 
 The prince was majestic in person and appearance. 
 
 In Uh f.ico 
 
 Sat meckncsa, hightened with majeeuc grace, Milton. 
 
 2. Splendid ; grand. 
 
 Get the Btarl of this majeitic world. ShaJc. 
 
 3. Elevated ; lolly. 
 
 Tlie least portions must be of the epic kind ; all must b.' gr^^e, 
 mnjenltc, and sublime. Drytien. 
 
 4. Stately ; becoming majesty ; as, a majestic air 
 or walk. 
 
 MA-JEf'Tie-AL, a. Majestic. [Little used.] 
 
 M.A-JES'Tie-AL-LY, adv. With dignity ; with gran- 
 deur ; with a lofty air or appearance. 
 
 MAJES'Tie-AL-NESS, n. State or manner of being 
 majestic. Oldenburg. 
 
 MAJ'ES-'I'Y, n. [L. majestas, from the root of muj«, 
 major, more, greater.] 
 
 1. Greatness of appearance; dignity; grandeur; 
 dignity of aspect or manner; the quality or state of 
 a person or thing which inspires awe or reverence in 
 the beholder ; applied with peculiar propriety to God 
 and his works. 
 
 Jeh'jv:ih n'iffncth ; he is clothed with nmjesty. 
 The voice uf Jt-liovah i ' ■ ' 
 
 - Ps. xciii. 
 
 9 lull ul 7ruijesly. — Ps 
 
 It is applied to the dignity, pomp, and splendor of 
 earthly princes. 
 
 When he showed the riches of his ^lonotis kingdom — the honor 
 of hid exc<dlent majfsty many days. — Eath. 1. 
 
 9. Dignity ; elevation of manner. 
 
 The tirst in loftiness of thought surpassed, 
 The next in timjesty. 
 
 Drydet 
 
 3. A title of emperors, kings, and queens ; as, 
 most royal viajrsty : m;\y it pit'ase your majestij. In 
 this sense, it admits of the plural ; as, their majesties 
 attended the concert. 
 Ma'JOR, a. [L.] Greater in number, quantity, or 
 extent ; as, the major part of the assembly ; the ma- 
 jor part of the revenue ; the major part of the terri- 
 tory. 
 
 2. Greater in dignity. 
 
 My major vow lies here. Shak. 
 
 3. In music, an epithet applied to the modes in 
 which the third is fi>Vir semitimes above the tonic or 
 key-note, and to intervals consisting of four semi- 
 tones. Biisbij. 
 
 Major and minor, in music, are applied to concords 
 which differ from each other by a semitone. 
 
 Major tone : the difforenre between the fifth and 
 fourth ; and major semitone is the ditference be- 
 tween the major fourth and the third. The major 
 tone surpasses the minor by a comma. Encyc. 
 
 The major term of a syllogism is that which forms 
 the predicate of the conclusion. 
 Ma'JOR, n. In military affairs, an officer next in rank 
 above a captain and below a lieutenant-colonel ; the 
 lowest field officer. 
 2. The mayor of a town. [See Mayor.] 
 .lid-major; an officer appointed to act as major on 
 cert.ai[i occasions. 
 
 Brigade-major. See Brigade. 
 Vrum-major : the first drummer in a regiment, 
 who has authority over the other drummers. 
 Fifr-major ; the first or chief fifer. 
 Sergeant-major ; a non-commissioned officer, sub- 
 ordinate to the adjulant. 
 MA'JOR, H. In law, a person of full age to manage 
 
 his own concerns. 
 Ma'JOR, n. In logic, that premise which contains 
 the major term ; it is the first proposition of a regu- 
 lar syllogism ; as, no unholy person is qualified for 
 happiness in heaven, [the major.] Every man in 
 his natural state is unholy, [minor.] Therefore, no 
 man in his natural state Is qualified for happiness in 
 heaven, [conclusion or inference.] 
 
 In hypothetical syllogisms, the hypothetical premise 
 la called the major. 
 MA'JOR-AV, (mU'zho-ra',) n. [Fr., from major.] 
 
 Among tJie continrntiU nations of Kurope, the right 
 M » i""^*^'-"'"" Pi^'M'^rty according to age. 
 M.\J-OR-.\'TIO.\, n. Iiiicrease ; enlargement [JVot 
 x,-nAi -Boco'i. 
 MA JOR-DO'MO, n. [major and domiw, house.] 
 
 ■\ man who holds the pl.ice of m.aster of the 
 ..-?VT„' "i ^'•■ward ; also, a chief minister. Encyc. 
 Ma J<3R-GK\'ER.AL, n. A milit.ary officer who 
 commands a division or number of regiments: the 
 iui''L\D,,".2^, 'ieutenant-eeneral. 
 
 1 -r. ' "• ^^j-x-ite : from major.] 
 
 I. I he greater number ; more than half; as, a 
 majorUy of mankind ; a majority of votes in con- 
 
 gress. A measure may bo carried by a large or small 
 
 majority. 
 
 2. Full age ; the age at which the laws of a coun- 
 try permit a young jx-Tstm to manage his own affairs. 
 Henry III. had no sooner come to his jnajt^riff/, than 
 the barons raised war against him. 
 
 3. The office, rank, or commission of a major. 
 
 4. The state of being greater. 
 
 It is not a plurality of p.-irt8, without majority ol parts. \LitUe 
 used.] Gjcu), 
 
 5. [L. majores.] Ancestors ; ancestry. [JVot used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 6. Chief rank. [A'ut u.icd.] ■ Slmk. 
 MA JUS'eU-L/E, n. /)/. In diplomatics, capital letters, 
 
 as they are found in Latin manuscripts of the sixth 
 century and earlier. 
 MAKE, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Made. [Sax. macian; G. 
 machen ; U. maakrn ; Dan. inagcr, to contrive ; viager 
 paa, to make, to form, to mold, to contrive, to prac- 
 tice. 'I'he prini.'iry sense is, to cause to act or do, to 
 press, drive, strain, or compel, as, in the phrases 
 muke your servant work, make him go.] 
 
 1. 'I'o compel ; to constrain. 
 
 They should U- mode to rise at an early hour, Locke. 
 
 2. To form of materials ; to fashion ; to mold into 
 shape ; to cause to exist in a different form, or as a 
 distinct thing. 
 
 He fashioned it with n gnxvlng tool, tifler he had made it a mol- 
 ten cdf. — Ex. xxxii. 
 
 God not only made, but created ; not only ma/te the work, but 
 tlie materials. Dwighl, Theol. 
 
 3. To create; to cause to exist; to form from 
 nothing. God made the materials of the earth and 
 of all worlds. 
 
 4. To compose ; to constitute as parts, materials, 
 or ingreilieiits united in a whole. These several 
 sums make the whole amount. 
 
 The heaven, the air, the earth, and boundless sea. 
 
 Make bm one U'luple for Uic Deity. Waller. 
 
 5. To form by art. 
 
 And art, with her contendinsf, doth aspire 
 
 To excel the natural with nuitU delights. Spenser. 
 
 6. To produce or effect, as the agent 
 
 Call for Samson, Ulat he may make us sport. — Juilges xvi. 
 
 7. To produce, as the cause ; to procure ; to ob- 
 tain. Good tillage is necessary to make good crops. 
 
 Wealth majtelh many friends. — Prov, xix. 
 
 8. To do ; to perform ; to execute ; as, to make a 
 journey ; to make a l()ng voyage. 
 
 9. To cause to have any quality, as by change or 
 alteration. Wealth may make a man proud ; beauty 
 may make a woman vain ; a due sense of human 
 wealtness should make us humble. 
 
 10. To bring into any state or condition ; to con- 
 stitute. 
 
 S'-e, I have made the** a »od to Ph.traoh. — Kt. vii. 
 Who ma^ thee a prince aiid a Judge over us ? — Ex. ii. 
 
 11. To contract; to establish; as, ioviake friend- 
 ship. Riiwe. 
 
 13. To keep; as, to mnlci! abode. Dryden. 
 
 13. To raise to good fortune ; to secure in riches 
 or happiness; as when it is said, he is made for this 
 woild. 
 
 Who makes or ruins with a smile or frowu. Dryden. 
 
 14. To suffer. 
 
 He accuses Neptune unjusdy, who makes shipwreck a second 
 tune. Bacon. 
 
 1.5. To incur ; as, to nwAe a loss. [Improper.] 
 
 16. To commit; to do. [Drxjden. 
 
 I will neither plead mv a^e nor sickness In excuse of the faults 
 which 1 mojle. {Liale used.] Dryden. 
 
 17. To intend or to do ; to purpose to do. 
 
 Gomez, what makest thou here, with a whole brotherhood of city 
 bailirts i [iVot used.] DiyrUn. 
 
 We now say, what doest thou here.' 
 
 18. To raise, as profit ; to gain ; to collect ; as, to 
 make money in trade or by husbandry ; to make an 
 estate by steaily industry. 
 
 19. To discover; to arrive in sight of; a seaman's 
 phrase. They made the land at nine o'clock on the 
 larboard l)ow, distant five leagues. 
 
 20. To reach ; to arrive at ; as, to make a port or 
 harbor ; a seaman's phrase. 
 
 21. To gain by advance; as, to moJte little way 
 with a head wind ; we made our way to the next 
 village. [ This phrase often implies difficulty.] 
 
 22. To provide ; as, to make a dinner or entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 23. To put or place ; as, to make a difference be- 
 tween strict right and expedience. 
 
 24. To turn ; to convert, as to use. 
 
 Whate'er they catch, 
 Their fuiy mo^fs an instrument of war. Dryden, 
 
 2.5. To represent He is not the fool you make 
 him ; that is, as your representation exhibits him. 
 
 2fi. To constitute ; to form. It is melancholy to 
 think that sensu.al pleasure makes the happiness of a 
 great part of mankind. 
 
 27. To induce ; to cause. Self-confidence makes a 
 
 man rely too much on his own strength and re- 
 sources. 
 
 28. To put into a suitable or regiil.ir form for use ; 
 as, to inakc a bctl. 
 
 29. To fabricate ; to forge. He made the story 
 himself. 
 
 30. To compose, as verses ; to form and put forth ; 
 as, to make a speech or an oratitui. 
 
 31. To cure ; to dry and prepare for preservation ; 
 as, to make hay. 
 
 7o make amends ; to make good ; to give adequate 
 compensation ; to replace the value or amount of 
 loss. 
 
 To make account of: to esteem ; to regard. Bacjn. 
 To make away; to kill ; to destroy. 
 
 Sidney, .^ddi.^on. 
 2. To alienate ; to transfiir. IVallcr. 
 We now usually say, to make over property. 
 To make free witli ; to treat with freedom ; to treat 
 without C(;remt>ny. Pope. 
 To make good; to maintain ; to defend. 
 
 I'll either die, or I'll make good the place. Dryden. 
 
 2. To fulfill ; to accomplish ; as, to make good 
 one's word, promise, or engagement 
 
 3. To make compensation for; to supply an equiv- 
 alent ; as, to make good a loss or tlamage. 
 
 'To make light of; to consider as of no conse- 
 quence ; to treat with indifference or contempt. 
 They made light o/it and went their way. — Mutt. ixii. 
 To make love, ; to court; to attempt to gain the 
 7'o make suit ; ) favor or affection. 
 To make merry ; to feast ; to be joyful or jovial. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 To make much of; to treat with fcndness or es- 
 teem ; to consider as of great value, or as giving 
 great pleasure. 
 
 To make of; to understand. He knows not what 
 to make of the news ; timt is, he dors not well under- 
 stand it ; he knows not how to ctuisider or view it. 
 
 2. To produce from ; to effect. 
 
 I am asloriished that those who have appeared against this paper, 
 have mmle so very little of it. Addison. 
 
 3. To consider ; to account ; to esteem. 
 
 Makes slie no more of me than of a slave t Dryden. 
 
 To make over; to transfer the title of; to convey ; 
 to alienate. He made over his estate in trust or in 
 fee. 
 
 To make out: to learn; to discover; to obtain a 
 clear understanding of. I can not make out the 
 meaning or sen.se of this difficult passage. Anti- 
 quaries are not able to malce out the inscription on 
 this medal. 
 
 2. To prove ; to evince ; to establish by evidence 
 or argument. The plaintiff, not being able to make 
 out his case, withdrew the suit. 
 
 In the passagi-s from divines, most of the reasonings which make 
 out both my propositions are already Bug«est<,-d. Alterbury. 
 
 3. To furnish ; to find or supply. He promised to 
 pay, but was not able to make out the money or the 
 whole sum. 
 
 To make sure of; to consider as certain. Dryden. 
 2. To secure to one's possession ; as, to moAe sure 
 of the game. 
 
 To make up ; to collect into a sum or ma.ss ; as, to 
 make up the amount of rent ; to muke up a bundle or 
 package. 
 
 2. To reconcile ; to compose ; a.s, to make up a dif- 
 ference or quarrel. 
 
 3. To re|)air ; as, to maJie up a hedge. Eiek. xiii. 
 
 4. To supply what is wanting. A dollar is wanted 
 to v.alic up the stipuLatcd sum. 
 
 5. To compose, as ingredients or parts. 
 
 O, he was all made up of love anil charms ! Addison. 
 The parties among us are made up of inodemle whi?s and 
 PresbyterliMS. A'un/1. 
 
 6. To shape, prepare, or fabricate ; as, to make up 
 a mass into pills. 
 
 7. To assume a particular form of fe.atures; as, to I 
 make up a face ; whence, to make up a lip, is to pout. I 
 
 8. To compensate ; to make good; as, to moke up a 
 loss. 
 
 9. Tosettle ; to atljust, or toarrange forscttlement ) 
 as, to make up accounts. 
 
 10. Toiletermine ; to bring to a definite conclusion ; 
 as, to make up one's mind. 
 
 In seamen's language, to make sail ; to increase the 
 quantity of sail already extended. 
 
 To make stcrnway ; to move with the stern fore- 
 most 
 
 To make iratcr ; to leak. 
 
 To make leords ; to multiply words. 
 MaKF., r. i. To tend ; to proceed ; to move. He made 
 toward home. The tiger made at the sjMirtsmeu. 
 Formerly authors used to make atcay, to make on, to 
 make forth, to make about : but these phrases are ob- 
 solete. We now say, to make at, to maJ:e toicard. 
 
 2. To contribute ; to have effect This arnuinent 
 makes nothim: in his favor. He believes wroni: to be 
 rieht, and right to be wrong, when it makes for his 
 advant;ige. 
 
 3. To rise ; to flow toward land ; as, the tide maku 
 fast. 
 
 TOX^, BIjlX, IJXITE.-AX" GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Tfl as in THIS. 
 
 (i87 
 
MAL 
 
 To make as if; to sliuw ; to appear; to carry ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Joshua and all Israel made as if Uiey were bealeo before them 
 and lleJ. — Joili. vjii. 
 
 To make awaijwitfi ; to kill ; to destroy. 
 
 To make fur; to move toward ; to direct a course 
 toward ; as, we apprehended a tempest approacliing, 
 and made fur a harbor. 
 
 2. To tend to advantage ; to favor. A war bV 
 twecn coinuiercial nations makes for the interest of 
 neutrals. 
 
 To make against : to tend to injury. This argument 
 make^ against li'is cause. 
 
 To make out ; to succeed ; to have success at last. 
 He made out to reconcde the contending parties. 
 
 To make up ; to approach. He made up to us with 
 boldness. 
 
 To make up for ; to compensate ; to supply by an 
 equivalent. • 
 
 Have you a supply of friends lo maJce up for those who are 
 gone ? Swifl. 
 
 To make up with ; to settle differences ; to become 
 friends. 
 
 To make witJi ; to conctir. Hooker. 
 MAKE, n. Structure ; texture ; constitution of parts 
 in a body. It may sometimes be sj'noiiyrnous with 
 Shapk or Form, but more properly the word sig- 
 nifies the manner in which the parts of tlie body 
 are united; as, a man of slender make, or feeble 
 make. 
 
 Is our perfection of so frail a make. 
 
 As every plot can unileriiane and shake ? Dryilen. 
 Make, ji. [Sax. viaca, gemaca; Dan. matre ; Eng. 
 match. It seems allied to make, as peer, L. to 
 Heb. N-i2.] 
 A companion; a mate. [06s.] 
 
 Spenser, B. Jon^on. 
 MaKE'BaTE, 71. [make and Snx. bate, contention.] 
 
 One who excites contentions and quarrels. Sidney- 
 MaKE'LESS, a. Matchless ; without a mate. [Obs.] 
 MaKE'PeACE, n. .\ peace-maker ; one that recon- 
 ciles persons when at variance. Sliak. 
 MaK'ER, n. The Creator. 
 
 The oniversal Maker we may praise. Milton. 
 
 2. One that m.ikes, forms, shapes, or molds ; a 
 manufacturer ; as, a maker of watches, or of jewel- 
 ry ; a maker of cloth. 
 
 3. A poet. 
 
 M.XKE'VVEKJHT, (-wate,) n. That which is thrown 
 into a scale to make weight. Phdips, 
 
 MA'KI, 71. An animal of the genus Ijemur. The 
 ring-tailed maki is of the size of a cat. [See Lemur.] 
 
 Kncyc, 
 
 The common name of a subdivision of the Lin- 
 najan genus Lemur, including the macauco, the mon- 
 gooz, and the vari. Cuvier. 
 
 MaK'ING, ppr. Forming ; causing ; compelling ; cre- 
 ating ; constituting. 
 
 MaK'ING, 71. The act of forming, causing, or consti- 
 tuting. 
 
 2. Workmanship. This is cloth of your own 
 makinfr, 
 
 3. Composition ; structure. 
 
 4. In old 2eriters, a poem. 
 
 MAL, I as a prefix, in composition, denotes illoreTil, 
 MALE, \ Ft, mal, L. matus, [See Malady.] 
 MAL'A-CHITE, 71. . [Gr. ixaXax'i, mallows, h. malea, 
 from //liXam?, soft, so named from its resembling the 
 color of the leaf of mallows.] 
 
 Native carbonate of copper. Oreen malachite oc- 
 curs in green mammillary masses, consisting of con- 
 centric layers having a tibrous structure. It admits 
 of a high polish, and is sometimes used for orna- 
 mental inlaid work or for making toys. Blue mal- 
 achite is another species of a deep-blue color, found 
 both in crystals, and !is an incrustation. These ores 
 accompany other ores of copper. Dana. 
 M.\L'A-€0-LITE, 71. [Gr. (juAaxi, mallows, from its 
 color.] 
 
 Another name for diopside, a variety of jiyroxene. 
 
 Cleaoeland, I.unur. 
 MAI^A-eOL'O-GIST, 71. One who treats of the mol- 
 huca. 
 
 MAL-A-r,OL'0-GV, 71. [Gr. ita\aKoi, soft, and 
 
 In natural hhitortt, the science of the structure and 
 
 habits of soft animals or mollusca. 
 MAL A COr-TE-RYc'i'l-AN, n. One of the order of 
 
 malncopter>'cioiiB fishes. 
 MAI,-A-eoi'-TE-!iyG'I-OTJS, a. [Gr. iia\n<ui, soft, 
 
 and irrioti) nil', a point or feather.] 
 
 Having soft fins, or fins whose rays, except the 
 
 anterior ray of the perioral and dorsal fins, are soft ; 
 
 applied to such fishes as the carp, pike, salmon, 
 
 shad, &.r. 
 
 MAI, A-COS'TO-MOUS, a. [Gr. ^aXaK'jf, soft, and 
 ar /in, moulh.j 
 
 llavinc Hoft Jaws without ti^etli, as a fish. Kneyc. 
 
 MAL A-eOH'TKA CA.\, II. [(Jr. ;.uA.i,„(, soft, aiid 
 oirrfiitKov, h\icI\.] a cruHtncean belonging to the di- 
 vlHion MolaroHtraea in ('uvier's Hyslein, as Khriiiips. 
 lohxteri', crnlin, Ilc. The term in HunietlineH applied 
 to cnisUicca in general. Dana. 
 
 MAL 
 
 MAL-A-€OS-TRA-eOL'0-GY, 71. [Gr./ia,\av<ij,soft, 
 oi^ToaKov, shell, and Koyo^, discourse.] 
 The science of Crustacea ; called also Crustace- 
 
 OLOGV. 
 
 MAL-A-eOS'TRA-€OUS, a. Belonging to a section 
 of crustaceous animals called malacostraca.' They 
 liave solid teguments, and 10 or 14 feet. 
 
 MAL-AD-JUST'MENT, 71. An evil or wrong adjust- 
 ment. Chalmers. 
 
 MAL-AD-MIN-IS-TR.A'TI0N,7i. [See Mal and Ad- 
 minister.] 
 
 Had management of public affairs ; vicious or 
 defective conduct in adininistr.itioii, or the perform- 
 ance of official duties, particularly of executive and 
 ministerial duties prescribed by law ; as, the inalad- 
 minutration of a king, or of any chief magistrate. 
 
 MAL-.\-DR0IT'NESS, 71. Bad dexterity. 
 
 M.\L'A-DY, 71. [Fr. vialudie ; It. 7«a/aflia, from the W. 
 77in/(, softness, (lebility,an evil, a malady ; l„malum ; 
 W. inalln, to make soft or flaccid, to deprive of en- 
 ergy, to make insipid, to make evil, to become evil. 
 This coincides in origin with Eng. mellow, L. mollis, 
 Gr. fia},'tKug, a/jaX"s, Ileb. "jori. In opposition to 
 this, virtue, value, and health, are from the sense of 
 strength, vigor.] 
 
 1. Any sickness or disease of the human body ; 
 any distemper, disorder, or indisposition, proceeding 
 from impaired, defective, or morbid organic func- 
 tions ; more particularly, a lingering or deep-seated 
 disorder or indisposition. It may be applied to any 
 animal body, but is, I believe, rarely or never applied 
 to plants. 
 
 The maladies of the body may prove medicines lo the mind. 
 
 Buckminster, 
 
 2. Defect or corruption of the heart ; depravity ; 
 moral disorder or corruption of moral principles. De- 
 pravity of heart is a moral malady. 
 
 3. Disorder of the understanding or mind. 
 Ma'LJI Fl'DE, [L.] With bad faith ; deceitfully ; 
 
 treacherously. 
 
 MAL'A-GA, 71'. A species of wine imported from Mal- 
 aga, in Spain. 
 
 MAL'AN-DERS, Ti. [from mal, ill, and It. andare, to 
 go.] 
 
 A disease in horses, consisting of ulcerous chaps 
 on the inside of the legs. Bucltanan, 
 M.-VL'A-PERT, a. [mal and pert,] Saucy; quick, 
 with impudence ; sprightly ; without respect or de- 
 cency ; bold ; forward. 
 
 Are you growing malapert ? Dryden. 
 MAL'A-PERT-LY, adv. Saucily ; with impudence. 
 
 Skelton. 
 
 MAL'A-PERT-NESS, n. Sanciness ; impudent pert- 
 ness or forwardness ; sprightliness of reply without 
 decency. 
 
 MAI^AP'-RO-PoS', (mal-ap-ro-po',) adv. [Fr. 771a!, 
 evil, and apropos, to the purpose.] 
 
 Unseasonably ; unsuitably. Dryden. 
 Ma'L.\R, a. [L. mala, the cheek.] 
 
 Pertaining to the cheek. 
 MA-La'RI-A, 71. [7110; and (7riii, bad air, /(a?.] 
 
 Bad air; that species of air which produces, or 
 tends to pnidiice, disease. 
 MA-La'RI-OUS, j a. Pertaining to, or infected by, 
 MA-La'RI-AL, i malaria. 
 
 Ma'LATE, n, [L. malum, an apple.] A salt formed 
 by the malic acid, the acid of apples, combined with 
 a base. Chemistry, 
 
 MA-LAX'aTE,». «. [Gr. /^nXno-ffw.] 
 
 To soften ; to knead to softness. [JVot used,] 
 
 MAL-AX-a'TION, 71. The act of moistening and 
 softening ; or the forming of ingredients into a mass 
 for pills or plasters. [Little used,] Baileii, 
 
 MAL-eON-FOKM-A'TION, 71. Ill form; dispropor- 
 tion of parts. Tully, 
 
 MAL'eO.N-TENT, 77. [mal and co7i«c7it.] A discon- 
 tented subject of government ; one who murmurs at 
 the laws and administration, or who manifests his 
 uneasiness by overt acts, as in sedition or insurrec- 
 tion. 
 
 MAL'eON-TENT, ) a. Discontented with the 
 MAL-eON-TEN'J''ED, j laws or the administration 
 of government ; uneasy ; dissatisfied with the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The famous malcontent carl of Leiwster. Milner, 
 MAL-eoN-TENT'ED-LY', adn. With discontent. 
 MAL-CON-TE.\T'ED-NESS, 71. Discontentedness 
 with Ihe government; dissatisfaction; want of at- 
 tachment to the government, manifested by overt 
 acls. Spectator, 
 MALE, a, [Fr. male, for masle, from L. vtasculus, from 
 mas, maris.] 
 
 1. Pi itaining to the sex that [irocreates young, and 
 applied lo animals of all kinds; as, a male child ; a 
 7/i(i/i; beast, Ji^h, i)r fiiwl. 
 
 2. A term denoling the sex of a plant which pro- 
 duces till' fi'i'iindatiiig dust, or a flower or plant that 
 bears the stamens only, without |)istils. 
 
 3. A term denoting tlie screw whose threads enter 
 the grooves or chuiiiiels of the corresponding or fe- 
 male screw. 
 
 MALE, 71. Among animals, one of the sex whose 
 oflice is to III get young; a he-animal. 
 
 'TION, (-fish-e-a'shun,) 71. A be- 
 
 MAL 
 
 2. In botany, a plant or flower which produces 
 stamens only, without pistils. 
 
 3. In mechanics, the screw whose threads enter the 
 grooves or channels of the corresponding part or fe- 
 male screw. 
 
 MAL-E-Dl'CEN-CY, n. [L. maledicentia ; male and 
 dico,] 
 
 Evil speaking; reproachful language; proneness 
 to reproach. [Little used,] Jllterbury, 
 
 MAL'E-DI-CENT, a. Speaking reproachfully; slan- 
 derous. [Little used,] Sandys, 
 
 MAL E-Die'TION, 71. [L. maledictio ; male, evil, and 
 dico, to speak.] 
 
 Evil speaking; denunciation of evil ; a cursing; 
 curse or execration. Hooker, 
 
 MAL-E-FA€'TION, 71. [L. ttioJc, evil, and/ncio, to do.] 
 A criminal deed ; a crime ; an offense against the 
 laws. [Little used,] Slmk, 
 
 MAL-E-FAC'TOK, 11. [Supra.] One who commits a 
 crime ; one guilty of violating the laws in such a 
 manner as to subject him to public prosecution and 
 punishment, particularly to capital punishment ; a 
 criminal. Dn/den. 
 
 MA-LEF'ie, a. [h. malefcus.] Doing mischief. 
 
 MAL'E-FICE, (mal'e-fis,) 71. [Fr. See Malefac- 
 tion.] An evil deed ; artifice; enchantment. [..Vut 
 711 use.] Chaucer, 
 
 MA-LEF'I-CENCE, 71. The doing or producing of 
 evil. 
 
 MA-LEF'I-CENT, a. Doing evil. i?ii7i(C7-. 
 MAL-E-Fl"CIATE,(mal-e-fish'ate,)j).«. To bewitch. 
 
 [JV(7( in v-se.] Burton. 
 MAL-E-FI"CI-A' 
 
 witching. 
 
 MAL-E-FI"CIENCE, (-fish'ens,) 71-. [L. maleficientia.] 
 
 The doing of evil, harm, or mischief. 
 MAL-E-FI"CIENT, a. Doing evil, harm, or mischief. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 MA-Lf.'IC acid, 71. An acid obtained from the 
 
 distillation of malic acid. Oraham. 
 MA-LE.\'<5INE, 71. [Fr. 7«a/c7i.rin.] 
 
 Guile; deceit. [J\''<it in use.] Spenser, 
 MAL'ET, 71. [Fr, mulete. See Mail.] 
 
 A little bag or budget ; a portmanteau. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Shetton. 
 
 MaLE-SPIR'IT-ED, a. Having the spirit of a man ; 
 high-minded B, Jonson. 
 
 MA-LEV'O LENCE, 71. [L. malcvolentia ; malum, 
 evil, and vulens, vtdo, to will.] 
 
 Ill will ; personal hatred ; evil disposition toward 
 another ; enmity of heart ; inclination to injure oth- 
 ers. It expresses less than Malignity. Shak. 
 
 MA-LEV'O-LENT, a. Having an evil disposition 
 toward another or others ; wishing evil to others ; ill 
 disposed, or disposed to injure otiiers. Amaleoolcnt 
 heart rejoices in the misfortunes of others. 
 2. Unfavorable ; iinpropitious ; bringing calainitv. 
 
 MA-LEV'0-LENT-L\', adv. With ill will or enmity ; 
 with the wish or design to injure. 
 
 M.VLEV'O LOUS, a. Malevolent. [JVot in tise.] 
 
 fi^arburton, 
 
 MAL-EX-E-€u'TION, 7!. Evil or wrong execution ; 
 bad administration. D, Webster, 
 
 MAL-FicA'SANCE, 71. [Fr.] Evil doing ; wrong ; 
 illegal deed. In law, the performance of some inju- 
 rious act which the party had contracted not to do, 
 or liati no right to do. Banner. 
 
 MAL-FORM-A'TION, 71. [mal and formation.] Ill 
 or wrong formation ; irregular or anomalous forma- 
 tion or structure of parts. Darwin, 
 
 MA'Lie, a, [L. malum, an apple.] 
 
 Pertaining to apples ; drawn Irom the juice of ap- 
 ples ; as, malic acid. Chemistry. 
 
 M.AL'ICE, 71. [Fr. ; It. maliiia; Sp. malicia ; L. ma- 
 litia, from j/talus, evil ; W. mall. See Malady.] 
 
 Extreme enmity of heart, or malevolence ; a dis- 
 position to injure others without cause, from mere 
 personal gratification or from a spirit of revenge ; 
 unprovoked malignity or spite. 
 
 Nor set down aufjlit in tnalice, Shak. 
 
 MAL'ICE, V. t. To regard with extreme ill will. 
 
 [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 MAL'I-CHO, 77. The corruption of a Spanish word 
 
 signifviny: mischief. Shah. 
 MA-LI'''CIOUS, (nm-lish'iis,) a. Harboring ill will or 
 enmity without provocation ; malevolent in the ex- 
 treme ; malignant in heart. 
 
 I grant hlin bloody, 
 Sudden, maliciouK, stnacking of every sin 
 That lui> a name. Shak. 
 
 2. Proceeding from extreme hatred or ill will ; dic- 
 tated by malice ; as, a malicious report. 
 
 jyfalicious prosecution and arrest; in /rtw, a wanton 
 prosi'cution, by regular process, without probable 
 cause. Boui'ier, 
 
 MA-LI"CIOUS-LV, fl(/r. With malice; with extreme 
 enmity or ill will ; with deliberate intention to in- 
 jure. SwiJ'l. 
 
 MA-LI"CIOUa-NESS, 71. The quality of being ma- 
 iicinus ; extreme enmity or disposition to injure ; 
 malignity. Herbert, 
 
 MA LKJN', (ma-IIne',) a. [Fr maligne ; L. nmlignus; 
 from malus, evil. See Malady.] 
 
 FATE, FAE, FALL, WH^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 688 
 
MAL 
 
 M A M 
 
 MAN 
 
 1. IlaViiij a vcr/ evil disposition toward others ; 
 hnrboi'iis violciu Imircd or onmity ; malicious; as, 
 
 «/i4-H spirit ". Milton. 
 
 2. Unfavorable ; ppniicions ; tending to injure ; as, 
 a mali'jii aspect of piancis. JSlilton, 
 
 3. .Malignant ; pernicious ; as, a malign ulcer. 
 
 Baeon. 
 
 1.;A-IA'G.\', (ma-llne',) i\ t To rcRard with envy or 
 n-:ai::e ;' to treat with extrt ine eni.iity ; to injure nia- 
 liuiously. 
 
 The p^cnln practice mUcliicf .ii^iiut prir^le m^'n, whom Ihey 
 tnaUtn by »te.ilinr Uirir govda ai«( niunlcriiij Ukhii. 
 
 2. To tradiicfi ; to defame. 
 
 MA-LId.N', (nia-lme',) v. i. To ent.-rtaiii malice. 
 
 MA-I.IG'\.\N'-CY, II. [See Maligsant.] E.\tre-iic 
 malevolence ; bitter enmity ; malice ; as, nuiUgnancj 
 of heart. 
 
 a. IJnfavoniblenesg ; unpropitiousness ; as, the ina- 
 li^nanctj of the aspect of planets. 
 
 Tile tnalignattcy of my talc inh^Ul tlialciniwr your*. Sf'ftJc. 
 
 3. Virulence ; tendency to mortification or to a 
 fatal issue ; as, the mahj;nancy of an nicer or of a 
 frviT. 
 
 MA-L1<;'N.\XT, 0. [L. malignuj, maligno, from ma- 
 lus, evil.] 
 
 1. Malicious; having extreme malevolence or en- 
 mity : as, a maliirnaiU heiirt, 
 
 2. Unpropitioiis j exerting pernicious intluenre ; 
 as, laaligiianl stars. Sliiik. 
 
 3. Virulent ; as, a malipmnl tiK'cr. 
 
 4. Danserons to life ; as, a inali-rHant fever. 
 
 5. Extremely heinous ; as, Uie mali^n-iil nature of 
 sin. 
 
 .MA-LIG'XANT, n. A man of extreme enmity or evil 
 inti'iitioiis. [JVu< lisfrf,] Hooker. 
 2. A name of reproach for a Puritan. \Oks.] 
 MA-I.KJ'NANT-LV, adr. Maliciously; with extreme 
 malevolence. 
 2. With pernicious influence. 
 MA-I.TGN'KD, (ma-lind',) pp. Regarded with env>' or 
 malice ; treated with extreme enmity ; traductd ; 
 defani"d. 
 
 M.A-LIG.\'ER, (ma lin'er,) n. One who regards or 
 treats another with enmity ; a traducer; a defamer. 
 
 Swifi. 
 
 M.\-LIGN''I.\G, (ma-lin'ing,) ppr. Traducing ; de- 
 faming. 
 
 MA-LIG'i\I-TY, n. [L. malisnitas.] 
 
 1. Extreme enmity, or evil dispositions of heart 
 toward another; malice without provocation, or ma- 
 levolence with baseness of heart ; deei>-rootod spite. 
 
 2. Vinileiice; destructive tendency ; as, the ina/io-- 
 nitii of an ulcer or disease. 
 
 3. Extreme eviliiess-of nature ; as, the malignity of 
 fratnl. 
 
 ■I. Extreme sinfulness ; enormity or licinousness ; 
 as, the malinnitii of sill. 
 M.A-I,I(JN'LY, (ina-line'ly,) adr. With extreme ill 
 will. 
 
 2. riipropitioiisly ; perniciously. 
 M.\-LI.N"GEll, I', i. Among soWiers, to feign illness 
 or to protract disease, in oriler to avoid duty. 
 
 T. B. Mtuaulaij. 
 MA-L1N"GER-ER, ii. [Fr. malinrrrr.] 
 
 In mililan) language, a soldier who feigns himself 
 sick. 
 
 MA-I.IX"GER-Y, n. A feigning illness or protracting 
 
 of disease, in order to escape duty. 
 .MAI. 'I SON, (inal'e-'/.n,) n. Malediction. Chaucer. 
 .MAI.'KI.V, (maw'kin,) n. A mop; hence, a dirty 
 
 drab. Shak. 
 MAI.L, (niawl,) n. [Yx.mail; Sf.mallo; PoTUmalAo; 
 
 from I., malleus.] 
 
 1. .\ large, heavy, wooden beetle ; an instniment 
 for driving any thing with force. 
 
 2. .\ blow. [OA*.] Spenser. 
 M.\LL, (iiial,) n. [Arm. mai/A. Qu. from a play with 
 
 mall and ball, or a beaten walk.] 
 
 A public walk ; a level, shaded walk, .^llee d'ar- 
 
 brfs batiue et boriice. Oregoire^s .^rm, DicL 
 
 MALL, (mawl,) v. t. To heal with a mall; to beat 
 
 with something heavv ; to bruise. 
 MAL'LARO, n. A dr.ike. SAa*. 
 2. The common duck in its wild .state, .^na.^ bo.ichas 
 
 of Linniciis. P. Cue. 
 
 MAL-LE-A-IUL'I-TY, n. [from malleable.] that 
 
 quality of bodies which renders them susceptible of 
 . extension by beating. It is opposed to Friabilitt or 
 
 BlItTTLEXESS. iMke. 
 
 MAI.'LE-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. ma/Zriu. .See Mall.] 
 That may be drawn out .and extended by beating ; 
 
 ca|K\ble of extension by the hammer ; a quality of 
 
 metals, particularly of gold. A>ir/"n. 
 .Malleable iron is cast iron, which, by a |Hculiar 
 
 process, has been deprived of its carbon, and thus 
 
 frecil from its hrittleness. 
 MAl. LE-A-IILE-NESS, n. Malleability, which see. 
 M.M.'LE-aTE, r. u To hamiiicr ; to draw into a 
 
 plate or leaf by beating. 
 M.\ L' LEA-TED, ;>p. Hammered; drawn into a plate 
 
 by beating. 
 
 MAL-LE-a''1'IO.\, n. The act of beating into a plate 
 or leaf, as a metal ; extension by beating. 
 
 MALL'KU, pp. llCi.ten with something heavy; 
 bruised. 
 
 M.VL'LET, II. [Fr. maitlet; Russ. mulut; Slav, mlat; 
 L. muUetis.] 
 
 A wooden hammer or instniment for beating, or 
 for driving pins ; particul.arly used in carpentry, for 
 driving the chisel. 
 MALL'LN'G, fmawl'ing,) jipr. Bruising; beating with 
 
 sometliing heavy. 
 M.VL'LoW, In. [Sax malu, meatae, malice; Fr. 
 M.\L'LoVVS!, j mauoe; L. Sp. and It. malnn ; Gr. 
 /iitAuyi), from /mXuAu;, soft. Eng. TneUow; W.mall. 
 See Malady.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Malva; so colled from its 
 emollient qualities. Its fruit is a dcpressetl ilisk, 
 called by the country people a clieesc. Branilc. 
 M(ir.ih-mallou>s ; a plant of the genus .Alllia'a. 
 MXLM'SEY, (mUm'ze,) n. [Fr. wali-uisie: It. mal- 
 vosio ; Sp. marvisia, from JMalvasia, in Greece ; L. 
 vinum arvisium.] 
 
 The name of a sort of (jr ape, and also of a strong 
 and sweet wine. 
 MAI>-o'nOR, 71. An offensive odor. 
 .MAL-PO-SI"TIO.N,(-zisli'un,) n. A wrong position. 
 .M.\L-rRAe'TICE,n. [mal and praeticr.) Evil prac- 
 tice ; illegaf or immoral conduct ; practice contrary 
 to established rules. 
 MALT, H. [Sax. mcrt/t ; D. mout; G.mah; S\v. and 
 ban. malt. Uu. W. mall, soft.] 
 
 Barli>y, or other grain, steeped in water till it ger- 
 minates, and then dried in a kiln, thus evolving the 
 s.accharine principle. It is used in brewing. 
 MALT, r. t. To make into malt ; as, to tnalt barley. 
 .MALT, r. I. To become malt. 
 
 To hoii*' it ^'t-n will make it iruUt wow. Mortimer. 
 jMALT'-DRLN'K, j n. A liquor prepared for drink 
 MALT'-LIU-UOR, ( by an infusion of malt, as 
 
 beer, ale, porter, &c. 
 MALT'-DUST, n. The grains or remains of malt. 
 
 Malt-^UBi is an enric)ii>r of bam-n land. Mortinter. 
 MALT'-FLOOR, n. A floor for drying malt. 
 
 J\{ortimcr. 
 
 MALT'-HORSE, ji. A horse employed in grin<ling 
 
 iiialt ; hence, a dull fellow. Shak. 
 MALT'LN'G, ii. The act of making malt. 
 MALT'MA.V, I n. A man whose occupation is to 
 .MALT'S TER, ( make malt. Swift. 
 .MALT'VVOR.M,?!. [Hia(( and icorm.] A tippler. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 JIAL'TA-LEN'T, n. [Old Fr.] Ill humor. [.Vot in 
 use.] Chaucer. 
 
 MAL'THA, n. A variety of bitumen, viscid ;ind tena- 
 cious, like pitch ; unctuous to the toucii, and exhal- 
 ing a bituminous odor. Cleaeelanil. 
 
 MAL-TRe.VT', v. L [mal and treat.] To treat ill ; 
 to abuse ; to treat roughly, rudely, or with unkind- 
 ness. 
 
 MAUTRE.VT'En, pp. Ill-treated; abused. 
 MAL-TReAT'ING, ppr. Abusing; treating un- 
 kinillv. 
 
 .MAL-TREAT'MENT, n. Ill treatment; ill usage; 
 abuse. 
 
 MA'LU.M /.V SB, [L.] .'Vn evil in itself. 
 M.\'I.VM PRO-HIB'I-TUM, [L.] That which is 
 
 wrong because forbidden by law. Blackstone. 
 MAL-V.\'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. malcaeeus, from 
 
 malva, mallows.] 
 
 Pertaining to mallows ; a term designating a group 
 
 of plants of which mallows is the type. 
 MAI.-VER-Sa'TIO\, n. [L. male, and versor, to 
 
 beh.ive.] 
 
 Evil conduct ; improper or wicked behavior ; mean 
 artifices or fraudulent tricks ; corruption or extor- 
 tion in ofiice. Burke. 
 M.\M, In. [L. mamma, the breast or pap, and 
 MA.M-MA', ) motlier ; \V. main; Arm. nianim; Ir. 
 muime, a nurse ; Aiitiq. Gr. nafitiq.] 
 
 A familiar word for mother, used by young chil- 
 dren. 
 
 M A.M'A-LUKE, j n. The militar)' force of Egj'pt con- 
 .M.\M'E-LUKE, S sisted of soldiers called Mnma- 
 lukes, >vho were originally mercenaries, but after- 
 ward masters of the country. Their (lower was an- 
 nihilated by the pashaw of Egypt in ISll. 
 MA.M'MAL, n. ; pi. Maumals. [L. TRamma, the 
 breast.] 
 
 In ludlogy, an animal th.at suckles its young. [Sec 
 SIammalii] Oood. 
 
 M.\.M-.M.A'I,I-A, n. pi. [L. mamma, the breast.] 
 
 A class of animals, comprehending those which 
 suckle their yoitng. They are vertebrated animals, 
 with warm, red blood, and a double system of circu- 
 lation. The fetus, in most species, is nourished in 
 the womb by means of a placenta. The young, in 
 nil species, are brought forth alive. P. Cyc. 
 
 MA.M-Ma'LI-.\.\, a. Pertaining to the mammalia. 
 
 .MA.M-MA-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [mammm'ui and L. /cro, 
 to priKliice.] A term applied to strata containing 
 maiiimilerous remains. Humble. 
 
 MAM-.\1.\L'0-CI.ST, n. One who treats of mamiuif- 
 erous animals or mammalia. 
 
 MA.M-MAL'O-OY, «. [L. rnamina, brcant, and Xuj o,-, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The science or doctrine of mammiferoiis ariiinalu, 
 or mammalia. [See Mammalia.] 
 
 MA.M'MA-RY, a. [Sec Mahma.] Pertaining to the 
 breasts or paps ; as, the mammnrij arteries and veins. 
 
 M.\.M-.MEE', n. A fruit-tree of tropical Aiiienea, b.,- 
 liiuging to the genus Maniinea ; also its friiil. The 
 latter is large, covered with a thick, tough riiid, and 
 contains a bright, yellow pulp, of u pit asnnt ta.ste 
 and fragrant scent. Knctje. Jimcr. Partington. 
 
 MA.M'.MER, e. i. To hesitate. [JVut in use.] Grant. 
 
 MA.M'.Mi:U l.NG, n. HesiUition ; confusion. 
 
 MAM'.MI'.T, n. A puppet ; a figure dressetl. 
 
 M.A.M'.Ml-I'l'.R, n. [L. mamma, the bre:isl, and fero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 All animal which has breasts f»r nourishing its 
 young; a mammal. [See Mammalia ] 
 MA.M-.MIF'ER-OUS, a. [Siijira.] Having breasts 
 and nourishing the young by the milk secreted by 
 them. 
 
 M.\.M'.MI-FORM, a. [L. mamma and form.] 
 
 Having the sha|io or form of paps. 
 .MA.M'MIL-LA-RY, a. [L. mamilla.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the paps; resembling a pap ; an 
 epithet applied to two small protuberances, like nip- 
 ples, found under the fore ventricles of the brain, and 
 to a process of the temporal bone. 
 
 2. In mineralogy, a term ap])lied to minerals com- 
 posed of convex concretions. 
 
 ,MA.M',MIL-La-TED, a. Having small nip|iles, or lit- 
 tle globes like nipples. Say. 
 MAM'MOCK, n. A shapeless piece. [JVot used.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 MAM'.MOCK, V. U To tear in pieces. [.Vot u.<r-/.] 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 M.VM'MO niS, n. Coarse, plain India muslins. 
 MAM'.MON, II. [Syr.) Riches; wealth, or the god 
 of riches. 
 
 Vc ctnnot ■erro God and mammon. — Matt. ti. 
 
 MAM'MON-IST, n. A person devoted to the acquisi- 
 tion of wealth ; one whtise atfectioiis are placetl su- 
 premely on riches ; a worldling. Hammond. 
 
 .M.\.M'.MOTII, II. [Russ. mamant, the .skeleton of a 
 huge aniuial, now extinct, or from the Hebrew be- 
 hemoth.]^ 
 
 'I'he Russian name of an extinct species of Ele- 
 phant, nearly allieil to the elephant of India. It 
 was thickly covered with hair of tliree sorts; one of 
 these, stiff, black bristles a foot in length, another 
 coarse, flexible hair, and the third a kind of wool. In 
 the year 1TU9, one of these animals, in an entire state, 
 thawed out of an icebank,near the mouth of a river 
 in the north of Siberia. Its remains have been found 
 upon both continents. It is a distinct animal from 
 both the Xorth American and South American Mas- 
 todon. 
 
 This word is often used adjectively for very large ; 
 as, a mammoth ox. 
 MAX, n. : pi. Me>-. [Sax. man, mann, and mon, man- 
 kind, man, a woman, a vassal, also one, any one, 
 like the Fr. on : Goth, maniia : Sans, man ; D. man, a 
 man, u husband; mensch, a human being, man, 
 woman, person ; G. id. ; linn, man, menne.-ke : Sw. 
 mail, mcni.fkia ; Sax. Viennese, human ; Ice. mann, a 
 man, a husband ; W. mynic, a person, a body, fnun 
 mien, th.at which rises up or stretches out. The pri- 
 mary sense is form, image, wllence species, coincid- 
 ing probably witli the Fr. nii'iir, Eiig mien, .\rm. man 
 or mill, look, aspect, countenance ; Ch. and Heb. pa 
 species, kind ; Heb. n;ian image, similitude ; Syr. 
 
 j 1 . progen.w It is remarkable that in the Ice- 
 landic, this word, a little varied, is used in Gen. i. 
 2(j, 27. " Og Gud s.agde, ver viliuin gera inannenn, 
 eptcr raiiirf og liking vorrc." And God said. Let us 
 make man after our image and likeness. " Og Gud 
 skapade mannenn epter sinne minrf, epterGuds ininii 
 skapade hann hann,og ban skapadethau karlmanog 
 kviniiu." Literally, And God shaped man after his 
 image, after God's image shaped he them, and he 
 sha[)ed them male and female ; karlman, male, (see 
 Carl and Chi rl,) ami Aiinnii, female, that is,Yumi, 
 woman. Icelandic Bible. .Man, in its radical sense, 
 agrees almost precisely with jidam, in the Shemitic 
 languages.] 
 
 1. .Mankind ; the human race ; the whole species 
 of human beings ; beings distinguished from all oth- 
 er animals by the powers of reason ai I speech, as 
 well as by their shape and dignified & 'pect. " Os 
 hoinini sublime dedit." 
 
 A nd ti<xl aai<t, Liet ui make man in our Imagr, nl'er our UkPnCM, 
 
 and Itt ijitm havr iluiiunion. — lirn. i. 
 Man ttiAt is turn uf wuman is of few days and ^ 4 of troutjic — 
 }vh xiv. 
 
 My ipirii shall not always strive with man. — Oc». tI. 
 
 t will drstroy njon, whom I hare creautl. — Gen. ft. 
 
 Then? halh no ti^niptalion taken you, but such sis is comiaoD to 
 
 man. — \ Cm. I. 
 It is written, Man ah-Ml not lire by bread alone. — MaU. jr. 
 Thfie iiiiist be soiiiewhen* such ft r»nk as man. Pop*. 
 K'-specljnp man, w hatever wiunf we call. 
 But viiidicitte th.- ways of God to mon. 'S^' 
 The rrwper study of mankind is man. Popa. 
 la the System oi Nature, man b ranked m a diMioa 
 
 ' Encye. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, t^NITE. — A.\"GER, VI"CI0US € as K ; C as J j 8 as Z ; CH ai SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 87 
 
 FFF" 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 ^Vhen opposed to woman, man sometimes denotes 
 the male sex in general. 
 
 Woman has, in genenil, iiiucU stronger prof^nsitj- tii o\ .-lul" to 
 (he discharge oi parviil.il duliijs. Coicper. 
 
 2. A male individual of tlie luiman race, of adult 
 growth or years. 
 
 Tlie king is bill a man, ,^s I am. Shai. 
 Am! 111? man drcanis bul \vli.i( tile ^oy beli-veii. Drylcn. 
 
 3. \ male of tlie human race ; u.ipA nflen in com- 
 pound 7ror(lSf or in the nature of an adjective; as, a 
 maH-cIiild ; mr^i-cooks ; nif»-servant:^. 
 
 4. A servant, or an attendant of the male se.v. 
 
 I and iny Tnan will presently go riile. Cowley. 
 
 5. A word of familiar address. 
 
 We speak no trcisoii, man. SliOk. 
 
 6. It sometimes bpar.< the sense of a male-adult 
 of some uncommon qu:iIificalions ; particularly the 
 sense of streni;th, vigor, bravery, virile powers, or 
 magnanimity, as distinguished from the weakness, 
 timidity, or impotence of a boy, or from the narrow- 
 niindetiness of low-bred men. 
 
 1 ilare do all that may become a tnan. SfiaM. 
 Will recltons he should not have been the man he is, had lie not 
 broke windows. A'ldison. 
 
 So, in popular language, it is said, he is no man. 
 Play your part like a man. He has not tlie spirit of a 
 man. 
 
 Thod art but a youth, and he a man of war from his youth. — 1 
 Sam. xvii. 
 
 7. An individual of the human species. 
 
 In matters of equity between men and man. Walts. 
 Under this phraseology, females may be compre- 
 hended. So a law restraining man, or every man, 
 from a particular act, comprehends women and chil- 
 dren, if of competent age to be the subje,;ts of law. 
 
 8. Man is sometimes ojiposed to boy or child, and 
 sometimes to heasU 
 
 9. One who is master of his mental powers, or 
 who conducts himself with his usual judgment. 
 When a person has lost his senses, or acts without 
 his usual judgment, we say, he is not his own man. 
 
 .^insworth. 
 
 10. It is sometimes used indefinitely, without ref- 
 erence to a particular individual ; any person ; one. 
 This is as much as a man can desire. 
 
 A man, in an instant, may discover the assertion to be impossible. 
 
 More. 
 
 This word, however, is always used in the singu- 
 lar numbi r, referring to an inilividunl. In this re- 
 spect it does not answer to the French on, nor to the 
 use of man by our Saxon ancestors. In i^axon, man 
 ofsloh signifies, they slew ; man sette up, they set or ft- 
 ted out. So in German, man saat may be rendered, 
 one says, it is said, they say, or people say. So in 
 Danish, man si^er, one says, it Li said, tJiey say, 
 
 11. In popular usage, a husband. 
 
 Every wife ought to answer for her man. Addison. 
 
 12. A movable piece at chess or draughts. 
 
 13. In feudal law, a vassal ; a liege subject or ten- 
 ant. 
 
 The vassal or tenant, kneeling, unsfirt, uncovered and holding 
 up his hands between Uiose of his lonl, professed that he did 
 become his mart from that day forth, of liP-, Itiiib, and 
 earthly honor. Blackstone. 
 
 MAN'-MID'VVIFE, •. A man who practices obstet- 
 rics. 
 
 MAN, V. t. To furnish with men ; as, to man the lines 
 of a fort or fortress ; to man a ship or a boat ; to man 
 the yards ; to man the capstan ; to man a prize. It 
 is, however, generally unclerstood to signify, to sup- 
 ply with the full complenn lit or with a sufficient 
 number of men. 
 
 2. To guard with men. Shak. 
 
 3. To strengthen ; to fortify. 
 
 ThcodosiuB iiavine manned his soul with proper reflecli'ms. 
 
 Ad'U>on. 
 
 4. To tame a hawk. [Little used.] S/iak. 
 
 5. To furnish with attendants or servants. [Little 
 u.ird.] ShaJc. B. Jonson. 
 
 C. To point ; to aim. 
 
 Man but :\ mull nirainst Othello's breast. 
 
 Anil he rc tin-s. [iVol u«rf.| St.at:. 
 
 M AN'.\-CIjK, n. f Fr. manictes : II. manetie : Sp. mani- 
 ota i L. moiica ; from manus, the hand ; VV. man.] 
 
 An insi ument of iron for fastening the hands; 
 handcuffs shackles. It is generally used in the 
 plural, mo arJe.i. Shak. 
 MAN'A CI ri, r. (. To put on handcufls or other fu.sl- 
 ening fur infilling the hands. 
 
 2. To e lackle ; to confine ; to restrain the use of 
 the limbi or natural powers. 
 
 Is It thus you use this monarch, to manacle hlin hand and fool 1 
 
 Arbutitttot, 
 
 MAN'A-n.KD, pp. HandculTed ; shackled. 
 MA.V A-CI.ING, pjir. Confining the hands; shack- 
 ling. 
 
 MAN'AijK, r. r. [Fr. nmajrer; mrnairr, hniise, house- 
 hold, hiiuMe-keeplng ; It maneiririarf ; Sp. and Port. 
 itianr^ar. The [iriiimry Hcnst! mocuh tti be, to Ir/nl.] 
 t. To conduct ; to carry on ; to direct the con- 
 
 cerns of ; as, to manage a farm ; to manage the affairs 
 of a family. 
 
 What ware 1 manage, and what wreatlis I gain. Pi-ior. 
 
 2. To train' or govern, as a horse. 
 
 I'hey vault from hunters to the managed steed. Young. 
 
 3. To govern ; to control ; to make tame or tracta- 
 ble ; as, the buffalo is too refractory to be managed. 
 
 4. To wield ; to move or use ill the manner de- 
 sired ; to have under command. 
 
 Long tulics .are cuml^?rsome, and scarce to be easily managed. 
 
 ^'etcton. 
 
 5. To make subservient. 
 
 Antony managed him to his own views. AJtddleton. 
 
 6. To husband ; to tre.it with caution or sparingly. 
 
 I'he less be had to los-', the less he cared 
 
 To manage loatlisonie life, when luve was the reward. 
 
 Bn/den. 
 
 7. To treat with caution or judgment ; to govern 
 with address. 
 
 It was much Iiis interest to manage liIs Protestant subjects. 
 
 Aiidison. 
 
 M.^N'.^GE, r. i. To direct or conduct affaus ; to car- 
 ry on concerns or business. 
 
 Leave them to manage for thee. Dryden. 
 
 MAN' AGE, n. Conduct ; administration ; as, the man- 
 age of the st.ite or kingdom. [OAs.] Shak. 
 
 2. (^Pronounced mii-nlizli'.) Government ; control, 
 as of a horse, or the exercise of riding him. 
 
 3. Discipline; governance; direction. VEstrange. 
 
 4. Use ; application or treatment. 
 
 duicksilver will not endure the manage of the fire. Bacon. 
 
 [ This word is nearly obsolete in all its applications, 
 unless in reference to horses. fVe now use Manage- 
 ment.] 
 
 MAN'AGE-A-BLE, a. Ea.sy to be used or directed to 
 its proper purpose ; not difiiciilt to be moved or wield- 
 ed. Heavy cannon are not very manageable. 
 
 2. Governable ; tractable ; that may be controlled ; 
 as, a manageable horse. 
 
 3. That may be made subservient to one's views 
 or designs. 
 
 MAN'AGE-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 easily used, or directed to its proper purpose ; as, the 
 manasenbleness o( an instrument. Boyle. 
 
 2. Tractnbleness ; the quality of being susceptible 
 of government and control ; easiness to be governed. 
 MAN'AGE-A-BLY, ado. In a manageable manner. 
 
 Chabncrc. 
 
 M.\N'A-GED, pp. Conducted ; carried on ; trained by 
 discipline ; governed ; controlled ; wielded. 
 
 MAN'AGE-LESS, a. That c.in not be managed. 
 
 MAN'Ac5E-ME.>)T, n. Conduct ; administration ; man- 
 ner of treating, directing, or carrying on ; as, the 
 management (if a family or of a farm; the management 
 of state affairs. 
 
 2. Cunning practice ; conduct directed by art, de- 
 sign, or prudence ; contrivance. 
 
 Mark with what management their trilies divide. Dryden. 
 
 3. Practice ; transaction ; dealing. 
 
 He had great management with ecclesiastics, in the view to be 
 advanced to the pontiScale. Addison. 
 
 4. Modulation ; variation. 
 
 All directions, as to the management of the voice, must be re- 
 garded as subsidiary to the expression of feeling. 
 
 Porler^s Analysis. 
 
 MAN'A-CER, n. One who has the conduct or direc- 
 tion of any thing ; as, the manager of a theater; the 
 manager of a lottery, of a btill, &c. 
 
 South. 
 Pope. 
 
 2. A person who conducts business with economy 
 and frugality ; a good economisL 
 
 A prince of great aspiring thoughts ; in the main, a manager of 
 his treasure. Temple. 
 
 MAN'A<5E-RY, n. [from manage.] Conduct ; direc- 
 tion : administration. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Husbandry ; economy ; frugality. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 3. Manner of using. Decay of Piety. 
 [Little used or obsolete in all its applications.] 
 
 MAN'A-GING, ppr. Conducting; regulating; direct- 
 ing; governing; wielding. 
 2. a. Intriguing. 
 
 MAN'.A-KIN, 71. The name of a beautiful race of 
 birds, of diminutive size, found principally in South 
 America. They constitute the genus Pipra of I.in- 
 n.Tus. P. Ci/r. 
 
 MAN-A-TEE', ) n. [J,.manus,hnTM\.] The sea-cow, 
 
 iM.'\N- A-TI', i n cetaceous, herbivorous iiianiiiial, 
 of the genus Manatus. [See Manati's.] 
 
 MA-NA'TIO.\, n. [I» manatin, from mano, to flow.] 
 The art of i.fsuing or flowing out. [Little lusrd.] 
 
 MA-NA'TIJS, n. [I,, mnnw*, hand.] The name given 
 by C'uvier to a genus of lierliivoniiis cetacea, includ- 
 ing the species usually calleil sen-cows. 'I'hey were 
 BO named on account of tlii^ slight hand-like form of 
 their swimming paws. 'I'hcre are two species of 
 MaiKilu^i in Smith AmiTira and tine in Africa; they 
 iiiliabil till' iiioiiiliK (if ilic (.Tcat rivers, and browse 
 oil tlu; litTliagc tliut clothes the bunks. Brande. 
 
 A skillful manager of the nibble. 
 
 An artful manager, that crept between. 
 
 M.S.NCHE, (minsh,) n. [Fr.] A sleeve. 
 
 MAN'CIIET, n. A small loaf of fine bread. [JV'ot 
 used.] Bacon. 
 
 MAi\CH-I-NEEL', 71. [L. maneanilla.] 
 
 A lofly tree of the West Indies, the Ilippomane 
 ^lancinella, so calJed from its effect on horses who 
 eat of it. It is undoubtedly a dangerous plant, bul 
 its poisonous effects have been exaggeratetl. Its in- 
 spissated juice is used in medicine as a siilHtitiit.' 
 for the resin of Guaiacumor ligmini-vita-. The wood 
 is valuable for cabinet work, being beautifully veined 
 with brown and white, and capable of receiving a 
 high polish. Pariiuiston. Enctjc. 
 
 MAN'CI-PaTE, t!. t. [L. mancipo, from 7nanceps,iiun- 
 cipiuin: manu capio, to take with the hand.] 
 To enslave ; to bind ; to restrict. [Little used.] 
 
 Hale. 
 
 MAN-CI-Pa'TION, 71. Slavery; involuntary servi- 
 tude. [Little used.] Johnson. 
 
 MAN'Cl-PLE, 71. [L. manceps : manu capio, supra.] 
 A steward ; an undertaker ; a purveyor, particu- 
 larly of a college. Johnson. 
 
 jMMjY-DA'MUS, n. [L. mando, to command ; manda- 
 mus, we command. The primary sense, is to send.] 
 In law, a command or w-rit, issuing from the King's 
 Bench in England, and in America from some of 
 the higher courts, directed to any person, corpora- 
 tion, or inferior court, requiring them to do some 
 act therein specified, which appertains to their office 
 and duty ; as to admit or restore a person to an office 
 or franchise, or to an academical degree, or to de- 
 liver papers, annex a seal to a paper, &c. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 M.\N-DA-R1N', (man-d;i-reen',) 71. [Port, mandarim, 
 from mandar, L. mando, to command. This is a 
 Portuguese word. The Chinese name of this officer 
 is qitan. Mtilcom.] 
 
 In China, a magistrate or governor of a province ; 
 also, the court language of China. 
 
 M.\N'DA-T.A-RY, i 71. [Fr. n/anrfafuirp, from L. man- 
 
 MAN'DA-TO-RY, \ do, to command.] 
 
 1. A person to whom the pope li.as by his preroga- 
 tive given a mandate or order for his benefice. 
 
 ^yiiffe. 
 
 2. One to whom a command or charge is given. 
 
 3. In late, one who undertakes, without a rt^coni- 
 pense, to do some act for another in respect to the 
 thing bailed to him. Kent. 
 
 M.\N'DaTE, n. [L. mando, to command.] 
 
 1. A command ; an order, precept, or injunction ; 
 a commission. 
 
 This dream all-powerful Juno sends ; I bear 
 
 Her niighty maivtates, and her wonts yon bear. Dryden. 
 
 2. In canon late, a rescript of the pojie, command- 
 ing an ordinary collator to put the pi'rson therein 
 named in possession of the rtr.st vacant benefice in 
 his foliation. Encyc. 
 
 MAN-Da'TOR, 71. [L.] A director. Jlylije. 
 
 M.'\N'D.\-TO-RY, a. Containing a conimauti ; pre- 
 ceptive ; directory. 
 
 M.\N'DI-BLE, n. [L. mando, to chew ; W. mnnt, a 
 jaw, that which shuts.] 
 
 Tlie jaw. In zoology, applied to the lower j;iw of 
 mammals, to both jaws of birds, and to the iipiirr or 
 anterior pair of jaws in insects. Brande. 
 
 MAN-DIB'lJ-LAR, a. Belonging to the jaw. 
 
 Qayton. 
 
 MAN-DIB'TJ-LATE, ) a. Provided with mandi- 
 .MAN-OIR'li-LA-TED, ( bles, as many insects. 
 .MA.V'DIL, 71. [Fr. mandille, from the root of mantle; 
 W. mant.] 
 
 A sort of mnntle. [.Vof in use.] Herbert. 
 MAN-UU.MO.\, (man-dd'yun,) n. [Supra.] A soldier's 
 
 coat ; a loose gtirmeiit. Ainstrorth. 
 MAN'DI-Oe n. The same as Manioc, which see. 
 M.\.\"I)LE-STc5.\E, n. [G. tnandelstein, almnnd-stone.] 
 Kernel-stmie ; almond-stone, called also amygda- 
 loid ; a name given to stones or rocks which have 
 kernels enveloped in paste. Diet. A"a(. //i.-f. 
 
 M.\.M)'MENT, for Commandment, is not in use. 
 MAN'DO-I.I.V, n. [It. mandola.] 
 
 A rithi^rn or harp. [JVnf in use.] 
 .MAN'DORE, n. A kind of four-stringed lute. 
 
 /'. Cue. 
 
 MAN-DRAG'O RA, n. The mandrake ; a iiowi rful 
 soporific. Shik. 
 
 MAN'DR.'VKE, 71. [E. mandragoras; It. mandragola : 
 Fr. mandragore. Said to be compounded of /i ik\o.i, 
 relating to cattle, and .1; «o"c, hurtful.] 
 
 A plant. 'I'he popular name of thr several species 
 of the gi'MUs .Maudragora, one of wliicli grows in 
 Switzerland, one in the soulli of Europe, and one in 
 the Levant. In ini diciue they are miicotics. The 
 mandrake of Scripture (I)udaim) was quite a differ- 
 ent article ; liiit what it was is iinceitain. 
 
 MAN'DliKI., n. An instrumunt for confining in the 
 lathe file Milistaiice to be turned. Moion. 
 
 MA.\'I)IUEI<, n. .\ fierce and powerful African 
 balloon, often called the ribbed-nose baboon ; tlio 
 Papio nioriiion of (Jeoffroy. Jnrdinr. 
 
 MAN'I)C-CA-I!I,E, a. Tliat can be chewed ; fit to 
 be eaten. Herbert. 
 
 M,\N'III'-CSTE, r. I. [I., mando, whence Fr ttuiii- 
 ger.] To chew. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALI,, WIL\T — METE. PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 J| 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAN"I)U-t;A-TKI), pp. Chewed. 
 .MA.\''l)l,'-t;A-TL\(;, /;;/r. Clicwiiii; ; griiuliilg with 
 the tft;lh. 
 
 MAN-DU CA'TIOiV,«. The act of chowiiiK or eatinR. 
 IIAN'DU-CA-TO-UY, a. PurtamiiiK to or fiiii)lo)eil 
 in fhrwiii;;. 
 
 Ma.NI;, m. [D. moan, nianc and moon; G. mitnhe ; 
 Sw. limn or mulm ; Dan. iiuiit ; prokubly fruiii e.Mund- 
 in;!, liktv/ijaii.J 
 
 The liair jinnvinj on the upper side of the neck 
 of a horse or other animal, usu;illy hanging down on 
 one side. 
 
 MAi\'-EAT-ER,n. A human being that feeds on hu- 
 man tl'-sh ; a cannibal ; an anthropophagite. 
 .MS.N'KI), a. Having a mane. 
 
 MA-.\i;0;i;', (ma-nazlle' iir man'ej,) n. [Fr.] Tlie art 
 
 of horsemanship, or of training liorses. Bramlr. 
 y. A school for teaching liorscmanship, and fur 
 
 trainmg horses. 
 .MA Nk'UI-AL. Sec Manorial. 
 Ma'.\i";S, (ma'nuz,) n. p/. [L.] The ghost, shade, or 
 
 soul, of a deceased person ; and aiiwng Ute ancient 
 
 pasan.i, the infernal deities. 
 
 0. Tlic remains of the dead. 
 
 H;ui, O yi* holy imiNi;* / Dnj/ten. 
 M \-\KO'VICIl, t n, [Fr. -mana-ni^re ; main, Ij. nianiut, 
 MA .\(i:0'VKE, i the hand, and aaere, work, L. 
 opera. ] 
 
 1. Management ; dextrous movement, particularly 
 in ail army or navy ; any evolution, nioveineiu, or 
 change of position among companies, battalions, 
 regiments, ships, &c., for the purpose of distribu- 
 ting the forces in the best muiiner to meet the 
 enemy. 
 
 2. Managi'inent with address or artful design. 
 MA-.\I"0'VKU, ; V. i. To move or change [Hisitions 
 .M.-\-.\(EO'V HE, j among troops or ships, for the 
 
 purpose of advantageous attack or defense ; or in 
 mditary exercise, for the purpose of discipline. 
 
 3. To manage with aihlress or art. 
 
 M \-.VKO'VEIl, I V. t. To change the positions of 
 M A-.\<i:0'VKt:, i troops or sliips. 
 
 iJiA .\'i;c\-iu:i)',*' ! ''i"- P"^'"""- 
 
 MA-XICC'V'i;il-Kll, n. One who maneuvers. 
 
 MA-\KO'VI".R-l.\(;, j ppr. Changing the position or 
 
 .MA-.N"(i;C'VKli\G, j order for advantageous at- 
 tack or defense. 
 
 .MA.Vrt'L, a. [man and full.] Having the spirit of a 
 man ; bold ; brave ; courageous. 
 2. Noble ; honorable. 
 
 M.\.\'I"J'h-l.Y, ailr. liiildly ; courageously; honorably. 
 
 MAN'FyL-NKSS, M. Boldness; courageousness. 
 
 MA.'<"(iA-BY, 11. The white-eyed monkey ; a name 
 of iwo species of AlVican monkeys of the genus 
 Cercocebus, having Ihu tail longer than the body. 
 
 ./ardine. 
 
 M AN'"GA-.V aTE, ( n. A compound of manganesic 
 
 MA.N"(iA-.\r.'SATE, j acid, with a base. 
 
 .M A.N"GA-\KSE', II. A metal of a dusky white, or 
 whitish-gray color, very hard and dillicult to fuse. 
 It never occurs as a natural production in a metallic 
 state. The substance usually so called is an oxyd of 
 nianganese. but not pure. Cyc. Ilenrij. 
 
 MAN"GA-.\l';'t'l.\N, a. Pertaining to manganese; 
 consisting id" it or partaking of its (pialities. Snjbcrl. 
 
 M A\"G.\- NE'SOUS, a. Maatrane^sou.'i acid is an acid 
 with less oxygen than manganesic acid. Ilenrij. 
 
 M AN-(; A.N'ie, j a. Ubtained from manganese; 
 
 M A>;"G.\rN£'Sie, I as, the manganesic acid. 
 
 Jlennf. 
 
 M.\.\'"GA-.\'ITE, n. One of the ores of manganese ; 
 
 call"d also inraif mantrancse ore. 
 MA.\G'eoK.\, n. (Sax. mrnvan, to mix, and com.] 
 A mixture of wheat and rye, or other species of 
 [^.Vii( used in .^jnrr.ca.] [grain. 
 MANGE, n. [Fr. miinirfai.<on.] 
 
 The scab or itch in cattle, docs, and other beasts. 
 MA.\"GKL,-\VUR'Zf;i., (mans'gl-wur'zl,) n. [G. 
 manffrl, want, and trnrirl, root.] 
 
 The root of scarcity, a plant of the beet kind, 
 Beta i'ycla. 
 
 MaN'GER, i». [Fr. mangeoire, from manger, to cat, L. 
 mando.] 
 
 1. A trough or box in which fodder is laid for 
 cattle, or the place in w hich horses and Kittle are 
 fed. 
 
 a. In ships of war, a space across the deck, within 
 the hawse-boles, sepanited from the after part of the 
 deck, to prevent the water u liicli enters the hawse- 
 holes from running over the di ck. 
 MAX'GER-IlfiARD, n. The bulk he.ad on a ship's 
 deck that separates the manger from the other part 
 of ."r 
 
 MAX'GI-.NF.SS, It. [(torn mangy.] Scabbincss ; in- 
 fection of the mance. 
 
 .MA.\"GLE, (mang'sl,) c. t. [D. mangelen, G. man- 
 getn, lo want. Uti.) 
 
 1. To cut with a dull instrument and ti-ar, or to 
 tear in cutting ; to cut in a biingling manner ; ap- 
 plied chiefly to the cutting vf f.rsh. 
 
 Anil, ariml wiUi fe»r, ror(ot lii> manfltd m^U Vryltn. 
 
 2. To curtail ; lo lake by piecemeal. 
 
 MAN"G(<E, (maug'gl,) 71. [Uan. mangle ; G. mange; 
 I), mangel ; from L. mtnigo.] 
 
 1. A lulling-prcss or small calender for smoothing 
 linen. 
 
 a. A name of the mangrove, which see. 
 
 M.\.\"(;i.l"., c. I. To smooth linen with a iiiancle. 
 
 MAi\"GLf.'l), pp. or a. Torn in cutting; smoothed 
 with a mangle, 
 
 .MAN"GLER, (iiiang'gler,) II. One who tears in cut- 
 ting ; one who uses a mangle, 
 
 M.-\N"GLING, ppr. Lacerating in llie act of cutting; 
 tearing. 
 
 2. Smoothing with a mangle. 
 MAN"GLIXG, II. 'J'he act of cutting and lacerating, 
 
 or tearing. 
 
 2. The act or business of smootliing linen with a 
 mangle. 
 
 .MAi\"(;0, (inaTii;'KO,) ii. The fruit of the mango- 
 tree, a native of tlie East Indies, of the genus i\lan- 
 gifcra. It is brought to lis only when pickled. 
 Hence, viani'o is the green fruit of the tree pickled. 
 2. A green miiskmelon pickled. [F.nnic. 
 
 MA\"GO-FISII, II. A fish of the Ganu-es, (the j'oly- 
 neniiis Risiia of Ilainilton,) about liftcen inches 
 long, and liielily esteemed for food. It appears about 
 the same time with tlio mango, and hence the 
 n:iiiie. p. Cyc. 
 
 MA.\"GO-NEL, (mang'go-nel,) ii. [Fr. 7nflHi.i^oiifiiH.] 
 ,\u engine formerly used for throwing stones and 
 battering walls. 
 
 MAN"GO-i\IS.M, It. The art of setting oil" to advan- 
 tage. [Ohs.] 
 
 M AN"GU-.\I/,E, V. e. To polish for setting off to ad- 
 vantage. [Otis.] B. ./unson. 
 
 MA\"GO-S'rA.N', ) 71. A tree of the East Indies, of 
 
 MAiVGO-STEE.V, ( the genus Garcinia, sn called 
 from Dr. Garcin, who described it. 'l lie tree grows 
 to the bight of 18 feet, and bears fruit called also 
 Mangosteen, of the size of a small apple, the pulp 
 of which is very delicious food. P. Cyc. Matcom. 
 
 M A!V"GRoVE, (niang'grovc,) n. A tree of the East 
 and West Indies, of the genus Rhizophora. 'J'hi: 
 common or bl.ick mangrove, or mangle, and also 
 others of the genus, are found all along the shores of 
 the tropics, rooting in the mud, and forming dense 
 forests even at the verge of the ocean, and below 
 high-water mark. The seeds germinate even w hile 
 attached to the branches. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. The name of a fish. Pennant. 
 
 MaN'CY, a. [from jHan^'f.] Scabby; infected with 
 tlu^ mange. S/iaJc. 
 
 MA.N-llA^DEN. See ME^HADEN. 
 
 .MA.\"-HaT-ER, 71. [man and hate.] One who hates 
 mankind ; a inisantlirope. 
 
 MAiN'-HoLE, II. A hole through which a man may 
 creep into a drain, cess-pool, or parts of machinery, 
 to clean or repair. HeUcri. 
 
 M.^.N'llQQt), II. [man and hood.] The state of one 
 who is a man, of^ an adult male, or one who is ad- 
 vanced beyond puberty, boyhood, or childhood ; 
 virility. 
 
 2. Virility, as opposed to \Voma:«iiood. Dryden. 
 X Human nature ; as, the manhood of Christ. 
 4. 'J'he qualities of a man; courage; bravery; 
 resolution, [/.ilt/c itsci/.l Sidney. 
 
 MAN"-IIII<\T-ER, II. A luiiiterof men. 
 
 MA.N'-HUNT-I.VG, ii. The hunting of men. 
 
 M.^'.N'I-A, 71. [I,, and Gr.J Madness. 
 
 MA'^ri-Jl PO'TU,n. [h.] Madness from drinking; 
 delirium tremens. 
 
 SlA.\'l-.\-BLE, o. Manageable; tractable. fJVbf in 
 use.] Bacon, 
 
 Ma'.\I-AG, a. [L. TTianiacu.'T.] 
 
 Mad; raving with madness; raging with disor- 
 dered intellect. Grew. 
 
 MA'.M-Ae, II. A madman; one raving with mad- 
 ness. Sheiistonc. 
 
 MA-M'Ae-_AL, 0. AfTected with madness. 
 
 M A.N I-GII l^'A.V, a. rerlaiiiing to the Mankhecs. 
 
 .MAN-l-CHic'AN, ( n. A follower of .Manes, a Per- 
 
 M.\.\'l-eHEE, ( sian, who tried to combine the 
 Orient;il philosophy with Christianity, and main- 
 tained that there are two supreme principles, the one 
 good, the other evil, which produce all tlie happiness 
 and calamities of llic world. The first principle, or 
 light, they held lo be tlie author of all good ; the sec- 
 ond, or darknrsx, the author of all evil. Jiltirdoek. 
 
 MAN'I-eHE-ISM,ii. [Supra.] The doctrines taught, 
 or system of principles maintained by the Mani- 
 ehees. Encyc. Miliier. 
 
 MA.N'I-eilE-IRT, 71. Sec Makichean. 
 
 MA.N'I eiloRl), ) ri:. • , , •, 
 
 MA.V-l-eoRIJ'O.V, i "• L"- mamchordwv.] 
 
 .\ musical instrument in the form of a spinet, 
 whose strings, like those of the claricliord, are cov- 
 ered with little pieces of cloth to deaden and soften ! 
 their sounds ; whence it is called the rfuiiiA spinet. 
 
 MA.\'I-eOX, n. A species of nightshade. [Encyc. 
 
 .MA.\'I-FEST, a. [L. manifestus, Ir. mfanan, plain, 
 clear; mimirAim, to make smooth, to polish, to ex- 
 plain. Clearness may be from polishing, or from 
 o|K nine, expanding, extending.] 
 
 I. Plain ; open ; clearly visible to the eye or obvi- 
 ous to the understanding; app.arent ; not obscure or 
 
 difTicult to be seen or understood. From the tentl- 
 mony, the truth we conceive to be manifest. 
 
 Tliin mnni/etl lo sl^hl ihi* j^wl niipciinnl. Drylen. 
 
 Tliatwiuch iiiity lie Kituwn ufGud u inari(/<er( in Uicm. — Itoiii. i. 
 
 2. Detected ; with uf. 
 
 Cuiinthu tlK-re Btooil iiiari(/'»f 0/ atiame. {UnuMMl.\ Dryden, 
 MAN'IFE.ST, n. An invoice of a cargo of goods, Ira- 
 ported or laden for ex|>ort, to be exhibited at the cus- 
 tom house by tlie master of the vessel, or the owner 
 or shipper. 
 
 MANM-FEST, In. [It. manifesto; L. manifealui, 
 MAX-I FEST'o, j maiiife.st.j 
 
 A public declaration, usually of a prince or sove- 
 reign, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his 
 opinions and motives ; as, a manifesto declaring the 
 purpose of a prince to begir. war, and explaining his 
 nioti ves. Addison. 
 [Manifesto only is now nscd.1 
 MAN'l-FES'i", B. (. [L. manifesto.] 
 
 1. To p veal ; to make to appear ; to show plainly ; 
 to make public ; to disclose to the eye or to the un- 
 derstanding. 
 
 Nolhiti^ is hill which nhnll not mani/ettert. — Murk k. 
 
 He lh;tl lovcth nn- shitll U- lovetl by my FiUh'T, and 1 will lore 
 
 hini, and uill tnani/ett invsitr to tinn. — JoLiii iv. 
 Thy life did maii{fett ihuu luvMut me not. S/iaJc. 
 
 2. To displ.ay ; to exhibit more clearly to tlie view. 
 The wisilom of God is manifested in the order and 
 harmony of creation. 
 
 MAN-I-FEST-A'TIUX, 71. The act of disclosing 
 what is secret, unseen, or obscure ; discovery lo the 
 eye or to the understanding ; the exhibition of any 
 thing by clear evidence ; display ; as, the manifesta- 
 tion of God's power in creation, or of his benevo- 
 lence in redemption. 
 
 The wcrel mnniirr in which acta of mercy oit^t to\ie prrTomwd, 
 rcqnircs tliu pul>lic iitaiii/£«lalion ul' tlu'iii al Uic i;p'at itity. 
 
 Auerbary. 
 
 MAN'I-FEST-ED, pp. or a. Made clear ; disclosed ; 
 
 made appan-nl, obvious, or evident. 
 MAN-I-FEST'l-iiLE, a. Tliat may be made evident. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 MAN'I-FEST-IXG, ppr. Showing clearly ; making 
 
 evident; disclosing; dis|ilaving. Bacon. 
 MAX'l-FEST-LY, «</e. Cleiirly ; evidently; plainly; 
 
 in a manner to be clearly seen or understood. 
 MAN'l-FEST-NESS, n. Clearness to the sight or 
 
 mind ; obviousness. 
 MAN'-I-FEST'O. See Manifest. 
 MAiX'l-FoI.D, a. [maiiy and /uW.] Of divers kinds ; 
 
 many in nuinber ; numerous ; multiplied. 
 
 Lord, how mntiifftUl .ir* Ihy worl<ii I — Pa. civ. 
 
 1 know your mauijold lr.insgfP'W,ion3. — Amoit v. 
 
 2. Exhibited or appearing .at divers times or in va- 
 rious ways ; applied to icords in the singular number ; 
 as, the manifold wisdom of God, or his manifold 
 grace. F.ph. iii. 1 Pet. iv. 
 JI.^.N'I-FoLD-ED, a. Having many doublings or 
 complications ; as, a manifolded shield. [A'ot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MAN'I-FoLD-LY, adc. In a manifold manner; in 
 iiianv wavs. Sidney. 
 
 MAX'l-FoI.D-NESS, 71. Multiplicity. Shcncood. 
 
 M.\-N'IG'LI-OXS, 71. pi. In gunnery, Iwo hami.e.s on 
 ihc back of a piece of ordnance, alter the German 
 way of casting. Bailey. 
 
 MAN'I-KIX, 71. A little man. Shak. 
 2. An artificial, anatomical preparation, made with 
 pasteboard, plaster, &.C., exhibiting all parts of the 
 iiunian body. 
 
 .M.A-MI/IO, j 71. [Sp. manilla, a bracelet, from L. 
 MA-NILEE', ! manus, Sp. maiiu, the hand.] 
 A ring or bracelet w orn by persons in Africa. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 SIA-NII,'L.\ HEMP, 71. A fibrous material, obtained 
 from the .Musa teitilis, a plant allied to tlie banana, 
 growing in the Philippine Isles, iiC, from which ex- 
 cellent ropes and cables are made. P. Cyc. 
 MA'XI-OC, ) 71. Names of the tropical plant, 7am'- 
 M.\.\'I-HOC, > Ji^^» or Jatropha munihot, from w hich 
 MAX'l-IlDT, ) cassava and tapioca are prepared. 
 M.AN'I-PI.E, 71. ri>. manipnlus, a handful. Uu. L. 
 7/iaiiKs and the Teutonic full.] 
 
 1. A handful. 
 
 2. A small band of soldiers; a word applied only to 
 Roman troops. 
 
 3. A fanon, or kind of scarf worn about the left 
 arm of a Roman Catholic priest; Hook. 
 
 MA-XIP'l'-LAR, a. Pertaining to the maniple. 
 .MA-N'IP L;-I..aTE, r. I. To treat, work, or operate 
 
 with the hands. 
 .■M.A-.NIP'I.-L.x-TED, 7VI. Treated or operated With 
 
 the hands. 
 
 MA-.\IP'L'-LA-TING, ppr. Operating with the hands. 
 
 MA-NlP-i;-I,A'T10N, II. [Fr. id. ; It. manipola-.ivnr, 
 from manipolare, to work with the hand, from L. 
 manipulus, suprru] 
 
 In general, work by hand ; manual operation ; as, 
 In mining, the manner of digging ore ; in chemistry, 
 the o|Hnition of preparing substances for exinri- 
 iiients ; in pharmacy, tile preparation of drugs ; in 
 mesmerism, the motions used lo produce the mes- 
 meric state. 
 
 TONE, B;;LL. unite. -AX"GER, VI"ClOUS._C as K; 6 »a J; S as Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MA-NIP'tJ-LA-TIVE, a. Pertaining to or performed 
 by niaiiipulation. 
 
 MA'NIS, n. The name of a genus of edentate mam- 
 mals, covered with large, hard, triangular scales, with 
 sharp edges, and overlapping each other like tiles on 
 a roof; often called scaly lizards. They inhabit the 
 warmest parts of Asia and Africa, and feed on ants, 
 &c The pangolins are included in this genus. 
 
 Brande. Kdin. Enctjc, 
 
 MAN'I-TRUNK, n. [L. rnanus, hand, and truncus.] 
 The segment of the body of an insect which has 
 wings or limbs answering to the fore legs of quad- 
 rupeds. 
 
 MA.\'-KILL-ER, 71. [jnan and iifl.] One who slays a 
 man. 
 
 J1A.\'-KILL-ING, o. Used to kill men. Dnjilen. 
 MAN-Kl.\D', n. [man and kind. This word admits 
 the accent either on the first or second syllable ; the 
 distinction of accent being inconsiderable.] 
 ' 1. The race or species of human beings. 
 
 The proper study of ninnhrul is man. Pope. 
 2. A male, or the males of the human race. 
 
 Thou shall not lie Willi rtiankind as wilh womaiikiiid. — Lgt. 
 xviii. 
 
 M.\X-KlXD', a. Resembling man in form, not wo- 
 man. Frnhi^her. 
 M ANKS, n. The old language of the Isle of -Man. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 MAX'LE?.-^, a. [man and Ir.ts.] Destitute of men; 
 
 not manned J as, a boat. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 MAN'LIKE, a. Having the proper qualities of a man. 
 
 Sidiirjj. 
 
 2. Of man's nature. JliHon. 
 MAN'Ll-XESS, n. [from maythj.] The qualities of a 
 
 man ; dignity ; bravery ; boldness. Locke. 
 .M AN'LIXG, H. A little man. B. Joiison. 
 
 M.XN'LY, o. [man and like,.'] Manlike; becoming a 
 man ; firm ; brave ; undaunted. 
 
 slain 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Dignified ; noble ; stately. 
 
 He lUOTes VL'ilh nullify p^ce. Dryden. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the adult age of man ; as, a manly 
 voice. 
 
 4. Xot boyish or womanish ; as a ma7iZj/ stride. Shak. 
 MAN'LY, adv. With courage like a man. 
 MAX'-MIL'LI-XER, n. A male maker of millinery. 
 
 M.\N'N.\, n. [Ar. mauna, to provide necessa- 
 
 ries for one's household, to sustain, to feed them ; 
 
 muiiahon, provisions for a journey. This seems 
 
 to be the true original of the word. In Irish, mann 
 is wheat, br'-ad, or food. Class Mn, No. 3.] 
 
 1. \ substance miraculously furnished as food for 
 the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness 
 of Arabi.a. Ez. xvi. 
 
 Josephus, .•\nt. B. iii. 1, considers the Hebrew word 
 10 man, to signify witat. In conformity with this 
 idea, the Seventy translate the passage, Ez. xvi. 15, 
 Ti cart Tufrnl what is this.' which rendering seems 
 to accord with the following words, " for they knew 
 not what it wa-^." And in the Encyclopedia, the 
 translators are charged with making Moses fall into 
 a pl:iin contradiction. Art. .Manna. But Christ and 
 his apo^^lles confirm the common version : " Not as 
 your fathers ate manna, and are dead." John vi. 58. 
 Heb. ix. 4. And we have other evidence, that the 
 present version is correct ; for in the same chapter, 
 Sloses directed Aaron to " take a pot and put a 
 homer full of manna therein." Now, it would be 
 sirange language to say, put a homer full of what, 
 or what is it. So also verse 35: "The children of 
 Israel ate manna forty years," Sec. In both verses, 
 the Hebrew word is tlie same a« in verse 15. 
 
 2. In the materia mcdica, the juice of a certain tree 
 of the ash kind, the Fraxinus ornus, or flowering 
 ash, a native of .Sicily, Calabria, and other parts of 
 the south of Europe. It is either naturally concreted, 
 or exsiccated, and purified by art. The best manna 
 is in obh>ng pieces or flakes of a whitish or pale-yel- 
 low color, light, friable, and somewhat transparent. 
 It is a mild laxative. Encye. ll^oprr. 
 
 M A.N".\/-'D, jtp. Furnished with men ; guarded with 
 
 mi'n : fi rified. 
 M A.\'.\ER, (1. [TT.maniire; \l.maniera; Sp.manrra! 
 
 Arm. manyrll ; D. and G. manirr ; Dan. manecr ; Sw. 
 
 inanrr. 'I'llis word seems to bir allied to Fr. manirr. 
 
 Arm. mnnen, lo handle, from Fr. main, Sp. and It. 
 
 mann, Port, mam, \,. manim, the hand.] 
 
 1. Form; method ; way of [jerforming or executing. 
 
 f'iiiil ih'fi manner, nrid Ihr ni'-nnj prcpiirc. Dry(Un. 
 
 2. Custom ; habitual praclice. 
 
 ithtnt \brin Ihr mnnner of iho liiii? Hint »hnll rrign over Ulcin. 
 
 Tlwi will Uf manner uf th<* king. — 1 S«in. vUi. 
 Paul, lis his manner was. — Ac4s xvlil. 
 
 3. 8ort; kind. 
 
 Ve tllhr mint sn<l pie, Am! all manner ofheria Ltiko xl. 
 
 Tb«-y shall my all marinsr uf evil ngAiat jroii faUely. — Mntt. T. 
 
 In this application, manner has the sense of a 
 plural word ; all sorts or kinds. 
 
 4. Certain degree or measure. It is in a manner 
 done already. 
 
 The bread is in a manner common. — 1 Sam. xxi. 
 
 This use may also be sometimes defined by sort or 
 fashion ; as we say, a thing is done after a sort or 
 fashion, that is, not well, fully, or perfectly. 
 
 Aug^uslinus does in a manner confess die charge. Baker. 
 
 5. .Mien ; cast of look ; mode. 
 
 Air .iiid manner are more expressive than wor\ls. Clanesa.. 
 
 6. Peculiar way or carriage ; distinct mode. 
 
 It can hardly be imagined how ^reat a difference was In the 
 humor, disposition, and manner of tlie army under I-^ssex 
 and Oi it under Waller. Clarendon. 
 
 A man's company may be known by bis manner of expressing 
 liiniself. Sun/t. 
 
 7. Way ; mode ; of things. 
 
 Th? temptations of prosperity insinuate themselves af^er a o^ntle, 
 but very powerful manner. Auerbury. 
 
 8. Way of service or worship. 
 
 The nat'ons which ihou hast removed and placed in the cities of 
 Samaria, know not Uie mzLnner of the god of the land. —2 
 Kings vii. 
 
 9. In painting, the particular habit of a painter in 
 manacing colors, lights and shades. Encyc. 
 
 MAX'NER, t'. t. To instruct in manners. Shak. 
 
 .MAN'NER-ISM, n. .Adherence to the same manner; 
 a tasteless uniformity, reducing ever>' thing to the 
 same manner, without the freedom and variety of 
 nature. Edin, Rev, 
 
 M.\N'NER-IST, n. An artist who performs his work 
 in one unvaried manner. Churchill. 
 
 MAN'NER-LI-NESS, n. The quality of being civil 
 and respectful in behavior ; civility ; complaisance 
 
 Hale. 
 
 M.AN'NER-LY, a. Decent in external deportment; 
 civil ; respectful ; complaisant ; not rude or vulgar. 
 
 What thou thinkest meet and is most mannerly. Shak. 
 
 M.\N'XER-LY, adv. With civility ; respectfully ; 
 
 without rudeness. Shak. 
 MAN'XERS, n. pZ. Deportment; carriage; behavior; 
 
 conduct ; course of life ; in a moral sch.sc. 
 
 Evil cornmunicilions corrupt good manners, — 1 Cor. xv. 
 
 2. Ceremonious behavior ; civility ; decent and re- 
 spectful deportment. 
 
 Shall we, in our applications to the great God, Like that to be 
 religion, which the common reason of mankind will not 
 allow to be manTiers ? Sotilh. 
 
 3. A bow or courtesy; as, make your manners; 
 a popular u^e of the word. 
 
 M.\X'X1XG, ppr. Furnishing with men; strength- 
 ening ; guarding with men. 
 
 M.'VN'NISH, a. [from man.] Having the appearance 
 of a man ; bold ; masculine ; as, a mannish coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 A woman impudent and mannish grown. Shak. 
 
 MAN'XIPH-LY, arfii. In the manner of a man ; boldly. 
 M.AX'XTTE, 71. A kind of cr)slallized sugar obtained 
 
 from manna. P. Cyc, 
 
 MA-XCEU'VRE. See MitJEUvER. 
 M.\X-OF-WAR', 71. A government vessel employed 
 
 for the purposes of war. 
 MaX-OF-WAR'-BIRD, 71. A large, black, tropical 
 
 sea fowl ; the frigate bird; belonging to the pelican 
 
 family. 
 
 MA.\-OF-WAR'S'-M.VN, 7i. A seaman belonging to 
 a ship-of-war. 
 
 M.A-XOM'E-TER, ti. [Gr. iiavos, rare, and pcrpov, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the density of the 
 air, or other elastic fluid, or rather its elastic force, 
 to which the density is supposed to be proportional. 
 
 Bratide. 
 
 MAN-O-MET'RIG-.AL, a. Pertaining to the manom- 
 eter; made by the manometer. 
 
 MAN'OR, 71. [Fr. manoir. Arm. maner, a country, 
 house, or gentleman's seat ; W. maenan, or maeiiawr, 
 a manor, a district bounded by stones, from maen, a 
 stone. The word in French and Armoric signifies a 
 house, a habitation, as well as a manor ; anil in this 
 sense, the word would be naturally deducihie from 
 L. maneo, to abide. But the etymology in Welsh is 
 not improbably the true one.] 
 
 The land belonging to a lord or nobleman, or so 
 much lanil as a lord or great personage formerly kept 
 in his own hands for the use and subsistence of his 
 family. In these days, a manor rather signifii.'s the 
 jurisdiction and royalty incorporeal, than the land or 
 site ; for a man iiuiy have a manor in gross, as the 
 law terms it, that is, the right and interest of a 
 court-baron, with the perquisites thereto belonging. 
 
 Cowel. 
 
 MAN'OR-HOITSE, ) 7i. The house belonging to a 
 MAN'<>lt-Si";AT, ( manor. 
 
 MA-XT-' ill- A j "• I'lrciining to a manor. 
 
 They hive no civil lil^ny ; lli.ir cliildpin Ix-loiij not lo ih 
 
 hut to their manorial lortl. Tookt. 
 
 M AN'O-SeOPE, 71. The same as MAnoMETEH. 
 
 MAN'-PLEAS-ER, 71. [man and phaser.] One whi 
 pleases men, or one who takes uncomtnon pains t 
 gain the favor of men. Str-ft, 
 
 MAX'-aUELL-ER, H. [man and quell.] A man-kill 
 er ; a manslaver ; a murderer. [.N'ot u-M-d.] Curetc. 
 
 .MA.\'S.\RU-ROOF,n. [from its mventor.j In arclu 
 lecture, the same as Curb-Rook, which see. Brand, 
 
 M.\XSE, 71. [L. vian.^io, from maneo, to abide.] 
 
 1. A house or habitation ; particularly, a parsona^ - 
 house. 
 
 A capital manse is the manor-house or lord's court 
 
 2. A farm. 
 MA.\'-SERV-ANT, 7i. A male servant. 
 MAX'SION, 71. [L. mansio, from maneo, to dwell.] 
 
 ' 1. Any place of residence ; a house ; a habitalio 
 Thy mansion wants Uiee, Adam ; rise. 
 In niy Father's house are inany mansions. 
 
 2. The house of the lord of a manor. 
 
 3. Residence ; abode. 
 
 -John xiv. 
 
 These poets near our princes sleep, 
 And in one grave their mansions keep. 
 
 Denham. 
 Mede, 
 
 MAN'SIOX, V. i. To dwell ; to reside. 
 
 JI.\X'SIOX-.'V-RY, a. Resident ; residentiary ; as, 
 man.^ionarii canons. Encyc. 
 
 MAX'SION-IIOUSE, 7i. The house in which one re- 
 sides ; an inhabited house. Btackstone. 
 
 M.\N'SION-RY, 71. place of residence. [A''otused.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MAX'SLAUGH-TER, (-slaw-ter,) n. [man and slaugh- 
 ter. See SL^v.] 
 
 1. In a general sen.^e, the killing of a man or of 
 men ; destruction of the human species ; murder. 
 
 .^schatn, 
 
 2. In law, the unlawful killing of a man without 
 malice, express or implied. This may be voluntary, 
 upon a sudden heal or excitement of anger ; or in- 
 voluntary, but in the commission of some unlawful 
 act. Manslaughter differs from murder in not pro- 
 ceeding from malice prepense or deliberate, which is 
 essential to constitute murder. It differs from homi- 
 cide excusable, being done in consequence of some 
 unlawful act, whereas excusable homicide happens 
 in conseqiienctr of misadventure. Biachslone, 
 
 M.\X'-SEa Y-ER, 71. One that has slain a human be- 
 ing. The Israelites had cities of refuge for man-slay- 
 ers. 
 
 MAX'-STEAL-ER, Ji. One who steals and sells men. 
 M.AN'-STe.\L-ING, II. The act of stealing a human 
 being. 
 
 MAX'SUeTE, (man'sweet,) a. [L. man.suetus.] 
 
 Tame; gentle; not wild or ferocious. [Little used.] 
 
 Ray. 
 
 MAN'SUE-TUDE, (inan'swe-tude,) n. [l,^ mansuc- 
 tutlo.] 
 
 Tameness ; mildness ; gentleness. Herbert. 
 MAN'T.A, 71. [Sp. manta, a blanket.] 
 
 A flat fish that is very troublesome to pearl-fishers. 
 MAN'TKL. See Mantle. [Encyc. 
 MA.\'TEL-ET, / n. [dim. of ma«(/c] A small cloak 
 M.VXT'LET, i worn by women. Johnson. 
 2. Ill fortif cation, a kind of movable parapet or 
 penthouse, made of planks, nailed one over another 
 to the bight of almost six feet, cased with tin and 
 set on wheels. In a siege, this is driven before pi- 
 oneers, to protect them from the enemy's small shot. 
 
 Harris. 
 
 MAXT'I-GER, rather Ma>t't-chor, or .Mam'i-cob, n. 
 [L. manticora, mantichora, Gr. pavTixwoag.] 
 
 A large monkey or baboon. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 M.\X-TIS'SA, 71. .\ term applied to the decimal part 
 of a logarithm, as distinguished from the integral part 
 or charactertstic. Brande. 
 
 M.\X'TLE, 71. [Sax. meentct, mentel ; It. and Sp. man- 
 to; G. and D. mantel; W. mantelt, tin. Gr. jmi'iii t, 
 paiivai,a clo;ik, from the Persic. In VV. maiif is 
 that which shuts.] 
 
 1. A kind of cloak or loose garment to be worn 
 over other gannents. 
 
 The herald and children arc clothed with manUts of sali ■. 
 
 ufuon. 
 
 2. A cover. 
 
 Well coven-d with the night's black rnanlle. Shak. 
 
 3. .\ cover ; that which conceals ; as, the mantle 
 of charity. 
 
 4. In malacology, the external fold of the skin of a 
 mollusk. Brande. 
 
 .MAX'TLE, I', t. To cloak ; to cover ; to disguise. 
 
 So the rising sens-^s 
 B'-pn to cli ise the ignorant funii-s, that manlte 
 TliT-ir ct-an-r rv.ison. Slink. 
 
 MAN'TLE, V. i. To expand ; to spread 
 The swan, witli arched neck 
 Between her while wiiigs mantling, rows 
 Her sLite with o.iry fei;U .MUton. 
 
 2. To joy ; to revel. Jnhn.ion. 
 
 My frail fancy, fed with full .leliglits, 
 
 llolh Ijallie 111 bliM, and manlledi liioiit at ease. S)xnter. 
 
 [liu. is not till' sense, to be covered or wrapped, lo 
 rest collei led and secure ?] 
 
 3. To be expanded ; to be spread or extended, 
 lie (f ive Uie mantling vlue to prow, 
 
 A irophy lo his lov. FVnUm. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY. — PL\E, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQJJK.— 
 
 692 ~ 
 
 \ 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAR 
 
 4. To f!iitliur liver ami foriii a cover ; to cullcct on 
 tlio siirl'ate, as a covering. 
 
 Thrn* is a eorl of iin*n, wIiobp visn^ea 
 
 Ilo cf'iiiii Hiul T/ianW* lilc a *l«inliii^ poinl. SfiaJc. 
 Ami 111'-- iT.iin iliiin;*-* to llip manllm^ liov\I, Pupe, 
 
 5. To rush to the face and cover it witii a crimson 
 color. 
 
 When mnittUng bloud 
 riow.-ii 'ii Ills lov. ly chi'. k». Smith. 
 [I'uriiientation cannot be deduced from inantling, 
 olh'Twise tlian as a secondary sense.] 
 .M A.\'TI,K, j II. 'i'he piece of timber or stone 
 
 IIAN'TLK-TREK, i in front iif a chimmy, over 
 the lireiibice, restinji on tlie jambs. Kncijc. 
 
 [Tliis word, iiccording to Johnson, sisnifies the 
 work over the fireplace, which we call a manlle- 
 
 .MAN' n.KD, pp. or o. Covc-ed with a mantle. 
 
 .MA.N'TLK-I'licCK, ( «. The work over a lin place, 
 
 .M AN'TI.K-.-^IIELK, j in front of the chimney. 
 
 MA.N'TLI.NC, M. In licralilnj, the representation of a 
 nianlle, or the drapery of a coat of arms. 
 
 M\S"IUSG, ppr. or a. Cloaking; covering; extend- 
 in i;. 
 
 M A.V'TO, n. [It.] A robe ; a cloak. Ricnut. 
 M.\N-'l'OIVO-GY, n. [Gr. /luirciu, di> nation, and 
 
 \o> s, discourse.] 
 The net or art of divination or prophesying. [Lit- 
 
 ttf M.vrrf.] 
 
 MA.\'Ti;-.\, (man'tu-il or nian'tu,) n. [Fi. mantcau. 
 
 t?ce Mantle.] 
 
 A ladv's nmvn. Pope. 
 .MAN'TUA- M.aK'ER, (man'tn-niiik'er,) n. One who 
 
 makes gowns lor latlies. .Addison. 
 MA.N'l'-AL, u. [I,. muH iia/i.'!, from manits, the hand, 
 
 W. man ] 
 
 1. Performed by the liand ; as, manual labor or 
 operation. 
 
 •i Used or made by the hand ; as, a deed under 
 the kind's sign manual. 
 M.V.\'IJ-AL, n. A small book, such as may be carried 
 ill the hand, or conveniently handled ; as, a manual 
 of laws. Hale. 
 a. The service book of the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Stillillirftrtt. 
 
 Manual rxtrcisc ; in the military art^ the exercise by 
 which soldiers are taught the use of their muskets 
 and other arms. 
 MA.N'IT.AL-LY, m/f. Hv hand 
 MA.N'U-.V-RY, a. Done by the hand. [J^ot used.] 
 
 Futlterbij. 
 
 IIA-NO'BI-.AL, o. [L. vtanubialis, from maniibuc, 
 spoils.] 
 
 Relonifins to spoils ; taken in war. [Liuh used.] 
 .MAN-i;-I)l'e'T10.N', II. [L. maiiits, hand, and ductw, 
 a lead ill!!.] 
 
 Guidance bv the hand. Olanvilk. Soutli. 
 
 MAN-t;-Ure'TOR, R. [L. mamts, hand, and dactor, 
 a leaderJ 
 
 An officer in the ancient church, who pave the 
 sisnal for the choir to sing, who beat time and regu- 
 lated the music. Eneijc. 
 
 MA.\-l.;-KAe'TO-RY, n. [Pee MAHiFirTi re.] A 
 house or place where goods are manufactured. 
 
 MA.N-i;-F.\e'TO-RY, a. Employed in manufactur- 
 ing. 
 
 .M \.\-iy-FAe'TlIR-,\L, a. Pertaining or relating to 
 
 manufactures. 
 MA.\-r-FAC'TtTRE, (ma)i-yu-fakt'yur,) n. [Fr., 
 
 from 1.. iiianu.«t, hand, and facio., to make.] 
 
 1. The operation of making cloth, wares, utensils, 
 paper, bof>ks, and ivhatever is used by map ; the o[>- 
 eration of reducing raw materials of any kind into 
 a form suitable fur use, by the bands, by art, or ma- 
 chinerj'. 
 
 2. Any thing made from raw materials by the 
 hand, by machinery, or by art ; as, cloths, iron uten- 
 sils, shoes, cabinet work, saddlery, and the like. 
 
 MAX-q-FAC'TURE, v. t. To make or fabricate from 
 raw materials, by the hand, by art, or machinery, 
 and work into forms convenient for use ; as, to man- 
 ufacture cloth, nails, or glass. 
 
 9. To work raw materials into suitable forms for 
 use ; as, to manufacture wool, cotton, silk, or iron. 
 
 MAN-IT-FAC'TURE, v. L To be occupied in manu- 
 factures. Bo.fiecU. 
 
 MAN U-FAe'Tt;R-/:D, pp. or a. Made from raw 
 materials into forms for use. 
 
 .\IAN.i;-FAe'TIJR-ER, n. One who works raw ma- 
 terials into wares suitable for use. 
 
 2. One who employs workmen for manufacturing; 
 the own r of a manufactory. 
 
 .MAN IJ-FAC'Ti;R-I.NG,ppr. .Making goods .and wares 
 from raw materials. 
 
 MAN i:-FAe'Ti;R-l\G, a. Employed in making 
 goods ; as, a manufaauring house, company, esUib- 
 Ii-;biiirnt, or state. 
 
 .M \\'i;-MI*E. for Manvmit, is not used. 
 
 MAN-I' MIS'filO.N, ( mish'un,) lu [L. manumU^o. 
 See M»ni MiT.| 
 The act of hberating a slave from bondage, and 
 
 M a'v'I? r,'!'!,''"*''"'"- Jirbuthnot, 
 
 I -MIT , tr. (. [1,. nanumitto ; manus, hand, and 
 mi//fi, to send.] 
 
 To release from slavery ; to liberate from personal 
 bonda;:e or servitude ; to frtie, as :i slave. Dn/dcn. 
 
 .MA.N-U-.MIT'TF.I), pp. or a. Released from slavery. 
 
 .M.\.\'-Ij-.'MIT'T1NG, ppr. Liberating from personal 
 bnnda^'e. 
 
 .MAIM'l^-.MO-TI-VE, a. [maimi and iiioi'cu.] 
 
 Movable hy hand. 
 M AN'll-MO-TOR, ii. A small wheel-carriage, so con- 
 structed that a perscm sitting in it may move it in 
 any dircctii>n ; a carriage for exercise. 
 MA-NCK'A-ULE, a. [from nmnnrr.] That may be 
 cultivated. This, though the original scn.se, is rarely 
 or never used. The present sense of manure would 
 give the following signification : 
 2. That may be manured, or enriched bv manure. 
 MA-IS'OR'AOE, II. Cultivation. [J^ut used.) IVarncr. 
 MA-NOR'AiNCE, n. Cultivation. [JVul used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MA-NCRE', V. t. [Fr. mana'uvrer, but in d dillVrent 
 sense ; Norm, wainovcrrr, to manure ; main, L. ma- 
 nus, hand, and oui'rer, to work, L. opcror.] 
 
 1. To cultivate by manual labor; to till. Mitlon, 
 [In Oils seiLsc not now used.] 
 
 2. To apply to land any fertiii/.ing matter, as dung, 
 compost, ashes, lime, fish, or any vegetable or ani- 
 mal substance. 
 
 'J. To fertilize ; to enrich with nutritive sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Thp cnrjv^ of half lirr ftciiato 
 Manure t\x lioltls uf 'I'lii-is;ily, Addison. 
 
 M.VNC'RE', n. Any matter which fertilizes land ; as 
 
 the contents of stables and barnyards, marl, ashes, 
 
 fish, salt, and every kind of animal and vegetable 
 
 substance, applied to land, or capable of furnishing 
 
 nutriment to plants. 
 M.\-i\'ull'f;L), pp. or a. Dressed or overspread with a 
 
 fertilizing substance. 
 M.A-.NCRE'.MENT, n. Cultivation ; improvement. 
 
 [Little used.] H'artun. 
 M.A-Nf'H'ER, n. One that manures land. 
 MA-NOK'ING, ppr. Dressing or overspreading land 
 
 with manure; fertilizing. 
 M A-\OR'li\G, 71. A dressing or spread of manure on 
 
 land. Mitford. 
 MAN'lJ-SeRlPT, n. [T,. manu scriptum, written with 
 
 the h.'uid ; It. manuscritta ; Fr. manuscrit.] 
 
 A book or paper written with the hand or pen. 
 M.^-N'tJ-SeRlPT, a. Written with the hand; not 
 
 printed. 
 
 MAN-lI-TE.\'EiN-CY, n. Maintenance. [A'-ot in use.] 
 
 Sancroft. 
 
 M AN'-VVOR-SHIP, (-wur-ship,) n. The worship of a 
 man ; undue reverence or extreme adulation and ob- 
 sequiousness paid to a man. 
 
 M.A'NY, (nien'ny,) a. [Sax. matneg, maneg, or menig ; 
 D. menig ; G. mancJter i Dan. mange; Sw. mange; 
 Sax. menigeoy a multitude ; Goth, manags, many ; 
 managei, a multitude ; Riiss. mnogei, many ; mnoju, 
 to multiply. It has no variation to express degrees 
 of comparison ; more and most, which are used for 
 the coin|Kirative and superlative degrees, are from a 
 dilferent root.] 
 
 1. Numerous ; comprising a great number of indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 Thill shiilt be n father of many nntlons. — Gen. Jtvii. 
 
 Not TTwiriy wtsc men ntwT llie nut many iii;^;;',», not many 
 
 nolilt', are cilleil. — t Cor. i. 
 Many :uv Uie alllicuons of Uic tighlcoiu. — Ps. xxxir. 
 
 It is often preceded hy as or so, and followed by 
 so, indicating an equal number, .^s many Imoka as 
 you take, so many shall be charged to your account. 
 
 So many Liw* nr^e to ninny sitis. Miilon. 
 
 It is also followed by as. 
 
 Ab TTUiny a» were williii^heaited brought bracelet. — Ezod. 
 
 ZXXiT. 
 
 It precedes on or a before a noun in the singular 
 number. 
 
 Kiill many a gem ofpureBt ray Bcn'iie. Gray. 
 
 2. In Imo language, preceded by too, it denotes 
 powerful or much ; as, they are too many for us. 
 
 UEstrange. 
 
 MA'NY, (men'ny,) n. A multitude ; a great number 
 of individuals ; the people. 
 
 O Ihou foml mrtiiy. Shak. 
 The vulgur anil the many are fit only to he led or ilriveii. 
 
 South, 
 
 MA'NY, (men'ny,) n. [Norm. Fr. meignee.] 
 A retinue of ser^■allt^ ; household. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 MA'NY-€LEFT, (men'ny-kleft,) a. Multifid ; having 
 nianv fissures. Marliin. 
 
 MA'NY-eOI/OR-CT), (men'ny kul'urd,) a. Having 
 manv odors or hues. Pope. 
 
 MA'NY-COR'NER-KD, a. Having many corners, or 
 more than twelve ; |M>lygonal. Oryden. 
 
 MA'.NY-FLOU 'ER-ED, a. Having many flowers. 
 
 Marlitn. 
 
 MA'NY-H.^IR-f:n, (men'ny-hard,) a. Having many 
 hairs. 
 
 MA'NY-HnAI)-En,(men'ny-hed-ed,)a. Having many 
 heads ; as, a many-headed monster; many-hended tyr- 
 anny. Drudrn. 
 
 MA'.\Y-I-A\"GUAG-A;U, (men'ny-lang'gwnjd,) o. 
 
 Having niaiiv languages. Pope. 
 MA'NY-LP;AV-£1), (inen'ny-lcevd,) a. Polypli\ II.his ; 
 
 having iiiaiiy leaves. Miriiin. 
 MA'NY-LEG-G£D, (men'ny-legd,) a. Having liiany 
 
 legs. 
 
 MA'NY-I.F.T'TER-f.I), a. Having many letters. 
 MA'NY- .MAS'TEK-i'.D, a. Having many masters. 
 
 J. Barloio. 
 
 MA'NY-P.\RT'ED, a. Multipartite ; divided into sev- 
 eral partSj as a corol. Mariun. 
 
 M.\'NY-Pl-:0'PL^;i), (inen'ny-iicep'ld,) a. Having a 
 numerous population. Sandys. 
 
 M.-\'NY-PET'.\L- Kl), a. Having many petals. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 MA'NY-PTD-ED, a. Having many sides. 
 MA'NY-TI.MES ; an ailverbiai phrase. Often; fro- 
 qllently. 
 
 M.\'.\ V-ToN-ED, a. Giving many sounds, tirmaiu. 
 MA'NV-TI(TI!-KI), a. Consisting of many tribi-s. 
 MA'NV-TWINK'LING, a. Variously twinkling or 
 
 gleaming. Ontu. 
 MA'.\Y-V.-\LV-/;D, a. Multivalvular; having many 
 
 valves. Jilarliin. 
 MA'NY-VEIN-£D, (iiicn'ny-vand,) a. Having many 
 
 veins. 
 
 M.A'N Y-VOIC-iSD, (men'ny-voist,) a. Having many 
 voices. 
 
 M.-\NX, n. A term applied to the old language of the 
 Isle of Man. 
 
 M.AP, II. [Sp. mapn; Port, mappa ; It. mappamnnda. 
 Clu. L. miippa. a cloth or towel, a Punic word ; Rab- 
 binic ND-D. Maps may have been originally drawn 
 on cloth. j 
 
 In geography, a representation of the surface of the 
 earth, or of any part of it, drawn on paper or othi-r 
 ni'ilrrial, exhibiting the lines of latitude and liingi- 
 tud<>, and the positions of countries, kingdoms, states,- 
 nioiintains, rivers, &c. A map of the earth, or of a 
 large portion of it, coiiiiirelieiids a representation of 
 land and water; but a representation of a continent, 
 or any portion of land only, is properly a map ■ iiid 
 a representation of the ocean only, or any portion of 
 it, is called a chart. We say, a iim/j of England, of 
 France, of Europe ; but a chart of the Atlantic, of the 
 Pacific, &.C. 
 
 'J'he term is also applied to delineations of the 
 heavens, and, in geolooy, to delineations of the stra- 
 ta on the earth's surface, &c. 
 MAP, V. t. 'J'o draw or delineate, as the figure of any 
 
 |)ortion of land. Shak. 
 MA'PI.E, ( ro I, I, 1 
 
 Ma'PLE-TREF \ L^''^' mapultre^s, or mapulder.] 
 
 A tree of the genus ;\cer, of several species. Of 
 
 the sap of the rock-maple sugar is made in Americii, 
 
 in gn at quantities, by evaponition. 
 MA'PLI'I-SlJtJ'AR, (iiii'pl-shug'ar,) ii. Sugar obtained 
 
 by evaponition from the juice of the rock-maple. 
 M.\P'Pi-;i), (niapt,) pp. Drawn or delineated, as the 
 
 figure of any portion of land. 
 M.-\P'PER-Y, H. [from map.] The art of planning 
 
 anil designing maps. Shak. 
 M.\P'PI.\(;, ppr. Drawing or delineating on a map. 
 M.-VP'PI.NG, II. The act or art of drawing maps. 
 MAR, V. t. [Sax. merran, mirran, myrran, amyrran, to 
 
 err, to deviate, to hinder, to lose, scatter, or wa.ste, 
 
 to draw from or mislead, to corrupt or deprave ; Sp. 
 
 marrar, to deviate from truth and justice ; marro, 
 
 want, defect ; Ir. mearaighim ; Gr. nfiaoraftft, (qu. 
 
 Gr. ftnoatpto, L. mareeo ;) It. smarrire, to miss, to 
 
 lose ; smarriinentu, a wandering.] 
 
 1. To injure by cutting olT a part, or by wounding 
 and making defective ; as, to mar a tree by incision. 
 
 I pr.iy you mar no more ucca by wriliii' tongs in iheir turks. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Neilher Bh.-i]l Itiou mar tlic corner* of thy tx*ani. — Lev. xix. 
 
 2. To injure; to hurt; Va impair the strength or 
 purity of. 
 
 When Iwcwen mar their miOt with water. Shak. 
 
 3. To injure ; to diminish ; to interrupt. 
 
 But mirth is marred, and Uie gootl chwr is lost. Dryden. 
 
 4. I'o injure ; to deform ; to disfigure. 
 
 Ire, envy, and despair 
 Mnrrtd all his borroweil viri^. Milton. 
 Hid vrn-ig.' WHS so marred mop- than any man. — Is. lii. 
 Mur.il evil aluiie mart ihe inteUectu,il works of (IimI. 
 
 Bu^tminsfer. 
 
 [ This word is not obsolete in .America.] 
 
 .MAR, II. Aiiin un-. [Obs.] 
 a. A lake. [See .Mere.] 
 
 .MAR'A-CA.N, ». A spicies of parrot in Urazil. 
 
 MAR'A-COCK, n. .A plant of the gi-niis Passirtora. 
 
 M.^-RaI', n. .\ saered inrlusurc or temple among the 
 islanders of the Pacific Ocean. Bradford. 
 
 .MAR-A NA'TIIA, 71, [Syri.icj The Lord conies or 
 has come ; a word used hy llie apostle Paul in ex- 
 pressing a curse. This word was used in anathe- 
 matizing persons for great crimes ; .as much as to 
 s.ay, " .May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance 
 on thee for thy crime.*' Otinirt. 
 
 M.AR',\-*\0\, II. The proper name of a river in South 
 America, the largest in the world ; now more gen- 
 enillv called .Ima-.on. Gareitasso. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TIl as in TinS. 
 
 87* 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 MAR-AS-eni'N'O, n. A delicate spirit dinilled from 
 cherries ; the best is from Zara, and obtained from 
 tlie nmra,'ica cherry. 
 
 MA-RASMUS, n. [Gr. /looao-fjof, from /lapaii/o), to 
 caiHe to pine or waste away-] 
 
 Atrophy ; a wastini; of flesh withniit fever or ap- 
 parent disease ; a kmd of consumption. Coie. Eitcijc. 
 
 MA RAUD', V. i. [Fr. maraud, a rascal ; Eth. 
 maraila, to hurry, to run. Tlie lleb. TiO, to rebel, 
 may be tlie same word ditfereiitly applied. Class 
 ■Mr, No. 22. The Danish has tlie word in mnrarier, a 
 rt)bber in war, a corsair. So corsair is from L. cursus, 
 
 'J'o rove in quest of plunder ; to make an excursion 
 for booty ; to plunder. 
 M.A-RAUD'Ell, n. A rover in q'lest of booty or plun- 
 der ; a plunderer; usaallrj applied to small parties of 
 soUirr-'\ 
 
 M A-R AUD'ING, ppr. or a. Roving in search of plun- 
 der. 
 
 MA-BAUD'ING, n. A roving for plunder ; a plunder- 
 ins by invaders. 
 
 M.'\R-A-Ve'DI, n. A small copper coin of Spain, 
 equal to three mills American money, less than a 
 farthing sterliiis. 
 
 MAR'liLE, n. [Fr. marbre ; Sp. m'lrmol ; It. warino ; 
 L. marmur ; Gr. ini' [jai}iiSy white.] 
 
 1. The popular name of any species of calcareous 
 stone or mineral, of a compart texture, and of a 
 beautiful appearance, suscejitible of a good polish. 
 The varieties are numerous, and greatly diversified 
 in color. Marble is limestone, or a stone which may 
 be calcined to lime, a carbonate of lime ; but lime- 
 stone is a more general name, compreliendiim the cal- 
 careous stones of an inferior texture, as well as those 
 which admit a fine polish. Marble is much used for 
 statues, busts, pillars, chimney-pieces, monuments, 
 &c. 
 
 2. A little hall of marble or other liard substance, 
 used by children in play. 
 
 3. A stone remarkable for some inscription or 
 sculpture. 
 
 Jlriiiidrl marhles, ) marble pieces with a chron- 
 Jirnndclian marbles -.^ icie of the city of Athens 
 inscrib^i on them, presented to (he University of 
 Oxford by Thomas earl of Arundel. Encijc. 
 MAR'BLE, (J. Made of marble; as, a mnrWc pillar. 
 
 2. Variegated in color ; stained or veined like mar- 
 ble ; as, tlie marble cover of a book, 
 
 3. Hard ; insensible ; as, a marble heart. 
 MXR'BLE, r. t. 'I'o variegate in col.ir ; to cloud ; to 
 
 stain or vein like marble ; as, to marble the cover of 
 a book. 
 
 M.KR'BLED, pp. or a. Diversified in color; veined 
 like marble. 
 
 M.\R'liLE-EDG-/;D, a. Having the ediios marbled. 
 
 MaR'BLE-HEART'ED, a. Having a heart like mar- 
 ble ; hard-hearted; cruel; insensible; incapalde of 
 b 'ing moved by pitj", love, or syrnpatliy. Sliak. 
 
 MXR'BLING, /(;"•. Variegating in colors ; clouding m 
 veining like marble. 
 
 MXR'liLING, n. The art or practice of variegating in 
 color, in imitation of marble. 
 
 2. An intermixture of fat and lean in meat, giving 
 it a marbled appearance. 
 
 M.^R'BLY, ado. In the manner of marble. 
 
 MARC, 71. The refuse matter which remains after the 
 pressure of fruit, particularly of grapes. 
 
 Farm. Kncyc. 
 
 [For other senses, see Mahk.] 
 M.H R'C.\-SITE. n. [It. marcassita ; Fr. warcassile.] 
 A name sometimes given to a variety of iron 
 pvrites. Ure. 
 .MA R-eA-SIT'ie, a. Pertaining to marcasite ; of the 
 
 nature! of marcasite. Kiicijc. 
 M.Ml-e.^S'SIN, n. In armorial bearings, a young wild 
 boar. 
 
 .MAR-CE.'"CE.\T, a. [L. marcescens, Tnarceseo.] 
 
 Withering; fiding; decaying. 
 MAR-CES'Sl-BLE, a. Tiiat may wither; liable to de- 
 cay. 
 
 MA RCH, V. [L. Martins, from Mars, the god of war.] 
 
 The third month of the year. 
 MARCH, V. i. To border on; to be contiguous to. 
 
 [Obi.] Ouwrr. 
 M.<KCfI,r. I. [Fr. marrhrr ; Pp. and Port, viarr.bar : 
 
 (w. marsehiren ; It. marciare, to march, to putrefy, I.. 
 
 vuirr.m, Gr. ji'initiviti llaNqiie, 7«rtrui^i/., to rot. 'I'lle 
 
 sense* of thi' Italian word unite in that of passing, 
 
 deprirMng. .See Mab.] 
 
 1. To innve by Rtpps and in order, as soldiers ; to 
 tanve in a military manner. We Hay, the army 
 marcJied, or lh« troops marrhrd. 
 
 2. Tu walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately man- 
 ner. 
 
 Like Ih^f, rrrnt con of Jort^, lika the«, 
 Wh-ii cl iinn ri»injr innli-»tv, 
 
 TImii niarrhtMt flown o rr l)flo«' hilU. Pnnr. 
 
 MXRt.'II, r. /. To cau«c lo move, ax an army. Bona- 
 parte marrhrd an iiiiniense army to Moscow, but he 
 (lid not mirch them back to France. 
 
 3. To cuiiHC to move in order or regular prnceHnion. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 MARCH, n. [Fr. marche; It. rnarzo ; D. mark; G. 
 marsclt.] 
 
 1. The walk or movement of soldiers in order, 
 whether infantry or cavalry. The troops were fa- 
 tigued with a long marrJi. 
 
 2. A grave, deliberate, or solemn walk. 
 
 The loiij. majestic march. Pope. 
 
 3. A slow or laborious walk. .Addison. 
 
 4. A signal to move ; a particular beat of the 
 drum. Knolles. 
 
 5. A piece of music designed for soldiers to march 
 by. 
 
 6. Movement ; progression ; advance ; as, the 
 viarch of reason ; the march of mind. 
 
 MARCH'iJD, (marcht,) pp. Moved in a military 
 
 manner. 
 2. Caused to move, as an army. 
 MXRCH'ER, 71. The lord or officer who defended the 
 
 marclics or borders of a territory. Daries. 
 MARCH'ES, n. pi. [Sax. mearc i Goth, marha ; Fr. 
 
 marches; D. vtark; Basque, marra. It is radically 
 
 the same word as mark and 77iarr/i.] 
 
 Borders, particularly the confines of England on 
 
 the side of Scotland or Wales ; as, lord of the 
 
 marches. Knrrland. 
 MARCH'ING, ppr. Moving or walking in order or in 
 
 a stately manner. 
 2. Fitted or accustomed to marching ; pertaining 
 
 to a march ; as, inarcfiinir order. 
 MXRCH'ING, 71. Military movement; passage of 
 
 troops. 
 
 MAR'CHION-ESS, (mir'sbun-ess,) 71. The wife or 
 widow of a marquis; or a female having the rank 
 and dignity of a marquis Spelman. 
 MARCH'P.\.\E, 7(. [Fr. massepain ; h. pani-!, bread.] 
 A kind of sweet bread or biscuit. [JVot vsed.] 
 
 Sidneij. 
 
 M.\R'CID, a. [L. marcidits, from marceo, to pine.] 
 
 Pining; wasted awav; lean; withered. Drijden. 
 MAR'CION-ITE, 71. A follower of Marcion, a Gnos- 
 tic of the second century, who adopted the Oriental 
 notion of the two confiirti-ng principles, and imag- 
 ined that between them there existed a tliird power, 
 neither wholly good nor evil, the Creator of the 
 world, and the God of the Jewish dispensation. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 .MAR'eOR, 71. [L.] The state of withering or wast- 
 ing ; leanness ; waste of flesh. [Little used.] 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 MaRE, >t. r^'i"- 77i7;ra ; G. mahre.'] 
 
 1. The female of the horse, or equine genus of 
 quadrupeds. 
 
 2. [Sax. mara, D. nierric, the name of a spirit imag- 
 ined by the nations of the north of Europe to torment 
 persons in sleep.] In medicine, sighing, suft'ocative 
 panting, intercepted utterance, with a sense of pres- 
 sure across the chest, occurring during sleep ; the 
 incubus. [It is now used only in the C(unpouiid, 
 NifiHTMAPE, which ought to be written Nigiitmir.] 
 
 M.\RE'S NEST, 77. A person is said to find a mares- 
 nest, when he chuckles over the discovery of some- 
 thing which is absurdly ridiculous. Grose. 
 IM.ARE'S T.^IL, 71. A name given by seamen to long, 
 streaky clouds, spreading out like a horse's tail, and 
 indicating rain. 
 2. An aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris. 
 
 London. 
 
 MA-Ric'NA, 77. A kind of fish somewhat like a pil- 
 chanl. 
 
 MARE'SCIIAL, (mir'shal,) 71. [Fr. marechal ; D. and 
 G. 7narschalk ; Dan. marskalk, composed of W. 77i«rc, 
 a horse, and the Teutonic scalk or .^kalk, sehalk, a 
 servant. This word is now written Marshal, which 
 see.] 
 
 The chief commander of an armv. Prior. 
 MXR'GA-RATE, 71. [h. marirarita,A pearl, from the 
 Greek.] 
 
 In chemistry, a compound of margaric acid with a 
 base. 
 
 MAR GAR'ie, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to pearl. The 
 mariraric acid is obtained by digesting soap in water 
 with an acid. It appears in the form of pearly scales. 
 
 Sillinuin. 
 
 MXR'GA-RIN, ) 71. A peculiar, pearl-like substance, 
 MAR'GA-RINE, ( extracted from hog's lard. 
 
 Silliman. 
 
 MAR'GA-RITE, n. A pearl. I'nnliam. 
 y. A mineral of a grayish-white color, allied to 
 mica, found in Tj rol. Dana. 
 MAIt-GA-RIT'lC AC'ID, 71. One of the fatty acids 
 which result from the saponificutiun of castor oil. 
 
 Brandr. 
 
 MXR'GA-RONE, 71. A peculiar fatty substance, ciys- 
 talli/.iiig in pearly scales, [iroduced by the distillation 
 of a mixture of luarcarie acid and quicklime. Brande. 
 
 MAR-(;A-TIF'ER-()IIS, a. Produi iiig pearls. 
 
 MaR'GAV, 71. A Brazilian animal of the cat kind, 
 the Felis Margay. 
 
 MAR'GIN,n. [formerly mnrn-f or TTiarjrar. Vr. marge; 
 Arm. man; It. mar trine ; Sp. mnriren; L. mar go ; 
 Dan. tnnrg. It coincides in elements with marches.] 
 1. A border; edge; brink; verge; us, the margin 
 of a river or lake. 
 
 2. The edge of the leaf or page of a book, left 
 blank or filled with notes. 
 
 3. The edge of a wound. 
 
 4. In botany, the edge of a leaf. Lee 
 Maroe is used by Spenser, and Marke.nt by 
 
 Pliakspeare. 
 
 MAR'GIN, !>. t. To furnish with a margin; to border 
 2. To enter in the margin. 
 
 MAR'OIN-AL, a. Pertaining to a margin. 
 
 2. Written or printed in the margin ; as, a margin- 
 al note or gloss. 
 
 MAR'GIN-AL-LY, adv. In the margin of a book. 
 
 M.KR'GIN-aTE, r. t. To make brims or inargin.i. 
 [Ohs.] Cuckeram. 
 
 MXR'GIN-ATE, ) rr ■ , 1 
 
 MAR'GIN-a-TED, 1 """•£■'«<-, margntatus.] 
 
 Having a prominent margin. 
 
 MAR'GL\-f,'I), ;ip. Furnished with a margin -i lered 
 in the margin. 
 
 MAR'GIN-ING, ppr. Fiirnishin!; with a m,. '3 - . 
 
 MXR'GODE, 71, A bluisli-:;ray stone, resembling clay 
 in external appearance, but so hard as to cut spars 
 and zeolites. JVicholson. 
 
 MAR'GOT, 71. A fish of the perch kind, found in the 
 waters of Carolina. Pennant. 
 
 MXR'GRaVE, h. [D. markgraff: G. markgraf; Dan, 
 margraeve : compounded of mark, march, a border, 
 and grnff, graf, or grave, an eaii or count. See RtE ve 
 and Sheriff.] 
 
 Originally, a lord or keeper of the marches or bor- 
 ders ; now, a title of nobility in Germany, &.C. It is 
 equivalent to the English .VlARqi is. 
 
 MAR-GRa'VI-ATE, 71. The territory or jurisdiction 
 of a margrave. 
 
 MAR'GRA-VINE, 71. The wife of a margrave. 
 
 MAR'I-ETS, 7!. A kind of violet; Viola marina. 
 
 MA-RIG'E-NOUS, a. [L. 77ja7-e, the sea, and gigno, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Produced in or bv the sea. Kirman. 
 MAR'I Gold, 71. [it is called in Welsh goUl, which 
 is said to be from gol, going round or covering. In 
 D. it is called goaihbloem, gold-flower ; in G. ringel- 
 blum", ring-flower; in Dau. gnldblomst, gold flower.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Calendula, bearing a yellow 
 flower. There are several plants of dilferent genera 
 bearing this name ; as the African marigold, of the 
 genus Tagetes ; corn-marigold, of the genus Cliry- 
 santlieuiiiin; fi^-marigold, of the genus Mesembry- 
 anthemuin ; marsli-nnnVi'W, of the genus Caltha. 
 M.M{-I-Ki'N A, 71. A small South .American monkey, 
 with fine, silky hair, of a golden, yellow color, and a 
 mane about its neck ; also called the Silky Tamarin. 
 
 Jardine. 
 
 M.\R'IN-aTE, 7'. (. [Fr. mariner, from mariiic] 
 
 To salt or pickle fish, and then preserve Ihem in 
 oil or vinegar. [Little used.] .Johnson. 
 
 MA-IUNE', (ma-reen',) a. [Fr., from L. marinus, from 
 mare, the sea, W, inor, G. vieer, Celtic mnir, Riiss. 
 vwre. Sans, mirah. The seven lakes within the Del- 
 ta Venetiim were formerly called septem maria, and 
 TTiare may signify a stand of water.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the sea ; as, marine productions or 
 bodies ; marine shells. 
 
 2. Transacted at sea; done on the ocean; as, a 
 marine engagement. 
 
 3. Doing duty on the sea ; as, a marine officer; 7na- 
 riTic forces. 
 
 Marine acid; muriatic acid, or, more properly, hy- 
 drochloric acid. Silliman. 
 JIA-RINE', 71. A soldier that serves on board of a ship, 
 and fights in naval engagements. In the plural, ma- 
 rines, a body of troops trained to do military service 
 on board of ships, 
 
 2. The whole navy of a kingdom or state. Hamilton. 
 
 3. The whole economy of naval affairs, compre- 
 hending the building, rigging, equipping, navigating, 
 and management of ships of war in engagements. 
 
 MAll'IN-ER, 71. [Fr. marinier, from I>. 7nnre, the sea.] 
 A seanian or sailor ; one whose occupation is to 
 
 assist in navignting ships. 
 M.\R-IN-0 i;\ . lA, 71, [L, 7iiarc, the sea, and Gr. 
 
 Ofiaf'), to see.] 
 
 A term applied to views of the sea. 
 MAR'l-Pl'T, n. The zoi il, an animal of the skunk tribe, 
 M.\R'ISH, n. [Fr. marais: Sax. 771c7-.sc ; D. nwcras; G, 
 
 morast : from I-. 7«nrr, W. mor, the sea.] 
 
 Low ground, wet or covered with water and coarse 
 
 grass ; a fen ; a bog ; a moor. It is now written 
 
 Marsh, whicii .see. Sandys. Mdton. 
 
 MAR'ISII, a. Mooiy ; fenny ; boggy. Bacon. 
 INI AR'I-T.\I., a. [Fr., from L. marilus, Fr. ma7i, a 
 
 liiisba 111.] 
 
 reitaining to a husband. .^yliffr. 
 M.\R'I-TI.ME, (-tiui,) a. [li. mnritimns, from inarc.tbe 
 sea. ] 
 
 1. Relating or pertaining to the sea or ocean ; as, 
 viaritioir allairs. 
 
 2. Performed on the sea ; naval ; as, maritime ser- 
 vice. 
 
 3. Bordering on the sea ; a«, a maritime coast. 
 
 4. Situated near the sea ; as, maritime towns. 
 
 .I. Having a navy and commerce by sea; as, 77wi- 
 timr powers. [Mariiimai. is not now n.ted.] 
 J^'ole. — We never say, a maritime body, a Tnorilim* 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PREY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 6!>4 
 
MAR 
 
 shell iir iinidiicliun, n maritime oincer or engageinuiit, 
 mnritini^ Wiiiiilt^. fSct: Maui ne.] 
 
 MAR'.U)-R.\.M, ». [Vi;. miirjiilaine ; tu mnrirttraita ; G, 
 marjiiriin ; 1). nitiriutien ; t?p. mfjoruna ; Arm. marjvli 
 Purl, maiiirrntua.] 
 
 A plant of till! genus Oriiianiiin, of several species. 
 The sweet inarjorani is pertiliarly aroiii.'itie ami fra- 
 prant, ainl iiiiieli used in eiiokery. 'J'he Spanish niar- 
 joraiii is nf the 2eni:-i L.'rtica. Fum. vf Plants. 
 
 iMAKK, n. [Sax. marc^ mettrr. i D. vterk ; O. vtarke i 
 Dan. iiKPrke : S\v. marke ; \\\ ware; Fr. manfue; .Arm. 
 mrrcq : Sp. Purt. anil It. niiirca : Sans, marrca. 'I'lie 
 wuru ciMncides in eleni;-nts with iimrc/i, and with 
 vi'irchcs^ horde'rs, (liu utmost extent, and with market, 
 and L. meiri/r, tlie primary sense of which is tii Ro, 
 lo pass, as wc see hy the (Ireek tnT«ijt\u)^ai^ I'rum 
 itiiii(v),ai, to pjiss, Kng. fair, and fare Thus in 
 Dutch, mark sisnities n mark, a boundary, and a 
 march. Chss Mr, No. 7, Ar.) 
 
 1. A visilde line made hy drawing one substance 
 on another ; as, a mark made by chalk or charcoal, or 
 a pen. 
 
 2. \ line, croove, or depression, made hy stamping 
 or cutting; an incision : a ciiann'-l or inipressi(>n ; as, 
 the viark of a chisel, of a stamp, <tf a rod or wliip ; 
 iJic mark of the finger or foot. 
 
 3. Any note or sign of distinction. 
 Tlu' l.onl iPi n niark upon C.iin. — licii. iv. 
 
 4. Any visible etfect of force or agency. 
 Tlu're lire scirce any markt li-ft of a subLemiivous fin'. 
 
 Additon. 
 
 5. Any apparent or intelligible efTect ; proof ; evi- 
 dence. 
 
 'I'ht* confmioii of tongues was n mark of separation. Bacon, 
 C. Notice taken. 
 
 The I;\W8 
 vl like ihc forfeiu in ii bnrlxr't shop. 
 
 A* iniicli fur MHXk M mark. 
 
 Slink. 
 
 7. /Vny tiling to which a missile weapon may be 
 directed. 
 
 Pr.tncr was a f.iin'r mark to shoot .i( thnn In-tnnd. Daviet. 
 
 8. .^iiy obj-ct used as a guide, or to which the 
 minil may be directed. The donn-of the state house, 
 in H. ston, is a pood mark for seamen. 
 
 9. .Any thing visibK' by which knowledge of sonje- 
 tUing niay be obtained ; indication ; as, tlie marks of 
 age in a horse. Civility is a mark of |>oIiteness or re- 
 spect. Levity is a mark of weakness. 
 
 10. A character made by a person who can not 
 write his name, and intended as a substitute fur it. 
 
 11. [Fr. marc, Sp. warco.] .\ weiglu of certain 
 comuuHlities, but particularly of gold and silver, used 
 in several states iif li^urope ; in Great Britain, a money 
 4tf account equal to thirteen shillings and four pence. 
 In siune countries it is a coin. 
 
 li .\ license of reprisals. [Pee MiaqrE.] 
 MARK.u. t. [Sax. mrarcian: It.vierken: G. markrn ; 
 Dan. mtrrkrr ; Sw. mdrka : Fr. marquer: Arm. mrrc- 
 qa ; Port, and Sp. marcar ; It. marenre ; \V. marciato.] 
 
 1. 'I'o draw or make a visible line or character 
 with any substance ; as, to mark with chalk or with 
 compasses. 
 
 2. To stamp ; to impress ; to make a visible im- 
 pr°ssion, figure, or indenture ; as, lo mark a sheep 
 with a brand. 
 
 3. To make an incision ; to lop otT a part ; to make 
 any sign of distinction ; as, to mark sheep or cattle 
 by cuts in their ears. 
 
 4. To form a name, or the initials of a name, for 
 distinction ; as, to mark cloth ; to mark a handker- 
 chi f. 
 
 5. To notice ; to take particular observation of. 
 ytnrk them who &iuse divisiona ofrenaes, — Rum. xvi. 
 Mnrk (he perf ct mitn, and lyhul'l Uie uprigtit, lor tlie end of 
 
 th.u nutu b peace. — Ps. xxxrii. 
 
 6. To heed ; to regard. Smith, 
 To mark out ; to notify as by a mark ; to point out ; 
 
 to di'signate. The ringleaders were marked out for 
 seizure :Lnd punishment. 
 .M.^KK, V. 1. To niite ; to observe critically ; to take 
 particular notice ; to remark. 
 
 AJark, i pmy you, naii se« how this nisn seckcUi mischief.— ! 
 Kiii^ XX. 
 
 MXRK'.A-I!I,E, (I. Remarkable. [Aut m ii.«r.] Sandys. 
 MARK'KD, (inUrkt,) pp. or a. Impressed with any 
 
 note or figure of distinction ; noted ; distinguished 
 
 by some cliaracter. 
 MXRK'BR, n. One who puts a mark on any thing. 
 
 2. Due th.at notes, or takes notice. 
 
 3. .\ counter used in card-plaving. 
 .MARK'ET, ». [I), and G. markt: Dan. markrd : Fr. 
 
 marrhe : Ann. marckad : It. mrrcato : Sp. and Port. 
 mrrcado , L. nirrcatas, from mercor, to buy ; \V. marc- 
 nat: Ir. marrad.'i. tSee .M vrk.] 
 
 1. A public pl.ice in a city or town where provis- 
 ions or cattle are exposed to 's.ale ; an appointed place 
 for selling and buying at private 8,ale, as distinguished 
 rroin an auction. 
 
 2. A public building in which provisions arc ex- 
 posed to sale ; a iiiarket-bousr. 
 
 3 Sale ; the exchange of provisions or goods for 
 money ; purchase, or rate of purcli.ase and sale. The 
 
 MAR 
 
 seller says he conies to a bad m<irA«f, when the buyer 
 says he comes to a good ittnrkH. VVe say, the mark- 
 ets are low or high ; by which we iiiidersiand the 
 price or rate of purchase. VVe say th.it comiiiudilies 
 lind a quick or ready market ; markets are dull. We 
 are n jt able to find a market for our goods or pro- 
 visions. 
 
 4. Pl.aceof sale ; as, the British market ; the Ameri- 
 can market. 
 
 5. The privilege of keeping a public market. 
 MARK'ET, D. 1. To d»al in market; to buy or sell; 
 
 to make bargains for provisions or goods. 
 MARK'ET-liASK ET, n. A basket for conveying 
 
 tilings from a market. 
 M\RK'ET-liEI,l., Ti. The bell that gives notice of 
 
 the time or day of market. 
 iM.\RK'ET-eR6sS, n. A cross .set up where a market 
 
 is held. 
 
 MXRK'ET-CRI-ER, n. A crier in market. 
 MARK'F.T-D.W, n. The day of a public market. 
 MARK'ET-KoLK.S, (-(okes,) n. pi. People that come 
 
 to the market. Skak. 
 iMARK'ET-IIOUSE, n. A building for a public 
 
 market. 
 
 MARK'l"r-.AI.\ID, n. A woman that brings things to 
 market. 
 
 MA KK'ET-M.\N, n. A man that brings things to 
 market. 
 
 MARK'ET-PLACE, n. The pKace where provisions 
 or gooils are exposed to sale. 
 
 MA RK'ET-PRICE, ; ;i. The current price of com- 
 
 M.\ RK'ET-R.^TE, j modities at any given tiim-. 
 
 .MA ItK'ET-TOWN, n. A town that has the privilege 
 of a stateil public market. 
 
 .MA RK'ET-\VO.M-A.\, 71. A woman that brings 
 things to market, or that attends a market for sell- 
 ing any tiling. 
 
 MARK'ET-A-HLE, a. That maybe sold; salable; 
 fit for the market. 
 2. Current in market ; as, marketable value. 
 
 Lueke. Kdirards. 
 
 MARK'ET-A-nLE-NESS, n. The stale of being iiiar- 
 kitable. 
 
 MARK'ET-IN'R, ppr. Purchasing in market. 
 MAR1\'ET-I.\'(!, ;i. Articles in market; supplies. 
 
 2. Attendance upon market. 
 MARK'IA'G-INK, n. Indelible ink used for marking 
 clothes. 
 
 MARK'hN'G-I'RON, (-I'urn,) n. An iron for mark- 
 ing. 
 
 .MARK'ING-NUT, »i. The cashew-nut, whose juice 
 alTords an indelible ink for marking linen. 
 
 MARKS'MA.N, n. [mark and man.] One that is 
 skdlful to hit a mark ; he that shoots well. 
 
 Slmk. Drijden. 
 2. One who, not able to write, makes his mark 
 in^itead of his name. 
 
 MA 111,, n. [VV. mart : D. Sw. Dan. and G. mersel ; I.. 
 Sp. and It. marina; Ir. marla ; Arm. martr. It seems 
 to be allied to Sax. vierjr, meark ; D. merg, marrow, 
 
 and to be named from its softness ; Eth. 
 clay, gA'psiim, or mortar. See Marrow. 1 
 
 All earth, or clay, containing more or less of car- 
 bonate of lime, and effervescing consequently ivith 
 an acid. It is much used for manure. 
 
 [I'lie term marl is sometimes applied, though im- 
 properly, to other earths, used as manures, as the 
 preensand of New Jersey.] 
 
 MARL, V. U To overspread or manure with marl. 
 2. To wind or twist a small line or rope round an- 
 other. R. H. Dana, Jr. 
 
 MARUA'CEOl'S, (-a'shus,) 0. Resembling marl ; 
 partaking of the qualities of marl. 
 
 MARL'ICU, pp. Manured with marl; wound with 
 marline. 
 
 MXR'LI.VE, (m'ir'Iin,) n. [.=!p. mrrZin ; Port, nicr/i'm.] 
 A small line composed of two strands little twist- 
 ed, and either tarred or white ; iks<<d (uT winding 
 round ropes and cables, to prevent their being fret- 
 ted by the blocks, &c. Mar. Diet. 
 
 M.\R'I,I.\E, r. t. To wind marline round a rope. 
 
 MAR'LI.N'E-SPIKE, 11. An iron tiMiI, Uiperiiig to a 
 point, used to separate the strand of a rope, in splic- 
 ing. HrberU 
 
 MARL'ING, n. The net of manuring with marl. 
 
 2. The act of winding a small line about a rope, to 
 prevent its being galled 
 
 MARL'I.NG, ;i;ir. (Jverspreading with marl; wind- 
 ing with marline. 
 
 MARI.'ITE, N. A variety of marl. Kinran. 
 
 MARL-IT'ie, a. Partaking of the qualities of mar- 
 lite. 
 
 MARL'PIT, II. .\ pit where marl is dug. Woodieard. 
 .MARL'Y, a. Consisting or partaking of inarl. 
 
 2. Resembling marl. Mortimer. 
 
 3. .Abounding with marl. 
 
 MA R'.M A-LADE, n. [Vt. jHarmelade : Sp. mrrmelada; 
 Port, marmrlada, from mnrmelv, a quince, L. meto, or 
 Sp. mrlado, like honey, L. mrt.] 
 
 The pulp of quinces lioiled into a consistence with 
 sugar, or a confection of pliiins^ apricots, quinces, 
 ke., Ihiiled wiin sugar. In Scotland, it is made of 
 Scvdie oranges and sugar only. Quiiicy. Eucye. 
 
 MAR 
 
 MXR'.MA-TITE, n. [from murmatn, in New Granada.] 
 A black mineral, consisting of the sulphun ti of 
 zinc and iron. Dana. 
 JIAU'.MO-I.l ri;, n. [Gr. imniiainu), to shin".] 
 
 A fcdiated .serpentine, of a pearly gray, bluish, or 
 greenish color, cleaving iiitolliiii, brittle UuiiiniB. Dana. 
 MAR .MO-RA'l"EOUS, (-i'sliiis,) n. Pertainijigtoorlike 
 marble, [.ssee Marmobeab, the more legitimate word.] 
 
 MA!rMo:RA/i'^-n,|- [L-~,'"-ble.] 
 
 1. Variegated like marble. 
 
 2. ("overed with marble. [Liltle used.] 
 MAR-.MO-RA'TIO.V, «. A covering or incrusting with 
 
 marbb-. { hitir nsrd.] 
 MAR-.\10-Ra'TIJ.\I, 71. [I..] In arcAitfcfurr, a cement 
 
 formed of pounded marble and lime well beaten and 
 MAR-.M6'Ri;-A.\, n. [I,. 77iar77i»rfi«.] [mixed. 
 
 1. Pertaining to marble. 
 
 2. .Maile of marble. 
 
 lIAR'MoSi;, H. An animal resembling the opossum, 
 but less J the DiiU lphis .Muriiia of Cayenne aim 
 Surinam. Instead of a bag, this animal has two 
 longitudinal fidils near the thighs, which serve to in- 
 close the young. Dirt. Aaf. //t.vf. Kdin. Enrnr. 
 
 MAR'MO-SET, n. A small monkey. Sh'al:. 
 
 .MAR'. MOT, n. [It. 77inrmo((a.] 
 
 A quadruped of the genus Arctoinys, allied to the 
 murine tribe. It is about the size of the rabbit, and 
 inhabits the higher ri'gion of the .Alps and Pyrenees. 
 The name is also givi ii to oilier s|)< cies of the genus. 
 The woodcliiu k of iN'ortli ,America is called the .Ma- 
 r\ l ind ni'iriiiot. iv/. Enenc. 
 
 .M A R'< ) N'-ITKS, 71. pi. A body of nominal Christians, 
 wlio speak the .Arabic language and reside on .Mount 
 1,1'baiion. They take their name from one Mari:n of 
 the sixth century, and were charged with the heresy 
 of the .Moiioilie'lites. Ilioiigh, as they claim, errone- 
 ously. They have, for the last six hundred years,' 
 belonged to the Roman Catliidic church, though 
 without giving up their ancient peculiarities. 
 
 Kncije. Am. 
 
 M A-ROON',71. A name given to free blacks living on 
 the moiiMlains in the West India NIes. 
 
 MA-RO( ».\', r. t. To put a sailor ashore on a desolate 
 isle, under pretense of his having coininitted souk; 
 great crime, Encyc. 
 
 MA-ROO.N', a. Brownish crimson ; of a claret color. 
 
 .MA-ROO.N"f;i), pp. Put ashore on a desolate isle. 
 
 WAR'PLOT, 71. One who, by his officious inter- 
 ference, mars or defeats a design or plot. 
 
 .AlARUL'E, 71. [Fr.] Letters of 7«ar7Hf are li tters of 
 reprisal ; a license or extraordinary commission i: rant- 
 ed by a sovereign of one stale to his subjects, to make 
 reprisals at sea on the subjects of another, under pre- 
 tense of iiidemnitication for injuries received. Jtarqae 
 is said 10 be from Ilie same root as marehes, limits, 
 frontiers ; and, litrrnlhj, to denote a license to pass 
 the limits of a jurisdiction on land, for the purjiose of 
 obtaining satisfaction for the lliefi by seizing I he pro|>- 
 erty of the subjects of a foreign nation I can give 
 nil belter account of llie origin of this word, funnier, 
 2. The ship commissioned for making reprisals, 
 
 MAIt-ai'EE', (iiLlr-ktV,) «. [Fr,] A large field-tenL 
 
 ,MAlt UlfESS, n. See .Marslis, 
 
 [Till of late, marquis was the most common, but 
 is now to a griiat extent superseded hy marques.-*, ex- 
 cept in the foreign title. Smart.] 
 
 .MAR UL'EI'-RV, (mir-kel-ry,) «. [Fr. marquettrie, 
 from marque, marqaetrr, to sjMlt.] 
 
 Inlaid work: work inlaid with different pieces of 
 divers colored line wihkI, shells, ivory, and the like. 
 
 .M.\R'ULUS, n. [ Fr. iV/. ; marques : It. marehese ; 
 from march, inarches, limits. See .Marches.] 
 
 \ title of honor in Gre.al Britain, France, and Ger- 
 many, next bel.iw that of duke. Originally, the 
 iinrqiiis was an otticer whose duly was to guard the 
 marches or frontiers of the kingdom. The oliice has 
 cexsed, and marquis is now a mere title conferred by 
 patent, Enriie. 
 
 .MAR'aUIS, n, .A marchioness, [06s.] Sh'ak. 
 
 .MAR'lil'lS-ATE, 71, The seigniory, dignity, yr lord- 
 ship of a marquis, 
 
 M.\ U'RA;1), (mird,) Injured; impaired, 
 
 .M.\R'IU'.R, n. [from 7n<ir.] One that mars, hurts, 
 or impairs. A^eham. 
 
 .M.\l!'RI-A-ltLE, for .MARRiAOEAnLE, [J^'ot used,] 
 
 .M.AR'RIAGE, (mtir'rij,) n, [Fr. mariatfe, from marier, 
 to marry, from mari, a husband ; L. 7/ia^, maris ; Sp. 
 murula'^Se,] 
 
 1. The art of uniting a man and woman for life; 
 wedlock , the legal union of a man and woman for 
 life. Marriaire is a contract both civil and religious, 
 by which llie parties engage to live together in iniitit- 
 ai atf<-ction and fidelity till de.ath shall separate 
 them. M^irriaire was instiiiited by (Jod himself, for 
 the piirfHise of preventing the promiscuous inter- 
 course of the sexes, for promoting domestic f-Iicity, 
 and for securing the maintenance and education of 
 children. 
 
 MarriagK Is hononUtte in all, siul the be<t unrieflled. — llec. xui. 
 
 2. .A feast made on the occasion of a marriage 
 king whKD bxJe 
 
 The kui^luin 
 a tnarria' 
 
 ,f h.-i.veii 
 ' tor Ins I 
 
 TONF^ B^JLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1 
 
MAR 
 
 3. In a scriptural sense^ the union lietween Christ 
 and his church l)y the Cdvenaiit of grace. Rrv. xix. 
 MAIl'KIAGE-A-BI,E, (m.ir'rij-a-bl,) a. Of an use 
 suitable fur marriage ; fit to be married. Yonng per- 
 sons are marriageable at an earlier age in warm cli- 
 mates than in cold. 
 
 0. Cap;ible of union. Mlton. 
 MAR'RI.^GlVXR'Ti eLES, n. pi. Contract or agree- 
 ment on which a marriage is founded. 
 
 iMAR'RIAGE-F.^'VOIl?. n. pi. Knots of white rib- 
 buns, or bunches of white flowers, worn at wed- 
 diims. 
 
 MAR'RI-£D, pp. or a. [from marrij.] United in wed- 
 lock ; wedded. 
 
 3 Conjugal ; connubial ; as, the married state. 
 MAR'RI-ER, n. One who marries. 
 MXR'liING, p;»r. Injuring; impairing. 
 MAU-HOOX'. See Maroon. 
 
 MAR'RoVV^, )!. [Sax. merg, mearh ; D. menr ; G. 
 mark ; Dan. marv ; Sw. mar<r ; Corn, maru ; Ir. smir 
 atid smear; \V. mcr, marrow; Ch. N"»ID mera, to 
 make fat; Ar. to be manly. See JIarl.) v 
 
 1. A soft, ul.-aginous substance contained in the 
 cavities of animal bones. 
 
 2. The essence ; the best part. 
 
 3. In tlie Sriittisk dialect, a companion ; fellow ; as- 
 sociate ; match. Tussrr. 
 
 MAR'RoW, V. t. To fill with marrow or with fat ; to 
 glut. 
 
 M.\I!'RoW-BoNE, ii. A bone containing marrow, or 
 boiled for its marruw. V Estrange. 
 
 9. The bone of the knee ; in ludicrous lamruafre. 
 MAR'UOW-FAT, 71. A kind of rich pea. [Dn/dcn. 
 MAR'KoW-ISH, a. Of the nature of marrow. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 MAR'RoW-LESS, a. Destitute of marrow. Shak. 
 MAR'RoW-Y, a. Full of marrow ; pithy. 
 MAR'RY, V. t. [Fr. marier, from inari, a husband ; L. 
 mas, maris, a male ; Finnisli, mari or nwrd, id. ; Ar. 
 
 mora, to be manlv, masculine, brave ; whence 
 
 its derivatives, a man, L. vir, a husband, a lord or 
 master. See also Ludolf, Eth. Lex. Col. (i2.] 
 
 1. To unite in wedlock or matrimony; to join a 
 man and woman for life, and constitute tliein man 
 and wife according to the laws or customs of a na- 
 tion. By the laws, ordained clergymen have a right 
 to marry persons within certain limits j>rescribed. 
 
 Tell him he shall marry ih- couple himself. Cay. 
 
 2. To dispose of in wedlock. 
 
 Mieceins toltl Augustus Ik must either marry his (Lmjliter Julia 
 to A^pp i, or l;il(e aw.iy liis lile. Baton. 
 
 [In this sense, it is properly ajtplicable to females 
 onlij.] 
 
 3. To take for husband or wife. We say, a man 
 marries a woman ; or a woman marries a man. The 
 first was the original sense, but both are now well 
 authurized. 
 
 4. In Scripture, to unite in covenant, or in the 
 closest connection. 
 
 Turn, O hackslidin* cliiMren, s.iilh Jehovah, for 1 am jnarried 
 unto you. — J- r. iii. 
 
 MAR'RY, r, i. To enter into the conjugal state ; to 
 unite as husband and wife ; to take a husband or a 
 wife. 
 
 If the case of the man be so with his wife, it is not gooil to 
 
 marry. — Matt. xix. 
 I will, therefore, that the younger women tnarry. — I Tim. v. 
 
 M.^R'RY, a term of asseveration, is said lo have been 
 derived from the practice of swearing by the Virgin 
 Mary. It is obsolete. 
 
 M.Ml'RY-ING, ppr. Uniting in wedlock; disposing 
 of in marriage. 
 
 MARS, II. In mi/f/io/o^i, the god of war. 
 
 2. In aslrunnmu, a planet of a deep red color. Its 
 diameter is about half that of the earth f and its 
 mean distance from the sun is 142 milliuns of miles. 
 '.i. In the old chemistry, a term fur iron. 
 
 MARSH, n. [Sax. mersc ; Fr. marais ; Vi.moerns; G. 
 mora-i. It w;is formerly written iM arish, directly from 
 the French. We have mitrass from the Teutonic. 
 See Moor.] 
 
 A tract of low land, usually or occasionally cov- 
 creil with water, or very wet and miry, and over- 
 grown with coarse grass, or with detached clumps of 
 Kcdge ; a f<'n. It diders from swamp, which is 
 m i rely moist or spongy land, but ofleii producing 
 valuable crops of grass. Low land, occasionally 
 ovrllowi d bv thi' tides, is called salt marsh. 
 
 MXIlSll'-ItRF;i), u. Bred in a marsh. Coleridirr. 
 
 .MARSir-EI.'DER, n. The gelder rose, a Kpecics of 
 V'lliiiriium. l^rr. 
 
 .MAKSII'-.MAI.'I.CW, n. A plant of the genus Al- 
 tliiea. 
 
 MAIISII'-MAR'I-GfjI.U, n. A plant of the cenUH 
 rVillha. 
 
 .MA RHII'-ROCK'ET, n. A specicH of water cresses. 
 
 JoUti'.on. 
 
 .MA R'SHAL, n. [Vt.marrc.hal; I), and G. warsrhalk ; 
 Dan. marnhalk ; com[HHA(ltrd of \V. marc, a horstr, 
 and Tuut. tceak, or tchalk, or akalk, a Hervant, '1 he 
 
 MAR 
 
 latter word now signifies a rogue. In Celtic, seal or 
 sc(i;i; signified a man, boy, or servant In Fr. mare- 
 chal, Sp. mariscal, signify a marshal and a farrier.] 
 
 Originally, an officer who had the care of horses; 
 a groom. In more modern usage, 
 
 1. The chief officer of arms, whose duly it is. to 
 regulate combats in the lists. Johnson. 
 
 2. One who regulates rank and order at a feast or 
 any other assembly, directs the order of procession, 
 and the like. 
 
 3. .\ harbinger; a pursuivant; one who goes be- 
 fore a prince to declare his coming and provide en- 
 tertainment. Johnson. 
 
 4. In France, the highest military officer. In other 
 countries of Europe, a marshal is a military officer of 
 high rank, and called field-marshal. 
 
 5. In .America, a civil officer, appointed by the 
 president and senate of the United States, in each 
 judicial district, answering to the sheriff of a 
 county. His duty is to execute all precepts directed 
 to him, issued under the authority of the United 
 States. 
 
 6. An officer of any private society, appointed to 
 regulate their ceremonies and execute their orders. 
 
 Earl marshal of England ; -tile eighth officer of 
 slate ; nn honorary title, and personal, until made 
 hereditary by Charles II. in the family of Howard. 
 During a vacancy in the office of high constable, the 
 earl marshal has jurisdiction in the court of chiv- 
 alry. Brande. 
 
 Earl marshal of Scotland. This officer formerly 
 had command c f the cavalry under the constable. 
 This office was held by the family of Keith, but for- 
 feited by rebellion in 1715. Encyc. 
 
 Knight marshal, or marshal of the king^s hoiuie ; for- 
 merly an officer who was to execute the commands 
 of the lord steward, and have the custody of pris- 
 oners committed by the court of verge. Encyc. 
 
 Marshal of the King^s Bench; an officer who has 
 the custody of the prison called the Kind's Bench, in 
 Southwark. He attends on the court, and has the 
 charge of the prisimers committed by them. Encyc. 
 MSR'SH AL, i: t. To dispose in order ; to arrange in 
 a suitable maiiner ; as, to marshal an army ; to mar- 
 shal troops. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To lead, as a harbinger. [JVof used.'] Shak. 
 
 3. To dispose in due order the several parts of an 
 escutcheon, or the coats of arms of distinct families. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 MAR'SH AL-ED, pp. or a. Arranged in due order. 
 MAR'SHAl.-ER, «. One who disposes in due order. 
 M.AR'SIIAL-ING, n. The act of arranging in due or- 
 der. 
 
 2. In heraldry, an arrangement in a shield which 
 exhibits the alliances of a family. 
 MXR'SHAL-ING, ppr. Arranging in due order. 
 MaR'SHAL-SeA, II. In England, the prison in 
 Southwark, belonging to the marslial of the king's 
 household. Juhn.ion 
 
 Court of marshalsea : a court formerly hebi before 
 the steward and marshal of tlie king's house to ad- 
 minister justice between the king's domestic ser- 
 vants. Blackstone. 
 MXR'SHAL-SIIIP, 71. The office of a marshal. 
 MXUSH'Y, a. [from mariA.] Wet; boggy; fenny. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Produced in marshes ; as, a marshy weed. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 MAR-Su'PI-AL, ) rr 11 
 
 MXR-SO'PI-ATE, \ tL- rtiarsupmm, a bag.] 
 
 Pertaining to the didelphyc animals, such as the 
 opossum, &.C. [See Marsi'pialia.J 
 
 M.\R-Su'PI-AL, II. One of the .Marsnpiali.a. 
 
 MA R-SU-PI-A'LI-A, n. pi. Animals having a pouch 
 or bag for carrying the young, as the kangaroo and 
 opossum. Bell. 
 
 MAR'SU-PTTE, 71. A fossil resembling a purse, the 
 remains of a molluscous animal. Jilautftl. 
 
 MART, 71. [frmii iiiar/iTrf.] A place of sale or traffic. 
 It was formerly applied chiefiy to markets and fairs 
 in cities and towns, but it has now a more extensive 
 application. We say, the United Slates are a princi- 
 pal mart for English gooils ; England and France are 
 the martjt of American cotton. 
 2. Bargain ; purchase and sale, [JVot used.] Shak. 
 
 MART, V. t. 'I'o buy and sell ; to tralfic. [JVof mcd.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MART, I. To trade dishonorably. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 MAIt'TA-(;0.\, II. A kind of lily. Jhrbcrl. 
 
 MAR"n;i,, V. t. [Fr. martelcr.] 
 To strike. [fVw.J 
 
 MA1{-TE1,'I,0-T0W-ER, 71. The name given to the 
 circular buildings of masimry crecltsl along dif- 
 ferent parts of the liritish coasts as a defense against 
 the meditated invasion of Bonaparte. Brande. 
 
 MAR'TE.V, n. A species of birtl. [Set? Mari in.] 
 
 MAR'TE.V, ji. [D. martcr; G. murder; I'r. viartc ; 
 Arm. 7ii«r/, martr ; Sj). marta ; It. martora.] 
 
 A carnivorous animal of the genus Mtistela, allied 
 to the weasel. Its fur is used in making hats and 
 mufTs. 
 
 MAR'TIAI,, (iniir'shal,) a. [Fr., from L, martinlis ; 
 Sp. martial ; It. mariialc i from L. Mars, the god of 
 war. ] I 
 
 MAR 
 
 1. Pertaining to war; suited to war; as, martial 
 equipage ; martial music ; a martial appearance. 
 
 2. VVarlike; brave; given to war; as, a martial 
 nation or people. 
 
 3. Suited to battle ; as, a martial array. 
 
 4. Belonging to war, or to an army and navy ; op- 
 posed to Civil ; as, martial law ; a coiirt-mnrdii?. 
 
 5. Pertaining to Mars, or borrowing the properties 
 of that planet. 
 
 The natures of the fixed 8t.ars are esteemed martial or jovial, 
 according to the colors by wliicli they answer to ttiose i.l m- 
 ets. lOfc.j Brju-n. 
 
 6. Pertaining to iron, called by the old chemists 
 Mars. 
 
 MaR'TIAL-ISM, (mar'shal-izm,) 71. Bravery; mar- 
 tial exercises. [JVut in use.] Prince. 
 MAR'TIAL-IST, 11. A warrior; a fighter. [J^Tolused.] 
 
 Howell. 
 
 MAR'TIAI. LAW, 71. A code of regulations for the 
 gbvernment of an army or navy. When martial law 
 is proclaimed in a place, all the citizens are subjected 
 to the severity of military regulations. Bouvicr. 
 
 MAR'TIAL-LY, adr. In a martial manner. 
 
 MAR'TIN, 71. [Fr. martinet ; Sp. martinete. The Ger- 
 mans call it mauer-schwalbe', wall-swallow, and pt'r- 
 haps the word is formed from the root of L. murus, 
 W. mur, a wall.] 
 
 A bird of the genus Hirundo, or sw,allow kind, 
 which forms its nest in buildings. It was formerly 
 written by some authors Martlet. Dniden. 
 
 MAR'TI.\'-ET, ) 71. In military language, a strict dis- 
 
 MART'LET, j ciplinariun ; so called from an officer 
 of that name. 
 
 MAR'TI-NETS, 71. p?. In sAips, martinets are small 
 lines fastened to the leech of a sail, to bring it close 
 to the yard when the sail is furled. Bailey. 
 
 MAR'TIN-G.^L, 111. [Vt. martiniraJe ; It. and Sp. 
 
 MAR'TIN-GALE, ( martingala. The Portuguese call 
 it gainarra.] 
 
 1. A strap or thong fastened to the girth under a 
 horse's belly, and at the other end to the musrole, 
 passing between the fore legs. Encyc. 
 
 2. In ships, a short, perpendicular spar, under the 
 bowsprit end. used for reeving the stays. Dana. 
 
 MAR'TIN-.MAS, 71. [Jl/art/n and ma.v.] The feast of 
 St. Martin, the eleventh of November. Johnson. 
 
 MART'LET, «. [See Martin.] Martlet, m hrral, I nj, 
 [is a bird without legs or beak. It is added to th" 
 family arms by the fourth of the jilniur branches of 
 a family, as the mark of their cadency. — F. II. B.] 
 
 MAR'TYR, (m.lr'tur,) 11. [(Jr. panrvo, a witness.] 
 
 1. One who, by his death, bears witness to the 
 truth of the gospel. Stephen was the first Christian 
 martyr. 
 
 To be a martyr, signifies only to witness the truth of ClirWt. 
 
 SoulJi. 
 
 2. One who suffers death in defense of any cause. 
 We say, a man dies a martyr to his political princi- 
 ples, or to the cause of liberty. 
 
 MAR'TYR, ij. f. To put to death for adheringto what 
 one believes to be the truth ; to sacrifice one on ac- 
 count of his faith or profession. Pear.-iou. 
 2. To miinler ; to destroy. Chaucer. 
 
 MAR'TYR-DO.M, (niAr'tur-dum,) 71. The de th of a 
 martyr ; the sufl'ering of death on account of one's 
 adherence to the faith of the gospel. 
 
 He intends to crown llieir innocence with llie glor)' of martynlom. 
 
 ISnroii 
 
 MAR'TYR-ED, (mir'turd,) pp. or a. Put to death 011 
 account of one's faith or profession. 
 
 MAR'TYR-IZE, J). «. To olfer as a martyr. [Little 
 used.] Spenser. 
 
 MAR'TYR-O-LOGE, 71. A register of martvrs. 
 
 MAR-TYR-O LOG'ie-AL, <i. Registering or regi?^ 
 tered in a catalogue of martyrs. 
 
 MAR-TYR-OL'O-GIST, 11. A writer of martyrtdogy, 
 or an account of martyrs. 
 
 MAR-TYR-OL'O-GY, 11. [Gr. panTvp, a witness, and 
 A'i> oi, discourse.] 
 
 .\ history or account of martyrs, with their suffer- 
 ings ; or a register of martyrs. Stilliugfleet. 
 
 MAR'VEL, n. [Fr. nicrceillc ; Ir. miorbhaille ; It. i/in- 
 raviglia; fiii. mararilla ; Vort. viaravifha ; .\rm,marz; 
 L. mirahilis, wonderful, from miror, Ch. and Syr. 
 ml demar, to wonder, L. dcnnror. \\"e have the pri- 
 mary sense in the Arinoric miVrt, to stop, hold, keep, 
 guard, hinder ; for to wonder, ailinire, or be aston- 
 ished, is t.i stop, to hold, to be fixed, which exactly 
 expresses the fact. The Russian lamirayu, to be as- 
 tonished, is the same word with a prefix, and from 
 miryu, to pacify or appease, that is, to stop, to allay. 
 From the same rout or family, probably, we have 
 moor, to moor a ship, Sp. and Port, amarrar, Fr. 
 ainarrer, to moor, and demeurrr, to dwell or abide. 
 Ho also L. mora, delay, nnd pcrliajis iiionor, W. maru, 
 to die, murus, a wall. Eng. demur, &.C. Class Mr, 
 No. 33.] 
 
 I. A wonder; that which arrests the attention and 
 causes a persiui to stand or ga/.e, or to pause. 
 
 [This word is not obsidete, but little used in ele- 
 gant writings.] 
 
 3. Wonder ; admiratiim. 
 
 Marvel iif Pern ; a fragrant flowering plant of the 
 genus Mirahilis. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WIli^T — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, DIRU — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W9LF, RQQK. 
 
 696 
 
MAS 
 
 MAU'VEI,,*;. I. To wonder. It expresses less than 
 
 Astonish or Amazk. 
 MAll'VEL-INU, ppr. Wondering. 
 MAK'VKL-OUS, a. [Fr. mtroeiUcitx; U. marvi- 
 
 glioso.'\ 
 
 1. Wonderful ; strange ; exciting wonder or some 
 degree of surprise. 
 
 Tliia \i the IvorU's doing ; il ia marvelout In our eyes. — P«. 
 
 CXviii, 
 
 i2. Surpassing credit; incredible. Pope. 
 
 :i. The manelousy in writing, is that which exceeds 
 natural power, or is prcturnuturul ; opposed to 1'hob- 
 AULE. Juhnson. 
 
 4. Formerly used adverhially for Wondeuki'lly, 
 E\ceed(N<;ly. 
 MXll'VF,L-OUS-LY, Wonderfully; strangely; 
 
 in a manm r to excite wonder or surprise. Clarendon. 
 M.ilt'VlOL-OUS-NESS, n. VVonderfuhiess ; strange- 
 ness. 
 
 MA'llY-nun n. The marigold. Shak. 
 iMAS-CAG'NIN, (nias-kan'yin,) n. Native sulpliate 
 
 of auinionia, found in volcanic districts, so named 
 
 from Miiscagni, w ho first discovered it. 
 M.\."*'ei.E, (mas'kl or mas'l,) 71. In heruldnj, a lozenge 
 
 voided. E. II. Barker. 
 
 M AS'CU-LSTE, V. U To make strong. 
 .MAS'eU-LS-TED, pp. INlade strong. 
 ,MAS'€U-La-TL\G, ppr. Making strong. 
 MA8'eU-LINE, (-lin,) a. [Ft. miucuUit ; \.. mascu- 
 
 tiniiSj from inanctUius^ mas, or the Ir, vwdh, Polish i/iai, 
 
 Bohemian muz, Slavonic mosch.] 
 
 I. Having the qualities of a man ; strong ; robust ; 
 
 as, a masculine body. 
 •2. Resembling man ; coarse ; opposed to Delicate 
 
 or SoKT ; as, modcultne features. 
 
 3. Hold ; brave ; as, a masculine spirit or courage. 
 
 4. In irrammar, the masculine gender of w<(rds is 
 that which expresses a male, or something analogous 
 to it ; or it is the geniler appropriated to males, 
 tliougli not always expressing the male sex. 
 
 Kncijc. Johiisoti. 
 
 MAS'eiI-LI\E-LY, adv. Like a man. B Jonson. 
 
 MAtf'eU-UNE-N'ESS, n. The quality or state of be- 
 ing manly; resemblance of man in qualities; as 
 in coarseness of features, strength of body, bold- 
 ness, &.C. 
 
 MA.SIl, n. \G. mcisclien, to mix, to mash ; Sp. mascar, 
 to chew, tr. machcr, ftir masclicr, L. mastico.] 
 
 1. A mixture or m.iss of ingredients, beaten or 
 lilended together in a promiscuous manner. 
 
 'J, A mixture for the food of domestic animals. 
 ;i. In ireicin"', a uiixturu of ground malt and warm 
 water. 
 
 V. t. To beat into a confused mass. 
 
 2. To bruise ; to crush by beating or pressure ; as, 
 to mask apples in a mill. 
 
 H. To mix malt and w-atcr together in brewing. 
 MASIl'A'D, (masht,) pp. ir o. Beat into a muss; 
 
 bruised ; crushed ; mixed into a mash. 
 AIASiri.N'G, ppr. Beating into a mass; bruising; 
 crushing. 
 
 MASH'I.NG, 71. A beating into a mass ; a cmshing. 
 
 2. In brewing, the process of infusing the ground 
 malt in warm water, and extracting the saccharine 
 matter called stceet wttrt. Euctjc, of Dum. Kcun 
 
 MASiriNG-TUB, n. A tub for contoJning the mash 
 
 in breweries. 
 MASil'Y, a. Produced by crushing or bruising. 
 
 Tlionuum, 
 
 MASK, 71. [Fr. TTiasTue; It. maschera ; Sp. and Port. 
 mascara; Arm. masel ; D. masker; G. maskc] 
 
 I. A cover for the face ; that which conceals the 
 face, especially a cover with apertures for the eyes 
 and mouth ; a visor. A 7nask is designed to conceal 
 the face from beholders, or to preserve the complex- 
 ion from injur>' by exposure to tlie weather and the 
 lays of the sun. Encijc, 
 
 3. That wliicli disguises ; any pretense or subter- 
 fuge. Prior. 
 
 3. A festive entertainment of dancing or other di 
 versitvns, in which the company all wear masks ; a 
 masquerade. Sliak. 
 
 4. .\ revel ; a bustle ; a piece of mummery. 
 Ttiis UiougUl might lead Uirougli Uiiji wurld'ii vain nuut. 
 
 MiUun. 
 
 5. A dramatic performance written in a tragic 
 style, without attention to rules or probabdity. 
 
 Peacham. 
 
 C. In architecture, a piece of scul])ture representin ^ 
 some grotesque form, to fdl and adorn vacant places^ 
 as in friezes, panels of doors, keys of arches, &c. 
 
 Eneye. 
 
 MASK, r. L To cover the face for concealment or de 
 fensc against injury ; to conceal with a ma-* or visor. 
 
 Jiddison 
 
 2. To disguise ; to cover ; to hide. 
 
 Mathng the builnnM from the common eye. .Vfta* 
 
 MASK, r. i. To revel ; to play the fool in masquer- 
 ade. 
 
 M « c'l.-i^'r.'"' in any w ay- Shak. 
 
 MAi-K *.U, (miskt,) pp. or o. Having the face covered; 
 
 concealed ; disguised. 
 ~ 'n '"any, personate, or having the anterior 
 
 MAS 
 
 or lower and posterior or upper side of a labiate corol 
 
 presseil together just below tho border, so us to close 
 
 the opening into the tub(^ 
 MASK'Ell, H. One that wears a mask ; one that 
 
 plays the fool at a masquerade. 
 MASK'ER-Y, n. Tho dress or disguise of a masker. 
 
 [Obs.] Marston. 
 M.tSK'-IIOUSE, n. A place for masquerades. 
 
 Bp. Ilidl. 
 
 MASK'IXG, ;ipr. Covering with a mask ; concealing. 
 
 M.\S'Lli\, 71. A mixture of diU'erent sorts of grain, as 
 of wheat and rye. 
 
 MAS'LIN, fl. Composed of diflerent sorts ; as, maslin 
 bread, which is composed of wheat and rj'e. Spelt 
 also Meslin or Mislin. 
 
 Ma'SO.\, (mi'sn,) n. [Fr. ma^on ; Arm. mafionn ; D. 
 melselaur. In Sp. maioneria is masonry, as if from 
 vtazo, a iiiallet, maza, a club, a 77mcc. It is probably 
 from the root of 7J11X or mush, or more probably of 
 mass, and denotes one that works in mortar. See 
 Mass.] 
 
 1. A man whose occupation is to lay bricks and 
 stones, or to eonstruct the walls of buildings, chim- 
 neys, and the like, which consist of bricks or stones. 
 
 2. A member of the fraternity of freemasons. 
 MA-SON'ie, a. Pfttuining to tho craft or mysteries 
 
 of freemasons. 
 MA'riO.\-RY, 71. [Fr. TnafoTiTicric : Sp. maioneria.] 
 
 1. The art or occupatiim of a mason. 
 
 2. The work or pi rformance of a mason ; as 
 when we say, the wall is good masonry. 
 
 3. The craft or mysteries of freemasons. 
 M.\S'0-RA, 71. [Ileb.] A Jewish critical work on 
 
 the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by sev- 
 cnil learned Rabbis of the school of Tiberias, in the 
 eighth and ninth centuries. Murdock, 
 MAS-O-RET'IC, j a. [Ileb. "ica, to deliver, 
 MAS-0-RET'IC-.\L, j whence masora, tradition, 
 whence the Masoriles, the adherents to the tradi- 
 tionary readings of the Scriptures.] 
 
 Relating to the Masora, or to its authors, who 
 were the inventors of the Hebrew vowel points and 
 accents. 
 
 MAS'O-RITE, n. One of the writers of the Masora. 
 MASaiJE, 71. _ See Mask. 
 
 MAS-CiUER-ADE', (mas-ker-ide',) 71. [It. maschc- 
 rata.] 
 
 1. A nocturnal assembly of persons wearing masks, 
 and amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, 
 and other diversions. 
 
 In courtly bulla and midnlgiu jnasquerades. Pope. 
 S. Disguise. 
 
 I cinie to visit lh"c in mastpiCTade. Dryden. 
 3. A Spanish diversion on horseback. Clarendon. 
 MAS-QUER-aUE', v. i. To go in disguise. 
 
 2. To assemble in masks. Sicift. 
 MAS-aUER-ADE', v. t. To put in disguise. 
 
 Killin^beck. 
 
 MAS-CiUER-SD'ER, (mxi-ker-ad'er,) 11. A person 
 wearing a mask ; one disguised. V Estramje. 
 
 MAS-UUER-AD'I.NG, ppr. Assembling in masks for 
 diversion. 
 
 MASS, 71. [Fr. masse, a mass, a heap, a mace, or club ; 
 Port, ma^a, dough, and a 77iacc Sp. mtisa, dough, 
 mortar, a mass ; and maza, a club, a 7;iace ; mazo, a 
 mallet ; It. massa, a heap, and mazza, a maze ; G. 
 masse ; L. massa, a mass. These words seem to be- 
 long to the root of the Greek /laoirai, to beat or pound, 
 the root of which is pay ; hence the connection be- 
 tween mass and Tnacc, a club. If any of these 
 words are of a dilfercnt origin, they may belong to 
 the root of 7nix.J 
 
 1. A lump ; a body of matter concreted, collected, 
 or formed into a lump; applied to any solid body ; 
 as, a mass of iron or lead ; a mass of flesh ; a mass of 
 ice ; a mass of dough. 
 
 2. A collective body of fluid matter. The ocean 
 is a mass of water. 
 
 3. A heap ; as, a mass of earth. 
 
 4. A great quantity collected ; as, a mass of 
 
 5. Bulk ; magnitude. [treasure. 
 Thii army of »uch uwut and charge. Shak. 
 
 6. An assemblage ; a collection of particulars 
 blended, confused, or indistinct; as, a viassoC col- 
 ors, .addison. 
 
 Tli-'y lose their fonns, and make a mass 
 
 Conl'iisiid and blrick, il brvugbl loo near. Prior. 
 
 7. Gross body of things considered collectively; 
 the body ; the bulk ; as, the mass of people in a na- 
 tion. A small portion of morbid matter may infect 
 the whole mass of fluids in the body. 
 
 ConteLs bave power over the moss of things. Bacon. 
 
 8. The quantity of matter in any body. The mass 
 of a body is always proiwrtiolial to the weight. 
 
 liarlouj. 
 
 MASS, n. r^ai. masa, masse; Fr. messe ; It. messa : 
 Sp. mLia ; D. misse ; G. and Dan. mtsse ; Sw. messa ; 
 how L. missa, from miUo, to dismiss. In the ancient 
 churches, the public services at which the catechu- 
 mens were permitted to be present, were called mUsa 
 eatrthumrnorum, because at the close of them procla- 
 mation was made thus: Ite, missa est, sc. eeclesia. 
 
 MAS 
 
 Then followeil the communion service, which was 
 culled missa fidelium ; and which, under the name of 
 mi.isa, or the mass, still constitutes the principal |>art 
 of public worship in the Roman Catholic churches. 
 
 J\Iurdock. 
 
 The word signifies, primarily, leisure ; cessation 
 from labor, from the L. missus, rcmissus, like the Ij. 
 /crw: ; hence, a feast or holiiiay. Laws of Alfred, 
 39. ** Be masse dage freolsc." De fcstivitatc diei 
 frsti. See also Laws of Cnute, Lib. I, 11, and 2, 42. 
 Hence, Sax. lUafnucsse, lemmas, bread-feast, and Mar- 
 tin-mas, Michaet^mas, Candlemas, Christmas.] 
 
 The communion service, or the consecration and 
 oblation of the host, in the Roman Catholic churches. 
 
 Murdock. 
 
 High mass, is that which is publicly performed 
 with music ; as distinguished from low nifuj, which 
 is more private, and \vithout music. Encijc. Jim. 
 MASS, V. i. To celebrate mass. [JVof used.} Hooker, 
 MASS, V. t. To fill ; to stufl"; to strengthen. [A'ol 
 
 7wr(/.] Ilnyteard. 
 MASS'-BOOK, 71. The missal or Roman Catholic 
 service book. 
 
 MASS'-HOUSE, 71. A name formerly given to a Ro- 
 man Catholic place of worship. 
 
 MASS'-MEET-ING, 7t. A large .as.sembly of the peo- 
 ple to be addresseil on some public occasion, usually 
 political. U. Slates. 
 
 MASS'-PRIif.ST, n. A name formerly given to a Ro- 
 man Catholic priest. 
 
 MAS'SA-CRE, (mas'sa-ker,) 71. [Fr. massacre ; Ann. 
 ma^zaer ; It. mazzicarr, to beat, from mazza, a club, a 
 mace. So smite in English signifies to kill, as well 
 as to beat.] 
 
 1. The murder of an individual, or tho slaughter 
 of numbers of human beings, with circumstances of 
 cruelty ; the indiscriminate killing of human beings, 
 without authority or necessity, and without forms," 
 civil or military. It ditTers from assassination, which 
 is a private killing. It diliers from carnage, which 
 is rather the effect of slaughter than slaughter itself, 
 and is applied to the authorized destriicliim of men 
 in battle, or other gre.it destruction of lives by vio- 
 lence. Massacre is sometimes called butchery, from 
 its resembhtnce to the killing of cattle. If a soldier 
 kills a man in battle in his own defence, it is a law- 
 ful act ; it is killing, and it is slaughter, hut it is not 
 a massacre. Where.as, if a soldier kills an enemy 
 after he has surrendered, it is massacre, a killing 
 without necessity, often without authority, contrary 
 to the usages of nations, and of course with cruelty. 
 The practice of killing prisoners, even when author- 
 ized l)y the commander, is properly massacre ; as the 
 authority given proceeds fiTiiii cruelty. We have all 
 heard of the massacre of the Protestants in France, 
 in the reigii of Charles I.X. ; and rrequent instances 
 of barbarous massacre occur in the war between the 
 Turks and Greeks. 
 
 2. Murder. Shal;. 
 MAS'SA-CRE, V. t. To murder human beings with 
 
 circumstances of cruelty ; to kill men with indis- 
 criminate violence, without authority or necessity, 
 and contrary to the usages of nations ; to butcher 
 liuman beings. * 
 
 Nympliidicus endeavored 10 save himself iu a lent, tint was par- 
 sued and jnajtacred on Uie spot. Murpliy't TacUot. 
 
 MAS'SA-CREI), (mas'sa-kurd,) pp. or o. Barbarously 
 or indiscriminately murdered. 
 
 MAS'SA-CRER, >i. One who massacres. [A very bad 
 word.] Jiarke. 
 
 MAS'S.A-CRING, ppr. Barbarously or indiscrimi- 
 nately murdering. 
 
 MASS'ER, 71. A priest who celebrates mass. 
 
 MAS'SE-TER, 71. [Gr., from paoaaopai, to chew.] 
 A muscle which raises the under jaw, and assi-sts 
 
 M\S'SI-eoT, ( n- ■ .^ [in chewing. 
 
 mXs'ti-cot', !"• [I f- 
 
 Protoxyd of lead or yellow o.xyd of lead, com- 
 posed of one etpiivaleiit of lead and one equiv.alent 
 t)f o.xygen. Lead exposed to the air while melting 
 is covered with a gr.ay, dusky pellicle. This [itllicle, 
 carefully taken otf, is reduced, by exposure to the joint 
 action of heat and air, to a greeiiish-gr.iy |)owder, in- 
 clining to yellow. This oxyd, separated frtmi the 
 grainsof lead by sifting, and exposed to a more intense 
 heat, sufficient to make it red hot, .assumes a deep yel- 
 low color. Ill this state it is called mas^icof. Massicot, 
 slowly heated by a moderate fire, takes a beautiful 
 red color, becomes a sidt composed of two equiva- 
 lents of the protoxj d of lead, and one etpiivalent of 
 the deutoxyd, and obtains the name of minium. 
 
 Fourr^oij. 
 
 Massicot is sometimes used by painters, ami it is 
 used as a drier in tho composition of ointments and 
 plasters. Encije. 
 MASS'I-.NESS j n. [See Masst, Massive.] The 
 .M.\SS'IVE-NESS, j state of being massy ; great 
 weight, or weight with bulk ; ponderousness. 
 
 Jl^^i-i'-l^'*^' { a- [Fr. 77ia:i.i/, from viass.] 
 
 IIea\-y ; weighty ; ponderous ; bulky and heavy ; 
 as, anutssy shield ; a massy rock. 
 
 The y.iwning rvcks in matty fragmenu fly. Pef*. 
 
 TO.\E, BfJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K : as J : S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 MXSS'IVE, a. In mineralogy, in mass ; having a 
 crystalline structure, but not a regular form. We 
 say, a mineral occurs vtassive. 
 
 SIXSS'IVE-LY, ado. In a mass. 
 
 MXST, n. [Sax. jn<tst ; D. G. Sw. and Dan. mast : Fr. 
 m^r, for viast ,* Port, iitasto or mastro ; Sp. mastiles, 
 masts ; mastelcros, top-masts ; masto, a trunk, a stock 
 in which any cion is ingrafted.] 
 
 A long, round piece of timber, elevated or designed 
 to be raised perpendicularly, or nearly so, on the 
 keel of a ship or other vessel, to which the yards, 
 sails, and rigging are attaclied, and by which they 
 are supported. A mast is a single stick, formed 
 from the trunk of a tree, or it consists of many 
 pieces of timber united by iron bands. Masts are of 
 several kinds, as the main-mast, fore-mast, mizzen- 
 masl, top-mast, top-gallant-mast, &c. 
 
 MAST, n. [Sax. mirste, acorns, food ; Goth, mats, 
 f.iod, 7/iea( ,■ Ir. viais, meas, an acorn; maUe, food; 
 W. mes, acorns, a portion, a meal ; mesen, an acorn. 
 This may be the American mane, and signify food in 
 general, from eating, chewing, masticating, or prima- 
 rily a Rut kernel, or acorn, the food of the primitive 
 tribes of men. It seems to be radically the same 
 word as meat.] 
 
 The fruit of the oak and beech, or other forest 
 trees; nuts; acorns. [It has no plural.] 
 
 MXST'-HE.\D, (-bed,) n. The top or head of a mast. 
 
 MXST'ED, a Furnished with a mast or masts. 
 
 MXS'TER, )i. [Fr. maitre, for maister ; Russ. master ; 
 D. mcester ; G. meister; Sw. mdstare i Dan. viester ; 
 Arm. mcastr; It. and Sp. maestro; L. magister, com- 
 pounded of the root of mag-is, major, greater, and the 
 Teutonic ster, Sa-X. steoran, to steer. (See Steer.) 
 The word, then, signifies a cliief director. See 
 
 MiNlSTEB.j 
 
 1. A man who rules, governs, or directs, either 
 men or business, A man who owns slaves is their 
 master ; he who has servants is their master, he who 
 has apprentices is their master, as he has the govern- 
 ment and direction of them. The man who super- 
 intends and directs any business, is master, or master 
 workman. 
 
 O Ihou iny friend, my genius, come nlon^, 
 
 Thou master of Ihe poel and Uie son^. Pope, 
 
 Katiuns that wanl protectors will have masters. Ames. 
 
 2. A director, head, or chief manager; as, the 
 master of a feast. 
 
 3. The owner ; proprietor ; with the idea of gov- 
 erning. The master of a house may be the owner, 
 or the occupant, who has a temporary right of gov- 
 erning it. 
 
 It would be believed that he rather took the horse for his subject, 
 than his master. ^ Dryden. 
 
 4. A lord ; a ruler ; one wlio has supreme do- 
 minion. 
 
 C*6ar, the world's great master and his own. Pope. 
 f>. A chief; a principal; as, the master root of a 
 plant. Mortimer. 
 One m&ster passion swallows up the rest. Pope. 
 6. One who has possession, and the power of con- 
 trolling or using at pleasure. 
 
 When I have made myself master of a hundred thousand 
 dnchuKts. Addison. 
 
 I. The commander of a merchant ship, usually 
 called captain. 
 
 8. In skips of war, an officer who takes rank imme- 
 diately after the lieutenants, and navigates the ship 
 under the direction of the captain. 
 
 9. The director of a school; a teacher; an in- 
 structor. In this sense the word is giving place to 
 the more appropriate words teaclier, instructor, and 
 preceptor ; at least it is so in the United States. 
 
 10. One uncontrolled. 
 
 Let every man l< master of his time. Shak. 
 
 II. An appellation of respect. 
 
 Masler doctor, you have brought those drugs Shak. 
 
 12. An appellation given to boys or quite young 
 men. 
 
 Where there sre liltle masters and misses in a house. Suri/t. 
 
 13. A man eminently or perfectly skilled in any 
 occupation, art, or science. We say, a man is mas- 
 ter of his business ; a great master of music, of the 
 flute or violin ; a waster of hiK subject, &c. 
 
 11. A title of dignity in colleges antl universities; 
 OS, muster of arts. 
 
 l."). 'i'he cliii'f of a society ; as, the grand master 
 of Malta, of freemiOsons, &c. 
 
 10. 'I'he director of ceremonies at public places, or 
 on public occa-sions. 
 
 17. The proMidcnt of a college. England. 
 
 Manter in ehancrry ; an .'issislant of tlic lord chan- 
 cellor, chosen from among the barristers to sit in 
 chancery, or at the rolls. Kncyc. 
 
 MLtter of the horse ; the third great ofDcer in Iho 
 DritiHh court, having the mnnaKenient of the royal 
 •tableii, &c. In Holenin cavalcadeH he rides next the 
 •overeign. Urande. 
 
 Matter of Vie rolls ; an officer who has charge of 
 the ruIlK and iiatenu that pas* the great seal, and of 
 the rccorda of liie chancery. Kncye. 
 
 To be master of one's self; to have the command or 
 control of one*s own passions. 
 
 The word 77iastcr has numerous applicatitms, in all 
 of which it lyis the sense of director, chief, or super- 
 intendent. 
 
 As a title of respect given to adult persons, it is 
 pronounced mister; a pronunciation which seems to 
 have been derived from some of the northern dia- 
 lects. [Supra.] 
 MXS'TER, I'. (. To conquer; to overpower; to sub- 
 due ; to bring under control. 
 
 Obstinacy and willful neglect must be mastered, even though it 
 
 costs blows. Locke. 
 Evil customs must be mastered by degrees. Calaniy. 
 
 2. To make one's self master of ; as, to viaster a 
 
 3. To execute with skill. [science. 
 I will not otfer that which 1 cannot master. Bacon. 
 
 4. To rule ; to govern. 
 
 And ratlier fatlier thee than jnoiter thee. [Not used.] ShaJc. 
 MXS'TER, c. t. To be skillful ; to excel. [OJs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MXS'TER-BUILD-ER, (-bild.«r,) n. The chief builder. 
 MXS'TER-eilORD, (-kord,) n. The chief chord. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 MXS'TER-DOM, ji. Dominion ; tule. [JVot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MXS'TER-M), pp. Overpowered ; subdued. 
 MXS'TER-FJJL, a. Having the skill of a master; 
 
 also, imperious ; arbitrary. [ Obs.] Milton. 
 MaS'TER-HAND, n. A person eminently skillful. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 MXS'TER-ING, ppr. Conquering; overcoming. 
 MXS'TER-JEST, re. Principal jest. Hudibras. 
 MXS'TER-KkY, f-kee,) ?i. The key that opens many 
 
 locks, the subordinate keys of which open only one 
 
 each ; hence, ^o-urajiceii/, a general clew to lead out 
 
 of many difficulties. Drijden. 
 MXS'TER-LESS, a. Destitute of a master or owner. 
 
 2. Ungoverncd ; unsubdued. [Spenser. 
 .MXS'TER-LI-NESS, n. Masterly skill. 
 MXS'TER-LoDE, n. In mining, the principal vein of 
 
 ore. Encyc. 
 MXS'TER-LY, a. Formed or executed with superior 
 
 skill; suitable to a master; most excellent ; skillful; 
 
 as, a masterly design ; a masterly performance ; a 
 
 masterly stroke of policy. 
 2. Imperious. 
 MXS'TER-LY, adv. With the skill of a master. 
 
 Thou dost speak masterly. ShaJc. 
 " I think it very masterly written," in Swift, is 
 
 improper or unusual. 
 MAS'TER-MIN'D, >^ The chief mind. Mrs. Butler. 
 MXS'TER-NoTE, 71. The chief note. E. Ecerett. 
 MXS'TER-PIeCE, ji. a capital performance ; any 
 
 thing done or made with superior or extraortlinary 
 
 skill. 
 
 This wondrous masterpiece I fain woiUd Bee. Dryden. 
 
 2. Chief excellence or talent. 
 
 Dissimuladon was tiis maslerrptece. Clarendon, 
 
 MXS'TER-SHIP. 71. Dominion ; rule ; supreme power. 
 
 2. Superiority ; preeminence. 
 
 Where noble youUis for mastership should strive. Dryden. 
 
 3. Chief work; masterpiece. [JVbt vsed.] 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 4. Superior skill. Shak, 
 
 5. Title of respect ; in irony. 
 
 How now, signior Launce, what news with your mastership 7 
 
 Shak. 
 
 6. The office of president of a college, or other in- 
 stitution. 
 
 MXS'TER-SIN'EW, (-sin'nu,) 71. A large sinew that 
 surrounds the hough of a horse, and divides it from 
 the bone by a hollow place, where the wind-galls 
 are usually seated. Far. Diet. 
 
 MXS'TER-STRING, 71. Princip.ll string. Rowe. 
 
 MXS'TER-STRoKE, 7t. Capital performance. 
 
 Blackmore. 
 
 MXS'TER-TOOTH, 71. A principal tooth. Bacon. 
 MXS'TER-TOUCH, (-tuch,) 71. A touch that speaks 
 
 the master ; principal performance. Tatter. 
 MXS'TER-WORK, 71. Principal performance. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 MXS'TER-WORT, 71. An umbelliferous herb; in 
 England, Iinperatoria Ostruthium ; in Mm England, 
 lleracleum lanatum. 
 
 MXS'TER- Y, 71. Dominion ; power of governing or 
 commanding. 
 
 If divided by mountains, tlicy will fight for the mastery of the 
 pass-iges of the lops. Jiaiegh. 
 
 2. Superiority in competition ; preiiminencc. 
 Kvcry man Uuit striv th fur tlie nMstiiry, is teinpcruto In all 
 
 things. — 1 Cor. ix. 
 
 3. Victory in war. 
 
 It is not tlio voice of them that siiout for mastery. — Kx. xxxii. 
 
 4. Eminent skill ; superior dexterity. 
 
 He could alliiiu to a mastery in all languages. Titiotson. 
 
 5. Attainment of eminent skill or power. 
 
 The learning and rnatlery of n tongue, being unpleasant In Itself, 
 should not Ijo cumbered with oUier dilhculttt-s. Locks. 
 
 MXST'FIJL, a. [from 77i«.s(.] Abounding with mast, 
 or fruit of oak, beech, and other forest trees ; as, the 
 7na.<tfiil chestnut. Dryden. 
 
 MAS'Tie, tn. [Fr. mastic; It. 77ias(ice; D. mastik; 
 
 M.\S'TIGH, \ Sp. almaciga; Port, almeeega ; Ir.rruiis- 
 leog; L. mastiche ; Gr. huutikji.] 
 
 1. A resin exuding from the mastic-tree, a species 
 of Pistacia, and obtained by incision. It is in yel- 
 lowish-white, seini-transparent tears, of a faint smell, 
 and is used as an astringent and an aromatic. It is 
 used also as an ingredient in drying varnishes. 
 
 Fourcroy. Encyc. 
 
 2. A kind of cement used for plastering walls, &.c. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 MAS'TI-€A-BLE, a. That can be masticated. 
 
 M AS-TI-Ca'DOR, 7!. [Sp. mascar, L. mastico, to chew.] 
 
 In a bridle, the slavering bit. 
 MAS'Tl-CATE, v. t. [I-., mastico. Q.U. W. mesignw, 
 from mes, mast, acorns, food.] 
 
 To chew ; to grind with the teeth and prepare for 
 swallowing and digestion ; as, to masticate food. 
 MAS'TI-Ca-TED, pp. or a. Chewed. 
 M.\S'TI-eA-TING, ppr. Chewing ; breaking into 
 
 small pieces with the teeth. 
 .MAS-TI-Ca'TIOxN, re. The act or operation of chew- 
 ing solid food ; breaking it into small pieces, and 
 mixing it with saliva, thus preparing it for deglutition 
 and more easy digestion in the stomach. 
 
 Alaslicalion is a nec/"ssary preparation of solid aliment, without 
 which (here cau be no good digestion. Arbuthnat. 
 
 MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY, a. Chewing ; adapted to per- 
 form the office of chewing food. Lawrence's Lect. 
 
 MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY, re. A substance to be chewed to 
 increase the saliva. Coze. 
 
 MAS'TI-eOT,7i. Yellow oxyd of lead. [See .Massicot.] 
 
 MAS'TIFF, n. pi. Mastifts. Mastives is irregular. 
 The spelling Mastif would be preferable. [Sp. nioj,-- 
 tin ; It. mastino ; Fr. matin, for mastin ; Arm, mastin ; 
 Low L. mastivns.] 
 
 A large variety of dog, remarkable for strength and 
 courage. Strabo informs us that the tna.ii.iffs of Brit- 
 ain were trained for war, and used by the Gauls in 
 battle. Encyc. 
 
 MXST'LESS, a. Having no mast ; as a vessel. 
 2. Bearing no mast ; as, a mastless oak or beech. 
 
 MAST'LLN. See Meslin. [Dryden. 
 
 MAS'TO-DON, re. [Gr. fiaaros, mamilla, and oijotif, a 
 tooth.] 
 
 A genus of mammifcrous and pachydermatous 
 animals resembling the elephant, now extinct, and 
 known only by their fossil remains. 
 MAS'TOID, a. [Gr. fiaarui, the nipple or brea.st, and 
 ci6o^, form.] 
 
 Resembling the nipple or breast ; as, the mastoid 
 process. 
 
 MAS-TOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. naoros, the breast, and Ao- 
 
 } Of, discourse.] 
 The natural history of animals which suckle their 
 
 young ; mazology. 
 MXS'TRESS, for .Mistress, is not used. Chaucer. 
 MAS-TUR-BA'TION, re. [L. manus and stupruin.] 
 
 Onanism ; self-poilution, 
 MXST'Y, 0. [See Mast.] Full of mast ; abounding 
 
 with acorns, &c. 
 MAT, re. [W. 7n<it; Sax. mcatta; D. mat; G. matte; 
 
 L. viatia ; Sp. mata ; Ir. matia ; Russ. mat ; W. viath, 
 
 that is spread. The sense is, probably, a lay, or 
 
 spread, from falling, throwing, or stretching. Class 
 
 Md, No. 6, 8, 9.] 
 
 1. A texture of sedge, rushes, flags, husks, straw, 
 or other material, to be laid on a floor for cleaning 
 the boots and shoes of those who enter a house, and 
 for other puriioses. Carew, 
 
 2. A web of rope-yarn used in ships to secure the 
 standing rigging from the friction of the yards, &c. 
 
 MAT, 7'. t. To cover or lay with mats. Evelyn. 
 
 2. To twist together ; to mtervveave like a mat ; to 
 entangle. 
 
 And o'er his eye-brows hung his matted hair. Dryden. 
 
 3. To press together ; to lay flat ; as, matted grass. 
 MAT'A-CHliV, (inat'a-shecn,) 71. [Sp., a buffijon, a 
 
 grotesque dance.] 
 An old dance with swords and bucklers. Sidney. 
 MAT'A-DORE, n. [Sp. matador, a murderer, and a 
 card, from jnntar, to kill.] 
 
 1. One of the three principal cards in the game of 
 omber and quadrille, whii h are always two black 
 aces and the deuce in spades and clubs, and Iho sev- 
 en in hearts and diamonds. Johnson. Pope. 
 
 2. One who kills; the killer; the man appoinled 
 to kill the bull in bull fights. 
 
 MATCH, n. [Fr. meche ; It. miccia; Sp. and Port. 
 media ; Arm. mechenn, virch.] 
 
 1. Some very conibusiible substance used for light- 
 ing a fire, as iienip, flax, collon, tow dipped in sul- 
 phur, or a species of dry wood, called vulgarly touch- 
 wood. 
 
 2. A rope or cord made of hempen tow, composed 
 of Ihrce strnnila sliglilly twisted, and again covered 
 with tow iind boiled in the Icob of old wine. This, 
 w hen lighted at one end, retains fire and burns slowly 
 till consumed. It is used in firing artillery, &c. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 FATE, FAB, Fj\LL, WHi^T._METE, PREY PINE, MABKNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK 
 
MAT 
 
 MAT 
 
 MAT 
 
 MATCH, n. [Sax. maca, and gemaca, an equal, fellow, 
 C(ini|>;ini<)n, D. maklcer, Dan. maga, S\v. make.] 
 
 1. A person who is equal to another in strength or 
 otliur quality ; one able to cope with another. 
 
 Govcmm-'iit — mokes an innownt niim nf tli'j lowest ranks a 
 match for tho mighliest ui liis felli>w-siit>}ccL3. Addison. 
 
 2. One that suits or tallies with another ; or any 
 thing that equals another. 
 
 3. Union by marriage. 
 
 Love (loth seUiom sutler itself to bo coiitlned by oUier rnntchet 
 than Itiose of it* own niAkin;^. Doyle. 
 
 In popular language, it is applied to the engagement 
 of lovers before marriage. 
 
 4. One to be married. 
 
 She inherited a fi\ir fortune of her own —and Kas looked upon 
 as U»c ricliest match in the west. Clartitdun. 
 
 MATCH, n. [Or. tia\ri, a battle, a fight; but probably 
 of the same family as the t)rer.odin(;.J 
 
 A contest ; competition for victory ; or a union of 
 parlies for contest ; as in games or sports. 
 
 A solemn match was made ; ho lost the priie. Dryden. 
 MATCH, V. L To equal. 
 
 No settled senses of the world can nutteh 
 
 Tlie pleasure of thai madness. Shak. 
 
 2. To show an equal. 
 
 No history or antiquity can tnatch his policies and his condoet. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. To oppose as equal ; to set against as equal in 
 cimtest. 
 
 Etenial might 
 To match with their inventions thi'y presumed 
 So easy, anlol his thunder niaite a scorn. filUton. 
 
 4. To stiit ; to make equal ; to proportion. 
 
 jvi-u mntrh their subject to tlieir strength. Rotcommon. 
 To ;/iitc/i p.uu*rns and colors. S^Jii/t. 
 
 5. To marry ; to give in marriage. 
 
 A s-nator of Rome, while Rome survived, 
 
 Would not have matched his daughter with a kin^. AddiMon. 
 
 C. To purify vessels by burning a match in them. 
 MATCH, V. i. To be united in marriage. 
 
 1 hold il a sin to matcli in my kindnvl. Shak. 
 \jPt tigers mrtfc'i with hinds, and wolves with sheep. Dryden. 
 
 2. To suit ; to correspond ; to be of equal size, lig- 
 ure, or<|uality ; to tally. U'e say of a piece of cluth, 
 it does not match with another. 
 MATCH'.V-BLE, a. Equal ; suitable ; fit to be jomed. 
 
 Spen.-icr, 
 
 2. Correspondent. [Litlle used.] tVoodmard. 
 
 M.VTCH'fJD, (matcht,) pp. Equaled ; suited ; placed 
 in opposition ; marrietl. 
 
 M.\TCH'IN(3, ppr. Equaling ; suiting ; setting in op- 
 position ; uniting in marriage. 
 
 M.'KTCH'LESS, a. Having no equal ; as, matchless 
 impudence j a matchless queen j matchless love or 
 charms. 
 
 MATCII'LE.SS-LY, ado. In a manner or degree not 
 to be eqnaletl. 
 
 MATCH'I.ESS-.MESf!, n. The state or quality of be- 
 ing without an eiiual. 
 
 MATCH'LOCK, n. Formerly, the lock of a musket 
 containing a match for firing it ; the musket itself. 
 
 MATCH'-.MaK-EU, ». One who makes matches for 
 burning. 
 
 2. One who contrives or effects a union by mar- 
 riage. 
 
 MATCU'-MaK-I.\G, n. The art of making matches. 
 
 MATE, It. [D. maat ; Ar. Ua..* matau, to associate. 
 Class Md, No. 11.] 
 
 1. A companion ; an associate ; one who customa- 
 rily associates with another. Young persons, nearly 
 of an age, and frequently associating, are called males 
 or playmate.^. 
 
 2. A husband or wife. 
 
 3. The male or fem.tle of animals which associate 
 for propag.ation and the care of their young. Milton. 
 
 4. One that eats at the same table. 
 
 5. One that attends the same school ; a school- 
 mate. 
 
 C. An officer in a merchant ship or ship of war, 
 whose duty is to a-ssist the master or commander. 
 In a merchant ship, the mate, in the absence of the 
 master, takes command of the ship. Large ships 
 have a first, second, and third mate. 
 
 _ In general, mate, in compound toords, denotes an as- 
 ■istant, and raiiks next in subordination to the priii- 
 cipiil ; as, master's mate ; surgeon's mate, 6c.c. 
 
 7. {Pron. ml'ti.) Paraguay tea. [See .Matte.] 
 MATE, II. rsp. and Port, mate , Fr. mat ; from So. ma- 
 lar, to kill.] 
 
 In chess, the state of the king so situated that he 
 can not escape. 
 MATE, r. L To match ; to marry. Spenser. Shak. 
 
 2. To equal ; to be equal to. 
 
 For ihiu tlie maitful chestnut males the skies. Dryden, 
 
 3. To oppose ; to equal. 
 
 I, i' th' w jy of loyalty and truth. 
 
 Dare mols a soui;der nun lh.an Surrey can be. ShMk. 
 
 MATE, r. u [Fr. matrr, to mitte in chess ; Sw. matta, 
 to weaken, to enervate ; Sp. malar, to kill.] 
 
 To enervate : to subdue ; to crush. 
 Audacity <loth almost bind and mate Uie weaker sort of minds. 
 {Sot used.) Bacon. 
 MATE' LESS, a. Having no mate or companion. 
 M.VT'E-LOTE, n. Il'"r.] A dish of food composed of 
 
 many kinds of fisli. 
 MS-TE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. paraios, vain, and Aoj oj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 A vain iliscourse or inquiry. 
 Ma-TE-O-TECH'NY, n. [Ur. paratos, vain, and 
 Tixyri, art.] 
 Any unprofitable science. 
 Ma'TER, n. [L. mother.] In anatomic, the two mem- 
 branes that cover the cerebrtim, cerebellum, iiicdiilla- 
 oblongata, and spinal cortl, distinguished from each 
 other by the epithets dura and pitu 
 MA-Tk'IU-A MEH'I-CA, 71. [L.] A general name 
 for every substance used in medicine. Encijc. 
 
 2. An auxiliary branch of the sciimce of medi- 
 cine, which treats of the nature and properties of all 
 the substances that are employed for the cure of dis- 
 eases. E4. Kncyc 
 MA-TE'RI-AL, a, [It. matcriale; Fr. maUricl ; Sp. 
 material ; from L. materia, matter.] 
 
 1. Consisting of matter ; not spiritual ; as, materiaZ 
 substance ; material bodies. 
 
 2. Important; momentous; more or less necessa- 
 ry ; having influence or elfect. 
 
 Holtl them tor Catholics or heretics, it is not a thing very material 
 in this (Question. Hooker. 
 
 In Uie accotmt of simple ideas, I shall set down only such as arc 
 most material to our present purpose. Locke. 
 
 So we say, a material point ; a material fault or er- 
 ror ; a vutterial fact or consideration. 
 
 3. Not formal ; substantial. 
 
 4. Furnishing materials ; as, material men. 
 
 IVlirahin, Rep. 
 M.\-Ti£'RI-.\L, 71. The substance or iiiattL-r of wliirli 
 any thing is niatle ; as, wool is the material of cloth ; 
 rags are the material of paper. 
 M,\-Tk'RI-AL-ISM, II. The doctrine of materialists ; 
 the opinion of those who maintain th.at the soul of 
 mail is not a spiritual subst.ance distinct from matter, 
 but that it is the result or effect of the organization 
 of matter in the body. 
 
 The irregoK\r feara of a future state had been supplanted by the 
 maleriaiism of £picnru3. Buckmineter. 
 
 2. Matter ; material substances in the aggregate. 
 [Uniisual.] Chalmers. 
 MA-Tk'RI-AL-IST, n. One who denies the existence 
 of spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul 
 of man is the result of a particular organization of 
 matter in the body. 
 MA-TE-RI-AL'I-TY,7U Material existence ; corpore- 
 ity ; not spirituality. Diglnj. 
 2. Importance ; as, the materiality of facts. 
 
 Judge Cha.<e. 
 
 MA-Tk'RI-.\L-IZE, v. t. To reduce to a state of mat- 
 ter ; also, to regarti as matter. Rcid. 
 
 MA-Tl':'RI-AL-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Reduced to a state 
 of matter. 
 
 MA-Tii'RI-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Reducing to a state of 
 matter. 
 
 MA-Te'RI-AL-LY, adv. In the state of matter. 
 
 2. Not formally ; substantially. [Boyle. 
 An ill intention may spoil an act materially good. South. 
 
 3. In an iin|>ortant manner or degree ; essentially. 
 It materially concerns us to know the real motives of 
 our actions. 
 
 MA-Te'RI-AI.^NE3S, n. The state of being materi- 
 al ; imporUince. 
 
 MA-Tii'RI-ATE, K rr , ■ . i 
 
 MA-TK'RI-A-TED, | '""'"•"'""•J 
 
 Consisting of matter. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 MA-TE-RI-A'TIO.\, 71. The act of forming matter. 
 [JVof u.<ed.] Broan. 
 
 M.i-TE' Rl-EL, (ma-ti're-el,) 71. [Fr.] That in a 
 comjilex system which constitutes the materials or 
 instruments employed, as the baggage, munitions, 
 provisions, &.C., of an army, in distinction from the 
 pcrsonel, or men ; or the buildings, libraries, and ap- 
 paratus of a college, in distinction from its officers. 
 
 M.V-TER'NAL, a. [L. 7iialfr;iit.<, from mcuer, mother.] 
 Motherly; pertaining to a mother; becoming a 
 mother ; as, maternal love ; maternal tenderness. 
 
 MA-TER'N.\L-LY, adv. In a motherly manner. 
 
 M\-TER'NI-TY, ii. [Fr. 77iafrrni(e.] 
 
 The character or relation of a mother. 
 
 M.^T'FEI^-O.M, 71. [Sp. and Port,mafar, Ur.77UJtj(;n,to 
 k'i|, and felon.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Centaurca, knap-weed. 
 
 M.VTH, 71. [Sax. 7ii<r(A.] 
 
 .\ mowing ; as, in aftermath. 
 
 M.\TH.E-MATie, ) „ ,. ,. , 
 
 MATH-E-MAT'ie-AL, ) t^. 7nafAemafici«.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to mathematics ; as, mathematical 
 knowledge ; mathematical instruments. 
 
 2. .According to the principles of mathematics ; as, 
 mathematical exactness. 
 
 MATH E-.MAT'ie-AI^LY, adr. According to the 
 laws or principles of mathematical science. 
 2. With malliematical certainly; deinonstrablv. 
 
 Bcntlty. 
 
 MATH-E-MA-TI"CIAN, (-tish'an,) n. [Fr. matht- 
 maticien.] 
 
 One versed in mathematics. 
 
 MATH-E-.MAT'ieS, 71. [L. mathemalica, from Gr. 
 uaOnpariKn, from fia^Wan.!, to learn ; the f is proba- 
 bly casual, and the root belongs to Cla.ss .Md,Nti. II).] 
 The science of quantity ; the science which treats 
 of magnitude and number, or of wliatever can be 
 measured or numbered. This science is divided 
 into pure or specalalire, which considers quantity ab- 
 stractly, without relation to matter ; and mixed, which 
 treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, 
 and is consequently interwoven with physical connid- 
 erations. Arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonome- 
 try, and conic sections, are branches of mathematics. 
 
 M,\TH'E-MEG, 71. A fish of the cod kind, inhabiting 
 Hitdstui's Ray. Pennant. 
 
 MATII'ES, n. An herb. jlinsu>orlh. 
 
 MA-TIlK'SIS, 11. [Gr. ^<iOr,<Ti{.] 
 
 Learning; particularly, mathematics. [Little used.] 
 
 Pope. 
 
 MAT'IN, a. [Fr. inotiii, morning; G. mette, matina; 
 L. matiitinus.] 
 
 Pertaining to the morning ; used in the morning ; 
 as, a 7na(i« trumpet. 
 
 M,\T'Ii\, 71. Morning. [J^'ot used.] Shak. 
 
 MAT'IN.', 7t. p/. Morning worship or service ; morn- 
 ing prayers or songs. 
 
 The vigils an celebrated before them, and the noctum and 
 
 nulling, lor the sainu whose tlie relics are. StiUingJteet. 
 The wingiMl choristers began 
 
 To chirp tlieir matine. Geaottand. 
 2. Time of morning service ; the first canonical 
 hour in the Roman Catholic church. 
 MAT'RASS, 7i. [Fr. 7natras ; I), id. In French, the 
 word signifies an arrow ; ,\rm. viatara, to throw a 
 dart. This verb coincides with I), milto. It seems, 
 then, to be so called from its long neck.] 
 
 A cucurbit ; a chemical vessel in the slia|>e of an 
 egg, or with a tapering neck open at the top, serving 
 the purposes of cligestion, evaporation, &c. It is su- 
 perseded, in the modern laboratory, by a Hask. 
 
 J^icholson. (lumcy. Brande. 
 MAT'RESS. See Mattress. 
 
 MA'TRIX^'* I matrix, from mater, mother.] 
 
 The womb; the cavity in which the fetus of an 
 
 animal is formed and nourislieil till Its birth. Kncyc. 
 M.\T'RICE, (mat'ris,) ji. A iiiiild ; the cavity in 
 
 which any thing is formed, and w hich gives it shape ; 
 
 as, the matriz of a type. 
 
 2. The place or substance in which any thing is 
 formed or proilticed as, the matrii of metals ; gang. 
 
 3. In dyeing, the five simple colors, black, white, 
 blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are^ com- 
 posed. Encijc. 
 
 .M.\T'RI-CI-D.\L, a. Pertaining to matricide. 
 MAT'RI-CIDE, 71. [L. matricidium ; mater, mother, 
 and c/Cf/o, to slay.] 
 
 1. The killing or murder of a nititlier. Brotern. 
 
 2. The killer or murderer of his mother. 
 M.\-TRie'lI-LATE, V. L [L. mutricula, a roll or reg- 
 ister, from 77wi/ru.J 
 
 To enter or admit to membership in a body or so- 
 ciety, particularly in a college or university, by en- 
 rolling the naiiii: in a register. IVollon. 
 MA-TKIC'II-LATE, 71. One enrolled in a register, 
 and thus admitted to membership in a society. 
 
 jJriiijAjinf, 
 
 jMA-TRre'U-I.A-TED, pp. or a. Entered or admitted 
 to membership in a society, particularly in a uni- 
 versity. 
 
 MA-TR'ie-t!-LA'TIO.\, n. The act of registering a 
 name aniljidiiiitting to membership. .^yl\ffc, 
 
 MAT-RI-.Mo'Nl-AL, a. [It. malrimoniale. See .Mat- 
 rimony.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to marriage ; connubial ; nuptial ; 
 hymeneal ; as, matrimonial rights or duties. 
 
 2. Derived from marriage. 
 
 If he relied on that title, he couUI he but a king at curtesy, and 
 have ritlier a matrimonial, than a regal power. Auron. 
 
 M.\T-RI-Mo'.\I-.\L-LY,arfr. According to the man- 
 ner or laws of marriage. Ayliffe. 
 MAT-RI-.Mo'NI-OUS, a. Matrimonial. [LUtlr used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 M.\T'RI-^IO-NY, 71. [L. niafrimoniuni, from mater, 
 mother.] 
 
 Marriage ; wedlock ; the union of man and woman 
 for life ; the nuptial st.ate. 
 
 If any man know cause why this couple should not be joined in 
 holy matrimony, they arc to declare it. Common Prayer. 
 
 MA'TRIX. See Matrice. 
 
 SIAT'RO.V, 71. [Fr. matrone ; L. matronal from mater, 
 mother.] 
 
 An elderly married woman, or an elderly lady. 
 
 Johnson. Kncyc. 
 
 MAT'RON-AOE, n. The state of a matron. Burke. 
 MAT'RON-AL, a. [L. 77iafroiiafi.v.] 
 
 Pertaining to a matron ; suitiible to an elderly lady 
 or to a married woman ; grave ; motherlj'. Bacon. 
 M.\T'R0N-I10yD, 71. State of a matron. 
 M.\T'RON-IZfe, V. L To render nialronlike. 
 
 Richardsm. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GEK. VI"CIOUS G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
MAT 
 
 MAT 
 
 MAX 
 
 MAT'RON-IZ-£D,;);i. Reniiered matronlike. 
 MAT'RON-lZ-IN'G, ppr. Rendering matronlike. 
 MAT'RO.\-LIKE, a. Having the manners of an el- 
 derly woman ; grave : sedate ; becoming a matron. 
 MAT'RON-LY, a. Elderly ; advanced in years. 
 
 L^Estranrre. 
 
 MA-TROS.S', II. [D. matroos ; Sw. Dan. and Kuss. 
 matros, a sailor ; D. vtatit, a mate ; maats, fellows, 
 sailors ; Fr. malelot. In Arm. martclot is a colleague. 
 The word seems to be from mate.'] 
 
 Jllatrosses are soldiers in a tram of artillery, who 
 are next to the gunners, and assist them in loading, 
 firing, and sponging the guns. They carrj^ firelocks, 
 and march with the store-wagons as guards and as- 
 sistants. Bailey. Encijc. 
 
 MAT'TA-MORE, n. In the East, a subterranean re- 
 positnry for wheat. Parkkurst. Shaw. 
 
 M.VTTE, (mat,) n. Crudp, black copper reduced, 
 but not refined from sulphur, &.c. Ure. 
 
 Q. A small plant used in South America as a sub- 
 stitute for tea ; Paraguay tea. S. E. Morse. 
 
 JI \T'TED,pp. or a. Laid with mats ; entangled. 
 
 MAT'TER, n. [L. Sp. and It. materia ; Fr. matidre ; 
 Arm. viatery ; W. mater, what is produced, occasion, 
 affair, mailer ; madrei, pus, matter ; madrii, to putrefy 
 or dissolve. Owen deduces inater from mdd, what 
 proceeds or advances, a good ; inadii, to cause to pro- 
 ceed, to render productive ; mad, good, beneficial, 
 that is, advancing, progressive. Here we have a 
 clear idea of the radical sense of good, which is, pro- 
 ceeding, advancing. A good is that which advances 
 or prttmotes ; and Iience we see the connection be- 
 tween this word mad and matter, pus, both from pro- 
 
 gressiveness. The original verb is in the Ar. 
 
 madda, to extend, to reach or stretch, to be tall, to 
 thrust out, to excrete, to produce pus, to yawn ; de- 
 rivatives, pus, sanies, matter. This verb, in Heb. 
 and Ch., signifies, to measure, and is the same as 
 the L. vietior, Gr. iicrpioi. In Syriac, it signifies, to 
 escape.] 
 
 1. Substance excreted from living animal bodies ; 
 that which is thrown out or discharged in a tumor, 
 boil, or abscess ; pus ; purulent substance collected 
 in an abscess, the effect of suppuration more or less 
 perfect ; as, digested matter; sanious viatter. 
 
 2. Body ; substance extended ; that which is visi- 
 ble or tangible ; as, earth, wood, stone, air, vapor, 
 water. 
 
 3. In a more a-eneral and pimosophie sense, the sub- 
 stance of which all bodies are C(mstituted. 
 
 Matter is usually divided by philosophical writers 
 into three kinds or classes ; solid, liqnid, and a'f'riform. 
 Solii! substances are those whose jiarts firmly cohere 
 and resist impression, as wood or stone ; liijuids have 
 free motion among their parts, and easily yield to im- 
 pression, as water and wine. Aeriform substances 
 are elastic fluids, called vapors and gases, as air and 
 oxygen gas. 
 
 4. Subject ; thing treated ; that about which we 
 write or speak ; that which employs thought or ex- 
 cites emotion ; as, this is matter of praise, of grati- 
 tude, or of astonishment. 
 
 Son of God, S.wior of men, thy nnme 
 
 Sh:il\ Lie- llic copious nvtUer of my feoii MiHon, 
 
 5. The very thing supposed or intended. 
 
 lie ^r.ints llie (I'-lu^e to liave come so very near tlte mntlrr, tint 
 li w e8C:tp' <l. TiUolnon. 
 
 C. Affair ; business ; event ; thing ; course of things. 
 Matters hnvc, succeeded well thus far; observe how 
 matters stand ; thus the matter rests at present ; thus 
 the matter ended. 
 
 To help the matter, the ukhemifits call in many vanities from 
 
 wttroIo;?y. lifuon. 
 Some youn^ female seenie to have carried nutUera so far, that 
 6hc IB npc for asking advice. Spectator. 
 
 7. Cause of any event, as of any disturbance, or 
 of a disease, or of a diniciilly. When a moving ma- 
 chine stops suddeidy, we a^k, wh.nt is the mailer 1 
 When a person is ill, we ask, what is the matter'! 
 When a tumult or (juarrel takes place, we ask, what 
 Is the matter ? 
 
 8. Subject of compl.iint i suit; demand. 
 
 \t the malter aliould Ije tried by duel hctwecu two championi. 
 
 /iacorh 
 
 Every (r"^at matter tliey nhall t^rinff to tliec, but every small 
 malUr they shall Jud^e, — KxoJ. xvtii. 
 
 0. Itnport ; consequence ; importance ; moment 
 A prophet some, and some a poet cry : 
 No mauer wliich, no n'-ither of them lie. 
 
 10. .Space of time ; a portion of distance. 
 
 I tiave DioilCfhts 10 tirry a ntnall matter. 
 Away he (;oeti, a tn/itler of seven nillta. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 Conirreve. 
 L' Eetrange. 
 
 [fpon the matter! connidrring the whole ; taking all 
 tiling-! into vii:w. This phrase is now obsolete ; but 
 in lieu of it, wc Bomctimes use, upon llic whole mat- 
 Ur. 
 
 Wnll^r, with Hir William Balfour, exceeded In horse, hut were, 
 upon the tehott matter, equaj in fwtt. Clareiulon. 
 
 Matter of record ; that which is recorded, or which 
 may be prored by record. 
 
 MAT'TER, V. i. To be of importance ; to import ; 
 used with it, tliis, that, or what. This matters not ; 
 tliat matters not ; chiefiy used in negative phrases ; 
 as, what matters it 
 
 It mailers not how they are called, so we know who they are. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. To maturate ; to form pus ; to collect, as matter 
 in an abscess. 
 
 Each slight sore TTWiIterctA. [Little used.'] Sidney. 
 [TVe vow use IMaturate.] 
 M.VT'TER, 1'. U To regard. [JVot used.] 
 MAT'TER-£D, pp. Regarded ; imported. 
 
 2. Maturated ; collected, as pta-fect pus in an ab- 
 scess. 
 
 MAT'TER-LESS, a. Voii of matter. B. Jonson. 
 
 MAT'TEK-OF-FAeT'-MAN, n. A term, of modem 
 times, for a grave and precise narrator, remarker, or 
 inquirer ; one who sticks to the matter of any fact. 
 
 MAT'TER-Y, a. Purulent; generating pus; as, a 
 mattery cough. Harvey. 
 9. Important. [06s.] B. Jonson. 
 
 MAT'TING, ppr. Covering with mats ; entangling. 
 
 MAT'TING, n. A texture composed of rushes, flags, 
 grass, straw, &c., used in packing various articles, 
 and also for covering the floors of houses. 
 2. Materials for mats. 
 
 MAT'TOCK, n. [Sax. mattuc ; W. matoo-.] 
 
 A kind of pickax, having the iron ends broad, in- 
 stead of pointed. Smart. 
 
 MAT'TRESS, n. [W. matras ; D. id. ; It. matcrasso ; 
 G. matratie ; Fr. matelas ; Arm. matela^z, from viat. 
 MATBE3S, according to the etymology, would be a 
 more correct spelling.] 
 
 A quilted bed ; a bed stuffed with hair, moss, or 
 other soft material, and quilted. 
 
 MAT'lJ-RANT, n. [L. maturo, from malurtis, mature, 
 ripe.] 
 
 In pharmacy, a medicine, or application to an in- 
 flamed part, which promotes suppuration. Encyc. 
 MAT'IJ-RaTE, v. t. [L. maturo, to hasten, from ?na- 
 turiis, ripe.] 
 To promote perfect suppuration. 
 MAT'U-RaTE, v. i. To suppurate perfectly. 
 MAT'Tj-RA-TED, pp. Perfectly suppurated. 
 MAT'tl-RX-TING, ppr. Suppurating perfectly, as an 
 abscess. 
 
 MAT-IJ-Ra'TION, n. The process of ripening or 
 coming to maturity ; ripeness. Bacon. 
 
 2. The process of suppurating perfectly ; suppura- 
 tion ; the forming of pus in inflammations. Quincy. 
 
 M.^T'lf-RA-TIVE, a. Ripening; conducing to ripe- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Conducing to perfect suppuration, or the forma- 
 tion of matter in an abscess. 
 MA-TCRE', a. [Li. matunis : J)an. mocd, moeden. In 
 W. mid is, complete, perfect, mature ; and medi sig- 
 nifies, to reap, L. meto. So ripe, in English, seems 
 to be connected witli reap. In Ch. Kion signifies, to 
 come to, to reach, to be mature. See Meet.] 
 
 1. Ripe; perfected by time ornatural growth ; as, 
 a man of mature age. We apply it to a young man 
 who has arrived to the age when he is supposed to 
 be competent to manage his own concerns ; to a 
 young-woman who is fit to be married; and to el- 
 derly men who have much experience. 
 
 Their prince is a man of learning and virtue, mature io years. 
 
 Adtlison. 
 
 Mature the virgin was, of Egypt's race. Prior. 
 
 How shall I niret or how accoat the sage, 
 
 Unskilled in speech, nor yet mature of ige ? Pope. 
 
 2. Brought to perfection iiAsedo/pZojits. The wheat 
 is mature. 
 
 3. Cofiipleted ; prepared ; ready. The plan or 
 scheme was mature. 
 
 This lies glowing, and is mature for the violent brealuDg out. 
 
 illtalc. 
 
 4. Come to suppuration. 
 MA-TCRE', V. t. [L. maturo.] 
 
 1. To ripen ; to hasten to a perfect state ; to pro- 
 mote ripeness. 
 
 Trick an apple with a pin full of holes, not deep, and smear it 
 with sack, to see if tJie virtual heat of tlio wiue will not ma- 
 ture it. Bacon. 
 
 2. To ailvance toward perfection. 
 
 I.ove indulged my labors p;ist. 
 
 Matures my present, and shall bound my last. Pope. 
 
 MA-TORE', t". i. To advance toward ripeness ; to be- 
 come ripe or perfect. AVinc matures by agi^, or by 
 agitation in a long voyage. The Judgment matures 
 by au'c and experience. 
 
 MA-TiiR'/:i), pp. or a. Ripened ; advanced to perfec- 
 tion ; prejiaretl. 
 
 MA-'I'ORE'I.V, adv. With ripeness ; completi ly. 
 
 2. With full deliberation. A prince, entering on 
 war, ought maturely to consider tlie state of his 
 finances. 
 
 3. Early ; soon. [^4 lAit'mism, bttte used.] Bentlcy. 
 MAT-U-RES'CENT, a. ApproacliiiiK to maturity. 
 MA-TOR'ING, ppr. Ripening ; being in or coining to 
 
 a complete state. 
 MA-TC'RI-TY, j ji. Ripeness ; a state of perfection 
 MA-TORF,'NESS, \ or completeness ; as. Hit! maturi- 
 ty of age or of judgment ; the maturity of corn or of 
 grass ; the viaturity of a plan or Bcheine. 
 
 2. In commerce, the maturity of a note or bill of ex- 
 change is the time wlien it becomes due. 
 MA'J''U-Tt-NAL, / rr , , i 
 MAT'U-TIiNE i \.L>. mattitmus.j 
 
 Pertaining to the morning. Herbert. 
 MAT'WEED, n. A plant of the genus Lygeum. 
 MAIID'LIX, a. [Corrupted from Magdalen, who is 
 drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with 
 weeping.] 
 
 Drunk ; fuddled ; approaching to intoxication ; stu- 
 pid. 
 
 And the kind maudlin crowd melts in her praise. Southern. 
 
 MAUD'I/IN, V. A plant of the genus Achillea. 
 MAIJ'GER, ) at/u. [Fr. malgri, ill will; mal and 
 MAU'GRE, \ gre.] 
 
 In spite of; in opposition to; notwithstanding; 
 used only in burlesque. 
 
 Tliis, rnaus-tr all the world, will 1 keep safe. Sliak. 
 
 MAU'KIN. See Malkin. 
 
 MAUL, 71. [L. malleus. See Mall.] 
 
 A heavy wooden hammer ; written also Mall. 
 MAUL, V. t. To beat and bruise with a heavy stick 
 or cudgel ; to wound in a coarse manner. 
 
 Meek modem faith to murder, hack, and umul. Pope. 
 
 MAUL'/^D, pp. Bruised with a he.ivy stick or cudgel. 
 MAUL'ING, ppr. Beating with a ciidgel. 
 MAUL'-STICK, n. [G. mahlen-stock.] 
 
 The stick used by painters of pictures to keep the 
 hand steady in working. 
 MAUNCH, (miinsh,) n. [Fr. manche.] 
 
 A loose sleeve. [JVot used.] Herbert. 
 
 [In heraldry, a sleeve. — E. H. Barker.] 
 MA UNO or MAUND, n. [Sax. mand ; D. mam/.] 
 
 1. A hand-basket ; a word used in Scotland. 
 
 2. A Bengal weight of 100 pounds troy, or 82 avoir- 
 dupois. Mulcom. 
 
 MAUND or MAUND, j v. t. and t. To niut- 
 
 MAUND'ER or MAUN'DER, ( ter ; to murmur; to 
 
 grumble ; to beg. [O^/a-.] 
 MAUND'ER or MAUND'ER, n. A beggar. [Obs.] 
 MAUND'ER-ER or MAUND'ER-ER, u. A grumbler. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 MAUND'ER-ING or MAUND'ER-IiVG, n. Complaint. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 MAUN'DRIL, n. In coal mines, a pick with two 
 shanks. 
 
 MAUN'DY-THURS'DAY, n. [Supposed to be from 
 Sax. mand, a basket, because on that day princes used 
 to give alms to the poor from their baskets ; or from 
 dies mandati, the day of command, on which day our 
 Savior gave his great mandate, that we should love 
 one another. Lye. Johnson.] 
 
 The Thursday in Passion-week, or next before 
 Good-Friday. 
 
 MAU-SO-Li'.'AN, a. Pertaining to a mausoleum ; 
 monumental. Burton. 
 
 MAU-SO-Le'UM, 71. [L. ; Tr. mausolcc ; from Mau- 
 solus, king tif Caria, to whom Artemisia, his widow, 
 erected a stately monuniont.] 
 
 A magnificent tomb, or stately sepulchral monu- 
 ment. 
 
 MAU'THER, «. A foolish young girl. [JVot used.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 MAU-VAISEt HOJVTE', (mo-vii' ont',) 7i. [Fr.] 
 
 Bashftilness ; false modesty. 
 Ma'VIS, 71. [Fr. mauvis.] 
 
 The throstle or song-thrush ; Turdits ttumicms of 
 
 liinniEUS. P. Cyc. 
 
 MAW, 71. [Sax. maga; Sw. mage; D. viaag ; G. 7110- 
 
 t,"""-] 
 
 1. The stomach of brutes ; applied to the stomach 
 of human beings in contempt only. 
 
 2. The craw of fowls. Jirhuthnot. 
 MA\VK, 71. A maggot ; a slattern. [JVut in use.] 
 MAWK'ING-LY, ode. Slatternly ; sluttislily. 
 
 Bp. Taylor. 
 
 MAWK'ISII, a. Apt to cause satiety or loathing. 
 
 So sweetly matckish, and so smoothly dull. Pope. 
 
 MAWK'ISII-LY, adv. In a mawkish way. 
 MAWK'ISII-NESS, 71. Aptness to cause loathing. 
 MAWKS, H. A great, awkward, ill-dressed girl. [KmI- 
 
 Irnr.] Smart. 
 MAWK'Y, a. .tiaggoty. [Local] Grose. 
 MAW'MET, 71. [frimi Jl/a/iomrf.] A puppet ; aiicinit- 
 
 /i;, an idol. [Obs.] Wiclif 
 MAW'MET-RY, n. 'I'he religion of Mohammed ; also, 
 
 It'lolalrv. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 MAW'i\ilSIi, n. [from Tnaic, or mawmct.'] 
 
 "Foolish; silly; idle; nauseous. /.^Estrange. 
 M.WV'WOIIM, H. A worm that infests the .stomach. 
 
 Harrey. 
 
 MAX'TL-LAR, ( a. [L. maxillaris, from maiiUa, the 
 MAX'TL-LA-llY, j jaw-bone ; probably from the root 
 
 of mtish.] 
 
 Pi ilaiiiiiig to the jaw ; ns, the maxillary bones 01 
 glands, 
 
 MAX IL'LI-F'TRM, n. In the form of a cheek-bone. 
 
 MAX-II/LI PKI), 71. [I,. mardhi,y,\vi, and pes, foot.] 
 Jaw foot ; a term applied to the short, foot like ap- 
 pendages that cover the mouth in a crab, lobster, or 
 allii'd animal. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIIj)>T. — MRTE. PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BpOK.— 
 
 700 
 
MAY 
 
 MEA 
 
 MEA 
 
 MAX'IM, 71. [Fr. maxime, It. masaima, L. maiimum, 
 literally, the greatest.] 
 
 1. An established principle or proposition ; a prin- 
 ciple generally received or admitted as true. It is 
 nearly the same, in popular a^age, as Aiiom in pAi- 
 [o^tiphy and mathematics. 
 
 [l is n mtixitn of tuxte, thai countries newly acquired, and not 
 settled, are matters of burden, rather tbau ul' strength. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 It is their maxim, Love is love's reward. Dryden. 
 •2. In music, the longest note forjperly used, equal 
 to tw o longs, or four breves ; a large. Bushi/. 
 MAX'I.M-MO.V'GKR, (-nmng'ger,) «. One who deals 
 
 iniirh in maxims. Cliestcrjield. 
 M.V.\'1.M-UM, n. [L.] In viathematics, tlie greatest 
 niimbur t>r quantity attainable in any given case ; op- 
 posed to .MlKlMl'M. 
 
 M.\ V, H. [L. Maius ; Fr. Mai ; It. Mag^io ; Sp. Mayi).] 
 1. The fifth month of the year, beginning with 
 January, but the third, beginning with March, as 
 was the ancient jiractice of the Romans. 
 
 a. [Goth. mawi. See JIaid.] A young woman. 
 [0I,.<) 
 
 3. The early part of life. 
 
 His .May of youth and bloom of lustihood. Shak. 
 May, ti. 1. To gatlier flowers in May morning. Sidney. 
 MAY, verb aux. ; pret. Might. [Sa.i. viagan, to he 
 strong or able, to avail ; U. virijeiij or moogen ; G. m'd- 
 gcit I Russ. magu. The old pret. Mouoht is obsolete, 
 btit not wholly extinct front our common people. The 
 sense is, to strain or i>rcss.] 
 
 I. To be possible. We say, a thing may be, or may 
 not be ; an event may happen j a thing may be done, 
 if means are not wanting. 
 
 a. 'X'o have physical force ; to be able. 
 
 -M U(e the iiiual of life you may. Bournt. 
 
 3. To have niortil powxr ; to have liberty, leave, li- 
 cense, or permission ; to be permitted ; to be allowed. 
 -V man may do what the laws iierniit. lie may do 
 what is not against decency, propriety, or gooil man- 
 ni-rs. We viay not violate the laws or the rules of 
 pood breeding. I told the servant he might be ab- 
 sent. 
 
 Thou mayest be no longer stew.ard. — Luke xvi. 
 •1. It is used in prayer and petitions to express de- 
 sire. O, may we never experience the evils we dread. 
 Po also in expressions of good will. May you live 
 happily, and be a blessing to your country. It was 
 formerly used for Cak, and its radical sense is the 
 same. 
 
 May be, it may he, mayhap, are cx-pressions equiva- 
 lent to perhaps, by chance, pcradventurc, that is, it is 
 ]>ossible to be. 
 
 M.\Y'-.\P-PI,F,, (ma'ap-pl,) n. The fruit of an Amer- 
 ican plant. Podophyllum peltatum. 
 
 M.xY'ni.OO.M, 7!. TheUawthorn. 
 
 M.aV'-BUG, II. A chafer; a buzzing insect, .iinsworth. 
 
 M.AY'Hyt'H, M. A plant of the genus Crattegus. 
 
 M.\Y'-I)aY, n. The first dav of May. 
 
 M.\ V'-DEW, (mS'du,) 7i. The dew of May, which is 
 said to whiten linen, and to allord, by reixNited dis- 
 tillations, a red and odoriferous spirit. It has been 
 supposed that from the preparation of tliis dew the 
 Rosicnicians took their name. Kncyc. 
 
 Ma V'DC'KE, ri. A variety of the common cherry. 
 
 MaY'FLOVV-ER, 71. A plant ; a tlower that appears 
 in May. Baeon. 
 
 M.\y'FLy, It. Ah insect or fly that appears in May. 
 
 WalUiiu 
 
 MaY'-GaME, n. Sport or diversion ; play such as is 
 used im the first of M.iy. Dryden. 
 
 M.\Y'-L.\ DY, n. The queen or lady of May, in old 
 iMav games. Dryden. 
 
 MaY'-LIL-Y, n. The lily of the valley, Convallaria 
 Majalis. 
 
 MaY'-.MORN, 71. Freshness ; vigor. Shak. 
 MaY'-PoLE, n. A pole to ilancc round in May ; a 
 
 Ion" pole erected. 
 MaY'-UL'EEN, 71. A young female crowned with 
 
 flowers a.<! queen at the celebration of Mav-day. 
 M.\Y'\YEF,D, 71. A low herb, Antliemis Cotula, grow- 
 M.aY'HE.M. tiee Maim. [ing by roadsides, &c 
 
 M.xY'IXG, n. The gathering of flowers on May-day 
 MaY'OR, n. [Fr. maire ; Norm, nuienr, viair, meyre , 
 Arm. ramr; VV. Tiwfr, one st.ationed, one that looks 
 after or tends, one that keeps or guards, a provost, a 
 mayor, a bailitf ; maer y bisieal, a land steward, the 
 keeper of a cow-lair ; maerdrcv, a dairy hamlet ; ma- 
 rrdy, a dairy farm ; maeron, a male keeper or dairy 
 farmer; moerM, a female who looks after, a dairy 
 woman ; maeroni, the office of a keeper, su[>crintend- 
 ency, mayoralty : Arm. mirct, to keep, stop, hold, 
 coinciding with Fr. mircr, L. miror, the primary sense 
 of which is precisely the same as in the Armoric. 
 (See .\iiMiRABLB and -Miracle.) A mayor, then, w.-is 
 i>ripinally an overseer, and, among country gentle- 
 ni. n, a steward, a kind of domestic b.-viliff; rendered 
 , in the writing of the middle ages viUictis. (See 
 Spelman, ad cue.) The derivation of the word from 
 1^ major is undoubtedly an error.] 
 
 The chief magistrate of a city, who, in London 
 and \ ork, is called lerrf moyor. The mayor of a city, 
 111 America, is the chief judge of the city court, and 
 
 is assisted, in some rases .it least, by two or more 
 aldermen. To the lord mayor of London belong 
 several courts of Judicature, as the hustings, court of 
 requests, and court of common council. 
 
 MAY'OU-AL-TY, n. The oflicc of a mayor. Bacon. 
 
 MaY'OK-ESS, 71. The wife of a mayor. 
 
 MA/.'A-G.AN, 71. A variety of tlie common bean, 
 Falia vulgaris. 
 
 MAZ'ARD, 71. [probably from the toot of mash ; Fr. 
 77iac/ioirc.] 
 
 1. The jaw. [JVo( used."] Shak. Iludibras. 
 
 2. A black cherry. 
 
 MAZ'ARD, D. £. To knock on the head. [JV«« in jise.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 MAZ-A-RIXE', (maz-a-reen',) ti. A deep blue color. 
 
 2. A particular way of dressing fowls. 
 
 3. A little dish set in a large one. Ash. 
 Maze, 71. [Sax. mase, a whirlpool ; Arm. tiicz, con- 
 fusion or shame. The origin and affinities of this 
 word are not ascertained.] 
 
 I. A winding and turning; perplexed state of 
 things; intricacy; a state that embarrasses. 
 The ways of Ile.^ven are dark and intricate, 
 Puziled with mazes, and perplexed with error. Addison. 
 
 9. Confusicm of thought ; perplexity ; uncertainty. 
 3. A labyrinth. 
 MAZE, V. t. To bewilder ; to confound with intri- 
 cacy ; to amaze. Spenser. 
 MAZE, D.I. To be bewildered. [Obs.] Cluiuccr. 
 MaZ'ED-NESS, n. Confusion ; astonisliinent. [Ots.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 M.AZ'ER,7i. A maple cup. [06i.] Spenser. Dryden. 
 Ma'ZI-LY, adv. With perplexity. 
 Ma'ZI-NESS, 11. Per|)lexily. 
 MAZ-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining; to mazology. 
 MA-ZOL'O-GIST, 71. One versed in niazology. 
 M.-\-ZOL'0-GY, 71. [Gr. pa^vf, a breast, and Ao) of, 
 discourse.] 
 
 That branch of zoology which treats of niammif- 
 erous animals. Kdin. Kncyc. 
 
 Ma'ZY, a. Winding ; perplexed with turns and 
 windings ; intricate ; as, mazy error. Milton. 
 
 To run the riii^ and trace tlie mazy round. Dryden. 
 M. D. ; Medicina Doctor, doctSr of medicine. 
 ME, proTi. peri. ; the objective case of /, answering to 
 the oblique cases of ego, in Latin. [Sax. mc ; Goth. 
 mih ; G. mieh ; Fr. 7not ; L. mihi i Sp. 7;ii ; It. jni or 
 mc; Arm. TTie ; Port. 7iiim ,■ D. my; Gaelic, mo; Hin- 
 doo, my/io ; Sans. me. The Hindoos use 7?ic in the 
 nominative, as in Celtic and French, 7ni, 7Hoi.] 
 
 Follow 7Hc; giveto7nc; go with 7/ic. The phr.-ise 
 " I followed me close," is not in use. Before think, 
 as in methijtks, mc is properly in the dative case, anti 
 the verb is impersonal ; the construction is, it appears 
 to me. 
 
 MkA'COCK, 71. [Qu. meek and cocft.] An uxorious, 
 etlVininate man. [A'of used.] Johnson. 
 
 MK.\'eOCK, a. Tame; timorous; cowardly. [JYot 
 7/sc(/.] Shak. 
 
 MkAD, (meed,) n. [Sax. 77ie(/o, mcdu, mead or wine ; 
 D. 77ic<;rfe ; G. 7)ic;A ; Dan. wiiod ; \V. mr.i ; Ir. miodh or 
 meaiUi ; Ann. mez. In Gr. peOu is wine, as is madja 
 in Sanscrit, and medo in Zend. In Russ. nic(/ or 
 meda is honey. If the word signifies primarily liquor 
 in general, it may be allied to Gr. pv6ai>i, L. madeo, to 
 be wet. But it may have had its name from honey.] 
 A fermented liquor consisting of honey and water, 
 sometimes enriched with spices. Kncyc. 
 
 Mk.VD, ^meed.) j ii. [Sax. made, nucdcwe ; G. 
 
 ME.VD'oW, (mcd'o,) j 7;ia/te, a mat, and a meadow ; 
 Ir. madh. The sense is, extended or flat, depressed 
 land. It is supposed that this word enters into the 
 name Mediolanum, now Milan, in Italy ; that is, 
 mead-land.] 
 
 A tract of low land. In .imerica, the word is ap- 
 plied particularly to the low ground on the banks of 
 rivers, consisting of a rich mold or an alluvial soil, 
 whether grass land, pasture, tillage, or wood land ; 
 as, the meadenes on tilt? banks of the Connecticut. 
 The word, with us, does not necessarily imply wet 
 land. This species of land is called, in the Western 
 Stales, botUims, or bottom-land. The word is also 
 used (or other low or flat lands, particularly lands 
 appropriated to the culture of grass. 
 
 i"he word is said to be applied, in Grc.it Britain, 
 to land somewhat watery, but covered with grass. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Meadow means p.-v:ture or grass land, annually 
 mown for hay ; but more particularly, land too moist 
 for cattle to graze on in winter, without spoiling the 
 sward. Kncyc. Cyc. 
 
 [.Mead is used chieflv in poetry.] 
 JAD'OW-L-H"" 
 
 MEAD'OW-L-URK, 71. A w ell-know-n, beautiful bird, 
 .^lauda magjia of \Yilson, often seen in meadows antI 
 open fiel(!s in the United States. Its note is clear, 
 but melancholy. Kncyc. Jim. 
 
 ME.\D'0W-0RE, (med'6-,) ti. In mineralogy, con- 
 
 choidal bog iron ore. Ure. 
 ME.VD'flW-RC'E, n. A plant of the genus Thalictruni. 
 ME.\D'OW-SAF'FRO.\, Ti. A bulbous, medicinal 
 
 plant of the genus Colchicum. 
 MEAD'OW-SAX'I-FRAGE, n. A plant of the genus 
 Scseli. Partinsrion. 
 
 SM. 
 
 MEAD'OVV-SWEET, n. A plant of the genus Spi- 
 raea. 
 
 M1;AD'0W-\V0RT, ti. A plant. Drayton. 
 
 MEAD'oW-Y, (ined'6-c,) a. (Containing meadow. 
 
 MioA'GER, ) ,, ./„„, ^ (a. [Fr. T/mi^T* ; Sp. and It. 
 
 MkA'GRE, i e"fW ) magro; L. miuer : D. G. 
 Dan. and Sw. mager ; Gr. /ii»ao{, piK/wf, small ; al- 
 lied to Eng. meek ; Ch. Ida, to be thin, to be de- 
 pri sseil, to subdue ; Ueb. TiD, id. Class Mg, No. 2, 
 9, 10, K).] 
 
 1. Thin ; lean ; destitute of flesh or having little 
 flesh ; applied to animals. 
 
 Meaner yff-TC his looks ; 
 Sharp misery had worn him to the bunes. 
 
 2. Poor ; barren ; destitute of richness, fertility, or 
 any thing valuable ; as, a meager soil ; meager lime- 
 stone. Journ, of Science. 
 
 3. Barren ; poor; wanting strength of diction, or 
 richness of ideas or imagery ; as, a meager style or 
 composition ; meager annals. 
 
 Mk.\'GER, ( f. t. To make lean. [J^'olused.] 
 Mk.A'GRI;, i Knollcs. 
 MK.'V'iJER-LY, adv. Poorly ; thinly. 
 MK.\'GKlt-i\ESS, )i. Leanness; want of flesh. 
 
 2. Poorness ; barrenness ; want of lertilily or rich- 
 ness. 
 
 3. Scantiness ; barrenness ; as, the meagerness of 
 service. Bacon. 
 
 MEAK, (meek,) n. A hook with a long handle. 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 MkAL, n. [Sax. mal, a part or portion ; D. mnal ; G. 
 TiiaW; probably from breaking. Seethe next word ] 
 
 1. A portion of food taken at one time ; a repast. 
 It is customary, in the L'niled .'States, to eat three 
 vuals in a day. The principal meal of our ancestors 
 w.as dinner, :il noon. 
 
 2. A part ; a fragment ; in the word picermeal. 
 Mr:.'VL, M. [Sax. T/icu/ficr, 7«e/cwe ; ii. meld ; Sw.»nid7; 
 
 Dan. and D. 7iiCfi ; G. mehlicht, mealy, mellow ; VV. 
 mhl, bruised, ground, smooth. This word seems to 
 be allietl to mill, L. 7no/a, and to L. motlif. Eng. mel- 
 low. The ratlical sense is, probably, ti> break, com- 
 minute, or grind to fine particles, and hence the 
 sense of softness ; or the sense of softness may be 
 from yielding or smoothness, and the verb may be 
 from the noun.] 
 
 1. The substance of edible grain ground to fine 
 particlt-s, and not bolted or sifteil. .Meal primarily 
 includes the bran as well ;is the Hour. Since bolting 
 lias been generally practiced, the word rneal is not 
 generally applied to the finer part, or flour, at least 
 in the United St.ates, though I believe it is soiiietinies 
 so used. In New Englaiiil, mral is now usually ap- 
 plied to ground maize, whether bolted or unbolted, 
 called Indian meal or corn-meal. The words wheat- 
 meal anil rye-meal are rarely used, though not wholly 
 extinct; and meal occurs, also, in oatmeal. 
 
 2. Flour ; the finer part of pulverized grain. [This 
 sense is note uncomtnon.] 
 
 MEAL, V. t. To sprinkle with meal, or to mi.x meal 
 with. [Little used.] 
 
 MkAL'I-N'ESS, n. The quality of being mealy ; soft- 
 ness or smoothness to the touch. 
 
 Mk.\L'-.M AN, 71. A man that deals in meal. 
 
 MkAL'-TI.ME, 71. The usual time of eating meals. 
 
 Mi;.\L'Y, (me'le,) a. Having the qualities of meal ; 
 soft ; smooth to the feel. 
 
 2. Like meal ; farinaceous ; soft ; dry and friable ; 
 as, a mealy potato ; a mealy apple. 
 
 3. Overspread with something that resembles 
 meal ; as, the mraly wings of an insect. Thomson. 
 
 MKAL'Y-.MOUTlI-i;D, a. Literally, having a soft 
 mouth ; hence, iinw illing to tell the truth in plain 
 language ; inclined to sjieak of any thing in softer 
 terms than the truth will warrant. L' Fstrar ge. 
 
 MkAL'Y-MOUTH'ED-NESS, 11. Inclination to e.x- 
 press the truth in soft words, or to disguise the plain 
 fact ; reluctance to ti ll the plain truth. 
 
 Mean, (meen,) o. [Sax. intcne, genurne; the Utter 
 word signifies common, h. communis. Mean coincides 
 in elements with Sax. maneg, many, .ind the primary 
 sense may be, a crowd, like vulgar, from L. vutgus. 
 If the primary sense is small, it coincides with Ir. 
 mion, \V. or main, Fr. menu, It. meno, L. minor 
 and minuo, to diminish ; but I think the word be- 
 longs to the root of common. See Class Jin, No. 2 
 and 5.J 
 
 1. Wanting dicnity ; low in rank or birth ; as, a 
 man of nirnii parentage, mean birth or origin. 
 
 2. Wanting dignity of mind ; luw-niinded ; base; 
 destitute of honor ; spiritless. 
 
 Can you imagine 1 so mtan couUi prore. 
 To fcive my lilc by changing of my loTC t 
 
 DryUn. 
 
 3. Contemptible ; despicable. 
 
 The Roman legions and freat Cesar fo' 
 Our fallieis no m*an fues. 
 
 ind 
 
 Philipt. 
 
 4. Of little Talue ; low in worth or estimation ; 
 worthy of little or no regard. 
 
 We fast, not to please men, nor to promote ftny msan worldly 
 Intercsu Smalridft. 
 
 5. Of little value; humble; poor; as, a mtm 
 abode ; a mean dress. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, TJNITE — AN"G£R, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 88< 
 
 GGG 
 
 701 
 
ME A 
 
 MEA 
 
 ME A 
 
 Mean, a. [Ft, vtotjcn; and Port, nipdiano ; L. 
 medium, vicdiiis ; Ir. meadhan. See Middle.] 
 
 1. Middle ; at an equal distance from the ex- 
 tremes. 
 
 According to the fittest style of lofty, mean, or lowly. Milton. 
 
 2. Intervening; intermediate; coming between; 
 as, in the mran time or while. 
 
 3. In mathematics, a term denoting a quantity hav- 
 ing an intermediate value between several others, 
 which are formed according to any assigned law of 
 succession. Brandc, 
 
 Mean, n. The middle point or place; the middle 
 rate or degree ; mediocrity ; medium. Observe the 
 golden vicati. 
 
 There is a mean in nil thinj^s. Dryden. 
 
 But no authority of pods or men 
 
 Allow of any mean ui poesy. Roscommon, 
 
 2. Intervening time ; interval of time ; interim ; 
 meantime. 
 
 And in the mean, vouchaiile her honorable tomb. Spenser. 
 Here is an omission of time or while. 
 
 3. In mathematics, a quantity having an intermedi- 
 ate value between several others, which are formed 
 according to any assigned law of succession. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 4. Measure ; regulation. [JVb« in use.] Spenser. 
 
 5. Instrument ; that which is used to effect an ob- 
 ject ; the medium through which something is done. 
 
 The virtuuns conversation of Christians was a mean to work the 
 conversion of the heathen to Christ. Hooker. 
 
 In this sense, means, in the plural, is generally 
 used, and often with a definitive and verb in the 
 singular. 
 
 By Oils means he had them more at vantaffP. Bacon. 
 a' guuil character, when esuiblislied, should not be Tested on as 
 an end, but employed as a mtang of doin^ ijood. Allerhury. 
 
 6. Means, in the plural, income, revenue, re- 
 sources, substance, or estate, considered as the in- 
 strument of effecting any purpose. He would have 
 built a house, but he wanted means. 
 
 Your means are slender. SIloJc. 
 
 7. Instrument of action or performance ; as, the 
 great incans of success. 
 
 By all means ; certainly ; without fail. Go, by all 
 means. 
 
 By no means ; not at all ; certainly not ; not in any 
 degree. 
 
 'i'he wine on this side of the lake is by no means so g-ood as that 
 on the oilier. Addison. 
 
 By no manner of means ,* by no means ; nt)t the 
 least. Burke. 
 By any means ; in any way ; possibly ; at all. 
 If by any means I might att;iin to the resurrection of llie dead. 
 — Phil. iii. 
 
 Mi5.\N'Tl.ME, I in the intervening time. [In this 
 Mf;.\N'VV11iLE ; ( use of the.se words, there is an 
 
 omission of in or in the ; in the mean time.] 
 Mean, v. t. pret. and pp. Meant, (ment.) [Sax. 
 mtenan, menan, to mean, to intent!, also to re- 
 late, to recite or tell, also to moan, to lament ; G. 
 meinen ; D. meenen-, Sw. mena; Vnu. meener,mener ; 
 Russ. mnyu, to think or believe ; Ir. smuaininu It 
 coincides in origin with L. viens. Eng. mind. The 
 primary sense is, to set or to thrust forward, to 
 reach, stretch, or e.xtend. So in L. intendu, to stretch 
 onward or toward, and propono, to prtipose, to set or 
 put forward.] 
 
 1. To have in tha mind, view, or contemplation ; 
 to intend. 
 
 What mean you by this service ? — Ex. xii. 
 
 2. To intend ; to purpose ; to design, with refer- 
 ence to a future act. 
 
 Ye thought evil against me, but (lod jneant it for ^od. — Gen. I. 
 
 3. To signify ; to indicate. 
 
 What mean these seven ewe lamlw ? — Gen. xxl. 
 
 W h.it jneanel/i the noise of tliis g^tcat shout in the camp of the 
 
 Hebrews? — 1 Sam. iv. 
 Go ye, and learn what that meaneOi. — Matt. ii. 
 
 MeA.N', (meen,) v. i. To have thought or ideas; or 
 to have meaning. Pope. 
 
 ME-AN'OElt, ji. [The name of a winding river in 
 Phrygia.] 
 
 1. A winding course ; a winding or turning in a 
 passage ; as, thi; meanders of the veins and arteries. 
 
 Hate. 
 
 While lingerinjr rivers In meatulers glide. Blackmore. 
 
 2. A maze ; a labyrinth ; perplexity ; an, the mean- 
 ders of the law. .^rbiilhnot. 
 
 ME A.N'DEU, V. t. To wind, turn, or flow round ; to 
 make flexiious. ' Drayton, 
 
 ME-AN'DEK, v. i. To wind or turn in a course or 
 (taMHage ; (o be intricate. Shenstone, 
 
 ME-AN'1)KR-I.\(;, ppr. or a. Winding in a course, 
 pasMagt*, or current. 
 
 ME A.N'IIEIt [N<;, n. A winding rour.Hc. 
 
 .ME A.\'l)lll A.\, a. Winding , having many tiirmi. 
 
 ME-A.N-DItl'NA, n. A gi inix of corals with mean- 
 dering reIN, a.H the brain-Ntono coral. Mantell, 
 
 MEAN'lilloU.S.I"- VV.nd,nB;nexuou,. King. 
 
 MeAN'ING, p;)!-. Having in mind ; mtending ; signi- 
 fying. 
 
 _ 2. Significant ; <as, a meaning look. 
 MeAN'ING, n. That which exists in the mind, view, 
 or contemplation as a settled aim or purpose, though 
 not directly expressed. We say, this or that is not 
 his meaning. 
 
 2. Intention ; purpose ; aim ; with reference to a 
 future act. 
 
 1 am no honest man, if there be any good meaning toward you. 
 
 S/,alc. 
 
 3. Signification. What is the meaning of all this 
 parade.' The meaning of a hieroglyphic is not al- 
 ways obvious. 
 
 4. The sense of words or expressions ; that which 
 is to be understood ; signification ; that which the 
 writer or speaker intends to express or communicate. 
 Words have a literal meaning, or a metaphorical 
 meaning, and it is not always easy to ascertain the 
 real meaning. 
 
 _ 5. Sense ; power of thinking. [Little used.'] 
 MeAN'ING-LESS, a. Having no meaning. 
 MlvAN'ING-LY, adc. Significantly; intendingly. 
 MeAN'LY, adv. [See Mean.] Moderately ; not in a 
 
 great degree. 
 
 In the reign of Domitian, poetry was meanly cultivated. [Not 
 used.] Dryden, 
 
 2. Without dignity or rank ; in a low condition ; 
 as, meanly born. 
 
 3. Poorly ; as, meanly dressed. 
 
 4. Without greatness or elevation of mind ; with- 
 out honor ; with a low mind or narrow views. He 
 meanly declines to fulfill his promise. 
 
 Would you meanly thus rely 
 
 On power you knov/ I most obey ? Prior. 
 
 5. Without respect ; disrespectfully. We can not 
 hear to hear others speak meanly of our kindred. 
 
 Me.^N'NESS, n. Want of dignity or rank ; low 
 state ; as, meanness of birth or condition. Poverty is 
 not always meanness; it may be connected with it, 
 but men of dignified minds and manners are often 
 poor. 
 
 2. Want of excell^ce of any kind ; poorness ; 
 rudeness. 
 
 This figure is of a later date, by the meanness of the workman 
 ship. Addison. 
 
 3. Lowness of mind ; want of dignity and eleva- 
 tion ; want of honor. Meanness in men incurs con- 
 tempt. All dishonesty is meanness. 
 
 4. Sordidness ; niggardliness ; opposed to Liber- 
 ality or Chakitableness. Meanness is very difier- 
 cnt from frugality. 
 
 5. Want of richness; poorness; as, the meanness 
 of dress or equipage. 
 
 MeAN'-SPIR'IT-ED, a. Having a mean spirit. 
 Means, n. pi. Resources or income. 
 
 2. Instrument for gaining an end ; as, by this 
 means. [See Mean.] 
 ME.\NT, (ment,) prct. and pp. of Mean. 
 MeAR, 71. A boundary or limit. [See Mere.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 MeASE, n. [from the root of measure,] The tjtian- 
 tity of 500 ; as, a mease of herrings. [JVot used in 
 ,'^nirriea.] 
 
 MeA'SLE, (mee'zl,) n. A leper. TJVot in use.] 
 
 mclif. 
 
 Me.\'SLED, (inee'zld,) a. [See Measles.] Infected 
 or spotted with measles. 
 
 MeA'SLES, (mee'ziz,) with a plural terminatitm. 
 [G. mnser, a spot ; masig, measled ; D. maiclrn : from 
 sprinkling or from mixing. Class Ms, No. 14, l.'i.] 
 
 1. A contagious disease of the human body, usu- 
 ally characterized by a crimson rash iiptm the skin, 
 in stigmatized dots, grouped in irregular circles or 
 crescents; appearing about the third day, and termi- 
 nating about the seventh ; preceded by symptoms 
 like catarrh, and accompanied by a constitutional 
 febrile affection, which is either a synochus or an ex- 
 quisite typhus. 
 
 2. A disease of swine. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. A ilisease of trees. Mortimer. 
 Me,\'SLY, (inec'zly,) a. Infected with measles or 
 
 eruptions. Sioift. 
 
 MEAS'lJll-A-I!LK,(inezh'ur-a-bl,)ff. [See Measure.] 
 That may be measured ; susceptible of mensuration 
 or computation. Bentley. 
 2. Moderate ; in small qu.antity or extent. 
 
 MEA9iniK-A-n!,E-NESS,(inezli'ur-a-hl-ness,) n. The 
 quality of admitting mensuration. 
 
 MEAS'lJR-A-liLY, (mczh'ur-,) adv. Moderately; in 
 a limilrd degree. 
 
 MEA»'i;itE, (mezh'ur,) n. [Er. mfsure ; It. misura : 
 Sp. medid/i ; Arm. niusiir or musul ; Ir. mens; W. 
 meidyr and mesur ; (J. mass, measure, and messen, to 
 measure ; I), moat ; Sw. matt ; Dan. maade, measure, 
 and mode ; L. mensura, from mcn.vus, with a casual n, 
 the participle of mtlior, to measure, Eng. to mete ; Gr. 
 ptrnoi', lari'ci,'. With these corresponil the Eng. mert, 
 fit, pro|)er, and meet, the verl) ; Sax. gemcl, meet, fit j 
 metan and gemrttan, to meet or meet with, to find, to 
 mete or measuns and to paint. 'I'lie sen.se is, to conio 
 to, lo fall, to happen, and this sense is connected 
 with that of stretching, extending, that is, reaching 
 
 to ; the latter gives the sense of measure. We find 
 in Heb. Ta, measure ; n.D, to mete, to measure. 
 
 This word, in Ar. tX.<o madda, signifies to stretch 
 or extend, to draw out in length or time; as do other 
 verbs with the same elements, under one of which 
 we find the meta of the Latins. The Ch. NOD sig- 
 nifies, to come to, to arrive, to reach, lo be mature, 
 and NS!3, in Heb. Ch. and Eth., signifies, to find, to 
 come to. Now, the Saxon verb unites in itself the 
 significations of all three of the Oriental verbs.] 
 
 1. The whole extent or dimensions of a thing, in- 
 cluding length, breadth, and thickness. 
 
 The measure thereof is lone-er than the earth and broader than 
 the sea. —Job xi. 
 
 It is applied, also, to length or to breadth sepa- 
 rately. 
 
 2. That by which extent or dimension is ascer- 
 tained, either length, breadth, thickness, capacity, or 
 amount ; as, a rod or pole is a measure of five yards 
 and a half; an inch, a foot, a yard, are measures of 
 length ; a gallon is a measure of capacity. Weights 
 and measures should be uniform. Silver and gold 
 are the common measure of value. 
 
 3. A limited or definite quantity ; as, a measure of 
 wine or beer. 
 
 4. Determined extent or length ; limit. 
 
 Lord, make me to know my end, and the yneasure of my days. 
 — Ps. xxxix. 
 
 5. A rule by which any thing is adjusted or pro- 
 portioned. 
 
 God's goodness is the measure of his providence. Mort. 
 
 6. Proportion ; quantity settled. 
 
 I enter not into the particiil-ars of the law of nature, or its mea». 
 ures of punishment ; yet there is such a law. Locke. 
 
 7 Full or sufficient quantity. 
 
 I'll never pause again. 
 Till either death hath closed these eyes of mine. 
 Or fortune given me measure of revenge. Shale. 
 
 8. Extent of power or office. 
 
 We will not boast of tilings wiUiout our measure. — 2 Cor. x. 
 
 9. Portion allotted ; extent of ability. , 
 
 If else thou seekest 
 Aught not surpassing human measure, say. Milton, 
 
 10. Degree ; quantity indefinite. 
 
 1 have laid down, in some measure, the description of the old 
 world. Abbot. 
 
 A great measure of discretion is to be used in the performance of 
 confession. Taylor, 
 
 11. In music, that division by which the motion of 
 music is regulated ; or the interv.al or space of time 
 between the rising and falling of the hand or foot of 
 him who beats time. This measure regulates the 
 time of dwelling on each note. Encyc, 
 
 13. In poetry, the measure or meter is the manner 
 of (trdering and combining the quantities, or the long 
 and short syllables. Thus hexameter, pentameter. 
 Iambic, Sapphic verses, &;c., consist of different 
 measures, Kncyc. 
 
 13. In dancing, the interval between steps, cor- 
 responding to the interval between notes in the 
 music. 
 
 My legs can keep no measur^in delight. Sluik. 
 Hence, a dance. Walter Scott, 
 
 14. In geometry, any quantity assumed as one, or 
 unity, to which other homogeneous or similar quanti- 
 ties ai(^ referreil as a stanilard of comparison. Brande. 
 
 15. l\leans to an end ; an act, step, or proceeding, 
 toward the accomplishment of an object; an eileu- 
 sive signijicntion of the ipord, applicable to almost every 
 act preparatory to a final end, and by which it is to be 
 attained. Thus we speak of legislative measures, 
 political measures, public mea.'^ures, prudent measures, 
 a rash measure, effectual measures, inefficient ;ncn.<- 
 ures. 
 
 l(i. In geology, the term measures is sometimes 
 used for beds" or strata; as, coal measures: lead 
 measures. Brande, 
 
 In measure; with moderation; without excess. 
 
 JVitltout measure ; without limits ; very largely or 
 copiously. 
 
 7(1 hncc hard measure ; to be harshly or oppressive- 
 ly treateil. 
 
 Lineal or long measure ; measure of length ; the 
 measure of lines or ilistances. 
 
 Liimid measure; the measure of liquors. 
 MEASMIRE, (mezh'iir,) ti. t. To compute or ascertain 
 extent, quantity, dimensions, or capacity, by a cer- 
 tain rule or stamlard ; as, to measure land ; to measure 
 distance ; to measure the allilude of a mountain ; to 
 measure the capacity of a slirp or of a cask. 
 
 2. To ascertain the degree of any thing; as, to 
 measure the degrees of hi;at, or of moisture. 
 
 3. To pass through or over. 
 
 We must measure twenty miles to-day. Sliak. 
 
 The vessel plows the sea. 
 Ami measures back with speed her former way. Dryden, 
 
 4. To judge of distance, extent, or quantity; as, 
 to measure any tiling by the eye. 
 
 Great lire thy works, Jeliovali, infiiilto 
 
 Thy power; what Uiought can tneasure thee t Milton, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 702 
 
MEC 
 
 5. To adjust ; to proportion. 
 
 To scciin; ii conlPiuM spirit, mtagure your ilfsires by vnur foi^ 
 tuiu's, not your forluin-t hy your dfsirv*. Jlay/or. 
 
 6. To allot or distribute by measure. 
 
 With whiit nienaure ye mcle, it shall be meaturtd lo you n^a. 
 — M.itt »ii. 
 
 MKAS'UUE, r. i. To bo of a certain extent, or to 
 have a certain lenglli, breadth, or thickness ; as, 
 cloth measures three I'ourlhs ol" a yard ; a tree ?;ie<w- 
 i/rcs three feet in dian>eter. 
 
 JIEASMIll-KD, (mt!Zh'iird,) pp. Computed or ascer- 
 tained by a rule or standard ; adjustetl ; proportioned ; 
 passed over. 
 
 2. a. Equal ; uniform ; steady. He walked with 
 measured steps. 
 :t. Limited or restricted ; as, in no measured terms. 
 
 MEAS'lJUE-LESS, (mezli'iir-less,) a. Without meas- 
 ure; unlimited; immeasurable. Sliak. 
 
 MEAS'UUE-.MEXT, (mt-/.h'ur-mcnt,) n. The act of 
 nu asurins ; mensuration. Burke. 
 
 MEAS'1;R-ER, (mezli'ur-cr,) n. One who measvires ; 
 one whose occupation or duty is to measure commod- 
 ities in market. 
 
 MEAS'IIR-1N(5, (mezh'ur-ing,) ppr. Computing or 
 ascertainins length, dimensions, capacity, or amount. 
 
 2. a. Used in measurini; ; as, a vteasurintr-rod, 
 
 ;). a. A measurinir cast; a throw or cast that rc- 
 qtiires to be nu\isurcd, or not to be distiiiEuished 
 from another but by measuring. Waller. 
 Mf.AT, (meet,) n. (.Sax. mute, mete; Goth, mnts; Sw. 
 mat; Dan. mad ; lliuiloo, mo.*. In W. macthu signi- 
 fies, to feed, lo nourish. Corn. mrtJiia. In the lan- 
 gunpe of the Moliegans, in America, meetseh signifies, 
 eat thou ; meetsoo, he cats. (iu. mai-.c and mast.] 
 
 I. Food in generjil ; any thing eaten for nourish- 
 ment, either by man or beast. 
 
 And lioil said, Cclif>ld, 1 have ^vcn you every herb — lo you it 
 shall he fur tnent. — (ii-n. I. 
 
 F. vcry ii.oving thiii^ thai tivetli shall he m«tU for you. — Gen. ix. 
 1'hy carcass shall be meat to all fowls of the air. — Deul. xxviil. 
 
 Q. The flesh of anim.ils used as food. T/:is is note 
 the wore usual .lense of the word. Tlie meat of carniv- 
 orous animals is tough, coarse, and ill-flavored. The 
 meat of herbivorous animals is gencnilly pal;it;ilile. 
 
 3. In Seripture, spiritual food ; that winch sustains 
 and nourishes spiritual life or holiness. 
 
 My flesh ts meal indeed. — John vi. 
 
 4. Spiritual comfort ; that whicli delights the soul. 
 My meat is to do the will of Ilim Uiat sent nie. — John iv. 
 
 5. Products of the earth proper for food. Ilab. iii. 
 
 G. The more abstruse doctrines of the gospel, or 
 mysteries of religion. JI<b. v. 
 
 7. Ceremonial ordinances. Ilcb. xiii. 
 
 To sit at meat ; to sit or recline at the table. 
 
 Scripture. 
 
 MF:.\T'ED, a. Fed ; fattened. [.N'ot used.] Tusscr. 
 Mi;.\TllE, II. [W. mtz. See .Mead.] A sweet liquor 
 
 or drink ; mend. ^JVot used.] Milton. 
 ME.VT'-OF'FER-ING, n. An oflering consisting of 
 
 meat or food, in distinction from a drink-offering. 
 MEAT'Y,o. Fleshy, but not fat. [Local.] Orose. 
 MEAVVL, (mule.) See Mewl. 
 
 Mi!.\Z'I..lNG, ppr. Falling in small drops ; properly, 
 Mizzi.iNo, or rather Mistling, from mist. Arbuthnot. 
 ME-CI!.\N'ie, ) a. [L. mechanicus ; Fr. mecha- 
 ME-eil.^N'IC-AL, t nique ; Gr. prixaftKos, bom pq- 
 XOfn, a machine.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to m.ichines, or to the art of con- 
 structing machines; )iertaining to the art of making 
 wares, goods, instruments, furniture, 4cc. We s.iy, 
 a man is employed in mccAa/iicaMabor ; he lives by 
 mechanical occupation. 
 
 2. Constructed or performed by the rules or laws 
 of mechanics. The work is not mechanical. 
 
 3. Skilled in the art of making machines; bred to 
 manual labor. Johnson. 
 
 4. Pertaining to artisans or mechanics i vulgar. 
 
 To make a potl, a hen>, or a king, 
 
 Deso-iid to d inecttiitiic di-dect. Potcommon. 
 
 5. Pertaining to the principles of mechanics, in 
 philosophy ; as, mechanical powers or forces ; a me- 
 chaniail principle. 
 
 6. Noting action or performance without design or 
 reflection, from the mere force of habit. 
 
 7. Acting by physical power. 
 
 The terms mechanical and chemical are thus distin- 
 guished : those changes which bodies undergo with- 
 out altering their constitution, that is, losing their 
 identity, such as changes of pl.tce, of figure, Slc, 
 arc mechanical ; those which alter the constitution of 
 bodies, making them dilferent siibst.mces, as when 
 flour, yeast, and water unite to form br<-ad,are cAem- 
 ieal. In the one case, the changes relate to masses 
 of matter, as the motions of the heavenly bodies, or 
 the action of the wind on a ship under sail ; in the 
 other case, the changes occur between the parti- 
 elr.i of matter, as the action of he.it in melting lead, 
 or the union of sand and lime forming mortar. Most 
 of what are usually called the mechanic arts are 
 partly mechanical, and piirtly chemical. 
 
 Mechanical solution of a problem ; a solution by any 
 art or contrivance not strictly geometrical, as by 
 
 MED 
 
 means of the ruler and compasses and other instni- 
 
 ments. Barluic. 
 ME-CIIAN'IC, 71. A perstm whose occupation is to 
 
 omstnict machines, or goods, wares, instruments. 
 
 furniture, and the like. 
 2. One skilled in a mechanical occupation or art. 
 ME-eil.\N'ie-.\L-LY, adr. Accoriling to the laws 
 
 of mechanism, or good workmanship. 
 
 2. Uy ph}'sical ftirce or power. 
 
 3. I)y the laws of motion, without intelligence or 
 design, or by the force of habit. We say, a man 
 arrives to such perfection in playing on an instru- 
 ment, that his fingers move mcchanicallij. 
 
 Mcchanicalhj turned or inclined ; naturally or habit- 
 ually ilisposed to use mechanical arts. Swift. 
 
 MechanictUhj solved ; solved in a way not strictly 
 geometrical. [See Mechanical.] 
 
 ME-eiIAN'ie-AL-.\ESS, n. The state of being mc- 
 clianical, or governed by mechanism. 
 
 ME-eilAN'ie-AI., PIII-LOS'O-PIIY, 71. That branch 
 of n:itural philosopliy which trc:its of the laws of 
 the eipiilibriiiin ami motion of bodies. Olmsted. 
 
 ME-eHAN'IC-AL POWERS, n. pi. Certain instru- 
 ments or simple macliines employed to fiicilitate the 
 moving of weights or the tivercoming of resistance. 
 They are the lever, wheel, and axle, pulley, screw, 
 inclined plane, and wedge. Ilutton. 
 
 MEC11-A-NI"CIAN, (mek-a-nish'an,) n. One skilled 
 in mt*chanics. 
 
 ME-eilAN'ieS, 71. That science which treats of the 
 doctrines of motion. It investigates the forces by 
 whicli boilies are kept either in equilibrium or in 
 motion, ;ind is accordingly divided into statics and 
 dynamics. 
 
 It is a well-known truth in meehamea, that the actual and 
 Uieoreticol powers of a inuchine will never coincide, 
 
 J. AppUton. 
 
 MECH'AN-ISM, (mek',an-izm,) ti. The construction 
 of a machine, engine, or instrument, intended to 
 apply power to a useful purpose ; the structure of 
 parts, or manner in which the parts of a machine 
 are united to answer its designs ; also, the parts 
 themselves. 
 
 2. Action of a machine, according to the laws of 
 mechanics. 
 
 MECII'AN-IST, 71. The maker of machines, or one 
 skilled in mechanics. 
 
 MECIl'AN-IZE, V. t. To subject to contrivance, art, 
 or skill ; to form by contrivance or design. 
 
 MEeil'AN-IZ-£U, pp. ilade by art, design, or skill. 
 
 MECH'AN-IZ-ING, ppr. Forming by art or skill. 
 
 MECH-AN-OG'R.\-PlIlST, n. An artist who, by me- 
 chanical means, multiplies copies of any works of 
 art. 
 
 MEeiI-AN-OG'RA-PIIY,7i. [Gr. /ii)xai'ij,a machine, 
 and ypa'p'o, to write or engrave.] 
 
 The art of multiplying copies of a writing, or any 
 work of art, by the use of a machine. FJmes. 
 
 MECII'LIN, n. A species of l.ace, m.adc at Mechlin. 
 
 ME-CIIO'A-eAN or ME-CHCA-CAN, n. White jal- 
 ap, the root of an American species of Convolvulus, 
 from Mechoacan, in Mexico; a purgative of slow 
 operation, but safe. Encyc. 
 
 MECON-ATE, n. A salt consisting of meconic acid 
 
 ME-eO.\'ie, a. [Gr. (iin' )! , a poppy.] [and a base. 
 Meconic acid is a peculiar acid contained in opium. 
 
 mec^o'nin!''^' I C^''- '"""^''> P'-Pi'J'-l 
 
 A proximjite principle, and, as is supposed, one of 
 the active principles of opium. It is composed of 
 carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, without any nitro- 
 gen. It is not an alkaloid, but may yet prove to be 
 an acid, to the suspicion of which its composition 
 would lead. 
 
 MEC'O-NlTE, n. A small sandstone ; ammite. 
 
 Coze. Da Costa, 
 ME-eO'NI-UM,7t. [Gr. pijirwciov, from pn^oif, poppy.] 
 
 1. The inspissated juico of the poppy, which has 
 the virtues of opium in a feeble degree. 
 
 Coze. Encye. 
 
 2. The first faeces of infants. Coxe. 
 MED' AL, n. f Fr. metlaille ; It. meda^lia ; Sp. meJalla ; 
 
 Arm. metai^i'iin ; from L. metallum, metal. Uu. Ar. 
 
 ^ matala, to beat or extend by beating. Class 
 Md, No. 45.] 
 
 A piece of metal in the form of a coin, stamped 
 with some figure or device either to preserve the 
 memory of some distinguished person or event, or to 
 serve as a reward of merit. The coins of the an- 
 cients are also called medals. 
 MED'AI.-ET, 71. A small medal not intended for 
 
 general circiiKition. Pink. 
 MED'.VUST, 71. A person that is skilled or curious 
 in med.ils. Johnson. 
 
 2. One who has gained a medal as the reward of 
 merit. Ed. Rev. 
 
 ME-I)AL'Lie, a. Pertaining to a medal or to medtUs. 
 
 .^tldison. 
 
 ME-DAL'LION, (me-dal'yun,) n. [Fr., from medal.] 
 
 1. A large antique medal. 
 
 2. The representation of a medallion. 
 
 MED j 
 
 3. In architecture, any circular tablet on which ate 
 presented eiiibossetl figures or liustos. Klmes. 
 MEl)'AL-UR-<5V, n. [.MeiUil and cpy.i, work.) 
 
 The art of making and striking medals and other 
 coins. 
 
 MEI)'1)I,E, (med'dl,) w. i. [D. midJelen, to mediate; 
 G. mittlcr, middle, and mediator; Sw. medlarr ; Dan. 
 midlcr, a mediator, tin. Sw. meddeUiy Dan. meddeler, 
 to cominniiicate or pjirticipate ; 7nf(/, with, and dela, 
 rfff/er, to deal. Meddle seems to be ctmnected with 
 medlep, a mixture, Chaucer and .Spenser use midle, 
 to mix, and the G. mittlcr is evidently from 7ni(Ie, 
 mittel, middle, which seems to be connected with 
 mit, with. In W. mid signifies an enclosure. Per- 
 haps all these words m;iy belong to one family.] 
 
 1. To have to do ; to take part ; to iiiterposi; and 
 act in the concerns of others, or in afljiirs in which 
 one's interposition is not necessary ; often with the . 
 sense of intrusion or ofliciousness. 
 
 1 have thus far Ix-en an upright jmlge, not meddling with tha 
 
 dcsi^l nor disposition. Orylen. 
 What host Ihou lo do lo meddle with the affairs of my fat.iily f 
 
 Arbuthnot. 
 
 Why shoulJat thou mertdle to Uiy hurl ? — 2 Kinijs xiv. 
 
 2. To have to do ; to touch ; to handle. Meddle 
 not with edge-tools, is an admonition to children. 
 When the object is specified, meiUllc is properly fol- 
 lowed by with or in ; usually by the former. 
 
 The civil lawyrn — have vieddlfd in a in-iiu-r that bf-louTs nol 
 
 lo them. Lut-ke. 
 To meddle and malie; to intrude one's self into an- 
 other person's concerns. Uollvway. 
 MED'DLE, V. t. To mix ; to mingle. 
 
 He me' R'ed his talk widi many a tear. \0i>8.\ tenser. 
 MED'DLKD, pp. .Mingled; mixed. 
 MED'DLER, «. One that meddles ; one that interferes 
 or busii?3 himself with things in which he li.as no. 
 concern ; an ofiicious person ; a bu.-^ybodv. Bacon. 
 JIED'DLE-SO.ME, (med'dl-sum,) a. Given to med- 
 dling ; apt to interpose in the afliiirs of others ; of- 
 firioii^h' intrusive. 
 .MI'.D'lil.r. SO.ME-XESS, n. Officious interposition iu 
 
 tlic .-iHairs of others. Barrow. 
 MED'DLl.Vti, ppr. Having to do; touching; han- 
 dling ; orticiously inter|)osing in other men's con- 
 cenis. 
 
 2. a. Ofiicious ; busy in other men's afliiirs ; as, a 
 medilUntr neigiibor. 
 MED'DLI.N'G, ii. Officious interposition. 
 MED'DLING-LY, arfe. Ofticiouslv ; interfcringly. 
 ME-DI-yE'VAL, a. Of the middle ages. [See Me- 
 
 PIEVAI-.J 
 
 Mk'DI-AL, a, [L. mediiis, middle.] 
 Mean ; noting a mean or average. 
 Medial allifration, is a metliod of finding the value 
 of a mixture' consisting of two or more ingredients 
 of different quantities and values. In this case, the 
 quantity and value of each ingredient are given. 
 
 ME'DI-ANT, 71. In inusic, an appellation given to the 
 third above the key -note, because it divides the in- 
 terval between the touic and dominant into two 
 tllirtls. Rousseau. Biu-iby. 
 
 .ME-DI-AS'TI\E, n. [Fr. L. mediastinum.] The mem- 
 branous septum of the chest, formeil by thi- diiplica- 
 tnreof the pleura under the sternum, and dividing 
 the cavity into two parts. 
 
 ME'DI-A'l'E, n. [Fr. mediat; It. mediato ; from L. 
 medius, middle.] 
 
 1. Middle; being between the two extremes. 
 
 Anxious we hover in a rn^iale seite. Prior, 
 
 2. Interiiosed ; intervening; being between two 
 objects. 
 
 Soon the inediale clouds shall te dispelled. Prior. 
 
 3. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause or 
 instrument. Thus we speak of mediate and immedi- 
 ate causes. The winil that propels a ship is the im- 
 mediate cause of its motion ; the oar with which a 
 man rows a boat is the immediate cause of its motion ; 
 but the rower is the mediate cause, acting by means 
 of the oar. 
 
 ME'DI-aTF,, v. i. To interpose between parties, as 
 the equal friend of c.icli ; to art indifferently between 
 contending parties, with a view to reciuiciliation ; to 
 intercede. The princ" that mediates between na- 
 tions and prevents a war, is the benefactor of both 
 parties. 
 
 2. To be between two. [Little used.] Disbij, 
 ME'DI-aTE, r. t. To effect hy mediiilion or interpo- 
 sition between parties ; as, to mediate a jieaee. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 2. To limit by something in the middle. [A"u(u.<eA] 
 
 Holder. 
 
 Mk'DI-X-TED. pp. Interposed between parties. 
 
 2. Erti cted by mediation. 
 Me'DI-.\TE-LY, adr. By means or by a secondary 
 cause, acting between the first cause and the cfl"ect. 
 tjod workrih all thin^ omon^ ws mefiiauly by »«vond.*ry 
 
 means. Rnleffi. 
 The kinjf grants a manor lo A, and A grants a portion of it lo 
 B. In Una case, B holds liis lands iinntedml. lv of A. but 
 mmliauly of the king. B'acktlane. 
 ME'DI-X-TING, ppr. Interposing; effecting by me- 
 diation. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
MED 
 
 MED 
 
 MEE 
 
 ME-DI-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. medius, middle.] 
 
 1. Interposition ; intervention ; agency between 
 parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. 
 The contentions of individuals and families are 
 often terminated by the mediation of friends. The 
 controversies of nations are sometimes adjusted by 
 mediation. The reconciliation of sinners to God by 
 the mediation of Christ, is a glorious display of di- 
 vine benevolence. 
 
 2. Agency interposed ; intervenient power. 
 
 Tlie soul, (luring its residence \n the body, does all things by the 
 mediation ot tlie passions. South, 
 
 3. Intercession ; entreaty for another. 
 ME-DI-AT-I-Za'TION, 71. Tlie annexation of the 
 
 smaller German sovereignties to the larger contigu- 
 ous states ; thus making them mediately^ though not 
 immediately, dependent on the empire. The verb to 
 mediatize has sometimes been used in a similar sense. 
 _ Brande. 
 MK'DI-a-TOR, 7!. [Fr. mediateur.] 
 
 1. One that interposes between parties at variance 
 for the purpose of reconciling them. 
 
 2. By way of eminence, Christ is The MEDtATOB, 
 the divine Intercessor through whom sinners maybe 
 reconciled to an offended God. Tim. ii. 
 
 Clirist is a Merliator by nalurp, as parliikins: of both nalnres, 
 divine and Imm^in ; and Medtn.tur by otlice, ixs Irvnsactinj 
 matters btHween Ijod and man. Waterlaiid. 
 
 ME-DI-A-To'RI-AL, a. Belonging to a mediator ; as, 
 mediatorial office or character. [Meuiatort is not 
 used.] 
 
 ME-DI-A-To'RI-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of a me- 
 diati>r. 
 
 ME-nr-A'TOR-SHIF, ji. The office of a mediator. 
 Mk.'DI-A-TO-RV, a. Pertaining to mediation. 
 JIJ; ni-A'TRESS, ( n. A female mediator. 
 ME-DI-.\'TRIX, j Ainsimrth. 
 MED'ie, «. A jilant of the genus Medicago, to which 
 
 hicern belongs. The sea-medic is of the same genus ; 
 
 the medic velck is of the genus Hedysaran). Loudon. 
 2. PI. The science of medicine. [Obs.] 
 MED'ie-A-BLE, a. [See Medical.] That may be 
 
 cureil or healed. 
 MED'IC-AL, a. [L. metUciis, from medeor, to heal; 
 
 Gr. ft'i'^iK's, ^rt^iU'it ; //'7f^ )j, cure.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the art of healing diseases ; as, the 
 me-dical profession ; medical services. 
 
 2. Medicinal ; containing that which heals; tend- 
 ing to cure ; as, the medical projierties of a plant. 
 
 3. Adapted, intended, or instituted to teach med- 
 ical science. In this country, medical schools are 
 comparatively of recent date. Hosaek. 
 
 ME1)'IC-AE JIT-IilS-PRO'DEXCE, ti. The science 
 which applies tlie principles and practice of the dif- 
 ferent branches of medicine to doubtful questions in 
 courts of justice. Boueier. 
 
 MED'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of medicine ; 
 according to the rules of the healing art, or for the 
 purpose of healing; as, a simple or mineral medical- 
 lu used or applied. 
 
 2. In relation to the healing art ; as, a plant mcd- 
 ically consiilered. 
 
 MED'I€-A-MENT, 71. [Fr., from L. medicamentum.] 
 Any thing used for healing diseases or wounds ; a 
 medicine ; a healing application. Coze. 
 
 MED-ie-A-MENT'AL, a. Relating to healing appli- 
 cations ; having the qualities of medicaments. 
 
 MEI)-I€-A-MENT'AL-LY, adc. After the manner of 
 healing applications. 
 
 MEI)'I€-A.S-TER, 71. A quack. Whitlock. 
 
 MEl)'ie-ATE, V. t. [L. medico.] 
 
 1. To tincture or impregnate with healing sub- 
 stances, or with any thing medicinal. Arbutlmot. 
 
 2. To treat with medicine ; to heal ; to cure. 
 MED'ie-A-TED, pp. or a. Prepared or furnished with 
 
 any thing medicinal. 
 2. Treated with medirine. 
 MED'IC-A-TING, ppr. Impregnating with medical 
 substances ; preparing with any thing medicinal. 
 2. Treating with medicine. 
 MED ie-A''l'ION, 71. The act or process of impreg- 
 nating with medicinal substances ; the infusion of 
 medicinal virtues. Bacon. 
 2. The use of medicine. Brown. 
 MED'IC-A-TIVE, a. Curing ; tending to cure. 
 ME-I)IC'1N-A-BLE, a. Having the properties of med- 
 icine ; medicinal. [ TUc latter is the word now used.] 
 Bacon. IVotton. 
 
 ME-DIC'I.\-AI,, (me-dis'in-al,) a. [L. medicinalis.] 
 
 1. Having the property of healing or of mitigating 
 disease ; adapted to the cure or alleviation of bodily 
 diHorrlern ; as, medicinal plants ; medicinal virtues of 
 minerals ; mcdicimd springs. The waters of »5ura- 
 toga and IlalNton are remarkably medicinal. 
 
 2. Pertaining lu medicine ; as, medicinal days or 
 hours. Quiiiri/. 
 
 MiM)IC'I.\-AT.-EY, adv. In the manner of medicine ; 
 with medicinal r|ualitittH. 
 
 2. With a view tu healing ; as, to use a mineral 
 mrdicinalljf. 
 
 MBD'I-CINF,, (med'e-«in,) 71. [E. mr//f>i<ia, from 77is- 
 deor, to cure ; vulgarly and improperly pronounced 
 med'sn.] 
 
 1. Any substance, liquid or solid, that has the 
 property of curing or mitigating disease in animals, 
 or that is used for that purpose. Simples, plants, and 
 minerals, furnish most of our medicines. Even poi- 
 sons, used with judgment and in moderation, are safe 
 and efficacious medicines. Medicines are internal or 
 external^ simple or compound, 
 
 2. The art of preventing, curing, or alleviating the 
 diseases of the human body. Hence we say, the 
 study of medicine, or a student of medicine, 
 
 3. la the French sense, a physician. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shah. 
 
 MED'l-CINE, V. t. To affect or operate on as medi- 
 cine. [JVot used.] Shak, 
 
 ME-DI'E-TY, 71. [Fr. medicte ; L. medietas ; from L. 
 medius, middle.] 
 
 The middle state or part; half; moiety. [Little 
 7ised.] _ Brown. 
 
 ME-DI-i:'VAL, a. [L. melius and an}us.] 
 In history, pertaining to the middle ages. 
 
 Mic'DIN, > n. In Egypt, the fortieth part of a pi- 
 
 ME-DI'NO, j aster; a para. McCulloch. P, Cijc. 
 
 Ml!;'i)I-0-eilAL, a. [L. mediocris.] Being of a mid- 
 dle quahty; indifferent; ordinary; as, jnediocral in- 
 tellect. [Rare.] .Addison. 
 
 Me'D1-0-€RE, (rne'de-6-ker,) a. [Fr., from L. 77icdi- 
 ocris.] Middling. [Obs,] 
 
 MK'DI-o-€iUST, 71. A person of middling abilities. 
 [JVut used.] Swift, 
 
 ME-I3I-Oe'RI-TY, 71. [L. mediocritas, from mediocris, 
 middling ; medius, mitldle.] 
 
 1. A middle state or degree ; a moderate degree or 
 rate. A nicf/iocrity of condition is most favorable to 
 morals and happiness. A mediocrity of talents, well 
 employed, will generally insure respectability. 
 
 Men of a^e seldom drive business home to tlie full period, but 
 content themselves wiUi a ptediocrity of succcas. Bacon, 
 
 2. Moderation ; temperance. 
 
 We owe obedience to die law of reason, which teacheth medioc- 
 rilij in meats and drinks. Hooker. 
 
 MED'I-TaTE, t>. i. [L. meditori Sp. mcditar; Fr. 
 mediter.] 
 
 1. To dwell on any thing in thought ; to contem- 
 plate ; to study ; to turn or revolve any subject in 
 the mind ; appropriately, btit not exclusively, used of 
 pious contemplation, or a consideration of the great 
 truths of religion. 
 
 His deliii^lit is in the law of the Lord, and in his law doth be 
 meditate day and nifjht. — Ps. i. 
 
 2. To intend ; to have in contemplation. 
 
 I meditate to pass the remainder of lile iii a sbite of undisturbed 
 repose. Washingtoti. 
 
 MED'I-TaTE, v. t. To plan by revolving in the mind ; 
 to contrive ; to intend. 
 
 Some aiErmed that 1 meditated a war. King Oiarles. 
 
 2. To think on ; to revolve in the mind. 
 
 Blessed is the man that doth meditate good things. Ecclua. 
 
 MED'I-Ta-TED, pp. or a. Planned ; contrived. 
 
 MED'I-Ta-TING, ppr. Revolving in the mind ; con- 
 templating; contriving. 
 
 MED-I-Ta'TION, 71. [L. meditatio.] 
 
 Close or continued thought ; the turning or re- 
 volving of a subject in the mind ; serious contempla- 
 tion. 
 
 Let the words of my mouth and the 77iedi(afioTis of my heart be 
 nca'puble in thy sight, Lord, my strength and my Re- 
 deemer. — Ps. xix. 
 
 MED'I-Ta-TIVE, a. Addicted to meditation. 
 
 Jlinswortk, 
 
 2. Expressing meditation or design. Johnson. 
 MED'I-Ta-TIVE-NESS, n. The state of being med- 
 itative. 
 
 med-i-ter-ra'ne-ous, S '•""'•J 
 
 1. Inclosed or nearly inclosed with land ; as, the 
 Mediterranean Sea, between Europe and Africa. 
 [Mediterrane is not used.] 
 
 2. Inland ; remote from the ocean or sea ; as, med- 
 itcrraneous mountains. Burnet. 
 
 Mk'DI-UM, 71. ; Media or Mediums. [L.l In 
 philosophy, the space or substance through which a 
 body moves or passes to any jioint. 'i'lius ether is 
 supposed to be tlie medium through which the planets 
 move ; air is the medium through which bodies move 
 near the earth ; water, the medium in which fishes 
 live and move ; glass, a medium through which light 
 passes ; and we speaJt of a resisting medium, a re- 
 fracting medium, &.C. 
 
 2. In /ojric, the mean or middle term of a syllo- 
 gism, or the middle term in an argument, being the 
 reasim why a thing is affirmed or denied. 
 
 Nothing can bo honorable that violate.'! moral prin- 
 cipl(^ 
 
 Dueling violates moral principle. 
 Tlicrel'ure dueling is not honorable. 
 Here the second term is the medium, moan, or mid- 
 dle term. 
 
 3. In malhemalics. Pee Mean. 
 
 4. The means or instrument by which any thing 
 is accomplished, conveyed, or cnrrit il on. Thus 
 money is the meilium of commerce ; coin is the com- 
 
 inim medium of trade among all civilized nations, but 
 wampum is tlie medium of trade among the Indian 
 tribes, and bills of credit, or bank notes, are often 
 used as mediums of trade in the place of gold and sil- 
 ver. Intelligence is communicated through the me- 
 iiii/771 of the press. 
 
 5. The middle place or degree ; the mean. 
 
 The just medium of this case lies between pride and abj-^clion. 
 
 L'Eelrange. 
 
 6. A kind of printing paper of middle size. 
 MED'LiAR, 71. [Sax. Tii^^rf ; L. viespilus.] 
 
 A tree of the genus Mespilus ; also, the fruit of the 
 tree. The German or common medlar is cultivated 
 in gardens for its fruit Encyc 
 
 MED'LY' i ' hence, 
 
 MED'LEV, 71. A mixture ; a mingled and confused 
 mass of ingredients ; used often or commonly with 
 . some degree of contempt. 
 
 This medley of philosophy and war Ad/lison. 
 Love is a medley of ende.arments, jars, suspicions, r'-coiicile- 
 mentfl, wars — then peace again. WaUb. 
 
 MED'LEY, a. Mingled ; confused. [Liule used.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 ME-DUL'L.\R, ) a. [L. medullaris, from medulla, 
 MED'UL-LA-RY, i marrow; W.madruz; allied to 
 matter, that is, soft.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to marrow ; consisting of marrow ; 
 resembling marrow: as, 777e7/u//ari/ substance. 
 
 2. In botany, pithy ; filled with spongy pith. 
 
 Lindlcfj. 
 
 ME-DUL'LIN, 71. [L. medulla.] 
 
 The pith of the sunflower and lilac, which has nei- 
 ther taste nor smell. It is insoluble in water, ether, 
 alcohol, and oils, but soluble in nitric acid, and in- 
 stead of yielding suberic acid, it yields the o.valic. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 ME-Du'SA, 71. [Gr. Me^ovoa.] 
 
 1. In mytholoo-y, a personage who possessed the 
 power of turning all who looked upon her into stone. 
 
 2. A genus of gelatinous, radiate animals, called 
 Sea-nettle9. 
 
 ME-Dtj'SI-DANS, Ji. pi. Gelatinous, radiate animals, 
 
 which float or s«'im in the sea. 
 MEED, K. [Sax. med, Gr. ptnUos, G. miethe, hire: 
 
 Sans, medha, a gift.] 
 1. Reward ; recompense ; th.at which is bestowed 
 
 or rendered in consideration of merit. 
 
 Thanks to men 
 Of noble minds is honorable meed. Shak. 
 
 9. Merit or desert. [jVoe used.] Shah. 
 MEEK, a. [Sw. miu/.-, soft, tender; Dan. jiii/n- ; Sp. 
 merro i VoTt. meitro : G, ^etnach. The primary sense 
 is, flowing, liquid, or thin, attenuated, and allied to 
 7nurh, L. mucus. Eng. mucilatre, Heb. and Ch. X\'0, to 
 melt. Class Mg, i\o. 8. See also Ho. 10, and No. 
 2, 9, 13.] 
 
 1. Mild of temper ; soft ; gentle ; not easily pro- 
 voked or irritated ; yielding ; given to forbearance 
 under injuries. 
 
 Now the man Moses was very meek, above all men. — Num. xii. 
 
 2. .Appropriately, bumble, in an evangelical sense ; 
 submissive to the divine will; not proud, self- 
 sufficient, or refractory ; not peevish and apt 
 to complain of divine dispensations. Christ says, 
 " Learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart, and 
 ye shall find rest to your souls." MatL xi. 
 
 Blessed are the meek, for they shall uilierit the earth. — Matt. v. 
 
 MEEK'EN, fmeck'n,) v. t. To make meek ; to soft- 
 en ; to remier mild. Thomsoit, 
 
 MEEK'^;N-£D, ;);). Made meek ; softened. 
 
 MEEK'E5-£D, (-Ide,) a. Having eyes indicating 
 meekness. Milton. 
 
 MEEK'LY, adv. Mildly; gently; submissively; 
 humbly; not proudly or roughly. 
 
 And this niis-Beeming disconi meekly lay aside. SpFn.<:rr. 
 
 MEEK'NESS, 71. Softness of temper; mildness; 
 gentleness; forbearance under injuries and provo- 
 cations. 
 
 2. In an exanj;eUcal sense, humility ; resignation ; 
 submission to the divine will, without murmuring 
 or peevishness ; opposed to Pride, Arrogance, and 
 Refractoriness. Oal. v. 
 
 I beseech ynn by the meekness of Christ. — 1 Cor. x. 
 MeekncKK is a grace which Ji siih alone inculcaliHi, and which no 
 ancient philosopher seems to have uiidei^looil or n-comnieiid* 
 cd. Buckminster. 
 
 MEER, a. Simple ; unmi.xed ; usually written Mere. 
 MF.Hli.n. A lake ; a bouiiilary. [i^ee Mere.] 
 MEER'£D, a. Relating to a bounclary. [See AIere.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MEER'SCII/VUM, (meer'shoiim,) 71. [O., sea-foam.] 
 A kind of clay ctuisisling of a hydrate of magnesia 
 combined witli silex. it occurs in beds, in various 
 parts of Eiirop", but parlicularly in Natolia, ami, 
 when first taken out, is soil, and makes lathtn', like 
 soap. It is manufactured, in (Germany, into tobiicco- 
 pines, which are boiled in oil or wax, and baked. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 9. A tobacco pipe made of this mineral. 
 MEET, a. [S.ix. <remet, with a prefix, from the root 
 of melon, gemclaii, to mrel, to find, tliat is, to come 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQI.F, BQQK.— 
 
 1^ 
 
MEG 
 
 MEL 
 
 MEL 
 
 to, to come together. So tlie cquiviilcnt word con- 
 venient is from L. conpcnio.] 
 
 Fit; siiitahle ; propir; qualified; convenient; 
 adapted, as to a use or purirosc. 
 
 Ye shftll pass over annf<l before your brrthrcn, Iho children of 
 Ura^l, oil Uial nrp mftt tur the wnr. — tK-iU. iii. 
 
 It \va» nwel tliat wo fhoul.! ni.ike inerr>-. — I.ukc x». 
 
 Bring (urth fniiu rfteet lur rrpt'iiLtiicp. — M.tlt. iii. 
 
 MEKT, nj A meeting of buubimcn for coursing. 
 
 MEET, ». U ; fret, and pp. Met. [Sax. metan, matan, 
 gemctan, to meet, to find, to measure, to mete ; Goth. 
 motyan; D. ontmocleii, ffcmoetan,la meet, and gemoet, 
 a meeting ; S\v. mota, to meet, to fall, come, or liai>- 
 pcn ; mo(f, a nieetini; ; fflo(, toward, against ; Ran. 
 miidcr, to meet; mode, a meeting; inorl, contrary, 
 against, toward. The scn-ic is, to come to, to fill to 
 or happen, to reach to; Gr. »<£rri, with ; G. mit,V>. 
 met, mede, S\\. and Dan. med, with or by ; \V. mrd, 
 to ; Ch. Syr. Nao, noo, to come to, to arrive, to haiV 
 pen ; Ileb. Cli. Eth. NJO. Uu. \V. amnwd, a cove- 
 nant ; commod, agreement.] 
 
 1. To come together, approaching in opposite or 
 different directiims; to come face to face; as,lo meet 
 a man in the road. 
 
 His dauirhtcr c;uiie out to mtft liiin willt UmbreU and with 
 dances. — Judj. « xi. 
 
 2. To come together in any place ; as, we met many 
 strangers at the levee. 
 
 3. To come together in hostility ; to encounter. 
 The armies met each other on the plains of I'har- 
 salia. 
 
 4. To encounter unexpectctHy. Milton. 
 
 5. To come together in extension ; to come in con- 
 tact ; to join. The line A meets the line B and forms 
 an angle. 
 
 6. To come to ; to find ; to light on ; to receive. 
 The good man meets his reward ; the criminal, in 
 
 due time, meets the punishment he deserves, 
 of vi« or virtue, whetlier blest or curst, 
 Which meets ronleinpl, or which conii).L>sion first. Pope. 
 
 MEET, V. i. To come together or to approach near, or 
 into company with. Ilow pleasant it is for friends 
 to inert on the road '. still more pleasant to meet in a 
 foreign country. 
 
 2. To come together in hostility ; to encounter. 
 The armies met at \Vaterloo, and decided the fate of 
 Bonaparte. 
 
 3. To assemble; to congregate. The council met 
 at 10 o'clock. The legislature will meet on the first 
 Wednesday in the month. 
 
 4. To come together by being extended ; to come 
 in contact ; to join. Two converging lines will meet 
 in a point. 
 
 To meet with i to licht on ; to find ; to come to ; 
 often with the sense of an unexpected eveiiL 
 
 We met vith many tliin^worthjr of observation. Bacon. 
 
 2. To join ; to unite in company. 
 
 FiibtalT al Out ooJc shall meet with tu. Shai. 
 
 3. To suffer unexpectedly ; as to meet aitlt a fall ; 
 to meet tcith a loss. 
 
 4. To encounter; to be subjected to. 
 
 Riiyat mistrcn, 
 Pp'pare to meet le'tOt more than bruLd fury, 
 Fr^tnt tjie tierce prince. Howe. 
 
 5. To obviate ; a Latinism. [JVot ii.-!e<J.] Baton. 
 
 To meet half way ; to approach from an equal dis- 
 tance and meet ; metaphorically, to make mutual and 
 equal concessions, each party renouncing some pre- 
 tensions. 
 
 MEET'K.V, r. (. To render meet or fit for. .Sah. 
 MEET'EK, n. One that meets another ; one that ac- 
 
 coiits another. Shak. 
 MEET'IXG, ppr. Coming together; encountering; 
 
 joining : assembling. 
 MEET'I.N'G, n. A coming together; an interview; 
 
 as, a happy meeting of friends. 
 
 2. An assembly ; a congregation ; a collection of 
 people ; a convention. The meeting was numerous ; 
 the meeting was clamorous ; the meeting was dis- 
 solved at sunset. 
 
 3. A contliix, as of rivers ; a joining, as of lines. 
 
 4. In England, a place of worship for dissenters. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 MEET'IXG-HOUSE, >i. A place of worship; a 
 chtirch. 
 
 MEET'LY, adv. [from meet.] Fitly ; suitably ; prop- 
 erly. 
 
 MEET'NESS,n. [from meet.] Fitnesa; suitableness; 
 
 pnipriety. Bp. IlnlL 
 
 MEG'.\-COS.M, n. [Gr. pi}ai, great, and Kocfioi, 
 
 world.) 
 
 I?""" world. Bp. CrofL 
 
 MEG-.V.I,K'SIA.\ GAMES, n. pi. [Gr. piy.n.] A 
 macnificent Roman exhibitiim in the circus in 
 honor of Cybt le. 
 
 |-LO.N'YX, ». [Gr. ,rfjaX;7, great, and ovnf, a 
 
 \ large quadruped, now extinct, whose bones have 
 been found m Virginia, allied to the sloth. Curier. 
 city ] '"''"'""'' '''' er^''*'. 
 
 A chief city ; a metropolis. [A'ol in u^je.] HerberL 
 
 MEG-A-I,0-S^U'RUS, n. [Gr. aAi) and aavpof, 
 a lizard.] 
 
 A gigantic saurian or lizard, who.se fossil remains 
 
 have been found in En^lantl, &c. It is extinct. 
 
 [Mko.ilosaur is also used.] 
 MEG'A-fJeoi'E,?!. [Gr. (irjut and rnroTrrr,..] A mod- 
 
 ification of the solar niicro.scopo for viewing bodies 
 
 of considerable dimensions. 
 MEG-A-THic'RI-UM, n. [Gr. peyiij, great, and Sij/ia, 
 
 a wild beast.] 
 
 * A gigantic mammifcrous quadruped, now extinct, 
 but whose remains have been found in South .Amer- 
 ica. It was nearly allied to the ant-eaters and sloths, 
 and was larger than the megalonyx. P. Cyc. 
 
 Mic'Gltl.M, n. [Fr. migraine, corrupted from L. and 
 G. hcmir.rania, half the head.] 
 
 Properly, a neuralgic pain in the side of the head ; 
 headache, characterized by a veheiiii iit pain con- 
 fined to one side of tlie head, sonn tiiii. s to one 
 side of the forelieail, niul usually perioilioal, i. e., 
 either e.xacerbating and remitting, or ab.solulely in- 
 tj>rmittent. 
 
 Mf:IXK, (nieen,) v, t. [Sav. mcvgan.'\ 
 
 To mingle. [ Ofc.] Chaucer. 
 
 MP.INK, ( n. [See Menhl.] A retinue or family of 
 
 .Ml-.'.N'Y, i servanu ; domestics. [Obs.] Shale. 
 
 M F.I.NT, (inent,) pp. Mingled. Spenser. 
 
 .MEI'O-.NITE, n. [Gr. pitojv, smaller; from its low 
 pyramids.] 
 
 A varl<;ty of scapolile. Dana. 
 MEI-O'SIS, lu [Gr. peitonii.l 
 
 Diminution ; a rhetorical figure, a species of hyper- 
 bole, representing a thing less than it is. Beattie. 
 Me'LAM, n. A white, insoluble powder, discovered 
 by Liebig. It is prepared by fusing sulphocyanid of 
 ammonia, or a mixture of two parts of sal ammoniac, 
 and one [Kirt of sulphocyanid of potassium. Cooley. 
 .MEL'A.M-l'ODE, n. [Gr. piXapTrudtoy, blackfoot.] 
 The black hellelwre. Spenser. 
 ME-LAN'.V-GOGUE, (me-lan'a-gog,) n. [Gr. peXas, 
 piX'ttos, black, and a>' ', to drive.) 
 A medicine supposed to expel black bile or clioler. 
 
 row.) 
 
 MEL'A.V-CHOL-ie, a. [See Melancholy.] De- 
 pressed in spirits ; affected with gloom ; dejected ; 
 hypochondriac. Grief indulged to excess has a 
 tendency to render a person melancholic. 
 
 2. Produced by melancholy ; expressive of melan- 
 choly ; mournful ; as, melancholic strains. 
 
 Just as the melancholic eye 
 
 Sees fleets and arinies in the sky. Prior. 
 
 3. Unhappy ; unfortunate ; causing sorrow ; as, 
 accidents and melanclwlic perplexities. Clarendon. 
 
 MEL'AN-CHOL-ie, )i. One affected with a gloomy 
 state of mind. [.Melancholian, in a like sense, is 
 not used.] Spenser. 
 2. A gloomv sLate of mind. Clarendon. 
 MEL'AN-£HOL-l-LY, ado. With melancholy. 
 
 Keepe. 
 
 MEL'AN'-eHOI>-I-NESS, n. State of being melan- 
 choly ; disposition to indulge gloominess of mind. 
 
 Aabrctj. 
 
 MEL-.\\-eiI6'LI-0US, a. Gloomy. {Xot in use] 
 
 Ootcer. 
 
 MEL'AN'-CHOL-IST, n- One affected with melan- 
 choly. Olanville. 
 
 MEL'AN-eilO-LIZE, v. i. To become gloomy in 
 mind. Barton. 
 
 .MEL'AX eilO-LIZE, r. L To make melancholy. 
 [ This verb is rarely or never used.] [Jiloore. 
 
 MEL'.\N-eHOL-Y, n. [Gr. pcXav, black, and x»><n, 
 bile ; L. metancJiolia.] 
 
 1. A gloomy state of mind, often a gloomy st.ate 
 that is of some continuance, or habitual ; depression 
 of spirits induced by grief; dejection of spirits. 
 This was formerly supposed to proceed from a 
 redundance of black bile. .Melancholy, when ex- 
 treme and of long continuance, is a disease some- 
 times accompanied with p.arti,al insanity. Cullen 
 defines it, partial insanity without dyspe|)sy. 
 
 2. In nosology, mental alienation restrained to a 
 single object or train of idcas^ in distinction from 
 mania, in which the alienation is general. Oood. 
 
 Aloon-stnick ni.-idn':s3, moping melancholy. Milton. 
 
 MEL'-\N-enOI.^Y, a. Gloomy ; depressed in spirits ; 
 dejected ; applied to persons. Overwhelming grief 
 has made me mrlaneholu. 
 
 2. Dismal: gloomy*; habitually dejected ; as, a 
 melancholy temiJer. 
 
 3. Calamitous ; afflictive ; that may or does pro- 
 duce great evil and grief; as, a melancholy event. 
 The mrlanehoUj fate of the Albion ! 'I'lie melancholy 
 de.-^triictitm of Scio anil of Missolonghi! 
 
 .ME-LX.NGE', fmi-Unzh',) n. [Fr.] A mixture. 
 
 [.Vnt F.ngli.th.] Drummond. 
 MEL'A.N-ITE, n. [Gr. ,.eXai; black.] 
 
 A black variety of garnet. Dana. 
 MEI..-.\.\-IT'IC, a. Pertainine to melanite. 
 .MEI.'A-.NI'RK, ) n. A small fish of the Mediler- 
 .MEI>-.\-.\0'llU.'^, j ranean, a species of Spams or 
 
 eilt-h. ad. .i.,A. P. Cyr. 
 
 .MEI/A-PIITRE, n. A variety of black or pvrox'enic 
 
 iwrjihyry. Jiumble. 
 
 ME-I.AS'SES, n. See .Molasses. 
 ME-LAS'SIC ACID, n. The product of the simulta- 
 neous action of heat and alkalies on s(iliitioui> of 
 grape sugar. Graham. 
 MF^LF.K', (ma-la',) n. [Fr.] A ficht in which the 
 
 combatants are mingled in one confused mass. 
 MIM.IC'ER-OUS, a. [Gr. ;icAi<t-,...i5.] 
 
 Noting a tumor inclosed in a cyst, cimsi.sting of 
 matter like himey. Uu.--ac.k. 
 MEL'I-MTE, n. fGr. yifXi, honey, and \tfoi, stone.] 
 A name applied to small yellow cry stals found in 
 the lavas of Vesuvius. Dana. 
 MEL'I-I.OT, n. [Fr.l A plant of the genus Trifuliiim, 
 
 nearly allied to the long-rooted citiver. Farm. F.ncyc. 
 Mi?.L'l()R-ATE, (inCl'yor-5te,) v. t. [Fr. ameliorer ; 
 Sp. mejorar; It. migliorare ; from I., melior, better; 
 W. mall, gain, profit ; Ir. meall, good.] 
 
 To make better ; to improve ; as, to meliorate fruit 
 by grafting, or soil by cultivation. Civilization h.is 
 done much, but Christianity more, to meliorate the 
 condition of men in society. 
 
 Nature liy :»rt we nobly mrtiornte. Denham. 
 JIi3;L'I0R-aTE, r. i. To grow better. 
 MkL'IOR-A-TEI), pp. or a. Made better; improved. 
 MkL'IOR-a-TING, ppr. or a. Improving; advancing 
 in good qualities. 
 
 The pure and beni^ light of revelation has had a meliorating 
 influence on inaidiind. 
 
 Wathington't areolar, June 18, 1783. 
 
 Mif.L-IOR-A'TION, n. The act or operation of making 
 
 bett'-r ; improvement. 
 MeL-IOR'I-TY, n. The state of being better. [JVol 
 
 in use.] Bacon. 
 MELL, r. i. [Fr. mller.] 
 
 To mix ; to meddle. [A'ut in use.] Spenstr. 
 MELL, n. [L. me/.] 
 
 Iloni-v. [JVut Knglish.] 
 MEL'LATE, n. [L. mel, honey, Gr. ;/tX(, VV. met.] 
 
 A combination of inellic or mellitic acid with a 
 
 MEL-^ije, a. See Mellitic. 
 
 MEL-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. mel, honey, and fero, to 
 produce.) 
 Producing honev. 
 .MEL-LIF-I-eA'TIO.V, n. [L. mellijieo.] 
 The making or pp duction of honev. 
 MEI^LIF'LU-E.VCE, n. [L. mel, htuiey, and fluo, to 
 flow.) 
 
 A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow. 
 
 fVatls. 
 
 MEL-LFF'LU-EXT, I a. Flowing with honev ; smooth ; 
 MEL-LIF'LU-OUS, j sweetly flowing ; as, a mc//(/- 
 luons voice. 
 
 MEI^LIF'LU-E.XT-LY, ) , „ o • , 
 
 M EL-LI F'LU-OUS-LY, Smoothly ; flowingly. 
 
 MEI^LIG'E-XOUS, a. [Gr. pL>, honey, and ycvof, 
 kind.) 
 
 Having the qualities of honey. 
 MEL-LI'GO, n. [L. wiel.] 
 
 Hone\ -dew, which see. Tally. 
 MEL'H'l', n. In farrimj, a dry scab on the heel of a 
 horse's fore foot, cured by a mixture of honey and 
 vinegar. 
 
 MEL'LI-T.VTE, n. A compound of mellitic acid with 
 a base. OrtJtam. 
 
 MEL'LITE, n. [L. me/.] 
 
 Honey-stone ; a mineral of a honey color, found in 
 small octahedral crysttUs. It consists of mellic acid 
 and alumina. It is found with brown coal, and is 
 partly the result of vegcwble decomposition. Dana. 
 
 MEL'Lie, ) a. Terms applied to an acid first dis- 
 
 .MEL-LIT'ie, i covered in mellite or honey-stone. 
 
 MEL'LOX, H. A compound of carbon and nitrogen, 
 in the form of a yellow powder. Ure. 
 
 MEL'LOW, a. [Sax. melnre ; G. mehl, D. Dan. med, 
 meal ; G. mehKg, mchlicht, mellow, mealy ; Dan. mee- 
 lagtig, mellow ; L. mollis, Fr. mol, molle, soft, Gr. 
 paXaKo; ; W. mall, soft, melting, insipid, evil, and, 
 as a noun, a malady. The Welsh unites the worii 
 with L. mains. These words are evidcWly allied to 
 mild and melt, and meal would seem to be connected 
 \\M\ mill. I am not certain which is the primary 
 word. See Class Ml, No. 2, 4, 9, 12.] 
 
 1. Soft with ripeness ; easily yielding to pressure ; 
 as, a mellote peach or apple ; vielloic fruit. 
 
 2. Soft to tlie ear ; as, a mellow sound ; a mellow 
 pipe. 
 
 3. Soft ; well pulverized ; not indumted or com- 
 pact ; as, mellow ground or earth. 
 
 4. ."'oft and smiHith to the taste ; as, mellow wine 
 
 5. Soft with liquor ; intoxicated ; merry. Additm 
 
 6. Soft or easy to the eye. 
 
 The lender flush, whose mellois sLoin iinUica 
 
 Heaven wiUl all frrrJu of li^hL PenMoL 
 
 MEL'LOW, V. t. To ripen ; to bring to maturity ; to 
 soften by ripeuess or age. 
 
 On fon'ifn mnunt.tins mav the twn refine 
 
 The grape's fA Juic« and nuUou it to wine. Addison, 
 
 S. To soften ; to pulverize. Eartli is mellowed by 
 frost. 
 
 3. To mature ; to bring to perfection. 
 
 This episo<le — ntcUowed 
 pvtn It. 
 
 lh.\t rrputntiou which time has 
 DryUn. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITF- — AX"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 89 ~" Tai 
 
 J 
 
MEL 
 
 MEL'LoW, V. i. To become soft ; to be ripened, ma- 
 tured, or brought to perfection. Fniit, when taken 
 from tlie tree, soon nirllows. Wine mil!u«.i with age. 
 
 MEL'LoW-EU, /!;). Ripened; brought to maturity. 
 2. liecome soft, as fruit when ripe. 
 
 MEL'LoW-LY, ado. In a mellow manner. 
 
 MEL'LoW-NESS, n. Softness ; the quaiity of yield- 
 ing easily to pressure ; ripeness, as of fruit. 
 
 2. maturity ; softness or smoothness from age, as 
 of wine. 
 
 MEL'Lo\V-ToX-£D, a. Having soft tones. 
 
 MEL'LoW-Y, a. Soft ; unctuous. Drayton. 
 
 MEL-O-eO-TON', n. [Sp. mclocoton, a peach-tree 
 grafted into a quince-tree, or the fruit of the tree ; It. 
 melocototpiOj quince-tree ; L. malain cotuneuiit, quince- 
 apple. "Cotoneum is probably our cotton, and the Iruit 
 so named from its pubescence.] 
 
 A quince. But the name is sometimes given to a 
 large kind of peach. 
 
 ME-Lo'DI-OUS, a. [See Melody.] Containing mel- 
 ody ; musical ; agreeable to the ear by ;i sweet suc- 
 cession of sounds J as, a inelodwus voice j mclodivas 
 strains. 
 
 And music more melodious than the spheres. Dryden. 
 
 ME-Lo'DI-OUS-LY, adv. In a melodious manner ; 
 musically. 
 
 ME-Lo'DI-OUS-NES3,7!. The quality of being agreea- 
 ble to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds ; mu- 
 sicalness. 
 
 MEL'O-DIST, n. A composer and singer of elegant 
 melodies, in contradistinction to Harmonist. 
 
 MEL'O-DIZE, V. t. To make melodious. 
 
 MEL'0-DJZ-£D, pp. Rendered harmonious. 
 
 MEL'O-DlZ-ING, ppr. Rendering harmonious. 
 
 MEL-O-DRA-MAT'ie, a. Pertaining to a inelodramc. 
 
 MEL-O-DRAM'A-TIST, n. One skilled in melo- 
 drames, or who prepares them. 
 
 MEL'O-DR.XJIE, n. [Gr. /icAuf, a song, and drama.] 
 A dramatic performance in which songs are inter- 
 mixed. Chntmers. 
 
 MEL'O-DY, n. [Gr. pt'Sui^ia ; ptXos, a limb, or a 
 song, and (ot^^, ah ode ; L. iridos.'j 
 
 An agreeable succession of sounds ; a succession 
 of sounds so regulated and modulated as to please 
 the ear. To constitute melody, the sounds must be 
 arranged according to the laws of rhythmus, meas- 
 ure, or the due proportion of the movements to each 
 other. Melody ditiers from harmony, as it consists in 
 the agreeable succession and modulation of sounds 
 by a single voice ; whereas harmony consists in the 
 accordance of different voices or sounds. JMody is 
 vocal or instrumental. Hooker. 
 2. The particular air or tune of a musical piece. 
 
 Kncyc. .Am, 
 
 To make melody in the heart ; to praise God with a 
 joyful and thankful disposititm, ascribing to him the 
 honor due to his name. Eph. v. 
 
 MEL'ON, 71. [Fr., from L. me/a ; Sp. melon ; It. mel- 
 lone, a melon; Gr. ficAoi', an apple; D. meloen ; G. 
 melvne ; Dan. and Sw. melon : Slav, tnlun. This word 
 has the elements of mellow, L. mollis, VV. mall.] 
 
 The name of certain plants and their fruit ; as the 
 waiter-melon, the mus\i-melon. 
 
 MEL'ON-THIS'TLE, (-this'l,) n. A plant of the 
 genus Cactus. 
 
 MEL-PO.M'E-NE, n. [Gr., from iic>iToiJLai.] 
 The muse who presides over tragedy. 
 
 MEI/UCSE, n. [L. mel and rosa.] 
 
 Honey of roses. Fordyce. 
 
 MELT, V. t. [Sax. meltan ; Gr. iiMus ; D. smellm ; G. 
 schmctzen; Sw. smdlta ; Dan. smelter; whence Eng. 
 smelt, smalL We have in these words decisive evi- 
 dence that s, in smelten, &c., is a prefix. Melt, in 
 English, is regular, forming melted for its past tense 
 and passive partici|)le. The old participle, molten, is 
 used only as an adjective. This verb belongs to a 
 numerous class of words in Ml, denoting soft, or 
 softness. See Cla.s3 Ml, No. 10, 18, 19.] 
 
 1. To dissolve ; to make liquid ; to liquefy ; to re- 
 duce from a solid to a liquid or fltjwing state by 
 heat ; as, to melt wax, tallow, or lead ; to melt ice or 
 snow. 
 
 2. To dissolve ; to reduce to first principles. 
 
 3. To .soften to love or tenderness. [Burnet. 
 
 Tor pity mtllt the mind to love. Drydcn. 
 
 4. To waste away ; to dissipate. 
 
 In j^en'-ral riot melted down thy youth. Slink. 
 !>. To dishearten. Josh. xiv. 
 MEl.T, n. /. 'i'o beeouie liquid; to dissolve; to be 
 changed from u fixed or solid to a lluwiiig state. 
 
 And whiliT miow in minute* melu (iw:iy. Dryden. 
 
 52. To be Ht)ft/'ned to love, pity, tendcrncsu, or syni- 
 pathy ; to become tender, mild, or gentle. 
 
 MelUng witli tenil'TnfH anri mild &jrnpaMian. Shak. 
 
 3. To be disnolvod ; to lose substance. 
 
 And wli«t n'i'in'"d r.ftrpord, 
 Melud .11 l.riMil] inuj tin; winil. Shak. 
 1. To bo subdued by affliction ; to sink into wcak- 
 neiK. 
 
 My wul mtluth tor licarlnnai — aurn^licn tliou nic. — Pi, 
 
 MEM 
 
 5. To faint ; to be discouraged or disheartened. 
 
 As soon as we heard tJiese Uiiii;;s, our Ijeart melted. — Josh. ii. 
 
 MELT'ED, f^. or o. Dissolved ; made liquid ; soft- 
 ened ; discouraged. 
 
 MELT'ER,-n. One that melts any thing. Derham. 
 
 MELT'IAG, ppr. Dissolving; liquefying; softening; 
 discouraging. 
 
 2. a. Tending to softon ; softening into tender- 
 ness ; as, meltimr eloquence. 
 
 MELT'ING, n. The act of softening ; the act of ren- 
 dering tender. South. 
 
 MELT'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to melt or soften. 
 2. Like something melting. Sidney. 
 
 MELT'ING-NESS, n. The power of melting or soft- 
 ening. 
 
 MEL'WEL, n. A kind of codfish. Jlsh. 
 MEM'BEK, 7/. [Fr. viembre; h. mcmbrnm.] 
 
 1. A limb of animal bodies ; as a leg, an arm, an 
 ear, a finger, that is, a subordinate part of the main 
 body. 
 
 2. A part of a discourse, or of a period or sentence ; 
 a clause ; a part of a verse. Harmony in poetry is 
 produced by a proportion between the members of 
 the same verse, or between the members of different 
 verses. 
 
 3. In architecture, a subordinate part of a building, 
 as a frieze or cornice ; sonietiuies a molding. 
 
 4. An individual of a community or society. Ev- 
 ery citizen is a member of the state or body politic. 
 So the individuals of a club, a corporation, or con- 
 federacy, are called its members. Students of an 
 academy or college are its members. Professed Chris 
 tians are called members of the church. 
 
 5. The appetites and passions, considered as tempt 
 ing to sin. Rom. vii. Col. in. 
 
 ME.M'l!Ei:-KD, a. Having limbs. 
 
 MEJI'UER SmP, n. The state of being a member. 
 
 2. Community ; society. Btaum. S{ Fl. 
 
 ME.VI'BRANE, n. [Fr., from L. membrana ; Ir. mcam- 
 bram. The last component part of this word is found 
 
 in the Ethiopic and Amharic ; Eth. bercana. 
 
 parchment, velhim, from barah, to shine or be 
 
 clear. {Ladolf, Col. 231, 2.) The substance, then, is 
 named from its clearness or transparency.] 
 
 In anatomy, a thin, white, flexible skin, formed by 
 fibers interwoven like net-work, and serving to 
 cover some part of the body. Encyc. 
 
 The term is applied to the thin, expanded parts, of 
 various texture, lioth in animals and vegetables. 
 MEM-URA'NE-OUS, ) a. Uelonging to a niem- 
 MEM'BRA-NOIJS, . - 
 
 MEM-BRA-Na'CEOUS 
 braneous covering. 
 
 Birds of prey have meT/iiranaceoiiS stomachs, not muscular. 
 
 Arbothnot. 
 
 2. In botany, a membranaceous leaf has no distin- 
 guishable pulp between the two surfaces. In gen- 
 eral, it denotes flatted, or resembling parchment. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 MEM-BRa'NI-FORM, a. Having the form of a mem- 
 brane or of parchment. 
 ME-.MEN'TO, 71. [ L., from memmi. See Memoht.] 
 A hint, suggestion, notice, or memorial to awaken 
 memory ; that which reminds. 
 
 lie is but a man, and seasonable mementos may be useful. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 MF.-MFJ^'TO MO'RT, [L.] Be mindftil of death. 
 
 ME.M'NON, 71. [Gr. Mi,,i>o}v.] 
 
 The name of a celebrated Egyptian statue, sup- 
 posed to have the property of emitting a harp-like 
 sound at sunrise. 
 
 MEM'OIR, (mem'wor,) n. [Fr. mcmoirc, memorj'.] 
 
 1. A species of history written by a perstui who 
 had some share in the transactions related. Persons 
 often write their own memoirs. 
 
 2. A history of transactions in which some person 
 had a principal share, is called his memoirs, though 
 compiled or written by a different hand. 
 
 3. The history of a society, or the journals and 
 proceedings of a society; as, memoirs of the Royal 
 Society. 
 
 4. A written account ; register of facts. .Arbulhnot. 
 MEM'OIR-IS'P, 71. A writer of memoirs. Carlisle. 
 MEM-O-KA-BII/I-A, 71. ;)/. [L.] Things remarkable 
 
 and worthy of ri-uii'mbranre. 
 ME.M-O-RA-BIL'I-TV, 7i. The slate of being memo- 
 ralile. 
 
 MI'.M'O-RA-BLE, o. [Vt., from \.. mem orabais. See 
 Mkmiiuv.] 
 
 Worthy to be remembered ; illustrious ; celebrated ; 
 dislingiiished. 
 
 By lonilM, by bool<K, by meinorahle ilerds. Dnviei. 
 
 MEM'O-RA BLY, o(/«. In a manner worthy to be re- 
 niemberrd. 
 
 ME.M-O RAX'DUM, 71. ; 77/. Mt.MonANOtjMS or Memo- 
 randa. |L.] A note to help the iiiciniiry. 
 
 1 enten-d a memoraTulum In my pockct-lwoli. Qitardian. 
 
 MEM'O-KSTE, v. u To mention for rcintmibrance. 
 [ Oos.] 
 
 J a. Belonging to a niem- 
 > brane ; consisting of 
 , ) membranes ; as, a mem- 
 
 MEN 
 
 ME.VrO-RA-TIVE, a. Adapted or tending to preserve 
 the memory of any thing. Hammond. 
 
 ME-MO'RI-Ji TEi'lI'A'I-CJl,ii. [L.] Literally, tt:i:h- 
 nical memoiy: any contrivance for aiding the 
 memory. 
 
 ME-Mo'RI-AL, a. [Fr., from L. mcmorialis. See 
 Memorv.] 
 
 1. Preservative of memory. 
 
 There hio^li in itir memcrinl of my name, 
 
 Fix the smootli oar, and bid me Uve to f.une. Poj^e. 
 
 2. Contained in memory ; as memorial possession. 
 
 iralt.i. 
 
 ME-Mc'RI-AIi, 71. That which preserves the mem- 
 ory of somethmg ; any thing that serves to keep in 
 memory. A monument is a memorial of a deceased 
 person, or of an event. The Lord's su pper is a 7iie- 
 morial of the death and sufferings of Christ. 
 
 Churches have names ; some as memonals of pe.ice, some of 
 wisdom, some of the 'iVinity. Hooker. 
 
 2. Any note or hint to assist the memory. 
 Memorials written with King- Edward's hand shall \n- the ground 
 
 of this history. UayiBard. 
 
 3. A written representation of facts, made to a 
 legislative or other body as the ground of a petition, 
 or a representation of facts accompanied with a peti- 
 tion. 
 
 4. In diplomacy, a species of informal state paper, 
 much usetl in negotiation. Brande. 
 
 ME-Mo'RI-AL-IST, n. One who writes a memorial. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 2. One who presents a memorial to a legislative or 
 any other body, or to a person. United States. 
 
 ME-Mo'RI-ALiZE, jj. <. To present a memorial to; 
 
 to petition by memorial. United States. 
 
 MEMo'R1-AL-iZ-/:D, pp. Petitioned by memorial. 
 ME.M'O-RIST, n. One who causes to be remembered. 
 
 [A'uf vsed.] Braicn. 
 ME-.MOR'I-TER, adv. [L.] By memory. 
 MEM'O-RIZE, D. (. Torecord; to hand down to mem- 
 ory by writing. 
 
 Tliey neglect to memorize their conquest of the Indians. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. To cause to be remembered. 
 
 Tiiey meant to memorize another Goljotha, Shak. 
 MEM'0-RIZ-£D, pp. Recorded ; handed down to 
 memory. 
 
 MEM'O-KY, 71. [L. memoria; Fr. memoire; Sw. 
 minne ; Ir. meatnliair i or meabhair, meanma. I'liis 
 word is from mcmini, which is probably corrupted 
 from the Grt^ek iiuaoftai, to remember, from pivos, 
 mind, or the same root. See Mind.] 
 
 1. The faculty of the mind by which it retains the 
 knowledge of jiast events, or ideas which are past. 
 A distinction is made between memory and recollec- 
 tion. Memory retains past ideas without any, or 
 with little effort ; recollection implies an effort to re- 
 call ideas that are past. Beattic. Rcid. Stewart. 
 
 Memory is the purveyor of reason. Ramb'tr. 
 9. A retaining of past ideas in the miud ; remem- 
 brance. Events that excite little attention are apt 
 to escape from memory. 
 
 3. Exemption from oblivion. 
 
 That ever living man of memory, 
 
 Henry the Fifth. Shak. 
 
 4. The time within which past events can be re- 
 membered or recollected, or the time within which a 
 person may htive knowleilge of what is past. The rev- 
 olution in England was before my memory; the revo- 
 lution in America was within the author's memory. 
 
 5. Alemorial ; monumental record; that which 
 calls to remembrance. A monument in London 
 was erectetl in memory of the conflagration in Killli. 
 
 li. Rertection ; attention. Shak. 
 MEM'O-RV, v. L To Uiy up in the mind or memory. 
 
 LATuf usc.ll,] Chaucer. 
 MEM'PHI-.VN, a. [from Memphis, the ancient me- 
 tropolis of Egypt, said to be altered frtjui Menuf, 
 Memf. Ludolf.] 
 
 Pertaining to Memphis ; very dark ; a sense bor- 
 rowed from the darkness of Egy|)t in the time of 
 Moses. 
 
 MEiN, 71. pL of Man. Two or more males, individu- 
 als of tile liumaii race. 
 
 2. iMali's of a lirave spirit. We will live in honor, 
 or die like men. 
 
 3. Persons : people ; mankind ; in an indefinite 
 sens(}. Men arc^ apt to forget the benefiictor, while 
 they riot on the benefit. 
 
 MEN' ACE, V. I. [i'r. mrnacer; It. minncciare ; Sp. 
 umrnazar : L. minor. The primary sense is, to 
 rush, throw, or push fiirwaril. The sense is more 
 clearly expressed liy emineo ami prominru, to jut for- 
 ward, from the Kiimo root. See Mind, which is of 
 the same family.] 
 
 1. To thri .ili ii ; to express or show a disposition 
 or delermiiialion lo intlict punishment or other evil. 
 'J'he coiiiliiiKHl powers menaced France with war on 
 every side. 
 
 2. 'I'o show or manifest the probability of future 
 evil or daiigi r to. Tlii' spirit of insubordiiialiun 
 menaced Sfcini u illi the luirrors of civil w:ir. 
 
 3. 'I'o exhibit the appearance of any catastrophe to 
 
 FATE, FAH, F^LL, VyH*T. — METE, PRgY PINE, MARtNE, BIUI). — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 7()6 ; 
 
MEN 
 
 MEN 
 
 MER 
 
 come ; as, a han^ini; rock mfnaccs a fall, or jncnacc^ 
 the plain or tlio iiiliabitants below. 
 MEN' ACE, H. A tliri al or lliri atcniiig ; tlir declara- 
 tion or show of a ilis|Kisitioii or delirmiiiation to in- 
 flict an evil ; used of persmis. 
 2. The show of a probable evil or catastrophe to 
 
 COUU'. 
 
 MEN'A-CED, (mcn'astp,) pp. Threatened. 
 
 ME.\'A-CER, II. One that threatens. 
 
 ME-NACir.VN-ITE, n. .\ black metallic niinrnil. 
 consisting of titanic acid and n\\A of iron, foiinil 
 near Meiiachan, in Cornwall, Eiij;!aiul. It is a va- 
 rii'ty of Ilincnite. Dmn. 
 
 Mi:.\-A-eilAN-IT'ie, «. Pertaining to inenachaiiite. 
 
 iMEN'.\-CING, ppr. 'I'hreatcniii!; ; declaring a dispo- 
 sition or determination to inllict evil. 
 
 y. o. Exhibiting the danger or probability of an 
 evil or catjistrophe to come ; as, a meiiachiir attitude. 
 
 1ME.\''.\-(;L\G-LY, aih: In a threatening manner. 
 
 J\IFJ^-AGE', (men-Uzli',) ii. [I'r., a family. See 
 Manace.] 
 
 A collection of brute animals. Addison. 
 ME.\-AO'E-RIE, (inen-azh'e-ic, I n. [Fr. innia- 
 ME.\' A-GEK-Y, men'a-jer-re,) ) gcric ; It. meiia- 
 geria.] 
 
 A yard or pl.ice in which wild animals are kept ; 
 also, a collection of wild animals. 
 ME.X'A-GOGUE, (inen'a-gog,) ii. [Gr. prims, men- 
 strua, and ii) u, to drive. j 
 
 A iiicdicine that promotes the menstrual flux. 
 
 MEND, I', t. [L. cmnuh ; Pr. amnulir ; U. mcndare ; 
 from I., mntda, a fault, spot, or blemish. Mend is 
 contracteil from cmaido^ amvnd^ for the L. negative c, 
 for ej, is necessary to express the removal of a 
 fault.] 
 
 1. To repair, as a breach ; to supply a part broken 
 or defective ; as, to mend a garment, a road, a mill- 
 dam, a fence, &c. 
 
 2. To correct ; to set right ; to alter for the better; 
 as, to mend the life or manners. 
 
 3. To repair ; to restore to a sound state ; as, to 
 mend a feeble or broken constitution. Loekr. 
 
 4. To help ; to advance ; to make better. This 
 plausible apology does not mend the matter. 
 
 Thonwli in some lands Ult: ^-us is but slu'rt, yd il mends sjanlcn 
 llcrla iXTid Inut. Mortimer. 
 
 5. To improve ; to hasten. 
 
 He s.A\v the monster Jixend liis paco. Drylen. 
 ME.XD, V. i. To grow better; to advance to a better 
 state; to improve. We say, a feeble constitution 
 mends daily ; a sick man inendit, or is ccnivalesccnt. 
 .MKNl)'.\-HLE, o. Capable of being mended. 
 .ME\-Da'CI()US, (-di'shus,) a. [L. mcnJajr.] 
 I.ving ; false. 
 
 MEN-'UAC'I-TV, (-das'cHe,) n. [L. mcndai, false, 
 lying. See Class .Mil, Ko. 4.] 
 
 Fiilscliood. Brown. 
 (The proper signification of this word would be a 
 disposition to lie, or habitual lying.] 
 MEND'ED, pp. or a. Repaired; made better; im- 
 proveil. 
 
 MEXD'ER, It. One who mends or repairs. 
 MEND'I-CAN-CY, n. [L. rncndicaiu.] 
 
 Iteggary ; a state of begging. 
 ME.ND'i-e.A.NT, n. [E. mendie.ans, from mendleo, to 
 
 bi g, Fr. mendicr; allied to L. mando, to cuniniand, 
 
 demand.] 
 
 1. Begging ; poor to a state of beggary ; as, re- 
 duced to a mendicant state. 
 
 2. I'racticing beggary ; as, a mendieant friar. 
 MEND'I-CANT, n. A beggar; one that makes it his 
 
 business to beg alms ; one of the begging fraternity 
 of (he Roman Catholic church. 
 MEND'i e.^TE, V. I. To beg, or practice begging, 
 f JVof tuted.'] 
 
 MEX-UIC'l-TY, (-dis'e-te,) n. [E. mendicitas.] 
 The state of begging ; the lite of a beggar. 
 MENU'l.XG, ppr. or a. Repairing. 
 
 2. Convalescing ; recovering from sickness ; be- 
 coming better in health. 
 MEND'I.XG,B. The act of repairing ; applied espuiaUy 
 to ffrtrtnent.^. 
 
 MEXD'MENT, for Ame:«dme:«t. [A'ot in use.] 
 
 MEXDS, for Amends. [.Vu( i/.sc</.1 Shak. 
 
 MEX-IIA'DE.X, n. A salt-water tish, jj/nsa menhaden 
 of Mitchell, allied to the alewife and shad, and imich 
 used fi.r manure. Sec. Sittrer's .Mass. Rep. 
 
 Mlc'NI-.\L, a. [iXorni. mei^rnal, meynal, from meigitee 
 or meiny, a family. The Norm, has also me.tnie and 
 mesnee, a family, household, or company, and incinei, 
 many. CJu. the root of viaison, messuage, or of 
 mantj.'] 
 
 1. len.aining to servants, or domestic servants; 
 low ; mean. 
 
 The woKKn MlencIiaU perform only Uie most mtnial oISo-s. 
 
 [Johnson observes on this passage, that Swifl 
 seems not to have known the meaning of this word. 
 But this is the only sense in which it is now used.] 
 
 2. Belonging to the retinue or train of servants. 
 
 Johnson* 
 
 Two rumal doj« l>-rore Iheir mnHer preised. Dryien. 
 
 [If this definition of Johnson is correct, it indicates 
 that menial is from meinei, many, rather than from 
 viesnic, family, iliit the sense may be honse-do*rs.] 
 Wi5'NI-.\E, «. A domestic servant of the lowest 
 order. Hence, 
 
 2. Figuralivchj, a jierson of a servile character or 
 disposition. 
 
 MEN'I-EITE, n. A brown, impure opal, occurring in 
 llattened, nodular concretions, at Menil Moiitaiit, 
 near Paris. JJunu. 
 
 iME-.XIN'OJKS, 71. pi. [Gr.] In anatomy, the two 
 membranes that envelop the brain; the pia mater 
 and dura mater. 
 
 ME-.XIS'CAE, a. Pertaining to a meniscus. 
 
 ME-NIS'eUS, n. i pi. iMkniscuses. [Gr. pTii'iaKOf,a 
 little moon ] 
 
 A lens convex on one side and concave on the 
 other, having the concavity loss than the convexity. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 MEN-r SPERM'ATE, n. A compound uf inenisperm 
 
 ic acid and a .salifiable base. 
 MEN-I-SPEIl.M'I€, a. The menisperinic acid is oh 
 tained from the seeds of the Coccnlus Indicus, the 
 Menisprrmnm cocculns of Iiinnu)tis, the Anamirta 
 pnnieulatn of later botanists. 
 MEN-I-.~i|'ER'iMI-.X.\, ) n. [E. vienispermum, from 
 MEN-I-SPER'MI.XE, | Gr. firji/i), the moon, and 
 an'.ppit, a seed.] 
 
 An alkaloid obtained from Anamirta paniculata, 
 once c:Uled Menispermum. This alkaloid is a white, 
 opaline, crystalline solid, which is tasteless, and me- 
 dicinally inert. 
 MEX'I-VER, n. A small, white animal in Russia, or 
 its fur, which is very fine. [See Minerta.] Chaucer. 
 MEN'NON-ITES, ) n. pi. A small denomination of 
 MEN'NON-ISTS, ) Christians who reject infant 
 baptism, but do not insist strenuously on immersion 
 so called from Simon Menno, their founder in Ger- 
 many. Haird. 
 ME-N()I,'0-GY, ) n. [Gr. jirir, /irji/ot, month, and 
 MEN-O-Lo'GI tJ^r, i Uyuf, discourse.] 
 
 1. A register of months. Stillinirflect. 
 
 2. In Ute Orecl: church, martyrology, or a brief cal- 
 endar of the lives of the saints, for each day in the 
 year, or a simple remembrance of those whose lives 
 are not written. Lanier. 
 
 MEN'oW, 71. [Fr. menu, small. Ou.] 
 
 A small, fresh-water fish, the minnow. Bailey. 
 MEN'-PI,r,..\S-ER, 71. One who is solicitous to please 
 
 men, rather than to please God, by obedience to his 
 
 commands. 
 
 MBJ^iSA ET TO'RO, [L.] A phrase applied to a 
 kind of divorce which separates husband and wife 
 without dissolving the marriage relation. Bonder. 
 
 MEN'SAE, a. [E. mcnsalis, from mensa^ a table.] 
 
 Belonging to the table ; transacted at table. [Lit- 
 tle u-sf//,] Clarissa. 
 
 MEN'SkS, tu pi. [L., months.] The catamenial or 
 menstrual discharges. 
 
 ME.X'STRIJ-AL, o. [Fr., from L. menstrwdis, from 
 mensis!, month.] 
 
 1. Monthly ; happening once a month ; as, the 
 menstrual flux. 
 
 2. Lasting a month ; as, tlie menstrual orbit of the 
 moon. Bcntlcy. 
 
 X Pertaining to a menstruum. Bacon. 
 MEiX'STKU-ANT, a. Subject to monthly flowings. 
 
 Browiu 
 
 MEN'STRU-OUS, a. [L. menstruus, from mensis, a 
 month.] 
 
 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge, as a 
 female. Sandys. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the monthly flow of females. 
 
 Brown* 
 
 MEX'STRU-UM, 71. ; p/. Menstrl'ums or Mehstkua. 
 [from L. mensii, month. The use of this word is 
 supposed to have orginated in some notion of the old 
 chemists about the influence of the moon in the 
 preparation of dissolvents. Johtison.] 
 
 A solvent ; any fluid or subtilized substance which 
 dissolves a solid body. 
 
 All liquon are cnllett menttruumt which tar used u dissolvents, 
 or to extrdct liic vinucs of ingitnlicnts by infusion or ilecoc. 
 tion. Quincy. 
 
 Inquire what la the proper menttruum to dissolre a metit. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 MEN-SU-RA-BIL'I-TY, n. [from mensuradU.] Ca- 
 pability of bcin^ measured. 
 
 ME.X'SG'-RA.HLE, (men'shu-ra-bl,) a. [L. mensnra, 
 measure. The ti is probably casual, antl the word is 
 the same as .Measl'rarle.] 
 
 .Measurable ; capable of being measured. Holder. 
 
 ME.N'."*U-RAL, a. Pertaining to measure. 
 
 MEN'SU-RATE, r. t. [L. mcnsura, measure.] 
 To measure. [Litllr used.] 
 
 ME.X-SU-RA'TIO.X, (men shu-ru'shun,) ti. The act, 
 process, or art, of measuring, or taking the dimen- 
 sions of any thing. 
 2. Measure ; the result of measuring. ArbuthnoU 
 
 ME.X'T.\E, a. [IL mentaU; Fr. mental ; from L. (Tints, 
 mind.] 
 
 Pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as, menial 
 faculties; mental operations; mental sight; menial 
 taste. MUton. Addisoiu 
 
 MEN'TAE-EY, ado. Iiilellectiially ; in the mind ; in 
 thought or meditation ; in idea. Bentley. 
 
 ME.N"'i'IU.\, TI. [I'r., iVdiii E. mcTifio, from Gr. /iitia, 
 from ni'<ii,),lL put in mind; It. menzione, Sp. tticti- 
 cion ; Port, ineneaa ; allied, probably, to L. moneo and 
 7Ti(Tu/. Mention is a throwing out.] 
 
 A hint ; a siiggestitm ; a brief notice or remark 
 expressed in words or writing ; used chiefly after 
 Make. 
 
 Aliike nn mention uf otlier gn<ls. — Josh, xxiii, 
 I will maJce mrntion ul tliy ri*tif'Ousn<'»s. — Ps. Ixxl. 
 Witliunt censing I make mention of yon always in my pnyen, 
 — Kom. i. 
 
 MEN'TION, r. f. [ Fr. 77i^)i£i<7n7ier ; It. meniiojtare.] 
 To speak ; to name ; to utter a brief remark ; to 
 state a particular fact, "r to express it in writing. It 
 is applied to Sdiiietliing thrown in or ailili'd inciden- 
 tally in a discourse or writing, ami lluis ililfrrs from 
 the sense tif relate, rrritr, and vnrrate. I 
 mcnd'oncii to liim a fai t that fell iindi r niy own ob- 
 servation ; in the course of conversation, that cir- 
 cumstance was mentioned. 
 
 I will nieritinn the ]i)vin|;-I(iiuiiies9 of tlic Lonl. — Is. Ixiii. 
 
 MEN''J'IO.\-.'V-nLE, o. That can or may be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 MEN'TION-KD, pp. Named ; stated. 
 .MEN'TION-I.Xi;, /v»r. .Naming; uttering. 
 MEN'TOK, H. [from j\Iutt;r, the counselor of T. lem- 
 achus.] A wise and faithful counselor or monitor. 
 
 Encyr. Am. 
 
 MEN-To'RI-.\E, a. [from Mentor.] Containing ad- 
 vice or admonition. 
 
 ME-PIMT'IG, I rt ii ii 1 
 
 ME-PIIIT'IC-AE, i "• "•'■P'"^--'' "n ^'"' "■] 
 
 Otfensive to the smell ; foul ; poisonous ; noxious ; 
 pestilential ; destructive to life. Mrphilic acid is 
 usu.allv carbonic acid. 
 
 .ME-PIII'TIS, ) 71. [E. mephitis.] Foul, oflfensivc, 
 
 MEPH'IT-IS.M, j or noxious exhalations from dis- 
 solving substances, filth, or other .source; iisiinlly 
 containing carbonic and gas. Med. Repos. 
 
 ME-IlA'CIOUS, (I. [I., meracus.] Strong ; rary. 
 
 MER'CA-BLE, a. [h. mercor.] That is to be bought 
 or sitld. 
 
 MER-eA.X-TAN'TE, ti. [It. mercatante.] 
 
 A foreign trader. \J^ul in use.] Shnl;. 
 MER'CAN-TILE, (-til,) a. [It. and Fr., from L. mer- 
 cans, viercor, to buy ; Port, and Sp. niercnntil.] 
 
 1. Trading; eominercial ; carrying on coiumerce; 
 as, mercantile nations ; the mcrcnntde class of men. 
 
 2. Pertaining or relating to couiinerce or trade ; as, 
 mercantde business. 
 
 MER-C.AP'TAN, ti. [mercury and E. ca;i(o, to seize.] 
 A liipiid of a strong garlic odor, conip.ised of sul- 
 phur, carlxm, and hydrogen ; so named frtun it< en- 
 ergetic artiDii on mercury. BranUe. Oraham. 
 MER'CAT, II. [E. mercatus.] 
 
 Markel ; Iradc. [Xnl in use.] Sprat* 
 MER-eA'TOR'S-CllAKT, ti. [from Mcreator, the in- 
 ventor.] A chart constructed on the principle of 
 Mercator's projection. [See Projection.] 
 MEK'CE-N.V-iU-LY, adv. In a mercenary manner. 
 
 Spcetalur. 
 
 MER'CE-NA RI-NESS, ji. [from TTicrccnary.J Ve- 
 nality ; regard to hire or rewaril. Boyle. 
 
 MEU'CE-NA-UY, a. [Vr. mercenaire ; Ij. mercenarius, 
 from merces, reward, wages ; mercor, to buy.] 
 
 \. Venal ; that may be hired ; actuated by the 
 hope of reward ; moved by the love of money ; as, 
 a mercenary prince or judge. 
 
 2. Hired ; purcli.ased by money ; as, mercenary ser- 
 vices ; mercenary soldiers. 
 
 3. Sold for money ; as, mercenary blood. Shak. 
 
 4. Greedy of gam ; mean ; selfish ; as, a mercenary 
 disposititm. 
 
 5. Contracted from motives of gain ; as, a merce- 
 nary marriage. 
 
 MER'CE-N.\-RY, n. One who is hired ; a soldier 
 
 that is hired into foreign service ; a hireling. 
 AIER'CER, n. [Fr. mereier ; It, merciaio ; from L. 
 merr, wares, commodities.] 
 
 One wlio deals in silks and woolen cloths. Smart. 
 MER'CER-SIIIP, n. 'I'he business of a mercer. 
 MER'CER-Y, 71. [Fr. mercerie ; II. jrirrrcria.] 
 
 The commodities or goods in which a mercer 
 deals ; trade of mcrriTS. OraunU 
 MER'CIIANI), r. i. [Fr. TnarcAander.] 
 
 To trade. [jVol it»f</.]^ Bacon. 
 MER'CIIAND ISE, n. [Fr., from marchand, a mer- 
 chant, or inarehander, to cheapen.] 
 
 1. The objects of commerce ; wares, goods, com- 
 modities, whatever is usually bought or sold in tnide. 
 Hut provisions daily sold in market, horses, rattle, 
 and fuel, are not usuidly included in the term, ami 
 real estate never. 
 
 2. Trade ; tratfic ; commerce. Shak. 
 MER'CH,\.XD-ISE, v. i. To trade ; to carry on com- 
 merce. 
 
 .MER'CHAXD T? r.XG.rTTT. oro. Trading. Moore. 
 MER'CHAXU RY, n. Trade; commerce. (AV m 
 
 use.] Saundrrson. 
 MER'CHANT, n. [Fr. marchand; It. mfrcaiitr; Sf<. 
 
 mcrchante ; Arm. marehadour ; from Ij. mercor, to 
 
 buy.] 
 
 TO.XE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 707 
 
MER 
 
 MER 
 
 MER 
 
 1. A mall who traffics or carries on trade with 
 foreign countries, or %vlio exports and imports goods 
 and sells them by wholesale. 
 
 Q. In popular usaae, any trader, or one who deals 
 in the purclKise and sale of goods. 
 3. A ship in trade. [JVof uscd.l 
 
 MER'CHANT, v. i. To trade. [JVb! ;?i vse.] 
 
 MER'CHANT-A-BLE, o. Fit for market ; such as is 
 usually sold in market, or such as will bring the or- 
 dinary price ; as, merchantable wheat or timber. 
 
 MER'CHANT-LIKE, a. Like a merchant. 
 
 MEIl'C'IIANT-MAN,n. A ship or vessel employed in 
 the transportation of goods, as distinguished from a 
 ship of war. 
 
 MER'CHANT TaI'LOR, t!. A tailor who keeps a 
 
 shop containing articles used in his trade. 
 MER'CI-.\-BLE, a. Merciful. [JVo£ in use.] Ooioer. 
 MER'CI-FUL, a. [from incrcij.] Having or exer- 
 cising mercy ; compassionate ; tender ; disposed to 
 pity offenders and to forgive their offences ; unwill- 
 ing to punish for injuries ; applied apprvpriately to the 
 Supreme Being, 
 
 The Lord parsed before liim, and proclaimed, Tlie Lonl, the 
 Liml God, nierci/ul ami ffnicioiis, Inng-suireriiij and 
 abundant in goodness and truth. — Ex. xxxiv. 
 
 2. Compassionate : tender ; unwilling to give pain ; 
 not cruel. A merciful man will be merciful to his 
 beast. 
 
 IIER'CI-FUL-LY, adv. With compassion or pity ; 
 tenderly ; mildlv. 
 
 MER'CI-FUL-NESS, n. Tenderness toward offend- 
 ers ; willingness to forbear punishment ; readiness 
 to forgive. Hammond. 
 
 MER'CI-F?, V. U To pity. [JVbt in rise.'] Spenser. 
 
 MER'CI-LESS, a. Destitute of mercy ; unfeeling ; 
 pitiless ; hard-hearted ; cruel ; as, a merciless tyrant. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Not sparing ; as, the merciless vv'aves or tem- 
 pest. 
 
 MER'CI-LESS-LY, ado. In a manner void of mercy 
 
 or pitv ; cruelly. 
 MER'C'l-LESS-NESS, n. Want of mercy or pity. 
 I\IER-€U'RI'AL, a. [from Mercury ; L. mercurialis.] 
 
 1. Formed under the influence of Mercury ; active ; 
 sprightly ; full of fire or vigor ; as, a mercurial youth ; 
 a mercurial nation. Bacon. Su^ift. 
 
 2. Pertaining to Mercury as god of trade ; bonce, 
 money-making ; crafty. 
 
 The mercurial wand of commerce. J. Q. Adams. 
 
 3. Pertaining to quicksilver; containing quicksil- 
 ver, or consisting of mercury ; as, mercurial prepara- 
 tions or medicines. 
 
 MER-€u'RI-AL-lST, n. One under the influence of 
 Mercury, or one resembling Mercury in variety of 
 character. 
 
 MER-Cu'RI-AL-TZE, v. i. To be humorous or fantas- 
 tic. [JVot in use.] 
 2. In medicine, to affect the system with mercury. 
 
 MER-€u'RI-AL-LY, adv. In a mercurial manner. 
 
 MER'eU-RI-ivD, (-rid,) pp. Washed with a prepara- 
 tion of mercury. 
 
 MER-eU-RI-FI-CA'TlON, n. In metallurn-ic chemis- 
 try, the process or operation of obtaining the mer- 
 cury from metallic minerals in its fluid form. 
 
 En eye 
 
 2. The act of mixing with quicksilver. Boyle. 
 
 MER-€U'RI-F?, V. U To obtain mercury from me- 
 tallic miner.als, which may be done by any appli- 
 cation of intense he.at that expels the mercury in 
 fumes, which are afterward condensed. Encyc. 
 
 MER'eU-RY, n. [L. Jlcrcurius, said to be formed 
 from merces or mercor.] 
 
 1. In mythology, the messenger and interpreter of 
 the gods, and the god of eloquence and of com- 
 merce, called by the Greeks Hermes. But in an- 
 tir/uity, there were several persons or deities of this 
 name. 
 
 2. Quicksilver; a metal remarkable for its fusi- 
 bility, which is so great that to fix or congeal it, re- 
 quires a degree of coM which is marked on Fahren- 
 heit's scale at thirty-nine degrees below zero. Its 
 sp(;cific gravity is nearly fourteen times that of water. 
 Under a heal of C80 de^'rees, it rises in fumes, anil 
 is gradually converted mto a red oxyd. Mercury 
 is useil in barometers to ascertain the weight of the 
 atmosphere, and in thermometers to determine the 
 temperature of the air, for which latter purpose it is 
 well ada|ite<l by its power of eouable contraction and 
 expansion, and the extensive range between its 
 freezing aitd boiling points. Preparations of this 
 metal are among the mf)st powerful poisons, and are 
 extensively iisi:d as medicines. The preparation 
 called calomel is a most ellieacious deobstruent. 
 
 3. Heat of constitutional temperament; spirit; 
 uprightly qualities. Pope. 
 
 4. <Jne of a genua of plants, tho Mercurialis, of 
 several sp(!cies. 
 
 5. One of the planets nearest the sun. It is 3M0 
 milcii in diameter, and revolves rniind thi' sun in 
 nboi'i eighty-fight dnys. IIh mean distance from the 
 nun IS thirty-Hi:ven millioiiH of miles. Olmstrd. 
 
 I'. The name of a newspaper or periodical publlca- 
 tl n. 
 
 7. A messenger ; a news-carrier. [From the office 
 of the god Mercury.] Rich. Diet. 
 
 MER'CU-RY, V. t. To wash with a preparation of 
 mercury. • B. Jonson. 
 
 MER'eU-RY'S FIN"GER, n. Wild saffron. 
 
 MER'CY, 71. [Fr. merci\ iiorm. merce, mcer, or mers ; 
 supposed to be a contraction of L. viisericordia. But 
 
 Qu Eth. Cf^f}^^ mehera, to pity.] 
 
 1. That benevolence, mildness, or tenderness of 
 heart which disposes a person to overlook injuries, 
 or to treat an offender better than he deserves , the 
 disposition that tempers justice, and induces an in- 
 jured person to forgive trespasses and injuries, and 
 to forbear punishment, or inflict less than law or 
 justice will warrant. In this sense, there is perhaps 
 no word in our language precisely synonymous with 
 mercy. That which comes nearest to it is grace. It 
 implies benevolence, tenderness, niildness, pity or 
 conipassirm, and clemency, but exercised only to- 
 ward oflcnders. Mercy is a distinguishing attribute 
 of the Supreme Being. 
 
 The Lord is lon^-siiHcrinj and of ^reat mercy, for^vin^ iniquity 
 and transgression, and by no means clearing tlie guilty. — 
 Num. xiv. 
 
 2. An act or exercise of mercy or favor. It is a 
 mercy that they escaped. 
 
 1 am not worthy of the least of all thy meraes. — Gen. xxxii. 
 
 3. Pity ; compassion manifested toward a person 
 in distress. 
 
 And he said, He that showed mercy on him. — Luke x. 
 
 4. Clemency and bounty. 
 
 Mercy and truth preserve the king ; and bis throne is upheld by 
 mercy. — Prov. xxviii. 
 
 5. Charity, or the duties of charity and benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 I will have mercy, and not sacrifice. — Malt. ix. 
 
 6. Grace ; favor. I Cor. vii. Jude 2. 
 
 7. Eternal life, the fruit of mercy. 2 Tim. i. 
 
 8. Pardon. 
 
 I cry tiiee mercy with all my heart. Dryden. 
 
 9. The act of sparing, or the forbearance of a vio- 
 lent act expected. The prisoner cried for mercy. 
 
 To be, or to lie at the mercy of; to have no means of 
 self-defense, but to be dependent for safety on the 
 mercy or compassion of another, or in the power of 
 that which is irresistible ; as, to be at the mercy of a 
 foe, or of the waves. 
 
 MEII'CY-SkAT, 71. The propitiatory ; tho covering 
 of the ark of the covenant among the Jews. This 
 was of gold, and its ends were fixed to two cherubs, 
 wliose wings extended forward, and formed a kind 
 of throne for the majesty of God, who is represented 
 in Scripture as sitting between the cherubs. It was 
 from this seat that God gave his oracles to IMoses, or 
 to the high priest who consulted him. Calmct. 
 
 MERD, 71. [Fr. merUe ; L. mcrda.] Ordure; dung. 
 
 Mere, a. [Li. merus ; It. mero.] [Burton. 
 This or that only ; distinct from any thing else. 
 
 From mere success nothing can be concluded in favor of a na- 
 
 liipii. Auerbury. 
 Wh.a if the head, the eye, or ear repined 
 To serve mere engines to the ruling mind ? Pope. 
 
 2. Absolute ; entire. Spenser. 
 Mere, 71. [Sax. miere or Tncre, a pool, lake, or the sea ; 
 D.meir; L. mare. See Moon.] 
 A pool or lake. 
 Mere, 7^ [Snx. 7n<i;ra, gemtrra i Gl. papco, to divide, 
 or Russ. vnryu, to measure.] 
 
 A boundary ; used chiefly in the compound Mebe- 
 STONE. Ba£on, 
 MERE, ». t. To divide, limit, or bound. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MeRE'LY, adv. Purely ; only; solely ; thus and no 
 other way ; for this and no other purpose. 
 
 Prize not your life for other ends 
 
 Tlian merely to oblige your friends. Swi/L 
 
 MER-E-TRI"CIOUS, (-trish'us,) a. [L. meretricius, 
 from meretriz, a prostitute.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to prostitutes ; such as is practiced 
 by harlots ; as, meretricious arts. 
 
 2. Alluring by false show ; worn for disguise ; hav- 
 ing a gaudy but ileceitfiil appearance ; false ; as, 77icr- 
 etrieions dress or ornaments. 
 
 MER-E-TKI"CIOUS-LY, ado. In the manner of 
 prostitutes; w.tn deceitful enticements. 
 
 MER-E-TRI"CIOUS-NESS, ti. The arts of a pro.sti- 
 tiite ; deccitftil enticements. 
 
 MEIl-(; AN'SER, 71. [?[). mcrgansar, from L. mergo, to 
 dive.) 
 
 A water fowl of the genus Mergus ; called also 
 goosander, 
 MERGE, t). (. [1,. merge] 
 
 To immerse ; to cause to be swallowed up. 
 The plaintilt Iiecaine the i)urchii*er, and merged his term In tlie 
 fee. Kent. 
 
 MERtiE, V. i. To be sunk, swallowed, or lost. 
 
 Imid Term. 
 
 MEItft'f'D, ;<;>. Imiuersed ; swallowed U|). 
 MERCER, H. (I,. 7ii(7(T(i, to merge.] 
 
 In lam, a merging or drowning ol a less estate in a 
 
 greater ; as when a reversion in fee-simple descends 
 to, or is purchased by, a tenant of the same estate 
 for years, the term for years is merged, lost, annihi- 
 lated in the inheritance or fee-simple estate. 
 
 Black.-'tone. 
 
 MERG'ING, ppr. Causing to be swallowed up ; im 
 
 mersing ; sinking. 
 ME-RID'I-AN, 71. [Fr. meridien; It. meridiano ; L. 
 
 meridies. Qu. Ir. niir, a part ; Gr. iicino}, to divide. 
 
 Varro testifies that this word was originally medidies, 
 
 [midday,] and that he had seen it so written on a 
 
 sundial.] 
 
 1. In astronomy and geography, a great circle sup- 
 posed to be drawn or to pass through the poles of the 
 earth, and the zenith and nadir of any given pl.ace, 
 intersecting the equator at right angles, and dividing 
 the hemisphere into eastern and western. Every 
 place on tlie globe has its meridian, and when the 
 sun arrives at this circle, it is midday or noon, 
 whence the name. This circle may be considered 
 to be drawn on the surface of the earth, or it may 
 be considered as a circle in the heavens coinciding 
 with that on the earth. 
 
 2. Midday ; noon 
 
 3. The highest point ; as, the meridian of life ; the 
 meridian of power or of glory. 
 
 4. The particular place or state, with regard to lo- 
 cal circumstances or things that distinguish it from 
 others. We say, a book is adapted to the meridian of 
 France or Italy ; a measure is adapted to the meridian 
 of London or VVashington. 
 
 First meridian : the meriilian from which longitudes 
 are reckoned. This, in England, is Greenwich ; in 
 France, Paris, &,c. Brande. 
 
 Meridian of a globe, or brass meridian ; a graduated 
 circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe is 
 suspended and revolves. 
 
 Magnetic meridian ; a great circle, parallel with the 
 direction of the magnetic needle, and passing through 
 its poles. 
 
 ME-RIU'I-AN, a. Being on the meridian, or at mid- 
 day. 
 
 The sun sat high in his mtridian tower. Mlltnn. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the meridian, or to midday; as, 
 the sun's meridian heat or splendor. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the highest point ; as, the hero en- 
 joyed his meridian glory. 
 
 4. Pertaining to the magnetic meridian. 
 ME-RID'I-ON-AL, a. [Fr.] Peilaiuiiig to the merid- 
 ian. 
 
 2. Southern. Brown. 
 
 3. Southeily; having a southern aspect. IVotton. 
 Meridional distance, is tlie distance or departure 
 
 from the meridian, or easting or westing. 
 ME-RID-I-ON-AL'I-TV, 7i. The state of being in the 
 meridian. 
 
 2. Position in the south ; aspect toward the south. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 ME-RID'I-ON-AL-LY, ado. In the direction of the 
 meridian. Brown, 
 
 MER'ILS, 71. [Fr. merelles.] A hoy's play, called five 
 penny morris. [See Mobhis.] 
 
 ME-Ri'i\0, (me-rc'no,) «. [Sp. merino, moving from 
 pasture to pasture ; so called because this kind of 
 sheep was driven at certain seasons from one part of 
 Spain to another, in large flocks, for pasturage.] 
 
 A term denoting a variety of sheep from Spain, or 
 their wool, which is distinguished for its fineness. 
 
 ME-Rl'NO, 71. A thin, woolen fabric, made of merino 
 wool, for lailies' wear. 
 
 MER'IT, re. [L. mcritum, from mereo, to earn or de- 
 serve ; It. and Sp. mcrito ; Fr. merite.] 
 
 1. Dessert ; goodness or excellence which entitles 
 one to honor or reward ; worth ; any performance or 
 \s orth which claims regard or compensation ; applied 
 to morals, to excellence in writing, or to valuable ser- 
 vices of any kind. Thus we speak of tho inability of 
 men to obtain salvation by their own mrriLt. We 
 sjieak of the merits of an author ; the merits of a 
 soldier, &c. 
 
 2. Value ; excellence ; applied to things ; as, the 
 merits of an essay or poi in ; the mrritj of a paint- 
 ing ; the merits of a heroic achievement. 
 
 3. Reward deserved ; that which is oaruod or mer- 
 ited. 
 
 Those laurel groves, the merits of tliy youth. Prior. 
 MER'IT, V. t. [Fr. meriirr, L. mrrilo.] 
 
 1. To deserve ; to earn by active service, or by 
 any valuable performance ; to have a right to claim 
 reward in money, regard, homr, or happiness. 
 Watts, by his writings, virri/rd the gr.Hitude of the 
 whole Christian world. The faithful laborer merits 
 his wages. 
 
 A man ut best U incapable of mrriliri jr any thing from God. 
 
 South. 
 
 2. To deserve; to have a just title to. Fidelity 
 vierits and usually obtains confidence. 
 
 3. To deserve, in an ill scn.'ic ; to have a just title 
 to. Every violation of law 7ii<'ri£j.- punishment. Ev- 
 ery sin merits God's dis|)leasure. 
 
 MER'IT-A-HLE, a. Deserving of reward. [JVot in 
 
 vsr.] 13. Jonson, 
 
 MER'IT-ED, 7>p. or o. Earned; deserved. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 708 
 
MES 
 
 MES 
 
 MET 
 
 MER'IT-INO, ppr. EiiriiiiiK ; (loscrviiii:. 
 
 Mt:R'ri'-.MON"(;Klt, n. One who advocntos the 
 doctrine ul' liiinian mt-ril, :is entitled tu reward, or 
 (it'|K lids on iiicrit for sa.Vation. Miliier. 
 
 MEK-I-']'C'Kl-OlIS, a. [It. mmtorio ; Fr. mirituire.] 
 UcSLTViiij! of reward or of notice, regard, fume, 
 or happiness, or of tliat which shall be a siiitahio re- 
 turn tor services or excellence of any kind. We ap- 
 plaud the mrriturious services of the laborer, the sol- 
 dier, anil the seaman. We admire the meriturwus 
 labors of a Watts, a Doddridge, a Carey, and a 
 Martyn. We rely for salvation on tlie meritoriaua 
 obedience and snffi rings of Christ. 
 
 MKR-I-TO'Ul-OUS-LY, adv. Ill such a manner as to 
 drserve reward. tVullvn. 
 
 MKIM-'I'O'RI-UUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of 
 dtserviiiK a reward or snilable return. 
 
 JlEU'1-TO-llY, a. Deserving of reward. [.Yot iLird.] 
 
 Gt/tper, 
 
 .'MER'I-TOT, n. A kind of play used by children, in 
 swintfins themselves on ropes, or the like, till they 
 are giddy. 
 
 JIERLE, n. [L. incri</o.] 
 
 A blackbird. Drayton. 
 
 MER'MN, n. [Fr.] A species of hawk of the genus 
 F:ilco. 
 
 MER'LON, n. [Ft. mcrlo ; Fr. mrrlnu.] 
 
 In fvrtification, that part of a jiaraiict which lies be- 
 tween two embrasures. Braiide. 
 
 l\IER'iM.\ID,«. [Fr. mcr, L. mare, the sea, and maid.] 
 A supposed marine animal, said to resemble a 
 woman in the upper parts of the body, and a fish in 
 the lower part. The male is called the Herman. 
 
 Ml~;'ROrS, n. [L.] A genus of birds called Bee-eat- 
 ers. 
 
 MEIl'RI-LY, orfij. [from mo-^!^] With mirth ; with 
 payety and laughter; jovially. [See Mirth and 
 Mebkv.] 
 
 Alerrilt/ sing, and sport, ond piny. OUineUU. 
 MEK'UI-l^lAKE, n. [merry and make.] A meeting 
 
 for mirth; a festival; mirth. Spenaer. 
 MER'RI-.M.^ KE, v. i. To be merry or jovial ; to feast. 
 
 Oaij. 
 
 MER'RI-MEXT, M. Mirth ; Rayety with laupliter or 
 
 noise ; noisy sports ; hilarity ; frolic. Milton, 
 JIER'RI-NESS, II. Mirth ; gayety with laughter. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 .MEll'IlY, o. [Sax. viirige,myrig ; At. ^ 
 rirlia, to be joyful. Class Mr, No. 10.] ^ 
 
 1. Gay and noisy ; jovial ; exhilarated to laujhter. 
 Mun is tile merrictt Bpfcies of tlw cp'ation. Addiion. 
 Th^y ilniiiV, and wea* merry with liiin. — Gen. xliii. 
 
 2. Causing laughter or mirth ; as, a mcmj jest. 
 
 3. Brisk ; vigorous ; a.s, a merry gale. " Fight ye, 
 my merry men." [ThU is Hit primary sense of the 
 word.] Dnjden. 
 
 4. Pleasant ; agreeable ; delightful. Chaucer. 
 To make mernj ; to be jovial ; to indulge in hilar- 
 
 ilv ; I" feast with mirth. Judges ix. 
 MER RY-.V.N'DREW, n. A buffoon ; a zany ; one 
 whose business is to make sport for others ; particu- 
 larlij, one who attends a mountebank or quack doc- 
 tor. 
 
 [This term is said to have originated from one An- 
 drew Borde, a physician in the time of Henry VIII., 
 who attracted attention and gained patients by face- 
 tious speeches to the multitude. Smart.] 
 MER'RY-M.\K-ING, a. Producing mirth. 
 
 Mirth, mtmtc, mtrry~maJHng motcNiy 
 
 Spe«tl the li^ht buure no nioir atjiolj^rood. //UMoujtf. 
 MER'RY-MAK-ING, ) n. A festival ; a meeting for 
 MER'RY-MEET-I.\G, j mirth. Bp. Tai/hr. 
 
 MER'RV-THOUGHT, ( thawl,) n. The forket'l bone 
 of a fowPs breast, which boys and girls break by 
 pulling each one side, the longest part broken betok- 
 ening priority of marriage. Echard. 
 MER'SION, (mur'shun,) n. [L. mersio, from mcrgo, 
 to dive or sink.] 
 
 The act of sinking or plunging under water. But 
 Immersion is generallv used. 
 ME-RO'LI-DANS,' n. pi. [L. merula, merulus.] 
 
 Birds of the thrush family. Brandt, 
 MES-A-RA'IC, a, [Gr. pcuapaiov ; pcaos, middle, and 
 apoia, intestines.] 
 
 The same as Mese.nteric ; pertaining to the mes- 
 entery. 
 
 ME-SEEMS', verb impersonal, [me and «eem.«.] It 
 seems to me. U is used also in the past tense, me- 
 srrmed. Spenser. 
 
 MES-E\-TER'te, a. [See Mesentery.] Pertaining 
 to the ini'senlery ; as, mesenteric glands or arteries. 
 
 ME8'EN'-TER-Y, n. [Gr. )iCi7cvrrpiu>' ; ficaus, middle, 
 and ti-rfOMi., intestine.] 
 
 A membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, at- 
 tached to the lumbar vertebra posteriorly, and to the 
 nilestines anteriorly. It is formed of a duplicatiire 
 of the peritoneum, and contains adipose mailer, l.ic- 
 teals, mesenteric glands, Ivnipb.-itics, and mesenteric 
 arteries, veins, and nerve's. Its use is to ri ttin the 
 intestines and tlieir appendages in a proper position. 
 
 Ifooptr. 
 
 MUSH, n. [VV. viasg, net-work, a mesh ; D. maas ; G. 
 ma.iche, a mesh or a stitt li.] 
 
 1. Tlic opening or space between the llireails of a 
 net. 
 
 2. The grains or wash of a brewery. 
 
 MESII, II. t. To catch in a net ; tti insiiare. Draijton. 
 
 MESII'f.'l), (mesht,) pp. Caught in a net ; insiiared. 
 
 .MESII'ING, ppr. Insnaring. 
 
 MESIl'Y, a. Formed like net-work ; reticul.ited. 
 
 Mk'SIAL, (-zhal,) a. [Cr. pcaos.] [■J'liomson. 
 A mesial tine, in anatomy, is a longitiiilinal line di- 
 viding the body, or any iiieinber or orgtm, iiilo two 
 equal parts. Tully. 
 
 MES'LIN, ji. [from Fr. meslcr, mdcr, to mix, or L. 
 7;iio;cf//miCU.*, frtim misceo, to mix.] 
 
 A mixture of (liffi reiit sorts of grain ; in .America, 
 n miMurc i.f wheat anil rye. 
 
 •M -M r.U'ie, fa. Pertaining to mesmerism, or 
 
 W I'.S .M I.K'IC-AL, i being under its intluence. 
 
 MES'.MER-IS.M, n. [from Mcsmer, who first wrote on 
 the subject.] 
 
 The art of communicating a species of sleep, which 
 is supposed to affect the boily, while the mind or iii- 
 telleclual [lower is active and intrlligeiit. 
 MES'MER-isT, n. One who practices or believes in 
 niesnierisin. 
 
 MES-MER-I-ZS'TION, n. The act of mesmerizing. 
 
 MES'MER-IZE, v. L To affect with a kind of sleep 
 called sleep-waking, a state in which the external 
 senses are closed, while the mind is awake. 
 
 MicSNE, (ineen,) a, [Old Fr.] In /hm, middle ; in- 
 tervening ; as. a mesne lord, that is, a lord who holils 
 land of a superior, but grants a part of it to another 
 person. In this case, he is a tenant to the superior, 
 but lord or superior to the second grantee, and calleil 
 the mesne lord. 
 
 Mesne process : that part of the proceedings In a 
 suit which intervenes between the original process 
 or writ and the final issue, and which issues, pend- 
 ing the suit, on some collateral matter; and some- 
 times it is understood to bo the whole process preced- 
 ing the execution. Blackstone. 
 
 Me.'.-ne projiu ; the income of land received by one 
 who is wrongfully in possession, anil which may be 
 recovered by the rightful owner in an action of tres- 
 pass. Bouvicr. 
 
 MES'O-Co-LON, 71. [Gr. prco;, middle, and colon.] 
 In anatomy, that part of the mesentery, which, 
 having reached the extremity of the ileum, contracts, 
 and changes its name, or that part of the mesentery 
 to which the colon is attached. Kneyc. Hooper. 
 
 MES'O-LABE, 7i. [Gr. pcaoi, middle, and Xopffavu<, 
 to take.] 
 
 An instrument employetl by the ancients for find- 
 ing two mean proportionals between two given lines, 
 which were required in the problem of the duplica- 
 tion of the cube. Brnnde. 
 MES'OLE, 71. A zeolitic mineral allied to mesotype. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 MES-O-LEO'CYS, ju [Gr. jito-os, middle, and Xcvkos, 
 white.) 
 
 A precious stone with a streak of white in the 
 middle. [OAs.] jish, 
 
 MES'O-U'I E, 71. A mineral of the zeolite family. 
 
 MES-O-LOG'A-RITIl.M, ru [Gr. pca^s, middle, and 
 IvgariUim.] 
 
 A logarithm of the cosines and cotangents. [0A.«.] 
 Kepler. JIatton. 
 ME-SO:\I'E-LAS, 71. [Gr. ptaof, middle, and piXai, 
 black.] 
 
 A precious stone with a black vein parting every 
 color in the midst. [Oi*.] jJsA. 
 MES'O-SPERM, n. [Gr. pmm; and trrrf/i/.n.] 
 
 In botany, a memorane of a seed synonymous with 
 seciindine, the second membrane from the surface. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 MES-O-TIIO'R.'UC, 71. [Gr. pcais, middle, and Ooipal, 
 bre.Tst.] 
 
 In entomology, the middle segment of the thorax 
 in insects. Brande.- 
 MES'O-TVPE, 71. [Gr. /ifoof, middle, and rtjirix, form, 
 tyi>e.] 
 
 A zeolitic mineral, occurring in slender crj'st.ils, 
 and di licately-radialed concretions, lately subdivided 
 into the species Jfatrolile, Seolecite, and Mesole. They 
 ctinsist of silica, alumina, and lime or soda, with 10 
 to M |H*r cttnt. of water. JiTatrolitc is a soda .Meso- 
 tyjie, and Seolecite a lime Jlcsolypc; Mesole contains 
 both lime and soda. Dana. 
 ME.S-PRISE', ru Contempt ; a J>VencA tcorrf. [jVot in 
 
 use.] 
 
 MESS, 71. [In Fr. meis is a mess of meat, perhaps meat. 
 In Goth, mrs is a dish, Ir. mrLi. In Sax. mese is a ta- 
 ble, Sp. mesa, I,, mensa. But mets, mess, is probably 
 a different word.] 
 
 1. A dish or a quantity of food prepared or set on 
 a table at one time ; as, a mess of pottage ; a mess of 
 herbs ; a mess of broth. Milton. Pope. 
 
 2. A medley ; a mixed mass ; a quantity. 
 
 3. As much provender or grain as is given to a 
 beast at once. 
 
 4. A numlier of persons who eat together ; among 
 seamen and soldiers. 
 
 ME.<S, r. i. To eat ; to feed. 
 
 2. Tn associate at the same table ; to cat in com- 
 pany, as seamen. 
 
 MESS, V. t. To supply with a mess. 
 
 MF.S'S.VGE, 71. [Fr., from I,, mijtms, mitto, to send; 
 Sp. mensage.] 
 
 1. Any notice, word, or communication, written 
 or verbal, sent from one person to another. We send 
 a servant with a verbal or written message. 
 
 The w.-lciiirio meit(ii;e liijid-, was soon n o lir. d. Drylen. 
 
 2. An official writtrn coiniiiuniration of facts or 
 opinions .sent by a chief magistrate to the tirn houses 
 of a legislature or other deliberative body. Congress 
 receives a message from the presitleiit of the United 
 St.ites at the opening of the session. The povi'rnors 
 of some of the States communicate to the legislature 
 by message, others by address. 
 
 3. .All offu-ial verbal communic.ition from one 
 brani h of a legislature to the other. 
 
 .MHSS'A.I), (mi st,) pp. .Associ.ited at the same table. 
 M i;S'Sl'.\ t; I'.R, J /i. [Fr. messager; It. mes.iaggiere t 
 .M i;S'S,\ l5lCl{, \ Sp. mcnsagero. The correct or- 
 tliogranliy is .Messaoer.] 
 
 1. fine who brars a message or an errand ; the 
 bearer of a verbal or written comiiiiinication, imTice, 
 or invitation, from one person to anothrr, or to a pub- 
 lic body ; one » ho conveys dispatches from one jiriiice 
 or court to another. 
 
 2. A harbinger ; a forerunner ; he or that which 
 foreshows. 
 
 Yiiii ^my line*, 
 That fret tlie clouds, are meseengert of day. ATioJtr. 
 
 3. Messenger ; in naral language, a hawser, or small 
 coble, nbtiut sixty fithoms long, wound rtiiiiid the 
 cupstern, and having its two ends lashed togellier. 
 
 Brandt. 
 
 MES-SI'AII, 71. [Ileh. n<sr:3, anointed.] 
 
 Christ, the anointed ; the Savior of the world. 
 
 I know th:it wlicii McMtinh convlh, who is called Christ, he will 
 tell us all things. Jesus answered tier, 1 that speak to thee 
 aiii he. — John iv. 
 
 MES-SI'AII-SHIP, 71. The character, state, or office 
 of the Savior. 
 
 Josephiia — whose pn-judices were a^nsl tlic Mettiahehip iind 
 religion of Ji-sus. liuckmituUr. 
 
 MF,S-SI-AN'ie, a. Relating to the Messiah. 
 MKS'SIF.URS, .mesh'yerz,) n.pL [Fr. ; pi. of monsieur, 
 my lord.] 
 
 Sirs ; gentlemen ; abbreviated to Messrs. 
 MESS'MaTE, 71. An associate in eating; one who 
 
 eats ordinarilv at the same table. 
 MES'SUAGE, (mes'swaje,) ii. [from Old Fr. mcion, 
 inrsonage, a house, or liouse-rtKim ; mesucnges, liousc- 
 holil. The French now write maisnn.] 
 
 In law, a dwelling-house and adjoining land, ap- 
 propriated to the use of the houseludd, including the 
 adjacent buildings. F.ncyc, 
 MES-Tl'Zt), n. [Sp., mixed.] In Spanish .America, 
 the child of a Spaniard or Creole and a native Inilian. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 ME-SYM'.N'I-eUM, 71. In ancient poetry, a repetition 
 
 at the end of a stanza. 
 MET, pret. and pp. of Mi et. 
 
 ME-TAIi'.\-SIS, n. [Gr., from pcra, beyond, and 
 (init io, to go.] 
 
 In rhetoric, transition ; a passing from one thing to 
 another. 
 
 ME-TAB'0-L.-\,7T. [Gr. /icra/?oAij,from ^cra, beyond, 
 
 and lio\n, a casting.] 
 
 In medicine, a change of air, time, or disease. [Lil- 
 
 tlc used.]^ Diet. 
 MET-A-Ho'LI-AX, 71. [Gr. pcraffoXr,, a change.] 
 
 An insect which itniiergties a metamorphosis. The 
 
 mrtabolians ftirm a sub-class of insects. Brande. 
 MET-.\-eAR'P.\I., a. [fwm metacarpus.] Belonging 
 
 to the metacarpus. 
 MET-A-C.\R'PUS, 71. [Gr. pfTaKapriov; pcra, be- 
 yond, and icciotioi, the wrist.] 
 
 In anatomy, the part of the hand between the wrist 
 
 and the fingers. 
 .ME TAeU'RO-.MS.M, n. [Gr.-fitra, beyond, and xpo- 
 
 voi, time.] 
 
 An error in chronology, by placing an event after 
 
 its real time. 
 
 MET'.\-CIS.M, 71. A defect in pronouncing the let- 
 ter m, 
 
 Mk'T.-^OiE, n. [from mete.] Measurement of coal ; 
 price of mrasiiring. 
 
 MET-A CR AM'.MA-TIS.M, 71. [Gr. fcra, beyond, and 
 ) pail)! I, a letter.] 
 
 .^na^rrammatism, or Metagrammatism , is the tmns- 
 posiiion of the letters of a name into such a connec- 
 tion as to express some perfect sense applicable to ti 
 person named. Camden. 
 
 -MET'jJI., (met'tl,) n. [Fr, from L. metallum; (ir. iic- 
 raXXoi' ; Sw. and G. metall : D. metaal : Dan. metal; 
 Sp. id. : It. melallo: Ir. miotal ; W. mettrl.] 
 
 1. A simple, fixed, shining, opaipie body or sub- 
 stance, having a peculiar luster, known as the mrlat- 
 
 . lie luster, insoluble in water, fusible by heal, and a 
 good conductor of heat and electricity. Many of the 
 metals are also malleable or extensible by the ham- 
 mer, and some of them extremely diirlile. Mel.-Us 
 are mostly fossil, sometimes found native or pure. 
 
 TONE, BIJIJ,, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J : S as '/ ; ClI oi SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 89' 
 
 HHH 
 
MET 
 
 but more generally combineri with other inatier. 
 Some metals are more malleable than others ; and 
 this circumstance gave rise to the distinction of jnc.t- 
 aU and semi-inctaU — a distinction little regarded at 
 the present day. Recent discoveries have enlarged 
 the list of the metals. Twelve are malleable, viz., 
 platinum, gold, silver, mercury, lead, copper, tin, 
 iron, zinc, palladium, nickel, and cadmium. The 
 following sixteen are not sufficiently tenacious to 
 bi'ar extension by beating; viz., arsenic, antimony, 
 bismuth, cobalt, manganese, tellurium, titanium, co- 
 lumbiuni, ninlybden, tungsten, chrome, osmium, irid- 
 ium, rhiidiuni, uranium, and cerium. 
 
 Erteiic. J\''ichaU-on, Tkomson. PhiUips. Urp. 
 To these may be added potassium, sodiutn, barium, 
 strontium, calcium, lithium, and several others. 
 
 Hcn-nj. 
 
 2. Courage ; spirit ; so written, by mistake, for 
 Mettle. 
 
 3. The broken stone used for covering macadam- 
 ized roads. [Eng.] 
 
 MET-A-LEP'fIS, n. [Or. ^'rdXtjiiic, participation; 
 /fc-n, beyond, and ^ait'i(ii''\ to take.] 
 
 In rhrforir, the continuation of a trope in one 
 word through a succession of significatitms, or the 
 union of two or more tropes of a different kind in 
 one word, so that several gradations or intervening 
 senses come between the word expressed and the thing 
 intended by it ; as, " in one Cesar there are many 
 Mariuses." Here Marius, by a synecdoche or antnno- 
 masia, is put for any ambitious, turbulent man, and 
 this, by a nir'tcniymy of the cause, for the ill effects 
 of such a tcmpi'r to the publ'c. Bailcif. Encijc. 
 
 MET-A-LEP'Tie, 0. Pertaining to a nietalepsis or 
 participation ; translative. 
 
 2. Transverse ; as, the mclalcplic motion of a muscle. 
 
 Bnilcy. 
 
 3. In nalnrid science, denoting the substitution of 
 one substance for another which is displaced or re- 
 moved. Dana, 
 
 HE T-A-LEP'TIC-AL-LY, ado. By transposition. 
 
 ME-TAL'Lie-AL, 1 l^^- mctulhcus.] 
 
 Pertaining to a metal or metals ; consisting of 
 metal ; partaking of the nature of metals ; like a 
 metal ; as, a 7nctallic substance ; metallic ore ; metallic 
 briffhtness. 
 
 MET-AL-LIE'ER-OUS, a. [L. metallum, metal, and 
 
 fcro, to produce.] 
 
 Producing metals ; yielding metals. Kinran. 
 JIE-TAL' LI-FORM, a. Having the form of metals; 
 
 like metal. Kinoan. 
 MET'AE-LI.VE, a. Pertaining to a metal ; consisting 
 
 of metal. 
 
 2. Imjiregnated with metal ; as, metalline water. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 MET'AL-LIST, iu A worker in metals, or one skilled 
 in metals. .Mozoiu 
 
 MET-AL-LI-Z.i'TIO\, n. The ait or process of 
 forming into a metal ; the operation wiiich gives 
 to a substance its proper metallic properties. 
 
 Enctfc. Diet. 
 
 MET'AL-LTZE, r. U To form into metal ; to give to 
 a substance its proper metallic properties. Diet. 
 
 MET'AE-I.IZ-KU, p/). Formed into metal. 
 
 ME'r'Al,-LI7.-[.\'G, ppr. Forming into metal. 
 
 MET-AL-LUG'RA PlIV, n. [iir. /ifruAAui, metal, 
 and ypupri, desci-iption.] 
 
 An account of metals, or a treatise on metallic 
 substances. Diet. 
 
 MET'AL-LOID, n. {met,il and Gr. tin'r;?.] 
 
 .\ name sometimes applied to the metallic bases of 
 the alkalies and earths. 
 
 ME T-AL-LOID' AL, a. Having a form or appearance 
 like that of a nn tal. 
 
 MET-AI/-LUIt'GIC,a. [See ]\lETALi,URGy.] Pertain- 
 ing to metallurgy, or the art of working metals. 
 
 MET'AIj-LITR-Ois r, ii. One whose occupation is to 
 Work metuls, or to purify, refine, and prej)are metals 
 for use. 
 
 MET'AL-LUR-OY, n. [Gr. laraWov, metal, and 
 cpy-v, work.l 
 
 The art of^ working metals, comprehending the 
 whole process of se|)aratirig them from other matt(;rs 
 in the ore, smelting, refining, and parting them. 
 Gilding is also a branch of metalluriry. Hut in a 
 more limited and usual sense, mefallnriryi^ the opera- 
 tion of si parating metals from their ores. Heberl. 
 
 The French ini lude in metallurgy the art of draw- 
 ing metals frotn ihe earlli. Diet. 
 
 MET'AI.-.M A.\, n. A worker in metals ; a copper- 
 
 ~ Hmitli or tiniiian. 
 
 .MET-A-.MOKI'II'IC, o. In ireulnirij, pertaining to 
 changes which minimis or rucks inay have under 
 gone since their original deposition ; usually applied 
 to changes whii h si ilmn ntary roi ks have under- 
 gone thnincli the influence of heal. Dana. 
 
 MET-A-.MOKI'irm.M, n. In geology, the state or 
 quality of lii ing mi lnmiirphic. J^". Jl. Rev. 
 
 MP:T-A MOItl'irtt.sJ.;, v. t. [Cr. /itr'i/io,)i/,o<j ,• pira,, 
 over, beyond, and fi-in'l'n, form.] 
 
 To change into a different fiirm ; to transform ; 
 particidarti/f to rliaiige the form of insects, nn from 
 till; larva to a winged animal. The ancients pre- 
 
 MET 
 
 tended that Jupiter was metamorpkosed into a bull, 
 and Lycaou into a wolf. 
 
 And earlh was mftnufirjihosed into man. Dryden. 
 
 MET-.\-MORPH'0-S£D,;<;). Changed into a different 
 form. 
 
 MET-A-MORPII'O-SER, n. One that transforms or 
 changes the shape. 
 
 MET-A-MORPH'O-SIC, a. Changing the form; trans- 
 forming. 
 
 MET-A-MORPH'O-PING, ppr. Changing the shape. 
 
 MET-A-MORPH'O-SIS, n. [Gr.] Change of form 
 or shape ; transformation ; parlicularty, a change in 
 the form of being; as, the mrtamorphnsLi of an in- 
 sect from the aurelia or chrysalis state into a winged 
 animal. 
 
 2. Any change of form or shape. 
 
 MET-A-MOR-PHOS'Tie-AL, a. Pertaining to or 
 effected by metamorphosis. Pope 
 
 MET'A-PHOK, 71. [Gr. ncralinpa, from ;ifTu0£/jcj, to 
 transfer; pern, over, and <ltciii,>, to carry.] 
 
 A short similitude ; a similitude reduced to a sin- 
 gle word ; or a word expressing similitude without 
 the signs of comparison. Thus, " that man is a fox," 
 is a metaphor; but "that man is like a fox," is a 
 similitude or comparison. So when I say, " the 
 soldiers were lions in combat," I use a metaphor; 
 but when I say, "the soldiers fought like lions," 
 I use a similitude. In metaphor, the similitude is 
 contained in the name ; a man is a foz, means, a 
 man is as crafty as a fox. So we say, a man bridles 
 his anger, that is, restrains it as a bridle restrains a 
 horse. Beauty awakens love of tender passions ; op- 
 position fires courage. 
 
 MET-.'V-PilOR'ie, \ a. Pertaining to metaphor ; 
 
 MET-A-PIIOR'IC-AL, \ comprising a metaphor ; 
 not literal ; as, a metaphorical use of words ; a meta- 
 phorical expression ; a metaphorical sense. 
 
 MET-.\ PHOR'te-AL-LY, adv. In a metaphorical 
 manner; not literally. 
 
 MET'A-PIIOR-IST, n. One that makes metaphors. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 MET'A-PHRaSE, (met'a-fraze,) n. [Gr. iicTaOfi^itn^ ; 
 ptra, over, according to, or with, and (ppaan, phrase.] 
 A verbal translation ; a version or translation of 
 one language into another, word for word ; opposed 
 to Paraphrase. Dryden. 
 
 MET'A-PHRAST, n. A person who translates from 
 one language into another, word for word. Encyc. 
 
 MET-A-PIU{AST'ie,a. Close or literal in translation. 
 
 MET-.-V-PHYS'ie, j a. [See Metai-hvsics.] Per- 
 
 MET-A-PHYS'IC-AL, j taining or relating to meta- 
 physics. 
 
 2. According to rules or principles of metaphysics ; 
 as, metaphysical reasoning. 
 
 3. Preternatural or supernatural. [JVu£ ■used.'] 
 
 Shot.: 
 
 MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of 
 metaphysical science. 
 
 MET-A-PHY-SI"CIAN, (met-a-fe-zisli'an,) n. One 
 who is verse<l in the science of metaphysics. 
 
 MET-A-PHYS'ieS, n. [Gr. iicra, afler, and ^vtriKr,, 
 physics. It is said that this name was given to the 
 science by Aristotle or his followers, who considered 
 the science of natural bodies, physics, as the first in 
 the order of studies, and the science of mind, or in- 
 telligence, to be the second.] 
 
 The science of the principles and causes of all 
 things existing ; hence, the science of mind or intel- 
 ligence. This science comprehends ontoloinj, or the 
 science which treats of the nature, essence, and 
 <|ualities, or attributes of being; cosmototry, the 
 science of the world, which treats of the nature 
 and laws of matter and of ntotion ; anthroposophy, 
 which treats of the powers of m.an, and the motions 
 by which life is produced ; psycholuiry, which treats 
 of the intellectual soul ; pueumatnloiry, or the science 
 of spirits or angels, &c. Metaphysical theoloiry, called 
 by Leibnitz and others theodicy, treats of the exist- 
 ence of God, his essence and attributes. Tliese 
 divisions of the science of metaphysics, which pre- 
 vailed in till' ancient schools, are now not much re- 
 gardcil The n;itural division of things that exist 
 is into body and mind, things material and immate- 
 rial. The former belong to jihysics, and the latter to 
 the science of metajihysics. Eiieye. 
 
 MET'A PI ASM, n. [Gr. /i£rHirAi(T/io,-, transforma- 
 tion ; fCTn, over, and TrXunm,), to form.] 
 
 In rriaminar, a change madi; in a word by the aug- 
 mentation, diminution, or immutatiun, of a syllable 
 or letter. 
 
 ME TAS'TA-SIS, n. [Gr. iieracrarn;, mutation ; 
 
 pcra, over, an<l iVrrz/K, to place.] 
 
 A translaliiui or removal of a disease from one part 
 
 to another, or such an alteration as is succeeded by a 
 
 snilltioil. Core. Kiifye. 
 
 MET-A-TA R'SAL, a. [from mcfatarsiw.] Belonging 
 
 to the metatarsus. 
 MET-.A-TAIl'riUS, n. [Gr. ;ifro, beyond, and rapaof, 
 
 tarsus.] 
 
 The middle of the foot, or part between the ankle 
 and the toes. Coze, 
 ME-'I'ATII'E-SIS, n. ; pi. Mktatiiesei. [Gr. piraOii- 
 (Tij iura, over, and nOrjiHy to set.] 
 
 MET 
 
 1. Transposition ; a figure by which the letters or 
 syllables of a word are transposed ; as pistris for pris- 
 tis. F.neyc. 
 
 2. In medicine, a change or removal of a morbid 
 cause, without expulsion. Coze. Enciic 
 
 MET-.VTHo'RAX, )i. [Gr. pcra, after, and tfww.if. 
 breast.] 
 
 In eniomoloffv, the last or posterior segment of the 
 tluirax in insects. Brande. 
 
 MET'.\-TOME, n. [L. meiatus, measured.] 
 
 In architerliire, the space between one dentil, or 
 denticle, and another. fjmcv. 
 
 ME-Ta'VEU, w. [Fr.] In France and //■a/i/, a farmer 
 holding land on condition of yii Iding half the prod- 
 uce to the prtiprietor, from whom he receives stock 
 and tools. Brande. 
 
 MkTE, v. t. [Sax. nietan, amctan, gemetan : D. meeten ; 
 G. messen : Sw. matu ; Sp. medir ; L. mctior; Gr. ^tc- 
 Tptu> ; W. mcidraw ; Cli. and Heb. TTD, to measure ; 
 
 Ar. madda, to extend. See Measure, and Class 
 Md, No. 2.] 
 
 To measure ; to ascertain quantity, dimensions, or 
 capacity, by any rule or standard, \0lisolescc7it.] 
 MeTE, n. [Sax. mitta.] 
 
 Measure; limit; boundary; used chiefly in the 
 plural, in the jihrase metes and bounds. 
 MkT'ED, pp. Measured. 
 
 ME-TEMP'SY-eHOSE, v. t. To translate from one 
 
 bodv to another, as the soul. 
 ME-TEMP-SY-CHo'SIS, n. [Gr. ,-fTt/.i^t>x'.n"S ; pe- 
 
 7a, beyond, and xpvx'^ai^, animation, life; i//vxoaj, 
 
 to animate.] 
 
 Transmigration ; the passing of the soul of a man 
 after death into some other animal body. Pytliagonis 
 and his followers held that after death the souls of 
 men pass into other bodies; and this doctrine still 
 prevails in some parts of Asia, particularly in India 
 and Cliina. Eneyc. 
 
 MET EMP-To'SIS, n. [Gr. pcra, after, tr, in, and 
 TTI-TIO, to fall.] 
 
 In chronology, the solar. equation necessary to pre- 
 vent the new moon from happening a day too late, 
 or the suppression of the bissextile once in 131 years. 
 The opposite to this is the Proemptosis, or the addi- 
 ticm of a day every 330 years, and another every 2-100 
 years. Brande. 
 
 Mli''i'E-OR, 71. [Gr. lUTCMnnf, sublime, lofty.] 
 
 1. In a nrnerul sense, a I>ody that Ifies or floats in 
 the air, and in this sense it includes clouds, rain, 
 liail, snow, &c. Burke. 
 
 Hut in a restricted sense, in which it is commonly 
 understood, 
 
 2. A fiery or luminous body or appearance flying 
 or floating in the atmosphere, or in a more elevated 
 region. We give this name to the brilliant globes or 
 masses of matter which are occasionally seen mov- 
 ing rapidly through our atmosphere, and which throw 
 off, with loud explosions, fragments that reach the 
 earth, and are called falling stones. We call by the 
 same name those fire-balls which are usually denom- 
 inated falling stars or shooting stars : also, the lights 
 which appear over moist grounds and grave-yards, 
 called ignes fatui. 
 
 And, 77«Ieor-Uke, flame lawless through the sky. Pope. 
 
 3. Figuratively, any thing that transiently dazzles 
 or strikes with wonder. Smnrl. 
 
 ME-TE-OR'ie, a. Pertaining to meteors; consisting 
 of meteors. 
 
 2. Proceeding from a meteor ; as, mcfcoric stones. 
 Meteoric iron I iron in the metallic state, as found 
 in meteors. 
 
 Meteoric showers : periodical exhibitions of shooting 
 stars, occurring about the 9th of August and Kith of 
 November, and more rarely in Aprd and December. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 MK'Tli-OR-lTE, V. A solid substance or body falling 
 from the high regions of the atmosphere, jiluntell. 
 
 Mf.'TE-QJl-IZE, V. i. To ascend in vapors. [JVut 
 used.]^^ Erelt/n. 
 
 ME-TE-OR'O-IJTE, n. A meteoric stone ; a .stoiie or 
 solid compound of earthy and metallic matter, which 
 falls to the earth after the displosion of a luminous 
 meteor or fire-ball ; called also Aerolite. 
 
 Cleareland. 
 
 ME-TF^OR-O-LOG'ie, ( a. Pertaining to the at- 
 Mi;-'I"E-OR-O-Lo0'IC-.VL, j mosphere and its phe- 
 nomena. A meteorological table or register is iin ac- 
 count of Ihe state of the air and its temperature, 
 weight, dryness, or inoisiure, winds, &c., ascer- 
 tained by the baroiiieier, lln riiioini ter, hygrometer, 
 aneniometiT, and olher meteorological instruments. 
 ME-TE-OR-OL,'0-GIS'i', n. A p-'son skilled in me- 
 teorology. 
 
 ME-TE-()R-OI,'O-0Y, n. [Gr. pcrcupos, lotty, and 
 Ao) •'{, discourse.] 
 
 The science which treats of the atmosphere and its 
 phi'uomena, particularly in its relation to heat and 
 moisture. Olmsted. 
 ME-TI>OR'0-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. pCTCuipof, a meteor, 
 and /oii'rcoi, ilivination.] 
 A species of diyiiialiun by meteors, chiefly by thun- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQEF, BpQK.— 
 
 710 
 
MET 
 
 dcr and ligbtning, held iu liigh cstiiiiatiun by the Ro- 
 mans. F.HCIIC. 
 
 M^-TE-01l'0-Set)PE,«. An instrument fiirtakinsllie 
 mii^nitndi! and distances of lieavonly bodies. [04.<.1 
 ME-'rE-OR-OS'eU-l'Y, ri. [Ur. utrcufioi, Vidy, and 
 ffK'^TCf't, to view.] 
 
 That part of astronomy which treats of su!)linio 
 heavenly bodies, distance' of stars, 4i.c. (JV»/ in ujt.] 
 
 IiaiU'}j. 
 
 ME-Ti~;'OR-OUS, a. Having the nature of a meteor. 
 
 MiUun. 
 
 Mk'TER, n. [from mfecl One who measures ; used 
 
 iji compounds, as in coal mcfrr, biud-mrfrr. 
 Mk'TER, j n. [Sax. racfer ; Yt. metre; L. metrum; fir. 
 Mk'TKE, ( n.-T-ooi-, from utrpw.,.] 
 
 1. -Measure; verse; arraii!;ement of poetical feet, 
 or of long and sliort syllaliles in verse. Hexameti-r 
 is a mclrr of six feet.' Tliis word is most improp- 
 erly written Mktre. How very absurd to write the 
 simple word in lliis manner, but in all its numerous 
 compounds Mkter, as in Uiamstee, lltXAMEXEB, 
 Thermometer, &.C. I 
 
 2. .\ French measure of lenstb, equal to ^^-^J^y 
 Knglish inches, the standard of linear nuasure, be- 
 ins the ten millionth part of the distance from the 
 equator to the north pole, ;is ascertained by actual 
 measurement of an arc of the nn.ridian. Olin.-teJ. 
 
 WkTE'\V.\N1), II. [mrte and tciintl.] A stall" or rod 
 of a certain length, used as a nii'asure. [ Oli.i.] 
 
 MkTE'YARI), u. mrt'/card.] {jlnr/iam. 
 
 .\ yard, slalf, or rod, used as a measure. [OA*.] 
 [ If^c iioip use Yard.] 
 
 .ME-TIIEG'LIN, ». [\\'. mezyirlin, according to Owen, 
 from \V. mezyif, a idiysician, and thfii, water : a me- 
 dicinal liquor. liut mci is mead, and meiu is to be 
 strong or able.] 
 
 .\ liquor made of honey and water boiled and fer- 
 meutt;d, often enriched with spices. Ennjc. 
 
 ME-TIIINKS', verb impersomd ; ]>p. SIethou<;ht. [me 
 and (Ai;iA-.] It seems to me ; it appears to me ; I 
 think. -Ue is here in the dative. The word is not 
 antiquated, but is not elegant. 
 
 METH OD, n, [L. mcUwdus; Gr. iitOoioi ; jitra, with, 
 and tdof, way .J 
 
 1. A suitable and convenient arrangement of 
 things, proceedings, or ideas ; the natural or regular 
 disposition of separate things or parts ; convenient 
 order for trans.acting business, or for comprehending 
 any complicated subject. \Vilhf)Ut imtkud^ business 
 of any kind will fall into confusion. To carry on 
 farming to advantaje, to keep uecounts correctly, 
 method is indispensable. 
 
 2. Way ; manner. Let us know the nature of the 
 disease, and the method of cure. 
 
 3. Classification ; arransement of natural bodies ac- 
 cordinc to their comnum characteristics ; as, the meth- 
 od of Theophrast; the ViicUiod of Ray ; the Linnxan 
 meUwd, 
 
 In natural arrangements, a distinction is sometimes 
 made between method and >'}i.-ftem. Si/stein is an ar- 
 rangement founded, throughout all its parts, on some 
 one principle. Mctliod is an arrausement less tised 
 and determinate, and founded on more Hcuenil rela- 
 tions. Thus wo say, the natnrnl method^ and the ar~ 
 tificial or sexual system of Linnaeus, though the latter 
 is not a perfect system, Kd. Eiicyc. 
 
 ME-Tlion'ie, ) a. Arranged in convenient or- 
 
 M&THOI)'ie-AI,, S der ; di-posed in a just and nat- 
 ural manner, or in a manner to illustrate a subject, 
 or to facilitate pmctical observations ; as, the mrlhod- 
 icttl arrangement of the parts of a discourse or of ar- 
 guments ; a methodical trc:itise ; mrthmtieat accounts. 
 
 ME-Tll01)'ie-AI<-LY, ade. In a methodical manner ; 
 according to natural or convenient order. 
 
 METiroD-lS.M, II. The doctrines and worship of the 
 sect of c;iiristians called Mithodists. 
 
 METIl'Ol) 1ST, It. One that observes method. 
 
 2. One of a sect of Christians foiiiiiled by Morgan, 
 or rather by John Wi'sley, and so called from the ex- 
 act regularity of their lives, and the strictness of Iheir 
 principles and rules. The name is also ftiven, in 
 England, to the followers of Whitelield, or Calvin- 
 istic Methodi>ts. 
 2. A physician w ho practices by method or tlieor>'. 
 
 Bnytr. 
 
 4. In the cant of irrrUtrious men^ a person of strict 
 piety ; one who lives in the exact observance of re- 
 liuioiis duties. 
 
 MF.'I M-OU IST'ie, a. Resenddins the Methodists; 
 
 piirtaking of the strictness of Methodists. C/i. Ohs. 
 MEIll Oli-IST'ie, (a. Relating to method, or 
 Mh'.TH Ol1-I>JT'ie-AT,, i the MetliiMlists. 
 M K rH-01)-IST'It>.\L-LY, ado. After the manner of 
 
 Methodists. 
 
 METH'OMZE, r. U To reduce to method; to dis- 
 pose in due order ; t<i arrange in a convenient manner. 
 
 One wlio triiig? »lih liim nny olscrrjtliona h<! niado in n^|. 
 ill? l\v puru, will fnul his own nH' Clious mtUiottizid mid 
 rxpl.uncil in U»e woric* of a j^i crilic. Sptelator. 
 
 METirOD IZ-f:p, pp. Reduced to method. 
 M I-. I irflD I'/.-I.N'G, ppr. Arranging in due order. 
 ME THOUGHT', (me-tbawt',) prtt, of .Meth INKS. It 
 seemed to me ; I thought. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 MET 
 
 METH'Y-LENE, n. [Or. prflo and v>n-] 
 
 A iiighly volatile and iiitlammable liquid, procured 
 by destnictivo distillation of wood. Hrande. 
 
 MET'IC, H. [Gr. /i£ruiif(i5 ; pfa and oikh^^ house.] 
 In ancient Greece, a sojourner; a resident stranger 
 in a Grecian city or place. Jilitford. 
 
 ME-TI€'i;-LOUS, a. [L. mcticulosus.] 
 
 Timid. [Mil usril] Coles. 
 
 MET'O CHE, n. [Gr. /<£i-'\(u.] In architecture, the 
 space between two dentils. Bruiidc. 
 
 ME-TO.\'l€ (;?'eEE, j/i. Till- cycle of the moon, 
 
 iMi;-TO.\'ie Yl'.AR, i or [leriod of nineteen years, 
 in which the lunations of the moon return to the 
 same days of the month ; so called from its discov- 
 erer Metcm, the Atlieniau. Kncne. Baileii. 
 
 MET-O-NY.M'IC, ( a. [See Metonvmy.] Used 
 
 .MET-t)-NYM'lt;-AT,, ( by way of metonymy, by 
 purtin;;one word for another. 
 
 MET-O-XYM'IC-AL-EY, ado. By putting one word 
 liir am»llier. DioiirJd. 
 
 M1;T'0-.NYM-Y or ME-TON'Y-MY, n. [Gr. pir^o- 
 wtnti; /i' T'i, over, beyond, and iwaiia, name.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a trope in ^vhich one word is put for 
 another ; a change of names which have some rela- 
 tion to each other ; as when we say, " a man keeps n 
 good tii/ile,*' instrafl of gooti pmrisions. *' We read 
 yiriril,''! that is, his poems or tcritmirs. '* They have 
 Muses and the prophets," that is, their books or loril- 
 inirs. A man has a clear head, that is, understandin*f, 
 intellect ; a w:irm heart, that is, ajeclions. 
 
 MET'O-I'E, (uiet'o-py,) n. [Gr. ficroxn ; pern, with, 
 near, or by, and otii, an aperture or hollow.] 
 
 In architecture, the space between the triglyphs of 
 the Doric frieze, which, among the ancients, were 
 often adorned with carved work. Oloss. of .irchit. 
 
 MET-0-I'Ot!'eO-l'IST, n. [Infra.] One versed in 
 phvsiogiiomv. 
 
 ME'f-O-I'OS'eO-PY, n. [Gr. /itruiroi', the forehead, 
 and (TKoiTLu, to view.] 
 
 The study of physiognomy ; the art of discovering 
 the character or the dispositions of men by their fea- 
 tures, or the lilies of the face. Encyc. Lanier. 
 
 Ml~.'TRF.. See Meter. 
 
 MET'RIO-AL, a. [Ij. mctricxis ; Tr. mctriquc.'] 
 
 1. Pertaining to measure, or due arrangement or 
 combination of long and short syllables. 
 
 2. Consisting of verses ; as, metrical compositions. 
 MET'lUe-AL, a. Having the diameter of a French 
 
 meter ; as metrical blocks. 
 MET'RIC-AL-LY, adv. According to poetic measure. 
 Ml'-'TRIST, In. A composer of verses. [JVot i« 
 MB-TR1"CIAN, ( vse.] 
 
 ME-TllOL'O-GY, n. [GT.ptrpov, measure, and Xoyof, 
 discourse.] 
 
 An account of measures, or the science of weights 
 and measures. J. Q. JIdams. 
 
 MET'RO-NoME, n. [Gr. /ictoem and i/.j/n, division.] 
 An instrument, which, by a short pendulum, with 
 a sliding weight, and set in motion by clock-work, 
 serves to measure time in music. 
 ME-TRO.N'O-MY, ii. [Gr. pcToao, to measure, and 
 yiipn, division.] The measuring time by an in- 
 strument. 
 
 ME-TR01"0-LIS, 71, [Ij., from Gr. fiijrooirfi.Vif ; prima, 
 mother, and iruAif, city. It has no plural.] 
 
 Literally, the mother city, that is, the chief city or 
 capital of a kingdom, state, or coiintrj-, as Paris in 
 France, Madrid in Sp;iin, London in Great Britain. 
 In the United States, Washington, in the District of 
 Columbia, is the metropolk, as being the seat of gov- 
 ernment ; but in several of the States, the largest cit- 
 ies are not the seats of the respective governments. 
 Yet New York city, in the State of that name, and 
 Plill.adelphia, in Pennsylvania, are the chief citii^s, 
 and may be called each the metropolis tif the State 
 in which it is situated, though neither of Ihem is the 
 seat of covcrnment in the .''tate. 
 
 MET-RO-POL'I-TA.\, a, lielonging to a metropolis, 
 or to the mother church ; residing in the chief city. 
 
 MET-RO-POL'I-TAN, ii. 'J'ho bishop who presiiles 
 over the other bishops of a province. In tlic Latin 
 church, the same as archbishop; in the Greek church, 
 one whose see is really a civil inetro|H>lis. Hook. 
 
 ME TKOP'O-LITK, n. A nn'tropolitan. [JVot used.] 
 
 MET-RO-POL'I-TIC, j a. Pertaining to a me- 
 
 MET-RO PO-LIT'lC-AL, i trop<di3 ; chief or prin- 
 cipal of cities; pertaining to a metropolitan, or to 
 his see, KnuUcs. Milner. Selden. 
 
 MET'TI^E, (met'l,) n, [usually supposed to be cor- 
 rupted from metal. Rut it may be from W, meziol or 
 meihicl, mind, connected with nirzu, to be able, and 
 coinciding with the rmit of the Eng, moody; 1), moed, 
 courage, heart, spirit ; G, mii(A, mind, courage ; met- 
 tle ; Sax. mod ; .Sw, inoJ ; Dan, mod or mood ; Goth. 
 mod, angry. The Sax. modig, L. animus, animosus, 
 furnish an analogy in point. The radical sense of 
 mind is, to advance, to push forward, whence the 
 sense of briskness, ar<lor.] 
 
 Spirit; constitutional ardor: that temperament 
 which is susceptible of high excitement. It is not 
 synonymous with Coubaos, though it may be ac- 
 companied with it, and is s<imetimes used for it. 
 
 Til'' wimr"*! amrwr. like a ppncruiu liorw*, 
 Sliowt luual inic m*ttl* wtion you ch«ck tiia courae. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 MIC 
 
 MRT'TLKD,a. High-spirited ; ardent ; full of fire. Pope- 
 MET'TLE-SO.ME, ( iiiet'tl-siim,) a. Full of spirit; 
 possessing constitutional ardor; brisk; fier)' ; as, a 
 mettlesome horse. Tatler. 
 MET'TLE-SO.ME-LY, adv. With sprightliness, or 
 high spirit. 
 
 ME1"TLE-S0ME-NESS, n. The state of being high- 
 spirited. 
 
 ME' UM ET TCUM, [L.] Mine and thine. 
 
 MEW, (mil,) n. [.Sax. micio; Dan. maa^e ; D. meeua ; 
 G. mewe ; Fr. monetlc.] 
 
 A sea-fowl of the genus Lariis ; a gull. 
 
 Ml-jW, n. [Fr. mae : Arm. mm ; VV. vtud, a wew and 
 mute ; D. muite. See the verb to mcic, to shed feath- 
 ers.] 
 
 A cage for birds ; an inclosurc ; a place of con- 
 finement. 
 
 MEW, D. [from the noun.] To shut up; to in- 
 close ; to coiifuie, as in a cage or other iiiclosure. 
 
 More pity llira (lie ra^Ii? shoiilil Ijo mewH. Stiak. 
 Clwdc meiocd in tlifir Builaii*. for fcur of air. Drylen. 
 
 MEW, r. t. [VV. miw, a shedding of feathers ; It. mu- 
 ditre. to mew ; Fr. inurr ; .Arm. muia ; (J. inaiuscn ; D. 
 viiiiten, to mew or molt, to mutiny; .^p. i/iu'/u, change, 
 alteration, a mute b.-tter, time of iiiolniig or shedding 
 feathers, roost of a hawk ; Port, mudur, to change, to 
 mew or cast feathers or a slough; muda, a diiiiib 
 woman, the mewing or molting of birds. The W. 
 7nud, a mew, is also removal, a pass or move, a 
 change of residence, and mute; and the verb mudaw 
 is to change, to remove, compreheiidinfi the L. muto 
 and muto. We have, Iheii. clear evidence that incic, a 
 cage, mew, to moll, and the L. viiito, moto, and mittits, 
 and Eng. mntiinj, are all from one root. The primary 
 sense is, to pressor drive, whence to move, to change, 
 and to shut up, tint is, to press or drive close ; and 
 this is the sense of mute. Mutiny is from motion or* 
 change.] 
 
 To slii d or cast ; to change ; to molt. The hawk 
 mewed his feathers. 
 
 Nine linios tile rnooii had meiced her liunii, Dryden. 
 MEW, (mu,) V. i. [W. mewian; G. miauen; coinciding 
 prob.'ibly with L. mugio.'] 
 To cry as a cat. 
 MEW, e. i. To change ; to put on a new appearance. 
 MEW'ING, ppr, Ciistiiig the leathers or skin ; crying. 
 MEW'l.N'G, (inii'ing,) ii. The act of casting thefeuth- 
 ers or skin. 
 2. A crying, as of a cat, 
 MEWL, (mule,) V. i. [Fr. miauler ; It. miagolare ; Sp 
 maiiUar or iiiayar ; coinciding in elements with L, 
 mugio, to low ; G, miicken ; Dan. mukker, to mutter ; 
 Gr. pijKiiiip'it, to bleat; Ir. meigiollum; \V. migiaic] 
 To crv from une.'isiness, as a child. Ulia/i, 
 MEWL'ER, n. One that inewls, 
 MEWS, (mu/.,) n. pi. The royal stables in London, so 
 called because built where the king's hawks wer8 
 once mevved or confined. Booth. 
 ME-ZE'RE-ON, n, A small European shrub, the 
 Daiiline Me/.ereiiin, whose extremely acrid bark is 
 used in medicine, P. Ciic. 
 
 ME/'ZA-MNE, II. [It,] A story of small bight 
 introduced between two higher ones. Brande. 
 2. A low window, less in hight than in breadth. 
 
 Bticltanan. 
 
 MEZ'ZO, (mcd'zo,) [It.] in music, denotes middle, 
 mean. 
 
 MEZ'ZO-RE-LIkV'O, (med'zo-re-lev'o,) n. [It. mez- 
 zortlicro.] 
 
 A middle point of relief In figures, between high 
 and low relief, 
 
 MEZ-ZO-TINT'O, (mez-zo- or med-zo-,) n. [It, mez- 
 zo, middle, half, and linto, L, tinctus, iiaintetl,] 
 
 A particular manner of engraving or representation 
 of figures on copper, in imitation of p:iintiiig in India 
 ink. To perform this, the plate is scratched equally 
 in every direction, so as to remove entirely the pollsli 
 from the surface ; the design is then drawn on the 
 face, then the dents and furrows arc crjised from the 
 parts where the lights of the piece are to be; the 
 parts which are to represent shades being left, with 
 more or less of the rough ground, according to the gr.i- 
 d'ation of shade, Mezzoti \ r is also ust^d. Ilcbert. 
 
 MEZ'ZO yO'CE, (med'zo-vu'chi,) [lt.J in music, with 
 a medium fullness of sound, 
 
 MI, (me,) The third note in the musical scale between 
 re and fa. 
 
 MI'.'\:^.M, II, The same as Miasma. Harvey. 
 MI-.\S'.\1.\, n. ; .Miasmata. [Gr., from /iiuii'iii, to 
 pollute.] 
 
 Infecting substances flo.ating in the air; the efflu- 
 via or tine particles of any putret>ing bodies, rising 
 and floating in the ntmosphere, and considered to be 
 n<ixioiis to health. 
 
 MI-.\S'.M.-\L, a. Containing miasma, 
 
 MI-.'\S-.M.\T'1C, a. Pertaining to miasma ; partaking 
 of the qualities of noxious etHuvia, 
 
 MI'e.A, n. [L, mica, a grain or particle; mieo, to 
 shine,] 
 
 A mineral capable of being cleaved into elastic 
 plates of extreme thinness. It is either colorless, or 
 presents some shade of light-brown, gray-sniokv- 
 browii, black, and occasionally green or violeu It is 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE.-«AN"GER, VI"CIQ|LrS — € as K; O as J; 8 as Z ; CH as SH; TII as in THIS. 
 
 711 
 
MIC 
 
 generally more or less transparent, and is used li'ke 
 glass for lanterns, and for the doors of stoves. There 
 are three or four species of mica, differing in compo- 
 sition and crystalline form, called hezagoiial mica, 
 obliijiit or cuiniuoii mica, rhombic viica, lit/ua mica. 
 This last is of a lilac color, and is also called lepiUu- 
 lite. 
 
 Mica is an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, 
 and mica slate. Dana. 
 MI'e.A.-SeHIST, ) n. A schistose rock consisting of 
 Mi'€A-SLaTE, ) mica and quartz. Dana. 
 Mi-Ga'CEOL'S, (-shus,) a. Pertaining to or contain- 
 ins mica; resembling mica, or partaking of its prop- 
 erties. 
 
 Mie'A-REL, 71. A species of argillaceous earth ; a 
 mineral of a brownish or blackish-red color, com- 
 monly crystallized in rhomboidul prisms, or in prisms 
 of six sides. DicL 
 
 Mice, 71. ; pl. of Mouse. 
 
 MI'eii A-EL-lTE, ;i. A siib-variety of silicious sin- 
 ter, found in the Isle of St. Michael. J. IV. Webster. 
 
 Mieil'AEL-MAS, 71. 'I'he feast of St. Michael, a fes- 
 tival of the Roman Catholic church, celebrated Sep- 
 tember 29tli ; hence, 
 2. In coltoijuial language, autumn. 
 
 MICHE, (mich,) v. i. [allied, perhaps, to Sw. maha, 
 to withdraw ; Sax. smuisan, to creep. Meeching or 
 Meaching is still used by some of our comnmn peo- 
 ple in the sense of mean, cowardly, retiring.] 
 
 1. To lie hid ; to skulk ; to retire or shrink from 
 view. 
 
 2. To pilfer. [Oi.--.] S)iak. 
 MICII'EK, 7!. One who skulks, or creeps out of sight; 
 
 a thief, rois.] Cliaticer. Siilneij. Shak. 
 
 MICH'ER-Y, 71. Theft; cheating. [Oh.i.] Ouwer. 
 MICH'ING, piir. or a. Retiring; skulking; creeping 
 
 from sight ; mean ; cowardly. [ VuUar.l 
 MICK'LE, o. [Sax. 77ii<:('/, mucrl ; Scot, mijclie, mekyl, 
 
 vnicJde Sw. viyckenr ^p- macho ; Gr. jtcy aj, uA'/. 
 
 See .Much.] 
 
 Much ; great. [Obsolete, but retained in the Scottish 
 languatre.] 
 
 Mi eO, 71. A small South American monkey, with 
 hair shining and entirely white, the tail black, and 
 the face and hands of a deej) rtesli-color. Jardine. 
 
 MI'CRO-eOS.M, 71. [Gr. /ii«/jos, small, and Koapuf, 
 world.] 
 
 Literally, the little world • hut used for man, sup- 
 posed to be an epitome of the universe or great 
 world. Swift. Encyc. 
 
 Microeosmic sahj a triple salt of soda, ammonia, 
 and phosphoric acid, originally obtained from urine. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 MI-eRO-€OS'Mie-AL, a. Pertaining to the micro- 
 cosm. 
 
 Mi eUO-eOS-.MOG'RA-PIIY, 71. [Gr. fincpof, «o<t/jos, 
 
 and ) r apf'.] 
 The description of man as a little world. 
 Mi eUO eOLIS'Tie, n. [Gr. /<i«;jos,small,and nKOuw, 
 
 to hear.] 
 
 An instrument to augment small sounds, and as- 
 sist in hearinz. 
 Mi eROG'RA-PHV, 71. [Gr. /ii/tpos, small, and yna- 
 <liti), to describe.] 
 
 'i'lie description of objects too small to be dis- 
 cerned without the aid of a microscope. 
 
 Kncyr. Grew. 
 Mi eRO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. /iiicpos, small, and larfiov, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring small objects or 
 spaces, by the help of which, the apparent magni- 
 tude of objects viewed through the microscope or tel- 
 escope is measured with great exactness. Branile. 
 
 MI eUO-.MET'KIC-AI,, a. lielonging to the microm- 
 eter ; marie by the micrometer. Humboldt. 
 
 MI'eUO-PllONE, 71. [Gr. /iixpof, small, and 0ajn), 
 sound.] 
 
 An instrument to augment small sounds ; a mlcro- 
 coustic. Bailey. 
 MI'CRO-PSLE, ji. [Gr. puKpos, small, and noXrj, 
 mouth.] 
 
 In botany, the mouth of the fonimen of an ovulum. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 MI'eRO-SeOPE, 7t. [Gr. ;ji/i/)os, small, and orrojttu, 
 to view.] 
 
 An optical instrument, consisting of lenses or mir- 
 rorH, which magnify objects, and thus renchT visible 
 minute objects, which can nut be seen by the naked 
 eye, or enlarije the apparent magnitude of small vis- 
 ible bodien. 
 
 MI-CRO-.SCOP'IC, 1 a. Made by the aid of a mi- 
 MI-CRO-SC()P'IC-AL, \ croscope ; as, microscopic 
 obHcrvation. .Hrbathnol. 
 ii. Asuiiited by a microscope. 
 
 Kviuliiig pvro the microtcojjic eje. TfiomMon. 
 
 3. Rencmbling a microscope ; capable uf seeing 
 small objects. 
 
 Why hill not man ■ mtcrowropic fyc I Pope. 
 A, Very Hmall ; vinible only by the aid of a micro- 
 sropi: ; ftH. n mirroHCopic in>ieel. 
 MI CK<)-.«COP'l(; AI. I.Y, a</B. l)y the niicroscopo ; 
 I with iiiinutf? iiiHiH.'Ction. Good, 
 MI'CRO-8€0-PIH'J', 71. One Hkilled in micrimcopy. 
 
 MID 
 
 MI-eROS'eO-PV, 71. The use of the microscope. 
 Ml'CRO-TINE, (-tin,) a. [Gr. „iKpo(, small.] 
 
 Having or consisting of small cr^'stals. Shspard. 
 Mie-TU-RI"TION, (-rish'un,) 71. [L. 77i;rtuWo.] 
 
 The desire of making water, or passing the urine. 
 
 Danoin, 
 
 MID, a. [Sax. ?7iid(/, middc; L. medius; W. mid, an 
 . inclosure.] 
 
 1. Middle; at equal distance from extremes; as, 
 the mid hour of night. Rome. 
 
 2. Intervening. 
 
 No more the mountain larks, while Daphne sln^, 
 Shall, lifiing in mid air, suspend their wings. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 MI'D.A., 71. [Gr. /ii^..{.] 
 
 A worm, or the bean-fly. Chambers. 
 MID'-aGE, h. The middle of life, or persons of that 
 
 age. Shak. 
 MID'-GoURSE, 71. Tii»- middle of the course or way. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 MID'DaY, a. Being at noon ; meridional ; as, the 
 
 midday sun. Addison. 
 MID'DAY, 71. The middle of the day ; noon. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 MID'DEN', (mid'dn,) 71. A dunghill. 
 MID'DEST, a. superl. of Mid. 
 
 Among the ifuddesl crowd. [Not used.] Spenser. 
 
 MID'DLE, (mid'l,) a. [Sax. middcl; D. middel ; G. 
 mittcl ; Dan. middel; perhaps 77i/(Z and deel ; Sans. 
 vicdhi and madhyam ; L. medius i Gr. peao^ ; It. mez- 
 zo ; Sp. medio ; Port, mayo, mediano ; Ir. modham, 
 muadh ; Fr. 7hiVi, moyen, [vtitan obs. ;] Ch. yiSD. 
 This word has the elements of the Sax. mid, D. ?nede, 
 Sw. and Dan. mede, G. mit, with Gr. /icrn, which is 
 from the root of the English meet, which see. Qu. 
 has not the L. medius, in the phrase medius Jidius, the 
 sense of with or by : by or with my faith. In VV. mid 
 signifies an inclosure, a hem or list round a pitice. In 
 Russ. mcjda signifies among. See Class Ms, No. 21, 
 27.] 
 
 1. Equally distant from the extremes ; as, the viid- 
 dle point of a line or circle ; the middle station of 
 life ; the middle path or course is most safe. 
 
 2. Intermediate; intervening. 
 
 Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends. Davies. 
 Middle aires ; the ages or period of time about 
 equally distant from the decline of the Roman em- 
 pire and the revival of letters in Europe, or from 
 the eighth to the fifteenth century of the Christian 
 era. 
 
 The middle term of a syllogism is one with which 
 the two extremes are separately compared, and by 
 means of which they are brought together in the 
 conclusion. Brande. 
 MID'DLE, 71. The point or part equally distant from 
 the extremities. 
 
 See, there come people down by Uie middle of the land. — 
 Judges ix. 
 
 2. The time that passes, or events that happen, 
 between the beginning and the end. Dryden. 
 
 Middle and center are not always used synony- 
 mously. Center is most properly applied to circular, 
 globular, or regular bodies ; middle is used with less 
 definiteness. We say, the center of a circle or of 
 the solar system ; the middle of a page, the middle of 
 the night or of the month. 
 M11)'DLE-aG-EI), a. Being about the middle of the 
 t)rtlinary age of man. A middle-a<red man is so called 
 from the age of thirty-five or forty to forty-five or 
 fifty. 
 
 MID'DLE-DECK, n. The deck below the middle 
 deck, in three-dt'ckers. Toltcn. 
 
 MID'DI.E-EAIITH, (-erth,) 71. [Sax. middan-eard.] 
 The world. [Ubs.] S/mk. 
 
 MlD'DLE-iMAN, 71. An agent between two parties; 
 particnlarlij, in Ireland, one who takes lantl of the 
 proprietors in large tracts, and then rents it out in 
 small portions to the peasantry, at a greatly enhanced 
 price. 
 
 MiD'DLE-MoST, a. Being in the middle, orncarest 
 the middle, of a number of things that are near the 
 midiUe. If a thing is in the mulille, it can not he 
 more so, and in this sense the wortl is iuiprttper. 
 But, when two or more things are near the middle, 
 one niav he nearer than another. 
 
 MID'DMNCi, a. [Sax. midlcn.j 
 
 Of middle rank, state, size, or quality ; about 
 equally distant from the extremes ; moderate. Thus 
 wc si>eak of people of the middlini; class or sort, 
 neither high nor low ; of a man of middling capacity 
 or understanding ; a man of middling size ; fruit of a 
 viiddtinir ipiality. 
 
 MID'DMNG-LY, ai/ii. Passably; indiflerently. 
 
 MI D'DI,IN(;S>;, 71. The coarsi r part of Hour. 
 
 MIDGl'l, 71, [Sax. myge, mygire.] 
 .\ gnat or llv. 
 
 MID'-IIEA V-KN, (-hcv'n,) 71. The midille of the sky 
 or heavi^n, Milton. 
 
 MID'I>ANI),a. Being in the Interior country ; distant 
 from th(! coast or uea-shore ; as, midland lo«'ns or 
 inhabitants. Iloirell. Hale. 
 
 2. Surrounded by the sea; mediterranean. 
 
 And on tlif mitllarul the Kn-iicli h.«l nwed. Dn/flen. 
 
 MIF 
 
 MID'I.EG, 71. Middle of the leg. Bacon. 
 
 MID'LE.XT, 77. The middle of Lent. 
 
 MID' LIKE, 71. The middle of life, or of the usual age 
 
 of man. Southey. 
 MID'MoST, <z. Middle ; as, the midmost battles. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 MID'NiGHT, (-nite,) 71. The middle of the night; 
 
 twelve o'clock at night. 
 MID'NIGHT, (-nite,) a. Being in the middle of the 
 
 night ; as, midnight studies. Bacon, 
 2. Dark as midnight ; very dark ; as, midnight 
 
 gloom. 
 
 MfD'RII!,n. [mid, middle, and rib.] In JuJniit/, a con- 
 tinuation of the petiole, extending from the base to 
 the apex of the laminae of a leaf. Lindley. 
 
 MID'IUFF, 71. [Sax. midlirife ; mid and hrife, the 
 belly.] 
 
 In anatomy, the diaphragm ; the respiratory muscle 
 which divides the trunk into two cavities, the thorax 
 and iibdomen. ' Quincy. 
 
 MID'Se.A, 71. The midst of the sea. Dryden. 
 
 MID'SHIP, a. Being or belonging to the middle of a 
 ship ; as, a midship beam. 
 
 MID'SHIP-MAN, 71. In ships of tear, a kind of naval 
 cadet, whose business is to second the orders of the 
 superior officers, and assist in the neces.sary business 
 of the ship, particularly in managing the sails, that 
 he may be trained to a knowledge of the machinery, 
 discipline, and operations of ships of war, and qual- 
 ified for naval service. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Passed midshipman ; one who has passed examina- 
 tion, and is a candidate for promotion to the rank of 
 lieutenant. Totten. 
 
 MID'SHIPS, adv. In the middle of a ship ; properly, 
 Amidships. 
 
 MIDST, 71. [Contracted from 7niiZ</es«, the superlative 
 of mid.] The middle. 
 
 There is nothhi^ said or done in the midst of the play, which 
 might not have Ijecn placed in the begirniin^. Dryden. 
 
 The phrase in the midst often signifies, involved 
 in, surrounded or overwhelmed by, or in the thickest 
 part, or in the depths of; as, in the midst of afiiictions, 
 troubles, or cares ; in the midst of our contemphitions ; 
 1/1 the midst of the battle ; in the midst of pagan dark- 
 ness and error; in the midst of gospel light ; in the 
 midst of the ocean ; in the mitist of civil th.-sscu-ions. 
 
 from the midst ; from the middle, or from aiiiuiig. 
 Deiit. .xviii. 
 MIDST, ado. In the middle. 
 
 On earth. Join all ye creatures to extol 
 
 Ilim fir^t, liiui Uist, him midst, and without end. Milton. 
 
 MID'STRk.\M, h. The middle of the stream. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 MID'SUM-MER, 71. The middle of summer ; the 
 summer solstice, about the 21st of June. Swift. Gay. 
 
 MID'WARD, ai/f. INlidst. [Mt in use.] 
 
 MID'WaY, 71. Tlie middle of the way or distance. 
 
 Paths indir-^ct, or in the midioay faint. million. 
 
 MID'WaY, a. Being in the middle of the way or dis- 
 tance ; as, the midway air. Shak. 
 
 MID'WaV, adv. In the middle of the way or dis- 
 tance ; half way. 
 
 She met his glance mtdipay. Dryden, 
 
 MID'WIFE, 71. [Supposed by Junius and Skinner to 
 be mecdwife, a woman that has a reward. This is 
 probably a mistake. The word is a compound of 
 7nid, with, and wif, a Woman ; in analogy with the 
 I,, obstetru., from obsto, obsliti, to stand before. The 
 Dutch use vroedcroinc, a wise or skillful woman. The 
 Danish equivalent word is iordenwder, earth-mother ; 
 the Swedish, iord-gumina. The Spanish and Portu- 
 guese word is comadre ; co, for L. cum, with, and 
 mudre, mother, which is precisely analogous to viid- 
 leife,] 
 
 A woman that assists other women in childbirth. 
 MID'WIFE, D. i. To perform the otlice of midwife. 
 MID'WlFE, 1'. (. To assist in childhirlh. 
 MID'WIFE-RY, 71. The art or practice of assisting 
 women in childbirth ; obsti trics. 
 
 2. Assistance at childbirth. 
 
 3. Help or coiipi ralion in production. Stepney. 
 MID'WI.N-TER, H. 'i'he middle of w inter, or the win- 
 ter solstice, December 21. As the severity of winter 
 in North America falls in January and February, the 
 word ordinarily denotes this period, or some weeks 
 afti r the winter solstice. 
 
 MID'WOOI), n. The mitldle of the wood. Thomson. 
 
 MI'E-Mf'l"E, 71. Granular mieuiite is a variety of inag- 
 nesian limestone, first found at .Mirmo, in Tuscany. 
 It occurs massive, or crystallizeil in Hat, double, 
 tliree-sidetl pyramids. Its color is light green or 
 greenish-whit'e. Jame.-^on, Cyc, Dana, 
 
 MIkN, (meen,) 11. [Fr. TTiine; Dan. and Sw. tJ. ; Arm. 
 mail .' Corn, ini iu, the face ; Ice. mind, imago. See 
 Man.] 
 
 Look; air; manner; external appearance; car- 
 riage ; as, a lofty mien ; a majestic mien, 
 
 H'uller, Pope. 
 MIFF, n. A slight degree of resentment. [Colloquial,] 
 
 Jfolloiray, 
 
 MirF'/;D, (mift,) n. Slightly offended. [In Non'nan 
 French, mrfit is olfense or mi.sdeed, and meffet, mi.t- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WIl^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 712 
 
MIG 
 
 (lone ; mes and faire : wliiince meffere, to do niisciiicf. 
 liiit qii. whetlmr this is Ihu Enelisli miff.'l 
 
 MKJUT, (mite,) ;)rf(. of MiV. Mad power or liberty. 
 He mtirht go, or mttrht have gone. 
 
 2. It sonu'liini'S denotes, ic(w pos.^iblr^ implying ig- 
 norance of tlie fact in tlie speal<er. Orders miglu iiave 
 been given for the purpose. 
 
 MKillT, (mite,) h. [Sax. miV/if, mr/il , G.wacht: D. 
 t^vv. and Oan. mairt ; from tlie root of may, Sax. ma- 
 gan, to be able ; Sans, mahat, ctrong. See Mav.j 
 
 1. Strength ; force ; power ; primarily and chirfly, 
 bodily strength or physical power; as, to work or 
 strive with all one's miaht. 
 
 Thrre ihull be no might in lliy liaiiil.— Dciit. xxviil. 
 
 2. Political power or great achievements. 
 
 TlK iici. y D.ivi.l — Willi iill Ilia rcigii ami liU naghl. — 1 Cliroii. 
 ixix. 1 Kings XV. 
 
 3. National strength ; physical power or military 
 force. 
 
 We hnve no imght agninst lliia gpreat company Uial Cometh 
 against us. — 'i Cliron. xx. 
 
 4. Valor, with bodily strength ; military prowess ; 
 as, men nf mi^ht. 1 Chroii. xii. 
 
 .5. Ability; strength or application of means. 
 
 I have prepi\rr<l with all my might for the hon 
 1 Chrm. xxix. 
 
 of niy God. — 
 
 C. Strength or force of purpose. 
 
 Like him was no king that turned to the Lurtl with all his might. 
 
 — 2 Kings xxiii. 
 
 7. Strength of affection. 
 
 Thou Shalt love the Lortl lliy God with alt thine heart, and with 
 all thy soul, and willi all thy might. — Deut. vi. 
 
 8. Strength of light ; splendor; effulgence. 
 
 Let lliein that love hiiu bu tu the sun when he gocth Turth in his 
 might. — Judg.'5 V. 
 
 Shakspeare applies the word to an oath. " An oath 
 of mickle miirlit." This application is obsolete. We 
 now use strrntrth or force ; as, the strcitgth \3r force of 
 an oath or covenant. 
 
 IVitli might and main : with the utmost strength or 
 bodily exertion ; a iautolorrical phrase^ tts both wurtLi 
 arf from the same roo(, and mean the same thing. 
 MICIIT'I-LY, mlt'e-le,) arfe. [from miV/i/,/.] With 
 great power, force, or strength ; vigorously ; as, to 
 strive mighlHy. 
 
 2. Vehemently ; with great earnestness. 
 
 Cry ntiglitily to Goil. — Jonah iii. 
 
 3. Powerfully ; with great energy. 
 
 Whereto I also blior, striving according to his working, which 
 workelh in ine mighti'y. —Col, i. 
 
 4. With great strength of argument. 
 
 He mighli'i/ convinced the Jews. — Acts xviii. 
 .5. With great or irresistible force; greatly ; exten- 
 sively. 
 
 So migkdly grew the word of God and prevailed. — Acta xU. 
 
 6. With strong means of defense. 
 
 Fortify thy power mightily. — Nah. ii. 
 
 7. Greatly ; to a great degree ; very much. 
 
 I waa mighlHy pleased with a story applitihle to this piece of 
 
 phili'*,iphy. Spectator, 
 [Admissible in eoUoqttial and familiar language.'] 
 MTGHT'X-NESS, n. Power; greatness; hight of dig- 
 nity. 
 
 How soon this migh6neis meets misery I Sfiak, 
 
 2. .\ title of dignity ; as, their high mightinesses. 
 MTGIIT'Y, (mit'e,) o. ' j'Sax. mihtig.] 
 
 1. Having great bodny strength or physical power; 
 very strong or vigorous ; as, a mighty arm. 
 
 2. Very strong; valiant; bold; as, a mighty man 
 of valor. Judges vi. 
 
 3. Very powerful ; having great command. 
 
 Gush t^*^t Nimrod ; he began to be a mighty one on the earth. 
 
 — Oen. X. 
 
 4. Very strong in numbers ; as, a mighty nation. 
 Oen. xviii. 
 
 5. Very strong or great in corporeal jKjwer ; very 
 able. 
 
 Wo to them that are mighty to drink wine. — Is. r, 
 
 6. Violent ; very loud ; as, mighty thundcrings. 
 Ef. \x. Ps. Ixviii. 
 
 7. Vehement ; rushing with violence ; as, a mighty 
 wind or tempest. Kz. x. Rer. vi. 
 
 8. Very great ; vast ; as, mighty waters. AV/i. i.x. 
 
 9. Very great or strong ; as, mighty power. 2 
 Ornii. xxvi. 
 
 10. Very forcible ; efficacious ; as, great is truth 
 and mighty. Ksdras. 
 
 11. Very great or eminent in intellect or acquire- 
 ments ; as, the mighty Scaliger and Selden. Echard. 
 
 12. Great ; wonderful ; performed with great pow- 
 er ; as, mighty works. Mutt. xi. 
 
 13. Very severe and distressing ; as, a mighty fam- 
 ine. Luke XV. 
 
 II. Very great, large, or populous; as, a mighty 
 city. Rrv. xviii. 
 Is. Important ; momentous. 
 
 I'll sinf of heroes and of kinf^. 
 
 In mtfAfy numbers mighty thmgs. Couley. 
 
 MIL 
 
 MIGHT'V, (mIt'e,) adv. In a great degree ; very ; as, 
 7«in-/i(y wi.se ; mtir/Ky thoughtful. IColloiiuial.] 
 
 Prior. 
 
 MIG.V'IARD, min'yard,) a. [Ft. mignard.] 
 
 Soft ; dainty ; delicate ; pretty. H. Jonson. 
 
 MIGN-ON-.NICTTE', (niin-yiiu-et',) n. [I'r., a dimin- 
 utive of mignon, darling.] An annual llowering 
 plant, having the scent of r.i.«pberrics ; Ucscda odo- 
 rata. Mason. 
 
 MI'GUATE, V. i. [L. migro.] 
 
 1. To pass or remove from one country or from 
 one state to another, with a view to permanent resi- 
 dence, or resitlence of some ct>ntinuance. The lirst 
 settlers of New England migrated first to Holland, 
 and afterward to America. Sonic species of birds 
 migrate in autumn to a warmer climate for a tempo- 
 rary residence. To change residence in the same 
 city or state is not to migrate. 
 
 2. To pass or remove from one region or district to 
 another for a temporary rt^sidence ; as, the Tartars 
 viigratr- f(tr the s:ike of linding pasturage. 
 
 MI'GRA-'J'ING, ppr. or a. Keinoving from one state 
 to another for a permanent residence. The people 
 of the Eastern States arc continually migrating to the 
 Western States. 
 
 MI-GKA'TION, II. [I,, migratio.] 
 
 1. The act of removing from one kingdom or state 
 to another, for the purpose of permanent residence, 
 or a resitlence of some continuance. 
 
 2. Change of place ; removal ; as, the migration of 
 the center of gravity. Woodtoard. 
 
 Mi'(;KA-TO-KY, a. Removing or accustomed to re- 
 move from one state or country to another for per- 
 manent residence. 
 
 2. Roving ; w.andering ; occasionally removing 
 for pasturage ; as, the migratory Tartars. 
 
 3. P.assing from one climate to another, as birds. 
 MILCH, a. [Sax. melee. See Milk.] 
 
 1. Giving milk ; as, a milch cow. It is now ap- 
 plieil only to beasts, 
 
 2. Soft; tender; merciful; as, " miVcA-hearted." 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MILD, a. [Sax. mild ; G. D. Svv. and Dan. id. ; Riiss. 
 inclatju, to pity. The primary sense is soft or smooth, 
 L. mollis. Eng. mcllotc, W. mall; allied perhaps to 
 melt. Cl.ass MI, No. 9, 16, 18.1 
 
 1. Soft ; gently and ple.asantly affecting the senses ; 
 not violent ; as, a tnild aur ; a mild sun ; a mild tem- 
 perature ; a mild light. 
 
 The rosy morn resigns her light 
 
 And mii'/er- glory to tlie noon. Wallfr. 
 And Willi a milder gleam refreshed the sight. Addison. 
 
 2. Not acrid, pungent, corrosive, or drastic ; oper- 
 ating gently ; not acrimonious ; demulcent ; mollify- 
 ing ; lenitive; assuasive ; as, a vtild liquor; a mild 
 cataplasm ; a mild cathartic or emetic. 
 
 3. Tender and gentle in temper or disposition ; 
 kind; compassionate; merciful; clement; indul- 
 gent ; not severe or cruel. 
 
 It teaches us to .viore him as a mitd and merciful Being. RogerM. 
 
 4. Not fierce, rough, or angry ; as, mild words. 
 
 5. Placid ; not tierce ; not stern ; not frowning ; 
 as, a mild look or aspect. 
 
 6. Not sharp, tart, sour, or bitter ; moderately 
 sweet or pleasant to the taste ; as, mild fruit. 
 
 7. Calm ; tranquil. When passion subsides, the 
 temper becomes mild, 
 
 8. Moderate ; not violent or intense ; as, a mild 
 heat. 
 
 MILD'ER, a. More mild. 
 MILO'EST, a. Most mild. 
 
 MIL'DEW, finilMu,) n. [Sax. mildeaie ; L. melligo, 
 from mcl, r.oiicy ; G. 
 meal." 
 
 mehllhau, as if from melil, 
 
 A thin, whitish coating, with which the leaves of 
 veget.al)les are sometimes covered, occasioning dis- 
 ea.se, decay, and death. It is also found on paper, 
 cloth, &c. It consists of innumerable minute fungi. 
 
 Gardner. Brandt, 
 MII/DEW, r. L To taint with mildew. Shak, 
 .MIL'DEW-f.n, pp. Tainted or injured bv mildew. 
 MIL'I)EW-L\G,;>pr. Tainting with mildew. 
 .MILU'I.V. adv. Softly ; gently ; tenderly ; not roughly 
 or violently ; moderately ; as, to speak mildly ; to 
 burn mildly: to operate mildly. 
 MILD'NES.s, n. Softness; gentleness; .as, the mild- 
 ne-ss of words or speecn , mildnejts of voice. 
 
 2. Tenderness ; mercy ; clemency ; as, mildness of 
 temjier. 
 
 3. Gentleness of operation ; as, the mildness of a 
 medicine. 
 
 4. Softness; the quality that affects the senses 
 pleasantly ; as, the miltlness of fniit or of liquors. 
 
 5. Temperateness ; moderate state ; as, the ;in7J- 
 Tie.is of weather. 
 
 MTLD'-SPIR'IT-ED, ) a. Having a mild temper. 
 MILD'-TEM'PER-£D, ( ,^rbuthnoU Scott, 
 
 MILE, n. (L. mille a thousand paci-a ; passus 
 
 being dropiied in cunimun ns.ige, the word became a 
 
 noun; Sax. ini7 : Sw. mil: Dan. miil : G. meilc; D. 
 
 myl: Fr. mif/< ; ^i). milla : Port, miiha : It, miglio.] 
 A measure of length or distance. The English or 
 
 statute mile contains 8 furlongs, 320 rods, poles, 
 
 MIL 
 
 or pf;rclics, I7(j0 yards, 5280 feet, or 80 chains. The 
 English geographical mile is I-U) of a degree of lati- 
 tude, or about 202.') yards. The Roman inile was a 
 thousand paces, equal to IGI4 yards English measuro. 
 'I'lie German short mile is nearly etpial to 3 910 
 English miles ; the German long mile In 5 3-4 Eng- 
 lish miles ; the Prussian and Danish mib^s are each 
 about 4 7-1(1 English miles; the Swedi.sh mile is 
 alioiit R .1^ English inilits. Kelly. 
 
 MILE'.\GE, ri. Fees paid for travel by the mile. 
 
 MILE'STfj.NE, n. A stone set to mark the distance 
 or space of a mile. A post used for this purpose is 
 called a mile-post, 
 
 MIL'KOIL, n. [L. millefolium, a thousand leaves.] 
 An herb of tlie genus Achillea ; yarrow. 
 
 MIL'IA-RY, ( ya re,) a, [¥r, miliaire, L. miViiini, mil- 
 let.] 
 
 1. Resembling millet seeds ; as, a TniYwri/ eruption ; 
 miliary glands. The miliary glands are the seba- 
 ceous glands of the skin. Cote, 
 
 2. Accompanied with an eniption like millet 
 seeds ; .as, a miliary fever. 
 
 MIL-tCE',for .Militia, is not in use. 
 
 MIL'I-O-LITE, 71. Fossil remains of the Miliola, a 
 
 genus of microscopic, univalve shells. Ed. Kncyc. 
 MIL'l-TAN-CY, n. Warfare. [LUtlc used.] 
 
 Mount/tgu, 
 
 MIL'I-TANT, a, [L. militaim, milito, to fight.] 
 
 1. Fighting; combating; serving as a soldier. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 2. The church militant is the Christian church on 
 earth, which is supposed to be engaged in a constant 
 warfare against its enemies; thus distinguished 
 from the church triumphant, or in heaven. Honker, 
 
 MIL'I-TA-UI-LY, adr. In a soldierly manner. 
 
 MIL'I-T.A-RY, a. [Fr. mihlaire : L. miiitans, from 
 viilcs, a soldier; mdito, to fight; Gr. a/(<AAa, con- 
 test.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to soldiers or to arms ; as, a military 
 parade or appearance ; military discipline. 
 
 2. Engaged in the service of soldiers or arms ; as, 
 a viilitanj man. 
 
 3. Warlike; becoming a soldier; as, military vir- 
 tue ; military bravery. 
 
 4. Derivctl from the services or exploits of a sol- 
 dier ; as, military renown. 
 
 5. Conformable to the customs or rules of armies 
 or militia. The conduct of the oflicer w.as not mili- 
 tary, 
 
 6. Performed or made by soldiers ; as, a military 
 election. Bacon, 
 
 Military tenure: a tenure of land, on condition of 
 performing military service. 
 MIL'I-TA-KY, 71. The whole body of soldiers ; sol- 
 diery; militia; an army. United Slates, Mitford. 
 MIL'I-TaTE, v. I. [L. milito,] 
 
 To militate against, is to oppose; to be or to act in 
 opposition. Smollett 
 
 Paley writes, to militate with; but in America, 
 against is generallv used. 
 MI-LI"TIA, (nie-lish'a,) n, [L.,from 7m7«, a soldier; 
 Ir. mal or mi7 ; W. tnihrr ; Gr. (ir.iXif, war; ji'iAfw, 
 to fight ; n//(AAa, coiiiliat, contention. The primary 
 sense of fighting is, to strive, struggle, drive, or to 
 strike, to beat. Eng. moil, L. molior, Ileb. Ch. Syr. 
 Sam. and Ar. Soi', to labor or toil. So eicrcitiis, 
 from exi rceo, to exert, to strive. Class IMI, No. 15.] 
 
 The body of .soldiers in a state enrolled for disci- 
 pline, but not engaged in actual service except in 
 emergencies ; as distinguished from regular troops, 
 whose sole occupation is war or military service. 
 The militia of a country arc the able-bodied men or- 
 ganized into companies, regiments, and brigades, 
 with officers of all grades, and required by law to 
 attend military exercises on certain days only, but at 
 other times left to pursue their usual ocrupaticins. 
 
 In England, the militia consist of 200,000 men, 
 who do service about 28 days in the year. P. Cyc. 
 
 Ill tlie Uiatcd Slates, the militia are composed of 
 perstms between 18 and 45 years. 
 MI-LI"TIA-.MAN, 71. One who belongs to the mili- 
 tia. 
 
 MILK, 71. [Sax. mclce; G. milch; D. melk; Sw. mitllk ; 
 Dan. mtrik : Kiiss. mlrko, or moluko ; Bohemian, 
 7h/iV.o ; Ir. mcilg. See the verb.] 
 
 1. \ white fiuid or liquor, secreted by certain 
 glands in female animals, and drawn from the 
 brea.sts for the nourishmi nt of their young. 
 
 2. The white juice of certain plants. 
 
 3. Emulsion made by bruising .seeds ; as, the 7ni7A- 
 of almonds, proiliiced by pounding almonds with 
 siignr and water, 
 
 MILK, V. f. [Sax. melcan, meolcian: G, and D. melken; 
 Sw. miolka : Dan. mirlkcr : Russ. melzya: L. mulgco ; 
 Gr. a/irA; i.i.] 
 
 1. To draw or press milk from the breasts by the 
 hand ; as, to miT^ a cow. 
 
 2. To suck. [JVof !/«(/.] Shak. 
 MILK'frn, (inilkt,) pp. Drawn from the breasts by 
 
 the hand. 
 
 MILK'AW, a. Consisting of milk. [JVotused.] 
 
 Temple, 
 
 MILK'F.R.n. One tli.at milks. 
 
 MILK'-Fe-VEK, n. A fever which ,— netimes ac- 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
 90 
 
 HHH* 
 
 713 
 
MIL 
 
 rompnnips the first secretion of milk in females 
 nftiT cliilclhirlll. 
 
 MILK'-HCDOE, ti. A shrub growing on the Coro- 
 niaiiilel coa-^t, contninins a milky juice. 
 
 JIILK'I LV, ni/o. Attertlie manner ol niilk ; lacteally. 
 
 1IIL,K'I-NESS, 71. Qualities like those of milk ; soft- 
 ness. Dryden. 
 
 MILK'IXG, ppr. Drawing milk from the breasts of 
 an anim;il by the hand. 
 
 .MILlv'I.VG, n. The act of drawing milk from the 
 breasts of an animal by tlie hand. 
 
 MILK'-LI\'^-ER-£D, a. Cowardly; timorous 
 
 ShaJi. 
 
 MILIC'M.XfD, n. A woman that milks or is employed 
 in the dair>-; sometimes, a milkwonian. 
 
 MILK'.MAN, ;i. A man that sells milk or carries milk 
 to market. 
 
 MILK'-P.^IL, 71. A pail which receives the milk 
 drawn from cows. 
 
 MILK'-P.\N, 71. \ pan in which milk is set. 
 
 MtLK-POR'HIDGE, ) n. .\ species of food composed 
 
 MILK-POT'T.\(5E, \ of milk or milk and water, 
 boiled with meal or flour. Locke. 
 
 MlLK'-SeoRE, 71. An account of milk sold or pur- 
 chased in small quantities, scored or marked. 
 
 Jiddison. 
 
 MILIC'-SICK-NESS, 7i. A peculiar and most malig- 
 nant disease, occurring in some localities of the 
 Western United States, and affecting certain kinds 
 of farm-stock, and persons who make use of the 
 meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its cause 
 is unknown. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 MILK'SOP, 71. A piece of bread sopped in milk ; inore 
 usually, a soft, effeminate, feeble-minded man. 
 
 Addison. Prior. 
 
 MILK'-THIS-TLE, (-this'I,) 71. An esculent Europe- 
 an plant of the thistle kind, havin"; the veins of its 
 leaves of a milky whiteness — Carduus Marianus. 
 
 P. Cue. 
 
 MILK'-TOOTH, »i. The fore tooth of a foal, which 
 comes at the age of about three months, and is cast 
 within two or three years. Far. Diet. 
 
 .MILK'-TREE, 71. A name common to several trees 
 yielding a milky juice, especially to those in which 
 this juice is fit for food, as the cow-tree of South 
 America. Brande. 
 
 MILK'-TRE'FOIL, 71. A plant, said to be a Cytisus. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 IMILK'VETCH, 71. A plant of the genus .Astragalus. 
 MILK'WEED, 71. An herb abounding in a milky 
 
 juice, and having its seeds attached to a long, silky 
 
 down, the Asdepias Sitriaca. 
 MILK'-WHITE, a. VVhite as milk. Dryden. 
 M1LK'\V0.M-.\N, 71. A woman that sells milk. 
 
 ArbnVinot. 
 
 MILK'WORT, 71. A plant of the genera Polygala, 
 
 Euphorbia, &.c. 
 MILK'Y, a. Made of milk. 
 
 2. Resembling milk ; as, mi/ty sap or juice. Pope. 
 
 3. Yielding milk ; as, milky mothers. Roscommon. 
 
 4. Soft ; mild ; gentle : timorous ; as, a milky heart. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MIEK'Y-WaY, 71. The galaxy ; a broad, luminous 
 path or circle in the heavens, supposed to be the 
 blended light of innumerable fixed stars, which are 
 not distinguishable with ordinary telescopes. Harris. 
 
 MILL, 71. [L. 77ii;ie, a thousand.] 
 
 .\ money of account of the United States, value 
 the tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a dollar. 
 
 MILL, 71. [Sax. 7ni/7i ; W.mehn; Ir. mfile or miiilean ; 
 Corn. 7nc/y7i ; Arm. mell or inrlin ; Vr. moulin ; L. 
 mola; Gr. /jdAtj, //iiXuf ; (i. miililc; I), molcn; Sw. 
 7710/ ; Dan. miille ; Sp. inolino ; It. mulino ; Russ. mel- 
 niua ; Goth. vialaUy to grind, Ir. vieilim, Fr. inoudre^ 
 for mouhlre^ W. 7710/11, Arm. 77ii2/a or mulcin^ Sp. molrr, 
 L. molo, G. mahlen, I), mniilcn, Sw. mala, Dan. muler ; 
 Port, mofr, by contraction, Russ. mrhju. It is not 
 certain which is the original word, the noun or the 
 verb, or whether both are from a prior radical sense. 
 VVc okserve that the elements of this word coincide 
 with those of L. mrl, honey, mollii, Eng. mellow, 
 mild, mold, meal, VV. 77111/;, &.C., all expressive of soft- 
 ness. Grinding is now breaking by friction or pres- 
 sure, but not improbably grain was pulverized by 
 beating or pounding before the use of the quern. If 
 so, mill may coincide in origin with mallrt. We ob- 
 serve that this word is in the languages of all the 
 great European families, Celtic, Teutonic, and Sla- 
 vonic] 
 
 1. A complicated engine or machine for grinding 
 and reducing to fine particles, grain, fruit, or other 
 iiulK<tance, or for pi rforniing other operations by 
 meaim of whijnls anil a circular motion ; as, a prist- 
 milJ, for grain ; a coffee-i/ii// ; a culfiT-mill : a bark-mi//. 
 The original purpose of mills was to comminute grain 
 for food, but the word mi// is now extendi;!! to en- 
 gines or machines moved by water, wind, or steam, 
 for carrying on many other oiKTations. We have 
 oit-mill<, naw-milUt, Hlittinn -mills, Itark-milU, falling- 
 milLi. &r. 
 
 5. The house or building that containii the machia- 
 ery for grinding, Acr. 
 
 MILL, V. I. 'I'd grind ; to comminute j to reduce to 
 fine pnrticlci or to amnll pieccii. 
 
 MIL 
 
 2. In coitiin<r, to make a raised impression round 
 the edges of a piece of money, to prevent the clip- 
 ping of the cgin. 
 
 3. To pass through a fulling-mill ; to full, as cloth. 
 
 4. In caiu lan^natre, to beat severely with the fists, 
 as if in a fulling-mill. Smart. 
 
 To 7711// chocolate, is to froth it. [See Froth.] 
 
 MILL'-COG, 71. The cog of a mill-wheel. Mortimer. 
 
 MILL'-DAM, 71. A dam or mound to obstruct a 
 watercourse, and raise the water to an altitude suf- 
 ficient to turn a mill-wheel. Mortimer. 
 
 MILL'-HORSE, 71. A horse that turns a mill. 
 
 MILL'-POND, 11. A pond or reservoir of water raised 
 for driving a niill-wlieel. 
 
 MILL'-RACE, 71. The current of water that drives a 
 mill-wheel, or the canal in which it is conveyed. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 MILL'RkA, ) 7!. A coin of Portugal, commonly es- 
 
 MILL'REE, S tiniated at 5s. sterling, or about 108 
 cents; though a small gold millrea of 1755 was 
 worth onlv 3s. 2i/. sterling. P. Cyc. 
 
 MILL'-SIX'PENCE, 71. An old English coin, first 
 milled in 1561, being one of the earliest that was 
 milled. O. S. Faber. Douce. 
 
 MILL'SToXE, 77. A stone used for grinding grain. 
 To see into a millstone ; to see with acuteness, or 
 to penetiTtte into abstruse subjects. Qiio?-t. Rer. 
 
 MILL'SToNE-GRIT, 71. A hard and coarse, gritty 
 sandstone. Dana. 
 
 MILL'-TOOTH, 71. ; pi. Mill-teeth. A grinder, dens 
 violaris. Arbuthnot. 
 
 MILL'-VVRIGHT, (-rite,) 71. A mechanic whose oc- 
 cupation is to build mills. 
 
 MILL'£D, (mild,) pp. or a. Passed through a mill ; 
 subjected to the operation of milling, as a coin ; 
 fulled ; soundly beaten with the fists. 
 
 MIL-LE-Na'RI-AN, a. [Fr. 7nei;e7iaiVe. See Millen- 
 nium.] 
 
 Consisting of a thousand years ; pertaining to the 
 millennium. Encyc. 
 MIL-LE-NA'RI-AN, 71. A chiliast ; one who believes 
 that Christ will personally reign on e.arth, with his 
 saints, a thousand years before the end of the world. 
 
 Enciic. 
 
 MIL-LE-Na'RI-AN-ISM, 77. The doctrine of miliena- 
 rians. 
 
 MIL'LE-NA-RY, a. [Fr. 771 i//cna ire.] 
 
 Consisting of a thousand. Arbuthnot. 
 
 MIL'LE-N.\-RY, 71. The space of a thousand years. 
 
 MIL-LErV'NI-AL, a. Pertaining to the millennium, 
 or to a thousand years ; as, millenniaX period ; millen- 
 nial happiness. Burnet. 
 
 MIL-LEN'NI-AL-IST, 7t. One who believes that 
 Christ will reign personally on earth a thousand 
 years ; a chiliast. Sloioe. 
 
 MIL'LEN-NIST, 71. One who holds to the millennium. 
 [.Vut used.] Johnson. 
 
 MlL-LEN'i\I-UM, 71. [L. mii/e, a thousand, and an- 
 nus, year.] 
 
 A thousand years ; a word used to denote the 
 thousand years mentioned in Rcoelations xx., during 
 which period Satan will be bound, and holiness be- 
 come triumphant throughout the world. During this 
 period, as some believe, Christ will reign on earth in 
 person with his saints. 
 MIL'LE-PED, n. [L. 77n7/e, a thousand, and pes, 
 foot.] 
 
 The wood-louse, an insect having many feet, a 
 species of Oniscus. 
 MlL'LE-POllE, 71. [L. J7ii//c, a thousand, and porus, 
 a pore.] 
 
 A genus of corals, having the surface smooth, and 
 perforated with very minute punctures or cells. It 
 behmgs to the madrepore family. Dana. 
 MIL'LE-PO-IUTE, 7t. Fossil millepores. 
 MILL'ER, 7!. (from 7711//.] One whose occupation is 
 to attend a grist-mill. 
 
 2. 7\n insect whose wings appear as if covered 
 with white dust or powder, like a miller's clothes. 
 MILL'ERS'-THUMB, 71. A small fish found in small 
 streams in Europe, the river bull-head. Coitus frobio. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 MIL-LES'LM-AL, a. [L. miltcsimus, from 77ii/ie, a 
 thousand.] 
 
 Thousandth ; consisting of a thousand parts ; as, 
 millesimal fractions. IVatls. 
 MIL'LET, 71. [Fr. millet or mil; It. miglio ; Sp. 77iyo ; 
 L. milium ; Sax. 7711/.] 
 
 1. A plant, or the grain of a plant, of the genus 
 llolcus or Sorghum, having a stalk rosemliling a 
 jointed reed, and classed by botanists among the 
 grasses. Various species are used as food for men 
 and animals, but the Indian millet is the most com- 
 mon. The species are mostly natives of warm cli- 
 mates. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. Millet grass, or millet ; a hardy emss of the 
 genus Milium, of several species. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 MII^LI-ARI)', 71. [Fr.] A thousand niilliims. 
 MIL'LI-A-RY, n. [ L. milliarium, a milestone ] 
 
 Pertaining to a mile ; denoting a mile ; a.s, n 7nil- 
 liani column. D^Anville. 
 MIL'IjI-A RY, II. Among fAe /Jo77in7ij, a mile stone. 
 MIL'LI-GRA.M, in. [L. Tuif/r, a thousand, and 
 MIl.'l.l-nRAMME, \ Gr. ^,oa,i,iu, u gmm.] 
 
 MIM 
 
 In the system of French weiirhte and measures, the 
 thousandth part of a gramme, equal to a cubic mil- 
 limeter of water. Lunier. 
 
 The milligram is equal to .0154 English grains, 
 Troy weight. McCulloch. 
 MIL-LIL'I-TER, ) 71. [L. 77ii//e, a thousand, and 
 MWLI-LI-TRE, ] liter.] 
 
 A French measure of capacity, containing the 
 thousandth part of liter or cubic decimeter, equal to 
 .(IC103 decimals of a cubic inch McCulloch. 
 MIL-LIM'E-TER, j 77. [L. mille, a thou- 
 
 MIL'LI-ME-TRE, (-ma'ter,) j sand, and 77ic(?-u77i, a 
 measure.] 
 
 A French lineal me.asure, containing the thousandth 
 part of a meter ; equal to -03937 decimals of an inch. 
 It is the least measure of length. 
 
 Lunier. McCulloch. 
 MIL'LIN-ER, 77. [Johnson supposes this word to be 
 MiLANER, from .Milan, in Italy.] 
 
 A woman who makes and sells head-dresses, hats, 
 or bonnets, &c., for females. 
 MIL'LIN ER-Y, 71. The articles made or sold by mil- 
 liners, as head-dresses, hats or bonnets, laces, rib- 
 bons, and the like. 
 MILL'ING, ppr. Grinding ; reducing to small pieces ; 
 fulling, as cloth ; stamping on the edges, as coin ; 
 beating, 
 
 MILL'ING, 71. The act or employment of grinding or 
 pa.ssing through a mill. 
 
 2. In coining, the act of making raised impressions 
 on the edges of coin, or the impressions thus made. 
 
 Edin. Encyc. 
 3 In cant language, a beating with the fists. 
 MILL'ION, (mil'yun,) 7?. [Fr. million; It. miliune ; 
 Sp. millon ; Port, milham ; probably from L. mille, a 
 thousand.] 
 
 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, or a 
 thousand thousand. It is used as a noun or an ad- 
 jective ; as, a million of men, or a million men. As 
 a noun, it has a regular plural, millions. 
 
 2. In common usage, a very great number, indefi- 
 nitely. 
 
 There are millions of tnilhs that men are not conorneil to 
 iinow. Locke. 
 
 MILL'ION-AIRE, 71. [Fr.] A man worth a million. 
 
 MILL'ION-.A-RY, a. Pertaining to millions ; consist- 
 ing of millions ; as, the millionary chronology of the 
 Pundits. Piukerton. 
 
 MILL'ION-ED, a. Multiplied by millions. [A'ot 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 MILL'IOXTH, a. The ten hundred thousandth. 
 
 MILT, 71. [Sax. 7iii7£ ; Dan. and D. 7ni7( ; G. 7711/: ; Sw. 
 midlte ; It. 7iii/:« ; probably so named from its soft- 
 ness, and allied to mild, mellorc, melL] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the spleen ; a viscus situated in the 
 left hypochondrium, under the diaphragm. 
 
 2. Ttie soft roe of fishes, or the sper.-iiatic part of 
 the males. E:;cyc. 
 
 MILT, V. t. To impregnate the roe or spawn of the 
 female fish. Johnson. 
 
 MILT'ER, 71. A male fish. IValton. 
 
 MILT'WCRT, 71. An herb of the genus Asplenium ; 
 spleen wort. 
 
 MI.ME, 71. [See Mimic.] Among the ancients, a kind 
 of farce or dramatic representation in v. nich real char- 
 acters were depicted. 
 2. An actor in such representations. 
 
 MIME, 7'. i. To mimic, or play the buffoon. [Ois.] 
 [See .Mimic.] 
 
 Ml.M'ER, 71, A mimic. [Obs.] [See Mimic.] 
 
 MI-.Mk'SIS, it. [Gr.] In rhetoric, imitation of the 
 voice or gestures of another. Encyc. 
 
 MI.M'E-TENE, 71. The mineral arseniate of lead, oc- 
 curring in pale-yellow or brownish hexagonal crys- 
 tals. 
 
 Mi"-MET''ie-AL,i"- [^r. pi.nr.KO,.] 
 
 Imitative ; as, the mimetic arts ; apt to imitate ; giv- 
 en to aping or mimicry. 
 MIM'ie, la. [L. 771177111?, mimicus ; Gt. iiiiias, ni- 
 MIM'IC-AL, i fiiic'S ; pintojitti, to imitate; allied 
 probably to /iw^juj.] 
 
 1. Imitative; inclined to imitate or to ape ; having 
 the practice or habit of imitating. 
 
 2. Consisting of imitation ; as, 711171111; gestures. 
 Mimic implies often something droll or ludicrous, 
 or less dignified than imitative. 
 MlM'lC, ill. One who imitates or mimics; a buf- 
 MIM'ICK, i foon who attempts to excite laughter or 
 derision by acting or speaking in the manner of an- 
 other. Prior. 
 2. A mean or servile imitator. 
 
 Of Fnincc ttic miinic uiul of Spain the prey. ^non. 
 MIM'ie, )v.L To imitate or ape for sport; to at- 
 MIM'K-'K, i tempt to excite laughter or derision by 
 acting or speaking like another ; to ridicule by imi- 
 tation. 
 
 Tlie wi\ll(, tlie wonlii, tlie (fcHUire. couM supply, 
 
 Tlw liiil.il mimic, an.l llie inini U-lie, Dryden. 
 
 MIM'IC-AL-LY, adv. In an imitative or npiii|,' nian- 
 
 PATE, FAR, FrtLL, WHAT. — MJITE, PR6V. — PINK, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 714 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 lMl.M'I('K-f7D, (mim'ikt,) pp. Iiiiitateil for sport. 
 MLM'1(;K E11, II. One wlui iiiiiiiics. 
 MI.M'IC'K-INU, ;j;ir. Iiiiiuuiiig for spurt ; ridiculing 
 hy imitation. 
 
 MI.M'1€-RV, n. Ludicrous imitation for sport or ridi- 
 cule. Spectator. 
 MI-MOG'RA-PirEU, n. [Gr. mpos and > pii(/,r,..] 
 
 A writer of farces or mimes. llcrbrrt. 
 MI'NA, M. [Gr. uKU ; L. miiia ; Ar. Class Mn, No. 5, 
 
 y. 7.] . 
 
 A weight or denomination of moniiy. The mina 
 of tlio Old Testament was valued at fifty sliekels. 
 Tile (ireek or Attic mina was valued at a hundied 
 drachmas, more than £;t sterhnj;, or $11. McCuUocli. 
 MI-N.A'CIOUS, (me-nfi'slius,) a. [L. miiiaz, from mi- 
 nor, to threaten.] 
 
 Threatenin;; ; menacing. Mare. 
 MI-\AC'I-TV, (nic-nas'e-te,) n. [L. minaz.] 
 Disposition to threaten. [/Julc used.] 
 5 , , 
 
 MIN'A-RET, K. [Ar. 8^LiL« miinaraton, a lantern ; 
 W. mwn, a spire.] 
 
 A slender, lofty turret on the mosques of Moham- 
 medan countries, rising by dillerent stages or stories, 
 and surrounded hy one or more projecting balconies 
 from which the people are summoned to prayer. 
 
 ISrandc. Owilt. 
 
 IMIN-A-Td'RI-AL-I.V, adv. With threats. 
 
 MI.\'A-TO-RY, a. Threatening; menacing. Bacon. 
 
 Mli\CE, (mins,) r. t. [Sa\. »nin.<iuK, from tlie root of 
 L. minnn, to diminish ; W. main. Arm. maim, Fr. me- 
 Hii, mince, Ir. mi/i, mion, small, fine ; Li. minor, small- 
 er ; iiiiiinti, to ilimiuisli ; (ir. /iu'ews, small, slender ; 
 fiit'v'Jo), lo diminish; I,, ininiitii.i, minute; &w. jnin- 
 
 ska, to diminish ; Ar. manna, to weaken, to di- 
 
 minish. Class .Mn, No. .5.] 
 
 1. To cut or chop into very small pieces; as, to 
 miner meal. Dryden. 
 
 2. To diminish in speaking ; to retrench, cut olf, 
 or omit a part for the purpose of suppressing the 
 trutli ; to e.\tenuate in representation. 
 
 1 know no way to mince it in love, but to sfty directly, I love 
 
 yuii. i>luUc. 
 Siirn, now mince the sin, 
 
 And mollify iliimnmiun with n phmsp. Dryden. 
 
 11, to minee his nipanin^, ] h.id cithT omitt''d some pari of wlial 
 h» or tiikPii from Ihc slrcnglh of his rxprrssiDii, 1 cer^ 
 
 Utinly h;ul wron^d him. Dryden. 
 
 These — were forced to mince the matter. Woodward. 
 
 3. To speak with affected softness ; to clip words ; 
 not t>> utter the full sound. Shak. 
 
 4. To walk with short or diminished steps. 
 MINCE, r. i. To walk with short steps : to walk with 
 
 affected nicety; to affect delicacy in manner. 
 I'll mm two mincing steps 
 Into a m.vuly stride. SJiak. 
 B'jcansc the dniighteiv of Zion tire haughty — walking and 
 mincing as Uiey vn, — Is, iii. 
 
 2. To speak softly, or with affected nicety. 
 
 Dn(iien, 
 
 MIN'CKD, (rainst,) pp. or a. Cut or chopped into very 
 
 small pieces. 
 M riVPF'-\l i? AT > 
 
 MIN'CED-.MgA'r, j <:hopped very fine. 
 
 MIN(;E'-PTE, ) n, A pie made with minced 
 
 Ml\'CKO-PIE,(minst-,) ) meat and other ingredients 
 
 baketl in paste. Spectator. 
 MI.N'CING, ppr. Cutting into sm.all pieces; speaking 
 
 or walking affectedly. 
 Ml.V'Cl.N'G-LY, a-tv. In small parts ; not fully. 
 
 /looker, 
 
 MIND, n. [Sax. remind, iremynde; Ir. mein, mian ; \V. 
 mijn, or menie, mind or will ; govijn, a demand ; Dan. 
 mindc, mind, vote, consent ; miiulcr, to remind ; !?w. 
 miniie, memory ; niiniui.s', to remember, to call to 
 mind, as L. reminiscor; L. meiu; Or. ^veia, mem- 
 ory, mention; /triKiiii, to remember; fici"$, mind, 
 ardor of mind, vehemence ; iiifii, anger ; Sans, man, 
 .mana, minil, will, heart, thought ; Zend- meno. Mind 
 signifie'4 properly intention, a reaching or inclining 
 forward to an object, from the primary sense of ex- 
 tending, stretching, or inclining, or advancing eager- 
 ly, pushing or setting forward, whence the Greek 
 sense of the word, in analogy with the Teutonic 
 mod, moed, mulh, mind, courage, spirit, mettle. So 
 L. aiiimiu, animosus. The Russ. has pnminniju, to 
 mention, to remember ; pomin, remembrance, and 
 umenie, or umeinie, understanding, (ill. Minos, Menu, 
 Menes, Mentor. Class Mn, No. 1, 9.] 
 
 1. Intention ; purpose ; design. 
 
 Tlw sacrifice of the wicked is alwniinntlon ; how much more, 
 when he bringeth il with a wicked jmnd I — Pror. xxi. 
 
 2. Inclination ; will ; desire ; a sen.ie much iisrrf, but 
 expressing less than settled purpose; as in the common 
 
 hrascs, '■ ( wish to know your mind:" "Let me 
 now your mind :" " He had a minii to go ;" " He 
 has a partner to his mind." 
 
 3. Opinion ; as, to express one's mind. We are of 
 one mind. 
 
 4. Memory ; remembrance ; as, to put one in mind i 
 to call to mind; the fact is out of my minii; time out 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— 
 
 oTmind. From the o|)eratioiis of the intellect in man, 
 this H t)rd came to signify, 
 
 5. The intellectual or intellii;ent power in man ; 
 the understanding ; the power that conceives, judges, 
 or reasons. 
 
 1 fear I am not in my perfect mind. Shak. 
 
 So wo spt^ak of a sound niinrf, a disordered mind, 
 n weak niiKt^, a strong mind, with reference to the ac- 
 tive powers of the understanding ; and in a passive 
 sense, it denotes capacity, as when we say, the mind 
 can not comprehend a subject. 
 
 ti. The heart or seat of affection. 
 
 Wliictj were a grief of jnii\tl to Isatic and Robekah. — Gen. xxvi. 
 
 7. 'J'hc will and affection ; as, readiness of inind. 
 jJcfj- xvii. 
 
 8. The implanteil principle of grace. Rom. vii. 
 MINI), V. t. 'i'o attend to ; to fix the thoughUi on ; to 
 
 regard with attention. 
 
 Oiise to rt^iiiest me ; let us mirvf our way. DryiUn. 
 Nind nut high Uliiigs. — Rom. xii. 
 
 2. To attend to or regard with submission ; to obey. 
 Ills father told him to desist, but he would not mind 
 him. 
 
 3. To put in mind ; to remind. lObs.] Locke. 
 
 4. To intenil ; to mean. Chapman. 
 MIND, V. i. To be inclined, or disposed to incline. 
 
 When otic of litem nundelh lo itito rebellion. [Obs.] 
 
 iipenser. 
 
 MIND'ED, a. Disposed ; inclined. 
 
 If men were minrled to live virutonsty. Tillotson. 
 Joseph was miniled to put her away privily, — Malt, i. 
 
 Minded is much used in composition ; as, high- 
 minded ; \o\\'-minded ; feeble-mi/ii/tt/ ,* sober-niindct/ ; 
 {^^^\\\\W-minded. 
 
 MT.N'D'ED-NESS, n. Disposition; inclination toward 
 any thing ; as, heavenlv mindrdness. Milner. 
 
 MI.N'D'-FILL-ING, a. Filling the mind. Mitford. 
 
 MIND'FIJL, n. Attentive ; regariling with care ; bear- 
 ing in mind ; lieedful ; observant. 
 
 I promise to I* mindful of your admonitions. Hammond. 
 VVhal is nun, lhal llion art mindful al hiin f — Ps. vii. 
 
 MTND'FIJL-LY, adv. Attentively; heedftilly. 
 MI.N'D'F.iJL-NESS, n. Attention ; regard ; hecdful- 
 II ess. 
 
 MTND'ING, p/ir. Regarding; heeding. 
 MINU'ING, n. Regard. 
 
 MIND'LESS, a. Inattentive; heedless; forgetful; 
 negligent ; careless. 
 
 Cursed Athens, mindless of tliy worth. Slidk. 
 
 2. Not endueii with mind or intellectual powers ; 
 as, mindle.-is bodies. Davies. 
 
 3, Stupid ; unthinking ; as, a mindless slave, 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MTND'-STRICK-£N, a. Moved ; affected in mind. 
 
 iJVnt useri.] Sidnnj. 
 NE, a. called sometimes a pronominal adj. [Sax. 
 mill ; Sw. and Dan. min ; Goth, mcins ; Fr. moji ; D. 
 myn ; G. meiu, contracted from miiren ; for me, in 
 Gothic, is mik, Dan. mitr» G. mick, I'he L. vicus, and 
 Russ. moi, are also contracted.] 
 
 My ; belonging to me. It was formerly used be- 
 fore nouns beginning with vowels. " I kept myself 
 from mine iniquity." Ps. xviii. Hut this use is no 
 longer retained. We now use my before a vowel as 
 well as before an articulation ; as, my iniquity. In 
 present usage, my always precedes the noun, and 
 rni'iic follows the noun, and usually the verb ; as, 
 this is my hook; this book is mine ,' it is called my 
 book ; the book is called mine ; it is acknowledged to 
 be mine. 
 
 jUine sometimes supplies the place of a noun. 
 Your sword and mine are different in construction. 
 MINE, n. [Fr. mine, a mine or ore, when<:e mineral; 
 It. mina, minicra: Sp. mina, a mine, a conduit, a 
 subterraneous canal, a spring or source of water; 
 Port. id. ; Ir. men, mianach ; Dan. and G. mine ; Sw. 
 mina ; D. myn ; W. mjrn, whence mwnai, money ; 
 Arm. min. The radical signilicaiion is not obvious.] 
 
 1. .\ pit or excavation in the earth, from which 
 metallic ores or other mineral substances are taken 
 by digging. The pits from which stones only are 
 taken are called quarries. 
 
 2. Ill tAf military art, a subterraneous canal or pas- 
 sase dug under the wall or rampart of a fortilication, 
 where a quantity of powder m.ay be lodged for blow- 
 ing up the works. 
 
 3. A rich source of wealth or other good. 
 MINE, D. i. To dig a mine or pit in the earth. 
 
 fyoodtoard, 
 
 2. To form a subterraneous canal or hole by 
 scratching; to form a burrow or lodge in the earth, 
 as animals ; as, the minin/r coney. Wotton. 
 
 3. To practice secret means of injury. 
 
 MT.N'E, r. f. To sap; to undermine; to dig away, or 
 otherwise remove the substratum or foundation ; 
 hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret 
 means. 
 
 They mined the walla. Hayirard. 
 
 In a metaphttrical sense, Under-mine is generally 
 used. 
 
 MI.\E'-DI(;-(:F,R, n. One that digs mines. 
 
 MTN'ER, n. One that digs for metals and other min- 
 erals, 
 
 2. One who digs canals or passages under the 
 walls of a fort, &c Armies have sa|i]iers and 
 miners. 
 
 MIN'Ell-AL, n. [Fr. and Sp. mineral; Low L. mi- 
 Tirrn, a matrix or vein of metals, whence mincralia; 
 all from mine.] 
 
 Any natural production formed by the action of 
 chemical ntlinities, and organi/.ed, when bertmiing 
 solitl, by the powers of crystallization. Dana. 
 
 Minerals were formerly divided into saJts, earths, 
 inflnmmnliles, anil ores ; a division which serves for a 
 general distribution : but a mere scientific arrange- 
 ment into classes, orders, frcnera, species, subspecies, 
 and varieties, has been adopted to meet the more pre- 
 cise views of modern mineralogists. 
 MIN'ER-AL, a. Pertaining to niineraU; consisting of 
 niiner.als ; as, the mineral kingdom. 
 
 2. Impregnated with minerals ; as, mineral waters ; 
 a mineral spring. 
 MIN'ER-AL-IST, n. One versed or employed in 
 minerals. 
 
 MIN-ER-AL-I-7,.^'TION, n. [See MiNr.KALiiE.] 
 
 1. The process of forming an ore by combination 
 with another substance; the natural operation of 
 uniting a metallic substance with another. 
 
 2. The process of converting into a luineral, as a 
 bone or a plant. 
 
 3. The act of impregnating with a mineral, as 
 water. 
 
 MIN'ER-.AL-IZE, ». t. [from mineraW] In mineral- 
 o!^y, to combine with a metal in forming an ore or 
 mineral. Sulphur mineralizes many of the metals. 
 
 2. 'I'o convert into a mineral. 
 
 In lliese civerns, the biiiies arx: nol mineralized. Buckland. 
 
 3. To impregnate with a mineral substance ; as, to 
 mineralize HTiter. 
 
 MIN'ER-AL-I/.E, r. i. To go on an excursion for ob- 
 serving and collecting minerals. [Recent.] Dana. 
 
 MIN^'ER-AL I/.-AI), pp. or a. Deprived of its usual 
 properties by being combined with another substance 
 or ftirmed into an ore ; as, metallic substances are 
 mineralized. 
 
 2. Convertffd into a mineral. 
 
 3. Impregnated with a mineral. 
 MIN'ER-.VL-lZ-ER, n. A substance which mineral- 
 izes another or combines with it in an ore, and thus 
 deprives it of its usual and peculiar projierties. Sul- 
 phur is one of the most ctiinnion niincralizers. 
 
 J^ieholson. 
 
 MIN'ER-AL-TZ-ING, ppr. Combining with a metal 
 
 and forming an ore. 
 
 2. Going on an excursion for minerals. 
 MIN'ER-AL-IZ-l.\t;, a. Adapted to combine with a 
 
 metal in forming an ore. 
 MIN ER-AL-OCi'ie-AL, a. [See Mineraloov.] Per- 
 
 taiiiinst to tlie science of minerals ; as, a mineralog- 
 
 icnl table. 
 
 MIN-ER-AL-OG'ie-AL-LV, adv. In mineralogy. 
 
 PhUiips. 
 
 MIN-ER-AL'O-GIST, n. One who is versed in the 
 science of minerals, or one who treats or discourses 
 of the properties of mineral bodies. 
 
 MIN-ER-AL'(J-OY, n. [mineral, and Gr. Xo)05, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 The science which treats of the properties of min- 
 eral substances, and teaches us to characterize, dis- 
 tinguish, and class them according to their proper- 
 ties. It comprehends the study or science of all in- 
 organic substances in the earth or on its surface. 
 
 Encyc. Cyc. 
 
 MI-NER'VA, 71. [L.] In mythology, the "goddess of 
 wistlnin, of war, and of the liberal arts. 
 
 MI.N'E-VER, n. An animal, said by Forby to be the 
 ermine, or his skin ; white fur with specks of black. 
 
 MIN"GI.E, (ming'gl,) r. t. [.Sax. mcnsan or mencirnn ; 
 G. anil D. mengen. This word seems to be a deriva- 
 tive from G. menire, Sax. menijrn, a multitude, or from 
 the same root. Hence, anion^r signifies mingled, or in 
 the crowd.] 
 
 1. To mix ; to blend ; to unite in one body j as, to 
 minirle liqtiors of dillerent kintt.s. 
 
 2. To mix or blend without order, or promiscu- 
 ously. 
 
 There was f\n mingled with hail. — Ex, ix. 
 
 3. To compound ; to unite in a mass, as solid sub- 
 stances ; as, to min^rle Hour, sugar, and eggs in cook- 
 ery. 
 
 To join in mutual intercourse or in society. 
 
 The holy s<-ed have mingled tlietnsclves wiUi the people of those 
 lands. — KjLra ix, Ps. cvi. 
 
 5. To contaminate ; lo render impure ; to debase 
 by mixture. 
 
 The td-st of lis appear coutentetl with a mingled, l!nperl''cl vtitue. 
 
 Kogtre. 
 
 6, To confuse. 
 
 There ndngJe broils. Milton 
 MIN"GLF,, r. i. To be nii.xed ; to be united with. 
 She, when she saw l»er sister nymplis, snppresacil 
 II»-r rising f.Mni, anil mingled with the n-»u Addison. 
 
 MIN"GI,E, (ming'gl,) n. .Mixture; medley; promta- 
 cuous mass. [-Vo( used.] Drydem, 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN"GLKD, (ming'gid,) pp. or a. Mixed ; united 
 
 promisciioMslv. 
 ML\""GLKD-LV, aJf. Confusedly. BarreL 
 MI.\"OLE-MAN"GLE, n. A ' medley ; a hotch- 
 
 pdtrli. Hooker. 
 MI.\"GLE-MENT, (ining'gl-,) ju Act of mingling ; 
 
 stTite of being mixed. 
 MI.\"GLER, Ji. One that mingles. 
 Jll. \"(; LI . \G, ppr. Mixing; uniting without order 
 MI\"(;L[NG-Ly, ado. Unitingly. 
 MIN'IARD, (min'yard,) a. [Fr. miVnord.] 
 
 Piift ; dajnty. " [Little used.] 
 M[\'IARD-IZE, V. t. To render soft, delicate, or 
 
 daintv. Howell. 
 MI.N'IARD-IZ £3), pp. Rendered delicate. 
 MIN'I-.aTE, v. t. [It. miniarCj from viinio, L. mmmm, 
 
 red lead or vermilion.] 
 To paint or tinge witli red lead or vermilion. 
 
 IVarton. 
 
 MI.V'I-A-TED, pp. Painted or tinged with minium, 
 
 red lead, or vermiliun. 
 MIN'IA-TURE, finin'e- or min'e-a-) n. [It. and 
 
 Sp. miniatura, from It. miniare, supra ; Fr. miino- 
 
 ture.] 
 
 1. .\ paintini in water colors on vellum, ivory, or 
 paper, with points or dots i srnnelinies in oil colors. 
 'I'lie term is usually applied to jiortraits painted on 
 a very small scale, and is hence used adjectively, to 
 denote very small. 
 
 2. .\ picture or representation in a small compass, 
 or less than the reality. Encyc. 
 
 X Red letter ; rubric distinction. Hickes. 
 MIN'I.\-TURE, (min'e- or min'e-a-) a. On a small 
 
 scale ; as, miniature representation. 
 MI.V'I-KIN, a. [Qu. VV. main, small, and kin.] 
 Small ; diminutive ; iLsrd in .ili^ht contempt. 
 MIN'I KIN, H. A small sort of pins. 
 
 9. A darling ; a favorite. [See MiNior*.] 
 MIN'IM, n. [W. main, small, whence L. minimus. 
 See .Mince.] Literally, something exceedingly small. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. A little man or being; a dwarf. Milton. 
 
 2. One of a certain reformed order of Franciscans 
 or Minimi. IVrcrer. 
 
 3. A note in music, equal to half a .semibreve or 
 two crotchets. 
 
 4. .\ short poetical encomium. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 5. A small fish ; a minnow. [Local.] Johnson. 
 
 6. The smallest liquid measure ; a single drop. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 MIX'I-MENT, 71. [(mm muniment.] Proof ; testimony. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MIN'I-MUM, 71. [L.] The least quantity assignable in 
 
 a civeu case, Encyc. 
 MIN'I-MUS, 7U [L.l A being of the smallest size. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 MIX'ING, p;7r. Digging into the earth, as for fossils 
 and minerals ; sapping. 
 
 2. a. Pertaining to, or connected with, the busi- 
 ness of digging mines; as, the mining districts of 
 Siberia. Sparks. 
 
 MIN'ING, 71. The act or employment of digging 
 mines. 
 
 MIN'ION, (min'yun,) a. Fine; trim; dainty. [JVot 
 used.] 
 
 MIN'ION, (min'yun,) n. [Tr.mi^non; It. mignone ; 
 a darling ; from VV. main, Fr. menu, small ; \V. mwyn, 
 tender, gentle.] 
 
 A favorite ; a darling; particularly, the favorite of 
 a prince, on whom he lavishes his favors ; one who 
 gains favors by flattery or mean adulation. 
 
 Edward B.'nt fin anny into Iretind, not for conquest, but lo 
 guani thf: person of Itis minion, Pieri Uuveslou. Daoies. 
 Tlie drowsy tyntnl by his minions led. Suoifi. 
 
 MIN'IO.V, (min'yun,) n. [VV. main, Fr. menu, small ; 
 L. minor. .See Mince.] 
 
 A small kind of printing types, in size between 
 brevier and nonpareil. 
 MIN'ION-ING, (min'yun-,) n. Kind treatment. 
 
 Marslon. 
 
 iMIN'lON-SIIIP, V. State of bcins a minion. 
 MIN'JOIJS, (iniii'yust,) «. [from L. minium.] 
 
 Of the color of red lead or vermilion. Brown. 
 MliN'ISH, V. t. [L, minuo, to lessen.] 
 
 To Ic^Hcn ; to diminish. [Obs.] [See Diminish.] 
 
 MIN'IS-TKK, n. [L. j probal.Iy from ^r. ^^^^ 
 
 mahnna^ lo Bervn, wail, attr-nd, Class Mn, ino. 2, 
 and S;ix. Ktr.orr^ Iiidm, direction ; .ttroran, to .stcrr.] 
 
 1. Proftrrhf, a chief m^rvant ; hf.Micc, a!i airrnt aj)- 
 pointed to transact or manage business under the au- 
 thority of another ; in which nense it is a word of very 
 tztenjiive ajtplication. 
 
 Mo»^» rt)v lip, nn<l liii minitUr Joihna. — Exo<l. xxW. 
 
 2. One to whom a king or prince intnii^ts the di- 
 rection of nffairH of stale j aw, minisler of stale ; the 
 prniie mknistrr. In modrrn fforcrnmrnfjtj the secrt^ta- 
 rieH or headM of iheHeveral nepaitmenl-s or brancheH 
 of government, are the ininistcrs of the cliicf ma|;iit- 
 trate. 
 
 WIN 
 
 3. A magistrate ; an executive officer. 
 For he is the minister of God to thee for gooil. — Rom. siii, 
 4 A delegate ; an embassador ; the represent,ative 
 of a sovereign or government at a foreign court ; usu- 
 ally such as is resident at a foreign court, but not re- 
 stricted to such. 
 
 5. One who serves at the altar ; one who performs 
 sacerdotal duties ; the pastor of a church duly au- 
 thorized or licensed to preach the gospel and admin- 
 ister the sacraments. Epli. iii. 
 
 6. Christ is called a minister of the sanctuary. 
 Hcb. viii. 
 
 7. An angel ; a messenger of God. 
 
 Wlio makelh liis anjL-ls spirits, his ministers a flaming fire. — 
 Ps. civ. 
 
 MINTS-TER, r. t. [L. TTiinisfT-o.] 
 To give ; to afford ; to supply. 
 
 lie that minis(€re£A seed to the sower. — 2 Cor. ix. 
 Tli.il it ni.ay minuter gr.ice tu the hearers. — Kj.h. iv. 
 
 MIN'IS-TER, V. i. To attend and serve ; to perform 
 service in any office, sacred or secular. 
 
 I will sanctify also both Aaroa and his sons, to minister to me in 
 tlie priest's otfice. — Ex. xxix. 
 
 2. To afford supplies ; to give things needful ; to 
 supply the means of relief; to relieve. 
 
 Wlien saw we thee hiin^y, or thirsty, or a stran^r, or naked, 
 or sick, or in prison, and did not minister lo thee ? — Matt. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 3. To give medicines. 
 
 Canst thou not minisleT^ to a mind diseased i Sliai. 
 [In this sense we commonly use Administer.] 
 MIHTIS-TER-KD, pp. Served ; afforded ; supplied. 
 MIN-IS-Te'R[-AL, a. Attending for service ; atten- 
 dant ; acting at command. 
 
 Ehlightening spirits and ministerial flames. Prior. 
 
 2. Acting under superior authority ; pertaining to 
 a minister. 
 
 For the ministerial offices in court, there must be an eye to them. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. Pertaining to executive offices, as distinct from 
 judicial. The office and acts of a sheriff are 77ii7iiste- 
 rial. 
 
 4. Sacerdotal ; pertaining to ministers of the gos- 
 pel ; as, ministerial garments ; ministerial duties. 
 
 Genuine ministerial prudence keeps back no important tnith, 
 listens to no compromise with sm, connives at no fasliionable 
 vice, cringes before no lordly worldling. H. Humpltrey. 
 
 5. Pertaining to ministers of state ; as, ministerial 
 circles ; ministerial benches. Burke. 
 
 MIN-IS-Te'RI-AL-LY, adv. In a ministeri.-il manner 
 or character. IVaterland. 
 
 MIN'IS-TER-ING, ppr. or a. Attending and serving 
 as a subordinate agent ; serving under superior au- 
 thority. Hcb. i. 
 2. Affording aid or supplies ; administering things 
 
 MIN'IS-TER-Y. See Ministry. fneedful. 
 
 MIN'IS-TRAL, a. Pertaining to a minister! [Little 
 used.] Johnson. 
 
 MIN'IS-TRANT, a. Performing service as a minis- 
 ter; attendance on service ; acting under command. 
 Princedoms and doininations minislrant. Milton. 
 
 MIN-IS-TRa'TION, n. [L. »ni7ii.s(ratio.] 
 
 1. The act of performing service as a subordinate 
 agent ; agency ; intervention for aid or service. 
 
 Beciiuse their widows were neglected ia the daily TTUnufmfions. 
 — Acts vi. 
 
 2. Office of a minister ; service ; ecclesiastical 
 function. 
 
 As soon as the days of liis mimslrttlion were ended. — Luke i. 
 MIN'IS-TRESS, 71. A female that ministers. 
 
 Menside. 
 
 MIN'IS-TRY, 71. [L. jni7iw«o-;iiJ7i.J 
 
 1. The office, duties, or functions of a subordinate 
 agent of any kind. 
 
 2. Agency; service; aid; interposition; instru- 
 mentality. 
 
 He directs the ntfairs of tliis world by the ordinary ministry of 
 second causes. Atl£rliury. 
 
 3. Ecclesiastical function or profession ; agency or 
 service of a minister of the gospel or clergymen in 
 the moilern church, or of priests, apostles, and evan- 
 gelists in the ancient. Jicts i. Rom. xii. 2 Tim. iv. 
 JVum. iv. Also, the clergy, taken collectively. 
 
 4. Time of ministnition ; duration of the office of 
 n minister, civil or ecclesi.astical. The war with 
 France was during the ministry of Pitt. 
 
 5. Persons who compose the executive government 
 or the council of a supreme magi.strate ; the body of 
 ministers of state. Swift. 
 
 6. Business ; employment. 
 
 lie abhorred Uie wicked T7iim«Iry of arms. Dryden. 
 
 MIN'IS-TRV-SIIIP, for Ministry, is little used, .ind 
 hardly proper. Sic(fl. 
 
 MIN'l-UW, 71. [L.] Lead, exposed to air while melt- 
 ing, is covcrtMi with a gray, dusky pellicle. This, 
 taken olfnnd agitated, becomes a grei^nisli-gray ptiw- 
 dcr, inclining lo yellow. This oxyd, separated by 
 8il\ing from the grams of load which it contains, and 
 exposed to a more intense heat, takes a deep yellow 
 
 MIN 
 
 color, and in this state it is called massicot. The lat- 
 ter, slowly heated, takes a beautiful red color, and is 
 called minium. It is a salt composed of two equiv- 
 alents of protoxyd of lead, with one equivalent of 
 the dentoxyd. Fonrcroy. 
 
 MINK, 71. An -American and European quadruped of 
 the weasel tribe, that burrows in the e.arth on the 
 side of a river or pond, whose fur is more valuable 
 than that of the miiskrat. It is the Jlustela Lutre- 
 ola, (Linn.) and the Putorius Lutreola, (Cuv.) It is 
 very often called Minx. Belknap. 
 
 MIN'NOCK, used by Shakspeare, is supposed by John- 
 son to be tlie same as Minx. [Qu. 77itmici.] 
 
 MIN'NoVV, ) r„ ,, , 
 
 MLN'OVV, ( "• small.] 
 
 A name applied to several species of very small 
 fresh-water fish, and even to the young of larger 
 kinds. The minnow of England, from which the 
 term is derived, is a species of tile Cyprinus of Lin- 
 nieus, Leuciscus pho.viiuis of Cuvier. 
 
 Encyc. Jlmer. P. Cyc. 
 
 MI'NOR, a. [L. ; the comparative degree of a word 
 not found in that language, but existing in the Cel- 
 tic dialects, VV. main, .\im. moan, Ir. 7;i/», 7711071, the 
 root of L. TJiiiiuo, to diminish. See Mince.] 
 
 1. Less; smaller; sometimes applied to the bulk 
 or magnitude of a single object; 7iiore generally, to 
 amount, degree, or importance. We say, the minor 
 divisions of a body, the minor part of a body ; op- 
 posed to the major part. We say, minor sums, 7711- 
 nor faults, minor considerations, minor details or ar- 
 guments In the latter phrases, minor is equivalent 
 to small, petty, inconsiderable, not principal, impor- 
 tant, or weighty. 
 
 2. In miLiic, less or lower by a lesser semitone ; as, 
 a third minor Encyc. 
 
 Minor key, in music, is that key, or arrangement of 
 tones and semitones, which is chiefly used for sol- 
 emn and mournful subjects. 
 
 The minor term of a syllogism is that one which 
 forms the subject of the conclusion. 
 
 .Ssia Minor ; the Lesser Asia, that part of Asia 
 which lies between the Euxine or Black Sea on the 
 north, and the Mediterranean on the south. 
 Ml'NOIl,7i. A person of either sex under age; one 
 who is under the authority of his parents or guard- 
 ians, or who is not permitted by law to make con- 
 tracts and manage his own property. By the laws of 
 Great Britain and of the Un.ted States, persons are 
 minors till they are twenty-one years of age. 
 
 2. In loiric, that premise ivhich contains the minor 
 term ; it is the second proposition of a regular syl- 
 logism, as in the following : — 
 
 livery act of injustice partakes of meanness. 
 
 To take money from another by gaming, or repu- 
 tation by seduction, are acts of injustice. 
 
 Therefore the taking of money from another by 
 gaming, or reputation by seduction, partakes of 
 meanness. 
 
 In hypothetical syllogisms, the categorical premise is 
 the minor term. 
 
 3. A Minorite, a Franciscan friar. 
 MT'NOR-aTE, f. t. To diminish. [J^'^ot used.] 
 MI-NOR-a'TION, 71. A lessening; diminution. 
 Ml'NOR-ITE, 71. A Franciscan IViar. 
 MI-NOll'I-TV, 71. [Fr. minorite, from L. TTiinor.] 
 
 1. The state of being under age. [See Minor.] 
 
 2. The smaller number ; as^ the minority of the 
 senate or house of representatives ; opposed to Ma- 
 jority. We say, the minority was large or small ; 
 A. B. was in the minority ; the minority must be rilled 
 
 MI'NOS, 71. [Gr. MiKuj.] [by the majority. 
 
 In cla.tsical mytholorry, a celebrated lawgiver, the 
 son of Jupiter and Eiiropa, and king of Crete. He 
 was so celebrated for his justice on earth, that after 
 his death he was appointed a judge of the infernal 
 regions. 
 
 MIN'O-TAUR, n. [Fr. minotaure ; It. minolauro ; 
 L. minot'aurus ; from 711071, which mu.st have been in 
 early ages a Latin word, and taurus, a bull.] 
 a' fabled monster, half man and half bull. 
 
 Ovid. Virgil. Shah. 
 MIN'STER, 71. [Sa.x. minstre, or mynstcr. See Mon- 
 astkry.] 
 
 The churrh of a mona.stery, or one to which a 
 mon.istery has been attached ; sometimes, a cathedral 
 church. Oloss. of Archil. 
 
 MIN'STREL, n. [Fr. menttricr, for menestricr ; Sp. 
 ministril, a minstrel, and a tipstaff, or petty officer of 
 justice; Port, menestral ; perhaps a derivative from 
 meucar, to move, stir, wag, wield. If so, the word 
 originally signified a performer on n musical instru- 
 ment, who accimipanied his performances with ges- 
 tures, like the hislrio and ji<cii/(i/or.] 
 
 A name given to an order of men, in the middle 
 ages, who subsisted by the arts of poetry and music, 
 and sang to llio harp verses composed by themselves 
 or others. Their attendance was sought and their 
 performances lavishly rewarded by princes. It was 
 in the character of a minstrel that King Alfred en- 
 tered the camp of the Dunes, his enemies, and explored 
 their siliialion. Brande. 
 
 MIN'STRELSV, n. The arts and occupation, of min- 
 strels; instruniciitnl music. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T MRTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 716 
 
MIN 
 
 2 A number of musicians. 
 
 The mimtrelsy of heaven. Milton. 
 
 MINT, 71. [i'ax. mynct, money, or stamped coin-; D. 
 7«i(«(, mint, coin ; (!. rniinie ; Svv. myiit ; Dan. mijr.ilt, 
 coin. This word is doubtless a derivative from 
 viinc, or Ij. monetae from tile same root.] 
 
 1. Tlic place where money is coined by public 
 authority. In Great Britain, formerly, there w as a 
 jniiit in almost every county ; but the privilege of 
 coiniuR is now considered as a royal prerogative in 
 that country, and as the preroEativc of the sovereign 
 power in oilier countries. The only mint now in 
 Great Ilritain is in the Tower of I,ondon. Tlie first 
 mint in the United States was in IMiiladelphia. 
 
 'J. .\ place of invention or fabrication; .a«, a mint 
 of |)hrases ; a iniHi of calumny. Ultak. .Addison. 
 
 3. A source of abundant supply. 
 MI.NT, ii. (. [Sax. viynrtiun.] 
 
 1. To coin; to iniike anil stamp money. Bacon. 
 
 2. To iiivi nt ; to forge ; to fabricate. Bacim. 
 MINT, 71. [Sax. 7jiin( ; Sw. inijnta ; Dan. mynir ; fl. 
 
 vvimc, \t. mentliit : It. and Sp. mi nta ; Fr. vinitc ; D. 
 kriiistnunt, crossiiiint ; Ir. viiontiis ; Arm. mcndt or 
 vtintys.] 
 
 An aromatic plant of the genus Mentha, of various 
 species, producing by distillation a highly odorifer- 
 ous and pungent essential oil. 
 MINT' AGE, K. That which is coined or stamped. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 9. The duty paid for coining. 
 
 MINT'^O'LEl', n. A drink consisting of brandy, 
 sugar, and pounded ice, llavorcd with sprigs of 
 mint. [.America,] 
 
 MINT'fTD, pp. Coined. 
 
 IMIiN'T'ER, H. .>\ coiner ; also, an inventor. 
 
 IMINT'INO, ppr. Coining money. 
 
 MI.NT'MAN, II. A coiner; one skilled in coining or 
 in coins. 
 
 MI.NT'-M.\S-TER, 71. The master or superintendent 
 of a mint. Boyle. 
 2. One who invents or fabricates. Locke. 
 MIN'U-E.\I), 71. [L. minuendiis, minuo, to lessen.] 
 In arithmetic, the number from which another 
 number is to be subtracted. 
 MIN'II-ET, 71. [Sp. 7iiin«f/o ; Fr. 7ncnuci, from tkctiu, 
 small, \V. main. See Mince.] 
 
 1. A slow, graceful dance, consisting of a coupee, 
 a high step, and a balance. Eneyc. 
 
 2. A tune or air to regulate the movements in the 
 dance so called ; a movement of three crotchets or 
 three quavers in a bar. 
 
 MIN'U.M, H. [from W. main, Fr. menu, small. See 
 
 Ml XCE.] 
 
 1. A small kind of printing types; now written 
 Minion 
 
 2. A note of slow time, containing two crotchets; 
 now written Minim, which see. 
 
 m'NUS, [L.] Less. In a/o-,-4r<i, the sign ( — ), de- 
 noting miiiiw, orless, is prehxed to negative quantities 
 or quantities to be sublr.ictcd. 
 
 MI-NOTE', a, [L. 77ii;iutu^',* Fr. mfnii, \V. mam, small. 
 See Mince.] 
 
 1. Very small, little, or slender ; of very small 
 bulk or size ; small in consequence ; as, a minutt 
 grain of sand ; a 7ninii(t filament. The blood cir- 
 culates through very minute vitssels. Minute divis- 
 ions of a subject often perplex the understanding. 
 Minute details are tedious. 
 
 2. .Attending to small things ; criticiil ; as, 7ni>iufe 
 observation. 
 
 MIN'UTE, (min'it,) 7i. [L. Tninutum, that is, a small 
 portion. 
 
 1. A small portion of time or duration, being the 
 sixtieth part of an hour. 
 
 Siiic« you are Dot lure of a minute, throw not away an hour. 
 
 2. In ffcometrtj, the sixtieth part of a degree. 
 
 3. In architecture, the sixtieth part of the lower 
 diameter of a column. Oailt. 
 
 4. A sp.ace of time indefinitely small. I will be 
 with you in a minute, or in a few minutes, that is, in 
 a short time. 
 
 5. A short sketch of any agreement or other sub- 
 ject, taken in writing ; a note to preserve the inem- 
 or>- of any thing ; as, to take minutes of a contract ; 
 to take minittes of a conversation or debate. 
 
 MIN'UTE, (min'it,) r. (. To set down a short sketch 
 or note of any agreement or other subject in w riting. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 MIN'CTE-BOOK, 71. A book of short hints. 
 
 MIN'UTE-GLXSS, n. A glass, the sand of which 
 measures a minute. 
 
 MIN'UTE-GU.\?, n. pL Guns discharged every 
 minute, as signals of distress or mourning. 
 
 MIN'UTE-IIA.ND, n. The hand that points to the 
 mimik's on a clock or watch. 
 
 MIN'UTF^ACK, «. Another name for jack of the 
 dock-house, or a figure which strikes the hour of a 
 clock. Sfiak. 
 
 MI-NOTE'LY, adu. [from Tninutt.] To a small ixiint 
 of tunc, space, or matter ; exactly ; nicely ; as, to 
 measure the length of any thing minutely ; to ascer- 
 tain time minutely ; to relate a story minuUly. 
 
 MIR 
 
 MIN'UTE-LY, (iniii'it-ly,) 0. Happening every minute. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 MIN'UTE-LY, (min'it-ly,) ado. [from minute.] Every 
 minute ; with very little time intervening. 
 
 As if It were minutely proclaimed in Uiuiuler from ln-avrn. 
 
 Hammond, 
 
 MIN'UTE-MEN, n. pi. Men ready at a minute's no- 
 tice ; a term used in the American revolution. 
 
 MI-NOTE'NESS, 71. Extreme smallncss, fineness, or 
 slenderness ; as, the minuteness of the particles of 
 air or of a fluid ; the minutentjis of the filaments of 
 cotton ; the minutmess of details in narration. 
 
 2. Attention to small things ; critical exactness ; 
 as, the minntenes.i of observation or distinction. 
 
 MIN'UTE-VVATCII, (min'it-wocb,) 71. A watch that 
 distinguishes minutes of time, or on which minutes 
 are marked. Boyle. 
 
 MI-NO'TLT;, 71. p/. [L.l The smaller particulars. 
 
 ML\X, 71. [Uu. 7nin«oc. J A pert, wanton girl. Sliak. 
 
 2. A she puppy. 
 
 3. A name applied in America to the Martes Vison, 
 and to Putorius Lutreola, two weasel-like quad- 
 rupeds, or digitigrade carnivorous mammals. 
 
 MI.N'Y, a. [from mine] Abounding with mines. 
 
 2. ."^uliterraneous. Thomson. 
 MI'0-CE.\E, a. [Gr. ficiiov, less, and khh oj, recent.] 
 Literally, less recent. In !;eoloiry,:\ term applied to 
 the middle division of the tertiary strata, containing 
 fewer fossil shells of recent species than the pliocene, 
 but more than the eocene. Lyrll. 
 MI-R.iB'1-LE niC'TU, [L.] Wonderful to tell, or 
 be told. 
 
 MI'KA-IILE, a. Wonderful. [JVVf in use.] Shall. 
 MIR'.'V-CLE, (mir'a-kl,) 11. [fr., from li. mintculum, 
 
 from mirur, to wonder ; Arm. mirct, to hold. See 
 
 Marvel.] 
 
 1. Literally, a wonder or wonderful thing; but 
 appropriately, 
 
 2. In theolorry, an event or effect contrary to the 
 established constitution and course of things, or a 
 deviation from the known laws of nature ; a super- 
 natural event. Miracles can be wrought only by 
 almighty power, as when Christ healed lepers, say- 
 ing, " I will, be thou clean ; " or calmed the tempest, 
 " Peace, be still." 
 
 They consitleretl not the nuracfe of the loaves. — Marli vl. 
 A man approved by God by miracles and signs. — Acu ii. 
 
 3. .Anciently, a spectacle or dramatic representation 
 exhibiting the lives of the saints. Chaucer. 
 
 MIR'A-CLE, V. t. To make wonderful. [jVot luscd.] 
 
 Sliall. 
 
 MIR'A-eLE-MON"GER, 71. An impostor who pre- 
 tends to work miracles. Jlalliiwcll. 
 
 MI-R.'\€'lI-LOUS, a. Performed supernaturally, or 
 by a power beyond the ordinary agency of natural 
 laws ; effected by the direct agency of almighty 
 power, and not by natural causes ; as, the miriicu- 
 lous healing of the sick or raising the dead by 
 Christ. 
 
 2. Supern.atural ; furnished supern.aturally, or com- 
 petent to perform miracles ; as, the miraculous pow- 
 ers of the apostles. Miraculous, applied to tlie extra- 
 ordinary powers of the apostles, may mean conferred 
 by supernatural agency, or competent to work mir- 
 acles. I believe it is generally used in the latter 
 sense. 
 
 3. In a less definite sense, wonderful ; extraordi- 
 nary. 
 
 MI-R.\e'lZ-LOUS-LY, ado. By miracle ; supernat- 
 u rally. 
 
 ^neaj, wounded as he was, could not have enea^l him in iinele 
 coiuUit, unless his hurt had been miraculously heaUtl, 
 
 Vryden. 
 
 9. Wonderfully ; by extraordinary means. 
 MI-RA€'lI-LOU9-NESS, 71. The slate of being ef- 
 fected bv miracle, or bv supernatural agency. 
 MIR-A-DfiR', 71. [Sp., from L. miror.] 
 
 A balcony or gallery commanding an extensive 
 view. 
 
 MI-R.\GE', (me-rAzhe',) 71. [L. miror.] 
 
 An optical illusion arising from an unequal refrac- 
 tion in the lower strata of the atmosphere, and caus- 
 ing remote objects to be seen double, as if reflected 
 in a mirror, or to appear as if sus|)ended in the air. 
 It is frequently seen in deserts, presenting the ap- 
 pearance of water. The Fata Morgana and Loom- 
 ing are species of mirage. Brande. 
 
 MIRE, 71. [See Class Mr, No. 16.] Deep mud ; earth 
 so wet and soft as to yield to the feet and to wheels. 
 
 MIRE, r. ^ To plunge and fix in mire ; to set orstall 
 in mud. We say, a horse, an ox, or carriage, is 
 mired, when it has sunk deep into mud, and its prog- 
 ress is stopped. 
 2. To soil or daub with mud or foul matter. Shak. 
 
 MIRE, V. i. To sink in mud, or to sink so deep as to 
 be unable to move forward. 
 
 MIRE. 71. An ant. [Sec Pismire.] 
 
 MIllE'-CROW, n. '1 he sea-crow or pewit gull, Larus 
 ridibundus of Linnaiis. P. Cyc. 
 
 MIR'KI), pp. Fixed or stalled in mud. 
 
 MI-RIF'I-CENT, a. Causing wonder. 
 
 MIR'I-NESS, 71. [from ini7-y.| The state of consist- 
 ing of deep mud. 
 
 MIS 
 
 MIUK,{murk,)a. [Sax. mirec] Dark. [OI13.] 'Sco 
 
 Ml'llKV.l 
 
 MlKK'SAAlE, (iniirk'sum,) a. Dark ; obscure. 
 MIltK'SOME-NESS, 71. (Jbscurity. [See .Mlrkv.] 
 MIR'ROR, n. [Fr. 7ntrwir; Sp. inirar, Corn, miroji, to 
 look ; L. miror, to admire.] 
 
 1. A looking glass or speculum ; any glass or pol- 
 ished substance that forni-s images by the reflection 
 of rays of light. 
 
 In tlv; clear mirror of thy niUnff star 
 
 1 i:\w, alas I some dreiul event driit-iid. Pope. 
 
 9. A p;\tti-rn ; an exemplar; that on which men 
 ought to fix their eyes ; that which gives a true rep- 
 resentation, or in which a true image may be seen. 
 
 O foddcss, heavenly brijfht, 
 
 Mirror of grace and inajesljr divine. Spenstr, 
 
 3. In architecture, a small oval ornament cut into 
 deep moldings, and separated by wreaths of flowers. 
 
 Klines. 
 
 MIR'ROR, r. (. To reflect as in a mirror. 
 MIR'ROR-KD, pp. or a. Kellcicted as in a mirror. 
 MIR'ROR.Ii\(;, ppr. Reflecting as in a mirror. 
 MIR'KOR-SToNE, 71. A bright stone. [0(.s.] 
 MIRTH, (inurth,) n. [Sax. mir/i(, myrhth ; mirig, merry ; 
 
 Ar. 
 
 maricha, to be very brisk or joyful. Class 
 
 Mr, No. 10.] 
 
 Social merriment ; hilarity ; high excitement of 
 pleasurable feelings in comjiany ; noisy gayety ; 
 jollity. Mirth differs from joy and cheerfulness, as 
 always implying noise. 
 
 With penial joy to warm tlv sonl, 
 
 Efifhl lU-len mix.il a rmrl*-iii»|iirins l»wl. Pops. 
 
 1 will ciuse to e<-asc the voice of mirth from Judah and Jerusa- 
 
 lem. — Jer. vii. 
 
 MIRTII'FJJL, (murth-,) a. Merry ; jovial ; festive. 
 
 'I'he fei«l was served, the U)wl was crowned ; 
 
 To the kind's ple.^iirc went the mirlh/ul round. Prior. 
 
 MIRTII'FIJI^LY, adv. In a jovial manner. 
 MIRTH'FlJL-NESd, 71. State or quality of being 
 mirthful. 
 
 MIR i'll'LESS, a. ^Vlthout mirth or hilarity. 
 
 MIRTil'LESS-NESS, n. .\bs. nce of mirth. 
 
 MIR'Y,a. [from mii-f.] .\bounding with deep mud ; 
 full of mire ; as, a miry road ; a miry lane. Gay, 
 2. Consisting of mire. Shak. 
 
 MIR'Z.\, n. [Persic Kinir-zadch, son of the prince.] 
 The common style of honor in Persia, when it pre- 
 cedes the surname of an individual. When append- 
 ed to the surname, it signifies prince. Brande. 
 
 MIS, a prefix, denotes error, or erroneous, wrong, from 
 the verb miss, to err, to go wrung, Goth. mLisa : Sax. 
 7ni.<, from mission, to err, to deviate or wander; D. 
 mis,misseni (.i. mis:t, missen ; Dan. mi>, misfcr,- Sw. 
 mis,mista; \V. mSth, » failing, a miss; Fr. mes, or 
 we, in composition ; It. viis. 
 
 MIS-AC-CEP-Ta'TION, 71. The act of taking or uii- 
 derstaiiding in a wrong sense. 
 
 MIS-AD-VEN'TI'RE, 11. Mischance; misfortune ; ill 
 luck ; an unlucky accident. 
 
 2 In law, homicide by misadventure, is when a 
 man, doing a lawful art, without any intention of 
 injury, unfortunately kills another. This is called 
 excusable homicide. Bluckstone. 
 
 MlS-Al)-VEN'Ti;R-f:D, a. Unfortunate. Shak. 
 M1S-.\D-VEN'TL;R-0US, a. Pertaining to misadven- 
 ture. 
 
 MIS-A1)-VIS'£D, a. [See Advue.] Ill advised ; 
 
 ill directed. Johnson. 
 MIS-AF-FE€T', r. «. To di.slike. 
 MIS-AF-FECT'ED, a. Ill-disposed. 
 MIS-AF-FIR.M', r. t. To aflirm incorrcctlv. 
 .MIS AF KIR.M'iD, pp. Affirmed incorrectly. 
 MIS-AI.M'£D, a. Not rightly aimed or directed. 
 
 Sptnser. 
 
 MIS-AL-LEGE', (mis-al-lej',) r. U To state errone- 
 oiislv. 
 
 MIS-.U^LF.G'KD, pp. Stated erroneously. 
 M[S-.\l>-LI'.-G.i"riO.V, n. Erroneous statement. 
 MIS-AL-LT' AXCE, n. Improper association. 
 MI.-i-AL-LT'A.I), n. Ill allied or associated. Burkt. 
 MIS-Al,-l,l)'r'\ir,NT, n. A wrong allotment. 
 .MIS'AN TIlltol'E, In. [Gr. /luni'Uptj-i'j ; piirfai, 
 .MIS-.W THRO I'IST, j loliate.andai'OfitjTof, man.] 
 
 .\ baler of mankind. SwifL 
 MIS-AN-TIIROP'ie, ) a. Hating or having a dis- 
 MIS-AN-TIIROP'IC-AL, i like 10 mankind. fValsh. 
 M1S-.\.\'THR<)-PY, n. Hatred or dislike to mankind; 
 
 opposed to PmnNTHRopr. 
 MIS-.AP-PLI-e.\'TIO.N, 71. A wrong application; an 
 
 application to a wrong person or purpose. 
 M1S-AP-PLI'A"D, pp. Applied to a wrong person or 
 
 purpose. 
 
 MIS-.\P-PL?', r. t. To apply to a wrong person or 
 ptirjiose ; as, to misapply a name or title ; to misapply 
 our talents or exertions ; to miiapply public money. 
 
 MIS-AP-PLf'lNG, ppr. Applying to a wrong person 
 ^ir purpose. 
 
 .MI.S-.\P-PRl-.'CI.A-TED, «. Improperly appreciated. 
 MIS-AP-PRE-HE.\D', v. U To misunderstand; to 
 lake in a wrong sense. l^eke. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 90 
 
 717 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 M[S-AP-PRE-riEND'ED, pp. Not rishtly understood. 
 
 »riS-AP PRE-I1END'I.\G, ppr. Misunderstanding. 
 
 MIS-AP-PUE-HE.\'SIO\, n. A mistaking or mis- 
 take ; wrong apprehension of one's meaning or of a 
 fact. 
 
 MtS-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY, adv. By misapprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 MIS-AP-PRO-PRI-A'TION, n. Wrong appropria- 
 tion. 
 
 MIS-AR-RaN(5E', v. t. To place in a wrong order, 
 or improper manner. 
 
 MIS-AR-Ra.\o'/;D, Placed in a wrong order. 
 
 MIS-AR-Ua\GE'MEi\'T, 71. Wrong arrangement. 
 
 MIS-AR R.XNG'ING, ppr. Placing in a wrong order. 
 
 MLS-AS-eRlBE', v. t To ascribe falsely or errone- 
 ously. Boijle. 
 
 MLS-AS-SlGN', V. t. [See Assign.] To assign erro- 
 neously. Bnyle. 
 
 MIS-AT-TEXD', r. f. To disregard. Milton. 
 
 MIS-BE-eOJIE', (mis-be-kum',) r. t. [See Become.] 
 Not to become ; to suit ill ; not to befit. 
 
 Thy f.ither will not act what misbecomes him. Addison. 
 
 MIS-BE-eOM'ING, (-kum'ing,) ppr. or a. Unseemly ; 
 unsuitable ; improper ; indecorous. 
 
 MIS-BE-eO.M'IXG-LY, adv. In an unsuitable man- 
 ner. 
 
 MIS-BE-eOM'I.XG-NESS, n. Unbecomingness ; un- 
 suitablenoss. Buyle. 
 
 MIS-BE-FIT'TING, a. Not befitting. 
 
 MIS-BE-GOT', ) pp. or a. Unlawfully or irregu- 
 
 MIS-BE-GOT'TEN, \ larly begotten. 
 
 S/itih. Dryden. 
 
 MIS-BE-HaVE', ». i. To behave ill ; to conduct one's 
 si lf improperly ; often useil with a reciprocal pro- 
 noun. 
 
 MIS-BE-HaV'£D, a. Guilty of ill behavior ; ill-bred : 
 rude. Shall. 
 
 MLS-BE-HaV'IOR, (mis-he-hav'yur,) n. Ill conduct ; 
 improper, jude, or uncivil behavior. .SdiUson. 
 
 MIS-IiE-LlEF', 21. Erroneous belief; false religion. 
 
 J\l(vssinger. 
 
 MIS-BE-LIkVE', r. t. To believe erroneously. Shak. 
 MIS-BE-LIeV'ER, 71. One who believes wrongly ; 
 
 one who holds a false religion. Dnjden. 
 MIS-BE-LIeV'ING, ppr. or a. Believing erroneously ; 
 
 irreligious. Sliak. 
 MIS-BE-SEEM', v. t. To suit ill. 
 MIS-BE-PEE.M'ING, ppr. or a. Ill-suiting. 
 MIS-BE-SToW', V. t. To bestow improperly. Milton. 
 JII.S-BE-SToW'i^D, ppr. Bestowed improperly. 
 MIS-RE-SToWING, pp. Bestowing improperly. 
 MIS'BOKN, a. Born to evil. Spenser. 
 MIS-C.VIi'eU-L.Kl'E, v. t. To calculate erroneously. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 RII.S-eAL'eU-LA-TEn, pp. Erroneously calculated. 
 MIS-eAL'eiJ-L.\-TIi\G, ppr. Conmiitting errors in 
 calculation. 
 
 MIS-CAL GU-La'TION, n. Erroneous calculation. 
 MIS-GALL', (mis-kavvl',) v. U To call by a wrong 
 
 name ; to name improperly. 
 MLS-GALL'KD, pp. or a. .Aiisnamed. 
 MlS-GALL'l.N'G, ppr. Misnaming. 
 MIS-GAR'RIAGE, (niis-kar'rij,) Ji. Unfortunate event 
 
 of an undertakmg; failure. 
 
 Whon a cnwnvViT, to s.(ve himsf-lf, 
 
 Woulil l.i> jitiscarruiges upon his prince. Dryden. 
 
 2. Ill conduct ; evil or improper behavior ; as, the 
 failings and miscarriaires of the righteous. Rogers. 
 
 3. The act of bringing forth before the time, but 
 so late that the young are capable of surviving. 
 
 Eiicyc. 
 
 MIS-GAR'RI-f.T), (-kar'rid,) pp. Failed of the intend- 
 ed effect; brought forth prematurely. 
 MIS eAR'RY, I), t. To fail of the intended effect ; 
 not to succeed ; to be unsuccessful ; to suffer defeat ; 
 applied to persons or undertakings^ ami tj> t/iintrs. We 
 say, a project, scheme, design, enterprise, attempt, 
 has miscarried. 
 
 Have you not heard of Frederick, the jreat soldier, who mis- 
 
 carried at f x I .S/iak. 
 My iihii« h.tve all mitrarried. Shale. 
 
 2. To bring forth young before the proper time, 
 hut still at so late a period as to be capable of surviv- 
 ing. 
 
 MI.S-t"AR'RY-ING, ppr. or a. Failing of the intended 
 
 clTect ; bringing forth prematurely. IIos. xx. 
 MIS-GAST', V. t. To cast or reckon erroneously. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 MIS-ex.'*T', pp. Erroneously cist or reckoni'd. 
 MIS CAST', 71. An erroneous cast or reckoning. 
 MIS-GAST'i.N'G, ppr. Casting or reckoning errone- 
 ously. 
 
 MI.S-CEI^LA-N^'Rl-AN, a. [See Mucei.lanv.] Be- 
 longing to miscellanii^s ; of miscellanies. 
 
 MuceUanarian aulhora. Shaftsbury. 
 
 MIH-CF,I/LA\ 1ST, ) n. A writer of niiscclla- 
 MI.-<-CEI,-LA NA'UI-AN, ( nles. Shn/Uhury. 
 MIS'CEL LANE, n. [I,, mrscrllanea.-.] 
 
 A mixture of two or more Horts of grain ; now 
 
 rnllrrt Mr.ii.IT>. Hnmn. 
 M(.S-CEr,-l,A'.NE-OUS, <i. [L. minceUaneiLi, from mLi- 
 
 ceo, to mix.] 
 
 Mixed ; mingled ; consisting of several kinds , as, 
 a miscellaneous publication ; a miscellaneous rabble. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 MIS-CEL-La:'NE-OUS-LY, adv. With variety or 
 mixture. 
 
 MIS-CEL-La'NE-OUS-NESS, 71. The state of being 
 
 mixed ; composition of various kinds. 
 MIS'CEL-LA-NY, 71. fFr. 7nis«(;aiiee« ; Sp. miscela- 
 
 nea; L. miscellanea^ trom misceo, to mix j Ch. and 
 
 Ar. ><0, to mix. Class Ms, No. 7.] 
 
 1. A mass or mixture of various kinds ; particu- 
 Urly, 
 
 2. A book or pamphlet containing a collection of 
 compositions on various subjects, or a collection of 
 various kinds of compositions. Pope. Swift. 
 
 MIS'CEL-LA-NY, a. Miscellaneous. [Obs.] Bacon. 
 MIS-CEi\"TER, ) 71. t. To place amiss. [JVot in tise.] 
 MIS-CEN'TRE, j Donne. 
 MIS-CHANCE', n. Ill luck; ill fortune ; misfortune; 
 mishap ; misadventure. 
 
 It is a man's unhappin 
 fault. 
 
 , his mischance or calamity, but not hit 
 South. 
 
 MIS-eilAR'AG-TER-IZE, v. t. [See Character.] 
 To characterize falsely or erroneously ; to give a 
 wrong character to. 
 
 They tot.ally mischaracterize the action. Eton. 
 
 MIS-CHARGE', V. t. To mistake in charging, as an 
 account. 
 
 MIS-CHARGE', 71. A mistake in charging, as an ac- 
 count ; an erroneous entry in an account. 
 
 MIS-CIIaRG'£D,pp. Charged erroneously. 
 
 MIS'CHIEF, (mis'chif,) n. [Old Fr. me^^chrf; mes, 
 wron^, anil ckef, head or end, the root of ucMcve, Fr. 
 achever.] 
 
 1. Harm ; hurt ; injury ; damage ; evil, whether 
 intended or not. A new law is made to remedy the 
 mischief. 
 
 2. Intentional injury ; harm or damage done by 
 design. 
 
 Thy ton^e deviseth mischief. — Ps. lii. 
 
 3. inconsequence; evil; vexatious affair. 
 
 The 77iisc/iie/waa, these allies would never allow that the com- 
 mon enemy was subdued. Sieifl. 
 
 MIS'CHIEF, V. t. To hurt ; to harm ; to injure. 
 
 Sprat. 
 
 MIS'CHIEF-MaK-ER, 71. One who makes mis- 
 chief; one who excites or instigates quarrels or en- 
 mity. 
 
 MIS'CHIEF-MaK-ING, a. Causing harm ; exciting 
 enmity or quarrels. Rome. 
 
 MIS'CHIEV-OUS, (mis'che-vous,) a. Harmful; 
 hurtful; injurious; making mischief; of persons; 
 as, a mischievous man or disposition. 
 
 2. Hurtful ; noxious ; as, a mischievous thing. 
 
 .^rlmthnoL 
 
 3. Inclined to do harm ; as, a mischievous boy. 
 MIS'CHIEV-OUS-LY, adv. With injury, hurt, loss, 
 
 or damage. We say, the law operates mischievously. 
 
 2. With evil intention or disposition. The injury 
 was done mischievously. 
 MIS'CHIEV-OUS-NESS, 71. Hurtfulness; noxious- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Disposition to do harm, or to vex or annoy ; as, 
 the mischicvoiisness of youth. 
 
 Mischief denotes injury, harm, or damage of less 
 malignity and magnitiule than what are usually 
 called crimes. We never give the name of mis- 
 chief to thijfl, robbery, or murder. And it so com- 
 monly implies intention in committing petty offenses, 
 that it shocks us to hear the word applied to the ca- 
 lamities inflicted by Providence. We say, a tem- 
 pest has done great damage^ but not mischief. In like 
 manner, the ailjective mischievous is not applied to 
 thieves, pirates, and other felons, but to persons com- 
 mitting petty trespasses and offenses. 
 
 MISCH'NA, (mish'na,) 7i. The te.vt of the Jewish 
 Talmud. [See Mishna.] 
 
 MIS-CHOOSE', (mis chooz',) v. U To choose wrong; 
 to make a wrong choice. Milton. 
 
 MIS-ClloS'K.\. pp. Chosen by mistake. 
 
 M1S-('I-HIL'I-TY, n. (Capability of being mixed. 
 
 .MIS'CI-BLE, a. f Fr., from L. misceo, to mix.] 
 
 That m.iy be mixed. Oil and water are not mis- 
 rilile. 
 
 MIS -CT-T^ 'TION, 71. A wrong citation; erroneous 
 
 quotation. Collier. 
 MI."<-CTTE', V. t. To cite ;.-roneously or faKscly. 
 MIS-CTT'EI),pp. UiioIc:d wrong. 
 MIS-CLAIM', 71. A mistaken claim or demand. 
 
 i^are7i. 
 
 MIS-COM-PU-TA'TION.Ti. Erroneous computation ; 
 false reckoning. Clarendon. 
 
 MIS-COM-PuTE', ». t. To compute or reckon erro- 
 neously. 
 
 MIS-COM-PriT'En, pp. Reckimed erroneously. 
 
 MIs eoM-PfiT'INfJ, ppr. Reckoning erroneously. 
 
 MIS-CON-CKIT'. St-e Miscdnckption. 
 
 MIS.eON-CKlVE', t>. (. or i. To receive n false no- 
 tion or opinion of any thing ; to misjudge ; to have 
 an erroneous understanding of any thing. 
 
 To yleM to othen JuBt nn<l rrnnoiiahle caniwi of thoM thinffi, 
 which, for w.uit of liue conHideratlon herelolijre, they liavc 
 misconceived. /looker. 
 
 MIS-eON-CElV'i:D, pp. Wrongly understood; mis- 
 taken. 
 
 MIS-eON-CElV'ING, ppr. Mistaking; misunder- 
 standing. 
 
 MIS-CON-CEP'TION, 71. Erroneous conception ; 
 false opinion ; wrong notion or understanding of a 
 thing. 
 
 Great errors and dangers result from a misconception of the 
 names of things. Harvey. 
 
 MIS-CON'DUCT, 71. Wrong conduct; ill behavior; 
 
 ill management, .^ddiion. 
 MIS-CON-DUGT', v. t. To conduct amiss ; to mis- 
 
 manaue. 
 
 MIS-€6X-ni:'eT', v. To behave amiss. 
 MlS eO.V-DUeT'ED, pp. or a. Ill managed; badly 
 conducted. 
 
 MIS-CON-DUCT'ING, ppr. Mismanaging ; misbe- 
 havin g. 
 
 MlS-CON-JECT'liRE, 71. A wrong conjecture or 
 guess. 
 
 MIS-eON-JECT'TTRE, v. t. or i. To guess wrong. 
 
 MIS-eON-JECT'llR-ZTD. pp. Guessed wrong. 
 
 MIS-CON-SE-CRA'TION, 71. Wrong consecration. 
 
 MIS-eON-STRUG'TION, 71. Wrong interpretation 
 of words or things ; a mistaking of the true mean- 
 ing ; as, a misconstruction of wtnds or actions. 
 
 MIS-eON'STROE, V. t. To interpret erroneously ei- 
 ther words or things. It is important not to miscon- 
 strue the Scripture. 
 
 Do not, great sir, 7mfrconslru< his intent. Dryden. 
 A virtuous emperor was much alilcted to lind his aclious 77ti*- 
 conslrued. Addison. 
 
 MIS-€ON'STRu-KD, pp. Erroneously interpreted. 
 MIS eON'STRU-ER, n. One who makes a wrong in- 
 terpretation. 
 
 MIS-CON'STRU-ING, ppr. Interpreting wrongly. 
 MIS-COiN-TIN'lI-ANCE, 71. Cessation; intermission. 
 
 [Ohs.\ 
 
 MIS-COR-RECT', v. t. To correct erroneously ; to 
 mistake in attempting to correct another. 
 
 He passed the first seven years of his life at Mantua, not seven- 
 teen, as Scalijer miscorrecls his autfior. Dryden. 
 
 MIS-eOR-RECT'ED, pp. Corrected erroneously ; 
 mistaken in the attempt to correct. 
 
 MIS-COUN'SEL, r. «. To advise wrong. Spenser. 
 
 MIS-eOUN'SEL-£D, pp. Wrongly advised. 
 
 MIS-COUN'SEL-ING, ppr. Advising wrongly. 
 
 MIS-COUNT', V. t. To count erroneously ; to mis- 
 take in counting. 
 
 MIS-COUNT', V. i. To make wrong reckoning. 
 
 Bp. Patrick. 
 
 MIS-COUNT', 71, An erroneous counting or number- 
 ing. 
 
 MIS-COUNT'ED, pp. Counted erroneously. 
 
 MIS-COUNT'ING, ppr. Counting incorrectly. 
 
 MIS'CRE-ANCE, ) 71. [See MlscREA^T.] Unbelief; 
 
 MIS'CRE-AN-CY, j false faith ; adherence to a false 
 religion. [Oijf.] Spenser. 
 
 MIS'CRE-ANT, »i. [Fr. m6crinnt ; Norm. mescreau7it ; 
 vtes, wrong, and crcance^ belief, from L. credcns, cre- 
 do.] 
 
 1. An infidel, or one who embraces a false failh. 
 
 2. A vile wretch ; an unprincipled fellow. Jiddison. 
 MIS-CRE-aTE', ) a. Formed unnaturally or illegit- 
 JHS-CRE-aT'ED, \ imately ; deformed. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MIS-CRE-A'TIVE, 0. Tending to wrong creation. 
 
 MIS DATE', 71. A wrong date, [Shelley. 
 
 MIS-DaTE', v. i. To date erroneously. 
 
 MIS DaT'ED, pp. D.ated erroneously. 
 
 MIS-DEED', 71. An evil deed ; a wicked action. 
 
 Evils which our own misdeeds have done. Milton. 
 
 MIS-DEE.M', 7). (. To judge erroneously ; to misjudge ; 
 to mistake in judging. Spenser. 
 
 MIS-DEE.M'KD, pp. Erroneously judged. 
 
 MIS-DEEiM'ING, ppr. Juilging or thinking errone- 
 ously. 
 
 MIS-liE-Mif.AN', 7'. (. To behave ill. .lhak. 
 
 MlS-DE-MiiAN'OR, n. III behavior; evil conduct; 
 fault ; mismanagement. South. 
 
 2. In law, an offense of a less atrocious nature than 
 a crime. It applies to all offenses inferior to felony, 
 and also to all offenses for which the law has not 
 providiMl a particular remeily. Bonder. 
 
 Crimes and misdemeanors are mere synonymous 
 terms ; but, in common nswre^ the wonl crime is made 
 to denote offenses of a deeper and more atrocious 
 dye, while small faults and omissions of less ctmse- 
 quence are comprised under the gentler name of mis- 
 (Iroi ra n ors. BlaelCston e. 
 
 MIS DE RIVE', 71. f. To err in di'riving. 
 
 MIS Di; srnrii'A'D, a. Erroneously described. 
 
 MIS III; SDR T', 71. HI desert. Spenser. 
 
 MIS DE-Vo'TION, 71. False devotion ; mistaken pie- 
 ty. [Little used.] Donne. 
 
 MIS DI'ET, 71. Improper diet or food. [ JVnt 7/.s«/.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 .MIS-DI RECT', r. f. To give a wrong direction to; 
 as, to misdirect a passenger. 
 
 9. To direct tt> a wrung person or place ; as, to 71115- 
 dirrrt a li tti r. 
 
 MIS-Dl-REC T'EI), pp. or a. Directed wrong, or to a 
 wrong person or place. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 718 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 not in M.'fc.l Siditcij. Shak. 
 
 MIS-UOL'UT', ( Jout',) ». Suspicion of cri 
 
 pp, or a. Used to no purpose, or 
 
 MIS-ni-RF.e'r'ING, ppr. Directing wrong, or to a 
 wront; porsoii tir place. 
 
 MIS-DI-ltKe'TION, II. The act of directing wrongly. 
 2. In lai^ an erri>r coiiunitled l)y a judge in charg- 
 ing; the jury, in matters of hiw or of fact. Buuvtcr. 
 
 M1S-I)IS-1'0-SI"TI0.\, (-po-zish'un,) n. Disposiiion 
 to evil. r.Viit in li.vc] Bp. Hull. 
 
 MIS-I)I.S-TI.N"GUISII, (-ting'gwish,) v. L To make 
 wrong distinctimis. Hooker. 
 
 MIS-DO', 0. (. or I. [See Do.] To do wrong ; to do 
 amiss ; to commit a crime or fault. Milton. 
 
 MIS-DO'KIl, n. One who does wrong; one who com- 
 mits a fault or crime. Spen.ier. 
 
 MI.S-I)0'Ii\G, ppr. Doing wrong; committing a fault 
 or crime. 
 
 MlS-Drt'ING, H. A wrong done ; a fault or crime ; an 
 
 ofTenso. L^Estrantre. 
 MIS-nOUBT', ,mis-dout',) r. t. [See Dolrt.] To 
 suspect of deceit or danger. [Jin ill-formed word, and 
 
 Dnjdi'n. 
 crime or ilan- 
 ger. Shak. 
 2. Irresolution ; hesitation. [JVot nsed.'] Shak. 
 !\IIS-nOlJltT'F(JI,, (^Umt',) a. Klisgiving. Spenser. 
 MIS-DKKAO', ('-'dred',) n. Dread of evil. Bp. Hall. 
 Mli»K, (meez,) ji. [Fr. mis, put, laid, pp. of mettrc, L. 
 initio ; Norm, wiivc] 
 
 1. In /iii/i, an issue to be tried at the grand assize. 
 
 2. Expense ; cost. 
 
 3. .\ tax or tallage ; in Wales, an honorary gift of 
 the people to a new king or prince of Wales ; also, a 
 tribute piid, in the countij Palatine of Clustir, at the 
 cimiige of the owner of the earldoms. Knctic 
 
 MIS-EU'li-e.\-TED, a. Educated in a wrong inan- 
 ni r. jVrs. Montag-u. 
 
 MIS-EM-PLOY', i". t. To employ to no pur|K>se, or to 
 a bad purpose; as, to misemploy time, |K»wer, advan- 
 tages, tali iits &c. Locke. Mdiion. 
 
 MI.-<-EM-I'I,OV'£D, 
 to a had one. 
 
 MIS-EM-PLOY'I\G, pjir. Using to no purpose, or to 
 a bad one. 
 
 MIS-EM-l'LOY'MENT, n. Ill employment; applica- 
 tion to no purpose, or to a bad purpose. Hale. 
 MI.-^-EN'TEK-i^l), pp. Entered wrong, as an account. 
 MIS-EN'TllY, n. .\n erroneous entry or charge, as of 
 
 ail account. 
 MI'SEU, II. [L., miser, miserable.] 
 
 1. .\ miserable person ; one wretched or afflicted. 
 [06.<.1 Spevser. 
 12. .\ wretch ; a mean fellow. [04i.] Shak. 
 n. An extremely covetous person ; a sordid wretch ; 
 a niggard ; one who in wealth makes himself miser- 
 able by the fear of jioverty. [This is t/i« only sense in 
 vhick it is now nsed.] 
 
 No BiWor K\iiits by ilyin* miaert ^ven. Pope. 
 MIS'F.R-A-BLE, a. [Fr". miserable, from L. miser,mis- 
 erabilis.] 
 
 1. Very unhappy from grief, pain, calamity, pover- 
 ty, apprehension of evil, or other cause. It, however, 
 expre.sses somewhat less than tcretched, 
 
 WhOLi hopcuMitiif their, mistrabte maal Dryden. 
 
 2. Very poor ; worthless. 
 
 Miterabte comfurlere are ye all. — Job XTi. 
 
 3. Causing unhappiness or miser}'. 
 
 Whal't more miteniUe than discontent I Shale. 
 
 4. Ver>' poor or mean ; as, a miserable hut ; miser- 
 able clothing. 
 
 5. Very poor or barren ; as, a miserable soil. 
 
 (I. Very low or despicable ; as, a miserable person. 
 MTS'ER-A-ULE-NESS, 71. State of misery ; poorness. 
 MIS'ER-A-BLY, adv. Unhappily ; calamitously. 
 
 Tbc fiflli wiw miserttiily »ublj»Ki to death. ^oulA, 
 
 2. Very poorly or meanly ; wretchedly. They were 
 miserably entertained. Sidney. 
 
 3. In misery or unhappiness. 
 MIS-E-RE'RE, n. [L., have mercy.] 
 
 In the Roman Catholic church, the psalm usually ap- 
 pointed for penitential acts, being the 5Ist psalin, 
 which commences with this word. 
 
 MI'SER-1,V, a. [See Miser.] Very covetous; sor- 
 did ; niggardly ; parsimonious. 
 
 MIS'ER-Vi n. fL. mUeria; Fr. misire.] 
 
 1. Great unhappiness ; extreme pain of body or 
 mind. A man siilfers misery from the gout, or from 
 great afflictions, distress, calamity, and other evils. 
 Misery expresses somewhat less than wretchedness. 
 
 Mutry m aj really the fnijl of lice reijninff In the heart, a» uiei 
 arc tlie produce of urea aown in tlic field. J. Ltuhrop. 
 
 2. Calamity ; misfortune ; natural evils which are 
 the cause of misery. 
 
 And mourn the mittrut of human life. Orydtn. 
 
 3. Covetoiisness. [JVo( ujjei] Shak. 
 MIS-ES'TI-MATE, ». ^ To estimate erroneously. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 MIS-ES'TI-MA-TED, pp. Estimated erroneously. 
 J explanation. 
 MIS-L\-POUND', V. u To expound erroneously. 
 
 _„ ^ Hooker. 
 MIJ-EX-PRES'SION, (-presh'un,) n. Enoneous ex- 
 pression. Baxter. 
 
 MIS FALL', (mis-fawl',) v. U To befall, as ill luck ; 
 
 to hafipen to Ullllickil>'. Sf>ensrr. 
 MIS-FALL'£N, (-fawl'ii,) pp. Happened uiiluckily. 
 MIS-FaRE', n. Ill fare ; iiiisfcirtiiiic. Spender. 
 MIS-FaRE', I), i. To be in an ill slate. 
 MIS-FASiriON, I), t. To form wrong. Hiiketcill. 
 MIS-Ff;.\'SAi\CE, ( fS'zans,) >i. [Fr. mes and fai- 
 
 sance, from faire, to do.] 
 
 In law, a trespass ; a wrong done. Rncyc. 
 MIS-FBIGN', (mis-fane',) v. i. To feign with an ill 
 
 tiesign. Spenser. 
 MIS-FOR.M', V, U To make an ill form ; to put in an 
 
 ill shape. Spenser. 
 MIS-FORM-A'TIOJf, 71. An irregularity of formation. 
 MIS-FOR.M'KD, pp. Made of an ill sliajie. 
 MIS-FOU'TU-NATE, a. Producing misfortune. 
 
 //. Taiilor. 
 
 MIS-FOR'TUNE, n. Ill fortune ; ill luck ; calamity ; 
 an evil or crt>ss accident, as loss of property at sea or 
 by tire. 
 
 Consider why the chnn^ waa wrought, 
 
 You'll find it' hia int«/brtune, not bis fault. Addison. 
 
 MIS-FOR'TIIN-£D, a. Unfortunate. MiUon. 
 MIS-GIVE', (mis-giv',) 7!. f. [See Give.] To fill with 
 tloubt ; to tleprive of confidence ; to fall ; usually ap- 
 plied to the heart. 
 
 So doth my heart mitgive me. Shak. 
 His heart jnxtgave liiiii. Addison. 
 
 9. To give or grant amiss. [J^ot in use.] Laud. 
 MIS-GIVING, ppr. Filling with doubt or distrust; 
 failing. 
 
 MIS-GIVING, JI. A failing of confidence ; doubt; dis- 
 trust. 
 
 Doubta, siisplciona, and misgivings. South. 
 MI.=!-GOT'TEN, a. Unjustly obtained. 
 .MIS-GOVERN, (-giiv'ern,) v. t. To govern ill , to 
 administer unfaithfully. 
 
 Solvman citarged hint bitterly that he had misgoosrned the state. 
 
 A'noI'e«. 
 
 MIS-GOVERN-.\NCE, (-giiv'ern-ans,) n. Ill govern- 
 ment ; disorder; irregularity. Spenser. 
 
 MIS-GO VERN-£D, pp. or a. Ill governed ; badly ad- 
 ministered. 
 
 9. Rude ; unrestrained ; as, rude, misgoverned 
 hands. Shak. 
 MIS-GOV'ERN-MENT, 7i. Ill administration of pub- 
 lic affairs. Raleirh. 
 
 2. Ill management in private affairs. Taylor. 
 
 3. Irregularity; disoriler. Sliak. 
 MI.'S-GR.iiFF', v.'l To graft amiss. 
 MIS-GRXFT'ED, pp. Grafted amiss. 
 MIS-GROUND'. J), t. To found erroneously. Hall. 
 MIS-GUID'ANCE, 71. Wrong direction ; guidance into 
 
 error. South. 
 MIS-GUIDE', V. L To lead or guide into error ; to di- 
 rect ill ; as, to misguide the understanding or mind. 
 
 Locke. Pope. 
 
 MIS-GUTD'ED, pp. or a. Led astray by evil counsel 
 or wrong direction ; as, a misguided prince. Prior. 
 
 MIS-GUID'ING, ppr. Giving wrong direction to ; lead- 
 ing into ernir. 
 
 MIS-GUID'ING, 71. The act of misleading. 
 
 MIS-Gini)'ING-LY, ailv. In a way to mislead. 
 
 MIS-I1.\P', 71. Ill chance; evil accident; ill luck; 
 misfortune. 
 
 Secure from worklty chance* and mishaps. Shak. 
 MIS HAP'PEN, r. I. To hapiien ill. Spenser. 
 MIS-Hk.\R', v. u To mistake in hearing. 
 MI.S-IIK.\RD', pp. Heard mistakenly or imperfectly. 
 MISH'.MASII, 71. [Tent, miseh^masch.] 
 
 A mingle, or hotchpt)tch. 
 MISH'NA, 71. [Heb. njo^o, iterated, from n:sr, to re- 
 peat.] 
 
 A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and ex- 
 planations of Scripture, forming the text of the Tal- 
 mud. Miirdock. 
 MISII'NIG, a. Pertaining or relating to the Mishna. 
 
 F.njield. Encyc. 
 MIS-IM PROVE', ( proov',) v. t. To improve to a bad 
 purpose; to abuse; as, to misimprove lime, talents, 
 advantages. 
 
 MIS-IM-PROV'KD, pp. or a. Used to a bad purpose. 
 MIS-IM-PROVE'ME.N'T, (-proov-,) n. Ill use or era- 
 
 ployiiioiil ; improvement to a bail purpose. 
 MIS-LV-FER', V. L To draw a wrong inference. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 MIS-IN-FORM', r. f. To gi\T! erroneous information 
 to ; to communicate an incorrvct statement of facts. 
 
 MIS-IN-FORM-A'TION, n. Wrong information ; false 
 account or intelligence received. Bacon. South, 
 
 MIS-IN-FORM'ED, ;ip. Wrongly informed. 
 
 MIS-IN-FOR.M'ER, n. One that gives wrong inform- 
 ation. 
 
 MlS-I.\-FORM'ING, ppr. Communicating erroneous 
 information to. 
 
 MIS-IN-STRUCT', r. t. To instruct amiss. Hooker. 
 
 M I S- 1. \ -STRUCT' ED, pp. Instructeil amiss. 
 
 MIS-IN STRUCTION, «. Wrong instruction. More. 
 
 MIS-IN-TEL'LI-GENCE, n. Wrong information ; dis- 
 agreement. 
 
 MIS-INTER'PRET, r. t To interpret erroneously; 
 to understand or to explain in a wrong sense. 
 
 .^rbuthnoU 
 
 MIS-IN TER PRET-A'TION, n. The act of iiiler- 
 
 jiri'tiiig ericni-ously. 
 .MIS-lN-TKIt'l'ltE'r ED, pp. or a. Erroneously undcr- 
 
 sloiid or i'V|ilaiiii'd. 
 .MIS-1N-TI;R'PRET-ER, n. One who interprets cr- 
 
 ronroiislv. 
 
 MIS-IN-TER'PIlET-ING.ppr. Erroneously interpret- 
 ing. 
 
 MIS-JOIN', r. f. To join unfitly or improperly. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 
 MIS-JOIN'DER, 71. In /aw, the joining of several dis- 
 tinct deiiiaiiils in a declaration which can not by law 
 be thus uiiitrd. Bouvier. 
 
 MIS-JOI.N'ED, pp. Improperly united. 
 
 MIS-JOIN'I.VG, ppr. Joining unfitly or improperly. 
 
 MIS-JUUGE', (-jiij',) c. t. To mistake in judging of; 
 to judge erroneously, L^Estrange. 
 
 MIS-JUDGE', ( jiij',) r. t. To err in judgment; to 
 form false opinions or notions. 
 
 MlS-JIJDG'f-"l), pp. or a. Judged erroneously. 
 
 MIS-JUDG I.N'G, ppr. Judging erroneously of; form- 
 ing a wrong opiinoii or inference. 
 
 MIS-JUDG'AIENT, 71. A wrong or unjust determina- 
 tion. JIale. 
 
 MIS'KIN, 71. A little bagpipe. 
 
 MIS-KIN'DLE, r. U To kindle amiss ; to infiame to 
 
 a bad pur|)ose. 
 MIS-La 1 1)', pp. Laid in a wrong place, or place not 
 
 recollected ; lost. 
 MIS-LAY', V. t. To lay in a wrong place. 
 
 Tlie fault is ^nerally rnistnid upon nature. Locke. 
 2. To lay in a pl.ace not recollected ; to lose. 
 If the butler be the tc'11'l.ale, mislay a spoun so that be may never 
 find it. Smift. 
 
 MIS-L.^Y'ER, n. One that lays in a wrong pl.ace ; one 
 that loses. Bacon. 
 
 MIS-L.\V'ING, ppr. Laying in a wrong pl.ace, or 
 place not remembered ; losing. 
 
 MIS'LE, (niiz'zl,) v. i. [from mi.st,and properly, Mis- 
 
 TLE.] 
 
 To rain in very fine drops, like a thick mist. 
 
 Oay. Derham. 
 MIS-LkAD', v. L , prff. and pp. Misled. [Sec Lead.] 
 To lead into a wrong way or path ; to lead astray ; 
 to guide into error ; to cause to mistake ; to deceive. 
 
 Trust not gerv:iut8 wlin mislend or tnisinfunn you. Bacon. 
 
 But of the two, li-iis dangero'irt is the olltiise, ' 
 
 To lire our patience, lliaii mistead our sense. Pope. 
 
 MIS-Lf.AD'ER, 71. One who leads into error. 
 MIS-Li£,\D'L\G, ppr. Leading into ciTor ; causing 
 
 to err ; deceiving. 
 MIS-Lf.AD'IN(;, h. a misguiding. 
 MIS-LEARN'EI), ( li ru'ed or -lernd',) a. Not really 
 
 or properly learned. 
 MIS-LEU', pp. of .Mislead. Led into error; led a 
 
 wrong way. 
 
 — To pi»e due li^bl 
 To the misted and luucly traveller. Mdtan. 
 
 MIS'LE-TOE, n. See Mistletoe. 
 MIS-LIKE', r. /. or i. To dislike ; to disapprove ; to 
 have aversion to ; as, to mi^like a man or an opinion. 
 
 Ralegh. Sidney. Mtlton. 
 [For this word Dislike ia" generally used.] 
 MIS-LIKE', 11. Dislike; disappmbatiim ; aversion. 
 .MiS-LIK'f.n, ( likt',) pp. Di>lik. d ; disapproved. 
 MIS-LIK'EK, 71. One that dislikes. 
 MIS-LIK'I.\G, ppr. Disliking; disapproving. 
 .MKS'LIN. See .Meslin. 
 
 MIS-LIVE', (inis-liv'.) e. f. To live amiss. [Obs.] 
 MI.-^-LUCK', II. Ill luck ; misfortune. 
 MIS'LY, a. [See .Misle and Mist.] Raining in very 
 small drops. 
 
 MIS-M.'\.\'AGE, 1'. U To manage ill ; to administer 
 improperly ; as, to mismanage public affairs. 
 
 MIS-M A.N'.AGE, r. i. To behave ill ; to conduct amiss. 
 
 MIS-M.\N'A-Gf.'I), pp. Ill managed or conducted. 
 
 MIS-M.\N'.\GF,-.ME.\T, 71. Ill or improp!-r manage- 
 ment ; ill conduct ; as, the mismanagement of public 
 or private affairs. 
 
 MIS-.MA.\'.\-GER, 71. One that manages ill. Burke. 
 
 MIS-MA\'A GING, ppr. Managing ill. 
 
 .Ml.^-.MARK', V. t. To mark wilh the wrong token ; to 
 mark erroneoiislv. Collier. 
 
 MIS-MARK'KI), ( luirkt',) pp. Wrongly marked. 
 
 MI.-5-.M.\RK'ING, ppr. .Marking erroneously. 
 
 MI.*-MATCII', r. (. To match uiisiiiuihlv. SoiifAcrn. 
 
 MIS .\IATCH'£D, ( niactit',) pp. Unsuitably matched ; 
 ill joined. 
 
 MIS-M.\TCH'I.NG, ppr. Matching in an unsuitable 
 manner. 
 
 MIS-.\1EAS'I;RE, r. I. To measure incorrectly. 
 .MIS-N.aME', r. (. To call by the wrong name. Boyle. 
 M1S-\a.M'/-;D, pp. Called by a wrung name. 
 MIS-.\.A.\I'I.\G,ppr. Calling by a wrong name. 
 MIS-NO'.MER, 71. [Old Fr. 7nM, wrong, and nommer, 
 to name.] 
 
 In lam, the mistaking of the true name of a per- 
 son ; a misnaming. (Missosmeb, as written by 
 Blackslone, must be a corrupt orthography. In no 
 dialect has name, L. nomen, been written with i, un- 
 less bv mistake.] 
 MIS-O-'BE'DI-ENCE, n. Erroneous obedience, or dis- 
 obedience. [jVat used.] 
 
 Milton, 
 
 TONE, ByLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 719 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS-OB-SEIIVE', {-zcrv',) v. U To observe inaccu- 
 rately ; to mistake in observing. Locke. 
 
 MI-SOG'A-MIST,n. [Gr. ;ii«cu, to hate, and j «;<os, 
 nuirria^e.] 
 A hater of marriage. 
 
 MI-SOG'A-iMY, n. Hatred of maiTiage. 
 
 MI-SOO'Y-NIST, (me-soj'e-nist,) n. [Gr. ;;io£!j, to 
 hate, and j "f^, woman.] 
 
 A woman-hater. [ Unusual.] Fuller. 
 
 MI-SO<i'Y-iNY, It. [Supra.] Ilatred of the female 
 sex. 
 
 JIIS-O-PIN'ION, (-yun,) 7U Erroneous opinion. 
 
 Bp. HalL 
 
 MIS-OR'DER, r. «. To order ill ; to manage erroneous- 
 ly. [Obs.] .^scham. 
 9. To manage ill ; to conduct badly. [Obs.] Shale. 
 
 MIS-OR'DER, 71. Irregularity ; disorderly proceedings. 
 [fVeiitnr use Disorder.] Camden. 
 
 M!S-OR'l)Ell-LY, o. Irregular ; disorderly, .^scham. 
 
 MIS-OR-DI-Na'TION. n. Wrong ordination. More. 
 
 MIS-PELL', MIS-PENU', &c. .See Misspell, Mis- 
 spend. 
 
 MIS-PER-SUaDE', (-swade',) r. t. To persuade amiss, 
 or to lead to a wrong notion. Ifiwker. 
 
 MIS-PER-SU-a'SION, (-swa'zhun,) n. A false per- 
 suasion : wrong notion or opinion. Decay of Piety. 
 
 MIS-PICk'f;L, V. Arsenical pyrites ; an ore of arsen- 
 ic, containing this metal in combination with iron, 
 sometimes found in cubic crystals, but more often 
 without any regular form. Fourcroij. 
 
 MIS-PLACE', r. L To put in a wrong place ; as, the 
 book is misplaced. 
 
 2. To place on an improper object j as, he misjilaced 
 his confidence. South. 
 
 MIS-PL.aC'£D, ( plast',) pp. or a. Put in a wrong 
 place, or on an improper object. 
 
 MIS-PL.XCE'MEi\T, n. The act of putting in the 
 wrong" place. 
 
 MIS-PLACING, ppr. Putting in a wrong place, or 
 on a wrong object. 
 
 MLS-PLf.AD', «. i. To err in pleading. BlacLstonc. 
 
 MIS-PLEAD'ING, ppr. Making a mistake in plead- 
 ing. 
 
 MIS-PLEAD'ING, n. A mistake in pleading. 
 MIS-POINT', V. t. To point improperly; to err in 
 
 punctuation. 
 MIS-POINT'ED, pp. Pointed wrong. 
 MIS-POL'I-CY, n. Wrons policy ; impolicy. 
 MIS-PRAC'TICE, 71. Wrong practice. More. 
 MIS-PRINT', V. t. To mistake in |>riiiting ; to print 
 
 wroni. 
 
 MIS-PRINT', «. A mistake in printing ; a deviation 
 
 from the copy. Ch. Obs. 
 
 MIS-PRINT'ED, pp. or a. Erroneously printed. 
 MIS-PRINT'IXG, ppr. Printing wrong. 
 MIS-PRINT'ING, 71. The act of printing wrong; a 
 
 misprint. Barter. 
 MIS-PRISE', V. t. [Fr. meprendre, mepris ; mes, wrong, 
 
 and prendre, to take.] 
 
 To mistake. Sliak, 
 MIS-PRIS'lON, (mis-prizh'un,) 71. [Supra.] Neglect; 
 
 contempt. 
 
 2. In law, any high offense under the degree of 
 capital, but nearly bordering thereon. Mi.-fprision is 
 contained in every treason and felony. Misprisions 
 arc divided into ne^at.ire and positirc ; ncgalive, which 
 consist in the concealmentof something which ought 
 to be revealed ; and positive, which consist in the 
 commission of something which ought not to be 
 done. Mi-rprision of treason, consists in a bare knowl- 
 edge and concealment of treason, without assenting 
 to it. Blaehsti'ne. 
 
 Maladministration in offices of high public trust, 
 is a positive inisprisifltt. Blachstone, 
 
 3. Mistake ; oversight ; contempt. [JVot in uip.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 MIS-PRTZE', «. (. [77!ii and pn'ie.] To slight or un- 
 dervalue. 
 
 O fur those vanishrd tioiirs, so miiclt misprized. Hillhoute. 
 
 MIS-PRO-CEED'ING, Ji. Wrong or irregular proceed- 
 ing. Bacon. 
 
 MIS-PRO-FESS', r. t. To make a false profession ; to 
 make pretennions to skill which is not possessed. 
 
 Dunne. 
 
 MI3-PRO-NOUNCE', (mis-pro-noiins',) v. t. To pro- 
 nounce erroneously; as, to mi.ipronuuncc a word, a 
 name, &c. 
 
 MIS-PRO-NOUNCE', (mis-pro-nouns',) v. i. To pro- 
 nounce incorrectly. Millon, 
 
 MIS-PRO-NOU.\C''/;D,(-pro-nounst',)p;7. Pronounced 
 inc7)rrrrllv. 
 
 MIS.PItO .Nt'N-CI-A'TIO.V, n. A wrong or improper 
 pronunrialion. Sivift. 
 
 MIS-PRO ITjR'TION, r. (. To err in proportioning 
 one tiling to another ; to join without due propor- 
 tion, 
 
 MIS-Pltf) POR'TION-KD, pp. Joined without due 
 propr)rliiin. 
 
 MIS PKOIII)', n. Viciounly proud. [JVo( lucJ.] Sliak. 
 
 MIS-Ui;0-'l'A'TION, 7u An erroneous quotation ; the 
 art of (piotiiig wrong. 
 
 MIS fll/riTE', V. U To quote erroncouiily ; to cite in- 
 correctly. 
 
 MIS 
 
 MIS-QUoT'ED, pp. Incorrectly quoted or cited. 
 Ml.S-ClUoT'ING, ppr. Quoting or citing erroneously. 
 MIS-R.\TE', V, t. To rate erroneously ; to estimate 
 
 falsely. _ Barrow. 
 MIS-RE-CkIVE', v. t To receive erroneously. 
 MIS-RE-ClT'AL, 7i. An inaccurate recital. 
 MIS-RE-CITE', c. (, To recite erroneously. BramhalU 
 MtS-RE-flT'ED, pp. Recited incorrectly. 
 iMIS-RE-t'IT'ING, ppr. Reciting erroneously. 
 MIS-KECK' ON, V. t. To reckon or compute wrong. 
 
 SwifL 
 
 MIS-RECK' ON-JO), (-rek'nd,)pp. Beckoned or com- 
 puted erroneously. 
 
 MIS-RECK' ON-ING, ppr. Reckoning wrong; and 
 as a noun, an erroneous computation. 
 
 MIS-RE-LATE', v. L To relate falsely or inaccurately. 
 
 Bu,/te. 
 
 MIS-RE-LaT'ED, pp. Erroneously related or told. 
 MIS-RE-LAT'ING, ppr. Relating or telling errone- 
 ously. 
 
 MIS-RE-LA'TION, jt. Erroneous relation or narra- 
 tion. Bramhall. 
 
 MIS-RE-MEM'BER, v. t. To mistake in remember- 
 ing ; not to remember correctly. Boyle. 
 
 MIS-RE-MEM'liER-£D, pp. Inaccurately recollected. 
 
 MIS-RE-.MEM'RER-ING, ppr. Remembering inaccu- 
 rately. 
 
 MIS-RE-PoRT', V. U To report erroneously ; to give 
 an incorrect account of. Locke. 
 
 MIS-RE-PoRT', 71. An erroneous report; a false or 
 incorrect account given. Denkam. SouOi, 
 
 MIS-RE-PoRT'EI), pp. Incorrectly reported. 
 
 MIS-KE-PORT'ING, ppr. Reporting incorrectly. 
 
 MIS-REP-RE-SEa\T', v. t. To represent falsely or in- 
 correctly ; to give a false or erroneous representa- 
 tion, either maliciously, ignorantly, or carelessly. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 MIS-REP-RE-SENT-A'TION, 7i. The act of giving a 
 false or erroneous representation. Swifl. 
 
 2. A false or incorrect account given, either from 
 mistake, carelessness, or malice. Merhury. 
 
 JVote. — This word is so customarily used for an 
 eupliewiism, or as a softer expression for lie or false- 
 hood, as to convey the idea generally of intentional 
 falsehood. This signification, however, is not neces- 
 sarily implied. 
 
 MIS-liEP KE-SENT'ED, pp. Falsely or erroneously 
 represented. 
 
 MIS-REP-RE-SENT'ER, 7!. One who gives a false or 
 
 erroneous account. 
 MIS-REP-RE-SENT'ING, ppr. Giving a false or er-. 
 
 roneous representation. 
 MIS-RE-PuTE', !i. t. To have in wrong estimation. 
 MIS-RE-POT'ED, pp. or a. Erroneously reputed. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 MIS-RuLE', n. Disorder; confusion; tumult from 
 insubordination. 
 
 Enormous riot and mierule. Pope. 
 2. Unjust domination. 
 Lord of misrule. See Lord. 
 MIS-RU'LY, a. Unruly ; ungovernable; turbulent. Hall. 
 MISS, 71. [Supposed by Pailey to be contracted from 
 mistress. But probably it is from the .\rmoric inesell, 
 a young lady, or contracted from Fr. demoiselle, Sp. 
 damisola. See Damsel.] 
 
 1. The title of a young woman or girl ; as, little 
 masters and misses. Swifts 
 
 2. A kept mistress ; a prostitute retained ; a con- 
 cubine. Dnjuen. 
 
 [When this title is applied to two or more ladies of 
 the same name, there is a diversity of usage. In con- 
 versation, we say, the MLis Smitlis, and tliis was for- 
 merly the custom in writing, as sliown in the prac- 
 tice of Burke, Boswell, and many others. Of late, 
 it has become customary, in writinrr, to use misses; 
 as, the MLi.ies SmiVt ; and although there is still some 
 diversity, this may be considered as the prevailing 
 usage. Such are the statements of the latest English 
 grammarians. Ed] 
 MISS, r. (. [Sax. Tjitwinn ; D. and G. missen; Sw. 
 mi.ila; Dan. 77ii.<(«r; allied perhaps to L. juitto, viisi i 
 omitto, omisi. But this is not certain. The Welsh 
 has the word in metliu, to fail, to miss, to become 
 abortive, to miscarr>', to decay. See ('lass Md, No. 
 8, 12, 13, 14, Hence the prefix 7«is.] 
 
 1. To fail in aim ; to fail of reaching the object ; 
 not to hit; as, to 7ni.« the mark; lomiss the object 
 intended. 
 
 2. To fail of finding the right way ; to err in at- 
 tempting to find ; as, to miss the way or the road. 
 
 3. To fail of obtaining. 
 
 Orifiilns It'iiniil nothing Init to mu* Parlhcnia. Sidney. 
 
 4. To learn or discover that .something is wanting, 
 or not where it was supposed to be ; as, to miss one's 
 sniiir box ; I missed the first voliiine of Livy. 
 
 Ntfilhfr miteed we any thing. Nothing was misted of all that 
 jirriauK-'d to him. — 1 Sam. xxv. 
 
 5. To bo without ; as, we can not mbs him. [ Obs.] 
 
 Skak. 
 
 G. To omit ; to pass by ; to go without ; to fail to 
 liave ; as, to tiiu^ a meal of victuals. 
 
 Sh<' woiil.l nrvrr mist one iliiy 
 
 A walk so fin.-, a sight so giiy. Prior. 
 
 MIS 
 
 7. To perceive the want of. 
 
 What hy ine thou hast lost, thou least shall snisg. AfUlon. 
 He wlio h-.is a fimi, siitcerc frieud, may wiuit all the rest u iilioul 
 missing then. Soulli. 
 
 8. To fail of seeing or finding. 
 
 MISS, V. i. To fail to hit; to fly wide ; to deviate from 
 the true direction. 
 
 Flying bullets now, 
 To execute his rage, appear too slow ; 
 They miss, or sweep but common souls away. Walter. 
 
 2. Not to succeed ; to fail. 
 
 Men observe when things hit, and not when tliey miss. Bacon. 
 
 3. To fail ; to miscarry, as by accident. 
 The invention all admired, and eacli how he 
 
 To be tlie inventor missed. Milton. 
 
 4. To fail to obtain, learn, or find ; with of. 
 
 On the least reflection, we can not miss o/them. Atterbury 
 
 5. To full ; to mistake. Spenser. 
 MISS, 71. Loss; want. 
 
 Tiiere will be no gre^l miss of tliose which are Inst. Locke. 
 
 2. Mistake ; error. 
 
 He did without any great miss In the hardest points of ffratnmar. 
 [Little used.] Asclia/n. 
 
 3. Harm from mistake. [Ofts.] Spenser. 
 JIIS-SAID', (-sed,) pp. Said wrong. 
 MIS'SAL, 71. [It. jne.^sale ; Fr. missel. See Mass.] 
 
 The Rinnan Catholic mass-book. Stillingflcrt. 
 MIS-SAY', V. t. To say wrong ; to slander. [Little 
 
 itsed.] Spenser. 
 MIS-SaY', v. i. To speak ill. Spenser. 
 MIS-SaY'ING, 71. Wrong expression. Milton. 
 MISS'^D, (mist,) pp. Failed in aim or in reaching 
 
 the object. 
 
 MIS-SEE.M', V. i. To make a false appearance. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. To misbecome. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 MIS'SEL, j 71. A singing bird, the largest of 
 
 MIS'SEL-ETRD, j the European thrushes, Turdus 
 
 viscivorus. ' Kilin. Encyc. 
 
 MIS'SEL-DINE, 71. The mistletoe. [04s.] Barret. 
 MIS-SE.M'BLANCE, 71. False resemblance. 
 
 Spelman. 
 
 MIS-SEND', V. t. To send amiss or incorrectly. 
 MIS-SENT', preL and pp. of Missend. 
 MIS-SERVE', (niis-serv',) 0. (. To serve unfaithfully. 
 
 ..irbuthnot.' 
 
 MIS-SERV'£D, pp. Served unfaithfully. 
 MIS-SHAPE', V. t. [See Shape.] To shape ill ; to 
 give an ill form to ; to deform. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 And liorribly missliapes with ugly sights. 
 A jnisshnped figure. 
 ^lisslLapen mountains. 
 
 BenUen. 
 
 MIS-SHAP'™, (-shapt,) j pp. or a. Hl-forined ; de- 
 MIS-SHAP'£N, (-shap'n,) ) formed; ugly. 
 SHS-SHAP'KN-LY, ado. In a misshapen way. 
 MIS-SHaP'£N-NESS, 71. The state of being badly 
 shaped. 
 
 MIS-SHAP'ING, ppr. Giving an ill shape to. 
 
 MI.S-SllKATH'ir;D, a. Sheathed by ini.stake. S/i«7;. 
 
 MIS'SILE, (mis'sil,) a. [L. mis.-iilis, from missus, sent ; 
 mitto, to send.] 
 
 Thrown or sent, or that may be thrown. A 7111.5- 
 sUe weapon is one that is thrown by the hand, or 
 from an engine in war, in distinction from such as 
 are held or retained in the hand, or fixed. An ar- 
 row, a dart, a javelin, a stone, a bullet, a bomb, are 
 missile weaptuis. 
 
 MIS'SILE, 71. A weapon thrown, or intended to be 
 thrown, for doing execution, as a lance, an arrow, 
 or a bullet. 
 
 MISS'ING, ppr. [from 77iis.t.] Failing to hit, to reach, 
 or to finti ; tliscovcting to be wanting. 
 
 2. a. Lost ; absent from the place where it was ex- 
 pected to be found; wanting. My horse is i/iwiiii^," 
 my pen or my book is missing. 
 
 VoT a time caught up to God, as once 
 
 Most-s was in tlie mount, and missing long. Milton. 
 
 MISS'IN(!-LY, O'/n At intervals ; occasitmiilly. Skal:. 
 MIS'SION, (mish'un,) 71. [L. TJiissio, from mitto, to 
 send.] 
 
 1. A sending or being sent, usually the latter; a 
 being sent or delegated by iiiilhurity, with certain 
 powers for transacting business ; commission ; as, 
 sent on a foreign mission. 
 
 How to bp*in, how to accomplish best 
 
 His end ol being on earth, and mission high. 
 
 Millon. 
 
 2. Persons sent ; any number of persons appointed 
 by authority to perfiirm any service ; particularly, 
 the persons sent to propagate religion or evangelize 
 the heathen. The societies for propagating the gos- 
 pel have missions in almost every couiiirj'. l.ast 
 week a misMOii sailed for the Sandwich Isles. We 
 have tlouK-'stic missions anti foreign missions. 
 
 3. A station of missionaries. 
 
 4. Dismission; discharge from service; a Roman 
 use of the irord ; in Entrlish, obsolete. Bacon. 
 
 a. Faction ; party. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 MIS'SION-A-RY, 11. [Fr. mis.Woiinirc] 
 
 One sent to propagate religion. Christian 7nt.v5ti77t- 
 aries are calliMl missionaries of the cross. 
 
 FATE, FAB, FALL, WHAT METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, DQQK — 
 
 780 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 MIT 
 
 MIS'SION-A-UY, a. I'ertriining lo missions j as, a 
 mi.<.fh>mii-t; lllcoling ; u missionary fiintl. 
 
 MIS'SION'-ATE, i. To act as a missionary. [JVot 
 irtll niitliarizcit.) 
 
 M1S'SI().\-ER, for MusiowAHY, is not used. 
 
 MIS'tfl VE, a. [Fr.] Siicli as is sent ; as, a letter mis- 
 si vr, 
 
 •J. Tlirown or sent, or such as may be sent ; aa, n 
 inissire weapon. Drtjcletu 
 
 JUS'SIVE, 71. A letter sent, or a messenger. 
 
 Bacon. Shah, 
 
 MIS-SPRAK', V. i. [See Speak.] To err or mistake 
 in speak ini;. S/iak. 
 
 MIS iriPKAK', r. To ntter wronp. Domic. 
 
 IMl.-'-SI'ELL', I). I. To spell wrong ; to write or utter 
 with \vrong letters. 
 
 Ml.-^-SI'El.I/SD, i pp. Spelled wrong, or with wrong 
 
 JIIS-SPELT', ! leltiis. 
 
 MIS-Sl'ELL'ING, ppr. Spelling wrong. 
 
 MlS-Sl'ELL'lNG, n. A wrong spelling ; false orthog- 
 raphy. 
 
 MIS-SI'END', V. t. To spend amiss ; to waste or con- 
 sume to no purpose, or lo a bad one ; as, to inisspnid 
 time or money ; to misspend life. Drijdcn. Rogers. 
 2. To waste. 
 
 The p-nml moistiiro duo 
 To apples otherwise tnisspeiids ilsell'. rhiUpf. 
 
 MIS-SPEND'ER, n. One that consumes prodigally or 
 improperly. JVorris, 
 
 MIS-SPEND'ING, ppr. Spending to no purpose, or 
 to a had one. 
 
 Mltf-SPE.N'SE', (niis-spens',) n. A spending improp- 
 erly ; a wasting. 
 
 M1S-8PENT', pp. or a. Ill spent ; expended or con- 
 sumed to no purpose, or to a bad one; as, misspent 
 lime or life. 
 
 M!s-sl'8K''/'"k Uttered or spoken amiss. 
 
 MIS-ST.\TE', u. t. To slate wrong ; to make an er- 
 roneous representation of facts ; as, to mitstate a 
 question in debate. , Sanderson. 
 
 MIS-STaT'ED, pp. State'd erroneously. 
 
 MIS-STaTE'ME.\T, n. A wrong statement; an er- 
 roneous representation, verbal or written ; as, a mis- 
 stjitement of fuels in testimony, or of accounts in a 
 report. Jfamilton. 
 
 MIS-STAT'ING, ppr. Stating falsely or erroneously. 
 
 MlS-STAY'iSD, a. Having missed Slavs, as asliip. 
 
 MIS-SUM-Ma'TIO.\, K. Wrong sununation. Scotl. 
 
 MIST, 71. [Sax. 7niit; U. Tnist; L. 7nutus, 7;ii.<(ii,'>', from 
 inisceo. to 771 iz.] 
 
 1. Water falling in very numerous, but fine and 
 almost imperceptible drops. 
 
 A rniit w R mulUlude of small but solid globules, wliich tli'-refore 
 descend. Greta. 
 
 2. That which dims or darkens, and obscures or 
 intercepts vision. 
 
 tlis piissioii cast a mwf berore his sense. Dn/den. 
 MIST, V. L To cloud ; to cover with vapor. Sliak. 
 MIST, V. i. To rain in very fine drops ; as it mists. 
 
 .America, 
 
 MIST-EX-eUM'BER-i:D, o. Loaded with mist. 
 
 J. Barlow, 
 
 MIS-TaK'A-BLE, a. That may be misconceived or 
 mistaken. Brown. 
 
 MIS-TAKE', V. t. To take wrong ; to conceive or un- 
 derstand erroneously ; to misunderstand or misap- 
 prehend. 
 
 'Tis to mistake them costs the time and pain. Pope, 
 
 2. To take one thing or person for another. 
 
 We mistake the eloquenc« of sclf-apolo^ for the animation of 
 
 coii!>ciuus inteffhly. Buckirunsl^, 
 A nuui may mislnke ihc love of virtue for the prucuc*' of iL 
 
 Jo/inson. 
 
 MIS-TAKE', V. i. To err in opinion or judgment. 
 
 Servants mtAtake, and someliiikes occasion niisundcrvtindin^ 
 among fneuds, Su?(ft. 
 
 MIS-TAKE', 71. An error in opinion or judgment; 
 misconception. 
 
 Iiifalhhility is an absolute s^urity of Uio undcrslondinf from alt 
 possibility of mistake. TUIolson. 
 
 3. A slip ; a fault ; an error. There is a mistake 
 in the account or in the d.ite. 
 
 MIS-TAK'E.\, pp. In the use of this participle, there 
 is a peculiarity which ought to be carefully noticed. 
 When used of persons, it signifies lo be in an error, to 
 be wronfT ; as, lam mistaken, yt)ii are mistaken, he is 
 mistaken. But when used of things, it signifies 7ni,<- 
 ytnderstood, miseonceived ; as, the sense of the pas- 
 »age is mistaken, that is, not rightly understood. 
 2. Erroneons ; incorrect; as, a 7HistaAc7i notion. 
 
 MjS-TAK'KN-LY, adv. By mistake. 
 
 MIS-TAK'ER, n. One that mistakes or misunder- 
 stands. 
 
 MIS-TAK'ING, ppr. Making a mistake j erring from 
 
 the truth ; misconceiving. 
 J'l'^-J^K'ING, n. An error ; a mistake. Hall. 
 J['';-.|^K'J>''G-L.Y, oJc. Erroneously ; falsely. Bovle. 
 Mls-IALGHT', (mis-tawi',) pp. Wrunirlv taught; 
 .I?''.'.?™''''"'?*' >"""'• /.'Estrantre. 
 .Ml.>- 1 KACH , r. t. [See Teach.] To tearh wrong ; 
 
 lo instruct erroneously. 
 
 MI.^-TK.ACII'liS'G, ppr. Instrucliug erroufuusly. 
 
 MIS-TEI.l.', r. t. [See Tei.i..] 'I'o ti ll . rrumously. 
 
 MIS-TE.M'PER, )•. (. To temper ill ; to disorder. 
 
 MIS-TE.M'PEK-f;i), p/i. Tempered ill. [SMi. 
 
 MIS'TER, 71. [The pronunciation of tliis word is prob- 
 ably from the \Vclsh, German, or Uutch dialect. See 
 IMaster.] 
 
 The common title of address lo gentlemen, and to 
 men of all clas.ses. In writing, it is expressed by the 
 abbreviation Mr, 
 
 MIS'TER, V. t. [Sw. 77i«fff.] To be needful or of 
 use. [ Ofc.] 
 
 As for my name, it mistertth not to tell. Spenser. 
 
 MIS-TERM', V. t. To term or denominate errone- 
 ously. Shr.k. 
 
 MIS-TERM'KD, pp. Wrongly denomin.aled. 
 
 MIS-TERM'ING, ppr. Dencuniuating erroneously. 
 
 MIST'I'IJL, a. Clouded with mist. 
 
 MIS-THINK', 17. i. [See Tm.NK.] To think wrong. 
 [Little used.] Sliak. 
 
 MIS-TIIOUGIIT', (-lhawt',) pp. of Misthink. 
 Thought wrong of. 
 
 Adam mitllioughl of lier to thee so dear. MilUin. 
 
 MIST'I-LY, adv. Willi mist ; d.irkly ; obscurely. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 MIS TIME', !'. (. To time wrong ; not to adapt lo 
 the tiuie. 
 
 MIS-TIME', I'. 1. To neglect the proper lime. 
 .M1S-TI.M'/:D, pp. 01 a. Ill-timed; done at a wrong 
 
 lime. , 
 MIS-TIM'ING, ppr. Ill-timing; doing unseasonably. 
 MIST'l-NESS, 71. [See Mist.] A slate of being 
 
 misty ; a state of tiiick rain in very siiiall drops. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 MIS'TION, (inis'cliun,) Tt. [L. mistus, viiztus. See 
 Mix.] 
 
 1. A state of being mixed. 
 
 2. Mixture; a mingling. Boyle. 
 MIS-TI'TLE, V. t. To call by a wrong title or name. 
 MIS-TI'TLKD, pp. Wrongly named. [H'arburtoii. 
 MIS'TLE, (miz'l,) ». i. [from nnVf.] To fall in very 
 
 fine drops, as rain. [See Misle.] 
 
 MIS'TLE-ToE, ) , ,1 N ( 71. [Sax. tnistelta ; Dan. 
 
 MIS'LE-ToE, jUn'Z'-'o.^j jTii^tc/, the same shrub, 
 and birdlime ; G. id.] 
 
 A plant or shrub tliat grows on trees. It is of the 
 genus Viscuin. The berry contains a gltitinous sub- 
 stance, and the shrub is said to be propagati il by 
 birds. This plant was held in great veneration by 
 the Druids. Bacon, Miller. Enetjc. 
 
 MIST'- LIKE, 0. Kesembliug mist. Shuk. 
 
 MIS-Tol.l)', pp. Erroneously told. [See Tell.] 
 
 MIS-TOOK', prct, of Mistake. 
 
 MlS-Tl'lAlN', tj. (. To train or educate amiss. Spenser, 
 MIS-TR.VNS-LaTE', i: t. To translate erroneously. 
 
 Maeknight. 
 
 MIS-TRANS-LST'ED, pp. Erroneously rendered in- 
 to another laniniage. 
 
 MIS-TRANS-LAT'IXG, ppr. Translating incorrectly. 
 
 MIS-TRAi\S-La'TIO.\, 71. An erroneous translation 
 or version. 
 
 MIS-TRi":AT', r. t. To treat amiss ; to abuse. 
 MIS'TRESS, 71. [Fr. maitrcsse ; It. maestra, maestressa ; 
 
 Sp. maestra; L. mairistra; Ir. maigh is trcas. See 
 
 Master.] 
 
 1. A woman who governs ; correlative to Serva st, 
 Slave, or Subject. 
 
 My mistress here lies munlen^d in her bed. Shak. 
 
 2. The fi in.ale head of a family. 
 
 3. That which governs ; a sovereign. Rome was 
 mistress of the world. 
 
 4. One that commands, or has possession and sov- 
 ereignty. The queen is mistress of the Indies. 
 
 3. A female who is well skilled in any thing ; as, 
 she is 77iisfrej;s of aritliinelic. 
 C. A woman teacher ; an instructress of a school. 
 
 Swtft. 
 
 7. A woman beloved and courted. Clarendon. 
 
 8. A woman in keeping for lewd purposes. 
 
 9. A term of contempluoiis atldress. Sliak. 
 MIS'TRESS, V. L To wait Upon a mistress ; to be 
 
 courting. Donne. 
 MIS'TRESS-PIECE, n. A chief performance of a 
 
 woman. Lord Herbert. 
 
 MIS'TRESS-SIIIP, n. Female rule or dominion. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 MIS-TRI'.AL, 71. In law, a trial which is erroneous 
 through some defect in the process or tlie trial. 
 
 Bouvier. 
 
 MIS-TRUST', 71. [Dan. mUriist. Sec Trust.] 
 
 Want of confidence or trust ; suspicion. Milton. 
 MIS-TRUST', v.L [Dan. mi»(rofr; Sw. 7/iijts(ro. See 
 Tbubt.] 
 
 To suspect; to doubt; to regard with jealousy or 
 suspicion. 
 
 Fate her ovn book mUtrutttd at Iho sight. Coieley. 
 MIS-TRUST'ED, pp. Suspected. 
 MIS-TRUST'KIJL, a. Suspicious; doubting ; want- 
 ing confidence in. li'aller. 
 .MIS-TRUST'F};L-LY, adv. With suspicion or doubt. 
 MIS-TRUST'F^L-NESS, n. Suspicion ; doubt. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 .MIS TRUST'ING, ppr. Suspecting; having no con- 
 ftdenci' in. 
 
 MIS-TRU.ST'L\0-LY, adi). With distrust or suspi- 
 rion. 
 
 MIS-TRUST'LESS, a. Unsuspecting ; unsuspicious. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 MIS-Tf'N'iy, r. (, To tunc wrong or erroneously ; to 
 put out of liini'. Skclton. 
 
 MISTON'W), pp. Put out of tune. 
 
 MIS-Tint.N', 7'. f. Topi rvt rl. [A'ot used.] 
 
 MIS-Tfi'TOit, 7\ f. To insiriirt amiss. 
 
 MIS-TO'TOR /CD, pp. Instructed amiss. 
 
 AII.**T'V, a. [frmii »ii.<f.] Overspread with mist ; filled 
 with Very luiiiule drops of rain ; as, misty weather ; 
 a mi.ily iitmosiihere ; a misty night or day. 
 
 Spenser. Pope. 
 2. Dim ; obscure ; clouded ; as, 7ni.<(y sight. 
 
 ML-^-fN-DER-STAND', v. t. To misconceive ; to 
 misttiko ; to take in a wrong sense. 
 
 Locke. .Addison. 
 
 MIP-UN-DER-STAND'ING, ppr. Mistaking the mean- 
 ing. 
 
 MlS-UN-I)HR-STAi\D'ING, 77. Misconception; mis- 
 take of tlie meaning ; error. Bacon. 
 
 2. Disagreement ; ditl'erencc ; dissension ; some- 
 times a softer name for Uuarrel. Swift. 
 
 MIS-lJi\-DER-STOOD', pp. Misconceived ; mistaken ; 
 understood erroneously. South. 
 
 MIS-IJS'AGE, (mis-yuz'aje,) n. Ill usage; abuse. 
 
 MIS-US?E', (mis-yuze'j) v. t. [Fr. mesuser. See Use.] 
 
 1. To treat or use improperly ; to use to a bad pur- 
 pose. Milton. 
 
 2. To abuse ; to treat ill. 
 
 MIS i;SE', (mis-yuse',) 71. Ill treatment ; improper 
 use ; eniployinent lo a bad purpose ; as, the 7ni.vii»e of 
 mercies. .^dduion. 
 
 2. Abuse ; ill treatment. Shak. 
 
 3. Wrong applicatiim ; misapplication ; erroneous 
 use ; as, the rai.<ii,«e of words. Ij)cke. 
 
 MIS-IJS'/;D, (niis-yuzd',) pp. or a. Impropt riy used 
 or applied; misapplied; misemployed; abused. 
 
 MIP-US'ER, 71. In /aui, an unlawful use of a right; 
 or a neglect of using it in a proper manner. 
 
 Boui-ier. 
 
 MI.S-i;s'ING, (inis-yuz'ing,) ppr. Using improperly ; 
 
 abusing 1 misapplying. 
 MI.P- VOUCH', V. t. To vouch falsely. 
 MIS-WEAR', e. f. To wear ill. [Obs.] Bacon. 
 MIS-WED', 1'. t. To wed improperly. 
 ,M1S-WED'DED, pp. in-inalcbed. 
 MIS-WEEN', V. i. To misjudge ; to distrust. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 MIS-WEND', V. i. To go wrong. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 MIS-WRITE', (-rite',) v. t. [See VVrite ] To write 
 
 incorri i tly. Bp. Cosin. 
 
 MIS-WROUGHT', (mis-rawt',) a. Badly wrougliu 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 MIS Y(")KE', V. t. To yoke or join improperly. 
 M1S-YoK'/';D, (-yokt',) pp. Improperly yoked. 
 MI.S-YoK'ING, ppr. Yoking improperly. 
 MIS-ZEAL'OUS, (mis-zel'us,) a. Actuated by false 
 
 zeal. Bp. Hall. 
 
 MITE, 71. [Sax. 77iitc; D. 7717/f; Dan. 771U; Fr. mites 
 
 Hcb. and Ch. isyn, small. Class Md, No. 17.] 
 
 1. A very small insect of the genus Acarus. 
 
 2. In Scripture, a small piece of money, the quarter 
 of a denarius, or about seven English farthings. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. Any thing proverbially very small ; a very little 
 particle or quantity. Dryden. 
 
 4. The twentieth part of a grain. .^rbuthnot. 
 MI-TEL'LA, 71. An herb; the name of a genus of 
 
 herbs of the saxifrage tribe. 
 MI'TER, j 71. [It. and Sp. 77ii<ra; Fr. 77i;trc ; Arm. 
 MI'TRE, i 7niiifr.] 
 
 1. A crown or pontifical ornament worn on the 
 head by archbishops and bishops, and sometimes by 
 abbots, on solemn occasions. /'. Cyc 
 
 2. In architecture, an angle of 45 degrees. OwtlL 
 
 3. In Irish history, a sort of base money or coin. 
 
 F.ncye. 
 
 4. Figuratively, the dignity of an archbishop or 
 bishop, sometimes of an abbot. 
 
 Mi'tRk' I ''''' ^ miter. 
 
 2. To unite at an anele of 45 degrees. 
 MI'TER-HOX, ( n. A frame for cutting off any thing 
 .MI'TRE-UOX, ) at an angle of 45 degrees. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 MT'TFR pn ) 
 
 MI'TRfVoi ' S "''"""S 
 
 2. Honored with the pririlcge of wearing a miter. 
 
 3. Cut or joined at an angle of 45 degrees. 
 MITH'ie. See Mvtiiic. 
 
 MITH'RI-DATE, 71. In pharmacy, an antidote against 
 poison, or a com|)Osition in form of an electuary, stip- 
 (Hised to serve cither as a remedy or a preservative 
 against poison. It takes its name from jVi//iri<iat«, 
 king of I'ontus, the supposed inventor. Encyc. 
 
 MITH-RI-D \T'ie, a. Pertaining to inithridate, or iu 
 inventor, Mitliridales. 
 
 .MIT'I-GA-RLE, a. That mav be miticated. Barrotc- 
 
 MIT'I-GANT, a. [L. mitigaw, miUgo, from 7iuti», 
 mild ; W. mezal, soft) 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJXITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US,— C as K ; <S as J ; » as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
MIX 
 
 MOB 
 
 MOC 
 
 1. Softening; lenient; lenitive. 
 9. Diminisliing ; easing, as pnin. 
 MIT'I-GaTE, v. U [L. mitiifo, from viitii, soli, mild, 
 
 - 
 
 W. mezal, Ir. maotk^ muadh ; Ar. , to be tender 
 or smooth. Class Md, No. 1, 6, 25, 28.] 
 
 1. To alleviate, as siiflering ; to assuage ; to lessen ; 
 as, to mitigate pain or grief. 
 
 And counsel mitigatei tlie greatest smart. Spenser. 
 
 2. To make less severe ; as, to mitigate doom. 
 
 Alilion. 
 
 3. To abate ; to make less rigorous ; to moderate ; 
 as, to mitigate cold ; to mitigate the severity of the 
 season. 
 
 4. To temper; to moderate ; to soften in harshness 
 or severity. 
 
 We could wish Uial the rigor of their optaions were alhyed and 
 militated. Hooker. 
 
 5. To calm ; to appease ; to moderate ; as, to miti- 
 gate the fierceness of party. Spectator. 
 
 G. To diminish; to render more tolerable; as, to 
 mitigate the evils or calamities of life ; to mitigate 
 punishment. 
 
 7. To reduce in amount or severity, as a penalty. 
 
 8. To so.''ten, or make mild and accessible ; in a 
 literal sense. 
 
 It was this opiii 
 \Unustial.\ 
 
 JIIT'I-Ga-TED, pp. or a. Softened ; alleviated ; 
 moderated ; diminished. 
 
 M1T'1-Ga-T1NG, ;)pr. Softening; alleviating ; tem- 
 pering; moderating; abating. 
 
 MIT-I-Ga'T10N, n. [L. mitigatio.'] 
 
 Alleviation ; abatement or diminution of any thing 
 painful, harsh, severe, afflictive, or calamitous ; as, 
 the mitigation of pain, grief, rigor, severity, punish- 
 ment, or penalty. 
 
 ISMT'I-GA-TI VE, a. Lenitive ; tending to alleviate. 
 
 MIT'I-Ga-TUR, 71. He or that which mitigates. 
 
 Mi'TRAL, a. Pertaining to a iiiitt-r ; resembling a 
 miter ; as, the mitral valves of the left ventricle of 
 the heart. Forsijth. 
 
 MI'TRE. See Miteh. 
 
 MlT'Rl-FORM, a. In botany, conical, hollow, and 
 open at the top. P. Cyc. 
 
 MIT'TEN, n. [Fr. mitaine; Ir. mitog ; perhaps from 
 m/itli, the hand.] 
 
 1. A cover for the hand, worn to defend it from 
 cold or other injury. It dilT rs fmin a glove in not 
 having a separate cover for each finger. 
 
 2. A cover for the arm only. 
 
 To handle without mittens ; to treat roughly ; a pop- 
 ular colloqaial phrase. 
 MIT'TE.VT, a. [L. mittens, from mitto, to send.] 
 
 Sending forth ; emitting. [J^ut used,] fViscman. 
 MIT'TI-.\1US, ji. [L., \vi; send.] In /am, a precept or 
 command in writing, under the hand, or hand and 
 seal, of a justice of the peace or other proper officer, 
 directed to triie keeper of a prison, letpiiring him to 
 imprison an olfender; a wanant of commitment to 
 prison. 
 
 2. A writ for removing records from one court to 
 another. Brande. 
 
 MITTS, n. pi. Mittens ; particularly, a covering for the 
 hand or arm only, and not for the ringers. JkCulloch. 
 
 MI'TLT, K. A fowl of the turkey kind, found in 
 Brazil. 
 
 MI'TV, a. [from mite.] Having or abounding with 
 mites. 
 
 MIX,!), t. ; pret. and pp. Mixed or Mixt. [Sax. miscan ; 
 G. mischen ; Sj). tnccer ; Fort, meter, to stir, shake, 
 mix; Ij. misceo, mitturn ; It. misch tare i Ir. vieasgadh ; 
 \V. mysga ; Arm. gemcsga ; Russ. meshayu. The 
 0». piivuu forms pi^u. These words seem to coin- 
 cide with the Heb. and Ch. ^D?D, and Ar. ^vd^ 
 
 mashaga,lo mix. The Sanscrit misra^to mix, may 
 be the same word. The radical sense is, probably, to 
 stir, shake, or agitate.] 
 
 1. To unite or blend promiscuously two or more 
 ingredients into a mass or compound ; applied both 
 tu solids and liquids ; as, to mix flour and salt ; to 
 mil wines. 
 
 2. Ti'join; toassociate; to unite with in company. 
 
 Kphraim, he lialh mixed himself unioiig the people. — llu». vii. 
 
 .'!. To join ; to mingle. 
 
 You ttUx yuur K^tihtcw witti »oiric f-:ar. Stutk. 
 
 4. To unite with a crowd or miiltifiide. 
 MIX, P. i. 'I'o become united or blended promiscuously 
 In a muss or conipoiind. Oil and water will not inu 
 without till; intervention of a third suhstanci!. 
 
 2. To Le joined or iissocialed ; us, to mix with the 
 multitude, or to mil. in Hociety. 
 MIX'A liI.E, a. (.'apahle of lii ing mixed. 
 MIX'/'Jl), (miknt,) pp. United in a promiscuous mass 
 orcoiiipcund ; blended ; joined ; mingled ; asiiociati'd. 
 
 2. a. rroiiiiHCUoUM ; consisling iif varioUM kinds or 
 different ihingH ; as, a miztd multitude. 
 
 MIX'ED-LY, ado. la a mingled, promiscuous man- 
 ner. 
 
 MIX'/;N, n. A compost heap. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 MIX'ER, )i. .One who mixes or mingles. 
 
 MIX'ING, ppr. Uniting or blending in a mass or com- 
 pound ; joining in company ; associating. 
 
 MIX-Tl-LIN'E-AL, ( a. [L. mi.c£«i, mixed, and /mea, 
 
 MIX-TI-LIN'E AR, j line.] 
 
 Containing a mixture of lines, right, curved, &c. ; 
 as, a miiulincar angle, i. e., an angle contained by a 
 straight line and a curve. Duncan. 
 
 MIXT'ION, (mixt'yun,) n. [Ft. ; from L. mixtus.] 
 Mixture ; promiscuous assemblage. Brown. 
 
 MIXT'LY, adv. With mixture. Baoon. 
 
 MIXT'URE, (inixt'yur,) ii. [L. miitura.] 
 
 1. The act of mixing, or state of being mixed. 
 Compounds are made by the mixture of different 
 substances. 
 
 2. A mass or compound, consisting of different 
 ingredients blended without order. In this life there 
 is a mixture of good and evil. Most wines in market 
 are base mixtures. 
 
 3. The ingredient added and mixed. Cicero 
 doubted whether it is possible for a community to 
 exist without a prevailing mixture of piety in its 
 constitution. 
 
 4. In pharmacy, a liquid medicine which receives 
 into its composition not only substances soluble in 
 water, but substances not soluble. Encyc. 
 
 5. In chemistry, mixture differs from combination. 
 In mere mixture, the several ingredients are blended 
 without an alteration of the substances, each of 
 which still retains its own nature and properties. In 
 strict combination, the substances unite by chemical 
 attraction, and, losing their distinct properties, they 
 form a compound, difi'ering in its properties from 
 either of the ingredients. 
 
 MIZ'MaZE, n. A cant word for a maze or labyrinth. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 MIZ'ZEN, (miz'n,) n. [It. mezzana, mizzen, that is, 
 middle, from mezzo, middle, half.] 
 
 In sea language, the aftermost of the fixed sails of 
 a ship, extended sometimes by a gaff, and sometimes 
 by a yard which crosses the mast obliquely. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 MIZ'ZJUX-MAST, 71. The mast which supports the 
 
 aftersails, and stands nearest to the stern. 
 MIZ'ZLE, v. i. To rain in very fine drops. [See 
 
 MisTLE.l Spenjier. 
 MIZ'ZLING, ppr. or a. Falling in very fine drops ; 
 
 .as, mizzling rain. Spenser. 
 MIZ'ZY, 71. A bog or quagmire. Minsworth. 
 M.\E-MO.\'I€, (ne-inou'ik,) a. [Infra.] Assisting 
 
 tlie memory. 
 
 MNE-MON'ieS, 71. [from Or. pvnpoviKos, from 
 pi'uofitit, to remember.] 
 
 The art of memory ; the precepts and rules in- 
 tended to teach the method of assisting the memory. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 MNE-MOS'Y-NE, 71. [Gr.] In mythology, the god- 
 dess of memory. 
 
 MNk'MO-TECH-NY, 71. [G. ^1'7,/icji' and «x>";-] The 
 same as Mnemonics. 
 
 Mo, a. or ado. [Sax. ma ; Scot, ttm.] 
 
 More. [OAs.] Spaiser. 
 
 Mo.-\N, v. t. [Sax. mtpnan ,■ to moan, also to mean, in- 
 tend, signify. The primary sense is, to reach or 
 stretch forward, or to throw out.] 
 
 To lament ; to deplore ; to bewail with an audible 
 voice. 
 
 Ye floods, ye woods, ye echoes, moan 
 My dear Culumbo dead iiii'l l'"'"' Prior, 
 MoAN, V. i. To grieve ; to make lanieulutious. 
 
 UnpiUed and unheard, where misery moan*. Thomson. 
 MoAN, ji. Lamentation ; audible expression of sor- 
 row or suffering ; grief expressed in words or cries. 
 StiUei) monns. 
 
 Hollow groans. Pope. 
 
 MoAN'Kr),pp. Lamented; deplored. 
 
 MoA.N'FlJL, o. Sorrowful ; expressing sorrow. 
 
 I\ldAN'Ft)L-LY, arfi). With lamentation. 
 
 MoAN'lNG, yi/ir. Lamenting; bewailing. 
 
 MoAT, 71. (Ir. 77io(a ; Sp. id.; Fr. motte. The word 
 signifies a bank or mound, that is, a mass or collec- 
 tion. This sense is transferred to the ditch adjoin- 
 in;;, as dike is transferred to the bank.] 
 
 In fortijication, a ditch or deep trench round the 
 rampart of a castle or other fortified place. It is 
 soiiietinies filled with water. Encyc. 
 
 Mo.\T, V. t. To surround with a ditch for defense ; 
 as, a moated castle. Drydcn. 
 
 MOU, 71. [from L. mobilis, movable, variable.] 
 
 1. A crowd or promiscuous multitude of people, 
 rude, tuniultuoiis, and disorderly. 
 
 2. A disorderly assembly. 
 
 Had every Athenian ciljz^'ii liern a Socrates, every Atheniio 
 afc*c'iiil)ly would still have lieen a mob. 
 
 ycdsrtitiHt, t^ltidison, 
 
 3. A kind of female undress for the head. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 MOIl, 1'. t. To attack in a disorderly crowd ; to harass 
 tuiiiultiKiusly. 
 2. To wrap up in a cowl or vail. 
 
 MOIi'B£D,pp. Attacked by a disorderly crowd. I 
 M0I!'B1.\(J, j)pr. Attacking in a disorderly crowd. | 
 MOB'BISII, a. Like a mob ; tumultuous ; mean ; 
 MOB'CAP, 71. [D. mop.] [vulgar. 
 
 A plain cap or head-dress for females. 
 Mo'BlLE, (mo'bil,) a. [Fr.] Movable. [.Vot %Lsed.] 
 Mo'BILE, (mS'bil,) n. [Fr., from L. mobilis.] 
 
 The mob ; the populace. South. 
 MO-BlL'l-TY, 71. [Fr. mobilite ; L. mobilitas, from 
 mooeo, to move.] 
 
 1. Susceptibility of motion ; capacity of being 
 moved. Wotton. 
 
 2. Aptitude to motion; activity; readiness to 
 move. Jlrbuthnot 
 
 3. In eant language, the populace. Drydcn. 
 
 4. Fickleness ; inconstancy. Ainswurth. 
 MOB'LE, V. t. To wrap the head iff a hood. Shak. 
 MOB'L£D, pp. or a. .Muffled ; covered with a coarse 
 
 or careless head-dress. Sliak. Tonne. 
 
 MOC'CA-SIN, 71. [An Indian word. Algonquin, 
 mukisia.] 
 
 1. A shoe or cover for the feet, made of deer-skin 
 or other soft leather, without a sole, and ornamented 
 on the upper side ; the customary shoe worn by the 
 American Indians. 
 
 2. A poisonous water serpent of the Southern 
 United States, ttie Trifronocephalus piscivorus. 
 
 MO'CHA-STONE, 71. [from Mocha, in Arabia.] 
 
 Dendritic agate ; a mineral in the interior of tvhicli 
 appear brown, reddish-brown, blackish or green di;- 
 lineations of shrubs destitute of leaves. These, in 
 some cases, may have been produced by the filtration 
 of the oxyds of iron and manganese ; but, in other 
 cases, they appear to be vegetable fibers, sometimes 
 retaining their natural form and color, and sometimes 
 coated by oxyd of iron. Clcticelaud. 
 
 MOCK, V. t. [Fr. moquer ; Gr. /itoKaio ; W. mociaw, to 
 mock, and 71101;, a mimic ; Ir. magatlh or mogadh, a 
 mocking ; Ch. and Syr. piD. Class Mg, No. 10.] 
 
 1. Properly, to imitate ; to mimic ; hence, to imi- 
 tate in contempt or derision ; to mimic for the sake 
 of derision ; to deride by mimicry. 
 
 2. To deride ; to laugh at ; to ridicule ; to treat 
 with scorn or contempt. 
 
 As he was going up by the way, there came forth little children 
 out of the city, and mocked him, saying, Go up, thou tald 
 head. — 2 Kings ii. M.irk x. 
 
 3. To defeat; to illiide ; to disappoint ; to deceive; 
 as, to mock expectation. 
 
 Tliou hast mocked nie, and told me lies. — Juilges xvi. 
 
 4. To fool ; to tantalize ; to jilay on in contempt. 
 
 He will not 
 
 Mock us with his blest sight, then snatch him hence. Milton. 
 
 MOCK, T. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest, or 
 to speak jestingly. 
 
 Whf n thou mockest, shall ao man make thee ashamed f — 
 Job xi. 
 
 MOCK, 71. Ridicule; derision; sneer; an act mani- 
 festing contempt. 
 
 Fools mal{e a mock at sin. — Prov. xiv. 
 
 What sliall be the portion of those who make a mock at every 
 thing sacred ? Tillolson. 
 
 2. Imitation; mimicry. [Little used.] Crashatc. 
 MOCK, a. False; counterfeit; assumed; imitating 
 reality, but not real. 
 
 That superior greatness and Tnocit: majesty. Spectator. 
 MOCK'A-BLE, a. Exposed to derision. [Little used.] 
 
 Shale. 
 
 MOCK'AGE, 71. Mockery. [JVot iLscd.] Elijut. 
 
 MOCK'£13, (mokt,) pp. Imitated or mimicked in de- 
 rision ; laughed at ; ridiculed ; defeated ; illuded. 
 
 MOCK'ER,7i. One that mocks ; ascorner; nsrofli r; 
 a derider. South. 
 2. A deceiver ; an impostor. 
 
 MOCK'ER-Y, 71. The act tif deriding and exposing 
 to contempt, by mimicking the words or actions of 
 another. 
 
 2. Derision; ridicule; sportive insult or contempt ; 
 contemptuous merriment at persons or things. 
 
 Grace at meals is now generally so p*Tfonne(t .as to look more 
 like mockery upon tTevotiun, than any solemn application of 
 the mind to God. Law, 
 
 3. Sport ; subject of laughter. 
 
 Of the holy place they made a mockery, Maccabees, 
 
 4. Vain imitation or effort ; that which deceives, 
 disaii|ioints, or frustrates. 
 
 It is as the air, invuliiervble, 
 
 And our vain blows malicious tnockery. Sliak. 
 
 5. Imitation ; counterfeit appearance ; false show. 
 
 And bt'ar about the mockeiy of woo 
 
 To inidiiighl dances. Pope. 
 
 MOCK'INtJ, ppr. Imitating in contempt ; mimicking ; 
 ridiculing by mimicry ; treating with sneers and 
 scorn ; ili feating ; deluding. 
 
 MOCK'ING, 71. Derision; insult. 
 
 MOCK'l.\(!-BIl!l), II. An American singing bird of 
 the thrush kinil, remarkable for its exact imitatit lis 
 of tlii^ notes of other birds ; the Tardus poiygloltiu 
 of l.inilieiis. H'il.ton. 
 
 MOCK'INU-LY, ado. By way of derisitm ; in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 ^ - 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
MOD 
 
 MOD 
 
 MOD 
 
 IMOfK'ING-STOrK, n. A butt of sport. 
 
 M()("K'-I.l",\l), (-led,) j n. A sulpliiiret of zinc, tlie 
 MOCK'-oUr., i siiini" as I!lf.nd, which yi'f. 
 
 Jl(JL"K'-l)U'A.\'C;i:, H. A shrub of tlie genus I'iiila- 
 
 (It'lphiis, or svriri!!a kind. 
 .MOCK'-PIUV'ET, «. A slirub of tho genus Phil- 
 
 Ivrca. 
 
 M6'eO, n. A South .Amcriran rodent quadruped, of 
 tliu genus Kerudoii, allied to tlie Guinea pig. 
 
 F. Ciivirr. 
 
 Mo'DAL, n. [Sec SIode.] Cimsistins in mode only ; 
 relating to form; having the form uiiliont the es- 
 sence or reality ; as, the muilal diversity of the fac- 
 ulties of the soul. Gliiiirillc. 
 
 MO-DA l/I-TY, n. The quality of being modal, or 
 lieins in form only. 
 
 MtlDE, n. [I'V. mode; L. mtxliis ! Sp. and Ft. morfo ; 
 \\'. mui ; Ir. moilh ; Sax. mrtc, acmct or ffcmelt, from 
 metan, •remclan, to mcot, to find, to measure or mftc, 
 L. mctiur. The primary sense of moile is measure, 
 hence form. Jtca.iure is from extending, the extent ; 
 hence a limit, and hence the derivative sense of re- 
 straining. !<ee Meet and Measlmie.] 
 
 1. .Manner of existing or being ; manner; method; 
 form; fashion; custom; way; as, the ram/f of speak- 
 ing ; the mode of dressing; modes of receiving or en- 
 tertaining company. 
 
 The duty of iurif ticing resolved on, llic mode of doinr it may 
 be e.isily fuun4. Tat/tor. 
 
 It is applicable to particular acts, or to a scries of 
 acts, or to the conunon usage of a city or nation. 
 One man has a particular mode of walking ; another 
 has a singular mode of drt^saing his hair. We find it 
 necessary to conform in some measure to the usual 
 vtodes of dress. 
 
 2. Gradation ; degree. 
 
 Wb.xl nuxUt'ot nijjlil Ijctwccii each wiJe extrrnie I Pope. 
 
 3. State; quality. Slialc. 
 
 4. [n metaplnjsies, the dependence or affection of a 
 substance. Such comjilex ideas as contain not in 
 them the supposition of subsisting by themselves, 
 but are considered as dependencies or affections of 
 substances, Locke calls modc.t. Of these he makes 
 two kinds ; simiile modes, which are only variations 
 or different condiinations of tlie same idea, as a dozen, 
 \\ hii h consists of so many units added together ; and 
 mijid modes, which are compounded of sim|)le ideas 
 of several kinds, as beautij, which is compounded of 
 color and figure. 
 
 A modt i» tliiil which cm not snbsixt in and of iUf If, but is es- 
 b-eniftl tvi Ix-Uw^iis; to and siilisisliiii; liy ill-' liolp of Home 
 BUlHtmce, which lor lh.\t le.ison is c;dled its subject. Walls. 
 
 a. In ancient music, the order of tho sounds, form- 
 in*; u h.at may he c:illed.'in modern langua:;c, the dif- 
 ferent .scales. In modern music, a scale of intervals ; 
 the same as Keit. P. Cyc. 
 
 6. In frranimar, a particular manner of conjugating 
 ver!>s to ex|iress manner of actiiui or biuuE, as atfirm- 
 alion, coinmand, condition, and the like; usually, 
 though unfortunately, written Moon. Mood is a 
 word of different signification. [See Moou.] 
 
 7. A kind of silk. 
 
 MOO' EL, n. [Pr. modrlle ; L. modulus, from modus, a 
 measure, rule, or manner.] 
 
 I. .\ pattern of something to be made ; any thing 
 of a particular form, shape, or construction, intended 
 for imitation ; primarilij, a small pattern ; a form in 
 mini.alure of sonnthini to be made on a larger 
 scale ; as, the model of a building ; the model of a 
 fort, 
 
 3. A mold ; something intended to give shape to 
 castings. Shak. 
 
 3. Pattern ; example ; as, to form a government 
 on the model of the British or .Vincrican constitution. 
 
 4. Standard ; that by which a thing is to be meas- 
 ured. 
 
 He thtt despairs mcisnres Providence by his own conlmcteil 
 nvyUl. South. 
 
 5. In painting and sculpture, that which is to be 
 copied or imitated, as the naked human form. 
 
 6. A pattern ; any thing to be imitated. Take 
 Cicero, Lord Chatham, or Burke, a.s a model of elo- 
 quence ; take Washington as a model of prudence, 
 Integrity, and patriotism ; above all, let Christ be the 
 model of our benevolence, humility, obedience, and 
 patience. 
 
 7. .\ copy ; representation; somethini made in im- 
 itation of real life ; as, anatomical models, represent- 
 ing the parts of the body. General Pfiffer constructed 
 n model of the mounminous p,Trts of Switzerland. 
 
 MOD'EL, r. (. [Fr. modeler.] 
 
 To plan or form in a particular manner ; to shape ; 
 to imitate in planning or forming; as, to moilel a 
 house or a u'overiiment ; to moilel an edifice accord- 
 ing to the plan deline.tted. 
 
 MOD'EL, r. (. or i. In the fine arts, to make a pattern 
 from which some work is to be executed. .Mso, to 
 form a work of some plastic material ; as, to model in 
 
 WILX. 
 
 MOO'EL-KI), pp. Formed according to a model ; 
 planned ; shaped ; formed. 
 
 MOn'EIi-EK, n. A planner; a contriver. Spectator. 
 
 MOD'EL-I.N'C, ;>;ir. Forming according to a model ; 
 planning ; forniiii!; ; shaping. 
 
 MOU'EI>-l\G, II. In the fine arts, the making of a 
 moilel from which a work of art is to lie exi ciili d 
 Also, the formation of a work of art from some pl.os 
 tic material ; as, the modeling of a couiiti'iirinre in 
 wax. Br'indr. 
 
 MO-Di'c'NA, 71. A crimson-like color. Good. 
 
 MOD'EK-ATE, a. [L. modcratus, from modcror, to 
 limit, from modus, a limit.] 
 
 1. ii/cru//;/, liinitril ; restrained ; hence, temperate ; 
 observing ri'asonalile bounds ill indulgence ; as, mod- 
 crate in eating or drinking, or in other gratifications. 
 
 2. Limited in rpiantity ; not excessive or expensive. 
 He keeps a inoilertite table. 
 
 3. Restraiiieil in passion, ardor, or temper; not vi- 
 olent ; as, moderate men of both parties. 
 
 4. Not extreme in opinion ; as, a moderate Calvin- 
 ist or Lutheran. 
 
 5. Placed between extremes ; holding the mean or 
 middle place ; as, reformation of a moderate kind. 
 
 6. Temperate ; not extreme, viident, or rigorous ; 
 as, moderate wi^atlier ; a moderate winter; moderate 
 heat ; a moderate breeze of wind. 
 
 7. Of a iniildle rate ; as, men of moderate abilities. 
 
 8. Not swift ; as, a moderate walk. 
 MOD'ER-A'l'E, t'. (. To restrain from excess of any 
 
 kind ; to reduce from a state of violence ; to lessen ; 
 to allay ; to repress ; as, to moderate rage, action, de- 
 sires, &c. ; to moderate heat or wind. 
 
 2. To temper ; to make temperate ; to qualify. 
 
 By its nstiingent quality, it moderalee tlic itrhLxin? quality of 
 warm water. Arbuthnot. 
 
 MOD'ER-aTE, v. i. To become less violent, severe, 
 rigorous, or intense. 1'lie cold of winter usually 
 moderates in March ; the heat of sumiiier moderates in 
 September. 
 
 2. To preside in a meeting. Smart. 
 
 MOI)'ER-A-TED, pp. Reduced in violence, rigor, or 
 intensity ; allayed ; lessened ; tempered ; qualified. 
 
 .MOD'ER-ATE-LY, ado. Temperately ; mildly ; with- 
 out violence. 
 
 2. In a middle degree ; not excessively ; as, water 
 moderately warm. 
 
 Each nymph but moderately fair. Walter. 
 
 MOn'ER-.VI'E-NESS, n. State of being moderate; 
 tempcrateness ; a middle state between extremes ; 
 as, the moderateness of the weather; used commonly 
 of t/iiufrs, as moderation is of persons. Johnson. 
 
 MOD'ER-.\-TING, p/>r. Reducing in violence or ex- 
 cess; allaying ; tempering; becoming more mild. 
 
 MOD-ER-A'TION, n. [L. moderatio.] 
 
 1. The state of being moderate, or keeping a due 
 mean between extremes or excess of violence. The 
 general's vioderation after victory was more lionura- 
 ble than the victory itself. 
 
 In miyleralion niacin^ all my fflory, 
 
 While tories call me wlii^, and whigs a tory. Pope. 
 
 2. Restraint of violent passions or indulgence of 
 appetite. Eat and drink with moderation; indulge 
 with moderation in pleasures and exercise. 
 
 3. Calmness of mind; equanimity; as, to bear 
 prosperity or adversity with moderation, 
 
 4. Frugality in expenses. .^intncortA. 
 J\10I)-E-BA''1'0, [It.] In mitsic, denoting movement 
 
 between andante and allegro. 
 MOD'ER-A-TOR, n. He or that which moderates or 
 ri>strains. Contemplation is an excellent moderator 
 of the passions. 
 
 2. The person who presides over a meeting or as- 
 sembly of people to preserve order, propose ques- 
 tions, regulate the proceedings, and declare the vote ; 
 as, the moderator of a town meeting, or of a society. 
 
 IVatts. 
 
 3. In the English vniversities, one who 8U)>erin- 
 tcnds the exercises and disputations in philosophy, 
 and the examination for the degree of D. A. 
 
 Cam. Cat. 
 
 MOD-ER-a'TOR-SIHP, 7u The office of a moderator. 
 
 Kliiot. 
 
 MOn'ERN, a. [Fr. modeme ; It. and Sp. moilenw. 
 This word seems to be formed from L. mpt/o, and em, 
 which we find in other Latin words tli.at have refer- 
 ence to time, as in hodiernus, hestrrnus.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the present time, or time not long 
 past; late; recent; not ancient or remote in past 
 time; as, modern d.ays, ages, or time; modem au- 
 thors; mot/cr/i fashions ; modern taste; modern prac- 
 tice. Bacon. Prior, 
 
 2. Common ; moan ; vulgar. [JVot i<..e</.] Shak. 
 .MOD'EIl.N, n. A person of modern times ; opposed 
 
 to an .A NCI EXT. 
 
 The moderns are those of modern nations, or of 
 nations which arose out of the ruins of the empires 
 of Greece and Rome, the people of which are called 
 the ancients. Smart. 
 .MOI)'ER.\-ISM, n. Modem practice ; something re- 
 cently formed, iKiniciilarly in writing. Su'ift. 
 MOD'ER.N IST, n. One who admires the moderns. 
 
 Suifi. 
 
 MOD'ERN-IZE, r. t To render modem ; to adapt 
 ancient compositions to modern persons or things, or 
 
 rather to ada^it the ancient style or idiom to modern 
 
 style and taste. 
 JIOD'ERN-IZ-f.D, pp. or a. Rendered conformable to 
 
 modi rn usage or style. 
 MOI)'ER\-I'/-ER, n. He that rendi rs modern. 
 MOD'KRS 17, ISC, ppr. U. ndi ring modern. 
 MOD'EKN-LY, ado. In modern limes. [JVot in vse.] 
 
 Milton, 
 
 MOD'ERN-NESS, M. The tpiality of being modern; 
 
 recentness ; novelty. 
 MOD'IC-iT, a, [Tr. modeste; L. modestus, from modus, 
 
 a limit.] 
 
 1. Properly, restniiiicd by a sense of propriety ; 
 hence, not forward or bold ; not presumptuous or ar- 
 rogant ; not boastful ; as, a modest youth ; a modest 
 man. 
 
 2. Not bold or forward ; as, a modest maid. The 
 word may be thus used without reference to chas- 
 tity. 
 
 The blushing beauties of a moJeit maid. Drylen. 
 
 3. Not loose ; not lewd. 
 
 • Mrs. Toni, the honest woman, tlic mofUst wife. Shak. 
 
 4. Moderate ; not excessive or extreme ; not e.T- 
 travagant ; as, a modest request ; modest joy ; a mod- 
 est computation. .^ddi.ion, 
 
 MOD'EST-LY, ade. Not boldly ; not arrogantly or 
 presumptuously ; with due respect. He modestlij ex- 
 pressed his opinions 
 
 2. Not loosely or wantonly ; decently ; as, to be 
 modestlij attired ; to behave modestly, 
 
 3. Not excessively ; not extravagantly. 
 MOD'EST-Y, 71. [L. modeslia.] 
 
 1. That lowly temper which accompanies a mod- 
 erate estimate of one's own worth and importance. 
 1'his temper, when natural, springs in some im asiire 
 from timidity, and in young and inexperienced per- 
 sons, is allied to baslifiilness and diffidence. In per- 
 sons who have seen the world, and lost their natural 
 timidity, modesty springs no less from principle than 
 from feeling, and is manifested by retiring, unobtru- 
 sive manners, assuming less to itself than others are 
 willing to yield, and conceding to others all due hon- 
 or and respect, or even more than they expect or re- 
 quire. 
 
 2. Modesty, as an act or series of acts, consists in 
 humble, unobtrusive deportment, as opposed to ex- 
 treme boldness, forwardness, arrogance, presump- 
 tion, audacity, or impudence. Thus we say, the pe- 
 titioner urged his claims with 7no(ic.s(y ; the speaker 
 addressed the audience with modesty. 
 
 3. Moderation ; decency. Shal:. 
 
 4. In females, modesty has the like character as in 
 males ; but the word is used also as synonymous with 
 chastity, or purity of manners. In this sense, mod- 
 esty results i'rom purity of niinti, or from the fear o( 
 disgrace and ignominy, fortified by education and 
 principle. Unaffected modesty is the sweetest charm 
 of female excellence, the richest gem in the diudem 
 of their honors 
 
 MOD'EST-Y-PIl";CE, Ti. A narrow lace worn by fe- 
 males over the bosom. .Addison. 
 MOD'I-CUM, 71. [L.] A little ; a small quantity. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 MOD'I-FI-A-BLE, a. [from modify.] That may be 
 modified or diversifiecl by various forms and differ- 
 ences ; as, modifiable matter. Locke. 
 
 MOD'I-FI-CaTE, r. (. To qualify. Pearson. 
 
 MOU-I-FI-e.\'TI0N, 71. [from vwdify.] The act of 
 modifying, or giving to any thing new forms, or dif- 
 ferences of external qualities or modes. 
 
 If these powers of collation, volition, and sensation, are not in- 
 herent in matter as such, nor aaiuirublc to matter by any 
 motion or tnodificalion of iu Beniley. 
 
 2. Particular form or manner ; as, the various mod- 
 ifications of light or sound. The tre.ity, in several of 
 its modificatioius, was held to be objectionable. Holder. 
 MOD'l-FI-^;i), pp. or a. Changed in form or external 
 qualities ; varied ; diversified. 
 
 2. Moderated ; tempered ; qualified in exceptiona- 
 ble parts. 
 
 .MOD'I-FI ER, n. He or that which modifies. 
 MOD'l-KV, e. (. [Fr. mo(/!/iVr ; It. morfiAcurc; Sp. 7ne- 
 
 dtfiear: Ij. modificor ; modus, limit, manner, and facto, 
 
 to make.] 
 
 1. To change the form or external qualities of a 
 thing ; to shape ; to give a new I'orni of being to ; as, 
 to modify matter, light, or sound. J^'cicton, Holder. 
 
 2. To vary ; to give a new form to any thing ; as, 
 to modify the terms of a contract. A prefi.x modifies 
 the sense of a verb. 
 
 3. To moderate ; to qualify ; to reduce in extent or 
 degree. 
 
 Of hb giw 
 
 He modifiet his fint severe decree. Dryten. 
 
 MOD'I-FV, r. i. To extenuate. VEstittge. 
 
 .MOD'I-FV-I.NG, ppr. or a. Changing the external 
 qualities ; civing a new form to ; moderating. 
 
 MO-DIL'LIO.\, (ino-dil'yun,) 71. [H.modiglwne ; Fr. 
 modillon ; from 1^. modiolus, from modus,] 
 
 In architecture, an ornament in the cornice of the 
 Ionic, Corinthian, and Coinimsile columns ; n sort of 
 bracket serving to support the projecture of the lar- 
 mier or drip. Brandt. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IfNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S aa Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
MOI 
 
 Mfi'DI-O-LAR, a. Shaped like a busliel measure. 
 MO'DISH, o. [from viode.l According to tlie mode 
 
 or customary niunner ; fashionable ; as, a muiiish 
 
 dress ; a moiliih feast. Dnjtlen, 
 MO'DISH-LY, adv. Fashionably; in the custoniaiy 
 
 mode. Locke. 
 JIO'DISH NESS, n. The state of being fashionable. 
 
 2. Affectation of the fashion. Johnsun, 
 MOD'II-IjaTE, v. t. [L. modulur, from modus, limit, 
 
 measure.] 
 
 1. To form sound to a certain key, or to a certain 
 proportion. Jukuson. Encijc. 
 
 2. To vary or Inflect sound in a natural, customa- 
 ry, or nuisical maimer. 'J'hus the organs of speech 
 modulate the voice in reading or speaking. 
 
 Could any person so niodtilate her voice as to deceive so many ? 
 
 Srouine, 
 
 MOD'IJ-La-TED, pp. or o. Formed to a certain key ; 
 varied ; inflected. 
 
 MOD'IJ-La-TING, ppr. Forming to a certain propor- 
 tion ; varying ; inflecting. 
 
 MOD-1|-La'TIO.\, 71. [L. modulatio ; Fr. modulation.] 
 
 1. The act of forming any thing to a certain pro- 
 portion ; as, the different proportion and mudalaliun 
 of matter. IVoodward. 
 
 2. The act of inflecting or varying the voice in 
 reading or speaking j a rising or falling of the voice. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 3. In music, the manner of ascertaining and man- 
 aging the modes ; or, -nore generally, the art of con- 
 ducting the harmony and air through several modes, 
 in a maimer agreeable to the ear and conformed to 
 rules. Rousseau. 
 
 The transition from one key to another. Rush. 
 
 4. Sound modulated ; melody. Tliomson. 
 MOU'U-lM-TOR, 71. He or that which modulates. 
 
 The tongue is a principal modulator of the human 
 MOD'lJLE, 71. [Fr., from L. modulus.] [voice. 
 
 1. A model or representation. 
 
 2. In architecture, a certain measure or size taken 
 at pleasure, for regulating the proportion of columns 
 and the symmetry or disposition of the whole build- 
 ing. The usual module of a column is its semi-diam- 
 eter at the base of the shaft, though sometimes the 
 diameter is taken. This is divided into parts or min- 
 utes. Gmlt. P. Cijc. 
 
 MOD'tTLE, t). «. To model; to shape; to modulate. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 MOD'tT-LUS, 71. [L.] In anahjsis, the constant coef- 
 ficient or multiplier in a function of a variable quan- 
 tity, by means of which the function is accuuiuioda- 
 ted to a particular system br base. ']'lius, in the the- 
 ory of logarithms, it is the number by which all the 
 logarithms in one scale of notation must be multiplied, 
 to adapt them to the same number in another scale. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 Mo'nUS, 71. [L.] A compensation for tithes; an 
 equivalent in money, or other certain thing, given to 
 a parson or vicar by the owners of land in lieu of 
 tithes. The whole phrase is modus dccimandi ; but 
 modus alone is commonly used. Blackstonc. 
 
 MO'DUS OP-E-R^J\r'DI,[h.] Manner of operating. 
 
 MOD'VVALI., 71. A bird that destroys bees. Smart. 
 
 MoE, 71. A distorted mouth. Also, as, a verb, to make 
 mouths. [See Mow.] Sluilc. 
 
 MoE, a. or adv. More. [JVoi used.] Hooker. 
 
 MlK-SO-GOTH'ie, a. Belonging to the Mceso-Goths, 
 a branch of the Goths who settled in Moesia. The 
 Bible was translated into their language by Ulphilas. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 MO-GUL', 71. The name of a prince or emperor of the 
 nation in Asia called Moiruls, or JMontruls. 
 
 Mo' HAIR, 71. [(5. molir, mohair and a Moor; Fr. 
 moire; Uuss. Tnor.] 
 
 The hair of a kind of goat in Turkey, of which 
 nre made camlets, which are sometimes called by tlie 
 same name. Encyc. 
 
 Mo'HaIK-SHELL, 71. In conchology, a peculiar spe- 
 cies of Voluta, of a closely and finely reticulated 
 ti xture, resembling on the surface mohair, or a close 
 web of the silk-worm. Encyc. 
 
 MO-IIAM'iMED-AN, a. Pertaining to Mohammed or 
 .Mahomet. 
 
 MO-IIAM'MF.D-AN, «. A follower of Mohammed, 
 the founder of the religion of Arabia and I*crsia. 
 
 MO-IIA.M'MED-ISM, In. The religion, or doc- 
 
 MO IIAM'MEO-AN-ISM, ( trines and precepts, of 
 Mohammed, contained in the Koran. 
 
 MOIIAM'MED-IZE, \v.t. To make conforma- 
 
 .MO-HAM'MED-A.V-IZE, j ble to the principles, or 
 modes and rites, of Mohammed. 
 
 MO'llAVVK, I n. The appellation given to certain ruf- 
 
 .Mfi'llCiCK, i fians who infested thi! streets of Lon- 
 don, HO called from the nation of Indians of that 
 name in America. Prior. 
 
 Mr)'lli;il, 71. A British Indian gold coin, value fifteen 
 ru|iei-s. Mulrom. 
 
 MOI'l)(JRE, n. A gold coin of Portugal, valued ut gfi, 
 or £ I Tji. Blerling. 
 
 M<Jl'E-Ty, 71. [Fr. TTioitiii; h. mcdietiu ; It. metal Sp. 
 wilad.] 
 
 'I'lii; half ; one of two equal parts ; ns, n violrly of 
 nn cBtntc, of gmds, or of prolils ; the moiny of a jury, 
 or of n nation. Clarciulnn. Jlildi^nn. 
 
 MOL 
 
 MOIL, 1'. t. [Fr. mouiller.] 
 
 1. To daub; to make dirty. [Little used.] Knolles. 
 
 2. To weary. [See the next word.] Chapman. 
 MOIL, V. i. [Gr. iiu\:.i, /kjA^s, labor, combat; jiwAtui, 
 
 to strive, to fight; L. mu^'or, and miles; At. 
 
 amila, to work, labor, jierform, to strive, to war ; 
 Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. Vny, id. Class Ml, No. 15, 
 12-1 
 
 To labor ; to toil ; to work with painful efforts. 
 Now he must moil and drudge for one he loathes. Dryden. 
 MOIL, 71. A spot. [.'Jax. mal.] [JVb( in use] 
 MOI'NE.\U, (iHoy'iio,) n. A small, flat bastion, raised 
 in front of an inleiided fortification, to defend it 
 against attacks from siiiall arms. Brnnde. 
 MOIST, a. [Kr. moitc, (m molite ; .\tm. mouej:t; Russ. 
 77!u!zit, to wet. If the last radical letter is a dental, 
 this word mav belong to the family of L. madco, Gr. 
 /iiifJiK.i. See Class ,Ms, No. 1, and 'Class Jld, No. 1.] 
 
 1. Moderately wet ; damp; as, a rnuiii atmosphere 
 or air. 
 
 Exhalation dusk and moist. Milton. 
 
 2. Containing water or other liquid in a percepti- 
 ble degree. 
 
 MOIST, as a verb, is obsolete. 
 
 MOIST'£N, (mois'n,) ti. £. To make damp ; to wet in 
 a small degree. 
 
 A pipe a liule moistened on the inside. Bacon. 
 His bones arc moistened with marrow. — Job xxi. 
 
 MOI.ST'SN-ED, (mois'nd,) pp. or a. Made wet in a 
 small degree. 
 
 MOIST'EN-ER, (mois'n-er,) ti. He or that which 
 moistens. 
 
 M01ST'£N-ING, (mois'n-ing,) ppr. Wetting moder- 
 ately. 
 
 M01ST'-E?-£D, (-ide,) a. Having moist eyes. 
 
 Colcridtre, 
 
 MOIST'FUL, a. Full of moisture. Drayton. 
 MOIST'NESS, n. Dampness ; a small degree of wet- 
 ness. Addison. 
 MOIST'lJRE, 71. [Fr. moitetir.] 
 
 I. A moderate degree of wetness. 
 
 Sel such plants as ^^^Juire mucli moislme on sandy, dry CTonnds. 
 
 Bacoit. 
 
 9. A small quantity of any liquid ; as, the moisture 
 of the bodv. Sliali. 
 MOIST'lJRE-LESS, a. Without moisture. 
 MOlST'Y, a. Drizzling. [JVot in use.] 
 MoKES, (of a net ;) the meshes. [JVut in ttse.] 
 
 .^iusworth. 
 
 Mo'KY, a. [W. miofr; from the root of smoke.] 
 
 Muggy; dark; murky. [Oi/s.] 
 Mo'LAR, ) r, , . , 
 
 mo'larIy, i '""'""^■J 
 
 Having power to grind; grinding; as, the molar 
 teeth. Bacon. 
 Mci'L.^R, 71. A grinding tooth, or grinder. 
 MO-LXSSE', 71. [L. moilU, soft.] 
 
 A soft tertiary sandstone ; applied to a rock occur- 
 ring in Switzerland. Dana. 
 MO-LXS'SES, 71. sill"'. .[It. melassa ; Sp. melaia ; Fr. 
 melasse; Port, mcinfo ; from Gr. jitAi, honey, or ^t.X'if, 
 black. The orthography Melasses, used by Ed- 
 wards, in his History of the tVesl Indies, is more ac- 
 cordant with etymology.] 
 
 The sirup which drams from Muscovado sugar 
 when cooling ; treacle. 
 M5LI), ) 71. [Sax. mold, molda, myl ; W. mol ; D. and 
 Mould, \ Dan. mut; Svv. and G. mtcll; jirobably al- 
 lied to itip^/ow; Ij. mollis. (See Mellow, Meal, and 
 Mill.) The prevalent sptdling is Mould ; but as the 
 « has been omitted in the other words of this class, as 
 bold, gold, old, cold, &c., it seems desirable to com- 
 pli te the analogy by dropping it in this word, as was 
 done by Spenser, South, and many others.] 
 
 1. Fine, soft earth, or earth easily pulverized, such 
 as constitutes soil ; as, black mold. 
 
 Edwards, W. Indies. 
 A mortal siiljstanco of terreslrial mold. Iloole. 
 9. A substance like down, which forms on bodies 
 which lie long in warm anti damp air. The micro- 
 scope exhibits this substance as consisting of small 
 plants. Encyc. 
 
 3. Matter of which any thing is formed. 
 
 Nature formed me of tier softest mold. Addison. 
 M6LD, j n. [Sp. molde, a mold or matrix , moldar, 
 MOULD, i amotdar, to cast ; Port, moldr, moldar, id. ; 
 Fr. moule; Arm. movl : Dan. mul, nuld : \V. mold, 
 whence moldiuw, to mold, work, or kni ad. This may 
 be radically the same word as mold, fine caith, a name 
 taken fniiii the material oi molds. The coniiecticui of 
 malrii with wia^iTiind materia fortifies this conjecture. 
 For spi-lling, see Mold, above.] 
 
 I. The matrix in which any thing is cast and re- 
 ceives its form. Molds are of various kinds. Molds 
 for casting cannon and various vt'ssels are tomposed 
 of some species of earth, particularly clay. Molds for 
 other purposes consist of a cavity in some species of 
 ini lal, cut or formed to the shape designed, or are 
 otherwise formed, each for its particular use. 
 
 MOL 
 
 2. Cast ; form ; as, a writer of vulgar mold. Wulht 
 Cniwned witli an architrave of antique mold. Pope. 
 
 3. The suture or contexture of the skull. AinsmorUi. 
 
 4. The body, as giving shape to the garments. 
 
 Shuk. 
 
 5. In ship-buildinir, a thin, flexible piece of timber, 
 used as a pattern by which to form the curves of the 
 timbers and compassing pieces. Encyc. 
 
 6. Among gold-beaters, a number of pieces of vel- 
 lum, or a like substance, laid over one another, be- 
 tween which the leaves of gold and silver are laid 
 for beating. Encxjc. 
 
 Mold, \v.t. [Forspelllng, see Mold, above.] To 
 Mould, j cause to contract mold. Knolles. 
 
 2. 'I'o cover with mold or soil. Edwards. 
 Mold, I v. L To contract mold ; to become moldy. 
 Mould, Bacon. 
 Mold, j v. t. To form into a particular shape ; to 
 Mould, ( shape ; to model. 
 
 He fors^elh and molttelh meLals. Hall. 
 
 Did I rtqnest tliee, Maker, from my clay 
 
 To mold me man i Milton. 
 
 2. To knead ; as, to mold dough or bread. 
 
 JlinsiPorth. 
 
 MoLD'A-BLE, \ a. That may be molded or formed. 
 MOULD' A-liLE, i Bacon. 
 MoLD'ED, )pp. Formed into a particular shape ; 
 MOULD'ED, \ kneaded. 
 
 2. Covered with mold. 
 MdLD'ER, ) I, , ,j r ■ . ■ 
 MoULD'ER i " forms into shape. 
 
 JMoLD'ER, Iv.i. [Dan. muJner ; Sw. 77iiJ(iia, to grow 
 MoULD'ER, I moldy.] 
 
 L To turn to dust by natural decay ; to crumble ; 
 to perish ; to waste away by a gradual separation 
 of the component particles, without the presence of 
 water. In this manner, animal and vegetable sub- 
 stances molder, and so also do stones and shells. 
 Wlieri stiuues molder, and when arches fall. Prior. 
 2. To be diminished ; to waste away gradually. 
 If lie had sat stili, tlie enemy's anny would have moldered to 
 nothing. Clarendon. 
 
 I 1). *. To turn to dust ; to crumble ; to 
 I waste. 
 
 MoLD'ER, 
 MoULD'ER 
 
 Some felt the silent slrolte of moldering nge. Pope, 
 MoLD'ER-£D, ) pp. or a. Turned to dust; wasted 
 MoULD'ER-£D, j away. 
 
 MoLD'ER-ING, j p;>r. or a. Turning to dust ; crum- 
 MoULD'ER-LNG, ( bling ; wasting away. 
 MoLD'I-NESS, (71. [{rmnmoldy.] The state of being 
 .MoULD'I-NESS, \ moldy. Bacon. 
 MoLD'ING, I ppr. [from «ioW.] Forming into shape ; 
 MQULD'ING, \ knetiding. 
 
 MOLD'I.NG, ill. Any thing cast in 3 mold, or which 
 
 MoULD'LN'G, ( appears to be so ; hence, in architec- 
 ture, a projecture beyond the wall, column, wainscoat, 
 &c., an assemblage of which forms a cornice, a door 
 case, or other decoration. Encyc. 
 
 MoLD'WARP, I n. [Sax. ttioM and weorpan, to turn 
 
 MoULD'VVAKP, j See IMole.] 
 
 A mole; a sni.tll animal of the genus Talpa, that 
 moves under ground, and turns up the mold or siu 
 face of the earth. Spenser. Careic. 
 
 MoLD'Y, ) a. [from TiioJrf.] Overgrown with inold. 
 
 MoULD'Y, ( Mdison. 
 
 MOLE, 71. [Sax. mo'l, mal ; D. 7noo; ; G. mahl.] 
 
 1. A spot, mark, or small permanent protuberance 
 on the human body, from which often issue one or 
 more hairs. 
 
 2. [L. mola.] A mass of fleshy matter of a spher- 
 ical figure, generated in the uterus. Encyc. 
 
 MoLE, 71. [L. moles; Fr. mole; W. moci, a heap, or 
 mwl, a mass ; Gr. iiuXos.] 
 
 1. A mound or massive work formed of large 
 stones laid in the sea by means of coffer dams, ex- 
 tended either in a right line or an arch of a circle be- 
 fore a port, which it serves to defemi frtun the vio- 
 lent impulse of the waves; thus protecting ships in 
 a harbor. The word is sometimes used for the har- 
 bor itself. Brande. 
 
 2. Among the Romans, a kind of mausoleum, built 
 like a round tower on a sipiare base, insulated, en- 
 compassed with columns, and covered with a dome. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 MoLE, 7». [O. Tiioi; G. maulwurf, moldwarp ; Sw. 
 mnllsork, muHrad or vuill-warpcl , Dan. muldvarp.] 
 
 A small animal of the genus 'I'alpa, which, in 
 search of worms or other insects, forms a niad just 
 tindiT the surface of the ground, raising Ifie soil into 
 n little ridge ; from which circiiinstanri^ it is called a 
 mouldwarp, or mould-turner. 'The mole has very small 
 eyes. Ray. 
 Irt'arn of the mole to plow, the worm to weave. Pojte. 
 
 MOLE, !•. «. To clear of mole hills, [[.oral.] Prggr. 
 MoLI'.'-H.\T, H. A fish rescmliling a shapeless lump 
 
 of flesh. ./?.</!. 
 M()LI"/-C.\ST, 71. A little elevation of earth made 
 
 by a llltple. Jilortimrr, 
 MfiLE'-l 'ATCll-HR, 71. One whose cm|iloyment is 
 
 to cnfcll moles. Tiuser. 
 MOLE'-CRICK-E T, 71. An insect of the genus Gryl- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WlI^T. — MRTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 
 
 7a4 
 
r 
 
 MOL 
 
 MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Ins, or Oryllotiilpa, which burrows under eroiind. 
 nnil is s:ii(l tii ilevimr the roots of pl.iiits. P. Cijc. 
 MU-LKCIJ-LAR, a. Ueloiiging to or consisliiij; of 
 
 lllollTllIos. Prullt. 
 
 M6LK'Cl'LE, n. fFr., from mo(c] A niinii? given to 
 iiiiiiiUe particles of winch bodies arc snptNised to 
 br cnniposed. Dana, 
 MOLI'.'-i;? /■-"D, (-Tde,) a. Having very small eves; 
 MOI.K'-IIIM., n. [W.wuhir.] [biiiid. 
 A lillle hillock or elevation of earth thrown np by 
 moles working nnder i:ronnd ; hi'wce, pronrrbiuliij, a 
 very snniU hill, or other small thing, conipurud with 
 a larger. 
 
 iiiiviii^ Icnpi'il over Buch mounlniiiB, lie down Ijefore a moie-hUl, 
 
 South. 
 
 MO LEST', B. t. [Fr. mule.itrr : It. wnlestare ; Sp. mo- 
 Ifsfiir ; from L. iiKilr^tug^ troublesome j Sp. mtj/er, to 
 grind, to molest, to vex, L. tiiolti. See Mill.] 
 To liouble ; to disturb ; to render uneasy. 
 
 They li.ive molested tlic ctiurcii with ueetlleas opposition. 
 
 ilooL-er. 
 
 MOL-EST-.^'TIO.\, n. Disturbance ; annoyance ; 
 
 uneasiness given. [It usually expresses less than 
 
 Vexation,] Brown. 
 MO-LEST'El), pp. Disturbed ; troubled; annoyed. 
 MO-LEST'ER, «. One that disturbs 
 MO-LEST'FIJL, a. Troublesome. 
 MO-LEST'I.N'O, ppr. Disturbing ; troubling. 
 MoI>E'-TRACK, «. The course of a niole nnder 
 
 grouinl. Mortimer. 
 MolJV-WARP, 71. A mole. [See Mole and JIould- 
 
 Warh.] 
 
 Mo'Ll-EX, w, A (lowering tree of China. Orosier. 
 
 MO-LI.M'I-.NOUS, o. [from L. moUmCH.] 
 
 V'rrv important. [JV^ef iisril.] More. 
 
 Mo'l.l.N-IS.M, ». The doctrines of the Molinists, 
 somewhat resembling the tenets of tlie Anninians. 
 
 Mo'LIN-If^T, «. A lolldwer of the opinions of Mo- 
 lina, a Spanish Jesuit, in respect to grace; an op- 
 poser of the Jansenisis. 
 
 MOL'LAII, II. Tlie title of the higher order of Turk- 
 ish jllrtges. 
 
 MOL'LI-E.VT, a. [L. »noHicn.«, mn/Zio. Sec Mellow.] 
 Softening; assuaging; lessening. [See Emolli- 
 ent, which is generally used.] 
 
 Mt)l,'M-E.\T-LY, ado. Assuagingly. 
 
 MOL'Ll-FI-A-liLE, a. [from mullifij.] That may bo 
 softened. 
 
 MOL-LI FI-CA'TION, n. The act of mollifying or 
 softening. 
 
 2. Mitication ; an appeasing. S/iak. 
 MOL'M-FI Kl), pp. .Softened: appeased. 
 MOI,'LI-FI-EU, n. That which softens, appeases, or 
 mitigates. 
 
 2. He that softens, mitiaates, or p.acificB. 
 MOI/LI-F?, (J. t. [L. moUw ; Vr. mulUr. See Mel- 
 low.] 
 
 1. To soften ; to make soft or tender. 
 
 2. To assuage, as pain or irritation. 
 
 3. To appease ; to pacify ; to calm or quiet. 
 
 Vrtjilm. 
 
 4. To qualify ; to reduce in harshness or asperity. 
 
 Claretidon. 
 
 MOL'LI-F?-ING, ppr. Softening; assuaging. 
 MOl,'LI-F?-lNG, o. Adapted to mitigate, soften, or 
 assuage. 
 
 MOL-LnS'€A, n. pi. [A soft-shellcd nut, from L. 
 molli-t^ soft.] 
 
 One of the four sub-kingdoms into which animals 
 are divided, comprising species whose bodies are 
 soft and inarticulate. .Some of them are naked, 
 while others are enveloped in a sht ll. With the ex- 
 ception of a single family, they have no distinct or- 
 gan of sense, except eyes, and these arc wanting in 
 some species. 
 
 This division includes the snail and oyster, and 
 the whole class of shell animals, together with the 
 cuttle-fish and the ascidis. Dana. 
 MOL-LUS'GAX, n. A mollusk ; one of the mollusca. 
 MOL-LUS'eAiV, (a. Pertaining to the mollusca, or 
 MOULUS'eOUS, ( partaking of their properties, 
 f .MoLLU^^coiTs is used, but is less analogical than 
 
 NioLLUSCAN.] 
 
 MOL'LUSK, n. One of the mollusca. [See Mol- 
 lcscaJ 
 
 MO'LOCII, (mo'lok,) n. In Scripturr, the deity of the 
 Ammonites, to whom human sacrilices were olFered 
 in the valley of Tophet. 
 
 MO-LOS'SUS, n. [Gr.] In Greek and Latin verse, a 
 fiMit of three long syllables. 
 
 '^'0';''; / i. [W. mot/, bald, bare, also, a.s a noiin, 
 
 MoUI/r, ( a heap, pile, o conical hill with a smooth 
 t.ip; mof/i, to heap or pile, to make bald, .-^o batd, 
 in Engli.sh, seems to be connected wiih AoW, that is, 
 prnininent. The prevalent sp. lling is .Moi-lt ; but as 
 then has been omitted in the.aher words of this class, 
 as W(,ci./(, (/«;(, &c., it would be desirable tocompl. te 
 the analogy by dropping it in this word, as many 
 distinguished writers have done.] 
 
 To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, 
 &.C., .IS an animal. Birds molt liy losing their feath- 
 ers, beasts by losing their hair, serpents bv casting 
 tlieir skins, and deer their horns. The n'loltiiig of 
 llic hawk IS called meirimr. 
 
 Is. i. 
 
 Mfil.T, ) n. The act or process of changing the feath- 
 iMAUI.T, i ers, skin, &c. ; moiling. P. die 
 
 ^lol/r'l .\G. I ppr. Casting or shedding a natural cov- 
 ,MoI l/r'liNG, 1 eiiii2, as h.iir, feathers, skin, or horns. 
 iMoLT'l.N'G, i H. The act or itperation by wliieli eer- 
 MOUh'J''liN'(i, \ tain animals, aiiiiiially or at certain 
 
 times, cast otf or lose tlit;ir hair, feathers, skins, horns, 
 MoI.T'K.N. ;'/'. of .Melt. Melted. [Obs.] [&.c. 
 
 2. n. Melted ; iii;ide of melted metal ; as, a molten 
 Mo'I.Y, II. [L., from Gr. (ii.iXe.] [image. 
 Wild garlic, a jilaiit having a bulbous root ; Allium 
 
 Moly. 
 
 MO-I.VIi'DATE, n. A compound of molybdic acid 
 with a base. 
 
 MO-IA'B-De'.\A, n. [Gr. pnXv^iUti a, a mass of lead.] 
 An or" of a dark lead color, occurring in (lexihle 
 laminic, like pliiiiibago. It is distinguished from this 
 mineral by its .sulphureous odor before the blow- 
 pipe, a lighter shade of color, and a more greasy feel. 
 It consists of sulphur and fnolybdeiium. Dana. 
 
 MO-I,YH'DE-.MTE, ii. Sulphuret of molybdena. Dana. 
 
 MO-LVH-Ue'NOUS, a. Pertaining to iiiolybdena, or 
 obtained from it. The niolnbUenons acid of Hucholz 
 is a .salt, the bimolybdate ot the deuto.xyd of molyb- 
 denum. 
 
 MO-LYli-Df.'NU.M, n. A metal which has not been 
 reduced into mas.ses of any magnitude, but has been 
 obtained only in sm.'dl, separate globules, in a black- 
 ish, brilliant mass. These are brittle and extremely 
 infusible. JSTicfwlson. Vre. 
 
 1'he most common natural compound of this 
 metal is a suluhuret. Brandt. 
 
 MO-LVU'I)IC, a. Pertaining to molybilena. jVoUjbdic 
 acid is an acid obtained from molybdalc of lead, or 
 by acidifying molybdena. SiUwian. 
 
 MoME, II. [Fr. moraoii. See Mom.] 
 
 A dull, silent person ; a stupid tellow ; a stock ; a 
 post. Johnson. Spenser. 
 
 Mo'MENT, V. [L. womcntum. This word is con- 
 trai'ted from rnotamen'.uin, or sfime other word, the 
 radical verb of which signifies to move, rush, drive, 
 or fall suddenly, which sense gives that of force. 
 The sen.sc of an instant of time is from falling or 
 rushing, which accords well with that of meet.] 
 
 1. The most minute and iudivisible part of time ; 
 an instant. 
 
 Ill ft moment^ in the twinkling of an eye. — I Cor. XT. 
 
 2. Force ; impulsive po%ver. 
 
 Toucli, witii lightest 77torr.int of impulse, 
 
 Hit Iree will. AfiJlon. 
 
 Little used ; but hence, 
 
 3. Importance in intiuence oreft'ect; consequence; 
 weight or value. 
 
 It ia an .-ilstrosc speculation, but also of f.ir less momtnt to tu 
 tli:\ii the otiicrs. Benliey. 
 
 MO-ME.\'T'AL, a. Important. [JVot in use.] 
 MO-ME.\T'AL-LY, u.ie. For a moment. Brown. 
 MO-MENT-A'NE-OUS, iMO'.ME.\T-.V-.\y, ml used. 
 
 See Momentary. 
 Mo'ME.VT-A-RI-LY, arfr. Every moment. Shenstone. 
 MO'M E.N'T-A-RY, a. Done in a inoiiieiit ; continuing 
 
 only a moment ; lusting a very short time ; as, a mu- 
 
 mentary pang. 
 
 Moment/lTy na a sound, 
 Swift as a sIluIuw, short as any dream. Shak. 
 
 MO'ME.\T-LY, arfii. For a moment. 
 
 2. In a moment; every moment. We momently 
 expert the arrival of the mail. 
 
 MO-.ME.\T'OUS, a. Important; weighty; of conse- 
 quence. Let no false step be made in the momentous 
 concerns of the soul. 
 
 MO-.ME.\T'OUS-LY, a</r. Weightily; importantly. 
 
 MO-.ME.N'T'OUS-NESri, n. State of being of great 
 importance. 
 
 MO-MEN'T'UM, n.; p;. Momenta. [L.] In mfc/inii- 
 ics, imjietiis ; the qii.antity of motion in a moving body. 
 This is always projMirtioned to the quantity of matter 
 multiplied into the velocity. Olm.sted. 
 
 MOM'I-F.R, (inum'me-er,) ii. [Fr.] A name some- 
 times given in reproach to the evangelical Protestants 
 of France and Switzerland. 
 
 M0M'.\1ER-Y. See Mum.mery. 
 
 .MO'.MOT, II. The name of certain birds in South 
 America, so named from their monotonous note. 
 Their habits and tongue resemble the toucan'.s. 
 Mo'.Mb'S, a. [Gr. (loiiiot, di rision.] [Sirainson. 
 
 In mntholoiry, the deity of ridicule and raillery. 
 .MO.N'A-eilAL, (mon'a-kal,) a. [Fr., from L. mona- 
 ehns, Gr. p iav"$, a monk.] 
 
 Pertainini to monks or a monastic life ; monastic. 
 .MO.N'A-eillS.M, (mon'a-kizm,) ii. [Fr. moimcliUme ; 
 It. monachi,ftno. See Monk.] 
 The state of monks; a mon.tstic life. 
 MO.N'.M), h. [Gr. poi tf, unity, from /lor i?, sole.] 
 
 1. An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended point. 
 
 Letbnitz. 
 
 2. An indivisible thing. Good. 
 
 3. A name given to the simplest kind of minute 
 animalcules. Dana. 
 
 MO.N-A-DEL'PHI-A, n. [Gr. po^yf, sole, and aicX- 
 1^ .{, brother.) 
 
 In botuny, a class of plants whose stamens are 
 united m one body by the tilaments. Linnaus. 
 
 MO.\-A-DF.L'PIII-AN, ( a. Having the stamens nnit- 
 MO.N'-A-DEL'PIIOUS, ) ed in one body by the lila- 
 mellls. 
 
 MO-N.XD'IC, > a. Having the nature or character 
 MO-,\AD'ie-AL, i ofaiiKUiad. Marr. 
 MO-.N'.\.N'I)Kl-.\, H. [Gr. ii i, i>iie, and ■mri", a male.] 
 In botany, a class of inonotlinous plants, having 
 one stamen only, not at all connected with the |iistil. 
 
 fAiiintrits. 
 
 .MO-NAX'DKI-A.N, ) o. Monodinous, and having 
 MO-.\.\.\'l)R()IJS, ( one stamen only, not con- 
 nected with the pistil. 
 MO.N'ARCII, (iium'ark,) n. [It. and Sp. monfrea ; Fr. 
 monarijue ; Gr. poi ati\i}i i povoi, sole, and a,y\"i, a 
 chief.] 
 
 1. The prince or ruler of a nation, who exercises 
 all the powers of government without coiilrol, or 
 who is Vested with absolute sovereign power ; an 
 emperor, king or prince, invested witli an iiiiliiiiited 
 power. This is the strict sense of the word. 
 
 2. A king or prince, the supreme magistrate of a 
 nation, whose powers are in some respects limited by 
 the constitution of the government. Thus w(; call 
 the king of (>reat Hritain a monareh, allli(>iit:li he 
 can make no law witlioiit the consent of |iarli.'iiiieiit. 
 
 3. He or that which is superior to oIliiTs of the 
 same kind ; .as, an oak is called the monarch of the 
 forest ; a lion, the monarch of wild beasts. 
 
 4. One that presiiles ; president ; as, Bacchus, 
 monarch tif the vine. Sbnk. 
 
 MON'Aiteil, a. Supreme; ruling; as, a monarc/i sav- 
 age. Pope. 
 
 MO-.\AReH'.\L, a. Pertaining to a monarch ; suiting 
 a monarch ; sovereign ; regal ; imperial. 
 
 Sritan, whom now lriiu»c*Mid' iit ^lory raised 
 AUive liis lelluws, with monarchal pride. 
 
 MilUn. 
 
 MON'AR('H-ESS, n. A female monarch ; an emprcii.s. 
 MO-i\SI!Ciri€, la. Vested in a single ruler; 
 MO-X.\ KCII'1C-.'\L, i as, monarchical goveriiiiieiit or 
 a. I'l rtainiiiK to monarchy. [power. 
 MON'.ARCH-I.S.M, n. The "principles of monarchy ; 
 
 love or preference of monarchy. Jefferson. 
 MON'AKCII-IST, II. An advocate of monarchy. 
 MON'AReil-IZE, V. i. To play the king ; to art the 
 
 monarch. Sluik. 
 MON'AReii rZE, r. (. To rnle ; to govern. 
 
 2. To convert to a monarcliy. Milton. 
 MON'ARCII-IZ .KD, pp. Converted to a monarchy 
 MO.\'AReH-IZ-L\G, p/ir. Governing; changing to 
 
 a monarchy. 
 
 MOi\"AReiI-Y, 71. [Gr. iirii/ap\ta. See Monarch.] 
 
 1. A state or government in which the supreme 
 power is lodged in the hands of a single person. 
 Such a st.ite is usually called an empire or a kin^'dom ; 
 and we usually give this denomination to a large 
 state only. Hut the same name is sometimes given 
 to a kinsdoin or state in which the power of the king 
 or supreme magistrate is limited by a constitution, or 
 by fundamental laws. Such is the British monarcliy. 
 Ileiice we speak of absolute or despotic manarchici, 
 ami of limited monarchies. 
 
 A InM! ffoverumeiit hits n jreat advantage over a simple mon- 
 archy. J. Mamt. 
 
 2. A kinitdom ; an empire. Shak. 
 MON-.AS Tk'RI-.AL, a. Pertaining to a monastery. 
 MO.\'AS-TER-Y, ;i. [Fr. monastire ; It. mnnastcro ; 
 
 Sp. mona.-<teriv i Low L. monasteriunt ; Gr. puvaari- 
 pioi', from pof '^, sole, separate; W. tnQn.] 
 
 A house of ri?ligious retirement, or of seclusion 
 from ordinary temporal concerns, whether an abbey, 
 a priory, or a nunnery. The word is usually applied 
 to the houses of monks, mendicant friars, and nuns. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 MO-NAS'Tie, (a. [Fr. mono^dV/iic ; It. 77i07i«.<(i- 
 MO-NAS'Tie .M.., ! CO ; Low L. monasticus ; Gr. 
 p 'facTTtKoij frtiiii p'ti^"i, sole, separate] 
 
 Pertaining to monasteries, monks, and nuns; re- 
 cluse ; sccliiiled frtuii the teinporal concerns of life, 
 and devoted to religion ; as, a monastic life ; monastic 
 orders Denhaau 
 MO-.N'AS'Tie, 71. A monk. 
 
 MO-NAS'Tie-AL LY, uiJr. Rerhiscly ; in a retired 
 manner; in the manner of monks. Siriji. 
 
 M()-.\'AS'TI-('1SM, II. .Mon.astic life. Milner. 
 
 iMO-.\.\.'J''ri-eo.\, 11. A book giving an account of 
 moiuL-iteries. 
 
 .MO.VD.W, (mun'dy,) 71. [Sax. monandir; ; \). maan- 
 datr: G. montn<r; moon and day; being formerly sa- 
 cred to that planet.] 
 
 The second day of the week. 
 
 MO.N'DK, n. [Fr.] The world ; also, a globe, an en- 
 sicn of authority. OrummontL 
 
 MO-.M";'CIA.\ ond MO-NE'CIOUS. See .Moi«e<.ias 
 and .MoNa-:ci'it s. 
 
 MO.N'ETA-RY, (mun'e-ter-ry,; o. Pertaining to mon- 
 ey or consisting in mtiney. Qnart. Rec. 
 
 MO.V'EV, (inun'e,) n. ; ;i/. Mi>nevs. [Sax. myiict ; D. 
 uiimt, mint ; G. m"nze ; Sw. mynt ; Dan. myndt, 
 money or mint; Fr. monnoie ; It. monailh : W. 
 mienai ; Sp. monrda : Port, mocda, contnictcd ; L. 
 and It. moneta. Money and mint are the same word 
 varied.] 
 
 1. Coin ; stamped metal ; any piece of metal, 
 
 TONE, BIILL, q.MTE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH .is in THIS. 
 
 91 
 
 1 I I 
 
 725 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 MON 
 
 usually gold, silver, or copper, stamped by piililic 
 atilhurity, and used as the mrdiuin of cuniiuerce. 
 \Ve si>iuetiiiie3 give the nairie of mvnnj to other coined 
 metals, and to any other material whicli rude nations 
 use as a medium of trade. But, among modern 
 cominarcial nations, gold, silver, platiimm, and cop- 
 per, are the only metals used for tins purpose. Gold, 
 platinum, and silver, ccmtaining great value in a 
 small compass, and being, therefore, of easy convey- 
 ance, and being, also, durable, and little liable to 
 diminution by use, are the most convenient metals 
 for coin or money, which is the representative of 
 commAlities of all kinds, of lands, and of every 
 thing that is capable of being transferred in com- 
 merce. 
 
 2. Bank notes or bills of credit issued by authority, 
 and exchangeable for coin, or redeemable, are also 
 called money: as such notes, in moderii times, repre- 
 sent coin, and are used as a substitute for it. If a 
 man pays in hand for goods in b.ank notes which are 
 current, he is said to pay in ready money. 
 
 3. Wealth ; affluence. 
 
 Siloiiey cm iieiilier open new avenues lo pleasures, nor IiIocV up 
 the pv-issjiges of an^iish. Ra.'ib:er. 
 
 MOX'EY-.AGE, n. ^ncinthj, in Enslnml, a general 
 land tax levied by the two first Norman kings, a 
 shilling on each hearth. Hume. 
 
 MON'Ey-B.\G, n. A bag or purse for holdinz money. 
 
 ^■ldiso7l. 
 
 MO\'EY-BOX, 71. A box or till to hold money. 
 MOiV'EY-BRoK'ER, n. A broker w ho deals in money. 
 
 Johiuon. 
 
 MOX'EY-CHaNG'ER, n. A broker who deals in 
 money or exchanges. .^rbathnot. 
 
 MO.\'EY-£n, (mun'id,) a. Rich in money ; having 
 money ; able to command money ; used often in op- 
 position to such as have their wealth in real estate. 
 
 hivile moneyed men to !"nd to the merchants. Bacon, 
 
 2. Consisting in money ; as, moneyed capital. 
 
 HamiJtan^s Report, 
 MO\'EY-ER, n, A banker ; one who deals in money. 
 [Little ivicil,] 
 
 2. In coinage, a responsible and authorized manu- 
 facturer of coin. Brande, 
 MCi.\'EY-LE.\D'ER, n. One who lends money. 
 MO.N'EY-LESS, a. Destitute of money ; ptnnyless. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 MO\'EY-M.\T'TER, n. .\n account consisting of 
 charges of money ; an account between debtor and 
 creditor. Jirhuthnot. 
 
 MO.V'EY-SCRIVE'.NER, (-skriv'ner,) n. .\ person 
 who raises monev for others. ArhuUmot. 
 
 MO.\'EY-SPI.N'.\ER, n. A small spider. 
 
 MON'EY'S-WORTH, (inun'ez-w urtli,; n Simiething 
 that will bring money. 
 2. Full value ; the worth of a thing in money. 
 
 MOX'EY-U'OllT, ?!. An evergreen trailing plant of 
 the genus Nuiumiilaria, or of the genus Lysimacliia. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 MOXG'-eORN, n. [among and corn.] Mixed corn. 
 [Local. ] 
 
 Mo.\"GER, (mung'ger,) n. [Sax. mangere, from raan- 
 gian, lo trade, D. manger.] 
 
 A trader ; r dealer ; now used only or chiefly in 
 composition ; as, fish-mongcrf iron-monger, news- 
 
 [from Sax. mengan, to 
 Sirifl. 
 
 MO.V'GREL, (muiig'grel,) o, 
 
 mix. See Mimgle.] 
 Of a mixed breed ; of different kind.'^. 
 MO-\"GREl., n. An animal of a mixed breed 
 MO-NIL'l-FORM, o. [L. monile, a necklace, and 
 
 form. ] 
 
 Like a necklace. Eneyc. 
 MON'I-.VIENT, n. [L. Tnonimenlum, from moncu, to 
 admonish.] 
 
 1. inscription ; something to preserve memory. 
 [Ob.i.] 
 
 a. A mark ; an image ; a superscri|)tion. Sppitvcr. 
 MO.N'ISH, r. (. To admonish ; to warn. [A''ot used,] 
 
 [See Admonish.] 
 MO.\"ISH-ER, n. An admonisher, which see. 
 MO.N'ISll-.ME.\T, H. Admonition. [OI).i.] 
 MO-.N'I"'riO.\, (-ni!<h'un,) n, [Fr., from I,. mninVi'o.] 
 
 1. Warning; instruction given by way of cautiim ; 
 a.**, the monitions of a friend. StcifL 
 
 2. Information ; indication. 
 
 We h.iTe no ruiljle nu}nitionM of othiT periods, such as we have 
 of Uie tl.-!/ hj suc<:ei«ive liifht and J.irltuess. Holder. 
 
 MO.N'I-TiVE, a. Admonitory; conveying admo- 
 nition. Barrojo. 
 
 MO.V'I TOR, II. [I,.] One who warns of fault.^ or 
 inform-* of duty ; one who gives advice and instruc- 
 tion by way ol^ reproof or caution. 
 
 You nrt-U not be m monitor to the kinj. Baeon. 
 
 2. In srhnoU or univergitirjiy a pupil selected to look 
 to the DCholarH in the absence i<{ the instructor, or lo 
 notice the absence or faults of the scholars, or to 
 initriict a division or claxi. 
 
 3. In vtdlogy, a fcniin of li/.ariU inhabiting the 
 warmer iirirtii of the c;L*<t<'rn continent, ho called 
 from lieing suppoacd to give warning of the virinity 
 of crocodile«. Cijc. 
 
 MO.\-r-To'RI-.'\L, a. Pertaining to a monitor. 
 9. Performed by a monitor. 
 
 3. Conducted or taught by monitors ; as, a monito- 
 rial school ; montturial system. 
 
 4. Communicated by monitors; as, vwnitttrial in- 
 struction. 
 
 .MOi\-I-TO'RI-AL-LY, adv. In a monitorial manner. 
 IION'I-TO-RY, a. Giving admouitiun ; warning; 
 instructing by way of caution. 
 
 Losses, miscarriages, and disappointments, are monitory and in- 
 stnictive. L'Bstrange. 
 
 MON'I-TO-RY, n. Admonition ; warning. Bacon. 
 
 IMO\'I-TRESS, n. A female monitor. 
 
 MO.N'K, (inunk,) n. [Gr. /joi-ax'-s, from itopnf, W. 
 viun, sole, separate ; whence L. monackus ; Sax. 
 monec, muntic ; Fr. moine; Ann. mannach; \Y. my- 
 na^ ; Sans, vtnni.] 
 
 A man who retires frtmi the ordinary temporal 
 concerns of the world, and devotes himself to re- 
 ligion. Monks usually live in monasteries, on enter- 
 ing which they take a vow to observe certain rules. 
 Some, however, live as hermits in solitude, and oth- 
 ers have lived a strolling life, without any fixed res- 
 idence. Eneyc. 
 
 MO.\K'ER-Y, n. The life of monks; the monastic 
 life ; a term usually applied by way of reproach. 
 
 MO.N'K'EY, (munk'e,) n.i pi. IMo.ikevs. [U.monicchio.] 
 
 1. The popular name of the ape and baboon. But 
 in zoology, monkey is more properly the name of 
 those animals, of the genus Simla, which have long 
 tails. Ray distributes animals of this kind into three 
 classes^ apes, which have no tails ; monkeys, with 
 long tails ; and baboons, with short tails. Eneyc. 
 
 2. A name of contempt, or of slight kindne.ss. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. The weight of a pile-driver ; i. e., a very heavy 
 mass of iron, which, being on high, descemls with 
 great momentum on the Iiead of the pile, and forces 
 it into the eartli. 
 
 MO.N K'HOfpD, n. The character of a monk. Merbtiry. 
 Mfi.VK'ISH, a. Like a monk, or pertaining to monks ; 
 
 monastic ; as, monkish manners ; vionlii.-sk dress ; 
 
 monkish solitiitle. 
 MO.\K'S'-UEAD, (munks'hed,) s. A plar.t of the 
 
 cenus Leontodon. 
 MO-\K'S'-lIOOD, n. An herb of the genus Act nitum. 
 MO.N'K'S-RHu'BXRB, ii. An herb of the genus Ku- 
 
 mex, a species of dock, 
 iMO.\'-(J-€.>LR'DI-AN, a. [Gr. ^i^'i-of si.d »aor5<a.] 
 Having a single heart, as &shes and reptiles. It 
 
 may be used as a noun. 
 MO.N-O-eAR'POUS, a, [Gr. /loi/aj, sole, and Kaorro;, 
 
 fruit.] 
 
 Bearing fruit but once, and dying after fructifica- 
 tion, as wheat, &c. Lindley, 
 MO-NOC'E-ROS, n, [Gr. yiovoi, sole, and /ttpaj, horn.] 
 The unicorn. 
 
 MOX-O-€HL.\.M-Y'D'E-0US, a. [Gr. yiovos and 
 X'Saavi.] 
 
 In botany, having a single covering, that is, a 
 calyx without a corol, or a co?oi without a calyx. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 MOX'O-enORD, (mon'o-kord,) n. [Gr. ^loios, sole, 
 only, and xoiii^n, chord.] 
 
 A musical instrument of one string, used for the 
 purpose of ascertaining and demonstrating the rela- 
 tive proportions of musical sounds. P. Cyc. 
 
 MON'O-eilRO.ME, 71. [Gr. /tovjj, sole, and x/^o>;ta, 
 color.] 
 
 .A painting with a single color. Elmes. 
 MON-O eilKO-.MAT'ie, ff. Consisting of one color, 
 or presenting rays of light of one color only. 
 
 Quart. Juurii. Journ. of Science. 
 MO-NOe'LI-N.\TE, a. [Gr. /toi'nj, one, and «Aii/<o, to 
 incline.] 
 
 In mineralogy, a term applied to crystals in which 
 one of the axes is obliquely inclined, as the oblique 
 rhombic prism, and right rhomboidal prism. 
 MO-.\OC'LI-NOLrS,fl. [Gr.;ioi'os,one,amUXii'ri,bed.] 
 In botany, hermaphrodite, or having both stamens 
 and pistils in every flower. 
 MOX'O-CO TYLE, ) a. Having only one 
 
 MO.\-0-CO-TYL-E'DON-0US, j seed-lobe or sem- 
 inal leaf. Jilartyn. Milne. 
 MON-O eO-TYL-iS'DON, n. [Gr. fiovos, sole, and 
 KiiTv\n"'oi-, a hollow.] 
 
 In botany, a plant with only one cotyledon, or .seed- 
 
 MO-NOC'R.\-SY, n. [Gr. /lovoj, sole, and Kparccj, to 
 govern.] 
 
 Government by a single person. 
 MON'O-CRAT, n. One who governs alone. 
 MO-,\oeMi-l,AR, la. [Gr. /...roj, sole, and L. oo 
 MU-NOC'U-LOUS, ( utas, eye.] 
 
 Having one eye only. Jhwetl. 
 MON'O-CULE, 71. [Supra.] An insect with one eye. 
 
 Petinant. 
 
 MON-O-nAC'TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. ,>ovoi and iaKTvXn-] 
 
 Having one finger or toe imly. 
 MO.VO DIST, n. One w ho writes a monody. Scott. 
 MO.N'0-l)0.\, n. [Gr. ;joi o<!oiij, having one tooth or 
 ahoot.] 
 
 The Hea-unicorn, a cetaceous mammal, t\ hich has 
 remarkable horn like tusk projecting frimi its ht^ad. 
 
 There is a rudiment of another tusk, but only one of 
 them is usually developed. It is called also the 
 Mo.xocERVs, or Horned Narwhal. Its usual size is 
 from sixteen to twenty feet. Cuvier. Eneyc. 
 
 M0.\-0-I)RA-MAT'ie, a. Pertainin;; to a inonodram. 
 
 MON'O-URa.ME, 71. [Gr. /loi/o? and ^o-i^a.] 
 A dramatic performance by a single person. 
 
 MON'O-DY, 7t. [Gr. ;joi/(tc!ia; (loi/oj, sole, and <ySn, 
 song.] 
 
 A species of poem of a mournful character, in 
 which a single mourner is supposed to bewail him- 
 self. Brande. 
 
 MO-NCE'CI.A, 71. pi. [Gr. povoi and otxog.] In bot- 
 any, a class of plants whose stamens and pistils are 
 in ilistinct flowers in the same plant, Linntrus. 
 
 M0-Na3'CI.\N, (-ne'shan,) > a. [Gr, ;ioi/oj, sole, and 
 
 MO-NCE'CIOUS, (-ne^shus,) j oik house.] 
 
 In botany, a term applied to a class of plants whose 
 stamens and pistils are in distinct flowers, both grow- 
 ing upon the same individual. 
 
 MON-O^A'MI-A,7t.p/.[Gr, iionos, sole, and yaiio;, 
 marriage.] 
 
 In botany, an order of plants having a simple flow- 
 er, though the anthers are united. Linnceus. Lee. 
 
 M0i\-0-Ga'MI-A.\, ( a. In botany, pertaining to the 
 
 MO-i\OG'A-MOUS, j order Monogainia, having a 
 simple flower with united anther.s. Lee. 
 
 MO-NOG'A-iMIST, 7!. [Supra.] One who disallows 
 second marriages. Johnson. 
 
 IIO-NOG'A-.MOUS, a. Having one wife only, and 
 not permitted to marry a second. 
 
 MO-NOG'.A-M Y, 71. [Supra.] The marriage of one 
 wife only, or the state of such as arc restrained to a 
 single wife. Bp. Hall. 
 
 M0N'0-GR.\:M,7i. [Gr. imvo;, sole, and j papji i, letter.] 
 A cliaracter or cipher composed of one, two, or 
 more letters interwoven, being an abbreviation of a 
 name ; used on seals, &c. Brande. 
 
 MO-N'O-GR-AiU-MAL, a. Sketching in the manner of 
 a mcmogram. Fothcrby. 
 
 MON-0-GR.\M'Mie, a. Pertaining to a monogram. 
 
 MON'O-GR.APH, n. [Gr. pavos, sole, and jpu^i;, 
 description.] 
 
 A written account or description of a single thing, 
 or class of things ; as, a monograph of violets in bot- 
 any ; a monograph of an Egyptian mummy. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 
 MO-NOG'RA-PHER, n, A writer of a monograph. 
 
 Purtin irton. 
 
 MON-O-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Drawn in lines without 
 
 MON-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, ( colors. BaUey. jlsh. 
 2. Pertaining to a monogra]>Ii. 
 
 MON-O-GR APH'ie-AL-LY, atlv. In the manner of a 
 monograph ; in the form of a monogra|)h. 
 
 MO-NOG'RA-PHIST, n. One who writes a mono- 
 graph, Keith. 
 
 MO-NOG'RA-PHY, 7i. [Gr, /tomf, sole, and ),<ja0a), 
 to describe.] 
 
 1. A description drawn in lines without colors. 
 
 2. A monograph, or written account of some sin- 
 gle subject or class of things. 
 
 MON-O-GYN'I-A, n. [Gr. ijiipos, sole, and yvvrija fe- 
 male.] 
 
 In botany, an order of plants having only one style 
 or stigma. Smith. 
 MON-O-GYNiX-AN, ) a. Pertaining to the order Mtm- 
 MO-NOG'YN-OUS, j ogynia ; having only one style 
 or stigma. 
 
 MON'O-LITH, n. [Gr. povos, and 'XiBoi, a stone.] 
 
 A pillar, column, &c., consisting of a single stone. 
 MON'-O-LITH'ie, j a. Consisting of a single stone ; 
 MON'O-LITH-AL, j as, monolithic temples of Nubia. 
 
 Russel. 
 
 MO-NOL'O-GI.ST, 71. [Gr. povof, sole, and Aojoj, 
 
 At) 01, to speak.] 
 
 One who soliloquizes. 
 MON'O-LOGUE, (mon'o-Iog,) n. [Gr. povo\o)ia; 
 
 povnf, sole, and Aojos, speech.] 
 
 1. A solUoquy ; a speech uttered by a person alone. 
 
 Drydejl. 
 
 2. A poem, song, or scene composed for a single 
 performer. Busby. 
 
 JIO-NO.M' A-CHIST, n. One who fights in single com- 
 bat ; a duelist, 
 
 MO-NO.M'.\-eHY, (mo-nom'a-ke,)n. [Gt. povopaxia ; 
 pon'ii, sole, and pnxri, cimibat.] 
 A duel ; a single combat, 
 
 MON-O-i'MA'NI-A, 71. [Gr. /loi-of and fiavin.] 
 
 Derangement of a single faculty of the mind, or 
 with regard to a particular subject, the other faculties 
 being in regular exercise. 
 
 MON-O-iMA'NI-Ae, ii. A person affected by mono- 
 mania. 
 
 MON-O-Ma'NI-AC, «• Afl'ectcd with monomania, or 
 
 partial derangement of intellect. 
 MON'OME, n. (Gr. /loi oc, sole, and oi">f,.i, name.] 
 In algebra, a quantity that has one term only. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 MO-NOM'E-TER, ti, A rhythmical series, consisting 
 
 of a single meter. 
 MON-O-MET'RIC, a. [Gr. (toioj, one, and pirpov, 
 
 measure.] 
 
 In mineralogy, n term applied to crystals with the 
 axes equal or of one kind, as the cube, octahedron, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, rRBY.-lTNE, MARINE, BIRD, -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK,— 
 
 726 
 
MON 
 
 and do(lcc!iliP(lroii. Tlie same arc also called Usstral 
 solids. 
 
 MO-.\o'.MI-AI,, II. Ill algebra, a quantity expressed 
 l)y imp Iprm mily. lirauue. 
 
 MO-.N()l".\-TUY", II. [Gr. //"iwi-, sole, and raJjUjSiif- 
 fcrin;;.] 
 
 S(ilit:ir>- siiirprini; or sensibility. U'hillock. 
 MO.V-O-PiyP'AI^OUS, a. [Gr. ^iJi'ot, only, and mra- 
 A./i<, llovvur lcaf.] 
 
 In botuiiij, having only one petal, or a one-pelaled 
 corol ; as, a monojirtalou.^ corol or flower. Martijn. 
 MOX'OPII-TUONG, n. [Gr. /lui/os, sole.and (fiOoyyos, 
 sound.] 
 
 A li tter liavins one sound. Beanie, 
 MON-()I'H-'riI(JN"GAL, a. Consisting of or having 
 
 a silicic sound. Rustli. 
 M()-.\()PH'YL-LOUS,a. [Gr. //onof.sole, and i/ivAAof, 
 
 leaf ) 
 
 Having one Ipaf only. 
 MO-NOPll'Y-Sn'E, n. [Gr. /icii'Os, only, and i^uirij, 
 nam re.] 
 
 One of a sect, in the ancient church, who main- 
 taiiipil that tlie human and divine natures in Jesus 
 riirist lu'came sii bli nded and confounded as to ron- 
 stitutp but one nature. JUunlock. 
 
 M()-.\(JI"()-L1.'<T, j w. [Sp. and It. mamiiwlUta. 
 
 M0-\0P'01,I/,-ER, I Pee Monopolize.] 
 
 One that inonopiilizes ; a person who engrosses a 
 cuuiinodity by purchasing the whole of that article 
 in luarlcpt, fur tlic purpose of selling nt an advanced 
 price ; or one who has a license, or privilege granted 
 liy aiiihorily, for the sole buying or selling of any 
 ciiiiiiiuidity. The man who retains in his hands his 
 own prmluce or manufacture, is not a monopolist 
 within the meaning of the laws for preventing mo- 
 nopolies, 
 
 MO-.\t)P'0-I,IZE, V. t. [Gr. fionoj, sole, and moXeo>, 
 to sell ; Fr. monupoler.] 
 
 1. To purchase or obtain possession of the whole of 
 any coniinodity or goods in market, with the view of 
 spiling Ihein at advanced prices, and of having tlie 
 power of coiiiiii.andiiig the prices; as, to monupuliic 
 sugar or tea. 
 
 2. 'Po engross or obtain by any moans the exclu- 
 sive right of trading to any place, and the sole power 
 of vending any commodity or goods in a particular 
 place or country; as, to monopolize the India or Le- 
 vant trade. 
 
 3. Figuratively, in a reider sense, to engross or ob- 
 tain the whole ; as, to monopolize advantages. 
 
 Federalist, Jttti. 
 
 MO-NOP'O-MZ-KD, pp. Obtained and enjoyed wlioUy 
 or ex( lusivply ; eimrosscd. 
 
 MO-.NOP'()-l,TZ-l Nt;, ppr. or a. Engrossing sole pow- 
 er or exclusive right ; obtaining possession of the 
 whole of any thing. 
 
 M(1-.NC)I"0-LV, h. [fr. monopole; I., monopolium ; 
 Gr. (I'lii'jr'iiXiu ,* p^tv >i and tijA^w.] 
 
 The sole power of vending any species of goods, 
 obia lied either by enEiossiiig the articles in market 
 by purchase, or by a liceiist' from the government 
 coiitiruiiiig this privilege. Thus the East India f'oiii- 
 paii\', ill Great llritain, once had a monopottj of the 
 trade to the East Indu s, granted to lliem by charter. 
 Mottopfiltrs by individuals, obtained by engrossing, 
 are an ntf^-nse prohibited by law. Hut a man has by 
 natural right the exclusive |itiwer of vending his own 
 produce Or manufactures, and to retain that exclusive 
 ri^ht is not a monopoly within the meaning of law. 
 
 MO.N'-O-POL'Y-LOGLfE, b. [Gr. /iums, iroAu(, and 
 Au) {.] 
 
 An exhibition in which an actor sustains many 
 characters. 
 
 MO-.\(JP'TEK-.\L, a. or ii. [Gr. povo( and irrtpor, a 
 wing] 
 
 In architecture, a term applied to n temple or circular 
 inclosure of columii'^, without a cell. 
 MO-.\OI"TO'PE,n. [Gr. (ion only, and jrrwoif, ctse.] 
 
 A noun having only one case. Clarke. 
 MON'0-IUI?.ME, «. [(Jr. ,io.-.i{ and fi'Opof, rhyme.] 
 A composition in verse, in which all the lines end 
 with tlip same rlivmc. 
 MO.\-0-SEP'AK)L'h!, a. [Gr. povof and srpal.] 
 
 ■ laving one sepal, that is, when the sepals are uni- 
 ted at the margin. LindUy. 
 MON-O-i^PER.M'OUS, a. [Gr. povo;, only, and artp- 
 ji'i, seed.] 
 
 Haviii!! one seed only. 
 MON-O-SPIlEll'ie-AL, a. [Gr. povof and sphrre.] 
 Coiisistiiis of one sphere only. SimarL 
 MO.N'O-STieil, (mon'o-stik,) n. [Gr. povoaTixov; 
 P"^oi, only, and aTt\n^, verse.] 
 
 A coiiipositinn consisting of one verse only. 
 MON-O STROPli'ICa. [Gr. /»jK)<rrpu0o{, having one 
 Btrophe.] 
 
 Having one strophe only ; not varied in measure ; 
 written in unvaried measure. •Wiu-uii. 
 MO.N'-O-SYULAB'ie, a. [See .Mososvluble.I Con- 
 sisting of one syllable ; as, a moaosiillabic word. 
 
 2. Consisting of words of one syllable ; as, a mon- 
 osiillabic verse. 
 MO.V O-SYL'LA-BI.E, n. [Gr. ^om{, only, and auA- 
 Xaliii, a syllable.] 
 A Word of one syllable. 
 
 MON 
 
 MON-0-SYL'LA-BL£D, a. Formed into one sylla- 
 ble. CUaveland, 
 
 MON-0-TIIAL'.\-MOUS, a. [Gr. /loi/xj, only, and 
 0uAu;i<i;, chamber.] 
 
 One-chambered ; applied to cephalopods having n 
 unilocular slu ll. Ciic. 
 
 MON'O-TllIMSM, 71. [Gr. povoi, only, and Ocoj, 
 God.] 
 
 'I'hc doctrine or belief of the existence of one God 
 only. .^sial. Hen. 
 
 MO.\'0-TtIE-IST, n. One who believes in one God 
 oiilv. 
 
 MO.V'-O THE-IST'ie, a. Pertaining to monotheism. 
 MO-i\OTH'E-LITE, n. [Gr. ponos, one, and Ji.wjai $, 
 will.] 
 
 One of an ancient sect, who held that the union of 
 two natures in Christ produced but one will. 
 
 Jilurtloclc. 
 
 MO-NOTII'E-LIT-ISII, n. The doctrine of the ino- 
 nothelites. 
 
 MO-NO'P'OiM-OUS, a. [Gr. povo; and tc/h'm.] 
 
 In mineraloiry, having its cleavage distinct only in 
 
 a single direction. Slirpnnl. 
 MO.N'O-TOiN'E, II. [See Monotony.] The utteraiice 
 
 of successive syllables on one unvaried key or line 
 
 of pitch. E. Porter. 
 
 MO.\-()-'PON'ie, a. Pertaining to the iiionotinip. 
 MO-.\OT'O-N0US, a. Continued with dull iiiiiforin- 
 
 itv. 
 
 MO-NOT'O-NOUS-LY, adv. With one uniform tone. 
 
 A'dl-fj'. 
 
 MO-N'OT'O-NY, n. [Gr. poi/orovia ; povoi, sole, and 
 roro), sound.] 
 
 1. A freipipnt recurrence of the same modifications 
 of tune or sound, producing a dull uniformity. [It 
 is Uiit the same with the monotone, which is ofleii 
 used with propriety in emphasis, solemn speaking, 
 &c.] 
 
 2. Figuratively, an irksome sameness or want of 
 variety. 
 
 At sw, every lliinj th.'Xt bpeiika Uie monotony of the fitrToiiiiiliiig 
 cxiKiiisc ;iirr;icts ultciilioii. Iroiug. 
 
 MON-O-TKE.M'A-TOUS, a. [Gr. povoi and Tpi;;,a, 
 pLrfoiatiou.] 
 
 Having only one external opening for urine and 
 other excrements, as certain animals of the order 
 Eileiitata. 
 
 M(>N■(^T1UG'I,YPII, 71. A kind of iiiterctilumniation 
 in which only one triglyph and twouietopa are iiitro- 
 ducpd. Owilt. 
 
 MO-NO.X'Y-I,ON, 71. [Gr. /i-i- .{ and (nAor.] 
 
 A canop or boat made from oiip piece of timber. 
 
 JlfOJV-S/K£7ft', (iniis-sepr',) 71. [Fr.] Sir ; Mr. ; soiue- 
 tiiues used for a Frenchman. Johnson. 
 
 MO.\-S(J(J.\', 71. A periodical wind, blowing six 
 months from the same quarter or point of the com- 
 pass, then changing and blowing the same time from 
 the opjMisite ipiarter. 'J'he iiiuiisooiis prevail in the 
 East Indies, and are called also traile winds, lint 
 we usually give the denomination of trade winds to 
 those which blow the whole year from the same 
 point, as the winds within the tropics on the Atlan- 
 tic. 
 
 MO-V'STER, 71. [L. 77ioii.-(ru7n, from 77io7iitro, to show. 
 So we say in English, a si^'lit. See .Muster.] 
 
 1. An animal produceil with a shape or with parts 
 that are not natural, as when the body is ill foriiieil 
 or distorted, or llie limbs too few or too inaiiy, or 
 when any part is extravagantly out of pro{iortioii, 
 either through defect or excess. 
 
 2. Any unnatural production ; something greatly 
 dpi'oriiied. Monsters are cumniun in the vegetable 
 kingdom. Kncyc. 
 
 3. A person so wicked as to appear horrible ; one 
 nnnatiirally wicked or mischievous. Su a parricide 
 is called a monster. 
 
 MON'STER, V. U To make monstrous. [JVot nsej.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 MON'STER-TAM-ING, a. Taming monsters. 
 
 IJavtilton. 
 
 MON'STRANTE, n. In the Roman Catholic church, a 
 framework of gold orsilver, in which the consei rated 
 wafer or host is held up to view before the congre- 
 gation. [See Remomstrvnce.] Gloss, of Jirchit. 
 MON-STROS'I-TY, ii. The state of being monstrous, 
 or out of the common order of nature. 
 
 We often reaii of ninnslroiia biithi ; but we *ee a ffrenter mon- 
 f lro«ily in ediic-ition, when a father t)cp?t« n %on uml trims 
 hull up liilu a beusu ^'ouUi. 
 
 2. An unnatural production ; that which is inon- 
 stnuis. 
 
 Faliri amnsre* (iMtoriona, ^hboaitica, tumorB, Ac, in the c\i\»s 
 of niurlfilic monstrotiti**, Entyc. 
 
 A monstnuity iiever changes the name or aHecU the iiiiiiiut-tbU- 
 lly of a •pecic*. Ailamon. 
 MON'STROUS, a. [I,. Tiioiisfrosiu.] 
 
 1. Unnatural in form ; deviating greatly from the 
 n.itunil form ; out of the coninuin course of nature; 
 OS, a monstrous birth or production. 
 
 2. Strange ; very woiHerfiil ; generally expressive 
 of dislike. Shak. 
 
 3. Enormous; huge; extraordinary; as, a mon- 
 strous higjit ; a monstroiii tree or niuiinU'iin. Pope. 
 
 4. Shocking to the sight or other senses; hateful. 
 
 MON 
 
 MON'STROUS, adv, Kxceedingly ; very much ; oa, 
 mviutrous h:irii ; monstrvus thick. 
 
 And will be monstrouM witiy on tlif* poor. J^ryden. 
 
 [Thi^t use colKxpiinl and vulvar.] 
 
 11 iiiHiiiU'r out of thp com- 
 mon orilur of nature ; lience, Khttckinpty ; trrnltly ; 
 hideoii.Hly ; horribly ; a.**, a man vionstn/ushj wickfd 
 
 2. To a great det;ree ; enormously ; e.vtravaKantly. 
 
 Who with Ilia wift! u monstrously in luvc. Dryden. 
 
 MON'S'PROUS-NESS, 71. The state of being mon- 
 strous. 
 
 2. Eiiorinily ; irregular nature or behavior. Shak. 
 MO.N'-TAiN 'IC, a. [ \i. montanus, from ini/ii,v, mountain.] 
 Pertaining to mountains ; consisting 111 iiiiuiiitains. 
 
 Kirican. 
 
 MON'TAN-ISM, 71. The tenets of Moiitaiiii*. 
 
 MO.\'T.\.\ IST, n. A follower of .Moiilaiiiis, a Phryg- 
 ian bishop anil enthusiast of thespniiid cnitiiry, w ho 
 claimed that tlii' Holy Spirit, the Parailete, d»et in 
 him, and employed him as an instriiMii nl for purifying 
 anil guiilinz iiipii 111 the (.'linstiaii lifr. Murdoch. 
 
 AlON'-TA.N'-ISl'IC, a. Pertaining to the heresy of 
 Montanus. 
 
 MON'T.ViN'-IZE, r. i. To follow the opinions of Mon- 
 tanus. Hooker. 
 MUNT'ANT, 71. [Fr., from 7iioii(«r, to niouiit.] 
 
 1. A term in fencing. Shak. 
 
 2. .All upright piece in anv framework. 
 MO.YT Dh: PIKTE. See Lo.MnAno Hot sr. 
 .MOIV'TEM, 71. A custom among the scholars at Eton 
 
 school, England, of going every third year, 011 Whit- 
 Tuesday, to a hillock, (L. ad moniim, whence the 
 name,) and pxactiiis; nioiipy from all passi-rs by, to 
 support at the university tlie senior scholar of the 
 school. Brande. 
 
 MO.\-Ti;'I!0, 11. [Sp. moiifcra.] 
 
 .\ horst niaii's cap. Bacon. 
 
 MO.\-TETIl', 71. A vessel in which glasses are 
 washed ; so called from the name of the inventor. 
 
 Kin-T. 
 
 MONTH, (month,) 71. [Sax. i7io7iu(A,froin mi)im,tlie moon ; 
 D. niaand ; <i. ntonath ; Sw. manad ; Dan. nttmned ; 
 \j. mcushi ; (Jr. p'li', a mouth, from p'lvti, the moon.] 
 A space or period of time coiistitiitiiig one of the 
 larger divisions uf the year. Month properly signifies 
 the period of the niooii's revolution from any point 
 in tlip heavens round to the same point again, called 
 a lunar month. One species of this, called the synodi- 
 ca/ »iuii(/i, is the time from one conjunction or new 
 moon to another, a period of 29 days, 12 hours, 44 
 minutes, ami 3 seconds ; another species, called the 
 sidrriul month, is the time between the niooiiVs passing 
 from any star and its return to the same star again, 
 a period of 27 tiays, 7 hours, 43 minutes, and lU 
 seconds. The term j«i/ar month has been applied to 
 the space of time 111 which the sun p.asses through 
 one siL'n, or a twelfth part of the zodiac. The 
 mean length of this period is 30 days, 10 hours, 29 
 minutes, 4 seronds. 
 
 In popolnr /iiiiiiiiairi', four \veeka are called a month, 
 being m arly the h iigth of the lunar month. A eal- 
 endar monUi consists of twenty-eight, twenty-nine, 
 thirty, or thirty-one days, as the iiionllis stand in 
 calriidars or almanacs. Olmsted. Burlow. 
 
 Mfl.N' l'll Ll.\(;, {iiiiiiilh-) 71. The being of a month. 
 
 MO.NTiri.V, (iiiuutli'le,) a. Continued a iiKUith or 
 performed 111 a iiiuiith ; as, the monUily revolution of 
 the moon. 
 
 2. Done or happening once a month, or every month ; 
 as, the moiifldif concert of prayer; a monUdy visit. 
 MONTH LY, 11. .\ publication which appears regu- 
 larly once a month, 
 MO.N Tll'LY, iii/e. Once a month; in every month. 
 The moon cli.anges monthty. 
 
 2. As if iiniler the inHuence of the moon ; in the 
 maiini r of a lunatic. [JVof u.»ci/.] Middlrlon. 
 MO.NTH'S'-MI.N'l), 71. Earnest desire ; strong inclina- 
 tion, lluilibras. 
 
 This phrase originated in the remembrance days 
 of iiioiikisli times, when, at periodical seasons, the 
 mind or memory of a liouiitifiil test:ttor was to be 
 kept alive hy masses and prayers. Smart. 
 MO.N'Tl CI.E, 11. A little mount ; a hillock ; some- 
 times written .Mn>iTit:fLE. LucU. 
 M(Ji\'-TIG'E-\OL'S, a. (I,. Tiioiuand Gr. jtmf.] 
 
 Produced on a mountain. 
 MO.NT-.MAR'TKITE, 71. A mineral of a yellowish 
 color, occurring massive, and found at .Moiilninrtre, 
 near Paris. It is soft, hut resists the wealher. It is 
 a compound uf the sulphate and carbonate of lime. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 MO.X'TOIR, (mon'twor,) n. [Fr.] In AoricmaiuAip, a 
 
 stone iisi'd fur aiding to mount a horse. 
 MO.\-TKOSS'. [See .Matboss.] 
 
 MO.\'Ti;itE, 71. [Fr.] Literally, that on which one 
 is mounted ; a saddle horse. Spenser. Toone. 
 
 MON'l^-MENT, 71. [L. 7iionui7irnru;/i, from Titoiieo, to 
 admonish or reiiiinu.] 
 
 1. Any thing by which the memory of a person or 
 an event is preserved or perjietuated ; a biiildinc, 
 stone, or other thing, placed or erected to remiml 
 nu n of the ptTson who raised it, or of a person de- 
 ceased, or uf any remarkable event ; as a mausoleum, 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER. VI"CIOUS. — e u K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII > TH as in TIMS 
 
 727 
 
MOO 
 
 a pillnr, a pyramid, a trimiiphal arch, a tniiilistone, 
 and llie like. A pillar of 2 10 feet in iiiiilit, cojnposed 
 of Porll.ind slone, was erected in London as a tuonu- 
 ment to preserve tl»e memory of tile <;reat conrta'jra- 
 tion in IWiG. A monument is erected on Ranker Hill 
 to commemorate tiie battle of June 17, 1775. 
 
 9. A stone, or a heap of stt)nes, or other durable 
 thing, intended to mark the bounds of states, towns, 
 or distinct possessions, and preserve the memory of 
 divisional lines. AVw Eu^laitd. 
 
 3. A thins that reminds or ijivcs notice. 
 MON-U-.ME.\T'.\L, a. Pertaining to a monument; 
 as, a monumental inscription. 
 
 2. Serving as a monument ; memorial ; preserving 
 memory. 
 
 Of pine or nwntimtntnl oalc. MiUon. 
 A work ooll.LSliiig tnoriurnenlai brass. Pope. 
 
 3. Belonging to a tomb ; as, monumental rest. 
 
 Craslmw. 
 
 MON-tl-MEXT'AL-LY, adv. By way of memorial. 
 
 Gaiiton. 
 
 9. By means of monuments. OUildou. 
 MOO, c. i. To make the noise of a cow ; a ckUd's 
 
 word. Smart. 
 MOOD, n. [Ft. mode ; L. modus. See Mode.] 
 
 1. In locricy the form of a syllogistic armimont ; the 
 regular determination of propositions accordins to 
 their quantity, as universal or particular, and their 
 quality, as atfirmative or negative, n^atts. F.ncijc. 
 
 2. Style of music. Milton. Knajc. 
 
 3. The variation of a rerb to e.\pres3 manner of 
 action or being. [See Mode.] 
 
 In theforesoing senses, and in all cases, this word, 
 when derived from the Latin nwdus, ought to be 
 written Mode, it being a distinct word from the fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 MOUD, 71. [Goth, mod, anger ; Sax. mod, Sw. mod, 
 the mind, a lofty mind, pride, violence ; modi^, 
 proud, spirited ; G. vintJi, mind, mood, courage, 
 mettle, spirit ; D. moed ; Dan. mood, mod, heart, 
 courage, mettle. We observe these words unite the 
 sense of mmd with that of spirit, courage, anger, 
 for the primary sense is derived from moving, driv- 
 ing, or rushinz forward, or from excitinz. VVe ob- 
 serve .analogous cases in the L. animus and Or. Ovji .5. 
 Chiss Md, No. 19, 24, 25.] 
 
 * I. Temper of mind i temporarj' st.ate of the mind 
 in regard to passion or feeling ; humor ; as, a melan- 
 choly mood ; an angry inoodi a suppli;tnt mood. 
 
 Dnjden, Addlton. 
 
 2. Anger ; heat of temper. Hooker. 
 
 [In this sense little used, unless qualified by an 
 adjective.] 
 
 MOOD'I-LY, adc. [from moorf;/.] Sadly. [Obs.] 
 MOOD'I-NESS, «. Anger; peevishness. 
 MOOD'Y, a. [Sax. modiV, angry.] 
 
 1. Angry ; peevish ; fretfcd ; out of humor. 
 
 Every peevish, moo-ly malcontent. Roipe, 
 
 2. Mental ; intellectual ; as, moodij food. [Obs.] 
 
 3. Sad ; pensive. \Sliak. 
 
 4. Violent ; furious. 
 
 MOON, n. [Sax. mono ; Goth, mena ; Dan. maane ; 
 Sw. mana ; D. moan; G. moud j Or. firifrj, Doric, 
 poll a ; Lapponic, mana.] 
 
 1. Th(! heavenly orb which revolves round the 
 earth ; a seccmdary planet or satellite of the earth, 
 whose light, borrowed from the sun, is reflected to the 
 earth and serves t(» dispel the darkness of night. 
 Its mean distance fnun the earth is about UO seuii- 
 diameters of the earth, or 238,545 miles. ' [See 
 Month.] 
 
 2. A month. This is the sense in which rude na- 
 tions use the name of the moon ; as, seven moons. 
 
 Half-moon ; in forlijication, a figure resend)ling a 
 crescent. 
 
 MOO\'-IiE.\.M, n. A ray of light from the moon. 
 
 Vriide.n. 
 
 MOOX'-BLAST-ED, o. Blasted by the influence of 
 the moon. Coleridge. 
 
 MOON'-CXI.F, (-kif,) n. A monster; a false con- 
 cepticm. Shak. 
 
 ■2. A mole or mass of fleshy matter generated in 
 the uterus. 
 
 3. A dolt ; a stupi<l fellow. Dnjden. 
 MOO.\'-ei;L'.MliN-A-'I'I.\r;, a. A term ap[ilied to a 
 
 star wtiieli culminates or comes to the meridian at or 
 
 about the same lime with the moon. K. C. Hi rrick. 
 MOON'KI), a. 'I'akeu for the moon. Mdum. 
 MOON'E I'. n. A little moon. Hall. 
 Mf)0\'-KVi;, n. An eye affected by the mimn. 
 MOO.\'-i;9-f;[), ( ide,) a. Having eyes affected by 
 
 the revolutions of the moon. 
 2. Dim-oyi-d ; purblind. Jiimnriorth. 
 MOf).\'-KI."'ll, H. A fish whose tail fin is shaped like 
 
 a half moim. Grew. 
 MOON'ISII, a. Like the moon ; variable. Hhak. 
 MOO.N'LES.-^, n. .\ot favored with miKinlight. Dn/den. 
 MO(l.N''Lir;ilT, n. The light allnrdeil by the nioon. 
 MOr)N'LlGiri', ( lite,) a. Illuminated by the mi>on ; 
 
 at, moonliirhl rcveln. Slink. 
 M()f).N"LI.\<;, n. A simpleton. «. .I.in.mn. 
 
 MOOS'-lJjV-EU, (-luvd,) a. I><jved when the moon 
 
 fdiineH. Milton. 
 
 MOO 
 
 MOON'-SEED, 71. A climbing plant of the genus 
 Menispermum, so called from tlie crescent-like form 
 of the seeds. P. Cijc. 
 
 MOON'SHEE,'77. The name given, in /717/ia, to a 
 Itlohammedaii professor or teacher of language 
 
 Malcom. 
 
 MOON'SHINE.ji. The light of the moon. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Fitrarativehj, show witliout substance or reality. 
 
 3. In harle.^que, a month. Shak. 
 A matter of moonshine ; a matter of no consequence, 
 
 or of indifference. 
 
 MOON'SHlNE, j a. Illuminated by the moon ; as, a 
 
 MOON'SHlN-Y, ) fair, moonshine night. Clarendon. 
 I went to see tliein in a inoonshiny ni^lit. Addison. 
 
 MOON'-SToNE, 71. A nearly pellucid variety of feld- 
 spar, or adularia, showing pearly or opaline reflec- 
 tiims from within. It is cut with a spheroidal surface, 
 and emploved as a gem. Dana. 
 
 MOOi\'STl{UCK, a. Affected by the influence of the 
 moon ; lunatic ; as, moonstruck m;tdness. Milton. 
 
 JIOOX'-TRl-.'FOlL, 71. An evergreen shrub of South- 
 ern Europe, Medicago arborea ; also called Tree- 
 medic. Loudon. 
 
 MO().\'-U'ORT, 71. An herb of the genus Lunaria, 
 often called Hosestv ; also, a fern of the genus Bo- 
 tr\'clliiiui. Loudon. 
 
 MObX'V, a. Lunated ; having a crescent for a stand- 
 ard ; in resemblance of the moon ; as, the moony 
 troops, or moony host, of the sultans of Turkey. 
 
 Philips. Fenton. 
 
 MOOR, 71. [Sax. 77I07-, a mountain, a pool or lake, a 
 plain ; D. moer; G. mohr ; Fr. 77mrc ; Dan. myre.] 
 
 A name given to extensive wastes covered with 
 heath, and liaving a poor, light soil, but sometimes 
 marshy, and abounding in peat. P. Cyc. 
 
 MOOR, 71. [D. ;7iuor; G. mohr; Fr. 77iaure,' Gr. aiiac- 
 jjci, owooi, dark, obscure.] 
 
 A native of the northern coast of Africa, called by 
 the Romans, from the color of the people. Maurita- 
 nia, the country of dark-complexioned people. The 
 same country is now called Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, 
 &c. 
 
 MOOR, V. U [Sp. and Port, amarra, a cable, and a 
 command to belay or fasten ; amurrar, to moor, as a 
 ship; Fr. ainarrcr ; .\nn. amarra ; D. maaren i allied 
 probably to L. moror ; Fr. demeurer, to delay. It is 
 composed of the same elements as the Saxon mcrran, 
 ainerran, amyrran, to hinder, to mar.] 
 
 To confine or secure a ship in a particular station, 
 as by cables and anchors, or by chains, or weights 
 beneath the water. A ship is never said to he moored 
 when she rides by a single anchor. Mar. Diet. 
 
 MOOR, V. i. To be confined by cables or chains. 
 
 On oozy grouiul his s.'\lleys moor. Dryden, 
 
 MOOR'AGE, 7!. A place for mooring. 
 MOOR'-t'OCK, j 71. Names of the red grouse or gor- 
 iMOOR'-FOVVL, ) cock ; Tetrao Scoticusnf Liiinants. 
 
 P. die. Ed. Encite. 
 MOOR'-HEN, 71. The common Enslish name for the 
 
 gallinule or water-hen ; Fulica chlorojius of Linnteus. 
 MOOR'-G.\ME, 71. Grouse; red-game. [PCyc. 
 MOOR' ED, pp. Made fast in a station by cables or 
 
 chains. 
 
 MOOR'ING, ppr. Confining to a station by cables or 
 chains. 
 
 ^lOOR'I.VG, 77. In senmen^s tantruaire, moorings are 
 the anchors, chains, and bridles, laid athwart the 
 bottiun of a river or harbor to confine a ship. 
 
 MOORISH, a. Marsiiy ; fenny; watery. 
 
 Alun^ tlie jm>07j*-/i fens. Thomson. 
 2. Pertaining to the Moors in Africa. 
 
 MOOR'LANU, 71. A marsh or tract of low, watery 
 ground. Mortimer. SwifL 
 
 2. Land rising into moderate hills, foul, cold, and 
 full of bogs, as in Staffordshire, England. 
 
 MOOR'-STo.VE, ». A species of English granite, used 
 as a coarse building stone. Qicdl. 
 
 MOOR'Y, a. Marshy ; fenny ; boggy ; watery. 
 
 As wlien tliicic in'ula arise I'roin moory vaiea. Fairfax. 
 
 .MOOSE, (moos,) 71. [A native Indian name; Kniste- 
 ne.aux, mouswah; Alitonquin, mon.-te. Mackenzie.] 
 
 An animal of the genus Ccrviis, and the largest of 
 the deer kind, growing sometimes to the hight of 17 
 hands, and weighing I30U |iounds. This animal has 
 a short, thick neck, and an upright mane, and the 
 body is covered with long, coarse hair. The mali- 
 lias lariie, palmated horns, 'i'he eyes are small, the 
 ears a foot long, very broad and slouching; the upper 
 lip is sipiare, han^s over the lower one, and has a 
 deep sulcus in the middle, so as to appear bifid. This 
 animal iiih.abits cobl, northern climates, being finind 
 in till) American forests of (Canada and New Eng- 
 land, and in the corresponding latitudes of Europe 
 and Asia. It is the Elk of Europe. Eneije. Ainer. 
 
 MOOT, V. I. [.Sax. motion, to meet, to debate ; Sw. 
 m'ita, to ni(!(;t, tti fall, to come to or on ; Goth, motifan. 
 (Hi-r Meet, of which this word is a ilill'ereiit orthog- 
 raphy.) Tin? sense of fleb.ati! is from meeting, like 
 encouiitrr, fnun the French ; for meeting gives rise i«» 
 the sense of opposing, and the D.an. mod, and Sw. 
 emot, against, a preposition answering to L. contra, 
 Fr. contre, is from this root.] 
 
 MOOT, ) 71. 
 
 MOOT'-CaSE, S 
 MOOT'-POINT, ) 
 
 MOR 
 
 To debate; to discuss; to argue for and against. 
 The word is applied chiefly to the disputes of stu- 
 dents in law, who state a qin^stion and discii.ss it, 
 by way of exercise to qualify themselves for arguing 
 causes in court. 
 MOOT, V. L To argue or plead on a supposed cause. 
 MOOT, ^ _ ^71. A point, case, or (piestion, to be 
 mooted or debated ; a disputable 
 case ; an unsettled question. 
 In lliis 77iooI-c£i«« your jml^ment to refuse. Dryden, 
 BIOOT'A-RLE, a. Capable of being mooted or debated. 
 MOOT'-COURT. 71. In law schools, a meeting or court 
 
 held for the purpose of discussing points of law. 
 MOOT'ED, pp. or a. Debated ; disputed ; controvert- 
 MOOT'ER, 77. A disputcr of a mooted case. [ed. 
 MOOT'-H ALL, i 71. A town hall ; hall of judgment. 
 MOOT'-HOUSE, i [Obs.] Wiclif 
 MOOT'ING, ppr. Disputing ; debating for exercise. 
 MOOT'ING, 7t. The exercise of disputing or debating. 
 MOP, 71. [VV. 777op, or mopa ; L. mappa.] 
 
 1. A piece of cloth, or a collection of Ihriims or 
 coarse yarn, fastened to a handle, and used for clean- 
 ing floors. Sieift. 
 
 2. A wry mouth. [-Vof used.] Shak. 
 MOP, t. 'I'o rub or wipe with a mop. 
 
 MOP, K. i. To m.ake a wrj- mouth. [.Vot 7/.<tcrf.] Shai. 
 MoPE, V. i. [I have not found this word, utilcss in 
 
 the I), moppen, to pout.] 
 To be very stupid ; to be very dull ; to drowse ; to 
 
 be spiritless or gloomy. 
 
 Demoniac plirensy, moping melancholy. Milton. 
 
 Or I'ut a siclily pan ol one true sense 
 
 Could not so inope. Shak. 
 
 MoPE, V. U To make stupid or spiritless. 
 
 .MoPE, 77. A stupid or low-spirited person ; a drone. 
 
 MoP'£D, (mopt,) pp. Made stupid. 
 
 A young, luiv-spirited, moped creature. Locke. 
 
 MoPE'-EY-J:D, (mr.pe'Ide.) o. [Qu. Gr. pvtox^.] 
 Short-sighted ; purblind. Bramhall. 
 
 MoP'ING, ppr. or a. Affected with dullness; spirit- 
 less ; gloomy. 
 
 MoP'ISH, a. Dull; spiritless; stupid; dejected. 
 
 MoP'ISH-LY, uiZc. In a mopish manner. 
 
 MoP'lSH-NESS, 77. Dejection ; dullness ; stupidity. 
 
 MOP'P/CD, (mopt,) pp. Rubbed or wiped with a mop. 
 
 MOP'PET, ) re T 1 
 
 MOP'SEY i [''■°'" ""P' ^''PPi'.] 
 
 A rag baby ; a puppet made of cloth ; a fondling 
 name of a little girl. Dnjden. 
 
 MOP'PING, 77;>r Rubbing or drying with a mop. 
 
 MO'PUS, n. A mope ; a drone. Swift. 
 
 MO-RaINE', 77. [Fr.] A term applied to lines of 
 blocks and gravel extending along the sides of sep- 
 arate glaciers, and along the middle part of glaciers 
 formed by the union of one or more separate ones. 
 
 MOR'.-VL, a. [Fr. and Sp. moral; It. morale; L. mora- 
 lis : from 77IO.N-, moris, manner. The elements of this 
 word are [)robably Mr ; but I know not the primary 
 sense. The word coinciaes in elements with Ar. 
 
 marra, to pass, to walk. If the original sense 
 
 of the L. mos, moris, was settled custom, the word 
 may be from the root of 77ioror, to stop, delay ; Eng. 
 dc777 i7r.] 
 
 1. Relating to the practice, manners, or conduct of 
 men, as social beings, in relation to each other, and 
 with reference to right and wrong. The word 77iiirai 
 is applicable to actions that are good or evil, virtuous 
 or vicious, and has reference to the law of God as 
 the standard by which their character is to be deter- 
 mined. The word, however, may be applied to ac- 
 tions which affect only, or primarily and principally, 
 a person's own happiness. 
 
 Keep lU tlie least wilhin the compass of moral actions, which 
 
 have ill them vice or virtue. Jlooker. 
 Mankiml is tjrokeii louse from morai bands. Dryden. 
 
 2. Subject to the moral law, and capable of moral 
 actions; bound to perform social duties ; as, a 77ioraI 
 agent or being. 
 
 3. Supported by the evidence of reason or prob.a- 
 hility ; founded on experience of the ordinary course 
 of things; as, 7«ora( certainty, distinguished from 
 physical or mathematical certainty or demonstration. 
 
 Physical and iiKithemalical ftTlainty may !>■ slyle.l inf.Jlible, and 
 moral c«-'ruuiity iiuay tie properly styled iiiduhiuiljle. 
 
 Thin-m of a TTiorot nature may tje proved by 7710.0? arjrninenls. 
 
 71iUonon. 
 
 4. Conformed to rules of right, or to the divine law 
 respecting social duties ; virtuous ; just ; as when we 
 say, a particular action is not 77iorn/. 
 
 i). Conformed to law ami right in exterior deport- 
 ment ; as, he leads a pood moral life. 
 
 fi. Reasoning or instructing with regard to vice 
 and virtue. 
 
 Whilst thou, ft morfil fool, sii'nt still and cri'sl. SltaJc. 
 
 7. In general, moral denotes something which re- 
 spects the conduct of men, and their relations as so- 
 cial beiiias whose attious have a bearing on each 
 other's rights iiiid ha|ipiiiess, and are therefore richt 
 or wrong, virtuous or vicious; wi^, moral character; 
 moral views; moral knowledge; moral sontiiiienta ; 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK - 
 
 788 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 moral maxims ; moral approbrition ; moral doubts ; 
 miyrai jiislicc ; moral virtues ; moral ohlisations, &c. 
 Or maiat denotes soiiietliiiij; wliicli ri'S|)e(,iH llio intel- 
 lectual powers of man, as distinct from his pliysical 
 powers. Thus we speak of moral evidence, moral 
 arguments, moral persuasion, moral certainty, moral 
 force, which operate on the mind. 
 
 Moral law ; the law of God, which prescribes the 
 moral or social duties, and prohibits the transgression 
 of them. 
 
 Moral philosophy ; the science of duty ; the sci- 
 ence which treats of the nature and condition of 
 man as a social being, of the duties which result 
 from his social relations, and the reasons on which 
 tliev arc founded. 
 
 Moral sense ; an innate or natural sense of right 
 and wrong ; an mstinclive perception of what is 
 rlRht or wrong in moral conduct, which approves 
 some actions and disapproves others, independent of 
 education or the knowledge of any positive rule or 
 law. But the existence of any such moral sense is 
 very nuich doubted. Paley. Eiicijc. 
 
 MOR'AL, n. Morality ; the doctrine or practice of the 
 duties of life. [JVui much tuinl.] Prior. 
 
 2. The doctrine inculcated by a fiction ; the ac- 
 commodation of a fable lo form the morals. 
 
 The inorai is (hi- finil biuiitess of the poel. Drydtn. 
 MOR'AL, r. i. To moralize. [JVu( in tisf.] 
 MOR'AL-ER, 71. A inorali/.er. [ATvt in use.] Sliak. 
 MOR'AL-IST, II. [U. moralista; Fr. moralistr.] 
 
 1. One who teaches the duties of life, or a writer 
 of essays intended to correct vice and inculcate 
 moral duties. J)ildison. 
 
 3. One who practices moral duties ; a mere moral 
 person. Hammond. 
 
 MO-RAL't-TY, n. [Fr. moraliti.] 
 
 I. The doctrine or system of moral duties, or the 
 duties of men in their social character; ethics. 
 
 The sysf-in of momlity to be gnth'*red from the wrililicrs of an- 
 cient sages tails Tery short of that delivered in Uie jpwivl. 
 
 Swifl. 
 
 9. The practice of the moral duties ; virtue. We 
 often admire the politeness of men whose morality 
 we question. 
 
 3. The quality of an action which renders it good ; 
 the conformity of an act to the divine law, or to the 
 principles of rectitude. This conformity implies 
 that the act must be performed by a free agent, and 
 from a motive of obedience to the divine will. This 
 is the strict theological and scriptural sense of mo- 
 rality. But we often apply the word to actions 
 which accord with justici' and human laws, without 
 reference to the motives from which they proceed. 
 
 4. A kind of allegorical play, so termed because it 
 consisted of moral discourses in praise of virtue, be- 
 tween such characters as Charity, Faith, Death, &c. 
 Such plays were occasionally exhibited as late as the 
 reign of llenrv VIII. F.ncyc. Jimrr. 
 
 MOR-AI,-I-7.A'TION, ii. Moral reflections, or the act 
 of making moral retlections. lyarton, 
 9. Explanation in a mora! sense. F.Uiot. 
 
 MOR'AL-IZE, r. (. [Fr. moral ijcr ; Sp. morali-.ar ; It. 
 morahliarr.] 
 
 1. To apply to a moral purpose, or to explain in a 
 moral sense. 
 
 This fiiljle is mOTKilittd in a common proTerb. V Estrange. 
 Did he nut moralize this spectacle i i>haJc. 
 
 2. To furnish with manners or examples. Spenser. 
 
 3. To render moral or virtuous ; to correct tlie 
 morals of. 
 
 It h ill » l.^r*e share in moro/isiny the poor while p<^ple of the 
 country. Itainatiy. 
 
 [This sense, though the most strictly etymological, 
 is rare, but not to be condemned.] 
 MOIl'.M.-IZE, f. i. To speak or write on moral sub- 
 jects, or to make moral rellerliiuis. 
 MOR'AL r/.-KI), pp. .\pplied to a moral purpose, or 
 explained in a moral sense. 
 
 9. Renilered moral or less corrupt. Ch. Reli". ..Appeal. 
 MOR',\I,-I/,-ER, n. One wlio nuiralizes. 
 MOIl'.\l,-IZ-I.\(;, ppr. Applying to a moral purpose, 
 or explaining in a moral sense. 
 9. Making moral rcflertions in words or writing. 
 MOR'AU-tZ-I.NG, n. The application of facts to a 
 moral purpose, or the making of moral retlections. 
 His morti/tzinfs are always pleasant, and he dues not spare, 
 where he thinlts it ur.-fnl to moralue. Ck. Ob. 
 
 MOP'.M,-LY, O'/r. In a moral or ethical sense ; ac- 
 cording to the rules of morality. 
 
 By yooti, morxUly so called, Lonum honestum ought chiefly to be 
 inidrntoud. .'ioulK. 
 
 2. Virtuously; honestly; according to moril rules 
 In external de|)ortment. He resolves to live morallii. 
 
 3. According to the rules of the divine law. An 
 action is not in strictness morally good, which docs 
 not proceed from good motives, or a principle of love 
 and obedience to the divine law and to the law- 
 giver. Charity bestowed lo gratifv pride, or justice 
 done by compulsion, can not be morally good in the 
 sight of God. 
 
 4 According to the evidence of human reason, or 
 of probabilities, founded on facts or experience ; ac- 
 
 cording to tJie usual course of things and human 
 judgment. 
 
 It is morally impossible fur a hypocrite to keep himself ton? on 
 his guard. L' EHrange. 
 
 From tile nature of things, 1 am morally certain that ji luinj free 
 from jKusion and prejudice is mure fit to p.uis u true judg- 
 ment Uian one hiaaed by alTection and iiitelvst. Wiikitm, 
 
 MOR'ALS, 71. pi. The practice of the duties of life ; 
 as, a man of correct morals. 
 
 2. Conduct; behavior; course of life, in regard to 
 good and evil. 
 
 Some, as corrupt In their mom/* as vice cotiU! make them, have 
 been Bulicilous lo have their childivn virtuously and piously 
 educaU'd. Soitlh. 
 What can laws do wilhoul morals 7 Pranklin. 
 
 MO-RASS', 71. [D. morrai, from mow, a marsh ; Sw. 
 moras ; G. morast ; Sax. mersc ; Fr. marais ; from 
 viare or moor, a tract of level ground.] 
 A marsh ; a fell ; a tract of soft, wet ground. 
 
 Watts. Thomson. 
 
 MO-RASS'Y, a. Marshy ; fenny. Pennant. 
 MO-RA' VI-AiV, a. Pertaining to Moravia, or to the 
 
 United Hrethren. 
 MO-RA'VI-.AiX, n. One of a religious sect, called the 
 
 United Brethren. 
 MO-RA'VI-AN-ISM, 71. The religious system of the 
 
 Moravians. 
 
 MOR'Bll), a. [L. morbidus, from morbus, a disease, 
 fnmi the root i»f morior, to die ; \V. mono, to die, 
 from mar, laid flat. The sense of the verb, then, is, 
 to fall, fail, or sink ; Ir. marbh, W. viano, dead. 
 In Ch. p-ip is to be sick. Class .Mr, No. 12.] 
 
 Diseasfii ; sickly ; not sound anil healthful ; as, 
 morbid hiimtirs; ii morbid constitution; a morbid 
 state of the juices of a plant ; a morbid sensibility. 
 
 MOR'llID-LV, adv. In a morbid or diseased manner. 
 
 MOR'BID-NESS, n. A stale of being disi^ased, sickly, 
 or unsound. 
 
 MOR-BIF'I€, ) a. [Fr. morbifique ; L. morbus, 
 MOR-BIF'ie-.'VL, i disease, and facio, to make.] 
 Causing disease ; generating a sickly stale ; as, 
 morbi/if, matter. 
 MOR-lilL'LOUS, a. [L. 7norii/;i, measles, a medical 
 term, from morbus.] 
 
 I'erlaiiiing to the measles; measly; partaking of 
 the nature of nii^asles, or rtiscmbliiig the eruptions of 
 MOR-BoSi;', a. [I>. miirdosKs.] [that disease. 
 
 Proceeding from disease; unsound; unhealiliy; 
 as, a morbose tumor or excrescence in plants. Ray. 
 MOR-BOS'I-TY, 71. A diseased state. Brown. 
 MOR-CFJIU', fnior-so',) ii. [Fr.] A bit ; a morsel. 
 .MOR-DA'CIOUS, (-shiis,) a, [L. mordai, infra.] 
 
 1. Biting ; given to biting. Evelyn. 
 9. FiiTuratively, sarcastic. Smart. 
 
 MOR-DA'CIOUS-LV, a«io. In a biting manner ; s.ar- 
 castically. }Vaterhouse. 
 
 MOK-l)AC'I-TY, (-das'e-te,) 7i. [L. 7norJacitas, from 
 mordeo, lo bile.j 
 
 Ti e quality of biting. 
 
 MOR'DAXT, a. [Fr.] Biting. 
 
 MOK'DA.N'T, n. [Fr., biting.] A substance which 
 h.is a chemical affinity for coloring matter, and 
 serves lo fix colors ; such as alum. Fourcroy. 
 
 2. In ifildinsr, any sticky matter by which the gold 
 leaf is made lo adhere. 
 
 MOR'DAN'T, a. Having the quality of seizing hold 
 
 or of fixing colors. 
 MOR'DA.N'T-LY, adv. In the manner of a mordant. 
 MOR'Dl-eAi\-CY, 71. A biting quality ; corrosive- 
 
 ness. Kvelyn, 
 MOR'l)I-eA\T, o. [Fr. ; from L. mordeo, to bite.] 
 Biting ; acrid ; as, the mordicajit quality of a body. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 MOR-ni-eA'TIOX, n. [from L. mordeo, to bite.] 
 The act of biting or corruding ; corrosion. 
 Anuther CJiuse is the morc/icolion of the orifices, especially of the 
 mesentery veins. liacon. 
 
 MORE, a. [Sax. more, mam, or mare, more or greater ; 
 I), meer ; G. mehr ; Dan. meere ; Sw. mer. The 
 Savon ma and mo, in Cli.'iiicer, have the same sense. 
 In \V. mawr, Ir. i/n/r, signifies irreat, in the positive 
 degree. 'I'Uc word may be contracted from nia^, the 
 rtxil of L. mofeis ; mare, fur imitrer ,* but this is con- 
 jecture.] 
 
 1. Greater in quality, degree, or amount ; in a fen- 
 erat ien.ie ; as, more land ; more water; more cour- 
 age ; i7ior( virtue ; more power or wisdom ; more 
 love ; tnore praise ; more light. It is apjilicable to 
 every thing, material or immalerial. 
 
 2. (irealer in number; exceeding in numbers; as, 
 more men ; more virtues ; more years. 
 
 The cliildr\-n of Israel are rnors than we. — Ex. 1. 
 
 3. Greater. 
 
 The more part knew not why they had come togetlier. — Acts 
 zis. 
 
 4. Added to some former number ; additional. 
 
 But MonUi^ne demands one labor more. Addison. 
 
 MORE, adc. To a greater degree. 
 
 lsr»el lovexl Joseph rnort than all his ctlildren. — Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 2. It is used with the. 
 
 They hated him yet th* more. — Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 3. It is used lo modify an adjective, and form the 
 
 comparative degn^c, having the same force and ef- 
 fect as the termination er in monosyllahles ; as, more 
 wise ; more illuslrioiis ; more coiiteiiiplibte ; more du- 
 rable. It may be used before all adjectives winch 
 admit of comparison, and iniut be used before poly- 
 syllables. 
 
 4. A second or another time ; again. I expected 
 to hear of him no more. 
 
 The dove relume<l nut to him again any more. — Gen. viti. 
 
 JVo 7«ore ; not continuing ; existing no longer ; 
 gone ; deceased or destroyed. Cassius is 710 more. 
 Troy is no more. 
 
 Jfo more is used in commands, in an elliptical form 
 of address. Ao more! that is, say no more; let me 
 hear 710 more. In this use, however, more, when 
 the sentence is complete, is a noun, or substitute 
 for a noun. 
 
 Much more ; in a greater degree, or with more read- 
 iness; more abundanlly. 
 More and more; with continual increase. 
 
 Anion trespassed more an/t more. — '.2 Chnin. xxxiil. 
 
 MORE, a noun, or substitute fora noun. A greater quan- 
 tity, amount, or number. • 
 
 They gathered some mare, some less. — Kx. xvi. 
 
 They were more whi> died by laii-stunes than they whom die 
 
 1 hlhln-n ul Israel slew with Ihe swonl. — Josh. x. 
 Getl do so lo thee and more also. — I Sam. iii. 
 There were more Ui.vn forty who had miuie this conspiracy. — 
 Acts xxiii. 
 
 2. Greater thing; other thing; something further. 
 Here we rest ; we can do no more. He conijiiered 
 his enemies ; lie did more, he conquered himself. 
 More, n. [Sax. Tnor.] 
 1. A hill. 
 
 9. [Sax. moran.] .\ root. Spenser. 
 MORE, r. f. To make more. [Obs.] Oouicr. 
 MO-KEEN', 71. A stout woolen stitlf, used for cur- 
 tains, See. 
 
 MOR'El,, H. An edible mushroom, found in orchards, 
 woods, and cinder walks, in Europe. It is called by 
 botanists Morchrtla escutcnta. It is more used in a 
 dried state for sauces llian when fresh. Loudon. 
 9. A kind of cherry. 
 
 MoRE'I.A.M). See .Moorland. 
 
 MoRE'.XESS, 11. Greatness. [Obs.] JTiclif. 
 
 MoRE-O' VEI{, a</r. [coiiip. ol more and over.] Be- 
 yond what has been said; further; besides; also; 
 likewise. 
 
 Moreover, by them is thy servant warned. — Ps. xtx. 
 MO-RESaUE', (ino-resk',) a. [Fr., from It. more.ieo, 
 from jMoro, a .Moor.] 
 
 Done after the ni-iiiner of the Moors ; the same as 
 Arabesque. 
 
 MO-REStiUE', 71. A species of painting or carving 
 done after the Moorish manner, consisting of gro- 
 tesque pieces and compartments promiscuously inter- 
 spersed ; arabi'sqiie. Owilt. 
 
 MOR-GAN-AT'ie-.MAR'RIA(3E,7i. [from the Gothic 
 morirjan. to shorten.] See Lekt-iiamded. 
 
 MOR'G.^Y, 71. A s|)ecies of shark, Scyllium canicula, 
 also called the small-spotted dotrjish, or bounce. It is 
 widely distributed, and is represeiiletl as very vora- 
 cious. Its ordinary length is between two aiiiJ three 
 feet. Jardine^s .Xat. Lib. 
 
 MOR'GI.AY, 71. [L. mors, death, and Celtic glaive. 
 sword.] 
 
 A deadly weapon. 
 
 MOROUF,, (_nwt'i,) n. [Fr.] A place, in many towns 
 in France, where the botiies of persons foiiiul dead 
 are exposed, that they may he recognized bv their 
 
 MOR'I-BUM), a. In a .stale of dying. [frieniU. 
 
 MOiri-BUND, n. A dying person. Cyc. 
 
 MOR'ICE. See .\Iorisco. 
 
 .MO-RIC'ER-ATE, r. I. To obey. [J^'ot ii.tfrf.] 
 
 MO-KIO EK-A'TION, 71. [_See .Morigerol-.s.] Obse- 
 quiousiiess ; obedience. [Ofe.] Bacon. 
 
 MO-RICER-OCS, a. [L. morigcrus ; mos, maris, man- 
 ner, and irrrci, to carr>'.] 
 
 Olietlient ; obseipiious. [Little used.] Diet. 
 
 .MOR'II,, 71. [Vr.mordle.] 
 
 A iiiiislirouni of the size of a walnut, abounding 
 with liille holes. [Sec Morel.] F.nciic 
 
 MQ-KIL'I.I-FOU.M, a. Having the form of the moril, 
 a iiiiisliriHjm. 
 
 MO-IUI/U>.\', n. The golden cyc, a species of the 
 duck family. P. Cyc. 
 
 MO-lilN"G.-\, 71. A plant, Hypcranthora Moringa, a 
 native of Egypt and the East Indies. It has been 
 supposed to produce Ihc nephritic wood. 
 
 M0R'I-O.\, 71. [Fr., from lu morione.] 
 
 A kind of open heliiiet, without visor or beaver, 
 soinewlial reseiiihling a haU Kncye. Jim. 
 
 MO-RIS'€0, ( II. [from .Voor.l A term variously ap- 
 
 MO RISK, i plied by old writers tu the work called 
 moresque, to the .Moorish language, also to a dance, 
 or a dancer of the morris or -Moorish dance. [See 
 MoKBu.l Shak. 
 
 MOR'KI.V, n. [Sw. murken, putrefied ; or Fr. iTiorf, L. 
 morfuu.N', dead, and km, kind.] 
 
 .Among hunters, a beast that has died by sickncsj 
 or mischance. Badey. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IINITE. — AVGER, VI"CIOUe G as K ; G a« J ; B a« Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 MOR'LING, ) ri- , 4 J 1 
 MORT'LI.XG, i"- [!■ r- -ierid.] 
 
 \V<i(tI plucked from a dead sheep. Jiinsicortk. 
 MOR'. MO, 71. [Gr. ,,■,.> ii,.,.] 
 
 A ousbear ; false terror. Johiisoti. 
 MOR MOi\, n. The name of a sect in the United 
 States, fullowers of one Joseph Sinitll, who clahned 
 to work miracles, and to liave found an addition to 
 the Bible, engraved on golden plates, which he pub- 
 lished under the name of the Book of Mormon. 
 2. A generic name of the puffins. Illiger, 
 MoK\, n. [Sax. viariie^mariroie^mn-ffen^TnorgenjD^n. 
 D. and G. morgeti, Sw. morgan, morn, morning, or 
 morrow. In \V. mory, Ir. marach, is morrow ; Scot. 
 morn, or mnrne, morrow. In Goth, meryan signifies 
 to pulilish, tliat to open, or throw forth ; Orient. 
 "IDK. In Russ. morgayu signifies to wink or twinkle ; 
 Ice. mortrnor, to grow light.] 
 
 The first part of the day ; the morning ; a word 
 used ctliejly in poetry. 
 
 And blooming peace shall ever bless Ihy morn. Prior. 
 
 MORN'ING, n. [Sax. margent, morgen. See JIobn.] 
 
 1. The first part of the day, beginning at twelve 
 o'clock at night, and extending to twelve at noon. 
 Thus we say, a star rises at one o'clock in the morn- 
 ing. In a more limited sense, morning is the lime be- 
 ginning an hour or two before sunrise, or at break of 
 day, and extending to the hour of breakfast and of 
 beginning the labors of the day. Among men of busi- 
 ness in large cities, the morning extends to the hour 
 of dining. 
 
 2. The first or early part. 
 
 In the morning of life, devote youtself to the service of the Most 
 Hi?li. J. Clarke. 
 
 MORN'ING, a. Pertaining to the first part or early 
 part of the day ; being in the early part of the day ; 
 as, morning dew j morning light ; morning service. 
 
 She looks as clear 
 As morning roses newly w.-ished with dew. ShaJc. 
 
 JIORN'ING-GOWN, n. A gown worn in the morn- 
 ing before one is formally dressed. .Addison. 
 
 MOliN'ING-STXR, n. The planet Venus, when it 
 precedes the sun in rising, and shines in the morning. 
 
 MO-ROe'eO, n. .\ fine kind of leather, prepared 
 commonly from goatskin, (though an inferior kind is 
 made of sheepskin,) and tanned with sumach; said 
 to be borrowed from the Moors. 
 
 MO-RO.N'£', n. A deep-crimson color. [See Ma- 
 roon.] 
 
 MO-RoSE', a. [L. morosiis : It. and Sp. moroso, slow, 
 tardy. In Portuguese, moroso signifies dwelling on 
 lewd thoughts ; morosidadc, the act of dwelling on 
 such thoughts. Morose, then, is from the root of 
 L. moror, to delay, stop, hinder, whence comrnoror, 
 to dwell, Fr. demeurer. Eng. demur. The customary 
 sense, then, is derived from the gloomy, sullen tem- 
 per formed by habitually fixing the thoughts on some 
 object.] 
 
 Of a sour temper ; severe ; sullen and austere. 
 
 Some have deserved censure for a morose and affected taciturni- 
 ty ; otherj have iriade speeches, Uiou^h they had nothing to 
 say. Walts. 
 
 MO-RoSE'LY, nip. Sourly ; with sullen austerity. 
 MO-RoSE'NESS, n. Sourness of temper ; sullenness. 
 Jijoroseness is not precisely peevishness or fretfulness, 
 though often accompanied with it. It denotes more 
 of silence and severity, or ill humor, than the irrita- 
 tability oi; irritation which characterizes peevishness. 
 Leani STOod humor, never to oppose without just re;ison ; ahat« 
 Biirne deuces of pride aud mcroseness. Walls. 
 
 MO-ROS'I-TY, n. Moroseness. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 MO-ROX'lTE, n. [L. ynorus, a miilli. rry-tree.] 
 
 A variety of native jjhosphate of lime, of a mul- 
 berry color. 
 
 MO-ROX-YL'ie, a. Mororylic acid ; a vegetable acid 
 obtained from a saline exudation from the Morus al- 
 ba, or whitff mulberry. 
 
 .MOR'PIIE-Urt, V. [Gr.] In mythology, the god of 
 dreams. In the cbissics, pronounced Alor'phcus. 
 
 MOR'I'IIEW, (mor'fu,) «. [It. morfea.] 
 A scurf on the face. 
 
 MOU'PHEVV, B. «. To cover with scurf. Bp. I/all. 
 
 MfHt'PIIl-NA, ) 
 
 MOR'I'Hl-A, Sn. [Gr. /iopcttvj, the god of Bleep.] 
 
 mok'Imii.m:, ) 
 
 A vegetable alkaloid extracted from opium, of 
 which it constitutes one of the narcotic principles, 
 Bigelow. Ure. 
 MOU PirO-I,OG'IC-AL, (1. Pertaining to morphology. 
 MOR-PII01/(J-GV, n. [Gr. i,o,>,t,r, and \;yof.] 
 
 In hniany, a treatise or description of the melamor- 
 pho^i** of organs. 
 MOIl'lll.'^, j ,., , „ , 
 
 MOR'Uk/k ( I' """■'•"7"'^ ' "om Ji/uor.] 
 
 1. A .Moorixh dance ; a dance in imilatiim of the 
 Moom, an fmrnhnnds, cliaciins, <cc., usually performed 
 with castanetH, taiiihor.-t, fcc, by youtig men in their 
 • hirtii, Willi lii'lN at tin ir fi et, anil ribbcinn of various 
 colorH tied round their aroH and flung acrosH their 
 sholllderi. I'.nryr. 
 
 y. A kind of game, NometimeH played in the field, 
 with nine hohnt in the ground, and railed nine mrn*s 
 morris; sometitneti played on a board. .Shak. Forby. 
 
 MOR'RIS-DXNCE, 71. A kind of dance. [See Mor- 
 ris.] 
 
 MOR'^RIS-DXN'CER, n. One who dances a morris- 
 dance. ' Temple. 
 
 MOR'RtS-PIKE, 71. A Moorish pike. 
 
 MOR'RoVV, 71 [Sax. morgen. But it seems rather to 
 be the Welsh mory, morrow.] 
 I. The day next after the present. 
 
 Till Uiis stormy night is gone, 
 And til' eternal morrou) dawn. 
 
 This word is often preceded by on or to. 
 
 CrfLsharo. 
 
 Tlie Lord did that thing on Uie morroiff. — Ex. ix. 
 To-mcrrow sli;dl this sign be. — Ex. viii. 
 
 So we say fo-night, fo-day. To-morrow is equiva- 
 lent to on the morrow. 
 2. The next day subsequent to any day specified. 
 
 But if the sacrifice of his oRering sliall be a vow or a voluntary 
 otlering, it sliall be eaten the same day tllal he otfereth his 
 sacrifice ; and on the morroio also the remainder of it shall 
 be eaten. — Lev. vu. 
 
 Oood morrow ; a term of salutation ; good mom- 
 MORSE, (mors,) n. [Russ. morj.] ['ng. 
 In zoology, the sea-horse or walrus, an animal of 
 the genus Trichechus, which sometimes grows to the 
 length of eighteen feet. This animal has a round head, 
 small mouth and eyes, thick lips, ashort neck, and a 
 body thick in the middle, and tapering toward the 
 tail. His skin is from one to two inches thick, and 
 covered with close hair. His legs are short and 
 loosely articulated, and he has five toes on each foot, 
 connected by webs. The tusks usually weigh from 
 five to ten pounds each, and are from fifteen to twen- 
 ty inches in length, though they are sometimes near- 
 ly twice this size. These animals are gregarious, 
 but shy, and very fierce when attacked. They in-, 
 habit the shores of Spitzbergen, Hudson's Bay, and 
 other places in high northern latitudes. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib. P. Cyc. 
 MOR'SEL, 77. [from L. Tnorsus, a bite, from mordeo.] 
 
 1. A bite ; a mouthful ; a small piece of food. 
 Every morset to a satisfied hunger is oiUy a new labor to a tired 
 
 digestion. South. 
 
 2. A piece ; 9 meal ; something to be eaten. 
 
 On these herbs, and (hiits, and flowers, 
 
 Feed first, on each beast next, aud fish and fowl, 
 
 No homely morsels, Rlilton. 
 
 3. A small quantity of something not eatable. [Im- 
 proper.] Boyle. 
 
 MOR'SURE, (mor'shur,) n. The act of biting. 
 MORT, n. [Fr. See Mortau] A tune sounded at 
 
 the death of game. S/inA:. 
 2. A salmon in his third year. Todd. 
 MOR'T.\L, a. [L. mrrtalL^, from 77iors, death, or mo- 
 
 rior, to die, that is, to fall ; W. marw ; Fr. mourir ; 
 
 Arm. mervel ; It. morire ; Sp. morir. See Class Mr, 
 
 No. 12, 14.] 
 
 1. Subject to death ; destined to die. Man is mortal. 
 
 2. Deadly ; destructive to life ; causing death, or 
 that must cause death ; as, a mortal wound ; 7nortal 
 poison. 
 
 The fhiil 
 
 Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste 
 
 Erouglit deaUi into the world, and all our woe, J^JilLon. 
 
 3. Bringing death ; terminating life. 
 
 Safe in tfie hand of one disposing power, 
 
 Or ui the natal or die inorlal hour. Pope, 
 
 4. Deadly in malice or purpose ; as, a mortal foe. 
 In colloquial language, a mortal foe is an inveterate foe. 
 
 5. Exposing to certain death ; incurring the penalty 
 of death ; condemned to be punished with death ; 
 not venial ; as, a mortal sin. 
 
 6. Human ; belonging to m.in who is mortal ; as, 
 mortal wit or knowledge ; mortal power. 
 
 The voice of God 
 To mortal car is dreadlul. Afttton. 
 
 7. Extreme ; violent ; as, a mortal fright. [JVot el- 
 egant.] 
 
 8. Vexing ; tormenting ; as, six mortal hours did I 
 eniliire hej loquacity ; usu,ally a portion. IValter Scotl. 
 
 'I'lie nymph grew pale, and in a r,lortal fright. Dryden. 
 
 MOR'TAL, 71. Man ; a being subject to death ; a hu- 
 man being. 
 
 Warn poor TTiortoft left bcltind. Ticket, 
 
 It is often used in ludicrous and colloquial lan- 
 guage. 
 
 1 car behold no mortal now. Prior. 
 MOR-TAL'I-TY, 71. [L. morUilitas.] 
 
 1. Subjection to death, or the necessity of dying. 
 
 Wlien I i.aw lier die, 
 1 (lien did think on your tnortaltty, Carexe. 
 
 2. Death. 
 
 Gladly would I meet 
 Morltitity, niy Bentencc. Milton, 
 
 3. Frequency of death ; actual death of great 
 numbers of men or beastn; as, a time of great mor- 
 tality, QraunL 
 
 4. Human n.-iture. 
 
 Take thi-te ii-ftTi, mortality's lellef. Pope. 
 
 5. Power of destruction. 
 
 Morlalihj and mercy, in Vienna, 
 
 Live in iliy lunj^uv (intl lirart. Shak, 
 
 .MOR'TAI.-IZE, T. t. To make mortal. Broome. 
 SIOR'TAL-!Z-£U, pp. Made mortal. 
 MOR'TAL-lZ-I.N'G, ppr. .Making mortal. 
 M01l'T.\L-LY, oJi). Irrecoverably; in a manner that 
 must cause deilh ; as, mortally wounded. Dryden, 
 2. In the highest possible degree. 
 Adrian mortalhj envied poets, painters, and artificers, in works 
 wherein he had a veui to excel. Bacon. 
 
 MOR'TAR, 71. [L. 7!io7^a7i»77i ; Ft. mortier ; Sp. 77ior- 
 tcro ; It. mortaio ; I^an. jnortcr ; D. mortier; G. vior- 
 ser ; Russ. morter ; Arm. mortei ; It. moirteal ; allied 
 perhaps to Fr. marteau ; Sp. martillo, a hammer, and 
 named from beating. See Class Mr, No. 10, IC, 25.] 
 
 1. A vessel of wood, metal, stone, glass, &c., in 
 form of an inverted bell, in which substances are 
 pounded or bruised with a pestle. 
 
 2. A short piece of ordnance, thick and wide, used 
 for throwing bombs, carcasses, shells, &c. ; so named 
 from its resemblance in shape to the utensil above 
 described. 
 
 MOR'TAR, 71. [D. mortei; Fr. mortier; G.mSrtel; Sp. 
 mortero ; It. moirteal. In other languages, as in Eng- 
 lish, the orthography of this word and of the last is 
 the same, and perhaps this name is taken from beat- 
 ing and mixing.] 
 
 A mixture of lime and sand with water, used as a 
 cement for uniting stones and bricks in walls. If the 
 lime is recently slaked, and the materials mixed with 
 lime-water, the cement will be much stronger. 
 
 Tliomj'on. 
 
 MORT D'AjVCES-TOR, [Fr., death of the ances- 
 tor.] In law, a writ of assize, by which a demand- 
 ant recovers possession of an estate from which he 
 lias been ousted, on the death of his ancestor. 
 
 Blaclcstone. 
 
 .MOR'TER, 71. [Fr. mortier.] 
 
 A chamber-lamp or light. [06s.] Chaucer. 
 MORT'GAGE, (mor'gaje,) 71. [Fr. 7no7-f, dead, and 
 gage, pledge.] 
 
 1. Literally, a dead pledge ; the grant of an estate 
 in fee as security for the payment of money, and on 
 the condition that if the money shall be paid ac- 
 cording to the contract, the grant shall be void, and 
 the mortgagee shall reconvey file estate tt) the 
 mortgager. Ft^rmerly the condition was, that if the 
 mortgager should repay the money at the day speci- 
 fied, he might then re-enter on the estate granted in 
 pledge ; but the modern practice is for the mortgagee, 
 on receiving payment, to reconvey the land ilo the 
 mortgager. Before the time specified for p.\vmeut, 
 that is, between the time of contract and the time 
 limited for payment, the estate is conditional, and the 
 mortgagee is called tenant in mortgage ; but on fail- 
 ure of payment at the time limited, the estate be- 
 comes absolute in the mortgagee. But in this case, 
 courts of equity interpose, and if the estate is of 
 more value than the debt, they will, on application, 
 grant a reasonable time for the mortgager to redeem 
 the estate. This is called the equity of redemption. 
 
 Blaclcstone. 
 
 2. The state of being jileiiged ; as, lands given in 
 mortgage. 
 
 3. ,\ pledge of goods or chattels by a debtor to a 
 creditor, as security for the debt. Kent. 
 
 [This use is of modern uriginj 
 MORT'G.^GE, (mor'gaje,) v. t. To grant an estate in 
 fee as security for money lent or contracted to be paid 
 at a certain time, on condition that if the debt shall be 
 discharged according to the contract, the grant shall be 
 void, otherwise to remain in full force. It is custom- 
 ary to give a mortgage for securing the repayment of 
 money lent, or the payini nt of the purchase money 
 of an estate, or for any other debt. 
 
 2. To pledge ; to make liable to the payment of 
 any debt or expenditure. 
 
 AIn'ady a portion of tlie entire capital of the nation is fnorf. 
 gaged for tlie support of drunkards. L, Betcher, 
 
 M0RT'G.\G-F:D, (mor'gajil,) pp. or 0. Conveyed in 
 fee as security for the payment of money. 
 
 MORT'GAGE-DEEI), (mor'gaje-deed,) 71. A deed 
 given by way of mortgage. 
 
 MORT-G.\-GEE', (mor-ga-jee',) n. The person to 
 whom an estate is mortgaged. 
 
 MORT'GA-GER, (inor'ga-jer,) n. [from mortgage. 
 MoRTCJAQoR is au orthography that should have no 
 countenance. If accented on the Kast syllable, the 
 spelling should be .Mort<;aoeor.] 
 
 'I'lie [lerson w ho grants an estate as security for 
 debt, as above sjiecified. 
 
 MOK'l"G.A-GING, (mor'ga-jing,) ppr. Conveying in 
 fee as security for the payment of money ; pledging. 
 
 MOR-TIF'ER 'oUS, a. [L. mortifer ; mors, death, and 
 fcro, to bring.] 
 
 Itriiiging or producing death ; deadly ; fatal ; de- 
 struclive. Hammond, 
 
 MOR TI-FI Ca'TK)N, 71. [Fr. See MonriKV.] 
 
 I. In mediiine and surgery, the death of one part 
 of an aniiniil body, while ibe rest is alive; or the 
 loss of vifalily in some part of n living animal ; gan- 
 grene; sphacelus. Mortijication is the local death of 
 a imrl of a living animal body, which, if not arrcsttul, 
 soon extinguishes life in the whole body. We usu- 
 ally apply murtijication to the local extinction of hfe 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PI.NE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK- — 
 
 730 
 
MOR 
 
 MOS 
 
 MOT 
 
 in a part of a livliij liiuly. The dissoliitiun of the 
 vslitilc lujih', afit-r (Ifalh, is called pntnfactwn, 
 
 2. Jn Scripture^ the act of suhiltiiiig the passions 
 and appetites by penance, ahstinence, or painfnl 
 severities inllicted on the body. 'I'lie mortificalion of 
 the body by fasting has been the practice of almost 
 all nations, and the mortijication of the appetites and 
 passions by self-denial is always a Christian duty. 
 
 3. Humiliation or vexation ; the state of being 
 humbled or depressed by disappointment, vexation, 
 crosses, or any thing that wounds or abases pride. 
 
 It u one of the vexatious mortificationt of a studious mnn to 
 h.ive his thoughts disortU'i^ by a tctlioiis visit. 
 
 VEslrange. 
 
 We ha<l the mortification to lose si^ht of Munich, Ai.^siiurj, 
 and Riitishoii. AdJUon, 
 
 4. Destruction of active qualities ; applied to met- 
 als. [See MoRTirv, but [ believe not used.] Bacon. 
 
 5. In ScoUuli law, a beipiest lo some literary or re- 
 ligious institution; nearly synonymous with Mmiv- 
 MAiN.l Brandc. 
 
 MOR'TI-FT-Kn, pp. or a. Affected by sphacelus or 
 2. Humbled : subdued ; abased. [gangrene. 
 MOR'TI-FI-i'U-.\ESS, n. Humiliation; subjection of 
 
 the passions. 'I'ayhr. 
 MOR'TI-FI-ER, 71. He or that which mortifies. 
 MOR'Tl-FV, I), t. [Fr. inorlifiir ; It. mortijicare. ; Sp. 
 
 viorlificar ; L. mors, death, and fiuio, to make.] 
 
 1. To destroy the organic texture and vital func- 
 tions of some part of a living animal ; to change to 
 sphacelus or gangrene. Extreme inrtammation speed- 
 ily mortijict flesh. 
 
 2. To subdue or bring into subjection, as the bod- 
 ily appetites by abstinence or rigorous severities. 
 
 \V<r morti/if ourspjvfs with (Ish. JJrortin. 
 Willi t'.isiiuif mortified, wuiii out with toara. Ilarie. 
 
 3. To subline ; to abase ; to humble ; to reduce ; 
 to restrain ; as inordinate passions. 
 
 Worti/y tliy learned Inst. Prior. 
 AlorttJ'y, therefore, your members wliich are upon the earth. — 
 Col. iit. 
 
 4. To humble ; to depress ; to affect with slight 
 vextuion. 
 
 How often is the ambitious man mortifieil with the very praise? 
 he receives, if they do not rUe so high tu he thinlts tliey 
 ought I Adfiison. 
 
 He is coiitrwHed by a nod, mortified by a frown, and truisported 
 with a smile. jirfiftion. 
 
 5. To destroy active powers or essential <iualities. 
 
 He mortified pearls in vinemir. lla]:eieili. 
 Q,uiclisilvcr — mortified w ith turpentine. Baton. 
 [I believe this application is vot notp in use.] 
 MOR'TI-Fy, V. i. To lose vitality, as flesh ; to gan- 
 grene. 
 
 2. To be subdued. Jo/maon. 
 
 3. To practice severities and penance from religious 
 motives. 
 
 This makes him give alms of all that he hath, watch, last, and 
 rnorti/y. Lau. 
 
 MOIl'TI-F?-IN'G, pjrr. Changing from soundness to 
 gangrene or sphacelus. 
 
 2. Subduing ; humbling : restraining. 
 
 3. a. Humiliating; tending to humble or abase. 
 He m a with a morlifijimr repulse. 
 
 MOR'TI-FY-IXG LY, mli. Humiliatingly. 
 
 MOR'TISE, (mor'tis,) n. [Fr. mortaise; Arm. mcrrtez; 
 Sp.mortiija; Ir. mor(i.<. The Arinoric mortct signifies 
 both a murtar and a morti.^e, an<l the Spanish mnrlaja 
 signifies a mortise and a winding-sheet or shroud. In 
 the latter sense, the Portuguese use morlalha, from 
 mortal. These alliances indicate that these words 
 are all from the root of mnr.j, death, which may be 
 from beating or throwing down.] 
 
 A cut or hollow place made in timber by the auger" 
 and chisel, to receive the tenon of another piece of 
 timber. 
 
 MOR'TISE, r. f. To cut or make a mortise in. 
 
 2. To join limbers by a tenon and mortise ; as, to 
 mnrti.^e a beam into a po^t, or a joist into a girder. 
 
 MOR'TIS-f;D, (mor'tist,) pp. Having a mortise ; joined 
 by a mortise and tenon. 
 
 MOR'TIS-I.\G, ppr. Making a mortise ; uniting by a 
 mortise and tenon. 
 
 MORT'M.^IN', n. [Fr. wort, dead, and main, h.and.] 
 In laiD, possession of lands or tenements in dead 
 hands, or hands that can not alienate. Alien.alion 
 in mortmain is an alienation of lands or tenements to 
 any corporation, sole or aggregate, ecclesiastical or 
 temporal, particularly to rrliiious houses, by which 
 the estate becomes perpetually mhercnt in the corpo- 
 ration, and unalienable. Blackstune. 
 
 MORT'PaY, n. [Fr. mart, dead, and pay.] Dead 
 pay : payment not made. [JVo( lun/.l Bacon. 
 
 MOR'TRE.-iS, n. [from mortar.) A dish of meat of 
 various kinds, beaten together. [jXot i/.-rrf.] Bacon. 
 
 MOR'TU-A-RY, ii. [Fr. morluaire, pertaining to the 
 dead.] 
 
 1. A sort of ecclesiastical heriot, a ciistomarv gift ' 
 claimed by and due lo the minister of a parish on the | 
 death of a parishioner. It seems to have been orig- I 
 Inally a voluntary bequest or donation, intended to | 
 make amends for any failure in the pavinent of tithes I 
 of which the deceased had been guilty. Black.-iane. I 
 
 3. A burial-place. Hhillor.k. I 
 
 MOR'TU-.\-RY, a. Belonging to the burial of the 
 dead. 
 
 MO'RUS MUL-TI-e.\U'LIS, ,1. [I,., many-leafed mul- 
 berry.] A bort of mulberry, called, also, the 
 HKSK AIoi.BEHiiy, wliosc leaves are mucli used for 
 feetling silk-worms. 
 
 MO-SA'ie, ) n. [Fr. mosaique! It. mosaico ; 
 
 MO-SA'IC-WORK, i Sp. mosatjcoi L. miusivum.] 
 
 An assemblage of little pieces of glass, marble, 
 precious stones, &.C., of various colors, cut square, 
 and cemented on a ground of stucco, in such a man- 
 ner as to imitate the colors and gradations of jiaintiiig. 
 
 Kuctjc. 
 
 MO-S.A'ie, ) a. [from Mo.icj:.] Pertaining to AIo- 
 
 MO-SA'ie-AL, ( ses, the leader of the Israelites, 
 as, the Mosaic law, rites, or institutions. 
 2. Pertaining to or composed of mosaic. 
 
 MOS-A-SAU'RIIS, ,1. [L. Mosa, the Latin name of 
 Ma'Striclit, and Gr. trutp i^, a liy.ard.] 
 
 The name of a saurian reptile, related to the croc- 
 odile, whose remains are found in beds of clay, near 
 Maastricht, in Germany. 
 
 MOS'CII A-TEL, Ti. [from Gr. poaxoi, L. muscas, 
 musk.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Ado.xa, hollow root, or inglo- 
 rious. There is one species orJy, whose leaves and 
 Howers smell like niiisk ; and hence it is sometimes 
 called ,Mti9K-eBowFooT. Encyc. Loudon. 
 
 MOS'LE.M, n. A mussulman ; an orthodox Moham- 
 medan. 
 
 MOSUUE, ) (mosk,) n. [Fr. mosquie ; It. moschca ; Sp. 
 MOSlv, \ S u , - - , 
 
 viczquita ,■ Ar. *X.^Vma-^ masjidonj from ... 
 
 snjaila, to bend, bow, adore.] 
 
 A iMoliammedan temple or place of religious wor- 
 ship. Mosques are square buildings, generally con- 
 structed of stone. Before the chief gate is a square 
 court paved with white marble, and surrounded with 
 a low gallery, xvhose roof is supported by pillars of 
 marble. In this gallery, the worshipers wash tliem- 
 selves before they enter the mosque. Encyc. 
 
 MOS-QUl'TO, (mos-ke'to,) n. See MustiUETo. 
 
 MOSS, n. [Sax. jiieos i H. moos ; D. vtus ; Sw. mossa ; 
 W. intosioff, from mtos, that shoots up, and of a strong 
 scent ; L. musciLs ; Gr. /iO(T\yf. The two latter sig- 
 nify jnoss and musk, both from shooting out ; hence, 
 It. musco, miischio ; Sp. miLsco ; Port, musgo ; Fr. 
 mousse. The Greek word signifies, also, a young 
 animal, and a shoot or twig. From the French 
 viou.-ise comes mousscliiie, muslin, from its softness or 
 resemblance to moss. Lunier says it is from Jlossoul, 
 a city of Mesopotamia.] 
 
 1. The mosses are one of the families or classes 
 into which all vegetables are divided by Liiimeus, in 
 the Philosophia Botanica. In Ray's inothod, the 
 mosses form the third class, ami in Toiirnefort's, 
 they constitute a single genus. In Ike serual system, 
 they are the second order of the class Cryptogamia, 
 which contains all the plants in which the parts of 
 the flower and fruit are wanting or not conspicuous. 
 
 Milne. 
 
 The mosses, musci, form a natural order of small 
 plants, with leafy stems, and narrow, simple leaves. 
 Their flowers are generally moncecious or dioecious, 
 and their seeds are contained in a capsule covered 
 with a calyptra or bond. FA. Encyc. 
 
 The term moss is also popularly applied to many 
 other small, cryptogamic plants, particularly lichetu, 
 species of which are called trcc-moss, rock-moss, coral- 
 moss, ice. The Jir-moss and club^ioss are of the 
 genus Lycopodiuin. 
 
 2. [Sw. mase.] A bog ; a place where peat is 
 found. 
 
 MOSS, V. L To cover with moss by natural growth. 
 
 An oak whose bouglis were moeted with age. Shnk. 
 MOSS'-eAP-PSD, (-kapt,) a. Capped or covered with 
 
 moss. Mrs. Butter. 
 
 MOSS'-CLAD, 0. Clad or covered with moss. 
 
 I.Ulleton. 
 
 MOSS'KD, ^most,) pp. Overgrown with moss. 
 
 MOSS'-GRoVVN, a. Overgrown with moss ; as,moss- 
 rrrown towers. 
 
 MOSS'I-NESS, 7u [from mossy.] The state of being 
 overgrown with moss. Bacon. 
 
 MOSri'-L.\.\'I), n. Land produced by the accumula- 
 tion of aquatic plants, forming peat-bogs of more or 
 less consistency, as the water is drained off or re- 
 tained in its pores. p q^^ 
 
 MOSS'-TROOP-ER, n. [moss and trooper.] A term 
 applied to certain bandits that formerly infested the 
 border country between England and Scotland. The 
 name is derived from the character of the country 
 over which they "trooped," it being extensively moss 
 or morass. 
 
 MOSS'Y, a. Overgrown with moss ; abounding with 
 moss. 
 
 Old trees are more mossy than younif. Bacon. 
 
 2. Shaded or covered with moss, or bordered with 
 moss ; 05, mossy brtH>ks ; mossy fountains. 
 
 Pope. Cotctry. 
 MfSST, a. ! suprrt. of Moke. [Sax. most, that is, mo 
 
 and eat ; Goth, maists ; D. and Dan. meest ; G. meiei ; 
 Sw. mest, mast.] 
 
 1. Consisting of the greatest number. That 
 Bchenie of life ia lo be preferred, which presents a 
 prospect of the most advantages with the fewest in- 
 conveniences. 
 
 Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness. — Prov. 
 
 XX. 
 
 2. Consisting of the greatest quantity ; greatest ; 
 as. the most part of the land or the muiintain. 
 
 MCST, a/lo. In the greatest or highest degree. Pur- 
 sue that course of life which vvill most tend to prt>- 
 duce [irivatc hapjiiness and public usefulness. Con- 
 templatiiins on the works of (Jod expand the mind 
 and tend to produce most sublime views of his power 
 and wisdom. 
 
 As most is used to express the superlative degree, 
 it is used before any ailjectivc ; as, inust vile, most 
 wicked, most illustrious. 
 
 Most, n. [Used as a substitute for a noun, when the 
 noun is omitted or understood.] The greatest num- 
 ber or part. 
 
 [This use seems to have resulted from the omis- 
 sion of part, or some similar word, and tnost, in this 
 case, signifies irreatcst, that is, the jp'catest part.] 
 
 2. The most ; the greatest value, amount, or ad- 
 vantage, or the utmost in extent, degree, or effect. 
 
 A covetous man makes tjit most of what he tuts, and can get. 
 
 L^Estmnge. 
 
 Jit the most ; The greatest degree or quantity ; the 
 utmost extent. Slock brings six per cent, interest at 
 the most, ollfii less. 
 MOS'TIC, n. [<;. mahlcrstock, contracted.] 
 
 A maiilslick or painter's staff or stick on which 
 he rests his hand in painting. .^instrorth. 
 Mo."*T'LV, ailc. For the greatest part. The exports 
 of the United States consist mostly of cotton, rice, 
 t^ibacco, Hour, and lumber. 
 MoST'VVH.^T, ode. For the most part. [Obs.] 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 MOT, [Fr.] iiJCT-a%, a word ; hence, a motto. Bp. Hall. 
 
 _ 9. A note or brief strain on a bugle. W. Scott. 
 MoTE, in Folkmote, &c., signifies a meeting. [Sax. 
 
 mot, trcmol.] 
 
 MoTE, n. [Sax. mot ; Sp. mota ; W. ysmot, a patch or 
 spot.] 
 
 A small particle ; any thing proverbially small ; a 
 spot. 
 
 Why lieholdest Ihou the mote in thy brother's eye ? — Matt. vii. 
 The litlie motes in tlie sun do ever stir, though there is no wind. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 MoTE, for MouoHT, Might, or Must, obsolete Spenser, 
 MO-TET', 71. [Fr.] A musical composition of a sa- 
 cred character, consisting of from one to eigl t parts. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 MOTH, 71. [Sax. moirlhe, mohtli, moth, or matha i Goth. 
 matha : D. mot ; G. matte.] ' 
 
 1. .An animal of the genus Phahena of Linnicus, 
 which breeds In yarn and garments, and often does 
 injury by eating the substance anil destroying the 
 texture. Matt. vi. 
 
 The name is also applied to the whole genus. 
 
 2. Fignraticcly, that which gradually and silently 
 eats, consumes, or wastes any thing. Idle persons 
 are a viiitli to the community. 
 
 MO TII'ICAT, V. L [moth and eat.] To eat or prey 
 upon, as a moth eats a garment. Herbert 
 
 MOTIl'if,.\T-/;N, pp. or a. Eaten by moths. Job xiii. 
 
 MOTH'/'.W, a. Full of moths. [jYut in use.] Fulke. 
 
 MOTIl'ER, {niuth'cr,) n. [Sax. modcr ; D. mocAcr, 
 mother, and modder, mud; iaar-r/iocJcr, the womb ; 
 mocr, mother, dam, womb, lees ; moerspul, hysterics ; 
 {mocr seems to be a contraction of moedrr :) moeder- 
 naakt, stark naked ; G. mutter, mother, and the thick, 
 slimy concretion in vinegar ; barmutter, the womb or 
 matrix ; tnuttcr-Jichcr, a hysteric fit ; muttt-r-lamm and 
 mutter-scfiaf, a ewe or female sheep; mutter-ficcken 
 and muttrr-maJtl, a mole ; muttcr-pfrrd, a mare, the 
 female of the horse klml ; mnttcr-schicde, the vagina ; 
 mutter-nackl, stark naked ; modcr, mud, mold. 
 
 Sw. modcr, mother ; vin-modcr, mother of wine ; 
 modrrfall, prtdapsus uteri ; modcrlif, the womb or 
 matrix. 
 
 Dan. modcr, mother ; mnderskeede, the vagina ; 
 modcrcn i quinder, the matrix ; madder or mudder, 
 mud. 
 
 Ir. malhair, a mother, and matter, pus. 
 
 Gr. parno, mother, and pijriia, matrix. 
 
 L. mater, mother ; matrii, the womb ; metteria, 
 matter, stuff, materials of which any thing is matle. 
 
 It. madre, mother, cause, origin, rtxil, spring, a 
 mold or form for castings ; matrra or mofcria, matter, 
 subject, cause ; matrice, the matrix. 
 
 Sp. madre, mother, matrix, womb, the bed of a 
 river, a sink or sewer ; madriz, matrix ; materia, mat- 
 ter, purulent, running. 
 
 Port madre, a mother, the matrix, the channel of a 
 river ; materia, matter, pus. 
 
 Pers.^.1 madnr, a mother. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, 1;NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — e «s K; G m J; S as Z; ClI as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 731 
 
31 OT 
 
 •Sans. maf!a, madra^ vLeddra^ or mata^ motlier. 
 Uuss. M!<i!, mater, mother ; viatlia, a female, a 
 matrix. 
 
 Fr. mere, mother, contrarted from the Latin. 
 
 \\'. madrcz, matter, purulent discharge. 
 
 We ( bser^'e tliat in some otlier languages, as well 
 as in English, the same word signifies a female 
 parent, and the thick slime formed in vinegar ; and 
 in all t)ie languages of Europe here cited, the orthog- 
 raphy is nearly the same as that of mtid and matter. 
 The question then occurs, whether the name of a fe- 
 male parent originated in a word expressing matter, 
 mold ; either the soil of the earth, as the producer, 
 or the like substance, when shaped and fitted as a 
 mold for castings ; or whi ther the name is con- 
 nected with the opini(tn that the earth is the mother 
 of all productions; whence the word mother-earth. 
 We are informed by a fragment of Sanchonialhon, 
 that the ancient Phenicians considered mud, iuot, to 
 be the substance from which all things were formed. 
 (See Mud.) The word matter is evidently from the 
 
 Ar. iX..* madda, to secrete, eject, or discharge a 
 purulent substance; and I think can not have any 
 direct connection with mud. But in the Italian, 
 Spanish, and Portuguese, the same word madre sig- 
 nilies mother, and a mold for castings ; and the 
 niirthern languages, particularly the German and 
 Danish, seem to establish the fact that the proper 
 sense of mother is matrix. Hence mother of pearl, 
 the matrix of pearl. If this word had its origin in 
 the name of the earth used for the forms of castings, 
 it would not be a singular fact ; for our word mold, 
 in this sense, I suppose to be so named from mold, 
 fine earth. The question remains sub judice.] 
 
 1. A female parent ; especially, one of the human 
 race ; a woman who has borne a child ; correlative 
 to Siis or Daughter. 
 
 2. That which has produced any thing. 
 
 Alas ! poor country ! il cm not 
 
 Be called our tiiblher^ but our graffe. 
 
 So our native bind is called mother country, and a 
 plant from which a slip or cion is taken is called the 
 mother plant. In this use, motJier may be considered 
 as an adjective. 
 
 .1. That which has preceded in time ; the oldest or 
 chief of any thing ; as, a miit/ifr-church. 
 
 4. Hysterical passion. [JVot used.] Oraunt, 
 
 .'>. A familiar term of address or appellation of an 
 old woman or matron. 
 
 C. An appellation given to a woman who exer- 
 cisrs care and tenderness toward another, or gives 
 parental advice ; as, when one says, a " woman has 
 been a mother to me." 
 
 7. .\ thick, slimy substance concreted in liquors, 
 particularly in vinegar, very different from scum or 
 common lees, 
 
 Mft fH'ER OF PEARL, ( perl,) n. The hard, silvery, 
 brilliant, internal layer of several kinds of shells, 
 particularly oysters, which is often variegated with 
 changing purple and azure colors. Ure. 
 
 MOTH'ER OF THYME, n. A small aromatic plant, 
 also called Wild Thvme ; Thymus serpyllum. 
 
 P. Cije. 
 
 MOTH'ER, (muth'er,) a. Native; natural; received 
 by birlh ; as, moUier wit. 
 
 2. Native ; vernacular ; received from parents or 
 ancestors ; as, mot/ier tongue. 
 MOTH'ER, (mutfi'er,) v. i. To concrete, as the thick 
 
 niTitlcr of liquors. Dryden. 
 MO'i'H'EK, V. t. To adopt as a son or daughter. 
 
 Hoteell. 
 
 MOTH'ER e.A'REY'S CHICK'EN, n. A name given 
 
 by sailors to the storm-petrel. 
 MOTH'ER-liOOD, n. The state of being a mother. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 MOTU'ER-INf,, Tu To go a mothering, is to visit pa- 
 rents on .Midlcnt Sunday. This Is also called Mio- 
 
 LENTIWa. 
 
 MOTH ER-IN-LAW, n. The mother of a husband 
 or wif •. 
 
 JIOTH'ER-LAND, n. The land of one's mother or 
 Iiari-nls. 
 
 MOTH'ER-LESS, a. Destitute of a mother; having 
 
 lo-l a mother ; as, motherless children. 
 MOTH'ER-LY, (muth'er-le.) a. Pertaining to a 
 miither; as, motherly [Kiwer or aiilhorily. /looker. 
 
 2. Ileccimiiig a mother ; tender ; parental ; as, 
 motherly Inve t>r care. Jirbutknot, 
 MOTH'ER-LY, ailv. In the manner of a niolher. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 MOTH'ER-WA'TER, n. A solurion from which 
 rryMtaU have hern obtained, and which still contains 
 drllrineMcent salts and impnrtties. Ure. 
 
 MOTli'ER-WIT, n. .N'niivt wit; common sense. 
 
 .MOTH'ER-WOHT, (niiitli'i-r-wurt,) n. An herb of 
 the genus LiMmurus, of a bitter taste, used popularly 
 in merlicine. 
 
 MOTU'ER-Y, (miith'er-'-,) a. Concreted; resembling 
 or (Kirlaking of the nature of mother; as, the iBotA- 
 m/ siilislance in liqnom. 
 
 MOTH'.MUL-LEN, n. A plant, MiUer. 
 
 MOT 
 
 .MOTH'WORT, (moth'wnrt,) n. A plant. 
 
 MOTH'Y, a. [from 7;ic;£/i.] Full of moths; as, an 
 old mothy saddle. Sluik. 
 
 MO-TIF'I€, a. [L. motus and /aria.] 
 
 Producing motion. Oood. 
 
 Mo'TION, n. [L. motio : Fr. motion. See Move.] 
 L The act or process of changing place ; change 
 of local position ; the passing of a body from one 
 place to another; change of distance between bod- 
 ies ; opposed to Rest. 
 
 Animal motion is that which is performed by ani- 
 mals in consequence of volition, or an act ofthewill; 
 but how the will operates on the body in producing 
 motion, we can not ex])lain. Mechanical motion is 
 elftcted by the force or power of one body acting on 
 another. Perpetual motion is that which is effected 
 or supplied by itself, without the impulse or interven- 
 tion of any external cause. HIthertf it has been ftiund 
 impossible to invent a machine that has this principle. 
 
 2. Animal life and action. 
 
 Devoid of sense and motion. I^lUlon. 
 
 3. M.anner of moving the body ; port , gait ; air. 
 Each member move and every motion guide. Blackmore. 
 A. Change of posture ; action. 
 
 Watching the motion of her patron's eye. Dryden. 
 
 5. Military march or movement. MUton. 
 
 6. Agitation ; as, the motions of the sea. 
 
 7. Internal action ; excitement; as, the motioris of 
 the breast. Oay. 
 
 8. Direction ; tendency. 
 
 In our proper r^wtion we ascend. ^filton. 
 
 9. The effect of impulse ; action proceeding from 
 any cause, external or internal. In the growth of 
 plants and animals, there must be a motion of the 
 component parts, though invisible. Attraction or 
 chemical aflinity produces sensible motion of the parts 
 of bodies. Motions of the mind, ascribed to the 
 invisible agency of the Supreme Being, are called 
 good motiotis. 
 
 Let a good man obey every good motion rising in his heart, 
 knowing that every such motion proceeds ironl God. South. 
 
 10. Proposal made ; proposition offered ; particu- 
 larly, a proposition made in a deliberative assembly. 
 A motion is made for a committee ; a motion for in- 
 troducing a bill ; a iTiCtlon to adjourn. 
 
 11. A puppet-show or puppet. [Js^t used."] Shak, 
 Mo'TION, V. U To propose. \_Liltle used.'] [See 
 
 Move.] 
 
 Mo'TION, V. i. To make a significant movement or 
 gesture, as with the hand ; as, to motion to one to 
 take a seat. Walter Scott. 
 
 2. To make proposal ; to offer plans. [Little iised.] 
 
 MUton. 
 
 Mo'TION-ED, pp. Moved ; proposed. 
 MO'TION-ER, 71. A mover. [JVot used.] 
 MO'TION-ING, ppr. Proposing. 
 Mo'TION-IST, n. One who makes a motion. 
 MO'TION-LESS, a. Wanting motion ; being at rest. 
 I grow a statue, fixed and nwtionlest. Dryden. 
 
 M6'TIVE,a. [See the noun.] Causing motion ; hav- 
 ing power to move or tending to move ; as, a motive 
 argument ; motive power. Hooker. Bentley. 
 
 Mo'TIVE, n. [It. Sp. and Port, motivo ; Fr. motif. 
 See Move.] 
 
 1. Th.it which incites to action ; that which deter- 
 mines the choice, or moves the will. Thus we 
 speak of good moti-ves and bad motives ; strong and 
 weak motives. The motive to continue at rest is ease 
 or satisfaction ; the motive to change is uneasiness, 
 or the prospect of good. 
 
 2. That which may or ought to incite to action ; 
 reason ; cause. 
 
 3. A mover. [JVot in itse.] Shak. 
 MO-TIV'I-TY, 71, The power of producing motion. 
 
 2. The quality of being infiuenced bv motives. 
 
 Dr. Dwight. 
 
 MOT'LEY, fl. [W. ysmot, a spot ; ysmotiaw, to spot, 
 to dapple ; Sp. motear, id. ; Eng. mote.] 
 
 1. Variegated in color ; consisting of different col- 
 ors ; dappled ; as, a motley co.at. Shak. 
 
 The domestic fool of tho great formerly wore a 
 party-colored coat of calfskin. Hence, in ShaLtpearc, 
 Lear says, 
 
 A worthy fool : motley *» your only wear. 
 
 2. Composed of different or various parts, charac- 
 ters, or kinils ; iliversifioti ; as, a motley style. 
 
 And d.inhin of motley hue. Drytfen, 
 [This word primarily moans trotted: bnt it may 
 signify, also, stri/trd.] 
 MfJT'I.EY-MIND'ED, a. Having diversified views 
 
 and feelings. Shak. 
 Mo'TOIl, n. [L. from moveo, to move.] A mover. 
 
 Tho mclals are called motors of eleclricit)'. Volla. 
 MO'TO-RY, a. Giving motion ; as, motory muscles. 
 
 Jiay. 
 
 MOT'TLf.n, (mot'tld,) a. Marked with spots of dif- 
 ferent colors or sh.ades of color, as if stained ; macu- 
 lated. 
 
 MOT'TO,'n. ; ;>(. Mottoes. [It. id; Sp. and Port. 
 molt! Fr. mol; Sax. m/rf/ic/an, to speak ; Jr. mtai/Aoir, 
 
 MOL 
 
 talk, discourse; Goth. matlUci, id.; Gr. iiv6 s, ii'>- 
 Oc'H,), jt^Se'jfj ii.] 
 
 Primarily, a word ; but more commonly, a sentence 
 or phrase prefixed to an essay or discourse, contain- 
 ing the subject of it, or added to a device. 
 
 In heraldry, the motto is carried in a scroll, allud- 
 ing to the bearing or to the name of the bearer, or 
 expressing some important idea. 
 MOUGHT, (inowt,) the obsolete preterite of May. 
 
 We now use Might 
 MolILD, I 71. [Sax. mold, molda, myl ; W. 77in7 ; D. and 
 Mold, \ Dan. 77iM!; Sw. and G. mull; probably al- 
 lied to vtellotv; L. mollis. (See Mellow, Meal, and 
 Mill.) The prevalent spelling is Mould ; but as the 
 u has been omitted in the other words of this class, 
 as bold, gold, I Id, cold, &c., it seems desirable to com- 
 plete the analogy by dropping it in this word, as was 
 done by Spenser, .Siuth, and many others.] 
 
 1. Fine, soft earth, or earth easily pulverized, such 
 as constitutes soil ; as, black mold, 
 
 Eflicards, Hist, W. Indies. 
 
 A mortal subst^ince of terrestrial mould. Hoole. 
 
 2. A substance like down, which forms on bodies 
 which he long in warm and damp air. The micro- 
 scope exhibits this substance as consisting of small 
 plants. Encyc. 
 
 3. Matter of which any thing is formed. 
 
 Nature formed me of her softest mould. Addison. 
 
 Mould, J 7!. [Sp. moUe, a mold or matrix ; moldar. 
 Mold, \ amoUlar, to cast ; Port, molde, ynoldar, id. ; 
 Fr. moule ; .Arm. looul ; Dan. mul, muld ; VV. mold, 
 whence moldiaw, to mold, work, or knead. This may 
 be radically the same word as mold, fine earth, a name 
 taken from the material of molds. The connection of 
 TTiatric with mater nnd materia foTl'ifies this conjecture. 
 For spelling, see .Mould, above.] 
 
 1. The matrix in which any thing is cast and re- 
 ceives its form. Molds are of various kinds. Molds 
 for casting cannon and various vessels are composed 
 of some species of earth, particularly clay. Molds for 
 other purposes consist of a cavity in some species of 
 metal, cut or formed to the shape designed, or are 
 otherwise formed, each for its particular use. 
 
 2. Cast ; form ; as, a writer of vulgar mold. Waller. 
 Crowned with an architrave of antique mould. Pope. 
 
 3. The suture or contexture of the skull. 
 
 Jitnsicorth. 
 
 4. The body as giving shape to the garments. Shak. 
 
 5. In ship-building, a thin, flexible piece of timber, 
 used as a pattern by which to form the curves of the 
 timbers and compassing pieces. Encyc. 
 
 6. Amon^ gold-bcalers, a number of pieces of vel- 
 lum, or a like substance, laid over one another, be- 
 tween which the leaves of gold and silver are laid 
 for beating. Encyc. 
 
 MOULD, ; I', f. [For spelling, see Mould, above.] To 
 Mold, j cause to contract mold. Knolles. 
 
 2. To cover with mold or soil. Edward-^. 
 MOULD, ) v. i. To contract mold ; to become moldy. 
 MOLD, j Bacon. 
 MoULD, / 0. t. To form into a particular shape ; to 
 MOLD, i shape ; to model. 
 
 He forgeih and mouUUlh meuals. Hall. 
 
 Did 1 p-quesl thee, Maker, from my clay 
 
 To mould me man ( MUlon. 
 
 2. To knead ; as, to mold dough or bread. 
 
 Jjinsicorth. 
 
 MoULD'A-BLE, ) a. That may be molded or formed. 
 MOLD'A-BLE, j Sacun. 
 MOULD'ED, / pp. Formed into a particular shape; 
 MOLD'ED, i kneaded. 
 2. Covered with mold. 
 
 MOmVi'R j "® ^v^o molds or forms into shape. 
 MolJLD'ER, j c. i. [Dan. mulncr ; Sw. multna, lo 
 MoLD'ER, j grow moldy.] 
 
 1. To turn to dust by natural decay ; to crumble ; 
 to perish ; to waste away by a gradual separation of 
 the coinptment particles, without the presence of wa- 
 ter. In this manner, animal and vegetable substances 
 molder, and so also do stones and shells. 
 
 When staiues moulder, and when arches fall. Prior. 
 
 2. To be diminished ; to waste away gradually. 
 
 If he hail Btt Btill, the enemy*! army would have mouldered to 
 nothing. Clarention. 
 
 MOI JLD'ER, ( V. t. To turn to dust ; to crumble ; to 
 .MOLD'ER, j waste. 
 
 Some felt Ihe silent stroke of mouldering age. Po]^. 
 
 MOULD'ER-ZCD, ) pp. or a. Turned to dust ; wasted 
 MoI.D'ER-f.l), i away. 
 
 MoULD'ER-ING, \ppr. or a. Turning to dust ; criim- 
 
 MoLD'ER-ING, \ bling ; wasting away. 
 
 MOULI)'I-NESS, ( 71. ( from i7i«Wy.] The state of he- 
 
 MOLO'l-NESS, i lug moldy. Bacon. 
 
 MOULD'INtJ, ) ppr. [from mold.] Forming into 
 
 MOLD'INtJ, 1 shape; kneading. 
 
 'LD-ING, ) 71. Any thing cast in a mold, or which 
 
 MOLD'ING, j appears to be so ; hence, in arcA/tcc- 
 tiirc, a projecture beyond the wall, column, wains- 
 coat, it-c, an assemblage of which forms a cornice, 
 a dour case, or other decoration. Encyc. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PBgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, l\QQK. — 
 
 732 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 Mf)ITI/I)'-\VAUP, ( II. [S.1X. mold and wcarpun, to 
 MOLD'-WAiU', S turn. Pi-e .M 'LK.] 
 
 A miile ; a small animal iif llie |>ciiiis Talpa, that 
 nuivt's uinlcr ground, ami turns up the niuld tir sur- 
 fare of the earth. Sprnser. Carao. 
 
 MoUl.D'Y, (a. [dom mold.'] Overgrown with mold. 
 MoLD'Y, 1 Mduion. 
 MdUI/r, j V. i. [\V. morl, bald, bare, also as a noun, 
 MoLT, i a he.ip, pile, or ciuiical hill with a smooth 
 tup ; morii, to heap or pile, Ig make bald. So ftaW, 
 in Enu'lish, seems to be cunnectrd with buld, that is, 
 prominent. The prevalent spelliuR is Moult; but 
 as tin: u has been omitted in the other words of this 
 class, as butt, dult^ cull, &c., it would be desirable to 
 complete the analoey by dropping it in this word, as 
 many distin$;nished writers liave done.] 
 
 To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, borns, 
 &c. ; as an animal. Hirds molt by losinj; their feath- 
 ers, beasts by losing their liair, serpent.s by castinR 
 their skins, and deer their horns. The moltinj; of 
 the hawk is calhid mfwiitir. 
 IMOl'I.T, ( n. The an or process of chaneint; the 
 Mfil-T, t feathers, skin, &c. ; molting. P. Cijc. 
 iMnni.T'lN'G, j ;</)r. Casting or shedding a natural 
 JICLT'ING, ) covering, !is liair, feathers, skin, or 
 horns. 
 
 MCULT'ING, j 71. Tile act or operation by which 
 MOIjT'ING, ) certain animals aiimially oi at cer- 
 tain times, cast olf or lose their hair, feathers, skins, 
 horns, &.C. 
 
 MOL'NCII, ( r. (. To chew. [See Munch.] [Obs.] 
 MAU\fH,i C/mutcr. 
 MOUND,™. [Pax. mund ; W. mwiU, from mien ; L. 
 moju. See Mount.] 
 
 Something raised as a defense or fortification, usu- 
 ally a bank of earth or stone j a bulwark ; a rampart 
 or fence. 
 
 God Has thrown 
 Tli.\l mo<lnl-\in M llis IJiinlril mound (li^ti rai^-d. AJilton, 
 To Uiri<l U»e IhiclfeU or to leup tlie mouiule. Dryien. 
 
 2. Something raised ; an artificial elevation of 
 earth. 
 
 MOUXn, »'. L To fortify with a mound. Johnson. 
 MOU.ND'ED, pp. Surrounded or defended by 
 mounds. 
 
 MOL'ND'ING, ppr. Defending by a mound. 
 
 MOUNT, n. [Fr. monl: Sax. niunl; It. Port, and Pp. 
 monU; Arm. meiif i, rae;ic ; \V. ni(/)n(, a mount, moun- 
 tain, or mound, a heap; L. mnns, literally a heap or 
 an elevation ; Ir. moin or muine ; Hastpie, meiidia, 
 Ciu. Gr. tSovv '{.] 
 
 1. A mass of earth, or earth and rock, rising con- 
 siderably above the common surface of the surrounrt- 
 Hig land. Mount is useil for an eminence or eleva. 
 tion of earth, indefinite in bight or size, and may be 
 a hillock, hill, or mountain. We apply it to Jifount 
 Blanc, in Switzerland, to Mount Tom and Mount 
 llidyoke, in Massach'usetts, and it is applied, in 
 Scripture, to the small hillocks on which sacrifice 
 was 4iffered, as well as to Mount Sinai. Jacob offered 
 sacrifice on the mount or heap of stones raised for a 
 witness between him and l.aban. Grn. xxxi. 
 
 2. A mound ; a bulwark for offense or defense. 
 
 1(1 cast K mount njnlnll JcruioJem. — 
 
 3. former/y, a bank or fund of money. [0A.«.] 
 
 Bacoju 
 
 MOUNT, r. i. [Fr. monter; It. montare ; Sp. mon- 
 tar.] 
 
 1. To rise on high ; to ascend ; with or with- 
 out up. 
 
 Doth the ns\'- mount up At lliy commiintl f — Job xxziz. 
 The lire of irpcs and homes mouriu on high. CowUy. 
 
 9. To rise ; to ascend ; to tower; to be built to a 
 great altitude. 
 
 Thoii^i B.i)>>-lon should mourti up to heaTen. — Jer. Ji. 
 
 3. To get on horseback. Shak, 
 
 4. To leap upon any animal. 
 
 5. To amount ; to rise in value. 
 
 Briii^ th-n th-^tr b\<^m^ lo n strict account. 
 Make tiiir detUictioiis, see to what they mount. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 MOUNT, r. f. To raise aloft ; to lift on high. 
 
 Wh.1t power is it which mounts nijr lore so high I SfiaJi. 
 
 3. To ascend ; to climb ; to get upon an elevated 
 place ; a.s, to mount a throne. 
 
 3. To place one's self on horseback ; as, to mmint 
 a horse. 
 
 •t. To furnish with horses; as, to mount a troop. 
 The dragoons were well nounlrd. 
 
 S. To prepare for use ; to set off to advantage or 
 embellish. Thus, lo mount a sword is lo furnish it 
 with a hilt, scabbard, &c. ; to mount a map is to pre- 
 pare it for use by attaching it to canvas, &c. ; to 
 niDUKf a diamond is to set it in framework. 
 
 I). To carr>' ; to be furnished with ; as, a ship of 
 the line mounts seventy-four guns ; a fort mounts a 
 liundred cannon. 
 
 7. To raise and place on a carriage ; as, to mount 
 a cannon. 
 
 To mount guard ; to take the station and do the 
 duty of a sentinel. 
 
 MOUNT'A-BLE, a. That may be ascended or 
 mounted. 
 
 MOUNT'AI.N, (mount'in,) n. [Fr. moTifoi'-nf ; Sp. 
 montana ; It. munlmrna ; I,, (adjei tive) moiitnnu.i.] 
 
 A large mass of (^•\rth and rock, rising above the 
 common level of the earth or adjacent land, but of 
 no definite altitude. We apply mountain to the larg- 
 est eminences on the globe ; but soineliines the word 
 is used for a large hill. In general, wiuunfn/re denotes 
 an elevation higher and larger than a hill ; as, the 
 Altaic mountaiiLs in Asia, the Alps in Switzerland, 
 the Andes in South America, the Alleghany inoun- 
 tains in Virginia, the Kaatskill in New York, the 
 White mountains in New Hampshire, and the Green 
 monnlains in Vermont. The word is applied lo a 
 single elevation or to an extended range. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN, a. Pertaining lo a mountain; found 
 on niuuntaiiis ; growing or dwelling on a moun- 
 tain ; as, mountuin air; vwunlain pines; mountain 
 goats. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN-ASII, n. An ornamental tree, of the 
 genus Pjrus or Sorbus, with beautiful liuiiches of 
 red berries. Its le.ives are pinnate, and its flowers 
 while, growing in fragrant clusters. P. Cije. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN-ULOE, ii. Blue malachite or carbonate 
 of copper. 
 
 MOUNT'AL\-eORK, n. A variety of asbcsliis, re- 
 sembling cork in its texture. Dana. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN-DEW, (moiint'in-du,) n. A name giv- 
 en to genuine Scotch whisky, as being ofien secretly 
 distilled in the mountains of Scotland. F.ncyc. Am. 
 
 MOUNT-AIN-BEK', j «. An iuhabi'ant of a mount- 
 
 AlOUNT'AIN-Ell, ( nin. 
 
 9. A rustic ; a freebooter ; a savage. Milton. 
 
 MOU.NT'AIN-ET, n, A small mountain; a hillock. 
 [JV*o( H.vc(/.] Sidnrtj. 
 
 MOUNT' A IN-GREEN, n. Green malachite or car- 
 bonate of copper. Dana. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN-LEATU'ER, ( leth'er,) n. A variety 
 of asbestus, resembling leather in its texture. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 MOUNT'.\IN-OUS, a. Full of mountains; as, the 
 mountainous country of the Swiss. 
 
 9. L.arge as a mountain ; huge ; as, a mountainous 
 heap. Prior. 
 3. Inhabiting mountains. [JVot «,«<•</.] Bacon. 
 
 MOUN T'AIN-OUS-NESS, n. The stale of being full 
 of mountains. Brcrewood. 
 
 JlOUNT'AlN-PXRS'LEY.n. A European herb, Ath- 
 amanta oreoseliniim. Forsyth. 
 
 MOUNT'AI.N-UOSE, n. A plant. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN-saAP, ii. A soft, earthy mineral, of a 
 pale, brownish-black color. It is u.scd in crayon- 
 painting. Urr. 
 
 MOUNT'AIN-TAL'LOW, n. A mineral, found in 
 Sweden and Scotland, which melts at 118' Falir., 
 and is soluble in alcohol. Buclmnan, 
 
 MOUNT'ANT, a. [Fr. montant.] 
 
 Rising on high. Shak. 
 
 MOUNT'E-BANK, n. [It. montare, to mount, and 
 banco, bench.] 
 
 1. One who mounts a bench or stage in the market 
 or other public place, bo.i.sts of his skill in curing dis- 
 eases, vends medicines which he pretends are iirfcil- 
 lible remedies, and thus deludes llie i^ocaiit iinila- 
 tiide. Persons of this character may be iintictcd and 
 punished. 
 
 2. Any boastful and false pretender. 
 
 Nothing so unpossible la nature but mounlcbanki will under- 
 tiilte. ArbudtnoL 
 
 MOUNT'E-BANK, r. U To cheat by boasting and 
 
 false pretenses ; to gull. Shak. 
 MOUNT't^-BANK-Ell-Y, n. Quackery ; boastful and 
 
 vain pretenses. Hammond. 
 MOUNT'EI), pp. or a. Raised ; seated on horseback ; 
 
 placed on a carriage ; prepared for use or embellished ; 
 
 furnished with guns. 
 MOUNT'EN-XUNCE, n. Amount in space. [J^'ot 
 
 used.'\ Spenser. 
 MOUNT'ER, n. One that mounts or ascends. 
 
 Suifl. 
 
 MOUNT'ING, ppr. Rising; soaring; placing on horse- 
 back ; ascending an eminence ; preparing for use or 
 embellishing. 
 
 MOUNT'ING, n. In f^eneral, the act of mounting; 
 as, " there was mouiilinir in hot haste." Byron. 
 
 2. The act of preparing for use, or embellishing. 
 [See .Moi NT, r. U, No. .V] 
 
 3. That by which any thing is prepared for use, or 
 set off to advantage ; equipment ; embellishment ; 
 as, the mountinif of a sword or diamond. 
 
 MoO.NT'ING-LY, adu. By rising or ascending. 
 
 MOITNT'Y, n. The rise of a hawk. Sidney. 
 
 M^^URN, r. i. [Sax. muman, myrnan; L. mterco ; al- 
 lied perhagis to G. and I), murren, to murmur ; Fr. 
 morne, sad, sullen. Sec Murmur, and the root of 
 amar«.«, bitter. Class Mr, No. 7.] 
 
 1. To express grief or sorrow ; to grieve ; to be 
 sorrowful. Mourning ni.ay be expressed by weeping 
 or audible sounds, or by sobs, sighs, or inward, sUent 
 grief. 
 
 At>r\hi\m time to mourn for Sarah, and to weep. — Gen, xxiii. 
 Jilcssr,! are ihejr Uiat mourn, fur they ab.iJl be comforted. — 
 Matt. T. 
 
 9. 'I'o wear the custoinury habit of Borrow. 
 
 We mourn in liiiick. Shidt, 
 (jri'-VL- lor un hour pr-rhaps, liieii mourn a year. J'o/M. 
 
 MflURN,r. (. To grieve for ; to lament. But there Is 
 an ellipsis of for, Ihe verb not being transitive. When 
 we say, we mourn a friend or a child, Ihe rral sense 
 and complete phrase is, we mourn for a friend, or 
 mourn fur the loss of a friend. ** He mourned his ri- 
 val's ill success," that is, he mourned for his rival's 
 ill success. Addiiioiu 
 2. 'i'o utter in a sorrowful manner. 
 
 The loTe-lorn iiiiftiltngile 
 Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth wcU. Milton. 
 
 M6UR.\E, (morn,) n. [I'r. mornr.] 
 
 The round end of a staff ; the part of a lance lo 
 which the steel is fixed, or the ferrule. [J^ot used.] 
 Sidney. Johnson, 
 M6Un.\'f;D, pp. Bewailed; lamented. 
 MOUK.N'ER, n. One that mourns or is grieved at any 
 loss or misfortune. 
 
 2. One that follows a funeral in the habit of mourn- 
 ing U Kgtranire. 
 
 3. Something used at funerals. 
 
 Til-: tiwurner yew and lyiiild'-r oalt were thTe. Dryden. 
 MOUR.N'FJJL, a. Inteniled lo express sorrow, or ex- 
 hibiting the appearance of grief ; as, a mournful bell ; 
 mournful music. Shak. Drijden. 
 
 No funeral rites, nor man in mournful weeds. Shak. 
 
 2. Causing sorrow ; sad ; calamitous ; as, a mourn- 
 ful death. Shak. 
 
 3. Sorrowful ; feeling grief. 
 
 Th^- mourn/ul Mr- 
 Shall Tisit her ilistiii^uishrd um. Prior. 
 MOURN'FIJL-LY, adv. In a manner expressive of 
 
 sorrow ; with sorrow. .Mnl. iii. 
 MfiUUN'FJJL-NESS, n. Sorrow ; griof ; slate of 
 mourning. 
 2. Appearance or expression of grief. 
 MoUR.N'ING, ppr. or a. (Jrieving ; lamenting; sor- 
 rowing; wearing the afipearance of sorrow, 
 MoUltN'ING, n. The act of sorrowing or expressing 
 grief; lamentation; sorrow. 
 
 2. Tile dress or ciistumary habit worn by mourn- 
 ers. 
 
 And e'en the pavements were with mourmn; hid. Dryden. 
 
 MoUR.\'I\G-I)OVE, ( diiv,) n. .'V species of dove 
 found in the I'liited States, the Coliimba Caroliiiien- 
 sis, so named from its plaintive note ; also called the 
 Caroli?(a Turtle Dove. Peabody's Mass. Hep. 
 
 MoURN'ING-LY, adc. With the appearance of sor- 
 row. Shak. 
 
 MOUSE, n. ( pi. Mice. [Sax. mus ; Sw. mils ; D. niuis ; 
 G. niaus : Dan. mu^', muus ; L. mns ; Gr.pif; Russ. 
 nnshe. The L. mus forms muris in the genitive, and 
 the root Is not obvious.] 
 
 1. A small rodent quadruped, of the genus Mus, 
 inhabiting houses. The name is also applied to many 
 other species of the genus, as Ihe jicld-mouse, meadoa- 
 mouse, rock-mou.ie, &.c. 
 
 9. Among .seamen, a knob formed on a rope by spun 
 yarn or parceling. Man DicL 
 
 MOUSE, (mouz,) v. i. To watch for and catch mice. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To watch for or pursue in a sly or insidious man- 
 ner. John Foster. 
 
 MOUSE, (mouz,) v. t. To tear, as a cat devours a 
 mouse. 
 
 To mouse a hook, with seamen, is to fasten a small 
 line across the upper part, to prevent unlitKiking. 
 
 Mar. Did. 
 
 MOUSE'-icAR, (mous'er,) n. A plant of the genus 
 Ilieraciiim ; also, a plant of the genus Myosotis, 
 called likewise mouse-ear scorpion- irrass. I'hey are 
 so named from the shape and velvety surface of their 
 leaves. The mouse-ear chickweed is of the genus Ce- 
 rasiiiim. London, 
 
 M()l'.-^E'-II.\WK, JI. A hawk that devours mice. 
 
 MOUSE'-IIoLE, (nions'hole,) n. A hole where mice 
 enter or pass ; a very small hole or entrance. 
 
 He Citn creep in at a mouee-helt. Stillingjteet. 
 
 .MOUSE'-HUNT, n, A hunting for mice. 
 
 9. A mouser; tme that hunts mice. Shak. 
 
 MOUS'ER, (mouz'er,) n. One that catches mice. The 
 cat is a good moiucr. 
 
 MOUSE'-TaII., n. An annual plant, of the 'enns 
 Myostiriis, whose seeds are situated on a long, slen- 
 der receptacle resembling the tail of a mouse. 
 
 Loudsn, 
 
 MOT'SE'-TRAP, n. A trap for catching mice. Prior. 
 
 MOUS'I.NG, ppr. Pursuing or catching mice ; tearing, 
 as a cat devours a mouse. 
 
 MOUS TACHE'. See Mustache. 
 
 MOUI'H, n. [Sax. miitA. As this %vord does not oc- 
 cur in the other Teutonic dialects, and as n is some- 
 times casually intrtxliiced into words liefore dentals, 
 it is not improbable lli.at the Goth. mHnCA.<, G. and 
 Dan. mund, Sw. muii, and D. mond, may be Ihe same 
 word. The Saxon mutA coincides in elements with 
 mollo, Gr. /mU {.) 
 
 1. 'I'he aperture in the head of an animal, between 
 the lips, by which he utters his voice and receives 
 
 TONE, BJv'LL, IJNITE. — Xn"GER, VI"C10US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII .is in THIS. 
 
 S2' 
 
 JJJ 
 
 7:w 
 
MOV 
 
 MOV 
 
 MUC 
 
 food. In a mnre general ticu^e, tlie month consists of 
 the lips, tlie giuns, the insides of the cheeks, the pal- 
 ate, the saUval glands, the uvula, and tonsils. Eiieyc. 
 
 2. The opening of a vessel, hy which it is filled or 
 emptied ; as, tlie mouth of a jar or pitcher. 
 
 3. The part or channel of a river hy which its wa- 
 ters are discharged into the ocean or into a lake. The 
 Mississippi and the Nile discharge their waters by 
 several vioutlts, 
 
 4. The opening of a piece of ordnance at the end, 
 by which tlie charge issues. 
 
 5. The aperture of a vessel in animal bodies, by 
 which fluids or other matter is received or discharged ; 
 as, the mouth of the lacteals. 
 
 6. The opening or entrance of a cave, pit, well, or 
 den. Dan. viii. 
 
 7. The instrument of speaking ; as, the story is in 
 every body's mouth. South. Locke. 
 
 8. A principal speaker ; one that utters the com- 
 mon opinion. 
 
 Every colfre-hoiise has some statesman belonging to it, who is 
 Uie moutli of Uie streel where he lives. Addison. 
 
 9. Cry ; voice. 
 
 The f-.irful Aop divide ; 
 All spend their mouUi aloft, but none abide. Dryden. 
 
 10. In Scripture, words uttered. Job xix. Is. xlix. 
 Ps. l.vxiii. 
 
 11. Desires; necessities. Ps. ciii. 
 
 13. Freedom and boldness of speech; force of ar- 
 gument. Luke xxi. 
 
 i;!. Boasting; vaunting. Judges \\. 
 
 14. Testiintmy. Dcut. xvii. 
 
 15. Reproaches; calumnies. Job v. 
 
 To make a mouth ; i to distort the mouth ; to make 
 To make mouths ; \ a wry face ; hence, to deride 
 or treat with scorn. Shak. ^ddisoiu 
 
 2. To pout ; to treat disdainfully. 
 Down in tlie mouth ; dejected ; mortifird. 
 
 L' Kitrange. 
 
 To linre Ond^s law in the mouth ; to converse much 
 on it, and delight in it. Ezod. xiii. 
 
 To draw near to God with Vie movth; to make an 
 external appearance of devotion and worship, while 
 there is no regard to him in the heart. /•;. xxix. 
 
 Ji froward mouth i contradictions and disobedience. 
 Proc. iv. 
 
 Jl smooth mouth ; soft and flattering language. 
 Proo. v. 
 
 To stop the mouth ; to silence or to be silent ; to put 
 to shame ; to confountl. Rom. iii. 
 
 To lay the hand on the mouth; to be struck silent 
 with shame. J\Hc. vii. 
 
 To set Uie mouth against the kenvens; to speak arro- 
 gantly and blasphemously. Ps. Ixxiii. 
 MOUTH, i\ I. To utter with a voice affectedly big or 
 swelling ; as, to mouth words or language. 
 
 Twitched by the sleeve, he mouths it more and more. Drydtn. 
 
 2. To take into the mouth ; to seize with the mouth. 
 
 Drijden. 
 
 3. To chew ; to grind, as food ; to eat ; to devour. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. To form by the mouth, as a bear her cub. [JVot 
 used.] Brown. 
 
 5. To reproach ; to insult. Bluir. 
 MOUTH, 1'. i. To speak with a full, round, or loud, 
 
 affected voice ; to vociferate ; to rant ; as, a moulhing 
 actor. Vrydcu. 
 I'll l<eIlow out for Rome, and for my country. 
 And iiioulh at Cesar, till I shake the senate. Addison. 
 
 MOUTII'£l), pp. Uttereil with a full, swelling, aflect- 
 
 2. Taken into the mouth ; chewed. [eii voice. 
 
 3. a. Furnished w ith a inimth ; used chiefly in 
 conipositit>n ; as, well-mwizf/if*/ ; finil-7ttoHf/(ff/, ctintu- 
 nielioiis, reproachful, or obscene ; nicaly-7rtt^ufy/cf7, 
 bashful, reserved in speaking the plain truth ; hard- 
 mouthed, as a horse not obedient to the bit, diflicult to 
 be restraiiu;d or gr)vernod by the bridle. 
 
 4. Home down or overpowered by clamor. 
 MOUTH'F.R, 71. One who mouths; an affected 
 
 ."peaker or dcclaimcr. SmarL 
 MOUTH'-FKIK.'VI), (-frrnd,) n. One who professes 
 friendship without entertaining it; a pretended tiiend. 
 
 Shok. 
 
 MOUTII'FIIL, n. As much as the mouth contains at 
 once. 
 
 2. A quantity proverbially small ; a omall quantity. 
 
 L^ I'lstrange. Dryden. 
 
 MOUTII'-IION-OR, (-on-ur,) n. Civility expressed 
 without "incerity. Shak. 
 
 MOUTiriNO, ppr. or a. Uttering with an affected, 
 BWtdlirig voice. 
 
 MOUTiriNO, 71. The utterance of words with an af- 
 fected fiilliieHS of sound. 
 
 MOUTH'LKH.S, a. Destitute of a month. 
 
 MOUTII'-MADE, o. Expressed without sincerity ; 
 hypr)rritiral. 
 
 MOUTiri'ircE, II. The piece of a musical wind in- 
 strument t'> which the mouth is applied. 
 2. One who tlelivr-rs the opinions of others. 
 
 MOVA BLE, (moov'a hi,) a. [fr m more.] That may 
 be moved ; thai can or may he lifli'd, rarrietl, drawn, 
 luriied, or conveyed, or in any way made to change 
 place or poature ; susceptible of motion. 
 
 9. That may or does change from one time to an- 
 other ; as, morahle feasts, i. e., church festivals coin- 
 menior.ating ditl'erent events recorded in tlie New 
 Testament,' the time of which varies from year to 
 year. 
 
 A movable letter, in Hebrew grammar, is one that is 
 pronounced, as opposed to one that is quiescent. 
 
 MOV'A-BLE-NESS, ti. The state or quality of being 
 movable; mobility; susceptibility of motion. 
 
 Me)V'A-BL£S, (moov'a-bl/,,) re. pi. Goods ; wares ; 
 commodities ; furniture ; any species of property not 
 fixed, and thus distinguished from houses and lands. 
 The singular, movable, is sometimes used. 
 
 MOV'A-BLY, ado. So tliat it may be moved. <?rcio. 
 
 MOVE, (moov,) v. t. [L. moveo ,• It. movere : Sp. mo- 
 ver ; Fr. vioui'oir : W. mndaw. It is probably a con- 
 tracted vvortl. Class Md.] 
 
 1. To impel ; to carry, convey, or draw from one 
 place to another ; to cause to change place or posture 
 in any manner or by any means. The wind mooes a 
 ship ; the cartnian moves goods ; the horse moves a 
 cart or carriage. Mere matter can not move itself. 
 INIachines are moved by springs, weights, or force ap- 
 plied. 
 
 2. To excite into action ; to affect ; to agitate ; to 
 rouse ; as, to 7;ioye the passions. 
 
 3. To cause to act or determine ; as, to 77iotie the 
 will. 
 
 4. To persuade ; to prevail on ; to excite from a 
 state of rest or indifference. 
 
 Minds desirous of revenue were not moved with gold. KnoUes. 
 
 But wh'-n no female arts his mind could move, 
 
 She turned to furious hate her impious love. Dryden. 
 
 5. To excite tenderness, pity, or grief in the heart ; 
 to aSect ; to touch pathetically ; to excite feeling in. 
 
 The use of images in orations and poetry is to move pity or 
 terror. J^elton. 
 
 When lie saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on 
 them. — Matt. ix. 
 
 6. To make angry ; to provoke ; to irritate. Shak. 
 
 7. To excite tumult or commotion. 
 
 When they had come to Bethtehe 
 them. — Ruth i. Matt. xxi. 
 
 , all the city wtia moved about 
 
 8. To influence or incite by secret agency. 
 
 God moved them to depart from Irim. — 2 Chron. xviiL 2 Pet. i. 
 
 9. To shake ; to agitate. 
 
 The kingdoms were moved. — Ps. ilvi. Jer. xlix. 
 
 10. To propose ; to offer for cc.isideration and de- 
 termination ; as, to move a resolution in a delibera- 
 tive assembly. 
 
 11. To propose ; to recommend. 
 
 They are to t>e t)lamed alike who move and who decline w.ar 
 upon particular respects. Ilayward. 
 
 12. To prompt ; to incite ; to instigate. Jlcts xvii. 
 MOVE, (moov,) v. i. To change place or posture ; to 
 
 stir ; to pass or go in any manner or direction from 
 one place or part of space to another. The planets 
 move in their orbits ; the earth moves on its axis ; a 
 ship moves at a certain rate an hour, V\^e move by 
 walking, running, or turning ; animals move by creep- 
 ing, swimming, or flying. 
 
 On the green bank 1 sat and listened long, 
 
 Nor till her lay was ended could 1 move. Dryden. 
 
 2. To have action. 
 
 In him we live, and move, and have our being. — Acts xvii. 
 
 3. To have the power of action. 
 
 Every moving thing that liveth shidl be meal for you. — Geo. ix. 
 
 4. To walk. 
 
 He moves with manly grace. Dryden. 
 
 5. To march. The army moved, and took a posi- 
 tion behind a wood. 
 
 6. To tremble ; to shake. 
 
 The foundations also of the hills moved nnd were shaken, be- 
 cause be was wroth. — Ps. xviii. 
 
 7. To change residence. Men 777o»cwith their fam- 
 ilies frtim tine house, town, or state to antilher. 
 
 8. To propose something to an organized meeting 
 for consideration and dt-termi nation. 
 
 MOVE, n. The act of moving ; a movement ; the act 
 
 of transferring from plac« to place, as in chess. 
 MOVA;!), p/i. Stirred ; excited. [Comlry. 
 MOVE'LESS, a. That can not be moved ; fixed. 
 
 The tJrecian phalanx, moveless as a tower. Pope. 
 
 MOVE'MENT, 71. [Fr. 7H0i/i!C7nfnt.] 
 
 1. Motion; a passing, progression, shaking, turn- 
 ing, or fltiwing ; any change of position in a iiititerial 
 body ; as, the moveninit oi' an army in marching or 
 maneiivering ; the movement of a wheel or a ma- 
 
 2. The manner of moving. [chine. 
 
 3. lOxciteinent ; agilatitin ; as, the movement of the 
 mind. Pope. 
 
 4. In music, any single strain or part having Iho 
 same measure or time. 
 
 Any cliiinge of tune la ft change of movemsnf. Busby. 
 
 r>. Ill hortdog^|, tile entire wheel-work of a clock or 
 watch ; all except the case. 
 
 (>. In Kurupenn politics, the movrmnit denotes a par- 
 ty who are aiiiiiiig at coiitiniiiil advances toward 
 the I'stalilishnic iil of popular rights. It is o|)poai'il to 
 the conservative party. Brande. 
 
 MO'VENT, a. [L. mooens.] 
 
 Moving ; not quiescent. [Little used.] Orenc. 
 Mo'VENT, 71. That which moves any thing. [Little 
 
 used.] Glanville. 
 MOVER, n. The person or thing that gives motion 
 
 or inifiels to action. Shak. Wilkius. 
 
 2. lie or that which moves. 
 
 3. A proposer ; one that offers a proposition, or rec- 
 ommends any thing for consideration or adoption ; 
 as, the mover of a resolution in a legislative botly. 
 
 MOV'ING, ppr. or a. Changing place or posture ; caus- 
 ing to move or act ; impelling ; instigating ; persuad- 
 ing ; influencing. 
 
 2. a. Exciting the passions or affections ; touch- 
 ing ; pathetic ; affecting ; adapted to excite or affect 
 the passions ; as, a moving address or discourse. 
 
 MOVING, H. Motive; impulse. South. 
 
 MOVING-LY, adv. In a manner to excite the pas- 
 sions or affect sensibility ; pathetically. 
 
 His air, his voice, his looks, and honest soul. 
 Speak all so movingly in llis behalf. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 MOV'ING-NESS, 71. The power of affecting, as the 
 passions. 
 
 MOW, 71. [Sax. mowe, or 777«n'o ; It. mucchio, a heap 
 or mass ; Sp. mucho, much ; Sw. vitjcken, many, 
 much.] 
 
 A heap, mass, or pile of hay ; sheaves of grain de- 
 posited in a barn. 
 
 [ IVe never give this name to hay piled in the field or 
 open air. The latter is called a Stack or RicK.] 
 MOW, V. t. Tt) lay hay or siieaves of grain in a heap 
 
 or mass in a barn, or to lay it in a suitable manner. 
 MOW, (mo,) !'. (. ; prct. Mowed ; jip. Mowed or Mown. 
 
 tSax. mawan ; D. maaijen or maayrn Sw. meija ; 
 Ian. 7nejcr ; G. mdhen. In Sp. and Port, mochar is to 
 cut off. The L. has vieto, and the Gr. apaoi, to 
 mow or reap. The last radical letter is not as- 
 certained.] 
 
 1. To cut down with a scythe, as grass or other 
 plants. We say, to mow grass. 
 
 2. To cut the grass frtim ; as, to mow a meadow. 
 
 3. To cut down with speed ; to cut down indis- 
 criminately, or in great numbers, or quantity. W^e 
 say, a discharge of grape shot mows down whole 
 ranks of men. Hence, Saturn, or Time, is repre- 
 sented with a scythe, an emblem of the general and 
 indiscriminate destruction of the human race by 
 death. 
 
 MOW, V. i. To cut grass ; to practice mowing ; to 
 use the scythe. Does the man 7111™ well 
 
 2. To perform the business of mowing ; to cut and 
 make grass into hay ; to gather the crop of grass, or 
 other crop. 
 
 [In America, 71107c is not applied to the cutting of 
 wheat or rye. When these are cut with a scytlie, 
 they are said to he Cradled. Oats and barley are 
 sometimes mowed.] 
 
 MOW, 71. [from 7;ioH(/<.] A wry face. [Obs.] Shale 
 
 MOW, 11. i. To make mouths. [Obs.] jlscham. 
 
 MOW'BURN, 7;. i. To heat and feiment in the mow, 
 as hay when housed too green. Mortimer. 
 
 MOW'BURN-£D, (-burnt,) pp. or a. Overheated and 
 fermented in the mow. 
 
 MOWE,!). i. To be able; must; may. [Ois.] 
 
 MOW'/';D,pp. Put into a mow. [Chaucer. 
 
 MoW'KD, j 
 
 MOWN, i 
 
 2. Cleared of grass with a scythe, as land. 
 
 MOWER, 71. One who mows ; a man dextrous in the 
 use of the scythe. 
 
 MOWING, jjpr. Putting into a mow. 
 
 MOWING, p/ir. Cutting down with a scythe. 
 
 MOWING, H. The act of cutting with a scythe. 
 2. Land from which grass is cut. 
 
 MOX'A, n. The down of the nuigwort of China ; a 
 soft lanuginous substance prepared in Japan from 
 the young leaves of a species tif Artemisia. In the 
 Eastern countries, it is used for preventing and curing 
 many disorders, hy burning it on the skin. This 
 produces a dark colored spot, the ulceration of which 
 is promoted by applying a little garlic. Braodc. 
 
 The term has been extended to any substance 
 whose gradual combustion on or near the skin is 
 used for the ri^lief or cure of disease. P. Cye. 
 
 MOV'A, 71. A term applied, in South .America, to mud 
 poured out from volcanoes during eruptions. Lycll. 
 
 MOVl.E, 71. An old spelling of moil, and also of mule. 
 
 MR. An abbreviation of Tnis/cr, the commtui title pre- 
 fixed to the names of men of all classes. [Sec 
 
 MisTKB.] 
 
 MRS. An abbreviation of 77ii.'!(rr,t.9, the common title 
 prefixiul to the name of every married laily, and col- 
 loqtiitilly ptiuioiinced mis'.ies. In England, the title 
 is also prefixed to the names of elderly uninaiTied 
 latlies. 
 
 MUt'II, a. [Sw. myekrn; Sp. mucho; It. wucchio. 
 (See Mow.) The sense is, probably, a heap or mass, 
 and it mny be allied to mickle, great, Gr. pi)U ] 
 I. Great in quantify or niiioiint. 
 
 Thou nhall carry much seed into the Held, and gatlier but little 
 
 In. -Deui. xxvni. 
 ManasNi-li wruuglit much wickedness In the slight of the Lord 10 
 
 provoke htiu to auj^-r. — Kings xxi. 
 Ileturn with mucli riclii-s to your tents, — Josh, xxii. 
 
 pp. or a. Cut with a scythe. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PUBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVpLF, BQQK — 
 
MUC 
 
 MUD 
 
 MUG 
 
 2. Long ill (liirition. IIow mucA time is spent in 
 triHins amusements ! 
 
 3. Many in number. 
 
 Kilum cune out n^.tinsl liim with murA p^oplt^, — Num. xx. 
 [IMiis npplieation of imich is nu Ituiper used.] 
 MUCH, ado. In a great tlegrec ; liy far; qunlifiiing 
 (uljf-ctives of Vie comparatire deg-rre ; as, much more, 
 much slmnRer, much lieavier, much more splenilid, 
 much higher. Ho we say, miirA less, muck smaller, 
 miicA less distinguished, much weaker, tnuch finer. 
 
 2. To a great degree ore.\teiit ; qucdifijing verbs and 
 participles. 
 
 Jonntlian, Saul's aon, ilflijhtwl much in D.^vid. — I Sam. xix. 
 Tlie ft^ul ul iIk* pt'O)'!? w.iM much ilidCouniveU becutiae uf tlie 
 
 \v;tv. — Num. xxi. 
 A much afflictt-il, much enduring^ man. Pop*. 
 
 3. Oncn or long. 
 
 Think mucA, ipciik little. Dryden. 
 
 4. Nearly. 
 
 All li-fl tht world much na they found il. Templt. 
 
 5. An exclamation of contempt, implying a sneer- 
 ing disbelief of an assertion. 
 
 What I Willi two poiuu in your shoulder f Much I ShaJc. 
 MUCH, n. A great quantity ; a great deal. 
 
 lie thai »alh''n'd much hiul nulhing ov.-r. — Ex. xvi. 
 To whom mucA ij given, of hini much will be irquired. — Luke 
 xii. 
 
 3. More than enough ; a heavy service or burden. 
 
 Hf thought not much to clothe his enrniiea. Milton. 
 Who thought it much a man ahould (lie of love. Dryden. 
 
 3. An uncommon thing; something strange. 
 
 It was mucA lh:U one who wal so great a lover of peace should 
 ije hapjiy in war. iJficon. 
 
 .^n much ; an equal quantity ; used as an adjective or 
 noun. Uelurn as much hreail ns you borrowed. If 
 you borrow money, return as much as you receive. 
 So »ve say, ticice as much, Jive times as much, that is, 
 twice or five tiini-s the quantity. 
 
 2. A certain or suitable quantity. 
 
 Then take (u much aa thy soul ilcsircth. — 1 Sam. 11. 
 
 3. To an equal degree ; adrrrhinlly. One man 
 loves power a.* miicA as anolher loves gold. 
 
 5(f much ; an equal quantity, or a certain quantity, 
 as a noun ; to an equal degree, or to a certain degree, 
 as an adverb. 
 
 of sweet cinnamon half to much. — Ex. XIX. 
 lu nil Isnu-l, tliettf was none to be to much praised as Absalom. 
 — '2 Sam. xiv. 
 
 Too much ; an e.Tce?sive quantity, as a noun ; to an 
 excessive degree, as ajt adverb. 
 
 To make much nf: to value highly ; to prize or to 
 treat with great kindness and attention. JUitner. 
 
 2. To fonille. 
 
 .Much at one; nearly of equal value, effect, or in- 
 fltlPllCP. Drydrru 
 MUCir.NE.SS. n. anantity. Whatehj. 
 It is still used in the vulgar phrase much of a macK- 
 nr,---, i. p., iiiiirh of the same kind. Smart. 
 MUCII-RE-CRET'TEl), a. Deeply regretted. 
 MUCII'WHAT, ado. Nearly ; almost. e/ej-ant.] 
 
 Locke. 
 
 MO'Cie, a. [from miieiM.] The miicic acid is the 
 same as the saccliolactic. It is obtained from gums, 
 &c. {/re. 
 
 MO'CID, a. [I., mucidu.1, from wiuceo.] 
 Mii!<ly ; moldy ; slimy. 
 
 MP'(,'in-NESS, n. Miistinesfi; .sliminess. Jtinsvoorlh, 
 
 MC'CI-I.AOE, n. [Kr., from I,, mucus, the slimy dis- 
 charges frtim the nose ; muceo, to grow ninldy or 
 musty ; It. mucmatrcrine ; Sp. mucdaso- The L. 
 mucus, in Ir., is A-murr; :?mw^aim, to blow the nose. 
 It is probably allieil to Eng. mi/cA .- Ileh. Cli. J^a or 
 piD, to dissolve, to putrefy. Class Mg, No. 8, in.] 
 
 1. In chemij4tnt, one of the proximate elements of 
 vegetables. The same substance is a gum when 
 solid, and a mucilage when in solution. Thomson. 
 
 Both the in^TTtlients improve one anollier ; for tl)e murilngt 
 adds tu liie lubricity of the oil, and tlic oil preserves llie mu- 
 cilnge from iuspiss;iliun. /?ay. 
 
 Mualage is ohiaineU Irum vegetable or animal substances. 
 
 A'ic/ioison. 
 
 iJ. The liquor which moistens and lubricates the 
 ligaments anil cartilages of the articulations or joints 
 in animal bodies. F.ncye. 
 MU-Cl-LAG'I.\-OU.S, a. Pertaining to or secreting 
 mucilage ; as, the mucilaipnmui glands. Kneye. 
 
 2. Slimy ; ropy ; moist, soft, and lubricous ; par- 
 tokiiig of the nature of mucilage ; as, a mucilairiuous 
 
 . KUm- Grne. 
 
 MU-CI-L.\G'I\-OUS-NESS, n. Sliminess ; the slate 
 of being mucilaginous. 
 
 Jj'J-^fP'A-UOUS, a. Secreting or prtxlucing mucus. 
 
 .MUCK, 71. [Sax. meoz, mioz ; Dan. mb>, dung ; mu», 
 mold, soil; L. miiciu; qu. from nioi.sture or putrefac- 
 tion. In W. Tni«» is smoke, which may be allied to 
 Eng. mujf (Tji, from dissolving, wasting. So in French 
 fumrr, to smoke, to dung, or muck. See the lleb. 
 and Cli. verbs under Mi-cilage. In Riiss. mochu is 
 to moisten, and makayu, to dip, to soak.] 
 
 1. Dung in a moist state, or a mass of decaying or 
 putrefied vegetable matter. 
 
 With fattening muck besmear the roots. Philipt. 
 
 2. Something mean, vjlr, or filthy. 
 To run a muck; to run madly anil attack all we 
 meet. Hope. Dnjdcn. 
 
 Running a muck, is a phrase derived from the 
 Mal.ays, (in who.se language amock signifies to kill,) 
 applied to desperate persons who iiito.xirate them- 
 selves with opium, and then arm themselves with a 
 ilagger and nllempt to kill ;ill they meet. Kit. Kncyc. 
 MUCK, I!. (. To manure with muck. Tu.iscr. 
 MUCK'EN-DER, n. [Sp. mocadero, from moco, mucus ; 
 Fr. inouchoir.] 
 A pocket handkerchief. [JVot used.] Dorset. 
 MUCK'ER, V. t. [from muck.] To scrape together 
 money by mean labor or shifts. 
 [JVut used in .dmerica.'j 
 MUCK'ER-EK, ;i. A miser ; a niggard. [JVot used.] 
 MUCK'HkAP ) Chaucer. 
 MUCK'HIIlM Aheapofmuck. Burton. 
 MUCK'I-.NESS, n. Filthiness ; nastincss. Johnson. 
 MUCK'LE, a. [Sax. mycc/.] 
 
 Much. [Obs.] 
 MUCK'RAKE, n. A rake for turning and collecting 
 
 muck. Bunyan. 
 MUCK'SWEAT, (-swct,) 71. Profuse sweat. .Minson. 
 MUCK'U'OR.M, (wurin,) n. A worm that lives in muck. 
 2. A miser ; one wlio scrapes together money by 
 mean labor and devices. Bunyan. 
 MUCK'Y, a. Filthy ; nasty. Spenser. 
 MO'eOR, 71. [L.] Moldiness. A genus of Fungi. 
 All mold is considered to consist of small fungi or 
 mushrooms. 
 
 MU-CO'SO-SAe'eilA-RINE, ( rlne or -rin,) a. Par- 
 taking of the qualities of mucilage'hnd sugar. 
 
 Fuurcroy. 
 
 .MO'COUS, (mu'kus,) a. [Sec Mi'cus.] Pertaining 
 to mucus or resembling it ; slimy, ropy, and lubri- 
 cous ; as, a mucous substance. 
 
 2. Secreting a slimy substance ; as, the ttiucoiu 
 membrane. 
 
 The mucous membrane lines all the cavities of the 
 body which open externally, and secretes the llujd 
 called muciut. Bichat. 
 MCeOUS-NESS, 71. The state of being mucous; 
 sliminess. 
 
 MC'CRO-NATE, ) a. [L. mucronatus, from 77ii«»-o, 
 MO'eitO-NA-TED, ) a point.] 
 
 Narrowed to a point ; terminating in a point. 
 MCeU-LENT, n. [L. iTiucu/nifu.*.] [Woodward. 
 
 Slimy ; moist ami moderately viscous. 
 MO'CUS, 71. [L. Sec Mt ciLAOE and *Muck.] A 
 viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane, which 
 it serves to moisten and defend, ft covers the lining 
 membranes of all the cavities which open external- 
 ly, such as those of the mouth, n se, lungs, intesti- 
 nal canal, urinary passages, &.c. It differs from gela- 
 tine. Parr. Urc. 
 In the action of chewing, the thucus mixelh witlt the aliment. 
 
 Arbulhnot. 
 
 2. This term has also been applied to other animal 
 fluids of a viscid quality, as the synovial tluid, which 
 hibricites the cavities of the joints. 
 
 MUl),n. [V).moddcr;G.moder. (See Mother.) E< 
 Tfiv avTnv avpirh'turji Tov irifcvparoi tjfi'rro poiT. 
 Tout" nt tj i^uciv tXvf, ut^c v^aruSov^ t^i^cui artxptv. 
 Mot, id est, mod : riiirnices ita scribebant. Bochart, 
 I'hten. lib. 2, cap. 2. 
 
 This is said to be a fragment of Sanchonianthon's 
 Pheiiici.an hislor>', translated by Pliilo and preserved 
 by Eusebiiis. i'liis Phenician word mod, /iwx, ren- 
 dered in Gr. iX"s, is precisely the F^nglish mud, the 
 matter, material, or substance of which, according 
 to the ancients, all things were formed. See Castel. 
 (Col.aoiU,)and the woril Muther. Plutarch, de Iside, 
 says the Egyptians called Isis muUi, that is mother. 
 This is a remarkable fart, and proves beyond contro- 
 versy the common origin of the Phenician, Celtic, 
 and Teuliuiic nations. Mud may (lerliaps be named 
 from wetness, and be connected with L. madeo, Gr. 
 ftv^ai<i, W. micydatr, to wet.] 
 
 Moist and soft earth of any kind, such as is found 
 in marshes and swamps, at the bottom of rivers and 
 ponds, or in highways after rain. 
 
 MUD, r. t. To bury in iiitiil or slime. Shak. 
 2. To make turbid or foul with dirt ; to stir the 
 sediment in liquors. Glanvillc. 
 
 MUI)'1)1-A:I), (iimd'did,) pp. or a. Soiled with mud; 
 ri ndered turbid ; confused in mind. 
 
 MUD'Dl-I.Y, adv. [from miuWy.] Turbidly ; with 
 foul mixture ; cluiiitily. 
 
 I.ucilius — writ loosely and muddUy. Dryden, 
 
 MUD'DI-.XESS, n. Tiirbidness; foulness caused by 
 mini, dirt, or sediment; as, the muddiness of a 
 stream. Jlddison. 
 2. Firruratively, intellectual cloudiness or dullness. 
 
 MUD'DI.E, V. f. [from mud.] To make foul, turbid, 
 or muddy, as water. 
 
 He did ill to muddlt the water. L'Ettmnge. 
 2. To intoxicate partially; to cloud or stupefy, par- 
 ticularly with liquor. 
 
 lie was often drunk, always mwidltd. 
 Kpicurus seems tw luve had his braiiu muddled. 
 
 ArbnOinot. 
 Bentley. 
 
 MUD'DLED, pp. Made turbid ; half drunk; stupefied. 
 
 MUD'DM.N'O, ;ipr. Making fi.iil with dirt or dregs; 
 
 making half liriink ; stiipi fyiiig. 
 .MUD'DY, a. [fnmi mud.] Foul with dirt or fine 
 
 earlliy |iarticles ; tiirbiil, ns water or other fluids ; as, 
 
 a muddy streiiiii. Water running on fine clay always 
 
 appears muddy. 
 2. Coiituiiiiiig mud ; as, a muddy ditch ; a muildy 
 
 road. Shak. 
 .3. Dirty ; dashed, soiled, or besmeared with mud; 
 
 as, muddy boots. 
 
 4. Consisting of mud or earth ; gross ; impure ; as, 
 this muddy vesture of decay. Shak. 
 
 5. Dark ; of the color of mud; as, muddy checks. 
 
 SvotfU 
 
 6. Cloudy in mind ; dull ; heavy ; stupid. 
 
 Dost think 1 am so muddy t Shak. 
 MUD'DY, r. t. To soil with mud ; to dirty ; to render 
 turbid. 
 
 2. To cloud ; to make dull or heai'y. Grew. 
 
 MIJD'DY-I.N'G, jrpr. Soiling with mud; rendering 
 ttirbii] ; clouding. 
 
 MUD'DY-HEAD'ED, ( hcd'ed,) a. Having adull un- 
 derstanding. 
 
 MUD'DY-.MET'TLED, a. Dull-spirited. Shak. 
 MUD'-FISIl, 71. A fish, a species of the ryprinus 
 
 kind. Diet. JVuf. Hist. 
 
 MUD'-SII.L, 71. In bridges, the sill that is laid at the 
 
 botttun of a river, lake, &.e. [See .Sill.] 
 MUD'-SUCK-ER, 71 An aquatic fowl. Derham. 
 MUO'-\VAI,L, n. A wall composed of mud, or of 
 
 materials laitl in mud without mortar. Soutk. 
 2. A bird ; the apiaster. Ainsieorth, 
 iMUD' -WALE-AD, a. Having a mud wall. Prior. 
 .MI'D'WORT, (miid'wurt,) n. A species of Liuiosclla, 
 
 the least water plantain. Lee. 
 MCE. See .Mew. 
 
 .MU-EZ'ZIN, 7u A .Mohammedan crier of the hour of 
 prayer. 
 
 MUFF, 71. [Dan. muff or muffe ; D 77in/; G. muff; Fr. 
 moiijle, mittens ; Sp. mufias, thick glovi!s.] 
 
 A warm cover for receiving the h;inds, usually 
 made of fur or dressed skins. Locke. Dryden. 
 MUF'FIN, 71. A light, round, spongy cake, baked on 
 a griddle, and buttered fur the less substantial meals. 
 
 Siuurt. 
 
 MUF'FLE, V. t. [D. moffrlen ; G. muffeln ; It. ca- 
 muffare, to disguise or mask.] 
 
 1. 'J'o cover from the weather by cloth, fur, or any 
 garment; to ctiver close, particularly the neck and 
 face. 
 
 You muBl be mujjted up like ladies. Dryden. 
 The face lies mujjled up wiUiin tiie garment. Adaiton. 
 
 2. To blindfold. 
 
 Alas! that luve whose view is mu^erf still. Shak. 
 He muj/led with a clontl his niournlul eyes. Dryden. 
 
 3. To cover ; to conceal ; to involve. 
 
 They were ui former n 
 
 darkness and snpeixtitinn. 
 
 Arl/utlinot. 
 
 4. In seamanship, to put matting or other soft sub- 
 stance round an oar, to prevent its making a noise. 
 
 5. To wind something, as cloth, &c., round the 
 strings of a drum to prevent a sharp sound, or to 
 render the sound grave and solemn. 
 
 MUF'FI.E, V. i. To mutter; to speak indistinctly, or 
 without clear articulation. JIvtdcr, 
 
 .MUF'FLE, 71. [Sp. miijla.] 
 
 In rhemistnt and vietallurrry, an oven-shaped ves- 
 sel, used fur the purification of gtdd and silver by 
 means of a cupel made of bone ashes. Silliman. 
 
 MUF'FL/CD, pp. or a. Covered closely, especially 
 about the face ; involved ; blindfolded. 
 Muffled dram. See the verb .Mi kkle. 
 
 MUF'FLER, 71. A cover for the face; a p,art of fe- 
 male dress. Shak. Jirbutkiiot, 
 
 MUF'FLING, ppr. Covering closely, especially about 
 the face ; wrapping close; involving; blindfolding. 
 
 MUF'FLON, 71. The wild sheep, or miismon. 
 
 MUF'TI, (muf'ly,) n. An ofliiial expoiinderof .Moham- 
 medan law, in Turkey. There is one in every large 
 town, and over all these the Mufti of Constantinople 
 exercises an influence and control. P. Cyc. 
 
 .MUG, 71. [I know not whence drriv(?d.] A kind of 
 earthen or nuttal cup, from which liquors are drank. 
 In .America, the word is applied chiefly or solely to 
 an earthen cup. 
 
 MUri'GARD, a. [See MuaoT.] SuUen ; displeased. 
 IjVot in i/.*e.] 
 
 MUG'GENT, 7u A species of wild fresh-water duck. 
 
 DieU A'al. HUU 
 MUG'GY, j a. [W. miecan, a cloud of fog ; mmg, 
 MUG'GISH, ) smoke; or from the riwt of muck.] 
 
 1. Moist; damp; moldy; as, mu^^y stniw. 
 
 Mortimer, 
 
 2. Moist, or damp and close ; warm and unelastic; 
 as, muiTiry air. [ This is the principal use of iht word 
 in .America.] 
 
 MUG'IIOUSE, 71, [from tiiuo-.] An alehouse. 
 
 Tickd. 
 
 MO'GI-ENT, a. [I,, mugio, to bellow.] 
 
 Lowing ; bellowing. [A'ot used.] Brown. 
 
 MUG'WEED, 71. A plant of the genus V.alantia. 
 
 MUG'WORT, 77. [Sax. muiTiri^.) 
 
 An herb of the genus .\rtemisia. Pnrtingltn. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 735 
 
MUL 
 
 MU-LAT'TO, n. ; pi. Mvlattoes. [Sp. mulatn, that 
 is, nulled, of a mixed breed, from mulo, L. viutus, a 
 mule ; Fr. mu?/i(rc] 
 
 A person tliat is the offspring of a negress by a 
 white man, or of a white woman by a negro. 
 MUI/SKK-RY, n. [Sw. mulbar ; G. maulbeere.] 
 
 The berry or fruit of a tree of the genus Morus ; 
 also, the tree. 
 
 MUL'BER-RY-TREE, n. The tree which produces 
 
 the mulberry. 
 MULCH, 71. [Heb. T^'ya, to dissolve.] 
 
 Half-rotten straw. Bailey. 
 MULCT, n. {L. inulcta, OT miilla.'] 
 
 A fine imposed on a person guilty of some offense 
 or misdemeanor, usually a pecuniary fine. 
 MULCT, I'. «. [L. 7nii/c(o ; Fr. mulcter.] 
 
 To fine ; to punish for an offense or misdemeanor 
 by imposing a pecuniary fine. Bacon. 
 MULC T'ED, pp. Fined ; punished by a pecuniary fine. 
 MULCT'li-A-RV, a. Imposing a pecuniary penalty. 
 
 Ovcrburij. 
 
 MOLE, n. [Sp. and It. mulo ; L. mtilus : Sax. mid ; D. 
 7nm7, or muilezel ; G. maulesel : Sw. vitilasne i Dan. 
 mule; Fr. id. : Arm. mitlrs ; Ir.innile; W. mul. The 
 latter signifies a mule, ami basliful, simple.] 
 
 1. A (luadruped of a inongn-l breed, usually gener- 
 ated between an ass and a mare, sometimes lietween 
 a horse and a she-ass. liut the name is apiilied to 
 any animal produced by a mi.\ture of different spe- 
 cies. Encijc. 
 
 2. A plant or vegetable produced by impregnating 
 the pistil of one species with the farin or fecundating 
 dust of another. This is called also a HyBnio. 
 
 Encijc. J^Iartyn. 
 
 3. An instrument used in spinning cotton ; called 
 also a Mule-jenny. 
 
 Ml'LE'-SPIN-NER, n. One who spins on a mule. 
 MU-LET-EER', «. [It. mulattiere ; Fr. mulctier.] 
 
 One who drives mules. 
 MC'LE'WORT, 71. A plant of the genus Hemionilis. 
 MU-LI-Eli'RI-TY, 71. [from L. midiebris, (rum mulicr, 
 a woman.] 
 
 Womanhood ; the state of being a woman ; a state 
 in females corresponding to virility in man ; also, ef- 
 feminacy J softness. 
 
 MO'LI-ER, 7t. [L.] In /a;f, lawful issue born in wed- 
 lock, though hejiullen before. Encyc. 
 
 MPL'ISH, a. Like a mule ; sullen ; stubborn. 
 
 MC'L'ISII-LY, adi\ Slulibiirnly, like a mule. 
 
 MCL'I.SH-NES.S, 7(. Obstinacy or stubbornness, as of 
 a mule. 
 
 MULL, V. t. [Qn. L. inollio, to soften, or W. mwll, 
 warm, or Sp. iiittllir^ to beat.] 
 
 1. To soften, or bring down in spirit ; or to heat, 
 sweeten, and enrich with spices ; as, to mull wine. 
 
 Drink n?\v cltlcr, mulled vvilh ginger warm. Gay, 
 
 9. To dispirit (ir deaden. Shak. 
 MULL, n. In Sciitti.-:/!, a term almost synonymous with 
 Cape itr Headland. 
 
 2. A snuff-box made of the small end of a horn. 
 [Oft..-.] 
 
 3. Dirt ; rubbish. [Obs.] 
 
 MULL, 71. A thin, soft kind of muslin, called also 
 
 Ml'LI.-MI'LL. 
 
 MUL' 1^, n. The name of a priest among the Tartars. 
 Ml'L-L \-C;A-TAVV'N'Y, 71. Lilrralhj, pepper-water; 
 
 the name of an East Indian curry soup. Sinurt. 
 MUL'LEN, I n. [OU\ Fr. molene; probably so named 
 MUL'LEI.\, i from the root of L. moHu, soft. So in 
 
 Ger. woll/:rfiut, wind-plant.] 
 
 A well-known plant of the genus Verbascum, 
 
 growing in roads and neglected fields. 
 MUL'I^ER, /'. [Fr. 7jio/icre, molctte ; L.. molarii, from 
 
 mola, a inill-slone. ] 
 
 1. A stone he ld m the hand with which colors and 
 other matters are ground on another stone ; used by 
 painters and apothecaries. Bailri/. Ilr/ierf. 
 
 2. An instrument used by glass-grinders, being a 
 piece of wimxI with the piece of glass to be ground 
 cemented to one end, either convex in a basin, or 
 concave in a sphere or bowl. Jlrbn-t. 
 
 MUL'LET, 11. [Fr. mulel, a mullet, and a great mule; 
 Gr. /iirAA <5 ; L. mullu.t.] 
 
 \. A fish of the genus .Mugil. The lips arc membra- 
 naceous, ihe inferior one carinated inward ; it has 
 no teeth, and the body is of a whitish color. This 
 fi.Hli freqii(*nts the shore, and roots in the sand like a 
 hog. It is an excellent fish for the table. Ennje. 
 
 2. In hrraJdry, a figure in shape like the rowel of a 
 8piir, iiHi.'il as Ihe filial distinction of tin: third son. 
 
 MUL'LI-GRI.'IIS, 71. A twisting of the intestines; 
 snilclinesi. [.^ Inm word.] 
 
 MUL'LIOX, (iiiiil'yun ) n. [Fr. TTioii/iirc.] 
 
 An upright bar or division in a window-frame. 
 
 MUL'LIO.N, V. L To shape into divisions by mul- 
 limis. i'Wt. 
 
 ML'L'LION /,T), pp. Shaped into divisions by mul- 
 
 MIIL'LOCK, 71. Rubbish. [lions. 
 
 MULSE, 71. [Ij. vwhu.i.] 
 
 Wine boiled and mingled with honey, 
 
 MULT-AN"<;i; LAR, o. [ L. 7ii«(/u.., many, and nn- 
 gulut, angle ; lioiiquc, nwla, a iiiiiltituUe ; midUa, 
 much 1 
 
 MUL 
 
 Having many ansles ; polygon.al. Marlyn, 
 MULT-AN"GU-LAR-LY, (-aiig'gu-lar-le,) ai/e. With 
 
 many aiigles'or corners. Qrew. 
 MULT-AN"GU-LAR-NESS, n. Tlie state of being 
 
 polygonal. 
 
 MULT-AE-Tie'XJ-LATE, a. Having many joints. 
 
 Brandr. 
 
 MUL-Tk'I-TY, ji. The state of being many ; multi- 
 plicity. C'olerulite. 
 MUL-TI-CAP'SU-LAR, o. [L. multas, many, and 
 capsula^ a chest.] 
 
 In butanii, having many capsules. Marlyn. 
 MUL-TI-CA'VOUS, a. [L. hii//(«s, and cacKS, hollow.] 
 
 Having many holes or cavities. Vict. 
 MUL-Tl-DEN'TATE, a. [L. 7k«/(hs and dens.] 
 
 Armed with many teeth. 
 MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS, <i. [L. 77i«/((/i!rm5. Qu. Eoriiis.] 
 Having great multiplicity; having great diversity 
 or variety ; as, mallifarious artifice. More. 
 MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS-LY, adn. With great multiplici- 
 ty and diversity; with great variety of modes and re- 
 lations. Bentlet/. 
 MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. Multiplied diversity. 
 MUL'TI-FID, a. [L. multifid"^ i multus, many, and 
 findo, to divide.] ' 
 Having many divisions ; many-cleft ; divided into 
 several parts by linear sinuses and straigiit margins ; 
 as, a multifid I' af or corol. Marlyn, 
 MUL-TIF'ID-OUS, a. Having many divisions or par- 
 titions. 
 
 MUL-TIF'LO-ROUS, a. [L. inultus, many, and fios, 
 flower.] 
 
 Many-floweied ; having many flowers. Martyn, 
 MUL'TI-FoLD, a. Many limes doubled ; manifbid ; 
 numerous. 
 
 MUL'TI-FORM, a. [L. muUiformis; mukus, many, 
 and ftirina, form.] 
 
 Having many forms, shapes, or appearances; as, 
 the midtifiirm operations of the air-pump. Watts. 
 MUL-TI-FOR.M'I-TY, 7i. Diversity of forms ; variety 
 of shapes or appearances in the same thing. Johnson, 
 MUL-TI-FOR.M'OUS, a. Having many forms. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 MUL-TI-GEN'ER-OUS, a. [L. multiffetius; multas, 
 many, and genus^ kind.] 
 
 Having many kinds. Diet. 
 MUL-TI-Ju'GOUS, a, [L. multus, many, and juo-uTn, 
 a yoke, a pair.] 
 Consisting of many pairs. 
 MUL-Tl-LAT'ER-AL, a. [L. multus, many, and la- 
 tus, side.] 
 
 Having many sides. A multilateral figure must 
 
 also be niuttangiihir. 
 MUL-Tl-LIN'E-AL, a. Having many lines. 
 MUL-Tl-LOC'U-LAR, a. [L. multus, many, and loc- 
 
 ulus, a cell.] 
 
 Having many cells or compartments ; as, a multi- 
 locular shell. 
 
 MUL-TIL'O-QUENCE, ji. Use of many words ; talk- 
 ativeness. Mams 
 
 MUL-TIL'O-QUOUS, a. [L. multus, many, and lo- 
 quirr, to speak.] 
 Speakinfe much ; very talkative ; loquacious. Diet. 
 
 iMUL-Tl-N'0'I)ATE, a. Having many knots. 
 
 MUL-Tl-NO'Ml-AL, a. or 71. In alfrebra. See Polv- 
 
 NOMl AL. 
 
 ■MUL-Tl-NOM'IN-AI,, ( o. [L. miiZ(«s, many, and 
 MUL-TI-NO;M'IN-OUS, \ nomen, name.] 
 
 Having many names or terms. Diet. 
 MUL-TIP'A-ROUS, o. [L. multus, many, and pario, 
 to hear.] 
 
 Producing many at a birth. A serpent is a multip- 
 araus animal. 
 
 MUL-TIP'AR-TITE, a. [L. multus, many, and parti- 
 tas, divided.] 
 
 Divided into many parts ; having several parts. 
 
 .MUL'TI-PED, H. [L. multu.1, many, and pes, foot.] 
 An insert that has many feet. 
 
 MUL'TI-PED, (I. Having many feet. 
 
 MI'L'Tl-PLE, (niul'te-pl,) a. [L. multiplct; multus, 
 nian>', and plico, to fold.] 
 Containing many times. 
 
 MUL'TI-PLE, 71. In malhematics, a quantity which 
 contains another a certain number of times without 
 a remainder. A common multiple of two (it mure 
 numbers contains each of them a certain number of 
 times exactly ; thus 24 is a common mulliplc of 3 and 
 4. Hut the least common multiple is the least number 
 that will do this; thus 12 is the least common multiple 
 of 3 and 4. 
 
 iMULH l-PLEX, <j. [L.] Manyfold ; having petals 
 lying over each other in folds. Marltiu. 
 
 MUL'TI-1'LI-A-BLE, a. [Fr. Sec Multiflv.] 'I'liat 
 ma\' be nmltiplied. 
 
 MUL ri I'LI'A-IILE-NESS, n. Capacity of being 
 miilti|ilii d. 
 
 MUL' 11 I'LLCA IlLE, a. That may be multiplied. 
 MUL-TI I'LI-CAND', 71. [U multiplicandus. See Mul- 
 TiPLy.] 
 
 In arillimrlic, the number to be multiplied by an- 
 other, which is culled lh<' multiplier. 
 MUL'TI PLI CATE, a. [L. muHiplir.ntus.] 
 
 1. (■onsjsiing of many, or more than one. Drrham. 
 
 2. A muUiplicate. Ilower is a sort of liiMiriant flow- 
 
 MUL 
 
 er, having the corol multiplied so far as to exclude 
 only some of the stamens. Martyn, 
 MUL-TI-l'Li eA'TKJN, n. [L. multiplicalio.] 
 
 1. The act of multiplying or of increasing number ; 
 as, the multiplication of the human species by natural 
 generation. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, a rule or operation by which any 
 given numlier may be repeated or added to itself any 
 number of times proposed. Thus 10 multiplied by 5 
 is increased to .50. 
 
 MUL'Tl-PLI-CA-TIVE, a. Tending to multiply ; 
 having the power to multiply or increase numbers. 
 
 Med. Repos. 
 
 MUL-TI-PLI-CA'TOR, 71. The number by which an- 
 other number is multiplied ; a multiplier. 
 
 .MUL-Tl-PLI"CIOUS, (-plish'us,) a. Manifold. [JVat 
 used.^ 
 
 MUL-Tl-PLIC'I-TY, (-plis'e-te,) n. [Fr. multiplicite, 
 from L. multiple!.] 
 
 1. A state of being many ; as, a multiplicity of 
 thoughts or objects. 
 
 2. Many of the same kind. The pagans of an- 
 tiquity had a muhiplicUy of deities. 
 
 MUL'Tl-PLI-£D, ;7/i. or a. Increased in numbers; 
 repeated. 
 
 2. Numerous; often repeated ; as, multiplied ag- 
 gressions. 
 
 MUL'Tl-PLl-ER, 71. One who multiplies, or in- 
 creases number. 
 
 2. 1'he number in arithmetic by which another is 
 multiplied. 
 
 MUL'TI-PLY, V, t. [L. multiplico ; multus, many, 
 and plico, to fold or double, Gr. ttXcko), W. plygu, 
 Fr.pUer, multiplier.] 
 
 1. To increase in number; to make more by natu- 
 ral generation or production, or by addition ; as, to 
 multiply men, horses, or other animals; to multiply 
 evils. 
 
 I will multiply my sijriis and wonders in E^pt. — Ex. vii. 
 Inipunitv will multiply motives tu liisobedicnco. Ames, 
 
 2. In arithmetic, to repeat or add to itself any 
 given number as many limes as there are units in 
 any other given number. Thus 7 X 8 = 5(), that is, 7 
 multiplied by 8 produces the number 5li. 
 
 MUL'TI-PL?, V. i. To grow or increase in number. 
 
 Be Ihiitful and multiply. — Gen. i. 
 
 Wlien men beg in to multiply oti the face of the earth. — Gen. vi. 
 
 2. To increase in extent ; to extend ; to spread. 
 The wonl of Goil grew and multiplied. — Acts xU. 
 MUL'TI-PLS*-ING, ppr. Increasing in number ; re- 
 peating. 
 
 2. Growing or becoming numerous. 
 
 MUL'TI-PL-f-LNG-GLASS, 71. A glass or lens which 
 represents a single object to the eye as if it were 
 many. It consists of several plane surf ices, dis- 
 posed into a convex form, through every one of 
 which the object is seen. llutton. 
 
 iMUL-TIP'O-TEN'T, a. [L. multipotens ; multus, many, 
 much, and potens, powerful.] 
 
 Having manifold power, or power to do many 
 things ; as, Jove multipoteut. S/iah. 
 
 MUL-TI-FRES'ENCE, 71, [L. multus, many, and 
 pneseutia, presence.] 
 
 The power or act of being present in many places 
 at once, or in more places than one. Hall. 
 
 MUL-TLRA'Dl-ATE, a. Having many rays. 
 
 MUL-TIS'CIOUS (uml-tish'us,) a. [L. multiscius.] 
 Having variety of knowledge. 
 
 MUL-TI-SIL'I-UUOUS, a. [L. multus, many, and 
 sUi/jua, a pod.j 
 
 ilaving many pods or seed-vessels. Bailey, 
 
 MUL-TIS'O-MOUS, a. fL. multus, many, and .^ouus, 
 sound.] 
 
 Haying many sounds, or sounding much. Bailey, 
 MUL-Tl-SPI'R.'iL, a [I-. multus and spirit.] 
 
 In conchology, a term applied to the opercula of 
 shells which exhibit numerous coils rtmnd a sub- 
 median center. Bruude. 
 MUL-TI-STRT'ATE, a. Having many streaks. 
 MUL-TI-SYL'LA-liLE, >i. A word of many sylla- 
 bles ; a (xdysy liable. 
 
 [The latter is mostly used.] 
 MUL'TI-TUDE, 71. [Fr., from L. miitiitudo, from 
 multus, many.] 
 
 1. The state of being many ; a great number. 
 
 2. A number collectively ; the sum of many. JIale. 
 
 3. A great number, indefinitely. 
 
 It ia (V fault in a multitude t>( preachcm, Uiat they. iilterly ii'-glecl 
 method in their harunguns. H'attt. 
 
 4. A crowd or throng ; the populace ; npidicd to 
 the populace when asst uibled in gn at numbers, and 
 to the mass of men without refej-enco to an assem- 
 blage. 
 
 He the rnat hiwtlnf; multitude adniirei. Addifon. 
 The muttitud* have alwayk been creilnloui, ahtl the few artful, 
 
 J. Adatnt. 
 
 MUL-TI-TO'DIN-A-RY, a. Multiliidinous ; mani- 
 fold. 
 
 MUL-TI-TC'DIN-OU'S, a. Consisting of a multitude 
 or greal number, 
 a. Having Ihe appiarauce of a multitude; as, the 
 
 Vlullitudinous sea, Slioli. 
 
 3. Manifoltl ; as, Ihe 7»u//tff7r/i;rnt/,if tongue. Shak. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PUBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 
 
 TS6 
 
MUM 
 
 MUN 
 
 MUR 
 
 MUL-Tr rC'DIN-OUS-LY, adv In a niullitudinous 
 ttrmner. 
 
 MUL-TIV'A-GAIVT, ) „ ,. i 
 MUL-Tl V'A-GOUS, j t^" '"«'"<"'ST"-] 
 
 Wiiiidcrinc iiiiicii. [JVot ustd J CiX. 
 MUI/TI-VAI.VE. ?i. [L. 7Bu(«U4-, many, and valva, 
 valvi'^, Tolding cloors.] 
 
 A inuUusk which has a shell of many valves. 
 
 ( mul'TI'-valv^u-lar, i «• -"""y 
 
 JIUI.-TIV'ER-SAiNT, a. [L. multus, many, and 
 t>er(o, to Turin.] 
 
 I'rutenn ; turning into many shapes ; assuming 
 many furnis. Journ. of Sciencr. 
 
 MUL-'I'IVI-OUS, a. [L. multus, many, and ria, way.] 
 Ilavinp many ways or roads. [Little u.<ed.] Diet, 
 MUL-TO'CA,n. The Turkish code of law. Bramle. 
 MUI^TOe'li-LAK, o. [L. »iu/(uj, many, and oculuj, 
 ey.-.] 
 
 Having many cye.i, or more eyes tlian two. 
 
 Derham. 
 
 MOL'TOM IjV PAR'VO. [L.] Much in a little 
 compnss. 
 
 MIJLT-UN"GU-LATE, a. Having tlie hoof divided 
 
 into more than two parts. Bramlr. 
 MUL'TIIRE, n. [L. Mo/itura, a grinding. Pec Mii.i.] 
 
 1. In ScoLs law, the toll or eiiiuluineiit given lu thi' 
 proprietor of a mill for grinding grain. Eneyc. 
 
 2. A grist or grinding. 
 
 MUM, a. [See Mumhle, Mimm, and MLMsiEBr.] 
 
 1. Silent ; not spuaking. 
 
 The citizens are mum ; v\y not n won]. SJiak. 
 S. As an exclamation or conunand ; be silent ; Ifush. 
 Mum then, and no more proco'd. Shak, 
 
 3. As a W0U7I, silence. Hudibriu. 
 MUM, n. [G. and Dan. mi/mme; D. mom.] 
 
 A species of malt liquor much used in Germany. 
 It is made of the malt of wheat, seven bushels, with 
 one bushel of oatmeal and a biisliel of ground 
 beans, or in the same proportion. 1'liis is brewetl 
 with 133 gallons of water, and boiled till one third is 
 evaix)nued. Encxje. 
 
 MU.M'-BUD6'ET,infcrj. [mum nnii builirel,] An ex- 
 pression denoting secrecy as well as silence ; used in 
 a contemptuous or ludicrous manner. 
 
 MU.M'-CHANCE, n. A game of hazard with cards. 
 [Local.] 
 
 2, A fool. [Local.] 
 
 MU.M'BLE, r. i. [G. mummcln ; D. momelen, mompe- 
 len; Sw. mumla ; Dan. mumlrr. This word seems to 
 be connected with mum, in the sense of closeijess of 
 the lips.] 
 
 1. To mutter ; to speak with the lips or other or- 
 gans p,irlly closed, .so as to render the sounds in.ir- 
 ticulate and iraiierfect ; to utter words with a grum- 
 bling tone. 
 
 Pence, you mumbHng fool. Sha};, 
 - A uriiikli-«l hn^, with tig»* grown double. 
 Picking dry sticks and mumitling to licnM-lf. Oluiy. 
 
 2. To chew or bite softly ; to eat with the lips 
 close. Drij'lcn. 
 
 .BIU.M'BLE, t U To utter with a low, inarticulate 
 - voice. 
 
 He with mumlttcd prayers atones the di-iiy. Dryten, 
 Q. To mouth gently, or to eat with a muttering 
 sound. Pope. 
 
 3. To suppress or utter imperfectly. Dnjdrn, 
 MUM'BI.f;i), pp. or a. Uttered Willi a low, inarticu- 
 late voice; chewed softly, or with a low, muttering 
 sound. 
 
 MU.M'BL&XEWS, (-nu7.e,) ii. A kind of Lilebearer. 
 
 MU.M'BLER, n. One that speaks with a low, inar- 
 ticulate voice. 
 
 MU.M'BLIXG, ppr. or a. Uttering with a low, inar- 
 ticulate voice ; chewing .sotXly, or with a grumbling 
 sound. 
 
 MUM'BLING-LY, arfe. With a low, inarticulate ut- 
 terance. 
 
 [Mumble and mutter are not always synonymous ; 
 mutter often expresses peevishness, which mumble 
 does noL] 
 
 MUMM, r. t. [Dan. mumme, a mask ; D. mommen, to 
 mask } G. mumme, a mask or muffle; mummeln, to 
 mask, to mumble ; Fr. muvnner ; Sw. fiirmumma, to 
 personate ; probably allied to the Gr. )j>.i>ia(, Momus, 
 the deity of sport and ridicule, a biilTuon ; for, in 
 Rabbinic, this word is used fur a mask. Buxt. 1219. 
 The primary sense of this word and mum is evi- 
 dently to close, shut, or cover.] 
 
 To mask ; to sport or make diversion in a m.isk or 
 disguise. Hubbrrd'n Tale. 
 
 MUM'MER,!!. One who masks himself, and makes 
 diversion in disguise ; ori/rinalhj, one who made 
 sport by gestures without sjieakiiig. 
 
 iuzgien and dancers, antics, mummtrt. ASUton. 
 
 MUM'MER-Y, n. [Fr. momeric ; Sp. momeria. See 
 
 Ml MM.] 
 
 I. .Masking : sport ; diversion ; frolirkingin masks ; 
 low, coutemplibic amusement , buli'oonery. 
 
 _ . Your hiheni 
 
 Dudained the mummtry o( forei^i strull.-re. F>nlon. 
 
 2. Farcical show ; hypocritical disguise and parade 
 to delude vulgar inliids. 
 MUM-MI-FI-Ca'TION, n. The act of making into a 
 mumniy. 
 
 MU.M'.MI-FI-KD, pp. Made into a mummy. 
 
 MU.M'.MI-F()I:M, u. Re>enihliiig a intiininy. 
 
 MUM'MI-FY, v.t. To einbaliii and dry as a mummy; 
 to make into a niuininy. Journ. of Science. 
 
 MUM'MI-FV-ING, ppr. Making into a mummy. 
 
 MUM'.MI.NG, n. Tlie sports of mummers. 
 
 MU.M'.MING, a. Pertaining to the sports of mum- 
 mers. 
 
 MUM'MY, »i. [It. jnummia ; Sp. and Port, momi'u. In 
 
 Arabic, 
 
 momia, is wax, bees-wax, and a 
 
 mummy ; Pcrs. ^ mourn, wax.] 
 
 1. A dead human hotly embalmed and dried after 
 the manner of Ilie ancii iit Egyptians ; a name per- 
 haps given to it from the substance used in preserv- 
 ing it. The term mummy has been extended so as to 
 int lude the bodies of men, and sometimes of ani- 
 mals, which are, by any means, preserved in a ilry 
 slate from the process of putrefaction. /'. Cyc. 
 
 2. Among ganleners, a sort of xvax used in graft- 
 ing and planting trees. Cluimberx. 
 
 To beat to a mummy ; to beat soundly or to a sense- 
 less mass. 
 
 MUM'MY-CHOG, ii. A small fish of the carp kind. 
 
 Pennant. 
 
 MUMP, V. t. or i. [D. mompen. See Mum and Mum- 
 ble.]' 
 
 1. To move the lips with the mouth almost closed ; 
 hence, to nibble ; to chew with continued motion ; 
 as, a mumping squirrel. Otieaij. 
 
 2. To t ilk low and quick. 
 
 3. To implore with a beggar's accent and motion 
 of the mouth. AinsworUi. Burke. 
 
 4. To deceive ; to cheat. 
 
 MUMP'ER, II. A beggar. Johnson. 
 MUMP'ING, ;u Begging tricks ; foolish tricks ; mock- 
 ery. 
 
 MUiMP'I\G, ;ipr. Chewing with continued motion; 
 nibbling. 
 2. Begeing with false pretense. 
 MUMP'ISH, a. Dull ; heavy ; sullen ; sour. 
 MUMP'ISH-LY, a<yc. Dully; wearily. 
 MUMPS, 71, [See Mum, Mumble, .Mumm ] 
 
 1. Sullenness; silent displeasure. [Little used.] 
 
 Skinner. 
 
 2. A disease ; a peculiar and specific unsuppu- 
 rative inflammation of the parotid glands. 
 
 MUNCH, V. U [Perhaps Fr. manger, or from the same 
 root.] 
 
 To chew by great mouthfiils. [f^ulgar.] Shak. 
 
 MUNCH, V. i. To chew eagerly by great mniithfuls. 
 f Vulisar. ] Drydcn. 
 
 iMUNCH'ER, 71. One that munches. Johnsoiu 
 
 iMUNCH'ING, ppr. Chewing by great mouthfuls. 
 
 MUND [Sax. muiirf, protection, patronage, pi acc] is 
 found in old laws ; as, mundbrece, that is, a breaking 
 or violatiim of the peace. It is retained in names, 
 as in Edmund, Sax. eadmund, happy peace, as in Gr. 
 Irenaus, Ilesyciiius. Oibson. 
 
 MUN'DaNE, o. [L. niuiu2anus, from mundus, the 
 world.] 
 
 Belonging to the world ; as, mundane sphere ; mun- 
 dane space. Bentieu. 
 MUN-DAN'I-TY, 71. \Vorldliness. [Jfotused.] 
 
 Mountagu. 
 
 MUN-DA'TION, n. [L. mundus, clean.] 
 
 The act of cleansing. [J^ot used.] 
 MUN'DA-TO-RY, a. [L. mundo, to cleanse.] 
 
 Cleansing ; having power to cleanse. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 MUN'Die, n. The name given by the Cornish miners 
 to iron or arsenical pyrites. Ure. 
 
 MUN-DIF'I-€.\NT, a. [L. muiidui, clean, ani facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 A term applied to certain healing and cleansing 
 ointments. 
 
 MUN-DI-FI-Ca'TION, 71. [L. mundus, clean, and 
 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 The act or operation of cleansing any body from 
 
 dross or extraneous matter. Quincy. 
 MUN-DIF'I CA-TIVE, a. Cleansing; having the 
 
 power to cleanse. WUemnn. 
 MUN-DIF'I CA-TIVE, ti. A medicine that has the 
 
 quality of cleansing. 
 MUN'DI-FY, V. t, [L. mundus, clean, and facio, to 
 
 make.] 
 
 To cleanse. [J.ittle used.] Harney. 
 MUN-DIV'A-GANT, n. [L. vnndus and ra^or, va- 
 gans.] 
 
 Wandering over the world. 
 MUN-DUN"GUS, ti. Tobacco of an ill smell. 
 MO'NER-A-RY, a. [L. munas, a gift.] 
 
 Having the nature of a gift. [LitUe used.] Johnson. 
 MP'XEU-ATE, MU-NER-A'TION. [.Vot used.] See 
 Remunerate. 
 
 MUN"G1(EI., 71. rSee MonunEL.] An animal gen- 
 eratetl between (lilferent varieties, as a dog. 
 
 MUN"GREI., a. Generated between differe nt varie- 
 ties ; tiegenerate. Sliak. Ihnjden. ' 
 
 MU-NIC'1-PAI-, a. [Fr., from L. municipals, from 
 municrps, a person who enjoys the rights of a free 
 citizen ; muniu, office, duty, and capin, to tak<.'.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a corporation or city; as, mumei- 
 pal rights ; municipal officers. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a state, kingdom, or nation. 
 
 Municipal tnw is nruprrly defined to I« a rule of ciril conduct 
 I>n-schl-tl by tlie suiiicnic jwwcr in a state. Black$U37\e. 
 
 Municipal, as used by the Romans, originally des- 
 igiiateil that which pertained to a municipium, a free 
 city or town. It still retains this limited sense ; but 
 we have extended it to what belongs to a state or na- 
 tion, as a distinct, independent body. Municipal 
 law or regulation respects solely the citizens of a 
 state, and is thus distinguished from commercial law, 
 political law, and the law of nations. 
 MU-NIC-I-PA1,'1-TY, 71. In Prance, a municipal dis- 
 trict. In A'eiB Orleans, a district of the city corre- 
 sponding to a ward. 
 MU-MF'I-CaTE, r. i. To enrich. [Jfot in u.ie.] 
 MU-NIF'I-CENCE, ti. [Fr., from L. muni/Icenfia ; 
 munus, a gift or favor, and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. A giving or bestowing liberally ; bounty ; libe- 
 rality. To constitute mun\ficence, the act of confer- 
 ring must he free, and proceed from generous motives. 
 
 A state of poverty obscures all Uie Tinues of liberality and Tnu. 
 nificence. Adduon. 
 
 2. In S;)e7isfr, fortification or Strength. [L. munio, 
 to fortify.] f A'uf used. J 
 
 MU-NIF'I-CE.NT, a. Liberal in giving or bestowing; 
 generous ; as, a munificent benefactor or patron. 
 
 .^tterbury. 
 
 MU-NIF'I-CE.\T-LY, ailr. Liberally ; generously. 
 Mf''NI-.MENT, n. [L. muniTHCTitum, from muTito, to 
 fortify.] 
 
 1. A fortification of any kind ; a strong hold ; a 
 place of defense. 
 
 2. Support ; defense. SAoit. 
 
 3. In law, a record ; a writing by which claims 
 and rights arc dcfendeil or maintained. 
 
 Juhnson^s Rep, 
 
 MU-NITE', r. (. To fortify. [JVof in use.] Bacon. 
 
 MU-NI"TION, (mu-nish'iin,) n. [Fr., from L. muni- 
 tio, from 7nunio, to fortify. The primary sense 'S, 
 that which is set or fixed, or tli.it whicJi defends, 
 drives back, or hinders. Indeed, both senses may 
 
 be from the same root, Ileb. and Ch. J,':D, Ar. 
 
 manaa, or Heb. |0K, aTnc7i. Class Mn, No. 10, 12.] 
 
 1. Fortification. [Ob.i.] Hale. 
 
 2. Ammunition ; whatever materials are used in 
 war for defense, or for annoying an enemy. The 
 word includes guns of all kinds, mortars, &c., and 
 their loading. , 
 
 3. Provisions of a garrison or fortress, or for ships 
 of war, and in general for an army ; stores of all 
 kinds for a fort, an .army, or nn\y. 
 
 Munition ships , ships which convey militarj- and 
 naval stores of any kind, and attend or follow a fleet 
 to supply ships of war. 
 
 MO'NI-TY, 71. Freedom ; security. [J^'ot used.] [See 
 Immunity.] 
 
 MUN-JEET', 11. A kind of madder in India. 
 
 MUNN'ION, (niun'yon,) n. [See Mumtiox.] An 
 upright piece of timber which separates the several 
 lights in a window-frame. [See Mcllio.n.] Moion. 
 
 MuivDS I '^^'^ mouth and chops, [yulgar.] 
 
 MC'RAGE, 71. [L. muT-us, a wall.] 
 
 Money paid for keeping walls in repair. Vermes 
 de la ley. Johnson. 
 MC'R.AL, a. [L. muralis, from murus, a wall ; \V. 
 mur, that which is fixed or tirm ; muriau) : to fix or 
 establish. It seems to belong to the root of moor, to 
 make fast, as a ship.] 
 1. Pertaining to a wall. 
 
 Soon repaired her murrd breach. JV/i/lon. 
 
 S. Resembling a wall ; perpendicular or steep ; as, 
 a mural precipice. 
 
 Mural circle i in tLstronomy, a graduated circle, usu- 
 ally of very large size, fixed permanently in the 
 plane of the meridian, and attached firmly to a per- 
 pendicular wall ; used fur measuring arcs of the me- 
 ridian. Olmsted. 
 
 Mural crown ; among the ancient Romans, } golden 
 crown or circle of gold, indented and embattled, 
 bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a 
 besieged place, and there lodged a standard. Eneyc. 
 
 Mural quadrant ; in astronomy, a fourth of a circle, 
 sometimes used instead of the mural circle, and ad- 
 justed in the same manner. Olmsted. 
 MUR'CHI-SO.VITE, Tt. [from .VurcAison.) A vari- 
 ety of feldspar. 
 MUR'DER, 71. [Sax. morther, from mortJi, death ; 
 myrthian, to murder; D. moord ; G. Dan. and Sw. 
 mord ; Ir. marbh ; L. mors : Sp. muerte ; It. morte ; 
 Pehlavi, murdan, to die; Sans, marana; \V. mano, 
 
 TONE, BU'LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 93 
 
 J J J* 
 
 T,\7 
 
MUR 
 
 lo die, which seems to be from marth, lying flat or 
 plain ; martliu, to flatten, to deaden. If this is the 
 sense, the primary idea, is to fail or fall, or to heat 
 down. The old orthography, Murther, is obsolete. 
 
 1. The act of unlawfully killing a human being 
 with premeditated malice, by a person of sound 
 mind. To constitute murder in law, the person kill- 
 ing anotlier must be of sound mind or in possession 
 of his reason, and the act must be done with malice 
 prepense, aforethought, or premeditated ; but malice 
 may be implied, as well as e.xpress. 
 
 Ciike. Blaclistone. 
 9. .An exclamation or outcry, when life is in danger. 
 MUR'DEU, V. t. [Sax. myrtliian ; D. moordcn; G. 
 viordeii ; S\v. ittbrda.] 
 
 1. To kill a human being with premeditated mal- 
 ice. [See the noun.] 
 
 2. 'I'o destroy ; to put an end to. 
 
 Canst lliou murder thy breath in the mitldle of a word ? ShaJc. 
 
 MUR'DER-£D, pp. or a. Slain with malice prepense. 
 
 MUR'DER-ER, n. A person who, in possession of his 
 reason, unlawfully kills a human being with pre- 
 meditated malice. 
 
 2. A small piece of ordnance; a murdering-piece. 
 MUR'DER-E!5S, n. A female who commits murder. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 MUR'DER-ING, ppr. Killing a human being with 
 malice premeditated. 
 
 MUR'DER-ING-PIkCE, n. A small piece of ord- 
 nance. Sliak. 
 
 MUR'DER-OUS, a. Guilty of murder ; as, the 7««r- 
 derous king. Milton. 
 
 9. Consisting in murder; done with murder; 
 bloody ; cruel ; as, murderous rapine. 
 
 3. Bloody; sanguinary; committing murder; as, 
 murderous tyranny. 
 
 4. Premeditating murder ; as, murderous intent or 
 design. 
 
 MUR'DER-OUS-LY, adv In a murderous or cruel 
 
 MORE, «. [L. murus.] [manner. 
 A wall. [JVot used.] Uliak. 
 
 MORE, V. U [Fr. murer.] 
 
 To inclose in walls ; to wall. Knolles. 
 [But Immure is chiefly used.] 
 
 Mu'REX, n. [L.] A genus of marine, carnivorous 
 mollusca. P. Ci/c. 
 
 MO'RI-A, 71. [L., sea-water, brine ; amarus, bitter. 
 Ch. Heb. Syr. Sam. Eth. Ar. na marar, to be bitter. 
 Class Mr, Na 7.] 
 
 Sea-water ; salt water ; brine. In chemistry, the 
 substance from which are extracted various agents. 
 
 MU'RI-A-CITE, n. [See Mi ria.] A stone composed 
 of salt, sand, and gypsum. 
 
 MC'RI-.ATE, 7!. A term formerly applied to the 
 chlorids before their true composition was under- 
 stood, and while they were erroneously supposed to 
 be compounds of an acid with an oxyd, &.c. 
 
 Mu'RI-A-TED, a. A term now known lo be equiva- 
 lent to chloridized, but originally applied umier the 
 BU|iposition that the chlorids were compounds of an 
 acid and an oxydized base. 
 2. Put in brine. Evelyn. 
 
 MU-RI-AT'ie, a. Having the nature of brine or salt 
 water ; pertainmg to sea salt. The muriatic acid is 
 now known to be a compound of one equivalent of 
 hydrogen, which perforins the functions of a base, 
 and one equivalent of chlorine, which perforins the 
 functions of an acidifier. Tlie name which correct- 
 ly expresses the composition of this acid is cldoruhy- 
 dric acid. 
 
 MU-RI-A-TIF'ER-OUS, a. Producing muriatic sub- 
 stances or salt. 
 MII-RI-CAI-'CTTE, 71. Rhomb-spar. Ure. 
 .MCRI-GATE, (a. [l,. muric at us, from murcx, the 
 MO'RI-€a-TED, ( point of a rock.] 
 
 1. Formed with sliarp points; full of sharp points 
 or prickles. 
 
 2. In botiiny, having the surface covered with sharp 
 points, or armed with prickles. Lre. Murtyn, 
 
 MO'RI-t'lTE, n. Fossil remains of the Miirex, a go 
 nusof shells ; the mineral Anhyilrite, which see. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 MO'RI-FORM, a. [L. murus and forma.] In Iwlany, 
 reseuibling the bricks in the wall of a house. P. Cyc. 
 MO'RINE, (imi'rin,) a. [L. 7iiuri7n«, from vius, maris, 
 a mniisf.] 
 
 Pertaining to a mouse or to mice. 
 .MO'RI.N T.K, ( rill/.,) 71. 'J'he name of a tribe of 
 rodent quadrupeds, including rats, mice, &c. Brandt. 
 Ml/RK,n. [Sw.mifrkcr; Unn. jiiiirkhed f Riisa. virak.] 
 
 Darkness, [/.iitlr. used.] Slutk. 
 MURK'I-I^V, a(/r. D.irkly ; gloomily. 
 MIJKK'V, a. [Dan. TnSr* ; Sw. 777ar*, dark, obsnire, 
 m«rAvi, to darki n ; Russ. 77icr/,77M, to obscure ; allied 
 perhaps U> Miiiir,;\n African; (Jr. u/ioui/us.] 
 Diirk ; obHCure ; gloomy. 
 
 A murky •(orin di-^p lowrrini^ o'er our hrndi, Ail'fiton. 
 
 MTR'MI.'R, 71. [I,. See the verb.] A low sound 
 continued or coiilinuii .ly ri |M ated, as that of a stream 
 running in a Ktoiiy channel, or that of Ilaiiie. 
 
 HIarli mrlancholy ilia, 
 ynt 111' murmur ul III" OilliiiK lluijcli, 
 f birntlif:* n bruwnrr horror on the wuo<)i. 
 
 Popt. 
 
 MUS 
 
 2. A complaint lialf suppressed, or uttered in a 
 low, muttering voice. 
 
 Some Uiscontenta theie ore, some idle murmum. Dryden. 
 
 MUR'MUR, V. i. [L. murmuro ; Gr. fiopiivpi.i ; Fr. 
 murmurer ; Arm. murmnli ; Sp. and Port, vuirinurur ; 
 It. mormorarc. This seems to be a duplication of 
 the root, which is retained in the D. morrcn, G. vtur- 
 ren, S\v. mnrra, Dan. murrer, to mutter, growl, or 
 murmur ; Sp. morro, purring, as a cat ; Sw. murr, a 
 
 grumbling; At. ^^j^ marmara. Class Sir, No. 7. 
 
 It seems, also, to be connected with mourn, Sax. 
 muman, murcnian, to murmur.] 
 
 1. To make a low, continued noise, like the hum 
 of bees, a stream of water, rolling waves, or like the 
 wind in a forest ; as, the murmuring surge. Shak. 
 
 The forests murmur, and tlie surges roar. Pope. 
 
 2. To prumble ; to complain ; to utter complaints 
 in a low, half-articulated voice ; to litter sullen dis- 
 content ; with at before the thing which is the cause 
 of discontent ; as, murmur not at sickness ; or with 
 at or asaiiuit before the active agent which produces 
 the evil. 
 
 The people murmured against Moses. — Ex. x iii. 
 
 MUR'MUR-ER, n. One who murmurs ; one who 
 complains sullenly ; a grumbler. 
 
 MUR'MUR-Ii\'G, ppr. or a. Uttering complaints in a 
 low voice or sullen manner ; grumbling ; complain- 
 ing. 
 
 MUR'MUR-ING, 71. The utterance of a low sound ; 
 complaint. 
 
 MUR'MUR-ING-LY, adv. With a low sound ; with 
 complaints. 
 
 MUR'MUR-OUS, a. Exciting murmur or complaint. 
 
 MURR, 71. A catarrh. [JVo( in use.] Oascui^ne. 
 
 MUR'RAIN, (mur'rin,) 7i. [Sp. morrina, a disease 
 among cattle ; sadness ; Port, ninrrinha ; It. moria, 
 morire; Port, morrcr, Sp. morir, L. viorior, to die.] 
 
 An infectious and fatal disease among cattle. 
 Ezod. ix. Bacon. Qartk. 
 
 MURRE, 71. A kind of bird. Carew. 
 
 MUR'REY, a. [from the root of Jlfoor, an African.] 
 Of a dark-red color. Bacon. Boyle. 
 
 MUR'RHINE, ( rin,) a. [L. 77!!<7T*ini«.] 
 
 Among the ancients, an epithet given to a delicate 
 kind of ware, made of lluor-spar or fluorid of cal- 
 cium, brought from the East ; Pliny says from Car- 
 mania, now Kerinan, in Persia. Kncyc. Pinkerton. 
 
 MUR'Rl-ON, 71. [Port, morriam ; It morione; from 
 the root of L. vnirus, a wall. See Moral.] 
 
 A hemlet ; a casque ; armor for the head. Written 
 also Morion. ICin<r. 
 
 MUR'ZA, 71. The hereditary nobility among the Tar- 
 tars. The word must not be confounded with the 
 Persian Mirza. Brande. 
 
 MO'SARD, 71. [Fr. See Muse.] A dreamer ; one 
 who is apt to be absent in miiitl. [OA.v.] Chaucer. 
 
 MUS'CA-DEL, \a. [It. moscalcllo ; Port, and Sp. 
 
 MUS'GA-DlNE, > moscatel ; Fr. muscat, muscadin, 
 
 I\1US'GA-TEL, ) 7iiii.scat/ct ; from It. 7noA-ca(/(7, musk, 
 or muscata, [nose moscada,] a nutmeg, Fr. muscade, 
 from niitic. Hence, in Italian, vin muscato, muscat, 
 or muscadine wine.] 
 
 1. An appellation given to a kind of rich wine, and 
 to the grapes which produce it. The word is also 
 
 2. A sweet pear. [used as a noun. 
 MUS'GAT, 71. [Fr.] A sort of grape and of wine. 
 
 See MuscADEL. 
 
 MUSCII'EU-KALK, 71. A German term for shell lime- 
 stone, wliose strata belong lo the new red stinilstone 
 formation. Mantell. 
 
 MUS'CI.E, (mus'l,) 71. [Fr., from L. musculus, a mus- 
 cle, and a littie mouse ; D. Sw. and Dan. muskel ; G. 
 muschcl ; Gr. iivs, a mouse, and a muscle.] 
 
 1. In anntiimi/, the muscles are the organs of mo- 
 tion, consisting of fibers, or bundles of hbers, in- 
 closed in a thin cellular membrane. The muscles 
 are susceptible of contraction and relaxation, and in 
 a heallhy state a part of the muscles are subject to 
 the will, and are called vulunlnry muscles. But olii- 
 crs, as the heart, the urinary blailder, the stomach, 
 &c., which are of a muscular texture, and suscepti- 
 ble of contraction and tlilatation, are ntit subject to 
 the will, and are therefore called involuntary mus- 
 cles. The retl ctiltir of the muscles is owing to the 
 blood-vessels which they contain. The enils of the 
 muscles are fastened to the bom s whii li they movtt, 
 and when tht^y act in opposition to each other, Ihey 
 are calleil antamniisl. Kncijr. 
 
 Muscles are iliviiled into the head, bi lly, and tail. 
 The head is Ihe jiart fixed on Ihe imiiinviililo joint 
 ciilli'il its origin, tiiiil is usually tendiinius ; the belly 
 is thi; iiiidillr lleshy pari, which consists of the true 
 miisciihir lilirrs ; ilic tail is the tendinous |Mirtioii iii- 
 srrlt'il into the pint to be moved, calletl the iii.viT^'fii ; 
 but III Ihe tendon, the fibers are more compact Iliaii 
 ill the bi lly i>|'i|i(. muscle, and ilo not ailiiiit tlie retl 
 globules. Parr. 
 
 2. A biviilviilar shell fish of Ihe genus Mytilus of 
 Linnieus ; HumrtimeH written Mushel, 
 
 MUS 
 
 MUS'eOlD, a. [Gr. uoax'>( and ci6o;.] 
 In botany, moss-like ; resembling moss. 
 
 MUS'GOID, 71. A moss-like plant, Howerless, with a 
 distinct stem having no vascular system, but often 
 •eaves. Ltndley. 
 
 MUS-eOS'I-TY, 71. Mossiness. 
 
 MUS-eO-VA'DO, 71. [Sp. and Port. 77ia5<:aW,), com 
 pounded of tnas, more, but, and acabni/a, ended, fin- 
 ished. Mascabado is an ailjective, signifying, fiiillii'r 
 advanced in the process than wheii in sirup, or im- 
 perfectly finished ; from acubar, to finish ; ad and 
 cabo, head, like Fr. uchi-cer.] 
 
 Unrefined sugar ; the raw material from which 
 loaf and lump sugar are procured by refining. Mus- 
 covado is obtained from the juice of the sugar-cane 
 by evaporation, and draining off the liquid part called 
 molasses. Edwards. 
 
 [This word is used either as a noun or an adjec- 
 tive ; primarily an adjective.] 
 
 MUS'eO-VY-DUCK, «. A species of duck, jiiio.? 7710,5- 
 c/ia(a of Linnajus, larger than the common duck, 
 often raised in poultry yards ; sometimes called the 
 MusK-DL'CK. Edin. Encijc. 
 
 MUS'eO-VY-GLX.SS, 71. Mica, which see. 
 
 MUS'eU-LAR, a. [from muscle.] Pertaining to a 
 muscle ; as, muscular fiber. 
 
 2. Performed by a muscle j as, muscular motion. 
 
 3. Strong; brawny; vigorous; as, a 7<iiisc«/ar body 
 or frame. 
 
 MUS-eU-LAR'I-TY, 71. The state of being muscular. 
 
 Orew. 
 
 MUS'eU-LAR-LY, adv. In a muscular manner ; 
 strongly. 
 
 MUS'€U-LITE, 7!. A petrified muscle or shell. 
 
 Ktrwan. 
 
 MUS'eU-LOUS, a. [L. musculosus.] 
 
 1. Full of muscles. 
 
 2. .Strong ; brawny. 
 
 _ 3. Pertaining to a muscle or to muscles. 
 Muse, 71. [L. 7«iij,-a; Gr. /ioinra. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Properly, song ; but 171 usa<te, the deity or power 
 of poetry. Hence poets, in modern times, as in an- 
 cient, invoke the aid of the Muse, or, in other words, 
 the genius of poetry. [See Moses. 1 
 
 Granville conmruitls ; yotir aid, O Musts, bring : 
 What muse tor Granville can refuse to sin^.' 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Deep thought ; close attention or contemplation 
 which abstracts the mind from passing scenes ; 
 hence, sometimes, absence of mind. 
 
 As in great muse, no word to creature spake. 
 
 He was tilled 
 With admiration and deep muse lo hear 
 Of tilings so high and strange. 
 
 S],e„. 
 
 MCSE, 7). t. [Fr. musrr, to loiter or trifle ; It. musarc, 
 to gaze, to stand idle ; allied to this word, probably, 
 are L,. musso and mussito, to mutter or iniirinnr, to 
 demur, to be silent. The Greek (ib(o signifies to 
 press, or utter sound with the lips compressed. The 
 latter verb belongs to Class Mg ; for put i-a, a sound 
 uttered through the nose, or with close lips, is of the 
 same family, L. mussitatio. The word, then, prima- 
 rily denotes what we call humminfr, to Aiiin, as per 
 sons do when idle, or alone and steadily 01 copied 
 If the elements of the word are Jfs, it mav oe re 
 
 ferred to the Ar. and Syr. jj^^i^^jfc hamasa. Class Mi 
 No. 35 ] 
 
 1. To ponder ; to think closely ; to study in bI 
 lence. 
 
 He mused upon some dangoroiis plot. Sidney, 
 I muse on the works of lliy hands. — Ps. cxliii. 
 
 2. To be absent in mind ; to be so occupied in 
 study or contempl.ition, as not to observe passing 
 scenes or things present. Sluik. 
 
 3. To womler. 
 
 Do not TTjujte of nte. \ObB.] Shak. 
 MDSE, 71. To think on ; lo meditate on. Thomson. 
 MVS' EU, pp. Mi ilitaled : thought on. 
 Mf'SE'FlIL. a. Thinking deeply or closely ; thought- 
 ful, silently. 
 
 Full of muse/ul mopinga. Dryden. 
 Mf'Si!E'F!JI,-I,Y, ni/i>. Thoiightfuny. 
 MuS E'LESS, a. Disregarding the power of poetry. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 MfS'ER, 71. One who thinks closely in silence, or 
 
 one apt lo be absent in mind. John.'ion. 
 MO'SES, II. /)/. [L. Musie;Gr. Monirni.] In niylhol- 
 
 otrij, the nine sister goddesses, supposed lo preside 
 
 ovi r Ihe l.bt ral arts. 
 MO'SKT, 71. A gap in a hedge ; the place through 
 
 Hhicli the hare goes to relief; a hunting term. 
 
 Bnilru. 
 
 MU-SK'UM, 71. [Gr. /<oii(7£ioi', a place for the muses, 
 or for study.] 
 
 A repository of naturnl, scientific, and literary cu- 
 riosities, or of works of art. GiriU. 
 MUSII, 11. [(;. mus, pap.] 
 
 'I'lie meal of iiial?.'- boiled in water. 
 MUSH'KOOM, 71. [Fr. 7iiou.Mrro7i, the white mush- 
 room, I'roin uinnxsr, iniiss, or the same root, bearing 
 the sense of softness or nap.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII<LT MRTE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 738 
 
MUS 
 
 MUS 
 
 MUT 
 
 I. Th** commnn name of immcrous cr\*pl(>!ianiic 
 piniits of the iiutiiml <irili'r of Fiiimi. Some ot tliem 
 are esnileiil, ulhers ptiisoiums. Mushrooms )iui\v on 
 diinshills, anil in niuUt, rich ;;ruun(l, and ullen spring 
 up in a short time. 
 
 TUe oripn or iiuin, in tti« vi^w of (lie nthrUl. \9 the HliTip'wilh 
 th.il i>r Uiv muMhrooin. Dtright. 
 
 The teem mushroom is sometimes applied to distin- 
 |!iiish tlic edible fun;;! from tile toadstools, which arc 
 |H)isoiious. 
 
 9. An ii|vsiart ; one tlial rises suddenly from a low 
 condition in life. Bacon. 
 MC'Sie, II. [L. musica; Gr. fiovaiKi! Fr. musique. 
 Sec .MvsE.l 
 
 1. Melody or harmony ; any succession of sounds 
 so modulated as to please the ear, or any combina- 
 tion of sinuiltaneous sounds in accordance or har- 
 mony. Music is coeal or vtslrutnental, Vocnl music 
 is the melody of a single voice, or the harmony of 
 two or more voices in concert, histrumnital music 
 IS that produced by one or more instruments. 
 
 By mu$ic miiula an rqiial ti'inO'-r kniiw. Pope. 
 
 S. Any entertainment consisting in melody or har- 
 mony. 
 
 Wli.a mu#if, nn»l (Inncin^, nnil ilivcnfioiis, niul soii^s ftn» If many 
 ill world, Um iiriy'Ts, tuid devouur.3, and paiilim. .iiv lo 
 you. Lci^. 
 
 3. The science of liarmonical sounds, which treats 
 of the principles of hariiioiiy, or the properties, de- 
 pemlencies, and relations, of sounds to eai li other. 
 This may be called .ipecitlative or Uuorctical musk. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 4. The art of combining sounds in a manner to 
 please the ear. This is practical music or coni|H)si- 
 tion. F.ncyc, 
 
 .S. Order ; harmony in revolutions ; as, the music 
 of the spheres. 
 
 .Wiisic of the spheres : the harmony supposed by the 
 ancients to he produced by the accordant movements 
 of the c lestial orbs. 
 MO'SIC-.\L, a. Belonjing to music; as, miwica; pro- 
 portion ; a miutical instrument. 
 
 2. Producing music or agreeable sounds ; a.s, a mu- 
 sical voice. 
 
 3. Melodious; harmonious; pleasing to the ear; 
 as, musical sounds or numbers. 
 
 Musical fflas.^'cs ! a musical instrument consisting 
 of a number of glass goblets, played upon with the 
 end of the linger damped. 
 
 MC"SI€-AH.Y, 0//?. !n a melodious or harmonious 
 ninnner; with sweet sounds. 
 
 MO'SI€^AI^NESS. n. The quality of being melodi- 
 ous or linniionious. 
 
 MP'Sie-HQOK, n. A hook containing tunes or songs 
 for the voice or for instriiinenls. 
 
 MII-SI"CI.VN, (mu-/.ish'an,) n. One that sings or 
 perforuis on instruments of music according to tlie 
 rules of the art. 
 
 4. A person skilled in the science of music. In 
 this sense, it has commonly some qualifying term ; 
 as, a scientific miuician. SmarL 
 
 MO'Sie-MXS-TEIl, 71. One who teaches music. 
 
 .MC'Sie-STOOl,, n. A stool or seal for one who per- 
 forms on a piano-forte or similar instrument. 
 
 Mf'S'l.Nf!, ppr. or a. Meditating in silence. 
 
 Mrs'l.NG, ». Medit.ation ; contemplation. 
 
 MCS'IXG-LY, aJr. By musing ; in a nnising way. 
 
 iMt':5K, n. [it, miwctLs ; Gr. n "'\"Si musk, and moss ; 
 It. musco and mtuichio ; Pp. mitsco : Fr. and Arm. 
 mu-'c : VV. mtes;. The latter Owen derives from mirs, 
 which, as a noun, signifies soinelliing that shoots 
 out, ettluvia, and as an adjective, of a strong scent. 
 The Arabic word coinciding with tliese is found un- 
 der M u masaka, to hold or contain, and the 
 name is interpreted to signify both the follicle con- 
 taining the matter, and the substance contained.] 
 
 A strong-scented substance, obtained from a cyst 
 or bag near the navel of the Thibet musk, Moschus 
 mosckiferus^an animal that inhabits the Asiatic Alps, 
 especially the .Altaic chain. This animal is a little 
 more than three feet in length ; the head resembles 
 that of the roe ; the fur is coarse, like that of the 
 cervine race, but thick, erect, smooth, and soft. It 
 has no horns, but the male has two long tusks, one 
 on each side, projecting from the mouth. The female 
 is smaller than the male, and has neither tusks nor 
 follicle. The cyst of the male is about the size of a 
 hen*s egg, oval. Hat on one side and rounded on the 
 other, havinu a small orifice. This contains a clot- 
 ted, oily, friable matter.of a dark brown color, which 
 is the true musk, one of the : troiigcst odors or per- 
 fumes in n.iture. We give tile name to the siib- 
 h.aiice and to the animal. Encijc. P. Cyc 
 
 MUSK, ». Grape-hyacinth or gmpe-fluwei: 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 MUSK, r. t. To perfume with musk. 
 MUSI<j-AP-I^I,E, n. A particiilaV kind of apple. 
 Mt'SK'-€ AT, «. The animal called musk, which see. 
 MCSK'-CHKK-RY, n. A kind of cherry. 
 MUSK'-DEF.R, n. The common namc'of the animal 
 called musk. [See Mi-sn.] p. Cyc. 
 
 MrSK'-BUCK, II. A species of duck, so called from 
 
 its musky odor ; the Muscovy duck. 
 ML'S'KKT, II. [It. uioscliftfo: Sp. mostiurte ; Fr. mous- 
 
 qnrt. It seems to be formed from Sp. inosca, L. mus- 
 
 ca, a fly.] 
 
 1. A s|>ecies of fire-arms used in war, and origi- 
 nally fired by means of a lighted match. This man- 
 ner of firing was in use as late as tlic civil war in 
 Kiigland. The' name is now applied to fusees or 
 fire-lorks fired by a spring-lork. Eucuc. 
 
 2. .\ male liawk of a small kind, the femaie of 
 which is the sparrow-hawk. Dryden. llanmrr. 
 
 MUS-KET-IiEll', K. A soldier armed w ilh a musket. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 MUS-KF.T-00.\', II. [Fr. moii.-Ji/Mffoii. See Mlsket.] 
 1. A short, Ihiek musket, carrying five ounces of 
 iron, or seven and a half of lead ; the shortest kind 
 of blunderbuss. Kncyc. 
 9. One who is armed with a miisketoon. Herbert. 
 MUS'KET-l'KtJOF, a. Capable of resisting the force 
 
 of a musket-ball. 
 MI'S'KET-UY, II. Muskets in genenil, or their fire. 
 ML'SK'I-NESS, M. [from miu'A.] The scent of iniisk. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 ML'PK'MEI,-OV, n. [rau-.-it and mcJon.] A delicious 
 species of melon ; named probably from its fragrance. 
 
 .ML'."JK'-OX, II. The Ovilms nioscliatiis, a ruminant 
 mammal of tlic bovine tribe, which inhabits the 
 country about lliiilsoii's Hay. It has large horns 
 united at the .skull, hut tiiriud downward on each 
 side of the head. The hair uf this animal is very 
 Uini: anil fine. Eneyc. P. Cyc. 
 
 MI'SK'-PEaR, n. A fragrant kind of pear. Johnson. 
 
 .M Lr.SK'U;\T, j 71. An American aiiiiiial, the ^'i6i-r 
 
 MLFS'QUASII, j libethicus. It has a compressed, 
 lanceolated tail, with tix-s separate. It has the smell 
 of musk in silinnier, but loses it in winter. The fur 
 is used by hatters. Its popular name in .America, is 
 Mi'stlUASH, the Indian name. Belknap. 
 
 MliSK'-KfiSE, 71. A species of rose ; so called from 
 its fragrance. Bacon. MiUotu 
 
 SIUSK'-SEEU, 71. The seed of a plant of the genus 
 Hibiscus. 
 
 MUSK'-VVQOD, 71. The wood of a species of tree of 
 the genus 'I'rK liilia. 
 
 MI'SK'Y, a. Having the odor of musk ; frasrant. 
 
 MUS'LIN,n. [Pr. moussetine i U. mussolinay viussola ; 
 Sp. moselina or mnsulina. 1'his, if a compound 
 word, is formed of Fr. mous^Cj moss, or its root, on 
 account of its soft nap, and lin, flax. The opinion 
 of Liinier, that it is named from Moussoul, in Mesopo- 
 tamia, is probably unfounded.] 
 
 A sort of fine, thin, coltou cloth, which bears a 
 downy nap, on its surface. Braude. 
 
 MPS'l.lX, a. Maile of muslin ; as, a mii-i/in gown. 
 
 ML'S'lJ.V UE LAI.N'E, n. [Fr. 7ii<mssc/<ii« de lame] 
 Literally, woolen muslin ; a woolen fabric of ex- 
 Iremelv light texture, used for ladies' dresses, &c. 
 
 MUS-Ll'N-ET', n. A sort of coarse cotton cloth. 
 
 MUS'.MON, / 71, An animal esteemed a species of 
 
 MUS'I-.MOM, j sheep, described by the ancienU as 
 common in Corsica, Sardinia, and Barbary. Biiffon, 
 and other naturalists consider it to be the sheep in a 
 wild state. Swainson. 
 
 MUS'aUASII. See Mlskbat. 
 
 MUS-ai.'VTO, j ,,„„..,,„,» n- [Sp. and Port. 
 MUS-KE'TO, H'n"s-Keio,j j mosquUo, from Sp. 
 
 mosca, L. musca, a fly.] 
 A small insect of tue genus Ciilex, th.at is bred in 
 
 water; a species of gnat that abounds in marshes 
 
 anil hiw lands, and whose sting is peculiarly painful 
 
 and vexatious. 
 This word has been spelled in various ways, but 
 
 Musqc'iTo and Mosqimto are most prevalent, though 
 
 the anglicized form Mi'seeto would be preferable to 
 
 either. 
 
 MUS'KOLE, 71. [Fr. 'muserolle, from mu-seaii, muzzle.] 
 
 The nose-band of a horse's bridle. Bailey. 
 Mrss, 71. A scramble ; a confused straggle. Shall. 
 .MI.'S'SKI,, n. A bivalve shell fish. (See JIuscle.] 
 .M LTS'SITE, 71. [from tlie valley of Jtttissa, in Pied- 
 mouL] 
 
 A variety of pyroxene of a greenish-white color; 
 otherwise called' Diopside. Diet. MiL Hist. 
 
 MCS'SUI^MAN,7i. : ;./. .Mi-sst-LMAHfc A .Mohamme- 
 dan, or follower of .Mohammed. 
 
 'I'his word is said to signify resiirncd to God. It is 
 the dii.al number of moslem, of which the plural is 
 moslimim. Brande. 
 
 Ml.'.-J-SIIL-.M.\.\'ie, a. Pertaining to Mussulmans, 
 or like them or their customs. Damns. 
 
 Mrs'Sfl^MA.N'-ISIl, a. .Mohammedan. Herbert. 
 
 .MUS'SITI,-.MA.\-LY, adv. In the manner of Mus- 
 sulmans. ^ 
 
 Ml'ST, r. I. [Sax. most ; X). moeten, mnest ; Sw. maste : 
 O. miissen. It is used as an aiixdiary verb, and has 
 no variation to express person, time, or number. Its 
 primary sense is, probably, to lie strong or able, as it is 
 rendered in Saxon ; from pressing, straining. Class 
 Ms, No. 25. Ch. and No. 31.] 
 
 I. To Ik! obliged ; to be necessitated. It expresses 
 both physical and moral necessity. A man must eat 
 for nourishment, and he utiut sleep for refreshment. 
 We mitsr submit to the laws or bo exposed to pun- 
 
 ishment. A bill in a legislative body must have three 
 readings liefore it can pass lobe enacted. 
 
 2. It expresses moral fitness or propriety, as neces- 
 sary or essential to the character or end proposed. 
 " Deacons 77iu.<( be grave ; " "a bishop iii«.s-( have a 
 good rejiort of them that are without." I Tim. iii. 
 MU.-^T, II. [L. mustum ; Sax. must; It. Sp. and Port 
 7ii».--(o ; Itiiss. 7iis( ; Fr. riioOf ; I), and G. most ; llcb. 
 anil Cli. ion, to ferment. Class Ms, No. 3«<.] 
 
 \Yiiie pressed from the grape but not fermented. 
 
 Brawte. 
 
 flIt'ST, V. t. [Fr. TTtoim', moldy ; Ir. musgam, to be 
 
 musty, (lu. W. 7iiie.«, of a strong scent.] 
 
 To make moldy and sour. Mortimer. 
 MUST, V. i. To grow moldy and sour; to contract a 
 
 fetid smell. 
 MirS'TAC, 71. A small tuflcd monkey. 
 MU.S-TACHE', (miis-tish',) 71. s. ) [Fr. mouslaehes ; 
 MUS-TACH'ES, 71. ;i(. j Sp. 7B<i.vtai-Ao, a 
 
 whisker; It. mostacchio; Or. /ivoruf, the upper lip, 
 
 and the hair growing on it.] 
 Lonz hair on the upper lip. 
 MUS-TxCiriO, (miis-tish'o,) 71. [It.] The same as 
 
 Ml'ST M-HE. 
 
 MUS-TACH'IO-ED, a. Having miistacliios. 
 MUS'TARI), 71. [It. mostarda ; Fr. moularde : Arm. 
 
 mustard; Port, mo.itnrda ; Sp. mo.stata ; W. micstari ; 
 
 mws, that has a strong scent, and tan, a breaking 
 
 out.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Pinapis, and its seed, which 
 has a pungent taste, and is a powerful irritant. It is 
 used externally in cataplasms, and internally as a 
 diuretic and irritant. Encyc. 
 MIIS-TEE', ) n. The child of a white person and a 
 MES-TEE', ( quadroon. West Indies. 
 
 iMUS'TE-LI.VE, a. [L. musltlinas, from viustela, a 
 weasel. J 
 
 Pertaining to the tve.asel or animals of the weasel 
 family, constituting the genus .Mustela of Linna:us ; 
 as, a musteline color. 
 MUS'TEIl, r. t. [G. mruslem, T). monstereit, Sw. mtfn- 
 stra, Dan. mynstrer, to muster; It. mnstrare, Sp. and 
 Port, mostrar, Fr. montrer, L. monstrn, to show. 
 Either 71 has been lost in some of these languages, 
 or it is not radical in the Latin.] 
 
 1. Properly, to collect troops for review, parade, 
 and exercise ; but, in general, to collect or assemble 
 troops, persons, or things. The officers muster their 
 soldiers regularly ; they mn.«(er all their forces. The 
 philosopher mxLsters all the wise sayings of the 
 ancients. Spenser, /.ocke. Tillotson, 
 
 2. To muster up; to gather or obtain, usually with 
 some difficulty ; as, to iiin.v(cr up courage. 
 
 To muster troops into .«crcice, is to ins|)ect and enter 
 them on the muster-roll of the army. — To muster 
 troops out of scrric', is to inspect and enter tbein on 
 a muster-roll, according to which they receive pay 
 for the last time, and are dismissed. CutUr. 
 
 MUS'TER, r. i. To assemble ; to meet in one place. 
 
 MI'S'TEIl, 71. [It. and Port. i7io4-(ra, a show or muster ; 
 Sp. muestra, a pattern, a model, a muster-rvW ; G. 
 muster, a pattern, a sample ; D. monster ; Dan. myTi- 
 ster ; L. monslrum, a show or prodigy.] 
 
 1. An assembling of troops for review, or a review 
 of troops under arms. Encyc, 
 
 2. A register or roll of troops mustered. 
 
 Ye publish Ihe musUrt of your ou-n bonds. Ilooktr. 
 
 3. A collection, or the act of collecting. 
 
 .^instcorth. 
 
 To pass muster : to pass without censure through a 
 muster or inspection. SouiK. 
 MUS'TER-BOOK, 71. A book in which forces are 
 
 registered. Shak. 
 MUS'TER-KD, ;ip. Assembled, .as troops for review. 
 MUS'TEll-FILE, 71. The same as a muster-roll. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 MUS'TER-M.\S-TER, n. One who takes an account 
 of troops, and of tlieir anus and other military ap- 
 paratus. The chief ofiicer of this kind is called 
 mu ster-mastfr-^reneraL Encyc. 
 
 MCS'TEK-Rol.L, 71. .A roll or register of the troops 
 in each company, troop, or regiment. Brande, 
 
 MUS'TI-LY, n</r.' [frnm mit^fii.] Kloldily ; sourly. 
 
 .MUS'TI-NES.S, II, Tlie quality of being musty or 
 sour ; moldiiicss ; damp foulness. Evelyn. 
 
 JIl'S'TA', a. [from must.] .Middy; sour; foul and 
 fetid ; as, a mwsty cask ; musty corn or straw ; 7nii.<(y 
 
 2. Stale ; spoiled by age. [books 
 
 TIh* proverb is tomcwhat musly. S^ok. 
 
 3. Having an ill flavor ; as, musty wine. Popt. 
 
 4. Dull ; heavy ; spiritless. 
 
 JIU-TA-BIL'I-TY, 71. [Fr. mutabiliti ; It. mul^jbilitd 
 L. mutabttitas, from mutabilis, muto, to change.] 
 
 1. Changeableness ; susceptibility of change ; the 
 quality of being subject to change or alteration, either 
 in form, state, or essential qualities. 
 
 Plalo confi'SK-s tlul the heaTcns and Ihe frame of the world Sf* 
 eoqwrcal, and therefore stil-joa lo muLs^ily. Suliing/lML 
 
 2. The state of habitually or frequently changing. 
 
 3. Changeableness, as of mind, disj>osition,or will ; 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IIXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € aa K : G as J : S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS, 
 
MUT 
 
 inconstancy ; instability ; as, the mulability of opin- 
 jim or purpose. 
 Mt''TA-BLE,a. [ll.mutabiU : 1,. mutabiUs,frummuto, 
 to chanse, \V'. mudaic. See Mew.] 
 
 1. Subject to cliance ; changeable; that may be al- 
 tered in form, qualities, or nature. Almost every 
 thing we see on earth is mutuhle ; substances are 
 mutable in their form, and we all know by sad ex- 
 perience how mvtable are the conditions {)f life. 
 
 2. Inconstant ; unsettled ; unstable ; susceptible 
 of change. Our opinions and our purposes are 
 mutable. 
 
 Mu'TA-BLE-NESSjTi. Changeableness ; mutability; 
 instability. 
 
 MU'TA-BLY, adv. Changeably. 
 
 Mu'TAGE, 71. A process for checking the fermenta- 
 tion of the must of grapes. Ure. 
 
 MU-Ta'TION, 71. [h.mutat!o.] 
 
 1. The act or process of changing. 
 
 2. Change ; alteration, either in form or qualities. 
 The vicissitude or tnulations in tiie superior globe are nu lit mat- 
 ter tor this present ar<jumcDl. Bacon. 
 
 MU-TJi'T/S MU-TJJ^DIS, [L.] The necessary 
 
 changes being made. 
 MOTE, a. [L. mutus ; W. mtid ; Fr. muet ; It. muto ; 
 
 Sp. mudo ; Ir. muite ; Arm. mud or simudet.] 
 
 1. Silent ; not speaking ; not uttering words, or 
 not having the power of utterance ; dumb. Mute 
 may express temporary silence, or permanent ina- 
 bility to speak. 
 
 To the mute my speeeh is lost. Dryden. 
 In this phrase, it denotes unable to utter words. 
 JUore generally, it denotes temporarily silent ; as, all 
 sat mute. 
 
 All the heavenly choir stood mute. Milton. 
 
 2. Uttering no sound ; as, mute sorrow. 
 
 3. Silent ; not pronounceil ; as, a TTiiife letter. 
 MCTE, 71. A person who can not speak, or who re- 
 mains silent ; as, a mute in a play. 
 
 2. In law, a person that stands speechless when he 
 ought to answer or plead. 
 
 3. In Turkey, a dumb officer who acts as execu- 
 tioner of persons of high rank. Brande. 
 
 4. In England, a person employed by undertakers 
 to stand before the door of a house in which there is 
 a corpse. 
 
 5. In grammar, a letter that represents no sound ; 
 a close articulation which intercepts the voice. Mutes 
 are of two kinds, pure and impure. The pure mutes 
 instantly and entirely intercept tiie voice, as, k, p, 
 ond t, in the syllables ek, ep. et. The impure mutes 
 intercept the voice less sutUlenly, as the articulations 
 are less close. Such are *, d, and g, as in the sylla- 
 bles eb, ed, eg. 
 
 6. In music, a little utensil of wood or bross, used 
 on a violin to deaden or soften tli« sounds. Busby. 
 
 MCTE, V. i. [Fr. mutir.] 
 
 To eject the contents of the bowels, as birds. 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 MCTE. 71. The dung of birds. Hudibras. 
 MCTE'LY, adv. Silently ; without uttering words or 
 
 sounds. JMiiton, 
 MCTE'NESS, n. Silence; forbearance of speaking. 
 MC'Ti-LATE, V. t. [L.midi/o, probably from the root 
 
 or meto, to cut off : Fr. mutilcr ; It. mutilare.] 
 
 1. To cut off a limb or es-seiuiul pitrt of on animal 
 body. To cut off the hand or foot is to mutilate the 
 body or the person. 
 
 2. To cut or break off, or otherwise separate any 
 important part, os of a statue or building. Kncyc. 
 
 3. To retrench, destroy, or remove any material 
 part, so as to render the thing imjjerfect ; us, to mu- 
 tilate the poems of Homer, or the orations of Cicero. 
 
 Amonf? ttie mutilattd poets oT aiitirpiiiv, tliere is none whose 
 fragmcutA arc so t)t-auiilul as tliose oi fjapptio. Addison. 
 
 MC'TI-LA-TED, pp. or a. Deprived of a limb, or of 
 
 an essential part. 
 MC'TI-I<A-TEU, j o. In botany, the reverse of Luxi'Ri- 
 MC'TI-LATE, ( ANT ; not producing a corol, when 
 
 not regularly apetalous ; applied to Jlowers. 
 
 J^cc. .Martyn. 
 MC'TI-LA-TIXG, ppr. Retrenching a limb, or an e»- 
 
 nentinl part. 
 MU-TI I,A'TIO.\, 71. [I., mutilnlio.] 
 
 1. The act of mutilating; deprivation of a limb or 
 of an essential part. 
 
 2. Mutilation is a term of very general import, ap- 
 plied to bodicf, to statues, to buildings, nntl to wnt- 
 ingi ; but appropriately, it denotes the retreiirliiiient 
 ofo human limb or member, and jiarticularly of the 
 mnlc organs of gciierittion. 
 
 WC'I'I LA-TOIl, 71. One who mtitilotcn. 
 MOTI-LOUH, a. Miitiluted ; deleclive; imperfect. Itay. 
 WC'I'INE, a iiiutiiiecr, and Mfc'TINE, to mutiny, are 
 iKil in use. 
 
 Mi;-TI-NEER', 71. [Sec Mltinv.] One guilty of 
 mutiny ; u pcr«<in in inihtiiry or naval service, who 
 riBci in oppi^sition to the niitlidnty t,f the oHiccrs, 
 
 who openly resists the goveriiii t of the army or 
 
 ntivv, or Dttcinpls to dcstrov due subordination. 
 
 ,Mf;T'I.N(i, 71. The dung of (iirds. More. 
 
 .M(;")'l-i\OUH. a. 'I'lirbulenI ; disposed to resist the 
 
 MUT 
 
 authority of laws and regulations in an army or na- 
 vy, or openly resisting such authority. 
 _ 2. Setiitious. [.See Mutinv.] 
 
 Mu'TI-NOUS-IiY, adv. In a manner or with intent 
 to oppose lawful authority, or due subordination in 
 military or naval service. 
 
 Mu'TI-NOUS-i\ESS, ji. The state of being muti- 
 nous ; opposition to lawful authority among military 
 men. 
 
 Mu'TI-NY, 71. [Fr. mutin, refractory, stubborn, mu- 
 tiner, to mutiny or rise in arms ; mutincrie, mutiny ; 
 Sp. viotin, a mutiny ; amotinar, to excite rebellion ; 
 It. mutinarc, to mutiny ; Port, motim : D. mniten, mu- 
 tiny, and .as a verb, to mutiny, and to mew, to molt or 
 cast the feathers, coinciding with the Fr. muer. Eng. 
 to mew; G. meutercy, nuitiny, and mausen, to mew 
 or molt ; Dan. uiytfrie ,- Sw. mytteri, mutiny ; Arm. 
 muza, to mew or molt. We see that these words, 
 mutiny and mew, are from the same root as L. muto, 
 to change, VV. inudaw, which is radically the same 
 word as L. motn, to move. Mutiny is formed from 
 the French mutin, a derivative word, and 7ncto from 
 the root or verb. So matin, in Spanish, is a deriva- 
 tive, while muda, change, and Port, mudar, to change 
 
 feathers, are directly from the verb ; Eth. 
 
 mit, to turn ; Ar. matau, to move or drive, 
 
 or kU 77ia!ii, to drive. Class Md, No. 14, 10.] 
 
 An insurrection of soldiers or seamen against the 
 authority of their commanders ; open resistance of 
 officers, or opposition to their authority. A mutiny is 
 jiroperly the art of numbers, but by statutes and or- 
 ders for governing the army and navy in different 
 countries, the acts which constitute mutiny are mul- 
 tiplied and defined; and acts of individuals, amount- 
 ing to a resistance of the authority or lawful com- 
 mands of officers, are declared to be mutiny. Any 
 attempt to excite opposition to lawful authority, or 
 any act of contempt toward officers, or disobedience 
 of commands, is by the British Mutiny Act declared 
 to be mutiny. Any concealment of mutinous acts, 
 or neglect to attempt a suppression of them, is de- 
 clared also to be mutiny. 
 
 J^vte. — In good atithors who lived a centurj' ago, 
 mutiny and 7niit/»oi/.s were applied to insurrection anil 
 sedition in civil society. But I believe these words 
 are now applied exclusively to soldiers and seamen. 
 
 Mu'TI-NY, V. i. To rise against lawful authority in 
 military and naval service ; to excite, or attempt to 
 excite, opposition to the lawful commands of military 
 and naval officers ; to commit some act which tends 
 to bring the authority of officers into contempt, or in 
 any way to promote insubordination. 
 
 ]\HJT'TER, v.i. [L. mutio, muitio,^\\A musso,mussito ; 
 allied perhaps to muse, which see.] 
 
 1. To utter words with a low voice and compressed 
 lips, with sullenness or in complaint ; to grumble ; to 
 murmur. 
 
 Meantime your filthy foreigner will stare, 
 
 And mutter to himself. Dryden. 
 
 2. To sound with a low, rumbling noise. 
 
 Thick lightnings flash, the muttering thunder rolls. Pope. 
 
 MUT'TER, V. t. To utter with imperfect articulations, 
 or with a low, murmuring voice. 
 
 Your lips have spoken lies, your tongue hath muttered perveise- 
 ness. — Is. Iix. 
 
 They in sleep will mutter their affairs. Shah. 
 
 MUT'TER, 71. Murmur; obscure utterance. Milton, 
 MUT'TER-£D, pp. or a. Uttered in a low, murmur- 
 ing voice. 
 
 MUT'TER-FR, 7i. A grumbler ; one that mutters. 
 
 MUT'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Uttering with a low, mur- 
 muring voice ; gnimbling ; murmuring. 
 
 MUT'TER-ING-LY, at^D. With a low voice ; without 
 distinct articulation. 
 
 MUT'TON, (mut'n,) ti. [Fr. moutnn, for movlton : W. 
 mollt, a wether; Arm. maud; Ir. 7noI(. Qu. Gr. 
 
 /<r(Xor.] 
 
 1. The flesh of sheep, raw or dressed for food. 
 
 2. A sheep. \^But this sense is now obsolete or ludi- 
 crous.] Bacon. 
 
 MUT'TON-CHOP, 7i. A rib of mutton for broiling, 
 having Ihe hone cut or chopped off at the small end. 
 MUT'TON-FIST, n. A large, red, brawny hand. 
 
 Drtfden. 
 
 MO'TU-AI,, (mut'yu-al,) a. [Fr.mutuel; h. mututis, 
 from muto, to change.] 
 
 Reciprocal; interchanged; each acting in return 
 or correspondence to the otlie> ; given and receiveil. 
 Mutual love is that which is enlertained by t«'o per- 
 sons each for the otIuT ; mutual advantage is that 
 which U conferred by one )ierson on another, and re- 
 ceived by him in return. So wc say, miUuul assist- 
 unco ; mutual uvertjiun. 
 
 Anil, what should most excite amulunt (lame, 
 
 Vuur riinil cum and pleusunrs hit; Uio lame. Pope. 
 
 MU-TU-AL'I-TY, n. Reciprocation ; interchange. 
 
 S/ialc 
 
 MYR 
 
 MO'TU-AL-LY, (mQt'yu-al-le,) adv. Reciprocally; 
 in the manner of giving and receiving. 
 
 The tongue and tlie pen mutually assist one another. Holder. 
 
 J^ote. — Mutual and 7Hiifaa/^i/ properly refer to two 
 persons, or their intercourse ; but they may be, and 
 often aje, applied to numbers acting together or in 
 MU-TlJ-A''riO.\', 71. [L. mutuatio.] [concert 
 
 The act of borrowing. [Little used.] Hall. 
 MU'TULE, (mut'yule,) ti. [Fr. mutule.] 
 
 In architecture, a projecting block under the corona 
 of the Doric cornice, in the same situation as the 
 modillion of other orders. Oloss. of .Srchit. 
 
 MUX, 71. For iMucK. Dirt. Orose. 
 MIJX'Y, a. Dirty; gloomy. Lemon. 
 WUZ'ZLE, 71. [iFr. 7nitscflii, muzzle or snout ; Arm. 
 musell; probably from the root of mout/t.] 
 
 1. The month of a thing; the extreme or end for 
 entrance or discharge; applied chiefly to the end of 
 a tube, as the open end of a common fusee or pistol, 
 or of a bellows. 
 
 2. The projecting mouth and nose of an animal, 
 as of a horse. 
 
 3. A fastening for the mouth which hinders from 
 biting. 
 
 With gnldeo muzzles all their mouths were hound. Dryden. 
 
 MUZ'Zl.E, V. t. To hind the mouth ; to fasten the 
 mouth to prevent biting or eating. 
 
 Tliou Shalt not muzzle Ule ox w hen he treadeth out the com. — 
 Deul. XXV, 
 
 2. To fondle with the mouth close. [Low.] 
 
 3. To restrain from hurt. 
 
 My dagger OTurj/ed. Shak. 
 
 MUZ'ZLE, V. I To bring the mouth near. 
 
 The bear muzzles and smells to him. L'Estran^t. 
 
 MUZ'ZL£D, pp. Fastened by the mouth to prevent 
 biting or eating. 
 
 MUZ'ZLE-LASH'ING, n. The lashing by which the 
 muzzle of a gun is secured to the upper part of the 
 port in a ship. 
 
 MUZ'ZLE-RLNG, ti. The metalline ring or circle 
 that surrounds the mouth of a cannon or other piece. 
 
 MUZ'ZLl.NG, ppr. Fastening the mouth. 
 
 MUZ'ZY, a. [from muse.] Absent in mind ; be- 
 wildered. [JVot in use] 
 
 MV, [tronom. adj. [Contracted from migen, mine. Me 
 was originally mig, .ind the adjective migen. So in 
 L. nteus. See Mine.] 
 
 Belonging to me ; as, this is 7ny book. Formerly, 
 mine was used before a vowel, and my before a con- 
 sonant ; 7117/ is now used before both. V\'e say, viy 
 book ; my own book ; my old friend. Mine is still 
 used after a verb ; as, this book is ntinc. 
 
 JIVL'O-DO.V, 71. An extinct edentate animal, allied 
 to the megatherium. Ltjcll, 
 
 MYN'CIIEN, 71. A nun. [Obs.] 
 
 MYNCH'ER-Y, 7i. The Saxon name for a nunnery ; 
 a term still applied to the ruins of certain nunneries 
 in England. Gloss, of Archil. 
 
 MYN-ilEER', 71, [D., my lord or master.] A Dutch- 
 man. 
 
 MY-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, a, [See Mvographt,] Per- 
 taining to a description of the muscles, 
 
 MV-OG'RA-PHIST, 71, One who describes the mus- 
 cles of animals, 
 
 M?-0G'RA-PHY, 71, [Gr, pv;, iivos, a muscle, and 
 ypaihto, to tiescribe,] 
 A description of the muscles of the body, 
 
 M?-O-L0G'ie-AI,, a. [See Mvolooy.] 'Pertaining 
 to the description and doctrine of the muscles. 
 
 MV-OL'O-GIST, 71. One who is versed in myology, 
 or who treats of the subject. 
 
 MY-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. fit;, /jvos, muscle, and Aojoj, 
 tliscoiirse.] 
 
 A description of the muscles, or the doctrine of 
 the muscles of the human body. Chcyne. Encyc. 
 MY'OPE, 71. ; pi. Mv'oPES. [Gt. pvtotp > /H)w,to shut, 
 and < Jt//, the eye.] 
 
 A short-sighted person. Adams. 
 MY'O-PY, 71. Short sightedness. Encyc. 
 M9-0T'0-MY, 71. [(Jr. (jnf and ropri, a cutting.] 
 
 A dissection of the muscles, 
 MYR'I-AD, (mir'e-ad,) 7i. [Gr, iivptof, from /H'oint, 
 extreme, innumerable ; W, myr, that is, infinite, 
 fluctuating, ants, emmets; 7n!/r2, infinity, a myriad, 
 ten thousand. Here we see the origin of the Gr, 
 /iiin/oK, pxofiril, an ant, so named from numbers or 
 motion. See Feuvent.] 
 
 1, The number of ten thousand. 
 
 2. An immense number, indefinitely. Milton. 
 MYll'l-A-GKAJl, (71. [Gr. ,/«oi.i, ten thousand, 
 MYR' I-A-aR/lMME,\ and ; ,,a/i|io.] 
 
 A French weight equal to ten thoii.sand grams or 
 ten kilograms, or22.01(i3 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Lanier. McCulloch, 
 MVR-I-AI/I-TER, ) 71, [Gr, pvpiu and Xirpa, a 
 MYIVI-.'l [J-TllK, ) pound.] 
 
 A French measure of capacity containing ten 
 tliiiiisaiid liters, or C1II,2H0 cubic inches, about 42 
 liogvhi ads of English wiiio measure. McCulloch. 
 MVK-I A.M'E TElt, ) ii, [Gr, (ii/Ji.i, ten 
 
 MYR'l .1 ME I HE, ( mS-ter,) ( thousand, and /ji r 
 pi'V, measure.] 
 
 FATE, FAB, PALI', WHAT — MfiTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQI-F, BQQK,— 
 
 740 
 
NAB 
 
 NAC 
 
 In the new siptcm of French mea-tiirrs, the length 
 of ten thonsiinil mi ters, equal to (i miles, 1 fiirliing, 
 and '26 rods of our long measure. McCuUocIl. 
 MYlt'I A-I'OI), H. [Gr. /^ufHu, ten tliousand, and noScs, 
 feet.] 
 
 One of an order or class of insects having many 
 feet or leys. Bell. 
 
 MYll'I-ARCH, (mir'e-Urk,) n. [Gr. (iupia, ten tliou- 
 sand, and <f)X«5, chief.] 
 A captain or commander often thousand men. 
 
 MYR' hJIRE^ 11. [Gr. ^vpiu and are, L. area.] 
 
 A Krencli linear measure of ten thousand acres, or 
 100,000 square meters, nearly 247 Knu'lish acres. 
 
 McCtilloch. LunitT. 
 
 MYR'I-CI\, n. The substance which rtiiiiins alter 
 bees-wax, or the wax of the Myrica cerifer.^ of South 
 Africa, has been digested in alcohol. It is in fact 
 one of the proximate principles of wax. It tlitfers 
 IVcim cerin, the other proximate principle, in being 
 incapable of being converted into a soap by caustic 
 polassa. Dr. John. 
 
 MVR-I-0-I,OG'ie-AL, a. Relating to a myriologue. 
 
 MYK-I-OL'O-OIST, n. One who composes or sings a 
 mvriologiie, usually or always a female. 
 
 JlYk'I-O-LOGUE, ji. [Gr. /icpicij, e.xtreme, and 
 Xo, .,J.] 
 
 In modern Greece, an extemporary funeral song, 
 comiMised and sung on the death of a friend. 
 MVU-I-O-IlA'iMA, n. [Gr. nvpiui, infinite, and ooou, 
 to see.] 
 
 Views of objects in numbers indefinite ; sections 
 so contrived that they may be combined into pictures 
 to an indefinite extent. 
 MYR'.MI-DON, (mur'nie-don,) n. [Gr. fiviinid'y, a 
 multitude of ants; W. mifr : qu. so culled from their 
 numbers or from their industry.] 
 
 Primarily, the Myrmidons are said to have been a 
 people on the borders of Tliess.aly, who accompanied 
 Achilles to the war against Troy. Hence the name 
 came to signify a soldier of a rough character, a des- 
 perate soldier or rnfiiaii under some daring leader. 
 M YR-iMI-Do'NI-AN, a. Like or pertaining to myrmi- 
 dons. 
 
 W Y-ROB'A-LAN, n. [L. tnyrobolanum ; Gr. iivpo- 
 liaXafof ; jiiio ii', unguent, and t^a\itt"i{, a nut.] 
 
 A tiried fruit which is a drupe, brought from the 
 East Indies, of which there are several sorts, all 
 slightly purgative and astringent, but not now used 
 in medicine. They are the produce of several species 
 of Teriniualia, and of one species at least of Pliyllan- 
 " thus. The term myrobalan, then, comprehends sev- 
 enil ditforent fruits. Parr. Encyc. 
 
 M Y-ROP'O-LIST, n. [Gr. nvpov, unguent, and TrwAtd), 
 to sell.] 
 
 One that sells unguents. [Little used.] 
 MYRRH, (iiiur,) n. [L>. myrrha t Gr. ^vp/ia or (r^vpva ; 
 
 Sp. and It. mirra ; Ft. mxjrrhe ; Arabic, from 
 marra, to be bitter. Glass Mr.] 
 
 An inspissated sap that comes in the form of drops 
 or globules of various colors and *i7.es, of a pretty 
 strong but agreeable smell, and of a bitter taste. It 
 is imported from Egypt, but chiefly from the southern 
 or eastern parts of Arabia. As a medicine, it is a 
 good stomachic, antispasmodic, and cordial. It is 
 the produce of a species of Balsamodendron. 
 
 Parr. Fimrcroy. Encyc. 
 MYR'RHl.N'E, (-rin,) a. [L. myrrhinus.] 
 
 Made of the murrliine stone, or fluorid of calcium, 
 1. p., rtuor spar. [See Murrhine.] MiUoiu 
 MYR'TI-FORM, a. [L. myrta.s, myrtle, and/orm.] 
 
 Resembling myrtle or myrtle berries. 
 MYR'TLiE. (mur'tl,) n. [L. myrliu ; Gr. fivprof.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Mj-rtus, of several species. 
 The common myrtle rises with a shrubby, upright 
 stem, eiglit or ten feet high. Its branches form a 
 close, full head, closely garnished with ovate or lan- 
 
 ceolate evergreen leaves. It has numerous small, 
 pale flowers from (he axils, singly on each footstalk. 
 The ancients considered it sacred to Venus. 
 
 P. die. Londoiu 
 
 MYR'TI,r.-nER-RY, n. The fruit of the myrtle. 
 
 MYR'TLE-VVA.X, n. A concrete oil or vegetable 
 wax, produced by certain plants called Mvbica, or 
 Canoleberrv mvrtle. Encyc. .^mcT. 
 
 MVRUS, 71. A species of conger-eel, found in the 
 Mediterranean, Angiiilla inyriis. Ash. P. Cyc. 
 
 MY-SEIjF', pron. A compound of my and .self, used 
 after 1, to express emphasis, marking emphatically 
 the distinction between the speaker ami another 
 person ; as, I myself will do it ; 1 have done it 
 myself. 
 
 2. In the objective case, the reciprocal of /. I will 
 defend myself. 
 
 3. It is sometimes used without /, particularly in 
 poetry. 
 
 Mytelf slinll mount the rostrum in hi* fhvor. Ad/liton. 
 
 MYS-TA-GOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to the interpre- 
 tation of mvsteries. 
 
 MYS'TA-GOGUE, (mys'ta-gog,) n. [Gr. ;iii-ijf, one 
 initiated in mysteries, and ay io)o^, a leader.] 
 
 1. One who inter|irets niysterie.s. Bailey. 
 
 2. One that keeps church relics, and shows them 
 to strangers. Bailey. 
 
 MYS-T£'RI-AL, a. Containing a mystery or enigma. 
 
 B. Jon^on. 
 
 MYS-TE'RI-XReil, n. [Gr. (iurwioi', mystery, and 
 
 a"Xo?, chief.] 
 
 One presiding over mvsteries. Johnson. 
 MYS-Tk'RI-OUS, a. [See Mvsterv.] Obscure ; 
 
 hid from the iimlerstanding j not cli^iirly understood. 
 
 The birth and connections of the man with the iron 
 
 mask in France are mysterious, and have never been 
 
 explained. 
 
 2. In rcli/r.m, ob'icnre ; secret; not revealed or 
 erplained ; liidileii from human understanding, or 
 uninte!!;:.'>'.'o ; soj'ond hiinia;! com(ireheiision. Ap- 
 plied to the divine counsels and governim nt, the 
 word ofteii iiiipli-^!;^ s.'tine^hing awfully obscure ; as, 
 the wavs of God are ofi.en mysterious. 
 MYS-Tii'RI-OUS-l.Y, ,idv. Obscurely , enigmatic- 
 ally. 
 
 2. In a manner wonderfully obscure and unintel- 
 ligible. 
 
 MYS-Te'RI-OUS-NESS, n- Obscurity, the quality 
 of being hid from the understanding, and calculated 
 to excite curiosity or wonder 
 2. Artful perplexity. 
 
 MYS'TER IZE, I), t. To express m enigmas. 
 
 MYS'TER-TZ-KD, p/>. Expressed enigmatically. 
 
 MYS'TER-IZ-ING, opr. Expressing in enigmas. 
 
 MYS'TER-Y, n. fL. mystcrium, Gr. wuj-i.oioc, a 
 secret. This word in Greek is rendered also jnn- 
 rinm Intiliolum i but probably both senses are from 
 th.it of hiding or shutting ; Gr. jjvtu, to shut, to con- 
 ceal.] 
 
 1. A profound secret i something wholly unknown, 
 or something kept cautiously concealed, and there- 
 fore exciting curiosity or wonder; such as the mys- 
 tery of the man with the iron mask in France. 
 
 2. In religion, any thing in the character or attri- 
 butes of God, or in the economy of divine provi- 
 dence, which is not revealed to man. 
 
 President Moore. 
 
 3. That which is beyond human conip.'ehension 
 until explained. In this sense, wij/.N-tm/ often conveys 
 the idea of something awfully sublime or important ; 
 something that excites wonder. 
 
 Great is the myttery of gtxflin.'as. — t Tim. iii. 
 
 Having m.-iili* Kituwn to m the rnytUry of hifl will. — Rph. L 
 
 We tpeiUf the wisdom of tiod in ii mytury. — I Cor. ii. 
 
 4. An enigma; any thing artfully made difliciilt. 
 
 5. A kind of rude drama, of a religious chanirter, 
 called a mystery, or miracle, because it represented 
 
 the mysterious doctrines of Christianity, or its early 
 niinicies. Bp. Percy, 
 
 Ii. A trade ; a calling ; any mechaniial orcnpniion 
 which siipi>ost!S skill or knowledge pt-f:iiliar to those 
 who carry it on, and therefore a secret to others. 
 
 [The wortlj in the latter sense, has been supposed 
 lo have a diflerenl origin from the foregtiiiig, vi/.., Fr. 
 metier. Norm, mestier, business, trade, occtipalioii, as 
 if from Norm, mestie, master. Hut this is probably 
 incorrect.] 
 
 7. The mysteries, among the ancienl.i, were a kind 
 of secret religious wtirship, to whit-h ntun^ were ad- 
 mitted except those who had been initiated by certain 
 prepanilory ceremonies. 
 MYS'TIC, n. One who holds the doctrines of mysli- 
 MVS'TIC, ) ,. 1 [cism. 
 
 MYS'Tie AE i [I'''"!''''"^''^' "'•/""'■'■"'"S'J 
 
 1. Obscure ; hid ; secret. Dryden. 
 
 2. Sacredly obscure or secret ; remote from jiuman 
 comprehensitm. 
 
 Gutl hixlh rrvf.Tled a wny mytdcnl .ind Bn|w*rimtural. Hooker. 
 
 3. Involving some secret meaning ; allecorical ; 
 emblematical ; a.s, mystic dance ; mystic Itabyloii. 
 
 Milton. Burnet. 
 
 MVS'Tie-.'\L-LY, adv. In a manner or by an act im- 
 plying a secret meaning. Donne. 
 
 MYS'Tie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being mystic- 
 al, or of involving some secret meaning. 
 
 MYS'TI-UIS.M, n. Obscurity of doctrine. 
 
 2. The doctrine of the Mystics, who profess a pure, 
 sublime, anil perfect devotion, wholly disinterested, 
 and maintain that in calm and holy contemplation 
 they have direct inlercour.se wilh the divine ."Spirit, 
 anil acquire a knowletlge in divine tilings which is 
 unattainable by the rea-soning faculty. Murduck. 
 
 MYS'Ties, n. pi. A cla.ss of religions people who pro- 
 fess to have direct intercourse wilh the Spirit of Got] 
 in cttlm and holy contemplation, and to receive such 
 impressions as are true religious knowledge. 
 
 MYS-TI-FI-CA'TION, n. Uhc act of rendering any 
 Ihinc mysterious. 
 
 .M YS'Tl-FI-fU, pp. Involved in mysterj- so as to 
 mislead. 
 
 MYS'TI-F?, V. t. To involve in mystery so as to 
 mislead. 
 
 M YS'TI-FV-I.\G, ;);ir. Involving in mystery so as to 
 MYTH, 71. [C.T. ii'Oof.) [mislead. 
 A fictitious or fanciful narrative, having an analo- 
 gy more or less renitite to some real event. Fosbroke. 
 MY'Tirie, I re f- n r ti i 
 MYTirie-AL [f")in Gr. /ivOff, a fable.] 
 
 Fabulous. Shuckford. 
 MYTirie-AL-EY, adv. By means of mythical fables 
 or allegories. 
 
 MY-TIIOG'RA-PMER, n. [Gr. pvOoi and ypaqtio.] 
 
 A t-omposcr of fables. 
 MYTII-O-LOG'IC, la. [See Mvtholoov.] Re- 
 MYTH-0-LOG'ie-.\L, ( lating to ni} thology ; fabu- 
 lous. 
 
 MYTH-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, izrfii. In a way suited to 
 
 the system of fablt^s. 
 MY-THOL'O GIST, n. One versed in mythology; 
 
 one who writes on mythology, or explains the fables 
 
 of the ancient pagans. JVorris. 
 MY-THOL'O-GIZE, r. i. To relate or explain the 
 
 fabulous history of the heathen. 
 iMY TIIOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. iioil;f, a fable, and Aoyoj, 
 
 discourse.] 
 
 A system of fables, or fabulous opinions and doo 
 trines, respecting the deities which heathen nations 
 have supposed to preside over the world, or to influ- 
 ence the affairs of it. 
 M?'THO-Pl,AS.M, 71. A narration of mere fable. 
 MYT'l-EITE, 71. [Gr. ^.inXof, a kind of shell.] 
 
 In neology, a petrified muscle or shell of the genus 
 Mvtiliis. Kincan. 
 MYX'ON, n. [Gr. ,<"{«{.] 
 
 A fish of the mullet kind jSsH. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nis the fourteenth leilcr of the English alphabet, and 
 an articulation formed by placing the end of the 
 timgiie against the root of the upper teeth. It is an 
 imp'.'rfect mute, or semi-vowel, ami a nas.al letter, 
 the articulation being accompanied with a sound 
 through the niwe. It has one sound only, anil aOcr 
 m is silent, or nearly so, a.s in hymn and condemn. 
 
 N, among the ancicnUt, was a numeral letter signi- 
 fying 9J0, and with a stroke over it, N, 9000. Amoni; 
 the lawyers, M: L. stood for non liquet, the case is not 
 clear. 
 
 N. is nscd as an abbreviation of jiVtA. N. E. 
 stands for north-eaM ; N. VV. for north-ioest ; N. N. E. 
 ft>r nortk-norlh-easl ; N. N. W. for ju>rtA-n<»r(A-i««t, 
 
 In ci77nmcrrc. An. is an abbreviation of the French 
 nombre, and stands for number. 
 
 N. 11. stands fur L. nota bene, observe well. 
 N. S. stanils for nrto .^tyle. 
 NAB, It. The summit of a mountain or rock. [Local.] 
 N.\B, D. L rsw. nappa; Dan. nappcr i G. and D. knap- 
 pen. See K:<.\p.] 
 
 To catch suddenly ; to seize by a sudden grasp or 
 thrust ; a word little used, and only in low lanrruatfe. 
 NAU'BKI), Caught suddenly. 
 N.AB'BI.N'G, ppr. Seizing suddenly. 
 NA'BOB, 71. A deputy or viceroy in India ; properly, 
 a subordinate provincial governor under a siibahdar ; 
 hence, 
 
 2. A man of great wealth. 
 
 NAC/V-RAT, 71. (Sp. namr, mother of pearl.] 
 
 1. A pale red color, w ith a cast of orange. 
 
 2. Fine liiit-n or crape dyed of this color. Ure, 
 NACK'ER or Na'KER. See N.»cre. 
 
 Na'CRE, (ni'ker,) n. [Fr ] A beautiful iridescent 
 substanre which lini's the interior of some shells 
 anti is most perfect in the mother-of-pearl. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 Na'CRF^OUS, a. [See Nacre.] Having an irides- 
 cent luster like the mother-of-pearl. Brandr. 
 
 Na'CRITE, n. [See Nacre.] A mineral consisting 
 of fine pearly scales, and havine a grea.sy feel. It 
 resembles stime while or greenish white varieties of 
 Ltlc, but contains alumina In combination with sili- 
 ca, instead of mairnesia. Dant 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE.--AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
NAK 
 
 NAM 
 
 NAR 
 
 Xa'DIR, ji. [Ai.jjJaj, from jlai 
 
 natara, to be 
 
 like, proportional, correspondins to, opposite.] 
 
 Thai point of the heavens or lower hfinis|j!iere di- 
 rectly opposite to the zenith ; the point directly under 
 th; place where we stand. 
 NA'DI.E-STEIN, n. [G. nadd and stein.] 
 
 Needle-stone ; rutile. Ure, 
 
 N^EVE, n. [L. luieus.] 
 A spot. 
 
 N/E'VoSE, a. Spotted ; freckled. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 NAFF i ^ tufted sea-fowl. Chalmers. 
 
 NAG, 7i. A small horse ; a liorse in general, or rather 
 a sprishtly horse. VKstranrre. 
 2. .\ paramour, in contempt, Shak. 
 NAG GY, a. Contentious. JV. of Eng. 
 
 Na'IAD, (na'yad,) n. [Gr. vauiltf, naiads, from t°iw, 
 to flow.] 
 
 In nujtliolorry, a water nymph ; a female deity that 
 presides over rivers and springs. 
 Na'I.\-Df.S, (na'ya-deez,) n. pi. Water nymphs ; na- 
 iads. [See Naiad.] 
 
 2. In comhulogij, a family of fresh-water bivalves. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 3. In botany, an order of indogenous aquatic plants. 
 
 P. Cue. 
 
 NaIL, 71. [Sax. nicgel ; Sw. G. and D. nagel : Dan. 
 nagle : Russ. natrot ; Sans, naga, or nakha. If the 
 word was originally applied to a claw or talon, the 
 primary sense may be to catch, or it may be a 
 shootj 
 
 1. The claw or talon of a bird or other animal. 
 
 2. The horny substance growing at the end of the 
 human flngTs and toes. 
 
 3. A small pointed piece of metal, nsually with a 
 head, to be driven into a hoard or other pii ce of tim- 
 ber, and serving to fasten it to other timber. The 
 larger kinds of instruments of this sort are called 
 Spikes ; and a long, thin kind, with a flattish head, 
 is called a Rrad. 
 
 4. A stud or boss ; a short nail with a large, broad 
 bead. Swift. 
 
 5. .\ measure of length, being two inches and a 
 quarter, or the sixteenth of a yard. 
 
 On Vie nail ; in hand ; immediately ; without de- 
 lay or time of credit ; as, to pay money on thr nail. 
 
 SicifL 
 
 To hit the nail on the head ; to hit or touch the exact 
 point. 
 
 NAIL, r. t To fasten with nails; to unite, close, or 
 make compact with nails. 
 
 2. To stud with nails. 
 
 The rivets of ;^our anna were nailfd with ^old. Dnjden. 
 
 3. To stop the vent of a cannon ; to spike. 
 NAIL' KD, pp. Fastened with nails ; studded. 
 NAIL'ER, n. One whose occtipation is to make nails. 
 NaIL'ER-Y, n. A manufactory where nails are made. 
 NAIL'ING, p/>r. Fastening with nails ; studding. 
 NA'IVE, (ni'eve,) a. [Fr.] Having native or unaf- 
 fected simplicity ; ingenuous. 
 
 NX'tVE-LV, wiv. (Fr. naif, from L. nativus.] 
 With native or unaffected simplicity. 
 
 M'A'lyF^TE, (ni'ev-ti,) n. Native simplicity; unaf- 
 fected plainness or ingenuousness. Gray. 
 
 NA'KED, a. [Sax. nacod ; G. naekct, nackt : D. nmikt ; 
 Sw. naken ; Dan. niigrn ; Russ. nairri, nairost, and 
 nagota, nakedness ; Ir. nnclUa, tipen, discovereti ; 
 noclulai'rhp, naked ; nockdaitrhim, to strip. Class Ng, 
 No. 5. 10, 47, and 1.5, Ifi.J 
 
 1. Ni>l covered ; hare ; having no clotlies on ; as, a 
 naked body, or a naked limb. 
 
 2. Unarmed ; defenseless ; open ; exposed ; having 
 no means of def. nse or protectiim against an ene- 
 my's attack, or against other injury. 
 
 Bchyld my bosom netked to your swonls. A'titison. 
 
 3. Open to view ; not concealed ; manifest. Ilrb. 
 
 4. Destitute of worldly goods. Job i [iv. 
 
 5. Exposed to shame and disgrace. Ezod. xxxii. 
 
 6. Guilty ami exposed to divine wrath. Rer^. iii. 
 
 7. Plain; evident; undisguised; without exagger- 
 ation : as, the naked truth. 
 
 8. Mere ; bare ; simple ; wanting the necessary ad- 
 ditions. God requires of man sometliing besides tlic 
 naked belief of his being and his word. 
 
 9. In Antaiii/, destitute of the customary covering ; 
 as a flower without a calyx, a stem without 
 leaves, tec. 
 
 |f(. Not assisted by glasses ; as, the nakeil eye. 
 Jii'aked Jtiiiiring, in earpenlnj, is the timber-work 
 which -iipports a fliMir. OiniU. 
 NA'KED-LY, ailn. Willioiit covering. 
 
 2. Simply ; barely ; merely ; in the abstract. 
 
 3. Evidently. [Il.dder. 
 NA'KED-NEHS, n. Want of covering or clothing; nu- 
 dity , barrnesn. 
 
 2. Want of meanx of defenae. 
 ye ar^ •I'*''* ; to lee Uie naktdnttt of Ok lArul are /e c 
 Ueii. Ilii. 
 
 3. Phiinness ; openness to view, Shak, 
 To uncover nakeAne-s.f, in Scripture, is to have in- 
 cestiiiius or uplawfiil commerce with a female. 
 N.A'KEK, n. [Sp. nacar ; It. nacrhrra : Fr. nacre,] 
 
 .Mother of pearl or nacre, wliicli see. 
 NA'KTR, n, A wandering [lain passing from one limb 
 
 to another. Sclienk. 
 NALL, n. [Dan. naal, a needle.] 
 
 An awl, such as collar-makers or shoemakers use. 
 [JVW used, or heal.] Johnson. 
 NA.M'lfY-PA.M'BY, ii. or a. A term applied to that 
 which is contemptible fur affected prettiness. 
 
 Stnart, 
 
 Name, 71. [Sax. Tiama ; D. 7iaam ,* G. name ; Sw. namn ; 
 Dan. navn; Ice. nafn; h. nomen ; Gr. ai^otin; It. and 
 Port, name : Sp. noinbre ; Fr. 7iom ; Pers. Tiam, 
 naniah: Sans, and Hindoo, noma, nom : Malay and 
 Bengalee, namwa: Ostiak, neinen. (iu. Heb. DK:.] 
 
 1. That by whicli a thing is called ; the sound or 
 combinatitm of sounds used to express an idea, or 
 any material substance, quality, or act ; an appella- 
 tion attached to a thing by customary use, by wliich 
 it may be vocally distinguished from other things. A 
 name may be attached to an individual only, and is 
 tlien proper or appropriate, iifi .hhn, Thomas, London, 
 Paris; or it may be attached to a species, genus, or 
 class of things, as sheep, goat, horse, tree, animal, 
 which are called cojnmon names, sprctfc, or generic. 
 
 2. The letters or characters, written or engraved, 
 expressing tlie sounds by which a person or thing is 
 known and distinguished. 
 
 3. A person. 
 
 They list with women each degenerate name. Dryden. 
 
 4. Reputation ; character ; that which is commonly 
 said of a person ; as, a good name ; a bad name. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 5. Renown ; fame ; honor ; celebrity ; eminence ; 
 praise ; distinction. 
 
 Whiit men of namt r^soit to him ? Shdk. 
 But in this sense, the word is often qualified by an 
 epithet ; as, a great name ; a mighty name. 
 
 6. Remembrance ; memory. 
 
 The Loni slirji blot out liia natne from under heaven. — Deul. 
 xxix. 
 
 7. Appearance only ; sound only, not reality ; as, 
 a friend in name. Rev. iii. 
 
 8. Authority ; behalf ; part ; as, in the 7iame of the 
 people. Wlien a man speaks or acts in the 7in»ic of 
 another, he does it by their authority or in their be- 
 half, as their representative. 
 
 9. Assumed character of another. 
 
 Had lor^d a treason in iny patron's name. Dryden. 
 
 10. In Scr/pff/re, the 7iamcof God signifies his titles, 
 his attributes, his will ttr purpose, his lumi»r and glo- 
 ry, his word, his grace, his wisd m, power, and good- 
 ness, his worship or service, or God himself. 
 
 11. Issue ; posterity that preserves the name. 
 Dent. XXV. 
 
 12. In grammar, a noun. 
 
 To call names : to apply opprobrious names ; to call 
 by reproachful appellations. Sieifl, 
 
 To take Oie name of Qod in vain ; to swear falsely or 
 profanely, or to use the name of God with levity or 
 contempt. Eiod. xx. 
 
 To know by name : to honor by a particular friend- 
 ship or familiarity. Erod. xxxiii. 
 
 Christian name : the name a person receives by bap- 
 tism, as distinguishetl from surname. 
 N.A.ME, 17. t. [Sax. naman, nemnan, Goth, namnyan, to 
 call, to name, to invoke ; D. noemen; G. nenncn; Sw. 
 ndmno ; Dan. nan:ner.] 
 
 1. To set or give to any person or thing a sound or 
 combination of sounds liy whicli it may be known 
 and distinguished ; to call ; to give an api>cllation to. 
 
 She named the child Ichaliod.— I Sam. iv. 
 
 Thos was the Imildiiiir I' ft 
 Ri<liculoua, and the worit confiieion nauied. Alilton, 
 
 2. To mention by name ; to litter or pronounce the 
 sound or sounds by which a person or thing is known 
 and distinguished. 
 
 Neither use thyself to the ruimin* of the Holy One. Ecctut, 
 
 3. To nominate ; to designate for any purpose by 
 name. 
 
 Thou sh.ilt anoint to me him whom 1 na*ru to tliee. — 1 Sam. 
 xvi. 
 
 4. To entitle. Milton. 
 Tn name the name of Christ ; to make profession of 
 
 fiitli in him. 2 Tim. iv. 
 Na.M'A;1), pp. Called ; denominated; designated by 
 name. 
 
 N.\ M E'LE.''S, a. Without a n.anic ; not distinsniished 
 by an aiipi llation ; as, a nameless star. IVnller. 
 
 2. Noting a pi rson or thing whose name is not 
 known or mentiom d. j^iterbury. 
 
 NAMF.'I.ESS-LY, ndv. In a nameless manner. 
 
 NA.ME'LY, ai/e. To mention by name ; particularly. 
 
 For the pxci'llency of Ihe soul, mmehj, its power of divining 
 drejiini; th.il several such divinations have been niiule. -lone 
 cm question. AddiMon. 
 
 NAM'ER, n. One that names or calls by name. 
 NA ME'SaKE, 71, One that has the same name as an- 
 other, .^lidison. 
 
 NaM'ING, ppr. Calling; nominating; mentioning. 
 NA.M'ING-LY, adr. By' name. 
 
 N.^N ; a Welsh word signifying what, used as an inter- 
 rogative. [This woril has been extensively used 
 witliin my memory by the common people of New 
 England.] 
 
 NWN'DU, n. The American ostrich, Rhea -Americana. 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 NAN-KEEN', 7i. [JVanAin, a Chinese word.] 
 
 A species of cloth, of a firm texture, from China, 
 made of a sort of cotton, viz., Gossypium religiosuin, 
 that is naturally of a kind of yellow color, which is 
 quite indestructible and permanent. This cloth is 
 now imitated by the manufacturers in Great Britain, 
 though with far less permanency of color. It is now 
 made in Georgia of cotton raised in that State. 
 N.*>P, 71. [Sax. hnuppian. Qu. its connection with 
 hnepan, to lean, that is, to nod.] 
 
 A short sleep or slumber. [ColloqtiiaJ.] Sidney. 
 N.AP, V. i. To have a short sleep ; to be (frowsy. 
 
 2. To be in a careless, secure state. fViclif. 
 N.AP, ;i. [Sax. hnoppa, nap ; It. nappa, a tassel ; Ar. 
 5 , 
 
 i. A l'^ kinabon. Cl.ass Nb, No. 20.] 
 
 1. The woolly or villous substance on the surface 
 of cloth. 
 
 2. The downy, or soft, hairy substance on plants. 
 
 3. A knop. [See K.nop.] [Martyn. 
 
 NAPE, 
 
 [Sax. c7tap, a knob ; Ar. 
 
 kanaba. 
 
 to be hard or callous, whence a callus. Class Nb, 
 No. QO.] 
 
 The prominent joint of the neck behind. Bacon. 
 NA'PER-Y.^ 71. [Fr. nappe ; It. nappa, napparie.] 
 
 Linen for the table; table-cloths or linen cloth in 
 ireni-ral. [0/w.] Shelton. 
 NA'PHEW, (na'fu,) 7i. [L. Tiapas, a turnip ; Sax. cTiirp, 
 a knob.] 
 
 A plant. [See Navew.] 
 NAPH'THA, (nap'tha,) 71. [L. Gr. Ch. Syr. and Ar., 
 
 from txij nafata, to push out, as pustules, to throw 
 out, to boil, to be angr\'. In Amharic, veft, or nepht, 
 from this sense, signifies a ffiin or musket.] 
 
 A volatile, limpid, bituminous liquiil, of a strong, 
 peculiar oilor, and generally of a light-yellow color; 
 but it may be rt nilered colorless by careful di-tilla- 
 tion. It is very infiamniable, and burns with a white 
 flame, mixed with much smoke. It is insoluble in 
 water, but unites in every proportion with absolute 
 alcohol. Turner. By hing keeping it hardens into 
 a substance resembling vegetable resin, and becomes 
 blatk. 
 
 Naphtha exudes from the earth in Persia, and, as 
 is said, in tlie neighborhood of llabyl'^n. Naphtha 
 may be obtained by the distillation of asph:iU from 
 the Dead Sea, and of petroleum from Trinidad. 
 
 Nafihtha consists of carbon and hydrogen in equ.al 
 eqiirvalents. Thomson. 
 
 NAPII-THAL'ie ACID, 71. A crystalline product, in 
 appearance resembling benzoic acid, obtained from 
 naplitlialiiie. Brande. 
 
 NAPH'THA-LINE, (-lin,) 71. A peculiar, white, crys- 
 tallizalile substance, deposited from naphtha distilled 
 from coal tar, ctmsistins of hydrogen and carbon. It 
 is heavier than water, has a pungent, aromatic taste, 
 and a peculiar, faintly aromatic odor, not unlike that 
 of the .N'arcissus. Brande. 
 
 NA'Pl-FOR.M, a. [L. napus, a turnip, and forma, 
 form.] 
 
 H. iving the shape of a turnip, swelled in the upper 
 pari and becoming more slender below. Beck. 
 
 N.AP'KIN, 71, [Fr. 7iaj7f, cloth; of which napkin is a 
 diminutive ] 
 
 I. A cloth used for wiping the hands ; a towel. 
 2. A handkerchief. [Oi.-.] Shak. 
 
 NAP'LESS, a. Without nap ; threadbare. Shnk. 
 NA'PL/JS-YEL'I.oW, 71. A fine yellow pigment, 
 
 used in oil painting, also for porcelain and enamel. 
 
 It has long been prepared in Italy by a secret jirocess. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 NAP'PAL, 77. Soap rock. Pinkerton. 
 
 NAP'PI NESS, 71. The quality of being sleepy, or in- 
 clined to take naps. 
 
 2. The quality of having a nap; abundance of 
 nap, as on cloth. 
 
 N.AP'PING, ppr. Havins a short sleep. 
 
 N.VP'PY, a. [from 7iBp.] Frothy ; spumy ; as, 7inppy 
 beer. Oay. 
 
 NAP'-TAK-ING, a. Taking naps. 
 
 NAP'-TAK-ING, n. A taking by surprise, as when 
 one is not on his guard ; unexpected onset, when 
 one is unprepared. Carew. 
 
 NXR, a Nearer. [0*.'.] Speiuer. 
 
 An alkaloid obtained from opium, in the form of a 
 white crysuilline solid, with a slightly bitter and gal- 
 vanic taste. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T — METE, PREY. — PL\E, MARINE, BiRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 748 
 
N AR 
 
 NXR-CIS'SUS, n. [I,. ; Gr. i ..j/tiiT^ >s.] 
 
 1. In nnitlwluirij, ii bi iiutiriil youth \vlii> was onam- 
 orud iif Ills iiwii iiiiafio a," m'i'II hi a roiiiilaiii, and 
 wiui clianavd into tlic llowi r lallrd liy his naimr. 
 
 2. In biiluiiii, a m inis <il' llii\v< riiii.' plants tit sev- 
 eral spi'cirs, i(ini|irisin[; the datlbilds, jnnqiiils, &c. 
 
 • Tlioy are linllmiis-niiiti'd, prii'iinial in root, but witii 
 niinnal le aves and lluwcr-stalks. Eiiciic-. ParUntitun. 
 
 NAK-eO'SKS, ,1. [Or., infra.] 'I"he tiruct of n iiar- 
 ci.tir, whi'ther medicinal ur poisonous. 
 
 NAK-e()'l"IC, II. [tir. i/,i,iKwr<<t si frui'i ni/j<tnw, to 
 rt'inli r torpiil.J 
 
 In ini-dicinal doses, nllayinp morbid siisceptibihty, 
 rolievine pain, and producinc sleep. In poLsonoiis 
 doses, producing stn|ior, coma, and ccmvulsiiiiis ; 
 and, \t piislied to a sufficient extent, death. TiiUii. 
 
 NXlteOT'IC, n. .\ medicine which, in medicinal 
 doses, allays morliid susceptibility, relieves pain, and 
 produces sleeji ; but wliicli, in puisunniis doses, pro- 
 duces stupor, coniu, convulsions, and, if pushed far 
 enoimh, death. Tally. 
 
 NAI{-e()T'ie-.\L.-LY, ado. Operating after the man- 
 ner of a narctitic. JVUttluck. 
 
 NAIl-eOT'ie-NKSS, 71. The quality of opeiating as 
 a narcotic. [jVot iisptlA 
 
 NAK-COT'ie O-AC'IMD, a. In medicine, acrid-nar- 
 cotic ; a term denoting a combination of acrid and 
 narcotic properties. 
 
 N.'iireOT-I.MC, (-in,) n. An alkaloid obtained from 
 opium, ami one of its active narcotic principles. It 
 is a white crvi^alliiie solid, nearly destitute of taste. 
 
 NA U'CO-TIS.M, n. The elfect of a narcotic, whetlier 
 medicinal or poisonous. [Little lued,] 
 
 N.XUl), n. [I,, nardiis, nardum ; C,T. vaii('of ; from the 
 .Arabic, Phenician, Syriac, or Persian, probably the 
 latter.] 
 
 1. .\ jdant usually called spikenard, spica nnrdi ; 
 highly vabieil by the ancients, both as an article of 
 luxury and of medicine. It is odorous or aromatic. 
 
 3. An unguent prepared from the plant. 
 NAKDJJ.N'E, (-in,) a. Pertaining to nard ; havins the 
 
 qualities of spikenard. ^siat. Kcs. 
 
 NaKE, n. [I,, nuri-.] 
 
 The nostril. [JVut iised.l Iludibras. 
 NAR'I-FOR.M, a. Formed like the nose. 
 N.\K'RA-HI>E, (1. [I,, narriibilis. See Narrate.] 
 
 That may be rel.ited, told, or narnited. [jViit iwerf.] 
 NAR'RATE or NAlt-RATE', v. I. [I,, narro : It. nur- 
 riire; Sp. tiarnir ; Ft. narrrr. Class Nr, No. 2, .5, tt. ] 
 1. To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story ; to relate 
 tile particulars of any event or transaction, or any 
 stories of incidents. 
 
 a. To write, as the particulars of a story or histo- 
 ry. We never say, to narrate a sentence, a sermon, 
 or an oration, but wc narrate a story, or the particu- 
 lar events which have fallen under our observation, 
 or which we have heard related. 
 NAR'Ra-TEI), pp. Krf.-ited , told. 
 NAR'Ra-TINH ppr. Ilehitiiig ; telling; reciting. 
 NAR-Ra'TION, n. [\.. narratia.] 
 
 I. The act of telling or relating the particul.ars of 
 an event ; rehearsal ; recital. 
 
 a. Relation ; story ; history -, the re.ation in words 
 or writing of the particulars of any transaction or 
 event, or of any series of transacti lis or events. 
 
 3. In wratori/, that pari of a discourse which re- 
 cites the tiiiie, manner, or consequences of an ac- 
 tion, or simpiv states the facts connected with the 
 NAR'RA-TI VE, o. [Vr. narralif.] [subject. 
 I. Relating the particulars of an event or transac- 
 tion ; giving a particular or continued account. 
 
 ■J. Apt or inclined to rebate stories, or to tell partic- 
 ulars of events ; story telling. 
 
 Bill \vi»p ll^ru;i»h lUiie nmt iiarraltL't with a^. Pop*. 
 
 NAR'R.A-TI VE, M. The recital of a story, or a con- 
 tinued account of the particulars of ail event or 
 transaction ; shiry. 
 
 Cyiitiiio w.id niiidi wllen with my narrajivt. TaVer, 
 
 NAR'RA-TI VE-LY, adv. By way of nanation, story, 
 or recital. .^tiUffe. 
 
 NAK-Ra'TOR, n. One that narrates; one that re- 
 lates a seritrs of events or transactions. If'attj. 
 
 NAR'RA-TO-UY, a. (iiving an account of events. 
 
 JhietU. 
 
 NAR'RI-FV, r. L To relate ; to give account of. 
 
 Slwk. 
 
 N:\R'R^5\V, a. [Pax. venra, nearo, nearn, nearete. I 
 suspect this word and near to be contracted by the 
 Itiss of W. ruV, iiiirrow, stniit ; iiii^iflir, to narrow ; 
 for the D. has iiaaiiir, narrow, close, G. grnnu, with 
 a preflx. In this ca.se, the word belongs to the root 
 of nitrh ; D. uaakrn, to approach.] 
 
 1. 0( little breaiith ; not wide or bro.ad ; having 
 little distance from side to side ; as, a narrotc boaril ; 
 a narrow street ; a narrow sea ; a narrow hem or bor- 
 der It is only oi chiefly applied to the surface of 
 flnl or level tiodies. 
 
 2. Of little extent; very limited; as, a narrow 
 space or compass. 
 
 3. Fitptraltrely, limited as to means ; straitened ; 
 OS, a narroie fortune. 
 
 4. Covetous ; nut liberal or bountiful ; as, a nar- 
 row heart. 
 
 NAS 
 
 5. Cimtracted ; of confined views or sentiments; 
 very limited. 
 
 Tlic "rvalcsl uiKlcnnniitlilij^ in narroio. Greie. 
 
 In this .sense anil the former, it is often prefixed 
 to ininit oi soul, &.c. ; as, Hurruic-ininiled ; nanow- 
 soiiled ; »«mi;e- hearted. 
 
 (i. Near ; wtlhill a small distance. Drijdm. 
 
 7. Close; near; accurate; scrutinizing; as, a 
 narrow search ; narrow inspection. 
 
 Near ; barely sullicienl to avoid evil ; as, a nar- 
 rnip esciipe. 
 
 N.\R'RO\V, n. (A strait; a narrow passage 
 NAR'ROVVS, n..p/. ( through a mountain, or o nar- 
 row channel of water between one sea or lake and 
 another; a sound. It is usually in the plural, but 
 sometimes in the singular, fyu^hintrton. Mitford. 
 NAR'RoW, V. t. To lessen the breadth of; to con- 
 trac 
 
 a jovorniiifnl, Ijy (ilicn.tting tlic nlToclioni of the ppopir, mnybr 
 s till 10 narrtiW its liutlulil. I'emple. 
 
 2. To contract in extent ; as, to narrow one's in- 
 fluence ; to narrow the faculties or capacity. 
 
 3. To draw into a smaller compass ; to contract ; 
 to limit; to confine; as, to narrow our views or 
 knowledge ; to narrow a tpiesiion in discussion. 
 
 4. In kaittins, to contract the size of a stocking by 
 taking two stitches into one. 
 
 N.Ml'ROW, V. i. To bei:(Uiie less broad ; to contract 
 in breadth. At that place, the sea narrows into a strait. 
 
 2. In horsemanship, a horse is saitl to ?iarrow7, when 
 lie does not take ground enough, or bear out enough 
 to the ime hand or tliir other. Far. Dirt, 
 
 3. To contract the size of a stocking by taking two 
 stitches into one. 
 
 N.Ml'RriW-f.'n, pp.oro. Contracted; ni.ade less wide. 
 NAR'IIC)\V-ER, n. He or that which narrows or con- 
 tncls. 
 
 NAR'RfiU'-ING,ppr. Contr.acting ; making less broad. 
 N.\R'I!oW-I.\(;, II. The act of narrowing or con- 
 tracting. 
 
 2. The part of a stocking which is narrowed. 
 NAR'R6\V-LY, adv. With little breadth. 
 
 2. Coniractedly ; without much extent. 
 
 3. Closely ; accurately ; with minute scrutiny ; as, 
 to look or watch narrowbj, lo jiearch narrowlii. 
 
 4. Nearly ; wilijiii a litUi ; by a small distance ; 
 
 5. Sparinglv. Ifi-i, he narrowly escaped. 
 NAR'RoW-iMiND'ED, a. Illiberal; mean-spirited; 
 
 of confined views or sentiments. 
 NAR'RoW-.MIND'EO-NESS, n. Confined views or 
 
 sentiments ; illibenility. 
 NAR'RoW-NESS, n. Smallness of bre.idth or dis- 
 tance from side to side ; as, the narrowness of cluth, 
 of a street or highway, of a stream or sea. 
 
 a. Smallness of extent; conlractediiess ; as, the 
 TiarTww3iif.v.s- of capacity oreoniprehensioii ; narrowness 
 of knowledge or attainments. 
 
 .3. Smallne.ss of estate or means of living ; pover- 
 ty ; as, the narrowness of fortune or of circumstances. 
 
 South. 
 
 4. Contractedness ; penuriousncss ; covetousness. 
 as, narrowne.fs of heart. 
 
 5. Illibenility ; want of generous, enlarged, or 
 charitable views or sentiments; as, narrowness of 
 niiiiil or view.s. 
 
 N'AH'ltoW-SIGHT'ED, a. Having a narrow sight. 
 
 NAR'WAL, ( ,„ „, 
 
 NXR'WllAl„r- [G- nanrall.] 
 
 The Monodon wonoceros, a cetaceous mammal 
 found in the northern seas, which prows to twenty 
 feel ill length. The spinicle of this animal is im the 
 anterior p:irt of the skull. When young it has two 
 tusks, but when old it h.as but one, which projects 
 from the upper jaw, and is straight. From this cir- 
 cumstance of its having one tusk only, it lias ob- 
 tained Ihe name of the SzaUmcorn or Unicor.n 
 Fish. Pennant F.neye. 
 
 NA*, for Ne HAS. Has not. [Oi.--.] Spenser. 
 
 N.\'?AL, a. [L. ?ia.v«.v, nose; It. nasale.] 
 
 Pertaining ^o the nose ; formed or affected by the 
 nose ; as, a nasal soniitl ; a nasal letter. 
 
 NA'SAL, n. A letter whose sound is afTccted by the 
 nose. 
 
 a. A medicine thai operates through the nose : an 
 errhine. Barton. 
 
 N.ySAI/I-TY, n. The state or quality of being nas.al. 
 
 N A'S.A L-T7.E, r. r. To rentier na.s;tl, as stiiinil. 
 
 NA'S.AI^IZ-KI), (na'zal-Izd,) pp. or a. Rendered na- 
 sal, as soiinil. 
 
 Na'.«.AI,-I,Y, adr. In a nasal manner; by the nose. 
 
 NAS'eAL.,n. A kind of pessary. Ferrand. 
 A (wssary made of wool or cotton, to raise the nose 
 when compressfd. I'arr. 
 
 N.A.'^'CEN-t'Y, n. The beginning of production. 
 
 N.\S'CE\T, a. [L. na.scens, nascor, to be born.] 
 
 1. Reginning to exist or to grow. 
 
 2. In chemistry, in the act of being produced or 
 evolveil, as a gas. Black. 
 
 NA?E'BKR-RY, ii. The fruit of a tropical tree of the 
 genus Achras. Loudon. 
 
 N.\S'l-GOR-NOUS, 0. [T<. nasus, nose, and corntL, 
 horn. ] 
 
 Having a horn growing on Ihe nose. Brown. 
 
 NAT 
 
 N AS'l-FORM, a. [I., nojsus, nose, ond /iTrm.] 
 
 Having tht; shape of the nose. 
 NAS'Tl l.V, n</ii. [frum nasty.] In a nasty manner , 
 nilhilv ; dirtilv. ' 
 2 Obscen, ly. 
 NAS'Tl-i\ESS, n. Extreme fillliiness ; dirtiness; 
 filili. 
 
 2. Ob-^cenity ; ribaldry. Sooth. 
 N;\S-Tri!"ril'".M, ) n. [L. na-iturtium ; quod iia.siim 
 NAS-TI K'TION, ( lorqiieal. Farn,.] 
 
 An .AiiiiTican annual plant, with ptingi nt fruit, 
 belonging to the genus Tropnroluiii , 1 iitliaii cresses, 
 llotaiiists apply the name nasturtium to tin' water- 
 cress anil plants allied to it. P. Cijc. 
 NAS'TV, (I. (Origin iiiikiiown. Uu. G. vass, wi't 1 
 I. Disgustingly filthy ; very dirty, foul, or defiled ; 
 n:uise(ills. Jlttrrbury. 
 a. Oliscene. 
 NA'SlfTK, a. [L. nasntus.] 
 
 I'ritically nice ; ctiptitiiis. Bp. Gauden. 
 
 NA'TAI., a. [L. nulolu, from nascor, to be born.] 
 
 Pertaining to birth. The natal tlay is the tlay of 
 birth or nativity, iso we say, natal hour ; natal place. 
 
 Camden. Prior. 
 NA-TAl, r'TIAI,, (-ish'al,) ) a. [L. H«(u/ifiu.<, from 
 Na-TAI.-1"TIOUS, ( ish'iis,) j nascor, to be born.] 
 Pertaining to one's birth or birtlitlay, or consecra- 
 ted to one's nativity. Evelyn. 
 Na'T.AI.S, h. /)/. Time and place of nativity. 
 NA'T.'WT, «. [I., nutans, I'rriii nato, Iti swim ] 
 
 III botany, su inimiiig; tloatiiig on the surface of 
 water, as the leaf of an atpiatie plaiil. 
 
 Lee. Martyn. 
 Na'TA.N'T I.Y, adv. Swimmingly ; tloatingly. 
 NA-Ta'TI().\', n. [L. uatutiu, from nolo, to swim.] 
 A swiiiiiiiiiig; the act of fioating on thir water. 
 \J-,ittle used.] Brown. 
 Na-TA-To'RI-AI/, tt. In oT7iiMn/nin(, swimming, or 
 atlapteil to s\\-iiniiiiiig ; a term applied to such birds 
 as li:iliititall\' live upon the water. Stramson, 
 NA'TA-TO l!Y, (/. Eiialiliiig to swim. Brit. Crit. 
 N.ATCIl, n. [fur .Notch.] The part of an ox between 
 
 the loins, near the rtinip. Marshal. 
 N.\Tiri..i;."^S,a</r. [Sax. nathclis ; na, the, and Icjis, not 
 the le.ss.] 
 
 Nevertheless ; not the less ; notwithstanding 
 [ Obs. I Mdton. 
 NATII'.MoRF., adv. [na, the, and more.] .Not the 
 - more; never the more. [Obs.] Spenser 
 NA'TION, 71. [L. natio, from natus, born ; nascor, to 
 be btirn ; perhaps lUh. V-.J 
 
 1. A body of people iiibaliiting the same country, 
 or uiiiteil under the same sovereign or government ; 
 as, the English nation ; the French nation. It often 
 happens that many nations are subject to tme govern- 
 ment, in which case, the word nation usually denotes 
 a hotly of people s|ieaking the same langimge, or a 
 hotly that has ftirmerly been under a distinct govern- 
 ment, but has been conquered, or incorporated with 
 a larger nation. Thus the empire of Russia conipre- 
 heiitls many nations, as ttid ftirmerly the Roman and 
 Persian empires. Aafiaii, as its et> inology iiiijitirts, 
 originally ilenoted a family or race of men desceniled 
 from a common progenitor, like tribe, lint by emigra- 
 tion, coiiipiest, and intermixture of men of different 
 families, this clistinction is in most countries lost 
 
 2. A great number, by way of eniph.asis. ynun^. 
 Na'TION-AL, (ni'sliun-al or uash'un-al,) a. Pertain- 
 ing to a nation ; as, national customs, dress, or lan- 
 guage. 
 
 2. Public ; general ; common to a nation ; as, a 
 national calamity. 
 
 3. Attached, or unduly attached, to one's own 
 country. 'I'lie writer manifested much national 
 prejiiilice. He w.is too national to be impartial. 
 
 .Vational guards ; in France, the militia of the 
 kiOL'tloin. 
 
 Na'T10.N-.\I,-I¥Mj (na'shiin- or nash'un-,) n. The 
 stale of being national ; nationalit\'. 
 
 NA-TION-AL'I-'I'Y, (na-shun- or iiash'iin-,) ii. Na- 
 tional character ; also, the quality of being national, 
 or stronglv attacliert to one's own natiim. Bostcell, 
 
 .\A'TIO.\-.\l.-IZE, (nS'shiin- or ii.ash'iin-,) r. (. To 
 make national ; to give to one Ihe character and 
 habits of a nation, or the iHCiiliar attachments which 
 belting to cill/.ens of the same nation. 
 
 NA'TI0N-AI,-I7,-A;I), pp. Rendered national. 
 
 NA'TION-.\I.-I7,-I.N(;, ;)/)r. .Making national; giv- 
 ing one the character and habits of a nation. 
 
 Na'TION- Al.-I.V, (iii'shiin- or nash'un-,) adv. In 
 regard to the nation ; as a w hole iialitm. 
 
 Thr Jews — hL-iiig nauonally c»putiwtl to (lOtl by eovonnnt. 
 
 South. 
 
 Na'TIO.\-AI,-.NESS, n. Slate of being national. 
 N.\'T1VE, 0. [L. nativus, from nascor, naius, to be 
 born.] 
 
 1. Produced by nature ; original ; born with the 
 being ; natural ; not acquired ; as, natirc genius ; na- 
 tire aflectitms ; a nattrr tab-lit or disposition ; natire 
 cheerfiilne.ss ; natire simplicity. 
 
 2. Proiluceil by nature ; not factitious or artificial ; 
 as, native ore ; notice color. 
 
 3. Conferred bj^birtli ; as, native rights and privi- 
 leges. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 743 
 
NAT 
 
 4. Perti\ining to the place of biitli ; as, nutirc soil ; 
 nafire Cdiintry ; Nat(rc praces. Skak. 
 
 5. < )n!;iiiiil ; that of vvliicli any thing is made ; as, 
 man's itntu-e dust. Jt!UUm. 
 
 6. Rom with ; consenial. Shak. 
 NA'TfVE, ;i. One born in any place is said to he a 
 
 native of thai place, whether country, city, or town, 
 
 2. OtTsprinc. [AT/t in it.«p.] " Sliak 
 
 3. \n natural kift^ntj^ plants and animals are said to 
 be Natives of that country or place froni w hich they 
 ori;;iually came. Thus, the guinea-pig and the pota- 
 to are imtive.i of South America. Ena/c. Jim. 
 
 Na'TIVE-LV, adv. By birth ; naturally ; originally. 
 
 Tunlor. Lirrht^fuot, 
 
 NS'TIVE-NESS, re. State of being produced by na- 
 ture. Jo/inson. 
 
 N.\-TrV'I-TY, Ji. Birth ; the poming into hfe or the 
 world. The feast of Christmas is observed in mem- 
 ory of Christ's nativity. 
 
 2. Time, place, and manner of birth. 
 
 3. State or place of being produced. 
 
 Tlii-sr, ill thi-ir (l,\rk jiativily, Ih.^ ikep 
 
 Sli;ill yield us pi-egimiil Willi iiill?rii;U flame. Milton. 
 
 4. In astrolotrti, a representation of tlie positions of 
 the heavenly bodies at the moment of one's birth, 
 supiiosed to indicate his future destinies ; as, to cal- 
 culate one's nalivitij. Braiidc. 
 
 NAT'KA, ;i. A bird, a species of slirike. Pennant. 
 
 Na'TRO-LiTE, n. A zeolite, occurring generally in 
 implanted groups of glassy, acicular crystals, and in 
 fibrous concretions. It consists of silica, alumina, 
 and soda, and is part of the old species tnesotype. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 Na'TRON, n. Native carbonate of soda; another of 
 soda, with half more of carbonic acid, is called Tbo- 
 NA. Dana. 
 
 NAT'TF-LY, adv. In a natty manner. 
 
 NAT'TY, a. Neatly fine ; spruce. [Cnlloquial.] 
 
 NAT'lT-RAL. (nat'yu-ral,) n. [Fr. nature!: L. natura- 
 Zi.v, from nutura, nature, from nascor, to be born or 
 produced.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to nature ; produced or effected by 
 nature, or by the laws of growth, formation, or mo- 
 tion, impressed on bodies or beings by divine power. 
 Thus we speak of the natural growth of animals or 
 plants; the natural motitm of a gravitating body; 
 natural strength or disposition ; the natural heat of 
 the bt»dy ; natural color ; natural beauty. In this 
 sense, natural is ojjposed to artijiciul or acquired. 
 
 2. According to the stated course of thinj^s. Pov- 
 erty and shame are the natural consequences of cer- 
 tain vices. 
 
 3. Not forced ; not f ir fetched ; such as is dictated 
 by nature. The gestures of the orator are natural. 
 
 4. According to the life ; as, a natural representa- 
 tion of the face. 
 
 5. Consonant to nature. 
 
 Fire and wanmli tog^tlirr, atul so seem to carry with them as 
 natural an evijence us seH'-evident IruUis Ibeiiiselves. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 6. Derived from nature, as opposed to Habitual. 
 The love of pleasure is natural; the love of study is 
 usually habitual or acquireil. 
 
 7. Discoverable by reason ; not revealed ; as, natu- 
 ral religion. 
 
 8. Produced or coming in the ordinary course of 
 things, or the progress of animals and vegetables; 
 as, a natural death ; opposed to Violent or Piiema- 
 
 TC'RE. 
 
 9. Tender ; affectionate by nature. Sliak. 
 
 10. Unaffected ; unassumed ; according to truth 
 and reality. 
 
 What c:in ly more natural than the ciitiimslances of the l> lia- 
 vior (>r those woineii wlio had lust their husbands mi tins 
 fatiil day ? Adilison. 
 
 11. IMi;gitiniate ; born out of wedlock ; as, a natu- 
 ral son. 
 
 12. Native ; vernacular ; as, one's natural language. 
 
 ' Smifl. 
 
 13. Derived from the study of the works of nature ; 
 as, natural knowledge. Mdtson. 
 
 11. A natural note, in music, is th.at which is ac- 
 cording tf) the usual order of the scale ; opposed to 
 JUit and sharp notes, which are cal'ed artificial. 
 
 J^atural history, in its most extensive sense, is the 
 description of whatever is created, or of the whole 
 universe, including the heavens and the earth, and 
 nil the productions of the earth. Rut more t:enerally, 
 natural history is limited to a dcscr4pIion of the earth 
 and Us productions, including zoology, botany, geol- 
 ogy, mim rabigy, &c. 
 
 Miiural orders, in balany, are groups of genera re- 
 ■embliiig each other. 
 
 JVfitt/rrt/ 7;/it7o/(o/j/iy originally signified the study of 
 nature in general. In pre,ient usage, natural or me,- 
 chanirat philuiuphij relates to the phenomena anil laws 
 of masiCH of matter, and considers those elfectsonly 
 which are not alteniled by nny change of nature, as 
 motion, Slc. It is di>lingiiislied from ehemistrij, 
 which relates to the phcntimena nnil laws of parti- 
 cles of mailer, anrLi-'iiibrncrK their changes of nrtttirc. 
 Olmsted. It !•« distingtiished from intellectual and 
 mural philosophy, which resp^rl the minil or iindcr- 
 •tanding of man, und the qualities of actions. 
 
 NAT 
 
 NAT'tJ-RAL, (nat'yu-ral ) n. An idiot ; one born 
 without the usual powers of reason or understand- 
 ing. Thi:j is probably elliptical for natural fuol.] 
 
 2. A native ; an original inhabitant, \_J^ui in iise.] 
 
 Raletrh. 
 
 3. Gift of nature ; natural quality, [JVot in use.'] 
 
 B. ./anson. Wotton. 
 
 4. In music, a character used to restore to its natu- 
 ral tir usual sound a note which, according to a pre- 
 
 • vioiis character, would be Hat or sharp. 
 
 NAT'IJ-RAL-IS.M, 71. Mere state of nature. Lavin<rton. 
 2, The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural 
 agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in 
 the Bible, and in the grace which renews and sanc- 
 tifies men, J, Murdoch. 
 
 NAT'll-RAL-IST, n. One that studies natural his- 
 tory and philosophy, or [ihysics ; one that is versed 
 in natural history or philosophy. It is more sener- 
 allv applied to one that is versed in natural hiitory. 
 
 NAT-U-RAL'I-TY, 71. Tlie state of being natural, 
 [Obs.] 
 
 NAT-lT-RAL-I-Z.\'TION,7t.--'[Pee Naturalize.] The 
 act of investing an alien with the rights and privi- 
 leges of a native subject or citizen. J^aturatization, 
 in Great Britain, is only by act of parliament. In 
 the United States, it is by act of congress, vesting 
 certain tribunals with the power. 
 
 NAT'lJ-RAL-IZE, (nat'yu-ral-Ize,) v. t. [from natu- 
 ral, nature.] To confer on an alien the rights and 
 privileges of a native subject or citizen ; to adopt 
 foreigners into a nation or state, and place them in 
 the condition of natural btirn sulijects. 
 
 2. To make natural ; to render e.^sy and familiar 
 by custom and habit ; as, custom naturalizes labor or 
 stuiiy. * SoulA. 
 
 3. To adapt ; to make suitable ; to acclimate ; as, 
 to naturalize one to a climate. 
 
 4. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or ver- 
 nacular J to make our own ; as, to naturalize foreign 
 woriis. 
 
 5. To accustom ; to habitu.lte ; as, to naturalize the 
 vine to a colil climate. Gibbon. 
 
 NAT'U-RAL-rZ-£I), pp. or a. Invested with the priv- 
 ileges of natives; rendered easy and familiar; 
 adapted to a climate ; acclimated ; received as na- 
 tive. 
 
 NATTT-RAL-TZ-ING, ppr. Va»ting with the rights 
 of native subjects ; making easy ; acclimating ; 
 adoptins. 
 
 NAT'Q-RAL-LY, (nat'yn-ral-e,) adv. According to 
 nature ; by the force or impulse of nature ; not by 
 art or habit. We are naturally prone to evil. 
 
 2. According to nature ; without affectation ; with 
 just representation ; according to life. 
 
 3. According to the usual course of things ; as, the 
 effect or consequence naturally follows. 
 
 4. Spimtaneously ; without art or cultivation. Ev- 
 ery plant must have grown naturally in some place or 
 other. 
 
 NAT'i;-RAL-NESS, n. The state of being given or 
 produced by nature ; as, the naturalness of desire. 
 
 South. 
 
 Q. Conformity to nature, or to truth and reality ; 
 not aftectation ; as, the naturalness of the eyebrows. 
 
 Drn/den. 
 
 NAT'U-R AI.S, n. pi. Among physicians, wh.atever be- 
 longs naturally to an animal ; opposed to Non-nat- 
 VRALS. [It may, perluips, be sumetimes used in Vie 
 sinrrular.] 
 
 Na'TURE, (nat'yur,) n. [Fr, id. ; I„ Sp, and It. na- 
 tura ; from jtatus, born, produced, from nascor.] 
 
 1. In a treneral sense, whatever is made or pro- 
 duced ; a word that ctimprehentls all the works of 
 God ; the universe. Of a phenix we say, there is no 
 such thing in nature. 
 
 And look tlifon^li nature up to nature^g God. Pope. 
 
 2. By a metonymy of the effect for the cause, na- 
 ture is used for the agent, creator, author, producer, 
 of things, or for the powers that produce them. By 
 the expression, " trees and fossils are produced by 
 nature," wo mean, they are formed or produced by 
 certain inherent powers in matter, or we mean that 
 they are produced by God, the Creator, the Author of 
 whatever is made or produced. The opinion that 
 things are protluced by inherent powers of matter, 
 inilependent of a supreme, intelligent Author, is 
 atheism. But generally, men mean by nature, thus 
 used, the Author of created things, or the operation 
 of his power. 
 
 3. 'I'he essence, essential qualities, or attributes, 
 of a tliiuL', which constitute it what it is; as, the 
 nuture of tin; soul ; the nature of blood ; the nature 
 of a lliiid ; the nature of plants, tir of a metal ; the 
 nature of a circle or an nnglt;. When we speak of 
 the nndirc of man, we understand the peculiar con- 
 stitution of his body or mind, or the qualities of the 
 species which distinguish him from other animals. 
 When we spt.-ak of the nature of a man, or an indi- 
 viilual of the race, we mean his particular tpialities 
 or constitution ; either the peculiar temperniuent of 
 his body, or the affections of his mind, his natural 
 appetites, passions, disposition, or temper. So of 
 irrntional animals. 
 
 NAU 
 
 4. The eslablishetl or regular course of things ; as 
 when we say, an event is nt>t according to nature, or 
 it is out of the order of nature. Boyle. 
 
 5. A law or principle i f action or motion in a nat- 
 ural body. A stone by nature falls, or inclines to fall. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 6. Constitution ; aggregate powers of a body, es- 
 pecially a living one. VV'e say, nature is strong or 
 Weak ; nature is almost exhausted. Boyle. 
 
 7. The constitution and appearances of things. 
 
 The works, whether of poets, painters, nioraiists, or historians, 
 wliich are biiill upon general rialure, Uve forever. ReynoldM. 
 
 8. Natural affection or reverence. 
 
 Have tve not seen 
 The murdering son ascend his parent's bed, 
 Through violated nature force his way? 
 
 9. Sj stem of created tilings. 
 
 He, binding nature fusl in fate, 
 Leil conscience tree and will. 
 
 10. Sort; species; kind; particular character. 
 
 A dispute of this nature causeti mischief to a king and an arch- 
 bishop. Drylen. 
 
 11. Sentiments or images conformed to nature, or 
 to truth and reality. 
 
 Only nature Ciin ple;\se those tastes wliich are unprejudiced and 
 
 refined. Addison. 
 19. Birth. No man is noble by nature. 
 NA'TIJRE, (nat'yur,) v. t. To endow with natural 
 
 qualities. UVoi in use.] Oower. 
 NA'TIiR-IS'r, 71. One who ascribes every thing to 
 
 nature. Boyle. 
 NA-Tu'RI-TV, 71. The quality or state of being pro- 
 duced by nature, [ji very bad word, and not used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 NAU'FRAGE, 71. [L. naufragimn ; navis, a ship, and 
 frangn, to break. See Wreck, which is from the 
 same root, break, \j. fractus.] 
 Sliipwreck. [JVot in tise.] 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Things naught and things indifferent. 
 It is naught, it is naught, says the buye 
 
 Brown. 
 
 NAU'FRA-GOUS', a. Causing shipwreck. [Little 
 
 vsed.] Taylor, 
 NAUGHT, (nawt,) n. [Sax. naht, nauht, compounded 
 of ne and aurrltt or wiht, a creature, wight ; Goth. 
 niwaihi. fVailit coincides with wight, L. quid, quod. 
 (See Aught.) This word should not be written 
 Nought.] 
 Nothing. 
 
 Doth Job serve God for naught ? — Job i. 
 Thou sellest tliy people tor naught. — Ps. xliv. 
 
 To set at naught; '.o slight, disregard, or despise. 
 
 Ye have set at naught all iny counsel. — Prov. i. 
 
 NAUGHT, (nawt,) adv. In no degree. 
 
 To wealth or sovereign power be naught applied. Fairfax, 
 
 NAUGHT, (nawt,) a. Bad ; worthless ; of no value 
 or account. 
 
 Hoolter. 
 Prov. XX. 
 
 NAUGHT'I-LY, (nawt'i-ly,) adv. Wickedly; cor- 
 ruptly. 
 
 NAUGHT'I-NESS, (nawt'i-ness,) 71. Badness; wick- 
 edness ; evil principle or purpose. 
 
 1 know thy pride and the naughtiness of thy heart. — • 1 Sam. 
 xvii. 
 
 2. Slight wickedness of children ; pcrverscness ; 
 miscbievousness. Dniden. Shak. Sidney. 
 
 NAUGHT'V, (nawt'y,) a. Wicked ; corrupt. 
 
 A naughty person, a wicked man, walketb with a frowanl mouth. 
 — i*rov. vi. 
 
 2. Bad ; worthless. 
 
 The other basket had very naughty figs. — Jer. xxiv. 
 
 3. Mischievous; perverse; froward ; as, a 7iauff*/y 
 child. It is now seldom used except in the latter 
 sense, as applied to children, or in ludicrous cen- 
 
 NAUL'AGE, n. [L. nauhnn.] [sure. 
 
 The freight of passengers in a ship. [Little used.] 
 NAU'MA-€IIY, 71. [L. naumachia; Gr. ►un/jax'u i 
 fai'i, u ship, and pa\n, fight.] 
 
 1. Among the ancient Romans, a show or spectacle 
 representing a sea-fight. 
 
 2. Tlie place where these shows were exhibited. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 NAUS'CO-PY, 71. [Gr, vavg, a ship, and oKutriio, to 
 view.] 
 
 The art of discovering the approach of ships, or 
 the vicinity of land, at a distance. JUaty. 
 
 NAU'SEA, "(naw'shea,) n. [L,, from Gr, lavata, 
 irom I'ai'i, a sliip.l 
 
 Originally and properly, seasickness ; hence, any 
 Biinila~r sickness of the stomach, acctmipanied with a 
 propensity to vomit; qualm; loathing; squeainisli- 
 iie.ss of the stomach. 
 
 NAU'SE-A.NT, ( she-ant,) 71. A substance which 
 I'lrodiices nausea. 
 
 NAU'SE-ATE, (naw'she-Stc,) 7>. i. [L, nnuito,] 
 
 To become squeamish i to feel disgust; to 1)0 In- 
 clined to rt ject from the stomach, 
 
 N.'VU'SE-A'l'E, (naw'she-ale,) v. t. To loathe ; to re- 
 ject with disgust, 
 
 I'he patient rutniiratct and loathes wholesome foo»U. Bladmore. 
 Old iii-i-, Willi sill-tit pao-, conies cn'<'ping on, 
 Sauseatea the prvise which in ber youUi shu won, Drydtn. 
 2, To affect with disgust. Stoi/l. 
 
 FATE, FAH, FALL, VlHl^T — MRTE, PRgY PINE, MARtNE, DIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 744 
 
NAV 
 
 NEA 
 
 NEA 
 
 NAIT'SE-A-TEl), pp. Ilejectod willi (iisRiist. 
 NAI!'SE-A-T1NG, ppr. Loatliing j rejecting witli dis- 
 
 N AI''SK-a'TION, n. Tlie act of niuiseating. 
 
 NAU'SEOLFS, (iiaw'sliiis., a. Lonthsoiiie ; disgust- 
 ful ; disgusting ; n^garded witli ablioricnce ; as, a 
 nau^eoiiji drug or medicine. 
 
 NAU'SEOUSi-LY, B<iiJ. Luathsnmciv ; disgnstfnlly. 
 
 NAU'SEOIJS-NESS, )i. Loathsomeness ; quality of 
 exeitiiig disgust; as, the nauseousness uf a drug or 
 medicine. 
 
 The naattoutnett of iucli company dUf utU a rpivsonnM.- inun. 
 
 NAIJ'Tie, ) a. [L. nnuticus, from nauta, a sea- 
 N Al'''l'ie-.\L, i man, from navis, a sliip. See 
 Navv.] 
 
 IVrtaining to seamen or navigation ; as, nautical 
 skill ; n iinitfical almanac. 
 NAU'TI-MTE, H. [from L. nautilus, a slicll-fisli.] 
 
 A fossil nautilus. Kiriran. Dirt. 
 
 NAU'TI Loll), a. Resembling the nautilus in form 
 or sha|M>. 
 
 NAI."TI-I.Oin, 71. [A'autiliis and ci«lu<.] 
 
 That which has the form of the nautilus. 
 N A IJ'TI-LL'S, n. [L. ; Gr. mvTiAut, from vans, a 
 shi|). 1 
 
 1. The name of a small genus of ceplialnpodous 
 molliisra. The animal has the suck, eyes, parrot- 
 heak, and funnel of the other ceplialopoils ; but its 
 month, instead of the large arms and feet, is sur- 
 rounded by several circh^s of numerous small tenta- 
 cles without cups. The shell is a spiral, symmetri- 
 cal, and chambered shell, i. e. divided into several 
 cavities by partitions. Its laininie cross siiddtMily, 
 even in the last turns of the spine, which nut only 
 touch the preceding ones, but envelop them. The 
 siphon occupies the center of eacli partition. 
 
 Curirr. 
 
 9. A loose, popular name applied to the shells of 
 sevenii different genera of mollusca. The animal 
 which is s -id to sail in its shell upon the surface of 
 the water, is the Argonaula Argo, very dilferent 
 from the nautilus. I'erliaps naiudas may be said to 
 be its poetical name. 
 
 Learn of the liule nautilus to sail. Popt. 
 
 Na'V.\L, a. [L. nnvalis, from nan'.*, Gr. >' ii'?, a ship.] 
 
 1. Consisting of ships ; as, a nacal force or arma- 
 ment. 
 
 2. Pertaining to ships or to a navy ; as, naiiai 
 stores. 
 
 N.\'VAL OF'FI-CER, n. In a United States cuslom- 
 huusr, an olficer who assists the collector in col- 
 lecting the customs on merchandise imiHirted. 
 
 HuUViCT. 
 
 Na' V.^LS, n. pi. Naval affairs. [ J^'ut 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 Na'V.XRCH, (nsi'vark,) 'n. [Gr. i/nun.ivoj.l 
 
 In ancient Oreece, llie conmiander of a fleet. 
 
 Milford. 
 
 Na'V'XR€FI-Y, n. (from L. nacarcAits, an admiral.] 
 Knowledge of managing ships. Pilltj. 
 NAVE, n. [Sax. nufa, nafu ; Dan. nav ; G. nabe ; 
 ""/•J 
 
 1. The thick piece of timber in the center of a 
 wheel, in which the spokes are inserted ; called also 
 the Ilt'B or Hon. 
 
 2. The middle or body of a church, extending 
 from the baluster or rail of the choir to the pnnci[)al 
 entrance. Oirilt. 
 
 NA'VKL, (ni'vl,) n. [Pax. nnfela, from nafa, nave ; 
 D. navel ; G. nabet ; bw. naJU ; Dan. nacle ; Zend. 
 
 n<{fo; Pehlavi, vnf, Sans, nabha; Vers. (_«U no/.] 
 
 The center of the lower part of the abdomen, or 
 the point where the umbilical cord passes out of the 
 fetus. The umbilical cord is a collection of vessels 
 by which the ft-tiis of an nnitnal ctmimuntcates 
 with the parent by means of the placenta, to which 
 it is attached. F.iieiic. 
 
 »JA'VKL-<;aI,L, n. A bruise on the Sop of the chine 
 of the back of a horse, behind the sadille. Jolmroiu 
 
 NA'VKI^STKING, n. The umbilical cord. [See 
 Navel.] 
 
 NA'VKl^W'ORT, n. A succulent plant of the genus 
 Cotyledon. It has the appearance of house-leek. 
 
 Milter. 
 
 Ni'VEW, (na'vu,) n. [L. napus ; Sax. n<rpc.] 
 
 A plant, the Brassica Napus ; also called the 
 French (urnip. It has a spindle-shaped root, less 
 than the turnip. Eneye. Miller. 
 
 NA-VICq-LAR, a. (I., naricnla, a little ship.] 
 
 1. Kcl.ating to small ships or boats. BniauU 
 
 2. Shaped like a boat ; cymbiform. The navicular 
 bone is the scaphoid bone of the wrist. 
 
 C'trr. Qui'ncy. 
 NAV'I-G A-BLE, 0. [L. navagabilis, from narigo, to 
 sail, from nai-w, a ship.] 
 
 That may be navigated or passed in ships or ves- 
 sels ; as, a nariftahtr river. 
 N^V'I GA-I)I,E-NESS, i n. The nualitv or slate of 
 N^V-1 GA-niI,M-TV, \ being naviuai.le. 
 NA V'i-GA-HLV, adv. In a navigable manner. 
 
 NAVIGATE, r. i. [L. navigo, from nacu, a ship ; 
 Ir. snamluiim,} 
 To pass on water in ships ; to sail. 
 The Pheiiiciaiia navigaud to the exlreinitic* of the Western 
 Oce.in. Arbuttinol. 
 
 NAV'I-GATE, V. t. To pass over in ships ; to sail on ; 
 
 as, to navigate the Atlantic. 
 2. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing ; as, to 
 
 navigate a ship. 
 NA V'l -GA-TEI), pp. or a. Steered or managed in 
 
 passinc im the water j passed over in sailing. 
 NA V"1-(;A-T1NG, ppr. Passing on or over in sailing ; 
 
 steering and managing in sailing. 
 NAV-I-GA'TION, II. [I- nacigiilio.] 
 
 1. The act of navigating ; the act of passing on 
 water in ships or other vessels ; the state of being 
 navigable. 
 
 2. The science or art of conducting ships or ves- 
 sels from one place to another. This comprehends 
 not only the managi nieiit of the sails, but the direct- 
 ing and measuring of the course of ships by the 
 laws of geometry, or by astronomical principles and 
 observations. Brandc. 
 
 a. Ships in general. 
 
 .Serial nurinatiun : the sailing or floating in the air 
 by means of balloons. 
 
 Inland navigation ; the passing of boats or small 
 vessels on rivers, lakes, or canals, in the interior of 
 a country ; ctmveyancc by boats or vessels in the in- 
 terior of a country. 
 NA V'I-GA-T()R, n. One that navicates or sails ; 
 c/iic/!y, one w ho directs the course of a ship, or one 
 who is skillful in tile art of navigation. We say, a 
 boltl nuvigatuVf an experienced navigator, an able 
 nari^ratur. 
 
 NA'VV, n. [L. nacis; Gr. lai'f, from irt.i, to swim, 
 Ij. no, vftto ; Sans, nan ; Armenian, naw: Pers. nati- 
 dan. The elements tif the verb are prtibably JVi/, co- 
 inciding with Eng. nod, Ij. nuto. To swim, then, is 
 to move up and down. Class Nd, No. 3, 9.) 
 
 I. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchant- 
 men, or so many as sail in company. 
 
 The muy of Hiram brotight Jul.l from Ophir. — 1 Knipi X. 
 
 S. The whole of the sliijis of war belonging to a 
 nation tir king. The navy of Great Britain is the de- 
 fense of the kiiiiidom anil its commerce. This is 
 the usual acceptation of the word. 
 
 3. The oHicers and men belonging to a navy. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 NAWL, 71. An awl. [JVof in itsc] 
 
 NaY, adv. [A contracted word ; L. neso! Sw. 7i<'!/ 
 
 or ncj, from neka, to deny ; W. nac, from naca, to 
 
 deny.] 
 
 1. No ; a word that expresses negation. 
 
 1 tell you nay; but except ye repent, yc thaJl tUl Ukcwise perUii. 
 — Luke xiii. 
 
 2. It expresses also refusal. 
 
 He that will not wlifii hp may, 
 
 When he woiiUl he sluill liave nny. Proverb. 
 
 [In these senses it is now rarely used ; Tto being 
 substituted.] 
 
 3. Not only so ; not this alone ; intimating that 
 something is to he added by way of aiiiplilication. 
 He requested an answer; nay, he urged it. 
 
 NAY, n. Denial ; refusal 
 
 Shak. 
 
 NAY, r. f. To refuse. [JVotinv3e.^ 
 NAY'WARD, n. Tendency to denial. [JVot 
 
 NAY"WORD, (na'wurd,) n. A by-word ; a proverbial 
 reproaehj a watchword. [04*.] SliaJc. 
 
 NA7.-A-I{I'".'AN, (71. One of a sect of Jiidaizing 
 
 N.\Z-A-Rf.NE', \ Christians in the second century, 
 who observed the laws of Moses, and rejected the 
 commonly received Gosfiels, holding a peculiar one of 
 their own. Murdoch. 
 
 NAZ-A-RkNE', n. An inhabitant of Nazareth ; one 
 of the early converts to Christianity ; in contempt. 
 Acts XX iv. 
 
 NAZ'A-RITE, 71. A Jew who bound himself by a 
 vow to extraordinary purity of life and devotion. 
 
 Murdock. 
 
 NAZ'A-RIT-ISM, n. The vow and practice of a Naz- 
 arite. Burdrr. 
 
 NAZE, 71. A cliff or headland, same as a Ness. Smart. 
 
 tip,, [Sax.] not, is obsolete. We find it in early 
 English writers, prefixed to other words ; as, nill, 
 for ne will, will not ; nas, for lu has, has not ; nis, 
 for 7i« is, is not. Spenser. 
 
 NEAF, (neef,) n. [Ice. neji ; Scot, nieve.] 
 
 _ The fisL [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 NkAI., (neel,) r. (. [Sax. anirtan, to kindle.] 
 
 To temper and retluce tti a due consistence by 
 heat. But Skai. is Huui rarely used, [See Anneal.] 
 
 Nf.AL, r. i. To be tem|)crcd "by heat. [Little used.] 
 [Sff Anneal,] Bacon. 
 
 Nk AP, (neep,) n. [This word may belong to the root 
 of neb, nib: Ice. ntf, nose ; Eth. ana/.] 
 The tongue or pole of a cart, sled, or wagon. 
 
 AVui England. 
 
 NEAP, a. [Sax. hnipan, to incline, to fall.] 
 
 I.4IW. The neap tides are those which happen near 
 the first a.nd last quarters of the moon, when llir dif- 
 ference between liigli and low water is less than at 
 
 any other period in the month. They are oppoocil 
 
 to spring tides. 
 Nf.AP n. A neap tide. [Sec the adjective.] 
 Ni^AP'ED, (noept,) j a. U'fl aground. A sliip la 
 BE-NEAP'yjl), (-neept,) j said to be neaped when left 
 aground, particularly on the bight of a spring tide, 
 so that she will not float tdl the return of the next 
 spring tide. Totten. 
 NE-A-POI/I-TAN, a. Belonging to Naples, in Italy. 
 NE-A-POI.'I-TAN, 71. An inhabitant or native of the 
 
 kingdom of Naples. 
 NkAP'-TIDE, 71. A name given to certain tides. [See 
 Neap, a.] 
 
 NkAR, (neer,) a. [Pax. Tier, or neara, ntgher. This 
 seems to bo a contracted word, frtiiii ntghrr,ihe com- 
 parative of nek, nih, or nirh, I), naauw, G. nahe, Sw. 
 nar, Dan. iiar, VV. nig, strait, narrow ; nigiaw, to 
 narrow.] 
 
 1. Nigh , not far distant in pla( », time, or degree. 
 Regularly, near Bhoiild be followed by to, but this is 
 often omittetl. We say, a house stai.ds near a river ; 
 a friend sits near me ; the man fell, and was 7icar de- 
 struction. 
 
 Anil Jacob went nenr to Isaac his father. .— Gen. ixvii. 
 
 Now is our Halvatiun nearer than wlien we believeil. — Rom. ziU. 
 
 2. Closely related by blood. 
 
 She is thy father's nrar kinswoman. — Ij<v. xviil. 
 
 3. Not distant in affection, support, or assistance; 
 present ; ready ; willing to aid. 
 
 Call upon the Lonl while he is ftear. — Is. Iv. 
 
 4. Intimate ; united in clo.se ties of affection or con- 
 fidence ; as, a neur friend. 
 
 5. Dear; affecting one's interest or feelings ; as, a 
 near concern. 
 
 My ntaresl life. Shak. 
 
 6. Close ; parsimonious. 
 
 7. Close ; not loose, free, or rambling ; as, a version 
 near the original. 
 
 8. Next to one ; on the left ; opposed to OfF ; !is, 
 the near horse or ox in a team. 
 
 NliAR, ni/i). AlmoPt ; within a little. It is near twelve 
 o'cltick. The iiayiuer.t of sucli a sum would go near 
 to ruin him. MdUon. 
 
 Nv..\R,v. t. To approach; to come nearer; :is, the 
 ship neared the land ; a seaman*3 phrase. Also used 
 intransitively. 
 
 NeAR'EST, a. [siiperl. of 7ifarJ Shortcut ; most di- 
 rect ; as, the nearest way to London. So we use 
 Nearer for Shorter. 
 
 [ This use of these words is not correct, but very eom- 
 Tnoii.] 
 
 NeAR'LY, adv. At no great distance ; not remotely. 
 
 2. Closely ; as, two persons nearly related or allied. 
 
 3. Intimately; pressingly ; with a closL^elation to 
 one's interest or liappiness. It nearly concerns us to 
 preserve peace with our neighbor. 
 
 4. Almost ; within a little. The fact is nearly de- 
 monstrated. 
 
 5. In a parsimonious or niggnrdlv manner. 
 NEAR'NESS, n. Closeness; small distance. The 
 
 nearness of a place to a market enhances the value 
 of lands. 
 
 2. Close alliance by blood; propinquity: as, the 
 neatness of brothers and sisters, parents and children. 
 
 3. Close union by affection ; intimacy of friend- 
 ship. 
 
 4. Parsimonv ; closeness in expcn.seg. Bacon. 
 NkAR'-SIGIIT'ED, (ncer'sit'ed,) o. Short-sighted; 
 
 seeing at a small ilistance only. 
 NeAR'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being 
 short-sighted. 
 
 NEAT, (neet,) n. [Sax. neat, nelen, niten, nyten ; Sw. 
 7io£ ; Dan. nod. In Sax. geneat is a herdsman. In 
 Spanish, ganodo is cattle, and vermin ; thmbtless the 
 same word with a prefix. In W. inud is a group. 
 J^^eat coincides with the root of need in elements, and 
 if connectetl with it, the sense is, a herd, or collec- 
 tion, from crowding, pressing ; but this is doubtful,] 
 1. Cattle of the bovine genus, ils bulls, oxen, ana 
 cows. In .America, this word is used in coniposition, 
 as in ncnf'A' tongue, neal's-foot oil, and tautologically 
 in ncaf-cattle. 
 
 _ 2. A single cow. TVsser. 
 NkAT, a. ( It. iiiffi) ; Sp. 7irfo ; Fr. net ; Arm. neat, or 
 7i*'ff : I*, nitidus, niteo, to shine, to be clean, fair, or 
 fine; W. nith, pure ; nithiatc, to purify, to winnow,] 
 
 1. Very clean ; free from foul or extraneous mat- 
 ter ; ns, neat chillies. The vessels are kept wcat; tlie 
 woman keeps her house very neat. 
 
 2. Pure ; free from impure w ords and phrases ; as, 
 a neat st) le. 
 
 3. Cleanly ; presenting neatness ; as, a nraf woman. 
 
 4. Pure ; unadulterated ; as, 7i«at wine. [Ohs.] 
 
 Chapman, 
 
 5. Free from tawdry appendages, and well ailjust- 
 ed ; as, a neat dre.ss. 
 
 6. Clear of the ca.sk, case, bag, box, ke ; as, neat 
 weight. It is usuallv written Net or -N'ett. 
 
 NEAT'llERD, n. [Siiv. nralhyrd.] 
 
 A person who has the care of cattle ; a cow-keep- 
 er. Dryden. 
 
 Nk.AT'I.Y, adv. With neatness; in a neat manner; 
 in a cleiiiily manner ; as, a garment neatlii wa.-'bed. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; \8 J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 94 
 
 K K K 
 
 743 
 
NEC 
 
 NEC 
 
 NEE 
 
 2. With good laste ; witliout luwiliy oinaiiieiits ; 
 as. a lady neatly ilressed. 
 
 3. Nicely ; liaiidsumtly ; as, a vessel neatly gilt. 
 NicA'l"Ni;sS, «. Exact cleanliness; entire freedom' 
 
 from foul matter ; as, llie neutncss of a tioor or of a 
 garment. 
 
 2. Purity ; freedom from ill cliosen words ; as, the 
 neutiie^^ of style. 
 
 3. Freedom from useless or tawdry ornaments ; 
 with good adjustment of the several parts; as, the 
 i}catnegs of a dress. 
 
 NkAT'KESS, h. [from neat, cattle.] A female who 
 takes care of cattle. [JVot used in the United States.] 
 
 IVarner. 
 
 NeAT'S'-FOOT oil, n. The oil obtained by boiling 
 calves' feet. Gardner. 
 
 NEB, It. [Sax. nrh, or nrbbe ; Ice. nebhe, or nef; Dan. 
 neb, nirh, and, with a prertx, snabel; Svv. naf; D. neb, 
 sHcb ; G. schmbel. In the ditierent dialects it signi- 
 fies a bill. Leak, the nose, or the face, from extend- 
 ing, or shooting. See Class Nb, No. 2, 3, C, 8, 10, 13, 
 15, 21, 24. It is also written Njn.] 
 
 The nose ; the beak of a bird ; the bill ; the 
 mouth. 
 
 NEB'NEB, n. The East Indian name of Bablah. 
 
 NEB'lJ-LA, 71.; pi. Nebul.i:. [L. nebula; Gr. icpoi, 
 vetpeXrj ; G. nebel ; D. need ; It. neall, nettl, by contrac- 
 tion ; It. nebbia : Sp. niebin, fog, mist ; Sans, nabha, 
 a cloud. Probably the primary sense is, thick, or 
 mixed.] 
 
 1. A white spot, or a slight opacity of the cornea. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 a. In astronomy, a naine given to faint, misty ap- 
 pearances, which are dimly seen among the stars, 
 resembling a comet or a speck of fog. They are 
 usually, but not always, resolved by the telescope 
 into myriads of small stars. Olin^ited. 
 
 3. [In heraldry, it is used to describe a line drawn 
 with undulations resembling the form of clouds; or 
 a shield or charge divided by several such lines 
 drawn across it. — E. H. Barker.] 
 NEB'lI-LAR, a. Pertaining to nebula;. 
 
 M'ebular hypothesis ; a celebrated hypothesis, framed 
 by Laplace, the principles of which are as follows : 
 It supposes that the bodies composing the solar sys- 
 tem once existed in the form of a nebula; that this 
 had a revoluticm on its own axis from west to east ; 
 that, by the effect of gravity, the matter composing the 
 nebula gradually became condensed toward the cen- 
 ter ; tliat the exterior portions thus had the velocity 
 of their revolution increased, until by the centrifugal 
 force they were separated from the mass, and left 
 behind in the form of a ring ; that thus the material 
 of each of the planets was separated, while the main 
 body was condensed toward the center, I'orniiiig the 
 sun ; and finally, that each of the planetary rings, by 
 a similar process, was condensc^d into the planet, de- 
 positing in the mean time rhigs out of which its sec- 
 ondaries were formed. Olmsted, 
 NEB-t_T-LOS'l-TV', n. [from nebulous.] The state of 
 being cloudy or hazy. Med. Repos. 
 
 2. In astronomy, a name given to the faint, misty 
 appearances surrounding certain stars. Olmsted. 
 
 NEB'U-LOUS, o. [L. vebulosus.] 
 
 1. Cloudy ; hazy. [See Nebula.] 
 
 2. In astronomy, pertaining to, or having tlie ap- 
 pearance of, a nebula. 
 
 NEC-ES-Sa'RI-AN, n. [See Necessary.] An advo- 
 cate for the doctrine of philosophical necessity ; more 
 properly, Necessitahian. Priestley. 
 
 NEU'ES-SA-UIES, ( riz,) 71. pi. See Necessabv. 
 
 NEC'ES-SA-UI-LY, ado. By necessity ; in such a 
 manner that it "can not be otliersvise. Truth is neces- 
 sarily opposite to falsehood. A square is necessarily 
 different from a circle. 
 
 2. Indispensably. Most men are neccssari/i/ occu- 
 pied in procuring their subsistence. 
 
 3. By unavoidable consequence. Certain infer- 
 ences necessarily result from particular premises. 
 
 NEC'ES-SA-Rl-NESS, n. The state of being neces- 
 NEC'ES-SA-RY, o. ^L. necessarius.] [sary. 
 I. That must be; that can not be otherwise ; in- 
 dispensably requisite. It is necessary that every effect 
 should have a cause. 
 
 2 Indispensable; requisite; essential; that can 
 not be otherwise without preventing the piir|)ose in- 
 tended. Air is neccs.iartj to support animal life ; food 
 is neccssart/ to nourish the body ; holiness is a neces- 
 tfflri/ cpialilication for happiui-ss ; health is necessary 
 to the enjoyment of pleasure ; subjection to law is 
 neerssary to the safety of persons and property. 
 
 3. Unavoidable ; as, a necessary inference or con- 
 fteqiiencc fnjni facts or arguments. 
 
 4. Acting from necessity or compulsion ; opposed 
 10 FiiEE. VVhether man is a necessary or a free agent 
 is a question much diHCiissed. 
 
 NEC'ES-SA-RY, ». [from the adjective.] Something 
 neccs-ary or indispensalile to some purpose ; as, u 
 neresHnry of life ; more caininonly used in the plural. 
 
 NE(-"ES-SA RV, n. A privy. 
 
 NE-CES-SI 'l A'HI-AN, j n. One who maintains the 
 NEC-ES-SA'Rl-AN, ( doctrine of idiilosophical 
 necensity in regard to the origin and existence of 
 thingx. Beallie, 
 
 NE-CES'SI-TaTE, v. I. [from L. necessitas.] 
 
 To make necessary or indispensable; to render un- 
 avoidable ; to compel. 
 
 The Marquis of Newcastle, Ijein^ pressed on both sides, was 
 
 neceanilated to tiraw all liis uniiy into York. Clarendon. 
 Sickiiesi liii^lu necessilate liis reniuv.il Iruni court. i>outh. 
 
 NE-CES'SI-Ta-TED, pp. Made necessary, indispen- 
 sable, or unavoidable. 
 
 NE-CES'SI-Ta-TING, p;)r. Making necessary or in- 
 disjiensable. 
 
 NE-CES-SI-Ta'TION, n. The act of making neces- 
 sary ; coni[)iilsion. ILitUe used.] Bramhall. 
 NE-CES'SI-TI-/CD, (-tid,) a. In a state of want. 
 
 IJK^ot in use.] 
 
 NE-CES'SI-'l OUS, a. Very needy or indigent ; pressed 
 with poverty. 
 
 There are multitudes of necessitous heirs and penurious parents. 
 
 ArbaOinQt. 
 
 2. Narrow ; destitute ; pincliing ; as, necessitous 
 circu mstances. 
 NE-CES'SI-TOUS-LY, ado. In a necessitous man- 
 ner. 
 
 NE-CES'SI-TOUS-NESS, 71. Extreme poverty or des- 
 titution of the means of living ; pressing want. 
 
 Bamet. 
 
 NE-CES'SI-TUDE, 71. Necessitousness ; want. [JVot 
 
 used. ] Hale. 
 NE-CES'SI-TY, 71. [L. 7iccfss!(as.] 
 
 1. That which must be and can not he otherwise, 
 or the cause of that which can not be otherwise. It 
 is of necessity that a thing can not be and not be at 
 the same time. It is of necessity that two contradic- 
 tory propositions can not both be true. 
 
 2. Irresistible power; compulsive force, physical 
 or moral. If man's actions are determined by causes 
 bey(md his control, he acts frimi necessity, and is not 
 a free agent. J^ecessity compelled the general to act 
 on the defensive. 
 
 3. Indispensahleness ; the state of being requisite. 
 The 7tecessity of funds to support public credit, no 
 man questions. The necessity of economy in domes- 
 tic concerns is admitted. No man can plead necessity 
 in excuse for crimes. 
 
 4. Extreme indigence ; pinching poverty ; pressing 
 need. 
 
 The cause of nil the distn\ctions in his court or army proceeded 
 from the extreme poverty and necessity liis maj'-siy was in. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 5. Unavoidahlencss ; inevitableness ; as, the ne- 
 cessity of a consetpience from certain premises. 
 
 6. " In the plural, tilings requisite for a purpose. 
 
 NECK, 71. [Sax. kneec, hnecca, necca ; G. nick, genick, 
 the nape of the neck ; D. nek ; Sw. naclce ; Dan. 
 nakke : It. Port, and Sp. tiuca. This word is properly 
 the nape or vertebra of the neck behind, and is so 
 rendered in other languages, L. 7iux, tliat is, a nob or 
 mass ; VV. cnioc] 
 
 1. The part of an animal's body which is between 
 the head and the trunk, and connects them. In man 
 and many other animals, this part is more slender 
 than the trunk ; hence, 
 
 2. A long, narrow tract of land projecting from 
 the main body, or a narrow tract cimnecting two 
 larger tracts ; as, the neck of land between Boston 
 ami Roxbiiry. 
 
 Any |).art corresponding to a neck ; the long, slen- 
 der part of a vessel, as a retort ; or of a plant, as a 
 gourd ; or of any instrument, as a guitar. 
 
 j3 stiff neck, in Scripture, denotes obstinacy in sin. 
 
 On the neck ; immediately after; following closely. 
 
 First Ijy committing one sin on die neck of another. Perkins, 
 
 [This phrase is ntit much used. We more fre- 
 quently say, on the heels,] 
 
 To break the neck of an affair ; to hinder, or to do 
 the principal thing to prevent. 
 
 'J'o harden the neck ; to grow obstinate ; to be more 
 anil more perverse anti rebellious. JVeh. ix. 
 NECK'A-TEE, 71. A neckerchief. [Obs.] 
 NECK'UEEF, 71. The coarse flesh of the neck of cat- 
 tle, sold at a low price. 
 
 As cheap as neckheef. Swift. 
 
 NECK'€LOTII, n. A piece of cloth worn on the neck. 
 NECK'KI), (nekt,) a. Having a neck; as in stiff- 
 veelkcd. 
 
 NECK'ER-CIIIEF, ( chif,) 71. A gorget; a kerchief 
 for tilt; neck ; it was formerly applied only to female 
 attirt!. Smart, 
 
 NEt'K'LACE, 71. A string of beads, or precious stones, 
 worn bv women on the neck. .^rbathnot, 
 
 NECK'LXC-i;i), (neck'last,) a. Marked as with a 
 necklace. Sir fV, Jones, 
 
 NECK'LAND, 71. A neck or long tract of land. 
 
 Ilaketccll, 
 
 NEt'K'-TVE, 71. A neckhandkercliief. JIf. F, '/'upper, 
 NECK'VIOKSi;, n. The verse formerly read to entitle 
 a party Ici llic benefit of clergy, saiil to be the first 
 verse of the filly first Psalm, "Miserere 7nri," S^c, 
 
 Tindall. 
 
 NECK'WEEI), 71. Hemp ; in ridicule, because used 
 in hanging criminals. 
 
 Ni;e'K(» LITE, ». A vaiiety of trachvte. 
 NEe-RO-Ll^)(!i'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to, or giving an 
 
 account of, the dead, or of deaths. 
 NEC ROL'O-GIST, n. One who gives an account of 
 
 deaths. 
 
 NEC ROL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. veKpof, dead, and \nyoi, 
 discourse.] 
 
 An account of the dead, or of deaths ; a registei of 
 deaths. 
 
 NEe'RO-MAN CER,7i. [See Necbomancv.] Prop- 
 erly, one who pretends to foretell future events by 
 holding converse with departed spirits. Swift. 
 
 2. One who uses enchantments or practices stir- 
 cery. The latter is now the more usual sense. Smart, 
 
 NECRO-MAN-CY, ji. [Gr. i/to/aoj, dead, and pavriia, 
 divination.] 
 
 1. Properly, the art of revealing future events by 
 means of a pretended coiiiinunicatioii with the dead. 
 This imposture is prohibited. DeuX win, 
 
 2. Enchantiiieiit ; conjumtioii This is now the 
 more usual sense. Smart. 
 
 NEC-RO-JlAN'Tie, a. Pertainij.g to necromancy; 
 
 performed bv necromancy. 
 NEe-R(J-.\IAN'Tie, JI. Trick ; conjuration. Young. 
 NEC-RO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY, ado. By necromancy or 
 
 the black art ; by conjuration. Oretrary. 
 NEt;'R(J-NITE, 71. [Gr. i/fk^yos, dead.] 
 
 Fetid feldspar, a mineral which, when struck or 
 pounded, exhales a fetid odor like that of putrid tiesh. 
 
 llat/den. 
 
 NEC-ROPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. i/titpos and 0a, \.,.] 
 Ealing or feeding on the dead. Kirby, 
 
 NEG-ROP'O-LIS, 71. [Gr. kekjjuj and ttoXij.] 
 A city of the dead. 
 
 NEC-RO-SeOP'ie, a. [Gr. i-fxonf and rrKoittu.] 
 Relating to post-mortem examinations. 
 
 NE-CRO'SIS, n. [Gr. tt^pMait..] 
 
 1. Among physicians, mortification ; the dry gan- 
 grene. 
 
 2. Among surgeons, an inflammation of a bone 
 terminating in its death. 
 
 3. In botany, a disease of plants, consisting of 
 small black spots, beneath which the substance of 
 the plant decays. Brandc. 
 
 NECTAR, 71. [L., from the Greek.] In mythologri 
 and poetry, the drink of the gods ; hence, 
 2. Any very sweet and pleasant drink. 
 NEC-Ta'RE-AN, j a. Resembling nectar; very 
 NEC-TA'RE-OUS, \ sweet and pleasant. 
 
 Tlic juice TiecUircoas and tlie baliny dew. Pope. 
 
 NECTAR KD, a. Imbued with nectar; mingled with 
 nectar ; abminding with nectar. Milton. 
 
 NEe-TA'RE-UirS-LY, a(/c. In a nectareous manner. 
 
 NE€-Ta'RE-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 nectareous. 
 
 NEC-Ta'RI-AL, o. Pertaining to the nectary of a 
 plant. 
 
 NEC-TAR-IF'ER-OUS, a. [nectar and L. fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Producing nectar or honey ; as, a nectariferous 
 glandule. Lee, 
 NECTAR INE, ( in,) a. Sweet as nectar. Milton, 
 NECTAR INE, n. A fruit resembling the peach, but 
 with a sinootli rind. It is the Persica lajvis of De 
 Candolle. 
 
 NEe-TA'RI-UM, 71. That part of a flower which se- 
 cretes a honey-like substance ; the nectary. 
 
 NEG'TAR-IZE, I', f. To sweeten. Cockeram. 
 
 NECTAR-IZ-Kl), pp. Sweetened. 
 
 NEC'I'AR-IZ-ING, ppr. Sweetening. 
 
 NECTAR-OUS, a. Sweet as nectar. Milton. 
 
 NECTAR- Y, n. [from iifcfar.] In Man;/, the mellif- 
 erous part of a vegetable, peculiar to the dower. It 
 usually makes a part of the corol, but is sometimes 
 distinct from it. Sometimes it is in the foini of a 
 horn or spur ; sometimes in that of a cup; whence 
 it is called the Honev-cup. Martyn. 
 
 NED'DER, n. IW. nadyr i Sax. nedilcr.] 
 Anadtler. [Oi.v.] 
 
 NEED, 71. [Sax. 7ica<i, 7ico<f, nj/d ; V.nood! G. noth : 
 
 Sv/. 7iod ; Dan. 7i6't/ ; Eth. nadei, to be in 
 
 want. The primary sense is, to press. Class Nd, No. 
 7, 24.j 
 
 1. Want ; occasion for something ; necessity ; a 
 state that requires sujiply or relief. It sometimes ex- 
 presses urgent want; pressing exigency. 
 
 Wlint furtlier med liiive we of witnesses i — Matt. xxvi. 
 Kor ye liave need of patience. — lielj. X. 
 
 2. Want of the means of subsistence ; poverty ; 
 indigence. 
 
 1 Itnow how (0 alionnd and to snlTer need. — Phil. iv. 
 NEED, I). (. [Sax. geneadan, genedan, to compel ; Dan. 
 7iOf/rr.] 
 
 To want ; to lack ; to require, as supply or relief. 
 They that Ixj whole Tir«<i not u pliystcian, but tliey thitt lire sick. 
 — Matt. Ix. 
 
 NEED, V. i. To be wanted ; to bo necessary 
 
 Wlien we have ilone it, we lia»e done all thai Is in our power, 
 null all that imill. (.VoluMif.l Locks. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MfiTE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BOQK. — 
 746 ' 
 
NEG 
 
 NEG 
 
 NEG 
 
 JVerii is nftt-n used as nn niixiliary, or at least with- 
 out the pLTsuiial tt'rniiimiiuii. 
 
 Aivl lh« Icmlrr need iiu( fe^ix lie fluOl be iiiltiretl. 
 
 Anacliartit, Trant. 
 
 NEED'ED, pp. or a. WantPii. 
 NEF.D'F.U. II. One that wanLi. 
 
 NEED'FJJL, a. Nccess^rj , as supply or relief ; requi- 
 site. 
 
 All'thingi n«*f/u/ for dpfenic abouod. DryUn. 
 
 NEF.n'FlJI^LY, ado. .Necessarily. B. Jomson. 
 NEED'l-LY, 0(/r. [from needy.] In want or (hjv- 
 trlv. 
 
 NEF.D'I-XESS, n. [from netdy.] Want ; poverty ; 
 
 iiiillKfiice. Bacon. 
 NEEIt'I.\G, ppr. Wanting; requiring, as supply or 
 
 reliif. 
 
 NEE'DI.E. n. [.Sax. nedl, ntrdl ; G. naihl ; Goth. n«- 
 thul : .Ann. iiailui : It. snallnid i W. nijilieiir., friiin 
 nwi/, soinciliiiig sharp or pointed. It may be allied 
 to nritlc.\ 
 
 1. .\ small inslriiment of steel pointed M one end, 
 with an rye at the ntlier to recrive a thread ; used in 
 sewin;; and einliri)iiler>'. Needles are also used by 
 surgeons in sew ini; up wounds. 
 
 2. A small (loiiited piece of steel used in the mari- 
 ner's compass, which, by its magnetic quality, is at- 
 tracted and directed to the pole, and thus enables 
 navigators to sti er their ships the course intended ; 
 often calLd the Magxett Necole. 
 
 3. .Any crystallized substance in the form of a nee- 
 dle. 
 
 Dipping nfedlr. See Dipping Needle. 
 NEE'DLE, r. To form crystals in the shape of a 
 n-edle. 
 
 NEE 1)1. E, r. I. To shoot in crx'slallization into the 
 fnrin of iiffdl'-s , as, nPfillfd prisms. Faurcrmf. 
 
 NEE'DLE-liQtJK, ii. A place for slicking needles on 
 cloth, protected by covers like those of a bcKik. 
 
 Ciiwpfr. 
 
 NEE'ni.ED, (nec'dld,) pp. or o. Crystallized in the 
 form of needles. 
 
 NEE DLE-FISII, n. A name of certain fishes of the 
 family Syngnathida", or old genus Syngnalhiis, also 
 call.-(i PiPE-FisHEJ. They have a long and very slen- 
 der bedv. Jiirdine^s JVtl(. Lib. 
 
 NEE'DLE-F^L, n. As much thread as is put at 
 ouce in a ui'edle. 
 
 NEE'DI.E- .MaK-ER, J n. One who manufactures 
 
 NEE'DI.EK, i needles. 
 
 NEE'DLE-oRE, n. Aciciilar ore of bismuth. Dana. 
 
 NEE'Dl,l-;-P( II .N T-ED, a. Pointed as needles. 
 
 NEE'ULE-STONE, n. A mineral of the zeidite fam- 
 ily. CtfavelantL 
 
 NEE'DI.E-WORK, (nee'dl-wurk,) n. Work exe- 
 cuted with a needle ; or the business of a seamstress. 
 It is us-'d particnlarlv for embrotilerv. 
 
 NEE'ni,E-\VOKK-KD,-o. Worked with needles. 
 
 NEE'DLE-'/K'O-l.tTE, n. A species of zeolite of a 
 crayisli-white color. Ure, 
 
 NEED'LESS, a. Not wanted ; unneres,s.nr)' ; not re- 
 quisite ; as, nrrdUds labi>r ; needless expenses. 
 2. .Vol wanting. [Oft.-.J Shak. 
 
 NEED'I,ES.<-I,Y, arfc. Without necessity. 
 
 NEED'LESS-.N'ESS, n. L/iinecessariness. I^cke. 
 
 NEF.'DLI.VG, ppr. Forminc crystal.* like needles. 
 
 NEEU'.MENT, n. Something needed or wanted. 
 J.V,.( u.vr./.] Sliok, 
 
 NEEDS, oi/r. [from iif«/; Sax. ncrftt.] 
 
 Necessarily ; indispensably ; generally used with 
 musL 
 
 A irvU at law muit needt he innocent in iU'-lf. KeOitatU. 
 NEED'Y, a. Necessitous; indigent; very poor; dis- 
 lres.sed by want of the means of living. 
 
 To rrli tl>" nec'/y and comlon the alHictcvl are dutiet that &11 
 
 in onr way rirtj ilav. AtidUon. 
 Spnre tlK- liliiatica uf nttdy menu DieighL 
 
 NEEI.'GHAt;, It. See Ntlchap. 
 
 NB'EK, (Hare;) a contranitm of Neteii. 
 
 NEESE, (iieez,) c. i. [G. neesen ; D. niezcn ; Sw. ni- 
 
 usa; Dan. ityser ; Ar. K>C«>J nashaa ; hence, sneeze. 
 Class Ns, No. 31).] ^ 
 To sneeze. [0A.».] 
 
 [See SxEEiE, which is formed on this word.] 
 NEE?E'WORT, (neez'wiirt,) n. A plant. Sheneood. 
 NEES'ING, n. A snee/.ini;. [Ohs.] 
 JfE KX'F.-^ r, [L.] In /air, a writ to prevent a per- 
 son from going out of the country without a license. 
 
 Bouvirr, 
 
 NEF, K. •The nave of a church. [JVot used.] [See 
 Nave.] 
 
 NE-FA.N'DOUS, a. [L. nrfar.du.; not to be spoken.] 
 .Not to be named ; abominable. Shrtdon. 
 
 NE-FX'RI-OL'S, a. [L. nf/ariiw, from nrfas, unlaw- 
 ful, or nf and fur, fari, to Utter.] 
 
 \V icked in the extreme ; abominable ; atrociously 
 sinful or villainous ; detestably vile. 
 
 NE-FA'RI-OL'S-LY,arfo. With extreme wickedness ; 
 nboiiiinahly. Mdlon. 
 
 NE FA RI-OUS-.\ESS, The quality of being nefa- 
 niius. 
 
 NE-GA'TION, n. [L. lugatio, from nego, to deny, 
 
 Sw. nrkiu, Dan. nte<jtrr, ^V. imca, nnrhn, nagu, Fr. 
 ni>r, frtmi I., nr'ui. The sense is, to thrust, to slop or 
 re[K*l . fiir, in Italian, nrtrare is to tieiiy. and anurtrare 
 is to deny, and to drown, to stille in water; Sp. «r- 
 gar, to deny ; annegavy to drown or inundate, Fr. 
 iioycr.l 
 
 1. Denial ; a declaration that something Is not ; 
 opiKised to AFFinMATioM : as, the stiiil is nut matter. 
 
 2. In logic, description by denial, e.xclusion, or ex- 
 ception. 
 
 Negation Is the nlia^nc! of tlmt wliich doei not belonr to t)ic 
 lli!ii» »i' uri' «p<.'.ikins ol. WatU. 
 
 3. Argument drawn from denial. 
 
 It mjiv lie provfNi, hjr way ot miictuion, that they came not from 
 Kiirup-, as liavui^ no reiiiaiiak-r of the arts, l>MriiiM;. and 
 civilities of iu iJeylin. 
 
 NEG'A-TIVE, a. [Fr.negatif: L. negalirti.s.] 
 
 1. Iiniilying denial or negation ; opposed to Af- 
 FiRMATivE, as a negatire proposition is that which 
 denies. .Matter is not spirit. 
 
 2. Implying absence ; oppo.sed to Positive. 
 
 There is a ne-oftre way of ii.-nying Christ, wlien we do not 
 ackiiouteilge and conli-ss hiin. .^oulA. 
 
 3. Having the |iower of stopping or restraining. 
 A negatipe voici^, in legislatititi, is a voice or vote to 
 prevent the passing of a law or decree. 
 
 JVegntire sign ; in algebra, the sign of subtraction, 
 a sinn, thus, — , which indicates that the qiiaiitily to 
 which it is prefixeil is to be subtracted. It is opposed 
 to Positive tir .•Vfkir.mati ve. 
 
 JVegattce t/uantitij; in a/^rr&rn, a quantity ivliicli is 
 reqiiireil to bo subtracted. J. Day. 
 
 Negative electricity, according to Dr. Franklin, is a 
 deficiency of the electric rtiiid in a substance, or less 
 than the substance naturally contains. 
 NEG'A-TIVE, «. A prippositioii by which something 
 is denied ; as, matter has not the power of moving 
 itself. 
 
 2. A word that denies ; as, not, no. 
 
 3. In legislation, the right or power of preventing 
 the enaction of a law or decree. The governor li-a-s 
 not a negatice on the proceedings of the legislature, 
 but each branch has a ncgufire on the other. 
 
 J>regatire pretrnant : a negation of one thing, im- 
 plying the afiinnation of another. 
 NEG'.V Tl VE, c. t To disprove; to prove the con- 
 trary. 
 
 Tlie omission or Infreqneney of such recitals docs not ne-oiiee 
 the existence of niir.tcl'-s. Paiey. 
 
 2. To reject by vole ; to refuse to enact or sanc- 
 tion. The senate ntgatireJ the hill. 
 
 3. Tti resist a choice or what is proposed. 
 NEG'A-TI V-KD, pp. Disproved ; rejected by vote. 
 NEG'A-TIVE LY, adv. With or by denial; as, he 
 
 aiiswereti negaticeiy. Boyle. 
 
 2. In the form of speech implying the absence of 
 something; op|Hi.sed to Positively. 
 
 1 sltall ihow what this imasfe of tlo-l in man is, negaticeiy, by 
 sltt>utii? whT-in It ilu''S not consist, and jXMjliv.'ly, by 
 showing wlieieiit it doi-t consist. Soulh. 
 
 3. JVegaticely charged or electrified ; In Dr. Frank- 
 tin's theory of etectririiy, having a deficiency of the 
 electric fliiiil. [See Positively.] 
 
 NEG'A-T1VE-.\E6S, n. The quality of being nega- 
 tive. 
 
 NEG'A-TO-RY, o. That denies; belonging to nega- 
 tion. [Little used,] 
 
 NE(;-I.EeT', c. (. [L. neglectus, from negligo. In G. 
 the corresponding wtird is nacldassen, D. nahiaten, 
 ctiiniHitiiiils of nach, na, after, and lassen, Inaten, to 
 lot, to leave, to siilTer to pass. Eng. let, Fr. taiiser. 
 The sense of the latter words, then, is, to leave be- 
 hiiiil, or p<frmit to remain ; Dan. nachiiessig, negli- 
 gent. I siisiK:ct the L. neatigo to be composed of the 
 same prefix, neg lor nach, atitt linifuo, Itctnm, as n is 
 not radical in the latter. But of this I am not confi- 
 dent.] 
 
 1. "To omit by carelessness or design ; to forbear to 
 do, use, employ, promote, or attend to; as, to neg- 
 lect duly or business ; to neglect to pay honest debts ; 
 to neglect our interest or policy ; to neglect the means 
 in our (Kiwer. 
 
 2. To omit to receive or embrace ; to slight. 
 
 How sliall we escape, if we ntglect so gn^i laivation ? — Ileb. ». 
 
 3. To slight ; not to notice ; to forbear to treat 
 with alteniiiin or res|iect. Among people of good 
 breeding, strangers seldom complain of being iicr- 
 Ucled. " 
 
 4. To postptine. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 NEG-LEGT', n. Omission ; fnrbeitrancc to do any 
 
 thine that can be done or that requires to be done. 
 Jv'eglect may be from carelessness or inattenlinn. 
 The neglect of business is the cause of many fail- 
 ures ; but neglect of economy is more frequent and 
 more injurious. 
 
 2. Slight ; omission of attention or civilities. 
 J^egleet of due nmice and attention to strangers is 
 characteristic of ill breeding. 
 
 3. Negligence; habitii.il want of regard. 
 
 Age lire^is neglect in all. Denham. 
 
 4. State of being disregarded. 
 
 Ri-sciie my pa>r rrmstns Irom rile neglect. Prior. 
 
 NEG-LECT'ED, pp. or a. Omitted to be done ; slight- 
 
 ed ; disreearded. 
 NEC MX'T'ED-.VESS, n. .«tale of being nech'Cled. 
 NEG-M'.CT'Ell, II. One that neglects. [M,n-e. 
 NEG-LECT'FJJL, a. Heedless ; careless ; inalteiilivc. 
 
 I^rke. 
 
 2. .Accustomed or apt to omit what may or niiglit 
 
 3. Treadnc with neglect or slight. [lo be done. 
 
 4. Indicating neglect, slight, or iiidilfcrenc4' ; as, a 
 rte*rtretftil countenance. Locke. 
 
 NEG-I.ECT'Fj;i-l,Y,ai/e. With neslect ; with heed- 
 less iiiatleiiliiiii ; with careless intlilference. 
 
 NEG-LECT'I.\G, ;i;<r. Omitling ; passing by; for- 
 beariiiL' to do : slizlilini; ; treating Willi inilifrerrnce. 
 
 NEG-LECT'ING-LY, adc. Carelessly; heedlessly. 
 
 Slmk. 
 
 NEG-I,Ee'T'0.\, n. The state of being negliL'eiit. 
 r.\ «/ nsril.] Shak. 
 
 NKG-LECT'lVE, a. Inattentive; regardless of. [Lit- 
 tle used.] K. Charles. 
 
 NEG-LI-CBE', (neg-le-zha',) n. [Fr. negtigf.] 
 
 A kind of gown formerly worn. OoUlsmiUu 
 
 NEG'hI-CENCE, II. [L. negligenlia.] 
 
 1. Neclect ; omission In do. J\lore generally, 
 
 2. Ilabiliial omission of that which ought to be 
 done, or a habit of oiiiiltiiig lo do tilings either from 
 carelessness or design. J<'egli<rence is usually the 
 child of sloth or laziness, and the parent of disorders 
 in business, nften of poverty. 
 
 NEG'Ll-GEN'T, a. Careless; heedless; apt or acciis- 
 toineil to omit what ought to be done ; inattentive to 
 business or necessary concerns. It is applied to a 
 particular instance of neglect, or it denotes habitual- 
 ly careless or inalteiilivc. 2 Chron. xxix. 2 Pet. i. 
 
 lie tiMt tjiiiiks he can allbrd to be negligent, is noi Iax fniin heinj 
 
 poor. HatnhUr. 
 2. Regardless. 
 
 Be tiiou negligent of fame. Siei/t. 
 
 NEG'I.I-GENT-LV, adc. Carelessly ; heedlessly ; 
 without exactness ; as, a person negligently dresseil ; 
 a piece negligently written ; a farm negligently culti- 
 vated. 
 
 2. With slight, disregard, or inattention. 
 
 NE-GO-TIA-I!lL'I-TY, n. The quality of being ne- 
 gotiable or transferable by indorsement. 
 
 Scir«;/. n'alsh. 
 
 NE-GO'TI.\-ni,E, 0. [from iieo-o(ia(c.] That may be 
 transferred by as.sigiiment or indorsement ; that i:iay 
 be p.assed from the owner to another person so as to 
 vest the property in the assignee , as, a negotiable 
 note or bill of exchange. IValsh. 
 
 NE-Go'TI.V.NT, (ne-go'shant,) n. One who nego- 
 tiates ; a negotiator. [Aot used.] Ralegh, 
 
 NE-GO'TIATE, (ne-go'shile,) v, u [L. negotior ; It. 
 negoiiare ; Sp. negociar ; Fr. negocier ; from L. nego- 
 tiuiii, business, employment ; W nege.i, an erranil, 
 business ; nege.ieuit, to go on errands, to negotiate.] 
 
 1. To transact business ; to treat with another re- 
 spectins purchase and sale; to hold intercourse in 
 bargaining or trade, either in person or by a broker 
 or siibstitiile ; as, to negotiate with a man for the pur* 
 ch.-tse of goods or a farm. 
 
 2. To hold intercourse with another respecting a 
 treaty, league, or convention ; to treat with respect- 
 ing peace or commerce. 
 
 It is a crime for an ambass.ador to betray his prince, for whom he 
 shouiil negotiate. Decay of tiety. 
 
 .VE-G5'TIaTE, (ne-go'shite,) r. u To procure by 
 mutual intercourse and agreement with another ; as, 
 to negotiate a loan of money. 
 
 Ship brokers and inierpreters negotiate affr^i^tments. H'aJeh. 
 
 2. To procure, make, or establish by mutual inter- 
 course and agreement with others. .Mr. Jay negotia- 
 ted a treaty with the British ministry in 1794. 
 
 3. To sell ; to [lass ; to transfer for a valuable con- 
 sideration ; ns, to negotiate a bill of exchange. 
 
 The notes were not negotiated to litem in the usual eourae of 
 bnsinifs or tride. Kent. 
 
 NE-GO'TI.^-TED, pp. Procured or obtained by agree- 
 ment Willi anolher ; sold or transferred for a valuable 
 consiilenitiuii. 
 
 NE-Go"ri.i-TI.\G, ppr. Treating with ; transacting 
 business. 
 
 NE-(;0-TI-A'TION, (-she-S'-,) n. The net of necotia- 
 tiiig ; the transacting of business in traffic ; the treat- 
 ing with another respecting sale or piirch.ase. 
 
 2. The Iransactioii of business between nations; 
 the iiiiitual intercourse of governments by their 
 agents, in making treaties and the like ; as, the 
 negotiations at Ghent. 
 
 NE-GO'TlA-T()R. II. One th,at negotiates; one that 
 treats wiih others either as principal or ogent, in re- 
 spect to purchase and sale, or public compacts. 
 
 SteifL 
 
 Ne'GRESS, n. [See Necho.] A female of the black 
 race of Africa. 
 
 NE GRO, n. [IL and Sp. negro, black, from I>. niger.] 
 A native or ilesceiiilant of the black race of men 
 in .Africa. The word is never applied to t'le lawny 
 or olive-colored inhabitants of the northern coiust of 
 Africa, but to the more southern race of men who are 
 quite black. 
 
 Tt'.NE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VT'CIOCS. — C as K ; (5 as J ; S as Z ; CM as SIl ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 ■47 
 
NEI 
 
 NEP 
 
 NER 
 
 NE'GRO-LOrO, o. [jicnro and Gr. £i(!u5.] 
 
 Pertaining to ineu vvlio liave a resemblance to ne- 
 frroes. 
 
 Nk'GUS, n. A liquor made of wine, water, sugar, 
 nutmeg, and lemon juice ; so called, it is said, from 
 its first maker. Colonel JWotw. 
 
 NeIF, rneef,) n. [Ice. >ip/.]' 
 
 1. Tlie neaf or fist. [JVot xised.] Sliak. 
 
 2. A slave. [JVuf used.] 
 
 NEIGH, (na.) v. i. [Sax. hna^an; S\v. ^d^ga; Dan. 
 kniF-rrirar ; It. annicchtarc. In \V. cnccu signifies to 
 jar or quarrel ; cncc, a sharp noise.] 
 
 To utter the voice of a horse, expressive of want 
 or desire ; to whinny. 
 
 NEIGH, (na,) n. The voice of a horse ; a whinnying. 
 
 NEIGH'IKiK, (na'bur,) «. [Sax. nchbur, nehgcbur, a 
 nigh boor, a boor or countrj'man living ni(rli\ (see 
 Nigh;) G. iiar.hbar ; U. nabuur ; Sw. nabo ; Dan. iia- 
 bae. (See Book.) The true orthography, as tiiis 
 Word is now pronounced, is Nehboor; Sax. neJi, 
 nigh, and boor.) 
 
 1. One who lives near another. In large towns, a 
 neirrkbor is one who lives within a few doors. In the 
 coiiutry, a ncifrhbor may live at a greater distance ; 
 and in new settlements, where the people are tliinlv 
 scattered over the country, a neighbor may be distant 
 several miles. Such is the use of the word in the 
 United States. 
 
 2. One who lives in familiarity with another ; a 
 word of civility. Shak. 
 
 3. An intimate ; a confidant. [JVu£ used.] Sliuk. 
 
 4. A fellow-being, ^cts vii. 
 
 5. One of the human race; any one that needs 
 our help, or to whom we have an opportunity of do- 
 
 6. A country that is near. [ing good. Luke x. 
 NEIGH'BOR, (na'bur,) a. Near to another ; adjoin- 
 ing ; next. Smart. 
 
 NEIGH'BOR, (na'bur,) v. t. To adjoin ; to confine on 
 or be near to. 
 
 These grow on the hills that neighbor the shore. Sandys. 
 
 2. To acquaint with ; to make near to, or make 
 familiar. [Au« used.] Shak. 
 
 Tu neighbor it ; in colloquial language, to cultivate 
 friendlv Intercourse by mutual visits. 
 NEIGlI'iiOR-HOOD, (na'bur-,) n. A place near; vi- 
 cinity ; the adjoining district or any place not distant. 
 He lives in my neighborhood. 
 
 2. State of being near each other ; as, several states 
 in a neighburhnod. Swift. 
 
 3. The inhabitants who live in the vicinity of each 
 other. 'J'lie fire alarmed all the neighborhood. 
 
 NEIGH'BOR-ING, a. Living or liemg near; as, the 
 neighboring inhabitants ; neighboring countries or na- 
 tions. Paley. 
 
 NEKJII'BOR-LI-NESS, n. State or quality of being 
 neigliborly. ScoU. 
 
 NEIGH'BOR- LY, a. Becoming a neighbor; kind; 
 civil. 
 
 Juil»e if this be neighborly dealing. Arbuthnot. 
 2. Cultivating familiar intercourse ; interchanging 
 
 frequent visits ; social. Friend, you are not /inV/iftuWi/. 
 NEIGH'BOR-LY, ado. With social civility; as, to 
 
 live neighborly. 
 NEIGH'BOR-SHIP, 71. State of being neighbors. [JVur 
 
 in use.] Miss Baillie. 
 
 NEIGH'I.N'G, (na'ing,) ppr. Whinnying. 
 NEIGH'LNG, (na'ing,) n. The voice of a horse; a 
 
 whiimying. Jnr. viii. 
 NkI'THER, (ne'ther or nl'tfier. The former is given 
 
 in most dictionaries, and still prevails in America. 
 
 The latter is now common in England,) compimnd 
 
 pronoun, pronominal adjective, or a substitute. [Sax. 
 
 nather, nutlior, nauther, or nouther; ne, not, and r.itlier 
 
 or other, not eitlier, or not other. So in L. neuter, 
 
 nc and uler.] 
 Not either ; not the one or the other. 
 
 1. It refers to individual things or persons; as, 
 which road shall I take.' JVcilhcr, take neither road. 
 The njiright judge inclines to neitlier party. 
 
 It is used as a substitute ; as, the upright judge in- 
 clines to neither of the parties. 
 
 He neiOier lores, 
 Nor cither ctres for him. Shak, 
 
 2. It refers to a sentence ; as, " Ye shall not cat of 
 it, neither shall ye touch it ; " that is, ye shall not 
 eat, not either or other shall ye touch it ; ye shall not 
 cat, nor shall ye do the other thing here mentioned, 
 that is, touch it. Gen. iii. 
 
 " Fight neither with Hiiiall nor great, save only with 
 the king ; " that is, figlil nut, eitlier with small or 
 great. J Kings xxii. 
 
 Jfeit/irr, in the first part of a negative sentence, is 
 followed by nor in the 8Ul)se<|uent part, it is neither 
 the one nor the other. But or would be most proper, 
 for the negative in neither applies to both parts of the 
 sentence. 
 
 It is often used in the last member of a negative 
 sentence iimtoad of nor, as in the passage above 
 cited. " Ve shall noteiit it, neither shall yi; touch it." 
 Ilcrc neither is improperly useil for nar, for not in the 
 firnt clause refers only to that clause, and the second 
 negative refers only to the Mi;roiid clause. " Ye sJiull 
 not eat It, nor shall yo touch it." 
 
 In the sentences above, neither is considered to be 
 a conjunction or connecting word, though in fact it 
 is a pronouit or representative of a clause of a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 3. JVeither primarily refers to two ; not either of two. 
 But by usage it is applicable to any number, referring 
 to individuals separately considered. Five or ten per- 
 sons being charged with a misdemeanor or riot, each 
 may say, neither of us was present. 
 
 4. JVeither sometimes closes a sentence in a pecul- 
 iar manner, thus : " Men come not to the knowledge 
 of ideas thought to be innate, till they come to the 
 use of reason ; nor then neither." Locke. 
 
 That is, not either when they come to the use of 
 reason, or before. 
 
 Formerly, in English, as in Greek and French, two 
 negatives were used for one negation. But in such 
 phrases as that above, good speakers now use cither ; 
 " nor then either.^' 
 NE.M'A-LliXE, a. [Gr. i-rj/w, a thread.] 
 
 In 7nineralogy, having the form of threads ; fibrous. 
 
 SItepard. 
 
 NEM'A-LITE, n. [Gr. vrina, thread, and Xidos, 
 stone.] 
 
 A fibrous hydrate of magnesia. Dana. 
 NEM. CON., ftir Nehine Contbadicente, [L.] No 
 
 one contratiicting or opposing ; that is, unanimously ; 
 
 without o;iposition. 
 NEM. DISS, for Nemine Dissentiente, [L.] No 
 
 one dissenting. 
 NE-Me'AN, a. Relating to Nemea, in Argolis, where 
 
 games were celebrated every third year. 
 NEM'O-LITE, re. [Gr. ^£^05, a wood, and XiBus, a 
 
 stone.] 
 
 An arborized stone. DicL JVat. Hist. 
 
 NEM'O-RAL, a. [L. nemoralis, from nemus, a wood.] 
 
 Pertaining to a wood or grove. Diet. 
 NEM'O-ROUS, a. {Unemorosus.] 
 
 Woody. Evelyn. 
 NEMP'NE, V. t. [Sax. nemnan, to name or call.] 
 
 _ To call. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 Ne'NI-A, 71. [Gr.] A funeral song ; an elegy. [JVot 
 
 used.] 
 NEN'q-F 
 
 PHAR, Tt. The great white Water Lily of 
 Europe, or Nymphaja alba. 
 NE-OD'A-MODE, n. [Gr. veolajioiirn ; vtof, new, 
 and driijuidr]^, popular ; 6rniOi, people.] 
 
 In ancient Oreece, a person newly admitted to cit- 
 izenship. Milford. 
 NE-OG'A-MIST, n, [Gr. viot, new, and yapeu, to 
 marry.] 
 A person recently married. 
 NE-0-L06'ie, j a. [from neology.] Pertaining 
 NE-0-L0(5'ie-AL, j to neology; employing new 
 
 words. Chesterfield. 
 NE-O-LOG'ie- AL-LY, arfM. In a neological manner. 
 NE-OL'O-GISM, n. The introduction of new words 
 or doctrines. 
 2. A new word, expression, or doctrine. 
 NE-OL'O-GIST, 7i. One who introduces new words 
 into a language. Lavoisier has been a successful 
 neologisU [Disused.] Med. Repos. 
 
 2. An Innovator in theology ; one who introduces 
 rationalistic views subversive of revealed truth. 
 {This is now the prevailing sense.] Jilurdock. 
 NE-0L-0-(5I-ZA'T10N, ti. The act of neologizing. 
 
 Ji^erson. 
 
 NE-OL'O-OIZE, V. i. To introduce or use new terms. 
 NE-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. vcoi, new, and Xoyoi, a word.] 
 
 1. The introduction of a new word, or of new 
 words, into a language. The present niunenclature 
 of chemistry is a remarkable instance of neology. 
 [Disused.] 
 
 2. Rationalistic views in theology subversive of re- 
 vealed truth. The term is applied especially to the 
 new philosophical theology of the Germans. [This 
 is note Oie prevailing .vcitsc.j JMurdvck. 
 
 NE-O-No'MI-AN, 71. [Gr. wot, new, and fnfi ii, law.] 
 One who advocates new laws, or desires God's 
 
 law to be altered. Scvtt. 
 Ne'O-PH^TE, n. [Gr. ftoj, new, and ijivrov, a 
 
 plant.] 
 
 1. A new convert or proselyte. 
 
 2. A name given by the early Christians, and still 
 among the Roman Catholics, to such as have recent- 
 ly embraced the Christian faith, and been admitted 
 to baptism. Brunde. 
 
 X A novice; one newly ndniittcd to the order of 
 priest, or into a monasti;ry. 
 4. A tyro ; a beginner in learning. 
 NE-O-TER'ie, la. [Gr. icr.irt/jiK'K, young, from 
 NE-O-TER'IC-AL, j I'tos, new ; Low L. ncotcr- 
 icus.] 
 
 New ; recent in origin ; modern. Bacon. 
 NE O-TER'IC, 71. One of inodcrn limes. Burton. 
 NEP, II. A plant of the genus Nepela ; catmint, or 
 catnip. 
 
 NE-PEN'TIIE, 71. [Gt. vriircvBris ; n;, not,and irtrOos, 
 grief.l 
 
 A drug or medicine that relieves pain and exhila- 
 rates. [Ulllr u.^ed.] Milton. 
 NK PICN'Tll r;», n. A genus of remarkable Asiatic 
 plants, having a kind of ( yliiidrical urn ciuinerted 
 with the leaf, usually filled with sweet and limpid 
 
 water, and closed with a sort of lid ; also called 
 PiTcHER-i'LANTs. Eticyc. .^IIU P. Cyc. 
 
 NEPH'E-LIN, ) rr. * > 1 J T 
 NEPH'E-LINE, \ "^'P^^n, a cloud.] 
 
 A mineral occurring in glassy crystals, nearly trans- 
 parent, having the form of six-sided prisms; also, in 
 translucent and nearly opaque masses of grayish," 
 greenish, and reddish siiades of color, having a 
 greasy luster. This last variety has been called 
 Elaolite, from t\aiov oil. The first occurs in the 
 lavas of Vesuvius. Dana. 
 NEPH'EW, (nef'u,) n. [Fr. 7ieiicu ; l..nepos; ll. ne- 
 pote ; D. neeff G. ncffbi Sans, naptri ; W. 7iai, con- 
 tracted.] 
 
 1. The son of a brother or sister. Dnjd^n. 
 
 2. A grandson ; also, a descendant. [JVot iiiucA 
 used.] [English authorities pronounce this word 
 7ieij'«.] Hooker. 
 
 NE-PHRAL'GI-A, ) 71. Disease or pain in the kid- 
 NE-PllRAL'GY, ( neys. 
 
 NEPH'RiTE, 71. [Gr. vLiptiirin, from vcippos, the kid- 
 neys.] 
 
 The same mineral with Jade. It was formerly 
 worn as a remedy for diseases of the kidneys, 
 whence its name. Dana. 
 
 NE-PHRIT'ie, ) a. [Gr. i'£<));7iTiitos,from ncipiios, 
 
 NE-PHRIT'ie-AL, ( the kidneys.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the kidneys or organs of urine ; 
 as, a nephritic disease. 
 
 2. Atiected with a disease of the kidneys ; as, a 
 nephritic patient. 
 
 3. Relieving disorders of the kidneys in general ; 
 as, a nephritic medicine. 
 
 JVqihritic stone; a stone of the silicious kind, 
 called Jade. 
 
 J\rcphritic wood ; a species of compact wood of a 
 fine grain, brought from New Spain, which gives a 
 blue color to spirit of wine and to water ; which col- 
 or is changed to yellow by acids, and again to blue 
 by alkalies. Supposed to be the Hyperanthera Mo- 
 ringa. J^ichoUon. Encyc. 
 
 NE-PHRIT'ie, II. A medicine adapted to relieve or 
 cure the diseases of the kidneys, particularly the 
 gravel or stone in the bladder. Cyc. 
 
 NE-PHRI'TIS, 11. In mcdiciue,an inflammation of the 
 kidnevs. 
 
 NE-PIIROT'O-MY, 71. [Gr. veijipos, a kidney, and 
 Toiiri, a cutting.] 
 
 In surgery, the operation of extracting a stone from 
 the kidney, by rutting. Cyc. 
 
 JVE PLUS UL'TRjI. [L.,no further.] To the ut- 
 most extent. It is customary to omit the last word, 
 and say, JVe plus. 
 
 NEP'O-TISJI, 71. [Fr. JVepotisme, from L. 7iepos, neph- 
 ew.] 
 
 1. Fondness for nephews. .Addison. 
 
 2. Undue attachment to relations ; favoritism 
 shown to nephews and other relations. 
 
 NEP'O-TIST, 71. One who practices nepotism. 
 
 NEP'TIJNE, 71. [L. JVe/ifiiiiiis.] In mi/t/io/onT,, the god 
 of the ocean. 
 
 2. A large planet beyond Uranus, discovered in 
 conseqiltnce of the computations of Le Verrier, of 
 Paris, by Galle, of Berlin, September 23, 1846. Its 
 mean distance iVom the sun is about 285(1,000,000 
 miles, and its period of revolution is about 168 years. 
 
 NEP-Tu'Nl-AN, a. [from JVc/)(uiic.J 
 
 1. Pertaining to the ocean or sea. 
 
 2. Formed by water or aqueous solution ; as, nep- 
 tunian rocks. 
 
 Jfeptunian theory ; in geology, the theory of Wer- 
 ner, which refers the formation of all rocks and strata 
 to the agency of water; opposed to the Ph'tonic 
 theory. Brande. 
 
 NEP-TO'NI-AN, ) 71. One who adopts the theory that 
 
 NEP'TU-NIST, ! the whole earth was once covered 
 with water, or rather that the substances of the globe 
 were formed from aqueous solution. Pinkercon. Good. 
 
 JV£ QUID JVi'MlS, [L.] Not too much ; let all ex- 
 cess be avoided. 
 
 Nk'RE-II), II. [Gr. vriprii6cs, pl- of i/rtpriis, from 
 Ni7(j(i>«, a marine deity; Sans, iiara, water; Ar. 
 and lieb. -in:, to flow. See Narrate.] 
 
 In mythology, a sea nymph. In ancient monuments, 
 the neroids are represented as riding on sea horses, 
 sometimes with the human form entire, and some- 
 times with the tail of a fish, 'i'hey were the daugh- 
 ters of Nereiis, a marine deity, and constantly at- 
 tended Neptune. i';iici/c. Brande. 
 
 NER'ITE, n. A mollusk of the genus Nerita, having 
 a uiiivalviilar shell. 
 
 NER'IT-iTK, n. A petrified shell of the genus Nerita. 
 (JVot iLsed.] 
 
 NER'O-M, 71. The essential oil of orange flowers, 
 procured by distillation. Ure. 
 
 N13RVI0, (nerv,) 71. [I,. 7if niu-s ; Fr. 7icr/; W. 7iertA, 
 strength ; Gr. I'tniooi-, nerve ; probably allied to avnp, 
 
 a man, L. vir ; Pers. nar, the male of any an- 
 imal ; Sans, nar, a man. In Welsh, nSr, denotes 
 uno. iliat possesses self-energy, and hence an epithet 
 of (iod.) 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — M RTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 748 
 
NES 
 
 1. All oriiaii or st'iisnli<in and inutinn ill aiiiiiinls. 
 Tlie iiervt-s are priiloimalinns iif llie nieiliillary siili- 
 stancv of die brain, spinal cold, and si^niiliinar ^an- 
 (■lion, wliicli ramify and exluiid [o every pari of Ilie 
 Ijudy. Kncijc. Parr. 
 
 y. Strength; firmness of body; us, a man of 
 nerve. 
 
 3. Fortitude ; firmness of mind ; coumRe. 
 
 4. Strength ; force ; authority ; as, tlie nrmes of 
 discipline. Gibhon. 
 
 5. In liatamj, n name c'ven to parallel vessels, or 
 fibers extending from the base to the apex of a leaf. 
 
 Lindtcy. 
 
 Pope has used nme for sinew or tendon. 
 NEItVE, r. t. To give strength or vigor ; to arm with 
 
 furce ; as, fear iirrucit his arm. jJmei. 
 NFMV'KD, pp. Armed with strength. 
 
 i!. a. In bottimi, having vessels simple and un- 
 braiiclied, extending from the base to the tip ; as, a 
 nertrnt leaf. 
 
 NKIIVE'LESS, (iierv'less,) a. Destitute of strength ; 
 
 weak. Pvite. 
 NKltVE'-SIISK-KN, a. AfTi-ctod by a shaking. Scull. 
 
 2. Shocked ; overcome or oppressed by some vio- 
 lent inlliience, impression, or sensation. 
 
 NERVINE, (nerv'in,) a. [Low L. Ticrcinii.'.] 
 
 That has the quality of acting upon tile nerves. 
 NERVINE, 71, A medicine that oj)erates uiion the 
 NERVOUS, (I. [L. nmiositj.-.] [nerves. 
 !. Strong ; vigorous; as, a nervous arm. 
 
 5. Pertaining tn the nerves ; seated in or aflecting 
 the nerves ; as, a Jiervoius disease or fever. 
 
 3. Having the nerves alTected ; hence, easily agi- 
 tated ; a colloquial use tif ttir irord. 
 
 •1. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind ; char- 
 acterized by strength in sentiment or style ; as, a 
 nervou.1 liistorian. Mams. 
 
 NERv'o^e' i Iniofany. [See NEnvED, No. 2.] 
 NKR VOUiiLY, adv. With strength or vigor. 
 
 IVartm, 
 
 2. With weakness or agitation of the nerves. [Cof- 
 
 lomtial.'\ 
 
 NERVOUS-NESS, n. Strength; force; vigor. 
 
 IVarton. 
 
 2. The state of being composed of nerves. 
 
 OoUlsmith. 
 
 3. Weakness or agitation of the nerves. [Co(/o- 
 quinl.^ 
 
 NER'Vl^RE, n. A name given, in botany, to the veins 
 of leaves, and, in entomology, to the corneous divis- 
 ions in the wings of insects. Buchanan. 
 
 NERVY, a. Strong ; vigorous. Shak. 
 
 NES'CIENCE, (nesh'ens,) n. [h. nesciens, nescio ; ne 
 and .mo.] 
 
 Want of knowledge ; ignorance. Bp. JIalL 
 NESir, a. [Sax. jir«.) .. 
 
 Soft ; lender ; nice. [A'nt usfd.'j Chaucer. 
 NESS, a termination of names, signifies a promontory, 
 
 from the root of nose, which see. 
 NESS, a termination of apinllalives, [Sax. vesse, 
 mjsse,] denotes stale or quality, as in goodness, 
 creatness. 
 
 NEST, H. [Sax. nest; G. and D. nest; Sw. vtLite ; W. 
 ?ii/tA ; L. nidus ; Fr. nid ; It. and Sp. nido ; Arm. neii ; 
 It. nead; Kuss. ffnr.dn; Gr. i/t.tffffoj, i tnarrtn, i torria, 
 unless the latter are from i-euj. In Persic, nisim is a 
 nest, nashiman, a mansion, and nishas/Uan, to sit 
 down, to dwell, or remain.] 
 
 1. 'I'lie place or bed formed or used by a bird for 
 incubation or the mansion of lier young, until they 
 are able to lly. The word is used also for the bed in 
 which certain insects de|K>sit llieir eggs. 
 
 2. Any place where irrational animals are pro- 
 duced. Bentley. 
 
 3. An abode ; a pKice of residence ; a receptacle 
 of numbers, or the collection itself; usually in an lU 
 sense ; as, a nest of rogues. 
 
 4. A warm, close place of abode ; generally in 
 contempt. Spenser. 
 
 .'). A number of boxes, cases, or the like, inserted 
 in each other. 
 
 6. In geolo^j, an aggregated mass of any ore or 
 mineral, in an isolated state, within a rock. Dana. 
 
 N£ST, r. i. To build anil occupy a nest. 
 
 The king of bintt wted witli iu leaves, JiotMtt. 
 
 NEST'-EGO, n. An eig left in the nest to prevent the 
 
 hen from forsaking it. JIudibras. 
 NEST'LE, (nes'l,) v. i. To settle ; to harbor; to lie 
 close and snug, as a bird in her nest. 
 
 The kiii^Ather netttat In hollow bunki. L^Ettrangt. 
 Their purpose waj to IbrJfv in lome Krong place ol' the wild 
 coiinin-, ami ihrre n**Ue till auccors canie, £acoii. 
 
 2, To move about In one's seat, like a bird when 
 forrning her nest ; as, a child nestles. 
 NEST'LE, (nes'l,) r. u To house, ius in a nest, Donne. 
 
 2, To cherish, as n bird her young. Clmpman. 
 NEST'l.ED, pp. Housed, as in a nest; snugged 
 closely. 
 
 NEST'LINO, ppr. Lying close and snug. 
 NE.ST'LI.\G, M. A young bird in the nest, or just tak- 
 en fnim the nest. 
 2. A nest. [Aot used.] Bacon. 
 
 NEU 
 
 NEST'LING, a. Newly hatched; being yet in the 
 nest, Burrinirton. 
 
 NES-TO'RI-AN, n. An adherent of AV.v((/nu.<, patri- 
 arch of CoiiHtanlinople, in the filth century, who 
 was <lepos(fd and condemned as a heretic for iiiaiii- 
 tuiiiing that the two natures in Clirist were not so 
 blended and confounded as to be undistingiiishablc. 
 
 Jilurdock. 
 
 2. The term is also applied to those modern Chris- 
 tians of Persia and India who are the remains of the 
 Nesloriau sect. Murdoch. 
 NET, ji. [Sax. net, vijt : T>. and Dan. net: G. neti ; 
 Sw. ndt, nut ; Goth, niiti, from the root of knit. Sax. 
 cnyttan, whence knot ; L, nodus.] 
 
 1. An instrument f. r catching fish and birds, or 
 %vild beasts, formed with twine or thread interwoven 
 with meshes. 
 
 2. A cunning device ; a snare. Jllicah vii. 
 
 3. Inextricable ditficulty. .lob xviii. 
 
 4. Severe afllictioiis. Job xix. 
 
 NET, i>. £. To make into a net or net-work. Seward. 
 NET, a. [Fr, net ; It, nello. See Neat.] 
 L Neat ; jiure ; unadulterated, as wines. 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 2. Being williout flaw or spot. [Little used.] 
 
 3. Ucing beyond all charges or outlay ; as, net 
 profits. 
 
 4. lieiiig clear of all tare and tret, or all deductions ; 
 as, net weight. It is soiiictimes written Nett, but 
 improperly. jYet is properly a mercantile appropria- 
 tion of tit-at. 
 
 NET, B, (, To produce clear profit. 
 
 NETH'ER, a. [Sax. neothrr : G, nieder ; D, and Dan. 
 neder. This word is of the comparative ilegree ; the 
 positive occurs <mly in comjiosilion, as in beneath. 
 Sax. neotJian. It is used only in implied comparison, 
 ns in the nether part, the nether iiiillstoiie ; but we 
 never say, one part is nether than another.] 
 
 1. Lower ; lying or being beneath or in the lower 
 part ; opposed to Upper ; as, the nether millstone. 
 
 Disioncil ftll my nether iihupc Uiu* grew 
 
 Traiistomied. M'dlon. 
 
 2. In a lower place. 
 
 'Twixt upixT, rielAer, and surrounding; fires. Milton. 
 
 3. Belonging to the regions below. Dnjden. 
 NETU'ER-.MoST, a. Lowest; as, the nedtermo.-t hell ; 
 
 tlie nethermost abyss. South. Milton. 
 
 NETH'IN-I.M, n. pi. Among the Jews, .servants of the 
 priests and Levites; erroneously written Nethin- 
 
 IM9. 
 
 NE1''TED, pp. or a, Slade into a net or net-work ; 
 reticulated. 
 
 NET'TING, n. [from vet.] A piece of net-work. 
 2. A complication of ropes fastened across each 
 other, to be stretched along the iipiier part of a ship's 
 quarter, to contain hammocks. Netting is also em- 
 ployed to hold the fore and main-top inast sails when 
 stowed. Netting is alsoextended alonga ship's gun- 
 wale in engagements, to prevent the enemy from 
 boarding. Mar. Diet. 
 
 NET''1'LE, (net'l,) n. [Sax. nrt/, nrtf/e ; D. iiftci; G. 
 ncssct; Sw. nassla ; Gr. Kftin, from the root of xi-is' ', 
 KKuoi, to scratch.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Urtica, whose prickles fret 
 tlie skin and occasion very painful sensations. 
 
 And neHf the noisome neole blooms die rose. Rambltr, motlo. 
 NET'TLE, r. U To fret or sting ; to Irritate or vex ; 
 to excite sensations of displeasure or uneasiness, not 
 amounting to wrath or violent anger. 
 
 Tlie princes were netlUd al the scand.\l of Uiis oiTronr. 
 
 L^Kttrange. 
 
 NET'TLKD, jip. Fretted ; irrit.ited. 
 
 NET'TLER, n. One tliat provokes, stings, or irritates. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 NET'TLE-RASH, n. An eruptive disease resembling 
 the sting of a nettle. 
 
 NET'TLF.-TREE, ii. A tree of the genus Celtis, of 
 which there are several species. The several sorts 
 of nettle-tree have a considerable resemblance to, and 
 a near affinity wiili, the elms. 
 
 NET'TLI.VG, ppr. Irritating; vexing. 
 
 NET'-WORK, (-wiirk,) n. A complication of threads, 
 twine, or cords, united at certain distances, forming 
 meshes, interstices, or open s|iace9, between the 
 knots or intersections ; reticulated or decussated 
 work. Mdisoiu 
 
 NEll-R.\L'Gt-A, ) n. [Gr. vtvpov, a nerve, and oAv-os, 
 
 NEU-RAL'GY, I pain.] 
 
 An idiopathic pain of a nerve of common sensa- 
 tion, i. c., a (Klin not preceded or occasioned by any 
 other disease. TuUy. 
 
 NEU-RAL'Gie, a. Pertaining to neuralgia. 
 
 NEU-RO LOG'ie-AL, o. [See Neuroloot.] Per- 
 taining to neurology, or to a description of the nerves 
 of animals. 
 
 NEU-ROL'O-CIST, n. One who describes the nerves 
 of animals. 
 
 NEU-ROL'O-GY, n. [Cr. rtvp'iv, a nerve, and Xo) o$, 
 discourse.] 
 
 A description of the nerves of animal bodies, or 
 the doctrine of the nerves. 
 NEU-ROP'TER, n. \ [Gr. vcvpov, a nerve, and 
 NEli-ROP'TER-A, n, pi. ( rrt.ooe, a wing.] 
 
 NEU 
 
 The neuropters are an order of insects having four 
 membranous, transparent, and generally naked 
 wings, reticulated with numerous nerves, as llie 
 dragon-rty. 
 
 NEU-R(JP'TER-AL, jo. Belonging to the order of 
 NEII-ROP'TER-OUS, ( the neuroptera. 
 NEO'RO-SPAST, n. [Gr. ticvpoanaTcui, to draw with 
 strings.] 
 
 A puppet ; a little figure put in motion. More. 
 NEU-RO'l'MC, a. [Gr. vixmuv, a nerve.] 
 
 1. Relating to the nerves ; seated in the nerves ; 
 as, a neurotic disease. 
 
 2. Useful in disorders of the nerves. 
 NEU-ROT'IC, n. A disease having its seat in the 
 
 nerves. 
 
 2. A medicine useful in disorders of the nerves. 
 
 F.ncije. 
 
 NEU-RO-TOM'ie-AL, a. [See Neurotomt.] Per- 
 taining to the anatomy or dissection of nerves. 
 
 NEU-R()1''0-MIST, H. One who dissects the nerves. 
 
 NEU-R()T'0-M Y, n. [Gr. vtviii>v, a nerve, and ro/jij, 
 a cutting.] 
 
 1. The dissection of a nerve. Cozt. 
 
 2. The art or practice of dissecting the nerves. 
 NEu'TER, (nu'ier,) a. [L. ; conipimiuled of ne and 
 
 uter, not either.] 
 
 1. Not adhering to either party; taking no part 
 with either side, either when perstuis are euiitmding, 
 or questions are discussed. It may be synoiiy inniis 
 with Imoikkerepit, or it may not. 'i'lie United Slates 
 remained neuter during the French revolution, but 
 very few of the people were indij/'rrcnt as to the suc- 
 cess of the parties engaged. A man may be neuter 
 from feeling, and he is then indifferent : but hi^ may 
 be neuter in fad, when he is not in feeling or [irinci- 
 ple. A judge should be perfectly neuter in feeling, 
 that he may decide with impartiality. 
 
 2. In frrnmmar, of neither gender ; an epithet 
 given to nouns that are neither masculine nor 
 feminine ; primarily, to nouns which express neither 
 sex. 
 
 3. In botany, having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 NEu'TER, (nCi ler,) n. A person that takes no part 
 
 in a contest between two or more individuals or 
 n.ations ; a ixTstm who is cither indifferent to the 
 cause, or forbears to interfere. 
 
 2. An animal of ni itlier sex, or incapable of propa- 
 gation. The working bees have been considered neu- 
 ters, but are really iindevelopcti females. Iluhcr. 
 
 3. In botany, a plant having neither stamens nor 
 pistils. 
 
 A''enter verb : in rrrammar, a verb which expresses 
 an aciicm or state limited to the subject, and which 
 is not followed by an object ; as, I oo ; 1 sit: I atn; 
 I run : I mtlk. It is better ilenoininated intninsitice. 
 NEC'TRAL, (nu'tral,) a. [Fr. neutre ; L. neutralis, 
 from Hciifer.] 
 
 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking an ac- 
 tive part with either of contending parties. It is 
 policy for a nation to be neutral \\'lien other nations 
 are at war. Itelligerenls often obtain supplies from 
 neutral slates. 
 
 2. IndiU'erent ; having no bias in favor of either 
 side or party. 
 
 .3. Iiidilferent ; neither very good nor bad. 
 
 Some tliinr* ?"»oil, nnd some thitip ill do seem, 
 
 And neutrtiJ AOme in her lantaslic e/e. Dnviet. 
 
 4. In botany, a proposed English substitute for 
 neuter ; having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 A'eutrol salt; in chemistrtj, ti salt conqiosed of an 
 equal number of equivalents, both of acid and base ; 
 a salt in which none of the properties, either of the 
 aciil or base, are perceptible. 
 NEO'TRAL, (nfi'tral,) n. \ person or nation that 
 takes no part in a contest between others. 
 
 The neutral, as far as his comntcrce extenils, Incomes a piny iu 
 Uie war. H. O. Harper. 
 
 NEfi'TRAL-IST. n. A neutral. [Little used.] 
 NEU-TRAL'I T V, n. The stale of being unengaged 
 ill disputes or contests between others ; the state of 
 taking no part on either side. Stales <iften arm to 
 maintain their neutrality. 
 
 2. A state of iniliflerence in feeling or principle. 
 
 3. Inditrerence in quality ; a state neither very good 
 nor evil. [Little used.] Donne. 
 
 4. A combination of neutral powers or states ; as, 
 the armed neutrality. 
 
 NEU-TRAI^l-7,.\'TIO\, n. [from neutralize.] The 
 act of neutnili/.ing or destroying the jxculiar prop- 
 erties of a body by combination with aiuitlier body 
 or substance. 
 
 2. The act of reducing to o state of indifiTercnce or 
 neulralitv. 
 
 NEC'TR.A'I^IZE, r. t. To render neutral ; to reduce 
 to a stale of inditrerence between dilfercnt parties or 
 opinions. 
 
 2. In chemistry, to destroy or render inert or im- 
 percejitihle Ihe (K>ciiliar projierlies of a body by com- 
 bining it with a different substance. Thus to hpu- 
 tralize acids anil alkalies, is to combine lliem in such 
 proportions thai the compound will not exhibit the 
 qualities of either. 
 
 3. To destroy the peculiar properties or opposite 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, XINITE.— AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS.— C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; T H as in THIS. 
 
 i)4 
 
 K K K • 
 
 749 
 
NEW 
 
 dispositions of pr\rties or other things, or reduce them 
 to a state of indifference or inactivity ; as, to neu- 
 tralize parties in government ; to neutraliie oppo- 
 sition. 
 
 The tjeneiiu of universiUes — neutralized by moral evils. 
 
 Ch. Obs. 
 
 A cloud of counter citations lliat mutraUze each otJicr. 
 
 E. Everett. 
 
 NEu'TRAL-lZ-ED, (nu'tral-izd,) pp. or a. Reduced 
 to neiitralitv or inditTi-rence. 
 
 NEU'TIIAL-'IZ-EK, ii. Tliat wliich neutralizes; that 
 whicli destroys, disfriiises, or renders inert tlie pecu- 
 liar properties of a body. 
 
 NEC'l'R.^L-lZ-liNG, ppr. Destroying or rendering 
 inert the peculiar properties of a substance ; redu- 
 cing to indifierence or inactivity. 
 
 NEO'TR.AL-IZ-l.\G, a. Having the quality of ren- 
 dering neutral. 
 
 NEu'TRAL-LV, arfB. Without taking part with either 
 side; inditfereMlly. 
 
 NEO'TRAL-TI.N']', n. The tint or purple hue which 
 distanl lnlls assume. 
 
 J\'-EU-V.nlJ\rEti>, ,1. pi. [Fr. Tifw/, nine.] \n the Ro- 
 man Cutluilic charcli, prayetx oti'ered up fur nine suc- 
 cessive days. Sranile. 
 
 NEVER, arfr. [Sax. 7i<r/re ; nc, not, and a-/rc, ever.] 
 
 1. Not ever; not at any time ; at no time. It re- 
 fers to the past or the future. Tins man was never 
 at Cali iitta ; he will nceer be there. 
 
 2. It has a particular use in tlie following sen- 
 tences. 
 
 Ask me never so much dower and s^ift. — Gen. xxxiv. 
 
 Which will not hearken to the voice of cliLinnere, charming 
 
 newer so wisely. — Ps. Iviii, 
 A fear of battery, — tiiuugh net?er so well grounded, is no du. 
 
 ress. Blackstone. 
 
 This is a genuine English use of never, found in 
 our .Saxim authors, and it ought to be retained. 
 " .-Vsk me so much (lower as never was done ;" that 
 is, dower to any extent. I'he practice of using ever 
 in such phrases is corrupt. It not only destroys the 
 force but the propriety of the phrase. 
 
 Burke. Camden. IVashiniftun. OoliUmith. Hooke. 
 
 3. In no degree ; not. 
 
 Whoever him afriend lo guide him, may carrj* his eyes in another 
 man's head, and yet see rieucr the worse. South. 
 
 4. It is used for not. He answered him never a 
 word ; tlrat is, wof ever. This use is not common. 
 
 5. It is much used in composition ; as, in never- 
 ending, nryer^failing, Hcr^r-dyini', nrufr -ceasing, 
 nfrcr-fading ; but ii> all such compounds, ncuer re- 
 tains its true meaning. 
 
 NEV'EU-UE.VS-ING, a. Having no cessation or 
 IKUise. 
 
 NEV"ER-PA-TED, o. Never satisfied. Kirbij. 
 
 NEV-ER-TIIE-LE.SS', [coinp. of weivr, f/ie and lc<is.] 
 Not the less ; notwiilistaiuling ; that is, in opposi- 
 tion to any thing, or without regarding it. " It raine I, 
 neverthrless we proceeded on our journey ; " we did 
 not the lefts prticeed on our journey ; we proceeded in 
 opposition to the rain, without regarding it, or with- 
 out being prevented. 
 
 NEV'EK-TlR-lNG, a. Never enduring weariness. 
 
 yei^lattck. 
 
 NEW, (nu,) a. [Sax. neon>; D. nieuw ; G.neu;-Sw. 
 and IJan. ny ; L. ttovtis ; It. nuovo ; Sp. niievo ; Gr. 
 vcoi ; Vr. netif; Arm. rtevez ; Ir. nna, nuatlk; W. 
 nea-yz ; Rtiss. Tiovie ; Hindoo, nara, ;iou ,- ISans. nawa ; 
 
 Pers. nau.\ 
 
 1. Lately made, invented, produced, or come into 
 b. ing ; that has existed a short time only ; recent in 
 origin ; novel ; opjiosed to Old, and used of things ; 
 as, a neto coat ; a nctp house ; a neio botik ; a neto 
 fashi n ; a ncio theory ; the new chemistry ; a neto 
 discovery. 
 
 2. Lately introduced to our knowledge ; not before 
 known ; recently discovered ; as, a new mc-tal ; a 
 new species of animals or plants found in foreign 
 countries ; the nra continent. 
 
 3. .Modern ; not ancient. 
 
 4. Recently produced by change ; as, a new life. 
 
 Put on the nets man. — Eph. ir. 
 
 5. Not habituated ; not familiar ; unaccustomed, 
 ileretici and such as insUU their poison into neta minds. 
 
 Jlooker, 
 
 .Veuj U) the plow, impr.icliced in the Inic^. Pope. 
 
 I'l. Renovated ; repaired so as to recover the first 
 Ntate. 
 
 Mi-n, after lonj emaciating diets, wax plump, f.it, and almost 
 neu>. Dacon. 
 
 7. Fresh after any event. 
 
 Sete from h'T sickness Uj llwt northern air. Drtjden. 
 
 8. Not of ancient extraction or a family of ancient 
 diHtinrtion. 
 
 By superior oipncily and esteiulve knowledge, a n*u> man often 
 niuuiits to favor. Addieon. 
 
 9. Not before iificd ; utrnnge ; unknown. 
 
 Thry sh.ill speak With fieio longne.. — Mark ivl. 
 
 10. IleciMitly commenced ; an, the nrw year. 
 
 NEW 
 
 11. Having passed the change or conjunction with 
 the sun ; as, the new mtion. 
 
 12. Not cleared and cultivated, or lately cleared ; 
 as, new land. America. 
 
 13. That has lately appeared for the first time ; as, 
 a new star. 
 
 JWzzj is nmch used in composition to qualify other 
 Words, and always bears its true sense of late, recent, 
 novel, fresh ; as, in ricuj-born, HPw-made, new-grown, 
 new-fonned, 7ie7/i-found. In this use, new may be 
 considered as adverbial, or as a part of the compound. 
 
 NEW,(iiu,) e. (. To make new. [JVot usetl.] Guwer. 
 
 NE\V'-i;OR.\, (nu'born,) a. Recently born. 1 Pet. ii. 
 
 NEVV'-eoiN-£U, a. Fresh from the mint ; newly 
 ftirmed. 
 
 NEW'-COM'ER, n. One who has lately come. Ircintr. 
 
 NEVV^'EL, (uu'el,) n. In architectnrc, the upright post 
 about which are formed winding stairs, or a cylinder 
 formed by the end of the steps of the winding stairs. 
 2. Novelty. [JVot usetl.] Spenser. 
 
 NEWER, a. coinp. More new; more recently in- 
 troduced. 
 
 NEWEST, a. superl. Most new; most recently in- 
 troduced. 
 
 NEW-FAB'RI-€a-TED, a. Newly made. Burke. 
 NEW-FAN'CI KI), (nu-fan'sid,) a. Newly fancied. 
 NEVV-FAN"GLE, (nu-fang'gl,) ». U To change by 
 
 introducing novelties. Milton. 
 NEW-FAN-'GLAI), (nu-fang'gid,) o. [new and fan- 
 
 frle.] New made ; formed with the affectation of 
 
 novelty ; in contempt. 
 
 Setr-fangled devices. Alterbury. 
 NEW-FAN"GL/;i)-.NESS, ) (nu-fang'gl-,) n. Vain 
 NEW-FAN"GL£-NES.S, j or affected fashion or 
 
 form. Sidney. Careip. 
 
 NEW-FAPH'ION-ra, (nu-fash'und,) a. Made in a 
 
 new form, or lately come into fashion. 
 NEW-FOUND', a. Newly discovered. 
 NEWING, n. Veast or barm. .Minstcorth. 
 NEW-IN-VENT'ED, a. Newly invented. 
 NEWISH, a. Somewhat new ; nearly new. Bacon. 
 NEWLY, (nii'Ie,) ado. Lately ; freshly ; recently. 
 
 He ruhl»ed it o'er with netely gathered mint. Drydm. 
 
 2. With a new form, different from the former. 
 
 And the refined mind doth neuity fashiou 
 
 Into a fairer fonn. Spenser. 
 
 3. In a manner not existing before. 
 NEW'-MaDE, a. Newly made or formed. Moore. 
 NEW-MOD'EL, i>. t. To give a new form to. 
 NEW-MO[)'EI..-f;i),pp or a. Formed after a new mod- 
 NEW-.MOD'EL-ING, p/)r. Giving a new form to. [el. 
 NEWNESS, n. Lateness of origin ; recentne.ss ; state 
 
 of being lately invented or produced ; as, tlie neie- 
 ncss of a tlress ; the newness of a system. 
 
 2. Novelty ; the state of being first known or in- 
 troduced. The newnes.^ of the scene was gratifying. 
 
 3. Innovation ; recent change. 
 
 A happy neioness dial intends old ri2:ht. ShaJc. 
 
 4. Want of practice or familiarity. 
 
 His newness shamed most of the others' long exercise. Sulney. 
 
 5. Different state or qualities introduced by change 
 or regeneration. 
 
 Even so we also should walk in newness of life. — Rom. Ti, 
 
 NEW-RED-SAND'SToNE, n. In peoh^j, the for- 
 mation immediately above the coal measures or 
 strata. Brande. 
 
 NEWS, (nuz,) n. [from new ; Fr. notivelles. This 
 word ha.s a plural form, but is almost always united 
 with a verb in the singular.] 
 
 1. Recent account ; fresh information of something 
 that has l.ttely taken place at a distance, or of siune- 
 thing before unknown ; tidings. We have news 
 from Constantinople; news has just arrived; this 
 tietrs is favorable. 
 
 F^vil neiee rides hist, while good news baits. Milton, 
 It is no news for die weak and poor to be a prey to the strong 
 and rich. Estrange. 
 
 2. A newspaper. 
 
 NEWS'ISOY, (nuz'boy,) n. A boy who carries and 
 delivers newspapers. 
 
 NEWS'M0N"GER, (nuz'mung-ger,) 71. One that 
 deals in news ; one who employs much time in 
 hearing and tt-lling news. .^rbiitlinot. 
 
 NEWS'I'A-l'ER, n. A sheet of paper printed and dis- 
 tributed, at short intervals, for conveying intelligence 
 of passing events ; a public print that citcidates 
 ninvs, advertisements, proceedings of legislative bod- 
 ies, public documents, and the like. 
 
 NEW-Sr?LE. SeeSrvLE. 
 
 NEVV«'-\'E.M)-ER, 71. A seller of newspapers. 
 
 NEWT, (nutc,) 71. A small lizard ; an eft. F.nnjc. 
 
 NEW TEST'A-MENT, 71. 'I'liat portion of the Bi- 
 ble which coni|>rises the writings of the apostles and 
 their immediate disciples. 
 
 NEWTfi'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, 
 or formed or discovered by him ; as, the Jfcwtunian 
 philoNonhy or system. 
 
 NEW-To'NI-AN, 71. A follower of NcwKm in philos- 
 ophy. 
 
 NEW^'-YRAR'S DXY, n. The day on which the new 
 year commeiiceH. 
 
 NIC 
 
 NEW-YEAR'S GIFT, 71. A present made on the 
 
 first day of the year. 
 NEW YURK'ER", 71. A native or inhabitant of New 
 
 York. 
 
 NEW ZkA'LAND flax, 71. A plant, tlm 77/(07^7101771 
 tenaz, having broad, stiff leaves of extraordinary 
 strength, whose fibers make excellent cordage. 
 
 London. 
 
 NEX'I-BLE, (I. [L. nezibilU.] That may be knit to- 
 gether. 
 
 NEXT, a. ; superl. of Nigh. [Sax. tick or neista, from 
 TicA, neah, nigh ; G. nachst ; D. naast ; Sw. 7ias( ; Dan. 
 ntes.] 
 
 1. Nearest in place ; that has no object intervening 
 between it and some other; immediately preceding, 
 or preceding in order. We say, the ncit person be- 
 fore or after another. 
 
 Her prir.cely guest 
 Was neit her side ; in order s;\t the rest. Dryden. 
 
 2. Nearest in time ; as, the next day or hour ; the 
 next day before or after Easter. 
 
 3. Nearest in degree, tpiality, rank, right, or rela- 
 tion ; as, one man is neit to another in exrellfnce ; 
 one is nezt in kindred ; one is neit in rank or dig- 
 nity. Assign the property to him who has the 7ifzt 
 claim. 
 
 NE.XT, adv. At the time or turn nearest or imme- 
 diately succeeding. It is not material who follows 
 neit. 
 
 Nf'.AS, for An etas, a young hawk. B. Jonson. 
 Nllt, 71. [Sax. neb, nebb. See Neb, the same word 
 differently written.] 
 
 1. The bill or beak of a bird. 
 
 2. The |)oint of any thing, particularly of a pen. 
 NIB'BKD, (nibd,) a. Having a nib or point. 
 NIB'BLE, V. t. [from nib.] lo bite by little at a 
 
 time ; lo eat slowly or in small bits. So sheep are 
 said to nibble the grass. Sliak. 
 
 2. To bite, as a fish does the bait ; to carp at ; just 
 to catch by biting. Gaii. 
 NIB'BLE, V. i. To bite at ; as, fishes nibble at the liait. 
 
 Grnc. 
 
 2. To carp at ; to find fault ; to censure little 
 faults. 
 
 Instead of returning a full answer to my book, he manifestly 
 nibbles at a single pass,tge. TiiloUon. 
 
 NIB'BLE, 71. A little bite, or seizing to bite. 
 NIB'BLER, n. One that bites a little at a time; a 
 carper. 
 
 NIB'BLING, ppr. or a. Biting in small bits; carping. 
 
 NIB'BLING-LY, a<h\ In a nibbling manner. 
 
 Nie-A-RA'GUA-WOOD, 71. I'he wood of the Ca'sal- 
 pinia eciiinata, a tree growing in Nicaragua, in Cen- 
 tral America. It is used in dyeing red. Ure. 
 
 NICE, a. [Sax. ne.tc or hnesc: D. nesck, soft, teniler; 
 G. naschen, to eat dainties or sweetmeats ; Dan. A-7i<E5, 
 dainties.] 
 
 1. Properly, soft ; whence, delicate ; tender ; dain- 
 ty ; sweet or very pleasant to the taste; as, a 7iice 
 bit ; nice food. 
 
 2. Delicate; fine; minutely elegant ; applied to tex- 
 ture, composition, or color ; as, cloUi of a 7iice texture ; 
 Tiice tints of color. 
 
 3. Accurate ; exact ; precise ; as, nice proportions ; 
 nice symmetry ; nice workmanship; nice rules. 
 
 4. Requiring scrupulous exactness ; as, a nice 
 point. 
 
 5. Perceiving the smallest difference ; distinguish- 
 ing accurately and minutely by perception ; as, a per- 
 son of nice taste ; hence, 
 
 6. Perceiving accuratidy the smallest faults, errors, 
 or irregularities; distinguishing and judging with 
 exactness ; as, a nice judge of a subject ; a nice dis- 
 cernment. 
 
 0\ir author happy in a Judge so nicfl. Pope. 
 
 7. Over scrupulous or exact. 
 
 Curious, not knowing ; not exact, but nice. Pope. 
 
 8. Delicate ; scrupulously and minutely cautious. 
 The letter was not nice, but full of charge 
 
 01 dear import. Shak. 
 Dear luve, continue race and chaiite. Donne, 
 
 9. Fastidious ; squeamish. 
 
 Anil to taste 
 
 Think not 1 shall lie nice. ilUlon, 
 
 10. Delicate ; easily injured. 
 
 How nice the r-pul-ition of the maid I I\otcommon. 
 
 11. Refined ; as, nice and subtle happiness. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 12. Having lucky hits. [JYof used.] Slink. 
 i:i. Weak; foolish; effeminate. [Obs.] Ooirer. 
 14. Trivial ; unimporlanl. Sliak. 
 To make nice ; to be scriipulmn. Sliuk. 
 
 NICE'LY, adv. With delicate perceptiim ; as, to be 
 nicely sensible. 
 
 2. Accurately ; exarlly ; with exact order or pro- 
 portion ; as, the parts of a mai hino or building nicely 
 adjusted ; a shape nicely proportioned ; a dress niVr'y 
 fitted lo the body ; tin: ingredients of a medicine 
 nicely proportioned and mixed. 
 
 3. \n ndliit/uial lantruaffe, wvH ; rlc»erly ; dexlrous- 
 ly ; haiidsomtdy ; in the best manner; as, a feat is 
 nierlii done. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 7r>o ~ 
 
NIC 
 
 NIG 
 
 NIG 
 
 NI'CENE, a. PrrtaiiiiiiK to Nice, a Km ii of Asia 
 Minor. TIio JVicrnr creril was a siiiniimry of Cltris- 
 tian faitti, runi[)<tscMl hy tilt' council of Nice auainst 
 Arianisin. A. I). 3'i5, altered and conrirniud by llie 
 council of Constantinople, A. 1). 3SI. 'I'lie cunncil 
 of Nice was the first and most important Reneral 
 Council ever held by the Christian chiirdi. /'. Cue. 
 
 NIc;E'NESS, n. Delicacy of perception . the (piality 
 of perceiving small diHerences; as, nicfncAi of taste. 
 
 2. Extreme delicacy ; excess of scrupulousness or 
 exactness. 
 
 Uiitilte Ihc nictnett of our modern damei. Dryden. 
 
 3. Accuracy ; minute exactness ; as, niceness of 
 work ; nicencsa of texture or proportion. 
 
 ■\Vhi'nr'» now tlic liibored niceiutt in lliy drew ? Dryden, 
 NI'CE-TY, n. Niceness ; delicacy of perception. 
 
 2. Excess of delicacy j fastidiousness ; squeamish- 
 ness. 
 
 So love dolh loath)^ di*drtiiifii] nieety, Spenter. 
 
 3. Minute ditferencc ; as, the niceties of words. 
 
 4. .Minuteness of observation or discrimination ; 
 precision. Tlie connoisseur judges of tlie beauties 
 of a painting with great nicety. 
 
 5. Delicate management ; exactness in treatment. 
 
 Love »ucli nicely niiuin'S, 
 
 One bki.l wUl pm out all Ills (iret. Sai/L 
 
 6. JVicedVa ; in the plural, delicacies for food ; 
 dainties. 
 
 NI'eilAR, 71. A plant. Mtller. 
 NICHE, H. [Fr.uiclie: Sp. and Port. nicAo ; iUuiecUia, 
 properly a utrnk, corner, and ntcchio, a shell. It seems 
 to be a diflerent orthography of Nook.] 
 
 A cavity, hollow, or recess, within the thickness 
 of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect ornament. 
 
 Pujie. 
 
 NICFI'ED, rnichl,) a. Placed in a niche. Scd^cick. 
 NICK, «. In Uic niirthcrii iinitholo^ni, an evil spirit of 
 
 the waters ; hence the modern vulgar phrase, Old 
 
 A'ick, the evil one. 
 NICK, M. [Sw. nick: Dan. nik; D. knik, a nod ; G. 
 
 nicken^ to nod ; isenick^ the nape : gcnicke, .1 contin- 
 
 ii.il nodding. The word seems to signify a point, 
 
 from siiooting forward.] 
 
 1. The exact iioint of time required by necessity or 
 convenience, the critical time. L' E-ttrnnge. 
 
 9. [G. /(nic/.-, a flaw.] A notch cut into something, 
 and hence a score for Keeping an account ; a reckon- 
 ing. Skak, 
 3. A winning throw. Prior. 
 NICK, B. t. 'I'o lilt ; to touch luckily ; to perform by a 
 slight artifice used at the lucky time. 
 
 The Hc.iKoii of doing ctiin^ inui^t tie nicked^ and nil accidents 
 improved. UEulrangt, 
 
 2. To cut in nicks or notches, [See NoTcH.j^ 
 
 3. To suit, as lattices'cut in nicks. [Obs.] 
 
 Camdm. 
 
 4. To defeat or cozen, as at dice ; to disapiwint by 
 some trick or unexpected turn. [OAi.] Shak. 
 
 NICK, e. I. [G. kiiicken, to Haw.] 
 
 I'o notch or make an incision in a horse's tail, to 
 
 make him c:irr\' it higher. 
 NICK' AK-TKEE, j ii. A tree of the genus Gnilandina, 
 NICK'EK-TKEE, ( which grows in the East and 
 
 West Indies, and bears a small hard nut of tile size 
 
 of a small niitiiiog ; also called IIondlt. 
 NICK'/;i), (nikt,) /)/!. Hit; touched luckily. 
 
 •2. Notched ; made an incision in, as in a horse's 
 
 tail. 
 
 NK.'K'EL, n. A metal of a white or reddish-white 
 color, of great hardness, very dirliciilt to be piirilird, 
 always magnetic, and, when perfectly pure, mallea- 
 ble and ductile. It is generally obtained from its 
 siilphnret. 
 
 NICK'Eh-IC, a. Pertaining to or containing nickel. 
 NICK'I-^R, n. One who watches for opportunities to 
 pilfer or practice knavery. [.4 caul word.] 
 
 ArbuthnoU 
 
 NICK'ING,p;)r. Hitting-, touching luckily ; notching; 
 
 making an incision in a Jiorse's tail, to make him 
 
 carry it higher. 
 NICK'ING, n. In farriery, an operation performed on 
 
 the tail of a horse, to make him carry it better. 
 
 Farm. F.naje, 
 
 NICK'N.\CKS, 1. pi. Small wares; bawbles ; tri- 
 rtes. 
 
 NICK'N.^ME, n. [In Fr. ni/tnr is a term of contempt. 
 In G. necken is to banter. In Ch. T:n signifies to sur- 
 name, to call hy a name of reproach.] 
 A name given in contempt, derision, or rcpro.ach ; 
 "PPfohrious appellation. Bacon. 
 NICK'.N'aME, ». I. 'I'o give a name of reproach ; to 
 call by an opprobrious apiiellatiim. 
 
 Yon nidcnam4 firtur- vice. Shak. 
 ^;";K'^^(SM-£I), pp. Named in derision. 
 NICK'NAM-ING, ppr. Calling by a name in contempt 
 or derision. 
 
 NIt;-0-LA'I-T.\N, n. A term applied to certain cor- 
 rupt (wrsons in the early church at Ephesus, who are 
 censured in Rev. ii., but of whom little can be known 
 With ceruiinty. Murduck. 
 
 NI-CO'TIAN, a. I'ertaining to or deiiotiiii; tobacco ; 
 and as n noun, tobacco ; so called from Nicot, who 
 first introduced it into France, A. D. l.'iilO. 
 
 h ran fie. 
 
 Nie-0-TI.\N'I NA, j ji. A concrete or solid oil oh- 
 NI-et*)'TI A-NI.\E, ( tained from tobacco, and one 
 of its active principles. It smells like tobacco smoke, 
 ta-stes bitterish and slightly aromatic, and is emi- 
 nently fioisonoiis. " Tiithj. 
 Nie'O-TIN, 71. An alkaloid obtained from tobacco, 
 and one ol^ its active principles. In its purest state, 
 it is in small crystalline plates, which rapidly absorb 
 moisture and liquefy. Its t.'iste is very acrid, and 
 continues long in the mouth. It is eminently poi- 
 sonous. 
 
 NIC'Ta'I'E, v. i. [L. 7iic(o, to wink.] 
 
 To wink. Ray. 
 NIC'Ta-'I'INO, )ppr. or a. Winking. The iiic- 
 Nie'TI-TA-TING, i titating nienilirane is a thin, 
 
 pellucid iiienibrane, by which the process of winking 
 
 is performed in certain animals. 
 
 Nle;Tf-TA''nbN, ! ""'■^'"e- 
 
 NIUE, 71. [L. 7iidii,T, a nest.] 
 
 A brood ; as, a nide of pheasants. [JVet in use."] 
 
 NIDO'E'."*, 11. A dast.-ird. [jVo( in iwi?.] Camden. 
 
 NID'I-FI-CaTE, v. i. [L. nidijico, from nidus, a nest.] 
 To make a nest. 
 
 NID-l-FI-eS'TION, n. The act or operation of build- 
 ing a nest, and the hatching and feeding of young in 
 the nest. Dcr/tam. 
 
 NI'DING, n. [Sax. nithini; ; Dan. and Sw. niding.] 
 A despicable cowaril ; a dastard. [06s.] 
 
 NT'DOR, H. [L.l Scent ; savor. Hp. Taylor. 
 
 NI-I)()R-OS'l-TY, 71. Eructation with the taste of 
 iindigi sted roast meat. fluycr. 
 
 NI'DOK-OUS, a. Uesembling the smell or taste of 
 roasted meat. Bacon, 
 
 NID'IJ-LANT, a. [L. nidulerr, from nidus, nest.] 
 
 Ill botany, nestling ; lying loose in pulp or cotton, 
 within a berry or pericarp. .Martijii. Lee. 
 
 NID-Li-LA'TION, n. The time of reniaining in the 
 nest ; as of a bird. Brown, 
 
 NI'DLTS, II. [I..] A nest ; a repository for the eggs 
 of birds, insects, &.c. 
 
 NlI'ZCE, (nese,) n. [Kr. nii'ce ; Arm. nizes, nyes; W. 
 tuth ; qu. 1'he I), lias nifrf, and the G. nicfife,] 
 The daughter qf a brotlier or sister. Johnson, 
 
 NI-EL'LO, n. [It.] A species of ornaiin iital en- 
 graving used by the Konians and the modern Ital- 
 ians, somewhat resembling damask-work, made by 
 enchasing a black composition, said to have been 
 composed of silver and lead, into cavities in wood 
 anil metals. FAmes. P. Ciic. 
 
 NIF'KE, n. [Norm.] A trifle. [Ohs.] Chaucer. 
 
 NIG'GARD, II. [W. ni^, straight, narrow, or G. 
 knicker, a niggard, and a nod or nodding; knickern, 
 to haggle, to be sordidly parsimonious ; Dan. gnier, 
 for irtiiker or irniirrr, a nigi^ard. This word seems to 
 belong to the family of I), knikken, C nieken, Dan. 
 nikker, to nod. and this to Dan. knikker, to crack ; 
 exhibiting analogies similar to those of icretch, wreck, 
 and hatrirle. Jlrd is a termination, as in dotard.] 
 
 A miser; a person meanly close and covetous; a 
 sordid wretch who saves every cent, or spends 
 grudgingly. 
 
 S,TVe iilin an a ^idi^iti* master, 
 
 A» n p<-iMirioiiB nigsard ul his wealth. MVtnn. 
 Be niggnrdt of advice on no |ii\u-nse. Pope, 
 
 NIG'GARD, a. Miserly; meanly covetous; sordidly 
 parsimonious. Dryden, 
 2. Sparing ; wary. 
 
 MoHl ttve of (^o'>»tinn, tut to our demands 
 
 yiggnrd in litf reply. Shak. 
 
 NIG'G.AKI), V, L To stint ; to supply sparingly. 
 
 [/.illle used,] Shak. 
 NIG'GAUD-ISE, n. Niggardliness. [AVit in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 NIG'G.ARD-ISII, a. Somewhat covetous or niggardly. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 NIG'G ARD-LI-NESS, n. Mean covetousness ; sordid 
 parsimony; extreme avarice manifested in sparing 
 expense. 
 
 Siggardlineit b not good husbandry. Addieon. 
 NIG'GARD-LY, a. Meanly covetous or av,iricious ; 
 sordidly parsimonious ; extremely sparing of ex- 
 pense. 
 
 Where the owner of the house will be bountiful, it is not for the 
 stew:ml to be niggarxUy. Hail. 
 
 2. Sparing ; wary ; cautiously avoiding profusion. 
 
 Sidney, 
 
 NIG'GARD-LY, adv. Sparingly; with cautious p.r- 
 
 simoiiv. Shak. 
 NIG'GARD-NESS, n. Niggardliness. [Aot used.] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 NIG'GARD-Y, n. Niggardliness. [Aol used,] 
 NIG'GLE, ti. t. and i. To mock : to trifle wiili. [jVu( 
 
 in use.] Beaum, Fl, 
 
 .MtJ'GLKD, (nig'gid,) pp. Trifled with. 
 NIG'GLER, 71. One who niggles at any handiwork. 
 
 ^inarf. 
 
 MG'GLING, ppr. Mocking. 
 
 NI(;il, (ni,) a. [Sax. neah, neahg, neh, for nij ; G. 
 
 nahe, nigh. This is the ii. nach, D. jia, a preposition 
 signifying to, on, or after, that is, approaching, 
 pressing tin, making toward ; D. naakcn, to approacti ; 
 \V. flfiv, strait, iiairow.] 
 
 1. Near ; not distant or remote in place or time. 
 
 The loud tumult shows the IkiiiI.? nigh. Prior. 
 Wh'-u III'- (tg-tn-c putleth forltl leaves, ye know tliat suiiiiiier is 
 nigh, — Matt. xxiv. 
 
 2. Closely allied by blood ; as, a ni^A kinsman. 
 
 Knolles. 
 
 3. Easy to be obtained or learnt ; of easy access. 
 
 The word is very nigh to thee. — D'.'ut. xxx. 
 
 4. Ready to support, to forgive, or to aid and 
 defend. 
 
 The Lord is ni^ft to tlicm who arc of a broken heart, — Ps. 
 xxxiv. 
 
 5. Close in fellowship; intimate in relation. 
 
 Ye are mailt- nigh hy the blood of Chrint. — Kph. ii. 
 
 C, Near in jirogress or condition. Ilrb. vi. 
 NIGH, (nl,) u</i). Near; at a small distance in place 
 or time, or in the course of events. 
 
 He was sick, nigh to death. — Phil. IL 
 
 2. Near to a place. 
 
 He drew nigh. Milton. 
 
 3. Almost ; near. He wna nirrh dead. 
 
 JViVA is never a preposition. In the plir.-ise, " JVigli 
 this recess, with terror they survey," there is an ellip- 
 sis of (0. Thry, 7iio-/t to this recess, survey, &c. 
 
 NIGH, (HI,) V. i. To approach ; to advance or tiraw 
 near. [JVot ii.-.rf/.] I/uhbrrd, 
 
 NIGH'LY, (iii'ly,) adv. Nearly; within a little. 
 
 A cube and a sphere nighly of tlic same bigni 
 
 [Nol usfif.) 
 Locke. 
 
 NIGII'NESS, (ni'ness.) n. Nearness ; proximity in 
 place, time, or degree. 
 
 NIGH'I", (nite,) n. [Sav. ni/i( ; Goth, nalils; D. na<rf ;. 
 G. nacht : Sw. vatt; Dan, uat, cimtracteil ; E. nor; 
 Gr. .- .Sp, noche ; Port. nCite ; \t. notte : Fr. rtuit ; 
 Ir. nocht .- Kiiss, nneh ; Sl:iv. nosch : Sans, ui.-icha, 
 'J'he sense may he dark, black, or it may be the de- 
 cline tif the day, from (Jecliiiing, departing, like the 
 Sheiniiic 3->p.] 
 
 1. 'I'liat part of the natural day when the siin is 
 beneath the horizon, or the time from sunset to sun- 
 rise. 
 
 2. The time after the close of life ; death. John ix. 
 
 She closed ln-r eyi-s iu evvrl istin? nigltl. Drylen, 
 
 3. A state of ignorance ; intt^llectiial and moral 
 darkness; heathenish ignoranci\ Horn, 
 
 4. Adversity ; a state of allliction and distress. 
 Is. xxi. 
 
 5. Obscurity ; .1 state of concealment from the eye 
 or the mind ; uiiinlelligibleiiess. 
 
 Nature and nature's works lay hid in night. Pope. 
 
 In Ute uiirht ; suddenly ; unexpectetlly. Luke xii. 
 To nttrhl : in this night. To-night the moon will 
 be eclipseil. 
 
 NIGH r'-AN"GI.ING, (nTte'ang'gling,) n. The an- 
 gling for or cat(-liiiig fish in the night. F.nciic. 
 NiGHT'-UIKD, n. A bird that flies only in the iiight. 
 
 Halt. 
 
 NIGHT'-lil.OOM-I.VG, a. niooming in the night. 
 Nl(;HT'-liOR.\, a. Priidiici-d in ilarkness. 
 NIGHT'-liKAW 1,-ER, h. One who excites brawls, 
 
 or makes a tiiniiilt at night. Sliak, 
 NlGHT'eAP, H, A cap worn in bed or in undres.s. 
 
 SiDiJl. 
 
 NIGirr'-€RoW, n. A bird that cries in the night. 
 
 S'lu*. 
 
 NIGIIT'-DEW, 71. The dew formed in the night. 
 
 Driiden. 
 
 NIGIIT'-DOG, n, A dog that hunts in the iiiglit,used 
 bv ileer-ste.-ili-rs. Shak, 
 
 .\TGiri''-DRESS, II. .-V dress worn at night. Pope. 
 
 NI(;ilT'EI). (nit'ed,) a. Darkened; clouded; black. 
 [Little usrdA Shak. 
 
 NIGHT'KALL, ii. The close of the day ; evening. 
 
 Sirijl, 
 
 NIGHT'-FaR-I.\G, a. Traveling in the night. 
 
 Gail, 
 
 NIGHT'-FIRE, n. Ignis fatuiis ; Will-with-a-wisp ; 
 Jack-wlth-a-laiilern. Herbert, 
 2, Fire burning in the niL'lit, Irviiiy, 
 NIGHT'-FLt, H. An insect that flics in the night. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 NIGHT'-FLt-ER, n. An insect that flies in the 
 n\'-hl, 
 
 NI(;irr'-FOU.\D-ER-ED, (iilt'found-crd,) a. Lost or 
 
 tlistressed in the night. JMUtoiu 
 NKJHT'GOWN, n. A loose gown used for undress. 
 
 Jiddison, 
 
 MGIIT'-II,\G, n. A witch supjiosed to waniler in 
 the night. .MUton. 
 
 NIGHT'-HAWK, n. A well-known bird of the Uni- 
 ted Statt-s, Caprimulgus Americanus, ntliril to tlie 
 night-jar. It hiiiits its prey toward evening, and 
 often, diving ilowii prrpendieularly, protluces a hol- 
 low, jarring sound, like that of a spiiiiiliii;-« heel. 
 
 NIGIIT'-IIEK-O.N, «. A wailing bird, of the genin 
 .Nycticorat, l^.lrdrn, I.inn.,) allied to the herons and 
 
 TONE, BJJI.L, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 751 
 
NIG 
 
 NIN 
 
 NIT 
 
 liitterns. It seeks its food in tlie evening, when it 
 utters a disagreeable, croaking noise. 
 
 P. Cue. Ellin. Cyc. 
 NTGHT'IN-GALE, n. [Sax. nilde.^rdle : Sw. viiMcr- 
 gal : D. na^rtpifaal ; G. vacliti<rall ; Dan. natter gal 
 composed of tiifrki and Sax. galan, to sing.] 
 
 1. A small bird that sings at night, of tlie genus 
 Philomela Molacilla ; Philomela, or Philomel. It is 
 celebraTed for its vocal powers. S/iak. fValler. 
 
 9. A \v<trd of endearment. Shak. 
 NIGHT'ISH, a. Pertaining to night, or attached to 
 llie night. 
 
 NIGIIT'-JXR, n. A British bird, Caprimulgus Enro- 
 psti-*, also culled Goat-sucker, distinguished by the 
 wide gape of its beak. It hunts its prey in the dusk, 
 and is remarkable for the loud sound it emits, like 
 the jarrinv of a spinning-wlieel. It is allied to the 
 night-hawk. P. Cyc. 
 
 NIC MT' LESS, a. Having no night. 
 
 NlGHT'LY, a. Done by night ; happening in the 
 night, or appearing in the night ; as, nigliUy sports ; 
 nightly dews. 
 
 2. Done every night. The watch goes his nightly 
 round. 
 
 NlGHT'LY, (nite'le,) adv. By night. 
 
 Th^p, Sion 
 NighUy 1 1 
 
 iid llie flowery bruoks beneath, 
 
 2. Every night. Addison. 
 NIGHT'-MAN, n. One who empties privies in cities 
 by night. 
 
 NlGIIT'iMARE, n. [night and Sax. mora, incubus, 
 nightmare. Mara may be from the root of rnerran, 
 to stop, to hinder, (see Muor ;) or it may be the Rab- 
 binic N'"<13, an evil spirit or demon. The cominim 
 spelling, nightmare, is erroneous, and tends to mis- 
 lead the reader.] 
 
 Incubus ; a sensation in sleep resembling the pres- 
 sure of a weight on the breast, generally seeming to be 
 that of Some hideous monster or phantom, interrupt- 
 ing the sleep with violent struggle and tremor. 
 
 NTGHT'-PIeCE, (nite'pees,) n. A piece of painting 
 so c<dored as to be supposed seen by candle-light. 
 
 NIGHT'-KaIL, n. [night and Sax. regl, or rather 
 hra:gle, a garment or robe.] 
 
 A loose robe or garment worn over the dress at 
 night. rjVuJ used.] j9ddison. 
 
 NIGHT'-RA-ViCN, n. A bird of ill omen that cries 
 in the night ; the night-heron. 
 
 Spenser. SliaJi. Kdin. Encye.. 
 
 NtGIIT'-REST, n. Rest or repose at night. Shak. 
 
 NIGHT'-ROB-BER, n. One that robs or steals in the 
 night. Spenser. 
 
 NIGHT'-ROLE, n. A tumult or frolic in the night. 
 
 NIGHT'SH.\DE, 71. f.Sax. nilitjscaUa.] [Shak. 
 A plant of the genus Solannm. The deadly night- 
 shade is of the genus Atropa ; the Mmrrican night- 
 shade of tlie genus Phytolacca; the basturd nighuhade 
 of the genus Rivina ; the encfianter^s nightihade of the 
 genus Circaia; the Malabar nightshade of the genus 
 Basella ; and the three-leaved nightshade of the genus 
 Trillium. Fam. of Planti. 
 
 NIGHT'-SHIN-I.\G, a. Shining in the night ; lumi- 
 nous in darkness. Wilkins. 
 
 NIGHT'-SHRIkK, (nlte'.shreek,) n. A shriek or out- 
 cry in the night. Shak. 
 
 NIGHT'-SOIL, n. The contents of necessaries ; so 
 called because collected in cities, and carried away 
 .as a manure by night. 
 
 NIGHT'-SPELL, 7i. A charm against accidents at 
 night. Chancer. 
 
 NIGHT'-TRIP-PING, a. Tripping about in tlie night ; 
 as, a night-triiijiing fairv- Shtdi. 
 
 NI(;ilT'-VlS-UJN, (iiite'vizh-un,) n. A vision at 
 night. 
 
 NKJIIT'-WaK-ING, a. Watching in the night. 
 
 NIGHT'-WALK, (nite'wawk,) 71. A walk in the 
 ev fling f»r night. IValttm. 
 
 NIGiri''-VVALK-ER, n. One that walks in his sleep ; 
 a somnambulist. 
 
 2. One that roves about in the night for evil pur- 
 poses. J^i'rht-malkers are punishable by law. 
 
 NIGHT'-WALK-ING, a. Roving in the night. 
 
 NIGHT'-VVALK-ING, n. Walking in one's sleep; 
 Bomuambulisrn. 
 2. A roving in the streets at night with evil de- 
 
 RigllS. 
 
 NIGHT'-WAN-DER-ER, n. One roving at night. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 NIGHT'-WAN-DER-ING,a. Wandering in the night. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 NTGIIT'-WAR-BLLNG, a. Warbling or singing in 
 
 the night. Millun. 
 NIGIIT'WARD, a. Approaching toward night. 
 
 Milljtn. 
 
 NIGIIT'-WATCH, (nite'wotch,) 71. A period in the 
 
 night, as distinguished by the change of the watch. 
 
 J^ighL-watrJics, however. In the Psalms, seems to mean 
 
 IJie night, or time of sleep in geni^ral. 
 2. A watch or guard in the night. 
 NtGHT'-WATCIl ER, n. One that watches in the 
 
 night Willi evil designs. 
 NIGHT'- WITCH, n. A night-hag; a witch that np- 
 
 liears in the night. 
 
 Nl-GRES'CENT, a. [L. mgrescn, to grow black.] 
 Growing black ; changing to a black color ; ap- 
 proaching to blackness. 
 
 Nl'GRlIME, 71, An ore of titanium, found in black 
 grains or rolled pieces. Ure. 
 
 JVI'HIL AL'BUM, n. [L., white nothing.] In chem- 
 istry, a name formerly given to the flowers or white 
 oxyd of zinc, a woolly-looking, white matter, formed 
 by the combustion of zinc, and so minutely divided 
 as to be carried up mechanically and float in the air. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 j^t'HIL DE'BET, [L., he owes nothing.] A plea de- 
 nying a debt. 
 
 JVl'WL DI'CfT, [I.., he says nothina.] In taw. a 
 judgment by nihd dicit, is when the defendant makes 
 no answer. 
 
 Nl'HU.-lSM, 7t. Nothingness ; nihility. Dwight. 
 NI-IIIL'I-TY, 71. [L. nihilutn, nihil, nothing; ne and 
 hitum.] 
 
 Nothingness ; a state of being nothing. JVatts. 
 
 mL DES- P F.-RJIJ^' U UM, [L.] Let there be no de- 
 spair. The phrase was originallv, 
 
 J\riL DES-PE-RAJf' nUM DE RF^PUB'LI-CA. Let 
 there be no despair respecting the commonwealth or 
 state. 
 
 NILL, V. t. [Sax. nillan, that is. Tie, not, and willan, to 
 
 will ; L. nolo ; ne and volv.] 
 
 Not to will ; to refuse ; to reject. [Oi«.] Spenser, 
 NILL, V. i. To be unwilling. Shak. 
 NILL, 71. The shining sparks of brass in trying and 
 
 melting the ore. Johnson. 
 NI-LO.M'E-TER, 71. [Gr. NtiX»s, Nile, and /itrpue, 
 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the rise of water in 
 the Nile during the flood. 
 Nl-LOT'ie, o. Pertaining to the Kiver Nile in 
 Egypt. 
 
 NIM, V. t. [Sax. TiemflTi, niman, Goth, niman, J), nee- 
 men, G. nehmen, to take.] 
 To take ; to steal ; to filch. JOis.] 
 
 Hadibras. L^FjStrange. 
 NIM'BLE, a. [du. W. nwtjv, liveliness. In Dan. nem 
 is sharp, acute.] 
 
 Light and quick in motion ; moving with ease and 
 celerity ; lively ; swift. It is applied chiefly to mo- 
 tions of the feet and hands, sometimes to other 
 things; as, a nimblehoy; the 7iimA/e-footed deer. 
 Tiiroujli tJie mid seas Uie nimble pinnace sails. Pope. 
 
 NliH'BLE-FOOT-ED, a. Running with speed ; light 
 of foot. 
 
 Nl.M'BLE-NESS, 71. Lightness and agility in motion ; 
 quickness; celerity; speed; swiftness. It implies 
 lightness and springiness. 
 
 The Blag Ihoughl il better 10 trust to the rdmbleneet of his feet. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 Ovid ranged over Parnassus with great nimblenese and ayil'ly. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 NIM'BLESS, 7!. Nimbleness. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 NIM'BLE-WIT-TED, a. Quick ; ready to speak. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 NIM'BLY, adv. With agility ; with light, quick mo- 
 tion. 
 
 He capers mmhly in a lady's chamber. Shak. 
 
 NIM'BUS, 71. [L.] A circle or disk of r.ays of light 
 around the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns, 
 upon medals, pictures, &c. Brande. 
 
 2. In meteorology, a name given to the rain-cloud, 
 one of the four fundamental clouds. Olmsted. 
 NI-MI'E-TY, 71. [L. nimietns.] 
 
 The state of being too much. [JVot in use.] 
 NIM'iMER, ». [Sax. niman, to take.] 
 
 A thief [JV'ot in use.] Jfndibras. 
 NIN'eo.M-POtJP, 71. [Said to be a corruption of L. 
 jton compos, not of sound mind.] 
 
 A fool ; a blockhead ; a trifling dotard. [A low 
 word.] Addison. 
 NINE, a. [Goth. Tiiim ; G.veun; Sw. Tiijn ,• Dan. Tti ; 
 L. nanus ; probably ctmtracted, as the Sax. is nigan, 
 and the Dutch nigen, Hindoo now, Burmaii no, or 
 nonaw.] 
 
 Denoting the number composed of eight and one ; 
 as, nine men ; 7ii/ie days. 
 NIi\E, 71. The number composed of eight and otie ; 
 or the number less by a unit than ten ; three times 
 three. 
 
 The nine ; among English poets, the nine Muses. 
 NTN'E'KoLI), n. Nine times repeated. Mdton. 
 NI.\'E'-lloLES, 71. A game in which noles are made 
 in llie ground, into which a pellet is to be bowled. 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 N'lNE'-MEX'S-MOR'RIS, n. See Monais. 
 NI.VE'PENCE, 71. A silver coin of the value of nine 
 pence. 
 
 NLNE'-PINa, 71. A pl.ay, originally, with nine pins or 
 pit^ces of wood set on end, at which a bowl is rolled 
 fur throwing them down. We say, to play at iimc- 
 pins, or a game at nine-pin.^. In the United States, 
 ten pins are soiiieliiiies used for this game. 
 
 NINE'-.SCriUE, a. Noting nine times twenty, crone 
 hundred and eighty. [See S< ohe.] 
 
 NTNE'-SeORE, 71. 'I'lie number of nine times 
 twentv. 
 
 NINE't EEN, a. [Sax 7n>a>ifi/;i<! ] 
 
 Noting the number of Tiine and ten united; as, 
 nineteen years. 
 NIXE'TEENTH, a. [Sax. nigantothe.] 
 
 The oriluial of nineteen; designating nineteen. 
 NT\E'TI-ETH, a. The ordinal of ninety. 
 NliNE'TY, o. Nine times ten ; as, 7a7tet^ years. 
 
 5 --i - 
 
 NIN'NY, 71. [Sp. Tiino ; L. nanus, a dwarf; Ar. Lj Ij 
 nana, weak in mind.] 
 
 A fool ; a simjileton. Swift. 
 NIN'NY-HAM-MER, 71. A simpleton. [Little «.vfd.] 
 
 Arbuthnot. 
 
 NINTH, a. [Sax. nigetha, nigotJia : but ninth in Eng- 
 lish is formed directly from nine: Sw. nijnde.] 
 
 The orilinal of nine ; designating Ihe number nine, 
 the next preceding ten ; as, the nintli day or month. 
 
 NINTH, n. A ninth part. 
 
 2. In music, an interval containing an octave, with 
 a tone or semitone additional. 
 
 NlNTH'LY, adv. In the ninth place. 
 
 NI-o'BI-UM, 71. [from JVit;4c.] A metal recently dis- 
 covered in Cohimbite. 
 
 NIP, V. I. [D. knippen, to nip, to clip, to pinch ; Sw. 
 kuipa ; G. kneif, a knife, a nipping tool ; kneifen, to nip, 
 to cut off", to pinch ; kniff, a pinch, a nipping: knipp, 
 a fillip, a snap; W. cneiviaw, to clip. I'liese words 
 coincide with knife. Sax. coif. Ft. ganif, or canif] 
 
 1. To cut, bite, or pinch olT the end or nib, or to 
 pinch ofl" with the ends of the fingers. The word is 
 used in both senses ; the former is probably the true 
 sense. Hence, 
 
 2. To cut off" the end of any thing; to clip, as with 
 a knife or scissors ; as, to nip off a shoot or twig. 
 
 3. To blast; to kill or (iestroy the end of any 
 thing ; hence, to kill ; as, the frost h.as nipped the 
 corn ; the leaves are nippeil: the plant was nipped in 
 the bud. Hence, to vip in the bud, is to kill tir de- 
 stroy in infancy or youth, or in the first stage of 
 growth. 
 
 4. To pinch, bite, or affect the extremities of any 
 thing ; as, a nipping frost ; hence, to pinch or bite in 
 general ; to check growth. 
 
 5. To check circulation. 
 
 When blood is nipt. [Unusual.] Shak. 
 
 6. To bite ; to vex. 
 
 And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip. Spenser. 
 
 7. To satirize keenly ; to taunt sarcastically. 
 
 Hubberd. 
 
 NIP, 71. A seizing or closing in upon ; as, in the north- 
 ern seas, the nip of the ice. 
 
 2. A pinch with the nads or teeth. Ascliam. 
 
 3. A small cut, or a cutting off' the end. 
 
 4. A blast ; a killing of the ends of plants ; de- 
 struction by frost. 
 
 5. A biting sarcasm ; a taunt. Stepney. 
 
 6. A sip or small draught ; as, a Tiiji of toddy. [G. 
 vippen, Dan. nipper, to sip.] 
 
 NIP'P£D, (nipt,) (pp. Pinched; bit; cropped; blast- 
 NIPT, i ed. 
 
 NIP'PER, 71. A satirist. [JVot u.icd.] Ascham. 
 
 2. A fore tooth of a hiuse. The nippers aie four. 
 NIP'PER-KIN, 71. A small cup. 
 NIP'PERS, 71. pi. Small pincers. 
 
 NIP'PING, ppr. or a. Pinching; pinching off"; biting 
 
 off* the entl ; cropping; dipping; blasting; killing. 
 NIP'PING-LY, arfe. With bitter sarcasm. Johnson. 
 NIP'PLE, n. [Sax. nypele ; dim. of 7iiii, neb.] 
 
 1. A teat; a dug; the spongy protuberance by 
 which milk is drawn from the breasts of feiiiali^s. 
 
 Ray. Encyc. 
 
 2. The orifice at which any animal liquor is sepa- 
 rated. Derham. 
 
 NIP'PLE- WORT, 71. An herb of the genus Lapsana, 
 formerly used as an external a])])Iication to the breasts 
 of women. Loudon. 
 
 NIS, [Sax.l Is not. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 Ni'SAN, 71. [Ileb. and Ch. ID>3.] 
 
 A month of the Jewish calendar, the first month 
 of the sacred year, and seventh of the civil year, an- 
 swering to the latter part of March and begiiiiiiiig of 
 April. It was originally called Abib, but began to be 
 calleil JVUan after the captivity. 
 
 Gesenius. P. Cyc. 
 
 NI'SI PRI'US, 71. [L.] In law, a writ which lies in 
 cases where the jury, being impanneled anil returned 
 before the justices of the bench, one of the parties 
 requests to have this writ for the case of the county, 
 that the cause in.iy be trietl before the justices of the 
 same county. 'I'he purport of the writ is, that Ihe 
 sherift' is coinmaiiiled to bring to Westminster llie 
 men impanneled at a certain day, before the justices, 
 7nVi prius, that is, unless the justices shall first come 
 into the county to take assizes. Hence the courts 
 direcleil to try matters of fact in the several counties 
 are called Courts of JVisi Privs, or J^isi Prius Courts. 
 In siiiiio of the United States, similar courts arc es- 
 tablished, with powers defined by statute. 
 
 NIT, 71. [Sax. hnitu : G. niss ; D. «fc£ ; Sw. ffnct; Dan. 
 gnid : \V. nezrn, nC'z.] 
 The ogg of u louse or other small insect. 
 
 Vcrham. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 
 
 7A9 
 
NO 
 
 NOB 
 
 NOD 
 
 NI'TEN CY, 71. [friini L. uiteo, to sliinv.] 
 1. llriylitiioss , liistrr. [Litllc useil.] 
 a. [I., iiilor, to strive.] Kiidcuvur j effort; spriiiR 
 to expand itsi ll". [I.Lttle nml.] Buylc. 
 NI'TEli, I n. [I't. nilre: Sp. and [t. nilro ; L. iiitrum : 
 NI'TIlli, ) Gr. uTiiof ; Hcb. and t-jr. ">n3 ; Ar. 
 
 ^j^j^lj nitrona. In Hebrew, the verb under wliicli 
 
 this word appears signifioa to spring, leap, shalte, 
 and to strip or loose ; in L'li. to .strip, or to fall ofT; 
 in Syriac, the same ; in Sam. to keep, to watch or 
 guard ; in .\r. the same ; in Etii. to shine.l 
 
 A salt, railed also Saltpeter, [stone-salt,] and in 
 the modern nomenclature of chemistry, .Vitihtk ok 
 PoTASsA. It e.vists in large quantities on or near the 
 surface of the earth ; and is continually formed, in 
 inhabited places, on walls sheltered from rain, and 
 in all situations where animal matters arc decom- 
 posed, under stables and barns, &c. It is of great 
 use in the arts ; is the principal ingredient in gun- 
 powder, and is useful in medicine'^, in preser%ing 
 meat, butter, &.r. It is a white crystalline salt, and 
 has an acrid, bitterish taste. Hooper. Fonrcroy. 
 
 NITH'I.VG, n. [.Sax.] A coward ; a dastard ; a [kJ- 
 troon. [See Nidi^g.J 
 
 NIT'ID, a. [L. Hitidits.] 
 
 1. Bright ; lustrous ; shining. Boyle. 
 
 2. Gay ; spruce j fine ; applied to persons. [Little 
 usetl. ] Reerr. 
 
 NI'TR.VTE, n. Astilt formed by the union of the nitric 
 acid with a base ; as, nitrate of soda. 
 
 LtirvLiier, Fourcroy. 
 NI'TR.A-TED. a. Combined witli nitric acid. 
 NI'TKE, n. See Niteb. 
 
 NI'TUie, a. Impregnated with nitric acid. JVifnc 
 tuid is composed of oxygen and nitrogen or azote, in 
 the proportions of tive equivalents of the former to 
 one (if the latter. 
 
 J\'itrie ozyd is com|)osed of oxygen and nitrogen, in 
 the proportion of two equivalents of the former to one 
 of the latter. 
 
 KT-TRI-Ki e.A'TION, n. The process of forming or 
 
 converting into niter. 
 NI'TRi-K?, V. t. [niter and L. facio.] 
 
 To convert into niter. 
 NI'TUITE, n. A salt formed by the combination of 
 
 the nitrous acid with a base. 
 NI'TRO-GEN, Ti. [Gr. uTO'ir, niter, and j-tn'ou, to 
 
 produce.] 
 
 That element which is the basis of nitric acid and 
 the principal ingredient of atmospheric air. In a pure 
 stale, it is a colorless gas, wholly devoid of smell and 
 taste. It was tirst noticed by Dr. Rutherford, in the 
 year 1772. [See .\iute.] 
 
 Ni-TROG'E-NOUS, a. . Pertaining to nitrogen. 
 
 NI-'I'KO-LEC'Cie, a. Designating a supm'sed acid, 
 obtained from leucine acted on by nitric acid. It is 
 now sup|)osed to be a compound of nitric acid and 
 leucine, and therefore is not properly an acid. 
 
 BraconnoU 
 
 NI-TRO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. firpov and pcrpLoi, to 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the quality or value 
 of niter. Ure. 
 NI-TRO-MU-RI-AT'ir, a. The nilro-muriatic acid is 
 formed by mixing nitric and muriatic (or hydroch- 
 loric) acid, and is a compound Milrogen, oxygen, 
 and clilohnc. It w;is formerly cilled ai/ua rtj/iu, from 
 its solvent power over gold, the king of the metils. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 NT'TROUS, a. Pertaining to niter ; partaking of the 
 qualities of niter, or resembling it. AV/rnKj acid is 
 one of the compounds formed of nitrogen and oxy- 
 gen, in which the oxygen is in a lower projiortion 
 than that in which the same elements form nitric acid, 
 A'itrows oryd ; sometimes, from it^ effects on the 
 animal system when inhaled, calleit ezhilarating or 
 laughing gas ; a gas coin|H)sed of one equivalent of 
 oxygen and one of nitrogen. 
 
 NI'TRV, a. Nitrous; pertaining to niter; producing 
 niter. Oati. 
 
 NIT'TER, n. [from nit.] The horse bee, that de(>os- 
 ils nits on horses. JUed. Rrpos. 
 
 NIT'TI-LY, ode. [(torn nitty.] Lousily. lJ\ot used.] 
 
 liayward, 
 
 NIT'TY, a. [from niL] Full of nits; abounding 
 
 with nits. Johnson. 
 NI'VAL, a. [L. nirdlii, from nix, nivii, snow.] 
 
 Abounding with snow ; snowy. [jVut us<d.'\ DicL 
 NIV'E-OLS, a. [L. nicfits.] 
 
 Snowy ; resembling snow ; partaking of the qual- 
 ities of snow. Brown. 
 NI-Z.\M', n The title of one of the native sovereigns 
 of India. 
 
 NO ; an abbreviation of number, Fr. nombrt ; as, ^^o 8, 
 Ab. 10. 
 
 MO, a</f. [Sax. no or ne ; \V. na ; Rus?. ne ; Sans, lut ; 
 Pets. Zend, id.l 
 
 1. A word of denial or refusal, expressing a nega- 
 tive, and equivalent to nay and not. When it ex- 
 presiies a negative answer, it is opposed to Y£» or 
 Y«A. Will you go .' J\-o. 
 
 It is frequently used in denying propositions, and 
 opposed to affirmation or concession. " That I may 
 prove them, whether they will walk in my law or 
 no." Hiod. xvi. A'u, in this use, is deemed less el- 
 gant than not, but the use is very general. 
 
 2. After another negative, it repeats the negation 
 with great emphasis. 
 
 There is none righteous, no, not one. — Rom. Ul. 1 Cor. t. 
 
 Sometimes it follows an affirmative proposition in 
 like manner, but still it denies witli emphasis, and 
 gives force lu the following negative. 
 
 To whom we ^vc pUcc \>J cubJecUon, no, not for an liour.-.- 
 (ial. ii. 
 
 Sometimes it begins a sentence with n like cmphat- 
 ical signification, strengthening the following nega- 
 tive. 
 
 NOt ntit the bc>w which so ndonii llie «Viei, 
 
 So glorioui is, or huaau to many ily< «. Waller. 
 
 3. Not in any degree ; as, no longer ; no shorter ; 
 no more ; no less. 
 
 4. When no is repeated, it expresses neg;ition or 
 refusal with emphasis ; as, no, no. 
 
 NO, a. Not any ; none. 
 
 Let Ihcrc lie no slrifc between Oiee inti me. — Gen. xiil. 
 Q. Not any ; not one. 
 
 Thou shalt worship no otlier Go^l. — Ex. xxiir. 
 3. ^^'hen it precedes tohere, as in no where, it may 
 be considered as adverbial, though originally an ad- 
 jective. 
 
 N()-.\'eHI-AN, a. Pertaining to Noah, the patriarch, 
 
 or to his time. Phillips, Geol. 
 
 NOB, n. The head. [In ridieule. .4 low word.] 
 NO-BIL'I.\-RY, )i. [See Noble.] .•V history of no- 
 
 bl»* families. Kncyc. 
 NO-BtL'I-T.\TE, F. (. [L. nobilito. Set .N'oble.J 
 
 To make noble ; to ennoble. 
 NO-BIL-I-TA'TION, n. The act of making nol.lc. 
 
 More. 
 
 NO-BIL'I-TY, n. [L. nobilitas.] 
 
 1. Dignity of mind ; greatness ; grandeur ; that 
 elevation of soul which comprehends braverj', gen- 
 erosity, magnanimity, intrepidity, and contempt of 
 every thing that dishonors character. 
 
 Thoiijrh she h:ited Amphialus, yet the nobility of her courage 
 
 |tr?T^le(l oTer it. Sldrt£y. 
 They thought it »re;»l their soven-i^ to control, 
 And ntuneu their pride, nobility of soul. Dryrten. 
 
 2. .\ntiquity of family ; descent from noble ances- 
 tors ; distinction by blood, usually joined with riches. 
 
 When I took up Boccnce unawares, I fell on the same argument 
 of pn'Ierrinff virtue to nobility of blooU and tilles, in the story 
 ol aigisiiiuuda. Drycieii. 
 
 3. The qualities which constitute distinction of 
 rank in civil society, according to the customs or laws 
 of the country; that eminence or dignity which a 
 man derives from birth or title conferred, and which 
 places him in an order above common men. In Orcat 
 Britain, nobility is extended to five ninks, those of 
 duke, marquis, earl, vi.scount, and baron. 
 
 4. The persons collectively who enjoy rank above 
 commtmers ; the peerage ; as, the English nobility ; 
 French, German, Russian nobility. 
 
 NO'BLE, a. [Fr. and Sp. noble; Port, no&re ; IL no- 
 bilc ; L. nobuL-i, from nosco, nori, to know.] 
 
 1. Great ; elevated ; dignified ; being above every 
 thing th.at can dishonor reputation ; as, a noA/emind ; 
 a noble courage ; noble deeds of valor. Jtlilion. 
 
 2. Exalted ; elevated ; sublime. 
 
 St.-\tii..t. with win.ling ivv crvwned, belong 
 
 To noWsr poets fcr a nob'.er son j. Dryden. 
 
 3. Magnificent ; stately ; splendid ; as, aiioWc par- 
 ade ; a noble edifice. 
 
 4. Of an ancient and splendid family ; as, noble by 
 descent. 
 
 5. Distinguished from commoners by rank and 
 title ; as, a noble [lersonage. 
 
 6. Free ; generous ; liberal ; as, a no4Z« heart. 
 
 7. Principal ; capital ; as, the noble parts of the 
 body. Johnson. 
 
 8. Ingenuous ; candid ; of an excellent disposi- 
 tion ; ready to receive truth. Als ivii. 
 
 9. Of the best kind ; dioice ; excellent ; as, a no- 
 ble vine. Jer. ii. 
 
 Jk'oble metals; a name given to gold, silver, nnd 
 
 Slatinum. Ure. 
 'BLE, n. A person of rank above a commoner ; a 
 nobleman; a peer; as, a duke, marquis, earl, vis- 
 count, or baron. 
 
 2. In Scripture, a person of honomble family, or 
 distinguished by station. Kxod. xxiv. AVA. vi. 
 
 3. Formerly, a gold Coin, but now a money of ac- 
 roiint, value lit. M. .sterling, or S1.4S cts. Camden. 
 
 .NO'UI,E-SI.'\.\, n. .\ nolale ; a peer; one who enjoys 
 rank above a coininoner, either by virtue of birth, by 
 office, or patent. Dryden. 
 
 NO'BLE-NESS, n. Greatness ; dignity ; ingenuous- 
 ness ; magnanimity ; elevation of mind or of condi- 
 tion, particularly of the mind. 
 
 His purpo«-s are full of honesty, nobleneMt, and inlegrilT. 
 
 — ' if mind and nobUntMM tljeir seat 
 
 Build in her lov.-|ie 
 The nobUntaM of Lie is to do tiiis. 
 
 Milton. 
 Sbai. 
 
 { 2. Distinction by birth ; honor derived from a n» 
 I NO'IILF.R, a. .More noble. | hie ancestry. 
 
 NO I'I kSSE' j from Sp. nobleia.] 
 
 1. The nobility ; persons of noble rank cidlective- 
 ly ; Including males and females. Dryden, 
 
 2. Dignity ; greatness : noble birth or condition, 
 r/rt these seiues, not now used.] Spenser. B. Joiisun. 
 
 NO'BLEST, a. Most noble, 
 NO'ULE-W0.M-A.\, n. A female of noble rank. 
 
 Cavendish. 
 
 NO'BLY, adv. Of noble extraction ; diiscended from 
 a family of rank ; as, nobly born or descended. 
 
 I>ryden. 
 
 2. With greatne.ss of soul ; heroically ; with mag- 
 nanimity ; as, a deed noifydone. He noMy preferred 
 death to disgrace. 
 
 3. Splendidly ; magnificently. He was noMy en- 
 tertained. 
 
 Where could an einpeiur's ustiM have been so nobly lod^d ss 
 in the niiilbt of bis nietnpolis, and oit tlie lop of so exalted a 
 nioiiuii-eut i Addison. 
 
 NO'BOD-Y, n. [no and body.] No person ; no one. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 NO'CENT, a. [L. nocens, from noeeu, to hurl, from 
 striking. See A.xitov.] 
 
 Hurtful ; mischievous ; injurious ; doing hurt ; as 
 ■nocent qualities. IVatts. 
 NO'CENT-LY, ajv. Hiirtfiilly ; injuriously. 
 NO'CIVE, a. [L. nocivus.] 
 
 Hurtful ; injurious. Hooker. 
 NOCK, n. A notch. [Obs.] [Sec Notch.] 
 NOCK, V. t. To place in the notch. [ Obs.] 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 NOe-TAM-BU-LS'TION, ». [L. nox, night, and am- 
 buln, to walk.) 
 A rising from bed and walking in sleep. Beddoes. 
 N'Oe-TA.M'BU-LIsr, «. One who rises from bed 
 and walks in his sleep. Arbulhnot uses noctamkulo 
 in the same sense ; but it is a less analogical word. 
 NOe-TID'I-AL, n. fL. noz, night, and rfif.*, day.] 
 Comprising a night and a day. [Little used.] 
 
 Holder. 
 
 NOC-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. noz, night, and /era, to 
 bring.] Bringing night. [JVot used.] Did-. 
 
 NOC-TlL'lJ-e.^, «. [L. Tioi, night, and lueea, to 
 shine.] 
 
 A species of phosphorus which shines in d.irknesa 
 without the previous aid of solar rays. F.ncye. 
 NOe-TIL'lJ-eOUS, a. Shining in the night. Pennant. 
 NO€-TIV'A-GANT, ) a. [L. nuz, night, and vagor, 
 NOe-TIV'A-GOUS, \ to wander.] 
 
 Wandering in the night, as animals for prev. 
 NOe-TIV-.VG.i'TION, n. A roving in the night. 
 
 QaytoTi. 
 
 NOe'TU-A-RY, n. [from L. nor, night.] 
 
 An account of what passes in the night, jlddison. 
 
 NOC'TL'I.E, n. [from L. nox, night.] 
 
 A hirge species of bat. Jardine's Aof. Lib. 
 
 NOe'TURN, n. [L. iioctumu.?, by night.] 
 
 An office of devotion, or religious service by night. 
 
 Stillingfleet. 
 
 NOG-TURN'AL, a. [h. noetumiis, from noz, night.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to nipht ; as, noctunml darkness. 
 
 2. Done or happening at night ; as, a nocturnal ex- 
 pedition or assault ; a nocturnal visit. 
 
 3. Nightly ; done or being every night. 
 
 from ^ildM roofs d'-pendin* tamps display 
 
 \ociurnal beams, dial eniulttle the d.iy. Orydtn. 
 
 NOe-TURN'AL, n. An instrument for taking the al- 
 titude of the stars, &.C., formerly used at sea. [Obs.] 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 NOe-TUKN'.VL-LY, adv. By night ; nightly. 
 
 NOG'U-^IENT, n. [L. nocumentum, from noceo, to 
 hurt.'] 
 
 Harm. [A'ot used.] 
 
 NOe'tJ-OUS, a. [Ij. noc«i«.] Hurtful. BaUty. 
 
 NOe'lJ-OUS-LY, atlc. Hurtlully ; injuriously. 
 
 NOD, r. i. [L. nufo; Gr. ft tu, contracted ; W. am- 
 naid, a nod ; amncidiaw, to nod, to t>eckon, from 
 naid, a leap, a spring ; neidiaw, to leap, to throb, or 
 
 beat, as the pulse ; .Ar. .2 Lj nada, to nod, to shake ; 
 Ileb. Ch. and Syr. lp, to move, to shake, to wander. 
 It coincides in elements with L. nato, to swim. 
 Cla*s .\d. No. 3, 9, 10.] 
 
 1. To incline the bead with a quick motion, either 
 forward or sidewi.se, as persons nod in sleep. 
 
 2. To bend or incline with a quick motion ; as, 
 nodding plumes. 
 
 The nodding Teidun of Its brow. Tlumson. 
 
 3. To be drowsy. 
 
 Your predecessors, contraij to other authon, nerer pleased their 
 readers more tb.m when they were nodding. Addison. 
 
 4. To make a slight bow ; also, to beckon with a 
 nod. 
 
 NOD, r. f. To incline or bend ; to shake. Shak. 
 
 2. To signify by a nod ; as, to nod approbation. 
 NOD, n. A quick declination of the head. 
 
 A look or a nod only ou jhl to correct Ihcra when they doami*. 
 
 TO.VE, BULL, qNlTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; C as J ; S as Z : CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
NOI 
 
 2. A quick declination or inclination. 
 
 Like a dninken sciiltT on a masl, 
 
 Ready wilh every nod to lumljle down. ShaJc. 
 
 3. A quiclc inclination of the head in drowsiness 
 or sleep. Locke. 
 
 4. A slight obeisance. Sliak. 
 
 5. A command ; a.s in L. numcn^ for nulamen. 
 NO'DA-TEL), a. [L. nuJalus.] 
 
 Knotted. A noduted lij perbola, in geometTy, is a 
 curve having two branchos wliich intersect each 
 other. ji. D. Stanley. 
 
 N0-1)A'T10N, 71. [L. nodatio, from nudo, to tie.] 
 
 The act of making a knot, or state of being knot- 
 ted. [Little iwfii.] 
 NOD'DEO, pp. lltnt ; inclined ; signified by a nod. 
 NU1)'DE.\, a. Bent ; inclined. [JVu£ in use] 
 
 TUotnson. 
 
 NOD'DER, n. One who nods ; a drowsy person. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 NOD'DING, ppr. or a. Inclining the head with a 
 short, quick motion ; signifying by a nod. 
 
 2. In botany, a substitute for the term )iii(on( ; 
 having the top bent downward. 
 NOD'DLE, n. [Qu. L. iiodulus, a himpj or from nod.] 
 The head, in contempt. 
 
 Come, master, 1 h-tve a project in my noddle. L' Estrange. 
 
 NOD'DY, n. [ftu. Gr. vo>dni.] 
 
 1. A simpleton ; a fool. 
 
 2. A sea fowl of the genus Sterna, verj' simple 
 and easily taken. It is found principally along tlie 
 American ctKists in warm latitudes. P. Cyc. 
 
 3. A game at cards. B. Jonson. 
 Node, «. [L. nodus. Eng. knot; allied probably to 
 
 knit. Sax. cnyttun.] 
 
 1. Properly, a knot ; a knob ; hence, 
 
 2. In .turnery, a swelling of the periosteum, ten- 
 dons, or bones. 
 
 3. In a.ttronnmy, Ihe point where the orbit of a 
 planet intersects the ecliptic. Tliese points are two, 
 and tliat where a planet crosses the plane of the eclip- 
 tic from south to north is called the asrendinir node, 
 or draf^on^s head ; that where a planet crosses it from 
 north to south, is called the descending node, or drag- 
 on^s tail. Barlow. 
 
 4. In poetry, the knot, intrigue, or plot of a piece, 
 or the principal difficulty. 
 
 5. In dialin/r, a point or hole in the gnomon of a 
 dial, by the shadow or light of which, either the 
 hour of the day in dials without furniture, or the 
 parallels of the sun's declination and his place in the 
 ecliptic, &c., in dials with furniture, are shown. 
 
 6. In botany, the point of a stem from which leaves 
 arise. Lindley. 
 
 J^Todes or JVodal points : in music, the fixed points 
 of a sonorous chord, at which it divides itself, when 
 it vibrates by aliquot parts, and produces the har- 
 monic sounds ; as the strings of the Eolian harp. 
 NO-DoSE', a. [L. nudosns, from nodus, knot.] 
 
 Knotted ; having knots or swelling joints. Martyn. 
 NO-OOS'I TY, n. Knottiness. Brown. 
 NOU'IT.LAR, <i. Pertaining to, or in the form of, a 
 NOD'ULE, 71. [h.nodulus.] [nodule or knot. 
 
 A rounded mineral mass of irregular shape. 
 NOD'IJI^ED, a. Having little knots or lumps. Danoin. 
 NO-ET'ie, a. [Gr. i /.£ri< <, from fins, the mind.] 
 
 Intellectual ; performed by the understanding. 
 NOG, 71. [nbbrev. of noggin.] A little pot : also, ale. 
 
 Hkinner. Swift. 
 NOG'GEN, a. Hard ; rough ; harsh. [A-'ot used.] 
 
 Kinir Charles. 
 NOG'GIN, 71. .\ small mug or wooden cup. 
 NOG'GING, 71. A partition of scantlings filled with 
 
 bricks. Mason. 
 NOI'ANCE, 71. [See AvNoy.l Annoyance j trouble ; 
 
 mischief ; inconvenience. (JVot used.] Skak. 
 NOIE, for AsNov 
 
 ' are not in use. Tusser. 
 
 NOIE, for AsNov, \ 
 NOI'ER, for Anvover, [ : 
 NOroUS, troublesome, ) 
 
 NOISE, (noiz,) n. [Fr. noi.te, strife, squabble, dispute ; 
 Arm. jioe.i. Class Ns, Ar. II, Syr. 24, and L. jioza, 
 noria. Class Ng, No. 23.] 
 
 1. Sound of any kind, or proceeding from any 
 cause, as the sound made by Ihe organs of speech, 
 by Ihe wings of an insect, the rushing of the wind, 
 or the roaring of the sea, of cannon, or thunder, a 
 low sound, a high sound, &.c. ; a word of general sig- 
 nijicatwn. 
 
 2. Outcry ; clamor ; loud, importunate, or contin- 
 ued Uilk expressive of boasting, complaint, or quar- 
 reling. In quarreling, it (expresses less than uproar. 
 
 Wbat runte hiiv wi- atjuut Imntnlanttttion of liijcaJM'f anil tnin». 
 fuiiun of blur.<l I Baker. 
 
 3. Frtupient talk ; much public conversation. 
 
 ttocrat'-a \Wft\ In Atl»<-ntt iluriiiff Uie yrvat plague which ha* niailc 
 •o much twUe in all ajfen, and ii(;V4T caught the I'-ant irif.-c 
 tioii. .*>)KCtalor. 
 
 4. Music, in general ; a ctuircrt. [Oba.] Shak. 
 NOISE, (noi7.,) V. i. To sound loud. 
 
 Harm Uio»^ tirrrora dUl nic none, ttiuii^h noising loud. Milton. 
 
 NOISE, (noiz, J tJ. I. To spread by rumor or report. 
 
 All tl^ar i.tyuif^ were m/ieed nliruAd. — I.uke i. 
 
 3. I'o disturb with noise. [JVot autlwriirjl,] Drydtn. 
 
 NOM 
 
 NOIS'ED, pp. Spread by report ; much talked of. 
 
 NOISE'FJJL, (noiz'ful,) a. Loud; clamorous; mak- 
 ing much noise or talk. Lh-yden. 
 
 NOISE'LESS, (noiz'less,) a. Making no noise or 
 bu£tle ; silent ; as, the noiseless foot of time. Shak. 
 
 So noiseleBs would 1 live. Dryden. 
 
 NOISE'LESS-LY, adv. Without noise ; silently. 
 
 NOISE'LESS-NESS, n. A_ state of silence. 
 
 NOISE'-MaK-ER, (noiz'mak-er,) 71. Onewhomakes 
 a clamor. L'Estrange. 
 
 NOIS'I-EY, (noiz'e-le,) aiiu. With noise ; with mak- 
 ing a nt>ise. 
 
 NOIS'I-NESS, (noiz'e-ness,) ti. The state of being 
 noisy ; loudness of sound ; clamorousness. 
 
 NOIS'ING, (noiz'ing,) ppr. Spreading by report. 
 
 NOI'SO.ME, (rioi'sum,) a. [Norm, noisife; It. nocivo, 
 noioso. This word is formed with the Teutonic 
 sojne, united with the It. noiare, Fr. nuire, nuisant, 
 frtun the L. noza, noceo, to hurt. Class Ng.] 
 
 1. Noxious to health ; hurtful; mischievous; un- 
 wholesome; insalubrious; destructive; as, noisome 
 winds; 7iouio//te ellluvia, or miasmata ; noisome ptjsti- 
 lence. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 2. Noxious ; injurious. 
 
 3. Offensive to the smell or other senses ; disgust- 
 ing ; fetid. 
 
 Foul breath is noisome. Shale. 
 NOI'SOME-LY, (noi'sum-le,) adv. With a fetid 
 
 stench ; with an infectious steam. 
 NOI'SOME-NESS, (noi'sum-ness,) 71. Offensivcness 
 
 to the smell ; quality that disgusts. Sotitli. 
 NOIS'Y, (noiz'y,) a. [from «i/ise.] Making a loud 
 
 sound. 
 
 2. Clamorous ; turbulent; as, the noisy crowd. 
 
 3. Full of noise. 
 
 O leave the noisy town. Dryden. 
 
 JVO'LE-VS yO'LE-VS, [L.] Unwilling or willing ; 
 
 whi ther he will or not. 
 J\rO' Li-ME-T.IM'' (i E-RR, n. [L., touch me not.] 
 J. A plant of the genus fmpatiens, called also 
 Balsa.mine, so named because, on being touched 
 when ripe, it discharges its seeds from the capsule 
 with ctutsiderable force ; also, a plant of the genus 
 Momoidica, or Ecbalium, one species of wliich is 
 called the w'dd or spurting cucumber. 
 
 LoiLdon. Eiicyc. 
 2. Among phjsicians, an ulcer or cancer, a species 
 of herpes. Cuxc. 
 NO-LI"TION, (no-lish'un,) 7i. [L. nolo, that is, 7i<; 
 volo, I will not.] 
 
 Unwillingness ; opposed to Volition. [Little 
 used.] Hale. 
 NOI.L, 71. [Sax. hnol, cnoll, knoll.] 
 
 The he.ad ; the noddle. [JVot used.] 
 JVOL'LE PROS' t>QUI, [L.] In /uw, these words 
 denote th.at a plaintiff or attorney for the public with- 
 draws a suit. 
 
 No'MAD,7i. [Gr. i/o/mf, I'll/la!!"?, living on pasturage, 
 from mixoi, to distribute or divide, to feed. This 
 verb is connected with fe/io^, h. nemus, a wood, a 
 place overgrown with trees, and alstt a pasture, the 
 primary sense of wliich is, probably, to spring or 
 shoot, for the verb rtjio) signifies, among other 
 things, to lt«p, to dance, and may be allied to Eng. 
 nimble. Cattle originally subsisted by browsing, as 
 they still do in new settlements.] 
 
 One who leads a wandering life, and subsists by 
 tending herds of cattle which graze on herbage of 
 spontaneous growth. Such is the practice at this day 
 in the central and northern parts of Asia, and the Nu- 
 midians in Africa are supposed to have been so called 
 from this practice. Tooke. Encyc. 
 
 NO-iMAD'ie, a. [Gr. i/-;(t-i<5ivoj.] 
 
 Pastoral; subsisting by the tending of c.tttle, and 
 wanilering for the sake of pasturage ; as, the nomad- 
 ic tribes of Asia. 
 
 Nfi'.'M AO-ISM, 71. The state of being a nomad. 
 
 NO'M AU-I/E, i>. 1. To wander with (locks and herds 
 for the sake of finding pasturage ; to subsist by the 
 grazing of herds on herbago of natural growth. 
 
 The Vculeu nojnadize diiefly about the Rivers Irtish, Oby, Ka- 
 ma, and Vol^a. Tooke. 
 N6'MAI)-I'/-ING, ppr. Leading a pastoral life, and 
 
 wandering or removing from place to place for the 
 
 sake of finding pintiirt!. 
 No'MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. oiofiu, L. nomen, name, and 
 
 pavTiiii, divinatiiui.] 
 
 Tlie art or practice of divining the destiny of per- 
 sons by the letters which form their names. Diet. 
 NOM'HLES, (num'blz,) 71. [Fr.] The entrails of 
 
 a deer. .John.ton. 
 NOM'BKIL, 71. [Fr., the navel.] The center of an es- 
 
 cutclieiui. Ciic. 
 JVOM' DF. GUERRE', (iiom'de gir',) [Fr.] Literal- 
 
 III, a name during the war; a fii lilious name, or one 
 N6.ME, 11. [<;r. i u/10,.] [assumed for a time. 
 
 1. A pri>viiice or tr.'ict of country ; an Egyptian 
 govifrnmeut or division. Maurice. 
 
 2. Ill the niicirnt Greek music, any melody deter- 
 mined by invii>hibli' rules. Cyc. 
 
 3. II,. immdi.] In rWirrira, a term, which see. 
 
 4. [(Jr. 1 i)i..>, Id eat. I In .vuri'cry, a phagedenic ul- 
 cer, or species of herpes. Cyc. 
 
 NON 
 
 No'MEN-eLA-TOR, 71. [L. ; Fr. namenclateur ; L 
 nomen, name, and calo, Gr. KaXtf, to call.] 
 
 1. A person who calls things or persons by their 
 names. In Rome, candidates for office were attend- 
 ed each by a vomenclator, who informed the candi- 
 date of the names of the persons they met, and whose 
 votes they wished to solicit. Brande. 
 
 2. In modern usage, a person who gives names to 
 tilings, or who settles and ailjusts the names of 
 things in any art or science. 
 
 No'MEN-€La-TRESS, 71. A female nomenclator. 
 
 .^diliion. 
 
 NO-MEN-CLa'TIJR-AL, a. Pertaining or according 
 
 to a noinenclatiire. Barton. 
 No'MEN-CLA-TliUE, 71. [L. 7!07ncnc;a(ura. See No- 
 
 MENi LATOR.] 
 
 1. A list or catalogue of the more tisual and impor- 
 tant words in a lauguace, with their significations ; 
 a vocabulary or dictiimary. 
 
 2. The names of tilings in any art t)r scii-nre, or 
 the whole vocabulary of names or technical terms 
 which are appropriated to any particular branch of 
 science ; as, the nomenclature of botany or of chem- 
 istry ; the new nomenclature of Lavoisier and bis tis- 
 
 No'MI AL, 71. [from L. nomen, a name.] [sociates. 
 
 In algebra, a term, which see. 
 NO.M'IN-.AL, a, [L, nominalis, from nomen. See 
 Name.] 
 
 1. Titular; existing in name only; as, a nominal 
 distinction or difference is a difference in name, and 
 not in reality. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a name or names; consisting in 
 names. 
 
 NO.M'L\-AL-IST, j v. The Nominalists were a sect 
 NO.M'IN-AL, i of philosophers in the middle 
 agi.'S, who adopted the opinion of Rosctdin, that gen- 
 erals, or the terms useti to denote the genera and 
 species of things, are not properly designations of 
 things that exist, but mere names for the resemblances 
 and evidences of things. They were the founders of 
 the universitv of Leipsic. Murdock. 
 NOiM'lN-AL I's.M, 71. The principles of tile Nomin- 
 alists. 
 
 NO.M'IN-AL-iZE, v. t. To convert into a noun. [M 
 
 in use, and ill formed.] 
 NO.M'IN-AL-LY, adv. By name, or in name only. 
 NO.M'IN-aTE, v. t. [L. nomino, from nomen, name. 
 
 See Name.] 
 
 1. To name ; to mention by name. Wntton. 
 
 2. To call ; to entitle ; to tienominate. Spenser. 
 
 3. To name or designate by name fiir an otHce or 
 place; to appoint; as, to 7io7Hi7iatt' an heir or an ex- 
 ecutor, Locke. 
 
 4. Usually, to name for an election, choice, or ap- 
 pointment ; to propose by name, or offer the name of 
 a person as a candidate for an oflice or place. This 
 is the principal use of the word in the United States ; 
 as in a public assembly, where men are to be selected 
 and chosen to office, any member i>f the assembly or 
 meeting nominates, that is, propo.ses to the chairman 
 the name of a person whom he desires to have 
 elected. 
 
 NO.M'IN-A-TED, pp. Named ; mentiimed by name; 
 
 designated or proposed for an office, or for election. 
 NO.M'IN-ATE-LY, ado. By name ; particularly. 
 
 Spelman. 
 
 NO.M'IN-A-TING, ppr. or a. Naming; proposing lor 
 an office, or for clioice by name. 
 
 NOM-IN-A'TION, n. The act of naming or nomin- 
 ating ; the .act of proposing by name for an office. 
 
 2. The power of nominating or appointing to of- 
 fice. 
 
 The noininaUon of ]jersoiis to places being a prerogative of the 
 kin.r. Clarendon. 
 
 3. The state of being nominated. A B is in nom- 
 ination for governor. 
 
 NOM'IN-A-TIVE, a. Pertaining to the name which 
 pri cedes a verb, or to the first case of nouns ; as, 
 the nominative case, or nominative word. 
 
 NO.VI'IN-.\-Tl VE, 71. In grummar, the fir.st case of 
 names or nouns, andbf adjectives which are declina- 
 ble. 
 
 NO.M'IN-A-TIVE-LY, ailv. In the manner of the 
 
 ntuni native. 
 NO.M'IN-A-TOR, 71. One that nominates. 
 NOM-IN-EE', 71. In law, the person who is named to 
 receive a copy-bold estate on surn iider of it to the 
 lord ; sometimes called the surrenderee. Blackstunc. 
 2, A person named or ilesigiiated by anoUit;r. 
 
 Paliy. 
 
 .3. A person tm whose life depi iuls an annuity. 
 NO.M'IN-OR, 71. He who points out or nominaies to 
 an offict!, &c. 
 
 NO-MOG'UA-l'IlY, 71. [Gr. I'^i/ioi, law, and jp"'/>"'> 
 to write.] 
 
 A treat ian <m laws. 
 NOM'O-TIIETI',, II. A lawgiver. Smiirf. 
 
 SJ[:jl:^;TIll^'i;;il:AL,i«- L<^--.»5"-] 
 
 Legislative ; enacting laws. Bu. Barlmei. 
 
 NOy,adv. [L.] Nol. This word is useil in the Eng- 
 li-h l.inguiige lis a prefix only, for giving a iiecntive 
 sense to words, as in mm-rcsidence, nim-perforinaiico, 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WH^T.— MBTB, PHfiY PINE, MARINE, HIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 7R4 
 
N ON 
 
 NON 
 
 NON 
 
 noit -existence, Tion-payinent, Tioii-conciirrence, no/i- 
 adinissidii, /loii-appearance, iiuii-alUiiilancc, non- 
 coiifi'nuity, 7ion-cuiiipliance, ncfi-coniinuniDii, and 
 111.' liki'. 
 
 NliN-A-BIL'I-TY, n. A want of aliilily ; in /nir, r.n 
 pxcpption taken aeninst n plaintilT in a cause, when 
 he in iinahle lecatlv tu coinnienco a suit. 
 
 NO.\-Ae-('Kl)'l\«;, a. Not nccedlni:. 
 
 NO.N-AC'lI>, a. Not having the qualities of nn acid. 
 
 NU.N-.\e-CiU.\INT'ANCE, n. Want of acquauit- 
 ance. Burnnr, 
 
 NON'AfiE, n. [mm, not, and nyc] Minority ; the 
 time of life hetore a p<!rson, accordiuc to tlie laws of 
 his country, becomes of age to manage his own con- 
 cerns. Lejial maturity of ajje is dilfcrent in dilferent 
 countries. In this country, as in Great liritain, a 
 man's nonage continues till he has completed twen- 
 ty-one years. jYnnaae is sometimes the period under 
 fourteen years of age, as in case uf marriaj;e. 
 
 Bailey. Encyc. 
 
 \0\-A-GE\-A'Rr-AN, n. One ninety years old.' 
 
 Nt>.\-A-GES'I-M.^L, a. and n. [L. nonagcsimiui, nine- 
 tieth.] 
 
 A term applied to the highest point of the ecliptic 
 above the hori/on. 
 Nf)N'A GOS, n. [L. nanus, nine, and Gr. ywi la, an 
 an;;le.] 
 
 A plane figure having nine sides and nine angles. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 N()\-AP-PK.AR' ANCE, n. Default of appearance, as 
 
 in court, to prosecute or defend. 
 NON-Al'-FOINT'MENT, n. Neglect of apixiintment. 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 J^OJV-^S-SUMP'SIT, [I..] The plea of the defeiid- 
 nnt, in an action of assumpsit, that " he did not un- 
 dertake and promise," &c. Buurier, 
 
 NO.V-AT-TE.M)'ANt"E, n. A failure to attend; 
 omission of attendance. 
 
 NO.V-AT-TE.N' TIO.V, n. Inattention. Swift. 
 
 NON-UlrTO'MlN-OUf , a. Containing no hilninen. 
 
 Junrn. of Science. 
 
 NO.N'CE, n. [Corniption of once.] For Via nonce, for 
 the once i for the present call or occasion. [Ubsokte 
 or colhiifuiaL ] 
 
 NON'CHA-LXNCE', (non'.sha-likns',) 71. [I'r.] In- 
 dilference ; carelessness; coolness. 
 
 N(1.\'CHA-LANT', (non'sha-lang',) a. [Fr.] Indif- 
 ferent ; cari-less ; cool. 
 
 NO.N"-ei..Al.M, n. A failure to make claim within the 
 time liiniteil by law ; omission of claim. Bailey. 
 
 NON-eO-Hic'S'lON, n. Want of cohesion. LiniUy. 
 
 NO.N-CO-IN'CI-DE.NT, a. Not coincident. 
 
 NO.V-eO.M-MlS'SIO.X-fil), a. Not having a commis- 
 sion. J^on-commissioned officers, in the army, are 
 those below the rank of ensign or cornet, and in 
 ttie narii, those h;'low the rank of lieutenant. 
 
 NO.\-eOM-MIT'TAL, 11. A state of not being com- 
 mitted or pledged ; forbearance of omimlttinc (me's 
 self. .American politics. 
 
 NO\-€OM-MC!\'IO\, (-inun'yun,) 11. Neglect or 
 failure iif rommiinioii. B. Trumbull. 
 
 NO.N'-eo.M-Pl.T'AXt.E, n. Neglect or failure of com- 
 pliance. 
 
 NO.\-C<).M-PI.?'ING, a. Neglecting or refusing to 
 
 coinplv. Hamilton. 
 JfOJ^ CO.WPOS MFJV'TIS,\[h.] Not of s<iiind 
 J\'OJ\r CO.M' POS, \ mind; not having 
 
 the regular ii-^c of reason ; as a noun, an idiot ; a lu- 
 natic . one devoid of reastin, either by nature or by 
 .\().\-e<).V. See .S'oN-Co.NiEMT. [accidenU 
 N().\'-CO.N-ei.Cl)'l.\G, a. Not ending or closing. 
 
 Barlrr. 
 
 .N'<)\-CON-€l'R', r. i. To dissent or refuse to concur. 
 
 .\()N-er).\'-erK'l!E\CE, n. A refusal to concur. 
 
 N(>.N-eo.\-l)i:e P'l.NG, a. Not conducting; not 
 tninsmilting another fiiiid. Thus, in electricity, 
 wax is a non^funductina substance. 
 
 NON'-ro.N'-nrC'TID.V, n. A non-condiictinc. Ure. 
 
 .N()\-t'0.\-l)i;e r'OR, «. a substance wlitrh does 
 not conduct, (hat is, transmit another substance or 
 lliiid, or which transmits it with difficulty. Thiiii 
 wtMil is a non~cnndur.tirr of heat ; glass and dry wood 
 are non-comlactnrs of the electrical fluid. 
 
 NON-eON-FOU.M'l.-^T, n. One who does not corn- 
 form to an established church ; particularly, in Fnff- 
 laud, one who refused to conform to the established 
 church at the restoration of Charles II. 
 
 Blackstone. Stnfjt. 
 
 NON-eON-FORM'I-TY, n. Neglect or failure of con- 
 formity. 
 
 2. The neelcct or refusal to unite with nn estab- 
 lished church in its rites and mode of worship. 
 
 BlacJistone. 
 
 NOX-CON-Ta'GIOUS, (-jus,) a. Not contagious. 
 NON-CON-TA'OIOIIS-NES.S, n. The quality or state 
 
 of h me not coininunicnble from a diseased to a 
 
 lienltliy iHidy. 
 
 NOX-et).\'-T'ENT', n. In the British house qf lords, 
 one who gives a negative vote, as not being satisfied 
 with the measure. The word is sometimes abridged 
 into .\os-Co^, and applied to any one who dis- 
 sents iir expresses dissatisfaction. John Foster. 
 
 NON-eo.\-TIUU'li-TING, a. Not contributinc. 
 
 Jrffrrson. 
 
 NON-eO-TE.M-PO-IU NE-OUS, a. Not being co- 
 
 tempiirar}", or imt of coleiiiporarj' (trigiii. 
 
 Journ, of Science. 
 NON-DE-LIVEK-Y, n. A neglect or failure of de- 
 
 liverv. Blackstone. 
 N(JN-i)EP-0 SI"TION, (-zish'un,) n. A failure to 
 
 deposit or throw down. 
 NON'-DE-SflUPT, u. [U non, not, and dcscriptus, 
 
 desrribi'd.] 
 
 - 'I'liat lias not bi-en described. 
 
 N()N'-I)E .SCUll'T, n. Any thing lliat has not been 
 described. Thus a plant or animal newly discovered 
 is call(;d a nimdcscript. 
 
 NON-l)E-VEL'OP-.MENT, n. A failure of develop- 
 ment. Lindlry, 
 
 .\().\-l)I.>^-eOV'ER-Y, II. Want of discovery. 
 
 Bucklnnd, 
 
 NONE, (none or nun,) a. [Sax. Jtffn ; iic, not, and ane, 
 one. 'Vhe l^atins use nemo, neminis, that is, ne and 
 
 771«H.l 
 
 1. Not one ; used of persons or things. 
 
 There is none tiiat (lo»*lli ffinxl ; no, nnl one. — Pm. xi». 
 
 3. Not any ; not a part ; not the least portion. 
 
 Six li lyii sti;»ll ye ^.olier it, but on tlie •'•venlh d-iy, which is the 
 S.iMmth, in it llii-rt- •hull he non*. — Kx. xvi. 
 
 3. It was formerly used before nouns ; as, "Thou 
 slialt have none assurance of thy life." This use is 
 obsolete ; we now use 7i» ; thou shalt have no assur- 
 ance. " This is »in7ie other but the house of God ; " 
 we now say, ;io other. 
 
 4. It is used as a substitute, the noun being omit- 
 ted. " He walkelli through dry places, seeking rest 
 anil finding none;" that is, no rest. MntI, xii. 
 
 5. Ill thefollowing phrase, it is used for nothinir, or 
 no concern. " Israel would 7ioiif of ine," lli.at is, Is- 
 nel w<iuld not listen to me at all ; they would have 
 no concern with me ; they utterly rejected my coun- 
 sels. 
 
 C. As a substitute, 7ione has a plural signification. 
 
 Tcnns of Ix'-icr wen: nrtri* vouclunfetl. Mdlun. 
 
 NON-E-LECT', n. [L. 71071, not, and cleclus, eWct- 
 edj 
 
 One who is not elected or chosen to salvation. 
 
 Ilnntintrtan. 
 
 NON-E-LEG'TION, 71. Failure of election. 
 
 .Jefferson. 
 
 NON-E-LEC'TRie, a. Conducting the electric fluid. 
 NON-E-LEC'TRie, 71. A substance that is not an 
 
 electric, or which transmits the fluiil, as metals. 
 NON-EM-PIIAT'lC, (a. Having no emphasis ; 
 NON-EM-PHAT'ie-AT,, j uneniphatic. Beattie. 
 NON-EN'TI-TY, 71. Non-existence ; the negati(m of 
 
 being. Bcntlcy. 
 
 2. A thing not existing. 
 
 There wns nu sncli tiling iU rendering cvit fur evil, when evil wiu 
 H nonentuy. Soulti, 
 
 NON-F^PIS'eO-PAL, a. Not Episcopal ; not of the 
 Episcopal church or denomination. J. M. Mason. 
 
 NUN-E-PI.S-eo-PA'I.l-AN, 71. One who does not 
 belong to the Episcopal church or denomination. 
 
 J. M. Mason, 
 
 KCiTiF.S, n. pi. [L. nana; |>erhaps Goth. niuTi, Eng. 
 71 inf.] 
 
 1. In the Roman calendar, the fifth day of the 
 months January, February, April, June, August, 
 September, Novembi r, and December, and the 
 seventh day of March, .May, July, and Octttber. 
 The nones were nine ilays from the ides, reckoning 
 inclusively, accordiuc to the Roman method. 
 
 2. Prayers, formerly so called. Todd. 
 NON-E.'^-SE.V'TI AE, n. Non-<'ssentials are things 
 
 not essential to a particular purpose. J. M. Mnson. 
 
 JVOJ^ KST tJ^ h'l'JVTUS, [I..J He is not found. 
 In tote, the it tiirn of the sberilT ona writ, when the 
 defendant is not to he found. Bourier. 
 
 Nfi.M E'8I,'(;H, n. [none and .»«£*.] An extraordinary 
 thing ; a thing that li.as not its equal. 
 
 2. A name given to various plants, as hlack medic, 
 a variety of apple, a plant of the genus Lych- 
 nis, &c. 
 
 NO.\-E.\-eoM-M0'NI-eA-BLE, a. Not liable to ex- 
 commiinicatifui. 
 
 NON-E.\-E CO'TION, 71. Neglect of execution; 
 nonperformance. 
 
 NpN-E.X-lST'ENCE, (i like g-,) Absence of ex- 
 istence; the negation of being. 
 2. A thing that has no existence or being. Brown. 
 
 NON-E.\-IST'ENT, (i like gi,) a. Not having ex- 
 istence. B. Oodirin. 
 
 NON-E.X-POR-TA'TION, 71. A failure of exporta- 
 titm ; a not exportins gooils or commodities. 
 
 NON-E.\-TE.N"sn,E, a. That can not be stretched. 
 
 NON-EkA'*A.\('E. n. In late, a failure to |KTforin. 
 
 N0N-I1;L FILL'MENT, tu Neglect or failure to ful- 
 fill. 
 
 NO-NII.L'ION, ( yun,) It. [Jm nanus, nine, and 7ni<- 
 lion. ] 
 
 According ta the Enirluh notation, the number pro- 
 duced by involving a million to the ninth power; a 
 unit with 54 ciphers annexed. According to the 
 French notntion, a unit with 30 ciphers anne-xed. 
 NON-IM-POR-Ta'TION, n. Want or failure of im- 
 portation ; a not importing giMids. 
 
 NO.N-IM-PORT'ING, a. Not bringing from foreign 
 
 countries. 
 
 NO.\-J()I.\"l)ER, 71. The omission of some person 
 u ho ought tu have been made u plaintiff or defend- 
 ant in a suit. Bouvier. 
 
 NO.N'-JOR'ING, a. [Ti. non, not, and juro, to swear.] 
 Not swearing allegiance ; an epithet applied to the 
 party in Great liritain that would not swear allegi- 
 ance to the Hanoverian family and government. 
 
 NO.NJO'ROR, n. In Great Britain, one who refused 
 to take the oalh of allegiance to the government and 
 crown of I']ngland at the revolution, when James II. 
 abdicated the throne, and tin; Hanoverian family 
 was inlrodiiced. The non-jurors were the adhe- 
 rents of .lames. 
 
 JVOAT I.l'QUF/r, [I,.] It is not clear ; a term used 
 w hen n person votes im neither side of a question, 
 because undecided in his mind. 
 
 NOi\-.MA-LIG'N A.N'T, a. Not malignant, as a diseaso. 
 
 Miner. 
 
 NON-MAN-i;-FAC'ri;R-ING, a. Not carrying oh 
 manufactures ; uS non-manufacturing States. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 NON-MEM'RER, n. Not a member. 
 NON-iME.M'liER-SIllP, 7<. State of not being a mem- 
 ber. 
 
 NON-ME-TAI/Eie, a. Not consisting of metal. 
 
 Coie''s Orfila. 
 
 NON-NAT'IT-RAI.S, n. p.. [I,, non-nadiru/m.] 
 
 In medicine, this quaint phrase is employetl to des- 
 ignate deficiencies, excesses, and irregularities: 1, in 
 sleeping and watching ; 2, in exercise and rest; m 
 the affections anil passions ; 4, in the secretions and 
 excretions ; .I, in eating, drinking, ;ind ahstini^nce ; 
 6, in exposure to vicissitudes or alternations of tem- 
 perature : these are all that were reckoned by the 
 ancients; but, to the same class of agencies belong 
 undoubteilly, 7, exposure to vicissitudes or alterna- 
 tions of drought and moisture; and 8, ex|Kisiire to 
 the effluvia or exhalations from known and palpable 
 dead and decomposing matter; or, in 01 lii-r words, 
 fermenting and putrefying vegetable and animal sub- 
 stances, as, for example, cabbages, onions, &c., or car- 
 casses and offals of markets and slaiighter-lionses, 
 fish used as a mnniire, &.C., the ordinary excretions 
 from living animals in a state of vitiation from ac- 
 cumulation, confinement, increased tempenitiire, and 
 decomposition ; ns, forcxaiiiple, the halitus from the 
 lungs, the perspired fluid, the urine, and the intes- 
 tinal discharges ; also, from more simple chemical 
 actions, which extricate copiously, and in V(;ry near- 
 ly, if not quite a pure state, carbonic acid gas, ni- 
 trous acid gas, sulphohydrous acid gas, chlorine gas, 
 &.C. All of these openite in the same manner, and 
 st.'ind in the same relation, as respects the causation 
 of disease. 
 
 NON-O-Bic'DI-ENCE, n. Neglect of obedience. 
 
 MUner. 
 
 NON-OD-SERV'A.NCE, 71. Neglect or failure to ob- 
 serve or fulfill. 
 
 JVOjY OB-STjIjY'TF., JL.! Notwithstanding; in 
 opposition to what has been stated, or is to be stated 
 or admitted. 
 
 A clause in statutes and letters patent, importing a 
 license from the king to do a thinj which, being re- 
 strained by act of p.arlianient, cannot be done with- 
 out such license. Encyc. 
 NO.N-PA-REIL', (non-pa-rel'j) n. [Fr. non, not or no, 
 and pareil, equal.] 
 
 1. Excellence iinequalcd. Shak. 
 
 2. A sort of apple. 
 
 3. A sort of printing type, very small, and the 
 smallest now used except three, viz., ruby, pearl, 
 and diamond. 
 
 NO,\-PA-REIL', (non-pa-rcl') a. Having no equal; 
 
 peerless. H'liitluck. 
 NON-PAY'MENT, n. Neglect of payment. 
 
 .S. E. Ihriirhu 
 
 NON-PER-FORM'ANCE, n. A failure to \t, rfi.rm. 
 Nd.N'PEUS, 71. [L. non, not, and plus, more, fur- 
 ther.] 
 
 Puzzle; insuperable difficulty; a state in which 
 one is unable to proceed or decid •. Ijocke. South. 
 NON'PLU!*, V. L To |iu7./le ; to confound ; to put 10 
 a stand ; to stop by embarrassment. Drydea. 
 
 Yonr sittmtion h.-u nonpluttd nie. 7*. S'coCt. 
 
 NON'PLUS-KD, (non'plu.st,)p/7. Puzzled; put to a 
 stand. 
 
 NON-PON-DER-OS'I-TY, n. Destitution of « eight ; 
 
 levilv. Black. 
 NO.N-Pf)N'DER-Or.S, a. Having no weight. 
 NO.\-PRO-DUe'TION, n. A failure to produce or 
 
 exhibit. 
 
 NO.N-PRO FES'SIO\-AL, ( pro-fesli'un-al,) a. Not 
 belonging to a profession ; not d(uie by or proceeding 
 from priifessiiuial men. Miner. 
 
 N(J.\-PR0-FI"CM;.N-CV, n. Failiiri: to make prog- 
 ress. 
 
 NON-PRO FI"CIENT, (-fish'enl.) n. One who has 
 failed to improve or make progress in any stiidv or 
 pursuit. Bp. Hail. 
 
 JVOA" PROS. [Contraction of I,, non pro.'ri/n.tur.) 
 In laic, a judgment entered agtiinsl the plaintiff in a 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, unite. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US — e as K; as J; 8 as Z; Cll as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 7.t5 
 
NON 
 
 BUit where he does not appear to prosecute. It is 
 
 used also as a verb. 
 NON-PROS'SED, (-prost,) a. Denoting a suit which 
 
 is dropped, not prosecuted. 
 NON-RE-GXRD'ANCE, n. Want of due regard. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 NON-RE'GENT, n. In the English universities, a 
 term applied to those masters of arts whose regency 
 has ceased. [See Rege>t.1 
 
 NON-RE\-DI''TION, (-dish'un,) n. Neglect of ren- 
 dition ; the not rendering what is due. 
 
 The non-payTneiil of a debt, or the non-rerulitton ofiv lervice 
 « hich is due, is an injury for whirh the sut^quent repara- 
 tion of the lo&s sustained — is an atonement. 
 
 S. E. Dxighl. 
 
 NON-RE-SE.M'BL.\^'CE, n. Unlikeness; dissimi- 
 laritv. 
 
 NO.V-RES'I-DEN'CE, 7?. Failure or neglect of re- 
 siding at the place where one is stationed, or where 
 official duties require one to reside, or on one's own 
 lands. Sjtift. 
 
 NOX-RES'I-DEXT, a. Not residing in a particular 
 place, on one's own estate, or in one's proper place ; 
 as, a nonresident clergj'man or proprietor of lands. 
 
 NON-RES'I-DENT, ji. One who does not reside on 
 one's own imds, or in the place where official 
 duties require. In England, non-residetit is particu- 
 larly applied to clergymen wlio live away from their 
 cures. In the United States, lands in one slate or 
 township belonging to a person residing in another 
 state or township, are called the lands of non-resi- 
 dents. 
 
 NON-RE-SIST'.\NCE, 7i. The omi-ssion of resist- 
 ance ; passive obedience ; submission to authority, 
 power, or usurpation without opposition. 
 
 NON-RE-SIST'.-VNT, a. Making no resistance to 
 power or oppression. JlrbuthnoL 
 
 NON-RE-SIST'.^NT, n. One who maintains that no 
 resistance should be made to the injuries inflicted by 
 others. 
 
 NON-S.INE', a. [L. -non, not, and sanus, .sound.] 
 
 Unsound; not perfect; as, a person of non-sane 
 memory. Blackstone. 
 NON'SENSE, n. No sense ; words or language which 
 have no nteaning, or which convey no jtist ideas ; 
 absurdity. Dryden. 
 2. Trifles ; things of no importance. Thomson. 
 A^onsense verses, are lines made solely for improve- 
 ment in versification, by taking any words which 
 occur, without reference to forming any connected 
 sense. 
 
 NOX-SENS'ie-.\L, a. Unmeaning; absurd ; foolish. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 N0N-SENS'ie-.4L-LY, adv. Absurdly ; without 
 meaning. 
 
 NO.\-SENS'ie-AL-NEPS, n. Jargon ; absurdity ; 
 
 that which conveys no proper ideas. 
 NON-SEXS'l-TI\'E, a. Wanting sense or perception. 
 
 Fehham. 
 
 JVO.V-S£Q'C7/-7't7R, (-sek'we-tur,) [L.] It does not 
 follow. 
 
 In logic, an inference which does not follow from 
 the premises. 
 
 XO.N-SLAVE'HoLD-IXG, a. Not possessing slaves. 
 NOX-SO-Lu'TIOX, n. Failure of solution or expla- 
 nation. Broome. 
 NON-SOLV'EN-CY, n. Inability to pav debts. Swift. 
 NON-SOLV'E.NT, a. Xot able to pay debts ; insolv- 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 .An insolvent. Smart. 
 Sparing none; all-destroying; 
 
 Shak, 
 
 NON-SUB-MIS'.«I0X, n. Want of submission. 
 NOX-SUB-MIS'SIVE, a. Xot submissive. 
 NO.W^HCH. See Xoxem ch. 
 
 NOX'SC'IT, )i. In latr, the default, neglect, or non- 
 appearance of the plaintiff in a suit, when called in 
 court, by which the plaintiff signifies his intention 
 to drop the suit. Hence, a nonsuit amounts to a stop- 
 page of the suit. A nonsuit differs from a retraxit; a 
 nonsuit is the default or neglect of the plaintiff, and 
 after this he may bring another suit for the same 
 cause; but a retraxit is an open, positive renuncia- 
 tion of the .suit, by which he forever loses his action. 
 [See the verb.] Blackitonc. 
 
 NOX'SC'IT, r. t. To determine or record that the 
 plaintiff drops his suit, on default of appearance 
 when called in court. Wlien a plaintiff, being 
 called in court, declines to answer, or when he neg- 
 lects to deliver his declaration, he is supposed to 
 drop his suit; he is therefore non-TOi/fd, that is, his 
 non-appearance is entered on the record, and this 
 entry amouuLi to a judgment of the court that the 
 plaintiff has dropped the suit. 
 
 When two are Joined in a writ, and one is nonguiUtl. 
 
 7,. Siiifi. 
 
 NO.X'.SOIT, «. Nonsuited. 
 
 The [.lalntift inuit b'-c/jme nontuir. 7V"f Iffp. 
 
 NOX'.SCIT-Ef), pp. Adjudged to have deserted the 
 BUit by default of appearance ; an a plaintiff. 
 
 NON'SCIT I.N't;, ppr. Adjtidcing to have abandoned 
 the Htill by nun-a|>pcarance, or other neglect, as a 
 plainliir. 
 
 N0X-TE.\'I:RE, n. In laa, a plea of a defendant, 
 
 enl. 
 
 NO.V-SOLV'EXT, n. 
 NO.N-SPaR'IXG, a. 
 merciless. 
 
 NOR 
 
 that he did not hold the land, as affirmed by the 
 plaintiff. 
 
 NON'-TERM, 71. A vacation between two terms of a 
 court. 
 
 NON-IJ'NI-FORM-IST, n. One who believes that 
 past changes in the structure of the earth have 
 proceeded from causes more violent than are now 
 operating. jJm. Eclect. 
 
 NON-liS'ANCE, (nou-yu'zanse,) n. Neglect of using. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 NON-XTS'ER, (non-yu'zer,) n. A not using ; failure 
 to use ; neglect of official duty ; default of perform- 
 ing the duties and services required of an officer. 
 An olfice may be forfeited by misuser or ncn-user. Bladistoru. 
 2. Neglect or omission of use. 
 A franchise may be lost by misuser or i\on-user, 
 
 i^preme Court, U. S. 
 NOO'DLE, 71. A simpleton. [.^ vulgar word.] 
 NOOK, 71. [See Niche.] A corner ; a narrow place 
 formed by an angle in bodies or between bodies ; as, 
 a hollow nook. JMilton. 
 NOON, 71. [Sax. non : D. noen ; W. 7!a7r7i, that is, at 
 the summit ; said to be from naw, that is, up or ulti- 
 mate, that limits, also nine. It has been supposed 
 that the 7iintA hour, among the Romans, was the 
 time of eating the chief meal ; this hour was three 
 o'clock, P. M. In Danish, none is an after nooning, 
 a collation.] 
 
 1. The middle of the day ; the time when the sun 
 is in the meridian ; twelve o'clock. 
 
 2. Dryden and others have "tiooti of night," for 
 midnight. 
 
 NOON, a. Meridional. 
 
 How oft the noon bell. Young. 
 
 NOON'D.W, 71. Midday ; twelve o'clock in the day. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 NOON'DAY, a. Pertaining to midday ; meridional ; 
 
 as, the noonday heat. 
 NOON'IXG, 71. Repose at noon ; sometimes, repast at 
 
 noon. Jjddison. 
 NOON'STEAD, (-sted,) ti. The station of the sun at 
 
 noon. Drayton. 
 NOON'TTDE, 71. [See Tide, which signifies time.] 
 The time of noon ; midday. Shak. 
 NOON'TIDE, a. Pertaining to noon ; meridional. 
 
 jMdton. 
 
 NOOSE, (nooz,) 71. [Ir. this, a band or tie; nasgaim, 
 to bintl or tie.] 
 
 A running knot, which binds the closer the more 
 it is drawn. 
 
 Where the hangman does dispose 
 
 To special friend the knot of noose. lludibras, 
 
 NOOSE, (nooz,) v. t. To tie in a noose ; to catch in a 
 noose ; to entrap ; to insnare. 
 
 NOOS'JED, (noozd,) pp. Caught in a noose. 
 
 NOOTH'S AP-PA-Ra'TUS, 71. A series of three 
 glass vessels, placed vertically, for the purpose of 
 iinpregnating water with carbonic acid gas. Brande. 
 
 No'PAL, 71. A plant of the genus Cactus, or Opuntia, 
 from which the cochineal is collected in Mexico ; In- 
 dian fig. 
 
 XoPE, n. A provincial name for the bullfinch. 
 
 Edin. Encyc. 
 
 XOR, connective, [ne and or.] A word that denies or 
 renders negative the second or subsequent part of a 
 proposition, or a proposition following another nega- 
 tive proposition ; correlative to Neither or Not. 
 
 1 neither love nor fear thee. Shak. 
 
 right neither with small nor great. — 1 Kinji iiii. 
 
 Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard. — 1 Cor. li. 
 
 2. JVor sometimes begins a sentence, but in this 
 case a negative proposition has preceded it in the 
 foregoing sentence. 
 
 3. In some cases, usually in poetry, neither is 
 omitted, and the negation which it would express is 
 included in 7ior. 
 
 Simois fior Xanthui shall be wanting there. Dryden. 
 That is, neither Simois Tior Xanthus. 
 
 4. Sometimes, in poetry, 7ior is used for neither, in 
 the first part of the proposition. 
 
 1 whom nor avarice nor pleasures move. Wat$h. 
 
 NOR'FOLK €RAG, n. In geoUgy, an English terti- 
 ary formation, consisting of irregular, ferruginous, 
 sandy clay, mixed Willi marine shells. Bucltanan. 
 
 Nt^'RI-UM, 71. A metal recently discovered in Zircon. 
 
 Nt)R'.MAL, a. [L. nonnalis, from norma, a square, a 
 rule.] 
 
 1. According to a square or rule ; perpendicular ; 
 forming a right angle. 
 
 2. Regular ; according to an established law, nile, 
 or principle. 
 
 3. Relating to rudiments or elements ; teaching 
 rudiments or first principles ; as, normal schools in 
 France. 
 
 NOIl'MAL GROUP, in geology, is a group of certain 
 rocks taken as a rule or Htanilnrd. Lttell. 
 
 NOR'.MAL, n. A perjieiulicular. In the geometry qf 
 curve lines, Ihe normal to a curve at any point is a 
 straight line perpendicular to the tangent at that 
 point, and included between the curve and the axis 
 of the abscissa. 
 
 NOS 
 
 NOR'MAL SCHOOL, n. An institution for training 
 up persons to teach common schools. 
 
 NOR'MAN, 71. In seameii's language, a short, wooden 
 bar, to be thru.st into a hole of the windlass, on 
 which to fasten the cable. Mar. Diet. 
 
 NOR'MAN, 71. [nor<A-m<!7i or 7iorrf-nui7i.] A Norwe- 
 gian, or a native of Normandy. 
 
 NOR'MAN, a. Pertaining to Normandy or to the 
 Normans ; as, the J^'orman language. 
 
 NORNS, 71. pi. In Scandinavian vnjthology, the three 
 Fates, past, present, and future, whose decrees were 
 irrevocable. 
 
 NOR'ROY, 71. [7ior£;i and roy, north king.] The title 
 of the third of the three kings at arms or provincial 
 heralds. Burke. 
 
 NORSE, 71. The language of ancient Scandinavia. 
 
 NORTH, 71. [Sax. TiorfA ; G. Sw. and Dan. nord; D. 
 noord ; It. norte ; Fr. Tiorif Arm. id. : Sp. nord, the 
 north wind, and Tiorte, north, the arctic pole, and a 
 rule or guide. I know not the origin of this word, 
 nor its primary sense. It may have been applied 
 first to the pole star, or to the h ind, like Boreas.] 
 
 One of the cardinal points, being that point of the 
 horizon which is directly opposite to the sun in the 
 meridian, on the left hand, when we stand with the 
 face to the east ; or it is that point of intersection 
 of the horizon and meridian which is nearest our 
 pole. Cye. 
 
 NORTH, a. Being in the north ; as, the TiortA polar 
 star. 
 
 NORTH-EAST', n. The point between the north and 
 
 east, at an equal distance from each. 
 NORTH-K.\yT', a. Pertaining to the north-east, or 
 
 proceeding from that point ; as, a north-east wind. 
 NORTH-kAST'ER-LY, a. Toward the north-east. 
 XORTH-EAST'ERN,a. Pertaining to or being in the 
 
 north-east, or in a direction to the north-east 
 NORTH'ER-LY, a. Being toward the north. 
 2. From the north. 
 
 [We use this word and Northern with consider- 
 able latitude.] 
 NORTH'ER-LY, adv. Toward the north ; as, to sail 
 northerly. 
 
 2. In a northern direction ; as, a course northerly. 
 
 3. Proceeding from a northern point. 
 NORTH'ERX, a. Being in the north, or nearer to 
 
 that point than to the east or west. 
 2. In a direction toward the north, or a point near 
 
 it ; as, to steer a nort/iern course. 
 JVorthcrn ligltts. See Aurora Bore.alis. 
 NORTH'ERX-ER, n. One a native or resident in the 
 
 north ; in the United St<ites, opposed to Southerner. 
 XORTH'ERN-LY, adv. Toward the north. [JVot 
 
 ii^^fd.] Hakcwill, 
 NORTH'ERX-MoST, a. Situated at the point furthest 
 
 north. 
 
 XORTH'ING, n. Distance northward from any point 
 of departure, measured on a meridian. 
 
 NORTH'M.\N, 71. ; pi. Northmen. A name given to 
 the inhabitants of the north of Europe, the ancient 
 Scandinavians ; whence, *^'b^ma^l. 
 
 NORTH'-STXR, 7i. The ncHh polar star. 
 
 NORTH'W.-VRD, a. [Sax. north and weard.] 
 
 Being toward the north, or nearer to the north than 
 to the east and west points. 
 
 NORTH'W.\RD, adv. Toward the north, or toward 
 a point nearer to the north than the east and west 
 points. Bacon. Dryden. 
 
 NORTH'WARD-LY, a. Having a northern direction. 
 
 NORTH'WARD-LY, adv. In a northern direction. 
 
 NORTH-WEST', «. The point in the horizon be- 
 tween the north and we.<t, and equally distant from 
 each. 
 
 NORTH-WEST', a. Pertaining to the point between 
 the north and west ; being in the north-west ; as, the 
 north-west coast. 
 
 2. Proceeding from the north-west ; as, a itortA west 
 wind. 
 
 NORTII-WEST'ER-LY, a. Toward the north-wesu 
 2. From the north-west, as a wind. 
 
 NORTH-WEST'ERN, a. Pertaining to or being in 
 the north-west, or in a direction to the north-west ; as, 
 a north-western course. 
 
 NORTH'-WIND, 71. The wind that blows from the 
 north. IVntts. 
 
 NOR-WE'6I-AN, a. Belonging to Norway. Shak- 
 speare h.is Norwevan. 
 
 Nt1R-VVE'GI-.-\N, 71. .\ native of Norway. 
 
 NOSE, 71. [Sax. nose, niFse, nose; G. nose: D. neiis ; 
 Sw. ndsa : Dan. no'se : L. nasus : It. 7ia,«o ; Fr. Tir: ; 
 Russ. 7104- ; Dalmatian, nooss; Sans. 7i<isa. (Jr. 
 vr)aoi, an i?l<'. It occurs in Peloponnesus, the proin- 
 ontor>- of I'elops. It seems to bv the same word, or 
 from the same r(H)t, as nr.v.», in Slieerncfs.] 
 
 1. The prominent part of the face, which is the 
 organ of smell, consisting of two similar cavitie.« 
 called nostrils. The nose serves, also, to modulate 
 the voire in speaking, anil to discharge the tears 
 which flow through Ihe lachrymal ducts. Tliroiigh 
 this organ, al.so, the air usually passes in respiration, 
 and it constitutes no small part of the beauty of the 
 fare. In man, the nose is situtited near the middle 
 of the face ; but in quadrupeds, the nose is at or near 
 the lower extremity of the head. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 756 
 
NOT 
 
 2. The end of any tiling ; as, the nose of a bellows. 
 
 JIulder. 
 
 3. Scent ; sagacity. 
 
 To lead by the nose ; to lead blindly. 
 
 To be led bij the nose : to follow another obsequious- 
 ly, or to be led without resistance or inquiring the 
 reason. 
 
 To tfinist one's nose into t>ie affairs of others ; to 
 meddle ollicioiisly in other people's matters ; to be a 
 busybody. > 
 
 To put one's nose out of joint ; to alienate the affec- 
 tions from another. 
 NoSE, V. t. To smell ; to scent. Shak. 
 
 2. To face ; to oppose to the face. Wood. 
 N6SE, V. i. To look big ; to bluster. [A'o( used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 NOSE'-BAG, n. A bag to be tied to a horse's nose, 
 
 rontainins a feed of oats, maize, &c. 
 NasE'-BANI), n. That part of the headstall of a 
 
 bridle which comes over a horse's nose. 
 
 Funn. Encye. 
 
 NOSE'BLEED, n. A hemorrhage or bleeding at the 
 nose. 
 
 2. A plant of the genus Achillea. 
 NOS'KO, (nozd,) a. Having a nose ; as in long-noscrf. 
 
 2. Having sagacity. jMiddlrlnn. 
 NOSE'-FISH, n. A fish of the leather-monthed kind, 
 with a Hat, blunt snout; called, also, Bboad-snout. 
 
 Diet. JVaf. HisU 
 NOSE'G.XY, n. [nose and Celtic ireac, a bough.] 
 
 \ bunch of flowers used to regale the sense of 
 smelling. 
 
 -As on the nosegay in her brrast reclined. Pope. 
 N5SE'LE.sS, <i. Destitute of a nose. Shak. 
 NoSE'SMaRT, 71. .\ plant, Nasturtium ; cresses. 
 NfiSE'THKIL. See Nostril. 
 
 NO'SING, n. The molding or part of the tread-board 
 
 of a stair, which projects over the riser. 
 NOS'LE, (noz'/.l,) n. [from nose] A little nose ; the 
 
 extremity of a thing ; as, the nosle of a bellows. 
 
 [See .\o/.zi-E.l 
 NO-SO eOM'ie-AL, a. Relating to a hospital. 
 NO-SOG'RA-PHV, II. The science of the description 
 
 of diseases. 
 
 NOS O LOG'ie-AL, a. [See Nosology.] Pertaining 
 to nosology, or a systematic classification of dis- 
 eases. 
 
 NO-SOL'O-GIST, n. One who classifies diseases, 
 arninges them in order, and gives them suitable 
 names. 
 
 NO-SOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. voao;, disease, and Xoyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 1. A systematic arrangement or classification of 
 diseases with names and definitions, according to 
 the distinctive character of each class, order, genus, 
 and species. Encyc. 
 
 2. That branch of medical science which treats of 
 the classification of diseases. 
 
 NO-SO-1'O-ET'ie, o. [Gr. loaof, disease, and -oieu, 
 to produce.] 
 
 Prodncine diseases. [Little t/sprf.] Jirbiithnot. 
 NOS-TAl^'GI-A, n. [Gr. ^o<J^£u, to return, and aXyai, 
 grief] 
 
 Homesickness ; a species of melancholy, resulting 
 from absence from one's home or countr)-. 
 
 Kncye. Jim. Brande. 
 NOS-TAI/Cie, o. Pertaining to nostalgia. 
 NOS'TRIL, n. [Sax. nosethyrl, rucesthyrl. Thyrl, or 
 thirel^ is an opening or perforation ; thirlian, thyrliaHy 
 to bore, to perforate, to Oirilt^ to drill. See DriluJ 
 
 All aperture or passage through the nose. The 
 nostrils are the passages through which air is inhaled 
 and exhaled in respiration. 
 NOS'TRU.M, n. [L., from noster, ours.] 
 
 A medicine, the ingredients of wnich are kept 
 secret for the purpose of restricting the profits of sale 
 to the inventor or proprietor ; a quack medicine. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 NOT, adv. [Sa.T. naht or noht, naught, that is, ne and 
 awi/it, not any thing ; D. nieti G. nicht; Russ. nicf« ,* 
 Scot. nochL See Navght.] 
 
 1. .\ word that expresses negation, denial, or re- 
 fusal ; as, he will not go; will you remain? I will 
 "Of. In the first member of a sentence, it may be 
 followed by nor or neiOter ; as, not for a price nor re- 
 ward ; I was not in safety, neither had I rest. 
 
 2. With the substantive verb in the following 
 phrase, it denies being, or denotes extinction of ex- 
 istence. 
 
 TKin* eyes arc open upon me, and 1 dm noL — Job 
 
 XO'TA BE'J^'E, [L.] Observe well ; take particular 
 notice. 
 
 N0''1'A-BLE, a. [Ft. notable ; L. notubilis, from notiu, 
 known ; iio^co, to know.] 
 
 1. Worthy of notice; remarkable; memorable; 
 noted or distinguished. 
 
 2. In Scriptxre, conspicuous ; sightly ; as, a notable 
 horn. Dan. viii. 
 
 3. Notorious ; well known. MaU. xxviii. 
 A. Terrible. Jlets ii. 
 
 1. Known or apparenL .^et3 iv. 
 
 NOT 
 
 NOT'A-BI,E, a. Active; industrious; distingiiishid 
 for good miinagement ; as, a notable woman or house- 
 keeper. 
 
 NO'TA-BLE, n. A person of note or distinction. 
 
 2. In Prance, the assembly of the notables, before 
 the revolution, consisted of a number of persons, 
 chiefly of the higher orders, appointed by the king to 
 constitute a representative body of the kingdom. 
 
 Rdin. F.ncyc. 
 
 NO'TA-BLE, n. A thing worthy of observation. 
 
 [^Rare.] Jlddison. 
 NO'TA-liI,E-NESS, n. Remarkableness. 
 NOT'A-BI.E-NESS, n. Bustling activity ; industrious- 
 
 ness. [Little vsed.] 
 No'TA-TiLY, adv. Memorably; remarkably; emi- 
 nently- Bacon. 
 2. VVith show of consequence or importance. 
 
 Jlililison. 
 
 NOT'A-BLY, ado. With bustling activity ; industri- 
 ously. 
 
 NO-TX'RI-AL, a. [from notary.] Pertaining to a 
 notary ; as, a notarial seal ; notarial evidence or at- 
 testation. 
 2. Done or taken by a notary. 
 
 NO-TS'RI-AL-LY, adv. In a notarial manner. 
 
 NO'T.A RY, n. [L. notarius, from notus, known, from 
 iiosco.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a person employed to take notes of 
 contracts, trials, and proceedings, in courts among 
 the Romans. 
 
 2. In modem usa>;e, an oflicer authorized to attest 
 and protest notes and contracts or writings of any 
 kind, to cive them the evidence of authenticity. 
 
 NO'TA-RY PUB'LIC, n. A notary; one appointed 
 to attest deeds and other instruments, to protest notes, 
 and certify copies of agreement, &c. Bouricr. 
 
 N0-TA'TI6N, ;i. [L. notatio, from noto, to mark.] 
 
 1. The act or practice of recording any thing by 
 marks, fijiures, or characters ; particularly, in ariVi- 
 metic and alf^cbra, the expressing of numbers and 
 quantities by figures, signs, or characters, appropri- 
 ate for the purpose. 
 
 2. Meaning; signification. 
 
 Consci'Mic, acconiiiiff lo the very noUiUon of tlic wonl, iinporu 
 a double ktiuwiedje. [t/nusunl.J 6'oulA. 
 
 NOTCH, n. [qu. G. knicken, to crack or flaw, Dan. 
 knikker. It seems to be tlie same word in origin as 
 niche, nick. Class Ng, No. 49.] 
 
 1. A hollow cut in any thing ; a nick ; an indenta- 
 tion. 
 
 And on the stick ten equal notches m;U<es. StoifU 
 
 2. An opening or narrow pasmge through a moun- 
 tain or hill. Wo say the notch of a mountain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 NOTCH, V. t. To cut in small hollows ; as, lo nottA a 
 stick. Pope. 
 
 NOTCH'-BoARD, n. The board which receives the 
 ends of the steps in a staircase. 
 
 .N'OTCH'A;!), (notchl,) pp. Cut into small hollows. 
 
 NOTCH'I.N'G, ppr. Cutting into small hollows. 
 
 NOTCH'ING, n. The act of cutting into small hol- 
 lows : also, the small hollow, or hollows cut. 
 
 NOTCH'-WEED, n. A plant called Okach. Johnson. 
 
 NOTE, for Ne Wote ; knew not, or could not. 
 
 Chaucer. Spenser, 
 
 NOTE, n. [L. nola ; Fr. note ; W. nod ; from L. notus, 
 nosco, to know.] 
 
 1. A mark or token ; something by which a thing 
 may be known ; a visible sign. 
 
 They who appertain to the Tkiblc church have all th« notet of 
 cilernal profcMion. }Iooktr. 
 
 2. A mark made in a book, indicating something 
 worthy of particular notice. 
 
 3. A short remark ; a passage or explanation in the 
 margin of a book. 
 
 4. A minute, memorandum, or short writing in- 
 tended to assist the memory. 
 
 5. Notice ; heed. 
 
 Give onler to niy lervanlj that they lake 
 
 No nou at all ui our licin^ al«eDt hence. Shak. 
 
 n. Reputation ; consequence ; distinction ; as, men 
 of II off. .^cts xvi. 
 7. Stale of being observed. 
 
 Small matters, cuntinii.aily i 
 
 Hi note. [LiUie used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 8. Tn music, a character which marks a sound, or 
 the sound itself; as, a semibreve, a minim, &c. 
 Ni les are marks of sounds in relation lo elevation 
 or depression, or to the time of continuing sounds. 
 
 9. A sound in music; tune; voice; harmonious, 
 or melodious sounds. 
 
 Milton. 
 Dry den. 
 
 10. Abbreviation ; symbol. Baker. 
 
 11. A short letter ; a billet. Drydrn. 
 
 12. Annotation ; a comment, or obserx-atioii on an 
 author; usually placed at the bottom of the page; 
 as, the notes in Scott's Bible ; to write notes on 
 Homer. 
 
 13. .A written or printed paper acknowledging a 
 debl and promising |i:iymenl ; as, a promissory note ; 
 a bank-note ; a note of hand ; a negotiable note. 
 
 NOT 
 
 14. JVufei, pj. ; a writing; a written discourse ; ap- 
 plied equally to minutes or heads of a diseoiirse or 
 argument, or to a discourse fully written. The ad- 
 vocate often has notes to assist his memory, and 
 clergymen preach with notct or without them. 
 
 15. A diplomatic communication in writing; an 
 oflicial paper sent from a minister to an envoy, or an 
 envoy to a minister. 
 
 My note of January lOlh Btill remains unanswered. Oattatin. 
 NOTE, V. t. [L. noto.] 
 
 1. To observe; to notice with particular care; to 
 heed ; to attend to. 
 
 No more of that ; I hare itoterf it well. Shak. 
 Their iiiunners noted and llieir sutes surreyed. Pope. 
 
 2. To set down in writing. 
 
 Note it in a book. — Is. xxx. 
 
 3. To charge, as with a crime ; with of or for. 
 
 They Wert; iKilli nore'J o/inconlineiicy. [Ofcf.J Dryrten. 
 
 To note a hill or draft. This is done by a n lary, 
 who, when acceptance is refused, notes the fact on the 
 back as the groiiuil of a protest. Brande. 
 NOTE, I'. (. [Sax. hitiiaii.] 
 
 To butt ; to push with the horns. [06*.] Ray. 
 N'OTE, for Ne Wote; did not know how to; could 
 
 not. Spen.-irr. 
 NOTE'-BQOK, 71. A book in which memorandums 
 are written. Shak. 
 2. A book in which notes of hand are registered. 
 NoT'ED, pp. Set down in writing. 
 
 2. Observed ; noticed. 
 
 3. a. Remarkable; much known by reputation or 
 report ; eminent ; celebrated ; as, a noted author ; a 
 noted commander ; a noted traveler. 
 
 NOT'ED IiY, ado. VV'ith observation or notice. Shak. 
 
 NoT'ED-NESS, n. Conspiciiousness ; eminence ; 
 celebrity. Boyle. 
 
 NOTE'LESS.o. Not attracting notice ; not conspicu- 
 ous. Decker. 
 
 NOTE'LESS-NESS, n. A state of being noteless. 
 
 Knowles. 
 
 NOT'ER, n. One who takes notice ; an annotator. 
 
 Oreffin-y. 
 
 NoTE'WOR-THY, (-wur'the,) a. Worthy of obser- 
 vation or notice. Shaf{. 
 
 NOTH'ING, or NOTH'ING, n. [no and thin^.] Not 
 any thing; not any being or existence ; a word that 
 denies the existence of any thing; non-entity; op- 
 posed to Something. The world was created from 
 notAtn^. 
 
 2. Non-existence ; a state of annihilation. Shak. 
 
 3. Not any thing ; not any particular thing, ileed, 
 or event. JVvUimfr was done to redeem our char- 
 acter. He thought not/ii'n^ done while any thing re- 
 mained lo be done. % 
 
 A del 
 
 the 
 
 to choose nothing 
 
 4. No other thing. 
 
 Nothing but this will entitle you lo Gorl's acceptance. Wake. 
 
 5. No part, portion, quantity, or decree. The 
 troops manifested nothing of irresolution in the 
 attack. 
 
 Yet had his aspect nolAinf of seyerc. Drydtn. 
 
 6. No importance; no value; no use. 
 
 Behold, ye ait: of nothing, and your work of naughl. — Is. xli. 
 
 7. No possession of estate ; a low condition. 
 
 A man thai from very nothing is jrown lo an unspeakable estate. 
 
 Shali. 
 
 8. A thing of no proportion to something, or of 
 trifling value or advantage. 
 
 The charge of making the prouud, and otherwise, is gr'at, iMll 
 nottiiiig Lu Ore prulit. Baeon. 
 
 9. A trifle ; a thing of no consideration or im- 
 portance. 
 
 'Tis nothing, says the fool ; but, says the fri'-nd, 
 
 This nothing, sir, will bring you to yuur en<l. Drydtn. 
 
 To wake nothing of: to make no difficulty, or to 
 consider as trifling, light, or unimportant. 
 
 We are inilustrious lo preserve our bod^ from slavery, but we 
 make nol/dng of sutferiiig our souls to be slaves to our luiU. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 NOTH'ING or NOTH'ING, ode. In no degree ; not 
 at all. 
 
 Adam, with such coimsel nothing swaycvi. Milton. 
 
 In the phrase nothing irorlh, the words are trans- 
 posed; the natural order beinc, vorth nothinir. 
 NOTII'ING-NESS or NOTH'ING-NESS, n. Nihility ; 
 non-<!xistence. Dunne. 
 9. N thing ; a thing of no value. lludtbras. 
 NO'TICE, n. [Er., from L. notitia, from nolo or notus.] 
 
 1. Observation by the eye, or by the other senses. 
 We take notice of objects passing or standing before 
 us ; we take notice of the words of a speaker ; we 
 take nofice of a peculiar taste of food, or of the smell 
 of an orange, and of our peculiar sensations. No- 
 tice, then, is the act by which we have knowledge 
 of something within the "-irh of the senses, or 
 the efli'Ct of an iiiipressv .i on .some of the senses. 
 
 2. Observation by the mind or intellectual |K)wer ; 
 as, to take notiee of a distinction between truth and 
 veracity. 
 
 TPNE, BULL, IJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOi;S e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 95 
 
 L LL 
 
 757 
 
NOT 
 
 3. Information : intelligence by whatever means 
 CffUiniiniicated ; knowledge given or received ; as, I 
 received notice by a messenger or liy letter. He gave 
 notice of his arrival. The bell gives notice of the 
 hnnr of the day. The merchant gives notice that a 
 I'lll of exchange is not accepted. 
 
 4. A paper that communicates information. 
 
 5. Attention ; respectful treatment ; civility. 
 
 6. Remark ; observation. 
 
 No'TICE, V. t. To observe ; to see. We noticed the 
 conduct of the speaker ; we noticed no improper 
 conduct. 
 
 2. To heed ; to regard. His conduct was rude, 
 but I did not notice it. 
 
 3. To remark; to mention or make observations on. 
 This pl.int (lesprves to be noticed in fliis pl:\ce. Tooke. 
 Aiiotlir-r circumswnce wiis noticed in connection witli llie sii^- 
 
 gi-slion lasl discussed. Haynilton. 
 
 4. To treat with attention and civilities ; as, to 
 notice strangers. 
 
 5. To observe intellectually. 
 No'TICE-A-BLE, a. Tliat may be observed ; worthy 
 
 of obso'vation. 
 
 No'TIC-ED, (no'tist,) pp. Observed; seen; remark- 
 ed ; treated with attention. 
 
 No'TIC-I.NG, ppr. Observing ; seeing ; regarding ; 
 remarking on ; treating with attention. 
 
 No-TI-FI-eA'T10.\, n. [See Notu v.] The act of 
 notifying or giving notice ; the art of making known, 
 particularly the act of giving official notice or infor- 
 mation to the public, or tt» individuals, corporations, 
 companies, or societies, by words, by writing, or by 
 other means. 
 
 2. Notice given in words or writing, or hy signs. 
 
 3. The writing which communicates information ; 
 an advertisement, citation, &c. 
 
 No'TI-FI-£D,(no'tc-fide, );)/!. Made knovvn ; applied 
 to t/iinirs. This design of the king was notified to 
 the court of Berlin. 
 
 2. Informed by words, writing, or other means ; 
 applied to persons. The inhabitants of the city have 
 been notified that a meeting is to be held at the state 
 house. 
 
 No'TI-FV, V. U [Tt.notificr; It. notificare ; L. notas, 
 known, and facio, to make.] 
 
 ]. To make knt>wn ; to declare ; to publish ; often 
 with to : as, to notify a fact to a person. The laws of 
 God notify to man his will and our duty. 
 
 ■I. To make known hy private communication ; to 
 give information of. The allied sovereigns have no- 
 tified the Spanish court of their purpose of maintain- 
 ing legitimate government. 
 
 3. To give notice to ; to inform by words or writ- 
 ing, in person or hy message, or by any signs which 
 are understood. The constable has notified the citi- 
 zens to meet at the city hall. The bell iwtifits us of 
 the time of meeting. 
 
 The president of the United St\tes has notified the llonse of 
 HepreienLilives, that he has approved ami signed the aa. 
 
 Jourrials o/ iJie Senate. 
 
 Mite. — This application of notify h.as been con- 
 demned ; but it is in constant good use in the United 
 States, and in perfect accordance with the use of 
 certify. 
 
 No'TI-FV-ING, ppr. Making known ; giving notice 
 to. 
 
 NoT'ING, ppr. Setting down in writing. 
 NO'TIO.N', 71. [Fr., from L. notio, from notus, known ; 
 noscOj to know.] 
 
 1. Conception ; mental apprehension of whatever 
 may be known or imagined. VVe may have a just 
 notion of power, or false notions respecting spirit. 
 " .ATotion and idea are primarily dilferent ; idea being 
 the conception of something visible, as the idea of a 
 square or a triangle ; and notion the conception of 
 things invisible or intellectual, as the notwn we liave 
 of spirits. But from ni^gligence in the use of idea, 
 the two words arc constantly confounded. 
 
 What hath txren ^neritly agreeti on, I content mytcif to .assnme 
 
 under the notion ot principles. Semton. 
 Few in their notion* about the** wonls. Cheyne. 
 
 That noticn of hiiii^r, coldrsound, color, thotirhl, ftTali, or li-ar, 
 which i» in the mind, iji called the idea ot hunger, cold, Slc. 
 
 Waits. 
 
 2 Sentiment ; opinion ; a.s, the extravagant nolioius 
 they entertain of themselves. JIdduon. 
 
 3. Sense ; understtmding ; intellectual power. [J\'ot 
 used.} Slink. 
 
 4. Inclination ; in vulgar use ; as, I have a notion 
 to do this or that. 
 
 NO'TIO.N-AL, a. Imaginary ; ideal ; existing in idea 
 only ; visionary ; fantastical. 
 
 T^ulinnnl by fancy onW made. 
 
 A notional and imaginary thin". 
 
 Prior. 
 BenUrtj. 
 
 2. Dealing in imaginary things; whimsical ; fanci- 
 ful ; as, a noltonat man. 
 
 NO TIO.V-AL'I-Ty, n. Empty, ungrounded opinion. 
 fAVrf used.] QIanrille. 
 
 NO'TIO.\-AI--LV', tulv. In mental apprehension ; in 
 conception ; not in reality. 
 
 Two hcultJe* nolionaUy or really distinct. Sortie. 
 
 N0'TION-I6T, n. One who holds to an ungrounded 
 opinion. Bp, Hopkins. 
 
 NOU 
 
 No-TO-RI'E-TY, n. [Fr. notorieU, from notoire. See 
 Notorious.] 
 
 1. Exposure to the public knowledge ; the state of 
 being publii;ly or generally known ; as, the notoriety 
 
 2. Public knowledge [of a crime. 
 Tbey were not subjects in their own nature so exposed to public 
 
 notoriety. Addison. 
 NO-To'RI-OUS, a. [It. and Sp. notorin; Fr. notoire ; 
 from Low L. Jiotoritis, from notus, known.] 
 
 1. Publicly known ; manifest to the world ; evi- 
 dent ; usually, known to disadvantage ; hence, almost 
 always used in an ill sense; as, .a nutoriotis thief ; a 
 notorious crime or vice ; a man notorious for lewd- 
 
 2. In a good seiuse. [ness or gaming. 
 
 Your goodness, 
 Since you provoke me, shall he most »rotoriou«. Shak. 
 
 NO-To'RI-OUS-LY, adi\ Publicly ; openly ; in a 
 manner to be known or manifest beyond denial. 
 
 Sjpift. Dry den. 
 
 NO-To'RI-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being iipen or 
 known beyond denial ; notoriety. Occrbary. 
 
 NOTT, a. [Sax. knot.] 
 
 Shorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 NOTT, c. t. To shear. [OAs.] Staioe. 
 
 JVOTC/S, n. [L.] The south wind. Millon. 
 
 NOT'WHf.AT, n. [Sax. hiot, smooth, shorn.] 
 
 Wheat not bearded. Cnrew. 
 
 NOT-WITH-STAND'ING ; the participle of With- 
 stand, with not prefixed, and signifying not opposing, 
 nevertheless. It rt-tains in all cases its participial sig- 
 nificatiini. For example: "I will surely rend the 
 kingdom from thee, anil will give it to thy servant ; 
 notwitlistfindinir, in thy days I will not do it, for Da- 
 vid thy father's sake." 1 Kings xi. In this passage 
 there is an ellipsis of that after notwithstanding. ThiU 
 refers to the former part of the sentence, / will rend 
 Ote kingdom from theet notwithstanding that, (decla- 
 ration or determination,) in lliy days I will not do it. 
 In this and in all cases, nottrithslanding, either with 
 or without thut or tliis, constitutes the case absolute 
 or independent. 
 
 " It is a rainy day, but notwithstanding that, the 
 troops must be reviewed;" that is, the rainy day 
 not opposing or preventing. Thut, in this case, is a 
 substitute for the whole first clause of the sentence. 
 It is to that clause what a relative is to an antecedent 
 noun, and ic/iicA may be used in the place of it ; mit- 
 witlistanding which, that is, the rainy day. 
 
 " Christ enjoined on his followi^rs not to publish 
 the curias he wroimht ; hut nutwillistauding his injunc- 
 tions, they proclaimed them." Here, notirithslunding 
 Aw injunctions is the case independent or absolute ; 
 the injunctitms of Christ ntit opposing or preventing. 
 
 This word answers precisely to the Latin non ob- 
 stante, and both are used with nouns or with substi- 
 tutes for nouns, for sentences or for clauses of sen- 
 tences. So in the Latin phrase, hoc non obstante, hoc 
 may refer to a single word, to a sentence, or to a se- 
 ries of sentences. 
 
 NOUGHT, (nawt ;) a wrong spelling. See Nai ght. 
 
 NOUL, n. [Sax. A/to;.] 
 
 The top of the head. [J\*o( in use.] Spenser. 
 
 NOIJLD, (niild.) [ne would.] Would not. Spenser. 
 
 NOU.\, n. [altered from L. noinen, name.] 
 
 In griiminar, It name; that sound or combination 
 of sounds by which a tiling is called, whether mate- 
 rial or imiu.'tterial. [See Name.] 
 
 NOUR'ICE, (nur'ris,) n. [Fr. nourricc.] 
 
 A nurse. Spepser. 
 
 NOUR'ISH, (niir'ish,) v. t. [Ft. nourrir : h.niitrire: 
 Sp. and Port, nutrir ; from L. nntrio. The G. na/tren, 
 Sw. ndra, Dan. narrr. to nourish, can not be the same 
 word unless they have lost a denttil, which may per- 
 haps he the fact.] 
 
 1. To feed ami cause to grow ; to supply a living 
 or organized boily, animal or vegetable, with matter 
 which increa.ses its hulk, or supplies the waste occa- 
 sioned by any of its functions; to supply with nutri- 
 ment. 
 
 2. To support ; to maintain by feeding. GsruxivW. 
 Whilst I in Ir'Iand nourish a mii^htv band, 
 
 I » ill BUr up in Kngl.md some black 'slorm. SkeJc. 
 
 X To supply the means of support and increase; 
 to encourage ; as, to nourish rebellion ; to nourish the 
 virtues. 
 
 NOV 
 
 What llBi 
 tenli.j 
 
 I was it, with such proofs, to nourish their i 
 JIaokct 
 
 4. To cherish ; to comfort. James v. 
 .■). To educate ; to instruct ; to promote growth in 
 nltainiuents. 1 Tim. iv. 
 NOUit'lSlI, (niir'ish,) r. i. To promote growth. 
 
 6niins and roott. nouri*A more than leaves, [ Elliptical.) Bacon. 
 
 2. To gain nourishment. [Unusual.] Bacon. 
 NOUR'ISll.A-HLE, (nur'ish-a-hl,) a. Sii.-ceptible of 
 nourishment; as, the nourishahle parts of the body. 
 
 Orcio. 
 
 NOUR'ISII-KD, (nur'isht,) pp. Fed; supplied with 
 nutriment ; raiisi il to grow. 
 
 Nf)rK'lsil Kit, (uur'ish-er,) n. The person or thing 
 that nourishes. Bacon. JUdton. 
 
 NOI'll'l.^ll l,\<;, (nur'ish-ing,) ppr. Feeding; supply- 
 ing with aliment ; supporting with food. 
 
 2. a. Promoting growth ; nutritious ; as, a nour- 
 Lihing diet. 
 
 NOUR'ISH-ING-LY, adi: Nutritively; cherishinglv. 
 
 NOUR'ISH-MENT, (nur'ish-nient,) n. 'ihat which 
 serves to promote the growth <if animals or plants, or 
 to repair the waste of animal bodies ; food ; suste- 
 nance ; nutriment. Mewlon. 
 
 2. Nutrition ; support of animal or vegetable bodies. 
 
 Bluchinore. 
 
 3. Instruction, or that which promotes growth in 
 attainments ; as, nourishment and growth in grace. 
 
 So lliey may learn to seek the nourishment of their souls. 
 
 tJooker. 
 
 NOUR'I-TURE. See Nurture. 
 
 NOURS'LE, V. t. To nurse up. Speiuer. 
 
 NOURS'LING. See NunsLi.'sG. 
 
 JVOUS, (nowse,) ». The Greek word i" I'j, humorous- 
 ly used in England for intellect or talent. Smart. 
 
 NdUS'LE, i (nuz'zl.) [corrupted from noursle.] To 
 
 KOVS'EL, \ nurse up. Shak. 
 
 NOl'S'LE, / (nuz'zl,) v. t. To insnare ; to entrap, as 
 
 NOUS'£L, i in a noose or trap. 
 
 NO-VA€'U-LITE, n. [L. noracula, a razor.] 
 
 Razor-stone ; Turkey-hone ; coticular schist ; whet- 
 slate, a variety of argillaceous slate, of which hones 
 are made for sharpening razors. Brongniart. Ure. 
 
 NO-Va'TIAN, n. In church history, oiie of the sect 
 of Movntiui, or Mtratiauus, who held that the lapsed 
 might not be received again into communion with 
 the church, and th.at second marriages are unlawful. 
 
 NO-Va'TI AN-IS.M, n. The opinionsof the Novaliaiis. 
 One Hypolitua, a Roman presbyter, had been seduced into 
 Kovatiaiiism. Altlner. 
 
 NO-Va'TIO.\. See Innovatios. 
 NO-Va'TOR. See Innovator. 
 
 NOVEL, a. [L. novellas, from novus, new ; It. no- 
 vetto ; Sp. novel.] 
 
 1. New ; of recent origin or introduction ; not 
 ancient; hence, unusual; as, a norel heresy; novel 
 opinions. The proceedings of the court were novel. 
 
 2. In the ciril law, the novel constitutions are those 
 which are supplemental to the code, and posterior in 
 time to the other books. These contained new de- 
 crees of successive emperors. 
 
 3. In the common law, the assize of novel dis.seizin 
 is an action in w hich the demandant recites a com- 
 plaint of the disseizin in terms of direct averment, 
 whereupon the sheriff is commanded to reseize the 
 lanti and chattels thereon, anti keep the s:ime in 
 custody till the arrival of the justices of assize. 
 
 Btack.itone. 
 
 NOVEL, n. A new or supplemental constitution, or 
 decree. [See the adjective.] 
 
 2. A fictitious tale or narrative in prose, intended 
 to exhibit the operation of the passions, and particu- 
 larly of love. 
 
 The coxcomb's novel, and the drunkanPs toast. Prior. 
 NOVEL-ISM, 71. Innovatmn. [Little used.] Bering. 
 NOVEL IST, 71. An innovator; an asserter of nov- 
 elty. Bacon. White. 
 
 2. A writer of a novel or of novels. fVurlon. 
 
 3. A writer of news. [Mat u-ied ] Tatler. 
 NOVEL IZE, !i. i. To innovate. [J^ot in use.] 
 NOVEL-STUD-l-£D,a. Studied in novels. Tucker. 
 NOVEL TY, 71. Newness ; recentness of origin or 
 
 introduction. Hooker. 
 Novelty is the great parent of pleasure. South. 
 2. A new or strange thing. 
 NO-VE.^!'liEU, n. [L. frtmi novrm, nine; the ninth 
 month, according to the ancient Roman year, begin- 
 ning in March.] 
 The eleventh month of the year. 
 NO'VEN-A-KY, n. [L. novcnarins. from novem, nine.] 
 
 The number nine ; nine collectivi ly. 
 No'VE.\-.A-RY, a. Pertaining to the number nine. 
 NO-VEN'NI-AL, o. [L. novem, nine, and annus, 
 year.] 
 
 Done every ninth year. Potter. 
 NO-VER'CAL, a. [L. norrrca, a step-mother.] 
 
 Pertaining to a sle|>-niother ; suitable to a step- 
 mother ; in the manner of a .«te|>-mother. Drrham. 
 NOVICE, (nov'is,) n. [Fr., from L. 7iui;i(ius, from 
 novus, new.] 
 
 1. One who is new in any business ; one unac- 
 quainted or unskilled ; one in the rudiments ; a be- 
 ginner. 
 
 1 am young, a lujviee in the tmde. Dryden. 
 
 2. One that has entered a religious house, as a 
 convent or nunnery, but has not taken the vow ; 
 a probationer. Shak. 
 
 3. Oiu^ newly plantetl in the church, or one newly 
 converted to the Christian faith. I 7'im. iii. 
 
 NO-VI-LO'NAR, a. [L. iioi'iV;i«i«m.] 
 
 Pertaininir to the new iniuin. 
 NO-Vl"TIATE, (no-vish'ate,) 71. [Fr. 7ioriciot ; It. 
 mwiiitito. See Novice.] 
 
 1. The state or time of learning rudiments. 
 
 2. In religious house.-*, as convents and nunneries, 
 n year or other time of probation for the trial of n 
 novice, to deterinini^ whether he has the nece.ssary 
 i|iialities for living up to the rule to which his vow is 
 to bind him. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PUfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 758 
 
NOY 
 
 3. One who is Roing through a novitiate or period 
 
 of probiition ; a novico. AdduoH. 
 
 NO-Vl"TI()l'S, (no-vish'iis.) a. [L. novMus.] 
 
 Ni'wiv iiiventLil. [.\u£ iised.) Pearson. 
 NOV'I-'I'Y, n. [I,. n«i-.(«..-.] 
 
 Newness. [A«t used.] Brown. 
 
 Amons Ike. Romans, ii ili!sij;nalion of one wlin liail 
 r.iisid hiinself from ohscunty to distinction witliout 
 the aid of family connections. 
 NOW, u(/ii. [t^ax. vit, U. Sw. Dan. and Gotli. nu. 
 The G. has Gr. mi', L. nunc] 
 
 1. At tlie present time. 
 
 1 hivt- !i ]iutlfiit noip living iit nn ndv.-xnoHl nge, who tlischjir^'d 
 
 blooti frtiin liiii iiiirty yt'tyn ngo. 
 
 2. A little while aeo ; very lately. 
 
 Tlf-y l\nn bill fioif, tor lioiior ami for platf, 
 
 .■IrbuOi nut. 
 
 MiuW (III* wa l.liish Willi bl..od, iv»i^n"Uicir hiUfi. WalUr. 
 
 3. JVow — MOM ; alternately ; at one time — at 
 another time. 
 
 ^'ou» liiiTb, now low, note inaaler up, how miM. Pope. 
 
 4. JVom sometimes expresses or implies a connec- 
 tion beHveen tiie snhscqnent and preceding proposi- 
 tion ; often it introduces an inference or an explana- 
 tion of what preceiles. 
 
 Nol this maiij bui BambUia ; now Barabbaa wa* a robber. — 
 Joliii xviii. 
 
 Then K-iiil Micuh, Noio 1 know that the Loni will do me good, 
 wvin^ I have a L''vile for my pri'-at. — Jnil^» xvii. 
 
 The other jrr-at mischief which U-tatU men, is by Ihfir beiiisr 
 iniiip-preiiCiilcd. A'ow, by cilliiig evil ^ooii, u man is inisr»-p- 
 nted to olhera in the way ot slander. South. 
 
 5. After this ; things being so. 
 
 Hov.- shall any iiiati distinguish now betwi xt a parasite and n mao 
 of honor 1 L'Eitrauge. 
 
 G. In supplication, it appears to be somewhat cm- 
 phaticaU 
 
 i ln-seech Ih-'e, O I.onI, Tt- memh'T now how I Inve walked before 
 Jliee in tnilh and with a perlect hcarl. — 2 Kings xx. 
 
 7. A*!™ sometimes refers to a particular time past 
 specified or understood, and may be defined, at tJuU 
 timr. lie was note sensible of his mistake. 
 
 JV'oie and then : at one time and another, indefi- 
 nitely ; occasionally ; not often ; at intervals. 
 
 Thf-y now aiut then appear in otiices of relisrion. _ Rogere. 
 If then- wrn- any such Ihinir as spontaneous genemlioil, a new 
 sp'cies would now and then up|iear. Anon. 
 
 3. Applied to places which appear at intervals or 
 in succession. 
 
 A mead here, there a hcadi, and now and tfien a wooil. 
 
 I>roylon. 
 
 JVojc, now, repeated, is used to excite attention to 
 something iiiiinediali ly to happen. 
 NOW, n. The present time or moment. 
 
 Cowley. 
 
 NOW'A-D.\YS, adv. In this age. 
 
 Whal men of spirit noiea/tnyt, 
 
 Come 10 five sober juiij^nteiil of new plays f Garrick. 
 [ This is a common culloqtii'il phrase, but not elegant 
 in irritintr, ttnless of the more familiar kinds.] 
 NO'W.W, ) adr. [no and ira;(.] In no manner or 
 NO'WAYS, i degree. ( These can hardly be con- 
 sidered a^ compound ^^'ords.] 
 NOW'ED, fnoo'.-d,) a. [Kr. noiii!.] 
 
 Knotted i tied in a knot; used in heraldry. 
 NOW'EL, M. [Fr. noel.] [Kncije. 
 A shout of joy, or Christmas song. [Olti.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 NOWES, (nooz,) n. [Fr. nou.1 
 
 The marriage knot. [0/».i.J Crashato. 
 NO'WIIERE, [l omp. of no and ip/irre ; Sax. n/i-ir/i<rrf.] 
 Not in any place or state. Happiness is nowhere to 
 be found but in the pr.irtice of virtue. 
 
 But it is belter to write no and tchere as separate 
 words. 
 
 NO'WTSE. [eomp. of no and iciie ; often by mistake 
 
 written Noways.] 
 
 Not in any manner or degree. Beniley. 
 NOX'IOUS, (nok'shus,) a. [L. noziu3, from noceo, 
 
 to hurt.] 
 
 1. Hurtful ; harmful ; baneful ; pernicious ; de- 
 structive ; unwholesome ; insalubrious ; as, noTiou.i 
 air, food, climate ; pernicious ; corruptin,; to morals ; 
 as, noTious practices or examples ; nun'oiu haunts of 
 
 S. Guilty ; criminal. [vice. 
 Thuae who are nosiont in llie eye of the law. [LilL'e luett.] 
 
 OntmhaJi. 
 
 3. Unfavorable ; injurious. 
 
 Too fntiuent «ppear:ince in places of public resort !■ rum'ous to 
 spiritual promotion. A'wt/I. 
 
 NOX'tOtrs-I,Y, ado. Iliirlfiiliv ; perniciously. 
 NOX'IOUS-NESS, n. Hiirtfiiiness ; the quality that 
 
 injures, impairs, or destrii)s; insalubrity; as, the 
 
 iiorioii.viiM< of foul air. 
 
 2. The fjiiality that corrupts or perverts ; as, the 
 noTiausne.ts of doctrines, 
 
 NOV.NOY'ANCE, N()Y'ER, NOY'FtJI., NOY'OUS, 
 NOY'S.WCE. See Annot and Niiiance. 
 
 NO'YAIJ, (nS'yo,) ». [Fr , the nut of a fruit, as of a 
 |ieach or cht m .] 
 .\ cordial flavored with the kernel of the nut of 
 
 NUL 
 
 the bitter almond, or with the kernel of the peach 
 stone. Brande. 
 
 NOZ'Zl-E, (noz'zd,) )i. [from nose.] The nose ; the 
 extremity of any tiling ; the snout. Jirbulhnot. 
 
 NL'B'BIN, n. A small or imperfect ear of niai/.e. 
 
 .America. 
 
 NUR'HI-E, V. I. [for KNimni.E, from l.nob, llii- list.] 
 To beat or bruise with the list. [Aof iwcd.] 
 
 ./lin.strorlh. 
 
 NU-IIIF'F.R-OUS, o. [h. nubifcr ; nubcs, a cloud or 
 
 fog, anil fern, to produce.] 
 
 Bringing or pruducing clouds. Diet. 
 NO'BILE, (-bil,)a. [Fr.,from L. nulii/iji, from nu6e, to 
 
 many.] 
 
 Marriageable ; of an age suitable for marriage. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 NU-BIL'I-TY, n. The state of being marriageable. 
 
 .^lez. Walker. 
 NO'BIL-OUS, a. [L. nubilus, from nubcs.] 
 
 Cloudy. Bailni. 
 NU-CIF'EK-0(Jf!, «. [T,. nui, nut, and/tro, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing or producing nuts. Diet. 
 NU-eLi;'I-F()K.M, a. Formed like a kernel. 
 NO'CLE-lIS, n. [I,., from nnz, a nut.] 
 
 1. Praprrhj, the ki riiel of a nut ; liiit in tisaire, the 
 central part of any body, or that about which matter 
 is collected. ^Voodward. 
 
 2. The body of a comet, called also its /ic«i/. 
 NU-DA'TION, n. [L. nudatto, from nudo, to make 
 
 bare.] 
 
 The act of stripping, or making bare, or naked. 
 NODE, a. [L. nudus.] 
 
 1. Bare. 
 
 2. In Into, void ; of no force; as, a nurle contract or 
 compact. [See Nl'uum I'AeTiM.) Blackstonr. 
 
 NUDt^R, c. I. To touch gently as with the elbow, in 
 order to call altuntioii or convey intiinalioii. 
 
 Jiliss PickeriHtr, 
 
 NU-DMiRANCiri-ATE, a. Pertaining to an order of 
 iniilltisi'iius aiiiiiiuls having nu shell whatever. 
 
 N0'1)I-'1"V, n. [L. HudiUu^.] 
 
 1. Nakedness. 
 
 2. JVuditicsi in the plural, naked parts wliich de- 
 cency requires to be concealed. Dryden. 
 
 3. In piiintinir and sculpture, the naked parts of the 
 human figure, or parts not covered witli drapery; 
 also, nakeil figures. 
 
 JVD'DU.M PJIC'TUM, [L.] In la:r, a contract made 
 without any consideration, and therefore void, or nut 
 valid according to the laws of the l;ind. Bnurier. 
 NU-GAC'I-TY, V. nugux, from nugic, trilies.] 
 Futility ; trilling talk or behavior. 
 
 More, Johnson. 
 NU-G.\'TION, n. [L. nngor, to trifle.) 
 
 The act or practice of trifling. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 NO'GA-TO-UY, <i. (L. niio-afonits.] 
 
 1. Trilling; vain ; futile; insignificant. Beniley, 
 
 2. Of no force ; inoperative ; inetfuctual. The 
 laws are sometimes rendered nugatory by inexeru- 
 tiun. Any agreement may be rendered nurratory by 
 something which contravenes its execution. 
 
 .\C'1'S.\.\CE, (iiu'sans,) n. [Pr. nuLiancr, from nuire, 
 Ij. noceo, to annoy. BlacKsione writes Nusamce, 
 and it is desirable that his example may be follow- 
 ed.] 
 
 1. That which annoys or gives trouble and vexa- 
 tion ; that which is offensive or noxious. A liar is a 
 nuifance to society. 
 
 2. In law, that which incommodes or annoys; 
 something that produces inconvenience or damage. 
 Nuisances are public or private ; public, when they 
 annoy citizens in gener.il,as obstructions of the high- 
 way ; private, when they affect intlividiials only, as 
 when one man erecLs a house so near his neighbor's 
 as to throw the water otf the roof iiptin his neigh- 
 bor's land or house, or to intercept the light that his 
 neighbor before enjoyi^d. Blackstone. 
 
 NUL, in law, signifies no, not any ; as, nui disseizin ; 
 
 n«f tiid rt;cord ; nttl tort. 
 NULIy.c. f. (L. nullus: ne and k//m.», not any.] 
 
 To annul ; to deprive of validity ; to destroy. [JVof 
 
 much used.] [See .\nxl'i-] MiUan. 
 NULL, a. [L. ««//.«.] 
 
 Void ; of no legal or binding foVce or validity ; of 
 
 no efficacy ; invalid. The contract of a minor is nuZi 
 
 in law, except for iiecess<aries. 
 NULL, n. Something that has no force or meaning. 
 
 A ciplU'r is called a nulL [JVut xised,] Bacon, 
 NUI.,-LI-FI-€A'TION, n. The act of nullifying; a 
 
 rendering void and of no eHTect, or of no legal ef- 
 fect. 
 
 NUL-LI-FID'I-AN, a. [L. nuUiu, none, and Jidea, 
 faith.] 
 
 Of no faith ; of no religion or honesty. [JVot used,] 
 
 Fellham. 
 
 NI'I/LI-FI-KD, (-fide,) pp. Annulled ; made void. 
 .NUL'LI-FI-ER, Ti. One who makes void ; one who 
 
 maintains the right to nullify a contract by one of the 
 
 parties. 
 
 NUL'LI-F?, e. L [L. nullus, none, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 To annul ; to make void ; to render invalid ; to 
 deprive of legal force or efficacy. .^mes. 
 
 NUM 
 
 NUL'IjI-I*OUK, n, [h. nullum, none, and pnrug^ pore.] 
 .'\ kind (if marine pliiiit, Hecrctine linieun lt.i Mirfacc, 
 mill lit-nce rc^iemblini; cural. It wixh formerly con- 
 Kidercd a kind of /.oupliite. Duna. 
 
 NUI/Ll-F?-li\G^ ppr. ur a. Annulling ; niakint^ 
 void. 
 
 Ndl/LI-TV, n. [It. nullitd ; Fr. nulliti ; from U nul- 
 lum.] 
 
 1. Nothingness ; want of existence. Bacon. 
 S. Want uf Jcgal force; that which wants logul 
 force. 
 
 NUMIl, (num,) a. [Sax. nwrnrn, the participle of Hax. 
 niiiianj (Jolh. jiiman^ to take, to seize, wlience bent- 
 man or bcitymajiy to deprive ; benurn, benumeny stupe- 
 fied, that Is, seized, arrested, hehl, stopped ; D, nee- 
 men ; ii. nchmcn, Clafs Nui, No. 7, U.] 
 
 1. Torpid ; destitute of the powt-r of sensation 
 and motion ; as, tlie fin;;er!i or limb.t arc numb witli 
 cold. 
 
 2. Prodnrinsmuinhncss ; benumbing ; as, the nnmby 
 cold innhl. [J^Tot usrdy nur prupcr.'\ Slink. 
 
 NlTMIl, (uum,) V. t. 'I'o make torpid; to deprive nf 
 the power of sensation or motion ; to deaden ; to be- 
 numb ; to stupefy. 
 
 FfiT Ui7.y wiittiT numbs the Inlioring' hnnd. Druden. 
 Ami ntti/ibiiig cuMiicut has uiiil>r.icf'il Un* enr. Prior. 
 
 NUMII'/"!), (nuiud,) pp. Kendcreil torpid. 
 
 NlJ.M'iiKK, n [i'r. ttantbre ; L. nnmrras : It, f^p. and 
 l*ort. nunnru , Arui. and \V. wirpr; It. naimhir. 1 
 know not whelner tlie elements are J^m or J^b. 
 Probably the radical sense is, to speak, name, tirtell, 
 as our word rW/, in the oilier dialecLs, is to number. 
 J^umbcr may be allied lo nnine.y as the .*>panlards use 
 nombre for name, and the French word, written with 
 the same leilrrs, is number. Class Nm, Xo. I.] 
 
 1. A unit, considered in reference to other units, 
 or in reckon^n^, counting, enumerating; as, one is 
 the first nuwbir; a simple number. 
 
 2. An asseinblaue of two or more units. Twoisa 
 number composed of one and one added. Five and 
 three added make llnr numbrr eicht. A'lnnbrr may be 
 applied to any collection or miiltitude of units ur in- 
 dividuals, and therefore is indefinite, unless defined 
 by other words, or by lif^urcs or bigns of definite sig- 
 nification. Hence, 
 
 3. Mure than one; many. 
 
 LailiL's iin* iiUvuys of gr>-nl use to llio parly Ui-^y tspoinu*, ami 
 never I'iiil lo win over numbers. Addison. 
 
 4. Multitude. 
 
 Number iiwlf iinportelh nol innch in armies, where the m^ii are 
 of wciik couni-fe. Bacon. 
 
 5. In poHnj, measure ; the order and quantity of 
 syllables constitutinK feet, which render verse mu- 
 sical to the ear. The harmony of verse consists in 
 the proper distrtbution of the long and short sylla- 
 bles, with suitiible pauses. 
 
 In oratanjy a judicious disposition of words, sylla- 
 bles, and cadences, constitutei«i a kind of measure 
 resembling poetic numbers, 
 
 6. Poetry ; verse. 
 
 I lUiv'd in numhtrs, UtT the nuinhers cam?. Pope. 
 
 Here the first word numbers may be taken (or poet' 
 ry or vrr-e, and the second for measure. 
 
 Yei sh<iuld ihe MiiKCB Lid my numbers hjII. Pope. 
 
 7. In trrtunmar, the difference of termination or 
 form of a word, to express unity or plurality. The 
 termination which denotes one, or an individual^ is 
 the singular number; the termination that denotes 
 two or more individuals, or units, constitutes the plu- 
 ral number. Hence we s,iy, a noun, an adjective, a 
 pronoun, or a verb, is in the singular or the plural 
 number. 
 
 8. In fHrtrA/'ma(ic.'j, number is variously distinguish- 
 ed. Cardinal number:/ are those which express the 
 amount of units ; as, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, (1, 7, 8. 9, 10. Or- 
 dinal numbers nre those whicli express order ; as, first, 
 sec<md, third, fourth, &lc. 
 
 Homoireneal numbers^ are those referred to the same 
 units \ those referred to different units are termed 
 kcterotreneal. 
 
 IVhvle numbers, are called inten-ers, 
 
 A rational number^ is one connnensurable with uni- 
 ty. A numbrr incommensurublu with unity, is 
 termed irrational or surd. 
 
 A prime or primitive number, is divisible only by 
 unity ; as, three, five, seven, &c. 
 
 A perfect number^ is that who^e aliquot |>arts added 
 together, make the whide number, as 'it^, whose ali- 
 quot iKirts, 14, 7, 4, 2, 1, make the number 2d. 
 
 An imperfect number, is that whose aliquot parts, 
 added together, make more or less than the number. 
 This is abundant or dtrfective ; abundant, as 12, 
 whose aliquot parts, 6, 4, 3, 2, I, make 16 ; or defec- 
 tive, as IG, whose aliquot part^, 8, 4, 2, I, make 15 
 only 
 
 A sijuare number ^ is the product of a nuinlwr mul- 
 tiplied by itself; as, IG is the square number of 4. 
 
 A cubic number, is the prorlnct of a square number 
 by its rottt ; as, 27 is tlie product of the square num- 
 ber 9 by its nx)t 3. Encyr. 
 
 Golden number: a number showing what year of 
 the lunar cycle any given year is. Barlute, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJXITE. — AiV'GER, VP'CIOUS. — € as K ; a« J ; S as Z CH a.<» SB ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 750 
 
NUM 
 
 NUR 
 
 N UT 
 
 NUM'BER, r. (. [L. i,„mcro.] 
 
 1. To count; to reckon ; to ascertain tlie units of 
 any sum, collection, or multitude. 
 
 If a man c;lh number ilie diist of ihe earth, Iheu shall thy seed 
 alao be numbered. — Gfii. xiii. 
 
 2. To reckon as one of a collection or multitude. 
 
 He was numbereil witli tlie Irans^rtssors. — Is. liii. 
 
 NUM'BER-KD.pp. Counted; enumerated. 
 
 NUM'BER-ER, ji. One tiiat numbers. 
 
 NUM'BER-FUL, a. Jlany in number; numerous. 
 
 NUM'BER-lS'G, ppr. Counting ; ascertaining the 
 units of a multitude or collection. 
 
 NUM'BER-LESS, o. Tliat can not be counted ; in- 
 numerable. .Milton. 
 
 NUM'BERS, n. The title of the fourth book of the 
 Pentateuch. 
 
 NU.M H'ING, (iium'mini,) ppr. or a. Making torpid. 
 NUM'BL£S, 71. pi. [Fr. iwmbles.] 
 
 The entrails of a deer. Bailey. 
 NUMIi'NESS, (num'ness,) n. Torpor; thatstateofa 
 living body in which it has not the power of feel- 
 ing or motion, as when paralytic or chilled by cold. 
 NU'.MER-,\-BLE, a. [L. numcrabili.'^.] 
 That may be numbered or counted. 
 NU'A1ER-.\L, a. [Fr. ; I., numeralis.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to number ; consisting of number. 
 
 The dependence of .i Ion j miin of numeral progressions. LocKe. 
 
 2. Expressing number ; representing number ; 
 standing as a substitute for figures ; as, numeral let- 
 ters ; as X for 10 ; L for 50 ; C for lOU ; 1) for 500 ; 
 M for 1000. 
 
 3. Expressing numbers ; as, numeral characters. 
 The figures we now use to express numbers are 1, 
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. They are said to be of Ara- 
 bian origin ; but the Arabians might have received 
 them from India. This is a controverted question. 
 
 NO'MER-AL, n. A figure or character used to express 
 a nimiber ; as, the Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, etc. 
 
 Nu'.MER-AL-LY, adv. According to number ; in 
 number. 
 
 NO'MER-A-RY, a. Belonging to a certain number. 
 
 A sup'^rnumerary canon, when he obuiins a prebend, b. com'-s a 
 nuiiterary canon, Ayliffe, 
 
 Nu'MER-aTE, v. t. In arithmetic, to divide off and 
 read according to the rules of numeration ; as, to nu- 
 merate a row of figures. 
 
 Nu'MER-a-TED, pp. Divided off and read, as fig- 
 ures. 
 
 Nu'.MER-a-TING, ppr. Dividing off and reading, as 
 figures. 
 
 NU-MER-a'TION, 71. [L. numeralio.] 
 
 1. The act or art of numbering. 
 
 yumeration is but still tlie adding of one unit more, and Fivin» 
 to llie whole a new najne or si^n. Locke. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, the act or art of dividing off a se- 
 ries of figures according to their values, and express- 
 ing them in words ; the act or art of readmg num- 
 bers. Thus, for 50, we read filly. 
 
 NO'.MER-a-TOR, ?i. [I,.] One that numbers. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, the number in vulgar fractions 
 
 which shows how many parts of a unit are taken. 
 
 Thus, when a unit is divided into i) parts, and we 
 
 take 5, we express it thus, 5-9, that is, five ninths ; 
 
 5 being the numerator, and 9 the denominator. 
 KU-.MER'IC, (a. [It. numerico ; Fr. numerique i 
 NU-.MER'ie-AE, i from L. numeru.-; number.] 
 
 1. Belonging to number; denoting number ; con- 
 sisting in numbers ; as, numerical algebra ; numerical 
 characters. 
 
 2. J^umerical difference, is a difference in respect to 
 number. Thus, there m.'iy he a numerical difference 
 between things vrhich, in other respects, are not dis- 
 tinguishable. 
 
 NU-MER'ie AL-LY, adv. In numbers ; as, parts of 
 a thing numerically expressed. 
 
 2. VVith rpspect to numBer, or sameness in num- 
 ber ; as, a thing is numerically the same, or «u»ncr- 
 ica/Zi/ different. 
 
 NO'MEIl-IriT, n. One that deals in numbers. [JVot 
 ntted.'\ Brown. 
 
 NU-.MER-OS'I-TY, n. The state of being numerous ; 
 harmony ; flow. [JVwf w-vff/.] Brown. 
 
 NO'.MER-OUS, a. [L. numoo.v«s.l 
 
 1. Being many, or consisting of a great number of 
 individuals ; as, a numerous army ; a numerous body ; 
 a numerous people. 
 
 2. Consisting of poetic numbers ; melodio us ; imi- 
 Bical. In prose, a style becomes numerous-, by the 
 alternate disposititm or intermixture of Iting and 
 short syllables, or of long and short words ; or by a 
 Judici US selection and (lispositioti of smooth, Ihiw- 
 Ing words, and by closing the periods with important 
 or well-sounding words. Kncyc. 
 
 NO'MER-OIJH-LY, orfr. In or with great numbers; 
 n-1. a meeting numerowily attendnl. 
 
 NO'.MER-OU.S-NE.SH, ;i. 'J'be ipiality of being nu- 
 merous or many ; Ihe tpialily tjf consisting of n 
 great number of inilividuals ; as, the numcrouiineiia o( 
 an army or of nn nssenibly. 
 
 2. The qiialily of r^insisting of poetic numbers; 
 mehriliousneHH ; muslcalness. Kncyc. 
 
 NIJ-MIS-MAT'IC, (nu-mi7,-mnt'ik,) a. [I., numuma. 
 
 money, coin ; Gr. vuinaiin, from vofiii^io, to suppose, 
 to sanction, from vofioi, law or custom.] 
 Peitaininj; to money, coin, or medals. 
 NU-MIS-MAT'ieS, n. The science of coins and 
 medals. 
 
 NU-MIS-MA-TOL'O-GIST, n. One versed in the 
 
 knowledge of coins and medals. 
 NU-MIS-iMA-TOL'O-OiY, ii. [Gr. lopia^m, coin, and 
 Ao>-"ff, discourse.] 
 
 The branch of historical science which treats of 
 coins and medals. 
 NUM'MU-L.'VR, a. [L. nummus, a coin.] 
 
 Pertaining to coin or money. Diet. 
 NU.M'.M L'-LITE, h. [L. nummus, money, from its re- 
 semblance to coin.] 
 
 A fossil of a flattened form, resembling a small 
 coin. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 NUM-MU-LIT'ie, a. Composed of or containing 
 
 nummiilites. 
 NU.MPS, 71. A dolt; a blockhead. [JVof used.] 
 
 Parker. 
 
 NU.M'SKULL, «. [numb and skull] A dunce; a 
 dolt; a stupid fellow. Prior. 
 
 NU.\rSKULL-£D, a. Dull in intellect ; stupid ; dolt- 
 ish. Arbulhnot. 
 
 NUN, 7!. [Pax. nunne: Dan. nunne ; D. 7io)i; G. nonne ; 
 Sw. nunna ; Fr. nonne.] 
 
 A woman devoted to a religious life, and who 
 lives in a cloister or ntinnery, secluded from the 
 world, under a vow of perpetual chastity. 
 
 NUN, n. H'hite nun is a provincial name of the smew, 
 a Web-footed water-fowl of the size of a duck, with 
 a white head and neck. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. The blue titmouse, Parus caeruleus. P. Cyc. 
 
 NUN'CHION, 71. A portion of food ta'ien between 
 meals. [Clu. from noon, or a corruption of luncheon.] 
 
 Jiinsworth. 
 
 NUN'CIA-TURE, 7!. [See Nuncio.] The otHce of a 
 nuncio. Clarendon. 
 
 NUN'CIO, (nun'shoj a. [It. nunzio, from L. nuncius, 
 a messenger.] 
 
 1. An embassadt)r from the pope to an emperor or 
 kmg. His envoy to snuiller courts and republics is 
 called an Int^hxuncio. Encyc. Am. 
 
 2. .\ messenger; one who brings intelligence. 
 NUN'CU-PaTE, r. (. [L. nuncupo.] [Shak. 
 
 To declare publicly or solemnly. [A"ut u.-icd.] 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 NUN-CU-Pa'TIOX, ji. A naming. Chaucer. 
 NUN-eC'P.A-TlVE, la. [H. nuncupaHvo ; Fr. nun- 
 NUN-CU'PA-TO-RY, \ cupatif; from L. nuncupo, to 
 declare.] 
 
 1. Nominal ; existing only in nanfe. Enctte. 
 
 2. Publicly or solemnly declaratory. Futherby. 
 
 3. Verbal, not written. A ytuncupatice will or tes- 
 tament is one which is made by the verbal declara- 
 tion of the testator, and depends merely on oral testi- 
 mony for proof, though afterward reduced to writing. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 NUN'DI-NAL, ) a. [L. nundinatis, from nundina, 
 NUN'DI-NA-RY, i a fair or market, quasi 7io!)f;n-di- 
 vw, every nine days.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a fair or to a market day. 
 
 2. A nundinal letter, among the Romans, was one 
 of the first eight letters of the alphabet, which were 
 repeated successively from the first to the last d.iy of 
 the year. One of these al ways expressed the market 
 davs, which returned every nine days. 
 
 NUN'DI-NAL, 71. A nundinal letter. 
 NUN'DI-NaTE, v. i. To buy and sell at fairs. [A'ot 
 used.] 
 
 NUN-DI-Na'TION, 71. Tratlic in fairs. [JVu« used.] 
 NUN-Na'TION, ?i. In Mrabic grammar, from^the 
 
 name of n, tlie pronunciation of n at the end of 
 
 words. 
 
 NUN'NE-RY, 71. A house in which nuns reside ; a 
 cloister in which females, under a vow of chastity 
 anil devoted to religion, reside during life. 
 
 NUN'NISII-NESS, 7i. The habits or manners of nuns. 
 
 For. 
 
 NUP'TIAIj, (nup'shal,) a. [L. nuptialis, from nuptus, 
 nubo, to marry.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to marriage ; done at a wedding ; as, 
 nuptial rites and ceremonies; nuptial torch. 
 
 2. Constituting marriage ; as, the nuptial knot or 
 band. 
 
 riic Bible haa mitigated the horrora of war; it has ffiven eflect- 
 oal oblijution to the nuptial vow. (#. S]fi-iug. 
 
 NUP'TIALS, n. pi. Marriage, which see. Dniden. 
 NURSE, (nurs,) 71. [Fr. nourrice, from nounir, to 
 nourisli.] 
 
 1. A woman that has the care of infants, or a wo- 
 man employed to tend the children of others. 
 
 2. A \\ i>man who stickles infants. 
 
 3. A woman that has the care of a sick person. 
 
 4. A man who has the care of Ihe sick. 
 
 5. A (icrson that breeds, etiuctites, or protects; 
 hence, thai which breeds, brings up, or causes to 
 grow i as, (Jrei re, the 7iur.vf of the liberal arts. 
 
 (j. An olil woman ; in ct.iilempt. Blackmnre. 
 
 7. The slate of being nursed ; us, to put a child to 
 nurse. Cleavelund. 
 
 8. In composition, that which supplies ffiod ; as, a 
 TiBr.if-pond. / H'alton. 
 
 9. In horticulture, a shrub or tree which protects a 
 young plant. Gardner. 
 NURSE, (nurs,) v. t. To tend, as infants; as, to 
 nurse a child. 
 
 2. To suckle ; to nourish at the breast. 
 
 3. To attend anil take care of in child-bed ; as, to 
 nurse a woman in lier illness. 
 
 4. To tend the sick ; applied to males and females. 
 
 5. To feed ; to maintain ; to bring up. Is. Ix. 
 
 (i. To cherish; to foster, to encourage; to pro- 
 mote growth in. We say, to nurse a feeble animal 
 or plant. 
 
 By what hands has vice been nursed into so uncontrolled a do- 
 minion f Locke. 
 
 7. To manage with care and economy, with a 
 view to increase ; as, to nurse our national re- 
 sources. 
 
 NURS'£D, (niirst,) pp. Tended in infancy or sick- 
 ness ; nourished from the breast ; maintained ; cher- 
 islied. 
 
 NURS'ER, 71. One tliat cherishes or encourages 
 growth. ^ 
 
 NURS'ER-Y, 71. The place or ap.artment in a notise 
 appropriated to the care of children. Bacon. 
 
 2. .\ place where young trees are propagated for 
 the purpose of being transplanted ; a plantation of 
 young trees. Bacon. 
 
 3. The place wliere any thin,^ is fostered and the 
 growth promoted. 
 
 To see fair Padua, nursery of arts. Shall. 
 
 So we say, a nursery of thieves or of rogues. Ale- 
 houses and dram-shops are the 7m«erics of intemper- 
 ance. ^ 
 
 Cliristian families Are the nurseries of the church on earth, as she 
 is the nursery of the church in lieaveil. J. M. Mason. 
 
 4. That which forms and educates. Commerce is 
 the itursery of seamen. 
 
 5. The act of nursing. [fJttle used.] Sluik. 
 G. That which is the object of a nurse's care. 
 
 Mlton. 
 
 NUR.S'ING, ppr. Tending ; nourishing at the breast ; 
 
 educating; maintaining. 
 NURS'LING, 71. .■\n infant; a child. Dryden. 
 
 2. One that is nursed. Spenser. 
 NUR'TURE, n. [Fr. nourriture from nourrir, to nour- 
 
 ish.] 
 
 1. That which nourishes ; food ; diet. Milton. 
 
 2. That which promotes growth; education; in- 
 struction. Epb. vi. 
 
 NUR'TIJRE, V. t. To feed ; to nourish. 
 2. To educate ; to bring or train up. 
 
 He wits nurtured where he w;is ooru. trolfon. 
 
 NUR'TUR-KD, pp. Nourished ; educated ; trained up. 
 NUS'TLE, (nus'l,) r. t. To fondle ; to cherish. 
 NUT, 71. [Sax. hnut ; D. 7iou( ; G. nuss ; Sw. jiot ; Dan 
 
 nodd i Ir. cnudit : \V. cna, cnau. It seems to be allied 
 
 to knot, a bunch or hard lump.] 
 
 1. The fruit of certain trees and shrubs, consisting 
 of a hard shell inclosing a kernel. Various kinds of 
 nuts are distinguished ; as, walnut, chestnut, hazelnut. 
 
 2. A small block, of metal or wood, containing a 
 concave or female screw ; called also a Burr. 
 
 3. The projection near the eye of an anchor. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 NUT, 1'. 1. To gather nuts. fVood. 
 N O'TANT, n. [ L. nulajis. ] 
 
 Nodding ; having the top bent downward. 
 NU-Ta'TION, 71. [L. nutatio, a nodding, from 7iu(o, 
 to nod.] 
 
 In astronomy, a vibratory motion of the earth's ax- 
 is, arising from perioilical tluctualions in the obliqui- 
 ty of the eclijrtic. Olmsted. 
 
 NUT'-BREAK-ER, 11. The European nut-hatch. [See 
 Nut-hatch. ] £1/1/1. Kncyc. 
 
 NUT'-BROVVN, a. Brown as n nut long kcpt'and 
 dried. Mdtoyi 
 
 NU'J''-eRACK-ER, 71. An instiument for cracking 
 nuts. .Addison. 
 
 2. A European bird, of the genus Nucifraga, be- 
 longing to the crow famil}'. It feeds on nuts, in- 
 sects, Slc. p. Cyc. 
 
 NUT'GALL, 71. An excrescence of the oak. [See 
 Gall.]' Brown, 
 
 NUT'-llATCH, 71. The common naincof birds of the 
 genus Silla, having much of the habits of the wood- 
 pi cki r-', anil living on nuts, inserts, &c. The com- 
 mon I'iuropean nut-hatch is call Mt also Nut-johiier, 
 :ind NuT-i'ECKKH. P. Cyc. Johnson. 
 
 NUT'-IIOpK, 11. A pole with a hook at the end, to j 
 pull down boughs for galhering Ihe nuts ; also, the j 
 name given to a Ihii f that slob goods from a win- 
 ilow by means of a hook. Shak. 
 
 NUT'MEtl, 71. [L. nux- moschabi i It. noce vioscada; 
 Port. 7102 ntoscndu ; Fr. mu.fcnde, or notx muscade. But 
 it may he qin^tioned whither the last syllable in 
 English meg is not from E. micis, mace, the bark 
 that riivelops llie nut.] 
 
 The kernel of the fruit of the tree called Myristira 
 mosrhata. 'I'liis fruit is nearly a spherical drupe, of 
 Ihe size and somewhat of Ihe shape of a pear. The 
 llesliy jiait is of a yellowish color without, almost 
 while within, and four or live lines in thickness, and 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PIIBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 =================================== 
 
OAF 
 
 opens intii two nearly rqnal, lonsjiliulinal valves, pre- 
 senting til view the nut siimnindiil liy its arilliis, 
 which is mace. The nut (lr(i|is <Mit, anil the arilliis 
 willu rs. The nut is iival, the shell viTy hard, and 
 dai k-liniwn. Tins immediately envehips the kernel, 
 which is the juitmrir as connnonly stild in the shops. 
 Tile tree pri>clitrin<; this fruit prows principally in 
 the Islands ofBanda, in the Kast Indies. It reaches 
 the height of twenty or thirty feet, producinp nu- 
 merous hranclies. The color of the bark of the 
 trunk is a redilisli-brown ; that of the youni; 
 bninches a hright green. The nutmeg is an aro- 
 matic, very gnitel'ul to the taste and smell, and 
 much used in eook<'ry. 
 
 NO'Tltl-A, n. [.^p. nutria, otter.] 
 
 In rtniniirrcfy the name given to the skins o** the 
 My<>|>iitanms Bonariensis, a native of South Ameri- 
 ca, resembling the beaver, but smaller. J^idria fur 
 is liirgelv used in the hat manufacture. McCulloch. 
 
 NLT-TRI-eS'TION, n. Manner of feeding ot being 
 ' fed. UVot in iLse.) 
 
 NO'TKI KN'T, q. [I., iiutrio.] 
 
 ITourishing ; promoting growth. 
 
 NO'TKI-KNT, «. Any substance which nourishes by 
 proumting the growth or repairing the waste of ani- 
 mal bodies. Viirtcin. 
 
 NO'TRI-iMF.NT, ii. [h. nutrimentttm, from nutria, to 
 nourish.] 
 
 1. That (vhich nourishes; that which promotes 
 the growth or repairs the natural waste of animal 
 bodies, or that which promotes the growth of vegeta- 
 bles ; food ; aliuient. South. 
 
 3. That which promotes enlargement or improve- 
 ment ; as, the nutriment of the mind. 
 NU-TKI-.MCNT'AL, a. Having the qualities of food ; 
 
 alinn'ntal. Arbitthnot, 
 NU-T1U"T10N', (nu-trish'un,) n. [L. nu(ri(io, from 
 nutria, to nourish.] 
 
 1. The act or process of promoting the growth or 
 repairing the waste of animal bodies ; the act or pro- 
 cess of promoting growth in vegetables. Varmin 
 •2. That whicli nourishes ; nutriment. 
 Fixrd like a plant on his p<'C)ili:tr spot, 
 Tu <lr.«w nuttlion, pr^ty.igAH-, litiil rot. Pope. 
 Theix- U no nutridnn in urtloiit cptrits. L. Deecher. 
 
 NU-TRI"TIOUS, (nii-trish'us,) a. Nourishing ; pro- 
 
 OAR 
 
 moting the growth, or repairing the waste of animal 
 bodies. .Milk is very nutritians. 
 NU-TRl"T10i;S-LY, (nu-trish'us-ly,) ado. Nourisli- 
 ingly. 
 
 NO''l'l!I-TIVE, a. Having the quality of nourishing; 
 niitrimental ; alimi-ntal ; as, a nutritive food. 
 
 i\fi'TUI-Tl VK-I.Y, ni/e. Noiirishingly. 
 
 Nfl'TIU TIVK-NEtfJ?, n. Quality of nourishing. F.lli.i. 
 
 iNO'TlU-Tl.UtK, II. The ipjality of ntairishing. [JVat 
 u.<rd. ] Ifarvnj, 
 
 NUT'SIIEM.,, n. The liard shell of a nut ; the cov- 
 ering of the kernel. 
 
 2. Proverbially, a thing of little compass, or of lit- 
 tle value. V Estransre. 
 
 NIIT'TALI.-ITE, it. [from I'rof. J<ruttull.] A mineral 
 found in Dolton, Mass., occurring in prismatic crys- 
 tals. It is supposed by some to be identical wilh 
 ScAeoMTE. Duna. 
 
 Nl'T'TliN'G, fpr.ma. Gathering nuts. 
 
 NUT'TING, n. The art of gathering nuts. 
 
 NIJT'-TUEE, 71. A tree that bears nuts. 
 
 NUX VOM'I-eA, H. [I,.] Thi^ fruit of a tree of the 
 genus Strychnos, growing in the East Indites. It is 
 a very virulent poi-^on. P. Oyc, 
 
 NU/.'/EE, 1'. (. [Uu. from nourde.'\ To suckle ; to 
 ftisler, <»r nurse up. [ /-'u/ifur. ] 
 
 NUZ'ZLE, V, i. [(ill. from na^e or nours\e.'\ T<» hide 
 the head, as a cliilil in the mother's bosom. Bailey. 
 
 NUZ'ZEE, II. t. [Uu. nouro'Ic or nestle] To ncsilo ; 
 to house, OS in a nest. 
 
 NUZ'ZLE, V. i. [Uu. from nose.] To work with the 
 nose, like a swine in the mud ; as, the nuziling eel. 
 He soni''timca elmrifi'il tliroiirli an nrniy of lawyrra sword in 
 tkond, and loiiictinieii nuzzltd like an eel in Uie iiaul. 
 
 Arbuthnol's Julin Bull. 
 
 2. To go with the nose thrust out and down, like 
 a swine. 
 
 Sir Roger sliook his can and nuzzled olon^, well satisfied tliat 
 
 he' was iloiiip a cli.iritatile work. Arbul/inot. 
 The lilessed benehl, not there confined, 
 
 Drops to the thinl, who nuzzlet cI<js« behind. Pope. 
 NYG-TA-La'PI-A, ) n. [Or. n xruXwiria ; vv(, night, 
 NYG'TA-LO-PY, ( and t.n^, the eye.] 
 
 A disease in which vision is painfully acute in a 
 strong light, but clear and pleasant in a dark shade 
 or in the dusk of the evening. Goad. 
 
 OAT 
 
 NVe'TA-LOPS, n. [Gr. ^UKTaXia\^. ; mf, night, and 
 
 (jt^/, the eye.] 
 One alllirted with nycl.ilopia. 
 
 NVE, n. A brood or (lock of pheasants. 
 
 NYE'GMAIJ, \n. A riiiiiiiiaiil mammal of the Cap- 
 
 NYI/GAI), > rid tribe, as large as or larger than 
 
 NEEI.'tJIIAIJ, ) a stag. The horns are short anil 
 bent forward ; there is a beard under the middle of 
 the neck ; the hair is grayish ; there are strongly- 
 marked rings on all the feet, ju>t above the hoofs; 
 the fiMiiale has no horii^. It is the Daiiialis Kisia of 
 modern naturalists, and the Aiitilope picta of the 
 older ones. It inhabits N'ortlierii Inilia. 
 
 NY.MIMI, (nimf,) n. (I,, ninnplia : Or. n'/zc/,!).] 
 
 1. Ill mytlialoirij, a goildess of the mountains, for- 
 ests, meadows, or waters. Accoriling to the ancients, 
 all the worhl was full of nymidis, some terrestrial, 
 others celestial ; and these had names assigned to 
 them according to their place of residence, or the 
 parts of the world over which they were supposed to 
 preside. Brunile. 
 Q. In pactry, a lady. IVuller. 
 
 NYMPH, ) n. .Aiiollier name of the jiiipa, c'.rysa- 
 
 NYMPIl'A, i lis, or aurelia ; the second stat , of an 
 insect, passing to its perfect fVirm. 
 
 NYMPII-F;'.\.\, a. Pertaining to nymphs ; inhabited 
 by n)'mphs ; as, a nyinjihran cave. Fiiher. 
 
 NYMPII'IC-AL, (nimf'ik-al,) a. Pertaining to nymphs. 
 
 Pausantas, 'Prans. 
 
 NYMPII-IP'A-ROU.s!, «. [L. nymplia and /;ario.l 
 Producing nyiiiphs. 
 
 NYMPIl'ltill, a. Relating to nymphs ; lady-like. 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 NYMp'l'T^^'^'^' ( '^''^^'"''''"B ">''"1'''^- Orayton. 
 
 NYMPH-C)-.Ma'NI-A, 71. Morbid and incontrollable 
 sexual desire in females, breaking the bounds of 
 modest demeanor; ah\'a\s attemled with agilation- 
 both of bofly and mind, and ctwistituting a true and 
 proper disease, which is no more under the control 
 of the will than tetanii.s. 
 
 NYS, [7IC and ii.] None is; is not. [Oft.*.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 NY8-TAO'.Ml'S, 71. [Gr. vvara) prnf.] 
 
 Nictation or winking of the eye, as in a drowsy 
 person. 
 
 Ois the fifteenth letter, and the fourth vowel, in the 
 English al|diabet. The sha|)e of this letter seems 
 to have been taken from the circular configuration of 
 the li|>s in uttering the sound. It corresponds in 
 figure with the Coptic 0, and nearly with the Syriac 
 initial ami final rati, anil the Ethiopic ain. In words 
 denvetl iVoin the Oriental languages, it often repre- 
 sents the rn^i of those languages, and sometimes tln^ 
 ain ; the original sound tif the latter being formed 
 deep in the throat, and with .1 greater aperture of the 
 month. 
 
 In Knali.th, O has a long soiin-' as in foiie, hone, 
 f^aan, cloak, roll, droll : a sliort siiiind, as in lot, plod, 
 rod, Mnir, lodire, anil the sound of 00, or the Italian 
 u, ami French iim, as in more, prore. This stamd is 
 shortened in nortls ending in a close articulation, as 
 in book, foot. 
 
 The long sound of O is usually denoted by e, at 
 the end of a word or syllable, as in bone, lonely; or 
 by a servile a, a-s in 7;iea/), foal. It is generally long 
 before //, as in roll ; but it is short in doll, loll, and in 
 wortls of more syllables than one, as in fully, rolley. 
 
 As a numeral, U was sometimes used by the an- 
 cients for 11, and, with a dash over it, (0,) for 
 11,001. 
 
 Among the fruh, O, prefixed to the name of a fam- 
 ily, denotes progeiiv, or is a character of dignity ; as, 
 O'.Neil ; O'Carrol. ' 
 
 Among the aiiciVn/.*, O was a mark of triple time, 
 from the notion that tlit^ ternary, or niimlter 3, Is the 
 inost perfect of numbers, anil properly expresscil by a 
 circle, tlie most perfect figure. 
 
 O is often used as an exclamation, expressing a 
 wish. 
 
 O, were lie pn'fnl ! Dryden. 
 It mmetimes expresses surprise, 
 ^hakspeare uses C) for n circle or oval. 
 Witiiin this wooden O. 
 O. P. stanil for Old Style. 
 OAl), (ode,) for Woad. [JV'oI used.] 
 O.^F. («fe,) n. [said to be a corruption of miph or elf, 
 a fairy or demon, and to denote a foolish child left hv 
 fairies in the place of one of better intellects, which 
 Uipy steal. John.ion.] 
 
 I. A changeling; a foolish child left by fairies in 
 the place of another. Drayton. 
 a. A dolt ; an idiot ; a blockhead. 
 
 <^AF'ISII, a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. [Little used.] 
 OAF'I.~ill-NESS, 71. Stupidity ; dullness; folly. (Lit- 
 tle used. ] 
 
 0.\K, (oke,) 71. [Sax. ac,ac; D. eik, or eikboom; G. 
 eielie or eichbauin ; Sw. ek : nai\. ee^e-trae, oak-tree. 
 It is probable that the first syllable, oak, was origi- 
 nally an adjective expressing some quality, as hard 
 or strong, and, by the disuse of tree, oak became the 
 name of the tree.) 
 
 A tree of the genus Uiicrcus, or rather the popular 
 name of the genus itself, of wliich there are many 
 species. The white oak grows to a gre.at size, and 
 fiiriiishi?s a most valuable timber ; but the live oak 
 of the United States is the most duniblc timber for 
 ships. In Hartford still stands the venerable oak, in 
 the hollow stem of which was ctincealed and pre- 
 servetl the colonial charter of Connecticut, «'hen 
 Sir E. Andros, by authority of a writ of quo war- 
 ranto from the llritish crown, attempted to obtain 
 possession of it, in iri87. As it was then a large 
 tree, it must now be nearly three hundred years old. 
 
 OAK'-AP-PLE, (oke'ap pi,) 71. A kind of spongy ex- 
 crescence on oak leaves or tender branches, &c., pro- 
 duced in consequence of the puncture of insects. 
 It is called, alst), oak-leaf irall. Baron. Kncyc. 
 
 OAK'-ItARK, 71. The bark of the oak-tree, which is 
 preferred to all others for the purposes of tanning. 
 
 OAK O'PKN-I.NG, n. A term applied, in the Western 
 States, to op<'nings or tliinly-wiKided sp.ices in oak 
 forests, whicli are free from underwood, and resem- 
 ble an English park. 
 
 OAK'ES, (o'kn,) a. M.ade of oak or consisting of 
 oak ; as, an oaken plank or bench ; an oaken bower. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Composed of branches of oak ; as, an oaken gar- 
 land. Addison. 
 
 OAK'£N-PIN, R. An apple, so called from its hard- 
 ness. Mortimer. 
 
 OAK'I.ING, n. Ayoungo;ik. Evelyn. 
 
 OAK'U.M, 71. [S.ix. irceinfta, ircti7n4<-, tow. The latter 
 part of the word ni.ay be Sax. cemb, a comb.] 
 
 The substance of old ropes untwisted and pulled 
 into Iix)se hemp; used for calking the seams of 
 ships, stopping leaks, kc. That formed from un- 
 tarred ropes is called tcliite oakum. 
 
 O.AK'Y, a. [from oo*.] Hard ; ^ firm ; strong. Jfall. 
 
 C^.\li, (ore,) n. [Sax. or; Sw. ara ; Norm, oircr.) 
 
 An instrument for rowing boats, being a piece of 
 timber round or square atone entl, and fl.at at the 
 other. The round end is the handle, and the flat 
 end the blade. 
 
 'I'o boat the oars ; in seamanship, to cease rowing, 
 and lay the oars in the liii.at. 
 
 To ship the oars ; to jilace them in the row -locks. 
 To unship Vie oars ; to take them out of the row- 
 locks. Mar. Dicl. 
 OAR, r. 1. To row. Pope. 
 OAR. r. (. To impel by rowing. Sluik. 
 OAR'Kf), /ip. Impelled by rowing. 
 
 2. Furnished with oars ; used in composition ; as, a 
 four-oared boat. 
 OAR'-FOOT-EU, a. Having feet for oars, as certain 
 animals. 
 
 ARS'.M.\.V, 71. One who rows at the oar. 
 
 O.VR'Y, a. Ilaving the form or use of an oar; as, the 
 swans oary feet, Milton. .Addison, 
 
 0'/\-SIS, M. ; /)/. Oases. [I..] A fertile place in a 
 sandy or barren desert. This name is particularly 
 applieil to such spots, watered by springs, in the 
 deserts of Egypt, Lybia, and other p.irts of Africa. 
 
 RusselL D'JliiVille. Bruce. 
 
 OAST, ^ 
 
 OST, > 71. [qii. Gr. earia, or L. lutu;;.] 
 OUST,) 
 
 A kiln to dry hops or malt. Mortimer, 
 OAT, 71. [Sax. ate, oat or cockle, daniel ; Russ. ovea 
 
 or ovetzi!] 
 
 A plant of the genus Avena, and more usually the 
 seed of the pl.-int. The word is coiniiumly used in 
 the plural, ouLi. This plant tlourislies best in cold 
 latitudes, and degenerates in the warm. The meal 
 of this grain, oatmeal, forms a consitlerable and very 
 valuable article of food ftir man 111 Scotland, and 
 every where oats are excellent food for horses and 
 cattle. 
 
 O.VT'-CaKE, n. A cake made of the meal of oaLi. 
 
 Pctuham. 
 
 0.\T'*:N, (iit'n,) a. Made of oatmeal ; as, oatm 
 cakes. 
 
 2. Consisting of nn oat straw or stem ; as, an 
 oaten pipe. MUtenu 
 OATH, (6th,) n. [Sax. atA ; Goth, aiths ; D. ecd; G. 
 eid; Sw. ed ; Dan. arrf.] 
 
 A solemn afiirmatimi or decl.anition, made with an 
 
 TONE, B},'LL, T;.MTE. — .\N"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; 'f H as in THIS. 
 
 LLL» 
 
 761 
 
OBE 
 
 OBF 
 
 OBJ 
 
 1 
 
 appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. 
 Tiie appeal to God in an oath iiii]>lies tliat the per- 
 son imprecates his venjeance, and renounces his 
 favor, if the declaration is false ; or, if the declara- 
 tion is a promise, the person invokes the vengeance 
 of God if he should fail to fulfill it. A false oath is 
 called perjurtj. 
 
 OATH'A-BLE, a. Capable of having an oath admin- 
 istered to. [AOit uxeil.] Sliali. 
 
 O.A.TII'-BRE.^K-ING, n. The violation of an oatli ; 
 perjurv. Sliak. 
 
 0.4.T'-MAIiT, n. Malt made of oafs. Mortimer. 
 
 OAT'Mif..\L, «. Meal of oats produced by grinding or 
 pounding. Oay. 
 2. A plant. Wot uxed.] M. 
 
 OAT'-THIS-TLE, (-this'l,) ji. A plant. Mnsicorth. 
 
 OB, a Latin preposition, signifies, primarily, in front, 
 before, and hence against, toward ; as in objicio, to 
 object, that is, to throw against. It lias also the 
 force of ill or on ; as in obtrude, to thrust on. In 
 composition, the letter b is often chaimed into the first 
 letter of the word to which it is prefixed ; as in occn- 
 sion, offer, appose. 
 
 OB-AM'15U-LaTE, v. i. [L. obambulo.] 
 
 To walk about. [JVot used.] Corkcram. 
 
 OB-AJI-BU-La'TION, n. A walking about. [JVoi 
 jwf(/.] DM. 
 
 OB-BLI-GX'TO, a. [It., bound.] Literally, bound or 
 Confined ; a musical term applied to a composition or 
 movement written expressly for the instruaient 
 named ; and also to a movement restrained by cer- 
 tain rules to a particular passage, &:c. Brandt. 
 
 OB-eON'ie, }a. [ob -.inii conic] In botany, -cc'A- 
 
 OB-CON'ie-AL, i ical, but having the ape.Y down- 
 ward. 
 
 OB-eORD'ATE, a. [L., from ob and cor, the heart.] 
 In botany, shaped like a heart, with liie ape.T 
 downward ; as, an obcordate petal or legume. 
 
 Martiin. 
 
 OB-DOR-MI"TION, (-mish'un,) n. [L. obdormio'.] 
 
 Sleep ; sound sleep. [Little useil.] Hall. 
 OB-DUCE', V. U [L. obduto : ob and dneo, to le.id.] 
 
 To draw over, ai a covering. [Little used.] Hale. 
 OB-DUCT', V. t. [L. obilaco.] 
 
 To draw over j to cover. [AOyi in use.] Brown. 
 OB-DUe'TION, 71. [L. obdnclio.] 
 
 The act of drawnig over, as a covering ; the act 
 of laying over. [Little used.] Cockeram. 
 OB'DU-RA-CV or OB-DO'UA-CY, n. [See Obdu- 
 R\TE.] Invincible liardness of heart ; impenitence 
 that can not be subdued ; inflexible persistency in 
 sin; obstinacy in wickedness. 
 
 God may by almighty grace hinder the absolute complelioii of sin 
 ill tinai obduracy. SouUi. 
 
 OB'DU-RATE or OB-Du'R.'\TE, a. [L. obduro, to 
 harden ; ob and duro.] 
 
 1. Hardened in heart ; inflexibly hard ; persisting 
 obstinately in sin or impenitence. 
 
 2. Hardened against good or favor ; stubborn ; un- 
 yielding ; inflexible. 
 
 The custom of evil makps the Iieirt obdurate ; 
 iiis'.riiclions to the contrary. 
 
 gainst whatsoever 
 Houtcer. 
 
 3. Harsh ; rugged ; as, an obdurate consonant. 
 [Little used.] Swift. 
 
 OB'DU-RATE, r>. t. To harden. [JVot used.] More. 
 
 OB'DU-RATE-LY or OB-Du'RATE-LY, ado. .Stub- 
 bornly ; inflexibly; with ohstinate iinpenitenre. 
 
 OB'DU-R.ATE-NES.S or OB-DO'R ATE-NESS, n. 
 Stubhornness ; inflexible persistenre in sin. 
 
 OB-DU-RA'TION, n. Tlie hardening of the heart ; 
 hardness of heart; stubbornness. 
 
 Hooker. Havtmond. 
 
 OB-DCRE', V. t. [L. obduro.] 
 
 1. To harden ; to render obstinate in sin. [Little 
 vsed.] Herbert. 
 
 2. To render inflexible. \ Little xu:ed.] Hall. 
 OK-Dv^' Eli, pp. or a. Hardened : inflexible ; impen- 
 itent. Milton. 
 
 OB-D0R'£D-NES.S, n. Hardness of heart ; stiihborn- 
 ness. [Little used.] Hall. 
 
 O'liE-AII, 71, A species of witchcraft practiced among 
 the African negroes. F.ncye, 
 
 O-Bk'DI-ENCE, n. [Fr., from L. obedienlia. See 
 Obky.] 
 
 C'ouipliance with a command, prohibition, or 
 known Law and rule of duty prescribed ; the per- 
 formance of what is ri (|iiircd or enjoined by author 
 ity, or the abstaining from wliat is prohibited, in 
 compliance with the command or prohibition. To 
 constitute obi dionce, the act or forbearance to act 
 must be in suliinission to authority ; the command 
 rnunt be known to Ilie person, and his compliance 
 must be in ronsi'ipienre of it, or it is not obedience. 
 Obedience is not synonymous with obsei/niausness ; 
 the lalt/ r ofti n in)plying mi^anness or servility, and 
 obedience; bring nu rely a pro|ier submission to au- 
 thority. 'I'hat which duly reciuirea hnplies dignity 
 of coniliict rather than servility. Obedience may be 
 voluntary or inrolnnlnry. Voluntary obedience alone 
 can be ncceptuble to God. 
 
 GoTemmrnt inusl compel lh« oh*ditnet of indlvhlualt ; otlior- 
 wlM who will mv-.k \u pitrteclion or feiir iirvcngcuiiCf t 
 
 Amtt, 
 
 O-Be'DI-ENT, «. [L. obcdicns.] 
 
 Submissive to .authority ; yielding compliance 
 with commands, orders, or injunctions ; performing 
 what is retjuij-ed, or abstaining from wliat is forbid. 
 The chief his onlers fives ; the ohedienl band, 
 M'itli due observance, wiiii the chiej's coiinnand. Pope. 
 
 O-BE-DI-EN'TIAL, a. [Fr. obrdicncicl.] 
 
 According to the rule of obedience ; in compli- 
 ance with commando ; as, obediential submission. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 O-Be'DI-ENT-LY, ado. With obedience; with due 
 submission to commands ; witli submission or com- 
 pliance with orders. Tillotson. 
 
 O-BeI'SANCE or O-BEI'SANCE, n. [Fr. obeissance, 
 from obeir, to obey, L. obedio.] 
 
 A bow or courtesy ; an act of reverence made by 
 an inclination of the body or the knee. Oen. 
 xxxvii. 
 
 0-BEI'SANT or O-BEI'SANT, a. Reverent; sub- 
 missive. 
 
 OB-E-LIS'GAL, a. In the form of an obelisk. 
 
 Stukcley. 
 
 OB'E-LISK, 71. [L. obeliscus; Gr. o/JtXitrKos, dim. of 
 o/it\os, a spit.] 
 
 1. A tall, four-sided pillar, gradually tapering as it 
 rises, and cut otf at the top in the form of a flat pyra- 
 mid. The shaft is properly made of one entire stone, 
 as in the Egyptian obelisks, which are also often 
 charged witii inscriptions or hieroglyphics. Some 
 ancient obelisks appear to have beeji erected in honor 
 of distinguished peisims or their achievemi'nts. Ptol- 
 emy Philadelphus raised one of 88 cubits high in 
 honor of Arsinoe. Augustus erected one in the Cam- 
 pus IMartius at Rome, which served to mark the 
 liours on a horizontal dial drawn on the pavement. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In writinir and printing, a reference or mark re- 
 ferring the reader to a note in the margin, thus, f. 
 It is used also for .a mark of censure, or for desig- 
 nating obsolete wortis, or for other puriioses, at the 
 pleasure of the writer. 
 
 OB'E-LIZE, V. t. To designate with an obelus; to 
 mark as dotibtfiil or spurious. 
 
 OB'E-LUS, 71. [Gr. tificXi^i, a needle.] In ancient man- 
 vscripts, a marlt, thus, — , or so called from its re- 
 semblance to a needle. It was used by Origen in his 
 Hexapla, to mark pnssages of the Septuagint which 
 are not found in the Hebrew. Brande. 
 
 OB-EQ'UI-TATE, v. i. [h. obcquito i ob and equito, 
 to ride ; equus, a liorse.] 
 
 To ride about. [JVof used.] Cockeram. 
 
 OB-EU-UI-TA'TION, 71. The act of riding about. 
 [j\n/ used.] Cockeram. 
 
 Oli'E-ROX, n. The king of tlie fairies. See Sliak- 
 spi\'tre's JItdsuinmer J\rifrlit^s Dream. 
 
 Oli-Eli-RA'TION, 71. [L. oberro ; ob and erro, to wan- 
 der.] 
 
 Tlie act of wandering about. [Little luied.] 
 0-BeSE', a. [L. obesus.] [JoJinson. 
 
 Fat ; rteshv. [Little used.] Oauton. 
 0-Bi5SE'NESS, ) rr >. •, n 
 O-BES'I-TY i ^ obcsitas.] 
 
 Excessive fatness ; fleshiness ; incumbrance of 
 flesh. Orcw. 
 O-BEY', (o-ba',) ». t [Fr. obeir, contracted from L. 
 obedio, It. ubbidire ; supposeti to be contracted from 
 ob and audio, to hear. See Gr. f Jak-oiiw.] 
 
 1. To comply with the commands, orders, or in- 
 structions of a superior, or with the requirements of 
 law, moral, political, or municipal ; to do that which 
 is commanded or required, or to forbear doing that 
 which is prohibited. He who lias learned to obey 
 will know how to command. 
 
 Cliildren, obey your parents in tlie Lord. — Kph. v!. 
 iServaiits, obey in all things yonr iniisters. — Col. iii. 
 
 2. To submit to iJie government of; to be ruled by. 
 
 All Israel obeyed Solomon. — 1 Chroii. ixil. Dan. vli. 
 
 3. To submit to the direction or control of. Sea- 
 men s.ay, the ship will not obey the helm. 
 
 Let not sin tlier fore rei^ii in your mortal body, tliat ye sliould 
 obey it in the lusts Lliereof. — Itoin, vi, Jaines iii. 
 
 4. To yield to the impulse, power, or operation of; 
 as, to obey stimulus. Darwin. 
 
 Relentless Time, destroyanfif power, 
 Whom stone and brass obey. 
 
 OB^Y'/^D, (o-bride',) pp. Complied with; per- 
 formed ; as a cotiiiiiand ; yielded to. 
 
 O-BIJY'EIl, 71. One who yields obedience. 
 
 O-B jJY'I.N'G, ppr. Complying with commands; sub- 
 mitting to. 
 
 O-HEY'ING-LY, (o-ba'-,) a.dv. Complyingly ; submis- 
 sivelv. 
 
 OH-FIUM', (ob-ferm',) > v. I. To ni.ike firm ; 
 
 OK- FIRM 'ATI;, (ob-ferm'iito,) \ to harden in resolu- 
 
 ~ Hull. Sheldon. 
 
 ob and fusco, to obscure.] 
 IVatrrhouse. 
 
 OB-FU.S'CA-TEI), pp. Darkened in color. Slicnstone. 
 OB-FUS'Ca-TIN(;, ppr. Darkening ; obscuring. 
 OB-FUS-CA'TION, 11. The art of darkening or ren- 
 dering obscure ; the sttvto of being darkened ; a 
 clouding. 
 
 Ob/ntfntiont of the cornea. Darwin, 
 
 iiviir A I r., ^ou-ieriu'ai 
 tion. [JV./f used.] 
 OII-FUS^Ca I'E, I., t. [L. 
 To ilarken ; to obscure. 
 
 OB'IT, 7!. [E. obiit, obivit ; ob and eo, to go.] 
 
 Properly, death; decease; hence, funeral solemni- 
 ties ; also, an anniversary service for the soul of the 
 tleceased on the day of his death. Encyc. Mountagu. 
 OB'I-TER, [L..] In passing; incidentally; as, obiter 
 
 dictum, a thing incidentally said. 
 O-BIT'lJ-AL, a. [L. obco, to die ; obittts, death.] 
 
 Pertaining to obits, or the days when funeral so- 
 lemnities are celebrated ; as, obitual days. Encyc. 
 0-B!T'U-A-RY, 71. [Fr. obituaire.] 
 
 1. An account of persons decetised ; notice of the 
 death of a person, accompanied vvilli a brief bio- 
 graphical sketch of his cliaracter. 
 
 S*. Ill tlic Roman Catholic churck, a list of the dead, 
 or a register of obitual anniversary days, when 
 service is performed for the dead. Encyc. 
 O-BIT'IJ-A-RI-L.Y, ado. In the manner of an obit- 
 uarv. 
 
 O-Blt'lf-A-RY, a. Relating to the decease of a per- 
 son or persons ; as, an obituary notice. 
 
 OB'JEGT, 71. [Fr. objct; L. objectum, objectus. See 
 the verb.] 
 
 1. That about which any power or faculty is em- 
 ployed, or something apprehended or presented to 
 the mind by sensation or imagination. Thus that 
 quality of a rose which is perceived by the sense of 
 smell, is an object of perception. When tlie object is 
 not in contact with the organ of sense, there must 
 be some medium through which we obtain the per- 
 ception of iL The impression which objects make 
 on the senses, must be by the immediate ttpplication 
 of them to the organs of sense, or by means of the 
 medium that intervenes between the organs antl the 
 objects. 
 
 2. That to which the mind is directed for accom- 
 plishment or attainment ; end ; ultimate purpose. 
 Happiness is the object of every man's desires ; we 
 all strive to attain to that object. Wealth and honor 
 are pursued witli eagerness as desirable objects. 
 
 3. Something presented to the senses or the mind, 
 to excite emotion, aflection, or passion. 
 
 This passenger felt some degree of concern at the sight of so 
 nioviug an object. AlUrbury. 
 
 In this sense, the word uttered with a particular 
 emphasis, signifies something that may strongly 
 move our pity, abhorrence, or disgust. VVhat an 'ob- 
 ject .' 
 
 4. In grammar, that whirl) is produced, influ- 
 enced, or acted on by something else; that which 
 follows a transitive verb. ^VIlen we say, " (iod 
 created the world," world denotes the thing pro- 
 duced, and is the object after the verb created. 
 When we say, " The light alVects the eye," eye de- 
 notes that which is attected or acted on. When we 
 say, "Instruction directs the mind or opinions," 
 mind and opinioyis are the objects influenced. 
 
 OB'JECT-GLaSS, 71. In a telescope or microscope, the 
 
 glass placed at the end of a tube next the object. 
 
 its oflice is to forni an im.age of the object, which is 
 
 then viewed by the eye-glass. 
 OB-JEGT', V. t. [L. objicio; ob und jacio, to throw 
 
 against.] 
 
 I. To oppose ; to present in opposition. 
 
 Pallas to their eyes 
 The mist objected, and condensed the skies. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. To present or offer in opposition, as a charge 
 crimin.al, or .as a reason adverse to something sup- 
 posed to be erroneous or wrong ; with to or against. 
 
 The book — jpveth liberty to ohjecl any crime against such as are 
 to lie onk'red. WJiitgij'te. 
 
 The adversaries of religion ottject against professora Uie irivgu- 
 hirily of their lives, anil too often with justice. ^Inon, 
 
 There was this simple fault, that Krasmus, though an enemy, 
 could object to liiin. .itterbury. 
 
 3. To ofler ; to exhibit. [Little itscd.] ffarburton. 
 OB-JEGT', J), t. To o[ipose in words or arguments; 
 
 to olfer reasons against. The counsel objected to the 
 
 admission of the plaintiff" 's witnesses. 
 OB-JEGT', a. Opposed ; presented in opposition. [JVot 
 
 used.] Sandys. 
 OB-JECT'A-BLE, a. That may be opposed. Taylor. 
 OB-JEGT'ED, pp. Opposed in words ; offered reasons 
 
 against. 
 
 OB-JECT'ING, ppr. Opposing ; offering reasons 
 against. 
 
 OBjEC'TION, 77. [L. objectio.] 
 
 1. The act of objecting. 
 
 2. That which is presented in opposition ; adverse 
 reason or nrgiiinent. The defi ndtiiit urged several 
 objections to the pliiiiitin''s claims. The plaintiff" has 
 removed or overthrown those objeelinns. 
 
 .'). That whirli may be ort"eied in opposition ; rea- 
 stm existing, tlioiiKh not oll'cred, against a measure 
 or an opinion. \\"e oflcii have object-ions in our minds 
 which wi^ never o(l"i r or pri si nl in opposition. 
 
 4. Criminal cliariie ; fiiilt I'ouiul. 
 OB-JKC'TIt)N-A-ltI,E, a. Justly liable lo objections ; 
 
 such as mav be olijerled against. 
 Oli-J EGT'I VE, n. ( Fr. objrclif. ] 
 
 Literally, pertaining or relating to an object. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. In pliilosopby, an epithet applied to wlialovcr is 
 exterior lo the mind, or which is the object of llioiigbt 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.— 
 7fi8~ . ^ - 
 
015 L 
 
 or feeling ; oiitwnrd ; external. It is opposed to Sub- 
 JECTIVE, wliich see fur a fuller explanation. 
 
 Olijectii^e ceruiiuy Is \vlu*n the propuaitloii ia crrtxinl? true in 
 it8i?lf ; and nuifl'-ctive, wli'-ii wi* ure certniii of tiic trtilh of it. 
 The one is in lliinp.^ t)i>; other in our niindi. Vf'all*. 
 2. In jrrammar, the objcctioe case is that wliich fol- 
 lows a transitive vi^rb or a preposition ; that case in 
 which the object of the verh is placed, when produced 
 or alfectcd hy the act ex|>ressed by the verb. This 
 case in English answers to the oblique cases of the 
 Latin. Lowlli. 
 OB-JRCT'IVE-LY, adv. In an objective manner; as, 
 a determinate idea ohjcct'wrhj in the mind. Lucke. 
 •J. In the state of an object. Brown. 
 OB-JEeT'lVr. NESS, n. Tlie state of bcinR objective. 
 l8 thfn' such a niotiou or objcctivcmea of external bodies, which 
 pnvlucolh light I lli^c. 
 Oll-JEe-TI V'l-TY, n. The .state of being objective. 
 Olt'JECT-I.DSS, a. Having no object. Colcriil^r. 
 OB-JEGT'OK, n. One that objects; one that offers 
 arguments or reasons in opposition to a proposition 
 or measure. BciUleij. 
 OD-JUR'GaTE, v. t. [L. objurgo; ob and jur^'o, to 
 chide.] 
 
 To chide ; to reprove. [JVot iiscrf.] 
 OB-JUR-G.\'TIO.\, 71. ri,. objuTsatio.] 
 
 The act of chiding by way of censure; reproof; 
 reprehension, [lyiulc us(:d.\ Bramhall. 
 OB-JUR'GA-TO-llY, a. Containing censure or re- 
 proof; culpatory. [Little u-ted.} JIuicelt. 
 OB- LATE', a. [ ij. oblnliis, offcro ; ob and fcro, to bear.] 
 In geomtlnj, flattened or depressed at the poles ; 
 as, an obluto spheroid, which is the figure of the 
 earth. Clicyne. 
 OB-I,.aTE'NES!?, n. The quality or state of beinj.' ob- 
 late. Flemimr. 
 OB-I,.\'TIO.\', n. [I,, oblat 'w, from offcro ; ob and fero, 
 to bear or bring.] 
 
 1. Any Ihing offered or presented in worship or sa- 
 cred service; an ollering ; a .sacrifice. 
 
 Bring no more Vitin obiadons. — Is. I. 
 
 2. In llie early Clirislian church, a gift or contribu- 
 tion for the expenses of the eucharist, or for the sup- 
 port of the clemy and the poor. Hook. 
 
 OB-L.v'TIO.\-ER, Ti. One who makes an offering as 
 an act of worship or reverence. 
 
 OB-r,l'.e'TATE, r. (. [I., ohlrelo.] 
 
 To delieht ; to pletise highly. [JVot used.] 
 
 OB I.EG-Ta'TIO.N, 11. The act of pleasing highly ; 
 delight. Fcltham. 
 
 OB'I.I-G ATE, V. t. [L. oWin-» r ob and lirro, to bind.] 
 To bind, as one's self, in a moral and legal sense ; 
 to impose on, as a duty which the law or good faith 
 may enforce. A man may obligate himself to pay 
 money, or erect a house, either by bond, by cove- 
 nant, or by a verbal pHimise. A man obligates him- 
 self only by a positive act of his own. AVe never 
 eay, a man obligates his heirs or executors. Until re- 
 cently, the sense of this word has been restricted to 
 positive and personal acts ; and when moral duty or 
 law binds a person to do something, the word Oblige 
 has been used. But this distinction ia not now ob- 
 served. 
 
 The millions of mnnkind, as one vast fratemitr, should f.-el oh- 
 lignted l>y a sense of duty and the irnpniee of allVction, to 
 realize Ihe ciiual rights and to suUcivc the iKst interests of 
 e.»cli ol(v>r. Proudfil. 
 
 Thit's your trtie plan, to obtigate 
 
 The pivsrnt nunister of state. OiurdiiU. 
 
 On'LI-GA-TED, pp. Bound by contract or promise. 
 OB'I,I-0.\-TIXG, ppr Binding by covenant, contract, 
 
 promise, or bond. 
 OB-I>I-Oa'TI().\, 11. [L. obligatio.] 
 
 1. The bintling power of a vow, promise, oath, or 
 contract, or tif l;iw, civil, political, or moral, inde- 
 pendent of^ promise; that which constitutes legal 
 or moral duty, and which renders a p; rsiin liable to 
 coercion and punishment for neglecting it. The laws 
 and commands of God impose on us an obligation to 
 love him supremely, and our neishbor as ourselves. 
 Ever)- citizen is nntler an obligation to obey the laws 
 of the state. .Moral obligation binds men without 
 promise or conlnict. 
 
 2. The binding force of civility, kindness, or grati- 
 tude, when the performance of a duly can not be 
 enforced by law. Favors conferred impose on men 
 an obligation to make suitable returns. 
 
 3. Any act by which a person becomes bound to 
 do something to or for another, or to forbear some 
 thing. Taylor. 
 
 4. In Into, a bond with a condition annexed, and a 
 penally for non-fiilfillmeni. 
 
 OB U nA'TO. See Obbligato. 
 
 OB'I.I-G.A-TO-RY, a. Binding in law or conscience ; 
 imposing duty : requiring performance or forbearance 
 of some act ; folluwed by on : to is obsolete. 
 
 As long as law u obligatory, so long our obedience Is due. 
 
 Taijlor. 
 
 O-BLIGE', (pronounced as vritten, not o-bleej',) v. t 
 [Fr. obliger ; It obbligarc ; gp. obligor ; from L. obli- 
 go ; ob and tigo, to bind ; Unss. oblagaiju, or oblegayu, 
 to encompass or .surround.] 
 
 1. To constrain by necessity ; to compel by phys- 
 
 OBL 
 
 icnl force. An admiral may be obliged to surrender his 
 Bhips, or he may be obliged by adverse winds to de- 
 lay sailing. 
 
 2. To constrain by legal force ; to bind in law. 
 We are oblij/ed to pay toll for supporting roads and 
 bridges. 
 
 3. 'i'o bind or constrain by moral force. We are 
 obliged to believe positive and unsuspected testi- 
 mony. 
 
 4. To bind in conscience or honor ; to constrain by 
 a sense of jirnpriety. We are orten obliged to con- 
 form to established customs, rites, or ceremonies. 
 To be obliged to yield to fashion is often the worst 
 species of tyranny. 
 
 5. 'i'o do a favor to; to lay under olili^atitm of 
 gratitude ; as, to oblige one with a loan of money. 
 
 C. To ill) a favor to ; to please ; to gratify. Oblige 
 us with >'our company at dinner. 
 7. To bring nntler obligation. 
 
 To those hills we are ob^i^ed for all our meeils. BtvUey. 
 0-BLIG'/;i), pp. Bound in duty or in law ; compellt^d ; 
 
 constraiiu^l ; favored; indidited. 
 OB-t.l-GI0i;', 71. The person to whom another is 
 bound, or tlie person to wliom a bond is given. 
 
 BlacUstone. 
 
 O-BLIGE'MEN'T, ii. Obligation. [I.iUlt used.] 
 
 MiUon. Drydcn. 
 
 O-BLI'OiER, 71. One that obliges. 
 0-BLI'OI.\G, ppr. Binding in law or conscience ; 
 2. Doing a favor to. [compelling; constraining. 
 
 No man cjul long be Ihc enemy of one whom he is in the liahit 
 of obtiging. 11. ilumphTCy. 
 
 O-BM'GIN'G, 0. [Fr. obUgeant.] 
 
 Having the disposition to ilo favors, or actually 
 conferring them ; as, an obliging man ; a man of an 
 oWijfing- disposition ; hence, civil ; complaisant : kind. 
 Mons. Stroizi h:is many curiosities, and is very obti^ng to a 
 slruigiT that di-siiT-s the sight of Uieni. AdiUaon. 
 
 O-BM'GING-LY, adv. With civility ; kindly ; rom- 
 
 plaisantly. AddLion. Stoift. 
 
 O-BLI'OING-NESS, ti. Obligation. [Liule used.] 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 2. Civility ; complaisanc* ; disposition to exercise 
 kindness. JVallon, 
 
 OR-LI-GOR', V. The person who binds himself, or 
 gives liis bonil to another. Blackstonc. 
 
 Oli-LI-CiUA'TION, 71. [L. obliquo, from obliquus, ob- 
 lique.] 
 
 1. Ueclin.ation from a straight line or course; a 
 turning to one sitle ; as, the obliquation of the eyes. 
 
 2. Deviation from mtiial rectitude. f J\'Vicfoii. 
 OB-I,TGUE', (ob-like' or ob-leek',) a. [L. obliquiu ; 
 
 Ft. obliqtie.] 
 
 1. Deviating from a right line ; not direct ; not 
 perpendicular ; not parallel ; aslant. 
 
 It lias a direction oblujue to that of the former motion. Clieyne. 
 
 An oblique angle is either acute or obtuse ; any an- 
 gle except a right angle. 
 
 An oblique line is one that, falling on another, makes 
 oblique angles with it. 
 
 Oblique planes, in dialing, are those which decline 
 from the zenith, or incline tow.ard the horizon. 
 
 Oblique sailing, is when a ship sails upon some 
 rhumb between the four cardinal points, making an 
 oblitpie angle with the meridian. Brande. Encyc. 
 
 2. Indirect; by a side glance ; as, an oblique hint. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. In grammar, an oblique case is any case except 
 the nominative. 
 
 OB-IJaUE'-A.\"GI,En, a. Having oblique angles; 
 
 as, an obiuiue-angled triangle. 
 OB-IilCiUEXY, adc. In a line deviating from a right 
 
 line ; not directly ; not perpendicularly. 
 
 Declining from the noon of day, 
 
 The sun obliquely shoots bis bunung ray. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2 Indirectly; by a side glance; by an allusion; 
 not in the direct or plain meaning. 
 
 His dLecourse lends oWi^iie/y to Uie detracting from others. 
 
 AdJiton, 
 
 OB-I,raUE'.\ESS, n. Obliquity. 
 OB-I>ia'UI-TY, (ob-lik'we-te,) »i. [L. obliquitas ; Fr. 
 ottiquitc.] 
 
 1. Deviation from a right line; deviation from par- 
 allelism or perpendicularity ; as, tlie obliquity of the 
 ecli{itic to the equator. 
 
 2. Deviation from moral rectitude. 
 
 To dis<»bey fiotl, or oppose hii will in any tiling, imports a moral 
 obivjmty. South, 
 
 3. IrreEularitv ; deviation from ordinary rules. 
 bB-LIT'ER-ATli, v. t. [L. obtiUro ; ob and litera, let- 
 ter.] 
 
 1. To efface ; to erase or blot out any thing writ- 
 ten ; or to efface any thing engraved. A writing may 
 be obliterated by erasure, liy blotting, or by the slow 
 operation of time or natural causes. 
 
 2. To efface ; to wear out ; to destroy by time or 
 other means ; as, to obliterate ideas or impressions ; 
 to oblilrrale the monuments of antitpiity ; to obliter- 
 ate reproach. Hale. Locke. 
 
 3. i'o reduce to a very low or imperceptible state. 
 The torpor of the vascular system and oblittTOted pnlg... 
 
 Mfd. Repot. 
 
 OBS 
 
 OB-LIT'ER-A-TED, pp. or a. Effaced ; erased ; worn 
 
 out ; destroyed. 
 OH-I.IT'ER-A-TINO, ppr. Effacing; wearing out; 
 
 destroying. 
 
 f)ll-LIT-EK-A'TION, n. The act of effacing ; efface- 
 nient ; a blotting out or wearing out ; extinction. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 OB-LIV'ION, n. [I,, obtivio.] 
 
 1. Forgetful ness ; cessation of remembrance. 
 Among our crimes oblivion may be s''t. DryUn. 
 
 2. A forgetting of offenses, or remission of punish- 
 ment. An act of oblirinn is an amin^sly, or general 
 pardciii of crimes anil idfi nses, granted by a sovereign, 
 iiv whirh punishment is remitted. 
 
 OB-MV'I-OUS.a. [L. obliviosus.] 
 
 1. Causing forgetfulness. Shak. 
 The obliviout calm of indilTerence, J, M. Moron. 
 E':liold the wondeni of Ul' obtiviooa lake. Poyt. 
 
 2. Forgetful. Cavendish. 
 OB-LIV'I-OUS-LY, alio, torgetfullv. 
 OB-LOCQ-TOR, n. A giiinsayer. [jVot in use.] 
 
 BuU. 
 
 OB'I.O.N'G, a. [Fr., from i,. oblongtis.] 
 
 lionijer than broad. Harris. 
 OU'LO.NG, 71. A figure which is longer than it ia 
 broad. 
 
 2. In geometry, a rectangle which is longer than it 
 is broad. 
 
 OB'LO.NC-IPII, a. Pomewhat oblong. 
 01!'I,f )N(;-LV, a. In an oblong form. Chmne. 
 OB'LO.\G-NES.-*, 71. The state of being longer than 
 broad. 
 
 OB'LONG-o'VATE, a. In botany, between oblong 
 and ovate, but inclined to the latter. Marlyn. 
 
 OI!-Lo'(iIJI-OUS, a. [See OuLotii v.] Containing 
 obloipiy ; reproachful. [Little used.] JVauntun. 
 
 OB'LO-CiL'Y, 71. [L. obloquor ; oh and loquor, to 
 speak.] 
 
 1. Censorious speech ; reproachful lansuage ; lan- 
 guage that casts contempt on men or their actions. 
 
 Shalt names that made your city the glory ol the earth, b»» men- 
 tioncd with obloquy and detraction ? Additon. 
 
 2. Cause of reproach ; disgrace. [JVot Ksed.] 
 
 Shak 
 
 On-LUe-TA'TION, 71. [L. oblactor ; ob and luetor, to 
 struggle.] 
 
 A struggle or striving against ; resistance. [Little 
 vsed.] Fatherby. 
 OB-MlJ-TES'CEN"CE, ti. [L. obmulcsco, to be silent.] 
 
 1. Loss of speech ; silence. Broten. 
 
 2. A keeping silence. Palcy. 
 OB-NOX'IOUS, (ob-nok'shus,) a. [L. oiiiojri'its ; ob 
 
 and norius, liurtfiil, from noceo.] 
 
 1. Subject ; answerable. 
 
 The writin<rs of lawyers, which are lied and obnoxioua to tlieir 
 parliciilar Laws. liaeon. 
 
 2. Liable ; subject to cognizance or punishment. 
 We know ouraelves obnolious to God's severe ju.stice. Calamy. 
 
 3. Liable ; exposed ; as, friendship obnoxious to 
 jealousies. Homrurd. 
 
 4. Reprehensible ; censurable ; not approved ; as, 
 obnoxious authors. Fell. 
 
 5. Odious ; hateful ; offensive : with to ; as, the 
 minister was obnoxious to the whigs. Burke. 
 
 f>. Hurtful ; noxious. Milton 
 0I!-NOX'IOL'S-LY, adv. In a state of subjection or 
 liability. 
 
 2. Keprehensiblv ; odioiislv ; offensivelv. 
 OB-NOX'IOUt;-.\E:iS, n. Subjection or liableness to 
 punishment. HaU. 
 
 2. Odiotisness ; offensivene.ss. The obnoxiousness 
 of the law rendercil the legislature unfiopular. 
 OB-i\U'BI-LATE, r. f. [L. obnubilor; ob and nubile ; 
 nuhcs, mist, cloud.] 
 To cloud ; to obscure. Burton. 
 OB-NO'Bl-LA-TED, Clouded; obscured. 
 OB-NU-BI-LA'TION, n. The act or ojieratitm of 
 
 making dark or obscure. Beddoes. fVaterhouse, 
 5'BO-E, II. [It.] .\ wind-instrument of music sound- 
 ed through a reed ; also written IlAUTBor. 
 OB'OLE, n. [L. obolus.] 
 
 In pharmacy, llie weight of twelve grains ; some 
 sav, ten craiiis. .Ssh. 
 OB'b-LUS, II. [L., from Gr. o/?oAo5.] 
 
 A small silver coin of Athens, the sixth part of n 
 drachma, about two cents in value, or a penny far- 
 thing sterling. 
 2. .An ancient weiclit, the sixth part of a drachm. 
 OB-C V.A'l'i;, a. In bulimy, inversely ovate ; having 
 the narrow end downward ; as, an oborate leaf. 
 
 Mnrlyn. 
 
 OB-REP'TIO.N', ». [L. obrepo ; ob and rrpo, to 
 creep. ] 
 
 The act of creeping on with secrecy or by surprise. 
 
 Cud worth. 
 
 OB-REP-TI"TIOL'S, (-tish'us,)a. [Supra.] Doncor 
 obtained by surprise ; with sccrcsy, or by conceal- 
 ment of the truth. Encyc 
 
 OB'RO-GA'l'E, r. L [L. obrogo.] 
 
 To pro|iose or proclaim a new and contrary law, 
 instead nf annulling the old one. [jVoJ in use.] 
 
 OB-SCKiN'E', a. [Fr., from L. obsca-nus.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AiV'GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
OI?S 
 
 J. offensive lo < li:i?tily anii delicacy ; im;mre ; cx- 
 pressin*T or presenting to the mind or view some- 
 thing! whicli delicacy, purity, and decencj' forbid lo 
 be exposed ; a.s, obscrne language ; obscene pictures. 
 
 2. Foul ; filtliy ; offensive ; disgusting. 
 
 A ginlle foul with grease Ijinds his obscene attire. Dryden. 
 
 3. Inauspicious J ill-otnened. 
 
 At the cheerful li^hl, 
 The groaning ghosts and birvls obscene Utile fiiglit. Dryden. 
 
 OB-SCEi\E'LY, adv. In a manner offensive to chas- 
 tity or purity ; impurely ; uncliastely. Milton. 
 0B-SCE.\E'NESS, ( !i. [Fr. obscct'iite; L. obseani- 
 OB-SCE.\'I-TY, i tas.] 
 
 1. Impurity in expression or representation ; that 
 quality in words or tilings which presents what is 
 offensive to chastity or purity of mind ; ribaldry. 
 
 Cowjey asserts plainly Uiat obscenity has no place in wit. 
 
 Lhy^en. 
 
 Those fables were temprretl with the iL-ilian severity, and ttte 
 
 from any note of iiitamy or obfcenenest. Drvien. 
 No pafilon vile obscenity should find. Pope. 
 
 2. Unchaste actions ; lewdness. 
 
 To wash til' obscetuues of ni,?lit away. Drydeiu 
 
 OB-SeU-R.5'TIO.\, n. [L. obscuralio.'^ 
 
 1. The act of d.arkenmg. 
 
 2. The state of being tlarkened or obscured ; as, the 
 obscuration of the moon ill an eclipse. 
 
 OB-SeORE', a. [L. obscurus; It. oscuro.] 
 
 1. Dark ; destitute of liglit. 
 
 Whoso cuTv?th his faUier or mother, his lamp shall be put oat in 
 obscure darkness. — Prov. xx. 
 
 2. Living in darkness ; as, the obscure bird. Shak. 
 
 3. Not easily understood ; not ob\'iously intelligi- 
 ble ; abstruse ; as, an obscure passage in a writing. 
 
 Drtjflen. 
 
 4. Not much known or observed ; retired ; remote 
 from observation ; as. an obscure retreat. 
 
 Not noted; unknown; unnoticed; humble; 
 mean ; as, an obscure person ; a person of obscitre 
 birth. AtUrbury. 
 
 6. Not easily legible ; as, an obscure inscription. 
 
 7. Not clear, full, or distinct; imperfect; as, an 
 obscure view of remote objects. 
 
 OB-S€URE', V. t. [L. obsniro.] 
 
 1. To darken ; to make dark. The shadow of the 
 earth obscures the moon, and the body of the moon 
 obscures the sun, in an eclipse. 
 
 2. To cloud ; to make partially dark. Thick clouds 
 obscure the day. 
 
 3. To hide from the view ; as, clouds obscurr the 
 
 4. To make less visible. [sun. 
 
 Why, 'tis an ollice of discovei>*, love, 
 
 And 1 shonl*! be obscured. Shak. 
 
 5. To make less legible ; as, time has obscured the 
 writing. 
 
 6. To make less intelligible. 
 
 There is sc^irce any duty which has been so o&scurerf by the 
 writings of the learned its this. IVake, 
 
 7. To make less glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. 
 And seest not sin obscures thy godlike frame ? Uryden. 
 
 8. To conceal ; to make unknown. Milton, 
 
 9. To tarnish ; as, to obscure brightness. 
 OB-SCl R'EU, pp. Clouded, or made partiaHy dark ; 
 
 concealed, 
 
 OB-SeCRE'LY, ailc. Darkly ; not clearly ; imperfect- 
 ly ; as, an object obscurehj seen ; obscurely visible. 
 
 2. Out of sight ; in a state not to be noticed ; pri- 
 vately ; in retirement ; not conspicuously. 
 
 There live retired ; 
 Content thyself lo be obscurely good, A&lison. 
 
 3. Not clearly; not plainly to the mind; darkly; 
 as, future events obscurely revealed. 
 
 4. Not pl.iinlv ; indirectly : by hints or allusion. 
 OB-.=ieCRE'NF,Si-, ; „ . -,1 
 OB-SeC'RI-TY, [L. oi««ril*r.] 
 
 1. Darkness ; want of light. 
 
 We wait lor light, biit behold obseurity. — It, IJx. 
 
 2. A state of retirement from the world ; a state of 
 being iinnoticed ; privacy. 
 
 You are not for obscurity designed. Dryden. 
 
 3. DarkYicss of meaning ; unintelligibleness; as, 
 the obscurity of writings, or of a particul.ir passage. 
 
 4. Illegibleness ; as, the obscurily of letters, or of 
 an inscription. 
 
 5. A slate of being unknown to fame; humble 
 condition ; as, the obscuritit of hirtli or parentage. 
 
 OB-8eOR'ER, n. He or that which ob.scures or dark- 
 ens. IjitiI. 
 
 OB-S^Cf'R'I.NG, ppr. Darkening ; making less visible 
 or int" lltgilile ; tarnishing. 
 
 OB'.^E CRATE, r. 1. (I,, ob^ecru.] 
 
 To beseech; to entreat; lo supplicate; to pray 
 fnme«lly. Corkeram. 
 
 OB'SE CRATED, pp. Entreated; prayed oorneslly. 
 
 OB'.'<E-CR A-TI.N(;, ppr. HiipplicalinB '; birseeching. 
 
 OB-SE-CKA'TION, n. Entreaty ; Nuppliration. 
 
 SliUinirfircl. 
 
 2. A figure of rhetoric, in which the orator implores 
 the ttii«i"tance of God or man. Kncyc. 
 OB'HE-CiUENT, a. (I,, ob^eqans.] 
 
 Obedient ; aubmi'Sivc to. [Little useii.] Folkerby. 
 
 OBS 
 
 Oli'SE-aUIES, {ob'se-kwiz,1 n. pi. [Fr. obsdgucs, 
 from h. obscquium, complaisance, from obsepior, to 
 follow.] 
 
 Funeral rites and solemnities ; the last duties per- 
 formed to a deceased person. Drtideti. 
 
 [Jililton uses the tcord OiisKt^uv, in the singular, but 
 the comtnon usaire is different.] 
 OB-SK'QUI-OUS, a. [from L, obsequium, complai- 
 sance, from ubset/uor, to follow ; ob and sequor.] 
 
 1. Promptly oliedieiit or submissive to the will of 
 another ; compliant ; yielding to the desires of oth- 
 ers, properfi/ to the will or command of a superior ; 
 but in actual use, it often signifies yielding to the will 
 or desires of such as have no right to control. 
 
 His servanu weeping. 
 Obsequious to his ortlers, be;tr liini liiliier. Ad/lison. 
 
 9. Servilely or meanly condescending ; compli.ant 
 to excess ; as, an obsequious Ilalterer, minion, or par- 
 asite. 
 
 3. Funereal ; pert;iining to funeral rites. [JVbt 
 used.] Sitak. 
 OB-Se'QUI-OUS-LY, adu. With ready obedience ; 
 with prompt compliance. 
 
 They rise, and with respectful awe, 
 
 At the worti given, obsequiously withdraw. Dryden. 
 
 2. With reverence for the dead. [JVot used.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 OB-SK'aUI-OUS-NE."?, 71. Ready obedience ; prompt 
 compliance with the orders of a superior. 
 
 2. Servile submission ; mean or excessive com- 
 plaisance. 
 
 They apply themselves both to his interest and humor, with all 
 Uie arts of Qattery and obsequiousness. South. 
 
 OB'SE-aUY, li. Funeral rite. [See Obseqcies.] 
 2. Obsequiousness. [vVof in use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 OB'SE-RaTE, v. U [L. obsero.] 
 To lock up. [»Vo( ttscd.] 
 
 OB'SE-R.X-TED, pp. Locked up. 
 
 OB'SE-RA-TING, ppr. Locking up. 
 
 OB-SERV'A-BLE, a. [See Observe.] That may be 
 observed or noticed. 
 
 2. Worthy of observation or of particular notice ; 
 remarkable. 
 
 1 took a just account of every observable circumstance of the 
 earth, stone, metal, or oUter matter. Woodtsard, 
 
 OB-SERV'A-BLY, adv. In a manner worthy of note. 
 
 Brou>n. 
 
 OB-SERV'ANCE, n. [Fr. See Obsehve.] The act 
 of observing; the act of keeping or adhering to in 
 practice ; performance ; as, the observance of rules, 
 riles, ceremonies, or laws. 
 
 Love rigid honesty, 
 And strict obscrvtijtce of imp.artial laws. Roscommon, 
 
 2. Respect ; ceremonial reverence in practice. 
 To do oijerixi7ice on the mum of May. Shak. 
 
 3. Performance of rites, religious ceremonies, or 
 external service. 
 
 Some represent to themselves the whole of religion as consisting 
 in a few e.'jv observances. Hogers. 
 
 4. Rule of practice ; things to be observed. Shak. 
 
 5. Observatitm ; attention to. [Liuie used.] Hale. 
 G. Obedient regard or attention. 
 
 Havin? h:ul experience of his fidelity and observance al>ro.td. 
 [.Vol used.] WoUon. 
 
 OB-SER-V.\N'D.\, n. pL [L.] Things to be observed. 
 
 OB-SERVANT, o. Taking notice ; attentively view- 
 ing or noticing ; as, an obscrcant sjiecttitor or trav- 
 eler. 
 
 2. Obedient ; adhering to in practice ; with of. He 
 is very observant of the rules of his order. 
 
 We are told how observant Alexander waa o/ his master, 
 Aristotle. Digby. 
 
 3. Carefullv attentive ; submissive. Ralegh. 
 OB-SERV'ANT,n. A slavish attendant. [JVol in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. A diligent observer. Hooker. 
 
 3. Among monks, one of a community which pro- 
 ft'sses to observe perfectly the rule of the order as 
 originally established. Jffurdoek. 
 
 OB-SERV'ANT-LY, adv. In an observant manner ; 
 attPiiIivelv. 
 
 OB-SERV-X'TION, n. [I,, obsnratlo. See Observe.] 
 
 1. The act of nbserving or taking notice ; the act 
 of seeing or of fixing the mind on any thing. We 
 apply the word to simple vision, as when one says, 
 a spot on the sun's disk did not fall under his oivcr- 
 latinn ; or lo the notice or cognizance of the mind, 
 
 . as when one says, the distinction made by the orator 
 escapi'il his observation. When, however, it exjiress- 
 es vision, it often represents a more fixed or particu- 
 lar view than a mere transient sight ; as, an astro- 
 nomical obsrrrnlion. 
 
 2. Notion gained by observing ; the effect or result 
 of (teeing or taking cognizance in the mind, and 
 either reUiiiied in the ininil or expressed in words; 
 inference, or something arising out of the act of see- 
 ing tir noticing, or that which is produced by think- 
 ing and rellecling on a subject ; mile ; remark ; ani- 
 madversion. We often say, I made the ohserrnlion 
 ill my own mind ; but properly an ob.iervalion is th.it 
 
 OBS 
 
 which is expressed as the result of viewing or of 
 thinking. 
 
 In matters of human prudence, we sh.all find the greatest advan- 
 tage by making wise observations on our conduct. M'atts. 
 
 3. Observance : adherence lo in practice, perform- 
 ance of what is prescribed. 
 
 lie freetl the Christian church from the external observation and 
 oljedience of legtil precepts not formally moral. Wfiile. 
 
 4. In a.^tronomy, an angular measurement of any 
 space on the celestial sphere. Olmsted. 
 
 OB-SER V-a'TION-.\L, o. Consisting of or containing 
 
 remarks or observations. SlartetanL 
 OB-SERV-a'TOR, n. [Fr. obsenateur.] 
 
 1. One that observes or takes notice. Hale. 
 
 2. A reinarker. Dryden. 
 OB-SERV'A-TO-RY, ji. [Fr. obsercatoire.] 
 
 A place or building for making observations on the 
 heavenly bodies ; as, the royal observatory at Green- 
 wich. 
 
 OB-SERVE', (ob-zerv',) v. U [L. obscrvo ; ob and 
 servo, to keep or hold. The sense is, to hold in 
 view, or to keej) the eyes on. See Class Sr, No. 34, 
 38, 45, and Class Dr, No. 32.] 
 
 1. 'fo see or behold with some attention ; to no- 
 tice ; as, to observe a halo round the moon ; I observed 
 a siugul.ir phenomenon ; we observe strangers or their 
 dress. I saw the figure, but observed nothing pecu- 
 liar in it. 
 
 2. To take notice or cognizance of by the intellect. 
 We observe nice distinctions in arguments, oi a pecu- 
 liar delicacy of thought. 
 
 3. To utter or express, as a remark, opinion, or 
 sentiment ; lo remark. He observed tliat no man ap- 
 pears great to his domestics. 
 
 4. To keep re'igiously ; to celebrate. 
 
 A night to lie much observed to the Lord. — Ex. xii. 
 
 Ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread. — Ex. xii. 
 
 Ye observe days, and nionllis, and times, and yeiirs. — Gal. iv. 
 
 5. To keep or adhere to in practice; to comply 
 with ; to obey; .as, to observe the laws of the sl;ite ; 
 to observe the rules and regulations of a society. 
 
 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever 1 have com- 
 manded .vou. — Matt, xxviti. 
 
 6. To practice. 
 
 In the days of Enoch, the people observed not circumcision i 
 
 the Sabballl. 
 
 White. 
 
 OB-SERVE', (ob-zerv',) v. i. To remark. I have 
 heard the gentleman's arguments, and shall here- 
 .after observe upon them. 
 2. To be attentive. 
 OB-SERV'£», pp. Noticed by the eye or the mind. 
 
 2. Kept religiously ; celebrated ; pr.acticed. 
 OB-SERVER, n. One who observes; one lliat takes 
 notice ; particularly, one who looks to with care, at- 
 tention, or vigilance. 
 
 Careful observers may foretell the hour. 
 
 By sure progiKwtic, when to dread a shower. Sivi/t. 
 
 Creditors are great observers of set days ajid times. Franklin. 
 
 2. A beholder ; a looker on ; a spectator. South, 
 
 3. One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, or 
 rile ; one who atiheres lo any thing in practice ; one 
 who perforins ; as, a great observer of forms ; an ob- 
 server of old customs. ■ Bacon. 
 
 4. One who fulfills or performs ; as, he is a strict 
 observer of his word or promise. Prior. 
 
 5. One who keeps religiously ; as, an ob.trrrer of 
 the Sabhath. JiUerbury. 
 
 OB-SERVl.NG, ppr. Taking notice by the eye or the 
 intellecl. 
 
 2. Remarking. 
 
 3. Keeping; .adhering to in practice; fulfilling. 
 
 4. a. Giving particular attention; haliilu:illy tak- 
 ing notice ; attentive to what passes. He is an o*- 
 serviwr man. 
 
 Oli-SERVING-LY, ado'. Attentively; carefully; 
 
 with close obser\";ilion. Shak. 
 OB-SESS', r. I. [L. obsideo, obsessus ; ob and scdeo, to 
 
 sitJ 
 
 To besiege. [A''ot used.] Elyot. 
 OB-SES'Sl()N, (-scsh'un,) n. [L. obsessio.] 
 
 1. The act of besieging. 
 
 2. The slate of a person vexed or besieged by an 
 evil spirit, antecedent to possession, ll.ittlr u.srd.] 
 
 Burton. 
 
 OB-SID'I-AN, n. A kind of glass produced by volca- 
 noes. It is usually of a black color, and op.iiiue, ex- 
 cept in thin splinters. A variety of it has a bluish or 
 grayish color, and a pearly luster, and is c;illed 
 I'EtKLsToNE. Dana. 
 
 Oli-SlD'l-ON-AL, a. [L. ohsidionnlis ; ob and sedco, 
 to sit.] 
 
 I't rtaiiiing to a siege ; as, an obsidional crown, one 
 bestowed upon a general who raised the siege of a 
 beleaguered place. It was formed of grass growing 
 on the rampart. 
 OB-SIG IL LA'TION, n. [L. ob and .«V,v/„.] 
 
 .\ sealing up. [jV<i( in i/.«c] 
 OB-.'^IO'NATE, V. t [L. obst/rno ; ob and signo, 10 
 seal.] 
 
 To seal up; lo ratify. [Little used.] Barrow. 
 OB-SIG-iN'A'TIOX, n. The act of sealing ; rutiflcation 
 by Hraliiig ; coiifirnialinn. Taylor. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 764 
 
OBS 
 
 OBT 
 
 OBV 
 
 On-SlG'NA-TO-RY, a. Ratifying ; confirininK by 
 
 sealinj;. Wanl. 
 
 on -yO-LES'CENCE, n. The slate of liecoinins obso- 
 lete. Cnnnbic, 
 
 OU-SO-LES'CENT, o. [L. obsoleseo, lo go out of 
 use.] 
 
 Going out of use ; passing; into desuetude. 
 
 All tin' wonlu coinnoMniit'it of llfre niitl a pn-pysition, fxcfpt 
 UtreaytKT^ hpt oUulelo or otio.'rifftfnfc " Campbell. 
 
 OB'SO-I.kTE, o. [L. obsoktus.] 
 
 1. Gone into disuse ; disused ; neglected ; as, an ob- 
 svlelii word ; an obsolete statute ; applied chiefly to 
 words or writings. Dnjih-n. Strift, 
 
 2. In nuliiral history, obscure; not very distinct; 
 ruiliint-ntal. 
 
 OII'^O-Lk I E-NEPS, n. Tin? state of being neglected 
 in use ; a state of desuetude. Juhnsoii. 
 
 2. In natural hiftonj, inilistinctness ; want of de- 
 velopment. 
 
 OB'STA PRLV-CIP'I-IS, [L.] Resist tlie begin- 
 nings. 
 
 OIl'ST.\-€I,E, n. [Fr., from L. obsto, to withstand ; 
 ob anil sto.] 
 
 That wliicli opposes; any thing that stands in the 
 way and hinders progress ; liinderance ; obstruction, 
 either in a physical or moral sense. An army may 
 meet with oiislade.'i on its march ; bad roads are ob- 
 staclfs to traveling ; prejudice is an obstacle to im- 
 provement ; want of union is often an insuperable 
 ob'liicic to bi neticial measures. 
 OU'STAi\-CY, 11. [I,, obstaiitia ; ob and sto.] 
 
 Opposition ; impediment ; obstruction. [vV.it !(.■.<■</.] 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 Oll-STET'Rie, a. [L. obstctriz, a midwife; ob and 
 sto^ to stand before.] 
 
 I'eii.iining to niidwiferj', or the delivery of women 
 in cliiliibed ; as, the obstetric art. 
 Oli-STKT'RI-e.^TE, V. i. [Sec OnsxETaic.] To 
 pi^rform the ortice of a midwife. \^Little used.] 
 
 Kveh/n. 
 
 OI!-.''TET'Rr-CATE, v. t. To assist as a midwife. 
 
 \ Little iisetl,] Waterhouse. 
 On-STET-RI-CA'TION, n. The act of assisting as a 
 
 midwife. 
 
 2. The office of a midwife. Hull. 
 0B-STET-RI"CIA.\', C-rish'an,> n. One skilled in 
 the art of assisting women in parturition. 
 
 Med. Repos. 
 
 On-STET'RieS, n. The science of midwifery ; the 
 an of assisting women in partiirilioii. Kncijc. 
 
 OB'STI-N \-CY, It. [L. obstinutio, from obsto, to stand 
 against, lo opjiose ; ob and sto.] 
 
 1. A fixedness in opinion or resolr.lion that can 
 not be shaken at all, or not witlioul great difliriilty ; 
 firm and usually nnre.asonalile adherence lo an opin- 
 ion, purpose, or system ; a fixedness that will not 
 yield to persuasion, argilinents, or other mfans. Ob- 
 alinatij may not always eimvey the idea of unreason- 
 able ur unjustifiable firmness; as when we say, sol- 
 diers fight with obstinocii. liut often, and perhaps 
 usually, till! word denotes a fixedness of resolution 
 which is not to be vindicat' d iiiidi r the circum- 
 stances; stubbornness; perlinacily ; persistency. 
 
 2. Fixedness that will not yield In a|iplication, or 
 that yields with difiiculty ; as', the obstinacy of a dis- 
 ease or evil. 
 
 OB'STl-.NATE, a. [I,, obstinatas.] 
 
 1. Stubborn ; pertin.acionsly adhering lo an opin- 
 ion or piir|K>se ; fixed firmly in resolution ; not yield- 
 ing to reason, arguments, or other means. 
 
 1 hai^c liiiowti j:r» at ciin-a ili/iif liy olj€tiiuue rtaoluUous of ilrinlt. 
 
 in* no wine. Temple. 
 Ko an to iiiifk, no on ao ol^linnte. Pijje, 
 
 2. Not yielding, or not easily subdued or removed ; 
 ns, an obstinate fever : obstinate obstructions ; an ob. 
 tttinate cough. 
 
 OB'STI-iVATE-I,y,^i'. Ptubhornly ; pertinaciously ; 
 with fixedness of purpose not to be shaken, or not 
 willioiit difiiculty ; as, a sinner obstinately bent on 
 his own destruction. 
 
 Infloxibti- to ill and obstinate'tf Juau Additon. 
 
 OD'STI-N'.VrE-XESS, n. Stubbornness; pertinacity 
 in opinion or purjiose ; fixed deterinin.ation. Halt. 
 
 OB-STI-Pa'TIO»V, n, [L. vbstipo : ob and stipo, to 
 crowd.) 
 
 1. The act of stopping up ; as, a passage. 
 
 2. In medicine., costix'eness. 
 OB-STREI"ER-OIJ.-<, n. [L. ob.itrepcrus, from nbstrepo, 
 
 to roar ; ob and .<!trrpo.] 
 
 Loud; noisy; clamorous; vociferous ; making a 
 tumultuous noise. 
 
 The pUrrn do not only 
 
 tjon, bill R-pair at tht-ir 
 
 at tii^ otntrep*TouM appmlrt- 
 n Cfat uii.ttuver tlamni^a he 
 Additon, 
 
 OB-^TREP'ER-OUP-LY, ado. Loudly ; clamorously ; 
 
 with litinulliioiis noise. • 
 OB-STREP'ER-OUS-NESS, n. Loudness; clamor; 
 
 Ooisv turbulence. 
 OB-StRie'TIO\, n. [L. obstrictus, obstrin^o ; ob 
 
 and sirinj^o, to strain.] 
 Ohligatiim ; bond. Milton 
 0B-STRU€T', b. t. [L. obatruo; ob and atruo, to 
 
 set.] 
 
 1. 1'o block up ; to stop up or close, ns a way or 
 passage ; to fill with obstacles or impediments that 
 prevent passing ; as, to obstruct a road, highway, or 
 cliannel ; to obstruct the canals or fine vessels of the 
 body. 
 
 2. To slop; to impede; to hinder in passing; as, 
 the bar at the mouth of the river obstructs the eii- 
 tr.'ince of ships ; clouds obstruct the liglit of the sun. 
 
 3. To retard ; to iiiternipt ; to render slow. Prog- 
 ress is often obstructed by diincultics, though not cn- 
 lirelv slopped. 
 
 OB-.«tRI'eT'ED, pp. or o. Blocked up ; stoiiiioil ; as 
 2. Hindered; impeded; as progress. [a passage. 
 ;i. Retarded ; interruiited. 
 
 Oll-STRUCT'ER, n. One that obstrurts or hinilers. 
 
 OB-STRUCT'IiNG, ;v>r. Blocking up; stopping; im- 
 ped 112 ; interrupting. 
 
 OB-STRUe'TIO.\, 11. [L. obstructio.] 
 
 1. The act t>f obstructing. 
 
 2. Obsticle ; impediment ; any thing that stops or 
 closes a way or channel. Bars of sand at the mouths 
 of rivers are often obstructions to navigation. 
 
 3. That which impedes progress ; hindemnce. 
 Disunion and party spirit are often obstructions lo 
 legislative measures and to public prosperity. 
 
 4. .\ heap. [.Xot proper.] Slink. 
 OB-STRUCT'IVE, n. [Fr. abstruetif; It. osstruttiro.] 
 
 Presenting obstacles ; hindering ; causing imjiedi- 
 ment. Huinmond. 
 OI)-STRUeT'IVE, n. Obstacle ; impediment. [Lit- 
 
 tie used.] Hammond. 
 ()ll-.«TIUJeT'IVE-LY, adv. By xvay of ohstruction. 
 OB'STRU-ENT, a. [ I,, obstrucns.] 
 
 Blocking up ; hindering. 
 OB'STRU-ENT, ii. Any thing that obstructs the nat- 
 ural passages in the hnily. Quincy. 
 OB-fTU-PE-FAe'TION, ii. [L. obstupefacio.] 
 
 The act of making stupid or insensible. [See 
 Sxt'eKFACTioN, wliich is generally used.] 
 OB-STU-PE-FAC'TI VK, a. [L. obstupefacio.] 
 
 Stupefying; reiulering insensible, torpid, or inert. 
 JLittle used.] [See Stltefactive.] .^bbot. 
 OB-STO'PE-FY, I'. (. To stupefy. [J\'ot used.] 
 OB-TAIN', r. (. [L. oblmeo ; ob and tcnco, to hold; 
 Fr. obtcnir ; It. o((ciicrf.] 
 
 1. To get ; to gain ; to procure ; in o general sense, 
 to gain possession of a thing, whether temporary or 
 permanent ; to acipiire. This word usually implies 
 exertion to get possessitm, and in this it dillers from 
 Receive which may or may not imply exertion. It 
 dilfers from Acquire, as genus from species; acipiire 
 being properly applied only to things |ierinanenlly 
 possessed ; but obtain is applied both to things of 
 temporary and of pcrinaiieiit possession. \Ve obtain 
 loans of money on application ; we obtain answers to 
 letters; we o^rai'ii spirit from litjuors by distillation, 
 and salts by evajioralion. We obtain by seeking ; 
 we often rcceire without seeking. W'e acquire or 
 obtain a good title lo lands by deed, or by a judgment 
 of court ; but we do not acquire spirit by distillation ; 
 nor do we acquire an answer to a letter or an appli- 
 cation. 
 
 lie ehall o&fiin the liin^'lom by flatfries. — Pan. xU 
 III whom we tiave o6latiiecl an iohentaiic«. — Kph. i. 
 
 Q. To keep ; to hold. Milton. 
 OB-TaI.\', r. i. To be received in customary or com- 
 mon use ; lo continue in use ; to be established in 
 praclice. 
 
 Tlw! Theo<Iosian co<le, trvcnl hnndmd yeare aflrr Justinian 'a 
 time, ^o6lained in Uie western parta of llie empire. Baker. 
 
 2. To be established ; to subsist in nature. 
 
 The gx*neral lawa of tinidity, elaaticity, and gravity, ohinin in 
 aniinal and nianiiiiate tiitjea. ' Cheyne. 
 
 3. To prevail ; to succeed. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 OB-TaIN'A-BLE, a. That may be obtained ; that 
 
 may be procured or gained, .^r'buthnot. Kettlcusell. 
 OB-T.^ IN'/'M), ;i/i. (>ained ; prticiired ; acquired. 
 OB-TaIN'ER, h. One who obtains. 
 OB-T.Al.\'I.\G, ppr. Gaining; procuring ; acquiring. 
 OB-T.Al\'.ME.\T, H. The act of obtaining. Milton. 
 OB-TECT'ED, a. [L. obtectus.] 
 Covered. 
 
 OB-TEM'PER-ATE, I), t. [L.] To obey. [JVotuscd.] 
 OB-TEND', r. t. [L. obtcndo ; ob and tendo; lUerally, 
 lo stretch against or before.] 
 
 1. ToopiKise; to hold out in opposition. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To pretend ; to olfer as the reason of any thing. 
 [.V./( u.sed.] Drydcn. 
 
 [This jpord is rarelii used.] 
 OB-TEN-E-BRA'TION, ii. [from L. 06 and tcnebra, 
 darkness.] 
 
 \ darkening ; act of darkening ; darkness. 
 
 In every meyriin or vertigo tliere jx an obterubralton Joined with 
 a seniMancc of tiinuii^ niiind. [LitUe ueed.\ Bacon. 
 
 On-TEN'SION, n. The act of oblending. [.Vot used.] 
 OB-TEST', V U [L. obtestor ! ob and ttslor, to wit- 
 ness.) 
 
 To beseech ; lo supplicate. 
 
 OtfUit hii» cleinencjr. Dryilen. 
 OB-TEST', e. i. To protest. mtrrhouse. 
 OB-TEST-A'TION, n. Supplication; enlr«alv. 
 
 2. Solemn injunction. [Elynt. 
 
 OB-TEST'I.VG, ;rpr. Beseeching; supplicating. 
 OB-TREC-TA'TION, n. [L. obtrectatio, from obtreeto ; 
 ob ami trncto,] 
 Slander ; detraction ; calumny. [Little used.] 
 
 Burrow. 
 
 OB-TRODE', V. t. fL. obtruilo ; ob and trudii, Eng. lo 
 
 thrust.] 
 
 1. '1 o thrust in or on ; to throw, crowd, or thrust, 
 into any pl.'ice or state by force or iiiipositiiin, or 
 without s))licilation. iMen oiti-ut/ctlieir vain specula- 
 tions upon the world. 
 
 A caiiae of connnun ermr ia the credulity of men, that i«, nn eaay 
 nMenl 10 wlrtl in olitrwted. Brown. 
 
 'Die ol>j'-cl» of »<ir aeiih 'tf ottlrude their particular liteaa upon our 
 iiiiiiiU, wh' ttifT we will or not. Locke. 
 
 2. To offer with unreasonable importunity ; to urge 
 upon against thi: will. 
 
 NVIiy shoiiMiit thmi then obtruile tliia diliwcnco 
 In v.iin, when-' no acc-pttnw" ilc^tii find f Chiton. 
 To obtrude one's self; to enter a place where one is 
 not desired ; to thrust one's self in uninvited, or 
 against the will of the conipanv. 
 OB-TRf'DE', 11. i. To enter when not invited. 
 
 2. To thrust or be thrust iipnn. 
 OB-TRuD'ED, pp. Thrust in liv force, or unsolicited. 
 OB-TRl"D'ER, 71. One who olitrudes. Boyle. 
 OB-TRuD'ING, ppr. Thrusting in or on ; entering 
 uninvited. 
 
 OB-TROD'ING, 71. A Ihrusling in, or entrance with- 
 out right or invitation. 
 
 OB-TRUNe'ATE, r. t. [I,, ohtrunco ; ob and trunco, 
 to cut ofl'.] 
 
 To deprive of a limb ; to lop. [Little used.] 
 
 Cockerom. 
 
 OB-TRUN-Ca'TION, B. The act of lopping or cut- 
 ting oIK [Little n.ied.] Cockeram, 
 OB-TRU'SION, (-/hiin,) n. [h. obtrado, obtrusus.] 
 The act of olitrutling ; a thriisliiig upon others by- 
 force or unsolicited ; as, the ebtnusion of crude opin- 
 ions on the world. 
 OB-TRO'SIYE, a. Disposed to obtrude any thing 
 upon others ; inclineil to intrude or thrust one's self 
 - among others, or to enter uninvited. 
 
 Not obvious, not o6lru<ive, hut n.tirc<l, 
 The iiion; desirable. iVi,'ton. 
 OR-TRu'SlVE-LY, ado. By way of obtrusion, or 
 
 thrusting upon others, or t'nferiiig unsolicited. 
 OB-TUND', V. t. [T,. ubtundo ; ob and tundo, to beat.] 
 To dull ; to bhiiil ; l.. quell ; to deaden ; to reduce 
 the edge, pungency, tir violent action of any thing; 
 as, lo ubtund the acrimony of Ihe gall. Harrcy. 
 OB-TUNI)'El), pp. Blunted ; quelled ; deadened. 
 OB-TUND'ENT, u. In medicine, a siibslanee which 
 sheathes or blunts irritation, usually .some bland, 
 oily, or mucilaginous matter; much the same with 
 Demilcent. For.tijth. 
 OB-TIJ-RA'TION, n. [L. obturatus, from oblUro, to 
 stop up.) 
 
 The act of slopping by spreading over or covering. 
 OB TU-Ra'TOR, II. In nnntomii, the obturators are 
 muscles which rise from the outer and inner side of 
 the pelvis around Ihe foramen thyroideiim, and are 
 rotators of the thigh. ' IVistar. Core. 
 
 OB-TCS-AN"GU-l,AIi, a. [obtuse and uii<rii/nr.] 
 
 Having angles th;it :ire obtuse, or larger than right 
 .angles. 
 
 OB-TCSE', a. [L. obtusus, from ubtundo, to beat 
 against.) 
 
 1. Blunt; not pointed or acute. .Applied lo angles, 
 it denotes out: that is larger than a right angle, or 
 more than ninety decrees. 
 
 2. Dull ; not having acute sensibility ; as, obtuse 
 senses. Milton. 
 
 3. Not sharp or shrill ; dull ; obscure ; as, obtuse 
 sound. 
 
 OB-TuSE'-AN"GLf;D, a. H.iving an obtuse angle ; 
 
 as, an obtuse-anirled triangle. 
 OB-TC'SE'LY, «</o. Without a sharp point. 
 
 0. Dully ; sttipiilly. 
 OB-T0SE'NE.SS, n. Blunlness ; as, the obtuseness o{ 
 
 an edge or a point. 
 
 2. Dullness ; want of quick sensibility ; as, the 
 obtuseness of the senses. 
 
 3. Dullness of sound. 
 
 OB-TC'SION, ( zlitin,) 11. The act of making blunt. 
 2. The slate of being dulled or blunted; as, the 
 
 obtusion fif the senses. 
 OB-U.M'BRaTE, r. t. [L. obundiro ; ob and umbra, n 
 
 shade. 1 
 
 To shade; lo darken ; to chnid. [Little used.] 
 
 lloweU. 
 
 OB-UM-BRa'TIO.\, n. The act of darkening or ob- 
 scurim;. 
 
 0B-VE.\'TI0N, n. [L. oboenio ; ob and vonio, to 
 
 come.) • 
 
 Stunelhing occasional ; that which happens not 
 
 reL'iilarly, but incidentally. [.YVil used.] Spenser. 
 OB-VERS'ANT, a. [L. obvcrsans, obvcrsor ; ob and 
 
 vcnor, to turn.) 
 Conversant ; familiar. j'A'ol used.] Bacon. 
 OB- VERSE', (ob-vers',) a. In botany, having Ihe b.-ise 
 
 narrower than the top, .ns a leaf. 
 OB'VERSE, n. The fiice of a coin; opjioscd 10 Ri- 
 
 VER»E. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — G as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 96' 
 
 7G5 
 
occ 
 
 occ 
 
 OCH 
 
 op VKKSE'LY, ailv. In an obverse form or manner. 
 
 OB-VEKT', I', t. [L. ubverto; ob and vcrto, to turn.] 
 To turn toward. WatU. 
 
 OB-VERT'ED, pp. Turned toward. 
 
 OB-VEKT'ING, ppr. Turning tow.ird. 
 
 OB'VI-aTE, ». (. [FT.obmer; iLovviarc; Sp. obviar; 
 from L. obi:ius ; ob and tn'a, way.] 
 
 Properly, to meet in the way ; to oppose ; hence, 
 to prevent by interception, or to remove at the bf gin- 
 ning or in the outset ; lience, in pregritt^ iisa^re, to re- 
 move in general, as difficulties or objections ; to clear 
 the way of obstaclej in reasoning, deliberating, or 
 planning. 
 
 To lay down every tiling" iu its full light, so as to obviate nil ex- 
 ceptions. Woodward. 
 
 OB'VI-A-TED, pp. Renjoved, as objections or difli- 
 culties. 
 
 OB'VI-A-TING, ppr. Removing, as objections in rea- 
 soning or planning. 
 OB'VI-OUS, a. [L. ohnus. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Meeting ; oj>posed in front 
 
 I to the evil turn 
 My obvious breast. [iVot now used."] Milton. 
 
 2. Open ; exposed. [Little used.'] Milton. 
 
 3. Plain ; evident; easily discovered, seen, or un- 
 derstood J readily perceived by the eye or the intel- 
 lect. We say, a phenomenon obvious to the sight, or 
 a truth obvious to the mind. Milton. I>njden. 
 
 OB'VI-OUS-LY, adv. Evidently ; plainly ; apparent- 
 ly ; manifestly. Men do ntjt always pursue what is 
 obviously their interest. 
 9. Naturally. Holydmj, 
 3. Easily to be fouild. Seldcn. 
 OB'VI-OUS-NESS, 71. State of being plain or evident 
 
 to the eve or the mind. Boyle. 
 OB'VO-LUTE, ) a. [L. obvolutjLs, obvolvo ; ob and 
 OB'VO-LU-TED, j volvo, to roll.] 
 
 In botany, obvolute foliation is when the margins of 
 the leaves alternately embrace the straight margin of 
 the opposite leaf. Martyn. 
 Oe-CA'SION, (ok-ka'zhiin,) ?!. [L. oceasio, from occi- 
 do, to fall ; ob and cado.] 
 
 1. Properly, a falling, happening, or coming to ; an 
 occurrence, ca>"tKdty, incident ; something distinct 
 from the ordinary course or regular order of things. 
 
 ILiokcr. 
 
 2. Opportunity ; convenience ; favorable time, sea- 
 son, or circumstances. 
 
 I'll take tir occasion which he pves to bring 
 Him to his death. Walltr. 
 Use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh. — Gal. v. 
 Sin, taking occasion by the comniaudinent, deceived me. — 
 Rom. vii. 
 
 3. -Accidental cause ; incident, event, or fact, giv- 
 ing rise to sometliing else. What was the occasion 
 of this custom ? 
 
 Her beauty Wiis the occasion of the war. Dryden. 
 
 4. Incidental need ; casual e.vigency ; opportunity 
 accompanied with need or demand. So we say, we 
 have occasion for all our resources. We have frequent 
 occasions for assisting each other. 
 
 Tlie ancient canons were well fitted for the occasion of the church 
 in its purer ages. Baker. 
 
 My occasions have ibund time to use them towarxj a suj>ply of 
 money. Sl^ak. 
 
 Oe-CA'SION, V. t. [Fr. oerjisionncr.'] 
 
 1. To cause incidentally ; to cause ; to produce. 
 The expectation of war occasions a depression in the 
 price of stocks. Consumptions are often occasioned 
 by coltls. Indigestion occa.sions pain in the head. 
 Heat occasions lassitude. 
 
 2. To influence ; to cause. 
 
 If we inquire what it is that occasions men to mike scvrnl com- 
 binations of simple ideas into tiistinct ntod-.s. Locke. 
 
 Oe-GA'SION-A-BLE, n. That may be caused or oc- 
 casioned. [Little used.] Barrow. 
 Oe-eA'SlON-AL, a. [Fr. oecasionnd.] 
 
 1. Incidental ; casual ; occurring at times, but not 
 regular or systematic ; made or happening as oppor- 
 tunity requires or admits. We make occasional re- 
 marks on the events of tlic age. 
 
 9. Produced by accident; as, the occasiovat origin 
 of a thing. Broton. 
 
 3. Produced or made on some sp_cial eveiit ; as, an 
 occasional discourse. 
 
 An occasional causCy in metaphysics, is some circnm- 
 Btanco preceding an elTect, which, without being the 
 real cause, becomes the occasion of the eflcrt's being 
 produced by a truly efficient cause. Thus, the act of 
 touching gunpowder with fire is the ouasional, but 
 not the efficient cause of the explosion. 
 
 Oe-GA'SION-AL-ISM, n. The system of occasional 
 causes ; a nami: given to certain theories of the Car- 
 t/'sian school of philo<<ophers, by \*l)ich they account 
 for the apparent action of the soul on the boily, as in 
 voliinlary action. lirniult. 
 
 Oe CA'SION Al,-I.y, «/Zb. According to incidental 
 exigence ; at limen, tut conveiiitmco reipiires or op- 
 portunity ofTers ; not regularly. lie was occasionally 
 present at our meetings. Wo have occasionally \vnl 
 our aid. 
 
 Oe CA'8I0N-/;D, pp. caused incidentally ; caiiHcd ; 
 produced. 
 
 OC-eA'SION-ER, n. One that causes or produces, 
 either incidentally or otherwise. 
 
 He was thp occasioner of loss to his neighbor. Sanderson. 
 
 Oe eX'SION-ING, ppr. Causing incidentally or oth- 
 erwise. 
 
 Oe-€.\'SIVE, a. Falling ; descending ; western ; per- 
 taining to the setting sun. 
 
 Auipiilude is ortive or occasive. Encyc. 
 
 Oe-CE-CA'TION, n. [L. oceacalio; ob and caico, to 
 blind.] 
 
 The act of making blind. [Little jwerf.] Sanderson. 
 Oe'CI-DE.\T, 7!. [L. occidens, occido, to fall ; ob and 
 cado.] 
 
 The west ; the western quarter of the hemisphere ; 
 so called from the decline or fall of the sun. Encyc. 
 Oe-CI-l)ENT'AL, a. [L. occidentalis.] 
 
 Western ; opposed to Oriental ; pertaining to the 
 western quarter of the hemisphere, or to some part 
 of the earth westward of the speiiker or spectator; 
 as, occidental climates ; occidental pearl ; occidental 
 gold. Enciic. Howell. 
 
 Oe-CID'TJ-OUS, a. [L. occido, occiduus'.] 
 
 Western. [Little used.] 
 Oe-CIP'IT-AL, a. [from L. occiput, the back part of 
 the head ; ob and caput.] 
 
 Pertaining to the back part of the head, or to the 
 occiput. 
 
 Oe'CI-PUT, 71. [L. oh and caput, head.] 
 
 The hinder part of the head, or that part of the 
 skull which forms the hind part of the head. 
 0€-CiS'IO>i, (ok-sizli'un,) 7i. [L. occisio, from occido, 
 to kill ; ob and ca:do.] 
 
 A killing ; the act of killing. [JVo< used.] Hall. 
 OC-eLODE', V. U [L. occludo ; ob and cludo, claudo, 
 to shut.] 
 
 To shut up; to close. [Little used.] Brovm. 
 Oe-CLOSE', a [L. occlusus.] 
 
 !^hut ; closed. [Little used.] Holder. 
 Oe-€Lu'SION, (ok-km'zhun,) 71. [L. occlusio.] 
 
 A shutting up ; a closing. Howell. 
 
 [This is an elegant word, though little used.] 
 OC-CULT', a. [L. occultus, occulo ; ob and celo, to 
 conceal.] 
 
 Hidden from the eye or understanding ; invisible ; 
 secret ; unknown ; undiscovered ; undetected ; as, 
 the occult qualities of matter. JVewton. 
 
 The occult sciences, in tke middle ages, were magic, 
 alchemy, necromaacy, &c. 
 
 Occult line ; in geometry, a dry or obscure line which 
 is drawn as a necessary part of the construction of a 
 figure or problem, but which is not intended to appear 
 after the plan is finished. Barlow. 
 Oe-eULT-A'TION, 71. [L. occultatio.] 
 
 1. A hiding. 
 
 9. In astronomy, the hidingof a heavenly body from 
 our sight by the intervention of some other of the 
 heavenly bodies. 
 Oe-eu'LT'EO, o. Hid; secret. [^JVot used.] ShaJi. 
 
 2. In astronomy, a term applied to a heavenly body 
 hid or concealed by the intervention of some other 
 heavenly bodv. Brande. 
 
 Oe eULT'NESS, n. The state of being concealed 
 
 from view ; secretness. 
 OCeU-PAN-CY, 71. [L. occupo, to take or seize ; ob 
 
 and cfipio to seize.] 
 
 1. The act of taking or holding possession. 
 
 9. In late, the taking possession of a thing not be- 
 longing to any per-son. The person who first takes 
 possession of land, is said to liave or hold it by right 
 of occupancy. 
 
 Occujmncy gave the original right to the property in the sub- 
 stance of Uie earth itself. Blnckslone. 
 
 Oe'eU-P.\NT, 71. He that occupies or takes posses- 
 siim ; he thai has possession. 
 
 2. In lair,tmc that first takes possession of that 
 which has no legal owner. The right of property, 
 either in wild beasts and fowls, or in land belonging 
 to no person, vests in the first occupants The iirop- 
 ortv in these cases follows the possession. 
 
 OCeU-PATE, ». «. [L. occupo.] 
 
 To hold ; to possess ; to lake up. [JVot used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 OC-eU-PA'TION, 77. [L. oecupatio.] 
 
 1. The act of taking possession. Baron. 
 
 2. Possessiim ; a holding or keeping ; tenure ; use ; 
 as, lands in the occupniion of A I!. 
 
 3. That which eng.iges the time and attention; 
 employment; business. He devotes to study all the 
 time that his other occupations will permit. 
 
 4. The principal business of one's life ; vocation ; 
 calling ; traile ; the business which a man follows to 
 procure a living or obtain wealth. Agriculture, man- 
 ufaclures, and coinnu.'rce, furnish the most general 
 occnpntiinis of life. Painting, statuary, music, are 
 agreeable occupations. .Men not engaged in some 
 ust.'l'nl orcniiation commonly fall into vicious courses. 
 
 0(;'CIJ-l'I-/;l), ;)/). Possessed ; used ; employed. 
 OC'ClJ-l'I-Elt, 71. One thai occupies or takes posses- 
 Bion. Ralegh. 
 
 2. One H ho holds possession. 
 
 3. One w ho follows an emjiloymenl. F.iek. xxvii. 
 OO'CIJ-I'Y, 1). I. [L. occupo ; ob and capio, to seize or 
 
 take.] 
 
 1. To take possession. The person who first oc- 
 cupies land wliich lias no owner, has tlie right of 
 property. 
 
 2. To keep in possession ; to possess; to hold or 
 keep for use. The tenant occupies a farm under a 
 lease of twenty-one years. .\ lodger occupies an 
 apartment; a man occupies the chair in which he 
 sits. 
 
 3. To take up ; to possess ; to cover or fill. The 
 camp occupies five acres of ground. Air may be so 
 rarefied as to occupy a vast space. The writing occu- 
 pies a sheet of paper, or it occupies five lines only. 
 
 4. To employ ; to use. 
 
 are chaplains than 
 Eng. Statute. 
 
 The archbishop may have occtsioa to occupy r 
 six. 
 
 5. To employ ; to busy one's self. Every man 
 should be occupitd, or should occupy himself, in some 
 (i. To follow, as business. [useful labor. 
 
 All the ships of the sea with their mariners were in tliee to oc- 
 cupy thy merchandise. — Kzek. xxvii. 
 
 7. To use ; to expend. 
 
 All the gold that w.as occupied for the work. — Ex. xxxviii. 
 [Not now in use.] 
 
 Oe'€U-Py, V. i. To follow business ; to negotiate. 
 
 Occupy till I come. — Luke xix. 
 OG'GU-PY-ING, ppr. Taking or keeping possession ; 
 employing. 
 
 Oe-€UR', V. i. [L. occurro: ob and curro, to run.] 
 
 1. Primarily, to meet ; to strike against ; to clash ; 
 and so used by Bcntlcy, but this application is obsolete. 
 
 2. To meet or come to the mind ; to be presented 
 to the mind, imagination, or memory. We say, no 
 better plan occurs to me, or to my mind ; it does nut 
 occur to my recollection ; the thought did not occur 
 to me. 
 
 any 1 
 
 of this exiierhnent for 
 Bacon. 
 
 There doth not occur to 
 profit. 
 
 3. To appear; to meet the eye; to be found here 
 and there. This word occurs in twenty places in 
 the Scriptures ; the other word does not occur in a 
 single place ; it does not occur ill the sense sug- 
 gested. 
 
 4. To oppose ; to obviate. [A''ot used.] Bentleij. 
 Oe eUR'RENCE, 71. [Fr.] Literally, a coining or 
 
 happening ; hence, any incident or accidental event ; 
 that which happens without being designed or ex- 
 pected ; any single event. We speak of an unusual 
 occurrence, or of the ordinary occurrences of life. 
 9. Occasional presentation. 
 
 Voyages detain the mintl by the perpetual occurrence and ex* 
 fjtxlalion of suinetbiiig new. H"(i;(s. 
 
 0€-eUR'KENT, 71. Incident ; any thing that hap- 
 pens. [ Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 OC-CUR'SION, 71. [L. occursio, from occurro, to mt^ct.] 
 A meeting of bodies ; a clash. Bmjle. 
 
 O'CEAN, (o'shun,) 71. [L. orcanus; Gr. <0Kcavui; Fr. 
 ocean ; Ir. ocein, aiirein ; W. eigiaien, aig, or eigion. 
 In Welsh, the W'ord is rendered, the great .source, the 
 middle, the abyss, or great deep, and is allied in or- 
 thography to eigian, force, or a forcing out, a produ- 
 cing ; eigiaw, to bring forth, from aig, w hat brings 
 forth, the female, the womb, the sea, a shoal of fish- 
 es, a Hock or herd. Bochart cites many authorities 
 to prove that the ancients understood the ocean to 
 encompass the earth ; and he supposes it to be de- 
 rived from the lleb. Ch. and Syr. >\^. hog, to eiiroiii- 
 pass, whence a circle. This is pri>l)ably an error. 
 The word seems to have for its origin greatness or 
 extent.] 
 
 1. The vast body of water which covers more than 
 three fifths of the surface of the globe, called also the 
 Sea, or Grkat Sea. It is cu.stoniary to speak of the 
 ocean as if divided into five parts; the Atlantic 
 Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Inilian Ocean, the 
 Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean ; but the 
 ocean is one mass or body, partially separated by the 
 continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, on one side, 
 and by America on the other. 
 
 2. An immense expanse ; as, the boundless ocean 
 of eternity ; oceans o{ iluiatitm and space. Locke. 
 
 f)'CE.'\N, (5'shun,) a. Pertaining to the main or great 
 sea; as, the occiin wave ; occflii stream. Milton. 
 
 O-CE-AN'ie, (o-she-an'ik,) a. Pertaining to the ocean ; 
 found or formed in the ocean. Conk. 
 
 O'CEL-La-TEI), a. [L. occllatus, from ocellus, a little 
 eye.] 
 
 1. Resembling an eye. Derham. 
 
 2. Formed with the figures of little ryes. 
 O'CE-LOT, 71. The French jnipular name of a digiti- 
 
 grade carnivorous mammal, of the cat kind. It is 
 the Frl'is Pardalis of Linna'us, and it inhabits Mexi- 
 co. It is likewise the French popular name of sev- 
 eral other nearly allied .'Vmericaii species of Felis. 
 
 O'CIIER, ( (o'kcr,) n. [Fr. ocrc : L. ochra; Gr. tiixpa, 
 
 cell RE, S from jiale.] 
 
 A variety of fine clay, dee|ily colored bj- the scs- 
 qiioxyd of iron. It is of various colors ; as yellow, 
 (which is most common,) red, green, blue, and black. 
 It is used ;is a pigment. 
 
 O'GIIEK OI'S, j (I. Consisting of oclier ; containing 
 
 O'CIIHE oils, ( oclier ; as, ocherous matter. 
 2. Kesembliiig oclier ; as, nn ocherous color. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METK, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQIC — 
 
 766 
 
JL 
 
 OCT 
 
 0'€lli;il-Y, ) a. I'crtaiiiini! to ocbcr ; containing or 
 
 O'eilllV, i reseiiil)lin|> oclier. Ure. 
 
 0€1I'1-.MY, (oli'p-ini^,) n. [corrupted from alchtv.ij.] 
 A niixt'd liasi! mi'tnl. Johnaan. Todd. 
 
 OeM-l.<)t"RA-CV, 71. [Gr. oxXi>Kp<tTia \ o\Xos, tlio 
 Itetiplo or a niullitiulo, and Knunw, lo govern.] 
 
 A (iirni of povcrninunt in wliicli tin: nuiltilude or 
 riiriiinnii jwople rulf. F.naic Junes. 
 
 0-€I11!.X'i;F.ML'S, ( slius,) a. Of an oclicr color, or 
 yi llo"' runninp into brown. Lindtcy. 
 
 O'fcllRK-A, ji. In Ootanii, a term npplii-d to two stip- 
 ules nnitid round tlio s't< ni in a Itind of sln-atli. 
 
 Oeil'UO I l'i;, 11. Cerite i wliicl) sec. [Dccand. 
 
 u'CltA, II. Siic Okba. 
 
 OC'TA-CIIORl), tt. An in.strnuicnt or system of eiglit 
 sounds. Biuibtj. 
 
 Oe'TA-(;O.N', ri. (Gr. oktu, eight, and yoivin, anglc.l 
 1. In neomctry, a plane fisure of eijilit sides and 
 oight angles. \\'lu n thi- sides and angles are equal, 
 it is a regular octagon wliicli may be inscrilicd in a 
 Circle. Brande. 
 
 3. In fortification, a place with eight sides or bas- 
 tions. Brandt. 
 
 Oe-T.\G'OX-.\L, a. Having ciglit sides and eight 
 angles. 
 
 Oe-'l'A-Ili5'DRAL, a. [See OcTAHEonofi.] Having 
 
 eight eipial faces or sides. 
 Oe-T.A-HS'DRITIC, n. Anatase, an ore of titanium, 
 
 occurring in octahedral crystals. Dana 
 Oe-TA-llE'DRON, n. [Gr. oktw, eight, and cHiia a 
 
 base.] 
 
 In ■rromelni, a solid contained by eight equal and 
 equilateral triangles. It is one of the live regular 
 li.idies. J. Day. 
 
 Oe-TAN"DRI-A, n. [Gr. osru, eight, and an),u, a 
 male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of nionoclinous or hermaphrodite 
 plants, having eight stamens, which are distinct from 
 each oilier, and ilistinct from the pislil. Linmtus. 
 Oe-'I'A.N'DRI-A.V, j (I. Pertaining to the class Octan- 
 OC-T.XN'DKOUS, j dria; having eight distinct sta- 
 mens. 
 
 Oe-TAN"GU-LAR, a. [L. octo, eight, and angular.] 
 
 Having right angles. 
 OC-'rA\"'GU-LAR-"NES.S, n. The qu;ility of having 
 eight angles. 
 
 OC'T.V.NT, >i. [L. oclans, an eighth part, from octo, 
 eight.] 
 
 1. In geometry, the eighth part of a circle, contain- 
 . ing -13 degrees. 
 
 'J. In astronomy, the point in the orbit of a heav- 
 enly body wliich lies half way between the conjunc- 
 tions, or <>p|xisitions, and the quadratures. 
 Oe''r.-\-f<TYi.r., «. see Octostvi.e. 
 0('"r A-TEOeil, (ok'ta-tuke,) n. The first eight books 
 of the Old Testament. Hanmer. 
 
 [ Thii is an impruptr leierd ; tliere bein/r no alliance in 
 the Jirst eight books more than in the first ten or fifteen 
 books.'\ 
 
 'TAVE, o. [Infra.] Denoting eight. Dnjden. 
 
 of.tavit.'t, eighth.] 
 ay alter a church festival, the festi 
 val itself being included. Brandc. 
 ' 9. Kight days together after a church festival, the 
 festival itself being included. Ainsworlh. 
 
 3. In music, an eighth, or an inter\'al of seven de- 
 grees or twelve semitones. The octave is the most 
 perfect of the chords, consisting of six full tones 
 and two semitones major. It contains the whole di- 
 atonic scale. P. Cijc. 
 Oe-T.\'VO, n. [L. octavus, eighth.] 
 
 .\ book or form in which a sheet is folded into 
 eight leaves. The word is used as a noun or an ad- 
 jective. We say, an octavo, or an octaco volume. 
 The tnie phrase is, a book in octavo. 
 Oe-TE.\'.NI-.\L., a. [L. octo, eight, and annus, year.] 
 
 1. Happening every eighth year. 
 
 2. Listing eight years. 
 Oe-Tr.\'.\'I-.\I.-LY', adr. Once in eight years. 
 OC'TII.E, n. The same !ls Octant, supra. 
 Oe-TIL'LION, 71. According lo the En^rlL^h notation, 
 
 the number produced by involving a million to the 
 eighth [Kiwer ; a unit with forty-eight ciphers an- 
 nexed. 
 
 According to Me French notation, a unit with twen- 
 ty-seven ciphers annexed. 
 0€-TO'BF.R, 71. [L., from octo, eight; the eighth 
 month of tlie primitive Roman year, which began in 
 March.] 
 
 The tenth month of the year, in our calendar, 
 which follows tli.tt of .N'uma and Julius Ciesar. 
 2. .\ kind of ale, jocoselv so called. 
 Oe-TO-UEC'I-.MAL, a. [L. octo, eight, and decern, 
 ten.] 
 
 In erystallo/rriphy, a term designating a crystal 
 whose prisms, or the middle part, has eight faces, 
 and the two summits together ten faces. 
 Oe-T()-l)EC'l-MO, a. [I., oclodccim, eighteen.] 
 
 Having or consistmg of eighteen leaves to a sheet. 
 OC-T( l-OKC I-MO, M. A book in which each sheet is 
 
 folded imn eighteen leaves. 
 Oe-TC) DK.N'TATE, a. [L. octo, eight, and dentatus, 
 toothed.] 
 Having eight teeth. 
 
 000K.S.1 
 
 OG'TAVE, o. [Infra.] Hem 
 Oe'TAVE, 71. tl'r., from L. . 
 1. The eighth day after a ( 
 
 ODD 
 
 I Oe'TO-EU), a. 111. octo, eight, and fmdo, to cleave.] 
 In botany, clell or separated into eight segments ; 
 as a calyx. Martyn. 
 Oe-TO-C:'E-,\A'RI-AN, \ 71. A person eighty years of 
 Oe'TO-CE-.N'A-UY, i age. J. Mam.i. 
 
 Oe'TO-GE-N.\-RY, a. [L. oclogenarius, from octogc- 
 711, eighty.] 
 or eighty years of ago. 
 Oe'TO-CE-NA-RY, n. An instrument of eight string.1. 
 OC-TO-L.OC'U-L.'VU, a. [I,, octo, eight, and lucus, 
 place.] 
 
 In botany, having <,'iglit cells for seeds. 
 Oe'Tt)-N.\-'KV, a. [I,, octonarins.] 
 
 iielonging to the number eight. 
 Oe-'i'0-NO€'li-L.\R, a. [L. octo, eight, and oculus, 
 eye.] 
 
 Having eight eves. Dcrharn. 
 Oe-TO-I'iiT'AL-O'US, a. [Gr. okj-cj, eight, and irtr- 
 a.\i'i', a pet.il.] 
 
 Having eight petals or flower-leaves. Dirt. 
 Oe'TO-roi), 11. [Gr. oKTM, eight, and ttovs, foot.] 
 A mollusk or insect having ciglit feet or legs. 
 
 Kirbjj. 
 
 OC-TO-Ra'UI-a-TED, 0. [L. octo, eight, and radius, 
 ray.] 
 
 Having eight lays 
 Oe-TO-SI'ER.\roUS, o. [Gr. OKTCO, eight, and a-cp- 
 ;io, seed.] 
 
 (Umtaiiiing eight seeds. 
 Oe'TO-ST?LE, 71. [Gr. oicroi, eight, and arvSos, 
 style.] 
 
 In ancient architecture, a term denoting an edifice 
 or portico adorned with eight columns, or a range of 
 eight columns. Encyc. 
 Oe-TO-SYI.rL.\H'ie, a. [L. octo, eight, and syllaba, 
 .syllable.] 
 Consisting of eight syllables. 
 [OeTosvLLARl-E has been i/sci/.J 
 OC-T/iO/', (ok-trwA',), 71. [Fr.] A tax levied at llie 
 gates of French cities on articles brought in. 
 
 Diet, de VJlend. 
 OC'TU-PLE, a, [L. octuplus ; octo, eight, and pUco, 
 to fold.] 
 
 Kiglitfold. Diet. 
 Oe'lJ-LAK, a. [Fr. ocnlaire ; L. ocularius, from oc«- 
 iii.?, eye.] 
 
 depending on the eye ; known by the eye ; received 
 by actual sight ; as, ocular proof j ocular dcnionslra- 
 tiim or evidi'uce. 
 0CIJ-L.\U-LY, ade. By the eye, sight, or actual 
 
 view. Brown. 
 Oe'll-L.VTE, a. [L. oculatics.] 
 
 Furnished with eyes ; knowing by tlie eye. 
 
 Juhnsnv. 
 
 Oe'll-LI-FORM, a. [L. oculus, eye, and /urma, form.] 
 In the form of an eye; resembling the eye in form ; 
 as, an ocnliform pebble. Fourcroy. 
 Oe'U-LIST, 71. [from L. oc«?i«, the eye.] 
 
 One skilled in diseases of the eyes, or one who 
 professes to cure them. 
 O'DjI-USQUK, 71.. [Turkish odah, a chamber.] 
 
 The name of the female slaves or concubines in 
 the harem of the Turkish sultan. The word is proji- 
 crly Odah-lic. Encyc. ^m. 
 
 ODD, a, [Sw. udda, odd, and udd, udde, a point ; Dan. 
 odd, n point or tip. In W.od \si notable, singular, 
 and odid a rarity. In Russ. odin or odno is one.] 
 
 1. Not even ; not divisible into two equal whole 
 numbers ; as one, tlirec, five, seven, &c. 
 
 Goofl ludl lies in odd iiumticn. Shak. 
 
 2. Left or remaining after the union, estimate, or 
 use of even numbers ; or remaining after round num- 
 bers, or any number specified ; as, the odd number ; 
 the odd man. 
 
 Sixlcon huntlrtKl an'l odd years after the eajnh was miuV, it wtu 
 deslrvycil by a ilflugu. liurntt. 
 
 3. Singular; extraordinary ; diflTering from wh.it is 
 usual ; strange ; as, an odd phenomenon. JVcmtoii. 
 
 It sometimes implies dislike or contempt ; as, an 
 odd fellow. 
 
 4. Not noted ; niihecded ; not taken into the com- 
 mon account. 
 
 There are yet iniising lome few odd IjuU that you lemember not. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. Uncommon ; particular. 
 
 The odd man to perform all three perfectly U Joannes Sturmiiis. 
 
 Atcham. 
 
 n. Uncommon ; in appearance improper, or not 
 likely to answer the purpose. This is an odd way of 
 doing things. 
 
 I*ocl£e*i FluaT wouM he an odd book for a man lo make himself 
 mnjUT 01, wlw woulil gtt a imputation by Ijis critical writings. 
 
 Speclalor. 
 
 7. Sep.irate from that which is regularly occupied ; 
 remaining unemployed. I will t.ake some odd tune 
 to do this business. He may do it at odd times. 
 ODD'EST, o. .super/. Most odd. 
 
 OI)I)'-FEL'I,o\VS, n. pi. The name of a secret soci- 
 1 eiy for social enjoyment and mutual assistance. 
 
 OI)i)'I TY, 71. Singularity ; strangeness ; as, the odd- 
 I ity of dress, manners, or shape ; oddity of appear- 
 I aiice. 
 
 ODO 
 
 2. A singular person ; in eolloquial language, Tliis 
 man is an oddity. 
 ODD'-LOQK-ING, a. Having a singular look. 
 ODD'LY', urfe. Not evenly. [I .title used.] 
 
 2. Strangely ; unusually ; irregularly ; singularly ; 
 uiicoiitldy ; as, oddly dressed ; oddly formed. 
 
 A ti^iiri^ oddly turned. Locke. 
 A bhick suUunce lying on the ground very oddly sliapeit. 
 
 Hictft. 
 
 ODD'NESS, n. The state of being not even. 
 
 2. Singularity; strangeness; particularity; irregu- 
 larity ; iincouthness ; as, the oddness of ilress or 
 shape ; the oddness of an event or accident. 
 
 Drydcm. Swift 
 ODDS, 71. [It is used both in the singular and plural.] 
 
 1. Inequality ; excess of either compared with the 
 other; ditlurencc in favor of one and again.sl an- 
 other. 
 
 Piveminenl by so much od/lB. Milton. 
 In this exam|de, much marks the singular number, 
 and tnany can not be used. 
 
 Cromwell, wiUi odd* of numtier and of fate. Waller. 
 All tlic odde k'tweei) them has bci-n Uie diirerenl scope given to 
 
 their iinclenttittulinga to ring.; in, fx/cke. 
 Judging it* balancing an uccuuut and determining on which Hide 
 
 the odds lie. Locke, 
 There appeared at least four to one odda against them. Siei/t. 
 
 2. Advantage; superiority. Iludibras. 
 
 3. Cluarrel ; dispute ; debate. Shak, 
 Jt is odds; more likely than the contrary. 
 
 It it odde that he will find a shrewd temptation, Sovth. 
 At odds ; in dispute ; at variance ; in controversy 
 or quarrel. 
 
 Tliey set ns all at odiU. Stiak. 
 Or they must always be at odtls. £>'irt/t. 
 
 ODE, 71. [J..ode; Gr. w<5ij.] 
 
 A short poem orsjiig; a poetical composition prop- 
 er to be set to music or sung ; a lyric poem. Tlie oile 
 is of the greater or less kind ; the less is characterized 
 by swcetuess anil ease; the greater by sublimity, rap- 
 ture, and quickness of transition. Johnson. 
 
 Pindar has left Olympic odes, Pythian odes, Ncme- 
 aii odes, and Isthmian odes. 
 
 Tlie ode consists of unequal verses in i-taiiias or strophes. 
 
 Baetry. 
 
 0-Di5'0N, 71. [Gr. whiov, from Mi'n, a song.] 
 
 In ancient architecture, a kind of theater ill Greece, 
 in which poets and musicians submitted their works 
 to the approval of the public, and contended for 
 prizes. Elmcs. 
 O'DI-HLE, a. [L. odi, I hate,] 
 
 Il.iteful ; that may excite hatred. 
 O'DI.N', 71. A Scandinavian deity ; the Wodes of the 
 Saxons. 
 
 O'DI-OUS, a. [L. odiosus, from odi, I bated. Eng. 
 /la(c.] 
 
 1. Hateful ; deserving hatred. It expresses some- 
 thing less than Detestable and Aiiominable ; us, 
 an odious name ; odious vice. 
 
 .411 wickedness is oiitous. i}\^raX. 
 
 2. OITensive to the senses ; disgusting ; as, an odi- 
 ous sight ; an odious smell. 
 
 3. Causing hate ; invidious ; as, to utter odious 
 
 4. £x|iosed to hatied ; hated. [truth. 
 He n^iidered liiinsell' odious to the parli.am«ot. Clarendon, 
 
 O'DI-OUS-I.Y, adi: Hatefully ; in a manner to de- 
 serve or excite hatred. Milton. 
 2. Invidiously; so as to cause hate. Dryden. 
 O'DI-OUS-NESS, 71. Ilatefiilness ; the quality timt 
 deserves or may excite hatred ; as, the odiousnrss of 
 sin. lyake, 
 2. The state of being hated. [JVot usual.] Sidney, 
 O'DI-U.M, 71. [L.l Hatred ; dislike. This measure 
 brought a general odium on his government. 
 2. The quality that provokes hatred ; oflensivene.ss. 
 She Uirew the odium of tlio fact on me. Dryrlen. 
 0>DI-VM TIIF^O-LO&I-CUM, [L.] The hatred of 
 
 contending theologians. 
 O-DO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. ojo? and lurnov.] 
 
 An instrument attached to the wheel ot a carriage, 
 to measure distance in traveling. Jefferson. 
 0-DO-MET'Rie-.\L, a. Pertaining to an odometer or 
 
 its me.isurement. 
 0-DO.\-TAL'(!;l-.V, j n. [Gr. oJoej, tooth, and a,\)Of, 
 O'DO.V-TAL-fiY, j pain.] 
 Toothache. 
 
 0-DO.\-TAL'c;ie, a,- Pertaining to the toothache. 
 O-DOX-TAI/Gie, 71. .\ remedy for the tootluiche. 
 O-DON'TA-UTE, n. A petrified tooth or bone. 
 O-DO.N'TOID, a. [Gr. o6ovs, tooUi, and tidoj, like- 
 ness.] 
 Toiith-like. 
 
 O-DON-TOL'O-GV, 71. [Gr. olovi and Xo, of.] 
 
 That branch of anatomical science which treats of 
 the teeth. 
 
 O'DOR, 71. [L.] Smell; scent; fragrance; a sweet 
 or an ofiensive smell ; perfume. Bacon. Addison, 
 To be ill bad odor ; to be out of favor. Burke, 
 G'DOR-A-MEXT, n. [L. oii(/ra77ie7ilii77i.] 
 
 .'\ perfume ; a strong scent. Burton^ 
 O'DOR-.VTE, a. [I., odoratus.] 
 
 Scented ; having a strong scent, fetid or fragrant. 
 
 y^iiferi. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS G as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH .ts in THIS. 
 
 7fi7 
 
OF 
 
 OFF 
 
 F F 
 
 0'l)<iK-A-TI.\f!, a. IJifliising udor or scent ; fnisr iiit. 
 0-l)()R-lK'EU-OUS, a. [L. odunjcrus ; odor aiid/cro, 
 to bear.] 
 
 1. Giving scent ; diffusing fragrance ; fragrant ; 
 piTfnnied ; usually, sweet of scent; as, odoriferous 
 spices : odoriferous flowers. 
 
 2. Bearing scent ; as, odoriferous gales. 
 O-DOIl-IF'ER-OUS-LY, ado. ' In tlie manner of pro- 
 ducing odtir. 
 
 O-DOU-lF'EIt-OUS-NESS, 71. Tlie quality of diffus- 
 ing scent ; fragrance ; s\\'eetness of scent. 
 
 O'DOR-IN, n. [L. odur.\ 
 
 A priuluct uf \W redistillation of the volatile oil 
 olitained h\ ili-tillin^' bone. It has a very concentra- 
 ted and (iiii'ii.-iM- . iiipyreuniatic odor. Braitde. 
 
 0'I)OR-LE.-f^, a. Free from odor. 
 
 O'UOK-OUS, 0. Sweet of scent ; fragrant. 
 
 Spenser. JValler, 
 
 O'nOR-OUS-LY, adv. Sweetly ; fragrantly. 
 
 O'n0R-OUS-N'ES.S, 71. Fragrance ; the quality of dif- 
 fusing scent, or of exciting the sensation of smell. 
 
 OD'YS-.SEV', H. An epic poem attributed to Homer; 
 the subject is the return of Ulysses from Troy to 
 Ithaca. 
 
 CE, the Greek diphthong, has the sound of c, and in 
 this work it is to some extent omitted, and E substi- 
 tuted. 
 
 CE-eO-NOM'ie-AL, CE-eON'O-MY, CE-eU-MEN'- 
 le-AL, CE-DE.M'A-TOUS, CE-SOFH'.\-GLrS. See 
 Economical, Economy, Ecumenical, Edematous, 
 Esophagus. 
 
 CE-IL'IAD, (e-il'yad,)n. [Fr. aiUade, from (ri/, the eye.] 
 A glance ; a wink. [JVof Entfli^ikf nor ascd.] Skak. 
 CE-NAN'THie, a. [Gr. oicos, wine, and auUus, flow- 
 er.] 
 
 (Enantliic etlirr, is an oily liquid which gives to wine 
 its characteristic odor. 
 
 (Enantliic acid, is an acid obtained from icnantliic 
 ether. Qraftam. 
 O'ER ; contracted from Over, which see. 
 OF, (.IV,) prep. [Sax. nf: G. ah ; Sw. Ice. Dan. and D. 
 af: L. ab, but originally a/; Gr. ano. Tlie primary 
 sense is departing, issuinsr, or proceeding from; but 
 this sense has been modified by usage.] 
 
 From or out of ; proceeding from, as the cause, 
 source, means, author, or agent bestowing. 
 
 1 luive received o/Uie Lonl Uial which (Use I delivered to you, — 
 1 Cor. xi. 
 
 For il W!is of the Lord to harden pieir hearts. — Josh. xi. 
 
 It is of the tiord's inercir-s that w^' arc not consumed. — Lum. Ui. 
 
 The whole disposing thereof is o/the Lord. — Prov. xvi. 
 
 Go, inquire of the Lor.) for me. — 2 Ciiron. xxxiv. 
 
 That lioly thiii^ tint sh^ll be boni o/thee. — Luke i. 
 
 Hence of is the sign of tiie genitive case, the case 
 that denotes production ; as, the Son c/man, the son 
 proceeding from man, producetl from man. This is 
 the primary sense, although we now say, produced 
 by man. " Part o/these were slain ; " that is, a num- 
 ber separate, for port denotes a division ; the sense 
 then is, a number /j otji or out uf the whtde were slain. 
 So, also, " some of these were slain ; " that is, some 
 /7-om or out of the others. " I have known him of 
 old, or of a child ;" that is, from old times, //oin a 
 chilli. "He is 0/ the race of kings ; " that is, de- 
 scended from kind's. " He is of noble blood or birth, 
 or of ignoble origin." " Ko particle of matter, or no 
 body, can moveo/ilself ; " that is, by force orstrcngth 
 procerdtntr from itself, tleriveil from itself. 
 
 " Tile quarrel is not now of fame and tribute, or of 
 wrongs done ;" that is, from fame or wrongs, as the 
 cause, and we may render it, concerning, about, rc- 
 latinir to. 
 
 "O/tliis little he had some to spare ; " that is, some 
 from the whtde. It m.ay be rendered out uf. 
 
 "0/ all our heroes thou canst boast alone;" that 
 is, thou alone from the number of heroes. This may 
 be rendered amonir. 
 
 " The best of men, the most renowned of all ; " 
 that is, the best from the number of men, the most 
 renowned from the whole ; denoting primiirily scpa- 
 ratitm, like part. 
 
 " I was well entertained of the English consul :" 
 th.at is, entertained from the ctmsul ; my entertain- 
 ment was from the consul. 'I'his use is obsulete, 
 and we use by in lieu of it. 
 
 "This does of right belong to us ; " that is, from 
 riu'ht, de jure ; our title procee Is from right. 
 
 " The chariot was all of cedar that is, made 
 from cedar. So we say, made of gold, made 11/ clay ; 
 an application correspimding with our modern use of 
 from ; manufactured from wool, or from raw materi- 
 als. Hence we say, cloth consisting of wool " This 
 is a scheme of his own devising; " that is^ from his 
 own devising or deviC'-. " If any man minister, let 
 him do it as <'/ the ability which God giveth ;" that 
 is, as from the ability, as the source of action. 
 
 " Of li;ippy, he is bi roinc miserable ; " that in, from 
 happy ; from being happy, be has passed to being mis- 
 erable. "0/ necessity this must jirove ruinous ; " 
 that is, /rom necessity, as the cause or source. "0/ 
 a hiindre-d take fifty ; that in, from a hundred, or out 
 of n hundred, from among a liiinrlreil. 
 
 Of sometiiries implies a part or share. 
 
 It \t a dutjr to cotTitnuiiicdtc 0/ those bleuiiigc we hnv* received. 
 
 /VanJt/ifi. 
 
 From is, then, the primary sense of this preposition ; 
 a sense retained in off, the same word differently 
 written for distinction. 13ut tliis sense is appropri- 
 ately lost in many of its apfilications ; as, a man of 
 genius, a man of courage, a man of rare endow- 
 ments, a fossil of a reti color, or c/ a hexagonal fig- 
 ure. He lost ail hope of relief. This is an affair of 
 the cabinet. He is :i man of decayed fortune. \\'hat 
 is the price of corn We say that of, in these and 
 similar phrases, denotes property or possession, mak- 
 ing of the sign of the genitive or possessive case. 
 1'hese applications, however, all proceeded from the 
 same primary sense. That which proceeds from, or is 
 produced by, a person, is naturally the prtiperty or pos- 
 session of tb.at pi'rson ; as, the son of John ; and this 
 idea of property, in the course of time, would pass 
 to things not thus produced, but still bearing a rela- 
 tion to another thing. Thus we say, the father of a 
 son, as well as the son of a father. In both senses, 
 other languages also use the same word, as in the 
 French de, dela, and Italian, di, deU. Of, then, has 
 one primary li&n^e, from, departing, issuing, proceed- 
 ing from or out of, and a derivative sense denoting 
 possession or property. 
 
 OFF, a. Jlost distant ; as the off horse in a team. 
 
 OFF, adv. From, noting distance. The liousc is a 
 mile off. 
 
 2. From, with the actitm of removing or sepa- 
 rating; as, to take off'lhe bat or cloak. So we say, 
 to cut off, to pare off, to clip off, to peel off, to tear off, 
 to march off, to tly off 
 
 3. From, noting separation ; as, the match is off. 
 
 4. From, denoting departure, abatement, remis- 
 sion, or a leaving. The fever goes off; the pain goes 
 off 
 
 5. In painting, it denotes projection or relief. 
 
 This comes oj" well and excellent. Shak. 
 
 6. From ; away; not toward; as, to look off; op- 
 posed to On or Toward, 
 
 7. On the opposite side of a question, 
 
 Tlie questions no way touch upon Puritanism, either ojT or on, 
 
 Saitderson. 
 
 Offhnnd; without study or preparation. She plays 
 a tune off hand. He speaks fluently off hand. 
 
 Off and on; at one time applying and engaged, 
 then absent or remiss. 
 
 To be off; in colloquial langnaire, to depart or to 
 recede from an agreement or design. 
 
 To come off; to escape, or to fare in the event, 
 
 2. To take place, as an exhibition. 
 
 To get off; to alight ; to come down. 
 
 2. To make esca|)C. 
 
 To no off; to depart ; to desert. 
 
 2. To take fire ; to be discharged, as a gun. 
 
 To taJce off; to take away. 
 
 2. To iniuiic t)r personate. 
 
 Well off, ill off, badly off; having good or ill suc- 
 cess. 
 
 OFF, prep. Not on ; as, to be off one's legs. He was 
 not off the bed the whole day, 
 
 2, Distant from ; as, about two miles e^this town. 
 [JVot now used.'] Jjddison. 
 
 OFF, as an eiclumation, is a command to de|ittrt, ei- 
 ther with or without contempt or-flabborrence. 
 
 OF'FAL, 77. [0. afeal; af and rallen, to fall; G. 
 ulifall : Dan. affald ; Sw. affall ; off niiA full.] 
 
 1. Waste meat ; the parts of an tinimal butchered 
 which are unfit for use or rejected. Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 2. ('arrion; coarse meat. Milton. Shah. 
 
 3. Refuse ; that which is thrown away as of no 
 value, or fit only for beasts. Dryden. Mortimer. 
 
 4. Any thing of no value ; rubbish. Slmk. 
 OF-FENCE', ji. [L. affensus, offensa; It. offesa ; Sp. 
 
 ofcnsa ; Fr. offense.] 
 
 1. Displeasure ; anger, or moderate anger. He 
 gave them just cause of offence ; he took offence. 
 
 2. Scandal ; cause of stumbling. Christ is called 
 a stone of stumbling and rock of offence to both the 
 houses of Israel. Ps. viii. 
 
 3. Any transgression of law, divine or human ; a 
 crime; sin; act uf wickedness or omission of 
 duty, 
 
 Christ was delivered for onr qfcnces, and raised a^jalii for our 
 Jualilication. — Rom. iv. 
 
 4. An injury. 
 
 1 have piven niy opinion B^ainlt th'^ authority of two preat men, 
 Imt 1 hope without ojfifoce to their memories. l)ryden. 
 
 5. Attack ; assault ; as, a weapon of offence. 
 
 Richardson. 
 
 6. Impediment. Malt, xvi, 
 
 [For remarks on the spelling of this word, see O1-- 
 
 FENSK.j 
 
 OF FENCE'FIJL, 0. Giving displeasure; iniurious. 
 [Mil used.] ' 'shah. 
 
 OF-FENCE'LESS, a. Unoffending; inntjcent ; inof- 
 fensive. Milton. 
 
 OF FEND', 7!. f. [l..offendo; oh and frndo, [ohs.] tn 
 strike, hit, meet, or thrust against. Wo use the sim- 
 ple verb in fend, to fend off, to fence.] 
 
 1. To attack ; to assail. [JVof used.] Sidney. 
 
 2. To disjilease; to make angry; to affront; it 
 expresses rather less than make angnj, and, without 
 
 any motlif)'ing word, it is nearly synonymous wilh 
 Displease. We are offended by rutleness, incivility, 
 and harsh language. Children offend their pariMils 
 by disobedience, and parents offend tlieir children by 
 unreasonable austerity or restraint. 
 
 The emperor w.as ^rievoiis'y offeiuLtd wilh them who hail kept 
 
 such ne^ii^enl watch. KnoU'8. 
 A broih'T offended is harder to be won tliau a strong city. — 
 Prov. xviii. 
 
 3. To shock ; to wound ; as, to offend the con- 
 science. Lam. 
 
 4. To pain ; to annoy ; to injure ; as, a strong 
 light offends w'eak eyes. 
 
 5. To transgress ; to violate ; as, to offend the laws. 
 But we generally use the intransitive verb ii; this 
 sense, with airuinst ; to offend against the law. 
 
 C. To disturb, annoy, or cause to fall or stumble. 
 
 Great pence iiave they that love thy law, and nothing shall 
 ojfeiid Uiem. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 7. To draw to evil, or hinder in obedience ; to 
 cause to sin or neglect duty. 
 
 If tlw riirht eye ojfend thee, pluck it out — if thy right hand 
 ojfeitd thee, cut it oil. — Malt. v. 
 
 OF-FEND', V. i. To transgress the moral or divine 
 law ; to sin ; to commit a crime. 
 
 \yhoever shall keep the whole law, and yet ojfejid in one pohit, 
 
 is guilty of all James ii. 
 
 In many tilings we all o_^em/. — James iii. 
 
 2. To cause dislike or anger. 
 
 I shall offend, either to detain or to give it. Sluik. 
 
 But this phrase is really elliptical, some person be- 
 ing understood. 
 
 3, To be scandalized ; to be stumbled. 
 
 If meat make niy brother to ojfeiid. — I Cor. viii. 
 
 To offend against ; to act injuriously or unjusti}'. 
 
 Nor yet against Cesar have I o^ettded any thing at all. — Acts 
 
 XXV. 
 
 9. To transgress ; to violate ; as, to offend against 
 the laws of society, the laws of God, or the rules of 
 civility or propriety. 
 
 We have offeojdcd against the Lord already. — 2 Cliron. xxvili. 
 
 OF-FEND'ED, pp. or a. .Displeased, 
 
 OF-FEND'ER, 71. One that oflends ; one that violates 
 any law, divine or human ; a criminal ; a trespasser ; 
 a transgressor ; one that does an injury. The man 
 who robs, steals, or commits an assault, is an of- 
 fender. 
 
 OF-FEND'ING, ppr. or a. Disple.asing ; making an- 
 gry ; causing to stumble ; committing sin. 
 
 0F-"FE.\I)'RESS, 71. A female that offends. Shah. 
 
 OF-FE.\SE', 77. [L. offensus, offensa; It. offesa; Sp, 
 ofcnsa ; Fi. offense.] 
 
 1. Displeasure ; anger, or moderate anger. He 
 gave them just cause of offense ; he took offense. 
 
 2. Scandal; cau.se of stumbling. Christ is called 
 a stone of stumbling and rock of offense to both the 
 houses of Israel. Ps. viii. 
 
 3. Any transgression of law, divine or human ; a 
 crime ; sin ; act of wickedness or omission of duty, 
 
 Christ was delivered for our a^tnaes, and raised again for our 
 justilic;aion. — Rom. iv. 
 
 4. An injury, 
 
 I have s^iven my opinion against the authority of two ffrrat men, 
 but 1 hope without offtuge to their memories. Uryden. 
 
 5. Attack ; assault ; as, a weapon of offense. 
 
 Richardson. 
 
 fi. Impediment. Matt. xvi. 
 
 [This Word, like eipense, has, till of late, been 
 spelled with a c. It ought, however, to undergo the 
 same chance with erprnse, the reasons being the 
 same, viz., that s must be used in offrnsiec as in e.r- 
 pensire, and is found in the Latin offensio, and the 
 French offense.] 
 
 OF-FENSi'/FyL, a. Giving displeasure; injurious. 
 [Md used.] " Shak. 
 
 01''-FENSEa.ESS, a. Unoffending; innocent; in- 
 offensive. Milton. 
 
 OF-FENS'IVE, a. [Fr. offcnsif; It. offensii'o ; Sp. 
 ofcnsieo.] 
 
 1. Causing displeasure or some degree of anger ; 
 displeasing. All sin is offensirc to God ; rude behavior 
 is offensicc to men ; good breeding forbids us to use 
 offensive words. 
 
 2. Disgusting ; giving pain or unpleasant sensa- 
 tions ; disagreeable ; as, an offensive taste or smell ; 
 an offensive sight ; discordant sounds arp offensive lo 
 the car. 
 
 3. Injurious, 
 
 It Is an excellent opener for the liver, but ofensivt to the stom- 
 ach. Bacon. 
 
 4. Assailant; used in attack ; opposed to Defen- 
 sive ; as, an offensive weapon or en:;ine. fVilkins. 
 
 5. Assailant; invading; making the first attack; 
 op|>osed lo Dekessive ; as, an offcnsirr war. 
 
 A leagnr offensive and drfcnsivr, is oiii' that requires 
 both or all parties to make war logellier against a 
 nation, and each party to defend the other in case of 
 being attacked. 
 OF-KE.NS'I VE, 71. The part of attacking; as, to act 
 on the offensive. 
 
 • FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PllBY — PINE, MARINE, BIKD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
OFF 
 
 OFF 
 
 OOE 
 
 OF-FENS'IVE-IiY.aJw. In a manner to give displeas- 
 ure ; as, laneiiaso ofrnxivHij harsli or sarcastir. 
 
 2. Injuriously ; mischievously. Iluoker. 
 
 3. liy way of invasion or first attack. The enemy 
 was not in a condition to act offeiiswcly. 
 
 4. Unpleasantly to the senses. 
 OF-FENS'IVf;-NE?S, n. The quality that offends or 
 
 displeases ; as, the o£insivencss of riule language or 
 hehavior. 
 
 2. Injuriousness ; mischief. 
 
 3. Cause of disfiust ; the quality that gives pain to 
 the senses, or unplea:>.'int sensations j as, the offeius- 
 irenrss of smell or taste. 
 
 OF'FER, v.L [L. cffrro ; oh and fero, to bring.] 
 
 1. iiJcraWii, to bring to or before ; hence, to present 
 for acceptance or rejectitui ; to exhibit something tliat 
 may be taken or received or not. Me offered nie a 
 sum of money ; he offrrcd me liis umbrella to defend 
 me from the rain. 
 
 The hfiUhcn wonirn, under 111** Mos^iil, offer UieiowlvM to tho 
 fl:niict At. U)i> (lt\(th ul tliuir liusUituId. CoUur, 
 
 2. To present in words ; to proffer ; to make a pro- 
 posal to. 
 
 I (yfcT tfiote thrt-c tiling. — 2 Sam. xxiv. 
 
 3. To present, as an act of worship ; to immolate ; 
 to sacrifice ; often with u;i. 
 
 Thou Shalt offer cviry day a bullock ai ft siii-ofll'rinff for Rlone- 
 
 ment. — Kx. xxix. 
 The one lanih eiialt Ihou offer in the nioniiii?. — Ex. xxix. 
 A holy prienlhuoii ici ojfer up spiritual sacriilces. — 1 Pel. 11. 
 
 4. To present in prayer or devotion. 
 
 Offer to Cio.! thantsfiviiig. — Ps. 1. 
 
 5. To bid, as a price, reward, or wages ; as, to offer 
 ten eagles for a ring ; to offrr a hundred dollars a year 
 for a laborer ; to vffer a .salary. 
 
 fi. To present to the view or to the mind ; as, ideas 
 which sense or ntlection offrm to the mind. Locke. 
 
 To offer riolcncc ; to a.ssault ; to attack or com- 
 mence attack. 
 OF'FER, V. i. To present itself; to be at Imnd. 
 
 Th' occuioii qffris, and the youlli coni]iIi*'s. On/Icn. 
 
 2. To preisent verbally ; to declare a wiliin'.'ii"S?. 
 He offered to accompanj- his brother. 
 
 3. To make an attempt. 
 
 We caine ckKe to the ehon^, and offered to land. Baron. 
 Fornterly witli at. 
 1 will not o^<fer a< t!i.it I cin not inaHtrr. [Oiw.] Bacon. 
 
 OF'FER, n. [Fr. offre.] 
 
 1. .\ proposal to be accepted or rejected ; presenta- 
 tion to choice. The prince made liberal offers, but 
 they were rejected. 
 
 Wh'-n offers an distlaincd, and love denied. Pojte. 
 
 2. First advance. 
 
 Korce compels Ihis offer. Shak, 
 
 3. The act of bidding a price, or the sum bid. By 
 an offer, we manifest a desire to buy. When the 
 seller declines accepting, he manifests that he thinks 
 the offrr not sullicicilt. 
 
 4. Attempt ; endeavor ; essay. 
 
 U is in (lie power o(' even' one to make tome enay, totiie q^er 
 and atieiitpu [Searly obsolete.] South. 
 
 OF'FER-.^-BLE, a. That may be offered. 
 
 .^[ounU^Irn. 
 
 OF'FER-fH), pp. or a. Presented for acceptance or re- 
 jection ; presented in worship or ilevotion ; immo- 
 lated , bid J presented to the eye or the mind. 
 
 OF'FER-KR, H. One that ofiVrs , one that sacrifices 
 or dedicates m worship. Chapman. Iluoker, 
 
 OF'FER-I.N'G, ppr. Presenting; pro|>osing ; sacrific- 
 ing ; bidding ; presenting to the eye or mind. 
 
 OF'FER-I.N'G, ji. That which is pri sented in divine 
 service ; an animal or a portion of bread or corn, or 
 of gold and silver, or other valuable articles, pre- 
 sented to God as an atonement for sin, or as a return 
 of thanks for his favors, or for other religiotis pur- 
 pose ; a sacrifice ; an oblation. In the .Mo.saic econ- 
 omy there were burnt-<)^<Ti/io-.s, sin-o/Tcrin^ji, peaco- 
 offerin^Sf trespass-o^eri«;:r.<, thankw>/r<'eifjfr.*, wave- 
 offeriiigs, and wood-ejriri.'ijr.s-. Pagan natituis also 
 present offerings to their deities. Christ, by the of- 
 fering of himself, has superseded the use of all other 
 offerings, having made atonement for all men. 
 
 When thou shall make his soul an offering tot sin, ho sllAlI tee 
 his teed. — Is. liii. 
 
 OF'FER-TO-RY, n. (Fr. offcr>oire.\ 
 
 1. The act of offering or the thing offered. [Lit- 
 '""'■] Bacon. Fell. 
 
 2. Ill the Roman CatJtolie church, an anthem chanted 
 oravoliinui'y playedon the orL-a* during the otfi ring 
 and a part of the mass ; also, that part of the mass 
 in which the priest prepares the elements for conse- 
 cration. 
 
 3. In Die church of F.nrrland, certain sentences in 
 the communion-office, read while tlie alms arc col- 
 lecting. Brantle 
 
 OF'FER-TITRE, n. Offer ; proposal. [jVot used.] ' - 
 , A'. Charles. 
 
 Uhf HAND, a. and od». [off ani hand.] Without 
 ncsiuitioii or prsvious preparation. 
 
 OF'FICE, (of fis,) n. [Fr., from L. offtciam ; oli and 
 faeio, to make or do.] 
 
 1. \ parliciilar duly, cliargi-, or trust, cnnfrrrcd by 
 public authority and for a public purpose ; an em- 
 ployment undertaken by commission or authority 
 from government or those administer it. Thus 
 we speak of the ofjiee of secretary of state, of treas- 
 urer, of a judge, of a sheriff, of. a justice of the 
 pence, &c. Offices are civil, judicial, ministerial, ex- 
 ecutive, legislative, political, municipal, diplomatic, 
 military, ecclesiastical, &c. 
 
 2. A duty, charge, or trust, of a sacred nature, 
 conferred by God hiinst lf ; as, the office of priest, in 
 the Old Testament ; and that of the apostles, in tlie 
 New Testament. 
 
 Inasniudi as I ani tlie aposUc of llie Gentiles, I mn^^nify luino 
 office. - Houi. xi. 
 
 3. Duty or einiiloynient of a private n.ature ; as, 
 the ojlicc of a niidivife. F.i. i. 
 
 4. That which is performed, intended, or assigned 
 to be dime, by a particular thing, or tliat which any 
 thing is fitted to perform ; answering to iluly in intel- 
 ligent beings. We enjoy health when the several 
 organs of tlie body perform their respective offices. 
 
 In this experiment, the several intervals of the teeth of ihe co.iib 
 do the office ut to many prisms. Newton. 
 
 5. Business ; particular employment. 
 
 Iles]v'rus, whose offre is to bring 
 
 Twilif^hl upon llip' e.inli. M.lton, 
 
 G. Act of good or ill voluntarily tendered : vsualhj 
 in a good sense ; as, kind offices offices of pity ; pious 
 offces. 
 
 7. ."^ct of worship. Slial:. 
 
 8. Formulary of devotion. 
 
 The LoM's prayer, the ten comntandnionls, und the creed, is a 
 very ^ood office toe children if lliey arc not fiiusl for more 
 n-gular offices, Thylor, 
 
 9. A house or apartment in which public officers 
 and others tran.sact business ; as, the register's of- 
 fice : a lawyer's offce, 
 
 10. In architecture, a name given to the apartments 
 in which the domestics discharge the several duties 
 attached to the service of a house, as kitchens, pan- 
 tries, &c. Gwilt. 
 
 11. In tkc canon law, a benefice which has no juris- 
 diction annexed to it. Kneyc. 
 
 12. The person or persons intrusted with particular 
 duties of a public nature. 
 
 This office [of quartermaster-general] not to have Uie disT*)t.d 
 of public ntoney, except small uccosioaaj sums. Marsliall. 
 
 OF'FICE, V, t. To perform ; to do ; to discharge. 
 rA«£ u.-ietl.] Shak. 
 
 OF'FICE-I5EaR-ER, n. One who holds office ; used 
 chiefly in the Presbyterian church. 
 
 OF'FI-CER, 71. A person commissioned or authorized 
 to perform any public duty. O/Ziccrs are civil, mili- 
 tary, or ecclesiastical. There are great offcers of 
 state, and subordinate officers. Military and n.ival 
 officers of the same grade usually take rank accord- 
 ing to the dates of their coniiiiissioiis. Non-com- 
 missioned officers are n imin.atcd by their captains, 
 and appointed by the commanding officers of regi- 
 ments. 
 
 OF'KI-CER, V. t. To furnish with officers ; toappoint 
 officers over. 
 
 Count Pulaski raised a legionary corpt, wbicb he offieered priu- 
 cii>ally with foa-igncrs. Atarshail. 
 
 OF'FI-CER-ED, pp. Furnished with officers. 
 
 Jiildison, 
 
 OF-FI"CIAL, (-fish'al,) a. [Fr. officiel ; from office.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to an office or public trust. The sec- 
 retary is engaged in official duties. 
 
 2. Derived from the proper office or officer, or from 
 the proper authority ; made or communicated by vir- 
 tue of authority ; as, an official statement or report. 
 We have official intelligence of the battle. 
 
 3. Conducive by virtue of appropriate powers. 
 The stontach and other paru o,^ciai to nutrition. {Unusual.} 
 
 Broicn. 
 
 OF-FI"CI.\L, n. An ecclesiastical judge appointed 
 byajiishop, chapter, archdeacon, &.C., with charge 
 of the spiritual jurisdiction. Blackslone. 
 
 2. In a ttider sense, a subordinate executive offi- 
 cer or attendant. 
 
 OF-FI"CIAI--LY, adr. By the proper officer ; by vir- 
 tue of the pro|ier authority ; in pursuance of the 
 special powers vested ; as, accounts or reports of- 
 ficially verified or renilered ; letters officially conimu- 
 iiicnted ; persons officially notified. 
 
 OF-FI"CIAL-TY, (-fish'al-te,) n. The charge or of- 
 fice of an offici.al. jiyliffe. 
 
 OF-FI"CI.XTE, (-fish'ite,) v. i. To act .as an officer 
 in his office ; to trans.ict the appropriate business of 
 an oliice or public trust. At this court the chief jus- 
 tice officiated. 
 
 The Ixshopj and priou offtaUe at the altir. StUlingfteet. 
 
 2. To perform the appmpriale official duties of an- 
 other. 
 
 OF-FI"CIATE, V, U To give in consequence of of- 
 fice. 
 
 The stars offidnu light. {Improper.] MiUon. 
 
 Given in consequence of of- 
 of an office, or the office 
 
 OI'-FI"CIA-TEI), 
 
 fice. 
 
 2. I'erfiirmcd the ilulii 
 of another. 
 
 OF-FI"CIA-TING, ppr, or a. Pi rforming the appro- 
 priate duties of an office ; performing the office of 
 another. 
 
 OF-FIC'I-NAI,, a. [Fr., from T.. nfficina, a shop.] 
 
 Used in a shop, or belonging ti> it. Officinal drugs, 
 medicines, and simples, are such as are required to 
 be constantly kept in the shops of apothecaries. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 OF-FI'TIOUS, (.fish'us,) a. [T-. nfjicio.-m.-,.] 
 
 1. Kind; obliging; doing kind offices. 
 
 Yrl not to earUi are tlioto bright luminaries 
 
 Offtciout. Milton. 
 
 2. Excessively for<vard in kindness ; importunate- 
 ly interposing services. 
 
 Voii are loo officious 
 In her behalf that scorns your services. ShaJt. 
 
 3. Busy ; intermeddling in affairs in which one 
 has no concern. 
 
 OF-FI"CIOUS-LY, adr. Kindly ; with solicitous 
 care. 
 
 I^et iLy ffoatj officioutly lie nursed. Dryden. 
 
 2. With importunate or excessive forwardness. 
 
 Flalleriii;^ crowds officiously appear, 
 
 To give llicni8''lves, nut yuu, a liappy year. Uryi'en. 
 
 3. In a busy, meddling manner. 
 OF.FI"CIOU.S-NES.«, ;i. Eagerness to serve ; ttin/ai- 
 
 ly, an excess of zeal to serve others, or improiK;r for- 
 wardness, interposing in affairs without being de- 
 sired, or with a disposition to meddle with the con- 
 cerns of others. 
 2. Service. [Little u-ied.] Broirn. 
 
 OFF'ING, n. [from ujf.] That part of the sea which 
 is at a good tlistaiice from the shore, or at a comfjc- ' 
 tent distance, where there is deep water, and no 
 need of a pilot. We saw a ship in the offing. 
 
 Mar. Dirt. Encvc. 
 
 OFF'SeOUR-ING, n. [..jfand scour.] That which 
 is scoured off; hence, refuse; rejected matter; that 
 which is vile or despised. Liim. iii. I Cur. iv. 
 
 OFF'PCUM, ri. Refuse ; offscouriiig; filth. 
 
 OFF'SeiJ M, o. ■ Refuse ; vile. Traus. of Boe. 
 
 OFF'.'^ET, n. [off and set.] A shoot ; a sprout or 
 bulb from the roots of a plant. Locke, Ray, 
 
 2. A flat surface or terrace on a hill side. 
 
 3. In architecture, a horizontal ledge on the face of 
 a wall, formed by a diminution of the thickness of 
 the wall. 
 
 4. In surveying, a perpendicular let fall from the 
 stationary lines to the liedge, fence, or extremity of 
 an inclosure. 
 
 5. In accounts, a sum, account, or value set off 
 against anothirr sum or account, as an equivalent. 
 
 O. WolcoU. 
 
 [This is also written Srt-ofi-.] 
 
 OFf'SET, V. U To set one account against another; 
 to make the account of one party pay the demand of 
 another. Judge Srwall. 
 
 OFF'SET-STAFF, n. A light rod, ten chains long, 
 used by surveyors in making off-sets. Buchanan, 
 
 OFF'SPKING, 71. [off auii spring.] A child or chil- 
 dren ; a descendant or descendants, however re- 
 mote from the stock, .^cts xvii. Rev, xxii. 
 
 2. Propagation ; generation. Hooker. 
 
 3. Production of anv kind. Denham, 
 OF-FUS'CaTE, OF-FUS-Ca'TION. See Odiu.- 
 
 CATE, ObfUSCATIoN. 
 
 OFF'WARD, adc. [off and learrf.] Leaning off, as a 
 
 ship on shore. 
 OFT, adc. [Sax. ofti Sw. ofta; Dan. o/(c.J 
 
 Often ; Irequently ; not rarely. It was formerly 
 used in prose, and may be so used still, but is uiore 
 generally used in poetry. 
 
 Oft slie rejects, but never once offends. Pope. 
 
 OFT'EN, (of'n,) adv. : comp. Ottk:<ck; supcrl. Orj- 
 ENrsT. [Sax. o/l; Goth. u/M.] 
 Frequently ; many times ; nut seldom. Addison. 
 OFT'F.S, (orn,) a. Frequent. [Improper.] 
 OFT'£N-eOM-ER, n. One who comes frequently. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 OFT'£N-NESS, (ofn-ncss,) n. Frequency. [jYot 
 used.] Hooker. 
 
 OFT'iN-TI.MES, (ofn-timz,) adv. [i^cn and times,] 
 Frequently ; often ; many times. 
 
 Hooker, .^tterbiiry. 
 
 OFT'TIMES, adc. [oft and tii7i«.] Frequently ; oft- 
 en. Milton. 
 
 OG. See Okee. 
 
 OG-DO-AS'TieH, (-as'tik,) n. [Gr. oj iJoos, eighth, 
 and T'X'ii, a verse.] 
 
 A poem of eight lines. [Little used.] Selden.' 
 O-GEE', (o-je',) n. [Fr. ogive, augive.] 
 
 1. In architecture, a molding consisting of two 
 members, the one concave, the other convex, or of a 
 round and a hollow, somewhat like an S. 
 
 Gloss, of ArchiL 
 
 2. In gunnery, an omament.al molding in the 
 shape of on S, used on guns, mortars, and howit- 
 zers. Cyc. 
 
 TpNE, BULL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 a» J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 97 
 
 MM M 
 
 76P 
 
I 
 
 OIN 
 
 OLE 
 
 OLL 
 
 OG-GA-NI"TION, (-nish'un,) n. [L. obgannio, ogga- 
 nio, to growl.] 
 
 The nu'rmuring of a dog ; a grumbling or snarl- 
 ing. [JVo< luerf.] Mounlaipi. 
 OG'HAM, n. A particular kind of stenograpliy, or 
 waiting in cipher, practiced by the ancient Irish. 
 
 JiitU. Brande. 
 O'GIVE, (o'jiv,) n. In architecture, a term used by 
 French arcliitects to denote tlie Gothic vault, vvitli 
 its ribs and cross springers, &c. Gwilt. 
 O'GLE, (6'gl,) V. t. [from D. oog, the eye, Sax. eag, 
 L. ocuius. See Eve.] 
 
 To view with side glances, as in fondness, or with 
 a design to attract notice. 
 
 Ami ogling all their avulteno?, then tlicy sjx'ak. Dryden. 
 O'GLE, 7!. A side glance or look. Jlililison. 
 O'GLER, n. One tliat ogles. Addison. 
 O'GLIiVG, ppr. Viewing with side glances. 
 O'GLING, n. Tlie act of viewing with side glances. 
 OG'LI-O, fo'le-o ;) now written Olio, which see. 
 O'GRE, (5'gur,) n. [Fr. oin-c] 
 
 An imaginary monster or hideous giant of fairy 
 tales, who lived on human beings. Arabian J\nghLs. 
 O'GRES.S, n. A female ogre. 
 
 O'GRESS, 71. In heraldry, a cannon-ball of a black 
 color. Ashmole. 
 [A black roundel. — E. IJ. Burlier.} 
 O-GYCI-AN, a. Pertaining to Ogyges, the most an- 
 cient monarch in Greece, and to a great deluge in 
 Attica in his days. 
 2. Of great and dark anti<iuity. Lempriere. 
 OH, ezclain. denoting surprise, pain, sorrow, or anx- 
 iety. 
 
 OIL, 71. [Sax. al. It seems to be named from its in- 
 flammabiliy, for alan is to kindle, and to oil; 
 lience, analan^ to anneal ; a-led, lire ; Dan. ihl, whence 
 the name of Hildebrand, Dan. Ildehnmd, lirobrand ; 
 D. oly ; G. od ; Sw. olja; Dan. olic ; Fr. /mite; It. 
 olio i L. oleum; Gr. eXatOf ; VV. olea ; Ir. ola ; Arm. 
 Sp. and Port, oleo.] 
 
 An unctuous substance expressed or drawn from 
 various animal and vegetable substances. The dis- 
 tinctive characters of oil aro inflammability, fluidity, 
 and insolubility in water. Oils are fixed and greasy, 
 fixed and essential, and volatile and essential. They 
 have a smooth feel, and most of them have little 
 taste or smell. Animal oil is found in all animal 
 substances. Vegetaiile oils are produced by expres- 
 sion, infusion, or distillation. Kncyc. JiTiclwhun. 
 
 Oil of vitriol ; sulphuric acid. 
 
 Oil of wine ; a name given to two oils obtained by 
 the action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. Ethereal oil 
 of wine is (£nantliic ether. Oraham. 
 
 OIL, V. U To smear or rub over with oil ; to lubricate 
 with oil ; to anoitit with oil. Wotton. Swift. 
 
 OIL'-BAG, 71. A bag, cyst, or gland in animals con- 
 taining oil. 
 
 OIL'-CaKE, 71. A cake or mass of compressed flax- 
 seed from which oil has been extracted. 
 
 OIL'-CLOTH, n. Clotli oiled or painted for covering 
 floors. 
 
 OIL'-e5L-OR, 71. A color made by grinding a color- 
 ing substance in oil. Boyle. 
 01L'£D, pp. or a. Smeared or anointed with oil. 
 
 Huloet. 
 
 OIL'ER, 71. One who deals in oils ; formerly, one who 
 dealt in oils and pickles. 
 
 OIL'-GAS, 71. Inrtammahlo gas procured from oil, 
 and used for lighting streets and apartments in budd- 
 ings. 
 
 OIL'I-NESS, 71. The (pialily of being oily ; unctuous- 
 ness ; greasiness ; a (jii.'ility approaching that of oil. 
 
 Bacon. Jirltathnot. 
 OIL'IXG, ppr. Smearing or anointing with oil. 
 f)IL'-MAN, n. One who dt:als in oils. .lohnson. 
 OIL'-.NUT, 71. The butternut of North Anu rica. 
 
 Carot^r. 
 
 2. A North American shrub, Ilamiltunia oleifera 
 of Muhlenberg. 
 OIL'-.MIIT, f n. A plant, a species of Ririnus, the 
 OIL'-TREK, ( Palrna (;iiristi, from which is pro- 
 cured ca-Jtor-ftil. Fani. of PUints. Encyc. 
 OIL'-PaINT-LVG, 71. The art of painting in oil- 
 colors. 
 
 2. A picture painted in oil-colors. 
 OIL'-SMOP, 71. A shop where oils arc sold. 
 OII.'Y, a. Consi-itiiig of oil ; loiitaiiiing oil; having 
 the qualities (d* od ; as, oily matter or stilislance. 
 
 Bfuon. 
 
 2. Resembling oil ; .as, an oily a(ii)earance. 
 :t. Fally ; greasy. Shalt. 
 OIL'Y-GU AI.V, n. A plant, sesame or «(^satntini, 
 
 whic h see. Miller. 
 OII/V-I'AL.M, 71. A palm-tree of the genus Elieis, 
 -from the fruit of which palm oil i.i ulitaiiied. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 OI.NT, r. t. [Fr. oindre, oini ; Sp. and Port. unMr. 
 The French oiviire is formi'd from tfie I., ango, like 
 jotndrr, from jttngo.\ 
 
 'Y<t anoint ; to HUiear with an unctiioiifl Hubstanctf. 
 
 'V\\fy otnt Ihi'ir ii:ikc<l lliiilni witll iiiuUiTrrd oil. Drtjilen. 
 
 OINT'EI), pp. Auoiiit<;d ; miieured with an oily or 
 grcaoy matter. 
 
 £, he sliuuld have aUl turning of 
 Sliak. 
 
 OINT'ING, ppr. Anointing. 
 
 OINT'MENT, 71. Unguent ; any soft, unctuous sub- 
 stance or compound, used for smearing, particularly 
 the body Or a diseased part. 
 
 OIS'.\-NITE, 11. The same mineral with Anatase, 
 
 _ which see. Dana. 
 
 OKE, 71. An Egyptian and Turkish weight, equal to 
 about two pounds and three quarters, English avoir- 
 dupois weight. Eton. 
 
 O'KER. See Ocher. 
 
 O'KRA, ) 71. An annual plant. Hibiscus esculentus, 
 O'KRO, j whose green pods, abounding in nutri- 
 tious mucilage, are much used in the West Indies, 
 &c., for soups or pickles. Farm. Encyc. P. Cyc. 
 OLD, a. [Sax. eald; G. alt; D. oud; Dan. teldc, old 
 age.] 
 
 1. .Advanced far in years or life ; having lived be- 
 yond the middle period, or rather toward the end of 
 life, or toward the end of the ordinary term of living ; 
 applied to animals or plants ; as, an old man ; an old 
 age ; an old camel or horse ; an old tree. This ad- 
 jective is placed after the noun that designates the 
 time lived. 
 
 Abraham was seventy-five years old wlien he departed from 
 Hiiran. — Gen. xii. 
 
 2. Having been long made or used ; decayed by 
 time ; as, an old garment ; an old house. 
 
 3. Being of long continuance; begun long ago; 
 as, an old acquaintance. 
 
 4. Having been long made ; not new or fresh ; as, 
 old wine. 
 
 5. Being of a former year's growth ; not of the last 
 crop ; as, old wheat ; old hay. 
 
 fi. Ancient; that existed in former ages; as, the 
 old inhabitants of Britain ; the old Romans. 
 
 7. Of any duration whtttever ; as, a year old; 
 seven years oltL How old art thou ? 
 
 8. Subsisting before something else. He built a 
 new house on the site of the old one. The old law 
 is repealed by the new. 
 
 9. Long practiced. He is grown old in vice. He 
 is an old oflender. 
 
 10. That has been long cultivated ; as, old hind ; 
 an old farm ; opposed to new land, land lately cleared 
 and cultivated. .America. 
 
 11. iMore than enough; great. 
 
 If a man were porter of hellj 
 llie key. 
 
 12. In vulirar language, crafty ; cunning. 
 
 Of old; long ago; from ancient times ; as, in days 
 of old. Dryden. 
 
 We apply old chiefly to things subject to decay. 
 We never say, the old sun, or an old mountain. 
 6LD'-aGE, 71. Advanced years ; the latter period of 
 life. ^ 
 
 OLD BACH'E-LOR, 71. An unmarried man some- 
 what advanced in years. 
 OLD'A'N, a. Old ; ancient. Shak. 
 OLD'ER, a. comp. More old. 
 OLD'EST, a. superl. Most oid. 
 
 OLD-FASH'ION-£D, a. Formed according to obso- 
 lete fashion or custom ; as, an old-fashioned dress. 
 
 OUl-faeliioned men of wit. Addison. 
 
 OLD-GEN'TLE-MAN-LY, a. Pertaining to an old 
 gentleman, or like one. 
 
 f)LD'If<H, a. Somewhat old. Sherwood. 
 
 OLD MAID, 71. An unmarried female, somewhat ad- 
 vanced in years. 
 
 OLD'NESS, 71. Old age ; an advanced state of life or 
 existence ; as, the oldness of a man, of an elephant, 
 or a tree. 
 
 2. The state of being old, or of a long continuance ; 
 as, the oldness of a building or a garment. 
 :i. Antiquity ; as, the oldnes.i of monuments. 
 OLD-IIED-SAND'STONE, 7i. In geology, a series of 
 
 red sandstone rocks, lying below the coal foruiittion. 
 OLD'-ST^LE. See Stvle. [Brande. 
 OLD-TEST' A-MENT, 71. That part of the Bible 
 which contains the collected works of the iiis|iired 
 writers previous to Christ. Brande. 
 OLD'WIFE, 71. A contemptuous name for an old 
 prating woman. 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 2. A fish of the wr.isse kind, or genus Labrus, 
 and anolluTof the genus Balistes. Encyc. 
 O-LE- AG'IN-OIJ.'*, a. [L. olenginus, from oleum, oil.] 
 Having the qualities of oil ; oily ; unctuous. 
 
 .Srbuthnot. 
 
 O-LE-AG'IN OUS-NESS, 71. Oiliness. Boyle. 
 
 0-LE-AN'l)KR, 71. .A plant of the genus Nerium, the 
 rosebay or South Si'a rose : a beautiful evergreen 
 shrub with flowers in clusters, of a fine color, but of 
 an indifferent smell. 'I'hc [ilant, especially the bark 
 of the root, is mt-'dicinal, and of course poisonous. 
 
 Encyc. Loudon. 
 
 O LE AS'TER, 71. [1,., from olea, the olive-tree.] 
 
 A slinili or tree of the genus Elieagnus, nmch re- 
 Hembling the (dive. Partington. 
 
 CLE- ATI;, H. A compound of oleic acid with a sali- 
 fiable base. Chcoreul. 
 
 O'LE-FI-ANT, a. [L. oleo, olfncio.] 
 
 Ifleli.iiit gas is a compcniiid of two cipiivalents of 
 carbon, and two of hydrogen. It was discovered in 
 17Uli. It is colorless, tasteless, and coiiibustihli^ 
 
 Olejiant gas, is so called from its property of form- 
 
 _ ing with chlorine a compound resembling oil. 
 
 O'LE-ie, a. [from 01/.] The oleic acid is obtained 
 from a soap made by digesting hog's lard in potash 
 lye. Ckeitreul. 
 
 O-LE-IF'ER-OUS, a. Producing oil; as, oleiferous 
 
 _ seeds. 
 
 O'LE-IN, 71. The thin, oily part of fats. 
 O-LE-OM'E-TER, n. [oleum and lurpuv.] 
 
 An instrument to ascertain the weight and purity 
 of oil. This term should have been Eleu-ueter, 
 _ from Gr. tAuiw, oil, &c. 
 
 O'LE-ON, 71. A peculiar liquid obtained by the distil- 
 latitm of a mixture of oleic acid and lime. 
 
 O-LE-O-KES'IN, 71. A natural mij'iire of a terebin- 
 thinate oil and a resin. 
 
 0-LE-0-S.\e'€HA-RUM, 71. A mixture of oil and 
 
 _ sugar. More properly, Eleosaccharum. Ure. 
 
 O'LE-OSE, * rr I 1 
 
 O'LE-OUS, \ 
 
 Oily. {Little used.] Ray 
 
 OL-E-Ra'CEOUS, f-shus,) a. [L. oleraceus, from 
 olu.'i, oleri.^i, pot-herns.] 
 
 Pertaining to pot-herbs ; of the nature or qualities 
 of herbs for cookery. Lee. Brown. 
 
 OL-FAGT', V. t. [L. olfaclo, olfacio ; oleo, to smell, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 To smell ; used in burlesque, but not otherwise 
 authorized. Iludibras. 
 
 OL-FA€T'0-RY, a. [L. olfacio, supra.] 
 
 Pertaining to smelling ; having the sense of smell- 
 ing ; as, olfactory nerves. Locke. 
 
 O-LIB'A-NUM, ) 71. 
 OL'I-BAN, 
 
 [Ar. 
 
 U 
 
 lubanon ; with the 
 
 adjective al, the, corrupted into ol. The word signi- 
 fies, then, frankincense, and it is so named from its 
 whiteness.] 
 
 An inspissated sap obtained from the tree called 
 BoswelUa scrrala. It is in semi-transparent globules, 
 of a pink color, brittle, and adhesive when warm ; 
 its taste is bitterish, stunewliat pungent, :ind aro- 
 matic. It burns for a long time, with tin agreeable 
 odor, and a steady, clear light, and is tlie fiaiikiii- 
 cense (Miw) of the ancients. It is not easily extin- 
 guished. It is brought from Central India. In -Ara- 
 bia, /i//ia/i is applietl to benzoin, which is generally 
 used for incensi;, and oliban is called condur, whence 
 Gr. X'lff^oof. In medicine it is used in fumigations as 
 a resolvent. Fourcroij. Encyc. 
 
 OL'in'oUS I ''^ [L. o'k'i-'', from ii/co, to smell.] 
 
 Fetid ; having a strong, disagreeable smell. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Boyle. Brown. 
 
 OI^l-GARCH'AL, ) a. [See Oligarchy.] Per- 
 
 OL-I-GaRG1I'1G-AL, j taining to oligarchy, or gov- 
 ernment by a few. Burke. 
 
 OL'l-GARCH-Y, 77. [Gr. oXij'upxiu ; oAiyof, few, and 
 at}\ti, rule.] 
 
 A form of government in which the supreme pow- 
 er is placed in a few hands ; a species of aristocracy. 
 
 Sici/£. 
 
 SI:^l:G[IT''ie, i °^'>'5-"^' 
 
 Specular irtm ore, presenting a steel-gray color and 
 a brilliant luster when in crystals. Dana. 
 O'LI-O, 71. [It., from Sp. olla: Port, olha, a dish of 
 meat boiled or .stewed ; L. olla, a pot.] 
 
 1. A mixture ; a metlley. Dryden. 
 
 2. A miscellany ; a collection of various pieces ; 
 applied to musical collections. 
 
 OL'I-TO-RY, a. [L. alitor, a gardener, from olus, pot- 
 herbs.] 
 
 Belonging to a kitchen-garden ; as, olitory seeds. 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 [It may perhaps be used as a noun.] 
 
 OL-I-VA'CEOUS, a. [from L. <i/ii>a, olive.] 
 
 Of the color of the olive; olive-green ; green mixed 
 with brown. Lindley. Pennant. 
 
 OL-I-VAS'TER, a. [Fr. olivdtre, from L. o/icn, olive.] 
 Of the color of the olive ; tawny. Bacon. 
 
 OL'IVE, 71. [L. olii'a, from olea, an olive-tree; Fr. 
 olive; Gr. cXaia. See On..] 
 
 A plant or tree of the genus Olea, the emblem of 
 peace. The common olive-tree grows in warm cli- 
 mates, and rises to the height of twenty or thirty 
 feet, having an upright stem with niiineious branches. 
 This tree is much cultivated, in the south of Europe, 
 fiir its fruit, also callcil the o/iucj from which is ex- 
 pressed the olive oil, and which is used also for pick- 
 les. Brande. 
 
 01/1 VIO-BRXNCII, 71. A branch of the olive-tree; 
 the emblem of petice. 
 
 f)L'I V-/;l), a. Decmated with idive-trecs. IVarton. 
 
 OL'I-VEN-ITE, 11. An olive-greon ore of copper, coM- 
 ttiiniiig arsenic acid. Dana. 
 
 OL'IVE- YARD, 71. An inclosure or piece of ground 
 in which olives arc^ ciillivtiled. Ktod. xxiii. 
 
 OL'I-VILE, 71. A peculiar aiiiylaceous or crystallilio 
 substance obtained from llu; gum of the titive tree. 
 
 OL'I-VIN, In. Ifroiii e/oT.J A variety of Chryso- 
 
 ()l,'l VINE, ( lUe, wliich see. Vamu 
 
 OL'LA, 71. An tilio. 
 
 PATK, FAR, FALL, WHAT MC'l'E, PKBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
OMI 
 
 OMP 
 
 ON 
 
 OL'LA-PO-DKI'DA, n. [Sp.] A favorite f|>!inish 
 dish, consisiiiiK i.f a mixture of nil kinds of meat 
 clioppi'd liii'', :iiid slewed with vej;etahh:s. Ileiice, 
 tile term is used inetaphoricnily, fur any incungniuus 
 nu'laiige. 
 
 CltAPII. See Hdi-' Ohaph. 
 
 O-liYM'1'I-Al), «. [l,. Oliimpias ; Or. OXvpse ij, frnni 
 l)Ai')iTrri{, OJynipus, a luoiintain of Macedonia.] 
 
 A pi riod oi' fo\ir years reckoned fn ni one celt hra- 
 tion of the Olympic pimcs to another, anil ronsiiint 
 ing an important epoch in history and chri noloay. 
 'I'lie hrsl (JIvrnpiail commenced 771! years liefore the 
 birlli of Christ, and years lirfore the I'onndalion of 
 Home. 'I'he computation by Olympiads ceaseil at tin- 
 tliree Inimlri'd and si.vty fourth Olympiad, m the year 
 nil id" the Christian era. Enciic. Am. 
 
 O-I.Y.M'I'I- A.V, (I. Pertaining to Olympus ; o/ to Olyni- 
 pia, a town in Greece. 
 
 Olympic gnnirji, or Olijmpie.i : solemn pame-s amonR 
 the ancient Greeks, dedicated to Olym|iian .lupitcr, 
 and celebrated once in four years at Olyuipia. [See 
 
 OlVMI'IAD.] 
 
 OM'nUE' ( "■ f *"'"''■<'' ^- A"™""-] 
 A (Tame at cards, borrowed from the Spaniards, 
 usually playeil by three persons, though souu lunes 
 bv two or live. Knajc. 
 
 cm' l!RO.M'E-TER, n. [Or. ofiffpos, rain, and yn Tfiov, 
 measure.] 
 
 \ machine or instrument to measure tlie quantity 
 of rain that falls ; a rain-fiauge. Brande. 
 
 O-Mk'GA, II. [Cr., great (>.] 
 
 The name of the last letter of the Greek alphabet, 
 as Alpha, .\, is llie first. Ilenre, in Scripture, .4//1/111 
 and Omrita, denotes llie first and the last, the begin- 
 nini and the ending. Rrr. 
 
 O.M'K I.E'I', n. [Fr. omrMti-.] 
 
 A kinil of pancake or fritter made with eggs and 
 other ingredients. Brande. 
 
 O'.MK.V, n. (L. omen; but, according to Varro, it was 
 originally osmen, that which is uttered by the mouth, 
 denoting wish or vow, ar J with him agree Festus 
 and Nonius, says Vossius. Another author derives 
 the word from the Heb. ?:)?, an augur. Cicero as- 
 signs to the word the same origin as Varro. '* Voces 
 honiinuiii, qiUT vocent omina." lint the word came 
 at^erward to deiiolp thinss rather than words.] 
 
 A sign or indication of some future event ; a prog- 
 nostic. Superstition and ignorance multiply omeiii ; 
 philosophy and truth reject all omcn.<, except such as 
 may be called causes of the events. Vvithout a mira- 
 cle, how can one event be the omen of anotiier with 
 which it has no connection 
 
 0'MEN-£D, a. Containing an omen or prognostic. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 0-MEN'TUM, n. [L.] In niia/«iii!/, the ca\il or epip- 
 loon ; a membranaceous" covering of the bowels, at- 
 tached to the stomach, and lying im the anterior sur- 
 face oC the intestines. Forsijih. Brande. 
 
 O'.MEU,!!. [Heb.] A Hebrew measure, the tenth of 
 an epiia. Kiml. .\vi. 31). 
 
 O.M-I-I.ET'IC-AL, a. [Gr. .i^iXF,ri»o5.] 
 
 .Atfable ; |iolite ; gifted in conversation. [JVut in 
 ii.-fc] Farindon, 
 
 0.M'JN'-.\TE, r. t. [li. omiiior, from oini^ii.] 
 
 To presage ; lo foreshow ; lo foretoken. [Liulc 
 «.«<•'/. 1 Decaii of Piety. 
 
 OM'I.N aTE, r. i. To foretoken. 
 
 O.M-IN-.X'TION, n. .\ fuicboding ; a presaging ; prog- 
 nostic. [Lillte used.] Brown. 
 
 OM'I.\-OlJS, a. [1,. ominosu.1.] 
 
 1. Foreboding or pre.'<aging evil ; indicating a fu- 
 ture evil event ; inauspicious. 
 
 lu the h**n()H'it worship of Gtxl, a sacrificft without 11 hi^.-irl wiu 
 accDiHitcil oimnotu. South. 
 
 3. Foreshowing or e.\hibiting signs of good. 
 
 Though he h-id a good oininout n.tmc lo h.iT« nwrlc pracc, 
 nothing rollownl. Bacon. 
 
 OM'IN-OUS-LY, adv. With good or bad omens. 
 
 Fotherby. 
 
 OM'IN-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being omin- 
 ous. Burnet, 
 
 O-.MIS'SI-BLE, a. [L. omLisus. See Omit.] 
 
 That may be omitte J. Parkhurst. 
 
 O-MIS'SIOX, (o-mish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. omissio, 
 from omitto^ omis^xt^.] 
 
 1. Neglect or failure to do something which a per- 
 son had powei to do, or which duty rcipiired to be 
 done. Omission may be innocent or criminal ; inno- 
 cent when no duty demands performance, but chm- 
 inal when duty is neglected. 
 
 The moit naltinil dirutun of all offense* is into those of omission 
 Hid tho»j of oonimtssion. - Adihgon. 
 
 2. A leaving out; neglect or failure lo insert or 
 mention ; xs, the omission of a word or clause. 
 
 O .MIS'SH'E, o. Leaving out. Stackhouse. 
 OMIS'SIVB-LY, (u/p. By leaving out. 
 ^'■^"T', t [L. omiUo ; ob and mi«o, to send.] 
 
 1. To leave, pass by, or neglect ; to fail or forbear 
 »o do 01 to use J as, to omil an opportunity of writing 
 t let'ir. To omit known duty is criminal. 
 
 n. Ill leave out ; not to insert or mention ; as, to 
 onit hJi important word in a deed ; to omit invidious 
 
 comparisons ; to omil a passage in reading or tran- 
 scribing. 
 
 0-MI'I'''I'.V.NCE,?i. Forbearance ; neglect. [J^Totused.] 
 
 Shnk. 
 
 O-MIT'TED, )tp. Neglected; passed by; left out. 
 0-:Mrr''l'lN(;, ppr. Ni^glecting or failing to do or use; 
 
 passing by ; leaving out. 
 O.M'M-IIUS, n. [L. plural dative, /nr all, from oiniits, 
 
 all.] 
 
 A covered vehicle, ciimiiionly a large carriage with 
 seats running lengthwise, used for conveying passen- 
 gers a short ilistance, in a city, or from village to vil- 
 lage, or from a city to its environs. 
 OM-Nl-I'A'ltI Oi;.-<, 0. [I,ow L. OTiiMi/rtriiia.l 
 
 Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. Bentlcy. 
 0.\l-NlF'EK-OUy, a. [L. omn^fer ; omnu, all, and 
 /cro, to bear.] 
 
 All-hearing; producing all kinds. Diet, 
 OM-i\II"'l€, a. [L. omnis, all, and j'acio, to make.] 
 All<re:iting. 
 
 Thou <l<Tp, peace ! 
 Sail! then th' omn\/ic woni, >'uur ilisconl end. Milton, 
 
 OM'NI-FORM, a. [L. omnit, all, and foT-ma, form.] 
 Having every form or slnipe. 2-)ict. 
 OM-.\I-FOIl.M'I-TY, II. The quality of having every 
 
 form. Jifure. 
 CM-NIC'EN-OUP, a. [L. omniirntus ; omnis, all, ev- 
 ery, and irenus^ kind.] 
 
 ('(insisting of all kinds. Diet. 
 OiM-NI-PAll'I-TY, n. [L. otnuit, all, and par, ecpial.] 
 
 General equalitv. White. 
 Oi\I-Nl-PKK-CIP'I-ENCE, n. [L. omnis and percipi- 
 ciis, iHTceiving.] 
 
 Perception of every tiling. More. 
 O.M-Nl-PER-CIP'I-ENT, a. Perceiving every thing. 
 
 jViire. 
 
 O.M-NIP'O-TENCF,, in. [1,. omnipoten.n omnis, M, 
 O.M-i\IP'0-TEN-C;V, ( and polrns, ixiwerful.] 
 
 1. .Almighty power ; unlimited or infinite jKiwer ; 
 a word in strictness applicable only to God. Hence 
 it is sometimes used for Goo. 'l"lic works of creation 
 demonstrate the omnipotence of God. 
 
 Will Omnipotence neffli'Ct to 1 
 The sutleriiig virtue ol" Ihc wiii 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Unlimited power over particular things ; as, the 
 omnipotence of love. 
 0.M-NIP'O-TENT,a. [Supra.] Almighty; possessing 
 unlimited power ; all-iHiwerful. The Ueing that can 
 create worlds must be omnipotent. 
 
 2. Having unlimited power of a particular kind; 
 as, omnipotent love. S/iak. 
 OM-i\IP'0-TENT-LY, ado. With almighty power. 
 
 yeuTi;^. 
 
 OM-NI-PRES'ENCE, n. [li. omnis and jrresens, 
 present.] 
 
 Pri'sence in every place at the same time ; un- 
 bounded or universal presence ; ubiquity. Oinni- 
 presrncc is an attribute peculiar to (;od. 
 OiM-Nl-PRES'ENT, a. Present in all places at the 
 same time ; nbiqiiitarv ; as, the omnipresent Jehovah. 
 O.M-NI-PRE-SEN'TIAI., (-zen'shal,) a. Implying 
 
 universal presence. South. 
 OM-NIS'ClE.\CE, j n. [L. omnu, all, and scuntia, 
 OM-NIS'CIEN-CY, j knowledge.) 
 
 The quality of knowing all things at once ; uni- 
 versal knowledge ; knowledge unbounded or infinite. 
 Omnitcirnce is an attribute peculiar to God. 
 OM-NIS'CIENT, o. Having universal knowledge or 
 knowledge of all things; infinitely knowing; all- 
 sei ine ; as, the omniscient God. 
 OM-M.*!'CIENT-LY, ado. Hy omniscience. 
 O.M-NIS'CIOU.S, a. f L. omiii.s, all, and scio, to know.] 
 
 All-knowing. [JV"o< tised.] Hakeioitl. 
 OM'.Vl-UM, n. [L. omiiii.all.] 
 
 The aggregate of cert.-iiii portions of different stocks 
 in the public funds ; a word in use ajnonff dealers in 
 tJie AJiij-ZijA stocks. 
 
 Omnium denotes all the particulars included in the 
 contract between government and tlie public for a 
 loan. Ci/c 
 O.M'NI-UM-G.Vf H'ER-UM, n. A cant name for a 
 inis(»;llaneous collection of things or persons. 
 
 Selden. 
 
 OSI-NIV'A-GANT, a. [L. omnis and ra^-or.] 
 Wandcrinc any where and every wlicrc. 
 0M-NIV'O-KOUrf,a, [L. tunnicaruu.^; oi/inu-, all, and 
 voro, to eat.] 
 
 All-devouring ; eating everything indiscriminately. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 aM'O-PLATE, n. [Gr. o.;<o$, shoulder, and irAurts, 
 broad.] 
 
 The shoulder blade or scapul.i. 
 OM'PH.\-CI.\E, (oin'fa-siu,) a, [Gr. oji^rixii'of, from 
 o;i</i'i{, unripe fruit.] 
 
 Pertaining to or eiprcsscd from unripe fruit. 
 Otnphacine oil, or omphncine, is a viscous brown 
 juice extracted from green olives. With this the 
 wrestlers in the ancient gy mnastic exercises used 
 to anoint their bodies. Kncyc. 
 O.M'PII.\-CITE, n. A variety of augite of a pale 
 
 leek-green color. Dana. 
 O.M-PllAI,'ie, a. [Gr. o/i0aXnj, the navel.] 
 
 Pertaining to the navel. .isiaU Res. 
 
 OM'rilA-LO-CKLE, n. [Gr. op<(,aXo{, navel, uiii 
 <tiAi), tumor.] 
 
 A rupture at the navel. Core. 
 
 OM-PIIA-LOP'SY-eHITE,n. [Gr. o/j0u>u{, the navel, 
 and \lfvx>}, spirit.] 
 
 One of a sect which pretended to derive pleasure 
 from sitting with their eyes fixed on the navel. 
 
 Bib. Repos, 2, 2-19. 
 
 OM-rilA-T.OP'TER, ) n. [Gr. o/ic/xiAoj, navel, and 
 
 OM-PHA l.OP'Tie, ! oirriicos, optic] 
 
 An optical glass that is convex on both sides; 
 commonly called a convex Ifiis. Ilulton. 
 
 OM-PIIA LOT'O-.MY, n. [Gr. o(i0aA(-f, the navel, 
 and Tipi f.i, to cut.] 
 
 The oiieration of dividing the navel-siring. 
 
 5'MY, a. Wi-llow ; as land. [jVul in use.] Ray, 
 
 ON, prep. [(J. an ; U. aan ; Golli. ana ; Gr. 'n't.' ; L. 
 Ill ; Gr. fi'. The Sax. iii is our in, and «n is a nega- 
 tive ; but probably all these words are RidJciilly the 
 same. The primary sense of the verb from which 
 these words must be derived, is to pass, to afiproach, 
 to come to, or to meet. Hence, they tieiiote near- 
 ness, closeness, or contiguity, and from mi;eting the 
 Latin i« and the English u« have their power of 
 negation or opposing.] 
 
 1. Being in contact with the surface or upper part 
 of a thing and supported by it ; placed or lying in 
 contact with the surface ; as, my book is on the table ; 
 the table .stands on the Moor ; the house rests on its 
 foundation ; we lie on a bed, or stand on the t^arth. 
 
 2. Coining or falling to the surface of any thing ; 
 as, rain falls on the earth. 
 
 Whosoever shull fiUl on this stone, sinii be brolteii. — Mult. xx\. 
 
 3. Performing or acting by contact with the sur- 
 face, upper part, or outside of any thing ; as, to play 
 on a harp, a violin, or a driini. 
 
 4. Noting addition ; as, heaps on heaps; mischief 
 on mischief; loss on loss. 
 
 5. At or near. \\"lieii we say a vessel is on shore, 
 we mean that she is aground ; hut when we say, a 
 fleet or a ship is on the .American coast, or an isle is 
 situated on the coast of England, we mean only that 
 it is near the coast. So we say, on each side stands 
 an armed man, that is, at or near each side. 
 
 So we say, Philadelphia is situated on the Dela- 
 ware ; Miildlebiiry is on the Otter Creek ; (iuilford 
 stands on the Sound ; that is, near tlie river or sound, 
 instead of on the bank, side, or shore. 
 
 C. It denotes resting for support ; as, to depend on, 
 to rely on ; hence, the groiinii of any thing ; as, he 
 will covenant on certain considerations or condi 
 tions ; the considerations being the support of the 
 covenant. 
 
 7. At or in the time of ; as, on the Sabbath we ab- 
 stain l"rom labor. We usually say, at the hour, on or 
 in the day, in or oii the week, month, or year. 
 
 8. .At the time of, with some reference to cause or 
 motive. On public occasions, the otfieers appear in 
 full dress or uniform. 
 
 9. It is put before the object of some p.assion, with 
 the sense of toward or for. Have pity or compassion 
 on him. 
 
 10. At the peril of, or for the safety of. 
 
 Hence, on thy life. Dryden. 
 
 11. Denoting a pledge or engagement, or put be- 
 fore the thing pledged, lie alhrnied or promised on 
 liis word, or on his honor. 
 
 12. Noting imprecation or invocation, or coming 
 to, falling, or resting on. On us be all the blame. 
 
 His hlood he on us, anil on our chiltln'n. — M.ut. xxvii. 
 
 13. In consequence of, or immediately after. On 
 the ratification of the treaty, the armies were dis- 
 banded. 
 
 14. Noting part, distinction, or oppositiim ; as, on 
 one side and on the other. On our part, cx|iect 
 punctuality. 
 
 On IJic miy, on the road, ilenote proceeding, trav- 
 eling, journeyine, or making progress. 
 
 On the alert; in a state of vigilance or activity. 
 
 On high ; in an elevated place ; sublimely. 
 
 On fire; in a state of burning, or inllauimation ; 
 and metaphorically, in a rage or p:ission. 
 
 On a sudden ; suddenly. 
 
 On the iring ; in flight ; flying ; metaphorically, de- 
 parting. 
 
 On if, on'f, is used fur of it. I heard nothing en'f. 
 The gamester has a poor tmdc on'f. [ This use is 
 now vul^rar.] 
 
 Upon is used in the same sense with on, often with 
 elegance, and frequently without necessity or advan- 
 tage. 
 
 0.\, adv. Forward, in progression ; as, move on ; 
 go on. 
 
 2. Forward, in siicci'ssion. From father lo stin, 
 frtiin the son lo the grandsiui, and so on. 
 
 3. In coiitiiMiaiice ; ivtllioiit interruption or ceas- 
 ins; as, sleep on, lake your case ; say on; sing on; 
 write nil. 
 
 4. Adhering; not ofl"; as in the phrase, "He is 
 neither on nor off," that is, he is not steady ; he is 
 irresolute. 
 
 5. Aiuached to the body ; as, his clothes are not on. 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VfCIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
ONE 
 
 ONS 
 
 OPA 
 
 Ta put on ; to attach to tlie body, as clothes or anns. 
 On, when it expresses contact with the surface of 
 
 a thin;;, is opposed to Under, Off, or Within, and 
 
 wlien it expresses contact with the side of a thing, is 
 
 opposed to Off. 
 
 On is sometimes used as an exclamation, or rather 
 
 as a command to move or proceed, some verb being 
 
 understood ; as, cheerly on, courageous friends; tliat 
 
 is iro on, move on. 
 ON'A-GEll, n. [L.] The wild ass, Eqnus Asinus, a 
 
 SdliptJ pacliydermatous mammal, originally inhabit- 
 
 ■jig the great deserts of Central Asia, and still found 
 
 there in its wild state. 
 C'N'.^X-IS.M, n. [from Onan, in Scripture.] The crime 
 
 of self-pollution. 
 ONCE, (wuns,) adv. ^from one. So D. eens, from een, 
 
 and G. einsl, from cm, one-l 
 
 1. One time. 
 
 Trees that t»e.-\r mast are fruitful but once In two years. Bacon. 
 
 2. One time, though no more. The mind once 
 tainted with \Vice is prone to grow worse and 
 worse. 
 
 3. At one former time ; formerly. 
 
 My soul had once some foolish fondnes* for thee ; 
 
 But hence 'tis ^one. .id/lison. 
 
 4. At the same point of time ; not gradually. 
 
 At onct the winds arise, 
 The thiiuilera roll. Dryden. 
 
 M once ; at the same lime ; as, they all moved at 
 
 once ; hence, when it refers to two or more, Ihc sense 
 
 is, toiretker^ as one. 
 
 This hath all its force at once, on the first impression. Auerbury. 
 Once is used as a noun, when preceded by tliis or 
 
 that ; as, this once, that once. 
 ONCE, (ons,) n. [Fr.] Felis Uncia, a digitigrade, 
 
 carnivorous mammal, of the cat kind. It has a long 
 
 tail, and a whitish boiiy, covered with irregular, 
 
 simple, black spots. It inhabits Persia. 
 O.V Dir, (on'de,) [Ff.] Tliey say, or it ia said ; 
 
 hence, a flying rumor. 
 ONE, (wun,) a. [Sax. an, <rn; D. een; G. fin; Sw. 
 
 en ; Dan. en or een ; Ice. einn ; W. un or yn ; L. unus ; 
 
 Gr. if ; It. and Sp. uno ; Port, hian ; Fr. un; Arm. 
 
 unan ; Ir. an, aon.] 
 
 1. Single in number; individual; as, one man; 
 one book. There is one sun only in our system of 
 planets. 
 
 2. Inilefinitebj, some or any. You will one day re- 
 pent of your iblly. But, in this plirase, one day is 
 equivalent lo some future time. 
 
 3. It follows any. 
 
 When any one heareth the word of the kingdom. — Matt. xiii. 
 
 4. Different; diverse ; opposed to Another. It is 
 one thing to promise, and another to fulfill. 
 
 5. It is used with another, to denote mutuality or 
 reciprocation. lie kind and assist one another. 
 
 6. It is used with another, to denote average or 
 mean proportion. The coins, one with another, weigh 
 seven penny weight each. 
 
 7. One of two; opposed to Other. 
 
 Ask from one side of lioaven to the oOier. — Deut. it. 
 
 8. Single by union ; undivided ; the same. 
 
 The church ia therefore one, though the memticrs may iw many. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 9. Single in kind ; the same. 
 
 One plague was on you all and on your lords. — 1 Sam. iv. 
 One day ; on a certain or particular day, referring 
 to lime past. 
 
 One dm/ when Phtube fair 
 With all her hand was following the ch.i3e. Spenser. 
 
 2. Referring lo future time ; at a future time, in- 
 definitely. [.See One, No. 2.] 
 
 Ml one ; just the same ; as, it is all one what course 
 you take. 
 
 At one ; in union ; in agreement or concord. 
 The kin» resolv.-d to keep Ferdinand and Philip at one wiUi 
 lhein»elv's. Bacon. 
 
 In one ; in union ; in one united body. 
 
 One, like many other adjectives, is n.sed without a 
 noun, and is to be considered as a substitute for 
 some noun understood. Let the men depart one by 
 one; cotmt thi.'m one by one ; every one has his pecri- 
 liar habits ; we learn of ojie another, that is, we 
 learn, one of us learns of another. 
 
 In thiB use, as a substitute, one may be in the plu- 
 ral ; an, the great ones of the earth ; they came with 
 their little ones. 
 
 It al.Ho denote!) union, a united body. 
 
 Ye are all ont In Chri*t Jesui. — fJal. iil. 
 
 One o'clock ; one hour of the clock, that is, ns sig- 
 nified or represented by the clock. 
 
 One is used indefinitely for any person; as, one 
 •CCB ; one knows ; all(?r the rrench mtinner, on vint. 
 Our ancestors used man in this manner; man wen ; 
 man knows ; " man brohte," man brought, that is, they 
 brought. [Saion.] 
 
 This word we have received from the Latin, 
 through the Italian and French. 'I'ho same Word, 
 frtim our Hnxon ancentor^, wo write An. 
 ONE'-XKCII-i-'l), {wiin'ilrcht,) a. Having one arch. 
 
 ONE'-BER-RY, (wun'ber-ry,) n. An herb of the 
 
 genus Paris ; true love. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 ONE'-EY-£D, (wun'ide,) a. Having one eye only. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 0-NEI-RO-€RIT'ie, n. \Gt. oveipuKpniKOi ; Ofitpov, 
 
 a dream, and KpiTiKoi, discerning.] 
 An interpreter of dreams ; one who judges what 
 
 is signified by dreams. Warburton. Addixon. 
 
 0-NEl-RO-€RIT'ieS, n. fl. The act of interpreting 
 
 dreams. Warburton. 
 O-NEl-RO-CRIT'ie, ) a. Pertaining lo the inter- 
 O-NEI-RO-CRIT'ie-AL, > pretation of dreams, or 
 O-Nr-RO-CRIT'ie, ) pretending to judge of 
 
 future events signified by dreams. 
 
 My oneirocrilicat correspondent. Addison. 
 
 O-NEt'RO-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. opcipov, a dream, and 
 liitvrcta, divination.] 
 Divination by dreams. Spenser. 
 
 ONE'iMENT, (wun'menl,) 7i. Slate of being one. 
 [JVot in use.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 ONE'NESS, (wiin'ness,) n. [from one.] Singleness 
 in number; individuality; unity; the quality of be- 
 ing one. 
 
 Our God is one, or rather very oneness. Hooker. 
 
 ON'ER-A-RY, a. [L. onerarius, from onus, a load ; 
 onero, to load.] 
 
 Fitted or intended for the carriage of burdens ; 
 comprising a burden. 
 ON'ER-aTE, v. t. [h. onero, from onus, a burden.] 
 
 To load ; to burden. 
 ON'ER-a-TED, pp. Loaded; burdened. 
 ON-ER-A'TION, n. The act of loading. 
 ON'ER-OUS, a. [L. oncrosus, from onus, a load.] 
 
 1. Burdensome ; oppressive. Ayliffe. Burton. 
 
 2. In Scots law, being for the advantage of both 
 parties ; as, an onerous contract ; opposed to Gratu- 
 
 ITOUS. 
 
 ON'ER-OUS-LY, adv. Oppressively. 
 
 ONE'-SiD-ED, (wun-,) a. Having one side only ; 
 hence, limited to one side ; partial ; as, a one-sided 
 view or statement. 
 
 ONE-SID'ED-NESS, (wun-,) n. State of being one- 
 sided. JVcst. Rev. 
 
 ON'EY-ER, n. An accountant of the exchequer. 
 
 Shall. 
 
 ON'ION, (un'yun,) n. [Fr. o^-non ; Ann. ouiirnoun; 
 Ir. vinnium. In W. ceninen is a leek.] 
 
 A well-known plant of the genus Allium ; and 
 particularly, its bulbous root, much used as an article 
 of food. 
 
 ON-KOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. o) kos, tumor, and rf/ifoj, lo 
 cut.] 
 
 In surgery, the opening of a tumor or abscess. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 ON'LI-NESS, n. The state of being alone. J. Howe. 
 ON'LY, a. [Sax. irnh'c, one-like.] 
 
 1. Single ; one alone ; as, John was the only man 
 present. 
 
 2. This and no other. This is an only child. 
 
 3. This above all others. He is the only man for 
 music. Johnson. 
 
 ON'LY, atZo. Singly; merely; barely; in one manner 
 or for one purpose alone. 
 
 Bnrnet. 
 Dryden. 
 
 I propose my thoughts only as conjectures. 
 And, to be loved hmiself, needs only to b& known. 
 
 2. Thisflnd no other wise. 
 
 Every imagination of tlie Ihougiits of his heart was only evil 
 continually. — Geo. vi. 
 
 3. Singly; without more ; as, on/y begotten. 
 ON'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. ovopa, name, and pnvrcta, 
 
 divination.] 
 Divination by the letters of a name. 
 Destinies were superstitiously, by onomancy, deciphered out of 
 names. Camden. 
 
 ON-O-MAN'Tie, j a. Predicting by names, or 
 0.\-0-M AN'Tie-AL, j the letters composing names. 
 ON-O-lMAS'TI-eON, n. [Gr. oi'o;;,..] [Camden. 
 
 A dictionary ; a common-place book. 
 ON-0-.MA-TE€H'NY, n. [Gr. ovnmi and rcxfl-l 
 
 Prognostication by the letters of a name. 
 ON-O-M.VTOL'O-GIST, n. One versed in the history 
 
 of names. Coleman. 
 ON-O-MA-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. omixara and Xo) of] 
 A discourse or treatise on names, or the history of 
 the names of persons. 
 ON-O-JIA-TO-PCE'IA, n. [Gr. rij/Ofjaroiroiia ; ni>oita, 
 name, and note<,>, to make.] 
 
 1. In /rrammar and rhetoric, a figure in which 
 words are formed lo resemble the sound made by the 
 thing signified ; as, lo bun, as bees ; to crackle, as 
 burning thorns or brush. Encyc. 
 
 2. A word whose sound corresponds to the sound 
 t)f the thing signified. 
 
 O-NOM-A TO-PO ET'ie, a. Formed to re.<iemble the 
 sound of the thing signified. Robinson. 
 
 ON'SETjM. [onnndsrf.l A nishing or setting uptm ; 
 a violent attack ; assault ; a storming ; appropriatrhj, 
 the asstiuli of an army or body of troops tipon an en- 
 emy or a fort. 
 
 The shout 
 
 Of hadtn now l>en^n, and rushinK souml 
 
 Of oMfl. A/i/ton. 
 
 2. An attack of any kind ; as, the impetuous onset 
 of grief. Philips. 
 ON'SET, 0. t. To assault ; lo begin [JVot used.] 
 
 Carcw. 
 
 ON-SET'TING, n. A rushing or assaulting. 
 
 ON'SLAUGIIT, (on'slawt,) n. [Sax. onslaigan, to 
 strike, to dash against.] 
 
 Att,ack ; onset ; aggression ; assault. Hudibras. 
 
 ON'.STEAD, (-sted,) n. A single farm-house. Grose. 
 
 ON-TO-LOG'ie, ) a. [See Ontologv.] Pertain- 
 
 ON-TO LOG'ie-AL, i ing to the science of being in 
 general and its attributes. 
 
 Ontoloirical proof; the a priori argument for the 
 being of God, derived I'roni tlie necessary existence 
 of time and space, and hence the necessary existence 
 of some being to fill and occupy them. Encyc. Am. 
 
 ON-TO-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of ou- 
 tolog)-. 
 
 ON-TOL'O-GIST, n. One who treats of or considers 
 the nature and qualities of being in general. 
 
 0N-T0L'0-6Y, n. [Gr. utra, from cipt, and Xoyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 That part of the science of metaphysics which in- 
 vestigates and explains the nature and essence of all 
 beings, their qualities and attributes. Encyc. Am. 
 
 O'JVUS, n. [L.] The burden. 
 
 O'J^US PRO-BAJfDT, [L.] The burden of proof. 
 
 ON'WARD, adv. [Sax. ondward, andweard ; on and 
 weard, L. versus.] 
 
 1. Toward the point before or in front; forward; 
 progressively ; in advance ; as, to move onward. 
 
 Not one looks backward ; onward still lie goes. Pope, 
 
 2. In a state of ailvanced progression. 
 
 3. A little further or forward. 
 
 ON'WARD, a. Advanced or advancing; as, an on- 
 ward course. 
 
 2. Increased ; improved. Sidney. 
 
 3. Conducting ; leading forward to perfectitm. 
 
 Nome. 
 
 ON'Y-CHA, n. [from Gr. ofvl.] 
 
 The shell or cover of a species of muscle, found in 
 the lakes of India where the nard grows, and which, 
 when burned, emits a musky odor. Ezud. xxx. 
 
 Qesenius. 
 
 ON'Y-CHITE, 71. A kind of marble or alabaster. 
 [OAs.] Ash. 
 
 O'NY-eHO-MAN.CY, n. Divination by the nails. 
 
 O'NYX, n. [Gr. onf, a nail ; L. onyx.] 
 
 Chalcedony consisting of parallel layers of differ- 
 ent shades of color, and used for making cameos, 
 the figure being cut in one layer upon the next, as a 
 basis or background. Dana. 
 
 O'O-LITE, n. [Gr. aov, an egg, and ,\i0oj, stone, 
 from its resemblance to the roes of fislu] 
 
 A variety of limestone consisting of round grains, 
 as small as the roe of a fish. It sometimes constitutes 
 extensive beds. The proper oolite formation belongs 
 to the medial secondary, in the geological series, be- 
 tween the chalk, and the lias. Dana. 
 
 0-O-LIT'ie, o. Pertaining to oiilite ; composed of or 
 resembling oolite. 
 
 OOZE, (ooz,) ji. i. [The origin of this word is not 
 
 easily ascertained. In Eth. signifies to 
 
 flow. In Ainliaric, ®H0 signifies to sweat. In 
 
 Ethiopic, signifies lo issue, to come or go 
 
 out, and this is the Heb. NS\ In .^ax. wws is water, G. 
 wasscr. These words seems lo be nearly allied. See 
 Issue.] 
 
 To (low gently ; to percol.ate, as a liquid through 
 the pores of a substance, or thrtmgli small openings. 
 Water ooics from the earth and througli a filter. 
 
 The latent rill, scarce oozing throujli the grass. Thornton. 
 0035E, n. Soft mud or slime ; earth so wet as lo flow 
 gently, or easily yield lo pressure. Carew. 
 
 2. Soft flow ; spring. Prior. 
 
 3. The liquor of a tan-vat. 
 OOZ'ING, ;i;)r. Flowing gently ; percolating. 
 OOZ'INGS, n. ;>;. Issues of a fluid. AVnf.%-. 
 OOZ'Y, a. Miry; containing soft muil ; resembling 
 
 ooze ; as, the 00:1/ bed of a river. Pope. 
 O'PA-CaTE or O-Pa'CaTE, v. t. [L. o;wco.] 
 
 To shade ; to ilarken ; to obscure ; to cloud. [JVot 
 
 usril.] Boyle. 
 O-PAC'I-TY, (o-pas'e-te,) n. [L. opacitas.] 
 
 1. OpMqueiiess ; the qutility of a body which ren- 
 ders it impervious to llio rays of light; want of 
 transparency. Opacity may exist in bodies of any 
 color. 
 
 2. Darkness ; obscurity. Olanville. 
 O-PA'COIJS, II. [L. oparus.] 
 
 1. Not pervious to the rays of light ; not trans- 
 parent. 
 
 2. Dark ; obscure. ['Pec Opake.] 
 O-PA'eOUS-NESri, 71. Iniperviousness lo light. 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 O'PAII, n. A largo sea-fish, Lampris guttntus, also 
 called the ICino fish. Us back is of a steel-blue 
 color, its flanks of a rich green, and its abdomen of 
 a rose color. Jardinc's JVaL Lib. 
 
 O-PAKE'. See Oi-AquE. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, UOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 772 
 
OPE 
 
 O'PAL, 71. [L. opnlns or opaluni.] 
 
 A iniiUTiil consisting of sili'X and a few percent, of 
 water. The jrreciuiis opal presents a peculiar play of 
 colors of delicate tints, and is lii^lily esteemed as a 
 gem. The fire opal is less transparent, and the col- 
 ors are like the red and yellow of Hanie. Ctrmmon opal 
 has a milky appearance. Menilite is a brown, im- 
 pure variety, occurring in concretions at Menil-Jlon- 
 tant, near haris. Dana. 
 
 O-PAL-KSCE', (-ess',) o. t. To give forth a play of 
 colors, like the opal. Cltavcland. 
 
 0-PAL-KS'(:i:NCE, ». \ reflection of a milky or 
 pearly lislil from the interior of a mineral. Dana. 
 
 O-l'.AL ES'CK.NT, a. llellecting a milky or peiirly 
 lisht from the interior. Kirwan. 
 
 f)'l'.\L-I.N'E, a. PertaininsT to or like opal. 
 
 O'P.AL-IZE, V. t. To convert into a suhstaiice like 
 opal. 
 
 0'PAL-I7.-f;D, pp. or a. Copverted into a substance 
 resembling opal j as, opalized wood. CUavrlanil. 
 
 ^"p^|^|;,^ * I a. [L. opacus ; Fr. opaque] 
 
 1. Impervious to the rays of light ; not transpa- 
 rent. Chalk is an opaque substance. [This is the 
 word itoto generally used.] 
 •X Dark ; obscure. 
 
 O-P.mi'E^XESS, n. The quality of being impervious 
 to light ; want of transparency ; ci)acity. 
 
 OPE, o. Open. [Obs. In Sax. vppe is open, mani- 
 fest, rjppan, to oiK'n ; to disclose.] 
 
 OPE, v. L To o|x>n ; used only in poetry, and proba- 
 bly a contracted word. 
 
 Q'l'i'.S, (o'pn,) a. [Sax. open ; D. open ; G. offen ; Sw. 
 iipen ; Dan. aahen.] 
 
 1. L'nclosed ; not shut : as, the gate is opm an 
 open door or window ; an open book ; open eyes. 
 
 2. t^pread ; expanded. He received his son with 
 open arms. 
 
 3. I'nsealed ; as, an open letter. 
 
 4. \ot shut or fast ; as, an open hand. 
 
 a. Not covered ; as, the open air ; an open vessel. 
 
 6. Not covered with trees ; clear ; as, an open 
 country or field. 
 
 7. Not stopped ; as, an opeti bottle. 
 
 8. Not fenced or obstructed ; as, an open road. 
 
 9. Not frosty ; warmer than usual ; not freezing 
 severely ; as, an open winter. 
 
 An open and warm winter ponendeth a hot and drjr summer. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Johnson interprets open, in this passage, by not 
 cloudy, not gloomy. I think the definition wrong. 
 In AmrricOy an open winter is one in which the 
 earth is not bound with frost and covered with 
 snow. 
 
 10. Public; before a court and its suitors. His tes- 
 timony was given in open court. 
 
 11. Admitting all persons without restraint; free 
 to all comers. He keeps open house at the election. 
 
 12 Clear of ice ; as, the river or the harbor is 
 open, 
 
 13. Plain ; apparent ; evident ; public : not secret 
 or concealed ; as, an open declaration ; open avowal ; 
 open shame ; open defiance. The nations contend in 
 open war, or in open arms. 
 
 14. Not wearing disguise; frank; sincere; unre- 
 served ; candid ; artless. 
 
 He WM lipid B man open and of guod fiith. Bneon, 
 Hu gencrotu, open, uodcsigiiing heatt. Additon. 
 
 15. Not clouded; not contracted or frowning; 
 having an air of frankness and sincerity; as, an open 
 look. 
 
 Wilh ftipect open ahnli erect hie head. Pope. 
 
 16. Not hidden ; exposed to view. 
 
 We are to exeiets^* our Uiou^hu and laj open Uje ueiunret of 
 dirine Inuh. Burnet. 
 
 17. Ready to hear or receive what is offered. 
 
 Hij ear» are open to Uieir CIT. — P». zxxiv. 
 
 18. Free to be employed for redress ; not restrained 
 or denied ; not precluding any person. 
 
 Tlic I.IW is open. — Act* six. 
 
 19. Exposed ; not protected ; without defense. The 
 country is open to invaders. 
 
 Halh left me open to all injmiea. SftalC. 
 
 SO. Attentive ; employed in inspection. 
 Thine eye* are open upon all the way* of the aona of men. — 
 Jer. xxxii. 
 
 21. Clear ; unobstructed ; as, an open view. 
 
 22. Unsettled ; not balanced or closed ; as, an open 
 account. 
 
 Optn auouDU trlween merchants. Johnson's Jiep. 
 
 23. Not closed ; free to be debated ; as, a question 
 open for discussion. 
 
 24. In music, an open note is that which a siring is 
 tuned to produce. Busby. 
 
 O'P £N, (o'pn,) r. L [Sax. openian ; D. oprnen ; G. 
 
 tiffnen ; Sw. Bpna ; Dan. aabner ; Ar. • L) bona or 
 bauna. Class Bn, No. 3.] ^ 
 
 1. To unclose to unbar ; to unlock ; to remove 
 
 OPE 
 
 any fastening or cover and .set open; as, to open a 
 dotir or gate ; to open a desk. 
 
 2. To break the seal of a letter and unfold it. 
 
 3. To separate parts that arc close ; as, to open the 
 lips ; to o7)CH the mouth, or eyes, or eyelids ; to open 
 a book. 
 
 4. To remove a covering from ; as, to open a pit. 
 
 5. To cut through ; to perforate ; to lance ; us, to 
 opni the skin ; to open an abscess. 
 
 0. To break ; to divide; to split or rf'.; as, the 
 earth was opened in many places by an (.„thquako; 
 a rock is opened by blasting. 
 
 7. To clear ; to make by removing obstructions ; 
 as, to opf« a road ; to open .1 passage ; the iieat of 
 spring opcHj rivers bound with ice. 
 
 8. To spread ; to expaml ; as, ti> open the hand. 
 
 9. To unstop ; as, to open a bottle. 
 
 10. To begin ; to make the first exhibition. The 
 attorney-general opens the cause on the part of the 
 king or the i^tale. Homer opens his poem with the 
 utmost simplicity and modesty. 
 
 11. To show ; to bring to view or knowledge. 
 The Kiiirlish did advenlun far to open the nor.h p:\rts of 
 
 America. Abbol. 
 
 12. To interpret ; to explain. 
 
 While he opened lo ut the Scriptur's. — f^ukc xxie. 
 
 13. To reveal ; to disclose. He opened his mind 
 very freely. 
 
 14. To make liberal ; as, to open the heart. 
 
 1. '). 'I'o make the first discharge of artillery ; as, to 
 open a heavy fire on the enemy. 
 
 lf>. To enter on or begin ; as, to open a negotiation 
 or correspondence ; to open a trade with tlie Indies. 
 
 17. Tt> begin to see by the removal t>f something 
 that intercepted the view ; as, we sailed round the 
 point, nnd opened the harbor. 
 0'P£N, (o'pn,) V. 1. To unclose itself; to be unclosed ; 
 to be parted. 
 
 The earth opened and swallowetl up Datliau, and covered the 
 conipany of AUintm. — Ps. cvi. 
 
 2. To begin to appear. As we sailed round the 
 point, the liarbor opened lo our view. 
 
 3. "To crmmence ; to begin. S;Uc3 of slock opened 
 at par. 
 
 4. To bark on scent or view of the game ; a term 
 in hunting. 
 
 0'P£N-£)D, (o'pnd,) pp. Unclosed ; unbarred ; un- 
 sealed ; uncovered ; revealed ; disclosed ; made 
 plain ; freed from obstruction. 
 
 0'P£.\-ER, (o'pn-er,) n. One that opens or removes 
 any fastening or covering. jMilion. 
 
 2. One that explains ; an interpreter. S/iak. 
 
 3. Tliat which separates ; that which rends. 
 
 Boijle. 
 
 4. An aperient in medicine. 
 0'P/;.\-E?-KD, (S'pn-ide,) 0. Watchful; vigilant. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 OT£N-HAND'ED, (5'pn-hani'ed,) a. Generous; lib- 
 eral ; munificent. Rottr. 
 
 0'P£N-HEXRT'ED, (o'pn-hurt'cd,) a. Candid ; 
 frank ; generous. Dryden. 
 
 O'P^N-IIE.KRT'ED-LY, adv. Wilh frankness ; with- 
 out reserve. Ch. Relii'. .Appeal. 
 
 0'P/';N-IIE.\IIT'ED-NESS, n. Frankness; candor; 
 sincerity ; munificence ; generosity. Johnson. 
 
 0'P£.V-ING, (6'pn-ing,) ppr. Unclosing; unsealing; 
 uncovering ; revealing ; interpreting. 
 2. o. First in order ; as, an opuiing speech. 
 
 o'PfTK-ING, (6'pn-ing,) n. A breach ; an aperture ; a 
 hole or perforation. 
 
 2. A place admitting entrance, as a bay or creek. 
 
 3. Beginning ; commencement ; first appearance ; 
 as, the opening of a speech. 
 
 The openin-- of your glory was like that of light. Dryden. 
 O'Pf'N-LY, (o'pn-ly,) adc. Publicly ; not in private ; 
 without secrecy ; as, to avow our sins and follies 
 openly. 
 
 How crossly and openly do many of us contradict the precepts 
 of the gospel by our ungodliness and worldly lusu 1 
 
 TilloUon. 
 
 2. Plainly; evidently; without reserve or disguise. 
 
 0'PE.V-MOUTII-£I), (r.'pn-) a. Greedy; clamor- 
 ous : as, an open-mouthed lion. /.'Estrange. 
 
 0'P£N-NESS, (6'pn-ness,) n. Freedom from covering 
 or obstructitm ; as, the openness of a country. 
 
 2. Plainness ; clearness ; freedom from obscurity 
 or ambiguity ; as, deliver your answers with more 
 openness. shak. 
 
 3. Freedom from disguise; unreservedncss ; plain- 
 ness. FWfon. 
 
 4. Expression of frankness or candor ; as, openness 
 of countenance. 
 
 5. Unusual mildness ; freedom from snow ami 
 frost ; as, the openness of a winter. 
 
 OP'E-RA, n. [lu l<p. and Fr., from L. opera, work, 
 labor.] 
 
 A dramatic comtiositinn, set to mii.-ic and sung on 
 the stagi-, accompanied wilh musical instruments, 
 nnd enriched with magnificent dresses, machines, 
 dancing, &c. Encyc. 
 
 OP|ER-A-liI.E, a. Practicable. [Aot ii^ed.] Broirn. 
 
 OP'E-R.\-<;i,.\S8, ti. .\ small perspective glass used 
 
 OPE 
 
 in theaters, operas, &c. One kind is sim|>ly a spy- 
 gl:iss. Another kind is designed for seeing objects 
 that do not lie directly before the eye ; it has a hole 
 in its side, through which the rays coming from the 
 object are received on a |)lanc mirror placed oblique- 
 ly within the tube, and tlience rellecleil to the eye at 
 the end of llie tube. Hrunde. J/uttun. 
 
 OP'E-KA-IIOUSE, n. A house or theater for the rep- 
 resentation of operas. 
 
 OP-E-KAM'E-TER, n. [L. opera and Cr. pcrpot.] 
 An apimcatus for ascertaining the numU'r of rota- 
 tions made by a machine or wheel in manufacturing 
 cloth. Ure. 
 
 OP'ER-ANT, a. [See Operate.] Having power to 
 produce an ciTect. [Aof ascd. VVc now use Oi'era- 
 TivK.] Shak. 
 
 OP'ER-.\NT, n. One who operates. Coleridge. 
 
 OP'EU-aTE, r. I, [L. operor i Sp. operar ; Fr. opereri 
 
 Elh. gaber, to make, do, form, or ordain ; de- 
 
 riv. tagabar, to work, to operate, to labor, lo 
 
 till ; W. goberu, to operate ; Arm. ober or gober, to 
 make ; ober or eu^r, work ; Ir. of»air ; Sp. and Port. 
 obra ; Fr. ffurre, outrage. The corres|K)ndiiig verb in 
 Hebrew and Clialdce "laj, signifies to be strong, to 
 prevail, and in Arabic, to bind fast, to consolidate, to 
 repair. The primary sense is to strain or press, to 
 exert force. Class Br, No. 14.] 
 
 1. To act ; to exert power or strength, physical or 
 mechanical. External bodies operate fin animals by 
 means of jierceplion ; sound operates upon the audi- 
 tory nerves through the medium of air ; medicines 
 operate on the body by increasing or diminishing or- 
 ganic action. 
 
 2. To act or produce ctfect on the mind ; to exert 
 moral power or infitience. Motives operate on the 
 mind in determining the judgment ; examples operate 
 in producing imitation. 
 
 The vinues of prirate persons operute lajt on a few. Auei^ury. 
 A plain, convincing reiiaon operates on tlie niiud txHh of a Ipnmed 
 and an ignorant hearer as loug as he lives. Stei/t. 
 
 3. In surgery, to i)erform some manual act in a 
 methodical manner u(>on a human body, and usually 
 with instruments, with a view to restore soundness 
 or health, as in amputation, lithotomy, and the like. 
 
 4. To act ; to have agency ; to produce any effect. 
 OP'ER-aTE, v. L To effect ; to produce by agency. 
 
 The some cause would operate a diniinulion ol the value of stock. 
 
 Jiainiltun. 
 
 [This use is not frequent, and can hardly be said to 
 
 be icelt autJioriied,] 
 OP-E-R.Vr'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the opera ; re- 
 OP-E-RAT'ie-AL, S senibling the opera; a word 
 
 used by mitsicians. Busbt/, 
 OP'ER-A-TIN(i, ppr. Acting; exerting agency or 
 
 power; performing some manual act in surgery. 
 OP-ER-A'TION, n. [I,, oprrafio.] 
 
 1. T/ie act or process of operating ; agency ; the 
 exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or mof^l. 
 
 Speculative painting, without the assisunce of maiuia] operation, 
 can never ntuin to perkction. Oryien. 
 
 The pain and sickness caused by manna are the effects nl its op- 
 eration on the sloniach. Locke. 
 
 So we speak of the operation of motives, reasons, 
 or arguments, on the mind, the operatioa of caus- 
 
 2. Action ; effect. " [es, to. 
 Many medicin.al dnigs of rare operolion. //eyfin. 
 
 3. Process ; manipulation ; series of acts in exper- 
 iments ; as in chemistry or metallurgy. 
 
 4. In surgery, any methodical action of the hand, 
 or of the lianil with instruments, on the human 
 body, with a view to heal a part diseased, fractured, 
 or dislocated, as in amputation, &c. 
 
 5. Action or movements of an army or fleet ; as, 
 military or naval operations. 
 
 6. Movements of machinery. 
 
 7. Movements of any physical body. 
 OP'ER-.\-TIV E, a. Having the power of acting ; ex- 
 erting force, physical or moral ; having or exerting 
 agency ; active in the production of etfects. 
 
 In actions of reli^on we should he xeolous, active, and qperntivs, 
 
 so far as pnfd'Mice will jwrnul. Taylor. 
 It holds in all opemace pnucipli-s, especially in morality. South. 
 
 2. Eflicacioiis ; prtMlucing the effect. 
 OP'ER-A-TIVE, n. A laboring man ; a laborer, arti- 
 san, or workman in mamifactories. 
 OP'ER-A-TOR, n. He or that which operates; be or 
 that which produces an elfect. 
 
 2. In surgery, the person who perforins some act 
 upon the liiinian body by means of the hand, or wilh 
 instnimeiils ; as, a skillful operator. 
 O-PER'eU-L.VrE, (o. [L-opercti/afiu, from operio, 
 0-PER'eU-L.\-TED, ( to cover.] 
 
 In botany, having a lid or cover, as a capsule. 
 
 Martytu 
 
 O-PER'eU-LI-FOR.M, a. [L. operctdum, a lid, and 
 
 form. ] 
 
 Having the form of a lid or cover. Say, 
 O-PER'CU-LIJM, n. [l^, a lid or cover.] Partwularly, 
 
 1. In botany, the lid of a pitcher-form leaf. 
 
 2. The cover of the seed-vessel of certain moss- 
 like plants. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 97* 
 
 MMM' 
 
 773 
 
OPl 
 
 OPI 
 
 OFF 
 
 ;i. In concholospj, the linrny or stony piece with 
 whicli the animal of a univalve closes its shtll on 
 retractini; itsi-If. 
 
 4. In ichtltijuluiry, the apjiaratus supported hy bones 
 which protects the gills of fishes. Bramle. 
 OP-ER-OSE', a. [L. oprrosn.i, from opera, operur.] 
 Laborious ; attended with labor ; tedious. 
 
 Burnet, 
 
 OP-ER-oSE'N'ESS, n. The state of beinj; laborious. 
 
 More. 
 
 OP-ER-Ofi'I-TY, n. Laboriousness. [JVo« used.} 
 OPE'TlUE, n. [ope. and tide.] 'J'he ancient time of 
 niarria^e, from Epiphany to Ash-Wednesday. 
 
 Bp. IlaU. 
 
 OPII'i eLElDE, K. [Gr. n,l„s and /fAji?.] 
 
 The lariiest br.ass wind instrument of the trumpet 
 kind, used in the orchestra. It has a compass of 
 three octaves. 
 O-PHID'l-AN, (-fid'e-an,) n. [Gr. o0if, a serpent.] 
 An animal of the serpent kind, as the boa, rat- 
 tlesnake, adder, and viper. Tlie order is called 
 Ophidia. 
 
 O-PHID'I-AN, a. [Gr. o0if, a serpent.] 
 
 Pertaining to serpents ; designatins an order of 
 vertebral animals destitute of feet or fins. 
 O-PHID'I-ON, n. [Gr., from a serpent.] 
 
 A fish of the anguillilbrm kind, resembling the 
 common eel, but shorter, more depressed, and of a 
 paler color ; found in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Diet. JSTat. Hist. 
 
 0™tio%\c-Al., i «• P'^rt^ining ophiology. 
 O-PHI-OL'O-GIST, n. One versed in the natural his- 
 
 t(trv of serpents. 
 O-Plil-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. o0is, serpent, and Xoyos, 
 
 discourse.] 
 
 That part of natural history which treats of ser- 
 pents, or which arranges and describes the several 
 
 _ kinds. Eiicyc. 
 
 0'PH[-0-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. oipti, a serpent, and iiai/- 
 TCta, divination.] 
 
 In antiiiiiitij, the art of divining or predicting events 
 by serpents, as by their manner of eating or by their 
 roil-!. Encyc. 
 
 O-PHI-O-MORPirOUS, a. [Gr. o0is and popipri, 
 form.] 
 
 Having the form of a serpent. Ray. 
 0-PHI-OPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. cj0i?, a serpent, and 
 (pa-) to eat.] 
 
 Eating or feeding on serpents. Brown. 
 Q'PHITE, a. [Gr. (>0i{, a serpent.] 
 
 Pertaining to a serpent. Holwell. 
 O'PIIITE, 71. [Gr. i.iAcs, a serpent, whence o0ir^s, a 
 stone spotted like a serpent.] 
 
 Green porphyry, or serpentine ; a variety of green- 
 stone of a dusky green color of different shades, 
 sprinkled with spots of a lighter green ; in other 
 words, containing greenish-white crystals of feldspar. 
 
 Chaveland, 
 
 O'PHITES, n. pi. One of the Gnostic sects of the 
 second century, who paid worship to a serjient. 
 
 Mitrdock. 
 
 O-PHI-lI'eHUS, Ji. [Gr. «0ir»ix"s; O01S, a serpent, 
 
 and tx'o, to have.] 
 
 A constell.-ition in the northern hemisphere. 
 OPII-THAE'MI-A. See Ophthalmv. [Milton. 
 OI'H-TllAL'Mie, (of-thal'mik,) a. [See Ophthalmv.] 
 
 Pertaining to the eye. 
 OPII-THAL-MOS'eO-Py, 71. [Gr. of,OuXfios, the eye, 
 
 and cKonroi, to view.] 
 
 A branch of physiognomy which deduces the 
 
 knowledge of a man's temper and manner from the 
 
 appearance of the eves. E}icyc. 
 OPII TIlAL-MO-TOL'O-GtST, 77. One versed in oph- 
 
 tlialiiiotologv. 
 
 oni THAL-.\IO-TOI/0 GY, n. Science of ophthal- 
 mia, or a treatise on it. Med. Joum. 
 OPll'THAL-MY, (of'thal-me,) n. [Gr. oipdaXpia, from 
 i/t/iflaX/ios, the eye.] 
 
 Inflammation of the eye or its appendages. Good. 
 O'l'I-ATE, ji. [from o;(/i7i7i.] Primarily, a medicine 
 (if a thicker consistence than sirup, prepared with 
 opium. Encyc. 
 A soft electuary. 
 
 H'-ctii.^ric» wh<;n lofl nrr c.illpd opinui. Parr. 
 I'.ut in moilern usage, generally, 
 9. Any medicine that contains opium, and has the 
 cpi.ality of inducing sleep or repose; a narcotic. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 3. That which induces rest or inaction j that 
 which (piiets uneasiness. 
 
 Tlii-y clioBT HUi'-ism a« an ojiinte. Dentley. 
 O'Pl-ATE, a. Inducing alecp; soporiferous ; somnif- 
 erous ; narcotic. Bacon. 
 2, CJauMing n'st or inaction. Milton. 
 O'PI-A-TEl), a. .Mixed with opiates ; under the inllu- 
 
 cnre of opiates. 
 0-PIF'ER-Oi;s, a. [li. ops, opit, and fero.] 
 
 H'inging help. 
 OP'I-EH^i, 71. [I.. opi/ietH77i.] Workmanship. 
 0-PIF'I-CI-;K, n. [L. opifei ; opus, work, and /ocio, 
 lo do.] 
 
 One wlio performs any work. [JVht usal.] Bentlry. 
 
 O-PIN'A-BLE, a [L. apinor.] 
 
 That may be thought. [JVoi u.-ied.] Diet. 
 OP-I-Na'TION, n. Act of thinking ; opinion. [JV'ut 
 
 used.] ' Diet. 
 
 O-PIN'A-TIVE, a. Stiff in opinion. [JVot used.] 
 
 Burton. 
 
 OP-I-Na'TOR, 71. One fond of his own opinions ; 
 
 one who holds an opinion. [Aut iti use.] Olanvillc. 
 O-l'INE', r. i. [L. opinor.] 
 
 To think ; to suppose. ^Obsolete or quaint.] Soutli. 
 O-Tjyi'EV), pp. 'I'hought; conceived. [Obs.] 
 0-I'ii\"ER, n. One who thinks or holds an opinion. 
 [Obs.] Taylor. 
 
 O-PlN-iAS'TER, ) 
 O-l'IA'-lAS'TUOUS, >a. [Fr. opini&tre. 
 O-PIN-IA'TKE, > 
 
 Unduly attached to one's own opinion, or stiff in 
 adherini; to it. [Obs.] Ralegh. 
 O-PIN'I.iTE, (o-piu'yite,) v. t. To maintain one's 
 
 opinion with obstinacy. [Oi"*'.] Barrow. 
 O-PIX'lA-TED, a. Unduly attached to one's own 
 
 opinions. Shensfone. 
 O-l'IX-lA'TER, ) a. S'' m opinion ; obstinate. 
 O-PIN-i-A'TRE, i Barrow. 
 0-Pli\'lA-TIVE, a. Very stiff in adherence to pre- 
 conceived notions. Sandys, 
 9. Imaginetl ; not proved. OlanoiUe. 
 O-PIN'IA-TIVE-NESS, 71. Undue stiffness in opin- 
 ion. Ralegh. 
 O-PIN-lA'TOR, ) 71. One unduly attached to liis'own 
 O-PIN-IA'TRE, j opinion. [Obs.] 
 O-PIN'IA-TRY, 7^ Unreasonable attachment to 
 one's own notions; obstinacy in opinions. [Obs.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 O-PIN'ING, ppr. Thinking. [Obs.] 
 O-PlN'lNG, n. Opinion ; notion. [Obs.] Taylor. 
 O-1'IN'XON, (o-piii'yun,) n. [Fr. id,; L. opinio, from 
 
 — c 
 
 opinor, to think, Gr. einvocoi, or Ar. abana, to 
 
 think, to suspect. The primary sense is to set, to fix 
 in the mind, as in L. snpponn.] 
 
 J. Tlie judgment which the mind forms of any 
 proposition, statement, theory, or event, the truth or 
 falsehood of which is siipjiorted by a degree of evi- 
 dence that renders it probable, but does not produce 
 absolute know ledge or certainty. It has been a re- 
 ceived opinion that all matter is comprised in four 
 elements. This opinion is proved by many discov- 
 eries to be false. From circumstances we form opin- 
 ions respecting future events. 
 
 Opinion is when the assent of the untierslaiidin^ is so Htr gained 
 by evidence of prohabilily, that it ratlier inclines lo one per- 
 suixsiiin than to ivnoUier, yet not without a mixture of uncer- 
 tainty or donltling. hate. 
 
 2. The judgment or sentiments which the mind 
 forms of persons or their tpiatities. We speak of a 
 good opinion, a favorable opinion, a bad opimion, a pri- 
 vate opinion, and public or general opinion, &c. 
 
 rriendship ffives a man a peculi;ir riglit and claim to the eood 
 opinion ol his friend. SouUi. 
 
 3. Settled judgment or persuasion ; as, religious 
 opinions; political opinion. 
 
 4- Favorable judgment ; estimation. 
 
 In actions of .-irnis, small mattcci are of ^ri-at moment, csjiecially 
 when they serve to fiiise an opinion of coniinaud'Ts. 
 
 }lay:card. 
 
 Itowever, I have no opinion of Uiese thinp-s. Ltacon. 
 
 O-PFN'ION, 7!. t. To think. [A'iii used.] Brown. 
 O-PI.V'ION-ATE, la. Stiff in opinion; firmly or 
 O-PIN'ION-A-TED, \ unduly adhering to one's own 
 
 opinitm ; obstinate in opinion. Bedell. 
 O-PIN'ION-ATE-LY, ado. Obstinately ; conceitedly. 
 
 Fcltham, 
 
 O-PIN'ION-A-TIVE, a. Fond of preconceived no- 
 tions; unduly attached to one's own opinions. 
 
 Burnet, 
 
 0-PIN'ION-A-TIVE-LY, adv. With undue fondness 
 for one's own opinions ; stiibbtirnlv. 
 
 O-I'IX'ION-A-TIVE-NESS, 71. Excessive attach- 
 ment tu one's own opinitms ; obstinacy in opinion. 
 
 0-PIN'K)N-£D,.a. Attached to particular opinions; 
 conceited. South. 
 
 O-PIN'ION-IST, 71. One fond of his own notions, or 
 one iiniliily attached to his own opinions. Glanrillc. 
 
 O ril"A-lt()US, a. [\j. opipurius.] Sumptuous. Diet. 
 
 O-i'IP'A ROtlS-LY, ado. Sumptuously ; abuiidanllv. 
 
 0-Plri'TlIO-I)0.\lE, n. [Gr. ojriofJioj, that is bcliinii, 
 and i'lpof, housi-.] 
 
 In Ortece, a building in the rear of a temple, for 
 containing its treasures. Smith\H Diet, 
 
 O PIT-i; l.A'TION, n. Help. [JVot used.] 
 
 O'I'I IIM, 71. IE. opium : Gr. ottioi', from orrof, juice.] 
 f>piuiii is the inspissated juice of the Papaver som- 
 niferiiin, or somniferous poppy, with tvhieli the fields 
 in Asia Minor are sown, as ours are with whe at and 
 ryt?. It Hows from incisions maile in the heads of 
 tile plant, and the best Hows from the first incision. 
 It is imported into Europe and America chietly from 
 the Ei vanl. It is brought in caki^s or masses weigh- 
 ing from right ounces lo a pound. It is heavy, t>f a 
 dense texture, of a brownish-yellow color, not per- 
 fectly dry, but easily receiving an impression from 
 
 the finger; it has a faint smell, and its ttiste is bitter 
 _ and acrid. Opium is of great use as a medicine. 
 O'PLE-TREE, n, [L. opulus.] [Brande. Ure. 
 
 The witch-hazel. [Obs.] AinsworVi. 
 O-PO-UAL'SAM, 71. [L. ; Gr. owof, juice, and L. bab- 
 
 saotuni.] 
 
 The balm or balsam of Gilead. It has a yellowish 
 or greenish-yellow color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic 
 taste, and an acidulous, fragrant smell. It is held in 
 esteem as a medicine and as an odoriferous unguent 
 and cosmetic. 'I'lie shrub or tree producing this bal- 
 sam is Balsamodendron Gileadense, which grows 
 spontaneously in Arabia Felix. Encyc. 
 O-PO-DEL'UO'e, 71. The name of a plaster, said to 
 have been invented by Alindererus ; but, in modem 
 usage, 
 
 2. A saponaceous camphorated liniment; a solu- 
 tion of soap in ardent spirits, with the addition of 
 camphor and essential oils. J\nckolson. 
 O-POP' A-N AX, 71. [L. ; Gr. oiruf , juice, and jrui/af, a 
 plant.] 
 
 An inspissated juice of a tolerably firm texture, 
 brought in loose granules or drops, sometimes in 
 larger masses. This substance on the outside is of a 
 brownish-red color, with specks of white, and within 
 of a dusky-yellow or whitish color. It has a strong 
 smell and an acrid taste. It is obtained from the 
 root of an umbelliferous plant, the Opopanax Chiro- 
 nium, and is brought from Turkey and the East In- 
 dies. Encyc, Parr, 
 
 O-POS'SUM, 71. [This name is pronounced possum, 
 which perhaps may be its true orthography.] 
 
 The popular name of several species of Didelphis, 
 a genus of marsupiate, carnivorous mammals. One 
 species only of seventeen inhabits the United States, 
 and this is one of the six species whose females 
 have an abdominal pouch, in which they protect 
 and carry their young. The Didelphis Virginiana lias 
 a prelieiisilc tail by which it easily suspends itself. 
 
 01"i*l-l)Ai\, 71. [L. oppidanus, from oppidum, acity or 
 town.] 
 
 1. An inhaliitant of a town. [JVot used,] Wood, 
 
 2. An a|>|iellation given to those students of Eton 
 school, in England, who board in tlie town. 
 
 Rich. Diet. 
 
 OP'PI-DAN, a. Pertaining to a town. [A'o« used.] 
 
 Howell. 
 
 OP-PIG'JJER-aTE, v. t. [L. opjiigncro ; ob and pig- 
 nero, to pledge, from pignus, pledge.] 
 To pledge ; to pawn. [Au£ iji 7i«'.] Bacon, 
 OP'PI-E.vTE, V, I, [L, oppilo : oh anil pilo, to drive.] 
 
 To crowd together ; to fill with obstructions. 
 OP'Pl-LA-TEl), pp. Crowded together. 
 OP'PI-LA-TliN'G, ppr, Filliiis with obstructions. 
 OP-PI La'TION, 71. The act <if filling or crowding 
 together; a slop|iing by redundant matter; obstruc- 
 tions, particulaily in the lower intestines. 
 
 Encyc, Harcey, 
 
 OP'PI-EA-TIVE, a, [Fr. oppilntif,] 
 
 Obstriirtive. Shcncood. 
 OP-PLf.T'ED, a, [L. opplctus.] 
 
 Filli!d ; crowded. [JViit 1/1 use.] 
 OP-PoNE', V. t. [Li. oppono; ob and /(0710, to put.] 
 
 'J'o oppose. [JVbi used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 OP-Po'NEN-CY, 71. [See Opponent.] The opening 
 of an acailemical disputation ; the proposition of ob- 
 jections to a teni't ; an exercise for a degree. [/ be- 
 liere^ not used in Jimerica.] Todd. 
 OP-PO'NENT, a. [L. opponens, oppono ; ob and pono, 
 to set, put, or lay, that is, to thrust against ; Ileb. 
 Syr. I'll, and Ar. n33, to build, that is, to set, to found, 
 L. /undo.] 
 
 That opposes , opposite; atlverse. Prior. 
 
 OP-Po'NE.N T, 71. One that opposes ; partlrnlurly, one 
 that opposes in controversy, disputation, or argument. 
 It is sometimes applied to the person that begins a 
 dispute by raising objections to a tenet or doctrine, 
 and is correlative to Defendant or Respondent. 
 In common usage, however, it is applicable to either 
 party in a controversy, denoting any person who op- 
 poses another or his cause. Opponent may sometimes 
 be useti for adversary, nmi for antMgoni.sl, but not with 
 strict propriety, as the word dots not necessarily im- 
 ply enmily niir bodily strife. Nor is it well used in 
 the senst! of riral or competitor. 
 [Op'po-nenI is incorrect.] 
 
 OP-POR-TONE', a. [L. ojiportunus ; ob nntl porta, lo 
 bear, or bring ; probably from the root oI'V'ti', or por- 
 ta, to bear. 'I'he sensi-'of the verb opporto woiiltl be, 
 to bring to or upon. (See Impout, Impout'; ^E.) In 
 this and all Words of like significatior, the primary 
 sense is, to fall, come, or bring to See Luck, For- 
 tune, Season.] 
 
 Properlii, having come or being present at a proiier 
 time ; heiice, seasonable ; timely ; well timeil. It 
 agrees with Seasonaim.e rather than with Conveni- 
 ent, though the sense of the latter may be included 
 in it. 
 
 Perhaps in view 
 Of those hri,^hl confines, whenc*-, with neij^hhoring nrnii, 
 And opportune excursion, wc may chance 
 lle enler heaven. A/il(on. 
 
 OP POR-TON'E'l.Y, adv. Reasonably; at a time fh- 
 vorable for the purposp. It has been applied lo place, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WU^T METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLr^ BQQK — 
 
OPP 
 
 OR 
 
 as well as to time, but its proper application is to lime, 
 and hence it accords with Skasunauly, rather llian 
 
 with CoSVEMENTLV. 
 
 OP rOU-TONK'NKt'S, ;i. In seasonable time. 
 Or-POK-TC'NI-TY, rt [L. «;),<or(u«i(<«.) 
 
 1. Fit or convenient Inne ; a time favoniblc for the 
 purpose ; suitable lime conibuied with other favora- 
 ble circiunstanccs. Suitableness of time is llu; pre- 
 dominant sifjuification, but it includes generally cir- 
 cumstances of place and other cunvenicnces adapted 
 to the end desired. 
 
 A wiac nifin will mnk« morr ttpportuniliet than he finds. Bacon, 
 1 li'iil an ojijwrlitiiity In Kce (lie cloud ik>SC«iI<l. Brown, 
 N-'^lrcl llu api'Ol tittitty of iluinif ffood. Attrrbury. 
 
 0. Convriiirnt nutans. I had an opportunity of 
 soiuliiiff the letter, or no oppurtiuiitit to send it. Op- 
 portunities rarely ocnir, or frequentiv' olfer. 
 
 OP rfl.S'A-ULE, II. 'I'liat may or can be opposed. 
 
 OP-Pt').«'.\L, n. OpiKWition. ' [J^iit K.ied.] Herbert. 
 
 OP-POSE', r. /. [Kr. nppo/er ; oh and poser, to set ; I.. 
 oppono, oppo.-fui. It is doubtful wlu'Ilier Ft. po.^er, 
 and the preterit and participle p.assive of the Latin 
 verb belcUL' to ;i(i»«. The chansre of n into .« is un- 
 usual. Two ditTeront verbs may be used, as in I.. 
 fcro, tuli. Sec Pose.] 
 
 1. To set acainst ; to put in oppositi(»n, with a view 
 to counterbalance or countervail, and thus to hinder, 
 defeat, destroy, or prevent eflect; as, lo oppose one 
 argument to another. 
 
 1 inay wilhont prrsiimimon oppose my iliijle o|iin!an to hi». 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. To act asainst ; to resist, cither liy physical 
 means, by arsuiiieiils, or other means. The army 
 opposed the proiiress of the enemy, but without suc- 
 cess. Severil members of the house strentiously op- 
 posed the bill, but it pitssed. 
 
 3. To check ; to resist etfectiially. The army was 
 not able to oppose the progress of the enemy. 
 
 4. To place in front ; to set opposite. Sliak. 
 
 5. To act asainsi, as a competitor. 
 OP-POSE', r. i. 'I'a act adversely ; with airainst ; as, 
 
 a servant opposed airainst the act. [.Xol used.] Shak. 
 
 0. To object or act against in controversy. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 OP-PM'ED, pp. Set in opposition ; resisted. 
 
 •2. a. Dcing in opposition in principle or in act i 
 adverse. 
 
 Ccnnin chantct^ra wrre formerly opposed to it. Federalist, Jay. 
 OP-POSE'LESS, a. Not to be opposed ; irresistible. 
 
 [Mil in use,] Shak, 
 OP-POS'EIl, 71. One that opjKises ; an opponent in 
 party, in principle, in controversy, or argument. VV'e 
 speak of the opposers of public measures ; the oppos- 
 ers of ecclesiastical discipline ; an opposer of Chris- 
 tianity, or of orthodoxy. 
 
 •2. One who acts iu op|>osition ; one who resists ; 
 as, an opposer of law, or of the execution of law. 
 
 '^, -An antagonist ; an atlversary ; an enemy ; a 
 rival. 
 
 OP-POS'INO, ppr.oTo, Acting against ; resisting. 
 OP'PO-SITE, (-/.it,) a. [Kr., from I,. opposUus.] 
 
 1. Standing or situated in front ; facing ; as, an 
 edifice npposite to the Exchange. Brooklyn lies oppo- 
 site to New York, or on the opposite side of the river. 
 
 a. Adverse ; repugnant. 
 
 NovrU, by which liif rcml'T ii tntsWI inio anotli^r lort of plea*, 
 imr opposixe to Uul <t.-sitptctl in an c)iic poi'm. Dryden. 
 
 3. Contrary ; .as, worils of opposite significations ; 
 oppo.nte terms. The medicine had an ertect opposite 
 to what w.u expected. 
 OP'PO-SITE, (-/.it,) n. .An opponent ; an adversary ; 
 an enemy ; an anLagonist. Shak, Dryden. 
 
 0. That which is opposed or conlniry. 
 OP'PO-SITI-^LY, adv. In front ; in a situation to face 
 
 each other. Grcir. 
 
 2. Adversely ; against e.ich other. 
 
 Wiiiii* from ntl quartcri oppositely Wow. May. 
 
 OP'PO-SITE-XESS, n. The state oif being opposite 
 or contrary. 
 
 OP-POS I-f I-FO'LI-OUS, 0. [L. oppositus and foli- 
 um, a leaf.} 
 
 In 6<>(<uiv, opposite to the leaf; us, an opposUifoUous 
 peduncle. /^e, 
 OP-PO-SI"TIO.\, (op-iK>-/.ish'un,) •?. [I,. opposUio,] 
 
 1. Situation so as to fr.ilit something else; a stand- 
 ing over azainst ; as, the oppotiition ol two mountains 
 or buildings. 
 
 2. The act of opposing ; attempt to check, restrain, 
 or defeat. He makes opposition to the measure ; the 
 bill passed without opposition. Will any otipositioa 
 be made to the suit, to the claim or demand 
 
 3. Obstacle. The river meets with no opposition 
 in Its courst- to the ocean. 
 
 i. Resistance ; as, the opposition of enemies. Vir- 
 tue will hreak through all oppo.^ition. 
 
 5. Contrariety ; repugnance in principle ; as, the 
 appo.ni,on of the heart to the laws of GcmI. 
 
 6. (Contrariety of interests, measures, or designs. 
 The two parties are in opposition to each other. 
 
 1. (ontrariety or diversity of meaning; as, ono 
 term used m opposition to another. 
 8. Contradiction ; inconsistency. Loeke. 
 
 9. The collective body of opposers; in England, 
 the party in parliament which opposes the ministry ; 
 in America, the party that opposes the existing admin- 
 istration. 
 
 ItJ. In astronomy, the situation of two heavenly 
 bodies, whi n distant from each other ISO". 
 01'-P0-SI"TK).\-IST, n. f)ne that belongs to the 
 
 party opposii^g the admiiii.stration. 
 OP-POS'1-Tl VE, a. That may be imt in opposition. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 OP-PRESS', V. t. [Fr. oppresser : L. opprcssus, from 
 opprimo ; oh and premo, to press.] 
 
 1. To load or burden with unreasonable imposi- 
 tions ; to treat with unjust severity, rigor, or hard- 
 ship ; as, to oppress a nation with taxes or contribu- 
 tions; to (i/»;ir<i.< one by compelling him to perform 
 unreasonable service. 
 
 2. To overpower ; to overburden ; !LS, to be op- 
 pressed with grief. 
 
 3. To sit or lie lieavy on ; as, excess of food op- 
 presses the stomach. 
 
 OP-I'RESS'^;U, (op-prest',) pp. or a. Burdened with 
 unreasonable impositions ; over|)OWered ; overbur- 
 deneil ; depressed. 
 
 OP-l'KK.'^S'l .\<;, ppr. Overburdening. 
 
 01'-1'KES'.SI(J.\', ( presh'un,) ii. The act of oppress- 
 ing ; the imposition of unreasonable burdens, eilJier 
 in liLxes or services ; cruelly ; severity. 
 
 2. The state of being oppressed or overburdened ; 
 misery. Shall, 
 
 Tlic Lonl — s.-\w the oppression of Israet. — 2 Kin^ xiii. 
 
 3. Hardship ; calamity. Md'ison. 
 
 4. Depression ; dullness of spirits ; lassitude of 
 body. .^rbulhiot. 
 
 5. .V sense of heaviness or weight in the bre;ist, &c. 
 OP-PRESS'IVE, a. Unreasonably burdensome ; un- 
 justly severe ; aa, oppressive taxes ; oppressive ex- 
 actions of service. 
 
 2. Tyr.xnnical ; as, an oppressire government. 
 
 3. Heavy ; overpowering ; overwhelming ; as, op- 
 pressire grief or woe. 
 
 OI'-I'KES.-^'I VIM.Y, adp. In a manner to oppress; 
 with unreasonable severity. Burke. 
 
 OP-PRE:^S'IVE-i\ESS, n. The quality of being op- 
 pressive. 
 
 OP-PRESS'OR, n. One tlmt oppresses ; one that im- 
 poses unjust burdens on others; one that harasses 
 others with unjust laws or unreasonable severity. 
 
 Pg\%vr, wliLMi employed to relieve the oppreased and to punish 
 the oi'pressor, becomes a gre.il Uesoiit^. i>'.^J't. 
 
 OP-PRO'nRI-OUS, a. [See OppRonnii-M.] Repro-ach- 
 fiil and coiittMiiptuous ; scurrilous ; as, opprobrious 
 language ; opprobrious words or terms. 
 
 2. Blasted with infamy; despised ; rendered hate- 
 ful ; as, an opprobrious name. Jililton. Dnniel. 
 
 OP-PRo'BRI-OUS-LY, nrfc. With reproach mingled 
 with rnntempt ; scurrilously. Shak. 
 
 OP PRO'BRI-OlJS-NES!>, n. Reproachfulness min- 
 gled with contempt; scurrility. 
 
 OP-PRo'BRI-U.M, n. [L. oh aiid probrum, disgrace.] 
 Reproach mingled with contempt or disdain. 
 
 OP-PUo'BRV, 71. O|iprobriuiii. [jVot u-w/.] 
 
 OP-PC'(5N', (op-pune',) v. t. [L. oppugno ; ob and 
 puo-no, to fight, frtiin pugnus, the fist, Sp. puno, I'r. 
 poino.] 
 
 To attack ; to oppose ; to resist. 
 
 They Kxid the in-inner of Uieir Impeachment they couM not hot 
 
 cone, ivc did ojrpugn the ri^tiu of pArli:uiieuL Oarendon. 
 [It is never used in the literal sense, to /(/J^.] 
 OP-PUG'.\AN-CY, 71. OpiKisition ; resistance. Shak. 
 OP PCtJ'NA.NT, a. Opposing; resisting. 
 OP-Pi;c:-.\.:^'TI().\, 71. Opposition ; resistance. Ilall. 
 OP-PC'(;.\'f;n, (op-pund',) pp. Opposed; resisted. 
 OP-Pf'0\'ER, (op-pun'er ,) 71. One who opposes or 
 
 attacks ; that which opposes. Boyle. 
 OP-PCGN'I.Nc;, (op-puu'ing,) ppr. Attacking ; op- 
 posiiic. 
 
 OP-SI.M'A-THY, 71. [Gr. oi^/i^iaJtia; ot^'t, late, and 
 pav^avi'i, to learn.] 
 
 Late education ; education late in life. [Little 
 used.] Hales. 
 OP-SI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. oii/ij and ptrpm,.] 
 
 An mstmment for measuring the extent of the 
 limits of distinct vision in different individuals, and 
 from that to determine the focal Ic'ngth of a li^ns ne- 
 cessary to correct imperfect sight. Brande. 
 OP-SO-NA'TIO.\, ti. [L. obsono, to cater.] 
 
 .\ catering ; a buving of provisions. [Aof u-ied.] 
 OP'T.V-BLE, a. [I., optahilis, from opto, to desire.] 
 
 Desinible. [A%t used.] 
 OP'T.aTE, c. i. [L. opto.] To choose; to wish for; 
 
 to desire. Cotisrave. 
 0P-T.\'TI0N, iu [L. opfafio.] 
 
 A desiring ; the expression of a wish. Penehnm. 
 OP'TA-TIVE, a. [L. optatirus, from opto, to desire. 
 Expressing desire or wish. The optative mode, in 
 grammar, is that form of the verb in which wish or 
 desire is expressed. 
 OP'T.\-TIVE, n. Something to be desired. [Litde 
 
 •"'",''•1 Bacon. 
 OP TIC, ) a, [Gr. oirTiirot, from 'urTouni, to see ; 
 OP'TIC-AL. i -..t/,, the eye.] 
 
 1. Relating or pertiiining to vision or sight. 
 
 2. Relating to the science of optics. 
 
 Optic antrte, is the angle incluiled between the two 
 rays drawn from tlit; tu'o extreme points of an tdijcct 
 to the center of the pupil of the eye ; also called vis- 
 ual anirle. Hutton. 
 
 Optic axis, is a line drawn through the center of the 
 eye ficrpendicular to its anterior and posterior surfaces. 
 
 Olm.^led. 
 
 OP'TIC, n. An organ of sight. TrumiuU. 
 OP'TIC- A L-I.y, adv. lly optics or sight. 
 OP-TI"('I.A.\', (op-tisli'an,) 7i. A person skilled in the 
 
 science of optics. [Little u.ied.] Smith, 
 2. One who makes or sells optic glasses and in- 
 
 stniinents. Mams. 
 OP'TIC.*^, n. The science which treats of light and 
 
 vision. Brande. 
 OP'Tl CR.VPII, 71. [G. oTrr-'pni, to see, and ypa'l>i,i, 
 
 to write.] 
 
 A telescope made for the purpose of copying land- 
 scapes. Edin. Kncyc. 
 OP'TI-M.\-CY, 71. [L. optimiitra, grandees, from oji- 
 timvs, best.] 
 
 The bodv of nobles ; the nobility. Howell. 
 
 OP-TI-.MA'TK,^,v. pi. [\..] The Roman nobility; 
 and hence a nobilily in genenl. 
 
 OP' J'I-.MR, 71. 'J'he title of those who stand in the 
 second rank of honors, iinuieiliately after the wran- 
 glers, in tin: L'niversily of ('anibridge, Eng. They 
 are divided into senior and junior optimes. 
 
 OP'TI-.MLS.M, «. [L. optiuiiis, best ] 
 
 'J'he opinion or doctrine that every thing in nature 
 is ordered for the best ; or the onler of things in the 
 universe that Is adapted to produec the most good. 
 
 The true and aini^dije pliiltw.phy of optimism. Walsh. 
 A iVkt-in of ttrict optiihisin in.iy tjo the real system in lioth 
 tisis. Foley. 
 
 OP'TI-MIST, 71. Ono who holds the opinion that aH 
 events are ordered for the best. Stewurt.- 
 
 OP-TI M'l TY, 71. The state of being best. 
 
 OP'TIO.N', Ji. [L. optio, frtun opto, to wish or de- 
 sire.] 
 
 1. The power of choosing ; the right of choice or 
 election ; as. the archbishop's option in collating to a 
 vacant benefice. 
 
 There is an option left to the UiiiU'd States of Atneiicn, whether 
 they will be rT?8ppct.-ibIe and prosperous, or conteii.plible and 
 uiis/jralile, as a nation. Washington. 
 
 2. The power of wishing ; wish. 
 
 3. (,'lioice ; election; jireference. lie ought not to 
 complain of his lot ; it was his own option. We 
 leave Ihis to your own optivn. 
 
 4. In the stock ezchan<Te, a percentage paid for the 
 " optitin " of selling or of buying stock at a certain 
 price, and at a given future time. Brande. 
 
 OP'TIO.V-.M,, (1. Left to one's wish or choice; de- 
 pending on choice or preference. It is optional with 
 you to go tir stay. 
 2. Leaving something to choice. 
 Ori^iia! writs are either optional or peremptory. Blaekstnne. 
 
 OP'TION-AL-LY, adr. With the privilege of choice. 
 
 OP-TO.M'E-TER, n. .An instrument for measuring 
 the limits of direct vision. Buchanan. 
 
 OP'II-LE.N'CE, 71. [L. opulentia, (torn opes, wealth.] 
 Wealth; riches; aflluence. [Opllescv ix h«/e 
 used.] SicifL 
 
 OP'C-LENT, a, [L. opulnitiis.] 
 
 \Vealtby ; rich ; affluent ; having a large estate or 
 properlv. Bacon. South. 
 
 0P'T;-I,E.\T-LY, adv. Richlv ; with abundance or 
 
 0-PLrrf'ei;i.E, ,1. [L. opuscuium.] [splendor. 
 A smrill work. Jones. 
 
 O'PVS OP-H-RA'TU.^r, [L., the thing done.] In 
 tlieolo^j, an expression applied to the mere out\\'ard 
 administration of a sacrament or rile, which is sup- 
 posed by many to be in all cases attended with a 
 spiritual efTect. Hook. 
 
 OR, a termination of Latin nouns, is a contraction of 
 vir, a man, or from the s;iine radix. 'J'he same word, 
 vir, is in our mother tongue, 7rcr, and from this we 
 have the English termination rr. 
 
 It denotes an agent, as in actor, creditor. ^Ve an- 
 nex it to many words of English origin, as in lessor; 
 as we dt> tr to words of Latin anil Gr. origin, as in 
 ttstronomer, laborer. In general, i»r is annexed to 
 words of Latin, and rr to those of English, origin. 
 
 OR, CO nj. [Sax. iifAcr; Coder. It seems that or is a 
 contraction of other. " Tell us by what anrtorilie 
 thou iloesl these thynges. Other who is he that 
 gave the thys aiictoriie ? " T)tndale's A'ew Te.^lomeot.] 
 A connective that marks an alternative. " You 
 may reail or may write ; " that is, you may do one 
 of the things at your pleasure, hut not bolh. It cor- 
 responds to eitlier. A'oii may eiUirr ride to I.ondon, 
 ITT to Windsor. It often connects a series of words or 
 propositions, presenting a choice of either. He m.ay 
 study law, or medicine, or divinity, or he may enter 
 into trade. 
 
 Or sometimes begins a sentence, but in this case 
 it expresses an niternative « ilh the foregoing sen- 
 tence. ^Viiff. vii. and ix. ^ 
 
 In poetry, or is sometimes used for either. 
 
 For thy vast bounli'D are to noml»T|.-«s, 
 
 Th.U them or to eonceni or clw- to ^ 
 
 Is e<inally iiop(i«sit-le. (hmtmf. 
 
 TONE, B!;LL, unite. -A\"GER, VI"CIOUS._e ns K; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
ORA 
 
 ORB 
 
 ORD 
 
 Or is often used to express an alternative of terms, 
 definitions, or exijIanatioMS of llie sajne tiling in dif- 
 ferent words. Tims we say, a thins is a square, or 
 a fisure under fijiii equal sides and anjxles. 
 
 Or ever. In lliii phrase, &r is a corruption of ere, 
 Sax. iBre, before ; that is, hrfore ever. 
 OR, in heraldry, pold. [Fr. or, L. aurum.'\ [Expressed 
 
 in engraving by dots. — E. II. Bnrkcr.] 
 0'R.\,H. A money of account among the Anglo-Sa.x- 
 ons, valued in the Doomsday Book at twenty pence 
 sterling. P. C)jc. 
 
 OR'ACH, ) 71. A plant of the genus Atriplux, some- 
 OR'R.\CH, \ times used as a substitute for spinagc. 
 
 Partington. 
 Wild orach is of the genus Chenopodium. 
 OR'A-CLE, (or'a-kl,) ji. [Fr., from L. oraculum, from 
 ore, to utter ; Sp. oracuto ; It. oraculo.] 
 
 1. Among pa:.'au.i, the answer of a god, or some 
 person reputed to be a god, to an inquiry made re- 
 specting some affair of importance, usually respect- 
 ing some future event, as the success of an enter- 
 prise or battle. 
 
 2. 'J'he deity who gave, or was supposed to give, 
 answers to inquiries ; as, the Delphic orach. 
 
 3. The place wliere the answers were given. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 4. Among Christians, oracles, in the plural, denotes 
 the communications, revelations, or messages deliv- 
 ered by God to prophets. In this sense, it is rarely 
 used in the singular ; but we say, the oracles of God, 
 divine oracles, meaning the Scriptures. 
 
 5. The sanctuary, or most holy place in the temple, 
 in which was deposited the ark of the covenant. 
 1 Kinirs vi. 
 
 6. Any person or place where certain decisions 
 are obtained. Pope. 
 
 7. Any person reputed uncommonly wise, whose 
 determinations are not disputed, or whose opinions 
 are of great authority. 
 
 8. A wise sentence or decision of great authority. 
 OR'A-CLE, r. To utter oracles. .Mdlon. 
 O-RAC'U-L.AR, ) c. Uttering oracles ; as, an orac- 
 O-UAC'lJ-LOUS, i ular tongue. 
 
 Tlie oraculoue seer. Pope. 
 
 9. Grave ; venerable ; like an oracle ; as, an orae- 
 nlar shade. 
 
 They have sometliing venerable and oracular iii that unaHorned 
 gravity and shortness in the expression. Pope. 
 
 3. Positive ; authoritative ; magisterial ; as, oracu- 
 lous expressions of sentiments. Olanville. 
 
 4. Obscure ; ambiguous, like the oracles of pagan 
 deities. Kin<T, 
 
 0-R.'\e'r-LAR-LY, ) adv. In the manner of an 
 O-RACU-LOl'S-LY, \ oracle. Brown. 
 
 Q. Authoritatively ; positively. Burke. 
 O-RAC'U-LOUS-NESS, 71. The state of being orac- 
 ular. 
 
 OIl'.\l-SOX, (or'e-zun,) n. [Fr. oraison; L. oratio.} 
 Prayer ; verbal supplication, or oral worship ; now 
 written Orison. Shah. Dryden. 
 
 O'R.^L, «. [Fr., from L. os, o?-i>, the mouth.] 
 
 Pertaining to the mouth ; iitlered by the month, or 
 in words; spoken, nut written; as, oral traditions; 
 oral testimony ; oral law. Jiddison. 
 
 O'RAlr-LY, adv. I!y mouth ; in words, without writ- 
 ing : as, traditions derived orally from ancestors. 
 
 OR'.ANCE, 71. [Fr., from L. aurantium ; so named 
 from aurnm, gold, which the orange resembles in 
 color ; It. arancio ; Pp. miranjo ; Port, laranja ; D. 
 oranje ; G. oran<re.'\ 
 
 The fruit of a species of Citrus which (flows in 
 warm climates. The fruit is round and depressed ; 
 it has a rough rind, which, when ripe, is yellow. 
 This contains a vesicular pulp inclosi;d in nine cells 
 for seeds. Tlie tree produoing oranges grows to the 
 liight of ten or twelve feet, and bears the same 
 name. 
 
 OR'AXGE, o. Pertaining to an orange; of the color 
 of an orange. 
 
 OR'AXCiE-ADE', 71. A drink made of orange juice, 
 corresponding to lemimade ; orange sherbet. 
 
 Smart. Knctie. of Dom. Econ. 
 
 OR'Ji.^'-dE.aT, (or'an-zhat,) [Fr.] Orange peel cov- 
 ered with candy. 
 2. Orangeade. Encyc. Dom, Econ, 
 
 OR'ANGt^eOI.'OR-rn, ( kul'lurd,) a. Having the 
 color of an cirange. 
 
 OR'ANfiE-.ME.V, 71. pi. The name given to an Irish 
 Protestant six iely which was siippri-sued in 183G. 
 
 OR'AN6rC-MfSK, 71. A »fM:cies of pear. 
 
 OR' ANtJE-PI'.Ef,, 7i. The rind of an orange separated 
 from the fruit. 
 
 OR'AN-6EU-Y, 71. [Fr. orangrrie.'] 
 
 A place for raijiing oranges ; a plantation of orange- 
 trees. 
 
 OR'ANftE-TAW'NY, a. Of a color between yellow 
 anil brown. Smart. 
 
 OR'ANftE-TAWNY, 71. A color b.lween yellow 
 and brown. Smart. 
 
 OR'ANGFl-VVIFE, 71. A woman that si lls or.inges. 
 
 6 RA.\(;'-OI,' TA.\(;', n. [Orang is naul to be the 
 jMnhiy for man, that iH, reanonnble beiiig, tind nutang 
 la aaid to be the Malay of wild, that ix, of the woods.] 
 
 A qimdrumanous mammal, the Pythecus Satyrus, 
 orSiniiaSatyrus. This animal seems to be confined 
 to Borneo, Sumatra, and Malacca. It approaches 
 the most ne.'lrly to man of any animal of its tribe. 
 It is utterly incai)able of walking in a perfectly erect 
 posture. Its body is covered with coarse hair of a 
 brownish red color. In some places on its back it is 
 six inches long, and on its arms five inches. The 
 hight of the adult animal is not known. A single 
 specimen supposed to be of this species has been 
 killed, which measured at kast six feet. It eats both 
 animal and vegetable food. 
 
 The African animal r.'^scmbling it, is the chim- 
 panzee, (Simla troglodytes, or Troglodytes niger.) 
 
 Cuvicr. 
 
 O-Ra'TION, 7!. [L. oratio, from oro, to pray, to utter.] 
 
 1. A speech or discourse composed according to 
 the rules of oratory, and spoken in public. Orations 
 may be reduced to three kinds ; demonstrative, de- 
 liberative, and judicial. Encyc. 
 
 9. In modern usage, an oration differs from a ser- 
 mon, from an argument at the bar, antl from a speech 
 before a deliberative assembly. The word is now 
 applied chiefl\' to discourses pronfi'unceil on special 
 occasions, as a funeral oration, an oration on some 
 anniversar}', &.C., and to academic declamations. 
 3. A harangue ; a public speech or address. 
 OR'A-TOR, 71. [L.] A public speaker. In ancient 
 Rome, orators were advocates for clients in the ftirum, 
 and before the senate and people. They were em- 
 ployed in causes of iuiportance instead of the com- 
 mon iiation. Encyc. 
 
 2. In modem nsage, a person wlio pronounces a 
 discourse publicly on some special occasion, as on 
 the celebration of some memorable event. 
 
 3. An eloquent [lublic speaker ; a speaker, by way 
 of eminence. We say, a man writes and reasons 
 well, but is no orator. Lord Chatham was an 
 orator. 
 
 4. In France, a speaker in debate in a legislative 
 
 5. In chancery, a petitioner. [body. 
 
 6. An officer in tiie universities in England. 
 OR-A-To'RI-AL, j a. Pertaining to an orator or to 
 OR-A-TOR'ie-.^L, i oratory ; rhetoric.il ; becoming 
 
 an orator. \Ve say, a man has many oratorical 
 flourishes, or he speaks in an oratorical wav. 
 
 VCntt?. 
 
 OR-A-To'RI-AL-LY, ( adv. In a rhetorical manner. 
 
 OR-A-TOR'ie-AL-LY, ( Taylor. 
 
 OK-A-To'RI-0, 7i. [It.] A sacred musical composi- 
 tion, consisting of airs, recitatives, tluets, trios, 
 choruses, &:c. The subjects are mostly taken from 
 the Scriptures. The text is usually in a dramatic 
 form, sometimes in the form of a narrative. Brande. 
 2. A place of worship ; a chapel. 
 
 OR'.\-TO-RY, 71. [Low L. oratorio, from orator.] 
 
 1. The art of speaking well, or of speaking ac- 
 cording to the rules of rhetoric, in order to persuade. 
 To constitute oratory, the speaking must be just and 
 pertinent to the subject ; it must be methodical, all 
 parts of the discourse being disposed in due order 
 and connection ; and it must be embellished with 
 the beauties of language and pronounced with elo- 
 quence. Oratory consists of four parts, invention, 
 disposition, elacntion, and pronunciation. Encyc. Cyc. 
 
 2. Exercise of eloquence. Arbuthnot. 
 
 3. Among the Roman Catholics, a close apartment 
 near a bed-chamber, furnished with an altar, a cru- 
 cifix, &c., for private devotions. 
 
 4. A small chapel or place allotted for social prayer. 
 
 Hooker. Taylor. 
 Priests of the oratory ; among Roman Catholics, ec- 
 clesiastical persons living in community without 
 being bound by any special vow. Brande. 
 
 OR'A-TIlfx^' j "■ ^ female orator. M'arner. 
 ORli, 71. [l! orliis: Fr. It. and Sp. orhr.] 
 
 1. A spherical body ; as, the celestial orlis. 
 
 2. In oUl astronomy, a hollow globe or sphere. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 3. A wheel ; a circular body that revolves or rolls ; 
 as, the orbs of a chariot. Milton, 
 
 4 A circle: a sphere defined by a line; as, he 
 moves 111 a larger orb. ILdiday. Sluik. 
 
 !5. A circle described by any mundane sphere ; an 
 orbit. Dryden. 
 
 (). Period ; revolution of time. Shak. 
 
 7. The eye. Mdton. 
 
 8. In tactics, the circular form of a body of troops, 
 or a circular body of troops. Encyc. 
 
 The aiii ieiit astronomers conceived the heavens 
 ns CKiisisting of several vast azure traiispanuil orbs 
 or sph' T' s im losing one another, and including the 
 biiilli-s of the lil.llletK. Ilnllon. 
 Ollli, r. f. To form into a circle. Milton. 
 OU'liATK, n. I I,, orlmlus.] 
 
 lii iravi il ; rulii rb ss ; childless. 
 OR-HA'TIO.N, II. [I,, orhatio. from orho, to bereave.] 
 Privation ijf parents or children, or privation in 
 genrral. [A'ot n.ird.] 
 ORlt'/;|i, n. Round; circular; orbicular. Shah, 
 
 2. Formed into a circular or round shape. Milton. 
 
 3. Roiindeil or covered on ilw exterior. 
 
 •I'he tvli-. l» were orlf./ « nil ffaiil. Adilitan. 
 
 ORB'ie, a. Spherical. Bacon, 
 
 UR-nie'I|-LAK, a. [Fr. orbiculaire, from L. orbiculws.'] 
 Spherical ; circular ; in the form of an orb. 
 
 Milton, jiddison. 
 
 OR-Bie'TJ-LAR-LY, adv. Sphericallv. 
 
 OK-Bie'U-LAR-NESS, 71. Sphericity; the state of 
 being orbicular. 
 
 OR-nie'U-LATE, ) rr i.- 7 , i 
 
 OR-Bie'U-LA-TED, i "rbicuUUus.] 
 
 Made or being in the form of an orb. In botany, 
 an orbiculate or orbicular leaf is one that has the 
 periphery of a circle, or both its longitudinal and 
 transverse diameters equal. Martiin. 
 
 0R-We-lI-L.A'T10.\, 71. The state of being maile in 
 the form of an orb. More, 
 
 ORB'I.NG, ppr. Forming into a circle. 
 
 ORB'IS, i 71. A fish of a circular form, the c/ii£(o 
 
 ORB'-FISII, ( don orbis of Gmelin, inhabiting the 
 Indian seas. It is covered with a firm, hard skin, full 
 of small prickles, but is destitute of sc.-iles. It ia 
 unfit tor food. Diet. .Vat. Jlist. 
 
 OKB'IT, 71. [Fr. orUte ; L. orbita, a trace or track, 
 from oriis, a wheel.] 
 
 1. In astronomy, the path described by a heavenly 
 body in its periodical revolution ; as, the orbit of 
 Jupiter or Mercury. The orbit of the earth is nearly 
 one hundred antl ninety millions of miles in dianr- 
 eter. The orbit of the moon is four hundred and 
 eighty thousand miles in diameter. Tlie orbits of the 
 planets are elliptical. 
 
 2. A small orb. [JVot proper.] Young. 
 
 3. In antdon.y, the cavity in wliicli the eye is situ- 
 ated. 
 
 4. In ornitlwlvgy, the skin which surrounds the 
 eve. 
 
 ORR'IT-.AL, I a. Pertaining to the orbit. 
 ORB-IT'lT-AL, S Med. Repos, Hooper. 
 
 [Orbital is tlie preferable word.] 
 
 ORB'I-TY, ( l^- '^'""^•J 
 
 Bereavement by loss of parents or children. [LH- 
 tle used.] Him. 
 ORR'I.IKE, a. Resembling an orb. 
 ORH'Y, a. [from ur4.] Resembling an orb. Chapman, 
 one, 71. [L. orca : Gr. nov} a.] 
 
 .\ cetaceous mammal of uncertain and unsettled 
 character ; a species of whale. Drayton. 
 The Delpliinus orca of Liunieus is the grampus. 
 OR'CliAL, ) 
 
 OR'CHEL, > See Archil. 
 OR'ClllL, ) 
 
 OR'€H.\-^'ET, 71. A plant, Anchusa tinctoria. 
 
 Ainsworth. 
 
 OR'CHARD, 74. [Sax. ortgeard ; Goth, aurtigards ; 
 Dan. urtegaard ; Sw. 'drtegard ; that is, wort-yard, a 
 yard for herbs. The Germans call it baumgartcn, 
 tree-garden, and the Dutch boomgaard, tree-yard. 
 See Yari).] 
 
 An iiiclosure or assemblage of fruit-trees. In 
 Great Britain, a department of the garden appropri- 
 ated to fruit-trees of all kinds, but chiefly to apple- 
 trees. In .America, any piece of land set with apple- 
 trees is called an orchard : and orchards are usually 
 cultivated land, being either grounds for mowing or 
 tillage. In some parts of the country, a piece of 
 giuuiid planted with peach-trees, is called apeach-or- 
 etiard. But in most cases, I believe the orchard in 
 both countries is distinct from the garden. 
 OR'Cll.\lll)-lXG, 71. The cultivation of orchards. 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 2. Orchards in general. United States. 
 
 OR't^lIARU-IST, 71. One that cultivates orchards. 
 OK'eHES-TR.\, (or'kes-tra,) r 71. [h. orchestra : Gr. 
 OR'eilES-TER, (or'kes-ter,H op-cijoTpu, from 00- 
 OR'eilES-TRE, (or'kes-ter,) ( ynorno, a dancer, 
 
 from np\' I'nai, to dance ; originally, the place for the 
 
 chorus of dancers.] 
 
 1. The part of a theater or other public place appro- 
 priated to the musicians. In tJie Grecian theaters, the 
 orchestra was a circular level space between the 
 spectators and the stage, and was used by the chorus 
 fur its evolutions and dances. In the Roman theaters, 
 it was no part of the scene, but was situated in 
 front of the stage, and was occupied by senators 
 and other persons of distinction. SmitJi\i Diet. 
 
 2. The body of performers in the orchestra. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 OR'CHES TRAL, 17. [Supra.] Pertaining to an or- 
 che'stra ; suitable for or performed in the orcliestra. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 OR-CHI-DA'CEOUS, ((7r-ke-dri'slms,) <i. Pertaining 
 
 to that LTOup of plants of which Orchis is the type. 
 OK ('lllD'F.-Ol'S, 71. riiifia.] Pertaining to Orchis. 
 Dli'CllIS, (or'kis,) 71. [L. orchix: Gr. o<i\ic.] 
 
 A genus of plants, many of which have fragrant 
 and beautiful flowers of singular forms. /'. Cyc. 
 OR'CliN, 11. A cryslalli/.able coloring matter obtained 
 
 frmii a species of lichen. 
 ORI), 71- [Sax.] An edge or point, ns in oreMc/m, 
 
 Ord signifies beginiiiiig, ns in ords and ends. 
 OR D.^IN', r. I. [I., ordino, from ordo, order ; Fr. or- 
 donnrr: It. ovdinare : Sp. ordcnar : Ir. orduighim.] 
 I. Properly, to set ; to establish in a particular 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
ORD 
 
 office or order ; liencc, to invest with a niiniiilerial 
 fiiiii'tion or saciTilotal power ; to intrmliice anil es- 
 talilisli or iicitle in Ilie pastoral ollirc- with the custom- 
 ary forms and solemnities ; as, to ordain a minister 
 of the gospel. In America, nu n arc onlaineit over a 
 particular church anil congregation, or as evantielists 
 without the charRC of a particular ciiurch, or as ilea- 
 cuns in the Episcopal church. 
 
 2. To appoint ; to decree. 
 
 JcrolHjnin ordauttd a fouil iii the. ctghlh month. — I Kin<^ xii. 
 A» many aa were ordcuntd to eternal life iMrlii'vcU. — Acta xiii. 
 
 The faetl teiitp 
 The icene of death and place ordaintd lor pniilahment. 
 
 Dn/dtn. 
 
 3. To set ; to establish ; to institute ; to constitute. 
 
 Miilmuliiis 
 
 Ordaintd our hivv«. Shai. 
 
 4. To set apart for an office ; to appoint. 
 
 Jemw ordairud twelve, tli.tt Uiey should be witli him. — Mark iii. 
 
 5. To appoint ; to prepare. 
 
 For Toplii't in orrfrtiiii./ of old. — la. xxz, 
 
 OU-OALVA-lil-E, o. That may be appointed. iriiU. 
 
 Oll-l>.\l.N'/'JU, or a. .Appointed; instituted; es- 
 tablished ; invested with ministerial or pastoral 
 functions ; settled. 
 
 Oll-D.AlN'ER, II. One who ordains, appoints, or in- 
 vests with sacerdotal powers. 
 
 OU-l).\lN'INtJ, /)/ir. Appointins ; establishing; in- 
 vestinu with sacerdotal or pastoral functions. 
 
 OR-DaI.V'I.NG, a. That ordains, or that has the 
 right or power to ordain ; as, an urdaininir council. 
 
 Oll-D.^IN'.MENT, II. The act of ordaining. Burke. 
 
 OR'DE-AL, n. [Sax. ordal or ordicl ; G. urtheil : D. 
 orderl. The last syllable is deal, to divide or distrib- 
 ute. The sense of the prefix is less ubvjous. VVil- 
 kins supposes or to signify wit/wut, as in some Snxtm 
 words it has that sense, and ordeal to signify without 
 dillVri'iice or distinction of persons, entire judgment. 
 In Saxoii, nrd signilies origin, cause, beginning, 
 prime. In G. ur signifies prime, very, original ; ur- 
 trort^ primitive word, 'n Dutch, o«r is the i-iir ; oorlo^y 
 war. Itut this prefix would seem to be the same as 
 in furloWf (fiirlout:!) ;) for, in G. urUub^ D. otirtuf^ 
 Dan. or/«i', S-w. orlnf, is a furlow, and this indicates 
 that or is a corruption of far or fur. In Welsh, this 
 word is gurdal, which Dweii c,>iiipi>iinds of gor, 
 high, snperior, extreme, above, and t&l, reward, re- 
 quital ; aiitl gordal signilies not only ordeal^ but an 
 over-payment, a making satisfaction over and above. 
 Or then, may signify out, away, and in ordeal may 
 denote ultimate, final. But the riral sense is not ob- 
 vious. The pr.ictice of ordeal, liiiwcver, seems to 
 have had its origin in the belief that the substances 
 used had each its particular presiding deity, that li.td 
 perfect control over it.] 
 
 1. i\n ancient form of trial to determine guilt or 
 innocence, pr.-utieed by the rude nations of Europe, 
 and still practici'd in the East Indies. In England, 
 the ordeal was of two sorts, fire-ordeal and icater-or- 
 deiil : the f<ii nier being conliued to persons of higher 
 rank, the latter to the coiiiinon people, lloth might 
 be perfiriii 'd by deputy, but the [irincipal wo^i to an- 
 swer for the success oi' the trial. 
 
 Firenirdral was perfcn ined either by taking in the 
 hand a piece of rcd-hnt iron, or by walking barefoot 
 and blindfolil over nine red-hot plowshares, laid 
 lengthwise, at iinetpial distances; and if the person 
 escii|HMl unhurt, li.: was adjudged innocent ; other- 
 wise he was cundemned as guilty. 
 
 H'atrr-iirdenl was performed, either by plunging 
 the bare arm to the elbow in boiling water, or by 
 casting the person suspected into a river or pond t>f 
 colil^ater, and if he lloated without an etfort to 
 swim, it was an evidence of guilt, but if he sunk he 
 »vas acipiitted. 
 
 Ilolh ill England and Sweden, the clergy presided 
 at this trial. It was .at last condemned .as unlawful 
 by the canon law, and in England it was abolished 
 by an order in council of Henry III. Blaekslone. 
 
 It is probable our proverbial phrase, to sa throuffh 
 fire and water, denoting severe trial or danger, is de- 
 rived from the ordeal ; .as also the trial of witches by 
 3. Severe trial ; accurate scrutiny. [water. 
 
 OR'DER, n. [L. ordo; (qu. Pers. riubiA, order, 
 
 series ;) Fr. ordre ; It. orjiiie ; Pp. orden : Sw. Dan. 
 O. and Russ. id. ; Ir. ord ; but all from the Latin ex- 
 cept the Persian.] 
 
 1. Regular dis|x>sition or methodical arrangement 
 of things ; a word of extensive application ; as, the 
 order of troops on parade ; the order of books in a 
 library ; the order of proceedings in a legislative as- 
 »embly. Order is the life of business. 
 
 Ciooil oritT ia the loumLvion of all g^l Uiiiifi. Burke. 
 
 2. Proper state ; as, the muskets arc all in good 
 order. When the bodily organs are in order, a |)er- 
 •on is in health ; when they are out of order, he is 
 Indisposed. 
 
 3. .Adherence to the point in discussion, according 
 to established rules of debate ; as, the member is not 
 in order, that ia, he wanders from the question. 
 
 ORD 
 
 4. Established mode of proceeding. Tho motion 
 is not in order. 
 
 5. Regularity ; settled mode of operation. This 
 fact could not occur in the order of nature ; it Is 
 against the natural order of things. 
 
 6. Mandate ; precept ; cominainl ; authoritative di- 
 rection. I have received an order frttni the ccun- 
 niander-in-chief. The general gave orders to march. 
 Tliere is an order of council to issue letters of 
 marque. 
 
 7. Rule : regulation ; as, the rules and orders of a 
 legisl.itive house. 
 
 8. Regular government or discipline. It is neces- 
 sary for society that good order should be observed. 
 The meeting was turbulent; it was impossible to 
 keep order. 
 
 9. Rank ; class ; division of men ; as, the order of 
 nobles ; the order of priests ; the higher orders of so- 
 ciety ; men of the lowest order; order of knights ; 
 military orders, ice. 
 
 10. A religious fraternity ; as, the order of Bene- 
 dictines. 
 
 11. A division of natural objects, generally inler- 
 medi.ate between class and genus. The classes, in 
 the Liinnxan artificial system, are divided into or- 
 ders, which include one or more genera. Linnieus 
 also arranged vegetables, in his natural system, into 
 groups (if genera, called orders. In the natural sys- 
 tem of Jussieu, orders are subdivisions of classes. 
 
 12. Measures ; care. Take some ort/er for the safe- 
 ty and supiwrt of the soldiers. 
 
 Provide iiie soldien 
 Whilst 1 t."vke order for my own allaira. ShnJ:. 
 
 13. In rhetoric, the pl.acing of words and members 
 in a sentence in such a inaniier as to contribute to 
 force and beauty of expression, or to the clear illus- 
 tration of the subject. Eneye. 
 
 14. The title of certain ancient hooks containing 
 the divine office, and manner of its performance. 
 
 Kncitc 
 
 15. In architecture, a system of several members, 
 ornaments, and proportions of coluiiiiis and pilas- 
 ters ; or a regular arraugeinent of the projecting 
 parts of a building, especially of the columns, so as 
 to form one beautiful whole. The orders are five, 
 the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Compos- 
 ite. The order consists of two principal members, 
 the column and the entablature, each of which is 
 composed of three principal parts. Those of the 
 column are the base, the shaft, and the capital ; 
 those of the entablature are the architrave, the 
 frieze, and the cornice. The hight of the Tu.scan 
 column is 14 modules or seinidianieters of the shaft 
 at the bottom, and that of the entablature 3 1-2. 
 The hight of the Doric order is 16 modules, and that 
 of the entablature nearly 4 ; that of the Ionic is 18 
 modules, and that of the entablature 4 2-3 ; that of 
 the Corinthian order is 20 modules, and that of the 
 ent.ablatiire 5. The hight of the Composite order 
 agrees with that of the Corinthian. QwUl. 
 
 Order of the day ; in dehberatice assemblies, the par- 
 ticular business previously assigned for the day. 
 
 In order; for the purpose; to the end; as means 
 to an end. The best knowledge is that which is 
 of the greatest use in order to our eternal happi- 
 ness. 
 
 General orders ; the commands or notices which a 
 military commander-in-chief issues to tho troops un- 
 der his comiiiand. 
 
 Holy orders; in the Episcopal church, the Christian 
 ministry. 
 
 /n orders ; in the Episcopal church, ordained ; in the 
 sacred office. 
 
 To take orders : in the Episcopal church, to be or- 
 dained ; to enter into the sacred ministry. 
 OR'DER, r. (. To regulate ; to methodize ; to system- 
 ize ; to adjust ; to subject to system in management 
 and execution ; as, to order domestic allairs with 
 prudence. 
 
 2. To lead ; to conduct ; to subject to rules or 
 laws. 
 
 To him th.-tt ordertth hia coiiversatJon aright, will ] show tiie 
 salralion of God. — Ps. I. 
 
 3. To direct ; to command. The general ordered 
 his troops to advance. 
 
 4. To manage ; to treat. 
 
 How shall we order the child f — Judges jtiii. 
 
 5. To ordain ; to put into holy orders. 
 
 Com. Prayer. 
 
 6. To direct ; to dispose in any particular manner. 
 
 Ordtr my steps in Uiy word. — Ps. cxix. 
 OR'DER, r. i. To give command or direction. 
 
 Jlilton. 
 
 OR'DER-KD, pp. Regulated ; methodized ; disposed ; 
 cominaridetl ; managed. 
 
 OR'DER-ER, n. One that gives orders. 
 2. One that methodizes or regulates. 
 
 OR'DER-ING, ppr. Regulating; systcmizing ; com- 
 manding; disposing. 
 
 OR'DER-I.S'G, 71. Disposition ; distribution ; manage- 
 ment. 2 Citron, xxiv. 
 
 OR'DER-LESS, o. Without regularity ; disorderly; 
 out of rule. Shak. 
 
 ORD 
 
 OR'I)ER I,l-NESS, n. [from orderly.] ReKUlarily ; 
 a state of being meilioilii al. 
 2. The st.ate of being orderly. 
 OR'l)ER-LY, a. Methodical ; regular. Hooker. 
 
 2. Ob.servant of order or nieihdd Chapman. 
 
 3. Well-regulated ; |M-rfiiriiied in good oriler ; not 
 tumultuous ; as, an orderly niarcli. Clarendon. 
 
 4. According to established method. tlt-nker. 
 
 5. Not unruly ; not inclined to break from inclo- 
 aures ; peaceable. We say, cattle are urderlij 
 
 G. Ileiiig on duty ; as, orJcr/i/ nlfirer, the officer of 
 the day. Campbrll'.-i Md. Diet. 
 
 Orderly book; in military affairs, a book for every 
 company, in which the sergeants write general and 
 regimental orders. Ci/c. 
 
 Orderly serireant; a military otFicer who attends on 
 a supiTior ollicer. 
 OR'DEK-I.V, (ii/e. Methodically; according to due 
 
 order; rrgiilarlv ; aecoriliiig to rule. Sliak. 
 OR-DI-NA-UII,'i-rV, n. Capability of being appoint- 
 ed. iJVut nsrd.] Hull. 
 OR'DI-NA-BLE, a. Such as ni.iy be apiK.iiited. [AVt 
 
 used.] Hammond. 
 OR'DI-.N'AL, a. [I., ordinahs ; fr. ordinal.] 
 
 Noting order ; as, the ordinal numbers, first, sec- 
 ond, third, ^c. 
 OR'DI-N.AL, n. A number noting order. 
 
 2. A book containing the ordination service, aa 
 prescribed in the English church Murdoch. 
 OR'DI-iNANCE, II. [It. or(/iiia'i:a ; Fr. on/o/nia/icf.] 
 
 1. .A rule establislieil by authority ; a permanent 
 nile of action. An ordinance may be a law or stat- 
 ute of sovereign power. In this sense it is ofleii used 
 in the Scriptures. Krod. xv. JVum. x. E:ra iii. It 
 may also signify a decree, edict, or rescript, and the 
 word has sometimes been applied to the statutes of 
 parliament ; but these are usually called act..t or laws. 
 In the United States, it is never a plied to the acts of 
 Congress, or of a Statii legislature 
 
 2. Observance commanded. Taylor. 
 
 3. .Appoiiitiiiriit. Shak. 
 
 4. E>talitistied rite or ceremony. Heb. ix. In this 
 sea.se, baptism and the Lord's supper arc denomi- 
 nated oriliiiances. 
 
 5. Ordinance, a cannon, is now written Ord- 
 nance. 
 
 OR'l)l-.\A.\D, M. One about to be ordained. 
 
 OR'DI-.VANT, n. One who ordains. 
 
 OR'DI-NANT, a. [L. ordinan.i.] 
 
 Ordaining ; decreeing. [JVof used.] Shak. 
 
 OR'Dl-N A-RI-LY, (irfti. Primarily, according to estab- 
 lished rules or settled method ; hence, commonly ; 
 usually ; in most cases ; as, a winter more than or- 
 dinarily severe. Olanotlle. 
 
 OR'DI-NA-RY, a. [L. ordinarius.] 
 
 1. According to established order ; methodical ; 
 regular ; customary ; as, the ordinary forms of law 
 or justice. Mdisou 
 
 2. Common ; usual. 
 
 Method is not less retjuiaite in ordinary convera.ition than in 
 writing. AiUlidon. 
 
 3. Of common rank ; not distinguished by superi- 
 or excellence ; as, an ordinary reader ; men of ordi- 
 nary judgiiieiit. Hooker. 
 
 4. Plain ; not handsome ; as, an ordinary woman ; 
 a (lerson of an ordinary form ; an ordinary face. 
 
 5. Inferior; of little merit ; as, the book is an or- 
 dinary performance. 
 
 6. An ordinary seaman i.s one not expert or fully 
 skilled, and hence ranking below a seaman. 
 
 OR'DI-NA-RY, n. In the iommon antl canon law, one 
 who h.as ordinary or immediate jurisdiction in mat- 
 ters ecclesiastical ; an ecclesiastical judge. In Eng- 
 land, the bisiiop of the diocese is comiiiiuily the or- 
 dinary, antl the archbishop is the ordinary of the 
 whole province. The ordinary of assizes and ses- 
 sions was formerly a deputy of the bishop ap|Miinted 
 to give malefactors their neck-verses. The ordinary 
 of Newgate is a clergyman who attends on con- 
 demned malefactors to prepare them for death. 
 
 Encyc. Brande. 
 
 2. Settled establishment. Bacon. 
 
 3. Regular price of a meal. Shak. 
 
 4. A place of eating where the prices are settled. 
 
 Swifl^ 
 
 5. In the nary, the establishment of the shipping 
 not in actual service, but laid up under the charge of 
 officers. Brande. 
 
 Jn ordinary; In actual and constant service ; stat- 
 edly atleiiding and serving ; a.s, a physician or chap- 
 lain in ordinary. An embassador in ordinary, is one 
 constantly resident at a foreign court. 
 
 OR'DI-NARY', ri. In Afra/i/ri/, a portion of the escutch- 
 eon comprised between straight or other lines. It ia 
 the .simplest species of charge. Brande. 
 
 [They are divided into ^cu/n- ort/i'/irtnV^, which are 
 the pale, the bend, the fess, the chief, the cross, the 
 saltier, the chevron, and the border ; and lestrr ordi- 
 naries, as the fleur-de-lis, the annulet, the lozenge, 
 the martlet, &c. — E. H. Barke^ 
 
 OR'DI-.VaTE, r. (. To appoint. [.Vol lurti.] 
 
 OR'DI-.NATE, a. [L. ordinalaj.] 
 
 Regular ; methodical. An ordinate figure is one 
 whose sides ond angles are equal. B ■». 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN 'GER, VI"CIOUS. — C aa K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH os SU ; Til a-s in THIS. 
 
 98 
 
 777 
 
ORG 
 
 OR'DI-NATE, n. In geomclnj, :i straifilit line drawn 
 from any point in a curve perpendicular to another 
 straieht line culled the ahscUsa. Branile. 
 
 OR'Dl-NATE-LY, adv. In a regular, methodical man- 
 ner. Skdton. 
 
 Oll-DI-NX'TrON, )i. [L. orilumth.l 
 
 1. The state of beinj; ordained or appointed ; es- 
 tiWished order or tendency consequent on a decree. 
 
 Virtue and vice have a natural ordination to the happiness and 
 misery of life rcspt'Ctively. Norris. 
 
 2. In the Episcopal church, the act of conferring 
 holy orders or sacerdotal power; called also Cunse- 
 cBiTioN. Encyc. 
 
 ^ 3* In the Presbyterian and Cnnirrf rTational churches, 
 thoact of settlinj or establisliini; a licensed clergy- 
 man over a church ami congregation with pastoral 
 charge and authority ; also, the act of conferring on 
 a clergyman the powers of a settled minister of the 
 gospel, without the charge or oversight of a particu- 
 lar churcli, but with the general powers of an evan- 
 gelist, who is antliorized to form churches and admin- 
 ister the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's sup- 
 per, wherever he may be called to officiate 
 OR'DI-NA-TIVE, 0. Directing; giving order. 
 
 Cottrrave. 
 
 OR'DI-Na-TOR, n. One who ordains or establishes. 
 
 Baxter. 
 
 ORD'NANCE, 7i. [from onlinxnce.'] Cannon or great 
 guns, mortars, and hovv'itzers ; artillery. 
 
 0R'D0J^-Jir.'3.\'CE, n. [Fr.] In art.,-, the disposition 
 of the parts either in regard to the whole piece or to 
 the several parts. Etmes. 
 
 OR'DIJKE, 71. [Fr.] Dung; excrements. Shall. 
 
 ORE, 71. [Sax. ure,ora; D. erts ; G. en, du. h. as, 
 itris, brass ; Rabbinic, "MJJ, a mineral.] 
 
 1. The compound of a metal and some other sub- 
 stance, as oxyzen, sulphur, or carbon, called its jdiii- 
 eralizer, by which its properties are disguised or lost. 
 Metals found free from such combination, and exhib- 
 iting naturally tlieir appropriate character, are not 
 called ores, but natire metals. Vlm.'itcd. 
 9. Metal ; as, the liijuid ore. Jililton. 
 
 O'RE-AD, II. ; pi. Oreads, [from Gr. npof, mountain.] 
 A mountain nymph. Milton. 
 
 ORE'-WEEI), ) „ J r,,.. ji ^ 
 
 hRE'-WOOD i ^s''-™^*"- [•^"' Carew. 
 
 O'RE TE'j^US, [L.] By word of month. 
 
 ORF'GILD, «. [Sax. orf, cattle, and ireld, payment.] 
 The restitution of goods or money stolen, if taken 
 in the davlinie. Ainswortli. 
 
 OR'FRaYS, II. [Fr. orfroi.] 
 
 Fringe of gold ; gold embroidery. Chaucer. 
 
 OR'GAIi, n. Argal ; unrefined or crude tartar. Ure. 
 
 OR'GAX, 71. [ L. orfri/7ni7/i ; Gr. o,'/} ai"ji' ; Sp. and It. 
 ortrano ; Fr. orirane ; D. and G. ortrel ; Pers. and Ar. 
 ariraiwn.] 
 
 1. A natural instrument of action or operation, or 
 by which some process is carried on. Thus the arte- 
 ries and Veins of animal bodies are orjaiw of circu- 
 lation ; the lungs are iirirans of respiration ; the nerves 
 are organs of perception and sensation ; the muscles 
 are or<rans of motion ; the ears are organs of hearing; 
 the tongue is the organ of speech. 
 
 2. The instrument or means of conveyance or com- 
 munication. A secretary of state is the organ of 
 communication between the government and a for- 
 eign power. 
 
 3. The largest and most harmonious of wind in- 
 struments of music, consisting of pipes which are 
 filled with wind, and stops touthed by the fingers. 
 It is blown by a bellows. Johnson. Enaic. 
 
 OR'GAN-BLriED'EU, ( bild'er,) n. An artist vvlioso 
 
 occupation is to construct organs. 
 OR-OAN'ie, 
 OR-GAN'ie-AL, 
 
 1. Pertaining to an organ or to organs ; consisting 
 of organs or containing them ; as, the organic struc- 
 ture of the human body or of plants. 
 
 2. Produced by the organs ; as, organic pleasure. 
 
 ^' Kanirs. 
 X Instrumental ; acting as instniments of nature 
 or art to a certain end ; as, organic arts. JItllon. 
 
 Organic liodirs, are such as possess orsans, on the 
 action of which depend their growth and perfection ; 
 as animals and plants. 
 
 Organic Huhstances, are substances which proceed 
 from or constitute organic bodies. 
 
 Organic remniun, are the remains of animals or 
 vegctahli H pelrifietj or inilicdded in stone. 
 
 Organiral description <)f a curve ; in geometry, the 
 description of a curve on a plane, by means of in- 
 striinients. [irande. 
 OR-GA.\'I€ AI,-I,Y, ni/r. With organs ; with organ- 
 leal structure or disposition of parls. The bodies of 
 animals anil plants are organically framed. 
 9. Uy means of orijans. 
 OR-liAN'ie-AL-NE.S.S, ». The state of being organ- 
 
 ical. Joltnjfon. 
 OR'GAN'-ISM, 71. Organical structure ; us, the organ- 
 ' itm of bodies. Ctrcw, 
 OR'GA.N-IS'I', II. 0»!e who plays on the organ. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 2. One who sung in [larts ; an old musical lue of the 
 word. 
 
 [L. organicus.] 
 
 ORl 
 
 OR-GAN-I-Za'TION, 71. The act or process of form- 
 ing organs or instruments of action. 
 
 2. The act of forming or arranging the parts of a 
 compound or-complex body in a suitable manner for 
 use or service ; the act of distributing into suitable 
 divisions and appointing the proper oliicers, as an ar- 
 my or a government. 
 
 The first organization of the general government. Pickering. 
 
 3. .Structure ; form ; suitable disposition of parts 
 whicli are to act together in a compound body. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 OR'GAN-IZE, ?!. I. [Fr. organiser; It. organiizare ; 
 Sp. or^aili:(ir.] 
 
 1. To form with suitable organs ; to construct so 
 that one part may cooperate with another. 
 
 Tliese noliier faculties of the soul orgnniztd matter could never 
 proiluce. Ray. 
 
 2. To sing in parts ; as, to organize the halleluiah. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 3. To distribute into suitable parts, and appoint 
 proper officers, that the whole may act as one body ; 
 as, to organize an army. So we say, to organize the 
 house of representatives, which is dcme by the ap- 
 pointment of oliicers antl verification of the powers 
 of the several members. So we say, a club, a party, 
 or a faction is organized, when it takes a systemized 
 form. 
 
 This original ard ftupieme will organizts the government. 
 
 W. Cranch. 
 
 OR'GAN-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Formed with organs ; con- 
 structed organically ; systemized ; reduced to a form 
 in which all the parts may act together to one end. 
 Animals and plants are organized bodies. Minerals 
 are not organized bodies. 
 
 OR'GAN-IZ-ING, ppr. Constructing with suitable or- 
 gans ; reducing to system in order to produce united 
 action to one end. 
 
 OR'G.\N-LOFT, n. The loft where an organ stands. 
 
 Tatlcr. 
 
 OR-GAN-O-GRAPH'ie, \ a. Pertaining to organ- 
 OR-GAN-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, ) ography. 
 OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHIST, ii. One who describes the 
 
 organs of animal or vegetable bodies. Lindley. 
 OR-GAN-OG'RA-PIIV, n. [Gr. op}afr,v and ),oai4o).] 
 In botany, a description of the organs of plants, or 
 
 of the names antl kinds of their organs. De Cand. 
 OR-GAN-OL'O-GY, n. That branch of physiology 
 
 which treats, in particular, of the dilTerent organs 
 
 of animals, especially of the human species. 
 
 Encyc. ,^m, 
 
 OR'G.\-NON, [Gr.] ) »t. In philosophical language, a 
 
 OR'GA-NU.M, [L.] ) term nearly synonymous with 
 IMethod, and implying a body of rules aiul canons 
 for scientific investigation. Brande, 
 
 OR'GAN-PiPE, 71. The pipe of a musical organ. Shak. 
 
 OR'GAN-REST, 71. [In heraldry, a figure of uncer- 
 tain origin, borne by the Granvilies and other ancient 
 families. — E. II. Barker.] 
 
 OR'GAN-STOP, 71. The stop of an organ, or any col- 
 lection of pipes under one general name. Busby. 
 
 OR'GA-NY. See Origan. 
 
 OK'GAN-ZINE, (-zin,) n. Thrown silk ; that is, silk 
 twisted like a rope with diflerent strands, so as to in- 
 crease its strength. Encyc. Dom. Econ. 
 OR'GASM, n. [Gr. ooyair/iOf, from opj ou, to swell ; 
 opya(^iAi, to irritate.] 
 
 Immoderate excitement or action ; as, the orgasm 
 of the blood or spirits. Blackmore. Derham. 
 
 OR'GEAT, (or'zhat,) ri. [Fr., from orge, barley.] 
 A liquor extracted from barley and sweet almonds. 
 
 Mason. 
 
 OR'OE-IS, 71. A fish, called also Organ-lino; sup- 
 posed to be from Orkneys, on the coast of which it is 
 taken. Johnson. 
 OR'GIES, (or'jiz,) n. pi. [Gr. ooj io, from opyaa, to 
 swell ; u/iyri, fury; L. orgia; Fr. orgies.] 
 
 1. Frantic nocturnal revels at the feast in honor of 
 Bacchus, or the feast itself. Hence, 
 9. Drunken revelry, chiefly by night. 
 OR'GIL-EOUS, a. [Fr. urgurilleux, from orgueil. Sax. 
 or.'srl, pride, haughtiness; Gr. iipynw, to swell.] 
 I'roiiil ; haughty. [.Yot used,] Shak. 
 OR(;i;iOS5, (org/,) 11. [Fr.] In the military art, ii>t\t;, 
 thick pieces of timber, poin'ed and shod with iron, 
 anil hung over a gateway, to be let down in case of 
 attack. Brande. 
 
 9. The term also denotes n machine composed of 
 several musket barrels united, by means of which 
 several explosions are inaile at once to defend 
 breaches. Brande. 
 OR-I-dlAL'eUM, ) 71. [L. orichalcnm, mounttiin 
 OR'l-CIIALeU, ( brass; Gr. opui and xaJ^«"«>' 
 or aurichalcum, gold-brass.] 
 
 A metallic substance, resembling gold in color, but 
 inferior in value ; a mixed metal of the ancii'nts, re- 
 Nemliling brass. Spenser. Brande. 
 
 O'KI-EI,, ) ,,,, , „ . , , 
 O'RI-OI,, i "■ L'"'' """'0 
 
 1. In Oiithic nrchilretnrr, a bay window. Brande. 
 9. A Niiiall aparlmeiit next a hall, where particular 
 persons dine ; a sort of recess. VObs.] Cowrll, 
 0'RI-E.N-CY,7i. [Seo Orient.] Brightness or strength 
 of color. [Little used.] U'atcrhonse. 
 
 ORl 
 
 O'RI-ENT, a. [L. orie.ns, from orior, to arise.] 
 
 1. Rising, as the sun. 
 
 Moon, that now meel'st tlie orienl sun. Milton. 
 Tlie orienl morn. MUton. 
 
 2. Eastern ; oriental. 
 
 3. Bright; shining; glittering; as, orient pearls. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 O'RI-EXT, 71. The east ; the part of the horizon where 
 
 _ the sun first apjiears in the morning. 
 
 O'RI-ENT, V. t. In sun^eying, to orient a plan signi- 
 fies to mark its situation or bearing with respect to 
 the fiiur cardinal points. Brande. 
 
 O-RI-ENT'AL, o. Eastern ; situated in the east ; par- 
 ticularly, in or about Asia ; as, oriental seas or coun- 
 tries. 
 
 2. Proceeding from the east : as, the oriental radia- 
 tions of the sun. Brown. 
 
 O-RI-ENT'AL, 71. A native or inhabitant of some 
 eastern part of the world. VYe give the appellatiim 
 to the inhabitants of Asia, from the Hellespont and 
 Mediterranean to Japan. 
 
 0-RI-ENT'AL-!SM, 11. A term applied to doctrines or 
 idioms of the Asiatic nations. 
 
 O-RI-ENT'AL-IST, 71. An inhabitant of the eastern 
 parts of the world. Peters. 
 
 2. One versed in the eastern languages and litera- 
 ture. Uuselcti. 
 
 O-RI-ENT-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being tirieiital 
 or eastern. [JVot used.] Brown. 
 
 OR'I-FICE, (or'e-fis,) 71. [Fr., from L. orificium; os, 
 ori.i, mouth, and facio, to make.] 
 
 The mouth or aperture of a tube, pipe, or other cav- 
 ity ; as, the orifice of an artery or vein ; the orifice of 
 a wound. 
 
 The orifice of £lna. Ad'lison. 
 
 OR'I-FLAMME, t r„ ■„ ^ 
 OR'I-FLAMB, VP"- orxftamme,-] 
 
 The ancient royal standard of France, .^insworth, 
 OR'I-GAN, I r, f ^ 1 
 O-RIG'A-NUM, i t^^-' ^""^ ".■"lo-"'-] 
 
 Marjoram, a genus of plants. One species of this 
 genus is a rich aromatic, e.xcellent for culinaiy pur- 
 poses. 
 
 OR'l-GEN-ISM, n. The opinions of Origen of Alex- 
 andria, one of the earliest anil most karneil of the 
 Greek fathers. He supposed that hiiiiian souls ex- 
 isted before their union with bodies ; that they were 
 originally holy, but became sinful in the preexislent 
 state ; that ail men, probably, will at last be saved ; 
 and that Christ is again to die for the salvation of 
 devils, &c. Murdoch. 
 
 OR'I-GEN-IST, 71. A follower of the opinions of Or- 
 igen. 
 
 OR'l-GIN,7i. [Fr. and It. OT-iViiif ; Sp. origen; 1.. urigo.] 
 
 1. The first existence oi' beginning of any thing ; 
 as, the origin of Rome. In history, it is necessary, 
 if practicable, to trace all events to their origin. 
 
 2. Fountain ; source ; cause ; that from which any 
 thing primarily proceeds ; that which gives existence 
 or beginning. The apostasy is believed to have been 
 the origin of moral evil. 'J'he oriisin of many of our 
 customs is lost in antiquity. Nations, likc^ iudiviil- 
 nals, are ambitious to trace their descent from an 
 honorable origin. 
 
 0-RlG'IN-A-BLE, a. That may be originated. 
 
 0-Rl6'IN-.\L, 71. Origin. [See Obkjin, with wliich 
 it accords in signification.] 
 
 9. First copy ; archetype ; that from which any 
 thing is transcribed or translated, or from which a 
 likeness is made by the pencil, press, or otherwise. 
 Thus we say, the translation is not equal to the origi- 
 nal. If the original can not be produced, we arc per- 
 mitted to offer an authenticated copy. „ 
 
 O-RlG'IN-AL, a. [Fr. <>i-i>iii(( ; h. driginalL^.]9 
 
 1. First in order ; preceding all 01 hers ; as, the orig- 
 inal state of men ; the original laws of a ctuintry ; orig- 
 inal rights or powers ; the original qiiestitm in debate. 
 
 2. Primitive ; pristine ; as, the original perfection 
 of Adam. 
 
 Original sin, as applied to Jldam, was his first act 
 of disobetlience in eating the furbitlden fruit ; as ap- 
 plied to his posterity, it is iiiiilersttiod to mean eilher 
 the sin of Atlam inqmtetl to his posterity, or that cor- 
 riijilion of nature, or total depravity, which has been 
 derivetl from him in consetpience of his apostasy. 
 On this subject divines are not agreed. 
 
 In strictness, original sin is an improper use of 
 words, as sin, ez vi termini, implies volititin and the 
 transgression of a known rule of duty by a mural 
 agent, lint this application of the words lias been i!s- 
 ttiblished by long use, and it serves to express itleas 
 which many wise and good men entertain '^n this 
 su bject. 
 
 ;i. Having the power to originate new thoughts or 
 couibinalioiis of thought ; as, an original genius. 
 O-RIG-lN-.AL'l-TY, n. The quality or state of being 
 original. 
 
 9. The power of originating or producing new 
 thouglils, or uncommon combinations of thought; 
 as, originalitn of genius. 
 O-RIC'IN AL-LY, uiio. Primarily; from the begin- 
 ning or origin. 
 
 Cod is nnginally holy in himscir. Puarton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, B(JQK.— 
 
OKN 
 
 2. At first; at the origin. iVoodicaril. 
 
 3. By the first author ; as, a book originally written 
 by another hand. Rnscommoii. 
 
 O-RIC'IN-AL-NESS, n. The quality or slate of being 
 original. 
 
 0-IU(5MN-A-RY, a. [Fr. ori^inairc] 
 
 1. rrodnctive ; causing existence. 
 
 Thr prv>ilnclioii of nniireiU in (lie origiixary way, rrq'nr»» i> cci' 
 Ulii JrgKH of wiiriiith. Olieiinc. 
 
 2. Primitive ; nrieinal. Sandijs. 
 [Tlii-- irnril is little. uscd.\ 
 
 O-RIG'IN-aTE, v. t. To cause to be ; to bring into ex- 
 istence ; to produce what is new 
 
 The chan^p ta lo Ix* i-ll'fctfd wilhonl » rif-composition of the whole 
 civii .mil jmliucnlTiutsi, for llie |iiiriio»e u! originalinj a new 
 civil onler oill of the elenienu of society. Bnrke. 
 That nmtter, whicli can not think, will, or oriyinale niolion, 
 fhoiilil communicate thought, voliuon, ami mouvity, is pi nnly 
 ImpoKihlo. Drnght. 
 O-UKS'I.N-ATE, V. i. To take first existence ; to have 
 ori;;in ; to be begun. The scheme oriirinatrd with tlie 
 governor and council. It originated in pure bcnevo- 
 U'nre. 
 
 0-RIG'I-N*-TED, pp. Uronght into existence. 
 0-RI<5'I-Na-TI.\(;, ppr. or u. liringing into existence. 
 O-RtG-IN-A'TION, H. Tlie act of bringing or coming 
 into existence ; first production. 
 
 D-jBCartes fir-it introihicil the fancy of mnkinw a world, and d<.- 
 tlnciiisr the Qtigiiuitiun of the universe from mechanical 
 phnciplea. Krit. 
 
 2. Mode of production or bringing into being. 
 This enica is propa^ted by animal tvirentJ, to wit, biitterfiies, 
 
 after the common ori^natiofi of all Citterpillara. Hay. 
 
 O-RIG'IN-J-TOR, n. A person who originates or 
 coinmimces. 
 
 O-RIL'LON, n. FFr.] In fortification, a rounding of 
 earth, faced Willi a wall, raised on the shoulder of 
 those bastions that have casemates, lo rover the can- 
 non in the retired Hank, and prevent their being dis- 
 mounted. Encyc. Brandc. 
 
 O'RI-OIjE, n. The popular name of several species of 
 birds allied t > the thrushes, having their plumage of 
 a golden-yellow mixed with black. Partimrtnn. 
 
 O-RI'ON, n. [Gr. <.<ijuov ; unfortunately accented by 
 the poets on the second syllable.] 
 
 A large and bright constellation on both sides of 
 the equinocti.tl. Brandc. 
 
 O RIS-MO-LOC'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to orisniology. 
 
 O-RllS-MOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. ooiirjios, a term, and Ao- 
 ) u?, a discourse.] 
 
 In natural M.^tarij, that department wh'ch treats of 
 terms, whether descriptive or denominative. 
 
 OR'I-SOX, II. [Fr. oraison, from L. oratio, from oro.] 
 .\ prayer or supplication. 
 
 Irf,wlT Ihey Iwwivl adorinsf, and b-'^an 
 
 Their orwon*, e.ach mo.rning duly paid. Milton. 
 
 ORK, n. [L. orcffl.l 
 
 A species of wtiale. [Sep One.] 
 ORI.E, n. [Infra.] In hernldrii, an ordinary in the 
 form of a hllet, round the shield. 
 
 [An inescutctieon voided. — //. Barker.] 
 
 ^^n/j'^i-T. I [Fr. ourlet. It. orlo, a hem. Uu. Ileb. 
 Cr'LoJ'S ^W, and Ch. Syr.] 
 
 In architecture, a fillet under the ovolo of a capital. 
 OP.'LOP, n. [I), ovcrloop, a running over or overtlow- 
 
 ing, an orlop, that is, a spreading over.] 
 The lower Afck of a ship of the line ; or that, in 
 
 all vessels, on which the cables are stowed. Toltm. 
 OR-.MO-LO', n. [Fr.] Brass which by a chemical 
 
 process is made to assume the appt^arance of being 
 
 gill. It is used in making lamps, girandoles, &c. 
 OR'.N'A-MEXT, n. [L. ornnmrntum, from orno, to 
 
 adorn. Varro informs us that this was primitively 
 
 osnamrntum : but this is improbable. See Adohn.] 
 1. That which embellishes ; something which, 
 
 added to another thing, renders it more beautiful 
 
 lo the eye. 
 
 The chains, and the hracelrts, and the mulHen, the bonnets, and 
 t)ie orriamenlt of the le^. — la. iii. 
 
 3. In architecture, ornaments are sculpture or carved 
 work. 
 
 3. Embellishment ; decoration ; additional beauty. 
 
 Tlie oemlment of a meek and qntet spirit, which is in the sight 
 of liu<l of greiil pna-. — I Fet. iii. 
 OR'NA-.MENT, v. t. To adorn; to deck; to embel- 
 lish. IVarburtoii. 
 OH-N.VME\T'AL, a. Serving to decorate; giving 
 additional beauty ; embellishing. 
 Some think it miw. ornnrnentnl to wear their braceletj on their 
 wmu ; oth ers aLont ih'-ir ankles. Broun. 
 
 OR-NA-MENT'AL-I,Y, adv. In such a n^anner as to 
 
 add emhellishment. 
 OR'.\ A . M E.\T-ED, pp. or <. Decorated ; embellished ; 
 
 beautified. Shenstonr. 
 OR'.VA-ME.Vr-INO, ppr. Decorating; embellishing. 
 OR'X.ITE, r. t. [U orno.] 
 
 To adorn. 
 OR'N.^TE, a. [L. omatiw.] 
 
 Ailorned ; decorated ; beautiful. Milton. 
 OR'.Na-TEI), pp. Adorned; ornamented. 
 OR'.NaTE !,Y, odr. With decoration. Skelton. 
 OR'X.\TE-.\ESS, lu Slate of being adorned. 
 
 ORR 
 
 OR'NA-TING, pi>r. Embellishing. 
 OR'NA-TURE, n. Decoration. [Little used.] 
 OR-N'IS-GOP'ICS, It. Divination by the observation 
 
 of birds. Bailey. 
 OR-NIS'CO-PIST, n. [Gr. opvii, a bird, and trKjirito, 
 
 to view.] 
 
 One who views the flight of birds in order lo fore- 
 tell future events by their manner of flight. [Little 
 used.] Johnson. 
 
 Oll-NITH TCir.MTE, n. [Gr. opi'ij, a bird, and 
 iX"i'i, a track.] 
 
 In ireolo'nt, a name given to the foot-marks of birds, 
 occurring in dill'i^rent strata of stone. Hitelicock. 
 
 OR-NITirO-MTE, n. A name givt-n to fossil birils, 
 and also lo stones of various colors bearing the 
 figure of birds. Buchanan. 
 
 OR-.\I-TII()-l,OG'ie-AL,a. Pertainingtoornilliologv. 
 
 OR i\l-Tll()L'l)-GIST, n. [St;e Ohnitholoov.] A 
 person who is skilled in the natural history of birds 
 who unilerstniids their form, structure, habits, and 
 uses; one who iloscribes birds. 
 
 0R-NI-TI10L'0-GY,n. [Gr. o/ivij, a bird, and Xoj oj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 Thcscienceof birds, which comprises a knowledge 
 of their form, structure, habils, and uses. 
 
 OR-NITH'O-MA.N-CY, n. [Gr. opi/i{, a bird, and 
 pat'Tiia, divination.] 
 
 Augury, a species of divination by means of birds, 
 their flight, &c. Brandc. 
 
 OR'iM-THO.X, n. [Gr., an aviary.] A building for 
 the keeping of bints. Elnic.f. 
 
 OR'Nl-TllO-RIIYiNeirUS, n. [Gr. opuf, ouvitios, 
 a bird, and /5ry\oi, a beak.] 
 
 An eflodienl monotremalous mammal, with ahorny 
 beak resembling that of a duck, and two merely 
 fibrous cheek-teeth on each sitle of both jaws, not 
 fixeil in any bone, but only in the gum ; with pen- 
 tadactyloiis paws webbed like the feet of a biril and 
 formed for swimming, and with a spur behinil in the 
 hinder feet, emitting a poisonous liquid from a reser- 
 voir in the sole of the foot, supplied by a gland situa- 
 ted above the pelvis, and by the side of the spine. 
 1'lie animal is covered with a brown fur. It is 
 found only in New Holland, and is sometimes called 
 Watek Mole. 
 
 OR-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. [See Orolouy.] Pertaining 
 to a descriptiiui of mountains. 
 
 O-ROL'O-GIST, II. A describer of mountains. 
 
 O ROL'O-GY, n. [Gr. o.oof, a mountain, and Aojos, 
 discourse.] 
 Tile science or description of inoiintaiirs. 
 
 O'RO-TUNll, 7!. [L. OS and rolundum.] A mode of 
 inton.ation directly from the larynx, which has a full- 
 ness, cletirness, strength, smoothness, and ringing, 
 or musical quality, which form the highest perfec- 
 tion of the human voice. Hu.<:h. 
 
 OR'l'HAN, n. [Gr. oo Aui/of ; It. orf.ino ; Fr. oriihelin.] 
 A child who is bereaved of father or mother, 
 or boUi. 
 
 OR'PII.\N, a. Bereaved of parents. Sidney. 
 OR'PIIAN-AGE, j n. The sUile of an orphan. 
 OR'1'HAiN-IS.M, i Sherwood. 
 OR'PHAN-£D, a. Bereft of parents or friends. 
 
 i'ounrr. 
 
 OR PIIAN-OT'RO-PIIY, n. [Gr. o,o<;,ai.o«, orphan, 
 and Tp(if:n, food.) 
 
 A hospital for orphans. Chulmers. 
 OR'PII.\.\S-ef)URT, II. A court, in some of the states 
 of the Union, having jurisdiction of the estates and 
 persons of orphans. Bouvicr. 
 OR'PHIVAN, ) a. Pert.aining to Orpheus, the poet 
 OR4'IIie, j and musician ; as, Orphic hymns. 
 
 Bryant. 
 
 OR'PHE-US, n. [Gr. Ootff v;.] 
 
 Ill classical mytholorry, a poet who is represented as 
 having had the power of moving inanini.ate bodies 
 by the music of his lyre. [In the chussics, Oriphens.] 
 
 OR'PI-MEXT, n. [L, aunpig-meiUuin; aurum, goltl, 
 and pi>rmenfum.] 
 
 Sesquistilpliiiret of arsenic, found native, and then 
 an ore of arsenic, or artificially composed. The 
 native orpiinent appears in yeilow, brilliant, and 
 seemingly t.alcky masses of various sizes. The reii 
 orpiinent is called Realoar, and is a protosulphiirtt 
 of arsenic. It is more or less lively and transparent, 
 and often crystallized in bright needles. In this form 
 it is called KtiRX ok Arsh.nic. 
 
 Fourcroy. jVtckolson. Encyc Vre. 
 
 OR'PIX, n. [Fr.] .\ yellow color of various degrees 
 of intensity, approaching also to red. Brandc. 
 
 OR'Pl.N'E, (or'pin,) n. [Fr. orpin.] 
 
 A sitcnilent plant of the genus Sediim, lesser 
 houseleek, or live-long. Also, a plant of Soutln-rn 
 Europe belonging lo the genus Telephium. The 
 bastard orpine Is of the genus .-Xudmchne ; the lesser 
 erjiiiif of the genus Cnissula. Partinnton. Loudon. 
 
 OR'RAril. See Orach. 
 
 OR'RE-RY, n. An astronomical machine for exhibit- 
 ing the several motions of the heavenly bodies. 
 This machine was invented by George Gr,-iliani, but 
 Rowley, a workman, Ixirrowed one from him, and 
 made a copy for iho earl of Orrery, after whom it 
 was named by Sir Richard Steele. Similar machines 
 ore called also Plane i ariuhs. Barloip. 
 
 ORT 
 
 OR'RI.S, n. The plant irii, of which orria seems to be 
 a corruption ; fleur-de-lis, or flag Mower. Its root 
 bas an agreeable odor, rcseiiibliiig that of vitdets. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. A sort of gold or silver lace. Ciu. Or/rays. 
 
 .Ivhtuon. 
 
 ORSE'DEW, ( dii,) n. Dutch gtdd, which see 
 OR'I", n. A fragment ; a refuse. Sttak. 
 OR'TIIITE, II. [(Jr. -.,/;„{, straight.] 
 
 A variety of Allanite, an ore of cerium, occurring 
 in long ariciilar crystals, of a brownish black color, 
 and semi-inetallic appearances. Dana. 
 OR-THO-CER'A-TITE, ) n.pl. [Gr. ooO.f, straight, 
 OR-TIIO-CER'A-TA, ( and At..a{, a horn.] 
 
 Terms applieil to an extinct genus of i -jiSili pods, 
 Inhabiting straight, niany-chambi red shells. /'. Cyc. 
 OR'TII()-I)(l.\', a. [See ( iiiriioooi v.] S..;in,l In 
 the Christian faitli ; believing tl„ gcn-iine doc- 
 trines taught In the Scriptures ; opposed lo HEUEri- 
 CAL ; as, an orthoilnx Chrislian. 
 
 2. According with the doctrines of Scripture; as, 
 an orthodox creed or faith. 
 OR'THO-UOX-LY, adc. With soundness of faith. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 OR'TIIO-DO.X-NESS, n. The state of being sound 
 in the faith, or of according with the doctrines of 
 Scripture. 
 
 OR'TllU-l)OX-Y, n. [Gr. o.o9o,io{ia ; ',„0of, right, 
 true, and 6olo, opinion, from liunc i, to think.] 
 
 1. Soundness of faith ; a belief In the genuine doc- 
 trines taught in the Scriptures. 
 
 Baail bears full and clear testiii.uny to Gn'-rory's orlAo^ory. 
 
 Wauriand. 
 
 2. Consonance to genuine scriptural doctrines ; as, 
 the orUindoTii of a creed. 
 
 OR-THO-l)RO.M'ie, a. [See Obthodbomv.] Per- 
 taining to orllioflriimv. 
 
 OR-TllO-l)R().M'ies, n. The art of sailing in a direct 
 course, or on the arc of a gn at circle, which is the 
 shortest distance between any two points on the sur- 
 face of the gkibe. Brandc. 
 
 OR'TIIO-DRO-MY, 11. [Gr. oo9o{, right, and ipopof, 
 course.] 
 
 The sailing In a straight coiir.se. 
 OR-TII()-EP'I€-AL, H. Pertaining to orthoepy. 
 OR'TIIO-E-PIST, ;i. [See Orthoepv.] One who 
 
 pronounces words correctly, or who is well skilled 
 
 in pronunciation. 
 OR'TIIO-E-PV, n. [Gr. "oOotirt.a ,• o/iOuj, right, and 
 
 fTT'K, Word, or e-f>>, to speak.] 
 The art of uileriiig words with propriety ; a correct 
 
 pronunciation of words. J^ares. 
 OR'TIIO-GOi\, n. [Gr. opO.is, right, and joji-io, 
 
 angle.] 
 
 .■\ rectangiil.ar figure, or one which has all Its angles 
 richt angles. Peacham. 
 OR-TIIO(i'ON-AL, a. Right-angled ; rectangular. 
 
 Scldm. 
 
 OR-TIIOG'RA-PIIER, ) n. [See Obtho^raphv.] 
 OR-TIIOG'RA-Plll.-^T, ( One that siiells words 
 correctly or properly, according to common usage. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 OR-THO-OUAPII'If;, I a. Correctly spelled ; 
 OR-TIIO (JRAPII'IC-AL, ( writleii with the prop- 
 er letters. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the spelling of words ; as, to 
 make an orthoirraphical mistake. 
 
 Orthographic projection ; In treometry, the projection 
 of points on a plane by straight lines at right angles 
 to the plane. Brandc. 
 
 Orthoirraphic projection of tfie ifphere ; a delineation 
 of the sphere upon a plane that cuts it in the middle, 
 the eye being suppo.sed to be placed at an infinite 
 distance from il. Barlow. 
 OR-THO GRAPirie-AL-LY, a</c. According lo (he 
 rules of proper spi lling. 
 
 0. In the manner (if an ortliogra|»hic projection. 
 OR-THO(;'RA PIIV, n. [Or. o.,«o) pa/-iu ; opOuf, 
 
 right, and j o k/ i;. wriling.] 
 
 1. The art of writing words with the proper letters, 
 -according to common usage. 
 
 2. The part of grammar which treats of the nature 
 and properties of letters, and of the art of wriling 
 words correctly. Encyc. 
 
 3. The practice of spelling or writing words wilh 
 the proper li tiers. Swift. 
 
 4. In srenmetry, the art of delineating or drawing 
 the fniiit of an object, and exhibiting the bights or 
 ell vations of the several parts ; so called because it 
 delermines things by perpendicular lines falling on 
 the geoinetrlral plane. Barloir. CHtilt. 
 
 OR THOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. onOof, right, and Xo,o{, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The right description of things. Fothtrby. 
 OR-TIIO.\n;-'i'RV, n. [Gr. ooVoi, right, and ptrnut, 
 measurt\] 
 
 The act or practice of constnicting verse corrertly ; 
 
 the laws of ctirrect versification. S. Jones. 
 
 OR-THOP-XCE'A, ) n. [Gr. (io« Tri oia ; oo"os, right, 
 OR-TIIOP'.N'Y, j erect, and iri/oi;, breath ; iruiu, 
 
 to breathe.] 
 
 1. A disease in which respiration can be performed 
 only In an erect iKisiure. Harrey. 
 
 2. Any dirtinilly of breathing. Parr. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G aj J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in Tilia 
 
 779 
 
osc 
 
 OR-TIIOP'TKR-A, n. pi. [Gr. o.oOus, straight, and 
 Trrtpoi/, wing.] 
 
 An order of insects, so named from the straight or 
 longitudinal foliling of their wings. 'J'he grasshop- 
 pers, cocl<roaclies, and crickets, are examples of this 
 order. Partintrton. P. Cijc. 
 
 OR-THOP'TER-OUS, a. Pertaining to the order Or- 
 thoptera ; folding the wings straight. 
 
 OR''I'H(J-ST.'\DE, It. [Gr. o/jflus, straight, and Ira^iai, 
 to stand.] 
 
 In ancient cnstnme, a long and ample tunic, with 
 strainht or upright folds. Elmcs. 
 OR-THOT'RO-FOUS, «. [Gr. f)p0n? and Tpe-rio.] 
 
 In hnianv, erect on the embryo of a plant. L'mdley. 
 OR-THOT'Y-POUS, o. [Gr. u/;8o{, straight, and ru- 
 iTfjc, form.] 
 
 In miiieraloffy, having a perpendicular cleavage. 
 
 Shepard. 
 
 OR'TIVE, a. [L. or(it'ii.s, from ortus, nrior, to rise.] 
 Rising or ea-^tern. The ortine amplitude of a plan- 
 et is an arc of the horizon intercepted between the 
 point where a star rises, and the east point of the 
 horizon. Brande. 
 OR'TO-LAN, n. [It. ortolano, a gardener, an ortolan, 
 h. hortidanus, from kortiis, a garden.] 
 
 A singing-bird, the Emberiza hortulana, about the 
 size of the lark, with black wings. It is found in 
 Sunthcrn Europe, feeds on seeds, and is delicious 
 food. P. Cyc. 
 
 ORTi?, n. pi. Fragments; pieces; refuse. [See Okt.] 
 OR'VAL, n. [Fr. orvale.] 
 
 The herb clary. Dkt. 
 OR-VI-E'TAN, 71. [It. orvietarw, so named from a 
 mountebank at Orvielo.] 
 An antidote or counter poison. [JVot used.] 
 
 Brajide. 
 
 OR-ye-TOG-NOS'Tie, a. Pertaining to oryctognosy. 
 
 Kirtpan. 
 
 OR-YC-TOG'NO-SY, n. [Gr. opvKTo;, fossil, andyi/a- 
 at(, knoVledge.] 
 
 The science which has for its object the descrip- 
 tion and classification of minerals, according to well- 
 ascertained characters, and under appropriate denom- 
 inations ; mineralogy. 
 
 Or?/cfi)^M.«?/ consists in the description of minerals, 
 the determination of their nomenclature, and the 
 systematic arrangement of their different species. 
 It coinciiles nearly with Mineralogy, in its mod- 
 ern acceptation. Cleacdand, 
 OR-ye-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. opvKTos, fossil, and 
 ypwiiws to describe.] 
 
 That part of natural history in which fossils are 
 described. Cyc. 
 OR-Y'e-TO-LOG'ie-AI.,, a. Pertaining to oryctology. 
 
 flumble, 
 
 OR-Ye TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. upi/cro5, fossil, and Xuyof, 
 discourse.] 
 
 Tliat part of natural history which treats of fossils. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 OR, n. [L.] A bone. [Technical.'] 
 OS'CIIE-O-CeLE, n. [Gr. oax'h the scrotum, and 
 KriXr], a tumor.] 
 Any tumor of the scrotum ; a scrotal hernia. 
 
 Cyc. Core. 
 
 OS-CIL-LS'RI-A, n. ;>/. See Oscillatori a. 
 
 OS'CIL-LaTE, v. i. [L. oscillo, from ant. cillo, Gr. 
 ««>Af-j, to move.] 
 
 To swing ; to move backward and forward ; to 
 vibrate. Chambers. 
 
 OS-CIL-LS'TION, n. [L. oscillatlo.] 
 
 Vibration ; a moving backward and forward, or 
 swinging like a pendulum. 
 
 OS-dL-L.VTo'RI-A, n. pi. In natural history, a group 
 of minute, filamentous, organized beings which have 
 oscillatory motions. It was at first dotibted whether 
 they belong to the anim.'il or vegetable kingdom. 
 
 OS'<;iL-LA-TO-RY, a. Moving backward and for- 
 ward like a pendulum ; swinging; as, an onrillatury 
 motion. JirbiLtknut. 
 
 OS'(,'l-TAN-("Y, n. [L. oscito, to yawn, from o.s-, the 
 mf)Uth.] 
 
 I The act of gaping or yawning. 
 
 2. Unustial sleepiness ; drowsiness ; dullness. 
 
 It rrii^hl proceed from the oacitaury of tranacribptfl. Addison. 
 
 OS'CI-TANT, a. Yawning ; gaping. 
 2. Sleepy ; drowsy ; dull ; sluggish. 
 
 Decay if Piety. 
 
 OS'i;i-TA.S'T-LY, ailv. Carelessly. More. 
 
 OS'Cj-TA'l E, o. i. [I., oscilo.] 
 
 Til yawn ; to gape with sleepiness. 
 
 OS-CI-TA'TU).\, n. The act of yawning or E^pinR 
 from HleepiricsH. 
 
 OS'eU-LANT, a. That adheres closely; that em- 
 lirHci'<i ; applied to certain creeping animals, as cat- 
 erpillarn. Kirby. 
 
 OS-CIM.A'TION n. [I>. osrulaiio, a kissing.] 
 
 In eriimrtni, the contact betwei^n any given curve 
 and its iwciilritory circle, that is, a circle of the same 
 ciifvalure with the given curve at the point of con- 
 tact. Barlow. 
 
 OS't;iM-A-TO RY, a. An otcntalory circle, in grom- 
 etrii, in a circle having the same curvature with any 
 curve at any given (M>inL Bartow. 
 
 OST 
 
 OS'eU-LA-TO-RY, n. In church history, a tablet or 
 board, with the picture of Christ, or the Virgin, &c., 
 which is kissed by the priest, and then delivered to 
 the people'for the same purpose. Cyc. 
 
 OS'CULE, 71. [L. osculum, a small mouth.] 
 A small hi-labiate aperture. 
 
 O'SIER, (6'zher,) 7!. [Yr. osier ; Sa\. hos. Qu.] 
 
 A species of willow, or water-willow, or the twig 
 
 _ of the willow, used in making baskets. Pope. 
 
 6'SIER-KI), a. Covered or adorned with osiers. 
 
 O'SIER-HoLT, 71. [Sax. holt, a wood.] 
 
 In England, a place where willows for basket-work 
 are cultivated. Hooker's Brit. Flora. 
 
 OS'MA-ZO.ME, 71. [Gr. onpii, odor, and ^uipof, 
 juice.] 
 
 A substance of an aromatic flavor, obtained from 
 muscular fiber. It is of a yellowish-brown color, is 
 soluble both in water and alcohol, whether cold or 
 hot, but it does not form a jelly by concentration. It 
 gives the characteristic odor and taste of soup. 
 
 Thejiard. 
 
 OS'MI-UM, 71. [Gr. -j(T,,i;, odor.] 
 
 A metal contained in the ore of platinum. A na- 
 tive alloy of this metal with iridium is found in 
 grains along the rivers in South America. Osmi- 
 um has a dark-gray color; it is not volatile when 
 heated in close vessels, but heated in the open air, 
 it absorbs oxygen and forms a volatile oxyd, or rath- 
 er acid, which is insoluble in the acids, readily solu- 
 ble in potassa, and very volatile. It takes its name 
 from the singular smell of this oxyd or acid. Cyc. 
 
 OS'MUND, 71. A plant of the genus Osmunda. 'The 
 most remarkable species is the osmund royal or flow- 
 ering fern, growing in shady bogs, the root of which 
 boiled is very slimy, and is used in stiffening linen. 
 
 Kncyc. Forsyth. 
 
 OS'NA-BURG, (oz'na-burg,) 71. A species of coarse 
 linen imported originally from Osnaburg, in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 OS'PRAY, 71. [L. ossifrnaa ; os, a bone, and frango, 
 to break ; the bone-breaker.] 
 
 The fishing-eagle, or bald buzzard, Faico or Pan- 
 dion halitpttis. This is our fish-hawk. It feetis on 
 fish, which it takes by suddenly darting upon them 
 when near the surface of the water. P. Cyc. 
 
 The name has also been given to the sea-eagle. 
 [See OsstFRAGE.] Edin. Encyc. 
 
 OS'SE-LET, n. [Fr., from L. os, ossis, a bone.l 
 
 A hard substance growing on the inside of a horse's 
 knee, among the small bones. Far. Diet. 
 
 OS'SE-OUS. a. [L. osseus, from os, a bone.] 
 Bony ; composed of bone ; resembling hone. 
 
 Parkhitrst. 
 
 Osseous breccia ; a breccia made up of fragments of 
 bone, found in certain caverns and fissures of rocks. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 OS'SI-CLE, (os'se-kl,) 71. [L. ossiculum.] 
 
 A small hone. Holder. 
 OS-SIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. a bone, and /ei-o, to pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 Producing or furnishing bones. Buckland. 
 OS-SIF'ie, a. [L. OS, a bone, and fncio, to make.] 
 Having power to ossify or cliange carneoiis and 
 meuibrantius substances to bone. Wiseman. 
 OS-SI-FI-e.A'TIO.\, n. [Uom ossify.] The change or 
 process of changing from flesh or other matter of an- 
 imal bodies into a biuiy substance; as, the ossification 
 of an artery. Sluirp. 
 9. The formation of bones in animals. 
 OS'SI-FI-KD, (-fide,) pp. or a. Converted into bone, 
 
 or a hard substance like bone. 
 OS'SI-FRAtiE, 71. [l.. ossifraga. See Ospray.] 
 
 Tfie sea-eagle, Atpiila ossifraga of Brisson, now 
 considered the young of the white-tailed or cinereous 
 eagle, Falco or Aqiiila albicilla. In Leviticus xi. 13, 
 it denotes a different bird, supposed to be the Lam- 
 mergeir, Gypaitos barbtitus. Kitto's Cyc. P. Cyc. 
 OS'SI-F?, t>. t. [L. OS, bone, and facio, to form.] 
 
 To form bone; to change from a soft animal sub- 
 stance into btuie, or convert into a substance of the 
 hardness of bones. This is done by the deposition 
 of calcareous phosphate or carbonate on the i>art. 
 
 S/mrp. Ure. 
 
 O.S'SI-FY, V. i. To become bone ; to change from soft 
 matter into a substance of bony hardness. 
 
 OS'.SI-FV-ING, ppr. or a. Changing into bone; be- 
 coming bone. 
 
 OS-SI V'O-ROUS, a. [L. os, bone, and voro, to eat.] 
 Feeding on bones ; eating bones ; as, ossivorous 
 
 quadrupeds. Derham. 
 OS'SU-A RY, (osh'yu-,i-ry,) 71. [L. ossuarimn.] 
 
 A charnel-htiiise ; a place where the bones of the 
 
 dead are deposited. Diet. 
 OST, ( 71. A kiln for drying hops or malt. [Sec 
 0(JS1\j Oast.) Diet. Ens. 
 
 OS-TEN-SI-nil/l-TY, 71. [Seo Ostensible.] The 
 
 ipiality or state of appearing or being shown. 
 OS-TEN'Sl-liI,E, a. [It. osten^ibilc, from L. ostendo, 
 
 to show.] 
 
 1. That may be shown ; proper or intended to be 
 shown. Warton. 
 
 2. PlaiiMibIc ; colorable. Pownall. 
 
 3. Appearing ; seeming ; shown, declared or avow- 
 eil. We Hay, the ostensible reason or motive for a 
 
 OST 
 
 measure may be the real one, or very different from 
 the real one. This is the common, and I helieve the 
 only sense in which the word is used in America 
 
 ds on which the proprietors hid ob- 
 ftamsny, 
 
 OS-TEN'SI-BLY, adv. In appearance ; in a manner 
 that is declared or pretended. 
 
 An embargo aiwl nori-iiit*'rcouroe which totally defeat thp interests 
 they are ostensibly (iestiiied to promote. IValsh. 
 
 OS-TEN'SIVE, a. [Fr., from L. ostendo.] 
 Showing; exhibiting. 
 
 Ostensice demonstration, in mathematics, is one 
 which plainly and directly demonstnites the truth 
 of a proposition, as opposed to the apagosricnl or in- 
 direct method. Hutton. 
 OS'TENT, 71. [L. ostentum, from ostendo.] 
 
 1. Appearance ; air ; manner ; mien. [Little used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. Show ; manifestation ; token. [Little used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. A prodigy; a portent; any thing ominous. 
 [Little used.^ Chapman. Dnjden. 
 
 OS'TENT-aTE, 7'. (. [L. oslenlo.] 
 
 To make an ambitious display of ; to show or ex- 
 hibit boastingly. [JV«£ used.] Taylor. 
 OS-TENT-A'TION, n. [L. ostevtatio.] 
 
 1. Outward show or appearance. Shak. 
 
 2. Ambitious display; vain show; display of any 
 thing dictated by vanity, or intended to invite praise 
 or flattery. Ostentation of endowments is made by 
 boasting or self-commendation. Ostentation often 
 appears in works of art, and sometimes in acts of 
 charity. 
 
 He knew IhM "rootl and bountiful minds arc Bometimes inclined 
 to o«f«nf(Tt/on. Atterbury. 
 
 The painter is to make no oetgntalion of the menns by whicll lie 
 strikes the ima^itiiition. Reyttotds. 
 
 3. A show or spectacle. [J^Tot used.] Shak. 
 OS-TENT-A'TIOUS, (-shus,) a. Making a display 
 
 from vanity ; boastful ; fond of presenting one's eii- 
 dowinents or works to others in an advantageous 
 light. 
 
 Your modesty is so far from bcin^ OFttntatioua of the efood you 
 tlo. D'ryiUn. 
 
 2. Showy: gaudy; intended for vain display; as 
 ostentatious ornaments. 
 0S-TENT-.5'T101TS-LY, adv. With vain di.splay ; 
 boastfully. 
 
 OS-TENT-A'TIOUS-NESS, 7t. Vain display ; boast- 
 fulness ; vanity. 
 
 OS-TENT-A'TOR, 71. [L.] One who makes a vain 
 show ; a boaster, [f.iltle used.] Sherwood. 
 
 OS-TENT'OUS, a. Fond of making a show. [Liltli 
 used.] Feltham. 
 
 OS-TE-O-eOL'LA, 71. [Gr. oareov, a bone, and toAAn, 
 glue.] 
 
 1. A carbonate of lime incrusting the stem of a 
 plant. It takes its name from an opinion that it has 
 the quality of uniting fractured bones. [Obs.] 
 
 J^ichihion. Cleareland. 
 
 2. An inferior kind of glue obtained from bones. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 OS'TE-O-eOPE, 71. [Gr. oaren,; a bone, and norroj, 
 labor, uneasiness.] 
 
 Pain in the bones ; a violent, fixed pain in any 
 part of a hone. Quincy. Core. 
 
 OS-TE-OC;'E-NV, n. [Gr. oirrenv, a bone, and jci- 
 vai't, to generate.] 
 The formatitm or growth of bone. Brande. 
 
 OS-TE-OL'O CER, ) 71. [See Osteology.] One 
 
 OS-TE-OL'O-GIST, ( who describes the bones of 
 animals. Smith. 
 
 0S-TE-0-I,06'ie, ) a. Pertaining to a descrip- 
 
 OS-TE-O-LOG'ie-AL, ] tion of the bones. 
 
 OS-TE-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to oste- 
 ology. Lairrenee, Led. 
 
 OS-TE-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. oittcoi', a bone, and Aojof, 
 discourse.] 
 
 1. A description of the hones; that part of anato- 
 my which treats of the bones. Encyc. 
 
 2. The system of animal bones. 
 O.S-THEX'Y, 71. [Gr.] The ossification of snft parts 
 OS'Tl-A-RY, 71. [L. 04(111771, 111 iiith.] [of the body. 
 
 Tl»e mouth or opening by which a river discharges 
 its waters into the sea, or into a lake. Brown. 
 OST'LER. See Hostler. 
 OST'LER-Y. See Hostleht. 
 
 O.ST'MEN, /I. pi. E.ist men ; Danish settlers in Ire- 
 land, so called. Lyttleton. 
 
 OS-TRa'CEANS, (-shiinz,) n. pi. A family of biv.alvo 
 shell fish, of which the oyster is the tvpe. Brande. 
 
 OS'TRA-CISM, 71. [Gr. .mrpiu-iir/ius, I'rom oarpaKnv, 
 a shell, .ir potter's ware.] 
 
 1. In Grecian antiquity, banishment by tlif people 
 of Athens, of a person whose merit and influence 
 gave umbrage to them. It takes this name from the 
 shell on which the name or the note of acqiiiltil or 
 condemnation was written. It is, however, most 
 probable that this shell was a piece of baked earth, 
 rendered by the Latins fc,«(/i. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. Ilaiiishiucnt ; expulsion ; separation. 
 
 Sentrnced to a nerpettml ojtlnu^irrn from the enteeni, And confi- 
 dence, and lionora, atul cinuluinenu of his countrv. 
 
 rVcferoinf, l/amillon. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PHBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK 
 
 780 
 
OTH 
 
 OUR 
 
 OUT 
 
 OS'TUA-CITE, 71. [Gr. oo-r/JUKin/s, from oaTpaKOv, a 
 shell.] 
 
 An ovster-sliell in its fossil state. [Obs.] 
 OS'TRA-t'tZE, i\ t. [See 0»triiohm.] To hanisli 
 by the popular voice, purticittarhf a person eminent 
 for public services, but wlio lias lost liis popularity. 
 
 Marvel. 
 
 OS'TRA-CIZ-ED, pp. nanislicd by tlie popular 
 voice. 
 
 OS'TUA-CIZ-ING, ppr. nanisliing or ciiielling by 
 the popular voice. 
 
 O.S'TKICII, n. [Fr. autntche; Sp. avestniz; Port. 
 jbpstruz : It. striizzo : G. strauss ; D. fttruis or jrfruw- 
 rntrfl ; Dan. stnul^i : Sw. stn(:f.< ; L. Mruthio-cavtclus ; 
 GrT ■'Til f, n sparrow, aiul an ostrich. The niean- 
 iiij of this name is not obvious. The wont s(rau,«, in 
 German, sijinifies a bush, a tuft, a bunch ; but the 
 latter p irt of this name, .>(r«2, strwls, strauss, coin- 
 cides also with the Eng. strut, Dan. strutter, G. strnt- 
 zen : and this is the L. struthio, Gr. fTrooii3"f. 'J'he 
 first part of the word in l"r. !*p. and Port, is from L. 
 aput. The primary sense of struz, strutkio, &.C., is to 
 reach, stretch, evtend, or erect ; but whether this 
 name was given to the fowl from its stately walk or 
 ap[>eanince, or from some part of its plumage, let 
 the reader judL'<'. ] 
 
 'I'he popular iianie of a bird, which is one of the f pe- 
 des of tlif genus Slrutluo. The true ostrich, a native of 
 Africa and .Arabia, is the largest of all birds, beingfoiir 
 feel high from the ground to the top of the b.ick, and 
 seven, eight, anil it is said even ten, to the top of the 
 head, when standing erect. Its thighs and the sides 
 of the body are naked, and the wings are so short as 
 to be unlit for Hying. The plumage is elegant, and 
 much used in nrnamental and showy dress. The 
 speed of this bird in running exceeds that of the 
 fleetest horse. P. Ci/c. Parlini'ton. 
 
 OS'TRO-GOTH, n. One of the eastern Goilis,'as dis- 
 tinsuished from the Visigoths, or western Goths. 
 
 OT-.\-eoUS'Tie, a. [Gr. ojra, ears, and axouui, to 
 hear.] 
 
 Assisiing the sense of hearing; as, an olacoustU 
 inslriinicni. 
 
 OT-AetJCf'Tre, )n. Aninstnimenttofaciliune 
 
 OT-A-COUti'TI-€ON, j hearing, as an car-trumpet. 
 
 O TAL'GI-A, ( , . „„. . „, . ,„ [Barloio. 
 
 O-T \I 'GY i P 
 
 O'TA-KY, II. [Gr. oi's, wr .c, the ear.] 
 
 Kared seal ; a name given to all those animals of 
 
 . the seal family which have external eare. 
 
 Janiiiie's .N'at. Lib. 
 
 OTIl'F.R, (utti'cr.) o. [Sax. otArr; Coder: Gr. trr- 
 fj-'< ; (loth, anthar ; G. anilrr. Clu. Pp. otro. If the 
 radical letters are Tr, qu. Heb. and Ch. "^n^, residue. 
 Till' Frenc h autre is frcun the Latin alter.] 
 
 1. Not the same ; dilferent ; not this or these. 
 
 'I'll- n ihe othtr company which is l<*fl shall Mcapc. — Gen. xxxii. 
 B"hvM, it wM liinu'il again, as his oilier tlesii. — Ex. iv. 
 Otfter lunls lirsi'lcs Ihev have hail floiiiiiiiun orer us. — la, xxvt. 
 There is one Gixl, ami there is none o£A<r but he. — Marii xii. 
 
 2. \ot this, but the contrary ; as, on this side of 
 the river stands Troy, on the other side stands Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Whoaoever shall smite thee on thy right cheelt, tnm to him the 
 ot/ter also. — Matt. r. 
 
 3. Noting something besides. To the knowledge 
 of the Latin and Greek, join as much other learning 
 as you can. 
 
 4. Correlative to «iicA, and applicable to any num- 
 ber of individuals. 
 
 They asked eaeA othtr of ih-ir welfare. — Ex. xviii. 
 
 5. Opposed to Some ; as, " some fell among thorns 
 — but olAfr fell into good ground." MatL .xiii. 
 
 G. The ne.xt. Shale 
 7. The third part. B. Jonson. 
 
 Other is used .as a substitute for a noun, and in 
 
 this use has the plural number and the sign of the 
 
 possessive case. 
 
 The fool ami the bnitiih person die, and leave their wealth to 
 
 otflrrs. — Ps. xllx. 
 Wluw <lo y more than ortrrs 7 — Matt. 
 We wep. cliililren of u R\ih even ns olhert. — Eph. ii. 
 TiK confusion arises, *hcn the one will put Ur'ix »icltle into the 
 
 othtr't harvest. Lettty. 
 
 Willi the sign of the possessive, other is preceded 
 by the, as in the last example. 
 
 Other is sometimes put elliptically for ofAfr fAin-^. 
 From such a man we can expect no other. 
 
 The olhrr day ; at a certain time past, not distant, 
 but indefinite ; not long ag< 
 
 OTII'ER-GSTES, (uth'er-,) nrfr. [otAer and eate, for 
 way, manner.] In another manner. [Oft,«.f Shak.\ 
 OTll'ER-GUISE, ado. [ofAcr and gnuie, manner.] 
 [Coi 
 
 [Obs.] Shak. 
 uv. ivuicr iiiiti guise, manner.^ 
 Of another kind. [Corruptly pnmiuinced ofAer- 
 
 >rHes.-t.\ 
 
 OTH'ER-WIIBRE, orfr. [otArr and uiA«-e.] In some 
 
 other place ; or in other places. Milton. 
 fiTII'ER-WIIILE, lailc. [other and while.] At 
 Oril'ER-WIIILES, i other limes. 
 Of ll'ER-\VI?E, (uth'er-wi7.e,) adv. [other and loije., 
 manner.] In a ditTerent manner. 
 
 Thy father was a worthy prince, 
 And merite,!, alas I a Ijetter fate ; 
 But Heaven thoufht olAerinse. Addiion. 
 
 3. By other causes. 
 
 Sir John Norris failed In the attempt of Lisbon, and relumed 
 Willi the toss, by sickness and olMrwitt, of 8000 men. 
 
 Baleeh. 
 
 3. In other respects. 
 
 It is said truly, that the best men olherwUt are not alwavs die 
 b«-s( in n-gard to society. Hooker. 
 
 O'TI-UM CUM DIO-JVi-TA'TE, (8'shc-um-,) [L.] 
 Dignified leisure. 
 
 S o 
 
 OT'TAR, ) , 
 
 OT'TO, i [from Ar. ^W** denoting aroma.] 
 
 The aromatic principle ; as, the " ottar of roses," a 
 hiulily fragrant concrete oil obtained from the petals 
 of the rose ; spelled also Attar. Custrll. .^siat. Res. 
 
 OT'TER, n. [Sax. oter, otar, or offer; G. otter, an ot- 
 ter, an adder or viper ; 1). offer ; Sw. Mffcr. The Lat- 
 in Intra, Fr. lontrc. It. Inntra, Sp. nutria, may possi- 
 bly be the same word varied in dialect.] 
 
 The popular name of digitisrade carnivorous mam- 
 mals, of the genus Lutra, of which about nine spe- 
 cies are described. They all have large, llattish 
 he.ads, short ears, webbed toes, crooked nails, and 
 tails slightly flattened horizontally. They are atiuat- 
 ic, and feed on tish. 
 
 OT'TER, n. A colored farinaceous pulp, in a dry 
 state, wliicli surrounds the seeds within the peri- 
 carp, of Ihe Uixa Orellana, a small tree or shrub in- 
 digeno.'s !o the warmer parts of America. This sub- 
 stance is called Ururo, or by contniction Rocon, 
 and also Arnotto and .^notta. It is much used to 
 give a kind of salmon color, and it is reputed to be 
 medicinal. 
 
 OT'TO, n. Essential oil of roses. [See Ottar.] 
 
 OT'TO-M.AN, a. Designating something that pertains 
 to the Turks or to their government ; as, the Offoman 
 power or empire. The word originated in Othinan 
 or Osnian, tlie name of a sultan who assumed the 
 government about the year 1300. Eton. 
 
 OT'TO- .MAN, H. A sort of ihick-stutTcd mat used in 
 i2. A stool with a stiitTed seat. [Turkey. 
 
 OU-BLI-KTTES', ((><)-h\e-H',) n. pi. [Fr.] A dun- 
 geon with an opening only at the lop, for persons 
 contlemned to perpetual imprisonment, or to perish 
 secretly. Diet, dc VJlcad. 
 
 OUCH, n. A bezil or .socket in which a precious stone 
 or seal is set. Eiod. xxxix. 
 
 2. A carcanet or ornament of gold. Fosbroke. 
 
 3. The blow given by a boar's tusk. [Ois.] 
 
 Jiiiisworth, 
 
 OUGHT. See Aught, the true orthography. 
 
 OUGHT, (awl,) V. imperfect. [This word seems to be 
 the preterit tense of the original verb to owe, that is, 
 Sax. aitan, Goth. ai*ran, Sw. U'ja, to have or possess, 
 the radical sense being to hold, to restrain or stop ; 
 hence the passive participle would signify held, 
 bound. In this sense it was used by S|)elinan and 
 Dryilen. But ouirht, as used, is irregular, being used 
 in all persons, butli in the present and past tenses ; 
 as, / ouirlu, tlwa oughtest, he ought ; we, ye, Vicij 
 ouffht.) 
 
 1. To be held or bound in duty or moral obliga- 
 tion. 
 
 These oiit[fil ye to have done, and not to leave the other imdonc. 
 — Mall, xxiii. 
 
 \Ve that are strong ou?A( to bear the infirmities of the weak. — 
 Rom. XV. 
 
 2. To be necessary ; to behoove. 
 
 Ought not Christ to have suOered these Utings, and to enter into 
 glory i — Luke xxiv. 
 
 3. To be fit or expedient in a moral view. 
 
 My brethren, these tilings ought not lo to be. — James iii. 
 
 4. As a participle, owed ; being indebted for. 
 
 The love and duty I Iniig have on^hl you. Spetman. 
 That followetl, sir, which to niyscli' 1 oughL Dryden. 
 
 [In thi9 sense, obsolete.] 
 
 5. In Chaucer's time, it was used imperson.ally. 
 " VVel ought us wcrke," that is, well it behooveth us 
 to work. 
 
 OU.N'CE, (ouns,) n. [L. uticiVi, the twelfth part of any 
 thing ; Gr. ovy; tn ; nut Ihe Greek is frtun tlie Latin ; 
 Fr. once; It, oncia, an ounce, and an inch ; Sp. onza ; 
 D. once : G. unze. fnrh is from the same root, being 
 the twelfth |Kirt of a fiMit.J 
 
 1. .\ weight, the iwelfih part of a pound troy, 
 and the sixteenth of a pound avoirdii|Kiis. In troy 
 weisht, the ounce is twenty pennyweights, each of 
 twenty-four grains. 
 
 2. An animal of the genus Fells. [See O^CE.^ 
 
 OUND'ING, ( [Fr. onde ; L. undo.] 
 
 Waving. [Aof used.] Chaucer. 
 OUPIIE, (oof,) n. [Teutonic a«J7"; but probably con- 
 I traded from elf, G. alp. ] 
 
 I A fairv ; a goblin ; an elf. [Obs.] Shak. 
 ' OUPH'£.N, (oofn,) fl. Elfish. [Obs.] Shak. 
 OUR, a. [Sa.x. ure ; in the oblique cases, urum, urne, 
 whence our vulgar oum ; Sw. ror; Dan. vor, Ir. ar ; 
 Basque, gure.] 
 
 1. Pertaining or belonging to us ; as, our country j 
 our rights ; our troops. 
 
 2. Ours, which is primarily the possessive case of 
 our, is never iisetl as an ailjective, but as a substitute 
 for the adjective and the noun to which it belongs. 
 Your house is on a plain ; our.« is on a lull. This is 
 good English, but certainly ours must be tlie nuini- 
 iiative to is, or it has nunc. 
 
 Their orirana an- lu tl'T disfMjsed than otirs for receivlncr rrateful 
 iiiil'n-uioiis fniiii sensible objects. Atlerbury. 
 
 Here oiirj stands in the place of our organs, and 
 can not, in conformity with any rule of construction, 
 be in the possessive case. 
 
 The same thing was tlone by them tn suing in their courts, which 
 is now ilone by us in suing in ours. KeUltworlh. 
 
 OU-RANG'-OIJ-TANG', n. See ORANO-ouTArio. 
 OU-RA-NOG'RA-PH Y, ;i. [Gr. uvoatio!, heaven, and 
 yniffiri, descri|)tii>n.] 
 A description of the heavens. //i.s-f. Roy. Society. 
 
 (See UnA?fooiiAPi!Y, the more common term.] 
 {OL'O-GY, I r„ , , 1 
 
 OU-ROS'CO-PY i "■ ["f- <"'."'"""'" A'/y"j or 0(c iTTto). J 
 
 The judgment of diseases from an examination of 
 the urine. 
 
 OUR-SELF', proji. rcciproca/. [onr anA self.] This is 
 added after ice and ws, and som<'times is used with- 
 out eithtT, for myself, in the regal style only j as, we 
 ourself will follow. SAu/>. 
 
 Uuless we would denude ourieif of all force to defend us. 
 
 Cltirendon, 
 
 OUR-SELVES', pi. of Oi„ rself. Wc or us, not oth- 
 ers ; addetl lo ice by way of emphasis or opposition. 
 
 We ourgelvet might dislinclly number iu words a great deal 
 
 f.irtlier than we iisu.ally do. Locke. 
 S.ife in ourtetvta, white on ourtelvtt we stand. Dryden. 
 
 OUSE. See Oozi:. 
 
 OUS'iJL, (ooz'l,) n. [Sax. osle.] 
 
 A name common to several species of birds of the 
 thrush family. One of them is the European black- 
 bird. Sliak, 
 
 OUST, V. t. [Fr. bter, for <w.«f<T. It seems to be a 
 contracted word, for in Norman, oghsta is ousted. I 
 take this to be our vulgar oust, used in the .sense of 
 lift. The usual signification, then, will be that of 
 the Latin tnllo, sustuli.] 
 
 1. To take aw.iy ; to remove. 
 
 Multiplications of actions upon the case were rire lorinerly, and 
 Uiereby wager of law outled. Hall. 
 
 2. To eject; to disseize. 
 
 Afterwarxl the lessor, reversioner, or remainder-man, or any 
 stranger, llolb ejtxt or oust the lessee of his b-rm. 
 
 H^ackttone. 
 
 OUST'ED, pp. Taken away ; removed ; ejected. 
 OUST'ER, ti. Removed from possession ; disseizin ; 
 dispossession ; ejection. Blaclistone. 
 
 Ouster of the freehold is effectetl by abatement, in- 
 trusion, disseizin, discontinuance, or deforcement. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Ouster le main, [ouster and Fr. te main, the hand.] 
 A deliver)' of lands out of the hands of a guard- 
 ian, or out of the king's hands ; or a judgment given 
 for that purpose. Blackstone. Eneyc. 
 
 OUST'ING, ;»/ir. Taking away ; remorini ; ejecting. 
 OUT, adc. (Sax. iif; 1). uit ;'g. aus ; Dan. uJ; Sw. 
 ut. In Scotland, it is used as a verb, to Lay out. The 
 primary sen.se of the verb must be to issue forth, to 
 depart. In Russ. ot signifies from.] 
 
 1. Without ; on the outside ; not within ; on the 
 exterior or beyond the limits of any inclosed pl.ace or 
 given line ; opposed to In or Within ; as, lo go out 
 and come in; to rush out, 
 
 2. Abroad; noiathome. The master of the house 
 is oiif; a colloquial phrase {m gone ouL 
 
 3. In a state of disclosure or discovery. The .se- 
 cret is out, thai is, has come out, is disclosed. We 
 shall find oitf the rtigue. 
 
 4. Not concealed. 
 
 When these ar" gone, 
 The woman will out. .Shak. 
 
 .*>. In a slate of extinction. The candle or the fire 
 is ouL 
 
 6. In a st.ate of being exhausted. The wine is out. 
 
 7. In a state of destitution. We are out of bread 
 corn. 
 
 8. Not in office or employment. I care not who is 
 in tir who is out. He is out of business. 
 
 9. Abroad or from htmie, in a party, at church, in 
 a parade, &c. He w.as not out to-day. The militia 
 companies are out. The man was out in a frolic last 
 
 10. To the end. [nighl. 
 
 Hear me out. I>rytien. 
 
 11. Ijoudly ; without restmint ; as, to laugh out, 
 
 12. Not in the hands of the owner. The land li 
 ouf upon a lease. 
 
 13. In an error. 
 
 As a musician that wilt always play, 
 
 And yet is always oul at Uie same note. Rotcommon. 
 
 14. At a loss ; in a puzzle. 
 
 I have forgot my part, and 1 am ouf. Shak. 
 
 15. Uncovered ; with clothes torn ; as, to be out >t 
 the knees or elbows. 
 
 16. Away, .so ns to consume ; as, to sleep out the 
 best time in the morning. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, IGNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-€ as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
OUT 
 
 OUT 
 
 OUT 
 
 17. Deficient ; hiving expended. He was out of 
 pocket ; lie was out fifty pounds. Fell. 
 
 18. It is used as an exclamation, with the force 
 of command ; away; begone; as, out with tlie dng. 
 
 S/ialc. 
 
 Out upon yoii, out upon it ; expressions ^of dislike 
 or contempt. 
 
 Out is much used as a modifier of verbs ; as, to 
 come nut, to go out, to lead out, to run out, to leak 
 out, to creep out, to How out, to pass out, to look out, 
 to burn out, to cut out, to saw out, to grow out, to 
 spin out, to write out, to boil out, to beat ovt, &.C., 
 bearing the sense of issuing, extending, drawing 
 from, separating, bringing to open view, or, in short, 
 the passing uf a limit that incloses or restrains ; or 
 bearing the metaphorical sense of vanishing, coming 
 to an end. 
 
 Out of. In this connection, out may be considered 
 as an adverb, and uf as a preposition. 
 
 1. Proceeding from ; as produce. Plants grow out 
 of the earth ; he paid me out o/his own funds. 
 
 Keep tliy heart with all diligence, for out of it are the issues of 
 life. — Prov. iv. 
 
 Out of tile same mouth proceedeth blessing and cuising. — 
 
 2. From or proceeding from a place, or the interior 
 of a place ; as, to lake any thing out of the house. 
 Jtlark xiii. 
 
 3. Beyond ; as, out of the power of fortune. 
 
 They were astonished out of measure. — Mark x. 
 
 4. From, noting taking or derivation. 
 
 To whom he expounded and testified the kinjtlom of God, per- 
 Buadin^ them concernin? Jesns, both out of the law of Mo- 
 ses, and out of tite prophets. — Acts xxviii. 
 
 5. JVot in, noting extraordinary exertion. 
 
 Be instant in season, out o/ season. —2 Tim. iv. 
 
 6. Not in, noting exclusion, dismission, departure, 
 absence, or dereliction ; as, out o/ favor ; out of use ; 
 out o/ place ; out o/ fashion. 
 
 7. Not in, noting unfitness or impropriety. He is 
 witty out o/ season ; the seed was sown out of season. 
 
 8. Not within, noting extraordinary delay; as, a 
 sliip out of time. 
 
 9. Not within ; abroad : as, out of the door or 
 house. 
 
 10. From, noting copy from an original ; as, to cite 
 or copy out of Horace. 
 
 11. From, noting rescue or liberation ; as, to be de- 
 livered out of afilictions. 
 
 Cliristiauity recovered tlie law of nature out of all those errors. 
 
 Addiaon. 
 
 12. Not in, noting deviation, exorbitance, or ir- 
 regularity. This is <)ii( (/all method ; out ofaW rule ; 
 he goes out of his way to find cause of censure ; he 
 is out of order. 
 
 13. From, noting dereliction or departure. He will 
 not be flattered or frightened out of his duty; he at- 
 tempted to laugh men out of virtue. 
 
 11. From, noting loss or change of state. The 
 mouth is out </ taste ; the instrument is out «/tune. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 15. Not according to, noting deviation ; as, he acts 
 or speaks out of character. 
 
 16. Beyond; not within the limits of ; as, tobeo«« 
 of hearing, out of sight, out of reach. Time out of 
 mind, is time beyond tiie reach of memory. 
 
 17. Noting loss or exhaustion ; as, to be out of 
 breath. 
 
 18. Noting loss ; as, out of hope. 
 
 19. By means of. 
 
 Out of that will I cause those of Cyprus to mutiny. Shnh. 
 
 20. In consequence of, noting the motive, source, 
 or reason. 
 
 What they do not ffr^nt out of the ^nerosily of their na'.nre, 
 they may grant out of mere impatience. Smalridgf. 
 
 fo we say, a thing is done out of envy, spite, or 
 ambition. 
 
 Out of hand; immediately, as that is easily used 
 which is ready in the hand. 
 
 Gather we our fores out o/hand. S?taJ:. 
 
 Out if print, denotes that a hook is not in market, 
 cr to be purchased ; the copies printed having been 
 nil sold. 
 
 OUT, V. L To eject; to expel; to deprive by expul- 
 sion. 
 
 The Trench have been outed of their holds. Hrylin. 
 In composition, out signifies beyond, more, ejection, 
 or exti^nsion. 
 
 [For the participles of the following compounds, 
 ICC the Hiniplo verbs.] 
 OUT-ACT', V. t. To do beyond ; to exceed in net. 
 
 Me hns made me heir (o tremtun-B, 
 
 Woulil make me ouUtct n n.-al widow's whining. Otway, 
 
 OUT-XR'GOF., r. (. To argue better than another. 
 OUT-BAI,'ANCK, v. t. To outweigh; to exceed in 
 weight »r eflect 
 
 !.et dull Alax tjear sway my riffhl, 
 
 When all Ilia days ouOjalartte Uiu one night. Dryltn. 
 
 OUT-BAI/AN (;^;i), ( bal'anm,) pp. Outweighed. 
 OUT-BAR', ». f. 'i'o Hhiit out by bars or fortificntion. 
 
 Tti^^e to oulbar with painful plcmlngm. Sprnter. 
 
 OUT-KXR'R£D, pp. Shut out by bars. 
 OUT-BID', V. t. To bid more than another ; to offer a 
 higher price. 
 
 For Indian spices, for Penivian ^old, 
 
 Prevent tlie greedy and outbid the bold. Pope. 
 
 OUT-BID', ) pp. Exceeded in the price of- 
 OUT-BID'D£N, i fered. 
 OUT-BID'DER, 7!. One that outbids. 
 OUT-BID'DING, ppr. Bidding a price beyond an- 
 other. 
 
 OUT-BLoWN', pp. Inflated ; swelled with wind. 
 
 Dnfdcn. 
 
 OUT-BLUSH', V. t. To exceed in rosy color. 
 
 Skipman. 
 
 OUT'BORN, a. Foreign ; not native. [Little used.] 
 OUT'BOU.\D, a. Destined or proceeding from a 
 country or harbor to a distant country or port ; as, an 
 outbound ship. Dryden. 
 [The usual phrase among seamen is Oijtward- 
 
 BOUND.] 
 
 OUT-BRaVE', v. t. To bear down by more daring 
 or insolent conduct. 
 
 I would otilstare the sternest eyes that look, 
 Ottlbraue the heart most daring on the earth, 
 To win thee, lady. 
 
 Sholt. 
 
 2. To exceed in splendid appearance. 
 
 The towers as well as men outbrave the sky. Cowley. 
 OUT-BR.\Z'£.V, II. t. To bear down with a brazen 
 
 face or impudence. 
 OUT'BREAK, n. A bursting forth ; eruption. 
 
 The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. Shak. 
 OUT'BREAK-ING, n. That which bursts forth. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 OUT-BReATHE', v. U To weary by having better 
 breath. Sliak. 
 2. To expire. Spenser. 
 OUT-BUD', V. i. To sprout forth. Spen.ser. 
 OUT-BUlLD', (out-bild',) v. t. To exceed in build- 
 ing, or in durability of building. 
 OUT-BURN', r. t. or i. To exceed in burning. 
 
 Jliantell. 
 
 OUT'BURST, 71. [out and burst.] A breaking or 
 bursting out. 
 
 OUT-CANT' V. t. To surpass in canting. Pope. 
 OUT'CAST, pp. or a. [Sw. utkasta, to cast out.] 
 Cast out ; thrown away ; rejected as useless. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 OUT'CAST, 71. One who is cast out or expelled ; an 
 
 exile ; one driven from home or country. Jsa. xvi. 
 OUT-CEPT', for Except, is not in use. B. Jonson. 
 0UT-CHK.\T', ?'. t. To exceed in che.ating. 
 OUT-CHkAT'ED, pp. Exceeded in cheating. 
 OUT-CHeAT'ING, ppr. Surpassing in cheating. 
 OIJT-CI.I.MB', II. £. To climb beyond. Davenant. 
 OUT-CO.\1'PASS, V. t. To exceed due bounds. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 OUT-CRAFT', II. «. To exceed in cunning. Slitik. 
 
 OUT'CROP, n. In gcolomj, the coming out of a 
 stratum to the surface of the ground. Lyell. 
 
 OUT'CROP, II. 1. In geology, to come out to the sur- 
 face of the ground ; applied to strata. 
 
 OUT'CRS*, 71. A vehement or loud cry; cry of dis- 
 tress. Denkam. 
 
 2. Clamor; noisy opposition or destestation. 
 
 South, 
 
 3. Sale at public auction. jlinswortli. 
 OUT-DARE', ti. (. To dare or venture beyond. Shak. 
 OUT-DATE', V. t. To antiquate ; as, out-dated cere- 
 monies. [JVot used.] Hammond. 
 
 OUT-DAZ'ZLE, v. t. To surpass in dazzling. 
 OUT-DAZ'ZLJ2D,7)p. Surpassed in dazzling. 
 OUT-DO', V, t. ; prct. Outdid; pp. Ot;TD0NE. [See 
 Do.J 
 
 1 o excel ; to surpass ; to perform beyond another. 
 
 An imposture outdoes the original. L'Estrnnge, 
 I grieve to be outdone by Oay. .S'lci/t. 
 
 OUT-DO'ING, ppr. Excelling; surpassing in perform- 
 ance. 
 
 OUT-DO'ING, 71. Excess in performance. Pope. 
 OUT-DONE', pp. of Outdo. 
 OUT DOOR', a. Being without the house. 
 OUT-D()()RS', adv. Abroad ; out of the house. 
 OUT-DRINK', V, t, [See Dri.nk.] To exceed in 
 
 drinking. Donne, 
 OUT-DWELL', V. t. To dwell or stay beyond. 
 
 Sludc. 
 
 OUT'ED, a. Put out ; extinguished ; ended. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 OUT'ER, a. [conip. of Out.] Being on the outside ; 
 external ; opposed to Innek ; as, the outer wall; the 
 outer part of a tiling ; the wiifrr court or gate. 
 
 OUT'ER-LV, ado. Toward the outside. Oreio, 
 
 OUT'EK-MoST, 0. [superl. from outer.] Being on 
 the extreme external part ; remotest from the midst; 
 as, the oNlermiist row. Boyle. 
 
 OUT-FACE', r. ^ To brave; to bear down wiih an 
 imposing front, or with impudence ; to stari' down. 
 
 Shak. lialegk. 
 
 OUT'FALL, 71. A fall of water ; a canal. 
 
 OU'l'-FAVVN', D. t. To exceed in fawning or adula- 
 tion. Uudihrns. 
 
 OUT-FllAST'. V. (. To succeed in feasting. Taylor, 
 
 OUT-FitAT', V. t. To surpass in performing. 
 
 OUT'FIT, 71. A fitting out, as of a ship for a voyage ; 
 usually in the plural. Outfits, the expenses incurred, 
 or the articles employed, in equipping and furnishing 
 a ship for a voyage. 
 
 2. An allowance equal to one year's salai-y, made 
 to a public minister, going to a foreign country, be- 
 yontl his salary. United States. 
 
 OUT-FLANK', v. L To extend the flank of one ar- 
 my beyond that of another. 
 
 OUt-FLASH', V. t. To surpass in flashing. 
 
 OUT-FLASH'ING, pi>r. Surpassing in flashing. 
 
 OUT-FLY', 7'. t. To fly faster than another ; to ad- 
 vance before in flight or progress. Oartlt. 
 
 OUT-FOOL', 71. t. To exceed in folly. Young, 
 
 OUT'FORM, 71. Extern.tl appearance. B. Jonson, 
 
 OUT-FROWN', I'. (. To frown down; to overbear 
 by frowning. Shak. 
 
 OUT'GaTE, ;i. An outlet; a passage outward. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 OUT-GEN'ER-AL, v. t. To exceed in generalship ; to 
 gain atlvantage over by superior military skill. 
 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 OUT-GEN'ER-AL-ED, pp. Exceeded in military 
 skill. 
 
 OUT-GIVE', (out-giv',) v, t. To surpass in giving. 
 
 JDryden, 
 
 OUT-Go', V. t. [See Go.] To go beyond ; to ad- 
 vance before in going ; to go faster. 
 
 2. To surpass ; to excel. Carew, Dryden. 
 
 3. To circumvent ; to overreach. Dcnham, 
 OUT-Go'ING, ppr. Going beyond. 
 OUT-Go'ING, 71. The act of going out. 
 
 2. The state of going out. Ps. jxv. 
 
 3. Utmost border ; extreme limit. Josh. xvii. 
 OUT-GONE', (out-gawn',) pp. Gone beyond. 
 OUT-GRIN', 7). t. To surpass in grinning. Mdison, 
 OUT-GRoW', V. t. To surpass in growth. 
 
 9. To grow too great or too old for any thing. Chil- 
 dren outgrow their garments, and men outgrow their 
 usefulness. 
 
 OUT-GRoWN', pp. of Outorow. 
 
 OUT'GUARD, 71. A guard at a distance from the 
 main body of an army ; or a guard at the farthest 
 distance ; any thing fur defense placed at a distance 
 from the thing to be defended. Dryden. South. 
 
 OUT-HER'OD, 71. (. To overact tlie character of 
 Herod, which, in the old plays, was always a vio- 
 lent one. Smart. 
 
 OUT-HER'OD-ED, pp. Surpa.ssed in cruelty. 
 
 OUT'HOUSE, 71. A small house or building at a lit- 
 tle distance from the main house. 
 
 OUT'ING, 71. Agoing from home; an airing. [Lo- 
 cal.] 
 
 OUT-JEST', 71. t. To overpower by jesting. Shak. 
 OUT-JEST'ED, pp. Overpowered bv jesting. 
 OUT-JUG'GLE, 7'. f. To .surpass in juggling. Hall. 
 OUT-KNaVE', (out-nave',) i-. t. To surpass in knave- 
 ry. L'Estrangc. 
 OUT'LAND, a. [Sax. utlande, a foreigner.] 
 
 Foreign. [Obs.] Strutt. 
 OUT'LAND-ER, n. A foreigner ; not a native. [Obs.] 
 
 n'ood. 
 
 OUT-LAND'ISH, a. [Sa.x. utUendisc ; out and laud.] 
 
 1. Foreign ; not native. Donne. 
 
 Nevertheless, even him did outtandieh women cause to sin, — 
 Nc-h. xui. 
 
 2. Born or produced in the interior country, or 
 among rude people; hence, vulgar; rustic; rude; 
 clownish. 
 
 [ This is the sense in which the word is among us most 
 
 generallii used.] 
 OUT-LAST', V. t. To last longer than something 
 
 else ; to exceed in duration. Candles laid in bran 
 
 will outlast others of the same stufl". Baron. 
 OUT-LAST'ED,pp. Lasted longer than something 
 
 else. 
 
 OUT'LAVV, 71. [Sax. ullaga; out and law.] 
 
 A person excluded from the benefit of the law, or 
 deprived of its protection. Formerly any person 
 might kill an outlaw ; but it is now held unlawful 
 for any person to put to death an outlaw, except Ihe 
 slierifl', who has a warrant for that purpose. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 OUT'LAW, V. t. [Sax. vllagiun.] 
 
 To (I'eprive of the benefit and protection of law ; 
 
 to proscribe. Blaekstone. 
 OUT'LAW-£D, pp. or a. Excluded from tJio benefit 
 
 of law. 
 
 OUT'LAW-ING, ppr. Depriving of the benefit of 
 law. 
 
 OUT'LAW-RY, n. The putting a man out of the pro- 
 tection of law, or the process by which a man is de- 
 prived of that protection ; the punishmciit of a man 
 who, when called into court, contemptuously refuses 
 to appear. Blaekstone. 
 
 OUT'LAY, 71. A laying out or expending; expendi- 
 ture. 
 
 OUT-Li5AP', II. t. To leap beyond ; to pass by leap- 
 ing. 
 
 OUT'Ll" AP, 71. Sally ; flight ; escape. Locke. 
 OUT-LkAP'KI), ( lecpt or -lept,) pp. Leaped beyond. 
 OUT-LiiAP'IIVG, ppr. Leaping beyond. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL,'VVHAT — METE, PRfiY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.- 
 
 782 
 
OUT 
 
 OUT'LET, ?i. Passnge outward ; the place or the 
 means by which any thing escapes or is discharged. 
 A i^ate is tlie outlet uf a city or fort. Tlio mouth of a 
 river is its outlet. Colonies are llie outlets of a pupu- 
 liins nation. Bacon. 
 
 OUT'MUK-ER, n. \n ships, a small piece of limber 
 fasti ni'il to the top of the poop. 
 
 OUT-LIIV, c. (. To exceed in lying. JIall. 
 
 OUT'lJ EK, u. One wlio does not reside in tlie place 
 with which his otiice or duly connects him. Frrweii. 
 
 2. .A part of a rock or stratum lying without, or 
 beyond the main budv. MaiitrU. 
 
 OUT 'LI.VE, II. Contour; the line by which a ligure 
 is defined ; the exterior line. 
 
 2. 'I'he first sketch of a figure. 
 
 3. Kirst general sketch of any scheme or design. 
 OUT'l.I.N'E, ti. (. To draw the exterior line; to de- 
 
 lini-iite ; to sketch. 
 
 OUT'l.r.V-KD, i>p. Marked with an outline. 
 
 OUT-LIVE', (onl-liv',) i: I. To live beyond ; to sur- 
 vive ; to live after something has ceased; as, a man 
 may outlive his children ; a person may outlive his 
 estate, his fame, and his usefulness. 
 
 Tlicy live 100 lonj who happincu ou.'.'l'w«. Dryilcn. 
 
 2. To live better, or to better purpose. Scott. 
 OUT-MV'KD, ;>/). Survived; lived beyond. 
 OUT-LIVER, n. A survivor. 
 OUT-Ll\"l.\G, ;i;ir. Living beyond another's life. 
 OUT-LOOK', c. U To face down ; to browlieat. Sliak. 
 
 2. 'lV> select. [.A'ot iii use."] 
 OUT'LOQK, H. Vigilant watch ; foresight. Young. 
 
 [But Look-out is generally used.] 
 
 OIjt-LOOK'£:D, ( Iwkt,) pp. Faced down ; brow- 
 lie.-Uen. 
 
 OUT'LOPE, It, [See Lops and Leap.] An excur- 
 sion. \jVot w.<c</.] Florio. 
 
 OUT-LUS'TEU, ( e. (. To excel in brightness. 
 
 OUT-LUS'TKE, i Shak. 
 
 OUT-LY'l.\(J, a. Lying or being at a distance from 
 the main body or design. Temple. JlMisoit. 
 
 2. Being on the exterior or frontier. Oibbon. 
 
 OUT-:MA-NEC'VEIt, Iv.t. To surpass in maneu- 
 
 OUT-.MA-.\(EU'VKE, ( vering. 
 
 OUT-MXRCir, r. t. To march faster than ; to march 
 so as to leave behind. 
 
 Tlie liorae ouCnarched the foot. Clarendon. 
 
 OUT-MXUCirA;D, pp. Left behind in a march. 
 OUT-.ME.\S'URE, (oul-mezh'ur,) o. (. To exceed in 
 . measure or extent. Brown. 
 OUT-.MEAS'i;R-/;D, pp. Exceeded in extent. 
 OUT'.MfiST, a. Farthest outward ; most remote from 
 
 the middle. JilUtou. 
 0UT-.N.\.\1E', n. «. To exceed in naming or describ- 
 ing. 
 
 OUT-NIIM'BER, r. t. To exceed in number. The 
 
 troops outnumbered those 4if the enemy. 
 OUT-.NU,M'BER-£D, ;i;i. Exceeded in number. 
 OUT-P.\CE', V. L To outgo; to leave behind. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 OUT-PAR'A-.MOUR, r. t. [See Pa»4Mour.] To e.x- 
 ceed in keeping mistresses. SliaJi. 
 
 OUT'P.\R-lsn, n. A parish lying without the watls, 
 or on the border. Oraunt. 
 
 OUT'l'XRT, II. .4 part remote from the center or 
 main part. Jlijliffe. 
 
 OUT-PASS', V. t. To pass beyond ; to exceed in prog- 
 ress. Kinpan, 
 
 OUT-PEER', V. t. To surpass or excel. Shak. 
 
 OUT-POISE', (out-poiz',) t. t. To outweigh. HoweU. 
 
 OUT'PORCII, 11. An entrance. Milton. 
 
 OUT'PORT, n. In Orcot Britain, a port at some dis- 
 tance from the city of lAindon. .^sh. 
 
 OUT' POST, II. .\ post or station without the limits of 
 a camp, or at a distance from the main body uf an 
 army. 
 
 2. The troops placed at such a station. MarshaU, 
 OUT-POUR', V. L To pour out; to send forth in a 
 stream. MiUon. 
 2. To effuse. 
 OUT-POUR'AD, pp. Sent forth in a stream. 
 OUT'POUR-ING, II. .\ pouring out ; etfusion. 
 
 Jililn^. BogMC 
 OUT-PR .\V, V. t. To exceed in prayer or in earnest- 
 ness of entreaty. ScjtL 
 OUT-PRi;.\CH', c. U To surpa-is in prciching ; to 
 produce more effect in inculcating lessons or truth. 
 Anil for n vilLiin's quick conrrnion 
 
 A pillory CAu oulprtath a panun. /. TVum&uU. 
 
 OUT-PRIZE', F. (. To exceed in value or estimated 
 worth. Shak, 
 
 OUT'RAOE, r. (, [Fr. outrager: .Krm. outrachi, nut- 
 ragi : It. oitrasgiare ; Sp. and Port, ultrajar ; from 
 the L. ultra, beyond. It. oltre, with the Common ter- 
 mination age; or more probably it is a compound of 
 uUa, oltra, outre, with the Sp. ajar, to sp<iil, to mar, 
 to abuse with injurious language.] 
 
 To treat with violence and wrong ; to abuse by 
 rude or insolent language ; to imure by roueb, rude 
 treatment of any kind. 
 
 Blue «IH| iiuolrtii miniU o<Ura[t men, when Ihey h.i»e hopM of 
 
 d.j.nj 1 .,Ui.nn , rrlnni. AlUrbury. 
 Till. int. r»le« ouim^ .t lul dcctncj. Bmoni. 
 
 OUT 
 
 OUT'R.VGE, e. t. To commit exorbitances; to be 
 guilty of violent rudeness. .^scham. 
 
 OUT'RAOE, n. [Fr. id. ; It. oltraggio ; Sp. and Port. 
 u(Ira)>.] 
 
 Injurious violence offered to persons or things ; 
 excessive abuse ; wanton mischief. Rude, abusive 
 language, scurrility, or opprobrious and contemptu 
 oils words, may be an outrage to persons, or to de- 
 cency and civility. A violent attack upon person 
 or property is an outrage. 
 
 lie wroujlit great oulro^c*, wiistiiij all the country where he 
 Weill. Speiuer. 
 
 OUT'R.\-GKD, pp. or a. Treated with violence or 
 
 wrong; abused by insolent language. 
 OU'J'-Ra'OEOUS, a. [ It. oltraggioso ; Fr. outrngeuj.] 
 
 1. Violent; furious; exorbitant; exceeding all 
 bounds of moderation ; as, outraffeou-) villainies ; 
 outraiTcous Ui\k ; outrageous abuse. iSidnetj. Spenser. 
 
 2. Excessive ; exceeding reason or decency ; as, 
 outrageous panegyric. JJrijdeu. 
 
 3. Enormous; atrociou?; as, oufra^coiu crimes. 
 
 4. Tumultuous ; turbulent. [S/iaA-. 
 OUT-Ra'CEOUS-LY, adv. With great violence; 
 
 furiously ; excessively. Spenser. South. 
 
 OUT-Ra'GEOUS-NESS, n. Fury; violence; enor- 
 mity. _ Dnjdcn. 
 OUT-R.aZE', r. t. To raz.e to extermination. Sandys. 
 OU-TRE', (oo-tri',) a. [Fr.] Being out of the com- 
 mon course or limits ; extnivagant. Oeddrs. 
 OUT-RkACII', r. (. To go or extend beyond. Brown. 
 OIIT-RP.ACH'KD, (-reccht',)7ip. Reached beyond. 
 OUT-Ri5.\S'ON, (-rC'zn,) v. t. To excel or surpass in 
 
 reasoning. South. 
 OUT-Rf;.\?'0>r-iJD, pp. Snrpas.scd in reasoning. 
 OUT-RECK' OiV, V. L To exceed in assumed compu- 
 tation. Penrson. 
 OUT-RECK' ON-fJR, pp. Excelled in computation. 
 OUT-REIGN', 0. t. To reign through the whole of. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 OUT-RIDE', ti. f. To pass by riding; to ride faster 
 
 than. Hall. 
 OUT-RIDE', V. 1. To travel about on horseback, or 
 
 in a vehicle. Mdison. 
 OUT'RID-ER, II. .\ sumnioner whose ollice is to 
 cite men before the sheriff. [JVut used.'] DicL 
 
 2. One who Iravi-ls about on horseback. 
 
 3. .\ servant on horseback who attends a carriage. 
 OUT'RIG-GER, ii. In seamen's language, any project- 
 ing spar or piece of timber for extending ropes or 
 sails, or for other temporary purposes. Brande. 
 
 OUT'RIGIIT, (out'rite,) adv. Immediately ; without 
 delay ; at once. Jirbiithnot. 
 2. Completely. .Addison. 
 OUT-RI'V.AL, v. t. To surpass in excellence. .Addison. 
 OUT-ROAR', II. t. To cxcued in roaring. Shak. 
 OUT-Ro.\R'£D,pp. Surpassed in roaring. 
 OUT'RoDE, M. An excursion. I Maec. xv. 
 OUT-ROOT', B. f. To eradicate ; to extirpate. Rome. 
 OUT-RUN', V. L To exceed in running ; to leave 
 behind in running. Drtjden. 
 2. To exceed ; .as, to OKtruii one's income. Jiddison. 
 OUT-S.XIL', V. L To sail faster than ; to leave behind 
 
 in sailing. Broome. 
 OUT-SaIL'KD, pp. Sailed faster than. 
 OUT-SaII,'I.\'G, ppr. Leaving behind in sailing. 
 OUT'SCaPE, II. Power of escaping. [Mt used.] 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 OUT-SeORN', r. t. To bear down or confront by 
 
 contempt ; to despise. 
 OUT-SeoUR'INGS, n. pi. [out and scour.] Sub- 
 stances washed or scoured out. Buckland, 
 OUT-SELL', r. t. To exceed in amount of sales. 
 
 2. To exceed in the prices of things sold. 
 
 3. To gain a higher price. Sliak. 
 OUT'SET, ru Beginning ; first entrance on any 
 
 business. Mason. Smith. 
 
 Every thing nlmost dependi upoQ giving a proper diirction to 
 Uiij ouuet of life. J. Uauiet. 
 
 OUT-SIIINE', e. t. To send forth brightness or lus- 
 ter. Shal:. 
 
 2. To excel in luster or excellence; as, Homer 
 outshines all other poets. Jiddi^on. 
 OUT-SHOOT', r. (. To exceed in shooting. Dnjdcn. 
 
 2. To shoot beyond. JVorris. 
 OUT-SHUT', o. t. To shut out or exclude. Donne. 
 OUT-SIDE', n. The external part of a thing ; the 
 part, end, or side which forms the surface or super- 
 ficies. Bacon. Drydcn. 
 
 2. Superficial appearance; exterior; tis, the outside 
 of a man or of manners. 
 
 CrrAtcd being! ice ooUiing but our ouuide. Axlditon. 
 
 3. Persorf ; external man. Shak. Bacon. 
 A. The part or place that lies without or beyond an 
 
 inclosure. 
 
 1 threw open the door of mj chamber, and fouDd the family stnud- 
 iiig uii tlie oulride. Spectator. 
 
 5. The utmost. Mortimer. 
 OUT'SIDE, a. On the outside ; exterior; external. 
 OUT-SIN', r. t. I'o sin beyond. KUIcnbecl:. 
 OUT-SIT', r. t. To sit beyond the time of any thing. 
 OUT-SKIP', r. t. To avoid by rtighL B. Joiison. 
 OUT'SKIRT, n. Border ; outpost ; suburb. 
 
 OUT 
 
 OUT-SLEEP', V. U To sleep beyond. iViafc 
 OUT SOAll', II. (. To soar beyond. 
 
 Gov. uf the Tongue, 
 OUT-SOUND', ti. «. To surpa.ss in sound, llnmmond. 
 OUT SPARK'LE, v. L To exceed in sparkling. 
 0UT-SP.\1{K'L^;D, ;'p. Surpassed in sparkling. 
 OUT-Sl'AKK'LING, ppr. Surp-issing in sparkling. 
 OUT-SI'i;.\K', ti. (. To speak something beyond ; to 
 
 ••xceeil. Shah. 
 OUT-SPORT', V. t. To sport beyond ; to <.utdo in 
 
 spurting. Shuk. 
 OUT-SPREAD', (out-spred',) r. I. To extend ; to 
 
 spread ; to diffuse. Pope. 
 OUT'SPREAD, (out'spred,) pp. or a. Extended ; 
 
 expanded. 
 
 OUl'-SI'READ'INR, ppr. Extending; diffusing. 
 OUT-SPREAD'I.NG, ii. The act of spreading over or 
 diffusing. 
 
 OUT-STAND', V. t. To resist en"eclually ; to with- 
 stand ; to sustain without yielding. [Little used.] 
 
 IVoodward. 
 
 2. To stand beyond the proper time. Shak. 
 OUT-STAND', I', i. To project outward from the 
 main bodv. 
 
 OUT-STAND'ING, ppr. or n. Resisting effectually. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 2. Projecting outward. 
 
 3. Not collected ; unpaid ; as, outstanding debts. 
 The whole amount af revenue* — as well ouutatuling ;i« cullecwd. 
 
 Ilatnitlon. 
 
 OUT-STaRE', p. t. To face down ; to browbeat ; to 
 outface with effrontery ; as we say, to stare out of 
 countenance. Shak. 
 
 OUT-STaR'A;D, pp. Outfaced with effrontery. 
 
 OI;T-STaRT'1.\G, a. Starling out. Coleridge. 
 
 OUT-STEP', V. t. To step or go beyond ; to exceed. 
 
 Cuiii/iir/aiu^* 
 
 OUT-STEP' P£D, (-slept,) pp. Stepped beyond. 
 OUT-STOR.M', V. t. To overbear by storming. 
 
 InsultA die tempest and outslonnt the skies, J. Bartow. 
 
 OUT'STREET, n. A street in the extremities of a 
 town. 
 
 OUT-STRETCH', r. (. To extend; to stretch or 
 spread out ; to expand. Milton. 
 
 OUT-STRETCH'/;i), pp. ora. Extended; spread out. 
 
 OUT-STIIETCH'ING, ppr. Spreading out; expand- 
 ing. 
 
 OUT-STRIDE', II. t. To surpass in striding. 
 
 B. .lonson, 
 
 OUT-STRIP', V. U To outgo ; to outrun ; to advance 
 beyond. South. Dryden. 
 
 OUt-STRIP'P£D, (-slript',) pp. Outrun. 
 
 OUT-SVVEAR', r. (. To exceed in swearing ; to over- 
 power bv swearing. Shak. 
 
 OUT-SWEET'£N, t'. U To exceed in sweetness. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 OUT-SWELL', V. t. To overflow ; to exceed in swell- 
 ing. 
 
 OUT-TALK', (out-tawk',) r. t. To overpower by 
 talking; to exceed in talking. Shak. 
 
 OUT-TALK'i'D, (-tawkt',) pp. Over|K)wered by talk- 
 in g. 
 
 OUT-THROW', V. t. To throw out or beyond. Swifl. 
 OUT-TOIL', V. U To toil to a degree beyond another. 
 OUT-TONGUE', (out lung',) v.t. To bear down by 
 
 talk, clamor, or noise. Sh»k. 
 OUT-TOP', V. t. To overtop. [JVlit used.] Williams. 
 OUT-VAL'UE, V. t. To exceed in price or value. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 OUT-VE\'OM, r. (. To exceed in poison. Shak. 
 OUT-VIE', V. I. To exceed ; to surpass. 
 
 Dryden. .Sddison. 
 OUT-VIL'LAIN, V. t. To exceed in villainy. S/iak. 
 OUT-VOICE', (oiil-vois',) v. t. To e-xcccd in roaring 
 
 or clamor. [.\tit usn/.] Shak. 
 OUT-VOTE', r. f. To exceed in the number of votes 
 
 given ; to defeat by plurality of sutfniges. South. 
 OUT-VoT'ED, pp. Defeated by plurality of suffrages. 
 OUT-WALK', (out-wawk',) r. t. To walk faster than ; 
 
 to leave behind in walking. 
 2. To exceed the walking of a specter. B. Jonson. 
 OUT-WALK'£D, (oul-wawkt',) pp. Left behind in 
 
 walking. 
 
 OUT'WALL, n. The exterior wall of a building or 
 fortress. 
 
 2. Superficial appearance. [Umumal.] Shot. 
 OUT'W.\RI), a. [."'ax. udctard, or a(<iccar</ ; 111, out, 
 antl wrard, L. rcrj-iiji.] 
 
 1. External ; exterior ; forming the superficial 
 part ; as, the outtcard coat of an onion ; an outaard I 
 garment. 
 
 2. Exiernol ; visible ; opposed to I.vwaro ; as, out- 
 tcard hate. 
 
 3. Extrinsic ; adventitious. 
 
 An outieartt honor fur an {nwarxl toil. Shot. 
 
 4. Foreign ; not intestine ; as, an outward war. 
 [Aof nolo used.] We now say, eitemal or foreign 
 war. IJatfieard, 
 
 5. Tending to the exterior part. 
 
 The fire will force iu oiilimrd W-ay. Drytttn. 
 
 ' 6. In Scripture, civil ; public ; as opposed to Rilio- 
 I I0U9. 1 Chron. xxvi. 
 
 TONE, BlvLL, IGNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 7S3 
 
OVA 
 
 OVE 
 
 OVE 
 
 7. In tlievlcifii, carnal ; fleslily ; corporeal j not 
 spiritual ; as, tlie oiilward man. 
 OIJT'WARD, H. External forin. Shak. 
 OUT'WARD, adv. To the outer parts ; tending or di- 
 rected toward the exterior. 
 
 The light f.iIUiig on Ui^m [black boilies] is Dot reflected outward. 
 
 Newton. 
 
 2. From a port or cotmtry ; as, a ship bound out- 
 wnrd. 
 
 OtJT'\V,\RD-BOUND', a. Proceeding from a port or 
 countrv. 
 
 OUT'U'ARD-LY, adv. Externally; opposed to In- 
 WARDLV ; as, outwardly content, but iiticardly un- 
 easy. 
 
 •2. \n appearance ; not sincerely. Many may in- 
 wardly reverence the goodness which they outucardly 
 seem to despise. 
 OUT-WASH', (-wosh',) v. U To wash out ; to cleanse 
 
 from. [Little used.'] Donne. 
 OUT-\V.\TCH', V. t To surpass in watchini;. 
 
 B. Jiinson. 
 
 OUT-WE.aR', r. t. To wear out. [A'ot used.] Donne. 
 
 2. To pass tediously to the end. 
 
 By the stream, if I the night outwear. Pope, 
 
 3. To last longer than something else. [Tills is 
 the common signification.] 
 
 OUT-WEED', V. U To weed out ; to extirpate, as a 
 weed. Spender. 
 
 OUT-AVEEP', II. t. To exceed in wee|iine. Dryden. 
 
 OUT-WEIGH', (out-wi',) v. U [See Weigh.] To 
 exceed in weight. fVilkins. 
 2. To exceed in value, influence, or importance. 
 
 One self-approving hour whole yeare outieeighs 
 
 Of stupid st;irer& and of loud liuzus. Pope. 
 
 OUT-WEIGH'ED, (out-wade',) pp. E.xceeded in 
 weight, value, or importance. 
 
 OUT-WEIGH'IXG, (out-wa'ing,) ppr. Exceeding in 
 weight, value, or influence. 
 
 OUT-WELL', V. t. or i. To pour out. [JVuf used.] 
 
 OI'T-WE.NT', prct. of Ovtgo. [.Spenser. 
 
 OUT-WHoRE', 1-. (. To exceed in lewdness. Pope. 
 
 OUT-WIN', II. (. To get out of. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 OUT-WIXL)', 1-. (. To extricate by winding; to un- 
 loose. More. 
 
 OUT-WL\G', r. t. To move faster on the wing ; to 
 outstrip. Oartlt. 
 
 OUT-WIT', V. L To surpass in design or strauigem ; 
 to overreach ; to defeat or frustrate by superior inge- 
 niiitv. Dryden. 
 
 OUT-WIT'TED, pp. Overreached ; defeated by strat- 
 aseni, or by superior ingenuity. 
 
 OUT- WORK', (out-wurk',) v.'u To surpass in work 
 or labor. 
 
 OUT' WORK, n. A term applied to all works of a for- 
 tress which are situated without the principal wall, 
 within or bejond the principal ditch. 
 
 Knevc. .^m. Bacon. 
 
 OUT-WoRX', pp. [See Weak.] Worn out; con- 
 sumed bv u«e. .Milton. 
 
 OUT-WORTH', (-wurth',) v. U To exceed in value. 
 
 OUT-WREST', (out-rest',) v. t. To extort ; to draw 
 from or forth by violence. Spenser. 
 
 OUT-WRITE', ^out-rlte',) r. t. To surpa-ss in writing. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 OUT-WROUGHT', (out-rawt',) pp. [See W'onn.] Out- 
 done : exceeded in act or efficacy. 
 OUT-Za'NY, E. t. [See Zasv.]' To exceed in buf- 
 OUZE, n. See Ooze. [foonery. 
 O'V'AL, a. [Ft. ovale, from L. ovum, an egg.f 
 
 1. Of the shape or figure of an egg; oblong and 
 curvilinear, wilii both ends of the same bre.idth ; 
 resembling the longitudinal section of an egg. 
 
 Brande. Lindley. 
 
 2. Pertaining to eggs ; done in the egg ; as, oral 
 conceptions. Brown. 
 
 O'VAL, n. A body or figure in the shape of an egg, 
 or of an ellipse. Wafts. 
 
 CV .^I^HO'MEN, n. The albinnen or while of an egg. 
 
 5'VAI,-LV, orfc. So as to be oval. [Brande. 
 
 0'VAI^SllAl'-£D, (-shipt,) a. Oval. 
 
 0-Va'III-A\, a. ilclonging to the female ovarj". 
 
 O-VA'RI-OUS, a. Consisting of eggs; as, marious 
 f(un\. Thomson. 
 
 O-yJi'Rr-UJI, n, ; pU OvAKtA. [L.] An ovary, which 
 pee. 
 
 O'VA-Uy, 71. [Fr. ovaire : L. ovarium, from ovum, an 
 egg.] 
 
 1. The part of a female animal in which the eggs 
 nre formed or lodged ; or the part in which the fetus 
 is HUppo-ied to be formed. Kncyc. Core. 
 
 2. In botany, a hollow case or covering inclosing 
 ovules. It contains one or more cavities called cdU. 
 
 I.mdlry. 
 
 O'VA-Tlll) 1 t • "'""'"i ff"m ovum, an egg.] 
 
 Egg-Hhaped, with the lower extremities broadest ; 
 
 HH, an ovate leaf. 
 O'V n'E-LA.V'fE-O-LATE, a. Ilctwecn ovate and 
 
 lanreolale. Jilartyn. 
 O'VATE-rtUU'IJ-LATE, a. Between ovate und «ub- 
 
 ulnte. 
 
 O-VA'TION, n. [L. matio.] 
 
 In Raman antiquity, a IcHiicr triumph allowed to ■ 
 
 commander for a victory not deserving a triumph, in 
 the strict sense. P. Ci/c. 
 
 O-VA-TO-OB'LONG, a. Between ovate and oblong. 
 
 Jilartt/n. 
 
 OV'ES, (uv'n,) 71. [Sax. ofen ; G. ofen : D. obcti ; Dan. 
 ovn. Uu. Gr. itkos, Sw. u<rn. In Russ. ovini are 
 small wooden kilns for dryiUL' corn. Tooke.] 
 
 1. A place arched over with brick or stone work, 
 for baking, heating, or drying any substance. Ovens 
 are made in chimneys or set in the open air. 
 
 2. The term has been extended so as to include 
 various apparatus for baking or drying; as. a tin 
 oven. Ilebert. 
 
 O'VER, prep. [Sax. olier,ofrr; Goth, vfar ; G. iiber ; 
 D. and Dan. oven Sw. ofcer ; Gr. irrco, whence, 
 probably, L. super ; Arm. uvar, var, oar, ar ; Ir. ar, 
 formerly fair or fer ; W. ar : Corn. war. Ciu. Gr. 
 rtaua. This word corresponds in sense with i^y in 
 the Shemitic dialects, signifying to pass, in almost 
 any manner ; to pass over, as a river, to pass beyond, 
 to pass away, to pass by ; in short, to move, dt-part, 
 or go. Sax. faran, to fare. Hence the derivative 
 sense of beyond, either on the other side or above ; 
 hence the sense of excess, which supposes the pass- 
 ing of a limit ; hence the sense of opposite or arrainst, 
 in the Gr. iireo, for the further side of a river is the 
 opposite side. We do not use the word in this sense, 
 except with against See Class Br, No. 23. The 
 
 Persian corresponding word is \jS fara, which co- 
 incides nearly with the Greek Traoa, and both seem 
 
 - 'C 
 
 to be more directly from the Ar. abara, to go 
 beyond. Class Br, No. 37.] 
 
 1. Across ; from side to side ; implying a passing 
 or moving either above the substance or thing, or on 
 the surface of it. Thus we say, a dog leaps over a 
 stream, or over a table ; a boat sails over a lake. 
 
 2. Above in place or position ; opposed to Below ; 
 as, the clouds over our heads. The smoke rises over 
 the city. 
 
 The rnercy-seat that is over the testimony. — Ex. xxr. 
 
 3. Above, denoting superiority in excellence, dig- 
 nity, or v.alue ; as, the advantages which the Chris- 
 tian world has over the heathen. Sicift. 
 
 Young Pallds shone conspicuous o'er the rest. Dryden. 
 
 4. Above in authority, implying the right or power 
 of superintending or governing ; opposed to Under. 
 
 Thon shalt be orer my hoiisf*. — Gen. xli. 
 
 I will make thee ruler oper niLiny things. — Matt. xxv. 
 
 5. Upon the surface or whole surface ; through 
 the whole extent ; as, to wander over the earth ; to 
 walk over a field, or over a city. 
 
 6. Upon. ^Vatch over your children. 
 Dost tliou not watch over my sin ? — Job xip. 
 
 His tender mercies are oyer ail his works. — Ps. cxlv. 
 
 7. During the whole time ; from beginning to end ; 
 as, to keep any thing over night ; to keep corn over 
 winter. 
 
 8. Above the top; covering; immersing; as, the 
 water is over the shoes or boots. 
 
 Over night. To do a thing over night is to do it on 
 the evening previous, or before retiring to rest for the 
 night ; as, when preparing for a journey, we pro- 
 vide things necessary over night. 
 
 Over, in poetry, is often contnicled into o'er. 
 O'VER, adv. From side to side ; as, a board a foot 
 over; a tree a foot over, a foot in diameter. 
 
 2. On the opposite side. The boat is s.tfe over. 
 
 3. From one to another by passing; as, to deliver 
 over poods to another. 
 
 4. From one country to another by passing ; as, to 
 carry any thing over to France, or to bring any thing 
 over to Englantl. Bacon. 
 
 5. On the surface. 
 
 6. Above the top. 
 
 Goofl mensnre, pn-ssed down, and shaken together, and ninnm* 
 orer, shill men give into your bosom. — Luke vi. 
 
 7. More than the quantity assigned beyond a 
 limit. 
 
 He that g:itliered much had nothing orer. — Ex. xvi. 
 
 8. Throughout ; from beginning to end ; com- 
 pletely ; as, to read over a book ; to argue a question 
 over again. 
 
 Over and over; repeatedly ; once and again. 
 
 And every night reviewed it o'er and o'er. JIarle. 
 Over again ; once more ; with repetition. 
 
 O, kill not all my kindred o'er asain. Dryden. 
 Over and above; besides ; beyond what is supposed 
 or limited. 
 
 He (gained, over and above, the food will of the people. 
 
 L'kt: 
 
 Over against ; opposite ; in front. 
 
 trange. 
 
 Over againgt thii church slanilj a large hotplUil. AdfUton. 
 
 Over in used with rolling or turning from side to 
 •Jde ; an, to turn over; to mil over. 
 
 To give over ; to ceaNO from ; as, to ffive over an 
 enterprise. 
 
 a. To consider as in a hopeless state ; as, the phy- 
 sicians have given over Ibeir patient. 
 
 Over, in composition, dent les spreading, covering 
 above ; as in overcast, overflow ; or across, as to over- 
 hear ; or above, as to overhang ; or turning, changing 
 sides, as in i7rer(itrH ; or, more generally, beyond, im- 
 plying excess or superiority, as in overact, overcome. 
 O'VER, o. Past. 
 
 The Olympic gtimes were over. Milner. 
 2. Upper; covering; as, orcr-shoes ; oj;fr-Ieather. 
 O-VER-A-BOUND', r. i. 'J'o abound more than 
 
 enough : to be superabundant. Pope. 
 0-VER-.\eT', V. U To act or perforin to excess ; as, 
 
 he overacted his part. .^Uerbury. 
 0-VER-.\€T', V. i. To act more than is necessary. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 O-VER-ACT'ED, pp. Acted to excess. 
 O-VER-ACT'ING, ppr. Performing more than is ne- 
 cessarv. 
 
 O-VER-AG'I-TaTE, r. t. To agitate or discuss be- 
 yond what is expeiiient. Hall. 
 
 O'VER ALLS, 71. pi. A kind of trowsers worn over 
 
 O-VER-.^XX'IOUS, fl. Anxious to excess. [others. 
 
 O-VER-aRCH', v. t. To arch over; to cover with an 
 arch. 
 
 Brown with o'erarcking shades. Pope. 
 O-VER-AWE', (o-ver-aw',) v. t. To restrain by awe, 
 fear, or superior influence. 
 
 The king was present in person to overlook the magistrates and 
 overawe the subjects with the terror of his sword, Speneer. 
 
 0-VER-AW'J!D, pp. Restrained by awe. 
 
 O-VER-BAL'AIVCE, r. t. To weigh down; to ex- 
 ceed in weight, value, or importance. The evil, 
 which spring from vice ovi-rbalanre all its pleasures. 
 
 O-VER-BAL'ANCE, 71. Excess of weight or value ; 
 something more than an equivalent; as, an oB<*r4o(- 
 ance of exports ; an overbalance of probabilities. 
 
 Temple. Locke. 
 
 0-VER-BAL'A\C-ED, (-b.il'anst,) pp. Weighed 
 down ; exceeded in weight or importance. 
 
 O-VER-BAL'ANC-ING, ppr. Exceeding in weight, 
 value, or importance. 
 
 O-VER-B AT'TLE, a. [Qu. from the root of batten, to 
 fatten.] 
 
 Too fruitful ; exuberant. [JVot used.] Hooker. 
 O-VER-BEaR', i;. f. [See Bear.] To bear down; 
 to repress ; to subdue. 
 
 The point of reputation, when the news first came of die battle 
 
 lost, did overbear the re:ison of war. Bacon. 
 Yet fortune, valor, all is operborfie 
 
 By nurnlters. Derham, 
 Till overborne with weight the Cyprians fell. Ih-ydcn. 
 
 O-VER-BEaR'ING, ppr. Bearing down ; repressing. 
 9. a. Haughty and dogmatical ; disposed or 
 tending to repress or subdue by insolence or cft"ront- 
 ery. 
 
 0-VER-BEaR'ING-LY, adv. Haughtily; dogmatic- 
 allv. 
 
 O-VER-BEXD', V. t. To bend or stretch to excess. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 O-VER-BID', V. t. To bid or offer beyond. 
 
 . 2. To bid or offer more than an equivalent. 
 O-VER-BLoVV, V. i. To blow with loo much vio- 
 lence ; a seaman^s phrase. 
 
 2. To blow over, or be past its violence. [JVot 
 used.] 
 
 O-VER-BLoW'', r. t. To blow away ; to dissipate by 
 wind. Waller. 
 
 O-VER-BLoWN', pp. Blown by and gone ; blown 
 away ; driven by ; past. Dryden. 
 Anti when this cloud of sorrow 's ower6/oti>n. Waller. 
 
 5'VER-BOARD, adv. [over and Fr. bord, side.] 
 
 Literally, over the side of a ship ; hence, out of a 
 ship or from on board ; as, to fall overboard ; which, 
 of course, is to fall into the water. JMar. Diet. 
 O-VER-BROVV, 7'. (. To hang over. Collins. 
 O-VER HUILT', (o-ver-hilt',) pp. Built over. Milton. 
 O-VER-BULK', V. t. To oppress by bulk. [jVot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 0-VER-BUR'DJt;N, v. t. To load with too great 
 
 weight. Sidney. 
 O-VER BUR'DRN-KD, pp. or a. Overloaded. 
 O-VER-BUR'DKN-IXG, ppr. Overloading. 
 0-VER-niM!\', »i. (. To burn too nmch. Mortimer. 
 O-VEK-BUS'V, (o-ver-biz'zy,) a. Too busy ; officious. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 O-VER-BUV, r. I. To buy at too dear a r.ite. Dryden. 
 0-VER-e.\X'0-PV, V. t. To cover as with a canopy- 
 
 Shnk. 
 
 o'VER-GaRE, n. Excessive care or anxiety. Dryden. 
 O-VER-C.^RE'FIIL, a. Careful to exc. ss. 
 O-VER-CAR'RI-KI), (-kar'rid,) pp. Carried too far. 
 O-VER-CAR'RV, «'. (. To carry too far ; to carry or 
 
 urge beytiiiil (he prtiper ptiint. Hatiward. 
 O-VER-CAST', V. t. To cloud ; to darken ; to cover 
 
 with gloom. 
 
 The clouds that oi^rroasl our mom ihall fir. Dryden. 
 
 3. To cast or compute at too high a rate ; to rate 
 too high. 
 
 The kinp, In his account of peaco and udms, did much overetut 
 his lonunei, Uacon. 
 
 3. To sew over. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 784 
 
OVE 
 
 O-VER-exST', pp. Clouded ; overspread with clouds 
 or gloum. 
 
 The (lawn is overcast, Atltlison. 
 Our days ot agu urt; K;ut aiiil oturaut. Hategh. 
 
 9. Sewed over. 
 O-VER-esST'ING, ppr. OvcrspreadinR with clouds 
 
 or sliioin ; sewin;: over. 
 O-VEK-CAU'TlOUri, (-slius,) a. Cautious or pruilent 
 
 to excess". Mdisim. 
 O-VER-eAtJ'TIOUS-IA', adv. Cautiously to excess. 
 0-VER-CHARCE', v. U To charge or load to excess ; 
 
 to cloy ; to oppress. 
 
 9. To crowd too much. 
 
 Our Iniigufiyo is oi'trcharged wilh consoiiauu. Addison. 
 
 3. To burden. ' S/in'.. 
 
 ■1. To till to excess ; to surcharge ; as, to overcliurge 
 the lueuiory. Locke. 
 5. To load with too great a charge, as a gun. 
 
 Dcnham. 
 
 C. To charge too much ; to enter in an account 
 more than is just. 
 0' VER-CHARiiE, n. An excessive load or burden. 
 
 2. A charge iu an account of more than is just. 
 
 3. An excessive charge, as of a gun. 
 0-VER-CHARO'KD, pp. or a. Loaded to excess; 
 
 charged more than is proper. 
 0-VEU-CLlMU', (-klime',) ». f. To climb over. 
 
 Si/rre7/. 
 
 O-VER-CLOUU', V. t. To cover or overspread with 
 clouds. XicUel. 
 
 0-VI',R-ei.Otin'ED, pp. Overspread with clouds. 
 
 O-VER eiX)V'< e. (. To fill beyond satiety. Slink. 
 
 0-VKR-€oLI)', n. Cold to excess. merman. 
 
 O-VEK-CO.ME', ( kum',) r. r. [See Come.] To con- 
 quer ; to vanquish ; to subdue ; as, to overcome ene- 
 mies iu battle. 
 
 *2. To surmount ; to gel the better of; as, to oycr- 
 cume dilficnities or obstacles. 
 
 3. To overflow ; to surcharge. [JVo« used.] 
 
 ruiUps. 
 
 4. To come upon ; to invade. [A"o( used.] 
 O-VER-eO.ME', (-kum',) v. i. To gain the superi- 
 ority ; to W- victorious. Rovt. iii. 
 
 O-VKR-CO.M'ER, n. One who vanquishes or sur- 
 mounts. 
 
 O-VKR-COM'ING, ppr. or fl. Vanquishing; subdu- 
 
 fng : getting the belter of. 
 O-VER-e0.M'l.\G-I.Y, a/e. With superiority. More. 
 () VER-CON'FI-DENCE, ii. Excessive confidence. 
 O VER CON'FI-OENT. n. Confident to excess. 
 () Vi;R-eON'FI-l)Ei\T-LY, adv. With too much 
 
 confidence. Baxter. 
 O-V i;R eOR\', r. t. To corn to excess. Mdison. 
 O VEU-eOUiN'T', V. t. .To rate above the true value. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 0-VER-COU\T'En, pp. R.ated above the value. 
 O VER-COVER, r. (. To cover completely. Shak. 
 O VER-CRED'IJ-EOUS, ii. Too apt to believe. Shak. 
 O-VER-CRoW', r. f. To crow as in triumph. 
 O- VER-eO'RlOUS, a. Curious or nice to excess. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 O-VER-DaTE', r. (. Tod.ate beyond the proper pe- 
 riod. Milion. 
 O VER-DTfiHT', (-dite',) «. Covered over. [Obs.] 
 O-VER 1)1 L'1-6ENT, a. Diligent to excess. 
 O- VER-DO', V. t. To do or perform too much. Shale. 
 Q. To haniss ; to fatigue ; to oppress by too much 
 action or labor. 
 3. To boil, hake, or roast too nuich. .Swi/J. 
 O-VER-DO', V. i. To labor too hard ; to do too nmch. 
 
 Grew?. 
 
 O-VER-DO'INO, n. Excessive labor or exertion. 
 0-VER-L)(i'I.\(;, ppr. Doing to excess. 
 0-VER-DO.\E', (-dun',) pp. Overacted ; acted to ei- 
 
 2. Wearied or (vppressed by too much labor, [cess. 
 
 3. Roiled, baked, or roasted too much. Swift. 
 O'VER-OoSE, n. Too great a dose. 
 0-VER-DRAW', r. t. To draw beyond the proper 
 
 limits ; to draw an order for a larger sum than is due, 
 or for a 6um beyond one's credit in the books of a 
 company ; as, to overdraip the sum standing to one's 
 credit in the books of a banking company. 
 
 0-VER-DRAW'IN"G, ppr. Beyond the proper limits ; 
 drawine fiir more than one is entitled to receive. 
 
 O-VER-DRAW.N"', pp. Drawn beyond the proper 
 limits ; drawn upon beyond the credit or funds of 
 the drawer. 
 
 O-VER-DRESS', r. t. To dress to excess ; to adorn 
 
 loo much. Pope. 
 O-VER I)RESS'£D, (-drest',) pp. Adorned to excess. 
 0-VER DRl.VK', r. t. To drii.k to excess. 
 O VER DRIVE', r. (. To drive too hard, or beyond 
 
 strrn'jih. Oen. xxxiii. 
 (> VKR I)R1V'£N, pp. Driven too hard. 
 (I VER OR?', e. !. To dry too much. Burton. 
 O-VER-DCE', o. Past the time of payment ; as, an 
 
 orrrdur note. 
 OVER-EA'GER, 
 
 sire. 
 
 Too eager; too vehement in de- 
 _ ^ Goodman. 
 
 i> i'L-o ndr. With excessive eagerness. 
 
 O-v ER-KA'GER-NESS, n. Excess of earnestness. 
 
 OVE 
 
 O-VER-P.AT', V. t. To eat to excess. 
 0-VER-l".A'r'KN, pp. or a. Having eaten too much. 
 0-VER-EI/E-<; ANT, a. Elegant to excess. Johnson. 
 0-VER E.Ml"TV, V. I. To make too empty. Carew. 
 O-VER-E.S'TI-.MATE, r. t. To estimate too highly. 
 0-VEK-I-:S'TI.I\IATE, it. An estimate that is too 
 0-VER-E.\-CIT'ED, a. Too much excited. (high. 
 0-VER-EX-CITE'ME.\T, ii. Excess of excitement. 
 O-VER-EVE', (6-ver-i',) v. U To superintend ; to in- 
 spect. {Little used.] 
 9. To observe ; to remark. Shak. 
 O'VER-FALL, «. A cataract; the fall of a river. 
 
 lialeirh. 
 
 O-VER FA-TIGUE', (o ver-fa-tceg',) ii. Excessive 
 fatigue. 
 
 O-VER-FA-TIGUE', (o-ver-fa-teeg',) ». U To fatigue 
 
 to excess. WatttK 
 O-VER-FED', pp. Fed to excess. 
 O-VER-FEED', f. t. To li ed to excess. Dnjden. 
 O-VER-FILL', v. t. To fill to excess ; to surcharge. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 O-VER-FL0.\T', V. t. To overflow ; to inund.ale. 
 
 Dn}den, 
 
 O-VER-FLOUR'ISH, (o-ver-flur'ish,) r. t. To make 
 excessive display or flourish. Collier. 
 
 O-VER-FLOW', ». t. To spread over, as water; to 
 inundate ; to cover with water or other fluid. 
 
 2. To fill beyond tiie brim. 
 
 3. To deluge ; to overwhelm ; to cover, a.s with 
 numbers. 
 
 The iiorthrm nnlions Qverjtovied all Chrislendom. SUpemer. 
 O-VER-FLOW, V. i. To run over; to swell and run 
 over the brim or banks. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To be abundant ; to abound ; to c.xnberate ; as, 
 orerjlotrinir plenty. Roirer.^. 
 O'VER-FLOW, n. An inundation ; also, snperabun- 
 
 dance. Bacon. 
 O-VER-F'L0W'£D, pp. Run or spread over, as water ; 
 deluged. 
 
 O-VER-FL0W'I\G, ppr. Spreading over, as a fluid ; 
 
 inundating ; running over the brim or banks. 
 O-VER-FLOW'ING, a. Abundant ; copious ; e.xu- 
 
 berant. 
 
 O-V'ER-FLOW'ING, n. Exuberance ; copiousness. 
 
 Denham. 
 
 O-VER-FLoW'ING-LY, adv. E.xuberantly ; in great 
 abundance. Boiflc. 
 
 O-VER-FLUSH', v. t. To flush to excess. 
 
 0-VER-FLUSH'£», (-flusht',) pp. Flushed to excess ; 
 reddened to excess. 
 2. Elated to excess. Mdison. 
 
 O-VER-FLt', V. t. I'o pass over or cross by flijlit. 
 
 O-VER-FONO', a. Fond to excess. [Drydoi. 
 
 O-VER-FOR'WARD, a. Forward to excess. 
 
 0-VER-FOR'WARD-i\ESS, n. Too great forward- 
 ness or readiness ; officiousness. Hale. 
 
 0-VER-FRElGHT',(o-ver-frite',)t>. £. [See Freight.] 
 To load too heavily ; to fill with too great quantity 
 or numbers : as, to overfreight a boat. 
 
 0-VER-FRCIT'F}JL, a. Too rich ; producing super- 
 abundant crops. Drydeit. 
 
 O VER-FULL', a. Too full. 
 
 O-VER-GET', V. L To reach ; to overtake. [Mt 
 
 u.-ied.J Sidney. 
 0-VER:-GILD', v. L To gdd over ; to varnish. 
 O-VER-GIKD', V. U To gird or bind too closely. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 O-VER-GLXNCE', r. t. To glance over ; to run over 
 
 with the eye. Shak. 
 0-VER-GO', t). t. To exceed ; to surpass. Sidney. 
 
 2. To cover. [JVotxised.] Chapman. 
 0-VER-GON'E', (o-ver-gawn',) pp. Injured ; ruined. 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 0-VER-GORGE', (o-ver-gorj',) o. U To gorge to ex- 
 cess. SItak. 
 
 0-VER-GRASS'f;D, (-grist',) a. Overstocked with 
 gr.ass ; overgrown with grass. Spenser. 
 
 O-VER-GRE.^ T', n. Too great. Locke. 
 
 O-VER-GROW, I), t. To cover with growth or herb- 
 age. Spenser, 
 2. To grow beyond ; to rise above. Mortimer. 
 
 O VER-GROW', V. i. To grow beyond the fit or nat- 
 ural size ; as, a huge, overgroien ox. L'Estransre. 
 
 0-VER-G ROVVN', pp. or a. Covered with herbage; 
 2. Grown beyond the natural size. [risen above. 
 
 f)'VER-(;ROVV'l'H,n. Exuberant or excessive growth. 
 
 O-VER-IIALE'. See Overhaul. [Bacon. 
 
 0-VER-HA.\D'LE, v. I. To handle loo much ; to 
 mention too often. Shak. 
 
 0-VER-H.\NG', f. t. To impend or hang over. 
 
 9. To jut or project over. Milton. 
 
 0-VER-H,\NG', r. i. To jut over. Milton. 
 
 0-VER-IL\.\G'ING,ppr.ora. Hangingover orabove. 
 
 0-VER-HARD'£.\, r. L To harden loo much; to 
 make too hard. Boyle. 
 
 O-VER-IIaSTE', n. Too great haste. 
 
 O-VER-llAST'l-I.V, arfr. In too much haste. Hales. 
 
 O-VER-IIAST'I-NESS, n. Too much haste ; precipi- 
 talion. Rcresty. 
 
 O-VER-HaST'V, a. Too h.isty ; precipitate. 
 
 Ifammond. 
 
 O-VER-HAUL', V. t To spread over. Spoiscr. 
 2. To turn over for examination ; to examine or 
 inspect. 
 
 OVE 
 
 3. To draw over. 
 
 4. To examine again, as one'a accounts. 
 .*). To gain upon in a chase ; to overtake. 
 
 0-VER-UA(JL'i;D, pp. Turned over for eiamlno- 
 tion. 
 
 2. Overtaken in a chase. 
 
 0-VER-llEAD', (o-ver-hed',) adv. Aloft; above; in 
 the zenith or ceiling. Milton. .Addison. 
 
 O-VER-IIkAR', I). U To hear by accident; to hear 
 wli.at is not addressed to the hearer, or not intended 
 to he heard by him. fVotton. Milton. 
 
 O-VER-IIEARD', (-herd',) pp. Heard by accident. 
 
 O-VER-Ilif.AT', e. t. To heat to excess. Addison. 
 
 O-VKR Hk.AT'/^D, pp. or a. Heated to excess. 
 
 0-VER-HF;LE', e. t. To cover over. [JVb«u.«rf.] 
 
 B. Jon.mn. 
 
 O VER IlEN'D', r. f. To overtake. [J^ol used.] 
 0-VER-I!l'.\<;', pp. Hung over. [Spenser. 
 
 •?.. Covered or overcast, as with clouds. 
 O-VER-IS'.SIIE, ( isli'sliu,) n. An issuing to excess ; 
 as, the ovcri.-isues of bank notes, an issuing notes be- 
 yond the capital stock, or beyond the public wants. 
 
 ^Boston Resolutions. 
 O-VER JOV, v. t. To give great joy to ; to transport 
 
 witli gladness. Taylor. 
 (I'VER-JdV, n. Joy to excess ; transport. 
 O-VER-JOV'f.'D, pp.' Transported with gladness. 
 O-VER-La'HOR, r. I. To harass with toil. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To execute with too much care. 
 0-VER-LA'liOR-A"D, pp. or a. Labored to excess. 
 
 ScoU. 
 
 0-VER-LaDE', v. t. To load wilh too great a cargo 
 or other burden. 
 
 0-VER-LAD'i':.\, pp. Overburdened; loaded to ex- 
 cess. 
 
 0-VER-L5ID', pp. [.SeeOvcni-AV.] Oppressed wilh 
 
 weight ; smotlared ; covered over. 
 0'VER-L.\N'D, a. Passing by land; as, an overland 
 
 journey. 
 
 O-VER-LAP'. r. «. To lap over. [Tatitological.'] 
 O-VER-LARGE', a. Too large ; loo great. CoUicr. 
 O-VER-LARGE'NESS, 71. Excess of size. 
 O-VER-LASH', v. i. To exaggerate. [Little U.W.] 
 
 Burrme. 
 
 9. To proceed to excess. [Lillle used.] Boyle. 
 O-VER-LASH'ING-LY, adv. With exaggeraliou. 
 0-VER-L.\V'ISH, a. Lavish to excess. 
 O-VER-LaY', t). (. To lay too much upon ; to oppress 
 with incumbent weight; as, a country overlaid with 
 inhabitants. Ralegh, 
 Our sins h.aTf7 oveWatr£ our hopes. K, Charlet. 
 
 2. To cover or spread over the surface ; as, to over- 
 lay capitals of columns with silver ; cedar overlaid 
 wilh gold. 
 
 3. To'smother with close covering ; as, to orerlay 
 an infant. Milton. 
 
 4. To overwhelm ; to smother. 
 
 A heap of ashes lhat o'trlays your fire. Orydrn, 
 
 5. To cloud ; to overcast. 
 
 As when K cloud his i)ram dolh overlay. Sptnser. 
 G. To cover ; to join two opposite sides by a cover. 
 
 And overlay 
 
 With this porl*?nlous bridge tlie dark ahysj. 
 
 MiUon. 
 
 O-VER-LAY'ING, n. A superficial covering. Exoi, 
 xxxyiii. 
 
 O-VER-LkAP', r. t. To leap over ; to pass or move 
 from side to side by leaping; as, to overleap a ditch 
 or a fence. Drtjden. 
 
 0-VER-LEAP'ia),(-leepl'or-lept',)pp. Leaped over; 
 passed by leapin::. 
 
 O'VER-LEATII ER, ( lelh-cr,) n. The leather which 
 forms, or is intentled to form, the uppt:r part of a 
 shoe ; lhat which is over the foot. [With us, this is 
 called Upperleather.] Shak, 
 
 O-VER-LE.W'f-'N, (o-ver-Iev'n.) r. t. To leaven too 
 much ; to cause to rise and swell too much. 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 9. To mix too much with ; to comipt. Shak. 
 0-VER-LIB'ER-AL, a. Too liberal ; too free ; abun- 
 dant to excess ; as, overlibcrnl diet. Bacon. 
 0-VER-LIE', r. I. To lie over or upon something. 
 
 ManUU. 
 
 0-VER-LIGHT', (-lite',) n. Too strong a light. 
 
 O-VER-LIVE', (o-ver-liv',) B. (. To outlive ; to live 
 longer than another ; to survive. [We generally use 
 Outlive.] Sidney, 
 
 O-VER-LIVE', (o-vcr-liv',) v. L To live too long. 
 
 Mdion. 
 
 O-VER-LIV'ER, It. One that lives longest ; a survi- 
 vor. Bacon. 
 
 0-VER Lo.\n', r. (. To load with too heavy a burden 
 or cargo ; to fill to excess ; as, lo overload the stomach 
 or a vehicle. 
 
 0-VER-LO.\D'ED, pp. or a. Loaded loo heavily ; filled 
 to excess. 
 
 O-VER-L0,\D'IN'G, ppr. Putting on too hea\7 a bur- 
 den ; filling to excess. 
 
 O-VER-LO.VG', a. Too long. Boyle. 
 
 O-VER-LQOK', r. 1. To view from o higher place; 
 applied to persons : as, to stand on a hill and overlook 
 a city. 
 
 9. To stand in a more elevated place, or to rise to 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — A.\"OER, VI"CIOLS. — C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 99 
 
 NNN* 
 
O VE 
 
 OVE 
 
 OVE 
 
 bich as to afford tlie means of looking down on ; a-p- 
 paed to things. The tower overlooked the town. 
 
 3 To see from behind or over the shoulder of 
 another ; to see from a higher position ; as, to oxer- 
 look a paper when one is writing. Dryden. 
 
 4. To view fully ; to peruse. Sliak. 
 
 5. To inspect ; to superintend ; to oversee ; imply- 
 ing care and watchfulness. 
 
 He was present in person lo overlook tlie magistrates. Spenser. 
 
 6. To review ; to examine a second time or with 
 care. 
 
 The time and care that are required 
 
 To ouertook, and file and polish well. Jioscommon. 
 
 7. To pass by indulgently ; to excuse ; not to pun- 
 ish or censure ; as, to overlook faults. Addison. 
 
 8. To neglect ; to slight. 
 
 They overlook truth in the judgment they pass on adversity and 
 prosperity. Atterbury, 
 
 0-VER-LOOK'£D, (-lygkt',) pp. Viewed from a 
 higher place; seen from over the shoulder; passed 
 by indulgently ; neglected ; slighted. 
 
 0-VER-LOOK'ER, n. One that overlooks ; a super- 
 intendent.' 
 
 O'VER-LOOP ; now written Orlop, which see. 
 O-VER-LOVE', (-luv',) v.t. To love to excess; to 
 
 prize or value too much. HaXl. 
 O'VER-LV, a. [Sax. oferlice.] 
 
 Careless; negligent: inattentive. [JVotitsei/.] 
 
 Hall. 
 
 O-VER-L^^'ING, ppr. or a. Lying over. 
 O-VER-MXST', ji. (. To furnish with a mast or with 
 
 masts that are too long or too lieavy for the weight of 
 
 keel. 
 
 0-VER-M.\ST'ED, pp. Having masts too long or too 
 heavy for the ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 O-VEli MXS'TER, ti. t. To overpower ; to subdue ; 
 to vanquish ; to govern. Milton. 
 
 O-VER-MATCH', v. t. To he too powerful for; to 
 conquer ; to subdue ; to suppress by superior force. 
 
 lyryden. 
 
 O-VER-MATCH', n. One superior in power ; one able 
 to overcome. Milton. j9ddison. 
 
 0-VER-MATCH'£D, (-macht',) pp. or o. Exceeded 
 in power. 
 
 O-VER-MEAS'TJRE, (o-ver-mezh'ur,) v. t. To meas- 
 ure or estim.ite too largely. Bacon. 
 
 O-VER-MEAS'lIRE, (o-ver-mezh'ur,) n. Excess of 
 measure ; something that exceeds the measure pro- 
 posed. 
 
 O-VER-MIX', V. t. To mix with too much. Creech, 
 O-VER-MOD'EST, a. Modest to excess ; bashful. 
 
 Hales. 
 
 O'VER-MoST, a. Highest ; over the rest in authority. 
 
 Amsworth. 
 
 O-VER-MUCH', a. Too much ; exceeding wh.it is 
 
 necessary or proper. Locke, 
 O-VER-MUCH', adv. In too great a degree. Hooker. 
 O-VER-MUCH', n. More than sufficient. Milton. 
 O-VER-MUCH'NESS, n. Superabundance. [JVot 
 
 used^ and barbarou.'f.] B, Jonson. 
 
 O-VER-MUL'TI-TUUE, ». t. To exceed in number. 
 
 [Aof itsed. J Milton. 
 O-VeR-Na.ME', v. i. To name over or in a series. 
 
 [JVot used.] Shak. 
 O-VER-NeAT', a. Excessively neat. Spectator. 
 O-VER-NIGHT', f-nlte',) n. Night before bed-time. 
 
 [See Over, prep.] Skak. 
 O-VER-NOISE', (0-ver-noiz',) v. t. To overpower by 
 
 noise. Cowley. 
 O-VER-OF-FEND'ED, a. Offended to excess. Steele. 
 O-VER-OF'FICE, v. t. To lord by virtue of an office. 
 
 [JiTol used.\ ShiJi. 
 0-VER-OF-FI"CrOUS, (-fish'us,) a. Too busy ; too 
 
 re.idy to intermeddle ; too importunate. Collier. 
 O-VEK-I'AlD', pp. Paid more than is due. 
 
 2. Rewarded beyond merit. 
 0-VER-I'Al.\T', V. t. To color or describe too strongly. 
 
 Hill. 
 
 O-VER-PAP.S', t). (. To cross ; to go over. Dnjdcn, 
 
 2. To overlook ; to p.xss without regard. 
 
 Milton, flooker. 
 
 3. To omit, as in reckoning. Rnteah. 
 
 4. To omit ; not to receive or include. Hooker. 
 O-VF^R-PASS'tD, ) pp. Passed by ; passed away ; 
 O-VER i'A.ST', i gone ; past. Shak. 
 0-VER-PAS'SIO.\-ATE, a. Passionate to excess. 
 0-VEK-PA3'SI0.\-ATE-LV, adv. With too much 
 
 pa!i8ion. 
 
 0-VER-PA'TIE.\T, ( shent,) a. Patient to excess. 
 O-VER-PA Y', I). (. I'o pay too much, or more than is 
 due. 
 
 Q. To reward beyond the price or merit Prior. 
 O-VER-PEER', r. t. To overlook ; to hover over. [J^ot 
 
 yued.] Shak. 
 O-VER-PkO'PLE, ij. (. To overstock with inhahiliiuts. 
 
 O-VER-PRO'PLfiU, pp. or a. Overstocked with in- 
 hnhilanm. 
 
 O-VER-PERCM', r. (. To perch over or obove ; to fly 
 over. Shak. 
 
 O VER PER'EMP TO RY, a. Too |,r r. nipIorv. 
 
 O-VEU PER SIUDE', r. I. To p, r-u.ide or lulliience 
 aguiiiitt one'a inclination or opinion. Pope. 
 
 O-VER-PER-SUaD'ED, pp. Influenced beyond one's 
 
 inclination or opinion. 
 O-VER-PlC'TqRE, V. t. To exceed the representa- 
 tion or pictul-e. Shak. 
 O'VER-PLUS, n. [over and L. plas, more, or perhaps 
 G. vberfiuss, overflow.] 
 
 Surplus ; that which remains after a supply, or be- 
 yond a quantity pro|)osed. Take what is wanted, 
 and return the overplus. 
 
 It would look like a f.ible to report that this gentleman gives 
 away all wliich is the overplus of a great iortune. Addison. 
 
 O-VER-PLY', V. t. To ply to excess ; to exert with 
 
 too miu h vigor. Milton. 
 0-VER-POI$E', (o-ver-poiz',) v. t. To outweigh. 
 
 Broicn. 
 
 O'VER-POISE, n. Preponderant weight. Dryden, 
 0-*ER-P0L'ISH, V, t. To polish too much. 
 
 Blackwall. 
 
 O-VER-PON'DER-OUS, a. Too heavy ; too depress- 
 ing. Milton. 
 
 O-VER-PoST', 1). t. To hasten over quickly. Shak. 
 
 O VER-POVV'ER, v. t. To affect with a power or 
 force that can not be borne ; as, the light overpowers 
 the eyes. 
 
 2. To vanquish by force ; to subdue ; to reduce to 
 silence in action or submission ; to defeat. 
 
 Dryden. Watts. 
 0-VER-POW'ER-£D, pp. Vanquished by superior 
 force. 
 
 O-VER-POW'ER-ING, ppr. or a. Subduing ; redu- 
 cing to submission. 
 
 O-VER-POW'ER-ING-LY, adv. With superior force. 
 
 O-VEK PRESS', v. t. To hear upon with irresistible 
 force; to crush ; to overwhelm. Sidney, Swift, 
 2. To overcome by iruporlunity. 
 
 O-VER-PRIZE', V. t. To value or prize at too high a 
 rate. Wotton. 
 
 O-VER-PROMPT', a. Too prompt; too ready or 
 eager. 
 
 O-VER-PROMPT'NESS, n. Excessive promptness; 
 precipitation. 
 
 O-VER-PRO-PoR'TION, v, t. To make of too great 
 proportion. 
 
 O-VER-aUl'ET-NESS, ti. Too much quietness. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 O-VER-RAKE', v. t. To break in upon a ship. When 
 the waves break in upon a ship at anchor, with her 
 head to the sea, it is said, they ovcrrake her, or she 
 is ovcrraked. Mar. Diet. 
 
 O VER-RANK', a. Too rank or luxuriant. Mortimer. 
 
 O-VER-RaTE', v. t. To rate at too much ; to esti- 
 mate at a value or amount beyond the truth. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 O-VER-RAT'EI), pp. Estimated at too high a rate. 
 
 O-VER-RAT'ING, ppr. Placing too high a value on. 
 
 O-VER-ReACH', 0. t. To reach beyond in any di- 
 rection ; to rise above ; to extend beyontl. Burnet. 
 
 2. To deceive by cunning, artifice, or sagacity ; to 
 cheat. Tillot<on. 
 
 O-VER-ReACH', v. i. Applied to horsex, to strike the 
 toe of the hind foot against the heel or shoe of the 
 fore foot. 
 
 O'VER-ReACH, n. The act of striking the heel of 
 the fore foot with the toe of the hind foot. Kncyc. 
 
 O-VER-ReACH'ER, ji. One that overreaches ; one 
 th.it deceives. 
 
 O-VER-ReACH'ING, ppr. or a. Reaching beyond ; 
 cheating. 
 
 0-VER-Ri?,ACH'ING, n. The act of deceiving; a 
 
 re:tching_too far. 
 O-VER-ReAD', ». i. To read over; to peruse. [JVot 
 
 used, ] Shak. 
 O VER-REAn'M.Y, a</». With too much readuiess. 
 0-VEH-ltEAI)'l-NESS, n. Excess of readiness. 
 O VER-READ'Y, (-red'de,) a. Too ready. 
 O VER-RED', <!. «. To smear with a red color. [JVot 
 
 used.'^ Shak. 
 
 8; VER.Rm'biCN, i 
 
 0-VER-RII)E', ». t. To ride over. [J^ot jised.] 
 
 Chancer, 
 
 2. To ride too much ; to ride beyond the strength 
 
 of the horse. 
 O-VEK-Uri'E', a. Matured to excess. 
 O-VER-RIP'/'JN, c. /. To make too ripe. Shak. 
 0-VEK-Rf)AS'l'', jj. J. To roast too uuich. Shak, 
 O-VElt ROLE', ». t. To influence or control by pre- 
 
 doiiiintint power; to subject to superior authority. 
 
 The law must overrule all private opinions of right 
 
 and wrong. 
 
 Hu p;muiii and animosity overruled his coDscience. Clarttvlon. 
 
 2. 'I'o govern with high authority. Hayivard. 
 
 3. In lam, to supersede or ri^ject ; as, the plea Was 
 orrrnitrit by the court. 
 
 O VER KOli' /■;!), pp. Influenced by predominant 
 
 |)owtr. 
 2. Supi THeded or rejected. 
 0-VER-RCI,'Ell, 71. One who controls, directs, or 
 
 governs. Sidney. 
 O-VER-R0L'I.\'(;, ppr. Controlling; subjecting to 
 
 authority. 
 
 2. a. Exerting superior and controlling power ; 
 tu, an overruling I'rovidi nee. 
 
 O-VER-ROL'ING LY, adv. Controllingly. 
 
 O-VER-RUN', J!. (. To run or spread over; to grow 
 over ; to cover all over. The sluggard's farm is 
 overrun with weeds. Some plants unchecked will 
 soon overrun a field. The Canada tliisUe is overrun- 
 ning the northern parts of New England, as it has 
 overrun Normandy. 
 
 2. To march or rove over ; to harass by hostile in- 
 cursions ; to ravage. The south of Europe was for- 
 merly overrun by the Goths, Vandals, and other bar- 
 barians. 
 
 3. To outrun ; to run faster than another and 
 leave him behind. 
 
 .ihiimaz ran hy the way of the plain, and overran Cushi. —2 
 
 4. To overspread with numbers. Were it not for 
 the ibis, it has been supposed Egypt would be over- 
 run with crocodiles. 
 
 5. To injure by treading down. 
 
 6. Among printers, to change the disposition of 
 types, and carry those of one line into another, either 
 in correction, or in the contraction or extension of 
 columns. 
 
 O VER-RUN', V. i. To overflow ; to run over. Smith. 
 
 O-VER-RUN', pp. Run or spread over ; grown over ; 
 injured by treailiiig down. 
 
 O-VER-RUN'NER, ji. One that overruns. 
 
 O-VER-RUN'NING, pjir. or a. Spreading over ; rava- 
 ging ; changing the disposititm of types. 
 
 O-VER-RUN'NlNG, n. The act of overflowing or 
 running over. 
 
 O VER-SAT'lJ-RSTE, r. t. To saturate to excess. 
 
 O-VER-SAT't'-RA-TED, pp. .More than saturated. 
 
 O-VER-SAT'U-RA-TING, ppr. Saturaling to ex- 
 cess. 
 
 O-VER-SeRO'PU-LOUS, a. Scrupulous to excess. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 O-VER-SCRU-PU-LOS'I-TY, ) n. Excess of scru- 
 O-VER-SrRU'PU-I.OUS-NESS, ( puloiisness. 
 O-VER-.'^kA', a. Foreign , from beyond sea. Wilson. 
 O-VER-SEE', V. t. To superintend ; to overlook, im- 
 plying care. 
 
 a. To pass unheeded ; to omit ; to neglect. [JVut 
 I'.-n/.] Hudibras. 
 O-VER-PEEN', pp. Superintended. 
 
 2. .Mistaken . deceived. [jVol used.] Honker. 
 O-VER-SEER', V. One who overlooks ; a superinten- 
 dent ; a supervisor. 
 
 2. An officer who has the care of the poor or of an 
 idiot, &c. 
 
 O-VER-SEE'ING, ;);)r. Superintending; overlooking. 
 
 O-VER-SET', V. t. To turn from the proper position 
 or basis; to turn upon the side, or to turn bottom 
 upward ; as, to overset a coach, a ship, or a buililitig. 
 
 2. To subvert ; to overthrow ; as, lo overset the 
 constitution of a stale ; to overset a scheme of pol- 
 icy. 
 
 3. To throw off the proper foundation. Dryden, 
 O-VER-SET', V. i. To turn or be turned over; to 
 
 turn or fall off the basis or bottom. A crank vessel 
 
 is liable to overset. 
 O-VER-SET'TING, ppr. Turning upon the side, or 
 
 bottom upward ; subverting ; overthrowing. 
 0-VER-SHAI)E', V. t. To cover with shade ; to cover 
 
 with any thing that causes darkness ; to render tlark 
 
 or gloomy. Bacon. Dryden. 
 
 O-VER-SllAD'oW, ». t. To throw a shadow over; 
 
 to overshade. Milton. 
 2. To shelter ; to protect ; to cover with protecting 
 
 influence. Milton. 
 0-VER-SHAD'oW-£D, pp. Overshaded ; sheltered ; 
 
 protected. 
 
 O-VER-SHAD'oW-ER, n. One that throws a shade 
 over any thing. Bacon. 
 
 O-VER-SHAD'OW-ING, ppr. or a. Throwing a shade 
 over ; protecting. 
 
 O-VER-SHOOT', V, U To shoot beyond the mark. 
 
 TilloL-^on. 
 
 2. To pass swiftly over. Harte. 
 To overshoot one's self; to venture too far ; to as- 
 sert too much. Hooker. 
 O-VEU-SIIOOT', V. i. To fly beyond the mark. 
 O VER-SHOT', />;<. Shot beyond. . [Collin: 
 O'VER-SllOT-VVIIEEL',?!. A wheel which is turned 
 by water which shoots over, or flows on to the top 
 of it. 
 
 O'VElt-SIGHT, (-site,) M. Superintendence ; watch- 
 ful care. 1 Pet. v. 
 2. Mistake ; an overlooking ; omission ; error. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 O-VER-SIZE', V. t. To surpass in bulk or size. [JVot 
 much u.ied.] Sandys. 
 2. To cover with viscid matter. Shak. 
 
 O-VER-SKII", 1). /. To skip or leap over ; to pass by 
 leaping. Hooker, 
 
 2. 'i'o pass over. Donne, 
 
 3. 1'o esriipe. Shak, 
 0-VlCR-Sl,l",EI", V. t. To sleep too long ; as, to over- 
 sleep the usiiiil litnir of rising. 
 
 O VER Sl-EI'T', pp. Slept too long. 
 
 O-VER-SLll", I', f. To slip or pass without notice; 
 to pass undone, unnoticed, or unused ; to omit; to 
 neglect ; us, to ovcrsUp time or opportunity. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MftTE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
OVE 
 
 OVE 
 
 OVU 
 
 O-VF.R-SLfiW', r. t To render slow ; to rherk ; to 
 ciirh. \.\'ttt used.] Ilniiimnnil. 
 
 O-VEU-SiNOW, V. I. To cover with snow. [jVot 
 mack ugril.] Dnidnt. 
 
 O-VER-POI.I)', pp. Sold nt too liigh a price. j)rtiilni. 
 
 U-VER-SOON' <i./b. Too soon. Siilnex/. 
 
 O-VEll-SOR'RoVV, V. U To grieve or afflict to ex- 
 cess. JMiUvn. 
 
 O-VER-PPAN', V. t. To reach or extend over. 
 
 O-VER-SPkAK', v. L To speak too inucli : to use 
 too many words. llalcs. 
 
 0-VER-Sl'E.\T', pp. [See Spend.] Harassed or fa- 
 tietied to an extreme nepree. Dnj'ten, 
 
 0-VEK srREAU', (o-ver-spred',) f. t To spread 
 over ; to cover over. Tile deluge overspread the 
 earth. 
 •J. To scatter over. 
 
 O-VER-SPREAD', (o-ver-spred',) i). i. To be spread 
 or scattered over. 
 
 0-VER-.STAND', ti. t. To stand too much on price or 
 conditions; to lose a sale hy holding the price too 
 hiirh. Dnjden. 
 
 O-VER-STARE', t'. (. To stare wildly. [JVot used.] 
 
 J3seham, 
 
 O-VER-STaTE', v. t. To exaggerate in statement ; 
 to state in too strong terms. D. fVeOsler. 
 
 O-VER-STEP', V. t. To step over or beyond ; to ex- 
 ceed. Sliak. 
 
 O-VER-STEP'PED, (-steptj'pp. Exceeded or stept be- 
 yond propiT bounds. 
 
 O-VEIl-STOCK', II. Superabundance; more than is 
 suftieient. 7^utttyr. 
 
 O-VER-STOCK', V. t. To fill too full ; to crowd ; to 
 supply with more than is » antid. The world may 
 be overstocked with inhabitants ; the market is often 
 overstocked with goods. 
 
 2. To furnish with more cattle than are wanted ; 
 as, to overstock a farm. 
 
 3. To supply with more seed than is wanted ; as, 
 to over-stock land with clover. 
 
 O-VER STOCK'AB, ( stokt',) pp. or a. Filled too 
 full ; crowded ; furnished with more cattle than are 
 wanted, as a farm. 
 O-VER-SToRE', V. t. To store with too much ; to 
 
 supply or fill with superabundance. Hale. 
 0' VER-STo-RY, n. The clear-story or upper story. 
 
 Gloss, ofjircliit. 
 To strain to excess ; to make 
 Vnjdeii. 
 
 To stretch too far. .^tjliffe. 
 To spread or scatter over. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 To strike beyond. Spenser. 
 Spread or scattered over. 
 
 J. BarUiW. 
 
 O-VER-STUFF'ED, (-stuft',) a. StiifTeti to excess. 
 
 O-VER-SUP-PL?', V. L To furnish more than is suf- 
 ficient. Jlelmotli. 
 
 O-VER-PWARM'ING, a. Swarming to excess. 
 
 O-VER-SVVaY', v. t. To overrule ; to bear down ; to 
 control. Hooker. 
 
 O-VER-SWELL', v. L To swell or rise above ; to 
 overflow. Sliak. 
 
 O-VER-SVVELL'KD, pp. Swelled to excess. 
 
 O'VERT, a. [Fr. ouvert, from ouvrir, to open, It. 
 aprire^ L. aperio.] 
 
 Open to view ; public ; apparent ; as, overt virtues ; 
 an overt essay. But the word is now used chielly in 
 law. Thus, an overt act of treason is distinguished 
 from secret design or intention not carried into effect, 
 and even from words spoken. A market o»crt is a 
 place where goods are publicly exposed to sale. A 
 pound overt is one open overhead, aa distinguished 
 from a pound covert or close. Blackstone. 
 
 O-VER-T.aKE', r. t To come up with in a course, 
 pursuit, progress, or motion ; to catch. 
 
 The eiiciiiy s;iul, I will pnreiip, 1 will ojfertake. — Ex. xt. 
 
 2. To come upon ; to fall on afterward. Vengeance 
 shall overtake the wicked. 
 
 3. 'i'o take by surprise. 
 
 Bn-lhrrn, lift m;\n be overiaken in n frtiilt, ye which are apiritual, 
 n-slotv such an one in the epiril of iiieekiicw. — Oal. ri 
 
 O-VER-TaK'KN, pp. Come up with in pursuit; 
 
 cauclit ; taken by surprise. 
 0-VER-T.\SK', 1'. t. To impose too heavy a task or 
 
 injunction on. Harvetj. 
 O VER-TXSK'£D, ( taskt',) pp. or a. Tasked too 
 heavily. 
 
 O-VER-STRaFN', v. 1. 
 
 too violent efforts. 
 0-VER-STR,\IN', V. t. 
 O-VER-S'I'REW, ) f. (. 
 O-VEU-STRaW, ( 
 O-VER-S I RIKE', V. t. 
 O-VER-STRoVVN', pp. 
 
 0-VER-TAX', V. (. To tax too heavily. 
 0-VER-Tk'I)I-OUS, o. Too tedious. 
 O-VER-THROW, v. U [See Throw.] 
 side down. 
 
 To turn up- 
 
 Hii wife overlhrtte the Ubie. Taylor. 
 2. To throw down. 
 3 To ruin ; to demolish. 
 
 When ihe walls of Tbcbes he overthrttt. Dryden. 
 
 4. To defeat; to conquer; to vanish , as, to over- 
 VtTote an army or on enemy. 
 
 5. To subvert ; to destroy ; as, to overthroa the 
 /• I b""-"""-"' ' ooerlhrow religion. 
 
 C. VER-TllRriW, M. The state of being overturned 
 or turned off the basis. 
 
 2. Ruin ; destruction ; subversion ; as, the mer- 
 tlirow of the state. 
 
 3. Defeat ; disconifituro ; as, the overthrow of ene- 
 mies. Dnidriu 
 
 A. Decradation. Sliak. 
 
 O-VER-TIIROVV'ER, n. One that overthrows, de- 
 feats, or destriH's. 
 
 O-VER-TIIROVV'ING, ppr. Turning upside down; 
 throwing down ; ruining ; subverting. 
 
 0-VER-THRavVN', p;;. Turned upside down ; de- 
 inolishi'd ; defeated. 
 
 O-VER-TUVVART', a. Opposite; being over the way 
 or street. " Shak. 
 
 2. Crossing at right angles. 
 
 3. Cross; perverse; adverse; contradictious. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 0-VER-TII\VART', prep. Across ; from side to side. 
 O-VER-TinVART'LY, a</p. Across; transversely. 
 
 Peachajiu 
 
 9. Perversely. 
 
 0-VER-'l lI\VART'NESS, n. The state of being 
 athwart or lying across. 
 2. Perverseness ; pervicacity. Johnson. 
 O-VER-TIRE', V. U To tire to excess; to subdue by 
 
 fatiiiue. Milton. 
 O-VER-TI'TLE, v. t. To give too high a title to. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 0'VERT-I,Y, ttdv Openly ; in open view ; publicly. 
 O-VER-TQOK', prt(. of Overtake. 
 O-VER-TOP', V. t. To rise above the top. Shale. 
 
 2. To excel ; to surpass. Harvey. 
 
 3. To obscure ; to iiKike of less importance by su- 
 perior excellence. Sicift. 
 
 O-VER TOP'PKD, f-topt',) pp. Risen above the top; 
 
 excelled ; ohscurea. 
 0-Vi;i!-T()\V'ER, f. f. To soar too high. Fuller. 
 O-VER-TRaDE', v. i. To trade beycuid capital, or to 
 
 purchase goods beyond the means of payment, or be- 
 
 yimd the wants of the community. 
 O-VER-TRaD'ING, ppr. Trading to excess, beyond 
 
 capital or the public wants, 
 0-VER-TRaI)'Ii\(;, 71. The act or practice of buying 
 
 goods beyond the means of payment, or beyond the 
 
 wants of the coniniuiiity. 
 O-VER-TRIP', V. t. To trip over; to walk nimbly 
 
 over. Shak. 
 O-VER-TRUST', v. t. To trust with too much con- 
 fidence. Hall. 
 O'VER-TqRE, n. [Fr. ouverture. See Overt.] 
 
 1. Opening; disclosure; discovery. Shak. 
 [In tkii literal sejuiCj little used.] 
 
 2. Proposal ; something offered for consideration, 
 acceptance, or rejection. The prince made overtures 
 of peace, which were accepted. 
 
 3. A kind of musical prologue or composition, for 
 a full instrumental band, introductory to an oratorio, 
 opera, or ballet. P. Cyc. 
 
 O'VEK-TIJRE, V. U In the Pre.^byterian church, to lay 
 
 before an ecclesiastical body an overture or subject 
 
 for consideration. 
 O-VER-TUUN', V. U To overset; to turn or throw 
 
 from a basis or foundation ; as, to overturn a carriage 
 
 or a building. 
 
 2. To subvert ; to ruin ; to destroy. 
 
 Locke. AUerhunj. 
 
 3. To overpower ; to conquer. Milton. 
 O'VER TURN, n. State of being overturned or sub- 
 verted ; overthrow. 
 
 0-VER-TUR.\'A-BLE, a. That may be overturned. 
 
 [JVot much used.] 
 O-VER-TLfRN'KII, pp. Overset; overthrown. 
 O-VER-TURN'ER, n. One that overturns orsubverts. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 0-VER-TURN"ING, ppr. Oversetting; overthrow- 
 ing ; subverting. 
 
 O-VER-TIJRN'ING, H. An oversetting; subversion; 
 change ; revolution. 
 
 O-VER-VaII,', I v. t. To cover; to spread over. 
 
 O-VER- VEIL', j Sliak. 
 
 O-VER-VAL'UE, v. U To rate at too high a price. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 O-VER-VAL'TJ-En, pp. Placed too high a value on. 
 
 O-VER-VAE'tj-lNG, ppr. Valuing loo liighlv. 
 
 O'VER-VOTE', r. t. To outvote; to outnumber in 
 votes given. K. Charles. 
 
 O-VER-VVATCH', (-woch',) v. L To watch to ex- 
 cess ; to sui.i!:!e bv long want of rest. Dn/den. 
 
 0-VER-\VATCH'£D, ( wocilf ,) pp. or a. Tired by too 
 much watching. Sidney. 
 
 O-VER-WicAK', (I. Too weak ; too feeble. Kalc'irh. 
 
 O-VER-WeA'RY, v. t. To subdue with fatigue." 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 O-VER-WEATH'ER, (o-ver-weth'er,) v. t. [See 
 Weather.] To bruise or batter by violence of 
 weather. 
 
 O-VER-VVEE.V, V. i. [Ween is obsolete except in 
 composition. See the word.] 
 
 1. To think too highly; to think arrogantly or 
 conceitedly. 
 
 2. To reach beyond the truth in thought ; to think 
 too favorably. Shak. Mdton. 
 
 O-VER-VVEEN'ING, ppr. Thinking too highly or 
 conceitedly 
 
 2. a. That thinks too highly, particularly of one's 
 
 self ; conceited ; vain ; as, overweening pride ; nil 
 ovrnreenin 'f bmin. hoeke. 
 O-VER-VVEEN'ING-LY, adv. With too much vanity 
 or conceit. 
 
 O-VER-W'EIGII', (-wa',) v. U To exceed in weight : 
 to cause to preponderate ; to outweigh ; to over- 
 balance. Hooker. 
 
 0' VER- WEIGHT, (-wate,) n. Greater weight ; pre- 
 pondtTaiice. Bacon. 
 
 0-VER-VVIIEI,M', V. I. To overspread or crush be- 
 neath something violent and weighty, that covers 
 or encompasses the whole ; as, to overwhelm with 
 waves. 
 
 2. To immerse and bear down ; in a fipurative 
 sense ; as, to be overwhelmed with cares, afliictions, 
 or business. 
 
 3. To overlook gloomily, Shak. 
 
 4. To put over. [JVot u.ied.] 
 O'VER-VVHELM, n. The act of overwhelming. 
 
 0-VER-WHELM'£D, pp. Crushed with weight or 
 numbers. 
 
 O-VER-WHELM'ING, ppr. or a. Crushing with 
 weiirht or numbers. 
 
 0-VER-VVHEl,.M'h\G LY,arft!. In a manner to over- 
 whelm. 
 
 O-VER-WING', r. t. To outflank ; to extend beyond 
 the wing of an army, Milton. 
 
 O-VER-WISE', II, Wise to affectation. F.ccliis. 
 
 O-VER-VVISE'NESS, n. Pretended or affected wis- 
 dom. Iiatr^,h. 
 
 O-VER-WORn', (-word',) v. (, To say too iniirli. 
 
 O-VER-WOKK', (-wiirk',) v. U To work beyond Ihe 
 strength ; to cause to labor tiK) much ; to tire. South. 
 
 O'VER-WORK, (6'ver-wurk,) >i. Work done beyond 
 the amount required by stipulation. 
 
 0-VER-WORK'f;i), pp. or a. Worked beyond strength. 
 
 O VER WOltK'lNG, ppr. Working to excess. 
 
 O-VER-WOR.N', a. Worn out ; subdued by toil. 
 
 Dritden. 
 
 2. Spoiled bv time. Sliak. 
 O-VER-WRES'TLE, (o-ver-res'l,) v. t. To subdue by 
 
 wrestlini. Spenser. 
 O-VER-VVROUGIIT', (o vcr-rawt',) pp. Labored to 
 excess. Dryden. 
 
 2. Worked all over ; as, overwrought with orna- 
 ments. Pope. 
 0-VER-YeAR'£D, a. Too old. [JVot used.J 
 
 Jiairfaz. 
 
 0-VER-ZeAL'£D, 0. Too much excited with zeal; 
 
 ruled by too much zeal. Fuller. 
 O-VER-ZE.AL'OUS, (o-ver-zcl'us,) a. Too zealous ; 
 
 eager to excess. Locke, 
 O-VIC'IJ-LAR, a. [from L. ovum, an egg.] 
 
 Pertaining to an egg, Bryant. 
 0-VID'I-,\N, a. Belonging to or resembling tlic Latin 
 
 poet Ovid. 
 
 0' VI-DL'CT, n. [L. oriim, an egg, and ductus, a duct.] 
 In animals, a passage for the ovum or egg from the 
 ovary to the womb, or to an external outlet. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 O-VIF'ER-OUS, ) rj , , , 
 
 O-VIG'ER-OUS j l^" ^""■> °^ ""■"•J 
 
 Egg-bearing ; an epithet applied to certain recepta- 
 cles for eggs, after being excluded from the formative 
 organs. 
 
 O'VI-FORM, a. [L. ovum, egg, and forma, form.] 
 
 Having the form or figure of an egg, Burnet. 
 O'VINE, a. [L, ociiiits, from oiu.<, sheep,] 
 
 Pertaining to sheep; consisting of sheep. 
 O-VIP'A-ROLIS, a. [L. ovum, egg, and pario, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Producing eggs, or producing young from eggs, 
 which are developed after exclusion from the body. 
 Fowls and reptiles are oviparou.s animals. 
 
 O-VI-POS'IT, ti. t. A term applied to the act of in- 
 sects, &c.. in depositing their eggs. 
 
 0-VI-PO-?r"TION, j n. [L, ociim, egg, and positio, 
 
 O-VI-POS'IT-ING, j a depositing,] 
 
 The l.ayini! or dejiositing of eggs, Kvrby. 
 
 O-VI-POS'lT-OR, lu [L. ovum, egg, and positor, a 
 pl.acer,] 
 
 The organ by which cgis arc deposited. In some 
 ichneumons it is long and fitteil to pierce the eggs or 
 larves of insects, in order to lay their own eggs with- 
 in the same, Dana. 
 0'VI-S.\e, n. [L. ovum, egg, and saccus, sack.] 
 
 The cavity in an ovary which contains the egg or 
 ovum, 
 
 O'VOID, ) a. [L. arum, egg, and Gr, ttSos, 
 O-VOID'AL, 1 form.] 
 
 1, Having a shape resembling that of an egg. 
 
 2. In botany, terete and swelling toward the base, 
 or with the outline of an entire egg of the dunghill 
 fowl, 
 
 O'VO-LO, n. In architecture, a round molding, Ihe 
 quarter of a circle ; called also the Q.uabtcr Rou.'vd. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 O-VO-VI-VIP'AR-OUS, a. [L, ovum, egg, rioe, to 
 live, and pario, to produce,] 
 
 Producing a living fetus, by excluding it from an 
 egg-covering, as the marsupials, 
 
 O'VU-LU.M, i tfroni L, ovum.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a.'i in THIS. 
 
 787 
 
OWN 
 
 OXY 
 
 OYE 
 
 In botany, a body borne by the placenta of a plant, 
 and destined to become a seed. It is inclosed or 
 naked. It is composed of two sacs, one within 
 another, which are called primine and secundine, 
 ind of a nucleus within the sacs. Lindley. 
 
 6'VU-LlTE, n. A fossil egg. 
 
 O'VUxM, 71. ; pi. Ova. [L., an egg.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the body formed by the female, in 
 which, after impregnation, the development of the 
 fetus takes place. 
 
 2. In architecture, a term applied to ornaments in 
 the shape of an egg, into which the echinus or ovolo 
 is often carved. OwitCs Encyc. of Jjrch. 
 
 OWE, (6,) V. t. [A regular verb, prrt, and jip. Owed ; 
 used with the auxiliary have, had, but not with the 
 substantive verb to be. The verb is doubtless the 
 Sa.x. agan, Goth, aigan, Sw. dga. Ice. eg, to have or 
 possess, that is, to hold, or retain, coinciding with 
 the Gr. cxui. The Sax. participle agai, Dan. egen, is 
 the English own. Ought is a derivative tense, and 
 was formerly used in the sense of owed. The 
 proper sense of oxoe, is to be held, or bound tn pay ; 
 nearly as we now use have in the phrases, " I have 
 to pay a sum of money to-morrow," " I have to go 
 to town to-day."] 
 
 1. To be indebted ; to be obliged or bound to pay. 
 The merchants owe a large sum to foreigners. 
 
 A son oires help and honor to his father. Holyd/iy. 
 One was brouslit 10 him who owed Jiim ten tliyusantl ulentB. — 
 Matl. xviii. 
 
 Owe no man any thing, but to lo^e one another. — Rom. xiii. 
 
 2. To be obliged to ascribe to ; to be obliged for ; 
 as, that he may owe to me all his deliverance. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. To possess ; to have ; to be the owner of. 
 [This is the original sense, but now obsolete. In 
 
 place of it, we use Own, from the participle. See 
 Own.] 
 
 Thou dort here usurp 
 The name thou oiaest not. Shak. 
 
 4. To be due or owing. 
 
 O, deem thy fall not owed to man's decree. Pope. 
 [This passive form is not now used.] 
 OWE, i>. I. To be bound or obliged. Bp. Fisher. 
 OW'EL-TY, 71. The difference which is paid or re- 
 ceived by one coparcener to another, for the purpose 
 of equalizing a partition. Bouvier. 
 OW'ING, ppr. [This is used in a passive form, con- 
 trary to analogy, for Oweh or Owed. But the use is 
 inveterately established.] 
 
 1. Due ; that moral obligation requires to be paid ; 
 as, the money owing to a laborer for services, or to 
 another country for goods. 
 
 2. Consequential ; ascribable to as the cause. Mis- 
 fortunes are often owing to vices or miscalculations. 
 
 3. Imputable to as an agent. His recovery from 
 sickness is owing less to his physician than to the 
 strength of his constitution. 
 
 OWL, 71. [Sax. ula, ule ; D. ml ; G. eule ; Sw. u^la, or 
 uggla ; L. utula. The orthography, except m the 
 Swedish, coincides with howl, L. ululo ; but the 
 radical letters are not obvious.] 
 
 A bird of the genus Strix, that flies chiefly in the 
 night. The popular name of a group of nocturnal 
 accipitrine birds, comprehended under the Linnaean 
 genus Strix, which has been subdivided by later 
 naturalists. 
 
 0WL'ER,7i. [On. from owl, or from wool.] One that 
 
 conveys contraband goods. Swift. 
 OWL'ET, 71. [Ft. hulolte.] 
 
 An owl, which see. 
 OWL'-Ef-£D, (-i'le,) o. Having eyes like an owl's. 
 OWL'ING, 71. The offense of transporting wool or 
 sheep out of England, contrary to the statute. 
 
 Blac/cst^ne. 
 
 [This explanation of oioling favors the derivation of 
 
 the word from wool.] 
 OWL'ISH, a. Resembling an owl. Oray. 
 OWL'-LIGHT, (-lite,) 7i. Glimmering or imperfect 
 
 light. Warburlon. 
 OWL'-LIKE, a. Like an owl in look and habits. 
 OWN, a. [Sax. agcn; Sw. and Dan. egen; D. and 
 
 G. eigm ; the participle of Sax. agan, to possess. 
 
 See Owe and Ought.] 
 
 1. Belonging to; possessed; peculiar; usually ex- 
 pressing property with emphasis, or in express exclu- 
 sion of others. It follows my, your, his, their, thy, 
 her. God created man in his own image. Adam 
 begat a son in his own likeness. Lot them fall by 
 their own r^iunscl. Ho washed us from our sins in 
 his own blood. Scripture. 
 
 In the phranes, his oi/m nation, his own country, 
 the word own denotes that the person belongs to the. 
 nation or country. 
 
 2. 0am often follows a verb ; as, the book ia not 
 my mm, that is, my oitti book. 
 
 3. It ii UHed an a nubstituto. 
 
 TiMl Uyjr m«7 rtwrll In a pl«M of tiielr own. — 2 flam. 
 In thix use, a noun ran not follow own. 
 
 4. " He cainc to his own, and his own received him 
 not," that U, his own nation or people ; own being 
 here used at a nubstiluto, like many other adjec- 
 tive*. 
 
 OWN, V. t. [from the adjective.] To have the legal 
 or rightful title to ; to have the exclusive right of pos- 
 session and use. A freeholder in the United States 
 owns his farm. Men often own land or goods which 
 are not in their possession. 
 
 2. To have the legal right to, without the exclusive 
 right to use ; as, a man owns the land in front of bis 
 farm to the midtlle of the highway. 
 
 3. To acknowledge to belong to; to avow or admit 
 that the property belongs to. 
 
 When you come, find me out 
 
 And own me for your son. Dryden. 
 
 4. To avow ; to confess, as a fault, crime, or other 
 act ; that is, to acknowledge that one has done the 
 act ; as, to own the faults of youth ; to own our 
 guilt. The man is charged with theft, but he has 
 not owned it. 
 
 5. In general, to acknowledge ; to confess ; to 
 avow ; to admit to be true ; not to deny ; as, to own 
 our weakness and frailty. 
 
 Many own the gospel of Ealvation more from custom than con- 
 viction. M. Mason. 
 
 oWN'irnj, pp. The legal title being vested in ; as, the 
 
 property is owned by a company. 
 2. Acknowledged ; avowed ; confessed. 
 OWN'ER.Ji. The rightful proprietor; one who has 
 
 the legal or rightful title, whether he is the possessor 
 
 or not. 
 
 The ox knoweth his orcmer. — Is. i. 
 
 The centurion lielievei.1 the master anj ovmer of the ship. — Acts 
 
 OWN'ER-SHIP, 71. Property; proprietorship; exclu- 
 sive right of possession ; legal or just claim or title. 
 The ownership of the estate is in A ; the possession 
 is in B. 
 
 OWN'ING, ppr. Having the legal or just title to. 
 2. Acknowledging; avowing; confessing. 
 
 OWKE, (our,) 11. [L. urus.] 
 
 A bea<t not accurately known, larger than a buf- 
 falo. [JVof used.] Smart. 
 
 OWSE, 71. Bark of oak beaten or ground to small 
 pieces. jlsh. 
 
 OW'SER,7i. Bark and water mixed in a tan-pit. jSsA. 
 
 OX, 71. ; pi. Oxen, (ox'n.) [Sax. oxa: G. oclis, ochse ; D. 
 OS ; Sw. and Dan. orei' Ssliis. uksha, or uzanj W. 
 ych ; Erse, agh ; Arm. os.] 
 
 The male of the bovine genus of quadrupeds, cas- 
 trated and grown to its size, or nearly so. The young 
 male is called in America a steer. The same animal, 
 not castrated, is called a bull. These distinctions are 
 well established with us in regard to domestic ani- 
 mals of this genus. When we speak of wild ani- 
 mals of this kind, ox is sometimes applied both to 
 the male and female ; and in zoology, the same prac- 
 tice exists in regard to the domestic animals. So in 
 common usage, a pair of bulls yoked may be some- 
 times called oxen. We never apply the name ox to 
 the cow or female of the domestic kind. Oxen, in 
 the plural, may comprehend both the male and fe- 
 male. 
 
 OX'A-LATE, 71. [See Oxalic] In chemistry, a salt 
 formed by a combination of the oxalic acid with a 
 base. 
 
 OX-AL'ie, a. [Gr. o(aXt<:, sorrel, from oft)?, acid.] 
 Pertaining to sorrel. The oxalic acid is the acid of 
 sorrel. It is composed of two equivalents of carbon, 
 and three of oxygen. It is cpmmonly manufactured 
 by the action of nitric acid upon saccharine and far- 
 inaceous substances. Sillimaiu 
 
 OX'BANE, 71. A plant, Bujihonos. Jiinsioorth. 
 
 OX'-BoW, 71. A curved piece of wood encircling an 
 ox's neck when yoked. 
 
 OX'-EVE, (-i,) 71. [ox and eye.] A plant of the genus 
 Buphthalmum ; another of the genus Authemis ; also, 
 the ox-eye daisy or Chrysanthemum. Loudon. 
 
 OX'Ef-JCD, (-Ide,) a. Having large, full eyes, like 
 those of an ox. Burton, 
 
 OX'FLV, 71. A fly hatched under the skin of cattle 
 
 OX'GANG, 71. (ox and gang, going.] In ancient 
 laws, as much land as an ox can plow in a year ; 
 said to be fifteen acres, or, as others allege, twenty 
 acres. 
 
 OX'iliiAL, 71. A plant, bear's foot, settcrwort, or 
 stinking hellebore, Hellcborus foetidas. Booth. 
 
 OX-I-OD'ie, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a 
 compound of oxygen and iodine. Webster's Manual. 
 
 OX'LIKE, a. [ox and lUcc] Resembling an ox. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 OX'LIP, 71. A plant, the Primula clatior. 
 OX'STALL, 71. A stall or stand for oxen. 
 OX'TEli, 71. [Sax. oxtan.] The armpit. 
 O.X'TONGUE, (ox'tung,) 7i. A plant of the genus 
 PIcris. 
 
 OX'V-€RATE, 71. [Gr. ojvj, acid, and Kcpaoi, to 
 mix.] 
 
 A mixture of water and vinegar. [Little lued.] 
 
 fy'uieman. 
 
 OX'YD, 71. [Gr. ofiif, ncid, sharp ; ofuf, vinegar. The 
 true orthography of this word is oryd, aa originally 
 written by Lavoisier and his associates. No analogy 
 in the language is better established than the uniform 
 translation of the Greek v into the English y, as in 
 Latin, and it is very absurd to pri^erve this analogy 
 
 ill oxygen, oxymuriate and hydrogen, and depart from 
 
 it in oxyd.] 
 
 In chemistry, a compound of oxygen and a base 
 destitute of acid and salif>'ing properties. 
 
 OX-YD-A-UIL'I-TY, n. The capability of being con- 
 verted into an oxyd. Meji. Repos. 
 
 OX'YD- A-BLE, a. Capable of being converted into an 
 oxyd. 
 
 OX'YD-ATE, V. t. To convert into an oxyd, as met- 
 als and other substances, by combination with oxy- 
 gen. It dilTers from acidify, to make acid, or to con- 
 vert into an acid, as in oxydation the oxygen that 
 enters into combination is not sufficient to form an 
 acid. 
 
 OX'YD-A-TED, pp. or a. Converted into an oxyd. 
 
 OX'YD-A-TING, ppr. or a. Converting into an oxyd. 
 
 OX-YD-a'TION, H. 'J'he operation or process of con- 
 verting into an oxyd, as metals or other substances, 
 by combining with them a certain portion of oxygen. 
 
 Lavoisier. Ure. 
 
 OX'YD-A-TOR, 71. A contrivance for causing the ex- 
 ternal current of air to impinge on the flame of the 
 Argand lamp. 
 
 OX'YD-IZE, v. t. To oxydate, which see. 
 
 OX'YD-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Oxydated. 
 
 OX'YD-tZE-JIENT, 71. Oxydation. 
 
 OX'YD-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. Oxydating. 
 
 [OxYDizE, and its derivatives, are now more gen- 
 erally used than Oxydate, though there seems to be 
 no ground for the preference.] 
 
 OX'Y-GEN, )i. [Gr. o^vs, acid, and ycvvaw, to gen- 
 erate.] 
 
 In chemistry, an electro-negative basifying and 
 acidifying elementary principle. It is the vital part 
 of the atmosphere, and the supporter of ordinary 
 combustion. It was named from its property of gen- 
 erating acids. Modern experiments prove th.it it is 
 not necessary in all eases to combustion or to acidi- 
 ty. Oxygen is a permanently elastic fluid, invisible, 
 inodorous, and a little heavier than atmospheric air. 
 In union with azote or nitrogen, it forms atmospheric 
 air, of which it constitutes about a filth part. VVater 
 contains about 89 jier cent, of it, and it exists in 
 most vegetable and animal products, acids, salts, and 
 oxyds. 
 
 OX'Y-GEN-aTE, v. t. To unite or cause to combine 
 with oxygen. 
 
 OX'Y-GE'N-a-TED, pp. or a. United with oxvgen. 
 
 OX'Y-GEN-A-TING,p/7r. Uniting with oxygen. 
 
 OX-Y-GEN-A'TION, n. The act, operation, or pro- 
 cess of combining with oxygen. 
 
 OX'Y-GEN-IZ-A-BLE, o. Capable of being oxygen- 
 ized. 
 
 OX'Y-GEN-IZE, V. t. To oxygenate, which see. 
 OX'Y-GEN-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Oxygenated. 
 OX'Y-GEN-IZE-MENT, 71. Oxygenation. 
 OX'Y-GEN-IZ-ING, ppr. Oxygenating. 
 OX-YG'EN-OUS,a. Pertaining to oxygen, or obtained 
 from it. 
 
 OX'Y-GON, 71. [Gr. ojvj, sharp, and jeoria, an an- 
 
 A triangle having three acute angles. Brande. 
 OX-Y^O'NI^Ai i I^*^'"" "cute angles. Bartow. 
 OX-Y-H5'DRO-GEN, o. A name given to a certain 
 kind of blow|)ipe, in which oxygen and hydrogen 
 gases are burned together in order to produce an in- 
 tense heat ; also, to a kind of microscope. 
 OX-Y-I'O-DINE, 71. In chemistry, a compound of the 
 
 chloriodic and oxiodic acids. Davy. 
 OX'Y-MEL, 71. [Cir. o(i's, acid, and /itXi, honey.] 
 
 A mixture of vinegar and honey. MrbulhnoU 
 OX-Y-Mo'RON, 71. [Gr. o(i'/iu/i;ii', a smart saying, 
 which at first view appears foolish.] 
 
 A rhetorical figure, in which an epithet of a quite 
 contrary signification is added to a word ; as, cruel 
 OX-Y-]\I0'RI-ATE, 11. Chloiid. [kindness. 
 OX-Y-MU-RI-AT'ie, a. [Gr. niv( and Lat. muria.] 
 An epithet given to an acid , now called Chlo- 
 rine. 
 
 OX-Y-PRilS'Sie ACID, 71. An incorrect and ex- 
 ploded name for the protochlorid of cyanogen, which 
 is entirely destitute of any acid or salifyiiig pioper- 
 tie-s. 
 
 OX-YR'RIIO-DINE, (ox-ir'ro-din,) n. [Coinpoiindeif 
 of Gr. o\vi, arid, and (iotioi', rose.] 
 
 A mixture of two parts of the oil of roses with one 
 of the vinegar of roses. h'loyrr. 
 
 OX'Y-SALT, / II. In chrmi.itry, a coinpmind of an 
 
 OX'Y-SEL, ) acid and a base, both of which con- 
 tain oxygen. Siiliman. 
 
 OX'V-TONE, a. [Gr. sharp, and roi oV, tone.] 
 Having an .acute sound. Walker. 
 
 OX'Y-TONE, 71. An aeu\k sound. 
 
 O'YER, 71. [Norm, oyer, hearing ; Fr. o»ir, to bear.] 
 
 1. lu law, a hearing or trial of causes. A court of 
 oyer and teriiitner is rtuistitiited by a commission to 
 inquire, hear, and determine all trea.soiis, felonies, 
 and misdemeanors. Blackatone. 
 
 2. The hearing, as of a writ, bond, niili^, or other 
 Bpecialty ; us when a defendant in court prays oyerot 
 a writing. Blackstone. 
 
 OYEZ, [I'r. oiiei, hear ye.] 
 
 This wortl is used by the shcrifl" or his Bubstituta 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — MKTE, PRfiV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 T68 
 
PAC 
 
 PAC 
 
 PAC 
 
 in mnkinR proclamation in court, rcqiiirini; silence 
 and atti ntiori. It is lliricu repealed, and commonly 
 pronounced O yes. 
 
 OY'LET-IIOLE. See Evei,et-Hole. 
 
 OYS'TKR, n. [G. austcr ; D. oestcr; Sw. ostra; Ian. 
 '6ster ; Fr. huttre ; Arm. kutrenn or ehtrcn ; Rnss. 
 ystrili ; Corn, eslrm ; L. ostrea; Gr. orpffi' proba- 
 bly connected in origin with i/reuf) t>onc, and named 
 from its hardness.] 
 
 A hivalviilar testaceous niiinial, found adhermg to 
 rocks or otiu r lixed substances in salt water which is 
 shallow, or in the mouths of rivers. Oysters are 
 deemed nourishin" and deliciou.s food. 
 OYS''l'EK-l'LANT, 71. Salsafy ; a plant of the ge- 
 nus trago|K)gon, so called from its taste when 
 cooked. 
 
 OYS'TER-SHELL, n. The hard covering or shell of 
 the oyster. 
 
 OY.^'TER-WE.N'CH, in. A woman whose occniMi- 
 OYS'TER-WIFE, S tioii is to sell oysters ; a low 
 OYS'TER-VVO.VI-AN, ) woman. Skak. 
 UZ.; an abbreviation used for ounce or ounces. 
 0-Zl";'NA, n. [Ur. u^aifa.] A fetid ulcer in Ihc nos- 
 tril. 
 
 OZ'O-CENTE, n. A fossil wax. 
 O-Zo eii'RrJ'E, n. A mineral like resinous wax, 
 which is sometimes made into candles. Dana. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pis the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
 and a labi.il articulation fornu-d by a close com- 
 pression of the anterior part of the lii)s, as in rp. It 
 is convertible into b and /, sometimes into y, and in 
 Greek into ./>. This letter is found in the oriental 
 languages, from which it was received into the 
 Greek and Latin ; except, however, the Arabic, 
 which has not this letter, and the .Arabians can not 
 easily pronounce it. In some words, which we have 
 borrowed from the Greek, p is mute, as in psalm, 
 ptLian ; but is not silent in English words, unless 
 it may be in receipt, and a few irregular words. P 
 aspirated, or followed by It, represents the Greek 0, 
 wliicli answers to the English /, as in philo..iuphy. 
 
 As an abbremation, P. stands for Publius, pondo, 
 &.C. ; P. A. DIG. for patricia dig-nilas ; P. C. for pa- 
 tres coiuicripti ; P. F. for Publius Fabiti.^ ; P. P. for 
 prupositum publice ; P. R. for pupulus Rntnanus ; P. 
 R. S. for prataris sententia ; P. 11. £3. P. for pnescs 
 provincite. 
 
 P. M. stands for post mcri/iiem, afternoon. 
 
 .As a numeral, P, like G, stands for one hundred, 
 and with a dash over it, P, for four hundred thou- 
 sand. 
 
 .Among physicians, P. stands for puiril, or the 
 eighth part of a handful ; P. JE. for partes aqnalrs, 
 equal parts of the ingredients ; P. P. for pnlcis pa- 
 trum, or the Jesuits' bark in powder; and ppt. for 
 pra:paratus, prepared. Forsyth. Encyc. 
 
 PA'.XGE, ;i. [Norm, paa^^e, payment. See Pay.] 
 A toll for passage over another person's grounds. 
 used.] Burke. 
 PAU'y-LAR, a. FL. pabulum, food.] 
 
 Pertaining tn food ; affording food or aliment. 
 P.AB-II-LA'TION, n. [L. pabulatio, from pabular, to 
 feed.] 
 
 'J'he art of feeding- or procuring provender. 
 PAB't'-LOUS, B. [L. TjaAii/um, food.] [Cockeram. 
 
 Affording aliment or food ; alimental. Brown. 
 PAB'IJ-LU.M, n. [L.] Food ; aliment ; that which 
 feeds. 
 
 2. Fuel J that which supplies the means of com- 
 bustion. Encyc. 
 Pa'CA, 71. A name sometimes applied to two species 
 of rodent mammals, Celogenys subnigra and C. 
 fulva, sm.iU animals, the one brown, the other ful- 
 vous, and both spotted with white, which inh.abit 
 South America, particularly Brazil and Paraguay. 
 They are nearly allied to "the Agouti, the Guinea- 
 pig, &c. 
 
 PA-e.^NE', 71. A species of hickory. See Pecan. 
 PA'CATE, «. [I., pacatus.] 
 
 Peaceful ; tranquil. [Jfot tised.'\ 
 PA'€A-'rED, a. Appeased. [Little used.] Bailey. 
 PA-CA'TION, 77. [L. paco, to calm or appease.] 
 
 The act of appeasing. 
 PACE, 77. [Fr. pas: It. passo ; Sp. paso ; h. passus, 
 from panda, to open, or Gr. irurtoj, lo tread. See 
 Pass.] 
 
 1. .A step. 
 
 2. The space between the two feet in walking, es- 
 timated at two feet and a h.ilf. But the geometrical 
 pace is five feet, or the whole space passed over by 
 the same foot from one step to anothi'r. Encyc. 
 
 3. Manner of walking ; cait ; as, a languishing 
 pace; a heavy pace; a quick or slow pace. 
 
 .^ddi.<ton, 
 
 4. Step; gradation in business. [Liule vsrd.] 
 
 Temple. 
 
 5. A mode of stepping among horses, in which 
 the legs on the same side are lilted together. In a 
 /general setise, the word may be applied to any other 
 mode of stepping. 
 
 6. Degree of celerity. Let him mend his pace. 
 To niorrow, und (o-monrow, and to-morrow, 
 
 Crc«p« ill Uiii fn-tly poet from day 10 day. ShaJc. 
 
 To keep or hold pace ; to keep up ; to go or move as 
 fast as something else, 
 f ACE, e. i. To go ; to walk ; to move. 
 
 Spenser. Shak* 
 
 2. To go, move, or walk slowly. 
 3- To move by lifting the legs on the same side 
 together, as a horse. 
 
 PACE, V. t. To measure by steps ; as, to poee a piece 
 of ground. 
 2. To regulate in motion. 
 
 If you can, pact your wisdom 
 
 111 tliut good paUi tlifU I would wiih it go. Shak. 
 
 PAC'f-D, (past,) a. Having a particular gait ; used 
 chiefly in composition ; as, slow-/iocfi/. 
 
 2. In composUiun, going all lengths ; as, a thorough- 
 pnrrd intriguer. 
 Pa'CEK, 71. One that paces ; a horse that paces. 
 PA-CllA', (pa-sl'aW.) [Fr.] See Pashaw. 
 PA-CIIAL'IC, a. PerUiining to the government of a 
 
 pacha. [See Pashawlic] 
 PAeiI-Y-I)Ae'TYL, 71. [Gr. iraxvs, thick, and Suktv- 
 Xoi, a toe.] 
 A bird or other animal having thick toes. 
 
 Hitchcock. 
 
 PACII'Y-DERM, 71. [Gr. naxvi, thick, and 6cppa, 
 skill.] 
 
 A non-ruminant hoofed animal. 
 
 PACH-Y-DERM'A-TA, 71. pi. In zoolo^irV, an order of 
 mammals which have hoofs, but do not ruminate, 
 distinguished for the thickness of their skins, in- 
 cluding the elephant, mastodon, hippopotamus, rhi- 
 noceros, tapir, horse, hog, &c. 
 
 PACII-Y-DER.M'A-TOUS, a. Pertaining to a pachy- 
 derm, or to the order Parliydermala. 
 
 PA-CIF'ie, a. [L. pacijicus, from pacifico, to make 
 peace. See Peace.] 
 
 1. Peacemaking; conciliatory; suited to make or 
 restore peace ; adapted to reconcile ditferenccs ; 
 mild ; appeasing ; as, to offer pacific propositions to a 
 belligerent power. The measures proposed are in 
 their nature pacific. 
 
 2. Calm ; tranquil ; as, a pacific state of things. 
 P.A-CIF'IC, 71. The appellation given to the ocean 
 
 situated between America on the west and Asia ; so 
 called on account of its exemption from violent tem- 
 pests. 
 
 PA-CIF-I€-A'TION, 71. [L. pacificatio. See Pacify.] 
 
 1. The act of making peace between nations or 
 parties at variance. Bacon, South. 
 
 2. The act of appeasing or pacifying wrath. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 PA-CIF'ie-A-TOR, 71. [L.] A peaci-maker ; one 
 that restores amity between contending parties or 
 nations. Bacon. 
 
 PA-CIF'ie-A-TO-RY, a. Tending to make peace ; 
 conciliatory. Barrow. 
 
 PAC I-FI-^ri), (-fide,) p;7. Appeased; tranquilized. 
 
 PAC'I-FI-ER, 71. One who pacifies. 
 
 PAC'I-FV, V. U [Fr. pacifier ; Sp. paeificar ; It. pacifi- 
 eare ; L. pacifico ; pax, paeis, peace, and facio, to 
 makej 
 
 1. To appease, as wrath or other violent passion or 
 appetite ; to calm ; to still ; to quiet ; to allay agit.i- 
 tion or excitement ; as, to pacify a man when angry, 
 or to pacify his wrath or rage; the word being ap- 
 plied both to the person and to the passion. So we 
 say, to pacify hunger, to pacify importunate de- 
 mands. 
 
 2. To restore peace to ; lo tranquilize ; as, to pacify 
 countries in contention. Bacon. 
 
 PAC'I-FV-I.\G, i>pr. Appeasing ; tranquilizing- 
 PAC'LNG, ppr. or a. Measuring by steps ; ambling, 
 as a horse. 
 
 PACK, 71. [D. pak ; G. and Sw. pack. See the verb.] 
 
 1. A bundle of any thing inclosed in a cover or 
 bound fast with cords ; a bale; as, a pacli of goods 
 or cloth. The soldier bears a pack on his back. .A 
 pack of wool is a horse-load, or 240 pounds. Smart. 
 
 2. A burden or load ; as, a pack of sorrows. Shak. 
 
 3. A number of cards, or the number used in 
 games ; so called from being inclosed together. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 4. .\ number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept 
 together, that is, a crowd or assemblage united. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. A number of persons united in a bad design or 
 practice ; as, a pack of thieves or knaves. Swift. 
 
 6. A great number crowded together; as, a pack of 
 tniubles. [A*, t lued.] .ainsworth. 
 
 7. A loose or lewd person ; one who deceives by 
 
 false appearances. [Sax. paean, to deceive. [JVot 
 used.] Skelton. 
 PACK, V. t. [D. pakken ; G. packen ; Sw. paeka ; L. 
 pango, pactum, pactum; impingo, compiniro ; Gr. irriy- 
 vvui. Trust's, ir//} I'j ; Dan. pagt, a covenant, a farm ; 
 hence, ditpatch, to send away. I'he sense is, to 
 send, to drive, whence to press, to make compact. 
 Hence we say, to pack off, Sw. packa, that is, to de- 
 
 part with speed ; Ar. 
 
 bakka, to be compressed, 
 
 to press, Ch. p3N. Class Bg, No. 18. See also No. 
 33, 6r., 32.1 
 
 1. To place and press together; to place in close 
 order ; as, to pack goods in a box or chest. 
 
 2. To put together and bind fast ; as, to pack any 
 thing for carriage with cords or straps. 
 
 3. To put in close order with salt intermixed ; as, 
 to pack meat or fish in barrels. 
 
 4. To send in haste. Shak. 
 
 5. To put together, as cards, in such a manner as 
 to secure the game ; to put together in sorts with a 
 fraudulent design, as cards ; hence, to unite persons 
 iniquitously, with a view to some private interest ; 
 as, to pack a jury, that is, to select persons for a jury 
 who may favor a party ; to pack a parliament ; to 
 pack an assembly of bishops. 
 
 Pope. Butler. Alterbury. 
 PACK, V. i. To be pressed or close ; as, the goods 
 pack well. 
 
 2. 'l"o close ; to shut. Clcavcland. 
 
 3. To depart in haste ; with off. 
 
 Poor Stella must pack off to town. Swift. 
 
 4. To unite in bad measures ; to confederate for ill 
 purposes; to join in collusion. 
 
 Go, pack witii liim. Shak. 
 
 PACK'AGE, 71. A bundle or bale ; a quantity pressed 
 
 or bound together ; as, a packase of cloth. 
 2. A charge inatlc for packing goods. 
 PACK'eLOTH, 71. A cloth lor packing goods, or in 
 
 which they are tied. 
 PACK'/;!), (pakt,) pp. or a. Put together and pressed ; 
 
 tied or bound in a bundle ; put down and salted, as 
 
 meat; sent off; united iniquitously. 
 PACK'ER, 77. One that packs ; an officer apjTointcd 
 
 to pack meat, as beef, pork, fish, &c. Stat, of Conn. 
 PACK'ET, 71. [ Fr- paquet ; Sp. and Port, paqucte ; 
 
 from pact.] 
 
 1. A small pack or package; a little bundle or par- 
 cel ; as, a packet of letters. Bacon. 
 
 2. A dispatch-vessel ; a ship or other vessel em- 
 ployed by government to convey letters from country 
 to country, or from port to port. [Originally, packet- 
 boat, Sp. paque-botc, Fr. paqueboL] 
 
 3. A vessel employed in conveying dispatches and 
 passengers from place to place, or to carry passengers 
 and goods co.astwise. United States. 
 
 PACK'ET, V. i. To ply with a packet or dispatch- 
 vessel. United States. 
 
 PACK'ET-BoAT. See Packet. 
 
 PACK'ET-SHIP, 71. A ship that sails regularly be- 
 tween distant countries for the conveyance of dis- 
 patches, letters, passengers, &c. 
 
 PACK'FO.NG,ii. The Chinese name of the alloy called 
 white copper, or Ocmtan silver. Ure. 
 
 PACK'HOllSE, 71. A horse employed in carrying 
 packs, or gooils and baggage. Locke. 
 2. .\ beast of burden. 
 
 PACK'I.N'G, ppr. Laying together in close order; 
 binding in a bundle ; putting in barrels with salt, 
 Sec. ; uniting, as men for a fraudulent purpose. 
 
 To send packinir, is to bundle a person off, or to 
 dismiss him without ceremony. 
 
 PACK'l.VG, n. Any material used in parking or mak- 
 ing close, as the substance around the piston of a 
 pump or other tube, tn make it water or air tight. 
 2. .A trick ; collusion. [Obs.] Bale. 
 
 PACK'MA.N, 77. A peddler. 
 
 PACK'S A D-DLE, 71 A saddle on which packs or 
 burdens are laid for conveyance. 
 
 PACK'STAFF, 71. A staff on which a traveler occa- 
 sionally supports his pack. Bp. HalL 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 99' 
 
 •1 
 
 789 
 
PAD 
 
 PAG 
 
 PAJ 
 
 PACK'THREAD, (tlired,) n. Strong thread or twine 
 used in tying up parcels. 
 
 PACK'\V AX, H. A large tendon or cartilage in the 
 neck of an animal ; called also Paxwax. Kay. 
 
 PA't'O, ; n. 'J'lie Alpaca, a ruminant ninmmal of the 
 
 PA'GOtf, t Camel tribe, the Auchenia Paco, inhabit- 
 ing tlie Peruvian and Uhdian Andes. It has been 
 domesticated, and it remains also in a wild state. Its 
 leniith is about three feet ; its hair is long, soft, and 
 woolly, of a delicacy and elasticity approaciiing to that 
 of the Angora goat. Its tlesh is an excellent article 
 of food. [See Alpaca.] 
 
 2. The Peruvian name of an earthy-looking ore, 
 consisting of brown oxyd of iron with minute parti- 
 cles of native silver. Ure. 
 
 PACT, n. [Fr. ; L. pactum, from pango. See Pack.] 
 A contract ; an agreement, or covenant. Bacoiu 
 
 PAe'TION, n. [L. pactio. See Pack.] 
 
 An agreement or contract. Hayward. 
 
 P.'ifc'TION-AL, o. By way of agreement. 
 
 Sanderson, 
 
 P.\e-TI"TIOUS, (-tish'us,) a. Settled by agreement 
 
 or stipulation. 
 P.\G-To'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to Pactolus, a liver in 
 
 Lydia, famous fijr its golden sanils. 
 PAl), n. (Sax. paad, for puUi. See Path.] 
 
 1. A foot-path ; a road. [JVut 71070 itverf.] Prior, 
 
 2. Aneasy-paced hor.se. Addison. Pope. 
 
 3. A robber that infests the road on foot ; usually 
 called a Foot-pad. 
 
 PAD, 71. Any thing flattened or laid flat, as a pad of 
 straw. Rich. Diet. 
 
 2. A soft saddle, cushion, or bolster stutfed with 
 straw, hair, or other soft substance. Caindcn. 
 PAD, r. t. To stuir or furnish with padding. 
 
 2. To imbue cloth equally with a mordant. Ure. 
 PAD, t'. i. |Gr. ir.iTf.,). See Path.] 
 
 1. To travel slow ly. 
 
 2. To rob on foot. 
 
 3. To beat a way smooth and level. 
 PAD'AR, n. Grouts ; coarse flour or meal. Wotton. 
 
 [JV«! used in the United Stntr.^.] 
 PAD'DED, pp. or a. Stutfed with a soft substance. 
 PAD'DER, 71. A robber on foot ; a highwayman. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 PAD'DIXG, 71. The impregnation of cloth with a mor- 
 dant. 
 
 2. The material with which a saddle, garment, &c., 
 are stuffed. 
 
 PAD'DLE, t!. 7. [The French patriiTiiVirr signifies to 
 puic, to paddle, and hence the English patrol. This 
 word seems to be from patlr, a paw, allied perhaps to 
 L. pes, pedi^, the fciot, and this is allied to the Gr. 
 rare ■ , to tread. To paddle, then, is to use the paw. 
 But perhaps it is from the noun, which see.] 
 
 J. To row ; to beat the water, as with oars. Oay. 
 
 2. 'I'o play in the water with the hands, as chil- 
 dren ; or with the feet, as water fowls or other ani- 
 mals. 
 
 3. To finger. S/iai. 
 PAD'DLE, r. U To propel by an oar or paddle. 
 P.\D'DLE, 71. [In L. fta«i;/us is a paddle-staff"; in Gr. 
 
 TTurraXit^ is a p()le ; in VV. padetl is a pan. The lat- 
 ter would express the broad part of an oar ; but it 
 may have no connection with parfrf/c] 
 
 1. An oar, but not a large oar. It is now applied 
 to a sort of short oar with a broad blade, used in pro- 
 pelling and steering canoes and boats. 
 
 2. The blade or the broad part of an oar or 
 weapon. 
 
 Thou Bhalt ha»p a paddle on Oiy weapon. — Deul. xjtiii. 
 
 3. A term applied to the broad boards at the cir- 
 cumference of a water-wheel. 
 
 4. A name sometimes given to the feet of tortoises, 
 crocodiles, &c. 
 
 PAD'DLE-BOX, 71. A term applied to the wooden 
 projections on each side of a steamboat, within which 
 are the paddle-wheels. 
 
 PAI)'I)LA;D, pp. Propelled by an oar or paddle. 
 
 PAD'DLER, 71. One that paddles. 
 
 PAD'DLE-STAFF, n. A staff" headed with broad 
 iron, used by plowmen to free the share from earth, 
 slubble, &c. Hull. 
 
 PAD'DLE-WMEEL, n. A water-wheel used in pro- 
 pelling steamboats. 
 
 PAD'D(J(,'K, n. [.Sax. pnrfo or pad : D. pad, paddrr.] 
 A large toad or frog. Wnltim. Dryden. 
 
 PAD'DOCK, 71. [Said to be corrupted from Sax. par- 
 nir, park.] 
 
 1. A Hinall inrlosure under pasture, immediately 
 adjoining the Hlables of a dom.im. Brande. 
 
 2. Formerly, an inclosurc for races, with hounds, 
 ice. Hrande. 
 
 3. A toail. [OA5.] Spen.ier. 
 PAD'IHXJK-PIPE, 71. A plant, Equisctum palustrc. 
 
 JiooUi. 
 
 P.M)'DO(;K-ST()f)I,, 71. A plant of the genus Agar- 
 
 irui ; a niiishpHun, vulgarly tomhtool. 
 PAD'DY, n. A cant worrl for nn Irishman. 
 
 2. In the Fjut Indien, rice not divested of the husk. 
 
 MaUom. 
 
 PAD-E LI'ON, n. fFr. pan de lion, lion's fool.] 
 
 An herb, lion's iimjI. Jlnh. 
 
 PA-DiS'HA, 71. A title of the Turkish sultan and the 
 Persian shah, denoting protector, or tkrone prince. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PAD'LOCK, n, [Qu. D. padde, a toad, from its 
 shape.] 
 
 A lock to be hung on a staple and held by a link. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 PAD'LOCK, V. U To fasten with a padlock ; to stop ; 
 
 to shut ; to confine. Bull. Milton. 
 
 PAD'NAG, 7!. An ambling nag. Dr. Pope. 
 
 PAD'OVV-PIPE, 71. A plant. [See Paddock-pipe.] 
 PX'DRA, 71. A kind of black tea of superior quality. 
 PAD-IJ-A-SOY', 71. [from Padua, in Italy, and Fr. 
 
 soic, silk.] 
 
 A particular kind of silk stuflf. 
 VM'AN, \ 71. [Gr. ir.iini'.] Among the ancients, a 
 Pk'AN, ) song of rejoicing in honor of Apollo; 
 
 hence, a loud and joyous song ; a song of triumph. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 P^'ON, 71. [Gr. irniwi-.] In ancient poetry, a foot of 
 four syllables ; written also, though less correctly, 
 P.'jiAN. Of this there are four kinds ; the first consist- 
 ing of one bpiig and three short syllables, or a trochee 
 and a pj rrliic, as /cm//(5r1l6ii.v ; the second, of a short 
 syllable, a long and two short, or an iambus and a 
 pyrrhic, as puicntid : the third, of two short syllables, 
 a long and a short one, or a pyrrhic and a trochee, 
 as antoidtus ; tiie fourth, of tiireesliort syllables and 
 a long one, or a pyrrhic and iambus, as celSritiis. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 P.a'GAN, 71. [L. parranus, a, peasant or countryman, 
 from pasfus, a vill:ige.] 
 
 A heathen ; .a Gentile ; an idolater ; one who wor- 
 ships false gods. This word was originally applied 
 to the inhabitants of the country, who, in the early 
 ages of the church, adhered to the worship of false 
 gods, or refused to receive Christianity, after it had 
 been received by the inhabitants of the cities. In 
 like manner, heathen signifies an inhabitant of the 
 heath or woods, and caffer, in Arabic, signifies the ill- 
 habitant of a hut or cottage, and one that does not 
 receive the religion of Mohammed. Patron is used 
 to distinguish one from a Christian and a jNIohani- 
 inedan. 
 
 Pa'GAN, a. Heathen ; heathenish ; Gentile ; noting 
 a person who worships false gods. 
 2. Pertaining to the worship of false gods. 
 Pa'GAN-ISH, a. [Sax. po);anisc.] 
 
 Heathenish ; pertaining to pagans. ^i7ig-. 
 Pa'GAN-IS.M, 71, [Fy. pairanismc ; \\.. paitanesimo.] 
 Heathenism; tile worship of I'alse gods, or the 
 system of religious opinions and worship maintained 
 by pagans. Addison. Hooker. 
 
 Men instruciPd fifom their infancy in the principles and duties of 
 Chriitianily, never sink to the degradation ot paganUm. 
 
 O. Spring. 
 
 Pa'GAN-IZE, v. t. To render heathenish ; to convert 
 to healht^nism. Ch Obs. 
 
 Pa'GAN-I7.E, 71. 1. To behave like pagans. Miltnn. 
 
 PA'GAi\-IZ-f,'D, pp. or a. Rendering hcathi nish. 
 
 Pa'GAN-iZ-ING, ppr. Rendered hratlieiii-h ; behav- 
 ing like pagans ; adopting heathen principles and 
 practice. 
 
 PAGE, 71. [Fr. and Sp. pojc ; It. paagio ; Port, pairem ; 
 Arm. paich ; Sw. poike ; Dan. poir ; Russ. paj, a boy, 
 a page. The Gr. ir^is, a boy, is undoubtedly a rim- 
 tnicted form of the same word ; for iini;;<ii, from 
 TTiif, fiirins rnif .', Trii yHtis; hence it m.ay be in- 
 ferred that iraif was originally rai\i;. The Eiia.boy 
 is a contractitm of this word ; VV. ba^o-en, a boy, a 
 o , 
 
 child, from Aaf, small; Pers. «aO /I'liT'') ^ fi^'ot- 
 man or lackey.] CT 
 
 1. A boy attentling on a great person, rather for 
 formality or show than for servitude. 
 
 He had two pages ot liniior, on eithiT h.ind one. Bacon. 
 
 2. A boy or man that attends on a legislative body. 
 In Mii.ssar.husrtL<, the pnire is a boy that conveys pa- 
 pers from the members of the house of reprcsi-nta- 
 tives to the .speaker, and from the speaker or clerk to 
 the members. 
 
 Pa6E, 71. [L. pas-inn; Fr. page.'] 
 
 1. One side of a leaf of a book. mitts. 
 
 2. A book or writing, or writings; as, the pa/^c of 
 history. 
 
 3. Paircs, in the plural, signifies also books or 
 writings ; as, the sacred pages. 
 
 PAGE, ti. (. To mark or number the pages of a book 
 
 or manuscript. 
 
 2. To attend, as a page. Shak. 
 PA'CEANT, (pS'jent or jwj'ent,) n. [T,. petrma; Gr. 
 
 mi) ii'i, something showy carried in triumph.] 
 
 1. A statue in show, or n triumphal car, chariot, 
 arch, or olher pompous thing, decorated with flags, 
 &.C., and carried in |iublic shows and processions. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 2. A show ; a spectacle of entertainment ; some- 
 thing intenileil for pomp. 
 
 I'll pl.iy niy jian in fitrvmp't pagtant. JShaJc. 
 
 3. Any thing showy, without stability or duration. 
 
 Thnm uidrunenled p.ui« the proud awny, 
 
 t'tie giiv of iools, and pageant ot a day. Pop*. 
 
 PA'GEANT or PAG'EANT, o Showy; pompous; 
 
 o.stentatioiis. Dryden. 
 PA'GE.VNT, I'. (. To exhibit in show ; to represent. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PA'GEANT-RY or PAG'EANT-RY, 71. Show ; pom- 
 pous exhibition or spectacle. 
 
 Snchpa^mnln/ be to the people shown. Dryden. 
 
 PaG'£D, (pajd,) pp. Marked or numbered, as the 
 pages of a book. 
 
 PAGE'HOOD, 71. The st.ite of a page. 
 
 PAG'I-NAL, a. Consisting of pages. Brown. 
 
 P.xG'ING, 71. The marking of the pages of a book. 
 
 Pa'GOD, \ 71. [Pers. pout ghod, or boot hhodn, a 
 
 PA-Go'D.'\, ( house of idols, or abode of God ; Hind. 
 boot kuda. Thomson. Fryer.] 
 
 1. A temple in the East Indies in which idols are 
 worshiped. Pope. 
 
 2. An idol; an image of some supposed deity. 
 
 StiUingfleet. 
 
 PA-Go'DA, 71. A gold or silver coin current in Hin- 
 dustan, of tliff"erent values in different parts of India, 
 from $ 1 75 cts. to S 2, or from 8 to 9.<. sterling. 
 
 Pa'GOD-iTE, 71. A name given to the mineral of 
 which the Chinese make their pagodas. It is called 
 Jllso lardite, horeite, and agahnatultte. 
 
 Paid, pret. and pp. of Pav ; paid for payed. 
 
 P.U'tJLE, I n. A plant and flower of the genus Pri- 
 
 Pa'GIL, i inula or primrose ; cowslip-primrose. 
 
 PAIL, »i. [\V. paeol; Gr. rrcXyn.] [Fam. of Plants. 
 An open vessel of wood, tin, &c., used in families 
 for carrying liquids, as water and milk, usually con- 
 Jaining from eight to twelve quarts. 
 
 PaIL'FIJL, 71. The quantity that a pail will hold. 
 
 PAIL-MAIL'. See Pallmall. 
 
 PAIL-LASSE', (pal-yas',) 71. [Fr.] An under bed of 
 straw. Encyc. of Doin. Econ. 
 
 PAIN, 71. [W. pocii; Corn. Ann. poan ; Ir. piaji ; Fr. 
 peine ; Norm, pene, peine ; D. pyn ; Sax. piii or pine : 
 G. pcin ; Dan. pine ; Sw. pina ; It, Sp. and Port, pena ; 
 h. pana i Gr. irovy, penalty, and ttoi-os, pain, labor; 
 
 Sans, poiio ; Ar. ^3 fanna, to drive, afflict, distress. 
 
 Class Bn, No. 22, 23, 26. See the verb.] 
 
 1. An uneasy sensation in animal bodies, of any 
 degree from slight uneasiness to extreme distress or 
 torture, proceeding from pressure, tension, or spasm, 
 separation of parts by violence, or any derangement 
 of functions. Thus violent pressure or stretching of 
 a limb gives pain; inflammation produces pain; 
 wounds, bruises, and incisions give poin. 
 
 2. Labor; work; toil; laborious effort. In this 
 sense, the plural only is used ; as, to take pains ; to 
 be at the pains. 
 
 Hi^li without laliinw pains to rise. M'alter. 
 The s-mie with;;<ii«* we Jain, but lose with ease. Pujte. 
 
 3. Labor; toilsome efiTort ; task; in the singular. 
 [JVwt 7i"io used.] Spenser. Waller. 
 
 4. Uneasiness of mind; disquietude; anxiety; 
 solicitude for the future ; grief, sorrow for the past. 
 We stifl'er pain when we fear or expect evil ; wc feel 
 pain at lilt* loss of friends or properly. 
 
 5. The throes or distress of travail or childbirth. 
 
 She howed herself and travailed, for herpaiiif c 
 I Sam. iv. 
 
 J upon her. 
 
 6. Penalty ; punishment sufl"eri d or denounced ; 
 suft'ering or evil infficted as a punishment for a 
 crime, or annexed to the coniiiiissiou of a crime. 
 
 None shall pn'suine to fly under pain of death. Addison. 
 Interpose, on ;«iin ot my displeasure, 
 
 Br twixt their swords. Dryden. 
 
 PAIN, V. t. [W. poeni ; Norm, pflincr ; Fr. pciwrr ,■ Sp. 
 penar : It. penarc; D. pynen: Dan. piner ; Sw. piiin ; 
 Sax. pinan ; Gr. TT-ncto, The primary sense is, to 
 strain, urge, press. See the noun.] 
 
 1. To make uneasy or to disquiet ; to cause uneasy 
 sensations in the hotly, of any degree of intensity ; 
 to make simply uneasy, or to distress, to torment. 
 The pressure of fetters may paiii a limb ; the rack 
 pains the bod.v. 
 
 2. To artlict; to render uneasy in mind ; to dis- 
 quiet ; to distress. We are pained at the death of a 
 frieuti ; grief pains the heart ; we are often pained 
 with fear or solicitude. 
 
 1 am jyiined at my very heart. — Jer. iv. 
 
 3. Reciproeally, to pain one's se(f ; to labor ; to 
 make toilsome etforls. [Little utsed.] Spenser. 
 
 PAIN'f.'D, pp. Disquicleil ; afflicted. 
 PAIN'FIIL, «. Giving pain, uneasiness, or distress to 
 tlK^ body ; as, a painful operation in surgery. 
 
 2. Giving pain to the mind ; afflictive ; disquieting ; 
 distressing. 
 
 F'vili havi- lieen more pain/ttt to us In the prospect than In the 
 actual pressure. Ad'liton, 
 
 3. Full of pain ; producing misery or affliction. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 4. Requiring labor or toil ; difficult ; executed with 
 laborious efl'ort ; as, a painful service. The army 
 had a painful march. 
 
 .'1. Laborious; exercising labor; undergoing toil; 
 industrious. 
 
 Nor nnMl the pnin/ul luislmndmnn be tiled. Dryfttn 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQIC — 
 
PAI 
 
 PAL 
 
 PAL 
 
 PAIN'FIJL-LV, adv. With siifleriiiR of body ; with 
 afflictio:i, iinfiisiness, or distress of mind. 
 
 2. Lnl)oriously j with toil ; with laborious effort or 
 diliEenco. Ruleglt. 
 PaIN'FUL-NESS, 71. Uneasiness or distress of body. 
 
 South. 
 
 2. Alliction ; sorrow; grief; disquietude or dis- 
 tress of mind. 
 
 3. lalxirious eflbrt or diliRence ; toil. Hookn-. 
 PaI'NIM, It. [Norm, puj/nim ; Fr. pai'en; contracted 
 
 from ;mi,'nii.] 
 
 A pupin ; iin infidel. [JVul used.] Pencham. 
 PaI'N'IM,(I. Pafian; infidel. [.Yut used.) Millon. 
 PAIN'IN'C, ppr. Making uneasy ; afflicting. 
 PAIN'l.ESS, n. Free from pain. Fell. 
 
 2. Free from trouble. Dnjden. 
 PaINS'TAK-F.I{, 71. A laborious person. (lay. 
 PAINS'TAK-ING, a. Laborious; industrious. 
 
 Harris. 
 
 PAINS'TAK-ING, 71. Labor ; gre.it industry. 
 
 PAINT, V. L [Fr. peindre, peigiiant, peint ; L. piniro, 
 picttis ; i*p. ptntar ; It. pigtiere or /u/i^rrp, to throw, 
 to push, to paint. The elements are probably Pg or 
 /*/,•, as in fn^rnj fctiU'i,] 
 
 1. To cover or bi'smear with color or colors, eitlier 
 with or witliout figures ; as, to paint a cloth ; to paint 
 a house. 
 
 2. To form a figure or likeness in colors ; as, to 
 paint a hero or a landscape. 
 
 3. To represent by colors or images ; to exhibit in 
 form. 
 
 When folly growg ronmntic, w« must paint it. Pope. 
 
 4. To represent or exhibit to the mind ; to present 
 in form or likeness to the intellectual view ; to 
 describe. 
 
 Disloynl 1 
 
 The word is too footl to paint out Ut wickt'dncss. Shak. 
 
 5. To color; to diversify with colors. Spenser. 
 C. To lay on artifici.1l color for ornament. 
 Jt^ipbel painted her rice nml tired her li'-ad. — 2 Kiii^ ix 
 
 PAINT, T. i. To lay colors on the face. It is said the 
 
 ladies in France paint. 
 2. To practice painting. The artist patTit* well. 
 PAINT, n. A coloring substance; a substance used 
 
 in (lainting, either simple or compound ; as, a white 
 
 paint, or reti paint, 
 
 2. Color laid on canvas or other material ; color 
 representing any thing. Pope. .^ddi.-^on. 
 
 3. Color laid on the face ; rouge. Youn'j. 
 PAINT'ED, pp. or a. Colori^d ; rubbed over with 
 
 paint; as, n painted house or cloth. 
 
 2. Represented in form by colors. 
 
 3. Described. 
 
 PAINT'ER, 71. One whose occupation is to paint ; one 
 
 skilled in representing things in colors. 
 PAINT'ER, 71. [qu. Ir. painter, a snJire, that which 
 
 holds.] 
 
 A rope at the bow of a boat, used to fasten it to a 
 ship or other object. Totten. 
 
 PAlNT'ERS-COL'ie, 71. A peculiar disease, usu.ally 
 terminating in palsy and mental imbecility, to which 
 painters are subject, and also others who iiandle lead 
 poisons. Brande. 
 
 PAINT'ER-STAIN'ER, ji. A painter of coats of 
 arms. Buchanan. 
 
 PA I.NT'ING, ppr. Representing in colors; laying on 
 colors. 
 
 PAINT'ING, 71. The act or employment of laying on 
 colors. 
 
 2. The art of forming figures or resembling objects 
 in colors on canvas or other material, or the art t>f 
 representing to the eye, by means of figures and col- 
 ors, any object of sight, and sometimes the emotitms 
 of the mind. Eneyc. 
 
 3. A picture ; a likeness or resemblance in colors. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. Colors laid on. Shak. 
 PAI.NT'RESS, n A female who paints. 
 PaINT'I.'RE, 71. [Ft. pciiiture.] 
 
 The art of painting. Dryden. 
 PAIR, n. [Fr. pair; L. Sp. and Port, par: It. pari: 
 Arm. par ; D. paar : G. par, paar ; Sw. par : Norm. 
 par or pciri Ir. prire : Sax. ere/era, with a prefix. In 
 W. par signifies what is contigntius or in continuity, 
 a state of readiness or preparedness, a pair, fellow, 
 match, or couple, and para signifies to endure, to 
 continue, to persevere ; parti, to couple or jinn. In 
 this language, as in Spanish, par, pair, is shown to 
 be connected with the L. pnro, to prepare. Now, in 
 Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. "On signifies to Join, couple, 
 or associate, and the noun, an associate, evidently 
 this very word, which goes far to prove that "(in is a 
 derivative of the root K-i3, from which the Latins 
 probably have paro. See Class Br, No. 19. The 
 primar}' sense of the root is, to throw, strain, and ex- 
 tend, and hence par, equal, is, extended to, near, con- 
 tiguous, or equally extended.] 
 
 1. Two things of a kind, similar in form, applied 
 to the same purpose, and suited to each other or used 
 together ; as, a pair of gloves ttr stockings ; a pair of 
 shoes ; a pair of oxen or horses. 
 
 2. 1'wo of a sort ; a couple ; a brace ; as, a pair of 
 nerves ; a pair of doves. Luke ii. 
 
 PAIR, 1). I. To be Joined in pairs ; to couple ; as birds 
 pair in stiminer. 
 
 9. To suit ; to fit ; as a counterpart. 
 
 Klhrlindn, 
 
 My heart wiu made to fit and pair with thine. Rotce, 
 
 PAIR, V. t. To unite in couples; as, minds paired in 
 heaven. Dryden. 
 2. To unite as correspondent, or rather to contrast. 
 GlosHy Jet is paired willi shiiiinf^ wliite. Pope. 
 
 PAIR, V. t. To impair. [See Impair.] 
 
 PAIR'iJD, Joined in couples ; fitted ; suited. 
 
 Pa I R'ING, ;vir. Uniting in pairs; fitting. 
 
 P.\IR'ING-(>FF, 71. In le (ri.slative bodies, a practice 
 by which two members of opposite political opinions 
 agree to absent themselves from voting during a 
 stated period. I'his practice is said to have origi- 
 nated in the lime of Cromwell. 
 
 PAIR'ING-I I.ME, 7t. The time when birds couple. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 PAIR-OFF', V. I. To separ,ate and depart from a com- 
 pany in pairs or couplets. 
 
 2. In leaislnlivc bodies, two members are said to 
 paie off when, being of opposite parties, they agree 
 to he absent when the vote is taken. [See Pairi.no- 
 
 ()7K.) 
 
 PAIX'IIAN GUN, 71. [from the name of the invent- 
 or.] A howitzer of great weight and strength, for 
 throwing shells of a very large size. Park. 
 
 PAL' ACE, 71. [Fr. palais : L. palatium : It. palni-.o ; 
 Sp. palacio ; G. pfali, whence pfalzirraf, palsgrave ; 
 \\\ pals : Rnss, pa/iifa.] 
 
 1. A magnificent house in which an emperor, a 
 king, or other distinguished person, resides ; as, an 
 imperi.al pntar.e ; a royal palace; a pontifical palace: 
 a ducal palace. 
 
 2. A spli^ndid place of residence ; as, the sun's 
 bright paluee. Addison. 
 
 PAL'ACE-CoIIRT, 71. The domestic court of the 
 kings of Great Britain, which administers Justice be- 
 tween the king's domestic servants. It is held once 
 a week before tile steward of the household anil 
 knight marshal; its Jurisdiction extending twelve 
 miles in circtiit from his majesty's palace. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 PA-LA'CIOUS, (-shus,) a. [from palace.] Royal ; 
 
 noble ; magnificent. [JVot nsed.) Graunt. 
 PAL'A-DLV, 71. A knight errant. 
 PA L/E'O or PA-LF.'O ; initial syllables, from the 
 
 Greek Tr(i>(ii"5. See Paleographv, Paleolooy, &c. 
 PA L/ES'TRA. See Palkstra. 
 
 PAL-AN KEEN', ) i 7!. [In Hindoo, 
 
 PAL AN-UUtN', t (Pal an-keen',) j ^J.^^^ apparent- 
 ly from Sans, paluk, a couch. But it accords better 
 with Sp. anti It. palanca, a pole, Port, palanfjur.) 
 
 A covered carriage used in India, China, &c., 
 borne on the shoulders of men, and in which a sin- 
 gle person is conveyed from place to place. 
 
 P/VL'.^-TA-BLE, a. [(mm palate..] Agreeable to the 
 taste ; savory. Addison. 
 2. That is relished. 
 
 PAL' A-TA-BLE .NESS, 71. The quality of being 
 agreeable to the taste ; relish. Aikin. 
 
 PAL'A-T.\-BLY, otio. In a palatable manner; agree- 
 ably. 
 
 PAL'A-TAL, a. Pertaining to the palate ; uttered by 
 
 the aid of the palate. 
 P.\I.'A-T.\L, 71. A letter pronounced hy the aid of the 
 
 palate, or an articulation of the root of the tongue 
 
 with tlie roof of the mouth ; as g and k, in eg, ek. 
 P.M.'ATE, 71. [L. palatum, properly the iirch or cope 
 
 of heaven.] 
 
 1. The roof or upper part of the mouth. In 7iia7i, 
 it is comjiosed of two parts, one of which, called the 
 hard palate, fiirms an arch in the anterior part of the 
 mouth, and the other, called the .ioji palate, lying in 
 the posterior part of the mouth, consists of a inem- 
 bninoiis curtain of muscular antl cellular tissue, from 
 the middle of which hangs the uvula. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. Taste. 
 
 Hani Inslt to liit tlie pctlatet of snch guests. Pope. 
 
 [This signification of the word originated in the 
 opinion that the p,alate is the instrument of taste. 
 This is a mistake. In itself, it has no power of 
 taste.l 
 
 3. Mental relish ; intellectual taste. 
 
 Men of nice palnlta could not rt'lish Aristode, as dressed up by 
 die schtHjhi.fn. Baker. 
 
 4. In botany, the convex base of the lower lip of a 
 personate corolla. Brande. 
 
 PAL'ATE,e. t. To perceive by the taste. [J^ot nsed.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PA-LA'TIAL, (-sh.al,) a. [from palate.] Pertaining 
 to the palate ; as, the palatial retraction of the tongue. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 PA-LA'TI.\L, a. [from L. pa/a(iu77i, palace.] 
 
 Pertaiuing to a palace ; becoming a palace ; mag- 
 nificenu Drummond. 
 PAL'A-Tie or PA-LAT'ie, a. Belonging to the p.al- 
 
 ate. Huhtcr. 
 PA-LAT'I.\-ATE, 71. [It. palatinato, from L. palatinus. 
 See Palat'ie.J 
 The p vince or seignnry of a palatine ; a name 
 
 given to two states of the old German empire, called 
 the tapper and Lower Palatinate. P. Cite. 
 
 PAL'A-TINE, (tin) a. [Fr. palatin : It. palatine ; 
 from Ij. palatinus, frnin piuatiuin, palace.] 
 
 Pertaining to a palace ; an epithet applied origi- 
 nally to persons holding an olfice or employment in 
 the king's palace ; hence it imports possessing rt>yal 
 privileges ; as. a count palatine. 
 
 In England, formerly, were three counties palatine, 
 Chiwter, Durham, and Lancaster; the two foriiiir by 
 prescription, the latter by giant of Edward 1 1 1. They 
 were so called, because the proprietors, the earl of 
 Chester, the bishop of Durham, and the duke of 
 Lancaster, possessed royal rights, as fully as the 
 king in his palace. Of these, the county of Durham 
 is the only one now remaining in the hands of a sub- 
 ject Blackstone. 
 
 PAL'A-TINE, 71. One invested with royal privileges 
 and rights. A palatine, or count palatine, on the con- 
 tinent of Europe, was originally one delegated by a 
 prince to hold courts of Justice in a province, or one 
 who had a palace and a court of Justice in his own 
 house. P. Cyc. 
 
 P/VL'A-TIVE, a. Pleasing to the taste. [Mit used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 P.V-LA'VER, 71. [."^p. pulabra. Port, pnlarra, a word, 
 tin. \V. tluvar, iitlerancc ; with a prefix.] 
 
 1. ldl< talk. 
 
 2. Talk intended to deceive; fiattery ; adulation. 
 This is used With us in the vulgar dialect. 
 
 3. A conference or delilierntion ; a sense used in 
 Africa, as appears by the relations of missionaries. 
 
 PA-LX'VER, u. I. ore. i. To deceive hy words; to 
 Hatter ; to use idle, deceitful talk ; to hold a palaver. 
 
 PA-LX'VER-ER, 77. One who palavers. 
 
 PALE, a. [Fr. pale, jialir : L. palleo, pallidus : Russ. 
 bielie, white ; bielijn,to whiten. It is prnb.'ihlv allied 
 to Sax. fnletve, fenin, fallow, pale red or yellow, D. 
 vaal, from the sense of failiwr, withering; W'.paWu. 
 to fail. .Si!e Class Bl, No. (>, 7, 13, IS.] 
 
 1. White or whitish ; wan; deficient in color; not 
 ruddy or fresh of color ; as, a pale face or skin ; pale 
 chet;ks. We say, also, a pale red, a pale, blue, that 
 is, a whitish red or blue. Pale is not precisely synon- 
 ymous with white, as it usually denotes what we 
 call iron, a darkish dun white. 
 
 2. Not bright; not shining; of a faint luster; 
 dim ; as, the pale light of the moon. 
 
 Tlie ni^ht, inetliinks, is but the daylight sick ; 
 
 It looks a lillle paler. Shak. 
 
 PALE, J), i. To turn pale. [Poetical] 
 
 Jilits Pickering. 
 
 PALE, V. t. To make pale. Shali. Prior. 
 
 PALE, 71. [.Sax. pal; G. pfahl : G. paal : Sw. pile: 
 Dan. pitl : W'.pnwl: ]j. patus : ctiinciiting with Eng. 
 pole, as well as pale : Russ. palil:, a stick or club. It 
 has the elements of L. pala, a spade or shovel, and 
 the radical sense is, probably, an extended thing, or a 
 
 shoot. Qu. .\r. VjkJ nabala, to dart. Class Bl, No. 
 18.] • 
 
 1. A narrow board, pointed or sharpened at one 
 end, used in fencing or inclosing. This is with us 
 more generally called a Pk ket. 
 
 2. A pointed stake ; hence, to empale, which see. 
 
 3. An inclosiire ; properly, that which incloses, like 
 Fence, Limit; hence, the space inclosed. He was 
 born within the pale of the church ; within the pale 
 of Christianity. Atlerbury. 
 
 4. District ; limited territory. Clarendon. 
 
 5. In heraldry, one of the greater ordinaries, being 
 a broad, perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon. — 
 F. II. Barker.] 
 
 PALE, v. t. [D. paalen : G. pfdhlen.] 
 
 1. To incltise with pales or stakes. Mortimer. 
 
 2. To inclose ; to encompass. Shak. 
 PA-LE-A'CEOUS, ( shus,) a. [ L. palea, straw, chaff.] 
 
 1. Clialfy ; reseiiihling chaff, or consisting of it ; 
 as, a paleaceous pappus. Lee. 
 
 2. Chaffy; furnished with chaff; as, a paleaceous 
 receptacle. Martyn. 
 
 PaL'KI), pp. Inclosed with pales or pickets. 
 2. Striped. 
 
 PALE'-EV-f.D, ( Ide,) a. Having eyes dim. Milton. 
 P.aLE'-FAC-£D, (fiste,) a. Having a pale or wan 
 face. 
 
 2. Causing paleness of face ; tis, pale-faced fear. 
 
 Slink. 
 
 PaLE'-IIE.XRT'ED, a. Dispirited. Shak. 
 PA LE'LY, o'/r. Wanly; not freshlv,or niddilv. 
 P.\L'E.N-DAR, 71. A kind of coasting vessel. [Ohs.] 
 
 Knollrs. 
 
 PALE'NESS, 71. Wanness ; defect of color ; want of 
 freshness or ruddiness ; a sickly whiteness of look. 
 The blooil Ihe vir^n's cheek forsook, 
 
 A livi.l palenttt sproaits o'er all her look. Pope. 
 
 2. Want of color or luster ; as, the palenest of a 
 flower. Shak. 
 PA-LE-OG'RA-PHER, 71. One skilled in paleogra- 
 phv. 
 
 P.A-LE-O-GRAPH'ie, (a. Pertaining to paleog- 
 PA-LE-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, i raphy. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — A.\"GER, VI"C10US. — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 r9i 
 
PAL 
 
 PAL 
 
 PAL 
 
 [Gr. iroAuiof, ancient, and 
 
 Pa-LE-OG'RA-PHY, 
 ) paij>ri, writiiig.J 
 
 1. The study of ancient writings ; the art of de- 
 ciphering ancient writings. 
 
 2. An ancient manner of writing ; as, Punic pale- 
 osraphy. E. Stiles. 
 
 PA-LE-dL'O-GlST, n. One who writes on antiquity, 
 
 or one conversant with antiquity. Good. 
 PA-LE-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. TaA'ii'^s, ancient, and 
 
 "Xoyos, discourse.] 
 .\ discourse or treatise on .intiquities, or the 
 
 knowledge of ancient thinss. , 
 PA-LE-ON-TO-LOO'ie-AL, a. Belonging to paleon- 
 
 toloev. 
 
 Pa-LE-ON-TOL'O-GIST, )i. One versed in paleon- 
 tology. 
 
 Pa-LE-0iV-T0L;0-6Y, h. [Gr. ;r.iA,M05, ancient, and 
 ontolo^j^ the science of being.] 
 
 The science of ancient beings or creatures ; applied 
 to the science of the fossil remains of animals and 
 plants now extinct. Journ. of Science. JtlanteU. 
 Pa-LE-O-SAU'RUS, n. [Gr. ^raXaiof and aavonf.] 
 A genti-i of fossil saurians found in magnesian 
 limestone. 
 
 Pa-LE-0-THe'RI-A\, a. Pertaining to the paleo- 
 therium. 
 
 Pa-LE-O-THr'RI-UM, ) 71. [Gr. T7a\'unf, ancient, 
 Pa'LE-O-THkRE, i and Onoinv, beast.] 
 
 A quadruped of the pachydermatous order, re- 
 sembling the pig or tapir, but of a very large size, 
 now extinct. Lyell. 
 
 In gcolosnj, a term denoting the lowest fossiliferous 
 strata ; and also, the earliest forms of life. Dana. 
 Pa'LE-OUS, a. [L paica, cliaffj 
 
 Chaffy ;_like chaff. Brown. 
 PA-LE-O-Zo'ie, a. [Gr. naXaio;, ancient, and ^wav, 
 animal.] 
 
 FA-LES'TRA, 71. [Gr. iroXairpn, from TraXr;, wrest- 
 ling.] 
 
 A wrestling ; the place of wrestling; exercises of 
 wrestling ; a place for athletic exercises in Greece. 
 PA-LES'TRI-.^.V, )u. [Gr. jrnX..<-pi»ot,from7ruA»), 
 PA-LES'TRie, > a strugsling or wrestling; n-o- 
 PA-LES'TRie-AL, ) A.iim, to wrestle, to strive.] 
 
 Pertaining to the exercise of wrestling. Bryant. 
 PAL'ET, 71. [Kr. /if/uff, a ball.] 
 
 The crown of the head. [JV'ot used.'l Skclton. 
 PAL'ETTE. See Pallet. 
 
 PAL'FREY, (pawl'fre,) n. [Fr. palcfroi ; It. palafreno : 
 Sp. palafren ; Port, palafrem ; VV. palvrc. Ainsworth 
 gives for the original word, in Low Latin, paravercdi^ 
 (plur. of rcredu-f,) horses of a large size, used for 
 carrying the baggage of an army. Spelman says the 
 parafredus Was a post-horse. The last syllable is 
 from Lat. vereJus.] 
 
 1. A horse used by noblemen and others for state, 
 distinguished from a war horse. Encyc. 
 
 2. A small hot^e fit for ladies. .Tohnson. Spectator. 
 PAL'FREY-Kn, (pawl'fred,) n. Riding on a palfrey. 
 PAL-l-FI-eA'TION, 71. [from L. palus, a stake or 
 
 post.] 
 
 The act or practice of driving piles or posts into 
 the ground for making it firm. fVolton. 
 PA-LIL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. jraX-i- and Xiys.] 
 
 In rhetoric, the repetition of a word or part of a sen- 
 tence for the sake of greater energv. 
 Pa'LLMP-SE.ST, 71. [Gr. naXiv and ^.r,..] 
 
 A parchment from which one writing has been 
 erased, and on which another has been written. 
 PAL'IN-l)RO.ME,n. [Gr. - ,\,vf,oo,,i i; rr.iAii', again, 
 and foi.pcoi, or 6iHp<>, to run, di-ntsed.'] 
 
 A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same when 
 read backward or forward ; as, madam, or Boma tibi 
 suhit/f motibus ibit amor, Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 PSL'ING, p/w. Inclosing with pales. 
 PaL'ING, 71. Pales in general, or a fence formed with 
 piles. 
 
 PAL-L\-6E-NK'$I-A, ( 7U [Gr. jraA-yvtitrrri.] A 
 
 PAL-I.\-(5E.\'E-?Y, ( new birth or transition from 
 one st.ate to another ; a regeneration. 
 
 PAL'IN-ODFi, ) 71. [Gr. iruXiK.ifim ; iraXii', again, 
 
 PAL'l.N-O-DY, j and ..,?-/, a song.] 
 
 A recantation, or declaration contrary to a former 
 one. Encitc. Sandys. 
 
 PAI, I-.«aDE', 71. [Fr. palisaade ; i'p.' pali-.ada : It. 
 piiliizitfa ; friun pale or the same r()ot. The Welsh 
 has palis, a thin partition of boards, or laths, a wain- 
 scot ; pulitavi. In wainscot.] 
 
 A fence or furtifir;iiioii consisting of a row of stakes 
 or pfwts aharp' lied, and set firmly in the ground. In 
 fortijictilion, the posLn are si t two or three inches 
 apart, parallel to the paraiiet in ihe covered way, to 
 prevent a surprise. Palisades serve al.so to fortify 
 the avenues of open furla, gorges, half moons, the 
 bolloin of ditches, &c. Encye. 
 
 PAL I SA l)E', r. (. To surround, inclose, or fortify, 
 with stakes or itfists. 
 
 P.AL-l-SAD'El), pp. Kortifi<-il with slakes or post*. 
 
 PAL I ."^AD'I.N'f;, p/fr. Kortifv iiig with [losts. 
 
 PAL I SA'UO, n. Palisade, wliii h see. 
 
 PA L'lJ^II, o. (from pn/c] Somewhat pale or wan j 
 as, a pa^wA blue. Jlrbulhnot, 
 
 PAI'L, n. [L. pallium; Hax. ptrlle; lU pallia; Arm. 
 palU.n ; Ir. prall.] 
 
 1. A cloak ; a mantle of .state. Mhon. 
 
 2. The mantle of an archbishop. .Ayliffe. 
 
 3. The cloth thrown over a dead body at funerals. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 4. A detent or click, i. e.,a small piece of metal or 
 wood, which falls between the teeth of a rachet 
 wheel, or of a windlass, to prevent its revolving 
 backward. 
 
 PALL, 71. In heraldry, a figure like tho Greek Y. 
 
 Encvc. 
 
 PALL, II. t. To cloak ; to cover or invest. S/mk. 
 PALL, V. i. [\V. pallu, to fall ; allied to pale, and to 
 
 Gr. TT.iAiiioc, old ; Heb. Ch. and Ar. ; Heb. "72:. 
 
 (See F.»iL.) Class BI, N'o. R, 18, 21.] 
 
 1. To become vapid ; to lose strength, life, spirit, 
 or taste ; to become insipid ; as, the liquor palls. 
 
 Be.iulj soon jrows faniilinr lo tlie lover, 
 
 Fades in die eye, and palls upon the sense. Addipon. 
 
 PALL, V. t. To make vapid or insipid. 
 
 Reason and reflection — blunt tlie edge of the keenest desires, 
 and paU all his enjoyments. Atierbury. 
 
 2. To make spiritless ; to dispirit ; to depress. 
 
 The more we raise oiir love, 
 The more we pall, and coo], and kill his ardor. Dryden. 
 
 3. To weaken ; to impair ; as, to pall fortune. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. To cloy ; as, the palled appetite. Taller. 
 PALL, 71. Nausea or nauseating. Shaftesbnrt/. 
 PALL'-BE.AR-ER, ji. A term applied to those who 
 
 attend the coflin at a funeral, so called from the pall 
 
 or covering of the body which they formerly carried. 
 PAL'L.\, 71. [L.] Among the Bomans, a large upper 
 
 robe worn by ladies. Elmes. 
 PAL-La'DI-UM, ;i. [Gr. iruAAatJiui', from Pallas, the 
 
 goddess.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a statue of the goddess Pallas, which 
 represented lier as sitting with a pike in her right 
 hand, and in her left a distaff and spindle. On the 
 preservation of this statue depended the safety of 
 Troy. Hence, 
 
 2. Something that affords effectual defense, pro- 
 tection, and safety ; as when we say, the trial by jury 
 is the palladium of our civil rights. ' Blackstone. 
 
 3. A metal discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, and 
 found in very small grains, of a steel-gray color and 
 fibrous structure, in auriferous and plaliniferons sand. 
 It is infusible by ordinary heat, and when native, is 
 alloyed with a little platinum and iridium. 
 
 Diet. A^at. Hist. 
 PAL'L.\S, 71. [Gr.] In mytholnsry, the Grecian god- 
 dess of wisdom, identified, at a later period, with 
 the Roman Minerva. Brande. 
 
 2. In astronomy, one of the small planets or aster- 
 oids which revolve between the orbits of INlars and 
 Jnpiter. 
 
 PALL'ir;D, pp. or a. Made insipid. 
 PAL'LET, 71. [Fr. palette: It. paletta, a fire-shovel; 
 Sp. paleta ; from L pula, \V. pal, a shovel, a pcf/.] 
 
 1. Among paiiilfri, a little oval table or hoard, or 
 piece of ivory, on which the painter places the 
 colors to be ii.sed. On the middle the colors are 
 mixed, to obtain the tints required. Encye. 
 
 2. Among potters, crucible makers, &.C., a wooden 
 instrument fiir forming, heating, and rounding their 
 works. It is oval, round, &.c. Encye. 
 
 3. In gildiniT, an instrument made of a squirrel's 
 tail, to take up the gold leaves from the pillow, and 
 to apply and extend tliein. Encyc. 
 
 4. In heraldry, a small pale. [See Pale.] 
 
 5. A term applied to the pieces connected with the 
 pendulum of a clock, or the bahince of a watch, 
 which receive the immediate Impulse of the swing- 
 wheel, or balance-wheel. It is sometimes written 
 Pallat. Brande. 
 
 6. A measure formerly used by surgeons, contain- 
 ing three ounces. llakewill. 
 
 PAL'LET, II. [paillet, Chaucer; Fr. paiUe, L. palea, 
 straw; Ir. praW, a couch.] 
 
 A small bed. Milton. 
 PAL'LI-.\L, a. Pertaining to a mantle, especially the 
 
 mantle of shell fishes. Smart. 
 PAL'LI-A-MENT, 71. [L. pallium, a cloak.] 
 
 .\ dress ; a robe. [A'wi; used.] Shak. 
 PAL'LIARI), (pal'yard,) 71. [Fr.] A lecher ; a lewd 
 
 person. [JV«( used, nor English.] 
 PAL'LIAUb-ISE, 11. Fornication. [A'o( used.] 
 
 Buck. 
 
 PAL LIASSE', (pal-yas',) 71. [Fr.] An under bed of 
 straw. [See Paillasse.] 
 
 PAL'LI-STE, f. t. [Fr. pallicr ; Sp. paliar ; It. pal- 
 mare : from Low L. pallio, from pallium, n cloak or 
 robe.l^ 
 
 1. To clothe. [Obs.] 
 
 2. To cover with excuse ; to conceal the enormity 
 of offenses by excuses and apologies ; hence, to ex- 
 tenuate ; to lessen ; to soften by favorable repre- 
 nentations ; as, lo palliate faults, olfenses, crimes, or 
 vices. Dryden. 
 
 3. To reduce in violence ; to mitigate ; to lessen or 
 abate ; as, to palliate a dise.a.se. 
 
 PAL'L!-ATI'., a. Eased ; initig.ated. [Jfoluted.] 
 PAL'LI-A-TEI), pp. Covered by excuses; extenu- 
 ated , Hoflened. 
 
 PAL'LI-A-TING, ppr. or a. Concealing the enormity 
 or most censurable part of conduct ; extenuating ; 
 softening. 
 
 PAL-LI-A'TION, 71. The act of palliating ; conceal- 
 ment of the most flagrant circumstances of an of- 
 fense ; e.vtenuation by favorable representation ; as, 
 the pallialion of faults, offenses, vices, or crimes. 
 2. Jlitigatiiin ; alleviation; abatement; as of a 
 
 PAL'LI-A-TIVE, a. [Ft. pal liatif.] [disease. 
 
 1. Extenuating ; serving to extenuate by e.xcuses 
 or favorable representation. fVarton, 
 
 2. Mitigating ; alleviating j as pain or disease. 
 
 Arbulhnot. 
 
 PAL'Lr-A-TIVK, 71. That which extenuates. 
 
 2. That whicli mitigates, alleviates, or abates the 
 
 violence of pain, di-ease, or other evil. Swift. 
 PAL'LID, a. [L. pallidas, from palleo, to become pale. 
 
 See Pale.] 
 
 Pale ; wan ; deficient in color ; not high colored ; 
 as, a pallid countenance ; pallid blue. 
 
 Spenser. Thomson. Harte. 
 PAL-LID't-TY, 71. Paleness. 
 
 PAL'LID-LY, adv. Palely ; wanly. Taylor. 
 
 PAL'LID-NESS, 71. Paleness; wanness. 
 
 PALL'IXG, p;;r. or a. Cloving; making insipid. 
 
 PALL'ING, 71. State of being cloyed. Buheer. 
 
 PAL'LI-UM, n. [L.] In tlic Boman Catholic church a. 
 short, white cloak, with a red cross, encircling the 
 neck and shoulders, and falling 011 the bru k. Brande. 
 
 PALL-.MALL', (pel-mel',) 11. [L. pila, a ball, and mal- 
 leus, mallet ; It. palla, a ball, ami viallro, a hammer.] 
 
 1. A play in which a ball is driven through an iron 
 ring by a mallet ; also, the mallet. Johnson. 
 
 2. A street in Lonilon, so called from its having 
 once been the place for playing the game called 
 pallmall. 
 
 PAL'LOR, 71. [L.] Paleness. Taylor. 
 PALM, (pirn,) 71. [L. pa(ma; VV. palv ; from spread- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. The inner part of the hand. 
 
 2. A hand or hand's breadth ; a lineal measure of 
 three inches. The gre.at Roman palm was the length 
 of the hand, or about 8j inches. Barluie. 
 
 3. The broad, triangular part of an anchor at the 
 end of the arms. 
 
 4. The name of many species of plants, but par- 
 ticularly of the date-tree or great palm, a native of 
 Asia and Africa. 
 
 The palms constitute a natural order of monccot- 
 yledonous plants, with a straight unbranching cylin- 
 dric stem, terminating in a crown tif leaves, with- 
 in which rises a tuft of flowers and fruits ; all n.a- 
 tives of warm climates. They vary in size from 2 
 to more than 100 feet in hight. Jussieu. Linnaeus. 
 
 5. Bninches of the palm, being worn in token of 
 victory ; hence the word signifies superiority, victory, 
 triumph. The palm was adopted as an emblem of 
 victory, it is said, because the tree is so elastic as, 
 when pressed, to rise and recover its correct position. 
 
 £7icyc. 
 
 Namur sulxlued is England's palm alone. Drydtn. 
 
 6. Among sfamPTi, an instrument fitted to the hand, 
 and used in sewing canvas, instead of a thimble. 
 
 PAL.M, (pim,) V. t. To conceal in the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 They palmed Ihe tricV that lost the game. Prior. 
 
 2. To impose by fraud. 
 
 For you may palm upon us new for old. Dryden, 
 
 3. To handle. Prior. 
 
 4. To stroke with the hand. Ainsieorth, 
 PA LM'-OIL, (pim'oil,) n. A vegetable oil, obtained 
 
 from the fruit of several species of palms, and used 
 in the manufacture of soap and candles. McCulloeh, 
 
 PALM'-SU.\-I)AY, (pim'siin-dy,) 71. The Sunday 
 next before Easter ; so called in coinmeinor.ation of 
 our Savior's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when 
 the multitude strewed palm branches in the way. 
 
 PAL.M'-TREE, (puin'tree,) 71. The name of many 
 species of trees belonging to the natural order of 
 palms. [See Palm.] 
 
 PAL'M.\ CHRIS'TI, tu [L.] An annual plant, 
 whose seeds furnish the well-known castor-oil of 
 medicine. Loudon. 
 
 PAL'.MAR, a. (L. pa/mark.] 
 
 Of the breadth of the hand. Lee, 
 
 PAL'MA-RV, a, [L, palmari.^,] 
 
 Chief; princi|)al. Bp, Home, 
 
 PXLM'A-RY, a. Pertaining to a palm. 
 
 - ! <!• [L. pa/madij, from pa/ma, palm.] 
 
 1 .Aij jM A- 1 r.ll, ) 
 
 1. llavinc the shape of tire hand; resembling a 
 hanil with the fingers spread ; an, palmated leaves or 
 stones. Encyc. 
 
 2. Entirely webbed ; as, the palmated feet of 
 aquatic fowls. 
 
 PXl-.M'/;!), (pAind,) pp. Imposed by fraud. 
 
 PALM'ER, (|Klin'er,) 71. One that returned from the 
 Itoly Laml bearing branches of palm ; a pilgrim or 
 criL^'adir. Pope. 
 
 PALM'ER-WORM, (pim'er-wurm,) ii. A worm cov- 
 ered with hair ; sup|H)sed to be so called because he 
 wanders over all plants. Joel i. Johnson. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — MftTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 7!>2 
 
PAL 
 
 PAL MET'TO, II. A spi'i iis of p:ilm-tr('0 (.'niwinj; in 
 tile West Indies and !?outliern United States, of llie 
 genus Clianiiurops. Thomson. 
 
 PAL'Mie AU'IU, n. A kind of acid obtained from 
 palniine. 
 
 PAL-.MIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. palma and/iro, to bear.] 
 Ilearine palms. Diet. 
 PAI.'.MINE, (-niin,) n. A white, waxy substance, 
 
 obtained from castor-oil, 
 PXIj.M'ING, ppr. Imposing by fraud. 
 PAI,'MI-PED, a. [L. jm/iim and pes, foot.] 
 
 Web-footed ; liavingllie toes connected by a mem- 
 brane ; as a water fowl. 
 P.M/MI-PEI), n. A swimming bird; one tbat lias 
 
 webbed feet, or the toes connected by a membrane. 
 PAI,'.MIS-TER, n, \h. palma.] [Brandc. 
 (Ine who de.ils in palmistry, or pretends to tell 
 fortunes by the p.ilm of the hand. 
 PAI/MIS-TIJY, H. [L. palma, palm.] 
 
 1. The art or practice of iliviniiig or telling for- 
 tunes by the lines and marks in the palm of the 
 hand ; a trick of imposture, much practiced by gip- 
 sies. 
 
 2. Addison uses it humorously for the action of 
 the baud. Spectator. 
 
 PALM'Y, (pUm'y,) a. Bearing palms. Shak. 
 Hence, 
 
 2 Flourishing ; prosperous ; victorious. 
 
 PAl:Tt%.p/.i[L- 
 
 A jointed, sensiferous organ, attached in pairs to 
 the back or side of the lower jaw in many insects ; 
 
 PAI.P, II. (. To feel. [JViit nut/ioriici/.] [a feeler. 
 
 PAI, PA-BIL'l-TY, n. [(rum palpable.] The quality 
 of being perceptible by the touch. .SrbulhnoL 
 
 PAI,'PA-BLE, a. [F*, from I.,, palpor, to feel; It. 
 palpabile.] 
 
 1. Perceptible by the touch ; that may be felt ; as, 
 a palpable substance ; palpable darkness. Shak. 
 
 2. Gross ; coarse ; easily perceived and detected ; 
 as, a palpable absurdity. Titlotson. 
 
 3. Plain ; obvious ; easily perceptible ; as, palpable 
 phenomena ; ;)ii//J«6(e proof. Hooker. Oluncille. 
 
 PAL'P.\-BI,E:-i\EtfS, 71. The quality of being palpa- 
 ble ; plainness ; obviousness ; grossness. 
 
 P.\L'PA-IiLY, arfe. In such a manner as to be per- 
 ceived by the touch. 
 2. Grossly ; plainly ; obviously. 
 
 Cludiiis WM ncquiURd by « corrupt jury that IlftJ pa!j)ah!y taken 
 shorei of iiioii?y. Bacon. 
 
 PAL P.\'TION, n. [L. palpatio, from pa//)0, to feci, to 
 stroke, from the root of frel, and Gr. 7r.iAA<.i, to shake. 
 Probably the primary sense is to beat or strike gently, 
 or to touch, or to spring, to leap, allied to Gr. (iaX\u>, 
 Fr. bailer.] 
 The ,act of feeling. 
 
 P.\I/PE-BRAI,, n. Pertaining to the eyebrow. 
 
 PAI/PE-i!R()l'S, a. Having large eyebrows. Smart. 
 
 PAI/PI-FOI!.M,«. Having the form of p;ilpi or feelers. 
 
 PAE-I'IO'EK-OUS, a. Bearing palpi or feelers. Kirbij. 
 
 P.\I>'PI-TaTE, r. i. [h. palpitn, (mm palpo. Palpito 
 illustrates the primary sense of patpo.] 
 
 To beat gently ; to beat, as the heart ; to flutter, 
 that is, to move with little throws ; as we say, to go 
 pit-a-put ; applied particularly to a preternatural or 
 excited movement of the heart. 
 
 PAI/PI-TA-TI.\G, ppr. or a. Beating gently; flutter- 
 ing:. 
 
 PAL PI-Ta'TIO\, n. [L. palpitatio.] 
 
 1. .\ beating of the heart; particalarly, a preter- 
 natural beating or pulsation e.\cited by violent action 
 of the body, by fear, fright, or disease. 
 
 Ilarofy. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 2. A violent, irregular motion of the heart. 
 
 Cullen. Parr. 
 PAI.S'GllAVE, (pawlz'grave,) n. [G. pfaligraf, from 
 pfali, contracted from L. palatium, piilnce, and •Ta/, 
 an enri ; D. palts^aaf ; Sax. gcrcfa, a reeve, whence 
 sheriff.] 
 
 .\ count or carl who has the superintendence of 
 the king's iKilace. Diet. 
 PAI.S'GllA-VI.NE, ji. The consort or widow of a 
 palsnrave. 
 
 PAi/St|-eAL, a. [frompaijy.] Affected with pal.sy ; 
 parah tic. 
 
 PAL'Si-f;D, (pawl'zid,) pp. or a. [from palsy.] Af- 
 fected with palsy. 
 PAL'SY, n. [Supposed to be contracted from Gr. 
 ra.iu Vi'iT $, relaxation ; ir i'iaXn .', to loosen or relax.] 
 .\n abolition of function, whether of intellect, 
 Bjiccial sensation, voluntary motion, common sensa- 
 tion, or sympathetic motion. 
 PAL'SY, c. t. To paralyze ; to destroy function. 
 
 a. To destroy action or energy. -\ Dwight. 
 PAL'SY-I.NG, ppr. or a. Destroying function. 
 PAL' TER, r. i. [Probably allied to /aiiiter or /a/ttr, 
 \V. ;iaUii, Eng./ui7 ; Sp. and Pon.fatlar, to want, to 
 fail, to miss, to balk, to come short. See Fail and 
 Paul.] 
 
 To shift ; to dodge ; to play tricks. Johtuon. 
 Rather, to fail ; to come short ; to balk. 
 
 Romant, lhal haTc tpoke the wonl, 
 And will not poller. ShaX-. 
 
 PAN 
 
 PAL'TER, u.t. To squander. Qu. [JVut used.] 
 
 AintttDorth. 
 
 PAL'TF.R-ER, n. One that palters, fails, or falls short 
 
 PAL'TRI-LY, a</i>. Despicably; meanly. 
 
 PAL'TRI-NESS, n. [from paltry.] The state of be- 
 ing paltry, vile, or worthless. 
 
 PAL'TRY, a. f.Sw. palta, plur. pa/(or, rags ; Dan. 
 pialt, a rag ; ptalted, ragged ; Scot paltrie or peltrie, 
 vile trash ; It. paltone, a vagabond. It may be allied 
 to Gr. ijiaoXoi, vile, and to fail. Q.u. Fr. piilre, a 
 contnictc'd word.] 
 
 Ragged ; mean ; vile ; worthless ; despicable ; as, 
 a paltry boy ; a paltry slave ; a pallnj trifle. 
 
 Sliak. Mdison. 
 
 PA-LO'DAL, a. [L. pahis.] 
 
 Pertaining to marshes ; marshy. 
 PAL-i;-I)I'NA, II. [L. pains, a pool.] 
 
 A genus of fresh-water snails. Mantcll. 
 PA-L0'DIN-O(JS, a. Pertaining to the paludina. 
 Pa'LY, a. [from pale] Pale; wanting color; used 
 
 only in poetry. Shak. Gay. 
 
 2. In heraldry, divided by pales into four eipial 
 
 parts. Kncyc. 
 PA.M,?!. [Supposed to be from paZm, victory.] The 
 
 knave of clubs. Pope. 
 P.ViM'PAS, 71. pi. The name given to vast prairies 
 
 in the southern part of Buenos Ayres in South 
 
 America. Enryc. Jim. 
 
 PA.M'PER, V. t. [from It pambere, bread and drink : 
 
 pamberato, pampered, well fed ; pane, bread, aim 
 
 bere, to drink, L. bibo.] 
 
 1. To feed to the full ; to glut ; to saginato ; to feed 
 luxuriously ; as, to pamper the body or the appetite. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 Wfl are prond of a hotly fattening for wonnj ami jMtnpered for 
 cornij)liun unci Uic gr.ivc. Vieishl. 
 
 2. To gratify to tho full ; to furnish with that 
 which delights ; as, to pam/ifr the imagination. 
 
 PAM'PER-/iD, pp. ox a. Fed high; glutted or grati- 
 fied to the full. 
 
 PAIM'PEK-ING, p;>r. Glutting ; feeding luxuriously; 
 gratifying to the full. 
 
 PAM'PEK-ING, 71. Luxiiriancv. Fulkr. 
 
 PAM'PIILET, (pam'flet,) n. [Sp. paprlon, from paprl, 
 paper. The word signifies both a pamphlet and a 
 bill posted. Sp. papalcta, a slip of paper on which 
 any thing is written ; papcl volante, a small pam- 
 phlet. It has also been deduced from paunfiet, pa- 
 jrina Jilala, a word said to liave been used by Cax- 
 ton.] 
 
 A small book consisting of a sheet of paper, or of 
 sheets stitched together, but not bound. 
 PAM'PHLET, V. L To write a pamiihlet or pamphlets. 
 
 J{ou:ell. 
 
 PAM-PHLET-EER', (pani-flet-eer',) «. A writer of 
 pamphlets ; a scribbler. Taller. 
 
 PAM-PHLET-EER'LNG, a. Writing and publishing 
 pamphlets. 
 
 2. n. The writing .and publishing of pamphlets. 
 
 PAM'PRE, 71. [Fr.] In S^u/pdirf, an ornament com- 
 posed of vine leaves and bunches of grapes ; used 
 for decorating columns. Owilt. 
 
 PAN, 11. [Sa.x. paii.ia; Svv. paano; G. jj/annc ; D. pa7i ; 
 W. id.] 
 
 1. A vessel broad nnd somewhat hollow or de- 
 pressed in the middle, or with a raised border ; used 
 for setting milk and other domestic purposes. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 2. The part of a giin-Iock or other fire-.irins 
 which holds the priming that communicates witli 
 the charge. 
 
 3. Something hollow ; as, the brain paTi. 
 
 4. Among farmers, the hard stratum of earth that 
 lies below tlie soil ; called the hard pan. 
 
 5. The top of the head. Chaucer. 
 PAN, t). t To join ; to close together. \_Local.] 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 PAN, 71. [Gr.] In mytlwlogy, the deity of shepherds. 
 
 [See Pamc.J 
 PAN'A-RASE, 71. [Gr. irai' and base.] 
 
 A gray copper ore. 
 PAN-A-CE'A, 71. [L., from Gr. iravuictia ; iiai', all, 
 
 and iiKEu/Kii, to cure.] . 
 
 1. A remedy fur all diseases ; a universal medicine. 
 
 Warton. 
 
 2. _An herb. Ainsworth. 
 P.A-.\ a'D.A, j lu [Fr. panadf, from L. vanis, Sp. pa7i, 
 PA-NA'DO, i It. pane, bread.]' 
 
 A kind of food made by boiling bread in water to 
 the consistence of pulp, and sweetened. }¥iseman. 
 PA.N".\-RY, a. [Upaiiw.] 
 
 Pertaining to bread. 
 P.AN'CaKE, 71. A thin cake fried in a pan or baked 
 on an iron plate. 
 
 Some folki thinl< it will ncTcr be good time* till lionafi arc tiled 
 wiUl pancaJctt. Frankiin. 
 
 P.VN'exRTE, it, A royal charter confirming to a sub- 
 ject all his (Kissessions. Brandt. 
 
 PANCH, It. [W. panii, to form a texture, to full.] 
 
 Among sramrn, n thick nnd strong mat, to be fast- 
 eneil on > arils to prevent friction. 
 
 P.\.\CH'W.\Y, 71. A Bengal four-oared boat for pas- 
 sen trers. Jtfalcom. 
 
 PAN 
 
 PA.\-eRAT'ie. (a. (Gr. rue, all, and icpuTnj, 
 PAN-eRA'/''ie-AL, i strength.] 
 
 Excelling in all gymnastic exercises ; very strong 
 
 or robust. Brown. 
 PA.\'€KA-TIST, 7U One who excels in gymnastic 
 
 exercisi!3. 
 
 PAN eRA'TI-U.M, (-she-um,) n. [Gr. irui- and upa- 
 
 Tt(tu] 
 
 Among tlie ancients, an athletic contest which 
 combiiieil boxing and wrestling. 
 
 PAN'CRl-^AS, n. [(;r. no , all. and irof.ij, flesh.] 
 
 A gland of the lioily situated between the bottom 
 of the stoni.icli and the vertebra; of the loins, reach- 
 ing from the liver to the spleen, and allaclied to the 
 peritoneum. It is two fingers in bretiillli, and six in 
 length, soft and supple. It secretes a kind of saliva, 
 ami |M)Urs it into the iliiodeniim. (iuincy. Coze. 
 
 PA.N'-eUE-.AT'ie, a. Pertaining to the pancreas; as, 
 pancreatic juice. ArbuthnoU 
 
 PAN'CY. See Panst. 
 
 PAN-UIC'AN PIPES, 71. p?. A wind instrument of an- 
 tiquity made of reeds fastened together side by side, 
 gradually le.ssening, and tuned to each other. 
 
 PAN'DECT, 71. [L. pandiclir, from Gr. rrui/^t/trijf ( 
 Trail, all, and h\oiiai, to contain, to take.] 
 
 1. A treatise wliich contains the whole of any sci- 
 ence. Sicijl. 
 
 2. Pandretjt, in the plural, the digest or collection of 
 civil or Roman law, inatle by order of the emperor 
 Justinian, and containing .'>34 decisions or judgments 
 of lawyers, to which the emperor gave the force and 
 authority of law. This com|iilation consists of fifty 
 books, forming the first part of the civil law. 
 
 PAN-OE.M'ie, a. [Gr. Trai-, all, and fr|^,o(, people.] 
 Incident to a whole people; epidemic; as, a pan- 
 demic disease. J/arveii. Parr. 
 PAN-DE-MO'NI-UM, 71. [Gr. iraj, irai/, all, and liai- 
 P'^'f, a demon.] 
 
 In fabulous story, the great hall or council-chamber 
 of demons or evil >pirils. JItlton. 
 PAN'UEU, 71. [Uu. It pandere, to set abroad, or Pan- 
 o ^ o J 
 
 dams, in Chaucer. In Pers. j\,>,ij bandar, is the 
 
 keeper of a warehouse or granary, a forestaller who 
 buys and hoards goods to enhance the price ; an- 
 swering to L. main'o. But the real origin of the 
 word is not obvious.] 
 
 A pimp ; a procurer ; a male bawd ; a mean, profli- 
 gate wretch, who caters for the lust of others. 
 
 Dryden. Shak. 
 PAN'DER, ti. t To pimp; to procure lewd women 
 
 for others. Shak. 
 PAN'DER, ». i. To act as agent for the lusts of 
 2. To be subservient to lust or passion. [others. 
 P.\N'DER-AGE, 71. A procuring of sexual connection. 
 
 Ch. Bcliir. Appeal. 
 PAN'DER-IS.M, 71. The employment or vices of a 
 
 pander; a pimping. Swift. 
 P.\N'DER-I,Y, a. Pimping ; acting the pander. Shak. 
 PAX-Die-U-LA'TION, 71. [L. paudiculor, to yawn, 
 to stretch.] 
 
 A yawning ; a stretching ; the tension of the sol- 
 ids th.1t accompanies yawning, or that restlessness 
 and stretching that accompany the cold fit of an 
 intermittent. Eneyc. Floyer. 
 
 PAN'DIT, I T ir- I . I I T, K 
 PUN'DIT i Jundoostan, a learned Brahmin. 
 
 P.AN'DOOR, 71. A name given to a kind of light-in- 
 fantry soldiers in the Austrian service. llrande. 
 
 PAN-Do'RA, Tt. [Gr. rrae, .ill, and <i..ii).ii., a gift.] 
 In mytholoiry, a fabled female who received a va- 
 riety of gifts. Jupiter gave her a box for her hus- 
 band, who opened it, and out rushed a multitude of 
 evils. Lcmpriere. 
 
 PAN'DORE, ) rr: ^ 1 
 
 PAN'DO-R.\.\, 5 t^"^" ""''""vP"-] 
 
 An instrument of music of the lute kind ; a ban- 
 dore. Drayton. 
 
 PAN-DO'RI-FORM, a. [L. pa77ifiira, from the Gr.] 
 In botany, obovate, with a deep recess or sinus on 
 each side, like the body of a fiddle or violin. 
 
 PANE, 71. [fr. pan, from extending, whence pa777irau, 
 a panel ; Arm. pniieH ; Sp. entrrpunv ; D. paneel.] 
 
 1. A stiuare of glass. 
 
 2. A piece of any thing in variegated works. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 PAN-E-GYR'ie, 71. [Fr. pane/ryrique : It and Sp. 
 panetririeo : It. panffryriciis, from the Gr. 'avnyvft^. 
 a public meeting or celebration ; 7ra;, iruf, oJi, and 
 o) vfiii, an assembly.] 
 
 1. An oration or eiilogj' in praise of some distin- 
 guished persiui or achievement ; a formal or elabo- 
 rate encomium. " Stillinirfleet. 
 
 2. An encomium ; praise bestowed on some emi- 
 nent persim, action, or virtue. Dryden. 
 
 PAN-E-ft YR'ie, (a. Containing praise or eulogy ; 
 
 PAN-E-GYR'ie-AL, ( encomiastic. 
 
 P.'VN-EG'V-RIS, n. [Gr. Trunj> cpi j.] A festival ; B 
 public meeting. JMUton. 
 
 PA.\-E^6YR'IST, 71. One who bestows praise ; a 
 eulogist ; an encomiast, either by writing or speak- 
 ing. Camden. 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 100 
 
 ooo 
 
 7»3 
 
PAN 
 
 rAN'E-GY-RiZE, r. t. To praise liii^lily ; to write or 
 pronounce a eulogv on. Ch. Obs. 
 
 PAN'E-GY-KIZE, b. i. To bestow praises. Mitford. 
 
 PAN'E-GY-KlZ-KO, jip. Hi);lily praised or eulogized. 
 
 PAN'K-c'JY-RlZ-IiNG, ppr. Praising IiiglUy ; eulo- 
 gizing. 
 
 PAN'EL, 71. [Fr. panneau : Sw. paiina, pan ; pannela, 
 to wainscot; Russ. panel, ceiling, or wainscot; 
 probably named from breadth, extension.] 
 
 1. A piece of board whose edges are inserted into 
 the groove of a thicker surrounding frame ; as, the 
 panel of a door. Addison. Swift. 
 
 2. .\ piece of parchment or schedule, containing 
 the names of persons summoned by the slierilf". 
 Hence, more aeneralUj, 
 
 3. The whole jury. 
 
 4. In Scuu law, a prisoner at the bar. Encyc. Am. 
 P.\N'EL, I'. £. To form with panels ; as, to panel a 
 
 wainscot. Pennant. 
 
 PAN'EL-£D, pp. or a. Formed with panels. 
 
 PaXE'LESS, a. Without panes of glass. Skenstone. 
 
 P.\N'EL-1NG, ppr. Forming into panels. 
 
 P.\NG, 71. [D. pynigen, G. peinirren, to torture, from 
 pyn, pein, p:iUi ; Sa.x. pinan. See Pain.] 
 
 Extreme pain ; anguish ; agony of body ; particu- 
 larly, a sudden paroxysm of extreme pain, as in 
 spasm, or childbirth. Is. xxi. 
 
 I saw the hoary traitor 
 Grin m llie partes of dealii, aud bite the ^onnd. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 PANG, c fc To torture ; to give extreme pain to. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PAN'GO-LIN, 71. A name applied to two species of 
 Manis, a genus of edentate maninials, the one in- 
 habiting Bengal, and the other Central Africa. They 
 are reptile-like, and their bodies are covered with 
 hard scales or plates, and can be rolled into a spheri- 
 cal shape. 
 
 PAN-HEL-Lk'NI-UM, 71. [Gr. TraftWrft'if.] 
 The national council or congress of Greece. 
 
 Anderson. 
 
 PAN'ie, 71. [Sp. and It. panico; Fr. panique : Gr. 
 nii-iKKt ; W.pannu, to cause to sink, to depress or 
 hollow, to cause a panic. The primary sense is in- 
 transitive, to shrink, or transitive, to cause to shrink ; 
 hence the fabled Pan, the frightful deity of the 
 woods or shepherds.] 
 
 A sudden fright ; particularly, a sudden fright with- 
 out real cause, or terror inspired by a trifling cause 
 or misapprehension of danger ; as, the troops were 
 seized with a panic; they Hed in a pariic. 
 
 PAN'IC, a. Extreme or sudden ; applied to friirht ; as, 
 panic fear. 
 
 P.VN'ie, 11. The grain of the panic grass. 
 
 P.V.N'ie GRASS, n. A plant of the genus Panicum. 
 
 P.^X'I-CLE, 71. [L. j)aiiicii/a, down upon reeds, cat's 
 tail, allied to L. pa/mus, cloth ; W. pan, nap, down, 
 the fulling of cloth ; panu, to cover with nap, to full 
 or mill cloth, to beat, to bang. The primary sense 
 is, to drive, strike, or press ; hence, to full or make 
 thick.] 
 
 In botany, a species of inflorescence, in which the 
 flowers or fruits are scattered on peduncles variously 
 subdivided, as in oats and some of the grasses. 'I'he 
 panicle is of various kinds, as the dense or close, the 
 spiked, the squeezed, the spreading, the diffused, the 
 divaricating. Martyn. 
 
 PAN'I-CI.EI), a. Furnished with panicles. Eaton. 
 
 P.\.\'I€^TRUCK, a. Struck with a jianic, or sudden 
 fear. 
 
 P,\-Nie'IT-I-.\TE, ) a. Having branches variously 
 PA-Xie'lj-LA-TED, i subdivided; as, a paniculate 
 stem. 
 
 2. Having the flowers in panicles; as, a paniculate 
 inflorescence. Lee. 
 PA-.\1V'0-ROUS, a. [I,, panis and voro.] 
 
 Eating bread ; subsisting on bread. 
 PAN-NaUE', 7!. The curvet of a horse. [SeePiSic] 
 
 Ainsicortlt. 
 
 PAN'.\.\6E, 71. [from L. panh.] 
 
 The food of swine in the woods ; as beach-nuts, 
 acorns, &.C., called, also, pawns; also, the money 
 taken by agistors for the ni.ast of the king's forest. 
 * CoweL 
 PAN'NEL, 71. [VV. panel, something plaited or mat- 
 ted j ij. pannui, cloth.] 
 
 1. A kind of rustic saddle. Tusser. 
 
 2. The stomach of a hawk. Aiiunrortlu 
 
 [For other senses, see Paskl.] 
 
 PAN-NEI.-I.A'TIO.V, 7i. The act of impanneling n 
 
 jury. [JVot u.t«'.] IVood. 
 PAN.S''IER, (pan'ycr,) 71. [Ft.panirri it. paniera; Sp. 
 panrra, a pannier, and a granary ; from L. panis, 
 bread.] 
 
 A wicker basket ; primarily, a breatl-basket, but 
 uw.-d for carry ing fruit or other things on a horse. 
 
 Addigon. 
 
 2. In architecture, the same as corbel, which see. 
 
 Owill. 
 
 PAN'NI-K£L, 71. The brain pan or skull. [JVnj in 
 lur^,] Upenser, 
 
 PAN'O-PI.If.l), ( plid,) a. Completely armed. 
 
 PA.N'O PI.V, n. [Gr. irafsir^ia ,' itav, all, and oirAa, 
 nrinH.j 
 
 PAN 
 
 Complete armor or defense. 
 
 We had need to take tlie Cluisliait panoply, to put on the whole 
 armor of God. Ray. 
 
 P.\N-OP'TI-eON, 71. A prison so constructed that the 
 inspector can see each of the prisoners at all times, 
 without being seen by them. J. Bentliam. 
 
 PAN-U-RA'.MA, 71. [Gr. nui, all, and o^apa, view, 
 from npuhi, to see.] 
 
 1. Literally, a complete or entire view in every di- 
 rection. 
 
 2. A picture presenting from a central point a view 
 of objects in every direction, represented on the in- 
 terior surface of a cylindrical wall or rotunda. It is 
 lighted from above, and viewed from a platform in 
 the center. 
 
 PAN-O-RAM'ie, a. Pertaining to or like a panorama, 
 
 or complete view. 
 PAN-SOPil'ie-AL, a. [See Passophy.] Pretending 
 
 to have a knowledge ot every thing. iVortlnntrton. 
 PAN'SO-PIIY, 71. [Gr. jiav, all, and ao '^ia, wisdom.] 
 Universal wisdom or knowledge. {^Little used.} 
 
 Hartlib. 
 
 PAN-PTe-RE-O-RX'MA, 71. A model of a town or 
 country in wood, cork, pasteboard, or other sub- 
 stance, showing every part in relief. Brande. 
 P.-iN'SY, 71. [Fr. pensee, fancy or thought, from pen- 
 ser, to think.] 
 
 A plant and flower of the genus Viola ; the Viola 
 tricolor, or garden violet; also called Heart's-ease. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 PXXT, t'. t. [Fr. panteUr, probably from the root of 
 W. ;m;iu, to beat. See Panicle, and qu. Gr. tti/coj.] 
 
 1. To palpit.ite ; to beat with preternatural vio- 
 lence or rapidity, as the heart in terror, or after hard 
 labor, or in an.xious desire or suspense. 
 
 Yet mi^iit her piteous heart \je seen to panl .-uid qtialte. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. To have the breast heaving, as in short respira- 
 tion or want of breath. 
 
 Pluto panis for brcatli from out Ills cell. Dryden. 
 
 3. To play with intermission or declining strength. 
 
 The whispering bre'.'ze 
 Pants on the leaves and dies upon Uie tree*. Pope. 
 
 4. To long ; to desire ardently. 
 
 Wl.o pants for ^lory finds but short p-pose. Pope. 
 As the liart panledi !tfi/_T the water-brooivs, BO panleth niy soul 
 afUT tliee, O God. — Ps. xlii. 
 
 PaNT, 71. Palpitation of the heart. Shak. 
 PAN'TA-GRAPH, 71. See Pantograph. 
 PAN-TA-LETS', ?i. pi. Loose drawers, resembling pan- 
 
 taUions, worn by females and children. 
 P.-VN-TA-LOON', 71.' [Fr. pantalon, Qu. W. paiiTiK, 
 
 to involve, or panu, to cover, and Fr. talon, the 
 
 heel.] 
 
 1. A garment for males, in which breeches and 
 stockings are in a piece. [Oi>5.] 
 
 2. In the plural, pantaloons, a species of close, long 
 trowsers. 
 
 3. A ridiculous character in the Italian comedy, 
 pnntalone, and a burtoon in pantomimes ; so called 
 from his close dress. Addison, 
 
 PAN-TA-MORPH'ie, a. [Gr. t.ij, Travra, and po,,ipn.] 
 
 Taking all forms. 
 PAN-TE€H'Nl-eON, 7i. [Trai- and rf\M).] .-V place 
 where every species of workmanship is collected 
 and exjiosed for sale. Brande, 
 PaNT'ER, 71. One that pants. 
 PA.\T'ER, 71. [Ir. painter, a snare.] 
 
 A net. Chaucer. 
 PA NT'ESS, 71. [from pant,] The difliculty of breath- 
 ing in a hawk. Ainsworth. 
 PAN'TIIE-ISM, 71. [Gr. Trai-, all, and eioi, God, 
 whence theism.] 
 
 The doctrine that the universe is God, or the sys- 
 tem of theology in which it is maintained that the 
 universe is the supreme (Jod. Encyc. Asiat. Bes. 
 PAN'THE-IST, 71. One that believes the universe to 
 be God ; a name given to the followers of Sjiinosa. 
 The earliest Grecian pantlieitt of whom we read is Orpheus. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 PAN-THE-IST'IC, ) a. Pertaining to pantheism ; 
 
 PAN-THE-IST'ie-AL, j confounding God with the 
 universe. Enfield. U'uterland. 
 
 2. In sculpture, a term applied to statues and fig- 
 ures which bear the symbols of several deities to- 
 gitlier. Brande. 
 
 PA.\-Tlli"'ON, 71. [Gr. was, rrai; all, and Ocoi, 
 God.] 
 
 A temple or magnificent edifice at Rome, dedi- 
 cated to all the gods. It is now converted into a 
 church. It was built or embellished by Agrippa, 
 son-ill biw to Augustus, is of a round or cyliuilriral 
 form, Willi a spherical dome, and 1 11 feet in diam- 
 eter. Brande. 
 
 In tlir clas.iics, pronounced pan'Oie-on 
 PAN'TIIEU, 71. [I,., from Gr. navOnp. Ciu. Onp, a 
 wild be.'iHl.] 
 
 A fierce, carnivorous quadruped and digitigrado 
 mammal, the Felis Pardiis, of the size of a large 
 dog, with short hair, of a yellow color, diversified 
 with roundish, black spots. This animal will climb 
 trees in pursuit of small aiiiiiials. It is a iiativi! of 
 
 PAP 
 
 .Africa. The name is also applied to other species of 
 the genus, as the cougar. 
 P.\.\'TILE, 71. [qu. W. pantu, to dimple, to sink in, 
 to become hollow ; pan, a bowl, a pan ; or Fr. pente, 
 a bending.] 
 
 A tile with a curved or hollow surface. But qu. 
 pcntite. 
 
 PANT'ING, ppr. or a. [See Pant.] Palpitating ; 
 
 breathing with a rapid succession of inspirations and 
 
 expirations ; longing. 
 PANT'ING, 71. Palpitation ; rapid bre.ithing; longing. 
 PXNT'ING-LY, ade. With palpitation or rapid 
 
 breathing. 
 
 PANT'LER, 71. [Fr. panetier, from pain, L. panis, 
 bread.] 
 
 The officer in a great family who lias charge of the 
 bread. Sltak. 
 PAN-TO-eilRO-NOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. nav, XP"""!, 
 and pcTpiiv.] 
 
 An instrument which combines the properties of 
 the compass, sun-dial, and the universal time-dial, 
 and used for all three of them. Brande. 
 PAN-TO'FLE, (pan-too'fl,)7!. [Fr. pantoufle; It. pa7i- 
 tofoln, a slipper ; Sp. pantuflo ; Sw. toffla, toffel, a slip- 
 per or sandal ; Dan. tiifel ; Russ. tufel.] 
 A slipper for the foot. 
 PAN'TO-GRAPH, n. [Gr. nai/ra, all, and joa^n, de- 
 scription.] 
 
 An instrument for copying, reducing, or enlarging 
 maps, plans, and figures. P. Cyc. 
 
 PAN-TO-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Pertaining to a panto- 
 PAN-TO-GRAPH'ie-AL, j graph ; performed by a 
 pantograph. 
 
 PAN-TOG'R.\-PHY, 71. General description; view 
 
 of an entire thing. 
 PAN-T0-L06'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to pantology. 
 PA.N-TOL'O-GIST, «. One writing on or conversant 
 
 with paiitolog\'. 
 PAN-TOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. irns and Xoy.)f.] 
 
 A work of universal information ; a systematic 
 
 view of all branches of human knowledge. 
 PA.\-TOM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. trai^ra, all, and pcrp'.io, 
 
 to measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring all sorts of elevations, 
 angles, and distances. [JVot used.] Buileti. 
 PAN-TO .M'E-TRY, 71. Universal measurement. [.Vot 
 used.] 
 
 P.\.\''I 0-MI.ME, 71. [1.. pantomimus ; Gr.navToptpos; 
 Tra., rraf, all, and /jt/ioj, a mimic. ]^ 
 
 1. One that imitates all sorts ot actions and char- 
 acters without speaking ; one that expresses his 
 meaning by mute action. The pantomimes of an- 
 tiquity used to express in gestures and action wli.it- 
 ever the chorus sung, changing their countenance 
 and behavior as the subject of the song varied. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. A scene or representation in dumb show. 
 
 3. .A species of musical entertainment connected 
 with dumb show. Busby. 
 
 PAN'TO-Ml.ME, a. Representing only in mute action. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 PAN-TO-MIM'ie, i a. Pertaining to the panto- 
 PAN-TO-MI.M'ie-.\Ij, S mime ; representing char- 
 acters and actions by dumb show. 
 PAN-TO-.MIM'ie-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of pan- 
 tomime. 
 
 PAN'TO-MIM-IST, 71. One who acts in pantomime. 
 PAN'TON, ( 71. [an. L. pando, to 
 
 PAN'TON-SHOE, (-shoo,) ( open.] 
 
 A horseshoe contrived to recover a narrow and 
 
 hoof-boniid heel. Far. Diet. 
 
 PAN-TOPH'A-GIST, 71. An animal or person that 
 
 eats every thing. 
 PAN'TllY, 71. [Fr. pniirtiere, a shepherd's scrip; L. 
 
 panarinm, from panis, bread.] 
 
 An apartment or closet in which provisions are 
 
 kept. 
 
 PAN'UR-GY, 71. [Gr. nafovpyia ; Trav, all, and tpj m , 
 work.l 
 
 Skill in all kinds of work or business ; craft. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 PAP, 71. [L. papilla.] 
 
 A nipple of the breast ; a teat. Dryden. 
 P.\P, 71. [Low Ij. pupa ; It. pappa ; D. pap ; Pers. hob, 
 food.] 
 
 1. A soft food for infants, made with bread boiled 
 or softened with water. Boyle. 
 
 2. 'I'he pulp of fruit. Ainsicorth. 
 PAP, V. t. To fcH-d with pap. 
 
 PA-PA', 17. [L. and Fr. papa : 1). anil G. id. ; Gr. n-.iT- 
 irtis ; It. and Sp. papa, the pope: a word used by the 
 ancient Scythians, as also in the Syriac and Clial 
 daic] 
 
 Father; a word with us used by children. Stcift. 
 PA'P.A ("Y, 71. [W. papauti ; It. pnpato ; from pnpa, 
 the pope.] 
 
 1. The office and dignity of the pope or pontiff of 
 Rome J hence, the popes, taken collectively. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. Papal authority or jurisdiction ; popedom. 
 
 .Milne. 
 
 PA'P.M., a. [Fr., from ;"i;if, the pope.] 
 
 1. lieloiigiiii: to the popi' or poiitirt' of Rome ; pop- 
 ish ; as, papal aiilliority ; the papal chair 
 
 KATE, FAR, FftLL, WHAT METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, ItlltD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 794 
 
PAP 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 2. I'ruct'eding fnim tlic poiie j as, a papal license or 
 indulgence ; a papal edict. 
 ;>. Annexed to tile bishopric of Rome. 
 
 I'A'I'A-LIN, Ji. A papist. LYut tiaeil.] Herbert.. 
 
 l'A'rAI<-lST, n. One who lavora papal power or doc- 
 trines. Baxter. 
 
 I'A'1'AL-IZE, r. f. To make papal. * 
 
 I'A'l'AIi-IZE, ». I. To conform to popcrj'. Cowpcr. 
 
 I'A'r AL-Iii', adv. Tn a papal manner ; popishly. 
 
 P.\-l'.\V-KR-A'("EOUS, a. liclonginj; to the poppy. 
 
 PA I'AV'ER-OU:?, a. [U papavfrciufj from pupacer^ a 
 P'M'I'.v.l 
 
 Keseinbling the poppy ; of tlie nature or qualities 
 of poppies. Bruwn. 
 I*.\-1*.\\V', Ti. [Fr. papatjcr.'] 
 
 1. A tree and its fruit. The Carica papaya grows, 
 in warm climates, to the height of eighteen or twenty 
 feet, with a soil, herbaceous stem, naked nearly to 
 the top, where the leaves issue, on every side, on 
 long footstalks. Between the leaves grow the How- 
 er and the fruit, which is of the si/.e of a melon. 
 The juice is acrid and milky, hut the fruit, when 
 boiled, is eaten with meat, like other vegetables. 
 
 Kiieifc. P. Cijc. 
 
 2. The papaw of North America belongs to the ge- 
 nus Anona or custard apple. 
 
 I'Al'l',, ». The pope. [Obsulrtc] 
 
 r.A'PER, n. [Fr. ^)«;nVr ; It. pa;jiro ; Port, and Pp. pa- 
 pfl i D. and C papirr ; W. papijr : Gr. Tr<mi'/j'/5 ,* L. 
 papyru.1, the name of an Egyptian plant, from which 
 was made a kind of paper. 'I'liis word is saiil to be 
 formed from irutj, to feed, and rvp, fire, from the use 
 of the plant as fuel. Elme.i. Qu.] 
 
 1. A substance formed into thin sheets, on which 
 letters and figures are written or printed. Paper is 
 made of dillVrent materials ; but among us it is usu- 
 ally made of linen or cotton rags. A fine paper is 
 made of silk, particularly for bank notes, wliich re- 
 quire to be very thin. 
 
 2. A piece of paper. Locke. 
 
 3. A single sheet printed or written ; as, a daily 
 paper; a weekly pn/)fr ; a periodical paper; referring 
 to essays, journals, newspapers, &c. 
 
 4. Any written instrument, whi^ther note, receipt, 
 bill, invoice, biuid, memorial, deed, and the like. 
 The papers lie on the speaker's table. 
 
 Tht-y brought n paper tu ine 10 Ix; signed. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 5. A promissory note ornotes, or a bill of exchange ; 
 as, negotiable paper. Kent. 
 
 6. Hangings printed or stamped ; paper for cover- 
 ing the walls of rooms. 
 
 Pa'PEK, a. Made of paper; consisting of paper. 
 
 9. Thin ; slight ; as, a paper wall. iSurnet. 
 P.\'PEU, V. t. To cover vvitli paper; to furnish with 
 paper-hangings ; as, to paper a room or a house. 
 
 2. To register. [JVut iiscd.] Shak. 
 
 3. To fold or inclose in paper. 
 P.\'PER-eRElVlT, n. Evidences of debt ; promisso- 
 ry notes, &.C., passing current in commercial transac- 
 tions. 
 
 2. Notes or bills emitted by public authority, prom- 
 ising the payment of money. The revolution in 
 North America was carried on by means of paper- 
 credit. 
 
 P.v'PER-fTD, pp. or a. Covered witli paper. 
 
 Pa'PER-FaC-£D, (-niste,) a. Having a face as white 
 as paper. Shalt. 
 
 P.a'PER-HANG'IXGS, n. pt. Paper ornamented with 
 colored figures, pasted against the walls of apart- 
 n)ents, &£.c. Tlie term hanirijtirs was originally ap- 
 plied to the woven or embroidered tapestry with 
 which the walls of elegant rooms were covered. 
 
 P. Ci/c 
 
 P.a'PER-KITE, n. .\ light frame covered with paper, 
 for rtying in the air like a kite. fVarton, 
 
 P.\'PER-.\IaK'ER, II. One that manufactures paper. 
 
 Pa'PER-.M.^K'ING, II. The art or business of manu- 
 facturing paper. 
 
 Pa'PER-MILL, h. a mill in which paper is manufac- 
 tured. 
 
 PA'PER-.MON'EY, (-mun'ne,) n. Notes or bills issued 
 by authority, and promising the payment of money, 
 circulated as the representative of coin. We apply 
 the word usually to notes or bills issued by a State, 
 or by an anthori/.ed banking corporation. 
 
 Pa'PER-STaIN'ER, 71. One that stains, colors, or 
 stamps paper for hangings. 
 
 PA-PES'CENT, a. [from pap.] Containing pap ; hav- 
 ing the qualities of pap. ArbuthnoU 
 
 PS'PES.^, n. A female pope. Hall. 
 
 P.IPF.TKRrE, (pap'tree,) n. [Fr.] An orn.amented 
 case or box containing paper and other materials for 
 writing. 
 
 P.X'PIII-AN, a. Pertaining to the rites of Venus. 
 
 P.^P'IF.R-.}rA'CHF., (pap'yi-ml'shS,) n. [Fr.] A 
 hard substance made of a pulp from rags or paper 
 mixed with size or glue, and cast in a mold. It is 
 used for large tea-boards, travs, and various orna- 
 mental works. Kncyc. of Hum. Fxon. 
 
 PA-PII.'IJi, n. [L.] A small pap or nipple. 
 
 2. Papilla, pi., are minute, projecting filaments, be- 
 ing the termination of nerves, as on the tongtic, 
 skin,&.c. " ' 
 
 PA-PIL'IO, (pa-pil'yo,) n. [h.] A Imtterny. In lo- 
 tf/(ifn/, a genus of insects of numerous species. Tlieso 
 insects are produced from tlii^ caterpillar. The chrys- 
 alis is the tomb of the caterpillar and the cradle of 
 the bulti rllv. Barbot. 
 
 PA-PI L-IO-NaTEOU.S, (-shus,) a. Resembling the 
 biitterfiy ; a term in botany, used to describe the enr- 
 ols of plants wliii h have the shape of a bnttertly, 
 such as that of tho pea. The papilionaceous plants 
 are of tin; legniuinons kind. F.neijr. Qtiincif. 
 
 The papilionaceous rorcil is usually four-pelaled, 
 having an iippi r spreading petal, called the iaiiiirr, 
 two side petals called iciii^'.v, and a lower petal called 
 the fieri, Marttjn. 
 
 P A I'M l.-I.A-UY, ) a. Pert.aining to or resembling the 
 
 P.\P'IIj-l.i)l'S, j nipple or the papilla; ; covered 
 with p:ipill;e. Derham. 
 
 PAP'IIj-EaTE, 1'. I. To grow into a nipple. Fleming. 
 
 PAP'lL-EOt^E, u. Nipply ; covered with Meshy dots 
 or points ; verriicose ; warly ; as, a papilh.ie leaf. 
 
 Martijn. 
 
 2. Coyercd with soft tubercles, as the ice-jilant. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 PAP'IL-LOTE, 71. [Fr.] The name of small pieces 
 of pajn r on wliicli ladies roll uj) their hair. 
 
 PA'PIS.M, n. [fidin t'r. pope, pope.] 
 
 Popery. Brdrll. 
 
 PA'PIST, n. [Vt. papi-ite ; It. papi.ita; from I'r. papc, 
 pope.] 
 
 A Roman Catholic ; one that adheres to the church 
 of Rome and the authority of the pope. Clarendon. 
 PA-PIST'lC j rt. Popish; pertaining to popery; 
 P.\ PIST'IC AL, i adlieroiit to the church of Rome 
 
 and its doctrines and ceremonie'S. lVhit<Tifte. 
 Pa'P1.^T-RY, n. Popery; the doctrines and ceremo- 
 nies of the church of Rome. Jlirluim. fVliitgiflc. 
 Pa'PIZ-£D, (-pizd,) a. Conformed to popery. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 PAP-POOSE', 71. Among the votive Indians of JWic 
 
 Kn'/land, a babe or young child. 
 PAP'POI'."J, a. [from E. pappits ; Gr. irarroc] 
 
 Downy ; furnished with a pappus, as the seeds of 
 certain plants, such as thistles, dandelions, &,c. 
 
 Raij. 
 
 PAP'PUS, 77. [L., from Gr. Trnmrnf, an old man or 
 grandfather ; lience, a substance resembling gray 
 hairs.] 
 
 The hairy, feathery, or membranous calyx of the 
 individual florets, in certain compound flowers be- 
 longing to the Linua"an class Syngenesia. 
 PAP'PY, a. [from pap.] Like pap ; soft ; succulent. 
 
 Bornet. 
 
 ¥.\V'\[-liJP.,n. pi. [L.] Pimples; a sort of eruption 
 on the skin, consisting of small, acuminated eleva- 
 timis of the cuticle, not containing a fluid, nor tend- 
 ing to suppuration ; commonly terminating in scurf. 
 
 PAP'IJ-LOSE, a. Covered with papula;; as, a papu- 
 lose leaf. JIartijn. 
 
 PAP'U-LOUS, a. Full of pimples. 
 
 PAP-Y-Ra'CEOUS, ; a. Belonging to the papyrus or 
 
 PA-PYR'E-AN, j papyri. 
 
 P.-\-P?'RUS, 71. [I,.] An Egyptian plant, a kind of 
 reed, of which the ancients niaile a material for writ- 
 ing. 
 
 2. Papyri, pi. ; a manuscript written on membranes 
 of the papyrus. Qliddon. 
 PAR, 71. [E. par, equal : \V. par, that is iiixm or con- 
 tiguous, that is in continuity, a state of readiness or 
 preparedness, a pair, a fellow. Eng. peer. The word 
 seems to be fonn'Ml on the root of E. paro, and the 
 Sheniitic and the primary sense, to extend or 
 
 reach.] 
 
 1. Mate of equality ; equal value ; equivalence 
 without discount or premium. Bills of exchange 
 are at par, above par, or below par. Bills are at 
 Tiar when they are sold at their nominal amount 
 for coin or its equivalent. 
 
 2. Equality in condition. 
 
 PJ)-RA', 71. in Turkish money, the fortieth part of a 
 piaster, or about one fourth of a cent. McCullach. 
 
 PAR'A-BEE, a. [E. paralmi.<.] 
 
 Easily procured. [J\'ot u.ied.] Brmen. 
 
 PAR'A-BEE, 71. [Fr. parabole, from L. parabola; Gr. 
 Tr'iod'y.jAi/, from ir'i.jii/iaX^iu, to throw forward or 
 against, to compare ; Trann, to or against, and .^.lAAi.i, 
 to throw ; as in confero, collatutu, to set together, or 
 one thing with another.] * 
 
 A fable or allegorical relation or representation of 
 something real in life or nature, from which a moral 
 is drawn for instruction ; such as the parable of the 
 trees choosing a king. Judges ix. ; the parable of the 
 poor man and his lanih, 2 Sam. xii. ; the parable of 
 the ten virgins. Malt. xxv. 
 
 PAR'A-IlEi;, V. U To represent by fiction or fable. 
 
 JUilton. 
 
 PAR'A-BEEI), pp. Reiircsented bv fable. 
 
 PA-RAB'O-EA, n. (E. Pec Paba'bi.i:.] A conic sec- 
 tion arising from cutting a cone hy a plane parallel 
 to one of its sides. Barlow. 
 
 PA-RAB'O-EE, n. [See Parable.] In oratori/, simili- 
 tude ; comparison. Eneuc. 
 
 PAR-A BOE'ie, ) a. Expressed bv parable or 
 
 PAR-A-BOI,'IC-.\E, i allegorical representation ; 
 as, parabolical instruction or description. Brown. 
 
 S. [from paniAii/a.] Having the form of a parabola ; 
 as, a parabolic curve. Clieyne. 
 
 3. Generated by the revolution of a parabola ; as, o 
 parabolic conoid. 
 PAR-A-UOL'IC-AL-LY, ado. By way of parable. 
 
 Browtu 
 
 2. In the form of a jiarabola. 
 PAR-A-BOE'l-FORJI, a. Resembling a parabola in 
 form. 
 
 PA-R.\H'0-EISM, n. [from parabola.] In algebra, 
 the division of the terms of an eipiation by a known 
 quantity that is involved or multiplied in the first 
 term. {A'ot used.] Vict, 
 
 PA-R.VB'O-LOlU, It. [Gr. napa/ioXn and itios, 
 form.] 
 
 1. The solid generated by the rotation of a parab- 
 ola about its axis ; a parabolic conoid. Brande. 
 
 2. The term /(flra/m/i/ii/ has sometimes been applied 
 to the parabolas of the higher orders. Hutton. 
 
 P.\R-A-CEI,'SIA.\, 71. A physician who follows the 
 practice of Paracelsus, a Swiss |ihysieian of celebrity, 
 who Hveil at the close of the filYeenth century. 
 
 Ferrand. 
 
 PAR-A-CEI.'SIAN, ( slian,) a. Denoting the medical 
 
 practice itf Paracelsus. Hakcwill. 
 FAR-.A-CEN-TE'SIS, 71. [Gr. TTapuKtvTiicti ; irapa, 
 through, and kcvt(o), to pierce.] 
 
 In .lurgery, the perforation of a cavity of the body 
 either with a trocar, I incet, or other suitable instru- 
 ment, for the evacuation of any etTused fluid. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 PAR-A-CE\'TRie, ) a. [Gr. irnno, bevond, and 
 PAR-A-CEN'TRIC-AL, ( nevrpo,; center.] 
 
 Deviating from circularity. Cheyne. 
 Paracentric motion ; the spare by which a rirvolving 
 planet approaches nearer to, and recedes further from, 
 the sun, or center of attraction. Hutton. 
 P.\ RACII'RO-NIS.M, 71. [Gr. napa, beyond, and 
 X/K'KK, time.] 
 
 An error in chronology ; the mistake of making 
 the date of an event later than it was in reality. 
 
 iCiicyc. 
 
 PAR'A-eilRoSE, a. [Gr. napnxpu>m(.] 
 
 In mineralogy, changing color, by exposure to the 
 weather. ' Mohs. 
 
 PAR'A-OiHJTE, (par'a-shute,) 71. [Gr. napa, against, 
 and Fr. chute, a fall.] 
 
 In aerostation, ail iuslruiii'-nt in the form of an 
 umbr«-'lta, to jirrveiit the rapidity of descent. 
 
 PAR'A-CLkTE, ;i. [Gr. it'i/"!/, A;;rus, from -a/ okiiXcu ; 
 jTafi, to, and K A'f.', to call.] 
 
 Property, an advocate ; one called to aid or sup- 
 port ; hence, the consoler, comforter, or intercessor, 
 a term applied to the Holy Spirit. Pearson. Bale. 
 
 P.\R A CLoSE, 71. A screen separating a chapel from 
 the body of a church. Hook. 
 
 P.\R-.-\-ClU)S'Tie, 71. A poetical composition in 
 which the first verse contains, in order, all the let- 
 ters wliicli coniiiieiice the remaining verses of the 
 poem. Brande. 
 
 PAR-A-CY-A.N'O-GE.X, 71. [C,r. jrnpn and cyanogen.] 
 A brnwiiisli black insolunle substance, which re- 
 mains alter the decomposition of the cyaiiid of mer- 
 cury by heat. It is apparently isonitiric with cyan- 
 ogen. B. Sitliinan, jr. 
 
 PA-RAnE',7i. [Fr. parade, parade, and a parrying; 
 It. parata: Sji. paraila, a stop, or stopping, halt, end 
 of a course, a fold for cattle, a relay of horses, a 
 dam or bank, a stake, bet or wager, a parade. 
 This is from the root of L. paro, Sp. parar, to pre- 
 pare.] 
 
 1. In military affairs, the place where troops as- 
 semble for e.iercise, mounting guard, or other pur- 
 pose. Brande. 
 
 2. Show ; ostentation ; display. 
 
 Be ricli, Imt of your wealth malie noparade. Ste\fl. 
 
 3. Pompous iirocession. 
 
 Tlic rim perfiirined, Ihe p-irson psid, 
 
 In slate rvuirni-d llie gr.vii*i paratte. Swijt. 
 
 4. llilitarj- order ; array ; as, warlike parndt 
 
 Milton 
 
 5. State of preparation or defense. Locke 
 fi. The action of parrying a thrust. [Fr.] F.ncyc 
 
 PA RADE', r. r. To assemble and array or marshal 
 ill military order. The general gave oriiers to parade 
 the troops. The trtxips were paraded at the usual 
 hour. 
 
 2. To exhibit in a showy or ostentatious manner. 
 PA-KaI)E', r. i. To assemble and be marshaled in 
 military ordi r. 
 
 2. To go about in military procession. Seott. 
 
 3. To walk about for show. 
 P.\-RaI)'EI), ;i/<. Assembled and arrayed. 
 P.\R'.\-I)IGM, (par'a-dim,) 11. [Gr. -.i^iiii!fi>/in ; napa 
 
 and i^'ij /I'l, example, from ^tiKvvpt, to show.] 
 
 ,\n example ; a model. In ffranimar, an example 
 of a verb conjugated in the several mode.*, tenses, 
 and jierxiiis. 
 
 PAR A KIG-MAT'ie, j o. Exemplary. [LitlU 
 P.\R-A-DIG .MAT'ie-AL, 1 used.] M«re. 
 PAR A-Dli;-MAT'ie, n. In church history, a writer 
 of the nii inoirs of religious persons, by way of ex- 
 amples of Christian excellence. 
 
 TCNE, B{JLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S .as 7, ; ClI a-s Sll ; Til as in THIS. 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR-A-DI(i'MA-TI7.E, i.. t. To set forlll as a iiKidd, 
 (>r example. [Little ineiL] Hammond. 
 
 PA-RaD'ING, ppr. Assembling and arraying in due 
 order; inaking an ostentatious sliow, 
 
 PA-UaD'ING, n. The act of making a parade. 
 
 PAR'A-DlSE, n. [Gr. irnpa-'tm.-f.] 
 
 1. Tlie garden of Eden, in which Adam and Eve 
 were placed immediately after their creation. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. A place of bliss ; a region of supreme felicity or 
 delight. 
 
 The parth 
 
 Shall all be paradise. Hfiilon. 
 
 3. Heaven, the blissful seat of sanctified souls after 
 death. 
 
 This day shalt thou be jv'ith me in paradise. — Luke xxiii. 
 
 4. Primarily, in Persia, a pleasure-garden, with 
 parks and other appendages. Mitford. 
 
 PAR-A-DlS'E-.\, 71. A genus of passerine birds, 
 called, in English, birds of paradise, natives of the 
 isles in the East Indies, and of New Guinea. P. Cite. 
 
 PAR-A-DI-SI'Ae-.\L, a. Pertaining to Eden or para- 
 dise, or to a place of felicity. 
 2. Suiting paradise ; like paradise. 
 
 PAR-.\-DIS'E-AN, PAR-A-DI-SA'ie, PAR-A-DIS'IG, 
 and P.\R-A-DIS'I-AL, are not used. 
 
 P.\R'A-DOX, n. [Fr. paraiioze ; It. paradosso ; Gr. 
 rriip'if'ojia ; irapa, beyond, and ^uja, opinion ; (5oic£w, 
 to think or suppose.] 
 
 A tenet or proposition contrary to received opinion, 
 or seemingly ab.surd,yet true in fact. 
 
 A gluss Ihfre is to color thai paradox, and make it appear in 
 show not to be altogt-lher unre:isoiiab]e. Huolcer. 
 
 PAR-A-DOX'ie-AL, a. Having the nature of a par- 
 ado.\. Brown. Jv'orris. 
 
 2. Inclined to tenets or notions contrary to received 
 opinions ; applied to persons. 
 
 PAR-A-DOX'ie-AI.-LY, adv. In a paradoxical man- 
 ner, or in a iiiaiim-r seemingly absurd. Collier. 
 
 PAR-.\-DOX'ie-.\L-NESS, n. State of being para- 
 doxical. 
 
 PAR-A-DOX-OL'O-GY, n. [paradox and Gr. Aoj bj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The use of paradoxes. [JVo( used.] Brown. 
 PAR'A-DROME, n. [Gr. Ttnp t^i>n,,„.] 
 
 A gallery or passage without any covering over- 
 head. jJ.<A. 
 PAR'.VF-FINE, 71. [L. parum, little, and affinis, akin.] 
 A substance contained in the products of the dis- 
 tillation of the tar of beech-wood ; a tasteless, inodo- 
 rous, fatty matter, fusible at 112°, and resisting the 
 action of acids and alkalies. It is so named frtim its 
 little affinity for other substances. Brande. 
 P.\R-A-GO'<j!E, 71. [Gr. Tra/zO) cj^ij, a drawing out; 
 77a/"i and m.] 
 
 The addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a 
 word ; as dicier for dici. This is called a figure in 
 grammar. Encyc. 
 P,\R-.A-GO(5'ie, ( a. Pertaining to a parasioge ; 
 PAR-A-GOG'ie .M,, i lengthening a word by the 
 
 addition of a letter or syllable. Parkhnr.it. Milton. 
 P.AR'.\-GO.\, 71. [f'r. paru/in-on, comparison, a pattern ; 
 It. paravane, frtim paroiririo, comparison ; Sp. para- 
 gon, model ; from L. par, equal.] 
 
 A model or pattern ; a model by way of distinc- 
 tion, implying superior excellence or jierfection ; as, 
 a parniTon of beauty or eloquence. 
 
 2. A companion ; a fellow. [ 06s.] Spenser. 
 
 3. Emulation; a match for trial. [Olts.] Spenser. 
 P.\R'A-GO.\, V. t. [?p. paraironar ; It. paragonare, to 
 
 compare, to equal ; Fr. parangonncr.'\ 
 
 1. To compare ; to parallel 
 
 The pictiif of P.iin'^b, in little form, he wore in a Inljlet, pnr- 
 posinir tf» jiaragon the little one with Arteaia's length. {Litr 
 tie uaed.\ Sidney. 
 
 2. To equal. [Little i/,?erf.] Slmk. 
 P.\R' A-GON, V. i. To pretenil comparison or equality. 
 
 [ LitjJe u.srd.] Scott. 
 
 PAR'A-GKAM, 71. [Gr. ir.ifaypaiipa.] 
 
 A plav upon word**, or a pun. .Addison. 
 
 PAR-A-GRAM'MA-TIST, 71. A punster. Mduon. 
 
 PAR'A-GIIAPH, 71. [It. pnrairrufo; Fr. paragraphe ; 
 Gr. rTiip'iypapr, a marginal note; wapu) piit"i>, to 
 write near or beyond the text ; wapa, beyond, and 
 ypa'li to write.] 
 
 A distinct p;irl of a discourse or writing ; any 
 portion or section of a writing or chapter which re- 
 lates til a particular point, whether consisting of one 
 BCnlence or many sentences. A paragraph in some- 
 times marki'd thus, IT. lint more generally, a para- 
 graph in di-tinguiahed only by a break in the compo- 
 sition r»r lincH. 
 
 P.\R'A-GK APII, r. (. To form or write paragraphB. 
 
 PAR'A (;KAPII KI), (p-ir'a-graft,) pp. Formed or 
 written in piir-'inraphn. 
 
 PAR-A-(iII APII'IC, (a. Coniisting of paragraphs 
 
 PAR A GKAPU'IC-AI,, I or short divisions with 
 break H. 
 
 PAR A (iRAPiriC AI.,-T,Y, arfr. liy paragraphs; 
 
 Willi ilistincl bri akii or divisiona. 
 PAR-A-LEtP'SI.S, j 71. [Gr. rr.in.iXtiti/it, omisninn ; 
 PAR-A-I.IP'HIS, I iraoii, beyond or by, and Aiiiroi, 
 
 to leave. ] 
 
 In rhetoric, a pretended or apparent omission ; a 
 figure by which a speaker pretends to pass by what 
 at the same time he really mentions. Encyc. 
 
 PAR-A-LI-Pa.M'E-NA, 7i. pi. [Gr. TraoaXfiitu, to 
 omit ; TTiipo, beyond, and AtiTrto, to leave.] 
 
 Things omitted ; a supplement containing things 
 omitted in the preceding work. The books of Chron- 
 icles are so called. Brande. 
 
 PAIl-.\L-LAt 'Tie, j a. [See Parallax.] Per- 
 
 PAR-AL-L AC'Tie-AL, \ taining to the parallax of a 
 heavenly body. 
 
 PAR'AL-L.\X, n. [Gr. Trap'iXAaf if, from Tra/wAXatriri.), 
 to vary, to decline or wander, jrapu, beyond, and 
 aX\<t(Tiyto, to change.] 
 
 In astronomy, the change of place in a heavenly 
 body in consequence of being viewed from different 
 points. 
 
 Diurnal parallax ; the difference between the place 
 of a celestial hotly, as seen from the surface, and 
 from the center of the earth, at the same instant. 
 
 Annual parallax ; the change of place in a heavenly 
 body, in consequence of being viewed at opposite 
 extremities of the earth's orbit. Olmsted. 
 P.\R'.\L-LEL, a. [Gr. TraoaWriXus ; vapa, against or 
 opposite, and oAXr/Xwr, one the other.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a term applied to lines or surfaces 
 extended in the same direction, and in all parts 
 equally distant. One surface or line is parallel to 
 another, when the surfaces or lines are at an equal 
 distaut e throughout the whole length. 
 
 2. Having the same direction or tendency; run- 
 ning in accordance with something. 
 
 When honor runs parallel with the laws of God and our coun- 
 try, it can not be too much cherished. Addison. 
 
 3. Continuing a resemblance through many partic- 
 ulars ; like ; similar ; equal in all essential parts ; 
 as, a parallel case ; a parallel passage in the evangel- 
 ists. Watts. 
 
 P.\R'.'\L-LEL, 71. A line which, throughout its whole 
 extent, is equidistant from another line ; as, parallels 
 of latitude. 
 
 Who made the spider parallels desiini, 
 S\ire as De Moivre, without rule orliue ? 
 
 Pope. 
 
 9. .\ line on the 2lobe inaking the latitude. 
 
 3. Direction conformable to that of another line. 
 
 Oartli. 
 
 4. Conformity continued through many particulars 
 or in all essential points ; resemblance ; likeness. 
 
 'Twixt earthly f'-maies and the moon 
 
 Al[ parallels exactly run. S-jii/l. 
 
 5. Comparison made ; as, to draw a parallel be- 
 tween two characters. .Addison. 
 
 6. Any thing equal to or resembling another in all 
 essential particulars. 
 
 None but thyself can be tliy parallel. Pops. 
 PAR'.AL-LEL, 7). f. To place so as to keep the same 
 direction, and at an equal distance from something 
 else. Broipn. 
 
 2. To level ; to equal. Fell. Shall. 
 
 3. To correspond to. Burnet. 
 
 4. To be equal to ; to resemble in all essential 
 points. Dryden. 
 
 ^. To compare. Locke. 
 PAR'AL-LEI.,-A-BLE, a. That may be equaled. 
 
 [.Wit muck used.] Hull. 
 PAR'AL-LEL-TJD, pp. I^eveled ; equaled ; compared. 
 PAR'AE-LEL-ISM, it. State of being parallel. Mure. 
 
 2. Resemblance ; eqnaMty of state ; comparison. 
 PAR'AL-LEL-LY, «(/». In a parallel manner; with 
 
 parallelism. Scott. 
 PAR-AL-LEL'O-GRAM, 7i. [Gr. iraoaXXijXos and 
 
 ynitijpa.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a right-lined quadrilateral figure, 
 whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently 
 etpial. Barlow. 
 
 2. In r(M7i77iOTi use, this word is applied to quadrilat- 
 eral figures of more length than breadth, and this is its 
 sense in the passage cited by Johnson from Brown. 
 
 Parallelogram of forces :' a phrase denoting the 
 coin[Kisition of forces, or the finding of a single force 
 which shall be equivalent totwo or more given forces 
 when acting in given directions. Ifelitrt. 
 PAR-Al.-l.EL-O-GRA.M'ie, jo- Having the prop- 
 PAR-AI,-LEI,-0-GRAM'ie-AL, ( erties of a paral- 
 lelogram. 
 
 PAIl-AI,-I,EI.-0-PI'PEn, 71. [parallel and Gr. tiri, 
 on, and rffV.i , a plain.] 
 
 In geomrtrtj, a regular solid comprehended untler 
 six paralli liigrama, the opposite ones of which are 
 similai^ parallel, and equal to each other ; or it is a 
 prism wiiose base is a parallelogram. It is always 
 triple to a pyramid of the same base and hight. Or 
 n parallelopiped is a solid figure boundi d by six faces, 
 parallel to each othrr, two and two. Barlore. P. Ci/c. 
 
 PAR-AL I.EI^O PIP'ED-ON, 7i. A parallelopiped, 
 which nee. JIutton. 
 
 PA RAL'O GISM, 71. [(Jr. waoaXoyiapns ; Trupn, be- 
 ytJiid, and Xo)tapoi, ri'asoning ; Xv)ui, discourse, 
 reason.] 
 
 In logic, B reasoning which is false in point of 
 form ; i. e., in which n conclusion is drawn from 
 
 Xremiseii wliirli do not logically warrant it. Brande. 
 -RAI.'0-GI/,E, t). i. To reason falsely. J»»A. 
 
 PA-RAI.'0-<5Y, 71. False reasoning. [Supra.] Brown. 
 
 P.VRAL'Y-SIS, 7!. [Gr. TrapaXvaif, from napaXvu. , to 
 loosen, dissolve, or weaken ; nana and Xiuo.] 
 
 An abolition of function, whether of intellect, 
 special sensation, voluntary motion, common sensa- 
 tion, or sympathetic motion. 
 
 ?AR:a:ly?tc'aL, i «■ Affected with palsy. 
 
 2. Inclined or tending to palsy. 
 PAR-A-LYT'ie, 71. A person affected with palsy. IMl. 
 PAR'.'\-L'?ZE, V. t. [Gr. JtopaXi'w, -apaXvatf'.] 
 
 To affect with palsy. 
 PAR'.^-LYZ-J^D, pp. or a. Affected with palsy. 
 PAR'A-LS*Z-ING, ppr. or a. Palsying; destroying 
 function. 
 
 PA-RAM'E-TER, 7i. [from Gr. TrapapcTpei :] 
 
 1. In conic section.^, a third proportional to any di- 
 ameter and its conjugate. In the parubol.i, a third 
 proportional to any absciss and its ordinate. The 
 parameter is sometimes called the latus rectum. 
 
 2. In a general sense, in geometry, a constant quan- 
 tity whicli enters into the equation of a curve. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PAR'A-MOUNT, a. [Norm, peramont ; per and mou;if, 
 amont or munter, to ascend.] 
 
 1. Superior to all others ; possessing the highest 
 title or jurisdiction ; as, lord paramount, the chief 
 lord of the fee, or of lands, tenements, and heredit- 
 aments. In England, the king is lord paramount, of 
 whom all the land in the kingdom is supposed tti be 
 held. Hut in some cases the lord of several manors 
 is called the lord paramount. Blackstone. 
 
 2. Eminent ; of the higliest order. Bacon. 
 
 3. Superior to all others ; as, private interest is 
 usually paramount to all other considerations. 
 
 PAR'A-MOUNT, ti. The chief; the highest in rank 
 or order. Milton. 
 
 P.4R' A-MOUR, 71. [Fr. par, L. per, and amour ; Norm. 
 paraimer, to love affectionately.] 
 
 1. A lover; a wooer. Milton. 
 
 2. A mi.sfress. Sliak. 
 PAR-A-NAPH'TIIA-LINE, ( lin,) ti. [Gr. irapo and 
 
 naphthaline.'] 
 
 A substance closely resembling naphthaline, and 
 apparentlv a mixture of paraffine and naphthaline. 
 
 PA-RAN'THINE. [See Scapolitf..] [Brande. 
 
 PAR'A-NYiMPH, 7i. [Gr. napa, by, and H'p^n, a 
 bride or spouse.] 
 
 1. A brideman ; one who leads the bride to her 
 marriage. Milton. 
 
 2. One who countenances and supports another. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 PAR'A-PEGM, (par'a-pem,) n. [Gr. Traoairr;; p,i.] 
 A bra/.en table fixed to a pillar, on which laws 
 and proclamations were anciently engraved ; also, a 
 table set in a public place, containing an account of 
 the rising and setting of the stars, eclipses, seasons, 
 &c. Phillips. 
 PAR'A-PET, 71. [Fr. Sp. parapcto ; It. parapctto ; 
 para, for, and petto, breast, L. pectus.] 
 
 In fortification, literally, a wall or rampart to the 
 breast, or breast high ; hut in practice, a wall, ram- 
 part, or elevation of earth for covering soldiers from 
 an enemy's shot. 
 
 2. In common /an n-i/n.jf, a breast-wall, raised on the 
 edge of a bridge, quay, &c., to prevent people from 
 falling over. Brande. 
 V.WV.M'U, (par'af,) n. [Gr. irnon and nrrrt.i, to touch.] 
 The figure or flourish made by a pen under one's 
 signature, formerly used to provide against forgery. 
 PAR-A-PI1ER'N.\L, a. Pertaining to or consisting in 
 
 parapherna ; as, paraphernal property. Kent. 
 PAR-A-PIIER-NA'Ll-A, I 7i. pi. [Gr. nanuipippii ; 
 PAR-A-PIIER'NA, ( 7ropii, beyond, and iftpn;, 
 dower.] 
 
 1. The articles which a wife brings with her at. 
 her marriage, or which she possesses beyond her 
 dower or jointure, and which remain at her disposal 
 after her husband's death. Such are her apparel 
 and her ornaments, over which the cxecutiirs have 
 no control, unless when the assets are insufficient to 
 pay the debts. Blacksto7ie. 
 
 ilence, 
 
 2. Appendages ; ornaments ; trappings. 
 PAR-A-PIII-MO'SIS, 71. [Gr. 7Tapo,p,p,.,(,i.] 
 
 A disease when the prepuce can not be drawn 
 over the glans. 
 PAR-A-PIIO'NI-A, 71. [Gr. irnpa and (^nui/i;.] 
 
 An alteration of voice. 
 PAR'A-PIIR.^SE, n. [Gr. iriipoc/ipacrij ; Tr.ipn, be- 
 yond, and i/ipnaif, phrase.] 
 
 An explanation of some text or passage in n book, 
 in a more clear and ample manner than is expressed 
 in the words of the author. Such as the paraphrase 
 of the New Testament by Erasmus. 
 
 In pataphrnse, or trnnnlntion with latitmie, Uie ftutlior's wonll 
 are nut so sirictly followed aa hi« sense. Vryden. 
 
 PAR'A-PIIR.A.«E, V. I. To explain, interpret, or 
 traiisliite with latitude ; to unfold the .sense of an 
 aullior with more clearness and particularity limn it 
 is expressed in his own words. 
 
 P.\R'.\-I'lllt ASK, r. i. To interpret or explain amply ; 
 to make a paniphrase. Fclton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHi^T.— METE, PRBV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 
 
 796 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAll'A-J'HRAS-A'D, pp. Amply explaineJ or trans- 
 lated. 
 
 PAIl'A-PHRAS-ING, ppr. Explaining or translating 
 amply and Irt'oly. 
 
 PAIl'A-l'URAST, (1. [Gr. wnp.i,l>,iaT<n-] 
 
 One that paraphrases ; one that explains or trans- 
 lates in words more anigile and clear than the words 
 of the nnthor. Hooker. 
 
 PAll-A-PURAST'ie, ) a. Free, clear, and ample 
 
 PAU-A-PllUAST'ie-AL, j in explanation ; explain- 
 ing or translatins in words more clear and ample 
 than tliose of the author ; not verbal or lilcral. 
 
 PAR-A-PIJRAST'16-AL-LY, ado. In a paraphrastic 
 manner. Howell. 
 
 PAR-A-PIIRE-NI'TIS, n. [Gr. napa and (/.pe^iris, 
 delirium.] 
 
 An inflammation of the diaphragm. jlrbutlmat. 
 P.VR-A-PI-K'GI-.V, I n. [Gr. nai>:i, beyond, and 
 PAR'A-PLE-GY, j nXriyn, stroke; irAijffira), to 
 smite.] 
 
 That kind of palsy which affects the lower part of 
 the body. Good. 
 PAR-A-CiUET', (par-a-kct',) ( n. A small species of 
 PAR-.\-tiUI'TO, (par-a-ke'to,) i parrot. [See Pabba- 
 
 KEET.] . Shale. 
 
 PAR'.\-SANG, n. A Persian measure of lensth, 
 which Herodotus states to be thirty stadia, nearly 
 four English miles ; but in dilTerent times and places, 
 it has been thirty, forty, or sixty stadi.i. 
 
 Herod. Etiterp. P. Cyc. 
 
 PAR-\-SCfNE' ) 
 
 PAR-A-SCri'.NI-'lIM \ "■ t*^'"' <?«'/!";.] 
 
 Among Vie Jiomnns, an apartment in the back part 
 of a theater, used by the actors for robing and unrob- 
 ina themselves. Klmes. 
 PAR-A-SCEU-AS'Tie, ( su-as'tik,) a. Preparatory. 
 PA-RA-SCE' VE, n. |Gr. irn(ja<r<t£M7) preparation.] 
 Preparation ; the Sabbath-eve of ine Jews. 
 
 _ Chalmers. 
 PAR-.VSE-Lk'.N'E, n. ; pi. Pakaselen*:. [Gr. irapa, 
 about or near, and cnXn' t, the moon.] 
 
 A mock moon ; a luminous ring or circle encom- 
 pa-ssing the moon, in wliich sometimes are other 
 bright spots bearing some resemblance to the moon. 
 
 Kncijc. 
 
 PAR'A-SITE, 71. [Fr. parasite; It. parassitc ; Sp. 
 parasito; L.parasitas from Gr. TrapaatTo} ; Tapa, by, 
 and (T(ro<, corn.] 
 
 1. Literallij, one who dines with others. In Greece, 
 the term was fir^t applied to one whose otiice was to 
 gather of the husbandmen the corn allotted for public 
 sacrifices. It had "afterward the modern senses. 
 The public storehouse in which this corn was depos- 
 ited was called roo ititoi'. The parasites also super- 
 intended the sacrifices. PolterU JIntiq. 
 
 9. In moflerii awfjfre, a trencher friend ; one that 
 I'requents the tables of the rich and earns his wel- 
 come by (lattery ; a hanger on ; a fawning flatterer. 
 
 Miltoa. Dnjilen. 
 
 3. In botany, a plant without the means of provid- 
 ing nutriment for itself, or of elaboratnig crude sap 
 into proper sap, but obtaining nourislnnent innnedi- 
 ately from other plants to which it att.aches itself, 
 and whose juices It absorbs. A parasite is dilTerent 
 from an epiphyte, — which see. 
 
 4. In entomology, parasites are insects which, in 
 some stage of their existence, eat the bodies or the 
 egas of other insects, and frequently destroy them. 
 
 5. In loohoy, a term applied to aninnils which 
 live on the bodies of other animals, as lice, &c., and 
 also as a paraiitic animal, to those birds which seize 
 on the nests of other birds for their habitation. 
 
 PAR-A-SlT'ie, la. Flattering ; wheedling : fawn- 
 PAR-A-.Sn"I€>AL, i ing for bread or favors. 
 
 2. Growing as a parisiie grows. 
 
 3. Living on some other body ; as, a parasitic ani- 
 mal. 
 
 PAR-A-SIT'ie-AI^LY, a(/n. In a flatteringor wheed- 
 ling manner ; by dependence on another. 
 
 PAR^A-SIT-IS-M, ji. The behavior or manners of a 
 parasite. Milton. 
 
 PAR'A-SOI,, n. [Fr. Sp. ; It. parasole; Gr. iro»a, 
 against, or It. parare, to parry, and L. sol, Fr. soleil. 
 It. sole, the sun.] 
 
 A small umbrella used by ladies to defend them- 
 selves from rain, .or their faces from the sun's niys. 
 
 PAR-A-SOI^ETTE', n. A small parasol or sun- 
 shade. 
 
 PAR-A-SY-NEX'IS, n. [Gr.] An unlawful meeting. 
 
 PAR-A-TAX'IS, n. [Gr.] The opposite of /tstax ; 
 the mere ranging of propositions one after another, 
 without connection or dependence. Brande. 
 
 PA-RATH'E-SIS, n. [Gr. Trouaitatc ; tt iob and 
 
 1. In jTomnuir, the placing of two or more nouns in 
 the same case or in apposition. Jones. 
 
 2. A parenthetical notice, printed thus [ ]. 
 P.\-R.\T'0-.MOUS, a. [Gr. Troo.i, about, and tcuvu, 
 
 to cleave.] 
 
 In mineraloiry, having the facerof cleavage of an 
 indeterininate number. Shrpard. 
 PAR-.X-VaIL', a. [.Norm, par, by, and araile, profit.] 
 In feudal law, the ten;Mit paravail, is the lowest 
 tenant holding under a mean or mediate lord, as dis- 
 
 tinguished from a tenant in capite, who holds imme- 
 diately of the king. Blackstone. 
 PAR'A-VANT I 
 
 PAR'A-VXUNT [Fr. par and ni'anf, before.] 
 
 In front ; publicly. [JVut i'.nglish, nor used.) 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PXR'BOII,, ?). t. [Vx. parbouillir. Bouilllr is to boil, 
 and in Arm. porboUen is a |>ustule or little push.] 
 
 1. To boil in part ; to boil in a moderate degree. 
 
 2. To cause little vesicles on the skin by means of 
 heat ; as, parboiled wretches. Donne. 
 
 PXR'150IL-£D, pp. or o. Boiled moderately or in 
 part. 
 
 PAR'IIREaK, ». i. or 0. t. [See Break.] To vomit. 
 
 [Obs.] Skelton. 
 
 PXR'HREAK, n. Vomit. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 PAR'ItUCK-LE, lu Among seamen, a purchase formed 
 of a single rope around any weighty body, as a spar 
 or cask, by which it is lowered or hoisted. As a 
 verb, to hoist or lower by means of a parbuckle. 
 
 'J'otten. 
 
 PAR'CEL, n. [Fr. parcelle, contracted probably from 
 L. particula, particle, from pars, part.] 
 
 1. A part ; a portion of any thing taken separately. 
 The Himc experiments luccccd on two parctlt of die white of an 
 
 egj. ArbttUinot. 
 
 2. A quantity j any mass. JVewton. 
 
 3. A part belonging to a whole ; as, in law, one 
 piece of ground is [lart and parcel of a greater piece. 
 
 4. A sm.'ill bundle or package of goods. 
 
 5. A niimbiT of persons, in coji(cm;)(. Shale. 
 
 6. A number or quantity, in contempt ; as, a parcel 
 of fair words. UEstrantre. 
 
 PXR'CEL, !?. f. To divide into parts or portions ; as, 
 lo parcel an estate among heirs. 
 
 Tht-se ghostly Itiii^ wuulil parcel out my power. Dryden. 
 2. To make up into a mass. [Little used.] Shak. 
 To parcel a rope, in seamcn^s lanffua^c, to wind 
 tightly around it strips of tarred canvas. Totten. 
 
 PAR'CEL, a. Part or lialf; as, a parcel bawd, a 
 parcel poet. 
 
 PAR'CELi-/;D, pp. Divided into portions. 
 
 PAR'CEL-ING, ppr. Dividing into portions. 
 
 PAR'CEL-ING, re. Among seamen, long, n.arrow slips 
 of canvas daubed with tar and boiiiul about a rope 
 like a bandage, before it is sewed. It is used also to 
 raise a mouse on tlie stays, «Stc. Mar. Diet, 
 
 PAR'CE-NA-RY, n. [Norm, parcenin-.] 
 
 Co-heirshipj the holding or occupation of lands of 
 inheritance by two or more persons. It diirers fnun 
 joint-tenancy, which is created by deed or devise ; 
 whereas parcenary, or co-parcenary, is created by the 
 descent of lands from an ancestor. Blackstone. 
 
 PAR'OE-NER, n. [Scot, parsenere; Norm, parcon- 
 nier ; from part, L. pars.] 
 
 Parcener, or co-parcener, is a co-heir, or one who 
 holds lands by descent from an ancestor in common 
 with another, or with others ; as when land descends 
 to a man's daughters, sisters, aunt.s, cousins, or their 
 representatives. In this case, all the lieirs inherit as 
 parceners or co-heirs. Blackstone. 
 
 PARCH, V. t. [1 know not from what source we have 
 received this word. It corresponds in elements with 
 the Italian bruciarc, to burn or roast. -Uu. L./jfrurcscu.] 
 
 1. To burn the surface of a thing ; to scorch ; as, 
 lo parch the skin ; to parch corn. 
 
 2. To dr}' to cxireniity ; as, the heat of the sun's 
 rays paretics the ground j the mouth is parched with 
 thirst. Miltun. Dryden. 
 
 PARCH, r. i. To be scorched or superficially burnt ; 
 
 as, corn will dry and parch into barley. Mortimer. 
 2. To become very dry. 
 PARCH'£D, (piircht,) pp. or a. Scorched; dried to 
 
 extremity. 
 
 PARCH'E1)-NESS, n. The st.ite of being scorched or 
 dried to extremity. 
 
 P.\RCH'L\G, /jjir. Scorching; drying to extremity. 
 2. 0. Having the quality of burning or diying ; as, 
 the parehirtfr heat of African sands. 
 
 PARC1I'I.\G-LY, ado. Scorcliingly. 
 
 PAUCH'.ME.NT, n. [Fr. parchemm; It. par^ameno ; 
 S\}. partramino ; Arm. purich or parichcmin ; D. pnrke- 
 mcnt; G. pergament ; L. per^amena ; supposed to 
 bo from Peraamus, lo whose king Eumenes the 
 invention has been ascribed. This is probably a 
 mere conjecture, originating in a resemblance of or- 
 thography ; such conjectures being very common. 
 In Spanish, parche is parchment, and a piece of linen 
 covered Willi ointment or pl.isler. It is more prob.a- 
 ble that the first syllable is from .some root that sig- 
 nifies to cleanse, purify, or make clear, perhaps the 
 root of L. purgo, or the Oriental pi3 or (See 
 Memdrame.) See Class Br, No. 9, and Class Brg, 
 No. 4, 5.] 
 
 The skin of a sheep or goat dressed or prepared 
 and rendered fit for writing on. This is done by sep- 
 arating all the tlesh and hair, rubbing the skin with 
 pumice-stone, and reducing its thickness with a sharp 
 instrument. Vellum is made of the skins of lambs, 
 kids, or vervyouns calves. Ure. 
 
 PARCII'.MEr<iT-.MAK'ER, n. One who dresses skina 
 for parchment. 
 
 PAR'CI-TY, ;i. Spnringness. 
 
 PARD, ;i. [Ia. pardas ; Gr. 1lilp^■n ; Syr. bardona. The 
 word signifies spotted, from 113,10 hail, properly, to 
 scatter orsprinkli^, as with hail.] 
 
 The leopard ; or, in poetry, any spotted beast. In- 
 stead of pard, wv generally use Lcupakd, the lion- 
 pard. Pahoalg, from the ]<atiii pardnlis, is not used. 
 
 PAR'DON, (par'dn,) p. (. [Fr. /jari^u/i/irr ; H. prrdo- 
 nare ; Sp. perdonar ; l\trX. perdoar ; Ij. /»rr and dono, 
 to give ; per having the sense of the Englisli fi/r in 
 forifirc, and re in L. rcmitto, jiroperly, to give back or 
 away.l 
 
 1. 'lo forgive; to remit; as an ofiense or crime. 
 Guilt imjilies a being bound or subjected lo censure, 
 penalty, or piinislinient. To pardon is to jriee up 
 this obligation, and release the otfender. V\ e apply 
 the word to the crime or to the iiersoii. We pardon 
 an offense, when we remove it from the offi-nder and 
 consider liim as not guilty ; we pardvn the oflV-iider, 
 when we release or absolve him from his liability lo 
 suffer punisliment. 
 
 1 pn>y tliee, pardon my tin. — 1 Sam. XT. 
 
 2. To remit, as a penalty. 
 
 1 pardon thee lliy life U-forc thou ask it. STiaJc. 
 
 3. To excuse, as for a fault. Dryden. 
 
 4. Pardon me, is a phrase used when one a.sks for 
 excuse, or makes an apology, and it is often ii.sed in 
 this sense, when a pi r.-^on means civilly to deny or 
 contradict what another affirms. 
 
 PAR'DON, n. Forgiveness; the release of an offense, 
 or of the obligation of the olleiider to sufrt;r a penal- 
 ty, or to bear the displeasure of the offeiidi d party. 
 VVe seek llie jmrdon of sins, IransgressKuis, and of 
 fenses. 
 
 Q. Remission of a penalty. An amnesty is a gen- 
 eral pardon. 
 
 3. Forgiveness received. SoiifA. 
 PXR'DON-A-HLE, a. That may be pardoned ; applied 
 to persons. 'J'he offender is pardonable. 
 
 2. Venial ; excusable ; that may be forgiven, over- 
 looked, or passed by ; applied to things ; as, a pardot^ 
 able offense. 
 
 PAR'DON-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 pardonable ; X'enialiiess ; susceptibility of forgive- 
 ness ; as, the pardonableness v( sin. HalL 
 
 PXR'DON-.\-BLY, uJr. In a manner admitting of 
 pardon ; venially ; excusably. Dryden. 
 
 PAR'D0.\-K1), pp. or a. Forgiven ; excused. 
 
 PAR'DO.N-ER, ;i. One that forgives; one that ab- 
 solves an od'ender. 
 2. One that sells the pope's indulgences, Cowell. 
 
 PAR'DONING, ;>/>r. Forgiving; remitting an offense 
 or crime; absolving from punishment. 
 
 PAR'DON ING, a. Disposed to pardon; forgiving; 
 as, a pardoning God. 
 2. Tliut has the right or power to pardon. 
 
 I feel the ulinoHl anxi-'ty, when the jxirdonine pijwer It nppenled 
 to, on such ucca^ioiis, CiiiUon. 
 
 PARE, ». f. [Fr. parer; Arm. para, to dress, to trim, 
 to parry or ward off, to stop ; Sp. anil Port, parar, to 
 parry, to stop, to prepare: Port, aparnr, to parr, and 
 lo parry ; L. paro ; \V. par, .a sLite of readiness, also 
 a pair; para, to continue, to persevere, to List, to en- 
 dure ; Fr. parer des cuirs, lo dress or curry leather ; 
 parer le pied d'an chccal, lo pare a horse's foot or 
 o , J 
 
 hoof; Pers. J^»Xj poridan, to pare oi cut off; 
 
 ? 
 
 (qu. Gr. wripof, lame ; irji.ooto, to mutilate ;) Ar. 
 
 to be free, to free, liberate, or absolve, lo dismiss, to 
 remit, to create ; lleb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. K"i3, to cre- 
 ate ; Ilcb. and Ch. id., lo ciil off. The primary .'<ense 
 is to thrust or drive ; hence, to drive off, to separate, 
 to stop by setting or repelling, as in parry, or lo drive 
 off or out, as in separating or producing. In Portu- 
 guese and Welsh, it has the sense of slrelcliing, ex- 
 tending, and tile Welsh unites par, equal, a pair, 
 with the root of this word ; par, a pair, what is con- 
 tinued to or contiguous. See and K"i3, Class 
 Dr, No. 13, 7, 8, 10.] 
 
 1. To cut off, as the superficial sub.stance or ex- 
 tremities of a thing ; to shave off with a sharp in- 
 strument ; a-s, to pare an apple or an orange ; to pare 
 the nails ; to pare a horse's hoof; to ;>arc land in ag- 
 riculture. 
 
 2. To diminish by little and little. 
 
 The king brgrin to ;>nr« a htlle the privilege of clergy. Bawn. 
 
 When pare is followed by the thing diminished, 
 the noun is in the objective case ; ;us, to pare the 
 nails. When the thing separated is the object, pare 
 is followed by off or ateay ; as, lo pare off the rind of 
 fruit ; to pare away redundances. 
 PAR'/;D, pp. or a. Freed from anything superfluous 
 
 on the surface or at the extremities. 
 PAR-E-GOR'ie, a. [Gr. rrupijopiitos, from xapn- 
 yopei.t, to niitig.ate.] 
 
 Slitigatins ; assuaging pain ; a.s, paregoric elixir. 
 PAR-F.-(;<5R'ie, 71. A medicine that mitigates pain , 
 an anodyne. Eneye. 
 
 Parrgoric, or paregoric elirir, a camphorated tinc- 
 ture of opium tinetiired with aruniatics. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 100' 
 
 ooo* 
 
 797 
 
r 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PA-REL'CON, n. [Gr. mio^A/t to draw out.] 
 
 In grammar, the addition of a syllable or particle 
 to the end of a prunoun, verb, or adverb. 
 PA-REM'BO-LE, n. [Gr. itaocfiffoXn, insertion.] 
 
 In rhetoric, the insertion of something relating to 
 the subject in the middle of a period, with which it 
 does not grammatically cohere. It differs from the 
 parenthesis only in this: the puronWr relates to the 
 subject, the parenthesis is foreign from it. 
 
 Encyc. Vossius. 
 PA-REN'ertY-MA, (pa-ren'ke-ma,) n. [Gr. ira,-t7- 
 X^i'a, from jrnptjxtn.j, to suffuse.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the solid and interior part of the 
 viscera, or the substance contained in the interstices 
 between the blood-vessels of the viscera ; a spongy 
 substance. Cuze. P. Cyc. 
 
 Parenchyma is the substance or basis of the glands. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 2. In botany, the pith or pulp of plants. Encyc. 
 PAR-E.N-eilYM'A-TA, n. pi. The order of Entozoa, 
 
 comprising those species in which the body is filled 
 with a cellular substance, or even with a continuous 
 parencliyma, the only alimentary organ it contains 
 being ramified canals, which distribute nourishment 
 to its different points, and w hich, in most of them, 
 originate from suckers visible externally. 
 PAR-EX-€HY.M'A-TOUS, ( a. [See the noun.] Per- 
 PA-REN'eilY-MOUS, ( taining to parenchyma ; 
 
 spongy ; soft ; porous. Grew. Cliryne. 
 
 P,\-REN'E-SIS, 7i. [Gr. napaiveais ; napatneui, to ex- 
 hort.] 
 
 Persuasion ; exhortation. [Little used."] Did. 
 
 PAR-E-.\ET'ie, (a. Hortatory ; encouraging. 
 
 P.\R-E-NET'ie-AL, j Poller. 
 
 PaR'ENT, n. [L. parenn, from pario, to prodiice or 
 bringforth. The regular participle of pario is paricns, 
 and parens is the regular participle of ;;rtrfo, to ap- 
 pear. But both verbs probably belong to one fami- 
 ly ; Eth. fori or feri, to bear ; Class Br, No. 
 35; Heb. r\-^t> farah, id. No. 33.] 
 
 1. A father or mother; he or she that produces 
 young. The duties of parents to their children are 
 to maintain, protect, and educate them. 
 
 Wh- n parents are wauling in authority, chiliir«n arc wanting in 
 duty. Amcs. 
 
 3. That which produces; cause; source. Idle- 
 ness is the parent of vice. 
 
 Rp^il.ir industry is the jxlrenl of B'jl)ri :ty. Channing. 
 
 The pronunciation pay'rent is erroneous. 
 PaR'ENT-AGE, n. [Fr.] Extraction ; birth ; cimdi- 
 tion with respect to the rank of parents; as, a man 
 of mean parentage ; a gentleman of noble parentage. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PA-RENT'.\L, a. [It. parentalc.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to parents; as, parental govern- 
 ment. 
 
 2. Becoming parents ; tender ; affectionate ; as, 
 parental care or solicitude. 
 
 PA-RENT'AL-LY, adv. In a tender or parental man- 
 ner. 
 
 PAR-ENT-.\'TI0N, n. [from L. parcnto.] 
 
 Something done or said in honor of the dead. 
 
 Potter. Johnson. 
 PA-REN'TIIE-PIS, 71. [Gr. Tro.otiSrcnj ; rtap^t and 
 e^Tli'l^ll, to insert.] 
 
 A sentence, or certain words inserted in a sentence, 
 which interrupt the sense or natural conneclitm of 
 words, but serve to explain or qtialify the sense of 
 the principal sentence. The parenthesis is usually 
 included in hooks or curved lines, th'iis ( ). 
 
 Thcs^ offiwrB, whom Ufy still call bishopn, are to be cl'^cted to a 
 proviiiion companitivply nii^in, Uiroii^h Ihf Famn art*, {that 
 u, etectionecrmg arts,) ]iy meo of all religious (/-nets liiat 
 an; known or can be invenle<l. Burke. 
 Do not siiri'T every occasionaj thought to carry you away into a 
 lung jjarenthetit. Watts. 
 
 PAR-EN-TIIET'ie, ) a. Pertaining to a paren- 
 
 PAR-EN-THET'ie-AL, j thesis ; expressed in a pa- 
 renthesis. JIales. 
 2. losing parentheses. 
 
 PAR-EN-TIIET'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner or 
 f'rni iii a paretithesis ; by parenthesis. CainpbctL 
 
 PA-RENT'I-CIDE, n. [L. parens and eado.] 
 
 r)ne who kills a parent. Bailey, 
 
 P.XR'ENT-I.ESS, a. Deprived of parents. 
 
 P^R'ER, 71. [Uompare.] lie or that which pares ; an 
 instrument for paring. Tiuscr. 
 
 PAK'EK-6Y, 71. [Gr. Ttapa, beyond, and tpynv, 
 work.] 
 
 Konii thing unimportant, or done by the by. [JVot 
 ufied. ] Broiim. 
 PAR't; AS-TTE, n. [from the Isle Pargas, in Finland.l 
 A mineral of a grayish or bluish green, in rounded 
 grain', having much luster. It is a variety of horn- 
 MtiA<: 
 
 PAH'OI'.T, n. [8p. parehe, a plaster; emparchar, to 
 pla«t' r. Ciii.] 
 
 1. fjypsiim or filasler Ktone. fOAji.J Encyc. 
 
 2. Plaster laid ■ n roofn or walla. [Obs.] Spen.irr. 
 
 3. I'aint. [Obs.] Oraijlon. 
 A. In present arrhitectural u^age, parget denuiet* the 
 
 rough planter uacd for lining chimney llueii. 
 
 (heilt. Brandt. 
 
 PAR'GET, 1. 1. To plaster walls. 
 
 2. To paint ; to cover with paint. S. Jonson. 
 PAR'CET-El),y;>. Plastered; stuccoed. 
 PA R'GET-ER, 71. A plasterer. 
 
 PAR'GET-ING,'ppr. Plastering, as a noun, plaster 
 or stucco. 
 
 PAR-HkL'ION, (par-hcl'yun,) 71. ; pi. Parhelia. [Gr. 
 
 TTiipa, near, and I'/Aim, the sun.] 
 A mock sun or meteor, appearing in the form of a 
 
 bright light near the sun ; sometimes tinged with 
 
 colors like the rainbow, with a luminous train. 
 Pa'RI-AII, 71. The name of the lowest class of people 
 
 in Hindoostan, who have, properly speaking, no cast ; 
 
 an otitcast. 
 
 PA RI' A L, / 71. Three of a sort in certain games 
 
 PAIR'-ROY'AL, ( of cards. Butirr. 
 
 Pa'R!-A.\, a. Pertaining to Paros, an isle in the Ege- 
 an Sea ; as, Parian marble. 
 
 Parian chronicle ; a chronicle of the city of Athens, 
 engraven on marble in capital letters in the Isle of 
 Paros. It contained a chronological account of 
 events from Cecrops, 1582 years before Christ, to the 
 archonship of Diognetus, 2t)4 years before Christ; 
 but the chronicle of the last 90 years is lost. This 
 marble was iirocured from Asia Minor in 1627, by 
 the earl of Arundel, and, being broken, the pieces 
 are called .Srnndelion marbles. They are now depos- 
 ited in the University of Oxford. The antitjuity of 
 the inscription has been disputed. 
 
 P. Cyc. Edin. Encyc. 
 
 PA-RI'E-TAL, a. [from L. paries, a wall, propeily a 
 partition wall, from the root of part or pare] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a wall. 
 
 2. The parietal bones form the sides and upper part 
 of the skull. They are so called because they defend 
 the brain like walls. Parr. 
 
 3. In botany, a terra applied to any organ which 
 grows from the inner lining or wall of another. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 PA-Rl'E-TA-RY, 71. [Fr. pa ric(air(!, from L. panes, a 
 wall.] 
 
 A plant, the pellitory of the wall, of the genus 
 Parietaria. 
 PA-RI'E-TINE, 71. [L. paries, wall.] 
 
 A pii^ce of a wall. [JVoJ used.] Burton. 
 PaR'ING, ppr. Cutting or shaving off the extremities 
 of a thing. 
 
 PaR'IiN'G, n. That which is pared off ; rind separated 
 
 from fruit ; a piece clipped off. Mortimer. Pope. 
 2. The act or practice of cutting off the surface of 
 
 grass land, for tillage. 
 PJi'RI PMS'SU, [L.] With equal pace, or progress. 
 PAR'IS, n. A plant, herb Paris or true-love, or rather 
 
 a genus of plants of two species, at least, if not 
 
 more. 
 
 PAR'ISII, n. [Fr. paroisse; It- parroechia: Sp. parro- 
 quia ; Arm. parres ; Ix.parraiste; usually tieduced from 
 the l^ow h. parochia, Gr. napoiKta, a dwelling tir near 
 residence ; napa, near, and f)U"«r, lunise or o(K£oi, to 
 dwell ; or more probably Prom the Greek Tranoxt, a 
 salary or largess, an allowance for support, from nopi- 
 Xdj, to afford, yield, or supply, whence L. paroeha, en- 
 tertainment given to embassadors at the public e.\- 
 pensc ; U'hence It. parroeehii. \f parish is to be deduced 
 fiiim either of these sources, it Is probably from the 
 latter, ami parish is equivalent to benefice, living, as 
 prebend, from L. prirbeo. In German, pfarre signi- 
 fies a benefice or parish ; pfarrer, or pfarrherr, a jjar- 
 snn, the lord of a living or parish, and this is evi- 
 dently from the same root as parson. I know not 
 the origin of pfarre, but it coincides in elements with 
 the W. pari, to tir^7.c. Corn, peuri, L. voro, Gr. /V loa. 
 The Italian and Spanish words are nmloubtrdly from 
 the Latin and Greek, and the French paroissc may 
 be from the same source.] 
 
 1. The precinct or territorial jurisdiction of a secu- 
 lar priest or ecclesiastical society, or the precinct, 
 the inhabitants of which belong to the same church. 
 
 2. In some of the Jimrriean States, parish is an 
 ecclesiastical society not boundeti by territorial lim- 
 it.s ; but the inhabitants of a t^wn belonging to one 
 church, though residing promiscuously anumg the 
 people Iiclougin:! to anotiier church, are called a yiar- 
 
 This is partiiMilarly the case in Alassachusetts. 
 In Connecticut, the legal appellalittn of such a society 
 is eretesiastieal sonrty. In Liiiiisi.'ina, the State is 
 divided into parishes w hich correspond to counties. 
 
 Bouvier. 
 
 PAR'ISII, a. Belonging to a parish ; as, a parish 
 church ; parish records. 
 
 2. Helougitig to a parish ; employed in the spiritual 
 or ecclt;siastical concerns of a parish ; as, n parish 
 priest. Dryden. 
 
 3. Maintained bv the parish ; as, parish poor. Gati. 
 PAR'ISII CI,i;i(K,'n. A layman who leails in tlie 
 
 responses and otherwise assists in the Episcopal 
 service. 
 
 PA-RISII'ION-Ell, n. One that belongs to a parish. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 PA-RISi'I AN, 71. A native or resident of Paris. 
 PAR-I-SVI, I.AH'IC, la. [ I,, pnr, ei|ual, and 
 I'AU l-SYI- LAlt'lC-AE, ( lain, syllable.] 
 
 A term applied to n word which has the same 
 number of syllables in all its inllection.s. 
 
 PAR'I-TOR, 71. [for apparitor.'\ A beadle; a sum- 
 moner of llie courts of civil law. hri/den. 
 
 PAR'I-TY, 71. [Fr. pariti ; It. paritd ; from L. pai-, 
 equal. See Pair and Peer.] 
 
 1. Equality; as, parifi/ of reason. South. 
 
 2. Equality ; like state or degree ; as, a parity of 
 orders or persons. 
 
 PARK, 71. [Sax. parruc, pearruc; Scot, parrok; VV. 
 pairc ; Fr. id. ; It. pareo ; Sp. parque ; Ir. pairc ; G. 
 and Sw. pari; D. perk. It coincides in elements 
 with L. parcus, saving, and the Teutonic bergen, to 
 keep.] 
 
 1 . A large piece of ground inclosed for chase or other 
 purposes of pleasure. Parks, in England, were origi- 
 nally grants out of forest lands Willi privileges which 
 lasted only while they w©*e kept incltised. Smart. 
 
 2. An inclosed place in cities for exercise or 
 amusement. 
 
 Park of artillery or artillery park ; a place in the 
 rear of both lines of an army for encamping the artil- 
 lery, which is formed in lines, the guns in front, the 
 ammunition wagons behind the guns, and the pim- 
 toons and tumbrils forming the third line. The 
 whole is surrounded with a rope. The gunners and 
 matrosses encamp on the flanks ; the bombardiers, 
 pontoon-men, and artificers in the rear. Encyc. 
 
 Also, the whole train of artillery belonging to an 
 army or division of troops. 
 
 Park of provisions ; the place where the sutlers pitch 
 their tents and sell provisions, and that where the 
 bread wagons are stationed. 
 
 P.^RK, V. t. To inclose in a park. Shak. 
 2. To bring together in a pari or compact body ; as, 
 to park the artillery. Cutler. 
 
 PARK'iCD, (pirkt,) pp. Inclosed in a park. 
 2. Brought together in a park, as artillery. 
 
 PARK'ER, 71. The keeper of a park. 
 
 PARK'LeAVES, 71. A plant, Hypericum Androsa- 
 nium, also called Tutsan. Booth. 
 
 PAR'LANCE, 71. [Norm., from Fr. parler, to speak; 
 part, par/anf. It. paWaii^c] 
 
 Conversation ; discourse ; talk. Woodeson. 
 
 PARLE, (pari) 71. Conversation; talk : or.al treaty or 
 discussion, [JVot used.'\ [See Parley. 1 Shak. 
 
 PARLE, V. i. [Fr. parler.] To talk ; to converse ; to 
 discuss any thing orally. Shak. 
 
 PAR'LEY, V. i. [Fr. parler, It. parlare, Sp. porlar, W. 
 parliair, to s[>eak ; Ir. bearla, language, frtun bearadh, 
 or beirim, to speak, to tell, relatt;, narrate, to bear, to 
 carry ; Goth, bairan, Sax. ba^ran, to bear, L. fero, or 
 pario. So wc have report, from L. porta.] 
 
 In a general sense, to speak with another; to dis- 
 course ; but appropriately, to confer with on stune 
 point of mutual concern ; to discuss orally ; hence, 
 to confer with an enemy ; to treat with by words ; 
 as on an exchange of prisoners, on a cessation of 
 arms, or the subject of peace. Knoltes. Broome. 
 
 PAR'LEY, 71. Aliitual discourse or conversation ; dis- 
 cussion ; but appropriately, a conference with an 
 enemy in war. 
 
 We yickl onpar/ey, but are stormed in vain. Dryden. 
 
 To beat a parley ; in military language, to beat a 
 drum or sound a trumpet, as a signal for holding a 
 conlrrrnce with the enemy. 
 PAR'LI.V-.MENT, (p.lr'le-inent,) 71. [Fr. parlement ; 
 Sp. It. and Port, parlamento ; Arm. parlainand ; com- 
 posed of Fr. parler, Sp. parlar, to speak, and the ter- 
 mination Tneiit, as in complement, &c., noting slate. 
 Sec Parley.] 
 
 1. Literally, a speaking, conference, mutual dis- 
 course or consultation ; hence, 
 
 2. In Great Britain, the grand assembly of the 
 three estates, the lords spiritual, lorils temporal, anil 
 the ciuiimons ; the general council of the nation 
 constituting the Icgishiture, summoned by the king's 
 authority to consult on the affairs of the natiiui, and 
 to enact and repeal law.s. Primarily, the king may 
 be considered as a constituent branch of parliament ; 
 but the word is generally used to denote the three 
 estates .above named, cimsisting of two distinct 
 branches, the house of lords and litmse of commns. 
 
 The word parliament was introduced into England 
 uniler the Norman kings. The supreme council of 
 the nation was ctilled, iinderthe Saxon kings, wittena- 
 gemote, llie iiieetiug of wise men or sages. 
 
 3. The supreme council of Sweden, consisting of 
 four estates ; the nobility and representatives of the 
 gently ; the clergy, one of which body is elected 
 from every rural' deanery of ten parishes ; the 
 burghers, elected by the magistrates and council of 
 every corporation ; and the peasants, elected by per- 
 sons of their own order. 
 
 4. In h'ronee. before the rfi'd/ufinii, the title of cer- 
 tain high < ris of justice. Brande. 
 
 PAK-I.IA-MI'.NT-A'KI .AN, j 71. One of those who 
 
 PAR LIA-MENT-EEK', \ adhered to the parlia- 
 inent in the lime of (/'liarles I. Jinbrry. 
 
 PAR LIA-ME.\'T-A'RI A.\, a. Serving the jmrlin- 
 ineiil, in op[)osiIion lo King Charles I. Wood. 
 
 PAR LIA-.MI'..\T'.\ liV, 0. Pertaining to parliament ; 
 as, porliumentory aiilliorily. 
 
 2. J'.micted or done liy parliament ; as, a parlia- 
 mentary net. 
 
 FATE, PAR, Ff^hL, WH.^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 7!)8 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 3. Accoriling to ihe rules and iisaji sof parliament, 
 or to the rules and customs of lejiislativc bodies. 
 
 PAR' LOU, n. [Ft. parluir ; II. and Sp. pnrliitorio : 
 \V. parltiipr ; from Fr. partrr, Sp. parhtr^ to speak.] 
 
 Primarily, the npartuient in a nunnery wliere the 
 nuns arc permitted to meet and converse with e.ach 
 other; hence, with us, tile room in a house which 
 the family usually occupy, and where they receive 
 comniou visitors, as dislinffuished from a drawing- 
 room set apart for the reception of comiKiny, or from 
 a <linin^-room, when a distinct apartment is allotted 
 for that purpose. In many houses, the parlor is also 
 the dinins-room. 
 
 PAK'I.DUS, u. [from Fr. parler, to speak. 1 
 
 Kicn ; sprialitly ; wasjish. [JVut used.] Dryilen. 
 
 PAR'I.OUS-NES.S, 71. Ciuickness ; keenness of tem- 
 per. 
 
 PAll-MA-CIT'V, n. Ppermaceli. [Ohs.] Shnk. 
 
 PXK-.MK SA.X' ('IIF.ESE, «. Adelicnte kindof clieese 
 made at Parma, in Italy. 
 
 PAK-.\AS'SI-A.\, (-nash'e-an,) o. Pertaining to Par- 
 nassus. 
 
 PAK-N.\S'SUS, n. A celebrated mountain in Greece, 
 considered in mythology ius sacred to Apollo and the 
 Muses. 
 
 PAR'NEL, n. [The diminutive of It. pctronci/a.] A 
 wanton, immodest f;irl ; a slut. 
 
 P.\-l!o'€llI-AI., a. [from L. parocliia,] 
 
 llelouging to a parish; as, paruc/ii«Z clergy ; paro- 
 c/iiri/ dulies. .^Itcrbunj. 
 
 PA-RO-eill-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being paro- 
 chial. Jlttiriot, 
 
 PA-l!ryf:iII-AI--LY, (i/fii. In a p.irisli ; by a parish. 
 
 PA l!o'€lIl-.\.\, a. Pertaining to a parish. Bacon. 
 
 P.\-K6 CI11-AN, n [Supra.] A parishioner. 
 
 Burirktei/. 
 
 PA-ROD'IC, ) a. [See Parody.] Copying aller 
 PA-l!()I)'lt;-.\L, i the manner of parody. H'arton. 
 P.VR'O-UIST, n. One who writes a parody. 
 
 Ciilcridge. 
 
 P.VR'O-DY, 71, [Fr. parodie; Gr. iropwrliii ; Trapi and 
 (.vV/, ode.] 
 
 I. A kind of writing in which the words of an 
 author or his thoughts are, bysomeslielit alterations, 
 adapted to a ditfcrent purpose; a kind of poetical 
 pleasantry, in which verses written on luie subject 
 are altered and applied to another by way of bur- 
 lesque. Johnson. F.ncyc. 
 9. .\ popular maxim, adage, or proverb. Encyc. 
 PAU'O-DY, V. t. To alter, as verses or words, and 
 apply to a purpose different from that of the original. 
 1 h ive tmnslnleil, or ratlier parodied, a poem of Ilonice. Pope. 
 PA-RoL', / 71. [W.paryl; It. parola ; Fr. prirole, from 
 P.A-ROLE', \ parler, to speak ; or contracted from L. 
 parttl/ola.] 
 
 1. ProperUj, a word ; hence, in a legal sense, words 
 or or.il declaration ; word of mouth. Formerly, con- 
 veyances were made by parol, or word of mouth, 
 only. Blachstone. 
 
 2. Pleadings in a suit ; as anciently all pleadings 
 were viva voce, or ore tenus. 
 
 The parol may demur. Blackstone. 
 PA-RoL', ) a. Given by word of mouth ; oral; not 
 PA-RoLE', i written ; as, parol evidence. 
 
 Blarkstone. 
 
 [It would be well to write this word parole, in uni- 
 formity with the following, there being no good rea- 
 son for a distinction.]^ 
 P.\-RoLE', 71. [See Parol.] Word of mouth. In 
 military affairs, a promise given by a prisoner of war, 
 when he has leave to depart from custody, that lie 
 will return at the time appointed, unless discharged. 
 .\ parole is properly a verbal or unwritten promise ; 
 but I believe it is customary to take a promise in 
 writing. 
 
 2, A word given out every day in orders by a com- 
 manding officer, in camp or garrison, by which 
 friends mav he distinguished from enemies. Encyc. 
 
 PAR O-\0-.SlA'SlA, ; n. [from Gr. -acai'rpiu, to 
 
 PAR-0-NO.M'A-.SY, ( transgress law or rule.] 
 
 A play U|)on words ; a rhetorical figure, by which 
 the same word is used in different senses, or words 
 similar in sound are set in opposition to each other, 
 so as to give a kind of antithetical force to the sen- 
 tence. Brandc. 
 
 PAR-O-XO-MAS'Tie, ) a. Pertaining to paro- 
 
 PAR-O-NO-.MAS'Tie-AL, 5 nomasy ; consisting in 
 a plav upon words. .More. 
 
 P.\R-0-.\VeH'I-A, n. [Gr. irapoii'VX"^ ! to"". •)>■. 
 and on f, the nail.] 
 
 In surcrmi, a whitlow or felon. Quincy. 
 
 PA-ROi\'Y-.MOUS, a. [Gr. napuvvpos ! ttuoh and 
 oni^'i , name.] 
 
 A term applied to words of the same derivation; 
 kindreil ; as, man, manhood, mankind. fVaWt. 
 
 PAR'd-aUET, ) 71. A sm.iU species of parrot. [See 
 
 PAU'OKET, j Parrakset.] Grew. 
 
 PA-ROT'ip, 0. [Gr. rraon, near, and o>-f, i.ira, ear.] 
 Pertaining to or denoting certain glands below and 
 before the ears, or near the articul.ation of the lower 
 jaw. The p,-vrotid glands secrete a portion of the 
 
 „fa''''l- Parr. Core. Orea. 
 
 PA RO'TIS, 7U [Gr. rraeoiTif. See Parotid.] 
 
 The parotiil gland ; a secreting salivary conglum- 
 enite j;land below and before the ear. Parr. 
 
 PAR'O.X-VSM, 71. [Gr. 7tap i(v<iiiof, from Trnpu^vi/ui, 
 to excite or sharpen ; irn/ u, and o{i f, sharp.] 
 
 A fit of any disease. When n disease occurs by 
 fits with perfect inti rmissions or suspensions, such 
 fits arc termed parorysmt. A paroxysm is always 
 to he distinguished from an exacerbation. 
 
 P.Ml-OX-YS'.\l.'\L, n. Pertaining to paroxysm ; as, a 
 paroxysmal disposition. .^siat. Res. 
 
 2. t'aused by paroxysms or fits. JJitclicock. 
 
 PAR'aUET-RY, 71. [from Fr. jwryiirt.] 
 
 A species of joinery or cabinet work, consisting in 
 making an inlaid floor composed of small pieces of 
 wood, of dilfereiit figures Elmes. 
 
 P.KRR, H. A name applied, ill most parts of England 
 and Scotlauil, to the young of the salmon, up to near 
 the end of their second vear. Brandc. 
 
 PAU'RA-KEET, 71. A small species of parrot. 
 
 PAR'RHL, 71. [Port. <i;i<7rriAo, from aparrlhar, to pre- 
 pare ; Sp. aparrjo, from tackle and rigging, from apare- 
 jar, to prepare, L. paro. It coincides with apparel, 
 which see.] 
 
 Among seamen, an apparatus or frame made of 
 ropes, trucks, and ribs, so contrived as to go round the 
 mast, and, being fastened at both ends to a yard, 
 serves to hoist it. Encyc. 
 P.\R-RIlE'SIA, 71. [Gr.] Boldness or freedom of 
 speech. 
 
 PAR RI-CI'DAL, j a. [See Parricide.] Pertain- 
 PAR-IU CID'I-OUS, j ing to parricide; containing 
 
 the crime of murdi-riiig a parent orjiatron. 
 2. (Jtimmitling parricide. 
 PAR'RI-CIDE, 71. [Fr., from L. parricida, from paler, 
 
 father, and aedo, to kill.] 
 
 1. A person who murders his father or mother. 
 
 2. One who murders an ancestor, or any one to 
 whom he owes reverence, lilackstoiie applies tlie 
 word to one who kills his child. 
 
 3. The murder of a parent, or one to whom rever- 
 ence is due. Bacon. 
 
 4. One who invades or destroys any to whom he 
 owi s particular reverence, as his country or palron. 
 
 PAR'RI-£I), (par'rid,) pp. [Sec Paruv.] Warded 
 ofl'; driven aside. Juhiuion. 
 
 P.\R'RO('K, 71. [Sax. ;>a7Tuc.] 
 
 A croft or small field ; now comipted into paiZJoct. 
 [Local.'] 
 
 PAR'ROT, 71. [Supposed to be conttuctcd from Fr. 
 
 perroquet.] 
 
 A name applied to various species of scansorial birds 
 of the Psittacid tribe, but more especially to those 
 which belong to the genus Psittaciis. The bill is 
 hooked and rounded on all sides. The hooked bill 
 of the parrot is used in climbing. These birds are 
 found almost every where in tropical climates. They 
 breed in hollow trees, and subsist on fruits and 
 seeds. They are also remarkable for the brilliancy 
 of their colors and their faculty of making indistinct 
 articulations of words, in imitation of the human 
 voice. 
 
 PAR'ROT-FISII, 71. A fish of the genus Scams, in- 
 habiting the tropical seas ; so named from its resem- 
 blance to the parrot in the brilliancy of its colors and 
 the peculiar form of its jaws. P. Cyc. Swainson. 
 
 P.\R'ROT-IlY, 71. Acting the part of a parrot ; servile 
 imitation, Coleridge. 
 
 PAR'RY, V. U [Fr. parer; It. parare, to adorn, to 
 parr}' ; Sp. parar, to stop ; Port, id., to stop, to parry ; 
 from the root of pare, to cut ofl", to separate. See 
 Pare.] 
 
 1. In fencing, to ward off ; to stop or to put or turn 
 by ; as, to parry a thrust. 
 
 2. To ward off; to turn aside ; to prevent a blow 
 
 3. To avoid ; to shift off. [from taking effect. 
 The French government \a» parried the p-iyment of our claims. 
 
 E. Everett. 
 
 PAR'RY, r. 1, To ward off; to put by thrusts or 
 strokes ; to fence. Locke. 
 
 P.-VK'RY-ING, ppr. Warding off, as a thrust or blow. 
 
 PARSE, (pArs,) V. t. [from E. pars, part, or one of the 
 Sliemitic roots, D'^fl, to divide, or B^'^D, to spread.] 
 
 In grammar, to resolve a sentence into its ele- 
 ments, or to show the several part.s of speech com- 
 posing a sentence, and their relation to each other by 
 government or agreement. 
 
 PXR'SEE, 77. A name given to the Persian fire-wor- 
 shipers living in India.. In Persia, they are called, 
 by the Mohammedans, Guerers, or Guebres, (i. e., 
 giaours, infidels.) Their s.icred books are called the 
 Zend -.^ vesta. The Parsees, who reside near Surat 
 and Dombav, are an honest, thrifty people, and num- 
 ber about 71)0,000. jMurdoek. 
 
 PAR'SEE-ISM, n. The religion of the Parsees, which 
 is siibstaiitiallv that of the ancient Persians. 
 
 PAR-SI-Mo'NI-OL'S, a. [See Parsimoxv.] Sparing 
 in the use or expenditure of money ; covetous ; near ; 
 close. It differs from Frugal in implying more close- 
 ness or narrowness of mind, or an attachment to 
 property somewhat excessive, or a disposition to 
 spend less money than is necessary or honorable. 
 Extraorvliiianr fi.n,U for one ctinp.-»i?n may sfvin* tis ihr ctpoiijw 
 of ni.\ny y»-ari ; when'ai ti ionfir, paTttinoiiioat war will 
 druii u* of more lii'-n ami mon'-y. AddiMon. 
 
 [It is sometimes. used, in a good sense, for Fnu- 
 
 OAL.l 
 
 AR-SI-M 
 
 PAR-Sl-M6'NI-OUS-T,Y, adv. With a very sparing 
 
 uso of money ; covetously. 
 PAR-SI-.MO'.NI-OUS-NESS, 71. A ver)- sparing use of 
 
 money, or a dispositiim to save expense. 
 PAR'SI-.MO-.NY, 71. [L. paraimnnia, from parcitv, sav- 
 ing ; literally, close. Parens seems to be from the 
 root of Ihe (!. I), bergrn. Sax. beorgan, to save or 
 keep, Eng. park. So in Riiss. bcregu is to keep or 
 save, whence berejlivei, parsimonious. And this 
 seems to be the root u{ burg, a borough, originally 
 a fortified hill or castle.] 
 
 Closeness or sparingne.ss in the use or expenditure 
 of money ; sometimes used, perh.aps, in a good sense, 
 implying due or justifiable caution in expenditure, in 
 which sense it differs lillle from Frurality and 
 Economy. More generally, it denotes an excessive 
 caution or closeness; in which case, it is allied to 
 CovETousNKss, bill it implies less meanness than 
 NincARDLiNEss. It generally implies some want of 
 honorable liberality. 
 
 The wavB to riirich are many ; parBimony is one of Che beat, and 
 yot is not innocent, for it willilioliitth men Iroin works of Iil>. 
 cnilily. Bacon. 
 
 P.XKS'ING, ppr. Resolving a sentence into its ele- 
 ments. 
 
 PARS'ING, n. The act or art of resolving u sentence 
 into its elements, 
 
 PARS'I.EY, 71, [Fr, persil ; Sp. pereiil : Port, perrezil ; 
 ll. pctroselino, coTr\i]tled to petroseniolo ; Sax. petersc- 
 ligc ; G. prtrrsilie ; U. pietersclie ; Sw. persdia ; Dan. 
 petcrsiUe, pcrsille ; \r. peirsil ; W.perllysi h. petroscl- 
 inon; Gr. trcrpoceXivof ; TTcrpof, a stone, and (7' Ai- 
 voi', parsley ; stone-parsley, a plant growing among 
 rocks.] 
 
 A plant of Ihe genus Pelroscliiiiim. The leaves of 
 parsley are used in cookery, and the root is an aperi- 
 ent medicine. 
 
 PARS'NEP, 71. [The last syllable of this word is the 
 
 Sax. lurpe, L. rtapus, which occurs also in turnip.] 
 A plant of the genus Pastinaca. The root of the 
 
 garden parsuep is deeiiiiMl a valuable esculent. 
 PAR'S ON, (p.ir'sn,) 71. [G. ;i/urr/irrr, ;i/arrrr, lord of 
 
 the pfarre, benefice or living. I know not from what 
 
 root pfarre is derived. See Parish.] 
 
 1. The priest of a parish or ecclesia-^tical society ; 
 the rector or incumbent of a parish, who has the pa- 
 rochial charge or cure of souls. It is used in this 
 sense by all tienomiiiations of Christians ; but among 
 Independents or Congrcgationalists it is merely acol- 
 Io(]uiaI word. 
 
 2. A clergyman ; a man that is in orders, or has 
 been licensed to preach. Shak. 
 
 In EniffcA/oK), four requisites arc necessary to con- 
 stitute a parson ; viz., holy orders, presentation, insti- 
 tution, and induction. Brande. 
 
 PAR'SON-.\GE, 71, In jJmmca, the glebe and house 
 belonaing to a parish or ecclesiastical society, and ap- 
 propriated to the maintenance of the incumbent or 
 settled pastor of a church. 
 
 2. In Enaland, the benefice of a parisli, or the house 
 appropriated to the residence of the incumbent. 
 
 Addi.-ion. Oray. 
 
 PAR-SON'ie-AL-LY, in Chesterfield, is not an au- 
 thorized word. 
 
 PART, 71. [ L. pars, parli.i , Fr. part ; Sp. It. par« ; W 
 parlh ; from or mB, or ilD, which, in the She 
 mitic languages, signify, to separate, to break.] 
 
 1. A portion, piece, or fragment, separated from 
 a whole thing ; as, to divide an orange into five 
 
 pai-ta". 
 
 2. A portion or quantity of a thing not separated 
 in fact, but considered or mentioned by itself. In 
 what part of England is Oxford situated .' So we 
 say, tile up|H'r part, or lower part, the fore part, a 
 rem(7lo part, a small part, or a great part. 
 
 The people alooti at llic nrlhcr pari of the inuui^. — Ex. xix. 
 
 3. .\ portion of number, separated or considered 
 by it.'self ; as, a part of the nation or congregation. 
 
 4. A portion or component particle ; as, the com- 
 ponent pari.* of a fo,ssil or metal. 
 
 5. A ixirtion of man ; lus, the material part or body, 
 or the intellectual part, the soul or understanding ; 
 the perishable port ; the immortal part 
 
 6. A member. 
 
 All the rwrls were formeil in his mind into one harmoitions body. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 7. Particular division ; distinct species or sort be- 
 longing to a whole ; as, all the part* of domestic 
 business, or of a manufacture. 
 
 8. In:redient in a mingled mass; a portion in a 
 compound. 
 
 9. That which falls to each in division ; share ; as, 
 let me bear my part of the danger. Dryden. 
 
 10. Proportional quantity ; as, four partj of lime 
 with three of sand. 
 
 11. Share; concern ; interest. 
 
 Shcha s^iid. We h.»»e no pan in D iviM. — 2 Sam. xx. 
 
 12. Side ; party ; interest ; faction. 
 
 And make who!-- kingiloms take her bro n. i*« part. ir<i.V«r. 
 
 13. Something relating or belonging to ; that which 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, tINITE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 concerns ; as, for your part ; for his part ; for her 
 parL 
 
 For my part I have no servile end in my labor. WoKon. 
 
 14. Share of labor, action, or influence ; particular 
 office or business. 
 
 Accnse not Nature ; she hath done her part ; 
 
 bo tliou btit tliiiie. Milton. 
 
 15. Character appropriated in a play. The parts of 
 the comedy were judiciously cast and admirably per- 
 formed. 
 
 16. In music, one of the divisions which make up 
 the harmony or tune, as the treble, base, tenor, &c. 
 
 17. Action ; conduct. Shak. 
 
 18. In mathematics, such a portion of any quantity, 
 as, when taken a certain number of times, will exact- 
 ly make that quantity. Thus 3 is a part of 12. It is 
 the opposite of AU-ltiple. 
 
 Parts ; in tlie plural, qualities ; powers ; faculties ; 
 accom|)lishnients. 
 
 Such licentious parts tend for tlie most part to the hurt of the 
 En^hsh. Spenser, 
 
 Parts, applied to place, signifies quarters, regions, 
 districts. 
 
 When he had gone over those parte, and had given them much 
 
 exhortation, he came into Grpece. — Acts xx. 
 All parts resound with tumults, pLuuts, and fears, Dryden, 
 
 In general, parts is used fur excellent or superior 
 endowments, or more than ordinarj' talents. This 
 is what we understand by the phrase a man of 
 parts. 
 
 In good part : as well done ; favorably ; acceptably ; 
 in a friendly manner; not in displeasure. 
 
 God accepteth it in good part at Uie hands of faithful man. 
 
 JJooker. 
 
 In ill part ; as ill done ; unfavorably ; with dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 For the most part ; commonly ; oftener than other- 
 wise. Heijlin. 
 
 In part ; in some degree or extent : partly. 
 
 Logical part ; among schoolmen, a division of some 
 universal as its whole ; in which sense, species are 
 parts of a genus, and individuals are parts of a spe- 
 cies. Encyc. 
 
 Physical parts, are of two kinds, homogeneous and 
 heterogeneous : the first is of the same denomination ; 
 the second of different ones. 
 
 Mijuot part, is such a part of a number or quantity 
 as is contained in it a certain number of times, with- 
 out a remainder. Thus 6 is an aliquot part of 24. 
 
 Aliquant part, is a part of a number or quantity 
 which will not exactly divide it ; as, 5 is an aliquant 
 part of 17. Barlow. 
 
 Part of speech ; in grammar, a sort or class of words 
 of a particular character. Thus the noun is a part of 
 speech denoting the names of things, or those vocal 
 sounds whirh usage has alttrhed to things. The 
 verb is a. part of speech e-ipressing motion, action, or 
 being. 
 
 PART, K. t. [L. partio ; Fr. parlir; W. parthu.] 
 
 1. To divide, to separate, or break ; to sever into 
 two or more pieces. * 
 
 2. To diviiie into sha»s ; to distribute. Acts ii. 
 
 3. To separate or disunite, as things w Inch are near 
 each other. Huth i. 
 
 4. To keep asunder ; to separate. .\ narrow sea 
 parts England from France. 
 
 5. To separate, as combatants. Night parted the 
 armies. 
 
 6. To secern ; to secrete. 
 
 Tlie livf^r minds his own afl".»ir, 
 
 And parts and fttnuiis lite vital Juices. Prior. 
 
 7. In sea7nen^s language, to break ; as, the ship 
 parted her cables. 
 
 8. To separate metals. 
 
 PART, V. i. To be separated, removed, or detached. 
 Pewerfol h-^nds will not part 
 E.^sif^ from possession won witli arms. Milton. 
 
 2. To quit each other. 
 
 He wrnn^ Bauanio'i hand, nnd so they parted. ShaJc. 
 X To take or bid farewell. Steift. 
 
 4. To have a share. 
 
 Tli<-y shall part alike. — 1 Sam. xxx. 
 
 5. [Fr. partir.] To go away ; to depart. 
 
 Thv father 
 
 KmbraoHl me, parting for th* Etriiriitn land. Dryden. 
 C. To break ; to be torn asunder. The cable parted. 
 To part with ; to quit ; to resign ; to lose ; to be 
 separated from ; as, to part witA near friends. 
 
 t>lii, tir thy sakv, I part 
 
 U'itA oil that gnrw so n»:ar my heart. 
 
 WaUer. 
 
 PA RT' A- n I.K. Bee Pa DTI n le. 
 
 PART'AOK, 71. Oiviainn ; severance; the act of di- 
 "Viding or nharing ; a French aord. [Little usriL] 
 
 lAicke. 
 
 PAR-TAKF,', r. i. ; pret. Pahtooe ; jtp, Partakew. 
 [part and take.] 
 
 I. To lake a part, portion, or share In common 
 with olherw ; to have n share or part ; to pnrtit-ipate ; 
 usually followed by of, sonietlmes less prnjK-rly by 
 tn. All men partake of the common bounties of 
 
 Providence. Clodius was at the feast, but could 
 not partake of the enjoyments. 
 
 2. To have something of the property, nature, 
 claim, or right. 
 
 The attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster partakes partly of a 
 judge, and partly of an attorney-general. Bacon, 
 
 3. To be admitted ; not to be excluded. Shak, 
 PAR-TaKE', V, t. To have a part in ; to share. 
 
 My royal father lives ; 
 Let every one partake tlie general joy. Dryden. 
 [This is probably elliptical, of being omitted.] 
 2. To admit to a part. [J\'"u£ used.] Shak, 
 ?KR-TaK'ES, pp. Shared with others ; participated. 
 PAR-TAK'ER, re. One who has or t.ikes a part, share, 
 or portion, in common with others ; a sharer; a par- 
 ticipator ; usually followed by of. 
 
 If tlie Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things. 
 — Rum. XV. 
 
 Sometimes followed by iru 
 
 Wish me partaker in thy happiness, SJtak. 
 If we had b -en in llie days of our fathers, we would not have 
 
 been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets. — 
 
 Mau, xxiii, 
 
 2. An accomplice ; an associate. 
 
 When thou sawest a thief, thou conscntedst with hint, and hast 
 been partaker with adulterers, — Ps. 1. 
 
 PAR-TaK'IXG, ppr. Sharing with others ; partici- 
 pating, 
 
 PAR-TaK'ING, ji- An associating; combination in 
 an evil design. Hale. 
 
 P.KRT'ED, ;)/). or a. Separated; divided; severed. 
 
 P.jlKT'ER, Ji. One that parts or separates. [Sidney, 
 
 PAR-TERRE', (par-tar',) ;i. [Fr.] In gardening, a 
 system of beds of different shapes and sizes, in 
 which flowers are cultivated, connected together, 
 with inter\'ening spaces of gravel or turf fur walk- 
 ing on. Brande, 
 a. The pit of a theater. Brande, 
 
 PAR-THEX'ie, a, [Gr. -andevm;,'] 
 
 Pertaining to the Spartan Partheniae or sons of 
 vircins. 
 
 PAR'THE-NON, n. [Gr. TrapB'vnc, a virgin,] 
 
 A celebraletl temple of Minerva, at Athens in 
 Greece. 
 
 PAR'TIAL, (par'shal,) a. [Fr., from L. pars ; It. par- 
 liale,] 
 
 1. Biased to one party ; inclined to f ivor one party 
 in a cause, or one side of a question, more than the 
 other; not indifferent. It is important to justice 
 that a judge should not be partial. 
 
 Self-love will make men partial to themselves and friends. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. Inclined to favor without reason. Authors are 
 partial to their wit, and critics to their judgment. 
 
 3. Affecting a part only ; not general or universal ; 
 not total. It has been much disputed whether the 
 deluge was partial or total. 
 
 All partial evil, universal good. Pope. 
 
 4. More strongly inclined to one thing than to 
 others. [Colloquial,] 
 
 5. \n botany, subordinate; applied to subdivisions; 
 as, a partial umbel or umliellule ; a partial peduncle. 
 A partial involucre is placed at the foot of a partial 
 umbel. 
 
 PAU'TIAL-IST, 71. One who is partial. [Unusual.] 
 
 Bp. .Morton. 
 
 9. One who holds that the atonement was inade 
 onlv for a part of mankind, i. e., the elect, Murdock. 
 PAR-TIAL'l-TY, (par-shal'e-te,) n. Inclination to 
 favor one party or one side of a question more than 
 the other; an undue bias of mind toward one 
 party or side, which is apt to warp the judgment, 
 /"urtio/ify springs from tile will and allections, rather 
 than from a love of truth and justice. 
 
 2. A stronger inclination to one thing than to oth- 
 ers ; as, a partiality (or poetry or painting; a collo- 
 quial use. 
 
 PAR'TIAL-IZE, c. J. To render partial. [.Yat used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PAR'TIAL-LY, adv. With undue bias of mind to 
 one party or side ; with unjust favor or dislike; as, 
 to juilge partially. 
 
 2. In jiart ; not totally ; as, the story may be 
 partially true ; the body may be partially affi ctcd with 
 diseiise ; the sun and moon are often partially 
 eclipsed. 
 
 PART-I-I)IL'I-TY, 71. [Sec Pabtiiile.] Su.sceptibil- 
 ity of division, partition, or severance ; separability ; 
 as, the partibilitq of an iiihi ritance. 
 
 PAKT'I-lil.E, a. ' [It. partibile, pnrlire, to part,] 
 
 Divisible ; scjiarable ; susceptible of .severance or 
 pariition ; as, an estate of inheritance may be parti- 
 ble. Blackstone. 
 
 PAR'TI-CF.PS Cnurr-mS, [L.] a partaker in a 
 crimt? ; an accttmplice. 
 
 PAR-TIC'I-PA-IILE a. [See Participate.] That 
 may hi^ iiartiripaled or shared. A'orris, 
 
 PAR-TIC'M'ANT, n. [.><ce Participate.] Sharing; 
 having a share or part ; followed by of. 
 
 The prinf/* nw he stwiuld coiifi-r with ono pardapantof more 
 tlian moiildili spi^iilulions, Vi'ullon, 
 
 PAR-TIC'I-PA.\T, 71. A partaker; one having a 
 share or part. Bacon, 
 
 PAR-TIC'I-PAXT-LY, adv. In a participating'man- 
 ner. 
 
 PAR-TIC'I-PaTE, V, i. [L. participo ; pars, part, and 
 capio, to take.] 
 
 1. To partaKe ; to have a share in common with 
 others. The heart of sensibility participates in the 
 sufferings of a friend. It is sometimes followed by of. 
 
 He would participate o/ their wants. Hay ward, 
 
 2. To have part of more things than one. 
 
 Few creatures participate of the nature of plants and metab 
 both, Bacon, 
 PAR-TIC'1-PaTE, V, U To partake; to share; to 
 receive a part of. 
 
 Fellowship 
 Such as I seek, fit to parti(ij.ate 
 
 All rational delight. Mdton, 
 
 PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TED, pp. Shared in common with 
 
 others ; partaken. 
 PAR-TlC'l-PA-TING,p;>r. Having a part or share ; 
 
 partaking. 
 
 PAR-TIC-1-Pa'TION, 7u The state of sharing in 
 common with others ; as, a participation of joys or 
 sorrows. 
 
 2. The act or state of receiving or having part of 
 something. 
 
 Those deities ai« bo by parddpation, and subordinate to the 
 Supreme. StUlingJIeet. 
 
 3, Distribution ; division into shares. Ralrah. 
 PAR-TIC'I-P.\-TIVE, a. Capable of participating. 
 PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TOR, n. One who partakes with 
 
 another. - 
 
 PaR-TI-CIP'I-AL, a. [L. participialis. See Parti- 
 ciple.] 
 
 1. Haring the nature and use of a participle. 
 
 2. Formed from a participle ; as, a participial noun. 
 PAR-TI-CIP'I-AL-LY, adu. In the sense or manner 
 
 of a participle. 
 PAR'TI-CI-l'LE, 71. [L. participium, from participo; 
 pars, part, and capio, to take.] 
 
 1. In grammar, a word so called because it partakes 
 of the properties of a noun and of a verb ; as, hav- 
 ing, making, in English ; habens, facials, in Latin. 
 The English participles having, making, become 
 nouns by prefixing the to them ; as, the having of 
 property ; tJie making of instruments. But all parti- 
 ciples do not partake of the properties of a noun, as 
 the passive participles, for example, had, made. 
 
 Participles sometimes lose the properties of a verb 
 and become adjectives ; as, willing, in the phrase, a 
 willing heart ; engaging, as engaging manners ; ac- 
 complished, as, an accomplished orator. 
 
 2. Any thing that participates of diflerent things. 
 [.Vo( used. ] Bacon. 
 
 PAR'TI-CLE, (plr'te-kl,) 71. [U. particola ; Fr. parti- 
 cule ; L. particula, from pars, part.] 
 
 1. A minute part or portion of matter; as, :i parti- 
 cle of sand, of lime, or of light. 
 
 2. In physici, a minute part of a body, an aggrega- 
 tion or collection of which constitutes the whole 
 body or mass. The word is sometimes used in the 
 same sense as atom, in the ancient Epicurean phi- 
 losophy, and corpuscle in the latter. In this sense, 
 particles are the elements or constituent parts of 
 bodies. Encyc. 
 
 3. Any very small portion or part ; as, he has not 
 a particle of patrititisin or virtue ; he would not re- 
 sign a particle of his properly. 
 
 4. In the Roman Catliolic church, a cruinb or little 
 piece of consecrated bread. Also, the smaller breads 
 distributed in the communion of the laity. 
 
 Fitzpatrick. 
 
 5. In grammar, a word that is not varied or in- 
 flected, as a preposition. 
 
 Organic particles ; very minute moving bodies, 
 perceptible only by the help of the microscoi)e, dis- 
 coveretl in the semen of animals. Encyc. 
 PAR-Tie'll-LAR, a, [Sp. and Port, id.; It. ;«ir(,co- 
 lare ; Fr. particalicr ; Low L. particuUiris, from par- 
 ticula,] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a single person or thing ; not gen- 
 eral ; as, this remark has a particular application. 
 
 2. Individii.al ; noting or (Icsignating n single thing 
 by way of distinction. Each plant has its jwriicttlar 
 nutriment ; most |R>rsons have a particular trait of 
 character ; he alludes to a particular person, 
 
 3. Noting some properly or thing jieculiar. 
 
 Of this prince there is little jtarUcutar meinory. Bacon. 
 
 4. Attentive to things single or distinct; ininiiti:. 
 I have been particular in examining the reiusons of 
 this law. 
 
 5. Single ; not general. 
 
 li. Odd ; singular; having something that emi- 
 nently distinguishes one from others. 
 
 7. Singularly nit:e in taste ; as, a man very partic- 
 ular in his diet or dress. 
 
 8. Special : more than ordinar}'. He has brought 
 no particular news. 
 
 9. Containing a part only ; as, a particular estate, 
 precedent to llie estate in remainder. Blackstone, 
 
 in. Iltililing a particular estate ; as, n particular 
 tenant, Blackstone. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK,— 
 
 Son ■ ~ 
 
PAR 
 
 II. In Iheoloiry, lliis term wns fnriiierly used in 
 rt'fi'rence to tlio I'iirticiil;irisls, or tliiisc who lu ld tlie 
 doctrine of particular election, &.C., and is still re- 
 tained in the n|ipullatiun Pai ticutur itaptists. 
 
 Brands. 
 
 PXK-Tie'll-LAR, n. A single instance; a single 
 point. 
 
 1 must reserve Boine parUcular$, which it i* not I.iwfiil for nio 
 to n^vciil. Damn. 
 
 2. A distinct, separate, or minute part ; as, lie told 
 me all the parliculars of the story. Mdi.wn. 
 An individual ; a private person. VKstranac. 
 
 4. Private interest ; as, they apply their minds to 
 those branches of public prayer, wherein their own 
 par/icidar is m(»ved. [JVot in usf.] Iluoker. 
 
 5. Private character; state of an individual. 
 Por hia porticiitar, I will receive him gUdly. \Not in utr.\ 
 
 .Shtdc. 
 
 C. A minute detail of things singly enumerated. 
 The mailer hnii a jmrticulnr of the bouka wherein this law waa 
 wrilten. [.Vol in usi.\ AyliJ'e. 
 
 In particular : specially ; peculiarly ; distinctly. 
 
 Tliis, in particufar^ happena to tlie lungs. B!acki7tore, 
 
 PXR-Tie'tJ-LAR-IS.M, n. Tlic doctrine of particular 
 election. Xlvrdnch. 
 
 PAR-Tie'U-I.AR-IST, n. One who holds to the doc- 
 trine of God's particular decrees of salvation and 
 reprobaticm. 
 
 PXR-Tie-q-LAR'I TY, n. Distinct notice or specifi- 
 cation of particulars. 
 
 tveii desceiuliug to parlicularititt, wh>it kingdoms hf s'tould 
 overcome. Siilttey. 
 
 2. Singleness ; individuality ; sinj-'le act ; single 
 case. Hooker. 
 
 3. Petty account ; minute incident. 
 
 To ace the titl'^a Ihiil wen* most agreeable to aucli an emperor — 
 with the like particit[<u-itie». Addidon. 
 
 4. Something belonging to single persons. SItalc. 
 
 5. Something peculiar or singular. 
 
 I I 
 
 iw an old heathen alLir with this ;«rfieu/on(w, tli »t it w; 
 holioweil like a diah at one end, but not the end on wliich tlie 
 
 He related the story with 
 
 aicrilice was laid. 
 
 6. Minuteness in detail 
 great particulitrittf, 
 PXR-Tie-U-LAR-'I-ZA'TION, ii. The act of particu- 
 larizing. 
 
 PXR-TIC'tJ-LAU-IZE, r. t. To mention distinctly or 
 hi particulars ; to enumerate or specify in detail. 
 
 He not only boasts ol" his parental' as an Iar.U-'lile, b\it pardcii- 
 larizea his descent (Voni Benjamin, AtUrbury. 
 
 PXR-Tie'lT-LAR-IZE, r. i. To be iittcntive to single 
 things. Ilerhi-rl. 
 
 PXR-Tie IJ-LAR-IZ-Kn, piK Enumerated in d. tail. 
 
 PXR-Tie'i;-I.AR-IZ-I.\G, ppr. Specifying minutely 
 or ill detail. 
 
 P.\K-Tie'q-LAR-LY, o</o. Distinctly; singly. 
 
 South. 
 
 2. In an especial manner. 
 
 This exact pi^priety of Virgil 1 pardcularly regarded na a groat 
 part of his character. Drydnn. 
 
 PXR-TICrr-L.^TE, to mention, is not in use. 
 PA RT'ING, p;ir. [horn part.] Dividing ; separating ; 
 breaking in pieci s. 
 
 2. a. Given at separation ; as, a parting kiss or 
 look. 
 
 3. Departing ; declining ; as, the parting day. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 PXRT'IN'G, n. Division ; separation. Ezek. x\i. 
 
 •2. In chemLitrtj, an operation or process by which 
 gold and silver are separatetl from each other. Urc. 
 
 3. In seanien^s tan^iutgey the breaking of a cable 
 hv violence. 
 PXil'TI-SA.V, n. [Fr., from parti, partir.] 
 
 1. .An adherent to a party or faction. Addison. 
 
 2. In war, the commander of a corps ttf light 
 troops designed to surprise the enemy, and carry on 
 a desultory warfare. 
 
 3. By lony o/rfistinction, a person able in command- 
 ing a party, or dextrous in obtaining intelligence, in- 
 tercepting convoys, or otherwise annoying an enemy. 
 
 4. A commander's leading staff". Ainswnrth. 
 
 5. A kind of halberd. [Kr. pcrtuisane; lU partigi- 
 ano.l 
 
 PXR'TI-SAN, a. Denoting those engaged in irregular 
 warfare on outposts ; as, a partisan otflcer or corps. 
 
 PXR'TI-SA.\-SHIP, n. The state of being partisans ; 
 adherence to a party. 
 
 PXR'TTTE, a. [L. partitus, from partis, to divide. 
 See Part.] 
 
 In botany, divided nearly to the base. A partite 
 leaf is a simple leaf separated down nearly to the 
 l>ase. Lindleo. Lee. 
 
 PX R-TI"TION, (-tish'un,) n. [L. partilio, from parlio, 
 to divide.] 
 
 1. The act of dividing, or state of being divided. 
 
 2. Division ; separation ; distinction. 
 
 And good from bad find no partition. Stiak. 
 
 3. Separate part; sis, lodged in a small partition. 
 , „ Mdton. 
 
 4. That by which dilTerent parts are separated ; as, 
 a partition of wood or stone in a building. 
 
 PAR 
 
 5. Part wliure separation is made. 
 
 No higlit ro'ild pass 
 Betwixt the nice parlilionn of the gnuia. Dryden. 
 C. Division of an estate into severalty, which is 
 done by deed (jf partition. Blackstone. 
 PXKTl"TIO.\, ». t. To ilivide Into distinct parts; 
 as, to partition the floor of a house. 
 
 2. To divide into shares ; as, to partition an estate. 
 PXR-T1"T10N-KI), (par-tish'und,) pp. Divided into 
 
 distinct parts t)r shares. 
 P.\ R-'I'I"TI()N-IN'C, ppr. Dividing into distinct 
 parts. 
 
 I'XR'TI-TIVE, a. In (p-ammar, distributive; as, a 
 noun partitive. It is often used as a noun. 
 
 PXR'Tl-'I'l VE-LY, ado. In a partitive inaiiner ; dis- 
 tribiitivily. Lilltj. 
 
 PART' LET, 71. [frtmi ;i<irf.] A rufT; a band or col- 
 lar for the neck, formerly worn by women ; so called 
 because it was the parting between the lieail-dress 
 nntl body-dress. [Ot'^-J //"'/■ Smart. 
 
 2. A hen ; so calleil Iroin the ruflling of her feath- 
 ers. [04s.] Shuk. Smart. 
 
 PXRT'LY, aril). In part ; in some ine;isure or degree ; 
 not wholly. 
 
 P.\RT'i\ER, n. [from part.] One who partakes or 
 shares with another; a partaker; an associate; as, 
 she is the partner of my life, of iny joys, of my 
 griefs. 
 
 Those of the race of Sliein were no pa inert in the unh'-Iieving 
 work of the tower. ttiUcgh. 
 
 9. An associate in any business or occupation ; a 
 joint owner of stock or capital, employed in coni- 
 inercc, manufactures, or other business. Men are 
 sometimes partners in a single voyage or adventure, 
 sometimes in a firm or stantling company. 
 
 3. One who dances with another, either male or 
 female, as in a contra dance. 
 
 4. A husband or wile. 
 
 PXRT'NER, I'. /. To join; to associate with a part- 
 ner. [Little jised.] Sliak. 
 
 PXRT'NERS, 71. In a skip, a framcwi.rk of short 
 timber fitted to the hole in a deck, to receive the 
 heel of a mast or pump, &c. H. Jf. Dana, Jr. 
 
 PART'^iER-SlIIP, 71. 'i'he associatitin of two or more 
 persons for the purpose of undertaking and prose- 
 cuting any business, particularly trade or manufac- 
 tures, at their joint e.\pense. In this case, the con- 
 nectitm is formed by contract ; each partner furnishing 
 a part of the capital stock, and being entitled to a 
 proportional share of profit, or subject to a propor- 
 tional share of loss ; or one or more of the partners 
 may fiiriiisli money or stock, and the titlier or others 
 contribute their services. The duratiim of the part- 
 nership may be limited by the ctintract, tir it may be 
 left indefinite, subject to bo dissolvetl Uy mutual 
 agreement. A partnership or association of this kind 
 is a standing or permanent company, and is denom- 
 inated a Jirni or house. \Vc say, A and H entered 
 into parf//rr.</j(;; for the importation and sale of goods, 
 or for manufacturing cotton or glass. 
 
 Partnerships may be and usually are associations 
 of private persons, not incorporated. In other cases, 
 the company is incorporated. Ranking companies, 
 in the United States, are usually incorporated, and 
 are essentially partnerships, but do not bear that 
 name. Manufacturing companies arc also frefpicntly 
 incorporated. 
 2. Joint interest or property. Dnjdrn. 
 
 PXR-TOOK', pret. of Partare. 
 
 PAR'Till'DGE, 71. [Fr. perdrii; U. peniice ; prr- 
 diz ; I,, prrdix ; Gr. ;t£,'J( J ; D. pafrijs ; Ir. patri.^tr,] 
 
 A vague, popular name of a consitlerable niiiiilier 
 of species of gallinaceous birds of the tetraonid 
 tribe, some of which belong to the genus Perdix, 
 some to Aliagis, some to Orlyx, stinie to Tetrao, &.C. 
 Within small sections of country, even in New Eng- 
 land, this name is differently and variously applied, 
 so that it is impossible to say exactly to wliat bird it 
 properly belongs. 
 PXR'TRinC;E-\VOOD,77. A variegated tropical wood, 
 much esteemed in England for cabinet work. P. Cyc. 
 PARTS, 71. pi. Faculties; talents; mental powers; 
 often, uncommon powers of mind. 
 2. Jlptilied to place, regitui ; district of country. 
 PAR-TO'RI-aTE, r. i. [L. parturio, from partus, 
 birth, from pario, to bear.\ 
 
 To bring forth young. [Little itsrrf.] 
 PXR-TO'RI-l'..\T, a. [I,, parturiens.^ 
 
 Bringing forth, or about to bring (tirth young. 
 PXR-TU-Rr'TIO.N, ( risli'uii,) „. [I,. parfiinV.] 
 
 The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of 
 young. Encye. 
 PAR'TY, II. [Fr. partie, from L. pars. See Part.] 
 
 1. A numhi-r of persons united in opinion or de- 
 sign, in opposition to others in the community. It 
 differs from F .ctiom, in implying a less dishonorable 
 a.ssociation, or more justifiable designs. Parties ex\sl 
 in all governments ; and free governments arc the 
 hot-hi ds of party. The political parties in England 
 are called ifAij-v and torics, 
 
 2. On>- of two litigants ; tlie plaintiff or defendant 
 in a lawsuit. 
 
 The canse of botii partita kIiaII come before the Judgea. — Ex. 
 
 PAH 
 
 3. One concerned or interested in an affair. Thia 
 man was not a party to the trespass or affray. He ik 
 not a party to the contract or agreement. 
 
 4. Side ; pirrsons engaged against each other. 
 
 The peace both partitt want la like to last. Dryrlen. 
 Small parlies make up in diligence wtiai tliej want in iiiiin(>>ra. 
 
 Joltnson. 
 
 5. Cause ; side. 
 
 Alijle came in to make their parly good. Dryd*n. 
 
 6. A select company invited to an entertainment; 
 as, a dining party ; a tea party ; an evening party. 
 
 7. A company inaiie up for a given occasion ; as, a 
 riding par^y ; a fishing part^. 
 
 8. A single person distinct from or opposed to an- 
 otlier. 
 
 If the ]ury fonnd that tlio party alain waa of Knglish mce, it hul 
 Iwcn adjudgvd lelony. Daoiet. 
 
 9. In military affairs, a detachment or small num- 
 ber of troops sent on a particular duty, as to inter- 
 cept the enemy's convoy, to reconnoiter, to seek 
 forage, to Hank the enemy, itc. 
 
 Party is used to (pialify other words, and may be 
 considered either as part of a coin|)ouiid word, or as 
 an adjective; as, party man, party rage, parfy dis- 
 putes, &c. 
 
 PXR'TY-eOL'OR-£D, ( kul'lurd,) a. Having divers 
 colors ; as, a party-colored flower. 
 
 PAH'TY-FEi\L'K-WALI/, n. A wall separating tllC 
 vacant ground in one occupation from that in an- 
 other. Oirilf. 
 
 PAR'TY-IS^I, 71. Devotion to party. [JVew.] 
 
 PXR'TY-.irt-RY, 71. A jury consisting of half natives 
 antl half foreigners. 
 
 PXR'TY-MAN, 71. One of a party; usually a factious 
 man ; a man of violent party principles; an abettor 
 of a party. 
 
 PAR'TY-SPIR'IT, n. The spirit that supports a 
 party. 
 
 PXR' i'Y-WALIj, 71. A wall tliat separates one house 
 from the next. jVoion. 
 
 PA-RO'LIS, 71. A gum boil. Brandr. 
 
 PAR'VE-.N'u', 71. [Fr.] An upstart, or one newly 
 risen into notice. 
 
 PAR'VIS, 71. [Fr.] A church porch ; also, a room 
 over the church porch for a school, &c. [JVol used.] 
 Cluiuccr. Owilt. 
 
 PXR'VI-TUDE, ) ... , 
 
 PAR'Vl-TV i "■ Littleness. [JVot used.] 
 
 PAS, (pi,) «'. [Fr. pas, a step.] 
 
 1. .-^tep. 
 
 2. Right of going foremost; precedence. [JV'of 
 used.] Arbuthnot. 
 
 P.\seil, (pask,) 71. [Gr. Tvacxa.] The passover ; the 
 
 feast of I'iaster. 
 P.AS'CIIAL, (pas'kal,) a. [L. pascha ; Gr. traaxn; 
 from til.- lleb.] 
 
 Pertaining to the passov^T, or to Easter. 
 Paschal fiower. See Pashue Flower. 
 P.A!^€H'-EGG, (pask'egg,) n. An eL'g stained and 
 present, d to voung persons, about the time of Easier, 
 PA.seH'-FLO\V-ER. Sec Pas.iue Flower. 
 PASII, 71. [Sp. /,;:, L. fades, face.] 
 
 1. .\ face. [A'l/t used.] Ilanmer. 
 .\ blow. [.Vut used.] 
 P.A.SII, f. (. To strike ; to -strike down. [JVol used.] 
 ^ ^ Dryden, 
 
 PA-SIIAW, 71. [Pcrs. Lib pashaw.] 
 
 In the Turkish dominions, a viceroy, governor, or 
 commander ; a b.asliaw. Castle. Kalon. 
 
 PA-SIIAW'UC, II. The jurisdiction of a pasliaw. 
 PA-SIG'RA-PHV, 71. [Gr. 7ru$, and ) /ja.pr,.] 
 
 A system of universal writing, or a manner of 
 writing that may be understood and used by all na- 
 tions. ' Good. 
 PASQUE'-FI.OW-ER, (p,ask'floiv-er,) n. A flower, a 
 species of Anemone, Anemone Pulsatilla, growing 
 ill Europe, and usually flowering about Easter. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 PAS'OUIL, (pas'kwil,) ti. and c. t. Sometimes used 
 for Pasqcin. 
 
 PAS'aUIL-AN'T, n. A lampooner. Coleridge. 
 
 P.\S'ai'Ib-ER, 71. A lampooner. Burton. 
 
 PAS'UL'I.N', 71. .\ mutilated statue at Rome, in a cor- 
 ner of the palace of Ursini, so called from a cobbler 
 of that name who was remarkable for his sneers and 
 gibes, and near whose shop the statue was dug up. 
 On this statue it has been customary to paste satiric 
 papers. Hence, a lampoon. Kncyc. .tmer. 
 
 P.A.'^'tifJIiV, ( V. t. To lampoon ; to satirize. 
 
 PAS-(1UI.N-.aDE', j Burton. 
 
 PAS-ftUIN-ADE', 71. A lampoon or satirical writing. 
 
 Toiler. 
 
 PASS, V. i. [Fr. passer, IL passare, Sp. pasar. Port, 
 passar, to pass ; G. pass, tit, which is the Eng. pat, 
 and as a noun, a pa.<,>, a defile, an ambling, pace ; 
 passcn, to be fit, to suit ; D. pas, a pace, a step, a pa^, 
 a pass.ige, a defile, time, season ; I'aTi pas, fit, con- 
 venient, pat in time ; passen, to fit, to try, to mind, 
 tend, or wait on, to make ready, to pass ; Dan. pas, a 
 pass or pa.<sport, a mode or medium ; passer, to be 
 fit, to suit, to be applicable ; pa.iserrr, to pa-ss, to 
 come or go over ; Sw. pas,<, a pass or passage, a pass- 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 101 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 port ; passa, to fit, to suit, to adapt, to become ; pas- 
 scra, to pass ; W. p&s, tliat iS, expulsive, that causes 
 to pass, a pass, an exit, a cough, hooping-cough ; 
 pasiav), to pass, to cause an exit, to expel ; Sp. pasar, 
 to pass, to go or travel, to bring or convey, to pene- 
 trate, to exceed or surpass, to depart, to suffer, bear, 
 undergo, (I., patior, whence pansiiin,) to happen or 
 come to pass \ pajear, to walk ; paseo, a walking ; a 
 gait; pa.*;o, a pace, a step, gait, (Or. Tzarcco ;) It. pas- 
 sare, to pass ; passo, a pace, a step ; passabile, tolera- 
 ble ; passibile, suffering. \Ve observe that this word 
 unites pass, the L. patior, to suffer, and peto, competo, 
 in the sense of ft. The Gr. irartaj, to walk or step, 
 and Toirxa), to suffer, are from the same root. The 
 word pass coincides with L. passus, a step, and this 
 is from pando, to extend ; n being casual, the original 
 word waspado. The radical sense is, to stretch, reach, 
 extend, to open ; a pace is the reach of the foot, and 
 Jilness is from reaching or coming to, like convenient. 
 We learn from this word that the sense of sufferiiiir 
 is from extending, holding on, or continuing. See 
 
 in the Introduction. Ar. ,Il>Ls fata, to pass; Heb. 
 noB, pero, Ch. yss ; Class Bd, No. 45, G4, and Bs or 
 Bz, No. 52, 53, 70.] 
 
 1. To move, in almost any manner ; to go ; to pro- 
 ceed from one place to another. A man may pass on 
 font, on horseback, or in a carriage ; a bird and a 
 meteor pass through the air ; a ship passes on or 
 through the water ; light passes from the sun to the 
 planets ; it passes from the sun to the earth in about 
 eight minutes. 
 
 2. To move from one state to another ; to alter or 
 change, or to be changed in condition ; as, to pass 
 from health to sickness ; to pass from just to unjust. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 3. To vanish ; to disappear ; to be lost. In this 
 sense, we usually say, to pass away. 
 
 Beauly is a charm, but soon the charm will pass. Drydtn. 
 
 4. To be spent ; to go on or away progressively. 
 
 The lime when the thin? existed is llie idea of ih.^l space of 
 diimtion whidi passed between some fixed period .and the 
 beiii^ of th.it thill'. Locke. 
 
 5. To die ; to depart from life. [Little tttfrf.] Shale. 
 
 6. To be in any state; to undergo; with under; 
 as, to pass under the rod. 
 
 7. To be enacted ; to receive the sanction of a 
 legislative house or body by a majority of votes. 
 
 Neither of these bills has yel pasted the house of commons. 
 
 Smfl. 
 
 8. To be current ; to gain reception, or to be gen- 
 erally received. Bank bills pas.* as a substitute for coin. 
 
 False eloquence jMsseth only where true is not understood. 
 
 Felan. 
 
 9. To be regarded ; to be received in opinion or es- 
 timation. 
 
 'I'his will not pass for a fault in him, till it is proved to be one iu 
 us. AlUrbury. 
 
 10. To occur ; to be present ; to take place ; as, to 
 notice what passes in the mind. Watts. 
 
 11. To be done. 
 
 Provided no indirect act pass ujion uur prayers to delile them. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 12. To determine ; to give judgment or sentence. 
 
 Though well we may not pass upon his life. SkaJc. 
 
 13. To thrust ; to make a push in fencing or fight- 
 ing. Shak. 
 
 14. Toomit ; to suffer to go unheeded or neglected. 
 We saw the act, hut let it pass. 
 
 15. To move through any duct or opening, as 
 substances in the stomach that will not pass, nor be 
 converted into aliment. Miuthnot. 
 
 16. To percolate ; to be secreted, as juices that 
 pass from the glnods into the mouth. 
 
 17. To be in a tolerable state. 
 
 A midillinsf son of man was left well enough by hie fiither to 
 pnss, Cm he could never Uiiiik he had enough, so long as 
 any had more. Eslrange. 
 
 18. To be transferred from one owner to another. 
 The land article patscd by livery and seizin. 
 
 lU. To go beyond bounds. [04k.] For this we 
 generally use Surpash. Shah. 
 
 20. To run or extend, as a line or other thing. 
 The north limit of MiLsnachusetts piu.<cj; three miles 
 north of the .Mcrrimac. 
 
 To come to pass; to happen ; to arrive ; to come ; 
 to be ; Ut exist ; a phrase much used in the Scriptures. 
 
 To pass away ; to move from sight ; to vanish. 
 
 2. To be spent ; to be lost. 
 
 k fooil part of th<-ir liv.-a passes nxtay without tiunV\ng. Loeke. 
 To pass by ; to move near and beyond. lie passed 
 hy aj we Htood in the road. 
 To pass on; to proceird. 
 
 To pass over ; to go or move from side to side ; to 
 croflM ; an, to pass over In the otlu-r nidi-. 
 
 To pass into; to unite and bli-iid, aw (wn substances 
 orcolom, in Hiirh n manner that it in IniptMslhlo to 
 tell where one ends and the o lii'r heginn. 
 PAl^H, r. t. To g(» bi-y4irid. 'I lie kuu Iklh passed the 
 in -ridian. The young man has not passed the age 
 of frivoluiimiexs. 
 
 2. To go tlirough or over ; as, to pass a river. 
 
 3. To spend ; to live through ; as, lo pa.ts time ; to 
 pass the night in revelry, and the day in sleep. 
 
 4. To cause to move ; to send ; as, to pa.is the 
 bottle from one guest to another -, to pass a pauper 
 from one town to another ; to pass a rope round a 
 yard ; to pass the blood from the right to the left 
 ventricle of the heart. Derham. 
 
 5. To cause to move hastily. 
 
 1 had only time to pass my eye over the medals, which are in 
 great number. Afidison. 
 
 6. To transfer from one owner to another ; to sell 
 or assign ; as, to pass land from A to B by deed ; to 
 pass a note or bill. 
 
 7. To strain ; to cause to percolate ; as, to pass 
 wine through a filter. Bacon. 
 
 8. To utter ; to pronounce ; as, to pass compli- 
 ments ; to pass sentence or judgment ; to piu^s cen- 
 sure on another's works. IVatts. 
 
 9. To procure or cause to go. 
 
 Waller passed over five thousand horse and fool by Newbridge. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 10. To put an end to. 
 
 This night 
 
 We'll ^xiss Ihe business privately and well. ShaJi. 
 
 11. To omit ; to neglect either to do or to mention. 
 
 I pass their w;ulike pomp, their proud amy. Dryden. 
 
 12. To transcend ; to transgress or go beyond ; as, 
 to pass the bonne's of moderation. 
 
 13. To admit ; to allow ; to approve and receive 
 as valid or just; as, to pass an account at the 
 war-oHice. 
 
 14. To approve or sanction by a constitutional or 
 legal majority of votes ; as, the house of representa- 
 tives passeil the bill. Hence, 
 
 15. To enact ; to carry through all the forms 
 necessary to give validity ; as, the legislature posse*/ 
 the bill into a law. 
 
 16. To impose fraudulently ; as, she pa.ssed the 
 child on her husband for a boy. Dnjden. 
 
 17. To practice artfully ; t.i cause to succeed ; as, 
 to pass a trick on one. 
 
 18. To surpass ; to excel ; to exceed. 
 
 19. To thrust ; to make a push in fencing. 
 
 To see thee fight, to see Ihee pass thy piinclo, ShaJc. 
 To pass away ; to spend ; to waste ; as, to pass 
 away the flower i f life in idleness. 
 To pais by ; to pass near and beyond. 
 
 2. To overlook; to excuse; to forgive; not to 
 censure or punish ; as, to />ass by a crime or fault. 
 
 3. To neglect ; to disregard. 
 
 Certain passages of Scnpture we can not pass by without injury 
 to Uulh. Surtiel. 
 
 To pass over ; to move from side to side ; to cross ; 
 as, to pass over a river or mountain. 
 
 2. To omit ; to overlook or disregard. He passed 
 over one charge without a reply. 
 PXSS,n. [W. pSs.] 
 
 1. A narrow pa.ssage, entrance, or avenue ; a nar- 
 row or difficult place of entrance and exit ; as, a pass 
 between nioiiut;iins. Encyc. Clarendon. 
 
 2. A passage ; a road. Ralegh, 
 
 3. Permission to pass, to go or to come; a license 
 to pass ; a passport. 
 
 A gentleman had a pass to go beyond the Sena. Clarendon. 
 A ship sailing under the flag and pass of .an enemy. Kent. 
 
 4. An order for sending vagrants or impotent per- 
 sons to their place of abode. Johnson. 
 
 5. In fencing and fgliting, a thrust ; a push ; at- 
 tempt to stab or strike ; as, to make a pass at an 
 antagonist. Hence, 
 
 6. A term applied to the manipulations of an oper- 
 ator in mesmerism. 
 
 7. State; condition or extreme case; extremity. 
 
 To what a pass an" our minds brought. Sidney. 
 Matters have been brought to tliis pass. Soitln. 
 
 PAPS'-BOOK, 71. A hook in which a merchant or 
 trader enters the articles bought on credit, for the 
 information of the purchaser. Bouvirr. 
 
 PASS-PA-UflLI-y, It. [pass and parole."] In military 
 affairs, a conimand given at the ht:ad of an army ami 
 communicated by word of mouth to the rear. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 PASS'-WOUD, 71. A word to be given before a" per- 
 son is allowed to pass ; a watch-word. 
 PASS'A-ltI,i;, n. [U. passalide.] 
 
 1. That >iiay be passed, traveled, or navigated. 
 The roads are not passable. The stream is passa- 
 ble in boats. 
 
 2. That may be penetrated ; as, a substance passa- 
 ble by a Miilil. 
 
 3. (■urriiil ; receivable; that maybe or is trans- 
 ferred from hand to hanil ; as, hills passable in lieu 
 of coin. False coin is not pa.'t.inJjlr. 
 
 4. Popular ; well received. Bacon. 
 
 5. 'roleralile ; moderate ; as, passable beauty. 
 PASS'A-lll,Y,<«/o. Tolerably. 
 
 p.\^ ^2 IIP' 1 
 
 PAS SA'Ilo;! «■ A push or thrust. 
 
 P,\S-SAI)i;', n. [Fr.] In //ic mniie<re, a turn or course 
 of n horse backward or forward on the same spot of 
 groiintl. y.nryc. 
 
 PAS'SAGE, 71. [Fr. passage; .Sp. pasage; It. passag- 
 
 1. The act of passing or moving by laud or water, 
 or through the air or other substance ; as, the passage. 
 of a man or a carriage ; t\iepa.i.-<ase of a slop or a fowl ; 
 the pas.iarrc of light or a meteor ; the passage of 
 fluids through the pores of the body, or from the 
 glands. Clouds intercept the passa:re of solar rays. 
 
 2. The time of passing from one place to another. 
 What passage had you V\'e had a passage of 
 twenty-five days to Havre de Grace, and of thirty- 
 eight days from England. 
 
 3. Road ; way ; avenue ; a place where men or 
 things may pass or be conveyed. Temple. 
 
 And with his pointed (Larl 
 Explores Ihe nei^tetl passage to his heart. Dryden. 
 
 4. A pass or encounter ; as, a passage at arms. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 5. Entrance or exit 
 
 What 1 are my doors opposed agiiinst my ;xwsa»e? SJutk. 
 
 6. Right of passing ; as, to engage a passage on 
 board a ship bound to India. 
 
 7. Occurrence ; event ; incident ; that which hap- 
 pens ; as, a remarkable pos.vau-c in the life of New- 
 ton. [See the Spanish verb, supra. This sense is 
 obsolescent.] 
 
 8. A pas.'-ing away ; decay. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 9. Intellectual admittance ; mental reception. 
 
 Among whom 1 expect this In'atise will have a faii>T passage 
 tllan among those deeply imbued with otiier principl. s. 
 
 ilijiy. 
 
 10. Manner of being conducted ; management. 
 
 On considerauon of ihe conduct and passage of alfairs in former 
 liii.es. . Davies. 
 
 11. Part of a book or writing ; a single clause, 
 place, or part, of indefinite extent. 
 
 How coniiiientaturs each dary passage shun. Youn^. 
 
 12. In music, a short portion of an air or tune. 
 
 13. Eiiacliiient ; the act of carrying through all 
 the regular forms necessary to give validity ; as, the 
 passage of a law, or of a bill into a law, by a legis- 
 lative body. Hopkinson, H'heaton*s Rfp. 
 
 His agency in procuring the passage of the suunp act was inor^ 
 th.m suspected. Hosack. 
 
 14. The part of a building allotted for giving ac 
 cess to the diflVreiit apartineiits. Brnnde. 
 
 Bird vf passage : a bird that passes at cert.nin sea- 
 sons from one climate to another, as in autumn to 
 the south to avoid the winter's cold, and in spring 
 to the north for breeding. Hence, the phrase is 
 sometimes applied to a man who has no fixed 
 residence. 
 
 PAS'S,\-<!;ER, 71. [Fr., from pcs.'sage ; It. passaggiere.] 
 The regular orthography of Passenger, which 
 see. 
 
 PAS'SANT, a. In heraldry, walking, from Fr. pos- 
 snnt, a passenger, traveler. 
 
 2. Cursory ; careless. Barrow. 
 On a passant review of wh-at I wrote to the bishop. 
 
 Sir Peter Pell's Pre/ace 10 Bp. Barloif*s Gen. Uemnins. 
 
 En passant, (an-pis'siug,) [Fr.] By the way ; 
 slightly ; in haste 
 PASS'A'D, I pp. or a. Gone by ; done ; accomplished ; 
 PAST, i ended. 
 
 2. Enacted ; having received all the formalities 
 necessary lo constitute a law. 
 PAS'SEN-GER, 71. Literally, one who passes; as, 
 passengers over a bridge. Usually, one who travels 
 in some established conveyance, as a stage-coach, 
 steamboat, &.C. 
 
 Passenger falcon; a kind of migratory hawk. 
 
 .Ainsicorth. 
 
 PXS.^'ER, 77. One that p.asses ; a passenger. Rowe. 
 PASS'ER-BV, 71. One who goes by or near. 
 P.\S'SER-KS, 71. pi. [L., sparrows.] See Passer- 
 ines. 
 
 PAS'SER-iNE, (-in,) a. [L. passer, a sparrow.] 
 
 Pertaining to sparrows, or to the order of birds to 
 wliicii sparrows belong, the Passeres. 
 PAS'SER-l.N'ES, 71. pi. The order of birds to which 
 the sparrows belong. They usu.ally feed on inserts, 
 fruit, or grain. Brandt: 
 PAS-SI-1!II,'I-TV, 71. [Fr. passibititi, from passible. 
 See Passiov.] 
 
 The quality or capacity of receiving impressions 
 from external agents ; aptness to feel or suffer. 
 
 Ifalcewill. 
 
 P.\S'SI-I!I,E, a. [Fr. passible; It. passibile. See 
 
 Pas-Hon.] 
 
 Susceptible of feeling or of impressions from ex- 
 ternal agents. 
 
 Apullinarius held even Deity lo lie passible. Hooker. 
 
 P.\S'SI-liI,E NESS. The same as Passidilitt. 
 PjIS'SI.M, [I,.] Here and there ; every where. 
 PA."^.->'IN(;, ;'/ir. or (I. Moving; proceeding; going by 
 
 2. a. Exceeding; surpassing; eminent. Fatrfaz. 
 
 3. Adverbially used to enforce or enhance the 
 meaning t>f another word ; exceedingly ; as, passing 
 fair ; passing strange. 
 
 P.\.-<S'I ,N'0, 71. The act (>f passing or going past. 
 I'\SS'IN(;-I!EI,I-, 71. 'l lie bell that rings iit the hour 
 
 FATK, FAR, Pf^Lh, WH^T. — M£TE, PRBY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 PAT 
 
 of ri(*alh til obtain prnycrs for the jmssini,' sonl. U is 
 also iisL-d I'ur tho bell thai rings immediately after 
 nealli. 
 
 PXSS'ING LY, arfo. Exceedingly. [Ob.i.] IVichf. 
 
 l*>iSS'IN<^NoTE, V. In niu.-nc., a note introduced be- 
 iween two others for the purpose of soflt:nint! a dis- 
 tance or melodizing a passage. Biisby. 
 
 P.^S'SION, (pasii'un,) «. [L. pussio, from patior, to 
 sulIVr.] 
 
 I. 'i'he impression or effect of an external agent 
 upon a body ; that which is suffered or received. 
 
 A boiiy al n'st allonis us no idcft of any «clivc power to move, 
 nnil when set in motion, it is rather r. ;«**'io« llian an acli..n 
 in iu Locke. 
 
 •2. Snsccptibility of impressions from external 
 agents. 
 
 Till! dirTcrencfs of moldablp and not moldable, Ac, and many 
 otli' T jMasions of inatter, are pleU-ian noiionii. [LitUe 
 \tstd. I Bacon. 
 
 3. Sutferingj empAaticaUi/, the last suffering of the 
 Savior. 
 
 To whom also he Bhowed himself alive after bis passion, by many 
 iiifillible prooft. — Acts i. 
 
 4. The feeling of the mind, or the sensible effect of 
 impression ; excitement, perturbation, or agitation of 
 mind, as desire, fear, hope, joy, urief, love, hatred. 
 The eloquence of the orator is einpli^ycd to move the 
 pa.-tsion.'f. 
 
 5. Violent agitation or excitement of mind, partic- 
 ularly such as is occasioned by an offense, injury, or 
 insult ; hence, violent an::er. Watts, 
 
 6. Zeal i ardor ; vehement desire. 
 
 Wh'-ii atil.'smeji are riilf'd by faciion and interest, they can Iwve 
 no pateion for the giory of tiieir (Muntry. Adiluon. 
 
 7. Love. 
 
 He owned hispa««ion for Ameatria, Rove. 
 
 S. Eager desire ; as, a violent pa.fsion for fine 
 clothes. Srclft. 
 
 PAS'SION, (pash'un,)K. i. To be e.xtremely agit,ated. 
 [JV^(i( tt.v/"rf. 1 Shak. 
 
 PA.'S'SIO.V-FLOW-ER, n. A flower and plant of the 
 genus Passiflora. This genus was so named from 
 beini supposed to represent, in the appendages of its 
 flower, the passion of our Savior. I.imiton. 
 
 PAS'SION-WEEK, n. The week immediately pre- 
 ceding the festival of Easter ; so called because in 
 that week our Savior's passion and death took place. 
 
 PAS'SION-A-RY, n. A book in which are described 
 the sufferings of saints ami martyrs. fVartun. 
 
 PAg'SION-ATE, a. [h. pas.^-iotiato : Fr. ptLisioimi.] 
 
 1. Easily nioved to anger ; easily excited or agi- 
 tated by injury or insult ; applied to persons. 
 
 Homer's Achilles is haughty and passionale. Prior. 
 
 2. Highly excited ; vehement ; warm ; applied to 
 thinrrx; as, pas.-iionatc afCKCllon ; passionate desire; 
 pa.^-sioiiate concern. 
 
 3. Expressing strong emotion ; animated; as,pas- 
 sionntr. eloquence. 
 
 PAS'SION-aTE, p. t. To affect with passion ; to ex- 
 press passionately. [JW>( «>-e^/.] Spenser. Shak, 
 PAS'810N-ATE-I1Y, adv. With passion ; with strong 
 feeling ; ardently ; vehemently ; as, to covet any 
 thing pas.<tinnately i to be pa^sionatehi fond. 
 
 2. Angrily; with vehement resentment; as, to 
 speak pas-tionat-elii. 
 PAS'SIO.S'-ATE-NESS, n. State of being subject to 
 passion or auger. 
 2. Vehemence of mind. Bm/lr.. 
 PAS'SION-£D, (pash'und,) a. Disordered ; violently 
 affected. Spe.n.ier. 
 2. Expressing passion. Spiniser. 
 PAS'SION-LESS, a. Not easily excited to anger ; of 
 a calm tem|ier. Shelton. 
 2. Void of passion. 
 P.^S'SrVE, a. [IL passive I Sp. pa-Hvo ; Fr. passif; L. 
 passipiut, frotn passiui, patitn-y to suffer.] 
 
 1. Suffering ; not acting ; not receiving or capable 
 of receiving impressions from external agents. We 
 were passive spectators, not actors in the scene. 
 
 The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 God is not in any respect passive. Bradwardine. 
 
 2. Unresisting; not opposing; receiving or suffer- 
 ing without resistance; as, pasiioe obedience ; pas- 
 sive submission to the laws. 
 
 Pa.isice verb, in grammar, is a verb which expresses 
 passion, or the elfecl of an action of some agent ; 
 as, in L. doceor, I am taught ; in English, she is loced 
 and admired by her friends ; he fs assailed by slander. 
 
 Passive obedience^ as used by writers on govern* 
 menl, denotes not only quiet, unresisting submission 
 to power, but implies the denial of the right of re- 
 sistance, or the recognition of the duty to submit, in 
 all cases, to the existing government. 
 
 Pa.isive prayer, among mystic divines, is a sus- 
 pension of the activity of the soul or intellectual 
 faculties, the soul remaining quiet and yielding only 
 to the impulses of grace. Kncyc. 
 
 Pa.-tsive commerce : trade in which the proiluctions 
 of a country are carried by foreigners in their own 
 bottoms. [See Active Commerce.] 
 PAS'S! VE-IiY, (k/p. With a p.assive nature or tem- 
 
 per ; with a temper disposed to subinil to ihi! acts of 
 external agi'nls, without resistance. Dryilcn. 
 
 2. Without agency. Pearson. 
 
 3. After the for f the passive verb. Lilly. 
 
 PAS'SIVE-NESS, 71. Cluality of receiving impres- 
 sions from external agents or causes ; as, the pas- 
 siveness of matter. 
 
 2. Passibility ; capacity of suffering. 
 
 Wy shall lose our ;ia«iitiene«s wlUi our bein*. Decay of Piety, 
 
 3. Patience ; calmness ; unresisting submission. 
 
 Fell. 
 
 PAS-SIV'I-TY, 71. Passiveness, which sec. [Little 
 iised.'\ Cheyne. 
 
 2. The tendency of a body to persevere in a given 
 state, either of motion or rest, till disturbed by an- 
 other body. Good. 
 
 PASS'-KEY, ( ke,) n. A key for opening many 
 locks. 
 
 PASS'TjESS, n. Having no pass or passage. Cmvley. 
 
 PXSS'O-VEa, n. [pa.is and fver.] A fi;a.st of the 
 Jews, instituted to commemorate the providential 
 escape of the Hebrews, in Egypt, when God, smiting 
 the first-born of the Egyptians, passed over the 
 liouses of the Israelites, which were marked with 
 the bltHid of the paschal lamb. 
 
 2. The sacrifice offered at the feast of the pass- 
 over. 
 
 P.XSS'PoRT, 71. [Fr. passepnrl; passer, to p.ass, and 
 porter, to carry; It. pa.i.tapurto ; S^p. pasaporlc.] 
 
 1. A written license from a king, or other proper 
 authority, granting permission or safe conduct for 
 one to p.ass through his territories, or to pass from 
 one country to another, or to navigate a particular 
 sea without hinderance or molestation. 
 
 2. A license for importing or ex|)orting contraband 
 goods or movables without paying the usual duties. 
 
 3. That which enables one to pass with safety or 
 certainty. 
 
 His passport is his innocence anil gnicr. Dryden. 
 PAS'SY-MEAS'tTRE, (-mezh'ur,) n. [It. passameiio, 
 middle pace or slop.] 
 
 An old stately kind of dance ; a cinque-pace. 
 [Obs.] Shak. 
 PAST, pp. or a. from Pass. Gone by or beyond ; not 
 present ; not future. 
 2. Spent ; ended ; accomplished. 
 PAST, 71. Elliptically, past lime; as, indemnity for the 
 
 past. Fenton. 
 PAST, prep. Beyond in time. Heb. li. 
 
 2. Having lost; not possessing; as, he was past 
 sense of feeling. 
 
 3. Beyond ; out of reach of ; as, he was past cure 
 or help. 
 
 Love, when once pa^t government, is consequently past shame. 
 
 L* Estrange. 
 
 4. Beyond ; further than ; as, past the boundary. 
 
 5. Above ; more than. 
 
 The northern Irish Scuts have bows not past three quarters of a 
 yanl long. Spenser. 
 
 [JVrtf now \tsed.'\ 
 
 6. A ter; beyond in time. The company assem- 
 bled al half past seven, that is, at half an hour after 
 seven. 
 
 PASTE, 71. [Fr. pSfe, for paste ; It. and Sp.pa.«(a. Qu. 
 L. pistus, or Gr. n-airtri.i, to sprinkle, or some root 
 which signifies to mix and knead.] 
 
 1. A soft composition of substances, as flonr moist- 
 ened with water or milk and kneaded, or any kind 
 of earth moistened and formed to the consistence of 
 dough, as in making poller's ware. 
 
 2 A kind of cen;; made of flour and water 
 boiled, u.sed for uniting paper or other substances. 
 
 3. A fine and brilliant kind of glass used in mak- 
 ing imitations of precious stones or gems. 
 
 4. In mineraloiry, the mineral substance in which 
 other minerals are imbedded. 
 
 PASTE, p. f. To unite or cement with paste ; to fas- 
 ten tvith paste. H^atts. 
 
 PASTE'liOARD, 71. A species of thick paper, formed 
 of seveml single sheets pasted one U[Min another, or 
 by maceniling paper and casting it in molds, &.c. It 
 is used for the covering of hooks, for bonnets, &c. 
 
 PAST'EU, pp. or a. Cemented with paste. 
 
 PAS'TEL, 71. [Fr.] A plant afl'ording a blue dye, the 
 wood f.tatis tinctoria. Ed, Encyc. Ure, 
 
 2 [Sp.] A colort!d crayon. [See PastiuJ 
 
 PAS'TERN, 71. [Fr. pHuron.} 
 
 1. The part of a horse's leg between the joint next 
 the fool and the coronet of the hoof. Farm. Kncyc 
 
 2. The human leg, in contempt. Drndeiu 
 PAS'TERN-JOINI', n. The joint in a horse's leg 
 
 next the fool. 
 
 PAS-TIC'CIO, (pls-lich'y6,) i«. [It.] A medley; an 
 olio. Sttinbume. 
 
 2. In painting, a picture painted by a master in a 
 style dissimilar to that which he usually adopted. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 PAS'TIL, ) n. [U pastiUu.1 ; lU pa.itigUa : Fr. pas- 
 
 PAS-TILI.E', i tille. .See Pa.ste.J 
 
 1. .\ roll of paste, or a kind of paste made of dif- 
 ferent colors grountl with gum-water, and used like 
 a crayon. Encyc. 
 
 2. In pharmncy, a dry composition of Hweel-«mell- 
 iiig resins, aniuiatic woods, 4i.c., burnt to ch ar and 
 scent the air of a room. Heberl 
 
 3. An agreeable kind of sugar confectionery. 
 PAS'TI.^IE, 71. [pass t\tu\ time,] Sjiort ; amusement; 
 
 diversion ; that which amuses and serves to make 
 lime pass agreeably. Milton. Watts. 
 
 PAS'TI.ME, p. i. To sport ; to use diversion. [Liule 
 nsril. 1 
 
 PA.ST'ING, ppr. Cementing with p.aste. 
 
 PAS'TOR, 71. [L., from pa-ico, pastum, to feed, Gr. 
 fififTKi-y, \V. prsiri, Arm. pasya, Fr. paitre, for paistre, 
 like na'ilre, from L. 7ia.'*eo pastoviLyn, pasu. It 
 
 seems to be allied to bu.ih, I), bosch, G. biuch, Sw. 
 buskn, Dan. busk, as brutsse is to brash ; lU brusca ; 
 Gr. HoM^K-.] 
 
 1. A shepherd ; one that has the care of flocks and 
 herds. Dryden. 
 
 2. A minister of the gospel who has the charge of 
 a church and concrecation, whose duly is to watch 
 over the people of his charge, and in>lrucl them in 
 the saeretl doctrines of the Clirislian religion. 
 
 PAS'TOK-AI., a. [L. pa.-<torali.i.] [South, Swift, 
 
 1. Pertaining to shepherds ; as, a pastoral life ; pas- 
 toral manners. 
 
 2. Descriptive of the life of shepherds; a-s, a pas- 
 toral poem. 
 
 3. Relating to the care of souls, or to the pastor of 
 a church ; vla, pastoral care or duties ; a pastoral letter. 
 
 Hooker. Dryden, 
 Piety is the life and soul of pastoral fidelity. H. Humphrey. 
 PXS'TOR-AL, 71. A poem describing the life and 
 manners of shepherds, or a imicui in imitation of the 
 action of a shepherd, and in wliirh the speakers lake 
 upon themselves the character of shepherds; an id>l ; 
 a bucolic. Pope. 
 A pastoral is a poem in which any action or passion is repr©- 
 seiitrd by iu elfects on a country life. Rambler. 
 
 PAS-TO-RA'LE, n. [It.] A musical composition, 
 generally in measures of 6-4 and 6-8 time, in a sooth- 
 ins, tender stvle. 
 
 PAS'TOR-ATE, 71. The oflice, state, or jurisdiction, 
 of a spiritual pastor. President Sides, Tooke. 
 
 PAS'TOR-LESS, a. Having no pastor. 
 
 PAS'TOR-LIKE ) 
 
 PAS'TOR I Y ' I I'^'^<"'''''i! " pastor. Milton, 
 PAS'TOR-SaiP, 71. The office or rank of pastor. 
 
 Bull, 
 
 PaS'TRY, 71. [from paste] Articles of food in gen- 
 eral which are made of paste or dough, or of w hich 
 paste constitutes a principal ingredient, as pies, tarts, 
 cake, and the like. 
 2. The place where pastry is made. Shak, 
 PaS'TRY-COOK, 71. One whose occupation is to 
 make and sell articles of food made of paste. 
 
 Arbnthnot, 
 
 PXS'TTJR-A-BLE,a. [from pa.vtiirc.] Fit for pasture. 
 PAS'TliR-AGE, 71. [Vi pniura'rc. See Pasture.] 
 
 1. The business of feeding or grazing cattle. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 2. Grazing ground ; land appropriated to grazing. 
 
 -iitdi.son. 
 
 3. Gr.ass for feed. .IrbuthnoU 
 PAS'TIJllE, 71. [Fr. pdtnre, for pasture, from L. pas- 
 
 co, pa.-'-tum, to feed, (Jr. /inaKw.] 
 
 1. Grass for the food of cattle ; the food of cattle 
 taken by grazing. Brmen. 
 
 2. Ground covered with grass, to be eaten on the 
 spot by cattle, horses, &c. The farmer has a hun- 
 dred acres of pasture. It is sometimes called Pas- 
 
 TURE-LAr*D. ^ 
 
 3. Human culture ; education. [Aot used,'] 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 Common of pasture, is the right of feeding cattle on 
 
 another's ground. 
 PAS'TURE, r. t. To feed on grass, or to supply grass 
 
 for food. We apply the word to persons : as, the 
 
 farmer pastures fifty oxen ; or totrrounJ ; as, the land 
 
 will pa,sture fifty oven. 
 PAS'TI'RE, V. i. To graze; to take food by eating 
 
 grass from the ground. Milton, 
 PAS'TIIR-/;D, pp. Fed on grass. 
 PAS'TI;RE-LESS, a. Destitute of p.-i.sture. 
 PAS'TUK-IN'G, ppr. .Supplying with gr.ass for food. 
 PAS'TY, a. Like paste ; of the consistence of paste. 
 
 Cooper, 
 
 PAS'TY, ri. [from pa.'tc.] A pie made of paste and 
 baked wilhoul a tlish. Pnpe. King, 
 
 P.\T, a, [G. puss : D. pas. See Fit and Pass.] 
 
 Fit; convenient; exactly suitable either as to time 
 or place. 
 
 [iS'ol an elegant word, admissible in burlesque.] 
 AUcrbnry. Swift 
 
 PAT, adv. Fitly ; conveniently. Shak, 
 PAT, n. [W. fat, a blow ; /<jtia», to strike lightly, to 
 pat, Qii. Fr. paltc] 
 
 1. A light, quick blow, or stroke with the fingers or 
 hand. 
 
 2. A small mass which is beat into shape by pats; 
 as, a pat of biitti r. [F.n<rlL<h use] Smart, 
 
 P.\T, r. f. To strike gently with the fingers or hand ; 
 to lap. 
 
 Uay pats my BhoiiMer, nntt you vonbh quite. Pops. 
 
 TONE. BfJLL, tTNlTE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH aa in THIS. 
 
PAT 
 
 PA-TX'CA, i n. [from the Sp.] A Spanish coin 
 
 PAT-A-€OON', ( of the value of 4s. 8d. sterling, or 
 about SI. 04 cents. Sp. Diet. 
 
 PA-TXCHE', (pa-tish',) 71. [Sp.] A tender or small 
 vessel employed in conveying men or orders from one 
 ship or place to another. Sp. Diet. 
 
 PAT-A-VJi\'I-TY, n. The use of local words, or the 
 peculiar style or diction of Livy, tlie Rontan histori- 
 an ; so denominated from Patavitnn or Padna, the 
 place of his nativity. Brande. Lempricre. 
 
 PATCH, 7!. [It. pezza, a piece, Fr. piece, Ann. pei, Sp. 
 pieza. (iu.J 
 
 1. A piece of cloth ecwed on a garment to repair 
 it, Dnjden. 
 
 2. A small piece of any thing used to repair a 
 breach. 
 
 3. A small piece of silk used to cover a defect on 
 the face, or to add a charm. 
 
 4. A piece inserted in mosaic or variegated work. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 5. A small piece of ground, or a small detached 
 piece. S/iak. 
 
 6. A paltry fellow. This use is sometimes heard 
 in vulgar language ; as, a ctoss-patch. 
 
 PATCH, V. t. To mend by sewing on a piece or 
 pieces ; as, to patch a coat. 
 2. To adorn with a patch or with patches. 
 
 In Ut! middle boxes were E 
 of their faces. 
 
 eral ladies who patcjied bolh side! 
 
 SpeclaUir. 
 
 3. To mend with pieces ; to repair clumsily. Shak. 
 
 4. To repair with pieces fastened on ; as, to patch. 
 the roof of a house. 
 
 5. To make up of pieces and shreds. Rahfrh. 
 
 6. To dress in a party-colored coat. Shuk. 
 
 7. To make suddenly or hastily ; to make without 
 regard to forms ; as, to patch up a piece. 
 
 PATCH'£D, (patcht,) pp. or a. Mended with a patch 
 
 or patches ; mended clumsily. 
 PATCH'ER, n. One that patches or botches. 
 PATCH'ER-Y,n. Bungling work ; botcherv ; forgery. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 PATCH'ING, ppr. Mending with a piece or pieces; 
 botching. 
 
 PATCH'WORK, (-wurk,) 7i. Work composed of 
 pieces of various figures sewed together. Swift. 
 2. Work composed of pieces clumsily put together. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 PATE, n. [Qu. Ir. bathos, a top ; or Sp. and It. patma.] 
 
 1. The head, or rather the top of the head. Applied 
 to persons, it is now used in contempt or ridicide. 
 
 2. The skin of a calf's head. 
 
 3. In fortification, a kind of platform resembling 
 what is called a horse-shoe. Encyc. 
 
 PAT'ED, a. In composition, having a pate ; as, long- 
 paled, cunning; shallow-j;ate<i, having weak intel- 
 lect. 
 
 PA-TEE', ) n. In heraldnj, a cross small in the cen- 
 
 PAT TEE', i ter, and widening to the extremities, 
 which are broad. Brande. 
 
 PAT-E-FACTION, n. [L. patefactio ; patco, to open, 
 and facin, to make] 
 
 The act of opening or manifesting ; open declara- 
 tion. Pearson. 
 
 PA-TEL'LA, n. [L.] The knee-pan or cap of the 
 knee. 
 
 2. A univalvnlar shell-fish ; the limpet. 
 
 3. A small vase. 
 
 PA-TEI/LI-FORM, a. [L. patella, a dish, and form.] 
 
 Of the form of a dish or saucer. Barton. 
 PAT'EL-LITE, n. Fussil remains of the patella ; a 
 PAT'EX, j „ rj , [shell. 
 
 PAT'IN, j P"^"^"-! 
 
 1. A plate. [JVotused.] Shak. 
 
 2. The plate or vessel on which the consecrated 
 bread in the eucharist is planed. In the Roman Cath- 
 olic church, it is usually small, and so formed as to fit 
 the chalice or cup as a cover. Smyth. 
 
 PAT'ENT, a. [Ft., from L. patens, from patco, to 
 open ; Or. rtra'.i, Ch. nns, to open, dilate, or ex- 
 pand ; Syr. and Sam. id. Class Bd, No. 63, &». C6.] 
 Open ; spread ; expanded. 
 
 1. In botany, spreading; forming an acute angle 
 nearly approaching to a right angle with the stem or 
 branch ; as, a patent leaf. Martyn. 
 
 2. Open to the perusal of all ; as, letters patent. 
 [See Letteh.] 
 
 3. Appropriated by letters patent. 
 
 Madd'T — In the Uiiie of Cliarlcs Iho FiiTt, was mnde (i patent 
 coRirnodity. Mortimer. 
 
 4. Apparent : cnnspicuoiifl. Uorsley. 
 PAT'E.NT, V. A writing, given by the proper author- 
 ity and duly authenticated, granting a privilege to 
 Home perrton or perHons. Ily patent, or letters patent, 
 that iH, open li tterx, the king of Great Britain grants 
 landH, honorn, and francliiHcs. 
 
 2. A Himilar writing Hccuring to a person, for a 
 term of yearn, the exclusive right lo nn invention. 
 PAT'EN'I , r. 1. To grant liy patent. 
 
 2. To Hccurc the exclusive right of a thing ton per- 
 t4nn ; nH. tri patent an invention. 
 PAT'E.NT-A-in,E, a. That ran be patented. 
 P.\T'E.\T EI), pp. or a. (Jrnnti d by patent ; secured 
 by patent or by law nn nn excliixive privilege. 
 
 PAT 
 
 PAT-ENT-EE', n. One to whom a grant is made or 
 
 a privilege secured by patent or by law. 
 PAT'ENT-ING, jpr. Granting by patent; securing 
 
 as a privilege.' 
 PAT'ENT-OF'FICE, n. An office for the granting of 
 
 patents for inventions. 
 PAT'EN'T-RoLLS, n. pi. The records or registers of 
 
 patents. 
 
 PA-TER'NAL, a. [Fr. patemel ; L. paternus, from pa- 
 ter, father.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a lather ; fatherly ; as, paternal 
 care or affection ; paternal favor or admonition. 
 
 2. Derived from the father; hereditary; as, apa- 
 ternal estate. Drydcn. Addison. 
 
 PA-TER'N.\I.,-LY, adv. In a paternal manner. 
 PA-TER'NI-TY, n. [Fr. paternite ; It. paternitd.] 
 
 Fathership ; the relation of a father. 
 
 The world, while it had scarcity of people, underwent no other 
 doiiiiiiion Uian pa.teriuty and eiuersliip. Jtalegh. 
 
 Pa'TER-NOS'TER, ji. [L., our Father.] The Lord's 
 ]>raver. 
 
 Pji'TER PA'TRI-.S:, [L.] The father of his coun- 
 trv. 
 
 PXTH, n. ; pi. Paths. [Sax. path, path, or paad, paat ; 
 D. pad; G. pfad ; Sans, patha ; Gr. naro^, from Trureoi, 
 to tread. The sense of path is, beaten, (rod ; but the 
 primary sense of treading, stepping, is probably to 
 open, stretch, extend.] 
 
 1. A way beaten or trodden by the feet of man or 
 beast, or made hard by wheels ; that part of a high- 
 way on which animals or carriages ordinarily pass ; 
 applied to the ground only, and never to a paved street 
 in a city. 
 
 2. Any narrow way beaten by the foot. 
 
 3. The way, course, or track, where a body moves 
 in the atmosphere or in space ; as, ihe path of a plan- 
 et or comet ; the path of a meteor. 
 
 4. A v\'ay or passage. 
 
 5. Course of life. 
 
 He marlieth all my paths. — Job xxxiii. 
 
 6. Precepts ; rules prescribed. 
 
 tjphold my goings in thy /jfifAff. — Pa. jvii. 
 
 7. Course of providential dealings; moral govern- 
 ment. 
 
 All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth to such as keep 
 his covenant. — Ps. xxv. 
 
 PATH, V. t. [Sax. pcththian.] 
 
 1. To make a path by treading ; to beat a path, as 
 in snow. United States. 
 
 2. To push forward ; to cause to go ; to make way 
 for. Shak. 
 
 PATH, V. i. To walk abroad. Shak. 
 
 PA'f H'i^U, (pathd,) pp. Beaten into a path. 
 
 PATH-E-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. TuO^i/ia, what is suffered.] 
 Pertaining to or designating affection, or that which 
 is suffered. Mackintosh. 
 
 PA-THET'ie, ) 0. [Gr. TtaOnriKOf, from ir-iOof, 
 
 PA-THET'IC-AL, ( passion ; iraaxoi, to suffer.] 
 Affecting or moving the passions, particularly pity, 
 sorrow, grief, or other tender emotion ; as, a pathetic 
 song or discourse ; pathetic expostulation. Spectator. 
 
 PA-THET'ie, n. Style or manner adapted to awaken 
 the passions, especially tender emotions. 
 
 A musician at Venice is said to have so excelled in the pathetic, 
 as to be able to play any of his auditors into distraction. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 PA-THET'ie-AL-LY, adv. In such a manner as to 
 excite the tender passions. 
 
 PA-THET'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of moving 
 the tender passions. 
 
 PATH'E-TISM, 7t. [Gr. naOos.] 
 
 The agency by which one person, by manipula- 
 tion, produces emotion, feeling, passion, or other 
 physical or mental effect, in the system of another; 
 suscejuiliility of emotion or feeling, of any kind, 
 from physical contact, or symp.athy with the will 
 of another; another name for Mesmerism. 
 
 Sunderland. 
 
 PXTH'-FI,V, 71. A flv found in foot-p.aths. 
 
 PATII'lC, 71. [from tiic Gr. miOoi.] 
 
 A catamite ; a male that submits to the crime 
 against nature. Gillies. 
 
 PXTH'-KEEP-ING, a. Keeping in the path. 
 
 PATH'LESS, a. Having no beaten way ; untrodden ; 
 as, a pathless forest ; a pathless coast. Prior. 
 
 PA-THOG-NO-MON'IC, a. [Gr. iTaBoyvo>i,i,p,Ko( ; 
 iT'iOo^, passion or suffering, and' yft'yp''>u, from ; i- 
 iK,taK''>, to know.] 
 
 Indicating that which is inseparable from a disease, 
 being found in that and in no other ; hence, indicat- 
 ing th.at by which a disease may he certainly known ; 
 characteristic ; as, pathoirnomonic symptoms. 
 
 PA TIIOG'NO-MY, 71. [Gr. n-iiOos "and signi- 
 fication.] 
 
 Expression of the passions; the science of the 
 signs by which human passions are indicated. 
 
 Good. 
 
 PATH-O I,OG'I€, ) a. [See Pathoi.oov.] IVr- 
 PATH-0-I,()G'I€-AI,, j taming to pathology. 
 
 PAT 
 
 PATH-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of jia- 
 thology. 
 
 PA-THOL'O-GIST, 71. One who treats of pathologv. 
 PA-THOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. iraOos, passion, suffering, 
 and Aoyof, discourse.] 
 
 That part of medicine which explains the nature 
 of diseases, their causes and symptoms ; or the doc- 
 trine of the causes and nature of diseases, compre- 
 hending nosology, etiology, symptomatology, and 
 therapeutics. Encyc. Coxe. 
 
 PATH-O-PCE'IA, 7!. [Gr. irnfloTroiio ; from iraOof, pas- 
 sion, and TT')t€(ij, to make.] 
 
 A speech, or figure of speech, contrived to move 
 the passions. Smart. 
 PA'THOS, 71. [Gr., from naaxto, to suffer.] 
 
 Passion; warmth or vehemence, in a speaker; or 
 in language, that which excites emotions and pas- 
 sions. Mason.- 
 
 The term is now chiefly restricted to that which 
 awakens tender emotions. Rich. Diet. 
 
 PXTH'WAY, 71. A path ; usually, a narrow way to 
 be passed on foot. Gay. 
 2. A way ; a course of life. Prov. xii. 
 PAT'I-BLE, a. [L. patibilis, from potior, to suffer.] 
 Siifferable ; tolerable ; that may be endured. [JVot 
 used.] Diet. 
 PA-TIB'U-LA-RY, a. [Fr. patibulaire, from L. patib- 
 ulnm, a gallows.] 
 
 Belonging to the gallows, or to execution on the 
 cross. Diet.. 
 PA'TIENCE, (pa'shens,) n. [Fr., from L. patientia, 
 from pallor, to suffer ; It. pazienza ; Sp. and Port, pa- 
 cieneia. The primary sense is, continuance, holding 
 out, from extending. Hence we see the connection 
 between pass, and Ij. pando, passus, and Gr. Ttarf to. 
 See Pass.] 
 
 1. The suffering of afflictions, pain, toil, calamity, 
 provocation, or other evil, with a calm, unruffled tem- 
 per ; endurance without murmuring or frelfulness. 
 Patience may spring from ctmstitutional fortitude, from 
 a kind of heroic pride, or from Christian submission 
 to the divine will. 
 
 2. A calm temper, which bears evils without mur- 
 muring or discontent. 
 
 3. The act or quality of Wiiiting long for justice or 
 expected good without discontent. 
 
 Have patience with me, and I will pay tliee all. — Malt, xviii. 
 
 4. Perseverance ; constancy in labor or exertion. 
 He learnt with patience, and with meekness tan jM. Harte. 
 
 5. The quality of bearing offenses and injuries 
 without anger or revenge. " 
 
 His rn^e was kindled and his patience gone. Harte. 
 
 6. Sufferance ; permission. [JVot used.] Hooker. 
 
 7. A plant, a species of Riimex or dock. Loudon. 
 PA'TIENT, (pa'shent,) a. [Fr., from L. patiens.] 
 
 1. Having the quality of enduring evils without 
 murmuring or fretfulness ; sustaining afflictions of 
 body or mind with fortitude, calmness, or Christian 
 submission to the divine will ; as, a patient person, 
 or a person of patient temper. It is followed by of 
 before the evil endured ; as, patient of labor or pain ; 
 j)afic«( o/ heat or cold. Ray. 
 
 2. Not easily provoked ; calm under the suffer- 
 ance of injuries or offenses ; not revengeful. 
 
 Be patietit toward all men. — I Thess. Y. 
 
 3. Persevering; constant in pursuit or exertion ; 
 calmly diligent. 
 
 Whatever 1 have done is due to patient thought. Neiplon. 
 
 4. Not hasty ; not over eager or impetuous ; 
 waiting 'or expecting with calmness or without 
 discontent. 
 
 Not patient to expect the ttirns of fate. Prior. 
 PA'TIENT, 71. A person or thing that receives im- 
 pressions from external agents ; he or that which ig 
 passively affected. 
 
 Malice h a passion so impetuous and precipittxle, that it often 
 involves the agent ami tiK patient. Gov. of the Tongue. 
 
 2. A person diseased or suffering bodily indisposi- 
 tion. It is used in relation to the physician : as, the 
 phvsician visits his patient morning and evening. 
 
 3. It is sometimes used absolutely for a sick person. 
 It is wonderful to observe how inapprclicnsivo those palicntu arc 
 
 of their disi-aje. Blaekmoi e. 
 
 PA'TIENT, V. t. To compose one's self. [JVnf used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PA'TIENT-I.Y, adv. With calmness or composure ; 
 without discontent or murmuring. Submit patiently 
 to the unavoid.able evils of life. 
 
 2. Willi calm and con.stant diligence; as, to ex- 
 amine a subject patirnlly. 
 
 3. Wilhout agitation, uneasiness, or discontent ; 
 without undue baste or eagerness ; as, to wait 
 patienttii for more favorable events. 
 
 PA-TI'N.A, 71. [It.] AuKuig nr(i.«f,*, the color or incrus- 
 tation which age givi^s to works of art. Jllgarolti. 
 PAT'IN. See Paten. 
 
 PAT'l.Y, nrfii. [from /inf.] Fitly ; conveniently. 
 PAT'NESS, 71. [from ;i«(.] Fitness; suitableness; 
 
 convcnieiict'. Barrow. 
 PATOIS', (pat-wavv',) 71. [Fr.] A dialect peculiar U) 
 
 the lower classes ; a provincialism. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. 
 
 804 
 
PAT 
 
 PAT 
 
 PAV 
 
 PA-TdNCE'. See Pomme. 
 
 PA'TKI-AKCII, II. ri>. patriarcha; (Jr. :rnrfttap\r}i ; 
 TT'ir/'i'i, a family, uoin ra:r,y>, father, and .t/>xo5, a 
 (■hicf.l 
 
 1. The father and ruler of a funnily", one 'vho 
 governs by paternal right. It is iisiiaily applied to 
 the progenitors of the Israi'lites, Abraham, Isaac, 
 Jacob, and the sons of Jacob, or to the licads of 
 families before the flood ; as, the antediluvian 
 patriarchs. 
 
 S. A learned and disting^uisbed diameter among 
 the Jews. 
 
 X In the Eastn-n churches, a dignitary superior to 
 the order of archbishops ; as, the patriarch of Con- 
 stantincjple, of Alexandria, or of'Ephcsus. 
 Pa-TIU-XI{€H'AL, ( o. lielonsing to patriarchs; 
 M-'riM-.\UeH'ie, i possessed by patriarchs; as, 
 patriarchal power or jurisdiction ; a patriarchal see. 
 a. Subject to a patriarch ; as, a patriarchal church. 
 Patriarchal cross, in heraldry, is that where the 
 shaft is twice crossed, tlie lower arms beinc longer 
 than th(r upper ones. Enciic 
 PA-'I'lU-AUeH'ATE, II. The office, dignity, or juris- 
 diction of a patriarch or ccclesiiistical superior. 
 
 SMcn. 
 
 2. The residence of a patriarch. 
 
 Jifis.^innanj Ifernhl. 
 
 PA'TRI-Xnen-I?.M, n. ttovernment by a patriarch, 
 or the head of a family, who was both ruler and 
 priest, as Noah, Abraham, and Jacob. 
 
 Pa'TIU-XRCII-SIIIP, n. The office, dignity, or juris- 
 diction of a p.itri.arch. Aiilifc. 
 
 PA'TRt-AUeil-Y, 71. The jurisdiction of a patriarch ; 
 a patriarchate. Brrrewood, 
 
 P.\-TKI"(;iAN, (pa-frisb'an,) a. [Ft. patricicn ; L. 
 jiatricin.'Hy from pater, father.] 
 
 Senatorial ; noble ; not plebeian. This epithet is 
 derived from the Roman patres, fathers, the title of 
 Roman senators ; as, patrician birth or blood ; patri- 
 cian families. j6l(ldison. 
 
 PA-TRI"CI.\N, 71. A nobleman. In the Roman slate, 
 the jiatricians were the descendants of the first 
 Roman senators. 
 
 PAT-RI-MO'NI-AL, o. [Fr. See P ^Tn.MONv.] Per- 
 taining to a patrimony ; inherited friun ancestors ; 
 as, a patrimonial estate. 
 
 PAT-Rl-Mo'NI-AL-LY, adv. By inheritance. 
 
 Dairenant. 
 
 P.VT'RI-MO-NY, 71. [L. patrimonium, from pater, 
 father.] 
 
 1. A right or estate inherited from one's ancestors. 
 
 T)rijdcn. 
 
 Q. A church estate or revenue ; as, St. Peter's 
 patrimanif. 
 
 Pa'TRI-OT or PAT'RI-OT, ii. [Fr. patriate, from L. 
 palria, one's native country, from pater, father.] 
 
 A person wlio loyes his country, and zealously 
 supports and defends it and its interests. 
 
 Such le.ir» aa patriots shcil for dying laws. Pope. 
 
 Pa'TRI-OT or PAT'RI-OT, a. Patriotic ; devoted to 
 the welfare of one's country ; as, patriot zeal. 
 
 P,VTRI-OT'ie or PAT-RI-OT'ie, a. Full of patriot- 
 ism ; actuated by the love of one's country ; as, a 
 patriotic hero or statesman. 
 
 2. Inspired by the love of one's country ; directed 
 to the public safety and welfare ; as. patriotic zeal. 
 
 Pa'TRI-OT-ISM or PAT'RI-OT-ISM, n. Love of 
 one's coiintry ; the passion which aims to serve one's 
 country, either in defending it from invasion, or 
 protecting its rights, and maintaining its laws and 
 institutions in vigor and purity. Patriotism is the 
 characteristic of a good citizen, the noblest passiun 
 that animates a man in the character of a citizen. 
 
 PA-TRI-PAS'SIAN?, ti. pi. [L. pater and pa-ssio.] 
 An ancient sect, who taught that God the Father 
 sulfered with Christ. J\lurdock. 
 
 PA-TIUS'Tie, ) a. rf^om L. pater, patres, fa- 
 
 PA-TRIS'Tie-AL, j thers.] 
 
 Pertaining to the ancient fathers of the Christian 
 church. j>/. SluarL 
 
 PA-TROC'I-NaTE, v. L To patronize. [JVot used.] 
 
 PA-TR0C-I-.\a'T10N, ji. Countenance ; support. 
 [jVoI used.] Hall. 
 
 PA-TROL', n. [Fr. patrouille ; Sp. patrulla ; Port. 
 patrullm. See the verb.] 
 
 1. In irar, a round ; a walking or marching round 
 by a guard in the niglit, to watch and observe wh:it 
 pjusses, and to secure the peace and safety of a camp 
 or other place. 
 
 2. The guard or persons who go the rounds for ob- 
 servation ; a detachment whose duty is to patrol. 
 
 In Krjnce, there U an amiy of patrolt to •cctire her fiscal n-gii- 
 latioiif. IlamLlon. 
 
 PA-TRoI.', e. i. [Fr. pairouiUer, to paddle or pud- 
 dle, to patrol, to fumble ; Sp. patrullar. Hence the 
 word seems to bo formed from the name of the fool, 
 pad, or ped, paw. In our vulgar dialect, pad is used 
 in the sense of walking or stepping about. It seems 
 to be allied to Gr. irartM.] 
 
 To go the rounds in a camp or garrison ; to march 
 about and observe what passes, as a guard. 
 
 Eneiie. 
 
 PA-TRfiLL'ING, ppr. Going the rounds, as a guard. 
 
 PA'TRO.X or PAT'RON, n. [L. palronun ; Gr. ita- 
 r;i'.'i , from ir'irr/, , father.] 
 
 1. Anicmg the Romans, a master who had freed his 
 slave, and retained some rights over him after his 
 emancipation ; also, a man of distinction under 
 whose protection another placed himself. Hence, 
 
 2. One who countenances, supports, and protects 
 either a person or a work. Prior. 
 
 3. In the Roman Catholic church, a patron saint is 
 one reg.'irde<i as the peculiar protector of a countrj*, 
 community, profession, &c., or of an individual. 
 
 Bra nde. 
 
 A. In the canon or common taw, one who has the 
 gift and disposition of a benelice, F.ncyc. 
 
 .5. An advocate ; a defeniler ; one that specially 
 countenanct;s and supports, or lends aid to advance ; 
 as, patrons of Hie arts ; a patron of useful under- 
 takings ; the patrons of virtue. Locke. 
 
 6, in seamen's lamriiase, the commander of a small 
 vessel or passage-boat ; also, one who steers a ship's 
 long-boat. 
 
 P.\T'R()N-AGE, 71. Special counten:ince or support ; 
 favor or aid alforded to second the views of a person 
 or to pronicitc a design. Sidneij. 
 
 2. Guardianship, as of a saint. Jlddison. 
 
 3. .-Xdvowson ; the right of presentation to a church 
 or ecclesiastical benefice. Eiicifc. 
 
 PAT'ROi\-,VGE, ». 4. To patronize or support. '[jXol 
 used. ] Shak. 
 
 P.\T'R()N-AI/, n. Doing the otTice of a p.alron ; pro- 
 tecting; supporting; favoring; defeiitiing. [LHIle 
 used.] Brown. 
 
 Pa' TRD.N'-ESS or P.Vr'RO\-ESS, n. A female that 
 favors, countenances, or supports. 
 
 Ninv i,i;l,t c:\iiic ihiu n. nn.l rose full sonn 
 
 'I hat palromet of ruijUL-s, tin- moon. TruinbutVt ^S'F^ngal. 
 
 2. A female guardian saint. 
 
 3. A female that has the right of presenting to a 
 church living. 
 
 P.VT'RON-IZE, ». t. To support; to countenance; 
 to defend ; as a patron his client. 
 
 2. To favor ; to lend aid to promote ; as an under- 
 taking. Dnjden. 
 
 3. To maintain ; to defend ; to support. 
 
 Tills iil'-a li.ui Uvn jntronized hy two »Uvu t only. Hamillon. 
 
 PAT'RON-TZ-KD, pp. Defended ; supported ; fa- 
 vored ; promoted. 
 
 P.VT'RON-IZ-ER, II. One that supports, counte- 
 nances, or favors. 
 
 P.\'i''RON-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. Defending; supporting; 
 favoring ; promoting. 
 
 aS'TKON-LESS or PAT'RON-LESS, a. Destitute 
 of a patron. Shafteibunj. 
 
 PAT-RO-NO-MA-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. jtutiip, o„o,,a, 
 and \'>; "5.] 
 
 An essay on the origin of the namt^s of men, il- 
 lustrating their relation to the arts, professions, (pial- 
 ities, or other facts or circunist;inces from which they 
 originated. The name of Smith, from smite, denoting 
 a beater or striker of metals, is more general than 
 any other; proving that the art of working on met- 
 als was one of the fust arts practiced by men, and 
 one of the most ronimon. 
 P.VI'-RO-NY.M'ie, II. [Gr. raT.oi.invictns ; L. pairo- 
 nymirus : from Gr. ir ir^o, father, anil oi o/i.i, name.] 
 
 A name of men or women derived from that of 
 their parents or ancestors ; as, Tydidrs, the son of 
 Tydeus ; Pclidcs, the son of Peleus, that is, Achilles. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 PA-TROO.\',7i. [D. pn'roim, a protector.] The name 
 given in the State of New York to the first proprie- 
 tors of certain tract-s of land with manorial jirivi- 
 leges, and descending with the property to the oldest 
 son. 
 
 PAT'TED, pp. Struck gently with the fingers. 
 P.VT'TEN, II. [Fr. patiii, probably from the name of 
 the foot.] 
 
 1. The base of a column or pillar. Ainaionrth. 
 
 2. A wtMiden shoe with an iron ring, worn to keep 
 the shoes from the dirt or mud. Camden. Ony. 
 
 PAT'TEN-.MaK ER, n. One that makes p.attcns. 
 PAT'TER, tj. i. [from pat, to strike gently ; or Fr. 
 pa((e, the foot. ] 
 
 To strike, as falling drops of water or hail, with a 
 quick succession of small sounds ; as, patierintr hail. 
 
 Drydeiu 
 
 The Bteaiing ihower ii scarce to patter he.ini. Thomson. 
 
 PAT'TER- KD, pp. Struck with a quick succession of 
 small sounds. 
 
 P.\T'TER-I.\G, ppr. or o. Striking with a ipiick suc- 
 cession of small sounds. 
 
 P.\T'TER-I.N'G, n. A striking with a quick succes- 
 sion of small sounds. 
 
 PAT'TER.V, 71. [Fr. patron; Ann. patroum ; D. pa- 
 troon. See Patihin.] 
 
 1. An origin.al or model proposi-d for imitation; 
 the archetype; an exemplar; that which is to be 
 copii'd or imitated, either in things or in actions ; as, 
 the pattern of a maebine; a pattern of patience. 
 Christ was tin- most perfect poltern of rectitude, pa- 
 tience, anil submission, ever exhibited on earth. 
 
 2. A siKcimen ; a sample ; a part showing the fig- 
 
 ure or quality of the whole ; as, a pattern of silk or 
 cloth. 
 
 X Figure or style of ornamental execution ; as, 
 chintz of a beautiful pnltrrn. 
 
 4. A quantity of cloth suflicicnt fur a garment ; as, 
 a vest pattern. 
 
 5. An instance ; an example. Hooker. 
 
 C. Any thing cut or formed into the shape of 
 something to be made after it. 
 PAT''1'ERN, r. t. To make in imitation of some 
 model ; to copy. Sluik. 
 
 2. To serve as an example to be followed. Shak. 
 
 To pattern after ; to imitate ; to follow. 
 P.\T'TERN-^:I), pp. Copied ; made in imitation of. 
 PAT'TERN-ING, ppr. Imitating; following. 
 PAT'TY, 71. [Fr. p^le, paste.] 
 
 A little pie. 
 
 P.\T'TY-PAN, 71. A pan to bake a little pie in. 
 PAT'lJ-LOUS, a. [L. piilulns, from patco, to be open.] 
 Spreading ; as, a pataloiis calyx ; bearing the flow- 
 ers loose or dispersed ; as, a patulous peduncle. 
 
 Lee. Martyn. 
 PAU-CIL'O-QUY, 71. [L. paucus, few, and loquor, to 
 speak.] 
 
 The utterance of few words. [Little used,] 
 PAU'CI-TY, 71. [L. paucitas, from paucus, few.] 
 
 1. Fewness ; sinalliicss of number ; as, the paucity 
 of schools. Hooker. 
 
 2. Smallness of quantity ; as, paucity of blood. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 PAU'LTiVE, a. Pertaining to Paul. Ee. Rir. 
 
 PA UM, I'. U To impose by fraud ; a corruption o( palm. 
 PAUNCE, 71. A pan.sy. [See Pansy. 1 [Swi/t. 
 PAL'NCH, 71. [Fr. pause: It. and trp. panza ; Port. 
 
 pan(a ; I), pens ; Basque, pantza ; L. pantex. Uu. 
 
 G. waii.s-r.] 
 The belly and its contents. 
 
 The paunch, in ruminating quadrupeds, is the first 
 and largest stomach, into w hich the food is received 
 before rumination. Monro. 
 PAU>'CII, ti. t. To pierce or rip the belly; to eviscer- 
 ate ; to take out the contents of the bellv. 
 
 ShtH. Garth. 
 
 PAUNCH'ING, ppr. Eviscerating; taking out the 
 
 contents of the belly. 
 PAU'PER, K. \h. pauper; Fr. pauvre ; Sp. polnrr ; It. 
 
 povero.] 
 
 A poor person ; particularly, one so indigent as to 
 depend on the parish or town for maintenance. 
 
 PAU'PER-IS.M, 71. The state of being poorer desti- 
 tute of the means of support ; the state of indigent 
 persons requiring support from the community, 'i'he 
 increase of pauperism is an alariiiiiig evil. 
 
 PAU-PER-I-Za'TION, 71. The act or process of re- 
 (liicing to pauperism" 
 
 PAU'PER-IZE, I', t. To reduce to pauperism. 
 
 PA("Pr.R-TZ-KI), pp. Reduced to pauperism. 
 
 PAU'PER-IZ-ING, ppr. Reducing to the condition of 
 a pauper. 
 
 PAUSE, (paw'z,) n. [L. Sp. and It. pausa : Fr. paii« ; 
 I), poos; Sw. paus ; G. and Dan. pause; Gr. ruuuij, 
 from Travot, to cease, or cause to rest.] 
 
 1. A stop; a cessation or intermission of action, 
 of speaking, singing, playing, or the like ; a tempo- 
 rary stop or rest. Hooker. Ijtcke. 
 
 2. Cessation proceeding from doubt ; suspcii.se. 
 
 1 suiiut in pauit where I sliall first l<e^n. Slink. 
 
 3. Break or paragraph in writing. Locke, 
 
 4. A temporary cessation in reading. The use of 
 punctuation is to mark the pauses in writing. In 
 verse, there are two kinds of pauses, the cesural and 
 the final. The cesural pause divides the verse ; the 
 final pause closes it. The pauses which mark the 
 sense, and which may be called scntmtial, are the 
 same in prose and verse. 
 
 5. A mark of cessation or intemission of the 
 voice ; a point. 
 
 PAUSE, (pawz,) V. t. To make a short stop ; to cease 
 to speak for a time ; to intermit speaking or action. 
 Paining a while, thu* to hervrlf ^he mused. Milton. 
 
 2. To stop ; to wait ; to forbear for a time. 
 
 Tarry, pause a d.ay or two. 
 Before you ii;u.ird. Shak. 
 
 3. To be intermitted. The music pauses. 
 
 To pause upon ; to deliberate. ShaJi. ICnoUes. 
 PAUS'ER, 71. One who p;iuses ; one who deliberates. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 PAUS'IXG, ppr. Stopping for a time; ceasing to 
 
 "speak or act ; deliberating. 
 PAU:^'I.\G-EY, arfe. After a pause ; by breaks. .^Aa*. 
 P.\-V.\DE', n. A short dagger. 
 
 P.\V'.\N, 71. [Sp. jMi'oiia, from paron, L. poro, a pea- 
 cock.] j 
 .\ grave dance among the Spaniards. In this : 
 dance, the pcrfonners make a kind of w heel before ! 
 each other, the gentlemen dancing with rap and 
 sword, princes with long robes, and the Ladies with 
 long trails ; the motions resembling the st.ately steps 
 of the peacock. Eneyc. Sp. Diet, Shak. j 
 
 PA-VE', (\A-vi',) 71. [Fr.] 'J he pavement. 
 
 PAVE, 0. L [Fr. paecr ; L. pavio ; Gr. :rai(j, lo beat, | 
 to strike.] 
 
 1. To lay or cover with stone or brick so ns '.o 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJN'ITE. — AN"GF.R, VI"CIOirs — C as K ; G as J ; S ns Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 ini ♦ 
 
 ppp 
 
 805 
 
PAW 
 
 PAY 
 
 PEA 
 
 make a level or ctmvenient surface fur liorses, car- 
 riajjes, or foot passengers ; lo floor with brick, stone, 
 or oilier solid material ; as, to pave a street ; to paw 
 a sidewalk. 
 
 2. To prepare a passage ; to facilitate the introduc- 
 tion of. The invention of printing paced the way 
 for intellectual improvement. 
 
 PXV'KO, pp. or a. Laid over with stones, bricks, or 
 other solul material ; prepared ; as a wa}'. 
 
 PAVE'iMENT, n. [L. pacimentum.] 
 
 A floor or covering consisting of stones, bricks, or 
 other solid material, laid on the earth in such a man- 
 ner .as to make a hard and convenient passage ; as, a 
 paremeiit of pebbles, of bricks, or of marble. 
 
 P.^VE'ME.\T, V. t. To pave; to floor with stone or 
 brick. I Unusual.] Bp. Hull. 
 
 PAVER, j n. One who lays stones for a 
 
 PaV'IER, (pav'yer,) ( floor, or whose occupation is 
 to pave. Gtty. 
 
 Pa'VI-AGE, n. A contributiou or tax for paving the 
 streets or highways. Boucier. 
 
 PA V [ D, a. i L. pai-iilus.] 
 Timid fjVut ujed.] 
 
 PA-VIIi'l-TY, n. Fearfiilness. [Motusril.] 
 
 PA-VIL'IO.N', (pa-vil'yun,) ji. [Fr. puoillon : Sp. pa- 
 bellon ; Port. pavUham ; Arm. pavilhoti ; W. pabell i 
 It. pavialione and padigliune ; L. papdio, a buttL-rfly, 
 and a paviliim. According to Owen, the Welsh 
 pabell signifies a moving habitation.] 
 
 1. A tent ; a temporary movable habitation. 
 
 2. In ardiileclure, a kind of turret or building, 
 usually insulated and contained under a single roof ; 
 sometimes square and sometimes in the form of a 
 dome. Sometimes a pavilion is a projecting part in 
 the front of a building ; sometimes it tianks a corner. 
 
 Gioilt. 
 
 The name is sometimes, though improperly, given 
 to a summer-house in a garden. Brande. 
 j 3. In mUitury affair.-!, a tent raised on posts. The 
 
 ! . word is sometimes used for a flag, colors, ensign, or 
 banner. 
 
 4. In kegaldrij, a covering in form of a tent, invest- 
 ing the armories of kings. 
 
 .5. Among jewelers, the under side and corner of 
 brilliants, lying between the girdle and collet. 
 PA-VIL'IO.\, f. t. To furnish with tents. JUlton. 
 
 2. To shelter with a tent. Pope. 
 PA-VI L'IO.\-£D, pp. Furnished with pavilions; 
 
 shf-llered by a tent. 
 Pa V'I.\(t, ppr. Flooring with stones or bricks. 
 PaV'I.VG, n. The act of laying a pavement. 
 
 2. Pavement ; a floor of stones or bricks. 
 PaVIOK, (pav'yur,) n. One that paves. 
 PA'VO, n. [L., a peacock ; W. paw, spreading.] 
 
 A constellation in the southern hemisphere, south 
 of Sagittarius. 
 PA-Vo.\'E', n. [h. pavo.] 
 
 .\ peacock. [J^of. used.] Spenser. 
 F.W'O-NiiN'E, a. [L. pavonimis, from pavo, a pea- 
 cock.] 
 
 Resembling the tail of a peacock ; iridescent. 
 
 Cleaueland, 
 
 PAW, Ti. [W. pawcn, a paw, a hoof ; Arm. pau ; Hin- 
 o ^ 
 
 doc, pauie ; Pers. pai, the foot ; perhaps con- 
 
 tracted from pad or pal, as the Dutch have pool, and 
 the Fr. patie. If so, the word coincides in elements 
 with I*, pes, pedit, Gr. n-""?, Eng. foot. Or. TraTCM.] 
 
 1. The foot of beasts of prey having claws, as the 
 lion, the tiger, the dog, cat, &,c. Lcc. xi. 
 
 2. The hand, in contempt. Dnjdrn. 
 PAW, V. i. Til draw the fore foot along the ground ; 
 
 to scrape with the fore foot ; as, a tiery horse paming 
 with his hoof. Susift. 
 Hp patstth in tlie valley, — Job xxxix. 
 PAW, r. U To scrape »vitli the fore foot. 
 
 His hot touTmr pawed Ui' Hiiiig.iri.iii pl.iin. Tickel. 
 
 5. To handle roughly ; to scratch, 
 
 3. To fawn ; to llattcr. Ainsworth. 
 PAW'KI), pp. Scraped with the fore foot. 
 
 2. a. Ilaving paws. 
 
 3. Hroad fooled. Johnson. 
 PAW'I.NG, ppr. Scraping with the fore foot. 
 PAWK'Y, a. [from Sax. pircan, to deceive.] 
 
 Arch i cunning, [hie.al.] Grose. 
 PAWL, n. [ W. ;>u«>/. Eng. po/f, L. />n/«<. See Polk. 1 
 Among «c<imcn, a short bar of wood or iron fixed 
 clo"C to the capstan or windl.ass of a ship to jirfVcnt 
 it from rolling hack or giving way. Mar. Okl. 
 PAWN, n. [U.pand; G. pfand ; Sw. pant; Port. 
 hor i It. pe^no ; Sp. empeiio ; L. pirrnus. The sense 
 may be that which is laid down or deposited.] 
 1. Something given or defM>Miied an security for the 
 ' paymriil of money burrowed ; a pledge. Pau>n is 
 applied only lo goodn '.hatielH, or money, and not to 
 I real cutatc. 
 
 I M n will not I'k' pauru wltli'nit Bacon. 
 
 Q. A pledge f;r the fiilflllinent of n promlKe. Shak, 
 3. A coniini.n man at cIichs. [>^«c pKofi.] Cowlei), 
 In paicn, at pawn ; the Bt;ite of being pledged. 
 I Hwen wifff, my honor |4 tu paun. Shak. 
 
 PAWN, w. i. [D. panden ; Sp. empenar ; Port, cntpen- 
 har ; It. impeintare ; L,. pi<rnero.] 
 
 1. To give or deposit in pledge, or as security for 
 the payment vf money borrowed ; to pledge ; as, she 
 pawned the last piece of plate. 
 
 ,2. To pledge for the fulfillment of a promise ; as, 
 to paxDn one's word or honor that an agreement shall 
 be fulfilled. 
 
 PAWN'BRoK-ER, n. One who lends money on 
 pledse or the deposit of goods. jirbutUnot, 
 
 PAWN'BlloK-lNG, n. The business of a pawn- 
 broker. 
 
 PAW.\'£D, pp. Pledged ; given in security, 
 PAWN-EE', n. The person to whom a pawn is de- 
 livered as security ; one that takes any thing in pawn. 
 
 If ttie pawn is laid up and paumee roblicd, he is nut answer- 
 aljie. Encyc. 
 
 PAWN'ER, n. One that pledges any thing as se- 
 curity for the payment of borrowed money. 
 
 PAWN'ING, ppr. Pledging, as goods; giving as se- 
 curity. 
 
 PAX, n, [L. pax, pe.ace.] 
 
 A small plate of gold, silver, &c., with the image 
 of Christ on the cross on it, wliich people, before the 
 reformation, used to kiss after the service ; the cer- 
 emony being considered as the kiss of peace. Todd. 
 
 PA.WVAX, n. A name given by English butchers to 
 a strong, stiff* cartilage running along the sides of a 
 large quadruped to the middle of the back, as in an 
 ox or horse. It seems intended to support the head 
 in a horizontal position. Paley. 
 
 P.aY, t!. (. ; pret. and pp. Paid. [Fr. payer. Norm, pair, 
 contracted from It. paijnre. Port, and Sp. patsar. 
 Arm. paca. Class Rg. From the different applica- 
 tions of pay, the sense appears to be, to semi or 
 send to ; for, in our vulgar language, to pay on, is 
 to strike, lo beat ; and to pay with pitch, is lo put on 
 or rub over. In the sense tif strike, this coincides 
 with the Greek rau.), titnatM, W. pmyaw. In an- 
 other seamen's phrase, the word signifies to loosen 
 or slacken, as to pay out cable, that is, to send or ex- 
 tend, liiil this word can not belong to the root of 
 the Greek and Welsh words, unless these are con- 
 trarled from Pir or Pk.] 
 
 1. To discharge a debt; to deliver to a creditor 
 the value of the debt, either in money or goods, to 
 his acceptance or s,atisfaction, by which the obliga- 
 tion of the debtor is discharged. 
 
 2. To discharge a duty created by promise, or by 
 custom, or by the moral law ; as, to pay a debt of 
 honor or of kindness. 
 
 You liave paid vlown 
 M'ln" penitence, lli.xn done tresp.iss. Shak. 
 
 3. To fulfill ; to perform what is promised ; as, lo 
 pay one's vows. Scripture. 
 
 4. To lender what is due to a superior, or rie- 
 mandetl by civility or courtesy ; as, lo puy respect to 
 
 , a magistrate ; lo pay due honor to parents, 
 
 5. To retort upon another an injury received ; as, 
 I will pay you for this trick. Hence, it sometimes 
 implies, to beat. 
 
 For wlucli, or pay me quickly, or I'll pay yuu. B. Jonson. 
 
 6. To reward ; to recompense ; as, to pay for kind- 
 ness Willi neglect. Dryilin. 
 
 To pay for: lo make amends ; to atone by suffer- 
 ing. .Men often ;ifi;( for their mistakes with loss of 
 property or repiilaliou, sonietiiiies with life. 
 
 2. To give an equivalent for any thing purchasetl. 
 
 To pay, or pay over ; in .seamen^s lano-uaire, to daub 
 or besmear the surface of any body, to presi'rve it 
 from injury by water or weather. 
 
 To pny llie bottom of a re.<sel : to Cover it with a 
 composition of tallow, sulphur, resin, Slc. : to bre.iiu. 
 
 To pay a mast or yard; to besmear it with tar, tur- 
 pentine, resin, tallow, or varnish. 
 
 To pay a seam : to pour melted pitch along it, so as 
 to defend the oakum. 
 
 To pay off; to make compensation to and dis- 
 charge ; as. 111 pay off [he crew of a ship. 
 
 To pay out: to slacken, extend, or cause In run 
 out ; as, to pay oat more cable. Jttar, Diet. 
 
 VaY, v. i. To recompense. 
 
 To pay off, among seamen, is to fall to leeward, as 
 the head of a ship. .Vor. Diet. 
 
 To pail on ; to beat with vigor ; to redouble blows. 
 ^C«//("/i<iVi'.] 
 
 PaY, n. Compensation; recompense; an ecpiivalenl 
 givi*n for money diu!, goods purchased, or services 
 perfiiriiied ; salary or wages for services ; hire. The 
 merchant receives pdi/ for goods sold ; the soldier re- 
 ceives pay for his services ; but the soldiers of the 
 American revoliilion never received full pay. 
 
 2. Coiiipi;nsalion ; reward. 
 
 li'-re only nirrit conitant pay rrceivea. Pope. 
 PAY'A-BI.E, n. [Fr.] That may or ought to be paid. 
 In oeneral, money is payable as noon as it is due, or 
 at the time payment is stipulated, or at the ex|iiration 
 of the credit , but, by the iisaco of meri liants, three 
 or more days of graci- are allowed to the debtor, and 
 a ntilo dne at Ihe day when payiiient is promised is 
 not panable nil the expiration of the days of grace. 
 
 3. That can be paid , that there is power to pay, 
 Thniiki arr n triljiite jiai/aljle by the poore»l. South. 
 
 PaY'-BILL, 71, A bill of money to be paid lo the sol- 
 diers of a company, 
 
 PaY'-DaY, n. The day when payment is to be made 
 or debts discharged ; the day on which wages or 
 money is stipulated to he paid. Locke. 
 
 PAY-EE', n. The person lo whom money is to be 
 paid ; the person named in a bill or note to whom 
 the amount is promised or directed lo be paid. 
 
 PAY'ER, n. One that p.iys. In bUls of exchange, the 
 person on whom the bill is drawn, and who is di- 
 rected to pay this money to the holder. 
 
 PAY'ING, ppr. Discharging a debt ; fulfilling a prom- 
 ise ; rewarding. 
 
 PAY'MSS-TER, n. One who is to pay; one from 
 whom wages or reward is received. Taylor. 
 
 2. In Ute army, an otficer whose duly is to pay the 
 officers and soldiers Iheir wages, and who is intrusted 
 with money for this purpose. 
 
 PAY'MENT, n. The act of paying or giving compen- 
 sation. Bacon. 
 
 2. The thing given in discharge of a debt or fulfill- 
 ment of a promise. Skak. 
 
 3. Reward ; recompense. South. 
 
 4. Chastisement ; sound beating. [JVot u.ied.] 
 PAY'NIM. See Pai.mlm. [.Sinsworth. 
 PA Y'-OF-FI("E, 71. A place or office wliere payment 
 
 is made of public debts. 
 
 PAYSE, PAYS'ER, for Poise, Poiseb, are not used. 
 _ ' Speiuier. 
 
 VK.K, 71. [Sax. pisa ; Fr. pais ; It. pisello ; L. pisum ; 
 Gr. iTiO'iv ; W. pys, pysen ; Ir. pis.] 
 
 A plant and its fruit of the genus Pisum, of many 
 varieties, much cultivated for food. This pbint has 
 a papilionaceous flower, and the pericarp is a legume, 
 called in popular language a pod. In tke plural, we 
 write peas, for two or more individual seeds; but 
 pease for an indefinite number in quantity or bulk. 
 We write two, tiiree, or four peas, but a bushel of 
 pease. [ This practice is arbitrary and improper.] 
 
 PP.ACE, (pese,) n. [Sax. pa*;," ; Norm, pais ; Fr. paiz; 
 It. pace i Sp. ami Port, paz ; Arm. peoch,from peoh; 
 L. pax. Ciu. Riiss. pokoi. The elemenls are /'if, or 
 their cognates ; for the L. has paco, to appease, coin- 
 ciding with the root of pack, and signifying to press 
 or to stop.] 
 
 1. Ill general setvie, a .state of quiet or tranquillity ; 
 freedom from dii^irbance or agitation ; applicable to 
 society, to individuals, or to the temper of the 
 mind. 
 
 2. Freedom from war with a foreign nation ; pub- 
 lic quiet. 
 
 3. Freedom from internal commotion or civil 
 war. 
 
 4. Freedom from private quarrels, suits, or dis- 
 turbance. 
 
 5. Freedom from agitation or disturbance by the 
 passions, as from fear, terror, anger, anxiety, or Ihe 
 like; quietness of mind; tranquillity; calmness; 
 quiet of conscience. 
 
 GriMt pea^e have they th.it love thy law, — Ps. cxix. 
 
 6. Heavenly rest ; the happiness of heaven. 
 
 Is. Ivii, 
 
 7. Il.armony ; concord ; a st.ale of reconciliation 
 between parties at variance, 
 
 8. Public traiiqiiillily ; that quiet, order, and secu- 
 rity winch is guarantied by the laws ; as to keep the 
 peace; lo break the peace. 
 
 S). This word is ii>ed in commanding silence or 
 tpiiet ; as, peace to this troubled soul. 
 
 Peace t tlie lovers are asleep. Crashatg. 
 
 To be at peace ; to be reconciled ; to live in har- 
 mony. 
 
 To make peace ; to reconcile, as parlies at variance. 
 
 7'o liidd the peace : to be sdent ; to suppress one's 
 Ihoiiglils ; nol to speak. 
 Pr,.\CE'.\-llI,E, a. Free from war, tumult, or public 
 commotion. V\*e live in peaceable times. The ref- 
 uniiation was introduced in a peaceable manner. 
 
 2. Free from private feuds or quarrels. The neigh- 
 bors are peaceable. These men arc peaceable. 
 
 3. (I'lict; uiiilistiirlied ; nut agitated with passion. 
 His mind is very peaceable. 
 
 4. Not violent, bloody, or unnatural; as to die a 
 peoeeiible death, 
 
 PkACE'A-IILE-NESS, 71. The state of being peace- 
 able ; quietness. 
 
 2. Disposition to peace. Hammond. 
 Pf,.\CE'A-I1I.Y, adr. VVitliont war; without tumult 
 or commolion ; without private feuds and (lunrrels. 
 
 2, Wilhoul di.stiirbance ; quietly; without agita- 
 tion ; without interniption, 
 PicACE'-BREAK-ER, ;i. One that violates or disturbs 
 public pence. 
 
 P|f..\(;E'F!JL, a. (luiet; undisturbed ; not in n .«tate 
 of war or commotion ; as, a peaceful time ; n peaceful 
 country. 
 
 2. Pacific ; mild ; calm ; as, pexuefal words ; a 
 peaceful temper. 
 
 3. Removed from noise or tumuli ; still ; iindis- 
 lurlied ; ns, the peaceful cotluge; the gicaceful scenes 
 of ruriil life. 
 
 PP.ACE'FjJL-LY, adv. Without war or cominotiun. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT,— MiETE, PUBY,~PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 806 
 
PEA 
 
 PEB 
 
 PEC 
 
 2. Uuietly ; witiiout distiirhsiiice. 
 
 Uiir lyvcd iMrili, wIiltc jjeacc/u/^y wc nli'pt. Dnj'Un. 
 X Mildlv; L'eiitly. 
 PRAC'b'-'Kt.'L-NUSS, n. Quiet; freedom from unr, 
 liiiiiiill, (iisuirbancc, or discord. 
 
 2. I'ryedoiii from luriilal perturlialion ; as, jicaceful- 
 vfs.t of mtiul. 
 
 rp.ACK'l.l'^S^!, «. VVithoiit pence ; distiirlied. Sandiju. 
 PRACK'MaK-KR, II. One wliu iiinlieii peace by lec- 
 oiu'iliii;! parlies tliat are nt variance. 
 
 BIrsw-d lire llu- t)ra£e:nakert, for lhcy»li;dl be called tlie ciiiUlren 
 of IJot). — NI.iu. V. 
 
 PP.ACE'-OF-FER-ING, n. Amone the Jews, n volun- 
 tary oti'eriiiK to God, in thankfulness for liis licncfits, 
 or to ask favors from liini, or merely to satisfy the 
 desires of a devout mind and give honor to God. 
 
 2. In common lisajr, satisfaction offered to an of- 
 fended person, especially to a su|ierior. 
 
 PEAUIi'-UK-FI-UKK, n. A civil olticer whose duty 
 is to preserve the public peace, to prevent or punish 
 riots, &c. ; .is a sheriff, or constable. 
 
 Pr:AUE'-P.\RT-ED, a. Dismissed from the world in 
 peace. Shak. 
 
 PkACE'-PA R-TY, n. A party that favors peace, or the 
 making of peace. Mitford. 
 
 PEACH, n. [yt.]ilthr,: It. pt<ca; Arm. ppc/icse«.] 
 
 A tree anu its fruit, of the genus Persica or Aniyg- 
 dalus, of many varieties. This is a delicious fruit, 
 the produce of warm ()r temjierate climates. In 
 America, the peach thrives and comes ti» perf ction 
 in the neigliborhuud of lloston, northsvard of wliicli 
 _it usually fails. 
 
 Pi'.Al'll, for Impeacm, is not used. Dnjdcn. 
 
 PlcACH'-CCil.-OR, (peech'kul-lur,) n. The pale-rcd 
 Color of the (leacti blossuni. 
 
 PP.At;il'-eOI.-()K-f.D, (peech'kul-lurd,) a. Of the 
 Color of a pt%ach blossom. S/tak. 
 
 Pl'^ACII'Ell, II. An accuser. [.Vot. used.] Fox. 
 
 Pk.\'UU1CK, m. The chicken or young of the pea- 
 cock. Sottthern. 
 
 Pl2;,\CH'-T!lEE, n. The tree that produces the peach. 
 
 PiC.A'eOGK, II. [Pea, in this word, is from L. pavo. 
 Sax. jtaipa; Fr. paon, contracted iVom paconis ; IL 
 panone; put'on ; D. paanw ; G. pfauf VV. pawan, 
 from ;i<iie, spreading, extending.] 
 
 A large and beautiful gallinaceous fowl of the 
 genus Pavo, properly the male of the species, but in 
 usage the name is applied to the species in general. 
 The feathers of this fowl's tail are very long, and 
 variegated with rich and elegant colors. The pea- 
 cock is a native of India. 
 
 PKA'eOCK-FISIl, II. A beautiful fish of the Mediter- 
 ranean, Labrus Pavo of Liniia;us. 
 
 PLl.'V'IiE.N, II. [pr. pfuuheitne or pfaucti ; D. paauwin.] 
 The In n or femaic of the peacock. 
 
 PkA'-J ACK-ET, «. A thick woolen jacket worn by 
 seamen, &c. 
 
 PkAK, (peek,) II. [Sax.pcac; W.pig; \r.peac; Eng. 
 pihe,heak; Vr. pique; \l. becco ; pico. These are 
 of one family, .signifying a point, from shooting or 
 thrustini;.] 
 
 1. The lop of a hill nr mountain, ending in a point ; 
 as, the prnk of Tenerilfe. 
 
 2. A point ; the end of any thing that terminates 
 in a point. 
 
 3. The upper, outer corner of a sail which is ex- 
 tenilcd by a gaff or yard j also, the e.xtreinity of the 
 yard or gaff. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Pii.AK, e. i. To look sickly or thin. [A"<im.-C(i.] Shak. 
 2. To make a mean figure ; to sneak. [Au( lu^ed.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Pi5AK, r. t To raise a gaff or yard more obliquely to 
 the mast. -War. Dtct. 
 
 PEAK'EI), (pfl'kcd or peekt,) a. Pointed ; ending in 
 a point. 
 
 PkAK'IN'G, a. Mean ; sneaking ; poor. [Fiii/rnr.] 
 Pic.'VK'ISlI, a. Denoted or belonging loan acuminated 
 situation. Drayton. 
 
 2. Having features that seem thin or sharp, as from 
 sickness. [Colloquial.] Smart. 
 
 PEAL, (peel,) n. [from L. pello, whence appetlo, to 
 appeal. The sense is, to drive ; a peal is a driving of 
 sound. This word seems to belong to the family of 
 L. balo, and Eng. to bawl, jubilee, bell, &.C.] 
 
 A loud sound, usually a succession of loud sounds, 
 as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts of a multitude, 
 Jcc. Bacon. .Mttton. J^ddison, 
 
 PE.\L, r. I. To utter loud and solemn sounds ; as the 
 
 prating organ. Mdlun. 
 PeAL, v. u To assail with noise. 
 
 Nor wus his ear less ptttted. MUton. 
 S. To cause to ring or sound ; to celebrate-. 
 
 The warrior's name 
 Though pealed atid chimed on all the tongues of fam^. 
 
 J. BarUna. 
 
 3. To Stir or agitate. [J^ot used.] Ainswerrth. 
 PEAL'/rn, pp. Assailed with sound ; resounded ; 
 
 celebrated. 
 
 Pk.\L'ING, ppr. or a. Uttering a loud sound or suc- 
 cessive sounds ; resounding. 
 PE'.XN, Ti. [I,, paan ; Gr. ir.iiai/. 
 .\ song of praise or triumph. 
 
 Pj?'AN-I?.M, II. The song or shouts of praise or tif 
 
 battle; shouts of frininph. Alitford. 
 Pi".A'Nl,'T, 11. The Aracliis Hypogtea, or ground nut, 
 
 sometimes called Pimoir. 
 PE.X'-oKK, II. .\n argillaceous oxyd of iron, oecur- 
 
 rinj: in round grains of the size tif n pra. /fumble. 
 PKAIt, (pan-,) II. [.^ax. /icrii ; t'p. Port, anil It. ;iirii; 
 
 1). peer; G. birn ; Sw. parun; Dan. ptert ; Arm. 
 
 perm; W. per ; Ij. pyruui.) 
 
 The well kntiwn fruif of the Pyrus communis, of 
 
 many varieties, some of which are delicious to the 
 
 taste. 
 
 PEARCir (iicrch.) See Pepch. 
 
 PEARL, (perl,) II. [Fr. ;ifWc ; If. and Pp. pn-la; Ir. 
 pearla; Sax. pearl; Sw. pdrla ; 1). paitrl ; G. perlc ; 
 W. perli/n. This may be radically the same word as 
 beryl, ami so named from its clearness.] 
 
 1. A wh'to, hard, (Smooth, shining body, usually 
 roundish, found in certain testaceous fish of fhe 
 oyster kind. It is fotintl in the Persian seas, tin the 
 coast of Ceylon, anti in many parts of the ocean 
 which washes the shores of Arabia and the ctuif inent 
 and isles of Asia, and is taken by divers. Pearls are 
 of different sizes and colors; the larger ones appri>acli 
 to the figure of a pear ; some have been foiinti intire 
 than an inch in lengili. They are valued according 
 to their size, their rountlness, and their luster or pu- 
 rify, which appears in a bright, fraiisliicent, silvery 
 whiteness. MeCultneli. P. Cye. 
 
 2. PuelieuUy, something round and clear, as a drop 
 of water or tiew. Drayton. 
 
 3. A white speck or film growing on the eye. 
 
 .^tnsjrarth. 
 
 PEARL, (perl,) v. t. To set or adorn with pearls. 
 
 PEARL, (perl,) r. i. To resemble pearls. Sprn.'ier. 
 
 PEARL A'CEOUS, o. Resembling niothi r-of pearl. 
 
 PEARL'ASII, (perl'ash,) n. A soinevvhaf impure car- 
 bonate of potassa, obtained by calcining potashes up- 
 on a reverbi ratory hearth. f'rc. 
 
 PEAKL'-DIV-ER, n. One who dives for pearls. 
 
 Carli.iU. 
 
 PEARL'JED, (perld,) a. Set or adorned with pearls. 
 
 Milton. . 
 
 PEARL'-E?-£D, (perl'Ide,) a. Having a speck in the 
 eye. Johiuion. 
 
 PEARL'-OYS-TER, n. The oyster which yields 
 pearls. 
 
 PEARL'-SIN-TER, n. Fiorite ; a variety of silicious 
 sinter, the color grav antl white. Ure. 
 
 PEARL'-SP;^R, (perl'spiir,) ii. Brown sjiar. 
 
 PEARL'-SToN'E, ii. A variety of obsidian, of a blu- 
 ish or graj'ish color, and pearly luster. Dana, 
 
 PEARL-STUD DED, a. Studded with pearls. Scott. 
 
 PEARL'-WIll TE, II. A white powder precipitated 
 from the nitrate of bismuth by a solution of sea-salt. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 PEARL'-WORT, ) «. An annual plant of the genus 
 
 PEARL'-GRASS, ( Sagina. Loudon. Fum. of Plants. 
 
 PEARL'Y, (pcrl'c,) a. Ctmlaining pearls ; abounding 
 with pearls ; as, pearly shells ; a pearly shore. 
 
 2. Resembling pearls; clear; pure; transparent; 
 as, the pearly flood ; pearly dew. Drai/ton. Drydcn. 
 
 PEaU'MaIN, !!. .\ variety of the apple. 
 
 PE.^R'-TREE, n. The tree that produces pears. 
 
 PEAS'ANT, (pez'ant,) ii. [Fr. paysan ; Sp. and Port. 
 paisano; from the name of country ; Fr. paij', or pays, 
 Sp. and Port, /iiii.v. It. paese ; W. pens, a place tif 
 rest, a country, from pau, coinciding with Gr. na\jut, 
 to rest.] 
 
 A coiintrj'man ; one whose business is rural labor. 
 PEA.*'.ANT, (pez'ant,) a. Rustic ; rural. Spen.ier. 
 PEA?'AN'T-LIKE, ( a. Rude; clownish; illiterate; 
 PEA?'ANT-LY, j re.sembling peasants. Mdton. 
 PE.'\S'ANT-RY, (pcz'ant-ry,) 71. Peasants; rustics; 
 the body of couiilry people. Locke. 
 2. Rusticity. [JVot used.] Butler. 
 Pr.AS'-COD, j II. The legume or pericarp of the pea. 
 PkA'-SIIELL, j fValton. Oay. 
 
 Pf'.A'-SToNE, 11. Pisolite, which sec. 
 PEASE, (|>ee/.,) n. pi. Peas collectively, or used as 
 
 food. [See Pea.] JlrbuthnoU 
 PkAT, n. [G. p/ti/:p, a bog.] 
 
 A substance of vegetable origin, always found 
 more or less saturated with water. It coiisisU; of 
 roots and fibers in ever)' stage of decomposition, 
 from the natural wood to the completely black 
 vegetable mold. When dried, it furins a valuable 
 kinil of fuel. P. Cyc. 
 
 PEAT, n. [Ft. petit.] 
 
 A small, delicate person. Halliirell. 
 Pli.AT'-MOSS, n. [ ;ii;at and moss.] The same as Peat, 
 which see. 
 
 2. A fen producing peat. 
 PEAT'Y, a. Composed of peat ; resembling peat. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PFB'BI E / 
 
 PEB'BLElsTa.VE, ( f^"^" P"*"*! popotjfaiia.] 
 
 1. In popular usaire, a roundish sttme, of any kind, 
 from the size of a nut to that of a man's heati. 
 
 2. Among opliciaiis, transparent and colorless rock- 
 cr\stal. Brande. 
 
 PEU'BLE-GRYS'TAL, n. A crystal in form of nod- 
 ules, found in earthy stratums, and irregular in 
 shape. JVoodu-ard. 
 
 PEH'BLATl), a. Abonmling with pebbles. Thomson. 
 
 PEII'IILY, n. Full of pebbles; abounding with small, 
 roundish stones. 
 
 PE-CA.N', i II. A species of hickory, ("arya olivifor- 
 
 PE-f;X'N.\, ( mis, and its fruit, growing in North 
 .America. The niils are oblong, very sinooin, an 
 inch or an inch and a half bmg, with thin shells, 
 anil fciriu a small article of tratle in the southern 
 part of the vallev of the Mississippi. P. Cyc. 
 
 PI'C' A I! V, II. See Peccauv. 
 
 PE€ CA HIL'I-TV, 71. [from npccaWe.] SUite of b<;- 
 
 ing subject to sin ; capacity of sinning. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 PEe'CA-ltLE, a. [from L. peeco, Ir. pcachadh, W. pee, 
 
 pecowd, sin ; pccu, to sin ; Fr. pecker ; It. peccare ; Sp. 
 
 pecar.] 
 
 Liable to sin ; subject to transgress the divine law. 
 
 Prir..!tley. 
 
 PEC-CA-DII/LO, II. rsp., dim. from pecado, L. peeea- 
 turn ; Fr. pecraddle. See Peccable.] 
 
 1. A slight trespass or offense ; a petty crime or 
 fault. Drtiden. 
 
 2. A sort of stiff ruff. B. Taylor. 
 PECeA.V-t'Y, 71. [from peccant.] Bad qualify ; as, 
 
 the prcrnney of the humors. fVi.<eman. 
 2. Otf.'iise. Mounlnirtu 
 PEe'C.\.\T, a. [L. peccans ; Fr. peccant. See Pecca- 
 
 DLE.] 
 
 1. Sinning; giiiify of sin or transgression: crim- 
 inal ; as, peccant angels. Milton. 
 
 2. Miirbiil ; bad . corrupt ; not healthy ; as, peccant 
 humors. Jirbuthuol. 
 
 3. Wrong : had ; defective ; informal ; as, a peccant 
 citation. [JVol used.] JlyUffe. 
 
 PEC'CA.VT, II. An offender. [JVof ii.ii-rf.] Wl'ntlock. 
 
 PKC e A.N'T-LY, adr. Siiiliilly ; tnmsgressingly. 
 
 PEe'e.\-ltV, II. The po|iiilar name of a pacliyilerina- 
 tous iiiaminal, belonging to fhe genus Dicotyli;s. It 
 is nearly rehileil to the hog. There are fwo s|«-cres, 
 the one iiiliabiliiiL' fhe ea>tern side of Soutli .Ameri- 
 ca, antt fhe other Paraguay. There is an opening on 
 the back, from which is extracted a felid liunior se- 
 creted within. 
 
 PEe C.A'VI, [L., I have offended.] A colloquial word 
 used to express confession or acknuwledginmt of an 
 otfensi'. Aubrey. 
 
 PECII'liLE\DE,ii. [G.pech, pitch, and blende, blend.] 
 Pitchblende, \vliich see. 
 
 PECK, II. [Arm. pir/.-, a fourth ; Fr. piciidn.] 
 
 1. The fourth [lart of a bushel ; a ilry measure of 
 eight quarts ; as, a peck of wheat or oats. 
 
 2. In line lantruaire, a great deal ; as, to be in a peck 
 of troubles. On. pack. 
 
 PECK, v.t. [\X. beccare ; S\t. picar : Vr. beequeter ; D. 
 jiiAcii ; G. pickm ; Dan. pUiker. This verb is connect- 
 ed with the nouns beak and pike.] 
 
 1. To strike with the beak ; to thrust the beak in- 
 to ; as, a bird that pecks a hole in a tree. 
 
 2. To strike with a pointed instrtinient, nr to delve 
 or dig with any thing pointed, as with a pick-ax. 
 
 Carcio. 
 
 3. To pick up food with the beak. Dniden, 
 
 4. 'i'o strike wllh small anti repeated blows; to 
 strike in a manner to make small impressions. In 
 this sense, the verb is generally intransitive. We 
 say, to peck at. South. 
 
 [This verb and Pick are radically the same.] 
 PECK'i'^D, (pekf,) 71/1. Struck or penetrated wilh a 
 
 beak or jitiintetl instrument. 
 PECK'ER, II. One that pecks ; a bird that pecks holes 
 
 in trees ; a wooil pecker. Drydcn. 
 PECK'LN'G, p;ir. Striking with the bill ; tliriisl'ing the 
 
 beak into : iliriisting into with a pointed instrument; 
 
 taking up food with the beak. 
 PECK'LED, for Speckleo, is not used. Walton. 
 PECTATE, 71. A cimipound of pectic acid with a 
 
 base. 
 
 PEG'TE.X, n. [L.] A vascular membrane on the eyes 
 of birds. 
 
 2. A genus of bivalves ; the clam. Brande. 
 PEC'Tie ACID, n. [Gr. -annTif, coagnliiin.] 
 
 The aciil of many species of vegetables, so called 
 from its tendency to form a jelly. It may be obtained 
 by the action of an alkali on pectin. Ure. 
 PEC'TIN, 71. [Gr. n/Ar.is.] 
 
 The gelatinizing principle of certain vegetables, 
 as apples. 
 
 PECTIN-.AL, a. [L. pecten, a coinb ; pecto, to comb. 
 
 Gr. ffi«rff.>, from riA'-.J 
 Pertaining to a ciunb ; resembling a comb. 
 PEG'TLN-AL, 11. A fish whose bones resemble the 
 
 feefh of a comb. Brown. 
 PPf^'TIN ATF i 
 
 PEC'TIN A-TFI) i f'''"" ^- pf^ten, a comb.] 
 
 Having resemldance to the teeth of a comb. In 
 botany, a pectinate leaf is a sort of pinnate leaf, ill 
 w hich the leaflets are luothed like a comb. 
 
 Marttfn. 
 
 A mineral is pectinated, when it presents short fila- 
 ments, crj stals, or branches, nearly parallel and equi- 
 distant. ' Philhp.1. 
 PECTIN-ATE LY, adr. In a pectinate manm r. 
 PEOTIN-A'TION, 71. The stale of being pectinated. 
 2. A combing; fhe cniiibinc t»f the heati. Cyc 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G a.<i J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TII as in TIII.S. 
 
 HD7 
 
PED 
 
 PED 
 
 PEE 
 
 PEe-TIN-I-BRANCH'I-ATE, a. [L. yectm and branch- 
 id.'] 
 
 In malncoloirii, having pectinated pills. 
 PEe'TlN-lTE, 71. [L. pecten, a comb.] 
 
 .\ fossil Pecten or scallop. [Ob^.] Kirtcan. 
 PEC'TO-RAL, a. f L. pecturalis, from pntu.i, breast.] 
 Pertaininn to the breast ; as, the pcctural muscles ; 
 pectm-al medicines. Milton. 
 
 Tile pectoral fins, or pectorals, of a fish, are situated 
 on the sides of the fish, behind the gills. 
 PEC'TO-R.AL, ;i. A breastplate. Enci/c. Johnson. 
 
 2. A sacerdotal habit or vestment worn by the Jew- 
 ish high priest, called, in our version of the Bible, a 
 Breastplate. Kncijc. 
 
 3. medicine adapted to cure or relieve complaints 
 of the breast and lungs. 
 
 4. In ichthvoloieii, a pectoral fin. 
 PEe-TO-Rl-Lo'aUI-AL, a. Pertaining to or of the 
 
 nature of pectoriloquy. 
 PEe-TO-UIL'O-aUY, n. [L. ppctai, the hreast, and 
 loqtior, to speak ; a speakin<; from the breast.] 
 
 In mcdiciite, when a patient's voice, distinctly ar- 
 ticulated, seems to proceed from the point of the 
 chest on whicli the ear or a stethoscope is placed, 
 there is said to be pcctorilotpiy. Collin. 
 
 An e.xalted decree of bronchophony, resembling 
 the sound heard by placing a stethoscope on the 
 trachea when a person speaks. Hall. 
 PEe-TUNC'lI-LUS, 71. [L.] .A genus of marine bi- 
 valves, having the hinge of the shell arched, with 
 numerous narrow teeth, JMantell. 
 PEG'li-L.ATE, (I. i. [L. ptculatus, peculor, from pccu- 
 lium, private property, from pccus, cattle.] 
 
 1. To defraud the public of money or goods in- 
 trusted to one's care, by appropriating the property to 
 one's own use ; to defraud by embezzlement. 
 9. Among civilians, to steal. Kncyc. 
 PEe'U-LA-TING, ppr. Defrauding the public of 
 
 money or goods. 
 PEe-I^'-LA'TION, 71. The act, practice, or crime of 
 defrauding the public by appropriating to one's own 
 use the money or goods intrusted to one's care for 
 management or disbursement ; embezzlement of pub- 
 lic money or goods. 
 PEe'U-LA-TOR, 71. [L.] One that defrauds the pub- 
 lic by appropriating to his own use money intrusted 
 to his care. 
 
 PE-GOL'IAR, (pe-kul'var,) a. [1.. peculiaris, from pe- 
 culiuin, one's own property, from ptcns, cattle.] 
 
 1. .Appropriate; belonging to a person, and to him 
 only. Almost every writer has a peculiar style. 
 Most men have manners peculiar to themselves. 
 
 2. Singular ; particular. The man has something 
 peculiar ill his deportment. 
 
 3. I'.irticular ; special. 
 
 My Tjlc is Juno's moit. peculiar Mre. Dn/den. 
 
 [Most can not, in strict propriety, be prefixed to 
 peculiar, but it is used to give emphasis to the word.] 
 
 4. Belonging to a nation, system, or other thing, 
 and not to others. 
 
 PE-€CL'IAU, II. Exclusive property ; that which be- 
 longs to a person in exclusion of others. Milton. 
 
 2. In ttte Knglisk canon laiv, a particular parish or 
 church which has the probate of wills within itself, 
 exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary or bish- 
 op's court. Encijc. 
 
 Court of peculiars, in Englanil, is a branch of the 
 court of arches. It has jurisdiction over all the par- 
 ishes dis()ersed through the province of Canterbury, 
 in the midst of other dioceses, which are exempt 
 from the ordinary jurisdiction, and subject to the 
 metropolitan only. Blnrkslone. 
 
 PE-eCL-IAU'I-TY, (pe-kul-yar'e-te,) 71. Sometliiug 
 peculiar to a person or thing ; that which belongs to, 
 ur is found in, one person or thing, and in no other; 
 as, a peculiority of style or luannt^r of thinking; pe- 
 cnltarity in dress. 
 
 PE-eCL'IAR-IZE, V. t. To appropriate ; to make pe- 
 culiar. Smit'i. 
 
 PE-eOL'IAR-IZ-£D, pp. Appropriated ; made pe- 
 culiar. 
 
 PE-eOL'IAR-IZ-I.NT,, ppr. Making peculiar. 
 PE-eC'L'IAR-LY, ado. Particularly; sinsily. 
 
 fi'ooiltrard. 
 
 2. In a manner not common to others. JMnjton. 
 PE-Kfl/IARNESH, 71. 'I'hc state of being peculiar ; 
 
 appropriation. [Little usrtl.] Male. 
 PE-CC'M-L'.M, 71. [L.] In (Ac fiomiin //JIB, the prop 
 erty whicli a slave might acquire independently of 
 the ronlrol of hi^ inaxter. Brandc. 
 PE CON'I A-RI-LV, adv. In a pecuniary manner. 
 
 West. Rev. 
 
 PE-eON'IA-RV, (pe-kun'ya-rc,) a. [Fr. picumairc; 
 It. pecmiiale ; I., pccuniarius, from ;iccuriu, money, 
 from peruK, cattle.] 
 
 1. Relating to money ; as, pecuniary alTaira or 
 loHHe.s. 
 
 2. Conaiiiting of money ; an, a pecuniary mulct or 
 penally. Bacon. 
 
 PE CO'NI-OUS, a. Full of money. [Xui tu.ed.] 
 
 Shmeiood. 
 
 PED, n. f for Pad.] A •mull pack-saddle. Tunnrr. 
 2. A bOKket ; a hain|HT. Spen.'^rr. 
 
 PED-.\-GOd'ie, f a. rfrom pedagofpie.} Suiting 
 
 PED-A-COG'ie-AL, ( or' belonging to a teacher of 
 children, or to a pedagoiue. 
 
 PED'A-GOG-IS..M, 71. The business, character, or man- 
 ners of a pedagogue. 
 
 PED'A-GOGUE, (ped'a-gog,) 71. [Gr. Trai^u) oj ; 
 TTUff, a child, and a; (■), to lead.] 
 
 1. A teacher of children ; one whose occupation is 
 to instruct young children ; a schoolmaster. 
 
 2. A ^ledant. 
 
 PED'A-GOGUE, v. t. To teach with the air of a ped- 
 agogue ; to instruct superciliously. Prior. 
 
 PEb'A-GO-GY, n. Instruction in the first rudiments ; 
 jirep.aratory discipline. Soutk. 
 
 PE'D.\L, a. [L. pedalis, from pes, pedis, foot.] 
 Pertaining to a foot. 
 
 PED'.AL, h. a contrivance attached to the harp, or- 
 gan, piano-forte, &c., acted upon by the foot, (whence 
 the name,) and designed to modify the tone or swell 
 of the instrument. 
 2. A fixed or stationary base. Busby. 
 
 PED' AL-No TE, 71. In music, a holding-note. Busby. 
 
 PE-Da'NE-OUS, o. [L. pedaneus, from pes, the foot.] 
 Going on foot ; walking. Diet. 
 
 PED'ANT, n. [Fr. pedant; It. Sp. aild Port. pn/a;i£c. 
 See PEDAG0{;t'E.] 
 
 1. A schoolmaster. Shak. 
 
 2. A person who makes a vain display of his 
 learning. .Addison. 
 
 PE-DAXT'ie, I a. Ostentatious of learning; 
 
 PE D.\N'T'ie-AL, j vainly displaying or making a 
 show of knowledge ; applied to persons or thtntrs; as, 
 a pedantic writer or scholar ; a pedantic description or 
 expression. 
 
 PE-DANT'ie-AL-LY, aJo. With a vain or boastful 
 displav of learning. 
 
 PED'A.\T-IZE, v. i. To pl.iy the pedant; to domi- 
 neer over lads ; to use pedantic expressions. 
 
 PED'Ai\T-RY, a. [Ft. pedanterie.] [Cotirrare. 
 Vain ostentation of learning ; a boastful display of 
 knowledge of any kind. 
 
 Ilomce has enlictd nie into ihis pedantry of quotation. Coteley. 
 Pedantry is llie unseasonable O6t'--iit;tlion of leaniiiij. Rambler. 
 
 PE-Da'RI-.\N, 71. One of the pedarii in the Roman 
 senate, who were not really senators, but only enti- 
 tled to a seat by the office which they held, and who, 
 not being authorized to vote, expressed their prefe- 
 rence by walking over to the party they wished to join. 
 
 Smithes Diet. 
 
 PED'ATE, a. [L. pcdatus, from pes, the foot ] 
 
 In botany, wlicii tile footstalk of a leaf is divided 
 at the top, with a leaflet in the fork, and several 
 leaflets on each division, it is said to be pcdate, 
 
 PE-D.\T'1-FID, <i. [L. pes, foot, anilfindo, to divide.] 
 A pedatifid leaf, in botany, is one whose parts are 
 not entirely separate, but divided in a pedate man- 
 ner. Mnrtyn. 
 
 PED'DLE, r. 1. [Perhaps from the root of petty, \V. 
 pitw, Fr. petit, small.] 
 
 1. To be busy about trifles. 
 
 2. To travel about the country and retail goods. 
 He peddles for a living. 
 
 PED'DLE, V. t. To sell or retail, usually by traveling 
 
 about the country. 
 PED'DLER, 71. [from peddle, to sell by traveling; or 
 from L. pes, pedis, the lout.] 
 
 A traveling foot-tradi.r ; one that carries about 
 small commodities on his back, or in a cart or wagon, 
 and sells them. Spenser. SwtTt. 
 
 PEO'OEER-ESS, I!. A female peddler. Om-rbury. 
 PED'OLER-Y, n. Small wares sold or carried about 
 
 for sale by peddlers. 
 PEO'DLING, ppr. Traveling about and selling small 
 2. a. Trifling; unimportant. [wares. 
 PEIVE-RAST, 71. [Gr. -aioef.aaTCs, from Ttais, a boy, 
 and epoii, love.] 
 
 A sodomite. Encyc. 
 PED E RAST'ie, a. Pertaining to pederasty. 
 PEL)'E-R.\ST-Y, 71. Sodomy; the crime against na- 
 ture; 
 
 PED-E-RP.'RO, 71. [Sp. pedrcrn, from picdra, a stone, 
 L. pctra, Gr. mro s ; so named from tiie use of stones 
 in the cliarne, before the invention of iron balls.] 
 A swivel gun; sometimes written paterero. 
 
 PE1)'F,.S-T.\L, 71. [Sp.pfrff.vta/; It. piedejtullo; Fr. 
 piedestal i L. pes, the foot, aiid Teut. stall; G. stcllen, 
 to set.] 
 
 In architecture, the lowest part of a column or pil- 
 lar ; the purt which sustains a coliiiiin or serves as 
 its foitt. It consists of three jiarts, the base, the die, 
 and the cornice. Mdi-con. Qwilt. 
 
 PE-ltES'Tlil-AI,, n. [\,.pedestris.] 
 
 Pertaining to the fiiot. Mnselry. 
 PE-I)ES'TK1-A.\, a II,. pedestris, from pes, the foot.] 
 Going on foot ; walking; performed on foot ; as, a 
 pedestrian journey. 
 PE I)ES'TRI-A.\, 71. One that walks or journeys on 
 foot. 
 
 2. One that walks for a wager; a remarkable 
 walker. 
 
 PE-I)ES'TRI-AN-IS.M, 71. A walking; usu:illy fur a 
 wager. 
 
 2. The practice of walking. 
 
 PE-DE?'TRI-AX-IZE, v. i. To practice walking. 
 PE-DES'TRI-OUS, a. Going on foot ; not winged. 
 
 ^riiu; 71. 
 
 PED'I GLe' I P^'^'cw^"^, from pes, the foot.] 
 
 1. In botany, the ultimate division of a coninuui 
 peduncle ; the stalk that supports one flower only, 
 when there are several on a peduncle. Any short 
 and small footstalk, although it does not -stand upon 
 another footstalk, is likewise called a pedicel. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 2. In zoolotpi, a footstalk or stem by which certain 
 animals t>f the lower orders are attached. Dana. 
 
 PED'I-CEL-L.\TE, a. Having a pedicel, or supported 
 by a pedicel. 
 
 PE-DIG'l[-L.AR, \a. [Tj. pedicularis, from pediculus, 
 PE-DIG'U-LOUS, i a louse.] 
 
 Lousv: having the lousv distemper, 
 PE-DlG'ER-OUS, a. [h. pes and gero.] 
 
 Having feet, 
 
 PED'I-GREE, 77, [Probably from L. pes, pedis, foot, 
 like D. stam, G. stannn, stem, stock, degree.] 
 
 1, Lineage ; line of ancestors from which a person 
 or tribe descends ; genealogy, 
 
 Allcmioiis of surnames — have obscured Ihe truth of onr pedi- 
 grees, Camden. 
 
 2. .\n account or register of a line of ancestors. 
 
 Tlie Jews preserved the pedigrees of tJieir several trily's. 
 
 Auerbury, 
 
 PED'I-LU-VY, 71. [L, pes, foot, and lavo, to wash,] 
 
 The bathing of the feet ; a bath for the feet, 
 PED'I-.MENT, 71, [from L, pes, the foot.] 
 
 In architecture, an ornament that finishes the fronts 
 of buildings, and serves as a decoration over gates, 
 windows, and niches. It is of two forms, triangular 
 and circular. A pediment is properly the representa- 
 tion of the roof. Encyc. Brande. 
 PEU'I-PALP, 71. [L. pes and palpo.] 
 
 One of an order of Arachnidans or spiders, whose 
 feelers are extended before the head, armed with a 
 forceps. 
 
 PED-I-PALP'OUS, a. Pertaining to the pedipalps. 
 PED'I-RE.ME, 71. [L. pes, a foot, and remit.?, an oar ] 
 .\ crustaceous animal, whose feet serve the purpose 
 of oars. 
 PED'LER. See Peddler. 
 
 PE-DO-BAPTIS.M, ii. [Gr. irais, vaiioi, a child, and 
 /)(iT7iT/iii, baptism.] 
 
 The baptism of infants or of children. 
 
 PE-DO-BAP'TIST, 71. One that holds to infant bap- 
 tism ; one that practices the baptism of children. 
 Most denominations of Christians are pedobaptists. 
 
 PE-DOM'E-TER, 71. [L. pes, the foot, and Gr. pirooi , 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument by which paces are numbered as a 
 person walks, and the distance from place to place 
 ascertained. It also marks the revolutions of wheels. 
 This is done by means of wheels with teeth, and a 
 chain or string fastened to the foot or to the wheel 
 of a carriage ; the wheels advancing a notch at every 
 step, or at every revolution of the carriage wheel, 
 
 Ilebert. 
 
 PED-O-MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to, or measured 
 
 bv, a pedometer, 
 PE-DUN'C1,E, (pe-dunk'l,) 71. [L. pes, the foot.] 
 
 1. Ill botany, the stem or stalk that supports the 
 fructification of a plant, i. e., the flower and the 
 fruit. Martyn. 
 
 •2. In eoncholorry, a sort of stem, by which certain 
 shells are attached to wood or other objects. 
 
 Humble. 
 
 PE-DUNG'U-L AR, a. Pertaining to a peduncle ; grow- 
 ing from a peduncle; as, a peduncular tendril. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 PE-DI'.\G'II-LATE, la. Having a peduncle ; grow- 
 
 PE-1)UNG'U-L.\-TED, j ing on a peduncle ; as, a 
 pedunculate flower. 
 
 PEE, p. i. To look with one eye. [JVot itserf.] Bay. 
 
 PEED, a. Blind of one eye. [Mt used.] ' Ray. 
 
 PEEK, in our popular dialect, is the same as Peei", to 
 look through a crevice. 
 
 PEEL, t'. t. [Fr. pelrr, piller: Sp. pelar, pillar: Port. 
 pclar, pilhar; It. pigliurc; L. pilo, to pull off hair 
 and to pilla'je ; Arm. piVAu ; VV. piliair, to take otf Ihe 
 surface or rind. The first verb pelrr, pelar, seems lo 
 be formed from L. pilus, the hair. 'I'he Eng. peel ii 
 tlierefori? from the other verb. See Pill. Class III, 
 No. 32, 41, 51.] 
 
 1. To strip otf skin, bark, or rind, without a cut- 
 ting instriiiiient ; lo strip by drawing or t. anug ofl' 
 the skill ; lo hark ; to flay ; to decortirale. When a 
 knife ii! used, we call it parinir. Thus we say, to 
 peel a tree, to peel an orange ; but we say, to pare an 
 apple, to pare land. 
 
 2. In a general sense, to remove the skin, bark, or 
 rind, evi u with an iiistriinient. 
 
 3. To strip; lo plunder; to pillage; as, to peel a 
 province or conquered people. .Milton. Dryden. 
 
 PEEL, r. i. To lose the skin, bark, or rind. Umart. 
 PEEL, 71, [L. pcllis, Fr. peau, G. fell, D, vcl, skin; 
 
 from peelinir.] 
 The skin or rind of any thing ; aa, the peel of an 
 
 orange. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII,>T. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK,— 
 
 1^(18 
 
PEG 
 
 PKKI,, ?i. [I'r. ptllr: \.. Sp. ami It. pala; W. put, 
 prohably Iroiii tlii'iistiii<;, thruwiii^, L. pdto ; Gr. 
 lia\XM, like Kng. j>7iui(7, from sliocc; or from spread- 
 ing.] 
 
 .\ kind of woollen shovel, used by bakers, with a 
 hrond palm and lung handle ; hence, in popular use 
 in America, any large fire-shovel. 
 PEEL'iCD, pp. or a. Stripped of skin, bark, or rind ; 
 
 plundered ; pillaged. 
 PEEL'EU, n. One lhat peels, strips, or flays. 
 
 3. A plunderer ; a pillager. 
 PEEL'ING, ppr. Stripping off skin or bark ; plunder- 
 ing. 
 
 PEEP, V. i. [Ir. piobam, to pipe, to peep ; D. pieptji, to 
 pipe, to chirp; G. pfeifrm S\v. pipa; Dan. piper, 
 pipprr ; L. pipio. The primary sense is, to open or to 
 shuul, to thrust out or forth ; Dan. pippcr /rem, to 
 sprout, to bud. Tiiis coincides with i>ipc, Jife, &c., 
 lleb. aa'', to cry out, j94i6, &c.] 
 
 1. To liegin to appear ; to make the first appear- 
 ance ; to i^sue or come forth from concealuunt, as 
 through a narrow avenue. 
 
 I c-iii lee his pritle 
 Pfep ihroii^h facti pan ol liiin. Shnk. 
 WIk'ii flowcnj tint peejHd. Drydeu. 
 
 2. To look through a crevice ; to look narrowly, 
 closely, or slily. 
 
 A fool will jieep in nt the iloor. Eccltta. 
 TUou an a niaiil, anj must lu-t peep. Prior. 
 
 3. To cry, as chickens ; to utter a fine, shrill sound, 
 as through u crevice ; usually written Pip, but with- 
 out reason, as it is the same word as is here defined, 
 and, in .\merica, is usually pronounced peep. 
 
 PEEP, «. First appearance ; as, the pecii of day. 
 
 2. A sly look, (»r a look through a crevice. ^ic{ft. 
 
 3. The cry of a chicken. 
 
 PEEP'EK, n. A chicken just breaking the shell. 
 
 Bram:iton. 
 
 2. fn familiar language, the ej'C. 
 PEEH'-IIOLE, i II. A hole or crevice through 
 PEEl'TiNG-lloI.E, j u hich one may peep or look 
 
 without being discovered. 
 PEEP'ING, ppr. Looking tlirough a crevice. 
 
 2. Crying, like a chicken. 
 PEEK, «. [Fr. pair; L. par; It. pari; Sp. pur. See 
 Pa I It.] 
 
 1. An equal ; one of the same rank. A man may 
 be familiar with his peers. 
 
 2. An equal in excellence or endowments. 
 
 Ill BOnj he never had liis peer. Dnjden. 
 
 3. A companion ; a fellow ; an associate. 
 
 He all his peert in beauty diil BUrpas*. Sjtenter. 
 
 4. A nobleman ; as, a peer of the realm ; the house 
 of peers, so called because noblemen and barons 
 were originally ctmsidered as the ctunpanioiis of the 
 king, like L. comes, count. In England, persons 
 belonging to the five degrees of nobility are all peers. 
 
 PEER, e. I. [L.pareo; Norm, perer. See A r pea b.] 
 
 1. To come just in sight ; to appear ; a poetic word. 
 So lianor peereth in the meanest hahit. Sliak. 
 See how his 5or<^t jieers above his gown. B. Jonton. 
 
 2. To look narrowly ; to peep ; as, the peering 
 day. MiUon. 
 
 Peering in maps for ports, and picra, and roads. SfiaJt. 
 PEER' AGE, 71. [See Peer, an equal.] The rank or 
 dignity of a peer or nobleman. Blaetcstmie. 
 2. The body of |)eers. Drijden. 
 PEER'DOM, (peer'dum,) n. Peerage. [J^''otused.] 
 PEBIl'ESS, n. The consort of a peer ; a noble laily. 
 
 Pupe. 
 
 PEER'I.ES.S, n. Unequaled ; having no peer or equal ; 
 
 as. prerle.-<s beautv or majesty. Dryden. 
 PEER'LESS-LY, ailv. Without an equal. 
 PEER'I,ES.S-NESS, ii. The state of having no equal. 
 PEE'V'ISH, a. [In Scot, pew is to ctiniplain or nmtter. 
 
 It is probably a contracted word, and i>erhaps from 
 
 the rotit (»f pet, petulant.] 
 
 1. Fretful; petulant; apt to mutter and complain ; 
 easily vexed or fretted ; querulous ; hard to please. 
 
 She is peeviih, sullen, froward. ShaJc. 
 
 2. Expressing discontent and fretftilness. 
 
 1 will not presume 
 To send such peevuih tokens to a kiii^. Shak. 
 
 3. Silly ; childish. S/mk. 
 PEE'VISII-LY, aJu. Fretfully; petulantly; with dis- 
 content and mtiriiiuring. Jfatrward. 
 
 PEE'VISH-NES.S, M. Fretfulness; petulance ; dispo- 
 sition to murmur; sourness of temper; as, childish 
 peevis/iuess. 
 
 When peeoithneet and spleeu succeed. Siei/t. 
 
 PEG, n. [This is prohably from the root of L. pango, 
 parous, Gr. :rr(>i/ii/ii ; denoting that which fastens, or 
 allied to beak and picket.] 
 
 1. A small, pointed piece of wood, used in fasten- 
 ing boards or other work of wood, &c. It docs the 
 olfice of a nail. The word is applied only to small 
 pieces of wood |iointed ; to the larger pieces, thus 
 pointed, we give the name of pins, and pins, in ship 
 cnriH-ntry, are called tree-nails or trenails. Coxe, in 
 his Travels in Russia, speaks of poles or beams, 
 fastened into the ground with pegs. 
 
 PEL 
 
 2. The pins of an instrument, on which the strings 
 are strained. Sliak. 
 
 3. A nickname for Margaret. 
 
 V'u talie a peg lower ; to come down ; to sink. 
 
 JIudihras. 
 
 PEG, V. I. To fasten with pegs. Krehtn. 
 PEG'A-SUS, 7t. [1,.. from Gr. ll^ijoTuf.] In/abaluus 
 historij, a winguil horse. 
 
 2. In astronomy, imt: of the northern constellations. 
 
 3. In loblogij, a genus of fishes with large pectoral 
 fins, by means of which they lake short Mights or 
 leaps thrniiL'h the air. 
 
 PEG'GKD, pp. or a. Fastened or furnished with pegs. 
 PEG'GER, H. One that fastens with pegs. Sliericood. 
 PEG'GI.NG, ;;pr. Securing with pegs. 
 PkG.M, (pCiii,) n. [(Jr. rr,,, ,,„.] 
 
 A sort of moving machine in the old pagenntu, 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 PEG'.MA-TITE, v. A variety of granite, composed 
 cs.sentially of lamellar fiidspar and quartz ; I'letiiient- 
 ly with a mixture of mica. In it are found kaolin, 
 tin, tourmalin, beryl, columbile, tungsten, and other 
 valuable minerals. Fr. Diet. ofjVat. IJisl. 
 
 PEI R.AM'E-TI'.R, Ji. An iustiiiment for measuring 
 the amount of resistance to wheel carriages on roads 
 of dillVrent construction. Franeis. 
 
 PEI-KAS'Tie, a. [Gr. ircipariA"S, from irti/jatu, to 
 strain, to attempt.] 
 
 1. Attempting; making trial. 
 
 2. Treating of or representing trials or attempts ; 
 as. the prirastic dialogues of Plato. Enjicld. 
 
 PEIS5E. See Poise. 
 
 PEIC'AX, «. A carnivorous quadruped of the weasel 
 family, Mustela Canadensis, found in Canada and 
 the Northern United States ; also called the Fisher. 
 It grows to the length of from three to four ftret. 
 
 tlncyc. Jim. 
 
 PEK'uE, i>. A kind of black tea, said to be scented 
 
 with a shrub called pekoe, 
 PEL'.AtiE, n. [Fr., from L. piVu.s, hair.] 
 
 The Vesture or covering of wild beasts, consisting 
 
 of hair, fur, or wool. Bacon. 
 
 Pertaining to tlio sea, or deej) sea ; as, pelagian 
 shells. Juurn. of Science. 
 
 PE L.\'GI-.AN, n. [from Pelagiu.i, a native of Great 
 Britain, who lived in the fourth century.] 
 
 A follower of I'elagius, a monk of Banclior or 
 Bangor, who denit-d original sin, and asserted the 
 doctrine of free will and the merit of good works. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 PE-La'GI-AN, a. Pertaining to Pelagius and his doc- 
 trines. South. 
 PE-La'GI-Ai\-ISJI, n. The doctrines of Pelagius. 
 
 South. 
 
 PEL-XR-Go'M-UiM, n. [Gr. ireX.ip) "?, a stork.] 
 
 A genus of ornamental plants allieti to the gera- 
 nium, and belonging to the same natural order. 
 
 PEL'E-RINE, n. A lady's long cape, with ends com- 
 ing down lii'fore. 
 
 PELF, n. [Probably allied to pilfer.] Money ; riches ; 
 but it often conveys the idea of something ill gotten 
 or worthless. It lias no plural. 
 
 PEL'FRV or PEL'FKAV; formerly used for Pelf. 
 
 PEL'I-eAN, n. [Low L. pelecanus ; Gr. l^tA^Ku^ ; Fr. 
 pelican.] 
 
 1. A palmiped water fowl of the genus Pelecanus. 
 It is larger than the swan, and remarkable for its 
 enormous bill, to the lower edges of the under rhop 
 of which is attached a pouch or bag, capable of being 
 distended 9o as to hold many quarts of water. In 
 Uiis bag the fowl deposits the fish it takes for fiioil. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 2. A chemical glass vessel or alembic with a tubu- 
 lated capit:d, from which two opposite and crtmked 
 beaks pass out and enter again at the Ix lly of the 
 cucurbit. It is designed for continued distillation 
 and coliobation ; the volatUe parts of the substance 
 distilling, rising into the capital, and returning 
 through the beaks into the cucurbit. JViclioLson. 
 
 Pk'LI OM, >i. [Gr. irtAito/ii;, black color.] 
 
 .\ mineral, a variety of iolitc. Cleavcland. 
 
 PE-LYSSE', (pe-lees',) n. [Fr., fiom L. pellis, skin.] 
 Originally, a furred robe or coat. But the name is 
 now given to a silk co.at or habit worn by ladies. 
 
 PELL, n. [L. pelli.i. It. pcUc, a skin.] 
 
 1. A skin or hide. 
 
 2. A roll of pjirchment. 
 
 Clerk of the pells ; in England, an officer of the ex- 
 chequer, who enters every teller's bill on the parch- 
 ment rolls, the roll of receipts, antl the roll of dis- 
 bursements. 
 
 PEL'LET, II. [Fr. peloU; W. pellcn, tiom L. pila, a 
 ball: It.pn/;a.] 
 
 1. A little ball ; as, a ptllcl of wax or lint. 
 
 Bacon. IViseman. 
 
 2. A bullet ; a ball for fire-arms. [Ao( noie u.^ed.] 
 
 Bacon. Ray. 
 
 PEI.'LET-ED, a. Consisting of bullets. Shak. 
 PEL'LI-ei.E, (pel'le kl,) n. [L. pellicula, dim. of pel- 
 lis, shin.] 
 
 1. .\ thin skin or film. Sharp. F.ucyc 
 
 2. Among chemislj, a thin, saline crust formed on 
 
 PEN 
 
 the surface of a solution of salt evuponitetl to a i.er- 
 tain dirgree. This pellicle consists of saline parti- 
 cles crystallized. JVtchoL^on. Ilrande. 
 PEL'LI-TU RY, n. [Sp. prlitre ; corrupted perhaps 
 from L. parietaria, the wall plant, from panes.] 
 
 The name of several plants of different genera, 
 sometimes used in medicine. The pellilory of the 
 wall, or common peililury, is of the genus Parietaria ; 
 the bastard pellilory, of the genus Achillea; and the 
 pellitory of Spain, is the Anthemis pyrethriim. 
 
 Lee. Parr. 
 
 PELL-MELL', ado. With confused violence. 
 
 Shak. /fadibraj. 
 
 PELLS, 71. pL Clerk of the pells. [See Pell.] 
 
 PEL-I.u'CIU, a. [L. petlucidiis ; per and luciilws, very 
 briL'lit. See Lichv.] 
 
 Perfectly clear ; transparent ; not opaque ; as, a 
 body as pellucid as cry stal. }Vt>odu:ard. 
 
 PEI^LU-(;II)'1-TY, (71. Perfect clearness; trans- 
 
 PEL-LO'CID-NESS, j parcncy ; as, the pellueidily 
 of the air ; the peUiieidness of a gem. Locke. JCeil. 
 
 PEL-LO'CII)-I,Y, adv. '"-'insparently ; clearly. 
 
 PE-Lo'l'I-LTM, 71. A nietai ccently cliscovereil in Co- 
 in nibite. Juurn. of Science.. 
 
 PEL-O-PON'-NE'SIAN, a. Pertaining to Pelopimne- 
 sus. 
 
 PEL-O-POX-NE'SUS, 71. [Gr. nrXoiropujiroi, island 
 of Pelops.] A celebrated peninsula, comprehending 
 the southern part of Greece ; now calleil Jilorea. 
 
 PELT, n. [ii, pell ; S\i. pelaila i Ij. pellis. See Fell.] 
 
 1. The skin of a beiLst v/ith the hair on it ; a raw 
 hide. Brown. 
 
 2. The quarry of a hawk all torn. Jlinsaortli. 
 
 3. A blow or stroke from something thrown. [In- 
 fra.] 
 
 PELT, V. t. [Fr. peloler, from pehite, a ball ; or con- 
 trdcteil from pellet. In S\v. bulla is to beat. The 
 word is from Fr. pclvte, a little ball, or from h. peUo, 
 
 Gr. lSan'o.\ 
 
 1. Properhj, to strike with something thrown, 
 driven, or falling; as, to pelt with stouts; pcllxd 
 with hail. 
 
 The chi'lin^ billows seem to pelt the cloudn. ShaSc. 
 
 2. To drive by throwing something. Merbiiry. 
 PELT'-WQOL, II. Wool plucked Iroin the |Rlts or 
 
 skins of sheep after they are dead. 
 
 pilfl'-lTEI), I "■ [ J"-""' " 
 
 Fixed to the stalk by the center, or by some point 
 
 distinctlv within the margin. jVurtyn. 
 PELT'.ATE-LY, adc. In a peltate manner. Katon. 
 PELT'EI), pp. Struck with something thrown or 
 
 driven. 
 
 PELT'ER, n. One that jielts ; also, a pinchpenny ; a 
 mean, sordid person. Iluloel, 
 
 PEI.T'ING, ppr. Striking with something thrown or 
 driven. 
 
 PELT'IN'G, 71. An assault with any thing thrown. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PELT'IXG, a. In Shaksrprare, mean ; paltry. [Im- 
 proper. ] 
 
 PELr'-MO.\"GER, ( inung'ger,) h. A dealer in |>ells 
 or raw hitles. 
 
 PELT'UY, 71. [from pc/(, a skin.] The skins of ani- 
 mals proilucing fur; skins in general, with the fur 
 oil them ; furs in general. SntolUtt. 
 PEL'V IC, o. Pertaining to the pelvis. Lawrence 
 PEL-VIM'E-TER, 7i. [L. pctcis and Gr. ptrpuv, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument to measure the dimensions of the 
 female pelvis. Coxe. 
 
 PEL'VIS, 71. [L. pelvLt, n basin.] 
 
 The cavity of the body formed by the os sacrum, 
 OS coccygis, and ossa innomiuata, constituting the 
 lower part of the abdomen. 
 
 PE.M'.MI-G.\.\, 77. Meat cured, pulverized, and mixed 
 with fat. It contains much niitrimeut in sm 11 com- 
 pass, and is of great use in long voyages of exjilorn- 
 tion. 
 
 PE.V, 71. [L. penna ; Sax. pinn ; D. pen ; It. peiina, a 
 feather, a pen, anil a top ; W. pen, top, summit, 
 head; Ir. icaiiii, Jciiiii, written also iirn. The Celtic 
 nations called the peak of a mountain ben or prn. 
 Hence, the name .Ipennine, applied to the mountains 
 of Italy. It may belong to the same rout as L, pinna, 
 a fin, that is, a shoot or point.] 
 
 1. An instrument used ftir writing, usually made 
 of the (luill of a goose or other bird ; but it may be uf 
 any other material, as of steel, gold, ice. 
 
 2. .\ feather ; a wing. [AVt used.] Spenser. 
 PEN, r. U ; pret. and pp. Pemnep. To write ; to com- 
 pose and commit to paper. Mdison. 
 
 PEN, 11. [Sax. piiian, to pres.', or pyndan, to pound or 
 shut up ; both probably from one root.] 
 A small inclosure for beasts, as for cows or sheep. 
 
 PEN, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Pe.n^eu or Pemt. To shut in 
 a pen ; to confine in a small inclosure : to c<H>p ; to 
 confine in a narrow place ; usually followeil by up, 
 which is rediindanL Boyle. Milton. 
 
 PEN'-CUT-TER, n. One whose occupation is to 
 make pens. 
 
 Pe'NAL, o. [Fr. and Sp. id. ; lU pmah : from L. 
 p<r7«i, Gr. roim, p:un, punishment. See Paim I 
 
 TCNE, BULL, UNITE — A.\"GEK, VI"CIOUS — € as K; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in TIIIS. 
 
 102 
 
 PPP 
 
 800 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 1. Enacting punishment ; denouncing the punish- 
 ment of offenses ; as, a peiuil law or statute ; ilie pe- 
 nal code. Peiuil statutes must be construed strictly. 
 
 Blackntone. 
 
 2. Inflicting punishment. 
 
 Ad.imiuiline chains and jwmZ fire. r*rdton. 
 
 3. Incurring punishment ; subject to a penalty ; as, 
 a penal act or offense. 
 
 PE-XALT-TY, 71. Liableness or condemnation to 
 punisliment. [JVut usciL] Brown. 
 
 Pe'.\AL-LY, ado. In a penal manner. 
 
 PEN'AL-TY, n. [ll. penaldd ; Sf. jienalidad. See Pe- 
 nal.] 
 
 1. Thesufferin? in person or property which is an- 
 nexed by law or juilicial decision to tlie commission 
 of a crime, offense, or trespass, as a punishment. A 
 fine is a pecuniary peiiahy. The usual pejialtics in- 
 flicted on the person are whipping, cropping, brand- 
 ing, imprisonment, hard labor, transportiition, or 
 de.ith. 
 
 2. The suffering to which a person subjects himself 
 by covenant or agreement, in case of non-fulfill- 
 ment of his stipulations; the forfeiture or sum to be 
 forfeited for non-payment, or for non-compliance 
 with an agreement ; as, the penalty of a bond. 
 
 PE\'.\NCE, ji. fSp. ptnanU, from penar. It. pcnare, 
 to suffer pain. SeePAi!».] 
 
 1. The suffering, labor, or pain to which a person 
 Tolunt.arily subjects himself, or which is imposed on 
 him by authority as a punishment for his faults, or 
 as an expression of penitence ; such as fasting, flag- 
 ellation, wearing chains, &c. Prnance is one of the 
 seven sacraments of the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Rncyc. 
 
 2. Repentance. [Ois.] Wulif. 
 PE-Na'TeS, 71. pi. [L.] The household gods of the 
 
 ancient Italians. 
 PENCE, (pense,) ti. The plural of Penny, when 
 
 used of a sum of money or value. When pieces of 
 
 coin are mentioned, we use Pennies. 
 PEN-CHaNT', (pin-shing',) 71. [Fr.] Inclination. 
 PEN'CIIj, n. [Fr. pincrau ; Sp. pincel ; L. penicillu.s.'] 
 
 1. A small brush used by painters for laying on col- 
 ors. Hence, Jigurativcly, the art of painting. The 
 proper pencils are made of fine hair or bristles, as of 
 camels, badgers, or squirrels, or of the down of 
 swans, inclosed in a quill. The larger pencils, 
 made of swine's bristles, are called Brushes. 
 
 En r ye. 
 
 2. .\ny instrument formed of black lead or red 
 chalk, with a point at one end, used for writing and 
 drawing. Encyc. 
 
 3. Any instrument of writing without ink. 
 
 Jrluuion. 
 
 4. In opticj), an aggregate or collection of lays of 
 light. 
 
 PE.N'CIL, v. t. To paint or draw ; to write or mark 
 
 with a pencil. Skak. Ihrie. 
 
 PEX'(^II<-£T), pp. or a. Painted, drawn, or marked 
 
 vvilh a pencil. 
 2. Radiated ; having pencils of rays. 
 PEN'CIL-ING, ;>;7r. Painting, drawing, or marking 
 
 with a pencil. 
 PEN'CIL-INf;, 71. The act of painting or sketching. 
 PEX'CIL-.«HaP-£D, (-shipt,) a. Havingthe shape of 
 
 a pencil. 
 
 PEN'eU.'^FT, n. Penmanship ; cliirography. Bruce. 
 PEND'ANT, n. [Fr., from L. pcndeu, to hang, or Sp. 
 pendon. S^ee Pennon.] 
 
 1. An ornament or jewel hanging at the ear, usu- 
 ally composed of pearl or some precious stone. Pope. 
 
 2. A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, &c., 
 much used in Gothic architecture. Oloss. ofJlrckiU 
 
 3. Any thing hanging by way of ornament. 
 
 IValler. 
 
 4. In the Jin c arts,a. picture or print which, from 
 uniformity of size and subject, hangs as a companion 
 of another. Brandr. 
 
 h. In he raldrij, a part hanging from the label, re- 
 sen)bling the drops in the Doric frieze. Eiieyc. 
 
 G. A lone, narrow i)iece of bunting, worn at the 
 masHieads of vessels of war. [See Pennant.] 
 
 Tutlcn. 
 
 The broad pendant is a square piece, carried in the 
 same way, in a commodore's vessc-l. 
 
 R. 11. Dana, Jr. 
 
 7. A rope to which a purchase is hooked. 
 
 There are many other pendants consisting of a rope 
 or ropes, to whose lower c.vlremity is attached a block 
 or tackle. The rudder-pendant i« a rope made fast 
 to the rudiler by a chain, to prevent the loss of the 
 rudder when unshipped. [Sec Pennant.] 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 8. A pendulum. [A'oJ i/.^rj.] Di^by, 
 PEND'E.N'CE, 71. [ L. pcndcnn, pciulco, to hang.] 
 
 SliiiH! ; inclination. Ifuttun. 
 PE.N'U'EN CY, 71. [li. prndrnxj pendeo, sujira.] 
 
 Hu»pense ; the utate of beuig undecided ; ns, to 
 wait liuring the pendency of a suit or petition. 
 PEXD'E.NT, a. fl'- pendniK.] 
 
 I. Hanging ; liuitenod ul one end, the utiier being 
 
 Wtlh riUxm»p«fid«fii, Unruif MMut her heiul. Stiak. 
 
 2. Jutting over ; projecting ; as, a pendent rock. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Supported above the ground. Milton. 
 PE^r-DK^T' TE .LP TE, [L.] Pending the suit or ac- 
 tion. 
 
 PE.\-DEXT'IVE, n. In architecture, the portion of a 
 vault between the arches under a dome. 
 
 PEND'ENT-LY, ade. In a pendent or projecting man- 
 ner. 
 
 PEND'ING, ppr. [L. pendco, to hang ; pendente lite.] 
 Uet)ending ; remaining undecided ; not termina- 
 ted. This was done, pending the suit. 
 
 PEXDTLE, 7/. A pendulum. Evelyn. 
 
 PEND-li-LOS'I-TY, i 7t. [See Pendulous.] "The 
 
 PEND'Ii-LOUS-NESS, ( state of hanging ; suspen- 
 sion. 
 
 [ The latter is the prrferahle word.] 
 PEND'LJ-LOUS, a. [L. pendulus, from pendeo, to 
 liang.] 
 
 Hanging ; swinging; fastened at one end, the oth- 
 er being movable. The dewlap of an animal is pcnd- 
 vlous. 
 
 PEND'U-LUM, 71. [L. pendulu.^, pendulum.] 
 
 A body suspended by a right line from a fixed 
 point, and moving freely about that point as a cen- 
 ter; as, the pendulum of a clock. The oscillations 
 of a pendulum depend on gravity, and are always 
 performed in nearly equal times, supposing the 
 length of the pendulum and the gravity to remain the 
 same. 
 
 Ballistic pendulum ; a pendulum used to ascertain 
 the momentum of cannon or musket balls. It usu- 
 ally consists of a heavy log of wood suspended so as 
 to move freely. 
 
 Compmsation pendulum ; a pendulum containing 
 some contrivance for counteracting the expansion of 
 the rod by heat, and its contraction by cold, so as to 
 keep the pendulum always of the same effective 
 ■ length. Qlmated. 
 
 Gridiron pendulum; a species of compensation pen- 
 dulum, consistiu2 of parallel bars of different metals, 
 so arranged that the length of the jiendulum remains 
 unaltered by changes of temperature. 
 
 Mirrnrial pendulum; a species of compensation 
 pendulum, having the rod made of steel, and the 
 weight formed by a glass vessel filled with mercury, 
 which, by its expansiiui or contraction, compens.ales 
 for Ihe changes in the leiigtli of the rod. Brande. 
 PEi\-E-TRA-I!IL'I-TY, 71. [from peiirtrablc.] Sus- 
 ceptibility of being penetrated, or of being entered 
 or passed through by another body, 
 
 TliL-re beinj no mean between penelrabiti/^ and impenetrability, 
 
 Clityne. 
 
 PEN'E-TRA-BLE, a. [Fr., from 1,, peurfraiife. See 
 Penethate.] 
 
 1, That may be penetrated, entered, or pierced by 
 another body. 
 
 I.»t him try thy ilart, 
 And pierce his only penetrohie part. Di-yden. 
 
 2. Susceptible of moral or intellectual impres- 
 sion. 
 
 1 am not made of filone, 
 Bnt penetrable to yoar kind eiitr,.'aties. Shak. 
 
 PEJ\r-E-TRA' LI-A, n. pi. [L.] The recesses or in- 
 nermost parts of any place, as of a temple, palace, 
 &c. ; hence, the hidden things or secrets. The an- 
 glicized form, Penetrail, is not used. 
 
 PE.\"E-TRAN-CY, 71. [L. penetrans.] 
 
 Power of entering or piercing ; as, the pcnctrancy 
 of subtile effluvia. 
 
 PEN'E-TRANT, a. [L. penetrans.] 
 
 Having the power to enter or pierce ; sharp ; suli- 
 tile ; as, ;)e«c/.r<iH£ spirit ; food subtilized and renilered 
 fluid and penetrant. Boyle. Rati- 
 
 PEN'E-TR.aTE, v. I. [L. penetro, from the root of 
 pen, a point.] 
 
 1. To enter or pierce ; to make way into another 
 body ; as, a sword or dart penetrates the body ; oil 
 penrtrairs wood ; luiirrow, the most penetrating of 
 oily substances. .Hrbuthnot. 
 
 1. 'J'o aft'ect the mind ; to cause to feel. I am pen- 
 etrated with a lively sense of your generosity. 
 
 ;t. To reach by the intellect ; to understand ; as, to 
 penetrate the nu^auing or dt^sigu of any thing. 
 
 4. To enter ; to pass into the interior; as, to jjC7i- 
 etrate a country. 
 
 PEN'E-TRaTE, v. i. To pass ; to make way. 
 
 Burn wlu'ie Ileaveii'ii influence BC;vrco can penetrate. Pope. 
 
 2. To make way intellectually. He had not pen- 
 etrated into the desisns of the [irince. 
 
 PKN'E-TKa T|;|), pp. Entered; jiicrced ; under- 
 stood ; falhciiued. 
 
 rE.\'F-'l'KA-TI.\(;, ;);)r. Entering; piercing; under- 
 sl.'tiiding. 
 
 2. a. Having the power of entering or piercing 
 another body ; shaiii ; subtile. Oil is a penetrating 
 Hubslance. 
 
 3. Acute ; discerning ; quick to understand ; as, a 
 penetrating mind. 
 
 PE.\'E-TUA-TING-LY, adv. Piercingly ; discern- 
 inslv. 
 
 PEN-E-TRA''I"K)N, 71. Thoact of entering a body. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Alcntal entrance into any thing abstruse ; as, a 
 penetration into the abstruse diliiculties of alL'ehra. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 3. Acuteness; sagacity; as, a man of great or 
 nice penetration, 
 
 PEiV'E-TRA-TIVE, a. Piercing; sharp; subtile. 
 
 2. Acute ; sagacious ; discerning ; as, penetrative 
 wisdom. Smift. 
 
 3. Having the power to affect or impress the mind ; 
 as, petietratire shame. Shak. 
 
 PEN'E-TRA-TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 penetrative. 
 
 PEN'FISH, 71. A kind of eelpoul without a smooth 
 skin. Diet. A'at. Hist. 
 
 PEN'GUIN, (pen'gwin,) 77. [W. pen, head, and gwyn, 
 white ; or L. pinguidine, with fatness,] 
 
 1, The penguins constitute a genus of sea fowls, 
 .Spteiwdylcs, allied to the Auks. One species of pen- 
 guin is an a(Juatic fowl with very short legs, with 
 four toes, three of wliich are webbed; the body is 
 clothed with short feathers, .set as compactly as the 
 scales of a fish ; the wings are small like fins, and 
 covered with short, scale-like feathers, so that they 
 are useless in flight. Penguins seldom go on shore, 
 except in the season of breeding, when they burrow 
 like rabbits. On land tliey stand erect ; they are 
 tame, and may be driven like a flock of sheep. In 
 water they swim and dive with rapidity, being .as- 
 sisted with their wings. The penguins are found only 
 in the southern latitudes. Encyc. Amer. Partington. 
 
 2. A species of West India fruit. Miller. 
 PEN'I-CIL, 7t. [L. penieitlus.] Among physicians, a 
 
 tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers. 
 2, A species of shell. 
 PEN-I-C1L'L.\TE, a. [L. penicillus, a pencil or small 
 brush.] 
 
 In natural history, having the form of a pencil ; 
 consisting of a bundle of short, compact, or close 
 fibers. 
 
 PEN-IN'SU-LA, 71. [L. pene, almost, and insula, an 
 isle ; It. pcncsolo.] 
 
 1. A portion of land, connected with a continent 
 by a narrow neck or isthmus, but nearly surrounded 
 with water. Thus iiosttm stands on a peninsula. 
 
 2. A large extent of country joining the main land 
 by a part narrower than the tract itself. Thus Spain 
 and Portugal are said to be situated on a peninsula. 
 
 PEN-IN'SU-LAR, a. In the form or state of a p nin- 
 sula ; pertaining to a peninsula ; inhabiting a penin- 
 sula. 
 
 PEN-IN'SU-LaTE, v. t. To encompass almost with 
 water ; to form a peninsula. 
 
 Sonlh Rivfr pemusulatas Castle Hill farm, and at hiirli tides sni^ 
 rounds it. BerUley's Iliet. CoU. 
 
 PEN-IN'SU-La-TED, pp. Almost surrounded with 
 water. 
 
 PE.\'-Ii\'SU-LA-TING, ;i;)r. Nearly surrounding with 
 water. 
 
 Pf.'XIS, 77. [L.] The male organ of generation. 
 
 PEN'I-TENCE, j 77. [Fr. ;)(«>«oicr, from h. paniten- 
 
 PEN'I-TEN-CY, i tin, from pa'niteo, from pa na, pain, 
 punishment. See Pain.] 
 
 Repentance ; pain ; sorrow or grief of heart for 
 sins or oflenses ; ctinlrition. Real penitence springs 
 from a conviction of guilt and ingratitude to God, 
 and is followed bv amendment of life. 
 
 PEN'I-TENT, a. '[Fr., from E. pa'nilens.] 
 
 Siitlering pain or sorrow of heart on account of 
 sins, crimes, or t)flenses ; ctmtrite ; sincerely alferted 
 by a sense of guilt and resolving an amendment of life. 
 
 Tlie proud liff tamed, the 2>enitenl fic cheer*.-*!. ■ Dryden. 
 
 PEN'I-TENT, n. One that repents of sin ; one sor- 
 rowful on acftitint of his transgressions. 
 
 2. One under church censure, but .admitted to 
 penance. Stillingjleet. 
 
 3. One under the direction of a confessor. 
 
 Penitent.i is an appellation given to certain frater- 
 nities in Roman Catholic countries, distinguished by 
 their habits and employed in charitable acts. F.neyc. 
 
 Order of penitents ; a religious order established by 
 one liernard of .Marseilles, about the year I27J, for 
 the reception of reformt^d courtesan.s. The congre- 
 gation of peuitents,al Paris, was founded with a sim- 
 ilar view. Encyc. 
 
 PEN-I-TEN'TIAE, (pen e-tcu'shal,) a. [Fr. peniten- 
 tiel ; It. penitenzialr.] 
 
 Proceeding from or expressing penitence or contri- 
 tion of heart ; as, penitential sorrow or tears. Soutli. 
 
 PEN-l-TEN''i'I.\E, 71. Among llie Roman Catholics, 
 a book containing the rules which relate to penance 
 and the rertuirihation of penitents. Encyc. 
 
 PE.V-l-'rKN'TI.\l.-I.Y, ado. In a contrite manner. 
 
 PEN-I-TEN'TI A-RY, (-xlia-re,) a. R. lating to pen- 
 ance, or to the rules and measures of penance. 
 
 Bromhall. 
 
 PEN-I-TEN'TIA-RY, 71. One that pre.scribt^s the 
 rules and measures of penance. Bacon. Ayl{fe. 
 
 2. .\ penitent ; lUie that does penance. Jlaniinond, 
 
 3. Al the court of Rome, an ollice in whicii are ex- 
 amined anil di livered out the secret bulls, graces, or 
 dispi.nsatiims relating to cases of conscience, con- 
 fcv-isiiin, <tc. Encyc. 
 
 ■1. .\n olficer in some cathedrals, vested with 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WU^T M£TE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 ' 810 
 
jH»\vcr I'roiii llie hishop to absDlvo ill ciisrs reserved 
 to hill). 'I'lic pope lias ;i griiiul pt'iiiti'iiliiir}', who 
 is a cui'cliiial and is chief of tlic- otiicr peniiuntiu- 
 rit's. Kncijc. 
 
 5. A house of correction in which olTendcrs are 
 conliiu'd for punishini'iit and reformation, and coni- 
 liill.il to labor; a work-house. .\ state prison is a 
 {iniitnitiiirtl, 
 
 PE.\''l-'i;i;.\T-I,Y, ai/f. With jieniteiice; with re- 
 
 peniaiu'e, sorrow, »)r contrition for sin. 
 PEN'KMFi;, ( iiif-s) «. [See Pen and Knife.] A 
 
 small knife used for making and mendini; pens. 
 PEN'.MAN, II. ; ;</. Pexmem. [See Pe.v and M.vN.] 
 
 1. .\ man that professes or te.iclies the art of 
 writin;:. More ircnrrallii, 
 
 2. Ouo that writes a iiood hand. 
 
 3. All author j a « riler ; as, tlie sacred penmrn. 
 
 «4(^(/lS0rt. 
 
 PEX'.M A.\-SIIIP, n. The use of th>! pen in writing ; 
 the art of writing. 
 2. .Manner of writing ; as, good or had pnimanship. 
 
 Pl",.\'X.VC'll-/:U, (peii'nasht,) a. [I'r. prmwclie or 
 puiiacfiCy from pannche^ a plume or bunch ol' feathers.] 
 K:uliated ; diversified with natural stripes of vari- 
 ous colors, as a flower. [IMtle usdl.\ Krvhjn. 
 
 PE.\'NANT, I K. [Fr. /u//i('/i, pniniin; It. pcnitone ; 
 
 PE.N'N'OX, j Sp. j)( «(/<;« ; W. pnucn ; liulU. fiiiia ; 
 L. pa/iHit-, a cloth.] 
 
 1. A small rtag ; a banner. 
 
 2. In nnral (i/fliir.i, a 1oii2, narrow piece of bunting, 
 worn at the mast heads of vessels of war. TvUtn. 
 
 Broad prnnaiit, is a square piece, carried in the 
 same way, in a commodore's vessel. 
 
 li. II. nana, Jr. 
 
 3. A rope or strap to wluch a purchase is hooked. 
 
 R. II. Dana, Jr. 
 PE\'N.\TE, ill. [L. peniiofiw, winged, from pcnna, 
 PE.V'Na-TEI), i a iiuill or wing.] 
 
 1. Wiiised. 
 
 2. In buliinii, a pennate leaf is a compound Ie;if in 
 which a simple petiole has several leaflets attaclied 
 to each side of it. [See Pinn.\te.] 
 
 PE.N'NKD, pp. Wrilten. 
 
 PE.VNKD, a. Winged ; having plumes. lIulocL 
 PE.V.NER, II. A writer. 
 
 9. .\ pen-case. [Local.] .^iiisirorth. 
 PE.VNI-FOR.M, a. [L. ;K/iiia, a feather or quill, and 
 farm, ] 
 
 Having the form of a quill or feather. Enctjc. 
 PE.N'-NKi'ER-OUS, a. [L. peniia and <fcro.] 
 
 Hearing feathers or quills. 
 PEN'N'I-LESS, a. [from pennij.] Monej less ; desti- 
 tute of monrv ; poor. ^rbutJinot. 
 PEN'XI-LESS-NESS, n. The state of being money- 
 PK.N'.NI.Nl!, ;</»r. Couiniitting to writing. [less. 
 l'i;.\'.\l N(;, n. Composition; style of writing. Sliak. 
 Pi;.\'.NO.\. See Pes-vant. 
 
 PE.N'.NV, n. ; pL Penmes or Pe.'^ce. Pennies denotes 
 the number of coins ; pence the amount of pennies in 
 vahie. [Sax. pcnig ; D. and Sw. penning i G. pfen- 
 nvj ; Pan. pcntre^ money.] 
 
 1. .An ancient English silver coin; but now a 
 copper one, twelve of which are eipial to a shilling. 
 It is the radical denomination from which English 
 coin is nuinberi'd. Johnson. 
 
 2. Ill ancient English statutes, any or all silver 
 money. 
 
 3. Provrrbially, a small sum. He will not lend a 
 
 4. .Money in general. [penny. 
 
 Bl- pun.' to turn Uie penny. Drytlen. 
 
 PEN'NY-A-LI\'ER, n. A term of contempt for 
 those who furnish matter for public Journals at a 
 penny a linf. 
 
 PE.N'NY-I'oST, n. .\ post that carries letters from 
 the post otlicc anil delivers them to the proper per- 
 sons for a pennv or other small compensation. 
 
 PE.\-\V-R' iV'AL, ». An aromatic herb. 
 
 The English pennyroyal is the .Mentha piilegium ; 
 the North American i>ennyroyal is the Iledeoma 
 piilccioiiles. Purr. Bi"rloir. 
 
 PEN'.W-WEIOllT, (-wfite,) n. A troy weight con- 
 taining twenty-four grains, each grain being equal in 
 weight to a grain of wheat from the iniilille of the 
 car, well dried. It was anciently the weight of a 
 silver penny, whence the name. Twenty pennii- 
 wri^hts make an ounce troy. 
 
 PE.N'.N Y-WlSE, a. Saving' small sums at the hazard 
 of larger: nisnardlv on important occasions. Bacon. 
 
 rF,.\'.\ V-WORTH, ( wurth,) «. As much as is bought 
 for a penny. 
 
 2. .\ity purchase ; any thing bought or sold for 
 money ; that which is worth the money given. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. A good bargain ; something advantageously 
 purchased, or for less than it is worth. Dryilrn. 
 
 4. A small quantity. SwifL 
 PF^\0-LOC'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to public punish- 
 ment. 
 
 PE-NOl/O-OY, Ti. [Gr. votftj, L. po-na, pain, and 
 
 )iO 'i, discourse.] 
 The science which treats of public punishments, 
 
 ns Jhey resju-ct the public and the sufferer. 
 PEN'SILE, (-sil,) a. [L. pen.filis, from prnileo, to hang.] 
 
 PEN 
 
 1. Hanging ; suspended ; as, n pensile bell. 
 
 Bacon. Prior. 
 
 2. Supported above the ground ; as, a pensile gar- 
 den. Prior. 
 
 PE.\'SII,E-i\ESS, n. The state nf hanging. «uro;i. 
 PE.N'SIO.N, (-shun.) ii. [Fr. and ."^p. «/. ; It. pcnsione ; 
 Ironi Ii. pcn.fio, from pentlu, pensnm, to pay.] 
 
 1. All annu.'il allowance of a sum of money to a 
 person by government in consideration of past ser- 
 vices, civil or military. Men orti n receive pensions 
 for eminent services on retiring I'rom otiice. lint in 
 particular, officers, soldiers, and seaiiien, ri ceive ;<e;i- 
 sioiis when they are disabk'd for fiirfiirr services. 
 
 2. All annual )>aynieiit by an inditidual to an old 
 or disabled servant. 
 
 3. An niiniial allowance made by government to 
 indigent widows of otiicers killed or dying in public 
 service. 
 
 4. Payment of money ; rent. 1 Kmlras. 
 
 5. A yearly payment in the inns of ci nrt. f^n"-. 
 C. A certain sum of money paid to a clergyman in 
 
 lieu of tithes. Cyr. 
 
 7. An allowance or annu.'il p:iyment, considered in 
 the light of a bribe. 
 
 PEN'SIO.V, V. t. To gr.int a pension to; to grant an 
 annual allowance from the public treasury to a per- 
 son for past services, ttr on account of disability in- 
 curred in public servic, or of old age. 
 
 PE.N''SION-A-liY, a. Maintained by a pension ; re- 
 ceiving a pension ; as, pen.^ionary spies, Donne. 
 
 2. Consisting in a (tension ; as, a pensionary pro- 
 vision for maintenance, 
 
 PEN'SION-A-RY, n. A person who receives a pen- 
 sion from government for [last services, or a yearly 
 allowance from !i<iiiie prince, company, or individual. 
 
 2. Formerly, the first magistrate of the state or re- 
 public of Holland ; commonly called the <rrand pen- 
 sionary. The name was also given to the cfiief 
 iiiuniripal magistrates of the towns in Holland and 
 Zealand. /*. Cyc. 
 
 Pr..\'Sl(J.\'-7CI), pp. or a. Having a pension. 
 
 PEN'SION-ER, >i. One to whom an annual sum of 
 money is paid by government in coiisiilera'ioii of 
 past services. 
 
 2. One who receives an annual allowance for ser- 
 vices. 
 
 3. A dependent. 
 
 4. In the (JnirersiiyofCamhriilijp, Knslanil,aiid inlhat 
 of Dublin, a student of the secoii l rank, (correspond- 
 ing to Commoner at Oxford.) who is not dependent 
 oil the foundation for support, but pays for his board 
 and other charges. [Fr. pensiunnairr, one « ho pays 
 for his board.] Brandr. Iliibrr. 
 
 5. One of an honor;ible band of gentleiiien who 
 attend on the king of England, and receive a pen- 
 sion or an annual allowance of a hundred pounds. 
 This banil was instituted by Henry VII. Their duty 
 is to guard the king's person in his own house. 
 
 Kncyc. Cyc. 
 
 PEX't^IOX-I-XO, 7»;ir. Granting an annual allowance 
 for past services. 
 
 PEN'SIVE, fl. [I*., pensico, pensieroso : Sp. pntsatiro ; 
 Fr. prn.^if, (nm prn.irr, to think or reflect; L. pcnso, 
 to weiuh, to consider ; prndo, to weigh.] 
 
 1. /,i/cr«//i/, thonglitfiil ; employed in serious study 
 or reflection ; but it often implies some degree of 
 sorrow, anxiety, depre ssion, or gloom of mind ; 
 thoughtful and sad, or sorrowful. 
 
 Anxious circs llie/>cniire iijinpti opjircsscd. Pope. 
 
 2, Expressing tliouglitfulness with sadness ; as, 
 ppjtsire niiinbers ; pensire strains. Prior. 
 
 PE.\"SIVE-I.V, adc. With tliouglitfulness : with 
 gloomy seriousness or some degree of melancholy. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PEN'SIVE-XESS, ji. Gloomy thoughtfulness ; mel- 
 ancholy ; seriousness from depressed spiriLs. 
 
 Nookcr. 
 
 PEN'STOCK, n. [;icn and s/oct.l A narrow or con- 
 fined place formed by a frame of timber planked or 
 boarded, for holding or ccuiducting the water of a 
 mill-pond to a wheel, and furnished with a flood-gate 
 which may be shut or opened at pleasure. The up- 
 right post of a pnmii, in which the piston plays, and 
 through which ilii' water passes u|l 
 
 2. The handle used with a metallic or other pen. 
 
 PENT, ;»/>. or n. [from ;>cn.] Shut up; closely con- 
 finerl ; often with up. 
 
 PEN'TA-ClIOUl), n. [Gr. mirf, five, and chord.] 
 
 1. An instrument of music with five strings. 
 
 2. An order or svstein of five sounds. Bu.il»i. 
 PE.VTA-COC'COI'S, a. [Gr. rcirr, five, and" L. 
 
 coccus, a berry.] 
 
 Having or containing five grains or seeds, or hav- 
 ing five united cells with one seed in each. 
 
 .Martyn. 
 
 PEN-TAe'RI-NITE, n. [Gr. h.'.tc, five, and 
 lily.] 
 
 A fossil, allied to the encrinite, so called from the 
 pentaironal form of its jointed pedicel. Dana. 
 PEN-TA-GROS'Tie, a. [Gr. rn r,, five, and acrosUc] 
 Containing five acrostics of the .same name in five 
 divisions of each verse, 
 PE.N'-TA-CROS'Tie, n. A set of verses so dis|M>sed 
 
 PEN 
 
 as to have five acrostics of the same name in five 
 divisions of each verse, Encyc. 
 PE.N'-TA-DAC'TYL, «. [Gr. vcfrc, five, and (JaxruAos, 
 finger.] 
 
 1. In ftnlani/, a plant called Five FiNOEns ; a name 
 given to the Ricinus or Palma Cliristi, from the shape 
 of its leaf. Encyc. | 
 
 2. In ichthiiolniry, the five-fingered fish ; a Iiaiiic j 
 given to a fish ciiiniiion in the East Indian seas, i 
 which has five black streaks on each side, resembling ' 
 the prints of live fingers, Encyc. j 
 
 PE.N"TA-(;ON, iu [Gr, ncvTt, five, and jojuu, n 
 corner.] j 
 
 1. In geometry, n plane figure having five angles, 
 and consequeiiily live sides. Ilntlon. 
 
 2. In forlilicnliun, a fort with five bastions. 1 
 PEN-TAG'().\-AI,, ) a. Having five corners or an- I 
 PEN-'PAG'ON-OUS, j gles. | 
 
 IVoodward. Lee. Jifartyn: ; 
 PEN-TAG'ON-AL-LY, adr. With five angles. j 
 PE.V'T.\-(;il.\PII, «. An instruiiieiit for copying, re- , 
 ducing,orenlargiiig, plans and figures. [This word, 
 from its derivation, is more properly written Pa.nto- 
 cmeii.] 
 
 PEN-TA GRAPH'IC, I a. Pertaining to a pen- 
 PEN-TA-GRAPIl'IC-AL, S tagraiih ; performed by 
 a pentagrapli. 
 
 PEN-TA-GY.N'I-A, n. [Gr. rrcprc, five, and > . i-/;, a 
 female.] 
 
 In botany, an order of plants, having five style-s. 
 
 Linnieu.^. 
 
 PE\-T.\-ftY\'I-AN, ) a. In botany, having five 
 PE.\-TA(5'VN-()I'S, ! styles. 
 I'HN-TA lll^'DRAI,, t „ c , , 
 
 PEN-TA-llfo'DROrs, ) ""^'"S <-'l"''' 
 PEN-TA-lli";'l)RON, >i. [Gr. jrcirf, five, and tSpa,a 
 
 side or base.] 
 
 A solid figure having five equal sides. 
 PEN-rA-HEX-A-Hic'UKAL, a. [Gr. ruTt, five, and 
 
 hcrafifdrol.] 
 
 In crystallogrnphy, exhibiting five ranges of faces 
 one above another, e.acli range coiilainin!! six faces. 
 
 Clrurrland. 
 
 PE.X-TA.M'E-TER, n, [Gr. r.'i/rt, five, and pnp.n; 
 measure.] 
 
 In ancient poetry, a verse of five feel. The two 
 first feet may be either dactyls or spondees ; the third 
 is alwais a spondee, and file two last, anapest.s. A 
 pentameter verse subjoined to a hexameter con- 
 stitutes what is called tleiriae. Encyc. 
 P1:N-TA.M'E-TER, a. Having five metrical feet, 
 PEX-TAN'DRl-A, 71, [Gr. vcvre, five, and uiij/,, a 
 male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of lieriiiaplirodite plants having 
 five stamens with distinct filaments not connected 
 with the pistil, 
 PF.N-TAX'DRI-AN, j a. Hermaphrodite, having five 
 PE.X-T.V.V'DROCS, \ stamens with distinct fila- 
 ments not ci'iiiiected wiih the pistil. 
 PE.\-T.\N"(;i;-LAR, a. [Gr. irt i/rt, five,and angular.] 
 
 Ilaviii!; five corners or angles. Orrw. 
 PEX-TA-PET'AI,-OL'S, a. [Gr. kuti, five, and 
 fffriiAot', a petal.] 
 
 Having five petals or flower leaves. Encye. 
 PE.X-TAPII'VL-U)L'S, o. TGr. Trtsrc, five, and 
 0iiAX(»i , a leaf.] 
 Having five leaves. 
 PEX'TARCH-Y, «. [Gr, Trn rr, five, and np\,,, rule | 
 A government in the hands of five persons. 
 
 Brewer. 
 
 PEX'TA-SPAST, H, [Gr, rrwrt, five, and airuw, to 
 draw.] 
 
 .\ii eii:in(' with five pulleys. DicU 
 PEX-T.\-Sri;RM'OUS, a. [Gr. -tirt, five, and 
 arrci'iKi, seed.] 
 
 Conlaiiiiiii; five seeds. Encyc 
 PE.X'TA-STieil, ( stik,) n, [Gr. irtrrr, five, and 
 T'X'S} verse.] 
 
 A coni|K>sition consisting of five \'erses. DicL 
 PEX'T.-\-.STSLE, 11. [Gr. mirt, five, and r'iA"S, a 
 cohiiiin.] 
 
 In urchitceture, an edifice having five columns in 
 front. Elmts. 
 PEX'TA-TECCH, ( tuke,) n. (Gr. irfrrr, five, and 
 T£i'\"s, a book or composition. j 
 The first five books of the Old Testament. 
 PEN'TE-eo.X-TER, n, [from the Greek.] A Grecian 
 vessel of fifty oars, smaller than a trireme. 
 
 MUford. 
 
 PEX'TE-eOST, n. [Gr. nevTCKoarr,, T;ivTiK.,aTou 
 fittielh.] 
 
 1. .\ solemn festival of the Jews, so called because 
 celebrated on the fiilielh d.ay after the fe.ast of the 
 passover. It was called the feast of weeks, because 
 it was celebrated seven weeks after the sixteenth 
 day of .Xisaii, or third day of the passover. It was 
 instituted to oblige the people to repair to the temple 
 of the Lord, there to acknowledge his absolute 
 doininioii over the country, and oiler him the first 
 fruits of their harvest ; also, that they might call to 
 mind and give thanks to God for the law which he 
 had given them at Sinai on the fiftieth day from their 
 deparliire from Eg\'pt. Catmet. Kitto. 
 
 2. Whitsuntide,'a festival of the Roman Catholic 
 
 TO.XE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VrCfOUS — C aa K ; G tis J ; S as Z ; CU as SH; TH as in THIS, 
 
 811 
 
I'EO 
 
 PER 
 
 PER 
 
 and other churches, in comnieninration of ths (le- 
 seunt of the IIolv Spirit on tlie apostles. jlct.i ii. 
 
 rEN-TE-eOST'AL, a. Pertaining to Pentecost, or 
 to Wliifsuntide. Sanilerso7t. 
 
 P£N-TE-eOST'ALS, n. pi. Oblations formerly made 
 by parishioners to tlie parish priest at ^Vhitsuntide, 
 and sometimes by inferior churches to the mother 
 church. Cowel. 
 
 PE.\'TE-eOS-TER, n. [Gr.] In ancient Greece, a 
 military officer commanding fifty men ; but the num- 
 I'er varied. SUitford. 
 
 PE.\'TE-€OS-TYSl, n. [Gr.] A body of fifty sol- 
 diers ; but the number varied. .MUford. 
 
 PE.\T' HOUSE, ji. [Fr. ;)ent«, a slope and house. In 
 Welsh, pentii.] 
 
 A shed standing aslope from the main wall or 
 building. 
 
 PEN'TICE, Ti. [It. pendice, a declivity, from L. pcndo, 
 to bend.] 
 
 A sloping roof. [Little used.] Wutton. 
 PE.X'TTLE, IK See Pantile. 
 
 PE.V'TRE-.MITE, n. A fossil, allied to the encrinites. 
 PE.NT'ROOF, 71. A roof all of whose slope is on one 
 
 side. Buchanait. 
 Pe'XULT, n. [L. penultimus ; pene, almost, and utti- 
 
 mus, last.] 
 
 The last svllable of a word except one. 
 PE-NULT'I-MA, «. The same as Penult. 
 PE-.\ULT'I-MATE, a. [Supra.] The last but one ; 
 
 a word used of the last syllable of a word e-\cept 
 
 one. It may be sometimes used as a noun. 
 FE-XU.M'BRA, 71. [L.pfne, almost, and iimira, shade.] 
 
 1. In astronomy, a partial shadow or obscurity on 
 the margin of tiie perfect shadow in an eclipse, or 
 between the perfect shadow, whore the light is en- 
 tirely intercepted, and the full light. IlaUon. 
 
 2. In painttng, the point of a picture where the 
 shade blends with the light. , Elmes. 
 
 PI>-NU'RI-OUS, a. [It. penurioso, from L. penuria, 
 scarcity, want ; Gr. irti'vs, poor, UTaj-nj, rare.] 
 
 1. Excessively saving or sparing in the use of 
 money ; parsimonious to a fault ; sordid ; as, a penu- 
 rious man. It expresses somewhat less than Nig- 
 gardly. 
 
 2. Scanty; affording little ; as, a penurious spring. 
 
 Mdisun. 
 
 PE-NC'RI-OUS-LY, adv. In a saving or parsimonious 
 
 manner; with scanty supply. 
 PE-.\u'R[-OU.S-NESS, 71. Parsimony ; a sordid dis- 
 position to save money. Mdison. 
 2. Scantiness ; not plenty. 
 PEX'U-RY, 71 [L. penuria, from Gr. vtvrif, needy.] 
 Want of property ; indigence; extreme poverty. 
 All innocent, tlicy were exposed to hardship and penury. Sprat. 
 PK'ON, 71. In Hindostan, a foot-soldier, or a footman 
 armed with sword and target ; said to be corrupted 
 from piatlah. [(Xu. h. pes, pedis.] Hence, 
 
 2. In France, a common man in chess ; usually 
 written and called Pawn. 
 P£'0-\Y, 71. [L. ptsonia; Gr. rratwi'tu, from Traiojv, 
 Apollo.] 
 
 .\ plant and flower of the genus Pa!onia. 
 PkO'PLE, (pee'pl,) 71. [Fr. pcuple; L. populusfW. 
 pnwb, pob, each, ever)' one ; poblac, common people ; 
 G. pobcl ; Ir. pupal, pobal ; Sp. pueblo ; Russ. bobiel, a 
 peasant. This word coincides in elements with babe 
 and pupil; and perhaps originally signified the chil- 
 dren of a family, like i^ens.] 
 
 1. The body of persons who compose a commu- 
 nity, Uiwn, city, or nation. We say, the people of a 
 town ; the people of London or Paris ; the English 
 penple. In this sense, the word is not used in the 
 plural, but it comprehends all classes of inhabitants, 
 consiilered as a collective body, or any portion of the 
 inhabitants of a city or country. 
 
 2. The vulgar ; the mass of illiterate persons. 
 Tlic linowing arti*t may iK-lu-r than Uie people. M'aller. 
 
 3. The commonalty, as distinct from men of rank. 
 
 Myifrlf »hiUI mount the rostrum in his favor, 
 
 AiI<I Btrire to g.un his par.ivn from the people. Addison. 
 
 4. Persons of a particular class ; a part of a nation 
 or community ; as, country people. 
 
 .">. Pi'rsons in general ; any persons indefinitely ; 
 like on in French, and man in Saxon. 
 
 PeopU were u^npted to lend by g^cal premium* and larjre In- 
 UiniL Suff/t, 
 
 6. A collection or community of animals. 
 
 The anu pp- a people not ilron«, y l ihey prepare Ihcir meat in 
 the lummer. — Prov. xxi. 
 
 7. When prjiple signifies a separate nation or tribe, 
 it lias the plural number. 
 
 IVfu niiitt proplf ay ug*jii Ijefore niaiiy peojtltM. — Rev. z. 
 
 8. In Scripture, fathers or kindred. Oen, xxv. 
 
 9. Tlie Gentiles. 
 
 T« him •h.^II the ^.itherinf of the ptoptn lie. — Uen. xtiz. 
 rnO'PI-E, r. t. [Ft. prupler.] 
 
 To Hltick Willi inhabilaniK. Emigrants from Eu- 
 rope havi: pcAtplejl the Uiiilcd States. 
 VP.()'V\.F.\), pp. ox a. Stocked or fiirniHhcd with in- 
 hahitanL*!. 
 
 PEfJ'PLING, ppr. Htockini! with inhabitants. 
 
 PkO'PI,ISH, a. Vulgar. Chaucer. 
 PE-PAS'Tie, 71. [Gr. rrcTiaww, to concoct or mature.] 
 A medicine used to promote proper suppuration 
 and granulati/)n in wounds not healed by the first 
 intention, and in ulcers. 
 PEP-ER-l'NO, 71. [It.] A volcanic rock, formed by 
 the cementing together of sand, cinders, &c. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PEP'PER, 71. [L. piper; Sax. pepor ; D. pepper; Sw. 
 peppar ; G. pfeffcr ; Dan. prber ; Fr. poivre ; lu pepe ; 
 Gr. neirepi; UmAoo,pipel; Sanscrit, pipali; Pels. 
 pUpit.] 
 
 A plant and its fruit, of the genus Piper, of which 
 there are very numerous species. The stem of the 
 black pepper plant is a vine requiring a prop, which 
 is usually a tree. The leaves are oval and the tiower 
 white. We have four kinds of pepper, the black, 
 the white, the Ions, and cubebs. 'J lie black pepper 
 is the produce of Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, and other 
 Asiatic countries ; the white pepper is the black pep- 
 per deciiiticated ; the long pepper is the fruit of a 
 diflerent species, also from the East Indies. It con- 
 sists of numerous grains attached to a common foot- 
 stalk. Cubebs are brought from Java, Nepal, Sierra 
 Leone, and the Isle of France. Pepper has a strong, 
 aromatic smell and a pungent taste. 
 
 ^siat. Res. P. Cijc. 
 [See also Caye.nne Pepper and Guinea Pepper.] 
 
 PEP'PER, V. t. To sprinkle with pepper. 
 
 2. To beat ; to pelt with shot ; to mangle with 
 bloH-5. Shak. 
 
 PEP'PER-BOX, 71. A small box with a perforated 
 lid, iiseil for sprinkling pulverized pepper on food. 
 
 PEP'PER-e.^KE, 71. A kind of spiced cake or gin- 
 gerbread. 
 
 PEP'PER-eORN, 71. The berry or fruit of the pepper- 
 plant. 
 
 2. Something of inconsiderable value; as, lands 
 held at tlie rent of a pepper-corn. 
 PEP'PER-£D, pp. or a. Sprinkled with pepper ; 
 
 pelted ; spotted. 
 PEP'PER-GIN'OER-nREAD, (-bred,) n. A kind of 
 
 cake made in England. 
 PEP'PER-GRaSS, 71. A trailing plant of the genus 
 Pilularia ; also, a plant of the genus Lepidium, a 
 kinil of cress, sometimes cultivated for the table. 
 PEP'PER-IDGE, 71. A name given to the tupelo or 
 black gum, a tree with very tough wood, belonging 
 to the genus Nyssa. 
 
 Pepperidge bask ; the barberry, a shrub. 
 PEP'PER-ING, ;i;>j-. Sprinkling with pepper ; pelting. 
 
 2. a. Hot ; pungent ; angry. Sici/£. 
 PEP'PER-ING, 11. A pelting with shot or blows. 
 
 SmarL 
 
 PEP'PER-MINT, 71. A plant of the genus .Mentha. 
 
 It is aroin;itic and pungent. Also, a liquor distilled 
 
 from the plant. 
 PEP'PER-MINT-TREE, 71. The Eucalyptus piperita, 
 
 an indigenous tree, native of New South Wales. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 PEP'PER-WA'TER, 71. A liquor prepared from pow- 
 dered black pepper; used in microscopical observa- 
 tions. Eneyc. 
 
 PEP'PER-U'ORT, 71. A plant of the genus Lepidium. 
 
 PEP'PER-Y, a. Having the qualities of pepper. 
 
 PEP'SIN, 71. [Gr. TTti^ij, digestion, from -caao> or 
 jrcriTui, to digest.] 
 
 A substance secreted by the stomach of animals, 
 and present in the gastric juice. It is prepared arti- 
 ficially from rennet. Graham. 
 
 PEP'Tie, a. [Gr. TrtTriicos, from irtTrrai, to digest.] 
 Promoting digestion ; relating to digestion ; as, 
 peptic precepts. Kitchener. 
 
 PER ; a Latin preposition, denoting through, passing, 
 or over the whole extent, as in perambulo. Hence it 
 is sometimes equivalent to 10-1/ in English, as in 
 pcrucutus, very sharp. As a prefix, in English, it 
 retains ihese significations; and, in chemistry, it is 
 used to denote verii or fully, to the utmo.st extent, as in 
 perozyd, a substance oxydated to the utmost degret; ; 
 so also perchlorid, &c. 
 
 Per is used also for by; as, per bearer, by the 
 bearer. 
 
 PER-AeT', 7). t. To perform ; to practice. 
 PER-A-eOTE', a. [L. peracutus; per, through, and 
 acutus, sharj).] 
 
 Very sharp ; very violent ; as, a peracute fever. 
 [lAttlr used.] Harvey. 
 PER-AI)-VEN'TI;RE, adv. [Ft. par aventurc ; par, 
 by, and aventure, I'rom L. renio, to come.] 
 
 By chance ; perhaps ; it may be. Hooker. 
 It has been used as a noun for doubt or (piestion, 
 but rather improperly. The word is obsolescent and 
 inelegant. 
 
 PER'A-GRATE, f. 1. [L. peragro ; per, through, over, 
 and oyer, a field.] 
 
 To travel over or through ; to wander ; to ramble. 
 [LillJe M..erf.] 
 
 PER-A-GRA'TION, 71. The act of passing through 
 any space ; as, the prmirralion of the moon in her 
 iiionlhly revolutKui. [Little tLied.] Hrmrn. Holder. 
 
 PER A.M'DL' LA'I E, ». U [L. perambulo; per and 
 ambuJo, to walk.] 
 To walk through or over ; properly and technical- 
 
 ly, to pass through or over for the purpose of sur- 
 veying or examining something; to visit as over- 
 seers ; as, to perambulate a parish. So, in New 
 England, Ihe laws require the selectmen of towns 
 to appoint suitable persons, annually, to perambulate 
 the borders or bounds of the township, and renew 
 the boundaries, or see that the old ones are in a good 
 slate. 
 
 PER-AM'BU-La-TED,P7>. Passed over ; inspected. 
 PER-AM'BU-L.A-TING,;ipr. Passing over or through 
 
 for the purpose of inspection. 
 PER-All-BU-LA'TION, 71. The act of passing or 
 
 walking through or over. Bacon. 
 
 2. A traveling survey or inspection. Howell. 
 
 3. A district within which a person has the right 
 of inspection ; jurisdiction. Holiday. 
 
 4. Annual survey of the bounds of a parish in 
 England, or of a township in .America. 
 
 PER-AM'BU-LA-TOR, 71. An instrument for meas- 
 uring distances. It consists of a wheel, with an 
 apparatus of clock-work, and a dial-plate, upon 
 which the distance traveled over is shown by an 
 index. p. Cyc. 
 
 PER M'WUM, [L.] By the year; in each year 
 
 successively. 
 PER CAP'I-TJi, 
 PER-CASE', ado. 
 
 L.] By the head or poll. 
 ^per and case, bv case.] 
 Perhaps ; perchance. [.Vot koti/.] Bacon. 
 PER'CE-ANT, o. [Fr. per^anU] 
 
 Piercing; penetrating. '[Aof iiscrf.] Spenser. 
 PER-CEIV'A-BLE, a. [Sce Perceive.] Perceptible; 
 that may be perceived ; that may fall under percej)- 
 tion, or the cognizance of the senses; that may be 
 felt, seen, heard, smelt, or tasted. We say, "the 
 roughness of cloth is perceivable : the dawn of the 
 morning is perceivable ; the sound of a bell is per- 
 ceivable; the scent of an orange is perceivable; the 
 difference of taste in an apple and an orange is per- 
 ceivable. 
 
 2. That may be known, understood, or conceived. 
 
 [Lcssjiroper.] 
 
 PER-CeI V'A-BLY, adv. In such a manner as to be 
 
 percejyed. 
 
 PER-(;iiIV'ANCE, 71. Power of perceiving. [Ji'ot in 
 
 use.] _ Milton. 
 PER-CkIVE', c. f. [\j. percipio ; pcrand cii;>io, tt> take.] 
 
 1. To have knttwiedge or receive impressions 01 
 external objects, through the medium or in.^trunient- 
 ality of the senses or bodily organs ; as, to perceive 
 light or color ; to perceive the cold of ice or the taste 
 of honey. 
 
 2. To know ; to understand ; to observe. 
 
 Till \ 
 
 A*n eyes, and perceive it hy 01 
 1 the dark. Locke. 
 
 own unuet%t:inunig, we are i 
 
 3. To be affected by ; to receive impressions from. 
 
 The upper rvglons of tin- air perceive the collection of llie matter 
 oi tempest* before tlie air below. Bacon. 
 
 PER-CeIV'£D, (-seevd',) pp. or a. Known by the 
 Senses ; felt : understootl ; observed. 
 
 PER-CEIV'ER, 71. One who perceives, feels, or ob- 
 serves. 
 
 PER CENT'AGE, 71. [from the Latin percentum, per 
 cent.] 
 
 In commerce, the allowance, duty, or commission 
 on a hundred. 
 
 Per centum, per cent-, [L.] By the hundred. 
 PER-CEP-Tl-BIL'I-TY, 71. The state or quality of 
 being perceptible; as, the perceptibility of light or 
 color. 
 
 2. Perception. [Less proper.] More. 
 PER-CE1"T1-BLE, a. [Fr. ; from L. percipio, percep- 
 tus.] 
 
 1. That may be perceived ; that may impress the 
 bodily organs ; that may Come under the cognizance 
 of the senses ; as, a perceptible degree of heat or 
 ciiltl ; a prrcrplible odor ; a perceptible sound. A 
 tiling in;\y be too minute to be perceptible to the 
 
 2. Tliiit may be known or conceived of. [touch. 
 PER-CEP'TI-li'LY, adv. In a manner M be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 The woman decays percejttiUt/ every week. Pope. 
 
 PER (^EP'TION, 71. [L. prrceptio. Sce Perceive.] 
 
 1. The act of perceiving, or of receiving the 
 knowledge of external objects by impressions or ! 
 the senses ; or that act or process of the mind which 
 makes known an external object. In other words, 
 the notice which the mind takes of external objects. 
 We gain a knowledge of the coldness and smooth- 
 ness of marlilt^ by perception. 
 
 2. In philosophy, the faculty of perceiving ; the 
 faculty or peculi;ir part of man's constitution, by 
 which he has knowledge through the medium or in- 
 .striiinenlalily of the bodily organs. Rrid. Encyc. 
 
 :). Intellectual discernment of apprehension ; idea ; 
 notitin ; as, a nice perception of tlitlerences. Ifall. 
 
 4. 'i'he slate of being alfected, or capable of being 
 affected by something external. 
 
 This experiment discovers percepUon in plants. ilncon. 
 
 PER-CEP'TIVE, «. Having the faculty of perceiving. 
 
 Glanville. 
 
 PER-CF.P-TIV'I-TY, 11. The power of perception or 
 thinking. Locke. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T.— METE, PEfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 PER 
 
 I'EKCll, ;i. [Fr. perclie ; h- jierca ; (5r. rrtuKij; G. bars, 
 a pertli, and bar.-ch, sharp, keen, pungent; D.baurs; 
 Svv. abbore ; Dan. uburre. It would seem from the 
 (Jeinian, that this lish is named from its jiriclily 
 spines, and the name allied to perk.] 
 
 'J'he popular name of several species of n genus of 
 acaiitliopterygious tishes, called by naturalists Perca. 
 Tliey liave powerful dorsal fins, with strong and 
 sharp spines. The scales are nioilenitely largo, with 
 the posterior edge toothed. They all feed on marine 
 insects, and inhabit fresh water. 
 
 PERCH, 71. [I'r. jierche ; L. perlica ; W. perc ; Arm. 
 pirclicn ; probably allied to the former word in the 
 sense of sharpness, shooting, or extending. See 
 Pehk.] 
 
 1. .\ p'llc ; hence, a roost for fowls, which is often 
 a pole ; also, any thing on which they light. 
 
 2. A measure of length containing five yards and 
 a half; a rod. In the popular language of America, 
 rod is chiefly used ; but rod, pole, ami perch, all sig- 
 nifying the same thing, may be used indifferenlly. 
 
 3. In land or square measure, a square rod ; thtr for- 
 tieth part of a rood. [This sense is more common 
 than the second.] 
 
 •I. In solid measure, a mass ICJ feet each way. 
 PERCH, V. i. To sit or roost, as a bird. 
 
 2. To light or settle on a fixed body, .as a bird. 
 PEUCII, B. (. To place on a fi.xed object or perch. 
 
 More. 
 
 PER-CHXNCE', adv. [per and ehancc.] By chance ; 
 perhaps. If'vUon. 
 
 PIORCII'KI), (pcrcht,) pp. Placed on a perch. 
 
 PERCH'ER, ji. One of an order of birds which perch 
 or light on trees, &c. These have four toes, three 
 before and one behind. Kirbij. 
 
 PERCH'ERS, n. pi. Paris candles anciently used in 
 England ; also, a larger sort of wax candles which 
 were usually set on the altar. Bailey. 
 
 PERCiriNG, ppr. Placing on a perch. 
 
 PER-e|ILO'R.\TE, n. A compound of perchloric 
 acid willi_ a b;ise. 
 
 PER-eilLO'Rie, a. Perchloric acid is chlorine con- 
 verted into au acid by combining with a maxinnim 
 of oxvgen. Silliman. 
 
 PEK-eilLO'RID, n. That chlorid of a given base 
 which contains the greatest quantity of chlorine ; as, 
 perclUorid of gold ; pcrcklorid of phosphorus, 
 
 Graham. 
 
 PERCH'PEST, n. A small, cnistaceous animal that 
 attaches itself to the mouth of a perch. Kirbij. 
 
 PER-CIP'I-ENCE, M. Act of perceiving; perception. 
 
 PER-CIP'l-ENT, a. [1,. percipiens.] [Ilaslam. 
 Perceiving ; having the faculty of perception. An- 
 imals are percipient beings ; mere matter is not per- 
 cipient. Bentley. 
 
 PER-CIP'l-ENT, V. One that perceives or has the 
 facnltv of perception. . More. 
 
 PEK CLOSE', 7?. Conclusion. [Ji'ot used.] Ralcnh. 
 
 PER'eOIU, a. (Gr. ttcpki, perch, and ticiof, form.] 
 In ichOitjologij, resembling the perch ; of the perch 
 famdy. Jardine. P. Cijc. 
 
 PER'CO-LATE, v. t. [L. percolo ; per and colo, to 
 strain ; Fr. coulcr, to flow or run.] 
 
 To strain through ; to cause to pass through small 
 interstices, as a liquor ; to filter. Hale. 
 
 PER'€0-LaTE, v. i. To pass through small inter- 
 stices ; to filter ; as, water percolates through a porous 
 stone. 
 
 PER'CO-La-TED, pp. Filtered ; passed through small 
 PER'€0-La-TING, irpr. Filtering. [interstices. 
 PER-eO-LA'TIO.\, n. The act of straining or filter- 
 ing; filtration; the act of passing through small in- 
 terstices, as liquor through felt or a porous stone. 
 Pereolalion is infriuled for the puhficntion of liquora. Bacon. 
 
 PER'eO-I,.^-TOR, 71. A filtering machine. Francis. 
 PER-eUR'SO-RY, 0. [E. percursus.] 
 
 Cursor)' ; running over slightly or in haste. 
 PER-CUSS', V. t. [L. percussus, from peraUio, to 
 strike.] 
 
 To strike forcibly ; particularly, to strike upon, in 
 order to ascertain the resulting sound. Bacon. 
 PER-eUS'SION, (-kush'un,) n. [E. percussio.] 
 
 1. The act of striking one body against another, 
 with some violence ; as, the vibrations excited in the 
 air by percussion. J^ewton, 
 
 2. The shock produced by the collision of bodies. 
 
 Barlow. 
 
 3. The impression or eflfcct of sound on the ear. 
 
 Rymer. 
 
 Center of percussion ; in a movina body, the point 
 about which the impetus of the parts is balanced on 
 every side, so that it may be stopped by an immova- 
 ble obstacle at this point, and re^t on it. Barlow. 
 
 PER-CUS'SION-CAP, ti. A small cop|)er cap or cup, 
 containing fulminating powder, and used in a per- 
 cussion-lock to explnde gunpowder. 
 
 PER-€US'SION-EOCK, it. A lock of a gun in which 
 gunpowder is exploded by fire obtained from the 
 percussion of fulminating powder. IV. II. O. 
 
 PER-CIIS'SIVE, a. Striking against ; as, percussive 
 force. 
 
 PER-CO'TIENT, (-shent.) 71. [L. percutiens.] 
 
 That which strikes, or has power to strike. Bacon. 
 
 PF.R I)l'IJ\I, [L.] Ily the day. 
 PER'DI-FOIL, 71. [L. perdo, to lose, and /ulm77i, 
 leaf.] 
 
 A plant that annually loses or drops its leaves ; op- 
 posed to Evergreen. 
 
 The jvuwion-llowfr of Amcrici nnd the Jntmine of MaliOjar, 
 which «re cvcrjjivciia in Uicir n:\livc cliinuU'C, bfcotiip pfrdi- 
 /oilt when Uiiiii4pl;iiiu-(1 into UriLtiii. Barton. 
 
 PER-I)I"TI0N, (-dish'un,) 7t. [L. perditio, from 
 pcrdo, to lose, to ruin. Ciu. per and do, or Gr. 
 
 TTtpOo,.] 
 
 1. Entire loss or ruin ; utter destruction ; as, the 
 perdition of the Turkish fleet. Shah. 
 
 [Ill this sense, the word is now nearly or wholly 
 obsolete.] 
 
 2. The utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness 
 in a future state ; future misery or eternal death. 
 The impenitent sinner is condemned to final perdi- 
 tion. 
 
 If we rc]f ct the truth, we sc;il our own perdiiion. J. M. Maton. 
 
 3. Loss. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 PER-DC, I ado. [Fr. pcrrfa, lost, from pcrt/rc, to lose, 
 PER-DOE', i L. perdo.] 
 
 Close ; in concealment. 
 
 The motliTAtor, out of view, 
 
 I3e'Mciilh the desk hivd lain perdue. TVumbuiyB M'Pingal. 
 
 PER-I)0', 71. One that is placed on the watch or in 
 
 ambush. Sliak. 
 PER DO', a. Abandoned ; employed on desperate 
 purposes; accustomed to desperate purposes or en- 
 terprises. Beanm. ^' Fletcher. 
 PER'DU-LOUS, a. [Fr. perdu, from L. pcrdo.] 
 
 Lost ; thrown away. [JVot tist.d.] Bramhalt. 
 PER-DO'RA-IiLE, a. [Fr., from L. perduro : j>er and 
 duru. to last.] 
 
 Very durable; lasting; continuing long. [JVot 
 used.] Shak. Drayton. 
 
 PER-DO'RA-BLY, adv. Very durably. [JVot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PER-DU-Ra'TION, 71. Long continuance. [JVot 
 
 used.} .dinsworth. 
 PER'DV, adv. [Fr. par Dicu.] 
 
 Certainly; verily; in truth. [Ohs.] Spenser. 
 PER'E-GAL, a. [Fr. per and egal equal.] 
 
 Equal. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 PER'E-GRIN-aTE, v. i. [L. pcre^inor, from pere- 
 ffriitiu!, a traveler or stranger ; pera^n-u, to wander ; 
 per and acrer.] 
 
 To travel from place to place, or from one country 
 to another ; to live in a foreign country. Diet. 
 PER-E-GRIi\-A'TION, 71. A traveling from one 
 country to another ; a wandering ; abode in foreign 
 countries. Hammond. Bentley. 
 
 PER'E-GRIN-a-TOR, 71. A traveler into foreign 
 
 countries. Casaubon. 
 PER'E-GRINE, (-grin,) a. [L. pere^inus.] 
 
 Foreign ; not native. [Little used.] Baron. 
 Peregrine falcon : a species of hawk or falcon, 
 Faico peregrinus, found in America, Europe, and 
 Asia, and which wanders in sununer to the Arctic 
 circle. Pennant. 
 PER-E-GRIN'I-TY, 71. Strangeness. [JVot used.] 
 
 Cook. 
 
 PER-EMPT', r. t. [Ij. peremptus, perimo, to kill.] 
 In law, to kill ; to crush or destroy. [JVot used.] 
 
 .dyliffe- 
 
 PER-EMP'TION, 77. [L. peremptio.] 
 
 A killing i a quashing ; nonsuit. [JVot used.] 
 
 Ayliffe. 
 
 PER'EMP-TO-RI-LY, adv. [from peremptory.] Ab- 
 solutely ; positively ; in a decisive manner ; so as to 
 preclude further debate. 
 
 Never juil^' peremptorily on fint appe.intDcei. Ctarista. 
 PER'EMP-TO-RI-NESS, ti. Positivcness ; absolute 
 decision ; dogmatism. 
 
 PertmpUnineft is of two sorts ; one, a ma^sterialness in matters 
 of opinion ; the other, a posiliveness iti ni.ut'-D ot fiict. 
 
 Goo. o/ the Ton^e, 
 PER'EMP-TO-RY, a. [Fr. prremptoire; it. perentorio ; 
 L. perevtptorius, from peremptus, taken away, killed.] 
 
 1. Express; positive; absolute; decisive; authori- 
 tative ; in a manner to preclude ilebate or expostula- 
 tion. The orders of the commander are peremptory. 
 
 2. Positive in opinion or judgment. The genuine 
 effect of sound learning is to make men less peremp- 
 tory in their determinations. 
 
 3. Final; determinate; as, a peremptory 9n\e. 
 
 4. Peremptory challenge, in taw, a challenge, or 
 right of challenging jurors, without showing cause. 
 
 PER-E\'NI-AL, a. [L. perennisf per and annus, a 
 year. ] 
 
 1. Lasting or continuing without cessation through 
 the year. Chryne. 
 
 2. Perpetual; unceasing; never failing. Harvey. 
 
 3. In botany, continuing more than two years; as, 
 a perennial stem or rtwt. Martyn. 
 
 4. Continuing without intermission, as a fever. 
 
 Coze, 
 
 PER-EN'NI-AL, n. In botany, a plant which lives or 
 continues more than two years, whether it retains 
 its leaves gr not. That which retains its leaves 
 during winter is called an evrrrrreen ; that which 
 casts its leaves, deciduous, or a perdifoU. 
 
 PER-EN'NI-AL-LY, adv. Continually ; without ceas- 
 ing. 
 
 PER-EN'NT-TY, ti. [L. permnitas.] 
 
 An enduring or continuing through the whole year 
 
 without ceasing, Derham. 
 PER-ER-RA'TIUN, 7i. [L. percrro ; per and crro, to 
 
 wander.] 
 
 A wandering or rambling through various place's. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 PER FjIS F.T JVfi'fVJS, [L.] Through or by right 
 
 and wrong; by any means. 
 PER'Fi;cr, a. [L. perfectus, perfcio, to comiiletc; 
 
 per and facw, to do or make through, to carry to the 
 
 eml.] 
 
 1. Finished ; complete ; consuininnte ; not defec- 
 tive ; having all that is requisite to its nature nnd 
 kind ; as, a perfect statue ; a perfect likeness ; a per- 
 fect work ; a perfect system. 
 
 As full, us perfect in a hair as heart. Pope. 
 
 2. Fully informed ; completely skilled ; as, men 
 perfect in the use of arms ; perfect in discipline. 
 
 3. Complete in moral excellences. 
 
 Be ye lliert-forc perfect, even us your Fatlicr which Is in hcaren 
 ic per/eel. — Alittt. v. 
 
 4. Manifesting perfection. 
 
 My Blren^h is inutle perfect in weakness. — 2 CVr. jtli. 
 Perfect chord; in music, a concord or union of 
 sounds which is perfectly coalesccnt and agri;enblc 
 to the car, as the fifth and the octave ; a perfect 
 consonance. 
 
 ./i perfect flower, in botany, has both stamen and 
 pistil, or at least anther anil stigma. Murlyn. 
 
 Perfect number ; in arithmetic, a number eipial to 
 the sum of all its divisors, as the number (i. 
 
 ^rrtiirfc. 
 
 Perfect tense ; in grammar, the preterit tense ; a 
 tense which expresses an act completed. 
 PER'FECT, or PER FECT', v. U [L. perfectus, per- 
 ficio.] 
 
 1. To finish or counilete, so as to leave nothing 
 wanting ; to give to any thing all that is requisite tu 
 its nature and kinil ; as, to perfect a picture or 
 statue. 2 Chron. viii. 
 
 Inquire into tlie nature and properties ot Uiings, an-I tiiereby 
 perfect our iileas of distinct species. iMcke. 
 
 If we love one anyUier, Gud dyrelleth in us, and his love '\»ptr- 
 /acted in us. — I Ji>!m iv. 
 
 2. To instruct fully ; to make fully skillful ; as, to 
 perfect one's self in the rules of iniisic or archi- 
 tecture ; to perfect sohlicrs in discipline. 
 
 PER'FECT-EI), pp. or u. Finished ; coni[>letcd. 
 PER'FECT-ER, n. One that makes perfect. 
 
 Broome. 
 
 PER-FECT-I-1!IL'I-TY, 7i. [from perfectible.] The 
 capabilitv of becoming or being made perfect. 
 
 PER-FECT'l-BLE, a. Capable of becoming or being 
 niaile perfect, or of arriving at the utmost perfection 
 of the species, 
 
 PER'FECT-LN'G, ppr. Finishing; completing; con- 
 summaliiig. 
 
 PER-FEC'TIO.N, (-shun,) 71. [L. perfcctio.] 
 
 K The st.ate of being perfect or complete, so that 
 nothing requisite is wanting ; as, perfection in an art 
 or science ; perfection in a system of morals. 
 
 2. Physical perfection, is when a natural object has 
 all its powers, faculties, or qualities entire and in 
 full vigor, nnd all its parts in due proportion. Kncye. 
 
 3. jMetaphysical or transcendental perfection, is the 
 possession of all the essential attributes, or all the 
 parts necessary to the integrity of a substance. This 
 is absolute, where all defect is precluded, such as the 
 perfection of God ; or according to its kind, as in 
 created things. Kncye. 
 
 4. Moral perfection, is the complete possession of 
 all moral excellence, as in the tSupri ine IJi iiiL' ; or 
 the possession of such moral qualities and virlui.j aa 
 a thing is capable of. 
 
 5. A quality, endowment, or acquirement com- 
 pleti ly excellent, or of great worth. 
 
 [In this sense, the word has a plural.] 
 
 \Vh.it tuni^ue c:in her Jterfectiont tell ? Svlney. 
 
 6. An inherent or essential attribute of supreme or 
 infinite excellence; or one perfect in iLs kind; as, 
 the perfections of God. The infinite power, holiness, 
 justice, benevolence, and wisdom of Got! are de- 
 nominated his perfection.'!. 
 
 To perfection ; iierfci tly ; in the highest degree of 
 excellence ; as, to imitate a model to perfection. 
 
 PER-FRC'TIO.X, r. (. To complete ; U. make perfect. 
 
 PEK-FEC'TIO.N-;VL, a. Made completa, Pearson. 
 
 PER-FEe'TIO,\-.\TE, used by Dryden and Tookc, in 
 lieu of the verb to Perkect, is a useless word. 
 
 PER-FEC'TI0.\-A;I), pp. ,Made pt-rfect. 
 
 PER-FEC'TI().\.IN(;, ppr. Making perfect, 
 
 PER-FEC'TION-IS.M, 7i. The doctrine of the per- 
 fectionists, 
 
 PER-FEC'TION-IST, 71, One pretending to perfec- 
 tion ; an enlhusi.ast in relieion. South. 
 
 2. One who believes that some persons actually 
 attain to moral perfection in the present life. 
 PER-FEC'TION-MENT, »i. State of being perfect 
 
 /. Taylor. 
 
 I 
 
 TO.NE, BIJLL, IINITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a.s in THIS. 
 
 1^1 :5 
 
PE 
 
 PER-FE€T'IVE, a. Condiiciii!; to make perfect or 
 bring to perfection ; followed by of. 
 
 Pmise ami ruionilioii are actions perfective of the soul. More. 
 
 PER-FECT'IVE-LY, adv. In a manner that brings 
 to perffctioii. Orew. 
 
 PER'FEeT-LY, adc. In the highest degree of excel- 
 lence. 
 
 2. Totally ; completely ; as, work perfectly exe- 
 cuted or performed ; a tiling perfertly new. 
 
 3. Exactly ; accurately ; as, a proposition perfectly 
 understood. 
 
 FER'FECT-NESS, )i. Completeness; consummate 
 _ excellence ; perfection, 
 
 2. The highest degree of goodness or holiness of 
 which man is capable in this life. 
 
 And above all Uiiii^ pirt on charily, which is the bond of per- 
 Jectiiess. — CuT. iu. 
 
 3. Accurate skill. Shak. 
 PER-F1"CIENT, ( lish'ent,) n. [L. perficiens.] 
 
 One who endows a charity. 
 PER-FID'I-OUS, a. [L. perfdus ; per and fdus, faith- 
 ful. Per, in this word, signifies through, beyond, or 
 by, asi'h'.'] 
 
 1. Violating good faith or vows; false to trustor 
 confidence reposed ; treacherous ; as, a perjidioics 
 agent; a per/iriio«;i friend. [See Perfidy.] 
 
 2. Proceeding from treachery, or consisting in 
 breach of filth ; n=, a pirfiilious act. 
 
 3. Guilty iiC vi -111. il all. 'jiance ; as, a perfidious citi- 
 »en : a nim /./-./,,,„, to country. 
 
 PER-FID'I-UL>;-LV, Treacherously; traitorous- 
 ly- ; by breach of faith or allegiance. Sicift. 
 
 PER-FID'I-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 perfidious ; treacher}- ; traitorousness ; breach of 
 faith, of vows or all niaifc 
 
 PER'FI-DY, n. [ h. />. ,;;;,/,« ; per and .^tto, faith.] 
 The act of violating failh, a promise, vow, or 
 allegiance ; treachery ; the violation of a trust re- 
 posed. Perfidy is not applied to violations of con- 
 tracts in ordinary pecuniary transactions, but to 
 violations nf faith or trust in friendship, in agency 
 and office, in allegiance, in connubial engagements, 
 and in the transactions of kings. 
 
 PER'FLA-BLE, a. [L. perfio.] 
 
 That may be blown through. [JVot used.] 
 
 PER-FLaTE', 7). (. [L. perfto ; per an.I.'o, to blow.] 
 To blow through. Harvey. 
 
 PER-FL.a'TEI), pp. Blown through. 
 
 PER-FLa'TION, n. The act of blowing through. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 PER-Fo'LI-ATE, a. [L. per an& folium, a leaf.] 
 
 In botany, a perfoliate leaf is one that has the base 
 entirely surrounding the stem transversely. 
 
 Martini. 
 
 PER'PO-RaTE, v. t [L. perfuro; per and /uro. Eng. 
 to bore.] 
 
 1. To bore through. 
 
 2. To pierce with a pointed instrument , to make 
 a hole or holes through any thing by boring or 
 driving; as, to perforate the bottom of a vessel. 
 
 PER'FO-Ra-TED, pp. or a. Bored or pierced through ; 
 pierced. 
 
 PER'FO-Ra-TING, p;)r. Boring or piercing through; 
 piercing. 
 
 PER-FO-Ra'TION, «. The act of boring or piercing 
 through. 
 
 2. A hole or aperture passing through any thing, or 
 into the interior of a substance, whether natural or 
 made l)v an instrument. 
 
 PER'FO-RA-TIVE, a. Having power to pierce, a? 
 an instrument. 
 
 PEE'FO-Ra-TOR, n. An instniment that bores or 
 perforates. Sharp. 
 
 PER-FoRCE', adv. [pfr and force.] By force or vio- 
 lence. Sfiali. 
 
 PER-FOR.M', V. t. [L. per and formo, to make.] 
 
 1. To do ; to execute ; to accomplish ; as, to prr- 
 forrii two days' labor in one day ; to perform a noble 
 deed or achievement. 
 
 2. To execute ; to discharge ; as, to perform a duty 
 or office. 
 
 3. To fulfill ; as, to perform a covenant, promise, 
 or contract ; to perform a vow. 
 
 PER-FOR.M', r. i. To do ; to act a part. The player 
 performs well in different characters. The nmsician 
 performs well on the organ. 
 
 PER-FOR.M'A-liLi;, a. Tliat may be done, executed, 
 or fulfilled ; practicable. Brown. 
 
 PER-FORM'AN'CE, ji. Execution or completitm of 
 any lliing ; a doing ; as, the performnnee of work or 
 of an nnilerlaking ; the performance of duty. 
 
 2. Action ; dited ; thing done. S/ioA. 
 
 3. The acting or exhibition nf character on the 
 Blage. Garrick was celebrated for his theatrical 
 perfirrmanr.fs. 
 
 ■i. (;om(Kji<ition ; work written. 
 
 K»rw of o.ir cjiiiic per/ttrmaneee ^tc pood cxnmpic*. 
 
 Claritea. 
 
 !>. The acting or exhibition of feats ; as, perform- 
 ances tif htirNtfinanstiip. 
 
 PKR FOItM'KI), p/>. Done; executed; (Hsrhnrged. 
 
 PEK FOR.M'Elt, n. One that performn any thing, pnr- 
 licnl.'irly in an art ; as, n good performer on the violin 
 
 PER 
 
 or organ ; a celebrated performer in comedy or trage- 
 dy, or in the circus. 
 PER-FORiVING, ppr. Doing; executing; accom- 
 plishing. 
 
 PER-FORJI'ING, 71. Act done; deed; act of execu- 
 ting. Swift. 
 
 PER'FRI-CaTE, v. U [L. perfrico.'] 
 To rub over. 
 
 PER'FRI-Ca-TED, jra. Rubbed over. 
 
 PER'FRl-e.\-TIXG, ppr. Rubbing over. 
 
 PER-FU'AIA-TO-RY, a. [from perfume.] That per- 
 fumes. Lei<rlt. 
 
 PER-FuME' or PER'FUME, ti. [Fr. parfum: It. 
 profumo ; Sp. perfume ; h. per and fumus, smoke, or 
 fumo, to fumiL'ate.] 
 
 1. A substance that emits a scent or odor which 
 afltcts agreeably the organs of smelling, as musk, 
 civet, spices, or aromatics of any kind ; or any com- 
 position of aromatic substances. 
 
 2. The scent, odor, or volatile particles emitted 
 from sweet-smelling substances. 
 
 No ricli perfumes refresh the fruitful lield. Pope. 
 PER-FulNIE', 7\ t. To scent; to fill or impregnate 
 with a grateful odor; as, to perfume an apartment; 
 to perfume a garment. 
 
 And Carmel's flowery top perfumes llie skies. Pope. 
 PER-FuM'£D, pp. or a. Scented ; impregnated with 
 
 fragrant odors. 
 PER-Fu.M'ER, 71. He or that which perfumes. 
 
 2. One whose trade is to sell perfumes. Bacon. 
 PER-FuM'ER-Y, 7t. Perfumes in general. 
 
 2. The preparation of perfumes. 
 PER-Fu.M'IXG, ppr. Scenting; impregnating with 
 sweet odors. 
 
 PER-FUJ<e'TO-RI-LY, ado. [L. pcrfunctorie, from 
 pcrfungor : per and funmr, to do or to execute.] 
 
 Carelessly ; negligently ; in a manner to satisfy 
 external fortu. Clarendon. 
 PER-FUNe'TO-RI-NESS, 7i. Negligent performance ; 
 
 carelessness. Whitloek. 
 PER-FUNC'TO-RY, a. [Supra.] Slight; careless; 
 negligent. JVoodward. 
 2. Done only for the sake of getting rid of the duty. 
 
 Bickersteth. 
 
 PER-FuSE', V. t. [L. perfusus, perfundo ; per and 
 
 fundo, to pour.] 
 
 To sprinkle, pour, or spread over. Harvey. 
 PER-FPS'JJD, pp. Poured or spread over. 
 PER-Fu'SIVE, a. Sprinkling; adapted to spread or 
 
 sprinkle. _ 
 
 PER-GA-Mk'NE-OUS, a. [L. pern-aincna, parchment.] 
 Like parchment. 
 
 PER'GO-LA, 71. [It.] See Pergula. 
 
 PER'GU-LA, 71. [L.] In ancient architecture, a sort 
 of gallery or balcony in a house. Some suppose it 
 to be an arbor in a garden, or a terrace overiianging 
 one. Brande. 
 
 PER HAPS', adp. [per and hap. See II.ipfen.] By 
 chance ; it may be. 
 
 Perhaps her love, perhaps her Idngtlom charmed him. Smith. 
 
 Pk'RI, 71. In Persian mythologij, an imaginary being 
 like an elf or fairy, represented as a descendant of 
 fallen angels excluded from paradise till their penance 
 is accomplished. 
 
 PER'I-ANTH, 71. [Gr. trcoi, about, and avd'H, flower.] 
 That calyx which envelops only a single flower, 
 and is immediately contiguous to it. 
 
 PER'l-APT, 71. [Gr. TrtpiKTrrto, to fit or tie to.] 
 
 An amulet; a charm worn to defend against dis- 
 ease or inisrhief. [Mt used.] Uanmcr. Shak. 
 
 PE-IUB'O-EOS, 71. [Gr. irrpi and /?aXX(.>.] A court 
 entirely round a temple, surrounded by a wall. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PER-I-GSR'DI-AN, o. Rel.ating to the pericardium. 
 PER-t-CAR'DI-U.M.Tu [Gr. irtpi, around, and Kaoiia, 
 the heart.] 
 
 A membrane that incloses the heart. It contains 
 a liquor which prevents the surface of the heart 
 from becoming dry by its continual motion. Qiiincii. 
 PER'i exRP, 71. [Gr. Trot, about, and Kiiimni, fruit.] 
 The seed-vessel of a plant ; a general name, in- 
 cluding the capsule, legume, silique, follicle, drupe, 
 pome, berry, &.c. Jilartyn. 
 PER-I-e.^RP'I-.\E, (I. Belonging to a pericarp. 
 
 Lintllnf. 
 
 PE-RI CII/F.'TIAT,, a. Pertaining to the pericbtrtilim. 
 
 PE-RI-eil.H'TIIlM, n. [Gr. irtrii and A«iri;.l A term 
 applied to certain narrow and pointed leanots, (dif- 
 ferent from the other leaves of the plant,) which 
 Biirround the bulbous base of Ihcsctn, which usually 
 elevates llie spornmrium or Ihrca, (a hollow, urn-like 
 body,) which contains the sporulcs of the Bryacctc 
 and Jlndriroceit. T\ib perichatium has been consid- 
 ered as a sort of calyx, and has been called an invol- 
 uere. 
 
 PER'I-CE.^SE, n. [Gr. trfni, around, and jcAnffij, frac- 
 ture.] 
 
 A minernl from Vesuvius, occurring in greenish 
 octahedrons, niiil sn|iposed to be pure magnesia. 
 PE RIC'I.I T.^TE, V. t. [L. pcriclil.or.] 
 To cndangtv. 
 
 PER 
 
 PE-Rie-LI-TA'TION, 7i. A hazarding or exposing to 
 peril. 
 
 PER-I-CRa'NI-UM, 71. [Gr. itepi, about, and Kpaviau, 
 the skull.] 
 
 The periosteum, or membrane that invests the 
 skull. Coie. 
 PE-Rie'II-LOUS, a. ['h. penculosus. See Peril.] 
 Dangerous ; hazardous. Broicn. 
 PER-I-DO-DEe-A-HE'DRAL, a. [Gr. Trtpi and dodee- 
 ahedral.] 
 
 A term designating a crystal whose primitive form 
 is a four-sided prism, and in its secimdary form is 
 converted into a prism of twelve sides. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 PER'I-DOT, 71. [Fr.] Tile same with Chrysolite, 
 
 which see. Dana. 
 PER'I-DRO.ME, 71. [Gr. rcoi and ioofOf, course.] 
 In architecturf, that part of a perijitery, which, in 
 form of a gallery or alley, was left between the col- 
 umns and the walls ; used as a i)roinenade. Elmes. 
 PER-I-E'CIAN, 71. [Gr. 7r£pi.ii-f.,s'.j 
 
 An inhabitant of the opposite side of the globe, in 
 the same parallel of latitutle. 
 PER-I-ER'GY, h. [Gr. r-oi and epyof.] 
 
 Needless caution or diligence. 
 PER'I-GEE, j 71. [Gr. TTcpi, about, and j i?, the 
 PER-I-Gi2'UM, i earth.] 
 
 That point in the orbit of the sun or moon in which 
 it is at the least distance from the earth ; opposed to 
 Apogee. Hutton. 
 PER'I-GRAPH, rt. [Gr. trtpi, about, and ypaijiri, a 
 writing.] 
 
 1. A careless or inaccurate delineation of any 
 thing. 
 
 2. The white lines or impressions that appear on 
 the musciilus rectus of the abdomen. Encye. 
 
 PE-RIG'YN-OUS, a. [Gr. rtoi, about, and > ii r,, fe- 
 male.] 
 
 Growing upon some body that surrounds the ova- 
 rium. Botanists are in the habit of saying that the 
 stamens are iusertetl into the calyx or corolla, i. e., 
 are perigynons, though they always originate from 
 the space between the base of the petals and the 
 base of the ovary. Lindley. 
 
 PER-I-Hf.L'ION, \n. [Gr. TTcpi, about, and iiXtof, 
 
 PER-I-HE'LI-rM, i the sun.] 
 
 That part of the orbit of a planet or comet, in 
 which it is at its least distance from the sun ; o\y- 
 posed to Aphelion. Brande. 
 
 PER-I-HEX-A-HE'DRAL, a. [Gr. ncoi and hciahe- 
 dral.] 
 
 A tenn designating a crystal whose primitive fi)rm 
 is a four-sided prism, and in the secondary form is 
 converted into a prism of six sides. Cleaveland. 
 PER'IL, 71. [Fr. ; It. peri alio ; Sp. pcligro ; fort, peri- 
 go ; from L. pcricuhim, from Gr. Tfi,on'.>, to try, to 
 attempt, that is, to strain; Trtion, an attempt, dan- 
 ger, hazard ; allied to -tipoi, lo pass, to thrust iu or 
 transfix ; -etna is also the point or edge of a sword, 
 coinciding with W. ber and per, a spit, a spcor or 
 pike. Hence L. eiperior. Eng. eri>crience. The 
 Greek irtifiaro is expressed in Dutch by raaren, to go, 
 to sail, to fare ; gei-aar, danger, peril ; G. gcfahr, 
 from fahrcn. These words are all of one family. 
 (See Pirate.) The primary sense of ;ipri7 is an ad- 
 vance, a pushing or going forward ; the radical sense 
 of boldness. The Welsh has perig, perilous, from 
 ptr, and peri, to bid or command, the root of L. im- 
 pcro, from the same root.] 
 
 1. Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; particular 
 exposure of person or properly to injury, loss, or 
 destruction from any cause vvliatever. 
 
 I n perils of waters ; in perils of robl)ers. — 2 Cor. xi. 
 
 2. Danger denounced ; particular exposure. You 
 do it at your pen/, or at the peril of your father's dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 PER'II,, t). i. To be in danger. Milton. 
 PER'IL, V. t. To hazard ; to risk ; to expose to dan- 
 ger. 
 
 PERTL-ED, pp. Exposed to danger or loss. 
 PER'IL-ING, ppr. Hazarding; risking. 
 PER'IL-OUS, n. [Vr. perilenz.] 
 
 1. Dangerous ; hazardous; full of risk ; as, a per- 
 ilous undertaking ; a perilous situatitm. 
 
 2. Vulgariy used for Very, like mighty ; as, peril- 
 ous shrewd. [Obs.] Iludibras. 
 
 3. Smart ; witty ; as, a perilous [parlous] boy. 
 [ Vulirar and obsolete.] 
 
 PER'IL-OUS-LY, aifo. Dangerously; with hazard. 
 PER'IL-OUS-NESS, 7i. Dangerousness ; danger ; haz- 
 ard. 
 
 PE-RIM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. irt/ji, about, and pirpov, 
 measure.] 
 
 In geometry, outer boundary of a body or figure, 
 or the sum of all thi; sides, 'i'lie perimeters of sur- 
 faces or figures are lines ; those of bodies are surfact|S. 
 In circular figures, instead v{ perimeter, we use cir- 
 cumference or prriplteru. Barlow. 
 PER-i OC-TA-Hr;'nR.\L, a. [Gr. 7rc,ii and octahe- 
 dral.] 
 
 .\ liTin designating a crystal whose primitive form 
 is a fiiiir sided prism, and in its secondary form is 
 converted into a pri.sm of eight sides. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIL\T. - .MRTR, PKEY.— PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 814 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 rE'RI-OD, H. [Xj. periodtLS ! Fr. pcrluile ; It. Pp. and 
 I'ort. periotloi Gr. ttc/jiooos ; n-fui, abuut, and 6(^5, 
 way.] 
 
 1. Propirly, a circuit ; hence, tlie time which is 
 taken up by a planet or comet in makinji; its revolu- 
 tion round tlie sun, or tlie duration of its conr^^e till 
 it returns to the puiiit of its orl)it wlu'rc it began. 
 Thus, tlie period of the eartli, or its annual revolu- 
 tion, is 'Mi\ tlays. ^ Barlow. 
 
 2. In chronoloirii, a .stated nnniber of years ; a rev- 
 olution or series of years by which time is measured ; 
 as, the Calippic period; the Dyonisian period; the 
 Julian period. 
 
 3. Any series of years or of days in which a revo- 
 lution is completed, and the same course is to be be- 
 gun. 
 
 4. Any specified portion of time, designated by 
 years, months, days, or hours, omiplete ; as, a pe- 
 riod of a thousand years ; the period of a year ; the 
 period of a day. 
 
 5. Knd ; conclusion. Death puts a pfi-iod to a state 
 of probation. 
 
 6. An indefinite portion of any continued state, 
 e.xistence, or series of events ; as, the first period of 
 life ; the last period of a king's reign ; the early pe- 
 riods of histor}'. 
 
 7. State at which any thinfr terminates ; limit. 
 
 8. Length or usual length of duration. 
 
 Some experinipiils wotilil b*" matle how liy ar( to nialf? plants 
 more Listing iImii tJu-ir oniinary period. Bacon. 
 
 9. A complete sentence from one full stop to an- 
 other. 
 
 Periods are beautirul when they are not too \ong. B. Jonson. 
 
 10. The point that marks the end of a complete 
 sentence j a fidl stop, thus [ . ]. 
 
 11. In ar(t/jmf(fc, a distinction made by .1 point or 
 comma placed regularly after a certain numbcrof fig- 
 ures ; used in notation, in the extraction of rtiots, antl 
 in circulating decimals. .4. D. Stanley. 
 
 12. In niediciue, the time of the exacerbation and 
 remission of a disease, or of the paroxysm and inter- 
 mission. F.ncye. 
 
 Julian period; in chroiioIorru,ii period of 79S0 years ; 
 a number produced by nuiitiplying 28, the years of 
 the solar cycle, into 19, the years of the lunar cycle, 
 and their product by 15, the years of the Roman in- 
 diction. 
 
 r F.'lil-On, r. £. To put an end to. [jVo( used.] Slmk. 
 PE-rI-OD'IO-'aL I [It- P^"<"'"^"; I"r. penWiyuc] 
 
 1. Performed in a circuit, or in a regular revolution 
 in a certain time, or in a series of successive circuits j 
 as, the periodical motion of the pltmcts rouiul the sun j 
 the periodical motion of tho moon round the earth. 
 
 rVaUs. 
 
 2. Happening, by revolution, at a stated time ; as, 
 the conjunction of the sun and moon \s perioilical. 
 
 3. Happening or returning regularly in a ccrt.ain 
 period of time. The Olympiads, among the Greeks, 
 were periodical, a< was the Jubilee of the Jews. 
 
 4. Performing some action at a stated time ; as, 
 the periodical fountains in Su il/.erlund, which issue 
 only at a particular hour of the day. Addvfon. 
 
 5. Pertaining to a period ; constituting a complete 
 sentence. .^dams^s Led. 
 
 6. Pertaining to a revolution or regular circuit. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 PER-I-OD'ie .VC'ID, n. An acid analogous to per- 
 chloric acid, and composed of one equivalent of iotliue 
 with seven of oxygen. Brande. 
 
 PE-RI-OI)'ie-.\L, ji. A magazine or other publication 
 that is published at stated or regular periods. 
 
 PE-RI-OD'ie-AI^IST, 71, One who publishes a peri- 
 odical. 
 
 PE-RI-OD'ie-AI^LY, adr. At stated periods; as, a 
 
 festiv;il celebrated periodicallii. 
 PE-RI-O-DIC'I-TV, n. The state of having regular 
 
 periods in changes or conditions. IVhewelL 
 
 PEU-'^CE'Clf j "• P'- ^<"^ PEBtECIiN. 
 PER-l-Od'TE-UiM, II. [Gr. -reoi, about, and orco", 
 bone.] 
 
 A nervous, vascular membrane immediately invest- 
 ing the bones of animals. Encyc. Core. 
 
 The periosUum has very little sensibility in a sound 
 stata, but in some cases of disease it appears to be 
 very sensible. fVhtar. 
 PER-I-PA-TET'1€, a. [Gr. irro.jr-irijnicof, from vtpi- 
 7rar£(.», to walk about ; Treqi and n-tirfr,).] 
 
 Pertaining to Aristotle's system of philosophy, or 
 to the sect of his followers. 
 PER-I-PA-TET'I€, n. A follower of Aristotle, so 
 called because tlie fminder of this philosophy taught, 
 or his followers disputed questions, walkins in the 
 Lyceum at Athens. P. Cye. 
 
 2. It is ludicrously applied to one who is obliged to 
 walk, or can not afford to ride. Toiler. 
 PER I-PA-TET'I-CISM, n. The notions or philo- 
 sophical system of Aristotle and his followers. 
 
 Barrotr. 
 
 PE-RIPH'ER-AL, a. Peripheric. Flnninrr. 
 PEIl-I-PIIER'IC ( o. Pertaining to a peripherj-; 
 PEU l-PUER'ie-AL, ( constituting a periphery. 
 
 PE-IUPH'E-RY, n. [Or. irtpi, around, and i/ic/iw, to 
 bear.] 
 
 The circumference of a circle, ellipsis, or other reg- 
 ular curvilinear figure. Braodr. 
 
 PER'I-PIIR.^SE, II. [Gr. ^rcpi^ppavis I ^'p', about, and 
 (/to. 1^0), to speak.] 
 
 Circumlocution ; a circuit of words ; the use of 
 more words than are necessary to express the idea ; 
 a figure of rhetoric employed to avoid a common and 
 trite manner of expression. Kncyc. 
 
 PER'l-PIIItASK, I). U To express by circumlocution. 
 
 PK1!'I-PIIU.\.'SE, V. i. To use circumlocution. 
 
 Pi;i!'I-l'lllt.K.S-KI), ;>;>. Expressed by circumlocution. 
 
 PER'l-PIllt.^S-lNG, ppr. Exjiressing by circumlocu- 
 tion. 
 
 PIO-RIPU'RA-SIS. See PEnii>Hn»sE. 
 PF,R-l-PHK.\S'Tie, jo. Circumlocutory ; exprcsa- 
 PER-l-PllR.\S'Tie-.AL, i ing or expressed in more 
 
 words than are necessary ; expressing the sense of 
 
 one word in many. 
 PER-I-PHRAS'TlC-AL-LY, adv. With circumlocu- 
 tion. Boswell. 
 PER'I-PLUS, 71. [Gr. ttcpitXovs ; r.tnt, about, and 
 
 ttX'm, to sail.] 
 Circumnavigation ; a voyage round a certain sea 
 
 or sea-coast. Vincent. 
 PER-lP-NEU-MON'ie, a. Pertaining to peripneumo- 
 
 ny ; consisting in an innaniination of the lungs. 
 PER-IP-NEO'MO-NY, 71. [Gr. ttcoi, about, and tvcv- 
 
 poH', the lungs.] 
 An inflammation of the lungs. An old and not 
 
 very correct term, for which Pneumonitis is now 
 
 substituted. 
 
 PER-I-PO-LYG'ON-AL, a. [Gr. ttco, and pohgon.] 
 In crtisrutlotrrap/iy, having a gn'at luiniber of sides. 
 
 PE-RIP'TER-AL, a. [Infra.] A term applied to an 
 edifice having a range of columns all around. 
 
 PE-RIP'TER-OUS, a. [Gr. -!.n and -rvoi.] 
 Feathered on all sides. 
 
 PE-RIP' TER-Y, 71. [Gr. jrtoi, and Trrcpov, a wing, and 
 TT; Tto, to expand.] 
 
 In architecture, an edifice or temple environed, on 
 its exterior circumference, by a range of insulated 
 columns, distant from the wall to the e.xtent of the 
 intercolumni.ation. Elmes. 
 
 PE-RIP'CIAN, (pe-rish'yan,) 7!. ) [L. Pcriscii ; Gr. 
 
 PE-RIS'CI-T, (pe-rish'e-i,) n. pi. \ rrcpicKioi ; trepi^ 
 around, and o-;ciu, shadow.] 
 
 An inhabitant of a frigid zone or within a polar 
 circle, whose shadow moves round, and, in the 
 course of the day, falls in every point of compass. 
 The Latin word Perineii, in the plural, is generally 
 used in geographies ; but the English word is pref- 
 erable. 
 
 PE-RI.S'CIAN, a. Having the shadow moving all 
 around. 
 
 PER'l-SeOPE, 71. [Gr. irtpt and o-xotem.] 
 .\ general view. 
 
 PER-I-SCOP'IC, a. Viewing on all sides ; a term ap- 
 plied to spectacles having concavo-convex glasses, 
 for the purpose of increasing the distinctness of ob- 
 jects when viewed obliquely. Olmsted. 
 
 PER'ISH, I'. J. [Fr. perir, perissant; It. perire ; Sp. 
 perecer: from h. pcrco, supposed to be compounded 
 of per and eo, to go ; literally, to depart wholly. j 
 
 1. To die ; to lose life in any manner; applied to 
 animals. Jlen perish by disease or decay, by the 
 sword, by drowning, by hunger, or famine, &c. 
 
 2. To die ; to wither and decay ; applietl to plants. 
 
 3. To waste away ; as, a leg or an arm has per- 
 ished. 
 
 4. To be in a state of decay or passing away. 
 Dunlioii, and time, which is a pari of il, Is the idea wc have of 
 
 periihing iiist;uice. Locke, 
 
 5. To be destroyed ; to come to nothing. 
 
 Perish Uie lore Uiat deadens younsj desire. Anon. 
 fi. To fail entirely, or to be extirpated. 2 STin^s 
 
 7. To be burst or ruined ; as, the bottles shall" 
 perish. Luke v. 
 
 8. To be wasted or rendered useless. Jer. ix. 
 
 9. To be injured or tormented. 1 Cor. viii. 
 
 10. To be lost eternally ; to be sentenced to endless 
 miserv. 2 Pet. ii. 
 
 PER'I.^H, c. f. To destroy. [.Vot leiriiimale.} 
 PER-ISH-A-BIL'I-TY, n.' Perishableiiess. 
 PER'ISH-A-BLE, a. Liable to perish ; subject to de- 
 cay and destruction. The bodies of animals and 
 plants are perishable ; the souls of men are not perish- 
 able. 
 
 2. Subject to speedy decay. 
 
 Property of a perishnble nature, i.aTed from a wreck, may be 
 sold williin a year and a day. Stat, o/ Conn. 
 
 PER'ISH-A-BLE-NESS, 71. Liableness to decay or 
 destruction. Locke. 
 
 PER'ISH-.\-BLY, adi: In a perishing manner. 
 
 PER'ISH-KD, (pcr'isht,) pp. or a. Decayed; wasted 
 away ; destroyed. 
 
 PER'ISII-1\G, ppr. or a. Dying; decaying; coming 
 to ntilhin!!. 
 
 PER'I-SPER.M, 71. [Gr. rtpi, around, and aneppa, 
 seed.) 
 
 A thick, farinaceous, fleshy, homy, woody, or 
 bony part of the seed of plants, cither entirely or 
 
 only partially surrounding the embryo, and inclosed 
 within the investing membrane. It is the albumen of 
 (Ijrrtner. Juasicu, Smith. 
 
 PER l-SPllER'ie, a. [Gr. irtoi and a:,atpa.] 
 Globular; having the form of a ball. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 PER-IS-SO-LOG'I€^AL, a. Redundant in words. 
 PER-IS-.SOL'O-GY, n, [Gr. ripicijoXo) ta ; ::cptir<rai, 
 reiliindant, and X'tyo^, discourse.] 
 
 Siipertluous words; much talk to little purpose. 
 [LilUe used.] Camphcll. 
 PEII-I-.STAL'TIC, a. [Gr. ncpiraXriK'.i, from irt- 
 pircAA'i), to involve.) 
 
 Spiral ; vermicular or worm-like. The peristaltic 
 motion of the intestines is performed by the conlnc- 
 tion of the circular anil longitudinal fibres composing 
 their fleshy coats, by which the chyle is carried 
 downward to the orilices of the lacteals, and the 
 excrements are protruded towani the anus. Encyc. 
 PER-IS-Tb'RI-0,\, h. [Gr.] 'I'he herb vervain.' 
 
 Diet. 
 
 PER-I-STREPH'I€, a. [Gr. Trcpi and arpeipw.] Turn- 
 ins round, or rotary, revolving. 
 
 PER'1-.STVLE, 71. [Gr. Trtpts-vXov ; rrepi, about, and 
 trruAur, a column.] 
 
 A range of columns round a building or square, or 
 a building encompassed with a row of columns on 
 the outside. Johnson. OtcUt. 
 
 PER-I-SYS'TO-LE, n. [Gr. Kepi, about, and auroAi), 
 contractitui.] 
 
 The pause or interval between the sj stole or con- 
 traction, and the diastole or dilatation, of the heart. 
 
 Q^uincy, 
 
 PE-RITE', a. \h.peritus.] 
 
 Skillful. ^ Little used.] JVhitaker. 
 PE-RIT'O-MOUS, a. [Gr. Tr£/>i, around, and rcpfoi, 
 to cleave.] 
 
 In viineraloiry, cleaving in more directions than one 
 parallel to the axis, the faces being all of one quality. 
 
 Shepard. 
 
 PER-I-TO-Nl".' AL, a. Pertaining to the peritoneum. 
 
 PEll-I-TO-Ni<;'U.M, n. [Gr. Tr^jATovuiop ; ncp,, about, 
 and Tofooi, to stretch.] 
 
 A thin, smooth, serous membrane, investing the 
 whole internal surface of the abdomen, and more or 
 less completely all the viscera contained in it. 
 
 Encyc. Parr. 
 
 PE-RI-TRd'eill-UM. See Axis in Pebitbochio. 
 
 PER-I-TRo'PAL, a. [Gr. -tpi and rooiri,-] 
 Rotarv ; circuitous. 
 
 PER'I VViG, Ji. [Ir. pereabhic. Q.\i. D. paruik; G. 
 perr^fcke ; Dan. perryk : Fr. pcrruque ; It. parrucca,'] 
 
 A small wig ; a kind of close cap formed by an in- 
 tertcxtiire of false hair, worn by men for ornament 
 or to conceal baldness. Periwigs were in fashion in 
 the days of Addison. 
 
 PER'I-VVIG, V. t. To dress with a periwig, or with 
 false hair, or with any thing in like form. Swifi. 
 
 PER'l-U'INK-LE, (per'e-wiuk-l,) ti. [Sax. perulnce ; 
 It. perrinca ; Fr. pervenche; L. vinca; Sax. icincle, a 
 shell fish. If 71 is casual, i-i/ica may be and probably 
 is the W. trioic, for wic, a squeak, whence gwiciad, a 
 periwinkle.] 
 
 1. A sea snail, or small shell fish, Turbo littoreus of 
 Linna;tis. 
 
 2. A flowering plant of the genus Vinca. 
 PER'JURE, (per'jur,) B. t. [L. per/tiro ; per and juro, 
 
 to swear ; that is, to swear aside or beyond.) 
 
 Willfully to make a false oath when administered 
 by lawful authority or in a court of justice; to for- 
 swear ; as, the witness perjured himself. 
 PER'JURE, 71. A perjured person. [JVot jtsei/.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PER'JUR-KD, pp. or a. Guilty of perjury ; having 
 sworn falsely. 
 
 PER'JUR-ER, n. One that willfully takes a false oath 
 lawfully administered. 
 
 PER'JUR-IN'G, ppr. Taking a false oath lawfully ad- 
 ministered. 
 
 PER-Ju'RI-OUS, a. Guilty of perjury; containing 
 
 perjury. Coke. 
 PER'JU-RY, 71. [L. perjurium.] 
 
 The act or crime of willfully making a false o;Uh, 
 when lawfully administered ; cr a crime committed 
 when a lawful oath is administered in some judicial 
 proceedina, to a person who swears willfully, abso- 
 lutely, and falsely, in a matter material to the issue. 
 
 Coke. 
 
 PERK, a. [W. prrc, compact, trim, perk ; as a noun, 
 something that is close, compact, trim, and a perch.] 
 Properly, erect ; hence, smart ; trim. 
 PERK, I', i. [W. pcrcu, to trim, to make smart.] 
 
 To hold up the head with aflected smartness. Pope. 
 Thai Edwanl's miss thus perkg it in your face. Pope. 
 
 PERK, V. L To dress up ; to make trim or smart ; to 
 prank. Shak. 
 
 PER'KI.V, n. Ciderkin : a kind of weak cider, made 
 bv steeping the refuse pumice in water. Encyc. 
 
 PER'L.VTE ACID, the acidulous phosph.-itc of soda. 
 
 Chemistry. J^'icholson. 
 
 PER'La-TED AC'ID, or PU-RET'IC ; biphosphate of 
 s.ida. 
 
 PER'LOUS, for PsRiLotis, is not used. Spenser. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, TJNITE. — Ai\"GER, VI"CIOUS € asK;0asJ;Sa3Z;CHas SHj 111 as in THIS. 
 
PER 
 
 PER-LUS-TRa'TION, n. [L. perlmtro ; per and 
 ItL-^trOj to survey.] 
 
 Tile art of viewiiiff all over. Howell. 
 
 PER'.M.A-6V, 71. A little Turkish boat. Diet. 
 
 PER'.M.V-NEN'CE, ( n. [See Perma.nest.] Contin- 
 
 PER'MA-NE.\-CV, j uance in the same .state, or 
 without a change that destroys tlie form or nature 
 of a thing: duration ; fixedness ; as, the permanence 
 of a government or state ; the -permanence of institu- 
 tions or of a system of principles. 
 % Continuance in the same place, or at rest. 
 
 PER'^IA-XENT, a, [L. permanens, pcrinaneo ; per and 
 viairen, to remain. Class .Mn.] 
 
 Durable ; lasting ; continuing in the same state, or 
 without any change that destroys the form or nature 
 of the thing. The laws, like the character of God, 
 are unalterably pfrmanfni. Human laws and institu- 
 tions may be to a degree permanent, but they are sub- 
 ject to change and overthrow. We speak of a per- 
 manent wall or building, a permanent bridge, when 
 they are so constructed as to endure long; in which 
 examples, permanent is equivalent to durable or last- 
 ing^ but not to undecayinff or unalterable. So we say, 
 a permanent residence, a permanent intercourse, per- 
 manent friendship, when it continues a long time 
 Avithout interruption. 
 
 PER'M.\-NE.XT-LY, adv. With long continuance ; 
 durably ; in a fixed state or place ; as, a government 
 permanently established. 
 
 PEC-.M A.\'SIO.\, (-shun,) n. [L. permansio.] 
 
 Continuance. [JVot ttserf.] Brown. 
 
 PER-.ME-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [Infra.] The quality or 
 state of being permeable, Journ. of Science. 
 
 PER'.ME-,\-BLE, a. [L. permeu ; per and meo, to pass 
 or glide.] 
 
 ^hat may be passed through without rupture or 
 displacement of its parts, as solid matter ; applied 
 particularly to substances that admit the passage of 
 fluids. Thus cloth, leather, wood, are permeable to 
 water and oil ; glass is permeable to light, but not to 
 water. 
 
 PER'ME-.A-BLY, adv. In a permeable manner. 
 PER'.ME-AXT, a. [Supra,] Passing through 
 
 Brown. 
 
 PER'ME-aTE, r. t. [L. permeo ; per and meo, to glide, 
 flow, or p.ass.] 
 
 To pass through the pores or interstices of a body ; 
 to penetrate and pass through a substance without 
 rupture or displacement of its parts ; applied particu- 
 larly to fluids which pass through substances of loose 
 texture ; as, water permeates sand or a filtering stone ; 
 light permeates glass. 
 PER'.ME A-TED, pp. Passed through, as bv a fluid. 
 PER'ME-.\-TL\G, ppr. Passing through the pores or 
 
 interstices of a substance. 
 PER-ME-A'TION, 71. The act of passing through the 
 
 pores or interstices of a body, 
 PER-MIS'CI-BLE, a. [L, pcrmisceo; per and misceo, 
 to mix.] 
 
 Thnt'may be mi.xed. [Little used.} 
 ~ " '~ ! Permit,] 
 
 permitted or allowed. 
 
 PER-.MIS'SI-BLE, a. [See 
 
 That may be 
 
 PER-MIS'SI-BLY, adv. In the way of permission, 
 PER-MIS'SION, {-mish'un,) 7(. [L. permissio, from 
 permitto, to permit.] 
 
 1, The act of permitting or allowing, 
 
 2, Allowance; license or liberty granted. 
 
 You have given me your _per77iis«on for Uiis address. Dri/den. 
 
 PEa-MIS'SIVE, a. Granting liberty ; allowing. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2, Granted ; suffered without hinderanoe. 
 
 Thus I cmtjoldencd spak-p, and freedom used 
 
 Permissia, and acccpuiice found. Milton. 
 
 PER-MIS'SIVE-LY, adv. By allowance; without 
 
 prohibition or hindcrancc, 
 PEK-MIS'TI().\, (-mist'yun,) j n, [li. permistio, per- 
 PER -MIX'TKl.V, ( mixt'yun,) ( mtztin.^ 
 
 Till- act of mixing ; the state of being mingled. 
 PER-MIT', J'. (, [L, permittv ; per and 77iit!o, to send ; 
 
 Fr, permellre ; It. permctlere ; Sp. permilir.] 
 
 1. To allow ; to grant leave or liberty to by ex- 
 press consent. He asked my leave, and I permitted 
 iiim. ' 
 
 » 2. To allow by silent consent, or by not prohibit- 
 ing ; to suffer without giving express authority. The 
 laws permit US to do What is not expressly or impli- 
 edly forbid. 
 
 Whst f;o<l neither CMmmandj nor forbids, he permilM wUh ftp* 
 probation to be done or left undone. Hooker. 
 
 3, To afford ability or means. Old ape docs not 
 permit us to retain the vigor of youth. The man's 
 indigence liocg not permit him to indulge in luxu- 
 ries. 
 
 4, To leave ; to give or resign, 
 JM US not «f trravate our sorrows, 
 
 Dill to the ifuds ptrmU the ctcdi of thin^. A'tiliton. 
 [The latter m-nso U obsolete or obsolescent.] 
 PER-MIT' or PER'.MIT, n. A written license or pcr- 
 MiiflMion from the cuBtom-house t)ffirer, or other prop- 
 er HUlhorily, til cx|K>n or Ininnpurt goods, or to land 
 gtKida or (iirrnons. 
 
 2, Warrant; leave; pcrminsion. 
 
 PER-MIT'TANCE, n. Allowance; forbearance of 
 prohibition ; permission. Derliam. 
 
 PER-MIT'TER, 71. He who permits. Permittee, 
 ftir the one permitted, is rare. 
 
 PER-.MIX'TION. See Permistion, 
 
 PER-Wu'TA-BLE, a. That may be changed one for 
 the other. 
 
 PER-Mu'TA-BLE-NESS, n. State of being permu- 
 table, 
 
 PER-Mu'TA-BLY, adv. By interchange, 
 PER-MU-Ta'TIO.\, 71, [L. permuOitio, permuto ; per 
 and muto, to change.] 
 
 1. In co);imerce, exchange of one thing for another; 
 barter. Bacon. 
 
 2. In the canon law, the exchange of one benefice 
 for another. Enciic. 
 
 3. In algebra, the arrangement of any determinate 
 number of things or letters, in all possible orders, 
 one after the other, Brande. 
 
 PER-MuTE', v. U [Ij. permuto; per and mutu, to 
 change.] 
 
 To exchange ; to barter, [JVoJ used.'] 
 PER-MuT'ER, 71, One that exchanges. [:Kot used.'] 
 PER'NAN-CY, 71, [Xorm. perner, to take.] 
 
 A taking or reception, as the receiving of rents or 
 tithes in kind. Blackstone. 
 PER-NI"CIOUS, (-nish'iis,) a. [L. pernic'wsus, from 
 pernicies ; perneco, to kill ; 77cr and 7iec, necis, death.] 
 1, Destructive ; having the quality of killing, de- 
 stroying or injuring ; very injurious or mischievous. 
 Food, drink, or air may be pernicious to life or 
 health, 
 
 Q, Destructive ; tending to injure or destroy. Evil 
 examples are pernicious to morals. Intemperance is 
 a pernicious vice, 
 
 3. [L. perniz.] Quick. [J\^ot used.] Milton. 
 PER-Nr'CIO[JS-LY, oiZc, Destructively ; with ruin- 
 ous tendency or effects. Jlseham. 
 PER-NI"CIOijS-NESS, 71. The quality of being very 
 
 injurious, mischievous, or destructive. 
 PER-NIC'I-TY, 7!. [L. pernicitas, from pemiz.] 
 
 Swiftness of motion ; celerity, [Little tused.] Ray. 
 PER-NOt^TA'TION, 71, [L. pemocto ; per and noz, 
 night.] 
 
 The act of passing the whole night ; a remaining 
 all night. Tavlor. 
 PE-RoGUE'. See Pirogue. 
 
 PER'O-XATE, a. In botany, laid thickly over with a 
 wooly siilistance ending In a sort of meal. P. Cm. 
 
 PER-O-Ra'TIOX, 71, [ij. peroratio, ixam pcroro ; per 
 and oro, to pray.] 
 
 The concluding part of an oration, in which the 
 speaker recapitulates the principal points of his dis- 
 course or argument, and urges tliem with greater 
 earnestness and force, with a view to make a deep 
 impression on his hearers. Enct/c. 
 
 PER-OX'YD, 71, [per and ozyd.] That oxyd of a given 
 base which contains the greatest quantity of oxygen ; 
 a bad term, which ought to be entirely rejected, since 
 different peroxyds do not always contain the same 
 quantity of o.xygen, the peroxyd of mercury being a 
 protoxyd, the peroxyd of iron a sesquoxyd, the per- 
 oxyd of tin a deutoxyd, and the peroxyd of gold a 
 tritoxvd, 
 
 PER-OX'YD-lZE, V. L To oxydize to the utmost de- 
 gree, Cntbush. 
 
 PER PAIS. [Norm, French,] In law, by the coun- 
 try, that is, by a jury, 
 
 PER PA' RES. By the peers or one's peers, 
 
 PER-PE.\'D', V. t. [L, perpcndo ; per and pendo, to 
 weigh.] 
 
 To weigh in the mind ; to consider attentively, 
 
 [Liitle used.] Sliak. Brown. 
 
 ^^^^0^^,\^- l^'-Vrpain,^ 
 
 A large stone reaching through a wall so as to ap- 
 pear on both sides of it, and therefore having the ends 
 smooth. Gloss, ofJlrchit. 
 
 PER.PEN'DI-GLE, (-pen'de-kl,) n. (Fr, perpcndicule, 
 from L. jierpendiculum.] 
 
 Something hanging down in a direct line ; a plumb 
 line. J)iet. 
 
 PER-PE\-Die'i;-LAR, a. [L. perpendicularis, from 
 pcrpcndictUum, a plumb line ; perpcndeo ; per and pen- 
 dco, to hang,] 
 
 1. Hanging or extending in a right line from any 
 point toward the center of the earth or of gravity, or 
 at right angles with the plane of the horizon, 
 
 2. In geometry, a term applied to a line or surface 
 .at right angles to another line or surface. 'J'lie line 
 A is prrprndirnlar to the line B. 
 
 PER-Pi:.\-l)IC'tJ.I,AR, 71, A line falling at right an- 
 gles on the plane of the horizon, that is, extending 
 from some point in a right line toward the center of 
 the earth or center of gravity, or any body standing 
 in that direction, 
 
 2. In geometry, a line falling at right angles on an- 
 other line, or making ctpial angles with it on each 
 Hide. Barlow. 
 
 PEU-PE.V I)IC-q-L.\R'I-TY, 71. The state of being 
 perpeiiilicular, fVatti. 
 
 PER-I'EN Dlf'IT EAR LY, adv. In a manner to fall 
 on nnolhrr lint- at right anglt's, 
 2 tio a* to fall on the plane of the horizon at right 
 
 angles ; in a direction toward the center of the earth 
 or of gravity, 
 PER-PE.X'SION, 71. [L. perpendo.] 
 
 Consideration. [JVot used.] Brown. 
 PER-PES'SION, (-pesh'un,) n. [L. perpcssio, perpetwr, 
 to suffer ; per and potior.] 
 
 Sufferina ; endurance, [JVot used.] Pearson. 
 PERTE-TRaTE, v. t. [L. perpetro; per and patro, 
 to go through, to finish,] 
 
 To do ; to commit ; to perform ; in an ill sense, 
 that is, always used to express an evil act; as, to 
 perpetrate a crime or an evil design, Dryden. 
 PER'PE-TRa-TED, pj7. Done; committed; as an 
 evil act, 
 
 PER'PE-TRa-TING, ppr. Committing, as a crime 
 or evil act, 
 
 PER-PE-TRa'TION, n. The act of committing a 
 crime. IVolton. 
 2. An evil action, S. Charles. 
 
 PER'PE-TR.a-TOR, 71, One that commits a crime, 
 PER-PET'IJ-.\L, a. [Fr, pcrpeturl; L, pcrpetuits, frnm 
 perpcs, perpctis ; per and pes, from a root signifying 
 to pass.] 
 
 1. Never ceasing ; continuing forever in future 
 time ; destined to be eternal ; as, a perpetual cove- 
 nant ; a perpetual statute. [Literally true with re- 
 spect to the decrees of the Supreme Being.] 
 
 2. Continuing or continued without intermission : 
 uninterrupted; as, a perpetual stream; the pe77»etuat 
 action of the heart and arteries, 
 
 3. Permanent ; fixed ; not temporary ; as, a per- 
 petual law or edict ; perpetual love or amity ; perpet- 
 ual incense.' Ezod, xxx. 
 
 4. Everlasting ; endless, 
 
 DesiToctioiis are come to a perpetual end. — Ps. ii. 
 
 5. During the legal dispensation. Ex. xxix. 
 Perpetual curacy, is where all the tithes are appro- 
 priated and no vicarage is endowed. Blackstone. 
 
 Perpetual motion ; a motion that is supplied and re- 
 newed from itself, without the intervention of any 
 external cause, Hutlon. 
 
 Perpetual screw ; a screw that acts against the teeth 
 of a wheel, and continues its action without end, 
 
 H'ilkms. 
 
 PER-PET'U-AL-LY, adv. Constantly ; continually ; 
 applied to tilings which proceed without intermis- 
 sion, or which occur frequently or at intervals, with- 
 out limitation. A perennial spring flows perpetually ; 
 the weather varies perpetually. 
 
 The Bible and Common Prayer Book in the vulvar tongue, bein* 
 perpetually read in churches, have proved a kind of slaml- 
 ard for language. Stci/t. 
 
 PER-PET'II-aTE, v. t. [L. perpetuo.] 
 
 1, To make perpetual ; to eternize, 
 
 2, To cause to endure or to be continued indefinite- 
 ly, to preserve from extinction or oblivion ; as, to 
 perpetuate the remembrance of a great event or of an 
 illustrious character. The monument in London 
 perpetuates the remembrance of the conflagration in 
 16GG, Medals may perpetuate the glories of a prince, 
 
 .addison. 
 
 3, To continue by repetition without limitation, 
 PER-PET'U-A-TED, pp. or a. .Made perpetual ; con- 
 tinued through eternity, or for an indefinite time. 
 
 PER-PET'lT-A-TING, ppr. Continuing forever or in- 
 definitely. 
 
 PER-PET-IJ-5'TION, 71. The act of making perpetu- 
 al, or of preserving from extinction or oblivion 
 through an endless existence, or for an indefinite pe- 
 riod of time. Blown. 
 
 PER-PE-Tu'I-TY, 77. [h. perpetnitas.] 
 
 1, Endless duration ; continuance to eternity, 
 
 2. Continued, uninterrupted existence, or duration 
 for an indefinite period of time ; as, the perpetuity of 
 laws and institutions ; the perpetuity of fame. 
 
 3, Something of which there will be no end. 
 
 South. 
 
 4. In f7i< doctrine of aniiuities, the number of years 
 in which the simple interest of any sum becomes 
 equal to the principal ; also, the sum which will pur- 
 chase an annuitv to continue forever. 
 
 PER-PHOS'PHA'i'E, 71. A phosphate in which the 
 phosphoric acid is combined with an o.xyd .at the max- 
 imum of oxydation. 
 
 PER-PLEX', V. t. [L. pcrjderus, perplcxor ; per and 
 plcctor, to twist, from the root of Gr. TrAticw, L. plico, 
 to fold.] 
 
 1. To make intricate ; to involve ; to entangle ; to 
 make complicated and diflicult to be understood or 
 unraveled. 
 
 vvns lliouplit obscure, perplexed, and too hard for ourwenk 
 paru, will lie OJK'U to the undcrsUndiiig in a fair view. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. To embarrass; to puzzle; to distract; to tease 
 with suspense, anxiety, or ambiguity, 
 
 \Ve can ilisUiiguipih no general truths, or ul least i.h;dl lie apt to 
 
 perplex ihe miiul. I,or*«. 
 We iirv jterjtlexed, but not In despair. — 2 Cor. Iv. 
 
 3. To plague ; to vex, Olanville. 
 PER-PLEX', o. Intricate ; difficult, [JVot used.] 
 
 Olaninlle. 
 
 PER-PLEX'KD, (-plext',) pp. or a. Made intricate; 
 embarrassed ; puzzled. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRfiV, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK,— 
 
 R16 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 PER 
 
 PER riiEX'KO-I<Y, mh: Intricately ; with involution. 
 
 [.Miltdn h:is Pkhplexly.] 
 I'Elt-l'L,EX'Kl)-.\ESS, H. Intricacy ; clifticulty from 
 want of orilcr or precision. 
 
 2. Enibarntssnicnt of mind from doubt or uncer- 
 tainty. 
 
 PEK-PLEX'INO, ppr. Stalling intricate or perplexed. 
 
 a. a. Troublesome ; embarrassing. 
 PER-PLEX'I-TY,7i. Intricacy ; entanglement. The 
 jury were embarrassed by tlie prrplnitij of the case. 
 
 2. Embarrassment of mind ; disturbance from doubt, 
 confusion, difficulty, or anxiety. 
 
 Perplexity no( iiifforliis them to Iw Ullc, they think and do, u it 
 were, in a plirensy. Hooker. 
 
 PER-PO-T.\'TK)N, n. [L. ptr and poto.] 
 
 The act of drinking largely. 
 PER'UUI-SITE, (per'kwe-zit,") n. [L. perquisitus, prr- 
 qitiro ; per and ijiupro^ to seek.] 
 
 A fee or pecuniary allowance to an officer for ser- 
 vices, beyond his ordinary salary or settled wages; 
 or a fee allowed by law to an olticcr for a specific 
 service, in lieu of an annual salary. 
 
 [ The latter is the common acceptation of the word in 
 America.] 
 
 PER'aUI-SIT-ED, a. Supplied with perquisites. 
 
 [.^ bad iDord^ and not Ufcd.] \^SavaffP, 
 PER-aUI-SI"TION, (per-kwe-zish'un,) n. [V. pcr- 
 qui^iitus.'] 
 
 An accurate inquiry or search. .SmMrurM. 
 PER'RON, n. [Fr.] A staircase outside of a build- 
 ing, or a flight of steps leading into the first story. 
 
 OmUt. 
 
 PER-RO-aUET', n. [Fr.] A parrakeet, which see. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 5. Perroqiirt auk : the Alca Psittacnia, an aquatic 
 fowl inhabiting Kamtschatka and other northern re- 
 gions. P. Cijc. 
 PEK'KV, 71. [Fr. poird, from poire, W. pfr, a pear.] 
 
 The fernienled juice of pears, prepared in the same 
 PER SAL'TUM, [l,.] By a leap. [way as cider. 
 PER-SCRU-TA'TIO.N, 71. [L. prrscrutatw, perscmtm:] 
 A searching thoroughly ; minute search or inquiry. 
 PER SE, [L.] By itself; by himself, &.C. ; apart from 
 others. 
 
 PER'SE-eOT, n. [Fr.] A kind of cordial, made of 
 the kernels of apricots, nectarines, &c., with refined 
 spirit. Encyc. Dom. Econ. 
 
 PER'SE-eOTE, V. t. [Fr. persccuter : It. perseguitare ; 
 Sp. perseg-uir ; L. per.sequor ; per and seqaor, to pur- 
 sue. See Seek and Essay.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, to pursue in a manner to in- 
 jure, vex, or adlict ; to harass with unjust punish- 
 ment or penalties for supposed offenses; to inflict 
 pain from hatred or malignity. 
 
 a. Apprupriatelij, to afflict, harass, or destroy, for 
 adherence to a particular creed or system of religious 
 principles, or to a mode of worship. Thus Nero prr- 
 secuted the Christians by crucifying some, burning 
 others, and condemning others to be worried by dogs. 
 See Acts xxii. 
 
 3. To harass with solicitations or importimity. 
 PER'SE-CO-TED, pp. or a. Harassed by troubles or 
 
 punishments unjustly inflicted, particularly for relig- 
 ious opinions. 
 
 PEU'SE-eO-TI.\G, ppr. or a. Pursuing with enmity 
 or vengeance, particularly for adhering to a particu- 
 lar religion. 
 
 PER-SE-eO'TION, n. The act or practice of perse- 
 cuting; the infliction of pain, punishment, or death, 
 upon others unjustly, particularly for adhering to a 
 religious creed or mode of worship, either by w!iy of 
 penalty, or for compelling them to renounce their 
 principles. Historians enumerate ten persecutions 
 suffered by the Christians, beginning with lhat of 
 Nero, about A. D. (>4, and ending with that of Di- 
 ocletian, A. D. 303 to 311. 
 
 2. The state of being persecuted. 
 
 Our necks are under perx^rulion ; we latwr and have no rcit. — 
 
 PF.R-SEC'U-TIVE, a. Following; persecuting. 
 PER'SE eU-TOR, 71. One that persecutes ; one that 
 pursues another unjustly and vexatiously, particu- 
 larly on account of religious principles. 
 
 Henry rejected the pope'a Buprvin.icy, but retained every cqr- 
 rupliun beside, and ltec;une n cruel ptrsecutur. Sa{/t^ 
 
 PER'SE-US, 71. [Gr. n.pircvs.] 
 
 1. A famous Grecian hero who slew Medusa. 
 
 2. A constellation, situated north of the Pleiades, 
 containing Algol, Algenib, and several other bright 
 stars. [In the classics, Pcr'seus.] 
 
 PER SE-VkR'ANCE, n. [Fr., from L. perseverantia. 
 See Persevere.] 
 
 1. Persistence m anything undertaken ; continued 
 pursuit or prosecution of .any business or enterpr4se 
 begun ; applied alike to good and evil. 
 
 Pertevtranet lieepa honor bright. Shalt. 
 Patience and peracoemnce overcome the |^;itC8t diffxnltiea. 
 
 Clarissa. 
 
 2. In lhrolo<r\j, continuance in a state of grace to a 
 Btitle of glory ; sometimes called final persrrrrancr. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 PER-SF^VeR'ANT, a. Constant in pursuit of an un 
 dertakmg. [JVot used.] A,nsm,rth. 
 
 PEK-SE-VkKE', r. I. [L. persecero. The last comiHi 
 nent part of this word, srerro, nmst be the same its 
 in asscvno, witli the radical sense ii{ set, Jij-rd, or con- 
 tinued. So pcr.iist is formed with per iind sisto, to 
 stand. Cojistant and continue have a like primary 
 sense. So we say, to hold on.] 
 
 To persist in any business or enterprise nndertak- 
 eo ; to pursue steadily any design or course com- 
 menced ; not to give over or abandon what is under- 
 taken ; applied alike to good and evil. 
 
 Thrice happy, if tliey know 
 Their happiness, and persevere upri;fhtl Milton. 
 To perseoere in any evil course makes you unhappy in tiiin lile. 
 
 Wake. 
 
 PER-SE-VkR'ING, ppr. Persisting in any business 
 
 or course begun. 
 2. a. Constant in the execution of a purpose or 
 
 enterprise ; as, a persetjerinrr student. 
 PER-SE-VkR'ING-LY, adx>. With perseverance or 
 
 continued pursuit of what is undertaken. 
 
 PER'Sie^' I P'^rt:''"'"? Tersla. 
 
 PER'SIAN-BER'RY, 7!. A sort of berry used in dye- 
 ing yellow. It comi'S from Persia, and is s.iid, like 
 file Frenrh herrj-, to be the fruit of a species of buck- 
 thorn called Rhamtius infectorius. Ure. P. Cyc. 
 
 PER'SI.\.\-VVIIEEL, 7!. In 7nfcAa7iic.t, a contrivance 
 for raising water to some liiglil above the level of a 
 stream, by means of a wheel with buckets on its 
 rim. Brande. 
 
 PER'Sie, 71. The Persian language. 
 
 PER'Sl-FLAdE, (par'se-fluzh,) n. [Fr., from pcr- 
 sifler.] 
 
 Liglit talk, in which all subjects are treated with 
 banter. //. More. 
 
 PER-SI.M'MON, 71. A tree and its fruit, a species of 
 Oiospyros, a native of the States south of New York. 
 The fruit is like a plum, and, whi n not ripe, very 
 harsh and astringent, but, when ripe, luscious and 
 highly ntitritioiis. J\!easr. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 PEli-SIST', i>. i. [\u pcrsisto ; per ani sistu, to stand 
 or be fixetl.] 
 
 To continue steadily and firmly in the pursuit of 
 any business or course commenced ; to persevere. 
 
 \_Persist is nearly synonymous with pfr.sTi'rri; ; but 
 persist frequently implies more obstinacy than perse- 
 vere, particularly in that which is evil or injurious to 
 others.] 
 
 If they persist in pointing their batteries ajfainst particular per- 
 sons, no laws of war forbid Uie making reprisals. Addison. 
 
 PER-SIST'ENCE, j n. The state of persisting ; steady 
 PER-SIST'EN-CY, j pursuit of what is undertaken ; 
 perseverance in a good or evil course, more generally 
 in that which is evil, and injurious to others, or un- 
 advisable. 
 
 2. Obstinacy ; contumacy. Shak. 
 
 3. In natural philosophy, the continuance of an ef- 
 fect after the cause which first g!ive rise to it is re- 
 moved ; as, the persistence of the impression of light 
 on the eye, after the luminous object is withdrawn ; 
 the persistence of the motion of an object, after the 
 moving force is withdrawn. Olmsted. 
 
 PER-SIST'ENT, j a. In botany, not falling off, but 
 
 PER-SIST'ING, i remaining green until the part 
 which bears it is wholly matured, as the leaves 
 of evergreen plants; opposed to Caducous. Lindley. 
 
 PER-SIST'Ii\G, ppr. Continuing in the prosecution 
 of an undertaking ; persevering. 
 
 PER-SIST'ING-LY, arfc. Perseveringlv ; steadily. 
 
 PER-SIST'IVE, a. Steady in pursuit ; not receding 
 from a purpose or undertaking ; persevering. Shak. 
 
 PER'SON, (per'sn,) n. [L. persona; said to be com- 
 pounded of per, through or by, and sonus, sound ; a 
 Latin word signifying primarily a mask used by act- 
 ors on the stage.] 
 
 1. An individual human being consisting of body 
 and soul. We apply the word to livin<r beings only, 
 posse.ssed of a rational nature; the body when dead 
 is not called a person. It is ajiplied alike to a man, 
 woman, or child. 
 
 A person is a thinking, intelligent being. Locke. 
 
 2. A man, woman, or child, considered as opposed 
 to things, or distinct from them. 
 
 A teal for persons is far more easy to be perverted, than a zeal 
 focthings. Sprat. 
 
 3. A hum.an being, considered with respect to the 
 living body or corporeal existence only. The form 
 of her person is elegant. 
 
 Vou'Il find her person difficult to rain. Dryrlen. 
 The irW\s maintained tlie fight lor a small time, and fOr iheir 
 persons sliowed no want of courage. Bacon. 
 
 4. A human being, indefinitely ; one; a man. Let 
 a person^s attainments be never so great, he should 
 remember he is frail and imperfect. 
 
 5. A human being represented in dialogue, fiction, 
 or on the stage ; character. A player appears in the 
 person of King Lear. 
 
 These L-iUes, Cicero pronounced under tlie person of CmRsus, 
 were of more use and autlioiity tbao all the books of the 
 philosophers. Baker. 
 
 6. Character of office. 
 
 How different is the same man from himself, as he sustains the 
 person of aynagisLrate and Uial of a friend I Houlh. 
 
 1. Formerly, the parson or minister of a parish. 
 
 SmarU 
 
 8. In trraminar, the subject of a verb ; the agent 
 that performs or the patient that suffers any thing af- 
 firmed by a verb ; as, / write ; he. is smitten ; .ihe is 
 beluvt'tl ; the rain descends in torrents. /, thou or 
 you, he, she, or it, are called the first, second, and 
 third persons. Hence we apply the word person to 
 the termination or modified form of the verb used in 
 connection witb the persons ; as, the first or third 
 person of the verb ; the verb is in the second person. 
 
 9. In law, an artificial person is a cor[)oration or 
 body politic. Blackstone. 
 
 In person : by one's self; with bodily presence ; not 
 by representative. 
 
 The king ifi person visits all around. Dryden. 
 
 PER'SO.N, V. t. To represent as a person ; to make to 
 resemble ; to image. [Ao« in use.] Miltnn. 
 
 PER'SO.\-A-BLE, a. Having a well-formed body or 
 person ; graceful ; of good appearance ; as, a personr 
 ahle man or woman. Ralegh, 
 
 2. In law, enabled to maintain pleas in court. 
 
 Cornel. 
 
 3. Having capacity to t.ike any thing granted or 
 given. Ploirdcn. 
 
 [ The ttco latter sense.'i, I heliere, are little itsed.] 
 PER'SO.N-AGE, 71. [Fr. persimnage.] 
 
 1. A man or woman of distinction ; as, an illustri- 
 ous personaire. 
 
 2. Exterior appearance ; stature ; air ; as, a UiH 
 personarre a sUitely personage. Shak, Nayicard, 
 
 3. Character assumed. 
 
 The Venetians, naturally p-ave, love to give In to the follies of 
 such se;isons, when duguised in a false personage. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 4. Character represented. 
 
 Some persons must be tound, already known in history, whom 
 we may make the actors and personages of this I'.tUe. 
 
 PER'SON-AL, a. [I.. per-^anaJLi.] 
 
 1. Belonging to men or women, not to things ; not 
 real. 
 
 Every man so termed by way of personal difference only. 
 
 Ilooktr. 
 
 2. Relating to an individual ; affecting individuals ; 
 peculiar or proper to him or her, or to private actions 
 or character. 
 
 The words are conditional, — If thou doest well, — and so personal 
 to Cain. Locke. 
 
 Character and success d-pend mor« on personat effort than on 
 any external advantages, J. Hawes. 
 
 So we speak of prrsonal pride. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the corporal nature ; exterior; cor- 
 poral ; as, personal charms or accomplisliinenls. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 4. Direct or in person ; without the intervention of 
 another ; as, a personal interview. 
 
 Tiie immediate and personal speaking of God Almighty to Abra- 
 ham, Job, and Nioses. H'/.iie. 
 
 5. Applying to the char.acter and conduct of indi- 
 viduals in a disparaging manner; as, personaZ reflec- 
 tions or remarks. 
 
 6. Denoting the person ; having the modifications 
 of the three grammatical persons ; as, a personal pro- 
 noun ; a personal verb. 
 
 Personal estate or property ; in law, movables ; chat- 
 tels ; things belonging lotiie person ; as money, jew- 
 els, furniture, &c., as distinguished from real est.ate 
 in land and honses. 
 
 Personal action ; in law., a suit or action by which 
 a man claims a debt or personal duty, or damages in 
 lieu of it ; or wherein he claims satisfaction in dam- 
 ages for an injury to his person or property ; on ac- 
 tion founded on contract or on tort or wrong ; as an 
 action on a debt or promise, or an action for a tres- 
 pass, assault, or defamatory words ; opposed to real 
 actions, or such as concern real property. 
 
 Black.'lonf, 
 
 Personal identity ; in metaphysics, sameness of be- 
 ing, of which consciousness is the evidence. 
 PER'.-JO\-.\L, 71. A movable. (Ao£ in lisr.] 
 PER-SO.\-AL'I-TY, 7i. That which constitutes an in- 
 dividual a distinct person, or that which constitutes 
 individuality. 
 
 The personality of an intelligent being extends itself tieyood 
 present existence to what is past, only by conscioiuneas. 
 
 Lodce. 
 
 2. An application of remarks to the conduct and 
 character of individuals by way of disparagement. 
 Avoid personalities. 
 
 PER'SON-AI^IZE, V. U To make personal. 
 
 PER'SON-AI--LY, arfr. In person ; by bodily pres- 
 ence ; not by representative or substitute ; as, to be 
 personally present ; to deliver a letter personaUy. 
 They personally declared their assent to the meas- 
 ure. 
 
 2. With respect to an individual ; particularly. 
 She bop; a morlnl hattvd to the house of Lancaster, and persom 
 
 ally to the king. Baton, 
 
 3. With regard to numerical existence. 
 
 The converted m.m is personallu the same he Taa before. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 PER'SON-AL-TY, n. Person.al estate. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 103 
 
 QQQ 
 
 817 
 
PER 
 
 PER'SON-aTE, v. U To represent by a fictitious or 
 assumed character, so as to pass for the person repre 
 sented. Bacon. 
 
 2. To represent by action or appearance ; to as- 
 sume the cliaracter and act the part of another. 
 
 3. To pretend hypocritically. [Little used.] 
 
 Smft. 
 
 4. To counterfeit ; to feign ; as, a personated devo- 
 tion. Hammond. 
 
 5. To resemble. 
 
 Tlie lofty cedar personates tliee, Shak. 
 G. To malie a representation of as in picture. 
 [ Obs.] Shak. 
 
 7. To describe. [ Ohs.} Shalt. 
 
 8. To celebrate loudly. [L. persona.] [JVot itsed.] 
 
 jMdtoit. 
 
 PER'SON-ATE, a. [L. prrsmia, a mask.] 
 
 IMasked ; a term applied to a nionopetalous corol, 
 the limb of which is unequally divided, the upper 
 division or lip being arched, tlie lower prominent 
 and pressed against it, so that, when compressed, 
 the whole resembles tlie moutli of a gaping animal. 
 
 Lindlctj. 
 
 PER'SON-A-TED, pp. or a. Represented by an as- 
 sumed character. 
 
 PER'SON-A-TL\G, ppr. Counterfeiting of another 
 person ; resembling. 
 
 PER-SON-A'TION, n. The counterfeiting of the per- 
 son or character of another. Bacon. 
 
 PER'SON-A-TOR, n. One who assumes the charac- 
 ter of another. B. Jonson. 
 2. One tliat acts or performs. B. Jonson. 
 
 PER-SON-I-Fl-CA'TION, [from pcrsonifij.] The 
 giving to an inanimate being tlie figure or tlie senti- 
 ments and language of a rational being j prosopopceia ; 
 as, ** Coiffitsion heard his voice." Milton. 
 
 PER-SON'"l-FI-£D, (-fide,) jip. Represented with the 
 attributes of a person. 
 
 PER-SON'I-F-?, V. t. [L. persona and facin.] 
 
 To give animation to inanimate objpcts ; to ascribe 
 to an inaniniAte being the sentiments, actions, or 
 language, of a rational being or person, or to repre- 
 sent an inanimate being with the affections and ac- 
 tions of a person. Thus we say, the plants thirst for 
 rain. 
 
 Tlie u-eps said to tlie fi»-tree, Come thou, and rei^i over us. — 
 Juilg5s ijt. 
 
 PER-SON'I-FY-IXG, ppr. Giving to an inanimate 
 
 being the attributes of a person. 
 PER'SON-IZE, V. t. To personify. [JVoi mnch used.] 
 
 Richardson. 
 
 PER-SOJV-J^EL' , (par-so-ncl',) n. [Fr.] A term de- 
 noting the persons employed in some public service, 
 as the army, navy, &c., as distinguished from the 
 Materiel. Diet, de VAcad. 
 
 PER-SPEG'TIVE, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to the sci- 
 ence of optics ; optical. Bacon. 
 2. Pertaining to the art of perspective. Encyc. 
 
 PER-SPEC'TIVE, n. [Fr. ; h. perspettioa ; Sp. per- 
 spectica ; from L. perspicio ; per and specio^ to see.] 
 
 1. A glass through which objects are viewed. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 2. Tlie appliratiim of geometrical principles to 
 drawing on a plane surface true resemblances or 
 pictures of objects, as the objects appear to the eye 
 from any given distance and situation, real or imagi- 
 nary ; as, the rules of ;>erA7icc(/YT. P. Cijc. Brande. 
 
 3. A representation of objects in perspective. 
 
 Ell eye. 
 
 4. View ; vista ; as, perspectives of pleasant shades. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. A kind of painting, often seen in gardens, and 
 at the end of a gallery, designed expressly to deceive 
 the sight by representing the continuation of an al- 
 ley, a building, a landscape, or the like. 
 
 Mrial perspective ; the art of giving due (Uminii- 
 tion to the strength of light, shade, and color^rof ob- 
 jects, according to their distances and the quantity 
 of light falling on them, and to the medium through 
 which they are seen. Encyc. 
 
 Isumetrieal per.t!)cclive, is the art of drawing in per- 
 spective, as a building, for instance, with each part 
 of the same relative size, the more distant objects 
 being undiminished by distance, as in ordinary per- 
 spective. Ifaldrntan. 
 PER SI'EC'TIVE-LY, adv. Optically ; through a 
 glass. Shali. 
 2. According to the rules of perspective. 
 PER SPi;C'T()-(;UAPIl, n. An instniriient for oh 
 taining, or transferring to a picture, the pciinis and 
 oiittineM of original objects. Various iii.^trunii'iitH are 
 called by tliid name. Bi"elow. 
 PKR'SPI eA-ni.F,, n. Discernible. Ikrhrrt. 
 PER-.SPI-CA'CIOUa, (-ki'shus,) a. [L. ;i<T,.;i(caz, 
 from prrnpicin.] 
 
 J. (tnii k sighted ; iiharp of sight. 
 2. Of acute discernment. finnili. 
 PRK-SPf-CA'C'IOU.S-NE.'^H, n. Acuteness of «iglil. 
 PER SPI-CA<-"I-'1Y, n. [I.. prrs,>ir.acila.i.] 
 
 1. AcutcneNfl of Hight ; qiiirkiifrMS of Hight. 
 
 2. Acuteni.'KH of diitcemment or iinderNtanding. 
 PER'.'<PI-(;A-CV', rt. Acutcneiig of aight or iliscr'm 
 
 nient. B. Jonnon. 
 
 PER 
 
 PER-SPI"CIENCE, (-spish'ens,) n. [L. perspicientia.] 
 
 The act of looking with sharpness. 
 PER'SPl-CIL, n. IL. per and speculum, a glass.] 
 
 An optic glass. [Little used.] Crashaw. Olanr.ille. 
 PER-SPI-eO't-TY, 71. [Fr. perspicuite ; L. pcrspicui- 
 tus, from perspicio.] 
 
 1. Transparency ; clearness ; that quality of a sub- 
 stance which renders objects visible through it. 
 [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 2. Clearness to mental vision ; e.isiness to be under- 
 stood ; freedom from obscurity or ambiguity ; that 
 quality of writing or language which readily presents 
 to the mind of another the precise ideas of the au- 
 thor. Perspicuity is the first excellence of writing or 
 speaking. 
 
 PER SPie'U-OUS, a. [L. perspieuus.] 
 
 1. Transparent ; translucent. [Little used.] 
 
 Peacham. 
 
 2. Clear to the understanding ; that may be clearly 
 understood ; not obscure or ambiguous. Language 
 is perspicuous when it readily presents to the reader 
 or hearer the precise ideas which are intended to be 
 expressed. Meaning, sense, or signification is per- 
 spicuous, when it is clearly anti easily conipie- 
 hendeil. 
 
 PER-SPie'U-OUS-LY, adv. Clearly ; plainly ; in a 
 
 manner to be easily understood. Bacon. 
 PER-SPie'tl-OUS-NESS, 71. Clearness to intellectual 
 vision ; plainness ; freedom from obscurity. 
 
 [We generally apply Perspicuous to objects of in- 
 tellect, and CoiT3PicuoU3 to objects of ocular sight.] 
 PER-SPI-RA-BIL'I-TV, n. [from perspirable.] The 
 
 quality of being perspirable. 
 PER-SPIR'A-BLE, a. [from L. perspiro. See Per- 
 
 PIRE.] 
 
 1. Thi 
 
 hat may be perspired ; that may be evacuated 
 through the pores of the skin. .^rbuthnot. 
 2. Emitting perspiration. [JVot proper.] Bacon. 
 PER-SPI-Ra'TION, ji. [U perspiro. See Perspire.] 
 
 1. The act of perspiring ; excretion by the cuticu- 
 lar exhalents not condensed into sensible moisture 
 on the surface ; insensible evacuation of the fiuids 
 of the body through the e.xcretories of the skin. 
 
 2. Matter perspired. [Encuc. Arbuthnot. 
 PER-SPIR'A-TIVE, a. Performing the act of perspi- 
 ration. 
 
 PER-SPiR'A-TO-RY, a. Perspirative. Berkeley. 
 PER-SPiRE', 71. !. [L. per and spiro, to breathe.] 
 
 1. To evacuate the fluids of the body through the 
 excretories of the skin without sensible condensation 
 of moisture upon the surface ; as, a person perspires 
 freely. 
 
 2. To be evacuated or excreted insensibly through 
 the excretories of the skin ; as, a fluid pei'spires. 
 
 PER-SPIRE', 71. (. To emit or evacuate insensibly 
 
 through the excretories of the skin. Smollett. 
 PER-SPIR'£D, (per-spird',) pp. E.xcreted through 
 
 the pores of the skin. 
 PER-SPIR'ING, ppr. Emitting moisture through the 
 
 pores of the skin. 
 PER-STRliNGE', (per-strinj',) v. t. [L. pcrstringo ; 
 
 per and stringo, to graze or brush.] 
 
 To graze ; to glance on. Burton. 
 PER-SUaD'A-BLE, a. [See Persuade.] That may 
 
 be persuaded. 
 PER-SIJaD'A-BLY, adv. So as to be persuaded. 
 PER-SUaDE', (per-swiide',) v. t. [L. persuadeo ; per 
 
 and suadeo, to urge or incite.] 
 
 1. To influence by argument, advice, entreaty, or 
 expostulation ; to draw or incline the will to a deter- 
 mination by presenting motives to the mind. 
 
 1 should lie glad if I could persuade him to write bucIi another 
 
 critic on any thing of mine. Dryden. 
 Almost thou persMulest me to be a Christian. — Acts xxvi. 
 
 2. To convince by argument, or reasons offered ; 
 or to convince by reasons suggested by reflection or 
 deliberation, or by evidence presented in any man- 
 ner to the mind. 
 
 B'-loved, we are persuaAed better tilings of you. — Ileb. vi, 
 
 3. To inculcate by argument or expostulation. 
 [Little used.] Taylor. 
 
 4. To treat by persuasion. [JVo( in use.] Shak. 
 PER-S1J.\1)'EI), pp. influenced or drawn to an opin- 
 
 i(ui or deteriiiiiiatitui by argument, advice, or reasons 
 siiugested ; ciiiivinced ; intliici-d. 
 PER SIJaD'F.R, H. One that persuades or influences 
 anollier. Bacon. 
 2. That which incites. 
 
 Hini<rer and thirst nt onco 
 Powerful persun/lers I Milton. 
 
 PER SlT.^D'liNG, ppr. Influencing by motives pre- 
 sented, 
 
 PER-SUA-SI-niL'I-TV, n. Capability of being per- 
 suadi'd. IlallyiDiil. 
 
 PER .-^n.X'SI-HEE, a. [L. pcrsuasihllis.] 
 
 That may be persuaded or influenced by reasons 
 ollVrcd. 
 
 PER SIIA'SI-BEE NESH, n. The quality of being 
 
 inlliii nceil liv pcrsiiasicui. 
 PER SIlA'SICiN, (perxwa'zhun,) 71. [Fr., from L. 
 
 /"■'■•'""""■I 
 
 1. 'I'lie art of persuading ; tho act of influencing 
 the mind by arguments or reasons oflered, or by any 
 
 PER 
 
 thing that moves the mind or passions, or inclines 
 the will to a determination 
 
 For ihou h^^st all the arts of fine persuasion. Otujay. 
 
 2. The state of being persuaded or convinced ; 
 settled opinion or conviction proceeding from argu- 
 ments and reasons offered by others, or suggested by 
 one's own reflections. 
 
 When we have no other certainty of bein^ in the right, but our 
 ou n persuasion that we are so. Gov. of die Tongue. 
 
 3. A creed or belief; or a sect or party adhering to 
 a creed or system of opinions ; as, men of the same 
 persua.fion ; all persuasions concur in the measure. 
 
 PER-SUa'SI VE, a. Having the power of persuading ; 
 influencing the mind or passions ; as, persuasive elo- 
 quence ; persuasive evidence. Hooker. South. 
 
 PER-SUA'SIVE, 71. That which persuades; an in- 
 citement ; an exhortation. 
 
 PER-SUa'SIVE-LY, adv. In such a manner as to 
 persuade or convince. Milton. 
 
 PER-SUA'SIVE-NESS,-n. The quality of having in- 
 fluence on the mind or passions. Taylor. 
 
 PER-SU.i'SO-RY, (-swa'so-ry,) c Having power or 
 tendency to persuade. Brown. 
 
 PER-SUL'PHATE, 7t. A combination of sulphuric 
 acid with a peroxyd. Silliman. 
 
 PER-SUL-Ta'TION, 77. [L. persulto.] 
 
 An eruption of the blood from an artery. 
 
 PERT, a. [VV. pert, smart, spruce ; probably allied to 
 perk, primarily, erect, from shooting up or forward.] 
 
 1. Lively ; brisk ; smart. 
 
 Awalie the pert and nimble spirit of mirth. ShaJc. 
 On tlie lawny sands and shi Wes, 
 
 Trip the perl fairies, and the dapper elves. fifilton. 
 
 2. Forward ; saucy ; bold ; indecorously free. 
 a lady bids iiie m a very pert maaner mind my own alllurs. 
 
 ^ Addison. 
 
 PERT, n. An assuming, over-forward, or impertinent 
 
 person. Goldsmith. 
 PERT, 7). i. To behave with pertness ; to be saucy. 
 
 Bp. Oauden. 
 
 PER-TaIN', v. 7. [L. pertineo ; per and teneo, to hold ; 
 It. pertcnere.] 
 
 1. To belong ; to be the property, right, or duty of 
 
 Men hate those who alTect honor by ambition, which perlaineUi 
 
 not to them. Hayioard. 
 He took the fortified cities which pertained to Judah. — 2 Kings 
 
 \l. pertains to the governor to open the ports by proclamatiou. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 2. To have relatiqn to. Acts \, 
 PER-TER-E-BRa'TION, 7!. [L. per and terebratio.] 
 
 The act of boring through. Ain-^worth, 
 PER-TI-Na'CIOUS, (per-te-ni'shus,) a. [L. perlinax ; 
 per and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 1. Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or 
 design with obstinacy ; obstinate ; perversely reso- 
 lute ; as, pertinacious in opinion ; a man of pertina- 
 cious confidence. Walton. 
 
 2. Resolute ; firm ; constant ; steady. 
 
 Diligence is a steady, constant, pertinacious sluily. South. 
 [This word often implies a censurable degree of 
 firmness or constancy, like obstinacy.] 
 PER-Tl-NA'ClOUS LY, adv. Obstinately ; with firm 
 or perverse adherence to opinion or purpose. He 
 pertinaciously maintains his first opinions. 
 PER TI WAC'I TY ) 
 PER-Tl-NA'CIOUS'-NESS, \ LL. pertinacia.] 
 
 1. Firm or unyielding adherence to opinion or 
 purpose ; obstinacy. He pursues his scheme with 
 
 3. Resolution ; constancy. [pertinacity. 
 PER'TI-NA-CY, 71. [Su^ra.] Obstinacy ; stubborn- 
 ness ; persistency; resolution; steadiness. [Little 
 used.] Taylor. 
 
 PER'TI-NENCE, ) 71. [L. pertinens, pertineo; per 
 PER'TI-NEN-CY, ( and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 Justness of relation to the subject or matter in 
 hand; fitness; appositeness ; suitableness. 
 
 1 have shown the fitness and pertinency of tiie apostle's discourBO 
 to the pi-njoiis he aildrcssed. Bentley. 
 
 PER'TI-NENT, a. [L. pertinens.] 
 
 1. Related to the subject or matter in hand ; just to 
 the purpose ; adapted to the end proposed ; apposite ; 
 not fiiroign to the thing intended. We say, he usetl 
 an argument not pertinent to his subject or design. 
 The discourse aliounds with pertinent remarks. He 
 gave perlinrni answers to the tiuestions. 
 
 2. Regarding ; concerning ; belonging. [Little 
 used.] Hooker. 
 
 PER''1T-NENT-I,Y, adv. Appositely ; to the pur- 
 pose. Uf answi'red pertinently. 
 PER'TI-NE.N'T-NE.SS, 11. Appositi^ness. 
 PER 'I'IN'OENT, a. [L. perlingeus.] 
 Reaching to. 
 
 PERT'LV, ai/i). Briskly; smartly; wilh iiruuipl bold- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Saucily ; with indecorous confidence or bold- 
 ness. Sw{/1. 
 PERT'NE.''S, 71. Briskness; smartness. 
 
 2. Sauciiiess ; forward proiuptiiess or boldness j 
 ifn|ilying less than Ekkhonterv or Impuoence. 
 Pertness and Ignorance may ask a question in lhn*e lines, which 
 it will cost learnuif and ingenuity Ihilly pages to aimwer. 
 
 O. Sjtring. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IHQQK — 
 
 ft18 
 
 I 
 
PER 
 
 3. Pttty liveliness; spriglitliness witliuut force, 
 dignity, or solidity. 
 
 Then' is ill Sh.LlU:«bury 's works a live)/ pertness and ti pnrulc of 
 liUTUure. Watli. 
 PKR-TURU', \ v.t. [L. perturbo; per and turbo, 
 1'EK''I'U1U!-aTE, i properly, to turn, or to stir by 
 turnins.] 
 
 1. 'I'o disturb; to agitate ; to disquiet. 
 
 2. 'i'o disorder ; to 'conl'use. Brown, 
 [This verb is little used. The ((iirticiple is in use.] 
 
 I'EK-TUIIB-A'TION, n. [U. perlurbalio.] 
 
 1. Disquiet or agitation of mind. Milton. 
 9. Restlessness of passions j great uneasiness. 
 
 3. Disturbance ; disorder ; conunotion in public 
 air.iirs. Bacon. 
 
 ■I. Disturbance of passions ; commotion of spirit. 
 5. Cause of disquiet. [B. Jonsoii. 
 
 O polished perturbation, ^Idcn care I S/iaJi. 
 C. In astronomtj, an irregularity in the motion of a 
 lieavenlv body through its orbit. D. Olmsted. 
 
 PKIl'TUlUi-A-TOR, j II. One that disturbs or raises 
 I'l'.R TURH'ER, j commotion. [LMh ii.vti/.l 
 PER-TURU'£U, pp. or o. Uisturhi;d ; agitated ; dis- 
 quieted. 
 
 Real, test, ptrturbtd spirit. Shale. 
 
 PKR-TURB'ING, ppr. Disturbing; agitating. 
 PHR-Tl'.-'E', ) a. [L. perln.^us, pertunilo; per and 
 PliR-TCS'£D, ( (Hiirfo, to beat.) 
 
 1. Punched ; pierced with holes. 
 
 2. In botany, perforated or pierced irregularly with 
 holes. Liiullcy. 
 
 PEU-TO'SION, n. [L. pn-titsus, perlundo.] 
 
 1. The act of punching, piercing, or thrusting 
 through with a pointed instrument. 
 
 Tlie niiimier of opt-ning a Tcin in Hippocnlcs's limp, wrs by 
 st^l>l>in^ or /i«rIu«ion. Arbuthtkot. 
 
 2. A little hole made by punching ; a perforation. 
 
 ^acoii. 
 
 PKR'UKE, (per'ruke,) n. [Fr. prmiqtic ; It. pcrritrca; 
 
 Hp. pcluca : D. paruik : G. perrilcke ; Sw. pcruk.] 
 i\n artificial cap of hair ; a periwig. fViseman. 
 PF.R'UKE, I), i. To dress in adscititious hair. [LitHc 
 
 u.^ril. ] 
 
 PER'UKE-MAK'ER, n. A maker of perukes; a wig- 
 m:iker. 
 
 PE-RO'SAL, n. [from peruse.] The act of reading. 
 
 Tills Irealise requires HpplicaUoii in the perusal. Woodtoard. 
 2. Careful view or examination. [Unusual.] 
 
 Taller. 
 
 PE-RC'SE', V. I. [Probably L. per and utor, ustis.] 
 
 1. To read, or to read with attention. Mdison. 
 
 2. To observe ; to examine with careful survey. 
 [ Obs'.] 
 
 1 hare jterused her well. Shak. 
 
 Myseli^ I tlien perused, mid limli by limb 
 
 Stirreyed. MUlon. 
 
 PE-Rl'S'KD, pp. Kead ; observed ; examined. 
 PE-RuS'ER, «. One that reads or examines. 
 
 IVoodicard. 
 
 PE-RCS'ING, ppr. Reading ; examining. 
 PE-Ru'VI-AN, a. Pertaining to Peru, in South 
 America. 
 
 Prrucian balsam. See Balsam of Pert. 
 
 Peruvian bark, the bark of several species of Cin- 
 chona, trees of Peru ; called also Jesuits^ bark. 
 The Uiste is bitter anil astringent, and it is used 
 as a tonic, in cases of debility, and particularly in 
 intermittents. 
 
 PER-V.\DE', v. U [L. pcriiado ; per and vado, to go. 
 Eng. to wade.] 
 
 1. To pass through an aperture, pore, or interstice ; 
 to permeate ; as, liquors that percade the pores. 
 
 J^ewton. 
 
 2. To pass or spread through the whole extent of 
 a thing and into every minute part. 
 
 Wh il but God 
 
 Pervades, adjusts, and a^Lttes Uie whole i Thomson. 
 
 3. We use this verb in a transitive form to express 
 a passive or an intransitive signification. Thus 
 when we say, *' the electric tiuid pervades the 
 earth," or " ether pervades the universe," we mean 
 only that the fluid is diffused through the earth or 
 universe, or exists in all parts of them. So, when 
 we say, " a spirit of conciliation pervade! all classes 
 of men," we may mean that such a spirit passes 
 ihruntrh all classes, or it exists among nil classes. 
 
 PER-VAD'ED, pp. Passed through ; permeated; pen- 
 etrated in every part. 
 
 PER-VaD'ING, ppr. or a. Passing through or extend- 
 ing to ever\' part of a thing. 
 
 PER-V'A'S|6N, (-va'zhun,) n. The act of pervading 
 or passing through the whole extent of a thing. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 PER-VA'SIVE, 0, Tending, or having power to per- 
 vade. 
 
 PER-VERSE', (per-vers',) 0. [L-peraerjiw. See Per- 
 
 TERT.l 
 
 1. Literally, turned aside ; hence, distorted from 
 the right. Mdton. 
 
 2. Obstinate in the wrong ; disposed to be con- 
 trary : stubborn ; untractablc. 
 
 To so perttrje & sex all grace is Tain. OrytUn. 
 
 PES 
 
 3. Cross ; petulant ; peevish ; disposed to cross 
 and vex. 
 
 I'll Irown and bo perveree, and say Uiee nay. ShnJt. 
 
 PER-VEUSE'LY, adv. With intent to vex ; crossly; 
 peevishly ; obstinately in the wrong. Aoctr. Swift. 
 
 PEll-VER.'^E'NE.SS, 71. Disposition to cross or vex ; 
 untraetableness ; crossness of temper; a disposition 
 uncomplying, unaccommodating, or acting in oppo- 
 sition to what is proper or what is desired by others. 
 
 ll'T whom li- wish'-s moat, ih;dt seldom gaiu 
 
 Through lii-r perventetie^s. Milton. 
 
 2. Perversiim. [JVu( used.] Bacon. 
 
 PER-VER'SIO.\, 71. [l"r., from L. perrfr.^iw.] 
 
 The act of perverting ; a turning from truth or 
 propriety ; a divi rting from the true intent or obji'ct ; 
 change to something worse. We speak of the per- 
 version of the laws, when they are misinterpreted or 
 misapplied ; a perversion of reason, when it is mis- 
 employed ; a prrver.'iion of J<cripture, when it is will- 
 fully misinterpreted or misapplied, &.c. 
 
 PEK-VER.S'I-TV, H. Perversoness ; crossness; dis- 
 position to thwart or cross. JVurris. 
 
 PER- VKKS'IVE, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. 
 
 PER-VERT', V. (. [L. perverto ; per and verto, to 
 turn.] 
 
 1. To turn from truth, propriety, or from its proper 
 purpose ; to distort from its true use or end ; as, to 
 pervert rea-son by misdirecting it ; to pervert the laws 
 by misinterpreting and misapplying them ; to pervert 
 justice ; to pervert the meaning of an author ; to 
 pfrccrf nature ; to pcri'fr< truth. Mdlim. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To turn from the right ; to corrupt. 
 
 He in Uie serpent had perverted Eve. Afdton. 
 PER-VERT'ED, pp. or a. Turned from right to 
 wrong ; distorted ; corrupted ; misinterpreted ; mis- 
 employed. 
 
 PER-VERT'ER, n. One that perverts or turns from 
 right to wrong ; one that distorts, misinterprets, or 
 misapplies. 
 
 PER-VERT'I-BLE, a. That may be perverted. 
 
 .^insicorth. 
 
 PER-VERT'I.N'G, ppr. or <i. Turning from right to 
 wrong; distorting; misinterpreting; misapplying; 
 corrupting. 
 
 [Pervert, when used of persons, usually implies 
 evil design.] 
 
 PER-VES'TI-GaTE, v. I. [L. pervesligo i per and 
 vestiiro, to tmce ; vestitriujn, a track.] 
 
 To find out by research. Coekeram. 
 
 PER-VES-TI-Ga"'TION, 71. Diligent inquiry ; thorough 
 research. Chill in<Tirvrth. 
 
 PER-VM-Ca'CIOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. perviear. ; com- 
 posed perhaps of per and Teutonic wigan, to strive 
 or contend.] 
 
 Very obstinate; stubborn; willfully contrary or 
 refractorv. Deuham. 
 PER-VI-CA'CIOUS-LY.adB. With willful ohstinacv. 
 PER-VI-Ca'CIOUS-NESS, i n. .stubbornness ; wiil- 
 PER-VI-CAC'I-Ty, i ful obstinacy. [Little 
 
 vsed.] 
 
 PER-VIG-IL-A'TIOX, ti. [L. pcrviffHalio, pemigilo.] 
 
 .\ careful watching. 
 PER'VI-OUS, a. [L. perrius ; per and via, way, or 
 from the root of that word.] 
 
 1. Admitting passage; that may be penetrated by 
 another body or substance ; jieriueable ; penetrable. 
 We say. glass is pervious to light; a porous stone is 
 percmtis to water ; a wood is pervious or not pervious 
 to a body of troops. 
 
 A coiuitry pervious to the anna and authority of a conqu'Tor. 
 
 OiWwn. 
 
 2. That may be penetrated by the mental sight. 
 
 By darkness they mean Go^i, whose secrets aro pervious l« no 
 eye. I'itylur. 
 
 3. Pervading; permeating; as, prrn'oits lire. [JVot 
 proper.] Prior. 
 
 PER'Vl-OU.S-XESS, It. The quality of admitting 
 passage, or of being penetrated ; as, the perviousness 
 of glass to light. Boyle. 
 
 PE-S.\I)E', n. [Fr. pa.'^sadr. See Pass.] 
 
 The motion of a horse when ho raises his fore 
 quarters, ki^eping his hind feet on the ground with- 
 out adv.-tnciiig. Far. Diet. 
 
 PEri'S.\-RY, II. [Fr. pe.^saire ; It. pes:fario ; h. pes.-ius.] 
 An instrument that is introduced into the female 
 vagina to support the iniuitli and neck of the uterus. 
 It is made of wood, caoutchouc, waved linen, &c. 
 
 Hooper. Cooper. 
 
 PES'SI-MIST, n. One who complains of every thing 
 as being for the worst; opjiosed to an Oi-timist. 
 [Rare.] Smart. 
 
 PE.-i'SO-.MAN-CY, It. Divination by pebbles. Smart. 
 
 PEST, n. (Fr. peste ; L. pestis ; It. pesic, whence 
 appe.-itare, to infect or corrupt, Sp. apestar. These 
 words may be allied to the Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. 
 c'N3, to be fetid, Ar. to beat or throw down, or to a 
 verb of that family. The primary sense is probably 
 to strike or beat, hence a stroke. See Class Bs, Nt>. 
 25, 39, •If.) 
 
 1. Plague; pestilence; a fatal epidemic disease. 
 
 LiCl fierce Achilles 
 The god propiljAte, and the pen assuage. Pope. 
 
 PET 
 
 2. Any thing very noxious, mischievous, or de- 
 structive, 'i'hc talebearer, the gambler, the liliertine, 
 the drunkard, are pests to society. 
 
 Of all Tirtues, Justice is the beat ; 
 
 VuJor wiUiout It is a common pttt. Waller. 
 
 PEST'ER, V. t. [Fr. pt.itrr.] 
 
 1. To trouble; to disturb; to annoy; to harass 
 with little vexations. 
 
 We nrr pestered with mice and rals. More. 
 A nmltitudc of scribblers daily pester the world with their insuf 
 ferable Hull'. Dryden. 
 
 9. To encumber. Milton. 
 PEST'ER-KD, pp. Troubled; disturbed; annoyed. 
 PE.ST'ER-ER, II. One that troubles or harasses with 
 vexation. 
 
 PEST'ER-ING, ppr. Troubling; disturbing. 
 PEST'ER-OL'S, u. Encumbering; burdensome, [tit- 
 
 tle its-n/.] Bacon. 
 PEST'-IIOUSE, 71. A house or hospital for persons 
 
 infected with any contagious and mortal disease. 
 PEST' I. DUCT, 71. [E. pestis and dueo ] 
 
 That which conveys contagion or infections. 
 PEST-IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. pestis, plague, and fero, to 
 
 produce.] 
 
 1. Pestilential; noxious to health ; malignant; in- 
 fectious ; contagious. Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 2. Noxious to pe.acc, to morals, or to society ; mis- 
 chievous ; destructive. 
 
 3. Troublesome ; vexatious. Shak. 
 PEST-IF'ER-OUS-LY,arfB. Pestilentially; noxiously. 
 PEST'I-LENCE, 71. [L. pesttlcntia, from pestilenj i 
 
 pestis, plague.] 
 
 1. Plague, appropriately so called ; but, in a general 
 sense, any contagious or infectious disease that is 
 
 ■ epidemic and mortal. Shak. 
 
 2. Corruption or moral disease destructive to hap- 
 piness. 
 
 Proflijate habits carry petliUnct into the bosom of domestic 
 society. J. M. Alason' 
 
 PEST'I-LENT, a. [L. peslilens ; from pestis, plague.] 
 
 1. Producing the plague, or other in,alignaiil, con- 
 tagious disease ; noxious to health and life ; as, a 
 pestilent air or climate. Bacon. 
 
 2. Mischievous ; noxious to morals or society ; de- 
 structive ; ill a general sense ; as, pestilent books. 
 
 3. Troublesome ; mischievous ; making disturb- 
 ance ; corrupt ; as, a pestilent fellow, .lets xxiv. 
 
 PEST-l-LEN'TlAL, (-shal,) a. Partaking of the na- 
 ture of the plague, or other infectious disease ; as, a 
 pestilential fever. 
 
 2. Producing, or tending to produce, infectious 
 disease ; as, pestilential vapors. 
 
 3. Mischievous; destructive; pernicious. South. 
 PEST'I-LEi\T-LY,ariB. Mischievously: destructively. 
 PES-TIL-La'TION, 71. [from L. pistillum,FA\^. pestle.] 
 
 The act of pounding and bruising in a mortar. 
 [Little used.] Brown. 
 PLS'TLE, (pes'l,) n. [L. pistillum, and probably pinj 
 for pi.-o, to pound or beat ; Sw. piska, to strike. S 
 Pest.] 
 
 1. An instrument for pounding and breaking sub- 
 stances in a mortar. LorMe. 
 
 2. A short bludgeon, (so called from its shape,) 
 formerly carried by officers of the peace. Toone. 
 
 Pestle of pork ; a leg of pork, so called fnmi its 
 shape. Toone. 
 PET, n. [This word may he contracted from petulant, 
 or belong to the root of that \yord. Peevish, which 
 is evidently a contracted word, may be from the 
 same root.] 
 
 A slight fit of peevishness or fretful discontent. 
 Life ffiven fnr noble purposes must not be tlirown awny in a pel, 
 nor whined away in love. Collier. 
 
 PET, 71. [Formerly Peat. Uu. W. pftA, a little ; pf/Aan, 
 a babe or little thing; D. iout, a duck or dear; Ir. 
 baidJi, love; L. pcCa, or Gr. itoiiof, voOtu. In Pcrs. 
 
 cXj bat, is an idol, a dear friend, a mistress. In 
 
 Russ. pitamt signifies to feed, nourish, or bring up 
 The real origin of the word is doubtful.] 
 
 1. A cade lamb ; a lamb brought up by hand. 
 
 2. A fondling ; any little animal fondled and in 
 dtilgcd. Tatler. 
 
 PET, r. t. To treat as a pet to fondle ; to indulge. 
 PET'AL, or Pf;'TAI„ n. , Fr. prta7< ; Gr. rtruAov, 
 from ircracj, to cx|>and, L. pateo. Class Bd, No. C5, 
 
 &.C.] 
 
 111 hotavy, a flower leaf; a term applied lo the 
 separate p:irts of a corol. When a corol consists ttf 
 but one piece, it is said to be monojietalous ; when 
 of two pieces, dipetaloiis, &c. 
 PET'AL-£D, la. Having petals ; as, a prta/cd flow- 
 PET'AL-OUS, i er ; op|H)sed to Apetalovs. This 
 word is much used in compounds; as, onc-petaled : 
 Xhree-petalrd. 
 
 PET'AL-INE, (-in,) a. Pertaining to a petal ; attached 
 to a petal ; as, a petaline nectary. Barton. 
 
 PET'AL-IS.M, I!. [Gt. 7nT,t\i(Tiin(. Sec Petau] 
 
 A form of sentence among the ancient Syr.acusans, 
 by which they banished for five years tt citizen 
 whose wealth or popularity alarmed their jealousy, 
 
 inso, 
 See 
 
 TONE, B5JLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US.— C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 PHA 
 
 or who was suspected of aspiring to sovereign 
 power. The mode was to sive tlieir votes by writins 
 his name on a leaf. Pctalism in Syracuse answered 
 nearlv to ostracism in Athens. Brandc. 
 
 PET'AI^ITE, n. [Gr. -t-a\ov, a leaf] 
 
 A rare mineral, occurring in masses, having a 
 foliated structure ; its color milk-white, or shaded 
 with gray, red, or green. The alkali litliia was 
 first discovered in this mineral. Clcavcland. 
 
 PET'Ab-OID, a. [petal and Gr. eifof, form.] 
 
 Having the form of a petal. Barton. Rafinesque. 
 
 PET'.\L-SHaP-£:D, a. Having the shape of a petal. 
 
 PE TARD', / n. [It. and Sp. prtardo ; Fr. petard.] 
 
 PE-TaR', j An engine of war made of metal, 
 nearly in the shape of a hat, to be loaded with 
 powder and fixed on a madrier or plank, and former- 
 ly used to break gates, barricades, dniw-bridges, and 
 the like, by explosion. [Petar is o4s.] Brarule. 
 
 PET'A-SUS, n. [L. ; Gr. -craaui.] 
 
 The winged cap of Mercury i a broad-brimmed hat. 
 
 PE-TAU'RIST, 71. [Gr. -era;< and 01,0a.] 
 
 Une of a genus of marsupial animals, which take 
 short flights in the air by extending the folds between 
 the fore and hind extremities, and by an expanded 
 tail, as the flying squirrel. Brande. 
 
 PE-TEe'eHI-!(E, n. pi. [It. petccchia ; Sp. petequia.] 
 Purple spots, which appear on the skin in malig- 
 nant fevers. 
 
 PE-TEC'CHI-AL, a. [It. petecchiale ; Pp. petequial.] 
 Spotted. A petec^hial fever is a maliiinant fever, 
 accompanied with purple spots on the skin. 
 
 P£'TRe' I Saltpeter. 
 PET'ER-EL, n. See Petrel. 
 
 Pe'TER PE.NCE, n. An annual tax or tribute, for- 
 merly paid by the English people to the pope ; being 
 a penny for every house, payable at Lammas-day. 
 _It was called also Rojnejcot. Hall. 
 
 Pe'TER-\VORT, n. A plant. [See Saint Peter's 
 Wort.] 
 
 PET'I-O-LAR, ) 0. Pertaining to a petiole, or pro- 
 PET'I-O-L-VRY, j ceeding from it ; as a petiolar 
 tendril. 
 
 2. Formed from a petiole ; as, a petiolar bud. 
 
 3. Growing on a petiole ; as, a petiolar gland. 
 PET'I-O-LATE, ( a. Having a petiole ; as, a petiolaU 
 PET'I-O-LiCD, i leaf. .Martyn. 
 PET'l-OLE, 71. [L. petiolus, probably a diminutive 
 
 from pes, pedis.] 
 
 In botany, a leaf-stalk ; the foot-stalk of a leaf, 
 connecting the blade with the stem. Martyn. 
 PET'I-O-LULE, 71. A small petiole. 
 PET'IT, (pet'ty,) a. [Fr. Sec Petty ] 
 
 Small; little; mean. South. 
 
 [This word petit is now generally written Petty.] 
 
 Petit constable : an inferior civil ollicer, subordinate 
 to the high constable. 
 
 Petit jury; a jury of twelve citizens, who are 
 empanneled to try causes at the bar of a court ; so 
 called in distinction from the grand jury, which 
 tries the truth of indictments. 
 
 Petit larceny ; the stealing of goods of the value of 
 twelve pence, or under that amount, in England, or 
 twenty-five dollars in New York ; opposed to ^and 
 larceny. 
 
 Petit srrgeantry ; in English lav, the tenure of lands 
 of the king, by the service nf rendering to him 
 annually some implement of war, as a bow, an 
 arrow, a sword, lance, &c. 
 
 Petit treason; the crime of killing a person, to 
 whom the otfender owes duty or subjection. Thus, 
 it is petit treason for a wife to kill her husband, or a 
 servant his lord or master. Blackstone. 
 PET'IT-MAI'TRE, (pet'te-ma'tr,) n. [Fr., a little 
 master.] 
 
 A spruce fellow that dangles about females ; a 
 fop ; a coxcomb. Mdison, 
 PE-TI"TION, (pe-tish'un,) 71, [L. petitio, from peto, 
 to ask, properly to urge or press, Sax. hiddan, Goth. 
 bidyan, G. bitten, D. bidden, Sw. bedia, Dan. beder, Sp. 
 pedir, Ann. pidi, Ir. impidhim. Corn, pidiha. Qu. Cii. 
 ts^o, to supplicate. See Class Bd, No. 57, 63, 64.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a request, supplication, or 
 prayer ; but chiefly and appropriately, a solemn or for- 
 mal supplication ; a prayer addressed by a person to 
 the Supreme Being, lor something needed or desired, 
 or a branch or particular article of prayer. Law. 
 
 2. A formal request or supplication, verbal or 
 written ; particularly, a written supplication from an 
 inferior to a sujierior, cither to a single person clothed 
 with power, or to a legislative or other body, solicit- 
 ing Home fav(»r, grant, right, or mercy. 
 
 3. The paper containing a supplication or solicita- 
 tion. .Much of the lime of our legislative bodies is 
 consumed in attending to private petUiuns. The 
 upcaker's table is often loailed with petitions. Peti- 
 tions to the king of Gn at liritain must contain noth- 
 ing ri fli cting on the ndmini4iration. JCncyc. 
 
 Pi:-TI"TI(J.\, r. L To make a request to ; to ask 
 from ; to solicit ; particularly, to make supplication 
 to a superior for luime favor or right ; n», to petition 
 the legislature ; lo petition a court of chancery. 
 
 The iiwjlhpr pttuiowi ttrr ^oildeM 10 lieitow on them Ihr ifTcat- 
 eit gill UiMl could IM fl*tti. Aliiison. 
 
 PE-TI 'TION-A-RI-LY, ailv. By way of begging the 
 question. Broitn. 
 
 PE-TI"TION-A-RY, a. Supplicatory ; coming with a 
 petition. 
 
 Pardon thj peTidonary countrymen. Shak. 
 9. Containing a petition or request ; as, a petitiona- 
 ni praver ; a petitionary epistle. Hooker. Swi/L 
 PE;TI"tlON-£D, pp. Asked as a favor ; solicited. 
 PE-TI"TION-EE', 71. A person cited to defend against 
 a petition. 
 
 PE-Tl"TIOX-ER, 71. One that presents a petition, 
 either verbal or written. 
 
 PE-TI"TIO.\-IXG, ppr. Asking as a favor, grant, 
 right, or mercv ; supplicating. 
 
 PE-TI"TION-ING, 71. The act of asking or solicit- 
 ing ; solicitation ; supplication. Tumultuous peti- 
 tioning is made penal by statute. 
 
 PE-TI"Tl-0 PR/.V-CIP'I-I, ( tish'e-o,) [L.] A beg- 
 ging of the question ; a tacit assumption of the 
 proposition to be proved as a premise in the argu- 
 ment by which it is to be proved. 
 
 PET'I-TO-RY, a. Petitioning ; soHciting. [JTotused.] 
 
 Breicer. 
 
 PE-TONG', 71. The Chinese white copper, an alloy of 
 
 cojiper and nickel. Brande. 
 PE-TKR'.AN, a. [L. petra, a rock.] 
 
 Pertaining to rock or stone. Faber. 
 PET'REL, 71. A name common to the long-winged, 
 web-footed sea-fowls, constituting the Linnaean ge- 
 nus Procellaria. 
 PE-TRES'CENCE, n. The process of changing into 
 
 stone. Kirwan. 
 PE-TIIES'CEXT, a. [Gr. Trtrioj, a stone, L. petra.] 
 Converting into stone ; changing into stony hard- 
 ness. Boyle. 
 PET-RI-F.\e'TION, 71. [See Petrify.] The pro- 
 cess of changing into stone ; the conversion of wood 
 or any animal or vegetable substance into stone or 
 a bo(iy of stony hardness. This is effected by the 
 gradual displacement of the particles of the sub- 
 stance said to be petrified, and the infiltration of sili- 
 cious earth, or lime in composition with iron or iron 
 pyrites. Bell. 
 When the water in which wood is lodged is slightly impregnated 
 with petrescenl particles, the petrifacuon very slowly tiikes 
 place. Kirccan. 
 
 2. That which is converted from animal or vege- 
 table substance into stone. 
 
 Tlie cilcaieous pelsifaction called osteocolla, JQrtuan. 
 An organized body rendered liard by depositions 
 of stony matter in its cavities. Ure. 
 
 3. In popular usage, a body incrusted with stony 
 matter ; an incnistation. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 PET-RI-FAC'TIVE, a. Pertaining to petrifaction. 
 2. Having power to convert vegetable or animal 
 substances into stone. Brown. 
 PE-TRIF'ie, a. Having power to convert into stone. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 The cold, dry, pelrific mace of a false and unfeeling philosophy. 
 
 Burte. 
 
 PET'RI-FI-eXTE, V. t. To petrify. [A'ut used.] 
 
 Hall. 
 
 PET-RI-FI-Ca'TION, 71, The process of petrifying. 
 
 2. That which is petrified ; a petrifaction. [The 
 latter word is generally used.] 
 
 3. Obduracy; callousness. Hallywell. 
 PET'RI-FI-£D, pp. or a. Changed into stone. 
 
 2. Fixed in amazement. 
 PET'RI-Ft, V. I. [L. petra, Gr. Trcrpoj, a stone or 
 rock, and /aci«, to make.] 
 
 1. To convert to stone or stony substance, as an 
 animal or vegetable substance. 
 
 North of (luito, there is a river that pelrijie3 any sort of wood or 
 leaves. Kinran. 
 
 2. To make callous or obdurate ; as, to petrify the 
 heart. 
 
 And ^e£ri/"y a genius to a dunce. Pope. 
 
 3. To fix ; as, to petrify one with astonishment. 
 PET'RI-F?, r. i. To become stone, or of a sttmy 
 
 hardness, as animal or vegetable substances by 
 means of calcareous or other depositions in their 
 cavities. 
 
 PET'UI-F?-ING, ppr. or a. Converting into stone; 
 
 as, prt_rifying operation. Kirwan. 
 PE-TUo'LE-U-M, 71. [Fr. prtrole, from Gr. irtrouj, a 
 
 stone, and t^autf, oil ; quasi prtrolaion.] 
 
 Hock oil, a liquid, inliammable substance or bitii- 
 
 mi ii exuding from the earth and colli'ctcd on the 
 
 surface of the water in wells and fountains, in various 
 
 parts of the world, or oo/.iiig from Ctavities in rocks. 
 
 It IS essentially composed of carbon and hydrogen. 
 
 [Pkiuol has bumetiiiies bi en used.] 
 
 Foitrcroii. Kinrnn. Ci/c. 
 PET'RO-UNE, (-lin,) 71. A sniistance obtained by 
 
 distilling Ibe petrolimm of Rangoon. Brande. 
 PE'l''KO-NEI,, n. A kind of carabine or large hor.se- 
 
 man's pistid. 
 
 PET KO-SI'LEX, n. [L. petra, Gr. irtrpos, a stone, 
 
 and siler. Hint. ] 
 
 Rock stone ; rock (lint, or compact feldspar. 
 PET-UO-.SI-LI"CIOt'S, f-se-lish'us,) a. Consisting 
 
 of petrosilex ; on, petrosilicious breccias. Kirwan^ 
 
 Pe'TROUS, a. [L. prtT-a, astone.] 
 
 Like stone ; hard : stonv. Hooper. 
 
 PET'TED, pp. or a. Treated as a pet ; fondled. 
 
 PET'TI-CoAT, n. [Fr. p,tit, petty, and coat.] 
 
 A loose under garment worn liy females, and cov- 
 ering the lower limbs. 
 
 PET'TI-FOG, V. i, [Fr. petit, small, and vaguer, to 
 row. But in Norman, voguer is rendered to call 
 again, to return, as if from L. voco, like advocate.] 
 To do small business, as a lawyer. [f^ul<rar.] 
 
 PET'TI-FOG-GER, n. An inferior attorney or law- 
 yer who is employed in small or mean business. 
 
 PET'TI-FOG-GER-Y, 71. The practice of a pettifog- 
 ger ; tricks ; quibbles. Milton. 
 
 PET'TI-NESS, 71. [from petty.] Smallness ; little- 
 ness. Shak. 
 
 PET'TING, ppr. Fondling; indulging. 
 
 PET'TISH, a. [from pet.] Fretful ; peevish ; sub- 
 ject to freaks of ill temper. Creech. 
 
 PET'TISH-LY, adv. In a pet ; with a freak of ill 
 temper. 
 
 PET'TISH-NESS, 71. Fretfnlness ; petulance ; peev- 
 ishness. Collier. 
 
 £ET'TI-ToES, 77. pi. Iprlty and taes.] The toes or 
 feet of a pig, often used as food ; sometimes used for 
 the human feet, in cimtempt. Sliak. 
 
 PET'TO, 71. [It., from L. pectus, the breast.] 
 
 The breast ; hence, in petto, in secrecy ; in re- 
 serve. Chesterfield. 
 
 PET'TY, a. [Fr. petit.] 
 
 1. Small ; little ; trifling ; inconsiderable ; as, a 
 petty trespass ; a petty crime. Milton. 
 
 2. Inferior ; as, a petty prince. Denham- 
 We usually write petty constable, pefty jury, petty 
 
 larceny, pf!(i/ treason. [See Petit.] 
 
 PET'TY-CHAPS, 71. A small singing bird, found in 
 various parts of Europe. It lives chiefly on insects, 
 and belongs with the nightingale to the genus Sylvia 
 of Latham. Ed. Enciic. 
 
 PET'TY-eOY, n. An herb. .^inswor'th. 
 
 PET'lJ-LANCE, ) rr , 7 ,■ r , ; i 
 
 PET'IJ-L\N-CY \ iL*. petulantia ; Ft. petulance,] 
 
 Freakish passion ; peevishness ; pettisliness ; sau- 
 ciness. Peevishness is not precisely synonymous 
 with petulance ; the former implying more perma- 
 nence of a sour, fretful temper ; the latter more tem- 
 porary or capricious irritation. 
 
 That wliich looked like pride in some, and petulance in others. 
 
 Ctaren'Ion. 
 
 The pride and petulance of youth. Waus. 
 
 PET'TJ-LANT, a. [L. pctutans.] 
 
 1. Saucy ; pert or forward with fretfulness or sour- 
 Jiess of temper ; as, a petulant youth. 
 
 2. Manifesting petulance ; proceeding from pettish- 
 ness ; as, a petulant demancl ; a petulant answer. 
 
 3. Wanton ; freakish in passion. 
 PET'IJ-L.'VNT-LY, adv. With petulance ; with .saucy 
 
 pertness. 
 
 PE-TUNSE', ) (71. A Chinese name for 
 
 PE-TIJNTSE', > (pe-tuns',) J fresh or undecomposed 
 PE-TUNTZE', ) I feldspar ground ver)' 
 
 fine, and used witli kaolin to form porcelain. 
 
 Encyc. of Dom. Econ. 
 PECR'MI-CAN, 71. Potted beef. [See Pemmican.] 
 PEW, (pu,) 71. [D. puye ; L. podium.] 
 
 An inclosed seat in a church. Pews were for- 
 merly made square ; i« modern churches, in .America, 
 they are generally long and narrow, and sometimes 
 called Slips. 
 
 PEW,j!.t. To furnish with pews. [Little used.] .4,-tA. 
 PEW'-FEL-LoW, 7u A companion. Bp. Halt. 
 Pi^'WIT J 
 
 PE'WET ! "■ '^''^ lapwing or green plover. 
 
 2. Pewit gull, or Pewit ; the sea crow, or mire crow. 
 
 PEW'TER, (pu'ter,) 71. [It. peltro ; Sp. pcltre, from 
 which peicter is formed by a change of { into w, as 
 the French change belle into beau. We receive the 
 word from the Norm, peautre.] 
 
 1. A composition of factitious metal, consisting 
 mainly of tin and lead. Tin alloyed with small 
 quantities of antimony, copper, and bismuth, forms 
 the best pewter. Inferior sorts contain a large pro- 
 portion of lead. Pewter was formerly in extensive 
 use in domestic utensils or vessels ; but being a soft 
 composition, ami easily melted, is now less used. 
 
 2. Vessels or utensils made of pewter, as plates, 
 dishes, [Kirringcrs, and the like. MdLion. 
 
 PEW'TER-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to make 
 
 vessels and utensils of pewter. Boyle. 
 PI'.\V'T1",R-Y, a. Belonging to pewter ; as, a pewlrry 
 PEX'I-TY, n. The nap of cloth. [taste. 
 PHa'E 'I'().\, 71. [Gr., from d>n,v(o, to shine.] 
 
 1. In mi/thology, the son of Phcrbus and Clyniene, 
 or of Ccphalus and Aurora, that is, the son of light, 
 or of the sun. This aspiring youth begged of Phoe- 
 bus that he would permit him to guide the chariot of 
 tlh' sun, in doing which he manifi sted want of skill, 
 and being struck with a tliunilrrbolt by Jupiter, he 
 was hurled heatlltuig Into tlw Kivi>r Po. This fable 
 probably originated in the ap(M-araiicc of a comet 
 with a splriidiil train, which passed from the sight 
 in the north-west of Italy and Greece. 
 
 2. .An open carriage like a chaise, on four wheels, 
 and drawn by two horses. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^Lh, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
PHA 
 
 PHA 
 
 PHI 
 
 3. In orniViology, a genus of palmiped birds, the 
 tropic bird. 
 PHAG-E-Dk'NA, n. [Gr. (A(i)f(!(ian.] 
 
 A spreading, obstinate ulcer ; a canine appetite. 
 PIIA(i-t;-DEj\'ie, a. [Gr. 0a)£(!aivi<tos, from ijiayia, 
 to eat.] 
 
 Pertaining to phagedena ; of the nature and char- 
 acter of pliagedena; as, a phagedenic ulcer or medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Phagedenic water, is made from (juick-litnc and 
 corrosive sublimate, and therefore is composed of 
 rlilorid of calcium and red oxyd of mercury. 
 
 PII.\G-E-DE.\'ie, n. A medicine or application tli it 
 causes the absorption, or the deatli and slousihins of 
 fiinsous flesh. F.nnjc. lluojirr. 
 
 PlIA(5-E-DK'NOUS,a. Causing absorption of tlie tlesh, 
 as in phagedena i of the nature of pliagedena. 
 
 P1IA-LAN"GAL, ) a. lielouging to the iihutnngns, 
 
 Pll A-L.AN'GI-AL, S or small bones of the lingers 
 and toes. 
 
 PIIA-LAN'GER, n. [from phalanx, phalamrrs.] A 
 name common to several species of marsupial cpiad- 
 rupeds, of the genus Phalarista, inhabiting New Hol- 
 land, Van Diemen's Land, and the islands north of 
 New Holland. The hinder feel have a large oppo- 
 sable thumb, which is nailless, with four toes aruu-d 
 with claws, and the two innermost of the toes are 
 joined together almost to the extremity. They are 
 nocturnal in their habits, and live in trees. 
 
 Jardinc^s J^at. Lib. 
 
 PHA-LAN'Cf.S, n. pi. [from phalanx.] In anatumij, 
 the small bones of the hngers and toes. 
 
 PIIA-LAN'GI-OUS, a. [Gr. ipaXayyiov, a kind of 
 spider, from 0(iX(i) 
 
 Pertaining to the genua of spiders denominated 
 (t'aXat 1 loi , ph.alangium. Brown. 
 
 PHAL'AN-GITE, n. [Gr. i(,a\ayynrif, a legionary 
 soldier.] 
 
 A soldier belonging to a phalanx. Milford. 
 
 PIIAL-AN-STe'RI-A.V, n. A friend of social science, 
 the new philosophy of Fourier. 
 
 Pll AL-AN-STif,'RI AN, a. Relating to phalansterian- 
 ism, or the doctrine of association. 
 
 PHAL-AN-STE'Rl-AN-IS.M,n. The system of Charles 
 Fourier, whose leading inculcation is, that the evils 
 which mainly afflict mankind are social in their na- 
 ture, and that their only remedy is in a reorganiz.a- 
 tion of society upon principles analogous to those of 
 a joint-stock company; each community to consist 
 of from 500 to 2000 persons, living in one spacious 
 edifice, cultivating a large domain, prosecuting in- 
 dustry in common, but sharing its proceeds according 
 to their capital, skill, and labor. Orcelcij. 
 
 PIIAL'AN-STE-RY, n. [from phalanx.] A name 
 given to the grand edifice which is to be the ctun- 
 mon dwelling of all the inhabitants or members of 
 an association, according to the theory and projection 
 of Charles Fourier. 
 
 PHAL'ANX, (fal'anks,) n. [L. ; Gr. <pa\a^ (.] 
 
 1. In Grecian antiquity, a square battalion or body 
 of soldiers, formed in ranks and files close and deep, 
 with their shields joined and pikes crossing each other, 
 so as to render it almost impossible to break it. The 
 Macedonian phalanx, celebrated for its force, con- 
 sisted of 8000 men ; but smaller bodies of soldiers 
 were called by the same name. Encyc. Mitford. 
 
 2. Any body of troops or men formed in close 
 array, or any combination of people distinguished for 
 firmness and solidity of union. 
 
 3. In anatomy, the rows of small bones forming 
 the fingers, or the toes. 
 
 PH.XL'.VROPE, n. The name of several species of 
 wading birds of the genus Phalaropus. They are 
 chiefly northern in locality, breed on the sea-shores, 
 and freely swim, sometimes venturing far out to sea. 
 
 Jar dine. 
 
 PHAN-E-RO-Ga'MI-AN, ) a. [Gr. <t,avepos, man- 
 
 PlIAN-E-RO-GAM'ie, } ifest, and ya,(oj, mar- 
 
 PHAN-E-ROG'A-MOUS, ) riage.] 
 
 Plants having visible flowers, containing stamens 
 and pistils, are called phanerogamic or phanerogamous. 
 
 PHAN'T.VS.M, (fan'tazm,) n. [Gr. ipavraciia, from 
 0(inra;w, to show, from the root of ^aifu, to shine j 
 ipaiv 'itat, to appear.] 
 
 That which appears to the mind ; the image of an 
 external object ; hence, an idea or notion. It usu- 
 ally denotes a vain or airy appearance; sonictliing 
 imagined. 
 
 All the interim Ii 
 Like a phajibum, or a hideoua dream. Sliok. 
 PIIAN-TAS-MA-GO'RI-A, ) n, [Gr. ((lavraGaa and 
 i'llAN'-TAS'MA-GO-RY, j aynpao^a,.] 
 
 A term applied to representations made by a magic 
 lantern ; also, a magic lantern. 
 Pll AX-TAS-MA-GO'RI-AL, a. RelaUng to the optical 
 
 exhibition called phanlasmagoria. 
 PIIAN'-TAS'TIS, f a i> av 
 Pll \N'TA-!3Y I Fantastic and Fahct. 
 
 PIIAX'TOM, n. [Fr. fantime, corrupted from L. 
 phantjiitma.] 
 
 1. Something that appears ; an apparition ; a 
 siwcter. 
 
 SlringY^ phantoTnt riling aa Uie mist« ariae. Pop*. 
 
 2. A fancied vision. Pope. 
 
 P1Ia'R.\-ON, ;i. The name of a game of chance; 
 now written Faro. 
 
 PIlAR-A-0\'ie, a. Pertaining to the Pharaohs or 
 kings of Egvpt, or to the old Egyptians. J^irbuhr. 
 
 PHAR-I-SS'ie, j a. (from Pharisee.] P.rtain- 
 
 PHAH-I-SA'ie-.\L, ( ing to the Pharisees ; r('sem- 
 bling the Pharisees, a sect among the Jews, distin- 
 guished by their zeal for the traditions of the elders, 
 and by their exact observance of these traditions and 
 the ritual law. Hence pharisaic denotes addicted 
 to external forms and ceremonies ; making a show 
 of religion without the spirit of it; as, pharisaic holi- 
 ness. Bacon. 
 
 PIlAR-I-SA'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of Phar- 
 isees. 
 
 Pll.\R-I-SA'ie-AL-NESS, n. Devotion to external 
 riles and ceremonies ; external show of religion 
 without the spirit of it. 
 
 PHAll'l-SA-ISM, II. The notions, doctrines, and con- 
 duct of the Pharisees, as a sect. 
 
 2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion 
 without genuine piety ; liypocrisy in religion. 
 
 Knciic. Milner. 
 
 PIIAR-I Se'AN, a. Following the practice of the 
 Pharisees. Mdlon. 
 
 PH AR'I-SEE, 71. [Ileb. DID, to separate.] 
 
 One of a sect among the Jews, whose religion 
 consisted in a strict observance of rites and cereuio- 
 nics and of the traditions of the elders, and whose 
 pretended holiness led them to separate themselves 
 as a sect, considering themselves as more righteous 
 than other J(!Ws. 
 
 PH.\R-.M.\-CEO'Tie, ) a. [Gr. ipapaaKCvrtKos, 
 
 PIl.\R-.M.V-CEO'Tie-AL, i from limppaKivio, to 
 practice witchcraft, or use medicine ; ijiajjuaKon, 
 poison, or medicine.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Knowledge or art of pharmacy, 
 or to the art of pre'pariiig medicines. 
 
 PH.\R-.M.\-CEu'Tie-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of 
 pharmacy. 
 
 PHXR-.MA-CEO'TieS, (-su'tiks,) n. The science of 
 preparing medicines. Parr. 
 
 PIIXR-MA-CEO'TIST, n. One who prepares medi- 
 cines, 
 
 PHAR-MACO-LtTE, n. Native arseniate of lime, 
 snow white, or milk white, inclining to reddish or 
 yellowish white. It occurs in small, reniform, bot- 
 ryoidal, and globular masses, and has a silky luster. 
 
 Did. 
 
 PHXR-MA-eOL'O-CIST, n. [Gr. (papjtaKov and 
 Xeyat.] 
 
 One th.at is well skilled in or writes on drugs, or 
 the composition and preparation of medicines. 
 
 tVoodtoard. 
 
 PIIAR-MA-€OL'0-GY, n. [Supra.] The science or 
 knowledge of drugs, or the art of preparing medi- 
 cines. 
 
 2. A treatise on the art of preparing medicines. 
 
 Encye. 
 
 PHXR-MA-eO-PCE'IA, n. [Gr. (papiiaKov and ttouoi, 
 to make.] 
 
 A dispensatory ; a book or treatise describing the 
 preparations of the several kinds of medicines, 
 either with or without their uses and manner of 
 application. 
 
 PIlXR-MA-eOP'0-LIST,n. [Gr. dapuaKOv and iruAfcj, 
 to sell.] 
 
 One th.at sells medicines ; an apothecary. 
 
 PIIXR'M.\-CY, 71. [Gr. <p ippaKcia, a medicament, 
 whether salutary or poisonous.] 
 
 The art or practice of prep,iring, preserving, and 
 compounding substances, whether vegetable, mineral, 
 or animal, for the purposes of medicine ; the occupa- 
 tiim of an apothecary. Kneyc. 
 
 PII.\'ROS, II. [Gr. ipupof. This word is generally 
 supposed to be taken from the name of a small 
 isle, near Alexandria, in Egypt. But qu. is not the 
 word from the root of f.re, or from the Celtic fairim, 
 to watch, and the isle so called from the tower 
 upon it ] 
 
 1. A lighthouse or tower which anciently stood 
 on a small isle of that name, adjoining the Egyptian 
 shore, over against Alexandria. It consisted of sev- 
 eral stories and galleries, with a lantern on the top, 
 which was kept burning at night as a guide to sea- 
 men. Encyc. .inter. Jlrbert. 
 
 2. Any lighthouse for the direction of seamen ; 
 a watchtower ; a beacon. 
 
 PlIA RVN'CE-AL, 0. Belonginglo or connected with 
 the pharvnx. 
 
 PHAR-YN-GOT'0-MY,n. [Gr. fapvy{,lhe muscular 
 and glandular bag that le.ads to the esophagus, and 
 rniv ■, to cut.] 
 
 The operation of making an incision into the 
 pharynx, to remove a tumor or any thing that ob- 
 structs the passage. Coxe, 
 
 PHAR'Y.NX, (far'inks,) n. [Gr.] The upper part of 
 the esophagus ; or a muscular bag leading to the 
 esophagus. 
 
 PHASE, ) n. ; pi. Phmt.). [Gr. (^uirif, from (^aiKJ, 
 
 PHA'SIS, j 0a<,i, to shine.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, an appearance ; that which 
 is exhibited to the eye; appropriately, any a|)pear- 
 ance or quantity of illumination of the moon or 
 
 otliiT planet. The moon presents dilTercnt phases at 
 the full and the fpiailraliire. 
 
 •2. In miiieru^oj!.';/, lnins|iarent green quartz. Cye. 
 PII.A'SEL, 71. [(;r. •liaatiSiif or di'iaiuXof.] 
 
 The French bean or kidney bean. 
 
 pil to; w I 
 
 PHAS'.m\ ( "■ (^luiKW, 0110), supra.] 
 
 Appearance ; fancied apparition ; phantom. [Lit- 
 tle used. ] Hammond. 
 
 PHAS'SA-CHSTE, ji. The lead-colored agate. [See 
 -Agate.] Encyc. 
 
 PHEAS'A.N'T, (fez'ant,) lu [Fr. /ai.van ; U. fag'iano ; 
 ^\*. /aijsan ; L. pha.'iianus ; Gr. ipaaiui o^; Russ. pha- 
 zan ; sup|M)sed to be so named from the River Phasis, 
 ill Asia. Itut is it not from some root signifying to 
 be spoiled ? See Class Us, No. 34 ] 
 
 A name common to several species of gallinaceous 
 birds, principally of the genus Phasiaiiiis. They are 
 highly esteeiiieil lor the beauty of their plumage, the 
 elegance of llieir forms, and the delicacy of their 
 flesh. All the known species are natives of Asi.a. 
 
 Partington. 
 
 PIIEAS'ANT-RY, n. A building or place for keeping 
 and rearing pheasants. Gteilt. 
 
 PHEER, n. A companion, [flax, gefera.] [SeePr.EH.] 
 
 PHEESE, r. t. To comb. [See Fease.J 
 
 PHEE.<5'KI), pp. Combed; fleeced. 
 
 PlIEN'GITE, 71. [Gr. ipcyyirns, from (fcyyu, to 
 shine.] 
 
 A beautiful species of alabaster, superior in bright- 
 ness to most species of marbles. Encyc, 
 PHEN'I-CIN, 71. [Gr. ^oii-f {, purple.] 
 
 A purple powder precipitated when a sulphuric so- 
 lution of indigo is diluted with water. 
 PIlE.\-I-eOP'TER, 71. [Gr. ^oiniruTrrtp-ij, red-winged, 
 ipoti'tK"(, red, and tttcoki', wing.] 
 
 A gnillati.ry bird of the genus Pha?nicopteriis, the 
 flamingo, inhabiting the warm latitudes of both con- 
 tinents. HakewiU. ■ 
 PIlic'Nl.X, (fe'niks,) n. [Gr. ?io<n{; L. plurnii, the 
 palm or date tree, and a fowl.] 
 
 1. The fabulous bird which is said to exist single, 
 and to rise again from its own ashes ; hence, used as 
 an einblein of immortality. Locke 
 
 2. A person of singular distinction. 
 
 3. A southern constellation, near Achernar. 
 PHE.V-O-Ga'.MI-AN, ) 
 
 PHEN-O-GA.M'ie, >a. [Gr. 0aii'w and vopos.] 
 PlIE-.\OG'A-M()IIS, ) 
 
 In botany, having stamens and pistils distinctly 
 visible. 
 
 PHE-NOM'F^NAL, a. Pertaining to a phenomenon, 
 or appearance. Btb. Hep. 
 
 PIIE-NOM'E-NAlj-LY, arfr. As a phenomenon. 
 
 PHE-NOM-E-NOL'O-CY, 7t. [phenomenon and Gr. 
 A .) Of, a discourse.] 
 A description or history of phenomena. Encyc. 
 
 PHE-NO.M'E-NON, n. ; pi. Phenomena. [Gr. 0ai- 
 vopcfov, from tpatvopai, to appear.] 
 
 In a general sense, an appearance ; any thing risi- 
 ble ; whatever is presented to the eye by observation 
 or experiment, or whatever is discovered to exist; 
 as, the phenomena of the natural world ; the phenome- 
 na of heavenly bodies, or of terrestrial substances ; 
 the phenomena of heat or of color. It sometimes de- 
 notes a remarkable or unusual appearance, or an ap- 
 pearance whose cause is not iiiinied Lately obvious. 
 
 Pll IC ON, 71, In heraldry, the barbed iron head of a 
 dart. 
 
 PHI'AI,, (fi'.al,) 71. [L. phiala; Gr. 0iaXij; Pers. pia- 
 lah ] It. fiale : Fr. fiole.] 
 
 1. .\ glass vessel or bottle ; in common usage, a 
 small glass vessel used for holding liijuors, and par- 
 tienlarly liquid medicines. It is often written and 
 pronounced Vial. 
 
 2. A large vessel or bottle made of glass ; as, the 
 Lnjden phial, which is a glass vessel partly coated 
 with tin foil, to be used in electrical experiments. 
 
 PHI'AL, r. I. To put or keep in a phial. Shenslone, 
 PH[I.-A-I1EI/P1I1-AN, a. [Gr. 4 and af,X,i' j.] 
 Pertaining to Philadelphia, or to Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phiis. 
 
 PllIL-A-DEL'PHI-AN, n. One of the Family of Love. 
 
 Taller, 
 
 PHIL-AN-THROP'ie, (a. [See Philanthropt.] 
 
 PllIl>-A.\-THl!OP'ie-AL, I Possessing general be- 
 nevolence ; entertaining g(M»d will toward all men ; 
 2. Directed to the general go<}d. [loving mankind. 
 
 PHII^AN-THROP'ie-AL-LY, a<ip. With philanthro- 
 py ; benevulentlv. 
 
 PHi-LA.\'THRO-PIST, ti. A person of general be- 
 nevolence ; one who loves or wishes well to his ffl- 
 low-meii, and who exerts himself in doing them good. 
 
 PHI-LAN'TIIRO-PY, n. [Gr. 0i>£..., to love, or <p,- 
 Ar)s , a friend, and ai^fhum >f, man.] 
 
 'I'he love of mankind ; benevolence toward the 
 whole human family ; universal good will. It iliflers 
 from Frienuship, as the latter is an affection for in- 
 dividuals. Encyc. .Addison. 
 
 PlIimxR-MON'ie, a. Loving harmony or music 
 
 PHIL-HEL'LE.\-UST, n. [Gr. and 'EXA'/iij.] 
 
 A friend of Greece ; one who supports the cause 
 and interests of the Greeks ; particularly one who 
 supported them in their late struggle with the Turks. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — G as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 103' 
 
 QQQ- 
 
 821 
 
PHI 
 
 PHL 
 
 PHO 
 
 PHIL'I-BEG, n. A plaid or garment reaching only to 
 
 the knees. [Scotck.] 
 PHIL-IP Pie, n. An oration of Demosthenes, the 
 Grecian orator, against Phihp, kin« of Macedon, In 
 which the orator aroused the Athenians from their 
 indolence. Hence, the word is used to denote any 
 discourse or declamation full of acrimonious invec- 
 tive. The fourteen orations of Cicero against Mark 
 Antonv are also called Philippics. 
 PHIL'IP-PIZE, r. i. To write or utter invective; to 
 declaim against. [Unw,'iial.] Burhe. 
 
 2. To side with Philip; to support or advocate 
 Philip. Strift. 
 I PHIL-IS'TIXE, (-tin,) n. An inhabitant of Palestine, 
 I now Syria. 
 
 PHIL-IS'TIN-ISM, n. Manners of the Philistines. 
 
 Carhile. 
 
 PHIL'LIPS-ITE, n. [from W. Phillips.] A mineral 
 allied to Harinotone, from which it aifTers in cun- 
 tainin;; lime instead of barj ta. Dana. 
 PHI-LOL'O-GER, ) n. One versed in the history and 
 PHI-LOL'O-GIST, ( construction of language. Phi- 
 lologist is generally used. 
 PHIL-O-LOG'ie, j a. [Pee Philology.] Per- 
 PHIL-O LOG'ie-AL, ) taining to philology, or to 
 
 the study and knowledge of languase. fVatt.'s. 
 PHIL-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a philological man- 
 ner. 
 
 PH[-LOL'0-GIZE, V. i. To offer criticisms. [Little 
 used.] Erelijii. 
 
 PHI-LOL'0-6Y, n. [Gr. $i>oXo>ia; 0iA£a), to love, 
 and Aoj oj, a word.] 
 
 1. Primarilij, a love of words, or a desire to know 
 the origin and construction of language. In a more 
 general sense^ 
 
 2. That branch of literature which comprehends a 
 knowledge of the etymology or origin and combina- 
 tion of words ; grammar, the construction of sen- 
 tences or use of words in language ; criticism, the 
 interpretation of authors, the athnities of different 
 languages, and whatever relates to the history or 
 present state of languages. It sometimes includes 
 rhetoric, poetry, history, and antiquities. 
 
 PHI'LO-.MATH, 71. [Gr. ipiXo)ialiiii ; tpiXos, a lover, 
 and iiaiSavu, to learn.] 
 A lover of learning. 
 
 PHI-LO-MATH'ie, a. Pertaining to the love of learn- 
 ing. 
 
 a. Having a love of letters. Rrpos. 
 PHIL'O-.MATH-Y, n. The love of learning. 
 PHI'LO-.MEL, j n. [from Philomela, daughter of 
 PIIIL-O-.Me'LA, j Pandion, king of Athens, who 
 was changed into a nightingale.] 
 The nightingale. Pape. 
 PHIL'O-.MOT, a. [Corrupted from Fr. fcuille murte, a 
 dead leaf.] 
 
 Of the color of a dead leaf. Aildlson. 
 
 PHIL-O-Mp'Sie-AL, a. Loving music. Busbtj. 
 
 PHIIi-O Pk'aVA, n. A email present made in accord- 
 ance with a custom said to have been introduced 
 from Germany. A person who, in eating almonds, 
 finds one containing two kernels, presents one of 
 tli -in to a person of the opposite sex, and whichever, 
 when they next meet, shall first say, Philopena, is en- 
 titled to receive from the other a present bearing this 
 name. The expression in German is viel liebcken, 
 much loved, pronounced somewhat like phil-ip'ken. 
 Some, therefore, suppose this to be the origin of the 
 word, by a change of termination into pena, (L. 
 pirna,) from an idea that the gift was a pi nalty. 
 Others would derive it directly from ipiXus, a friend, 
 and pirna, penalty. — Ed. 
 
 PHlL-O-PO-LEM'ie, a. [Gr. <pi\'is, a lover, and 
 TTvA iiiKof, warlike.] 
 
 Killing over opposite or contending natures; an 
 epithi t of Minerva. Pausanias, Trans. 
 
 PHI LO-PKO GE.N'I-TIVE-N'EPS, n. Among phre- 
 jiidogislj, the love of offspring or of young children. 
 
 PHI-LOS'O-I'HAS-TER, n. A pretender to philoso- 
 phy. 
 
 PH1-I,0S'0-PHATE, ». i. [I-., pkilosophor, philosopha- 
 tus.j 
 
 'lo play the philoaopher ; to moralize. [JVof used.] 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 PHr-I,OS-0-PHA'TIO\, n. Philosophical discussion. 
 
 [.Vr)( iLied.] Petty. 
 PHI I.OS'O-PHEME, R. [Gr. (j.^oni^^a.] 
 
 Prinripli' of reasoning ; a theorem. [Little used.] 
 PI1I-I,()S'0-PIIF,R, n. [See Philos jphv.] A person 
 versed in philosophy, or in the principles of nature 
 and morality ; one who devotes liimself to the study 
 ' of physics, or of moral or Intellectual science. 
 
 2. In n general <nu<, one who is profoundly versed 
 in any science. 
 
 Philosopher's sttrmi a Stone or preparation which 
 the alchemiKts formerly sought, as the instrument of 
 rrmverting the bajer metals into (iiire gold. 
 PHII^O SOPH'IC, ja. Pert-uning to iihiloflophy ; 
 PHII.-f)-SOPH'!e-AL, I as, a philosophical experi- 
 ment or problem. 
 
 ■i. Proceeding from philosophy ; as, philosophic 
 pride. 
 
 .'I. .Suitable to philosophy ; arcording lo philoso- 
 j phy ; as, /f/iiio«opAj««i reasoning or arguments. 
 
 FAT^, FAR, F^I'L, WHAT. — 
 
 4. Skilled in philosophy; as, a philosophical histo- 
 rian. 
 
 5. Given to philosophy ; as, a philosophical mind. 
 
 6. Regulated by philosophy or the rules of reason ; 
 as, philosophic fare. Onidcn. 
 
 7. Calm ; cool ; temperate ; rational ; such as 
 characterizes a philosopher. 
 
 PHIL-O-SOPH'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a philosophical 
 manner ; according to the rules or principles of phi- 
 losophy ; as, to argue philosophicully. 
 2. Calmlv : wisely ; rationally. 
 
 PHI-LOS'O-PHIS.M, 71. [Gr. iji.Xos, a lover, and ao- 
 ipiopi , sophism.] 
 
 1. The love of fallacious arguments or false rea- 
 soning. 
 
 2. The practice of sophistn'. Ch. Obs. 
 PHI-LOS'O-PHIST, 71. A lover of sophistry; one 
 
 who prnctici'.; sophi-tiy. Porleus. 
 PHI-LOS-O-PIUS T'IC, i a. Pertaining to the 1. ve 
 PHI-LOS-O-PlllST'ie-AL, ( or practice of sophis- 
 
 trj-. 
 
 PHI-LOS'O-PIIIZE, V. i. [from philosophy.] To rea- 
 son like a philosopher ; to search into the reason and 
 nature of things ; to investigate phenomena and as- 
 sign rational causes for their existence. Sir Isaac 
 Newton lays down four rules for philosophizing. 
 
 Two doctors of the schools were phUosophizing on thi* arlv.tn- 
 ta^-s of mankind above all other cnjiitures. U Estrange. 
 
 PHI LOS'O-PHIZ-ER, n. One who philosophizes. 
 PHI-LOS'O-PHIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Searching into the 
 
 reasons of things ; assigning reasons for phenomena. 
 PHI-LOS'O-PHY, 71. [L. philosophia ; Gr. 0iXoto0.u ; 
 
 <l>tXia, love ; (pi\eo), to love, and rru0in, wisdom.] 
 
 1. Literally, the love of wisdom. But in modern 
 acceptation, philosophy is a general term denoting an 
 explaiiaticm of the reasons of things ; or an investi- 
 gation of the causes of all phenomena, both of mind 
 and of matter. When applied to any particular de- 
 partment of knowledge, it denotes the collection of 
 general laws or principles under which all the sub- 
 ordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject 
 are comprehended. Thus, that branch of philosophy 
 which treats of God, &c., is called thcolorry ; th.at 
 which treats of nature is called physics, including 
 natural philosophy and natural history; that whicli 
 treats of man is called /o^'-j'c and ethics, or moral phi- 
 losophy: that which treats of the mind is called intel- 
 lectual or mental philosophy, or metaphysics. 
 
 The objects of philosophy are to ascertain facts or 
 truth, antl the causes of things or their phenomena ; 
 to enlarge our views of God and his works, and to 
 render our knowledge of both practically useful, and 
 subservient to human happiness. 
 
 Truf r'li^on and true philosophy must ultimately arrive at the 
 Biinie principle. S. S. Smitli. 
 
 2. Hypothesis or system on which natural effects 
 are explained. 
 
 We shall ill vain interpret tlieir words by the notions of our 
 philosophy and the doctrines in our schools. Locke. 
 
 X Reasoning ; argumentation. Milton. 
 4. Course of sciences read in the schools. Johnson. 
 PHIL-O-TECH'iMe, a. Having an attachment to 
 the arts. 
 
 PHIL'TER, (fil'ter,) ti. [Fr. philtre; h. phillra; Gr. 
 ipiXrtiov, from ■/hXcoj, to love, onJiAos.] 
 
 1. A potion intended or adapted to excite love. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 2. A charm to excite love. 
 
 PHIL'TER, 0. t. To impregnate with a love potion ; 
 as, to philter a draught. 
 
 2. To charm to love; to excite to love or animal 
 desire by a potion. 
 
 PHIL'TEil-/;D, pp. Impregnated with a love potion. 
 
 PHIZ, (fiz,) ji. [Supposed to be a contraction u{ physi- 
 ognomy.] 
 
 The face or visage, in contempt. Strpneii. 
 PHLE-BOT'O-MIST, 71. [See Phlebotomy.] One 
 
 that opens a vein for letting blood ; a blootl-lclter. 
 PHLE-liOT'O-MIZE, v. t. To let blood from a vein. 
 
 Ifowcfl. 
 
 PHI,E-BOT'0-MIZ-£D,pp. Having blood let from a 
 vein. 
 
 PHLE-BOT'O-MIZ-ING, ppr. Letting blood from a 
 vein. 
 
 PHLE-ROT'O-MY, n. [Gi. ^Xt0oropta ; ^Act/-, a 
 
 vein, and tciipm, to cut.] 
 The act or practrce of opening a vein for letting 
 
 blood for the cure of diseases or preserving health. 
 PHLEGM, fflciii,) 71. [Gr. (^Atj /vt, intlaninirition, and 
 
 pitiiitous matter, from ib^'y"'^, to burn ; hence, the 
 
 word must have originally expressed the matter 
 
 formed by suppuration.] 
 
 1. ('olii animal fluid ; watery matter; one of the 
 four humors of which the ancients supposed the 
 blood to be composed. Core. F.ncye. 
 
 2. In common iisa^e, hronchi.al mucus; the thick, 
 vise d matter serri ted in the throat. 
 
 3. Among c/iciTiijts, water, or the water of distilla- 
 tion. [Obs.] Core. 
 
 4. Dullness ; coldness ; sluggishness ; indiffer- 
 ence. 
 
 PHLEG'MA GOGIJE, f phleg'ma-gog,) 71. [(Ir. </,Ar> /la, 
 phlegm, and ay 10, to drive.] 
 
 A term anciently used to denote a medicine sup- 
 posed to possess the property of expelling phlegm. 
 [Obs.] Encyc. Floyer. 
 
 PHLEG-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. (bXtypariK.^f.] 
 
 1. Abounding in phlegm; as, phlegmatic humors; 
 a phleo-matic constitution. Harveu. 
 
 2. Generating phlegm ; as, plegmatic meat. Shall. 
 
 3. Watery. J^Tnoton. 
 
 4. Cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; not easily ex- 
 cited into action or passion ; as, a phlegmatic temper 
 or temperament. .Addison. 
 
 PHLEG-MAT'I€-AL-LY, adi7. Coldly; heavily. 
 
 ff'arburton. 
 
 PHLEG'MON, 71. [Gr. tpXcypovri, '"rom liXtyo,, to burn.] 
 A specific, cutaneous, hemispheric, and defineii 
 inflammatory tumor, red, tensive, glabrous, painful, 
 polarized, suppurating, pus perfect, bursting at the 
 pole. Tullii. 
 
 PHLEG'MON-OUS, a. Having the nature or proper- 
 tii s of a phlegmon ; being of the same specific inflam- 
 mation as a phlegmon ; as, a phlegmonous Pneumoni- 
 tis. Harvey. 
 
 PHLicME, 71. [Arm. Jlemm, a sharp point.] See 
 Fleam. 
 
 PHLO-GIS'TIAN, (flo-jist'yan,) n. A believer in the 
 
 existence of phlogiston. 
 PHI.n-GIS'Tie, a. [See Phlogiston.] In chemistry, 
 
 partaking of phlogiston ; inflaming. jldams. 
 2. Ill medicine, entonic or sthenic, that is, attended 
 
 with a preternatural degree of vital energy and 
 
 strength of action in the heart and arteries. 
 PHLO-GIS'TIC-aTE, v. t. To combine phlogiston 
 
 with. 
 
 PHLO-GIS'Tie-A-TED, pp. or a. Combined with 
 ]ihlogistoii. 
 
 PHLO-GIS-TI€-A'TION, ti. The act or process of 
 combining with phlogiston. 
 
 PHLO-GIS'TON, (flo-jis'ton,) 71. [Gr. (pXoyi^o;, firom 
 <pXo) 1^(0, to burn or inflame ; ^Acj w, to burn.] 
 
 The principle of intlaminability ; the matter of fire 
 in composition with other bodies. Stahl gave this 
 name to a hypothetical element, which he supposed to 
 be pure fire fixed in combustible bodies, in order to 
 distinguish it from fire in action or in a state of lib- 
 eilv. Burtram. 
 
 PlILO-RID'ZIN, 71. [Gr. 0Xoios, 0A»os, bark, and 
 ptv'i, root.] 
 
 A rrysiallizable substance closely alliei to salicin, 
 of a hitler, astringent taste, obtained from the bark of 
 the root of the apple, pear, and some other trees. 
 
 Graham. 
 
 PHo'GA, 71. [Gr. and L., a seal.] In zo'dloiry, a genus 
 of niiijiiiinls; the seal; sea-bear; sea-calf! 
 
 PHO-Cl'.'XlN', «. [Gr. c/iM>t,iiin, a porpoise.] 
 
 A fatty substance contained in the oil of the por- 
 poise. By saponification, phocenic acid is formed. 
 
 PHo'CINE, (-sin,) a. Pertaining to the seal tribe. 
 
 PHCE'BUS, (fu'bus,) 71. In mytlwlogy, a name of Apollo, 
 often used to signify tl»; sun. 
 
 PIKU'NIX. SeePHENix. 
 
 PHo'LA-DTTE, 71. A petrified bivalve shell of the 
 geliiis Pholas. Jameson. 
 
 PHO-i\ET'ie, a. [Gr. ipufririKos, vocal, from <t>o)i>Ti, 
 sound.] 
 
 1. Vocal. Russell. 
 
 2. Representing sounds ; as, phonetic characters, 
 which stand for sounds ; opposed to Iueogbaphic. 
 
 PHO-NET'IOAL-LY, adv. In a manner expressive 
 of sounds or letters. Oliddon. 
 
 pliox'res!*^^' I 
 
 1. The doctrine or science of sounds, especially 
 those i>f the human voice. Brande. 
 
 2. The art of combining musical sounds. . Busby. 
 PHO-NO-CAMP'Tie, o. [Gr. ifnovri, sound, and 
 
 Kuii-Tio, to inflect.] 
 
 Ilaviiiii the power to inflect sound, or turn it from 
 
 its direction, and thus to alter it. Derham. 
 PIIO-.\0-GRAPIl'ie, ) a. Descriptive of the 
 PIIO-NO-GRAPII'ie-.A.L, i sounds of the voice. 
 PHO-NOG'RA-PHIST, 71. One who explains the kiws 
 
 of the voice. 
 PHO-NOG'RA-PHY, 77. [Gr (txovri and ; oaij^r,.] 
 
 1. ,\ description of the laws of the human voice, 
 or of sounds utlrred by the organs of speech. 
 
 2. .\ representation of sounds, each by its distinct- 
 ive chararter. 
 
 PIl(")'XO-LITE, 71. [Gr. i^aii'7;, sound, and AiS's", 
 stone.] 
 
 Sounding stone ; a name proposed as & (lubstiliite 
 for Ci INK8TONE. Dana. 
 
 PIIO-.N'O LOG'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to phonology. 
 
 PHO-NOL'O-GIST, 71. One versed in phiinology. 
 
 PIK)-XOL'0-GY, 71. [Gr. (piovn, sound, voice, and 
 Ao) Of, discoiirsiT.] 
 
 A treatise on sounds, or the science or doctrine of 
 the elementary sounds utleri'd by the human voice 
 in speech, including its various distinctions or subdi- 
 visions of tones. 7)11 Ponceau. 
 
 PH(')'\0-TYP-Y, 71. A projiosed mode of printing, in 
 which each sound of the voice shall be represented 
 by a dislinci letter or type. 
 
 PIIOR-O NOM'ICR, 71. [Gr. (fcm.i and i-o/.d?.] 
 
 'I'he science of motion ; an old term for Mechakici. 
 
 METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 ^22 
 
PHO 
 
 PHT 
 
 PHY 
 
 rilOS'CEN, a. [(Jr. 0<os, light, and j-tn'ow, to 
 
 gc'iicratt'. ] 
 
 (JemiiUinff liclil. riio^eeii gas is gciicratcii by 
 t)ic action iif liiitit on chlorini* and carbonic o\yd gas. 
 It is composed of one equivalent of carbon, one of 
 oxygen, and one of chlorine; and is now called 
 CHLoBo-rARBoNir Ai iD, llio name of Phosm;w G\» 
 havini; fallen into disuse. Sillimaii. 
 PllOS'l'll.Vri;, »i. [^ee Piiosi-iion and rno»PHo- 
 
 BL'S.] 
 
 A snlt formed by n combination of jdiosidioric acid 
 with a salifiable base. Lacui-iicr. 
 
 PlIOS'PlirrE, 71. A salt formed by a combination of 
 |ihos|ihorous acid with a salili.'ihlo base. Lacuuicr. 
 
 PlloS'l'llO-LlTE, 71. [plwxpltor and Gr. AiWo,-, a 
 stone.] 
 
 .■^n earth united with phosphoric acid. Klrican. 
 PIIOS'PIIOK, (fos'for,5 «. [Gr.,)u.o./.r, rfx )?, liuht, 
 from 1^11(0, to shine, and (/i£//u, to bring. Sue Phos- 
 phorus.] 
 
 The morning star or Lucifer; Venus, when it 
 precedes the; sun arul sliinesin the morning In this 
 sense, it is also u'ritten PMosPHonfs. Pope. 
 
 PHnS'PIIOR-ATi:, t). <. To combine or impregnate 
 with phosphorus. 
 
 PH()S'I'IK)R-A-TF.D, jip. or a. Combined or impreg- 
 nated with phosphorus. 
 
 PIl()S'PHOK-A-'l'lNG, ppr. Combining with plios- 
 j>horus. 
 
 PHO.-^-PIIOR-ESCE', (fos-for-css,') v. i. [See Phos- 
 
 PHORt'S.] 
 
 To shine, as phosphorus, by e\hibiting a faint 
 light without sensible heat. 
 
 Aiv'iiac«*uiis liincBtone phvephoretcet in the dark, when scr\)ird 
 Willi a knife. Kirican. 
 
 PIIOS-PIIOU-ES'CENCE, 7i. A faint lii-ht or liimi- 
 nousncss of a body, unaccompanied with sensible 
 heat. It is exhibited by certain animals, as well as 
 by vcgettible and miiu'ral substances. 
 
 Plli)s!-PII()K-i:s'(;R.\T, II. Sliming with a faint 
 li^lit ; luminous without sensilite brat. 
 
 PlIO.S-PIIOIl-Eri'CIN'G, ppr. Exhibiting light without 
 sensible beat. ClmrelaniL 
 
 PHDS-PllOK'ie, a. Pertaining to or obtained from 
 phosiihorus. The phosphoric acid is formed by a 
 combination of phosphorus with oxygon to satura- 
 tion. 
 
 PIIOS'PIIOR TTE, 71. A variety of apatite. Dana. 
 PIlOS-PHOK-IT'ie, a. Pertaining to phosphorite, or 
 
 of the nature of phosphorite. Spiitfiinzaiii. 
 PllOt-'PHOR-OUS, a. The phosphorous acid is formed 
 
 by a combination of phosphorus with oxygen, in the 
 
 proportion of two equivalents of phosphorus to three 
 
 <if oxygen. 
 
 PII()S'i>llOR-US, ) 71. [L., from the Greek. See 
 PIIOS'PIIOR, ( Phosphor.] 
 
 1. The morning star. 
 
 2. Plio.ipkorus : in ■rhnnistni, a combustible sub- 
 stance, hitherto undecouiposed. It is of a yellowish 
 color, and semi-transparent, reseniblinc fine wax. It 
 burns in common air with great rapiility, and in ox- 
 ygen gas with the greatest vehemence. Even at the 
 common temperature, it ctnnbines with oxygen, un- 
 dergoing a slow combustion and emitting a luminous 
 vajKir. It was originally obtaini^d from iiriuc : but it 
 is now manufactured fr<uii bones, which consist in 
 part of phosphate of lime. Olmsted, 
 
 PIIOS'PIIU-RET, n. A combination of phosphorus 
 with a base ; as, pho.ip/iuni of iron or copper. 
 
 f/oflper. 
 
 PFIOP'PIUT-RET-ED, a. Combined with phospliorns. 
 PlIO'Tl-ZtTE, 71. A mineral, an oxyd of manganese. 
 
 PhUlips. 
 
 PHO-Tflj6E.\''ie, a. [Gr. i/iojs, foiros, light, and 
 ysvi ai^f to generate.] 
 
 Producing light, or converting black into white. 
 The word is applied to the drawing or taking of a 
 picture by means of the action of the sun's rays on 
 a cheiiiicallv-prepared ground. 
 
 PHO-TOG'Ei\-Y, n. The art of taking pictures by the 
 action of light on a chemically-prepared ground. It 
 was inv<'nted by Mr. Fox Talbot. Buchanan. 
 
 PIIO'TO-GR.APII, 71. A picture obtained by photog- 
 raphy. 
 
 PIIO-TO-GRAPII're, ) a. Pertaining to photog- 
 PIIO-TO-GRAPH'IC-AL, ) rapliy. 
 PIIO-TOG'RA-PIUST, 71. One who practices photog- 
 raphy. 
 
 PIU) TOG'RA-PIIY, 71. [Gr. ^ws, 0(jrot, light, and 
 } hOip .J, to describe.] 
 
 The art or practice of fixing images of the camera 
 obscnra on plates of copper, covered with a thin 
 coating of silver. [See Heliooraphy.] Dafruerre. 
 
 PHO-TO-LO(5'ie, j a. [See Photologv.] Per- 
 
 PHO-TO-L()G'ie-AL, ( taining to pliotology, or the 
 doctrine of light. 
 
 PHO-TOL'O-GY, It. [Gr. rfiut, light, and Xojos, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 The doctrine or science of light, e.xplaining its na- 
 ture and phenomena. MuchiU. 
 PHO-TO.M'E-TER, 71. [Gr. duf, light, and piirpm, 
 measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the relative intensi- 
 ties of light. Ramforil. LesUe. 
 
 PIlO-TO-MET'Rie, I a. Pertaining to or made 
 PIIO-TO-.MET'ltlC-AL, ( by a photometer. 
 PIIO-TU.M'E-TKY, 11. [Gr. <y.i( and jitr.joi.] 
 
 'J'he science which treat:! of the measurement of 
 light. 
 
 PIK)-T()-PIIt"5'ni-A, 71. [Gr. and tlin/h,.'.] 
 
 A dread or iiitiderance of light ; a syniptuui of in- 
 ternal oplithalmy. Bramlr. 
 PIIO-TOP'SY, 71. [Gr. light, and '<\pii, sight.] 
 An allection of the eye, in wliich the patient per- 
 ceives luminous rays, ignited lines, coruscations, &.c. 
 PHRASE, 11. [Gr. foaats, from a^r.i, to speak.] 
 
 1. A short sentence or expression. A phrase may 
 be complete, as when it conveys complete sense ; as, 
 humanum est rrrare, to err is human ; or it may be 
 incomplete, as when it consists of several words with- 
 out aliirniing any thing, or when the noun and the 
 verb do the ollice of a noun only ; as, that which is 
 true, that is, truth, satisfies the mind. F.neix. 
 
 2. A particular mode of speech ; a peculiar sen- 
 tence, or short, idiomatic expression-; as, a Hebrew 
 phriL^c ; an Italian ;i/iru.sc. 
 
 3. Style ; expression. 
 
 Thou epcak'st 
 In better rose. Shak. 
 
 4. In T711WIC, any regular, symmetrical course of 
 notes which begin and complete the intended e.x- 
 pr.ssiim. Busby. 
 
 PI1K.\#E, V. t. To call ; to style ; to express in words 
 or in peculiar words. 
 
 TliPse snn8, 
 
 For 80 Ihey phrase iIhmh. Shak. 
 PIIRASE'-BQOK, 71. A book in which difficult 
 
 phrast's are explained. 
 PIIR.AS'fil), pp. Styled ; expres,sed in peculiar words. 
 PIIR.aSE'LESS, a. Not to be expressed or described. 
 PlIKA-SE-O-EOG'ie, (a. Peculiar in expression; 
 PIIRa SE-O-L()0'ie-AL, \ consisting of a peculiar 
 
 form of words. 
 PIIR.A-SE-OL'O-CY, n. [Gr. ipnaais, phrase, and 
 
 At; 01, to speakj 
 
 1. Manm r of expression ; peculiar words used in 
 a sentence ; diction. 
 
 2. A collection of phrases in a language. F.neyc. 
 PIIRE-NET'ie, 71. [Gr. ^oficnit"?. See Phrensv.] 
 
 Subject to strong or violent sallies of iiiiaginatiou 
 or excitement, which in some measure pervert the 
 judgment, and cause the person to act in a manner 
 different from the more rational part of mankind ; 
 wild and erratic ; partially mad. [It has been some- 
 times written Phrentic, but is now generally writ- 
 ten FranticJ 
 
 PIIKE-NET'IG, 71. A p«rson who is wild and crnitic 
 in his imagination. Ifoodwaril. 
 
 PHRE-NET'IC-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of fren- 
 zy or delirium, 
 
 PllKEN'ie, a. [from Gr, ipncvti, the diaphragm.] 
 Ilelouging to the diaphragm ; as, a phrenic vein. 
 
 PIIRE-M'TIS, 71. [Gr. (fotiint, from ipotiv, the 
 mind. The primary sense of the root of this word 
 is, to move, advance, or rush fonvard ; as in L. aiii- 
 77iu,v, animosuii, and the Teiitimic mud, Eng. 771170//.] 
 
 1. In meilicine, an inflammation of the brain, or 
 of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute 
 fever and delirium. Fursylh. 
 
 2. Delirium ; phrensy. [It is generally written 
 in English, Phremsy or Frenzy.] 
 
 PilRE-.NO LOG'ie-AL, o. Pertaining to phrenology. 
 PllRE-NO-LOC'ie-AL-L.Y, aih. liy the principles of 
 phrenology. 
 
 PURE N(1L'0-GIST, 71. One versed in phrenology. 
 PIIRE-NOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. ^/jiji-, the mind, and Xo- 
 yoi, discourse.] 
 
 The science of the human mind as connected with 
 the supposed organs of thought and passion in the 
 brain, maintained by Gall, who supposed each fac- 
 ulty or propensity to have a particular organ, and 
 this manifested in the form of the skull ; craniology. 
 PIIRE-NO-.M.\G'NET-lS.M, 71. [Gr. (^..o/i., the mind, 
 and 77ia^iifti,f7n-] 
 
 The |M)wer of exciting the organs of the brain 
 through magnetic influence. 
 PIIRE.N'SY, (fren'ze,) 71. [Supra.] "Madness ; delir- 
 ium, or that partial madness which manifests itself 
 in wild and erratic siillies of the iniaghiation. It is 
 written, also, Fre.'»zy. 
 
 Demoniac Pftrfrwy ; moping Mctaiiclioty. Milton. 
 PIIRON'TIS-TER-Y, n. [Gr. ^pt/iriffrTipioi/, from 
 iPiJincid, to think ; (f-'if, mind.] 
 
 A school or seminary of learning. [JiTot uned.] 
 PIIRYG'I-A.N, a. [from Phryeia, in Asia .Minor. ]^ 
 Pertaining to Phrygia ; an epithet applied to a 
 sprightly, animating kind of music. Jirbuthnnt. 
 
 Phrygian stone ; a stone described by the ancients, 
 used in dyeing; a light, spongy stone, resembling a 
 pumice, said to be drying and astringent. 
 
 Pliny. Dioscorides. 
 PIlTHIS'ie, (tiz'zik,) ». A mere conversion of the 
 term phthisu into English, and hence its synonym. 
 This term is sometimes applied popularly, but erro- 
 neously, to any diflicillty of bnathiiig, and more 
 especially to chronic dyspnira, from the mistaken 
 notion that these affections are much itie same as i 
 phthisis. [/.lU/c used.] I 
 
 PIITIIIS'ie-AL, (tiz'zi-kal,) a. [Gr. ^fliomot. See 
 Phthmm.] 
 
 Having or belonging to the phthisic ; breathing 
 haril ; as, a p'lthisiciU consumption. ilnrriy, 
 
 PHTIIIS'I(,'K-Y, ^tiz'zik-e,) a. Having or |)ertaining 
 to till' pilthisic. 
 
 PHTHI'SIS, (thi'sis,) 71. [Gr. ipthoii, from ^fliu, 
 00 61, to consume.] 
 
 A disease of some jiart of the pulmonary appara- 
 tus, marked by cough, gradually progressive emacia- 
 tion and exhaustion, hectic, and usually copious ex- 
 pecforation. 
 
 PH?-e(J-.MA'TER, 71. [Gr, ili.itof and /iijrri;,,] 
 
 The gelatine in which tlie spurules of algaccoiis 
 
 plants first vegetate, Brande, 
 PHY LAC'TER, 71, See Phylactery, 
 PIIY-EAe'TER-/';D,a, Wearing a phylactery ; dressed 
 
 like the Pharisees, Green, 
 PIlY-LAe'TER-IC, jo. Pertaining to pliylac- 
 PHY-LA€-TER'1C-AL, ( teries. Mduson. 
 PHY-L.AC'TER-V, 71. [Gr, ifvXaKrrioiof, from ij>«\uir- 
 
 co>, to defend or guard.] 
 
 1. In a ffriieriU sense, any chann, spell, or amulet, 
 worn as a preservative from danger or disease. 
 
 2. Among l/ie Jews, a slip of parchment 011 whinjl 
 was written some text of Scripture, particularly of 
 the decalogue, worn by devout persons on the fore- 
 bead, breast, or neck, as a mark of their religion. 
 
 kneyc. 
 
 3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which 
 they inclosed the relics of the deail. Knciic. 
 
 PI1?'L.\RCII, n. [Gr. ./nAr/, tribe, and apxi> rule.] 
 The chief or governor of a tribe or clan. 
 
 Robinson, 
 
 PII?'LaRCII-Y, 11. Government of a tribe or clan. 
 PIIYL'EITE, 71. [Gr. <pvXX,f, a leaf, and AiWuj, a 
 stone.] 
 
 A petrified leaf, or a mineral having the figure of a 
 leaf. Lunier. ■ 
 
 PIIVL-I.O'DI-I'.M, 77. [Gr. t/i.i.XAoi..] 
 
 In lioianii, a petiole without a lamina, but so much 
 developed in some way, as to pel form the functions 
 of a perfect le.if. I.inilltti, 
 PHYE-EOPII'O-ROL'S, a, [Gr, ipvXXov, a leaf, iind 
 0'/>'.i, to bear.] 
 
 Leaf-liearing ; jirodiicing leaves. 
 PHVL'LO-POI), 71. [(;r. A-X.n and toi {.] 
 
 One of a tribi; of crustaceans w hose feet have a 
 flattened form, like tli.it of a leaf. 
 PHVS'.\-LITE, 71. [Gr. ^icai', to swell or inflate, 
 and AiWm{, a stone.] 
 
 A mineral of a greenish-white color, a subspecies 
 of prismatic tojiaz ; called also Pvrophvsalite, as it 
 intiiniesces in heat. Jameson, Phillips. 
 
 PIIYS'ETER. See Cachalot. 
 
 PHVS I-AiN'TIIUO-PY, 71. [Gr. ifnims, nature, .and 
 avHnu)i:'n;, man.] 
 
 The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of 
 the constitution and diseases of man, and the reme- 
 dies. J\Ird. Repos. 
 
 PHVS'IG, 71, [Gr, 0uui«r/, from ijivais, nature; ^tw.', 
 to [irodiice,] 
 
 1. The art of healing disease*. This is now gen- 
 erally called Meuk-ine, Encijc, 
 
 2. .Medicines; remedies for diseases. We desire 
 physic only for the sake of health. Hooker. 
 
 3. In i^puliir language, a medicine that purges ; a 
 pnrg* ; a cathartic, [in technical and elegant lan- 
 guage, this sense is not used.] 
 
 PIlYS'ie, V. t. To treat with physic ; to evacuate the 
 bowels with a cathartic ; to purge. Shak. 
 2. To cure. Shak. 
 
 PHYS'IC-AI., a. Pertaining to nature or natural pro- 
 ductions, or to material things, as opposed to things 
 rnor;il or imaginary. We speak of physical force or 
 power, with reference to material things; armies 
 and navies are the physical force of a n.-ition ; 
 where.as wisdom, knowledge, skill, &c,, constitute 
 77i()ra; force, A physical point is a real point, in 
 distinction from a mathematical or imaginary poinL 
 A physical bod)' or substance is a material body or 
 substance, in distinction from spirit, or metaphysical 
 substance. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the material part or structure of 
 an organized being, particularly man; as, physical 
 strencih. 
 
 3. External ; perceptible to the senses ; as, the 
 physical characters of a mineral ; opposed to chemical. 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 4. Relating to the art of healing; as, a physical 
 treatise. 
 
 5. Having the property of evacuating the bowels; 
 as, physical herbs. 
 
 t>. Medicinal ; promoting the cure of diseases. 
 7. Rescnibling physic ; im, a physical tasic. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 [In the three latter senses, nearly obsolete among 
 prolVssionaJ men.] 
 
 Physical education ; the education which is directed 
 to the object of giving strkngth, health, and vigor to 
 the bodily organs and powers. 
 PIIV?'ie-AI,-LY, arfr. According to nature ; by nat- 
 ural power, or the operation of natural laws in the 
 material system of things, as distinguished from 
 
 TtNE, BJJLL. UNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SlI ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PHY 
 
 vtoral power or influence. We suppose pi.'rpL-tii:il 
 
 motion to be physically impossible. 
 
 1 am not now mating phyBtmlly of li^ht or colors. Locke. 
 9. .\ccordin g to the art or rules of medicine. [ 04s.] 
 He that lives physically, must live miserably. Cheyne. 
 
 PHY-SI"CIAN, (fe-zisli'an,) n. A person skilled in 
 tlie art of hi-aling ; one whose profession is to pre- 
 scril>e remedies for diseases. 
 
 9. Ill a sjyiritual sense^ one that heals moral dis- 
 eases ; as, a physician of the soul. 
 
 PHY?'I-€0-L06'ie, ?i. Logic illustrated by natural 
 philosophy. 
 
 PHVS'I-eu-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to physico- 
 loaic. [Little useil.] - Swifi. 
 
 PHYS'I-eO-THE-OL'O-GY, n. [physic, or physical, 
 ami theolofry.] 
 
 Theolog)' or divinity illustrated or enforced by 
 physics or natural philosophy. 
 
 PHYS'ieS, n. In its most extensive sense, the science 
 of nature or of natural objects, comprehending the 
 study or knowledge of whatever exists. 
 
 9. In the usual and more limited sense, the science 
 of the material system, including natural history and 
 phihisophy. This science is of vast extent, compre- 
 hending whatever can be discovered of the nature 
 and properties of bodies, their causes, effects, affec- 
 tions, operations, phenomena, and laws, 
 
 PHYS-I-OG'\0-MER. See Physiognomist. 
 
 PHYS-I-OG-NOM'ie, ) a. [See Physiognomy.] 
 
 PHYS-I-OG-NOM'I€-AL, ( Pertaining to physiog- 
 nomy ; expressing the temper, disposition, or other 
 qualities of the mind, by signs in the countenance; 
 or drawing a knowledge of the state of the mind 
 from the features of the face. 
 
 PH VS-I.OG-NO.M'ieS, n. Among physicians, signs 
 in the countenance, which indicate the state, tem- 
 perament, or constitution of the body and mind. 
 
 Enctfc. 
 
 PHYS-I-OG'NO-MIST, n. One that is skilled in 
 physiognomy ; one that is able to judge of the par- 
 ticular temper or other qualities of the mind, by 
 signs in the countenance. Dryilr.n. 
 
 PHYS-I-OG'NO-MY, n. [Or. ipvinoyiiapoi'ta i fvai^, 
 nature, and ji/w/iokikos, knowing; j n'wd/toj, to 
 know.] 
 
 1. The art or science of discerning the character 
 of the mind from the features of the face . or the 
 art of discovering the predominant temper, or other 
 characteristic qualities of the mind, by the form of 
 the body, but especially by the external signs of the 
 countenance, or the combination of the fehtures. 
 
 Bacon. Lnvater. 
 
 9. The face or countenance, with respect to the 
 temjier of the mind ; particular configuration, cast, 
 or expression of countenance. Dryden. 
 
 [This worri formerly comprehended the art of 
 foretelling the future fortunes of persons by indica- 
 tions of the countenance.] 
 PHYS-I-O-GKAPII'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to physiog- 
 raphy. 
 
 PHYS-I-OG'RA-PMY, n. [Gr. ^utris, nature, and 
 ypu'l)(<i, to describe.] 
 
 A description of nature, or the science of natural 
 objects. Journal of Science. 
 
 PHYS-I-OL'O-GER, n. A physiologist. 
 [The latter is generally used.] 
 
 PHYS-I-O-LOG'ie, ) a. [See Physiology.] 
 
 PHYS-I-O-LOG'ie-AL, ( Pertaining to physiology ; 
 relating to the science of the properties and functions 
 of living beings. 
 
 PHVS-l-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to the 
 principles of physiology. Lawrence^s Led. 
 
 P11Y?-I-0L'0-GIST, 71. One who is versed in the 
 science of living beings, or in the properties and 
 functions of animals and plants. 
 9. One that treats of physiology. 
 
 PIIYS-I-OL'O-GY, 7?. [Gr. fvaLuXoyia ; ipvan, na- 
 ture, and Af) oj, to discourse.] 
 
 1. According to the Greek, this word signifies a 
 discourse or treatise of nature; but the moderns use 
 the word in a more limited sense, for the science of 
 the functions of all the different parts or organs of 
 animals and plants, or, in other words, the offices 
 which they perform in the economy of the individual. 
 
 9. The science of the mind, of its various phe- 
 nomena, affections, and powers. Brown. 
 
 PI!YS!'NOMY for Physi'ignomy, is not used. 
 
 PHYfS'O-GIlAOE, n. [Gr. ,p,mii and \j. /rradior.] 
 One of a tribe of zoophytes, which swim by means 
 of air-bladders. 
 
 PIIVS'V, for Fusee. [J^Tot used.] Locke. 
 
 PIIVTIV'O-KOUS, o. [Gr. forov, a plant, and L. 
 voro, to eat.] 
 
 Feeding on plants or herbage ; as, phyiivorous ani- 
 mali. Ruy. 
 
 PIIV-'I'Oril'I MY, n. The cheinistr)- of plants. 
 
 PllV-Tf)G'E NY, n. The dogtrine of the generation 
 of plantH. 
 
 PIlV-TO-GRAPH'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to the de- 
 
 Kcription of plantH. 
 PIIV-TOO'RA-PIIY, n. [Gr. ijivroi', a plant, and 
 
 yl/afn, dcncription.) 
 
 PIC 
 
 1. The science of describing plants in a systematic 
 manner. 
 9. A description of plants. 
 PIIY'TO-LlTK, 71. [Gr. ijivrov, a plant, and \i6oi, a 
 stone.] 
 
 A plant petrified, or fossil vegetable. 
 PHY-TO-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to phytology; 
 
 botanical. Lyell. 
 PHS-TOL'O-GIST, r. [See Phytology.] One 
 versed in plants, or skilled in phytology ; a botanist. 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 PHY-TOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. fi>Tov,?i plant, and Aojof, 
 discourse.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on plants, or the doctrine 
 of plants ; description of the kinds and properties of 
 plants ; botany. 
 PHy-TON'O-MY, 71. [Gr. <t>VTnv and 1/0^05.] 
 
 The science of the origin and growth of plants. 
 PIIS-TOPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. 0uroi', a plant, and 
 011) (0, to eat.] 
 Eating, or subsisting on, plants. 
 PII5-TO-Zo'ON, 71, ) [Gr. d,vTov, a plant, and 
 PII5-TO-Zo'A, 71. pi. \ <;oioi>, an animal.] 
 
 Terms applied to zoophytes ; also to certain ma- 
 rine animalcules living in the tissues of plants. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 PI, 71. A term applied to printers' types, when con- 
 fusedly mixed or unsorted. 
 
 PI'jl JMA'TER, [L.] In anatomy, 3l thin membrane 
 immediately investing the brain, Coxe. 
 
 PI-.^'BA, 71, A small, fresh-water fish of Brazil, about 
 the size of the minnow, much esteemed for food. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Pl'A-€LE, (pi'a-kl,) n. [L. piacidum.'] 
 
 An enormous crime. [JVo« used.'] Howell. 
 PI-A€'II-LAR, / a. [L. piacularis, from pio, to expi- 
 PI-Ae'U-LOUS, S ale.] 
 
 1. Expiatory; having power to atone. 
 
 2. Uei|uiring expi.-ition. Broion. 
 
 3. Criiniiial ; alrticiously bad. GlanviUe. 
 [These words are little used.] 
 
 Pi'A-NET, 71. [ L. pica or picas.] 
 1. The magpie. 
 
 9. A bird, the lesser woodpecker. \_Obs.] Bailey. 
 Pl-.a-JVIS' SI-MO. In 77!«*ic, very soft. 
 PI-X'NIST, 71. A performer on the forte-piano, or one 
 
 well skilled in it. Busby. 
 PI-A'J^O. In music, soft. 
 
 PI-S'NO-FOR'TE, 71. [It. piano, from L. planus, 
 plain, smooth, and It. ^rte, h.fortis, strong.] 
 
 A keyed musical instrument, of German origin, 
 and of the harpsichord kind ; so called from its softer 
 notes or expressions. Its tones are produced by 
 hammers instead of quills, and of all the keyed instru- 
 ments it seems to deserve the preference on account 
 of the superior tone, sweetness, and variety, of 
 which it is susceptible. P. Cyc. Hchert. 
 
 PI-.AS'TER, 71. [It. ;iias(ra, a thin plate of metal, or a 
 dollar. See Plate.] 
 
 An Italian coin of^ about 80 cents value, or ,3s. Id. 
 sterling. But the value is diflerent in different states 
 or countries. It is called, also, a Piece of Eight. 
 The Spani:sh piaster is the same as the Spanish or 
 American dollar. The Turkish pi.aster, formerly 
 worth 9.'i cents, is now worth only about 8 cents. 
 
 PI-A''l'ION, 71. [L.piatio.] [McCulluch. 
 The act of making atonement. 
 
 PI-.^Z'ZA, n. [It. for plana; Sp.plaia; Port prafa, 
 for pluca; Fr. place; Eng. id.; D. plaats; G. plati ; 
 Dan. plads ; Sw. plats.] 
 
 I, In building, a portico or covered walk supported 
 by arches or columns. P. Cyc. 
 
 9. In /to^iin, it denotes a square open space sur- 
 rounded by buildings. Owill. 
 
 PIIi'-eORN, 71, [W,, pipe-horn,] Among <;i« Wris/i, 
 a wind instrument or pipe with a horn at each 
 end, 
 
 PI'BKOGII, 71. [Gael. jiio6aircfl<;A(/, pipe-music ; Celtic, 
 pib, piob, a |)i|)e,] 
 
 A wild, irregular species of music, peculiar to the 
 Highlands of Scotland, It is performed on a bag- 
 pipe, and adapted to excite or assuage passion, and 
 particularly to rouse u martial spirit among troops 
 going to battle, Encyc Jamieson. 
 
 PI'CA, 71. In ornithology, the pie or magpie. 
 
 9. In mrr/iciiif, a vitiated appetite which makes the 
 patient crave what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, 
 coal, &c. 
 
 'i. A printing type, of two sizes, small pica and 
 TJiVtt, the former of which is next in size above long 
 prirner ; probably named from litera picata, a great 
 bl.ack letter at the beginning of some new order in 
 the liturgy ; hence, 
 
 4. Pica, pi/e, or pic; formerly, an ordinary, a table, 
 or directory for devotiimal services ; also, an alpha- 
 betical catalogue of names and things in rolls and 
 rc:cords. Encyc. 
 
 PI'C\ iM A in'NA,7i. The sea-pye or oyster-catcher ; 
 n grallatory aquatic fowl, the Ilicmatopus ostrnlegus. 
 'i'liis f'livvl feeds on oysters, limpets, and marine in- 
 sects. 
 
 PICA .M Alt, n. [L. pix and umnruw.] 
 
 The billcr principle of pilch, an oil-like, transpa- 
 rent IIiikI. 
 
 PIC 
 
 Pie-A-ROON', 71. [Fr. picoreur, from picorer, to plun- 
 der ; Scot. pUiary, rapine ; from the root o{piclc,peck, 
 Sp. picar.] 
 
 A plunderer ; a pirate. This word is not applied 
 to a highway robber, but to pirates and plunderers of 
 wrecks. 
 
 In all wars, Corsica and Majorca liave been nests of picaroons. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 Pie-A-YONE', 71. A small coin of the value of 6] 
 cents. 
 
 Pie'eA-DIL, ) 7!, [Probably from the root of ^e, 
 PI€'eA-DIL-LY, } peak.] A high collar, or a kind 
 PICK'AR-DIL, ) ofrufl: fVitson. 
 Pie'GAGE, 71. [Norm, pecker, to break open ; from 
 the root of pick, peck.] 
 Money paid at fairs for breaking ground for booths. 
 
 j9insiDorth. 
 
 PICK, V. t. [Sax, pycan ; D. pikken ; G. picken ; Dan. 
 pikkcr ; Sw. pirj^-a ; W. pigaw, to pick or peck ; Sp. 
 picar; Fr. piquer ; Gr. nc^oi or ttciku ; Ij.pccto The 
 verb may be radical, (see Class Bg, No. 61, G9, G5,) 
 or derived from the use of the beak or any pointed 
 instrument. It belongs to a numerous family of 
 words, at least if connected with beak, pike, Sli-.] 
 
 1. To pull olT or pluck with the fingers something 
 that grows or adheres to another thing ; to separate 
 by the hand, as fruit from trees ; as, to pick apples or 
 oranges; to picfc strawberries. 
 
 9. To pull off or separate with the teeth, beak, or 
 claws ; as, to pick flesh from a bone ; hence, 
 
 3. To clean by the teeth, fingers, or claws, or by a 
 small instrument, by separating something that ad- 
 heres ; as, to pick a bone, to pick the ears. 
 
 4. To take up ; to cause or seek industriously ; as, 
 to pick a quarrel. 
 
 5. To separate or pull asunder; to pull into small 
 parcels by the fingers ; to separate locks for loosening 
 and cleaning ; as, to pick wool. 
 
 6. To pierce ; to strike with a pointed instrument; 
 as, to pick an apple with a pin. Bacon. 
 
 7. To strike with the bill or beak; to punctufe. 
 In this sense, we generally use peck. 
 
 8. To steal by taking out with the fingers or hands ; 
 as, to pick the pocket. South. 
 
 9. To open by a pointed instrument ; as, to pick a 
 lock. 
 
 10. Toselect; tocnll; to separate particular things 
 from others ; as, to pick the best men from a com- 
 pany. In tliis sense, the word is often followed by 
 out. 
 
 11. To pitch or cast. [OAs.] Shak. 
 To pick off; to separate by the fingers or by a small 
 
 pointed instrument. 
 
 To pick out; to select; to separate individuals from 
 numbers. 
 
 To pick up ; to take up with the fingers or beak ; 
 also, to take particular things here and there ; to 
 gather ; to glean. 
 
 To pick a hole in one''s coat ; to find fault. 
 PICK, V. i. To eat slowly or by morsels ; to nibble. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. To do any thing nicely, or by attending to small 
 things. Dryden. 
 
 PICK, 71. [Fr. ;ii'jKi; ; D. pik.] 
 
 1. A sharp-pointed tool for digging or removing in 
 small quantities. 
 
 What Uie niinenj call chert and whem — is so hard that the pick§ 
 will not touch it. Woodward. 
 
 2. Choice ; right of selection. You may have 
 your pick. 
 
 3. Among printers, foul matter which collects on 
 printing types from the balls, bad ink, or from the 
 paper impressed. ^ 
 
 PICK'A-P.\CK, udv. In manner of a pack." Tulwar.] 
 
 L'Estranjre. 
 
 PICK'AX, 71. [pick and ax.] An ax with a sharp 
 point at one end and a broad blade at the other. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PICK'BACK, a. On the back. Hudibras. 
 I'ICK'KD, (pikt,) 2)p. or a. Plucked off by the fingers, 
 
 teeth, or claws ; cleaned by picking; opened by an 
 
 instrument ; selected. 
 
 PIK'EI)"' i I'"'"'*^'' i ^''•"'l'- 
 
 Ijet the stake be made picked at the lop. Mortimer. 
 2. In old authors, sprucely or foppishly dressed. [ OJ.'!.] 
 PICK'ED-NESS, 71. State of being pointed at the 
 end ; sharpness. 
 9. Foppery ; spruccness. Johnson. 
 PICK-EEll', ji. (. [ Fr. picorer ; from pick.] 
 
 1. To pillage ; to pirate. HiuUbras. 
 
 2. To skirmish, as soldiers on tho outpost of an 
 army, or in pillaging parties. 
 
 PICK'EK, n. One that picks or culls. Mortimer. 
 2. A pickax or instrument for picking or separating. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 ;). One that excites a quarrel between himself and 
 another. 
 
 PICK'EU F.I., 71. [from pike.] A name somewhat 
 loosely ap|ilii (l to several sjiecies of fresh-water fish 
 beliuiging lo the ;'ike fiimily. 
 
 PR'K'Ell El.-\VEi;i), H. A water plant, bo called be- 
 cause It was supposed to breed pickerels. fVatton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 624 
 
PIC 
 
 PIL 
 
 PIE 
 
 PlCK'I'lt-Y, II. Pelly theft. /»'. Scott. 
 
 PICK'lVr, H. [Fr. pii/uet ; Kilss. bfkrt.] 
 
 1. A !>Uike 8li:tr|ieiictl ur poiiiteil, used in fortlfi- 
 catiuii and encniii|iiiieiits. 
 
 3. .'\ narrow buard pointed, nsed in making fence. 
 
 3. A Riiard posted in front of an army to pive no- 
 tice of tlie approacli of tlie enemy. Marshall. 
 
 4. A game at carda. [Sec Piuuet.] 
 
 ft. A punisliment whicli consists m making the 
 otfender stand witJi one foot im a pointed slake. 
 Plt'K'ET, p. I. To fortify with [winled stakes. 
 
 2. To inclose or fence with narrow, pointed boards. 
 
 3. To ftisten to a picket. Moure 
 
 4. To torture hy cunipellin; to stand witli one foot 
 on a pointed stake. 
 
 PICK'I;T-KI). Fortified or inclosed with pickets. 
 
 PICK'K I'-GrXIlD, ». In nn armi/, a guard of iiorse 
 and foot always in reailiness in case of alarm. 
 
 PI('K'ET-IN(i, ppr. Inclosing or fortifying with pick- 
 et^. 
 
 PICK'ET-I.\G, n. A kind of tortnre hy forcing a per- 
 son to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. 
 
 PICK'ING, ppr. Pulling olf w ith the fingers or teeth j 
 selecting. 
 
 PIirK'l.Vt;, n. The act of plucking; selection; gath- 
 ering ; gleaning. 
 PICK'LE, (pik'l,) n. [D. pekel ; G. pSket.] 
 
 1. Urine ; a solution of salt and water or of vine- 
 gar, sometimes impre<:nated with spices, in which 
 tlesli, tish, or other substance, is preserved ; as, pickle 
 foi beef; pickle for capers or for cucumbers; picJile 
 for herring. 
 
 2. A vegetable or fruit preserved in pickle. 
 
 3. A state or condition of dillicnity or disorder ; a 
 word used in ridicule or contempt. You are in a fine 
 pickle. 
 
 How cam V thou in this pickle ? Shak, 
 
 4. A parcel of land inclosed with a hedse. [Local.] 
 PICK'LE, r. t. To preserve io brine or pickle ; a--, to 
 
 a. To season in pickle. [pickle herring. 
 
 3. To imbue liigiily with any thing bad ; as, a 
 pickled rogue. 
 PU'K'LKI), pp. or a. Preserved in brine or pickle. 
 PICK'LE-IIElt'lUNG, n. A merry Andrew ; a zany ; 
 
 a biilfoon. Spectator. 
 PICK'1.I.\G, ppr. Seasoning in pickle. 
 HCK'LIN'G, n. The preservation of vegetables or 
 
 nirats in vinegar or brine. ■ Gardner. 
 PK'K'LOCK, n. [pick and lock.] An instrument for 
 opening locks without the key. 
 
 .^rbuthnoL L*Estrangc. 
 
 5. A person who picks locks. 
 PICK'NK.'K. See PicMc. 
 
 PICK'POCK-ET, n. One who steals from the pocket 
 of another. Jlrbutknot. 
 
 PICK'Pt'RSE, n. One that steals from the purse of 
 another. Swift. 
 
 PICK'THA\K,n. An officious fellow who doeswhat 
 he is not desired to do, for the sake of gaining favor ; 
 a whisperin: parasite. Snath. 
 
 PICK'TOOTH, n. An instniment for picking or 
 cleaning the teeth. [But Toothpick is more gener- 
 ally used.] 
 
 P1€'.\IC, n. Oriiriiiallii, an entertainment at which 
 each person coiitribiiied some dish or article fur the 
 genenil table. The term is now applied to an enter- 
 Lninment carried with them by a jKirty on an excur- 
 sion of pleasure into tlie country, aiid also to the 
 party itself 
 
 PCCO, n. [Sp. See Peak.] A peak; the pointed 
 
 h 'ad of a mountain. 
 PI CR A, n. [Or. Uoit TrtKfui, sacred bitter.] 
 
 Thej||(iMlar name of the otiicinal '■'■Poirder of Maes 
 
 \rith Canelln" which is composed of a!oes one 
 
 pound, cd/icUa three ounces. It is employed as 
 
 cat hart rc. 
 
 Pie'RO LlTE, n. [Qu. Or. jrirp^jf, bitter, and Xifluj, 
 stone. 1 
 
 A filimiis varietv of serpentine. Dajia. 
 riC'RO-.MEL, n. fGr. iri.poj, bitter.] 
 
 The characteristic principle of bile. Ure. 
 PIG-ROS'MLS'E, n. [Gr. Trorpos, bitter, and oo-pij, 
 smell.] 
 
 .\n order of minerals, which, when moistened, 
 have an argillaceous smell. Shrpard. 
 
 .Also, a greenish magnesian mineral characterized 
 bv this order. Dana. 
 Pie-RO-ToX'IN.n. [Gr. riirpof, bitter, and L. (axi- 
 
 Cu»l.] 
 
 ,\ white crystalline substance obtained from the 
 fniit of Anainirta panicniata, ^commonly called cuc- 
 ciilus Indieiu,) and perh.aps ol Cocciilus siilierosiis, 
 and one of their active principles. It is composed of 
 carbim, hydrogen, and o,xygen, and apin ars to be a 
 feeble acid; and, as such, it is called Pichotoiic 
 PICT, n. [L. pictiu, pinffo.] [.\ctD. 
 
 A person whose boily is painted. 
 PIC rs, n. pt. A tribe of Scythians or Germans who 
 
 seliled in Scotland. 
 '''*'-'|"<">'R'-AL, a. [h. pictor, a painter.] 
 
 Piriainiii!! to pictures; illiistnted by pictures; 
 n. Vi'llS, .""■""*' ! as. apidffrin; Imaaination 
 Plt -rO Rl-AULV, ode. With pictures. 
 
 Pie'Ti;R-.\L, 71. A representation. [J\ut in use.] 
 
 Spensrr. 
 
 Pie'T^UE, (pikt'ynr,) n. [L. pictiira, from pinjfo, to 
 paint ; It. pittura.] 
 
 1. A painting or drawing exhibiting tlic resem- 
 blance of any thing ; a likeness drawn in colors. 
 
 Pictures iiiiit kh.ipcs .-ire bin »ccoiulary oljJ«-cu. Bacon, 
 
 2. The works of painters ; painting. 
 
 Quiiitiliiin, v,-i\fn h" 8:tw any w.-lI.rxprrM'**! image of ^ft, 
 piUi'-r ill picture or sculplure, woiil.l iisii<ill}* weep. WoUun. 
 
 3. Any resemblance or representation, either to 
 the eye or to the understanding. Thus we say, a 
 child is the picture of his father, the poet has drawn 
 an exipiisite picture of grief. 
 
 Pie'TIJRE, V. I. To paint a resemblance. 
 
 Lovp is Wke a painlT wlio, in dr.nvin^ the picliire of a fri''ntl 
 hiiviii;' II lili-iiiii>tl ill one eye, would picture only ttw otiier 
 siile o? tilt* litce. £>'oul/i. 
 
 2. To represent ; to form or present an ideal like- 
 ness. 
 
 I do picture it in iny mind. Spenser. 
 
 Pie'TUR-ED, pp. or a. Painted in resemblance ; 
 drawn in colors ; represented. 
 
 PIC'TURK^FR.^.ME, n. A frame, more or less orna- 
 mented, » Inch surrounds a picture, and sets it off to 
 advantase. 
 
 PI0'TI;RI;-GAI,'LER-Y, n. a gallery or large ap- 
 p:irtnient ill which pictures are hung up for exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 PIC'TlIRE-LiKE, a. After the manner of a picture. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 PIC-TT;R-F..''ai'E', (pikt-yur-esk',)a. [Fr. pitte>rr.-.iiue ; 
 It. pitloreseu : from the I*, ptctura or pictor. In Eng- 
 lish this woiilil be picfiirislt.] 
 
 Expri ssing that peculiar kind of beauty which is 
 agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial; striking 
 the ininil with great |Miwer or pleasure in reprt:sent- 
 iim objects of vision, and in |>aiiitiiig to the imagina- 
 tion any cii ciiinstance or event as clearly as if deline- 
 ated in a picture. Oraii. 
 
 Pie-TliR FXiL E'LY, (pikt-yur-esk'ly,) a<7e. In a 
 pictiire-ipie nianiier. Mont^omenj. 
 
 PI€-T(;R-ESUUE'NESS, n. The state of being pic- 
 tiiresipie. Price, 
 
 PIC'UL, n. In China, a weight of 133', lbs. It is 
 divided into lOU catties, or 1000 tacls. The Chinese 
 call it Tan. Malcum. 
 
 PID'DLE, v. i. [This is a ditfcrent spelling of Pludle, 
 or from the same source.] 
 
 1. To deal in trilies ; to spend time in trifling oh- 
 jocts ; to attend to trivial concerns or the small parLs 
 rather than to the main. Jlinsinorth. 
 
 2. To pick at table ; to eat or drink squeamishly 
 or without ridish. Sicift. 
 
 This word is now scarcely used, except as a 
 child's word, in the sense, to make water. Smart. 
 PID'DLER, n. One who busies himself about little 
 things. 
 
 2. One that eats squeamishly or without appetite. 
 PIE, (pi,) n. [It. pi^rhe, perhaps from tlie paste ; Gr. 
 Tiaxu^, thick ; or from mixing.] 
 
 An article of food consisting of paste baked with 
 something in it or under it, as apple, minced meat, 
 &c. 
 
 PIE, 71. [L. pica ; W. pios.] 
 
 1. The magpie, a party-colored bird, or Pica. It is 
 sonietiiiies written Pvt. 
 
 2. The oltl Roman Catholic service-book, supposed 
 to be so called from the dillerent color of the text and 
 rubric, or from tttera picata, a large black letter, used 
 at the beginning of each order. 
 
 3. Printers' tyjies mixed or unsorted. 
 
 Cock and pic; an adjuration by the pie or service- 
 book, and by the sacred name of the Ueity cornipted. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 PIE'R.AI.n, a. [Sp. pio, of various colors.] 
 
 of various colors; diversified in color; as, a pie- 
 
 bahl horse. Pope. 
 PIE'-PLANT, ) n. The garden rhubarb, used asa 
 PIE'-RUO'liARR, t substitute fur apples in making 
 
 pies. 
 
 PIP.CE, (peese,) 71. [Fr. piice; It. peiio; Sp. pieza; 
 Porl.p«fa; Ir. pinsa ; Arm. pr;. If tJie elements of 
 this word are Bz, 11 may be from tile lleb. Ch. Syr. 
 and Ar. ys3, to cut olf or clip. ] 
 
 1. A fragmeni or part of any thing separated from 
 the whole, in any manner, by cuttiiii:, splitting, 
 breakini!, or tearing; as, to cut in piecM, break in 
 picrr.v, tear in pieee.-i, pull in pieces, &c. ; a piece of a 
 rock ; a piece of paper. 
 
 2. A part of any thing, though not separated, or 
 separated only in idea ; not the whole ; a portion ; 
 as, a piece of excellent know ledi'C. TiUotson. 
 
 3. ,\ distini'l p.irt or ipiantity ; a part considered 
 by itself, or sejinrated from tile rest only by a boun- 
 dary or divisional line ; an, a piece of land in the 
 meadow or on the mountain. 
 
 4. A separate part ; a thing or portion distinct 
 from others of a like kind ; as, a pi'ce of timber ; a 
 piece of cloth ; a piece of pap •p-lianiriiiss. 
 
 5. A composition, essay, or wriline, of no gre.nt 
 lenstli ; as, a piece of poetry or prose ; a pi*c« of 
 
 (". A separate performance ; a distinct portion of 
 labor ; as, a piece of work. 
 
 7. A picture or painting. 
 
 If unnAtiiral, the Hnesl colon are but daubing, and Ibe pisrs ta ■ 
 Ijcauulul nioiitt^T at the beat. Dryden. 
 
 8. A coin ; as, a piece of eight. 
 
 9. A gun or single part of ordnance. We apply 
 the word to a cannon, a mortar, or a musket. Large 
 giins are called battering pieces; smaller guns are 
 called field pieces. 
 
 10. In hcraldrij, an ordinary or charge. The fess, 
 the bend, the pale, the bar, the cross, the saltier, the 
 chevron, are called honorable pieces. 
 
 11. Ill ridicule or contempt. A piece of a lawyer 
 is a siiiatlcrer. 
 
 12. A castle ; a building. [M'ot in use.] Sprnser. 
 .Apiece; to each ; as, he paid the men a dollar apifce. 
 0/ a piece ; like ; of the same sort, as if taken t'roiii 
 
 the same whole. They seemed all of a piece. Some- 
 times followed by icitli. 
 
 Tlie poet must be of a piece iritA the apcctaton, to fain r-pula- 
 Uun. Dtyden. 
 
 Piece of eight ; a piaster, which see. 
 PIkCE, v. t. To enlarge or mend by the addition of a 
 
 piece ; to patch ; as, to piece a garnicnt ; to piece the 
 
 time. Shak. 
 To piece out ; to extend or enlarge by addition of a 
 
 piece or pieces. Temple^ 
 PlicCE, r. i. To unite by a ci<alesccncc of parts; to 
 
 b^ compacted, as parts intt a whole. Baron. 
 PIkC'I-.'L), (peest,) pp. or a. Mended or enlarged by a 
 
 piece or pieces. 
 PIkCE'LESS, a. Not made of pieces; consisting of 
 
 an entire thing. Donne. 
 PIECI-'-MRAL, arft». [piece and Sax. tnc{, time. Uu.] 
 
 1. In pieces ; in fragments. 
 
 On whicli ii piecemeci broke. t^hapjrjln. 
 
 2. By pieces ; by little and little in succession. 
 
 P'leccmenl they win ihi* acr- first, thi'n th.it. Pope. 
 
 PIkCE'.Mk.VL, a. Single; separate; made of parts 
 
 or pieces. South, 
 P1E(3e'.M£.\L-ED, a. Divided into small pieces. 
 
 Col^ave, 
 
 PIl~r'i;R. n. One that pieces ; a patrlier. 
 
 PiKt'E \\ ORK, ". Work done by the piece or job. 
 
 PIRCI.Nti, ppr. Enlarging; patching. 
 
 PIEI), (pide,) a. [.Allied pr"b,ibly to pic, in piebald, and 
 
 a contracted word, perhaps from the root of L. 
 
 pictius.] 
 
 Variegated with spots of different colors ; spotted. 
 We now apply the wurd chiefiy or wholly to animals 
 which are marked w itii large spots of different 
 colors. If the spots are small, we use SeE< klld. 
 This distinction was not formerly observed, anil in 
 some cases, pied is elegantly used to express a diver- 
 sity of colors in small spots. 
 
 Meadows trim with iluisics pici. Alitlon. 
 
 PIED'XESS, n. Diversity of colors in spots. Shak. 
 
 PIE DROIT, (pee drwi,)!!. [Fr.] In architecture, 
 pier or square pillar, without base or capitid, [lartly 
 hid within a wall. Braniie. 
 
 PlKL'f;n, (peeld) a. [See Peel.] Bald ; bare. 
 
 l'IE'POI.'-l)RE, I 71. [Fr. pird, foot, and poudreuz, 
 
 PIE'POW-DER, i dusty, from poudre, dust; or pied 
 puldreaiLz, a peddler.] 
 
 An ancient court of record in England, incident 
 to every fair ami market, of which the steward of 
 him who owns or has the toll is the judge. It had 
 jurisdiction of all causes arising in the fair or market. 
 
 BlacL.'ti'ne. 
 
 PIeR, n. [Sax. per, pere ; D. ifrr, steene beer. If this 
 word is from the French pierre, it is a contraction of 
 L. pctra. But more probably it is not from the 
 French.] 
 
 1. A mass of solid stone-work for supporting an 
 arch or the timbers of a bridge or other huildini!. 
 
 2. A mass of stone-work, or a mole, projecting in- 
 to the sea, for breaking the force of tlie waves and 
 making a safe harbor. 
 
 3. A projecting wharf or landing-place. 
 
 4. A part of the "all of a house between windows 
 or doors of a building. 
 
 PIlf.R'AGE, n. Toll for using a marine pier. Smart. 
 PIER'-<;LXSS, n. A mirror or glass hanging U'tween 
 windows, 
 
 PIl":R'-TA-BLE, n. A table standing between win- 
 dows. 
 
 Pll";RCE, (peers.) r. f. [Fr. prreer: Gr. rtipt.'. The 
 primary sense is prohahfy, to thrust or drive, and the 
 word may be connected in origin with the W. ber, ur 
 pfr, a spit, a Mprar, Ir. bior.\ 
 
 1. To thrust into with a pointed instniment ; as, 
 to pi>rrf the body Willi a sword or spear ; to pierce tbe 
 side with a thorn. 
 
 2. To penetrate ; to enter ; to force a way into ; as, 
 a column of troops pierced the main body of the en- 
 emy ; a shot pierced the ship. 
 
 3. To penetrate the heart deeply ; to touch the pas- 
 sions ; to excite or itirect the passions. 1 T tin. vi. 
 
 4. To dive or [x-in traie into, as a secret or puriiose. 
 PIERCE, r. i. To enter, .as a (lointed mstriiiin ni. 
 
 2. To penetrate , to force a way into or Ihroiigb 
 
 TC.VE, BI,LL, U.MTE.— AX"GER, yi"CIOt'S. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 im 
 
PIG 
 
 PIL 
 
 PIL 
 
 any thing. The shot pierced through the side of the 
 ship. 
 
 Her teara will pierce into a marble heart. ShaJe. 
 
 3. To enter ; to dive or penetrate, as into a secret. 
 
 She wtHilil not pierce furtlier inw lueauing than himsell sliotild 
 decLire, Sidney, 
 
 4. To atTect deeply. 
 
 PiKRCE'A-IiLE, a. Tliat may be pierced. Spenser. 
 
 PI£KC'£D, (peerst,) pp. or a. Perforated ; penetrated ; 
 entered by force ; transfixed. 
 
 PIERCER, 71. An instrument that pierces, penetrates, 
 or bores. 
 9. One that pierces or perforates. 
 
 PIkRC'IN'G, ppr. Penetrating ; perforating; entering, 
 as a pointed instrument ; making a way by force in- 
 to anotlier body. 
 
 2. Affecting deeply ; as, eloquence piercing the 
 heart. 
 
 3. a. Affecting; cutting; keen. 
 PFkUC'ING, n. 'J'lie act of penetrating with force. 
 PIkRC'ING-LY, adv. Witli penetrating force or ef- 
 fect : sharply. 
 
 PIRRC'ING-N'ESS, 71. The power of piercing or pen- 
 etrating; sharpness; keenness. Derham. 
 Pl-E'lU-A.\, a. Pertaining to the muses. 
 
 Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. Pope. 
 
 Pt'ET or PI'OT, 7!. [from pie.] A magpie. 
 
 Pi'E-TISM, 71. [See Pietv.] The fervent religion of 
 tile German Pietists 
 
 PI'E-TIST, 71. An appellation given to Spener, Franke, 
 and other German reformers, wlin endeavored to re- 
 vive piety in the Lutheran churches, neiir the close 
 of the seventeenth century. They published many 
 books on experimental and practical religion, estab- 
 lished the Orphan House at Halle, educatetl many 
 pious ministers for Germany, and raised up mission- 
 aries f >r the East Indies, and for the United States. 
 But iiKiuy ilisliked and opposed them, and the name 
 of Piilisi bi caine, in Germany, nearly equivalent to 
 that of Mrtliodijt in England. Murdoch. 
 
 Pi IJ-TlST'ie, a. Pertaining to the Pietists. 
 
 PI'E-TY, 71. [Ij. pietas, from piits, or its root, probably 
 a contracted woid ; Fr. piete ,* it. pietd, piety, and 
 pity; Sp. piedfulj piety, pity, charity.] 
 
 J. Piety in principle, i» a comptiiind of veneration 
 or reverence of the Supreme Being and love of his 
 character, or veneration accompanied with love ; and 
 piel-ij in practice, is the exercise of these affections in 
 obedience to his will and devotion to his service. 
 
 Pieli/ a the only proper and adequate relief of decayinsj m'tn. 
 
 Jiainbler. 
 
 2. Reverence of parents or friends, accompanied 
 with affection and devotion to their honor and hap- 
 Iiiness. 
 
 PI-E-ZOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. jri£{;w, to press, and per- 
 pov, measure.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the compressibility 
 of water, and the degree of such compressibility un- 
 der any given weight. Perkins. 
 
 PIG, 71. [0. big. In Sax. piVa, Dan. pige,\s a little 
 girl ; Sw. piga, a maid servant. The word signilies 
 a little one, or issue.] 
 
 1. The young of swine, male or female. 
 
 2. An oblong mass of iinforged iron, lead, or other 
 metal. A pig of lead is the eighth of a futlu r, or 250 
 pounds. Kncyc. 
 
 PIG, 1). (. or i. To bring forth pigs. 
 
 2. To lie togethrr like pigs. Burke. 
 PIG'-E? KD, (-idc,) a. Having small eyes sunk deep 
 in the head. 
 
 PIG'-I R0.\, ( I-urn,) 71. Iron in pigs, or as first ex- 
 tracted from the ore. 
 
 PIG'-LEAD, (-led,) 71. Lead in pigs, or as first ex- 
 tracted from the ore. 
 
 PIG'EO.N, (pij'iin,) n. [Fr. iW. ;.It. piccione. This 
 word seems to belong to the family of pick, peck, 
 pic, pica.] 
 
 A gallinaceous bird, of the genus Columba, of sev- 
 eral species, as the stock-dove, the ring-dove, the tur- 
 tle-dove, and the migratory or wild pigeon of Amer- 
 ica. The domestic pigeon breeds in a box, often at- 
 tached to a building, called a dove-cote or pigcon- 
 hiiujtr. 'J'he wild pigeon builds a nest on a tree in 
 the forest. 
 
 [To pigeon, \9 a cant word for to /«fc«, or strip of 
 money by the arts of gambling. Smart.] 
 PIG'EO.N-FOQT, 71. A jilant. Mnmnorth. 
 PIG'EO.N-llfcxRT'EI), o. Timid; easily frightened. 
 
 JirMvm. 
 
 prC'EOX-IIOLE, 71. A hole for pigeons to enter their 
 dwi'lliiig. ilcnce, 
 2. A little opening or division in n case for papers. 
 
 PlC'EON-llrtLEa, 71. pt. An old English game in 
 wliir.h balls were rolled through little cavities or 
 arches. Strcvens. 
 
 PIC'EO,\-LIV'EU-f:D, a. Mild in temper ; «oft ; gen- 
 tle. Skak. 
 
 PIfi'P,O.N'-PEA, 71. A plant and its seed, a kind of 
 
 fiulse, used for food in the K.'ist and West liidios. It 
 K the (.'ytlHiiM Cabin (»f Linnieiis. P. Cijc. /^tudan. 
 PIG'GER-V, 71. All ini'iosure containing a collection 
 
 of Hiiiall NticK for HWiiie. 
 
 tlu. Rrv. 
 
 PICGIN, 71. [Scot., a milking pail.] A small wood- 
 en vessel with an erect handle, used as a dipper. 
 
 PIG'-HEAD-ED, (-hed-ed,) a. Having a large head ; 
 stupid. ' B. Jonson. 
 
 PiGHT, (pite,) p/i. [Scot. pio-At, or picAt; from j)i£cA, 
 W. piciaw.] 
 
 Pitched ; fixed ; determined. [06s.] SfiaJt. 
 PiGHT, (pite,) B «. [W.pigaw.] 
 
 To pierce. [ 0*s.] WicUf. 
 PIGH'TEL, 71. A little inclosure. [Locah] 
 PIG-Mk'AN, a. [from pigmy.] Very small ; like a 
 pigmy ; as, an image of pigmean size. [See Pygme- 
 an.] Parkhurst. 
 PIG'iME\T, 71. [L. pigmentum, from the root of pingo, 
 to paint.] 
 
 Paint ; a preparation used by painters, &.C., to im- 
 part colors to bodies. • Encyc. 
 PIG-MEiNT'AL, a. Pertaining to pigments. 
 
 Priichard. 
 
 PIG'MY, 71. [It. Sp. and Port, pigmrjj ; L. pygnucus ; 
 Gr. Trt'j/iuiuf, from iro) /n;, tlie fist.] 
 
 A dwarf; a person of very small stature ; a name 
 applied to a fabled nation said to have been devoured 
 by cranes. 
 
 PIG'MY, a. Very small in size; mean; feeble; in- 
 considerable. 
 
 PIG-NO-Ra'TION, n. [L. pignero, to pledge.] 
 The act of pledging or pawning. 
 
 PIG'NO-RA-TIVE, a. Pledging; pawning. [Little 
 used.] Diet. 
 
 PIG'-NUT, 71. [pin' and 7iii«.] The ground-nut ; the 
 root of a plant of the genus Bunium ; al.so, a tree 
 and its fruit of the genus Carya, a species of hick- 
 ory. 
 
 PIGS'NEY, 71. [Sax. piga, a little girl.] 
 
 A word of endearment to a girl. [Little used.] 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 PIG'-STV, 71. A sty or pen for pigs. 
 PIG'TaIL, 71. [piV and till/.] The tail of a pig. 
 
 2. A cue ; the hair of the head tied in the form of 
 a pig's tail. 
 
 3. A small roll of tobacco. 
 PIG-WID'GEON, (-vvid'jun,) 71. [pig anA widgeon.] 
 
 A fairy ; a cant worJ for any thing very small. 
 PIKE, 71. [This word belongs to a numerous family of 
 words expressing somet.'iing pointed, or a sharp point, 
 or, as verbs, to dart, to thrust, to prick ; Sav. piic, a 
 small needle ; W. pig, a point, a pike ; pigato, to 
 prick ; piciaw, to dart ; It. pica, a pike ; piccare, to 
 prick or sling ; Sp. pica, picar ; Fr. pique, piquer ; 
 Arm. picq, picqat ; D. pick i G. pieke ; Sw. and Dan. 
 pUc ; Eng. peak, beak, &c. Class Bg.l 
 
 1. A military weapon consisting of a long wooden 
 shaft or staff, with a flat steel head pointed, called 
 the spear. This weapon was formerly used by in- 
 fantry, but its use is now limited to officers, and it is 
 called a Sponton, or Sfontoo?t. Its use among sol- 
 diers is superseded by the bayonet. 
 
 2. A fork used in husbandry ; but we now use 
 Fork, or Pitchfork. Tusser. 
 
 3. Among turners, the iron sprigs used to fasten 
 any thing to be turned. Mnzon. 
 
 4. In icluhyologii, a fish of the genus Esox, so 
 named from its long shape, or from the form of 
 its snout. It is a fresh-water fish, living in deep 
 water, and very voracious, but very palatable food. 
 
 The pike, llie tyrant of the Sood. Pope. 
 
 PIK'El), (pikt,) a. Ending in a point ; acuminated. 
 PIKI'/LE T, ) 11. A light cake or muffin. [ Camden. 
 PTKE'MN, S Seward's /^erit. 
 
 PIKE'iMAN, 71. A soldier armed with a pike. 
 
 KnoUes. 
 
 PIKE'STAFF, 71. The staff or shaft of a pike. 
 
 Tatler. 
 
 PIK'RO-LITE, 71. [au. Gr. ttikpos, bitter, and XtOos, 
 a stone.] 
 
 A variety of serpentine. [See Picrolite.] 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 PI-LAS'TER, 71. [ll.pilastro; Yt.pilaslre; Sp. pilas- 
 tra, from pila, a pile, whence pillar.] 
 
 A .square column, sometimes insulated ; but usual- 
 ly set within a wall, and projecting only a fourth or 
 fifth of its diameter. Their bases, capitals, and en- 
 tablatures, have the same parts as those of columns. 
 
 GwiU. 
 
 PI-LAS'TER-f:n, a. Furnished with pilasters. 
 
 PILCH, 71. [It. pelticcia ; Fr. pelisse ; Sax. pylca,pij- 
 lece : L. pilli.i, a skin.] 
 
 A furred gown or case ; something lined with fur. 
 [.,V<.( used.] ClMucer. Sliak. 
 
 P1L'(;HARI), 71. [Ir. pihcir.] 
 
 A fish resembling the herring, but thicker and 
 rounder ; the nose is shorter, and turns up ; the un- 
 der jaw is shorter; the back more elevated, and the 
 belly less sharp. These fishes are caught on the 
 Cornish const, in England, about the middle of July, 
 in immense numbers, and furnish n considerable ar- 
 ticle of commerce. I'. Cijc. .Jardine's J^'nl. Lib. 
 
 PILCII'ER, 71. Any thing lined with fur, us a gown. 
 2. A fiih. (Sic I'li.ciiiiiii.] Milton. 
 
 PILE, 71. [Sp. anil ll. pila , I'urt. pilha ; Fr. pile 1 from 
 L. pUa ; (Jr. TriXu«. 'J'he iin/ri, mentioned by Pau- 
 Biinias, were heaps of stimes.] 
 
 1. A heap ; a mass or collection of things in a 
 roundish or elevated form; as, a pile of stones; a 
 piVf of bricks ; a pile of wood or timber ; a pile of 
 ruins. 
 
 2. A collection of combustibles for burning a dead 
 body ; as, a funeral pile. 
 
 3. A large building or mass of buildings ; an 
 edifice. 
 
 The pile o'erlooked the town and di«w the sight. Dryden. 
 
 4. A heap of balls or shot laid in horizontal courses, 
 rising into a pyramidical fcrm. 
 
 Pile, n. [D. paal; G. pfakl; Sw. and Dan. pol, a 
 pole ; L. palus ; D. pyl, an arrow or dart ; Sw. and 
 Dan. pi7, id. ; W. pill, a stem. These have the same 
 elements and the lilse radical meaning, that of a 
 shoot or extended thing.] 
 
 1. A large stake or piece of timber, pointed and 
 driven into the earth, as at the bottom of a river, or 
 in a harbor where the ground is soft, for the support 
 of a building or other superstructure. The stadthouse 
 in Amsterdam is supported by piles. 
 
 2. One side of a coin ; originally, a punch or 
 puncheon used in stamping figures on coins, and 
 containing the figures to be impressed. Hence the 
 arms-side of a coin is called the pile, and the head 
 the cross, which was formerly in the place of the 
 head. Hence, cross and pile. Encyc. 
 
 3. In heraldry, [one of the lesser ordinaries, re- 
 sembling a pile used in laying the foundatiims of 
 buildings in watery places, whence it has its name. — 
 E. //. Barker.] 
 
 PILE, 71. [D. pyl ; Dan. and Sw. pil; L. pilum.] 
 
 The head of an arrow. 
 Pile, 71. [h.pilus; G. boll; Hindoo, bal ; Gipsey, 
 ballow.] 
 
 Properly, a hair ; hence, the fiber of wool, cotton, 
 and the like ; hence, the nap, the fine hairy sub- 
 stance of the surface of cloth. 
 PILE, e. t. To lay or throw into a heap; to collect 
 many things into a in;iss ; as, to pile wood or stones. 
 
 2. To bring into an aggregate; to accumulate; 
 as, to pile quotations or comments. 
 
 Jltterbury. Frlton. 
 
 3. To fill with something heaped. Jlbbot. 
 
 4. To fill above the brim or top. 
 
 5. To break off the awns of threshed barley. 
 [Local] 
 
 6. To drive piles. 
 
 Sheet pile; to drive a piling of planks edge to 
 edge. Whence the noun sheet-piling. 
 PIL'E-ATE, i rr -1 i 
 PIL'E-A-TED, i [L. piieus, a cap.] 
 
 Having the form of a cap or cover for the head. 
 PiL'i'.T), pp. Heaped. [H'oodward. 
 PILE'-DRIV-ER, ) 71. An engine for driving down 
 PiLE'-EN-GINE, ( piles. Brande. 
 PILE'MENT, 71. An accumulation. [JVot tised.] 
 
 Hall. 
 
 PIL'ER, 71. [from pile, a heap.] One who piles or 
 forms a heap. 
 
 PILES, n. pt. The hemorrhoids, a disease consisting in 
 tumors formed by the dilatation of the blood-vessels 
 about the veriie of the anus. They nre called bleed- 
 mg-ptles, when there is a discharge of blood, and 
 blind piles when there is none. Forsyth. 
 
 PiLE'WORM, 71. A worm found in piles in Holland. 
 
 PiLE'WORT, (-vvurt,) 71. A plant. Ranunculus ficaria 
 of Linna'us, whose tuberous roots have been used in 
 poultices as a specific for the piles. Eorsijlh. 
 
 PIL'FER, I', i. [W. yspriliata, la pilfer; yspriliaw, to 
 spoil, to ravage ; Sp. pellizcur, to pinch, to pilfer, to 
 take little food. It seems to be allied to peel, pillage.] 
 To steal in small quantities; to prq^ice petty 
 theft ; as, a boy accustomed to pilfer. 
 
 A pilfering hand. Dryden. 
 
 PIL'FER, V. t. To steal or gain by petty theft; to 
 filch. 
 
 He would not pUfer the victory, and the defeat was easy. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 PIL'FER-KD, pp. or a. Stolen in small parcels. 
 I'lL'I'ER EIl, 71. One that pilfers or practices petty 
 
 theft. )'«ii)i;r'. 
 PIL'I"ER-ING, ppr. or a. Stealing; practicing petty 
 
 thefts. 
 
 PIL'FER-ING, 71. Petty theft. 
 
 Pilfering was so unlveml in all the Sonth Sea TBlan<ls, that ll 
 wan hardly recognued In the tnorul cutlc of Uie nacivrs as au 
 otVeiiKe, much Wim a crime. J. Sjxtrkf. 
 
 PIL'FER-ING-LV, arfi'. With iwtly theft ; filchingly. 
 
 PIL-(;.\R'Lie, (71. [pilled, prrhd, -.mii giirlic] 
 
 PILL KD-GXR'Lie, j One who has lost his hair by 
 disease ; a poor forsaken wretch. Steve.-ui. 
 
 PIL'GRI.M, n. [G. pilgrr ; Fr. pelcrin ; It. pellegtino ; 
 Sp. and Port, peregrino ; L. peregrinus. (lu. L. 
 peragrn, to wander. In \V. pererin is a pilgrim, and 
 pelliinig is wiiiiilering, far-roaming, from pellau, to 
 remove far. coinciding with the L. palor. The Corn. 
 pirgrin anil Arm. pirchirtn seem to he the L. pert 
 gnnus. The I), palsrok, a pilgrim's coat, and paister- 
 .slok, n pilgrim's staff, indicate that the first syllable 
 in fnim the root of L. palor, to wander. The uncer- 
 tainly of the true original orthography renders the 
 derivation uncertain.] 
 
 FATE, FXR, Fy^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PtNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
PIL 
 
 1. A wanderer ; a traveler ; particiilarlij, one that 
 travels to a distance from his own country ti> visit a 
 holy place, or to pay his devotion to the remains of 
 dead saints. [See Pil(;r[Ma(jk.] 
 
 2. In Scripture, one that lias only a temporary resi- 
 dence on earth. Heb. xi. 
 
 riL'GRIM, 0. i. To wander or ramble. [JVot Jtsed.] 
 
 Grea. 
 
 PII/GRUf-AGE, n. A long jonrney, particularltj a 
 journey to some place deemed sacred and venerable, 
 in order to pay devotion to the relics of some de- 
 ceased saint. Thus, in the middle ages, kinjs, 
 princes, bishops, and others, made pil^riwairfs to 
 Jerusalem, in pions devotion to the .*avior. Pilsrims 
 now resort to I.oretto, in Italy, to visit the chamber 
 of the blessed Virsin, and the .Mohammedans mal<e 
 pilgrimages to Mecca, where their pro|ihct was 
 buried. 
 
 9. In Scripture, the journey of human life. Oen. 
 xlvii. 
 
 3. Time irksomely spent. S/m/f. 
 PIL'GRI.M-IZE, V. i. To wander about as a piliirim. 
 
 [A'o' iisrtf.] B. Joiison, 
 
 PI-I,IF'BU-Oi;S, a. Bearing hairs. Loudon. 
 PI-LKVER-OUS, a. [L. pilu.i and jero.] 
 
 Hearing hair; covered with hair. 
 Pll/IXn, ppr. Heaping. 
 
 PILL, n. [ L. pilii, a ball ; piliila, a little ball ; W. pel, 
 a ball ; Ir. pillim, to roll. It is probable that this 
 word and ball are of the same family.] 
 
 1. In pliiirmari!, a medicine in the form of a little 
 ball or small round mass, to be swallowed whole. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 9. Any thing nauseous. Youa<r. 
 PILL, 1-. (. [Fr. pilirr: It. pigliare : Sp. pillar.] 
 
 To roh ; to plunder ; to pillage, that is, to prcl, to 
 strip. [See Peel, the same word in the proper Eng- 
 lish orthography.] 
 PILL, i: i. To be peeled ; to come off in flakes. 
 
 Shak. Dryden. 
 
 9. To rob. [See Peei..] 
 PIL'LAGE, n. [Fr., from piUrr, to strip or peel.] 
 
 1. Plunder ; spoil ; that which is taken from 
 another by open force, particularly and chiefly from 
 enemies in war. 
 
 2. The act of plundering. 
 
 PIL'L.\GE, V. t. To strip of money or poods by open 
 violence ; as, troops pillage the camp or towns of an 
 enemy ; to plunder ; to spoil. It differs from steal- 
 ing, as it implies open viidence, and from rubbery, 
 which may be committed by one individual on 
 another: whereas pillaging is usually the act of 
 bands or numbers. To pillage i\ni\ to rob are, how- 
 ever, S(mietimes used synonymously. 
 
 PIL'LA-GKD, pp. Plundered' by open force. 
 
 PIL'LA-GER, K, One that plunders by open violence ; 
 a plunderer. 
 
 PIL'LA GL\G, ppr. Plundering; stripping. 
 
 PIL'LAR, n. [Fr. pilier : Sp. and Port, pilar; It. pila 
 or ptiirre : L. pila, a pile, a pillar, a m()rt;tr and pestle. 
 The L. pila denotes a heap, or things thrown, put, 
 or driven together ; W. pilrr ; Ir. pUeir ; Sw. pclare ; 
 D:\n.pillf; D. piilanr : O. pfriler.] 
 Literally, a pile or heap. Hence, 
 
 1. A kind of irregular column, round and insulate, 
 but deviating from the proportions of a just cuhunn. 
 Pillars are either too massive or too slender for regu- 
 lar architecture ; they are not restricted to any rules, 
 and their parts and proportions are arbitrary. A 
 square pillar is a massive work, called also a Pier or 
 PiEDRoiT, serving to support arches, &c. 
 
 Otailt. Olonn. ofArchit. 
 9. A supporter ; that which sustains or upholds ; 
 that ott which some superstructure rests, Qal. ii. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. A monument raised to commemorate any per- 
 son or remarkable transaction j it may be a single 
 stone. 
 
 Ami Jacob B€t a pttlar on her grurc. — Gen. IXX7. 2 Sam. 
 xviii. 
 
 4. Something resembling a pillar; as, a pillar of 
 salL Grn, \\\. 
 
 So a pillar of cloud, a pillar of fire. Ezod. xiii. 
 
 5. Foundation ; support. Job ix. 
 
 6. In ships, a stanchion of woikI or iron fixed per- 
 pendicularly under the middle of the beams for sup- 
 porting the decks. Cye. 
 
 7. In tlie mamge, the center of the volta, rim, or 
 manege ground, aruunil which a horse turns. There 
 are also pillars on the circumference or side, placed 
 at certain distances by two and two. 
 
 PIL'LAR-ED.o, Supported by pillars. Milton. 
 
 2. Having the form of a pillar. Thom.ion. 
 PIL'LAR-IST, n, [from pillar.] A stylite ; one of an 
 
 ancient sect of Christians who stood continually on 
 a pillar, by way of mortification, or for a trial of their 
 patience. [See Stvlite.] Coleman. 
 PIL-LAU', n. Boiled rice and mutton fat, a Turkish 
 dish. 
 
 PILL'FD, (pild,) pp. Robbed ; peeled. 
 PIL'LER, n. One that pills or plunders. [A'ot used.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 PIL'LER- Y,n. Plunder ; pillage ; rapine. [JVut i;i inf.] 
 
 JIuloet. 
 
 PIM 
 
 PIL'I.IOX, (pil'yuu,) n. [Ir. pilliii : from pile, L. pilus, 
 hair, or from stuffing. See Pillow.] 
 
 1. A cushion for a woman to rule on behind a per- 
 son on horseback. Sirifl. 
 
 2. A pad ; a p.innel ; a low saddle. Spenser. 
 
 3. The pad of a saddle that rests on the horse's 
 PIL'LO-RI-£D, a. Put in a pillory. [back. 
 PIL'LO Uy, 71. [Ir. pilori, pioluir; Fr. pilori; Arm. 
 
 houilhnur; from the root of L. pnlus, a stake, a pile, 
 G. pfakl. .^n den pfahl stellen, to put in the ptllonj.] 
 
 A frame of wood erected on posts, with movable 
 boards and holes, through whirh are put the head 
 and hands of a criminal fur ptinislinient. 
 PIL'LO-KV, V. t. To punish with the pillory. 
 
 Gov. of the Tongue. 
 PIL'I.OW, n. [i^nx. pile, OT pyle ; \r. pilliur ; h. pulvi- 
 iiar ; from L. pilu.t, hair, or from stulfing.] 
 
 1. A long cushion to support the head of a person 
 when reposing on a bed ; a sack or case filled with 
 feathers, down, or other soft material. 
 
 2. In a .ihip, the block on which the inner end of 
 a bowsprit is supported. Mnr. Diet. 
 
 The pillow of a plojr, is a cross piece of wood 
 which serves to raise or lower the beam. Cye. 
 
 PIL' LOW, p. (. To rest or lay on for support. Milton. 
 
 PI L'l,0\V-nil?.R, j ji. The movable case or sack 
 
 PIL'LO\V-€.aSE, i which is drawn over a pillow. 
 Pillow -/jirr is the pillow-Afar/r. 
 
 PIL'I OU'-KD, pp. or a. Supported by a pillow. 
 
 PI l/L6VV-I.N'G, ppr. Resting or laying on a pillow. 
 
 PlL'LoW-Y, a. Like a pillow. Soutkey. 
 
 Pl'l'or'^ * I ^ f^' P'^"*'"*** '"ro"* pilu3, hair.] 
 
 Hairy. A pilose leaf, in botany, is one covered 
 with loiiz, distinct hairs. A pilose receptacle has 
 hairs bftween the florets. Mnrlyn. 
 
 PT LOS'l-TY, n. [Supra.] Hairiness. Bacon. 
 
 PI'LOT, n. [Fr. pilute ; It. Sp. and Port, pilotn. The 
 French woni piloter sicuifies to drive in piles, as 
 well as to pilot, and pilotage is a piling, pile-work, a 
 foundation of piles. .Ann. pilochn, to drive piles. 
 The O. loutA, G. lothse, and Dan. lods, are from lead; 
 the pilot, then, is the lead-man, he that throws the 
 lead.] 
 
 1. One who steers a ship in a dangerous naviga- 
 tion, or rather one whose ofiice or occupation is to 
 steer ships, particularly along a coast, or into and 
 out of a harbor, bay, or river, where navigation is 
 dangerous. 
 
 2. A guide ; a director of the course of another 
 pers(Ui. [/« collo([uial iise.] 
 
 PI'LOT, r. (. To direct the course of a ship in any 
 place where navigation is dangerous. 
 
 2. Figuratively, to guide one through dangers or 
 difficulties. 
 
 PI'LOT-AGE, 71. The compensation made or allowed 
 to one who directs the course of a ship. 
 
 2. The pilot's skill or knowledge of coasts, rocks, 
 bars, and channels. [JVut now used,] Raleirh. 
 
 PI'LOT-FISH, 77. A fish of the mackerel family and 
 genus Naucrates, of an oblong shape ; so named be- 
 cause it often accompanies ships; and as this is also 
 done by sharks, it has been said that tlie former acts 
 as a guide or pilot to the latter. Buchanan. 
 
 PI'LOT-ING, ppr. Steering, as a ship in dangerous 
 navigation. 
 
 PI'LOT L\G, 77. The act of steering a ship. 
 PI'LOT ISM, (7^ Pilotage ; skill in piloting. [Xol 
 PI'LOT-RY, ( i/.W.] 
 PI'LOIJS, a. [L. pilosns. See Pilose.] 
 
 1. Hairy ; abounding with hair. Robinson. 
 
 2. Consisting of hair. 
 
 PIL'SER, 71. The moth or fly that runs into a flame. 
 
 j9inswvrtA. 
 
 PI.M E-LTTE, 71. [Gr. murXr,, fat, and Xr(/ t, stone.] 
 A green clay or earth, colored by the ovyd of 
 nickel. IMna. 
 
 PI' M E.N'T, 77. Wine with a mixture of spice or honey. 
 
 PI-ME.N'TO, ) ■ ■ , ^ [Chaucer. 
 
 P1-iMEN'Ta! j "• [^'P- P'""«'"a-] *■ 
 
 Jamaica pepper, popularly called Allspice. The 
 tree producing this spice is the Myrtus Pimenta of 
 Linnipus, and the Eugenia Pimenta of De Candolle. 
 It grows spontaneously in Jamaica in great abun- 
 dance, p. Cyc. 
 
 PIMP, 71. A man who provides gmtifications for the 
 lust of others ; a procurer j a pander. Mdison. 
 
 PIMP, B. i. To pander; to procure lewd women for 
 the cratification of others. 
 
 PIM'PKR-.VEL, ( 71. [U pimpinella; Fr. pimpre- 
 
 PIM'PI-NEL, j 7if/;«.] 
 
 The name of several plants of different genera. 
 The scarlet pimpernel is of the genus Anagallis, the 
 trafcr pimpernel of the genus Veronica, and the yel- 
 low pimpernel of the genus Lysiinachia. Lee. 
 
 PI.M'PIL-LO, 77. A plant of the order Cactaceffi, or 
 Indian fig family. 
 
 PIM-PI-NEL'L.\, II. A genus of plants, including 
 tlie.bifrnet saxifrane and the anise. London. 
 
 PIMP'I.NG, ppr. Pandering; procuring lewd women 
 fur i>thers. 
 
 PI.MP'I.NG, a. Little; petty. Skinner. 
 PI.M'PLE, (pim'pl,) 71. [Sax. pinpel; probably from 
 pin, or its root.] 
 
 PIN 
 
 A suinll, acniuinateil elevation of the cuticle, not 
 containing a fluid, nor tending to s ippurativn ; com- 
 monly tenntii;itlng in scurf. Good. 
 PIM'PLA.I), a. Having pimples on the skin; full of 
 pini[)les. 
 
 PI, MP' LIKE, a. Like a pimp ; vile ; infamous ; mean. 
 
 PI.M'PLY, «. Pimpled; having pimples. 
 
 PI.\, 71. [\V. 7>iii, a pin or pen ; piner, piniaw, to pin ; 
 Ir. pion ; Sw. pinne, whence pinn-suin, pin-swine, the 
 porcupine; Dan. pind, a sprig; pind.-tviin, the porcu- 
 pine ; Purl, pino, a peg ; D. 77^/1, penne, a ;7i/t or peg ; 
 G. pinne. a pin ; pinsel, a pencil ; Fr. epine, a .fi>iHe, 
 and qu. epingle, a pin ; L. penna, pinna ; \V. pen, a 
 siiMimit ; Sax. ;7i7i, a pen, and pinn-treow, the pine- 
 tree. (See Pi> E, Fi M, ami PoBci pi Nr.) This word 
 denotes a sharp point or end, or that which fastens ; 
 Sax. pinnn, pyndan. If the sense is a point, it is a 
 shoot. From this is funned spine, W. yspin.] 
 
 1. A small pointed instrument made of brass wire 
 and headed ; used chiefly by females for fastening 
 their clothes. 
 
 2. A piece of wood or metal sharpened or pointed, 
 used to fasten together boards, plank, or other tim- 
 ber. I'he larger pins of metal are usiiallj' called 
 bolts, and the wooden pins used in ship-buildiiig are 
 called treenails, (trunnels.) A small wooden pin is 
 called a peg. 
 
 3. A thing of little value. It is not a pin's matter. 
 I care not a ;/i7i. 
 
 4. A linchpin. 
 
 5. The central part. Shak. 
 
 fi. A peg used in musical instruments in straining 
 and relaxing the strings. 
 
 7. A note or strain. [Vulgar, and not a..vrf.] 
 
 L' Estrange. 
 
 8. A horny induration of the membranes of the 
 eye. J/anmer. 
 
 9. A cylindrical roller made of wood. Corbet, 
 
 10. A noxious humor in a hawk's foot. Ainsworlk. 
 
 11. The pill of a block is the axis of the sheave. 
 PIN, !■. t. I \V. piniaw.] 
 
 1. To fasten with a pin or with pins of any kind ; 
 as, to ;7(/i the clothes ; t(» pin boards or timbers. 
 
 2. "To fasten ; to make fast ; or to join and fasten 
 together. 
 
 Our ^.\ip% — we havr but jiinned with mslif^a. Shak. 
 She fifi'-ii the piiiicesa Irum ilic earth, and »o lockt her in em- 
 bracing, as if she would pin her to her he;vrl. SkaJc. 
 
 3. To inclose ; to confine. Hooker. 
 [Sec the verbs Pe.v and Pound.] 
 
 PIN, 71. In China, a petitiim or address of foreigners 
 
 to the emperor, or any of his deputies. 
 PI.\'A-FORE, 71. An apron for the front part of the 
 
 body. 
 
 PI-.\AS'TER, 77. [L. See Pine. J The specific name 
 of the Cluster-Pine of the south of Europe, 
 
 PIN'CaSE, 71. A case for holding pins. 
 
 PIN'CERS, 77. 71/. The French pincer being converted 
 into pinch, in English, the noun derived from it reg- 
 ularly is PixcHERs, which is the word commonly 
 and properly used. 
 
 Pl.N't'll, I'. (. [Fr. pincer, formerly /7!7i.s-n- ; Arm. pinfia ; 
 Sp. pizrar ; it. pilzarc, pizzicure. These are evidently 
 from the root of IL piccare, to prick, smart, itch, to 
 peck, to provoke, Sp. and Port, picar, to sting or 
 prick, to peck, to dig, to bite or pinch, as cold. The 
 rout, then, is that of peck, pickj pike; and y7i7icA is 
 primardy to press between two sharp points, or to 
 prick. Hence, its peculiar application to pressure 
 between the fingers.] 
 
 1. To press hard or squeeze between the ends of 
 the fingers, tlie teeth, claws, or with an instru- 
 ment. &c. 
 
 2. To squeeze or compress between any two hard 
 
 bodies. 
 
 3. To squeeze the flesh till it is pained or livid. 
 
 4. To gripe ; to .straiten ; to oppress with w ant ; 
 as, to /;i7if/i a nation ; to piiicA the belly ; to be pinclied 
 for want of food. 
 
 5. To pain by constriction ; to distress ; as, piiicA- 
 ing colli. The winter pinches. 
 
 (i. To press ; to straiten by difficulties ; as, the ar- 
 gument pinches the objector. 
 
 The resjwndent is pinched with a Btrong ol.jnction. Watts. 
 
 7. To press hard ; to try thoroughly. Collier. 
 PI.XCII, r. I. To act with pressing force; to bear hard ; 
 to be puzzling. You see where the reasons pinch, 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 2. To spare ; to be straitened ; to be covetous. 
 
 The wretch whom avaiice bids to ptnc/t and spare, 
 
 Sunre, steal, and pilfer, U> enrich an heir. fVofi*.'in. 
 
 PINCH, n. A close compression with the ends of the 
 fingers ; also, that which is taken between the ends 
 of the fingers. Dryden. 
 
 2. A gripe ; a pang. Sltak. 
 
 3. Distress inflicted or suffered ; pressure ; op- 
 pression ; as, necessity's sharp pinch. Shak, 
 
 4. Straits ; difficulty ; time of distress from want. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 PIXCH'BECK, 71. [Said to be from the name of the 
 inventor.] 
 
 An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold In its 
 
 TC'NE, Bl'Ll,, IGNITE. — AN' GER, VT'CIOIS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 827 
 
PIN 
 
 PIN 
 
 PIO 
 
 appep.rance. The proportion of zinc is greater than 
 iti brass. Ure. 
 
 Pl.VCH'KR, n. He or that which pinches. 
 
 PtN'CU'ERS, n. yl. [from pinch, not t'rom the French 
 pincette. '\ 
 
 All iiislniinent for drawing nails from boards and 
 the V'Ma, or fir griping tilings to be lield fast. 
 
 [Tliis spelling would be preferable to Pincers, be- 
 cause it truly represents the common pronunciation 
 of the wont. J 
 
 PI.NX'II'LNG, ppr. or a. Compressing with the ends of 
 the fingers ; pressing; causing pain by constrictioif, 
 a.s cold or hunger. 
 
 Pl.VCII'ING, n. The act of compressing with the fin- 
 gers. 
 
 2. In rreneral, the act of squeezing or pressing. 
 PI\CII'[.\G-LV, adv. In a pinching way. 
 PIN'€LSH-ION, n. A small case stuffed with some 
 
 soft material, in which females stick pins for safety 
 
 and preservation. 
 PIX'UAR, n. I'he Jirachis hijpogtca, or ground-nut; 
 
 tile pea-nut. 
 
 PL\-L).\R'ie, a. After the style and manner of Pin- 
 dar. 
 
 PIN-DAR'ie, n. An ode in imitation of the odes of 
 Pindar, the Grecian, and prince of the lyric poets ; an 
 irrei!ular ode. .Addison, 
 
 PIN'-DU.ST, 71. Small particles of metal made by 
 _^poiuting pins. Ditrby, 
 
 Pl.\K, II. [Kr. pin; Sp. and It. pino ; L. pinus; Sax. 
 pinntrcnw, pin-tree ; D. pynbuovi^ W. pin-bren, pin- 
 tree, and pin/rwyz, pin-wood. 'I'hese words nidicate 
 that this name is from the leaves of the pine, which 
 resemble //i/i.-f. But the Welsh has also femid-wyz^ 
 from feinid, a rising to a point, from fain, a cone, 
 and gwyi, wood. The latter name is from the 
 cones.] 
 
 1. A tree of the genus Pinus, of many species, some 
 of which furnish timber of the most valuable kind. 
 The species wiiicli usually bear this name in tlie 
 United States, are the white pine, Pinus strobus, the 
 prince cf our forests ; the yellow pine, Pinus resi- 
 nosa ; ai.d the pitch pine, Pinus rigida. 
 
 9. In England, the terra pines is often applied to 
 pine,-apples. 
 
 PIXE, V. i. [Sax. pinan, to pain or torture, and to 
 pine or languish. 'J'his verb, in the sense of pain, is 
 found in the other Teutonic dialects, but not in the 
 sense of languishing. The latter sense is found in 
 
 the Gr. rreivaut, T£f &). See Ar. fanna, Class Bn, 
 
 No. 23, and ^yii, No. 25, and ^\ No. 29.] 
 
 1. To languish ; to lose flesh or wear away under 
 any distress or anxiety of mind ; to grow lean ; fol- 
 lo« ed sometimes by away. 
 
 Ye ahull not mourn nor weep, but ye shall pine away for your 
 iniquities. — Ezek. xrir. 
 
 2. To languish with desire ; to waste away with 
 longing for something ; usually followed by for. 
 
 Unknowing that she pined for yuur n-lurn. Dryden. 
 PINE, V. t. To wear out ; to make to languish. 
 
 Where shivering cwld and sickness pinet the cliuics. Shak. 
 Beroe pined wiui pain. Dryden. 
 
 2. To grieve for ; to bemoan in silence. 
 
 Abashed the devil 8too<i — 
 Virtue, in her own slmpe how lovely, saw, 
 Anil /An«i his loss. Milton. 
 
 [In the transitive sense this verb is now seldom 
 used, and this use is improper except by ellipsi.s.] 
 PINE, n. [Sax. pin, D. pyn, pain; Gr. Trcnopai, 
 troll c] 
 
 Woe ; want ; penury ; misery. Spenser. 
 [This is obsolete. See Paim ] 
 PIN'E-AL, a. [Fr. pineaU, from L. pim/ji.] 
 
 The pineal gland is a part of the brain, a heart- 
 like substance, about the bieneas of a pea, situated 
 immediately over the corpora qiiadrigemina, and 
 hanging from the tlialami nervorum opticorum, by 
 two crura or peduncles. It wa-s so called from its 
 shape, resembling a pine-apple. It was considered 
 by ncHrartf's as the scat of tin? soul. Jfooper. 
 PI.VE'-AP-PI>E, (-ap'pl,) H. The jinanas salivua of 
 Si'liultcH, and the Bromelia .^nanan of Linnieiis, 
 a tropical plant and il^ fruit, so called from the re- 
 semblance of the latter to the cone of the pine-tree. 
 
 Miller. I.ncke. 
 PINE-n.AR'RE.V, 7U Tract of barren land, producing 
 
 pineH. United States. 
 
 PI.VK'-CLAn, ) a. Clad or crowned with pinc- 
 
 PT.VK'-CIIOVVN-ED, ( trees. Jlenmn.i. 
 PI.N'E'FIJL, a. Full of woe. \ J^Tot used.] Hall. 
 ]' PLVE-liV, n. A place where pine-apples arc riised. 
 I Todd. 
 PTV'EY, n. The tallow tree, which see. 
 Pl.S'-FEATH ER, ( fetfi'er,) n A smaJI or short 
 feathe>. 
 
 PIN'-FEATH-ER-jBD, a. Having the feathers only 
 beginning to shoot ; not fully Hedge d. Dryden. 
 
 PIN'FoLI), 71. [pin, or pen, and fold ; Dan. pindan. 
 Eng. to pound.] 
 
 A place in which beasts are confined. We now 
 call it a Pound. 
 
 PIN"GLE, 71. A small close. [Mot used.] Jlinsworth. 
 
 p'nX'TE^'^' i [Dutch.] Whitsuntide. 
 P1N"GUID, (ping'gwid,) a. [L. pinguis ; Gr. iraxt'S, 
 
 compact, L. pactus. Eng. pack.] 
 
 Fat ; unctutius. [J^Tot used.] Jtlortimer. 
 PIN-GUID'IN'-OUS, a. Containing fat. 
 PIN"GUI-TUDE, n. Fatness ; a growing fat. 
 PIN'HoLD, 7U A place at which a pin holds, or makes 
 
 last. _ Smart. 
 PIN'HoLE, 71. A small hole made by the puncture or 
 
 perforation of a pin ; a very small aperture. 
 
 Jfl^emaju 
 
 PTN'ING, ppr. Languishing; wasting away. 
 
 Pl.\'ING, 7i. A state of languishing or waslingaway. 
 
 PIN'ION, (pin'yon,) 71. [Fr. piVnun, the cope of the 
 ridge of a house ; Norm, id., a pen ; Sp. piritm, pin- 
 ion ; from Celtic pen, top, summit.] 
 
 J. The joint of a bird's wing remotest from the 
 body. 
 
 2. A feather ; a quill. Shak. 
 
 3. A wing. 
 
 Hope humbly then, on trembling pinion* soar. Pope. 
 
 4. A smaller wheel with notches or teeth playing 
 into the teeth of a larger wheel. Hutton. 
 
 5. A term applied to fetters or bands for the arms. 
 
 .^tnsworth. 
 
 PIN'ION, (pin'yon,) v. t. To bind or confine the 
 wings. Bacon. 
 
 2. To confine by binding the wings. 
 
 3. To cut otf the first joint of tlie wing. 
 
 4. To bind or confine the arm or arms to the body. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. To confine; to shackle; to chain; as, to be 
 pinioned by formal rules of state. J^orris. 
 
 6. To bind ; to fasten to. Pope. 
 PIN'ION-£D, pp. or a. Confined by the wings; 
 
 shackled. 
 
 2. a. Furnished with wings. Dryden. 
 PIN'ION-ING, ppr. Shackling; confining the wings 
 or arms. 
 
 PIN'ION-IST, 71. A winged animal ; a bird. [JVot 
 iisett/] Brown. 
 
 PlN'lTE, 71. [from Pini, a mine in Saxony.] A min- 
 eral holding a middle pl.ace between steatite and mi- 
 ca ; the micarel of Kirwan. It is found in prismatic 
 crystals of a greenish-white color, brown, or deep 
 red. It occurs also massive. Diet. JV"u(. Ifist. 
 
 PINK, n. [In Welsh, piJic signifies smart, fine, gay, 
 and a ^7ic/i, and pinciaw, to sprig. This is by Owen 
 formed from pin, a pen or pin. But in Portuguese, 
 picar, to sting, to prick, to peck, to nip, to pinch, to 
 dig, to spur, and picado, ]ir'icked, pinked, as cloth, are 
 from the root of peck, pick, pico, beak, pike, Sp. picar. 
 It. piccare. The latter would, with 7i casual, give 
 pink, a little eye or perforation, and the sense of 
 pink, in pink-stemcd. The Welsli gives pi;iA', a 
 llower.] 
 
 1. An eye, or a small eye ; but now disused ex- 
 cept in composition, as in pink-eyed, pink-eye. S/iak. 
 
 2. A plant and flower of the genus Dianthus, com- 
 mon in our gardens. 
 
 3. A light red color used by painters ; from the col- 
 or of the riower. Dryden. 
 
 4. Any thing supremely excellent. 
 
 5. A ship with a very narrow stern. [Fr. pinque, 
 D. pink, that is, pilied, n being casual ; hence, piiii- 
 stcrned.] 
 
 R. A fish, the minnow. .^insworth. 
 PINK, ti. t. To work in eyelet-holes ; to pierce with 
 small holes. Carew. Prior. 
 
 2. To stall ; to pierce. Addison. 
 PINK, r. 1. [1). pi/itoi.] 
 
 To wink. [jVut used.] VEstrange. 
 PINK'/;D, (pinkt,) pp. Pierced with small holes; 
 stabbed. 
 
 PINK'-E?-£D, (-Ide,) a. Having small eyes. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 PINK'-NEE-DLE, ti. A shepherd's bodkin. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 PI.\'K'-R00T, 71. The root of the plant called India 
 pink, or Carolina pink, Spigelia Marilandica, used in 
 medicine as a Vermifuge. Fursi/tli. C.Dewey. 
 
 PINK'-STEKN-£1), a. Having a very narrow sti rn, 
 ns a sh i p. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PI.\'-MAK-ER, n. One who.se occupation is to make 
 pinn. 
 
 PIN'-MO.\-EY, ( tnun-ne,) ti. .\ sum of money 
 allowed or settled on a wife for her private expenses. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 PIN'N ACE, 71. [Sp. pinaza ; Fr. pinns.ie : Port, pinafa.] 
 A small vessel navigated with oars and sails, and 
 having geiii rally two masts ringed like those of a 
 Bcliooncr ; also, a boat usually rowcil with eight oars. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 PIN'N A-CI.E, 71. [Fr. pinaele ; It. pinai olo ; W.pmy 
 ipjl, from Celtic prn, summit, L. pi7iii«.] 
 
 1. .A slender turret, or part of a building elevated 
 above the main budding. 
 
 Some metropolis 
 With plistering spires and pinnacles adorned. Chiton. 
 
 2. A high, spiring point ; summit. Cowley. 
 PIN'NA-CLE, V. t. To build or furnish with pinna- 
 cles. yVartcn. 
 
 PIN'NA-€L£D, pp. Furnished with pinnacles. 
 PIN'NA-CLING, ppr. Furnishing with pinnacles. 
 PIN- .\.\GE, 71. Poundage of cattle. [J^Tolused.] [See 
 
 PoiTNO.j 
 
 PI.N'NAl E, \a. [L.piTiTiatui, from piimo, a feather, 
 
 PIN'NA-TED, \ or fin.] 
 
 In butany, a pinnate leaf is a species of compound 
 leaf, wherein a single petiole has several leaflets at- 
 taclied to each side of it. Martvn. 
 
 PIN-N.\T'I-FID, 0. [L. pinna, a feather, anifindo, to 
 cleave.] 
 
 In botany, feather -cleft. A pinnatifid leaf is a spe- 
 cies (jf simple leaf, divided transversely by oblong, 
 horizontal segments or jags, not extending to the 
 midrib. Martyn. 
 
 PIN-NAT'I-PED, a [L. pinna and pes, foot.] 
 
 Fin-footed; having the toes bordered by mem- 
 branes. Latham. 
 
 PlK'y ED, pp. Fastened with pins; confined. 
 
 PIN'NER, n. One that pins or fastens ; also, a pound- 
 er of cattle, or the pound-keeper. 
 
 2. A pill-maker. 
 
 3. The lappet of a head which flies loose. Gai^. 
 PIN'NI-PED, n. [L. pinna and pes.] 
 
 One of a class of crabs having the last pair of feet, 
 or more, terminated by a flattened joint fitted for 
 swimming. 
 
 PIN'NITE, 71. Fossil remains of the Pinna, a genus 
 of bivalves, allied to the muscles. [JVut tised.] 
 
 PIN'NOCK, 71. A small bird, the tomtit. Ainsworth. 
 
 PIN'NU-LATE, a. A pinnulate leaf is one in which 
 each pinna is subdivided. Martyn. 
 
 PIN'NULE, n. One of the branchlets of a pinnate 
 frimd or leaf. 
 
 PINT, n. [D. pint; Fr. pinte ; Sp.pinta.] 
 
 Half a quart, or four gills. In medicine, twelve 
 ounces. It is applied both to liquid and dry measure. 
 
 PIN'TaIL, 71. A water-fowl of the duck family, 
 Dafla candacuta, (Anas acuta. Linn.,) with a long, 
 wedge-shaped, acute tail. It is found in Europe, 
 Asia, and North America, and is esteemed excellent 
 food. P. Cyc. 
 
 PLN'TLE, (pin'tl,) ti. A little pin. In artillery, a 
 long iron bolt. 
 
 PIN'ULES, n. p?. In aitronomi/, the sights of an as- 
 trolabe. [ Obs.] DicL 
 
 PI'NY, a. .\bounding with pines. 
 
 PI-0-.\EER', ti. L To go before and prepare a way 
 for others. 
 
 PI-O-NEER', 71. [Fr. pionnier, contracted from pioch- 
 nier, from pioche, a pickax, piocher, to dij;, that is, to 
 peck, W. pigaw, Sp. and Port, picar. The Italians 
 use guastatore, Sp. gastadnr, from guastare, gastar, 
 to waste, to wear away. The Germans use schaiiz- 
 grabcr, ti. schansgraaver, a trench-digger.] 
 
 1. Ill the art and practice of war, one whose business 
 is to march with or before an army, to repair the road 
 or clear it of obstructions, work at intrencliments, 
 or form mines for destroying an enemy's works. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. One that goes before to remove obstructions or 
 prepare the way for another. 
 
 Pt-O-NEER'^;!), pp. Preceded and prepared. 
 PI'O-NIKl), (-nid,) a. Abounding in pioiiies. 
 Pl'0-NI.\G, 71. The work of pioneers. [JVo( used.] 
 PI'O-NV, j n. [Sax. pionie, from L. paoniaa Gr. trai- 
 Pit'O-NY, \ toi>ia, from iraitui', Apollo, a physician, 
 and a hymn.] 
 
 An herbaceous, perennial plant, Pa;onia otTicinalis, 
 with tuberous roots, and bearing large, beautiful, red 
 flowers. Also, the popular name of all the species of 
 the genus Pieonia, the individual species being dis- 
 tinguished by prefixing some appropriate descriptive 
 ('[lilhet. Eneye. 
 PI'OUS, a. [L. pins ; Fr. pi'ux ; Sp, It, and Port, pio. 
 In ."^p. and It. the word signifies not only pious, but 
 milil and compassionate, and 7)i<y and piety am ex- 
 pressed bv one and the same wortl. See PiTv,] 
 
 1, Godly ; reverencing and honoring the Supreme 
 Being in iieart anil in the practice of the dirties he 
 has enjoined ; having due veneration and aff"ection 
 for the character of God, and habitually obeying his 
 commands ; religious ; devoted to the service of 
 God ; applied to persons. 
 
 2, Dirtateil by reverence to God ; proceeding from 
 piety; applied to tilings; as, pious awe; pious ser- 
 vices or affections ; pioiLi norrow, 
 
 X Having due respect and afleclion for parents or 
 olher relatives ; practicing the duties of respect and 
 allection toward parents or oilier near relative-i. 
 
 Taylor. Pope. 
 
 4. Practiced under the pretense of religion ; as, 
 pinus frauds. 
 
 prOUS-I.Y, ni/e. In a pious manner ; with reverence 
 mill afleclion for (Jod ; religiously; with due regard 
 to sacred things or to the tluties God has enjoined, 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 FATE, FAK, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, UtRU, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 _ 
 
PIQ 
 
 PIS 
 
 PIS 
 
 2. With due repird to niitiiral or civil relntions, 
 and to till- iluties wliicli spring from tlieiii. Addison. 
 PrfJUS-MIND'Ef), a. Of a pious disposition. 
 I'll', n. [0. flip ; Fr. pqiic] 
 
 1. A disease of fowls ; a horny pellicle that grows 
 on tlie tip of their tongue. Juhiuson. Htuiibras. 
 
 2. .\ Spot on cards. Additon. 
 
 3. The seed of an apple, orange, or similar fruit. 
 
 Sout/uy. 
 
 PIP, V. i. fL. pipio ! W. pipinn ; Dan. piper.] 
 
 To cry or chirp, as a chicken ; commonly pro- 
 nounced peep. Boyle. 
 
 PIPE, 71. [Sax. pipe; W.pib; Ir. pib, piob ; S\v. pip, 
 pipa; D.pyp; G. p/ci/c, whence Eng.>/c; Dan. pi4c; 
 Port. It. aiid Sp. pipa ; Fr. pipe ; Ann. pip or pimp.] 
 
 1. A win/I instrument of music, consisting ot a 
 loiiK tiihe of wood or metal ; as, a rural pipe The 
 word, I believe, is not now the proper technical name 
 of any particular instrument, but is applicable to any 
 tubular wind instrument, and it occurs in bagpipe. 
 
 2. A Ions tube or hollow body ; applied to the 
 veins and arteries of the body, and to many hollow 
 bodies, particularly such as are used for conductors 
 of water or other fluids. 
 
 3. A tube of clay with a bowl at one end, used in 
 smokins tobacco. 
 
 4. The organs of voice and respiration ; as in 
 windpipe. Peacham. 
 
 5. The key or sound of the voice. Shale. 
 
 6. (n Kmrhind, a roll in the exchequer, or the ex- 
 chequer itself. Hence, pipe-office is an otlice in which 
 the clerk of the pipe makes out leases of crown 
 lands, accounts of sheriffs, &c. 
 
 7. A cask usually containing two hogsheads or 
 126 gallons, used for wine ; or the quantity which it 
 contains. 
 
 8. In minina, a pipe is where the ore runs forward 
 endwise in a hole, and does not sink downward or 
 ill a vein. Encyc. 
 
 PIPE, V. i. To play on a pipe, fife, flute, or other 
 tubular wind instrument of music. JDryden. Swift. 
 We hitve piped lo you, and ye have not dinccd. — Malt. xi. 
 2. To have a shrill sound ; to whistle. ShaJc. 
 PIPE, V. t. To play on a wind instrument 1 Cor. 
 xiv. 
 
 PIPE'-CLaY, n. A species of white clay, used in 
 making tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthen 
 ware. Brande. 
 
 PIP'£D, (pipt,) a. Formed with a tube ; tubular. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 PIPE'FISII, 71. A fish having a long and very slender 
 body, with an elongated, tubular snout, the whole 
 covered with bony plates, like a coat of mail. The 
 pipefishes constitute the Linnsan genus Syngnathus. 
 
 Jardme's JVuA. Lib. 
 
 PIP'ER, n. One who plays on a pipe or wind instru- 
 nienL 
 
 PIP'ER-IDGE, 71. A name given to the tnpclo or black 
 gum, a tree with very tough wood, belonging to the 
 genus Nyssa. 
 
 2. Piperidge bush ; a shrub, the barberry. [See 
 Pepperidge.] 
 
 PIP'Ell-IN, 71. A peculiar crystalline substance, ex- 
 tracted from black popper. The crystals of piperin 
 are transparent, and they assume the tetraliedral, 
 prismatic form, with oblique summits. Carpenter. 
 
 PIPE'-TREE, n. The lilac. 
 
 PiP'lNG, ppr. Playing on a pipe. 
 
 2. a. Weak ; feeble ; sickly ; from the weak or 
 piping voice of the sick; as, these piping times of 
 peace, SItok. 
 
 3. Very hot ; boiling ; froa the sound of boiling 
 fluids. 
 
 [ U.^ed in vulgar language.] 
 PI-PIS'TREL, 71. A small bat, the common bat of 
 Eiicland. 
 
 PIP'KIN, 71. [Jim. of pipe.] A small earthen boiler. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 PIP'PIN, 71. [D. pippeling.] 
 
 A kind of apple ; a tart apple. This name, in 
 
 America, is given to sevenil kinds of apples, as to 
 
 the Newtown pippin, an excellent winter apple, and 
 
 the summer pippin, a large apple, but more perishable 
 
 than the Newtown pippin. 
 PIQU'AN-CY, (pik'aiisy,) it. [Infra.] Sharpness; 
 
 pungf ncv ; tartness ; severity. Barrow. 
 PiaU' A.\T, (pik'kant,) a. [ Fr., from piquer, to prick 
 
 or sting. It. piccare, Sp. and Port. pCcar, from the root 
 
 of pike, peak.] 
 
 1. Pricking; stimulating to the tongue; as, it is 
 as piquant to the tongue as salt. .iddison. 
 
 2. Sharp; tart; pungent; severe ; as, piquant rail- 
 leries. Oov. of the Tongue. 
 
 PltlU' ANT-LY, fpik'ant-ly,) adv. With sharpness or 
 
 pungency ; tartly. Lockr. 
 PIQUE, (peek.l n. [Fr. See PiiirANT.] An oflense 
 taken ; usually, slight anger, irritation, or displeas- 
 ure, at persons, rather temporary tlian permanent, 
 and distinguished, either in degree or teniporariness, 
 from settled enmity or malevolence. 
 
 Out of penonal puju4 lo thoie in •enrich, he lUnda aa a looker 
 
 on, when ihe f oremnient ii aluckcd. A-iditon. 
 2. A strong passion. JIudibras. 
 
 3. Point; nicety; punctilio. 
 
 Adtl loiip prencriplion ol estal-linlied law*, 
 
 Anil pitjue ot honor (u iiiuinuuii a cause. Dryden. 
 
 PtQUE, (peek,) u. «. [VT.piquer. See Piiiuant.] 
 
 1. To otTend ; to nettle ; to irritate ; to sting ; to 
 fret ; to excite a degree of anger. It expresses less 
 than ExAsPEUATE. 
 
 The lady waa piqued for her indifference. FVmale Quixote. 
 
 2. To stimulate ; to excite to action ; to touch with 
 envy, jealousy, or other passion. 
 
 Piqued hy Pro! 
 Froiri Co to Rhod. 
 
 I ApcUea came. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 3. With the reciprocal pronoun, to pride or value 
 one's self. 
 
 Men pique themselves on their skill in the learned lanjiias^ei. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 VXCIVEV, (peekt,) pp. Irritated ; nettled ; oflendcd ; 
 
 excited. 
 PKllJ-EER'. See Pickeeb. 
 
 PiaU-EER'ER, n. A plunderer ; a freebooter. [See 
 
 Pickeerer.] Swift. 
 PiaU'ET. See Picket. 
 
 Pl-UUE'l", (pe-ket',) n. [Fr.] A game at cards pinycd 
 between two persons, witli only thirty-two cards ; 
 all the deuces, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, being 
 set aside. Ennic. 
 
 PIUU'ING, (peek'ing,) ppr. Irritating; offending; 
 priding. 
 
 PI'RA-CY, 71. [Fr. piraterie ; L. piratica, from Gr. 
 TTfiparein, from Treipaio, to attempt, to dare, to enter- 
 prise, whence L. periculum, erperior. The primary 
 sense of the root is, to run, rush, or drive forward ; 
 allied to Sax./aran, Eng. to fare. Cliuss Hr.] 
 
 1. The act, practice, or crime, of robbing on the 
 high seas ; the taking of [iropcrty from others by 
 open violence and without authority, on the sea ; a 
 crime that answers to robbery on land. 
 
 IValler. Arbuthnot. 
 Other acts than robbery on the high si as are de- 
 clared by statute to be piracy. See act of congress, 
 April 30, 1790. 
 
 2. An infringement of the law of copyright, or the 
 publishing of the writings of another without per- 
 mission. 
 
 PI'RATE, 71. [IX.pirato; L. and Sp. pirata; Gr. ttfi- 
 parnt:, from iretpaoi. (See Piracy.) Formerly this 
 word signified a ship or sea soldier, answering to 
 the marine of the present day.] 
 
 1. A robber on the high seas ; one that hy open 
 violence takes the property of another on the high 
 seas. In s(ric£np.w, the word pirate is one who makes 
 it his business to cruise for robbery or plunder; a 
 freebooter on the seas. 
 
 2. An armed ship or vessel which sails without a 
 legal commission, for the purpose of plundering 
 other vessels indiscriminately on the high seas. 
 
 3. One who infringes the law of copyright, or 
 publishes the writings of other men without permis- 
 sion. Johnson. 
 
 PI'RATE, p. t. To rob on the high seas. Arbullwot. 
 PI'RATE, r.t. To take by theft or without right or 
 permission, as books or writings. 
 
 They adrcrliaed they would pirate hia edition. Pope. 
 
 PT'RA-TED, pp. or a. Taken by theft or without 
 right. 
 
 PI-RAT'ie-AL, a. [L. piraticu.'^.] 
 
 1. Robbing or plundering by 0])en violence on the 
 high se.as ; as, a piratical commander or ship. 
 
 2. Consisting in piracy ; predatory ; robbing ; as, 
 a piraticM.1 trade or occupation. 
 
 3. Practicing literary theft. 
 
 The errora of the presa were niultiptied by piratical printera. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 PT-RAT'ie-AL-LY, adr. By piracy. Bryant. 
 
 PI'RA-Tl.NG, pirr. Robbing on the high seas ; taking 
 without right, as a book or writing. 
 
 2. o. Undertaken for the sake of piracy ; as, a 
 pirating expedition. Mitford. 
 
 PI-ROGUE', (pe-rog',) j ii. [Sp. piragua. This 
 
 PI-RA'GUA, (pe-raw'ga,) ( word is variously writ- 
 ten, Periaoi'a or PiRoouE. The former is the spell- 
 ing of Washington and Jefferson; the latter of 
 Charlevoix.] 
 
 1. A canoe formed out of the trunk of a tree, or 
 two canoes united. Charlevoir. 
 
 2. In modern usage in America, a narrow ferry-boat 
 carrying two masts and a leeboard. 
 
 PIR-OU-ETTE', (pir-ot>-et',)n. [Fr.] A whirling, or 
 turning about on the toes in dancing. 
 
 2. The circumvolution of a horse on the same 
 ground. 
 
 PIR'RY, 71. A rough gale of wind ; a storm. [JVot 
 
 used.] Ebiot. 
 PIS'e.A-RY, 71. [It. pescheria, from p«eare,to fish, Sp. 
 
 pescar; Fr. ptchrrie, from pecker, to fish ; L. piscis, a 
 
 fish ; piscor, to fish.] 
 
 In laic, the right or privilege of fishing in another 
 
 man's waters. Blackstone. 
 PIS-CA'TION, It. [L. piscatio. See Pucart and 
 
 Fish.) 
 
 The act or practice of fishing. Broum. 
 
 Relating to fishes or to fishing ; as, a pifcalory 
 Inglie. Addison, 
 PIS'CKS, 71. p/. [1.. pi.icis.] 
 
 In astronomy, the Fishes, the twelfth sign or con- 
 stellation in the zodiac. 
 PIS'CI-NAL, a. Belonging to a fish-pond. 
 PIS'C'INE, (-sin,) a. [L. pincis, a fish.] 
 
 Pertaining to fish or fishes; as, piscine remains. 
 
 Kirwan. 
 
 PIS-CIV'O-ROUS, a. [L. piscis, a fish, and vara, to 
 eat.] 
 
 Feeding or subsisting on fishes. Many species of 
 aquatic fowls are piscivorous. 
 Pi' SE, {\K'v.i) n. [Fr.] A species of wall made of 
 stiff earth or clay rammed in between molds as it is 
 carried up. Oicdu 
 PISH, eielam. [Perhaps the Oriental CO or no. 
 Class l)s. No. 2, 3.] 
 
 A word expressing contempt; sometimes spoken 
 and written Pshaw. 
 PISH V. i. To express contempt. Pope. 
 PI'SI FORM, a. [L. pisum, a pea, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of a pea. 
 
 Masses of pisl/orm argillaceous iron ore. Kirwan. 
 
 PIS'MIRE, 71. [The last syllable is the Sw. myra, 
 Dan. mijre, D. 7nifr, an ant ; Sax. myra, tender. I 
 know not the origin or meaning of the fir»t syllable.] 
 The insect called the Ant or Emmet. 
 
 Prior. Mortimer. 
 PI'SO-LITE, 71. [Gr. Tttoov, a pea, and AiUof, a 
 stone.] 
 
 A calcareous stone, made up of globular concre- 
 tions of the size of a pea ; also called Peastone. 
 Oolite is similar in structure, but the concretions are 
 as small as the roe of a fish. Dana. 
 
 PT-SO-LIT'IG, a. In mineralogy, resembling in struc- 
 ture peas agglutinated. .VantcU. 
 
 PIS'0-PH.\L'r, 71. Pea-mineral or mineral-pea; a 
 soft liituiiien, black, and of a strong, pungent smell. 
 It appears to he petroleum passing to as|ihalt. It holds 
 a middle place between petrol, which is liquid, and 
 asphalt, which is dry and brittle. Diet. j\'ai. Hut. 
 
 [A mistaken orthography of Pusasphalt, and not 
 at all derived from tiuov, a pea.] 
 
 PISS, V. I. [D. and G. pisscn ; Dan. pisser; Sw. pissa; 
 Fr. pisser; W. pisaic ; Basque, pisye ; It. pisciart; 
 
 Pers.^l.iX. 
 
 piskar, urine. Class Br, No. 61, 69.] 
 
 To discharge the liquor secreted by the kidneys 
 and lodged in the urinary bladder. 
 PISS, 71. Urine; the liquor secreted by tho kidinys 
 into the bladder of an animal and discharged through 
 the proper channel. 
 PISS'.V-IiEn, n. The vulgnr name of a yellow 
 flower, grow ing among grass, the dandelion. 
 
 London. 
 
 PIS'SAS-PIIALT, 71. [Gr. -ittaaodiaXr-v: Tnaaa, 
 turpentine, and airJiaXros, asphalt ; Sp. pL<a.-^faUii.] 
 
 Eiirth-piti li ; a soft bitumen of the consi>ii nce of 
 tar, black, and of a strong smell. It is inflaiiiniable, 
 and intermediate between petroleum and asphalt, 
 and appears to be a conihiniition of naphtha and 
 asphalt. It is now considered as a mere variety of 
 petroleum. De|irive(l of its naphtha, a.splialt re- 
 
 PISS'BUR.NT, a. Stained with urine. [mains. 
 
 PIST, ) 71. [ Fr. pi.vff, from Sp. and Port. pi,vta, from 
 
 PISTE, \ Sp. pistar, to beat, or pisonar, to ram or 
 drive.] 
 
 The track or footprint of a horseman on the 
 ground he goes over. Johnson. 
 PIS-TA'CHIO, (pis-ta'sho,) n. [Fr. pistache; It. pii- 
 
 tacchioi L. pistaehia; Gr, irij-a^cta ; ^rs. 
 
 S ,tj 3 
 Ar. v_juA«.i fostalion.] 
 
 The nut of the Pistacia vera, a kind of turpentine- 
 tree, containing a kernel of a pale greenish color, 
 of a iili asant taste, resembling that of the almond, 
 and yielding a well-ta.sted oil. It is wholesome 
 and nutritive. The tree grows in Syria, Arabia, and 
 Persia, and also in Sic.ly. Brande. 
 
 PIs't vZITe' I ^''^ Epidoti. 
 
 P1S-TA-REE.\'', 71. A silver coin of tha value of 17 or 
 18 cents, or !W. sterling. 
 
 PIS'TIL, 71. [L. pistdlum, a pestle.] 
 
 In botany, the female sexual organ of all phenog- 
 amous plants. It is situated in the center of all 
 hermaphrodite and female flowers, iind generally 
 consists of an ovary, one or more styles, and one 
 or more stigmas ; but the style is not essential. 
 
 PIS-TlL-I,A'CEOUS, (-shus,) o. Growing on the pi»- 
 til of a llower. Barton. 
 
 PIS'TII^LATE, a. Having a pistil. 
 
 PIS-TIL-LA'TION n. [L. pisuUum, a pestle, that is, 
 a beater or driver.] 
 The act of pounding in a mortar. [LUtle used.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE, — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS, — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 RRR 
 
 829 
 
PIT 
 
 PIS-TIL-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [jiistU and L. fcro, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Having a pistil witliout stamens, as a female 
 flower. 
 
 PIS'TOL, n. [Ft. pistale, pistolet ; It. and Sp. pistola, 
 a pistol. This word, like pisto7i and pestU, signifies 
 a driver, or a canal or spout, from the same root. 
 Class Bs,] 
 
 A small fire-arm, or the smallest fire-arm used,dif 
 fering from a musket chiefly in size. Pistols are of 
 different lenfjths, and borne by horsemen, in cases at 
 the saddle-bow, or by a girdle. Small pistols are car- 
 ried in the pocket. 
 
 PIS'TOL, ti. (. [Fr. pistoler.] 
 To shoot with a pistol. 
 
 Prs-TOLE', 71. [Fr.] A gold coin of Spain, worth 
 anoul 16 shillings sterling, or $3.60 cents. In other 
 countries, it varies from $3 to $5. JUcCulloch. 
 
 PIS'TOL-£D, pp. Shot with a pistol. 
 
 PIS'TO-LET, n. [Fr.] A little pistol. 
 
 PIS'TOL-ING, ppr. Shooting with a pistol. 
 
 PIS'TO.V, n. [Fr. and Sp. pLilon, from the root of Sp. 
 pisar, pistar : L. pinsa, the primary sense of wl ich is, 
 to pri-ss, send, drive, thrust, or strike, like en.bulus, 
 from Gr. cplS.iXXt,,, [i^W,,,.] 
 
 A short cylinder of metal or other solid substance, 
 whii h fits exactly the cavity of a pump or barrel, 
 and works up and down in it alternately. It is used 
 ill pumps and other engines or machines, for various 
 purposes. Brande. 
 
 PIS'TO.>I-UOD, 71. The rod attaching the piston to 
 the adjoining machinery. Haldeman. 
 
 PIT, n. [Sax. pit or pyl; D. put ; W.pyd; Ir. pi<; L. 
 puteus ; Sans, put^ pnttit ; W. pydaw, a well or spring, 
 an oozini! fluid. It is uncertain whether this word 
 originally signified a hollow place dug in the earth, 
 or a natural spring of water and its basin. See Ar. 
 
 laxi to spring, and Class Bd, No. 58, 59, C3.] 
 
 1. An artificial cavity made in the earth by dig- 
 ging ; a deep hole in the earth. Bacon. SImk. 
 
 2. A deep place ; an abyss ; profundity. 
 
 Into whiil pit tliou seest 
 From what highl i.iilen. MUlon. 
 
 3. The grave. Ps. xxviii, and xxx. 
 
 4. The area for cock-fighting ; whence the phrase, 
 to jiy the pit. Locke. Hudibras. 
 
 5. In a thratrr, the part on the ground floor be- 
 tween the lower range of boxes and the stfige. 
 
 Chcilt. 
 
 6. The hollow of the body at the stomach. We 
 say, the pit of the stomach. 
 
 7. The cavity under the shoulder ; as, the arm-pit. 
 
 8. A dint made by impression on a soft substance, 
 as by the finger, &c. 
 
 9. A little hollow in the flesh, made by a pustule, 
 as in the small-pox. 
 
 10. A hollow place in the earth excavated for 
 catching wild beasts ; hence, in Scripture^ whatever 
 insnares and brings into calamity or misery, from 
 which it is diflicult to escape. Ps. vii. Prov. xxii. 
 and xxiii. 
 
 11. Great distress and misery, temporal, spiritual, 
 or eternal. Is. xxxviii. Ps. xl. 
 
 12. Hell ; as, the bottomless pit. Rm. xx. 
 
 13. [Dutch.] The kernel of fruit, as of a cher- 
 ry, &.C. 
 
 PIT, 1'. r. To indent ; to press into hollows. 
 
 •2. To mark with little hollows, as by variolous 
 pustules ; as, the face pitted by the small-pox. 
 3. To set in competition, as in combat. 
 
 FederiilUt, Madi-^on. 
 PIT-A-IIS'YA, n. A shrub of California, which yields 
 a di-licious fruit, the Cactus Pitajaya of Jacipiin, or 
 Ceriis Pitajaya of Oe Candolle. Enajc^ 
 PIT'A-P.VT, adr. [Probably allied to brat.] In a flut- 
 ter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats; 
 a'J, his heart went pitjipat. 
 PIT' A-PAT, K. A light, quick step. 
 
 Now 1 heir the pitapat ol a pretty fool, through Uie d irk 
 
 Dryflen. 
 
 PITCH, n. [Sax. pic ; T>. pik ; G. pcch ; Sw. beck ; Dan. 
 br.rr^ or brpir ; Ir. pic, or peek; \V. piji; i Sp. pezt It. 
 peer; Ir. poiz ; L. p'lx ; Gr. ntnntt^ or ?rj rr^t ; most 
 jvobably nainetl from its thickness or inspissation, 
 frtim the root ofTTfj^w, irrjvfvw, TTf/traaj, Vt.Jigo. See 
 Class Bg, No. 23, 24, 33, fiR.] 
 
 1. A thick, black substance obtained by boiling 
 down tar, used in calking ships, tc. 
 
 2. A thick, ten.acioiis substance, the Juice of the 
 filver fir of Central and Southern Kiirope, Abies pi- 
 ci n, obtained by incision from the bark of the tri:C. 
 When melted and pressed in bags of clolh, it is re- 
 ceived into barrela. This is Burgundy pitch. 
 
 Fonrcroy. 
 
 Mi nfrral pitch, flefl Bitumew and Asphalt. 
 PITCH, n. [from the root of pike, peak, W. pig. Sec 
 the verb.] 
 
 1. hilrratly, a point ; hence, any point or degree of 
 elevation , as, a high pitch; lowest pitch. 
 
 How hl^h I piKh hli r^.l ilun wnra I .^aJc. 
 Aicitji-vf'-t wn* ofir ofllie l^at unitor* of hit nj^, nolwlthRt.-iiiHiii^ 
 h<! hvd when Ifnrnlnf wiia lU its hi^hi'st pitch. Attdiion. 
 
 PIT 
 
 2. Highest rise. Shak. 
 
 3. Size ; stature. 
 
 So like in person, ^arb, and pilch. Hutbbrat. 
 
 4. Degree ; Tate. 
 
 No pitch of glory from the ^re b free. WaUer. 
 
 5. The point where a declivity begins, or the de- 
 clivity itself ; descent ; slope ; as, the pitch of a hill. 
 
 6. The degree of descent or declivity. 
 
 7. A descent ; a fall ; a thrusting down. 
 
 8. Degree of elevation of the key-note of a tune, 
 or of any note. 
 
 PITCH, I', t. [Formerly Pight ; W. picihro, to dart, 
 from pig, a point, a pike ; D. ptkken, to peck, to pick, 
 to pitch; G. pichcn; Fr.Jicher; Arm. Jicha; coincid- 
 ing with L. Jigo, to Jiz, and uniting pike, pique, with 
 fix, Sp. picar. It. piccare, to prick or sting.] 
 
 1. To throw or thrust, and primarily, to thrust a 
 long or pointed object; hence, to fix ; to plant; to 
 set ; as, to pitch a tent or pavilion ; that is, to set the 
 stakes. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To throw at a point ; as, to pitch quoits. 
 
 3. To throw headlong ; as, to pitch one in the mire 
 or down a precipice. 
 
 4. To throw with a fork ; as, to pitch hay or sheaves 
 of corn. 
 
 5. To regulate or set the key-note of a tune in 
 music. 
 
 6. To set in array ; to marshal or arrange in order ; 
 used chiefly in the participle ; as, a pitched battle. 
 
 7. [from ;<i(c/i.] To smear or pay over with pitch ; 
 as, to pitch the seams of a ship. 
 
 PITCH, V. i. To light ; to settle ; to come to rest from 
 flight. 
 
 Take a branch of the tree on which llie bees pitch, and wipe the 
 hive. Morlirner. 
 
 2. To fall headlong ; as, to pitch from a precipice ; 
 to pitch on the head. Dnjden. 
 
 3. To plunge ; as, to pitch into a river. 
 
 4. To fall J to fix choice ; with on or upon. 
 
 Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render it the 
 most eusy. TiLloUon. 
 
 5. To fix a tent or temporary habitation ; to en- 
 camp. 
 
 Laban with his brethren pitched in the Mount of Gilead, — Gen. 
 xxxi, 
 
 6. In navigation, to rise and fall, as the head and 
 stern of a ship passing over waves. 
 
 V. To flow or fall precipitously, as a river. 
 Over '.his rock the river pitches in one entire sheet. B. TrumbuU. 
 
 riTCH'-BLACK, a. Black as pitch. 
 
 PITCH'BLENDE, n. An ore of uranium, of a black 
 or brownish color, and semi-metallic luster. It af- 
 fords an orange color in painting. Dana. 
 
 PITCH'£D, fpitcht,) pp. or «. Set; planted; fixed; 
 thriiivii heatllong ; set in array ; smeared with pitch. 
 
 PITCH'ER, n. [Arm. picher ; Basque, pe^ar ,• from its 
 spout, or from throwing.] 
 
 1. An earthen vessel with a spout for pouring out 
 liquors. This is its present signification. It seems 
 formerly to have signified a water-pot, jug, or jar, 
 with ears. Shak. 
 
 2. An instrument for piercing the ground. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 3. One who pitches any thing, as hay, quoits, &c. 
 PITCH'EK-PLANT, n. See Nepenthls. 
 PITCH'-FXR-THIiNG, n. A play in which copper 
 
 coin is pitched into a hole ; called also Chuck-Fak- 
 TtriNo, from the root of choke. 
 PITCH'FORK, n. [W. picfor^.] 
 
 A fork or farming utensil used in throwing hay or 
 sheaves of grain, in loading or unloading carls and 
 wagons. 
 
 PITCH'I-NESS, n. [from pitcA.] Blackness; dark- 
 
 ness. [Little used.' 
 'ITCH'ING, 
 
 PITCH' 1 NG, ;>pr. Setting; planting or fixing ; throw- 
 ing headlong; plunging; daubing with ])itch ; set- 
 ting, as a tune. 
 2. a. Declivous ; descending ; .sloping ; as a hill. 
 PITCII'I.NG, M. In nat>i4>-a(ion, the rising and falling 
 of the head and stern of a ship, as she moves over 
 waves ; or the vertical vibration of a .ship about her 
 center of gravity. Mur. Diet. 
 
 PITClI'-fjRE, n. Pitchblende, an ore of tiraniiiin. 
 PITCH'-PIPK, M. A wind instrument used by choris- 
 ters in regulating the pitch or elevation of Ihe key or 
 leading note of a tune. Sperlator. 
 PITCH '-.^Tf^NK, M. A variety of obsidian, being an 
 unstratifii.'d and volcanic rock, having the appear- 
 ance of indurated pitch. [See Obsidian.] It occurs 
 in large beds, and sometimes forms whole mountains. 
 
 LyelL 
 
 PITCH'Y, o. Partaking of the qualities of pitch ; 
 like pilch. Woodward. 
 
 2. Smeared with pitch. Drydrn. 
 
 3. Black ; dark ; dismal ; as, the pitchy mantle of 
 night. ishak. 
 
 PIT'-COAL, n. Mineral coal ; coal dug from the earth. 
 PIT'E-OUS, n. [See PiTv.] Sorrowful ; mournliil ; 
 
 that may excite pily ; as, npitruus look. 
 
 2. Wretched; iiiiHcrable ; deserving compassion; 
 
 nf*,n piteous ctindilion. 
 
 PIT 
 
 3. Compassionate ; aff'ected by |)ity. Prior, pope. 
 
 4. Pitiful; paltry; poor; as, pKeoii,',- amends. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PIT'E-OUS-LY, adv. In a piteous manner ; with 
 compassion. Shak. 
 2. Sorrowfully ; mournfully. 
 PIT'E-OUS-NESS, n. Sorrowfulness. 
 
 2. Tenderness ; compassion. 
 PIT'FALL, 71. A pit slightly covered for concealment, 
 
 and intended to catch wild beasts or men. 
 PIT'FALL, V. t. To lead into a pitfall. Milton. 
 PITH,'h. [Sax. pitha ; D. pit, pith, kernel.] 
 
 1. The soft, spongy substance in the center of 
 plants and trees. Bacon. Eucyc. 
 
 2. In animals, the spinal cord. Buy. 
 
 3. Strength or force. Shak. 
 
 4. Energy ; cogency ; concentrated force ; close- 
 ness and vigor of thought and style. 
 
 5. Condensed substance or matter; quintessence. 
 The summary contains the pith of the original. 
 
 b. Weight; moment; inqiortance. 
 
 Enterprises of g-real pith and moment. Shak. 
 
 PITH, V. t. To sever the spinal cord or marrow, as by 
 thrusting in a knife. A mode of putting animals to 
 death. Library of Entertaining Knowledge. 
 
 PITH'I-LY, a/ic. With strength; with close or con- 
 centrated force ; cogently ; with energy. 
 
 PITH'I-NESS, n. Strength; concentrated force; as, 
 the pithiness of a reply. Spenser. 
 
 PITH'LE.SS, o. Destitute of pith; wanting strength. 
 2. VVaiitiiig cogency or concentrated force. 
 
 PIT'-HoLE, 71. A mark made by disease. [Obs.] 
 
 Bcamn. Jj- Ft. 
 
 PITH'Y, a. Consisting of pith ; containing pith ; 
 ahountling with pith ; as, a pitky substance ; a pithy 
 stem. 
 
 2. Containing concentrated force ; forcible ; ener- 
 getic ; as, a pithy word or expression. 
 
 This pitbi^ speech prevaileil, and ajl agreed. DrycUn. 
 
 3. Uttering energetic words or expressions. 
 
 In all these, Goodman fact was very short, but pithy. Addison. 
 
 PIT'I-A-BLE, a. [Fr. pitoyable ; from pity.] 
 
 Deserving pity ; worthy of compassion ; misera- 
 ble ; as, pitiable persons ; a pitiable condition. 
 
 Jltterbury. 
 
 PIT'I-A-BLE-NESS, ti. State of deserving compas- 
 sion. KettlcwclL 
 
 PIT'I-A-BLY, adv. In a manner deserving pity ; mis- 
 erably. 
 
 PIT'I-iD, (pit'id,) pp. Compassionated. [See the 
 
 verb to Pitv.] 
 PIT'I-KD-LY, adv. In a situation to be pitied. 
 PIT'I-FUL, a. [See Pitv.] Full of pity; tender; 
 
 compassionate ; having a heart to feel sorrow and 
 
 sympathy for the distressed. James v. 1 Pet. iii. 
 
 [ This is the proper sen.-ie of the word. ] 
 
 2. INliserable ; moving compassion ; as, a sight 
 most p/ti/ii^; a pU//h/ condition. Shale. Ray. 
 
 [This is a very improper use of pitiful for pitiable.] 
 
 3. To be pitied for its littleness or meanness ; pal- 
 try ; contemptible ; despicable. 
 
 Thai's vilhinoiTS, and shows a most pit^/al ambition in ttie fool 
 tlial uses it. Sl:ak. 
 
 4. Very small ; insignificant. 
 PIT'I-F(JL-LY, adv. With pity ; compassionately. 
 
 Pitifully lichold the sorrows ol our hearts. Com. P^yer, 
 
 2. In a manner to excite pity. 
 
 They would sigh and ffroan as pitifully as other men. 
 
 TUloleon. 
 
 3. Contemptibly ; with meanness. Richardson. 
 PIT'I-FlJUNIiSS, 71. Tenderness of heart thai dis- 
 poses to pity ; mercy ; compassion. Sidnctj. 
 
 2. Contemptibleness. 
 PIT'I-LESS, a. Destitute of pity ; hard-hearted ; ap- 
 plied to persons i as, a pitiless master. 
 2. Exciting no pity ; as, a pitiless state. 
 PIT'l-Li;.SS-LY, adv. Without mercy or compassion. 
 PIT'I LIOSS-NESS, 71. Unmercifulness ; insensibility 
 
 to the distresses of others. 
 PIT'MAN, 71. The man that stands in a pit when 
 sawing timber with another man who stands above. 
 
 Moron. 
 
 2. The piece of timber which connects the lower 
 end of a mill-saw with the wheel that moves it. 
 
 PIT'SAW, 71. A large .saw used in dividing timber, 
 and used by two men, one of whom stands in a pit 
 below. Moron. 
 
 PIT'TA-GAL, 71. [Gr. Trirra, pilch, and aoAAoj, 
 beauty.] 
 
 A dark-blue, solid substance, somewhat like indi- 
 go, obtained from wood tar. Ure. 
 PIT'TANCi;, 71. v[Fr. pitance ; It. pietama ; Port, pi- 
 lAii^a. The word signifies, primarily, a porlitm of 
 food allowed to a monk. The Spanish has pilar, to 
 dislriliiite allowances of meat, and pitanccro, a per- 
 son who distributes allowances, or a friar who lives 
 on charity.] 
 
 1. ,\n allowance of meat In a monastery. 
 
 2. A very small portion allowed or assigned. Shak. 
 
 3. A very small (|uantity, as of money, &.c. 
 
 ^rhiithnoL 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PIIfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 8ao 
 
PLA 
 
 PIT'TF.n, j>p. or a. [from pit.] Marked with little 
 
 luillows ; set in coniprtitioii, lis in combat. 
 Pri''TING, ppr. Marking witll little liollows ; setting 
 
 in C(uiipetition. 
 PIT'TI-ZITE, n. [Gr. TTiaaa or ttitth, pitch.] 
 
 Pitcliy iron ore. Ure. 
 PI-TO'I-TA-RY, a. [L. pituita, phlegm, rheum ; Gr. 
 Trrt'w, to spit.] 
 
 Th.it socretea phlegm or mucus j as, the pituitanj 
 niemhranc. Jile.d. Repos. 
 
 The pituitary glavd is a small oval hody on the 
 lower side of the brain, erroneously suppo^^ed by the 
 ancients to secrete tlie mucus of the nostrils. 
 
 Parr, ^uiney. 
 PIT'y-ITE, n. [Fr., from L. pituita.] 
 Mucus. 
 
 PI-TO'I-TOUS, a. [L. pituitosus.] 
 
 Consistinu of mucus, or resembling it in qualities. 
 
 PIT'Y, n. [Fr. pitie ; It. picld, pity and piety; Pp. 
 pictail, pily and piety ; Port, pietlaile, id. The Latin, 
 Italiui, Spanish, and Portuguese languages unite 
 pity and piety in the same word, and the word may 
 be from the root of compassion ; h. potior, to suffer ; 
 It. compatire, Sp. and Port, compadeccrse, to pily-j 
 
 1. The feeling or suffering of one person, excited 
 by the distresses of another; sympathy with the 
 grief or misery of another ; compassion or fellow- 
 suffering. 
 
 He th:it hath pity upon the poorlendcth to the Lord. — Prov. six. 
 
 In Scripture, however, the word pity usually in- 
 cludes compassion accompanied with some act of 
 charily or benevolence, and not simply a fellow-feel- 
 ing of distress. 
 
 Pity in alwnyt p&inrul, yel alwayi agreeable. Kamta. 
 
 2. The ground or subject of pity ; cause of grief ; 
 thing to be regretted. 
 
 Wh:\t pily is it 
 
 That we can (lie but once to it-rve our country ( Addison. 
 That lie i£ old, the more ia the pily, bin white hairs do witix-ss iL 
 
 iVio*. 
 
 In this sense the word has a plural. It is a thou- 
 sand pities he should w.iste his estate in prodigality. 
 PIT'Y, [Ft. pitmier.] 
 
 To feel pain or grief for one in distress ; to have 
 sympathy for ; to compassionate ; to have tender 
 feelings for one, excited by his unhappiness. 
 
 Lilte R8 a fathT pilieth his children, go the Lord pilteth them 
 
 that fenr hiin. — Pa. ciii. 
 Taojrht by Uiat Power who pities me, 
 1 learn to pily them. Goldsmilh, 
 
 PIT'Y, V. i. To be compassionate ; to exercise pity. 
 1 will not ;>ity, uor spare, nor have mercy. — Jer. xiii. 
 {But this may be considered as an elliptical phrase.] 
 PIT'Y-li\G, ppr. Compassionating ; sympathizing. 
 PIT'Y-ING-LY, adv. Sympathizingly ; compassion- 
 ately. 
 
 PIU, [It.] In music, a little. 
 
 PI V'O'P, 71. [Fr. In Italian, pivolo, or piulo, is a peg 
 or pin.] 
 
 1. A pin or short shaft on which any thing ttirns. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 2. In military affairs, the officer or soldier upon 
 whom the different wheelings are made in the vari- 
 ous evolutions of the drill. Brande. 
 
 PIX, n. [L. pijzis.] 
 
 1. A little box or chest in which the consecrated 
 host is kept in the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Hamner, 
 
 2. A box used, in English coinage, for the trial of 
 gold and silver coin. Brande. 
 
 PIX'Y, n. A fairy. [Local in EntrJand.] Hulloway. 
 PIZ'ZLE, 71. [D. pees, a tendon or string.] 
 
 In certain t/i^udrupeds, the pait which is official to 
 generation and the discharge of urine. Brown. 
 PLA-eA-lilL'l-TY, ) 71. [from p/acaWe.] The qual- 
 PLa'C A-BLE-NESS, ( ity of being appeasable ; sus- 
 
 ceptiliilitv of being pacified. 
 PLA'CA-HLE, a. [It. placabile ; Bp. placable : L. p?.i- 
 cabilis, from placo, to pacify ; probably formed on the 
 root of lay. See Please.] 
 
 That may be appeaseii or pacified ; appeasable ; 
 admitting its passions or irritations to be allayed; 
 willing to forgive. 
 
 Methoo^hl I saw him placable and mild. MUton, 
 
 PLA-e.\RD', 71. [Fr. placard ; Sp. placarte ; D. plakaat ; 
 plakken, to pa.ste or stick ; G. and Dan. placat ; Fr. 
 plaquer, to clap on. Arm. placna. According to the 
 French orthography, this word is composed o( pla- 
 quer, to lay or clap on, and carte, card.] 
 
 Properly, a written or printed paper posted in a 
 public place. It seems to have been formerly the 
 name of an edict, proclamation, or manifesto, issued 
 by authority ; but this sense is, I believe, seldom or 
 never annexed to the word. A placard now is an 
 advertisement, or a libel, or a paper intended to cen- 
 sure public or private characters, or public niea.sures, 
 posted in a public pl.ace. In the case of libels or pa- 
 pers intended to censure public or private characters, 
 or the measures of government, these papers are 
 usually pa.sted up at night for secrecy. It is used 
 also for any paper posted to give public notice, as an 
 advertisement. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJiMTE.— 
 
 PLA 
 
 PLA-eXUI)', V. t. To post, as a writing i^r lihel, in a 
 public place. It is sometimes used in a good sen.-ie. 
 2. To notify publicly. 
 
 PI.A-exRn'KI), pp. Posted in a public pl.ace j noti- 
 fying publicly. 
 
 PL.\-t'A RD'ING, ppr. Posting in a public place. 
 
 PLa'CaTE, v. t. [L. placo, to appease.] 
 
 To appease or pacify ; to conciliate. Forbes. 
 
 PLACE, 71. [Fr. 1^/. ; Sp. plaza; Port, praf « ; It. piVii- 
 za, for piazza; Arm. plafz ; D. plaaLt ; (». plutz ; S\v. 
 plats; Dau. plads. Words of this signilicatioii have 
 for their mdical sense, to lay.] 
 
 1. A particular portion of space of indefinite ex- 
 tent, occupied, or intended to be occupied, by any 
 person or thing, and coiisitleretl as the space where 
 a person or thing does or may rest or has rested, as 
 distinct from space in general. 
 
 Look I'roin the place where thou art. — (Jen. xiii. 
 
 Tlie place wlii-r on Uiou standest is holy ^ruuiut. — Ex. iii. 
 
 Kvcrv p'acc wlii-reon tile solfS ot your lect shall tread shall be 
 
 yo.irs. - l).-ul. xi. 
 David's place was empty. — 1 Sain. xx. 
 
 2. Any portion of space, as distinct from space in 
 general. 
 
 Enlarfreincnt and deliverance shall arise to Uie Jews from 
 another place. — Ksih. iv. 
 
 3. Local existence. 
 
 From whiae face ttie earth and the heaven fled away, and there 
 was fouiul no place for them. — Ilev. xx. 
 
 4. Separate division, room, or apartment. 
 
 ills ciiuilojiie had an especial place for sequestered divines. 
 
 yell. 
 
 5. Seat ; residence ; mansion. 
 
 The Romans shall come and take away both our place and na- 
 tion. — John xi. 
 
 6. A portion or passage of writing or of a book. 
 
 Th-- place of the Scripture which he read was this. — Acts viii. 
 
 7. Point or degree in order of proceeding ; as, in 
 the first place ; in the second place ; in the last place. 
 Hence, 
 
 8. Riink ; order of priority, dignity, or imjiortance. 
 lie htilds the first place in society, or in the affections 
 of the people. 
 
 9. Office ; employment ; official station. The man 
 has a. place under the government. 
 
 Do you your otlice, or ^ve up your place. SliaJc. 
 
 10. Ground ; room. 
 
 There is no place of doubting but that it is the very same. 
 
 HaTjimond, 
 
 11. Sf.ttion in life ; calling; occupation ; condition. 
 All, in their several places, perform their duty. 
 
 12. .A city ; a town ; a village. In what p/ace does 
 he reside? lie arrived at iMxa place in the mail-coach. 
 Qcn. xviii. 
 
 13. In military affairs, a fortified town or post; a 
 fortress ; a fort ; as, a strong place ; a place easily tie- 
 fended. The place was taken by assault. 
 
 14. A country ; a kingdom. England is the place 
 
 15. Space in general. [of his birth. 
 But she all place within herself confines. Davies. 
 
 16. Room ; stead ; with the sense of substitution. 
 And Joseph said to them, Fear not ; for I am in the pfoce of Go<l. 
 
 — Ucn. 1. 
 
 17. Room ; kind reception. 
 
 My wonl hath no place in you. — John viii. 
 
 18. The place of a heavenly body, in astronomy, is 
 the sign and degree of the zodiac in which it is at 
 any given time ; usually expressed either by its lati- 
 tutle and longitude, or by its right ascension and dec- 
 lination. Mutton. 
 
 To take place; to come ; to happen; to corte into 
 actual existence or operation ; as when we say, this 
 or that event will or will not take place. The perfect 
 exemption of man from calamity can never take place 
 in this st.ite of existence. 
 
 2. To take the precedence or priority. 
 
 .Addison. Locke. 
 
 To take the place, but sometimes to take place, omit- 
 ting the article, is to occupy the place or station of 
 another. 
 
 To have place ; to have a station, room, or seat. 
 Such desires can hare no place in a good heart. 
 2. To have actual existence. 
 
 To give place ; to make room or way. Give place to 
 your superiors. 
 
 2. T<i give room ; to give advantage ; to yield to 
 the influence of; to listen to. 
 
 Neither give place to the devil. — Eph. iv. 
 
 3. To give way ; to yield to and suffer to pass 
 away. 
 
 High place ; in Scripture, a mount on which sacri- 
 fices were offered. 
 PLACE, 11. (. [Fr. placer.] 
 
 1. To put or set in a p.articular part of space, or in 
 a particular part of the earth, or in something on its 
 surface ; to locate ; as, to place a house by the side of 
 a stream ; to place a book on the shelf ; to place a 
 body of cavalry on each flank of an army. 
 
 2. To appoint, set, induct, or establish, in an of- 
 fice. 
 
 Thou shall provide out of til the people able men, such u fear 
 
 PLA 
 
 ljo<l, men of truth, hatiiit; cov"tousness ; mid place such 
 ov.-r (hem to b*- rulers of ttiousixnds. &c. — Kx. xviti. 
 It Is u liifrh mtiral duly of *ov..r-ii;iis anil siiprr-in*- in .(jislrifs 
 and councils, to place in olhce men of uiiquestiopaM'- virtuo 
 and Lileiits. .liiori. 
 
 3. To put or set in any particular rank, state, or 
 condition. Some men are placed in a condition of 
 rank and opulence, others are placed in low or nar- 
 row circumst,'inces ; but in whatever sphere men are 
 placed, contentment will insure to them a large por- 
 tion of happlncs.s. 
 
 4. To set ; to fix ; as, to place one's affections on 
 an object; lo place confidence in a friend. 
 
 5. To put ; to invest ; as, to place money in the 
 funds or in a bank. 
 
 C. To put out at interest ; to lend ; as, to place 
 money in good hands or in good security. 
 PUi-C£'BO, n. [L. placeo.] 
 
 1. In the Roman Catholic church, the vesper hymn 
 for the dead, beginning, " Placebo Domino." 
 
 Fosbroke, 
 
 2. In medicine, a prescription more to please than 
 benefit the patient. Forsyth. 
 
 PLAC'/!,'!), (plast,) pp. Set; fixed; located; estab- 
 lished. 
 
 PLACE'.MAN, n. One that has an office under a gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 PLA-CE.V'TA, 71. [L. ; probably from the root of D. 
 plakken; Fr. plai/uer, to stick or clap together.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, tile substance that connects the 
 ovum to the womb, a soft, roundish mass or cake 
 by which the principal connection is maintained be- 
 tween the parent and the fetus. Cuie. Quincy. 
 
 2. The part of a plant or fruit to which the seeds 
 are attached. Coze. Parr. 
 
 PL.VCE.N'TAL, a. Pertaining to the placenta. 
 
 It'ati^rhause. 
 
 PLAC-EN-TA'TIO.\, 71. In botany, the disposition of 
 the cotyledons or lobes in the vegetation or germina- 
 tion of seeds. Marti/n. 
 PLAC-E.VTIF'ER-OUS, a. [h. placenta and Jlro.] 
 In botany, bearing or producing a placenta. 
 
 Lindteij. 
 
 PLa'CER, 71. One who places, locates, or sets. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PL.AC'ID, a. [L. placidus, from placo, to appease.] 
 
 1. Gentle; quiet; undisturbed; equable; as, a 
 placid motion of the spirits. Bacon. 
 
 2. Serene ; mild ; unrutHed ; indicating peace of 
 mind ; as, a placid countenance or smile. 
 
 3. Calm ; tranquil ; serene ; not stormy ; as, a 
 placid sky. 
 
 4. Calm ; quiet ; unruffled ; as, a placid stream. 
 PL.AC'ID-LY, adv. Mildly ; calmly ; quietly ; without 
 
 disturbance or passion. 
 PLAC'ID-NESS, ) 71. Calmness ; quiet; tranquillity ; 
 PLA-CI1)'I-TY, ( unrurtled state. 
 
 2. Mildness ; gentleness ; sweetness of disposition. 
 
 Chandler. 
 
 PLACING, ppr. Setting; fixing; establishing. 
 PLAC IT, (plas'it,) 71. [L.placitum, that which pleases, 
 a decree, from placeo, to please.] 
 A decree or determination. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Olanville. 
 
 PLAC'I-TO-RY, a. Relating to pleas or pleading in 
 courts of law. Clayton. 
 
 PLACK'ET, n. [from the Fr. plaquer, to cliip on. 
 See Placard.] 
 
 A petticoat. If this is the sense of the word in 
 Sliakspeare, it is derivative. 1'he word .'signifies the 
 opening of the garment; but it is nearly or wholly 
 obsolete. 
 
 PL.\-eOID'I-AN, a. Pertaining to the placoidians. 
 PLA-eOID'I-ANS, n. pL [Gr. TrAuf, a plate, and 
 £!(!■)?, form.] 
 
 The first order of fishes in the arrangement of 
 Agassiz, having the skin covered with enameled 
 plates, as the sharks, rays, lampreys, &.c. 
 PLA-FOND',71. [Fr.] The ceiling of a room, whether 
 
 flat or arched ; any soflit. 
 PLA'GAL, a. [Gr. rAaj inc.] 
 
 Platral melodies, in jnnsir, are such as have their 
 principal notes lying between the fifth of the key 
 and its octave or twelfth. [See Authentic.] 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PLA'GI-A-RISM, 71. [from plaipanj.] 
 
 The act of purloining another man's litemry works, 
 or introducing passages from another man's writings, 
 and putting them off as one's own ; literary theft. 
 
 Sieift. 
 
 PLa'GI-A-RIST, 71. One that purloins the writings 
 of another, and puts them off as his own. 
 
 PLA'GI A-KIZE, V. t. To steal or purloin from the 
 writings of another. 
 
 PLA'GI-A-RIZ-£D, pp. Stolen from the writings of 
 another. 
 
 PLa'GI-.\-RIZ-ING, ppr. Purloining from the writ- 
 ings of another. 
 
 PLA'GI-.\-RY, 71. [L. platrium, a kidnapping, prob- 
 ably from plagir, neLs, toil, that which is layrd or 
 spread, from the root of Eng. lay. The I., plaga, a 
 stroke, is the same word differently applied, a laying 
 on.] 
 
 1. A thief in literature ; one that purloins anoth- 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOtJ3. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH aa SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 er's writings, and offers them to the public as his 
 own. Snath. Dryden. 
 
 2. The crime of literarj- theft. [J^ot used.] 
 
 Brown, 
 
 PLa'G[-.A.-RY, a. Stealing men; kidnappinc. [J\*k( 
 ILseil. 1 Brown. 
 9. Practicini literai-y theft. Hall. 
 
 PLa'GI-O.N ITE, n. [Gr- 'r^") '"fi oblique, alluding 
 to llie cry«tulli/..ition.J 
 A blockish, lead-gray ore of antimony and lead. 
 
 PLaGUE, (pi.!?,) 11. [Sp. plam or //((jro, a wound, a 
 plat'ue ; It. pia^a, for plaga ; G. and Dan. plage ; Sw. 
 plaira : VV. pla^ plague ; llac, a slap ; Vaciaw^ to strike, 
 to lick, to cudgel ; Ir. ;>/«/> ; L. pla^a, a stroke, Gr. 
 ■rXri) n. (See Lick and Lay.) The primary si iise 
 is, a stroke or strikiu!!. So afflict is from the root of 
 fiog, and probably of the same family as plague.] 
 
 1. Any thing troublesome or vexatious; but, in 
 this sense, applied t'^ the vexations we suffer from 
 m?n, and not to the unavoidable evils indicted on 
 us by divine Providence. The application of the 
 word to the latter would now be irreverent and re- 
 proachful. 
 
 9. .A pestilential disease ; an acute, malignant, 
 febrile disease, that often prevails in Egyjit, Syria, 
 and Turkey, and has at times prevailed in the large 
 cities of Europe, with frightful mortality. 
 
 3. A state of misery. Ps. xxxviii. 
 
 4. Any great natural evil or calamity ; as, the ten 
 p1a^ue.< of Egj'pt. 
 
 PL.aGUE, (plip,) r. U [Sp. plagar; W. placaw ; It. 
 pia^rare ; G. plagai; Dan. plager; Sw, ptaga; from 
 the noun.] 
 
 1. To infest with disease, calamity, or natural evil 
 of any kind. 
 
 Thus were they plagued 
 And worn with r.imine. ' Milton. 
 
 2. To vex ; to tease ; to harass ; to trouble ; to em- 
 barrass ; a very general and indcjinite jiigiiijicatioti. 
 
 If her nnuire b? so, 
 Then she will plague ihe inan Uwl loves her most. Spenser. 
 
 PLaGUE'FUL, a. Abounding with plagues; infect- 
 ed with plagues. 
 
 PLaGUE'LESS, a. Free from plagues or the plagiie. 
 
 PL.^GU'l-LY, (plag'e-le,) adv. V'evatiously ; in a 
 manner t<» vex, harass, or embarrass ; greatly ; hor- 
 ribly, r/rt vulfrar u.<e.] Swift. Dryden. 
 
 PLaGIJ'Y, (plig'e,) a. Vexatious; troublesome; tor- 
 nienting. [Vulgar.] Hndibras. 
 
 PLaICE, j n. [Fr. plie; Sp. platija; G. ptalt.eise ; Dan. 
 
 PL.\ISE, i plat-ask, flat-fish ; from plot, fl.at.] 
 
 A fish of the genus Platessa, (Pleuronectes, Linn.,) 
 allied to this flounder, and growing to the size of 
 eiL'Iit or ten pounds or more. This fish is more flat 
 and square than the halibut. 
 
 PL.^II'E'.MOU'I'H, n. A wry mouth. B. Jonson. 
 
 PLAID, (plad,)7i. [Cin. VV. plaiil, a partition; diver- 
 sity of colors being often named from dividing.] 
 
 A striped or variegated cloth, worn as an over- 
 garment by the Highlanders in Scotland. It is a 
 narrow woolen stuff, worn round the waist or on the 
 shijiilders, reaching to the knees, and, in cold weath- 
 er, to the feet. It is worn by both sexes. Pennant. 
 
 PLAIN, a. [Fr. plain; It. piano; Sp. piano, tlano ; 
 Port, piano, from L. planus; G. and Sw. plan; D. 
 plein; Sw. Dau. D. and G. plan, a plan or scheme; 
 \V. plan, a plane, a plantation, a shoot or cion, a ray 
 of light, whence plant, children, issue; plciniaw, to 
 radiate ; plenig, radiant, splendid, whence y.-ylan, 
 clear, bright, splendid, and ysptandcr, L. splendor. 
 The Gr. ~uii'a(,), to wander, is from the same root. 
 Here we have decisive evidence, that plain, plan, 
 plant, and splendor, are from the same radix. (See 
 Plant.) Class Ln, No. 4, 6, 7.] 
 
 1. Smooth ; even ; level ; flat ; without elevations 
 and depressions ; not rough ; as, plain ground or 
 land ; a plain surface. In this sense, in philo- 
 sophical writings, it is written Plane. 
 9. Open; clear; unencumbered; fair. 
 Our iroopi b<-.it an luiny in plain li^hl and open field. F^;lton. 
 
 3. Void of beauty or ornament ; simple ; as, a 
 plain dress. 
 
 Plain wiUiout pomp, and rich without a shovr, Drylen. 
 
 4. Artliiss ; simple ; unlearned ; without disginse, 
 cnniiiirg, or aff_clation ; without refinement; as, 
 men of the plainer sort. Ocn. xxv. Bacon. 
 
 Plain, hut pioui Christiana. Hammond. 
 
 5. ArtleM ; simple ; unaffected ; unembellislied ; 
 as, a plain tale or narration. 
 
 <>, lloneKily undisguised; open; frank; sincere; 
 unreserved, I will tell you the plain truth, 
 
 Gi*c me leave to be jttain witli you. Bacon. 
 
 7. .Mere ; baru; as, a plain knave or fool. 
 
 S/tuk. Pope. 
 
 8. Evident to the understanding ; clear ; manifest ; 
 not oliHciire ; uh, plum words or language; a plain 
 difference ; a plain argument. 
 
 It u platn in the history, th.it tUiu wns never tulj' ct to Jncob. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 9. Not much varied by modulations ; as, a plain 
 (oiiK or (line. I 
 
 1 1. Not high seasoned ; not rich ; not luxuriously 
 dressed ; as, a plain diet. 
 
 II. Not ornamented with figures ; as, j)2am muslin, 
 19, Not dyetjl, 
 
 13. Not diliicult ; not embarrassing ; as, a plain 
 case in law. 
 
 14. Easily seen or discovered ; not obscure or 
 ditlicult to be found, as, a plain road or path. Our 
 course is very plain. Ps. xxvii. 
 
 PLAIN, adv. Not obscurely ; in a manner to be easily 
 understood. 
 
 2. Distinctly ; articulately ; as, to speak plain. 
 Mark vii. 
 
 3. With simplicity; artlessly; bluntly. 
 
 PLAIN, n. [Ir.cluaiH; W'.lUin; Fr. plaine. See the 
 adjective.] 
 
 1. Level land ; usually, an open field with an 
 even surface, or a surface little varied by inequali- 
 ties ; as, all the plain of Jordan. Oeji. xiii. 
 
 2. Field of battle. Arbuthnot. 
 PLAIN, I'. (. To level ; to make plain or even on the 
 
 surface. Hayward. 
 2. To lament or wail ; as, to plain one's case. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PLAIN, r, i. [Ft. plaindre ; L.plango.] 
 
 To lament or bewail. [A'ut used.] [bee Complain.] 
 PLaIN'-CMaNT, h. See Plain Song, 
 PLaIN'-Di;.\L-ER, ti. One who speaks out his 
 
 views with great plainness. 
 PLaIN'-DeAL-ING, a. [plain and deal.] 
 
 Dealing or communicating with frankness and 
 sincerity ; honest ; open ; speaking and acting with- 
 out art ; as, a /i/mn-dea/iH^ man. Sliak. L' Estrange. 
 PLaIN'-Df.AL-ING, n. A speaking or communi- 
 cating with openness and sincerity; management 
 without art, stratagem, or disguise ; sincerity. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 PLAIN'-HEXRT'ED, a. Having a sincere heart ; 
 communicating without art, reserve, or hypocrisy; 
 of a frank disposition. Milton. 
 
 PLAIN'-HEXRT'ED-NESS, n. Frankness of dispo- 
 sition ; sincerity. Hullywell. 
 
 PLAIN'ING, 71, Complaint. [Ohs.] Shak. 
 
 PLAIN'LY, ai/u. With a level surface, [Little used.] 
 
 2. Without cunning or disguise, 
 
 3. Without ornament or artificial embellishment ; 
 as, to be plainly clad, 
 
 4. Frankly ; honestly ; sincerely ; as, deal plainly 
 with me. Pope. 
 
 5. In earnest ; fairly. Clarendon. 
 
 6. In a manner to be easily seen or comprehended. 
 
 Thou Shalt write on the stones all tlie woltls of this law very 
 plainly. — Deut. xxvii. 
 
 7. Evidently ; clearly ; not obscurely. The doc- 
 trines of grace are plainly taught in the Scri|itiires. 
 
 PLaIN'NESS, n. Levelness ; evenness of surface. 
 
 2, Want of ornament ; want of artificial show. 
 So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit. Pope. 
 
 3, Openness ; rough, blunt, or unrefined frank- 
 ness. 
 
 Your plainness and your sliortncss please me well. ShaJe. 
 
 4. Artlessness; simplicity; candor; as, unthink- 
 ing plainness. Dryden. 
 
 5. Clearness ; openness ; sincerity. 
 
 Seeing, then, we have such hope, we use great plainness of 
 speech. — 2 Cor. iii. 
 
 PLXIN'-SONG, n. An ecclesiastical chant in duple 
 measure with notes of equal length, and rarely ex- 
 tending bevimd the com|iass of an octave. P. Cyc. 
 
 PLaIN'-SPoK-£N, a. Speaking with plain, unre- 
 served sincerity. Drijden. 
 
 PLAINT, 71. [Fr. p/aintc, from plainrfrc, to lament, from 
 L. plango, to strike, to beat, to lament, whence com- 
 plaint; Gr. nAiiTTi,>,jrAr)rTu), to strike, from the root 
 7rAr,> f.p, r/ijfui-rrf, whence TrAm r7, a stroke, L. plaga. 
 Eng. plague : Gulh. flekan, to lament ; Sp. plahir, frtmi 
 the Latin. The primary sense is, to strike, that is, to 
 drive or thrust, applietl to the hand or to the voice ; 
 or the sense of complaint and lamentation is from 
 beating the breast, as in violent grief ; Sw. plagga, 
 to beat.] 
 
 1. Lamentation; complaint; audible expression of 
 sorrow. 
 
 From inwnrti grief 
 His burbling paasion into plaints tlivis poured. Milton. 
 
 2. Complaint; representation made of injury or 
 wrong done. 
 
 There are iliree Just grounds of war with Spain ; one ofn^ninl* ; 
 two upon delens".'. JJacon. 
 
 3. In law, n private memorial tendered to a court, 
 in which the person sets forth his cause of action. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 4. In law, a complaint ; a formal accusation exhib- 
 ited by a private persim against an offender for a 
 breach of law or a public offense. 
 
 Laip.i of JVeio York and Conn. 
 PLAINT'FJJL, a. Complaining; expressing sorrow 
 with an audible voice ; as, my plainlful tongue, 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 PLAINT'IFF, n. [Fr. plainlif, inournful, making 
 coinirlaiiit.j 
 
 In luir, the person who coiiiinencea a suit before a 
 
 tribunal, for the recovery of a claim ; opposed to De- 
 fendant, 
 
 [Prior eses this word as an adjective, in the 
 French sense, lor plaintive, but the use is not au- 
 thorized.] 
 PLAINT'IVE, a, [Fr. plaintlf] 
 
 1, Lamenting; complaining; expressive of sor- 
 row ; as, a plaintive sound or song, Dryden. 
 
 2, Complaining; expressing sorrow or grief; re- 
 pining. 
 
 To soothe the sorrows of her plaintive ton. Dryden. 
 
 PLaINT'IVE-LY, adv. In a manner expressive of 
 grief. 
 
 PLaINT'IVE-NESS, 71. The quality or state of ex- 
 pressing grief. 
 
 PLA!.\T'LESS, a. Without complaint ; unrepining. 
 
 PLAIN'-WORK, (-wiirk,) 71. Plain needlework, as 
 distinguished from embroider)'. Pope. 
 
 PLAIT, 71. [W. ;>/f(/i, a plait or fold ; p/rt/iii, to plait 
 or braid, from lletli; Sw. fldta, Dan. flettcr, to plait, 
 braid, twist, Riiss. plctu, oplctayu, Fr. plisser, with 
 a dialectical change of t to s. Ciu, Gr, kXojOui, to 
 twist,] 
 
 1, A fold ; a doubling ; as of cloth. 
 
 It is very tlitTicult to trace out the figure of a rest through all the 
 plaits and folding of the dr.ipery. Atldison. 
 
 2. A braid, as of hair or straw. 
 
 PLaIT, v. t. To fold ; to double in narrow streaks ; 
 as, to plait a gown or a sleeve. Gay. 
 
 2. To braitl ; to interweave strands; as, to plait 
 the hair. 
 
 3. To entangle ; to involve. Shak. 
 PLa IT'ED, p/>. or a. Folded; braided; interwoven. 
 PLAIT'ER, 71, One that plaits or braids. 
 PLaIT'ING, p;>r. Folding; doubling; braiding. 
 PLAN, 71. [Fr. G. D. Dan. Sw. and Russ. plan. The 
 
 Italian has pianta, a plant, and a plan, and in Welsh, 
 plan is a shoot, cion, plantation, or planting, and a 
 plane. Hence plan, plain, plane, ami plant, are from 
 one root. The primary sense of the verb is to ex- 
 tend.] 
 
 1. A draught or form ; properly, the representation 
 of any thing drawn on a plane, as a map or chart, 
 which is a representation of some portion of land or 
 water. But the word is applied particularly to the 
 model of a building, showing the form, extent, and 
 divisions in miniature, and it may be applied to the 
 draught or representation of any projected work on 
 paper, or on a plane surface ; as, the ;i/a7i of a town 
 or city, or of a harbor or fort. The form of a ma- 
 chine in miniature is called a Model. 
 
 2. A scheme devised ; a project ; the form of some- 
 thing to be diuie existing in the mind, with the sev- 
 eral parts adjusted in idea, expressed in words or 
 coinuiilted to writing ; as, the plan of a constitution 
 of government ; the plan of a treaty ; the plan of an 
 expt'dilitui. 
 
 PLAN, (. To form a draught or representation of 
 any intended work, 
 
 2. To scheme ; to devise ; to form in design ; as, 
 to plan the conquest of a country ; to plan a reduc- 
 tion of taxes, or of the national tjebt. 
 
 PLa'NA-RY, (7. Pertaining to a plane. Diet 
 
 PLANCH, !■. t. [Fr. planelie, a plank. See Plank.] 
 To plank ; to cover with planks or boartls. Gorges. 
 
 PLANCH'/;D, (plancht,) pp. Covered or made of 
 planks or lioartis. 
 
 PLANCII'ER, 71. A floor. Bacon. 
 
 PLANCH'ET, 71. [Fr. pi anchette. See Plank.] 
 A flat piece of metal or coin, F.nrvc. 
 
 PLANCH'hVG, 71. The laying of floors in a biiiltling; 
 also, a floor of boards or planks, Carew. 
 
 PLa.N'E, a. [L. planus. See Plain.] Without ele- 
 vations or depressions ; even ; level ; flat ; as, a plane 
 surface. 
 
 Plane chart ; a chart constructed on the supposition 
 of the earth and sea being an extended plane surface, 
 with the degrees of latitude and longitude every 
 where equal. 
 
 A plane figure, in geometry, is a surface in which, 
 if any two points are taken, the straight line which 
 joins them lies wholly in that surface. 
 
 A plane angle, is one contained between two lines 
 or surfaces, in contradistinction to a solid angle. Encye. 
 
 Plane sailing ; in navigation, the art of determining 
 the ship's place, on the supposition that sne is mov- 
 ing on a plane. Brande. 
 PLA.N'E, 71, .[from L. planus. See Plain.] 
 
 1. In irf,))ji,(ry, an even or level surface, like plain 
 in popular language, 
 
 2. In astronomy, an imaginary surface .supposed 
 to pass through any of the curves ilescribed im the 
 celestial sphere; as, Ihe plane of the ecliptic; the 
 plane of a planet's orbit ; the plane of a great circle, 
 
 3. In mechanics. See Plane Fii:i'nE. 
 
 4. In joinery and cabinet work, an instrument con- 
 sisting of a smooth piece of wood, wilh an aperture, 
 through which passes obliquely a piece of edged steel 
 or chisel, used in paring or smoothing boards or wood 
 of any kind. 
 
 A linri-.onlal plane is parallel to the horizon. 
 An inchnrd plane is any plane inclined to the hori- 
 zon, by whatever angle. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRBV, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK, — 
 
 __ _ . 
 
PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 PLANE, !;. t. To ni;»kc smooth; to pare off tin; in- 
 eiiualities of the surface of a board or other piece of 
 wood by the use of a plane. 
 9. To free from iiiecpialities of surface, ^rbiithnot. 
 
 PL.aN'ED, pp. or a. Made smooth with a plane ; Isv- 
 elcd. 
 
 PLAN'ET, )i. [Fr. planete: Si. pianeta; L. Sp. and 
 Port. p;iiH((a ; vV. planed; Gr. irX ii'j/Tijf, wandering, 
 from tAukiu, to wander, allied to L. planus, Ft. loin. 
 See Plant.] 
 
 A celestial body which revolves about the sun, 
 in an orbit of a moderate dejrec of eccentricity, in 
 distinction from a comet, which liss a very eccentric 
 orbit. The planets arc sometimes called primarij 
 planets, in distinction from those bodies called sec- 
 ondary planets, moons, or satellites, which revolve 
 about some planet as their center, and with that re- 
 volve about the sun. The primary planets are named 
 Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus, 
 and Neptune. Five smaller planets, denominated by 
 some asteroiih; namely, Ceres, Palliis, Juno, Vesta, 
 and Astra;a, have recently been discovered between 
 the orbits of .Mars and Jupiter. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, 
 Uranus, and Neptune, being without the earth's orbit, 
 are sometimes called thesupcrior planets ; Venus ami 
 Mercury, being within the earth's orbit, are called 
 inferior planets. The planets are opaque bodies, which 
 receive their light from the sun. They are so named 
 from their motion or revolution, in distinction from 
 the fixed stars, and are distinguished from the latter 
 bv tlieir not twinkling. 
 
 PLXNE'-Ta-BLE, 71. An instrument or board marked 
 off into degrees from the center, used in surveying 
 land, by which the draught or plan is tiiken on the 
 spot during the progress of the survey. lluUon. 
 
 PLAN-ET-.^'RI-UM, n. An astronomical machine 
 which, by the movement of its parts, represents the 
 motions and orbits of the planets, agreeable to the 
 Copernican system. Barlow. 
 
 PLAN ET-A-RV, a. [Fr. planetaire.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the planets; as, p^anetcz-y inhabit- 
 ants ; planetary motions. 
 
 •2. Consisting of planets ; as, a planetani system. 
 3. Under the dominion or influence of a planet ; 
 as, a planetary hour. [Astrology.'] Dryden. 
 
 •1. Produced by planets ; as, planetary plague or in- 
 fluence. Sliak. 
 5. Having the nature of a planet ; erratic or re- 
 .vtilving. Blackniore. 
 Planetary days ; the days of the week as shared 
 among the planets, each having its day, as we name 
 the davs of the week after the planets. Hutton. 
 
 PLAN'ET-EI), a. Belonging to planets. Young. 
 
 PLA-.\ET'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to planets. [J^oluscd.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 PL.^XE'-TREE, 71. [L. plalanus; Fr. plane, jilatanc.] 
 A tree of the genus Platanus. The oriental plane- 
 tree is a n.ative of Asia ; it rises with a straight, 
 smooth, branching stem to a great hight, with pal- 
 inated leaves, and long, pendulous peduncles, sus- 
 taining several heads of small, close-sitting flowers. 
 The seeds are downy, and collected into round, 
 rough, hard balls. The occidental plane-tree, which 
 grows to a great hight, is a native of North Ameri- 
 ca; it is called also Button-wood and Button- 
 tree. 
 
 PLAN'ET-STRUCK, a. Affected by the influence of 
 planets ; blasted. Suckling. 
 
 PLA.N'ET-UI-E, 77. A little planet. Conybeare. 
 
 PEAN-I-.MET'Rie, la. Pertaining to the mensu- 
 
 PLAN-I-MET'Rie-AL. ( ration of plane surfaces. 
 
 PLA-NI.M'E-TRV, 71. [L. planus, plain, and Gr. pcr- 
 ptoj, to measure.] 
 
 Tlie niensuratio7i of plane surfaces. Hutton. 
 
 PL.\.\'ISH, p. (. [froi7i p/a7ie.] To render a metallic 
 surface level and smooth, by pounding it gently with 
 a smooth-faced hammer; as, to planish silver tea- 
 spoons or tin plate. Heiiry''s Cltem. 
 
 PLAN'ISI1-£D, (plan'isht,) pp. Made smooth by 
 hammering. 
 
 PLAN'ISH-ING, ppr. Making smooth bv hammering. 
 PLAN'I-SPUicRE, 71. [L. planus, plain, and sphere.] 
 A sphere projected on a plane. In this sense, maps 
 in which are exhibited the meridians and other cir- 
 cles are planispheres. Hutton. 
 PLANK, 71. [Fr. planche ; Arm. plancquenn, pi. plench ; 
 W. plane; D. plank; G. and Dan. planke ; Sw. 
 ^lanka; Russ. plac/ia, :i board or plank. Probably n 
 IS casual, and the word belongs to Class Lg.] 
 
 A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a 
 board only in being thicker. In America, broad 
 pieces of sawed timber, which are not more than an 
 inch or an inch and a quarter thick, are called boards ; 
 like pieces, from an inch and a h.alf to three or four 
 inches thick, are called planks. Sometimes pieces 
 more than four inches thick are called planks. 
 PL.\NK, V. t. To cover or lay with planks ; as, to 
 plank a floor or a ship. 
 
 PL.A.N'NER, n. One who plana or forms a plan; a 
 projector. 
 
 PIiA.\'NI.\G, ppr. Scheming; devising ; making a 
 plan. 
 
 PLA'NO-eON'e.\VE, a. Flat on one side and con- 
 cave on the other. 
 
 PI,A'NO-CON'ie-AL, a. [plain anA conical.] Plane 
 or level on one side and conical on the other. 
 
 Qrem. 
 
 PLA'NO-eON'VEX, a. [plain and convex.] Plane 
 or fl.at on one side and convex on the other ; as, a 
 plaiio-conrrr. lens. J^ewton. 
 
 PLA'NO-HOR-I-ZON'TAL, a. Having a level hori- 
 zontal surface or position. Lee^ 
 
 PL.\-NOR'BIS, 71. [L. planus and orbis.] 
 
 A genus of fresh-water snails, having shells of a 
 discoidal form. Alantcll. 
 
 PI.A'NO-SUB'y-LATE.a. [See Subulate.] Smooth 
 and awl-shaped. 
 
 PLANT, 71. [Fr. pi ante ; It. pianta ; L. Sp. Port, and 
 Sw. pianta; Ir. pluunda; I), plant; O. pfianie ; Dan. 
 phnite ; Arm. plantenn ; \V. plant, issue, offspring, 
 children, from ;)^a7i, a ray, a shoot, a plantation or 
 planting, a plane ; planed, a shotting body, a planet; 
 plfiniaic, to radiate ; plenig, radiant, S]}lendid ; pleiit, 
 that is rayed ; plentyn, a child ; pianta, to beget or to 
 bear children. In It. Sp. and Port, pianta signifies a 
 plant and a plan. Here we fnul plan, plane, plant, 
 planet, all from one stock, and the Welsh pleiniaw, to 
 radiate, shows that the L. splendeo, splendor, are of 
 the same famil}'. The Celtic ciaii is probably the 
 \Velsh plan, plant, with a different prefix. The radi- 
 cal sense is obvious, to shoot, to extend.] 
 
 1. A vegetable; anorganic body, destitute of sense 
 and spontaneous motion, adhering to another body 
 in such a manner as to draw from it its nourishment, 
 and having the power of propag.ating itself by seeds ; 
 " w!jose seed is in itself." Oen. i. This definition 
 may not be perfectly correct, as it respects all plants, 
 for some aquatic plants grow without being attached 
 to any fixed body. 
 
 The woody or dicotyledonous plants consist of 
 three jiarts ; the bark or exterior coat which covers 
 the wood ; the wood, which is hard, and constitutes 
 the principal part ; and the pith or center of the stem. 
 In monocotyledonous plants, the ligneous or fibrous 
 parts, and the pithy or parenchymatous, are equally 
 distributed through the whole internal substance ; 
 and in the lower plants, fungi, sea-weed. Sec, the 
 substance is altogether parenchymatous. By means 
 of proper vessels, the nourishing juices are distrib- 
 uted to every part of the plant. In its most general 
 sense, plant comprehends all vegetables, trees, shrubs, 
 herbs, grasses, 6cC. In popular laniruage, the word 
 is generally applied to the smaller species of vege- 
 tables. 
 
 2. A sapling. Dnjden. 
 
 3. In Scripture, a child ; a descendant ; the inhab- 
 itant of a country. Ps. cxliv. Jer. xlviii. 
 
 4. The sole of the foot. [Little used.] 
 
 5. The fixtures and tools necessary to carry on any 
 trade or mechanical business. [Locai.] 
 
 Sea-plant ; a plant that grows on the sea or in salt 
 water ; sea-weed. 
 
 Sensitive plant ; a plant that shrinks on being 
 touched ; a species of the .Mimos.a. 
 PL.\NT, V. t. To put in the ground and cover, as seed 
 for growth ; as, to p/a7i« maize. 
 
 2. To set in the ground for growth, as a young tree 
 or a vegetable with roots. 
 
 3. To engender ; to set the germ of any thing that 
 may increase. 
 
 It engenders choler, ptanttlh anger. Sliak. 
 
 4. To set firmly ; to fix. 
 
 His standard planted on Laurentum's towers. Dryden. 
 
 5. To settle ; to fix the first inhabitants ; to estab- 
 lish ; as, to plant a colony. 
 
 6. To furnish with plants ; to lay out and prepare 
 with plants ; as, to plant a garden or an orchard, 
 
 7. To set and direct or point ; as, to plant cannon 
 against a fort. 
 
 8. To introduce and establish ; as, to plant Chris- 
 tianity among the heathen. 
 
 1 have planted, Apolloa watered, but God gave the increase. — 
 1 Cor. iii. 
 
 9. To unite to Christ, and fix in a state of fellow- 
 ship with him. Ps. xcii. 
 
 PLANT, r. i. To perform the act of planting. Pope. 
 PLANT' A-BLE, a. Capable of being planted. 
 
 Edwards, If 'esl Indies. 
 PLANT' AGE, 71. [L. plantago.] 
 
 An herb, or herbs in general. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PLANT'AIN, (plant'in,) 71. [Fr. ; from L. plantago; 
 It. piantaggiite,] 
 
 A plant of the genus Plantago, of m.iny species. 
 The common plantain is found near the abode of 
 civilized man in all parts of the world. The icalcr 
 plantain is of the genus Alisma. Loudon. 
 
 PLANT'AIN, ) ro 1 . 1 
 
 PL ANT' AIN-TREE, ( t^P" ?'«"""'•] 
 
 A tropical tree of the genus Musa, the most re- 
 markable species of which are, the paradisiaca or 
 plantain, and the sapientum or banana-tree. The 
 
 plantain rises with a soft stem, fifteen or twenty feet 
 liigh, and the fruit is a substitute for bread. 
 
 Kncye. Jim. 
 
 PLANT'AL, a. Belonging to plants. [JVot u-sci/.l 
 
 G/a7tri7/ff. 
 
 PLANT-A'TION, n. [L. plantatio, from planlo, to 
 plant.] 
 
 1. The act of planting or setting in the earth for 
 growth. 
 
 2. The place planted ; applied to ground planted 
 with trees, for the purpose of producing timber, or 
 for ornament, &c. Adtluon. 
 
 3. In the United States and the If'est Indies, a large 
 estate, cultivated chiefly by negroes, either slaves or 
 free, who live in a distinct community on the est.atc, 
 under the control of the proprietor or master. 
 
 4. An original settlement in a new country ; a 
 town or village planted. 
 
 Wlule these pLantatiojia were rumiiiig in Conncc'icut. 
 
 B. TrumbM. 
 
 5. A colony. Bacon. 
 
 6. A first planting; introduction; establishment; 
 as, the plantation o( Chi istiauity in England. 
 
 K. Charles. 
 
 PLANT'-CANE, n. In the fVcst Indiej, a term applied 
 to the original plants of the sugar-cane, proiUiced 
 from genus placed in the ground ; or canes of the 
 first growth, in distinction from the ratoons, or 
 sprouts from the roots of canes which have been cut. 
 
 Edwards, IV. Indies. 
 
 PLANT'ED, pp. or a. Set in the earth for propagation ; 
 set; fixed; introduced; established. 
 
 2. Furnished w ith seeds or plants for growth ; as, 
 a planted field. 
 
 3. Furnished with the first inhabitants; settled; 
 as, territory planted with ctjionists. 
 
 4. Filled or furnished with what is new. 
 
 A man in all tlie world's new ias\i\oix planted.. [Sec Def.^^ . 
 
 PL.\.\T'ER, 71. One that plants, sets, introduces, or 
 establishes ; as, a planter of maize ; a planter of 
 vines ; the planters of a colony. 
 
 2. One that settles in a new or uncultivated terri- 
 tory ; as, the first planters in Virginia. 
 
 3. One who owns a plantation ; used in Ute West 
 Indies and Southern States of Jlmerica. 
 
 4. One th.at introduces and establishes. 
 Tiie apostles were tlie first planhera of Christiaiiily. 
 
 kelson. Ail'Uson, 
 
 PLANT'ER-SHIP, n. The business of a planter, or 
 the management of a plantation, as in the West 
 Indies. Kncyc. 
 
 PLANT'I-ei.E, (plant'e-kl,) 71. A young plant, or 
 plant in embryo. Darwin. 
 
 PLANT'I-GRADE, 71. [L. pianta, the sole of the foot, 
 and gradior, to walk.] 
 
 An animal that walks or steps on the sole of the 
 foot, as the bear. Bill. 
 
 PLANT'I-GRADE, a. Walking on the sole of the 
 foot. 
 
 PLA.VT'ING, ppr. Setting in the earth for propaga- 
 tion ; setting; settling; introducing; establishmg. 
 
 2. Consisting of or pertaining to planters ; as, a 
 planting community. U. States. 
 
 PL.\NT'IN(;, 71. Tiie act or operation of setting in 
 the ground for propagation, as seeds, trees, shrubs, 
 &c. 
 
 2. In England, the art of forming plantations of 
 trees. Brande. 
 
 PLANT'T-ET, 77. A little plant. Keith. 
 
 PLA.NT'-LOUSE, 71. An insect that infests plants; 
 a vine-fretter ; tlie puceron. 
 
 PLA.NT'ULE, 71. The embryo of a plant. 
 
 PLASH, 71. [D. plus, a puddle ; G. pliUschrm, to 
 plash, to dabble ; Dan. plasker, to plash ; Gr. TrXa^of, 
 superabundant moisture, (iu. TruAdCTo-'.i.] 
 
 1. A small collection of standing water ; a puddle. 
 
 Bacon. Pope, 
 
 2. The branch of a tree partly cut or lopped and 
 bound to other branches. Mortimer. 
 
 PL.\SII, V. i. To dabble in water ; usually Splash. 
 PL.\SH, ». f. [Ft. plisser. fSee Plait.) But perhaps 
 
 originally pleach, from L. ptico, to fold.] 
 To interweave branches ; as, to plash a hedge or 
 
 quicksets. 
 
 [In JVeio England, to Splice.] 
 PL.'VSH'f;!), (plasht,) pp. Interwoven, as branches. 
 PL.\SH'ING, ppr. Cutting and interweaving, as 
 
 branches in a hedge. 
 PL.\SII'ING, 71. The .act or operation of cutting small 
 
 trees half through and interweaving them, as in 
 
 hedges. Brande. 
 2. The dashing or sprinkling of coloring matter 
 
 on the walls of buildings, as an imitation of granite, 
 
 &c. 
 
 PL.ASH'Y, a. Watery ; abounding with puddles. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 PL.ASM, n. [Gr. nXaapa, from TrXaaao), to form.] 
 A mold or matrix in which any thing is cast or 
 formed to a particular shape. [LiiUe used.] 
 
 fVoodipard. 
 
 PL.AS'."^l.\, 71. A variety of quartz, of a color be- 
 tween grass-green and leek-green, occurring in an- 
 
 TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C OS K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 10,5 
 
 RRR* 
 
PLA 
 
 gular pieces in beds, associated with common chal- 
 cedony, and among tlie ruins of Rome. 
 
 Dana. Ure. 
 
 PLAS-MAT'ie, ) a. Giving shape ; having the 
 Pi.AS-MA'J''ie-AL. j power of giving form. 
 
 JSIore. 
 
 PLXS'TER,?!. ro. pfiaster; D. pleistre; Sw. plaster ; 
 Dan. plaster; Fr. platrt.: Arm. plaslr : \V. plastijr ; 
 Ir. plastar^ plastratl ; Sp. emplasto ; Port, irf., or cm- 
 prasto i It. iatpiastro ; Li. cmplastrum; Gr. SftT:\u^piii', 
 from crTrA'irTcrw, to dault or smear, properly to lay or 
 spread on ; TrXaaaw, to daub, or to fashion, mold, or 
 sliape.] 
 
 1. A composition of lime, water, and sand, well 
 mixed into a kind of paste and used for coating walls 
 and partitions of houses. This composition, when 
 dry, becomes hard, but still retains the name of 
 plaslFr. Plaster is sometimes made of ditTerent ma- 
 terials, as chalk, eypsum, ike, and is sometimes used 
 to cover the whole surface of a building. The 
 term plaster is also applied to tlie material composed 
 of plaster of Paris, of which ornaments, figures, 
 moldings, &c., are made. 
 
 2. In pharmacij, an external application of a liarder 
 consistence than an ointment, to be spread, accord- 
 ing to diflercut circumstances, either on linen or 
 leather. Enajc. 
 
 Plaster of Paris; a composition of several species 
 of gypsum, dug at IMontmartre, near Paris, in 
 France, used in building and in casting busts and 
 statues. In popular lan/riia^'e, this name is applied 
 improperly to plaster-stone, or to any species of 
 gypsum. 
 
 PLXS'TEU, V. L To overlay with plaster, as the par- 
 titions of a house, walls, &.c. 
 
 2. To cover with a plaster, as a wound. 
 
 3. In popular laii<ruage, to smooth over ; to cover 
 or conceal defects or irregularities. 
 
 PLA.S'TER-KD, pp. or a. Overlaid with plaster. 
 PLXS'TER-ER, ii. One that overlays with plaster. 
 
 2. One that makes figures in plaster. IVolton. 
 PLAS'TER-ING, py/r. Covering with or laying on 
 plaster. 
 
 PLaS'TER-ING, n. The act or operation of over- 
 laying Willi plaster. 
 
 2. The i)laster-work of a building ; a covering of 
 plaster. 
 
 PLXS'TER-STciNE, n. Gypsum, which see. This, 
 when pulverized, is extensively used as a manure. 
 
 PLA.S'TIC, a. [Gr. irAaj-Kcof, from jrAatrCTw, to 
 form.] 
 
 1. Having the power to give form or fashion to a 
 mass of matter; as, the 7i//j4(ic hand of tlie Creator; 
 the plastic virtue of Tialure. Prior. JVoodicard. 
 
 2. Capable of being molded, formed, or modeled ; 
 as, plastic mattrrial. 
 
 Plastic chill ; one of the beds of the eocene 
 period, so called because used in making potttrv. 
 
 Lyell. 
 
 PLAS-TIC'I-TY, ;i. The quality of giving form or 
 shape to matter. Encyc. 
 2. Capability of being molded, formed, or modeled. 
 
 PLAS-TOG'R.V-PIIV, 71. The act of forming figures 
 in plaster. 
 
 PL.A.S'TRON, 71. [See Plaster.] A piece of leather 
 stuffed ; used by fencers to defend the body against 
 pushes. Drydeii. 
 
 PLAT, V. t. [from plait, or plat, flat.] To weave ; to 
 form by texture. J\Intt. ,\xvii. Ray. Spectator. 
 
 PL.\T, ( n. Work done by jilattiug or inter- 
 
 PLAT'TIXG, i weaving. 
 
 PLAT, ri. [Dan. and D. plaf, flat ; Fr. id.; G. platt; 
 W. plad, plas ; Gr. tAhtds, broad, Jj. latus ; or from 
 the root of place, G. plati. (See Plot, the same word 
 dilTerently written.) liut probably these are all of one 
 family. The sense is, laid, spread.] 
 
 A small piece of ground, usually a portion of flat, 
 even ground ; as, a llowery plat ; a plat of willows. 
 
 JliUoiu Spectator, 
 PLAT, a. Plriin ; flat. [JVot med.] Chaucer. 
 PLAT, adv. Plainly ; flatly ; dywiiright. [Ao( used.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 2. .Smoothly ; evenly. [JVue used.'] Dram. 
 PLAT'A.VE, n. [Ij. platanus.] The plane-tree, which 
 
 sec. Milton. 
 PLAT'BA.VD, 71. A border of flowers in a garden, 
 
 along a wall or the side of a parterre ; hence, a 
 
 bordi'r. 
 
 2. In archilr.cture, a fl.il, square molding, whose 
 higbt mm li exceeds its projecture, such its liie faces 
 of un architrave. 
 
 The lintel of a door or window. 
 
 4. A list or fillet between the Hillings of a coliiinii. 
 
 Cue 
 
 PLATE, n. [I). ;)/««(,(;. /(/fiz/c, plate ; Pw. plait: ban. 
 and II. plot, (J. plait, Hal , II. piatto, flat, and pia.itra ; 
 Hp. plata : Ir. id. ; \V. plad, a plale ; probably allied 
 t^i Gr. TA^iri>{, L. tutus, with the radical sense of 
 lai//, yprrad.] 
 
 1. A piece of rncLal, flat, or extended in breadth. 
 
 Bacon. South. 
 
 2. Armor of plate, c«nipo«cd of bruad pli-ces, and 
 thUK diiilln|;ui>ihed from .Mail. Spenarr. 
 
 PLA 
 
 3. The name commonly given to gold and silver 
 wrought into articles of household furniture. 
 
 JlcCalloch. 
 
 4. A small, shallow vessel, made of silver or other 
 metal, or of earth glared and baked, from which pro- 
 visicms are eaten at table. 
 
 A wooden i>l,ale is called a Trescheii. 
 
 5. The prize given for the best horse in a race. 
 
 6. In architecture, the piece of timber which sup- 
 ports the ends of the rafters. 
 
 7. For copperplate, a printed representation or im- 
 pression from an enirraved plate. 
 
 < 8. .\ paga of stereotype or fixed metallic types for 
 printing. 
 
 9. [In heraldry, a roundel of silver E. II. Bar- 
 ker.] 
 
 PLa'I E, 71. t. To cover or overlay with plate or with 
 metal; used particularly of silver; as, />/a/crf vessels. 
 
 2. To arm with plate or metal for defense ; as, to 
 plate sin with gold. Shale. 
 
 Why plated^ habiliments of war ? Shak. 
 
 3. To adorn with plate ; as, a plated harness. 
 
 4. To beat into thin, flat pieces or lainin.'e. 
 
 Dntden. J^ewton. 
 
 PLaTE'-GLASS, 71. A fine kind of glass, cast in 
 thick plates, and used for mirrors and the best win- 
 dows. Francis. 
 
 PLA-TEAU', (pll-to',) 71. [Fr., a platter.] 
 
 1. A plain ; a flat surface. 
 
 2. A large ornamental dish for the center of a 
 table. Smart. 
 
 PLaT'ED, pj). or a. Covered or adorned with plate ; 
 
 armed with plate ; beaten into plates. 
 PLAT'EN, 71. [from its flatness.] Among printers, 
 
 the flat part of a press by which the impression is 
 
 made. 
 
 PLaTE'Y, a. Like a plate ; flat. Gregory. 
 
 PLATTOR.M,7i. [p/««, flat, and /)rm.] The sketch 
 of any thing horizontally delineated; the ichnogra- 
 phy. Sandys. 
 
 2. A iilace laid out after any model. Pope. 
 
 3. Ill the military art, an elevation of earth or a 
 floor of wood or stone, on which cannons are 
 inounled to fire on an enemy. Encyc. 
 
 4. In architrcturc, an assemblage of timbers for 
 carrying the flat covering of a house, or the flat cov- 
 ering itself. Oieilt. 
 
 h. .\ kind of terrace, or broad, smooth, ojien walk 
 on the top of a building, as in the oriental houses. 
 
 Gwill. 
 
 G. In ships, the orlop. [See Orlop.] 
 
 7. Any number of planks or other materials form- 
 ing a floor for any purpose. J\Iar. Diet. 
 
 8. A plan ; a scheme ; groundwork. Bacon. 
 
 n. In some of the JVcw England States, an ecclesi- 
 astical constitution, or a plan for the government 
 of churches ; as, the Cambridge or Saybrook plat- 
 form. 
 
 PLA'']'ie AS'PECT, 71. In aerology, a ray cast from 
 one planet, to another, not exactly, but within the 
 orbit of its own light. Bailey. 
 
 PLAT'I-NA. See Platinum. 
 
 PLaT'ING, ppr. Overlaying with plate or with a 
 metal ; beating into thin laminie. 
 
 PLAT'ING, 7!. Tlie art or operation of covering any 
 thing with plate, or with a metal, particularly of 
 overlaying a baser metal with a thin plate of silver. 
 The coating of silver is soldered to the metal with 
 tin, or a mixture of tliri.e jiarts of silver with one of 
 brass. 
 
 PLAT-I-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [platinum and L. fcro, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Producing platinum ; as, platiniferons sand. 
 
 Did. JVat. Hist. 
 PLAT'I-i\UM, 71. [Sp. p7a(;»a, from plata, silver.] 
 
 A metal discovered ill 17-11, in the mines of Choco, 
 in Peru, by Charles Wood, assay-master, Jamaica, 
 nearly of the color of silver, but less bright, and the 
 heaviest of the metals. Its sjiecific gravity is to that 
 of water as 20 to I, and may he increased by heat 
 and pressure till it becomes as 21.5 to 1. It is harder 
 than iron, undergoes no alteration in air, resists the 
 action of acids and alkalies, is very ductile, and ca- 
 pable of being rolled into thin plates. P. Cijc. 
 
 This metal has since been found in Brazil, also 
 near Cartliagena, in Aniioquia, in St. Domingo, and 
 on the Uralian Mountains. It was first called Plat,- 
 inum by Linna'us, and has been so called by nearly 
 all the chemists since his time. 
 
 Spongy platinum, or platinum trpongc ; metallic jilat- 
 iniiiii in the form of a porims, dull, brown mass. It 
 is much used in clii inii al experiments. 
 
 Philiiiuni bhicl; : nii lMllic platinum in the form of a 
 black powder, obtained by decomposing a weak solu- 
 tion of chlorid of platiiiuiii by the agency of galvan- 
 ism. B. Silliman, .Ir. 
 PLAT'I-TUDE, 71. [Fr.] Flatness; dullness; insi- 
 pidity. 
 
 PLA-TON'ie, a. Pertaining to Plato the philosopher, 
 or to his philosophy, his school, or his opinions. 
 
 The Platonic bodiis, arc the live regular geoinatriral 
 •nlids, viz. : the tetraiii'dron, hexahedron or cube, oc- 
 tahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahcdron. 
 
 PLA 
 
 Platonic love, is a pure, spiritual afltction subsist- 
 ing between the sexes, unmixed with carnal desires, 
 and regarding the mind only and its excellences; 
 a species of love for which Plato was a warm advo- 
 cate. 
 
 Platonic year; the great year, or a period of time 
 determined by the revolution of the equinoxes, or the 
 space of time in which the stars and constellations 
 return to their former places in respect to the equi- 
 noxes. This revolution, which is calculated by the 
 precession of the equinoxes, is accomplished in about 
 2G,000 years. Barloir. 
 
 PLA-TON'ie-AL-LY, adv. After the manner of the 
 Platonists. mitto7t. 
 
 PLa'TO-NISM, 71. The doctrines of Plato and his fol- 
 lowers. Plato believed God to he an infinitely wise, 
 just, and powerful Spirit ; and that he formed the 
 visible universe out of preexistent amorphous mat- 
 ter, according to perfect patterns or ideas eternally 
 existent in his own mind. Philosophy he considered 
 as being a knowledge of the true nature of things, as 
 discoverable in those eternal ideas after which all 
 things were fashioned. In other words, it is the 
 knowledge of what is eternal, exists necessarily, and 
 is unchangeable ; not of the temporary, the depend- 
 ent, and changeable ; and of course it is not ob- 
 tained through the senses ; neither is it the product 
 of the understanding, which concerns itself only 
 with the variable and the transitory ; nor is it the 
 result of experience and observation. But it is the 
 product of our reason, which, as partakiiis of the di- 
 vine nature, has innate ideas resembling the eternal 
 ideas of God. By contemplating these Innate ideas, 
 reasoning about them, and comparing them with their 
 copies in the visible universe, reason can altain that 
 Iriie knowledge of things which is called philosophy. 
 Such appears to have been the system of Plato him- 
 self, so far as it can be gathered from his Dialogues, 
 which are not systematic treatises, but free conver- 
 sations. His professed followers, the Academics and 
 the New Pla'onists, differed considerably fr<un him, 
 vet are called Platonists: Murdoch. 
 
 PLa'TO-MST, > n. One that professes to be a fol- 
 
 PLA'TO-NIZ-ER, j lower of Plato, and to philoso- 
 phize as he did. Hammond. 
 
 PLA'TO-iMZE, V. i. To adopt the opinions of the 
 Platonic school. Milner. 
 
 PLA'TO-NIZE, V. t. To explain on the principles of 
 the Platonic school, or to accommodate to those prin- 
 ciples. _ Enfield. 
 
 PLa'TO-NiZ-JED, pp. Conformed to the views of 
 Pl^atonists. En Held. 
 
 PLa'TO-NIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Adopting the views of 
 the Platonists. Enfield. 
 
 PLA-TOOM', 71. [Fr. peloton, a ball of thread, a knot 
 of men, from pelotc, a ball ; Sp. peloton. See Ball.] 
 Formerly, XI fmM body of soldiers or musketeers, 
 drawn out of a battalion of foot when they form a 
 holktw square, to slren«:then the angles. 
 
 In present usage, two files forming a subdivision 
 of a company. 
 
 PLAT''i'ER, 71. [from plate.] A large, shallow dish 
 for holding the provisions of a table. Dryden. 
 
 2. One that plats or forms by weaving. [See 
 Plat.] 
 
 PLAT'TER-FaC-£D, (-faste,) a. H.tving a broad 
 face. 
 
 PLAT'TING, ppr. Weaving ; formed by texture. 
 PLAT'TING, n. Slips of bast, cane, straw, &c., 
 woven or plaited for making into hats, &c. 
 
 Mc Culloch. 
 
 PLAT'Y-PCS, 71. [Gr. -Aart>s, broad, and ttoi.j, 
 foot.] 
 
 A name given to two quadrupeds of New Hol- 
 land, now called OrniUiorhynchus paradoxus and 0. 
 fuscus. They are monotreinatous edentate mam- 
 mals, the body covered with hair, a bill like a duck, 
 teeth planted in a kind of gums, webbed feet with a 
 Venomous spur on the hinder leg, connected with a 
 reservoir of poison in the soles of the feet, which 
 is supplied by glands situated by the side of the 
 spine, just above the pelvis. 
 PLAUD'IT, 7L [L. plando, to praise, said to be taken 
 from plaudite, a demand of applause by players, 
 when they left the sta;:(^] 
 
 Api>laiise ; jiraise besto\ved. Denham. 
 PLAUD'IT-O-RY, a. Applauding ; commending. 
 PLAUi!-I-BIL'I-TY, 71. [See Plausihlk.] 
 
 Speciousness ; superficial appearance of right 
 
 Su ifl. 
 
 PIjAUS'I-RLE, a. [L. /i^aMsiJiVis, from plando, to clap 
 blinds in token of approbation ; W. l/lorz, an oiKrry ; 
 blorziaw, to shout ; lilo'.ist, ajiplanse, acclamation ; 
 Ir. bladli, blaodh; from the root of Gr. (fAtiu, L. laus, 
 laudo. Eng. loud.] 
 
 1. That may be applauded; lhat may gain favor 
 or approbation; hence, superficially pleasing ; ap- 
 parently right; specious; popular; as, 11 plausible 
 argument ; a jdausihle pretext ; a plausible uoctrino. 
 
 2. Using specious arguments or discourse; as, a 
 plausible man. 
 
 PI.AUS'I-BI.I'.-NESS, 71. Speciousness; show of 
 right or propriety ; as, the plausibleucss of Arminian- 
 isni. Sanderson. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
TLA 
 
 PLE 
 
 PLi: 
 
 PLAUS'T-DLY, adi\ Willi fiiir show ; sptciously ; in 
 a manner adapted to giiiri favor or approbation. 
 
 'I'hev could talk vlautiljly iittuiil whiit Uifv <liU not uiulTst iml. 
 
 CoUUr. 
 
 PLAU'SIVn, fl. Applauding ; manifesting praise. 
 "2. Plausible. Sliiik. 
 
 PLAY, t>. 1. [Sax. plfiraii, ple«-ian, II ,)l!iy, to joke, to 
 perform on an inslruinrnt of music to move or vi- 
 brate, to clap or applaud, to deride or make sport of; 
 pletrtran^ to ply or bend to, or to lean or lie on ; ffc- 
 pUetrau^ to play, and to dance or lenp. The Sw. teka^ 
 Dan. Icgrr, to play, nre the same word without a pre- 
 fix, and in the nurlhern counties of England, leka is 
 used as it is in Sweden. This word sccnis to be 
 formed on the same root a.s taij.] 
 
 1. To use any exercise for pleasure or recreation ; 
 to do somi'thinR not ns a task or for profit, but for 
 amusement ; as, to ptay at cricket. 
 
 'I'lu'^copli' 8:U liown to cut unU to drink, and rose up u> ptay. — 
 
 2. To sport ; to frolic ; to frisk. 
 
 Tiv Iiiiiib thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, 
 
 Ilatl ho thy n-;uon, would he bkip and 7 Pope. 
 
 3. To toy ; to act with levity. Milton. 
 
 4. To trifle j to act wantonly and thoughtlessly. 
 Men lire iipt to vtay with Ihcir hcivIUia and their livci as tliry do 
 
 with ihcir clotlu-a. Temple, 
 
 5. To do something fanciful ; to give a fanciful 
 turn to ; as, to platj upon words. Slial:. 
 
 6. 'J'o make sport, or practice sarcastic merriment. 
 1 woiiM tnnlte use of it nitlier to ptay upon tlioae 1 despise, than 
 
 trille with Uiose 1 love. Pope. 
 
 7. To mock ; to practice illusion. 
 
 Art thou alive, 
 Or is it fancy playt upon our eyesight } S'lak. 
 
 8. To contend in a game ; as, to plnij at cards or 
 dice ; to play for diversion ; to play for money. 
 
 9. To practice a trick or deception. 
 
 His mother played Ulic with a smith. Shak. 
 
 10. To perforin on an iuslniment of music; as, to 
 play on a tlute, a violin, or a harpsichord. 
 
 Play, my friend, anil charm the charmer. Oranville. 
 
 11. To move, or to move with alternate dilatation 
 and contraction. 
 
 The heart beats, the blooil ciituliites, the lungs play. Cheyne. 
 13. To operate ; to act. The engines play against 
 a fire. Dryden. 
 
 13. To move irregularly ; to wanton. 
 
 Even ns the waving sedges play with wind. Shak. 
 The setlin^ sun 
 
 Playg on their shining arms and burnished helmets. Addison, 
 All lame is Ibreigu but of true desi-rt, 
 
 Playi ivund the head, but comes nut to the heart. Pope. 
 
 14. To act a part on the stage ; to personate a char- 
 acter. 
 
 A lonl will hear you play to-night. SltaJc. 
 
 15. To represent a standing character. 
 
 Courts are the-aters where some men play. Donne. 
 
 16. To act in any particular character ; as, to play 
 the fool ; to pUy the woman ; to play the man. 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 17. To move in any manner ; to move one way 
 and another, as any part of a machine. 
 
 18. To gamble. 
 
 PL.XV, II. (. To put in action or motion ; as, to play 
 cannon or a fire-engine. 
 
 2. To use an instrument of music ; as, to play Ihe 
 flute or the organ. [Elliptical.] Gay. 
 
 3. To act a sportive part or character. 
 
 Nature here 
 Wantoned ns in her prime, and played at will 
 Her virgin (inicies, Afdton. 
 
 4. To act or perform by representing a character ; 
 as, to play a comedy ; to play the part of King Lear. 
 
 5. To act ; to perform ; as, to play our parts well 
 on the stage of lilV. 
 
 6. To perfonn in contest for amusement or for a 
 prize ; as, to play a game at whist. 
 
 To ptay off: to display ; to show ; to put in exer- 
 cise ; a-s, to ptay o/ftricks. 
 
 To ptay on or upon to deceive ; to mock or to trifle 
 with. 
 
 2. To give a fanciful turn to. 
 PLaY, h. Any exercise or series of actions intended 
 for pleasure, amusement, or diversion, as at cricket 
 or quoit, or at blind man's biifl". 
 
 2. Amusement; sport; frolic; gambols. Spenser. 
 
 Two gentle fawns at play. _ Milton. 
 
 3. Game; gaming; practice of contending for vic- 
 tory, for .imusement, or for a prize, as at dice, cards, 
 or biliarils. 
 
 4. Practice in any contest ; a.s, sword-play. 
 
 He was resolved not to speak distinctly, knowing his best play to 
 
 l)e in the dark. Tillouon. 
 John naturally loved iwugh play. Arbuthnot. 
 
 5. Action ; use ; employment ; office. 
 
 But Jiutifies the next who comes in play. Dryden. 
 
 6. Practice ; action ; manner of acting in contest 
 or negotiation ; as, fair play : foul play. 
 
 7. .\ dnimatic composition ; a ciuin^dy or tragedy ; 
 a compositiim in which characters are represented 
 by dialogue and action. 
 
 A plaij oiii^ht 111 be n Just image of human nature. Dryden. 
 
 8. Representation or exhibition of a comeily or 
 tragedy ; as, to be at the play. Ho attends every 
 play. 
 
 9. Performance on an instniinent of music. 
 
 11). iMolitm ; movement, regular or irregular ; ns, 
 the play of a wheel or piston. 
 
 11. State of agitation or discussion. 
 M;\iiy have been savnl, and mnny may, 
 
 Who never heanl lliis question brought in play, Dryden. 
 
 12. Room for motion. 
 
 The Joints arc let exactly into one another, thai they have no 
 play between them. Moxon. 
 
 13. Liberty of acting ; room for enlargement tir dis- 
 play ; scope ; as, to give full play to mirth. Let the 
 genius liave free play. 
 
 Play of cator.-y ; an appearance of several prismatic 
 colors in rapid succession on turning an object, as a 
 diamond. Dana. 
 
 PLAY' HI LL, 71. A printed advertisement of a play, 
 with the parts assigned to the actors. 
 
 PLAY'-IIOOK, II. A book of dramatic compositions. 
 
 PLaY'-1)A V, H. A ilay given to play or diversion ; a 
 day exempt from work. Swifl. 
 
 PLAY'-UElJT,{pli'det,) n. A debt contracted by gam- 
 ing. ^rbiiOinot, 
 
 PLa V'A'O, ;>;!. Acted ; performed ; put in tnotion. 
 
 PLAY'ER, II. One who plays in any game or sport. 
 
 2. An idler. Sliak, 
 
 3. An .actor of dramatic scenes ; one whoso occupa- 
 tion is to iinilate characters on the stage. Bacon. 
 
 4. A mimic. Dryden. 
 
 5. One who performs on an instrument of music. 
 
 6. A gamester. 
 
 7. One that acts a part in a certain manner. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 PLA Y'FEL-LC\V, n. A companion in amusements 
 or sports. Sidney. 
 
 PLaV'I'kRE, n. [play and fere. See Febe.] A 
 playfellow. 
 
 PLAY'KIJL, (I. Sportive; given to levity; as, a play- 
 ful child. Spcctattir. 
 
 9. Indulging a sportive fancy ; as, a playful 
 genius. 
 
 PLAY'FIJL-LY, ado. In a sportive manner. 
 PLAY'Fi;L-i\ESS, n. Sportivencss. 
 PL.AY'-OA.ME, n. Play of children. Locke. 
 PLa Y'-i;o-ER, II. One who fretpients plays. 
 PL.AY'-Go-LN'U, 1. Frequenting the e.xliibilioiisof the 
 stage. 
 
 PL.\ Y'-HOIISE, 71. A house appropriated to the exhi- 
 bition of dramatic compositions ; a theater. 
 
 Pope. Dryden. 
 
 PLAY'ING, ji^ir. Acting; performing; sporting. 
 
 PLAY'l.NO, n. The act of playing; particularly of 
 performing on an instrument of music. 
 
 PLAY'.MaTE, n. A playfellow ; a companion in di- 
 versions. More. 
 
 PLAY'-PLEAS-IJRE, (pla'p!ezh-ur,) B. Idle amuse- 
 ment. [A'ol u.ied.] Bacon. 
 
 PLAY'tfOME, (pli'sum,) a. Playful ; wanton. 
 
 Slieltan. 
 
 PLaY'SOIIE-NESS, n. Playfulness ; wantonness. 
 PLAY'THIiN'G, n. A toy; any thing that serves to 
 amuse. 
 
 a child knows his nurse, and by degrees the plaything* of a little 
 more advanced age. Locke. 
 
 PLAY'WRlGlIT, (rite,) n. A maker of plays. Pope. 
 
 PI.kA, (plee,) II. [Sorm. plait, plct, plaid, pie : p]. pliz, 
 pUiifzi Ft. plaider, to plead; ptaidoycr, a plea; It. 
 Tiiufo, a plea ; piatire,Xo plead; Sp. pteytn, dispute; 
 pleytear, to plead ; pteylcador, a pleader ; Port, plcito, 
 plcitrar t I), pl' it, pttilen. The i^panish word pleyto 
 signifies a dispute, contest, debate, lawsuit, and a 
 covenant, contract, or bargain, and plryta is a plaited 
 strand of l>ra-s. The Portuguese verb pteitear signi- 
 fies to plead, to go to law, to strive or vie. The ele- 
 ments of this word are probably Ld or PId. In the 
 sense of pleading, the word accords with the Gr. 
 Airi), and in that of striving, with the L. ii.>-, iitw.] 
 
 1. In law, that which is alleged by a party in sup- 
 port of his ilemand ; but in a mirre limited and techni- 
 cal sense, Ihe answer of the defendant to the plain- 
 titl's declarition and demand. That which the 
 plaintitl' alleges in his declaration is answered and 
 repelled or justified by Ihe defendant's plea. Pleas 
 are dttatonr, or pleas to Ote action. Dilatory pleas are 
 to the jurisdiction of the court, to the disability of 
 the plaintiff, or in abatement. Pleas to the aetitm are 
 an answer to the merils of the complaint, which 
 confesses or denies it. Pleas that deny the plaiiilifrs 
 complaint or demand, are the general issue, w hich 
 denies Ihe whole declaration ; or special pleas in bar, 
 which slate something which precludes Ihe plaintitTs 
 right of recovery. Blackstone. 
 
 2. A cause in court: a law.siiit, or a criminal 
 process ; as, ilic pleas of the crown ; the court of 
 coniiiion pleas. 
 
 The suprenle Judicial court shall have cognisance of pleat real, 
 penonal, and mixed. Larrt <if Mate. 
 
 3. That which is alleged in defense or justifica- 
 tion ; an excuse ; an apology ; as, the tyrant's plea. 
 
 When such occ:uliius are, 
 No plea must serve ; 'tis cruelly u> spare. Uenham. 
 
 4. Urgent praver or entreaty. 
 
 PLEACH, f. (. [Fr. pltsser, or from the root of L. 
 
 ptieo, Gr. n\iKt,i.j 
 
 To bend ; to interweave branches of trees. [JVo( 
 
 iie_H.ve.] Shak. 
 PLK.\I), v. I. [See Plea.] In a gmeral sense, to 
 
 argue in support of a claim, or in defense against the 
 
 claim of another. 
 
 2. In late, to jiresent nn answer to Ihe declaration 
 nfa plaiiitiir; to deny the plaintiff's declaration and 
 demand, or to allege facts wliich show that he 
 ought not to recover in the suit. The plaintiff de- 
 clares or alleges ; the defenilaiil pleads to his declara- 
 tion. The king or the state prosecutes an offender, 
 and the oli'eiider pleads not guilty, or confesses the 
 charge. Blacli.<tiine. 
 
 3. 'I'o urge reasons for or against ; to attempt to 
 persuade one by argument or supplication ; as, to 
 plead for the life of a criiiiiiial ; to plead in his favor ; 
 to plead with a judge or with a father. 
 
 that one mi^ht jtlead for a man with God, us a man pteadeth 
 
 for his neighbor I — Job xvi. 
 
 4. To supplicate with earnestness. 
 
 5. To urge ; to press by operating on the pas- 
 sions. 
 
 since you can love, nnd yet your error see, 
 
 The same resistless power may plead for me. Dryden. 
 
 PLEAD, V. t. To discuss, defend, and attempt to 
 maint.-iin by arguments or resisoiis offered to the 
 tribunal or person who has the power of determin- 
 ing; as, to plead a cause before a court or jury. In 
 this sense, Argue is more generally used by law- 
 yers. 
 
 2. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vindi- 
 cation. The law of nations may be pleaded in favor 
 of the rights of emb.i-ssadors. 
 
 3. 'i'o offer in excuse. 
 
 1 will neither ^/eiui my age nor sickness in excuse of Kulu. 
 
 Vryilen. 
 
 4. To .illege and offer in a legal plea or defense, 
 or for repelling a demand in law ; us, to plead usury; 
 to plead a staliite of liiiiitations. C/i. Kent. 
 
 5. In Scripture, to plead Ihe cause of the righteous, 
 as God is to avenge or vindicate them against 
 enemies, or to redress their grievances. h: li. 
 
 PLKAD'A-BLE, a. That may be pitsided ; that may 
 be alleged in proof, defense, or vindication ; as, a 
 right or privilege, pleadal/lc at law. Dn/den. 
 
 PLkAD'EI), ;)/<. Oilered or urged in defense ; alleged 
 in proof or sujiport. 
 
 PLkAD'ER, 71. [Fr. ;</i7»/riir.] 
 
 1. One who argues in a court of justice. Sicift. 
 
 2. One that forms pleas or jjleadings ; as, a special 
 pleader. 
 
 3. One that offers reasons for c: against ; one tlial 
 attempts to maintain by arguments. 
 
 So fair a pleader any ciuse may gain. Dryden. 
 
 PLE.AD'ING, ppr. Offering in defense ; supporting 
 by arguments or reastms ; supplicating. 
 
 PLkAO'ING, n. The act of supporting by arguments, 
 or of reasoning to [K'rsiiade. 
 
 PLeAD'I.\G-LY, adr. Uy supplication. 
 
 PLkAD'UVGS, II. pi. In late, ilie mutual altercations 
 between the plaintiff and defendant, or written 
 statements of the parlies in support of their chtinis, 
 comprehending the declaration, count, or narration 
 of the plainllfl", the plen of the defendant in reply, 
 the replication of the plaintiff to tht^ defendant's 
 plea, the defendant's rejoinder, the plainliff 's surre- 
 joinder, the del'eiidaiit's rebutter, the plainliff 's sur- 
 rebutter, &.C., till the que.'ition is brought to issue, 
 that is, to rest on a single poinL Blackstone. 
 
 PLEAS'.\.N'CE, (plez'ance,) ii. [Fr. plaisance. See 
 Please.] 
 
 Gayety ; pleasantrj ; merriment. [ Obs.] 
 
 Spcn.ier. Shak. 
 PLEAS'A.NT, (plez'ant,) a. [Fr. plaisant. See 
 Please.] 
 
 1. Pleasing ; agreeable ; grateful to the mind or to 
 the senses ; as, a pleiisant rifle ; a plea.-iant voyage ; a 
 pleasant view. Light is pleasant to the eye ; an or- 
 ange is pleasant to the taste ; harmony is pleasant to 
 the ear ; a rose is pleasant to the smell. 
 
 2. Cheerful ; enlivening ; as, pleasant society or 
 company. 
 
 3. Gay ; lively ; humorous ; sportive ; ns, a pUat- 
 anl fellow. Mdison. 
 
 4. Trifling ; adapted rather to mirth than use. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 5. Giving pleasure ; gratifying. 
 
 |This word expresses less lhan Delightful, to the 
 mind, and Delicious, to the t;isle.] 
 PLEA.«'A.\T-LY, (plez'nnt ly,) ode. In such a man- 
 ner as to pleast^ or gratify. 
 
 2. Gayly ; merrily ; in good humor. Clarendon. 
 
 3. Lightly ; ludicrously. Broome, 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, ITXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SII; TH as in THIS. 
 
 835 
 
PLE 
 
 PLE 
 
 PLEAS'ANT-NESS, (plez'ant-ness,) n. State of be- 
 ing pleasant or agreeable ; ais, the pteasantxess of a 
 situation. Sidneij. 
 
 2. Cheerfulness ; gayety ; merriment; as, the pleas- 
 antness of youth. 
 
 PLE.\S'ANT-RY, (plez'ant-rj,) n. [Fr. plaisanterie.] 
 
 1. Gayety ; merriment. 
 
 The iiarehness of reasoning is not a litlle softened and smoothed 
 by the infusions of jnirlii and pleasantry. Addison. 
 
 2. Sprightly saying ; lively talk ; effusion of hu- 
 mor. 
 
 The grave abound 
 points o( wit. 
 
 plensantrUa, the dull in repartees and 
 Addison. 
 
 Hav- 
 
 PLEAS'ANT-TONGU-£D, (plez'ant-tungd,) o. 
 
 iiic pleasinj: speech. 
 PLeASE, (pleeze,) v. t. [Fr. plaire, plaisant, from L. 
 
 placere., placeo ; Arm. plifrca., pUtreout i It. piacere ; Sp. 
 
 placer ; Corn, plezia ; formed, perhaps, on the root of 
 
 like. Class Lg.] 
 
 1. To excite agreeable sensations or emotions in ; 
 to gratify ; as, to please the taste ; to please the mind. 
 
 Their words pleaded Hamor, and Shechem, Hajnor's son. — 
 Gen. xxiv. 
 
 Leave such to trifle with more ^race than ease, 
 
 Whom folly pleases^ and whose follies p/«ase. Pope. 
 
 2. To satisfy ; to content. 
 
 What next I bring shall pietwe 
 Thy wish exactly to thy heart's desire. liTUton. 
 
 3. To prefer; to have satisfaction in ; to like ; to 
 choose. 
 
 Many of our most skillful painters were pleased to recommend 
 Uiis author to me. Dryden. 
 
 To be pleased in or with ; to approve ; to have com- 
 placency in. Matl. iii. 
 
 To please Ood, is to love Ills character and law, 
 and perform his will, so as to become the object of 
 his approbation. 
 
 They that are in the flesh can not pkase God. — Rom. viii. 
 PLE.4SE, V. i. To like ; to clioose ; to prefer. 
 
 Spirits, freed from mortal laws, with ease 
 
 Assume what s<;xes and what shapes they please. Pope, 
 
 Q. To condescend ; to comply ; to be pleased ; a 
 word of ceremony. 
 
 Please you, lonls. 
 In sight of both our battles we may meet. SlinJc. 
 The fitst wonis that I le.arnt were to express my desire that he 
 would j>/case to give me my liberty. Swi/l. 
 
 Please expresses less gratification than delight, 
 PLeAS'BD, (pleczd,) pp. or a. Gratified; affected 
 
 «ith agreeable sensations or emotions. 
 PLeAS'ED-LY, adv. In a way to be pleased. 
 
 Felthnm, 
 
 PLeASS'ED-NESS, n. The state of being pleased. 
 
 J. Efhcards. 
 
 PLe.\SE'MAN, 71. An officious person who courts 
 favor servilely ; a pickthank. Slialc. 
 
 PLE.\S'ER, 71. One that pleases or gratifies ; one 
 that courts favor hy huuioring or flattering compli- 
 ances, or a show of obedience ; as, mcn-pleasers. 
 Epit. vi. Col. iii. 
 
 PLeAS'ING, ppr. Gratifying ; exciting agreeable 
 sensations or emotions in. 
 
 PLeAS'ING, a. Giving pleasure or satisfaction ; 
 agreeable to the senses or to the mind ; as, a pleasing 
 prospect ; a pleasing reflection ; pleasing manners. 
 2. Gaining approbation. 1 John iii. 
 
 PLeAS'ING, 71. 'J'he act of gratifying. 
 
 PLEAS'li\G-LY, adv. In such a manner as to give 
 pleasure. Dnjden. 
 
 PLE.\S'Ii\G-NESS, 71. The quality of giving pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 PLEAS'lIR-A-HLE, (plezh'ur-a-bl,) a. [from plea.i- 
 ure.] 
 
 Pleasing; giving plea-sure ; affording gratification. 
 
 Planting of orchards is very profiuible, 
 
 PLEAS'UR-A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of giving 
 plea.sure. FelVinm, 
 
 PLE.\S'IJR-A-BLY, flrfn. With pleasure ; with grati- 
 fication r>f the senses or the mind. Harris. 
 
 PLEAS'I^RE, (piczh'ur,) 71. [Fr. plnisir ; Arm. pli- 
 geadur : It. piacere f Sp. placer ; Port, prazer. See 
 Please.] 
 
 1. The gratification of the senses or of the mind ; 
 agreeable scnxations or emotiims ; the excitement, 
 relish, or happiness produced by enjoyment or the 
 expectation of good ; opptised In I'ain. We receive 
 pleasure from the indulgence of appetite ; from the 
 view of a bi autil'ul landscape ; from the harmony 
 of Kounds ; from agrwable so< iety ; frnni the expec- 
 tation of seeing an absent friend ; from the prospect 
 of gain or miccesa of any kind. I'lrasure, bodily tind 
 fnontal, carnal and spiritual, constitutcH the whole 
 of positive happini;«ii, as jmin constitutes the whole 
 of misery. 
 
 Pleanarr is properly positive excilcmenl of the pas- 
 lions or^lle mini! ; hut we give the name also to Ihc 
 absi nre of excitement, when that excitement is 
 painful ; as when we ceaso to l.ib(»r, or repttse after 
 fatigue, or v/hen the mind is tranqiiilized aller anx- 
 iety or agilation. 
 
 i'leaturc in xuiiceptiblc of Increase lo any degree; 
 
 but the word, when unqualified, expresses less ex- 
 citement or happiness than delight or joy, 
 Q. Sensual or sexual gratification. 
 
 3. Approbation. 
 
 The Lord taketh pleasure in his people. — Ps. cxivii. and cxiix. 
 
 4. What the will dictates or prefers ; will ; choice ; 
 purpose ; intention ; command ; as, use your pleas- 
 ure. Shak. 
 
 Cynis, he is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pUasnre. — 
 Is. xliv. 
 
 My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleature, — la. 
 xliv. 
 
 5. A favor ; that which pleases. 
 
 Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul. — 
 
 Acts XXV. 
 
 6. Arbitrary will or choice. He can vary his 
 scheme at pleasure, 
 
 PLE.AS'IJRE, (plezh'ur,) v, t. To give or afford 
 pleasure to ; to please ; to gratify. Bacon, Shak, 
 
 [A word authorized by some good writers, but super- 
 Jinous and not jnuch itsed,] 
 
 PLEAS'IlRE-BoAT, n. A boat appropriated to sail- 
 ing for amusement. 
 
 PLEAS'URE-CAR'RIAGE, 71. A carriage for pleasure. 
 
 PLEAS'ljRE-FlJL, a. Pleasant ; agreeable. [Little 
 used.] MboU 
 
 PLEAS'URE-GROUND, 71. Ground laid out in an 
 ornamental manner, and appropriated to pleasure or 
 amusement. Graves. 
 
 PLEAS' UR-IST, 71. A person devoted to worldly 
 pleasure. [Little used.] Browju 
 
 PLE-BE'IAN, (ple-bS'yan,) a. [It. plebcio; Sp. ple- 
 beyo : L. plebeitts, from plcbs, the common people.] 
 
 1, Pertaining to the common people; vulgar; as, 
 plebeian minds ; plebeian sports. 
 
 2. Consisting of common people ; as, a plebeian 
 throng. 
 
 PLE-BE'IAN, 71. One of the common people or lower 
 ranks of men. Swift, 
 
 [Usually applied to the common people of ancient 
 Rome.] 
 
 PLE-Be'I ANCE, 71. The common people. [JVot in use,] 
 PLE-He'IAN-IS.M, n. The conduct of plebeians. 
 PLEe'TOG-NATHES, ) n. pi, [Gr. ttXckoi, toconnect, 
 PLEG-TOG'NA-TIII, i and jKiHos, a jaw.] 
 
 An order of fishes having the maxillary bones stiff- 
 ly adhering to the sides of the intermaxillaries, which 
 alone form the jaws, as the file-fish. Brande, 
 PLEC-TOG-NATH'ie, a. Pertaining to an i\der of 
 
 fislies described above. 
 PLECTRUM, 7t. [L.] A small instrument, com- 
 monly of ivory, with which the ancients struck the 
 lyre. 
 
 PLEDGE, (plej,) 7t. [Yr.pleige: \t, pieggeria: Norm. 
 plegg. 'J'liis is evitlently the Celtic form of the Teu- 
 tonic plight. Sax. ;j/iA(, plihlan, (See Plight.) It 
 coincides with h.plico, Gr. -XeKu, W. plygu, to fold, 
 properly to lay to, to put or throw to or on. A pledge 
 is that which is laid or deposited.] 
 
 1. Something put in pawn ; that which is depos- 
 ited with another as security for the repnj'inent of 
 money borrowed, or for the performance of some 
 agreement or obligation ; a pawn. A borrows ten 
 pounds of B, and deposits his watch as a pledge that 
 the nu>ney shall be repaid ; and by the repayment of 
 the money, .\ redeems the pledge. 
 
 2. Any thing given or consitfered as a security for 
 the performance of an act. Thus a man gives his 
 word or makes a promise to another, which js re- 
 ceived as a pledge for fulfillment. The mutual affec- 
 tion i>f husband and wife is a pledge for the faithful 
 performance of the marriage covenant. IMutual in- 
 terest is the best pledge for the performance of 
 treaties. 
 
 3. A surety ; a hostage. Ralegh. Dnjden. 
 
 4. In law, ii gage or security, real or personal, given 
 for the repayment of money. It is of two kinds ; 
 vadium vivuiit, a living pledge, as when a man btir- 
 rows money and grants an estate to be lield by the 
 pledgee, till the rents and profits shall refund the 
 money, in which case the lantl or pledge is said to be 
 living; or it is vadium mortunm, a dead pledge, called 
 a MoiiTOAGK. [See iMoRxriAOE.] BlaeLsf^me, 
 
 5. In law, bail ; surety given fiir the prosecution of 
 a suit, or fiir the appearance of a defendant, or for 
 restoring goods taken in distress and replevied. The 
 distress itself is also called a pledge, and the glove 
 formerly thrown down by a champion in trial by 
 battle, was a pledge by which the champion stipu- 
 lated to encounter his antagonist in that trial. 
 
 Blarlcstane. 
 
 6. /V drinking of health to another. See verb, 
 To put in pledge; to pawn. [Nos. 5 anti (i. 
 To hold in pledge; to keep as aectirity. 
 
 PLEDGE, 7>. t. [fr.pleiger. See Plight.] 
 
 1. 'J'o deposit in pawn ; to deposit or leave in pos- 
 session of a person something which is to secure the 
 repayment of nioni'v borrowed, or the perform- 
 ance of some art. (This word is applied chiefly to 
 the de|Kisiting of goods or personal property. When 
 real estate is givitn as security, wc usually apply the 
 word MonroAiii:.] 
 
 2. To give as a warrant or security ; as, to pledge 
 one's word or honor ; to pledge one's veracity. 
 
 3. To secure by a pledge. 
 
 I accept her. 
 
 And here, io pledge my vow, I give my hand. [Unusu/il.] ShaJc. 
 
 4. To engage for by promise or declaration ; as, to 
 pledge the performance of a thing. 
 
 5. Formerly, to invite to drink by drinking of the 
 cup first, antI then handing it to another, as a 
 pledge of good will and kindness. This practice 
 originated among our ancestors in their rude stale, 
 and was intended to secure the person from being 
 slabbed while drinking, or from being poisoned by 
 the liquor. The person drinking pledged his guest by 
 drinking first, and then handing the cup to his guest. 
 The practice is frequent among the common people 
 in America to this day; the owner of the liquor, 
 taking the cup, says to his friend, / pledge you, ami 
 drinks, then hands the cup to his guest ; a remark- 
 able instance of the power of habit, as the reason of 
 the custom has long since ceased. 
 
 6. In present usage, simply to drink to the health 
 of another as a pledge of interest. 
 
 Pledge me, my friend, and drink till thou be'st wise. Cowley. 
 
 PLEDG'£D, pp. or a. Deposited as security ; given in 
 warrant. 
 
 PLEDG-EE', 71. The person to whom any thing is 
 pledged. 
 
 PLEDG'ER, 71. One that pledges or pawns any thing ; 
 one that warrants or secures. [Pledgor, in Black- 
 stone, is not to be countenanced.] 
 
 2. One who invites another to drink by drinking 
 first. 
 
 3. One who drinks the health of another. 
 PLEDG'ER-Y, 71. A pledging ; suretiship. [JVot in 
 
 use.] Kncyc, 
 
 PLEDG'ET, 71. [from folding or layiyig.] In surgery, 
 a compress, or small, flat tent of lint, laid over a 
 wound to imbibe the matter discharged and keep it 
 clean. Encyc, 
 
 PLEDG'INQ, jrpr. Depositing in pawn or as security ; 
 giving as a warrant for security or safetv. 
 
 PLe'IADS^ (plC'yadz,) In.pl. [L. ' Pleiades : Gr. 
 
 PLe'IA-DeS, (pis'ya-dez,) \ r:\tiadr.(, supposed to 
 be formed fnmi -Atm, to sail, as the rising of the 
 seven stars indicated the time of safe navigation.] 
 
 In astronomy, ihe seven stars, situated in the neck 
 of the constellation Taurus. The Latins called them 
 Vebgili.=e, from ver, spring, because of their rising 
 about the vernal equinox. [Pleiad, in the sino'w/ar, 
 is sometimes used.]^ Encyc, Ainsworth, 
 
 PLe'NAL, a. [See Plenary.] Full. [Xot used.] 
 
 Beaumont, 
 
 PLe'NA-RI-LY, adv. [from plenary.] Fullv ; com- 
 pletely. Ayliffe. 
 
 PLl-.'N A-RI-NESS, )'. Fullness ; completeness. 
 
 PLEN'.VR-TY, n. The state of a benefice when occu- 
 pied. Blackstone. 
 
 PLE'.\.\-RY, a. [L. plemis; Fr. plein : It. plenarin, 
 pieno ; Sp. plena, lleno ; W. Ihiwn ; Ir. lain, Ian ; Arm. 
 lean. The Russ. h.as /w/nri and polon, full, and with 
 a prefix, napalniayu, to fill. Uu. the radical letters, 
 and the identity of the Russ. with the others.] 
 
 Full ; entire ; ctimplcte ; as, a plenary license ; ple- 
 nary consent ; plenary indulgence. The plenary iiirlul- 
 gence of the pope is an entire remission of penalties 
 due to all sins. ' Encyc, 
 
 PLe'N.V-RY, 71. Decisive procedure. [JVot used,] 
 
 Aylife, 
 
 PLEN-I-Ll.''N'.\R, a. Pertaining to the full moon. 
 PLEN-I-L0'N.\-RY, a. Relating to the full moon. 
 
 Broirn, 
 
 PLEN'I-LUNE, 71. [L. p!e7ii7iiniiim ; pJenitJ, full, and 
 
 luna, moon.] 
 
 The full moon. [JVot used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 PLE N'IP'0-T£NCE,7i. [L. planus, full, and potaitia, 
 
 power.] 
 
 Fullness or completeness of power. Mlton. 
 PLE-NIP'O-TENT, a. [L. plenipotcns, supra.l 
 
 Possessing full power. .ifilton. 
 PLEN-I-PO-TEN'TIA-RY, 71. [Fr. plenipotentiare. 
 See Plenipotence.] 
 
 A person invested with full power to transact any 
 business ; tLiualh/j an embassador or envoy to a 
 foreign court, furnished with full power to negotiate 
 a treaty or to transact other business. 
 PLEi\-I-PO-TE.N'TI.\-RY, a. Containing full power; 
 
 as, plenipolentiani license or authority. 
 PLEN'ISII, for Rei'lenish, is not used. 
 PLl":'MST, 71. [L. plenus.] 
 
 One who maintains that all space is full of matter. 
 
 Botde. 
 
 PLEN'LTUDE, 71. [L. plrnitudo, from plenus, full.] 
 
 1. Fullness; as, the //fcnidoM of space. Bentley, 
 
 2. Repletion; animal fullne.ss ; plethora; redun 
 dancy of blood and humors in the animal biulies. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 3. Fullnesis ; complete competence ; as, the plem 
 tude of the pope's [xiwer. Bacon, 
 
 4. Complotcncss ; as, the plenitude of a man's fame 
 
 Prior, 
 
 PLE.\'TE-OUS, a. [Umn plenty,] Abundant ; copi 
 Otis; ptfiitiful ; sulVicieiit for every purpose; as, a 
 plenteous supply of provisions ; a plcnteoiui crop. 
 
 Millon, 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^LL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQOK.— 
 
 836 
 
PLE 
 
 2 Vielding ubun(l:iiico ; as, a plenteous fountain. 
 The seven plenteout year*. — Gen. xlL. 
 
 3. Having an abundance. 
 
 The Lord itlmll niiiko Ihoc plenteous In ^oJb. — Dent, xxviii. 
 
 4. Possessing in abnnilance, and ready to bestow 
 libi-rally. Ps. Ixxxvi. 
 
 [This word is less used tlian Plentiful.] 
 PLEN'TE-OUS LY, adt). In almndance ; copiously ; 
 
 ploulifully. Milton. 
 PI,E.\'Tt>OUS-r{ESS, n. Abundance; copious sup- 
 ply ; plenty ; as, tlie seven years of plenteuuxnens in 
 Ei;vpt. 
 
 PLE.N'TI-FIJL, a. [from plenty.] Copious; abun- 
 dant ; adequate to every purpose ; as, a plentiful crop 
 of erain ; a plrnliful barvest ; a plentiful supply of 
 water; a /i/iviti/u/ fortune. 
 
 •2. Yielding abundant crops ; affording ample sup- 
 ply ; fruitful ; as, a plentiful year. Bacon. 
 
 Pl>i:N''l'r-KlJL-LY, adv. Copiously; abundantly; 
 witb ample supply. AMison. 
 
 PLEN'T1-F!.IL-NE"SS, n. The state of being plenti- 
 ful ; abundance. 
 9. 'I'lie quality of adording full supply. 
 
 PLEX'TY, n. [from L. pleniu-.] 
 
 1. Abundance ; copiousness ; full or adequate sup- 
 ply ; as, we have a plenty of corn for bread ; the 
 garrison has a pienfy of provisions. Its application to 
 persons, as a plenty of buyers or sellers, is inelegant. 
 
 2. Fruitfulness ; a poetic use. 
 
 The teeming cloixts 
 Di'sccnil in gladsome plenty o'er Uie world. Thornton. 
 
 PLEN'TY, a. Plentiful ; being in abundance. 
 
 Wh'-re water is /)/enfy. Tusser. 
 If n';»Nnns were iis Tilentt/ n« blacl(l>errie». SttaJ;. 
 Ill every country where llclnors ait; plenty. Hiet. Cotteetione. 
 Tlie coininoi) sorn of towfa uiid tlie scvcml g^alliiiLiceoiis spi-ciet 
 
 i\re plenty. Tooke, Jiuss. Emp. 
 
 A v;inely of other herbs :inil roots which nn; plenty. Adair. 
 'I'hey seem formeil for Ulo«e countries where shruhs are plenty 
 
 and water 8Ci»rce. Goldsmith. 
 Wh'-ii l.ibon'rs aK plenty, ttieir wa^-s will be low. FmnttUn. 
 In the country, where wood is more plenty, they make their 
 
 beams stronger. Encyc. 
 
 [The use of this .word as an adjective seems too 
 well aulhiirized to be rejected. It is universal in 
 coininim parlance in the United States.] 
 
 PLl';'.NU.M, 71. [L.] Fidlness of matter in space; 
 opposed to Vacccm. Descartes. 
 
 PI>T'.'0-N ASM, n. [li. plfonasmus ; Gr. -Scovaapoi, 
 from the root of n-X;o>, full, nXciup, more, L. pleo, in 
 implcOj to fit,] 
 
 Kediintlancy of words in speaking or writing ; the 
 use of more wortis, tt> express ideas, than are neces- 
 sary. This may be justifiable when wo intend to 
 jirescnt thotights with particular perspicuity tu* ftirce. 
 
 Pl.K.'O-NASTE, n. [Gr. tX o: ii-./j, abuntlant ; from 
 its four fleets, sometinics found on each solid angle 
 of the octahedron.] 
 
 A mineral, commonly considered as a variety of 
 the spiuell-' ruh\'. [t^ce Cevlamtk.] 
 
 PLi;-0-.\ A.-^'Tie', ( a. Pertaining to pleonasm; 
 
 PI,i;-()-NA.S'Tie-AL, j partaking uf pleonasm ; re- 
 dundant. Bluekwiill. 
 
 PLF.-(1 i\.\S'Tie-AL-LY, ado. With redundancy of 
 words. 
 
 ri.E UOPH'O-UY, H. [Gr. TrX^o'ifonia ; 7T\ni>m, full, 
 and (/i to bear.] 
 
 Full persuasion or confidence. [Little useil.] Hall. 
 
 PI>E.-;iI, for Plash. [JVot used.] Spenser. 
 
 PLF.-SI-0-.MORPH'IS.M, n. [Gr. jrXrjtTinjand nop,y,.] 
 Thi! slate of crystallized substances which nearly 
 resemble each other in form, hut still are different. 
 
 PLE-^I-t)-.MORPH'OUS, a. Nearly alike in form. 
 
 PLE SI-O-SAL'RUS, 71. [Gr. -knctis, next, and 
 (ranoo;, a lizard.] 
 
 A genus of extinct marine animals, allied to the 
 lizard and crocodile, having the neck very long, and 
 the 'ail short; also written Plesiosaur. Conybeare. 
 
 PLETIl'O-RA, 7t. [Gr. TtXrfit^fa, from nXr,%i, full- 
 ness.] 
 
 1. Literally, fullness. 
 
 2. In meiticinef fullness of blood ; excess of blood ; 
 repletion ; the state of the ves.«els of the human 
 body, when they are too full, or overloath d with 
 fltiids. Core. Parr. Enryc. 
 
 PLETII'O-Rie, a. Having a full habit of body, or 
 the vessels overcharged with fluids. .drbut.'inot. 
 
 PLETII'O-RY. See Plethora. 
 
 PLETll'RON, ) rr. > (1 1 
 
 PLETIPRU.VI, i "• l^f- 
 
 Among Vie Oreeks, a long measure of 100 feet; 
 also, a square measure of 10,000 feet. Smith's Diet, 
 
 PLEO'RA, n. [Gr., the side.] 
 
 In anatomy, a thin membrane, which covers the 
 inside of the thorax, and also invests the lungs. 
 
 PLEO'RI-SY, 71. [Gr. TrXci'.urti, from irAtipu, the 
 side; Ft. pleuresie ; ll. plcurisia.] 
 
 An inflammation of the pleura, or membrane thai 
 covers the inside of the thorax. It is accompanied 
 with fever, pain, difficult resiiiration, and cough. 
 
 PI.EI.'-RIT'ie, ) a. Pertaining to pleurisy; as, 
 
 PI.EU-RIT'ie-.\L, J pleuritic symptoms or affec- 
 tions. 
 
 2. Diseased with pleurisy. .^rbuthnoL 
 
 PLI 
 
 PLEV'IN, 71. [Uld Fr.] A »varrant of assurance. 
 
 [Oi.T.l 
 
 PLE.\'l-FORM, a. [li. pteTU.<t, a fold, and form.] 
 
 In the form of net-work ; conqilicated. Quinci/. 
 PIjEX'U.-*, 71. [Ij.] Any union of vessels, nerves, or 
 
 fibers, in (he form of net work. Coze. 
 PLI-A-HII/I-TY, 71. [from pliable.] 
 
 The quality of bending or yielding to pressure or 
 
 force without rupture; Ilexib)lity ; pliablcuess. 
 PLI'.\-BEE, a. [Fr., from plirr,to bend, to fold; E. 
 
 pliro, Gr. rrVfAf.', W. ply^u. It. pieirare, to fold; 
 
 picifhevolc, pliable.] 
 
 1. Easy to be bent ; that readily yields to pressure 
 without rupture ; flexible ; as, willow is a pliable 
 plant. 
 
 2. Flexible in disposition ; readily yielding to moral 
 influence, argumenis, persuasion, or discipline; as, 
 a pliable youth. 
 
 PL!'A-nLE-NESS, 77. Flexibility ; the quality of 
 yielding to fiirce or to moral influence; pliability; 
 as the plinlilrness of a plant or of the disposition. 
 
 PliT'A-ltLY, afiv. So as to be pliable. [JIammond. 
 
 PLI'A.N-CY, 71. [(mm pliant.] 
 
 1. Easiness to he bent, in a physical sense; as, the 
 plianni of a rod, of ctirtlage, or of limbs Addison. 
 
 2. Readiness to yield to mural intluence; as, 
 pliaiint of tempter. 
 
 PLI'AiVT, a. [Fr.] That may be easily bent ; readily 
 yielding to force or presstire without breaking; flexi- 
 ble; flexile; lithe; limber; as, a ;j2ia7it thread. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 Q. That may be easily formed or molded to a 
 different shape ; as, ;(/iu7it wax. 
 
 3. Easily yielding to moral influence; easy to be 
 persuaded ; ductile. 
 
 The will was then more ductile and pliant to right reason. 
 
 South. 
 
 PLI'ANT-EY, adv. Yieldingly ; flexibly. 
 
 PI,r'ANT-NESS, 71. Flexibility. Baeon. 
 
 PLI'CA, n. [E., a fiild.l 
 
 Trichosis plica is a (lisease of the hair, peculiar to 
 Poland and the neighboring countries. In this dis- 
 ease, the hair of the liead is vascuhirly thickened, 
 matted, or harletl, by means of a glutinous fluid 
 secreted from its root. It sometimes, but rarely, 
 aff(,'cts the beard, the hair of the pudenda, and of 
 the rest of the surface of the body. It seems to pre- 
 vail in Poland as an endemic disease. 
 
 p|^j,^^7|.'pp I a. [L. plicatus ; plico, to fold.] 
 
 Plaited ; folded like a fan ; as, a plicate leaf. 
 
 Lre. Marlyn. 
 
 PET'CATE T,Y, adv. In a plicate or folded inanuer. 
 
 PLl-e.A'TIO.N, n. [from L. plUo.] 
 A foliling tir ft>lil. 
 
 PLIC'A-TI.;rE, ». [I,. pUcatnra ; plico, to fold.] 
 .'\ fold ; a doubling. 
 
 n.l'F.n, (plide,) pp. .Applied to closely; employed 
 (liligenllv; urged. [Pee Ply.] 
 
 i'LI'ERS,'n. pi. [ Fr. plirr, to fold. See Ply.] 
 
 A kind of pincers, by wliich any small thing is 
 sei/.etl and benl. Moxon. 
 
 PEI'FORM, n. [Fr. pli, a fold, and/orm.] 
 
 In the form of a fohl or doubling. Pennant. 
 
 PETGIIT, (plTte,) 1: I. [Sax. plihiati, to pledge, and to 
 exptise to danger, or rather, perhaps, to perplexity ; 
 Sw. beplichta, to bind; D. pHi;t, duty, mortgage; 
 G. pfticht, duty, pletlge ; llan. pli!^t, duly, obligation ; 
 pli'jtiiT, bound, obliged ; Sw. plicht. This seems to 
 be the Teutonic form of the Celtic pledge, Fr. plcige, 
 plciirrr, L. plico, (Jr. irXeKot, It. piegare, Sp. plegar, 
 Fr. plier, .Arm. pletra, W. ply^u, to fold ; Sp. pleijto, 
 a covenant or contract ; and the G.flechten, to brairi, 
 coincitling with the E. flertu, ttt bend, appears to be 
 of the same family. If the elements are Ls, as I 
 suspect, pledge and pli^rhi are formed on the root of 
 lay, Ann. tacqnat. To pledge or plight is to lay down, 
 throw down, set, or deposit. Plight may, however, 
 be more directly from the root of L. ligo, but this is 
 of the same family. See .Alloy and Ply.] 
 
 1. To pledge ; to give as security for the perform- 
 ance of some act ; but nerer applied to property or 
 goods. We say, he plighted his hand, his faith, his 
 vows, his honor, his truth or troth. Pledge is ap- 
 plied to property as well as to word, faith, tnith, 
 iionor, &c. To plight faith is, as it were, to deposit 
 it in pledge for the performance of an act, on the 
 non performance of which, the pledge is forfeited. 
 
 2. To weave ; to braid. Spenser. Milton. 
 .-[This is the primary sense of the word, h. plico, 
 
 but now obsolete.] 
 PEKJHT, (plitc,) 71. Literally, a st,ite of being in-, 
 volved, [L. plicatus, iniplicatus, implioitus:] hence, 
 perplexity, distress, or a distressed state or condition ; 
 as, a miserable plight. But the word, by itself, does 
 not ordinarily imply distress. Hence, 
 
 2. Condition ; state ; and sometimes good case ; 
 as, to keep cattle in plight. 
 
 [In most cases, this word is now accompanied { 
 with an adjective, which determines its significiition ; 
 as, bad plight; miserable or icretchcd pliirht; good: 
 plighL] 
 
 3. rlotlge ; gage. j 
 Th ■ I,i>r>I, wliow" hand must take my plight, Shak. \ 
 
 PLO 
 
 4. A fold, [E. plica ;] a double ; a plait. 
 All III n silhen Camus, lily white, 
 
 Purtled njton with many a fuUled plight. [Obs.] Sptnstr. 
 
 ■S. A garment. [JVut uted ] Chapman, 
 
 PEIGIIT'EI), (plit'ed,) pp. or a. Pledged. 
 
 PEIGIIT'ER, (plit'ur,) 71. One that pledges; that 
 which plights. ^ 
 
 PEIGHT'ING, (pllt'ing,) ppr. Pledging. 
 
 PEI.M, e. 1. To swell. [.Yi.r in h.sv.J Grose. 
 
 PLINTH, 71. [Gr. rAirOuj, a brick or tile ; L. plinthus.] 
 In arehileclurr, a fl.it, sipiare member, in fiirin of a 
 brick, which serves as the fiiiiiiil.itiiiii of a column ; 
 being the (lat, squtire table uniler the inoliliiig of the 
 base and pede.stal, at tin: bottom of the order. Vi- 
 triivitis gives the name to the abacus, or upper pari 
 of the Tuscan order, from its resemblance to the 
 plinth. 
 
 Plinth of a statue is i base, flat, round, or square. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 Plinth of a trail : two or three rows of bricks ad- 
 vanced from li.e wall, in form of a jilatbaud ; and, 
 in general, any Ihil, liii:h mohling, iluit serves in a 
 front wall to mark the Hours, to su.stain the eaves of 
 a wall or the larmier of a chimney. Encye. 
 PLI'O-CENE, a. [Gr. -rXeiiov, more, and xuiio;, re- 
 cent.] 
 
 In geology, a term applied to the most modern 
 tertiary deposit, in which most of Ihe fossil shells 
 are of recent species. Lyell. 
 PLOD, V. L [0. plots, dull, heav'^y. Qu.] 
 
 1. To tr.avel 01 work slowly, or with steady, labori- 
 ous diligence. 
 
 A plodding diligence brinn us sooner to our Journey's end, lhau 
 
 a H'ltlering way of auvaiiciiig by surts. L Estrange. 
 Some stupid, plodding, niuney.luviiig wighl. Young. 
 
 2. To study heavily, with steady diligence. 
 
 Sliak. Swift. 
 
 3. To toil ; to drudge. 
 
 PLOD'OER, 71. A dull, heavy, laborious person. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PLOD'DING, ppr. Traveling or laboring with slow 
 movement and steady diligence; studying chisely 
 but heavily. 
 
 2. a. Industrious; ililigcnt, but slow in contriv- 
 ance or execution. 
 
 PLOD'DING, 71. Slow movement or study with stead- 
 iness or persevering inilustry. Prideauz. 
 
 PLOD'DING-LY, o</p. Industriously; diligently. 
 
 PLOT, 71. [.A tlifl'orent oitliogr;iphy of Plat.] 
 
 1. A plat or small extent of ground ; as, a garden 
 plot. Locke. 
 
 It w;ts a chosen j>/0( of fertile Land. Spenser. 
 
 When we mean to build. 
 We first survey the plot. Sltak. 
 
 2. A plantation laid out. Sidney. 
 
 3. A plan or scheme. [Qu. the ne.xt word.] 
 
 Sprnsrr, 
 
 4. In surveying, a plan or draught of a field or 
 piece of land, work, &c., surveyed and tlelint^ated 
 on paper. 
 
 PLOT, 71. [The French retain this word in the com- 
 pounds complot, complotcr ; Arm. complod, contplodi. 
 It may be from the root of ;j^ait, to weave, Rnss. 
 plelu, whence oplelayu, to plait, to twist, to deceive ; 
 oplid, a hedge. See Plait.] 
 
 1. Any scheme, -stratagem, or plan of a complica- 
 ted nature, or consisting of many pans, ndapti^d to 
 the accompltshnient of some purpose, usually a mis- 
 chievous one. A plot may be formed by a single 
 person or by numbers. In ihe laller case, it is a con- 
 spiracy or an intrigue. The latter word nnire gener- 
 ally denotes a scheme directed against individuals ; 
 the former against the government. But this dis- 
 tinction is not always observed. 
 
 O, think whnC nnxtous moments pass between 
 
 Ttie birth of plots, and their last fatal periods I Addison. 
 
 2. In dramatic writings, the knot or intrigue ; the 
 story of a play, comprising a complication of inci- 
 dents which arc at last unfolded by unexpected 
 means. 
 
 U the plot or Intrigue must be n.atural, and such ns springi from 
 the 8Til.J"ct, Uie winding up of the plot must be a probnble 
 consequence of nil th.at went Uforv. Pope. 
 
 3. Contrivance ; deep reach of thought ; ability to 
 plot. 
 
 A man of much plot. Denham. 
 
 PLOT, V. i. To form a scheme of mischief agaiost 
 anoilier, or against a government or those who ad- 
 minister it. A traitor plots against his king. 
 
 The wicked plollelh ng^iinst thcjuft. — Ps. xxxvU. 
 2. To contrive a plan ; to scheme. 
 
 The prince did />^ol to tie secretly gone. Wotton, 
 
 PLOT, V. I, To plan ; to devise ; to contrive ; as, to 
 plot an unprofitable crime. Drydeiu 
 2. To make a plan of; to delineate. Carca, 
 
 PLOT'FIJL, a. Abounding willi plots. 
 
 PLOT'TED, pp. Contrived ; planned ; delineated. 
 
 PLOT'TER, n. One that plots or contrives; a con- 
 triver. Shak, 
 9. A conspirator. Dryden. 
 
 PLOT'TI.XG, ;i;)r. Contriving; planning; forming an 
 evil design ; delineating. 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITMTE — AN"GER, VI"tTOnS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 105 • 
 
 837 
 
PLU 
 
 PLOT'TING, 71, The act of contriving or forming 
 schemes. 
 
 3. Tlie act of laj ing down a survey. 
 
 PLOT'TING-^■e.AL'E,?l. A mathematical instrument 
 used in plotting, or setting orf the lengtlis of lines in 
 surveying. Brande. 
 
 PLOUGH. See Plow. 
 
 PLOVER, (phiv'er,) n. [Fr. pluvicr, the water bird, 
 from L. plnvialis, rainy : p!uo, to rain.] 
 
 The common name of several species of birds that 
 frequent the banks of rivers and the sea-shore, be- 
 longing to the genus Charadrius of Linn^us. Their 
 flesh is excellent food. Partington. 
 
 PLOW, ) (plou,) 71. [Norm, ploge ; Sax. ploge; D. 
 
 PLOUGH, j plueg; G. pjliig ; Dan. p!o«^, plov : Ice. 
 plog : Sw. (V. i Russ. plug ; Polish, pii/^ ; Scot, pleur.li, 
 pleugli. It corresponds in elements with plug, and 
 both perhaps from tflrusting.] 
 
 1. In agriculture, an instrument for turning up, 
 breaijing, and preparing the ground for receiving the 
 seed- It is drawn by oxen or iiorses, and saves the 
 labor of digging; it is therefore the most useful in- 
 strument in agriculture. 
 
 The emperor hiys hold of ihe plow and turus \ip several furrows. 
 
 Orosier, Trans, 
 
 Where fern succeeds, uns;raleful to the plote. Drydtn. 
 
 2. Figuratively, tillage ; culture of the eartii ; ag- 
 riculture. 
 
 3. A joiner's instrument for grooving. 
 
 [Plow is the spelling of the English Bible, and is 
 preferable as more naturally representing the sound.] 
 
 PLOW, I v.t. To trench and turn up with a plow ; 
 
 PLOUGH, i as, to plow the ground for wheat; to 
 plow it into ridges. 
 
 2. Tofurrow ; todivide ; to run through in sailing. 
 
 With speed we jilou) Uie watery wave. Pope. 
 
 3. To tear ; to furrow. Shak. 
 
 4. In Scripture, to labor in any calling. 
 
 He lhi\l ploireth sluiuld ploia in hope. — 1 Cor. ix. 
 
 To plow on the back : to scourge ; to mangle, or to 
 persecute and torment. P.«. cxxix. 
 
 To plow with one^s heifrr ; to deal with the wife to 
 obtain sometiiing from the Inisb.and. .fudges xiv. 
 
 To plow iniquity or wiclcednes.-t, and reap it i to devise 
 and practice it, and at last sulTer the punishment of 
 it. Job xiv. Hos. X. 
 
 To plow in; to cover by plowing ; as, to ploic in 
 wheat. 
 
 To plow up or out; to turn out of the ground by 
 plowing. 
 
 To put one^s hand to the plow and look back, is to en- 
 ter on the service of Christ and afterward abandon it. 
 Luke ix. 
 
 [The difference of orthography often made be- 
 tween the noun and verb is wlioily unwarr.mtalile, 
 and contrary to settled analogy in our lan^iiaue. 
 Such a difference is never made in changing into 
 verbs plot, harrow, notice, question, and most other 
 worils. See Practice.] 
 
 plough'a'^ble, I '"""^ '"'•y P'"'^*"* > 
 
 PLOW'-.^LMS, ( (-im/.,) «. .V [lennv fiirmerlv paid 
 PLOUGH'-ALMS, j by every plowland to the church. 
 
 Cowel. 
 
 PLOW'-noTE, 1 71. In Engli.sh law, wood or tim- 
 PLOUGH'-BoTE, ( ber allowed to a tenant for the 
 
 repair of instrumi.-nts of husbandry. 
 PLOW'BOY, 1 n. .\ boy that drives or guides a 
 PLOUGH'BOV, j team in plowing ; a rustic buy. 
 
 PI,OW'f:D, ) pp. or a. Turned up with a plow; 
 PLOUGII'A'D, j furrowed. 
 
 PLOW'l'R, ( 71. One that plows land ; a cultiva- 
 I'l.'Jl'GII'ER, j tor. Spenser. 
 i PLOWING, I ppr. Turning up with a plow ; ftir- 
 PLOIJGiriNG, j rowing. 
 
 PLOWING, I 71. The operation of turning up 
 PLOUGH'LNG, i ground with a plow; as, the first 
 
 and second plowings ; thn^e plowings. 
 PLOW'-LA.\D, ) 71. Land tiiat is plowed, or suit- 
 PLOUGH'-LAND, ) able for tillage. 
 2. Tillage ground. 
 
 plou'gii'aian I 0"« "i™' P'""'^ ''"'''^ " P'""- 
 
 At lost, the robber binds the plowirutn, and carries him off with 
 Uie oxen. iipeftiuin. 
 
 2. A cultivator of grain ; a husbaiulnian. Temple. 
 
 3. A rustic ; a countryman ; a hanly Idln'rcr. 
 
 SImk. Jlrbnihiiol. 
 PLO\V'-M0\-I)AY, ) (-mun de,) n. The .Mcuidav 
 PLOUGH'-MON-DAY, | aft. r Twelftlidav. Tusse'r. 
 PLOW.'^IIAKi;, / 71. [Sec SiiKAn.] 'I he part of a 
 PLOUGII'SIIARE, i plow which cuts the ground nt 
 
 the liolloin of the furrow, and raises the slice to the 
 
 mold -board, which luruM it over. 
 PLOWTAIL, ( Ti 1 1 . r 
 PLOIJGII'TAIL i ' he hind part of a plow. 
 PLUCK, r. I. [Sax. plurcian, which nccmn to be Ihe 
 
 name word, with a prefix, aH lycran or alnran, nine- 
 
 MR, to pull off or out ; (i. pjl*irkrn ; U. iilnkken; Dan. 
 
 pluiiker ; Sw, plocka ; Fr. qUuchcr ; W. pticiaw, to 
 
 pluck, to peed ; plig, n |>eel.) 
 
 PLU 
 
 1. To pull with sudden force or effort, or to pull 
 off, out, or from, with a twitch. Thus we say, to 
 pluck feathers from a fowl ; to pluck hair or wool 
 from a skin ;■ to pluck grapes or other fruit. 
 
 Thpy pluck the f.\Uierles3 from the bR'.ast. — Job xxW. 
 
 2. To strip by plucking ; as, to pluck a fowl. 
 
 They that pass by do pluck her. ■ — Ps. Ixxx. 
 
 The sense of this verb is modified by particles. 
 
 To pluck away; to pull away, or to separate by 
 pulling ; to tear away. 
 
 He shall jiluck away his crop with his feathers. — Lev. i. 
 
 To pluck down; to pull down ; to demolish ; or to 
 reduce to a lower state. Shak. 
 
 To pluck off, is to pull or tear off; as, to plucic off 
 the skin. Mic. iii. 
 
 To pluck on ; to pull or draw on. [06s.] Shak. 
 
 To pluck up ; to tear up by the roots or from the 
 foundation; to eradicate; to exterminate; to de- 
 stroy ; as, to pluck up a plant ; to pluck up a nation. 
 Jer. xii. 
 
 To pluck out ;" to draw out suddenly, or to tear out ; 
 as, to pluck out the eyes ; to pluck out the hand from 
 the bosom. Ps. Ixxiv. 
 
 To pluck up ; to resume courage ; properly, to pluck 
 up the heart. [J^Tot elegant.] Knollcs. 
 PLUCK, 71. The heart, liver, and lights of an animal. 
 
 2. In loie, figurative language, courage. Smart. 
 PhUCK'EU, (plukt,) pp. or a. Pulled off; stripped of 
 feathers or hair. 
 
 2. .\ cant term at the English universities, applied 
 to those who, for want of scholarship, are refused 
 their testimonials fur a degree. Oxford Ouide. 
 
 PLUCK'ER, 7!. One that plucks. Mortimer. 
 PLUCK'ING, Pulling off ; stripping. 
 
 PLUG, 71. [D.pbig; Dan.plijg; Sw. pligg; G.pflock; 
 W. ploc, a block ; plociaw, to block, to plug. It 
 seems to be the same word radically as block, W. 
 Hoc] 
 
 A stopple ; any piece of pointed wood or other 
 substance used to stop a hole, but larger than a peg 
 or spile. Boyle. Swift. 
 
 Hawse-plug ; in viarine affairs, a plug to stop a 
 hawse-hole. 
 
 Slwl-plug; a plug to stop a breach made by a can- 
 non-ball in the side of a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PLUG, V. t. To stop with a plug ; to make tight by 
 stuppiuE a hole. 
 
 PI.UG'GLVG, ppr. Stopping with a plug. 
 
 PLUG'GING, ;i. Act of stopping with a plug. 
 
 PLU.M, 71. [Sax. plume; G. pflaume ; Dan. blomme ; 
 ^\v. plommon ; Con^. pUwian ; Ir. plunia.] 
 
 1. The fruit of a tree belonging to the genus Pru- 
 nus. The fruit is a drupe, containing a nut or stone 
 with prominent sutures, and inclosing a kernel. 
 The varieties of the plum are numerous and well 
 known 
 
 2. A grape dried in the sun ; a raisin. 
 
 3. The sum of £100,000 sterling. England. 
 
 4. A kind of play. Minsworth. 
 [Dr. Johnson remarks that this word is often 
 
 written improperly Plumh.] 
 PLO'iMAGE, 71. [Fr., frotu plume.] The feathers that 
 
 cover a bird. 
 
 Sinit witli ht'r varyin<f plumage, spare the dove. Pope. 
 PLU.MB, (plum,) n. [Fr. plomh : Sp. pinmo ; It. piombo ; 
 
 W. plwni ; L. plumbum, lead ; probably a clump or 
 
 lump.] 
 
 .\ mass of lead attached to a line, and used to as- 
 certain a perpendicular position of biiililings and the 
 like. But the word as a noun is seldom used, ex- 
 cept in composition. [See Plumk-Lime.] 
 PLUiMB, (plum,) a. Perpendiculiir, that is, standing 
 according to a plumb-line. The post of the house or 
 the wall is plumb. 
 
 [This IS the common language of our meehnnics.] 
 PLUiMH, (plum,) adv. In a perpendicubir direction ; 
 in a line perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. 
 The wall stands plumb. 
 
 Plumb tlnwn he falls. AfHton. 
 2. Directly ; suddenly; at once; as a falling 
 mass; usually pronounced plump. He fell plumb 
 into tile water. 
 PLUMB, (plum,) t>. (. To adjust by a plumb-line ; to 
 set in a perpendicular direction ; as, to plumb a 
 building or a wall. 
 
 2. [W. phimiaw.] To simnd with a plummet, as 
 the di pih of'' water. [Little used.] Swift. 
 PI.UM-I1,\'(';1N, n. A crysiallizable substance extract- 
 ed fr(uii tlif root of the plumbago. 
 PLU.M-BAG'IN OUS, «. Rt'si inbling plumbago ; con- 
 sisting of" plumbago, or partaking of its properties. 
 PLUM I'.A'GO, «. [L.] A mineral ciuisisting of car- 
 bon, usually, but not necessarily, with a little iron ; 
 with the exce|)ti(in of diamond, it is one of the 
 purest forms of carbon ever founil in nature. It is 
 usetl for pencils, &c., and is popularly called Black 
 Li:ai>. 
 
 PL(I.M'11E-AN, ) a. Consisting of lead ; resembling 
 PLU.M'IU: OUS, j lead. Ellis. 
 
 2. Dull ; heavy; stiipiil. ./. P. Smith. 
 
 PLU.MB'y.'U, (iilumil,) /)/-. Ailjusted by a plumb- 
 line. 
 
 PLU 
 
 PLUMB'ER, (plum'mer,) n. One who works in lead. 
 PLUMB'ER-Y, (plum'mer-y,) 71. Works in lead ; 
 
 manufactures of lead ; the place where lead is 
 
 wrought. 
 
 2. The art of casting and working lead, or of 
 
 making sheets and pipes of lead. 
 PLU.M'lilC, a. Pertaining to or containing lead. 
 PLUALBIF'ER-OUS, a. [L.plumbutn, lead, and fero, 
 
 to produce.] 
 
 Producing or containing lead. Kirwan. 
 PLU.MB'ING, (plum'ming,) ppr. Adjusting by a 
 plumb-line. 
 
 PLUMB'ING, 71. The art of casting and working in 
 lead, and using it in building. Gwilt. 
 
 PLUMB'-LlNE, (plum'line.) 71. A line perpendicu- 
 lar to the plane of the horizon ; or a line directed to 
 the center of gravity in the earth. 
 
 2. A line having a weight attached to its end, used 
 to determine a perpendicular ; a plummet. 
 
 PLUMIi'-IluLE,7i. A narrow board having a plumb- 
 line suspended from its top, and a perpendicular 
 mark through its middle, used by builders to deter- 
 mine a perpendicular. 
 
 PLUM'-CAKE, 71. Cake containing raisins, currants, 
 or other fruit. 
 
 PLuME, 71. [Fr. plume ; L. and Sp. pluma ; It. piuma ; 
 W. plu, pluv.] 
 
 1. The feather of a bird, particu/aWy a large feather. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. A feather worn as an ornament, particularly an 
 ostrich's feather. 
 
 And his Wig\i plume, that nodded o'er his head. Dryden. 
 
 3. Pride ; towering mien. Shak. 
 
 4. Token of honor ; prize of contest. 
 
 Arabidous to win from me some plume. M'dlon. 
 PLUME, ) 71. In botany, the ascending scaly part 
 PLu'MULE, ) of the corculum or heart of a seed ; 
 the scaly part of the embryo plant within the seed, 
 which rises and becomes the stem or body. It ex- 
 tends itself into the cavity of the lobes, antl is termi- 
 nated by a small branch resembling a feather, from 
 \vhich it derives its name. Murtyn. Milne. 
 
 PLuME, V. t. To pick and adjust plumes or feathers. 
 Swans must be kept in some inclos-'d pon t, where they may have 
 room to come on shore and plunte theuisi'lves. Mortimer. 
 
 2. To strip of feathers. Carnivorous animals will 
 not take pains to plume the birds they devour. 
 
 3. To strip ; to peel. Bacon. 
 
 4. To set, as a plume ; to set erect. 
 
 His stature reached the sky ; and on his crest 
 
 Sat honor ;'/ul/ler£. MilUin. 
 
 5. To adorn with feathers or plumes. Shak. 
 
 6. To pride ; to value ; to boast. He plumes him- 
 self on his skill or liis prowess. 
 
 PLO.ME-AL'UM, ji. [L. alumen plumosum.] Feath- 
 ery or fibrous alum. 
 PLC'ME'LESS, a. Without feathers or plumes. 
 
 Eusden. 
 
 PLuME'LET, 71. .\ small plume. Kirby. 
 
 2. A little plumule. 
 PLU-MIG'ER-OUS, a. [L. pluma, a feather, and gero, 
 to wetir.] 
 
 Feathered ; having feathers. Diet. 
 PLU-MIL'I-FORM, a. Having the shape of a pluine 
 
 or feather. Dunn. 
 PLu'RII-PEn, o. [Infra.] Having feet covered with 
 
 feathers. 
 
 PLu'M l-PED, 71. pluma, feather, and pes, foot.] 
 A bird I bat has feathers on its feet. Diet. 
 PLU.M'.MET, h. [Sp. plomada. See Pli'mb.] 
 
 1. A lonj; piece of lead attached to a line, used in 
 soundins the depth of water. 
 
 2. .^n instrument used by carpenters, masons, &c., 
 in adjusting erections to a perpenilicular line, anil 
 with a square, to determine a horizonlal line. It con- 
 sists of a piece of lead fastened to a line. 
 
 3. Any weigbt. IVilkins. 
 
 4. .\ piece of lead used by schoolboys to rule their 
 pa|)fr for writing. 
 
 PLUiM'iMI.N'c;, 71. Among miners, the operation of 
 fiiidint;, by means of a mine dial, the place where to 
 sink an air-shaft, or to bring an adit to the work, or 
 to find which way the lode inclines. Encye. 
 
 plE'mSus',!- [L-p'— •] 
 
 1. Feathery; resembling feathers. 
 
 2. In botany, a plumose bristle, is one that has hairs 
 growing on the sides of the main bri-stle. A plumose 
 pappus is coinpased of feathery hairs. .Marlyn. 
 
 PLU-.MOS'1-TY, 71. The state of having featln rs. 
 PLU.MP, a. [Dan. plomp, plump, bliiiil, unhandy, 
 
 clownish, rude ; Sw. plump ; 1). plonip ; G. plump. 
 
 Tlitr primary sense seems to be, thick, as if allied to 
 
 inHi;< and clump. See the noun.] 
 
 1. Full ; swelled with fit or flesh to the full size ; 
 fat; having a full skin ; round ; as, a plump, boy ; n 
 plump habit of body. 
 
 The fainiBlieil cn)W grows plump and round. Swt/l. 
 
 2. Full; blunt; unreserved; unnnalilicd ; as, a 
 pliniip lie. 
 
 PLU.MP, 11. A knot; a cluster; a clump; a number 
 of tilings closely united or standing together; as, a 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL. WIIijLT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
PLU 
 
 plump of trees ; a plump nf fowls ; a plump of horse- 
 men. Bacon. IliiijwariL Drijiieu, 
 
 ['J'llis word is not now used in tliis sense ; l)ut the 
 use of it formerly is good evidence llint plump is 
 clump, with a dilPerent prefix, and both are radically 
 one word with tump. Plumb (L. plumbum) is the 
 same word, a lump or ni:uss. ] 
 PLUMP, I). (. [from tlie adjective.] To swell; to 
 extend to fullne.^s ; to dilate ; to fatten. 
 
 The p.(.rticlcs of air, expaniiiiig lhcnui'We», plump out the •kle» 
 
 ol" tin- blAiiilrr. Boyie. 
 A weililiiiir ut our houM will plump mo up wlUi ff<>oi! cliet-r. 
 1 CuUo<iuuii.\ L'Btlrange. 
 
 2. To plump a vote. See Plumper. 
 Pr.U.MP, r. 1. [from the noiin ; G. plampcn,!). plompen, 
 Dan. plumper, to plunge.] 
 
 1. To pliinje or fall like a heavy mass or lump of 
 dead matter ; to full suddenly or at once. 
 
 9. To enlarge to fullness ; tu he swelled. Ainsitnrth. 
 PLUMP, aiiv. Suddenly ; heavily ; at once, or with a 
 
 sudden, heavy fall. B. Jonson. 
 
 PLU.MP'M), (plunipt,) pp. Swelled ; extended in 
 
 fullne.ss. 
 
 PLUMP'ER, n. Something carried in the mouth to 
 dilate the cheeks; anything intended to swell out 
 something else. Swijl. 
 
 2. In English elections, a vole given to one candi- 
 date only, when two or more are to be elected, tints 
 giving him the advantage over the others. He who 
 gives his vote thus, is said to plump his vote. Smart. 
 
 X A full, un(|ualilied lie. [In vulgar mm-.] 
 PLU.M'-PlK, (-pi,) 71. A pie containing plums 
 PLU.MP'LV, ailr. Fully ; roundly ; without reserve ; 
 as, to assert a thing plumply ; a icord in common popu- 
 lar use. 
 
 PLU.MP'NESS, n. Fnllness of skin; distention to 
 roundness ; as, the plumpncts of a boy ; plumpness of 
 llie eye or cheek. JVraton. 
 
 PLU.M-POK'KIUGE, n. PoiTidge with plums. 
 
 .^tiilison. 
 
 PLUM-PIJD'DING, n. Pudding containing raisins or 
 currants. 
 
 PLUiMP'Y, o. Plump ; fat ; jollv. [J^ot etcg-ant.] 
 PLU.M'-TRF.E, n. [^ax. plum-trcow.] [Sliak. 
 
 .\ tree that produces plums. 
 PLO'.MULE, n. [L. plumula.] 
 
 The ascending scaly part of the embryo plant, 
 which becomes the stein. [See Ph',me.] 
 PLO.M'Y, a. [from plume.] Feathered ; covered 
 with feathers. .Milton. 
 2. Adorned with plumes; as, a plamij crest. 
 
 ..SMison. 
 
 PLU.\'DF,R, e. t. [G. pbtnilern ; D. plunilcrcn ; Sw. 
 plundra ; Dan. phjndrer. Clu. the rotit of eloiirn.] 
 
 1. To pillage ; to spoil ; to strip ; to take the goods 
 of an enemy by open force. Nebuchadnezzar plun- 
 dercil the temple of the-3ews. 
 
 2. To take by pillage or open force. The enemy 
 plundered all the goods they found. Wc saj-, he 
 plundered the tent, or he plundered the gotxls of the 
 tent. The first is the proprr use of the word. 
 
 3. To rob, as a thief; to lak« from ; to strip ; as, 
 the thief plundered the luuise ; the roi)ber plundered 
 a man of his money and watch ; pirates plunder 
 ships and men. 
 
 PLUN'OEli, II. That which is taken from an enemy 
 by force ; pillage ; prey ; spoil. 
 
 2. That which is taken by theft, robbery, or 
 fraud. 
 
 PLU.\'DF,R-AGE, 71. In taic, the embezzlement of 
 goods on board a ship. Bouvicr. 
 
 PLU.\'1)ER-KD, pp. or a. Pillaged ; robbed. 
 
 PLUN'DER-ER, ii. A hostile pillager; a spoiler. 
 2. .\ thief ; a robber. Jlddison. 
 
 PLUN'DER-ING, ppr. or a. Pillaging; robbing. 
 
 PLUNGE,!). (. [Fr. plunger: Arm. plungea or p/u- 
 "•ein; VV. plwng, a plunge, from the same root as 
 llmtc or llujng, the gullet, a gulp or swallow ; proba- 
 bly connected with luncheon.] 
 
 1. To thrust into water or other tluid substance, or 
 into any substance that is penetrable ; to immerse in 
 a fluid ; to drive into tlesh, mire, or earth, &.C. ; as, 
 to plunge the body in water ; to plunge the arm into 
 fire or llame ; to plunge a dagger into the breast. 
 
 Mdton. Dnjdcn. 
 
 2. To thrust or drive into any state in which the 
 thing is considered as enveloped or surrounded; as, 
 to plunge one's self into ditiiculties or distress ; to 
 plunge a nation into war. 
 
 3. To baptize liy immersion. 
 
 PLUNGE, r. i. To pitch ; to thrust or drive one's self 
 into water, or a fluid ; to dive, or to rush in. He 
 plunged into the river. The troops plunged into the 
 stream. 
 
 Hi* courser plugged. 
 And threw him off; Uie wave's whehncl over him. Dryden. 
 
 2. To fall or rusli fnto distress, or any state or cir- 
 cumstances in which the person or thing is envil- 
 opeil, inclosed, or overwhelmed ; as, to plunge into a 
 gulf; to plunge into debt or enibarrassnienls ; to 
 plunge into war ; a body of cavalry plunged into the 
 midst of the enemy. 
 
 3. To pitch or throw one's self headlong, as a 
 horse. 
 
 PLU 
 
 PLUN6E, II. The act of thru.sting into water or any 
 
 penetrable substance. 
 
 2. 'I'lie act of pitching or throwing one's self head- 
 long, like an unruly horse. 
 
 X Dilheulty ; strait; distress; a state of being sur- 
 rounded or overwhelmed with dilhculties. 
 
 Peoplf', when put to a plunge, cry out lo Iletwcn for help. 
 
 L'Etlrange. 
 
 Anil wilt thou not mtcli out a frieu<!Iy arm, 
 
 To misc ine from aiiiiditt llun ptuugt of Morrow ? AdJison. 
 
 r/ii this sense, the word is now little used.] 
 PLU.NG'A'D, pp. Thrust into a lluiil or other )>enetra- 
 
 ble substance ; immersed ; involved in straits. 
 PLUN'GKU.V, n. A sea fowl, the diver, .liusaorth. 
 PLUNG'EU, n. One that plunges ; a diver. 
 
 2. A long, solid cylinder used as a forcer in 
 pumps. 
 
 PLUNG'ING, p;)r. or a. Immersing; diving; rushing 
 headlong. 
 
 In war, a plunging fire is one poured down upon 
 an enemy from some eminence above. 
 
 PLUNG'V, u. Wet. [.Vot !«/•(/.] Chaucer. 
 
 PLUNK'ET, 71. .\ kind of blue color. ^in.fieorth. 
 
 PLI'-PKR'FECT, a. The pluperfect tense, in gram- 
 mar, is the tense which denotes that an action or 
 event took place previous to another past action or 
 event. 
 
 PLU'R.'\L, a. [L. plurnlh, from plus, pluri.i, more.] 
 
 1. Containing more than one ; consisting of two 
 or more, or designating two or more ; as, a plural 
 word. 
 
 2. In grammar, the plural number is that which 
 design.ates more than one, that is, any number ex- 
 cept one. Thus, in most languages, a word in the 
 plural number expresses two or more. Hut the (Jreek 
 lias a duid number to express two ; and the plural ex- 
 presses more than two. 
 
 PLO'R.\L-IST, II. A clerk or clergyman who holds 
 more ecclesiastical benefices than one, with cure of 
 souls. Johnson. 
 
 PLU-RAL'I-TY, 71. [Fr. plurnlite, from L. plurnlis.] 
 
 1. A number consisting tif two or more of the same 
 kind ; as, a plurulity of gods ; a plurahty of worlds. 
 
 F.ncyc. 
 
 2. A greater number ; a state of being or having a 
 greater number. 
 
 3. In clcction.1, a plurality of vote3\s when one can- 
 didate has more votes than any other, hut less than 
 half u( the whole number of votes given. It is thus 
 distinguished from a majority, which is more thanhalf 
 of the whole number. 
 
 4. Plurality of benefices, is where the same clergy- 
 man is possessed of more benefices than one, with 
 cure of souls. Tn this case, each benefice thus held 
 is called a plurality. 
 
 PLC"RAL-IZE, V. t. To make plural by using the ter- 
 mination of the plural number. 
 
 PLC'RAL-LY, adu. In a sense implying more than 
 one. 
 
 PLO-RI-LIT'ER-AL, a. [L. plus and litera, letter.] 
 
 Containing more letters than three. 
 PLu-RI-LIT'i;il-.\L, 71. A word consisting of more 
 
 letters than three. 
 PLC'RI-SY, Ji. [L. plus, pluris.] 
 
 Superabundance. [A'ot used!] Shak. 
 PLUS, [L., more.] In algebra, a character marked 
 
 thus, -{-, used as a si<:n of addition. 
 PLUSH, 71. [G. plilseh, shag; D. pluis, flock, nap, 
 
 plush ; plui-.cn, to fray, pick, carp, fleece. Uu Fr. 
 
 peluchc. The Italian peluzzo signifies a little hair or 
 
 down, from pelo, hair, L. pilus.] 
 
 A species of shaggy cloth or stuff, with a velvet 
 
 nap on one side, composed regularly of a woof of a 
 
 single thread and a double warp ; the one, wool of 
 
 two threads twisted, the other of goat's or camel's 
 
 hair. But some plushes are made wholly of worsted, 
 
 others wholly of hair. Ure. 
 PLUSII'ER, 71. A marine fish, somewhat like the 
 
 dog-fish. Carew. 
 PLO'TO, 71. [L. : Gr. T-XotPToie.] In mythology, tlie god 
 
 of the infernal region'. 
 PLU-To'.\I-AN, II. Plutonic, which see. 
 PLU-To'NI-A.\, 71. One who maintains the origin of 
 
 mountains, &c., to he from fire. Journ. of Science. 
 The Plutonian theory of the formation of rocks 
 
 and mountains is opposed to tifc J^eptunian. 
 PLU-TON'ie, a. [from Pluto.] 
 
 Pertaining to or designating the system of the 
 
 Plutonists; igneous; as, the /"/utunic'theory. 
 
 Kirican, 
 
 Plutonic action ; in geologii, the influence of vol- 
 canic heat and other subterranean causes under pres- 
 sure. LyclL 
 
 Plutonic rocks ; in geology, granite, porphyrj', and 
 other igneous rocks, supposed to h.ave consolidated 
 from a melted stale at a great depth from the sur- 
 face. l,,,ell. 
 PLC'TO NI.'M, n. The doctrines of the Plutonists. 
 PLO'TO-NIST, 71. One who adopts the theory of 
 the formatiim of the world in its present state from 
 igneous fusion. Oood. 
 PLf 'VI-AL, I 1. [L. nluvialls, from p/unn, rain; 
 PLC'VIOUS, j Fr. anil It. pluviale : Sp. p(«i-m/.] 
 Rainy ; humid. Broirn. 
 
 PNE 
 
 PLO'VI-AL, 71. [Ft. plui'ial.] 
 
 A priest's coiw. .Oinsxrorth. 
 
 PLO-VI-A.M'E-TER, n. [L. plucia, rain, and Gr. 
 pcroov, measure.] 
 
 A rain-gage, an instrument for ascertaining the 
 quantity of water thai falls in rain, or in rain and 
 snow, in anv particular climate or place. 
 
 PLO-VI-A-.MET'Uie-AL, o. Pertaiiiing to a phivi- 
 ametcr; naoe or ascertained by a pluviameter. 
 
 .tourn. of Science, 
 
 PLT, r. t, [Fr. plier, to bend or fold, formerly written 
 player, whouct; employ ; Arm. plegu,\\. plug u, It. pie ga- 
 ve, i>\i.plegar, Vorl. pregar ; L. /j/ic«, Gr. - A '-«:''), toCild ; 
 ^ax.plrggan, to play and to lie on ; D. plccgeu, to use, 
 to exercise ; Dan. plejer, to exercise, to perform an of- 
 fice, to tend, to nurse ; G. pflegen, id. ; Sw. plaga, 
 Tliat these words are from the root of lie, lay, is ob- 
 vious, for in G. liegen, to lie, signifies also lo ply, lo 
 apply. The prefix p may be used for the Teutonic 
 be; Ac-Zicg-cn, to lie close, to bend lo. See L.iy and 
 Lit; f 
 
 1. To lay on ; to put to or on with force and repeti- 
 tion ; to apply to closely, witii continuation of efforU 
 or urgency. 
 
 And pliet him with redoubled stroke*. Dryden. 
 
 Tlie hero fruni afir 
 Plic$ liim wiUi ilartu anil »Iunc8. Dryden. 
 
 We retain the precise sense in the plir;u«e to lay 
 on, to put it on him. 
 
 2. To employ with diligence ; lo apply clttsely and 
 steadily ; to keep busy. 
 
 tier ^iitle wit she plitt. Spfnaer. 
 The wearieil Trojans ply their shatlen.-d oan. Dryden. 
 
 3. To practice or perform with diligence. 
 
 Th^ir blooily L-uk, unwearieil, still they ply. Waller. 
 
 4. To urge ; to solicit with pressing or persevering 
 importunity. 
 
 lie p!ie» Uie duke nt morning and at nlgtit. Shai, 
 
 5. To urge ; to press ; to strain ; lo force. 
 PLV, V. i. To bend ; to yield. 
 
 Thi; willow plied and ^ive way to tlic gust, T.' ICttrangt. 
 
 2. To work steadily. 
 
 lie w;ui forced lo ply in the streeta. S}itetator. 
 
 3. To go in haste. 
 
 Thither he plies undaunted. Milton. 
 
 4. To busy one's self; to be steadily employed. 
 
 Vrtiden. 
 
 5. To endeavor to make way against the wiml. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 PL?, 71. A fold ; a plait. .SrbuthnoL 
 2. Bent ; turn ; direction ; bias. 
 Tiie late learners can not so well tike the ply. Baeon. 
 
 PLY'ER, 71. He or that which plies. In fortification, 
 plyers ilenotcs a kind of brdance used in raising and 
 letting down a drawbridge ctmsisting of timbers 
 joined in the form of St. Antirew's cross. 
 
 PLV'ING, ppr. Laying on with .steadiness or repeti- 
 tion ; applying closely ; employing ; performing ; urg- 
 ing ; pressing or attempting to make way against Uie 
 wind. 
 
 PL?'I.N'G, 77. Urgent solicitation. Hammond. 
 
 2. Etlort to make wav against the wind. 
 P.VEP-MAT'ie, ) (nu-mat-',) a. [Gr. zicvpart- 
 PNEu-MAT'ie-AL, ( from rn'cx.pa, breath, 
 
 spirit ; Trvtin, to breathe or blow.] 
 
 1. Consisting of air, .as a thin, compressible sub- 
 stance ; opposed to De.nse or Solid substances. 
 
 The pneumatic suUitancc being, in some bodies, iho native spirit 
 of Uie body. Baeon. 
 
 ^2. Pertaining to air, or to the philosophy of its 
 properties ; as, pneumatic experiments ; a pneumatic 
 engine. /Mke. Encyc. 
 
 3. .Moved or played by means of air ; as, a piicu- 
 watic instrument of music. 
 
 PNEO-MAT'ieS, 71. The science of elastic fluids. In 
 ehemi-.try, it treats of the peculiar or specific proper- 
 ties of the various gases anil vapors ; in mechanical 
 philosophy, it treats of the motion and pressure of 
 elastic fluids in general, but chiefly of air and 
 steam. Olmsted. 
 
 2. In the schools, the doctrine of spiritual sub- 
 stances, as God, angels, and the souls of men. 
 
 DicL 
 
 PNEu-.MAT'O-CELE, n. [Gr. -icrpa, air, and «ri)Xi|, 
 a tumor.] 
 
 In suracry, a distention of the scrotum by air. 
 ° Coie. 
 PNE0-iMA-TO-LO6'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to pnea- 
 
 matolosv. Dary. 
 PNE0-MA-TOL'O-6IST, n. One versed in pneumn- 
 tologv. 
 
 PNEO-'MA-TOL'O-GY, 7L [Gr. n tupu, air, and Xayof, 
 discourse. 1 
 
 1. The doctrine of the properties of elastic fluids, 
 or of spiritual substances. 
 
 2. A treatise on clastic fluids, or on spiritual sub- 
 stances. 
 
 P.\EU-MO'NI-.\, I n. [Gr. zi tv/K.ii', the lungs, from 
 PNEO'M()-NY, ( ri/tM, to breathe.]- 
 
 In medicine, an inflammation of the lungs. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — € tis K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
POC 
 
 POE 
 
 POl 
 
 PNEu-MO.\'ie, a. Pertaining to the lungs ; pul- 
 monic. 
 
 PNEu-MON'ie, n. A medicine for affections of the 
 lunffs. Coze. 
 
 PNEO-MO-NIT'ie, a. Portainins to pneumonitis. 
 
 PNEu-MO-NI'TIS, n. Intiaminaiion of tlie lungs. 
 This is the most correct and ai)proi)riate term for 
 this disease. 
 
 PO'A, 71. [Gr. rva.] 
 
 A botanic name of certain grasses. 
 
 Poach, v. t. [Fr. puchrr. In Fr. poche is a pocket, a 
 bag or purse net ; poclictcr des fruits, to mellow fruit 
 in the pocket ; Ir. boucquaat is to soften ; Sax. pocca^ 
 a pouch.] 
 
 1. To cook, a5 eggs, by breaking them into a ves- 
 sel of boiling water. They are also frequently broken 
 into a saucepan, with butter, and constantly stirred 
 while over the lire, until cooked. 
 
 2. To begin and not complete. Bacon. 
 
 3. To tread soft ground, or snow and water, as 
 cattle, whose feet penetrate the soil or soft substance 
 and leave deep tracks. jVcio England. 
 
 4. To steal game j properly, to pocket game, or 
 steal it and convey it away in a bag. England. 
 
 5. To steal ; to plunder by stealth. 
 
 Tliey pocuh Parnassus, and lay claim for praise. Garth. 
 PO.\CH, V. t. [Corn, pokkia, to thrust ; perhaps Fr. 
 packer. It seems to be allied to Eng. poke, poker. 
 Norm, ponchon, a puncheon. If so, it is from the 
 root of L. pungo, Eng. to punch ; G. pochen, to 
 knock.] 
 
 To stab ; to pierce ; to spear ; as, to poach fish. 
 
 England. 
 
 P6ACH, V. i. To be trodden with deep tracks, as soft 
 ground. We say, the ground is soft in spring, and 
 poaches badly. 
 
 Clialky and clay lands burn in hot weather, chap in summer, and 
 poach in winter. Alortimtr. 
 
 PoACH'ARD, ) 7!. [from poacA.] The English name 
 
 PoCH'ARD, \ of certain species of diving ducks 
 belonging to the genus Fuligula of Ray. The can- 
 vas-back duck of North America, so well known as 
 a luxury of the table, is of this genns. The pochards 
 are properly fresh-water ducks, but, in winter, are 
 found on the sea-coasts. Jnrdine. Partington. 
 
 PoACH'£D, (poclit,) pp. or a. Slightly boiled or soft- 
 ened ; trodden with deep footsteps ; stolen. 
 
 PoACH'ER, 71. One that steals game. More. 
 
 PoAClI'I-NES.S, 71. Wetness and softness ; the state 
 of being easily penetrable by the feet of beasts ; ap- 
 plied to land. 
 
 PO.ACH'ING, ppr. Slishtlv boiling; stealing game. 
 
 PoACH'l.N'G, n. Act of stealing game. 
 
 PoACH'Y, a. Wet and soft ; such as the feet of cat- 
 tle will penetrate to some depth ; applied to land or 
 ground of anij kind. 
 
 POCK, 71. [Sax. poc, or pocc ; O.pok; G.pocke; Dan. 
 pukkel ; W. pwg, that swells out ; Ir. bocam, to swell, 
 coinciding with G. hauch, D huik, Dan. bug, the bel- 
 ly, Eng. big, &c. ; probably all of otie family.] 
 
 A pustule raised on the surface of the body in the 
 variolous and vaccine diseases, named, from the pus- 
 tules, smalf'por. 
 
 POCK'AR R£D. See Po''KFRETTE^c. 
 
 POCK'ET, 71. [Fr. pochette, from poche, pocket, pouch ; 
 Sax. pocca.] 
 
 1. A small bag inserted in a garment, for carrj'ing 
 small articles. 
 
 2. A small bag or net to receive the balls in bil- 
 liards. 
 
 3. A certain quantity ; as, a pocket of hops, (about 
 160 lbs.,) as in other cases we use Sack. [JVot used 
 in Jimerica.'] Johnson. 
 
 POCK'ET, V. t. To put or conceal in the pocket; as, 
 to pocket a penknife. 
 2. To take clanilestinely. 
 
 To pocket an insult or affront : to receive it without 
 resenting it, or at least without seeking redress. [In 
 popular use.] 
 
 POCK'ET-liOOK, 71. A small book of paper cov- 
 ered with leather; used for carrying papers in the 
 pocket. 
 
 POCK'ET-ED, pp. Put or concealed in the pocket. 
 
 POCK'ET-GI.AS.S, n. A portable looking-glass. 
 
 POCK'ET-I16IjE, II. The opening into a pocket. 
 
 POCK'KT l.\G, ppr. Putting in the pocket. 
 
 POCK'E'l'-MI). II. Tlie Hap over the pocket-hole. 
 
 POCK'ET- .\ir).\'EV, ( rn.in'ne,) 71. Money for the 
 (KM kct, or for occa.sion:d expenses. 
 
 POCK'KUET-TK.N', a. Pitted with the small pox. 
 
 PO("K'-lir)LE, 71. The pit or scar made bv a pock. 
 
 POCK'I-.VES.'^, n. 'I'lic ^tate of being pocky. 
 
 PO(^K'-.M A UK, 71. Mark or scar made by the small- 
 pox. 
 
 POi.'K'WQOn, n. Gnnlacum officinale, or lignum vi- 
 
 Vf., a very hard wood. 
 POCK'Y, a. (from pock.] Infected with the small- 
 pox ; full of por k". 
 
 2. Vile; roacally ; niiacliicvoua; contemptible. [In 
 vulgar !/«/.] 
 PO'CO, [ It.) In I71IMIC, a little. 
 PO-eO'.SO.V, 71. Uecluiiiied iiiarah. [yirginia.] 
 
 Washington. 
 
 POe'U-LENT, a. [L. poculentus, from poculum, a 
 cup.] 
 
 Fit for drinlf. [JVot iised.] 
 POe'lJ-LI-FOR.M, a. [L. poculum, a cup, and forma, 
 form.] 
 Cup-shaped. 
 
 POD, 71. [In \V. podi signifies to take in or compre- 
 hend ; but I know not from what source we have 
 this word.] 
 
 A vague term applied to a considerable number of 
 different specific pericarps or seed-vessels of plants, 
 such as the legume, the loment, the silique, the sili- 
 cic, the foUicle, the conceptacle, and even the cap- 
 sule, itc. 
 
 POD, V. i. To swell ; to fill ; also, to produce pods. 
 PO-DAG'Rie, )a. [L. podagra; Gr. 7ro<!u) pa ; 
 PO-DAG'Rie-AL, j irouj, the foot, and aypa, a seiz- 
 ure.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the gout ; gouty; partaking of the 
 gout. 
 
 9. .\fflicted with the gout. Brown. 
 POD'DED, pp. or a. Having its pods formed ; furnished 
 
 with pods. 
 POO'DEK, 71. A g.athererof pods. 
 PO-DES'TX, K. One of the chief magistrates of Genoa 
 
 and Venice. 
 
 PODGE, 11. A puddle ; a plash. Skinner. 
 PO'DI-U.M, 71. [L.] In architecture, the part in an 
 amphitheater projecting over the arena. Brande. 
 
 2. Also, a balcony or open gallery. Ehnes. 
 POD-0-GVN'[-UM, n. The same as Basigtnium. 
 POD'O-SPER.M, 71. [Gr. ttov^ and nvegpa.] 
 
 In bolantj, the umbilical cord of an ovule ; a little 
 thread connecting an ovule with its placenta. 
 
 Lindley, 
 
 PO-DRI'DA, 71. fSp.] Otla podrida, a miscellaneous 
 
 dish of meats. [See Olla Podkida.] 
 PCE'CIL-ITE, 71. [Infra.] A term applied, from its 
 
 variegated appearance, to the new red san(istone. 
 PCE CIL-IT'ie, a. [Gr. ^.miAof, variegated.] 
 
 In geology, an epithet'applied, from its variegated 
 appearance, to the new red sandstone formation. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 PCE-CIL'O-POD, 71. [Gr. ttukiAoj, various, and ttocj, 
 foot.] 
 
 A crustaceous animal having various kinds of feet ; 
 viz., prehensory, ambulatory, branchial, and nata- 
 tory. Kirby. 
 Po'EM, 71. [L. poeina 1 Gr. 7roir,n;i, from Troiff-', to 
 make, to comjiose songs. In Russ. poyu signifies to 
 sing. The radical sense is the same, to strain.] 
 
 1. A metrical composition ; a composition in which 
 the verses crmsist of certain measures, whether in 
 blank verse or in rhyme; as, the poeuis of Homer or 
 of Milton ; opposed to Prose. Dryden. 
 
 2. This term is also applied to some couipo.iitions 
 in which the language is that of excited imagination ; 
 as, the poems of Ossian. 
 
 Po'E-SY, 71. [Fr. poesie ; L. pocsis ; Gr. Troiijaij, from 
 ffoif.', to make.] 
 
 1. I'lie art or skill of composing poems ; as, the 
 heavenly gift of poesy. Dryden. 
 
 2. Poetry ; metrical composition. 
 
 Music and poesy used 10 quicken you. ShoJc. 
 
 3. A short conceit engraved on a ring or other 
 thing. Shak. 
 
 PO'ET, 71. [Fr. poete; L. Sp. and It. pacta; Gr. iruir;- 
 rns. See Poem.] 
 
 1. The author of a poem ; the inventor or maker 
 of a metrical composition. 
 
 A ;)oeI is a maker, as the word signifies ; and he who can not 
 uiidie, thai in, invent, haUi his n.ame for nothing. Dryden. 
 
 2. One skilled in making poetry, or who has a p,ar- 
 ticular genius for metrical composition ; one distin- 
 guished for poetic talents. Many write verses who 
 can not be called poets. 
 
 Po'ET-AS-TER, 71. A petty poet; a pitiful rhymer or 
 
 writer of verses. Roscommon. 
 PO'E T- ESS, 71. A female poet. Hall. 
 PO-ET'ie, jo. [Gr. rii/jrcjtoj ; L. poclicus; Fr. 
 PO-ET'ie-AL, i pr.f(ii7iif.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to poi try ; suitable to poetry ; as, a 
 poetical genius ; poetic turn or talent ; poetic license. 
 
 2. Expressed in poetry or measure ; as, a poetical 
 composition. 
 
 3. Possessing the peculiar beauties of poetry : sub- 
 lime ; as, a composition tir passage highly poetical. 
 
 PO-E r'ie-AI,-EV, ado. With the qualities of poetry ; 
 by the art of poetry ; by fiction. Dryden. 
 
 P()-ET'ICS, 11. The doctrine of poetry. K'arton. 
 
 P(5'ET-I/E, V, i. [Fr. poetiser.] 
 ^ To write as a poet ; to compose verso. Donne. 
 Tri'ET-IZ-lNG, ppr. Making poetry. 
 
 PO'ET-LAU'UE-.\TE, 71. A poet employed to com- 
 pose pot- ms for the birthdays of a prince, or other 
 special occasion. 
 
 PO'ET-MU-SI"(;iAN, r-zish'an,) 71. An appellation 
 given to the hard and lyrist of former ages, as uniting 
 the professions of poetry and music. Busby. 
 
 Pri'ET-KESS, 71. A female poet ; a poetess. [Bad.] 
 
 PO'ET-KY, n. [Gr. 7r...,,rpiii.] 
 
 1. Metrical composition ; vorao ; ns, heroic poetry ; 
 dramatic poetry ; lyric or Pindaric poetry. 
 
 2. The art or practice of composing in verse. He 
 excels in poetry, 
 
 3. Poems ; poetical composition. We take pleas- 
 ure in reading poetry. 
 
 4. This term is also applied to the language of ex- 
 cited iinanination and feeling. 
 
 Po'ET-SIIlP, 71. The state of a poet. 
 
 POG'GY, 71. A salt-water fish, highly esteemed for 
 food ; written, also Porgee and Porgv, which see. 
 
 POIGN'AN-CY, (poin'an-sy,) 71. [.See Poignast.] 
 Sharpness ; the power of stimulating the organs of 
 taste. . Swift. 
 
 2. Point ; sharpness ; keenness ; the power of ir- 
 ritation ; asperity ; as, the poignancy of wit or sar- 
 
 3. Severity ; acuteness. [casm. 
 POIGN'ANT, (poin'ant,) a. [Fr. poignant, participle 
 
 of poindre, from L. pungere, pungo, to prick.] 
 
 1. Sharp ; stimulating the organs of taste ; as, 
 poignant sauce. Dryden. 
 
 2. Pointed ; keen ; bitter ; irritating ; satirical ; as, 
 poignant wit. 
 
 3. Severe ; piercing ; very painful or acute ; as, 
 poignant pain or grief. JVorris. South. 
 
 PUIGN'.\NT-LY, (poin'nnt-ly,) adv. In a stimulating, 
 piercing, or irritating manner; with keenness or 
 point. 
 
 P01-KIL-IT'I€. See Pcecilitic. 
 
 POINT, 71, [Fr., from poind; Sp. and It. punto,punta; 
 W. pwnc; from L. punctum, from pungo, to prick, 
 properly, to thrust, pret. pepugi, showing that 71 is not 
 radical. Hence it accords with Norm, pouchon, a 
 puncheon, Fr. poingon, Eng. to punch, and with poke, 
 poker, Gr. Trrjyvvoi, &lc.] 
 
 1. The sharp end of any instrument or body ; as, 
 the 2'oint of a knife, of a sword, or of a thorn. 
 Hence, a steel instrument having a sharp point or 
 end, used by engravers, etchers, &c. 
 
 2. A string with a tag ; as, a silken poiiif. Sliak. 
 
 3. A small cape, headland, or promontory; a tract 
 of land extending into the sea, a lake, or river, be- 
 yond the line of the shore, and becoming narrow at 
 the end ; as. Point Judith ; Montauk Point. It is 
 smaller than a cape. 
 
 4. The sting of an epigram ; a lively turn of 
 thought or expression that strikes with force and 
 agreeable surprise. 
 
 With periods, points, and tropes, he slurs his crimes. Dryden. 
 
 5. .^n indivisible part of time or space. We say, 
 a point of time, a point of space. Locke. Davies. 
 
 G. A small space ; as, a small point of land. Prior. 
 
 7. Punctilio ; nicety ; exactness of ceremony ; a-s, 
 points of precedence. 
 
 S. Place near, next, or continuous to ; verge ; eve. 
 He is on the point of departure, or at the point of 
 death. 
 
 9. Exact place. He left off at the ^loint where he 
 began. 
 
 10. Degree ; .=tate of elevation, depression, or ex- 
 tension ; as, he has reactu-d an extraordinarj' point of 
 excellence. He Jias fallen to the lowest point of 
 degradation. 
 
 11. A character used to mark the divisions of writ- 
 ing, or the pauses to be observed in rcadinL' orspenk- 
 ing ; as the comma, semicolon, colon, aiul pi'riod. 
 The period is called a full stop, as it marks the close 
 of a sentence. 
 
 12. A spot ; a part of a surface divided by spots 
 or lines ; as, the ace point. 
 
 13. In geometry, that which has neither parts nor 
 magnitude. Euclid. 
 
 A point is Uiat which has position, but not magnitude. Plaij/air. 
 A point is a limit tenniuaung^ a line. Legendi e. 
 
 14. In 7IIIWIC, a dot or mark anciently used, like our 
 note, to distinguish tones or sounds. Hence, simple 
 counterpoint is when a note of the lower part answers 
 exactly to that of the upper ; and figurative counter- 
 point is when a note is syncopated, and one of the 
 parts makes several notes or intluctions of the voice, 
 while the other holds on one. Knryc. 
 
 1,'). In modern music, a dot placed at the right hand 
 of a note to raise its value or prolong its time by one 
 half, so as to make a semibrevo equal to three min- 
 ims, a minim equal to three quavers, &c. 
 
 Iti. In astronomy, a division of the great circles of 
 the horizon, and' of the mariner's compass. The 
 four cardinal points are the east, west, north, and 
 south. On the space between two of these points, 
 making a quadrant or quarter of a circle, the com- 
 pass is marked with subordinate divisions, the whole 
 number being thirty-two points. 
 
 17. In astronomy, a certain place marked in the 
 heavens, or distinguished for its importance in ns- 
 trtuiomical calculations. The zenith and nadir are 
 called vertical points ; the nodes are the point.t where 
 the orbits of the plaiu'ts intersect the plane of the 
 ecliptic ; the places where the equator and ecliptic 
 intersect are called ei/uinoctial poinU ; the points of 
 the ecliptic at which the departure of the sun from 
 the equator, north and south, is terminated, are called 
 solstitial points. 
 
 18. In prr.sprcriiic, a certain pole or place with re- 
 gard to the perspective plane. Encyc. 
 
 19. In manufactories, a lace or work wrought by 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PKfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 H4 > 
 
POI 
 
 the needle ; as, point It Vtnict^ point de Qevoa^ &c, 
 Soiiiftimes the wuril is used for luce woven with 
 bulil)iiis. 
 
 QO. The phicc to which any thinp is directed, or 
 tlie direction in which an olyect is presented to the 
 eye. We say, in this point of view an object ap- 
 pears to advantage. In this or that point of view 
 the evidence is important. 
 
 21. Particular; single thinp or subject. In what 
 point do we differ? All points of contriwersy bo 
 twecn the parties arc adjusted. We say, in point of 
 antiquity, in point of fact, in point of excellence. 
 The letter, in every point, is admirable. The treaty 
 is executeii in every point. 
 
 iH. Aim ; purpose ; thing to be reached or accom- 
 plished ; as, to pain one's point. 
 
 S23. The act of aiming or striking. 
 
 WlKit II point your fujcon made I ShaJt. 
 
 94. A single position ; a single assertion ; a single 
 part of a complicated question, or of a whole. 
 'I'hese arguments are not sulRcient to prove the 
 point, 
 
 Slmn^e point and new ! 
 Doctrine which we would know whcncu learned. Milton. 
 
 25. A note or tune. 
 
 Turning your toncfue divine 
 To a loud truinp' t, and a jtoint of war. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2fi. In heraldry, points are the several different 
 parts of the escutcheon, denoting the local positions 
 of figures. Encyc. 
 
 27! In eUclricity, the acute termination of a body 
 which facilitates the passage of the lluid to or from 
 the body. Kncijc. 
 
 2S. In rrttnnery, point-blank shot denotes the shot of 
 a gun leveled horizontally. The point-blank ran^e 
 is the extent of the apparent right line of a ball dis- 
 charged. In .shooting point-blank, the ball is sup- 
 posed to move directly to the object, without a curve. 
 Hence, adverbially, the word is equivalent to directlij. 
 
 29. In marine ianfrua^re, points are flat pieces of 
 braided cordage, tapering from the middle toward 
 each end ; used in reefing the courses and top-sails 
 of squiire-rigged vessels. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Votcel-points, in ike Hebrew and oOter F.a.-<trrn lan- 
 (raa<re.<, are certain marks placed above or below the 
 consonants, or attached to them, as in the Ethiopic, 
 representing the vocal sounds or vowels, wliich pre- 
 cede or follow the articulations. 
 
 The point; the subject; the main question; the 
 precise thing to be considered, determined, or ac- 
 complished. This argument may be true, but it is 
 not to the point. 
 POINT, II. t. To sharpen ; to cut, forge, grind, or file 
 to an acute end ; as, to point a dart or a pin. 
 
 2. To direct toward an object or place, to shoAV its 
 position, or excite attention to it ; as, to point the fin- 
 ger at an object ; to point the finger of scorn at one. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. To direct the eye or notice. 
 
 Whosoever sliniilil he ffuided tliron<jii his battles by Minerva, 
 and pointed to evorj scone of llicni, woulil see nolliin? but 
 flulijccls of surj.rise. Pope. 
 
 A. To aim ; to direct toward an object ; as, to 
 point a musket at a wolf; to point a cannon at a 
 gate. 
 
 5. To mark with cliaracters for the purpose of dis- 
 tinguishing the members of a sentence, and desig- 
 nating the pauses; as, to point a written composi- 
 tion. 
 
 6. To mark with vowel-points. 
 
 7. To appoint. [JVvt in u.vc] Spenser. 
 
 8. To fill the joints of with mortar, and smooth 
 them with the point of a trowel ; as, to point a wall. 
 
 To point out ; to show by the finger or by other 
 means. 
 
 To point a rope: to cause it to t.aper at the end, as 
 by taking out a few of its yarns and with these 
 working a mat over it, so that it may pass cosily 
 through a hole. 
 
 To point a sail; to affix points through the eyelet 
 holes of the reefs. 
 
 To point the yards of a nessel : to brace them so that 
 the wind shall strike them obliquely. Tntten. 
 POINT, I). I. To direct the finger fur desigiuiting an 
 object, and exciting attention to it ; with at. 
 
 Now mukt the world point tit poor Catharine. Shak, 
 Point at the tattered coat and ragged shoe. Drydtn, 
 
 2. To indicate, as dogs do to sportsmen. 
 
 He tn^ads with caution, and he poinlg with fL-.ar. Gay, 
 
 3. To show distinctly by any means. 
 
 To point at what time the balance of power was most eqti-illy 
 hi-td bt'tween the lords and commons at Rome, wjuld per- 
 h ipi admit a controversy. Sury/t, 
 
 4. To fill the joints or crevices of a wall with 
 mortar. 
 
 To point at ; to treat with scorn or contempt by 
 
 pointing or directing attention to. 
 POI.NT'.\L, 71. In botan>i, the pistil of a plant. 
 POI.NT'-BLANK, n. [Fr.] In eunnn-y, having a 
 
 horizoiiUiI direction ; as, a point-blank shot. Hence, 
 
 2. Direct; as, a point-Afflii* dt;nial. 
 
 3. adi: Horizontally ; directly. 
 
 POI 
 
 POhVT D'.9P'PUr, (pwi-d.i|i'piiC,) [Fr.] Point of 
 support; basis; a fixed point at which triio|is form, 
 and on wh ch operations re>t. 
 
 POLYT /)I'^yr.>IK', [Fr.] Urifinatly, a particular sort 
 of p:itterned lace, or a device worked with a point 
 or nixdle ; hence, sometiiing uncommonly nice and \ 
 exact. Shak, Smart, 
 
 POINT'ED, pp. or a. Sharpened ; formed to a [mint ; 
 directed; aimed; marked with points; filled with 
 mortar, as crevices. 
 
 2. Aimed at a particular person or transaction. 
 
 3. a. Sharp ; liaving a sharp point ; as, a pointed 
 rock. 
 
 4. Characterized by keenness, or epigraminatical 
 smartness ; as, a pointed rebuke ; pointed wit. 
 
 POIi\T'ED-LY, a<ie. In a pointed manner; with 
 lively turns of thought or expression. 
 
 He often wrote too jtointedly for his subject. Dryden, 
 2. With direct assertion ; with direct reference to 
 a subject ; with explicitness ; as, he declared point- 
 edly he would accede to the proposition. 
 POhNT'ED-NESS, 71. Sharpness; pickednoss with 
 asperity. Johnson. 
 2. Epigrammatical keenness or smartness. 
 Ill Oils you excel Horace, that you add pointtdnest of thought. 
 
 Vrydcn. 
 
 POINT'EL, 71. Something on a point. 
 
 These poises or poinlelt are, for the most part, little balls set at 
 the lop of a slender stalk, wliich lliey can move every way 
 at pleasure. Dertiam, 
 
 2. A kind of pencil or style. Wiclif. 
 POINT'Ell, n. Any thing that points. 
 
 2. The hand of a timepiece. Watts. 
 
 3. A variety of dog, trained to stop and point out 
 the game to siittrtsmen. Gay. 
 
 POLVT'ING, ppr. Directing the finger; showing; 
 directing. 
 
 2. Marking with points, as a writing. 
 
 3. Filling the joints and crevices of a wall with 
 mortar or cement. 
 
 POINT'ING, 11. The art of making the divisions of 
 a writing ; punctuation. 
 
 2. The state of being pointed with marks or 
 points. 
 
 3. The act of filling the crevices of a wall with 
 mortar, &.c. ; or the material with which they are 
 filled. 
 
 POINT'ING-STOCK, 7i. An object of ridicule or 
 scorn. Shak. 
 
 POINT'LESS, a. Having no point ; blunt ; obtuse ; 
 as, a pointless sword. 
 2. Ilaving no smartness or keenness. 
 
 POISE, (poiz,) 71. [W. pwys, weight; Arm. poes ; 
 Fr. poids. See the verb. J 
 
 1. Weight; gravity ; that which causes a body to 
 descend tir tend to the center. Spenser. 
 
 2. The weight or mass of metal used in weighing 
 with steelyards, to balance the substance weighed. 
 
 3. Balance ; equilibrium ; a state in which things 
 are balanced by equal weight or power ; etpiipoise. 
 The mind may rest in a poise between two opinions. 
 
 The particles liirminw the earth miiit convene from all qnartens 
 towani the middle, which wotdd make the whole conipt>und 
 rvst in a poise. Bentiey, 
 
 4. A regulating power ; that which balances. 
 Men of an unbounded unaginatioii often want tlie potse of judg- 
 ment. IJryden. 
 
 POISE, (poiz,) 1'. (. [W. pwysaw, to throw down, to 
 press, to lean, or incline, to weigh ; Arm. paesa ; It. 
 pesare ; Sp. and Port, pesar; Corn, pnza ; Fr. pc.vcr. ] 
 
 1. To balance in weight ; to make of equal weight ; 
 as, to poise the scales of a balance. 
 
 2. To hold or place in equilibrium or cquipon- 
 derance. 
 
 Our nation, with united interest blest, 
 
 Not now content to poise, shall sway the rest. Dryden, 
 
 3. To load with weight fur balancing. 
 Where couM thev find another fonn so fit 
 
 To poi« with solid sense a sprighlly wit ? Drylen. 
 
 4. To examine or ascertain, as by the balance ; to 
 weigh. 
 
 He can not consider the stren^Ii, poise the weight, and discern 
 the evidence of the clearest argumentations, when* they 
 would conclude against his desires. SotiVi, 
 
 5. To oppress ; to weigh down. 
 
 Lest leaden slumber poue me down to-morrow, 
 
 When 1 should mount on wings of victory. Shak, 
 
 POIS'KD, (poizd,) pp. Balanced ; made equal in 
 
 weight ; resting in equilibrium. 
 POIS'I.VG, ppr. Balancing. 
 
 POIS'ON, (iKiiz'n,) 71. [Fr. poison; Arm. empoesoun, 
 ponUon i Sp.pnnzona ; Port.pefoiiAo. Clu. its alliance 
 to L. pus. Sec Cla.ss Us, No. 25.] 
 
 I. Any agent capable of producing a morbid, nox- 
 ious, or dangerous effect upon any thing endowed 
 with life. All medicines possessing sutlicient ac- 
 tivity to be of much value, are always poisons in 
 inorilinate or excessive quantities; and every thing 
 poisonous is capable of proving medicinal in suitably 
 reduced qiianlities. The ancient Greeks employed 
 the same word h<ith for a medicine and a poison. 
 There are as many different modes in which poisons 
 
 POL 
 
 operate as there are different and distinct medicinal 
 powers of any material ai tiviiy. According to the 
 popii|:ir tiolioii, those arlicb'S only arc polMinnus, 
 which are capable of producing niorbiit, iioxiiitis, 
 or dangerous effects, in comparalivcly small quan- 
 tities ; but there is no Ju.st foundation for such a 
 distinction. 
 
 2. Any thing infectious or malignant ; as, tlie poiaon 
 of pestilential tliseases. 
 
 3. That which taints or destroys moral purity or 
 health ; as, the poison of evil example; the poiian of 
 sill. South, 
 
 POIS'O.N, V. t. To infect with any thing fatal to life ; 
 as, to poison an arrow. 
 
 2. To attack, injure, or kill, by poison. 
 
 He was so dUcouraeed that lie poi^ori^d himself ami died. — 
 2 Mace. 
 
 3. To taint ; to mar ; to lmp.air ; as, discontent 
 poisons the liuppiness of life. 
 
 Hut thou not 
 
 With thy false arts poisoned his people's loyidty t Uotee. 
 
 4. To corrupt. Our youth are pniioned with false 
 notions of honor, or with pernicious muxiiiis of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 To sutliT the thoughts to be vitiated, Is to poison tlie fouiilidns of 
 niomliiy. U/tmbler. 
 
 POIS'ON-A-BLE, a. That can be poi.soned. 
 POIS'tlN-ZilJ, pp. or a. Infected or destroyed by 
 [Hiison. 
 
 POIS'ON-ER, 71. One who poisons or cornipts ; that 
 
 which corrupts. 
 POIS'O.N-Fl. L, a. Replete with poison. 
 P(JIS'ON-ING, ppr. Infecting with poison; corrtipt- 
 
 iiig. 
 
 POIS'ON-OUS, a. Having the qualities of poison; 
 
 corrupting ; impairing soiiiidiipss or purity. 
 POIS'ON-OUS-LY, adit. V\iih fatal or injurious 
 
 effects. 
 
 POIS'ON-OUS-NESS, 71. The quality of being fatal 
 tir injurious to health and stiiiiidiiess, 
 
 POlS'0N-TlU;E,n. A tree that poisons. This name 
 is given to llliiis-venenata, or Swaiiip-siiiiiac, lihiis- 
 toxiciiiti'iKlroii, or Cliiiibiiig-siimac, and Khus-piiinila, 
 or Uwarf-suiiiac, of the United States ; to Kliiis- 
 veriiicifera, or the Variiisli-siimac, and Rhtis-siicce- 
 danea, of Japan ; to Ithtis-perniciosa, Klius-jiiglan- 
 difolia, and Ilippomane-muiiciiiella, or Maiichiiieel 
 tree of South America ; to Strychiios-tieiitt;, and 
 Antiaris-toxicaria, the two Bohun I'pas of Java, &c. 
 All of tlit;se are valuable medicines. The active 
 principle of the most active of the poison trees of 
 Java, has long been kept in the shops, and is exten- 
 sively used by physicians. 
 
 POI'TREL, n. [Fr. poitrail, from L. peclorale, from 
 pectws, the breast.] 
 
 1. Armor for the breast of a horse. Skinner. 
 
 2. A graving tool. [(in. poinlel.] Jlinswiirtli. 
 POI/E. All tild spi lling of Poue. [See Poisk.] 
 Poke, n, [Sax. pocca, polut; Fr. poclic, a {Kiuch or 
 
 bag.] 
 
 A pocket ; a small bag ; as, a pig in a poke. 
 
 Cam/In:. Spectator. 
 Poke, j 71. The popular name of a North 
 
 PoKE'-WEED, ( American lierbnceons plant, bear- 
 ing dark purple juicy berries, the Phytolacca decandra, 
 ollierwise called Pocan, Coccm, and (;*rget. As a 
 medicine, it has emetic, cathartic, narcotic, and even 
 more important qualities, antt it has had some repu- 
 tation as a reinedv' for rlieumalism, &c. 
 POKE, V. t. [Corn, pokkia, to thrust or push. In 
 Arinoric, pochan is one tintt dives or plunges.] 
 
 1. Proprrly, to thrust ; to push against with any 
 thing pointed ; hence, to feel or search for with a 
 long instrument. Brown. 
 
 2. To thrust at with the horns, as an ox ; a popular 
 use of the word in AVw Knirland. 
 
 POKE, f. I. To grope, as in the dark. Prior. 
 To poke at ; to thrust the horns at. 
 
 POKE, n. In jVeto England, a machine to prevent un- 
 ruly beasts from leaping or breaking throiigli fences, 
 consisting of a yoke with a pole inserted, pointing 
 forward. 
 
 POKE, V. L To put a poke on ; as, to poke an ox. 
 
 J\>ir F.ntrland. 
 
 PoK'ER, 71. [from pote.] An iron bar used in stirring 
 the fire when coal is used for fuel. Strifl. 
 
 PoK'ER, 71. [Dan. pukkcr, the dense ; W. pirea, a hob- 
 goblin ; bwir, id. ; bic^an, a bugbear ; Air, terror, 
 fright. These words seem to be allietl to buir, buwc, 
 an ox or cow, I., bos, bovis, and all perhaps from the 
 bellowing of hulls.] 
 
 Any frightful object, especially in the dark ; a 
 bugbear ; a word in common popuUir use in .America. 
 Hence has been formed the atljective Pukeriih. 
 
 POK'ING, ppr. Feeling in the dark; stirring with a 
 poker; thrusting at with the horns; putting a 
 poke on. 
 
 PoK'ING, a. Drudging ; servile. [ Cotlo{niial ] Gray 
 POK'I.NG-STICK, n. An instrument formerly used 
 in ailjusting the plaits of ruffs then worn. 
 
 Middtrton. Shak. 
 PO-I, AG'C A, I n. [Sp. polacre ; Port. polacJi, poUiacra , 
 PO-LA'CRE, i Fr. polacre, pola-iue.] 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, qNITE. — AN"GER, V1"CI0US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 106 
 
 841 
 
POL 
 
 POL 
 
 POL 
 
 A vessel with tliroe masts, used in the Mediterra- 
 nean. Tlie masts are usually of one piece, so that 
 they have neither tops, caps, nor cross-trees, nor 
 horses to tlieir upper yards. Mar. Vict, Euajc. 
 Po'L.^R, a. [Er.pulairc, It. polare; Sp. polar. See 
 Pole.] 
 
 1 PertaininK to the poles of the earth, north and 
 south, or to the poles of artificial globes ; situated 
 near one of tlie poles ; as, polar regions ; polar seas ; 
 polar ice or climates. 
 
 2. Proceeding from one of the regions near the 
 poles ; as, polar winds. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the magnetic pole, or to the point 
 to which the magnetic needle is directed. 
 
 POL'.Mi eHY, n. [Gr. roXuv and apx^.] 
 Government by a number of persons. 
 Po-LAR IZ'.A-BLE, a. Susceptible of polarization. 
 PO-LAR'I-SCOPE, n. {puJar, pule, and Gr. cK^mtui, to 
 view.] 
 
 .An ulstrnment used in exhibiting the phenomena 
 of the polarization of light. Francis. 
 
 PO-L.\R'I-TY, n. That quality of a body in virtue of 
 which peculiar properties reside in certain points ; 
 usually, as in electrified or magnetized bodies, prop- 
 erties of attraction or repulsion, or the power of tak- 
 ing a certain direction. Thus we speak of the po- 
 larity of the magnet or magnetic needle, whose pole 
 is not always that of tiio earth, but a point somewhat 
 easterly or westerly ; and the deviation of the needle 
 from a north and south line is called its variation. 
 A mineral is said to possess polariln, when it attracts 
 one pola of a magnetic needle and repels the other. 
 
 PC-LAR-I-Za'TION, 71. The act of giving polarity to 
 a body ; the state of having polarity. 
 
 Polariiation of light ; a change produced upon 
 light by the action of certain media, by which it 
 exhibits the appearance of having polaritij, or poles 
 possessing dilferent properties. This i)roparty of 
 ligiit was first discovered by Hiiy;; ' lis in Ins investi- 
 g.ation of the cause of double reliaclion, as seen in 
 the Iceland crystal. The attention of opticians was 
 more particularly directed toward it by the discov- 
 eries of Mains, iSIO. The knowledge oi' this singu- 
 lar property of light has afforded an explanation of 
 several vei-y intricate |>lieuunieua in optics. 
 
 Po'LAR-IZE, V. t. To communicate pularity to. 
 
 PO'LAR-IZ-£D, jip. or a. Having polarity commu- 
 nicated to. 
 
 Po'LAR-IZ-IXG, ppr. Giving polarity to. 
 P(5'L.\R-Y, a. [See Polar.J Tending to a pole ; 
 
 having a direction to a pole. Crown. 
 POL'DER, 71. [D.] In Holland and Bdmitm, ti tnct 
 
 of low laiud reclaimed from the sea by means of high 
 
 enibankmor.ts. P. Cue. 
 
 POLE, 77. [Sax. 710?, pal; G. pfahl; D. paal ; Sw. 
 
 pale: Dan. ;j(r/ ; W.pawl; h. palus. See Pale.] 
 
 1. A long, slender |)icce of wood, or the stem of a 
 small tree deprived of its branches. Thus seamen 
 use poles f(ir setting or driving boats in shallow 
 water ; the stems of s^iiall trees are used for hoops, 
 and called Hoop-poles ; the stems of small, but t;ill, 
 straight tre(ts, are used as poles for supporting the 
 scaffolding in building. 
 
 2. A rod ; a jierch ; a measure of length of 5i yards, 
 or a square measure of 30', square yards. 
 
 3. Au instrument for measuring. Bacon. 
 Bare poles: a ship is under bare poles when her 
 
 sails are all furled. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Pol-E, 71. [Fr. pule; It. and Sp. polo; G. Dan. and 
 Sw. pnl ; I), pool i Ij. polus ; Gr. ~oXos, from 7rjA£a7, 
 to turn.] 
 
 1. In astronomy, one of the extremities of the axis 
 on which the sphere revolves. These two points 
 are called the pole^ vf the world. 
 
 2. In spherics, u point equally distant from every 
 part of the circiiml'crcnce of a great circle <.f the 
 sphere ; or it is a point 90° distant from the plane of 
 a circle, and in a line passing per|i(;ndicularly througli 
 the center, called the azis. 'I'hus the zenith and 
 nadir arc the poles of the horizon. 
 
 3. In giotrraphij, the extremity of the earth's axis, 
 or one of the points on the surface of our globe 
 through wli'ich the axis passes. 
 
 4. The star which is vertical to the pole of the 
 earth ; the pole-ntnr. 
 
 Poles ' f the eeliplic, are two points on the celestial 
 i'plii re, 90' from the ecliptic. They are 23° 3U' dis- 
 tant from the poles of the world. 
 
 Maijnetic poles: two points in a magnet in which 
 the power seems to be chiefly concentrated. 
 
 Ohnsted. 
 
 Pni.F,, 71. [(mm PolaM.] A native of Poland. 
 POLE, ». t To furnish with poles for snpi>ort ; as, to 
 pair, beari'l. 
 
 2. To bear or convey on poles ; as, to 77(iic hay into 
 a bi'im, 
 
 3. To Impel by poles, as a boat ; to push forward 
 by the use of poles. 
 
 POLe'-AX, 71. An ax fixed to a pole or handle; or 
 rather a Hort of halchi t with n handle about fifteen 
 inchcH in length, and a point or daw bending down- 
 ward from the back of its head. It is prim ipally 
 UHed in actions at iiea, to cut nw.iy the rigging of the 
 enemy attom|>ting to board ; Hoinetimes it in Ihruat 
 
 into the side of a ship to assist in mounting the ene- 
 my's ship, and it is sometimes called a Boaiiding-ax. 
 
 J\Iar. Diet. Kucijc. 
 
 PoLE'€.\T, 7!. • [Fr. povle, a hen, and chat, a cat, 
 i. e. ^hen-cat, because it feeds on poultry, eggs, &c.] 
 The popular name of two digitigrade carnivorous 
 mammals, the Puturius communis and the Putorius 
 alpinus. These are small qiiadtupeds of Europe, 
 nearly allied to the weasel. They have small glands 
 secreting a fetid liipior somewhat like that of the 
 American skunk. The fitchew or fitchet. 
 
 PoLE'D.WY, ». A sort of coarse cloth. 
 
 Jiinsworth, 
 
 POL'E-.M.KRen, 71. [Gr. T!o\tttaox>'i S rroXepos, war, 
 and apxrj, rule, or ii'>\us, chief.] 
 
 In Jlthcns, originallti, the military commander-in- 
 chief ; but afterwards, a civil magistrate who had 
 under his care all strangers and sojourners in the 
 city. There were also in Sparta, Thebes, and other 
 paits of Greece, pnleinarelu-i, who were high officers, 
 exercising both military and civil functions. 
 
 Smithes Diet. 
 
 PO-LEM'I€, / a. [Gr. TruAijuicof, from -oAc/zoj, 
 PO-LEM'ie-AL, S war.] 
 
 1. Controversial; disputative; intended to main- 
 tain an opinion or system in opposition to others ; as, 
 a polemic treatise, discourse, essay, or book ; polemic 
 divinity. 
 
 2. Engaged in supporting an opinion or system by 
 controversy; ai, a polemic wnter. South. 
 
 PO-EE.M'IG, 71. A disputant; a controvertist ; one 
 wlio writes in sujiport of an opinion or system in op- 
 position to another. Pope. 
 
 PO-LEJl'ICS, 71. Contest or controversy, especially 
 on religious subjects. - 
 
 PO-LE.M'0-SeOP£, 71. [Gr. -uXr^i if, war, and <r<o- 
 77£t.i, to view.] 
 
 .\n oblique perspective glass contrived for seeing 
 objects that do not lie directly before the eye. It is 
 called diairiinal or .<i,le opcra-<rlass, Ifutfon. 
 
 PO-LEJv''TA, n. [It.] In /(a/;/, pudding made of the 
 Hour of maize, or Indian meal ; formerly ground 
 chestnuts \vere used. .^rtoni. 
 
 PoLE'-STaR, 71. A star which is vertical, or nearly 
 so, to the pole of the earth ; a lode-star. The northern 
 pole-star is of great use to navigators in the northern 
 liemisphere. 
 2. That which serves as a guide or director. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 Po'LEY-GRaSS, 71. A plant of tlie genus Lythrum. 
 
 J''<i7ii. of Plunt^. 
 
 Po'LEY-MOUNT-AIN, n. A plant of the geims 
 Teucrium. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 PO-LI-AN'THICS, 71. [Gr. jro>i?, a city, and ivOof, a 
 flower, i. e., cily-flovver, because it is much culti- 
 vated in cities. ] 
 
 The name of a genus of plants, one species of 
 whidi, viz., Polianthe-s tuhero^a, is cultivated for its 
 flowers under the absurd name of Tuberose, which 
 is merely a vicious pronunciation of its specific 
 name. 
 
 PO-l.lCE', (po-lees',) n. [Fr., from L. politia; Gr. no- 
 Xtret t, from rroAij, city.] 
 
 1. The gcwernnient of a city or town ; the admin- 
 istration of the laws and regulations of a city or in- 
 corporated town or borough : as, the /lofice of London, 
 of New York, or IJoston, The word is applied also 
 to the government of all towns in New England, 
 which are made corporations by a general statute, for 
 certain purposes. 
 
 2. The internal regulation and government of a 
 kingdom or state. Blackstone. 
 
 3. A body of civil officers, especially in cities, for 
 enforcing the laws. 
 
 PO-LtC'KI), (po-leest'j) ) a. Regulated by laws ; 
 POL'1-CI-iCl), (-Sid,) ! furnished with a n gular 
 svstem of laws ami administration. Baton. Burke. 
 PO'-LICE'-MAN, II. One of the ordinary police. 
 
 Si7ia7*f. 
 
 PO-LtCE'-OF'FI-CER, 7i. An officer intrusted with 
 
 the execution of the laws of a city. 
 POL'I-CY, 71. [Fr. police: Jj. politia f Gr. -oXircia, 
 
 from rroXi^, city, Sans, pahja.] 
 
 1. Polictj, in its primary significatiim, is the same 
 as polttij, comprehending the fundaiiRulal constitu- 
 tion or frame of civil government in ablate or king- 
 dom. Hut by usatre, piiheij is now more generally 
 used to denote what is included under lc<rislation 
 and nilministration, and may be defined, tlie art or 
 manner of governing a nation ; or tli.at system of 
 measures which the sovereign of a country adopts 
 and pursues, as the best adapted to the interests of 
 the nation, 'i'lius we speak of domestic policy, or the 
 system of internal regulations in a nation ; /(7rc^5^i 
 policij, or the measures which respect foreign na- 
 tions ; commercial policy, or the measures which re- 
 Hjiect coinmercc. 
 
 2. 'I'lie course or mnnagcment of public affairs, 
 with respect either to loreigti powers, or to iulernal 
 arrangement. It has bi'en Ihe ;ie/ii-i/ of France to 
 preclude females from Ihe throne. It has bi en the 
 policy of (Jreat llritain to encourage her navy, by 
 Keeping her carrying trade in her own hands. In 
 this she nianifesis sound policy. Formerly, England 
 
 permitted wool to be exported and manufactured in 
 the Low Countries, which was very bad policy. 
 
 The policy of all lave has made some forms nec^ss-iry in the 
 wording of !asl wills and leslaments. Bliickslone. 
 
 All violeut;>o;icy defeats '.self. Hariiiiton. 
 
 3. In comm4)n usarre, prudence or wisdom, in rulers 
 or iiidiviiluals, in tlie management of public or pri- 
 vate concerns. 
 
 4. Stratagem; cunning; dexterity of management. 
 .5. A ticket or warrant for money in the public 
 
 funds, [ll. poliiza.] 
 
 G. [Sp. ;7o/izrt.] PoZicy ; in co77i77iercf, the writing or 
 instruction by which a contract of indemnity is effect- 
 ed between the insurer and the insured ; or the in- 
 strument containing the terms or conditions on 
 which a person or company undertakes to indemnify 
 another person or company against losses of property 
 exposed to peculiar hazards, as houses or goods ex- 
 posed to fire, or ships and goods exposed to destruc- 
 tion on the high seas. This writing is subscribed by 
 the insurer, who is called the umlerm-itrr. The 
 terms policy of insurance, or assurance, are also used 
 for the contract between the insured and the under- 
 writer. 
 
 Policies are valued or open ; valued, when the prop- 
 erty or goods insured are valued at [irime cost ; open, 
 when the goods are not valued, but, if lost, their 
 value must be proved. Park. Blarkstone. 
 
 Wagering policies, which insure sums of money, 
 interest or no interest, are illegal. 
 
 All insurances, interest or no interest, or without further proof of 
 interest than tiie policy itself, are null and void. 
 
 li'.aeksUine. 
 
 The word policy is used also for the writing which 
 insures against other events, as well as against loss 
 of property. 
 
 7. In Scotland, the pleasure-ground about a gentle- 
 jnau's seat. 
 
 PoL'ING, 71. In gardening, the operation of dispersing 
 the worm-casts all over the walks, with long ash 
 poles. This destroys the worm-casts, and is bene- 
 ficial to the walks. Cyc. 
 
 PCL'ING, ppr. Furnishing with poles for support. 
 
 2. Hearing on j)()les. 
 
 3. Pushing forward with poles, as a boat. 
 Po'LISH, a. [from Slav, pole, a plain, whence Po- 
 land. See the verb.] 
 
 Pertaining to Poland, a level country on the south 
 of Russia and the IJaltic. 
 POL'ISH, i!. [Fr. polir, polissnnt ; .Arm. pouti^za ; 
 It. polire or pulire : Sp. polir, putir: polio; IJau. 
 polercr ; Sw. polera; Russ. polirityu; W. caboli, with 
 
 a prefix ; Ar. cluifula, to imlish. Clu. its alli- 
 
 ance to file] 
 
 1. To make smooth and glossy, usually by friction ; 
 as, to polisli glass, marble, metals, and the like. 
 
 2. To refine ; to wear off rudeness, nisticity, and 
 coarseness ; to make elegant and polite ; as, to polish 
 life or manners. Jililton. 
 
 The Greeks were poUs\ed by the Asiatics ami KjypLi.ms. 
 
 '5. .y. Siitilh. 
 
 POL'ISH, 1'. i. To become smooth ; to receive a gloss ; 
 to take a smooth and glossy surface. 
 
 Steel will polish almost as wliite asid bright as silver. Bcxon. 
 
 POL'ISH, 71. A smooth, glossy surface, produced by 
 friction. 
 
 Another prism of dealer glass and better polish seemed free from 
 veins, Neioton. 
 
 2. Refinement ; elegance of manners. 
 What are these wondrous civilizing nru, 
 'I'his Koinan ;)o^/t ? Addison. 
 POL'ISH-A-IiLE, a. Capable of being polished. 
 POI.'ISII-KII, (iTol'isht,) pp. or a. .Made smooth and 
 
 gloss\' ; rellned ; polite. 
 POL'lSll-FD-XESS, 11. State of being polished, or of 
 
 being rcHncil ami elegant. Donne. Coventry. 
 
 P01,'1SII-ER, 71. The person or instrument that 
 
 polishes. .Addison. 
 POL'ISII-ING, ;i;ir. or a. Making smooth and glossy ; 
 refining. 
 
 P()L'1SII-IN(;, 71. The act of making smooth and 
 glossy, or of refining manners. 
 2. Smoothness ; glossiness ; refinement. 
 
 Gohls^nith. 
 
 POL'ISH-MENT, 7i. Refinement. Wnlerhonse. 
 PO-LITE', a. [L. politus, polished, from /7()/ii), supra.] 
 
 1. I.itrrally, smoolh, glossy ; and used in this 
 sense till within a century. 
 
 liays of lijrht f.JIin;? on a polite suiface. Neicton. 
 
 [This application of the word is, I believe, entirely 
 obsolrte.] 
 
 2. Ueing polished or elegant in manners ; refined 
 in behavior ; well bred. 
 
 He marries, IjowH ut court, and prows poUle. Pojie. 
 
 3. Courteous; complaisant; obliging. 
 
 His inanners were warm without insincerity, itnd potilt without 
 jioiiip, Anon. 
 
 Pf)-LTTE'LY, ni/e. With elegance of manners; gcn- 
 tia lly ; courteously. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi^T. — METE, PUBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, RQQK — 
 
 «42 " ~ 
 
POL 
 
 PO-MTE'NESS, II. I'olisli or elegance of inniiners; 
 ■[i Mlilily i goml lirfi diiig ; ease •and gracefulness of 
 iii;iiUK rs, iiiuti'd wilti a desire to please others, and 
 a can l'iil atlenlinn lu their wants and w ishes. 
 
 2. Courteousuess ; complaisance ; obliging atten- 
 tions. 
 
 PO/, /-7'KSS£', (-tess',) n. [Fr.l Politeness. 
 
 [.\n ivrt'ceted H iird, nnless wlien applieil by way 
 of conti'iiipt to over-acted politeness. Umart.] 
 
 rOL'l-Tl€, a. [L. politkux; Or. hoXctikhs, from 
 TTuAini.i, from jr. An, a city. This word, in its 
 origin, is the same as Political, and was formerly 
 used «s synonymous with it. It is so still in the 
 phrase baiiu politic. Burke used politic distinction 
 for puliliiu'l distinction, but present usage does not 
 warrant this application.] 
 
 1. Wise; prudent and sagacious in devising and 
 pursuing in. asuies adapted to promote the public 
 Welfare ; nppticd la persons ; as, a politic prince. 
 
 2. VWII devised, and adapted to the public pros- 
 perity ; applied to thiii^rs. 
 
 Tills Itiiil Wiis fiiinously rnrichcj 
 
 Willi politic giave cyunecl. Shak. 
 
 ;i. Ingenious in devising and pursuing any scheme 
 of personal or national aggrandizement, without 
 regard to the morality of the measure; cunning; 
 artful ; sagacious in adapting means to the end, 
 whether good or evil. 
 
 4. Well devised ; adapted to its end, right or 
 wrong. 
 
 PO-MT'ie-AL, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to policy, or 
 to civil government and its adininistr;ition. Political 
 measures or alfairs are measures that respect the 
 government of a nation or state. So we say, political 
 jiower or authority ; political wisdom ; a political 
 scheme ; political opinions. A good jirince is the 
 pnlitieal father of his people. The founders of a 
 state, and wise senators, are also called political 
 fathers. 
 
 Q. Pertaining to a nation or state, or to nations or 
 states, as distinguished from cinii or municipal; as in 
 the phr.ise political and civil rights, the former com- 
 prehending rights that belong to a nation, or perhaps 
 to a citi/.i'ii as an individual of a nation; and the 
 latter comprehending the local rights of a corpora- 
 tion, or any niumber of it. 
 
 Sjx-akin* of the poUdcat suite of Kiirope, we nrc ncctigtomcd to 
 lay it( Swciicii, sbe loat her iiborty Ijy Uie revuluLioii. 
 
 • Paley. 
 
 3. Public ; derived from office or connection with 
 government ; as, political character. ^ 
 
 4. Artful ; skillful, [.^ee PoLiflc.] 
 
 5. Treating of politics or government j as, a political 
 writer. ' Paleij. 
 
 Political arithmetic; the art of reasoning by figures, 
 or of making arithinotieal calnilalions ou matters 
 relating to a nation, its revenues, value of lands and 
 eflects, produce of lands or niauufaclurcs, popula- 
 tion, «cc. 
 
 Political econnmy; the administration of the reve- 
 nues of a nation ; or the management and regu- 
 lation of its resources and productive property and 
 labor. Political economy comprehends all the meas- 
 ures hy which the properly and labor of citizens are 
 directed in the best manner to the success of indi- 
 vidual industry and ellterpri^e, and to the public 
 prosperity. Political economy is now considered as 
 a science. 
 
 PO-LIT'ie-.\I.-I.Y, adv. With relation to the govern- 
 ment of a nation or state. 
 
 2. With relation to politics. 
 
 3. Artfully ; with address. [OJs.] Knolles. 
 PO-I.IT'ie-AS-TKK, n. A petty politician ; a pre- 
 tender to politics. L* Estranse. 
 
 POI,-I-TI"C[.AN, a. Cunning; using artifice. [Obs.] 
 POLnI-Tl"CIA\, (pol-e-tish'an,) n. [Ft. polilicien.] 
 
 1. One versed in tlie science of government and 
 the art of governing; one devoted to politics. 
 
 Drijden. Pope. 
 
 2. A man of artifice or deep contrivance. SiiiitA. 
 POL'I-TIC-I.Y, adr. Artfully. SItak. 
 POL'I-'i'ies, n. [Fr. politique; Gr. ffoXiniti;. Sec 
 
 PoLICV.] 
 
 The science of government ; that part of ethics 
 which consists in the regulation and government of 
 a nation or state, for the preservation of its safety, 
 peace, and prosperity ; compreheiuling the defense 
 of its existence and rights against foreign control or 
 conquest, the augmentation of its stren£!th and re- 
 sources, and the protection of its citizens in their 
 rights, with the preservation and improvement of 
 their morals. Politics, as a science or an art, is a 
 subject of vast extent and importance. 
 
 2. In a looser tense, political affairs, or the contests 
 of parties for power. 
 POL'I-TIZE, t. L To play the politician. [JVot in 
 
 ^ Mdton. 
 POL'I-TURE, n. [See Poluh.] Polish ; the gloss 
 
 given by polishing. [JVut u.ied.] Donne.. 
 POI,'I-TY, 71. [Or. TroXTtm.) 
 
 1. The form or constitution of ci\il government of 
 
 a nation or state ; and in free st.ntes, the frame or 
 fundamental system by wliieh the several branches 
 of giivei iiment are established, and the powers and 
 duties of each designated and defined. 
 
 Every bniiicli of our civil polilif support* ami ia aupnurled, rrgu- 
 liit-m ami u re^iililtetl, by Ihe n-at. iUackslonc. 
 
 With ri'siiect 10 lj»*ir inl'Tior jiolily, our coloiil.*! i\n' jirop-rly 'rf 
 thn i- svrt^ proviiicul e»t.ibli«liiii('iiu, pruprk-l.iry ^'ovcrii- 
 nu'DU, atiTcliarter go?'_+iinieiib*. Blftdtttoiie. 
 
 The word seems also to embrace legislation and 
 administration of government. 
 
 2. The eoiislitutioii or general fundameiit.tl princi- 
 ples of governiiieiit of any class of citizens, consid- 
 ered in an appropriate character, or as a subordinate 
 state. 
 
 Wen^ til.- wliole Cliriittian worlil to riJvert bock lo the orlf^iiuit 
 liioil'-l, bow f.ir Inure BliKple, unilorni, and beautirul wunl. I llie 
 chiircli app«*ur, »i»ii how far mow Hjreeftble lo tlie eccl- i»ia»- 
 ticiU polity iiiHtituted by tbe holy upostira ! Presideiil Suite. 
 
 PoL'KA, »i. A fashionable Hungarian dance. 
 I'oLL, II. [D. bol, a hall, bowl, crown, poll, pate, 
 bulb.] 
 
 1. The head of a jierson, or the hack part of the 
 head ; and in ciunpositiun, applied to the head of a 
 beast, as in poll-eril. 
 
 2. .\ register of heads, that is, of persons. Sliak. 
 
 3. 'J'he entry of llie names of electors who vote 
 for civil ofiicers. Hence, 
 
 4. An election of civil officers, or the place of elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Our citizens say, at the opening or close of the 
 poll, that is, at the beginning of the register of voters 
 and reception of votes, or the close of the same. 
 They say also, we are going to the pulls ; many voters 
 appeareil at the AV w York. 
 
 5. A fish called a I'lii'B orCHEViN. [See Pollakd.] 
 POLL, r. (. To lop the tops of trees. Bacon. 
 
 2. To clip ; to cut off the ends ; to cut off hair or 
 wool ; to sliear. 'i'he phrases, to poll the hair, and to 
 poll tlie head, have been used, 'i'he latter is used in 
 2 Sam. xiv. 2U. To poll a deed, is a phrase still used 
 in law language. iC. Swift. 
 
 3. To mow ; to crop. [.Vof used.'] Shak. 
 
 4. To peel; to strip; to plunder. [Obs.] 
 
 Bacon. Spenser. 
 
 5. To lake a list or register of persons ; lo enter 
 names in a list. 
 
 6. To enter one's name in a list or register. 
 
 JJriiden. 
 
 7. To insert into a number as a voter. Ticket. 
 
 8. To bring to the p<ills ; as, to poll votes. 
 POL'LACK, j n. A salt water fish of the cod family, 
 POIi'LOCK, i closely allied to the whiting and coal- 
 fish. 
 
 POI.'LARD, n. [from poll.] ,\tree having its top cut 
 oft' at some liight above the ground, that il may throw 
 out branches. Bacon. 
 
 2. .\ clipped coin. Camden. 
 
 3. The chub fish. jliii.stcorlh. 
 
 4. A stag that has cast his horns. 
 
 5. A mixture of bran and meal. .^inxworth. 
 POI.'LAUl), r. t. To lop the tops of trees ; to poll. 
 POL'I.AItI)-EU, yi/i. Lopped. [Krcli/n. 
 PoLL'/'.'I), ;)/!. Lopped, as tops of trees, [bee Poll.] 
 
 2. liroiight to the poll, as votes. 
 POL'LE.N, II. [l^ pollen, pollis, fine flour; Russ. pil, 
 jiif/, dust, Ij. pulvis.] • 
 
 1. The fecundating dust or fine substance, like 
 flour or meal, contained in the anther of fiowers, 
 which is dispersed on the stigma for impregn.ation ; 
 farina. Enctje. J[Iilnc. jilartijn. 
 
 2. Fine bran. Baiicy. 
 
 POL-LI:.\-.aT>I OUS, a. Consisting of me.nl. 
 
 POL'LE.N GEK, n. liriishwood. [Obs.] Tusscr. 
 
 POL'LE.V-I.N, II. [from pollen.] A substance ob- 
 tained from the pollen of plants. Pollenin is various, 
 as obtained from different plants, and docs not ap- 
 pear, in any casi', to be a distinct proximate princi- 
 ple, and therefore is not entitled to an appellation 
 appropri.ated to such proximate principles. 
 
 POLL'EK, 71. [from poll.] One that shaves jierSona ; 
 a barber. [.Vo( used.] 
 
 2. One that lops or polls trees. 
 
 3. A pillager ; a plunderer ; one that fleeces by ex- 
 action. [.Vof used.] Bacon. 
 
 4. One that registers voters, or one that enters his 
 name as a voter. 
 
 POLL'-ic-V/L, 71. [poll and criV.] A swelling or 
 aposteme on a horse's head, or on the nape of the 
 neck between tbe ears. Farrier's Did. 
 
 POULIC-I-TA'TIO.V, II. [L. polliciiatio.] 
 
 A promise ; a voluntary engagement, or a paper 
 containina it. Henry's Britain. 
 
 POL-LI.Ne'TOR, 71. [I,.] One that prepares materi- 
 als for embalming the dead ; a kind of undeitaker. 
 
 OreenhiU. 
 
 POLL'INO, ppr. Lopping ; as the tops of trees. 
 
 2. Registering one's name as a voter. [See Pou-] 
 .3. Ilrincini: to the poll, as votes. 
 POL-LI-.MF'ER-OUS, o. [h. pollen and /(TO, to pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 Prodiicinc pollen. 
 POL'LI-\VI(;, n. A tadpole. Forby. In Jlmerica, 
 Polluvoo. Forby thinks il to be from periirig. 
 
 POL 
 
 POL'LOCK, n. A fish, the Pollack, which see. 
 
 POLL'-TAX, 71. A tax levied by the liead or poll ; a 
 capitation t<ix. 
 
 POL LOTE', V. U [L. polluo; Fr. polluer. If thin 
 word is compound, as I susjiect, it seems to be com- 
 posed of the preposition ;iu, which is in the Russian 
 langu.'tge and retained in the Ij. polliicco and poasidco, 
 and according lo Ainsworth, of laco. Uut this com- 
 bination would nut naturally give the signification. 
 If the word is simple, the first syllable coincides 
 with foul. Itut neither is this etymology satisfactory. 
 Clii. Gr. /loAi'f bj.] 
 
 1. To defile ; to make foul or unclean ; in a gen- 
 eral sense. But appropriately, among the Jews, to 
 make unclean or ini|iure, in a legal or ceremonious 
 sense, so tus to disqualify a person for sacred services, 
 or to render things unfit for sacred uses. A'um. 
 xviii. Kxod. XX. 2 Kin^s xxiii. 2 Chron. xxivi, 
 3. To taint with guilt. 
 
 Ye potluu youi*,-lvc» wiUi till your \i\oU. — Ei^k. xx. 
 
 3. To profane ; to use for cam.al or idolatrous pur- 
 poses. 
 
 My Sabbatlis Uiey greatly poUuUd. Ez/'k. xx. 
 
 4. To corrupt or iinjiair by mixture of ill, moral or 
 physical. 
 
 Envy you my prai*.», nnd would d.*Btroy 
 With grief my pleoxurca, and polluVt my Joy ? 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. To violate bv illegal sexu.'il commerce. 
 POL-LCTE', a. Polluted ; defiled. Milton. 
 POL- LOT' El), p/i. or a. Defiled ; rendered unclean; 
 
 tainted with gtiilt; impaired ; profaned. 
 POL-LOT'ED-LY, adc. In a sUite of |Hillution. 
 
 Jliiiicuod. 
 
 POL-LOT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being I'lollulcd ; 
 defih nient. 
 
 POL-LCT'ER, n. A defiler ; one that pollutes or pro- 
 fanes. 
 
 POL-LOT'ING, ppr. Defiling; rendering unclean; 
 
 corrupting ; profaning. 
 2. a. Adapted or tending to defile or infect. 
 POL-Ll'T'LNG-LY, aiU: CorruplinEly. 
 POL-LC'TIO.V, 71. [L. polUitio; Fr. pollution; Sp. 
 
 polucion ; It. polluzioitc] 
 
 1. The act of polluting. 
 
 2. Defilement ; uiiclcanness ; impurity ; the state 
 of being |iolluled. 
 
 3. In iJie Jewish economy, legal or ceremonial un- 
 cleanness, which disqualified a person for sacred 
 services or for common intercourse with the people, 
 or rendered any thing unfit for sacred use. 
 
 4. In medicine, the emission of semen in sleep. 
 
 5. In u religious sense, guilt, the efltct of sin ; 
 idolatry, &c. 
 
 POL'LUX,7i. [L.] A fixed star of the second mag- 
 nitude, in the constellation Gemini, or the Twins. 
 2. See Castor. [Braiuie. 
 
 PO-LO-.NaISE', ( II. A robe or dress adopted from 
 
 PO LO-.\KSE', j the fashion of the Poles; some- 
 liuies worn by ladies. 
 
 PO-LO-.\KSE', II. The Polish language. £iicyc. 
 
 PO-LO- NOISE', (po-lo-inize',) n. In music, a move- 
 ment of three crotchets in a bar, with the rhythm- 
 ical ca;sura on the last. Busby. 
 
 PoLT, H. [Sw. bulla, to beat.] 
 
 A blow, stroke, or striking ; a reord in common use 
 111 A'l ic F.nirlaud. IlalliiceU, 
 
 PoLT'-FOOT, 71. A distorted foot. [JVut in u.ie.] 
 
 Herbert 
 
 PoLT'-FQOT-ED, a. Having distorted feeL [JYof 
 171 use.] B. JonsoH, 
 
 POI.-TROON', 71. [Fr. poltron ; It. poltront, an idle 
 fellow, a coward ; poltrire, to sleep, to be idle, to 
 loiter ; Sp. pvltron, idle, lazy, easy, commodious ; 
 Port, poltram, an idler ; pultram, pollrona, lazy, cow- 
 ardly ; .Arm. poultroun ; certainly not from pollice 
 truHcato. The primary sense is, idle, at ease, whence 
 lazy ; perhaps from the root of fail, W. pailu.] 
 
 An arrant coH ard ; a dastard ; a wretch without 
 spirit or courage. Dryden. 
 
 POL-TROO.N', a. Base; vile; contemptible. 
 
 Hammond, 
 
 POL-TROON'ER-Y, n. Cowardice ; baseness of 
 
 mind ; want of spirit. 
 POL'VE-RI.N'E, 71. [L. pi</n«, dust ; It. polrerino.] 
 The calcined ashes of a plant, of the nature of pot 
 and pearl ashes, brought fnun the Levant and Syria. 
 In the manufacture i f gl.ass, it is preferred to other 
 ashes, as the glass made with it is perfectly white 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 PiTLY, in. [h. polium; Gr. -oXior, from iroXiof, 
 PO'LEY, ( white.] 
 
 .An evergreen undersiirub of the genus Teucrium, 
 found near the Mcdileiianean. Loudvn. 
 The grass poley is of the genus Lythruin. 
 
 Dricci/s .Mass. Hep. 
 POL'Y, in compound words, is from the Greek roAi <, 
 and signifies many ; as in polygon, a figure of many 
 angles. 
 
 POL-Y-A-COUS'TIC. o [Gr. ro,\vf, many, and 
 aitovf.i, to hear.] 
 
 That multiplies m magnifies sound. As a nmi*, 
 an instrument to multiply sounds. 
 
 TOXE, BJJLL, IjmTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 843 
 
POL 
 
 POI^Y-A-OKI/PHI-A, n. [Gr. ^roAws, many, and 
 
 oc£A0o,-. brollier.] 
 In botany, a class of plants having stamens united 
 
 in three or more bodies or bundles by the filaments. 
 I'OL-V-A-DEL'PHI-AN, ) o. Having stamens united 
 I'OL-Y-A-DEL'PHOUS, \ in three or more bundles. 
 POL-Y-AN'DRI-A, n. [Gr. jtoAdj, many, and avnp, 
 
 a male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of monoclinous or hermaphro- 
 dite plants, having many stamens, or any number 
 above twenty, inserted in the receptacle. 
 
 POL-Y-A.V'ORI-AN, I a. Having many stamens, that 
 
 POL-Y-A.N'DROUS, j is, any number above twen- 
 ty, inserted in the receptacle. 
 
 POL-Y-AN'DRY, n. [J-upra.] The practice of fe- 
 males having more husbands than one at the same 
 time ; plur.alitv of husbands. Forsttr's Obs. 
 
 POL-Y-AN'THDS, 71. [Gr ttoAvs, many, and ai-tfos, a 
 flower.] 
 
 An ornamental plant of the genus Primula or 
 primrose, whose flower-€talks produce flowers in 
 clusters. Loudon. 
 POL'Y-XRCH-Y, n. [Gr. iro\vs and ao\r,.] 
 
 A government by many persons, of whatever order 
 or chiss. 
 
 POL-V-AU-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. noXvs, many, av- 
 ro5, he himself, and ypuj/to, to write.] 
 
 I'he act or practice of multiplying copies of one's 
 own handwriting or of manuscripts, by engraving on 
 stone ; a species of lithograpliy. 
 
 Delastnjrie. Med. Repos. 
 PO-LYB'A-SlTE, n. [Gr. iroAuj, many, and jjaais, 
 base.] 
 
 An iron -black ore of silver, consisting of silver, 
 sulphur, and antimony, with some copper and ar- 
 senic. 
 
 POL'Y-CHORD, a. [Gr. toXv;, many, and chord.] 
 Having many chords or strings. 
 
 CA. Relig. Jlppeal. 
 POL'Y-CHREST, n. [Gr. ito\vs, many, and xiniaroi, 
 useful.] 
 
 1 ri pharmacy, a medicine that serves for many uses, 
 or that cures many diseases. [Obs.] 
 
 Polychrest salt, among old chemists, was the sul- 
 phate of potassa. Brandc. 
 POL'Y-eHRO-ITE, n. [Gr. iroAvs, many, and xpoi^oi, 
 to color.] 
 
 The coloring matter of saffron. Vre. 
 POL,-Y-eHRO-JI.\T'ie, a. [Gr. ttoAi;, many, and 
 X.o-i^.i, color.] 
 
 In mineralogy, exhibiting a play of colors. Mohs. 
 POL-Y-eO-TYL-K'DO.X, n. [Gr. nuAuj, many, and 
 KOTv},r)6(ov, a cavity.] 
 
 In botany, a plant that has many or more than two 
 cotyledons or lobes to the seed. Martyn. 
 POL-Y-eO-TYL-ii'UON-OUS, a. Having more than 
 
 two lobes to the seed. 
 POL-Y-E'DRON, ( See Polyhedron and PoLTHt;- 
 POL-Y-E'DROL'S. \ ORAL. 
 
 POI.r-Y-GA'.MI-.-\, ;i. [Gr. TroAtif, many, and yapof, 
 marriage.] 
 
 In botany, a class of plants bearing hermaphrodite 
 flowers, with male i>r female flowers, or both, not 
 inclosed in the same counnon calyx, but scattered 
 either on the same plant, or on two or three distinct 
 individuals, in diflerenl flowers. Martyn. 
 POI--Y-Ga'.\II-A.\, la. In Aotani;, producing herniaph- 
 PO-LYG'A-MOUS, j rodite flowers, with male or 
 
 female flowers, or both. 
 PO-LYG'A-MIST, n. [See Polyramv.] A person 
 who practices polygamy, or maintains its lawfulness. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 PO-LYG'A-.MOUS, a. Consisting of polygamy. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. Inclined to polygamy; having a plurality of 
 wives. 
 
 PO-LYG'A-MY, n. [Gr. ttoXvs, many, and ja^o?. 
 marriage.] 
 
 A plurality of wives or husbands at the same time ; 
 or the having of such plurality. When a man has 
 more wives than one, or a woman more husbnnils 
 than (me, at the same time, the offender is punisha- 
 ble fur polygamy. Such is ihe fact in (Christian coun- 
 tries. But polygamy is allowed in some countries, as 
 in Turkey. 
 
 POL'Y-GAR, 71. In inndoslan, an inhabitant of the 
 woods. 
 
 rOI- Y-GAS'TRie, a. [Gr. voXvs, many, and yaarnp, 
 
 dtomarh. ] 
 
 Having many stomachs. 
 POI^Y-GAH'TRie, n. An animal having many 
 
 ■lomnchH, as some of the infusorics. Belt. 
 PO-LYO'E-NOUS, a. [Gr iruAuf, many, and yevof, 
 
 kind.] 
 
 CnnsiMting of many kinds ; n<i, a polyacnona moun- 
 tain, which is composed of strata of diflerent species 
 of Ktone. Kiriran. 
 P<)I,'Y-(;L0T, a. [Gr. iroAnj, many, and j Awrra, 
 tongue.) 
 
 Having or containing many languages ; ns, a poly- 
 elul lexicon or Iliblo. 
 POI/Y-GI,OT, n. ,\ brxth containing many lan- 
 guageH, particularly the Ilible containing the Hcrip- 
 turcK in Hcverttl Janguagc*. 
 
 POL 
 
 2. One who understands many languages. [J\'u( 
 in use.] Howell. 
 POL'Y-GON, 7t., [Gr. rroAuf, many, and yionta, an 
 angle.] 
 
 In geometry, a plane figure of many angles, and 
 consequently of many sides ; particularly, one whose 
 perimeter consists of more than four sides. Brande. 
 PO-LYG'ON-AL, > „ ■ , , 
 
 PO-LYG'ON-OLS ( H'l^'ing "ifny angles, iee. 
 
 Polygonal numbers ; in arithmetic, the successive 
 sums of a series of numbers in arithmetical progres- 
 sion. Brande. 
 POL-Y-GON-OJI'E-TRY, 7t. [polygon and Gr. iter- 
 
 The doctrine of polygons. Brande. 
 PO-LYG'OX-UM, 7i. [Gr. -oArj, many, and j oi/u, 
 knee or knot.] 
 
 A genus of plants so named from the numerous 
 joints in the stem. Some of the most remarkable 
 species of polygonum are the three sorts of buck- 
 wheat, Ihe medicinal bistort, the water-pepper, &.c. 
 POL'Y-GRAM, 71. [Gr. TToAns, many, and j pu/ijiu, a 
 writing.] 
 
 A figure consisting of many lines. Barlow. 
 POL'Y-GRAPH, n. [See Polvgraphy.] An instru- 
 ment fir multiplying copies of a writing with ease 
 and expeditiim. 
 POL-Y-GRAPH'ie, j a. Pertaining to polygra- 
 POL-Y-GRAPH'ie-AL, j phy ; as, a polygraphic in- 
 strument. 
 
 Q. Done with a polygraph ; as, a polygraphic copy 
 or writing. 
 
 PO-LVG'RA-PHY, 7i. [Gr. ttoAus, many, and ypaifiti, 
 a writmg ; j oiii/x.), to write.] 
 
 The art of writing in various ciphers, and of deei- 
 phering the same. Diet. Encyc. 
 
 POL'Y-CYN, fi. j [Gr. ttoAhj, many, and yvuri, 
 
 POL-Y-GYN'I-A, 77. pi. \ a female.] 
 
 In botany, an order of plants having many styles. 
 POL-Y-GYPi'I-AN, ( a. In botany, having many 
 PO-LYG'YN-OUS, i styles. 
 
 PO-LYG'Y-NY, 71. [Gr. noXvs, many, and yvi r/, a fe- 
 male.] 
 
 The practice of having more wives than one at 
 the same time. Eorster^s Obs. 
 
 P0-L5'HA-LiTE, ti. [Gr. ttoXvs, many, and uAs, 
 salt.] 
 
 A mineral or salt occurring in masses of a fibrous 
 structure, of a brick-red color, being tinged with 
 iron. It contains sulphate of lime, of magnesia, of 
 potash, and of soda. Cleaveland. 
 POL,-Y-HlC'DRAL, I a. [See Polyhedron.] Hav- 
 POL-Y-Hk'DROUS, \ ing many sides, as a solid 
 body. 
 
 POL-Y-He'DRON, 71. [Gr. ^jAtif, many, and eSpa, 
 side.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a body or solid contained by many 
 sides or planes. 
 
 2. In optics, a polyscope or multiplying glass. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 PO-LYL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. TroAut, many, and Xoyos, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 A talking much ; talkativeness ; garrulity. [JVo« 
 171 use.] Granger. 
 POL-Y-MATH'ie, a. [See Polymathy.] Pertaining 
 to polyinathy. 
 
 PO-LY.M'A-THY, ii. [Gr. TJoXvf, many, and padnats, 
 learning ; iiuvD'Ivm, to learn.] 
 
 The knowledge of many arts and sciences; ac- 
 quaintance with many branches of learning, or with 
 various subjects. Johnson. Encyc. 
 
 POL-Y-.MIG'NITE, 71. [Gr. TnAus, many, and piyvv- 
 pt, to mix ] 
 
 .\ black, shining mineral, containing titanic acid, 
 zirconia, yitria, oxyds of cerium and iron, &c. Dana. 
 POl/YM-NITE, n. [st.uie of many marshes.] A 
 stone marked \vith dendrites and black lines, and so 
 disposed as to represent rivers, marshes, and ponds. 
 
 Diet. J\rat. Hist. 
 POL'Y-MORPH, n. [Gr. ttuAus, many, and pop^n, 
 foriu.] 
 
 A name given by Soldani to a numerous tribe or 
 series of shells, whicli are very small, irregular, and 
 singular in form, and which can not be referred to 
 any knnwn genus. Diet- JVat. Hist. 
 
 POI,.Y-SIORPIl'OUS, a. [Supra.] Having many 
 forms. Bi'rrlow. 
 
 POL'Y-NEME, 71. A sea-fish of the genus Polyne- 
 mus, belonu'ing to the perch family, having a scaly, 
 compressed head, with a blunt, prominent nose, and 
 [iliform appendages to Ihe pectoral fins. Pennant. 
 
 POL-Y-i\ic'SIA, 71. [Gr. iruAi;{, many, and viiuoi,, isle.] 
 A term in geography, used to designate numerous 
 groups of isles in the Pacific Ocean, especially near 
 the tropics j as the Pelew Isles, the Ladrones, the 
 Caroline^', the Sandwich Isles, the Marquesas, the 
 Hociely Lsles, and the Friendly Isles. 
 
 Dr Brasses. Pinherton, 
 
 POL-Y-NR'SIAN, a. Pertaining to Polynesia. 
 
 POI,-Y-N0'MI-AL, 71. [Gr. jt.-Akj, many, and 
 name.] 
 
 Ill ulgrhrn, n quantity cimsisting of many terms. 
 POI<-Y-No'.M1-AIj, a. Containing many names or 
 terms. 
 
 POL 
 
 POL-Y'-ON'0-,MOUS, a. [Gr. ttoXvs, many, and ovo- 
 pa, name.] 
 
 Having many names or titles ; many-titled. 
 
 Sir fV. Jones. 
 
 POL-Y-Oi\'0-MY, 71. [Supra.] Variety of difi^erent 
 names. Faber. 
 
 POL-Y-OP'TRON, ) 71. [Gr. jroAus, many, and ottto- 
 
 POL-Y-OP'TRUM, ! ^ai, to see.] 
 
 A glass through which objects appear multiplied, 
 but diminished. Hutton. Brande. 
 
 POL-Y" 0-RS'MA, 71. [Gr. toAi.; and opa/iu.] 
 A view of many objects. 
 
 POL' YP, 71. An aqu.itic animal of the Radiate type, hav- 
 ing, in general, a cylindrical body, at tme extremity of 
 which there is a mouth, surrounded by one or more se- 
 ries of arms or tentacles. It has no special organs of 
 sefise, and is capable of multiplying by buds and ar- 
 tificial sections as well as by ova. The name is 
 sometimes used in a restricted sense for the Hydra 
 polyp, but properly includes the animals of all zoo- 
 phytes. These animals form coral by the secretion 
 of calcareous matter. //una. 
 
 POL'Y-PA-RY, 71. [poltrp and L. pario, to produce.] 
 A name given to coral, because formed by polyp's. 
 
 Z>a7ia. 
 
 POL-Y-PET'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. noXv{, many, and -cr- 
 aXof, a petal.] 
 
 In botany, having many petals ; as, a polypetalous 
 corol. Martyti. 
 PO-LYPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. ttoXv; and fa, w.] 
 
 Eating or subsisting on many things, or kinds of 
 food. 
 
 POL-Y-PHS.R'MA-CY,n. [Gr.TroAus and fappaKcca.] 
 
 Medicines of many ingredients. 
 POL-Y-PHON'ie, (a. [Infra.] Having or consisting 
 PO-LYPH'O-NOUS, ( of many voices or sounds. 
 PO-LYPH'O-NISM, ( 71. [Gr. jruAu;, many, and diM- 
 PO-LYPH'O-NY, ! vri, sound.] 
 
 Multiplicity of sounds, as in the reverberations of 
 
 an echo. Derham. 
 PO-LYPH'O-NIST, 71. One who professes the art of 
 
 multiplying sounds, or who makes a variety of 
 
 sounds ; a ventriloquist. 
 PO-LYPH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. xoXvs, many, and d,v\- 
 
 Xiw, leaf.] 
 
 In botany, many-leafed ; as, a polyphyllous calys or 
 perianth. 
 
 PO-LYP'I-DOM, n. [polyp and Gr. A'/ioj, house.] 
 
 Literally, a house or hive of polyps ; a name some- 
 times given to coral. The term is incoriect, as coral 
 is an internal secretion. Dana. 
 
 PO-LYP'I-ER,{po-\\ple-3.,)n. [Fr.] Polypary, which 
 see. 
 
 POI^Y-PIF'ER-OUS, a. [polyp and fero ] Produ- 
 
 cini; polyps.] 
 POL'Y-PODE, 71. [Gr. roXvs and irouf.] 
 
 -■Vn animal having many feef; the milleped or 
 
 wood-louse. Coxe. 
 PO-LYP'O-DY, 71. [L. polypodium, from the Greek. 
 
 See Polyp.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Polypodium, of the order of 
 Filices or ferns. The fructifications are in roundish 
 points, scattered over the inferior disk of the frons 
 or leaf There are numerous species. Loudon. 
 
 POL'Y-POUS,a. [fwm polypus.] Having the nature 
 of the polypus ; having many feet or roots, like the 
 polypus ; as, a poliipous concretion. Jirbuthnol. 
 
 POL-Y-PRIS-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. ttoAus, many, and 
 prismatic] 
 
 In cry..itallography, a term applied to a prismatic 
 crjstal, haying many lateral, secondary planes, with 
 or without the primary planes. Dana. 
 POIi'Y-PUS, 71. [Gr. :ruAt);ruti5 ; jroAus, many, and 
 
 TTOl'S, foot.] 
 
 1. Something that has many feet or roots. 
 
 2. In loulogy, a polyp, which see. 
 
 3. A tumor with a narrow base, somewhat resem- 
 bling a pear ; found in the nose, uterus, &c. Cooper. 
 
 POL'Y-seoPE, 11. [Gr. ttoAdj, many, and oko-jicui, to 
 view.] 
 
 A glass which makes a single object appear as 
 many ; a multiph ing glass, which sec. Iluttun. 
 POL-V'-SEP'A-l.O'US, a. In botany, a polysepalous 
 calyx is that which has more than one sepal. Lindlcy. 
 POIi'Y-SP.^ST, 71. [Sp. polispastos ; Gr. iroAis, many, 
 and (777(1(0, to draw.] 
 
 A marhine consisting of many pulleys. Diet. 
 POI/Y-SPERM, 71. [Gr. iruAws, many, and a-eopa, 
 seed.] 
 
 A tree whose fruit contains many seeds. Evelyn. 
 POL-Y-!>PERM'OUS, a. Containing many seeds ; as, 
 
 a pohispermous capsule or berry. Martyn. 
 POL'V-.STYLE, 71. [(ir. ir>Ai j and arvAoj.] 
 
 An edifice whose columns are too numerous to be 
 
 readily counted. F.lmej. 
 P<JL-Y .SYL I.AB'ie, j a. [from poft/.ti/W«WcJ I'er- 
 POl.-Y-SYL-I,AB'ie-AI,, j taining t<i a |)oly«y liable ; 
 
 consisting of many syllables, or of more than Ihree. 
 POL'Y-SYL-LA-IILE, 71. [Gr. iroAir$, many, and a\iX- 
 
 Xalhi, n syllable.] 
 A word of many syllables, that is, consisting of 
 
 more syllables than three, for words of a less number 
 
 than four are called iiKUiosyllables, dissyllables, and 
 
 trisyllabli^s. F.ncye. 
 
 FATE, PAR. FALL, WH^T METE, PUBV. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK — 
 
 844 
 
POM 
 
 I'nL-Y.tfYN''l)t;-TON, n. [Or. wuXvamdcraf i iruAuj, 
 
 many, and uvvi'ieT'x:^ connecting.] 
 A fiiiiire of rhetoric, by which the copulative is 
 
 oftsn repeated ; as, " We have ships, and men, and 
 
 money, and stores. 
 I'OL Y-TEeirN'ie, a. [Gr. ttoXvs, many, and rcxi''/, 
 
 art.] 
 
 Cdmprehendins many arts; applied particularly to 
 n school in wliich many brandies of urt or science 
 are tiiight. 
 
 POL-Y-TIIAI/A-MOUS, a. [Gr. iroXuf, many, and 
 y<iAn(i')<, chamber.] 
 
 Many cliambered ; applied to ceplialopods having 
 mnltilocular shells. P. Cyc. 
 
 POL'Y-TIIE-ISM, n. [Fr. pohjtheisme ; Gr. ttuXuj, 
 many, and Sfis, S'ld.] 
 
 The doctrine of a plurality of gods or invisible be- 
 ings superior to man, and having an agency in the 
 government of the world. StiUinitflrct. 
 POL,'Y-THE-[f!T, 71. A person who believes in or 
 
 maintains the doctrine of a plurality of gods. 
 POI,-Y-THE-IST'IC, I a. Pertaining to polvthe- 
 POL-Y-TIIE-IST'ie-AL, 1 ism; as, polytlicisUc be- 
 lief or worship. 
 
 2. Holding a plurality of gods ; as, a pohjthcisiic 
 writer. Milner. Kncyc. 
 
 P01,-Y-T»E-rST'ie-AL-LY, aiZo. In the manner of 
 
 polytheism. 
 POL-Y-ZO'NAL, a. [Gr. noXi-s and ^cwri.] 
 
 Consisting of many zones or rings; as, apohjzanal 
 lens. Brewster. 
 POM'ACE, (pum'ase,) 71. [from L. pomum, an apple, 
 It. powc, Sp. porno, Fr. pomtne.] 
 
 The substance of apiiles or of similar fruit crushed 
 by grinding. In America, it is so called before and 
 after being pressed. [See Pomp and Pommel.] 
 PO-M.A'CEOUS, ( shus,) a. Consisting of apples ; 
 as, pomaceoiis harvests. Philips. 
 2. Like pomace. 
 PO-MABE', 71. [Ft. pommadc : It. pirmata; Sp.pomada, 
 either from pnmo, fruit, or from perfuming ; poma sig- 
 nifying, in Spanish, a |)erfiime-liox.] 
 Perfumed ointment. [Litth «^frf.] 
 PO-MAN'DER, 71. [Vr. pomme (Vanibre. Johnson.] 
 A sweet ball ; a perfumed ball or powder. 
 
 Bacon. Shak. 
 PO-Ma'TTTM, 71. [Fr. pommade ; It. pomata; Sp. po- 
 vtada. See Pomaoe.] 
 
 A perfumed unguent or composition used in dress- 
 ing the hair. It is also used in medicine. Enajc 
 PO-Ma'TUM, 71. (. To apply pomatum to the hair. 
 PC.ME, 71. [L.pomum.] [Diet. 
 
 1. In botanij, a fleshy or pulpy pericarp without 
 valves, containing a capsule or capsules, as the apple, 
 pear, &.c. Martyii. 
 
 2. A name given in America to baked cakes of 
 maize or Indian meal,-nbout the size of an apple. 
 
 PO.ME, ». i. [Vr. pommcr.] 
 
 To grow to a head, or form a head in growing. 
 
 [Mit u.ied.] ma. 
 
 POME-CIT'kON, 71. A citron apple. B. ./on-ion. 
 POME-GRA.V'ATE, (piim-gran'nate,) n. [h. pomum, 
 
 an apple, and granatum, grained. See Grain and 
 
 Granate.] 
 
 1. The fruit of a tree belonging to the genus 
 Punica. This fruit is as large as an orange, having 
 a hard rind filled with a soft pulp and numerous 
 seeds. It is of a reddish color. 
 
 2. The tree that produces pomegranates. 
 
 3. An ornament resembling a pomegranate, on the 
 robe and ephod of the .lewish high priest. 
 
 POME-GRAN'ATE-TUEE, 71. The tree which pro- 
 duces pomegranates. 
 
 POME'ROY, (pum'roy,) ) n. Roval apple; a 
 
 POME-ROY'AL, (pum-roy'al,) j particular sort of 
 apple. Jiinswirrth. 
 
 POME'-WA-TER, 7?. A sort of apple. Shah. 
 
 PO.M'EY, 71. [In heraldry, a green roundel. — E. H. 
 Barker.] 
 
 PO-.MIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. pomum, an apple, and fero, 
 to produce.] 
 
 Apple-bearing ; an epithet applied to plants which 
 bear the larger fruits, such as melons, gounls, pump- 
 kins, cucumbers, &c., in distinction from the baccif- 
 erous or berry-bearing plants. Rny. Jtrbuthnul. 
 
 POMME, I 71. In heraldrii, [never occur alone, 
 
 POM-METTE', i but only in union with cross ; as, a 
 cross pomme, a cross of which the ends terminate in 
 three half circlets resembling apples. There are 
 several crosses of various forms ; as, the cross moUne, 
 the cross paUmce E. H. Barker.] 
 
 POM'MAGE, (pum'-) n. See Pomace. 
 
 POM'MEL, Cpum'mel,) 71. [Fr. poraiTieoii ; It. 7>nmo, an 
 apple ; porno delta spada, the pommel of a hilt ; Sp. 
 porno, L. pomum, an apple, or a similar fruit ; \V. 
 ptemp, a round mass or lump.] 
 
 1. A knob or ball; any ornament of a globular 
 form. 2 Chron. iv. 
 
 2. The knob on the hilt of a sword ; the protuber- 
 ant pan of a saddle-bow ; the round knob on the 
 frame of a chair, to. 
 
 POM'MEL, (pum'mel,) v. t. [from the noun.] To 
 beat as with a pommel, that is, with something thick 
 or bulky ; to bruise. 
 
 P ON 
 
 [The French se pommelir, to grow dapple, to cur- 
 dle, is from the same source ; hut the sense is to 
 make knobs or lumps, and hence to variegate, or 
 make spots like knobs. The Welsh have from the 
 same rot)t, or pwtnp, a mass, pwmpiaw, to form a 
 round mass, ami to ttumip, to bang. Eng. to hiiwp.] 
 POM'MEI^£D, (puui'meld,) pp. lieaten ; bruised. 
 2. a. Ill heraldry, having pommels, as a sword or 
 dagger. 
 
 POM'.MEL-ING,ppr. Heating. 
 POM'iMEL-ING, 71. A beating or bruising. 
 POM-MkL'ION, (-mel'yuii,) 71. [from /lommcf.] The 
 cascubel or hindmost knob of a cannon. 
 
 JV/ar. DicL 
 
 PO-HIO-LOG'ie-AL, a. Belonging to pomology. 
 P()-MOL'0-GIST, 71. One interested in pomology. 
 PO-:\IOL'0-GY, 71. Tlie art or science of raising 
 fruit." 
 
 POMP, 71. [L. pompa ; Fr. pompe; Arm. pomp; pom- 
 padi, to boast ; It. and Sp. pompa ; Sw. pomp ; 1). pomp, 
 a pump, and pompocn, a gourd, a pumpkin ; Q. pomp, 
 show, and pumpe, a pump. 'J'hese words appear to 
 be all of one family, coinciding with L. bmnbus, Sp. 
 bomba. Eng. bomb, bombast. The radical sense is, to 
 swell or dilate; Gr. tt ■p!:ri, no^iwcia, rroiirrsiini.] 
 
 1. A procession distinguished by ostentation of 
 grandeur and splendor ; as, the po/np of a Roman 
 triumph. 
 
 2. Show of magnificence ; parade; splendor. 
 
 Hearts form.-d lor love, bul ilomiir-il in v.iin lo glow 
 
 In prisonetl pojn^, ami weep in niiU-ndid woe. D. IJuinphreye. 
 
 POMP-.\T'ie, a. [liOW L. pompaticus, pompatus.] 
 Pompous ; splendid ; ostent;itious. [JVot 111 use.] 
 
 Burrow, 
 
 POMP'ET, 71. The ball which printers use to black 
 the types. Cotgravc. 
 
 POM'PIIO-LYX, 71. [L., from Gr. 7ro„7rr,Xi)[ ; to,,^o?, 
 a tumor ; 7rr;/(/iif, a blast, a puff, a bubble, a pustule. 
 See Pomp.] 
 
 The white oxyd which sublimes during the 
 combustion of zinc, called flowers of zinc. It 
 rises and adheres to the dome of the furnace and 
 the covers of the crucibles. Hill. JiTicliolson. Ure. 
 PO.MP'I-ON, (piimp'e-on,) 71. [D. pompoeu,a pumpkin, 
 a gourd ; Sw. pnmpa. See Pomp and Pomace.] 
 
 A pumpkin ; a plant and its fruit of the genus Cu- 
 cnrbita. 
 
 POM'PIRE, 71. [L. pomum, apple, and pynis, pear.] 
 A sort of pearmain. .^inswortli. 
 
 POM-POS'I-TY, 71. [It. pomposild.] 
 
 Pompousness ; ostentation ; boasting. .^iltin. 
 
 POM-Pn'SO, [It.] In music, grand and dignified. 
 
 POMP'OUS, a. [Fr. pompeux ; It. pomposo.] 
 
 1. Displaying pomp ; showy with grandeur; splen- 
 did ; magnificent; as, a pompous procession ; a pom- 
 pous triumph. 
 
 2. Ostentatious ; boastful ; as, a pompous account 
 of private adventures. 
 
 PO.MP'OUS-LY, arfu. With great parade or display ; 
 magnificently ; splendidly; ostentatiously. Dryden. 
 
 PO.MP'OUS-NESS, 11. The state of being pompous; 
 magnificence ; splendor ; great display of show ; os- 
 tentatiousness. Addison. 
 
 PO.M'-WA-TER, 71. The name of a large api)le. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 POND, 71. [Pp. Port, and It. pnnlano, a pool of stag- 
 nant water, also in Sp. liinderance, obstacle, diffi- 
 culty. The name imports standing water, from set- 
 ting or confining. It may be allied to L. pono ; Sa.\. 
 pyndan, to pound, to pen, to restrain, and L. pontus, 
 the sea, may be of the same family.] 
 
 1. A body of stagnant water without an outlet, 
 larger than a puddle, and smaller than a lake ; or a 
 like body of water with a small outlet. In the United 
 .States, we give this name to collections of water in 
 the interior country, which are fed by springs, and 
 from which issues a small stream. These ponds are 
 often a mile or two, or even more, in length, and the 
 current issuing from them is used to drive the wheels 
 of mills and furnaces. 
 
 2. A collection of water raised in a river by a dam, 
 for the purpose of propelling mill-wheels. Tliese 
 artificial ponds are called Mii,i,-pond9. 
 
 Pond, for fi-^h. See Fish-Pond. 
 PONU.r. t. [from the noun.] To make a pond ; to 
 
 collect in a pond by stopping the current of a river. 
 POND, r. (. To pimder. [JVot in u.ie.] Spen.ier. 
 PON'DER, V. t. [L. pondero, from pondo, pondu.t, 
 
 a pound; pcndeo, pendo, to weigh; and Pers. 
 
 ujk/U\k\*j pindaskatan, and ^"^ »Xj^ \ JsjL) iaii- 
 
 dazidan, to think, to consider.] 
 
 1. To weigh in the mind ; to consider and com- 
 pare the circumstances or consequences of an event, 
 or the importance of the reasons for or against a de- 
 cisi(m. 
 
 M.iry kept nil lh<ae Uiingi, «ud pondered Ihem In her heart. — 
 Luke ii. 
 
 2. To view with deliberation ; to e.xamine. 
 
 Ponder the puih of thy feeu — Prov, iv. 
 'i'lte Lorvl potutenth tiic heart*. — ProT. xxl. 
 
 PON 
 
 7*17 ponder on, is sometimes used, but is not to be 
 countenanced. 
 PO.\-I)EK-A-IiILy-TY, n. The state of being pon- 
 derable. 
 
 PO.N'DER-A-IILE, a. That may be weighed ; capa- 
 ble of being wtighi d. Brown. 
 
 PON'DER-AL, a. [from L. pondus, weight.] 
 
 Estimated or asci rlained by weight, as distin- 
 guished from Numeral; as, a pondtral drachma. 
 
 JlrhuOlooL 
 
 PON'DER-ANCE, 71. Weight ; gravity. are^rory. 
 PON'DEK-.^'I'E, 7'. t. To weigh in the mind ; to con- 
 
 siilcr. [A'ut in use.] Ch. Rrli". Appeal. 
 
 PON-UEIl-A'TION, 71. The act of weighing. 
 
 Arbuihnot. 
 
 PON'DER-ra, pp. Weighing in the mind ; consid- 
 ered ; examined by intellectual operatiim. 
 PON'DER-ER, 11. One that weighs in his mind. 
 
 n'hiltocl:. 
 
 PON'DER-ING, ppr. Weighing intellectually ; consid- 
 ering ; deliberating on. 
 
 PON'DEK-ING-LY, adv. With consideration or de- 
 liberation. HummvjiiL 
 
 PON-DER-OS'I-TY, 71. Weight ; gravity ; heaviness. 
 
 Brown. Huij. 
 
 PON'DER-OUS, a. [L. ponrfcrasua ; It. Sp. and Port. 
 ponderoso.] 
 
 1. Very heavy; weighty; as, a ponderous shield; 
 a ponderous load. 
 
 2. Important ; momentous ; as, a ponderous pro- 
 ject. [This application of the -word is unusitol.j 
 
 Forcible; strcuigly impulsive; as, a motion ve- 
 hement or ponderous ; a ponderous blow. 
 
 Bacon. Dryden. 
 Ponderous frpnr ; heavy spar, or barytes. 
 PON'DER-OUS-LY, adv. With great weight. 
 PON'DER-OUS-NESS, 71. Weight; heaviness; grav- 
 ity. Boyle. 
 PO.\D'-WEED, 71. [pond and weed.] An aquatic 
 herb of the genus Potamogeton. The triple-headed 
 pond-weed is of the genus Zannichellia. 
 PO'NENT, a. [H. poncnte, the west; li. ponens, from 
 pono, to set.] 
 
 Western ; as, the ponent winds. [Little used.] 
 
 MUon. 
 
 PON-GEE', 71. An inferior kind of India silk. 
 
 PON"GO, 71. The name poniro was applied by IJiifTon 
 to a large species of orang oiitang, wliii h is now as- 
 ceitained to have been an imaginary animal. It is 
 applied by Cuvier to the largest species of ape known, 
 which inhabits Borneo, and resemliles the true orang 
 outang in its general form and erect position, but has 
 the cheek pouches and lengthened muzzle of the 
 baboon. It has also been applied (fjl. Kncyc.) to the 
 Simia troirtodytcs or chimpanzee of Cuvier, a native 
 of Western Africa. Cuvier. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 PON'IARD, (pon'yaid,) 71. [Fr. poignard ; It. pu- 
 gnalc; Sp.puhal: Port, punhal. There is an appear- 
 ance of the formation of this word from the name of 
 the fist, Fr. poing, Sp puho. It. pugno, L. pugnus ; 
 but this is not obvious.] 
 
 A small dagger; a pointed instrument for stab- 
 bing, borne in the hand, or at the girdle, or in the 
 pocket. Encyc. 
 
 POX'I.\RD, (pon'yard,) ». fc To pierce with a poii- 
 iartl ; lo slab. 
 
 PON 'f ARD-ED, pp. Pierced with a poniard ; stabbed. 
 PO.NK, II. [qu. W. pwca, bwg, a hobgoblin ; Ice. 
 puke. ] 
 
 .\ nocturnal spirit ; a hag. [JVo( in vst.] Shale. 
 PON'T.\e, 71. A fine species of claret wine. 
 PO.VTAGE, 71. [L. pons, ponlis, a bridge, Sp. puente, 
 W. pont.] 
 
 A duty paid for repairing bridges. Ayliffe. 
 
 PON-TEE', n. In glass works, an iron instrument used 
 to stick the glass at the bottom, for the more conven- 
 ient fashioning the neck of it. Cyc. 
 
 PON'Tie, a. [L. Pontus, the Eusine Sea, ilr. 
 
 TTOiTO^.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea. 
 
 J. Bartow. 
 
 PON'TIFF, 71. [Fr. pontifc; L. pontifez: said to be 
 from pons, a bridge, and facio, to make. The sec- 
 ond / would more properly be omitted in this word, 
 as it is in the derivatives.] 
 
 A high priest. The Romans had a college of pon- 
 tiffs; the Jews had their pontiffs; and in inotlem 
 times, the pope is called pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 PON-TIF'ie, a. Relating to priests ; popish. 
 
 M'dton. Shensttnu 
 PON-TIF'ie-AL, a. [L. pontifiealis.] 
 
 1. Belonging to a high priest ; as, poiKi/Icai author- 
 ity ; hence, belonging to the pope ; popish. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Splendid ; magnificent. Shak. 
 
 3. llritlge-building. [Abt used.] Milton. 
 PON-Tl F'IG-AL, 71. A book containing rites and cer 
 
 emonies ecclesiastical. SoutJi. StdlintrJUet. 
 
 PON-TlF-ie-AL'I-TY, n. The state and government 
 
 of the pope ; the papacy. [A'ot used.] Usher. 
 PON-Tl F'le-Al^LY, adv. In a pontifical manner. 
 PON-Tl F'le-ALS, 71. pL The dress and ornamcnU of 
 
 a priest or bishop. LowtA. 
 PON-Tl F'le- ATE, 71. [L. pontificatiLs.] 
 
 TONE, BULL. l^NtTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; as J ; » as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 106" 
 
 SSS" 
 
 643 
 
POO 
 
 POP 
 
 POP 
 
 1. The state or dignity of a high priest ; particu- 
 larbj, tile ctlice or dignity of the pope. 
 
 He turned hermit in the view of licing advanced to the poiitifi- 
 cfUe. Addison, 
 
 2. The reign of a pope. 
 
 Painting, sculpture, and architecture, may all recover tliemselvea 
 under the present pontificate. Addison. 
 
 /•ONT'I-FIt'E, (poiit'f-fis,) 71. Bridgo-work ; struc- 
 
 ttirf or edifirp of a hriil^e. [Little used.] Milton. 
 PO.\-TI-FI"CIAL, ( fisli'al,) a. Pertaining to the 
 
 pope. Burton. 
 PON-TI-FI"CIAN, (-fish'an,) a. Pertaining to the 
 
 IH.pp. Hall. 
 PO.V-'i'I-FI'TIAN, 71. One tliat adheres to tlie pope; 
 
 :i III iii ui Catholic. Mountagu. 
 
 POMP'-nNE, i °- P""''""' a 
 
 A term designating a large marsh between Rome 
 and Naples:. 
 
 PONT'LE-VIS, 7t. In horsemanship, a disorderly re- 
 sisting of a horse by rearing repeatedly on liis hind 
 legs, so as to be in danger of coming over. Bailey. 
 POX-TO-Nlf;R', ; «. A term applied to suld'iers 
 PON'-TO.\-i\lER', j having the charge of construct- 
 ing bridses. 
 
 PON-TOON', 71. [Fr. and Sp. ponton, from Fr. pont, 
 L. pons, a bridge, probably from the root of pono, to 
 lay.] 
 
 1. A fiat-bottomed boat, whose frame of wood is 
 covered and lined with tin, or covered witli copper; 
 used in forming bridges over rivers for armies. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A lighter; a low, flat vessel, resembling a 
 barge, furnished with cranes, capstans, and other 
 machinery ; used in cajeening ships, chiefly in the 
 mediterranean. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Pontoon bridge, is a bridge formed with pontoons, 
 anchored or made fast in two parallel lines, a few 
 feet asunder. P. Ctjc. 
 
 Pontoon carriaire, is made with two wheels (inly, 
 and two long side pieces, whose fore ends are sup- 
 ported by timbers. Cyc. 
 
 Po'NY, /(. ; Po.viES. A small horse. 
 
 poor), 11. .4 Russian weight, equal to 40 Russian or 
 3fi English pounds avoirdupois. 
 
 POO'DLE, 71. A small dog, resembling the water dog, 
 covered with long, silky hair, either wln»lly white or 
 u'ith black patches. Parfini'ton. 
 
 POOL, H. [i'ax.pol,pul! D.poel: G.pfuhl; Uxn.pal: 
 W. picll, a pool or pit ; Arm. pout; Ij. palus: Cir. tt./- 
 Xof ; probably from setting, standing, like L. stag- 
 num, or from issuing, as a spring.] 
 
 A small collection of water in a li.illow place, sup- 
 plied by a spring, and discharging its surplus water 
 by an outlet. It is smaller than a lake, and, in New 
 England, is never confounded with pond ur.lalie. It 
 signifies, with us, a spring with a small basin or res- 
 ervoir, on the surface of the earth. It is used by 
 writers with more latitude, and sometimes signifies 
 a body of stagnant water. Milton. Encyc. Bacon. 
 
 POOL, ) rr? , ^ 
 
 POm.E, [Fr- J'""''"-] 
 
 The stakes played for in certain games of cards. 
 
 POOI/ER, 71. An instrument to stir a tan vat. 
 
 POOP,". [Ft. pnujyf ; ll, pnppa ; Sp.popa; Ij. puppis ; 
 probably a projection.] 
 
 The highest and aftermost part of a ship, reaching 
 forward to the miz/.en mast. Tottcn. 
 
 POOP, i>. t. To strike upon the stern, as a heavy sea. 
 2. To strike the stern, as one vessel that runs her 
 stem against another's stern. Mar. Diet. 
 
 POOP' /CD, (poopt,) pp. or a. Having a poop ; struck 
 on the poop by a heavy stia. 
 
 POOP' INC, 71. The shock of a he.avy sea on the stern 
 or tpiarter of a ship, when scudding in a tempest ; 
 also, the action of one shiji's runniiiL' h(T stem 
 against another's stern. Mar. Diet. 
 
 POOR, fl. [L. pauper: Fr. pauvre ; Pp. pabre; It. po- 
 vero : Antt. paour ; Norm, pour, power.] 
 
 1. Wholly destitute of property, or not having 
 profi'Tty Huflicient for a comfortalile subsistence ; 
 needy. It is often synonymous with Inoioent, and 
 with .\KCEs»iTnu», denoting extreme want; it is .also 
 applied tt) persons who are not entirely destitute of 
 propr rty, but are not rich ; as, n.poor man or woman ; 
 pa r people. 
 
 2. In law, so destitute of property as to be entitled 
 Iti maintenance from the public. 
 
 ;t. Destitute of strength, beauty, or dignity; bar- 
 ren ; mean ; jejune ; as, a poor composition ; a poor 
 essay ; a poor discourse. 
 
 4. Destitute of value, worth, or importance ; of 
 little use ; trifling. 
 
 'J'iiat I have wronged no man, will bo a jioor pica or nrn\r,^\ at 
 the hul day. OiUur.y. 
 
 5. Paltry ; mean ; of little value ; as, a poor coat ; 
 n poor house. 
 
 6. Destitute of fertility ; barren ; exhausted ; 09, 
 poor land. The ground is becomtr poor, 
 
 7. Of little worth ; unimportant ; as, in my poor 
 opinion. Swift. 
 
 8. Unhappy ; pitiable. 
 
 Vexed nallon cnnie the rain 
 For which p<>or •hcplierli prayed In vain. H'nltrr, 
 
 9. Mean ; depressed ; low ; dejected ; destitute of 
 spirit. 
 
 A £of Ihsayer made Antonius believe that his renins, which was 
 otherwisa brave, was, in the presence of Octavianus, 7>oor 
 and cowardly. Bacon. 
 
 10. Lean ; emaciated ; as, a poor horse ; the ox Is 
 poor. 
 
 11. Small, or of a bad quality ; as, a poor crop ; a 
 pour harvest. 
 
 13. Uncomfortable; restless; ill. The patient has 
 hatl a poor night. 
 
 13. Destitute of saving grace. Rev. iii. 
 
 14. //( irencral, wanting good qualities, or the qual- 
 ities which lender a thing valuable, excellent, 
 proper, or suflicient for its purpose ; as, a poor pen ; 
 a jioor ship ; a poor carriage ; poor fruit ; poor bread ; 
 poor wine, &:c. 
 
 15. A word of tenderness or pity; dear. 
 
 Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing. Prior, 
 IG. A word of slight contempt ; wretched. 
 The poor monk never saw many of the decrees and councils he 
 hail occasion to use. Baker. 
 
 17. The poor, collectively, used as a noun ; those 
 who are destitute of property ; the indigent ; the 
 needy. In a legal ,mise, tiiose who depend on char- 
 ity or maintenance by the public. 
 
 1 have observed the more puhlic provisions are m.ade for the ;JOor, 
 the less tliey provide lor tliemselves. FVanlclin, 
 
 Poor in spirit ; in a scriptural .nense, humble ; con- 
 trite ; abased in one's own sight by a sense of guilt. 
 Mntl. V. 
 
 POOR'ER, a. coinp. More poor. 
 
 POOR'EST, o. supcrl. Most poor. 
 
 POOR'-IIOUSE, n. A public establishment for the 
 
 support of the poor. 
 POOU'JOllN, ( jon,) 7i. A fish of the cod family, the 
 
 common iiake, Merluccius vulgaris. 
 
 Jardine^s J\rat. Lib. 
 POOR'-LAWS, 71. pi. Laws for the support of the 
 
 poor. 
 
 POOR'LY, adv. Without wealth ; in indigence or 
 want of the conveniences and comforts of life ; as, 
 to live poorly. Sidney, 
 
 2. With little or no success ; with little growth, 
 priifit, (ir atlvantage ; as, wheat grows poorly on the 
 Atlantic borders of New England ; these men have 
 succeeded poorly in business. 
 
 3. Meanly ; vvithout spirit. 
 
 Nor is their courage or their wealth so low, 
 
 That from his wai-s they poorly would retire. Dryden. 
 
 4. Without excellence or dignity. He performs 
 poorly in elevated characters. 
 
 POOR'LY, a. Somewhat ill ; indisposed ; not in 
 health. [Familiar.] 
 
 For three or iuur weeks past I have lost ground, haviniT heen 
 poorly ill health. T, ScoU. 
 
 POOR'NESS, 11. Destitution of property ; indigence ; 
 poverty ; want ; as, the poorness of the exchequer. 
 No less I hate him than the gates of hell, 
 That poorness can force an untruth to tell. Chajjjnan, 
 
 [In this sense we gener.ally use Povertv.] 
 
 2. Meanness ; lowness ; want of dignity ; as, the 
 poorne'!s of language. 
 
 3. \Vant of spirit ; as, poorness and degeneracy of 
 spirit. .Addison. 
 
 4. Barrenness; sterility; as, the poorness of land 
 or soil. 
 
 5. Unproductiveness ; want of the metallic sub- 
 stance ; as, the poorncis of ore. 
 
 G. Smallness or b id quality ; as, the poorness of 
 crops or of grain. 
 
 7. Want of value or importance; as, the poorness 
 of a plea. 
 
 8. Want of good qualities, or the proper qualities 
 which constitute a thing good in its kind ; as, the 
 poorness of a ship or of cloth. 
 
 9. Narrowness ; barrenness ; want of capacity. 
 
 Spectator, 
 
 Poorness of spirit ; in a theological sense, true liii- 
 
 inilitv or contrition of heart on account of sin. 
 POOR-SPIR'IT-IiD, a. Of a mean spirit ; cowardly ; 
 
 base. Denham. 
 POOR-RPIR'IT-ED-NESS, n. Meanness or baseness 
 
 of spirit ; cowardice. South. 
 POP, n. [D. poep. The primary sense is, to drive or 
 
 thrust.] 
 
 A small, smart, quick sound or report. Spectator. 
 POP, 11. 1. To enter or issue forth with a quick, sud- 
 den niotiun. 
 
 1 slurlh'd ut U'\n Jjopping upon mc unexpectedly. Addison, 
 
 2. To dart ; to start from place to place suddenly. 
 
 Stri,ft. 
 
 POP, II. (. To thrust or push suddenly with a ipiick 
 motion 
 
 He popj'td a paper Into his hand. MtUon, 
 
 DitUt ih ju never pOTi 
 Thy hrad into a tiinnan'. .hop / Prior. 
 
 To pop off: to thrust away ; to shift ofC. Lnelce. 
 POP, ado. .Suddenly; with sudden entrance or ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Pfil'l'., II. [Or. Tiiirii, irnirirus, irnirTiof ; Low L. papa; 
 lliiiiloo, bab ; Turkish, baba ; Bitliynian, poppas ; 
 
 [from L. poples, the ham.] 
 
 It. and Port, papa; Fr. pape; Scythian, papa. The 
 word denotes father, and is among the first words 
 arlictihited by children.] 
 
 1. The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman 
 Catholic church. Encyc. 
 
 2. A small fislrof the perch family, called also a 
 Ri'FF. WalUtn. 
 
 PoPE'DO.M, 71. The place, office, or dignity of the 
 pope ; [lapal dignity. Shah. 
 2. The jurisdiction of the pope. 
 PoPE'-JoAN', (-jopc',) 71. A game of cards. Jenner. 
 PoPE'LlNCi, «. An ailherent of the pope. 
 PoP'ER-Y, 7!. The religion of the Roman Catholic 
 church, comprehending doctrines and practices. 
 
 Swift. Encyc. 
 PoPE'S'-EVE, 71. [pope and eye.] The gland sur- 
 rounded with fat in the middle of the thigh. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 PoPE'S'-IIEAD, (-hed,) ti. A large, round brush, 
 witli a long handle, for dusting ceilings. Hullimcll. 
 
 POP'GUN, n. A small gun or tube used by children 
 to shoot wads and make a noise. Ckcyne. 
 
 POP'IN-Ja Y, 11. [Sp. papagayo ; papa and gayo ; Port. 
 id. i It. pappagallo.] 
 
 1. A pariotT Grew. 
 
 2. A woodpecker, a bird with a gay head. 
 
 Peachain. 
 
 The green woodpecker, a bird with a scarlet 
 crown, a native of Europe. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 3. A gay, trifling young man ; a fop or coxcomb. 
 
 SItak. 
 
 PoP'ISH, a. Relating to the pope ; taught by the 
 [lope ; pertaining to the pope or the Roman Catholic 
 church ; \\^, popish tenets or ceremonies. 
 
 PoP'ISH-LY, aiie. In a popish manner; with a ten- 
 dency to popery ; as, to be popisldy affected or in- 
 clined. 
 
 POP'L.'VR, 71. [L. populus i Fr. peuplier ; It. pio]>po ; 
 
 D. poputier ; G. pappel, poplar and mallows ; Sw. 
 
 poppel-trad : Ir. pobhlar.] 
 
 A tree of the genus Populus, of several species, 
 
 as the abele, the white poplar, the black poplar, the 
 
 aspen-tree, &,c. The species are all of rapid growth, 
 
 with sofl wood. Loudon. 
 POP'LIN, 71. A stufl" made of silk and worsted. It 
 
 contains more silk than bombazine. 
 POP-LIT'E-AL, 
 POP LIT'ie, 
 
 Pertaining to the posterior part of the knee joint 
 
 or ham. Brandc. Med. Repos. 
 
 POP'PKD, (popt,) pp. Darted in or out suddenly. 
 POP'PET. See Puppet. 
 
 POP'PING, ppr. Entering or issuing forth with a 
 quick, sudtlen motion. 
 
 POP'PY, 71. [Sax. popeg ; W.pabi; Fr. pavot; L. pa- 
 paver : It. papavero.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Papaver, of several species, 
 from one of which, the P. somniferum, or white poppy, 
 is collected opium. This is the milky juice of the 
 capsule when half grown, or of any other part of the 
 plant which exudes from incisions in the cortical 
 part, is scraped otf, and worked in the sun's heat till 
 it is of a consistence to form cakes. Encyc. 
 
 POP'lJ-LACE, n. [Fr., from the It. popaeuccio, from 
 populus. See People.] 
 
 The common people; the vulgar ; the multitude, 
 comprehending all persons not distinguished by 
 rank, education, oliice, profession, or erudition. 
 
 Pope. Sicift,. 
 
 POP'l|-LA-CY, 71. The populace or common people. 
 
 jr. Charles. 
 
 POP'U-LAR, a. [Fr. populaire ; It. pojwlare ; Sp. popu- 
 lar: h. popularis. See People.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the common people; as, the popu- 
 lar voice ; popular elections. 
 
 So the pojyular vote inclines. ^ruton. 
 
 2. Suitable to common people ; familiar ; plain ; 
 easy to be compreheiided ; not critical or abstruse. 
 
 Hoiuiliea art- plain and popular instructions. Hooker. 
 
 3. Beloved by the people ; enjoying the favor of 
 the people ; pk'asing to people in general ; as, a ;)(>/l- 
 Jl^llr governor ; a poyiiikr preacher ; a popular minis- 
 try; a popular discourse; a popu/nr administration ; 
 a popular war or pe.ace. Suspi'ct the man who en- 
 deavors to make that popular which is wrong. 
 
 4. Ambitious ; studious of the favor of the people. 
 A popular man is in tnith no better than a prostitute to connnon 
 
 I'luie and to the people. Dryden. 
 
 [This sense is not usual. It is more customary to 
 apply this epiOict to a person who has already gained the 
 fatuir of the people.] 
 
 5. Prevailing among the people ; extensively prev- 
 alent ; as, a popular disease. 
 
 (5. In law, a popular action is one which gives a 
 penalty to the person that sues for the same. 
 
 BlacLitone. 
 
 Jfote, — Popular, nl least in the United States, is not 
 synonymous with vulgar: the lalliT being ap|ilied to 
 the lower classes of people, the illiterate and low- 
 bred ; the former is applieil to all classes, or to the 
 boily of the jieople, including a great portion, at 
 least, of well-educateil citizens. 
 
 FATE, FAK, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, IlIKD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 H4<i 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 POR 
 
 Pni'-q-LAK'I-TY, ti. [L. in,,,uluril,Ls:] 
 
 1. t'livor of 111** people ; llie stale of possessinj; the 
 alffclions and cunfulence of the people in geitoral ; 
 ns, the piipidaritij <pf the ministry ; the popiilaritij of a 
 piililic olficer, or of a preacher. It is applied also to 
 things ; as, the popularitij of a law or public meas- 
 ure ; the pnpularity of a book or poem. The most 
 vuliialile trait in a patriot's character is to forbear all 
 irjiproper eompliances for Ruining popularUij. 
 
 I luivi' lonir Binw iciirncti llii.* lilllc valup which i« 10 b*^ plac^'l in 
 poputai-ity- ftcquirt'ii by any otlier way than virtmr ; I liuve 
 altio K-anieU tliat it is ol'leii otjtaim-d hv uiIkt means. 
 
 P. Ileiiry, Wirl't ^•keldte: 
 
 The man whrsc ruling principle is dnty — is ncvrr piTiilexed 
 with anxious, comHilMg calculations of ililcrt-st anti jiopu- 
 larity. J. IJatees. 
 
 2. Uepre.spntation suited to viilaar or common con- 
 ception ; that which is intended or adapted to pro- 
 cure the favor of the people. [Little iiseil.] Bnrou. 
 
 I'Or'lJ-L.\K-IZE, )'. <. To make common or suitable 
 to the mind ; to spread among the peo|)le ; as, to 
 popularize philosophy t)r phj'sics ; to pitpularize a 
 knowledj^e of rhemical principles. Brddor^. Urc. 
 
 POP'tl-LAR-rZ-ED, pp. Made popular, or introduced 
 among the people. 
 
 POP'U-L.\R-lZ-l.\G, ppr. Making popular, or intro- 
 ducing anuuig the people. 
 
 POP'tJ-I...\R-LY, adv. In a popular manner ; so as to 
 please the populace. 
 
 The victor lini^ht, 
 Bareheaded, popularly low li.ul bovveil. • Dnj'len. 
 
 2. According to the conceptions of the common 
 people. Briiwn. 
 POPMT-L.5TE, V. i. [It. popolare, from L. populus.] 
 To breed people ; to propagate. 
 When there great siioiUa of poojile wiiicti go on to jiopulate. 
 
 POP'IT-LSTE, *t). U To people; to furnish with in- 
 habitants, either by natural increase, or by immigra- 
 tion or colon iz.ation. 
 
 POP'U-r.ATE, for Populous, is not now in use. 
 
 POP'IT-La-TED, jip. Furnished with inhabitants; 
 peopled. 
 
 POP'U-La-TING, ppr. Peopling. 
 PUP-n-L.\'T10N, 71. The act or operation of peo- 
 pling or furnishing with inhabitants ; miiltiplieation 
 of inhabitants. The value of our western lands is 
 auntin'ly enhanced hy papulation. Unitrd Statc.-^. 
 
 2. The whole number of people or inhabitants in a 
 country, or portion of a country. The population of 
 Englanil IS estimated at ten millions of souls ; that 
 of the United States, in 1823, was ten millions. 
 
 A country may have a great population, and ycl not hp popu- 
 lous. " Toulce. 
 
 The stnte of a country with regard to its num- 
 ber of inhabitants, or rather with regard to its num- 
 bers compareti with tlieir expenses, consumption of 
 goods, and productions and earnings. 
 
 Neither is the population to be reckoned only by number ; for a 
 smaller nuniix'r that sp^'inl more, and earn less, do wear out 
 an estate soou-ir tlian a greater number that live lower and 
 gather niuiv. Ba^on. 
 
 POP'IJ-LIN, n. A crj'stallizable substance separated 
 from the bark of the Populus tremula, or aspen. 
 
 Braude. 
 
 POP-II-LOS'I-TY, n. Populousncss. [JVu{ used.] 
 
 Brotcn. 
 
 POP'IT-I.OUS, a. [L. popiao:>u^.] 
 
 Full of inhabitants ; containing many inhabitants 
 in proportion to the extent of the country. A terri- 
 tory containing fifteen or twenty inhabitants to a 
 square mile, is not a populous country. The Nether- 
 lands, and some parts of Italy, containing a hun- 
 dred and fifty inhabitants to a square mile, are 
 deemetl populous. 
 
 POP'U-L()U.S-LY, adv. With many inhabitants in 
 proportion to the extent of coiintrv. 
 
 POP'IT-LOUS-NE-SS, jt. The state of having many 
 inhabitants in proportion to the extent of country. ' 
 
 By populousness, in contrailLstinction to jtopvtlfition, is nnder- 
 Blooil the proportion tlie number bears to the surf.ic of liie 
 ground Ihr-y live on. Tooke. 
 
 POR'l!if,.\.GLE, I 71. A species of shark; the Lamna 
 
 PRC'BkA-GLE, ! cornubica. Yarrell. 
 
 POR'CATE, ) ri j i 
 
 POR'eA-TEI), 1 " [L- P""", n ndge.] 
 
 Riilged ; formed in ridges. .^siat. Jles. 
 
 POR'CE-LAIN, 71. [Pp. and Port, porcclana: It. por- 
 cfllana, signifjing porcelain and purslain, a plant ; 
 Fr. porceJaiur, porcelain, the se.a-snail, the purple 
 fish, and prrrslain ; Ann. pourcelinnen. Our ;)nr.t/ai;i is 
 doubtless from the Latin portulaca^na Pliny writes it, 
 otporculata, as others write it But I know not the 
 reason of the name.] 
 
 1. The finest species of earthen ware, originallv 
 manufactured in China and Ja[>an hut now made in 
 several European countries. All earthen wares 
 which are white and semi-transparent, are called , 
 -porcelains: but they differ much in their fineness j 
 and betiiity. The porcelain of China is comimsed I 
 essentially of two substances, petuntse, which is ' 
 fusible, and kaolin, which is not fusible, or net with ■ 
 the degree of heat which fuses the petuntse ; anil in 
 porcelain the substances are only semi-vitrified, or 
 
 one substance only is vitiifietl, the other not. Hence 
 it is com-hitletl Ihttt porcehiin is an intermetliate sub- 
 stance between eaitli anil glass. Hence the second 
 degree of fusibility, of which cmullrsccnce is the first, 
 is called by Kiru'an the poretlain. state. 
 
 JViclti>tsuu. Kincan. Khnes. 
 S. The plant called Purslain, which see. 
 
 .^iu.9irnrth. 
 
 POR-CEL-La'NE-OUS, a. [from porcelain.] Pertain- 
 ing to or resembling porcelain ; as, porcellaneous 
 shells. Kalchell. 
 
 POR'CEIrLA-NITE, /!. A semi-vitrified clay orslialc, 
 somewhat resembling jasper. Dana. 
 
 PoRCIl, n. [Fr, porche, frtiin L. porticus, from porta, 
 a gate, entrance, ttr passage, or frtiiii partus, a shelter.] 
 
 1. In areliiteelure, a kind of vestibule at the en- 
 trance of temples, hulls, churches, or other build- 
 ings. Braude. 
 
 2. A portico ; a covered walk. 
 
 3. Ity way of distinction, the porch was a public 
 portico in Athens, where Zeno, the philosopher, 
 taught his disciples. It was called -uikiXii, the 
 painted (itircii, from the pictures of Polj'gnotus and 
 other eminent painters, with which it was adorned. 
 Hence, the porch is equivalent to the school of the 
 Stoics. . Kojield. 
 
 POR'CINE, a. [L. pnrcinas, from ;)07-n/.s-. See Pork.] 
 Pertaining to swine ; as, thi^;7orcine species of 
 animals. Orcironj. 
 
 POR'CU-PINE, 71. [It. poreo-spinosOy the spinous hog, 
 or spine-hog ; L. porcus, \V. pore, a pig, and L. spina, 
 a spine or thorn. So in French, porc-epie, the spike- 
 ho'T : Sp. purrco-espin ; Port, porco-espiuho ; D. yicr- 
 varken, iron-hog ; G. stachelschwein, thorn-swine ; 
 Sw. pin.svin, Dan. pinds-viin, pin-s« inc.] 
 
 In loHlouy, a rodent quadruped of the genus Ilys- 
 trix of Linnwiis, furnished with pines or tpiills upon 
 the body, covcreil with [irickles which are very 
 sharp, and someoflheni twelve inches long; these 
 he can erect at pleasure. When attacktul, he rolls 
 his body into a roiiiitl form, in \\'hich position the 
 prickles are presented in every direction to the en- 
 emy. This species is a native of Africa and Asia, 
 anti is also ftniiul in Italy. Kneiic. Jimer. P. Cue. 
 
 POR'eU-PINE-FISlI, 71. A fish'of the tropical seas, 
 which is covered with sjiines or prickles capable of 
 being erected by its inflating the hotly. It is the 
 Diotlon hystrix' of liloch. Jurdint's JVu(. Lib. 
 
 PoRE, 71. [ Fr. pore ;■ Sp. and It. poro ; Gr. ir^fjof, from 
 the root of ^rnotDouui, to go, to pass, Sax. faran. 
 Eng. to fare. See Far£. The word, then, signifies a 
 passatre.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, a minute interstice in the skin of 
 an animal, through which the perspirable matter 
 passes to the surface or is excreted. 
 
 2. .\ small spiracle, opening, or passage, in other 
 substances ; as, the pores of plants or of stones. 
 
 Q«i/ic//. Drtidcn. 
 PoRE, 1). !. [Qu. Gr. tfopa, cijJopiiej, to inspect. In 
 Sp. porrear is to dwell long on, to persist imper- 
 tunately ; porro, dull ; W. para, to continue, to 
 pefsevere.] 
 
 To look with steady, continued attention or appli- 
 cation. To pore on, is to read or examine with 
 steady perseverance, to dwell on ; anil the word 
 seems to be limited in its apiilication to the slow, 
 patient reading or examination of books, or something 
 written or engraved. 
 
 Painfully to ;jore upon a lx>olr. 
 
 With sharpened siglit pale anliiiuarics j>or«. 
 
 Sl'oJi. 
 Pope. 
 
 PUR'BLtM), i L*^"- '^'^.""f-J 
 
 Near-sighted : short-sighted. Bacon. 
 PoR'ER, 71. One who pores or studies diligently. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 POR'GEE, ) 71. A salt-water fish of the gilt-head 
 
 POR'GY, \ kind, much esteemed for food ; also 
 written PoncY. 
 
 Po'RI-FOR.M, a. Resembling a pore or small puncture. 
 
 PoR'l-NESS, 71. [from porij.] The state of being 
 pory, or having numeious pores. Wiseman. 
 
 PoR'I.N'G, ppr. Looking with steady, continued ap- 
 plication. 
 
 P(")'KI.«M,7i. [Gr. TT'i/jiirnof, acquisition, from Tropi^ru, 
 to gain, tVom -orjoj, a passing; Toofie/^jai, to pass.] 
 
 1. In geoinctrij, a pro[)osition affirming the possi- 
 bility of finding such conditions as will rentier a 
 certain problem indeterminate or capable of innumer- 
 able .solutions. Plaiifair. 
 
 2. The term porism was also used by the Greek 
 geometricians in the sense of cortillary. Brande. 
 
 PO Kli«-MAT'ie, 1 a. Pertaining to a porism ; seek- 
 PCVRIS'Tie, \ ing to determine by what means 
 PO-RIS'Tie-AL, ) and in how many ways a prob- 
 lem may be solved. 
 Po'RTTE, 71.; pi. PoRiTEs. A name given to those 
 ciirals which have the surface covered with very 
 shallow or superficial cells, which are quite small 
 anil every where contiguous. They grow often to 
 a very large size, and are among the most important 
 constituents of coral reefs. Dana. 
 P6RK, 71. [L. parens, a hog or pig; Fr. pore: W. 
 porf; .\rm. purcq, porchcll. Qu. from the shape of 
 
 his back, lj.pnrca,a ridge; or from bis snout and 
 rooting In Sax. brrga is a barrow.] 
 
 'I'he flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for fixid 
 PORK'-kAT-ER, 71. One that feeds on swine's Mesh. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PoRK'ER, n. A hog. ff. ScotL 
 
 2. A young pig for roasting. 
 
 Encye. Dom. Kcon. 
 
 PdUK'ET, 71. A young hog. Dri/den, 
 
 I'OltK'LI.Mt;, 71. A pig. 7'J..fr. 
 
 P()-RO.S'I-TY, 71. [from porous.] The quality or 
 state of having pores or interstices ; opjxiseil to 
 J)ensitv. Bacon. 
 
 PO'ROUS, a. [from pore.] Having interstices in the 
 skin or substance of tl«! body ; having spir.acles or 
 passages for fluids ; as, a porous skin ; porous wood ; 
 porous earth. Jlldton. Chapman. 
 
 Po'ROUS-LY, adv. In a porous manner. 
 
 Po'ROUS-NESS, 71. The quality of having pores; 
 porosity ; as, porousness of the skin of an animal, 
 or of wood, or of fossils. 
 2. The porous parts. [JVot a7i(/ior/:frf.] Diirbii. 
 
 POR-PIIY-RIT'ie, ) a. (See Porphyrv.]' Per- 
 
 POR-PIIY UA'CEOUS, i taining to porphyry ; re- 
 sembling porphyry ; containing distinct feldspar 
 crystals uniformly dis.scminated, as granite. 
 
 2. Containing or composed of jiorphyry ; as, por- 
 phirraceous mountains. Kincan. 
 
 POR'PH Y-RIZE, t'. (. To cause to resemble porphyry ; 
 to make spotted in its composition. Cooper. 
 
 POR'PH Y-RIZ-i!D, pp. or a. Caused to resemble por- 
 phyry. 
 
 POR'PIIY-RY, 71. [Gr. Troo^voor, purple ; L. porphy- 
 rites ; Fr. porphyre ; It. ami Sp. porjido.] 
 
 A rock consisting of a compact feldspathic base, 
 through which crystals of feldspar are disseminatt^d. 
 The crystals are of a lighter tint than the b.ase, and 
 often white. There are red, purple, and green 
 varie_ties, which are highly esteemed as marbles. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 POR'PHY-RY-SIIELL, n. A univalve shell of the 
 genus Miirex. 
 
 POR'l'OISE, (por'piis,) 71. [It. porco, a hog, and peisce, 
 fish ; hog-fish, called, by other nations, sea-hog, G. 
 vteerschwein, Vr.marsouin. Dan. and Sw. Norwegian, 
 ■marsvin, Sw. hufssi-in. In W. worhirc, sea-hog, is 
 the name of the dol[)liin and grampus, from the re- 
 semblance of these animals to the hog, probabli from 
 the roundness of the back, as tliey appear in the wa- 
 ter. PoRPKss, according to the derivation, wtjultl be 
 a better spelling.] 
 
 In loiilorrii, a term applied to cetaceous mammals 
 of the genus Delgiliinus of Linnajus, but of the genus 
 Pliocieiia of more recent naturalists, of which about 
 five species are known. There is one species whose 
 back is usually blackish or brown, whence it is called, 
 in Dutch, bruinrisch, brown-fish ; the body is thick 
 toward the head, but more slender toward the tail, 
 which is seniibinar. This mammal preys on fish, 
 and seeks food not only by swimming, but by root- 
 ing like a hog in the sand and mud, whence some 
 persons suppose the name has been given to it. 
 
 Of cetaceous fish, we ratt wilh porpoises, or, as some sailors caII 
 them, sea-hugs. Kaim's Travels. 
 
 N.atiiralists do not consider the Cetacea as fishes. 
 POR-Ra'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. perrraceas, from por- 
 rum, a leek or onion.] 
 
 Greenish ; resembling the leek in color. Wiseman. 
 POR-RECT', a. In -.oology, denoting a part which ex- 
 tends forth luirizontall}". 
 POR-RECTION, II. [L. porrrctio, porrl<To ; per, or 
 jwr. Eng. for, fore, anti reiro, Eng. to reach.] 
 The act of stretching forth. [A'ot used.] 
 POR'RET, 71. [L. porrum ; It. porro, porrctta, a leek.] 
 
 A scallion ; a leek or small onion. Brown. 
 POR'RIDGE, 71. [Uu. pottage, by corruption, or Ii. 
 farrago, or from porrum, a leek.] 
 
 A kind of food made by boiling meat in water; 
 broth. Johnson. 
 
 This mixture is usually called in America broth or 
 soup, but not porridge. With us, porridge is a mix- 
 ture of meal or flour boiled with water. Perhaps 
 this distinction is not always obser\'ed. 
 POR'RIDGE-POT, 71. The pot in which porridge is 
 boiled. 
 
 POR'RIN'-GER, 71. [Qu. porridge, or Fr. potager; Corn. 
 podlhcr.] 
 
 1. .\ small mct.il vessel in which children eat por- 
 ridge or milk, or used in the nursery for warming 
 liquors. 
 
 2. A head-dress in the shape of a porringer, in con- 
 tempt. Shak. 
 
 PORT, 71. [Fr., from L. porfiw, Sp. pufi^o ; It. porta; 
 .Arm. pori; W. porth : from I^. porta, to carry, Gr. 
 (fi •nci^', L./cr<7, Eng. to bear. The Welsh porth unites 
 the sigiiitications of L. porta and partus, and the Gr. 
 (j>'pc(.i and -i7ptiioi/oi are probably of one family. 
 The primary sense of L. partus. Eng. port, is prob- 
 ably an entrance, place of entrance, or passage.] 
 
 1. A harbtir ; a haven ; any bay, cove, inlet, or re- 
 cess of the sea, or of a lake, or the mouth of a river, 
 which ships or vessels can enter, and where they 
 can lie safe iVom injury by storms. Ports may be 
 
 TONE, BULL. UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z , CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 P47 
 
POR 
 
 natural or artificial^ and sometimes works of art, as 
 piers and moles, are added to tile natural shores of a 
 place to render a harbor more safe. Tlie word port 
 is generally applied to spacious harbors much resorted 
 to by ships ; as, the purt of London or of Boston, and 
 not to small bays or coves which are entered occa- 
 sionally, oT in stress of weather only, Uarbor in- 
 cludes all places of safety for shipping. 
 
 2. A gate. [L. porta,'] 
 
 From their ivory part Uie cherubim 
 
 Funli issued. Milton, 
 
 3. An embrasure or opening in the side of a ship 
 of war, through which cannon are discliarged ; a 
 port-hole. Raleah. 
 
 4. The lid which shuts a port-hole. Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. Carriage ; air ; mien ; manner of movement or 
 walk ; demeanor ; external appearance ; as, a proud 
 port; the port of a gentleman. 
 
 Tlieir port was more lhan human. ^fUton. 
 
 vVitli more terrilic jjort 
 Thou wjikcil. PhiUps. 
 
 6. In settmen^s lana-ua^e, the larboard or left side of 
 a ship ; as in the phrase, " the ship heels to port." 
 " Port the helm," is an order to put the helm to the 
 larboard side. 
 
 7. A dark-purple, astringent wine, made in Portu- 
 gal ; so called from Oporto, wlience it is shipped. 
 
 McCiiUuck. 
 
 Port of entry ; a port where a custom-house is es- 
 tablished for tile entry of goods. 
 
 Port of the voice ; in miisiCf the faculty or habit of 
 making the shakes, passages, and diminutions, in 
 which the beauty of a song consists. Encyc. 
 roK T, V. t. To carry in form ; as, ported spears. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. To turn or put to the left or larboard side of a 
 ship. (See the noun, No. 6.) It is used in the imper- 
 ative. 
 
 PoRT-A-BIL'I-TY, n. Fitness to be carried. [But 
 
 FciRTABLENEss is mostly used.] 
 PORT'.^-BLE, a. [It. portabile, from L. porta, to 
 
 carry.] 
 
 1. That may be carried by the hand or about the 
 person, on horseback, or in a traveling vehicle ; not 
 bulky or heavy ; that may be easily conveyed from 
 place to place with one's traveling baggage ; as, a 
 portable bureau or secretary. 
 
 9. That may be carried from place to place. 
 
 3. That may be borne along with one. 
 
 The pleasure of the religious man is aii easy and porUihle 
 pleasure. South. 
 
 4. Sufferable ; supportable. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 PoRT'A-ELE-NESS, n. The quality of being port- 
 able. 
 
 PoRT'AGE, n. [Fr. Pee Port.] The act of carrying. 
 
 2. The price of carriage. Fell. 
 
 3. A port-hole. [Unusual.] SJiab. 
 
 4. A carrying place over land between navigable 
 waters. Jrffcr.<on. Gallatin. 
 
 PORT'AL, n. [U. portella ; Fr. portuil.] 
 
 1. In architecture, the lesser gate, where there are 
 two gati s of different dimensions. GwilL 
 
 2. Formerlij, a little square corner of a room, sepa- 
 rated from the rest by a wainscot, and forming a 
 short passage into a room. Owilt. 
 
 3. Tlie frame-work or arch of a door or gate. 
 
 Gwilt. 
 
 4. A gate ; an opening for entrance ; as, the portals 
 of lieaven. 
 
 PORT'ANCE, n. [from Fr. porter, to caiTV.] 
 
 Air ; micu ; carriage ; port ; demeanor. [ Obs.] 
 Spenser, Shale. 
 
 PoRT'ASS, n. A breviary ; a prayer-book. [ purtuis, 
 parf/iosc] \JVot usefl.] Spenser. Camden. Chaucer. 
 
 PoRT'A-TIVE, a. [Fr. porlatf.] 
 
 Portable. [Aot used.] Chaucer. 
 
 PoRT'-BA R, n. A bar to secure the ports of a ship In 
 a gale of wind. 
 
 PoRT-GAN'O.V, n. A kind of boot, or rather boot- 
 tijp, covering the knees. Toone. 
 
 P0RT-ClIARi;'ES5, n. pi. In coinmcrce, charges to 
 which a ship or its cargo is subjected in a liarbor, 
 as wharfage, &,c. 
 
 Pf)RT'-CRAY-O.V, 71. A small metallic handle with 
 a chusp for holding a crayon when used in draw- 
 ing, &.C. F.noic. 
 
 PORT-eUI/LIS, 71. r coulisse, in French, is from coii- 
 ter, to Mow or slip down. It signifies a groove or 
 gutter. I think it can not be from L. clauxus.] 
 
 1. In forlijicntinn, an assemblage of timbers Joined 
 across one another, like those of a harrow, and each 
 pointed with iron, liiitig over the gateway of a forti- 
 fied town, to be let ilown in case of surprise, to pre- 
 vent the i nlrance of an ( nemy. Brande. 
 
 2. Ill heraldry. [.See Puhsl'ivaht.] 
 rORT-CUL'LIS, r. U To shut ; to bar ; to obstnict. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 P0RT-eUL'LI8-^;D, ( kul'llst,) a. Having a portcul- 
 lis. Sheufitone. 
 
 PORTE, n. The government of the Turkish empire, 
 oflirially railed tho Homlimc Porte, from the gate 
 {port) of the snllan'H palace where Justice was ad- 
 iiiiniHtcrud. 
 
 POR 
 
 PORTE CROIX, (-krvva,) n. In heraldry. [See PuR- 
 
 SI'IVANT.] 
 
 PORT'ED, pp. or a. Having gates. [JVot used.] 
 
 B, Jonson, 
 
 2. Borne in a certain or regular order. Jones. 
 PORTE-FKUIL'LE, (port-ful'ye,) [Fr.] A portfolio 
 or place for holding papers,' drawings, &c. Hence, 
 2. The office or functions of a minister of state. 
 
 Diet, de f.^cad. 
 POR-TEND', V. U [L. portendo ; por. Eng. fore, and 
 tendo, to stretch.] 
 
 To foreshow ; to foretoken ; to indicate something 
 future by jirevious signs. 
 
 A moist and cool summer portends a hard winter. Bacon. 
 POR-TEND'ED, pp. Foreshown ; previously indica- 
 ted by signs. 
 POR-TEND'ING, ppr. Foreshowing. 
 POR-TEN'SION, (-shun,) n. The act of foreshowing. 
 
 [JV(j( in use.] Brown. 
 POR-TENT', n. [L. portentum.] 
 
 An omen of ill ; any previous sign or prodigy in- 
 dicating the approach of evil or calamity. 
 
 My loss by dire portents the god foretold. Dryden. 
 POR-TENT'OUS, a. [L. portentosus.] 
 
 1. Ominous ; foreshowing ill. Ignorance and su- 
 perstition hold meteors to be portentous. • 
 
 2. fllonstrous ; prodigious ; wonderful ; in an ill 
 sense. 
 
 No beast of more portentous size, 
 
 In tlie Hercyiii.in forest lies. Roscommon. 
 
 POR-TENT'OUS-LY, adv. Ominously. 
 PoRT'ER, 71. [It. portiere; Fr. portier; Sp. portero; 
 from L. porta, a gate.] 
 
 1. .\ man that has the charge of a door or gate ; a 
 door-keei>er. Arbuthnot. 
 
 2. One that waits at the door to receive messages. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. [Fr. porteur, from porter, to carry, L. porta.] A 
 carrier ; a person who carries or conveys burdens for 
 hire. Howell. JVutL<. 
 
 4. A malt-liquor, of a dark-brown color, and motl- 
 eratcly bitter taste, and possessing tonic and intoxi- 
 cating qutilities. Ure. 
 
 PoRT'ER-AGE, 71. Money charged or paid for the 
 carria:;e of burdens by a porter. Tooke. 
 2. The business of a porter or door-keeper. 
 
 C/<iirc/n7;. 
 
 PoRT'ER-LY, a. Coarse ; vulgar. [LitUe used.] 
 
 Bray. 
 
 PORT' ESSE, 71. A breviary or portable book of 
 prayers. 
 
 PoRT'-FIRE, 71. A composition for setting fire to 
 powder, &c., frequently used in preference to a 
 match. It is composed of saltpeter, siilphtir, and 
 mealed powder, mixed and sifted, well rubbed, and 
 driven into a case of strong paper for use. 
 
 CampbeWs Mil. Diet. 
 
 PORT-FO'LIO, (-fol'yo,) ti. [Fr. porte-feuille ; porter, 
 to carry, anil /e«i7(i?, a leaf, L. /u/iit/«.] 
 
 A case of tile size of a large book, to keep loose 
 papers in. 
 
 To have or hold the portfolio, is to hold the office of 
 minister of foreign affairs. E. Eorrctt. 
 
 PoRT'GLaVE,7i. [Fr. porter, to cany, ami W. glaiv, 
 a crooked sword ; ttoir, a shave, Ceitic] 
 
 A sword-bearer. [JV'ot in use.] .liinsirortli. 
 PoRT'GRaVE, ) 71. [L.portus, a port, and G. ^n-af, 
 PoRT'GRf.VE, > D. graaf. Sax. gerefa, a count, an 
 PORT'REEVE, ) earl.] 
 
 Formerly, the chief magistrate of a port or maritime 
 Uivvn. This officer is now called Mavor or Bailiff. 
 PoRT'-HoLE, n, [port and hole.] Tlie embrasure 
 
 of a ship of war. [See Port.] 
 PoR'TI-CO, 71. [It. portico ; L. porticus, from porta or 
 port us.] 
 
 Ill architecture, originally, a colonnade or covered 
 ambulatory; but at ;)rc4-c«(, a covered space, inclosed 
 by coliiiniis at the entrance of a building. P. Cyc. 
 PoR'TlON, 71. [L. piirtio, from partio, to divide, from 
 par.-t, part. See Part.] 
 
 1. In general, a part of any thing sejiarated from it. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. A part, though not actually divided, but con- 
 sidered by itself. 
 
 Th''5e uTr p;\rta ol his ways ; but how little a portion is hciud «f 
 liiiii I - Job xxvi. 
 
 3. A part assigned ; an allotment; a dividend. 
 
 How Kinall 
 
 A portion to your share would fall I WfiJIer. 
 'I'lic pri'-sUi had a ;*o;Iion assigned them by Pliaraoli. — (_ien. 
 xlvii, 
 
 4. The part of an estate given to a child or heir, or 
 descending lo liiin |jy law, and distributed to him in 
 the settlciiient of the estate. 
 
 .1. A wife's fortune. 
 POR'TION, D. (. To divide; to parcel; to allot a 
 share or shares. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 And portion to hi 
 S. To endow. 
 
 Illm portiotitd m 
 
 trib<<i thi^ wide don 
 
 idi, approntic-'d orphans bleat. Pope. 
 
 Divided into shares or parts. 
 
 POR'TION-AT) pp. 
 
 2. Endoweil ; furnished with a portion 
 
 POS 
 
 PoR'TION-ER, 71. One who divides or assigns in 
 shares. 
 
 POR'TION-ING, pjir. Dividing; endowing. 
 PoR'TlON-IST, 71. One who has a certain academical 
 allowance or portion. [See Postmaster, No. 3.] 
 
 2. The incumbent of a benefice which has more 
 rectors or vicars than one. Life of A. Wood. 
 
 PoR'TlON-LESS, a. Having no portion. 
 PORT'LAND-SToNE, 71. A yellowish-white calca- 
 reous freestone from the Isle of Portland, in England, 
 much used in building. P. Cyc. 
 
 PoRT'LSST, ) ~, 1 f , ■ 
 
 POR'TOISE, (por'tiz,) | B"n^v=''e of a sh>P. 
 
 To lower the yards a portlast, is to lower them tu 
 the gunwale. 
 
 To ride a portoise, is to have the lower yards and 
 top-masts struck or lowered down, when at anchor 
 in a gale of wind. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PORT'-LID, 71. The lid that closes a port-hole. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 PoRT'LI-NESS, 71. [from portiy.] Dignity of mien 
 or of personal appearance, consisting in size and 
 symmetry of body, with dignified manners and 
 demeanor. Camden. 
 PoRT'LY, a. [from port.] Grand or dignified in 
 mien ; of a noble appearance and carriage. Shak. 
 Q. Bulky ; corpulent. Shak. 
 PoRT'MAN, 71. [port and 7«i27i.] An inhabitant or 
 
 burgess, as of a cinque port. 
 PORT-MAN'TEAU, 71. [Fr. por(c-ra<77i(eau, from por- 
 ter, to carry, and vianteau, a cloak, L. vtantcle. It. 
 inantello. It is often pronounced portinantle.] 
 
 A bag usually made of leather, for carrying ap- 
 parel and other furniture on journeys, par'icularly 
 on horseback. 
 PoRT'JIOTE, 71. [poH and Sax. 77io«, a meeting.] 
 Anciently, a court held in a port town. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 PoR'TOISE. See Portlast. 
 
 POR'TRaIT, n. [Fr. portrait, from portraire, to draw, 
 Eng. to portray; pour. Eng. for, fore, and traire, L. 
 trahere, Eng. to draw ; Arm. pourtrezi. The Italian 
 is ritratlo, Sp. and Port, relralo, from L. re and 
 tracto.] 
 
 A picture or representation of a person, and es- 
 pecially of a face, drawn from the life. It is some- 
 times applied to the picture of any animal. 
 
 In portraits^ the grace, and we may add, the likeness, consist* 
 more in the general air than in Ute^xucl similitude of every 
 feature. Reynolds. 
 
 POR'TRaIT, v. t. To portray ; to draw. [JVof used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PoR'TRaIT-PaINT'ER, 71. One whose occupation 
 is to paint portraits. 
 
 PoR'TRAIT-PAINT'ING, 7i. The painting of por- 
 traits. 
 
 POR'TR.^IT-l;RE, 71. [Fr.] A portrait ; painted re- 
 senibhince. Milton. Pope. 
 
 2. The drawing of portraits. H'alpole. 
 POR-TRAY', 1'. (. [Vr. portraire. Sec Portrait.) 
 
 1. To paint or iliaw the likeness of any thing in 
 colors; as, to portray a king on llorseback ; to por- 
 tray a city or leinple with a pencil or with chalk. 
 
 2. To ilescribe in words. It belongs to the histo- 
 rian to portray the character of Alexander of Russia. 
 Homer portraijs the character and achievements of 
 his heroes in glowing colors. 
 
 3. To adorn with pictures ; as, shields porfrni/fii. 
 
 JI/l/£U71. 
 
 PoR-TRaY'AL, 71. The act of portraying. 
 
 PoR-TRa Y'KD, (por-trade',) pp. Painted or drawn 
 lo the life ; described. 
 
 PoR-TRA Y'F'R, n. One who paints, draws to the 
 jife, or describes. 
 
 PoR-TR.aY'ING, /ipr. Painting or drawing the like- 
 ness of ; describing. 
 
 POK'TREi^S, ) 71. [from porter.] A female giiar- 
 
 PoR'TER-ES.'^, j dian of a gate. Miltoti. 
 
 PoR'l''REE VE, 71. I^The modern orthography of Port- 
 GRF.i E, which see ] 
 The chief magistrate of a port or maritime town. 
 
 PoRT'-ROPE, 71. A rope to draw up a portlul. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 PORT'-VVINE. See Pokt, n. No. 7. 
 
 POR'WIG-I.E, (-wig'l,) 71. A tadpole ; a young frog. 
 used.] Brown. 
 
 POR'V, a. [from pore] Full of pores or small inter- 
 stices. Drijdeu, 
 
 I'o.*l'l, II. [See the verb.] In heraldry, a lii^n, horse, 
 or other beast standing still, with all his feet on the 
 ground. F.ncijc. 
 
 POSE, 71. [Snx. srpose.^ 
 
 A stuffing of tlio head, catarrh. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 POSE, r. t. [\V postaio, to pose, to make an incre- 
 ment, to gatlier k 'lowledge, to investigatCj to inter- 
 rogate ; pos, a neap, increment, growth, increase ; 
 poif?, curdled milk, posset; Sax. geposc, heaviness, 
 stuffing of the head. The primary sense is, to set or 
 fix, from thrusting or pressing, L. posui, Sp. posar, 
 Fr. piwrr ; lienre the sense of colli;cting into a liiinp 
 or fixed mass, Cli. and .Syr. V3n, to press, compress, 
 collect, coagulate. Class "s, No. 24. See also 
 Ar. No. 21, 31, and No. 32, 33, 35, and othi-rs in 
 that class.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH/iT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 «4H 
 
POS 
 
 1. To puzzle, [a word of the same origin ;] to set ; 
 to put to a stand or stop ; to gravel. 
 
 Iji-nmiiij wiu ftoted, phtluanphy wiu art, Herbtrt. 
 1 delimit not to pote ttieiu wilti thoie coninion eni^maii ut mng< 
 iK'lisin. Glaneiile. 
 
 2. To puzzle or put to a stand by asking difficult 
 questions ; t(t set by (juestions ; hence, to interrogate 
 clo-^ely, or with a view to scrutiny. Bacon. 
 
 POS'EI), pp. Puzzled; put to a stand; interrogated 
 closely. 
 
 PoS'EIl, n. One that puzzles by asking difficult ques- 
 tions ; a close examiner. 
 
 9. Something, as a question, argument, S^c., that 
 puzzl's or silences. 
 
 PoS'INfi, ppr.ottt. Puzzling ; putting to a stand ; ques- 
 tifiniui! closely. 
 
 Pt'iiS'lN'G i.Y,tulB. Puzzlingly. 
 
 POS IT-KI), a. [L. pnsilHj, from pono, to put; per- 
 haps, however, pono is a different root, and positus 
 from the r(K>t of po^e.] 
 
 Put ; set ; placed. Hiilr. 
 
 PO-SI"TI()N, (po-zish'un,) ii. [I., jiositio, from poMus. 
 See P(HE and Posited.] 
 
 1. iSt.ite of being placed ; situation ; often with 
 reference to other objects, or to different parts of the 
 same object. 
 
 We ti.ivc ililTpnMU pros[ycta of the same ttiinj nccordin? to our 
 ilillerem ponitiung lo ii. Locke. 
 
 2. Manner of standing or being placed ; attitude ; 
 as, an inclining po.iiiion. 
 
 3. Principle laid down ; proposition advanced or 
 affirmed as a fixed principle, or stated as the ground 
 of reasoning, or to be provetl. 
 
 f.('t not the proof of imy position depend on the positions thut 
 follow, lull alw.iysoii tlio«c wliicii prcccile. iVnns, 
 
 4. The advancement of any principle. Brown. 
 
 5. State ; condition. 
 
 Grwit Brii:iin, iit tlie p»*ncc of 1763, Btood In a position lo prc- 
 ■cnbc hiT own teniis, .imes. 
 
 6. Slate in relation to others or to some subject ; 
 as, to be in a false position; to define one's po.iition. 
 
 7. In irrammar, the state of a vowel placed before 
 two consonants, as in pompous^ or before a double 
 consonant, as in nile. In prosody, vowels are said 
 lo be long by position. 
 
 8. In ariUiinftic, a method of solving a problem by 
 one or two suppositions; called also the ru!c of trial 
 anil error. Bratltle. 
 
 Pd-Sr'TIO.V-.Mj, ( zish'un-al,) a. Respecting posi- 
 tiim. fjVo( used.] Brotcn. 
 
 POS'l-TIVE.o, [It. posaieo ; Fr. positif; how L. pos- 
 itit^u.-t. ] 
 
 1. Properly, set; laid down; expressed; direct: 
 explicit ; opposed to Implied ; as. be told us in po.ti- 
 tive. words ; we have his positive declaration to the 
 fact ; the testimony is positive. 
 
 2. Absolute; express; not admitting any condi- 
 tion or discretion. The commands of the admiral 
 are positive. 
 
 3. Absolute ; real ; existing in fact ; opposed to 
 Neoati . e ; as, positive good, which exists by itself, 
 whereas negative good is merely the .absence of evil ; 
 or opposed lo IIelati ve or Arhitrabv ; as, br-aiity is 
 not a positive thing, but depends on the different 
 tastes of people. Locke. Encijc. 
 
 4. Direct; express; opposed to Circumstantial ; 
 as, positive proof, Blackstone. 
 
 5. Confident ; fully assured ; applied to person.':. 
 The witness is very positive tliat he is correct in his 
 testimony. 
 
 6. Dogmatic ; over-confident in opinion or asser- 
 tion. 
 
 Some positive prm>tinff fops we know, 
 
 Thiit, It' one-* wroiij, w^ll iiroda be iiiwuys ao. Pope. 
 
 7. Settled by arbitrary appointment ; opposed to 
 Natural or Inbred. 
 
 In ItivvB, ih:tt wliicli la natural trindeth unlTcnallj ; that which 
 is positive, not bo. Hooker. 
 
 Atthoii^li no lawB hot posidoe are mutubtc, yet alt are not inuta- 
 bl<- which art' positive. Hooker. 
 
 8. Having power to act directly ; as, a pctitive 
 voice in legislation. Sioift. 
 
 Positive degree, in grammar, is the state of an ad- 
 jective which denotes simple or absolute quality, 
 without comparison or relation to increase or diminu- 
 tion ; as, wi.-<e, noble. 
 
 Positive electricity; according to Dr. Franklin, the 
 electricity which a body contains above its natural 
 share. 
 
 Positive quantity : in algebra, an affirmative quan- 
 litv, or one to be added. 
 POS'l-TIVE, n. What is capable of being affirmed ; 
 reality. South. 
 3. That which settles by absolute appointment. 
 
 Hinterland 
 
 3. In grammar, a word that affirms or asserts ex- 
 istence. Harris. 
 POS'I-TIVE-LY, adv. Absolutely ; by itself, inde- 
 pendent of any thing else ; not comparatively. 
 
 Gooil and evil removal m:iy be esteemed good or evil comp.ira- 
 lively, and not posidoely or umply. Bacon. 
 
 2. Not negatively ; reallv ; in its own nature : di- 
 rectly ; inherently. A thing is positively craiil when 
 
 TONE, DIv'LL, UNITE.— 
 
 POS 
 
 it produces h.-ipjiiiiess by its own qualities or opera- 
 tion. It is neirativet.i good when it prevents an 
 evil, or dues not produce it. • 
 
 3. Certainly ; indubitably. This is positively your 
 handwriting. 
 
 4. Directly ; explicitly ; expressly. The witness 
 testified po.iitively to the fact. 
 
 5. Peremptorily ; in strong terms. 
 
 'Die divine Xavt posiAvtly n*quiiea huiiiijity and meekneas. 
 
 Siirat. 
 
 6. With full confidence or assurance. I can not 
 speak positively in regard to the fart. 
 
 Positively electrified. According to Dr. Franklin, a 
 body is /)o»;ti;>c/« electrified, when it contains more 
 than its natural share of electricity, and nenntivrly 
 electrified, when it contains less than its natural 
 share. Olin.il.ed. 
 POS'I-TIVE-NESS, n, Actualness ; reality of exist- 
 ence ; nut mere negation. 
 
 Till' posilivencSB of jiii* of commission lies loth in the hnHuide 
 of III-' will iintl III llie exrciili'd act -.no; liie posttivrness of 
 sins of oinia^ion is in the habitude ol tile wilt only. Sorris. 
 
 2. Undoubting assurance ; full confidence ; per- 
 emptoriness ; as, the man related the fads with posi- 
 tiveness. In matters of opinion, positiueness is not 
 an inilicatiiin of prudence. 
 POS-I-TIV'I-TY, ji. Peremploriness, [JVot iL^ed.] 
 
 H'nils. 
 
 POS't-TlJRE, for Posture, is not in use, [See Pos- 
 
 Tl'RE.] 
 
 POS'NET. n. [W. posmed, from posintri. See Pose.] 
 A little basin ; a porringer, skillet, or sauceptin. 
 
 Otccn. 
 
 POS-O-LOG'IG-AL, a. Pertaining to posolll!r^^ 
 POS-OL'O GY, n. [Cr, .orif, how much, and Aoj 05, 
 discourse.] 
 
 In medicine, the science or doctrine of doses. 
 
 Jlnier. Dispen.tatortt. 
 POS'PO-T.TTE, w. A kindof militia in Poland, which, 
 in case of invasion, was summoned to arms fur the 
 defense of the ctiiintrv. FAin. F.nrtic. 
 
 POSS, !J. t. 'I'll d ish aiioiit. l/alliivell. 
 POS'SK €OM-i rA'TlIS, [L.] In law, the power of 
 the county, or the citizens who are siinimoned to 
 assist an olficcr in suppressing a riot, or executing 
 any legal precept which is f.irribly opposed. The 
 word cninitntas is often omilted, and pos-ie alone is 
 used in the same sense, Bliu.k.-slm>e. 
 
 2. In loio language, a number or crowd of people; 
 a rabble. 
 
 POS SESS', V. t. [Ij. pos.ie.isus, po.isideo, a compound 
 of po, a Russian preposition, perhaps //;/, and scdro, 
 to sit ; to sit in or on. We have this word from the 
 Latin, but the same compound is in our tnother 
 tongue. Sax. besittan, to ptissess ; be, by, and sittnn, 
 to sit ; gesittun, besettan, gr.iettan, are .ilso used ; I). 
 beiitten ; G. be.iitzen ; Dan. besiildrr ; Sw. besittn ; Fr. 
 possedfr ; Arm. pof icr/i ; Sp po.^eer ; It. po.isejerr.] 
 
 1. To have the just and leaal title, ownership, 
 or properly of a tliiii!; ; to own ; to hulii the title of, 
 as the rightful proprietor, or to hold both the title 
 and the thing. A man may possess the farm whit:h 
 he cultivates, or he may po.i.iess an estate in a foreicn 
 country, not in his own ticcupation. He m.ay posse.is 
 ■lany farms which are occupied by tenants. In 
 this, as in other cases, the original sense of the word 
 is enlarged, the holdini; or tenure being applied to 
 the title or right, as well as to the thini; itself. 
 
 2. To hold ; to occujiy without title or owner- 
 ship. 
 
 1 raise up the Chahleans to possess Oie dwellirg-placra that are 
 not ttieirs. — Ifiiti. i. 
 
 Neither aaid any of them that aii^ht of die thing* which he pos- 
 sessed w.ft Ills own. — Acts iv. 
 
 3 To have ; to occupy. The love of the world 
 usually pnsses.ies the heart. 
 
 4. To seize ; to gain ; to obtain the occupation of. 
 The Kn^lish ni»rcln'<l lowani the River t'ske, iiilentlin^ 10 pos- 
 sess a hill cidk'd UiuliT-f^ke. Haijwnrd. 
 
 5. To have power over j as an invisible agent or 
 spirit. Luke viii. 
 
 Beware what spirit r^irea In your breaal ; 
 
 For ton inspired, ten tTiousand are possessed. Roscommon. 
 
 6. To affect by some power, 
 
 I.et not your eara despise my tonjtie, 
 
 Which shall possess tli'-m with Uie heaviest souod 
 
 That ever ytl they hcanl. Stsifl. 
 
 To possess of, or with, more properly to possess of, 
 is to give possession, command, or occu{>ancy, 
 
 O f fortune's fMOT \onz possessed. Dryrten. 
 This possesses us 0/ Uke must valuable bleasin^ of human life, 
 friendship. O'oo. 0/ the Tongue. 
 
 To po.ise..is one'.v self of ; to take or gain possession 
 or command ; to make one's self master of. 
 
 We possessed ourselves of the kingtlom of Naples. Addison. 
 
 To po.i.iess vith : to furnish or fill with something 
 permanent ; or to be retained, 
 
 h is of unspeakable ailvantagc to possess our minds with a 
 
 bafiitual yoo«l i'lt^iilioii. Addison. 
 tf lle y possessed with honest minds. Addison. 
 
 POS-SESS'KD. pp. Held by lawful title ; occupied ; 
 enjoyed ; nffi cti il by demons or invisible as-ents. 
 
 POS 
 
 POS-SESS'(.\(J, />pr. Having or holding by absoliils 
 right or title ; occupying; enjiniiie. 
 
 PfJ.-^-SES'.-slO.V. (-scsii'iiri,) 11. 'I'lie haviuE, holdinc, 
 or detention tif property In one's power or C4>niiii:iiid ; 
 actual seizin tir occupancy, eiffier rightful or wrong- 
 ful. One man may have the pinte.iston of a thing, 
 and another may have the right of posse.i3ion or 
 properly. 
 
 If the possession Is severe*! from 'he property ; If A has the 
 riirlil of properly, anil B be nn.awfol ineiMis hiis jiin.-d 
 poisessxon, tiiu is all injury to A. 'I'bis Is a l>ir*- or naked 
 possession Blnekstune. 
 
 In bailment, the bailee who receives goods to con- 
 vey, or to keep for a tune, has the pos.^ession of the 
 goods, and a temporary riuht over tlieiii, but not the 
 property. Propertn 01 posse.isin't, ineliiiles buiti the 
 right and the m riipatiiin. Unig undieiurbed po.i.ies- 
 sion is presumptive proof of rigiit or property in the 
 possessor. ' 
 
 2. The thine possessed ; land, estate, or goods 
 owned ; as, foreign po.isessious. 
 
 The lioiise of Jacob shall poasi-M their possessions. — Ofiad. 17. 
 Wlieii the yoMii^ man he.lr^l llial sty iiif, li** went away sorrow- 
 ful, for he had ifreal jtossessions. — Mall. Xl«. 
 
 3. Any Ihint; vtiliiable possessed or enjoyed. Chris- 
 tian peace of inliiil is the nest possession of life. 
 
 4. The state of being under the |Kiwer of demons 
 or invisible beings; madness; lunacy; as, demo- 
 niacal possession. 
 
 IVrit of possr.isinn : a precept directina a sheriff to 
 put a person in peaceable jHissession t-f property' re- 
 covered in ejertment. Blackstone. 
 
 To take, posse.ision ; to enter on, or to brifig tvithin 
 one's power or occupancy. 
 
 To give possession ; to put in another's power or 
 occiiprincv. 
 
 POS SES'S'ION, ( sesh'iin,) v. t. To invest with prnp- 
 ert>'. [JVot nsril.] Coreio. 
 
 Pf).s!-'sEs'SI().N'-EK, 71. One that has pos.sessiiui of a 
 thing, or power over it. [Little u.ied.\ Sidney. 
 
 POS SESS'I VE, a. [I.. pn.iie-i.iira.i.] 
 
 Pertainiiic to possessinii ; haviiit! possession. 
 Po.i.ie.ssive case, in f^tgl/sh gramnnir, is the L'cnitive 
 case, or case of nouns and proiioiins, which express- 
 es, 1st, possession, ownership ; as, ./olni^s book , or 
 2dly, some relation of one thing to another ; as, /fo- 
 rier\i admirers. 
 
 POS-SESS'I V'E-LY, adv. In a manner denoting pos- 
 session. 
 
 POS-SESS'OR, n. An occupant ; one that h.as po>i- 
 session ; a person who holtis in his hands or power 
 any species of properl)', real or personal. The own- 
 er or projirietor of properly is the permanent posses.i- 
 or by local right ; the lessee of land, ninl the bailee 
 of goods, are temporary posses.iors by riirht ; the 
 disseizor of land and the thief are wrongful pos- 
 sessors. 
 
 2. One that has, holds, or enjoys any good or other 
 thing. 
 
 Think of the happin'*sa of ihe pronh'-ts and apoMlcs, sainia and 
 
 martyrs, jtossessors of eu'rnal glory. Laia. 
 
 POS-SESS'O-RY, a. Having possession ; as, a pos- 
 sessory lord. ffowell. 
 
 Possr.isory action ; in //iir, an action or suit in which 
 the riL'ht of possession only, and not thai of property, 
 is contested, Blaekstune. 
 
 POS'SET, n. [W, pnsel, frnm the root nf pose, VV, 
 posiam, to gather. The L, posca may have the same 
 orirm.J 
 
 Milk curdled with wine or other liquor. 
 
 Drtjden. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 POS'SET, r. ^ To curdle ; to turn'. Shak. 
 
 POS'SF.T-ED, pp. Curdled , luni. d. 
 
 POS'SET-INC, ;ipr. CiirdlinE, as milk. 
 
 POS SI-lllI,'l-TV, n. [from possible: Fr. pos.iibiM.] 
 The power of beine or existnis ; the power of hap- 
 penins; ; llie state of beini possible. It often implies 
 impriibaliility or sreat uncertainty. There is a pos- 
 sibilitv that a new star may appear this nichl. There 
 is a possibility of a hard frost in July in our latitude. 
 It is not exiiedieiil to hazard much on the bare pos- 
 sibility of success. It is |inident to reduce contracts 
 lo writing, and to render them so explicit as lo pre- 
 clude the po.isibilitti of mistake or controversy. 
 
 POS'SI-IU.E, <i. [Fr. ; ll. po.i.iihile : Sp. posiWe ; from 
 L. po.«.ii6i/i.<, from pos.ie. See Power.] 
 
 That may be or exist ; that may be now, or may 
 happen or come to pass ; thai ni.ay be done ; not con- 
 trary to the naliire of things. It is po.isible that the 
 Greeks and Turks may now be engaged in b.altle. It 
 is possible the peace of Fiiirope may continue a centu- 
 r>'. It is not physically pos.iiblc that a stretim should 
 ascend a moniitain, but it is possible lhat the Su- 
 preme Being may suspend a law of nature, that is. 
 Ills usual course of proceedin*!. It is not possible 
 that 2 and 3 should be 7, or Ih.il the same action should 
 be morally right andjnorally wrong. 
 
 This word, when pronounced with a certain em- 
 phasis, implies improbability. A thing is possible, 
 but very improbable. 
 
 POS'SI-DI.Y, adv. By nnv power, moral or physi- 
 cal, really existing. Ix;a"rn all lhat can possibly be 
 known. 
 
 Can we pcssiUy hu love desert ! Miluxi. 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOLS. — e as K ; as J , S at Z ; CH as SH; TII as in THIS. 
 
 107 
 
POS 
 
 POS 
 
 POS 
 
 2. Perliaps ; without involving impossibility or ab- 
 S'lrdily. 
 
 Arbilrary power lends to make a man a bad noverei^, who 
 miffhl possibly have been a ffotxl one, had he been invested 
 wiUi auUiority cin:uinschhed oy law's. Addison. 
 
 POS'SUM. See Opossum: 
 
 To play poiium, to act possum, is applied to a per- 
 son who, when caught, feigns liiniself dead, from a 
 characteristic of the opossum. Jiuierica. 
 
 POST, a. [from Fr. aposter.'\ 
 
 Suborned ; hired to do what is wrong. [JVoi in 
 tlse.'\ Sandtis. 
 
 Post, n. [VV. pSst D. Dan. and Sw. post ; G. pfoste, 
 pusten, and post : Fr. poste ; Sp. poste, posta ; It. posta, 
 posto ; L. pustis, from positus, tlie given participle of 
 po/io, to place, but coinciding with Sp. posar, It. 
 posare, to put <tr set.] 
 
 1. A piece of timber set upright, usually larger 
 than a stake, and intended to support something 
 else; as, the post^ of a house; the posts of a door ; 
 the posts of a gate ; the posts of a fence. 
 
 2. A military station ; tlie place vvliere a single sol- 
 dier or a body of troops is stationed. The sentinel 
 must not desert his post. The troops are ordered to 
 defend tlie post. Hence, 
 
 3. The troops stationed at a particular place, or the 
 ground they occupy. Jtlar.<liall. Encyc. 
 
 4. A public olfice or employment, that is, a fixed 
 place or station. 
 
 When vice prevails and impious men liear sway, 
 
 The posL of honor is a private station. Addison. 
 
 5. A messenger, or a carrier of letters and papers ; 
 one that goes at stated times to convey tlie mail or 
 dispatches. This sense also denotes fixedness, ei- 
 ther from the practice of using relays of horses sta- 
 tioned at piirticular places, or of stationing men for 
 carrying dispatches, or from the fixed stages where 
 they were to be supplied with refreshments. [See 
 Stage.] Xenophon informs us that Cyrus, king of 
 Persia, established such stations or houses. 
 
 6. A seal or situation. Burnet. 
 
 7. A sort of writing paper, such as is used for let- 
 ters ; letter paper. 
 
 8. An olil game at cards. 
 
 9. In archilecturc and .iculpture, a term applied to 
 certain ornaments shaped after the manner of rolls 
 or wreathiugs. Elmes. 
 
 To ride post: to be employed to carry dispatches 
 and papers, and as such carriers rode in haste, hence 
 the plirase signifies to ride in haste, to pass with ex- 
 pedition. Post is used also, adverbially, for swiftly, 
 e.xpeditiously, or expressly. 
 
 Sent from Media post to Egypt. Milton, 
 
 Hence, to travel post, is to travel expeditiously by 
 the use of fresh horses taken at certain stations. 
 Knight of the post. See Knight. 
 POST, V. i. [Fr. poster; Sp. postear.] 
 
 1. To travel with post-horses ; hence, 
 
 2. To travel with speed. 
 
 And post o'er lanti and ocean without rest. bTillon. 
 
 POST, r. t. To fix to a post ; as, to post a notifica- 
 tion. 
 
 2. To expose to public reproach by fixing the name 
 to a post ; to expose to opprobrium by some public 
 action ; as, to post a coward. 
 
 3. To advertise on a post or in a public place ; as, 
 to post a stray horse. Laws o/JVeio Englantl. 
 
 4. To set ; to place ; to station ; as, to post troops 
 on a hill, or in front or on the flank of an army. 
 
 5. To pl.ice in the post-oflice ; as, to post letters. 
 [Enn.] Orf. Guide. 
 
 6. In book-kcepinrr, to carry accounts from the 
 waste-book or journal to the ledger. 
 
 To post bff; to put off; to delay. [JV'ot used.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 POST ; a Latin preposition, signifying after. It is 
 used in this sense in composition in many English 
 words. 
 
 POST'A-BLE, a. That may be carried. [JVot uscrf.] 
 
 Jiloantuirn. 
 
 POST'ACE, n. The price established by law tii be p;iid 
 for the conveyance of a letter or parcel in a public 
 mail. 
 
 2. A portige. [JVot used.'] Smollett. 
 POST'-IilLL, n. A bill of letters mailed by a pust- 
 inaster. 
 
 POST'-BOY, n. A boy that rides as post ; a courier. 
 
 POST'-CirSISE, ) n. [Sec CuAm:.] A carriage 
 POST'-eOACIl, ( with four wheels, for the con- 
 vevaiice (if travelers who travel with pout-horses. 
 PO.ST'-DATE, V. U [L. post, after, and dale, 1.. da- 
 tum.] 
 
 To date after the real time ; as, to post-date, a con- 
 tract, that is, to date it after the true lime of making 
 the contract. 
 
 PO.ST'-I)AT-ED, pp. Dated after the real lime. 
 
 Pr).-<T'-[)AT-ING, ppr. I):iliiii; aftt^r the real time. 
 
 POST'-DAY, n. A day on which the mail arrives or 
 departs. 
 
 POST-DI LP'VI-AI,, j a. VL. pout, after, and d^luin 
 PO.ST-DI LO'VI-AN, t urn, the deluge.] 
 
 Being or happening posterior to the flood in Noah's 
 days. TVoodtoard. Bitckland. 
 
 POST-DI-LO'VI-AN, 71. A person who lived tifler 
 tlie flood, or who has lived since that event. Orew. 
 
 POST-DIS-SkI'ZIN, n. A subsequent disseizin. A 
 writ of post-disseizin is intended to put in possession 
 a person who has been disseized after a judgment to 
 recover the same lands of the same person, under 
 the statute of Mertim. Blackstone. 
 
 POST-DIS-Sf.I'ZOR, ji. a person who disseizes an- 
 other of lands which he had before recovered of the 
 same person. Blackstone. 
 
 POST'E-,\, n. [L.] The record of what is done in a 
 cause subsequent to the joining of issue and award- 
 ing of trial. Blackstone. 
 
 PoST'ED, pp. Placed ; stationed. 
 
 2. Exposed on a post or by public notice. 
 
 3. Carried to a ledger, as accounts. 
 POST'-EN-TRY, n. A second or subsequent entry, at 
 
 the custom-house, of goods which had been omitted 
 by mistake. 
 
 2. In book-keeping, an additional or subsequent 
 entry. McCnUoch. 
 PoST'ER, 71. One who posts; also, a courier; one 
 that travels expeditiously. 
 2. A large bill posted for advertising. 
 POS-Te'RI-OR, a. [from L. posterus, from post, 
 after ; Fr. posterieur.'] 
 1. Later or subsequent in time. 
 
 Hesiod was posterior to liomer. Broome. 
 9. Later in the order of proceeding or moving; 
 coming after. [Unfrcqnent.] 
 P0S-TE"-RI-0R'1-TY, n. [Fr. pnsteriorite.] 
 
 The state of being later or subsequent ; as, posteri- 
 oritij of time or of an event ; opposed to Priohitv. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 POS-Tk'RI-OR-LY, adr. Subsequentiv in time. 
 
 POS-Tk'RI-ORS, 71. p/. The hinder parts of an ani- 
 mal body. Swift. 
 
 POS-TER'I-TY, 71. [Fr. posteriti ; L. postcriUis, from 
 posterus, from post, after.] 
 
 1. Descendants ; children, chiltlren's children, &c., 
 indefinitely ; the race that proceeds from a progeni- 
 tor. The whole human race are the posterity of Adam. 
 
 2. In a aeneral sense, succeeding generations ; op- 
 posed to A.NCESTORS. 
 
 To the uiihnppy, ttiat imiustly hVM, 
 Heaven ^ves jtosUrily t avenge the deed. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 PoS'TERN, 71. [Fr. pOterne, for posternc, from L. 
 post, behind.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a back door or gate ; a private en- 
 trance ; hence, any small door or gate. 
 
 Drydcn. Locke. 
 
 2. In fortif cation, a small gate, usually in the angle 
 of the flank tjf a bastion, or in that of the oirtain or 
 near the orillon, descentling into the ditch. Encyc. 
 
 POS'TERN, 0. Back ; being behind ; private. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 POST-EX-IST'ENCE, 7i. Subsequent or future exist- 
 ence. Mdison. 
 
 POST'-FACT, a. [L. post factum.'] 
 
 Relating to a fai^t th.at occurs after another ; or, as 
 a 711)111), a fact th.at occurs after another. 
 
 PoST'-FINE, 71. In English law, a fine due to the 
 king by prerogative, after a licentia covcordandi 
 given in a fine of lanils and tenements ; called also 
 the King's silver. Blackstone. 
 
 Po-ST'FIX, 71. [L. post, after, and^r.] 
 
 In grammar, a letter, syllable, or xvord, added to the 
 end of another word ; a siillix. Parkhnrst. 
 
 POST-FlX', V. t. To add or annex a letter, syllable, 
 or word, to the end of another or principal word. 
 
 Parkhnrst. 
 
 PoST-FIX'f:D, pp. Added to the end of a word. 
 
 rn.-^'l'-FlX'ING, ppr. Adding to the end of a word. 
 
 l'o.-iT-llACK'i\'EY, 71. [jwst and hackney.] A hired 
 piist-horse. (Votton. 
 
 PoST'-lHSTE, 71. Haste or speed in traveling, like 
 that of a post or courier. Shak. 
 
 Po.ST'-HaSTE, adv. With speed or expedition. He 
 traveled post-haste, that is, by an ellipsis, witk post- 
 haste. 
 
 Po.'^T'-IlORN, 71 [post and horn.] A horn or trum- 
 pet carrietl and blown by a carrier of the public mail, 
 or by a coachman. Cotrper. 
 
 PoST'-llORSE, 71. A term applied to horses stalioned 
 at certain distances on a road for the rapid convey- 
 ance of couriers, passengiTs. &.c. Sidney. 
 
 PoST'-HOUSE, n. A house where a post-oflice is 
 ki;pt for receiving and dispatching letters by public 
 mails ; a post-ollice. [ The latter toord is now in gener- 
 al use.] 
 
 2. A house where post-horses are kept. 
 POST' I lU. ME, a. Posthumous. [JVot used.] rf'alt,i. 
 POST'HU-iM( iVfi, a. [L. post, after, and liuinus, earth ; 
 humatus, buru-d.] 
 
 1. Horn after the death of the father, or taken 
 from the dead hotly of the mother ; as, a posthumous 
 son or daughter. Blackstone. 
 
 2. I'ublishid after the diNitli of the author; as, 
 posthumous works. 
 
 3. Being after one's dtrcease ; ns, a posthumous 
 charncti^r. Mdison. 
 
 POST'HU-MOUS-LY, adv. After one's decease. 
 POS'Tie, a. [L. posticus.] 
 
 Backward. [JVot used.] Brown. 
 POS'TIL, 71. [It. postilla ; Sp. posUla ; from L. posU] 
 
 1. A marginal note ; originally, a note in the mar- 
 gin of the Bible, so called because written after the 
 te.xt. Encyc. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a 
 homily to be read in public by clergymen who are 
 incompetent to teach. The first postils were com- 
 posed by order of Charlemagne. Luther also wrote 
 postils. The books of homilies in the English church 
 were postiU under another name. jMurdock. 
 
 POS'TIL, V. t. [It. postillare.] 
 
 To write marginal notes ; to gloss ; to illustrate 
 
 with marginal notes. Bacon. 
 POS'TIL-iCD, pp. Illustrated with marginal notes. 
 POS'TIL-ER, H. One wlio writes marginal notes; 
 
 one who illustrates the text of a book by notes in the 
 
 margin. 
 
 POS'TIL-ING, ppr. Writing in marginal notes. 
 POS'TIL-LaTE, v. i. or t. Formerly, to preach by 
 
 expounding Scripture, verse by verse, in regular 
 
 onler. 
 
 POS-TII^La'TION, 71. Exposition of Scripture in 
 preaching. 
 
 POS'TIL-La-TOR, 71. One who e.xponnds Scripture, 
 verse by verse. Henry, Brit. 
 
 Poa-TILL'ION, (pos-tll'yun,) n. [Fr. postilion, a 
 post-boy, from poste. ] 
 
 One that rides anil guides the first pair of horses in 
 a coach or other carriage ; also, one that rides one of 
 the horses, when one pair only is used, either in a 
 coach or post-chaise. 
 
 PoST'ING, pp?-. Setting up on a post; exposing the 
 name or character to reproach by public advertise- 
 ment. 
 
 2. Placing : stationing. 
 
 3. Transferring accounts to a ledger. 
 
 4. Traveling with post-horses. 
 
 POST'ING, 71. The transferring of accounts to a 
 ledger. 
 
 2. The traveling post, or with post-horses. 
 
 POS'TlCiUE, 71. An ornament of sculpture superadded 
 after the original design has been completed. 
 
 POST-LI-MIN'I-AR, I a. [See Postliminium.] 
 
 PO-ST-LI-.^UN'I-OUS, i Contrived, done, or existing 
 subsequently ; as, a. postliminivus ajiplication. 
 
 POST-LI-MIN'I-UJI, I n. [L. post, after, and limen, 
 
 POST-Ll.M'I-NY, S end, limit.] 
 
 Pustliminium, among the Romans, was the return 
 of a jierson to his own country who had gone to so- 
 journ in a foreign country, or had been banished or 
 taki-n by an enemy. 
 
 In the modern law of nations, the right of postliminy 
 is tliat by virtue of which persons and things, taken 
 by an enemy in war, are restored to tlieir former 
 state, when coming again under the power of the 
 nation to which they belonged. The sovereign of a 
 country is bound to protect the person and the prop- 
 erty of his subjects ; and a subject who has sutl'ered 
 tlie loss of his property by the violence of war, on 
 being restored to liis country, can claim to be rciistab- 
 lislied ill all his rights, and to recover his property. 
 But this right does not extend, in all cases, to person- 
 al etfects or movables, on account of the difficulty of 
 ascertaining their identity. Vattcl. Du Ponceau. 
 
 POST'iMAN, n. A post or courier ; a letter-carrier. - 
 
 Granger. 
 
 POST'MARK, 71. The mark or stamp of a post-oflice 
 on a letter. 
 
 POST'.MARK, V. t. To affix the stamp or mark of the 
 
 post-ollice, as to letters, &c. 
 PoST'MAS-TER, 71. The officer %vho has the su])er- 
 
 intendence and direction of a post-office. 
 
 2. On the continent of Europe, one who provides 
 post-horses- 
 
 3. In Merton College, Oxford, the scholars who 
 are supported on the foundatitui are called Post- 
 masters or PoRTioNisTs, (PortionistiF.) Oif. Guide. 
 
 Postmaster-general is the chief officer of the post- 
 oflice department, whose duty is to make contracts 
 for the ctmveyance of the public mails and see that 
 they are executed, and who receives the moneys 
 arising from the postage of haters, pays the expenses, 
 keeps the accounts of the oflice, and superintends the 
 wlnde tlepartment. 
 POST-JIE-RIU'I-AN, a. [L. postmeridianus. See 
 Meridian.] 
 
 Being or belonging to the afternoon ; as postmeridi- 
 an sleep. Bacon. 
 POST-.MOR'TEJit, after death. A post-mortem ex- 
 amination of a body is one made after the death of 
 the patient. 
 
 POST'NATE, a. [L. post, after, and Tiotus, born.] 
 Snbsi queul. [Lilllc used.] Taylor. 
 
 POST'-NoTE, 71. [post and note.] In commerce, a 
 promissory note issued by a bank, and made payable 
 to oriler at some future specified time ; whence its 
 name pnsr-nofe. 
 
 POST-NIJP'TIAL, (-shal,) a. [po.-rt and niiptin!.] Be- 
 ing or happening after niamape ; as, a postnuptial 
 siitlemenl on n wile. Kent. 
 
 POST-Oli'lT, 71. [I.. po.vl and obilus.] 
 
 FATE, FAH, FALL, WH^T METE, PKBY. — PINE, MAIltNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
POS 
 
 1. A bond in whidi the obligor, in consiili rntion of 
 having received a certain sum of money, binds liim- 
 self to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the 
 death of some specified individual from whom he has 
 expectations. Boitiiur. 
 
 2. Post-obit is used by physicians precisely like 
 pnst-'inortrni. 
 
 POST'-OF-FICE, ju An office or house where letters 
 are received for di'livery to the persons to whom 
 they are addressed, or to be transniilted to other 
 places in the public mails. 
 
 POST'-PAID, 0. Having the postage paid, aa a 
 letter. 
 
 Port'I'-l'ON'K', V. L [L. postpono; post, after, and pono, 
 to put.] 
 
 1. To put otT; to defer to a future or later time ; 
 to delay ; as, to postpone the consideration of a bill 
 or question to the afternoon, or to the following 
 dav. 
 
 2. To set bolow something else in value or impor- 
 tance. 
 
 All other conisiilcniUons should give way and be postponed to 
 this. Locke. 
 PoST Po.N''KO, pp. Delayed; deferred to a future 
 
 time ; set below in value. 
 POST-PoNE'MI:NT, «. The act of deferring to a 
 future time ; temporary delay of business. 
 
 T. Pichermg. Kent. 
 PoST-PON'ENCE, n. Dislike. [jYot in iwc] 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 PoST-Po\'ER, n. One who postpones. 
 Pf)ST-PoN''IN(!, ppr. Deferring to a future time. 
 P0ST-P0-S1"T10N, (-/.ish'un,) n. [post and position.] 
 The state of being put back or out of the regular 
 
 place. Mtilr. 
 Po.<r-POS'I-TlVE, a. Placed after something else, 
 
 as a word. 
 
 PoST-UE MoTE', a. [post and remote] More re- 
 mote in subsi qiient time or order. Darwin. 
 
 PoST-.SCt-.'NI-U.M, n. The back part of the stage. 
 
 PoST'SCRIPT, n. [L. post, after, and scriptam, writ- 
 ten.] 
 
 .\ paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded 
 and si-iued by the writer; or any addition made to a 
 book or composition after it had been supposed to be 
 finished, containing something omitted, or something 
 new occurring to the writer. Locke. ..Addison. 
 PoST'SeillPT-ED, 0. Addud in a postscript. 
 
 J. Q. Mnms. 
 
 POST'-TOWN, n. A town in which a post-ortice is 
 
 established by law. 
 2. A town in which post-liorscs are kept. 
 POSTMJ-LANT, n. [See Postulate.] One who 
 
 makes a request or demand. 
 POST'T.T-LATE, 77. [L. postulatum, from postulo, to 
 
 demand, from the root of posco, to ask or demand. 
 
 The sense is, to urge or push.] 
 
 1. A position or supposition assumed without 
 proof, or one which is considered as .self-evident, or 
 too plain to refjuire illustration. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In mathematics, a self-evident problem, answer- 
 ing to axiom, which is a self-evident theorem. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 POST'tT-LSTE, V. t. [Supra.] To beg or assume 
 without proof. [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 2. To invite ; to solicit; to require by entreaty. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 3. To assume ; to take without positive consent. 
 
 The Bytinlinc rinperon appear to h.-we exercised, or at Ic.ipt to 
 h^ve poetoUUed, a tort of phrainouiit supremacy ovr ihii 
 nation. Toolee. 
 POST'lJ-LA-TED, pp. Assumed without proof; in- 
 vited. 
 
 POST'lJ-LA-TING, ppr. Assuming; inviting; solic- 
 iting. 
 
 POST-TT.L5'TIOX, n. [L. po.'Hulatio.] 
 
 1. The act of supposing without proof ; gratuitous 
 assumption. Hale. 
 
 2. Supplication; intercession; also, suit; cause. 
 
 Pear.ton. Burnet. 
 POST'IT-LA-TO-RY, n. Assuming without proof. 
 
 2. Assumed withotit proof. Brown. 
 POST-IJ-LA'TUM, n. [L.] A postulate, which see. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 POS'TIJRE, n. [Fr., from I., po.iilura ; pono, positiui.] 
 
 1. In painlintr and seu'ptnrr, attitude ; the situation 
 of a figure with regard to the eye, and of the several 
 principal members with regard to each other, by 
 which action is expressed. Postures should be ac- 
 commodated to the character of the figure, and the 
 posture of each menibi r to its olfice. Postures are 
 n.ttiiral or artificial. JVatural postures are such as 
 our ordinary actions and the decisions of life lead 
 us to exhibit ; artificial postures are such as are as- 
 sumed or learnt for particular purposes, or in partic- 
 ular occupations, as in dancing, fencing, &c. 
 
 .Hddiion ■ F.ncye. 
 
 2. Situation ; condition ; particular slate with re- 
 (tard to sotnclhing else ; as, the posture of public af- 
 fairs before or after a war. 
 
 3. Situation of the body ; as, an abject posture. 
 
 .Milton. 
 
 4. Stale ; condition. The fort is in a posture of 
 defense. 
 
 POT 
 
 5. The situation or disposition of the several parts 
 of the body with respect to each other, or with re- 
 spect to a particular purpose. 
 
 He castA 
 
 His eyes B^niiiBl ftie moon in most itlrui^e pofturee. SltaJc, 
 Tlie posture ui a (joetic figure is a tlescripuon of Uic henvs in tin' 
 performance of such or such an action. IJryden. 
 
 G. Disposition ; frame ; as, the posture of the soul. 
 
 Bailnj. 
 
 POS'TURE, V. t. To place in a particular manner ; to 
 dispose the parts of a body fur a particular puijjose. 
 
 He was r.iw with poBturing liiuiself according to Uie direction 
 of till- cliirur^i ons. lii ook. 
 
 POS'TtTR-CT), pp. Placed in a particular manner. 
 
 POS''J'liUE-.M,\.'^-TER, n. One that teaches or prac- 
 tices arlillrial po.stures of the body. Spertator. 
 
 POS'TIJli ppr. Disposing the parts of the body 
 fur a particular ptirposc. 
 
 Po'SY, n. [Uu. pocsij ; or a collection, a cluster, from 
 the \V. posiatn, to collect. See Pose.] 
 
 1. A motto itiscribed on a ring, &c. Mdison. 
 
 2. A bunch of fiowers. Spenser. 
 POT, 71. [Fr. pot; Arm. pod; It. pota ; Sw. potta; 
 
 Dati. polte : VV. pot, a put, and pntcl, a bottle ; poten, a 
 ])Udiling, the paunch, something bulging ; D. pot, a 
 pot, ;i stake, a hoard ; potten, tu hoard.] 
 
 1. .\ vessel more deep than broad, made of earth, 
 or iron, or other metal, itsed for several domestic pur- 
 poses , as, an iron pot for boiling meat or vegetables ; 
 a pot for holding liquors ; a cup ; as, a pot of ale ; an 
 earthen pot for plants, calb-d a flower pot, &c. 
 
 2. The quantity contained in a pot; as, a pot of 
 ale, i. e., a (|uart. 
 
 3. A sort of paper of small-sized sheets. 
 
 To o'o to pot: to be destroyed, ruined, wasted, or 
 expended. loic phra.-<e.] 
 POT, V. t. To preserve seasoned in pots ; as, potted 
 fowl and fish. Drijdcu. 
 
 2. To inclusc or cover in pots of earth. jVortimer. 
 
 3. To put in casks for draining : as, to put sugar, 
 by taking it from the cooler and placing it in hogs- 
 heads with perforated heads, from which the molas- 
 ses percolates tlirough the spongy .stalk of a plantain 
 leaf. Kdwards, If. Indiei. 
 
 PO'TA-RLE, a. [Fr. ; Low L. potabilis ; It. potubile ; 
 from I/, poto, to drink ; polus, drink, Gr. tot-os, from 
 TTU'w, Tio//'i(, to drink.] 
 
 Driukalile; that may be drank; as, water fresh 
 and potable. Bacon. 
 
 Uivers run polabte ^uld. lijilton. 
 
 PO'TA-BLE, 71. Something that may be drank. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 Po'TA-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being diiuk- 
 able. 
 
 POT'.AGE, 71. See Pottage. 
 
 POT'.'\-GER, 71. [from polagr.] A porringer. Grrir. 
 PO-T.AG'RO, ( 71. ,\ kind of pickle imported from the 
 PO-TXR'GO, i West Indies. King. 
 POT'aLE, 71. [pot and ale.] A name in some places 
 
 given to the refuse from a grdiii distillery, used to 
 
 fatten swine. 
 
 POT-A-.MOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. jrora/ioj, a river, and 
 Ao> ./{, discourse.] 
 A treatise on rivers. 
 
 PO'TANCE, 71. With watchmakers, the stud in which 
 the lower pivot of the verge is placed, .^sh. Scott. 
 
 POT'.ASH, 71. [pot and ashes ; 1). potasch ; G. puttas- 
 che ; Dan. potaske ; Fr. potasse.] 
 
 The popular name of the vegetable fixed alkali in 
 an impure state, procured from the ashes of plants 
 by lixiviation and evaporation. Tlie matter remain- 
 ing after evajioration is refined in a crucible or fur- 
 nace, and the extractive substance burnt off or dis- 
 sipated. Potash refined by heat is called Pearlash. 
 The plants which yield the greatest (luantity of pot- 
 ash are wornnvood and fumitory. 
 
 Kiriran, yicUolson, Kncyc. 
 By the discoveries of Sir II. Davy, it appears that 
 the essential jiart of pottish is a metallic o.xyd ; the 
 metal is called Povassii'm, and the alkali, in books 
 of science, is called Potassa. 
 
 PO-T.^S'SA, 71. The scientific name of pure potash 
 or protoxvil of potassium. 
 
 PO-TAS'si-UM, 71. The metallic basis of pure potash. 
 According to Dr. Davy, lUO parts of potassa consist 
 of 8C.1 parts of the basis, and 13.9 of oxygen. 
 
 jiled. Repos. 
 
 Potassium has the most powerful affinity for oxy- 
 gen of all substances known ; it takes it from every 
 other comiKiiind, and hence is a most important 
 agent in chemical analysis. 
 PO-TA'TIO.\, 71. [l..potntio. See Potable.] 
 
 1. A drinking or drinking bout. 
 
 2. A draught. Shak, 
 
 3. A species of drink. Shak. 
 PO-TA'TO, 7.. [Ind. batatas.] 
 
 A plant and the esculent part of the root of the 
 Solaniim tuberosum, a uativc of South America. 
 The wberoiis i>art of the root of this plant, which 
 is usually called potato, constitutes one of the cheap- 
 est and most nourishing species of vegetable food ; 
 it is the principal food of the poor in some countries, 
 and has olteu contributed to prevent famine. It w.is 
 
 POT 
 
 introduced into the British dominions by Sir Walter 
 Ralegh or other adventurers in the ItJtli century ; but 
 it came slowly into use, and at this dtiy is not much 
 cultivated and used in some countries of Europe. In 
 the British dominions and in the United States, it 
 has proved one of the greatest blessings bestowed on 
 man by the (Jreator. 
 Po'TA-'i'O-RY, a. Pertaining to drinking j as, pota- 
 tory power 
 
 POT'-BEL-LI-KD, a. Having a prominent belly. 
 POT'-BEL-LY, 71. A protuberant belly. 
 I'OT'-BOY, 71. A menial in a public house. 
 POTCH, V. t. [Fr. poeher. Eng. to poke.] 
 
 1. To thrust J to push. [J\'ot used.] Shak. 
 
 2. To poach ; to boil slightly. [A'ot used.] 
 
 IViseman. 
 
 POT-eOI\I-PAN'ION, 71. An associate or companion 
 in drinking; applied generally to habitual liard drink- 
 
 PO-TEE.N', 71. Irish whiskev. f<T.v. 
 
 PO'TE-LOT, n. [Qu. G. p'ottloth, D. potlood, black 
 lead.] 
 
 The .sulphuret of molybdenum. Foureroy. 
 
 PO'TENCE, 71. [Fr.] In heraldry, a cross whose 
 ends resemble tue head of a crutch ; also called a 
 Cross Potence. Eneyc. 
 
 PO'TEN-C"Y, 77. [L. potcntia, from potent; possum, 
 posse. See Power.] 
 
 1. Power ; physical power, energy, or efficacy ; 
 strength. Shak. 
 
 2. Sloral power ; influence ; authority. 
 
 Now arriving 
 
 At place of potency and sway o' Ih' state. ShaJc. 
 PO'TENT, a. [l..potni.i.] 
 
 1. Powerful ; physicjilly strong ; forcible ; effica- 
 cious ; as, a potent medicine. 
 
 Motes once mote tils potent rod extends. Milton. 
 9. Powerful, 17! a moral sense; having great influ- 
 ence ; as, potent interest ; a potent argument. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 3. Having great authority, control, or dominion ; 
 as, a potent prince. Shali. 
 
 PO'TENT, 71. A prince ; a potentate. [.Vot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. A walking-staff' or cnitch. [JVot used.] Chaucer 
 PO'TENT-A-CY, 71. Sovereignty. [JVot used.] 
 
 Barrotc. 
 
 PO'TENT-,\TE, 71. [Fr. potentat: It. potentato.] 
 
 A person who possesses great power or sway ; a 
 prince ; a sovereign ; nn emperor, king, or monarch. 
 
 Exalting him not only aI«ovc earthly princ-s and potentates, but 
 al.ovc tiie highest of the cclesti.ij hierarchy. Boyle. 
 
 PO-TEN'TIAL, (-shal,) 0. [L. pofoitia;i.t.] 
 
 1. Iliiving power to impress on us the ideas of cer 
 tain qualities, though the qualities are not inherent 
 in the thing ; as, potential heat or cold. F.ncye. 
 
 2. Existing in possibility, not in act. 
 
 This potential and im.aginary materia prima, can not exi«l with- 
 out fonii. Jiategh. 
 
 3. Efficacious ; powerful. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 Potential cautery, ifi surgcni, is the destruction of 
 
 vitality, and the production of an eschar in any part 
 of the body by an alkaline or metallic salt, &.c., in- 
 stead of a rcii-liot iron, the use of which is called 
 actual cautery. Fueyc. 
 
 Potential mode, in grammar, is that form of the verb 
 which is used to express the pov. er, possibility, lib 
 erty, or necessity, of an action or of being ; as, I may 
 go; he can write. This, in English, is not strictly a 
 distinct mode, but the indicative or declarative mode 
 atfirming the power to act, instead of the act itself. 1 
 may go, or can go, are equivalent to, I have power to 
 
 Ptf-TEN'TIAL, 71. Any thing that may be possible. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 PO-TEN-TI.\L'I-TY, 71. Possibility; not actuality. 
 
 Taylor. BentXey. 
 PO-TEN'TIAI^LY, adii. In possibility; not in act; 
 not positively. 
 
 This duration of human souls is on\y potentiaUy infinite, 
 
 Benlley. 
 
 2. In efficacy, not in actuality ; as, potentially cold. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 PO'TENT-LY, aiic. Powerfully ; with great force or 
 energy. 
 
 You are potently opposed. 
 
 PO'TENT-NESS, n. 
 
 Shot:. 
 
 Powerfulnesa ; strength ; migbL 
 
 [Little ii.tfrf.] 
 PO-TES'TA-TIVE, a. [from L. poteitas.] 
 
 .\nthorit.ative. [JS'ot used.] Pearson. 
 POT'Gi;.\, lor PopGL'n. [J\'ot used.] Swift. 
 POT'-Il ANG ER, n. [pot and Aan/rrr.] A pot-hook. 
 POTIl'E e.\-RY ; contracted from Apothecary, and 
 
 ven,- vulgar. [See the latter] 
 POTH'ER, n. [This word is vulgarly pronounced 
 botAer. Its origin and affinities are not ascertained.] 
 1. Bustle; Confusion; tumult; flutter, [/^iir.] 
 Shak. Siri/L 
 
 9. A RUflbcnling cloud. Drayton. 
 POTH'ER, r. i. To make a blustering, ineffectual ef- 
 fort ; to make a stir. 
 POTH'ER, V. U To harass and perplex ; to puzzle. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE — AN"GER, Vr"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 "851 
 
POU 
 
 POU 
 
 POW 
 
 POT' -HERB, n. A term applied to herbs which are 
 adrted to soups, stews, and various dishes, to increase 
 their nutritious qualities, or to give them flavor, as 
 par^ilt'v, &c. Encyc. of Dom. Eicon. 
 
 roTU'ER-Kn, pp. Harassed and perplexed. 
 
 rOTU'ER IN'G, ppr. Perplexing; pu/,/,lin<,'. 
 
 POT'-HOOK, 71. A hook on which pots and kettles 
 are hun;; over the fire. 
 
 2. A letter or character like a pot-hook ; a scrawled 
 letter. JDnfden. 
 
 POT'-HOUSE, n. An ale-house. fVarton. 
 PO'TION, n. [Fr., from L. jintio : poto, to drink.] 
 A draught ; usually, a liquid medicine ; a dose. 
 
 Bacon. Milton. 
 
 POT'-LID, n. The lid or cover of a pot. Derliam. 
 Pt)T'LIJCK, 71. What may chance to be provided for 
 POT'-.MAN, 71. A pot-companion. [dinner. 
 POT'-MET-j?L, 71. A name vulgarly given to the 
 metal frinn which iron pots are made, fnim an erro- 
 neous idea that it is something different from com- 
 mon pi^ iron. IVilcox. 
 POT'.-^HERD, ) 71. [pot and Sax. sceard, a fracment, 
 POT'SH A RE, \ from scearan, to shear ; D. poUsclierf; 
 G. .ickerhr.] 
 
 A piece or fragment of a broken pot. Joh ii. 
 POT'.«ToNE, 71. Potstone is a variety of .steatite, 
 sometimas manufactured into culinary vessels. 
 
 Clcafdand. Brands. 
 P0T'TA6E, 71. [from pot : Fr. td. : It. pota-ra-h : Port. 
 potaicm : VV. pote.i i Arm. piu/mcli. The early orthog- 
 raphy PoTAGE woultl be [iri-f -raltie.] 
 
 A species of food ma(le of meat boiled to softness 
 in water, usually with some vegetables or sweet 
 herbs. 
 
 POT'TED, pp. or a. Preserved or inclosed in a pot ; 
 
 dr.'iin'Ml in a cask. Edwards. 
 POT'TF;R.7i. [friim pot.] One whose occupation is 
 
 to make earthen vessels. Dryden. Mortimer. 
 
 POT'TER. Pe.- PuDDER. 
 
 •POT'TERN-oRE, 71. A species of ore, which, from 
 its aptness to vitrify like the glazing of potter's ware, 
 tlni miners call bv this name. Boijlc. 
 
 POT'TEK'S-eLA Y, 71. A variety of clay used by pot- 
 t-'t''. 
 
 POT''JER-Y, 71. [Fr. polerie. ; from pot.] 
 
 1. 7^he vessels or ware made by potters ; earthen 
 ware, gla/ed and baked. 
 
 9. The place where earthen vessels are manufac- 
 tured. 
 
 PO T'TING, 71. [frompn*.] Drinking ; tippling. S/inA. 
 9, .'\ placing or preserving in a pot. 
 
 3. In the lVc.it [lulies, the process of putting sugar 
 in casks for draining. Edioards. 
 
 POT'TING, p;)7-. Placing or preserving in a pot; 
 
 draining, as above ; drinking. 
 POT'TLEi 71. [VV. potel, a bottle ; from poL] 
 
 1. A liquid measure of four pints. 
 
 2. A vessel ; a pot or tankard. 
 
 3. More commonly noi/j, a vessel or small basket for 
 holding fruit. Smart. 
 
 POT'q-LE.VT, a. [L. potnlcntus.] 
 
 1. Ni'arly (trunk; rather tipsy. 
 
 2. Fit to drink. 
 
 J'OT-V.'\L'IANT, a. [po( and i-a/i'anf.] Courageous 
 over the cup ; heated to valor by strong drink. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 ••OT-WAL'LOP-ER, 77. A term applied to voters, in 
 certain boroughs in England, where all svlio I/oil (wal- 
 lop) a pot are entitled to vote. Enci/c. .Sm. 
 
 eOT-VVAI/LOP-ING, a. A term applied to certain 
 boroughs in England, where all who boiled a pot 
 were entitled to vote. 
 
 POUCH, 77. [Fr. poche, a pocket or ia^, a purse-net, 
 the paunch ; Ir. ptuan : (J. l/auck, D. bnilc, Sw. biik, 
 Uan. 6115, the belly, from bulging and extending.] 
 
 1. A small bag ; usually a leathern bag to be car- 
 ried in the pocket. Swift. 
 
 2. A protuberant belly. 
 
 3. The bag or sack of a bird, as that of the peli- 
 can. 
 
 POUCH, V. t. To pocket ; to save. Tunfer. 
 
 2. To swallow ; used of fowls, whose crop is called 
 in French por.hc. Dcrliam. 
 
 3. To pout. [JSTnt used.] Ainsworth. 
 POU(;il'f;i), (poucht,) pp. Pocketed ; swallowed. 
 POITCII'I.NG, ;»;7r. Pocketing; saving; swallowing. 
 POUCH'-.MOU'f Il-AD, a. lilubber-lipped. [M<t used.] 
 
 .^tnstrorth. 
 
 POU-rilONG', (poo shong',) n. A kind <^f black tea. 
 POU-DUETTE', 71. [Fr.] A very powerful manure, 
 made from the contents of necessaries dried and 
 mixed with charcoal, gypsum, &c. (tardner. 
 P6UI/-I)A VIS, 71. A sort of sail cloth. [JVu( u.«</.] 
 POUI-E. See Pooi„ [Jlimworlli. 
 POUI.P, 71. IFr. pr.ii/pe.l 
 
 The English name of an eight-footed dibranchiate 
 ccphnlopod, the oclopun, nearly allied to the sepia, or 
 roiiinion cuttle fub. Kirby. 
 POULT, 71. [Ft.poulcL See PouLTiiv.l 
 
 A young chicken, partridge, &c. [Zittie uarA.] 
 
 Kinff. 
 
 POUt,'TKU-ER, 71. [Norm. po/««iM. See Poultkv.] 
 I. One who makes it hiH bumnciis to null fowU for 
 the Uiblc. 
 
 2. Formerly, in England, an officer of the king's 
 household who had the charge of the poultry. 
 
 Phakspeareuses PouLTER. 
 PoUL'TICE, 71. [It. poUa, pap, L. puis, puUis, Gr. 
 770X705.] 
 
 A cataplasm ; a soft composition of meal, bran, or 
 the like substance, to be applied to sores, inflamed 
 parts of the body, &c. Bacon. 
 
 PoUL'TICE, V. t. To cover with a cataplasm. 
 
 PoUL'TIC-£:D, (pol'tist,) pp. Covered with a cata- 
 plasm or poultice. 
 
 PoUL'TIC-ING, ppr. Covering with a poultice. 
 
 POUL'TIVE, for Poultice, is not used. Temple. 
 
 PoULT'RY, 71. [from Fr. poule, a hen, dim. poidet; 
 It. polio, a chicken ; pullame, poultry ; Sp. polta ; L. 
 pnllus, a chicken, or other young animal; allied to 
 Eng. foal ; VV. ebawl, cboles, a filly or colt ; It. pollare, 
 to sprout, L. piiltulo.] 
 
 Domestic fowls which are propagated and fed for 
 the table, and for their eggs, feathers, &c., such as 
 cocks and hens, capons, turkeys, ducks, and geese. 
 
 POULT'RY-YXRD, n. A yard or place where fowls 
 are kept for the use of the table. 
 
 POU.NCE, (pouns,) 77. [Fr. pierre-ponce, pumice-stone ; 
 poiicer, to rub with pumice-stone ; Arm. maen-punci, 
 pumice-stone.] 
 
 \. A fine powder used to prevent ink from spread- 
 ing on paper, as saniiarach pulverized. 
 
 2 Charcoal dust inclosed in some open sli^if, as 
 muslin, &c., to be passed over holes pricked m the 
 work, to mark the lines or designs on a pajier under- 
 neath. This kind of pounce is used by embroiderers 
 to transfer their patterns upon their stuffs, also by 
 lace-makers, and sometimes by engravers. It is also 
 used in varnishing. Cyc. 
 
 3. Cloth worked in eyelet-holes. Todd. 
 POUNCE, V. t. To sprinkle or rub with pounce. 
 POUNCE, 77. [This word seems to be connected with 
 
 the It. punzome, a bodkin, a punch, a push, which is 
 from the L. pnn<ro, whence Sp. punzar.] 
 The claw or talon of a bird of prey. 
 
 POUNCE, V. i. To fall on suddenly ; to fall on and 
 seize with the claws ; with <i7i or up^n ; as, a rapa- 
 cious bird poaiices on a chicken. 
 
 POUNCE'-liOX, 71. A small box with a perforated 
 lid, used fur sprinkling pounce on pa|)er. Skak. 
 
 POUNCED, (pownst,) pp. or a. Furnished with claws 
 or talons. Thomson. 
 2. Sprinkled with pounce. 
 
 POUN'CET-BOX, 77. A small box with perforations 
 on the top, to hold perfume for smelling. 
 
 Shak. Toone. 
 
 POUN'OING, ppr. Furnishing with claws. 
 
 2. Falling suddenly on, and seizing with the 
 claws. 
 
 3. Sprinkling with pounce. 
 
 POUND, 71. [Sax. puiiii ; Goth. Sw. and Dan. pjind; 
 D. pond : G. pfand ; L. pondo, pondus, weight, a pound ; 
 pendo, to weigh, to bend.] 
 
 1. A standard weight consisting of twelve ounces 
 troy, or sixteen ounces avoirdupois. 144 /.ouni/^ av- 
 oirdupois are equal to 175 pounds troy weight. 
 
 McCulloch. 
 
 2. A money of account, consisting of Iweiiiy shil- 
 lings, the value of which is different in different 
 Countries. The pound sterling is equivalent to 
 
 $4.44j~, money of the United States. In New 
 England anil Virginia, the pound is equal to $3.33| ; 
 in New York, to S2.50. 
 
 POUND, 71. [Sax. pyndan, pindrni, to confine.] 
 
 An inclosure, erected by authority, in which cattle 
 or other beasts are confined when taken in trespass- 
 ing, or going at large in violatiiui of law ; a piufidd. 
 
 POIJiNI), V. t. To confine in a iiublic ground. 
 
 POU.ND, V. U [Sax. punian ; W. pwniatB, to beat and 
 to loail.] 
 
 1. To beat ; to strike with some heavy instrument, 
 and with repeated blows, so as to make an impres- 
 sion. 
 
 With cruel blows she pounds lier blubl)creil cheeks. Dryden. 
 
 2. To comminute and pulverize by beating; to 
 bruise or break into fine |Kirts by a heavy instru- 
 ment ; as, to pound spice or salt. 
 
 1. tmil sinikcH wiUi pounding spice llie fiibric reml. Oarth. 
 POII.'VD'AGE, 71. [from pound.] A sum deducted 
 
 from a pound, or a certain sum paid for each 
 pound. Sioifl. 
 
 2. In Enalnnd, a subsidy of 12(/. in the pound, for- 
 merly granted lo the crt)vvn on all goods exported or 
 imported, and if by aliens, more. Blackstone. 
 
 POUND'-liRl-.ACII, 71. The breaking of a public 
 pound for releasing beasts confined in it. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 POUND'ED, pp. or a. Deafen or bruised with a heavy 
 insfrumi'iit : piilverizeil or broken by pounding. 
 2. Ciuifined in a pound ; impounded. 
 POUND'I'.lt, II. A pestle; the instrument of ptxinding. 
 2. A person or thing denominated frmii a certain 
 number of poiiiiils ; as, a cannon is called a twelve- 
 poondrr ; n |ierson of ten pounds annual inciuno is 
 called a ton poutujer. Johmion. 
 I 3. A large pear. Dryden. 
 
 POUND FOOL'ISH. The phrase penny wise and 
 pound foolish, signifies negligent in tlie care of large 
 sums, but careful to save small sums. 
 
 POUND'ING, ppr. Beating; bruising; pulverizing; 
 impounding. 
 
 POUND'-KEEP-ER, 71. One who has the care of a 
 pound. 
 
 POUP'E-TON, 71. [Fr. poupce.] 
 
 A puppet, or little baby. 
 POU'PICS, 71. In cookenj, a mess of victuals made of 
 
 veal steaks and slices of bacon. Bailey. 
 PoUR, V. t. [VV. bwrw, to cast, send, throw, thrust.] 
 
 1. To throw, as a fluid, in a stream, either out of a 
 vessel or into it ; as, to piiiir water/rojii a pail, or out 
 of a pail ; to pour wine int^ a decanter. Pour is ap- 
 propriately, but not exclusively, applied to fluids, and 
 signifies merely to cast or throw, and this sense is 
 modified by out, from, in, into, aaninst, on, upon, un- 
 der, &c. It is applied not only to liquors, but to oth- 
 er fluids, and to substances consisting of fine parti- 
 cles ; as, to pour a stream of gas or air upon a fire ; 
 to pour out sand. It expresses particularly the be- 
 stowing or sending forth in copious abundance. 
 
 1 will pour out my spirit upon all flesh. — Joel ii. 
 To jtour out dust. — Lev. xiv. 
 
 2. To emit ; to send forth in a stream or continued 
 succession. 
 
 London doth pour out her citizens. Sliak. 
 
 3. To send forth ; as, to poiiT- out words, prayers, 
 or sighs ; to pour out the heart or soul. Ps. Ixii. 
 
 4. To throw in profusion or with overwhelming 
 force. 
 
 I will shortly pour out my fury on thee. — Ezek. vii. 
 PoUR, (pore,) v. L To flow ; to issue forth in a stream, 
 or continued succession of parts; to move or rush, 
 asaciirrent. The torrent poiir.< down from the moun- 
 tain, or along the sleep descent. 
 
 2. To rush in a crowd or continued procession. 
 
 A ^hitstly bivnd of ^ants, 
 All pouring down the moiriiiain, crowd tlie sliore. Pope. 
 
 PoUR'JCD, pp. Sent forth ; thrown, as a fluid. 
 PoUR'ER, 71. One tlint pours. 
 
 PoUR'ING, ppr. Seniling, as a fluid ; driving in a 
 
 current or continued stream. 
 POUR'LIEU. See Purlieu. 
 
 POUR-PRES'TIJRE, 71. [Fr. pour, for, and prts. 
 taken.] 
 
 In law, a wrongful inclosure or encroachment on 
 another's property. Encyc. Cowel. 
 
 POUR'SUt-VANT. See PuR-uivinr. 
 POUR-VEY'ANCE. See Purvevance. 
 P(JU.-^SE ; corrupted from Pul9e, peas. Spenser. 
 POUT, 71. A sea-fish, of the Cod kind, about a foot 
 in length; also called t\\e whitinir pout. It has the 
 power of inflating a membrane which covers the 
 eyes and neighboring parts of the head. 
 
 Partington. Yarrell. 
 2 A species of bird. Carew. 
 
 3. A fit of sullenness. [Colloquial.] 
 
 POUT, 7'. I. [Fr. bonder : allied probably to bud, pud- 
 ding, Gr. liiTJvny W.potni; from the sense of bulg- 
 ing or pushing out.] 
 
 1. To thrust out the lips, ,is in sullenness, contempt, 
 or displeasure ; hence, to look sullen. Sliuk. 
 
 2 To shoot out ; to be prominent ; as, pouting lips. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 POUT'ING, ppr. Shooting out, as the lips. 
 
 2. Looking sullen. 
 POUT'ING, 71. Childish sullenness. 
 POUT'L\G-LY, adn. In a pouting or sullen manner. 
 POV'ER-TY, 71. [Norm, pnurrti : Fr. paurrcte ; It. 
 
 povertd ; Sj). and Port, pobrcza ; L. paupertas. See 
 Poor.] 
 
 1. Destitution of property ; indigence ; want of 
 convenient means of subsistence. The consequence 
 of poverty is dependence. 
 
 Tlie drunkard and the glutton shall come lo poverty. — Prov. 
 
 2. Barrenness of sentiment or ornament ; defect ; 
 as, the poverty of a composition. 
 
 3. Want ; defect of words ; as, the poverty of lan- 
 guage. 
 
 POWDER, 71. [Fr. pourfrp, contracted from /iniiWrf ; 
 Arm. poultra ; It. polocre ; Sp. polro : L. pufvis. The 
 G. has pudrr, and the D. pocdrr, but whether frcun 
 the same source I know not. Pulvis is probably Oom 
 pulso, pulto, to beat.] 
 
 1. Any dry substance composed of minute parti- 
 cles, whether natural or artificial ; more genrr.illy, a 
 substance comminuted or triturated to fine particles. 
 Thus dust is the powder of earth ; flour is the powder 
 of grain. But the word is particularly applied 10 
 substances reduced to fine particles for medicinal 
 purposes. 
 
 2. A composition of saltpeter, sulphur, and char- 
 coal, mixed and granulated ; gunpowder. 
 
 ,'1. Hair-powder; pulverized starch. 
 
 Powder uf .^Igarolli. See Ai.oaboth. 
 POVV'DI'.R, V. t. To reduce to fine particliTs ; to com- 
 minute ; to pulverize ; to triturate ; to pound, grind, 
 or rub into fine particles, 
 
 2. To sprinkle with powder; as, to powder th« 
 hair. 
 
 FATE^ FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PKfiV PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 .IS 
 
POW 
 
 POZ 
 
 PRA 
 
 POWDER, V. i. To come violently. 
 
 3. To sprinkle wilb aolt ; to corn, as meat. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 [Xot ll,«rf.] 
 
 VRtitranse. 
 A box in which hair-powder is 
 Oay. 
 
 A cart that carries powder and 
 
 POWDER-BOX, n. 
 kept. 
 
 POU 'DER-eXRT, n, 
 
 shut for artillorv. 
 POWDER-CHEST, it. 
 
 A small box or case charged 
 with piiwder, old liails, &c., fastened to the side of a 
 slirp, to be discharged at an enemy attempting to 
 h..ard. ^^ar. Dirt. 
 
 PO\V'l)RR-£D, pp. or a. Reduced to powder ; sprink- 
 led wiih iKiwder ; corned ; salted. 
 P()Wl)ER-FLXt*K, n. A flask in which gunpowder 
 i< carried. 
 
 POWDER-HORN, it. A horn in which gunpowder 
 is carried liv sportsmen. Swift. 
 
 POWDER-I'NG, ppr. Pulverizing ; sprinkling with 
 powder; cornine; salting. 
 
 POWDER-Ii\G-TUB, ii. A tub or vessel in which 
 meat is corned or salted. 
 
 2. Tile place where an infected lecher is cured. 
 
 Shnk. 
 
 POWDER-MILL, 71. A mill in which gunpowder is 
 made. JirbuVinot. 
 
 POWDER-MINE, n. A cave or hollow in which 
 powder is placed to be fired at a proper time. 
 
 Rtiirlry. 
 
 POWDER-ROOM, n. The apartment in a ship where 
 
 gunjwwder is kept. IValler. 
 POWDER-Y, a. Friable ; easily crumbling to pieces. 
 
 3. Diistv ; sprinkled with powder. 
 3. Rcsrmbhng powder. 
 
 POWDIKE, n. ,\ marsh or fen dike. [ImcoL] 
 POWER, n. [Fr. poutoir ; Jiotm. potare ; from the 
 root of l?p. and Port. /»«/fr, II. pni/frc ; or rather the 
 same word varied in orthography. The l^aiin has 
 possPy pnssumj pottSy pateiitm. The primary sense of 
 the verb is, to strain, or exert force.] 
 
 1. In a pktlosnphical sense^ the faculty of doing or 
 performing any thing ; the faculty of moving or of 
 producing a change in something ; ability or strength. 
 A man raises his hand by his own power, or by pow- 
 er moves another body. The exertion of ptiwer pro- 
 ceeds from the will, and, in strictness, no being des- 
 titute of will or intelligence can exert pom r. Pow 
 er in man is active or ^peculaticr. .Retire poireristhat 
 which moves the body ; speculative power is that by 
 which we see, judge, remember, or, in general, by 
 whirl) we think. 
 
 Power may exist without exertion. We have pow- 
 er to speak when we are silent. Loeke. Rrid. 
 
 Power has been distinguished also into nrlicc and 
 pasgire, the power ofthitiir or morin^, and the power 
 of receiving impressions or of siiffrritifr. In .vfrici- 
 ^f^^■, pa.^.v/c* power is ah absurdity in terms. To say 
 thrit gold li.xs a power to be meltt;d, is improper lan- 
 guage ; yet for want of a more appropriate word, pow- 
 er is often used in a passive sense, and is considered 
 as twofold ; viz., as able to make, or able to receive, 
 any change. Cj/c. 
 
 2. Force ; animal strength ; as, the power of the 
 arm, exerted in lifting, throwing, or holding. 
 
 3. Force ; strength ; energy ; as, the power of the 
 mind, of the imagination, of the fancy. He has not 
 powers: of genius adequate to the work. 
 
 4. Faculty of the mind, as manifested by a partic- 
 ular mode of operation ; as, the power of thinking, 
 comparing, and judging ; the reasoning powers. 
 
 5. Ability, natural or moral. We .say, a man has 
 the power of doini good ; his property gives him the 
 power of relieving the distressed ; or, he has the pow- 
 er to persuade others to do good ; or, it is not in his 
 power to pay his debts. The moral power of man is 
 also his power of judging or discerning in moral sub- 
 jects. 
 
 6. In mechanic!, that which produces, or tends to 
 produce, motion. It is op|K>sed to the weijrht, or that 
 which is acted upon. [See also Mccha.mcal Pow- 
 ers.] 
 
 7. In optici, the degree to which a convex lens, or 
 concave mirror, magnifies. Olmsted. 
 
 8. Force. The great power of the screw is of ex- 
 tensive use in compression. The power of steam is 
 iniinrnse. 
 
 9. That quality "in any natural body which pro- 
 duces a change, or makes an impression on another 
 body ; as, the power of medicine ; the power of heat ; 
 the power of sound. 
 
 10. Force ; strength ; momentum ; as, the power 
 of the wind, which propels a ship or overturns a 
 building. 
 
 11 Influence; that which may prove the mind; 
 as, the power of arguments or of persuasi(m. 
 
 19. Command ; the right of governing, or actual 
 govcrnmi nt ; dominion ; rule ; sway ; authority. A 
 large portion of Asia is under the power of the'Rus- 
 sian empeior. The poir«- of the British monarch is 
 limited by law. The power.i of government are leg- 
 islative, executive, judicial, and ministerial. 
 
 PoaxT ii no UnslDg in iwlf, but when it U employed to prot<^t 
 IIM? innocent. Siri/L 
 
 Under this sense may be comprehended civil, po- 
 litical, ecclesiastical, and military power. 
 
 13. A sovereign, whether emjM^ror, king, or gov- 
 erning prince, or the legislature of a Stale ; as, the 
 powers of Europe ; the great powers : the smaller 
 powers. In this sense, the state or nation governed 
 seems to be included in the word power. Creat 
 Britain is a great naval power. 
 
 14. One invested with authority; a ruler; a civil 
 magistrate. Rom. xiii. 
 
 15. Divinity ; a celestial or invisible being or agent 
 supposed to have dominion over some part of crea- 
 tion ; as, celestial powers ; the powers of darkness. 
 
 IG. That which has physical power; an army; a 
 navy ; a host ; a military force. 
 
 Ni-v.T such a ;>oi«i 
 
 levied iu the l«»ly ul u land. Shak. 
 
 17. Legal authority ; warrant ; as, a power of at- 
 torney ; an agent invested with ample power. The 
 envoy lias full powers to negotiate a treaty. 
 
 18. In arilhmetic and altreUra, the product arising 
 from the multiplication of a number into itself; as, 
 a cube is the third power; the hiquadrate is the fourth 
 power. Any number is called the first power of it- 
 self, llutton, 
 
 19. In Scripture, right ; privilege. John i. 1 
 Cor. ix. 
 
 20. Angels, good or bad. Col. i. Eph. vi. 
 
 21. Violence ; force ; compulsion. Eiek. iv. 
 
 22. Christ is called the po-er ef Ooil, as through 
 him and his gospel. Cod disnlays his power and au- 
 thority in ransoming and saviiij sinners. 1 Cor. i. 
 
 23. The powers of heaven I.iay denote the celestial 
 luminaries. Matt. xxiv. 
 
 24. Satan is said to have the power of death, as he 
 introduced sin, the cause of death, temporal and eter- 
 nal, and torments men with the fear of death and fu- 
 ture misery. 
 
 25. In eulaar lanipiage, a large quantity ; a great 
 number; as, a power of good things. 
 
 [This is, I believe, obsolete, even among our com- 
 mon people.] 
 
 Power of attorney; a written authority given to a 
 person to act for another. 
 POWEK-FUL, a. Having great physical or mechan- 
 ical power ; strong ; forcible ; mighty ; as, a power- 
 ful army or navy ; a powerful engine. 
 
 2. Having great moral power ; forcible to persuade 
 or convince the mind ; as, a powerful reason or ar- 
 gument. 
 
 3. Possessing great political and military power ; 
 strong in extent of dominion or national resources ; 
 piit(*nt ; as, a powerful monarch or prince; a power- 
 ful nation. 
 
 4. Etficacious ; possessing or exerting great force 
 or producing great effects ; as, a powerful medicine. 
 
 .'). In general, able to produce great effects ; exert- 
 ing great force or energy ; as, powerful eloquence. 
 The word of tiod U quick and poufer/ul. — Heb. [r. 
 6. Strong ; intense ; as, a powerful heat or light. 
 POWER-FIJL-LY, adv. With great force or energy; 
 potently ; mightily ; with great effect ; forcibly ; ci- 
 ther in a physical or moral sense. Certain medicines 
 operate powerfullij on the stomach ; the practice of 
 virtue is powrrfuihi recommended bv iU utility. 
 POWER-FIJL-.N ESS, 71. The quality of having or 
 exerting great power ; force ; power ; might. 
 
 HakeirUl. 
 
 POWER-LESS, a. Destitute of power, force, or en- 
 ergy ; weak ; impotent ; not able to produce any ef- 
 fect. Shak. 
 
 POWER-LESS-NESS, n. Destitution of power. 
 
 Chalmers. 
 
 POWER-LOOM, n. .\ loom worked by water, steam, 
 
 or some merhanical power. 
 POWER-PRESS, n. A printing press worked by 
 
 steam, water, or other power. 
 POWL'DRO.V, n. [Uu. Fr. epauh, the shoulder.] 
 In heraldry, that part of armor which covers the 
 
 shoulders. Sandys. 
 POWTER, ) n. A variety of the common domestic 
 POU'TER, ) pigeon, with an infl.ated breast. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 POWWOW, ) n. .\mong tJie A*or(A .American Indians, 
 PA WW AW, ( a priest, or C(mjHrer. Hence, 
 
 2. Conjuration iM-rfitrmed for the cure of diseases 
 and other purposes, aitended with great noise and 
 confusitin, and ollen with dancing. Career. 
 POX, n. [A corruption of pocks, Sax. poc or pace, D. 
 pok, that is, a push, eruption, or pustule. It is prop- 
 erly a plural word, but by usage is singular.] 
 
 Strictly, pustules or eruptions of any kind, hut 
 chiefly or whcdiy restricted to three or four diseas<:8, 
 the small-pox, chicken-pox, the v.acciiie, and the 
 venereal diseases. Poi, when used without an e|>- 
 ithet, signifies the lalter, lues renrrea. 
 POY, n. [Sp. apoyo, a prop or stay, Fr. appuL The 
 verb signifies, to bear or lean upon, from the root of 
 poitf.] 
 
 A rope-dancer's pole. 
 P07.E, for Pose, to puzzle. [See Pose.] 
 P07,-ZU O-LA'.NA, j n. Volcanic ashes, used in the 
 P07,-Z0-LX'.\A, j inanufactureofmortir, which 
 
 hardens under water. They are from Po/ziioli, in 
 Italv. Brandt. P. Cye. 
 
 PRAG'Tie, for Pbaciical, is not in use. It was for- 
 merly used fi>r Practical; and Spenser uses it in 
 the sense of artful. 
 
 PRAA.M, (prilni,) n. [D.] A flat-liottiinud boat or 
 lighter; used in Holland and the Hnltir for c<»nvey- 
 ing goods to and from a vessel, in loading and un- 
 loading. 
 
 PRAC-TI-rA-nil/I-TY, ) n. [from praetlenhle.l 
 PRAe'TI-CA-HI,E-.\ESS, j The quality or state of 
 
 being prai ticable ; feasibility. 
 PRAe'TI-€A-HLE, a. I Fr. pratficaJfc ; Xl. praeticabilt ; 
 
 Sp. prnrlicable. See Practice.] 
 
 1. That may be done, effected, or perforuied by 
 human means, or by powers that can be applictl. It 
 is sometimes synonymous with Po^sihli:, but the 
 words differ in this ; possible is applied to that which 
 might be jHrformed, if the necessar) |K'Uers or 
 means could be obtained ; practicable is limited in \li 
 application to things which are to be performed by 
 the means given, or which may be "pplieil. It was 
 possible for Archimedes to lift the \ .orld, but it was 
 not practicable. 
 
 2. That may be practiced ; as, a practicable virtue 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. That admits of use, or that may be passed or 
 traveled ; as, a practicable road. In mdttnry offairs, 
 a practicable breach is one that can be entered by 
 troops. .Milford. 
 
 Where the poMage over the Euphntea i« most praclicable. 
 
 Murjihy. 
 
 PRAC'TI-eA-BLY, adv. In such a manner as may 
 be performed. ** A rule prncticably applied before his 
 eyes," is not correct language. It is probably a mis- 
 take fitr pructically. Rogers. 
 
 PRAG'TI-CAL, a. [L. practicus ; It. pratico ; Ft. 
 pratique ; Sp. practico. See Practice.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to practice or action. 
 
 2. (.'apable of practice or active use ; opfiosed to 
 Speculative ; as, a practical understanding. 
 
 ^'ouCA, 
 
 3. That may be used in practice ; that may be ap- 
 plied to use ; as, practical knowledge. TdluUon. 
 
 4. That reduces his knowledge or theories to actu- 
 al use ; as, a practical man. 
 
 5. Derived from practice or experience ; as, practi- 
 eal skill or knowleilge. 
 
 PR.Ae''l'I-e.\L J6KE, n. A trick played uptui some 
 one, usually to the injury or annoyance of his per- 
 son. 
 
 PR.\e'TI-eAL-LY, adv. In relation to practice. 
 
 2. By means of practice or use ; by experiment ; 
 as, practically wise or skillful. 
 
 3. In pnictice or use; as, a medicine prarticatly 
 safe ; theoreticallv wrong, but praclicallii right. 
 
 PRAe'Tl-CAL-.NESS, ( n. The quality of being prac- 
 PRAe-TI-eAL'I-rY, ( tlcal. 
 
 PRAG'TICE, (prak'tis,) n. fSp. prartica ; It. pra/ica ; 
 Fr. pratique ; (Ir. rrpa«ri«ri, from the root of ttooo m, 
 wpiirru, to act, to do, to make. The root of this 
 verb is njjay, or Tronic, as appears by the derivatives 
 rpaj/iu, rrouitriifj), and from the same root, in other 
 languages, are formed G. brauchen, to use, brauch, 
 use, practice ; D. gebruiken, to use, employ, enjoy ; 
 bruikir, a tenant, one that occupies a farm ; Sax. iru- 
 can, to use, to enjoy, to eat ; whence Eng. to brook, 
 and broker ; Dan. bruger, to use or employ ; brug, 
 use, practice, Sw. bruka; L. fruor, for frugor, or 
 
 frucor, whence fruetus, contracted into fruit ; It. 
 
 freacair, use, pritctice, frequency ; L. frrquens. The 
 W. pratth, practice, preithiaw, to practice, may be 
 the same word, with the loss of the palatal letter 
 c or g.] 
 
 1. Frequent or customary actions ; a succession of 
 acts of a similar kind or in a like employment ; as, 
 the practice of rising early or of dining late; the 
 practice of reading a portion of Scripture morning 
 and evening ; the practice of making regular entries 
 of accounts ; the practice of virtue or vice. Habit 
 is the effect of practice. 
 
 2. Use ; customary use. 
 
 Ob«olflr wonU in^y he revived when they ore more •oun<Iln j or 
 fi^iificaiil Ulan those in pracuct. Dnflen. 
 
 3. Dexterity acquired by use. [Uniuiial.] Shak. 
 
 4. .Vctual performance; distinguished from The- 
 oRy. 
 
 Then* are two fiinctioni of the toul, contemplntion an<l praeiet, 
 aceonlin^ to the ^nera) divtuon of objicta, some ol uhtch 
 only eiitenain our speculatlona, etben euipluy our acudiia. 
 
 Soulh. 
 
 .'). .Application of remedies ; medical treatment of 
 diseases. Two physicians may differ widely in their 
 practice. 
 
 I). Exercise of any profession ; as, the practice of 
 law or of medicine ; the practice of arms. 
 
 7. Frequent use ; exercise for instruction or disci- 
 pline. The trtxips are daily called out fi>r practice. 
 
 8. Skillful or artful management ; dexterity in con- 
 trivance or the use of means; art ; stratagem ; arti- 
 fice ; usually in a bad sense. 
 
 [This use of the word li genuine ; Sp. praciteo, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IT.MTE. — AX"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 TTT 
 
 853 
 
PRA 
 
 PRA 
 
 PRA 
 
 skillful, It. pratico .* like expert^ from L. erperUtr. It 
 is not !i iiiist;ike, as Johnson supposes. See the verb.] 
 9. A rule in arithmetic, by which the operations of 
 tlie EtMicral rules are abridsed in use. 
 PR.'^e'TICE, j\ «. [Frou) the noun. The orthosraphy 
 of the verl) ou{;ht to he the same as that of the noun ; 
 as in nntice and to tinticf.] 
 
 1. To do or perform frequently, customarily, or ha- 
 bitually ; to perform by a succession of acts ; as, to 
 practice gamin<! ; to practice fraud or deception ; to 
 practice the virtues of charity and beneficence; to 
 practice hypocrisy. Is. xxxii. 
 
 Many pr.iise viniie wlio do not practice it. Anon, 
 
 2. To use or exercise any profession or art ; as, to 
 practice law or medicine j to practice gunnery or sur- 
 veying. 
 
 3. To use or exercise for instruction, discipline, or 
 dexterity. 
 
 [In this sense^ the verb is usually intra;isitive.] 
 
 4. To commit ; to perpetrate ; as, the liorrors prac- 
 ticed at VVyoiuiiig. JiJarshalL 
 
 5. To use; as, a practiced road. lUnusuaL] 
 
 Milford. 
 
 PRACTICE, V. i. To perform certain acts frequently 
 or customarily, either for instruction, profit, or tiinuse- 
 meiit ; as, to practice with the broadsword ; to prac- 
 tice with the rifle. 
 
 2. To form a habit of acting in any manner. 
 
 They sliall practice how to live secure. JiJUlon. 
 
 3. To transact or negotiate secretly. 
 
 I have practiced with him, 
 And found me.ans lo let the victor know 
 
 That Syphax and Seuiproutua are his friends. Addison, 
 
 4. To try artifices. 
 Olhere, hy guilty artifice and arts 
 
 Of promised kimhiess, practiced on our hearts. Granville. 
 
 5. To use evil arts or stratagems. 
 
 If you there 
 Did practice on my sute. 
 
 6. To use medical methods or experiments. 
 
 1 am little inclined to practice on others, and as little that others 
 shuiiKl practice on me. Temple. 
 
 7. To exercise any employment or profession. A 
 physician has practiced many years with success. 
 
 PR.\e'TIC-£D, (prak'tist,) /;;). Uone by a repetition 
 of acts; customarily i»erformed or used. 
 
 2. a. Having had much practice ; as, a practiced 
 orator. 
 
 PK.\e'TI-CER, n. One that practices ; one that cus- 
 tomarily performs certain acts. 
 
 2. One who exercises a profession. In this sense 
 PRACTtTioNER is generally used. 
 
 PR.4e'TI-CI.\G,;(p)-. Performing or using customarily; 
 exercisini;, as an art or profession. 
 
 PR.AG'TI-CING, a. Engaged in the use or exercise 
 of any profession ; as, a practicing physician or at- 
 torney. 
 
 PRAC'TI-SANT, 7!. An agent. [J<i-ot used.] Sliak. 
 
 PRAC'TItfE, V. t. and i. .'^ec Phautick. 
 
 [There is no reason why the noun and verb should 
 not both be spelled with c, as in notice^ sacrifice.^ ap- 
 prentice., and all like cases where the accent precedes 
 the last sylbible. The distinction in spelling between 
 the noun and the verb properly belongs only to 
 words which are accented on the last syllable, as 
 device and deri.ie, where the verb has the sound of 
 izc. The spelling practise tends to give it the same 
 sound, as we see in uneducated persons ; and hence 
 it is desinible to follow the regular analogy and write 
 the noun and verb alike.] 
 
 PRAe-TI"TION-ER, (prak-tish'un-er,) w. One who 
 is engaged in the actual use or exercise of any art or 
 profession, particularly in law or medicine. 
 
 2. One who does any thing customarily or habitu- 
 ally, 'miitgiftc. 
 
 3. One that practices sly or dangerous arts. South. 
 PR/EC'I-PE, (prcs'i-py,) 71. [L.] In law, a writ com- 
 
 maniling something to be done, or requiring a reason 
 for neglecting it. 
 PR/E-eOG'M-TA, Tt. pi. [L., before known.] Things 
 previously known in oraer to understand something 
 else, 'i'hus a knowledge of the structure of the liu- 
 mttn body is.one of the prwcognita of medical science 
 and skill. 
 
 PR/E.VI-IJ-NI'RE, (preni-yu-nl're) n. [A corruption 
 of tile L,, pru-niunerCj to pre-adiiioiiisli.J 
 
 1 A writ, or the offense for which it is granted. 
 The offense consists in introducing a foreign auth<»r- 
 ily or power into England ; tlitit is, iiitniduciiig and 
 niaint.'iining the papal jituver, creatinfvitnperium in 
 iinperio.and yieltling that obedience to the miindtites 
 of the \i'i\ir, which eoiiHtitutioiially belongs to the 
 king, ilotli the offense and the writ are so denomi- 
 nati'il from the worils used in the writ, prirnmnire 
 fiuia.1, caiMe A II to be forewarniMl to appear before 
 UK to answer the contempt wherewith he stands 
 charged. Blaclutone. Kncyc. 
 
 2. 'I'hc penalty incurred by infringing a statute. 
 
 .SV/u(/j. 
 
 PRJE-J\rr)'MFJ\r, n. [L.l Among the Hmnans, the 
 first name of a |H!r«on, liy which individuals of the 
 name family were distinguliihed. 
 
 PR/E-TEX'TA, n. [L.] A white robe with a purple 
 border, worn by a Roman boy before he was entitled 
 to wear the toga virilis,or until about the completion 
 of his fourteenth year. It was worn by girls until 
 their marriage. Smitlt's Diet. 
 
 PR^'TOR. 71." See Phetob. 
 
 PR.C-To'RI-UJI, 71. [from prator.] That part of a 
 Roman camp in which the general's tent stood. 
 
 Srande. 
 
 2. A hall of justice in Rome; also, a patrician's 
 seat or manor house. Elmes. 
 PRAG-MAT'ie, )a. [h. pragmaticus ; Gr. iro.iy- 
 PRAG-MAT'ie-AL, ( ;/ar.«es, from irp.ij busi- 
 ness ; 7rpiirT<r(.i, to do. See Phactice.] 
 
 1. Forward to intermeddle ; meddling ; imperti- 
 nently busy or officious in the concerns of others, 
 without leave or invitation. 
 
 The feUow grew so pra^natical, that he took upon him the Gfov- 
 ut of niy whole family. ArbuthnoC. 
 
 2. In Grrman 7criters, a pratrmatic history is a his- 
 tory which exhibits clearly the causes anil the coii- 
 setpiences of events. JMarduck. 
 
 Pratrmatic sanction ; a term derived from the By- 
 zantine empire, denoting a solemn ordinance or de- 
 cree of the head or legislature of a state upon weighty 
 matters. In European history, two decrees under 
 this name are particularly celebrated. One of these, 
 issued by Charles VII. of France, A. D. 1«8, was 
 the fountiation of the liberties of the Gallican church ; 
 the other, issued by Charles VI. of Germany, A. D. 
 17Q4, settled his hereditary dominions on his eldest 
 dauiihter, the archduchess Alaria Theres.a. P. Cifc. 
 
 PRAG-MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a meddling manner ; 
 impertinently. 
 
 2. In a manner that displays the connection and 
 causes of ocrtirrences. JMurdock. 
 
 PRAG-MAT'ie-AL-NESS, 71. The quality of inter- 
 niedilling without right or invitation. 
 
 PRAG'iM.'V-TIST, 77. One who is impertinently busy 
 or ineildling. Reynolds. 
 
 PRAI'RIE, (pra're,) 77. [Fr. prairie.] 
 
 An extensive tract of land, mostly level, destitute 
 of trees, and covered with tall, coarse grass. These 
 prairies are numerous in the United States, west of 
 the Alleghany Mountains, especially between the 
 Ohio, Mississippi, and the great lakes. 
 
 PRaI'RIE-DOG, 71. A small rodent animal, the 
 sperniophilus ludivicianus, allied to the marmot, and 
 found on the prairies west of the Mississippi. These 
 animals live beneath the ground, in large warrens, 
 containing many hundred, and are characterized by a 
 sharp bark, like that of a small dog. Kirby. W. Irring. 
 
 PRaIS'A-BLE, (praz'a-bl,) a. That may be praised. 
 [Md used.] IViclif. 
 
 PR-\ISE, (praze,) 71. [D. p7T/s, praise and price; G. 
 preis, praise, price, prize, value ; Dan. priis, Sw. 
 pris, id. ; W. pris, price, value ; Fr. prix : It. prczzo ; 
 Sp. precio, price, value ; presa, a prize ; VV. prid ; L. 
 pretium ; Sp. prez, glory, praise ; Scot. prySj praise 
 and prize. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Commendation bestowed on a person for his 
 personal virtues or worthy actions, on meritorious 
 actions themselves, or on any thing valuable ; appro- 
 bation expressed in words or song. Praise may be 
 expressed by an individual, and in this circumstance 
 differs from Fame, Renown, and Celebrity, which 
 are the expression of the approbation of numbers, or 
 public commendation. When praise is applied to 
 the expression of public approbation, it may be 
 synonymous with Renown, or nearly so. A man 
 may deserve the praise of an individual, or of a 
 nation. 
 
 There are men wlio always confound the j/raise of goodness widi 
 Uie practice. JtatiUtler. 
 
 2. The expression of gratitude for personal favors 
 conferred ; a glorifying or extolling. 
 
 He h;Uh put a new song into my inoutli, even praise to our God. 
 -Ps. il. 
 
 3. The object, ground, or reason, of praise. 
 
 He is thy praise, and he is thy God. — Dent. x. 
 
 PRaISE, ». t. [D, prtjzcn, to praise; pnjzceren, to 
 estimate or value ; G. prrisen, to praise ; Dan. pru^er, 
 to praise, extol, or lift up; Sw. ;irisa : VV. prisiam : 
 Arm. 7<rc,<a ; Fr. priser, to prize, to valiiC ; It. ]trez- 
 zare ; Sp. preciar ; Port, prczar, to estimate prezarse, 
 to botist or glory. It appears tliat praise, price, prize, 
 are all from one root, the primary sense of which is, 
 to lift, to r.'iise, or rather to strain. So from L. totlo, 
 er.tollo, we have eitol. Now, in Dan. roser, Sw. rasa, 
 signifies to praise, and it may bo questioned whether 
 this is praue without a prefix, 'i'lie Latin pretium, 
 W. prid, is probably from the same root, denoting 
 that which is (nArn for a thing solil, or the risiiin- or 
 amount, as we use Ai;rA ; a high value or price ; corn 
 o 
 
 is high. In Pcrs. afaraz, is high, lofty ; 
 
 u - - 
 
 ^tXjj|^\ afruzidan, to cxtul. Clu. Fr. prflTier, 
 for prosner.] 
 
 1. To commend ; to applaud ; to express approba- 
 tion of personal worth or actions. 
 
 We praise not Hector, llioug^h his name we know 
 
 Is ^eat in arms ; 'tis hard to praise a foe. Dryden. 
 
 2. To extol in words or song ; to magnify ; to 
 glorify on account of perfections or excellent works. 
 
 Praise him, all his an jels ; praise ye liim, ail his hosts. — Ps. 
 
 3. To express gratitude for personal favors. Ps. 
 cxxxviii. 
 
 4. To do honor to ; to display the excellence of. 
 All thy works shall praise thee, O Lord. — Pa. cxlv. 
 
 PRaIS'ED, (prazd,) pp. Commended; extolled. 
 PRaISE'F.Ol, a. Laudable ; commendable. [JVo! 
 
 M.<tf7/.] Sidney. 
 PR.aIS'ER, 7!. One who praises, commends, or extols ; 
 
 an applaiider ; a comineiider. Sidney. Donne. 
 PRaISE'LESS, a. Without praise oricommendation, 
 
 Sidney, 
 
 PRSrsE'WOR-TIII-LV, (priize'wur-tfie-le,) adv. In 
 a m.inner deserving of coniiiiendation. Spenser. 
 
 PRaISE'WOR-THI-iNESS, 77. The quality of deserv- 
 ing rommendatiii\i. Smith. 
 
 PRaISE'VVOR-TIIY, (praze'wur-the,) a. Deserving 
 of pritise or applause ; commendable ; as, a praise- 
 worthy action. Mrbuthnot. 
 
 PRaIS'IJs'G, ppr. Commending; extolling in words 
 
 PRAM, } T Tor song. 
 
 PUAME,i [D. praam.] L 
 
 1. A flat-bottomed boat or lighter ; used in Holland 
 for conveying goods to or from a ship in loading or 
 unloading. [See Praam.] Encyc. 
 
 2. In military affairs, a kind of floating battery or 
 fiat-bottomed vessel, mounting several cannon ; used 
 in covering the disembarkation of troops. Encyc. 
 
 PR.\NCE, (prUns,) v. i. [W. pranciaw, to frolic, to 
 play a prank, fiom rhanc, a reaching or craving, the 
 same as 7-a7t/i: ,* Ir. rincim, to dance ; Port, brincar, to 
 sport ; Sp. brincar, to leap. It is allied to prank, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. To spring or bound, as a horse in high mettle. 
 
 Now nile liiy prancing steed. Gay. 
 
 2. To ride with bounding movements ; to ride 
 ostentatiously. 
 
 Tl/ insulting tyrant prancing o'er the field. Addison. 
 
 3. To walk or strut about in a showy manner or 
 with warlike parade. StcifU 
 
 PR.HNC'ING, (prans'ing,) ppr. or <r. Springing; 
 bounding ; riding with gallant show. 
 
 PR.^N'C'IXG, 11. A springing or bounding, as of a 
 high-spirited horse. .Judg. v. 
 
 PR.\NK, V. t. [If 71 is not radical, this word coincides 
 with G. prachl, D. and Dan. ;ira^(,Sw. prackt, pomp, 
 magnificence ; also with G. prungcn, to shine, to 
 make a show ; D. pronkcn, to shine or make a show, 
 to be adorned, to strut; Dan. prnnger, to prance, to 
 make a show, to sell by retail ; the latter sense per- 
 haps from breaking ; Sw. prunka. So in Port. 
 brincar, to sport ; Sp. id. to leap. These are evidently 
 
 the Ar. O^J baraka, to adorn, to lighten. Prink is 
 
 probably from the same root.] 
 
 To adorn in a showy manner ; to dress or adjust 
 to ostentation. 
 
 In sumptuous tin* slie joyed herself to prank. l^fdton. 
 It is often followed by iq>. 
 
 And me, poor lowly maid, 
 Most godde»s-IikcpranA-( up. Shak. 
 
 PRANK, 71. [W. pranc] 
 
 1. Propfr/i/, a sudden start or .sally. [Sec Pbance.] 
 Hence, a wild flight ; a capering ; a gambol. 
 
 2. A capricious action ; a ludicrous or merry trick, 
 or a mischievous act, rather for sport than injury. 
 Children often play their pranks on each other. 
 
 In came Uie harpies and played their accustoinctl pranks. 
 
 nalegh. 
 
 PRANK, a. Frolicsome ; full of gambols or tricks. 
 
 Brewer. 
 
 PR \NK'I^'^' i ^'^"""^^ " showy manner. 
 PKANK'IOR, 71. One that dresses ostentatiously. 
 PRANK'ING, ppr. Setting off or adorning for display. 
 PRANK'ING, 71. Ostentatious display of dress. 
 PRA.MK'ISII, a. Full of pranks. {Jlare. 
 PRASE, ji. A silicious mineral ; a subspecies of quartz, 
 
 of a leek green color. Cleavdand. 
 PRAS'I-NfJUS, a. [L. prasinus.] 
 
 Grass green ; clear lively green, without any mix- 
 ture. Lindley, 
 PRA'SON, (pra'sn,) n. [Gr. nuaaov.] 
 
 A leek ; also, a sea-wccd green as a leek. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 PRATE, V. i. [D. praaten, to prate ; Sw. prala, to 
 tattle ; Gr. fpaiaoi. Uu, allied perhaps to Sax. rad, 
 speech.] 
 
 To talk much and without weight, or to little pur- 
 pose ; to be lo<iuaciouj ; as the vulpur express it, to 
 run on. 
 
 To praui nnd talk for life and honor. Stiak. 
 Antl iniike a fool premnne to prats of love. Dryden. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — MCTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.- 
 
PRA 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 PKATE, V. U To utter foolislily. 
 
 WhiU nonsonm' wonKl ihf fool, thy maalT, pmtt, 
 
 \Vln-ii th«u, liU kiiuve, Ciuial u^lk'ut such a r.ite 1 DryUn. 
 
 PRATE, 71. Ciintinued talk to little purpose ; trifiing 
 
 talk ; uuineanini; li«|Uiicity. Sliak. Denham. 
 
 PKaT'ER, n. One that talks imicli to little purpose, 
 
 or on trifling subjects. Southrrn. 
 Pll.\T'IiNO, /)/"•• or a. Talking niucli on a trilling 
 
 subject ; talking idlv. 
 PRST'ING, n. Foolish, idle talk. 
 PRAT'INU-LY, adv. With much idle talk ; with 
 
 loi;uacity. 
 
 PRAT'tUUE, (prat'eek,) n. [U. ■pratica ; Sp.praelica ; 
 i't. praliqiic. See Piuctice.] 
 
 In commerce, primarily, converse ; intercourse ; 
 the comntuniiaticui between a ship and the port in 
 which she arrives. Hence, a license or permission 
 to hold intercourse and trade with the inhabitants of 
 a place, after having |H'rformed <|uarantinc, or npon 
 a certificate that the ship did not come from an in- 
 fected place ; a term used particularly in the south 
 of Europe, where vessels coming from countries in- 
 fected with contagious diseases are subjected to 
 quarantine. 
 
 PR.XT'TLE, II. i. [dim. ofpro^!!.] To talk much and 
 idly ; to be loquacious on trilling subjects. 
 
 Locke, Addison, 
 This word is particularly applied to the talk of 
 children. 
 
 PRAT'TLE, n. Trifling talk ; loquacity on trivial 
 subject.s. 
 
 Mfre pmUltt without practice, 
 Is liis soUlii-nhip. Shalt. 
 
 PRAT'TLE-MEXT, n. Prattle. Ha^iteij, 
 PRAT'TLER, n. An idle talker. Ilerlrrt. 
 PRAT'TUNG, ppr, or a. Talking much on trivial 
 alfairs. 
 
 PRAV'I-TY, n. [L. pravitas, from praviis, crooked, 
 evil.] 
 
 Deviation from right ; moral perversion ; want of 
 rectitude ; corrupt state ; as, the praritif of human 
 nature; the j^rarify of the will. Jlifttm. Smttli. 
 PRAWN, )i. A small, crustaceous animal of the 
 siirimp family, with a serrated beak or snout bend- 
 ing upward. It is highly prized for food. P. Cyc. 
 PRAX'IS, n, [Gr. See Practice.] Use ; practice. 
 
 Coventry. 
 
 2. An example or form to teach practice. Loirlh. 
 PRAY, V. I. [Fr. prier ; It. prepare : L. precor ; Russ. 
 prochu; allied, perhaps, to the Sax. frwj^aan, G. fra- 
 gcn, D. vraarren, ^w.fraga, to ask, L. proco. This 
 word belongs to the same family as preach and rc- 
 proacli, Heb. Cli. Syr. Eth. and Ar. 113, to bless, to 
 reproach ; rendered in Job ii. 9, to curse ; properly, to 
 reprtKicli, to rail at, or u|)braid, W. rhcftu. The 
 primary sense is, to throw, to pour forth sounds or 
 
 words ; for the same word in Arabic, baraka, 
 
 signifies to pour out water, as in violent rain, Gr. 
 ^ioc\w. (See Rain.) As the oriental word signifies 
 to bless, and to reproach or curse, so, in Latin, the 
 same word, precor, signifies to supplicate good or 
 evil, and precis signifies a prayer and a curse. (See 
 Imhrkcate.) Class Brg, No. 3, and see No. 4, li, 
 7, 8.] 
 
 1. To ask with earnestness or zeal, as for a favor, 
 or for something desirable ; to entreat ; to supplicate. 
 
 Pray for llicm wlio despitefully use you and persecute you. — 
 Alatt. r. 
 
 2. To petition ; to ask, as for a favor; as in appli- 
 cation to a legislative body. 
 
 3. In worship, to address the Supreme Being with 
 solemnity and reverence, with adoration, confessitm 
 of sins, supplication for mercy, and thanksgiving for 
 blessings received. 
 
 Wlien thou prtiyest. cntT into Ihy clowt, sntl when tJiou h.'vsl 
 tliut thy door, pray to thy Fiitltcr, which i* in spcrel, unj tli; 
 Katlier, wliioh sec-Ui iu secret, will rcwtutl tliee opculy. - 
 Malt. vi. 
 
 4. I pray, that is, / pray you tell me, or let me know, 
 is a common mode of introducing a question. 
 
 PRAY, r. t. To supplicate ; to entreat ; to urge 
 
 We pray you in Christ's stead, be ye rccouciied to God. — 2 
 Cor. ». 
 
 2. In worship, to supplicate; to implore; to ask 
 with reverence and humility. 
 
 Repent therefore of this thy wicke<hie*s, and p'-ayOod, if per. 
 b»ps tlm thought ut Uuac licart nuty te forgiven tlicc. — Acts 
 viii. 
 
 3. To petition. The plaintiff prays judgment of 
 the court. 
 
 He th»l will hare the benefit of this oct, mus* pray a prohibition 
 before a sentence in the ccclesiasticnj court. AytiJ^t. 
 
 4. To ask or entreat in ceremony or form. 
 Pray niy colleafrue, Antonitis, I may speak with him. 
 
 B. Jonton. 
 
 [In most instances, this verb is transitive only by 
 ellipsis. To pray Qod, is used for to pray to God ; to 
 pray a prohibition, is to pray for a prolMUion, &c.] 
 
 To pray in aid, in iaio, is to call in for help one who 
 has interest in the cause. 
 
 PRAY'A.'D, (prade,) prrt. and pp. of Pbav. j 
 PRA V'EK, /I. In a ireneral srn.-ie, the act of asking for 
 a favor, and particularly with earnestness. 
 
 9. In worship, a solemn adtlress to the Supremo 
 Being, cunsisling of adoration, or an expression of 
 our sense of Goil's glorious [lerfections, confession of 
 our sins, supplication for mercy and forgiveness, inter- 
 cession for blessings on others, and thanksifirini^r, or 
 an expression of gratitude to God for his mercies and 
 benefits. A prayer, however, may consist Of a single 
 petition, and it may be extemporaneous, written, or 
 printed. 
 
 3. A formula of church service, or of worship, 
 public or private. 
 
 4. Practice of supplication. 
 
 As he is f.uned for initdiicss, peac/-, .tnd prayer. Sltnk. 
 
 5. That part of a memorial or petition to a public 
 body which specifies the retpiest or thing desired to 
 be done or granted, as distinct from the recital of 
 facts or reasons for the grant ; the thing askeil or re- 
 quested. We say, the prnyer of the petition is, that 
 the petitioner may be discharged from arrest. 
 
 PRAY'ER-IIOOK, «. A bt>ok containing prayers or 
 the forms of tlevolion, public or private. iiieifl. 
 
 PRA Y'ER-I'lJIj, a. Devotional; given to prayer; as, 
 a. prayerful Inline of mind. 
 ■2. Using much praver. 
 
 PRAY'ER-FIjL-EY, a'dr. With much prayer. 
 
 PKAV'ER-FIJI^NESS, n. The use of much praver. 
 
 PRAY'Ell-l.ESS, a. Not using prayer; habitually 
 neglecting the duty of prayer to Goil ; as, a prayer- 
 less family. 
 
 Tlte next time you go prayerleaa to bed. Baxter. 
 
 PRAY'ER-LES?-EY, adv. In a praverlcss manner. 
 
 PRaY'ER-LESS-NESS, n. Tot.al or habitual neglect 
 of prayer. T. II. Skinner, 
 
 VilA\''\NCw, ppr. Asking; supplicating. 
 
 a. a. Given to prayer; as, a praytnir mother. 
 
 PRAY'ING-LV, ado. With supplicatit'n to God. 
 
 PRE, an English prefix, is the E. prie, before, probably 
 a contracteil word; Riiss. pred. It expresses priority 
 of time or rank. It may he radically the same as the 
 Italian ;)ro(/u, the proio of a ship; prode, profit, also 
 valiant, whence protress, from some root signifying 
 to adcnnce. It soiiii-tiines signifies beyond, and may 
 be rendered vrru, as in prepotent, 
 
 PRE'-.\e-eU-S-A'TION, n. Previous accusation. 
 
 l.ce. 
 
 PREACH, (preech,) v. i. [D. prreken ; Fr. prtcher, for 
 prescher ; Ann. preirnein or prezeey ; W. pre*, a greet- 
 ing ; pre^eth, a sermon ; pre^cthu, to preach, derived 
 from the noun, and the noun from rhea, a sending 
 out, utterance, a gift, a curse, imprecation ; rhciru, to 
 send out, to give or consign, to curse ; Heb. Ch. and 
 Ar. T<3 baraka, E. prmco, a crier. Sax. frieca or frye- 
 cca, a crier. This is from the same root as prnw, L. 
 precor, and, with s prefixed, gives the G. sprcchcn, 
 D. spreeken, P w. spraka, to speak ; Dan. sjtrofr, speech. 
 Class Brg, No. 2, 3, 4, 5.] 
 
 1. To pronounce a public discourse on a religious 
 subject, or from a text of Scripture. The word is 
 usually ap[)lied to such discourses as are formed from 
 a text of Scripture. This is the modem sense of 
 preach. 
 
 9, To discourse on the gospel way of salvation, and 
 exhort to repentance ; to tliscoiirse t)n evangelical 
 truths, and exhort to a belief of them and acceptance 
 of the terms of salvation. This was the extempora- 
 neous manner of preaching pursued by Christ and 
 h|s apostles. Malt. iv. x. Acts x. xiv. 
 PRk.ACH, r. (. To proclaim; to publish in religious 
 discourses. 
 
 The lAini hath aiioiuted me to preach good tidiogB to the meek. 
 — Is. Ixi, 
 
 2. To inculcate in public discourses. 
 
 1 have preached riglileousuess in the great congTcgatioo. — Ps. 
 xl. 
 
 He oft to them preached 
 Conversiou aiul R-jTcnLuice. AJUton. 
 
 3. To deliver or pronounce ; as, to preach a ser- 
 mon. 
 
 To preach Christ or Christ crucified; to announce 
 Christ as the only Savior, and his atonement as the 
 only ground of acceptance with God. I Cor. i. 
 To preach up i to tliscourse in favor of. 
 
 Can they preach up equality of birth ? Dryden. 
 f REACH, n. A religious discourse. [JVot used.] 
 
 _ Jlooker, 
 PRE.VCH'ED, pp, or a. (pp. pronounced preeclit, and 
 a. preech'ed.) Proclaimed ; announced in public 
 discourse ; inculcated. 
 PRkACH'ER, n. One who discourses publicly on re- 
 ligious subjects. Bacon. 
 •2. One that inculcates any thing with earnestness. 
 No preacher b listened to but time. Stet/t. 
 
 PREACII'ER-SHIP, n. The office of a preacher. 
 f.Vol ii.r</.] Jlall. 
 
 PRf:ACH'I.\G, ppr. Proclaiming; publishing in dis- 
 course ; inculcating. 
 
 PRicACH'tNG, n. The act of preaching; a public 
 
 religious discourse. Jiluner 
 PUkACH'.MAN, n. A preacher, in conteni"' 
 
 J/oieell. 
 
 PRE,\(;H'iMENT, 71. A disconrao or sern.jn, in con- 
 tempt ; a discourse affectedly Rilirnin. Shuk, 
 
 PRE-AC-UUAINT'ANCE, n. Previous acquaintance 
 or knowledge. Harris, 
 
 PRE-AC-aUAINT'ED, a. Previously acquainted. 
 
 Shertdan. 
 
 PRE-AD-AM'ie, a. Prior to Adam. J.Taylor. 
 PRE-AD'A.M ITE, n [pre, l.eft>re and .4</aw.] An 
 inhabitant of the eartn that liveil before Ailam. 
 
 Pereyra. 
 
 PRE-AD-A.M-IT'ie, a. An epithet designating what 
 existed before Adam ; as, fictitious, pre-adumitic pe- 
 rit>ds. Kirwan, 
 
 PRE-AD-.MIN-IS-TRA'TION, n. Previous adininis- 
 tratiiin. Pennwn. 
 
 PRE-AD Mf)N'ISH, v. t. To admonish previously. 
 
 PRE-AU-.MUN'ISI1-£D, (-ad-mon'isht,) pp. Previ- 
 ously atlmonished. 
 
 PRE-AD-.MON'ISII-ING, ppr. Admonishing before- 
 hand. 
 
 PRE-AD-JIO NI"TION, (-mo-nish'un,) n. Previous 
 
 warning or admonition. 
 PRE'A.M-BLE, K. [It. preamio/o ; Sp. preambulo ; Fr. 
 
 prcambide ; L, prcc, before, and ambulo, to go.] 
 
 1. Something previous ; introduction to a discourse 
 or writing. 
 
 2. The introductory part of a st.atute, which states 
 the reasons and intent of the law. Encyc. Dryden, 
 
 PRe'A.M-BI.E, v. t. To preface; to introduce with 
 previous remarks. Fcltham. 
 
 PRe'AM-BL/;D, pp. Introduced with previous re- 
 marks. 
 
 PRE-A.M'BU-LA-RY, ) a. Previous; introductory. 
 PRE-A.\I'BU-I,<)US, j [J^otused.] Brown, 
 PRE-AM'liU-LATE, v. i. [L. pro;, before, and umiu- 
 
 10, to walk.] 
 
 To walk or go before. Jordan. 
 PRE-AM BU-LA'TION, ji. A preamble. [J>.'ot in 
 
 11. sT.] CAauccr. 
 2. A walking or going before. 
 
 PRE-A.M'BU-L.\-TO-RY,a. Goingbefore; preceding. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 PRE-AN-TE-PE-NULT'I-MATE, a. A term indi- 
 cating the fourth syllable from the end of a word. 
 PRE-AP-POINT', V. t. To appoint previously. 
 PRE-AP-POINT'iMENT, n. Previous appoin'tment. 
 
 Tucker. 
 
 PRE-AP-PRE-HEN'SION, n, [.See Ai-prehemd.] 
 .^n opinion formed before examination. Brown. 
 
 PRi5.\SE, (prCz,) 71. Press ; crowd. [Ml used.] [See 
 Press.] Chapman, 
 
 PREAS'ING, ppr. or a. Crowding. [JVot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PRE-AS-SOR'ANCE, (-ash-shur'ans,) 71. Previous 
 assurance. Coleriilge. 
 
 PRE-AU'DI-E.\CE,n. [See Axjdiewce.] Precetlenco 
 or rank at the bar among lawyers ; right of previous 
 audience. Blaekstone. 
 
 PREB'END, 71. [It. prebenda, prebend, provision ; 
 Sp. prebenda ; Fr. prebende, from L. prcebeo, to afford, 
 to allow.] 
 
 1. The stipend or maintenance granted to a preb- 
 endary out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate 
 cliurcii. Prebends are simple or dignttary ; simple, 
 when they are restricted tivthe revenue only ; and 
 diirnitary, when they have jurisdiction annexed to 
 them. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A prebendary. [.Vo( in use.] Bacon. 
 PRE-BEND'.\L, a. Pertaining to a prebend. 
 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 PREB'END-A-RY, 71. [Fl. prcbendier.] 
 
 .\n ecclesiastic who enjoys a prebend ; the stipen- 
 diary of a c ithedral or collegiate church. SwifL 
 
 A prebendary differs from a canon in this; the 
 prebendary receives his prebenrl in consitleration of 
 his ortieialing in the church ; the canon has his sti- 
 pend merely in consequence of his being received 
 into the cathedral or college. Eneye. 
 
 PREB'END A-RY-SUIP, n. The office of a prebend- 
 ary ; a canonry. fyvtton. 
 
 PRF.-e.\'RI-OUS, a. [L. precarius, from precor, to 
 pray or entreat ; primardy, depending on request, or 
 on the will of another.] 
 
 1. Depending on the will or pleasure of another; 
 held by courtesy ; liable to be changed or lost at the 
 pleasure of another. A privilege depending on 
 another's will is precarious, or held by a precarious 
 tenure. Addison. 
 
 2. Uncertain ; held by a doubtful tenure ; depend- 
 ing on unknown or unforeseen causes or evmLs. 
 'f'emporal prosperity is precarious ; personal advan- 
 tages, health, strength, and beauty, are all prrearious, 
 depending on a thousand .accidents. Rogers. 
 
 We say also, the weather is precarious ; a phrase 
 in which we depart not more from the primnrir sense 
 of the word, than we do in a large part of all the 
 words in the language. 
 PRE-CA'RI-OUS-LY, adr. At the will or pleasure of 
 others; dependentJy ; by an uncertain tenure; as, 
 he subsists precariously. Lesley. Pope. 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE-CA'Rr-OUS-NESS, n. Uncenaimy ; depend- 
 ence on the win or pleasure of otlier:^, or unknown 
 events ; ,15, the precariousness of life or health. 
 
 PRECA-TO-RY, i [L. precor, to pray.] 
 
 Si:i»pli:int ; beseeching. Harris, Hopkins. 
 
 PRE-eAU'TIO.V, 71. [Fr., from L. yrincautus, -praca- 
 veo ; prtF, belore, and eaceo^ to take care.] 
 
 Previous raution or care ; caution previously em- 
 ployed to prevent mischief or secure good in posses- 
 sion. MilL'on. 
 PRE CAU'TION, V. t To warn or advise beforehand 
 
 for preventing mischief or securing ^ood. Locke, 
 PRE-€AU'T10N-AL, a. Preventive "of mischief. 
 
 Montairuc, 
 
 PRE-CAU'TION-A-RY, o. Containing previous cau- 
 tion ; a-S precautionary advice or admonition. 
 
 2. Proceeiling from previous caution ; adapted to 
 prevent mischief or secure good; as, prccautioitary 
 measures. 
 
 PRE-eAtJ'TIO\-ED,pp. Warned beforehand. 
 PRE-CAU'TIO.\-ING, ppr. Previously .advising. 
 PRE-eXU'TIOUS, (-shus,) a. Taking precautious or 
 
 preventive measures. 
 PRE CAU'TIOUS-LY, air. With precaution. 
 PRE-CE-D.A'.\E-OUS, a. [from precede, L. pracedo.] 
 Preceding ; antecedent ; an'erior. [jYotuscd.] Hale. 
 PRE-CkDE', i;. L Ih. prtBcedo ; prie, before, and ccdo, 
 
 to move.] 
 
 1. To go before in the order of time. The cor- 
 ruption of morals precedes the ruin of a state. 
 
 2. To go before in rank or importance. 
 
 3. To cause something to go before ; to maVe to 
 take place in prior time. 
 
 It is ri3n:tl to precede hostUiUes hj a public decIajaLon. [Unu- 
 tiuti.] Kent. 
 
 PRE-Cf.D'ED, pp. Being gone before. 
 PRE-CKf)'E.\CE, ( 71. The act or state of going be- 
 PRE-CeD'E.N-CY, i fore; priority in time; as, the 
 precedence of one event to another. 
 
 2. The state of going or being before in rank or 
 dignity or the place of honor ; the right to a more 
 honorable place in public processicms, in se.ats, or in 
 the civilities of life. Precedence depends on the or- 
 der of nature or rank estjiblislied by God himself, as 
 that due to age ; or on courtesy, custom, or political 
 distinction, as that due to a governor or seiialt>r, 
 wild, though younger in years, takes rank of a sub- 
 ordinate otiicer, though older; or it is settled by 
 authority, as in Great Britain. In the latter case, a 
 violation of the right of precedence is actionable. 
 
 Precedence went in micW, 
 And lie w.-u competenl whuse purse was so. Copper, 
 
 3. The foremost in ceremony. .Milton. 
 
 4. Superiority ; superior importance or influence. 
 "Whicii of liie different desires has precedency in determining the 
 
 will to ttie next action i LocKe. 
 
 PRE-CkD'ENT, a. Going before in time ; anterior ; 
 antecedent ; as, precedent services ; a precedent fault 
 of the will. 
 
 Tiie woHd, or any part thereof, could not be precedtnt to the 
 creiilioii of iTutn. Hale. 
 
 .^precedent condition, in law, is a condition which 
 must happen or be performed before an estate or 
 some right can vest, and on failure of which the 
 estate or right is defeated. Blackstone. 
 PREC'E-DENT, 7i. Something done or said that may 
 serve or be adduced as an example to authorize a 
 subsequent act of the like kind. 
 
 Examples for cases can but direct as precedents only. Hooker. 
 
 2. In lam, a judicial decision, interlocutory or final, 
 which serves as a nile for future determinations in 
 similar or analogous cases ; or any proceeding, or 
 course of proceedings, which may serve for a rule in 
 subsequent cases of a like nature. 
 
 PREC'E-DE.VT-ED, o. Having a precedent ; author- 
 ized by au example of a like kind. 
 
 PRE-Cr;'DE.\T-LY,<uir. Beforehand; antecedently. 
 
 PRE-CkD'I.VG, ppr, or o. Going before in time, rank, 
 or iiiiiiortance. 
 
 PRE-CEL'LE.\CE, n. Excellence. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Sheldon, 
 
 PRE CE\'TOR, n. fLow L. prcecentor; Fr. precen- 
 teur : It. precrntore ; L. prtp, befttre, and canto, to sing.] 
 
 1. The leader of the choir in a cathedral ; called 
 also the clianttr or master of the choir. Hook. 
 
 2. 'i'he leader of the congregation in the psalmody 
 of Scottish churches. 
 
 PRE-(;E.\'T0R-SHIP, n. The employment or oflice 
 of a precentor. 
 
 PRF:'(;EI'T, n. [Fr. precrjile ; Sp. precepto: It. pre- 
 cetiu : L. pntceptam, from pra:cipio, to command ; 
 prtr,, before, and capio, to take.] 
 
 1. In a jtenrraX sense, any commantlment or order 
 intended as an authoritative rule of action ; but ap- 
 plied particularly lo commands respecling moral 
 conrlurl. The ten commandiiieiils are sfi many prc- 
 cept-t fur the regulation of our mural conduct. 
 
 N« nrt* urn without Uieir j/rerrpU. Dnjden. 
 
 Q In law, a command or mandate in writing. 
 
 h'.HCIJC, 
 
 PRE-CEP'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Consisting of precepts. 
 
 [.VeJ in use.] SiMk. 
 PRE-CEP'TION, 71. A precept. [JX'ot m use.] Hall. 
 PRE-CEP'TIVE, a. [L. praceptivus.] 
 
 1. Giving precepts or coiiiuiands for the regulation 
 of moral conduct ; containing precepts ; as, thepre- 
 ceptive parts of the Scriptures. 
 
 2. Directing in moral conduct; giving rules or di- 
 reclioiis ; didactic. 
 
 The i^on ^iven us here is preceptive to us. L'Estrang:e. 
 Preceplice poetry. Encyc. 
 
 PRE-CEP'TOR, 77. [L. prccceplor. See Precept.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a teacher ; an instructor. 
 
 2. In a restricted sense, the teacher of a school ; 
 sometimes the principal teacher of an academy or 
 other seminar}'. 
 
 3. .\mong the knights templar, the head of a pre- 
 ceptorv. Gloss, of Jirchit, 
 
 PRE-CEP-To'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a preceptor. 
 
 Lit, Magazine. 
 
 PRE-CEP'TO-RY, a. Giving precepts. Jinderson. 
 
 PRE-CEP'TO-RY, n. A manor or estate of the 
 knights templar, on which were erected 2 church 
 and a dwelling-house. The preceptories were reli- 
 gious houses, subordinate to the temple or principal 
 house of the knignts. OwilU 
 
 PRE-CEP'TUESS, 71. A female teacher. 
 
 PRE-CE.S'SION, (-sesh'iin,) n. [Fr. precession ; It. 
 prccessione ; from the L. priBcessus, prt£cedo, to go 
 uefore.] 
 
 I 1. Literally, the act of going before. 
 
 2. In astronomy, the precession of the equinoxes is a 
 slow but continual shifting of the equinoctial points 
 from east to west. The amount of precession annu- 
 ally is 50 seconds. Hence it appears that the 
 equinoctial points will make an entire revolution in 
 about 23,868 years. Olmsted. 
 PRe'CTN'CT, 71. [L. prcecinctus, priecinno, to encom- 
 pass; pr(E and cingo, to surroiintl or gird.] 
 
 1. The limit, bound, or exterior line encompassing 
 a place ; as, the precincts of light. Milton. 
 
 2. Bounds of jurisdiction, or the whole territory 
 comprehended within the limits of authority. 
 
 Taiie the body of A B, if to he found within your precincts. 
 
 TeciLnicaL Laws. 
 
 3. A territorial district or division. 
 
 [It is to be observed that this word is generally 
 used in the pliinil, except in the third sense.] 
 
 In case of noti-.icccpl.iiice [of the colleclorl parish or precinct 
 sh;ill proC"*ed lo a new choice. Lat£s of MassachuseUs. 
 
 PRE-Cl-OS'I-TY, for Preciousness, or value, is not 
 used. Brown. More. 
 
 PRE"CIOUS, (presh'us,) a. [Fr. precitux ; L. pretio- 
 sus, from pretinm, price. See Praise.] 
 
 1. Of great price ; costly ; as, a precious stone. 
 
 2. Of great value or worth ; very valuable. 
 
 she is more precious tlian rubies. — Piov. iii. 
 
 3. Highly valued ; much esteemed. 
 
 The word of the Lord was precious in those days ; there was no 
 I'pen vision. — I S;^m. iii. 
 
 4. Worthless; contemptible; as, this is a precious 
 mockery ; in irony and contempt. Burke. 
 
 Precious metals ; gold and silver, so called on ac- 
 count of their value. 
 PRE"C10US-EY, adv. Valuably ; to a great price. 
 
 2. Content ptiblv ; in ironti. 
 PRE"CIOUS-.\ESS, (presh'us-,) n, Valualileness ; 
 
 great value ; high price. WUkins. 
 PREC'I-PE, (pres'e-py,) n. [L. pracipio. See Pre- 
 cept.] 
 
 In law, a writ commanding the defendant to do a 
 certain thing, or to show cause to the contrary ; giv- 
 ing him his choice to redress the injury or to stand 
 the suit Blackstone. 
 PREC'I PICE, (pres'e-pis,) n. [Fr., from L. pro'cipi- 
 tium, from prmceps, headlong ; prui, forward, and ceps, 
 for c/i/iMf, head. See <-hiei".] 
 
 1. Strictly, a falling headlong; hence, a steep de- 
 scent uf land ; a fall or descent of laud, perpendic- 
 ular or nearly so. 
 
 Wh'T« wealth, like fruit, en jn-ed;>ices sr«w. Dryden. 
 
 2. A steep descent in general. 
 
 In ih" breakiiio^ of the waves there is ever a precipice. Bacon. 
 Swift ilown t)i"e j^-ecijnce of time it ^i"-8. Dryden. 
 
 PRE-C1P'I-E.\T, a. [L. prucipicns. See Precept.] 
 Commanding; directing. 
 
 PRE-(,'IP-I- rA-llII,'I-TY, H. [from precipitable.] The 
 (|iialily or state of being precipitable. 
 
 PRE-Cll"I-T.\-liLE, a. [from L. prweipito, from prcc- 
 ccps, lieadlcjiig.] 
 
 Tliat may be precipitated or cast to the bottom, as 
 a substance in siilutioii. 
 
 Plti;-CII"l TANCE, In. [Uom precipitnnt.] Ilead- 
 
 PRE CM"! TA.N-CY, j long hurry ; rash haste ; haste 
 in resolving, roniiing an opinion, or executing a pur- 
 pose, without due deliberation. 
 
 Smn. 
 Watts. 
 
 2. Hurry; great haste in going. Milton. 
 PRE-(-'II"l -TA.NT, a. [L. pnrcipilans, prmcipitn, from 
 prtpcrp.^, lieatllDiig.] I 
 
 Jlurrii-rl on by tU^ precipilnnce of youth. 
 HioiliiieM nitii prectpilance of Ju<lgu)ent. 
 
 1. Falling or rushing headlong ; rushing down 
 with velocity. 
 
 They leave their little lives 
 Above the clouds, precipilant u> earth. Phiiips. 
 
 2. Hasty ; urged with violent haste. 
 Sliould he return, that troop so blithe and bold, 
 Precipitant in fear, would winsf their Ilight. Pope. 
 
 3. Rashly hurried or hasty ; as, precipitant rebel- 
 lion. K. Charles. 
 
 4. Unexpectedly brought on or hastened. Taylor, 
 PRE-CIP'I-T.ANT. 71. In chemistry, a liquor which, 
 
 when poured on a solution, separates what is dis- 
 solved, and makes it precipitate, or fall to the bottom 
 in a concrete st.ate. Encyc 
 PRE-CIP'I-TANT-LY, ai/ii. With great haste; with 
 rash, unadvised haste ; with tumultuous hurry. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PRE-CIP'I-TaTE, V, U [L. pracipito, from pra-ccps, 
 headlong. See Precipice.] 
 
 1. To throw headlong; as, he precipitated himself 
 from a rock. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 2. To urge or press with eagerness or violence ; 
 as, to precipitate a flight. Dryden. 
 
 i. I'o hasten. 
 
 Short iiitcrniiilent and swift recurrent pains do precipitate padents 
 into coiisumplions. Harvey. 
 
 4. To hurry blindly or rashly. 
 
 5. To throw to the bottom of a vessel, as a sub- 
 stance in solution. 
 
 All mei;\ls m.ty be precipitated by alkaliue salts. 
 PRE-CIP'I-TATE, V, i. To fall headlong. 
 
 Encyc. 
 Shak, 
 
 2. To fall to the bottom of a vessel, as sediment, 
 or any substance in solution. Baeim. 
 
 3. To hasten without preparation. Bacon. 
 PRE-CIP'I-TATE, a. Falling, flowing, or rushing, 
 
 with steep descent. 
 
 Precipitate the furious torrent flows. Prior. 
 
 2. Headlong ; over-hasty ; rashly hasty ; as, the 
 king was too precipitate in declaring war. 
 
 3. Adopted with h.aste or without due deliberation ; 
 hasty ; as, a precipitate measure. 
 
 4. Ha-sty ; violent ; terminating speedily in death ; 
 as, a precipitate case of tlisease. .^rbulhnut. 
 
 PRE-CIP'I-TATE, 11. A substance which, having 
 been dissolved, is again separated from its solvent, 
 and thrown to the bottom of the vessel, by ptiuriug 
 another liquor upon it. 
 
 Red prccipitutr ; the red ovyd or protoxyd of mer- 
 cury, prepared either by beating the nitrate tif mer- 
 cury till it is decomposed, or by beating metallic 
 mercury. Prepared in the latter mode, it is the pre- 
 cipitate per se. B. SiUiman, Jr. 
 
 PKE-CIP'I-Ta-TED, pp. Hurried; hastened rashly; 
 thrown headlong; thrown down. 
 
 PRE-CIP'I-TATE-LV, aif. Headlong; with steep 
 descent. 
 
 2. Hastily ; with rash haste ; without due caution. 
 Neither praise nor censure preeipitatelti. 
 
 PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TING, /)/>r. Throwing headlong; hur- 
 rying; hastening raslilv. 
 
 PRE-CIP-l-T.A'TIO.V, n. [h. pnscipitotio,] 
 
 1. The act of throwing headlong. Shak. 
 
 2. A falling, flowing, or rushing down with vio- 
 lence and rapidity. 
 
 3. Great hurry ; rash, tumultuous haste ; rapid 
 movement. 
 
 4. The act or operation of throwing to the bottom 
 of a vessel any substance hehl in solution. Precipi- 
 tation is often eflecied by a double elective attraction. 
 
 F.ncyc. 
 
 PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TOR, 71. One that urges on with" ve- 
 hemence or rasluu!ss. Hammond. 
 PRE-Cll"l-TOUS, a. [l^. pro'ceps.] 
 
 1. Very steep ; as, a precipitous cliflf" or mountain. 
 
 2. Headlong; directly or rapidly descending; us, 
 a precipitous f;ill. K. Charles. 
 
 X Hasty ; rash ; heady. 
 
 Advic.' inis;ife, precipitous, and Ipold. D'yden. 
 
 PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-LY, adv. With steep descent ; in 
 
 violent baste. 
 PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-NESS, n. Steepness of descent. 
 
 2. Rash haste. Hammond. 
 PRE-CISE', 17. [E. pnreisus, from prircido, to cut olf ; 
 
 prai and ccrdo: literally, cut or pared away, that is, 
 
 pared to smoothness or exactness.] 
 
 I. Exact; nice; definite; having determinate lim- 
 
 iLations ; not loose, vague, uncertain, or equivocal ; 
 
 as, precise rules uf morality; precise directions for 
 
 life and conduct. 
 
 The law in this point Is precise. Bacon. 
 
 For ihe hour precise 
 Kxacts uur ixaniri^. ^Filton. 
 
 a. Formal ; siiperstitioiisly exact ; excessively 
 nice ; punctilious in conduct or certuntuiy. .^ddi-ion. 
 PHE-CI.siE'EY, aiti: Exactly ; nicely ; ac'eiirately i in 
 
 FATF-, FAR, FAI.E, WHAT. — MP.TE, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- 
 
 «S6 
 
PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 exact conformity to trutli, or to a inoilel. Tim ideas 
 are precisely expressed. 'I'lie time of an eclipse may 
 be precisely determined by calculation. 
 
 When iiiorp of thfsc onl'T* ihnn one fire to be let In acreral 
 glories, tlicre must mil CKquuitu cure to plucc ttie cohiiiinl 
 precisely one over aiiolher. tVoflon. 
 2. With excess of formality ; with scrnpiilous ex- 
 HclneHs or piiiictiliuiiMness in behavior or ceremony. 
 PUK-CISK'NESS, «. Exactness; rigid nicety; as, 
 the prcciseness of words or expressions. 
 
 I will (listiiigumli th-' cnwa; thoiij^li give me leavi-, in Imndlin* 
 ch-ni, iiol lu ievcr Uieni with too much preciseneaa. Bacon. 
 •2. Excessive regard to forms or rules; rigid for- 
 mal itv. 
 
 PRr,-fi"S[.'\N, (prc-sizh'an,) «. One that limits or 
 restrains. Sliul:. 
 
 2. One who is rigidly or ceremoniously exact in 
 111- oliservanoe of rules. Drayton. Watts. 
 
 PKE-l'I"S(A.\-ISM, (pre-sizh'an-izm,) n. Excessive 
 exactness ; superstitious rigor. Mtlton. 
 
 [ Tih so two words are, 1 believe, little used, or not 
 at all.] 
 
 PKE-Cr'SIOX, (pre-sizh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. pm- 
 
 Evact limitation ; exactness ; accuracy. PrecLiion 
 in the use of words is a prime excellence in dis- 
 course ; it is indispensable in controversy, in leiial 
 instruments, and in mathematical calcuhititins. Nei- 
 ther prspicuity nor />rei;i>'i(in should be sacrificed to 
 orn:im"iit. 
 
 PIIIO-CI'SI VE, a. Exactly limiting by separating 
 wh;it is not relative to the purpose ; as, preci-.ifc ab- 
 straction. Ifatts. 
 
 PRE-ei.ODE', r. t. [h. prwcludo ; prw, before, and 
 cliiilo, daadu, to shut.] 
 
 I. To prevent from entering by previously shiit- 
 tins the passage, or by any previous nirasures ; 
 henee. to hinder from access, possession, or enjoy- 
 ment. Sin, by its very nature, prectadps Ilie sinner 
 from heaven ; it precluiles the enjoyment of God's 
 favor ; or it pr'-clmtc^ the favor of (lod. 
 
 Tlie v;iltfe8 precLwU the tiluutl frotii rnt'-nii* ilif veins. Darwin, 
 9. To pre-eiit fnmi happening or taking place. 
 
 PI! E-eLOD'ED, /)/). Hindered from entering or en- 
 jii\'m:-nt ; dv;barrcd from something by previous ob- 
 stacles. 
 
 PRE-ehuD'ING, ppr. Shutting out ; preventing from 
 access or posstission, or from liaving place. 
 
 PIIE ei.C'SIO.V, (pre-klu'/.Imn,) n. The act of shut- 
 ting out or preventing from access or posse-sinn ; the 
 state of being prevented tVom entering, possession, 
 or enjo\-ment. Rainhlrr. 
 
 PIU;-eLO'SI VE, a. Shutting out, or tending to pre- 
 clude; hindering bv previous obstacles. Burke. 
 
 PKE-CLO'SIVE-LY,' aiiu. With hindcrance by anti- 
 cipation. 
 
 PKE OO'CIOUS, {-ko'sHiis,) a. [L. pracox ; prm, be- 
 fore, and cntjito^ to cook or prepare.] 
 
 1. Ripe before the proper or natur.d time ; as, prc- 
 cociotis trees. Brown. 
 
 2. Premature. 
 
 PRE-eo'(.'I(iUS LY, adv. With premature ripeness 
 
 or forward:iess. 
 PRE eO't'IOL?S-NESS, j n. Rapid growth and ripe- 
 PRE-eoc'I-TY, j ness before the usual time ; 
 
 preinatiireness. HoweU. 
 1 c^m not leiirn that he ^ve, in hl« youth, any evidence ol that 
 precorily which sonii:lintea (liillie;^<uhei nnconnnuii ^-nini. 
 
 Virt'. Llje of P. Htliry. 
 
 PRE-eOG'I-TATE, v. U [L. prxcogito; pra and 
 coffito. ] 
 
 To consider or contrive beforehand. [Little usetL] 
 
 Sfiertooud. 
 
 PRE-eO(5-r-TJ'TrON, n. Previous thought or con- 
 sideration. DicL 
 
 PRE-COt; NI-T.A. See Pm.coortiTA. 
 
 PRE eoo .\l"TION, ( kog nish'un,) n. [L. pr<8, be- 
 fore, and co^nitin, knowledge.] 
 
 1. Previous knowledge ; antecedent examination. 
 
 Fvtherby. 
 
 2. In ScoLi law, an examinatitm of witnesses to a 
 criminal act, before a juilge, justice of the |ieace, or 
 sherifT, before the prt>secutinn of the offender, in or- 
 der to know whether there is ground of trial, and to 
 enable the prosecutor to set forth the facts in the 
 libel. £;ici(C. 
 
 PRE-€OL-LEe'TION, n. A collection previi'msly 
 
 made. Bp. of Chichester. 
 
 PRE-eOM POSE', V. L [See Compose.] To com- 
 pose beforelianil. Johnson. 
 PRR-eOM-P0S'/:D, pp. or a. Composed beforehand. 
 PRE-eO.M-PoS'l.\G, p;ir. Composing beforeliind. 
 PRE eo.N-CElT', 71. [See Prkconceive.] .An opin- 
 ion or notion previouslv formed. Hooker, 
 PRE-eON-CElVE', (-sjve',) t>. U [L. pr<r, before, 
 and concipio^ to ctuiceive.] 
 
 To form a conception or opinion beforehand ; to 
 form a previous notion or idea. 
 
 In a ite».l plain, the w.\y teems the longer, brcnuac the eye haa 
 prwttnceieed it shuner Uiap tlic truth. Bacun. 
 
 PRE-eON-CF.IV'KD, pp. or a. Conceived before- 
 hand ; previously forinetl ; as, preconceived opinions ; 
 precoHceiced enils or piiriinses. South. 
 
 PRR-eO.\-CEIV'ING, ppr. Conceiving or forming 
 befiireliand. 
 
 PRlVeO.V-CEP'TION, n. Conception or o[)inion pre- 
 viously formed. Ilnkririll. 
 
 PRE-CO.V'CERT, ti. (. [;"■« and concert.] To con- 
 cert beforehand ; to settle by previous agreement. 
 
 PI!E-e'J.\'-CEI[T', n. A previous agreement. 
 
 PRE-eO.\-CEKT'EU, pp. or a. Previously concerted 
 tir settled. H'arton. 
 
 PRE-eoN-CERT'ED-LY, arfii. Ilv preconcert. 
 
 PRR-eO.V-CEKT'l.NG, ppr. Contriving and settling 
 beforehand. 
 
 PRE-eON-CER'TION, n. Act of concerting before- 
 liaml. Ownrht. 
 
 PRE-CON-DEM-N.^'TION, n. Condemnation pre- 
 vious to exertion, or by preileslinalion. 
 
 PllE-eo.\-I-ZA'TIOM, H. [Ij. pricconiuin, from praco, 
 a crier.] 
 
 A publishing by proclamation, or a proclamation. 
 
 fJVof used.] Hall. 
 PRE-eO.V-SrC.N', (-kon-slne',) r. t. [pre and con- 
 
 si<rn.] To consign beforehand ; to make a previous 
 
 consiL'nment tif. 
 PRE-eo.N-SI(i.\'KD, pp. Consigned beforehand. 
 PKE-eO.\-SI(;.\'l.\G, ppr. Making a previous con- 
 
 siL'urnent of. 
 
 PRE eO.\-SOL'ID-A-TED, a. Consolidated before- 
 h inii. Phillips. 
 
 PRE eON'STI-TOTE, i'. L [pre and con.slUulc.] 
 To constitute or estalilish beforehand. 
 
 PRE-eo\'STI-TO-TEU, pp or o. Previously estab- 
 lished. Paley. 
 
 PRE-eoN"STI-Tu-TI.\G, ppr. Constituting bel'ore- 
 liand. 
 
 PRE-eOX'TRACT, 71. [pre and contraeW] A con- 
 tract previous to another. SA<i/>'. 
 
 PRE-CU.V-TRACr', II. u To contract or stipulate 
 previoii-lv. 
 
 PRE-Ct).N- rRAeT', V. i. To imke a previous con- 
 tract or imreem-nt. 
 
 PRE-CO.V-TRACT'ED, pp. Previously contracted or 
 stipulated ; previously engagtMl by ctintracl ; as, a 
 vviiiuaii prrcontriicfrd to aiiiitlier man. .^iilijfc. - 
 
 PRE ei.).N' TRACT'I.NG, ppr. Stipulating or covc- 
 naiitini: liefureli.aiid. 
 
 PRE COKD'I.M., a. Pertaining to the prscordia, or 
 parls bi f Te the heart. 
 
 PRE-eURS'.\-RI I.Y, ndr. In a manner indicating 
 lliat something 1.- to r,.llow. 
 
 PRE-CURSE', (pre-kiirs',) n. [h. pmcursus, pracurro ; 
 prue anil curro, to run.] 
 
 A forerunning. [A'ij« used.] Shah. 
 
 PRE-CUR'SOR, n. [L. pnrcnrsor, supra.] 
 
 A forerunner; a harbinger; lie or that which pre- 
 ceiles an event, anil inilicatcs its approach ; lus, 
 Jove's lightnings, the precursors of tliuiitlcr. Shak. 
 
 Evil thun^hu ,ire llie invinihlc, airy precurtore of all the morma 
 and teiiipeHU of Uie huuI, Buckrniiuter. 
 
 PRE-CUR'SO-RY, n. Preceding as the harbinger ; 
 indictiting something to follow ; as, />rrrur.ser;/ symp- 
 toms of a fever. Med. Repo.<. 
 
 PRE-CUR'SO-RY, 71. An introduction. [JVot u..rd.] 
 
 flaminond. 
 
 PRE-Da'CEAN, (-shan,) n. A carnivorous animal. 
 
 Klrh,/. 
 
 PRE-Da'CEOUS, f-shus,) a. [L. prcedaceus, from 
 prirda, prey, spoil.] 
 
 Living by prey. Derham. 
 PRe'D.M., a. [ I., prirda, prey.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to prey. 
 
 2. Practiciiii; plunder. Bonle. 
 PREI)'A-TO-RI-LV, adv. In a predatory maniit-r. 
 PREl)'A-TO-RY, a. [L. pritdalorius, from pricda, 
 
 prey.] 
 
 1. Plundering; pillaging; characterized by plun- 
 dering; practicing rapine; as, a iireilntory war; a 
 predatjiry excursion ; a predatory party. 
 
 2. Hungry; ravenous; a^, prcduLvry sjiirits or ap- 
 petite, [/fiirdly allowable.] Bacon. 
 
 PRE-DE-CEASE', (I. i. [pre and decease.] To die 
 before. Shak. 
 
 PRE-DE-CeAS'KD, (-seest',) a. Dead before. Shatc. 
 
 PREI)-E-CES'S()R, 71. [Ft. predecesseur ; L. prte and 
 decedOj to depart.] 
 
 A person who has preceded another in the same 
 office. The king, the president, the judge, or the 
 magistrate, follows the steps of his predecessor, or he 
 does not iniil.ate the example of his prrjeressors. It 
 is distinguished from .Aucestoii, who is of the same 
 blood ; but it may perhaps be sometimes used for iL 
 Uookrr. JIddt.-ion. 
 
 PRE-nE-CLAR'icn, a. Declared beforehand. Burke. 
 
 PRE DE-I.IN-E-A'TION, 71. Previous delincatiim. 
 
 PRE-I)E-SIG.\', (-sine' or -zinc',) v. t. To design or 
 piirfiose beforehand ; to preileterminc. 
 
 PRE-DE-SrGN'f;D,(-slnd' or -zind',) ;>p. Purposed or 
 determined previously. Mitford. 
 
 PRE-I)i;-SIGN'I.\G, ppr. Designing previously. 
 
 PRE-I)ES-T1-.\A'RI-A.\, »i. [See Pkeukstisate.] 
 One that believes in the doctrine of predestination. 
 
 H'alton. 
 
 PRE-DES-TI-.\A'RI-AN, 0. Pertaining to predesti- 
 nation. 
 
 PRB-DES'TI-N'ATB, a. Predestinated ; forpnrdained. 
 
 Huriiet. 
 
 PRE-DES'TI-NATE, v. I. [It. prrdeslinare , Er. pre- 
 destinrr : I., proidi-.^liuo ; prie anil drt.ltiiit, tu app4iint.] 
 To pretletenniiie or fiiretinl.tin , to appniiil or or- 
 dain beforehand by an uncliungeable purpose. 
 
 Whom he did fun'know, \v alao did prtilegarMU lu t« conbrmed 
 
 10 the iin.iffe ol Ilia .Sun.. — lioitj. viii. 
 llaviii? preiteatinnttd iia to Uie oilupnun of children by Jeaua 
 Cliriat ui hiiiiatrll. — Kph. I. 
 
 PRE-DES'TI-.N'ATED pp. or a. Predetermined; 
 
 fiireorilaiiH-tl ; deereeil, 
 PRE-DES'TI .\A 'I'l.VC, ;i;ir. ForcordaininB ; d.-cree- 
 
 ing , appointing beforehand by an uncbungeable 
 
 purpose. 
 2. Holding predestination. 
 
 Anil pricka up liia firefltaUiuiting enra. Dryden. 
 
 PRE-DE.-^-TI-.N'A'TIO.N, 71. The act of decreeing or 
 foreorilaiiiiUL' events , the decree of God by wlin h 
 he hath, rroin eternity, uncbangealily a|ipiiinieil or 
 (letermincti whatever comes t(, (i.iss. It is us. d par- 
 tieiil.irly in theology to denote the ^reorilinaliiui of 
 men to everlasting happiness or tiiisrry. F.ncyc. 
 
 Prrdestinalion is a part of the lllieli;ingealile*plan 
 of the tlivine government ; or, in other wortls, the 
 nncliangeable purpose of an iinehangeablc God. 
 
 PRE-l)ES'TI-NA-TOR, 71. Properly, uue that foreor- 
 dain.s. 
 
 2. One that holds to predestination. Cowla/. 
 PRE-I)ES'TI.\E, (-tin,) v. I. To decree befurehaiid ; 
 to foreordain. 
 
 I fall. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 And bid predemned empires riac 
 
 PRE-DES'TI.\-KI), ;./). or a. Decreed beforehand. 
 
 PRE-DES'TI.V I.NG, ppr. Foreordaiiiiiig. 
 
 PRE-I)E-TER,\l'l.\'-A I'E,.i. Deti riiiiiieil hif,ireliand ; 
 as, tile predrtrrniiiintr counsel of (■oil. Parkhtirst. 
 
 PRE-I)E-TER.\1-I.\-A'T1<J.\, n. [.See Pukukteb- 
 MiNE.j Previous iletenninatiim ; purpose fnrnied 
 beforehand ; as, the predetermination of (Joil's will. 
 
 /luniniond. 
 
 2. Preinntiiin ; that concurrence of God which de- 
 teriiilnes men 111 their artums. Kncyc. 
 PRE-l)i;-TER.\ri.\E, e. (. [pre and </f(er77iine.] ' To 
 determine beforehand; to settle in purpose or 
 counsel. 
 
 If God foreacea events, he muat have prtiUlerirunxd tfiein. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 2. To doom by previous decree. 
 PRE-nE-TER.M'IN-£;i), pp. or a. Previously deter- 
 nnned. 
 
 PRE DE-TER.M'IN-ING, ppr. Determining bcfore- 
 li.and. 
 
 PRk.'I)I-AL, a. [Sp. predial, from L. pradium, a farm 
 or estate.] 
 
 1. (^insisting of land or farms ; as, predial estate, 
 i. e., real est.iti;. Jlyhffe. 
 
 2. Attached to land or farms ; a-s, predial slaves. 
 
 Braiidr, 
 
 3. Growing or issuing from land ; as, predial 
 tithes. 
 
 PRED I-eA-RII,'I-TY, 71. (from predicalile.] The 
 quality of being predicalile, or ca)iable of being 
 aliirnied of something, or attributed to sometliiii:,'. 
 
 • Krid. 
 
 PRED'l-CA-lil.E, a. [I., pra-dicabiiu, from priedieu, to 
 nftirin , prir and dicn, to say ] 
 
 Th.it nia)' be atfirnied of something ; that may he 
 attributed lit. Animal is predicMble of man. intelli- 
 gence is not predicjihle of (tlaiits. .More or less is not 
 predicahlr of a cirtie or of a sipiare. Whiteness is 
 ind predic.uhle of time. 
 
 PREDI-eA-liLE, «. One of the five tilings which can 
 be atfirmetl of" any thing. (>eiius, species, ilitler- 
 cnce, prupert> , and accident are the five preilicnhles. 
 
 Halts. 
 
 PRE-DIC'A-ME.N'T, 77. [Fr., from E. jrradicamentam, 
 from prtedico, to affirm. [ 
 
 1. In lii^ir, a name given to a certain number of 
 general heads or classes, called by the (Ireeks Cate- 
 GOftiEs, anil b)' the l.aiiiis PREuieA.MEms, iiniler 
 some one of uliuii ever>' term may be arrani:ed, 
 Aristotle made ten categories, vi/.., substance, ipian- 
 tity, ipiality, reliilion, action, passion, tune, place, 
 situation, and habit. brande. 
 
 2. CliLss or kind ilescribed by any definite marks; 
 tience, condition ; particular sitiiatitm or slate. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 3. Som;ti77iM, a bad condition or position. [CvUo- 
 qitinl.] Soiiirt, 
 
 We say the country is in a singular predieammt, 
 PRE-DIC-.V-.MENT'AL., o. PerUining to a predica- 
 ment. Hale. 
 PRED'I-CA.N'T, 71. [U prirdican.i, priedieo.] 
 
 One that affirms anv thing. 
 PRED'I-CaTE, e. t. [L. pnedico; pra and dvo, to 
 say.] 
 
 To affirm one thing of another; as, to jredictt* 
 whiteness of snow. Reason may be pre .icaird of 
 man. 
 
 [It is a gre.tt but common error to give this word 
 the sense of found: as, to predicate an arguiiicnt on 
 certain principles. — Fjl.] 
 
 TO.VE, BULL, IJNITE.— AN 'GER, VI"CIOCS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 108 
 
 TTT* 
 
 h:.7 
 
PRE 
 
 rilED'l-eATE, I', i. To aHirm ; to comprise an afRr- 
 malion. Hale. 
 
 PRED'i eATE, 71. In lo^c, tliat which, in a proposi- 
 tion, is affirmed or denied of tlie suliject. In these 
 propositions, paper is white" ink w not white ^''^ 
 wliiteness is the predicate affirmed of paper and de- 
 nied of inlt. IVatts. 
 
 PRED'l-CATE, a. Predicated. Marshall. 
 
 PRED'I-Ca-TED, pp. Affirmed of another thins. 
 
 PRED'I-e.5-TING, ppr. .Affirming of another thing. 
 
 PRE0-I-€a'TION, h. [L. pnedicatio.] 
 
 Alhrmation of sonietlnng, or the act of affirming 
 one thing of another. Locke 
 
 PRED'I-eA-TO-RY, a. Affirmative ; positive. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 PRE-DieT', V. I. [L. pricdictus, pradico ; pne, before, 
 and dice, to tel!.] 
 
 To foretell ; to tell beforehand something that is 
 to happen. Jloses predicted the dispersion of the 
 Israelites. Christ predicted the destruction of Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 PRE-DieT'ED, pp. or a. Foretold ; told before the 
 event. 
 
 PRE-niCT'IXG, ppr. Foretelling. 
 PRE-DIC'TION", (-shun,) n. [L. prmdictio.] 
 
 A foretelling ; a previous declaration of a future 
 event ; prophecy. The fullillment of the predictions of 
 the prophets is considered to be a. 'Strong argument in 
 favor of the divine origin of the Scriptures. 
 PRE-DICT'tVE, a. Foretelling ; prophetic. More. 
 PRE-DIGT'OR, n. A foreteller ; one who prophesies. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 PRE-DI-GES'TIOX, (-dc-jes'clmn,) n. [pre and diges- 
 tion.] Too hasty digestion. 
 
 Predigcstion fills llie botly with crudities. Bficon. 
 
 PRE-r>I-LEe'TI0N,7i. [Fr. ; It. predilezione ; h. pne, 
 before, and dilectus, diluro, to love] 
 
 .\ previous liking ; a prepossession of mind in favor 
 of soniething. IVarton. 
 
 PRE-DI.-^-Pn'NEXT, n. That which predispose.'!. 
 
 PRE-UI.S-1'OSE', r. «. [pre a.rtA di.'tpose.] To incline 
 beforehand ; to give a previous disposition to ; as, to 
 predispose the mind or lemper to friendship. South. 
 
 2. To fit or adapt previously ; as, debility predis- 
 poses the iiody to disease. 
 
 PRE-DIS-PoS''£D, pp. Previously inclined or .adapt- 
 ed. 
 
 PRE-DIS-PoS'ING, ppr. Inclining or adapting before- 
 hand. 
 
 2. 0. Tending or able to give predisposition or 
 liableness ; as, the prcdisposinir causes of disease. 
 PRE-DIS-PO-SI"TION, (-zish'un,) n. Previous in- 
 clination or propensity to any thing; applied to tJte 
 mind. 
 
 9. Previous fitness or adaptation to any change, 
 impression, or purpose ; applied to ir.ailer ; as, the pre- 
 disposition of the body to disease ; the predisposition 
 of the seasons to generate diseases. 
 
 Wiseman. Bacon. 
 PRE DOM'IX-ANCE, ) n. [See I'redominvst.] 
 PRE-I)O.M'IN-AN-CY, \ Prevalence over others ; 
 superiority in strength, power, influence, orauthority ; 
 ascendency ; as, the predominance of a red color in 
 a body of various colors ; the predominance of love or 
 anger among the passions; the predominance of self- 
 interest over all other considerations ; tiie predomi- 
 nance of imperial authority in the conft.'deracy. 
 
 2. In aslrolorry, the superit)r influence of a planet. 
 PRE-DO.M'IN-ANT, a. [ I'r. predominant ; It. pridomi- 
 nante ; L. prm and dominans, dotninnr, to rule.] 
 
 Prevalent over others ; superior in strength, influ- 
 ence, or authority ; ascendant; ruling; controlling; 
 as, a predominant color ; predominant beauty or excel- 
 lence ; a predominant passion. 
 
 Those helps — were pretiomin(tnt in the king's mind. Bacon. 
 
 You\ Bubornatioii is prr'lomiitant. Shak. 
 PRE-DOM'IN-Ai\T-LY, ado. With superior strength 
 
 or influence. Brown. 
 PRE-DOM'IN-JTn, ^j. 1. [Fr. predominer ; Sp. jrre- 
 dominar ; It. predominare t E. /)r(C, before, and dom- 
 inor, to rule, from dominus, lord.] 
 
 To prevail ; to surpass in strength, influence, or 
 authority ; to be Biiperinr ; to have controlling influ- 
 ence. In some persons, the love <tf money predom- 
 inates over all other pa.ssions; in others, ambition or 
 the love of fame predominates ; in most men, self- 
 interest predominates over patriotism and philan- 
 thropy. 
 
 So much (11(1 love to her cxeent/^fl lord 
 
 Preflominate iti lliis f.iir My*s iieart. IMnle!. 
 The rays reflected least oUlqiiciy in.Hy predominate over the rest. 
 
 PRE-DOM'IN-ATE, v. U To rule over. 
 
 PRtMMJM'IN-.^-TEI), pp. Prev.iiled or ruled over. 
 
 PRE-DOM'I.V-A-Tl.Nt;, ppr. or a. Having superior 
 strength or influence; ruling; cimlrolling. 
 
 PRE-DO.M-IN-A'TIO.V, 71. Superior btrcnglh or in- 
 fluence. Browne. 
 
 PRE-lJOOM'f:D,o. Antecedently doomed. Coleridge. 
 
 PRf^E-I.ECT', 71. t. [pre and elect.] To choime or 
 elect befnri'hand Did. 
 
 PRF^I>I,Ef;T'i;i), pp. Elected beforehand. 
 
 PRII-E-LECTION', ti. Chuicu or election by previous 
 determination of the will. I'rideauz. 
 
 PRE 
 
 PllE-EM'I-NENOE, ji. [Fr. ; li. preeminenia : pre \ 
 and eminence.] 
 
 I Superiority in excellence ; distinction in some- 
 thing commendable ; as, pre-eminence in honor or 
 virtue ; pre-eminence in eloquence, in legal attain- 
 ments, or in medical skill. 
 
 The jire-embunce of Christianity to any other religious scheme. 
 
 AddiBon. 
 
 2. Precedence ; priority of place ; superiority in 
 rank or dignity. 
 
 That in all tilings he mi^ht have the 7>re-e77iin«;ice. — Col. i. 
 Painfiii jire-emtnence I yonrs- if to view 
 
 Above liie's weakness and its comforts too. Pope. 
 
 3. Superiority of power or influence. Hooker. 
 
 4. Sometimes in a bad sense f Tis, pre-eminence in 
 guilt or crime. , 
 
 PRE-EM'l-NENT, a. [Fr. ; pre and eminent; L. pric, 
 before, and eminens, emineo. See Menace.] 
 
 1. Superior in excellence ; distinguished lor some- 
 thing commendable or honorable. 
 
 In goodness and in power pre-eminent. Milton. 
 9. Surpassing others in evil or bad qualifies ; as, 
 pre-eminent in crime or guilt. 
 PRE-EJl'I-NENT-LY, adv. In a pre-eminent degree; 
 with superiority or distinction above others ; as, pre- 
 eminenthj wise or good. 
 
 2. In a bad sense ; as, pre-eminently gniltv. 
 PRE-E.MP'TION, (-shun,) 71. [L. prm, before, and 
 
 emplio. a buying ; emo, to buy.] 
 
 1. The act of purchasing bef'ore others. 
 
 2. The right of purchasing before others. 
 
 3. The right of a squatter on the lands of the 
 United States to purchase in preference to others, 
 when the land is sold. 
 
 4. Formerly, in England, the privilege or preroga- 
 tive enjoyed by tne king of buying provisions for his 
 houseliold in preference to others, abolished by stat- 
 ute 19 Charles II. 
 
 PREE.V, 71. [Scot, prein, prin, a pen ; Dan. preen, the 
 point of a graving tool, a bodkin ; D. priem, a pin, a 
 spike ; G. pfrirme, a punch. Tliese are probably the 
 same word, a little varied.] 
 
 A forked instrument used by clothiers in dressing 
 cloth. 
 
 PREE.\, 71. [Scot, proyiic, pru7ii,'ie ; Chancer, proinc. 
 This word is probably the s.ame as the foregoing, de- 
 noting the use of the beak in cleaning and compos- 
 ing the feathers. So pikith, in Chaucer, is from 
 piLr, pick. 
 
 He kembith him ; he proinilh him and pikith. 
 
 Ciinf. Tales, 9885. 
 
 If not, the word may be contracted from the Fr. 
 provigner, to propagate vines by laying' cuttings in 
 the ground.] 
 
 To clean, compose, and dress the feathers, Jis birds, 
 to enable them to gliile more easily through the air 
 or water. For this purpose tin y are furnished with 
 two glands on their rump, which secrete an oily sub- 
 stance into a bag, from which they draw it with the 
 bill and spread it over their feathers. 
 
 Bailey. P. Cyc. 
 PRC-EN'-GaOE', 7'. (. [pre axii engage.] To engage 
 by previous contract. 
 
 To Cipsens by his fi lends his suit he moved, 
 
 Bat he was pre-engaged by former lies. Dryden. 
 
 2. To engage or attach by previous influence. 
 
 'i'he world 1i.ts the unhappy udvanljige pre-engaginz o^r pas- 
 sious. Uogers. 
 
 3. To etigage beforehand. 
 PRE-EN-Ga6'/:D, pp. Previously engaged by con- 
 tract or infliiencp. 
 
 PRE-Ei\'-G.^GE'.MENT, 77. Prior engagement ; ashy 
 stipulation or promise. A woulil accept my invita- 
 tion, but ft)r his pre-engngrment to li. 
 
 2. Any previous attachment binding the will or af- 
 fections. 
 
 My pre-engagemente to other themes were not unknown to those 
 lor whom I was to write. Boyle. 
 
 PUE-EN-GAtj'ING, ppr. Previously engaging. 
 PKKEN'ING, ppr. Cleaning and composing the feath- 
 ers, as birds. 
 
 PRi;-ES-TAH'LISFl, 7!. [pre ani estahli.^h.] To 
 (•..fablish <ir s. ttle lieliirehand. Coeenlrii. 
 
 PIM:-ES-TAll'LI.-<ll-/;i), (-es-tab'lisht,) ;i;). or a. Pre- 
 viously estalilishctl. 
 
 PR i;-ES-TA H'LISH-ING, ppr. Settling or ordaining 
 
 PRE-E-S-TAit'EISII-MENT, 71. Settlement before- 
 hand. 
 
 PRE-EX-AM-IN-/\'TIOi\, 71. Previous exaniin.ation. 
 
 PUI"--i:X-AM'tNE, 7). t. 'i'o examine beforehand. 
 
 PRE-I'.X-AM'li\-KI), pp. Previously examined. 
 
 I'|{i:-EX-AM'I.\-ING, ppr. Examining beforehand. 
 
 Pi£E-i;.\-IST', ( egz-ist',) ». i. [pre and exist.] To 
 exist bcforehanil or before something else. It has 
 been belioveil by many philosophers, that the souls 
 of men pre-exist, that is, exist before the formation of 
 the body. 
 
 PRi;-EX-IST'E\CE, f-egK-ist'cns,) n. Existence pre- 
 vious to something else. ' 
 
 WImloin ileclar-s her antiouity and pre-eristence to all the works 
 of tbi. e„rlli. Ilornel. 
 
 PRE 
 
 2. Exi.steuce of the soul before its union vath the 
 botly, or before the body is formed ; a tenet of llastem 
 sages. Addison. 
 
 PRE-EX-IST'ENT, a. Existing beforehand ; preced- 
 ing in existence. 
 
 What mortal knows his pre-exisUnt state f Pope. 
 
 PRE-EX-IST-I-MA'TION, 71. Previous esteem. [JVot 
 in use.] Brown. 
 
 PRE-EX-IST'ING, ppr. or a. Previously existing. 
 
 PRE-E.X-PEeT-A'TlON, 71. Previous expectation. 
 [Q.U. is not this tautology .'] Oerard. 
 
 PREF'ACE, 71. [Fr., from'L. prafatio ; pne, before, and 
 for,fari,futus, to speak.] 
 
 Something spoken as introductory to a discourse, 
 or written its introductory to a book or essay, in- 
 tended to inform the hearer 01 reader of the main 
 design, or, in general, of whatever is necessary to the 
 understanding of the discourse, book, or ess.ay ; a 
 proem ; an introduction or series of preliminary re- 
 marks. Milton. 
 
 PREF'ACE, V. t. To introduce by preliminary re- 
 marks; as, to preface a book or discourse. The 
 advocate pi-e/aced his arguments with a history of ihn 
 case. 
 
 2. To face ; to cover ; a ludicrous sense. 
 
 Not prefacing old ra^ with plush. Cleaveia)vl. 
 PREF'ACE, V. i. To say something introductory. 
 
 iipectator. 
 
 PREF'A-CJ:D, (pref ist,) pp. Introduced with pre- 
 liminary observations. 
 
 PREF'A-CER, )i. The writer of a preface. Dnidm. 
 
 PREF'A-CING, ppr. Introducing with preliminary 
 remarks. 
 
 PREF'A-TO-RI-LY, adv. By way of preface. 
 
 PREF'A-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to a pieface ; intro- 
 ductory to a book, essay, or discourse. Dryden 
 
 PRE'FECT, n. [L. praifectus ; pro", before, and 
 foetus, made ; but directly from pnrficwr, prctfectns.] 
 
 1. A name given to several Roman oflicers. The 
 prefect or warden of the city at fit^l exercised within 
 the city the powers of the king or ctmsuls tluring their 
 absence; afterward, as a permanent magistrate, he 
 was empowered to maintain peace and order in the 
 city. The pretorian prefect was the commander of 
 the pretorian guards. Under Constantine, the pre- 
 fects became governors of provinces. Smithes Diet. 
 
 2. In France, a superintendent of a department or 
 division of the kingdom, w ho has the direction of its 
 police establishment, together with extensive powers 
 of tnuniripal reguhttion. Urande. 
 
 PR1j;.'FE€:T-SH[P, j 11. The office of a chief magis- 
 PRli'FEeT-iyRE, ( trate, commander, or viceroy. 
 
 2. .Iiirisdiction of a prelect. 
 PRE-FER', V. t. [h. prtifero ; pr(E, before, and fcro, 
 
 to bear or carry ; Fr. prcferer ; It. preferire ; Sp. pre- 
 
 ferir.] 
 
 1. Literally, to bear or carry in advance, in the 
 mintl, affections, or choice ; hence, to regard more 
 than another ; to fiomir or esteem above another. 
 
 It is sometimes followed by above, before, or to. 
 
 If I prefer not Jerusalem aboce my clii -f joy. — Ps. cxxxvii. 
 lie tnat coiiielli after me is preferred before me. — John i. 
 
 2. To advance, as to an office or dignity ; to raise! 
 to exalt ; as, to prefer one to a bishopric ; to prefer an 
 officer to the rank of general. 
 
 3. To offer ; to present ; to exhibit ; usually, with 
 solemnity, or to a public body. It is our privilege 
 to enjoy the right of preferring petitions to rulers for 
 redress of wrongs. 
 
 My vows and pntyers to ih^G preferred. Sandys. 
 Prefer a bill against uU kings and parliaments since the conquest. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 4. To offer or present ceremoniously, or in ordinary 
 familiar language; lo proffer. 
 
 lie spake, and to her baud preferred the bowl. Pipe. 
 [This is allowable, at least in poetry, though not 
 usual.] 
 
 PREF'ER-.\-BLE, a. [Fr.] Worthy to be preferred 
 or chosen before something else ; more eligible ; 
 more desirable. Virtue is fur preferable to vice, even 
 for its pleasures in this life. 
 
 2. IMore excellent ; of better quality; as, Madeira 
 wine is preferable to claret. 
 PREF'ER-A-HLE-NESS, fi. The quality or state of 
 
 being preferable. Mountagu. 
 PREF'ER-A-BLY, adv. In preference ; in such a 
 manner as to prefer one thing to another. 
 
 How cimies ho to choose Plautus preferably to Terence I 
 
 Denn'ta. 
 
 PREF'ER-ENCE, 71. The act tif preferring one thing 
 before another; estimation of one thing above an- 
 other; ciiuice of one thing rafher than another. 
 
 Leave the critics on either side to contend about the preference 
 due to tins or that M.rt of poetry. Dnj'ten. 
 
 It has fr>, above, before, or over, before the thing 
 postponeil. All men give the preference to Homer as 
 an epic poet. 'J'he human botly has the preflretice 
 above or before those of brutes. 
 
 The kiiowled.'re of tbinjrn e'oiie pives a value to our Tftwinlngi, 
 and preferenee of one man's knowledge over uiioUier' 
 
 2. The state of being preferred. 
 
 Z.<icilt>. 
 
 FATE, FiR, F/VLL, WI1.>T. — METE, PRBY.-PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, nOVE, .MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
r K i ■ 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE-FER'MEN'T, n. [U. prrfrrimmto.] 
 
 1. Ailvanconiriit td a liigln:r office, (lifinity, or stn- 
 tion. Cli;iii!;(! of manners, and even of diameter, 
 often follows prrfrrmntt. A prolligiUe life should be 
 considered a disqiialifiration for prrfcrment, no less 
 than waiu of ahilily- 
 
 2. Superior place or office. All preferments should 
 be given to ctunpcteiU men. 
 
 3. Preft'rence. [jVuf ii w/.l Brown. 
 PRE-FF.R'RKI), pp. Regarded above others ; elevated 
 PRE-FEK'UICR, ii. One who prefers. [in station. 
 PRF.-FKR'KI.\(;, ppr. Regarding above others; ad- 
 vancing to a higher station ; offering ; presenting. 
 
 PREF'I-DENCt;, n. A previous trusting. Baxter. 
 PIIEF'I-DE.NT, a. Trusting previously. Baxter. 
 PRE-FIG'1!-RaTE, v. t. [See Pbefiguhe.] To 
 
 show Iiv antecedent representation. [LitUe used.] 
 PRE-FlG-y-R.\'T10N, ;i. Antecedent representation 
 by similitude. 
 
 A variety of prophecies niul prefiguralion/i hnil llicir punctual 
 accomplishineiil in the aulliur of this inslitulioii. Aorriji. 
 
 PRE-FIG'tJ-RA-TIVE, a. Showing by previous fig- 
 ures, tyjies, or similitude. The sacrifice of the 
 paschal lamb was pretJiptrtitive of the death of Christ. 
 PRE-FIO'lJKE, (-fig'yur,) v. L [L. pnc, before, and 
 Jignro, to fashion.] 
 
 To exhibit by antecedent representation, or by 
 types and similitude. 
 
 Id the 01<l Testament, tliiugs are pr^gurtd, which are performed 
 in the New. Hooker, 
 
 PRE-FIG'lIR-KD, pp. or a. Exhibited by antecedent 
 
 signs, types, or similitude. 
 PRE-FIG'lJR-ING, ppr. Showing antecedently by 
 
 similkudc. 
 
 PRE-FI.NE', r. t. [L. pri^nio ; pro;, before, and/nio, 
 
 to limit ; Jtiiit, limit.] 
 
 To limit beforehand. [Little useil.'] Kiwlles. 
 PREF-I-NI"T10N, (-nish'un,) n. Previous limitation. 
 
 [lAnle uied.] Folhtrby. 
 PRE FIX', V. t. [L. prcrfigo ; pra, before, and Jim, to 
 
 fix.] 
 
 1. To put or fix before, or at the beginning of an- 
 other thing ; as, to prefix a syllable to a wonl ; to pre- 
 fix an advertisement to a hook, or an epithet to a title. 
 
 2. To set or appoint helbreliand j as, to prefix the 
 hour of meeting. 
 
 A time 7»re_/Ir, and tliliik of me at last. SaitJys. 
 X To settle ; to establish. 
 
 ] would prefix some certain bountl,\ry between the old Ftitntes 
 and the new. Hale. 
 
 PUr.'FIX, n. A letter, syllable, or word, put to the 
 beginning of a word, usually to vary its signification. 
 A prefix is united with the word, forming a part of 
 it ; hence it is distinguished from a preposition ; as,. 
 pre in prefix; con in'conptre, with in viitlistnnd. Pre- 
 fixes are sometimes calletl particles, or inseparable 
 prepositions. 
 
 PRE-FIX'ED, (-fixt',)pp. Set before; appointed be- 
 forehand ; settled. 
 
 PRE-FIX'IN(3, p/ir. Putting before; previously ap- 
 pointing ; establishing. 
 
 PRE-FIX'ION, (-vun,) ;i. The act of prefixing. 
 
 PRE-FLO-Ra'TION, n. In botany, the manner in 
 which the tlortil envelopes are arranged in a flower 
 befiire thev expand ; estivation. Lindlnr. 
 
 PRE-FOKM', r. u [pre and farm.] To form before- 
 hand. Skak. 
 
 PUF.-F0RM'A-TIVE, n. [L. pra, before, and form- 
 alice.] 
 
 A formative letter at the beginning of a word. 
 
 Jil. Stuart. 
 
 PRE-FORM'SO, pp. Formed beforehand. 
 PRE-FOR.M'I.XG, ppr. Forming beforehand. 
 PRE-FU'L'l5E.\-CY, n. [L. pr<r/u;»cns ; pr<e, before, 
 
 and/ii/^i-co, to shine.] 
 
 Superior brightness or effulgency. Barrow. 
 PREG'NA-BLE, a. [Fr. prenable.] 
 
 That may be taken or won by force; exptignnble. 
 
 r Little iLsed.] Cotgrare. 
 PREG'XA.\-CY, n. [See PRro:»AST.] The state of 
 
 a female who has conceived, or is with child. Ray. 
 
 2. Fertility ; fruitfulness ; inventive power; as, 
 the pregnancy of wit or invention. Prior. 
 
 Pkc<;mancc, in a like sense, is not used. 
 PREG'XANT, a. [L. pr<rg-nans ; supposed to be com- 
 pounded of pTO, before, and geno, Gr. yeni'aa], to 
 beget ; It. prcgnante ; Sp. prehado.] 
 
 I. Being with young, as a female; breeding; 
 teeming. 
 
 Fruitful ; fertile ; impregnating ; as, pregnant 
 streams. Vryden. 
 
 3. Full of consequence ; as, a pregnant instance of 
 infatuation. 
 
 All c^^oiis and pregnant instance how far virtue iurpai<aei 
 in^tiinty. W'ooduard. 
 
 4. Easy to admit or receive. 
 
 I am ;<re;nnnj to ^ood pity. |.Vo( proper.) Shak. 
 
 5. Free ; kind ; ready ; witty ; apt. [J\'ot proper.] 
 
 ShaJi. 
 
 6. Plain ; clear; evident; full. [A'o« in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 A pregnant construction, or construclio prtsgnans, is 
 one in which more is implied than is said or seem.') ; 
 as, the hoasi, trembled fortli from tlieir dens, i. e., 
 came forth trrnihling. 
 PREG'NA.NT l.Y, ade. Fruitfully. 
 
 2. Fully ; plainly ; clearly. [Js used.] 
 
 Shak. South. 
 PRi":'GRA-V.aTE, 1'. (. [I- pro'gravo.] 
 
 To hoar down ; to depress. [A'ut in use.] Hall. 
 PRE-GRAV'I-TATE, n. i. To descend by gravity. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 PRE-GUST'ANT, a. [L. pra:gustans.] 
 
 Tasting beforehand. Ed. Rev. 
 
 PRE-GIJS-TA'TION, n. [I., pra and gusto, to 
 taste.] 
 
 The act of tasting before another. Diet. 
 PRE-IIE.V'SI-BLE, a. That may bo seized. 
 
 iMWrenr.e, 
 
 PRE-IIE\'SII.E, {a. [L. prf/inido, to take or seize ; 
 PRE-IIE\'SO-RV, j prehensus.] 
 
 Seizing ; grasping ; adapted to seize or grasp. 
 The tails of some monkeys are prehensile. 
 
 .Xnt. Ili.lL Eneyc. 
 PRE-HEX'SIOX, (-shun,) n. A taking hold ; a seiz- 
 ing; as with the hand or other limb. Lawrence. 
 PREIIN'I'l'E, (pren'ite,) n. [from Prehn, the name 
 of the person who first brought tliis stone from the 
 Cape of Good Mope.] 
 
 A pale green mineral, of a vitreous luster, occurring 
 in bntryoidal and mamillary concretion.s, and in 
 small prismatic crystals, usually appearing as if 
 made up of a series of snutii tables. It consists of 
 silica, alumina, and lime, wj;!; soui.i water. It is 
 usually found associated willi the zeolites in amyg- 
 daloid, but occasionally in granite and gneiss. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 PRE-IN-STRIJCT', r. L [pre and instruct.] To in- 
 struct previou.slv. Jlorc. 
 
 PRE-LV-STRUet'ED, pp. Previously instructed or 
 directed. 
 
 PRE-IN-STRtlCT'IXG, ppr. Previously instructing. 
 PRE-IN-TI-.Ma'TIO.\, «. [pre and intimation.] Pre- 
 vious intimation ; a suggestion beforehand. 
 
 T. Scott. 
 
 PRE-JUDGE', (pre-judj',) v. t. [Fr. prejugcr ; L. prtc 
 and jndico, to judge.] 
 
 1. To juilgo in a cause before it is heard, or before 
 the arguments and facts in the case aro fully 
 known. 
 
 The committee of council lialh prejudged the whole wse, by 
 ttllid^ liie unit'd sense of both houses of parIi;uii'Mit a 
 uuivcrs:il cUmor. Sirifl. 
 
 9. To judge and determine before the cause is 
 heard ; hence, sometimes, to condemn beforehn.nd or 
 
 •unheard. .Milton. 
 
 PRE-JUDG'JCI), pp. Judged beforehand ; determined 
 unheard. 
 
 PRE-JUUfi'ING, ppr. Judging or determining with- 
 out a liearin;; or before the case is l"iilly understood. 
 
 PRE-JUDC'M E.N'T, n. Jiiilgment in a case without a 
 hearing or full examination. Knot. 
 
 PREJU'DI-e.\-CY, n. Prejudice ; prepossession. 
 [JV'ot used.] Blount. 
 
 PRE-JO'DI-e.^TE, B. L [L. prat, before, and judico, 
 to judge.] 
 
 To prejudge ; to determine beforehand to disad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Our d'-aresl friend 
 Prejitfticales tlr? busiue!*.s. S^iat.: 
 
 PRE-JP'Di eATE, V. i. Toform a judgment vvilliotit 
 due examination of the facts and arguments in the 
 case. Siditri/ 
 
 PRE-JO'DI-e.\TE, a. Formed before due examina- 
 tion. Watts. 
 
 2. Prejudiced ; biased by opinions formed prema- 
 turely ; as, a prejudicatc reader. [Little used.] 
 
 Brotcn. 
 
 PRE-JP'DI-e.\-TED, pp. Prejudied. 
 PRR-JU'ni-€.A-Tl.\G, ppr. Prejudging. 
 PRE-JU DI-Ca'TIO.X, n. The act of judging with- 
 out due examination of facts and evidence. 
 
 Shencood. 
 
 2. In Roman oratoni, prejudications were of three 
 kinds ; first, precedents or adjudged cases, involving 
 the same points of law ; second, previous decisions 
 on the same ijiiestion between other parties; third, 
 decisions of the same cause and between the same 
 parties, before tribunals of inferior jurisdiction. 
 
 .Idams's Led. 
 
 PRE-JO'UI CA-TIVE, a. Forming an opinion or 
 judgment without examination. Jilore. 
 
 PREJ'q-UICE, (pred'jii-dis,) n. [Fr., fr mi L. preju- 
 dicium : prte and jtulico.] 
 
 1. Prejudemenl ; an opinion or decision of mind, 
 formed without due examination of the facts or ar- 
 guments which are necessary to a just and impartial 
 determination. It is used in a good or bad sense. 
 Innumerable are the jirrjudices of etlucttion ; we are 
 accustomed to believe what we are taught, and to 
 receive opinions from others without examining ihe 
 grounds by (vhich they can be supported. A man 
 has strong prejudices m favor of his country or his 
 party, or Ih'- chiirrli in which he has been educated ; 
 and often our prejudices are unreasonable. A judge 
 
 should disabuse himself of pre/iufice in favor of either 
 party in a suit. 
 
 My i-oiiifort is. that their manifest prejudice to my cau*! will rcn. 
 d. r their Judgment of h-ss authority. Urylen. 
 
 2. A previous bent or bl.ia of mind for or against 
 any person or thing; prepossession. 
 
 Tli-n< \e an unaccountable prejudice to projeclon of all kinds. 
 
 Atlditon. 
 
 X Mischief; hurt; damage; injury. Violent fac- 
 tions arc a prejudice to the authority of the sovereign. 
 How plain this abuse is, and what prejudict It doea to the nnder. 
 standing of Uie aacred Scripiurea ! Locke. 
 
 [ This is a sense of the word too veil established to be 
 
 condemned.] 
 
 PREJ'I^-DICE, r. t. To prepossess with unexamined 
 opinions, or opinions formed without due knowledge 
 of the facts and circumstances attending the tpies- 
 tion ; to bias tlie mind by hasty and inctirrect no- 
 tions, and give it an unreasonable bent to one side 
 or other of a cause. 
 
 Sutler not any beloved study to prejudice your mind so far as to 
 <l' spise all oilier learning. It'atls. 
 
 2. To obstrtict or injure by prejudices, or an tiitdiie 
 previous bias of the mind ; or to hurt; to damage; 
 to diminish ; to impair ; in a very general sense. The 
 advocate who attempts to prove too much may prej 
 udice his cause. 
 
 1 am n(jl to prejudice the cause of my fellow-poets, thourh I 
 abandon my own defense. DrytUn. 
 
 PREJ't7-DIC-KD, (pred'ju-dist,) pp. or a. Prcposscs<ed 
 bv unexamined opinions; bia.sed. 
 
 PR'EJ-IJ-I)I"CIAL, (pred-ju-dish'al,) a. Biased or 
 blind(!d by prejudices ; as, a prejudicial eye. [JVuf 
 in use.] Hooker. 
 
 2. Ilurtful ; mischievous ; injurious ; disadvan- 
 tageous ; detrimental ; tending to obstruct or im- 
 pair. A high rate of interest is prejudicial to trade 
 and manufactures. Intemperance is prejudicial to 
 health. 
 
 His going away the next morning, with all hia Iroone, w.aa most 
 jfrejudiciat to the king's atfiiri. Clarendon. 
 
 One of the young la<lies n'ads while the others are at work ; so 
 that the learning ol tlie laraily ij not at uU prejudiriat to ilj 
 manufactures. AdcUson. 
 
 PREJ-i;-DI"CIAL.-LY, adv. Injuriously ; disadvan- 
 taecouslv. 
 
 PRFJ-lJ-dl"CIAL-NESS, n. The state of being prej- 
 udicial ; injuriniisness. 
 
 PREJ'H-DIC-ING, ppr. Prepossessing; biasing. 
 
 PRE-KNOVVL'EDGE, (pre-nol'lej,) n. Prior knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 PREIV.V-CY or PRk'LA-CY, 71. [from prc/ote.] The 
 office or dignity of a prelate. 
 
 Prelaeiee m.ay be termed the greater benefices. Ayl^Je. 
 
 2. Episcopacy ; the order of bishops. 
 
 How many are there that call tliems'-lves Protestants, who put 
 pre'.tuy and pojtery togetlier as terms convertible 1 Swijl. 
 
 3. Bishops collectively. 
 
 Divers of the reven^nd pre.'ffey. Hooker. 
 PREL'ATE or PRic'LATE, n. [Fr. jirelat : H.prelato ; 
 from I., pradaliui, pnrfero.] 
 
 A clergyman of a superior order, having authority 
 over the lower clergy, as an archbishop, bishop, &c. ; 
 a dignitnrv of the church. Bacon. 
 PREL'ATE-SHIP, n. The office of a prelate. 
 
 ffarmar. 
 
 PRE-I,.\T'ir, ) 17. Pertaining tn prelates or prcl- 
 PRE-EAT'ie-AE, i acv ; as, prrlatiral aiithoritv. 
 PRE-L.\T'I€-AL-LY, adv. With reference to prelates. 
 
 JilortOH. 
 
 PRE-LS'TION, n. [I., pratatio, prirfero.] 
 
 Preference ; the setting of one above another. 
 
 [Little used.] Hale. 
 PREL'A-TIS.M, n. Prelacy ; episcopacy. Milton. 
 PREL'.\-TIST, n. [from prelate.] An advocate for 
 
 prelacy or the government of tile church by bishops ; 
 
 a high churchman. 
 
 I am an Kpi:iCopalian, but not a prelatiet. T. SeoU. 
 
 PREI/A-TURE, ) „ rp, ™,„,„„ 1 
 
 prei.'a-tureIsiup, ) P^*'"""-'-] 
 
 'I'lic slate or dignity of a prelate. Diet. 
 PREL'A-TY, 71. Episcopacy ; prelacy. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PRE-LECT', r. f. [L. pra:Uctus, preclego ; pro:, before, 
 and lego, to read.] 
 To read a lecture or public discourse. Horslty. 
 
 PRE-I-EC'TfON, n. [L. pralectio.] 
 
 A lecture or discourse read in public or to a select 
 company. Hale. 
 
 PRE-LEC'TOR, n. A reader of discourses ; a lec- 
 turer. Sheldon. 
 
 PRE-I,I-Ba'TION, n. [from L. prrlibo; pros, before, 
 and libo, to taste.] 
 
 1. Foretaste ; a tasting beforehand or by anticipa- 
 tion. The joy that proceeds from a beUef of pardon 
 is a prelibation of heavenly bliss. 
 
 2. An ctTusion previous to tasting. Qu. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 PRE-LIM'I.\-.\-RI LY, ado. In a preliminary man- 
 ner. 
 
 PRE-LIM'IN-A-RY, o. [Fr. preUminaire : It. preJi- 
 
 TONE, Bl,'LL, UNITE AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; Tll as in THIS. 
 
 869" 
 
■ adv. 
 
 Tliomson. 
 Previously ; introductorily. 
 
 PRE 
 
 rMtiare : Pp. prrlinuiiar ; L. /ito, before, and limen, 
 liiresliliiilil or liiiiil.] 
 
 Iiilroductdry ; previous ; proemial ; that precedes 
 the main discourse or business; as, /(rc/fwuHary ob- 
 servations to a discourse or book ; preUmtnary arti- 
 cles to a treaty ; preUminarit measures. 
 
 PRE [.IM'IN-A-RY, n. Thai wliicli precedes the 
 niain discourse, work, design, or business ; some- 
 tliin^ previous or preparatory ; as, llie preliminaries 
 to a neErotiation or treaty ; the preliminaries to a com- 
 b:it. The parties met t(» settle tlie pretiniinuries. 
 
 PRK'I.L'DE or I'REL'tJDE, n. [Fr. id. ; It. and Sp. 
 prehii/io ; Low L. prcelwiiuni^ from prceludo ; pra, be- 
 fore, and IdJo, to play.] 
 
 1. A short rii(.'hl of music, or irregular air played 
 by a musician before he begins the piece to be played, 
 or before a full concert. Encyc. Yotincr. 
 
 2. Something introductory, or that shows what is 
 to follow ; something preceding wliich bears some 
 relation or resemblance to that which is to follow. 
 
 The last George waa a good prelwU to the ^iieia. Addison. 
 
 3. A forerunner; something which indicates a 
 future event. 
 
 PKE-1-.C'DB', ?'. L To introduce with a previous per- 
 formance ; to play before ; as, to prelude a concert 
 with a lively air. 
 
 2. To precede, as an introductory piece ; as, a 
 lively air preludes the concert. 
 PRE-LC'DE', V. i. To serve as an introduction to. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 PRE-LPD'EI), pp. Preceded by an introductory per- 
 fiiruianre ; preceded. 
 
 PRE-LC'D'ER, «. One that plays a prelude, or intro- 
 duces by a previous irregular piece of nuisic. 
 
 PRE LOli'I.NG, ppr. Playing an introductoiy air ; 
 preceiling. 
 
 PRE-LO'DI OUS, a. Previous; introductory. 
 
 Cleareland. 
 
 PRE-Lu'Dr-UM, n. [Low L.] A prelude. Drijdrn. 
 PRE-LP'SI VE, a. Previous; introductory; indica- 
 ting that something of a like knid is to t(>llow ; as, 
 vrelujiive tlrops. 
 PRE-LP'PIVE-LV, 
 PKE-LC'SO-RI-LY, 
 
 Previous ; introductory ; prelu- 
 Baeon, 
 
 PRE-.MA-TuRE', a. [Fr. premature, from L. pr<ema- 
 turujs : prtE, before, anti viaturus, ripe.] 
 
 1. Ripe before the natural or proper time ; as, the 
 premature fruits of a hot-bed. 
 
 2. Happening, arriving, performed, or adopted be- 
 fore the projier time ; as, a premature t'all of siu)W in 
 autumn ; a premature birth ; a premature opinion ; a 
 premature measure. 
 
 3. Arriving or received without due authentication 
 or evidence ; as, premature report, news, or intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 PRE-.M A-Tl'RE'LY, adx\ Too soon ; too early; be- 
 fore the pr(tper t nie ; as, fruits prematurely ripened ; 
 opmious prematurely formed ; measures prematurely 
 taken. 
 
 2. Without due evidence or authentication ; as, 
 intelligence prematurely received. 
 PRE-.MA Tf'RE'NESS, / n. Ripeness before the nat- 
 PRE-.M A-TC'Rl-TV, j ural or proper time. 
 2. Too great haste ; unseasonable earliness. 
 
 Warton, 
 
 PRE-.MED'I-TaTE, c. t. [Ft. premediter ; It. premedi- 
 titrf ; L. pmmeditor ; pra, before, and meditur, to 
 m>-ditate.] 
 
 To think on and revolve in the mind beforehand . 
 Ill contrive and design previously ; as, to premeditate 
 theft or robbery. 
 
 With wonis premtditated thus he said. Dryden. 
 
 PRE-MEIJ'I-TaTE, v. i. To think, consider, or re- 
 volve In the mind beforehand ; to deliberate ; to 
 have formed in the mind by previous thought or 
 uieditntion. llovker. 
 
 l'i;E-.MEt)'l-TATE, a. Contrived by previous medi- 
 tation. Burnet. 
 
 PRE-.\1E1)'I-TA-TEU, pp. or a. Previously consid- 
 ered or meditated. 
 
 2. Previously contrived, designed, or intended; 
 deliberate ; willful ; an, prcinedUated murder. 
 
 I'llE-.MEIt'I-T.ATE LY, odj). With previous medita- 
 liui. Filtham. 
 
 I'UEMEn i-TS-TI.VO, ppr. Previously meditating; 
 l ontriving or intending beforehand. 
 
 PRE-.MElJ-l-'rA'TION, n. [ L. pramedrtatio.] 
 
 1. The act of medilating beforehand ; previous 
 deliberation. 
 
 PRE-LO'SO-RY, a. 
 sive. 
 
 Hlildrli (tinitrhl may l«- hi^h'^r than nalUPf 
 Jiretntdliation. 
 
 « mine without 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Previous rxjntrivance or design formed ; as, the 
 
 nretnrditatinn of a cruiM!. 
 
 PRi; MKR'IT, o. t. [pre and m«-i(.] To merit or de- 
 
 Mirve hcfnriliand. [l.itlle u^cd.] K.Charles. 
 PREM'I ('Ef«, n. 1)1. ( Fr., from h. primitin, primus.] 
 FIr-I Irilitn. used.] Dryden. 
 
 PREM'I Kit, (preiii'yer,) a. J Fr , from l,.primus, first.] 
 FuMt ; clili'f, principal; as, the premier place; 
 premier iiiiniNter. Camden. Sw^ft. 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE.M'IER, (prrm'yer,) n. The first minister of state , 
 the prime minister. 
 
 PRE.M'IER-SIIIP, n. The office or dignity of the first 
 minister of state. 
 
 PRE-.MIL-I.EN'I-AL, a. Previous to the millennium. 
 
 PRE-,MISE', V. U [L. priemissus, pra:niitto, to send be- 
 fore.] 
 
 1. To speak or write before, or as introductory to 
 the main sutyect; to offer previously, as something 
 to explain or aid in understanding what follows, 
 
 1 premise these paniciil.irs that the rfader may know th:it ! enter 
 upon it as a very iiti^rateful task. Adlison. 
 
 2. To send before the time. [JV'ot in u.5f.] Shak. 
 
 3. To lay down premises or first propositions, on 
 which rest the subsequent reasonings. Burnet. 
 
 4. To use or ajiply previously. 
 
 If venesection and a carthartic t)e premised. Darioin. 
 
 PRE-WISE', V. i. To state antecedent propositions. 
 
 SaifL 
 
 PREM'IPE, (prem'is,) n. See Pbemises. 
 PRE-.MIS'/CU, pp. .Spoken or written before, as intro- 
 ductory to the main subject. 
 PRE.M'1-SE$, n. p/. [Fr. prf7ni>ses ; Ij. pritmissa.] 
 
 1. In ;.->n-ic, the two first propositions of a syllo- 
 gism, from which the inference or conclusion is 
 drawn ; as. 
 
 All sinners deserve punishment; 
 A B Is a sinner. 
 
 These propositions, which are the premhes, being 
 true or admitted, the conclusion follows, tliat A B 
 deserves puiilslinient. 
 
 2. Propositiims antecedently supposed or proved. 
 
 While the jrremiecs stand firm, it is impossible to shape the con- 
 clusion. Decay of Piely. 
 
 3. In law, circumstances premised or set forth pre- 
 vious to the coven:ints, &.c. Also, the hou.ses, lands, 
 tfec, proposed tti be conveyed by deed, &c. Hence, 
 tile term is applied to a building with its ailjuncts. 
 
 PRE-.MIS'ING, ppr. Speaking or writing before; lay- 
 ing tio\\'n the premises. 
 
 PRE.M'IdS, ;i. A premise. [See Premises.] 
 
 Whatebj. Watts. 
 
 PRi:'M[-UM, 7!. [L.l Properly, a reward or recom- 
 pfiise ; a pri/.e to be won by competition ; the re- 
 ward or prize to be adjudged to the best performance 
 or proiliictitm. 
 
 2. The recompense or prize ofl^ired for a specific 
 discovery, or for success in an enterprise : as fur the 
 discovery of the longitude, or of a north-west passage 
 to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 3. A bounty ; something offered or given for the 
 loan of money, usually, a sum beyond the interest. 
 
 4. The recompense to underwriters for insurance, 
 or fur undertaking to indemnify for losses of any 
 kind. 
 
 5. It is sometimes .synonymous with Interest, but 
 generally, in obtaining loans, it is a sum percent, 
 distinct from the Interest. The bank lends money 
 to government at a premium of 2 per cent. 
 
 6. A bounty. 
 
 PRE-MOiV'ISH, u. <. [L. pramoneu ; prts and moneo, 
 to U'arn.] 
 
 Tti ftirewam ; to admonish beforehand. 
 
 PRE-MO\'iSH-/:i), (-mon'isht,) pp. Forewarned. 
 
 PRE-.MOi\'l!SH-li\r., ppr. Admonishing bi forehand. 
 
 PRE-.MON'lt?H-MENT, 71. Previous warning or ad- 
 monition ; previous inforinatitm. 
 
 PRE-M0-NI"T10N, (-ini>-nish'tin,) ti. Previous warn- 
 ing, notice, or information. Christ gave to Ills disci- 
 ples premonitions of their sufferings. 
 
 PRE-i\ION'l-TO-RI-LY,a(/i). By way of premonition. 
 
 PRE-iMON'I-TO-RY, a. Giving previous warning or 
 notice. 
 
 PRE-MON'STRANTS, n. pi. [L. prmnonstrans.] 
 
 A religious order of regular canttns or monks of 
 Premoiure in PIcardy, instituted by Norbert In 1120. 
 They are called also White Canons. These monks 
 were poor at first, but within thirty years they had 
 more than one hundred abbeys in France and Ger- 
 many, and in time they were established in all parts 
 of Clirlsteniloni. Encyc, 
 
 PRE-MON'STRATE, c. ^ [L. prmnonstro ; pris, be- 
 fore, and mon.itro, to show. J 
 
 To show beforehand. [^Little used.] Herbert. 
 
 PRE-MON-STRA'TION, n. A showing beforehand. 
 [Little u.ied.] Shelf ord. 
 
 PRE-MORSE', (pre-mors',) a. [L. prtcmordeo, pra- 
 viorsiis : pra and nwrdeo, to gnaw.] 
 As if bitten off. 
 
 Prcmurse roots or leaves, in botany, are such as have 
 an abrupt, ragged, and irregular tcrniinution, as if 
 bitten off sliort. Lindley. 
 
 PKE-IMO'TION, n. [pre and Tnolion.] Previous mo- 
 tion or excitement to action. Knryc. 
 
 rREM.lJ-NI'RE, 71. [.See Pn,T.ML'NiRE.] [If really 
 anglicized, premunire is the regular orthography. But 
 this is not yet settled.] 
 
 I. In law, the offense of introducing foreign nu- 
 tliorlly into England, and the writ which is grounded 
 on the offense. 
 
 PRE 
 
 2. Tile penalty incurred by the offense above de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Wolsey incurred ajw«mumre, and forfeited his honor, estate, and 
 life. South 
 
 PRE-1\1U-NITE', V. t. To guard against objection ; to 
 
 fortify. [Obs.] 
 l'RE-iMU-Nl"TION, (-nish'un,) n. [L. pnemunitio, 
 
 from prtemunio.] 
 
 An anticipation of objections. Diet, 
 PRE-NO'.ME.\, 71. [L. pru^nomen.] 
 
 Among the Runians, a name prefixed to the family 
 
 name, tmsvvering to our Cliristian name ; as Caius, 
 
 Lucius, .Marcus, &.c. 
 PRE-NO.M'L\-aTE, t. Ih.priB and 7t077!i;iO.] 
 
 To forename. 
 PRE-i\O.M'IN-ATE, a. Forenamed. SliaJc. 
 PRE NO.M'lN-A-TEn, pp. Forenamed. 
 PRE NO.M'l.\-.A-Tl.\(;, ppr. Foienaming. 
 PUE-NOM-l.N-A'TIO.N, 71. Tlie privilege of being 
 
 named first. Brown, 
 PRE-No'TION, 71. [L. prcenotio prtB and nosco, to 
 
 know.] 
 
 A notice or notion which precedes something else 
 in time ; previous notion or thought ; foreknowledge. 
 
 Bacon. Brown. 
 PREN-Sa'TION, 71. [L. prensatio, from prenso, to 
 seize.] 
 
 'i'he act of seizing with violence. [Little used.] 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 PREN'TICE ; a colloquial contraction of Apprentice, 
 which see. 
 
 PREN'TICE-SHIP ; a contraction of Apprenticeship, 
 which see. Pope. 
 
 PRE-NUM-CI-a'TION, 71. [L. pranuncio ; prce and 
 nuncio, to tell.] 
 
 The act of telling before. [JVoi used.] Diet. 
 
 PRE-OB-TaI.N'', r. £. To obtain beforehand. 
 
 PRE-Oli-T.^LN'KD, 7»p. Previously obtained. 
 
 PRE-Oe eU-PAN-CY, 71. [L. prwoccupans.] 
 
 1. The act of takinc possession before another. 
 The property of unoccupied land is vested by pre- 
 occupancy. 
 
 2. The right of taking possession before others. 
 The first discoverer of unoccupied land has the pre- 
 oceupnncij of it, by the law of nature and nations. 
 
 PRE-OCCU-PATE, v, t, [h. pr<Eoccupo i pro: and oc~ 
 cupo, to seize.] 
 
 1. To anticipate ; to take before. Bacon. 
 
 2. To pre|)ossess ; to fill with prejudices. IVotton. 
 [Instead of this, Preoi ci-pv is used.] 
 
 PRE-Oe eU-PA'TION, n. A taking possession before 
 another ; prior occupation. 
 
 2. Anticipation. 
 
 3. Prepossession. Barrinrrton, 
 
 4. Anticipation of olijcctions. South, 
 PRE-OC't :U-PI-£:i), (-pide,) pp. or a. Taken pos- 
 session tif beforehand ; prepossessed. 
 
 PRE-OG'GU-PY , V, t. [L. prieoccupo ; prtE, before, 
 and occnpo, to seize.] 
 
 1. To take possession before another; as, to prcoc- 
 cupy a country or land not before occupied. 
 
 2. To prepossess ; to occupy by anticipation or 
 prejtidiceti. 
 
 I think it more respectful to the render to leave somethin* to re- 
 flections, than U) preoccupy his jndguienu Arbudtno, 
 
 PRE OCeU-PV-ING, ppr. Taking possession of be- 
 forehand ; occupying by anticipation. 
 
 PRE-O.M'IN-ATE, v. t, [L. prce and ominor, to prog- 
 nosticate.] 
 
 To prognosticate : to gather from omens any future 
 event. Brown. 
 
 PRE-O-PIN'ION, (-yun,) 77. [pre and opinion.] Opin- 
 ion previously formed ; prepossession. Brown. 
 
 PRt:-OP'TION, 71. [pre and option.] The right of 
 first choice. Stuclchouse. 
 
 PRE-OR DAIN', i>. t. [pre and orrfain.] To ordain 
 or appoint beforehand ; to predi terinine. All thingai 
 are supposed to he preordained by (>od. 
 
 PRE-OR-DAIN'£D, pp. or a. Antecedently ordained 
 or determined. 
 
 PRE-OR-DAIN'ING, ppr. Ordaining beforehand. 
 
 PRE-OR'DI-NA.\CE, 71. [pre and orrfinunrc] Ante- 
 cedent decree or determination. Shall. 
 
 PRE-OR'ni-NATE, a. Foreordained. [Little used.] 
 
 PRE-OR-UI-NA'TION, 77. The act of foreorilaining ; 
 previous deternilnatitin. Futhnby. 
 
 PR P;-PA ID', pp. or a. Paid in advance, as postage of 
 letters. 
 
 PRE-PAR'A-BLE, a. [See Prepare.] That may be 
 
 prepared. Boyle. 
 PREP-A-RA'TION, 71. [h. pra-parntio. Sec Prei'are.] 
 
 1. The act or operatiim of preparing or fitting for a 
 particular piirptise, use, service, or ctintlitlon , as, 
 the prejiaratinn of land for a crop of wlii:at ; the 
 preparation of troops for a campaign ; the preparation 
 of a nation for war ; the preparation of men for fu- 
 ture happiness. Preparation is Intended to prevent 
 evil or secure good. 
 
 2. Previous measures of adaptation. 
 
 1 will allow what prtparalionB there wci« In nature for this ilU- 
 luluUoii. Burnet. 
 
 3. Ceremonituis introduction. [Unusual,] Shak, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT Mi?.TE, PRfiY. — MNE, MARINE, BIRI). — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 H60 
 
PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 4. 'I'lKit which is |>rc|uired, mude, or coiiipcuiided 
 for n p:irlicuhir purpose. 
 
 1 wish til'- cin'miutii had been more sparing, who nmirnify (heir 
 jireparatioiis. Ih-ovn, 
 
 5. The state of heiiig prepared or in readiness ; as, 
 a nation in piod prrparntion for attack or defense. 
 
 U. Acconiplislinient i qualitication. [JW in lue.] 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 7. In pliarmaqi, any medicinal substance fitted for 
 the use of the patient. Kiiciic 
 
 8. In aiialomii, a name given to the parts of animal 
 bodies prepared and preserved for anatomical uses. 
 
 F.neijc. 
 
 Preparation nf (lissontintes, in music, is their dispo- 
 sition in harmony in such a manner that by sonie- 
 thinL' coneenial in what precedes, they may be ren- 
 dered less harsh to the ear than they would be with- 
 out such pn paration. Eiicyc. 
 
 Prrparation of medicines; tlie process of fitting any 
 substance for use in the art of healin". 
 PKI'M'.AR'A-TIVE, a. [It. preparatico ! Fr. prepara- 
 tif-] 
 
 Tending to prepare or make ready ; having the 
 power of preparing, qualifying, or titling lor any 
 thing : prC|)aratory. 
 
 He fifvnt much lime in quest of knowliMlge preparatioe to this 
 ujrii. South. 
 
 PRE-P.\U'.\-TIVE, n. That which has the power of 
 preparing or previously fitting for a purpose ; that 
 which prepares. 
 
 Resolvr'iiiicw in sin can with no rc.ison bo ima^ned a prepare.. 
 Uve lo F'-uiissiun. Decay of Fitly. 
 
 2. That which is done to prevent an evil or secure 
 some good. 
 
 Tlie miserirs we suflt-r may l)e preiwradpe of future blessinss. 
 
 K. aar'.t,. 
 
 3. Preparation ; as, to make the necessary prepara- 
 tires for a vovage. i)ri/tli n. 
 
 PRE-PAtt'A-TIVE-LY, orfr. By way of prep.-iration. 
 
 PRK-PAR'A-TO-RY, a. [It. and Sp. preparatorio ; 
 Fr. prrparatoire.'\ 
 
 1. Previously necessary; useful or (iiinlifying; 
 preparing the way for any thing by previous ine.as- 
 nies of adajttation^ TliK practice of virtue and piety 
 is preparatnrti to the Iiappiness of heaven. 
 
 2. introiluctory ; previous ; antecedent and adapted 
 to what follows. Hale. 
 
 PRE-P.^RE', V. t. [Fr. preparer; It. preparare ; Pp. 
 and Port, preparar ; from L. pnrparo ; prtp. and paro ; 
 Russ. ubirayu ; W. parodi. I'he L. paro is probably 
 5 — 
 
 the Shemitic Ki3, \jj to create or bring forth, co- 
 inciding with English bear; and frtim the I,, are 
 derived Fr. parer, Sp'. and Port, parar, It. parare. 
 The sense of /»r/»/i«rf is derivetl from many kinds of 
 actions. See in the Iiitrtxinction.j 
 
 1. In a general sense, to fit, adapt, or qualify for a 
 particular purpose, end, use, service, or state, by 
 any means whatever. We prepare ground for seed 
 by tillage ; we prepare cloth for tise by dressing ; we 
 prepare medicines by pulverization, mixture, &.c. ; 
 we prepare ytmng men for college by previous in- 
 structit)n ; men are prepared for professions by suita- 
 ble study ; holiness of heart is necessary to prepare 
 men for the enjoyment of happiness with holy be- 
 ings. 
 
 2. To make ready ; as, to prepare the table for en- 
 tertaining company. 
 
 3. Tti provitle ; to procure as suitable ; as, to pre- 
 pare arms, ammiiniticm, and provisions for troops; 
 to prepare ships for defense. 
 
 Alsiitom j/rejiarrd him churiots and horses, and fifty men to run 
 Ivfon- him. — 'i Siim. xv. 
 
 4. To set ; to establish. 
 
 The l.ord hsth prejiared bis throne in the he.iveii8. — Ps. ciii. 
 
 5. To appoint 
 
 It sh.tll be jiven to them for whom it is jrrepared. — Matt. ix. 
 
 6. To guide, direct, or establish. I Chron. xxix. 
 PREi-PSRE', ». i. To make all things re.ady ; to put 
 
 things ill suitable order; as, prepare for dinner. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To take the necessary previous measures. 
 
 Dull) prejxirin^ to kill herself. Peacha'n. 
 
 3. To make one's self ready. 
 
 Prejiare to meet thy God, O Isriel. — Anios Iv, 
 
 PRE-P.\RE', n. Preparation. [JVuf in ii.sc] Shak. 
 
 PRK-PaR'KD, p;>. or a. Fitted; adapted; made suit- 
 able ; made ready ; provided. 
 
 PRE-PAR'ED-LY, orfo. With suitable previous meas- 
 nres. Shak. 
 
 PRE-PAR'En-NESS, n. The state of being prepared 
 or in readiness. South. 
 
 PRE-PAR'ER, n. One that prepares, fits, or makes 
 ready. 
 
 2. One that provides. 
 
 3. That which fits or makes suitable ; as, certain 
 manures are preparers of land for particular crops. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 PRIM'AR'I.Vti, ppr. Fitting; adapting; making 
 
 rtjidy ; proviilinp. 
 PRk-P.AV", v. I. To pay in advance or beforehand, as 
 
 the postage of a letter. 
 PRF:-I'A Y'lMENT, n. Payment in advance, as of 
 
 postaL'e. 
 
 PRE-PEN.'<E', (pre-pens',) a. [L. pnrpennun, pr<rpen- 
 dco ; prw and penden, to incline or hang down.] 
 Preconceived; premeditated; aforethought. 
 Malice prejtettte is iiccesaiiry to constitute munl-T. Jiltckttone. 
 
 PRE-PENSE', (pre-pens',) v. t. [Supra.] To weigh 
 or ctmsitler beforehantl. [JVoC latcd.) Elyot. 
 
 PRE-PENSE', (pre-|>ens',) v. i. To deliberate bt fore- 
 haiiil. [j\"ot used.) Spenser. 
 
 PRE-PENS'£0, ( pi nst',) pp. or a. Previously con- 
 ceived ; premeditated. [Little used.] [See Phe- 
 
 PENSF.-l 
 
 PRE-POL'LENCE, | n. [L. prwpoUens, prapolho ; 
 
 PRE-POI,'LEN-CV, i pne and pollco.] 
 
 Prevalence ; superiority of power. Corenlry. 
 
 PRE-POL'LE.N'T, a. Having superior gravity or 
 power; prevailing. Boyle. 
 
 PRE-PON'l)ER,f. t. [See Preponderate.] To out- 
 weigh. fJV"i( H.sf(/.J Wotton. 
 
 ?UE:poN'l'.ER:AN^c't', ( t^ee Pbepondehate.] 
 
 1. An outweighing; superiority of weight. The 
 least preponderance of weight on one side of a ship 
 or boat will make it incline or heel. 
 
 2. Superiority of power, force, or weight, in a figu- 
 rative sense ; as, a preponderance of evitleiicc. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 PRE-PON'DER-AN'T, a. Outweighing. Reid. 
 PRE-I'ON'DEI! -ATI"., I', t. [L. prapondero ; pro:, \ic- 
 fore, and pondero, to weigh.] 
 
 1. To outweigh ; to overpower by weight. 
 
 An inconsiileraMe weijht, l>y disuince from the center of the bal- 
 ance, will preponderate gre.ilcr magnitudes. Glnnvltle. 
 
 2. To overpower by stronger influence or moral 
 power. 
 
 PRE-PON'DER-aTE, t>. I. To exceed in weight ; 
 hence, to incline or descend, as the scale of a bal- 
 ance. 
 
 That is no Just balance in which tlie heaviest side will not pre- 
 ponderale. W^itkins. 
 
 9. To exceed in influence or power ; hence, to in- 
 cline to one side. 
 
 By iiuttin? every argument, oncotic side and the other, into the 
 bid.ince, we must lorni a judgment which side prejtoitderatei. 
 
 Wntll. 
 
 PRE-POX'nER-A-TED, pp. Exceeded in weight. 
 PRE-PON'DER-A-TINC;, ppr. or a. Outweighing; 
 
 inclining tt> ttne side. 
 PRE-POX-DER-A'TION, n. The act or state of 
 
 outweighing any thing, or of inclining to one side. 
 
 IVatts. 
 
 PRE-Po$E', V. L [Fr. prepoier; pre and poser, to 
 put.] 
 
 Tn put before. [A'*(jf vnirh used.} Focaloir. 
 PREP-0-Sl"TION, (-/.ish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. prw- 
 positio ; pra'pono, prtepositas ; prt£ and pono, to 
 put.] 
 
 In grammar, a word usually put before another to 
 express some relation or quality, actitm or motion lo 
 or from the thing specified ; as, medicines salutary 
 to health; music agreeable tn the ear; virtue is 
 valtietl for its exeelleiiee ; a man is riding to Oxford 
 from London. Prepositions govern cases of nouns, 
 and in English are sometimes placed after the word 
 governetl ; as, which person dt) you speak to ? for. to 
 which person do ytiii speak i* This separatitm t>f the 
 preiKisition from the governed word is sometimes 
 allowable in ctilloquial use, but is generally inele- 
 gant. 
 
 PREP-0-SI"TION-.\L, (-7.ish'un-al,)(i. Pertaining to 
 a preposition, or to prei'eiliiig position. Knci/e. 
 
 PRE-POS'l-TIVE, a. Put before; as, a prepositive 
 particle. Jones. 
 
 PRE-POS'l-TIVE, n. [Supra.] A word or particle 
 put before another word. Jones. 
 
 PRE-POS'l-TOK, ». [I,, pnrpositor.] 
 
 A scholar appointed by the instructor to inspect 
 other scholars. Todd. 
 
 PRE-POS'l-TIJRE, n. The oflice or place of a pro- 
 vost ; a provostship. 
 
 PRE-POS-SESS', r. t. [pre and possess.] To preoc- 
 cupy, as ground or lantl ; to take previous possession 
 of. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To preoccupy the mind or heart so as to preclude 
 other things ; hence, to bia.s or prejiiilice. \ mimi 
 prepossessed with opiniims favorable to a person or 
 cause, will not rcadilv admit unfavorable opinions to 
 take possession, nor yield to reasons that disturb the 
 possessors. When a lady has prepo.iscssrd the heart or 
 atfections of a man, he ilties not readily listen to 
 suggestions that tenti to reintive the prepossessitm. 
 Prepossess is more frequently used in a good sense 
 than prejudice. 
 
 PRE-P0S-SESS'/:D, (■pos-3est',)pp. Preoccupied; in- 
 clined previously to favor or disfavor. 
 
 PRE-POS-SESS'IiNG, ppr. Taking previous posscs- 
 
 2. a. Tending to invite favor; having power to 
 secure the po.ssession of favor, esteem, or love. The 
 ctHinteiiancc, adilress, and manners tif a person arc 
 som'-liiiifs prepossessinir on a first arqiiaintance. 
 PRE P()S-SESS'I.\(;-LY, ado. In a prepossessing 
 manner. 
 
 PRE-POS-SES'SION, (-sesh'un,) n. Preoccupation; 
 prior possessitm. Jlantniond. 
 
 2. i'rfconceivi'd opinion ; the efTri t of prirvioiis 
 impressions on tlit; mind or heart, in favor or .against 
 any person tir thing. It is often used in a gotnl 
 sense ; souie'times it is equivalent to PnEjfoicE, anil 
 sometimes a softer name for it. In gpiicral, it con- 
 veys an idea less odious than prejudice ; as, the prepos- 
 sessions of education. South. 
 
 PRE-POS'TER-OL'S. a. [L. prxposleras ; pre, before, 
 and posterns, latter.] 
 
 1. Literally, having that first which ought to 'e 
 last ; inverted in order. 
 
 The method I take may be censurts! as prepoiiterouf, l>ec«use I 
 tT>'at last of the antediluvian earth, which w-as firm in the 
 onier of nature. Woudianrd. 
 
 2. Perverted ; wrong ; ah.surd ; contrary to ntitiire 
 or reason ; not adapted to the end ; as, a republican 
 governnioiil in the hands of females is preposterous. 
 To draw general conclusions from partieiilar facts 
 is preposterous reasoning. Bacon. fVoodirard. 
 
 3. Ftnilisli ; absuril ; applied to persons. Shak. 
 PRE-POS'TER-OIJ.S-EY, ado. In a wrong or iiivert- 
 
 eil order; absurdly ; foolislily. S/ink. Brnllry. 
 PKE-POS'TEK-OljS-NESS, ii. Wrong order or 
 
 method; absuriTity ; inconsistency with nature or 
 
 reason. Fcllham. 
 PRE-PO'TEN-CY, n. [L, prcepotentia ; pro; and putetir 
 
 tia, power.] 
 
 Superior power ; predominance. [Little u.iejl.\ 
 
 Brvtcn. 
 
 PRE-PD'TE.XT, a. [L. pra-potens.] 
 
 Verv powerful. [Little used.] Plaiifere.' 
 PRl";'PUCE, ?i. [Fr., from L. ;<r<r/i«fiHm.J 
 
 The foreskin ; a prolongation of the skin of the 
 penis, covering the glans. Kncye, 
 PKE-PO'TI AL, a. Pertaining to the prepuce or fore- 
 skin. 
 
 PRE-RE-MoTE', a. [pre and remote.] More remote 
 in previous time tir prior order. 
 
 In some cases, two more links of c.ausaIion may introduoetl ; 
 one of them may Ik: u-nned the pre-remole c.a»iae, the other 
 the pnst-n'niote ellect, Dai unn. 
 
 PRE-RE-QUIRE', r. t. [yre and reyiiirc. ] To require 
 prel'ioiisly. Ilummond. 
 
 PRE REd'UI-SITE, ( rek'wc-zit,) a. [pre and m/i/i- 
 silc.] Previously leiiuiied or necessary to something 
 subsequent ; as, certain attainments are prcrcquistte 
 to an ailmissioii to ortlers. 
 
 PRE-REU'ljl-Sri'E, II. Something that is previously 
 retpiiretl or necessary to the end proposeti. An ac- 
 qunlntnm e with Latin and Greek is a prrrriiuisite to 
 the ailmissioii of a young man into a college. 
 
 PRE-RE-SOLVE', ». t. [pre and resolve.] To resolve 
 previoiislv. Oerinit. 
 
 PRE RE-SOLV'KI), pp. Resolved beforehand; prc- 
 viinislv deteriiiiiied. 
 
 PRE-RE-?()LV'I.\G, ;7)r. Resolving beforehand. 
 
 PRE-ROG'A-TI VE, n. [Fr. irf. ; It. prcrogattvo ; Sp. 
 prerogatira : L. prierogatiea, precedence in vtiting ; 
 prit, before, and rogo, to .xsk or demand.] 
 
 An exclusive or peculiar privilege. .\ royal pre- 
 rosativc is that special preeminence which a king 
 lias over all other jiersons, and out of the course t»f 
 the common law, in right of his regal dignity. It 
 consists in the possession of certain rights which the 
 king may exercise, to the exclusion of all participa- 
 tion of his subjects ; for when a right or privilege is 
 held in common with the subject, it ceases iti be a 
 prerogatirc. 'J'lius the right of appointing embassa- 
 dors, anil of making peace and war, arc, in Great 
 Hritaiii, royal prerotrnftres. The right of governing 
 created beings is the preroiratice of the Creator. 
 
 It is the prerogative of the house of peers, in Great 
 Rrit^iin, to deciile legal questions in the last resorL 
 It is the prrrogatire of the house of commons lo de- 
 termine the vnlitlity of all elections of their own 
 members. It is the prerotralive of a father to govern 
 his cliiblren. It is the prerogative of the understand- 
 ing to jiitlge and coiiqiare. 
 
 In the United States, it is the prerogatite of the 
 president, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 senate, to ratifv treaties. 
 
 PRE-ROG'A-TIVE COURT, n. In Great Britain, A 
 court fiir the trial of all tcstament.ary causes, where 
 the deceased has left buna notjibilia, or elfects of the 
 value tif five |HMinds, in two diflerenl dioceses. In 
 this case, Ihe probate of the will belongs lo the met- 
 ropolitan, or archbishop of the province, and the 
 court where such ivill is proved is called the Pre- 
 RooATi VE Coi'RT, Bs it is held by virtue of the special 
 prerogative of the metropolitan, who appoints the 
 jutlgo. BlarMstone. 
 
 PRE-ROG'A-TIV-JED, a. Having prerogative. [LiuU 
 u^eiL ' Shak. 
 
 PRF--ROG'A-TIVE-LY, adv. By exclusive or peculiar 
 privilege. 
 
 PRE-ROG'A-TIVE OF-FICE,it. The oflice in which 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU8 C as K ; C B.1 J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 Jj 
 
PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 tlie wills proved in the prerogative court are regis- 
 tered. Blackstoite. 
 PRK'SAGE or PRES'AGE, 7U [Ft. Sp. and It. presa- 
 gio ; from L. priFsafrinm ; prtB, before, and sagio, to 
 perceive or foretell.] 
 
 Something which foreshows a future event ; a 
 prognostic ; a present fact indicating something to 
 come. 
 
 Joy and shoiil, presage of victoiy. MUton. 
 PRE-SaGE', V. t. To forebode ; to foreshow ; to indi- 
 cate bj' some present fact what is to follow or come 
 to pass. A fog rising from a river in an autumnal 
 morning presages a pleasant day. A physical phe- 
 nomenon can not be considered as presaging an 
 event, unless it has some connection with it in 
 cause. Hence the error of vnalgar superstition, which 
 presages good or evil from facts which can have no 
 relation to the future event. 
 
 2. To foretell ; to predict ; to prophesj'. 
 
 This coiiuigion mipiit hAve been presaged. Harvey. 
 
 PRE-S.a6E', v. 1. To form or utter a prediction ; 
 sometimes with of. We may presage of heats and 
 rains. [A'at common, nor elegant.^ Drijdcn. 
 
 PRE-SaG'KD, pp. Foreboded ; foreshown ; foretold. 
 
 PRE-SaGE'F(JL, a. Full of presages ; containing 
 presajres. Thomson. 
 
 PRE-SaGE'MEXT, n. A foreboding ; foretoken. 
 
 IVuUon. 
 
 9. A foretelling ; prediction. 
 PRE-SaG'ER, n. \ foreteller; aftforeshower. SImk. 
 PRE-S.^G'IXG, ppr. or a. Foreshowing; foretelling. 
 PRES'BY-O-PV, )i. A defect of vision, as in old age, 
 
 when near objects are seen indistinctly, but distant 
 
 ones more plainly. 
 PRES'BY-TER, n. [Gr. rpccS vtci/os, from T7pci0vs, 
 
 old, elder.] 
 
 1. In tiie. primitive Christian church, an elder ; a 
 person somewhat advanced in age, who had au- 
 thority in the church, and whose duty was to feed 
 the flock over which the Holy Spirit had made him 
 overseer. 
 
 9. A priest ; a person who has the pastoral charge 
 of a particular church and congregation ; called, in 
 the Saxon laws, Mass-peiest. Hooker. 
 
 3. A Presbyti-rian. Bailer. 
 PRES-BVT'Ell-ATE, n. Preshvtery. Hebcr. 
 PRES-BV-Te'RI-AL, j a. Pertaining to a presbyter, 
 PRES-BY-Te'RI-A.V, ) or to ecclesiastical govern- 
 ment by presbyters. 
 
 2. Consisting of presbyters ; as, presbiiterian gov- 
 ernment. The government of the church of Scot- 
 land is preshirterian. 
 
 PRES-BY-Tf.'RI-AN, n. One that maintains the va- 
 lidity (if ordination and government by presbyters. 
 
 9. One that belongs to a church governed by pres- 
 b\'ters. 
 
 PRES-BY-Te'RI-A\-ISM, 71. That form of church 
 government which invests presbyters with all spirit- 
 ual power, and admits no prelates over them. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 PRES'BY-TER-Y, n. A body of elders in the Chris- 
 tian church. 
 
 Neglect not the ?ifl that is in thee, which was ^ven thee by 
 pronh'-cy, wiUi Mie laying on of the hands of lii: presbytery. 
 — 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 2. In ecclesiastical government, a judicatory consist- 
 ing of all the pastora of churches within a certain 
 district, and one ruling elder, a layman, from each 
 parish or church, commissioned to represent the 
 church in conjunction with the minister. This 
 body receives appeals from the church-session, and 
 appeals from the presbytery may be carried to the 
 provincial synod. 
 
 3. The Presbyterian religion. Tatter. 
 
 4. In architecture, that [lart of the church reserved 
 for the officiating priests. Qwilt. 
 
 PRE'SCI-E.VCE, (pre'she-ens,) n. [Low L. pnrscientia ; 
 pre, before, and scientia, knowledge ; Vr. prescience ; 
 It. prescieiiia. The pronunciation of this word, prl'- 
 »hens, Is undesirable.] 
 
 Foreknowledge; knowledge of events before they 
 take place. Absolute prescience belongs to God only, 
 or thln^ of the most accidental and mut-iblo Duture, God'a 
 prescience ii certain. South. 
 
 PRe'SCI-E.NT, (prE'shc-ent,) a. Foreknowing; hav- 
 ing knowledge of events before they take place. 
 
 Who tiu:;ht the ni\tjoris of the field and wood, 
 
 PreecUnl, the tidca or teinpe»u to withiUind t Pope. 
 
 PRE-SCIND', b. f. [Tlm. praseindo ; pra artA scindo, to 
 cut.] 
 
 'I'd cut off ; to abstract. [IMlIc used.] Jforris. 
 PRE-SCIND'E.\T, a. Cutting off; abstracting. 
 
 Cheijne. 
 
 PRE'.SCIOU.S, {prS'shuK,) a. [I- prmscius \ pr<B anA 
 
 tcin, to know.] 
 
 Foreknowing ; having fureknowlitdge ; OJi, presciotis 
 
 of illii. ]>njden. 
 PRE-HCRIBE', V. I, ri,. pra-tcribo, to write helorc.l 
 
 1. In medicine, to direct, as a if-inedy, to be iineif or 
 applied to n di'caxed palieiil. Be not offr'nded with 
 the pliVMicinn w\in nrrAcnbry U^irMi miiedies. 
 
 2. To net or lay tlown aiillioritiitively t'or ilirertiuii ; 
 
 to give as a rule of conduct; as, to prescribe laws or 
 rules. 
 
 There's joy, when to wild will you \:iwa prescribe. Dryden. 
 3. To dirc'cu 
 
 Let streams prescribe their fountains where to run. Dryden. 
 
 PRE-SCRlBE', V. i. To write or give medical direc- 
 tions ; to direct what remedies are to be used ; as, to 
 prescribe for a patient in a fever. 
 
 2. To give law ; to influence arbitrarily. 
 
 A fortvarxlness to prescribe to tlie opinions of olliers. Locke. 
 
 3. In law, to claim by prescription ; to claim a title 
 to a tiling by immemorial use and enjoyment ; with 
 for. A man may be allowed to prescribe for a right 
 of way, a common, or the like ; a man can not pre- 
 scribe for a castle ; he can prescribe only f^r incorpo- 
 real hereditaments. Blackstone. 
 
 4. To influence by long use. [JVot in tLse.] Brown. 
 PRE-SCRTB'/;D, pp. or a. Directed ; ordered. 
 PRE-SeUIIi'ER, n. One that prescribes. 
 PRE-SCItlB'lNG, 7»;ir. Directing; giving as a rule of 
 
 conduct or treatment. 
 PRe'SCRIPT, a. [U pra:seriplas.'] 
 
 Directed ; prescribed. Hooker. 
 PRE'SCRIPT, 71. [L. pra:scriptvm.'] 
 
 1. A direction ; a medical order for the use of med- 
 icines. But Prescriptio.v is chiefly used. 
 9. Direction ; precept ; model prescribed. 
 PRE-SCRIPT'I-BLE, a. That may be prescribed for. 
 PRE-SCRIP'TION,- 71. [L. prmsoriptio. See Pre- 
 scribe.] 
 
 1. The act of prescribing or directing by rules ; or 
 that which is prescribed ; particuiarlij, a medical di- 
 rection of remedies for a disease, and the manner of 
 using them ; a recipe. 
 
 2. In law, a prescribing for title ; the claim of title 
 to a tliinz by virtue of immemorial use and enjoy- 
 ment ; or the right to a thing derived from such use. 
 Prescription differs from ciustom, which is a local 
 usace. Prescription is a personal usage, usage an- 
 nexed to the person. iVothing but incorpore;il her- 
 editaments can be claimed by prescription. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 The use and enjoyment of navigation and fishery 
 in the sea, for any length of time, does not create a 
 title by prescription. The common right of nations 
 to the use and enjoyment of the sea is imprescriptible ; 
 it can not be lost liy a particular nation for want of 
 use. Vattcl. 
 
 3. In Scots law, the title to lands acquired by unin- 
 terrupted possession for the time which the law de- 
 clares to be sufficient, or 40 years. This is positive 
 prescription. J^Tegotice prescription is the loss or 
 omission of a right by neglecting to use it during 
 the time limited by law. This term is also used 
 for Li-MiTATioN, in the recovery of money due by 
 bond, &c. Obligations are lost by prescription, or 
 neglect of prosecution for the time designated by 
 law. Encifc. 
 
 PRE-SCRIPT'IVE, a. Consisting in or acquired by 
 immemorial use and enjoyment ; as, a prescriptive 
 right or title. 
 
 The right to be drowsy in protracted toil has become preserip. 
 tive. J. M. Mason. 
 
 2. Pleading the continuance and authority of cus- 
 toni. Hard. 
 
 PRe'SE-ANCE, 71. [Fr.] Priority of place in sitting. 
 [■Xot in use.] Carew. 
 
 PRES'ENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. prccsentia ; pr<e, before, 
 and esse, to be.] 
 
 I. The existence of a person or thing in a certain 
 place ; opposed to Absence. This event happened 
 during the king's presence at the theater. In exam- 
 ining the patient, the presence of fever wm not ob- 
 served. The presence of God is not limited to any 
 place. 
 
 9. A being in company near or before the face of 
 antiiher. We were gratified with the presence of a 
 person so much respected. 
 
 3. .Approach face to face or nearness of a great per- 
 sonage. 
 
 Men that very presence fear, 
 Which once they knew auUionty did bear. Daniel. 
 
 4. State of being in view ; sight. An accident 
 happened in the presence of the court. 
 
 5. By way of distinction, slate of being in view of a 
 superior. 
 
 1 know not by what power I am made bold 
 
 In flucli a ;«re*enctf bt-rv to plead my Uiuu^hts. Shak. 
 
 6. A number assembled before a great person. 
 
 Oilmar, of all this ;>rejenc« does r^ntain, 
 
 Oi»c her your wrt-.iUi whom yon i-»leeni most fair. Dryden. 
 
 7. Port ; mien ; air ; personal appearance ; de- 
 meanor. 
 
 virtue U bent In a body that b comely, and that has rather dignity 
 
 uf jrrtsence, than lieai'ty of aspect. Bacon. 
 A f^r.iG^hil presence bciipeaks acccptajtce. Collier. 
 
 8. The apiirtinciit in which a prince shows himself 
 to his court. 
 
 A II 'I plenw your trr\c^, the two ^at canllnals 
 
 Wait ni the presence. SftaJc. 
 
 !t. The person of a superior. Milton. 
 
 Presence of mind; a calm, collected state of the 
 mind with its faculties at command ; undisturbed 
 state of the thoughts, which enables a person to 
 speak or act without disorder or embarrassment in 
 unexpected difliculties. 
 
 Errors, not to be recalled, do find 
 
 Their best redress from presence of the mind. Waljer. 
 
 PRES'ENCE-CHaM'BER, ) 71. The room in which 
 
 PRES'ENCE-ROO.M, I a great personage re- 
 ceives companv. .^dduioju 
 
 PRE-SEN-SA'TiON, 71. {pre mi sensation.] Previous 
 notion or idea. More. 
 
 PRE-SEN''SIOX, (-shun,) ti. [Ij. pr(Bsensio, pr<esentio; 
 prtB and sentio, to perceive.] 
 
 Previous perception. [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 PRES'ENT, a. [Fr. present ; L. priBsens ; prte and sam, 
 esse, to be.] 
 
 1. Being in a certain place ; opposed to Absknt. 
 9. Being before the face or near ; being in com- 
 pany. Inquire of some of the gentlemen present. 
 
 These th!n<r3 hive 1 spoken to you, beui^ yetpresenX with you, 
 — John xiv. 
 
 3. Being now in view or under consideration. In 
 the present instance, (Victs will not warrant the con- 
 clusion ; the present question must be decided on dif- 
 ferent principles. 
 
 4. Now existing, or being at this time ; not p.isl or 
 future ; as, the ;/re.sc7it session of congress; the court 
 is in session at the present time. We say, a present 
 good, the present year or age. 
 
 5. Ready at hand ; quick in emergency ; as, present 
 wit. 
 
 'Tis a high point of philosophy and virtue for a man to be jrret- 
 ent to himself. L'Bstrange. 
 
 6. Favorably attentive ; not heedless ; propitious. 
 
 Nor could I hope, in any place but tliere. 
 
 To find a god so present to my pniyer. Dryden. 
 
 7. Not absent of mind ; not abstracted ; attentive. 
 The present ; an elliptical expression for the present 
 
 time. JlUton. 
 .St present ; elliptically, for at the present time. 
 Present tense ; in grammar, the tense or form of a 
 verb which expresses action or being in the present 
 time; as, I am. writing; or something that exists at 
 all times ; as, virtue !> always to be preferred to 
 vice ; or it expresses habits or general truths ; as, 
 plants spring from the earth ; fishes s-wim ; reptiles 
 creep; birds flii ; some animals subsist on herbage, 
 others are carnivorous. 
 PRES'E.NT, K. [Fr. id. See the verb.] That which 
 is presented or given ; a gift ; a donative ; something 
 given or oflered to another gratuitously ; a word of 
 general application. Oen. xxxii. 
 
 2. The present time. [Elliptical.] Com. Prayer. 
 Presents, in the plural, is used in law for a deed of 
 
 conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, or oilier 
 writing ; as in the phrase, " Know all men by these 
 present," that is, by the writing itself, ppr presentes. 
 In this sense, it is rarely used in the singular. 
 PRE SE.\T', r. t. [Low L. preesentu ; Fr. presenter; 
 It. presentare; Sp. prescntar ; Ij. prtesens ; pro;, hefore, 
 and sum, esse, to be.] 
 
 1. To set, place, or introduce into the presence or 
 before the face of a superior ; as, to present an envoy 
 to the king ; and with the reciprocal pronoun, to come 
 into the presence of a superior. 
 
 Now thert! was a day when the sons of God came to present 
 Utansclves before the Lord. — Job i. 
 
 2. To exhibit to view or notice. The top of Mount 
 Ilolyoke, in Hampshire county, in Massachusetts, 
 presents one of the finest prospects in America, 
 
 3. To bller ; to exhibit. 
 
 O, he.ar what to my mind first thoughts present I A/iilon. 
 He is ever ready to present to us Uie thoughts or observations of 
 others. M'atU. 
 
 4. To give ; to offer gratuitously for reception. 
 The first president of the American Bible Society 
 presented to that institution ten thousand dollars. 
 
 5. To put into the liantls of another in ceremony. 
 So ladies in romance assist Oieir knight, 
 
 Present the spear, and .arm bun for the fight. Pope. 
 
 6. To favor with a gift ; as, we present a man with 
 a suit of clothes. Formerly, the phrase was, to 
 present a person. 
 
 Octavia presented the poet, for lii* admirable elegy on her sou 
 Mattvllus. Dryden. 
 
 [This use w obsolete.] 
 
 7. To ntmiinale to an ecclesiastical benefice ; to 
 offer to the bishop or ordinary as a candidate for in- 
 stitution. 
 
 'i'he patron of a church may present his clerk to a parsonage or 
 vicarage; that is, may oUcr liim to Uic bishop of the <li.icese 
 to be liistitutetl. Blackstone. 
 
 Also, to nominate ftir supjiort at a public school. 
 
 C. Land). 
 
 8. To off.^r. 
 
 }le — presented battle to the French navy, which was refuked. 
 
 Jiaytcard. 
 
 9. To lay before a public body for consideration, 
 as before a legislature, a court of jmlicalurc, a cor- 
 poration, &c. ; as, to present a memorial, petition, re- 
 mtuisiraiice, or indictment. 
 
 FATE, FAR. F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PKBY. — PINE. MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK- — 
 
PRE 
 
 10. To lay before a cmiit of judicature as an object 
 of inquiry ; to give notice oH'icially of a crime or 
 offense. It is tile duty of grand juries to present all 
 breaches of law within their knowledge. In Amer- 
 ica, grand juries prcsnit whatever tliey think to be 
 public injuries, by notifying them to the public with 
 their censure. 
 
 11. To point or direct a weapon, partiwilarly some 
 Bpecies of fire -arms ; as, to present a musket to the 
 breast of anutlier. 
 
 Vi. In nulttiinj tantrua^ey to present arms is to hold 
 them out in token of respect, as if ready to deliver 
 them up. 
 
 i;t. To indict; a customary use of the word in t/ie 
 United States. 
 
 PUK-Si;\T'A-I!LE, a. That may be presented ; that 
 may be exhibited or repre.sented. Burke. 
 
 a. That may be oH'eied to a church living ; as, a 
 presentable rlergymaii. 
 
 3. Tliat admits of the presentation of a clergy- 
 man ; as, a cliiirrh ;)rc«H(aWc. [Unusual.'] MijliJ'e. 
 PKE.'«-Ei\-TA'i\E-OUS, a. [L. praismtaneus.] 
 
 Ready ; quick j ininicdiate ; as, prescntaneoiut poi- 
 son. Ilarrcii. 
 PUES-ENT-A'TION, n. [Fr.] The act of present- 
 ing. 
 
 Prayers are sometimes a presfnlnlton of mfrc desires. Jlooker. 
 
 2. Exhibition ; representation ; display ; as, the 
 presentation of fighting on the stage. Dnjden. 
 
 3. In ecclesiastical law, the act id" offering a clergy- 
 man to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a 
 benetice. An advowson is the right of presentation. 
 
 If llie liishop ntliiiits the pitnm's presenuidon^ tlie clerk so aU- 
 mitted is next to be instituted by him. Blatkatone. 
 
 4. The right of presenting a clergyman. The pat- 
 ron has the presentation of tlie benetice. 
 
 Presentation copy ; a copy of a work presented to 
 some one by the author, as a testimony of respect. 
 PRE-SENT'A-TIVE, a. In rcclrsiaslicat affairs, that 
 lias tliB^ right of presentation, or oltering a clergyman 
 to the bishop fur institution. Advowsons are presenl- 
 ative, collative, or donative. 
 
 An advowson presentatice is where the patron halh a rijht of 
 presentatiou to Uie bisliop or onliiiary. Btackslone. 
 
 0. That admits the presentation of a clergyman; 
 as, a preseiilativc parsonage. -Spelvian. 
 PRE SE.XT'ED, p/<. Offered; given; exhibited to 
 
 view ; accusiMl. 
 PRES ENT-EE', n. One presented to a benefice. 
 
 ■^ijliffe. 
 
 PRE-SENT'ER, 7i. One that presents. 
 
 PRE SEN'TI.Mi, (-shal,) u. Supposing actual pres- 
 ence, [f.ittle used.] .Vorris. 
 
 PRES-EN-TIAL'I-TY, ii. The state of being present. 
 [/.illle used.] South. 
 
 PRE-SE.N'TI.\L-LY, adv. In a way which supposes 
 .'ictujil presence. More. 
 
 PRE SEN'TIaTE, v. t. To make present. [Liule 
 used.] Grew. 
 
 PRE SEN'TIENT, (-shent,) a. Perceiving before- 
 hand. 
 
 PRES-EN-TIF'ie, )a. Making present. [JV<;t 
 PRES-Ei\-TIF'ie-AL, ( in use.] 
 PRES-EN-TIF'ie-LY, adv. In such a manner as to 
 
 make present. [JVut in use.] ' More. 
 
 PRE-SENT'I-.MENT, n. [pre and sentiment, or Fr. 
 pressentiinent.] 
 
 Previous conception, sentiment, or opinion ; pre- 
 vious apprehension of .something future. Butler. 
 PRES'E.\T-LY, adr. At present ; at this time. 
 
 Tlie towns and forts yon />rtfi-cnt'y have. [06s.] Sidney. 
 3. In a short time al^cr ; soon after. 
 Itiin therefore I hcpf- to send presenCy, so soon as I shall see how- 
 it will go with inc. — Pbil. ii. 
 
 3. Immediately. 
 And prestnUy the fij-trM withered awny, — Matt. xxl. 
 PRE-SENT'MENT, n. The act of presenting. Shak. 
 
 2. Appearance to the view ; representation. 
 
 MUlon. 
 
 3. In laio, a presmtmrnt, properly speaking, is the 
 notice taken by a grand jury of any offense from 
 their own knovvletiuo (t observation, without any 
 bill of indictment laid before them ; as, the present- 
 ment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like, on which the 
 officer of the court must afterward frame an indict- 
 ment, before the party presented can be put to an- 
 swer it. Blaclistone. 
 
 4. In a more trcneral sense, presentment compre- 
 hends inquisitions of ollice and indictments. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 In the United States, n presentment is an otlicial ac- 
 cusation [iresented to a tribunal by the grand jury in 
 an indictment ; or it is the act of off.Ting an inilict- 
 ment. It is also used for the indictment itself. The 
 grand jurj- are charged to inipiire anil tine presentment 
 make of all crimes, &c. The use of the word is 
 limited to accusations by grand jtimrs. 
 
 5. The official notice in court which the surren- 
 deree gives of the surrender of a copy hoi il cst.ntc. 
 
 Di>E« TV Blackstone. 
 PRES ENT-NESS, n. Presence; as, presentne.'s of 
 mmd. (A-.it used.] Clarendon. 
 
 TONE, Bl.'LL, IINITE.— 
 
 PRE 
 
 £ 
 
 PRE-SERV'A-I!LE, a. [See Prehekve.] 'J'hat may 
 be preserved. 
 
 PRES-ER-VA'TION, 71. [from preserve ; It. preserva- 
 zione Sp. presr.rvaciou.] 
 
 The act of preserving or keeping safe ; the act of 
 keeping from injury, destruction, or decay ; as, the 
 preservation of life or health ; the preservation of build- 
 ings from. lire tir decay ; the preservation of grain from 
 insects ; the preservation of fruit or plants. When 
 a thing is kept entirely from decay, or ne.irly in its 
 original state, we say it is iu a high state u( preserva- 
 tion. 
 
 PRE-SERV'A-TIVE, a. [It. prescrvativo ; Ft. prcser- 
 vat(f.] 
 
 Having the power or quality of keeping safe from 
 injury, destruction, or decay ; tending to preserve. 
 
 PRE SERV'A-TIVE,7i. That which preserves, or has 
 the power of preserving; something that tends to 
 secure a person or thing in a sound state, or prevent 
 it from injury, destruction, decay, or corruption ; a 
 preventive of injury or decay. Persons formerly 
 wore tablets of arsenic as preservatives against the 
 |>lague. Clothing is a preservative against cold. Tem- 
 perance and exercise are the best pre.in-vatives of 
 iieallh. Habitual reverence of the t'upremc Iteing 
 is an excellent preservative against sin, and the in- 
 tluence of evil exam|)les. 
 
 PRE-SEUV'.V-TO-RY, o. That tends to preserve. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 PUE-SERV'A-TO-RY, «. That which has the power 
 of preserving ; a preservative. WhiUock. 
 
 PRE-SERVE', (pre-zerv',) v. t. [Fr. preserver; It. pre- 
 scrvare ; Sp. preservar ; L«w L. pritservo ; prai and 
 servo, to keep.] 
 
 1. To keep or save from injury or destruction ; to 
 defend fmm evil. 
 
 Ood did seild nie before you to preserve life. — Gen. xlv, 
 O Lord, preaeroe nie from the violent nmu. — Fs. cxl. 
 
 2. To uphold ; to sustain. 
 
 O I^ord, thou preservest man and Ijeast. — Ps. xxxvl. 
 
 3. To save from decay ; to keep in a sound state ; 
 as, to preserve fruit in winter. Salt is used to pre- 
 serve nii;at. 
 
 4. To season with sugar or other substances for 
 preservation ; as, to preserve plums, quinces, or oth- 
 er fruit. 
 
 .5. To keep or defend from corruption ; as, to pre- 
 serve youth from vice. 
 
 6. 'i'o niaiiitiiii or keep throughout, as appear- 
 ances. Junius. 
 PRE-SERVE', (pre-serv',) n. Fruit or a vegetable sea- 
 soned anti kept in sugar or siru;). Mortimer. 
 
 2. A place fur the shelter or preservation of animals 
 designed for sport or food, .as game, fisli, &.c. 
 PRE-SERV'f:!), (pre-zervd',) pp. or a. .^aved from 
 injury, de.structitm, or decay ; kept or defended from 
 evil ; seasoned with sugar for preservation. 
 PRE-SERV'ER, n. The person or thing that pre- 
 serves ; one that saves or defends from di^slruction 
 or evil. 
 
 What shall I do to thee, Uiou preserver of men ? — Job vii. 
 2. One that makes preserves of fruits. 
 PRE SERVING, p/ir. or a. Keeping safe from inju- 
 ry, destruction, or decay ; defending from evil. 
 PRE-SlL)E', I', i. [L. prucsidco ; prip, before, and sedeo, 
 to sit ; It. presidcre ; Fr. presider ; Sp. presidir.] 
 
 1. To be set over for the exercise of authority; to 
 direct, control, and govern, as the chief officer. A 
 man may preside over a nation or province ; or he 
 may preside over a senate, or a meeting of citizens. 
 'I'lio word is used chieHy in the latter sense. We 
 say, a man presides over the senate with dignity. 
 Hence it usually denotes temporary superintendence 
 and government. 
 
 2. To exercise superintendence ; to watch over as 
 inspector. 
 
 Some o'er the public ma^tdnes preside. Dryden. 
 PRES'I-DEN-CY, n. Superintendence; inspection 
 and care. Ray. 
 
 2. The office of president. Washington was 
 elected to the ]rre.tidcocy of the United States by a 
 unanimous vote of the electors. 
 
 3. The term during which a president holds hisof- 
 ficc. President J. Adams died during the presidency 
 of his son. 
 
 4. The jurisdiction of a president; as in the Brit- 
 ish dominions in the East Indies. 
 
 5. The family or suite of a president. 
 
 A worthy clerffj-man belonging to the presi/tency of Fort St. 
 Oeorge. |Uu.] Buchanan, iSl. 
 
 PRES'I-DENT, n. [Fr., from L. prasidcns.] 
 
 1. An officer elected or appointed to preside over a 
 corporation, company, or a.ssembly of men, to keep 
 order, manage their concerns, or govern their pro- 
 ceedings ; as, the president n( a banking company; 
 the president of a senate, &.c. 
 
 2. An officer appointed or elected to govern a prov- 
 ince or territory, or to administer the government of 
 a nation. The president of the United States is the 
 chief executive magistnite. 
 
 3. The chief officer of a college or university. 
 
 United Slates. 
 
 PRE 
 
 4. A tutelar power. 
 
 Just Apollo, president of verse. Waller. 
 Vice-president ; one who takes the place of a president 
 in case of absence, disability, or deal.i. The vice- 
 presiileiit of the United .States is presiiU nt of the sen- 
 ate ex ojjicio, and performs the duties of president 
 when the latter is removed or disabled. 
 PRES-I-I)E.\'TIAIy, a. Pertaining to a p.'csident ; as, 
 the presidential chair. IValsh. 
 2. Presiding over. Olanvdlr. 
 PRES'I-IJENT-SHIP, n. The office and place of pres- 
 ident, llookir. 
 
 2. The term for which a president holds liis of- 
 fice. 
 
 PR E-SIDT-AL, \a. prusidium, a garrison ; pra 
 PRE-Sin'I-A-KV, j and sedeo.] 
 
 Pertaining to a garrison ; having a garrison. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 PRE-SlD'ING, ppr.eixa. Directing; controlling; ex- 
 ercising siiiieriiitendence. 
 
 PRE-SIG-NII'-I-Ua'TION, 71. [from presirrnify.] Tlie 
 act of signifying or showing beforehand. Barrow. 
 
 PRE-SIG NI-FI-iiD, 7);7. Signified beforehanrl. 
 
 PRE-SIG'NI-F?, v. t. [pre and signify.] To in- 
 timate or signify beforehand ; to show previously. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 PRE-SIG'NI-F?-I\G, ppr. Intimating beforehand. 
 
 PRES.S, v. t. [Fr. prrsser : It. pressure; to press, 
 crowci, urge, hurry ; 1). and G. pressen ; Sw. prassa; 
 Ban. presser ; \V. brysiair, to hurry, formed from 
 rhys, extreme ardency, a ru.shing. Here we have 
 proof that press is formed from the root of rush, with 
 a prefix. The Spanish has aprciar, prensar, and 
 aprensar. The L. pressus is from the same root.] 
 
 1. 'I'o urge with force or weight ; a word of exten- 
 sive use, tlentitiiig the application of any power, 
 physical or moral, to something that is to bo 
 movetl tir affected. Wc press the ground with the. 
 feet when we walk ; we press the couch on which 
 we repose ; we press substances with the hands, fin- 
 gers, or arms ; the smith presses iron with his vice ; 
 we are pressed with the weight of arguments, or of 
 cares, troubles, and business. 
 
 2. To s<iuecze ; to crush ; as, to press grapes. 
 Gen. xl. 
 
 3. To drive with violence ; to hurry ; as, to press 
 a horse in motion, or in a race. 
 
 4. To urge ; to enforce ; to inculcate with e.iriiest- 
 ness ; as, to press divine truth on an audience. 
 
 5. To embrace closely ; to hug. 
 
 Leucothoe shook 
 And pressed Palemon closer in lier arms. Pope. 
 
 6. To force into service, particularly into naval 
 service ; to impress. Clarendon. Dryden. 
 
 7. To stniiten ; to distress ; as, to be pressed with 
 want or with difficulties. 
 
 8. To constrain ; to compel ; to urge by authority 
 or necessity. 
 
 Tlie posts that rode upon muies and C;imels went out, being has^ 
 ened and pressed on t>y the Ifuig's comiuaudment. — Kslb. 
 viii. 
 
 9. To urge ; to impose by importunity. 
 
 lie pressed a letter upon me, witliin tliis hour, to deliver to you. 
 
 Oryden. 
 
 10. To urge or solicit with earnestness or importu- 
 nity. He pressed me to accept of bis offer. 
 
 11. To urge; to constrain. 
 
 Paul was jyressed in spirit, and testified to the Jews thai Jesus 
 
 was Christ. — Acts xviii. 
 Wickedness, ;7resse(i with conscience, forecasteth grievous things. 
 
 > Wisdom. 
 
 12. To squeeze for making smooth, as cloth or 
 paper. 
 
 Press differs from drive and strike, in usually de- 
 noting a slow or continued application of force ; 
 whereas drive and strdic denote a sudden impulse of 
 force. 
 
 PRESS, V. i. To urge or strain in motion ; to urge for- 
 ward with force. 
 
 I press tnwanl tlie mark for the prize of the high calling of God 
 
 in Christ Jesus. — Phil. iii. 
 Th' insulting victor presses on the more. Dryden. 
 
 3. To bear on with force ; to encroach. 
 
 On superior powers 
 Were wc to press, inferior might oa ours. Pope. 
 
 3. To bear on with force ; to crowd ; to throng. 
 Thronging crowds press on you as you pass. Dryden. 
 
 4. To approach unseasonably or importunately. 
 
 Nor press too near the Ihrou*. Dryden. 
 
 5. To urge with vehemence and importunity. 
 
 He pressed upon them greatly, and they turned in to bim. — 
 Geo. xix. 
 
 6. To urge by influence or moral force. 
 
 When arguments press eijuatly in matters uidilferent, the safest 
 metho<l is to give up ouiv-lves to neither. Addison. 
 
 7. To push with force ; as, to press against the 
 door. 
 
 PRESS, 71. [It. pres.<!a, haste, hurry, a crowd ; Sp. 
 prensa; Fr. presse, pressoir; Sw. prdss i Dan. and 
 G. pre.fse.] 
 
 1. .\n instrument or machine by which any body 
 
 AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS. — e as K; C a.s J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PRE 
 
 is pqrieezed, cruslieJ, or fiircod into a more compact 
 form ; as, a lohie-jtr/'gs, ci(/(r-pre.ss, or citeejip-pre.ss. 
 
 2. A macliiiie for printin;;; a printinji-press. Great 
 improvements have been lately made in the construc- 
 tion of pre-ises. 
 
 3. The art or business of printing and publishing; 
 hence, the publications issued from tlie press, taken 
 collectively. A free press is a ^reat blessing to a free 
 people ; a licentious press is a curse to soriety. 
 
 4. A crowd ; a throng; a multitude of individuals 
 crowded together. 
 
 And wlipii lliev could not come nigh to liini for the press. — 
 Mark ii. 
 
 5. The act of urging or pushing forward. 
 Wliicli, h) lin'ir throng and press to the last hold, 
 Confu.ii.cl themselves. STialc. 
 
 6. A wine-vat or cistern. Hag: ii. 
 
 7. A case or closet for the safe-lceeping of garments. 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 8. Urgency; urgent demands of affairs ; as,a;<ress 
 of business. 
 
 9. A commission to force men into public service, 
 particularly into the navy ; for Impress. Ralegh. 
 
 Press of sail, in naviiration, is as much sail as the 
 state of tile wind will possibly permit. Totten. 
 
 Liberty of the press, in cunt pulicy, is the free right 
 of publishing books, pamphlets, or papers, without 
 previous restraint ; or the unrestrained right w hich 
 every citizen enjoys of publishing his thoughts and 
 opinions, subject only to punishment for publishing 
 what is pernicious to morals or to the peace of the 
 state. 
 
 PRE.*S'-BED, 71. A bed that may be raised and in- 
 closed in a case. 
 
 PRESS'ED, (prcst,) pp. or a. Urged by force or 
 weight ; squeezed; constrained ; distressed ; crowd- 
 ed ; embraced ; made smooth and glossy by pressure, 
 as cloth. 
 
 PRKSS'ER, n. One that presses. 
 
 PRESS'-G.\.\G, n. [ press and gai> g.] A detachment 
 of seamen under the command of an officer, em- 
 powered to impress men into the naval service. [See 
 Impress-Gan'g.] 
 
 PRESSTXG, ppr. Urging with force or weight ; 
 squeezing; constraining; crowding; embracing; 
 distressing ; forcing into service ; rolling in a press. 
 2. a. Urgent ; distressing. 
 
 PRES.S'ING, 21. The act or operation of applying 
 force for the purpose of compressing bodies or ren- 
 dering them compact. The pressing of cloth is per- 
 formed by nieaus of the screw, or by a calender. 
 
 PRESS'ING-LY, ado With force or urgency ; closely. 
 
 Huwell. 
 
 PRESS'LY, adv. [L. presse.'\ Closely ; with com- 
 pression. [Ofts.l B, Jonson. 
 PRES'.SlOX, (presh'un,) n. [It. pressione,] 
 
 1. The act of pressing. But PsEsstjRE is more 
 generally used. JVeictoji. 
 
 2. In the Cartesian philosophy, an endeavor to move. 
 PRES-SI-ROS'TERS, n.pl. [L. pressus, pressed, and 
 
 rostrum, beak.] 
 
 A tribe of wading birds, including those which 
 have a compressed or flattened beak. Brande. 
 
 PRES-SI-ROS'TRAL, a. Having a compressed or 
 Hattened beak ; applied to certain birds, as the lap- 
 wing. Partington. 
 
 PRES'SI-TANT, a. Gravitating ; heavy. [.Vu« in 
 use."] More, 
 
 PRESS'MAN, n. In printing, the man who manages 
 the press and impresses the Sheets. 
 
 2. One of a press-gang, who aids ni forcing men 
 into the naval service. Chapman. 
 
 PRE.SS'-.MO.\-EY, n. Money paid to a man impressed 
 into public service. [See Prest-Monev.] Oay. 
 
 PRESS'lJRE, n. [It. and I., pressura.) 
 
 1. The act of pressing or urging with force. 
 
 2. The act of squeezing or crushing. Wine is 
 obtained by the pressure of grapes. 
 
 3. Tiie state of being stpiei.'zed t)r crushed. 
 
 4. The ftirce of one body acting tui another by 
 weight or the continued application of power. Press- 
 are is occasioned by weiglitor gravity, by the motiim 
 of bodies, by the expansion of llulds, by elasticity, 
 &c. Mutual pressure may be caused by the meeting 
 of moving bodies, or by the motion of one boily 
 againiil anuthiT at rest, and the resistance or elastic 
 force of the latter. Tlio degree of pressure is in 
 proportion to the weight of the pressing body, or to 
 the (Miwer applied, or to the elastic force of resisting 
 bodies. The screw ia a most powerful instrument 
 of pressure. 
 
 5. A constraining force or impulse ; that which 
 urgt.'J* or omipels the intellectual or moral faculties ; 
 «9, the prensure of motives on the mind, or of fear 
 on the conscience. 
 
 0. That wliicli afnirt« the body or depresses the 
 iipirits ; any neverc aOlirtion, distress, calamity, or 
 grievance; straits, diniciiUi'-s, eiiibarrnssments, or 
 tlie distress they occasion. W<' speak of the pressure 
 of poverty or want, the pressure of debts, the preas- 
 urt of taxei, the prensure of ndlictions, or sorrow. 
 
 My own and tny j>-oplr'a /^^fffurra rnevoin. K. Chartts, 
 To thw coiuUcruuou lie retreuu wiiji cuxnhtn in all hU prfs§urt§. 
 
 Au*rbary. 
 
 PRE 
 
 We observe that ;)rrsv«re is used both for trouble 
 or calamity, and for the distress it jiroduces. 
 
 7. Urgency ; as, the pressure of business. 
 
 8. Impression ; stamp ; character impres.sed. 
 
 All laws of books, all forms, all pressures p:lst. ShaJc. 
 
 PRESS'-WORK, n. That part of printing which con- 
 sists in impressing the sheets upon the type. 
 PREST ; sometimes used for Pressed. [See Press.] 
 PREST, a. [C)ld Fr. prest or preste, now pret, pret, or 
 preste ; Sp. and It. presto, from L. prtesto, to stand 
 before or forward ; pm and sto.] 
 
 1. Ready; prompt. [OAs.] Fairfax. 
 
 2. Neat; tight. [Ofts.] Tusscr. 
 PREST, n. [Tr. pret, supra.] 
 
 1. A loan. [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 2. Formerly, a duty in money, to be paid by the 
 sheriff on his account in the exchequer, or for money 
 left or remaining in his hands. 2 and 3 Edw. VI. 
 
 PREST'-iMON-EV, (-inun'ne,) 71. Money paid to men 
 when they enlist into the British service, so called 
 because they hold themselves prest, or ready to march 
 at command. Toone. 
 
 PRES-T.\'T[ON, 71. [I,. pra!stntio.] 
 
 Formerly, a payment of money ; sometimes used 
 for purveyance. • Encyc. 
 
 PRES-Ta'TION-MON-EY, (-mun'ne,) ti. A sum of 
 money paid yearly by archdeacons and other digni- 
 taries to their bisliop, pro ezleriore jurisdictione. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 PRES'TER, 7!. [Gr. rrpri^rip, from trprfiaj, to kindle, 
 or inflame.] 
 
 1. A meteor or exhalation formerly supposed to 
 be thrown from the clouds with such violence, that 
 by collision it is set on tire. [06.^.] Encyc. 
 
 2. The external part of the neck, which swells 
 when a person is angry. [OJs.] Encyc. 
 
 Prester (priest or presbyter) John ; the name given 
 in the middle ages to a supposed Christian sovereign 
 in the interior of Asia; erroneously transferred by 
 the Portuguese to the king of Abyssinia. 
 
 Encyc. Am. 
 
 PRES'TIGE, 71. [Fr.] Illusion ; fascination ; charm ; 
 
 imposture. Wnrbarton. 
 PRES-TIG-I-A'TIOX, 71. [L. prajstigiw, tricks.] 
 The playing of legerdemain tricks ; a juggling. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 PRE?-TIG'I-.\-TOR, 71. A Juggler; a cheat. Jl/o;-c. 
 PRES-TIG'I-.'V-TO-RY, a. Juggling ; consisting of 
 impostures. 
 
 PRES-TIG'I-OUS, a. Practicing tricks ; juggling. 
 
 Bate. 
 
 PRES'TI-JIO NY, 71. [Port, and Sp. prcslimonio ; L. 
 praisto, to supply ; pr(e and sie.] 
 
 In canon taio, a fund for tile support of a priest, 
 appropriated by the founder, but not erected into 
 any title of benefice, and not subject to the pope or 
 the ordinary, but of which tile pation is the collator. 
 
 Port. Diet. Encyc. 
 
 But in a Spanish dictionary thus defined, " a preb- 
 end for the maintenance of poor clerg>'inen, on 
 conilition of tlieir saying prayers at certain stated 
 times." 
 
 PRESTIS'SI-MO, [It.] In mwiic, very quick. 
 PRES'TO, adv. [Sp. and It. presto, quick or quickly ; 
 L. priss-to.] 
 
 1. In music, a direction for a quick, lively move- 
 ment or performance. 
 
 2. (iuicklv ; immediately; in haste. Swift.. 
 PRE-STRie'tlON, n. [L.'pr<estringo, pra;strictus.] 
 
 Dimness. Milton. 
 PRE-SOM'A-BLE, a. [from presume.] That may be 
 presumed ; that may be supposed to be true or en- 
 titled to belief, witliout examination or direct evi- 
 dence, or <ui probable eviilence. 
 PRE-SuM'A-BLY, ado. By presuming or supposing 
 something to be true, without direct proof. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 PRE SUME', J), t. [Fr. prcmmer; It. presumere ; Sp. 
 pre-suaiiri from L. prwsumo ; prte, before, and sumo, 
 to take.] 
 
 To take or suppose to be tiue, or entitled to belief, 
 without examination or ptisitive pl'oof, or on the 
 strength of probability. Wo preiujiie that a man is 
 honest, who has not been known to cheat or de- 
 ceive ; but in this wo are somctiines mistakcii. In 
 many cases, the law presumes full payment where 
 positive evidence of it can not be produced. 
 
 We not only presume it may be so, but we acmally find it so. 
 
 (I'oo. of Ute 'rongae. 
 
 In cases of implied contracts, tlto law presumes that a man has 
 coveiianti-'d or contnictctl to do what reason and Justice dic- 
 lat(-\ Blackstone. 
 
 PRE-SOME', t). i. To venture without positive per- 
 mission ; as, we may presume too far. Bacon. 
 
 2. To ai't Willi great ctuifidcnco; with on or upon 
 before the grmind of conlidence. 
 
 This man prenunics upon his parts. Locke. 
 I will not presume so lar uj/oii myself. Ihuilrtt. 
 Luther presumes upon the gilt of conUnencjr. Allerbury. 
 
 It is Hoinelimes fiillowed by of, but improperly. 
 
 3. To make confiilcnt or arrogant atltuiipt.s. 
 
 Ii. Ili il we preiumt lo see what Is meet aial convenient lu tter 
 than God himsell. lluuker. 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRE-SuM'/CD, pp. Supposed or taken to be true, or 
 entiti d to belief, witliout positive proof 
 
 PRE-SC'iM^'lR, 77. One that presumes; also, an arro- 
 gant person. IVotton. 
 
 PRE-SU.M'ING, ppr. Taking as true, or supposing lo 
 be entitled to belief, on jwobable evidence. 
 
 2. a. Venturing without positive permission ; too 
 confident; arrogant; unreasonably bold. 
 
 PRlvSO.M'ING-LY, ui/». Confideiitlv ; arrogantly. 
 PRE-SUi\IP'T10N, 71. [Fr. presomption ; L. prcesump- 
 
 (!().] 
 
 1. Supposition of the truth or real exi.stence of 
 sonietliing without direct or positive proof of the 
 fart, but grounded on circumstantial or probable evi- 
 dence which entitles it to belief. Presumption, in 
 law, is of three sorts, violent or strong, probaote, aud 
 liglU. 
 
 Next to positive proof, circumstmtial evidence, or the doctrine of 
 presumptions, nuist take place ; for when the fact can not be 
 aemoiislralively evinced, that which conies nearest to the 
 pniol of the fact is the proof of such citcuinstilnces as eiUier 
 necessanly or usually attend such facts. Tiiese are called 
 presumjitions. \ iolenl presumption is many limes equal lo 
 full proi)f. Btrukstune. 
 
 9. Strong probability; as in the common phrase, 
 the presumption is that an event has taken place, or 
 will take place. 
 
 3. Blind or headstrong confidence; unreasonable 
 adventiiroiisness ; a venturing to undertake some- 
 thing Without reasonable prospect of success, or 
 against the usual probabilities of safety ; presumptu- 
 ousness. 
 
 Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath. Shak. 
 1 had tlie presumption lo dedicate to you a very unfinished 
 piece. Dryiten, 
 
 4. Arrogance. He had the presumption to attempt 
 to dict.ite to the council. 
 
 5. Unreasonable confidence in divine favor. 
 The awe of his majesty will keep ua from presumption. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 PRE-SUMP'TIVE, a. Taken by previous supposition ; 
 grounded on probable evidence. 
 
 2. Unreasonably confident ; adventuring without 
 reasonable grounii to expect success ; presumptuous ; 
 arrogant. Brown, 
 
 Presumptive evidence, in law, is that whii h is de- 
 rived from circumstances which necessarily or usu- 
 ally atteiul a fact, as distinct from direct evidence or 
 positive proof. 
 
 Presumptive evidence of felony should he cautiously adn ilted. 
 
 Blaikstone. 
 
 Presumptive heir ; one who would inherit an estate 
 if the ancestor shoiilil die with tilings in their jiresent 
 slate, but whose right of inheritance may be defeated 
 by the birth of a nearer heir before the death of the 
 ancestor. Thus the presumptive succession of a 
 brother or nephew may be destroyed by the birth of 
 a child. Presumptive heir is distinguished from heir 
 apparent, whose right of inheritance is indefeasible, 
 provided he outlives the ancestor. Black.<tone, 
 
 PRE-?UMP'TIVE-LY, adv. By presumption, or sup- 
 position grouniled tm probability. Burke, 
 
 PRE-SUMPT'U-OUS, a, [Fr. presomptueuz ; It. and 
 Sp. presuntaoso.] 
 
 1. Bold and continent to excess ; adventuring with- 
 out reasonable ground of succi'ss ; hazarding safety 
 on too slight grounds ; rash; applied to persons; as, 
 a. presumptuous commander. 
 
 There is a diiss of presumptuous meu whom age has not iniulo 
 cautious, nor adversity wise. Buckniinsler. 
 
 £. Founded on presumption ; proceeding from ex- 
 cess of confidence; applied to tilings; as, presumptu- 
 ous hope. Milton. 
 
 3. Arrogant ; insolent.; as, a presumptuous priest. 
 
 almk. 
 
 Presumptuous pride. Drytttn. 
 
 4. Unduly confident ; irreverent with respect to 
 sacretl things. 
 
 5. VVilUut ; done with bold design, rash confidence, 
 or in violation of known duty ; as, a presumptuous 
 sin. 
 
 PRE-SUMPT'TT-OUS-LY, adv. With rash confidence. 
 
 2. Arrogantly ; insolently. 
 
 3. VVillftilly ; in bold defiance of conscience or vio- 
 lation of known duly ; as, to sin presumptuously. 
 JVum. XV. 
 
 4. With groundless and vain confidence in the 
 divine favor. Ilummond. 
 
 PRE SUMPT'IJ-OUS-NESS, 7i. The quality of being 
 prosiimpliious or rashly confident; groundless con- 
 fidiuice ; arrogance J irreverent boldness or forward- 
 ness. 
 
 PRE-SUP-PO'SAL, (pre-sup-po'zal,) ?i. [jire and sup- 
 posal. ] 
 
 Supposal previously formed ; presupposition. 
 
 Hooker, 
 
 PRE SUP-POSE', (pre-siip-poze',) v. I. [Fr. presup- 
 poser ; It. presupporrc ; lOiig. pre and suppose.] 
 
 To suppose as previous ; to imply as antecedent 
 The exislcuce of created things presupposes the ex- 
 istence of n Creator. 
 
 Kacb kind of knnivledjife presupposes many necessary tilings 
 learned in otle-r sciences and known beloa-liaiid. Hooker. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PB£V. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 \ 
 
PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 PKE-SUP-PoS'£D,pp. or a. Supposed to be antece- 
 dent. 
 
 PRK-SUP-POS'IXG, ppr. Supposing to be previous. 
 PUE-SUP-PO SI"'I'1UN, (-zisli'uu,) n. Supposition 
 
 previously formed. 
 9. Supposition of sonu'thing nntecedcnt. 
 PRE-SUR-MI$E', (pre-sur-inize',) n. [pre and sxir- 
 
 viise.] 
 
 A surmise previously formed. S/iak. 
 PRE-TKNCE', (pro-tens',) «. [L. jmcUnsus, prictendo.] 
 
 1. A holding out or olferiug to others something 
 false or feigned ; a presenting to others, cither in 
 words or actions, a false or hypocritical appearance, 
 usually with a view to conceal what is real, and thus 
 to deceive. Under prrtcnce of giving liberty to na- 
 tions, the prince conquered and enslaved them. 
 Under pretence of patriotism, ambitious men serve 
 their own sellish purpo.ses. 
 
 Lrt not Trojans, witli a fi-ifiioil prekrice 
 
 Of proifered peace, delude the Lali^n prince. Dryden. 
 
 It is sometimes preceded by on ; as, on pretence of 
 revenging Cesar's death. Middleton. 
 
 2. Assumption j claim to notice 
 
 Never wa* any thing of this pretence more ingeniously impartcil. 
 
 Kvtlyn. 
 
 3. Claim, true or false. 
 
 Primogeniture can not h:tve any preUnce lo a right of soli'ly in- 
 heriting property or power. Lori-e. 
 
 4. Something held out to terrify or for other pur- 
 pose ; as, a pretence of danger. Shuk. 
 
 [For remarks on the spelling of this word, seePnE- 
 
 TKNSE.l 
 
 PRE-TEXD', V. t. pmtendo ; pne, before, and ten- 
 do, to tend, to roach, or stretch ; Fr. pretendre ; It. 
 pretenderc i Sp. pretender.] 
 
 1. IMerally, lo reach or stretch forward ; used by 
 Dryden, but this use is not well authorized. 
 
 2. To hold out, as a false appearance ; to offer 
 something feigned instead of that which is real ; to 
 siiimlate, in words or actions. 
 
 Tliis let hiin know 
 Lest, willfully transjrejiAing, he pretend 
 Sniprisal. Mtlton. 
 
 3. To show hypocritically ; as, to pretend great zeal 
 when the heart is not engaged ; to pretend patriotism 
 for the sake of gaining popular api>lause or obtaining 
 an otiicc. 
 
 4. To exhibit as a cover for something hidden. 
 
 Lest ttiat loo heavenly form, pretended 
 To h<>lli8h falsehood, snare them. [.Vol in use] Milton. 
 
 5. To claim. 
 
 Chiefs shall be grudged the part which they pretend. Dryden. 
 
 In this sense, we generally use pretend to. 
 
 6. To intend ; to design. [.Vyf used.'] Spenser. 
 PRE-TEND', f. i. To put in a claim, truly or falsely ; 
 
 lo hold out the appearance of being, possessing, or 
 performing. A man may preieifd to be a physician, 
 anil pretend to perform great cures ; bad men often 
 pretend to be patriots. 
 
 PRE-TE.ND'EI), pp. Held out, as a false appearance ; 
 feigned ; simitlated. 
 
 2. a. Ostensible; hypocritical; as, a prcfendcti rea- 
 son or motive ; pretended zeal. 
 
 PRE-TEND'ED-LY, adv. By false appearance or rep- 
 resentation. Hammond. 
 
 PRE-TE.\L)'ER, n. One who makes a show of some- 
 thing not real ; one who lays claim to any thing. 
 
 2. In EnfflUh hUtory, the heir of the rt^yal family 
 of Stuart, who laid claim to the crown of Great 
 Britain, but was excluded by law. Burnet. 
 
 PRE-TE.ND'ER-SIllP, n. The right or claim of the 
 preleniiir. Swift. 
 
 PRE-TEXD'ING, ppr. Holding out a false appear- 
 ance ; laying claim to, or .attempting to make others 
 believe one is what in truth he is not, or that he has 
 or does something which he has or does not; mak- 
 ing hypocritical professions. 
 
 PRE-TEND'ING-LY, adv. Arrogantly; presumptu- 
 ously. 
 
 PRE-TEXSE', (pre-tcns',) n. [L. pmtensus, pr<e- 
 tcndo.] 
 
 1. A holding out or offcTing to others something 
 false or feigned ; a presenting to others, either in 
 words or actions, a false or hypocritical appearance, 
 usually with a view to conceal what is real, and thtis 
 lo deceive. Under pretense of giving liberty to na- 
 tions, the prince conipiered and enslaved them ; un- 
 der prcfcnj-e of patriotism, ambitious men serve their 
 own selfish purposes. 
 
 Let not Trxjjans, with n feigned pretense 
 
 Of proffered peace, delude tlie Lilian prince. Drydtn. 
 
 It is sometimes preceded by on ; as, on pretense of 
 revenging Cesar's death. Middleton, 
 
 2. Assumption ; claim to notice. 
 
 Ncrer was any thing of this preunse tnore ingeniously imported. 
 
 Ettetyn. 
 
 3. Clami, true or false. 
 
 L right of soleir iii- 
 Lade. 
 
 * .Something held out to terrify or for other pur- 
 pose ; as, a pretense of danger. Shak. 
 
 Prim«g.-niuire can not have any pretenM t 
 hehtjii^ properly or power. 
 
 [This word, like erpense, has, till of late, been 
 dpelled with a c: but it ought to undergo the same 
 change with erpen-tCy tlie reastm being the same, 
 viz.. that s must he used in the derivatives, pretension, 
 it-c, as in erpensiee.] 
 PRE-TENS'A'l), (pre lenst',) a. Pretended ; fi ignid ; 
 us, a pretensed right to land. \_Liille used.] 
 
 Knei/c. 
 
 PRE-TEN'SION, (prc-ten'shun,) n. [It. prelen^ione ; 
 Fr. pretention,] 
 
 1. Claim, true or false ; a holding out the appear- 
 ance of right or possession of a thing, with a view 
 to make others believe what is not real, or what, if 
 true, is not yet known or admitted. A man may 
 makepretensions to rights which he can not niaintaiu ; 
 he may make preteiuiions to skill which he does not 
 possess ; and he may make pretensions to skill or ac- 
 quirements which he really possesses, but which lie 
 is not known to possess. Hence we s|)eak of ill- 
 founded pretensions and well-founded pretensions. 
 
 2. Claim to something to be obtained, or a desire 
 10 obtain something, manifested by words or actions. 
 Any citizen may have prctensioiui to the lionor of 
 representing the state in the senate or bouse of rep- 
 resentatives. 
 
 The connnons demand that the consulship should lie in common 
 to the pretension* of any itoinau. Swift. 
 
 Men indulge tliose opiniout and practices that f.ivor their jne- 
 ttnsiuns. L'Ketrange. 
 
 3. Fictitious appearance ; a Latin phrase not note 
 itsed. 
 
 This was bnt an iuvention and pretension given out \jy the 
 
 Spaniards, Baeon. 
 
 PRE-TE.\T'A-TIVE, a. [L. pra and tento, to try.] 
 That may be previously tried or attenipteii. [Zit- 
 t!e_ tuied.] IVvtton. 
 
 PRE'TER, a Latin preposition, (pnrter,) is used in 
 some English words as a preli.T. Its proper siguifi- 
 catitm is heijond, hence, beside, wore. 
 
 PRE-TER-I.M-PER'FECT, a. [I,, propter, beyond or 
 beside, and imperfectus, iinfinishett.] 
 
 In grammar, an epithet designating the tense 
 which e-\presses action or being not perfectly past; 
 more usually called the itnperfeet tense. 
 
 PRE'TER-IT, a. [L. pratcritus, prxtereo : proeler, be- 
 yond, and eo, to go.] 
 
 Past; applied to the tense in grammar which ex- 
 presses an action or being perfectly past or finished, 
 often that which is just past or completed, but with- 
 out a specification of time. It is called also the 
 perfect tense ; as, scripsi, I have written. We say, 
 "I hare written a letter to my correspondent ; " in 
 which sentence, the time is supposed to be not dis- 
 tant and not specified. But when the time is men- 
 tioned, we use the imperfect tense, so called ; as, " I 
 tcrote to my correspondent yestertlay." In this use 
 of the preterit or perfect ten.se, the English differs 
 from the French, in which j'ai icrit hier is correct ; 
 but I have written yesterday, would be very bad 
 English. 
 
 PRE-TER-I"TI0X, (pre-ter-ish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. 
 prirtcreo, to pass by.] 
 
 1. The act of going past; the state of being past. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 9. In rhetoric, a figure by w hich, in pretending to 
 pass over any thing, we make a summary mention 
 of it i as, " I will not say, he is valiant, he is learned, 
 he is just," &c. The most artful praises are those 
 bestowed by way o( preterition. Encyc, 
 PRE-TER'I-TIVE,a. In orammar, an epithet applied 
 to verbs used only or chiefly in the preterit or past 
 tenses. 
 
 PRK'TER-IT-NESS,n. [from pretcrU.] The state of 
 
 being past. ( Little usedJ] Bentley. 
 PRE-TER-LA<>S'jE;D, f-lapst',) a. [L. prxUrlapsus, 
 
 prtrterlabor ; prater and labor, to glitle.] 
 
 Past ; gone bv ; as, preterlapsed ages. Walker. 
 PRE-TER-Lk'G.\L, a. [L. pra:ter and legaL] 
 
 E-xceeding the limits of law ; not lijgal. [Little 
 
 used.] K. Charles. 
 
 PRE-TER-IIIS'SION, (-mish'un,) n. [l^.prtttermissio, 
 
 from pratermitlo.] 
 
 1. A passing by ; omission. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, the same as Pbeteritiox. 
 PRE-TER-.MIT', v. u [L. pratermitto ; prater, beyond, 
 
 and mitto, to send.] 
 
 To pass by ; to omit. Bacon. 
 PRE-TER-MIT'TED, pp. Passed by ; omitted. 
 PRE-TER-NAT'U-RAL, a. [L. propter and natural.] 
 Beyond what is natural, or different from what is 
 natural ; irregular. We call those events in the 
 physical worltl preternatural, which are e.Mraordinary, 
 which are deemed to be beyond or without the ordi- 
 nar>' course of things, and yet are not deemed mirac- 
 ulous, in di-stinction from events which are super- 
 natural, which cannot be produced by physical laws 
 or powers, and must therefore be produced by a 
 direct exertion of omniptitence. We also apply the 
 epithet to things uncommon or irregular; as, aprc- 
 (frnafural swelling ; a preternatural pulse ; a preter- 
 natural excitement or temper. 
 PRE-TER-.\AT-U-RAL'I-TY, n. Prctcrnaturalncss. 
 
 Smith. I 
 manner be- I 
 
 {Little used.] ' ' 
 PRE TER-NAT'I^-RAL-LY, aio. In a 
 
 ytind or aside from the common order of nature ; as, 
 vessels of the btidv pretematurally distentled. 
 
 PRE- l i:R-.\AT'l^'-RAI.-NESS,n. A slate or manner 
 dilferent from the common order of nature. 
 
 PRE TER-PER'FECT, a. [I,. pra:ter and perfer.tus.] 
 Litertilly, more titan complete or finished ; an epiltiet 
 equivalent lo preterit, applied to the tense of verbs 
 which expresses action or being absoliilely past ; 
 more usutilly called the perfect tense. [Grammar.] 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 PRE-TER-PLCPER-FEGT, a. [L. prtffer, beyond, 
 plus, mtire, and perftctus, perfect.] 
 
 Literally, beyond more than perfect; an epithet des- 
 ignating the tense of verbs which expresses action 
 or bfing as past at or before another past event 
 or time ; more usually called the pluperfect tense ; 
 better ilenoininated the prier past tense, that is, past 
 prior to another event. 
 
 PRE-TE.X', V. t. [L. pratezo; pra and tcio, or Ugo, 
 tezui.] 
 
 To cloak ; to conceal. [JVot tised.] Edieardt. 
 PRE-TE.XT' or PRE'TEXT, «. [L. pradeztus i Ft. 
 pretezte ; It. pretcsto ; Sp. pretezto^ 
 
 Pretense ; false appearance ; ostensible reason or 
 motive assigned or assumed as a color or cover for 
 the real reason or motive. He gave plausible reasons 
 for his conduct, but these were only a pretezt to con- 
 ceal his real motives. 
 
 He m.ade pretext that I should only go 
 
 And help convey liis fp.-iglit ; t*ut thought not so. Chaprtutn. 
 They suck the blood of those tliey depend on, under ri preteri of 
 service nud kiitduess. L^Eetrange. 
 
 PRl'5'TOR, n. [L. pra^r, from the root of prte, be- 
 fore.] 
 
 An officer among the ancient Romans. Orijrinally, 
 the pretor was a kind of third consul ; but at in ear- 
 ly period, two pretors were appointed ; the first of 
 whom (pric'tor urba'nus) was a kind of mayor or 
 city jutige ; the other {prtc'tor peregri'niu) was a 
 juilge of cases in which one or both of the parties 
 were foreigners. Still later, the number of pretors 
 or judges was ftirtlier increased. Stnith^s Diet. 
 
 In modern times, the word is sometimes used for a 
 ma3 or or magistrate. Dnjden, Spectator. 
 
 PRE-To'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a pretor or judge ; 
 
 judicial. Burke. 
 PRE-To'RI-.^N, a. Belonging to a pretor or judge ; 
 judicial; cxcucised by the pretor ; as, prctaria/t power 
 or authority. Bacon. 
 
 Prctoriaii bands, or guards, or pretorians, in Roman 
 histo'^j, were the emperor's guards. Their number 
 was increased by Vitellius to sixteen thousand men. 
 
 Smithes Diet. 
 
 Frelorian gate ; in a Roman camp, that one of its 
 four L'.'ites which l.ty next the enemy. Brande. 
 
 PRe'TOR-SHIP, n. The office of pretor. Marfan. 
 
 PRET'TI-LY, (prit'ti-ly,) adv. [from prcUij.] In a 
 pretty manner ; with ne.atness and taste ; pleasingly; 
 without magnificence or splendor ; a-s, a woman 
 prettily dressed ; a parterre prettily ornamented with 
 flowers. 
 
 2. With decency, good manners, and decorum, 
 without dignity. 
 
 Cliildr-n kept out of ill company, take a pride lo behave thetn- 
 selves pretti/y. Locke. 
 
 PRET'TI-NESS, (prit'ti-ncss,) n. [from pretty.] Di- 
 minutive beauty ; a pleasing form without stateli- 
 ness or dignity ; as, the prettiness of the face ; the 
 preltiness of a bird or other small animal ; the pretti- 
 nessof dress. Mure. 
 
 9. Neatne.ss and taste displayed on small objects ; 
 as, the prettiness of a flower-bed. 
 
 3. Decency of manners ; pleasing propriety with- 
 out dignity or elevation ; as, the prcffiiiov; of a chdd's 
 beluivior. 
 
 PRET'TY, (prit'ty,) a. [Sax. pritte, adorned ; pnrti^, 
 sly, crafty ; Dan. prydct, adorned ; Sw. prydd, id. ; 
 W. prijd, comeliness, beauty, also, that is preser.t, 
 stated time, hour or sea.son, visage, aspect ; prydain, 
 exhibiting presence or an open countenance, beauti- 
 ful ; prydiaw, to represent an object, lo record an 
 event, to render seasonable, to set apart a time, to 
 become seasonable. The word seems lo be con- 
 necteii with priated, appropriate, proper, fitting, 
 whence priodi, to render appropriate, to espouse or 
 marry, and priodverc, a bride. Iltjicc it is evident 
 the radical sense is set, or, as we say, set off, implying 
 enlargement.] 
 
 1. Having diminutive beauty ; of a pleasing form 
 without the strong lines of beauty, or without gnice- 
 fulness and dignity ; as, a pretty face ; o pretty per- 
 son ; a pretty flower. 
 
 The pretty gentle. nan is the moat complaisant creature Li the 
 world. Sjiectator. 
 
 That which is little can bo but prtUy, and by clainiiii? digiiilj 
 becomes ridiculous. JJhnson. 
 
 S. Neat and appropriate without magnificence 01 
 splendor ; as, a pretty dress. 
 
 3. Handsome ; neatly arranged or ornamented ; 
 as, a pretty flower-bed. 
 
 4. Neat ; elegant withiml elevation or grandeur ; 
 as, a pretty laic or story ; a pretty song or <x>mpo«l- 
 lion. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, liXITE._AX"GER, VI"CIOUS._€ as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH a« SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 100 
 
 ImTiT 
 
 Ui3 
 
PRE 
 
 5. Sly ; crafty ; as, he has played Lis friend a 
 pretty trick. This seems to be the sense of the 
 word in this phrase, according with the Saxon 
 pnrti^. And hence, perhaps, the phrase a pretty 
 fellow. 
 
 6. Small ; diminutive ; in contempt. He will 
 make a preuy figure in a triumph. 
 
 7. Not very suiall ; moderately large ; as, a pretty 
 way off. 
 
 Cut off the alalks of cucumbers, immediately after their bearing, 
 close by the earth, and then cast a pretty quantity ol earth 
 tipon the plant, and they will bear next year before the ordi- 
 nary lime. [iVot in ust,] Bacon. 
 
 PRET'TY, (prit'ty,) adv. In some degree ; tolerably ; 
 moderately ; as, a farm pretty well stocked ; the 
 colors became pretty vivid ; I am pretty sure of the 
 fact ; the wind is pretty fair. The English half penny 
 is pretty near the value of the American cent. In 
 these and similar phrases, pretty expresses less than 
 very. 
 
 The writer jwe% plainly professes Itimself a sincere Christian. 
 
 .\llErbury. 
 
 PRET'TY-SPoK-£N, a. Spoken or speaking prettily. 
 
 FRE-TYP'I-Fr-£D,{-fide,)/>;.. [Uom pretypify.] An- 
 tecedently represented by type ; prefigured. 
 
 PRE-TYP'I-Ff , r. t. [pre and typtfy.] To prefigure ; 
 to exhibit previously in a type. Pearson. 
 
 PRE-TYP'I-Ft-ING, ppr. Prefiguring. 
 
 PRE VAIL', r. i. [Fr. prevaloir : It. prevalere; Sp. 
 precalecer ; L. prarcaho i prt£, before, and valeo^ to be 
 strong or well, yaleo seems to be from the same 
 root as the Eng. well. The primary sense is, to stretch 
 or strain forward, to advance.] 
 
 1. To overcome ; to gain the victory or superiori- 
 ty ; to gain the advantage. 
 
 When Moses held up his hand, Israel preoailed ; when he let 
 
 down his band, Ainalek prevailed. — Ex. xvii. 
 With over or against. 
 
 D.\vid prevailed over the Philistine with a slin^ and with a stone. 
 — I Sain. xvii. 
 
 This kingdom could never prevail against the united power of 
 England. Swift. 
 
 2. To be in force ; to have effect, power, or influ- 
 ence. 
 
 This custom makes the short-sighted bigots and the warier skep- 
 tics, as far as it prevaiU. l^cke. 
 
 3. To be predominant ; to extend over with force or 
 effect. The fever prevailed in a great part of the city. 
 
 4. To gain or have predominant influence ; to op- 
 erate with effect. These reasons, arguments, or mo- 
 tives ought to prevail with all candid men. In this 
 sense, it is followed by with. 
 
 5. To persuade or induce ; with on or jipon. They 
 prevailed on the president to ratify the treaty. It is 
 also followed by willt. They could not prevail with 
 the king to pardon the offender. But on is more 
 common in modern practice. 
 
 6. To succeed. The general attempted to take the 
 fort by assault, but did not prevail. The most power- 
 ful arguments were employed, but they did not prevail. 
 
 PRE-VaIL'JED, pp. Gained advantage i persuaded; 
 succeeded. 
 
 PRE-V.aIL'ING, ppr. Gaining advantage, superiority, 
 or victory ; having effect ; persuading ; succeeding. 
 
 2. a. Predominant ; having more influence ; prev- 
 alent ; superior in pou er. 'i'he love of money and 
 the love of power are the prevailing passions of men. 
 
 3. Eflicacious, 
 
 Saints shall assist thee with prnaiting prayers. Roxet. 
 
 4. Predominant ; most general ; as, the prevailing 
 disease of a climate ; a prevailing opinion. Intem- 
 perance is the prevailing vice i.f many countries. 
 
 PRE-VAIL'ING-LY, adv. So as to prevail or have 
 success. 
 
 PRE-Vai'l'MENT, 71. Prevalence. [Little used.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 PREV'A-LENCE, ) 71. Superior strength, influence, 
 PUEV'A-LEN-CY, i or tflicacy; most eflicacious 
 force in producing an effect. 
 
 The duke better knew what kind of arguments were of preva- 
 leixee witli hinr. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Predominance ; most general reception or prnc- 
 tire ; as, the prevalance of vice, or of corrupt max- 
 ims ; the prevalence of opinion or fashion. 
 
 3. Most general existence or extension ; as, the 
 prevalence of a disease. 
 
 4. Success ; as, the prevalence of prayer. 
 PREV'A-LENT.o. Gaining advantage or superiority ; 
 
 victorious. 
 
 Brennus told the Roman enilxiasadors, that prevalent amis were 
 as food as any title. Hategh. 
 
 2. Powerful ; efficacious; successful ; as, prm<i/f7i< 
 supplications. 
 
 3. Predominant ; most generally received or cur- 
 rent ; as, a prernlent opinion. Woodward. 
 
 4. Predominant j most general ; extensively ei- 
 iMlIng ; a«, i\ prevalent disease. 
 
 PREV'A-LE.VT-LY, Olio. With predominance or su- 
 periority , [Kiwcrfully. 
 
 Tlie rvniniif star so f^ls Into Ih" main, 
 
 'I'u rise St niurn liiorr prtvaUnll^ iTiicht. Prior. 
 
 PttE- V AR'I-eA'i'E, e. i. ( It. prnaricare ; Sp. prevari- 
 
 PRE 
 
 ear ; Fr, prevariquer ,* I*, pnevaricor ; pr<£ and varico, 
 varicor, to straddle.] 
 
 1. To shuffle ; to quibble ; to shift or turn from 
 one side to tlie other, from the direct course or from 
 truth ; to play foul play. 
 
 I would tliink better of himself, than that he would willfully pre- 
 varicate. StiUing^eet. 
 
 2. In the civil law, to collude ; as, where an in- 
 former colludes with the defendant, and makes a 
 sham prosecution. Encyc. 
 
 3. In English laic, to undertake a thing falsely and 
 deceitfully, with the purpose of defeating or destroy- 
 ing it. Cowel. 
 
 PRE-VAR'I-e.5TE, ». t. To pervert ; to corrupt ; to 
 evade by a quibble. 
 
 [But in a transitive sense, this word is seldom or 
 never itserf.] 
 
 PRE-VAR'I-eX-TED, pp. Evaded by a quibble. 
 PRE-VAR'I-CA-TING, ppr. or a. Cluibbhng to evade 
 the truth. 
 
 PRE-VAR-I-eA'TION,7i. A shuffling or quibbling to 
 evade the truth or the disclosure of truth ; the prac- 
 tice of some trick for evading what is just or honor- 
 able ; a deviation from the plain path of truth and 
 fair dealing. Milison. 
 
 2. In tlu civil law, the collusion of an informer 
 with the defendant, for the purpose of making a 
 sham prosecution. Encyc. 
 
 3 In common late, a seeming to undertake a thing 
 falsely or deceitfully, for the purpose of defeating or 
 destroying it. Cowel. 
 
 4. A secret abuse in the exercise of a public office 
 or commission. Encyc. 
 
 PRE-VAR'I-€a-TOR, n. One that prevaricates; a 
 shuffler; a quibbler. 
 
 2. A sham dealer ; one who colludes with a de- 
 fendant in a sham prosecution. Civil Law. 
 
 3. One who abuses his trust. 
 
 PRE-VeNE', v. L [L. prtevenio ; pra, before, and v»- 
 nio, to come.] 
 
 Literally, to come before ; hence, to hinder. [Mot 
 tised.] Philips. 
 PRE-VeN'I-ENT, a. [L. prwveniens.] 
 
 Going before; preceding; as, prevenient grace. 
 Hence, preventive Milton. 
 PRE-VENT', v. U [L. pncvenio, pr<c, before, and ve- 
 7110, to come; It. prevenire; Sp. and Fr. prevenir.'] 
 
 1. To hintler; to stop or intercept the approach, 
 access, or performance of a thing. Foresight antl 
 care will prevent many ills and misfortunes in human 
 life. Religion supplies consolation under afflictions 
 which can not be prevented. It is often easier to 
 prevent evils than to remedy them. 
 
 [ The following signijications of the word, formerly 
 used, are obsolete.] 
 
 2. To go before ; to precede. Ps. cxix. 148. 
 
 3. To take hold on ; to seize. Job xxx. IC. 
 
 4. To succor. Ps. lix, 10, and Common Prayer. 
 
 5. To anticipate. 
 
 Their ready guiU preventing thy conunands. Pope. 
 
 6. To preoccupy ; to preengage. 
 
 Thou hast prevented us wiUi overtures of love. K. Charlet. 
 
 PRE-VENT', V. t. To come before the usual time. 
 
 [Mot in use.] Bacon. 
 PRE-VENT'A-BLE, a. That may be prevented or 
 
 hindered. Reytiolds. 
 [Preventative is a gross blunder.] 
 PRE-VENT'ED, pp. Hindered from happening or 
 
 taking effect. 
 
 PRE-VENT'ER, n. One that goes before. [Mot in 
 use.] Bacon. 
 
 2. One that hinders ; a hinderer ; that which hin- 
 ders ; as, a preventer of evils or of disease. 
 
 PRE-VENT'ING, ppr. Going before. [Obs.] 
 2. Hindering; obviating. 
 
 PRE-VENT'ING-LY, adv. In such a manner or way 
 as to hinder. Dr. Walker. 
 
 PRE-VEN'TION, 7«. [Fr.] The act of going before. 
 [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 2. Preoccupation; anticipation. [Little used.] 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 3. The act of hindering; hinderance ; obstruc- 
 tion of access or apprtiach. 
 
 Prevention of sin is one of the greatest mercies God can vouch- 
 safe, i^outh. 
 
 4. Prejudice; prepossession; a French sense, but 
 nut in itvr in English. Dn/den. 
 
 PIIF.-VEN'TION-AL, a. Tending to prevent. Diet. 
 PUI>VENT'1VE, a. Tending to hinder; hindering 
 the access of; as, a medicine preventive of disca.se. 
 
 Br own. 
 
 PRE-VENT'lVE, 71. That which prevents; that 
 which intercepts the access or approach of. Tem- 
 perance anil exercise are excellent prcufiitieM of de- 
 bility and languor. 
 
 U. An nnlidiiio previously tiiken. A medicine 
 may be taken as a prrrrntirr of tliscase. 
 
 PRE-VENT'lVK .'^EK V'lcr., 71. In Great Britain, 
 the duty pi rfiirnii tl by the armed [Hilice in guarding 
 the coast acain-t smuggling. 
 
 PRE VE.NT'lVE-I.V, adr. By way of prevention; 
 ill II manner that tends to hinder. 
 
 PRI 
 
 PRS'VI-OUS, a. [L. priroiiis ; pra, before, and tiia, 
 way, that is, a going. Sax. wag.] 
 
 Going before in time ; being or happening before 
 something else ; antecedent ; prior ; as, a previous 
 intimation of a design ; aprecioits notion ; a previous 
 event. 
 
 Sound from the mountain, previous to the storm. 
 Rolls o'er the muttering eartii. TTtomson. 
 PRe'VI-OUS-LY, adv. In time preceding; before- 
 hand ; antecedently ; as., ! plan previously formed. 
 PRe'VI-OUS-NESS, 71. Antecedence ; priority in 
 time. 
 
 PRE-VI"SI0N, (-vizh'un,) 71. [L. pra:visus, pra^video : 
 pr(£, before, and video, to see.] 
 
 Foresight ; foreknowledge ; prescience. Ennic. 
 
 PRE-WARN', V. t. [See VVarh.] To warn before- 
 hand ; to give previous notice of. Beaum. 
 
 PRE \VAR.\'£D, pp. Given previous notice of. 
 
 PRE-WARN'ING, ppr. Warning beforehand. 
 
 PREY, (pra,) 71. [L. prada : It. preda : Fr. proie ; Arm. 
 preyi or preih ; D. prooi. In W'elsh, praii. It. preit, 
 signifies booty or spoil of cattle taken in war, also a 
 flock or herd ; preiziaw, to herd, to collect a herd, to 
 drive off or make booty of cattle.] 
 
 1. Spoil ; booty ; plunder ; goods taken by force 
 from an enemy in war. 
 
 And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, to 
 Moses and Eleaz;ir the priest. — Num. xxxi. 
 
 In this passage, the captives are distinguished 
 from prey. But sometimes persons are included. 
 
 They ^Judali] shall become a prey and a spoil to all their ene- 
 nues. — 2 Kings xxi. 
 
 2. That which is seized or may be seized by vio- 
 lence to be devoured ; ravine. The eagle and the 
 hawk dart upon their prey. 
 
 She sees herself the monster's prey. Dryden. 
 The old lion perisheth for lack of prey. — Job iv. 
 
 3. Ravage ; depredation. 
 
 Hog in sloth, fox in stealth, lion in prey, Shak. 
 .Animal or beast of prey, is a carnivorous animal ; 
 one that feeds on the flesh of other animals. The 
 word is applied to the larger animals, as lions, tigers, 
 hawks, vultures, &c., rather than to insects ; yet an 
 insect feeding on other insects, may be called an ani- 
 mal of prey. 
 
 PREY, (pra,) r. i. To prey on, or vpon, is to rob ; to 
 plunder ; to pillage. 
 
 2. To feed by violence, or to seize and devour. 
 The wolf pretjs on sheep ; the hawk preys on chick- 
 ens. 
 
 ' 3. To corrode ; to waste gradually ; to cause to 
 pine away. Grief preys on the body and spirits ; 
 envy and jealousy prey on the health. 
 
 Langua^ is too faint to show 
 His rage of love ; it preys upon his life ; 
 He pines, he sickens, he despairs, he tlies. Addison. 
 
 PREY'ER, (pra'er,) 71. He or that which preys ; a 
 plunderer; a waster ; a devourer. 
 
 PREY'ING, (pra'ing,) ppr. Plundering ; corroding ; 
 wasting gradually. 
 
 PRI'A-PIS.M, 71. [from L. Priapus.] More or less 
 permanent erection and rigidity of the penis, with- 
 out concupiscence. 
 
 PRICE, 71, [Fr. prix; It. prezzo ; Sp. precio ; .\rm. 
 pris ; D. prys ; G. preis ; Dan. priis ; W. pris or prirf ; 
 prisiaw, to value, to apprize ; pridiaa, to give a price, 
 value, or equivalent, to pawn, to ransom ; L. prrtiiim. 
 See Praise.] 
 
 1. The sum or amount of money at which a thing 
 is valued, or the value which a seller sets on his 
 goods in market. A man often sets a price on goods 
 which he can not obtain, and often takes less than 
 the price set. 
 
 2. The sum or equivalent given for an article ; the 
 cost ; as, the price paid for a house, an ox, or a 
 watch. 
 
 3. The current value or rate paid for any species of 
 goods ; as, the market price of wheat. 
 
 4. Value ; estimation ; excellence ; worth. 
 
 >Vho can find a virtuous woman I for her price is far above 
 nibios, — Prov. xxxi. 
 
 5. Reward ; recompense. 
 
 That vice may merit ; 'tis the price of toil ; 
 'I'he kna.c deserves it when be tills the soil. Poj^. 
 The price of redemption, is the aloiiemcnl of Jesus 
 Christ. 1 Cor. vi. 
 
 pric^ in Ike hands of a fool ; the valuable offers of 
 salvation, which he neglects. Prov. xvij. 
 PKK;E, 0. t. To pay for. (Mot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 2. To set a price on. [bee Prize.] 
 PRK.'E-eUR'RENT, n. A paper or table of the cur- 
 rtmt prices of merchandise, stocks, s{Hicie, bills of 
 exchange, rate of exchange, &c. 
 PRIC'KD, (prist,) a. Set at a value; used in com|M>- 
 
 sition ; as, high-pn'crr/, \ow-jn-iced. 
 PRTCE'LESS, a. Invaluable ; too valuable to admit 
 of a price. Shak. 
 2. Without value ; worthless or unsalable. 
 
 J. Barloto. 
 
 PRICING, ppr. Setting a price on ; valuing. 
 PRICK, r. u (Sax. pnceian ; D. jmkken ; Dan. prilikeri 
 tiw.pricka; It. priocam.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^hl., WHi^T. — MRTE, PRfiY — piNE, MARINE, Blttl). — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK 
 
 866 
 
PRI 
 
 1. To pierce with a Bliar|>-poiiited instrument or 
 substance ; as, lo prick one witli a pin, a needle, a 
 tliorn, or the Hke. 
 
 2. To erect a pointed tiling, or with an acuminated 
 point; ai'i'licd chiefly to the ears, and primarily to 
 the pointed ears of an animal. The liorsc pricks his 
 cars, or pricks up his ears. 
 
 3. To tix by the point ; as, to prick a knife into a 
 board. JVVwton. 
 
 4. To hang on a point 
 
 The cooks prick a itice on n proiiff of iron. Sandyt. 
 
 5. I'o designate by a puncture or mark. 
 
 Some who (vre pricktd for iheriir*, luid are fit, set oat of the bill. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 R. To spur; to goad; to incite; sometimes with 
 on or offl 
 
 Mv duty pricks me on to utter thtit 
 
 Which no worldly pood Bhoiild dniw from me. Skcik. 
 Bin how if honor prtc^ me qff". Sliak. 
 
 7. To affect with sharp pain ; to sting with re- 
 morse. 
 
 When they heard this, they were pricked in their hcarti. — Acts 
 ii. Ps. Ixiiii. 
 
 8. To make acid or pungent to the taste ; as, wine 
 is pricked. Hudibras. 
 
 9. To write a musical composition with the proper 
 notes on a scale. 
 
 10. In seamen's lan^atrCy to run a middle seam 
 through the cloth of a sail. Mar. Diet. 
 
 To prick a chart, is to trace a ship's course on a 
 chart. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PRICK, t'. I. To become acid ; as, cider jiricAu in the 
 rays of the sun. 
 
 2. To dress one's self for show, 
 
 3. To come upon the spur ; to shoot along. 
 
 Before each van 
 Prick forth llie airy kniglits. Milton, 
 
 4. To aim at a point, mark, or place. Hawkins. 
 PRICK, n. [Sax. pricca: Sw. prick or jireka ; tand- 
 
 preka, a tooth-pick ; Ir. prioca.] 
 
 1. A slender, pointed instrument or substance, 
 which is hard enough to pierce the skin ; a goad ; a 
 spur. 
 
 It ii hard for thee to kick against the pricks. — Acts ix. 
 
 2. Sharp, stinging pain ; remorse. Shak. 
 
 3. A spot or mark at which archers aim. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 4. A point ; a fixed place. Spenser. 
 
 5. A puncture or place entered by a point. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 6. The print of a hare on the ground. 
 
 7. In seamen's tang-uatre, a small roll ; as, o, prick of 
 spun yarn ; a prick of tobacco. 
 
 PRICK'-PoST, Ti- In architecture, a post in wooden 
 buildings formed intermediately between two princi- 
 pal posts. Brande. 
 
 PRICK' KD, (prikt,) pp. Pierced with a sharp point ; 
 spurred ; goaded ; stung with pain ; rendered acid 
 orpungtiut; marked-, designated. 
 
 PRICK'ER, n. A sharp-pointed instrument. 
 
 Mozon. 
 
 2. In colloquial sense, a prickle. 
 
 3. A light horseman. [JVot in use.] Hayward, 
 PRICK'ET, 71. A buck in his second year. 
 
 Manwfjod. 
 
 PRICK'IN'G, ppr. Piercing with a sharp point ; goad- 
 ing ; affecting with pungent pain ; making or becom- 
 ing acid. 
 
 PRICK'IXG, n. The act of piercing with a sharp 
 point. 
 
 2. In farriery, the driving of a nail into a horse's 
 foot so as to produce lameness ; also, the same as 
 NicKino. Farm. Encije. Gardner. 
 
 3. A sensation of sharp pain, or of being pricked. 
 PRICK'LE, (prick'l,) n. In botany, a small, pointed 
 
 shoot or sharp process, growing from the bark only, 
 and thus distinguished from the thorn, which grows 
 from the wood of a plant. Thus, the rose, the bram- 
 ble, the gooseberry, and the barberry arc armed with 
 prickles. Marlyn, 
 2. A sharp, pointed process of an animal. 
 
 PRICK'LE-BACK, n. A small fish, so named from 
 the prickles on its back ; the stickle-back. 
 
 Diet. J^at. lOst. 
 
 PRICK'LI-NESS, 71. [from prickly.] The state of 
 having many prickles. 
 
 PRICK'LOUSE, 71. A low word in contempt for a 
 tailor. VEitranae. 
 
 PRICK'LY, a. Full of sharp points or prickles ; 
 armed with prickles ; as, a prickly shrub. 
 
 Martyn. Sicift 
 
 PRICK'I.Y-PESR, 71. A name applied to various spe- 
 cies of Cactus, especially to the Cactus opunlia, a 
 fleshy and succulent plant, destitute of leaves, cov- 
 ered with spines, and consisting of flattened joints 
 inserted upon each other. It produces a purplish, I 
 edible fruit. Eneyc Jim. 
 
 PRICK'MAD-AM, n. A species of houseleek. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 PRICK'PUNCH, 71. A piece of tempered steel with a 
 round point, to prick a round mark on cold iron. 1 
 
 Mozon I 
 
 PRI 
 
 PRICK'SONfJ, 71. A song set to music, or a va- 
 riegated sung; in distinction from a plain song. 
 
 ahak. Bate. 
 
 PRICK'VV'OQB, 71. A European shrub of the genus 
 F.iionynius, so named from the use of the wood 
 formerly as skewers. Loudon. 
 
 PRIDE, 71. [Sax. pryt, pryde ; D. prat, proud.] 
 
 1. Inordinate self-e.steem ; an unrexsonablo con- 
 ceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauly, 
 wealth, accomplishments, rank, or elevation in 
 olhce, which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, 
 reserve, and often in contempt of others. 
 
 Martial pride looks down on industry. T. Daata, 
 
 Priite goeth before destruction. — Pro/. 
 Priile that dines on vanity sups on contempt. Franklin. 
 All prvie is ableet and mean. Johnson, 
 Tliose that walk in pride he is ahle lo abaso. — Dan. iv. 
 
 2. Insolence ; rude treatment of others ; insolent 
 exultation. 
 
 That harxlly we escaped the pride of France. Shak, 
 
 3. Generous elation of heart ; a noble self-esteem 
 springing from a consciousness of worth. 
 
 The honest prid£ of conscious virtue. Smith, 
 
 4. Elevation ; loftiness. 
 
 A falcon towering in her pruid of place. Shak. 
 
 5. Decoration ; ornament ; beauty displayed. 
 Whose lofiy trees yctad with summer's pride. Spenser. 
 
 Be his this sworrl, 
 Whose Ivorv slieath, inwrought with curious pride, 
 Adds graceful terror to the wearer's sitle. Pope. 
 
 6. Splendid show ; ostentation. 
 In this array, the war of either side 
 
 Through Athens passed with military pride. Dryden. 
 
 7. That of which men are proud ; that which ex- 
 cites boasting. 
 
 I will cut off the pride of the Philistines. — Zech. ix. Zeph. iii. 
 
 8. Excitement of the sexual appetite in a female 
 beast. Shale, 
 
 9. Proud persons. Ps. xxxri. 
 
 PRIDE, I). (. With the reciprocal pronoun, to pride 
 one's self, to indulge pride ; to take pride ; to value 
 one's self; to gratify self-esteem. They pride them- 
 selves in their wealth, dress, or equipage. He prides 
 himself in his achievements. 
 
 PRIDE'FyL, a. Full of pride ; insolent ; scornful. 
 
 Richardson, 
 
 PRIDE'LESS, a. Destitute of pride ; without pride. 
 
 Cluiucer. 
 
 PRID'INO, ppr. Indulging pride or self-esteem ; tak- 
 ing pride ; valuing one's self. 
 PRID'ING-LY, adv. With pride ; in pride of heart. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 PRIE ; supposed to be so written for Pritet. 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 PRTE, for Prt. Chaucer. 
 
 PRI F.F, fur Proof. [04s.] Chaucer. 
 
 PRI'ER, 71. [from pry.] One who inquires narrowly ; 
 one who searches and scrutinizes. 
 
 PRIEST, (preest,) 71. [Sax. preost ; D. and G. priester; 
 Dan. prast; Fr. prHre ; IL prete; from h.prastes, a 
 chief, one that presides; pra, before, and sto, to 
 stand, or sisto, or Gr. iri/i> ; or contracted from pres- 
 
 hyter. In Persic, ^jUs^kmjJ parastash is worship ; 
 
 ^iXaAamjJ parastidan, to worship, to adore.] 
 
 1. Ori^nally and property, one who ofllciates at 
 the altar or performs the rites of sacrifice, (iepcvi, 
 sacerdos.) Thus it is used in the pagan writers and 
 in the Holy Scriptures. Murdock. 
 
 In primitive ages, the fathers of families, princes, 
 and kings, were priests. Thus Cain and Abel, Noah, 
 Abraham, Melchizedeck, Job, Isaac, and Jacob, of- 
 fered their own .sacrifices. In the days of Moses, 
 the oflice of priest was restricted to the tribe of 
 Levi, and the priesthood consisted of three orders, 
 the high priests, the priests, and the Levites, an<l 
 the ofiice was made hereditary in the family of 
 Aaron. 
 
 Every priest taken from among men Is onlaincd for men In thin*^ 
 p*'rt»iiiing to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices 
 for sins. — lleb. v. 
 
 2. In the Latin and Greek churches, one who is 
 authorized to con:4ccrate the host ami to say mass ; 
 hut especially, one of the lowest order possessing this 
 power. Murdock. 
 
 3. In the Protestant Episcopal church, a presbyter ; 
 one who belongs to the intermediate order between 
 bishop and deacon. He is authorized tn perform all 
 ministerial services except that of ordination and 
 confirmation. 
 
 The Protestant non-Episcopal churches discard the 
 title priest: yet it is sometimes used, either ignorantly 
 or contemptuously, for a pastor or an ordained min- 
 ister of the gospel. Murdock. 
 PRIlcST'ett.\FT, (preest'krlft,) n. [priest and craft] 
 The stratagems and frauds of priests ; fraud or im- 
 position in religious concerns; management of selfish 
 
 PRI 
 
 and ambitious phe.-^t.s to gain wealth and power, or 
 to impose un the credulity of others. 
 
 Pope. Spectator. 
 PRIEST'ESS, 71. A female, among pagans, who of- 
 
 fiitiated in sacred things. .Addison. Swift. 
 
 PRIEST'llQQU, 71. The oflice or character of a priest. 
 
 WhUirifte. 
 
 2. The order of men set apart for sacred oflices ; 
 
 the order composed of priests. Dryden. 
 PRI K.ST'LIKE, a. Resembling a priest, or that which 
 
 beltings to priests. Shak, 
 PRIkST'LI-NESS, 71. The appearance and manner 
 
 of _a priest. 
 
 PRIeST'LY, (preest'lo,) a. Pertaining to a priest or 
 to priests ; sacerdut.il ; as, the priestly oflice. 
 
 2. liecoming a priest; as, pric^t/i/ sobriety and puri- 
 ty of life. 
 
 PRIIiST'RlD-D£.\, a, [priest and ridden. See 
 Ride.] 
 
 Managed or governed by priests. Swift, 
 PRIEVE, for Pkove. Spenser. 
 PRIO, 71. [Cfrcch, bold, saucy, impudent.] 
 
 1. A pert, conceited, saucy, pragmatical fellow. 
 
 .dddison. Swift, 
 
 2. A thief. 
 
 PRIG, V. i. To haggle about the price of a commodity. 
 
 [OAs.] Ramsay's Poems. 
 
 PRIG, B. (. To filch or steal. 
 
 PRIG'GISH, a. Afl'cctcd ; coxcomical ; conceited. 
 
 Brockctt. 
 
 PRIC'CFfll-V i The manners of a prig. Ed. Rev, 
 PRIG'GISIl-LY, adv. In a priggish manner. 
 PRILL, n. A birt or turbot. Jlinsirorlh. 
 PRl.M, a. [Riiss. primo, or priamo, in a right line, 
 
 directly ; priamci, straight, direct, true, just. See 
 
 Prime.] 
 
 Properly, straight ; erect ; hence, formal ; precise-; 
 
 affectedly nice. Sw\fL 
 PRIM, V. t. To deck with great nicety ; to form with 
 
 affected preciscness. 
 PRIM, 71. A plant. Privet, Ligustrum vulgare, a native 
 
 of Europe, but natiirali/.cd in the United St;ites ; a 
 
 shrub six or eight feet high. 
 PRi'MA-CY, 71. [It. primaiia; Fr. primatie ; Sp. pri- 
 
 ■maciai from L. primatus, from primus, first. See 
 
 Prime.] 
 
 1. The chief ecclesiastical station or dignity in a 
 national church; the olfico or dignity of an arch- 
 bishop. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Excellency ; supremacy. Barrow. 
 PRl'MA DOJ^-'J^-Jl, [It.] The first female singer in 
 
 an opera. 
 
 PRI'MA FA'CI-E, ( fa'she-e,) [L.] At first view or 
 appearance. 
 
 PRI' MAGE, 71. In commerce, a certain allowance paid 
 by the shipper or consignee of goods to the mariners 
 and master of a vessel, fur loading the same. 
 
 McCulloch. 
 
 PRI'.MAL, a. [See Prime.] First. [JV^ot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PRI-MAL'I-TY, 71. State of being primal. Barter. 
 
 PRI'MA-RI-LY, adv. [from primary.] In the first 
 place ; originally ; in the first intention. The word 
 emperor primarily signifies a general or military coni- 
 niander-in-chief. In diseases, the physician is to 
 attend to the part primarily affected. 
 
 PRI'MA-RI-NESS, 71. The state of being first in time, 
 in act, or intention. Aorrii. 
 
 PRi'MA-RY, 0. [L. pri77ian'i«. See Prime.] 
 
 1. First in order of time ; original ; as, the church 
 of Christ in its primary institution. Pearson. 
 
 These I call original or primary qualities of body. Locke. 
 
 2. First in dignity or importance ; chief ; princi- 
 pal. Our ancestors considered the education of 
 youth o( primary importance. 
 
 3. First or lowest in order; preparatory to some- 
 thing higher; as, primary assemblies; primary 
 schools. 
 
 4. Radical; original; as, the primary sense of a 
 word. 
 
 .5. A term applied to the stiff quills in the last 
 joint of a bird's wing. 
 
 Primary planets. See Plawet. 
 
 Primary qualities of bodies, are such as are original 
 and inseparable from them. 
 PRI'MA-RY, 71, That which suinds highest in rank 
 or importance, as opposed to Secotcoarv. 
 
 2. A name of the largo feathers on the last joint of 
 a bird's wing. 
 PRI'.'\I.\TE, n. [It. primato : Fr. priTnot; Low L. pri- 
 tnas. See Prime.] 
 
 The chief ecclesiastic in a national church ; an 
 archbishop. Encyc. Swift. 
 
 PRI'.MATE-SHIP, H. The oflice or dignity of an 
 archbishop. 
 
 PRI-.MA'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Pertaining to a primate. 
 
 D'Anrille, Trans. 
 PRI-MAT'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to a primate. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 PRIME, a. [L. primus ; Pnx.frum, Gnlh.frum, begin- 
 ning, origin; Ctitli. frumisi, first; Dan. /rem, for- 
 ward, straight on ; fremmer, to forward or promote ; 
 
 TC.NE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a« in THIS. 
 
 86- 
 
PRl 
 
 r^w. fram, frdmja ; \V. priv, first ; priinaw, to grow np, 
 to increase, to prosper ; Ir. priomh, tirst, and reamaitij 
 beginning. See Class Rin, No. 3, 7, 9.] 
 
 1. First in order of time ; original ; as, prime fa- 
 tliers ; prime creation. Shak. 
 
 In this sense, the nse of the word is nearly super- 
 seded by Primitive, except in the phrase prime cost. 
 
 2. First in rank, degree, or dignity ; bls, prime min- 
 ister. 
 
 3. First in excellence ; as, prime wheat ; cloth of a 
 prime quality. Humility and resignation are prime 
 virtues. Dryden. 
 
 4. Early ; blooming. 
 
 Hb 8LirT7 helm, unbuckled, showed himpnnw 
 
 In manhood, where youth ended. i^'Con. 
 
 5. First in value or importance. 
 
 Prime number ; in arithmetic^ a number which is 
 divisible only by unity, as 5, 7, 11. Hutton. 
 
 Prime fi!rure; in geometry, a figure which can not 
 be divided into any other figure more simple than it- 
 sell, as a triangle, a pyramid, &.c. 
 PRI.ME, 71. The first opening of day ; the dawn ; the 
 morning. 
 
 Early and late it run^, at eyening and at primt. Spenser. 
 The sweel hour of prime. AlUton. 
 
 2. The beginning ; the early days. 
 
 In the Tery prim* of the world. Hooker. 
 
 3. The spring of the year. 
 
 Hope wailj upon the Qowciy prime. Waller. 
 
 4. The spring of life ; youth ; hence, full health, 
 strength, or beauty. 
 
 That crop the golden prime of this sweet prince, Skak. 
 The prime of youth. Dryden. 
 
 5. The best part. 
 
 GiTe him always of the prime. S-uci/t, 
 
 6. The utmost perfection. 
 
 The plants — would have been all in prime. Woodward. 
 
 7. In the Roman Catholic church, the first canonical 
 hour, succeeding to l.tuds. Encyc. 
 
 8. In fencintr, the first of the chief guards. Encyc. 
 
 9. lt\ chemistry, primes are numbers employed, in 
 conformity with the doctrine of definite propor- 
 tions, to express the ratios in which bodies enter into 
 combination. Primes, duly arranged in a table, 
 constitute a scale of chemical equivalents. They 
 also express the ratios of the weights of atoms, ac- 
 cording to the atomic theory. 
 
 Prime of the moon ; the new moon, when it first 
 appears after the change. Barlow. 
 
 Prime vertical ; the vertical circle which passes 
 through the oast and west points of the horizon. 
 Dials projected on the pl.ine of this circle, are called 
 prime vertical, or north and south dials. Brande. 
 PIII.ME, V. t. To put powder in the pan of a musket 
 or other fire-arm ; or to lay a train of powder for 
 communicating fire to a charge. Encyc. 
 2. To lay on the first color in painting. Encyc. 
 PRIME, V. i. To serve for the charge of a gtin. 
 
 Beaum. 
 
 PRIME MI.\'IS-TER, n. The responsible head of a 
 ministry or executive government; applied particu- 
 larly to that of Great Britain. 
 
 PUI.M'£D, (primd,) pp. Having powder in the pan ; 
 having the first color in painting. 
 
 PRIME'LY, adv. At first; originally ; primarily. 
 2. Most excellently. [South. 
 
 PRI.ME'NESS, n. The state of being first. 
 
 2. Supreme excellence. [Little used in either sense."] 
 
 PRI'MER, o. First; original. [-Xolinuse.] Drayton. 
 
 PRIM'ER, 7!. Originally, a small prayer-book for 
 church service, or an office of the Virgin Mary ; also, 
 a work of elementary religious instruction. 
 
 2. A email, elementary book fur teaching children 
 to read. 
 
 PRI'.MEK-FINE, n. In England, a fine due to the 
 king, on the writ or commencement of a suit by fine. 
 
 Blaclislone. 
 
 PRI-Mk'RO, 71. A game at cards. [Sp.] 
 PRr.MF,Il-SKrZI.\, 71. [prime and «ci:in.] In feudal 
 law, the right of the king, when a tenant in capite 
 died seized of a knight's fee, to receive of the heir, 
 if of full age, one year's profits of the land if in 
 possession, and half a year's profits if the land w.as 
 in reversion expectant on an estate for life ; abol- 
 i>lied by 12 Car. II. Encyc. 
 PKI-.ME'VAL, 0. [L. primus, first, and amum, age; 
 primaru-i.] 
 
 Origliinl ; primitive ; as, the primeval innocence of 
 man ; primeval day. Blackmore. 
 PKI-.MK'VfJUH, a. Primeval. 
 
 PRI -.MI GE'NI-AL, o. [I^ primigmius ; primus, (irsl, 
 and genus, kind, ftr gignor^ to beget,] 
 
 Kirit born ; original ; primary. Bp. IJall. 
 
 PRI MI<i'K-NOUH, a. [Supra.] First formi d or 
 gi nerated ; original ; an, Kr.mi-primigeiwwi strata. 
 
 PRI'MINr,, (-in,) 71. [l^ primus.] [Kirtcan. 
 Ill biiiMny, the outermost inti giimcnt of an ovule ; 
 one of the iiaca cnnlaining an ovule. I.indley, 
 
 PKIM'I.NG, ppr. Putting powder in the pan of a fire- 
 arm. 
 
 2. Laying on the first color in painting. 
 
 PRl 
 
 PKIM'ING, 71. The powder in the pan of a gun, or 
 laid along the channel of a cannon for conveying 
 fire to the charge. 
 
 2. Among painters, the first color laid on canvas, 
 or on a building, &:c. 
 
 3. In steam-engines, the hot water carried along by 
 the steam from the boiler into the cylinder, which 
 is always an evil. Buchanan. 
 
 PRi.M'ING-WiRE, 71. A pointed wire, used to pene- 
 trate the vent of a piece, for examining the powder 
 of the charge, or for piercing the cartridge. Encyc 
 PRi-MIP'I-LAR, a. [L. primipilus, the centurion of 
 the first cohort of a Roman legion.] 
 Pertaining to the captain of the vanguard. 
 
 Barroic. 
 
 PRI-MI"TIAL, (pil raish'al,) a. Being of the first 
 production. Ainsinorth. 
 
 PRIM'I-TIVE, a. [It. primilivo ; Fr. primUif ; L. 
 primiticus ; from primus, first.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early 
 times; original; first; as, the primitive state of 
 Adam ; primitive innocence ; primitive ages ; the 
 primitire church ; the primitive Christian church or 
 institutions ; the primitive fathers. White. TMotson. 
 
 2. Formal ; affectedly solemn ; imitating the sup- 
 posed gravity of old times. Johnson, 
 
 3. Original ; primary ; radical ; not derived ; as, a 
 primitive verb in grammar. 
 
 Primitive colors, in painting, are red, yellow, and 
 blue, from the combination of which all other colors 
 may be produced. 
 
 Primitive rocks ; in geology, rocks supposed to be 
 first formed, being irregularly crjstallized, and ag- 
 gregated without a cement, and containing no or- 
 ganic remains, as granite, gneiss, &c. 
 PlilM'I-TIVE, 71. An original word ; a word not de- 
 rived from another. 
 PRI.M'I-TIVE-LY, aiZo. Originally; at first. 
 
 Brovm, 
 
 2. Primarily ; not derivatively. 
 
 3. According to the original rule or ancient prac- 
 tice. South. 
 
 PRIM'I-TIVE-NESS, 7t. State of being original ; an- 
 tiquity ; conformity to antiquity. Johnson. 
 
 PRIM'I-TV, n. The state of being origin.il. [JVot 
 used.] Pearson. 
 
 PRIM'ilED, pp. Decked with great nicety. 
 
 PRLM'NESS, 71. [from prim.] Aflected formality or 
 niceness ; stiffness; preciscness. 
 
 PRI'MO, Jlt.l In music, the first or leading part. 
 
 PRI-JIO-Ge'NI-AL, a. [L. primigenius. See Pki- 
 
 MIGENIAL.] 
 
 First born, made, or generated ; original ; primary ; 
 
 constituent ; elemental ; as, primogenial light ; pri- 
 
 mogenial bodies, Boyle. 
 PRI-MO-GEN'I-TIVE, 71. of a. A term applied to the 
 
 right of primogeniture. Sliak. 
 PRI-MO-GEN'I-TOR, 71. [L. primus, first, and geni- 
 
 tor, father.] 
 
 The first fnther or forefather. Oayton. 
 PRI-MO-GEN'I-TURE, 71. [L. primus, first, and geni- 
 tus, begotten.] 
 
 1. The state of being bom first of the same 
 parents ; seniority by birth among children. 
 
 2. In law, the right which belongs to the eldest son 
 or daughter. Thus, in Oreat Britain, the right of 
 inheriting the estate of the father belongs to the eldest 
 son, and in the royal family, the eldest son of the 
 king is entitled to the throne by primogeniture. 
 Among the females, the crown descends by right of 
 primogeniiure to the eldest daughter only, and her 
 issue. Blackstone. 
 
 Before the revolution, primogeniture, in some of 
 the American colonies, entitled the elilest son to a 
 double portion of his father's estate; but this right 
 has been abolished. 
 
 PKI-.MO-GEN'1-TURE-SHIP, 71. The state or privi- 
 leges of one who is the first born. 
 
 PRI-.MOR'DI-AL, a. [Fr., from L. primordialis, pri- 
 mordinm ; primits, first, and ordo, order.] 
 
 First in order ; original ; existing from the begin- 
 ning. Boyle. 
 
 PRI-.MOR'DI-AL, Tt. Origin ; first principle or ele- 
 ment. More. 
 
 PRI-MOR'DI-AN, 71. A kind of plum. 
 
 PRI-MOR'DI-ATE, o. [See Primordial.] Original; 
 existing from the first. Boyle. 
 
 PRI.MP, f. i. To be form.-il or affected. [JVot English, 
 or local. ] 
 
 PRI.M'ROSE, 71. [L. primula veris ; primus, first, and 
 Tosa, a rose ; literally, the first, or an early rose in 
 spring.] 
 
 An early flowering plant of the genus Primula, of 
 Fcveral varieties, as the white, the red, the ycllow- 
 flowcrcd, &c. Shakspeare uses the word for gay or 
 flowery ; as, the primrose way. 
 
 PKt'MUM MOWI-LK, [L.] First c.iuse of motion. 
 In the Ptolemaic syslctn, the outermost of the revolv- 
 ing spheres of the universe, which was supposed to 
 give motion to all the others. 
 
 PRTMUS UTTER PA' RES, [L.] Chief among 
 cqiinli). 
 
 PRI'MY,a. Blooming. [JV«« wstd.] Shak. 
 PRINCE, (prins,) n. [Fr. id. ; lu and Sp. principe ; L. I 
 
 PRl 
 
 princeps ; D, prins ; G. prim ; Arm. pring. This word 
 is probably compounded of primus, corrupted, as the 
 Gr. and ceps, head, Fr. chef; or perhaps of the 
 
 Celtic breen, summit, whence VV. brenin, king, an 
 exalted one, and ceps. Hence Brennus, the name of 
 
 a celebrated Gaulish commander. In Pers. j^jJ^J 
 
 barin signifies lofty, or one elevated in place oi of- 
 fice.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a sovereign ; the chief and in- 
 dependent ruler of a nation or state. Thus, when 
 we speak of the princes of Europe, we include em- 
 perors and kings. Hence, a chief in general ; as, a 
 prince of the celestial host, Milton. 
 
 2. A sovereign in a certain territory ; one who has 
 the government of a particular state or tenitor>', but 
 holds of a superior to whom he owes certain services ; 
 as, the princes of the German states. 
 
 3. The son of a king or emperor, or the issue of a 
 royal family ; as, princes of the blood. In England, 
 the eldest son of the king is created prince of Wales. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 4. The chief of any body of men. Peacham. 
 
 5. A chief or ruler of either se.x. Queen Elizabeth 
 is called, by Camden, prince ; but this application is 
 unusual and harsh. 
 
 Prince of the senate, in ancient Rome, was the per- 
 son first called in the roll of senators. Brande. 
 
 In Scripture, this name prince is given to God, Z>a7i. 
 viii. ; to Christ, who is called the Prince of peace, 
 Is. ix., and the Prince of life, Acts iii. ; to the chief 
 of the priests, the prince of the sanctuary. Is. xliii. ; 
 to the Roman emperor, Dan. ix. ; to men of superior 
 worth and excellence, Eccles. x. ; to nobles, counsel- 
 ors, and officers of a kingdom. Is. x. ; to the chief 
 men of families or tribes, JVum. xvii. ; to Satan, who 
 is called the prince of this world, ^tfAii xii., and prince 
 of the power of the air, Eph. ii. 
 
 PRINCE, V. i. To play the prince ; to take stale. Shak. 
 
 PRINCE'DOM, (prins'dum,) n. The jurisdiction, sov- 
 ereignty, rank, or estate, of a prince. 
 
 Under thee, as liead supreme, 
 Thrones, priruxdome, powers, dominions, I redu 
 
 AfiUon. 
 
 PRINCE'LiKE, a. Becoming a prince. Shak. 
 PRINCE'LI-NESS, 7i. [from princely.] The state, 
 
 manner, or dignity, of a prince. Sherwood. 
 PRINCE'LY, a. Resembling a prince ; having the 
 
 appearance of one high born; stately; dignified; 
 
 as, a princely gentleman ; a princely youth. Skak. 
 
 2. Having the rank of princes ; as, a man of prince- 
 ly birth ; a princely dame. Sidney, fi'aller. 
 
 3. Becoming a prince ; royal ; grand ; august ; as, 
 a princely gift ; princely virtues. Shak. Waller. 
 
 4. Very large ; as, a princely fortune. 
 
 5. Magnificent; rich ; as, a pri/icc/y entertainment. 
 PRINCE'LY, adv. In a prince-like manner. Johnson. 
 PRIN'CE'S-FEATH'ER, (-feth'er,) n. An annual 
 
 plant of the genus Amaranthus. London. 
 PRIN'CE'S MET'JL, 7i. A compound of copper and 
 
 zinc, in imitation of gold ; also called Prince RuperVs 
 
 metal. Ure. 
 PRIN'CESS, 71. A female sovereign, as an empress or 
 
 queen. Dryden. 
 
 2. A sovereign lady of rank next to that of a queen. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3. The daughter of a king. Shak. 
 
 4. The consort of a prince ; as, the princess of 
 Wales. 
 
 PRIN'CESS-LIKE, ) a. In the manner of a princess. 
 PRIN'CESS-LY, i Byron. 
 PRIN'CI-PAL, a. [Fr., from L. principalis, (mm prin- 
 ceps.] 
 
 1. Chief ; highest in rank, character, or respecta- 
 bility ; as, the principal oflicers of a government ; the 
 principal men of a city, town, or state. .4cts xiv. 
 1 Chron. xxiv. 
 
 2. Chief; most important or considerable; as, the 
 principal topics of debate ; the principal arguments in 
 a case ; the principal points of law ; the principal 
 beams of a building ; the principal productions of a 
 country. 
 
 Wisdom is the principal thing. — ProT. ir. 
 
 3. Pertaining to a prince ; princely. [.4 Latin use.} 
 
 Speniicr. Rich. Diet. 
 
 4. In taie, a principal challenge, is where the cause 
 assigned carries with it prima facie evidence of par- 
 tiality, favor, or malice. Blackstone. 
 
 5. In music, fundamental. 
 
 PRIN'CI-PAL, 71. A chief or head ; one who takes 
 the lead ; as, the principal o{ a faction, an insurrec- 
 tion, or mutiny. 
 
 2. The president, governor, or chief in nulhority. 
 We apjily the word to the chief instructor of un acad- 
 emy or seminary of learning. 
 
 3. In law, the actor or absolute perpetrator of a crime, 
 or an abettor. A principal in the first degree, is the 
 absolute perpetrator Of the crime ; u principal in the 
 second degree, is one who is present, aiding and abet- 
 ting the fact to be done ; distingiiistied from an Ac- 
 ctssonv. In treason, all persons concerned are prin- 
 cipals. Blackstone. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 868 
 
PRI 
 
 PRI 
 
 PRI 
 
 4. In commerce, a cnpitnl sum lent on interest, diie 
 as a dubt or used as a ftnid ; so called in distinction 
 Ironi Interest or Prokits. 
 
 Tii)tc8 inuBl lie conliiiiicd, iK'cauic wc have no other mcf hb for 
 piying oil' llic princijxil. Swift. 
 
 5. One primarily engaged ; a chief party ; in dis- 
 tinction from an Auih-iary. 
 
 Wc WOO! not pnncipalt^ but auxilliiric*, in the war. Swifl. 
 G. In music, an organ stop. 
 PRIN-CI-PAL'I-TY, n. [Vr. jn-incipalUi.] 
 
 1. Sovereignty ; supreme pover. Sidney. Spen.i/T. 
 
 2. A prince ; one invested with sovereignty. Tit. 
 iii. Millon. 
 
 3. The territory of a prince ; or the country which 
 gives title to a prince ; as, the principaliUj of Wales. 
 
 4. Superiority ; predominance. [^Little u.vf(/.] 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 5. In Scripture, royal state or attire. Jer. .\iii. 
 PRIN'CI-PAL-LY, adv. Chiefly ; above all. 
 
 They nii3t--^ke the nature of criticism, who think its businpsa is 
 principally to find fiiult. Drytlen. 
 
 PRIN'(;r-PAL-NESS, n. The state of being principal 
 or chief. 
 
 PRIN'CI-PATE, n. Principality ; supreme rule. 
 
 Barrote. 
 
 PRIN-CIP'I-A, n. pL [L. principium.] 
 
 First principles ; the title of Sir Isaac Newton's 
 great work. 
 
 PRIiN-ClP'I-ANT, a. Relating to principles or begin- 
 nings. 
 
 PRIN-CIP-I-A'TION, n. [from L. principium.] 
 
 Analysis into constituent or elemental parts. [JVot 
 used.'] Bacon. 
 
 PRL\'CI-PLE, 71. [It. principio ; Fr. principc ; L. prin- 
 cipium, beginning.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, the cause, source, or origin, 
 of any thing ; that from which a thing proceeds ; as, 
 the principle of motion ; the principles of action. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Element ; constituent part ; primordial sub- 
 stance. 
 
 3. Being that produces any thing ; operative cause. 
 
 The aoul of man is an active principle, TilloLson. 
 
 4. In science, a truth admitted either without proof, 
 or considered as having been before proved. In tlie 
 former sense, it is synonymous with axiom ; in the 
 latter, with tiie phrase established principle. 
 
 5. Ground ; foundation ; that which supports an 
 assertion, an action, or a series of actions or of rea- 
 soning. On what principle can this be affirmed or 
 denied.' lie justifies his proceedings on ti\e princi- 
 ple, of expedience or necessity. lie reasons on sound 
 principles. 
 
 6. .\ general truth ; a law comprehending many 
 subordinate truths; tlie princtples o€ morality, of 
 law, of government, &c. 
 
 7. Tenet ; that which is believed, whether truth or 
 not, but which serves as a rule of action or the basis 
 of a system ; as, the principles of the Stoics, or of 
 the Epicureans. 
 
 8. A settled law or rule of action in human beings. 
 Thus it is a principle of human nature to resent in- 
 juries and repel insults. 
 
 Proriinate principle. See Pbotimate. 
 PRIX'CI-PLE, I), t. To establish or fix in tenets ; to 
 impress with any tenet, good or ill ; chiefly used in the 
 participle. 
 
 Men hiATe been principled with an opinion that they must not 
 consult reason in things of religion. Locke. 
 
 2. To establish firmly in the mind. Locke. 
 
 PRIPi'CI-PL£D, pp. Established in opinion or in ten- 
 ets ; firmly fixed in the mind. 
 
 PRIX'CI-PLING, ppr. Establishing firmly in the 
 mind. 
 
 PRIN'eOCK, ) 71. [Q.n. prink, or prim, Tmi cock.] A 
 PRIN'COX, i coxcomb ; a conceited person ; a pert 
 young rogue; a ludicrous word. [Little used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PRINK, t>. 1. [D. pronken, to shine, to make a show, 
 to strut ; G. prangrn, to shine, to make a .show ; 
 prunken, id. ; Dan. prunker, to make a sht>w, to strut ; 
 Sw. prunku, to make a figure. If n is casual, these 
 words are radically the same as Sw. prarki, Dan. D. 
 pragt, G. pracht, iwmp, show, and all coinciding in 
 
 origin with Ar. OjJ iaraAa, to shine, to adorn. See 
 
 Prance and Prank.] 
 
 1. To prank ; to dress for show. 
 
 2. To strut ; to put on stately airs. 
 PRIN'K, r. t. To dress or adjust to ostentation. 
 PRINK'IXG, ppr. Dressing for show. [Coirprr. 
 PRINT, V. t. [\V. printiaw, to print ; Fr. imprimrr, 
 
 emprrinte ; Sp. imprimir : It. imprimere ; from L. im- 
 primo ; in and premo, to press ; It. improntare, to print, 
 to importune, and this from pronture, to importune, 
 (that is, to press,) from pronto, ready, bold, L. promp- 
 tus, that is, pressed or pressing forward. In \V. 
 prim is said by Owen to be from rhint, a groove 
 or notch, and if this is the original word, print 
 must be a dilTerent word from the Fr. imprimer. 
 The Italian unites the L. premo and promo.] 
 
 1. In ffcneral, to take or form letters, characters, or 
 figures on paper, cloth, or other mati rini, by impres- 
 sion. Thus letters are taken on jiapcr by impri ssing 
 it on types blackened with ink. Figures an- printed 
 on cloth by means of blocks or a cylinder. 'I'he 
 rolling press is employed to take prints or impressionH 
 from cop|)er-plates. Thus wc say, to print books, to 
 print calico, to print tunes, music, likenesses, &.c. 
 
 2. To mark by pressing one thing on another. 
 On his fiery steed betimes he rotle, 
 
 That Bc.ircely prints tlie turf on wlioh he trod. Dryden. 
 
 3. To impress any thing so as to leave its form. 
 Perhaps some footsteps printed in tlio clay. lioscommon. 
 
 4. To form by impression. 
 
 Yo sh-dl not make any eudinps In your flesh, nor /mnf any 
 marks upon you. — L.cv, xix. 
 
 PRINT, V. i. To use or practice the art of typography, 
 or of taking impressions of letters, figures, and the 
 like. 
 
 2. To publish a book. [Elliptical.] 
 From the moment he piinit, he must expect to hear no more 
 of truth. Pope. 
 
 PRINT, 71. A mark made by impression ; any line, 
 character, figure, or intlentation of any form, made 
 by the pressure of one body or tiling on another ; as, 
 the print of the tooth or of the nails in flesh ; the 
 print of the foot in sand or snow ; the print of a 
 wheel ; the print of types on paper. Hence, 
 
 2. Tlie impressions tif types in general, as to form, 
 size, &c. ; as, a small pnnt ,• a large print ; a lair 
 priijf- 
 
 3. That which impresses its form on any thing ; 
 as, a butter priTit ; a wooden print, 
 
 4. Tlie representation or figure of any thing made 
 by impression ; as, the print of the face ; the pri/i( of 
 a temple; prints of antiquities. Dryden. 
 
 5. In architecture, a plaster cast of a flat ornament, 
 or an ornament of this kind formed of plaster from 
 a mold. Olo.'is. of Archil. 
 
 6. The state of being printed and published. Dif- 
 fidence sometimes prevents a man from suffering his 
 works to appear in print. 
 
 I love a ballad in print. Shak. 
 
 7. A single sheet printed for sale ; a newspaper. 
 The prints, about tliree days after, were filled with the same 
 
 tiTins. Atldison. 
 
 8. Formal method. [JVot in use.] Locke. 
 
 9. Prints; in the plural, engravings; also, printed 
 calicoes. 
 
 Out of print : a phrase which signifies that, of a 
 printed and published work, there are no copies for 
 sale, or none for sale by the publisher. 
 PRINT'ED, pp. or a. Impressed with letters, &c. ; 
 indented. 
 
 PRINT'ER, 71. One that prints books, pamphlets, or 
 papers. 
 
 2. One that stains or prints cloth with figures, as 
 calico. *■ 
 
 3. One that impresses letters or figures with cop- 
 per-plates. 
 
 PRI.N'T'ING, ppr. Impressing letters, characters, or 
 figures on any thing ; making marks or indentations. 
 
 PRINT'INt;, 71. The act, art, or practice of impress- 
 ing letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or 
 other material ; the business of a printer ; typogra- 
 phy. 
 
 Letter press printing, is that which is performed 
 from movable types set up for each edition of a 
 work, instead of stereotype plates. 
 
 PRINT'ING-INK, «. Ink used in printing books, 
 newspapers, &c. It is composed of lamp-black 
 mingled with linseed oil boiled down to a thick con- 
 sistence, or with balsam of capivi and other ingre- 
 dients for the finer qualities. Buchanan. 
 
 PRINT'ING-MA-CHINE', 71. A general name for all 
 printing presses in which the work is performed by 
 machinerv, and not directly by hand. Buchanan. 
 
 PRINT'ING-PA'PER, t?. Paper to bo used in the 
 printing of books, pamphlets, &c. ; as distinguished 
 from writing-paper, press-paper, wrapping-paper, &c. 
 
 PRINT'ING-PRESS, n. A press for the printing of 
 books, &c. 
 
 PRINT' LESS, a. That leaves no print or impression ; 
 as, printlcss feet. Jiftlton- 
 
 PRI'OR, a. [L. comp. Probably the first syllable is 
 contracted from pris, prid, or some other word, for 
 the Latin bus prisce, pristinus.] 
 
 Preceding in the order of time; former; antece- 
 dent ; anterior ; as, a prior discovery ; prior obliga- 
 tion. The discovery of the continent of America by 
 Cabot was six or seven weeks prior to the discovery 
 of it by Columbus. The discovery of the Labrador 
 coast by Cabot was on the Ilth of June, 1499 ; that 
 of the continent by Columbus, wa3 on the 1st of 
 ,\iigiist of the same year. 
 
 PRI'OR, n. [Fr. pritur ; It. pnore ; I,, prior.] 
 
 1. The superior of a convent of monks, or one 
 next in dignity to an abbot. Priors are claustral or 
 conrenticnl. The conventical are the same as abbots. 
 A claustral prior is one that governs the religious of 
 an abbey or priory in commendam, having his juris- 
 diction wholly from the abbot. Encyc 
 
 3. In some churches, one who presides ovcrolliera 
 
 in the same churches. Ayliffe. 
 PRI'OR-ATE, 71. Government by a prior. If'arton. 
 PRI'OR-ESS, 71. A female superior of a convent of 
 
 nuns. Drtidrn, 
 PRI-OR'I-TV, ti. The state of being antecedent in 
 
 time, or of preceding something else ; n^*, priority of 
 
 birth. The priority of Iluiuer or Ilt^siod has been 
 
 a subject of aispute. 
 2. Precedence in place or rank. Shak. 
 Priority ofdebti, is a superior claim to payment, or 
 
 to pavment before others. 
 PRI'OR-LY, adv. Antecedently. [A had vord, and 
 
 nut used.] Oeddes 
 PRI'OK-sillP, 77. The state or office of prior. 
 PItl'OR-Y, 71. A convent of which a prior is the 
 
 superior, in dignity below an abbey. Shak, 
 2. PrioricH Mv the churches given to priors 171 tilu- 
 
 him, or by way of title. ^ Jlylijfe, 
 
 PRl'S.VCE, n. [Fr. prise, from* priser, to prize or 
 
 value.] 
 
 A right belonging to the crown of England, o*' 
 taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing 
 twenty tuns or more ; one before and one behind 
 the m.ast. This, by charter of Edward I., was ex- 
 changed into a duty of two shillings for every tun 
 imported by nii rehant strangers, and called butler- 
 atre, because paid to the king's butler. Blackstonr. 
 
 PRIS-CILL'IAN-IST, 71. In church history, a follower 
 of Priscillian, bishop of Avila, in Spain, in the fourth 
 century. Priscillian embraced some of the errors 
 of the Gnostics or Manicht^es, and, though of un- 
 impeachable morals and a very devout man, he was 
 arraigned as a heretic before an ecclesiastical court, 
 condemned, and afterward put to death by order of 
 the emperor, A. I). 385. This w.as the first instance 
 on record of putting a man to death for heresy under 
 a ("hristian government, and it met with strong dis- 
 approbation from Gregory of Tours and other distin- 
 giiishetl ecclesiastics. Jilurdock. 
 
 PllISE, n. A lever. [See Prize.] IIulliireH. 
 
 PRIS.M, n. [Fr. prisme ; Low L. Sp. and It. pruvma ; 
 Gr. TTotapii, from rroiu, to cut with a saw, to press 
 or strain, Riiss. pru,] 
 
 A solid whose bases or ends arc any similar, equal, 
 and parallel plane figures, and whose sides arc par- 
 allelograms. 
 
 A trihedral prism of glass is one bounded by two 
 equal and parallel triangular ends and three plain 
 and well-polished sides which meet in three parallel 
 lines, running from the three angles of one enti to 
 the three angles of the other end. This is the prism 
 used in optics to separate the different colors. 
 
 JWicfffn. 
 
 PRIS-MAT'ie, ) a. Resembling a prism ; as, a 
 PR1S-MAT'I€-AL, 1 prismatic form. 
 
 2. Separated or distributed by a prism ; formed by 
 a prism ; as, prismatic colors. 
 
 3. Pertaining to a prism. 
 PRIS-.MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the form or manner 
 
 of a prism. Boyle. 
 PRIS-MA-TOID'AL, a. [L. prisma and Gr. £i<!o{.] 
 
 Having a prism-like form. Ore. 
 PRIS'.VKHD, 71. [L. pn>ma and Gr. ctfos, form.] 
 
 A body that approaches to the form of a prism. 
 PRIS-.MoiD'AL, a. Having the form of a prismoid. 
 PRISM'Y, a. Pertaining to or like a prism. 
 
 Am. Review. 
 
 PRIS'ON, (pri7.'n,y n. [Fr., from p7-i.i, taken, from 
 prendre, to take, L. prcndo Sp. pr 'usion ; Arm. p7^- 
 soun.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, any place of confinement, or 
 involuntary restraint ; but appropriately, a public 
 building for the confinement or safe custody of debt- 
 ors and criminals committed by process of law ; a 
 jail. Originally, a prison, as Lord Coke observes, 
 was only a place of safe custody ; but it is now em- 
 ployed as a place of punishment. Wc have stale 
 prisons, for the confinement of criminals by way of 
 punishment. 
 
 2. Any place of confinement or restraint. 
 
 The tyrant .£otus, 
 With power imperial, cnrt« the striig^iing winds, 
 ^nd soimding tempesu in dark prisons binds. Dryden. 
 
 3. In Scripture, a low, obscure, afflicted condition. 
 Eccles. iv. 
 
 4. The cave where David was confined. Ps. cxiii. 
 .S. .A st.ate of spiritual bondage, fs. xlii. 
 
 PRIS'ON, r. t. To shut up in a pristm ; to confinej 
 to restrain from liberty. 
 
 2. To confine in any manner. Shak. 
 
 3. To captivate ; to enchain. Millon, 
 [This word is proper, but Imprison is more com- 
 monly used.] 
 
 PRIS'6.\-BaSE, 71. A kind of rural sport dep<-nding 
 on swiftness in running ; commonly called Prison- 
 bars. Strutt. 
 
 PRIS'ON-£D, pp. or a. Imprisoned: confined; re- 
 strained. 
 
 PRIS'ON-ER, n. One who is confined in a prison by 
 legal arrest or warrant 
 
 2. A person under arrest or in custody of the sher- 
 iff, whether in prison or not ; as, a prisoner at the 
 bar of a court. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, TTNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; TH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 109' 
 
 UUU' 
 
PRI 
 
 PRI 
 
 PRI 
 
 3. A captive ; one taken by an enemy in war. 
 
 4. One whose liberty is restrained, as a bird in a 
 
 PRil'ON-HOUSE, n. A house in which prisoners 
 are confined ; a jail. Judges .\vi. Shak, 
 
 PRIS' ON-ING, ppr. Confining; imprisoning. 
 
 PRIS'ON-.MENT, n. Confinement in a prison ; im- 
 prisonment. S/ta4. 
 [ The latter is commonly used,] 
 
 PRIS'TINE, (-tin,) a. \L. pristinus. See Prior and 
 
 PR.*.] 
 
 First ; original ; primitive ; as, the pristine slate of 
 innocence ; the pristine manners of a people ; the 
 pristine constitution of things. J^ewton. 
 PRIT H'EE ; a corruption of pray thee, as, I prithee ; but 
 
 it is generally used without the pronoun, prithee, 
 PRIT'TLE-PRAT'TLE, n. Empty talk ; trifling 
 loquacity ; a word used in contempt or ridicule. 
 
 Bp. Bramhall. 
 
 PRI'VA-CY, n. [from private.'] A state of being in 
 retirement from the company or obseivation cjf others; 
 secrecy, 
 
 2. A place of seclusion from company or observa- 
 tion ; retreat ; solitude ; retirement. 
 
 Her sacred priwuMS ail open lie. Rome. 
 
 3. Privity. [JVotused.] [See Privitv.] 
 
 Arbuthnot, 
 
 4. Taciturnity. [Wot iwcrf.] JUnsicorth. 
 
 5. Secrecy ; concealment of what is said or done. 
 PRI-Va'DO, n. [Sp.] A secret friend. [JVo« used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 PRI'VATE, a. [L. privatus, from privo, to bereave, 
 properly, to strip or separate ; privas, singular, several, 
 peculiar to one's self, that is, separale ; It. prirare, 
 Sp, privar, Fr. priver, to deprive. Privo is probably 
 from the root of bereave. Sax. bereajian or gercafian, 
 from reafian, to strip, to spoil, L. rapio, diripio, eripio : 
 privo, for perivo or berivo ; W. rhaib, A snatching; 
 rheibiaic, to snatch. See Rip, Reap, and Strip,] 
 
 1. Properly, separate; unconnected with others; 
 hence, peculiar to one's self; belonging to or con- 
 cerning an individual only ; as, a man's private opin- 
 ion, business, or concerns ; private property ; the 
 king's private purse ; a man's private expenses. 
 Charge the money to my private account in the com- 
 pany's books. 
 
 2. Peculiar to a number in a join concern, M) a 
 company or body politic ; as, the pric^e inh:r<:A of a 
 family, of a company, or of a state ; op;»sed to Pub- 
 lic, or to the general interest of na*''-.is. 
 
 3. Sequestered from company Of reservation; se- 
 cret ; secluded ; as, a private cell ; c private room or 
 apartment ; private prayer, 
 
 4. Not publicly known ; not open ; as, a private 
 negotiation. 
 
 5. Not invested with public office or employment ; 
 as, a private man or citizen ; private life. Shak. 
 
 A private pcraon may arresl a felon. Blaclisione. 
 
 6. Individual ; personal ; in contradistinction from 
 PuHLic or NiTioNAL ; as, private interest. 
 
 Private way, in law, is a way or passage in which 
 a man has an interest and right, though the ground 
 may belong to another person. In common language, 
 a private way may be a secret way, one not known 
 or public. 
 
 A private act, or statute, is one which operates on 
 an individual or company tinly ; opposed to a gen- 
 eral law, which operates on the trhole community, 
 
 A private nuisance, or wrong, is one which affects an 
 individual. Blackstone. 
 
 In private ; secretly ; not openly or publicly. 
 
 Scripture. 
 
 PRI'VATE, n. A secret message; particular busi- 
 ness, [Unusual.] Shak. B. Jonson. 
 2. A common soldier. 
 
 PRT VA-TEER', 71. [{mm private.] A ship or vessel 
 of war owned and equipped by a private man or by 
 individuals, at their own expense, to sei/.e or plunder 
 the ships of an enemy in war. Such a ship must be 
 licensed or commissioned by government, or it is a 
 pirate. 
 
 PRI-V.VTEER', V. I. To cniise in a commissioned 
 
 private snip against an enemy, for seizing their ships 
 
 or annoying their commerce. 
 PRI VA-TEER'ING, n. The act c(f plundering the 
 
 ships of an enemy by privateers. 
 PRI-VA-TEERS'.MAN, n. An officer or seaman of a 
 
 privateer, 
 
 PRI'VATE-LY, adv. In a secret manner ; not openly 
 or publicly. 
 
 2, In a manner affecting an individual or compa- 
 ny. He is not privatelij benefited. 
 PRI'VATE-NEHS, n. i^ecrecy ; privacy. Bacon. 
 
 2. Retirement; iiccluxion from company or society. 
 
 Ifottun. 
 
 3. The utatc of an individual In the rank of com- 
 mon citizenH, or not invcNted with office. 
 
 PRI-VA'TION, n. [Fr., from L. privalio, from prion. 
 Hee PftiTATC.] 
 
 1. The Ktate of being deprived ; particularly, dep- 
 rivation or absence of what Is iiereHHary for com- 
 fort, lie endures Iiin privations with wonderful for- 
 titude. 
 
 9. Tht; act of removing something possessed ; the 
 removal or destruction of any thing or quality. 
 The garrison was compelled by privation to sur- 
 render. 
 
 For what is this conf\g^0U3 sin of kind, 
 
 But a privfUion of that grace wiUiin f JDaoieg. 
 
 3. Absence, in general. Darkness is a privation of 
 light. Encyc. 
 
 4. The act of the mind in separating a thing from 
 something appendant. .hhnson. 
 
 5. The act of degrading from rank or office. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 [But in this sense, Deprivation is now used. See 
 Depri vation.] 
 PRIV'A-TIVE, a. Causing privation. 
 
 9. Consisting in the absence of something ; not 
 positive. Privative is in things what negative is in 
 propositions ; as, pricati'ue blessings, safeguard, liberty, 
 and integrity. Taylor. 
 PRIV'A-TIVE, n. That of which the essence is the 
 absence of something. Blackness and darkness are 
 privatives. Bacon. 
 
 2. In grammar, a prefix to a word which changes 
 its signification and gives it a contrary sense, as u in 
 Greek; aSiKos, unjust; a and fmn! un and in in 
 English, as unwise, inhuman. The word may ?J»0 be 
 applied to suffixes, as less in harmless. 
 PRIV'A-TIVE-LY, adv. By the absence of some- 
 9. Negatively. [thing. 
 The duly of the new covenant is set down tett piivatively. [Un- 
 usual.] HammOJid. 
 
 PRIV'A-TIVE-NESS, n. Notation of the absence of 
 something. [Little used.] 
 
 PRIVET, 71. An ornamental European shrub, of the 
 genus Ligustruin, much used in hedges. The cucr- 
 green privet is of the genus Rhamnus. Mock privet 
 is of the genus Pbillyrea. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 PRIV'I-LE<5E, 71. [Fr., from L. privilegium; privus, 
 separate, private, and lei, law ; originally, a private 
 law, some public act that regartied an individual.] 
 
 1. A particular and peculiar benefit or advantage 
 enjoyed by a person, company, or society, beyond 
 the common advantages of other citizens. A privi- 
 lege may be a particuhir right granted by law or held 
 by custom, or it may be an exemption from some 
 burden to which others are subject. The nobles of 
 Great Britain have the privilege of being triable by 
 their peers only. Members of parliament and of our 
 legislatures have the privilege of exemption from 
 arrests in certain cases. The powers of a banking 
 company are privileges granted by the legislature. 
 
 He pleads the W^^l privilege of the Roman. KeWfwelt. 
 The privilege ol birthright was a double portion. Locke. 
 
 2. Any peculiar benefit or advantage, right or im- 
 munity, not common to others of the human race. 
 Thus we speak of national privileges, and civil and 
 political privileges, which we enjoy above other na- 
 tions. We have ecclesiastical and religious privileges 
 secured to us by our constitutions of government. 
 Personal privileges are attached to the person, as 
 those of embassadors, peers, members of legislatures, 
 &c. Real privilefrcs are attached to place, as the 
 privileges of the king's palace in England. 
 
 3. Advantage ; favor ; benefit. 
 
 A nation despicable by its weakness forfeits even the privilege of 
 bcin^ neutral. FhUralist, liamilton. 
 
 Writ of privilege, is a writ to deliver a privileged 
 person from custody when arrested in a civil suit. 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 JVutT privilege ; the advantage of a waterfall in 
 streams sufficient to raise water for driving water- 
 wheels, or a place affording such advantage, 
 America. [Privilege is here abusively used for 
 advantage ; it ought not to be used in a physical 
 sense.] 
 
 PRIV'I-LE6E, v.t To grant some particular right 
 or exemption to ; to invest with a peculiar right or 
 immunity ; as, to privilege rejiresentatives from ar- 
 rest : to privilege the ollicers and students of a col- 
 lege from military duty. 
 2. To exempt from censure or danger. 
 
 This place doth privilege mt. Daniel. 
 
 PRIV'I-I.EO-KD, pp. or a. Invested with a privilege ; 
 enjoying a peculiar right or immunity. The clergy 
 ill Great Britain were formerly a privileged body of 
 men. No person is privileged from arrest for indict- 
 able crimes. 
 
 PRI V'I-1,EG-ING, ppr. Investing with a peculiar 
 
 right or immunity, 
 PRIV'I-I.Y, ai/ii. [frompri'tiy.] Privately ; secretly. 
 Fulic teachers amonr you, who will privily bring in damnable 
 hrivsies. — a Pet. ii. 
 
 PRIV'I-TY, 71. [Fr. privauti. See Privatb and 
 Privy.] 
 
 1. Priva<y ; secrecy ; confidence. 
 
 1 will to you, in primly, discover Ihc drift o( my purjiose. [ Ail- 
 tit uaed.\ Spenaer. 
 
 2. Private knowledge ; joint knowledge with an- 
 other of a private concern, which is often supposed 
 to imply conneiit or concurrence. 
 
 All the i\ot>n were laid open for his depArttirc, not without the 
 privily ol the prince ol Onuip!. Swift. 
 
 But it is usual to say, " a thing is done with his 
 privity and consent ; " in which phrase, privity signi- 
 fies merely private knowledge, 
 
 3. Privities i in tAe plural, secret parts; the parts 
 which modesty requires to be concealed. 
 PRIVY, a. [Fr. pripe ; L. prints. See Private.] 
 
 1. Private ; pertaining to some person exclusively ; 
 assigned to private uses ; not public ; as, the privy 
 purse; Ihe privy coiTei of a king. Blackstone. 
 
 2. Secret ; clandestine; not open or public ; as, a 
 privy attempt to kill one. 
 
 3. Private ; appropriated to retirement ; not shown ; 
 not open for the admission of company ; as, a privy 
 chamber. Ezek. xxi. 
 
 4. Privately knowing ; admitted to the participa- 
 tion of knowledge with another of a secret trans- 
 action. 
 
 He would rather lose half of his kingdom than be privy to such 
 
 a secret. Swift. 
 Myself am one made privy to the plot, ^ak. 
 His wife also being pnpy to it. — Acts v. 
 
 &. Admitted to secrets of state. The privy council 
 of a king consists of a number of distinguished per- 
 sons selected by him to advise him in the adminis- 
 tration of the government. Blackstone. 
 
 A privy verdict, is one given to the judge out of 
 court, which is of no force unless afterward affirmed 
 by a public verdict in court. Blackstone. 
 PRIVY, n. In law, a partaker; a person having an 
 interest in any action or thing ; as, a privy in blood. 
 Privies are of four kinds ; privies in blood, as the 
 heir to his father ; privies in representation, as exec- 
 utors and administrators to the deceased ; privies in 
 estate, as he in reversion and he in remainder, donor 
 and donee, lessor and lessee ; privy in tenure, as tiie 
 lord in esclieat. Encyc. 
 
 2. A necessary house 
 PRIVY eOUN'CIL. See Council. 
 
 PRIVY CIIAM'BER, 71. In Oreat Britain, the private 
 apartment in a royal residence or mansion. Gentle- 
 men of the privy chamber are servants of the king, 
 who are to wait and attend on him and the queen at 
 court, in their diversions, &c. They are forty-eight 
 in number, under the lord chamberlain. Enctic. 
 
 PRIVY eOUN'SEL-OR, n. A member of the privy 
 council. 
 
 Privy counselors are made by the king's nomina- 
 tion, without patent or grant. Blackstone. 
 PRIVY-SicAL, ) 71. In England, the seal which 
 PRIVY-SIG'NET, \ the king uses previously in 
 grants, &c., which are to pass the great seal, or 
 which he uses in nuitters of subordinate consequence, 
 which do not require the great seal. 
 
 9. Privy-seal is used elliptically for the principal 
 secretary of state, or person intrusted with the privy- 
 seal. 
 
 The king's sign manual is the warmnt to the privy-seai, who 
 makes out a writ or wammt thereon to the chancery. The 
 si^ii manual is the warrant to the privy-seal, and the privy- 
 seal is the warrant to the great seal. Blackstone. 
 
 PRIZE, 71. [Fr, prise, from pris, taken ; Sp. and Port. 
 prcsa ; G. prci,s- ; D. prys ; Dan. priis Sw. pris. See 
 Praise and Price.] 
 Literally, that which is taken ; hence, 
 I. That which is taken from an enemy in war; 
 any species of goods or property seized by force as 
 spoil or plunder ; or that which is taken in combat, 
 particularly a ship. A privateer takes an enemy's 
 ship as a prize ; they make prize of all the property 
 of the enemy. 
 
 9. That which is taken from another; that which 
 is deemed a valuable acquisition. 
 
 Then pmstrate falls, and liegs, wilh anient eyes, 
 
 Soon to obUtin and long possess the prize. Pope. 
 
 3. That which is obtained or oflTered as the reward 
 of contest. 
 
 I will never wrestle for prize. Shak. 
 1 fought and conquered, yet have lost the prize. Dryden. 
 
 4. The reward gained by any performance. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. In colloquial language, any valuable thing gained. 
 
 6. The money drawn by a lottery ticket ; opposed 
 to Blank. 
 
 7. A lever, and also the hold of a lever. 
 PRIZE, V. t. To raise or force with a lever. [See 
 
 Pnv.] 
 
 PRIZE, 7'. t. [Ft. priser, from prii, price, L. prctiiim: 
 It. apprezzare; Fr. apprrcirr. English analogy re- 
 quires that the compound should be conformed to the 
 orthography of this word, and written apprize.] 
 
 1. To set or estimate the value of ; to rate ; as, to 
 prize the goods specified in an invoice, 
 
 I.ifu I prize not a straw- Shak. 
 
 2. To value highly ; to estimate to be of great 
 worth ; to esteem. 
 
 I prize your person, but your crown disdain- Dryden. 
 
 PRI?,' En, pp. or a. Rated; valued; esteemed. 
 
 PRIZE'-FItMlT-ER, (-fite'er,) n. One th.it fights 
 publicly fur a reward ; applied particularly to n 
 boxer. Popf. 
 
 PRIZE'-FICIIT-ING, 71, Fighting, especially boxing. 
 In public for a reward. 
 
 rXTR, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRIZE'-MON-EY, (-muii'ne,) n. A dividoiirt of the 
 proceeds from a captured vessel, &c., paid to the 
 captors. 
 
 PRIZ'Eil, n. One that estimates or sets the vahie of 
 a thins. Sliak. 
 
 PRI7.' L\G, ppr. Rating; vahiing ; esleeminR. 
 
 PRIZ'ING, «. [See Prize.] In marine laniruarre, the 
 application of a lever to move any vveiglily hody, as 
 a cask, anchor, cannon, &c. Fulcuncr's Marine Diet. 
 
 PRO, a Latin and Cn-ck preposition, signifying for, 
 before., forth, is probably contracted from prod, coin- 
 ciding witli It. proila, a prow, prudr, brave ; having 
 the primary sense of moving forward. [See Proui- 
 OAL.] In the phrase pro and c n, that is, pro and 
 contra, it answers to the English for ; for and again.it. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 In composition, pro denotes fore, forth, forward. 
 
 PRO' A, II. Flijiuif proa; a long, narrow, sail canoe, 
 used in the South Seas, with the head and stern ex- 
 actly alike, but wilh the sides differently formed. 
 That which is intended for the lee side is flat, the 
 other rounding. To prevent oversetting, the ves.s(!l 
 is furnished with a frame extended several feet to 
 windward, and bearing a small block uf wood like 
 a canoe. Brandc. 
 
 PROB'A-niL-ISM, n. The doctrine of the Proba- 
 bilists. 
 
 PROB'A-BIL-IST, n. A term applied to those who 
 maintain that certainty is impossible, and that prob- 
 ability alone is to govern our faith and actions. 
 
 Enctjc. Jim. 
 
 2. Anmng the .Jesuits, one who maintains that a 
 man may do what is probably right, or is inculcated 
 by tenchers of authority, although it may not be the 
 most probably right, or may not seem right to himself. 
 
 F.ncyc. J3in. 
 
 PROB-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [Fr. probabiliti ; L. probabili- 
 tas. See Prorarle.] 
 
 1. Likelihood ; appearance of truth ; that state of 
 a case or question of fact which results from sujie- 
 rior evidence or preponderntion of argument on one 
 side, inclining the mind to receive it as the truth, but 
 leaving some room for doubt. It therefore falls short 
 of moral certainly, but produces »hal is called 
 opinion. 
 
 Probabilittj is the appearance of the agreement or ilisa jreemeiit 
 of two kleas, by the intervention of proi/s wliose cuntiectioii 
 is not conBtiuit, hot appears for the mont part to lie fio. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 Demonstration protluces science or certain knowledge ; proof pro- 
 dob's iH'liel, anil probabiUti/ opinion. Kiicye. 
 
 2. Any thing that has the appearance of re.ility or 
 truth. In this sense, the word admits of the plural 
 number. 
 
 The whole life of man is a perpetual comparison of eviilena* and 
 balancing of probabiliues. Jiuckmiitster. 
 
 PROB'A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. probabilis, from probo, 
 to prove. See Prove.] 
 
 1. Likely ; having more evidence than the con- 
 trary, or evitlence which inclines the mind to belief, 
 but leaves some room for doubt. 
 
 That is accounted probeMe. which has better nr^iments produ- 
 cible for It than Ciin tie brought a^inst it. South, 
 
 I do not s-^y that the principles of religion are merely jtrohable ; 
 1 have before asserted them to be morally c«rt.iin. WiUcins. 
 
 2. That renders something probable ; as, probable 
 evidence, or probable presumption. Blackstnne. 
 
 3. That may he proved. [JVof in «.■>■«.] jVilton. 
 PROB'A-BLY, adc. Likely ; in likelihood ; with the 
 
 appearance of truth or reality ; as, the story is prob- 
 ably true ; the account is probably correct. 
 
 Distinguish between what may possibly, and what will probably, 
 be done. L'Ettrange. 
 
 PRO'B.\NG, n. [See Pbohe.] In surgery, an instru- 
 ment of whaleoone and sponge, for removing ob- 
 structions in the thro.it or esophagus. Coze. 
 
 2. A flexible piece of whalebone, with sponge fixed 
 to the end. Parr. 
 
 PRo'B ATE, n. [L. probatus, probo, to prove.] 
 
 1. The probate of a will or testament is the proving 
 of its genuineness and validity, or the exhibition of 
 the will to the proper officer, with the witnesses if 
 neces.sary, and the process of determining its v.alid- 
 ity, and the registry of it, and such other proceed- 
 ings as the laws prescribe, as preliminary to the ex- 
 ecution of it by the executor. 
 
 2. The right or jurisdiction of proving wills. In 
 England, the spiritual court has the probate of wills. 
 In the United States, the probate of wills belongs to 
 a court of civil jurisiiiction established by law, usu- 
 ally to a single judge, called a judge of probate, or a 
 surrotrate. 
 
 3. Proof. [jVot used.] Skelton. 
 Probate court, or court of probate ; a court for the 
 
 probate of wills. 
 PRO-BS'TION, n. [L. probatio.] 
 
 1. The act of proving ; proof. IVUkins. I^eke. 
 
 2. Trial ; examination ; any proceeding designed 
 to ascertain truth ; in universities, the examination 
 of a student as to his qualifications for a degree. 
 
 3. In o monastic sense, trial, or the year of novi- 
 tiate which a |ierson must pass in a convent, to prove 
 his virtue and his ability to bear the severities of the 
 "■e- Eneyc. 
 
 4. Moral trial ; the state of man in the present 
 life, in which he has the opportunity of proving his 
 character, and being qualified for a happier stair. 
 
 Probation will end with tlie present life. KeUon. 
 
 5. In America, the trial of a licentiate's qualifica- 
 tions for the ministry of the gospel, preparatory to his 
 sefllemeiit. VVe say, a man is preaching on pro- 
 bo tiviu 
 
 6. In general, trial for proof, or satisfactory evi- 
 dence, or the time of trial. 
 
 PRO-BA'TION-AL, a. Serving for trial. 
 
 Bp. Richardson. 
 PRO-BA'TION-A-RY, a. Serving for trial. 
 
 All the probationary work of man is ended when death arrives. 
 
 PRO-B.^'TIO.V-ER, 71. One who is on trial, or in a 
 state to give proof of certain qualifications for a place 
 or state. 
 
 While yet a young prohaliorter , 
 
 And candidate for heaven. Dn/tlen. 
 
 2. A novice. Decay of Piety. 
 
 3. In Scotland, a student in divinity, who, pro- 
 ducing a certificate of a professor in a universitj- of 
 his good morals anil qualifications, isatlmitted to sev- 
 eral trials, and on acquitting himself well, is licensed 
 to preach. F.iiciie. 
 
 PKO-lt.A'WON-ER-SIIIP, 71. The state of beiiig a 
 probationer; novili.atc. [Little used.] Locke. 
 
 PKO-Ba'TIO.\-SIIIP, (1. A state of probation ; no- 
 vitiate ; probation. [Litlle used, and unnecessary.] 
 
 PRO'B.A-TIVE, a. Serving for trial or proof. South. 
 
 PRO-B.\'TOR, n. [L.] An e.xaininer ; an approver. 
 
 yMaydman. 
 
 9. In late, an accuser. Cowtl. 
 PRO'BA-TO-RY, a. Serving for trial. Bramhall. 
 
 2. Serving for proof. Bp. Taylor. 
 
 3. Relating to proof. Quintilian, Trans. 
 PRO-Ba'TUM EST, [L., it is proved.] An expres- 
 sion subjoined to a receipt for the cure of a disease, 
 denoting that it has been tried or proved. 
 
 PRflUE, n. [from L. prubu ; Ft. cprouveUe, a probe; 
 G. probe, proof; Rtiss. probivayn, to pierce. The 
 primary sense is, to thrust, to drive, from straining, 
 e.xertion of force.] 
 
 A surgeon's instrument for examining the depth or 
 other circumstances of a wound, ulcer, or cavity, or 
 the direction of a sinus, or for searching for stones in 
 the bladder and the like. Eneyc. Parr. 
 
 PRoBE, V. t. To examine a wound, ulcer, or some 
 cavity of the body, by the use of an instrument 
 thrust into the part. South. 
 
 2. To search to the bottom ; to scnitinize ; to ex- 
 amine thoroughly into causes and circumstances. 
 
 PRoB'£D, pp. Searched by a probe, as a wound, ul- 
 cer, &:c. 
 
 PROBE'-SCIS-SORS, (-si7.-7.ur?.,) n. pi. Scissors used 
 to open wounds, the blade of wliich, to he thrust into 
 the orifice, has a button at the end. IVLieman. 
 
 PRoB'ING, ppr. Examining a wound, ulcer, cavity 
 in the hotly, Slc, with a probe ; scnitini7.ing. 
 
 PROB'I-TY, 71, TL. probilas, from probo, to prove ; It. 
 probitd ; Fr. probile.] 
 
 Primarily, tried virtue or integrity, or approved ac- 
 tions ; but in ;^enrra/, strict honesty; sincerity; ve- 
 racity ; integrity in principle, or strict conformity of 
 actions to the laws of justice. Probity of mind or 
 principle is best evinced by probity of contliict in st»- 
 cial dealings, particularly in adhering to strict integ- 
 rity in the observance and performance of rights 
 called imperfect, which public laws do not reach, and 
 can not enforce. 
 
 PROB'LEM, 71. [Fr. probleme ; L. It. and Sp. prob- 
 Icma; Gr. TTiioBXri^ia, from irfiofiaXXoi, to throw for- 
 ward ; Trpo and Ba\Xo), to throw, L. pello.] A 
 question proptjsed. 
 
 1. In logic, a proposition that appears neither ab- 
 solutely true nor false, and consequently m.ay be as- 
 serted either in the afflrniative or negative. 
 
 2. In geometry, a proposition in which some opera- 
 tion or construction is rctpiired, as to divide a line or 
 an angle, to let fall a per|iendicular, &c. ; something 
 to be done. Barlow. 
 
 3. In general, any question involving doubt or un- 
 certainty, and requiring some o{>eration, experiment, 
 or further evidence for its solution. 
 
 The problem is, whether a strong and constant belief that a 
 tiling wUl be, helps any thing to the efi'ecting of the tliiiit;. 
 
 Baeon. 
 
 PROB LEM- AT'ie-AL, a. Questionable; uncertain; 
 unsettled ; disputitble ; doubtful. 
 
 Diligent inquiries into yroblematicat guilt leave a gale wide open 
 U> infornien. i'ua/l. 
 
 PROB-LEM-AT'ie-AL-LY, ade. Doubtfully ; dubi- 
 ously ; uncertainly. 
 PROB'LE.\I-.\-TIST, b. One who proposes problems. 
 
 Ecehjn. 
 
 PROB'LEM-A-TIZE, r. fc To proptise problems. 
 
 [fU firmed, and not used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 PRO BO'jVO PUB'U-€0, [L.] For the public good. 
 PRO-BOS'CI-DATE, a. Furnished with a proboscis. 
 PRO-BOS'CIS, n. [L., from the Gr. irpo/ioamf ; Tpo, 
 
 before, and /?off«w, to feed or graze.] 
 
 The snout or tnink of an elephant and of other 
 analogous animals, and particularly of insects, 'i'he 
 prtiboscis of an elephant is a flexible, muscular pipe 
 or canal of about eight feet in length, and is pro|>- 
 erly the extension of the nose. This is the instru- 
 ment with which ho takes fiwd and carries it to his 
 mouth. The proboscis of insects is used to suck 
 blood from animals or juice from |>lants. 
 
 PRO-CA'C'IOUS, a. |^L. procaz t pro, forward, and 
 perhaps the root of It. eacciare, Sp. cazar, to chase, 
 that is, to push forward.] 
 
 Pert ; petulant ; saucy. [Little used.] Barroto. 
 
 PRO-CAC'I TY, (-kas'e-te,) n. [L. procacilas.] 
 
 Impudence ; petulance. [Little used.] Burton. 
 
 PRO-f;.\T-XRe'TIC, a. [Gr. irpoKaropKTiKoi ; n,,.,, 
 Kara, and afiXM, ft) begin.] 
 
 In medicine, a term denoting that cause which im- 
 mediately kindles a disease into action when there 
 existed a predisposition to it. The procatarctic cause 
 is often denominated the eiciling cause. Procatarc- 
 tic or exciting causes are common to numerous dis- 
 eases, and do not affect their nature and character. 
 Procatarctic or exciting causes do not proiluce dis- 
 ease, unless there is a previously existing predisposi- 
 tion. Excesses, deficiencies, and irregularities of 
 the non-naturals, comprehend all the procatarctic 
 or exciting causes of disease. 
 
 PRO-eAT-AUX'IS, 71. [Gr. supra.] The kindling of 
 a disease into action by a procatarctic cause, when a 
 predisposition exists ; the prtKatarctic cause itself of 
 a disease. Qiiinci/. 
 
 PRO-CKl)'IIRE,n. [Fr. See Proceed.] The act of 
 proceeding tir moving forward; progress; process; 
 operation ; series of actions ; as, the procedure of the 
 soul in certain actions. But it is more generally ap- 
 plied to persons ; as, this is a strange procedure in a 
 public body. The motions of physical causes are 
 int>re generally denominated operations. 
 3. Manner of proceeding ; management; conduct. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. That which proceeds from something ; produce. 
 [A^t in use.] Bacon. 
 PRO-CEED', e. i. ;Fr. Sp. and Port, proceder ; It. 
 proeedrre ; from V,. procedo : pro, foTW,\ri\, and cedo, 
 to move. The more correct ortht>graphy is Pruccoe, 
 in aii.alogy with precede, concede, recede, procedure.] 
 
 1. To move, pass, or go forward from ime place to 
 antither ; applied to persons or things. A man pro- 
 ceeds on his journey ; a ship proceeds tin her voyage. 
 
 This word, thus used, implies th.at the motion, 
 journey, or voyage, hail been previously commenced, 
 and to proceed is then to renew or continue the motion 
 or progress. 
 
 2. To pass from one point, stage, or topic to anoth- 
 er. The preacher proceeds from one division of his 
 subject, and the advocate from one argument to 
 another. 
 
 3. To issue or come, as from a source or fountain. 
 Light proceeds from the sun ; vice proceeds from a 
 depraved heart; virtuous affections proceed from 
 God. 
 
 4. To come from a person or plate. Christ says, 
 " I proceeded forth and came from God." ^oAn viii. 
 
 5. To prosecute any design. 
 
 He that proceeds on other principles in bii Inquiry into any 
 Kii-nc-s, posts hitns<-tf in a party. Locke. 
 
 6. 'J'o be transacted or carried on. 
 
 He wilt, after his sour fashion, tell you, 
 What hath Jmy I fi f worthy note to-day. 
 [Sot note in use.] 
 
 7. To make pri>gress ; to advance. Milton. 
 
 8. To begin anti carry on a series of actions or 
 measures. The attorney was at a loss in what man- 
 ner to proceed again.st the ofTcnder. In this sense 
 the word is tiflen ftillowed by againsU 
 
 9. To conduct ; to act methodically. 
 
 From th'-ni I will not hide 
 My JUilgmenbi, how with ntankuid 1 proceed. Mdton. 
 
 10. To have a course. 
 
 This nde only proeeede and takes place, when a person can not 
 
 ol couuiion taw contleinn another by his senu-nce. Aylf^t. 
 
 11. To issue ; to be produced or propagated. 
 
 From iny loins thou shalt proceed. Milton. 
 
 12. To be produced by an effectual cause. All 
 creattMi things proceed from God. Milton. 
 
 PRO-t:;EEI)'ER, 71. One who goes forward, or who 
 makes a progress. Baeon, 
 
 PR0-(;EED'I.N(;, ppr. Moving forward ; passing on; 
 issuing ; transacting ; carry ing on. 
 
 PRO-CEEIJ'I.Nt;, n. Piocess or movement from one 
 thing to antither ; a measure or step taken in busi- 
 ness ; transac:ion ; in the plural, a course of meas- 
 ures or conduct ; course of dealing with others. VVe 
 speak of a legal or an illegal proceeding, a cautious 
 proceeding, a violent proceeding. In tMe plural, the 
 proceedings of the legislature have been wise anti sal- 
 utar)'. It is tmr duly to acquiesce cheerfully in all 
 God's proceedings toward us. 
 
 2. In law, the course of steps or measures in the 
 prosecution of actions is denominated proceedings. 
 fsce Process.] 
 
 PRO-CEEDS' or PRO'CEEDS, n. pL Issue ; rent ; 
 produce ; as, the proceeds of an estaie. 
 
 TCNE. BIJLL, IJ.NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 671 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 2. In commerce, the sum, amount, or value, of 
 goods sold or converted into money. The con- 
 signee was directed to sell tlie car^o and vest tlie 
 proceeds in coffee. The proceeds of tlie goods sold 
 amounted to little more than the prime cost and 
 charges. 
 
 PUOC-E-LEOS-JIAT'ie, a. [Gr. vpoKc\eviTiiaTtKOS ; 
 IT/) I and (ctVciiffnn, mandate, incitement.] 
 
 Inciting ; animating ; encouraging. This epithet 
 is given to a metrical foot in poetrj', consisting of 
 four short syllables. Jukiuioii. 
 PUO-CEL'LOUS, a. [L. procdlostts.] 
 Stormy. 
 
 PRO-CEP'TION, n. Preoccupation. [Ill formed, and 
 7tot in use.] K. Cliarles. 
 
 PRO-CER'I-TY, n. [L. procerilas, from procerus, tall.] 
 Tallness; height of stature. .Addison. 
 
 PRO'CES VER'HJIL, (pro'si var'hal,) [Fr.] In 
 French, law, an authentic minute of an otficial act, 
 or statement of facts. Buchanan. 
 
 process!, (pros'ess,) n. [Fr. prods; L. processus, 
 from procedo. See Proceed.] 
 
 1. A proceeding or moving forward ; progressive 
 course ; tendency ; as, the process of man's desire. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. Proceedings ; gradual progress ; course ; as, the 
 process of a war. Dryden, 
 
 3. Operations; experiment; series of actions or 
 experiments ; as, a chemical process. 
 
 4. Series of motions or changes in growth, decay, 
 &c., in physical bodies ; as, the process of vegetation 
 or of mineralization ; the jtrocess of decomposition. 
 
 5. Course ; continual flux or passage ; as, the pro- 
 cess of time. Milton. Boyle. 
 
 6. Methodical management ; series of measures or 
 proceedings. 
 
 Tlie process of Ihe great day — is described by our Savior. 
 
 Nelson. 
 
 7. In lain, the whole course of proceedings, in a 
 cause, real or personal, civil or criminal, from the 
 original writ to the end of the suit. Oriirinal process 
 is the means taken to compel the defendant to ap- 
 pear in court. Mesne process is that which issues, 
 pending the suit, upon sonic collateral or interlocu- 
 tory matter. Final process is the process of execu- 
 tion. Blackstone. 
 
 8. In anatomy, any protuberance, eminence, or pro- 
 jecting part of a bone. Encnc. Coze. 
 
 PRO-CES'SlOX, (pro-sesh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. ;)ro- 
 eessio. See Proceed.] 
 
 1. The act of proceeding or issuing. ^Pearson. 
 
 2. A train of persons walking, or riding on horse- 
 back, or in vehicles, in a formal march, or moving 
 with ceremonious solemnity ; as, n procession of cler- 
 gymen and people in the Roman Catholic church ; a 
 triumphal procession ; a funeral procession. 
 
 Him all his train 
 Followed in bri^hl procession. Millon. 
 
 PRO-CES'SION-AL, (pro-sesh'un-al,) o. Pertaining 
 to a procession ; consisting in a procession. 
 
 Saarin, Trans, 
 
 PRO-CES'SION-AL, n. A hook relating to proces- 
 sions of the Roman Catholic church. Gregory. 
 
 PRO-CES'SION-A-RY, a. Consisting in procession ; 
 as, processionani service. Hooker. 
 
 PRO-CES'SIOX-"rXG, 71. In Tennes.iee, the manner 
 of ascertaining the boundaries of land, as prescribed 
 hy law. Bouvier. 
 
 PR5'C(1EIN, (pro'shen,) a. [ I* /iroeAaiii ; L. proii- 
 vius.] 
 
 Next ; nearest ; used in the law phrase, prockein 
 amy, the next friend, any person who undertakes to 
 assist an infant or minor in prosecuting his rights. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Pliri'eilRO-NISM, 71. [Or. nnoxf>'>vc<,i, to precede in 
 time ; 77-^0, before, and xnnv^^, time.] 
 
 .\n antedating ; the diiting of an event before the 
 time it happened ; a species of anachronism. 
 
 Oregory. 
 
 PRO'CI-RENCE, 71. [L. procidentia; procido, to fall 
 down.] 
 
 .\ falling down ; a prolapsus ; as of the intcstinum 
 rectum. Coze. Parr. 
 
 PR(>-CII)'y-OUS, a. That falls from its place. Jones. 
 PRO-CINCT', 71. [L. procinctus ; procinjro, to prepare, 
 that is, to gird.] 
 Complete preparation for action. [Little useil.\ 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PRO-CLSIM', r. f. [h. proelamo ; pro and clamo, to 
 cry out. See Ci.*im.j 
 
 1. To promulgate ; to announce ; to publish ; as, 
 to proc/aim a fast ; to prociuim a feast. Leu. xxii'i. 1 
 Kings xxi. 
 
 He halh lent me to proclaim liberty to the caplivei. — Is. Ixi. 
 
 2. To give official notice of ; todenouncc. Heralds 
 were formerly employed to proclaim war. 
 
 3. To declare with lionor ; ns, lo proclaim the 
 name of the Lord, that is, lo declare his jierfections. 
 F.iud. xxxiii. 
 
 4. To utter openly ; to make public. Some profli- 
 gate wretches openly proclaim their atheism. 
 
 Moat men will proclaim crcry on9 bis own ^oo<lneM. — Prov. 
 
 5. To outlaw by public denunciation. 
 
 1 heard myself proclaimed. Shak. 
 PRO-eLAlM'£D, pp. Published officially; promul- 
 gated ; made publicly known. 
 PRO-CLaI.M'ER, 71. One who publishes by authority ; 
 one that announces or makes publicly known. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PRO-eLAIM'ING, ppr. Publishing officially ; de- 
 nouncing; promulgating; making publicly known. 
 
 PROe-LA-MA'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. proclamatio, 
 from proelamo.] 
 
 1. Publication by authority ; official notice given 
 to the public. 
 
 2. In England, a declaration of the king's will, 
 openly published. 
 
 Proclamations are a branch of the king's prerogative, and are 
 binding on Uie subject. Encyc. 
 
 3. The declaration of any supreme magistrate pub- 
 Ucly made known ; as, the proclamation of the gov- 
 ernor appointing a day of thanksgiving. 
 
 4. The paper containing an official notice to a 
 people. The sheriff receives and distributes the 
 governor's proclamations. J^ew England, 
 
 PRO-CLIVE', a. Proclivous. [J^ot used.] 
 PRO-CLIVI-TY, 7!. [L. proclivitas, pttclivis ; pro 
 and clii'us, a cliff.] 
 
 1. Inclination ; propensity ; proneness ; tendency. 
 
 The sensitive appetite may engender a proclivity to steal, but 
 not a necessity to steal. Bp. Hall. 
 
 2. Readiness; facility of learning. 
 
 He had such a dextrous proclivity, that his teachers were fain to 
 restrain his foi^'arJness. Wotton. 
 
 PRO-CLT'VOUS, a. [L. proclivus, proclivis, supra.] 
 Inclined ; tending by nature. Vict. 
 PRO-eON'SUL, 77. [L. pro, for, and consul] A Ro- 
 man officer who discharged the duties of a consul 
 without being himself consul. He was usually one 
 who had previously been consul, and his power was 
 nearly equal to that of a regular consul. 
 
 Smith''s Diet. 
 
 PRO-eON'SU-LAR, a. Pertaining to a proconsul ; 
 as, proconsular powers. 
 
 2. Under the government of a proconsul ; as, a 
 procon.^ular province. 
 PR0-€0N'SUL-ATE, ) 71. Theofficeof a proconsul, 
 PRO-COX'SUL-SHIP, j or the term of his oflice. 
 PRO-CRAS'TI-NaTE, v. t. [L. procrastinor ; pro 
 and crastinus ; eras, to-morrow.] 
 
 To put off from day to day ; to del.ay ; to defer to 
 a future time ; as, to procrastinate repentance. 
 PRO-CRAS'TI-NATE, v. i. To delay ; to be dilatory. 
 
 I procrastinate more than I did twenty years ago. Sici/t. 
 PRO-CRAS'TI-Na-TED, pp. Delayed ; deferred. 
 PRO-eRAS'TI-NA-TlNG, ppr. or a. Delaying ; put- 
 ting off to a future time. 
 PRO-CRAS-TI-Na'TION, 71. [L. procrastinatio.] 
 
 A putting off to a future time ; delay; dilatoriness. 
 PRO-eRAS'TI-NA-TOR, ji. One that defers the per- 
 formance of any thing to a future time. 
 PRO'CRE-AXT, a. [L. procreans. See Procreate.] 
 Generating ; producing ; productive ; fruitful. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 PRo'CRE-ANT, 7t. lie or that which procreates or 
 generates. Milton. 
 
 PRO'CRE-aTE, I', e. [L. procreo; pro and creo, to 
 create.] 
 
 1. To beget; to generate and produce ; to engen- 
 der ; used property of animals. Beiitley. 
 
 2. To jiroduce ; used of plants, but hardly allowable. 
 
 Blackmore. 
 
 PRtVCRE-A-TED, pp. Begotten ; generated. 
 PRo'CRE-a-TING, /jpr. Begetting ; generating ; as 
 young. 
 
 PRO-CRE-A'TION, 77. [Fr., from L. procreatio.] 
 
 The act of begetting ; generation and production 
 of young. South. 
 
 PRo'CRE-A-TIVE, a. Generative; having the power 
 to beget. Hale. 
 
 PRo'CRE-A-TIVE-NESS, 7i. The power of generat- 
 ing. Decay of Piety. 
 
 PRo'CRE-A-TOR, ti. One that begets ; a generator ; 
 a father or sire. 
 
 PRO-GRUS'TE-AN, a. Pertaining to or resembling 
 Procrustes, or his mode of torture. 
 
 PRO-eRUS''J'F,S, 71. In Grecian mythology, a celebra- 
 ted robber, who stretched his victims upon an iron 
 bed, or mutilated them, till their forms titled its di- 
 mensions; whence the metaphorical phrase, t/ic 4c<i 
 vf Procrustes 
 
 PROCTOR, 71. [_Contracted from L. procurator, from 
 procure ; pro and euro.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, one who is employed to man- 
 age the all'airs of anotlier. Hooker. 
 
 2. Appropriatclij, a person employed to manage an- 
 other's cause in a court of civil or ecclesiastical law, 
 as in the court of admiralty, or in a spiritual court. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 3. In the English universities, Tm officer who attends 
 In the morals of the students, and enforces obedience 
 to the cfdlege regulations. Cam. Cal. 
 
 PROCTOR, 7). i. To manage ; a cant word. SheJc. 
 PROCTOR-AGE, 71. Management, in contempt. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PROe-TOR'I€-AL, a. Belonging to the academical 
 proctor ; magisterial. Prideuuz. 
 
 PROCTOR-SHIP, 71. The office or dignity of the 
 proctor of a university. Clarendon. 
 
 PRO-€UM'BENT, a. [L. procumbens, procumbo ; pro 
 and cubo, to lie down.] 
 1. Lying down or on the face ; prone. 
 Q. In botany, trailing; prostrate ; unable to support 
 itself, and therefore lying on the ground, but without 
 putting forth roots ; as, a procumbent stem. Martiin. 
 
 PRO-eOR'A-BLE, a. [from procure.] That may be 
 procured ; obtainable. Boyle. 
 
 PROCII-RA-CY, 71. [from L. procuro.] 
 
 The management of any thing. [JVbt used.] 
 
 PROC-II-RA'TIOX, 71. [L. procuratio. See Procure.] 
 
 1. The act of procuring. 
 [PnocuREMEKT is generally used.] 
 
 2. The management of another's affairs. 
 
 3. The instrument by which a person is empow- 
 ered to transact the affairs of another. Encyc. 
 
 4. A sum of money paid to the bishop or archdea- 
 con by incumbents, on account of visitations ; called 
 also Proxy. Todd. 
 
 PROCU-RA-TOR, 71. The manager of another's af- 
 fairs. [See Proctor.] Shak. Taylor. 
 
 2. Under the Roman emperors, a title given to cer- 
 tain governors of provinces ; as, the procurator of 
 Judea. Also, a title of certain officers who had the 
 management of the revenue. P. Cyc. 
 
 PROC-lJ-RA-To'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a procurator 
 or proctor ; made by a proctor. Jlyiiffe. 
 
 PROe-y-RA'TOR-SHIP, 71. The office of a procura- 
 tor. Pearson. 
 
 PRO-Cu'RA-TO-RY, a. Tending to procuration. 
 
 PRO euRE', t). £. [Fr. procurer; It. procurare ; Sp. 
 procurar ; Li. procuro ; pro and euro, to take care. 
 But the French only has the sense of the English 
 word. In the sense of manage, it is never used.] 
 
 1. To gain ; to get ; to obtain ; as by request, loan, 
 effort, labor, or purchase. We procure favors by re- 
 quest ; we procure money by borrowing ; we procure 
 food by cultivating the earth ; offices are procured hy 
 solicitation or favor; we procure titles to estate by 
 purchase. It is usetl of things of temporary jiosses- 
 sion more generally than acquire. We do not say, 
 we acquired favor, we acquired money by borrowing, 
 but we procured. 
 
 2. To persuade ; to prevail on. 
 
 What unaccustomed cause procures her hither. [Unusual.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. To cause ; to bring about ; to effect ; to contrive 
 and effect. 
 
 Proceed, Salinus, to procure iny fall. Shak. 
 
 4. To cause to come on ; to bring on. 
 
 We no other pains enduie 
 Than those that we ourselves jirocure, Dryden. 
 
 5. To draw to ; to attract ; to gain. Modesty pro- 
 cures love and respect. 
 
 PRO-CORE', 7.. 1. To pimp. Dryden. 
 
 PRO-CCR'iSD, pp. Obtained ; caused to be done ; ef- 
 fected ; brought on. 
 
 PRO-CuRE'.MENT, re. Tlie act of procuring or obtain- 
 ing ; obtainment. 
 2. A causing to be effected. 
 
 They thinlt it done 
 ' By herprocumntfTil. Dryden. 
 
 PRO-COR'ER, 71. One that procures or obtains ; that 
 which brings on or causes to be done. fValton. 
 2. A pimp; a pander. South. 
 PRO-euR'E.-;S, 71. A b.awd. Spectator. 
 PRO-CuR'ING, ppr. Getting; gaining; obtaining. 
 
 2. ('ausing to come, or to be done. 
 
 3. a. That causes to come ; bringing on. Sin is 
 the procuring cause of all our woes. 
 
 PRO'CY-ON, re. [Gr. Trponvui'.] 
 
 A star of the liist magnitude in the constellation 
 Canis Minor, the Little Dog. P. Cijc. 
 
 PROD, n. A goad ; an awl, or a pin in pattens. [Lo- 
 cal.] 
 
 PROlVl-GAL, a. [Fr. prodigue; Sp. and It. prodigo ; 
 from L. prodigus, from prodigo, to drive forth, to lav- 
 ish. The last coiiiiionent part of the word is ago, to 
 drive ; the first I suppose to be prod, the original 
 word, afterward contracted to pro. (See Pro.) The 
 Welsh bradiin,a prodigal, if from the Latin, is doubt- 
 less of the same origin ; but Owen deduces this from 
 brad, a breaking, treachery, treason, and this coin- 
 cides with Dan. brydrr, to break. See Brittle.] 
 
 1. Given to extravagant expenditures ; expending 
 money or other things without necessity ; profuse ; 
 lavish ; wasteful ; not frugal or economical ; as, a 
 prodigal man ; the prodigal son. A man may be 
 prodCgal of his strength, of his health, of his life or 
 blooif, as well as of his money. 
 
 2. Profuse ; lavish ; expended to excess, or without 
 necessity ; as, prodigal expenses. 
 
 3. Very liberal ; profuse. Nature is prodigal of her 
 bounties. 
 
 PROD'I-GAL, 71. One that expends money eitrava- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 872 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 gniitly or without necessity ; one that is prtifusu or 
 i,>vi*lji avvnstiT; a spitnilihrifl. DnjJen. 
 I PROn-I-GAL'I-TY, n. [Fr. prodijralUe ; It. prudigali- 
 td; S\). prodi^atidad.] 
 
 1. Extravagance ui the expenditure of what one 
 possesses, particularly of money ; profusion ; waste; 
 excessive liberality. It is opposed to Fbuqality, 
 EcoNOMV, and PAiuiMoNr. 
 
 By Utc Roin.in Iaw, a man uf Dotoriouj prodigality u-as trratcd 
 lu lion compos. Kucyc. 
 
 The iii(3»l Kf vf n ct^nsor can Dot but pleased with th** prodi- 
 galily of bU wit. Dryitn. 
 
 2. Profuse liberalitv. 
 
 PRO0'I-G.\I,-T7,E, r. 'i. To be extravagant in expen- 
 ditures. \J\~ot iLsed.\ Sltrrmwd. 
 
 PROD'I-G.\L-LY, adi: With profusion of expenses ; 
 extravagantly ; lavishly ; wastefully ; as, an estate 
 proditrailij dissipated. 
 2. With liberal abundance ; profusely. 
 
 Niitun? nol hoiinleoUB now, bin tnvish ^rows ; 
 
 Our pattu wtlh Howcrs stic prtxligally ktruvvn. DryUn. 
 
 PROD'I-GE.XCE, n. Waste; profusion; prodipalitv. 
 
 [JV<>< K..C//.] Bp. Hall.' 
 
 PRO-DIG'IOUS, (-did'jus,) a. [Sp. and It. prodi/rio- 
 
 so ; Vt. prndi^ieuz ; \j. prodiirinsits. ^ee Prodiciy.] 
 
 1. Very great ; huge ; enormous in size, quantity, 
 extent, &c. ; as, a mountain of prodigious si/e or al- 
 titude ; a prodiirioiu mass or quantity of water ; an 
 ocean or plain of prodigious extent. Hence, 
 
 2. Wonderful; astonishing; such as may seem a 
 prodigy ; monstrous ; portentous. 
 
 It IS rtro/ligiout to have tbumtcr in a clear Broicn, 
 Proaigioag to rehUf. DryiUn. 
 
 FRO-DIG'IOUS-LY, orfB. Enormously; wondorliilly ; 
 astonishingly ; as, a unmher prodigiously great. Ray, 
 2. Very much ; extremely ; in familiar language. 
 He was prodigiously pleased. 
 
 PRO-DIO'IOUS-NESS, n. Enormousness of size ; the 
 slate of having qualities tlint excite wonder or aston- 
 ishment. Hull. 
 
 PROD'I-CY, n. [L. prodigittm, from prodi^o^ ttt slioot 
 out, drive out, properly to sprjcad to a great extent.] 
 
 1. Any thing out of the ordinary course of nature, 
 and so extraordinary as to excite wonder or astonish- 
 ment ; as, a prodigy of learning. Spectator. 
 
 2. Something e.ttraordinary from which omens are 
 drawn ; portent. Thus eclipses and meteors were 
 anciently deemed prodigici. 
 
 3. A monster ; an animal or other production out 
 of the ordinary course of nature. B. Jonson. 
 
 PRO-DI"TION, 71. [L. proditio, from prodo, to betray ; 
 
 supposed to be compounded of pro and do, to give. 
 
 fiiit in W. bradu is to betray.] 
 
 Treachery ; treason. .Ainsworth. 
 PROD'I-TOli, n. [L.] A traitor. [A'o* in use.] Shak. 
 PKOD-I-TO'RI-OUS, a. . Treacherous ; perfidious ; 
 
 traitorous. [Aot in use.] Daniel. 
 2. .'Vpt to make discoveries or disclosures. [,\'ot in 
 
 use.] Wutton. 
 PROO'I-TO-RY, a. Treacherous ; perfidious. Jildlm. 
 PRo'DROME, n. [Or. nfioS/iopoi ; irpo and Tpe\oi, to 
 
 run.} 
 
 A forerunner. [JVot in use.] Coles. 
 PRO-DfjCE', V. i. [L. produce ; pro and duco, to lead 
 or draw ; Sax. teogan, tenn, to tug ; It. producerc, pro- 
 durre ; i^p. prodacir i Fr. produire.] 
 
 1. To bring forward ; to bring or offer to view or 
 notice ; as, to produce a witness or evidence in court. 
 
 Produce your cause. — Ii. xli. 
 
 2. To exhibit to the public. 
 
 Tour parvnu did nol produce you much into the world. Sui/t. 
 
 3. To bring forth ; to bear ; as plants or the soil. 
 Trees produce fruit ; the earth produces trees and 
 grass ; wheat produces an abundance of food. 
 
 4. To bear ; to generate and bring forth ; as 
 young. The seas produce fish in abundance. 
 
 Tliry _ 
 
 Produce prodi^ou* birtjis of body or mind. MiJlon, 
 
 5. To cause ; to effect ; to bring into existence. 
 Small causes sometimes produce great effects. The 
 clouds produce rain. The painter produces a picture 
 
 « or a landscape. The sculptor produces a statue. 
 Vice produces misery. 
 
 6. To raise ; to bring into being. The farmer pro- 
 duces grain enough fur his family. 
 
 7. To make ; to bring into being or form. The 
 manufacturer produces excellent wares. 
 
 8. To yield or furnish. Money produces interest ; 
 capital produces profiL The commerce of the coun- 
 try produces a revenue to government. 
 
 9. In general, to bring into existence or into view, 
 
 10. In geometry, to extend ; applied to a line, sur- 
 face, or solid. 
 
 PROD'UCE, (prod'duse,) it. That which is produced, 
 brought forth, or yielded ; product ; as, the produce 
 of a farm ; the produce of trees ; the produce of a 
 country ; the produce of a manufacture ; the produce 
 of the sea ; the produce of a tax ; the produce of a 
 mine. But when we speak of something formed by 
 an individual artisan or genius, we call it a produc- 
 tion. 
 
 I 
 
 PR() I)P(''A'D, pp. Brought into life, being, or view ; 
 
 yielded ; extended. 
 PliO-DOCE'.MENT, n. Production. [J^'ot used.] 
 
 Jtldlon. 
 
 PRO-nCC'E.NT, n. One that exhibits, or oflers to 
 view or notice. [Aut much used.] .^yliffe. 
 
 PRO-DOC'ER, ji. One that generates ; one that |)ro- 
 duces. Locke. Sucklintr, 
 
 PRO-DU-CI-BIL'I-TY, n. The power of producing. 
 [A*"t w^ed.] Barrow. 
 
 PRO-D0'<;i-BLE, a. [It. producibile, produlibile.] 
 
 1. That may be brought into being; that may be 
 genenled or made ; as, producible salts. Boyle. 
 
 2. That may be brought into view or notice ; that 
 may be exhibited. Hammond. 
 
 PRO^DO'CI-BLE-NESS, n. The state or quality of 
 being producible ; as, the produciblcness of salts. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 PUO-DOC'ING, ppr. or a. Generating; bringing into 
 existence or notice; yielding; extending. 
 
 PROU'L'GT, M. [L. produclus, from produce ; Ft. pro- 
 duil.] 
 
 I. That which is produced by nature, as fruits, 
 grain, metals ; as, the product of land ; tlie products 
 tif the season. 
 
 a. That which is formed or produced by labor, or 
 by mental application ; as, the products o( manufac- 
 tures, of commerce, or of art ; the products of great 
 and wise men. In the latter sense, production is 
 now generally used. 
 
 Ill general, products comprehend whatever is pro- 
 duced or made ; as when we speak of tlie products 
 of a country exported. 
 
 The product of the inipost and excise. Betkiuip, N. Ilamp, 
 
 3. Effect ; result ; soinelliing consequential. 
 
 Thf'se are Uie product 
 Of those ill-mated tnarri^i^s. Afdlon. 
 
 4. In arithmetic, the number resulting from the 
 multiplication of two or more numbers. Thus, 
 5 X 7 = 35, the product. Product results from mui- 
 tipltctition, as .vum does from addition. 
 
 PRO-DL'e'TILK, 0. That may be extended in length. 
 PK0-DI'€'T10N, n. [Fr., from L. productio.] 
 
 1. The act or process of producing, bringing forth, 
 or exhibiting to view. 
 
 2. That which is produced or made ; as, the pro- 
 ductions of the earth, comprehending all vegetables 
 and fruits ; the productions of art, as manufactures 
 of every kind, paintings, sculptures, &c. ; the pro- 
 ductions of intellect or genius, as poems and prose 
 compositions. 
 
 PRO-DUe'TIVE, a. [It. prodnttivo ; Pp. productii-o.] 
 
 1. Having the quality or power of producing; as, 
 productive labor is that wUieli increases the number 
 or amount of products; opposed to unproductive 
 labor. The labor of the farmer and mechanic is pro- 
 ductive ; the labor of officers and professional men is 
 unproductive to the stale. A tree which bears fruit, 
 and the land which bears grass or grain, is produc- 
 tive. 
 
 2. Fertile; producing good crops. We often de- 
 note by this word that land or plants yield large 
 products. 
 
 '3. Producing; bringing into being; causing to 
 exist : efficient ; as, an age productive of great men ; 
 a spirit productive of heroic achievements. 
 
 This i3 tuniing nol)iliiy into a principle of vinue, and makin* it 
 productive of nirrit. Spectator. 
 
 And kindle witii Uiy own productive fire. Dryden. 
 
 PRO-DU€'TIVE-LY, o<ir. By production j with 
 abundant produce. 
 
 PRO-DUe'Tl VE-.NESS, n. The quality of being pro- 
 ductive ; as, the productiveness of lantl or labor. 
 
 PRO-E-GO'MIN-AL, a. [Gr. -poriycopat, to go be- 
 fore.] 
 
 Predisposing ; a term denoting that cause without 
 which a disease can not exist, which determines its 
 nature and chanicter, but which only produces a 
 predisposition, and always requires the aid of a pro- 
 catarctic cause to kindle it into action. Only a lim- 
 ited number of diseases retpiire the infiuence of a 
 proeguminal and a procatarctic cause for their pro- 
 diictiim. 
 
 PRO'E.M, n. [Fr. proeme It, and Sp. proemio ; L. 
 protrmium ,• Gr, np'jotptov; ttoo, before, and oipri, 
 o(|io{, way.] 
 
 Preface ; introduction ; preliminary observations 
 to a book or writing. Stci/L Milton. 
 
 PRO'E.M, r. t. To preface. [^Tot used.] South. 
 
 PRO-P,'MI-AL, a. Introductory ; prefatory ; prelimi- 
 iiar\'. Hammond. Johnson. 
 
 PRO EMP-TO'SIS, n. [Gr., from i7pot(iT.7rrw, to fall 
 before.] 
 
 In chronology, the lunar equation, or addition of a 
 day, necessary to prevent the new moon from hap- 
 pening a day too soon. Brandt. 
 
 PRO'FACE, n. An old exclamation of welcome. 
 
 PROF-A-Na'TIO.N, n, [Fr. ; It. profana-.ione : Sp. 
 profanacion; from V». profano. See Profane.] 
 
 I. The act of violating sacred things, or of treat- 
 ing them with contempt or irreverence ; as, the prof- 
 anation of the Sabbath by sports, amusements, or 
 unnecessary labor; the profanation of a sanctuary; 
 
 the profanation of the name of Goil by swearing, 
 jesting, Acc. 
 
 2. The act of treating with abuse or disrespect. 
 'Twere pro/nnation of our Joys 
 
 To tell tne I^iiy our love. Donne. 
 
 PRO-FANE', a. [L. profanus ; pro and fanum, a tem- 
 ple ; It. and Sp. profano ; Fr. profane.] 
 
 1. Irreverent to any thing sacred ; applied to per- 
 sons. A man is profane when he takes the name of 
 God in vain, or treats sacred things with abuse and 
 irreverence. 
 
 2. Irreverent ; proceeding from a contempt of 
 sacred things, or implying it ; as, profane words or 
 language ; profane swearing. 
 
 'J. Not sacred ; secular ; relating to secular things; 
 as, profane history. 
 
 4. Polluted ; not pure. 
 
 Nothing a profane tJiAt servelh to holy thinga. RaUgh. 
 
 5. Not purified or holy ; allowed for common use j 
 as, a profane place. Ezek. xlii. and xlviii, 
 
 6. Obscene; heathenish; tending to bring re- 
 pro,ach on religion ; as, profane fables. 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 Profane is used chiefly in Scripture in op|Hisition 
 to holy, or qualified ceremonially for sacred ser- 
 vices. 
 
 PRO-FANE', V. t. To violate any thing sacred, or 
 treat it with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or con- 
 tempt ; as, to profane the name of God ; to profane 
 the Sabbath ; to profane the Scriptures or the orili- 
 nances of God. Vieighl. 
 
 2. To pollute ; to defile ; to apply to teiii|H>raI 
 uses ; to use as base or common, ICzek. xxiv. 
 
 3. I'o violate. Mai. ii. 
 
 4. To pollute ; to debase. Lev. xxi. 
 
 5. 'To put to a wrong use. Shak. 
 PRO-FA.\'iED, pp. Violated ; treated with irrever- 
 ence or abuse ; applied to common uses ; polluted, 
 
 PRO-FA.\E'LY, adv. With irreverence to sacred 
 things or names. 
 
 The chancier of Go<l profamly unpe.aclicd. Dwight. 
 2. With abuse or contempt for any thing vener- 
 able. 
 
 That proud scholar — speaks of Kotner too profanely. 
 
 ^ Broome. 
 
 PRO-FA NE'NESS, n. Irreverence of s.acred things; 
 particularly, the use of language which implies ir- 
 reverence toward God ; the taking of God's name 
 in vain, Dryden. Atterbury. Dwight. 
 
 Profanenest in men is vulvar and odious ; in leinaK-s, :s shocking^ 
 and delesUiUe. ilnon. 
 
 PRO-FAN'ER, n. One who, by words or actions, 
 treats sacred things with irreverence ; one who uses 
 profane language. 
 
 2. A iwlluler; a defiler; as, a profaner of the 
 temple. Hooker. 
 
 PUO-FA.VING, ppr. Violating; treating with irrev- 
 erence ; polluting. 
 
 PRO-FAN'1-TY, n. Profancness, which see. 
 
 In a revel of deliaitchcry, nniid the brisk interrhange tA profanity 
 and fully, religion iitiglil appear a dumb, ujm<i.U intruder. 
 
 Bucl:!ntn»ter. 
 
 PRO-FEC'TION, n. [U profcctio.] 
 
 A going forward ; advance ; progression, [JV'bf in 
 
 iw.] Broirn. 
 PRO'FERT, n. [L. third person of profero.] In law, - 
 
 the exhibition of a record or paper in o\ki\ court. 
 PRO-FESS', V. U \W professare, Sp. profesar ; Fr. 
 
 professer ; L. professus, profiteor ; pro .and fateiir.] 
 
 1. To make ojjen ileclaration uf ; to avow or ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 Let no man who profettet himsetf a Christain, keep so ttcatben* 
 ish a loinlly as not to see God be daily woraliipitl in iL 
 
 Peray of Piety. 
 
 They profess tluvt they know God, but in works thi-y deny tiim. 
 
 2. To declare in strong terms. 
 
 Then will I profess to them, I never knew you. — Malt. vii. 
 
 3. To make a show of any sentiments by loud 
 declaration. 
 
 To your professing bosoms I commit him. Shak. 
 
 4. To decl.are publicly one's skill in any art or sci- 
 ence, for inviting employment ; as, to profess one's 
 self a physician ; he professes surger}'. 
 
 PRO-FES.S', r. i. To declare friendship. [J^ot in 
 
 use.] S/iak. 
 PRO-FEPS'£D, I pp. or o. Openly declared, avowed, 
 PRO-FEST', i or acknowledged ; as, a professed 
 foe ; a professed tyrant ; a professed Chrialian ; a pro- 
 fessed al heist. 
 
 PKO-FESS'EO-LY, adv. By profession ; by open 
 declaration or avowal. 
 
 1 could not front too much to men — profetaedlu my tul>)ecu. 
 
 K. Ckarlss. 
 
 EngK^nd 1 IraTeleU over, pro/Msetfiy searching »U placsasi 
 passed along. Woodward. 
 
 PRO-FESS'IXG, ppr. or a. Openly declaring ; avow- 
 ing ; acknowledging ; making a profession. 
 PRO-FES'SION, (-fesh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. pro- 
 
 fessio.] 
 
 1. Open decl.aration ; public avoival or acknowl- 
 edgment of one's sentiments or belief; as, professions 
 
 I 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, t:NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS._e as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH m in THIS. 
 TiO ~ t.73 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 of friendship or sincerity ; a professum of faith or re- 
 ligion. 
 
 The pro/essiona of princes, when a crown is the bait, are a slen- 
 tl T stfciirity. Lesley. 
 
 The Imliiiis quickly pi^rci-ive the coincidence or the contr.tdiclion 
 b'Mwe'/o professiotts and conduct, and their confidence or 
 distrust follows of course. J. Aiorse. 
 
 2. The business which one professes to understand 
 and to follow for subsistence ; calling; vocation; 
 employment ; as, the learned professions. We speak 
 of the professions of a clergyman, of a lawyer, and 
 of a physician or surgeon ; the profession of lecturer 
 on chfinistry or mineralogy. But the word i.s not 
 applied to an occupaticm merely mechanical. 
 
 3. The collective body of persons engaged in a 
 calling. We speak of practices honorable or dis- 
 graceful to a profession. 
 
 4. Among the Roman Cidliolics, the entering into a 
 religious order, by which a person offers himself to 
 God by a vow of inviolable obedience, chastity, and 
 poverty. Encric. 
 
 PRO rES'SION-AL, (-fesh'un-al,) a. Pertaining to 
 a profession or to a calling ; as, professional studies, 
 pursuits, duties, engagements; professional character 
 or skill. 
 
 PRO-FES'SION-AL-LY, adv. By profession or dec- 
 laration. He is professionally a friend to religion. 
 2. By calling; as, one employed /iro/fisiuHaWy. 
 
 PRO-FESS'OR, 71. [L.] One who makes open dec- 
 laration of his sentiments or opinions ; particularly, 
 one who makes a public avowal of his belief in the 
 Scriptures and his faith in Christ, and thus unites 
 himself to the visible church. Bacon. Hammond. 
 
 2. One that publicly teaches any science or branch 
 of learning ; particularly, an officer in a university, 
 college, or other seminary, whose business is to read 
 lectures or instruct students in a particular branch of 
 learning ; as, a professor of theology or uiathe- 
 matics. 
 
 PRO FES-Po'RI-AL, a. [L. professorius.] 
 
 Pertaining to a professor ; as, the professorial chair. 
 
 Enfield. 
 
 )'RO-FF,SS'OR-PHIP, n. The office of a professor or 
 public teacher of the sciences. Walton. 
 
 PRO-FES'SO-RY, a. Pertaining to a professor. 
 
 PKOF'FER, r. t. [L. profero ; pro and fero, to bear ; 
 It. proffcrerf, proj'erire ; Sp.proferir; Fr. proferer.] 
 
 1. To offer for acci'ptance ; as, to proffer a gift ; to 
 proffer services ; to proffer friendship. 
 
 2. To essay or attempt of one's own accord. 
 
 None 
 
 So hardy ns to proffer or accept 
 
 Alone the dreatlfnl voyag;e. Mtlton. 
 
 PROF'FER, 71. An offer made; something proposed 
 for accei»tance by another; as, proffers of peace or 
 friendship. 
 
 He made a proj'er to lay down his commission of command in 
 the army. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Essay ; attempt. Baton. 
 J'ROF'FER-£D, pp. or a. Offered for acceptance. 
 )'ROF'FER-ER, 7i. One who offers any thing for ac- 
 ceptance. 
 
 )"ROF'FER-ING, ppr. Offering for acceptance. 
 
 )'R0-FI"CIEN'(:E, (-fish'eus,) j 7t. [from L. pro- 
 
 )'RO-FI"CIEN-CY, ( -fish'en-se,) ( fciens, from pro- 
 ficio, to advance forward ; pro and facio, to make.] 
 
 Advance in the acquisition of any art, science, or 
 knowledge ; improvement ; progression in knowl- 
 edge. Students are examined, th:it tliey may mani- 
 fest their jtroticiency in their studies or in knowledge. 
 
 PRO-n"CIE.\T, (-fish'cnt,) 71. One who h.as made 
 considerable advances in any business, art, science, 
 or branch of learning ; as, a profcient in a trade or 
 occupation ; a proficient in mathematics, in anatomy, 
 in nnisx, &c. 
 
 PRO-Fr"ClENT-LY, adv. By proficiency. 
 
 PKO-Fie'U-OUS, a. [L. projicuus, projicio, supra.] 
 Profitable ; aclvantugeous ; useful. [^Little used.] 
 
 JIarvey. 
 
 PRo'FIEE, (pru'fil or pro'feel,) 7t. [Fr.projil: pro and 
 fl: It. projilo : Sp. and Port, pcrjil; per and fil, L. 
 Jilam, a thread or line.] 
 
 1. Primarily, an outline or contour; hence, in 
 sculpture and paintin<r, a head or portrait represented 
 sidewise or in a side view ; the side face or half face ; 
 as, to draw or appear in profile; the profile of Pope 
 or Addison. 
 
 2. In nrrhiiectnre, the contour or outline of a fig- 
 ure, building, or nicinber; also, the draught of nn 
 object, represenling it as if cut down perpendicularly 
 from the top to the bottom. Gwiil. 
 
 PRO'FILK, fproTil „r pro'feel,) v. t. [Fr. profiler i It. 
 
 profilarr ; ^^i. perfilar.] 
 
 'I'o draw the outline of a head sidewise ; to draw 
 
 in profili', as a building. 
 Pltfi FIL-Tol), ;)/). Drawn so as to present a side 
 
 view. 
 
 PRO' FUSING, ppr. Drawing n portrait so ns to rep- 
 ri Ki nt a ^iile view ; drawing an outline of. OaiU. 
 
 PRn'FII,-I.ST, 71. One who liikes profiles. 
 
 PRDF'rr, n. [Fr. profit: It. profitto; from L. prn/co 
 tit.*, pruficiv, to prolil, literally tt> |)roceed forward, to 
 advance ; pro timl fiLcw. 'i'he primary Hcnse of facio 
 la, to urge or drive.] 
 
 1. In ctnjimcrcc, the advance in the price of goods 
 sold beyond the cost of purchase. JVet profit is the 
 gain made by selling goods at an advanced price, or 
 a price beyond what they had cost the seller, and 
 beyond all costs and charges. The profit of the 
 farmer and the manufacturer is the gain made by the 
 sale of produce or manufactures, after deducting the 
 value of the labor, materials, rents, and all expenses, 
 together with the interest of the capital employed, 
 whether land, machinery, buildings, instruments, or 
 money. 
 
 Let no m.an anticipate uncertain profits. Ranibler. 
 
 2. Any gain or pecuniary advantage ; as, an office 
 of profit or honor. 
 
 3. Any advantage ; any accession of good from 
 labor or exertion ; an extensive signification, com- 
 prehending the acquisition of any thing valuable, 
 corporeal or intellectual, temporal or spiritual. A 
 person may derive profit from exercise, amusements, 
 reading, study, meditation, social intercourse, reli- 
 gious instruction, &c. Every improvement or ad- 
 vance in knowledge is profit to a wise man. 
 
 PROF'IT, V. t. [It. profiltare ; Fr. profiler.] 
 
 1. To benefit ; to advantage ; applied to one^s self, 
 to derive some pecuniary interest or some accession 
 of good from any thing ; as, to profit one's self by a 
 commercial undertaking, or by reading or instruction. 
 In this sense, the verb is generally used intransitive- 
 ly. .Applied to others, to communicate good to ; to 
 advance the interest of. 
 
 Brethren, if 1 come to you spealting with tongues, what shall I 
 
 projit you? — 1 Cor. xiv. 
 Wliereto mi^hl Uie strengUl of their hands profit me ? — Job XXX. 
 
 2. To improve ; to advance. 
 
 It is a great means o{ pro_filing yourself, to copy diligently excel- 
 lent pieces and beautilul designs. Dryden. 
 
 PROF'IT, V. i. To gain advantage in pecuniary In- 
 terest ; as, to profit by trade or manufactures. 
 
 2. To make improvement; to improve; to grow 
 wiser or better ; to advance in any thing useful ; as, 
 to profit by reading or by experience. 
 
 Siie has profiled by your counsel. Dryden. 
 
 3. To be of use or advantage ; to bring good to. 
 
 Itiches profit not in the day of wrath. — Prov. xi. 
 
 PROF'IT-A-BLE, a. [Fr.] Yielding or bringing 
 profit or gain ; gainful ; lucrative ; as, a profitable 
 trade ; profitable business ; a profitable study or pro- 
 fession. 
 2. Useful ; advantageous. 
 
 What was so profilable to Uie empire, became fatal to the em- 
 peror, Arbuthnot. 
 
 PROF'IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. Gainfulness ; as, the 
 profitableness of trade. 
 
 2. Usefulness ; advantageousness. More. Calawy. 
 PROF'IT-A-BLY, ado. With gain ; gainfully. Our 
 ships are profitably employed. 
 
 2. Usefully ; advantageously ; with improvement. 
 Our time may bt profitably occupied in reading. 
 PROF'IT-ED, pp. Benefited ; advanced in interest or 
 happiness ; improved. 
 
 What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world and 
 lose his own soul? — Malt. xvi. 
 
 PROF'IT-ING, ppr. Gaining interest or advantage ; 
 improving. 
 
 PROF'IT-ING, 77. Gain ; advantage ; improvement. 
 
 That thy profiting may appear to all. — 1 Tim. iv. 
 PROF'IT-LESS, o. Void of profit, gain, or advan- 
 tage. Shak. 
 PROF'LI-GA-CY, n. [See Profligate.] A profligate 
 or very vicious course of life ; a state of being aban- 
 doned in moral principle and in vice. Barrington. 
 PROF'LI-GATE, a. [L. profligaVus, proftigo, to rout, 
 to ruin ; pro and fiigo, to drive or dash. The word, 
 then, signifies, d.ashed, broken, or ruined in morals. 
 See Floo and Akflict.] 
 
 Abandoned to vice ; lost to principle, virtue, or de- 
 cency ; extremely vicious ; shameless in wickedness ; 
 as, a profligate man or wretch. 
 
 Next age will see 
 A race more profiigate than we. Boscommon. 
 Made prostitute and profligate the muse. 
 Debased to each obscene and impious use. DryiUn. 
 PROF'LI-GATE, 71. An abandoned man ; a wretch 
 who has lost all regard to good principles, virtue, or 
 decency. 
 
 How could such a profligate m Antony, or a boy of eighteen like 
 Oclavius, ever dare to dream of giving law lo such an em- 
 pire I Sicifl. 
 
 PROF'LI-GATE, v. t. To drive away ; a Latin sig7U- 
 fication. [JVot used.] 
 
 2. To overcome. [JVot iLied.] JIarvey. 
 PROF'LI-GATE-LY,a(/«. Without principle or shame. 
 
 Strift. 
 
 2. In a coiirso of extreme viciousness ; as, to spend 
 life proftigalrhi. 
 PROF'li-tJATE-NESS, 71. The quality or state of 
 being lo.st to virtue and decency. Butler. 
 
 2. An abandoned course of fife ; extreme vicious 
 nesfl ; prolligacv. 
 PR0F-L1-GA'TI6N, 71. Defeat; rout. [J\'-ot used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 PROF'LU-ENCE, 71. [L. pr:fluens, profluo ; pro and 
 ^110, to flow.] 
 
 A progress or course. [JVot used.] TVotton. 
 
 PROF'LU-ENT, a. Flowing forward; as, a pnfi-ient 
 stream. Milton. 
 
 PRO FOR'M.9, [L.l For the sake of form. 
 
 PRO-FOUND', a. [Fr. profond : It. profondo ; Sp. pro- 
 funda; L. profundus; pro and fundus, bottom. See 
 
 FOUXD.] 
 
 1. Deep ; descending or being far below the sur- 
 face, or far below the adjacent places; as, a gulf pro- 
 found. Milton. 
 
 2. Intellectually deep ; that enters deeply into sub- 
 jects ; not superficial or obvious to the mind ; as, a 
 profound investigation ; profound reasoning ; a pro- 
 found treatise. 
 
 3. Humble ; very lowly ; submissive ; as, a pro- 
 found reverence for the Supreme Being. Duppa. 
 
 4. Penetrating deeply into science or any branch 
 of learning ; as, a profound scholar; a profound math- 
 ematician ; a pnfound historian. 
 
 5. Deep in skill or contrivance. 
 
 The revoltrrs are profound to make slaughter. — Hos. r. 
 
 6. Having hidden qualities. 
 
 U)Ton the corner of the room 
 
 Tliere hangs a vaporous drop profound. Sliak. 
 
 PRO-FOUND', 71. The deep ; the sea ; the ocean ; as, 
 the vast profound. Dryden. 
 2. The abyss. 
 
 1 Inivel this profound. Mliton. 
 PRO-FOUND', V. i. To dive ; to penetrate. [Ao( in 
 
 nse.] Olanville. 
 PRO-FOUND'LY, adv. Deeply ; with deep concern. 
 
 Why sigh you so ^o/ounrf/y ? ShaJc. 
 2. With deep penetration into science or learning ; 
 with deep knowledge or insight ; as, profoundly wise ; 
 prufiiindhi skilled in music or painting. Dryden. 
 PRO-FOUND'NESS, 71. Depth of place. 
 
 2. Depth of knowledge or of science. Hooker. 
 PRO-FUND'I-TY, 71. [It. profonditd ; Sp. prof andidad j 
 from L. profundus.] 
 Depth of |)lace, of knowledge, or of science. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 PRO-FuSE', a. [L. profustui, profunda, to pour out ; 
 pro and fundo.] 
 
 1. Lavish ; liberal to excess ; prodigal ; as, a pro- 
 fuse government; a profuse administration. Henry 
 the Eighth, a profuse king, dissipated the treasures 
 which the parsimony of his father had amassed. A 
 man's friends are generally too profuse of praise, and 
 his enemies too sparing. 
 
 2. Extravagant ; lavish ; as, profuse expenditures. 
 
 3. Overabounding ; exuberant. 
 
 On a green shady bank, profuse of flowers. Milton. 
 
 O Liberty I thou goddess heavenly bright, 
 
 Profuse of bliss. Addison. 
 
 Profuse ornament in Jiainting, archilecture, or ganh iiing, as 
 well as ui diess or lu language, shows a mean or currupled 
 t:iste. Karnes. 
 
 PRO-FUSE', V. t. To pour out. [Little used.] 
 
 Armstrong. 
 
 2. To squander. [Little used.] Steele. 
 PRO-FUSE'LV, adv. Lavishly ; prodigally ; as, an 
 income profusely expended. 
 
 2. With exuberance ; with great abundance. The 
 earth is profusely adorned with flowers ; ornaments 
 may he too profusely scattered over a building. 
 PRO-FCSE'NESS, 71. Lavishness ; prodigality; ex- 
 travagant expentlitures. 
 
 Hospil;ilily soinetiines degenerates into profuseness. Atlertury. 
 2. Great abundance ; profusion ; as, profusaiess of 
 ornaments. 
 PRO-FO'SlOtV, (-zhun,) 71. [L. profusio.] 
 
 1. Lavishness ; proiligality ; extravagance of ex- 
 penditures ; as, to waste an estate by profusion. 
 
 What meant thy pompous progress through the empire, 
 
 'i'liy vast profusion 10 the factious nobles I Rome. 
 
 2. Lavish efl'usion. 
 
 He was desirous to avoiil not only profusion, but the least efl'u- 
 sion of Christian blood. Jlayward. 
 
 3. Rich abundance ; exuberant plenty. The table 
 contained a profusion of dainties. Our country has 
 a profusion of food for nuin and beast. 
 
 The raptured eyo 
 The fairpro/tision, yellow autumn, spies. Thomson. 
 
 PROG, ». t. [D. prachgcn, to beg ; Dan. praliker, id. ; 
 Sw. praeka, to make use of shifts ; L. proco, procor.] 
 To shift meanly for provisions ; to wainler about 
 and seek provisions where they are to be found ; to 
 live by beggarly tricks. [Ji low word.] 
 
 You aro the lion : I have been endeavoring lo prog for you, 
 
 burte. 
 
 PROG, 71. Victu.als or provisions sought by begging, 
 or found by wandering about. 
 2. Victuals of any kind. [.^ lou> word.] Smfl. 
 PROG, 11. One that seeks his victuals by wandering 
 
 and begging. 
 PRO GEN'ER-ATE, r. t. [L. progenero.] 
 
 To beget. [J^ot in use.] 
 PRO-GEN-ER-A'TION, 71. The act of begetting ; pro - 
 agation. [JVo( u.vci/.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII/^T — METE, PllBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQ(?K.— 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO-CUN'I-TOR, 71. [L., from progigno; pro and 
 
 gigiioy to b;'«:»*l( Gr. } /t't^ ir.).] 
 
 All ancestor in thi' diricl line ; ;i forefather. Adam 
 
 was the itruisfiitnr iif tlie liiuuan race. 
 PUO-GEi\'l-TliKE, «. A bi-geUing or birlli. [Little 
 
 PROG'E-N\', n. [It. progenie; h. progenies, from pro- 
 gignar.] 
 
 OtlVpriiic ; raeo ; children ; descendants of the 
 human kind, or oir<|)iins of other animals ; as, the 
 progentj of a kins ; tiie prngpmj of Adam ; the proge- 
 ny of Iti'asts or fowls ; a word of gmeral application. 
 PROtJ-.N'O'!*!!', n. [(Jr. rrooj Kuffij, from ir/jcij ivaxTtw, 
 to know before ; tto') and > if<ijT«.( >.] 
 
 In mnliciiir, the art of fon'lelling the course and 
 evi iit of a disease ; the judRmeiil of the course and 
 event of a disease by particular sym|iti)iiis. 
 
 Coie. Hooper. 
 PROO-NOS'Tie, a. Foreshowing ; indicating some- 
 thing future by signs or symptouis ; as, the prognos- 
 tic syin|iIoins of u disease . prognostic signs. 
 PROG-.\OS''l'I€, n. In medicine, the judgment formed 
 concerning the course and event of a disease by means 
 of the syin|iluins. Encyc. 
 
 2. Something which foreshows ; a sign by which 
 a future event may be known or fort-told. 
 
 In /ncd/ciiie, a sign or symptom iiiilicating the course 
 ami event of a disease. The appearance of the tongue 
 is of considerable importance as a prognostic. Parr. 
 :t. A foretelling ; prediction. Swifl. 
 PROU-.N'OS'Tie-.VHLE, a. That may be foreknown 
 
 or foretold. Brown. 
 PROc;-.\Of!'Tie-ATE, B. (. [from prognostic; It. 
 prognostieare,'\ 
 
 1. To foreshow; to indicate a future course or 
 event by present signs. A clear sky jrt sunset prog- 
 nosticates a fair day. 
 
 2. To foretell by means of present signs ; to predict. 
 I iirithcr will nor Mn proznogticnte 
 
 To llie yoiin^ g-.ipiii:; li'-ir lii« lUUior's f:itc. Vryltn. 
 PROC!-N()S'TieA-TED, Foreshown; foretold. 
 PRO(;-.N"OS'Tie-.\-TI.\G, ppr. Foreshowing; fore- 
 telling. 
 
 PROG-NOS-Tie-A'TION, n. The act of foreshowing 
 a future course or event by present signs. 
 
 2. The act of foretelling a course or event by pres- 
 ent signs. Burnet. 
 
 3. A foretoken ; previous sign. Slials. 
 PRnG-NOS'Tie-.\-TOR, n. A foreknower or fore- 
 teller of a fiitiiie course or event by present signs. 
 
 PRO-GR.\.M'iM.\, n. [Gr., from -fjnj fjucjiw, to write 
 previously ; .too and } o i^i^.), to write.] 
 
 1. Anciently, a letter sealed with tlie king's seal. 
 
 Kncijc. 
 
 2. In a universHy, a billet or advertisement to in- 
 vite persons to an oration. Kneyc. 
 
 3. A proclam:ition of edict posted in a public place. 
 
 Life of A. Wood. 
 
 4. That which is written before something else ; a 
 preface. Warton. 
 
 PRO'GRAM.ME, (pro'gram,) n. [Fr., from Gr. Fpo- 
 yuu/i/ia.] A brief outline or explanation of the or- 
 der to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in any 
 public exercise, performance, entertainment, or sc- 
 ries of exercises. 
 
 PUOG'RESS, n. [Vx.progris: Sp. progrrjio ; li. pro- 
 gressus, progredior ; pro and gradior, to step or go. 
 See Graoe and Deoree.J 
 
 1. A moving or going forward; a proceeding on- 
 ward. A man makes a slow progress or a rapid 
 progress on a journey ; a ship makes slow progress 
 against tile tide. He watched the progress of the 
 army on its march, or the progress of a star or comet. 
 
 2. A moving forward in growth ; increase ; as, 
 the progress of a plant or animal. 
 
 3. .-Xdvaiice in business of any kinil ; as, the prog- 
 ress of a negotiation ; the progress of arts. 
 
 4. Advance in knowledge; intellectual or moral 
 improvement ; proficiency. The student is com- 
 mended for his progress in learning ; the Christian 
 for his progress in virtue and piety. 
 
 5. Removal ; passage from place to place. 
 
 From Egypt una Un ir progrett matle to Girccc Den)\am. 
 
 6. A journey of state ; a circuit. 
 
 Blackstime. Addison, 
 PRO-GRESS', r. i. To move forward in space ; to 
 pass ; to proceed. 
 
 Let me wipe olT tliis honontble dew 
 
 Tlul vlTefA' tlotii jirvureKt on tliy ch'-eln. Shak. 
 
 — Altliou^^li Ih'; popuLir b!iut 
 IllUh irnrctl thy iiiinK* up to U-slnile a douti. 
 Or progretM in tlv r,Ii »rioi of tlie son. 
 
 Broken Heart, In /■'orrf, vol. I, p 303, 
 
 Ctjronft erf. Lon/ton, \&7T. 
 
 [Thei« authors accent the first syllable, but the ac- 
 cent is now on the second.] 
 
 2. To proceed ; to continue onward in course. 
 After the war h,«l progretted tor iome time. Marehail. 
 They progrtee in i.'wti tiyle in proportion u their piews nr« 
 
 tn;aletl witlr contempt. Wathington. 
 
 KnoKles, Smart, and Reid, have inserted the word, 
 in this sense, in their dii tionaries. 
 
 3. To advance ; to make improvement. 
 
 Du Ponceau. Bayard. 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO-GRESS'fiD, (pro-grest',) pp. Moved forward; 
 procei'di'il. 
 
 PUO-GRES.-i'ING, p;)r. Movini; forward ; advancing. 
 
 Millun. Hejorm of F.ng. 
 PRO GRES'.^IO.V, (pro-gresh'un,) n. [Kr., from L. 
 progressio, progredior. ] 
 
 1. The act of moving forward ; a proceeding in a 
 course ; motion onward. Locke. 
 
 2. Intellectual advance ; as, the progression of 
 thought. Locke, 
 
 3. Course ; passage. Sliuk. 
 
 4. In inatliematic^s, regular or proportional advance 
 in increase or decrease of numbers ; continued pru- 
 portitin, arithmetical, geometrical, or harnioiiical. 
 Arilhnii:tical progression is when the terms increase 
 or decrease by equal ditferences. 'I'hus, 
 
 lo' 8 li 4" i ""^ difference 2. 
 Geometrical progression is when the terms increase 
 or decrease by etpial ratios. Thus, 
 2. 4. 8. 16. 32. 64. ( by a continual multiplica- 
 64. 32. 16. 8. 4. 2. I tion or division by 2. 
 
 Kneyc. 
 
 5. In mii-«ic, a regular succession of chords or 
 movement of the parts in harmony. 
 
 PRO-GKE.-*'SIOi\-AL, (-gresh'un-al,) a. That ad- 
 vances ; that is in a state of advance. Brown. 
 
 PRO-GRESS'I VE, a. Moving forward; proceeding 
 onward; advancing; as, prngressire motion or 
 course; opposeil to Kktrocrade. Bacon. Ray. 
 2. Iniprovini;. The arts are in a progrejsire state. 
 
 PRO-GRESS'I VE-LY, ai/o. By motion onward; by 
 regular ailv.iiices. Hooker, 
 
 PKC)-GKES!<'IVE-NESS, 71. The state of moving 
 forward ; an ndvancing , state of improvement ; as, 
 the pro'rressirene.ss of science, arts, or t:iste. 
 
 PRO H.a-e yi'CK, ri,.] For this occasion. 
 
 PRO-III It'I'i', r. f. [Ij. prohibco ; pro and hahea, to 
 llold ; Vt, prokibrr ; ll. proibtre ; prohibir.] 
 
 1, To forbiii ; lo iiitertlict by authority ; applicable 
 to persons or tJtings, but implying authority or right, 
 Gt)d prohibited Atlaiii to eat of the fruit of a certain 
 tree. The iiionil law prohibits what is wrong, ami 
 coinniands what is right. We prohibit a person to 
 do a thing, ami we prohibit the thing to be done. 
 
 2. To hinder; to debar ; to prevent; to preclude. 
 
 Gat -s of liirniii? ail.im.m 
 Barred ovtr iis, prohibit nil egn s 
 
 M/um. 
 
 PRO-HIB'IT-ED,;);>. or a. Forbid ; interdicted ; hin- 
 dered. 
 
 PRO HIB'IT-ER, 71. One who prohibits or forbids; a 
 
 forbidrlcr; an interdicter. 
 PRO-Illli'IT-li\G, pitr. Forbidding; interdicting; 
 
 debiirring. 
 
 PKO-IlI-IH"TION, (pro-he-bish'un,) n. [Fr., from 
 L. prohibitio,"] 
 
 1. The art of forbidding or interdicting ; a decla- 
 ration to hinder some nction ; interdict. 
 
 The law 01 <!o<l, in the ten commandment*, consist! mostly of 
 prohibiUont ; — " Tlion shait not do such a thin^. " 
 
 TT/toUon. 
 
 2. In law.n jrrit of prohibition, is a writ issuing 
 from a superior tribunal, ilirected to the judges of an 
 inferior court, conimauding them to cease from the 
 prosecution of a suit. liy ellipsis, ;>ru/iifti(ii)n is used 
 for I lie writ itself. Blackslone. 
 
 PRO-III-IiI" ri()N-IST, n. One who favors prohibit- 
 
 orv duties in romiiierce. 
 PR()-im!'IT-IVE, la. Forbidding; implying pro- 
 PRO IIIB'IT-C) RY, i hibition. Btrrrow. Ayliffe. 
 PROI.V, r. (. [Fr. prwi.'iV/(rr ; pro and vigne, vine.] 
 To lop; to trim; to prune. [Obs.] [See Pri,-:«e.] 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 PROIN, r. 1". To be employed in pnining. [Obs,] 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 PRO-JEGT', r. t [L. projicio ; pro, forward, and 
 jacio, to throw; It. progettare; Fr. projetcr ; Sp. 
 proyeetnr.] 
 
 1. To throw out ; to cast or shoot forward. 
 
 Th' ascending villas 
 Project ton^ »h.tdowi o'er llic crystal tide. 
 
 Po]ie. 
 
 2. To cast forward in the mind ; to scheme ; to 
 contrive ; lo devi.se soniethingto be done ; as, to pro- 
 ject a plan for paying otf the national debt ; to pro- 
 ject an expedition to South America ; to project peace 
 or war. Milton, 
 
 3. To draw or exhibit, as the form of any thing; 
 to delineate. 
 
 PRO-J F,CT', n. I. To shoot forward ; to extend be- 
 yond something else ; to jut; to be prominent; as, 
 the cornice projects. 
 
 PROJ'ECT, n. [Fr. projel.] 
 
 1. A scheme ; a design ; something intended or 
 devised ; contrivance ; as, the project of a canal from 
 the Hudson to tlie lakes ; all our projects of happi- 
 ness .are liable tti be frustrated. 
 
 2. An idle scheinr ; a design not practicable; as, 
 a man given to projects, 
 
 PRO-JECT'EI), pp. or a. Cast out or forward; 
 
 schemed ; devised ; delineated. 
 PU()-JE€T'II>E, a. Impelling forward ; as, a projett- 
 
 ile force. 
 
 PRO 
 
 2. Given by impulse; impelled forward; is.yiro- 
 jrctilr iiuilion. Arbulhoiit. 
 
 PliO-J Ee'l''II.E, n. A body projected, or impelled 
 forward by forctr, particularly through the air. 
 
 2. Projectiles, in merhanicul philosophy, is ilmt part 
 which treats of the motion of bodies thrown or driv- 
 en by an iiii[H:lliiig force above the earth. 
 
 PKO-JECT'ING, jrpr. Throwing out or forward; 
 scheming; contriving. 
 
 PR()-JE€T'ING, ppr. or a. Shooting out ; jutting ; 
 extending forward ; as, a projecting rock. 
 
 PRO-JEC'TION, n. [L. projrctio.] 
 
 1. The act of throwing or shooting forward. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 2. A part jutting out, as of a building ; an exten- 
 sion beyond Ntinielliiiig else. 
 
 3. The act of scheming; plan; scheme ; design 
 of something to be executed. 
 
 4. Plan ; tieliiieatioii ; the representation of some- 
 thing ; as, the projection of the sphere, is a delinea- 
 tion of the several |>arls of its surface on a plane. 
 There are three principal points of projection : the 
 stereogrnphic, in which the eye is supposed to be 
 placed on the stirfact^of the sphere ; tUc ortJtogruphtc, 
 in which the eye is supposed to be at an infinite dis- 
 tance ; and the gnomonie, in which the eye is placed 
 in the center of the sphert-. Brande, 
 
 Globular projection ; that projectitm of the sphere 
 which so represents its circles as to present the ap- 
 pearance of a globe. 
 
 Mercator^s projection; a mode of representing the 
 sphere in which the meridians are drawn parallel to 
 each other, and the parallels of latitude are straight 
 lines, whose distance from each other incre.ases with 
 their distance from the eipiator, so that at all places 
 the degrees of latitude and longitude have to each 
 other the same ratio as on the sphere itself. 
 
 In perspective, frrojection denotes the appeantiice or 
 representation of an object on tlie perspective plane. 
 
 Koryc. 
 
 5. In alchemy, the casting of a certain powder, 
 called powder of projection, into a crucible or other 
 vessel full of simie prepared metal or other matter, 
 which is to be thereby transmuted into gold. Kneyc. 
 
 PRO-JIX'T»ME.\T, H. Design ; contrivance. [LittU 
 
 used.] Clarendon, 
 FRO-JEeT'OR, 71. One who forms a sclieiniMir de- 
 sign. Addison. 
 2. One who forms wild or impracticable schemes. 
 
 Pope, 
 
 PRO-JECT'URE, 71. A jutting or standing out beyond 
 the line or surface of something else. Knctjc 
 
 PRO-JET', (pro zliS',) n, [Fr.] A plan propo.sed ; 
 the draft of a proposed measure, arrangement, &:c. 
 
 Bonvier 
 
 PRO-LAPSE', (priv-laps',) n, [L. prolapsus, prolaboi 
 A falling down or falling out of some part of the 
 
 body, as of the uterus or intestines. Encyc, 
 PR0-1-AI>.-;E', (pro-laps',) c. i. To fall ilowii or out ; 
 
 to pnijert loo much. 
 PRO-I,AI"S|(l.\, J „ _ 
 
 PK()-i \p'srs I °8<' "''°'-*"^> 
 
 PKO-I..\TE', V. t. [L. prolatum, profero.] 
 
 To utter ; to pronounce. [j\"ot used.] Howell, 
 
 PRo'I.ATE, a. [Supra.] Extended beyond the line 
 of an exact sphere ; oppiwed to Oblate. A prolate 
 spheroid is produced by the revolution of a semi-<d- 
 lipst! abtiut its larger diameter. Brande. 
 
 PRO-L.A'TIO.\, 71. [L. prolatio, from profero,] 
 
 1. Utterance; pronunciation. [LitUe used^ Ray, 
 
 2. Delay ; act of deferring, [^'ot used,] 
 
 Ainsicorth, 
 
 3. A method, in miwic, of determining the power 
 of seiiiibr(*ves and minims. Busby, 
 
 PRO-LE-GO.M'E-NA, n, pL [Gr. ro-,X£) o/itvu ; rpo 
 and Atj 10, to speak.] 
 
 Preliminary observations ; introductory remarks or 
 discourses prefixed to a book or treatise. IVallon. 
 
 PRO-LE-GO.M'E-NA KV, a. Preliminary; introduc- 
 tory; containing previous explanations. Ed. Rer, 
 
 PKci'LEGS, 71. pi. In entomology, the fleshy, pediform, 
 and fretpieiitly retractile organs, which aj«sist various 
 larvip in thtMr movements. Brande, 
 
 PRO-LEP'SIS, 71. [Gr. to .Xtji^i j, from rpoXu/i/iui/tj ; 
 irpo and Xopliavio, to take.] 
 
 1. Anticipation ; a figure in rhetoric by which ob- 
 jectitins are anticipated or prevented. Bramhatl, 
 
 2. An error in chronology, when an event is dated 
 before the actual time ; a species of anachronism. 
 
 Theobald. 
 
 PRO-LEP'Tie, ) a, PerUiining to prolepsis or an- 
 PRO-LEP'Tie-AL, S ticipation. 
 
 2. Previous ; antecedent. GlanviUe, 
 
 3. In medicine, antici|>ating the usual lime ; applied 
 to a periodical disease, whose paroxysm returns at an 
 earlier hour at every repetition. Eneye, 
 
 PRO-LEP'Tie-AH.Y, adc. By way of anticipation. 
 PRO-LE-TA'NE-OUS, a. Having a numerous off- 
 sprinc. 
 
 PRO-LE-TA'RI-AN, a. [L. proletariur, from proles, 
 offspring.] 
 
 .Mean ; vile ; vulgar. [Abr used,] Hudibras. 
 PRO'LE-TA-RY, n. A common person. [.^'"' usxL] 
 
 Burton, 
 
 TC'NE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 875 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PROL'I-ClDE, 71. [L. proles, offspring, and ccedo, to 
 slay.] 
 
 The crime of destroying one's offspring either in 
 the womb or after birtli. Bouiner. 
 PRO-LI F'ER-OUS, a. [Infra.] \n botany, n jirolifer- 
 ous flower is a flower which produces another flower 
 witliin itself. A jiroliferous umbel is one which pro- 
 duces anotlier umbel from its own center. 
 PRO-LlF'ie, i a. [It. and Sp. prolifico ; Fr. pro- 
 PUO-LIF'ie-AL, i lijique! L. proles, offspring, and 
 facia, to mal<e.] 
 
 1. Producing young or fruit ; fruitful ; generative ; 
 productive ; applied to animals and plants ; as, a pro- 
 lific female ; a prolific tree. 
 
 2. Productive ; having the quality of generating ; 
 as, a controversy prtp/i^c of evil consequences; a pro- 
 lific brain. 
 
 3. A prolific flower, {prolifer,'] in hotamj, is one 
 viMiich produces a second flower from its own center, 
 or which has smaller flowers growing out of the prin- 
 cipal one. But Proliferous is commonly used. 
 
 Encyc, Jilartin. 
 
 PRO LIF'ie-A-CY,n. Fruitfulness ; great productive- 
 ness. Kitcyc, 
 
 PRO-LIF'ie-AL-LY, adv. Fmitfully ; with great in- 
 crease. 
 
 PRO-I,lF-ie-A'TION, n. [See Prolific] Tlie gen- 
 eration of young or of plants. 
 
 2. In botany, the production of a second flower 
 from the substance of the first. This is either from 
 the center of a simple flower, or from the side of an 
 asgresate flower. Lee, 
 PRO-LIF'ie-NESS, 71. The state of being prolific. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 PRO-LtX', a. [L. prolixns ; pro and latus, literally, 
 drawn out. Often in the United States pronounced 
 pro'liz.'[ 
 
 1. Long ; extending to a great length ; minute in 
 narration or argument ; applied only with reference to 
 discourse, speech, and loritin^ ,• as, a prolix oration j a 
 prolir poem ; a protir sermon ; a prolix writer. 
 
 2. Of long duration. [J^ot in use.'] 
 PRO-LIX'IOUS, (-shus,) a. Dilatory ; tedious. [JVot 
 
 used. ] Shak. 
 PRO-LtX'I-TY, ) 71. Great length ; minute detail ; 
 PRO-LIX'NESS, \ applied only to discourses and wri- 
 
 tiii^s. Prolixity is not always tedious. 
 PRO-LIX'LY, nr/ii. At great length. Dryden. 
 PRO-LO-eO'TOR, 71. [L. proloquor; pro and loquor, 
 
 to speak.] 
 
 The speaker or chairman of a convocation. Sioift. 
 PRO-LO-eO'TOR-SHlP, n. The office or station of a 
 pr(»locut(ir. 
 
 PRt")'LO-(ilZE, i. To deliver a prologue. [JVot in 
 use.] 
 
 PRO'LOGUE, (pro'log,) 71. [Fr., from L. prologus ; 
 Gr. irp /A iyos; iron and X")"?, discourse.] 
 
 The preface or introducticju to a discourse or per- 
 formance, chiefly the discourse or poem spoken be- 
 fore a dramatic performance or play begins. Encyc. 
 
 PRO'LOGUE, (pro'log,) v. t. [It. prologarc.] 
 
 To introduce with a formal preface. Shak* 
 
 PRo'LOGU-J^I), pp. Introduced with a preface. 
 
 PRo'LOGU-ING, ppr. Introducing with a formal 
 pri'face. 
 
 PRO-LONG', V. t. [Fr. prolonger ; It. proliinirare ; Sp. 
 proloutrar ; pro i\rni longtis. See Long.] 
 
 1. To len^ilben in time ; to extend the duration of. 
 Temperate habits lend lo prolonir life. 
 
 2. 'J o lengthen ; to draw out in time by delay ; to 
 continue. 
 
 Tb' uiihiippy queen with t.\lk prolonged Ihe night. Dryden. 
 
 3. To put off to a distant time. 
 
 For I myself am not to wi-11 provided 
 
 A8 else I would be, were liie day prolonged, Shak. 
 
 4. To extend in space or length. 
 PRO-LON"GaTE, I), t. To extend or lengthen in 
 
 space ; <as, to prntonfratc a line. 
 2. 'i'o extend in time. [Little lutcd.] 
 PRO LON"GA-TED, pp. Extended in space ; contin- 
 ued ill length. 
 PRO-LOWGA-TfiVG, ppr. Lengthening in space. 
 PRO-LO.N"GA' riO.\, H. [Fr.] The act of lengthen- 
 ing in time or space ; as, the prolongation of life. 
 
 Boron. 
 
 'I'he prolongation of a line. Lnvoteier, Trant. 
 
 2. Extension of time by delay or postponement ; 
 as, the prolan ijati^ni of days for payment. Bacon. 
 PUO-l.OSd' F.U, pp. or a. Lengthened in duration or 
 Hpare. 
 
 PRO I/JNG'ER, 71. lie or that which lengthens in 
 time or wpace. 
 
 PRO-LON(;'lNG, ppr. Extending in time; continu- 
 ing In li'iiL'th. 
 
 PRO LfVSIO.N', (-zhun,)it. [1,. prolusio, proludo ; pro 
 and Intlo, to play.] 
 
 A prelude ; a trial before the principal performnnco ; 
 hent:e, in a general senaCf u trial ; an essay. 
 
 itirli. nict. 
 
 PROM-F, NADF,', 71. [Fr., from promcner; pro and 
 mener, to lend.] 
 
 1. A walk fur nmiiiipmont or cxcrcmc. 
 
 2. A place for walking. 
 
 PRO.M-E-NaDE', v. i. To walk for amusement or e.x- 
 ercise. 
 
 PROIM-E-NaD'ER, 71. He or that which promenades. 
 PROM-E-NaDING, ppr. Walking for amusement or 
 exercise. 
 
 PRO-MER'IT, V. t. " [L. promereo, promeritum ; pro and 
 mereo, to merit.] 
 
 1. To oblige ; to confer 1 favor on. Hall. 
 
 2. To deserve ; to procure by merit. Pearson. 
 [This ward is little used, or not at all.] 
 
 PRO-Mk'THE-AN, a. Pertaining to Prometheus, who 
 stole fire from heaven. 
 
 2. Having the life-giving quality of the fire thus 
 stolen. 
 
 PRO-Mk'TIIE-AN, 71. A glass tube containing sul- 
 phuric acid, and surrounded by an inflammable mi.\- 
 ture, which it ignites on being pressed. Brande. 
 PRO.M'I-NENCE, j n. [L. prominentia, from promi- 
 PRO.M'I-NEN-CY, ( 7ira ; pro and minor, to menace, 
 that is, to slioot forward.] 
 
 1. A standing out from the surface of something, 
 or that which juts out ; protuberance ; as, the prom- 
 inence of a joint ; the prominence of a rock or cliff; 
 the prominence of the nose. Small hills and knolls 
 are prominences on the surface of the earth. 
 
 2. Conspicuousness ; distinction. 
 PROM'I-NENT, a. [L. prominens.] 
 
 1. Standing out beyond the line or surface of 
 something; jutting; protuberant; in high relief; as, 
 a prominent figure on a vase. 
 
 2. Full ; large ; as, a prominent eye. 
 
 3. Eminent ; distinguished above others ; as, a 
 prominent character. 
 
 4. Principal ; most visible or striking lo the eye ; 
 conspicuous. The figure of a man or of a building 
 holds a prominent place in a picture. 
 
 PROM'I-NENT-LY, adv. Ill a prominent manner ; so 
 as to stand out beyond the other parts; eminently ; 
 in a striking manner; conspicuously. 
 
 PRO-MIS'CU-OUS, a. [L. proiniscuus ; pro imi mis- 
 ceo, to mix.] 
 
 1. Mingled ; consisting of individuals united in a 
 body or mass without order ; confused ; undistin- 
 guished ; as, a promiscuous crowd or mass. 
 
 A wild where weeds and &0VJcn proTniscuouB shoot. Pope, 
 
 2. Common ; indiscriminate ; not restricted to an 
 individual ; as, promiscuous love or intercourse. 
 
 PRO-MIS'eU-OUS-LY, adv. In a crowd or mass 
 without order; with confused mixture; indiscrimi- 
 nately ; as, men of all classes promiscuously assem- 
 bled ; particles of ditferent earths promiscuously 
 2. Without distinction of kinds. [united. 
 Lilte Ijeasts and birds promiscuously they join. Pope. 
 
 PRO-MIS'eU-OUS-NESS, 71. A state of being mixed 
 without order or distinction. jlsh. 
 
 PROM'ISE, 71. [Ij. promissum, from promitto, to send 
 before or forward ; pro and mitto, to send ; Fr. pro- 
 mettre, promis, promesse ; It. promcUcre, promessa ; Sp. 
 prometer, promesa.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a declaration, written or ver- 
 bal, made by one person to another, which binds the 
 person who makes it, either in honor, ctmscience, or 
 law, to do or forbear a certain act specified ; a dec- 
 laration which gives to the person to whom it is 
 made a right to expect or to claim the performance 
 or forbearance of the act. The promise of a visit to 
 my neighbor gives him a right to expect it, and I am 
 bound in honor and civility to perform the profui.te. 
 Of such a promise human laws have no cognizance ; 
 but the fulfillment of it is one of the minor morali- 
 ties which civility, kindness, and strict integrity, re- 
 quire to be observed. 
 
 2. In law, a declaration, verbal or written, made 
 by one person to another for a good or valuable con- 
 sideration, in the nature of a covenant, by which the 
 promiser binds himself, and, as the case may be, his 
 legal representatives, to do or forbear some act, and 
 gives to the promisee a legal right to demand and 
 enforce a fulfillment. 
 
 3. A binding declaration of something to be done 
 or given for another's benefit ; as, the promise of a 
 grant of land. A promise may be ahsalnte or condi- 
 tional ; lawful or unlawful ; express or implied. An 
 ulisolule promi.ie must be fulfilled at all events. The 
 obligation to fulfill a conditional promise depends on 
 the performance of the condition. An unlatcful 
 promise is not binding, because it is void ; for it is 
 incompatible with a prior paramount obligation of 
 obedience to the laws. An express promise is one 
 expressed in words or writing. An implied promise 
 is one which reason and justice dictate. If I hire a 
 man to perform a day's labor, without any declara- 
 tion that I will pny him, the law presumes n promise 
 on my part that 1 will givc^ him a reasonable reward, 
 and will enforce such implied jrromise. 
 
 4. Hopes ; expectation, or that which affords ex- 
 peclalion of future distinction ; as, a youth of great 
 promise. 
 
 My nnllve country wni full of youthful ;>romiM. Irang. 
 
 5. That which is promised ; fuinilmciit or grant of 
 what ia promised. 
 
 Ho comnnnnded ihrm tliot thev Bhoulfl not depart from JeruiA- 
 lem, hul wait for llie promiitr of tlie P.ulier. — Act* i. 
 
 6. In Scripture, the promise of God is the declara- 
 tion or assurance which God has given in his word 
 of bestowing blessings on his people. Such assur- 
 ance, resting on the perfect justice, power, benevo- 
 lence, anil immutable veracity of God, can not fail of 
 performance. 
 
 The I.oni is not slack concerning hb promises. — 2 Pet. iii. 
 
 PROM'ISE, V. t. To make a declaration to another, 
 which binds the promiser in honor, conscience, or 
 law, to do or forbear some act : as, to promise a visit 
 to a friend ; to promise a cessation of hostilities ; to 
 pran'ise the payment of money. 
 
 2. 'I'o afford reason to expect ; as, the year prom- 
 ises a good harvest. 
 
 3. To make declar.ition or give assurance of some 
 benefit to be conferred ; to pledge or engage to bestow. 
 
 The proprietors promised lar^e tracts of land. 
 
 Charter of Dtirlmoulh College. 
 
 PROM'ISE, r. i. To assure one by a promise or bind- 
 ing dt^claiation. The man promises hir ; let lis for- 
 give him. 
 
 2. To afford hopes or expectations ; to give ground 
 to expect good. The youth promises to be an emi- 
 nent man ; the wheat promises to be a good crop ; 
 the weather promisci to be pleasant. 
 
 3. In popular use, this verb sometimes threatens or 
 assures of evil. The rogue shall be punished, I 
 promise you. 
 
 Will not the ladies be afraid of tlie Lion ? 
 
 — 1 fear it, I promise you. Shak. 
 
 In the latter example, pr0771i.sc is equivalent to de- 
 clare ; *' I declare to you." 
 
 4. To promise one's self; to be assured or to have 
 strong confidence. 
 
 I dare promise myself you will attest the truth of all I have ad. 
 
 vaiiced. Jtambler. 
 
 PROM'ISE-BReACH, 71. Violation of promise. ShnL 
 PROM'ISE-iiREAK'ER, 71. A violator of promises. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PROM'IS-ED, (prom'lst,)pp. or a. Engaged by word 
 or writing ; stipulated. 
 
 PROM IS EE', 7». Tlie person to whom a promise is 
 made. Encyc. 
 
 PROM'IS-ER, 71. One who promises ; one who en- 
 gages, assures, stipulates, or covenants. Fear, says 
 Dryden, is a great promiser. We may say tliat hope 
 is a very liberal promiser. 
 
 The import of a promise, when disputed, is not to be deteriniir.rl 
 by the sense of tile promiser, nor by the expectations of iti 
 promisee. Paley. Encyr. 
 
 JVote. — In laio language. Promisor is used, but 
 without necessity or advantage. 
 PROM'IS-ING, ppr. Engaging by words or writing ; 
 stipulating ; assuring. 
 
 2. Affording just expectations of good or reasona- 
 ble ground of hojie ; as, a promising youth ; a prom- 
 ising prospect, [in this sense Uie word may be a par- 
 ticiple or an adjective.] 
 PRO.M'I.'S-ING-LY, adv. In a promising manner. 
 PROM'IS-SO-RI-LY, adv. By way of promise. 
 PROM'IS-SO-RY, a. Containing a promise or binding 
 declaration of something to be done or forborne. 
 
 Jjrhuthnot. 
 
 9. In law, a promissory note is a writing which 
 contains a promise of the payment of money or Ihe 
 delivery of property to another, at or before a time 
 specified, in consideration of value received by the 
 promiser. In England, promissory notes and bills of 
 exchange, being negotiable for the payment of a less 
 sum than twenty shillings, are declared to be void 
 by Stat. 15 Geo. I II. Blackstone. 
 PROM'ON-TO-RY, 71. [h. promontorium : pro, for- 
 waril, and 7;io7is, a mountain ; Fr. promontoirc; It. 
 and Sp. promontorio.] 
 
 In geography, a high point of land or rock, project- 
 ing into the sea beyond the line of coast ; a head 
 land. It differs from aca|ie in denoting high lanil ; a 
 cape may be a similar projection of land, high or low. 
 
 Like one that stands upon a promonlory. Shak. 
 
 II you drink tea on n promontoiy that ovcrliangs tlie j>e,», it is 
 
 pn f'T.iltIo to an assembly. Pope, 
 
 PRO-Mr)TE', r. t. [L. promotiis, promoveo, to move 
 forward ; pro and 7/it;i'C£>, to move ; It. promovcrc ; 
 Sp. prautovcr ; Fr. promouvoir.] 
 
 1. To forward ; to advance; to coiitriliiite lo the 
 growth, enlargement, or excellence of any thing val- 
 uable, or to the increase of any thing evil ; as, to 
 promote learning, knowledge, virtue, or religion ; to 
 promote the interests of commerce or ngricnlture ; to 
 promote the arts ; to promote civilization or refine- 
 ment ; to promote the propagation of the gospel ; to 
 promote vice and disorder. 
 
 2. To excite ; as, to promote mutiny. 
 
 3. To exalt ; to elevate ; to raise ; to prefer in 
 rank or honor. 
 
 I will pramate thee to very (rreat honor. — Num. xxii. 
 Kxalt her, and she hliall promote Uiec. — Prov. Iv. 
 
 PRO-MOT'ED, pp. Advanced ; exalted. 
 
 PRO-MfST'ER, «. Ho or that which forwards, ad- 
 vances, or promotes ; an encourager ; as, a promoter 
 of chanty. Mterbury. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FAM.. WH^T. — METE, PRfiY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 676 
 
PRO 
 
 2. One lliat excites ; as, a pronwtrr of sedition. 
 
 3. An informer ; a make-bate. [04.<.] 
 I'RO-MoT'ING, ppr. Forwarding; advancing; ex- 
 citing: exalting. 
 
 ruO-MO'TION, n. [Fr., from promote.] 
 
 1. The act of promoting ; advancement ; enconr- 
 aiii'ment ; as, llie promotion of virtue or morals ; the 
 promotion of peace or of discord. 
 
 2. Kxaltalion in ranl( or honor ; preferment. 
 
 My promotion will be thy destruction. Milton. 
 Promotion coin'-tli ncitlier from the east, nor from the west, nor 
 rroin the south. — Ps. Ixiv. 
 
 PRO-MO'TIVE, a. Tending to advance or promote ; 
 
 tcndins to encourage. Hume. 
 PKO-MCiVE', V. t. To advance. [JVot used.] Fell. 
 PROiMI'T, a. [Fr. prompt; It. and Sp. pronto; L. 
 
 promptus^ from promo.] 
 
 1. Ready and quick to act as occasion demands. 
 Very discerning and prompt in ^vin* onicr^. Clarendon. 
 Q. Of a ready disposition ; acting with cheerful 
 
 alacrity ; as, prompt in obedience or compliance. 
 
 T.-M liiin 
 
 I'm prompt to I.iy niy crown at 's tcct. ShaJc. 
 
 3. Quick; ready; not dilattiry ; applied totftinirs; 
 as, he manifested a prompt obedience ; he yielded 
 prompt assistance. 
 
 When VVashinjlon hennl the voice of his country In distress, his 
 oljedience Wiis ;rt-0Hi;)t. Ames. 
 
 4. Quick ; hasty ; indicating boldness or forward- 
 ness. 
 
 And you, perhaps, too prompt in your replies. Dryden. 
 
 5. Ready ; present ; told down ; as, prompt pay- 
 ment. 
 
 C. Easy ; unobstructed. Wolton, 
 PRO.MPT, V. L To incite ; to move or excite to action 
 or exertion ; to instigate. Insults prompt anger or 
 revenge ; love prompts desire ; benevolence prompts 
 men to devote their time and services to spreail the 
 gospel. Ambition prompted Alexander to wish for 
 more worlds to conquer. 
 
 2. To assist a speaker when at a loss, by pro- 
 nouncing the words forgotten or next in order ; as, 
 to prompt an actor ; or to assist a U tirner, by suggest- 
 ing something forgotten or not understood. 
 
 Jlscliam. Shak. Bacon. 
 
 3. To dict-tte ; to suggest to the mind. 
 
 And whispering angels prompt her golden dreams. Pope. 
 
 4. To remind. [JVot used.] Brown. 
 PRO.MPT'IiOOK, II. The book used by a prompter 
 
 of a theater. 
 
 PROMPT'ED, pp. Incited; moved to action; insti- 
 gated ; assisted in S[M^aking or learning. 
 
 PROMPT'ER, 71. One that prompts ; one that admon- 
 ishes or incites to action. 
 
 2. One that is placed behind the scenes in a play- 
 house, whose business is to assist the speakers when 
 at a loss, by uttering the first words of a sentence, or 
 words forgi»tten ; or any i>erson who aids a public 
 speaker when at a loss, by suggesting the next 
 words of his piece. Pope. 
 
 PROMPT'ING, ppr. Inciting ; moving to action ; 
 aiding a speaker when at a loss for the words of his 
 piece. 
 
 PRO.MPT'I-TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. promptus; It. 
 prontitudine ; Sp. prontitud.] 
 
 1. Readiness ; quickness of decision and action 
 when occasion demands. In the sudden vicissitudes 
 of a battle, promptitude in a commander is one of the 
 most essential qualifications. 
 
 2. Readiness of will ; cheerftil alacrity ; as, prompt- 
 itude in obedience or compliance. 
 
 PKO.MPT'LY, adc. Readily; quickly ; expeditiously; 
 checrfiillv. Taylor. 
 
 PRO.MPT'NESS, n. Readiness; quickness of "decis- 
 ion or action. The young man answered questions 
 with ^reat promptness. 
 
 2. (Cheerful willingness; al.icrity. 
 
 3. Activity ; briskness ; as, the promptnrjis of ani- 
 mal actions. .^rbutAnoL 
 
 PRO.MPT'U-A-RY, n, [Fr. promptua ire ; h. promptua- 
 rium,] 
 
 That from which supplies are drawn ; a store- 
 house ; a magazine; a repositor>'. Woodward. 
 
 PRO.MPT'liRE, n. Suggestion ; incitement. [JVot 
 nsed.] Shak. 
 
 PRO ftlUL'GATE, t>. U [L. promulgo.] 
 
 To publish ; to make known by open declaration ; 
 as, to promulgate the secrets of a council. It is par- 
 ticularly applied to the publication of laws and the 
 gospel. The moral law was nromultraled at Mount 
 Sinai. The apostles promu/jra'crf the gospel. Edicts, 
 laws, and orders are promultratejl by circular letters, 
 or through the medium of the public prints. 
 
 PRO-MUL'Ga-TEU, pp. Published ; made publicly 
 known. 
 
 PRO-MlJL'GA-TINr,, jrpr. Publishing. 
 PRO-.MUUGA'TION, n. The act of promulgating ; 
 
 publication ; open declaration; as, the promulgation 
 
 of the law or of the gospel. 
 PRO-.MUL-Ga'TOR, n. A publisher ; one who 
 
 makes known or teaches publicly what was before 
 
 unknown. 
 
 PRO 
 
 PKO-.MULCii;', (pro-iniilj',) v. t. To prumiilgate ; to 
 publish or teach. [Less used than Pnoju Lr.ATE.j 
 
 PK0-MULG'/;I), (pro-muljd',) pp. Pul.lislail. 
 
 PUO-iMUl.G'ER, II. One wlio publishes or teaches 
 what was before unknown. Attcrbury. 
 
 PRO-.MULG'ING, ppr. Publishing. 
 
 PRO-iNA'OS, n. [Gr. ir/jo and vani.] 
 The porch or vestibule of a temple. 
 
 PRO-NA'TION, n. [from L. pronus, having the face 
 downward.] 
 
 1. Among anatomists, th.at motion of the radius 
 whereby the palm of the hand is turned downward ; 
 the act of turning the palm downward ; opposed to 
 Supination. Ennjc. Coir. 
 
 2. That position of the hand, when the tliiiiub is 
 turned toward the bod)-, and the palm downward. 
 
 Parr. 
 
 PRO-NA'TOR, n. A muscle of the fore arm which 
 serves to turn the palm of the hand downward ; op- 
 posed to SirriNAToit. Kncyc. 
 
 PRONE, a. [L. promts.] 
 
 1. liending forward ; inclined; not erect. Mlton. 
 
 2. Lying with the face downward ; contrary to 
 Si'PiNE, Brown. 
 
 3. Headlong ; precipitous ; inclining in descent. 
 
 Down ttiilher pront in flight. Millun. 
 
 4. Sloping ; declivous ; inclined. ^ 
 
 Since the floods demand, 
 For their descent, a prone and sinking land. BUtckmore. 
 
 5. Inclined ; propense ; disposed ; applied to the 
 mind or affectioius, usuallii in an ill sense; as, men 
 prone to evil, prone to strife, prone to intemperance, 
 prone to deny the truth, prone to change. 
 
 PKONE'LY, adv. So as to bend downward. 
 
 PRoNE'NESS, n. The slate of bending downward ; 
 as, the proncnrss of beasts that look downward, o|>- 
 posed to the erectness of man. Brown. 
 
 2. The state of lying with the face downward; 
 contrary to Supineness. 
 
 3. Descent ; declivity ; as, the proneness of a hill. 
 
 4. Inclination of mind, ht\art, or temper ; propen- 
 sion ; disposition ; as, the proneness of the Israelites 
 to idolatry ; proneness to si^lf-gr.itification or to self- 
 justification ; proneness to comply with temptation ; 
 souietirnes in a good sense ; as, tiie proneness of gtiod 
 men to commiserate want. JiHcrliury. 
 
 PROJiG, II. [Possibly it is formed wMh n casual, 
 from the VV. prociaw, to stab, or Scot, prog, brog, a 
 sharp point.] 
 
 1. A sharp-pointed instrument. 
 
 Prick it on a prong of iron. Sandys. 
 
 2. The tine of a fork or of a similar instrtiinent ; 
 as, a fork of two or three prongs. \Tliis is the setise 
 in which it is nsed in .America.] 
 
 3. A pointed projection. 
 
 PRONG'iCD, a. Having prongs or projections like the 
 
 tines of a fork. 
 PRONG' HoE, n. A hoe with prongs to break the 
 
 earth. fmcyc. 
 PRo'NI-TY, for Pboneness, is not used. More. 
 PRO-NOM'IN-AL, o. [L. jironomen. See Pronoun.] 
 Belonging to or of the nature of a pronoun. 
 
 Loujth. 
 
 PRO-NOM'I.\-AL-LY, ath. With the effect or after 
 the manner of a prtmoun. 
 
 PRo'NOUN, n. [Fr. pronom ; It, pronome; Sp. pro- 
 nombre ; L. jrronomen ; pro, for, and nomen, name.] 
 
 In grammar, a word used instead of a noun or 
 name, to prevent the repetition of it. The pcrson.al 
 pronouns in English are /, thou, or you, he, she, we, 
 ye,a\\Athey. The last is used for the name of things, 
 as well as for tliat of persons. Other words arc 
 used for the names of persons, things, sentences, 
 phrases, and for adjectives ; and when they stand 
 for sentences, phrases, and adjectives, they are not 
 strictly pronouns, but relatives, substitutes, or repre- 
 sentiitives of such sentences. Thus we say, " The 
 jury found the prisoner guilty, and the court pro- 
 nounced sentence on him. This or t/uit gave great 
 joy to the spectators." In these sentences, this or 
 that represents the whole preceding sentence, which 
 is the proper antecedent. We also say, " The jury 
 pronounced the man guilty ; this, or tJiut, or irhieh he 
 could not be, for he proved an alibi;" in which 
 sentence, this, or Uiat, or which, refers immediately to 
 guilty, as its nntecedt nt. 
 
 PRO-NOIJNCE', (pro-nouns',) r. t. [Fr. pronoiicrr; 
 It. pronunziare ; Sp. pronunciar ; Ij. pronuucio ; pro 
 and nuncio.] 
 
 1. To spe.ik ; to utter articulately. The child is 
 not able to pronounce words composed of difficult 
 combinations of letters. Adults rarely learn to pro- 
 nounce correctly a foreign language. 
 
 2. To utter formally, officially, or solemnly. The 
 court pronounced sentence of death on the criminal. 
 
 Then Banich answered them, lie pronounted all theve words tti 
 me with his mouth. — Jer. xxxri. 
 Sternly he pronounced 
 The rigid Inu-irlictMn. ^rilton. 
 
 3. To speak or utter rhetorically ; to deliver ; as, 
 to pronounce an oration. 
 
 4. To speak ; to utter, in almost any manner. 
 
 PRO 
 
 5. To declare or allirin. He pronounced the book 
 to be a libel ; he pronounced the act to be a fraud. 
 
 PRO NOUNCE', V. i. To 8[>eak ; to iiiuko declara- 
 tion ; to utter an opinion. 
 
 How eonfldenUy socTer men pronounce of tliemvlTrs. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE, a. That may be pronounced 
 or uttered. Pinkerton. 
 
 PRO-NOUNC'f:D, pp. Spoken; uttered; declared 
 solemnly. 
 
 PKO-NOUNC'ER, n. One who utters or declares. 
 PIIO-NOUNU'IJJG, ppr. Speaking; uttering; de- 
 claring. 
 
 2. a. Teaching pronunciation. 
 PRO-NUN'CIAL, a. Pertaining to pronunciation. 
 PRO-NUN-CI-A'TION, n. [Fr. prononciation, from 
 L. pronunciatio.] 
 
 1. The act of uttering with articulation ; utter- 
 ance; as, the pronunciatiott of syllables or words; 
 distinct or indistinct prtinundatiou. 
 
 2. 'J'he mode of uttering words or sentences ; par- 
 ticularly, the art or manner of uttering a discourse 
 publicly with propriety and gracefulness ; now called 
 deliorry. J. Q. Jidams, 
 
 PKO-NUN'CIA-TIVE, a. Uttering confidently ; dog 
 matical. Huron. 
 
 PROOF, II. [Sax. profian, to prove ; ,Sw. prof, primf ; 
 Dan. prijve ; D. prorf ; G. probe; W. pro id ; Fr 
 preuve ; It. prova; Sp. prucba; Russ. proba. Scd 
 Prove.] 
 
 1. Trial ; essay ; experiment ; any effort, process, 
 or operation that ascertains truth or fact. I'lius the 
 quality of sjiirit is ascertained by proof; the strength 
 of gnnpowtler, of fire-arms, and of cannon, is deter 
 mined by proof; the correctness of operations in 
 arithmetic is ascertained by proof. 
 
 2. In law and logic, that liegree of evidence which 
 convinces the mind of the certainty of truth or faet, 
 and produces belief. Proof is derived from personal 
 knowledge, or from the testimony of others, or from 
 conclusive reasoning. Proof dillers from demonstra- 
 tion, which is applicable only to those truths of 
 which the contrary is inconceivable. 
 
 Thut h;ui neither evidence of truth, nor proo/sulTiclent to Hve it 
 w.irriint. Booker. 
 
 3. Firmness or hardness that resists impression, or 
 yields not to force ; impenetrability i;f physical bod- 
 ies ; as, a wall that is proof against shut. 
 
 See arms of proof. Dryden. 
 
 4. Firmness of mind ; stability not to be shaken ; 
 as, a mind i r virtue thut is proof against the arts of 
 seduction and the assaults of leinptalion. 
 
 ,5. The proof of .spirits consists in little bubbles 
 which appear ou the top of the liquor alter agita- 
 tion, called the bead, and by the French, chapeleU 
 Hence, 
 
 6. The degree of strength in spirit; as, high proo/; 
 first proof: second, third, or fourth proof. 
 
 7. In printing and engraving, a rough impression 
 of a sheet, taken for correction ; plur. Proofs, not 
 Pkoves. 
 
 fs. Armor sufficiently firm to resist impression. 
 [JVot used.] Shak. 
 Proof is used elliptically for of proof. 
 
 I have fotnid thee 
 Proof ft^iiist all tempiiaioa. Milton. 
 
 It is sometimes followed by to, more generally by 
 
 against, 
 
 ° Proof-impression ; an early impression of an en- 
 graving, considereti the best, as being first taken. 
 
 PROOF'-UHEET. See Proof, No. 7. 
 
 I'ROOF'LESS, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to in- 
 duce belief; not proved. Boyle, 
 
 PROOF'LESS-LY, adv. Without proof. 
 
 PROOF'-SPIR-IT, n. A mixture of equal weights of 
 pure alcohol and water. 
 
 PROOF'-TE.\T, n. A passage of Scripture relied upon 
 for proving a doctrine, &.c. 
 
 PROP, r. (. [D. and Dan. prop, a stopple, Sw. propp ; 
 G. pfropf, id. ; D. propnrn ; G. pfrojifen, to stuff or 
 thrust ; Dan. propjier. I'licsc are probably the same 
 word difierently applied.] 
 
 1. To support or prevent from falling by placing 
 something under or against; as, to prop a fence or 
 an old building. 
 
 2. To support by standing under or against. 
 
 Tilt the liriglit mountains prop th' incumbent sky. Pope. 
 
 3. To support ; to sustain ; in a general sense; as, 
 to pr. p a declining state. 
 
 I prop myself up«^n the few supporu that are left me. Pop*. 
 PROP, n. That which sustains an incumbent w eight ; , 
 that on which any thing rests fur siippttrt ; a sup- ! 
 port ; a stiiy ; as, a prop for vines ; a prop fur an old 
 building. An affectionate child is the prop of de- |; 
 dining age. | • 
 
 PRO-P/E DEO'TieS, n. [Gr. rpo, before, and iro<- ii 
 hvto, to instruct.] ! 
 
 Preliminary learning connected with any art or 1 1 
 science. Brande. I 
 
 PROP'A-GA-DLE, a. [See Propacate.] That may I 
 be continued or multiplied by natural generation or ], 
 production ; applied to antmals and vegetabUs | ' 
 
 I, 
 
 J, 
 
 TCNE, ByLL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 2. That may be spreaii or extended Uy any means, 
 as tenet?*, doctrines, or principles. 
 PROH-A-GAN'Da, n. [from L.] The popular name 
 of a society in Rome, charged with the nianaeement 
 of tlie Roman Cattiolic missions, and styled Societas 
 de Propatrantla Fide. Mitrtlock. 
 PROP-A-GAi\"DISM,n. [See Propaqatk.] The art 
 or practice of propagating tenets or principles. 
 
 Dwight. 
 
 PROP-A-GAN'DIST, 71. A person who devotes him- 
 self to tlie spread of any system of principles. 
 
 Conapiirle S'-lpctM a body to compose his saniiedrim of political 
 propagfindisls. Walsh.. 
 
 PROP'A-GaTE, ». t. [L. propairn ; It. propagsrine; 
 G. pfropfj a stopple ; pfropfen^ to tiirnst, also to graft. 
 (See Pkop.) 'I'lie Latin noun propa^u is the Eng- 
 lish prop, and the termination ago, as in cartilago, 
 &c. The sense of the noun is that which is set or 
 thrust in.] 
 
 1. To continue or multiply the kind by generation 
 or successive production ; applied to animals and 
 plants ; as, to propagate a breed of horses or sheep ; 
 to propagate any species of fruit-tree. 
 
 2. 'i'o spread ; to extend ; to impel or continue for- 
 ward in space; as, to propagate sound or light. 
 
 3. To spread from person to person ; to extend ; to 
 give birth to, or originate and spread ; as, to propa- 
 gate, a story or report. 
 
 4. To carry from place to jilace ; to extend by 
 planting and establishing in places before destitute j 
 as, to propagate the Christian religion. 
 
 5. To extend ; to increase. 
 
 Griefs of my own lie heavy in my breast, 
 
 Which thou will projMsnte. Shale. 
 
 6. To generate ; to produce. 
 
 Suporsiilious notions, propagated in fancy, are hardly ever 
 totally eradicated. Tlidiardson. 
 
 PROP'A-GaTE, v. i. To have young or issue ; to be 
 produced or multiplied by generation, or by new 
 shoots or plants. Wild horses propagate \\\ tlie for- 
 ests of South America. 
 
 PROP'A-GA-TED, pp. or a. Continued or multiplied 
 by generation or production of the same kind ; 
 spread ; e.xtended. 
 
 PROP'A-Ga-TING, ppr. Continuing or multiplying 
 the kind by generation or production ; spreading and 
 e.-;tablishing. 
 
 PROP-A-Ga'TION, n. [Fr., from L. propagatio.] 
 
 1. The act of propagating ; the continuance or 
 multiplication of the kind by generation or succes- 
 sive production ; as, the propagation of animals or 
 plants. 
 
 There is not in nature any sponUaneous generation, but all come 
 by pr(/}iagation. Ray, 
 
 9. The spreading or extension of any thing ; as, 
 the propagation of sound, or of reports, 
 
 3. The spreading of any thing by planting and es- 
 tablishing in places before destitute ; as, the propa- 
 gation of the gos[)el among pagans. 
 
 4. A forwarding or promotion. 
 PROP'A-Ga-TOR, n. One that continues or multi- 
 plies his own species by generation. 
 
 2. One that continues or multiplies any species of 
 animals or plants. 
 
 3. One that spreads or causes to circulate, as a re- 
 port. 
 
 4. One that plants and establishes in a country 
 destitute ; as, a propagator of the gospel. 
 
 5. One that plants, originates, or extends ; one 
 that promotes. 
 
 PRO-PEL', !). (. propello ; pro, forward, and pet- 
 to, to drive.] 
 
 To drive forward ; to urge or press onward by 
 force. 'J'he wind or steam propels ships ; balls are 
 propelled by the force of gunpowder ; mill wheels are 
 propelled by water or sti am ; the blood is propelled 
 through the arteries and veins by the action of the 
 heart. 
 
 [ This word is eommovbf applied to material bodies.] 
 PRO-PKL'L/'.'D. pp. Driven forward. 
 PKO-PEL'LER, 71. A contrivance for pro[)elling a 
 
 steamboat by the action of a screw placed in the 
 
 Ktcrn. 
 
 2. A steamboat thus propelled. 
 PRO-PEL'LL\(;, ppr. or a. Driving forward. 
 PltO-PEND', r. i. [L. propcndeo ; pro, forward, and 
 pcndeo, to hang.] 
 
 'I'o lean toward ; to incline ; to be disposed in fa- 
 vor of anything. [Little u.icd.] Skali. 
 PRO-PEMD'E.\-CY, «. [L. propendens.] 
 
 1. A leaning toward ; inclination ; tendency of 
 deiiire to any thing. 
 
 2. Preconsideralifin ; attentive deliberation. [TAl- 
 tlr used.] Hate. 
 
 PRO-PE.VD'RNT, a. Inclining forward or toward. 
 
 PKO-PE.VD'ING, p/>r. Inclining toward. [South. 
 
 PRO-PE.VHR', (pro-fwnn',) a. I L. priqiensu.f.] 
 
 I.rf?aiiing toward, in a moral Hi nsc ; inclined ; dis- 
 posed, either to good or evil j as, women pnqiensc to 
 IiolllieHn. Hooker. 
 
 PHO PI'N'^ION ) 
 
 PRf) PE.NH'I tV, ( P^oP'^'oi^! I,, propciisio.] 
 
 I. Kent of mind, nntiirni or acquired ; inclination ; 
 
 in a moral sense, disposition to any thing good or 
 evil, particularly to evil ; as, a propensity lo sin ; the 
 corrupt propensity of the will. Rogers. 
 
 It requires critical nicely to fintl out the genius or projiennions 
 of a child. L* Estrange. 
 
 2. Natural tendency ; as, the propension of bodies 
 to a particular place. Digby. 
 
 [In a moral sense^ Propensity is now chiefly 
 used.] 
 
 PROP'ER, a, [Fr. propre; It. propria or propio ; Sp. 
 propio; L. propnui, supposed to be allied lo prope, 
 near ; W. priawd, proper, appropriate.] 
 
 1. Peculiar; naturally or essentially belonging to a 
 person or thing ; not common. That is not proper, 
 which is common to many. Every animal has his 
 proper instincts and inclinations, appetites and hab- 
 its. Every muscle and vessel of the body has its 
 proper office. Every art has its proper rules. Cre- 
 ation is the proper work of an Almighty Being. 
 
 2. Particularly suited to. Every animal lives in 
 his proper element, 
 
 3. One's own. It may be joined with any posses- 
 sive pronoun ; as, our proper son. Sltak. 
 
 proper conceptions. GlantiUle. 
 
 Now learii the dillerence at your proper cost. Dryden. 
 
 J^ote. — Own is often used in such phrases ; " at 
 your own proper cost," This is really tautological, 
 but sanctioned by usage, and expressive of em- 
 phasis, 
 
 4. Noting an individual ; pertaining to one of a 
 species, but not coiiiiiion to the whole ; as, a proper 
 name. Dublin is the proper name of a city. 
 
 5. Fit; suitable; adapted; accommodated. A thin 
 dress is not proper for clothing in a cold climate. 
 Stimulants are proper remedies for debility. Gravity 
 of manners is very proper for persons of advanced 
 age. 
 
 In Athena, all was pleasure, mirth, and play, 
 
 All proper lo the spring and sprightly May. Dryden. 
 
 6. Correct ; just ; as, a proper word ; a proper ex- 
 pression. 
 
 7. Not figurative ; as, plain and proper terms. 
 
 Jiuriiet. 
 
 8. Well-formed ; handsome. 
 
 Moses was a proper child. — Heb. xi. 
 
 9. Tall ; lusty ; handsome with bulk. [Low, and 
 not used.] Slialc. 
 
 10. Mere; pure: as, a prtTpcr fool. [Clnusual.] 
 
 11. In vulgar language, very; as, proper good; 
 proper sweet. Halliieell. 
 
 12. In lieraldry, a term applied to an object repre- 
 sented of its natural color. Brande. 
 
 Proper receptacle: in botany, thnt which sii|iports 
 only a single flower or fructification ; proper perianth, 
 or involucre, that which incloses only a single flower ; 
 proper fiower, or corot, one of the single florets or 
 corollets in an aggregate or compound flower ; proper 
 nectary, sepjirate from the petals and other parts of 
 the flower. Murtyn. 
 PROP'ER-LY, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; in a proper man- 
 ner ; as, a word properly applied ; a dress properly 
 adjusted. 
 
 2. In a strict sense. 
 
 The miseries of life are not properly ow 
 tribolion of Uiings. 
 
 ■ to the unequal dis 
 
 PROP'ER NESS, n. The quality of being proper. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 2. Tallness. [JVot in use.] 
 
 3. Perfect form ; handsomeness. 
 PROP'ER-TY, 71. [This seems to be formed directly 
 
 from proper; if not, it is contracted. 'I'he Latin is 
 projirielas, Fr. proprietd, from which we haye pro- 
 priety.] 
 
 1. A peculiar quality of anything; that which is 
 inherent in a subject, or nariirally essential to it ; 
 calletj^by logicians an essential mode. Thus color is 
 a properly of light ; extension and figure are proper- 
 ties of bodies. 
 
 2. An acquired or artificial quality ; that whic h is 
 given by art or bestowed by man. The poem has 
 the properties w liirli constitute excellence. 
 
 3. duality ; disposition. 
 
 It is tlie property of an old sinner to find delight In I 
 own villainies in others. 
 
 iewing his 
 aouOi. 
 
 4. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and 
 disposing of a thing ; ownership. In the beginning 
 of the world, the Creator gave to man dominion over 
 the earth, over the fish of the sea, and the fowls of 
 the air, and over every living thing. This is the 
 foundation of man's property in the earth anil in all 
 its productions. Prior occupancy of land and of 
 wild animals gives to the possessor the property of 
 them. The labor of inventing, making, or produ- 
 cing any thing, constitutes one of the highest and 
 most indefeasible titles to properti/. Property is also 
 acipiiri'd by Inheritance, by gift, or by purchase. 
 Property is siunelimes hi^ld in common, yet each 
 man's right to his share in common land or stock is 
 exriiisivrly his own. One mini may have the />r(/p- 
 erty of the soil, and another the right of use, by pre- 
 scription or by purchase. 
 
 5. Posseiision held in one's own right. Dryden. 
 
 6. The thing owned ; that to which a person has 
 the legal title, whether in his possession or not. It 
 is one of the greatest blessings of civil society that 
 the property of citizens is well secured. 
 
 7. An estate, whether in lands, goods, or money ; 
 as, a man of large property or small properly. 
 
 8. An estate ; a farm ; a plantation. In this sense, 
 which is common in the United States and in the 
 West Indies, the word has a plural. 
 
 The slili-lionses, on the suj^r plantations, vary in size according 
 
 lo the fancy of the proprietor, or the 1 
 
 erty. Edioards, W. Indies. 
 
 1 shall confine myself to such properties as fall wiUiiii the reach 
 of ilaily ol)ser\"ation. Kdirards, W, Indies. 
 
 9, Nearness or right. 
 
 Here I disclaim all my paternal caie, 
 
 Propinquity and properly of blood, Shak. 
 
 10, Properties; the dresses and appendages used in 
 a theater, the keeper of which is still called the 
 yropcrti/ man. [OAa,] Toone. 
 
 I will driw a bill of properties. Sliak. 
 High pomp and slate are useful properties. Dryden. 
 
 11, Propriety. [JVot in use..] Camden. 
 Literary property; the exclusive right of printing, 
 
 publishing, and making profit by one's own writiuL's. 
 No right or title to a thing can be so perfect as that 
 which is created by a man's own labor and inven- 
 tion. The exclusive right of a man to his literary 
 productions, and to the use of them for his own 
 profit, is entire and perfect, as the faculties employed 
 and labor bestowed are entirely and perfectly his 
 own. On what principle, then, can a legislature or a 
 court determine that an author can enjoy only a 
 temporary property in his own productions.^ If a 
 m:in's riglit to his own productions in writing is as 
 perfect as to the productions of his farm or his shop, 
 liow can the former be abridged or limited, while the 
 latter is held without limitation Why do the pru- 
 dnctions of manual labor rank higher in the scale 
 of rights or property, than the productions of the 
 intellect 7 
 
 PROP'ER-TY, V. t. To invest with qualities, or to 
 take as one's own ; to appropriate, [jln aiekirard 
 word, and not used.] Shale. 
 
 PRO PIIaNE'. See Profane. 
 
 PROPU'A-SIS, (profa-sis,) 71. [Gr. wpofaati, from 
 
 TToo'liiipi, to foretell.] 
 
 In medicine, prognosis ; foreknowledge of a disease. 
 PROPII'E-CY, (prof'e-se,) n. [Gr. ?7p')i/>7;r£iri, from 
 
 n-,oi)0rj/ji, to foretell; irpu, before, and 07)pi, to tell. 
 
 This ought to be written Prophesy.] 
 
 1. A foretelling ; prediction ; a declaration of some- 
 thing to come. As God only knows future events 
 with certainty, no being but God, or some person in- 
 formed by him, can utter a real prophecy. The propli^ 
 ecies recorded in Scripture, when fulfilled, afl"ord 
 most convincing evidence of the divine original of 
 the Scriptures, as those who uttered the prophecie.s 
 could not have foreknown the events predicted with- 
 out supernatural instruction. 2 Pet. i. 
 
 2. In Scripture, a l)ook of prophecies ; a hislorj' ; 
 as, the prophecy of Aliijali. 2 Chron. \x. 
 
 3. Preaching ; public interpretation of Scripture ; 
 exhortation or instruction. Prnv. xxxi. 
 
 PROPH'E-SI-KD, (side) pp. Foretold ; predicted. 
 PROPH'E-SI-ER, 71. One who predicts events. 
 PROPH'E-S5, V. t. To foretell future events ; to pre- 
 dict. 
 
 I hate him, for he doth uot prophesy good concerning me, but 
 evil. — 1 Kings xxli. 
 
 2. To foreshow. [Little used.] Shalt. 
 PROPIl'E-S'?, V. i. To utter predictions ; to make 
 declaration of events to come. Jer. xi. 
 
 2. In Scripture, to preach ; to instruct in religious 
 doctrines ; to interpret or explain Scripture or reli- 
 gious subjects ; to exhort. 1 Cor. xiii. F.zek. xxxvii, 
 PROPU'E-SV-LNG, ppr. Foretelling events. 
 PROPH'E-S-f-ING, 71. The act of foretelling or of 
 preaching. 
 
 PROPH'ET, (profit,) 71. [Gr. irpo^ijrijs ; h.propheta; 
 Fr. propk&te.] 
 
 1. One that foretells future events; a predicter; 
 a foreteller. 
 
 2. In Seriplure, a person illuminated, inspired, or 
 instructed by God to announce future events ; as 
 Jloses, Elijaii, David, Isaiah, &c. 
 
 3. An interpreter ; one that explains or communi- 
 cates sentiments. Kjrod. vii. 
 
 4. One who pretends to foretell ; an iinposler ; as, 
 a false prophet. J)cts xiii. 
 
 School of the prophets ; among the f.-.Taetili\t, a school 
 or college in which young men were educated and 
 qualified for public teachers. These students were 
 culled sons of the prophets. 
 PROPII'ET-ESS, 71. A female prophet ; a woman who 
 foretells future events, as Miriam, lluldah, Anna, 
 &c. F.rod. XV. Judg. iv. Luhe ii. 
 PRO-I'IIET'IC, jo. ("ontaining prophecy ; fore- 
 PKO I'lIKT'IC-AL, j telling future events; as, 
 prophetic writings. 
 
 2. Unfolding future events; as, prophetic dreams. 
 It has 0/ before the thing foretold. 
 
 And leant an- olt frrophetic of ill' ev<-nt. Dryden. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT —METE, PRfiY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nQQK.— 
 __ - — 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PIU)-PIIET'ie-AL-LY, add. Uy way of pri'diclion ; 
 
 ill llii! iimiiiif r uf proplu cy. Dryden. 
 PROl'irBT-I/i;, I), i. To (jive prediction. {Mused.] 
 PROl'iriC r-i.IKi;, a. Like a pr.iplitt. Shak. 
 PllU-PIIOll'ie, a. [Gr. jt/jik^u/jiicuj.] 
 Kniiiiciativr. 
 
 PUOPII-Y-LAe'Tie, )a. [Gr. npo(pv\aKTiKOf, 
 PUOPlI-Y-LAC'Tie-AL, ! from r:po(/.DAuff(rw,to pru- 
 veiil, to guard ugainbtj npo and :jivXaaaui, to pre- 
 serve.] 
 
 Ill medicine, preventive ; defending from disease. 
 
 Coxe. 
 
 PROPFI-Y-LAC'TIC, n. A medicine which preserves 
 or drfonds against disease ; a preventive. Coxe. 
 
 PKOP-I-i\A'TIO.\, n. [L. propinatio ; propiiio i Gr. 
 77MCI and iTti/M, to drink.] 
 
 Tile act of pledging, or drinking first and then of- 
 fering tlie cup to another. Putter. 
 
 PllO-PINE', V. t. [L. propiiio, supra.] 
 
 1. To pledge ; to drink tirst and then offer the cup 
 to another. [JVoi usrd,] 
 
 2. To expose. [JVu( ii,tei/.] 
 PRO-PIN'aUI-TY, (pro-piiik'we-te,) n. [L. propin- 
 
 i/uittis, from propiiiquus, near.] 
 
 1. Nearness in place ; neighborhood. Ray. 
 
 2. Nearness in time. Brown. 
 
 3. Nearness of blood ; kindred. Shak. 
 
 PRO-PI"TlA-BLE, (pro-|>isli'a-bl,) a. [.See Propi- 
 tiate.] That may be induced to favor, or tliat may 
 be iiKKie propitious. 
 PRO-Pr'TUTE, (-pish'atc,) v. U [L. propiiio. Qu. 
 pro and the root of L. pio. Eng. piti).] 
 
 To conciliate ; to appease one otfendcd and render 
 liiiii favorable ; to make propitious. 
 
 Lot fii-rc* Achilli-8, drr>a(lfiil in hi.i raj^, 
 
 The goil Jtropiliate ami the pest aMu.ige. Pope. 
 
 PRO-PI"TlA-TEl>, (-pish'a-ted,) pp. Appeased and 
 
 rendered favorable ; conciliated. 
 PPO-PI"TIA-Tl.\'(;, ppr. Conciliating; appeasing 
 
 the wrath of and rendering favorable. 
 PKO-Pr' TI A'TiON, (-pish-e-a'shun,) h. [Fr. ; from 
 
 propitiate.] 
 
 1. The act of appeasing wrath and ccmciliating the 
 favor of an oll'eiided person ; the act of making pro- 
 jiitioiis. 
 
 L>. In theoUnpj, the atonement or atoning sacrifice 
 which removes the obstacle to man's salvation. 
 Christ is the propitiation for the sins of men. Rom. 
 iii. 1 .fohn ii. 
 
 PKO-PI"TIa'TOR,7>. One who propitiates. Slienmod. 
 
 PRO-Pr'TlA TO-Kl-I,Y, odr. liy way of propitiation. 
 
 PRO-PC'TIA TO KY, a. Having the power to make 
 propitious ; as, a pra/iitialori/ sacrifice. StUlinirJleet, 
 
 PR()-Pl"TI.\-T()-RY, n. Ainong tlicJeics, the mercy- 
 seat ; the lid or cover of the ark of the covenant, 
 lined within and wit|iout with plates of gold. This 
 was a tvpe of Christ. F.ncyc. 
 
 PRO-Pl"'TIOlJS, (-pi.sh'us,) a. [L. propitiiis.] 
 
 1. Favorable ; kind ; applied to men. 
 
 2. Dis[)osed to he gracious or merciful ; ready to 
 forgive sins and bestow blessings ; applied to Ood. 
 
 3. Fav(»rable ; as, a propitious season. 
 PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY, (pish'us-le,) adv. Favorably; 
 
 kindly. Ro.-icommon. 
 PRO-Pl"TIOtIS-NESS, (-pish'us-ness,) n. Kindness ; 
 disposition to treat another kindly ; disposition to 
 forgive. 
 
 2. Favorableness ; as, the propifioit^-nti-s of the sen- 
 son or climate. Temple. 
 PRO'PI-AS.M, n. [Gr. ttoo and rrXaapa, a device.] 
 
 .\ mold ; a matrix. IVoodiDard, 
 PRO-PLAS'TICE, (-pl.is'tis,) n. [Supra.] The art 
 
 of making molds fur castings. 
 PRO'PO-I.IS, n. [Gr., before the city, or the front of 
 the city.] 
 
 A thick, odorous substance, having some resem- 
 blance to wa\, and smelling like stornx ; used by 
 bees to stop the holes and crevices in their Iiives to 
 prevent the entrance tif cold air, &.C. 
 PRO-PO'NENT, n. [L. proponens ; pro and pono, to 
 place.] 
 
 One that makes a proposal, or lays down a propo- 
 sition. Dryden. 
 PRO-POR'TION, n, [L. proportio ; pro and partio, 
 part or share. See PoBTiaN.] 
 
 1. 'I'he comparative relation of any one thing to 
 nnotbcr. Let a man's exertions be in proportion to 
 his strength. 
 
 2. In mathematics, the identity or similitude of two 
 ratios. Proportion differs from ratio. Ratio is prop- 
 erly the relation of two magnitudes or ipiantities of 
 one and the same kind ; as the ratio of 5 to 10, or 
 the ratio of 8 to Ifi. Proportion is the sameness or 
 likeness of two such relations. Thus .'j is to 10 as 8 
 to lli, or A is to B as C is to D ; that is, 5 bears the 
 same relation to 10 as 8 does to IG. Hence we say, 
 such minibcrs are in proportion. Huilon. 
 
 An equality of ritios ; sometimes, also, the series 
 of terms among which an equality of ratios exists. 
 
 Day. 
 
 3. In arithmetic, a rule by which, when three num- 
 bers are given, a fourth number is found, which 
 bears the same relation to the third as the second 
 
 does to the first; or a fourth iiiinilier is found, bear- 
 ing the same relation to the third .is the first does to 
 the secmid. 'J'he former is called direct, and the lat- 
 ter inoerse proportion. 
 
 4. Symmetry ; suitable adaptation of one part or 
 thing to another; \\ii\ prupurtmn of one limb to 
 niiotlier in the human body ; the proportion of the 
 length and breadth of a room to its higlit. 
 
 Hnrrm>ny, with evrry gric^, 
 Plays 111 Uic fair proportions of iicr lacy. Mrs. Carter. 
 
 5. Equal or just share ; ns, to ascertain the propor- 
 tion of profit to which each partner in a comjiany is 
 entitled. 
 
 6. Form ; size. [Little used,] Davics. 
 
 7. The relation between unequal things of the 
 same kind, by which their several parts correspoiiil 
 to each other with an equal augmentation and dimi- 
 nution, as in reducing and enlarging figures. Kncyc. 
 
 [This more properly belongs to ratio.] 
 Hnrmonical or musical proportion, is when, of three 
 or four quantities, the first is to the last as the differ- 
 ence between the two first is tothe difference between 
 the two List. Thus, 2, 3, 0, arc in harmonical pro- 
 portion ; for 2 is to 6 as 1 to 3. Thus, 24, 10, 12, 9, 
 are harmonical, for 2-4:9: : 8 : 3. 
 
 Jlrithmctical proportion ; an equality of arithmetical 
 ratios. 
 
 Geometrical proportion ; an equality of geometrical 
 ratios. [See Pno^aiEssioN, Nt). 4.1 
 
 Reciprocal proportion ; an ecpiality between a di- 
 rect and a reciprocal ratio. 'I'lms, 4:2: : 1-3: 1-G. 
 [See Reciprocals and Recipbiical Ratio.] Day. 
 PR0-P6R'T10N, V. t. To adjust the coinparativi; re- 
 lation of one thing or one part to aiiutlu-r ; as, to pro- 
 portion the size of a building to its height, or the 
 thickness of a thing to its length; io proportion our 
 expenditures to our income. 
 
 In the loM of iin oliject, we do not proportion oor ^ief to its n^al 
 v.Uiie, but lu the value our fancies sol upon it. A'ttlUon. 
 
 2. To form with symmetry or suitableness, as the 
 parts of the body. 
 
 PR()-PoU'TIO.'V-A-nLE,a. Tli.at maybe proportioned 
 or made iiropoitional. This is, eiymologically, the 
 true sense of the word ; hut it is commonly, though 
 erroneously, used ill the sense of proportional, being 
 in proportion ; having a due comparative relation ; 
 as, infaiitrv with a proportionable number of horse. 
 
 PRO-P6R'TI()N-A-liLE-NESS, n. State of being 
 proportionable. 
 
 PRO-PoR'TI().\-A-RLY, ndr. According to propor- 
 tion or comparative relation ; as, a large body, with 
 limbs proportionably large. 
 
 PR0-P6R'T10N-AL, a. [It. proporiionalc ; Fr. pro- 
 portion nel.] 
 
 1. Having a due comparative relation ; being in suit- 
 able proportion or degree ; as, the parts of an edifice 
 are proportimial. In pharmacy, nietliciiies are com- 
 pounded of certain proportional quantities of ingre- 
 dients. 
 
 2. In mathematics, having the same ratio ; as, four 
 quantities are proportional ; having alwaj's the same 
 ratio ; as, the velocity of a moving body is propor- 
 tional to the impelling force, when the quantity of 
 matter is given ; its inomenttini is proportional to the 
 quantity of matter it contains, when its velocity is 
 given. 
 
 3. Relating to proportion ; as, proportional scales or 
 compasses. Ihitton. 
 
 PRO-PoR'TION-AL, n. A number or quantity pro- 
 portional ; a name given, in mathematics, lo the terms 
 of a prtiportion. 
 
 Proportional : in chemistry, a term employed in the 
 theory of definite proportions, to denote the same as 
 the weight of an atom or a prime. [See Prime.] 
 
 PRO-P6R-TION-AL'I-TY, n. The quality of being 
 in proportion. Oreic. 
 
 PUO-PoR'TION-AI^LY, adv. In proportion ; in due 
 degree ; with suitable comparative relation; as, all 
 parts of a building being proportionally large. 
 
 PRO-PoR'TlO.N-ATE, a. Ailjusted to something 
 else according to a certain rate or comparative rela- 
 tion ; proportional. 
 
 The connection tictween the end «nd mcani h proporlionale. 
 
 Oreta. 
 
 Punishment should be proportionats to the tmns^rcssioii. 
 
 lAxke. 
 
 PRO-PoR'TION-aTE, r. U To proportion ; to make 
 proportional ; to adjust according to a settled rate or 
 to due comparative relation ; as, to proportionate pun- 
 ishments to crimes. 
 
 [This verb is less used than Pboportion.] 
 PRO-POR'TIO.\-ATE-LY. aJv With due propor- 
 tion ; according to a settled or suitable rate or degree. 
 
 Pcar.-ion. 
 
 PRO-PoR'TION-ATE-NESS, n. The st.-ile of being 
 adjusted by due or settled proportion or comparative 
 relation ; suitableness of proportions. llalc. 
 
 PRO-Pf)R'TION-£D, pp. or a. .Made or adjusted 
 with due proportion or with symmetry of parts. 
 
 PRO P^^R'TION-ING, ppr. Making proportional. 
 
 PKO-POR'TION LESS, a. Without proportion ; with- 
 out svminetry of parts. 
 
 PRO-PO'SAL, n. (from propose.] 
 
 1. That vvliieh is ofilred or profioiiiided fir ron- 
 sideratioii or acceptance ; a scheiiie or design, teriim 
 or conditions proposed ; as, to make propo.-.nl.. for n 
 treaty of peace ; to offer proposals for erecting a 
 building ; to make proposals of marriage ; proposals | 
 for subscription to a loan t>r to a literary work. 
 
 2. Offer to the luind ; as, the proposal of an agree- 
 able object. South. 
 
 PRO-PoSE', (-poze',) V. f. [Fr. proposer; It. propono, 
 proposui ; W. pusiaw, to pose, that is, to set; literally, 
 to put or throw forward.] 
 
 1. To olVer for consideration, discussion, accept- 
 ance, or adoption ; as, to propose a bill or resolve to a 
 legislative body ; to propose terms of peace ; to /tro- 
 pose a cpiestion or subject for discussion ; to propose 
 an alliance by treaty or marriage ; to propose altera- 
 tions or nmeiidments in a law. 
 
 2. To offer or present for consideration. 
 
 In learning itiiy thiii^, aj little as pussitile sliuuM he proposed 10 
 the iniiiil at hivl. Waus. 
 
 To propose to one's self; to intend ; to design ; to 
 form a design in the mind. 
 PRO POSE', V. i. To lay schemes. [JVot in visr,] I 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. To oflV'r one's self in marriage. Miss Pickerinn. | 
 [ Propose is olten used for purpose ; as, I propose to ' 
 ride to .New York to-morrow. Purpose and propose j 
 are ditfereiit forms of the same word.] ; | 
 
 PRO-PoSE', n. Talk ; discourse. [J^ut in use.] Shall. 1| 
 
 PRO-PoS'A.'l), p;). or o. Offert^d or presented for con- 1 
 sideratioii, discussion, acceptance, or adoption. 
 
 PR()-l'o.«'ER, II. One that oilers any thing for con- 
 sitler:ttioii or adoption. Locke. 
 
 PRO-l'OS'l.Nt;, ppr. Oli'ering for considenition, ac- 
 ceptance, tir adttption. 
 
 PROP-0-SI"TIO.\, (-zish'iin,) n. [Fr., from L.prop- 
 osilio, from propositus, propono.] 
 
 1. That which is prci|Hised ; that which is offered 
 for consiileratinn, acceptance, or adoption ; a pro|H>- 
 sal ; oiler of terms. The ent^iny made propositions of 
 peace ; the propositions were not accepted. 
 
 2. In lotric, one of the three parts of a regular ar- 
 giiiiieiit; the part of an 'argiiineiit in \\'hirh some 
 qiialit)', negative or |)ositive, is attributed to a sub- 
 ject ; as, "snow is white;" "water is fluid;" 
 " vice is not commendable." 
 
 3. In mnthcniatics, a slatrment in terms either of a 
 truth to be denionstraleil, or of an operation to be 
 performed. It is called a tfirorem, when it is some- 
 thing to be proved ; and a problem, when it is some- 
 thing to be done. Olmsted. 
 
 4. In oradin/, that which is offered or affirmed as 
 the subject of the discourse ; any lliing stated or 
 atfirmetl for discussion or illustration. 
 
 a. In poetry, the first part of a poem, in which the 
 author states the subject or matter of it. Ilorice 
 reouiiiiiends modesty and simplicity in the prn/ir. ■ 
 ffoii of a poem. 
 
 PROP 0-Sl"TION-AL, ( zish'un-al,) a. Pertaining 
 to a proposition ; considered as a proposition ; as, a 
 propiisitional sense. IVatt-i. 
 
 PKO-P(JIJNI)', V. t. [L. propono ; pro and pono, to set, 
 put, or place.] 
 
 1. To propose; to offer for consideration; as, to 
 propound a rule of action. Wotton. 
 
 The cxistj'nce of the church halh been propounded ns an object 
 of faith. Penraon. 
 
 2. To offer ; to exhibit ; to propose ; as, to propound 
 a question. Stiuk. 
 
 3. In Conirrerrational churches, to propose or name 
 as a candidate for admission to coiiiiiiiinioii with a i 
 church. Persons intending to make public prtifes- I 
 sion of their faith, and thus unite with the church, | 
 are propounded before the church and congregation ; 
 that is, their intention is notified some days previous, 
 for the purpose of giving op[H)rtunity to inenibers of < 
 the church to object to their admission to such cuni- 
 miinioii, if tliey see cause. | 
 
 PRO-POUND'EU, pp. Proposed ; offered ftir con.sid- 
 eration. 
 
 PRO-POIJND'ER, n. One that proposes or offers for 
 consideration. 
 
 PRO-POUND'ING, ppr. Proposing; offering for con- 
 sidenition. 
 
 PROP'Pf;!), (propt,) pp. [from prop.] Supporteil ; 
 siistaineil by something placed under. 
 
 PROP'PI.N'G, ppr. SiipiHirting by something beneath. 
 
 PRO-PRk'TOR, n. [L. proprwtor.] 
 
 Among the Romajis, a magistrate who, having dis- 
 charged the otlice of pretor at home, was appointed 
 to the government of a province. Smith's Diet. 
 
 PRO-PRT'E-TA-RY, n. [Fr. proprietaire, from pro- 
 priiti.] 
 
 1. A proprietor or owner ; one who has the exclii- | 
 sive title to a thing ; one who possesses or holds the i 
 title tt» a thing in his own right. The grantees of 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland and their heirs were 
 called the proprietaries of those provinces 
 
 2. In monastiries, such monks were called proprie- 
 taries, as had reser\'ed gtKids and effects to them- 
 selves, notwithstanding their renunciation of all nt 
 the time of their profession. F.ncye. 
 
 PRO-PUI'E-T.A-RY, a. Belonging to a proprietor or 
 
 TONE, B;JLL, UNITE AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 I 
 
 ciwner, or to a proprietary. The govern iiients of 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland were formerly proprie- 
 tani. 
 
 PRO-PRT'E-TOR, n. [from L. proprietas, proprius.1 
 An owner ; the person who has tlie legal right or 
 exclusive title to any thin^, whether in possession or 
 not; as, the proprietor of a farm or of a mill. By 
 the gift of God, man is constituted the proprietor of 
 the earth. 
 
 PRO-PRI'E-TOR-SUrP, n. State of being proprietor. 
 
 PRO-PKI'E-TRESS, n. A female who has the exclu- 
 sive legal risht to a thing. L'Estran^e. 
 
 PRO-PRl'E-TY, n. [Ft. propriety ; I., proprielas, {torn 
 propriu-s.] 
 
 1. Property ; pe-juliar or exclusive right of posses- 
 sion ; ownership. 
 
 [This primary sense of the word, as used by 
 Locke, Milton, Dryden, &c., seems now to be nearly 
 or wholly obsolete. See Propertv.] 
 
 2. Fitness; suitableness; ai)propriateness ; conso- 
 nance with established principles, rules, or customs ; 
 justness ; accuracy. Propriety of conduct, in a moral 
 sense, consists in its conformity to the moral law ; 
 propriety of behavior consists in conformity to the 
 established rules of decorum ; propriety in language 
 is correctness in the use of words and phrases, ac- 
 cording to established usage, which constitutes the 
 rule of speaking and writing. 
 
 3. Proper state. Shak. 
 PRO PROe'TOR, n. In the English universities, an 
 
 assistant proctor. Hook. 
 PROPT. See Propped. 
 
 PRO-P0G.\', (pro-piine',) f. i. [L. propugTio ; pro and 
 pusno, to figiit.l 
 
 To contend for; to defend; to vindicate. [Little 
 ^iScdA Hammond, 
 PRO PUG'N.VeLE, n. [L. propug-naculum.] 
 
 A fortress. [JVo( used.] Howell. 
 PRO-PUG-Na'TION, rt. [L. propugnatio.] 
 
 Defense. [J^ot used.] Shak. 
 PRO-PuGN'ER, (pro-pun'er,) n A defender ; a vin- 
 dicator. 
 
 PRO-POGN'ING, p;)r. Contending for ; defending. 
 PRO-PUL-Sa'TION, n. [L. propulsatio ; propuUo. 
 See Propel.] 
 
 The act ot driving away or repelling ; the keeping 
 at a distance. Hall. 
 PRO-PULSE', (pro-puls',) ». t. [h. propulso ; pro ani 
 pnlso, to strike. See Propel.] 
 
 To repel ; to drive off. [Little used,] Cutgrave, 
 PRO-PLTL'SIO.V, C-pul'shun,) n. [L. propulsus, pro- 
 pelh. See Propel.] 
 
 The act of driving forward. Bacon. 
 PRO-PUL'SIVE, a. Tending or haviug power to 
 repel. 
 
 PRO-PY-L.E'UM, 71. [L., from Gr. Trporrv'Siiioy.] In 
 ancinit arcliilcclure, any court or vestibule before a 
 biijldini:, or before its principal j)art9 ; more particii- 
 larhi, the entrance to such court or vestibule. Oteilt. 
 
 PROP'Y-LOiV, II. [Gr. Trpu^wAiPi', ir/)o and irvXri, a 
 gate.] 
 
 The porch, vestibule, or entrance of an edifice. 
 
 Russell. 
 
 PRO Ra'TA, [L.] In proportion. 
 PRoUE, n. [U.prora.] 
 
 The prow or fore part of a ship. Pope. 
 
 [JVoi in u.-fc, except in poetry.] 
 PRO RE J^rA'T^i, [L.] According to exigences or 
 
 circumstances. 
 PRO-REP'TION, 71. [from L. proprepo.] A creej)- 
 
 ing on. 
 
 PRO RO-G.^'TION, n. [L. prorogatio. See Pro- 
 rogue.] 
 
 1. Continuance in time or duration ; a lengthening 
 or prolongation of time ; as, the proroirution of some- 
 thing already possessed. [ This use is uncommon.] 
 
 Snuth. 
 
 2. In England, the continuance of parliament 
 from one session to another, as an adjournment is a 
 continuance of the session from day to dny. This 
 is the established language with respect to the parlia- 
 ment of Great Rritain. In the United Slates, the 
 word is, I believe, rarely or never used ; adjournment 
 hi'ing used, not only in its etymological sense, but 
 for proro^ralion also. 
 
 PRO-RoGUE', fpro-rog',) r. L [Ft. prorogrr ; L. pro- 
 rogo : pro ana rogo. The latter word signifies to 
 ask, or to propose ; but the primary sense is to reach, 
 to slretch forward ; and this is its import in the de- 
 rivative prorogo.] 
 
 1. To protract ; to prolong. 
 
 lie prorogued liii gov';riiiTient. Dryden. 
 
 2. To defer ; to delay ; as, to prorogue ilcath. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 [/rt the fcregoing seniles, Vie viord is now rarely 
 used.] 
 
 :i. To continue the parliament from one session to 
 nnotlif-r. Parliament in nrorognrd by the king's au- 
 thority, either by the lord chancellor in bin inajesty'ii 
 presence, or by commission, or by proclamation. 
 
 RIar.kitonc. 
 
 PIlO-Rf)GIJ'Kn, pp. Prolonged; continued from one 
 seMioii to another. 
 
 PRO-RUP'TION, 71. [L. proruptits, prorumpo ; pro 
 
 and mmpfl, to hurst.] 
 
 The act of bursting forth ; a bursting out. Brown. 
 PRO-SA'IG, a. [L. prosaicus, irom prosa, prose; Fr. 
 
 prosaigiie.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to prose; resembling prose; not re- 
 stricted by numbers; applied to writings ; as, a pro- 
 saic composition. 
 
 2. Dull ; uninteresting. Ed. Rev. 
 PRO-SA'ie-AL-LY, adr. In a dull or prosaic manner. 
 PRo'SA-IS.M, 71. That which is in the form of prose 
 
 writing. Coleridge. 
 PRfVSA-IST, n. A writer of prose. 
 PRQ'SAL, a. Prosaic. [JVut luci/.l Brown. 
 PRO-SCE'NI-U.M, 71. [Gr. tt/jo and (r/tTji-r).] 
 
 1. In the ancient theater, the part where the actors 
 performed, called now the Stage. Smithes Diet. 
 
 2. In the modern theater, the frontispiece, or front 
 part of the stage, where the drop scene separates the 
 stage from the audience. Brande. 
 
 PRO SCRIBE', tJ. t. [L. proscribo ; pro and scribo, to 
 write. The sense of this word originated in the 
 Roman practice of writing the names of persons 
 doomed to (le:ith, and posting the list in public] 
 
 1. To doom to destruction ; to put one out of the 
 protection of law, and promise a reward for his head. 
 Sylla ami Marius /irasmie/i each other's adherents. 
 
 2. To put out of the protection of the law, with- 
 out such a promise. 
 
 Robert Vere, Earl of Oxford, was banished the realm and pro- 
 sciibed. Spenser. 
 
 3. To denounce and condemn as dangerous and 
 not worthy of reception ; to reject utterly. 
 
 In Ihe ye \r 325, Itie Arian doctrinrs were proscribed and analh- 
 emalized liy Uie council uf Nice. Walerlartd. 
 
 4. To censure and condemn as utterly unworthy 
 of recepticm. South. 
 
 5. To interdict ; as, to proscribe the use of ardent 
 spirits. 
 
 PRO-SeRIB'ED, pp. or a. Doomed to destruction ; 
 denounced as dangerous, or as unworthy of recep- 
 tion ; condemned ; banished. 
 
 PRO SGRIB'ER, 7i. One that dooms to destruction ; 
 one that denounces as dangerous, or as utterly un- 
 worthy of reception. 
 
 PRO-SeRIB'ING, ppr. Dooming to destruction ; de- 
 nouncing as unworthy of protection or reception ; 
 condemning ; banishing. 
 
 PRO-SeRIP'TION, 71. [L. proscriptio.] 
 
 1. The act of proscribing or dooming to death ; 
 among the Romans, the public offer of a reward for the 
 head of a political enemy. Such were the proscrip- 
 tions of Sylla and Marius. Under the triumvirate, 
 many of tiie best Roman citizens fell by proscription. 
 
 2. A putting out of the protection of law ; con- 
 demning to exile. 
 
 3. Censure and condemnation ; utter rejection. 
 PRO-S€RIP'TIVE, a. Pertaining to or consisting in 
 
 proscription; proscribing. Burke. 
 PRoSE, 71. [ L. It. and Sp. prosa ; Ft. prose. Q.U. 
 orient, die, 1'id or WiD.] 
 
 1. The natural language of man ; language loose 
 and unconfined to poetical measure, as opposed to 
 verse or metrical composition. 
 
 Things unattf-mpted yet in prose or rhyme. MUlon. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic church, a hymn intro- 
 duced into the mass on certain festival days. [See 
 Secjience.] 
 
 This word is sometimes used adjectively ; as, 
 prose writings. 
 PRoSE, V. t. To write in prose. Milton. 
 
 2. To make a tedious relation. Mason. 
 PROS'E-CUTE, V. t. [h. prosecutus, prosequor ; pro 
 and set/uor, to follow. Eng. to seek. See Essav.] 
 
 1. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, exe- 
 cute, or accomplish ; to continue endeavors to obtain 
 or complete ; to continue efforts already begun ; as, 
 to prosecute a scheme ; to prosecute an undertaking. 
 The plan of a great canal in the State of New York 
 has been prosecuted with success. 
 
 Thai which is morally good is lo be desired and prosecuted. 
 
 WUkint. 
 
 This word signifies either to begin and carry on, or 
 simply continue what has been begun. When I say, 
 " I have devi.sed a plan which I have not the courage 
 or means to prosecute," the word signifies to begin to 
 eiecnte. When we say, *' The natittii began a war 
 which it had not means to prosecute," it signifies to 
 continue to nirry on. 'J'he latter is the genuine sense 
 of the word, but both are well authorized. We 
 prosecute any work of the hands or of the head. 
 We prosecute a purpose, an entcrjirise, a work, 
 studii's, inquiries, &c. 
 
 2. To seek to obtain by legal process ; as, to pros- 
 ecute a right in a court of law. 
 
 3. To accuse of some crime or breach of law, or 
 to pursue for redress or punishment, before a legal 
 tribunal ; us, to prosecute a man for trespass or for 
 a riot. It is applied to civil suits fur damages, as 
 well as to criminal suits, but not to suits for debt. 
 We never say a man prosecutes another on a bond or 
 note, or in assumpsit ; hut he prosecutes his right or 
 
 claim in an action of debt, detinue, trover, or as- 
 sumpsit. So we say, a man prosecutes another for 
 assault and battery, for a libel or for slander, or for 
 breaking his close. In these cases, prosecute signi- 
 fies to begin and to continue a suit. The attorney- 
 general prosecutes offenders in the name of the king 
 or of the state, by information or indictment. 
 
 Prosecute differs from persecute, as in law it is ap- 
 plied to the legal proceedings only, wherezis periccufc 
 implies cruelty, injustice, or oppression. 
 
 PR0S'E-€UTE, v. i. To carry on a legal prosecution , 
 as, to prosecute for public ofienses. Blackstone. 
 
 PROS'E-eU-TED, pp. Pursued, or begun and carried 
 on for execution or accomplishment, as a scheme ; 
 pursued for redress or punishment in a court of 
 law, as a person ; demanded in law, as a riglit or 
 claim. 
 
 PROS'E-€U-TING, ppr. or a. Pursuing, or beginning 
 and carrying on for accomplishment; pursuing for 
 redress or punishment ; suing for, as a right or claim. 
 
 PROS-E-€0'TION, ?i. The act or process of endeav- 
 oring to gain or accomplish something ; pursuit by ef- 
 forts of body or mind ; as, the p>-osccutio« of a scheme, 
 plan, design, or undertaking ; the prosecution of war 
 or of commerce ; the prosecution of a work, study, 
 argument, or inquiiy. I 
 
 2. The institiitio.i and cwrying on of a suit in a 
 court of law or equity, to obtain some right, or to re- 
 dress and punish some wrong. The prosecution of a 
 claim in chancery is very expensive. Malicious pros- 
 ecutions subject the offender to punishment. 
 
 3. The institution or commencement and continu- 
 ance of a criminal suit; the process of exhibiting 
 formal charges against an offender before a legal tri- 
 bunal, and pursuing them to final judgment ; as, 
 prosecutions of the crown or of the state by the at- 
 torney or solicitor-general. Prosecutions may be hy 
 presentment, information, or indictment. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 PROS'E-CU-TOR, 71. One who pursues or carries on 
 any purpose, plan, or business. 
 
 2. The person who institutes and carries on a 
 criminal suit in a legal tribunal, or one who exhibits 
 criminal charges against an offender. The attorney- 
 general is the prosecutor for the king or state. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 PROS'E-LfTE, 71. [Fr. proselyte ; It. proselita ; Gr. 
 TrpficrnXvTui ; Jrpoj and epxopai, to come; r}Xv6ov, 
 TlXOov.] 
 
 A new convert to some religion or religious sect, 
 or to some particular opinion, system, or party. 
 Thus a Gentile converted to Judaism is a proselyte ; 
 a pagan converted to Christianity is ' proselyte : and 
 we speak familiarly of proselytes f the theories of 
 Brown, of Black, or of Lavoisier. The word prima- 
 rily refers to converts to some religious creed. 
 
 PROS'E-L-fTE, I'. (. To make a convert to some 
 religion, or to some opinion or system. Macknight. 
 
 PROS'E-Lf-TED, pp. or a. Made a convert to some 
 religion. 
 
 PROS'E-Lf-TING, ppr. or a. Making converts. 
 
 PROS'E-LYT-IS.M, n. The making of converts to a 
 religion or religious sect, or to any opinion, system, i 
 or party. | 
 
 They were possessed of a spirit of prosc^ytism in the most fanat- 
 ical degree. Burke. 
 
 2. Conversion to a system or creed. 
 PROS'E-LYT-IZE, to make converts, or to convert, is j 
 not well authorized, or not in common use, and is 
 wholly unnecessary. 
 PRO-SEM-I-NA'TION, n. [L. proscminatus ; pro and 
 semino, to sow.] 
 
 Propagation by seed. [JVot used.] Hale. 
 PROS-EN-NE A-IIE'DRAL, a. [Gr. irpos, evvca, and 
 £<5,ja.] 
 
 In crystallography, having nine faces on two adja- 
 cent parts of the crystal. [JVot used.] 
 PRoS'ER, 71. [from prose.] A writer of prose. 
 
 I^rayton. 
 
 2. One who makes a tedious narration of uninter- 
 esting matters. 
 
 PROS'ING, ppr. or a. Talking or writing in a dull, 
 uninteresting manlier. 
 
 PRoS'ING, n. Dull and tedious minuteness in speech 
 or writinc. 
 
 PRO-SLaV'ER-Y, a. In favor of slavery. 
 
 PRO'SY, a. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing. 
 
 PRO-So'DI-AL, la. [from pro.^orfi/.] Pertaining to 
 
 PRO-SOD'ie-AL, i prosody, or the quantity and ac- 
 cents of syllables ; according to the rules of prosody. 
 
 Warton. Ed. Dispens. 
 
 PRO-So'DI-AN, 71. [from prosody.] One skilled in 
 prosody, or in the rules of pronunciation and metrical 
 composiTion. 
 
 PROS'O-DIST, 71. [from prosodi/.] One who under- 
 stands prosody. Walker. 
 
 PROS'O-DY, 71. [ Fr. prosorfic ; L. prosudia ; Gr. npoo- 
 wrlid ; 7r/)ot and mrlij, an ode.] 
 
 That part of grammar which tre.ats of the quantity 
 of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versifica- 
 tion. It includes, also, Ihe art of ndjii.sting the ac- 
 cent and metrical arrangements of syllables in com- 
 positions for the lyre. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METF,, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.— 
 
 _ 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PROS-O-PO-LKP'SY, n. [Gr. 7rpo(7<..Jro,\r,t//if..] 
 
 Kospcct of persons ; more particuhirlijy a premature 
 opiiiiun or prejudice nnaiiiiit a person, formed by a 
 view of liis e.\tern;U appearance. 
 
 Moore. Addison. 
 
 PROS-O-PO-PfE'IA, H. [Or. ir/jptrojrruTroua ; nfjuacj- 
 nov, person, and ifnco, to make.] 
 
 A figure in rhetoric, by wiiich thinffs are repre- 
 sented as persons, or by vvliich things inanimate are 
 spoken of as animated beings, or by wliicli an absent 
 person is introduced as speaking, or a deceased per- 
 son is represented as alive and present. It includes 
 personificalioH, but is more extensive in its significa- 
 tion. Encyc. 
 
 PROS'PECT, 71. [L. prospectus, pro.s-yicio, to look for- 
 ward ; pro and specio, to see.] 
 
 1. View of tilings within the reach of the eye. 
 
 Ellen anil all the com! in pTotpecl lay. Miiton. 
 a View of things to come ; intellectual sifiht ; ex- 
 pectation. The good man enjoys the prospect of 
 future felicity. 
 
 3. That which is presented to the eye ; the place 
 and the objects seen. There is a noble prospect from 
 the dome of the State House in Boston — a prospect 
 diversified with land and water, and every thing that 
 can please the eye. 
 
 4. Object of view. 
 
 Man to hlinsOir 
 la a large protjiect. Denham. 
 
 5. View delineated or painted ; picturesque repre- 
 sentation of a landscape. Heijnvlds. 
 
 6. Place wiiich affords an eiteiided view. 
 
 Mitton. 
 
 7. Position of the front of a building; as, a pros- 
 pect toward the south or north. Ezek. xl. 
 
 8. Lxpectation, or ground of expectation. There 
 is a prospect of a good harvest ; a man has a prospect 
 of preferment ; or he has little prospect of success. 
 
 h^ashin^toii. 
 
 9. A looking forward ; a regard to soiuetliing fu- 
 ture. 
 
 la a prudent man as to his temporal estate, who lays designs 
 only for a day, withoul any prospect tn, or provision for, the 
 remaining part of life ? \Lillle used.] TiUoison. 
 
 PRO-£PEe'TION, 7!. The act of looking forward, or 
 of providing for future wants. Paley. 
 
 PRO-SPEGT'IVE, a. Looking forward in time; re- 
 garding the future ; opposed to Retrospective. 
 
 The supporting of Bible sncielir-s is one of tlie points on which 
 the promises, at the time of onliiiation, bad no jiroc^iectiv« 
 bcaimg. W. Jay. 
 
 2. Acting with foresight. 
 
 The French kinsf anil kin^ of Sweden are circumspect, indus- 
 trious, and pTospeelive in this alVair. Child. 
 
 3. Pertaining to a prospect ; viewing at a distance. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 4. Furnishing an extensive prospect. Dwis^lti. 
 PRO-SPECT'lVE, 71. The scene before or around us. 
 
 Rich. Diet. 
 
 PRO-SPEeT'IVE-LY, adv. With reference to tlie 
 future. 
 
 PRO 8PE€T'IVE-i\ESS, 7i. State of being pro- 
 spective. 
 
 PRO-tfPECT'US, 71. [L.] The plan of a literary 
 work, containing the general subject or design, with 
 the manner and terms of publication, and sometimes 
 a specimen of it. 
 PROS'PER, t). (. [L. prospero, from prosperus, from 
 the Gr. rtpoGiptpoi, to carry to or toward ; jr.oof and 
 {jieiH.t, to bear.] 
 To favor ; to render successful. 
 
 All tiling concur to prafjitr our desi^. Drydcn. 
 PROS'PER, V. X. To be successful ; to succeed. 
 
 The r.onl made all that he did to prosper in his band. — Gen. 
 
 He that covereth his sins sliall nolproJf^Jer. — Pro*, ixviii. 
 2. To grow or increase ; to thrive ; to make gain ; 
 as, to prosper in business. Our agriculture, com- 
 merce, aitil manufactures, now prosper. 
 
 PROS'PER-KI), Having success ; favored. 
 
 PKOS'PEK-I.NG, ppr. Rendering successful; advan- 
 cing in growth, wealth, or any good. 
 
 PROS-PER'l-TY, 71. [L. prosperitas.] 
 
 Advance or gain in any thing good or desirable ; 
 successful progress in any business or enterprise ; 
 success ; attainment of the object desired j as, the 
 prosperitij of arts ; agricultural or commercial pros- 
 perity; national pros])rril ij. Our disposition to abuse 
 the blessings of Providence renders prosperity dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 Tlie proiperity of fools shall destiuy ttiem. — ProT. I. 
 
 PROS'PER-OUS, a. [L. prospenu.] 
 
 1. Advancing in the pursuit of any thing desirable ; 
 making gain or increase ; thriving ; successful ; as, a 
 prosperous trade ; a prosperous voyage ; a prosperous 
 exhiliiiion or undertaking ; a prosperous man, fami- 
 ly, or nation ; a prosperous war. 
 
 The serd shall je prvspt-l^ ; the vine shall give her fruit. — 
 Zedi. viti. 
 
 2. Favorable ; favoring success ; as, n prosperous 
 wna. Denham. 
 
 PROS'PER-OUS-LY, adv. With gain or increase; 
 successfully. Itaeou. 
 
 PROS'PER-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being suc- 
 cessful ; prosperity. 
 
 PR0-.SPI"CIENCE, ( spish'ens,) 71. [L. prospiciens.] 
 The act of looking forward. Dtct. 
 
 PROSS, 71. Talk ; conversation, rather of the gossip- 
 ing kind. Brockett. 
 
 PROS'TATE, a. [from Gr. Trponrrnpi, to set before.] 
 In anatomy, the prostate gland is a gland situated 
 just before the neck of the bladder in males, and sur- 
 rounding the beginning of the urethra. It is situated 
 on the under and posterior part of the neck of the 
 blailder, so as to surround the lower side of the 
 urethra. F.neyc. IVistar. 
 
 PROS-'J'ER-Na'TIO\, 71. [I., prostcrno, to prostrate ; 
 pro and sterno.'j 
 
 A state of being cast down ; dejection ; depression. 
 [Little used.] Wiseman. 
 
 PRO.S'TIIE-StS, 71. [Gr.] In surgery, the adililion 
 of an artificial part to supply a delect of the body ; as 
 a wooden leg, &c. (^uhicy. Core. 
 
 2. In medicine, an overlapping ; as, the 2>rosUie.iis 
 of one febrilt! peritui upon another. 
 
 2. In trranimar, a figure ctmsisting in prefixing one 
 or more letters to the beginning of a word ; as, be- 
 love.l. 
 
 PKO.S-'l'HET'ie, (I. [Gr. TrpoaOtrof.] 
 
 Prefixed, as a letter to a word. 
 PROS'TI-TUTE, V. U [L. prostituo ; pro and statuo, 
 to set.] 
 
 1. To offer freely to a lewd use, or to indiscrimi- 
 nate lewdness. 
 
 Do not prostitute thy daughter. — I.cv. xix. 
 
 2. To give up to any vile or infamous purpose ; to 
 devote to any thing base ; to sell to wickedness ; as, 
 to prostitute talents to the propagation of infidel prin- 
 ciples ; to prostitute the press to the publication of 
 blasphemy. 
 
 3. To offer or expose upon vile terms, or to un- 
 worthy persons. Tillotson. 
 
 PROS'TI-TUTE, a. Openly devoted to lewdness ; 
 sold to wickedness or to infamous purposes. 
 
 Made bold by want and prostitute tor bread. Prior, 
 PROS'TI-TUTE, 71. A female given to indiscriminate 
 lewdness ; a strumpet. Drydcn. 
 
 2. A base hireling; a mercenary; one who offers 
 himself to infamous employments for hire. 
 
 No hireling she, no prostitute to praise. Pope, 
 PROS'TI-TU-TED, pp. or a. Offered to common 
 
 lewdness ; devoted to base purposi^s. 
 PROS'TI-TU-TING, ppr. Offering to indiscriminate 
 
 lewdness ; devoting to infamous uses. 
 PROS-TI-TC'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. prostituo.] 
 
 1. The act or practice of offering the body to an 
 indiscriminate intercourse with men ; common levrd- 
 ness of a female. Spectator. 
 
 2. The act of setting one's self to .sale, or of devot- 
 ing to infamous purposes what is in one's power ; as, 
 the prostitution of taJents or abilities ; the prostitution 
 of the press. 
 
 PROS'TI-TU-TOR, 71. One who prostitutes ; one who 
 submits himself or offers another to vile purposes. 
 
 PROS'TRATE, a. [L. prostratus, from prostcrno, to 
 lay flat ; pro and sterno.] 
 
 1. Lying .at length, or with the body extended on 
 the ground or other surface. 
 
 Groveling .and prostrate oa yon lake of fire. ^filton. 
 
 2. Lying at mercy, as a supplicant. Shai. Chapman. 
 
 3. Lying in the posture of huinihty or adoration. 
 PROS'TRATE, v. t. To lay flat ; to throw down ; 
 
 as, to prostrate the body ; to prostrate trees or plants. 
 
 2. To throw down ; to overthrow ; to demolish ; 
 to ruin ; as, to prostrate a village ; to prostrate a gov- 
 ernment ; to prostrate law or justice ; to prostrate the 
 honor of a nation. 
 
 3. To prostrate one's self; to throw one's self down, 
 or to fall in humility or adoration. Duppa. 
 
 4. To bow in humble reverence. 
 
 5. To sink totally; to reduce; as, to prostrate 
 strength. 
 
 PROS'TRA-TED, pp. or a. Laid at length ; laid flat ; 
 
 thrown down ; destroyed. 
 PROS'TRA-TIiVG, ppr. Laying flat ; throwing down ; 
 
 destroying. 
 
 PROS-TRA'TION, 71. The act of throwing down, or 
 laying flat ; as, tlie prostration of the body, of trees, 
 or of corn. 
 
 2. The act of falling down, or the act of bowing in 
 humility or adoration ; primarily, the .act of falling on 
 the face ; but it is now used for kneeling or bowing 
 in reverence and worship. 
 
 3. Great depression ; dejection ; as, a prostration of 
 spirit.<i. 
 
 4. In medicine, a latent, not an exhausted, state of 
 the vital energies ; great oppression of natural strength 
 and vigor ; that state of the body in disease in winch 
 the system is oppressed. Care. 
 
 Prostration is different and distinct from exhaustion, 
 and is analogous to the st.Tte of a s|>ring Iving under 
 such a weight that it is incapable of action ; while 
 eihmu^tion is analogous to the state of a spring de- 
 
 prived of its cl.astic powers. Prostration does not re- 
 ipiire the use of invigorating remedies, as ezhaustion 
 doc-. 
 
 PRO'.S'I'TLE, 71. [Gr. (rpocTbAof i roo and arvXu;, a 
 column.] 
 
 In architecture, a portico in which the columns 
 st.and in advance of the building to which they belong. 
 PRO'SY, a. Like prose. [(iiciU. 
 2. Dull. 
 
 PRO-SYL'LO-GISM, n. [ pro and syltuiritm.] A pro- 
 syllofcism is when two or more syllogisms are so con- 
 nected that the conclusion of the former is tlie major 
 or minor of the following. Il^alts. 
 
 PRO-T.\e'Tie, a. Prutaclic persons, in plays, are 
 those who giv ■ a narrative or explanation of the 
 
 PRO T.WrO, [V..] For so much. [piece. 
 
 PROT'A-SIS, 71. [Gr. rrporaaii, from ir/j /t-cikj, to 
 present.] 
 
 1. A proposition ; a maxim. Johnson. 
 
 2. In £/ic ancient drama, the first part of a comic or 
 tragic piece, in which the .sev ral persons arc shown, 
 their characters intim.ated, ai.d the subject proposed 
 and entered on. The pr»(a.*w might extend to two acts, 
 where it ended and the rpita.iis commenced. Encyc. 
 
 3. The subordinate member of a sentence, gener- 
 ally of a conditional sentence ; opposed to Ai-ooosis. 
 
 PRO-T.\T'ie, a. [Gr. Trponin/tos.] 
 
 Deing placed in the beginning ; previous. Drydcn. 
 PRO'TE-Ai\, a. Pertaining to Proteus ; readily as- 
 suming diflerent shapes. [.See Pboteus.] 
 PRO-TEGT', I), t. [L. protectus, pruteiro ; pro and te- 
 
 fo, to cover; Gr. areyw, with a prefix ; Eng. deck. 
 ee Deck.] 
 
 To cover or shield from danger or injury ; to de- 
 fend ; to guard ; to preserve in safety ; a word of nen- 
 crat import, both in a literal andji^uratire sense. \\ alls 
 protect a city or garrison ; clothing is desigiietl to pro- 
 tect the body from cold ; arms may jtrotect one frtjui 
 an assault ; our houses protect us from the inclemen- 
 cies of the weather ; the law protects our persons and 
 property ; the father protects his children, and the 
 guardian his ward ; a sliadt; protects us from extreme 
 heat ; a navy protects our couimerce and our shores ; 
 embassatlors are protected frttm arrest. 
 
 PRO-TEeT'ED, pp, or a. Covered or defended from 
 injury ; preserved in safety. 
 
 PRO-TECT'ING, ppr. or a. Shielding from injury; 
 defending ; preserving in safety. 
 
 PRO-TEG t 'ING-LY, ado. By protecting ; in the way 
 of protection. Carlylc. 
 
 PRO-TE€'TIO.V, 71. The act of protecting ; defense ; 
 shelter from evil ; preservation from loss, injur}', or 
 annoyance. We find protection under good laws ami 
 an upright administration. How little are men dis- 
 posed to acknowledge divine protection ! 
 
 2. 1'hat which protects or preserves from injury. 
 Let them rise up and help you, and be your protection, — DeuU 
 
 XXX ii. 
 
 3. A writing that protects ; a passport or other wri- 
 ting which secures from molestation. 
 
 4. Exemption. Embassadors at foreign courts are 
 entitled to protection from arrest. Members of parlia- 
 ment, representatives, and senators, are entitled to 
 protection from arrest during their attendance on the 
 legislature, as are suitors and witnesses attending a 
 court. 
 
 IVrit of protection ; a writ by which the king of Great 
 Britain exempts a person from arrest. Blackstone. 
 
 PRO-TEe'TIO.\-Is r, 71. One who favors the protec- 
 tion of some branch of industry bv legal enactments. 
 
 PRO-TEeT'IVE, a. AlTording protection ; shelter- 
 ing ; defensive. Thomson. 
 
 PRO-TE€T'OR, 71. [Fr. proteeteur.] 
 
 1. One that defends or shields from injury, evil, or 
 oppression; a defender; a guardian. The king or 
 sovereign is, or ought to be, the protector of the na- 
 tion ; the husband is the protector of his wife, and 
 the father of his children. 
 
 2. In Enrrland, one who formerly had the care of 
 the kingdom during the king's minority ; a regent. 
 Cromwell assumed the title of lord protector. 
 
 3. In Roman Catholic countries, every nation and 
 every religious order has a protector residing at Rome. 
 He is a cardinal, and called cardinal protector. 
 
 PRO-TEeT'OR-.\TE, 71. Government by a protector ; 
 applied particularly to the government of England by 
 Cromwell. WalpoU. 
 
 2. In recent usaifr, the authority assumed by a su- 
 P'-rior power over an inferior or dependent one. 
 
 PRO-TF.C-TO'RI-.XL, a. Pertaining to a protector. 
 
 PKO-TE€T'OR-LES.S, a. II. ving no protector. 
 
 PRO-TEeT'OR-SHlP, n. The oflice of a protector or 
 regent Burnet. 
 
 PRO-TEeT'RESS, 71. A woman or female that pro- 
 tects. Baton, .iddtson. 
 
 PR0-TE-OE',(pT0-te-?.hi.',)n, [Fr.] One under tlm 
 care and protection of another. 
 
 PRO'TE-IN, 11. [Gr. npoirof, first.] 
 
 A gelatinous, semi-transparent substance, obtained 
 from albumen, fibrin, or casein, and considered the 
 basis of animal tissue and of some substances of 
 veget.ihle origin. 
 
 PRO TFJU'PORE, [L.] For the time being; ua 
 temporary supply or provision. 
 
 TONE, BULL, tJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 V V V 
 
n-- 
 
 PRO 
 
 l*RO-TE.\D', V U [L. protmilo ; pro and teiido, to 
 stretrh.] 
 To hold out ; to stretch forth. 
 
 WiUl liis protendtd iance he iriLiitfS dt-leiiac. Oryden. 
 
 PRO-TEND'ED, pp. Reached or stretched forth. 
 
 .MUford. 
 
 PRO-TEND'IN'G, ppr. Stretching ferth. 
 PRO-TEXSE', (pro-tens',) n. Extension. [JV*o( used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PRO-TER V'l-TY, n. [L. protervitas, from protervus ; 
 pro and tortus^ crabbed.] 
 
 Peevishness ; petulance. [Little vjsed.l 
 
 PRO-TEST', V. i. [L. protestor: pro and tester, to af- 
 firm ; It. protestare; Fr. protester. Sp. protestor.] 
 
 1. To affirm with solemnity ; ' J nialie a solemn 
 declaration of a fact or opinion ; iJ, I protest to you 
 I have no knowledje of tlie transaction. 
 
 2. To make a solemn declaration expressive of op- 
 position j with agauist; as, he protests against your 
 votes. JJtmliam. 
 
 The conscience has po«er to protest against ihe exorljiuncies 
 of the passions. South. 
 
 3. To make a formal declaration in writing against 
 a public law or measure. It is the privilege of any 
 lord in parliament to protest against a law or resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 PRO-TEST', V. t. To make a solemn declaration or 
 affirmation of ; as, to protest one's innocence. 
 
 2. To call as a witness in affirming or denying, or 
 to prove an affirmation. 
 
 Fiereely ihey opposed 
 My Journey stran:^, witli clainoroits uproar 
 Protesting f.ile supreme. Milton. 
 
 3. To prove ; to show ; to give evidence of. [JVut 
 in use.] Shall. 
 
 4. In commeree, to protest a bill of exchange, is for a 
 notary public, at the request of the payee, to make a 
 formal declaration, under hand and seal, against the 
 drawer of the bill, on account of non-acceptance or 
 non-payment, for exchange, cost, commission, dam- 
 ages, and interest ; of which act the indorser must 
 be notified within such time as the law or custom 
 prescribes. In like manner, notes of hand, given 
 to a banking corporation, are protested for non-pay- 
 ment. 
 
 PRo'TEST, n. A solemn declaration of opinion, com- 
 monly against some act ; appropriately, a formal and 
 solemn declar.ation, in writing, of dissent from the 
 proceedings of a legislative body ; as, the protest of 
 lords in parliament, or a like declaration of dissent 
 of any minority against the proceedings of a majori- 
 ty of a body of men. 
 
 2. In commerce, a formal declaration made by a no- 
 tary public, under hand and seal, at the request of 
 the payee or holder of a bill of exchange, for non- 
 acceptance or non-payment of the same, protesting 
 against the drawer and others concerned, for the ex- 
 change, charges, damages, and interest. This pro- 
 test is written on a copy of the bill, and notice given 
 tothe indorser of the same, by which he becomes li- 
 able to pay the amount of the bill, with charges, dam- 
 ages, and interest ; also, a like declaration against 
 the drawer of a note of hand for non-payment to a 
 banking corporation, and of the master of a vessel 
 against seizure, &c. A protest is also a writing, at- 
 tested by a justice of the peace or consul, drawn by 
 the master of a vessel, stating the severity of the 
 voyage by which the ship has suffered, and showing 
 that the damage suffered was not owing to the neg- 
 lect or misconduct of the master. 
 
 PROT'EST-A.NT, a. Pertaining to those who, at the 
 ri form.ation of religion, protested against a decree of 
 Charles V. and the diet of Spires ; pertaining to Prot- 
 estants or to Protestantism ; as, the Protestant reli- 
 gi(in. .Addison. Mdner. 
 
 PROT'EST-ANT, n. One of the party who adhered 
 to Luther at the reformation in 1539, and protested, 
 or made a solemn declaration of dissent from a de- 
 cree of the emperor Charles V. and the diet of S|)ires, 
 and appealed to a general council. This name svas 
 afterward extended to the followers of Calvin, and 
 Protestants is the denomination now given to all 
 the various denominations of Christians which have 
 sprung from the adoption of the principles of the ref- 
 ormation. 
 
 PROT'EST-ANT-IS.M, n. The Protestant religion. 
 
 South. 
 
 PROT'EST-ANT-l.Y,ait>. In conformity tothe I'rot- 
 etttnnts. MUton. 
 \Ji vrrtt had irord, and not usetLI 
 PROT-ES-TA'TIO.N, n. [Kr. ; from protest.] 
 
 1. A Holcmn di chirat' ,n of a fact, opinion, or res- 
 olution. Hooker. 
 
 2. A solemn dfcl-.rition of dissent; n protest ; as, 
 the protf vta/ion of certain noblemen against an order 
 of council. Clarendon. 
 
 3. In law, a decliiration in pleading, by which the 
 party interposei) an oblicjiio nllegaliiin or denial of 
 Home fact, proti^sting that it docH or does not exist. 
 The lord may allege the villcnage of the plaiiitilT by 
 way of protestation, and thus deny tho demand. 
 
 Utack.Hone. 
 
 PROT'E.''-TA-TOR, iv. One who protCHts. 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO-TEST'ED, pp. or a. Solemnly de glared or al- 
 leged ; declared against for non-accepf inee or non- 
 Itayment. 
 
 PllO-TEST'ER, n. One who protests; one who ut- 
 ters a solemn declaration. 
 2. One who protests a bill of exchai ge. 
 
 PRO-TEST'IXG, ppr. Solemnly declaring or affirm- 
 ing ; declaring against for non-acceptance or non- 
 payment. 
 
 PRO-TEST'ING-LT, ade. By way of protesting. 
 
 PRO'TE-U.S, 71. [L., from Or. UpuTcvi.] 
 
 In mijtlmlogy, a marine deity, the son of Oceanus 
 and Tethys, whose distinguishing characteristic was 
 the faculty of assuming different shapes. Hence we 
 denominate one who easily changes his form or prin- 
 ciples a Proteus. 
 
 PRo'TE-US, >!. A term applied to a genus of Ba- 
 trachian reptiles, allied to the siren, salamanders, 
 and frogs. 
 
 2. A name given to a genus of homogeneous in- 
 fusoria. 
 
 PROTH'&SIS, n. [Or.] The place in a church on 
 which the elements for the eucharist are put, pre- 
 vious to their being placed on the altar; called also 
 Credence. Hook. 
 
 PRO-THON'O-TA-RY-SHIP, n. The office of a pro- 
 thonotary. Carew. 
 [.*ln awkward, harsh uord, and little used.] 
 
 PRO-THON'O-TA-RY, n. [Low L. protonotarius ; 
 Gr. TTp'-oToi, first, and L. notarins, a scribe. j 
 
 1. Originally, the chief notary ; and anciently, the 
 title of the principal notaries of the emperors of Con- 
 stantinople. Hence, 
 
 2. In England, an officer in the Court of King's 
 Bench and Common Pleas. The proUionotary of the 
 King's Bench records all civil actions. In the Com- 
 mon Pleas, the prothonotaries, of which there are 
 three, enter and enroll all declarations, pleadings, 
 judgments, &c., make out judicial writs and exem- 
 plifications of records, enter recognizances, &c. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 3. In the United States, a register or clerk of a 
 court. The word, however, is not applied to any of- 
 ficer, except in particular States. 
 
 Jjpostolical prothonotaries, in the court of Rome, 
 are twelve persons constituting a college, who re- 
 ceive the last wills of cardinals, make informations 
 and proceedings necessary for the canonization of 
 saints, &c. Eneyc. 
 PRO-TIIo'RAX, n. [Gr. irpo, before, and Wwoaf, 
 breastplate.] 
 
 In entomology, the first or anterior segment of the 
 thorax in insects. Brande. 
 PRO'TO-€OL, n. [Low L. protocollum ; Gr. jrowrof, 
 first, and k^jWo, glue ; so called perhaps from the glu- 
 ing together of pieces of paper, or from the spreading 
 of it on tablets. It was formerly the upper part of a leaf 
 of a book on which the title or name was written.] 
 
 1. The original copy of any writing. [JVu( now 
 used.] Jlyliffr. 
 
 2. The minutes or rough draft of an instrument or 
 transaction. Brande. 
 
 PRO'TO-€0L-IST, n. In Russia, a register or clerk. 
 
 Tooke. 
 
 PUo'TO-GlNE, n. A kind of talcose granito. Dana. 
 PRO'TO-MXR-TYR, ( mar-tur,) n. [Gr. nowrus, first, 
 and (laori'o, martyr.] 
 
 1. The first martyr ; a term applied to Stephen, Oit 
 first Christian martyr. 
 
 2. The first who suffers or is sacrificed in any 
 cause. Dryden. 
 
 PRo'TO-PLAST, B. [Gr. rrpuros, first, and nXaros, 
 formed.] 
 
 The original ; the thing first formed, as a copy to 
 be imitated. Thus Adam has been called our pro- 
 toplast. Bryant. Horrey. 
 
 PRO-TO-PLAS'Tie, a. First formed. Howell. 
 
 PRo'TO-PoPE, n. [Gr. irpoiros, first, and papa, fa- 
 ther.] 
 
 The imperial confessor, an officer of the holy di- 
 recting synod, the supreme spiritual court of the 
 Greek church in Russia. Touke, Ross. 
 
 PRo'TO-SALT, n. [Gr. 7ro(,)rr>?, first, and salt.] 
 
 In ehemi.strtj. proto-sallj are salts containing a me- 
 tallic protoxvil. Silliman. 
 
 PRO-TO-SUL'PII.VTE, n. In chemistry, a conipounil 
 of sulphuric acid with a protoxyd. 
 
 PItO'T()-T?l'E, n. [ Fr., from Gr. ^oMToruTUf ; Trpw- 
 roi, first, and tutt^jj, type, fiirm, model.] 
 
 An original or model after which any thing is 
 formed ; the pattern of any thing to bo engraved, 
 cast, &c. ; exemplar ; archetype. Wollon. Encyc. 
 
 PRO-T(J.\'YI), 71. [Gr. rn:>r„i, first, and oTijd.] 
 
 Acompounil of one eiiuivalcnt of oxygen wiih one 
 equivalent of a base, and destitute of acid propeifii^s. 
 
 PRO T( ),\'VI) IZE, 7'. (. 'I'd combine in the propor- 
 tion of one equivalent of oxygen and one of any 
 base, without producing any acid properties. 
 
 PRO-T<)-'/0'.\, «.;>(. [Gr. ir/iwruj, first, and ;'.mi',nn- 
 imal.] 'i'he infusoria or lowt^st class of animals. 
 The term is Hoinctimes applied to all animals in which 
 no nerves have been dittected. Dana. 
 
 PKO-TIIACT', 11. I. [I., protractus, from prolrako ; pro 
 and Iraho, to draw. J 
 
 PRO 
 
 I 
 
 1. To draw out or lengthen in time ; to continue : I 
 to prolong; as, to protract an argument; to pntraci i 
 a discussion ; to protract a war or a negotiation. i 
 
 2. To delay ; to defer ; to put off to a distant 1 
 time ; as, to protract the decision of a question ; to 
 protract the final issue. 
 
 PRO-TRACT', 17. Tedious continuance. [J^ot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 PRO-TRACT'ED, pp. or a. Drawn out in tune ; de- 
 laved. 
 
 PRO-TRACT'ED-LY, adv. In a prolonged or protract- 
 ed manner; tediously. 
 
 PRO TRACT'ER, 7i. One who protracts or lengthens 
 in time. 
 
 PRO-TRA€T'ING, ppr. Drawing out or continuing 
 in time ; delaying. 
 
 PRO-TRACT'ING, 7i. In surveying, the same as Pro- 
 traction, which see. Hutton. 
 
 PRO-TRACTION, n. The act of drawing out or 
 continuing in time ; the act of delaying the termi- 
 nation of a thing ; as, the protraction of a debate. 
 
 2. In surveying, the act of plotting or laying down 
 on paper the dimensions of a field. Hutton. 
 
 PRO-TRA€T'IVE, d. Drawing out or lengthening in 
 time; prolonging; continuing; delaying. 
 
 He suffered Iheir prolracfiyc arts. Dryden. 
 
 PRO-TRAGT'OR, n. He or that which protracts. 
 2. A mathematical instrument for laying down and 
 measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or plot- 
 ting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangu- 
 lar, or circular. P. Ci/c. 
 
 PRO-TREP'Tie-AL, a. [Gr. TTpoTpcvTiKoi, "from 
 Trporpcn-oj, 7rporp£7rt)//a(, to exhort ; Trpo and rpenoj, 
 to turn.] 
 
 Hort,-»tory ; suasory ; intended or adapted to per- 
 suade. [Little used.] Ward. 
 PRO-TRuDE', r. U [L. protrudo ; pro and trudo, to 
 thrust. See Thrust.] 
 
 1. To thrust forward ; to drive or force along ; as, 
 food protruded from the stomach into the intestine. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. To thrust out, as from confinement. The con- 
 tents of the abdomen are protruded in hernia. 
 
 PRO-TRuDE', V. i. To shoot forward ; to be thrust 
 forward. 
 
 The parts protrude beyonj the skin. Bacon. 
 
 PRO-TRuD'ED, pp. or a. Thrust fonvard or out. 
 
 PRO-TR0D'Ii\G, ppr. Thrusting forward or out. 
 
 PRO-TRC'SILE, a. Capable of being protruded and 
 withdrawn. Gardner. 
 
 PRO-TRu'SION, (-zhun,) n. The act of thrusting 
 forward, or beyond the usual limit ; the state of be- 
 ing protruded ; a thrusting or driving ; a push. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 PRO-TRu'SIVE, a. Thrusting or impelling forward ; 
 as, protrusire motion. Darwin. 
 
 PRO-Tu'BEIl-ANCE, 71. [L. protuberans, protubero: 
 pro and tuber, a pufi', bunch, or knob.] 
 
 A swelling or tumor on the body ; a prominence ; 
 a bunch or knob ; any thing swelled or pushed be- 
 yond the surrounding or adjacent surface ; on the 
 surface of the earth, a hill, knoll, or other elevation. 
 
 Hale. Jllorr, 
 Protuberance differs from projection, being applied 
 to parts that rise from the surface with a gradual as- 
 cent or small ancle ; whereas a projection may be at 
 a right angle with the surface. 
 
 PRO-TO'llER-ANT, a. Swelling; prominent beyond 
 the surrounding surface; as, a pro/.u6cra/it joint ; a 
 protuberant eye. 
 
 PRO-Tu'BER-.VNT-LY, adv. In the way of protu- 
 berance. 
 
 PRO-TO'BER-.aTE, v. i. [L. protubero, supra.] 
 
 To swell or be prominent beyond the ailjacent sur- 
 face ; to bulge out. 
 
 If Ih' navel prottAirates, make a •mall puncture willi a lancet 
 thrmigli the skin. Sharp. 
 
 PRO-TU-BER-A'TION, 7i. The act of swelling be- 
 yond the surrounding .surface. Cooke. 
 
 PlU)-T0'BER-OUS, «. Protuberant. Smith. 
 
 PROUD, a. [Sax. yinit; 1). jircubcA, proud, pruilish, 
 also prat, proud, and prallen, to fret. We find in 
 the Italian prodc is valiant, brave ; produ, the prmo 
 of a ship ; prodezza, prowess ; probably of the same 
 family, with Ihe radical sense of swelling, stretch- 
 ing, or (■riding. See Pni'oE.] 
 
 I. Having inordinate self-esteem ; possessing a high 
 or unreasonable conceit of one's own excellence, ei- 
 ther of body or mind. A man may be proud of his per- 
 son, of his talents, i/liis accomplishments, or of his 
 achievements. He may bo proud u/aiiy tliingto which 
 he blears some relation. He may be proud (/his coun- 
 try, his govi iniiient, his equipage, or of whatever 
 may, by association, gratify his esteem of himself. 
 He may even be proud of hlx religi(m, or o/ his 
 church. He conceives that any thing excellent or 
 valuable, in which he has a share, or to which he 
 stands related, contributes to his own importance, 
 and this conception exalts his opiniiui of himself. 
 Proud is followed by of before the object, supra 
 
 3. Arrogant ; haughty ; supercilious. 
 
 A foe no proiul will not the weaker leek. Milton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T MttTE, PRgY PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD NOTE, D^VE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 888 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 3. Daring ; presumptuous. 
 
 Uy his iiiiilerhtnndiii^ hu smiu-tli (lirougfh Ihc prou^f. — Jijb xrvl. 
 
 4. I.ofly of mien ; grand of person ; as, ;i proud 
 stceil. Jllilton. 
 
 5. Grand ; lofly ; splendid ; magniticcn^ 
 Stunm of stoiicu frotii Uit* proud t'.'iii])lc'« bii^lit. Dryden. 
 C. Ostentatious j grand ; as, proud titles. Shak. 
 
 7. Splendid ; exhibiting grandeur and distinction ; 
 exciting pride ; as, a proud day for Home. 
 
 8. ICScited liy tlie animal a|)petite ; applied particu- 
 larly to the female of the canine species. 
 
 9. Fungous ; as, proud flesli. Sharp. 
 I'ROUD'ER, a. comp. More proud. 
 I'KOUD'IOST, fl. suprrl. Most proud. 
 I'Konil'I.I EST, a</». Most proudly. Baxter. 
 ritOl'D'LV, adiK With an inordinate self-esteem ; in 
 
 a proud manner ; liaughtily ; ostentatiously ; with 
 lofty airs or mien. 
 
 Prouiity ho marchef on nnd void of fear. Pope, 
 
 PUOVA-BLE, (proov'a-bl,) a. [See Prove.] That 
 
 may be proved. 
 PROV'A-iiLY, adii. In a manner capable of proof. 
 
 lluloet. 
 
 PROV'ANt' i Provender or food. [jVot in use] 
 PROVE, (proov,) V. t. [Sax. profian: D. procvcn : G. 
 probiren i Dan. //r&'rfr ; iiw.profra; W.proci; Arm. 
 prouif prouein ; L. probo ; It. provarc ; Sp. probar^ to 
 try; Fr. eprouver; Russ. probuyu^ to prove; probc- 
 vaiju, to pierce, to penetrate, to send by force. The 
 priin.iry sense is, to strain, to urge by force, or rather 
 to thrust or drive. The word Bnow may be of the 
 same family, from its projection. See PnoiiK.] 
 
 1. To try ; to ascertain some unknown quality or 
 truth by an experiment, or by a test or standard. 
 Tims we prove the strength of gunpowder by experi- 
 ment ; we prove llie strength or solidity of cannon 
 by experiment. We prove the contents of a vessel 
 by comparing it with a standard measure. 
 
 2. To evince, establish, or a-sccrtain as truth, real- 
 ity, or fact, by testimony or other evidence. The 
 plaintilf in a suit must prove the truth of his declara- 
 tion ; the prosecutor must prove his charges against 
 the accused. 
 
 3. To evince truth by argument, induction, or rea- 
 soning ; to deduce certain conclusions from proposi- 
 tions that are true or admitted. If it is admitted 
 that every immoral act ia dishonorable to a rational 
 being, and that dueling is an immoral act, then it 
 is proved, by necessary inference, that dueling is dis- 
 honorable to a rational being. 
 
 4. To ascertain the genuineness or validity of; to 
 verify ; as, to prove a will. 
 
 .5. To experience ; to try by suffering or encoun- 
 tering ; to gain certain knowledge by the operation 
 of something on ouis'elves, or by some act of our 
 own. 
 
 I /-l him in arms the power of Turrni* prove. Drytlen. 
 fi. In arithmetic, to show, evince, or asoertain the 
 correctness of any operation or result. Thus, in sub- 
 tr.artion, if the ditference between two numbers, 
 added to the lesser number, makes a sum equal to 
 the greater, the correctness of the subtraction is 
 proved. In other words, if the sum of the remainder 
 and of the subtrahend is equal to the minuend, the 
 operation of subtraction is proved to be correct. 
 
 7. To try ; to examine. 
 
 Prove your own Klrcs. — .2 Cor, xiii. 
 
 8. Men prove God, when by their provocations 
 they put his patience to trial, Ps. xcv. ; or when by 
 obedience they make trial how much he will coun- 
 tenance such conduct. Mai. iii. 
 
 PROVE, (proov,) o. t. To make trial ; to essay. 
 
 ThA ions prrpam — 
 To prove by arms whose fau? it waj lo n'ign. DryderK 
 
 Q. To be found or to have its ipialities ascertained 
 by experience or trial ; as, a plant or medicine proven 
 salutary. 
 
 3. To be ascertained by the event or something 
 flubsequcnt ; as, the report proves to be true, or proves 
 to be false. 
 
 When the inflammation end* In a gnngnne, the cajo proves 
 mortal. Arbulnnot, 
 
 4. To be found tnie or correct by the result. 
 
 .*>. To make certain ; to show ; to evince. This 
 argument proves how erroneous is the common 
 opinion. 
 
 6. To succeed. 
 
 If Uie experiment prored not. [.Vo( in ut;.] Bacon. 
 
 PROV'KD, pp. or a. Tried ; evinced ; experienced. 
 PRO-VED'I-TOR, n. [It. proveditore, from provedcre, 
 
 to provide. See Provide.] 
 A purveyor ; one employed to procure supplies for 
 
 an army. 
 
 Proeeditor, in Venice and other parts of Italy, is 
 an orticer who superintends matters of policy. Enajc. 
 PROV'E-DORE, It. A purveyor; one who procures 
 provisions. 
 
 PROV'K.V ; a word used by Scottish writers for 
 Pboteu. 
 
 PROV'E\CE-R0SE, n. A species of rose, much val- 
 ued for its beauty and fragrance. 
 
 PRO-VEN'C'IAI,, (-shal,) a. | Fr. provcn^al.] 
 Pertaining to Provence, in France. 
 
 PROV'EN-DER, 71. [ Fr. yironrm/c, provender ; Norm. 
 pronemlcr, a prebendary ; provendrr, a pri beiid ; 1). 
 prove, a prebend; ((pi, d., D.,and Sw. proviant, prtv- 
 visions ;) It. provianda, victuals ; Ir. pnnintain, prov- 
 ender. The Italian provianda is probably composed 
 of pro and viva^da, victu:ils, from vivere, L. viro, to 
 live, and from vivanda the French have viande. Eng. 
 viand. Whether the French provende and Norm. 
 provender are from the same source, may Ik^ doubted. 
 The German proriant may be formed from the I,. 
 provideo, Sp. proveir. Port. provSr. (in. L. proventus. 
 It is said that provend, provender, originally signified 
 a vessel containing a measure of corn daily given to 
 a horse or other bea.st. But qu. JV may be casual 
 in provender, as in messenger, and the word may be 
 from provideo.] 
 
 1, Dry food for beasts, usually meal, or a mixture 
 of meal and cut straw or hay. In a more general 
 sense, it may signity dry food of any kind. 
 
 Suitjt. Mortimer. 
 
 2. Provisions ; meat ; food. Coze. 
 [.Vot used of food for man in JWa? England.] 
 
 PROV'E.XT, n. [L. provcntus.] 
 
 Provisions ; eatables. 
 PROV'ER, n. One that proves or tries; that which 
 proves. 
 
 PROVERB, n. [Fr, proverbc; It. proverbio ; L. pro- 
 verbium ; pro and verbum, a word.] 
 
 1. A short sentence often repeated, expressing a 
 well-known truth or common fact, ascertained by 
 experience or observation ; a maxim of wisdom. 
 
 Th-; proverb is tni", that lif^ht pains make heavy purs'**; for 
 li{;lit ^.lina come oAt-n, gnat {,'Ains now and then. Bacon, 
 
 2. .A by-word ; a name often repeated ; and hence 
 frequently, a reproach or object of contempt. Jcr. 
 xxiv. 
 
 3. In Scripture, it sometimes signifies a moral sen- 
 tence or maxim that is enigmatical ; a d irk saying of 
 the wise that requires interpretation. Pniv, i, 
 
 4. Proverbs ; a canonical book of the Old Testa- 
 ment, containing a great variety of wise maxims, 
 rich in practical truths and excellent rules for the 
 conduct of all classes of men. 
 
 PROVERB, V, t. To mention in a proverb. [JVo< in 
 vse,] Milton, 
 2. To provide with a proverb, [JVot in use,] Shak, 
 PRO-VERH'I-AL, a. Mentioned in a proverb; as, a 
 proverbial cure or remedy. 
 
 In cuie of cxcecsr-s, I take the German proverbial cure, by a hair 
 of the same U^ast, to I)e the worst in die world. J'emple, 
 
 2. Comprised in a proverb ; used or current as a 
 proverb ; as, a proverbial saying or speech. Pope, 
 
 3. Pertaining to proverbs; resembling a proverb; 
 suitable to a proverb ; as, a proverbial obscurity. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 PRO-VERB'I-.\L-ISM, n. A proverbial phrase. 
 
 J\''. .4. Rev. 
 
 PRO-VERB'I-.\L-IST, n. One who speaks proverbs. 
 
 Langhome, 
 
 PRO-VERB'I-AL-TZE, r. t. To make a proverb ; to 
 turn into a proverb, or to use proverbially. lUttu- 
 sual.] Oood. 
 
 PRO-VERB'I-AL-LY, adv. In a proverb ; a.s, it is 
 proverbially said. Brown, 
 
 PRO- VIDE', r. t. [L. provideo, literally, to see before ; 
 pro and video, to sec ; Fr. pourvoir ; It. provederc ; Sp. 
 proveer ; Port, prov^r.] 
 
 1. To procure beforehand ; to get, collect, or make 
 ready for future use ; to prepare. 
 
 Abraham said, God will provide himself a Iamb for a burnt. 
 
 olferinj. — Gen. xxii. 
 Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass, in your puncs, — 
 
 Matt, X. 
 
 Provide things honest in tlie sight of nil men, — Rom, xii. 
 
 2. To furnish ; to supply ; followed by with. 
 Hom'', by the care of the magistrates, was well provided teith 
 
 com, Arbuthnat. 
 Provided of is now obsolete. 
 
 3. To stipulate previously. The agreement pro- 
 vides that the party shall incur no loss. 
 
 4. To make a previous conditional stipulation. 
 [Sec PitoriDEn.] 
 
 5. To foresee ; a Latinism. [Aot in use.] 
 
 B. Jonsoju 
 
 6. To appoint to an ecclesiastical benetice before it 
 is vacant. [See Pbovisob,] Prescott. 
 
 7. Provide, in a transitive sen.^e, is followed by 
 against or for. We proviiU warm clothing again.st 
 the inclemencies of tlic ^vcather ; we provide neces- 
 saries against a time of need ; or we provide warm 
 clothing for winter, &c. 
 
 PRO-VIDE', r. i. To procure supplies or means of 
 defense ; or to take measures for counteracting or 
 escaping an evil. The sagacity of brutes in pro- 
 viding against the inclemencies of the weather is 
 wonderful. 
 
 Government b a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for 
 human wanu. Burke. 
 
 PIlO-\TD'ED, pp. Procured beforehand ; made 
 
 ready for future use ; supplied : furnished ; stipu- 
 lated. 
 
 2. Stipiil.ited as a condition, which condition is 
 exi>ress('d in the following sentcniM* or words; as, 
 "provided that nothing in this act Kliall prejudice the 
 rights of any person whatever." This sentence is 
 in the n.ature of the case absolute, the clause or sen- 
 tence independent; t/iU or Uiut being provided, 
 which follows;'* '* (Aw condition being provided," 
 The wiirti being is understood, and the participle 
 provided agret^s with the wlude sentence absolute. 
 '* Thif condition being prevwu.dy stipulated (it estab- 
 lished." This and that here refer to the whole mem- 
 ber of the sentence. 
 PROV'I-DEN'CE, n. [Fr,, from L. proridentia.] 
 
 1, The act of providing or preparing for future use 
 or application. 
 
 Provulenre tot war is tlic Ijesl prcvendon of it, [Noiv liule 
 used.] Bacr.n. 
 
 2, Foresight ; timely care : particularly, active fore- 
 sight, or foresight accompanied with the procurement 
 of w hat is necessary for future use, or with suitable 
 preparation. How many of the troubles and per- 
 plexities of life proceed from want of providence! 
 
 3, In theology, tUc care and siiperintendejice which 
 God exercisers over his creatures. He that acknowl- 
 edges a creation and denies a providence, involves 
 himself in a palpable contradiction ; for the same 
 power which caused a thing to exist is necessary to 
 continue its existence. Some persons admit a gen- 
 eral providence, but deny a particular providence, mtt 
 considering that a general providence consists of par- 
 ticulars. A belief in divine providence is a source of 
 great consiilation to good men. By divine providence 
 is often understood (Jod himself. 
 
 4, Prudence in the management of one's concerns, 
 or in private economy. 
 
 PROV'I-DE.\T, a. Foreseeing wants nnd making 
 provision to supj)ly tliein ; forec.a.sting ; cautious; 
 prudent in preparing for future exigences ; as, a 
 provident man ; a provident animal. 
 
 The parsimonious emmet, proviiient 
 Of lutiirr. 
 
 Omnge is what Au^istus was, 
 Brave, wary, provident, .and Ijold. 
 
 UTtllon. 
 
 Waller, 
 
 PROV-I-DEN'TIAL, ( shal,) a. Effected by the prov- 
 idence of God ; referable to divine providence ; 
 proceeding from divine direction or superintend- 
 ence ; as, the providential contrivance of things ; a 
 providential escape from danger. How much are we 
 indebted to God's unceasing providential care ! 
 
 fVoodward, 
 
 PROV-I-DE.\'TIAL-LY, adv. By means of God's 
 providence. 
 
 Every anim.al ts providendaHy directed to the use of its proper 
 weapons. Ray, 
 
 PRqVI-DE.NT-LV, adv. With pnident foresight; 
 with wise piecautittn in preparing for the future. 
 
 PRO-VID'ER, n. One who provides, furnishes, or 
 supplies ; one that procures w hat is wanted. Shall. 
 
 PRO-VID'ING, ppr. Procuring beforehand ; supply- 
 ing ; stipulating. 
 
 PROV'IiNCE, 71. [Fr., from L. provincia; usually 
 supposed to be formed from pro and vinco, to con- 
 quer.] 
 
 1. Among the Romans, a country of considerable 
 extent, which, being reduced under their dominion, 
 was new-mo(leled, subjected to the command of a 
 governor sent from Rome, and to such taxes and con- 
 tributions as the Romans saw lit to im|K)se ; applied 
 particularly to contiuered countries beyond the limits 
 of Italy. That part of France next to the Alps was 
 a Roman province, and still bears the name Provence. 
 
 Smithes Diet, 
 
 2. Among the modems, a country belonging to a 
 kingdom or state, cither by conquest or colonization, 
 usually situated at a distance from the kingdom or 
 state, but more or less dependent on it or subject to 
 it. Thus, formerly, the English colonies in North 
 America were provinces of Great Britain, as Nova 
 Scotia and Canada stdl are. The pri>rincfj! of the 
 Netherlands formerly belonged to the house of Aus- 
 tria and to Spain. 
 
 3. A division of a kingdom or state of considera- 
 ble extent. In England, a division of the ecclesitis- 
 tical state under the jurisdiction of an archbishop, 
 of which there arc two, the province of Canterbury 
 and that of Vork. 
 
 4. A ri gion of country ; ill a general eense ; a 
 tract ; a large extent. 
 
 Over many a tract 
 Of heaven they marchrtl, and many a province wide. Milton. 
 Th'-y nt vrr look abroad into the yrovineea of the intell- ctual 
 world. Watu. 
 
 5. The proper office or business of a person. It is 
 the province of the judge to decide causes between 
 individuals. 
 
 The woman's province is to be can^fu] in her economy, and shasle 
 in her allection. Tatltr , 
 
 PRO-VL\'CIAL, (-shal,) a. Pertaining to a provinc*, 
 or relating to it ; as, a provincial goveriimenl ; a pra- 
 vincial dialect. 
 
 2. Appendant to the principal kingdom or »tato; 
 as, provincial dominion ; provincial territory. Brum. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, XINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € aa K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 — 
 
PRO 
 
 3. Not polished ; rude ; as, pruvincial accent or 
 manners, Dnjdpn. 
 
 4. Pertaining to an eccle»iastical province, or to 
 the jurisdiction of an arch! (shop ; not ecumenical ; 
 as, a provincial synod. ^iilijfe. 
 
 PRO-VIN'CIAL, n. Amons the Roman Catkolics, a 
 monastic superior, wlio, under the general of his 
 order, has the direction of all the religious houses of 
 the same fraternity in a given district, called a prov- 
 ince of the order. Miirdoclc. 
 2. A person belonging to a province. Burke, 
 
 PRO-VIN'CIAL-ISXl, n. A peculiar word or manner 
 of speaking in a province or district of country re- 
 mote from the principal country or from the metrop- 
 olis. Marsh. 
 
 PRO-VIN'CIAL-IST, n. One who lives in a prov- 
 ince. 
 
 PRO-VIN-CIAL'I-TY, n. Peculiarity of language in 
 a province. tVurlen. 
 
 PRO-VIN'CIXTE, V. t. To convert into a province. 
 [UnlLsuaL] llowcll. 
 
 PRO-VlNE', V. i. [Fr. provigncr; pro and vigiie, a 
 vine.] 
 
 To lay a stock or branch of a vine in the ground 
 for propagation. Johnson. 
 
 PRO V'ING, (proov'ing,) ppr. Trying; ascertaining; 
 evincing ; experiencing. 
 
 PRO-yi"SION, (-vizh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. prouiseo, 
 provideo. See Puovide.] 
 
 1. The act of providing or making i)revious [irep- 
 aration. 
 
 2. Things provided ; preparation ; measures taken 
 beforehand ; cither for security, defense, or attack, 
 or for tlie supply of wants. We make provision to 
 defend ourselves from enemies ; we make provision 
 for war ; we make provision for a voyage or for erect- 
 ing a building; we make provision for the support 
 of the poor. Government makes provision for its 
 friends. 
 
 3. Stores provided ; stock ; as, provLtion of vict- 
 uals ; provision of materials. KnoUes, South. 
 
 4. \'ictuals ; food ; provender; all manner of eata- 
 bles for man and beast ; as, provi'iions for the table 
 or for the family ; provisions for an army. 
 
 JiliUftn. Rncyc. 
 
 5. Previous stipulation ; special enactment in a 
 statute ; terms or agreement made, or measures 
 taken for a future exigency. 
 
 Ill the l:»w, no provUion was ma'le to abolish the barbarous cus- 
 toms of Uie Irish. Davies. 
 
 G. .\mong Roman Catholics, a previous nomination 
 by the pope to a benefice before it became vacant, by 
 which practice the rightful patron was deprived of 
 his presentation. Blaclcstone. 
 PRO-VI"SION, (-vizh'un,) v. t. To supply with 
 victuals or food. The ship was provisioned for a 
 voyage of six months. The garrison was well pro- 
 vi-iioned. 
 
 PRO-VI"SION-AL, (-vizh'un-al,) a. [Fr. prmision- 
 nrl.] 
 
 Provided for present need or for the occasion ; 
 
 temporarily established ; temporary ; as, a provisional 
 
 covernnient or regulation ; a provisional treaty. 
 PRO-VI"SION-AL-LY, adv. By way of proVision ; 
 
 temporarily ; for the present exigency. Locke. 
 PRO-Vr'SION-A-RY, a. Provisional; provided for 
 
 the occasion ; not permanent. Burke. 
 PRO-VI"SION-ED, pp. Supplied with food. 
 PRO-VI"SION-ING, ppr. Furnishing with supplies 
 
 of food. 
 
 PRO-VI'SO, n. [Jj. provisus, ablative yroi'iso, it being 
 provided.] 
 
 An article or clause in any statute, agreement, con- 
 tract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition 
 is introduced ; a conditional stipulation that aflects 
 an agreement, contract, law, grant, &c. The charter 
 of the bank contains a proviso that the legislature 
 may repeal it at their pleasure. 
 PRO-VI'SOU, 71. [Fr. provismr.] 
 
 1. In church affairs, a person appointed by the pope 
 to a benefice before the death of the incumbent, and 
 to the prejudice of the rightful patron. Formcrbj, 
 the pojie claimed the right of presenting to church 
 livings, and it was his practice to nominate persons 
 to bi nefices by anticipation, or before they liccame 
 vacant ; tiie person thus niiminated was called npro- 
 visor. In lOiiLdaiid, this practice was restrained by 
 Htatutes of Rjrhard II. and Henry IV. 
 
 More sliarp ami ry-nal laws were devised iiifaintt proinnors ; It 
 U-lni! 'ritiicl'Ml llint wliocv.T diatiirf* any patron In Oie prc- 
 seDUtioii to n living by virtue of any piipal proviaion, •ocli 
 jrromtur shill p.iv tin.' and ninnoin lo tim kine nl hi» will, 
 luid be iinpriconcd till he renouna-s such provision. 
 
 Blat-lmlone. 
 
 2. The purveyor, steward, or treasurer of a re- 
 ligiiiH" houw. Coicet. 
 
 PItO-VI'aoR-Y, a. Making temporary provision; 
 tempornry. Slate Papers. 
 
 2. Containing a provido or condition ; conditional. 
 PnoV-()-f;A'TION, n. [I'r., from U /irocoMtio. See 
 
 PlIOTOKE.] 
 
 1. Any thing that excitoK anger; the cause of re- 
 vcntment, I Kingt jixi. 
 
 Hariirn not your Iw-arti, nn In the proifoeatlon. — Pi. xcv. 
 
 PRO 
 
 2. The act of exciting anger. 
 
 3. An appeal to a court or judge. Lutinism, 
 not now usetl.] j^tjlife. 
 
 4. Incitement. [jVot used.] Hoojcer. 
 PRO-Vo'CA-TIVE, a. Kxeitmg; stimulating; tend- 
 ing to_awaken or incite appetite or passion. 
 
 PRO-Vo'CA-TIVE, n. Any thing that tends to ex- 
 cite appetite or passion ; a .stimulant ; as, a provoca- 
 tive of hunger or of lust. jiddison. 
 
 PRO-Vo'eA-TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 provocative or stimulating. 
 
 PRO-VoK'A-BLE, a. That may be provoked. 
 
 Cndworth. 
 
 PRO-VoKE', V. t. [L. provoco, tr call forth ; pro and 
 ft'co, to call ; Fr. provoquer j It provocare; Bp. pro- 
 vocurA 
 
 1. To call into action ; to arouse ; to excite ; as, 
 to provoke anger or wrath by offensive words, or by 
 injury ; to provoke war. 
 
 2. To make angry ; to offend ; to incense ; to en- 
 rage. 
 
 Ye fathers, proeoke not your children to wrath. — Eph. vi. 
 Often provoked by tlie insolence of some of the bishops. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 3. To excite ; to canse ; as, to provoke perspira- 
 tion ; to provoke a smile. Mrbuthnot. 
 
 4. To excite ; to stimulate ; to increase. 
 
 The t;iste of pleasure provokes the appetite, and every successive 
 iiutidgence of vice which is lo form a habit, is easier than the 
 hi£t. Buckmin$ler. 
 
 5. To challenge. 
 
 Ke now provokes the sea-gods from tlie shore. Dryden. 
 
 6. To move ; to incite ; to stir up ; to induce by 
 motives. Rom. x. Bacon. 
 
 Let us consider one another to provoke lo love and to good 
 works. ■ — Heb. x. 
 
 7. To incite ; to rouse ; as, to provoke one to an- 
 ger. Dcut. xxxii. 
 
 PRO-VoKE', V. i. To appeal. [A Latinism, not 
 used.] Dryden. 
 
 PRO-VoK'£D, (pro-vokt',) pp. or a. Excited ; loused ; 
 incited ; made angry ; incensed. 
 
 PRO-VoK'ER, n. One that excites anger or other 
 passion ; one that excites war or sedition. 
 2. That which excites, causes, or promotes. Shak. 
 
 PRO-VoK'ING, ppr. Exciting into action; inciting; 
 inducing by motives ; making angry. 
 
 2. a. Having the power or quality of exciting re- 
 sentment ; tending to awaken passion ; as, provoking 
 words_; provoking treatment. 
 
 PRO-VoK'ING-LY, adv. In such a manner as to ex- 
 cite anger. 
 
 PROVOST, (prov'ust,) n. [Sax. profost, profast ; 
 Dan. provst ,• G. probst, propst ; Arm. provost ; Fr. 
 prcv6t ; Port, and Sp. preboste ; It. proposto ; from the 
 L. prwpositus, placed before, (rom'priepono ; prie and 
 pono, to set or place.] 
 
 In a general sense, a person who is appointed to 
 superintend or preside over something ; the chief 
 magistrate of a city or town ; as, the provost of Ed- 
 inburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of 
 other cities ; the provost of a college, answering to 
 president. In France, formerly, a provost was an in- 
 ferior judge who had cognizance of civil causes. 
 
 The grand provost of France, or of the household, 
 had jurisdiction in the king's house, and over its of- 
 ficers. 
 
 The provost marshal of an army, (usually pro- 
 nounced pro-vi',) is an officer appointed to arrest 
 and secure deserters and other criminals, to hinder 
 the soldiers from pillaging, to indict offenders and 
 see sentence passeil on them and executed. He also 
 regulates weights and measures. He has under him 
 a lieutenant and a clerk, an executioner, &c. Encyc. 
 
 The provost marshal in the navy, (usually pro- 
 nounced pro-vo',) has charge of prisoners, &c. 
 
 The provost of the mint, is a particular judge ap- 
 pointed to apprehend and prosecute false coiners. 
 
 F.ncyc. 
 
 Provost of the king^s stables, is an officer who at- 
 tends at cimrt, and holds the king's stirrup when 
 he mounts his horse. F.ncyc. 
 PROV'O.ST-SIIIP, n. The office of a provost. 
 
 Ifakewill. 
 
 PROW, 71. [Fr.proue; It. prwa and proda ! Sp. proa. 
 'J'hese may bt; from the L. prora ; but qu. is not 
 proda the original word, and prora a contraction of 
 prodcral The primary sense is, thai which projects 
 or atrt tches forward.] 
 
 1. The fore part of a ship. Dryden. 
 
 2. In seamen's language, the beak or pointed cut- 
 water of a xehec or galTt^y. The upper part is usu- 
 ally furnished witii a grating platform. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. The name of a particular kind of vessel used in 
 the I'.ast Indian sea.s. 
 
 PROW, u. [Fr.preuz.] Valiant; prowcsJ, most val- 
 iant. LViit in ''•'•■r.] Spenser. 
 
 PR0VV'1.,.S.S, H. [Fr. prouesse; It. prodeiza, from 
 prode, brave, anil as a noun, prolU, benelit ; Sp. 
 prarza. The primary sense of the root is, to stretch, 
 Hhoot, or atlvance forward, and hence the sense of 
 profit. ) 
 
 Uravery ; vnlor; particularly, military bravery; 
 
 PRU 
 
 gallantry ; intrepidity in war ; fearlessness of dan- 
 ger. 
 
 Men of such prowess aa nol lo know fear in themselves. 
 
 Sidttey. 
 
 PROW'EST, a. [superl. of prow.] Bravest. [JVot 
 in use.] • Spenser. 
 
 PROWL, V. I. [I know not the origin of this word, 
 nor from what source it is derived. It may be de- 
 rived from the root of stroll, troll, with a different 
 prefix.] 
 To rove over. 
 
 llfi prowls each place, still in new colors decked. Sidney, 
 PROWL, V. i. To rove or wander, particularly for 
 prey, as a wild beast ; as, a prowling wolf. Milton. 
 2. To rove and plunder ; to prey ; to plunder. 
 
 Tusser, 
 
 PROWL, 71. A roving for prey ; colloquially, something 
 
 to be seized and devoured. 
 PROWL'ER, n. One that roves about for prey. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 PROWL'ING, ppr. or a. Wandering about in search 
 
 of prey or plunder. 
 PROX'ENE, 71. [Gr. wpolevot.] 
 
 In Grecian antiquities, an officer who' had the 
 
 charge of superintending strangers. Brande. 
 PROX'I-MAL. See Proximate. 
 
 PROX'I-MATE, a. [L. superl. j/T-oon'mits ; Fr.proche; 
 approcher, to approach i rcproeher, to reproach. The 
 primary sense of the root is to drive or press. See 
 Class Brg.] 
 
 Nearest ; next. A proiimate cause is that which 
 immediately precedes and produces tlie effect, as dis- 
 tinguished from the remote, mediate, or predifpo.?ing 
 caiise. IVutL^. 
 
 Prozimate principle; a name given to the distinct 
 compounds which exist retidy formed in animals and 
 vegetables, such as albumen, fat, sugar, &,c. Brande. 
 PROX'I-.MATE-LY, adv. Immediately ; by imme- 
 diate relation to or effect on. Bentley. 
 PROX'IME, a. Next ; immediately. [JVot xised.] 
 
 IVatts. 
 
 PROX-IM'I-TY, 71. [Fr. proximiti ; h. prozimitas.] 
 The state of being next ; immediate nearness ei- 
 ther in pl.ace, blooil, or alliance, 'i'he succession to 
 the throne, and to estates, is usually regulated by 
 proximity of blood. Dryden. Swift. 
 
 PROX'Y, 71. [Contracted from procuracy, or some 
 word from the root of procure, pruclor.] 
 
 1. The agency of another who acts as a substitute 
 for his principal ; agency of a substitute ; appear- 
 ance of a representative. None can be familiar by 
 proxy. None can be virtuous or wise by proxy. 
 
 2. The person who is substituted or deputed to act 
 for another. A wise man will not commit important 
 business to a proxy, when he can transact it in per- 
 son. In England, any peer may make another lord 
 of parliament his proxy to vote for him in his ab- 
 sence. Blackstone. 
 
 3. A writing by which one person authorizes an- 
 other to vote "in his place. 
 
 4. In popular use, an election, or day of voting for 
 officers of government in some of the States. 
 
 PROX'Y-SHIP, 71. The office or agency of a proxy. 
 
 PRUCE, 71. [from Prussia.] Prussian leather. [JVi)£ 
 in use.] Dryden. 
 
 PRODE, 71. [Fr. prude, wise, discreet, sober, formal, 
 precise ; D. preutseh, prudish, and proud ; G. sprode, 
 a prude, and shy, cold, reserved, coy, demure, and 
 applied to metals, brittle, friable ; Dan. spriidig, ea- 
 ger, brittle, harsh, dry, ruggi^d ; W. prii:, (prudh,) 
 prudent, discreet, serious, sad, sorrowful ; Goth. 
 frods, prudent; Gr. i/i/iaiSr;, prudence; GolU.frathi, 
 mind, intellect ; frathyan, to be wise, to tinder.-itand. 
 The Goth, frod signifies both wise, prudent, and 
 broken ; D. vroed, prudent. We see that prude, pru- 
 dent, and proud, are from the same root. The sense 
 of brittle would indicate that these words belong to 
 the same family with the Dan. brydcr, to break ; and 
 the radical elements arc the same. The ^VeIsh prui 
 is from tending out or reaching, hence pryder, an.x- 
 iety, a stretching of mind. The sense of prurfe 
 is probably from stretching, straitness, stiffness; and 
 the sense of wise is derivative. Prudence is from 
 the same root, implying care, a tension of mind.] 
 
 A woman of great reserve, coyness, affected stiff- 
 ness of manners, and scrupulous nicrtj'. 
 
 Less modest than Uie speech of prudes. .^w\/l. 
 
 PRO'DENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. prudentia; It. pru- 
 dcnza : Sp. prudencia. See Pruoi;.] 
 
 Wisdmn applied to practice. Johnson. 
 
 Prudence implies caution in deliberating and con- 
 sulting on the most suitable means to accomplish 
 valuable purposes, and the exercise of sagacity in 
 discerning and selecting them. Prudence differs 
 fivim wisdom in this, that prudence implies more 
 caution and reserve than wisdom, or is exercised 
 more in foreseeing and avoiding evil, than in devis- 
 ing ami executing that which is good. It is some- 
 times mere caution or circiims|>cction. 
 
 Prudenes Is principally in n-fereiice to actions to l)e done, and 
 due means, oi\U>r, s'-naou, and mctliod o( doing or not iloiii;,'. 
 
 Halt. 
 
 PRO'DENT, a. Cautious; circumspect; practically 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII,^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, niRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 
 684 
 
PRU 
 
 PSA 
 
 PSl 
 
 wise ; careful of tlie conscqiicnccs of cntorprises, 
 measures, or actions ; cautious not to act wiien ttie 
 end is uf doubtful utility, or probably iin|>racticublc. 
 
 The prudent mail luoki'tli \vi>ll to his Qoing. — I*rov. xiv, 
 
 A prwtenl m.in fon-avvtli Ihi evtl and liiJoth hiiiisolf. — Pror. 
 
 2. Dictated or directed by prudence ; as, jyrudtnt 
 behavior. 
 
 3. Foreseeing by instinct; as, tliepn/i/cnt crane. 
 
 MiUnn. 
 
 4. Frugal ; economical ; as, a prudent woman ; 
 prudent expenditure of money. 
 
 5. Wise ; intelligent. 
 
 PRU-DEN'TIAI,, (-shal,) a. Proceedint; from prit 
 dence ; dictated or prescribed by prudence; as, jiru- 
 dcntial motives ; prudnilial rules. 
 
 2. Suporintenriin!; tlie discretionary concerns of a 
 society ; as, a prudential committee. A'ctn En^ltwd* 
 PUU-DEN-TI.\L'I-TY, n. The quality of being pru- 
 dential ; eligibility on principles of prudence. [A''ot 
 used^'\ Brown. 
 PRCJ-DEN'TrAI..-LY, adv. In conformity with pru- 
 dence ; prudently. Suutlu 
 PRU-DEN'TIALS, n. pi. Maxims of prudence or 
 practical wisdom. 
 
 Many slanuis, in poetic measures, contain rules relating to com- 
 tmm prudentials, as well .as to reli^^ion. \{'att*. 
 
 2. The stiburdinate discretionary concerns and 
 economy of a company, society, or corporation. Thi^ 
 board of trustees appoint annually a committee to 
 manage the prudcnliuh of the corporation. 
 
 JVcio Knrrland. 
 
 PRU'DEN'T-LY, adr. With prudence; with due 
 caution or circumspection ; discreetly ; wisely ; as, 
 domestic atrairs prut/cHj^i/ managed ; laws prudently 
 framed or executed. 
 
 2. With fntgality ; economically ; as, income pru- 
 dcntlij expended. 
 
 PRO'DER-Y, 71. [from prude.] Affected scrupulous- 
 ness ; excessive nicety in cojiduct ; still'noss ; af- 
 fected reserve or gravity ; coyness. Tatler. 
 
 PUO'DISir, a. [from prude] .MFectedly grave ; very 
 formal, precise, or reservetl ; as, a jtrudLiA woman ; 
 prudish manners. 
 
 A romul lecture, spoke with prudish face. Garriuk. 
 
 PRO'DISH-LY, adv. In a prudish manner. 
 
 PRU-I'i\A, n. [L.] Hoar frost. 
 
 PRO'IN-oSE, a. [L. pnUnosus.] Iloary ; covered 
 with minute dust, appearing as if frosted. Humble. 
 
 PRO'IN-OUS, a. Frosty. 
 
 PRONE, V. t. [Perhaps from Fr. provider, to lay 
 down vine stocks for propagation. If not, I know 
 not its origin.] 
 
 1. To lop or cut off the superfluous branches of 
 trees, to make them bear better fruit or grow higher, 
 or to give them a mpre handsome and regular ap- 
 pearance. ' Encyc. Milton. 
 
 2. To clear from any thing superlluous ; to dress ; 
 to trim. 
 
 His royal bird 
 
 Prunet the immotlAl win^, and cloys his bcalt. Shak. 
 PRONE, V. i. To dress ; to prink ; a ludicrous word. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 PRONE, 71. [Fr. prune ; It. and Sp. pruna ; L. pru- 
 nuin i D. pruim. In Latin, pruntu is a plum-tree, Gr. 
 vpiivvj}, and prunum, the fruit.] 
 A dried plum ; sometimes, a recent plum. Bacon. 
 
 PR0\'£1), pp. Divested of superfluous branches ; 
 trimmed. 
 
 2. Cleared of what is unsuitable or superfluous. 
 PRO'NEL, >i. A plant. j^instcortA, 
 PRU-NEL'LA, j 71. A smooth woolen stutF, generally 
 PRU-NEL'LO, i black, used for making shoes or 
 
 garments ; a kind of hasting. Pope. 
 PRU-NEI/LO, n. [Fr. pruncUe, from prune.] 
 
 A species of dried plum. McCulloek. 
 PRON'ER, 71. One that prunes trees or removes what 
 
 is superfluous. 
 PRU-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. prunum, a plum, and fero, 
 
 to bear.] J 
 Bearing plums. 
 PRP.N'ING, ;>;>r. Lopping off superfluous branches ; 
 
 trminiing; clearing of what is superlluous. 
 PRCN'ING, n. In /hardening and acrriculture, the 
 
 lopping of the superfluous branches of trees, either 
 
 for improving the trees or their fruit. 
 PROX'IXG-IIOOK, ) 71. An instrument used in 
 PROX'lXG-KiVlFE, ( pruning trees. It is of vari- 
 ous forms. Druden. Philip}. 
 PRON'IXG-SIIeARS, 71. pi. Shears for pruning 
 
 trees, Sec. 
 
 PRO'RI-EXCE, ) „ ■ . ; ui 
 
 PRO'RI-EX-CY i t P'TT^-'i prurio, to Itch.] 
 An itching, longing desire or appetite for any thing. 
 
 Swi/I. 
 
 PRO'RI-ENT, o. Itching ; uneasy with desire. IVarton. 
 
 PRU-RIG'I.V-OLIS, a. [L. pruri^rinosxi^, from prurigo, 
 an itching, from prurio, to itch.] 
 
 Tending to prurigo. Orcenhill. 
 
 PRU-RI'GO, 71. A papular eruption of the skin, in 
 which the papules are diffuse, nearly of the color of 
 the cuticle, intolerably itthv, itchmg increased by 
 sudden exposure to he.it, when abraded by scratch- 
 
 ing oozing a fluid, that concretes into minute black 
 scabs. An entirely different dist^ase Irotii the itch. 
 
 PRuS'SIAN, (prQsh'an. This has, till of late, been 
 the universal pronunciation ; but in Luinlon, prush'au 
 has now become prevalent. Smart.) a. [from Prus- 
 sia.] Pertaining to I'ru.ssia. 
 
 Prussian blue ; a bi-salt composed of two equiva- 
 lents of the sesquicyanid of iron, which performs 
 the functions of an acid, with one equivalent of ses- 
 quoxyd of iron, which perfornis the functions of a 
 base. 'J'his salt is of a beautiful deitp blue, and is 
 much nsful as a pigment. It is also used in medicine. 
 
 PRuS'SIATE, 71. A name first applied to Prnasian 
 blue, a salt in whicli the sesquicyanid of iron per- 
 forms the functions of an acid ; but subsequently to 
 numerous salts in which the |ir<itocyanid of iron is 
 the acid. It has likewise been applied to various cy- 
 nnids, as the cyanid of potassium, which has been 
 callcfl prtL-isiate of ptitu.-tsa. 
 
 PRC'S'Sie, (prus'ik,) a. The term pru.ssic acid is 
 now applied too vaguely and variously to answer 
 the purpose of science. It was first applied to the 
 sesquicyanid of iron, which is tht^ acid til' Prussiiin 
 blue, it was subsequently applietl to the protocy- 
 anid of iron, which is the acid of the .salt erroneously 
 called prus^iate of iron and p<)frt^.■■^vl ; to the cyano- 
 hydric aoid, whicli, in all iirobability, forms no salts 
 at all ; to the hyilrciguret of ben/.yle, or the essential 
 oil of bitter almonds, and laurel-cherry, which is 
 not an acid, and of course forms no salts; and to 
 cyanogen, which is not an acid, but a compound 
 basifying and acidifying principle. E.ach of the 
 abtive compounds is a valuable metlicine. 
 
 PRY, V. i. [.\ contracted word, the origin of which 
 is not obvious.] 
 
 To peep narrowly ; to inspect closely ; to attempt 
 to discover something with scrutinizing curiosity, 
 whether impertinently or not ; as, to pry into the 
 mysteries of nature, or into the secrets of state. 
 
 Nor n-^il we with a prying eye survey 
 
 The distivnt sltics tu liiul the niilky w.iy. Creech. 
 
 PRV, 71. Narrow inspectiim ; impertinent peeping. 
 2. A lever ; a contraction in America for prize. 
 
 PRV, V. t. To raise or attempt to raise with a lever. 
 This is the common popular pronunciation of prize, 
 in America. The lever used is also called a pry. 
 
 PRy ING, ppr. or a. Inspecting closely ; looking into 
 with curiosity. 
 
 PRY'ING-LY, adv. With close inspection or imperti- 
 nent curiosity. 
 
 PRYT-A-Ne'UM, 71. [Gr. TronTiiifioi'.] In Mevs, a 
 place where the prytanes and those who deserved 
 well of their coimtry were maintained by the public. 
 
 Ehncs. 
 
 PRYT'A-NIS, 71. ; pi. Pbttanes. [Gr. TrotiTai-is.] 
 In .Athens, a member of one of the ten sections 
 into which the senate of five hundred w.as divided, 
 and to each of which belonged the presidency of the 
 senate for one tenth of the year. 
 
 . Smithes Diet. Encyc. .^nachar.ns. 
 
 PRYT'A-NY, 71. In Miens, the period during which 
 the presidency of the senate belonged to the prytanes 
 of one section. Smith's Diet. 
 
 [It is to be noted that in words beginning with Ps 
 and Pt, the letter p has no sound.] 
 
 PSXLM, (silm,) n. [L. psalmus ; Gr. xpa'X/iot, from 
 tpiiXKin, to touch or beat, to sing; Fr. psaume; It. 
 and Sp. salmo.] 
 
 A sacred song or hymn ; a song composed on a 
 divine subject and in praise of God. The most re- 
 markable psaims are those composed by David and 
 other Jewish saints, a collection of one hundred and 
 filty of which constitutes a canonical book of the 
 Old Testament, called Psalms, or the Book of Psalms. 
 The word is also applied to sacred songs composed 
 by modem poets, being versifications of the scriptu- 
 ral psalms, or of these with other parts of Scripture, 
 com[)Osed for the use of churches ; as, the Psalms of 
 Tate and lirady, of Watts, &c. 
 
 PSXLM'IST, 71. A writer or composer of sacred 
 songs ; a title particularly applied to David and the 
 other authors of the scriptural psalms. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic chnrch,a clerk, precentor, 
 singer, or leader of music in the church. 
 
 PSAtMOD'ie'-AL, i delating to psalmody. 
 
 PSAL'iNlO-DIST, 71. One who sings sacred songs. 
 
 PSXLM'O-DY, (sim'o-de or sal'mo-de,) n. The act, 
 practice, or art of singing .sacred songs. Psalmody 
 has always cen considered an important part of 
 public worship. 
 
 PSAL-.MOG'RA-PIIER, ) re n i 
 
 PSAL-MOG'RA-PIIIST, ( t^'^" r»ALM0ORAPHT.] 
 
 A writer of psalms or tlivinc songs and hymns. 
 PSAL-.MOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. tpuKpus, psalm, and 
 ) onAi.i, to write.] 
 
 The net or practice of writing psalms or sacred 
 sonzs and hymns. 
 PSAL'TER, (sawl'ter,) 71. [L. psallrrium ; Gr. <PaX- 
 rnptov; It. and Sp. aalterio; Fr. psautirr.] 
 
 1. The Book of Psalms ; often applied to m book 
 containing the Psalms separately printed. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic church, a series of devout 
 
 sentences or iispirations, I.M) in niimber, in honor of 
 certain mysteries, as the sulferings of Christ. 
 
 Bfi. FitlpatricU. 
 
 Also, a large chaplet or rosary consiatiiic of a liiin- 
 drt d and filly beads, according to the number of the 
 psalms. Encyc. Jim, 
 
 PSAL'TER-Y, (sawl'ter-e,) 71. [Gr. i/-aAriiuiur.] 
 
 A stringed instrument of music used by the He- 
 brews, the form of which is not now known. That 
 which is now used is a flat instrument in form of a 
 tra|)t;7,iiiin or triangle truncated at the top, strung 
 with thirteen chords of wire, mounted on two 
 bridges at the sides, and struck with a plectrum or 
 crooked stick. Encyc. 
 
 Praise the Lonl with Iwrp ; sing to him with the psaltery, aD(l 
 an instrument ot ten strinfs. — Ps. xxxiii. 
 
 PS.\M'.MITE, (sam'mitc,) 71. [Gr. tpuppof, sand.l 
 
 A species of niicaceoiis sandstone. Bron^iiart. 
 PS.VJI-.MlT'ie, a. Pertaining to psammite. 
 PSAR'O-LTTE, ». A fossil plant. Lycll. 
 PtfEu-DE-PIG'RA-PHY (su-de-pig'ra-fe,) n. [Gr. 
 t//f.'.U,5 and fTTi} ,j,i(,r,M.] 
 The ascription of false names of authors to works. 
 PSEC-DI-SOD'O-MON, 71. [Gr. t^/tiiJos, false, looj, 
 equal, and l opt'ii, a building.] 
 
 A mode of building in Greece, in which the liight, 
 length, anil thickness of the courses iliffered. Elmes. 
 P.SEu'D<),(su'do,) [Gr.i//£f(io{, falsity.] A prefix signi- 
 fying false, cotiiiteifeit, or s|iurious. 
 PSEO'DO-A-POS'TLE, (sQ'do-a-|)os'l,) 71. [Gr. xf/cviof, 
 false, and apo.stte.] 
 
 A false apostle; one who falsely pretends to he an 
 apostle. 
 
 PSEl!-I)O.I!LEP'SIS,7i. [Gr.i//£V(!oj, false, and /?>(t;/i5, 
 sight.] 
 
 False or depraved sight ; imaginary vision of ob- 
 jects. Forsyth. 
 PSEu'DO-CHI'NA, 71. [Gr. \pcv6os, and Fr. t/uina, 
 kina, or china. Peruvian-bark.] 
 
 The false China root, a plant of the genus Smil.ax. 
 found in Americtu Also, a species of Strychnos and 
 a species of Solaniim. In the spelling of this name 
 c/i and c are used indiscriminately. 
 rSEO'DC)-CLER'(;V, ». Not true clerg)-. Jl^ere. 
 PSEO'DO-DIP'TER-AL, a. or 71. [Gr. tpcvio(, false, 
 Sis, twice, and jttio' p, wing.] 
 
 In architrrture, a term applied to a temple falsely 
 or iinperfi ctly dipteral, the inner range of columns 
 siirroiindini; the cell being omitted. Gloss, of .Srchit. 
 PSEu'DU-DOX, a. [Gr. \piv6os, false, and tiuju, 
 opinion.] 
 
 False ; not true in opinion. 
 PSEO'DO-(;A-Le'NA, n. Fal.se galena or black jack. 
 P.-^EC'DO-GRAPH, ) 71. [Gr. t/zri tl-,?, false, and 
 PSEU-DOG'RA-PHY, j ) ijaf,,, writing.] 
 
 False writing. Holder. 
 PSEU-DOL'O-CY, (su-dol'o-je,) 71. [Gr. xfjiviuXoyia; 
 if/cvSof, false, and Xoi as, discourse.] 
 
 Falsehottd of speech. Arbulhnot. 
 PSE0'I)O-ME-TAL'Lie, a. Pseudo-metallic luster is 
 that which is perceptible only xvheii held tow.ard 
 the light, as in minerals. Philips. 
 PSEO'DO-MORPH'OUS, (su'do-morfus,) a. [Gr. 
 xpcvios and pupipn, form.] 
 
 Not having the true form. A pseudomorphus crys- 
 tal is one which has a form th.at does not result from 
 its own powers of crystallization. Dana. 
 PSEU-D0N'Y-MOUS,(su-don'e-mu3,) a. [Gni/z-'Wos, 
 false, and ovopa, name.] 
 
 Bearing a false or fictitious name. 
 PSEO'DO-PE-RIP'TER-AL, a. or 71. [Gr. i^teiof, 
 false, TTCot, around, and irrepov, wing.] 
 
 In architecture, a term applied to a temple falsely 
 or imperfectly peripteral, having the columns at the 
 sides atlached to the walls Gloss, ofjirchit. 
 
 PSEO'DO-PHI-LOS'O-PHER, n. A pretender to 
 philosophy. 
 
 PSEO'DO-i'HI-LOS'O-PHY, 71. False philosophy. 
 
 PSEO'DO-RE-PUB'Lie-AN, n. Not a true repub- 
 lican. Jefferson. 
 
 PSEO'DO-TIN'E-A, 71. [Gr. iptvSos, false, and L. 
 tinea, moth.] 
 
 A name given to the larves of certain moths, as 
 the bee moth. Encyc 
 
 PSEu'DO-VOL-e.\N'ie, a. Pertaining to or pro- 
 duced by a pseuilo-volcano. Cteaveland. 
 
 PSE0'DO'-VC)L-e.\'NO, 71. A volcano that emits 
 smoke, and sometimes flame, but no lava ; also, a 
 hiiriiinE mine of coni. Kiriran. 
 
 PSHAW, eiclam. An expression of contempt, disdain, 
 or dislike. 
 
 PSI-LAN'THRO-PIST, n. [Gr. t//iXos, mere, and 
 avUptt^Ttos, man.] 
 One who believes that Christ was a mere man. 
 
 Smart-. 
 
 PSI-LOM'E-LANE, 71. [Gr. ipiXos, smooth, and ftc- 
 Xas, black.]^ 
 
 An ore ot manganese, occurring in smooth, bntrj- 
 oidal forms, and massive, and having a black color 
 nearly steel-gray. 
 PSIL'd-TIION, 71. [Gr., from i/<iXow, to rtripor peel-1 
 
 A depilatory ; a medicine or application to take off 
 the hair of an animal body. 
 
 TONE, BULL, TJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
 Ill • 
 
 885 
 
PUB 
 
 PSIT-Ta'CEOUS, (-shus,) ) a. [Gr. i//iTr(Kr).] Be- 
 PSIT'TA-CID, ! longing to the parrot 
 
 tribe. 
 
 PSo'AS, (so'as,) re. [Gr.] The name of two inside 
 
 muscles of the loins. 
 PSo'RA, n. [Gr.] The itch. Also, any cutaneous 
 
 dj^sease. 
 
 PSo'Rie, a. Pertaining to or connscted with psora. 
 
 PSY'€Hie-AL, a. Pertaining to psychology. 
 
 PSv-CHO-LOG'ie, jo. Pertaining to' a treatise 
 
 PS5-eHO-LO(5'ie-AL, i on the soul, or to the sci- 
 ence of man's spiritual nature. Lilerurii Ma^. 
 
 PSy-eHO-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a psychological 
 manner. 
 
 PSY-eHOL'0-6lST, n. One who is versed in the 
 nature and properties of the soul, or who writes on 
 the subject. 
 
 PSY-eilOL'O eY, (sl-kol'o-je,) n. [Gr. xpvxn, soul, 
 
 and Aoj oj, discourse.] 
 A discourse or treatise on the human soul ; or the 
 
 doctrine ot man's spiritual nature. Camphdl. 
 PS\'-t;HO.M'A-eHY, (sl-kom'a-ke,) n. [Gr. i//uxi 
 
 and /iax'7-] 
 A conflict of the soul with the body. 
 PSY'GHO MAN-CY, (si'ko-man-se,) n. Divination 
 
 by consulting the souls of the dead. 
 PS5-eHR01I'E-TER, n. [Gr. \ijoXpOi, cool, and /ic- 
 
 rpuv.] 
 
 An instrument, invented by Prof. .August, of Ber- 
 lin, for measuring the tension of the aqueous vapor 
 in the atmosphere. Braiule. 
 PT.\R'5II-GAIV, (tiir'me-gan,) n. A bird of the grouse 
 family, Tctrao lagopus of Linn;cus. Tlie plumage 
 is ash-colored and white in summer, and almost 
 entirely white in winter. Ptarmigans h.aunt the 
 lofty hights of mountainous countries in Europe, 
 Asia, and America, descending within the range of 
 vegetation to feed oh berries, buds of trees, insects, 
 &c. Ellin. Ertnjc. 
 
 PTER-I-PLE-GIS'Tie, a. [Gr. irrtpn. and -Xticaw.] 
 
 Relating to fowling, or shooting birds. 
 PTER-O-DAe'TYL, (ter-o-dak'til,) n. [Gr. nTCpov, a 
 wing, and Ja/c rtiAos, a tinger.] 
 
 A saurian reptile; the wing-toed or flying lizard, 
 an animal of singular formation, now extinct. 
 
 CuviRr. 
 
 PTER'O-POD, (ter'o-pod,) n. [Gr. Trrcpov, a wing, 
 and Tff^d, feet.] 
 
 The Pteropoda constitute one division of the Mol- 
 lusca, char.acterized by having broad, fleshy, wing- 
 like appendages in front, or organs of motion. They 
 are all oceanic species. The division includes the 
 Hyal.eas, and other allied sjiecies, with delicate 
 transparent shells. Daiui. 
 
 PTER-OP'OD-OUS, a. Having the characters of a 
 pteropod. Hximble. 
 
 PTIS'.V.N, (tiz'an,) n. [L. ptisana; Gr. trrtaavti, from 
 
 TTTirrm-l, to pound.] 
 
 A decoction of barley with other ingredients. 
 
 JCiiryc. .^rhnthniit, 
 PTOL-E-MA'te, (tol-e-ma'ik,) a. [from Ptolemy, the 
 geographer and astrologer.] 
 
 Pertaining to Ptolemy. The Ptolemaic system, in 
 astronomy, is that maintained by Ptolemy, who sui>- 
 posed the earth to be fixed in the center of the uni- 
 verse, and that the sun and stars revolve around it. 
 This theory was received for ages, but has been re- 
 jected f(tr the Copernican system. 
 PT?'A-LIS.VI, (tl'al-izm,) n. [Gr. irrviiXicr(ios, a spit- 
 ting, from TTT-iioAiC'.i, to s|)it often.] 
 
 In mcA'cinc, salivation ; a morbid and copious ex- 
 cretion of saliva. Cozp. Ennic 
 PTY.S'MA-GOGUE, (tiz'ma-gog,) n. [Gr. TrrJo/ia, 
 saliva, and (i) r.', to drive.] 
 A medicine that promotes discharges of saliva. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 PCi'HER- AL, a. Pertaining to puberty. 
 
 PU'I!I"R-TY, 11. [L. pubirlas, from jiiihr.i.] 
 
 The age at which persons are capable of procrea- 
 ting and bearing children. This age is dilferent in 
 dilTi'rent climates, but is with us considered to be 
 about fourteen years in males, and twelve in females. 
 
 PO'BkS, 71. [L.] In botany, lUf down of plants; a 
 downy or villous substance which grows on plants ; 
 pubescence. Martyn. 
 
 PU-HES'CEN(;E, n. [Ij, puhescrns, pubesco, to shoot, 
 U) grow mossy or hairy.] 
 
 1. The state of n youth who has arrived at puber- 
 ty ; or the state of puberty. Brown. 
 
 9. In lif'tofiif, the downy substance on plants. 
 PU-IIES'C'E\T, n. Arriving at puberty. Brown. 
 
 2. In botany, covered with pubescence, as the 
 leaves of plants. 
 
 :(. In loUlojrij, covered with very fine, recumbent, 
 short hairs. Brunilr. 
 PUII'LIC, a. [ Ij. 7»?zft/t>i/t, from the root tif popufuti, 
 people; that i», pfoplr.-liUe ; Sp, publico ; It. pubblico t 
 Vt. publu/ur ; \V, pobyl, people ; pob, pawb, each, 
 every, every body.] 
 
 I. Pertaining to n nation, state, or community ; 
 cxtrmiling tf) a whole people ; as, a public law, which 
 biiidH the p<;ople of n nation or statfr, as <ippoHed to 
 a pnriUe statute or resolve, which respects an indi- 
 vidual or a corporation only. Thus wo i)ay,pubhc. 
 
 PUB 
 
 welfare, public good, public calamity, public service, 
 public property. 
 
 2. Common to many ; current or circulated among 
 people of all 'Classes; general; as, public report; 
 public scandal. 
 
 3. Open to all ; notorious. 
 
 Joseph, her husband, bfiii^ a jtisl man, and not willing to make 
 her a public example, was niiiiUcd lo put lier away privily. 
 — Matt. L 
 
 4. Regarding the community ; directed to the in- 
 terest of a nation, state, or community ; as, public 
 spirit; public mindedness ; opposed to Private or 
 Selfish. South. 
 
 5. Open for general entertainment; as, a public 
 house. 
 
 6. Open to common use ; as, a public road. 
 
 7. In ircneral, public expresses something common 
 to mankind at large, to a nation, state, city, or town, 
 and is opposed to Private, which denotes what be- 
 longs to an individual, to a family, to a company, 
 or corporation. 
 
 Public law, is often synonymous with the law of 
 nations. 
 
 PUB'LI€, 71. The general body of mankind, or of a 
 nation, state, or community ; the people, indefinitely. 
 
 The public is more disposed to censure than lo jjraise. AiLlison. 
 
 In this passage, public is followed by a verb in the 
 singular number; but being a noun of multitude, it 
 is more generally followed by a plural verb ; the pub- 
 lic are. 
 
 In public, in open view ; before the people at large ; 
 not in private or secrecy. 
 
 In private grieve, hut with a careless scorn, 
 2n public seem lo triumph, not to mourn. 
 
 Granville. 
 
 PUB'LI-CAN, n. [L. publicanu.i, from puTilicu.'i.] 
 
 1. A collector of toll or tribute. Among the Bo- 
 mans, a publican was a farmer of the taxes and pub- 
 lic revenues, and the inferior oflicers of this cKass 
 were deemed oppressive. 
 
 As Jesus sat at meal in the house, bcliold, many publicanB and 
 sitniers came and sat down with him and his disciples. — 
 Matt. ix. 
 
 9. The keeper of an inn or public-house. In Eng- 
 land, one licensed to retail beer, spirits, or wine. 
 
 JilcCulloch. 
 
 PUB-LI-Ca'TION, 71. [L. publicatio, from publico, 
 from publicus.] 
 
 1. The act of publishing or offering to public no- 
 tice ; notificatiim to a people at large, either by words, 
 writing, or printing ; proclam.ation ; divulgation ; 
 promulgation ; as, the publication of the law .at Mount 
 yinai ; the publication of the gospel ; the publication 
 of statutes or edicts. 
 
 9. Tlie act of olfering a book or writing to the 
 public by sale or by gratuitous distribution. The 
 autlior consented to the publication of his manu- 
 scripts. 
 
 3. A work printed and published ; any pamphlet or 
 book olfered for sale or to public notice ; as, a new 
 publication ; a monthly publication. 
 
 PUB'Lie-HEART'ED, ( hart'ed,) a. Public-spirited. 
 \J\rot uscd.'\ Clarendon. 
 
 PUK'Lie-HOUSE, 71. An ordinary inn or house of 
 entertainment. Booth. 
 
 PUB'LI-CIST, 77. A writer on the laws of nature 
 and nations ; one who treats of the rights of Aitions. 
 
 Kent. Du Ponceau. 
 
 PUB-LIC'l-TY, (-lis'e-ty,) ti. [Fr. puhUcit6.'\ 
 
 The stateof being public or ojien to the knowledge 
 of a community ; notoriety. 
 
 PUIi'LlG-LY, oJ(j. Openly; with exposure to popu- 
 lar view or notice ; without concealment ; as, proji- 
 erty publicly offered for sale ; an opinion publicly 
 avowed ; a declaration publicly made. 
 
 2. In the name of the couinninity. A reward is 
 publicly offered for the discovery of the longitude, or 
 for finding a north-western passage to Asia. 
 
 PlJIi'Lie-Mr.ND'EI), a. Disposed to promote the 
 public interest. [Little iised.] 
 
 PUB'LI€-iMTND'El)-NESH, 71. A disposition to pro- 
 mote the public weal or advantage. [Little used.] 
 
 South. 
 
 PUBXIC-NESSS, n. The st.ate of being public, or 
 open to the view or notice of peojile at large ; iiub- 
 licity ; as, the publicness of a sale. 
 
 2. State of belonging to the community ; as, the 
 publicnr^a of proi>erty. Boyle. 
 
 PUU'LIC OR'A-TOR, n. In the English nniver-iities, 
 an oflicer who is the voice of the university on -all 
 public occasions, who writes, re.ads, and records, all 
 letters of a public nature, and presents with an ap- 
 propriate address those on whom honorary degrees 
 arc ciinfirmed. Camb. Cal. Otf. Guide. 
 
 PUB'LIC-SPIR'IT-ED, a. Having or exercising a 
 disposition to advance the interest of the commu- 
 nity ; disposed to make private sacrifices for the 
 public good ; as, public-spirited num. Drydcn. 
 
 2. Dictated by a rt'gard lo public good ; as, a jmblie- 
 miritcd project or measure. Mdtson. 
 
 Pl/lt'I,It;-.^PIU'IT-i:i)-I,Y,n,/i). With public spirit. 
 
 PUll'MC-.'^PIK'IT-EI)-Ni:s.S, 71. A disposili.m to 
 advance the public good, or a willingness lo make 
 
 PUD 
 
 . sacrifices of private interest to promote the common 
 weal. triiitlock. 
 
 PUC'LISH, V. t. [Fr.publier; Sp. publicar ; It. pub- 
 blicare i Ij. publico. See Public.] 
 
 1. To make known to mankind or to people in 
 general what before was private or unknown ; to 
 divulge, as a private transaction; lo promulgate or 
 proclaim, as a law or edict. VV« publish a secret by 
 telling it to people without reserve Laws are pub- 
 IL-ihcd by printing or by proclamation. Christ and his 
 apostles published the glad tidings of salvation. 
 
 Til' unwearied sun, from day to day, 
 Does his Oealor's power display, 
 AitiX publishes to every land 
 
 The work of an aliniff'lily hand. SjifCl^U)! 
 
 2. To send a book into the world ; or to sell or of- 
 fer for sale a book, ma]), or print. 
 
 3. To utter; to put olf or into circulation ; as, to 
 publish a forged or counterfeit paper. 
 
 Laws of Mass, and Conn. 
 
 4. To make known by posting, or by reading in a 
 church ; as, to publish banns of matrimony. We 
 say also, the persons intending marriage are pub- 
 lished: that is, their intention of marriage is published. 
 
 PUB'LISH-£D, (-lisht,) or a. Made known to the 
 community ; divulgeti ; promulgated ; pioclaimeil. 
 
 PUB'LISH-ER, 71. One w ho makes known what was 
 before private or unknown ; one that divulges, pro- 
 mulgates, or proclaims. Mcrbury. 
 
 2. One who sends a book or writing into thewoild 
 for common use ; one that offers a book, pamphlet, 
 &c., for sale. 
 
 3. One who utters, passes, or puts into circulation 
 a counterfeit paper. 
 
 PUB'LISH-ING, ppr.ora. Making known; divulg- 
 ing ; promulgating ; proclaiming ; selling or offering 
 publicly for sale ; uttering. 
 
 PUB'LISH-ME.NT, 71, In popular usage in JVfio £115-- 
 land, a notice of intended marriage. 
 
 PUC-eOON', 71. A plant ; a red vegetable pigment 
 used by the North American Indians, and also the 
 plant from which it is obtained, generally considered 
 to be Sangiiinaria or blood-root. P. Cye. 
 
 POCE, a. Of a dark brown or brownish purple color. 
 
 an. 
 
 PO'CEL-AGE, n. [Fr.] A state of virginity. [Little 
 used.] Hobinson. 
 
 PU'CE-RON, 71. [Fr., from puce, a flea.] 
 
 The French name of a tribe of small insects which 
 are found in great numbers on tlie bark and leaves of 
 plants, and live by sucking the sap; the Aphis, vine- 
 fretter, or jilant-louse. Partington. 
 
 PUCK, 71. [Ice. and Sw. pit/.c, a demon ; Scot, pud:.] 
 In the mythology of the middle ages, a celebrated 
 fairy, "the merry wanderer of the night," whose 
 character and attributes are depicted in the Midsum- 
 mer Night's Dream of Shakspcare ; also called RoiiiN 
 Good-fellow and Friar Rush. Brande. 
 
 PUCK'-BALL, ) 71. [from puck.] A kind of iniish- 
 
 PUCK'-Fit5T, i room full of dust. Diet. 
 
 PUCK'ER, v. t. [Sp. bnche, a purse, ruiiiple, or jiiick- 
 er ; bucle, n buckle; buebar, la hide. i?wcAc signifies 
 also a crop or craw, and the breast ; hence, perhaps, 
 Ij. pectus ;' Port, bucho, li)e crop, the stomach. Qu. 
 Ir. Jighim, to weave ; G.fach. In Gv. vvKa signifies 
 closely, densely ; irvKuSio, to cover. Class I!g. The 
 primary sense is probably, to draw, to wrinkle.] 
 
 To gather into small folds or wrinkles ; to contract 
 into ridges and furrows ; to corrugate. 
 
 Ills I'acc pale and withered, and liis sldn puckered In wrinkles. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 It is usually followed by vp ; as, to pucker up cloth ; 
 but up is superfluous. It is a popular word, but not 
 elegant. 
 
 PIJCK'Klt, 71. A fold or wrinkle, or a collection of 
 folds. 
 
 Pir('K'i:R-KD,;7>. or<7. Gntliered in folds ; wrinkled. 
 PUCK'Eli-ING, ppr. Wrinkling. 
 PIJD'DKK 71. [This is supposed to be the same as 
 Pother.] 
 
 A tumult; a confujed noise ; a bustle, [yulgar.] 
 Shak. Locke. 
 
 PUD'DER,?'. i. To make a tumult or bustle. Locke. 
 PUD'DER, r. (. To perplex ; to embarrasis ; to con 
 
 fuse ; vulgarlj', to bother. Locke. 
 PITD'DER-/;!), Perplexed ; bothered. 
 rnn'Dr.U-l.N'G, ;v)r. Perplexing; confusing. 
 PyD'DING, 71. [W. ;m/c;i, what bulges out, a paunch, 
 
 a pudding; Fr. boudin, a pudding, from bonder, Ui 
 
 pout; Ir.boideal; G. and Dim. pudding ; tiw. puding. 
 
 Class Bd.] 
 
 1. i\ species of food of a soft or moderately bard 
 consisti lice, variously made, but usually a compound 
 of flour, or meal of maize, with miik and eggs, 
 sometimes enriched with raisins, and called Plum- 
 runni no. 
 
 2. An intestine. Shuk. 
 
 3. An intestine stufl'ed with meat, &c.,now called 
 n .Sai'saok. 
 
 4. Proverbially, food or victuals. 
 
 Kat your puiltliug, ilavr, nnd hold your long^ne. Prior. 
 
 PIJD'DING, j n. In settmcn\i language, a thick 
 pjjD'I)/;N-li\(i, j wreath or circle of cordage, ta- 
 
 FATE, FXn, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, B<?pK — 
 
PUF 
 
 periiig from llie midille toward tile ends, and fasti'iied 
 about the rn:i-;t liclow the trusses, to |ireveiit the 
 yards Crwri falling; down wlien tlie roiu-'s sustaining 
 them are >ihot away. 
 
 Also, a ([uantity of yarns, maltins, or oakum, i:sed 
 to iirevent chalin!;. It. If. Dana, Jr. 
 
 PljD'DING-GllXSS, n. A plant of the fienus Mentha. 
 
 Fam. qf Pttiidg. 
 
 I'l'D'DIN'O-CRoSS, n. A plant, ftu. Juhnson. 
 PijU'L)li\U-l'IU, ( pi,) >i. A pudding with meat 
 
 'i)ak('d in it. llmiibras. 
 PlJU'UlNG-I'IIMVrUEE, n. A plant of the genus 
 
 Cassia. Fam. of Plants. 
 
 riJU'DIXG-J^LEEVE, n. A sleeve of tlie full dress 
 
 clerical gown. Swift. 
 PIJD'Dl.N'G-STCNE, n. Conglomerate ; a coarse 
 
 sandstone, composed of silicious pclibles, Hint, &c., 
 
 nniti'd bv a cement. Cleuvcland. 
 PljL)'Dh\G-TIME, n. The lime of dinner, pudding 
 
 being formerly the first dish set on the table, or 
 
 rather first eaten ; a practice not yet obsolete among 
 
 the common people of New England. 
 2. The nick of time ; critical time. lludibras. 
 PUD'DLE, 71. [Ir. hoiilhlia: G. iifiif.e.] 
 
 1. A small stand of dirty wati r ; a muddy plash. 
 
 Drtfilen. J3ililisun 
 
 2. A mixture of clay and sand, worked together 
 until they are impervious lo water. Buchanan. 
 
 PUD'DLE, V. t. To make foul or muddy ; to pollute 
 with dirt ; to mix dirt and water. Shak. DnjJeiu 
 
 2. To make thick or close with clay, so as to ren- 
 der impervious to water. 
 
 3. To convert cast iron into wrought iron, by the 
 process called ymlillmg. Ure. 
 
 Pl'D'DLE, I', i. To make a dirty stir. Junius. 
 
 PUU'DL£D, pp. or a. Made m'liddy or foul ; made 
 thick or close with clay ; converted into wrought 
 iron by puddling. 
 
 PUn'DI.ICK, 71. One who converts cast iron into 
 wrought iron by the process culled puddling, which 
 see. I//:hrrt. 
 
 PUD'DLIXG, ppr. Making muddy or dirty; making 
 thick or close with cla\' ; coiu'erlirig into wrought 
 iron by the process called puddling. [See Pud- 
 
 DLINC, 71.1 
 
 PUU'DLING, 71. The act of rendering impervious to 
 water by means of ciny, as a canal. Gwilt. 
 
 2. The process of converting cast iron into 
 wrought or malleable iron, by subjecting it to the 
 continued action of intense heat in a reverbcratory 
 furnace, until it becomes so thick and tenacious as 
 to slick together and form into lumps. • IlrbcH. 
 
 PUD'DLY, a. Muddy ; foul ; dirty. Carew. 
 
 PLJD'ROCK, j 71. [for paiiduck or parrock, park.] A 
 
 PUR'ROCK, i small inclosure. {Pruiiiucial in Eng- 
 land.] 
 
 PU'DEN-CY, n. [L. jiudens, pudeo, lo blush or be 
 
 ashamed ; Ar. i\xE abada, to worship, to prostrate 
 
 one's self, to cast down, to subdue, to be ashamed, 
 or Ch. nn3, to blush. Clu. Ileb. S'la, in a different 
 dialect. The first is the more probable affinity. 
 Class nd. No. II, 2f>.] 
 
 Modesty ; shamefacedness. Shak. 
 PU-DFJ^DA, 71. pi. [L.] The parts of generation. 
 
 PO'Oie'-Alj I P"*^"-*! modest.] 
 
 Pertaining to the parts which modesty requires to 
 be concealed ; as, the piirfi'c artery. Quijicw. 
 PU-DIC'I-TY, 71. [Fr. piidiciti! ; L. piidicitia.] 
 
 Modesty j chastity. Howell. 
 Pf'E'-FEL-I,0\V. See Pew-Fellow. 
 Pu'ER-I LE, (-il,) a. [Fr., from L. pucrilis, from puer, 
 a boy.] 
 
 Boyish , childish ; trifling ; as, n puerile amuse- 
 ment. Pope. 
 Pu'ER-II.E-LY, adv. Boyishly ; triflinglv. 
 PU ER IL't-TY, (71. [Fr. pucrilile : h. pumlitas, 
 PO'ER-ILE-NESS, ( from puer, a boy.] 
 
 1. Childishness ; boyishness ; the ni.inncrs or ac- 
 tions of a boy ; that which is trifling. 
 
 Broton. Driiden 
 
 2. In ithcourse, n thought or expression which is 
 fiat, insipid, or childi!4l. Encyc. 
 
 PU-ER'Pli-RAL, a. [L. puerpera, a lying-in woman ; 
 puer, a boy, and parin, to bear.] 
 
 Pertaining to childbirth ; a«, a puerperal fever. 
 PU-ER'PE-ROUS, a. [L. piirr/ic-uj,-, supra.] 
 
 Bearing children ; lying in. 
 PO'ET. See Pewet. 
 
 PUFF, 71. [D pof; G. pnff, a putt, a Ihump ; pufftn, to 
 cuff, to tlininp, to buffrl ; Dan. puff, a piilf, blast, 
 bulfet J puffer, to crack ; \V. ptrf and pif. This is 
 only a dialectical variation of huff, buffi t; It. buffo, 
 buffa, buffctto, beffa, whence buffoon ; Sp. bufnr, to 
 puff. The radical sense is, to drive, lo thrust, hence 
 to swell. (See Buffet and Buf foon.) The Dutch 
 
 O 3 
 
 orthography ii precisely the Pcrs. {_xj pof, a puff.] 
 
 1. A sudden and single emission of breath from 
 the mouth ; a quick, forcible blast ; a whiir. Philips. 
 
 PUG 
 
 2. A sudden and short blast of wind. Itahgh. 
 .X A fungous ball filled with dust ; a piiir ball. 
 •1. .\iiy tiling light and porous, or somelhlng 
 swelled and light ; as, puJ/'-paste. 'J'allcr. 
 
 5. A substance ot" loose texture, used to sprinkle 
 powder on the hair. AinswortU. 
 
 6. A tumid or exaggerated commendation. 
 
 Cibbrr. 
 
 PUFF, r. i. [G. puffcn, to pulT, to thump, to bullet; 
 tJcrpi/JT*''!, to detoiH/.e ; D. poffcn; VV. pijiaw, picftaic, 
 to puff; Fr. AouJ/ir, to pud', to swell. See the noun. 1 
 
 1. To drive air from the mouth in a single unii 
 quick b'ast. SAak. 
 
 2. 'I'o swell the checks with air. 
 
 3. To blow, as an e-xpression of scorn or contemjit. 
 ll is rt-iUly to (Ii'fy Heaven lopuffni iI;imiiation. SotilJ). 
 
 4. To breathe with vehemence, as after violent 
 exertion. 
 
 The aas comes Ijack nf^ain, puffmg and blowing from the chnse. 
 
 L' EnLran^e. 
 
 ,"). To do or move with hurry, agitation, and a 
 tumid, bustling appearance. 
 
 Then cinic linivc glory puffing by. Herbert. 
 6. To swell with air ; to dilate or inflate. Boijtc. 
 PUFF, V. t. To drive with a blast of wind or air ; .is, 
 th(r north wind pnffi away the clouds. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To swell ; to inflate; to dilate with air; as, a 
 bladder puffed with uir. 
 
 Tlie sea puffed up with winds. Sltnk. 
 
 3. To swell ; to inflate ; to blow up ; as, puffed up 
 with pride, vanity, or conceit ; to pujfuyi willi praise 
 or tlallery. Dcnham. Bacon. 
 
 4. To drive with a blast in scorn or contempt. 
 
 I puff Uie prostitute away. Dryden. 
 
 5. To praise with exaggeration ; as, to puff a 
 pamphlet. 
 
 PUFF'-HAIjL, 71. A fungus or mushroom full of 
 
 dust, of the genus Lyeoperdan. Let. 
 PUl'F'/'^D, (|iuft,) pp. Driven out suddenly, as air or 
 
 breath; blown up; swelled with air; inflated with 
 
 vanity or pride; praised. 
 PUFF'ER, n. One that puffs; one that praises with 
 
 noisy coiiimendation. 
 PUFF'I.V, 71. A bird of the genus AIca, (I.inn.,) or 
 
 auk kind, found principally in the nortliern seas. 
 
 The name puffin is also given to certain birds of the 
 
 petrel family. P. Ojc. 
 
 2. A kind of fish. Ainswortlt. 
 
 3. A kind of fungus with dust ; a fuz/.ball. 
 PUFF'IN-AP-PLE, (-ap-pl,) 7i. A sort of apple so 
 
 called. Minsworth. 
 
 PUFF'I NESS, 71. State or quality of being turgid. 
 
 PUFF'ING, jrpr. Driving out the breath with a single, 
 sudden blast; blowing up ; inflating; praising pom- 
 pously. 
 
 PUl'F'iNG, 71. A vehement breathing. 
 
 2. Exaggerated praise. Burke. 
 PUFF'ING-LY, aJp. Tumidly; with swell. 
 
 2. With vehement breathing or shortness of 
 breath. 
 
 PUFF'Y, a. Swelled with air or any soft matter; 
 tumid with a soft substance ; as, a puffy tumor. 
 
 fViscman. 
 
 2. Tumid ; turgid ; bombastic ; as, a puffy style. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 PUG, «. [Sax. piga, Sw. piga, a little girl ; Uan. 
 pige; W. bac, by^an ; Sp. poco or petpteho, little ; Ir. 
 beag, from the root of pig, that is, a shoot, as we use 
 imp. See Beagle.] 
 
 The name given to a little animal treated with 
 familiarity, as a monkey, a little dog, &c. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 PUG, a. liike the monkey ; belonging to a particular 
 kind of dog. 
 
 PUG'-DOG, 71. A small dog, with a face and nose 
 like that of a monkey. Smart. 
 
 PUG'-FaC-£D, (-fist,) a. Monkey-faced. 
 
 PUG'GER-£D, for Pl'ckered, is not in use. More. 
 
 PUG'GING, 71. In architecture, the stuff made of plas- 
 ter laid between the joists under the boards of a 
 floor, to deaden the sound. Brande. 
 
 PUG'GING, 0. A cant word for thieving. [Oi>.<.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PUG'-NOSE, n. A short and thick nose ; a snub no.se. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 PUGH, (poo,) exdam. A word used in contempt or 
 disdain. 
 
 P0'6IL, n. [It. pugilto, a handful; Fr. pugllc; L. 
 pu^illum, from the n«it of pugnus, the fist ; probablv 
 coinciding with the Greek hvkvou, to make thick, 
 that is, to close or press.] 
 
 .\s much as is taken up between the thumb and 
 two first fingers. Bacon. 
 
 PO'GIL-IS.M, 71. [L. and Sp. pugU, a champion or 
 prize-fighter, from the Gr. irnitrr/!, id.; rrvypri, the 
 fist; JTi'f, with the fist; ttvki'oio, to close tir make 
 fast ; allied, probably, to pack, L. pango. Class Bg.] 
 The practice of boxing or fighting with the fist. 
 
 PP'GIL-IST, 71. A bo.xer; one who fights with his 
 fisls. 
 
 PU GIL-IST'ie, 0. Pertaining to boxing or fighting 
 with the fist. 
 
 PUL 
 
 PUG-NS't.'IOUS, (-slius,) a. [L. pugnaz, from pugna, 
 a fight; from pugnu.t, the fisl. See Peon,.] 
 
 Dispo.sed til fight ; inclineil to fighting ; quarrel- 
 some ; fighting. Mure. 
 
 PU(i-N.^'CIOUS-I,Y, adv. In a pugnacious manner. 
 
 PUG-N-AC'I-TY, (-nas'e-te,) 71. Inclination to fight ; 
 qiiarri'l.someness. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 PUO'J\,"/S KT CAL'CI-BUS, [L.] With fists and 
 heels ; with all the might. 
 
 POIS'.NE, (pa'ny,) a. [Ft. puis, since, afterward, and 
 ni!, born.] 
 
 1. In law, younger or inferior in rank ; a.<<, a chief 
 justice and three puL>-/ie justices of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas ; the puinne barons of the Court of Ex- 
 chequer. Btackstone. 
 
 2. Later in dale. [JVot used.] Hale. 
 PO'lS-SANCE, H. [Fr., from pouvoir, to be able ; L. 
 
 posse, possum, potes, potest, Sp. poder, power, II. 
 jtodere.] 
 
 Power ; strt'ngth ; might ; force. Milton. Shak. 
 PO'IS-SANT, a. Powerful ; strong ; mighty ; forci- 
 ble ; as, a puissant prince or empire. 
 
 Milton. Ralegh. 
 PO'IS-S.\NT-LY,a(/r. Powerfully; with great strength. 
 PUlvE, r. i. [Hell. pD, to evacuate, to empty, L. 
 racuo ! or Vpi, to liuist forth ; Ch. id., and ypD. Uu. 
 W. cyiH'gi, to vomit ; cy is a prefix. Spew is probably 
 from the same source ; L. spuo, for spueo, with a 
 prefix. The radical sense is, to throw or drive.] 
 To vomit ; to eject from the stomach. Sliak. 
 POKE, 71. A vomit; a medicine which excites vom- 
 iting. 
 
 POKE, a. Of a color between black and russet ; now 
 
 called Pt cE. Shak. 
 POK'AI), (pukt,) pp. Vomited. 
 
 POK'ER, II. One that vomits ; a medicine causing 
 
 vomiting. 
 POK'ING, ppr. Vomiting. 
 Pl'K'I.VG, n. The act of vomiting. 
 PUL'CIIRI-TUUE, 71, [L. pulcArituJo, from puUhcr, 
 
 beaiitifiil.] 
 
 1. Beaiily ; handsomeness; grace; comeliness; 
 that quality of form which pleases the eye. 
 
 Brotrn. More. 
 
 2. Moral beauty ; those qualities of the mind 
 _yvhicli good men love and approve. SoutJi. 
 
 PVljE, I', i. [Fr. piuuler. This word belongs probably 
 to the root of bawl, bellow, L. pello.] 
 
 1. To cry like a chicken. Bacon. 
 
 2. To whine; to cry as a complaining child; to 
 whimper. 
 
 To apeak pttling like a lieggar at h.iliin.ass. Shak. 
 Pu'I-ie, 71. A plant. Jiinsworth. 
 PO'l'-c')! j's j t'^" J'"'"^"*'"''! from pulex, a flea.] 
 Abounding with fleas. [J^"ot -used.] Diet. 
 POL'ING, ppr. or a. Crying like a chicken ; whin- 
 ing. 
 
 PuL'ING, 71. A cry as of a chicken ; a whining. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Pl'L'ING-LY, atlv. With whining or complaint. 
 PU'I,l-OL, 71. A plant. Ainsworth. 
 PULK'M.A, 71. A Laplander's traveling sletl or 
 sleigh. 
 
 PUT,L, !•. t. [Sax. pnllian ; L. vello. Uu. Eth. RA/fv 
 balcaeh. Cbi.ss 111, No. 7.) ii^ii 1 1 
 
 1. To draw; to draw toward one, or make an ef- 
 fort to draw, i'u// diflfers from draw; we use draw 
 when motion follows the etTurt, and pull is used in 
 tlie same sense ; but we may also pull forever with- 
 out drawing or moving the thing. This distinction 
 may not be universal. Pull is opposed to piuA. 
 
 Tli< n he put forth his ban<l and look Iier au<l pulled her in to liim 
 
 into lite ark. — tirii. viii. 
 
 2. To pluck ; to g.itber by drawing or forcing off or 
 out ; as, to pull fniil ; to pull flax. 
 
 3. To tear ; to rend ; but in this sense followed by 
 some ipialifying wortl or phrase ; as, lo pull in pieces: 
 to pull asunder or apart. To pull in ttco, is U» .sep.i- 
 rate, or tear by violence into two parts. 
 
 'J'o pull doirn ; to demolish or take in pieces by 
 separating the parts; .i.s, to pii/1 down a himse. 
 
 2. To deiuoli.'.li ; tu subvert ; to destroy. 
 
 In political »ll'.iir&,as well as niech.mis.tl, it is e.uier U> pull dam 
 than to UiiUl up, Howetl. 
 
 3. To bring down ; to degrade ; to humble. 
 
 To rabe the wn-tclied and pull doien the pnjud. Roacommon, 
 To pull off: to separate by pulling ; to pluck ; 
 
 also, to take off without force ; as, tu pull off a coat 
 
 or hat. 
 
 To pull out : to draw out ; to extract. 
 
 To pull up: 1(1 pluck up i lo tear up by the roots; 
 hence, Iti extirpate ; to enidicate ; to destroy. 
 PIJLL, V. i. To give a pull ; to tug; a.s, to piiZZ at a 
 rope. 
 
 To pull apart ; to separate by pulling ; as, a rope 
 will pull apart. 
 PjiLL, 71. 'I'he act of pulling or drawing with force; 
 an effort to move by drawing toward one. Steift. 
 
 2. A contest ; a struggle. Carrrn. 
 
 3. Pluck ; violence suffered. Shak. 
 PJJLL'B ACK, n. That which keeps back, or restrains 
 
 from proceeding. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN'«:F,R, VI"UI0US C as K ; G as J ; S as Z j CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
PUL 
 
 POLL'ED, yp. Drawn toward one ; plucked. 
 
 PilLL'EN, H. [Fr. puule, a lien, L. iiullus. See Pul- 
 let and FoiL.] • 
 
 Ponltrw [.Yot used.] Bailey. 
 
 PULL'ER; 71. One tliat pulls. S/iali. 
 
 PIJLL'ET, n. \Fi. poulct, dim. from povle, a hen ; It. 
 pallo : L. puUus : Gr. itcjAds j coincidi;ig with the 
 Eng. fuat.] 
 
 A young hen or female of the domestic fowl. 
 
 JViseman. 
 
 PJ,'LL'EY, It. ; pi. Pullets. [Fr. pouUe ; Sp. poUa; L. 
 polus ; Gr. ttjAo?, from rjAtij, to turn.] 
 
 A small wheel turning on a pin in a block, with 
 a furrow or groove in which runs the rope that 
 turns it. 
 
 The pulley is one of the mechanical powers, much 
 
 used for raising wtiKlits. 
 PUL'LI-eAT, n. A kind of silk handkerchief. 
 PUhL'ING, y^r. Drawing; making an etibrt to draw ; 
 
 plucking. 
 
 PUL'LU-LaTE, v. i. [L. pulUlo, from pullus, a 
 slloot.] 
 
 To germinate ; to bud. Oranrrrr. 
 PUL-LU-LA'TION, n. A germinating or budding; 
 
 the first shooting of a bud. More. 
 PUL'MO-NA-RY, a. [L. pulmonarius, from pulmo, 
 
 the lungs, from pcUo, pulsus, pulso, to drive or 
 
 beat.] 
 
 Pertaining to the lungs ; affecting the lungs ; as, a 
 pulmonary disease or consumption ; the pulmonary 
 arterv. 
 
 PUL'MO-NA-RY, n. [h. pulmonaria.] 
 
 A plant, lungwort. .^insworth. 
 PUL'MO-NI-BRAiNeH'I-ATE, a. [L. pulmo and Gr. 
 
 Having the branchiie formed for breathing air, as 
 moUusks of the genera Limnea and Planorbis. 
 
 Cuvicr. 
 
 PUL-JION'ie, a. [Fr. pulmonique, from L. pulmo, the 
 lungs.] 
 
 Pertaining to the lungs ; affecting the lungs ; as, a 
 pulmonic disease ; pulmonic consumption. 
 PUL-MON'ie, Ji. A medicine for diseases of the 
 lungs. 
 
 a. One affected by a disease of the lungs. 
 
 Miuthnot. 
 
 PULP, 71. [Fr. pulpe ; L. pulpa. This is probably al- 
 lied to h. puis, puhnrntum, Gr. jToXrui, from softness. 
 Clii. from puL-us, beaten.] 
 
 1. A soft mass ; in general. 
 
 2. The soft substance within a bone ; marrow. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 X The soft, succulent part of fruit ; as, the pulp 
 of an orange. 
 4. The aril or exterior covering of a coffee-berry. 
 
 Edwards, fVcst Indies. 
 PULP, V. t. To deprive of the pulp or integument, as 
 the coffee-berry. 
 
 The othpr mode is to pulp the coffee immetliately as it conies from 
 (lie trw. By a suuple macliiiie a man will vulv a Ijiistu t in 
 a minute. Edwards, \V. IruUes. 
 
 PUL-PA-TOON', 71. Delicate confectionery or cake. 
 
 Toone, 
 
 PI;LP'£D, (pulpt,) pp. Deprived of the pulp. 
 PIJLP'I-NESS, 71. The state of being pulpy. 
 PIJL'PIT, 71. I^L. pulpilum, a stage, scaffold, or higher 
 
 part of a stage ; It. and Sp. pulpilo ; Fr. pupitre,] 
 1. An elevated place, or inclosed stage, in a 
 
 church, in which the preacher stands. It is called 
 
 also a Desk. 
 
 9. In tke Roman tlirnter, the pvlpitum was the front 
 part of the staze, when' the actois perlormcil their 
 parts. It was higher than the orchestra, and dirc elly 
 back of it. Smitk's Diet. 
 
 3. A movable desk, from which disputants pro- 
 nounced their dissertations, and authors recited their 
 works. Rncyc. 
 
 PIJ[,'PIT-EL'0 flUENCE, ) n. Eloquence or or.itory 
 PiiL'PlT-OR'A-TO-KY, j in delivering sermons. 
 PijL-PlT'ie-AL-LY, in Chcsterjicld, is not an author- 
 ized word. 
 
 PJJL'PIT-Isn, a. Pertaining to or like the pulpit, or 
 its performance. Chnlmer.i. 
 
 PJJL'I'IT-OK'A-TOR, 71. An eloquent preacher. 
 
 PIILP'OUS, a. [frcjni pulp.] Consisting of pulp, or 
 resembling it ; soft like pap. Philips. 
 
 PULP'OUS-NEtiS, 71. Softness ; the quality of being 
 pulpoiig. 
 
 PULP'Y, a. Like pulp; soft; fleshy; succulent; as, 
 the pulpy covering of a nut ; the pulpy su^islance of a 
 peach or cherry. Umj. .^rbulhnot. 
 
 PUL'CIUB, (pul'ka,)7i. [.Sp.] A refreshing drink with 
 Hlightly intoxicating qualilicR, much used by the Mex- 
 icanii, and extracted from the maguey, or Agave 
 Americana. F.nryc. Amer, 
 
 PULS'ATE, v.i. [L. puUatus, pulso, to beat, from the 
 root of pello, to drive.] 
 To beat or throb. 
 
 The hf-art of a Tiper or frojf will cnilinue 10 pultate ]onz nftrr U 
 is ukeii from the tx*ily. Vanitin. 
 
 PULS'A-TILE, a. [L. puhatilu, from pul.10, to beat.] 
 That U or may be Htriick or beaten ; played by Ix Mt- 
 Ing ; 08, > puttatUc iniilniment of muHic. Jl/iu. Oict. 
 
 PUM 
 
 PUL-SA'TION, 71. [L. puhatw, supra.] 
 
 1. The beating or throbbing of the iicart or of an 
 artery, in the process of carrying on the circulation 
 of the blood. ' The blood being propelled by the con- 
 traction of the heart, causes the arteries to dilate, so 
 as to render each dilatation perceptible to the touch, 
 in certain parts of the body, as in the radial arte- 
 ry, &.C. 
 
 2. A stroke by which some medium is affected, as 
 in sounds. 
 
 3. In (aw, any touching of another's body willfully 
 or in anger. This constitutes battery. 
 
 By llie Cornelian law, pulsation as well as vcrlaeration is pro- 
 hibited. Jilackston£. 
 
 PULS'A-TIVE, a. Beating ; throbbing. Eneyc. 
 PUL-Sa'TOR, 71. A beater ; a striker. Diet. 
 PULS'A-TO-RY, a. Beating; throbbing; as the heart 
 
 and arteries. Wolton. 
 PULSE, (puis,) 71. ['L. pulsus, from pello, to drive; 
 
 Fr. pouts.] 
 
 1. In animals, the beating or throbbing of the heart 
 and arteries ; 77iore particularly, the sudden dilatation 
 of an artery, caused by the projectile force of the 
 blood, which is perceptible to the touch. Hence we 
 s.ay, to feel the pulse. The pulse is frequent or rare, 
 quick or slow, equal or unequal, regular or intermit- 
 ting, hard or sort, strong or weak, &c. The pulses 
 of an adult, in health, are little more than one pulse 
 to a second ; in certain fevers, the number is in- 
 creased to 90, 100, or even to 140 in a minute. 
 
 2. The stroke with which a medium is affected by 
 the motion of light, sound, &c. ; oscillation; vibra- 
 tion. 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton demonstrales that the velocities of the pulses of 
 an elastic tlui<l medium are in a ratio cumponiided oflialf Die 
 ratio of the elastic force directly, aud half the ratio of tlie 
 density inversely. Encyc, 
 To feel one^s pulse .' metaphorieally, to sound one's 
 opinion ; to try or to know one's mind. 
 PULSE, II. i. To beat, as the arteries. [Little used.] 
 PULSE, 7-. [L. pulso.] [Ray. 
 
 To drive, as the pulse. [Little used.] 
 PULSE, 71. [Qu. from L. pulsus, beaten out, as seeds ; 
 or Heb. and Ch. S^D, a bean, from n^D, to separate.] 
 Ijeguminous plants, or their seeds ; the plants whose 
 pericarp is a legume, as beans, peas, &c. 
 
 MiUun. Dryden. 
 PULSE'LESS, a. Having no pulsatitm. 
 PUL SIF'ie, a. [ pulse and L. facio, to make.] 
 
 Exciting the pulse ; causing pulsation. bmith. 
 PUL'SION, (pul'shun,) n. [from L. pulsus.] 
 
 The act of driving forward ; in opposition to Suc- 
 tion or Traction. [Little used.] More. Bcntleu. 
 PUL-TA'CEOUS, (-slius,) a. [from Gr. niXros', L. 
 puis. See Pulp.] 
 
 Macerated ; softened ; nearly fluid. Beddoes. 
 PUL'VER-A-BLE, a. [frimi L. puhis, dust, probably 
 from pf ((o, pu(so, or its root, that which is beaten fine, 
 or that which is driven. See Puwdep.] 
 
 That may be reduced to fine powder ; capable of 
 being pulverized. Boyle. 
 PUL'VER-aTE, j'. (. To beat or reduce to powder or 
 dust. [But PuLVERizK 1.9 generally used.] 
 
 pul'ver-'n'e, ! 
 
 PUL'VER-IZ-a'-13LE, a. That may be pulverized. 
 
 Barton. 
 
 PUL-VER-I-Za'TION, 71. [from |)K/i)fri:e.] The act 
 of reducing to dust or i)ow(ler. 
 
 FUL'VER-IZE, V. t. [It. polverizzare ; Fr. pulveriser.] 
 To reduce to fine powder, as by beating, grinding, 
 &c. Friable substances may be pulverized by grind- 
 ing or beating; but to pulverize malleable bodies, 
 other nic lliods must be pursued. Encye. 
 
 PUL'VEU-lZ-^,'D, pp. or a. Reduced to fine powder. 
 
 I'UL'VER IZ-ING, ppr. Reducing to fine powder. 
 
 PUIi'VER-OUS, a. Consisting of dust or powder; 
 like powder. 
 
 PUL-VER'U-LENCE, n. Dustiness; abundance of 
 
 dust or powder. 
 PUL-VER'U-LENT, a. Dusty; consisting of fine 
 
 powder ; powilery. 
 2. Addicted to lying and rolling in the dust, as 
 
 fowls. 
 
 PUL'VIL, 71. A sweet-scented powder. [Little used.] 
 
 Oatj. 
 
 PUL'VIL, 7'. (. To sprinkle with a perfumed powder. 
 [JsTol used.] Congrcve. 
 
 PUL' VIN-A-TED, o. [L. pulvinar, a pillow.] 
 
 In architecture, enlarged or swelled in any portion 
 of an oriler, as a frieze. Brnndc. 
 
 PO'MA, 71. A digitigrnde carnivorous mammal, the 
 Fidis concolor, of the warmer parts of America, a 
 rapacious qiiailrupi^d of the cat family. 
 
 PU.M'I-C.^TE, V. t. To make smooth with pumice. 
 
 PUM'I-€A TEI), pp. Smoothed with pumice. 
 
 PUM'I-CA-TING, p/rr. Making smooth with pumice. 
 
 PU.M'ICE, 71. [L. pumet, supposed to be from the root 
 of npuvta, foam ; (J. bimstein ; I). ;jKii7is(eP7i. ] 
 
 A substance frequently ejected from volcanoes, of 
 various colors, gray, white, reddish-brown, or black ; 
 hard, rough, ami porous ; specifically lighter than wa- 
 UT, and resemliliiig the slag produced in nn iron fur- 
 nace, it ajipeais to consist of parallel fibers, owing 
 
 PUN 
 
 to the parallelism and minuteness of the crowded 
 cells. It is sui)posed to be produced by the disen- 
 gagement of gas, in which the lava is in a plastic 
 state. Jyricholson. Buchanan. 
 
 Pumice is of three kinds : glassy, common, and 
 porphyritic. Ure. 
 
 PUM'ICE-SToNE, 71. The same as Pumice. 
 
 PU-MI"CEOUS, (-mish'iis,) a. Pertaining to pumice ; 
 consisting of pumice, or resembling it. 
 
 PUM'MACE, 71. Apples ground for making cider. 
 [See Pomace.] Forby. 
 
 PUM'MEL. See Pommel. 
 
 PUMP, 71. [Fr. pompe, a pump and pomp j D. pomp j 
 Dan. pompe ; Sp. boviba, a pump and a bomb. We see 
 pump, pomp, and bomb are the same word, differ- 
 ently applied by dilierent nations. The L. hambus is 
 of the same family, as is the Eng. bombast ; Ir. buim- 
 pis, a pump ; W. picmp, a round mass. Tlie primary 
 sense of the root seems to be, to swell.] 
 
 1. A hydraulic engine for raising water, or other 
 fluid, through a tube. The common suction pump 
 acts by exhausting the '"cumbent air of a tube or 
 pipe, in consequence of vv.lich the water rises in the 
 tube by means of the pressure of the air on the sur- 
 rounding water. There is, however, a forcing pump, 
 in which the water is raised in the tube by a force 
 applied to a lateral tube, near the bottom of the 
 pump. 
 
 2. A low shoe with a thin sole. Swift. 
 PUMP, V. i. To work a pump; to raise water with a 
 
 pump 
 
 PU.MP, V, t. To raise with a pump ; as, to pump wa- 
 ter. 
 
 2. To draw out by artful interrogatories ; as, to 
 pump out secrets. 
 
 3. To examine by artful questions for the purpose 
 of drawing out secrets. 
 
 Bui pump not me for politics. Otiray. 
 
 PUMP'-BoLTS, 71. pi. Two pieces of iron, one used 
 to fasten the pump-spear to the brake, the other as a 
 fulcrum for the brake to work upon. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PUMP'-BRAKE, 71. The arm or handle of a pump. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 PU.MP'-DaLE, 71. A long, wooden tube, used to con- 
 vey the water from a chain-pump across the ship and 
 through the side. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PUMP'>>D, (pumpt,) pp. Raised with a pump. 
 2. Drawn out by artful interrogations. 
 
 PUMP'ER, 71. The person or the instrument that 
 pumps. 
 
 PUMP'EK^NICK'M^, 71. A species of bran bread, 
 which forms the chief food of the Westphalian peas- 
 ants; often used as a term of contempt. Brande. 
 
 PUMP'-GliAR, 71. The apparatus belonging to a 
 pump. Totten. 
 
 PUMP'-HOOD, 71. A semi-cylindrical frame of wood, 
 covering tlie upper wheel of a chain-pump. 
 
 PUMP'ING, ppr. Raising by a pump. 
 
 2. Drawing out secrets by artful questions. 
 
 PUMP'ION, 71. [D. pompocn, Sw. pomp, a gourd.] 
 A plant and its fruit ; the pumpkin. 
 
 PUMP'KIN, 71. A well-known plant and its fruit, the 
 Cucurbita pepo ; a pompion. [ This is the common or- 
 thorrraphy of the word in the United Slates.] 
 
 PUMP'-SI'eAR, 71. The bar to which the upper box 
 of a pump is fastened, and which is attached to the 
 brake or handle. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PUMP'-STOCK, 71. The solid part or body of a pump. 
 
 PU'MY, a. [Fx. pommeau.] 
 
 Rounded ; as, pumy stones. Spenser. Toonc. 
 
 PUN, 71. [Ou. VV. puH, equal.] 
 
 An expression in which a word has at once differ- 
 ent meanings ; an expression in which two different 
 applications of a word present an odd or ludicrous 
 itiea ; a kind of (juibble or equivocation ; a low species 
 of wit. Thus a man who litid a tall wife, named 
 Experience, observed that lie had, by long ejcperience, 
 proved tlie blessings of a married life. 
 
 A pun can be no more engraven, Uiaii it can be tninslated. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 PUN, V. i. To quibble ; to use the same word at once 
 
 in diftVront senses. Dryden. 
 PUN, 71. t. To persuade by a pun. Mdtson, 
 PUNCH, n. [\V. pirnc, a p*lnt ; Arm. poen;onn ; Fr. 
 poinfon ; Sp. pun:tiii ; L. punctum ; pungo.] 
 
 1. An instrument of steel, used in several arts for 
 perforating holes in plates of metal, or other substan- 
 ces, and often so contrived as to stamp out a piece. 
 
 2. In popular usage, a blow or thrust. 
 PUNCH, n. [Sp. ponchc; V. pons; G ]>unscli; Dan. 
 
 pons, pojislt.] 
 
 A drink composed of water sweetened with sugar, 
 with a mixture of lemon juice and spirit. 
 
 Encye. Swift. 
 PUNCH, 77. The bufl'oon or harlequin of a puppi t- 
 
 8I10W. [See Punchinello.] 
 PUNCH, 71. A well-set horse, with a short back, thin 
 shoulders, broad neck, and well covered with lli sh. 
 2. A short, fat fellow. [Far. Diet. 
 
 PUNCH, t>. (. [Sp. pumar ; VV. pynciaio ; L. pungo. 
 In this word, 71 is probably casual, and the root is 
 Pg, of th(^ siimo family as peg, pack, ut pike^ with the 
 primary sense of driving or thrusting, a point ] 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^Lh, WHAT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK — 
 
 m 
 
PUN 
 
 1. To perforate with an iron iiistriiniciit, either 
 pointed or not j as, to punch a hole in a plutc of nictiil. 
 
 IVi^i:inaru 
 
 2. In popular usa/re, to thrust npninst witli the end 
 of sonictliiiig ; as, to punch one Willi tlie elbow. 
 
 PUNCMl'-HoVVL, 11. A bowl in which punch is made, 
 
 or from wliich it is drank. 
 PUNCH'ED, (puncht,) pp. Perforated with a punch. 
 PUNCH'EON, M. [Fr. poingon, a bodkin, a jiunch- 
 
 eon.] 
 
 1. A name common to iron or steel instruments 
 used in dill'erent trades for cutting, jiiercing, or stamp- 
 ing a body. Owill. 
 
 2. In carpentry, a piece of timber placed upright 
 between two posts, whose bearing is too great ; also, 
 a piece of timber set upright under the ridge of a 
 building, wherein the small timbers are jointed. 
 
 Gwilt. 
 
 3. A measure of liquids, or a cask containing, 
 .sometimes, 84, sometimes l'.;0, gallon.s. Rum or spir- 
 its is imported from the West Indies in punchcuiis, 
 liut these are often called also harrsheatU, 
 
 PUiN'CH'ER, n. One that punches. 
 
 2. A punch or perforating instrument. 
 
 PUN-CHl-NEL'LO, ;i. A punch ; a buHbon ; the poli- 
 cinrlla of the Italian puppet-show, a character repre- 
 sented as fat, short, and huinp-backed. 
 
 Taller. P. Cyc. Smart. 
 
 PUNCII'ING, ppr. Perforating with a punch ; strik- 
 ing against with the end of something. 
 
 PUNCll'Y, a. Short and thick, or fat. 
 
 PUNG'TATE, ) rr , 1 
 
 PUNe'T.\-TED, ( P"""'"' P""?"-] 
 
 1. Pointed. 
 
 2. In botany, having dots scattered over the sur- 
 face. JiJartyn. 
 
 PUN'e'TI-FORM, a. [L. punctum, point, and form.] 
 Having the form of a point. Kd. Kncyr. 
 
 PU\e-TILMO, (punk-til'yo,) n. [Sp. puntilla ; h. pun- 
 tiglio : from L. punctum, a point.] 
 
 A nice point of exactness in conduct, ceremony, or 
 proceeding; particularity or exactness in forms; as, 
 the punctilios of a public ceremony. .■Addison. 
 PLU\e-TIL'IOUS, (-til'yus,) a. Very nice or exact in 
 the forms of behavior, ceremony, or nmtual inter- 
 course ; very exact in the observance of rules pre- 
 scribed by law or custom ; sowclunes, exact to excess. 
 
 Rosrcrg. 
 
 PUNG-TIL'IOUS-LY, adv. With exactness or great 
 nicety. 
 
 PUNe-TIL'IOUS-NESS, n. Exactness in the ohserv- 
 ance of forms or rules ; attentive to nice points of 
 behavior or ceremony. 
 
 PUNe'TION, H. [h. punctio.] 
 A puncture. 
 
 PUNe'TO, 71. [Sp. and It. punlo; L. punctum, from 
 pungo, to prick.] 
 
 1. N ice point of form or ceremony Bacon, 
 
 2. The point in fencing. Shale. 
 PU\e'TU-AL, (punkt'yu-al,) a. [Fr. poncturl : It. 
 
 puntualc ; Sp. puntual; from li. puiir^ui/i, a point.] 
 
 1. Consisting in a point ; as, this punctual spot. 
 [Little used.] Milton. 
 
 2. Exact ; observant of nice points ; punctilious, 
 particularly in observing time, appointments, or prom- 
 ises. It is honorable in a man to he punctual to ap- 
 pointments, or to appointed hours ; it is just to be 
 punctual in paying debts. 
 
 3. Exact ; as, a punctual correspondence between 
 a prediction and an event. 
 
 4. Done at the exact time ; as, punctual payment. 
 PUi\e'TU-AL-IST, ;i. One that is very exact in ob- 
 serving forms and ceremonies. Milton. 
 
 PL'Ne-TU-AL'I-Ty, 11. Nicety ; scrupulous exact- 
 ness. He served his prince with punctuality. Howell. 
 
 2. It is now used chielly in regard to time. He 
 pays his debts with pututuality. Ho is remarkable 
 fur the punctuality of his attendance. 
 
 PUi\e'TU-AL-LY, adv. Nicely ; exactly; with scru- 
 pulous regard to time, appointments, promises, or 
 rules; as, to attend a meeting punctually: to pay 
 debts or rent punctually ; to observe punctually one's 
 engagements. 
 
 PUNG'TU-AL-NESS, n. Exactness; punctuality. 
 
 Felton. 
 
 PUNe'TU-ATE, (punkt'yu-iite,) v. t. [Fr. ponctuer, 
 from L. punctum, a point.] 
 
 To mark with points ; to designate sentences, 
 clauses, or other divisions of a writing, by points, 
 which mark the proper pauses. M. Stuart. 
 
 PUNe'TU-A-TED, pp. Pointed. Fourcroy. 
 2. Having the divisions marked with points, 
 
 PlTNe'TU-A-TI.XO.ppr. Marking with points. 
 
 PUNe-TU-A'TION, (punkt-yu-a'shun,) n. In -rram- 
 mar, the act or art of pointing a writing or discourse, 
 or the act or act of marking with points the divisions 
 of a discourse into sentences, and clauses or mem- 
 bers of a sentence. Punctuation is performed by four 
 points: the period, (. ) ; the colon, ( : ) ; the semico- 
 lon, ( ; ) ; and the comma, { , ). The ancients were 
 unacquainted with punctuation ; they wrote without 
 any distinction of members, periods, or words. 
 
 PUNe'TU-IST, n. One who understands the art of 
 punctuation. 
 
 PUN 
 
 PUNO'TU-LATE, v. t. [L. punctulum.] 
 
 To mark with small spots. [JV"u£ u.ied.] fVoodward. 
 PnNt)'Tl[KE, (punkt'yur,) H. [h.punctura; It. pun- 
 turn.] 
 
 The act of perforating with a pointed instrument ; 
 or a small hole made by it ; as, the puncture of a nail, 
 needle, or pin. 
 
 A lion may pcriith by Uie puneturt of an up. Rambler. 
 
 PUNe'TllRE, V. t. To |)rick ; to pierce with a small, 
 pointed instrument ; as, to puncture the skin. 
 
 PUNe'TlIR-£D, pp. Pricked ; pierced with a sharp 
 point. 
 
 PUNe'TlJR-ING, ppr. Piercing with a sharp point, 
 o , 
 
 PUN'DIT, II. [In Persic, JvJL, pand, learning.] 
 
 In Hindooitan, a learned Ilrahinin ; one versed in 
 the Sanscrit language, and in the science, laws, and 
 religion of that country. 
 PnN'l)LE, n. A short and fat woman. [JVot used.] 
 PO'NESE, H. [Ft. punaisc.] 
 
 The bed-bug ; the same as Punice. Iludihras. 
 PUNG, H. In .America, a kind of one-horse sleigh. 
 PIJN"GAU, n. A fish. .^insworth. 
 PUN'CEN-CY, 71. [L. pungens, punfjo, to prick.] 
 
 1. The power ot^ pricking or piercing ; as, the pun- 
 gency of a substanctr. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 2. That quality of a substance which produces the 
 sensation of pricking, or aH'ectiiig the taste like mi- 
 nute sharp points ; sharpm^ss ; acridness. 
 
 3. Power to pierce the mind, or excite keen reflec- 
 tions or remorse ; as, the punnrncy of a discourse. 
 
 4. Acrimoniousiiess ; keenness; as, the puntrency 
 of wi! or of exi)r<^ssioiis. StiUtngJiect, 
 
 PUN'GEN'I', a. [ h. punrrens, pungo.] 
 
 1. Pricking; stimulating; as, ;7U/t^C7i£ snulf. 
 
 Tht vungent gr.m\a of titilKvtii) J Uuat. Pop*. 
 
 2. Acrid ; ali'ecting the tongue like small, sharp 
 points ; as, the sharp and pungent taste of acids. 
 
 JWirfon. 
 
 3. Piercing; sharp; as, pungent pains; pungent 
 grief. Swift. 
 
 4. Acrimonious; biting. Fell. 
 PU'Nie, a. [L. punicu.1, pertaining to Carthage, or its 
 
 inhabitants, from Pteni, the Carthaginians ; qu. from 
 Plutni, as Carthage w.as settled by Pheniciaiis.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Carthaginians ; faithless ; treach- 
 erous ; deceitful ; as, punic laitli. 
 Pu'Nie, 71. The ancii^nt language of the Carthagin- 
 ians, of which Plautus has left a specimen. 
 
 Jisiat. Res. 
 
 PD'm-€A FI'DE,^, [L.] Punic failli, the faith of 
 the Carthaginians, tliat is, unfaithfulness, treachery, 
 perfidiousiiess. 
 
 PC'NICE, 71. Abed-bug. [JVof 7ii itsc] Jiins^north. 
 
 PU-NI"CEOUS, (-nish'us,) u. [h. puniccas. See Pu- 
 nic] 
 
 Purple. Did. 
 PO'Nl-NESS, 71. [ftcimpuny.] Littleness ; pettiness ; 
 
 smallness with feebleness. 
 PUiN 'ISH, I), f. [.Arm. /mnif:a ; Fr. punir, punissant ; 
 
 It. punire ; Sp. punir : from L. punio, from the root 
 
 of po'na, pain. Tlie primary sense is, to press, or 
 
 strain.] 
 
 1. To p.ain ; to afflict with pain, loss, or calamity 
 for a crime or fault ; primarily, to afflict with bodily 
 pain ; as, to ;)ujii,>7i a thief with pillory or stripes ; 
 but the word is applied also to affliction by loss of 
 property, by transportation, banishment, seclusion 
 from society, &c. The laws require murderers to be 
 punishal with death. Other offenders are to be pun- 
 ished with fines, imprisonment, hard labor, &c. God 
 punishes men for their sins with calamities, personal 
 and national. 
 
 2. In o looser sense, to afflict with pain, &c., with 
 a view to amendment ; to chasten ; as, a father pun- 
 ishes his child for disobedience. 
 
 3. To reward with pain or suffering inflicted on 
 the offender ; applied to the crime ; as, to punish mur- 
 der or theft. 
 
 PUN'ISH-A-BLE, a. Worthy of punishment. 
 
 2. Liable to punishment ; capable of being pun- 
 ished by law or right ; applied to persons or ojfenses ; 
 
 as, a man is punishahle for robbery or for trespass ; a 
 
 crime is jmnuhablc by law. 
 PUN'ISlI-A-HLE-XEtiS, n. The quality of deserving 
 
 or being liable to punishment 
 PUN'ISH-ED, (pun'isht,) pp. Afflicted with pain or evil 
 
 as the retribution of a crime or oflense ; chastised. 
 PUN'ISH-ER, n. One that inflicts pain, loss, or other 
 
 evil, for a crime or offense. Milton. 
 PUN'ISII-Ii\(;, ppr. Artlicting with pain, penalty, or 
 
 suffering of any kind, as the retribution of a crime or 
 
 offense. 
 
 PUN'ISH-ME.VT, 71. Any pain or suff'ering inflicted 
 on a person for a crime or offense, by the authority 
 to which the offender is subject, either by the consti- 
 tution of GikI or of civil society. The puniihmcnt of 
 the faults and offensesj)f children, by the parent, is 
 by virtue of the right of government with wliich the 
 parent is invested by God himself. This species of 
 punishment is c/lastisement or correction. The punish- 
 
 PUP 
 
 77i(7if of crimes against the laws is inflicted by the 
 supreme power of the .state, in virtue of the right ol 
 government vested in the prince or legislatuit;. The 
 right of punishment belongs only to persons clothtrd 
 with authority. Pain, loss, or evil, willfully iiiMiricd 
 on another, for his crimes or offenses, by a private, 
 unauthorized person, is revenge, rather than punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Some punishments consist in exile or transportation, 
 others in loss of liberty by imprisonment; some ex- 
 tend to confiscation by forfeiture of lands an<l goods ; 
 others induce a disability of holding otlkes, of being 
 heirs, and the like. Blackstone. 
 
 Divine punishments are doubtless designed to se- 
 cure obedience to divine laws, and uphold the moral 
 order of created intelligent beings. 
 
 The lewaniit Mid jmniahmenlt of another life, which Ui*! Almighty 
 has f»ut.luli.-d 114 th** riiforc/'ineiiu of hu law, are of wi-ij^il 
 eiioui:li [o .IfiiTiiiiiic Uic choice aguiiut whalcfcr |>Iciuiiiri: or 
 pain Uiia lilf cm show. Lockt. 
 
 PIJ-NI"TION, ( nish'un,) ti. [Fr., from L. punitio, 
 from punio.] 
 
 Piinislinient. [Little used.] 
 PU'NI-TIVE, a. [It. punitiru.] 
 
 Awarding or iiitlicting punishment; that punish- 
 es ; as, punitive law or Justice. Hammond. 
 PO'NI-TO-RY, a. Punishing, or tending to punish- 
 ment. 
 
 PIJN-JAUB', 71. The country of the five rivers, which 
 How by one united stream into the Indus, forming 
 the north-western part of Hiiidoostan. 
 
 PUNK, 71. A species of fungus, or some decayed wood, 
 used .as tinder. .^slu 
 2. A prostitute ; a strumpet Shak. 
 
 PUN'KA, 71. [n Hindoostan, a machine for fanning a 
 room, consisting of a movable frame covered with 
 canvas, and suspended from the ceiling. It is kept 
 in motion by pulling a cord. Mulcom. ■ 
 
 PUN'N£D, pp. auibbled. 
 
 PU.N'NER, 71. A punster, which see. Steele. 
 
 PUN'.N'ET, n. A small, but broad, shallow basket, for 
 displaying fruit or flowers. SmarL 
 
 PUN'.VING, ppr. [from puH.] Using a word at once 
 in dirterent senses. 
 
 PUN'NING, 71. The art or practice of using puns ; a 
 playing on words. Jiddison. 
 
 PUN'STER, II. One that puns or is skilh-d in pun- 
 ning ; a quibbler ; a low wit Jirbulhnot. 
 
 PUNT, K. i. To play at basset, faro, and oniber. 
 
 PUNT, n. [Sax. ;7iiji(, L. pons, a bridge.] [Addi'!on. 
 A flat-buttomed boat, used in calking and repairing 
 ships. Mar. Diet. 
 
 PUNT' ER, 71. One that plays at faro or basset against 
 the banker or dealer. F.ncyc. 
 
 PU'NY, a. [Contracted from Fr. puisni, which mi\.] 
 
 1. Properly, young or younger ; but in this sense 
 not used. 
 
 2. Inferior; petty; of an under rate; small and 
 feeble. This word generally includes the significa- 
 tion of both smallness and feebleness ; as, a puny 
 animal; a puny subject; a puiiy power; a puny 
 niinil. Milton. South. Drydrn. 
 
 Pu'NY, 71. A young, inexperienced person ; a novice. 
 
 South. 
 
 PUP, r. I. [This word appears to be radically the 
 same as the L. pupa. Eng. babe, W. pob, the root of 
 populu.^.] 
 
 To bring forth whelps or young, as the female of 
 the canine species. 
 PUP, 71. .V puppy. 
 
 PU'P.X, ) 71. ; ;<;. Plp.»: or Pi'PEs. [L. supra.] In Tinfu- 
 PuPE, j ral history, an insect in the third state of 
 its existence, or, in other words, the last state but 
 one, that strife in which it resembles an infant in 
 swaddling clothes. As some insects in this st.ate 
 have a bright exterior, as if gilded, it has been called 
 chrysalis or aurelia, from the Gr. \o?ioo<, and L. 
 aurum, gold ; but as this gilded appt^iraiicc belongs 
 to few inserts, the term ;/i<pa is now nmro generally 
 used. In this state most insects take no food, are 
 iiicap.able of locomotion, and, if opened, seem filled 
 with a watery fluid in which no distinct organs caD 
 be traced. 
 
 Pu'PIL, 71. [L. papilla, dim. of pupa, pupus. See 
 
 PlK.] 
 
 The apple of the eye ; a little aperture in the 
 middle of the iris and uvea of the eye, through 
 which the rays of light pass tu the crystalline humor, 
 to be painted on the retina. Kncye. 
 PO'PIL, II. [Fr. pupiile; L. pupUlus, dim. of pupa, 
 pupus. See Pt'p.] 
 
 1. .\ youth or scholar of either sex under the care 
 of an instructor or tutor. Ixicke. 
 
 2. A ward ; a youth or person under the care of a 
 guardian. Dnjdeiu 
 
 3. In the civil law, a boy or girl under the age of 
 puberty, that is, under 14 if a male, and under 12 if 
 a female. F.neuc 
 
 PO'PIL-AGE, n. The state of being a scholar, or 
 under the care of an instructor fur education and 
 discipline. iMcke. 
 2. Wardship ; minority. Spenser. 
 In this latter sense the Scots use PuntiiiiTv. 
 
 Beattie. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 112 
 
 WWW 
 
 869 
 
 k 
 
I 
 
 PUR 
 
 I'O'PIL-A-RY, «. [Ft. pupillaire ; 1^. pupillaris.] 
 
 Pertaining to a pupil or ward. Jo!ins»n. 
 l'U-l'll"A-RA, n. pL [h. pupa and parioA 
 
 Anidials whose eggs are hatched in the matrix of 
 tl)e mother, and not excluded till they become pupes. 
 
 Kirbv. 
 
 PU-PIP'A-ROUS, a. Pertaining to the Pupipara ; 
 
 producing voung in the form of a pupa. 
 PU-PIV'O-ROL'S, a. \pnpn and L. voro.] 
 
 Feeding on the pup:e of insects. S. L. Mitchill, 
 PUP'PET, n. [Fx. pmpep ; Ij. pupus. .See Pi-p.J 
 
 1. A small image in the human form, moved by a 
 wire in a mock drama ; a wooden tragedian. Pope. 
 
 2. A doll. 
 
 3. A word of contempt, used of a person who is 
 under the control of another. Shak. 
 
 PUP'PE'I'-M.'^N, \n. The master of a puppet- 
 
 PUP'PET-.MaS'TER, j shiiw. Swtfi. 
 
 PL'P'PET-PLAY'ER, 71. One that manages the mo- 
 tions of puppets. Hales. 
 
 PUP'PET-RY,_n. Affectation. Marston. 
 
 PUP'PET-SHoW, n. A mock drama performed by 
 puppets moved by wires. Swift, Pope. 
 
 PUP'PV, n. [See Pi p.] A whelp ; the young prog- 
 eny of a bitch or female of the canine species. 
 
 2. Jipplied to person.'!, a name expressing extreme 
 contempt, commonly used of one who is conceited. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 PUP'PY, V. i. To bring forth whelps. 
 PUP'PY-IS.M, n. Extreme meanness. 
 
 2. Extreme affectation or conceit. Chalmers. 
 PUR, r. i. To utter a low, murmuring, continued 
 
 sound, as a cat. 
 PUR, f. t. To signify by purring. Oray. 
 PUR, K. The low, murmuring, continued sound of a 
 
 cat. 
 
 PU-RX'NA,-7t. Among the Hindoos, Uteralhj, ancient 
 story ; particularly, a sacred poetical work, which 
 treats of the creation, destruction, and renovation of 
 worlds, the genealogy of gods and heroes, the reigns 
 of the Manus, and the transactions of their descend- 
 ants. The Puranas are eighteen in number. 
 
 fViUon's San.-icrit Diet. Asiat. Res. 
 PU-R.iX'ie, a. Pertaining to the puranas. 
 
 .^siat. Res. 
 
 PUR'BECK-ST5N'E, n. A limestone from the Isle of 
 Purbe(J{ in England. P. Cije. 
 
 PUR'BLl.N'D, a. [Said to he from pore and blind.] 
 
 Near-sighted or dim-sighted; seeing obscurely; 
 as, a purblind eye ; a purblind mole. 
 
 Shak. Drummond. 
 
 PUR'BLT\D-LY, adv. In a purblind manner. Scott. 
 
 PUR'BtliVD-N'ESS, n. Shortness of sight; near- 
 sightedness ; dinmess of vision. 
 
 PUR'C'IlAS-.\-BLE, a. [from purchase.] Th.it may 
 be bought, purchased, or obtained for a considera- 
 tion. 
 
 PUR'CHASE, c. «. [Fr. pourchasser, to seek, to pur- 
 sue ; pour and chasser, to chase. It. cacciare, Sp. 
 cazar. This word seems to be considered by Black- 
 stone as formed from the L. perquisiiio. This is an 
 error. The word is from the root of chase ; pour- 
 chasser is to pursue to the end or object, and hence 
 to obtain. In Law Latin, purchase, the noun, was 
 written purclmcium. The legal use of the word in 
 obtaining writs, shows best its true origin ; to pur- 
 chase a writ, is to sue out a writ, that is, to seek it 
 out; for sue, seek, and L. scjKor, are ail of one ori- 
 gin, and synonymous with chase. See Blackstone, 
 b. 3, ch. 18. Spelnian, at/ ct^c] 
 
 L In its itrimary and lejral sense, to gain, obtain, or 
 acquire by any means, except by descent or heredi- 
 tary right. Blackstone. 
 
 2. In common usa^e, to buy ; to obtain property by 
 p.aying an equivalent in money. It differs from Bar- 
 ter only in the circumstance, that in purelmsing, the 
 price or equivalent given or secured is money ; in 
 bartering, the equivalent is given in goods. We 
 purchase lands or goods for ready money or on 
 credit. 
 
 3. To obtain by an expense of labor, danger, or 
 other sacrifice ; as, to purchase favor with flattery. 
 
 A world who would not purchase with a britis'^ ? MtlLon. 
 
 4. To expiate or recompense by a fine or f(jrfcit ; 
 as, to purchase out abuses with tears and prayer. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. To sue out or procure, as a writ. 
 
 C. Formerly, a cant word for steal. Shak. 
 PUR'CH A.SE, ». i. In sfamra's languaire, io ra.\se by 
 a purchu.<ie ; Vts, the capstcrn purchases apace. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 PUR'CIIASF,, 71. [Norm. Fr. pnurrhas or purchas.] 
 
 1. In lain, the ai t of obtaining or aci|uiring the 
 title to lands and tenements by money, deed, gilt, or 
 any ineanH, except by descent ; the accpiiHititm of 
 landH and tenements by a man'x own act or agree- 
 ment, f.iitleton. Blackstone. 
 
 2. In law, the suing out and obtaining a writ. 
 
 3. In common utagr, the acqniHilion of the title or 
 properly of any thing by rendering an equivalent in 
 money. 
 
 It li fiiolkb to Imv oiil monry io tiic purthast of n*|)en(Anr'?, 
 
 fYaiJclin. 
 
 4. That which is purchased ; any thing of which 
 the property is obtained by giving an equivalent 
 price in money. 
 
 The scrip was complele evidence of his rifht in the purchase. 
 
 V/hcalon. 
 
 5. That which is obtained by labor, danger, art, 
 &c. 
 
 A be:\iit_v-wanin J and distressed wiilow 
 
 M.ide prize and purchase of his wanton eye. Shale. 
 
 6. Formerly, a cant word for stealing and the thing 
 stolen. Chaucer. 
 
 7. Any mechanical hold, advantage, power, or 
 force applied to the raising or removing of heavy 
 bodies. 
 
 PUR'CHAS-£D, (pur'chast,) pp. or a. Obtained or 
 actjuired by one's own act or agreement. 
 
 2. Obtained by paying an equivalent in money. 
 
 3. Obtained by labor, danger, art, &.C. 
 
 4. Forincrtii, a cant word for stolen. Shak. 
 PUR'CHASE-MOx\-EY, ( mun-ne,) ti. The money 
 
 paid, or contracted to be paid, for any thing bought. 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 PUR'CH.'\S-ER, 71. In lam, one who acquires or ob- 
 tains by conquest or by deed or gift, or in any man- 
 ner other than by descent or inheritance. In this 
 sense, the word is by some authors written Pur- 
 CHAsoR. Blaclcstone. 
 
 2. One who obtains or acquires the property of any 
 thing by paying an equivalent in money. 
 
 PUR'CHAS-ING, ppr. Buying ; obtaining by one's 
 own act or for a price. 
 
 PORE, a. [L. purus ; It. and Sp. puro ; Fr. pur; W. 
 pfir ; Sax. pur; Heb. "i^. The verb signifies to 
 separate, free, clear ; a sense taken from driving off. 
 The word, varied in orthography, occurs in Ch. Syr. 
 and Ar. See N"i2 in the Introiiuction. Class Br, 
 No. 7, and B, 8, 9, 10.] 
 
 1. Separate from all heterogeneous or extraneous 
 matter; clear; free from mixture; as, pure water; 
 pure clay ; pure sand ; pure air ; pure silver or gold. 
 Pure wine is very scarce. 
 
 2. Free from moral defilement ; without spot ; not 
 sullied or tarnished; incorrupt; undeb.ased by moral 
 turpitude; holy. 
 
 Thou art of purer eyes tlian to behold evil. — Hab. i. Prov, xx. 
 
 3. Genuine; real; true; incorrupt; unadulter- 
 ated ; as, pure religion. James i. 
 
 4. Unmixed ; separate from any other subject, or 
 from every thing foreign ; as, pure mathematics. 
 
 5. Free from guilt ; guiltless; innocent. 
 
 No liand of strife is pure, but that which wins. Daniel. 
 
 G. Not vitiated with improper or corrupt words or 
 phrases ; as, a pure style of discourse or composition. 
 
 7. Disinterested ; as, pure benevolence. 
 
 8. Chaste ; as, a pure virgin. 
 
 9. Free from vice or moral turpitude. Tit. i. 
 
 10. Ceremonially clean ; unpolluted. E:ra vi. 
 
 11. Free from any thing improper; as, his motives 
 are pure. 
 
 12. Mere ; absolute ; that and that only ; uncon- 
 nected with any thing else ; as, a pure villain. He 
 did that from pure compassion, or pure good nature. 
 
 Pure villenage, in the feudal law, is a tenure of 
 lands by uncertain services at the will of the lord ; 
 opposed to pricileged villenage. Blackstone. 
 PORE, V. t. To purify ; to cleanse. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 PCRE'LY, adi). In a pure manner ; with an entire 
 separation of heterogeneous or foul matter. Js. i. 
 
 2. Without any mixture of improper or vicious 
 Words or phrases. 
 
 3. Innocently ; without guilt, 
 
 4. Merely ; absolutely ; without connection with 
 any thing else ; completely ; totally. The meeting 
 was purely accidental. 
 
 PORE'NESS, 71. Clearness; an unmixed state; sep- 
 aration or freedom from any heterogeneous or foreign 
 matter ; as, the purcneas of water, or other litpior ; 
 the purene^s of a metal ; the purcness of marl or 
 clay ; the purene-ss of air. 
 
 2. Freedom from moral turpitude or guilt. 
 
 May wc evermore serve thee in hohncss and pureveas of living. 
 
 Com. Prayer, 
 
 3. Simplicity; freedom from mixture or compo- 
 sition. 
 
 An euenc; eternal and spiritual, of absolute parenett and 
 
 Biinj.licity. liaiegh, 
 
 4. Freedom from vicious or improper words, 
 phrases, or modes of speech ; as, purcne.is of style. 
 
 Ascliam, 
 
 PUR'FILE, f-fil,) n. [Fr. pourfilfe ; pour and file,] 
 A sort of ancient trimming for women's gowns, 
 mado of tinsel and thread, called also Bohbin-work. 
 
 Bailrij, 
 
 [The thing and the name are obsolete,] 
 PUR'FI.E, (piir'fi,) V, L [Ft, pourfiler ; It. proflare. 
 See I*io>Fii.E.J 
 
 To decorate with a wrought or flowered border; 
 to embroider ; as, to purfle with blue and white, or 
 with gold and pearl. [OAji.] 
 
 •Spenser. Shak, Milton, 
 
 A border of embroidered work. 
 
 Bacon, 
 purgatio. See 
 
 PUR'FLE, 
 PUR'FLEW, 
 
 2. In heraUlry, terms applied to ermines, pcans, or 
 
 furs which compose a bonlure. Encijc, 
 PUR'FL£D, pp, or a. Ornamented with a flowered 
 
 border. 
 
 PURG'A-MENT, n. [L. purgamen,] 
 
 .\ cathartic. 
 PUR-Ga'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. 
 Purge.] 
 
 1. The act or operation of clearing, cleansing, or 
 purifying by separating and carrying off impurities, 
 or whatever is superfluous ; applied to the body : as, 
 the intestines arc cleared by purgation. So also in 
 pharmacy and in chemistry, medicines, metals, and 
 minerals, are purified by purgation, Kncyc, 
 
 2. In law, the act of cleansing from a crime, accu- 
 sation, or suspicion of guilt. This was canonical or 
 vulgar. Canonical purgation, prescribed by the canon 
 law, was performed before the bishop or his deputy, 
 and by a jury of twelve clerks. The party accused 
 first made oath to his own innocence, and then the 
 twelve clerks, or compurgators, swore that they be- 
 lieved he spoke the truth ; after which, other wit- 
 nesses were examined upon oath, on behalf of the 
 prisoner only. Vulgar purgation was performed by 
 the ordeal of fire or water, or by combat. [See Or- 
 deal.] Blackstone, 
 
 PURG'A-TI'YE, a, [It. purgatiro ; Fr. purgatif,] 
 
 Having the power of cleansing ; usually, having 
 
 the power of evacuating the intestines ; catliartic. 
 PURG'A-TIVE, 71. A medicine that evacuates the 
 
 intestines ; a cathartic. 
 PURG'.\-TI_VE-LY, adv, Cleansingly ; cathartically. 
 PURG-A-To'RI-AL, ) a. Pertaining to purgatory. 
 PURG-A-TO'RI-AN, ( Mcde, 
 PCRG'A-TO-RY, a, [L. purgatorius, from purgo, to 
 
 purge.] 
 
 Tending to cleanse ; Cicansing; expiatory. Burke. 
 PURG'A-TO-RY, ti. [Fr. purgatoire.] j 
 Among Roman Catholics, a supposed place or state i 
 after death, in which the souls of persons are puri- | 
 fied, or in which they expiate such offenses commit- 
 ted in this life, as do not merit eternal damnation. | 
 After this purgation from the impurities of sin, the 
 souls are supposed to be received into heaven. 
 
 Encijc, Stillingfteet, 
 PURGE, (purj,) V. t, [L. purgo: Fr. purger ; Sp. 
 purgar ; It. purgare ; probably a derivative from tlie 
 root of pure,] 
 
 1. To cleanse or purify by separating and carrying 
 off whatever is impure, heterogeneous, foreign, or 
 superfluous ; as, to purge the body by evacuation ; 
 to purge the Augean stable. It is followed by airay, 
 of, or off. Wc say, to purge away or to purge off 
 tilth, and to purge a liquor of its scum. 
 
 2. To clear from guilt or moral defilement ; as, to 
 purge one of guilt or crime ; to purge away sin. 
 
 Purge aieay our sins, for thy name's s?Ire. — Vs. Ixxix. 
 Purge me with hyssop and 1 shidl be rle;in. — Ps. li. 
 
 3. To clear from accusation or .the charge of a 
 crime, as in ordeal. 
 
 4. To remove what is offensive ; to sweep away 
 impurities. Eitk, xx. * 
 
 5. To clarity ; to defecate ; as liquors. 
 PURGE, V, i. To become pure by clarification. 
 
 2. To have frequent or preternatural evacuations 
 from the intestines, by means of a cathartic. 
 
 PURGE, 71. A medicine that evacuates the intestines ; 
 a cathartic. Arbutfinot, 
 
 PURG'£:D, (purjd,) pp. Purified ; cleansed ; evac- 
 uated. 
 
 PURG'ER, 71. A person or thing that purges or 
 cleanses. 
 2. A cathartic. 
 
 PURG'ING, ppr. Cleansing ; purifying ; carrj ing off 
 impurities or superfluous matter. 
 
 PURG'ING, 71. A diarrhea or dysentery ; preternat- 
 ural evacuation of the intestines; looseness of bow- 
 els. [Jin inappropriate use of the ^oord,] 
 
 PU-llI-FI-eA'TlON, 71. [Fr., from h. purificatio. See 
 
 Pc'RIf-V.] 
 
 1. The act of purifying : the act or operation of 
 separating and removing from any thing that which 
 is heterogeneous or foreign to it ; as, the purification 
 of liquors, or of nu lals. Boi/lc. 
 
 2. In religion, the act or operation of cleans- 
 ing ceremonially, by removing any pollution or de- 
 filement. PurijicatioH by washing, or by other 
 means, was romnion to the Hebrews anil to pa- 
 pans. The Moliauimedans use purification as a pri ji- 
 aration for devotion. 2 CAron. x.vx. K«t/i. ii. Lukr\\, 
 
 F.ncur. 
 
 X A cleansing from guilt or the pollution of sin ; 
 the extinction of sinfal desires, appetites, and in- 
 clinations. 
 
 PU-KIF'l-eA-TIVE, j a. Having power to purify ; 
 
 PIJ-RIF'I-CA TO-RV, j lending to cleanse. 
 
 PO'l(M'"r£D, or a. Made pure and clear ; freed 
 from pollution oen nionially. 
 
 PP'lU-FI-ER, H. Il'rom /Mirtfy.] That which purifies 
 (tr cleanses; a cleanser; a refiner. Fire was held 
 by the ancients Io be an excelleiil purifier. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^hh, WUfkr METE, PREY PI.NE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
PUR 
 
 PUR 
 
 PUR 
 
 PO'KI-FORM, a. [L. pus, puns, and form.] 
 
 Ijikc; pus ; in the furin of pus. Mcil. fiepos. 
 
 PO'RI-I'Y, V. t. [Fr. purifier! L. purifico ; purus, pure, 
 and facto, to make.] 
 
 1. To make pure or clear ; to free from extrantous 
 admixture ; as, to purify liquors or metals j to purify 
 the blood ; to purify tlie air. 
 
 2. To free from pollution ceremonially ; to remove 
 whatever renders unclean and unfit for sacred ser 
 vices. 
 
 Purify yonrwlvea and Totir c-xplivei on the Ihird diy, and on 
 tlitr iM vonih diiy purify all your r.xiinciit. — Num. xxxi. 
 
 3. To free from guilt or the defilement of sin ; as, 
 to purify the heart. 
 
 Who pn^e tiinuolf for ug, that he mifrht redeem us from all ini- 
 quity, anil purify uulo himself a peculiar people, zealous of 
 l^od works. — Tit. ii. 
 
 4. To clear from improprieties or barbarisms ; as, to 
 purify a liinfjuajje. ISprat. 
 
 Pu'lU-Ft, V. i. To Erow or become pure or clear. 
 
 I.itltiors will gmtlually purify. Bunirt. 
 PU'KI-F9-ING, ppr. or a. Removing foreign or ht tt>r- 
 
 ogeneous matter; cleansing from pollution ; fining; 
 
 making clear. 
 
 PO'RI-Fy-li\G, 71. The act or operation of making 
 pure, or of cleansing from extraneous matter, or 
 from pollution. 
 
 Pu'RD(, n. [Heb. D^iiB, lots, from the Persian.] 
 Among tite Jews, the feast of lots, instituted to coin- 
 uieiiiorate their deliverance from the machinations 
 of Human. Estk. ix. 
 
 PO'RIiST, ji. [Fr. puriste.] 
 
 1. One excessively nice in the use of words. 
 
 Cheslrrfipld. Juhuson. 
 
 2. One who maintains that the New Testament 
 was written in pure Greek. M. Stuart. 
 
 PU'RI-TAN, n. [trom pure.] The Puritans, in the 
 time of Ciueen Elizabeth and her immediate suc- 
 cessors, were so called in derision, on account of 
 their professing to follow the pure word of God, in 
 opposition to all traditions and human constitutions. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Hume gives this name to three parties ; the politi- 
 cal Puritans, who maintained the highest principles 
 of civil liberty ; the Puritaits in discipline, who were 
 averse to the ceremonies and government of the 
 Episcopal church ; and the doctrinal Puritans, who 
 rigidly defended the specul.itive system of the first 
 reformers. 
 
 Puritan is sometimes now used as a term of re- 
 proach. 
 
 Pu'RI-TAN, a. Pertaining to the Puritans, or early 
 dissenters from the Church of England. Sander.-ion. 
 
 PU-RI-TAN'ie, (a. Pertaining to the Puritans or 
 
 PU-RI-TAN'ie-AL, ( their doctrines and practice; 
 as a term of reproach, exact ; rigid ; as, puritanical no- 
 tions or opinions ; puritanical manners. 
 
 PU-RI-TAN'ie-A[,LY, ado. With the e.\act or rigid 
 notions or manners of the Puritans. 
 
 P0'RI-TAN-IS.\1, 71. The notions or practice of Puri- 
 tans. J\Ionta<rue. 
 
 PO'RI-TAN-IZE, V. i. To deliver the notions of Puri- 
 tans. Montague. 
 
 PC'RI-TY, 71. [Fr. purite ; h. puritaji, from purns.] 
 1 Freedom from foreign admixture or heterogene- 
 ous matter ; as, the purity of water, of wine, of spirit ; 
 the purity of drugs ; the purity of metals. 
 
 2. Cleanness ; freedom from foulness or dirt ; as, 
 the purity of a garment. 
 
 Tlic purity of a linen vesture. Holyday. 
 
 3. Freedom from guilt or the defilement of sin ; 
 innocence ; as, purity of heart or life. 
 
 4. Chastity ; freedom frorn contamination by illicit 
 sexual connection. Shak* 
 
 Freedom from any sinister or improper views ; 
 as, th" purity of motives or designs. 
 
 6. Freedom from foreign idioms, from barbarous or 
 improper words or phrases ; as, purity of style or 
 language. 
 
 PURL, 7u [Supposed to be contracted from purfte. 
 Qu.] 
 
 1. An embroidered and puckered border. 
 
 Johnson. Bacon. 
 Q. A kind of edging for bone-lace. Bailey. 
 PURL, 71. A malt liquor medicated with wormwood 
 
 or aromatic herbs. Bailey. Johnson. 
 
 PURL, 11. Two rounds in knitting. 
 PURL, r. ». [.^w. porta: \V . freulaw, to purl, to rip- 
 ple : fraiil, a rippling. It may be allied to G. hr^lllen, 
 D. brulhn, Dan. broler, to roar, and to Eng. frill, trill, 
 and roll.] 
 
 1. To murmur, as a small stream flowing among 
 stones or other obstructions, which occasion a con- 
 tinued series of broken sounds. It is applied only to 
 small streams. Large streams running in like man- 
 ner are said to roar. In descriptions of rural scene- 
 ry, the poets seldom omit a purling brook or stream. 
 
 My tl.ivvery theme, 
 A painted mistress or a purling str^-am. Popt. 
 
 2. To flow or run with a murmuring sound. 
 
 Around th' nUJoinin^ t^rook that pur/s along 
 
 The vocal grove, no* fn-itiiig o'. r a rock. Thornton, 
 
 i 
 
 PUKL, I'. (. To decorate with fringe or embroidery 
 
 B. ./onson. 
 
 PURL, 71. A gentle, continued murmur of a timall 
 
 stream of ripi)Iing water. 
 PUR'LIEu, (pur'hi,) «. [Fr. pur, pure, and lieu, 
 
 place.] 
 
 A border ; a limit ; a certain limited extent or dis- 
 trict; orirrinally, the ground near a royal forest, 
 which, being severed frimi it, was intulc purlieu, that 
 is, pure or free from the forest laws. Encyc. 
 PUR'LIN, 71. In architecture, a piece of timber ex- 
 tending from end to enil of a buililiiig or roof, across 
 and under the rafters, to support tliem in the middle. 
 
 Ilrbcrt. 
 
 PURL'ING, ppr. [from purl.] Murmuring or gur- 
 gling, as a brook. 
 2. Decorating with fringe or embroiderj'. 
 
 PURL'LN'G, a. Murmuring or gurgling ; as, a purling 
 stream. Pope. 
 
 PURL'ING, 71. The continued, gentle murmur of a 
 small stream. 
 
 PUR-LOIN', V. t. [Fr. pour and loin, far ofi". See 
 Eloion.] 
 
 1. Lileralhj, to take or carry away for one's self ; 
 hence, to steal ; to take by theft. 
 
 Your hiitliT purloins your liquor. Arbulhnot. 
 
 2. To take by plagiarism ; to steal from books or 
 manuscripts. Dryden. 
 
 PUR-LOIN', P. i. To practice theft. Tit. ii. 
 PUR-LOIN'iJU, pp. Stolen taken by plagiarism. 
 PUR-LOIN'ER, 71. A thief yi a plagiary. 
 PUR-LOIN'ING, ppr. Stealing; committing literary 
 theft. 
 
 PUR LOIN'ING, 71. Thi^ft; plagiarism. 
 PUK'PAR-TY, 71. [Fr. potir anii partie, part.] 
 
 In lato, a share, part, or portitm of an estate, 
 which is allotted to a coparcener by partition. 
 
 Cojcel. 
 
 PUR'PLE, (pur'pl,) a. [Fr. pourprd ; L. purpureus ; 
 Sp. purpurea: It. porjmrino : Gr. Tronipvpioi, from 
 TToptfivpa, L. purpura, A shell from which the color 
 was obtained.J 
 
 1. Designating a much-admired color composed of 
 red and blue blended. The Roman emperors wore 
 robes of this color. 
 
 2. In poetry, red or livid ; dyed with blood. 
 
 I view a field of blood. 
 And Tiber rolling with apurple flood. Dryden. 
 
 PUR'PLE, 71. A purple color or dress ; hence, impe- 
 rial government in the Roman empire, as a purple robe 
 was the distinguishing dress of the emperors. 
 
 O, lihon. 
 
 2. A cardinal.ate. Addisoiu Hume. 
 
 Pitrple of Ca.-<sius. See Cassios. 
 
 Purple of ntollusca ; a viscid liquor, secreted by 
 certain shell-fish, as the Buccinum bipilius, which 
 dyes wool, &c., of a purple coloi and is supposed to 
 be the substance of the famous Tyrian dj e. Vre. 
 PUR'PLE, II. (. [L. purpura.] 
 
 To make purple, or to dye of a red color; as, 
 hands purpled with bltxid. 
 
 When morn 
 
 Purples tlie eiuit. Milton. * 
 
 Reclining solt in blissful IxiweTS, 
 
 Purpled sweet with springuig flowcn. FenUm. 
 
 PUR'PLED, pp. or o. Made purple. 
 
 PUR'PI.ES, (piir'plz,) 71. pi. Petecchi,T,or spots of a 
 livid red on the body ; livid spots which appear in 
 certain malignant diseases ; a purple, i. e., a petec- 
 cliial fever. 
 
 PUR'PLING, ppr. Dyeing of a purple color; making 
 pitrple. 
 
 PUR'PLISH, a. Somewhat purple. Boyle. 
 PUR'PORT, 71. [Fr. pour, for, and poHer, to bear.] 
 
 1. Design or tendency ; as, the purport of Plato's 
 dialogue. JVorris. 
 
 2. Meaning ; import ; as, the purport of a word or 
 phrase. 
 
 PUR'PoRT, V. t. To intend ; to intend to show. 
 
 2. To mean ; to signify. [Bacon. 
 PUR'PoRT-ED, pp. Designed; intended ; meant. 
 PUR'PORT-ING, ppr. Designing; intending; im- 
 porting. 
 
 PUR'POSE, 71. [Fr. priipos ; Sp. and It. proposito ; L. 
 propositum, propono ; pro, before, and poiio, to set or 
 placej 
 
 1. That which a person sets before himself as an 
 object to be reached or accomplished ; the end or 
 aim to which the view is directed in any plan, meas- 
 ure, or exertion. We believe the Supreme lieing 
 created intelligent beings for some benevolent and 
 glorious purpose ; and if so, how glorious and benev- 
 olent must be his purpose in the plan of reilemption ! 
 The ambition of men is generally directed to one of 
 two purpose*, or to both — the acquisition of we.alth 
 or of power. We build houses for the purpose of 
 shelter ; we labor for the purpose of subsistence. 
 
 2. Intention ; design. This sense, however, is 
 hardly to be distinguished from the former, as pur- 
 pose always includes the end in view. 
 
 Even- purpose is cslaliiished by counsel, — Prov. xx. 
 Beiiii; pnil. stinated accunlin; to the purpose of lliin who work- 
 elh all Uiingl after the coui,«.| of his uwn w,ll. - Kph. i. 
 
 3. End ; edect ; ctmsetiuence, gottd or bad. Wnat 
 good purpose will this answer We sometunes laboi 
 to no purpose. iMeu often employ their time, lalenta, 
 and money for very evil purposes. 
 
 To what purpose is tiiis wimti! t — Matt. xzvl. 
 
 4. Instance ; example. [JVot in use.] 
 
 5. Conversation. [jVot in use.] Spenser, 
 Of purpose, on purpose: with previous di^sign ; 
 
 Willi tile 111111(1 directetl to that object. On purpose is 
 more generally used, but the true phrase is of pur- 
 po.se, 
 
 PUR'POSE, V. t. To intend ; to design ; to resolve ; 
 to ileterininc on some end or object lo bo accom- 
 plishetl. 
 
 I have purposed it, I will also do it. — Is. xlvi. Eph. ill. 
 Paul purposed in Uie spirit, when he had passed through Mace- 
 donia and Achaia, tu ^ lo Jenisalen). — Acts xix. 
 
 PUR'POS-£D, (pur'pust,) pp. or a. Intended; de- 
 signed ; applied to things. 
 
 2. Resolved , having formed a design or resolu- 
 tion ; applied to persons. 
 
 I am purposed that my mouth shall not transgress. — Ps. xvli. 
 PUR'POSE-LESS, a. Having no effect or purpost'. 
 
 J/all. 
 
 PUR'P0SF;-LY, adv. By design ; intentionally ; with 
 predetermination. 
 
 In comnoninp this discourse, I pitrposely declir.ed all offensive 
 
 and di»ijlea«iiig truths. AtUrbury. 
 So much th-'y scorn the crowd, that if the throng 
 By ciiauce go right, they purposely go w rong. Pope. 
 
 PUR'POS-ING, ppr. Intending; designing; resolv- 
 ing. 
 
 PUR-PRES'TqRE,7i. [from Fr.powrand prendre, pris, 
 to take.] 
 
 In law, a nuisance, consisting in an incjosiire of 
 or encroachment on something that belongs to the 
 public ; as a house erected or inelosure niadc on the 
 kini;'s demesnes, or of a liiEhway, &.c. Blarkstone, 
 
 PUR'PRtSE, (-prize,) ii. [Fr, pourpris, supriu] 
 
 A close or inelosure ; also, the whole compass of a 
 manor. Bacon. 
 
 PUR'PU-RATE, 71. A compound of purpuric acid 
 and a salifiable base. Ure, 
 
 PUR'I'URE, 71. In heraldry, purple, represented in 
 enjiraving by diagonal lines from right lo left. 
 
 PUR-PO Rie, a. [So called from the purjile color of 
 its .salts.] Purpuric acid is product^d by the action 
 of nitric-acid upon the lithic or uric acid. 
 
 Dr. Prout. 
 
 PUR'PU-RINE 71. A coloring principle, supposed, by 
 Robiquet and Colin, to exist in ni:idder. Its identity 
 is questionablfc. (Jrc. 
 
 PURR, 1). i. To n.urmur as a cat. [See Pt'n.] 
 
 PURR, 71. A sea lark. .iinsirorth. 
 
 PURRE, 71. Ciderkin or perkin ; the liquor made by 
 steeping the gro.ss matter of pressed apples. Encyc. 
 
 PURR'ING, ppr. or a. Murmuring as a cat. 
 
 PURR'ING, n. The murmuring noise made by a cat. 
 
 PURSE, (purs,) 71. [Fr. bourse: It. bttrsa ; Sp. and 
 Port, bolsa : D. beurs : G. borse : Dan. bSrs ; L. byrsa, 
 an ox hide ; Gr. ISvnaa, id. Ciu.] 
 
 1. A small bag in which money is contained or 
 carried in the pocket. It was Ibrmerly made of ! 
 leather, and is still made of this material by common 
 people. It is usually of silk net-work. 
 
 2. A sum of money offered as the prize of winning 
 in a horse-race. 
 
 3. In Turkey, a sum of money, 500 piasters. 
 
 4. The public cofl'ers ; the treasury; as, to exhaust 
 a nation's purse, or the public purse. 
 
 Long purse, or heavy purse ; wealth ; riches. 
 Light purse, or empty purse ; poverty, or want of 
 resources. 
 
 Sword and purse ; the military power and wealth 
 of a nation. 
 
 PURSE, V. t. To put in a purse. Dryden. M'dton. 
 2. To contract into folds or wrinkles. 
 
 Thou didst contract and purte tlty tjruw. Shuk, 
 
 PURS'iTD, (purst,) pp. Put in a purse. 
 
 2. t'ontracted ii.lo folds or wrinkles; with up, 
 PURSE'-.NET, (purs'nel,) n, A net, the mouth of 
 which may be closed or drawn together like a purse. 
 
 J\Iortimer, 
 
 PURSE'-PRIDE, 71. Pride of money ; insolence pro- 
 ceeding from Ilie possession of wealth. HalL 
 
 PURSE'-PROUD, a. Proud of wealth; puffed up 
 with the possessitm of money or riches. 
 
 PURS' ER, 71. In the nani, a commissioned officer who { 
 has charge of the provisions, clothing, &.C., and of j 
 the public moneys on shipboard. ToUcn. 
 
 PURS'I-NESS, 71. [from purs-y.] A state of being I 
 swelled or bloated ; inflation ; hence, shortness of 
 brealli. [Pibsivexess is rarely used.] 
 
 PUKS'L.MN, n. [It. porcrllaua, porcelain and purs- 
 lain ; Sp. verdolaga, piirslain, whirh seems to be 
 green leek, green plant. The Portuguese write very 
 corniptly bcUrocga. The Latin is portulaea. See 
 Leek.] I 
 .An annual plant of the genus Portulaea, with | 
 fleshy, succulent leaves, often used as a pot-herb and I 
 for salads, carnishing. anil pickling. The sea purs- 
 lain is of the genus .\triplex. The tree sea purslaiH j 
 
 8it| 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. -.W'GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z : CH as SH ; Til as in TIUS. 
 
ruR 
 
 isthe'AtripIex halimus. [See Pithslain-Tree.] The 
 uaitT purslain ia of Ihe genus Peplis. [Sometimea 
 spelled Purslane.] Lee. 
 
 PURS'LAiN-TREE, ji. A popular name of Portula- 
 caria Afra, called, also, tree purslain, a fleshy shrub 
 wilh many small, opposite, fleshy, rounded leaves. 
 It is a native of Africa. Loiidoiu 
 
 PIJR-SC'A-BLE, a. [from pursue.] That may be 
 pursued, followed, or prosecuted. Sherwood-. 
 
 PUR-Su'ANCE, 71. [from pursue.'] A following ; 
 prosecution, process, or continued exertion, to reach 
 or accomplish something; as, in pursuance of the 
 main design. 
 
 2. Consequence; as, in parsuaiice of an order from 
 the commauiler-in-chirf. 
 
 PUR-Su'ANT, a. [from pursue, or rather from Fr. 
 poitr.-iuivant.] 
 
 Bone in consequence or prosecution of any thing; 
 hence, agreeable ; conforniahle. Pursuant to a for- 
 mer resolution, the house proceeded to appoint the 
 standing committees ; this measure was adopted 
 pursuant to a former order. 
 
 PUR-SD'ANT-JjY, adv. Agreeably ; conformably. 
 
 PUR-SuE', V, t. [Fr. poursuivre ; pour and suivre, to 
 follow, L. sequor ,• prosequor, or persequor. See 
 Seek.] 
 
 1. '1 o follow ; to go or proceed after or in a like 
 direction. The captain pursued the same course as 
 former navigators have taken ; a subsequent legisla- 
 ture pursued the course of their predecessors. 
 
 2. 'J"o take and proceed in, without following 
 another. Captain Cook pursued a new and unex- 
 ploriii rdiir-r; new circumstances often compel us 
 to/<«/- I iM U i xpedients and untried courses ; what 
 cours.' shall we pursue ? 
 
 3. 'J o folloH' with a view to overtake ; to follow 
 with haste ; to chase ; as, to pursue a hare ; to pur- 
 sue an enemy. 
 
 4. To seek ; to use measures to obtain ; as, to pur- 
 sue a remedy at law. 
 
 5. To prosecute; to continue. A stream proceeds 
 from a lake, and pursues a southerly course to the 
 ocean. 
 
 H ■ ihil purpttelh evil, pursueth it to liis own death. — Prov. li. 
 G. To follow as an example ; to imitate. 
 
 The fiiine of ancient matrons you pursue. Dryd^n, 
 
 7. To endeavor to attain to ; to strive to reach or 
 gain. 
 
 We happiness pursue ; we fly from pain. Prior. 
 
 S. To follow with enmity ; to persecute. 
 This verb is frequently followed by after. Oen. 
 XXX v._ 
 
 PUR-SuE', V. i. To go on ; to proceed ; to continue ; 
 a Oalliciym. 
 
 I have, pursues Carneades, wondered chetnisls should not con- 
 sider. Boijle. 
 
 PUR-SU'£D, (pur-sude',) pp. or a. Followed ; chased ; 
 prosecuted ; continued. 
 
 PUR-SO'ER, n. One that follows ; one that chases ; 
 one that follows in haste, with a view to overtake 
 Shak. Milton. 
 
 PLFR-Su'ING, ppr. or a. Following ; chasing ; hast- 
 ening after to overtake ; prosecuting; proceeding in ; 
 continuing. 
 
 PUR-Sf;lT', (pur-silte',) it. [Fr. pour.mite.] 
 
 1. The act of following with a view to overtake ; 
 a following with haste, either for sport or in hostility ; 
 as, the pursuit of game ; the pursuit of an enemy. 
 
 2. A following with a view to reach, accomplish, 
 or obtain ; endeavor to attain to or g.ain ; as, the 
 pursuit of knowledge ; the pursuit of liappiness or 
 pleasure ; the pursuit of power, of lioiior, of distinc- 
 tion, of a phantom. 
 
 3. Proceeding ; course of business or occupation ; 
 continued employment with a view to some end ; as, 
 mercantile pursuits ; literary pursuit.t. 
 
 4. Prosecution ; continuance of endeavor. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 PUR'SUl-VANT, (-swe-,) 77. [Fr. poursuicant.] 
 
 I. A state messenger; an attendant <m the heralds. 
 
 Spenser. Camden. 
 9. In the Ueralds' College, the pursuivants are 
 junior oflicers, who afterward succeed to higher 
 tiriploynients. Thoy are four, viz.. Portcullis, Rouge 
 iJragoTi, Blue Mantle, and Pirrte Croix. Brande. 
 PIJRS'y, a. [Probably from Fr. poussif, from 
 pounncr, to push ; Sw. pu.ia, to swell or inflate. A 
 more etymological spelling of this word would be 
 Puxv.] 
 
 Properly inflated ; swelled ; hence, fat, short, and 
 thick ; anil, as persons of this class have a laborious 
 respiration, the word is used for short-breathed. 
 PIJR'TE-NANCE, 71. [from the I., pertincns, pertineo. 
 See AfPunTENAitcE.] 
 
 Appiiru^nanco ; but applied to the pluck of an ani- 
 mal. F.iod. xii. 
 PO'KU-LEXCE, I 71. [L. pMriiIc7i(ii», from pu.t, n«ri.«, 
 P0'RI; LEN-CY, j matter.] 
 
 The generation of pus or matter ; pus. 
 
 ..^rhuthnot. 
 
 PO'RU-LENT, a. Consisting of pus or matter ; par- 
 taking of the nature uf pun, JIacon. 
 
 PUS 
 
 PUR-VEY', (pur-va',) i>. t. [Fr. pourvoir; pour and 
 voir, to see ; L. provideo ; It. provcdere ; Sp. proveer.] 
 
 1. To provide ; to provide with conveniences. 
 
 Dryderu 
 
 2. To procure. Thomson. 
 PUR-VgY', (pur-va',) v. i. To purchase provisions ; 
 
 to provide. Milton. 
 PUR-VEY'ANCE, (pur-va'ans,) 71. Procurement of 
 provisions or victuals. 
 
 2. Provisions ; victuals provided. Spenser. 
 
 3. In English laws, the royal prerogative or right of 
 preemption, by which the king was authorized to 
 buy provisions and necessaries for the ase of his 
 household at an apprized value, in preference to all 
 his subjects, and even without the consent of the 
 owner ; also, the right of impressing horses and 
 carriages, &c. ; a right abolished by stat. 12 Charles 
 II. 24. 
 
 PUR-VEY'£D, ( vade',) pp. Purchased provisions. 
 PUR-VEY'I.\G, ppr. Providing necessaries. 
 PUR-VEY'OR, (-va'ur,) 71. One who provides victuals, 
 
 or whose business is to make provision for the table ; 
 
 a victualer. Ralegh. 
 
 2. An officer who formerly provided or exacted 
 provision for the king's household. England. 
 
 3. One who provides the means of gratifying lust ; 
 a procurer ; a pimp ; a bawd. Dnjden. Jlddison. 
 
 PUIt'VIEW, (pur'vu,) 71. [Norm, and Fr. puurveu, 
 purvieu, purvey ; Fr.pourvu, provided, from pourvoir. 
 See Purvey.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a condition or proviso ; but in this 
 sense not used. 
 
 2. The body of a statute, or that part which begins 
 with "Be it enacted," as distinguished from the 
 preamble. Cowel. Encyc. 
 
 3. In modern usage, the limit or scope of a statute ; 
 the whole extent of its intention or provisions. 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 4. Superintendence. 
 
 The federal power — is confined to objects of a general nature, 
 more wittiin the purview of the lJuited Stales, than of any 
 particular one. [Unusual.] Ramsay. 
 
 5. Limit or sphere intended ; scope ; extent. 
 
 In delermiuin^ the extent of information required in the exercise 
 of a particular autjiorily, n-course must tje liad to the objects 
 witliiu the purvieie of that autliority. Federalist, Madison. 
 
 PUS, 71. [L.] The yellowish-white matter secreted 
 in ulcers and wounds in tlie process of healing. 
 
 £71C7/C. 
 
 PC'SEY-ISM, (pu'zy-izm,) 7t. The principles of Dr. 
 Pusey and others at Oxford, England, as exhibited 
 in " The Tracts for the Times." They propose to 
 carry back the discipline and doctrine of the church 
 of England to an imagined period, when there would 
 liave been no ground of separation from the church 
 of Rome. Smart. 
 
 PC'SEY-iTE, 71. One who holds the principles of 
 Puseyism. 
 
 PUSH, V. t. [Fr. ponsscr ; D. puis, a push ; Sw. posa, 
 to swell ; W. pos, growth, increase ; posiaw, to in- 
 crease, or pwisaw, to press, to weigh. The sense is, to 
 thrust, press, or urge. See Class Bz.] 
 
 1. To press against with force ; to drive or impel 
 by pressure ; or to endeavor to drive by steady pres- 
 sure, without striking ; opposed to Draw. We push 
 a thing forward by force applied behind it ; we draw 
 by applying force before it. We may push without 
 moving the object. 
 
 2. To butt ; to strike with tlie end of the liorns ; 
 to thrust the points of horns against. 
 
 If the ox shall push a mau-scrvaut or maid-servant — he sha]l 
 lie stoned. — Ex. xxi. 
 
 3. To press or urge forward ; as, to push an objec- 
 tion too far. 
 
 He forewarns hia care, 
 With mles to push his fortune or to Ijear. Dn/den. 
 
 4. To urge ; to drive. 
 
 Ambition pushes the soul to such actions as are apt to procure 
 honor to the actor. Spectator. 
 
 5. To enforce ; to press ; to drive to a conclusion. 
 
 We are pushed for an answer. Swift. 
 
 C. To importune; to press with -solicitation; to 
 tease. 
 
 To push down; to overthrow by pushing or im- 
 pulse. 
 
 Pj).SH,7'. I. To make a thrust ; as, to push with the 
 horns or with a sword. JJryden. .Addison. 
 
 2. To make an efl'ort. 
 
 At lenjflh, 
 
 Both sides resolved to push, we tried ou"r strcnffth. Dryden. 
 
 3. To make an attack. 
 
 The Itinj; of tlio south shall push at liiin. — Dan. xi. 
 
 4. To burst out. 
 
 To push on ; to drive or urge forward ; to hasten. 
 Push on, brave men. 
 PJISH, 71. A thrust with a pointed instrument, or with 
 the end of a thing. Spen,ier. 
 
 2. Any pressure, impulse, or force ajiplied ; as, to 
 give the ball the first pitv/i. Jlddison. 
 
 3. An assault or attack. ffu/f-v. 
 
 4. A forcible onset ; a vigorous efl'orl. .Addison. 
 
 PUT 
 
 5. Exigence ; trial ; extremity. 
 
 Wlien it comes to the push, it is no more than tallt. 
 
 L'Eslrange. 
 
 6. A sudden emergence. Shale. 
 
 7. A little swelling or pustule ; a wheal ; a pimple ; 
 an eruption. Bacon. 
 
 PySH'TID, (piisht,) pp. Pressed ; urged ; driven. 
 
 PySH'ER, 71. One that drives forward. 
 
 PjjSII'ING, ppr. Pressing; driving; urging forward 
 2. a. Pressing forward in business; enterprising; 
 driving ; vigorous. 
 
 PySH'ING-LY, adv. In a vigorous, driving manner. 
 
 PiJSH'PlN, 71. A child's play in which pins are 
 pushed altern.ately. VEslranrre. 
 
 PU-SIL-LA-NIM'I-TY, 77. {Ft. pusillanimite ; h. pu- 
 sillaniniitas ; pusillus, small, weak, and animits, cour- 
 age.] 
 
 Want of that firmness and strength of mind 
 which constitutes courage or fortitude ; weakness 
 of spirit ; cowardliness ; that feebleness of inind 
 which shrinks from trifling or imaginary dangers. 
 
 It is obvious to distinguisli Ijetween an act of pusillanimity and 
 an act of great modesty or humility. Suudt. 
 
 PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS, a. [Fr. pusillanime; It. pusil- 
 lanimo, supra.] 
 
 1. Destitute of that strength and firmness of mind 
 which constitutes courage, bravery, and fortitude ; 
 being of weak courage; mean-spirited; cowardly; 
 applied to persons ; as, a pusillani/nous prince. 
 
 2. Proceeding from weakness of mind or want of 
 courage ; feeble ; as, pusillanimous counsels. Bacon. 
 
 PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-LY, adv. With want of cour- 
 age. 
 
 PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-NESS, 71. Pusillanimity ; want 
 of courage. 
 
 PUSS, 71. [D. poes, puss, a fur tippet, and a kiss ; Ir. 
 pus, a cat, and the lip ; L. pusa, pusus, from the root 
 of pustule, a pushing out, issue.] 
 
 1. The fondlins name of a cat. Watts. 
 
 2. The sportman's name for a hare. Gay. 
 PUSS'Y, 71. A diminutive term for Puss. Booth. 
 PUS'SY. See PuRsr. 
 
 PUS'TU-LaTE, 7,-. U [L. ptu-:tulatus. See Pustule.] 
 To form into pustules or blisters. Stackhouse. 
 
 PUS'TU-LA-TED, pp. Formed into pustules. 
 
 2. a. In natural history, covered with pustule-like 
 prominences. Dana. 
 
 PUS'TU-La-TING, ppr. Forming into pustules. 
 
 PUS'TULE, (pus'l or pu.st'yule. The former is the 
 usual pronunciation in America.) 71. [Fr. pustule; 
 L. pustuta; from the root of push.] 
 
 In medicine, an elevation of the cuticle, with an 
 inflamed base, containing pus. Pustules are various 
 in their size ; but the diameter of the largest seldtmi 
 exceeds two lines. Wdlan. 
 
 PUS'TU-I.OUS, (pust'yu-Ius,) a. [L pustulosus.] 
 Full of pustules ; covered with pustules. 
 
 PiJT, V. t. ; preL and pp. Put. [D. pooten, to set or 
 plant ; poot, the foot ; Dan. poder, to graft ; pode, a 
 cion ; Fr. bouter ; Gr. 0t)(j, contracted from tjiv6o> or 
 <Pvrto, whence (pvTof, a germ, shoot, or twig. We 
 find the same word in the L. puto, to prune, that is, 
 to thrust ofl", also to think or consider, that is, to set 
 in the mind, as we use suppose, L. suppono. But we 
 see the English sense more distinctly in the coin- 
 pounds iinputo, to impute, that is, to put to or on ; 
 compnto, to compute, to put togetJier. The Welsh 
 pwlian, to poke, to thrust, and pwtiato, to butt, are 
 doubtless the same word. Tlie L. posui, from pono, 
 may be a dialectical orthography of the same root. 
 See Class Bd and Ii.s. The primary sense is, to 
 thrust, throw, drive, or send.] 
 
 1. To set, lay, or place ; in a general sense. Thus 
 we say, to put the hand to the face ; to put a book on 
 the shelf ; to put a horse in the stable ; to put fire to 
 the fuel ; to put clothes on the body. God planted a 
 garden, and there he put Adam. 
 
 2. Put is applicable to state or condition, as well as 
 to place. Put him in a condition to help himself. 
 Put the fortress in a state of defense. The apostles 
 were ;iHt in trust with the gospel. We arc often piif 
 in jeo])ardy by our own ignorance or rashness. We 
 do not always ;)iit the best men into office. 
 
 3. To repose. 
 
 llow wilt thou — put Uiy trust on Egypt for chariots? — 2 iCin^s 
 
 4. To push into action. 
 
 Thank Iiim who puts nie, loth, to this revenge. JV/i/(on. 
 
 5. To apply ; to set to employment. 
 
 No man, haviufr put his hand to the plow, and looking bacit, is 
 fu lor Uie knigdom of (iod. — Luke ix. 
 
 P. To throw or introduce suddenly, lie had no 
 time to put in a word. 
 
 7. In Scotland, to throw a lieavy stone with the 
 liand raised over the head. Jamicson. 
 
 8. To consign to letters. 
 
 lie made a prochimaUon — and put It also In writing. — 3 Chron. 
 xxxvi. 
 
 9. To oblige ; to require. 
 
 We arc put to prove things which can lianlly be made plainer. 
 
 riUotson. 
 
 10. To incite ; to instigate ; to urge by influence. 
 
 PATE, FXR, PALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, DIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
PUT 
 
 PUT 
 
 PUT 
 
 The appearance of a formidable enemy put the king 
 oil making vigorous preparations for defense. 
 
 'I'liis put mc upon observing the lliicknejw of the pIrtM. Newton. 
 
 Tliefle wretclicn put u» uiwii all mischief, to feed Uieir iimt* urid 
 extravug;iiicef. S:J!i/t, 
 
 U. To propose ; as, to pat a question to the wit- 
 ness ; to put a case in point. 
 
 l'>. To reach to another. Ifab. ii. 
 
 i:!. 'I'o bring into a state of mind or temper. 
 
 Soiymnd, to put tlio Rhodtaiis out of all iiuplcioii of InvMion. 
 
 M. To offer ; to advance. 
 
 I am ashamed lo i)UI a loose, IndlgMtcd play upon Ihejul.lic. 
 
 Dn/iUn. 
 
 15. To cause. 
 
 Tlie niilural coiistilutiona of men put a wide difTerenoo bet\Ycen 
 them. Locke. 
 
 To put about; to turn; to change the course; to 
 gibe ship. 
 
 To put by ; to turn away ; to divert. 
 
 The dcsitfn of the evil one is lo put thee by from thy spiritual 
 rmploynieiit. Taylor. 
 
 A fri^lit hath put by an ague fit. Oreu). 
 
 Q. To tlirust aside. 
 
 Jonathan had died for heinff so, 
 
 Had not just God put by til uimaturnl blow. Coaley. 
 To put down : to baffle ; to repress ; to crush ; as, 
 to put down a party. 
 
 2. To degrade ; to deprive of authority, power, or 
 place. 
 
 3. To bring into disuse. 
 
 Sugar liath put (luutn tlie use of honey. [06*.] Bacon. 
 
 4. To confute ; to silence. 
 
 Miirlt, now, how a plain tale shall put you down. SbnJc. 
 To put forth ; to propose ; to offer to notice. 
 
 Samson said, I will now put forth a riddle to you. — Judges xiv. 
 
 Q. To extend ; to reach ; as, to put forth the hand. 
 'i. To shoot out ; to send out, as a sprout; as, to 
 put fortJi leaves. 
 
 4. To e.\ert ; to bring into action ; as, to put forth 
 strcuffth. 
 
 Cy. To publish, as a book. 
 
 To put in : to introduce among others , as, to put 
 in a word while others are discoursing. 
 
 2. To insert ; as, to put in a passage or clause ; to 
 put in a cion. 
 
 3. To conduct into a harbor. 
 
 To put in fear ; to affright ; to make fearful. 
 
 To put in mind ; to remind ; to call to remembrance. 
 
 To put in practice ; to use ; lo exercise ; as, to put 
 in practice the maxims of the wise man. 
 
 To put into another's hands ; to trust ; to commit to 
 the care of. 
 
 To put off: to divest ; to lay aside ; as, to put off a 
 robe ; to put off mortality or the mortal boily ; to put 
 o^hatighty airs. 
 
 2. To turn aside from a purpose or demand ; to 
 defeat or delay by artifice. 
 
 I hoped for a demonstration, but Themisticcs hopes lo put me o^ 
 with a harwngue. Boyle. 
 
 This is an unreasonable demand, and we might put him off with 
 tliis answer. Bettltey. 
 
 3. To delay ; to defer ; to postpone. How gener- 
 ally do men pud o^lhe care of their salvation to future 
 opportunities ! 
 
 ^•1. To pass fallaciously ; to cause to be circulated 
 or received ; as, to put tj^upon the world some plau- 
 sible reports or ingenious theory. 
 
 5. To discard. 
 
 The clothiers all put off 
 The spinsten, carders, tullers, weavers. Shitk. 
 
 C. To recommend ; to vend; to obtrude. Bacon. 
 
 7. To vend ; to sell. 
 
 8. To pass into other hands; as, to put off a coun- 
 terfeit coin or note. 
 
 9. To push from land ; as, topuf off the boat. 
 
 To put on, or upon ; to impute ; to charge ; as, to 
 put one's own crime or blame on another. 
 
 2. To invest with, as clothes or covering; as, to 
 put on a cloak. 
 
 3. To assume ; as, to put on a grave countenance ; 
 to put on a counterfeit appearance. 
 
 Mercury — put on the shape of a man. L'Eetrange. 
 
 4. To forward ; to promote. 
 
 This came handsomely to put on tlie peace. [Oi>«.] Baeon. 
 , 5. To impose ; to inflict. 
 
 That which thou pulleat on mc, I will bear. — 2 Kings XTiii. 
 To be put upon ; to be imposed on ; to be deceived ; 
 iwed chiejly in the pas.Hve form. 
 To put over ! to refer ; lo send. 
 
 For the certain knowlc<l[^ of that Irulh, 
 
 1 pul you o'er to heaven and to my mother. ShaJ[. 
 
 2. To defer ; to postpone. The court put over the 
 cause to the next term. 
 
 7^0 put out ; to place at interest ; to lend at use. 
 Akiney put out at compound interest nearly doubles 
 in eleven years. 
 
 2. To aitinguish ; as, to put out a candle, lamp, or 
 fire ; to put out the remains of affection. Addison, 
 
 3. To send ; to emit ; to shoot, as a bud or sprout ; 
 as, to put out leaves. 
 
 4. To extend ; lo reach out ; to protrude ; as, to 
 put out llie hand. 
 
 5. To drive out ; to expel ; to dismiss. 
 When I am put out of tlv: stewardship. — Luke xvl. 
 
 C. To publish ; to make public ; as, to put out a 
 pamphlet. [JVouj vul^rar.] 
 
 7. To confuse ; to disconcert ; to interrupt ; as, to 
 put one out in reading or speaking. 
 
 To put out the eijes ; lo destroy llie power of sight ; 
 to render blind. 
 
 To put to; to add ; to unite ; as, to put one sum to 
 another. 
 
 2. To refer to ; to expose ; as, loput the fate of the 
 army or nation to a battle ; to put the safely of the 
 state to ha/.ard. 
 
 3. To piinisli by ; to distress by ; as, to put a man 
 to the rack or torture. 
 
 To put to it; to distress; to press hard ; to per- 
 plex ; lo give ditiiculty to. 
 
 O gendc lady, do not put mc to 't. Shak. 
 
 To be put (0 it ; in the passive form, tu have ditii- 
 culty. 
 
 I shall be hard pul to it lo bring myself off". AdtlUon. 
 To put the hand to ; to apply ; to take hold ; to be- 
 gin ; tt» undertake ; as, lo puL Vie hand to the plow. 
 See Deut. xii. 7. 
 2. To take by tlieft or wrong ; to embezzle. 
 Then shall an oath of the Lord be between them both, that he 
 hath not put hie hand to his n'^-ighbor's goods. — Ex. xxii. 
 
 To put to the stcord ; lo kill ; to slay. Baeon, 
 To put to death ; to kill. 
 
 To put to a stand ; to stop ; to arrest by obstacles or 
 difhcullies. 
 
 To put to trial, or on trial ; to bring before a court 
 and jury for examination and decision. 
 
 2. To bring to a test ; to try. 
 
 To put together ; to unite in a sum, mass, or com- 
 pountl ; to adtl ; as, to put two sums together ; put 
 tog-ether the ingredients. 
 
 2. To unite ; to connect. Put the two chains to- 
 gether. 
 
 3. To place in company or in one society. 
 
 To put trust in ; to confide in ; to repose confi- 
 dence in. 
 
 To put up; to pass unavenged ; to overlook; not 
 to punish or resent ; as, to put up injuries ; to put up 
 indignities. 
 
 Such national injuries are not to be pul up, but when the offender 
 is below re^ntment. Addison. 
 
 [I have never heard this phrase used in America. 
 We always say, to put up with ; we can not put up 
 with such injuries.] 
 
 2. To send forth or shoot up, as plants ; as, to put 
 up mushrooms. [04s.] Bacon. 
 
 3. To expose ; to offer publicly ; as, to put up goods 
 to sale at auction. 
 
 4. To start from a cover. [OSs.] Spectator. 
 
 5. To hoard. 
 
 Himself never put up any of the rent. Spelman. 
 
 6. To reposit for preservation ; as, to put up apples 
 for winter. 
 
 7. To pack ; to reposit in casks with salt for pres- 
 ervation as, to put up pork, beef, or fish. 
 
 8. To hide or lay aside. Put up that letter. Shak. 
 
 9. To i>ut in a trunk or box ; to pack ; as, to ^ut up 
 clothing for a journey. 
 
 PJJT, V. i. To go or move ; as, when the air first puts 
 up. [OAi.] Baeon. 
 
 2. To steer. 
 
 His fury thus appeased, he putt lo land. Drydtn. 
 
 3. To shoot i to germinate. 
 
 The sap pul* downwanl. Bacon. 
 To put forth ; to shoot ; to bud ; to germinate. 
 Take earth from under walb where nelUes^ul forth. Bacon. 
 2. To leave a port or haven. Shale. 
 To put in : to enter a harbor ; to sail into port. 
 2. To offer a claim. A puts in for a share of 
 profits. 
 
 To put in for; to offer one's self; to stand as a 
 candiilate for. Locke. 
 To put off; to leave land. 
 
 To put on ; to urge motion ; to drive vehemently. 
 
 To put over ; to sail over or across. MboL 
 
 To put to sea ; lo set sail ; to begin a voyage ; to 
 advance into the ocean. Dryden. 
 
 To put up ; to take lodgings ; to lodge. "VVe put up 
 at the Golden Dall. 
 
 2. To offer one's self as a candidate. L' Estrange, 
 
 7'o put up to ; to advance lo. \^Little used.] Swift. 
 
 To put up with ; lo overlook or suffer without 
 recompense, punishment, or resentment; as, to pii( 
 up with an injury or affront. 
 
 2. To lake without opposition or dissatisfaction; 
 as, to put up with bad fare. 
 
 This verb, in all its uses, retains its primary sense, 
 to set, throic, thrust, send, Sec. ; but its signification is 
 modified in a great variety of ways, by other words 
 standing in connection with it. 
 PyT, n. An action of distress ; as, a forcetl puL 
 
 VEstrange. 
 
 PUT, n. [Uu. VV. pwt, a short, thick person.] 
 
 1. A rustic ; a clown. 
 
 2. A game at cards. 
 
 PUT, 71. [Vt. putuin ; VV pufon ; It. putta, pultano ; 
 
 Sp. puta.] 
 
 A strumpet ; a prostitute. 
 PIJT t;A.St', for put the case ; suppose the case to be db ; 
 
 a vulgar, or at least inelegant phrase. Burton. 
 PO'TAGK, n. [See Put, a prostitute.] In law, pros- 
 
 titiitiiin or fornication on tlie part uf a female. 
 PO'TA.N-IS.M, Ji. \fr.putanisme.] [Cowel. 
 
 ('iistomary lewdness or prostitution of a female. 
 PO'TA-TIVK, o. [l^i. putatif; It. putativo ; from h. 
 
 puto, to suppose.] • 
 
 Supjioscd ; reputed ; commonly thought or 
 
 deemed ; as, the putative father of a child. 
 PUT-CHOCK', 71. A root imported into i:hina from 
 
 the north-west coast of India, and used for burning 
 
 as incense ; also spelt Putchuck. JilcCulloch. 
 PO'TII), a. [L. putidus, from putco, to have an ill 
 
 smell ; W. pwd.] 
 
 Mean ; base ; worthless. L' Estrange. Taylor, 
 PCi'TID-NESS, 71. Meanness ; vileness. 
 PIJT'LOG, 77. A short piece of timber, on which the 
 
 planks forming tile floor of a scalftdd arc laid. 
 
 Gloss, of ArchiL 
 PI^T'-OFF, 71. An excuse; a shifl fur evasion or de- 
 lav. I? Estrange, 
 PU-TRED'I-NOUS, a. [from L. putrcdo, from pu- 
 
 trco, putris.] 
 
 Proceeding from putrefaction, or partaking of the 
 putrefactive jirocess ; liaving an offensive smell. 
 
 PU-TRE-FAC'TIO-V, 71. [Fr., from L. putrcfactto ; 
 putris, puind, and .furio, to make.] 
 
 .\ natural process by which aiiiiiial and vegetable 
 bodies are disorganized, and their elements newly 
 arranged, forming new compounds. Putrefaction is 
 greallv accelerated by heat and moisture. 
 
 PU-TIli3-FAe'TIVE, a. Pertaining lo putrefaction; 
 as, the putrefactive smell or process. 
 
 2. Tending to promote putrefaction ; causing pu- 
 trefactitm. Brown. 
 
 PU'TRE-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. or o. Dissolved; rotten. 
 
 PO'TRE-FY, ». f. [Fr. putrrficr ; L. putrrfacto ; pu- 
 tris, piilrid, and facio, to make.] 
 
 J. To cause to be decomposed ; to disorganize and 
 cause to pass into a state in which the constituent 
 elements are newly arranired, forming new com- 
 pounds, as animal or vegetable bodies ; lo cause to 
 rot. Heat and moisture soon putrtfy dead tlesli or 
 vegetables. 
 
 2. To corrupt ; to make foul ; as, to putrefy the 
 air. {Little used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To make morbid, carious, or gangrenous ; as, to 
 putrrfij an ulcer or wound. h'uicman. 'Temple. 
 
 PO'TRE-FY, B. I. To dissolve by spontaneous decom- 
 position ; lo have the constituent elements newly 
 arranged, forming new compounds, as animal and 
 vegetable substances deprived of the living princi- 
 ple ; to rot. 
 
 PU'TRE-FY-1\G, ppr. or a. Causing to be decom- 
 posed ; making rotten. 
 PU-TRES'CEN'CE, 71. [from L. pulrescens, putrrseo.] 
 The state of decomposing, as in an animal or 
 vegetable substance ; a putrid stale. Brotrn, 
 PU-TRES'CENT, a. Becoming putrid ; passing from 
 an organized state into another state, 111 which the 
 elements are newly arranged, forming new com- 
 pounds. Brown. 
 
 G. Pertaining to the process of putrefaction ; as, a 
 putrescent smell. 
 PU-TKES'CI-liLE, a. That may bo putrefied ; liable 
 to become putrid ; as, putrescible substances. 
 
 Ramsay, I list, 
 
 PU'TRID, a. [Vt. putride ; L. putridus, [ruin putris, 
 putrco.] 
 
 1. In a stale of dissolution or disorganiz.alion, as 
 animal and vegetable bodies ; corrupt ; rotten ; as, pu- 
 trid flesh. 
 
 2. Inilicating a state of dissolution ; tending to dis- 
 organize the subit;inces composing the body. 
 
 3. Proceeding from putrefaction, or pertaining to 
 it ; as, a putrid scent. 
 
 PU'TRin-.\i;ss, J 71. The state ol being putrid ; cor- 
 PU-TRIO'I-TV 1 ruption. Flover. 
 PU'TR1-F1-Ca' riO.\, ». state of becoming rotten. 
 PO'TRY, a. Rollen. [jVot used.] Marstan. 
 PIJT'TER, 7u [from put.] One who puts or pl.nces. 
 PUT'TER-0.\, 71. An inciter or instigator. Shak. 
 PjjT'TING, ppr. [from put.] Setting ; pl.acing ; lay- 
 ing. 
 
 PtJT'TING, 71. In Scotland, an ancient siwrt, the 
 throwing of a heavy stone, with the hand raised 
 over the head. 
 
 PljT'Tl.N'G-S'I'ON'E, 71. In Scotland, a heavy stone 
 used in the game of puttimr. Pope. Jamicson, 
 
 PUT'TOCK, 71. A kite. Spenser. 
 Puttock-shrouds : probably a mistake for Futtock- 
 
 PUT'TY, 71. [.Sp. and Port, potca.] [shrouds. 
 1. A kind of pa.sle or cement compounded of whit- 
 ing, or soft carbonate of lime and lintseed oil, beat- 
 en or kneaded to the consistence of dough ; used in 
 fastening gl.ass in sashes, and in stopping crevices. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, qNITE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 112* 
 
 WWW 
 
PYR 
 
 PYR 
 
 2. VuUy of tin ; a powder of calcined tin, used in 
 poliiiliing glass and steel. Encyc. 
 
 3. A very fine cement, made of lime only, used 
 bv plasterers. BranOe. 
 
 PUT'TV, V. t. To cement with putty ; to fill up with 
 »putt_v. -3s/i. 
 PUZ'ZLE, (puz'zl,) tt. t. [from the root of pose, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. "To perplex ; to embarrass ; to put to a stand ; to 
 gravel. 
 
 A shrewd dUpuUnt in those points Is dextrous in puzzling 
 others. More. 
 
 He is per^tually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own blun- 
 ders. Addison. 
 
 2. To make intricate ; to entangle. 
 
 The \v:iYs of Heaven are dark and iiitricil", 
 
 Puzzled in maa-^s and perplexed with error. Addison, 
 
 PUZ'ZLE, jj. i. To be bewildered ; to be awkward. 
 
 UKstTange, 
 
 PUZ'ZLE, n. Perplexity ; embanassment. Bacon. 
 PUZ'ZLJED, pp. or a. Perplexed ; intricate ; put to a 
 stand. 
 
 PUZ'ZLE-HE.\D-ED, (piiz'zl-hed-ed,) a. Having the 
 head full of confused notions. Johnsoiu 
 
 PUZ'ZLER, 71. One that perplexes. 
 
 PUZ'ZLIN'G, ppr. or a. Perplexing ; embarrassing ; be- 
 
 PUZ-ZO-L.^'NA. Pee Pozzijolasa. [wildering. 
 
 PYG'MTE, n. [Qu. G.'. -i.kv rotnp-ict.] 
 
 A mineral, the shorlite of Kirwan, or shorlous 
 topaz of Jameson. It usually ajip^ars in long, irreg- 
 ular prisms or cylinders, longitudinally striated, and 
 united in bundles. Werner. Cleaveland. 
 
 PYCNO-STVLE, n. [Or. ttvkvos, thick, and ruAos, 
 column.] 
 
 In ancient arckitect-ure, a term denoting a colonnade 
 in which the columns stand very close to each oth- 
 er ; only one diameter and a half of the column be- 
 ing allowed to each intercolumniation. Gicilt. 
 P5E, (pi,) n. [Probably a contracted word, and the 
 same as pie, a mass.] 
 
 A confused mass ; the state of printing type when 
 the sorts are mixed. 
 PyE, n. A bird. [See Pie.] 
 
 PY'GXRG, ( ?i. [Gr. Tnj'aoyof, having a white 
 P5-G,\ll'GUP, ( rump.] 
 
 1. A qu:idruped, probably a species of antelope or 
 gazelle. Deut. xiv. 5. 
 
 2. The female of the hen-harrier, a speciesof buz- 
 zard. £d. Encyc. 
 
 PYG'.MY, jo. Pertaining to a pygmy or dwarf; 
 
 PYG-Me'.\N, i very small : dwarfish. Milton. 
 
 PYG'MY, 71. \Tr.pygmce; It. pi^rmeo : \j. py^ma-tis ; 
 Gr. -11) )/«io?, from Vii} /117, the fist ; as big as the fist.] 
 A dwarf ; a person not exceeding a cubit in height ; 
 This appellation was given by the ancients to a fab- 
 ulous race of beinss inhabiting Thrace, who waged 
 war with the cranes, and were destroyed. Encyc. 
 
 PYL'A-GORE, n. [Gr. 7rir>ny»/,.,s.] 
 
 In ancient Greece, a delegate or representative of a 
 city, sent to the Aniphictyonic council. Milford. 
 
 PY-LOR'ie, a. Pertaining to the pylorus ; as, the 
 pyloric artery. 
 
 PY'-Lo'Rl"."^,'/!. [Gr. TTvXiop'ii, from 7r«Xi7, a gate.] 
 The lower and right orifice of the stomach. Coxe. 
 
 P?'OT. See Pi ex. 
 
 PYR'A-CANTH, n. [Gr. tti;,; a<ni'fla, fiery thorn.] 
 A plant ; an evergreen species of thorn, with 
 
 flame-colored berries, found in the south of Europe, 
 
 of the genus CratEgus. 
 PY-R.\L'LO.LITE, 11. [Gr. wup, fire, a\X"i, and 
 
 XiM i?; alluding to its changes of color bcft)re the 
 ■ blowpipe.] 
 
 A white or greenish mineral from Finland, rarely 
 
 in oblique crystals, consisting essentially of silica 
 
 and magnesia. Dana. 
 PYR'A-.MID, n. IVt. pyramide ; It. piramide ; L. jnjr- 
 
 amis ; Gr. TTi'oa/iis. The oriiiin and composition of 
 
 this word are not ascertained. It is supposed that 
 
 the Gr. mm, fire, forms one of its component parls ; 
 
 and it may be named from being shaped like tlaine. 
 
 Elines.] 
 
 1. A solid body standing on a triangular, square, or 
 polygonal base, and terminating in a point nt the 
 top ; or in geometry, a solid figure contained by sev- 
 eral triangles, whose bases arc all in tlie same plane, 
 and which have one common vertex. Encyc. 
 
 2. An edifice in the form of a pyramid, for se- 
 pulchral and rtHigious purposes, &c. The pyramids 
 of Egypt may have been erected to the sun, during 
 the prevaltMice of Sabiaiiism. 
 
 PV-RAM'in-AL, a. [Ft. pyramidale ; It. piramidale.] 
 
 1. Pyrainidical. 
 
 2. Ri lating to the pyramids. 
 PYR-A-.MID'ie, la. Having the form of a pyra- 
 PYK A-.Mll)'ie-AL, i mid. 
 
 The particiei of earth beinj( cubical, thove of 5re pyrarnviieixl. 
 
 Enjlcd on PliUo. 
 
 A pymmidiml rock. Gotdemilh. 
 
 PVR A .MID'ie-AL LY, <u/r. In the form of a pyr- 
 amid. Baron. 
 
 PVR A .MID'ie AI--NESS, 71. The stale of being 
 pyramidiral. 
 
 PV-UA.M'I-I)()ID, n. [pyramid and Gr. tiiJ.s, form.] 
 A Kolid reaembling the pyniinid. Barium. 
 
 [L.l A pyramid. 
 
 PYR'A-MIS, n 
 
 Pyre, 77. [l. pi/™ 
 
 .\ funeral pile ; a" pile to be burnt. Pope. 
 PYR-E-N.a'iTE, / 71. [from the Pyrenees.] A vari- 
 PYR-E-Nf.'ITE, j ety of gainet. Dana. 
 PY-RET'ieS, H. Medicines for the cure of fever. 
 PYR-E-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. uvficTos, fever, from m-p, 
 fire, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on fevers, or the doctrine 
 of fevers. Hooper. 
 PY-REX'I-A, >!. ; pi. Vyrexix. [Gr. irvoffic.] 
 
 Fever. ' Forsyth. 
 
 PY-REX'I-AL, a. Relating to fever. 
 PY-REX'IG-AL, a. Pertaining to fever ; feverish. 
 PYR'GO.M, n. A variety of pyroxene, called also 
 
 Fassaite. Dana, 
 PYR'I-FORM, a. [L. pyrnm, a pear, and form.] 
 
 Having the form of a pear. Greirory. 
 PY'R-I-TA'CEOUS, (pir-e-ti'shus,) o. Pertaining to 
 
 pyrites. [See Ptritic] Lavoviier. 
 PY-RI'TkS, n. [Gr. rriTJirijf, from n-i'p, fire.] 
 
 .\ combination of sulphur with iron, copper, co- 
 balt, or nickel, presenting a white or yellowish me- 
 tallic luster. The term was originally applied to the 
 sulphuret of iron, in allusion to its giving sparks with 
 steel. The sulphurets of other metals, or those of 
 copper, not presenting the colors stated, are not called 
 PvitiTES. Dana. 
 
 [Darwin has anglicized this word, which would 
 be preferable.] 
 
 HeTice sable coal his massy conch extends, 
 And stai^ of gold the sparkhng^^rite blends. 
 
 Darwin. 
 
 f-RiT'ie, ) 
 
 ?-R[T'ie-AL, S"- 
 I'R'I-TOUS, ) 
 
 Pertaining to pyrites ; consisting 
 of or resembling pyrites. 
 
 PV-RIT'ie 
 PY 
 PY 
 
 PYR-I-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [pyrites and L. fero, to pro 
 duce.] 
 
 Containing or producing pyrites. 
 PY'R'I-TiZE, c. t. To convert into pyrites. 
 
 Ed. Encyc, 
 
 PYR'I-TIZ-f;D, pp. Converted into pyrites. 
 PYR-I-TOL'O-GY, 71. [pyrites and Gr. Aoyoj, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on pyrites. Fourcroy. 
 P5''RO, [from Gr. ttdo, fire,] used as a prefix, in cliem- 
 istrj', to denote some modification by lieat. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 PS-RO-A-Cii'Tie PPIR'IT, 71. Acetone ; a limpid, 
 colorless liquid, of a penetrating, aromatic odor, and 
 very inflammable, obtained by the tlry distillation of 
 the acetate of lead, or other acetate. Ure. 
 
 Py'RO-ACID, H. .\n acid obtained by subjecting 
 another acid to the action of heat. Brande. 
 
 PYR'O-eilLORE, n. [Gr. -v,i, fire, and xAtofJ'S, 
 green.] 
 
 A mineral occurring in yellow or brownish octahe- 
 drons, and consisting of coliiinbic acid, and combined 
 with lime and oxvd of cerium. 
 
 PY-RO-CIT'Rie .\C'ID, n. An acid obtained from 
 citric acid bv the action (>f heat. Cooln/. 
 
 PY-RoG'EN-bUS, a. [Gr. iru/., fire, and jti'tut.i, to 
 generate.] 
 
 Produced bvfire; igneous. Manfcll. 
 P^-ROL'A-TRY, 71. [Gr. ttvo, fire, and Xar^na, 
 worship.] 
 
 The worship of fire. Young, 
 PY-RO-LIG'.\E-Oi;s, ; a. [Gr. ri.n, fire, and L. 
 PY-RO-LIG'XOUS, i iiVwf,,.,-, from (iTiiiim, wood.] 
 The latter term only is conformable to the princi- 
 ples of the nomenclature of chemistry. 
 
 Generated or procured by the distilhition of wood ; 
 a term applied to the acid obtained by the distillation 
 of wtiod. The acid so procured is nothing but impure 
 and dilute acetic acid, or impure vinegar. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 PY-RO-LIG'NITE, n. [Supra.] A salt formed by the 
 combiiiatii>n of pyrolignous acid with a base; the 
 same as an acetate. 
 
 PV-RO-l.lTll'ie, ) a, [Gr. 7r«p, fire, and \iO„i, 
 
 PYR-C'Rie, i stone.] 
 
 Tilt; p\ rolithic acid is an acid of recent discovery. 
 It is obtained from the silvery while plates which 
 sublime from uric acid cttncrelions when distilled in 
 a retort. Now considered identical with cyanuric 
 acid. 
 
 PY-ROL'O-GIST, 71. A believer in the doctrines of 
 heat. Black. 
 2. An investigator o( the laws of heat. 
 
 P?-ROL'0-GY, n. [Gr. irii,i, fire, and \oyof, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 A treatise on heat ; or the natural history nf heat, 
 latent anil sensible. jVitclidl. 
 PY-RO-LO'SITE, 71. [Gr.TTiiji, fire, and Xiiw.to wash.] 
 A black ore of nninganeae, often used in bleach- 
 ing. 
 
 PY-RO-MA'LATE, n. [.See PraoMALic.] A com- 
 pound of pvroinalic aciil and a salifiable base. Ure. 
 
 PV-RO-.MA'LIC, a. [Gr. rrnp, fire, and L. malum, an 
 apple.] 
 
 A term applied tn a volatile acid obtained by heat- 
 ing the malic acid in close vessels. Its properties 
 and cnniposttioii have not been investigated. It has 
 been supposed tu be isomeric with mulic ucid. 
 
 PYR'O-iMAN-CY, 7t. [Gr. Jrtip, fire, and pavrtia, 
 divination.] 
 
 Divination by fire. Encyc. 
 PY-RO-MAN'Tie, a. Pertaining to pyromancy. 
 PY-RO-JlAN'Tie, 71. One who pretends to divine by 
 
 fire. Herbert. 
 PY-RO.M'E-TER, 71. [Gr. Trtip, fire, and ptruov, 
 
 measure.] 
 
 1. An instrument for measuring the expansion of 
 bodies by heat. 
 
 2. An instrument for measuring degrees of heat 
 above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer; 
 as, the pjfrovieter of Wedgwood. 
 
 PY-RO-.MET'Rie, ( a. Pertaining to the pyrom- 
 PS'-RO-ilET'Rie-.\L, ( eter or to its use. 
 
 P. Cyc. Ed. Encyc. 
 P5-RO-MORPH'lTE, 71. [Gr. ttvo and /top,/.-/.] 
 
 The mineral phosphate of lead, occurring in bright 
 
 green and brown hexagonid crystals and masses. 
 
 The name alludes to the crystalline form which the 
 
 globule assumes in cooling. Dana. 
 PS'-RO-MORPH'OUS, a. [Gr. -up, fire, and t'":"h, 
 
 form.] 
 
 In mineralogy, having the property of crystalliza- 
 tion bv fire. Sliepard. 
 
 PY-RO-MCeATE, 71. A combination of pyromucic 
 acid with a base. 
 
 P5-RO-.M0'Cie, a. [Gr. ni<n, fire, and L. mucus.] 
 
 The pyromucic acid is obtained by the action of 
 heat upon the miicic or saccholactic acid. It is a 
 white, volatile substance. 
 
 PVR'OPE, 71. [Gr. TTupcairos ; nvp, fire, and loili, 
 face.] 
 
 A mineral regarOed as a variety of garnet, oc- 
 curring in small masses or grains, never in crystals. 
 Its color is a poppy or blood red, frequently with a 
 tinge of orange. Brochant. Cleaveland. 
 
 PYR'O-PH.'KXE, 71. [Gr. ttvo, fire, and ip.ii'os, clear.] 
 A mineral which in its natural state is opaque, but 
 is said to change its color and become transparent 
 bv heat. Kinoan. Lanier. 
 
 PY-ROPH'A-NOUS, a. Rendered transparent by 
 heat. 
 
 PY-ROPH'O-ROUS, (pl-rof'o-rus,) o. Pertaining to 
 or resembling pvrophorus. 
 
 Py-ROPH'O-RUS, (pi-rofcnrus,) 71. [Gr. ttvo, fire, 
 and vjonos, bearing.] 
 
 .\ substance which takes fire on exposure to air, 
 or which maintains or retains liuhl. It is best made 
 by heating together alum, pearl-ashes, and lamp- 
 black. Sitlinian. 
 
 PY-UO-PHYS'A-LITE. See Topaz and Phvsalite. 
 
 PY-ROR'TIIiTE, 77. A mineral allied to orthite, oc- 
 curring in loiiL', brownish-black crystals. It is in- 
 flammable, owing to its containing a large percentage 
 of carbon. The essential ingredients are silica, 
 o\yd of cerium, and water. Dana. 
 
 PVR"'0-SeOPE, 71. [Gr. irep, fire, and oko-iu, to 
 view.] 
 
 An mstrument for measuring tlie pulsatory motion 
 of the air, or the intensity of heat radiating from a 
 fire. Leslie. 
 PY-Ro'SIS, 71. [Gr. Ttipojuif, a burninsr.] 
 
 In medicine, a disease of the slcuiiaeh, attended 
 with a sensation of burning in the epigastrium, ac- 
 companied with an eructation of watery fluid, usu- 
 ally insipid, but sometimes acrid. It is commonly 
 called \Vater-rba9h. 
 PY-ROS'M.\-LlTE, 71. A mineral of a liver-brown 
 color, or pistachio green, occurring in six-sided 
 prisms, of a lamellar structure, found in Sweden. 
 
 Phillip. 
 
 It is an ore of iron, consisting of silica, oxyd of 
 ircui and manganese, and clilorid of iron. Dana. 
 PY RO-TXR-'I'AR'ie, a. [Gr. wvp, fire, and tar- 
 tar,] 
 
 A term applied to an acid obtained by heating tar- 
 taric acid in a close vessel. It is distinct from tar- 
 taric arid. 
 
 PY-RO-TAR'TRATE, 71. A salt formed by the com- 
 bination of pvrotartaric acid with a base. 
 PYR-O-TECH'NIG, I a. [Gr. jriip, fire, and 
 PYR-O-TEeil'Me-AL, j t£x>"I, art.] 
 
 Pertaining to fireworks or the art of forming 
 them. 
 
 PYR-O-TEeH'MieS, ) 71. [Supra.] Theartofmak- 
 PVR'0-TECI!-NY, ( iiig fireworks, or the sci- 
 ence whicli teaches the management and application 
 of fire in its various operations, particularly in mak- 
 ing rockets and other artificial fireworks. 
 PYR-O-TEGIl'XIST, 71. One skilled in pyroterliny. 
 
 &teveiu. 
 
 PY-ROT'ie, «. [Gr. rvooto, to burn.] 
 
 Caustic. [See Caustic] 
 PY-ROT'lC, M. .\ caustic medicine. 
 PYR'OX-E.VE, 71. [Gr. tti'.., fire, and (ti'oj, a stranger ; 
 a guest in fire, unaltered.) 
 The same niinerul with Auoite, which see. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 PY-ROX-EN'I€, 11. Containing p)roxenc; composed 
 chiefly of pyroxene. /.>iiii«. 
 
 PY-Rt).\-YL'ie, a. [Gr. irnp, fire, and (vXov, wood.) 
 Obtained by the destructive distillation of wood ; 
 as, pyroiylic spirit. 
 
 FiTE, FAR, FALL. WHAT MUTE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 _ 
 
QUA 
 
 r?.RO.\'Y.LlN'E, (-in,) ( «. [Gr. iruu, fire.and IvXoy, 
 P?-ROX'YLE, ( il,) j wood.] 
 
 A term einbraciiiK g\u\ cotton and all otlu-r fX|)l(v 
 sive substances, obtained by inmitrsing vrnotiible 
 fiber in nitric and sulpliiiric acid, or in a mixture of 
 nitric and sulphuric acids, and llicn sunerinR it to 
 dry. J)an<i. 
 PYli'IlHie, 71. [L. jnjrrhichius ; Gr. nvpfUxtos, from 
 TTvpfttxn, a nimble dance. j 
 L In poetry, a foot consisting of two short syllables. 
 2. An ancient military dance. 
 PYR'RIIie, a. Noting an ancient military danco, 
 said to have been invented by Pyrrhus. Brandc. 
 2. In porlry, noting the foot called Pvrrhic. 
 PYR'RIUN, n. [Gr. 7ri.pii'..j.] 
 
 A vegeto-aninial substance, detected in rain water 
 by M. Itraiides. Journal vf Science. 
 
 PYit.RIION'ie, a. Pertaining to pyrrhonism. 
 PYR'RllO-NISM, 71. [from Pi/rr/io, the founder of the 
 skeptics.] 
 iSkcplicism ; universal doubt. 
 
 QUA 
 
 PYR'RIIO-NIST, 71. A skeptic; one who doubts of 
 every thing. 
 
 PYTIl-A-Go'RE-AN or PYTII-A-GO nK'AN, 71. A 
 follower of Pythagoras, the founder of the Italic sect 
 of philosophers. 
 
 PYTII-A-GO'Ri:-AN or "] 
 PV'l'll-A-G()-Rii'AN, I a. Uelonging to the pliilos- 
 
 PYTII-A-GOR'IC, f phy of Pythagoras. 
 
 PYTH-A-GOR'ie-AL, J 
 
 PY-TIIAG'O-RIS.M, 11. The doctrines of Pythagor.as. 
 
 PY-TllAR'O-RiZE, v. i. To speculate after the man- 
 ner of Pj thagoras. 
 
 PYTiri-AN, a. [ from Pi/t/iia, the priestess of Apoll.i.l 
 Pertaining to the priestess of Apollo, wlio delivercu 
 oracles. 
 
 Pythian games ; one of the four great national fes- 
 tivals of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in 
 honor of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python. 
 
 liraitdr. 
 
 Py'TIION, 71. [L. pytho ; Gr. wvBojv, a dragon or ser- 
 pent.] 
 
 QUA 
 
 A genus of ophidian reptiles, which arc Inrgi; ser- 
 pents, nearly allied to the lioa, and found in the 
 East Indies. 
 
 PY'l'Il'O-.N'ESS, 71. [from L. Pytlto, Gr. nvOwv, a 
 dr.igon or serpent.] 
 
 1. A sort of witch ; also, the female or priestess who 
 gave oracular answers at Delphi, in Greece. Miiford. 
 
 2. Any female supposed to have a spirit of divina- 
 tion ; n sort of witch. Bp. Hall. 
 
 PY-TII().N"ie,a. Pretending to foretell fulMre events. 
 PYTll'O-NlST, 71. A conjurer. 
 
 PYx'lS I "■ [L. pyiis; Gr. Trufij.] 
 
 1. The box in which the Roman Catholics keep the 
 host. Cranmtr. 
 
 2. A box used, in English coinage, for the trial of 
 gold and silver coin. [See Pix.] Smart. 
 
 PY.X-ID'l-U.M, H. [from Gr. Trifi?.] In botany, a 
 fruit which dividi's circularly into an upper and 
 lower half of which the former acts a-s a kind of lid, 
 as the piin|ieriiel. Brande. 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 IS the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet ; 
 an articulation borrowed from the Oriental koph 
 
 or qoph, Ch. and Hcb. p, Samaritan P, Syriac 
 Arabic (j kaf. It is supposed to be an articulation 
 more deeply guttural than that of k ; indeed, it may 
 have been pronounced as we pronounce qu : for we 
 observe that, in the Latin language, from which the 
 moderns have borrowed the letter, it is always fol- 
 lowed by u, as it is in English. This letter is not in 
 the Greek alphabet. In our mother tongue, the 
 .■\nglo-Saxon, this letter is not used ; but, in the 
 place of qu, cu, or. more generally, no is used ; as in 
 ci/iic, quick ; cwc«, queen. This letter is siipertiuous ; 
 for ku or koo, in English, have precisely the same 
 sounds as qu. It is alleged that, in expressing q, 
 the cheeks are contracted, and the lips put into a 
 canular form, for the passage of the breath — circum- 
 stanres whicli distinguish it from k This appears to 
 be a mistake. This position of the organs is entirely 
 owing to the following letter, u ; and kuestion and 
 question are pronounced precisely alike, and with the 
 same confignralion of the organs. For qu in Eng- 
 lish, the Dutch use AiA, the Germans qu, the Swedes 
 and the Danes qr, which answer to our kw. The 
 Gothic has a character which answers to qu. It ap- 
 pears, then, that q is precisely k, with this difference 
 in use, that q is always followed by u in English, and 
 k is not. Q never ends an English word. Its name, 
 cue, is said to be from the French queue, a tail. 
 
 As a numeral, Q stands for 500, and, with a dash, O, 
 for .')Ofl,000. 
 
 Used as an abbreviation, Q. stands for quantity or 
 quantum; as, among physicians, q. pL, quantum placet, 
 as nnich as you please ; q. s., quantum sujicit, as 
 much as is required, or as is sutiicient. 
 
 Q IX is sometimes used for quasi dizissct, as if he 
 had said. 
 
 Among mathematicians, Q. K. D. stand for quod 
 erat demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated ; 
 Q. E. F., quod erat faciendum, which was to be done. 
 
 In the notes of the ancients, Q. stands for Quintus or 
 Quintius ; Quint, for Quintiiins ; and Qtuc^. for 
 qu(Bstor. 
 
 In English, Q. is an abbreviation for question. 
 QUAB, n. [G. qnappe V. kwab ; Dun. qvabbe.'j 
 
 A lish of Russian rivers, which delights in clear 
 water. Diet. Aat. Hist. 
 
 QUA-CfIIL'TO,7i. A Brazilian fowl of the moor-hen 
 kind, of a fine black color, varieg.ated with white. 
 Il3 voice resembles the crowing of a cock. 
 
 Did. A'at. Hist. 
 QUACK, r. (. [D. kwaaken, G. quaken, Dan. qvakker, 
 to croak.] 
 
 1. To cry like a duck or goose. King. 
 
 2. To boast ; to bounce ; to talk noisily and osten- 
 tatiously ; as, pretenders to medical skill quack of 
 their cures. Hudibras. 
 
 QUACK, 71. [from the verb.] A boaster ; one who 
 pretends to skill or knowledge which he does not 
 possess. Felton. 
 
 2. A boastful pretender to medical skill which he 
 does not possess ; an empiric ; an ignorant practi- 
 ';oner. Mdison. 
 
 <.ir \CK,o. Pertaining to quackery ; as, a fuacA med- 
 icine. 
 
 Ql).\CK'ER-Y, 71. The boastful pretensions or mean 
 practice of an ignoramus, particularly in medicine ; 
 empiricism. 
 
 QU.\CK'ISH, a. Like a quack ; boasting of skill not 
 ptwsessed ; trickish. Burke. 
 
 QTJACK'ISM, 71. The practice of quackery, jls*. 
 (iUACK'LE, V. i. To be almost choked. 
 
 CiU •\rK'/'N'^:D i "* Almost choked or sulTocated. 
 Q,U.\CK'SAL-VER, 71. [Sw. qvacksalfcare ; qriackuni 
 salte."] 
 
 One who boasts of his skill in medicines and 
 salves, or of the efficacy of his prescriptions -, a char- 
 latan. Brown. Burton. 
 aUAD, (kwod,) (7. [D.kwaad.] 
 
 Evil ; bad. [J^ot used.] Gower. 
 QUAD'R.\, 71. [It.] In architecture, a square border 
 
 or frame round i^ass-relief, panel, &c. GtciU. 
 QUAD'R;K-GENE, 71. [L. quadrageni.] 
 
 Ill the Roman CatJtolic church, an indulgence of 
 forty days, that is, a remission of the temporal piin- 
 isliinenl due to sin, corresponding to the forty days 
 of ancient canonical penance. Bp. Fitzpntrick. 
 (iUAD-RA-GES'I-M A, 71. [L. quadragesimus, fortieth, 
 from quatuor, four.] 
 Lent ; so called because it consists of forty days. 
 
 £71C1/C. 
 
 Quadragesima Sunday ; the first Sunday in Lent, 
 
 which is about forty days before Easter. 
 aUAD-R.VGES'I-MAL, a. [Supra.] Belonging to 
 
 Lent ; used in Lent. Sanderson. 
 aUAD-RA-GES'I-.MALS, 77. pi. [Supra.] Olicrings 
 
 formerly made to the mother church on Mid-Lent 
 
 Sundav. 
 
 QUAI)'KAN"GLE, (kwod'rang-gl,) 71. [L. qundratus, 
 square, from quatuor, four, and angulns, angle.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a plane figure having four angles, 
 and consequently four sides. Hutton. 
 
 2. In English architecture, the inner square or rec- 
 tangular court of a building. GwilU 
 
 aUAD-RA.\"GU-LAR, a. [Supra.] Having four 
 angles, and consequently four sides. fVoodicard. 
 
 2. In botany, having four prominent angles, as a 
 leaf. Martiin. 
 
 QUAI)-RAN"GU-LAR-LY, adv. With four sides and 
 four angles. 
 
 aUAD'RANT. 71. [L. quadrans, a fourth.] 
 
 1. The fourth part ; the quarter. • Brown. 
 
 2. In geometni, the quarter of a circle or of the 
 circumference of a circle. Hutton. 
 
 3. An instrument for taking the altitudes and dis- 
 tinces of the heavenly bodies, of great use in astron- 
 omy and navigation. Quadrants are variously made, 
 but they all consist of the quarter of a circle whose 
 limb is divided into ninety degrees ; or, as in Had- 
 ley's reflecting quadrant, an arc of forty-five degrees 
 is made to serve the same purjiose as an arc of ninety 
 degrees. 
 
 4. In gunnery, an instrument used for elevating 
 cannon and |ioiiitiiig them. Brande. 
 
 Quadrant of altitwie ; an appendage of the artificial 
 globe, consisting of a slip of brass of the length of a 
 quadrant of one of the great circles of the globe, and 
 gradii.ated. It is fitted to the meridiad, and movable 
 round to all points of the hori/.on. It serves as a 
 scale in measuring altitudes, azimuths, &c. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 QUAD-RANT'AL,a. [Supra.] Pertaining to a ipiad- 
 rant ; also, included in the fourth part of a circle ; as, 
 quadrantal space. Derham. 
 
 Quadrantal triangle ; a spherical triangle having 
 one side equ.al to a quadrant. Hutton. 
 
 QUAD-RANT'.\L, 71. [Supra.] A cubical vessel used 
 by the Romans. It held the same quantity as the 
 amphora, viz., 8 cubic foot. Smith's DicL 
 
 QUAD'IIAT, 71. [L. quadratus, squared.] 
 
 1. In printing, a piece of metal used to fill the void 
 
 spaces between words, &c. Quadrats are of differ- 
 ent sizes ; as, m-quadrats, &.c. 
 
 2. A mathematical instrument, chiefiy used in 
 taking heights or depths ; called, also, a geometrical 
 square, and line of shadoics. Huttan. 
 QUAD'KATE, a. Square; having four equal and 
 parallel sultJS. 
 
 2. Divisible into four equal parts. Brown. 
 
 3. .Square ; equal ; exact. Howell. 
 
 4. Suited ; fitted ; applicable ; correspondent. 
 
 Harcey. 
 
 QUAD'RATE, 71. A square; a surface wlili four 
 equal and parallel sides. IVutton. Milton. 
 
 2. Ill a.^trulogy, an aspect of the heavenly bodies, 
 in which they are distant from each other ninety 
 degrees, or the quarter of a circle ; the same as 
 QUARTILF. Jluttun. 
 QU.\D'RaTE, 1). L [L. quadra; Fr. quadrer, cailrer.] 
 'I'o suit ; to correspond ; to agree with ; to be ac- 
 commodated ; followed by with. 
 
 Arlstolk-*s nilf s for rpic po(;try — can not be supposed lo auadrata 
 exactly teiUi nnxleni hcruic poems. Aadtaon. 
 
 QUAD-RAT'ie, a. Square ; denoting a square, or 
 pertaining to it. 
 
 Quadratic equation ; in algebra, an equation which 
 contains the unknown quantity, either as a .sipiare 
 only, or as a square and first power only ; or one in 
 which the liigliest power of the unknotvn quantity 
 is a square. Hutton, 
 
 QITAD-RA'TRIX, 71. In ^cfmiefTT/, a mechanical line 
 by means of which we can finil right lines equal to 
 the circumference of circles or other curves and 
 their several parts. Hutton. 
 
 QUAD'RA-TUKE, 71. [L. quadratura.\ 
 
 1. The act of squaring ; the reducing of a figure 
 to a square. Thus the finding of a square which 
 shall contain just as much area as a circle, is the 
 quadrature of that circle. Encyc, 
 
 In general, the quadrature of curves, in matJiematicSy 
 is the finding of rectilineal figures containing the 
 same areas as figures bounded by curved lines. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 2. A quadrate ; a square. MtUon. 
 
 3. In astronomy, the position of one heavenly body 
 in respect to another, when distant from it ninety de- 
 grees, or a quarter of the circle, as the moon, when 
 at an equal distiince from the points of conjunction 
 and opposition. OlmaUd. 
 
 QUAD'REL, 71. [It. quadrello.] 
 
 in architecture, a kind of artificial stone made of 
 
 chalky earth and dried in the shade for two years ; 
 
 so called from being square. OwilL 
 QUAD-RE.V'NI-AL, a. [V,. quadriennium ; quadra, or 
 
 quadrans, from quatuor, tour, and an7iuj;, year.] 
 
 1. Comprising four years ; as, a quadrennial pe- 
 riod. 
 
 2. Occurring once in four years ; as, quadrennial 
 
 games. 
 
 QU.\D-REN'M-AL-LY, adr. Once in four years. 
 aU.\D'RI-ULE, a. [L. quadra, to square.] 
 
 That inav be squared. Derham. 
 QUAD-RI-CAP'SU-LAR, a. [L. quadra and capsula.] 
 
 in botanu, having four capsules. 
 aU.\D'RI-eoR.\, 71. [L. quatuor, four, and c«7tiu, 
 horn.] 
 
 The name of certain apterous insects having four 
 antenna". Brande. 
 QFAD-RI-CORN'OUS, a. Having four horns. 
 QU.\D-RI-DEC'I MAL, a. [L. ouadra and decern.] 
 in crustallographii, a term designating a crystal 
 whose prism, or the middle part, has four faces and 
 
 TONE, B(;LL, qNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K i 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH aa SH ; TH 88 in THIS. 
 
 805 
 
QUA 
 
 QUA 
 
 QUA 
 
 two summits, containing togetlier ten faces. [JVot 
 
 QL'AD-RI-DEXT'ATE, a, [L. quadra and dentatus, 
 toothed.] 
 
 In botany, having four teeth on the edge. 
 
 Jilartyn. 
 
 QITAD-RI-Fa'RI-OUS, a. Arranged in four rows or 
 ranks. Loudon. 
 
 GUAD'RI-FID, a. [L. quadrifidus ; quadra and findo, 
 to divide.] 
 
 In botany, four-clefl, i. e., divided about half way 
 from the niarcin to the base ; as, aquadnftd perianth ; 
 cut about half way into four segments, with linear 
 sinuses and straight margins ; as, a quadrifid leaf. 
 
 J\Iartyn, 
 
 QUAD-RI'G.'i, 71. [L.] A car drawn by four horses 
 abreast, as represented on the reverse of ancient 
 medals. 
 
 aUAD-RI-6E-NA'RI-OUS, a. Consisting of forty. 
 
 QUAD-RU'U-GOUS, a. [L. quadra and jugum, yoke.] 
 In botany, pinnate, with four pairs of leaflets ; as, 
 a quadrijuirous leaf. 
 
 aUAD-RI-L.\T'ER-.\L, a, [L. quadra, or quatuor, 
 four, and lat)Ls, side.] 
 
 Having four sides, and consequently four ancles. 
 
 QU.^D-RI-LAT'ER-AL, n. A plane figure having 
 four sides, and consequently four angles; a quadran- 
 gular figure. Hutton. 
 
 QU.\r)-RI-L.\T'ER-AI^NESS, n. The property of 
 having four right-lined sides, forming as many right 
 angles. Did. 
 
 aUAD-RI-LIT'ER-AL, a. [L. quadra, or qiuUuor, 
 four, and litera, letter.] 
 
 Consisting of four letters. Parkhurst. Asiat. Res. 
 
 aUA DRILLE', (kwa-dril' or ka-dril',) >i. [Fr.] A 
 game played by four persons with forty cards, being 
 the remainder of the pack after the four tens, nines, 
 and eights are discarded. Encyc. 
 
 2. A kind of dance made up of sets of dances, 
 four in each set. Smart. 
 
 aUAD-RlL'LION, (kwod-ril'yun,) n. According to 
 the Engtis/i notation, the number produced by involv- 
 ing a million to the fourth power, or a unit with 
 twenty-four ciphers annexed ; according to the 
 French notation, a unit with fifleen ciphers annexed. 
 
 QUAD RI-Lo'BATE, ) a, [L. quadra, or quatuor, 
 
 auAD'Rl-Lo-B/TD, ( {mr, and lubus, (it. \.,/ios.] 
 in botany, having four lobes ; as, a quadrilobed leaf. 
 
 Marttjn. 
 
 QUAD-RI-LOe'U-LAR, a. [L. quadra, quatuor, and 
 locitlus, a cell.] 
 
 Having four cells ; four-celled; as, a quadrilocular 
 pericarp. Marlyn. 
 QUAD'RIN, n. {l,. quadrinus.] 
 
 .\ mite ; a small piece of money, in value about a 
 farthing. [JVof in use.] Bailev. 
 (aUAn-Rr-.\0'.Ml-AL, a. [L. quadra, quatuor, and 
 nomen, name.] 
 
 In al- '€bra, consisting of four terms. 
 aUAD-RI-NO.M'ie-AL, a. Consisting of four de- 
 
 nomiuaticms or terms. Diet. 
 aUAD-RIP'AR-TITE, a. [L. quadra, quatuor, and 
 partitas, divided.] 
 
 Divided into four parts ; in botany, divided to the 
 base into four parts. 
 aUAD-RIP'AR-TITE-EY, adv. In four divisions; 
 
 in a quadripartite distribution. 
 Q(jAD-RI-PAR-TI"Tro\, rknod-re-pUr-tish'un,) n. 
 A division by four or into four eipial parts ; or the 
 taking the fourth part of any quantity or number. 
 
 Huttim. 
 
 QUAD'Rt-REME, n. [L. quadriremis ; quatuor, fuat, 
 and rrmus, oar.] 
 
 .\ galley with four benches of oars or rowers. 
 
 jMilford. 
 
 QUAD-Rl-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [L. quadra, quatuor, and 
 syllable.] 
 
 A word consisting of four syllables. 
 atTAD'RI-VAt^VE, ) a. In Aofanw, havini four 
 
 QUAD-RI-VALV'TI-LAR, ( valves ; foiir-valvHd ; as, 
 
 a quadrrvalve pericarp. Martyn. 
 aUAD'RI-VALVES, n. pi. [L. quadra, quatuor, and 
 vaiva, valve.] 
 
 A (Idor with four folds or leaves. 
 QUADIUV'I-AL, a. [L. quadrivium j quatuor, Cour, 
 and ria, way.] 
 
 Having four ways meeting In a point. 
 
 (H;A''I'ER ON, i V"""'™. quatuor.] 
 
 in Spanish j9hterica, the offspring of a mulatto wo- 
 man by a while man ; a person (piartcr blooded. 
 
 Ctariirero. 
 
 aUi^D'RI^MAN, n. [I-. quadra and manut, hand.] 
 An animal having four haiuls that correspond to 
 the hand< of a man, an a monkev. Lawrence, Leet. 
 
 QI.'AD-RO'.MA .\A, n. pi. Animals having four 
 hands, ai monkeyn. 
 
 fti;AI)-R0'.MA-NO(JH, a. Having four hands; four- 
 handed. iMierence, Lett. 
 
 Cil-'AD'RCiNE, n. A gritstone with a calcareous 
 c*;ment. 
 
 (II.'AD'RIJ-I'ED, a. [L. quadrupes : quadra, quatuor, 
 four, and peg, ftiot.] 
 Having four Ick> and feet. 
 
 QUAD'RU-PED, n. An animal having four legs and 
 
 feet, as a horse, an ox, a lion, &c. 
 CiUAD'RU-PLB, a. [L. quadruplus ; quadra, qitatuor, 
 
 and plico, to fold.] 
 Fourfold ; four times told ; as, to make quadruple 
 
 restitution for trespass or theft. 
 (iUAD'RU-PLE, n. Four times the sum or number ; 
 
 as, to receive quadruple the amount in damages or 
 
 profits. 
 
 aUAD'RU-PLE, V. £. To make four times as much, 
 or as many. 
 
 (iUAD'RU-PL£D, pp. or a. Made four times as much 
 or many. 
 
 aUAD-RO'PLI-CATE, a. Fourfold ; four times re- 
 peated ; as, a quadruplicate ratio or proportion. 
 
 QUAD-RO'PLI-eATE, v. U [L. quadruplico; quatuor 
 and plico, to fold.] 
 To make fourfold ; to double twice. 
 
 aUAD-Ru'PLI-CA-TED, pp. JIade fourfold. 
 
 aU.fiD-RU-PLI-eA'TION, n. The act of making 
 fourfold and taking four times the simple sum or 
 amount. 
 
 QUAD'RU-PLING, ppr. Making four times as much 
 or many. 
 
 aUAD'RU-PLY, adv. To a fourfold quantity ; as, to 
 be quadruply recompensed. Swift. 
 
 QU^'RE, [L.] Inquire; better written Query, 
 which see. 
 
 QU^.ST'OR, (kwest'or,) See Questor. 
 
 Q.UAFF, (kwaf,) V. f- [Fr. coiffer, to cap or hood ; se 
 coiffer, to fuddle, or be fuddled, from coiffe, a hood. 
 
 But qu. In the Eiliiopic, quaf, or kwof, is to 
 
 draw, to draw out. Ludolf, 407. In Arabic, k_iU» 
 
 hauba or kwaba, is to drink largely, or to devour, as 
 food.] 
 
 To drink ; to swallow in large draughts. 
 
 Ke quaffs the muscadel. 
 
 'riiey in coimnunion sweet 
 (Xuaff iminoruUity and joy. 
 
 SluUc. 
 Milton. 
 
 QUXFF, V. i. To drink largely or luxuriously. 
 
 South, iyryden. 
 aUAFF'ED, (kwift,) pp. Drank ; swallowed in 
 
 large draughts. 
 QI;aFF'ER, n. One that quaffs or drinks largely. 
 QUaFF'ING, ppr. Drinking; swallowing draughts. 
 QUAG, n. See Quagmire. 
 
 QUAG'GA, 71. A pachydermatous mammal, the 
 Equus Quagga, nearly allied to tlie ass on the one 
 hand and the zebra on the other. It inhabits South- 
 ern Africa. 
 
 QUAG'GY, a. [Supposed to be from the root of 
 
 quake.] 
 
 Yielding to the feet or trembling under the foot, as 
 soft, wet earth. 
 QUAG'iMIRE, 71. [That is, quake-mire.] Soft, wet 
 land, which has a surface firm enough to bear a per- 
 son, but which shakes or yields under the feet. 
 
 7*usser. Shak. More, 
 QUA'HAUG, (kwaw'hog,) n. In J^ew England, the 
 popular name of a large species of clam or bivalvular 
 shell-fish. 
 
 [ This Tiame is probably derived from the vatives.] 
 QUaID, a. or pp. [For Quailed.] Crushed, sub- 
 dued, or depressed. [JVut used.] Spenser. 
 QUAIL, (kwalc,) v. i. [Quail, in English, signifies to 
 sink or languish, to curdle, and to crush or quell. 
 The Italian has qnagliarc, to curdle, and the Sax. 
 cwellan, to quell, and the D. kwaal is disease. If 
 these are of one family, the primary sense is to 
 shrink, to withdraw, and transitively, to beat down. 
 In \\'. cwl signifies a flagging or drooping; cwla, 
 fiiint, languid.] 
 
 I. To sink into dejection ; to languish ; to fail in 
 spirits. Shak. Knolles. Pirrjiont. 
 
 To fade ; to wither. [Obs.] Hakewill. 
 QUAIL, V. i. [Ft. caillcr ; Sp. cnajar : Port, coalhar ; 
 It. quagliare, to curdle ; W. caul, a calPs maw, ren- 
 net, chyle, a curd ; ceulaw, to curdle. The sense is, 
 to contract.] 
 
 To curdle ; to coagulate ; as milk. Bailey. 
 QUAIL, !\«. [Sa\. cwellan.] 
 
 To crush ; to depress ; to sink ; to subdue. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 QUAIL, 7t. [It. qvaglia 1 Fr. eaillc; Arm. coaill.] 
 
 A vague English popular name of certain gallina- 
 ceous birds, closely allied to the partridges. It is ap- 
 plied to niorff than twenty difi'erent species, and of 
 more than one genus. Its application in New Eng- 
 land varies within .short distances, which is believed 
 also to be the fact in other parts of the United States. 
 
 QUAIL'ING, ;)/<r. Failing; languishing. 
 
 QUAIL'ING, II. The act of failing in spirit or resolu- 
 tion ; di cay. Shak. 
 
 QUAIL'-PIPK, tj. A pipe or call for alluring quails 
 inio a net ; a kind of leathern purse in the shape of a 
 pear, partly filled with horse hair, with a whistle at 
 Ihi! end. Enei/e. 
 
 QUAINT, (kwSnte,) a. [Old Fr. coint, Arm. e'oent, 
 count, pretty. In Norman French, coint Is familiar, 
 affable, and accoinrt, is very ni^cessary or familiar. 
 
 There is a majesty in ; 
 nese of wit. 
 
 The latter word would lead us to refer quaint to the 
 Latin accinctus, ready ; but Skinner thinks it more 
 probably from compltis, neat, well-dressed.] 
 
 1. Nice ; scrupulously and superfluously exact ; 
 having petty elegance ; as, a quaint phrase ; a quaint 
 fashion. Sidney. Sliak. 
 
 To show how quaint an orator you are. Shak. 
 
 2. Subtile ; artful. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 3. Fine-spun ; artfully framed. Shak. JUilton. 
 
 4. Affected ; as, quaint fopperies. Swift, 
 
 5. In common use, odd ; fanciful ; singular ; and so 
 used by Chaucer. 
 
 QUaINT'LY, adu. Nicely ; exactly ; with petty 
 neatness or spruceness ; as, hair more quaintly 
 curled. S. Jonsotu 
 
 2. Artfully. 
 
 Breathe his faults so quaxntly. Shak, 
 
 3. Ingeniously ; with dexterity. 
 
 I quaintly stole a kiss. Gay, 
 
 4. Oddly ; fancifully ; singularly. 
 QUAINT'NESS, 71. Niceness ; petty neatness or ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Tiplicity which is far alxjve the quaint- 
 Pope, 
 
 2. Oddness ; peculiarity. 
 QUAKE, (kwake,) v. i. [Sa.x. cwacian; G. quadcdn ; 
 
 Eth. hwyka, to shake, to agitate.] 
 
 1. To shake; to tremble; to be agitated with 
 quick but short motions continually repeated ; to 
 shudder. Thus we say, a person quaJces witli fear or 
 terror, or with cold. Heb, xii. 
 
 2. To shake with violent convulsions, as well as 
 with trembling; as, the earth qualies; the mountains 
 quake, JW/i. i. 
 
 3. To shake, tremble, or move, as the earth under 
 the feet ; as, tlie quaking mud. Pope. 
 
 QUAKE,!!.*. To frighten; to throw into agitation. 
 [J\rot used,] Shak. 
 
 QU.AKE, 71. A shake ; a trembling ; a shudder ; a 
 tremulous agitation. Suckling, 
 
 QUAK'ER, 71. One that quakes ; but usually one of 
 the religious sect called Fbienus. This name, Qua- 
 kers, is said to have been given to the sect in re- 
 proach, on account of some agitations which distin- 
 guished them ; but it is no longer appropriated to 
 them bv wav of reproach. 
 
 QUAK'ER-ISH, a. Like a Quaker. 
 
 QUaK'ER-ISM, 71. The peculiar manners, tenets, or 
 worship of the Quakers. JSIdner, Boswell. 
 
 QUAK'ER-LY, a. Resembling Quakers. Ooodman. 
 
 QUAK'ER-Y, 71. Quakerism. 
 
 QUaK'ING, ppr. or a. Shaking; trembling. 
 
 QUaK'ING, 71. A shaking ; tremulous agitation ; 
 trepidation. Z>aii. x. 
 
 QUaK'ING-GR.^SS, 71. The name of various species 
 of graminaceous plants belonging to the genus 
 Briza, whose spikelets have a tremulous niotitm. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 QUaK'ING-LY, adv. Tremblinglv. 
 
 QUAL'I-FI-.\-BLE, a. [from qualify.] That may be 
 qualified ; that niav be abated or modified. Barrow, 
 
 QUAL-I-FI-eA'Tld.N, 7i. [Fr. See Qualify.] Any 
 natural endowment or any acquirement which fits a 
 persim for a place, office, or employment, or enables 
 him to sustain any character with success. Integ- 
 rity and talents should be considered as indispensa- 
 ble qualijicatiovs for men intrusted with public af- 
 fairs ; but private interest aiul party spirit will often 
 dispense with these and all other qual\Jications, 
 
 Tliere is no qualification for government but virtue and wisdom, 
 actual or pa-suniptive. Burke, 
 
 2. Legal power or requisite ; its, the qualificatiotis 
 of electors. 
 
 3. Abatement ; diminution. Ralegh, 
 
 4. Modificatitm ; restriction ; limitation. Words 
 or expressions may be used in a general sense, with- 
 out any qualif ration, 
 
 QUAL-I-FI-€A'T0R, 71. In Roman Catholic ecclesias- 
 tical courts, an oftirer whose business it is to exam- 
 ine ami prepare causes for trial. Jltnrdock, 
 
 QUAL'I-Fl-£I), (kwol c-fide,) pp, or o. Fitted by 
 accomplishments or endowments ; modified. 
 
 Quul:Jird fee : in law, a base fee, or an estate which 
 has a qiialiiicatiou annexed to it, and vvhirh ceases 
 with the tpialification, as a grant to A and his heirs, 
 tenanU of tJie manor of Dale. 
 
 Qualifteil nrgatire ; in legislation, the power of neg- 
 ativing bills which liave passed the two houses of 
 the legislature ; a power vested in the president, 
 governor, or other oflicer. but subject to be overruled 
 and defeated by n siibsccpient vote of the two houses, 
 passed in ctuil'oruiily with the provisions of the con- 
 stitution. United States. IV, Smith. 
 
 Qualijied property, is that which depends on tem- 
 porary possession, as that in wild animals reclaimed. 
 
 QUAL'I-FI-ED-IV'ESS, n. The stale of being qualified 
 or fitted. 
 
 QUAL'I-FI-ER, 71. He or that which qualifies; thot 
 wiiich modifles, reduces, tempers, or restrains. 
 
 Junius. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
UUA 
 
 QUAL'I-FY, r. t. [Fr iiualifiir ; Ft. qiiaUficnre ; Sp. 
 calijicnr ; L. qualis^ t^iich, inid facioj to maku.] 
 
 1. To fit for any placr, otlicr, uccupallon, or cliar- 
 noter ; to furnish with tliu knowledge, skill, or other 
 nrconiplishnient necessary for a purpose ; as, to giiat- 
 ifij a man for a juilso, for a minister of state or of the 
 gospel, for a general or admiral. Iloliness alono can 
 qualify men for the society of holy beings. 
 
 9. To make capable of any employment or privi- 
 lege ; to furnish with legal power or capacity ; as, in 
 England, to qualifij a man to kill game. 
 
 3. To abate ; to soften ; to diminish j as, to qualify 
 the rigor of a statute. 
 
 1 flo not arck to (jiiench your love's hot firo, 
 
 Cut qual^fy llie tire'a extreme rugu. Sliak. 
 
 4. To ease ; to assuage. Siienscr. 
 
 5. To modify ; to restrain ; to limit by exceptions ; 
 as, to qnalifij words or expressions, or to qaalifij the 
 sense of words or phrases. 
 
 6. To modulate ; to vary ; as, to qualify sounds. 
 
 Broioii, 
 
 QUAL'l-FV-INB, ppr. or a. Furnishing with the 
 necessary qualities, propertii^s, or actoniplishments, 
 for a place, station, or business; furnishing with 
 legal power ; abating ; tempering; modifying; re- 
 straining. 
 
 ailAL'I-TA-TIVE, a. Relating to quality. Qualita- 
 tive analijsis, in chemistry^ is that in which, by finding 
 certain qualities in a compimnd, we di termine the 
 elements of which it is made up. 
 
 QUAL'I-TY, n. [L. quuljl,i.i, from quali.-.; such ; Fr. 
 quality; Sp. calidad ; It. quatitd ; Ir. rait.] 
 
 1. Property ; that which belongs to a body or sub- 
 stance, or can be prerlicated of it. Qualities are nat- 
 ural or acciilcntal. Thus whiteness is a natural qual- 
 ity of snow ; softness is a natural qualitii of wool and 
 fur ; hardness is a natural quality oi metals and 
 wood ; figure and dimension are the natural quali- 
 ties of solids ; but a particular figure, as a cube, a 
 square, or a sphere, is an accidental or adventitious 
 quality. The fluidity of metals is an accidental qual- 
 ity. Essential qualities are such as are necessary to 
 constitute a lliiiig what it is. $cn6-tMe qualities are 
 such as are perceptible to the senses, as the light of 
 the sun, the color of cloth, the taste of salt or sugar, 
 &,c. 
 
 2. Nature, relatively considered ; as, the quality of 
 an action in regard to right and wrong. 
 
 Other oreiitun's h;ive not ju(i;fitient to examine the qutitily of that 
 \\ Itich is dune by theui. Hooker. 
 
 3. Virtue or p,articular power of producing certain 
 effects ; as, the qualities of plants or medicines. 
 
 4. Disposition ; temper. 
 
 Tn-niiht we'll wttnder through the streets, and note 
 
 The qiialiues of people. Shak. 
 
 5. Virtue or vice ; as, good qualities, or bad quali- 
 ties. Drydcn. 
 
 C. Acquirement; accomplishment ; as, the yua/te* 
 of horsemanship, dancing, and fencing. Clarendon. 
 
 7. Character. 
 
 The ntlorney partjikes of Imth quali&ct^ that of a Jud^ of the 
 court, and that of attorney-general, Ba/:on. 
 
 8. Comparative rank ; condition in relation to oth- 
 ers ; as, people of every quality. 
 
 \Vc obt:\ined acquaintance with many citizens, not of the mean, 
 est qualiiy. Bacon. 
 
 9. Superior ranic ; superiority of birth or station ; 
 us, persons of quality; ladies of quality. 
 
 10. Persons of high rank, collectively. 
 
 I shnll ftpiie;»r at the masquerade dressed up in my feathers, that 
 the quality may see how pretty they will looit in their trav- 
 eling habits. Additon. 
 
 Q.UXLM, (kwilm,) n. [D kwaal, disease ; kwaalyk, 
 sick ; G. qurihn, to pain or vex. In G. qualm is steam, 
 vapor, exiialatitui ; U. kwalm, id. The Danish qvalm 
 Hignifies vapor, steam, fume, exhalation ; qvalmer, to 
 rnmble ; det giver qralmc, it rises in the stomach. 
 The latter is the English word.] 
 
 1. A risin:r in tJie stomach , as it is commonly called j 
 a fit of nausea, or a disposition or effort of the stom- 
 ach to eject its contents. 
 
 2. A sudden fit or seizure of sickness at the stom- 
 ach ; a sensation of nausea; as, qualms of heart-sick 
 agony. J\ItUon. 
 
 For who, without a qitnlm, hath ever looked 
 
 On holy g;irlKig»*, tliough by Homer cooked i Roecommon. 
 
 3. A scruple of conscience, or uneasiness of con- 
 science. 
 
 QUALM'ISH, (kwilm'ish,) a. [Supra.] Sick at the 
 stomach ; inclined to vomit ; affected with nausea 
 or sickly languor. Dryden. 
 
 (iU\LM'ISIl-LY, adv. In a qualmish manner. 
 
 QUALM'ISH-NESS, n. Nause.a. 
 
 q,UA.M'DI-U SE BE'M-E (SES'SE-RIT, [L.] Dur- 
 ing good behavior. 
 
 CiUAM'O-eLIT, n. A genus of climbing ornamental 
 plants, allied to the convolvulus, found in the hot 
 parts of America, also in India and China. P. Cue. 
 
 Ql'.^.N'DA-RY, n. Doubt; uncertainty; a state "of 
 diiliculty or perplexity. 
 
 aU.\.\"D.\-RV, r. e. To bring into a st.ate of uncer- 
 i lainty or dilficulty. [A*o( used.] Olicay. 
 
 QUA 
 
 (irjANT, (kwant,) n. A round cap at the bottom of a 
 
 pole, as of a jumping pole, to prevent its sinking into 
 
 the ground. Il.dliirell. 
 aUAN'TI-TA-TIVE, a. [See avAxri rv.] Uelatiug 
 
 to quantity. Taylor. 
 Quantitatire analysis, in chemistry, is that which 
 
 determines the pro|Hirtional quantity of each of the 
 
 elements which make up a ctunpound. 
 aUAN'TI-TIVE, a. [See Quantity.] Estimable 
 
 according to quantity. Digby. 
 aUAN'TI-TIVE-LY, adv. So as to.be measurable by 
 
 quantity. 
 
 aUAN'T[-TY, n. [Fr. quantiti ; It. quantitd : Pp. ean- 
 titad; from L. quantitas, (torn quantus, how much, or 
 
 as much as ; Pers. vXJLi. chand, how much ; c?tVk.i»- 
 chandi, quantity.] 
 
 1. That property of any thing which may be in- 
 creased or diminished. Chryne. John.^un. 
 
 This definition is defective, and as applicable to 
 many other priiperties as to ipiaiitity. A definition 
 strictly philcKophical can not be given. In common 
 usat^e, quaiitittj is a mass or collection of matter, of 
 indeti rininate dimensions, but consisting of particles 
 which can not be distinguished, or which are not 
 customarily distinguished, or which are considered 
 in the aggregate. Thus we say, a quantity of earth, 
 a quantity of water, a quantity of air, t)f light, of heat, 
 of iron, of wood, of timber, of corn, of paper. liut 
 we do not say, a quantity of men, or of horses, or of 
 houses ; for, as these are considered as separate in- 
 dividu.als or beings, we call an assemblage of ihein 
 a number or multitude. 
 
 2. An indefinite extent of space. 
 
 3. A portion or part. 
 
 If I wen; 8awe<l into quantitiee. {Not in use.] Slinlc. 
 
 4. A large portion ; as, a medicine taken in quan- 
 tities, that is, in lar^re quantities. Arbnthnot. 
 
 .5. In mathematics, any thing which can be multi- 
 plied, divided, or measured. Day. 
 
 Thus mathematics is called the science of quan- 
 tity. In algebra, quantities are known and vuknown. 
 Known quantities are usually represented by tin- first 
 letters of the alphabet, as a, b, c ; and unknown quan- 
 tities are expressed by the last letters, x, y, :, &c. 
 Letters thus used \n represent quantities are them- 
 selves called quantities. A simple quantity is expressed 
 by one term, as -\-a, or — abc ; a compound is expressed 
 by more terms than one, connected by the signs -\- 
 plus, or — minus, as a-f 6, or a — A-fe. Quantities 
 which have the sign + prefixed, are called positive or 
 ajjirmatwe; those which have the sign — prefixed, 
 arc called negative. Day^s Jilircbra. 
 
 6. In fframmar, the mctsuro of a syllable ; that 
 which determines the time in which it is pronounced. 
 
 Holder. Eneyc. 
 
 7. In logic, a category, universal, or predicament; 
 a general conception. Bailey. Eucyc, 
 
 8. Ill music, the relative duration of a note or syl- 
 lable. Busby. 
 
 Quantity of matter, in a body, is the measure arising 
 from the joint consideration of its magnitude and 
 density, being expressed by, or proportional to, the 
 protluct of the two. Ilutton. 
 
 Quantity of motion, in a body, is the measure arising 
 from the joint consideration of its quantity of matter 
 and its velocity; the same as Mome.vtum. Hutton. 
 
 QUA.N'TU.M, n. The quantity ; the amount. 
 
 QUji.Y'TUM MER' u rr, [L.] In law, an action 
 grounded on a promise that the defendant would 
 pay to the plaintiff for his service as much as he 
 should deserve. 
 
 QUA^r'TUM SUF'FI-CIT, [L.] Sufficient ; as much 
 as is needed. 
 
 QUAjX'TUM VA-LE'BAT, [L.l An action to re- 
 cover of the defendant, for goods sold, as much as 
 they were worth. BlacksUme. 
 
 QUa-QUA-VEKS'AL, a. [L. quaqua, in all direc- 
 tions, and versus, from verto, to turn.] 
 
 In gcoloiry, a term applied to the dip of beds to .all 
 points of the compass round a center, as of beds of 
 lava round a crater. Lyell. 
 
 QUAR'A\-T1.\E, (kwor'an-teen,) n. [It. quarautina, 
 forty ; Sp. quaranlena ; Fr. qaarantaine ; from the root 
 of L. quartus, fourth, Fr. carreau, a square, carrrr, to 
 square. Arm. carrea, to square, W. eviar, square. Eng. 
 quarL Sec Quart and SquABE.I 
 
 1. Properly, the space of forty dnys ; approprialehj, 
 the term of forty days, during which a ship, arriving 
 in port, and suspected of being infected with a ma- 
 lignant, conlajious disease, is obliged to forbear all 
 intercourse with the city or place. This time was 
 chosen because it was supposed th.at any infectious 
 disease would break out, if at all, within that period. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Restraint of intercourse to which a ship is sub- 
 jected, on the presumption that she may be infected, 
 either for forty days or for any other limited term. It 
 is customary for the proper otficcrs to determine the 
 period of restraint at their discretion, according to 
 circuinstan|(;3. Hence we hear of a quarantine of 
 five days, of ten, of thirty, ls.c., as well as of forty. 
 
 QUA 
 
 We say, a ship performs quarantine, or rtdea at quar^ 
 antine. W'c alstt apply the word to persons. The 
 passengers and crew [lerform quarantine. 
 
 3. In law, the period of forty days, during which 
 the widow of a man dying seized of land, has the 
 privilege of remaining in the mansion-house. 
 
 QU.fkR-A.\-TlNE', (kwor-an teen',) v. t. To prohibit 
 from intercourse with a city or its inhabitants ; to 
 compel to remain at a distance from shore for some 
 limited period, on account of real or supposed infec- 
 tion ; applied to ships, or to persons ant] goods. 
 
 QUAR-AN-TtN'£D,(kwor-an-teend',);v. Restrained 
 frtim Communication with the shore for a limited pe- 
 riod ; as a ship t»r its crt;w and passengers. 
 
 QUAIt-A.V-Tf.N'l.NG, ppr. Prohibiting from inter- 
 coiirsi! with tile jiort ; as a ship or its crew and pas- 
 se users. 
 
 QUAR'KE, for QuAnav, is not in use. 
 
 QUAR'REI., 71. [\V ctorryl; Fr. querclle : L. and It. 
 querela ; Sp. querclla or queja ; Arm. qarell ; L. qtiercr, 
 to complain, that is, to cry out witli a loud voice. 
 Hence we see the primary sense is the same us brawl. 
 The L. queror coincides in elements with the Ir. 
 gairim, to call, to bawl, to shout, and gearan, a com- 
 [tlaint ; Sax. ccnrian, to conifilain or murmur ; G. gir- 
 ren aiitl kirren; D. kirren and korren ; Dan. kerrer. 
 The latter signifies to complain, to expostulate, and 
 kerrer sig efter, to care, or take heed of, a sense 
 which would unite the word with the L. euro, eura : 
 and in Sax. eearig signifies complaining, and careful, 
 solicitous ; lleb. Ch. Svr. and Ar. N■^p. Class Gr, No. 
 49, and see No. I, 2, 14, 1.5, 19, 23.1 
 
 1. A brawl ; a petty fight or scuttle, from its noise 
 and uproar. Shak. 
 
 2. A dispute : a contest. 
 
 Oil open seas tli'-ir ^uarre/s they delate. Dryden. 
 
 3. A breach of friendship or concord ; open v.ari- 
 ance between parties. Ilammond. 
 
 4. Cause of dispute. 
 
 The king's qiutrrtt is honomblc. ShaX. 
 ."i. Something that gives a right to n>;schief, rep.'i- 
 sal, or action. 
 
 He diought he had a gooil quarrel to e;i:u:k bun. [Nut um/.] 
 
 UziiTigtheJd. 
 
 6. Objection ; ill wi!:, or reason to complain ; 
 ground of objection or dispute. 
 
 Herotlias had a quarrel against hi;n. — M.aik vi. 
 
 7. Something peevish, malicious, or disposed to 
 make trouble. [JVot used.] Shak, 
 
 QUAR'REL, 71. [\V. ^warel, a d.art or javelin, a ker- 
 nel ; fwarelu, to dart, to kern, to curdle ; from ficar, 
 a quick rise, a puff ; Fr. carreau, a bolt. The prima- 
 ry sense is, to shotU, throw, or drive.] 
 
 1. An arrow with a square head. [J^'of used unless 
 in poetry.] Camden. 
 
 2. A diamond-shaped pane of gla-ss, or a square 
 pane placed diagonally. [See Quaiirv and Shuark.] 
 
 Oloss. of ArchiU 
 QUAR'REL, V. i. [Fr. quereller. See the noun.] 
 
 1. To dispute violently, or with loud and angry 
 words ; to wrangle ; to scolil. IIow odious to see 
 husband and wife quarrel! 
 
 2. To fight ; to scutlie ; to contend ; to squabble ; 
 used of two persons, or of a small number. It is 
 never used of armies and navies in combat. Chil- 
 dren and servants often quarrel about triHes. Tav- 
 ern-hunters sometimes quarrel over their cujis. 
 
 3. To fall into variance. 
 
 Our people quarrel with oliedience. ShaM. 
 
 4. To find fault ; to cavil. 
 
 I will not quarrel with a sli^lit misUike. i?0fC0mnwn. 
 
 Men al enmity with the'r (io<l, quarreling with his attributes — 
 quarreling willi the Being Uinl made ibefn, ami who is con- 
 stantly doing them good. Eliph. Steele. 
 
 5. To disagree ; to be at variance ; not to be in ac- 
 cordance in form or essence. 
 
 Th 
 
 te things arise of stmnge and quarreling kind, 
 ; fore p.irt lion, and a snake l^hind. 
 
 Coieley. 
 
 QUAR'REL, r. f. To qiiarn I with. B. Jonson. 
 2. I'o compel by a quarrel ; as, to quarrel a man 
 
 out of his estate or rights. 
 QUAR'REL-ER, n. One who quarrels, wrangles, or 
 
 fights. 
 
 QUAR'REL-ING, ppr. Disputing with vcliemenco 
 or loud, angry words; scolding; wrangling; fight- 
 ing; finding fault ; disagreeing. 
 
 QUAR'KEL-I.VG, n. [Supra.] Contention ; dispute 
 in angry words ; breach of concord ; a caviling or 
 finding fault ; disagreement. 
 
 QUAR'REI^OUS, (kwor'rel-iis,) a. Apt or disposed 
 to quarrel ; petulant ; easily provoked to enmity or 
 contention. [Litlte used.] Shak. 
 
 QUAR'REL-SOME, (kwor'rcl-sum,) a. Apt to quar- 
 rel ; given to brawls and contention ; inclined to 
 petty fighting; eiLsily irritated or provoked to con- 
 test ; irascible ; chtderic ; petulant. Bacon, 
 
 QUAR'REL-SOME-LY, adv. In a quarrelsome man- 
 ner ; with a quarrelsome lemptT ; petulantlv. UaU. 
 
 QUAR'REL-SO.ME-NESS, 71. Disposition to engage 
 in contention and brawls ; petulance. 
 
 QUAR'RI-£D, pp. or a. Dug from a pit or cavern. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US C as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 113 
 
 'WT 
 
QUA 
 
 QUA 
 
 QUA 
 
 aUAR'RI-ER, 71. A worker at a quarry. 
 QUAR'RY, (kwor're,) n. [Fr. carre, for quam ; Arm. 
 
 id. See QUARANTINE.] 
 
 1. A pane of (;lass of a peculiar form; a quarrel, 
 which see. [JVo£ in tuse.} Jifnrlimrr. 
 
 9. An arrow with a square head. [See Uuahrel.] 
 [JVo( 171 use] Fairfax. 
 
 3. In falconry, the game which a iiawk is pursuing 
 or has liilled. 
 
 [Perliaps from L. qua^ro, Fr. qucrir, to seek.] 
 
 4. Among hunters, a part of the entrails of the 
 beast taken, given to the hounds. Encyc. 
 
 5. .\ he.ap of game killed. Smart. 
 dUAR'RY, 71. [Fr. carricre, formerly Norm, qunrricr. 
 
 I know not whether the original sense of this word 
 was a pit or mine, from diijrging, or whether the 
 sense was a place for squaring stone. The Fr. carriere 
 signifies not only a (]u:irry, hut a career, course, race, 
 from the L. curro, which can not be from squaring. 
 If the sense was a pit, it may be referred to the Heb. 
 
 Ch. and Eth. n"i3, to dig ; Ar. \ ^ kara or kvara, to 
 
 dig, to run violently, to leap. If the sense is from 
 squaring, see Square. See Class Gr, No. 35, 3G, 5Q, 
 57, 63.] 
 
 1. A place, cavern, or pit, where stones are dug 
 from the earth, or separated from a large mass of 
 rocks. V\'e generally apply the word mine to the pit 
 from which are taken metals and coals ; from quar- 
 ries are taken stones for building, as marble, free- 
 stone, slate, iScc. 
 
 2. In Parui, the quarries are a vast cavern under 
 the city, several miles in extent. 
 
 QUAR'RY, (kwor're,) v. i. To prey upon, as a vul- 
 ture or harpy. V Estrange. 
 [A low word, and not much used.'] % 
 
 QUAR'RY, V. t. To dig or take from a quarry ; as, to 
 quarry marble. 
 
 QUAR'RY-IMG, ppr. Digging stones from a quarry. 
 
 QUAR'UY-ING, h. The act or business of digging 
 stones from a (juarry. 
 
 UUAR'RY-.MAjN, 71. A man who is occupied in quar- 
 rying stones. 
 
 QUART, 71. [It. quarta ; Fr. quarte, from quart, a 
 fourth, L. quartus ; D. kwart; G. quart', from W. 
 ewur, the root of square, or from the root of Gr. ani,i, 
 to tit or suit, to square. We see in the Amharic, the 
 ancient dialect of the Ethiopic, art is four, and arlen. 
 is fourth, L. quartus. Ludolf, .Amh. 57. This with 
 the Celtic pronunciation, as guerre for war, becomes 
 quart.] 
 
 1. The fourth part ; a quarter. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. The fourth part of a gallon ; two pints. 
 
 3. A vessel containing the fourth of a gallon. 
 QUART, (kirt,) n. Four cards ; successive cards of 
 
 the same suit in the game of piquet. Hoyle. 
 
 QUAR'TAN, a. [L. quartanus, the fourth.] 
 
 Designating the fourth ; occurring every fourth 
 day ; as, a quartan ague or fever. 
 
 QUAR'TAN, 71. An intermitting ague that occurs 
 every fourth day, or with intermissions of seventy- 
 two hours. 
 
 2. A measure containing the fourtii part of some 
 other measure. 
 
 QUAR-Ta'TION, 71. In chemistry and metallurgy, the 
 alioying of one p.art of gold that is to he refined, with 
 three parts of silver, by which means the nitric or 
 sulphuric acid is enabled to separate the gold from 
 the inferior metals originally associated witli it. Ure. 
 
 QUAR'TER, 71. [Fr. quart, quartier ; It. quarticre ; Sp. 
 qiiartel; U. kwartier ; G. quartier ; S\v. qvart, qvartal ; 
 Dan. qvart, qtiartal, qvarleer ■ L. quartus, the fourth 
 part ; from W. cwar, a square.] 
 
 1. The fourth part ; as, the quarter of an hour or 
 of a mile ; one quarter of the expense. Living is a 
 quarter dearer in the city than in the country. 
 
 2. In weight, the fourth part of a hundred pounds 
 avoirdupois, or of 112 lbs., that is, 28 lbs. ; as, a 
 quarter of sugar. 
 
 3. In dry measure, the fourth of a tun in weight, 
 or eight bushels of grain ; as, a quftrlcr of wheat ; 
 also, the fourth part of a chaldron of coal. Ilulion. 
 
 4. In astronomy, the fourth part of the moon's pe- 
 riod or monthly revolution ; as, the first quarter after 
 the change or full. 
 
 5. A region in the hemisphere or great circle ; pri- 
 marily, one of the four cardinal points ; as, the four 
 qiuirlcrs of the globe ; hut used indiflcrently for any 
 region or point of compass. From wUiit quarter does 
 the wind blow .> Ili nce, 
 
 6. A particular ri^gion of a town, city, or country ; 
 an, all quarters of tin; city ; in every quarter of the 
 country or of the contini-nt. Ilonce, 
 
 7. Uaually in the plural, quarters ; the place of lodg- 
 ing or temporary residence ; aiiiirupriatrly, the place 
 where olhccrfi and soIdiiTs lodgi', but applied to the 
 lodgings of any temporary rc nident. Hi' called on 
 the general at liiu quarters i the j>lace furnished good 
 winter quarters for the troopa. I saw the stranger at 
 
 8. Proper station. [his quarters. 
 Swltl (o their KV«nU quarltrt hBJten Ibon. Milton. 
 
 I. 
 
 Bacon uses the word in the singular. " Make 
 love keep quarter." 
 
 9. On board of ships, quarters signifies the stations 
 or places wher^ the officers and men are jjosted in 
 action. Pipe all hands to quarters. 
 
 10. Jn military affairs, the remission or sparing of 
 the life of a captive or an enemy when in one's 
 power ; mercy granted by a conqueror to his enemy, 
 when no longer able to defend himself. In desperate 
 encounters, men will sometimes neither ask nor 
 give quarter. The barbarous practice of giving no 
 quarter to soldiers in a fortress taken by assault, is 
 nearly obsolete. 
 
 He magnified liis own clemency, now they were at his mercy, to 
 olVer them quarter for their lives, if they would gWe up the 
 C;i6tte. Clarendon. 
 
 Lambs at the mercy of wolves must expect no quarter. 
 
 L'Eslrange. 
 
 11. Treatment shown to an enemy ; indulgence. 
 
 To the younff, if yon give toleralile quarter, you indulge them 
 in idleness and min tliem. \Itarely used.] Collier. 
 
 12. Friendship; amity; concord. [JVotimise.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 13. In the slaughter-house, one limb of a quadruped 
 with the adjoining p.irts ; or one fourth part of the 
 carcass of a quadruped, including a liinb; as, a fore 
 quarter, or hind quarter. 
 
 14. In a slioe, the part which forms the side from 
 the heel to the vamp. 
 
 15. In the menage, the quarters of a horse's foot are 
 the sides of the coffin, between the toe and the heel. 
 False quarters are a cleft in the horn of the hoof, ex- 
 tending from the coronet to the shoe, or from top to 
 bottom. When, for any disorder, one of the quar- 
 ters is cut, the horse is said to be quarter-cast. Encyc. 
 
 16. In a siege, quarters are the encampment on 
 one of the principal passages round the place be- 
 sieged, to prevent relief and intercept convoys. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 17. In seminaries of learning, a fourth part of the 
 year, or three months. Tuition and hoard tit twenty- 
 five dollars the quarter. This is a moderate quarter 
 bill. 
 
 18. The quarter of a ship. Is the part of a ship's 
 side which lies toward the stem, or the part between 
 the aftmost end of the main-chains and the sides of 
 the stern, where it is terminated by the quarter- 
 pieces. Mar. Diet. 
 
 19. In heraldry, [one of the divisions of a shield, 
 when it is divided crosswise. — E. H. Barker.] 
 
 On the quarter, in seamen^s language, is a point in 
 the horizon considerably abaft the beam, but not in 
 the direction of the stern. 
 
 Quarter-bill, among seamen, is a list containing the 
 difttrent stations where the oHlcers and crew are to 
 lake post in time of action, and the names of the 
 men assigned to each. 
 
 Quartcr-clotlis ; long pieces of painted canvas, ex- 
 tended on the outside of the quarter-netting from 
 the upper part of tlie gallery to the gangway. 
 
 Quarter-gallery ; a sort of balcony on the quarters 
 of a ship. 
 
 Quarter-railing; narrow, molded planks, reaching 
 from the top of the stern to the gangway, serving as 
 a fence to the quarter-deck. 
 
 I/cad-quartcrs ; the tent or mansion of the com- 
 mander-in-chief of an army. 
 QUAR'TER, t). t. To divide into four equal parts. 
 
 2. To divide ; to separate into parts. Shak. 
 
 3. To divide into distinct regions or compart- 
 ments. 
 
 The sailors quartered heaven. Dryden. 
 
 4. To station soldiers for lodging ; as, to quarter 
 troops in the city, or among the inhabitants, or on 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 5. To lodge ; to fix on a temporary dwelling. 
 They mean tfiis ni^ht in Sardis to be quartered. Shak. 
 
 (i. To diet. [JYot in use.] Hudibras. 
 7. I'o bear as an appendage to the hereditary 
 arms. 
 
 The coat of Beauchamp — quartered hy the E-u-I of Hertford. 
 
 Pea^ham. 
 
 [ To quarter arms, ifi to place the arms of other fam- 
 ilies in the compartments of a shield, which is di- 
 vided into four quarters, the family arms being 
 placed in the first quarter But when more than 
 three other arms are to be quartered with the family 
 arms, it is usual to divide the shield into a suitable 
 number of compartments ; and still the arms arc 
 said to be quartered. A person has a right to quarter 
 the arms of any family from an heiress, of which he 
 is ilescended. — E. If. Barker.] 
 QUAR'TER, 1'. 1. To lodge; to have a temporary 
 residence. The general quarters at a hotel in Church 
 Street. 
 
 QUAK'TER-ACE, 7i. A quarterlv allowance. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 QUAR'TEK-DAY, 7?. The day that completes three 
 nioiitliH, the quarter of a year ; the day when quar- 
 terly payments are made of rent or interest. 
 
 Sjiectattir. 
 
 QUAR'TER-DECK, 71. That part of the deck of a 
 ship which extends from the stern to the mainmast. 
 
 But in some kinds of vessels, the quarter-deck does 
 not extend to the mainmast, but is raised above the 
 main deck. 
 
 QUAR'TER- J;D, pp. Divided into four equal parts or 
 quarters ; separated into distinct parts ; lodged ; sta- 
 tioned for lodging. 
 
 QUAR'TER FOIL, 71. [Fr. quatre, four, and feuille, 
 leaf.j In architecture, a modern term denoting a 
 form disposed in four segments of circles, supposed 
 to resemble an expanded liovver of four petals. 
 
 Gwilt. 
 
 QU AR'TER-ING, ppr. Dividing into quarters or into 
 
 distinct parts ; stationing for lodgings. 
 QUAR'TER-ING,7i. A station. Mountagu. 
 
 2. Assignment of quarters for soldiers. 
 
 3. In heralilry, the division of a shield containing 
 many coats. Ashmole. 
 
 4. In architecture, a series of quarters or small up- 
 right posts. Owilt. 
 
 QUAR'TER-LY, a. Containing or consisting of a 
 
 fourth part ; as, quarterly seasons. 
 2. Recurring at the end of each quarter of the 
 
 year ; as, quarterly payments of rent ; a quarterly 
 
 visitation or examination. The secretary requires 
 
 quarterlii returns from his officers. 
 QUAR'TER-LY, 71. A periodical work published 
 
 once in a quarter of a year. 
 QUAR'TER-LY, adv. By quarters ; once in a quarter 
 
 of a year. The returns are made quarterly. 
 QUAR'TER-MaS-TER, 71. In an army, an officer 
 
 whose duty is to provide quarters, provisions, forage, 
 
 and ammunition, for the army, and superintend the 
 
 supplies. 
 
 2. In a ship of war, a petty officer who attends to 
 the helm, binnacle, signals, &c., under the direction 
 of the master. , Tollen. 
 
 QUAR'TER-MXS-TER-6EN'ER-AL, 71. In military 
 affairs, the cliief officer in the quarter-master's de- 
 partment. 
 
 QUAR'TERN, 71. The fourth part of a pint ; a gill. 
 QUAR'TERN-Lo.\F, 71. A loaf made of a quarter 
 
 of a stone (14 lbs.) of flour. 
 QUAR'TER-ROUNI), 71. In architecture, the echinus 
 
 or ovolo. 
 
 QUAR'TERS, 71. pi. In architecture, small, upright 
 timher posts, used in partitions. Gieilt. 
 
 QUAR'TER-SES-SIONS, n.pl. In England, a general 
 coiirt held tpiarterly by the justices of peace of each 
 county, with jurisdiction to try and determine fel- 
 onies and trespasses ; but capital ofienses are seldom 
 or never tried in this court. Blackstnne. 
 
 Quarter-sessions, in boroughs, are held by the re- 
 corders. Brande. 
 
 QUAR'TER-STAFF, 71. A weapon of defense ; so 
 called from the manner of using it, one hand being 
 placed in the middle, and the other half way be- 
 tween the middle and end. Brande. 
 
 QUAR-TETTE', ) 71. In music, a composition in four 
 
 QUAR-TET', S parts, each performed by a sin- 
 gle voice or instrument. 
 2. In poetry, a stanza of four lines. 
 
 QUAR'TILE, 71. An aspect of the planets, when 
 they are distant from each other a quarter of the cir- 
 cle, ninety degrees, or three signs. Iluttan. Dryden. 
 
 QUAR'TIIVE, 71. In botany, the fourth integument of 
 tilt; nucleus of a seed, reckoning the outermost as 
 the first. It is only occasionally that there are more 
 than two integuments. Lindlcy. 
 
 QUAR'TO, 71. [L. quartus.] 
 
 'A book of the size of the fourth of a sheet ; a size 
 made by twice folding a sheet, which then makes 
 four leaves. 
 
 QUAR'TO, a. Denoting the size of a book, in which 
 a sheet makes four leaves. 
 
 QUAR'TO'/E, 71 A name given to the four aces in 
 the game of piquet. Jluylc. 
 
 QUARTZ, 71. [G. quarti.] 
 
 Pure silex, occurring in pellucid, glassy cry.stals, 
 having the form of a si.\-sided prism, terminated at 
 each end by a pyramid ; and also in masses of vari- 
 ous colors, more or less transparent to opaque. Base 
 quarti, is a rose-colored variety ; amethyst, a violet ; 
 sniokq quartz, n smoky-brown ; chalcedony, an uiicrys- 
 talliz'etl variety, nearly white, and waxy in luster; 
 carnelian, a reil or rtesh-colored chalceilony ; agate, 
 a chalcedony in parallel or concentric layers of dif- 
 ferent colors ; flint, a brown or black variety ; jas-per, 
 an opaque, red, yellow, or brown quartz, colored by 
 iron or ferruginous clay. 
 
 Quartz is an essi nliiO constituent of granite, and 
 abounds in rocks of 8ui oges. Dana. 
 
 QUART/-lF'El{-OU3, a. [quarti and L. frro.] 
 CiVnsisliiig chiefly of quartz. nana. 
 
 QUAKT'/'ITE, 71. Granular quartz. Dana. 
 
 tillAltT/.'oSE, ) '1. Containing tpiarlz ; jiaitaking 
 
 QUART'/.'Y, i of the nature or qualities of tpiartz ; 
 resembling tpiartz. 
 
 QUAS, ) 11. A thin, sour beer, much used by Ihe 
 
 UUASS, i Russians, made by jiouriiig warm wafer 
 on r>c or barley meal. 'I'ookr. 
 
 QUj;VSII, v.t. [Sax. cwysan; D. kieel.<en; G. que.lscben : 
 Fr". casser ; II. squas.iure ; L. quasso, quatio. Class 
 Gs, No. 17, 28, 60, 08, and Class Gd, No. 38, 76. Soo 
 
 StiUKCZE.] I 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WU^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, UOVB, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 808 ~ ] 
 
QUA 
 
 1. Properly, to beat down, or beat in pieces ; to 
 crusli. 
 
 Tlio wt)n]<<a 
 
 Against sliiirp rocks, like xceliiiff vt'sacls quiuUed. WttUer, 
 
 2. To crusli ; to subdue j as, to quusli a rrbellion. 
 
 3. In taw, to aljatc, annul, ovortbrow, or make 
 void ; as, to i/kiwA an indiotnicnt. He prays juilg- 
 incnt of the writ, or declaration, tbat tbo same may 
 
 be fl«^^>'/^c^i 
 
 mackstonc. 
 
 aU/^SH, u. f. To be sliaken with a noise. S/inr/i. 
 
 UUAsii, H. A s|)ecics of cucurbita, more commonly 
 aril! more properly called Sijuash ; so called, proba- 
 bly, from its softness. [See the verb.] 
 
 aU.\sH'£U, (kwosht,) pp. Crushed ; subdued ; 
 abated. 
 
 aCASiriNG, ppr. Crushing; subduing; abating. 
 
 aiJ.VSI ; as if. This Latin word is .•Jometimes used 
 before English words to express resemblance ; as, a 
 i7«a.<i-conIract, an implied contract ; a i/Hiwi-corpora- 
 tion,a body tbat is partly a corporation ; a (ji(«,M'-argu- 
 ment, that which resembles or is used as an argu- 
 ment. 
 
 QUAS-I-Mo'DO, n. Among Roman Catholics, the 
 first .Sunday alter Easter. Brande. 
 
 QUAS-SA'TION, n. [L. quassatio.] 
 
 The act of shaking ; concussion ; the state of be- 
 ing shaken. Oayton. 
 
 CiUAS'SI.\, (kwosh'yil,) n. [from the name of a negro 
 Q,uassi, or (iuaslt, who prescribed this article as a 
 specific] 
 
 The name of a genus of plants, at present com- 
 prising but one species, viz.. Quassia amara, (Lin- 
 na.'us.) Once it was much employed as a bitter tcuiic 
 medicine, but the supply not eipialiiig the demand, 
 the Picra;na excelsa (Lindley) w.is gradually substi- 
 tuted, under the same name, and is the article which 
 is now incorrectly called Quassia, in the shops, 
 lioth plants belong to the natural order Simarubac- 
 c!e, Quassia amara being a native of Surinam, 
 Guiana, Colombia, and Panama, while I*icra;na 
 excelsa is a native of Jamaica. The woud and bark, 
 both of the root and top, of both these articles, are 
 the parts employed in medicine 
 (IIIAS'SINK, j 71. A name given by VViggers to tlie 
 QUAS'.SITE, i bitter principle of Picra;na e.xcelsa, 
 (Lindley.) This substance, by the aid of water, 
 crystallizes in very small white prisms. Its taste 
 is intensely bitter, but it is destitute of smell. It is 
 not changed by exposure to the atmosphere. It is 
 scarcely soluble in common ether, slightly soluble in 
 water, and more soluble in alcohol. When heated, 
 it melts like a resin, and, on cooling, it forms a brit- 
 tle, translucent, yellowish mass. It is composed of 
 hydrogen 6 eq., carbon 10 eq., and oxygen 3 eq. ; 
 from which it is probable that it will yet prove to be 
 either a basic oxyd of ti compound radical of H. C. 
 or an acid. 
 
 (lUAT, II. A pustule or pimpU. Hence, an irritable 
 
 person. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 QUa'TER-€OUS'/NS, (ka'tcr-kuz'nz,) n. pi, [L. 
 qnatuor, four, and cousin.] 
 Those within the first four degrees of kindred. 
 
 Ski art (T. 
 
 CiU.\-TER'NA-RY, n. [L. quatcmarius, from quatuor.] 
 
 The number four. Boyle. 
 aUA-TER'NA-RY, a. Consisting of four ; by fours. 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 2. In geolo^j, a term applied to strata supposed to 
 be more ancient than the upper tertiary. Dana. 
 Qn.\-TER'NI-ON, n. [L. s«a<erm»,"from quatuor, 
 four.] 
 
 1. The number four. Milton. 
 
 2. A file of four soldiers, .^cts xii. 
 QUA-TER'NI-ON, r. t. To divide into files or com- 
 panies. Milton. 
 
 QUA-TER'NI-TY, n. [Supra.] The number four. 
 
 Brotrn. 
 
 aUA-TER-NOX'A-LATE, n. A combination of one 
 equivalent of oxalic acid with four equivalents of a 
 base. 
 
 aUA'TER-ON. See Qi-adboox. 
 
 QU/iT'RAIN, 71. [Fr., from qualrc, L. qtintuor, fiiur.] 
 A stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. 
 
 QUaVE, for Quaver, is not used. [Driidcn. 
 
 QUaVE'MIRE, for Quagmire, is not used. 
 
 QUa'VER, v. i. [\V. ciribiaw, to quaver, lo trill ; Sp. 
 qiiiebro, a musical shake or trill ; quirbra, a break, 
 fmcture, failure. It coincides in elements witli quib- 
 ble, quiver, whiffle, wabble. The primary sense is to 
 move ; hence to break, applied to motion and sound. 
 See Quiver and Vibrate.] 
 
 1. To shake the voice ; to utter or form sound 
 with rapid vibrations, as in singing; to sing with 
 tremulous modulations of voice. Bacon. 
 
 2. To produce a shake on a musical instrument. 
 
 3. To tremble ; to vibrate. [SmarL 
 The fingvr — moved with a quavering motion. Neuton. 
 
 QUa'VER, n. A shake or rapid vibration of the 
 voice, or a sh.ike on an instrument of music. 
 
 .Addison, 
 
 9. A note and measure of time in music, equal to 
 half a crotchet, or the eighth of a scmibrevc. 
 
 QUE 
 
 QUA'VER-£D, pp. or a. Distributed into quavers. 
 
 llarmar. 
 
 QII.^'VF.R-ER, 71. A warbler. 
 
 QUA'VI'.R-I.N'G, ji/jr. or «. Shaking the voice, or the 
 sound of an instrument; trembling; vibrating. 
 
 QUA'VER-ING, ii. The act of shaking the voice, or 
 of making rapid vibrations of sound on an instru- 
 ment of music. 
 
 QU.AY, (kC,) II. [Yt.quni; T>. kaai; Arm. vac; Ir. 
 ccigh. If this word is radically the same .as knj, the 
 sense is, that which fastens or secures. Class Cgor 
 Gk.] 
 
 A mole or bank formed toward the sea, or on the 
 side of a river, for the purpose of loading and un- 
 loading vessels. Qwilt. 
 QU.\Y, (ke,) V. t. To furnish with quays. 
 
 J. Barlow. 
 
 QU.WACE, (kO'.aje,) n. Wharfage. Smart. 
 QUeACII, 71. A thick, bushy plot. [OJs.] 
 
 C/ian7;ia77. 
 
 QUEACII, V. i. To stir; to move. [Oii.J [See 
 Quick.] 
 
 QUiC.XCII'V, a. [from jiicarA.] Sh.iking ; moving, 
 yielding, or trembling under the feet, as moist or 
 boggy ground. 
 
 Th'^ quenchy fen*. Drayton. 
 Goilwiii's qucacby sands. Draylon. 
 
 [This word is still in use in Now England, and if 
 the word is from the root of quick, we recognize the 
 application of it in Quicksano.] 
 
 a. Thick ; bushy. [Aut iii use.] Cockeram. 
 QUkAN, (kween,) 71. [Sax. cwten,ox cwcn, a woman. 
 See Queen.] 
 
 A worthless woman ; a slut ; a strumpet. [JN^ut 771 
 common use.] Dnjdcn. Swift. 
 
 QUkA'SI-NESS, 71. [from i7«ca.<y.] Nausea; qualm- 
 ishness; inclination to vomit. 
 QUkA'SY, (kwO'ze,) a. [Allied, perha;)S, to the W. 
 chudy, (Lliiiyd,) Corn, huedika. Arm. chucda, or huij- 
 da, to vomit. Class Gs, No. 19, and Class Gd, No. 
 54.] 
 
 1. Sick at the stomach; aflected with nausea; in- 
 clined to vomit. Shak. 
 
 2. Fastidious ; squeamish ; delicate. 
 
 Shak. Dryden. 
 
 3. Causing nausea ; as, a y77ea.s7/ question. Shak. 
 QUECK, V. i. [G. quuckcln, to quake, to be unsettled, 
 
 to Hinch.] 
 
 To shrink ; to flinch. [Ohs.] Bacon. 
 QUEEN, 71. [Sax. cwicn, or cacn, Goth, queins, quens, 
 Dan. i[viadc, Sw. qcinna, a woman ; Sans, kanya. Qu. 
 Ir. coinnc, and Gr. j vvti.] 
 
 1. The consort of a king; a queen consort. 
 
 2. A woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom ; 
 a quceii regnant, sometimes calletl queen regent ; as, 
 Elizabeth, queen of England ; Mary, queen of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 3. The sovereign of a swarm of bees, or the fe- 
 male of the hive. 
 
 A liivc of iMies can not siilisisl without a queen. Encyc. 
 
 Queen of May ; May-queen, which see. 
 Queen of the meadows; meadow-sweet ; a plant of 
 the genus Spiriea. Lee. 
 
 QUEEN, 77. i. To play the queen ; to act the part or 
 character of a queen. Shak. 
 
 QUEEN'-AP-PLE, (-ap'pl,) 71. A kind of apple, so 
 called. Mortimer. 
 
 QUEEN'-DOW'A-GER, 71. The widow of a king. 
 
 QUEEN'-GoLD, 71. A royal duty or revenue belong- 
 ing to every queen of England during her marriage 
 to the king. 
 
 QUEEN'ING, 71. An apple. Mortimer. 
 
 QUEEN'LIKE, a. Resembling a queen. Drayton. 
 
 QUEEN'LY, a. Like a queen; becoming a queen; 
 suit.able to a queen. 
 
 QUEEN'-MOTH'ER, (-muth'er,) 71. A queen-dowa- 
 ger who is also mother of the reigning king or 
 queen. 
 
 QUEE.\'-PoST, 71. In architecture, an upright post in 
 a roof for suspending the beam, when the principal 
 rafters do not meet in the ridge. Brande. 
 
 QU EEN'S'-W ARE, 71. Glazed earthenware of a cream 
 color. Kncyc, of Dom. Kcon. 
 
 QUEER, <b [G. qucr, cross, oblique, traverse; quer- 
 kopf, a queer fellow ; qucrlen, to twirl. The primary 
 sense is, probably, lo turn.] 
 Odd ; singular ; hence, whimsical. Spectator. 
 
 QUEER'ISII, a. Rather queer ; somewhat singular. 
 
 liUEER'I.V, adv. In an odd or singular manner. 
 
 QUEER'NESS, 71. Oddity ; singularity ; particularity. 
 [.^ familiar, not an elegant, word."^ 
 
 QUEEST, 71. A ring-dove, a species of pigeon. 
 
 C/uilmers. 
 
 QUEINT, (kwent,) pret. and pp. of Quexch. Gowcr. 
 
 QUELL, r. L [Sa.x. cwcllan, to kill ; Dan. qvicler, to 
 stifle, suflbcate, choke, stop, quell, gall, tease, tor- 
 ment, vex ; Sw. qtdlja, id. ; G. qucUcn. The primary 
 sense is, to stop, to press or force down, and thus 
 cause action or motion to cease.] 
 
 1. To crush ; to subdue ; to cause to cease ; as, to 
 quell an insurrection or sedition. 
 
 2. To (juict ; to allay ; to reduce to peace ; as, to 
 quell the tumult of Die soul. 
 
 QUE 
 
 3. To suhdiio ; to reduce. 
 
 Tills quelled her pride, IJry/en. 
 QUEIiL, r. I. To die ; to abate. Spenner. 
 QUELL, 71. Murder. [JSTot in u.te.] Shak. 
 
 I'AAi' F.O, pp. (.'rushed; subdued; quieted. 
 IIUELL'F.R, II. One that crushes or subdues. Shak. 
 QUELL'LNG, ji;ir. Crushing; subduing; reducing to 
 peacl^ 
 
 QUKLQUE'-CHOSE, (kek'shoz,) n. [Fr., some- 
 thing.] 
 
 A trifle ; a kickshaw. Donne. 
 QUE ME, V. t. (Sax. cicci7ia77.] 
 
 To please. [Oii.] Spenser. 
 QUE.XCH, V. t. [Sax. ci«f7ii;flii.] 
 
 1. To extinguish ; to put out ; .as, to quench flame. 
 
 2. To still ; to quiet ; to repress ; as, to quench a 
 passion or emotion. Shak. 
 
 3. To allay or extinguish ; as, to quench thirst. 
 
 4. To destroy. Davics. 
 
 5. To check ; to stifle ; as, to quench the Spirit. 
 
 I Thcss. V. 
 
 QUENCH, V. i. To cool ; to become cool. 
 IliMit thnii ihiiik, III limo 
 She will nut quench 7 [.Vol in u«.] SIloJc, 
 
 QUENCIl'A-IiLE, a. That may be tpienchcd or cx- 
 tinciiisbcd. Sherwood. 
 
 QUENCII'£D, (kwencht,) pp. Extinguished; al- 
 layed ; repressed. 
 
 QUENCH'ER, ii. He or that which extinguishes. 
 
 QUE.\CH'IN(;, ;i/ir. Extinguishing; quieting; sti- 
 fline ; repressing. 
 
 QUE.NCII'LESS, a. That can not be quenched or re- 
 pressed ; inextinguishable ; as, quenchless fire or fury. 
 
 Shak. Crttshaw. 
 
 QUENCII'LESS-LY, ado. In a qiiencliless manner. 
 
 QUE.\CI1'LESS-NESS, ii. Stati' of being ipienchless. 
 
 QUER'(;iT-KIN, 71. The coloring principle of quer- 
 citron balk. Urc. 
 
 QUER'CIT-RON, 71. [L. quercus, an oak, and citrina, 
 lemon-colored, a name imposed by Dr. Edward Uan- 
 croft.l 
 
 1. The Qurrcu.-! tinctoria, black oak, or dycr'^s oak, 
 which grows from Canada to Georgia, and west to 
 the Mississijipi. U frequently attains the higlit of 
 70 or 80 feet, and is one of the largest trees of the 
 American forest. 
 
 2. The bark of Quercu.<: tinctoria, a valuable article 
 in dyeing and calico-priming, first brought before the 
 public by Dr. Itancrofl. Although this oak art"ords a 
 yellow color, yet it is not the yellow oak, that name 
 being conimonlv applied to Quercus caslanca. 
 
 QUER'ELE, 71. '[L. querela ; Fr. querelle.] 
 
 A complaint to a court. [JVot in use.] [See .'Vudi- 
 ta_Querela.] Jlyliffe. 
 
 QUk'RENT, 71. [L. querens, queror, to complain.] 
 The ctunplainant ; the plaintifl". [.Vof in use.] 
 
 QUk'RENT, II. [L. qua-rens,qui£ro, to inquire.] 
 
 1. An inquirer. [JV"o( iiiucA iLied.] .luhrey. 
 
 2. A complainant or plaintifl' in a court of law. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 QUER-I-Mo'NI-OUS, a. [L. qucrimonia, complaint, 
 
 from queror.] 
 Complaining ; querulous ; apt to complain. 
 QUER-I-.MfVNI-OUS-LY, adv. With complaint ; 
 
 qiierulouslv. 
 
 QUER-1-.M6'NI-0US-NESS, 71. Disposition to com- 
 plain ; a complaining temper. 
 QUe'RIST, 71. [from L. quxro, to inquire.] 
 
 One who inquires or asks questions. SwifU 
 QUERK. See Quirk. 
 
 QUERK'£N-£D, o. Choked. {lUcgitimaU and obso- 
 lete.] 
 
 QUERL, r. U [G. qucrlen.] 
 
 To twirl ; to turn or wind round ; to coil ; as, to 
 querl a cord, thread, or rope. [This is a legitimate 
 English worii, in common use in New England. It 
 may be a dialectical variation of whirl, Dan. hvirvlcr, 
 and twirl.] 
 
 QUERN, 71. [Sax. cwym, eweom; Goth, quaim; D. 
 kweern ; Dan. qvcm : Sw. qvarn. Qu. W. cwyrn, a 
 quick motion, a whirl.] 
 
 A liand-iiiill for grinding grain ; n mill, the stone 
 of which was turned by hand, used before the in- 
 vention of windmills and watermills. Shak. 
 
 QUER'PO, 77. [Sp. cucrpo, the body, L. corpus ; Sp. 
 en cucrpo de camisa, half dressed, having on a shirt 
 only.] 
 
 A waistcoat or garment close to the body. Hence, 
 lo be in qurrjw, is lo be defenseless. liudibras. 
 QUER'UCE-DIILE, 71. [L. querquedula.] 
 
 An aquatic fowl, a species of leal. Encyc 
 QUER'RY, 71. A groom. [See E<iuerrt.] 
 QUER'U-LOUS, a. [h. qucrulus, from yucrdr, to com- 
 plain. Sec Quarrel.] 
 
 1. Complaining, or habitually complaining; dis- 
 posed to murmur ; as, a querulous man or people. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. Expressing complaint; as, a querulous tone of 
 voice. 
 
 QUER'U-LOUS-LY, adv. In a complaining manner. 
 
 Young. 
 
 QUER'U-LOUS-NESS, 71. Disposition to complain, 
 or the habit or practice of murmuring. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"ClOUS — G as K ; 6 aa J ; S !is Z ; CH as SII ; TH na in THIS. 
 
 S99 
 
QUE 
 
 QUI 
 
 QUI 
 
 QUK'RY. 71. [from L. qutere, imperative of qitirro ; 
 perhaps Ch. and Ileb. "\pn, to seek, to search, to in- 
 quire ; TpO, t((. ; Ar. karau, to follow, to seek. 
 
 Class Gr, No. 51, 53, 55. Tlie sense is, to press on, to 
 follow, to urge.] 
 A question ; an inquiry to be ansv/ered or resolved. 
 I will conclude bj proposing Bome gucriee. Newton, 
 UUk'RY, v. L To ask a question or questions. 
 
 Three Cambridje sopJis, 
 Each prompt to query, answer, and deiiale. , Pope. 
 
 miE'RY, V. t. To seek ; to inquire; as, query the 
 sum or amount ; query the motive or the fact. 
 
 2. To examine by questions. Gaytoru 
 
 3. To doubt of. 
 
 QUEST, 71, [Fr. quete, for questc; L. qutero, qitcF-stus, 
 As the letter r is rarely changed into s, perhaps the 
 L. qwssiri^ qiuEstus^ may be from the root of qtuEso, 
 W. ccisiaw, to seek, to endeavor, cais, eftbrt. See 
 Class Gs, No. 3.5.] 
 
 1. The act of seeking ; search ; as, to rove in quest 
 of game; to go in quest of a lost child, in (juest of 
 property, &c. Mdlon, Mdisun. 
 
 2. Inquest; a jury. [Jfotused.] Shak. 
 
 3. Searchers, collectively. [JVot usedA SImk. 
 
 4. Inquiry ; examination. [JVot used."] S/iak. 
 
 5. Request ; desire ; solicitation. 
 Gad not abroad at every guest and call 
 
 Of an untrained hope or passion. Herbert. 
 
 QUEST, V. i. To go in search. [J\'V)« used.] 
 QUEST, V. t. To search or seek for. Herbert. 
 QUEST'ANT, 71. [Supra.] A seeker. [JSTot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 QUES'TION, (ques'chun,) 7t. [Fr. and Sp. question; 
 L. qutfstio. See Quest.] 
 
 1. The act of asking ; an interrogatory ; as, to ex- 
 amine by question and answer. 
 
 2. That which is asked ; something proposed 
 which is to be solved by answer. What is the 
 question 7 
 
 3. Inquiry; disquisition; discussion. 
 
 It 13 to be put to 9ue;j(ion, whether it is law'ful for Cliristian princes 
 to tniOte an invasive Wiir, simply fur tlie propao^auon ul the 
 
 faith. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 4. Dispute or subject of debate. 
 
 There arose a question Ijetween some of John's disciples and the 
 Jews, alx)Ut purifying. — John iii. 
 
 5. Doubt; controversy; dispute. The story is 
 true beyond all question. 
 
 Tills does not brin;i tiicir truth in ffuestion. Locke. 
 
 6. Trial ; examination ; judicial trial or inquiry. 
 
 Of the liope and resurrection of the deatl 1 am called in question. 
 — Acts xxiii. xxiv. 
 
 7. Examination by torture. Blackslone. .SijUffe.. 
 
 8. Endeavor; etfort; act of seeking. [J^utmuse.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 9. In logic, a proposition stated by way of inter- 
 rogation. 
 
 In question ; in debate ; in the course of examination 
 or discussion ; as, the tnattrr or ]ioint in question. 
 
 Leading question ; ontt which is so put as to show 
 the answer which is desired, and thus to lead and 
 prepare the way for its being given. It is not allowed 
 in courts of law to put such questions to a witness 
 under examination. 
 QUES'TIO.X, V. i. To ask a question or questions ; 
 to inquire by interrogatory or proposition to be an- 
 swered. 
 
 He that quetdonelh much ihalt Icam much. Baton, 
 2. To debate by interrogatories. Shak. 
 QUES'TION, V. t. To inquire of by asking ques- 
 tions; to examine by interrogatories ; as, to question 
 a witness. 
 
 2. To doubt of ; to be uncertain of. 
 
 And most we qtiettion what we most desire. Prior. 
 
 3. To have no confidence in ; to treat as doubtful. 
 If a man is frustrated in his designs, his prudence is 
 que.^tioned. 
 
 QUE.S'TIO.\-A-ni,E, a. That may be questioned ; 
 doubtful; uncertain; disputable. The deed is of 
 questionable authority. 
 
 It is queitionalile whether Gtlen ever «aw the diwection of a 
 liuman body. JJaier. 
 
 2. Suspicions; liable to bo doubted or disputed: 
 liable to suspicion. His veracity is questionable. 
 Tttou cotn'st in such a nueilionable stiapc, 
 Tliat I will .peal< to tli.f. Shak. 
 
 QUR-S'TION-A-liLE-NESS, 71. The quality or state 
 
 of being ilimbtriil, questionable, or suspicious. 
 QIIES'TK),\-A-IiLY, atlo. Doubtfully. 
 QUE.S'TIO.N-A-RV, a. Inquiring; asking questions ; 
 
 as, que.itiovanf epistles. Pope. 
 QUEH'TIO.N-A'D, pp. Interrogated; examined by 
 
 questions. 
 
 2. Doubted ; disputed. 
 QUES'TIONER, 71. One that asks questions; nn 
 
 inquirer. 
 
 aUES'TIO.V-ING, ppr. Interrogating; ctilling in 
 question ; doubting. 
 
 QUES'TION-IST, 71. A questioner; an inquirer. 
 
 Hall, 
 
 2. In the English universities, a name given to 
 those who are in the last term of their college course, 
 and are soon to be examined for honors or liegrees. 
 
 C. ./?. Bristed. 
 
 QUES'TION-LESS, adc. Beyond a question or 
 doubt; doubtless; certainly. Ralegh. South. 
 
 QUEST'JIAN, n. One legally empowered to make 
 quest of certain matters ; especially, a church-war- 
 den's assistant. Blount. 
 
 QUEST'.MO.V'GER, (kwest'mung-ger,) n. An in- 
 forming otlicer, or grand juror. [JVot used,] Bacon, 
 
 QUES'TOR, 71. [L. qtuBstor, Sec Quest and Que- 
 
 RV.] 
 
 In Roman antiquity, an officer who had the manage- 
 ment of the public treasure ; the receiver of taxes, 
 tribute, &.C, At an early period, there were also 
 public accusers styled questors, but the office was 
 soiin abidished. Smilh''s Diet. 
 
 QUES'TUR-SHIP, 7!. The office of a questor or Ro- 
 man ti'easurer. 
 *2. The term of a qucstor's office. 
 QUEST'RIST, 71. A seeker; a pursuer. [JVo/ in use.] 
 
 SImk. 
 
 QUES'TU-A-RY, a. Studious of profit. Brown. 
 QUES'TU-A-RY, n. One employed to collect profits. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 QUEUE, (ku.) See Cue. 
 
 QUIH, 71. [VV. cwip, a flirt, a quirk, or gwii, a quick 
 Course or turn ; cwipiaw, to move quickly, to whip; 
 as we say, he whipped round the corner.] 
 A sarcasm ; a bitter taunt ; a quip ; a gibe. 
 
 QUIIi'HLE, (kwib'bl,) 71. It seems to be from the 
 root of quib, supra, VV. cwipiaw, to turn or move rap- 
 idly, or gwibiaw, to wander. See Warble.] 
 
 1. A start or turn from the point in question, or 
 from plain truth ; an evasion ; a cavil ; a pretense; 
 as, to answer a sound argument by quibbles. 
 
 (iuirlcs and quibbles have no place in the search after truth. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 2. A pun ; a low conceit. .Addison. 
 QUIB'IiLE, K. i. To evade the point in question, or 
 
 plain truth, by artifice, play upon words, caviling, or 
 any conceit ; to trifle in argument or discourse. 
 
 L^JHstrange. 
 
 2. To pun. 
 
 QUIB'BLER, 71. One who evades plain truth by 
 trifling artifices, play upon words, or cavils. 
 2. A punster. 
 
 QUIB'BLING, p;)r. or a. Evading the truth by artifice 
 or p!;iv upon words ; punning. 
 
 QUIB'BLING-LY, ado. Triflingly ; evasively. 
 
 QUICK, V. i. [Sax. cwic, alive ; cwiccian, to vivify.] 
 To stir ; to move. [JVo£ in u^e.] Spenser. 
 
 QUICK, a. [Sax. cwic, living, alive ; D. kwik ; G. 
 quick: Dan. qvik; Sw. qvick. Qu. W. cig. Arm. 
 qieq, flesh. If tj is a dialectical prefix, as I suppose, 
 this word coincides with the L. vigeo, vcgeo, and vig, 
 ve^, radical, coincide with wag. Now the Dutch 
 call a wagtail kwikstaart.] 
 
 1. Primarily, alive ; living ; opposed to Dead or 
 U.nammated; as, quick flesh. Lev. xiii. 
 
 The Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judffe tlie quick and the dead. 
 — 2 Tira. iv. 
 
 [In this sense, the word is obsolete, except in some 
 compounds, or in particular phrases.] 
 
 2. Swift; hasty; done with celerity; as, quick 
 dispatch. 
 
 3. Speedy ; done or occurring in a short time ; as, 
 a quick return of profits. 
 
 Oft he to her liis charge of quick return 
 Repeated. 
 
 miton. 
 
 4. Active ; brisk ; nimble ; prompt ; ready, lie is 
 remarkably quick in his motions. He is a man of 
 quick parts. 
 
 5. Moving with rapidity or celerity ; as, quick time 
 in music. 
 
 Qiiic/f witli child; pregnant with a living child. 
 
 Blaekstone. 
 
 QUICK, adv. Nimbly ; with celerity ; rapidly ; with 
 haste; speedily; without delay; as, run quick; be 
 quick. 
 
 If wo consider how very quick the actions of the mind are per- 
 fonned. Locke. 
 
 2. Soon ; in a short time ; without delay. Go, and 
 return quick. 
 
 QUICK, 71. [Sw. jDiVa, a heifer ; Dan. yuirn', cattle ; 
 that is, living.] 
 
 1. A living animal. [Ob.i.] Spenser. 
 
 2. The living flesh ; si nsible parts ; as, penetrating 
 to the }«ic/( ; slung to the quick ; cut to tjio quick. 
 
 Bacon. JJryden. 
 
 3. A living plant ; ajiplicd particularly totliC haw- 
 thorn ; as, a ditch or bank set with quick. Mvrttmer. 
 
 QUK'K, V. t. [Sax. cwicrjan.] 
 
 To revive ; to make alive. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 QUICK,?!, i. Til become alive. \Obs.'\ Chaucer, 
 QUICK'-HEAM, / . . ., ., , 
 QUICK'/';N-i ltEE, ( ^ 
 
 The Tyrus or Sorbns auciiparia, a species of ser- 
 vice-tree, Boniclimi^s also called Roan-thee, and 
 
 Fowl-pear, because the apples are used as a bait 
 for birds. 
 
 QUICK'£N, (kwik'n,) ». t. [Sax. cwiccian; Dan. 
 qvwger.] 
 
 1. Primarily, to make alive ; to vivify ; to revive 
 or resuscitate, as from death, or an inanimate state. 
 Rom. iv. 
 
 H'-nce flocks and herds, and men and beasts and fowls, 
 With breatli are quickened, and attract their souls. Dryden. 
 
 2. To make alive, in a spiritual sense ; to commu- 
 nicate a principle of grace to. 
 
 You hnth he quickened, who were dead in trrspasses and sins. 
 — Epii. ii. 
 
 3. To hasten ; to accelerate ; as, to quicken motion, 
 speed, or flight. 
 
 4. To sharpen ; to give keener perception to ; to 
 stimulate ; to incite 1 as, to quicken the appetite or 
 taste; to yuic/im desires. South. Tatler. 
 
 5. To revive; to cheer; to reinvigorate ; to re- 
 fresh by new supplies of comfort or grace. Ps. 
 cxix. I 
 
 QUICK'£N, 7J. i. To become alive. 
 
 The heart is Uie first part that quickens, and the last that dies. 
 
 Hay. 
 
 2. To move with rapidity or activity. 
 
 And keener lightning quickem in her eye. Pope. 
 
 QUICK'£N-i5D, (kwik'nd,) pp. or a. Made alive ; re- 
 vived ; vivified ; reinvigorated. 
 
 2. Accelerated ; hastened. 
 
 3. Stimulated ; incited. 
 
 QUICK'£N-ER, 71. One who revives, vivifies, or 
 communicates life. 
 
 2. That which reinvigorates. 
 
 3. That which accelerates motion or increases ac- 
 tivity. More. 
 
 QUICK'£X-ING,p;)r. Giving life; accelerating; in- 
 citing. 
 
 QUICK'£N-ING, a. Giving new life and vigor ; an- 
 imating ; as, the quickening influences of tlie spirit. 
 
 QUICK'-E?-£D, (kwik'Ide,) a. Having acute sight ; 
 of keen and ready perception. 
 
 QUICK'-GRASS. See Quitch-Gbass. 
 
 QUICK'LI.ME, 71. [See Lime.] The protoxyd of 
 calcium. Any carbonate of lime, deprived of its ctir- 
 bonic acid, becomes quicklime, as chalk, limestone, 
 oyster-shells, &c. These calcareous stones and shells 
 are reduced to quicklime by being subjected for a 
 considerable time to intense heat, which expels the 
 carbonic acid, the aqueous and the animal matter. 
 
 QUICK'LV, adv. Speedily ; with haste or celerity. 
 2. Soon ; without deltiy. 
 
 QUICK'-MATCH, n. [See Match.] A combustible 
 preparation formed of cotton strands drp])ed in a 
 boiling composition of white vinegar, saltpeter, and 
 mealeil gunpowder, used by artillerymen. Hcbert. 
 
 QUICK'NESS, 71. Speed ; velocity ; celerity ; rapid- 
 ity ; as, the quickness of motion. 
 
 2. Activity ; briskness ; promptness ; as, the quick- 
 ness of the imagination or wit. IVotton. Dryden. 
 
 3. Acuteness of perception ; keen sensibility ; as, 
 quickness of sensation. Locke. 
 
 4. .Sharpness ; pungency. Mortimer. 
 QUICK'SAND, 71. Sand easily moved or readily 
 
 yielding to pressure ; loose sand abounding with 
 water. Dryden. 
 2. Unsolid ground. jlddison. 
 QUICK'SCENT-ED, 0. Having an acute perception 
 
 by the nose ; of an acute smell. 
 QUICK'SET, 71. A living plant set to grow, particu- 
 larly for a hedge ; applied especially to the hawthorn. 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 QUICK'SET, 7'. (. To plant with living shrubs or 
 trees for a hedge or fence ; as, to quickset a ditch. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 QUICK'SET-ED, pp. Planted with living shrubs. 
 
 QUICK'SIGIIT'ED, (-sit'-,) a. Having quick sight or 
 acute discernment ; quick to see or discern. Locke. 
 
 QUICK'SIGHT'ED-NESS, (-sit'ed-ness,) 71. Quick- - 
 ness of sight or discernment ; readiness to see or 
 discern. Locke. 
 
 QUICK'SIL-VER, 7!. [That is, living silver, argentum 
 vivutn, so callt.'ti from its fluitlity.] 
 
 Mercury, a metal found both native and in the 
 state of ore in mines, in various parts of the world, 
 anil so remarkably fusible as to be congealable only 
 with tjie intense cold indicated by 39' or 40' below 
 zero, on Fahrenheit's tliermonieter. It is the heavi- 
 est of the mi-tals, next to platinum, gold, and tung- 
 sten. It is used in various arts and in mi ilicinr. 
 
 QU1CK'SIL-VER £D, a. Overlaid with tpiicksilver. 
 
 J\rcwlon. 
 
 QUICK'-WIT-TED, a. Having ready wit. Shnk. 
 QUIt'K'-VVIT-TED-NESS, 71. Readiness of wit. 
 QUID, 71. A vulgar pronunciation of Cud ; as, a quid 
 
 of tobacco. Ilulliicelt. 
 QUI'D.^M, [L.] Somebody; one unknown. [Aut 
 
 in use. ] Spenser. 
 QUII)'I)A-NY, 71. [O. quitle, a quince ; L. ri/t/ii/iiiim.] 
 Marnialailo; n cuiifiction of quinces prepared 
 
 with sugar. 
 
 QUID'DA-TI VE, a. Constituting the essence of a 
 thing. Knaje. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHiST — METE, PREY. — PI.\E, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQM', HQOK 
 
 000 
 
QUI 
 
 QUID'DIT, n. [U. i/uidlibrl, ot Pr. qui: ilit.] 
 
 A siilitilly ; :in fi|iiiviic:itit>n. [jVut in use! Skak. 
 QUID'1)I-TY, n. [I,. </""/, » li;it. J 
 
 1. A bru barous U'l ni used in si luuil pliilos.ipliy for 
 esifc/icc, tliut iiiiknovvn and iindclinablu sdinetbinR 
 which constitulps its peculiar nature, or answers tlie 
 questicin, Quid The essence of a thing consti- 
 tutes ilta(«juirf, such a thing as it is, and not anotlicr. 
 
 Kitctjc 
 
 S. A trifling nicety ; a cavil ; a captious question. 
 
 Ctirndcn. 
 
 QUrD'DLE, (kwid'dl,) r. i. [L. guiil, what.] 
 
 To spend or waste time in triHini; eruploynu-nts, 
 or to attend to useful subjects in a trilling, superficial 
 manner, 
 
 QUID'DLER, n. One who spends time in trifling 
 niceties. 
 
 ClUID'DMNG, ppr. Spending time in trifling cm- 
 plovnnnts. 
 
 QUli)'l)LING, 71. The spending of time in trilling 
 omphtvnients. 
 
 (lUID'.NLTNe, 71. [L., what now.] One who is curi- 
 ous to know every thing thai passes; one who 
 knows, or pretends to know, all occurrences. Ttitler. 
 
 QUID PRO QUO, [L.] In /<iw, an iqiiivalent ; 
 something given or done for another thing ; mutual 
 consideration and performance. 
 
 QUI ESCE', (kwi-ess',) ii. i. [L. qniesco.] 
 To be silent, as a letter ; to have no sound. 
 
 Jl/. Stuart. 
 
 OUI-ES'CENCF,, ) 71. [L. quiescens, quiesco. See 
 ClUI-ES'CEN-CY, ( Quiet.] 
 
 1. Kcst ; repose ; state of a thing without motion. 
 
 GlunvUle. 
 
 2. Rest of the mind ; a state of the mind free 
 from agitation or emotion. 
 
 :t. Silence ; the having no sound ; iis of a letter. 
 QUI-E.S'CE.\T, a. [L. (juiescfiis.] 
 
 1. Resting; being in a state of repose; still; not 
 moving; as, a quicscnU b'Hly or tliiid. M-wton. 
 
 2. Not rullled with passion ; unagitatcd ; as the 
 minil. 
 
 3. Silent ; not sounded ; having no sound ; as, n 
 quiescnit letter. Sow, mow, with w qtiirxccnt; say, 
 day, with 1/ yi'iMCPHt. M.Stuart. Hcb. Gram. 
 
 QUI-ES'CENT, 71. A silent letter. M. Stuart. 
 
 QUI-ES'CEi\T-LY, adv. In a calm or quiescent man- 
 ner. 
 
 QUT'ET, (kwT'et,) a. \Fr. quiet, L. quirtus. It. qnirto, 
 quiet ; quictare, to pacily, and quctarc, to quiet, and to 
 acquit, to (piil ; Sp. quifto, quiet ; qiiietar, to appease ; 
 frirr/u, quiet, and qucdar, to stop, to leave, to quit ; 
 Port, quirto, quiet ; qutda, a fall, declivity ; uucdo, 
 quiet. Quiet and quit seem to belong to one radix.] 
 
 1. Still ; being in a state of rest ; not moving. 
 Judires xvi. 
 
 2. StilJ ; free from alarm or disturbance ; unmo- 
 lested ; as, a quiet life'. Shak. 
 
 Ill lib days tlie l«iKt wu quiet ten yr.int. — 2 Citron, xiv. 
 
 3. Peaceable; not turbulent; not giving oflense ; 
 not exciting controversy, disorder, or trouble ; mild ; 
 meek ; contented. 
 
 The onuament of a meek and quicl Bpirit. — 1 Pet. Ui. 1 Tticu. 
 iv. 
 
 4. Calm ; not agitated by wind ; as, a quiet sea or 
 atmosphere. 
 
 5. Smooth ; unmffled. Shak. 
 
 G. Undisturbed ; unmolested ; as, the ^kiV* posses- 
 sion or enjoyment of an estate. Blackstone. 
 7. Notcr}'ing; not restless; as, a ouict child. 
 QUT'ET, 71. [h.quies.] 
 
 1. Rest ; re|)osc ; stillness ; the st.ite of a thing 
 not in motion. 
 
 2. Tranquillity ; freedom from disturbance or 
 alarm ; civil or political repose. Our country enjoys 
 quid. 
 
 3. Peace ; security. Juds. xviii. 
 
 QUT'ET, V. L To stop motion ; to still ; to reduce to a 
 state of rest ; as, to quiet corporeal motion. iMcke. 
 
 2. To calm ; to appease ; to pacify ; to lull ; to 
 tranqnili/.e; as, to juicl the soul when agitated; to 
 quiet the passions ; to quiet the clamors of a nation ; 
 to quiet the disorders of a city or town. 
 
 3. To allay ; to suppress ; as, to quiet pain or grief. 
 QUI'ET-EI), pp. Made still ; calmed ; pacified. 
 QUI'ET-ER, 71. The person or thing that quiets. 
 UL'I'ET-ING, ppr. ox a. Reducing to rest or stUlness ; 
 
 appeasing ; tranqiiili/ing. 
 
 QUI'ET-ISM, 71. Peace or tranquillity of mind ; apa- 
 thy ; dispassion ; indisturbance ; inaction. In hij- 
 tonj, Quietism is the system of the Quietisls, who 
 maintained that religion consists in the internal rest 
 or recollection of the mind, employed in contem- 
 plating God and submitting to his will. 
 
 QUT'ET-IST, 71. One of a sect of mystics, originated 
 by Molino, a Spanish priest, who maintained the 
 principles of Quietism. Encijc. 
 
 QUI-ET-IST'ie, a. Pertaining to a Quietist, or to 
 Quietism. 
 
 QUT'ET-LY, adv. Tn a quiet state ; without motion ; 
 in a state of rest ; as, to lie or sit quielhj. 
 
 2. Without tumult, alarm, dispute, or disturbance ; 
 peaceably ; as, to live quietly. 
 
 (iUl 
 
 3. Calmly ; without agitation or violent emotion ; 
 patiently. Submit quirtlij to tiirivoidahle evils. 
 QUI'ET-.NKSS, II. A slate of rest ; stillnes.s. 
 
 2. Calm ; irunquillity ; as, the quietness of the 
 ocean or atmosphere. 
 
 3. Freedom from agitation or emotion ; calmness ; 
 coolness; as, the quiettie.is of the mind. 
 
 4. Freedom from disturbance, disorder, or commo- 
 tion ; peace ; tranquillity ; as, the quietness of a city 
 or state. 
 
 QUI'ET-SOME, (kwi'et-sum,) a. Calm ; still ; undis- 
 turbed. [JV*iy£ in use.] Spenser. 
 
 QUI'E-TUl)E, ikwi'c-tude,)7i. [Fr.] Rest; repose; 
 quiet; tiauquillity. tVutlon. 
 
 QUI K'TUS, 71. [Ii.] Rest ; repose ; death; hence, 
 a linal discharge or aciiuittance ; that which silences 
 claims. Shak. 
 
 QUllili, (kwiU,) 71. [Ir. euilh,!i reed or quill ; Corn. 
 cuilan ; h. calamus ; \V. cafav ; prob.'ibly a shoot. ] 
 
 1. The largi?, strong feather of a goose or other 
 large bird ; used much for writing-pens. Hence, 
 
 2. The instrument of writing ; as, the proper sub- 
 jei't of his quill. Wi'tton. 
 
 3. The spine or prickle of a porcupine. F.ncyc. 
 
 4. A piece of small reed, or other liollow plant, on 
 which weavers wind the thread which forms ihe 
 woof of cloth. Spenser. 
 
 5. The instrument with which musicians strike 
 the strings of certain instruments. Dryden. 
 
 To carry a irood quill ; to write well. 
 QUILIi, r. t. To plait, or to form with small ridges 
 like quills or reeds ; as, a woolen stulf quilled. 
 
 [In the United States, this word is generally, if not 
 universally, pronounced twdl.] 
 QUIL'LET, It. [L. quidlibel, what you please.] 
 
 Si'btilty ; nicety; fraudulent distinction; petty 
 cant. [JVut muck used.] Skak. 
 QUILT, II. [It. coltrc; L. culcila: Ir. cuilt, a bed-tick, 
 a bed ; Port, and Sp. caleJui, Sp. colcliar, acotchar, to 
 quilt; perhaps from uniting, gathering, or holding. ] 
 
 A cover or garment made by putting wool, cotton, 
 or other substance, between two cloths, and sewing 
 them together ; as, beds covered with magnificent 
 quilts. Arbiithnid. 
 QUILT, v.t. To stitch together two pieces of cloth, 
 with some soft and warm substance l)etween them ; 
 as, a quilted bed-cover ; a quilled coiU. Drijdcn. 
 2. To sew in the manner of a quilt. 
 QUILT'EI), jip. or a. Stitched together, as two pieces 
 
 of cloth, with a soft substance between them. 
 QUILT'ING, ppr. Stitching together, as two cloths 
 
 with some soft substance between them. 
 QUILT'ING, 71. The art of forming a quilt. 
 
 2. In JVcw England, the act of quilting by a collec- 
 tion of females, who bestow their labor gratuitously 
 to aid a female friend, and conclude with an enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 QUT'NA-RY, 0. [L. qiiinarius, from quinque, five.] 
 Consisting of nve ; arranged by fives ; as, a quina- 
 ry number. Boyle. 
 
 QUI'NATE, a. [from I-. quinque.] 
 
 In botany, a quinate leaf is a sort of digitate leaf 
 having five leaflets on a petiole. Martyn. Lee. 
 
 QUINCE, (kwins,) 77. (Fr. coin, or coinir; Arm. aval- 
 couisrn, the cornered api>le or wedge-apple ; G. quille, 
 or quinenapfel, which seems to be a dilTerent word, 
 and rither allied to the L. cydonius.] 
 
 The fruit of the Cydonia vulgaris, so named fr<mi 
 Cydonia, a town of Crete, famous for nboiindiiig with 
 this fruit. It is much used in making pies, tarts, 
 marmalade, &.c. One species is of an oblong shape, 
 from which, probably, it has its French name. 
 
 QUI.XCE, j II. The Cydonia vulgaris, the tree 
 
 QUINCE'-TREE, j which produces the quince. 
 
 QUINCII, t. i. [Probably a vulgar pronunciation of 
 Tfiiice or tcincli.] To stir, wince, or flounce. [A"i>( in 
 iLtr.] Spenser. 
 
 QUIX-eUN'CIAL, (-shal,) a. [from L. quincun.r.] 
 Having the form of a quincunx. Ray. 
 
 QUI.VeUNX, 71. [L., composed of quiiupie, five, and 
 uneia, ounce.] 
 
 An arrangement or disposition of things by fives 
 in a square, one being placed in the middle of the 
 square. 
 
 In horticulture, a plantation of trees disposed in a 
 square, consisting of five trees, one at each corner, 
 and a filth in the middle ; thus, ; •; ; which order, 
 repeated indefinitely, forms a regular grove or wood, 
 with rows and alleys running in every direction. 
 QUIN-DEG'A-GON, n. [L. quinque, five, Gr. ScKa, 
 and ^(.u'la, angle.] 
 
 In geometry, a plane figure with fifteen angles, and, 
 consequently, fifteen sides. Ilutton. 
 QUIN-I)E-CE.M'VIR, n. , pi. QuiM>ErF.M'viBi. [L. 
 quinque, five, decern, ten, and vir, man.] 
 
 In Roman history, one of an ecclesiastical college 
 of fifteen men, whose chief duty was to take care of 
 the Svbilline books. Smith's Diet. 
 
 QUI.\-i)E-CE.M'VIR-ATE, 71. The body or ollice of 
 
 the quindecemviri. 
 QU!.N"I-.\A, 1 71. An alkaloid obtained from various 
 QUI.\'I-.\, > species of Cinchona, anil one of the 
 QUT'.NT.N'E, ) active principles of these trees. It is 
 a verj' important article of medicine, innch used in 
 
 QUI 
 
 the treatment of agues, certain sortu of mortifica- 
 tion, &c. 
 
 QUIN-QUA-CE.S'l-MA, ii. [L., fifty.] Quinquajresm 
 ima Sunday; so called as being about the fiftieth day 
 before Easter; Shrove Sunday. Brande. 
 QUIN QUAN"GU-LAR, (kwiii kwang'gu-lar,) a. [L. 
 quinque, five, and aufriitus, angle.] 
 
 Having five angles or corners. Woodirnrd. 
 QUIN-QUAR-'I'ICy-LAR, a. [L. yuinvue, five, and 
 arliculus, article^ 
 
 ('oiisisting of five articles. [Little used.] Sanderson. 
 QUIN-QUE-CAP'SU-LAR, a. [L. quinque, five, and 
 cajisnla, a little cIn'St.] 
 
 In botany, having five capsules. Martyn, 
 QUIN-QUE HENT'ATE, «. [E. quinque, five, and 
 di iitatus, toothed ; dens, tooth.] 
 In botany, five-toothed. 
 QUIN-liUE FA'KI-OU'S, a. [E. quinque, five, and 
 probably Sax. faran, to go. Eng. to fare, or from the 
 root of vary.] 
 
 In btitanii, opening into five parts, Lee. 
 QUI\'QUE-F1U, o. [L, quinque, five, and finila, to 
 split.] 
 
 In botany, five-cleft ; cut about half way from the 
 margin to the base into five segments, with linear 
 sinuses and straight margins; as a leaf. Martijn.- 
 QUIN-QUE-FO'El-A-TEU, a. [L. juingut, five, and 
 fulium, leaf.] 
 
 Having five leaves. Johnson. 
 QUIN-QUE-EIT'ER AL, o. [L. quinque, five, and 
 litrra, letter.] 
 
 Consisting of five letters. M. Stuart. 
 
 QUIN-QUE-Eo'lSATE, / u. [1.. quinipie, five, and lo- 
 QUIN'QUE-Eo-l!/;l), ( fciw, lobe.] 
 
 Five-lobed ; divided about to the middle into five 
 distinct p.'irts, with con\ex margins. Martyn. 
 QUl.N-QUE-Loe'l^-LAK, tt. [L. quinque, five, and 
 loculus, a cell.] 
 Five-celled ; having five cells ; as a pericarp. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 QUIN QUEN-NS'I.I-A, 71. p/. [L.] In Autory, pub- 
 lic games celebrated eT»ry five years. 
 QUIN-QUEN'NI-AL, a. \ h. qiiinqiieunalis, quinquen- 
 nis ; quinque, five, and annus, year.] 
 
 Occurring once in five years, or lasting five years. 
 
 Poller. 
 
 QUIN-QUEP'AR-TITE, a. [L. quinque, five, and 
 puriitus, divided.] 
 
 1. Divided into five parts almost to the base. 
 
 2. (.'onsisting of five parts. [Martiin, 
 QUI.\'QUE-REA1E, 7i. [L. quinque, five, and rciiiiu, 
 
 oar.] 
 
 A galley having five seats or rows of oars. 
 QUK\'aUE-VALVE, [a. [L.yuiiiyiie, five, and 
 
 QUIX-QUE-VALVy-LAR, ( valva:, valves.] 
 
 Having five valves, as a pericarp. 
 QUI\'QUE-VIU. 71. ; pi. Qui.nhukv'iri. [L. quinque, 
 five, and vir, man.] 
 
 In Roman antiquities, one of five commisaione-rs ap- 
 pointed for some six'cial object. Smith's Diet, 
 QUIN'QUI NA, 71. Peruvian bark. 
 QUIN'SY, (kwin'ze,) n. [Corrupted from Fr. esqui- 
 iiancie, .-iquinancie ; It. .vquinaniia ; Sp. esquinancia ; 
 \j.cynanchc; Gr. Kv^iyxit inflamination of the 
 throat.] 
 
 1. An inflammation of the tonsils. 
 
 2. Any iullammation of the throat, or parts adja- 
 cent. 
 
 GUIXT, n. [from 1.. ipiintus, fifth, Fr. quinle.] 
 A set or sequence of five, as in piquet. 
 
 QUINT'AIN, (kwiiil'in,) 71. [Fr. quintaiiie, VV. ficin- 
 faii, a hymeneal game.] 
 
 An object to be tilled at. It w.is sometimes the 
 figure of a man, and often an upright post, on the top 
 of w hich turned a cross-piece, on one end of whicli 
 was fixed a broad board, and on the other a sand-bag. 
 The play was, to lilt or ride against the broad end ' 
 with a lance, and pass witliout being struck by the 
 sand-bag behind. B. Jonson. 
 
 QULNT'AE, n. [Fr. quintal: It. quintale ; from the 
 root of E. emtum, a hundred.] 
 
 A hundred weight, or 112 pounds. Sometimes 
 written niul pronounced Kentle. 
 
 QUIN-TES'SE.NCE, n. [E. quinta essentia, fifth es- 
 sence.] 
 
 1. In alchemy, the fifth or last and highest essence 
 of power in a natural body. Hence, 
 
 2. .An extract from nny thing, containing its virtues 
 or most essential part in a small quantity. 
 
 l.fl tlvre !*• li;;li(, tioti ; and iurtiiwilli liglil 
 
 Kth'-PMl, first (jf tiling, guiiUettenct pure, 
 
 Sj^nin^ from Itle deep, Milton. 
 
 3. In chrmi.itry, a preparation consisting of a vege- 
 table essential oil dissolved in spirit of wine. 
 
 4. The pure essential pail of a thing. Hakeirill. 
 [I have followed llailey and .Ash and our general 
 
 usage in the accentuation of this word. Jameson 
 has done the same. The accent on the first syllable 
 is very unnatural.] 
 QUI.VtES-SEN'TIAL, a. Consisting of quintes- 
 sence. 
 
 QUIX-TET', 77. Tn 77II1.W, a composition in five obli- 
 gato parts, each performed by a single voice or in- 
 strument. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOU& — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 113» 
 
 XXX 
 
 901 
 
QUI 
 
 aUINT'ILE, 71. [L. (luintiu, fifth.] 
 
 The aspect of plaiifts when distant from each 
 • other the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72'. Hutton. 
 QUIN-TIL'LIOX, (Itwin-til'jun,) ;i. According to 
 tlie English notation, a number produced by involving 
 a million to the fifth power, or a unit with thirty ci- 
 phers annexed ; according to the French notation, a 
 unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. 
 aUINT'IN. See UuiNTAiN. 
 
 mJINT'INE, 71. In botany, the fifth coat, reckoning 
 from the outer, of the nucleus of a seed, when there 
 are as many coats. It becomes the sac of the em- 
 bryo. Lindley. 
 
 aUIN'TROON, 7u In the West Indies, the child of a 
 vitistiphini by a white father. As a miistiphini has 
 but one sixteenth of negro blood, a quintroon is 
 only one thirty-second from being a white. Booth. 
 
 UUIN'TU-PLE, o, [L. quintupliis, fivefold; quintus 
 and plico.] 
 
 1. Fivefold ; containing five times the aitjount. 
 
 Orauut. 
 
 2. In music, n term applied to a species of time con- 
 taining five crotchets in a bar. 
 
 QUL\'TIT-PLE, I'. (. To make fivefold. 
 ari.N'TU-I'LED, pp. Made five times as many. 
 CIUIN'ZaINE, 7i. In chronolorrtj, the fourteenth day 
 after a feast day, or the fifteenth, including the feast 
 day. Brande. 
 QUIP, (kwip,) 7!. [W. ;mp, a quick flirt or turn ; ywi- 
 yiaw, to move briskly, to whip ; as we say, to whip 
 round a corner in running. 
 
 A smart, sarcastic turn ; a taunt ; a severe retort. 
 
 Millun. Shak. 
 aUIP, V. t. To taunt ; to treat with a sarcastic retort. 
 
 Aiusrcorth. 
 
 Q,UIP, V. i. To scoff. Sidney. 
 
 CILIIP'PA, 7!. The name of knotted cords of various 
 colors, used for recording events by the ancient Pe- 
 ruvians, Mexicans, &c. Humboldt. 
 This word is also spelt Quii'po and Ql ippu. 
 
 QUIRE, (kwire,) n. [Ft. clucur; It. euro; L. chorus; 
 Gr. X''f>"S-] 
 
 1. A body of singers ; a choras. [See Chorus 
 and Choir.] Milton. 
 
 9. The part of a church where the service is sung. 
 QUIRE, 7!. [Qu. from the root of chorus, or from Fr. 
 cahier, a sheet of paper, or rather a book of loose ' 
 sheets.] 
 
 A collection of paper consisting of twenty-four 
 sheets, each having a single fold. 
 
 QUIRE, ». i. To sing in concert or chorus. Shak. 
 
 QUIR'IS-TER, 71. One that sings in concert; more 
 generally, the leader of a quire, particularly in divine 
 service ; a chorister. Uut in America this word is 
 little used and vulgar. The word used is Chorister. 
 
 QUIR-[-Ta'TION, 71. [L. quiritatiu, from quirito, 
 from qiieror.] 
 
 A crying tor help. [Ml used.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 QUIRK, (kwurk,) n. [from the root of W. gwircd, a 
 sudden start or turn, craft, deceit; ^wyrn, a whirl.] 
 
 1. Literally, a turn ; a starting from the point or 
 line ; hence, an artful turn for evasion or subterfuge ; 
 a shift ; a quibble ; as, the quirks of a pettifogger. 
 
 L^Hstrange. 
 
 2. A fit or turn ; a short paroxysm ; as, a quirk of 
 joy or grief. Shak. 
 
 3. A smart taunt or retort. 
 
 1 may cliaiic/? to have some odd quirks aod remnants of wit 
 brokpn on mp. S/tah. 
 
 4. A slight conceit or quibble. Watts. 
 
 5. A flight of fancy. [Ji''iit in use.] Shak. 
 fi. An irregular air ; as, light quirks of music. Pope. 
 
 7. In building, a piece of ground taken out of any 
 regular ground-plot or floor, as to make a court or 
 yard, &c. ^ Gwilt. 
 
 8. In architecture, a small acute angle or recess, 
 much used between molilings. Oloss. of Arcliit. 
 
 QUIRK'Kl), (kwurkt,) n. Having a quirk. 
 
 QUIRK'^;f)-M6I.l)'li\G, / n. In arcliiteclure,a. imM- 
 
 QUIRK'-.MoLU'INt;, ( ing whose convexity is 
 sudden, in the form of a conic sixtion. Brande. 
 
 QUIRK'ISH, a. Consisting of quirks, turns, quibbles, 
 or artful evasions. Barrow. 
 2. Resembling a quirk. 
 
 UUIRP'EI.E, 71. 'I'lie Indian ferret, an animal of the 
 weasel kind. Diet. JVal. Hist. 
 
 iiy'l'V, (kwit,) V. t. ; pret. anil pp. Quit or CiuiTTKD. 
 [Kr. quitter; It. quitare and chitare; Port, and Sp. 
 qaitar; D.kwyten; (i. quitliren ; Dan. quitterer ; Sw. 
 qiiitfu ; \V. gadn and fradujn, to quit ; Ir. cead, leave ; 
 cui(ii'/iiin, to rcipiite. 'I'liis is the L. c«/o. The sense 
 of quit ia to leave, to withdraw from; but the pri- 
 mary Hense of the root must have b<!Cii to move or to 
 Bend ; for to requite is to simd back. Hev Class Cd 
 and Co.] 
 
 1. To leave ; to depart from, cither temporarily or 
 forever. It doM not necessarily include the idea of 
 abandoning, without a qualifying word. A man qnit^ 
 )iiH fioiHe for an hour, or for a month ; he quits his 
 native country on a voyage, or lie quil.i it forever ; he 
 quit.i an employiiienl with the intention of roHUmiiig it. 
 
 2. To free ; to clear ; to lilieratc ; to discharge from. 
 To 7«il yoii of lliii (fnr.yoti hnvc ulrendjr looked de»(li in tlio 
 
 fiue. [Nearly/ obtouu.\ Wtuce, 
 
 QUI 
 
 3. To carry through ; to do or perform something 
 to tlie end, so that nothing remains ; to discharge or 
 perform completely. 
 
 Ni^ver a worthy prince a day did quit 
 
 With p^'ater hazard and with more renown. Daniel. 
 
 4. To quit one^s self; reciprocally, to clear one's self 
 of incumbent duties by full performance. 
 
 Samson hath quit himself 
 Like Samson. hTihon, 
 In this sense. Acquit is generally used. 
 
 5. To repay ; to requite. Spenser. 
 
 Enkindle all the sparks of nature 
 To q\til this horrid act. Shak, 
 In this sense, Quit is now rarely used. We use 
 Requite. 
 
 6. To vacate obligation ; to release ; to free from. 
 
 Dangers of law, 
 Actions, degrees, judgments ag.iinst us quitted. B. Jonson. 
 
 7. To pay ; to discharge ; lience, to free from ; as, 
 to quit the debt of gratitude. Milton. 
 
 8. To set free ; to release ; to absolve ; to acquit. 
 
 Guiltless I quit, guilty I set tliem free. Fairfax. 
 In this sense, Acquit is now used. 
 
 9. To leave ; to give up ; to resign ; to relinquish ; 
 as, to quit an office. 
 
 10. To pay. 
 
 Before that judge that guil* each soul his hire. \Not itsed.'\ 
 
 Fairfax. 
 
 11. To forsake ; to abandon. 
 
 Such a superficial way of examining is to quit tnilh for appear- 
 ance. Locke, 
 
 To quit cost; to pay; to free from by an equiva- 
 lent ; to reimburse ; as, the cultivation of barren land 
 will not always quit cost. 
 
 To quit scores; to make even ; to clear mutually 
 from demands by mutual equivalents given. We 
 will quit scores [marks of charges] before we part. 
 
 Docs not the earth quit scores witli all the elements in hei noble 
 firuits f Soulii, 
 
 QUIT, a. Free ; clear ; discharged from ; absolved. 
 The owner of the ox shall be quit. — Ex. xxi. 
 [This word, though primarily a participle, and 
 never placed before its noun, has properly tiie sense 
 of an .adjective. See Quits.] 
 
 QC// TAM, [L.] Aquitam action, in law,\s an action 
 in which a man prosecutes an oftender for the king 
 or state, as well as for himself as informer. 
 
 QUITCH'-GRASS, 7i. [Properly quick-grass, probably 
 from its vigorous growth, or the difficulty of eradi- 
 cating it.] 
 
 Dog-grass or couch-grass ; a species of grass which 
 roots deeply and is not easily killed. 
 
 QUIT'CLaLM, v. t. [quit and claim.] To release a 
 claim by deed without covenants of warranty ; to 
 convey to another, who hath some right in lands or 
 tenements, all one's right, title, and interest, in the 
 estate, by relinquishing all claim to tliem. The 
 words used in the instrument are, " A hath remised, 
 released, and forever quitclaimed, all his right, title, 
 and interest, to a certain estate." Blackstone. 
 
 QUIT'CLaIM, 71. A deed of release ; an instrument 
 by which all claims to an estate are relinquished to 
 another without any covenant or warranty, express 
 or implied. Z. Swift. 
 
 QUIT'CLAlM-iT), pp. Released by deed. 
 
 QUIT'CLaIM-ING, ppr. Conveying by deed of re- 
 lease. 
 
 QUITE, adv. [from quit ; that is, primarily, free or 
 clear by complete performance.] Completely ; 
 wholly ; entirely ; totally ; perfectly. The work is 
 nut quite done ; the object is quite accomplished. 
 He hath sold tis and ^uite devoured also our inuoey. — Gen. 
 xxxi. 
 
 The same actions may l)e aimed at different ends, and arise from 
 quite contrary pnnciples. Spectator, 
 
 2. To a great extent or degree ; very ; as, quite 
 young. [Common in America, and not unfrequcnt in 
 England.] 
 
 QUIT'RENT, 71. [L. quietus reditus.] 
 
 A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment 
 of which the tenant is quieted or quit from all other 
 service. Blackstone. 
 
 QUITS. To be quits, is said of persons when Ihey 
 separate on equal terms, each having given the other 
 his due, so that they are quit the one of the other. 
 Hence, in such a case, the exclamation, Quits! 
 
 QUIT'TA-BLE, a. That may be quitted or vacated. 
 [Rare,] Marklund. 
 
 QUIT''I AL, 7!. Return : repayment. Shak. 
 
 QUIT'TANCE, 71. [Fr.] Discharge from a debt or 
 obligation ; an iicquittancc. [See Acquittance, 
 which is chiefly used.] Shak. 
 2. HecoinpeiiHe ; return ; repayment. S//<i/(. 
 
 QUIT'TANCK, 7). (. To repay. [JVol in v.te,] Shak. 
 
 QUIT'TEI), p/). Eeft ; relinquished; acquitted. 
 
 QUIT'TER, 71. One who quits. 
 
 2. A deliverer. [JVot in use.] Ainsworth. 
 :). Scoria of tin. Ainstnorth. 
 
 QUIT'TKIl, n. In farriery, an ulcer formed between 
 the hair and hoof, usually on the inside quarter of a 
 iiorse'H foot. Farm. Kncyc. 
 
 QUO 
 
 QUIVER, 71. [Qu. Fr. couvrir, to cover.] 
 A case or sheath for arrows. 
 
 Take thy quiver and thy bow. — Gen. xxvii. 
 QUIVER, a. Nimble ; active. [Mtinuse.] Shak. 
 QUIVER, II. 1. [D. huieeren, to shiver. This word 
 seems to belong to the family of quaver, W. fwibiaw, 
 to trill, to quiver, yioin, a whirl or turn, ^wiviaw, to 
 fly about, to wander, pcipiaw, to move briskly, 
 (wyvaw, to stir, move, agitate.] 
 
 1. To shake or tremble ; to quake ; to shudder ; to 
 shiver. This word expresses that tremulous motion 
 of the body which proceeds from loss of heat or 
 vigor. Thus, persons quiver with fear or with cold. 
 
 He quivered with his feet and lay for dead. Dnjden, 
 And left the limbs still quivering on tlie ground. Addison. 
 
 2. To play or be agitated with a tremulous motion. 
 
 Sliat. 
 Pope. 
 
 The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind. 
 The fakes Uiat quiver to the curling breeze. 
 
 QUIVER-£D,o. [from the noun yuii'cr.] Furnished 
 
 with a quiver ; as, the quivered nymph. Milton. 
 2. Sheathed, as in a quiver. 
 
 Whose quUIs stand quivered at his ear. Pope. 
 
 QUIV'ER-ING, ppr. or a. Trembling, as with cold 
 or fear ; moving with a tremulous agitation. 
 
 QUIVER ING, 71. The act of shaking or trembling ; 
 agitation ; as, to be seized with a quivcriwr. Sidney, 
 
 QUIVER-ING-LY, adv. With quivering. 
 
 QUI VlVE, (kg veev,) [Fr.] The challenge of a 
 French sentinel. To what party do you belong 
 i. e., for whom do you cry vive ; corresponding 
 to, Who goes there i Hence, to be on the qui vive, 
 is to be on the alert, like a sentinel. 
 
 Diet, de VAcad. 
 
 QUIX-OT'I€, a. Like Don Quixote ; romantic to 
 extravagance. 
 
 QUIX'OT-IS.M, 71. Romantic and absurd notions; 
 
 schemes or actions like those of Don Quixote, the 
 
 liero of Cervantes. 
 QUIX'OT-RY, 71. Quixotism ; visionary scheme. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 QUIZ, 71. An enigma ; a riddle or obscure question. 
 
 2. One who quizzes others ; as, he is a great qua. 
 
 3. An odd fellow. Smart. 
 QUIZ, V. t. To puzzle; to run upon ; to make a 
 
 ftiol of. [A popular, but not an elegant word.] 
 
 QUIZ'ZER, 71. One who quizzes others or make them 
 the object tif sport by deceiving them. 
 
 QUIZ'Zl-CAL, a. Comical. [Cflloquial.] 
 
 QUIZ'ZING, 71. The act of running upon a person or 
 making a fool of him. 
 
 2. The act of mocking by a narrow examination 
 through a quizzing-glass. Smart. 
 
 QUIZ'ZING-GLASS, 7i. A small eye-glass. 
 
 QUO AJ\ri-MO, [L.] With what intent ; purpose. 
 
 QUO'AD HO-e, [L.] As to this; as it regards this 
 particular thing named. 
 
 QUOB, V. i. [W. ficapiaw, to strike.] 
 
 To move, as the fetus in utcro ; to throb. [Local, 
 vnl'rar, and little used,] 
 
 QUOD E'RAT DFM-OJT-STRAJ^ DUM, [L.] 
 Which was the point to be proved. 
 
 QUOD E'RAT FA-CI-EJV'DUM, (-fa-she-en'dum,) 
 [L.] Which was the thing to be do>«. 
 
 QUOD'Ll-BET, 71. [L., what you please.] A nice 
 point ; a subtiltv. Prior. 
 
 QUOD-LIB-E-TA'RI-AN, n. One who talks and dis- 
 putes on any subject at pleasure. 
 
 QUOD-Ll-BET'ie-.\L, a. Not restrained to a partic- 
 ular subject ; moved or discussed at pleasure for cu- 
 riosity or entertainment. 
 
 QUOD-LI-BET'ie-AL-LY, adv. At pleasure; for 
 curiosity ; so as to be debated for entertainment. 
 
 QUOIF, (kwoif,) (1. [Fr. coiffr.] [Brown. Diet. 
 A cap or liood. [See CoiK.] Shak. 
 
 QUOIF, V. t. To cover or dress with a coif. [See 
 CoiF.] Addison, 
 [ This word may be discarded with advaritage.] 
 
 QUOIF'FURE, 71. A head-dress. Addison. 
 
 liUOIL. See Con., the belter word. 
 
 QUOIN, (kwoin orkoin,)™. [Fr. coin, a corner; Sp. 
 ciina. See Coi.v.] 
 
 1. A sharp or projecting corner. Mortimer. 
 
 2. An instrument to raise any thing ; a wedge em- 
 ployed to raise cannon to a projR'r level, and for 
 other purposes. Mar. Dirt. 
 
 3. In architecture, the external angle or corner of a 
 brick or stone wall. Gwilt. 
 
 4. A small wooden wedge used by printers to lock 
 thi^ pages of a form within the chase. 
 
 Quorr, (kwoit,) 71. [n. coitc.] 
 
 1. A circular ring or piece of iron to be jiitched or 
 thrown at a fixed object in play, in caminun practice, 
 a plain, flat stone is u.scd for this purpose. 
 
 2. In some authors, the discus of the ancients, 
 thrown in trials of strength. Dnjdcn, 
 
 QUOIT, V. i. 'I'o throw quoits ; to play at quoits. 
 
 Dnfden. 
 
 QUOIT, V. f. To throw. [JVof used.] Shak. 
 UUOI.L, 71. A inariiii|>ial quadruped of New Holland, 
 
 DasyuriLS maorourus, called by I'hillijis Spotted 
 
 Maiitkn. It is neaily the size of a cat. 
 
 Lesson. P, Ojc, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FAUL, WH^T. — MJITE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOl.F,, nQQK. 
 
 902 
 
RAB 
 
 RAC 
 
 RAC 
 
 QITON'OAJI, used ailjcctivelij, [I,.] IlavinR been for- 
 merly ; former; as, a >{Hi>/i(/an< king ur fiieiid. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 aUOOK, pret. of (Iuake. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 CiUo'llUM, n. [L. gm. pi. of qui, "of vvlioir. ; " 
 Willi reference to a complete body of persons, of 
 whom those wlio are assembled are legally suHicicnt 
 to the business of the whole.] 
 
 1. A bench of justices, or such a number of officers 
 or members as is competent by law or constitution to 
 transact business ; as, a quorum of the house of rej)- 
 resentatives. A constitutional quorum was not pres- 
 ent. 
 
 9. A special commission of justices. 
 qUO'RU.M PARS FV'I, [L.] Of which or whom I 
 was a part. 
 
 UUo'TA, n. [h. guotus ; It. and Sp.qtiota; Ir. cod, 
 cola, a part.] 
 
 A proportional part or share ; or the share, part, or 
 proportion assigned to each. Each State was ordered 
 to furnish its quota of troops. 
 
 nUoT'A-HLE, a. That may be quoted or cited. 
 
 UUO-TA'TION, n. [dnm quote.] The act of quoting 
 or citing. 
 
 2. The passage quoted or cited ; the jiart of a book 
 
 or writing named, repeated, or adduced as evidence 
 or illustration. Locke. 
 
 3. In tncrcaulile lan/rudjre, the naming of the price 
 of commodities ; or the price specified to a corre- 
 spondent. 
 
 4. Uuota ; share. [JVu« used.] 
 
 (lUCTK, (kwote,) V. t. fFr. quotcr, now cotcr ; con- 
 nected with quoth.] 
 
 1. To cite, as a passage from some author ; to 
 name, repeat, or adtluce a passage from an author or 
 speaker, by way of authority or illustration ; as, to 
 quote a passage from Homer; to quote the words of 
 reter, or a passage of I*anl's writings ; to quote chap- 
 ter and verse. Jltterbunj. Swift. 
 
 2. In commerce, to name, as the price of an article. 
 :i. To note. Shak. 
 
 ClUoTE, ;i. A note upon an author. [06s.] 
 
 Cotgrave. 
 
 aUOT'ED, pp. Cited ; adduced ; named. 
 (iUoTE'LE.'SS, a. That can not be quoted. 
 UUoT'Ell, n. One that cites the words of an author 
 or s[)eaker. 
 
 QUOTH, fkwotli or kwuth,) v. i. [Sax. cmjthnn, cy- 
 Uian, Gotli. quithan, to say, to tell ; \V'. irwa/, gteeili/d ; 
 Jr. ccadach. Clu. L. inquio, contracted.] 
 
 To say j to speak. This verb is defective, being 
 used only in the first and third persons in the present 
 and past tenses ; as, quat/i /, quot/i he, and the nomi- 
 native always follows the verb. It is used only in 
 lu<licrous language, and has no variation for person, 
 number, or tense. 
 (iUO-TIli'I-AN, a. [I*, quotidianus ; quotas and dieg.] 
 Daily ; occurring or returning daily ; us, a quoliit- 
 ian fi'Ver. 
 
 (iU()-TIl)'I-AN, n. A fever whose paroxysms return 
 every day. 
 
 2. Any thing returning daily. Milton. 
 aUO'TIENT, (kwo'shent,) n. [Fr., from h. quotiet, 
 how often.] 
 
 In arithmetic, the number resulting from the divis- 
 ion of one number by another, and showing how 
 often a less number is contained in a greater, 'i'lms 
 3) 12 (4. Here 4 is the quotient, showing that 3 is con- 
 tained 4 times in 12. Or quotient is an expression 
 denoting a certain part of a unit ; as, J. 
 
 Q.IjO'1''1i\(;, ;);ir. Citing; adducing; naming. 
 
 Qt/0 fVJiR-R.1J\'''TU ; in Law Z.a/in, a writ brought 
 before a proper tribunal, to inquire by what warrant 
 a person or corporation exercises certain jntwcrs. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Ris the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
 and an articulation sui generii, having little or 
 no resemblance in pronunciation to any other letter. 
 But from the position of the tongue in uttering it, it 
 is commutable with /, into which letter it is changed 
 in many words by the Spaniards and Portuguese, and 
 some other n.itions ; as / is also changed into r. It is 
 numbered among the liquids and semi-vowels, and 
 is sometimes called the canine letter. It is uttered 
 with a guttural extrusion of the breath, and in some 
 words, particularly at the end or after a labi.il and a 
 dental letter, with a sort of quivering motion or 
 slight jar of the tongue. Its English uses, which are 
 uniform, may be understood by the customary pro- 
 nunciation of rod, room, roue, bar, bare, barren, dis- 
 turb, catarrh, free, brad, pride, drip, drarr, drown. 
 
 In words which we have received from the Greek 
 language, we follow the Latins, who wrote A after r, 
 as the representative of the aspirated sound with 
 which this letter w.is pronounced by the Greeks. It 
 is the same in the Welsh language. But as the let- 
 ter is not aspirated in English, k is entirely superflu- 
 ous ; rhapsody, rheum, rhetoric, being pronounced 
 rapsodtj, renin, retoric. 
 
 As an abbreviation, R. stands for rex, king, as 
 George U., oi rcgina, queen, as Victoria 11. 
 
 In Uie notes of the ancients, R. or RO. stands for 
 Roma ; R. C. for Romana civitas ; R. G. C. for rei 
 g-errnda: causa ; R. F. E. D. for recte factum ct dictum ; 
 K. G. F. for regis Jilius ; R. P. rcspublica, or Romani 
 principes. 
 
 As a numeral, R, in Roman authors, stands for 80, 
 and with a dash over it, R, for 80,000. But in Orcck, 
 p, with a small mark over it, thus, siguifies 100, 
 and with the same mark under it, it dem'ted 1000 X 
 100, or 100,000. In Hebrew, 1 denoted 200, and 
 with two horizontal points over it, T 1000 x 200, or 
 200,000. 
 
 .Among physicimis, R. stands for recipe, take. 
 RA, as an inseparable prefix or preposition, is the Latin 
 re, coming to us through the Italian and French, and 
 primarily signifying asain, repetition. [.See Re.] 
 RA-BaTE', u. t. [Fr. rabaltrc : It. rabbattere ; ra and 
 battre, battere, to beat. See Beat and Abate.] 
 \n falconry, to recover a hawk to tlie list. 
 
 jiinsworth, 
 
 RA-Ba'TO, 71. [Fr. rabnt.] 
 
 A ruir or folded down collar of a shift or shirt. 
 [JVot in use.] Toonc: 
 RAB'BET, v. L [Fr. raboter.] 
 
 1. To cut square down the edge of a board or other 
 I piece of timber, for the purpose of receiving the 
 
 edge of another piece by Lipping and thus uniting 
 the two. JUoxon. 
 
 2. To lap and unite the edges of boards, Slc, by a 
 rabbet. 
 
 RAB'BET, n. [This and the preceding word are cor- 
 ruptions of Rehate.] A recUmgular recess or groove 
 cut longitudinally in a piece of timber to receive the 
 edge of a plank, or other work required to fit into it. 
 
 Oloss. of.lrchit. 
 RAB'BET-ED, pp. Cut squire down at the edge ; 
 I unitt^d by a rabbet joint. 
 
 I R.'\B'BET-ING, ppr. Cutting squ.are down the edge 
 
 of a board ; uniting by a rabbet joint. 
 I RAB'BET-PLANE, n. A joiner's plane for cutting 
 
 square down the edge of a board, tec. Mozart. 
 
 RAB'BI, (rab'be or -bl,) ) , , , 
 
 R.AB'BIN, ) [Cli. Ar tjj, lord, 
 
 master.] 
 
 A title assumed by the Jewish doctors, signifying 
 master or lord. This title is not conferred by author- 
 ity, but assumed or allowed by courtesy to learned 
 men. Kneyc. 
 RAli-BINTC, ) a. Pertaining to the rabbins, or 
 RAli-BIN'lC-AL, i to their opinions, learning, and 
 language. 
 
 RAB-BIiN'ie, n. The language or dialect of the rab- 
 bins ; the later Hebrew. 
 
 RAB'BIN-IS.M, 71. .'\ rabbinic expression or phrase- 
 ology ; a peculiarity of the language of the rabbins. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 RAB'BIN-IST, ji. Among tlie Jctrs, one who .idliered 
 to the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins, in 
 opposition to the Caraites, who rejected the tradi- 
 tions. 
 
 RAn'BIN-lTE, 71. The same as Rabbinist. 
 R.VB'BIT, 71. [Said to bo from the Belgic robbe, rob- 
 beken.] 
 
 A rodent mammal, and a small quadruped, the 
 Lepus cuniculus, wliich feeds on grass or other 
 herbage, and burrows in thi^ earth. The rabbit is 
 said to be less sagacious than the hare. It is a very 
 prolific animal, and is kept in warrens for the sake 
 of its flesh. It is sonietiines called Conv. 
 RAB'BLE, 71. [L. Tabula, a brawler, from rabo, to 
 rave; Uan. raaber ; I), rabbclen ; connected with a 
 great family of words having the elements Rb, Rp. 
 Qii. Sp. Tubd, the tail.] 
 
 1. A tumultuous crowd of vulgar, noisy people ; 
 the mob ; a confused, disorderly crowd Shak. 
 
 2. The lower class of people, without reference to 
 an assembly ; the dregs of the peo[)le. .Addison. 
 
 RAB'BLE, i>. i. To speak in a confused manner. 
 KAli'BLE-CHAR.M'ING, rt. Charming or delighting 
 
 the rabble. South. 
 RAB'BLE-MENT, 71. A tumultuous crowd of low 
 
 people. [JVot in use.] Spenser. Shak. 
 
 RAB UOL'O-CY, 71. [Gr. palSlof, a Tod, and Aojof, 
 
 discourse.] 
 
 A method of performing mathematical operations 
 by little square rods. [See Riiaiidolooy.] Jlutlan. 
 RAB'II), a. [L. rabidus, from rabio, rabo, to rage ; W. 
 rhaib,] 
 
 Furious ; raging ; mad ; as, n rabid dog or wolf. 
 It is particularly applied to animals of the canine 
 genus, affected with the distemper called rabies, and 
 whose bite communicates hydrophobia. 
 
 RAB'ID-LY, ode. Madly; furiously. 
 
 R;\B'ID-NESS, 71. Furiousness ; madness. 
 
 RAB'IN-ET, 71. .\ kind of smallerordnance. .4i7i.*iror(A. 
 
 R.Ji'CA, 71. A Syriac word signifying empty, beggar- 
 ly, fiKilish ; a term of extreme contempt. Malt. v. 
 
 R.\e-eOO.\', 71. An American quadruped, the Pro- 
 cyon lotor, u carnivorous inainmal. It is somewhat 
 larger than a fox, and its fur is deemed valuable, 
 next to th.it of the beaver. This animal lodges in a 
 hollow tree, feeds occasionally on vegetables, and 
 its flesh is palatable food. It inhabits most parts of 
 the Aiiu.'rirnii continent. Belknap. Kncuc. An<cr. 
 
 R.\CE, (1. [Fr. rnce, from the It. ra:za : Sp. ra:ii, a 
 race, a ray, and rat:, a riMit, L. rii</ir; Riiss. rod, a 
 generation, race ; nijii, to beget. The primary sense 
 of the root is, to thrust ur shoot ; the L. radix and 
 
 radius having the same original. This word coin- 
 cides in origin with rod, ray, ratliate, tec. Class Rd.-] 
 
 1. The lineage of a family, or cootinued series of 
 descendants from a parent, who is called the stock. 
 A race is the si'ries of (lescendants indefinitely. 
 'I'hiis all mankind are called the race of .Adam ; 
 the Israeliti-'S are of the race of Abnilmn and Jacob. 
 'I'liiis we speak of a race of kings, tha race of Clovis, 
 or Charlemagne ; a race of nobles, &,c. 
 
 llciicc the long race of Albiiii fulhcni come. Dryrlen. 
 
 2. A generation ; a family of descendants. 
 
 A race of yoiilliful uiiil uiiliandloil colu. Shak. 
 
 3. A paiticular breed ; as, a race of mules ; a race 
 of horses ; a race of sheep. Chapman. 
 
 Of siich a race no mailer who is king. Murj'hy. 
 
 4. A root; as, racc-ginger, ginger in the root, or 
 not pulverized. 
 
 .5. A particular strength or taste of wine ; a kind 
 of t.artness. [Uiiery, does this belong to this root or 
 to the following ] Temple. Massingcr. 
 
 R.aCE, 71, [U. ras ; Sw. resa, to go ; Uan. rejse, a go- 
 ing or course ; L. gradior, gressus, with the prefix 
 g ; Ir. rntha, a running ; rcatltam, to run ; \V. grai, 
 a step, from rhaz, a going ; allied to W. r/iW, a race ; 
 rhcdu, to run, to race ; allied to Eng. ride. See 
 Class Rd, ISo. 5 and 9.] 
 
 1. A running ; a rapid course or motion, either on 
 the feet, on hor.seback, or in a carriage. Sec. ; partic- 
 ularly, a contest in running ; a running in competi- 
 tion for a prize. 
 
 The race wii3 one of the exercises of Ihe Greci.in games. 
 
 Eneyc. 
 
 I wielj the gnnnllrl iind I nin the race. Pojje. 
 
 2. Any running with speed. 
 
 The (tight of many binia is sAviflcr th&n the rae« of any beut. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. A progress ; a course ; i movement or progres- 
 sion of any kind. 
 
 I\Iy rare of glory nin. Pope. 
 iVt 08 run w ith jvilicnce Ihc met lh.il is set before us. — licb. 
 xii. 
 
 4. Course; train; process; a.", the prosecution and 
 race of the war. [Ao( now used.] Bacon. 
 
 5. A strong or rapid current of water, or the chan- 
 nel or passage for such a current ; as, the Portland 
 race. Ilalliwell. 
 
 (). A small, .artificial canal or watercourse, leading 
 from the dam of a stream to the machinery which it 
 drives ; sometimes called the Hcau-race, in opposi- 
 tion to the TAii.-RArK, which is the watercourse 
 leading from the bottom of a water-wheel. 
 
 7. The races; in tlie plural, a meeting for contests 
 in the "inniiig of horses. The racet coniincncc in 
 October. 
 
 R.aCE, r. 1. To run swiftly : to nin or contend in 
 ruiininu'. Tlii- aiiiuials racsd over the ground. 
 
 R.aCK-OI.N'OER, 71. Ginger in tlie root, or not pul- 
 verized. 
 
 RACC'-lIOItSE, 71. A horse bred or kept for running 
 in roiiti'st ; a horse that runs in competition. Mdison. 
 R.AC-E-.Ma'TION, 71. [ L. ruce77iuj, a cluster.] 
 
 1. A cluster, as of grapes. Brotrn, 
 
 2. The cultivation of clusters of grapes. BurneU 
 U.V-CiC.ME', 71. [L. ra£C77iii.<, a bunch of berries.] 
 
 In JiiMiii;, a species of inllorc-cence, consisting of 
 a comiiioi'i peduncle with short and equal lateral 
 
 TCNE, BIJLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOfS C as K ; G a-s J ; S as Z ; ClI as SII ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 -J 
 
 903 
 
RAC 
 
 RAD 
 
 RAD 
 
 pedicels, as a strinj of currants. It is simple or 
 compound, naked or leafy, &.c. 
 
 A species of iiillorescence in which a number of 
 flowers, with short and equal pedicels, stand upon a 
 comuion slender axis. Lindley. 
 RA-CK.M'£D, II. '.laving a raceme. 
 R.-V-CE'.Mie ACID, n. An acid found in the tartar 
 obtained from certain vineyards on the Rhine. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 R.AC-E-MrF'ER-OUS, a. [L. raccmiis, a cluster, and 
 /cro, to bear.] 
 
 Bearing racemes, as the currant. Jlsiat. Res. 
 RAC'E-MOUS or RA-CE'MOUS, a. Growing in ra- 
 cemes. Encyc. 
 R.x'CER, n. [from race.] A runner ; one that con- 
 tends in a race. 
 
 And bade the nimblest rtuer seize the prize. Pope. 
 
 RACH, n. [Sax. race ; D. brak ; Fr. braque.] 
 A setting dug or pointer. 
 
 R.VCHIL'LA, H. [Gr. paxis, a spine.] 
 
 A branch of inflorescence; the zigzag center on 
 which the florets are arranged iu the spikelets of 
 grasses. Brande. 
 
 Ra'CHIS, It. [Gr.] In botany, a peduncle that pro- 
 ceeds in a right line from the base to the apex of the 
 inflorescence. This term is sometimes applied to 
 the stipe of a fern, but not properlv. Lindley. 
 
 RA-CHIT'ie, (ra-kit'ik,) a. Pertaining to the mus- 
 cles of the back ; rickety. 
 
 RA-CHI'TIS, ji. [Gr.] This term implies inflamma- 
 tion of the spine, but it is applied to the disease called 
 ricketf, which is a mere corruption of rachitis. 
 
 Ra'CI-NESS, 7i. [See Ricv.] Tlie quality of being 
 racy. 
 
 Racing, ppr. Running swiftly ; running or con- 
 tending in a race. 
 
 RACK, n. [D. re/;, rack, stretch ; reUUer, to stretch ; 
 Sax. racan, rtfcan. Eng. to rcac/i ; G. rcc^-e/j, to stretch ; 
 reckbank, a rack. See Reach and Break. Class 
 Eg, No. 18, 2J, 33.] 
 
 1. An engine of torture, consisting of a large frame, 
 upon which the bo)ly of the person underexamination 
 is gradually stretched, until sometimes the joints 
 are dislocated ; used for extorting confessions from 
 criminals or suspected persons. The rack is entirely 
 unknown in free countries. 
 
 2. Torture ; extreme pain ; anguish. 
 
 A fit of the stone puts a king to llie rorfr, anil makes him as mis- 
 erable as it docs the meanest subjecL Temple. 
 
 3. Any instrument for stretching or extending any 
 thing ; as, a rack for bending a bow. Temple. 
 
 4. .\ grate on which bacon is laid. 
 
 .5. A wooden frame of open work in which hay is 
 laid for horses and cattle for feeding. 
 
 G. 'I'he frame of bones of an animal ; a skeleton. 
 We say, a rack of bones. 
 
 7. A frame for receiving various articles. 
 
 8. A strong frame of wood, having several sheaves 
 through which passes the running rigging. Tutten. 
 
 9. In machinerij, a rectilineal sliding piece, with 
 teeth cut on its etige for working with a wheel. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RACK, n. [Sax. Aracca, the neck; Gr. p:i\K, the 
 spine ; W. rhac ; I), kraag, G. kragen, Sw. and Dan. 
 kruire, a collar; Old Eng. crag.] 
 
 The neck and spine of a fore quarter of veal or 
 multim. 
 
 ['/'Ae two foregoing tcords are doubtless from one 
 original.] 
 
 RACK, 71. [.Sax. rec, steam ; rfcan, to exhale ; D.rook, 
 rooken ; G. ranch, rauclten ; Sw. roA, riSka ; Dan. rog^ 
 roger. See Rekk.] 
 
 Properly, v:ipor ; hciicc, thin, flying, broken clouds, 
 or any portion of floating vapor in the sky. 
 
 The win»li in the upper n-gion, uliidi move the (douil* !il>ove, 
 which we call llie rack. Bacon. 
 The gn-at globe itself, 
 Yea, all which it inherit, 1I1.1II itissulve ; 
 And, like this unituUtaiitial pageant, faded, 
 Leave not a rack behind. SftaJc. 
 
 It is disputed, however, whether rack in this pas- 
 sage should not be wreck. 
 R.VCK, n. [For Aurack. See Arrack.] Among (Ae 
 Tnrtars, a spirituous liquor made of mare's milk 
 which has become sour, and is then distilled. 
 
 F.neyc. 
 
 RACK, n. A racking-pace, which see. Bntilh. 
 RACK, r. i. Toamble, but with a quicker and shorter 
 
 tread, a« a horse. 
 RACK, V. i. [Sax. recan. See the noun.] 
 
 1. Properly, to steam ; to rise, as vapor. [See 
 Reek, which is thu woril used.] 
 
 2. To fly, as vapor or broken clouds. Shak. 
 RACK, r. U [from the noun.] To torture ; to stretch 
 
 or strain on Ihe rack or wheel ; n«,to rack a criminal 
 or BUHpccted person, to extort a confession of his 
 guilt, or compel him to betray his accomplices. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. To torment ; to torture ; to afl"ect with extreme 
 pain or angumh ; an, racked with deep deupair. 
 
 Mdlon. 
 
 3. To haraii by exaction. 
 
 The lantJIttpU there t\nrMt\i\\y rack their trntuita. .^ipenttr. 
 
 4. To Stretch ; to strain vehemently ; to wrest; as, 
 to rack and stretch Scripture; to rack invention. 
 
 Hooker. IVaterland. 
 The wisest among the heathens racked their wits. TilloUon. 
 
 5. To stretch ; to extend. ShaJc. 
 
 R.VCK, V. t [Ar. ol, rauka, to clear, to strain. 
 
 Class Rg, No. 8.1 
 
 To draw off from the lees ; to draw ofi", as pure 
 liquor from its sediment; as, to raci cider or wine; 
 to rack off liquor. Bacon. 
 RACK'SD, (rakt,)pp. Tortured; tormented; strained 
 to the utmost. 
 2. Drawn ofl", as liquor. 
 RACK'ER, n. One that tortures or torments ; one 
 that racks. 
 
 2. A horse that racks, or moves with a racking- 
 pace. 
 
 R.ACK'ET, n. [This word belongs to the root of 
 crack, Fr. craqner. See Rocket.] 
 
 1. A confused, cKittering noise, less loud than vp- 
 roar; applied to the confused stiunds of animal 
 voices, or such voices mixed with other sound. We 
 say, the children make a racket; the racket of a flock 
 of birds. 
 
 2. Clamor ; noisy talk. Swift. 
 RACK'ET, V. i. To make a confused noise or clamor ; 
 
 to frolic. Oray. 
 RACK'ET, n. A snow-shoe. 
 
 RACK'ET,?!. [Fr. rayiic«c; Sp. raqueta ; G. racket; 
 D. raket.J 
 
 The instrument with which players at tennis 
 strike the ball. Sknk. Digby. 
 
 R.\CK'ET, r. (. To strike as with a racket. Uncut. 
 
 RACK'ET-ED, pp. Struck with a racket ; frolicked. 
 
 R.4CK'ET-ING, ppr. Striking with a racket ; making 
 a racket. 
 
 RACK'ET-ING, n. Confused and noisy mirth. 
 RACK'ET-Y, a. Making a tumultuous noise. 
 R.ACK'ING, ppr. Torturing; tormenting; straining; 
 drawing off. 
 
 9. a. Tormenting ; excruciating ; as, a racking 
 pain. 
 
 RACK'ING, ji. Torture ; a stretching on the rack. 
 
 2. Torment of the mind ; anguish ; as, the racfc- 
 ings of conscience. 
 
 3. The act of stretching cloth on a frame for dry- 
 ing. 
 
 4. The act of drawing from the sediment, as 
 liquors. 
 
 RACK'ING, ppr. Flying as vapor or broken clouds. 
 And drive the racking clouds along the liquid space. Dryden, 
 
 R.\CK'ING-P.XCE, 71. The racking-pace of a horse 
 is an atiible, but with a quicker and shorter tread. 
 
 Far. Diet. 
 
 RACK'-RENT, 71. An annual rent raised to the ut- 
 most, or to the full annual value of the premises, or 
 near it. ff 'uod^s Institutes. 
 
 R.\CK'-RENT-ED, a. Subjected to the payment of 
 rack-rent. Franklin. 
 
 RACK'-RENT-ER, 71. One that is subjected to p.ay 
 rack-rent. Locke. 
 
 RA'CV^a. [This word, if the sense of it is strong, 
 vigorous, would seem to belong to the family of Sax. 
 hri£s, force, T-ff.s-a/i, to rusk. But the application of it 
 by Cowley in the passage below, seems to indictite 
 its connection with the Sp. and Port, rati, root, L. 
 radir.] 
 
 1. Having a strong flavor indicating its origin ; tast- 
 ing t^f the soil ; as, ran/ cider ; rac)/ wine. Johnson. 
 
 2. Figuratively, exciting t() the mental taste by a 
 strong or distinctive character of thought or lan- 
 guage. Smart. 
 
 Rich, racy verses, in which we 
 The soil from whicll they Cunie, taste, smell, and see. Cowley. 
 
 RAD, the old pret. of Read. Sprnser. 
 
 RAI), RED, I{t)I), an initial or terminating syllable in 
 names, is the 1). raad, G. rath, counsel, as in Con- 
 rad, powerful in counsel ; Kthelred, noble counsel. 
 
 RAD'DI.E, (rad'dl,) J), t. [Probably from Sax. wrm/, 
 wrad, or wrath, a band or wreath, or from the same 
 root.] 
 
 To interweave ; to twist ; to wind together. 
 
 Defoe. 
 
 RAD'DLE, 71. [Supra.] A long stick used in hedg- 
 ing ; also, a hedge formed by interweaving the shoots 
 and branches of trees or shrubs. 'fodd. . 
 
 2. In JVfw England, an instrument consisting of a"' 
 wooden bar, with a row of iijiright pegs set in it, 
 which is employed bv domestic weavers, to keep the 
 warp of a proper witlth, and prevent it from becom- 
 ing entangled, when it is wound ujion the beam of 
 till* loom. 
 
 RAD'DOCK, ) H. [from rfrf, ruA/«, which sec.l A 
 RUD'DOCK, i biril, the reilbrea.st of Europe. Shak. 
 Ra'DI-AI,, a. [from L. rai/iu.i, a r.ay, a rorf, a spoke. 
 See Hadh's and Uav.] 
 
 Pertaining to Ihe radius, one of the bonea of the 
 fore arm of Ihe human boiJy ; as, the rudiai artery or 
 nerve. Rush. 
 The radial mu.^cle.i are two musclcB of tho fore- 
 
 arm, one of which bends the wrist, the otlu r ex- 
 tends it. Encyc. Parr. 
 
 Railial curves; in geometry, curves of the spiral 
 kind, whose ordinates all terminate in the center of 
 the including circle, and appear like so many semi- 
 diameters. ILittle used.] Bailey. 
 Ra'DI-.\NCE, ) H. [L. radians, radio, to beam or 
 Ra'DI-AN-CY, j shoot rays. See Radius and 
 Rat.] 
 
 Properly, brightness shooting in rays or beams : 
 hence, in ^eiiera/, brilliant or sparkling luster ; vivid 
 brightness ; as, the radiance of the sun. 
 
 The Son, 
 
 Girt with omnipotence, with radiance crowned 
 
 Of majesty divine. Milton. 
 
 Ra'DI-ANT, a. Emitting or darting rays of light or 
 heat ; issuing in rays ; beaming with brightness ; 
 emitting a vivid light or splendor ; as, the radiant 
 sun. 
 
 Mark what radiant state she spreads. 
 Radiant in glittering .arms and be;aniy pride. 
 
 hmion. 
 Iililton. 
 
 R.\'DI-.^NT, 7!. In optics, Ihe luminous point or object 
 fnim which light emanates. 
 
 2. In o-Mrnt'try, a straight line proceeding from a 
 given point, or fixed pole, about which it is conceived 
 to revolve. Brande. 
 
 Ra'DI-ANT-LY, adv. With beaming brightness; 
 with glittering splendor. 
 
 Ra'DI-A-RY, 71. One of the Radiata. Kirby. 
 
 Ra-DI-a'TA, Ti. pi. The fourth great division of the 
 animal kingdom, including those animals whose parts 
 are arranged round an axis, and on one or several 
 radii, or on one or several lines extending from one 
 pole to the other. This division comprehends the 
 echinoderinata, the entozoa, the acalepha, the polypi 
 or polvpods, and the infusoria. Cuvier. 
 
 Ra'DI-.XTE, i\ i. [Ij. radio. See Rav.] 
 
 1. To issue in rays, as light ; to dart, as beams of 
 brightness ; to shine. . 
 
 Light radiates fi*om luminous bodies directly to our eyes. Locke. 
 
 2. To issue and proceed in direct lines from a 
 point or surface, as heat. 
 
 Ra'DI-.XTE, v. t. To enlighten ; to illuminate ; to 
 shed light or brightness on. [Usually Irradiate.] 
 
 Jfewyt. 
 
 2. To emit or send out in direct lines from a point 
 or surface, as heat. 
 Ra'DI-ATE, a. In botany, a rayed or radiate flower 
 is a compound flower consisting of a disk, in which 
 the corolets or florets are tubular, and of a ray, in 
 which the florets are ligulate or strap-shapeil. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 Or a fl wer with several semiflosculous florets set 
 round a disk in form of a radiant star. Encyc. 
 Ra'DI-a-TED, pp. Emitted, as rays of light or lieat ; 
 adorned with rays of light. .Addison. 
 
 2. a. In mineralogy, having crystals diverging 
 from a center. 
 .3. In zoUlogy, belonging to the division Radiata. 
 Ra'DI-a-TING, ppr. or a. Emitting or darting rays 
 of light or heat; enlightening; as, the radiating 
 Ra-DI-a'TION, 71. [L. radiatio.] [point in optics. 
 
 1. The emission and diftusion of rays of light; 
 beamy brightness. Bacon. 
 
 2. The divergen«e or shooting forth of any thing 
 from a point or surface, like the diverging rays of 
 light ; as, the radiation of heat. 
 
 Ra'DI-a-TOR, 71. A body from which rays emanate. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 R.\D'I-CAL, a. [Fr., from L. radicalix, from radix, 
 root. See Race .and Rav.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the root or origin ; original ; fun- 
 damental ; as, a radical truth or error ; a radical evil ; 
 a radical dilference of opinions or systems. 
 
 2. Implanted by nature ; native ; constitutional ; 
 as, the radical moisture of a body. Bacon. 
 
 3. Primitive ; original ; underived ; unconipound- 
 ed ; as, a radical word. 
 
 4. Serving to origination. 
 
 5. In botany, proceeding immediately from the 
 root ; as, a radical leaf or peduncle. Martyn. 
 
 Radical quantity; in algebra, a quantity to which 
 the radical sign is prefixed. Brande. 
 
 Radical sign ; the sign placed before any quan- 
 tity, denoting that its root is to be extracted ; thus, 
 ^'aor^/a + b. Encyc. Bailey. 
 
 R.^D'I-e.VL, M. In philology, a primitive word ; a 
 radix, root, or simple, underived, uncompoiiniied 
 word. 
 
 2. A primitive letter; a letter that belongs to the 
 radix. 
 
 3. In modern politics, a person who advocates a 
 radical reform, or extreme measures in reforma- 
 tion. 
 
 •1. In chrmi.ftry, an element, or a simple constitu- 
 ent part of a substance, which is incapable of de- 
 coin|>osition. Parke. 
 
 That which constitutes the distinguishing part of 
 nn arid or a base, bv ils union with oxygen, or other 
 acidifying and basilying principles. Ure. 
 
 Compound radical, is a base composed of two or 
 more substances. Thus n vegetabl>> acid having a 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WII^T METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 U04 
 
RAG 
 
 rndiciil composed of liydrosrn ami carlion, is s;iiil to 
 be :in acid with a compound radtcnl. 'I'ho lerin com- 
 poinid radical is also applied to supposed saliliable 
 bases, of which cyaiiosfeii is the type. SilUinnn. 
 
 RAO'I-CAL-ISM, 71. The doctrine or principle of 
 innkini; railical reform in government, by overturn- 
 ing and changing the present state of tilings. 
 
 RAI)-I-t;.'\I-.'I-TY, 71. Origination. Broicn. 
 2. A being radical ; a quantity which lias relation 
 to a root. Bailnj, 
 
 RAD'1-eAL.-LY, adv. Originally ; at the origin or 
 root ; fiindanientally ; as, a scheme or system radi- 
 calhj wrong or defective. 
 
 2. Primitively ; essentially : originally ; without 
 derivation. 
 
 These gprcat orbs thua radically bright. Prio 
 
 RAD'r-€AL-NESS, n. The state of being radical or 
 U.\l)'I-e.\NT, n. [Ij. radicatvs.] [fundamental. 
 In botany, rooting; as, a radicant stein or leaf. 
 
 Lfie, Martijn. 
 RAD'I-GaTE, V, U [L. radicatus, radicor, from radix, 
 root.] 
 
 To root ; to plant deeply and firmly ; as, radicated 
 opinions ; radicated knowledge. GlanviUc, 
 Mi'ditution will radicate tlicse seeds. Hammond. 
 
 RADT-CATE, a. Radicated. South. 
 R.\D'l-eA-TEU, pp. or a. Rooted ; deeply planted. 
 
 Pr>;jiiilices of a whole mce of people radicated by n siiccesi^ion of 
 aS-8. Burke. 
 
 RAD'I-eS-TING,ppr.ori3. j In JntawT/, taking root from 
 RAD'I-GAN T, a. \ some part above ground, 
 
 as the joint of a stem, the extremity of a leaf, &c. 
 RAD-l-CA'TION, 71. [from rai/iaK/-.] 'I'lie process of 
 taking root deeply ; as, the radication of habits. 
 
 2. In botany, the disposition of the root of a plant 
 with respect to the ascending and descending caiidex, 
 
 Lcc. 
 
 KAD'I-ei.E, (rad'e-kl,) n. [L. rndicnia, from radi.r.] 
 1. That part of the seed of a plant which upon 
 vegetating becomes the root. F.ncyc. 
 
 •2. A name given to the fibrous parts of a root, 
 which are renewed every year, and which are the 
 Iiarts that absorb the nutriment from the earth. 
 
 RA'DI OLITES, n. pi. A genus of fossil shells hav- 
 ing the inferior valve in the shape of a reversed cone, 
 the superior valve convex. Bratide, 
 
 Ra-DI-OM'E-TER, 71. [L. radius, rod, and Gr. /ictouv, 
 measure.] 
 
 The forestafr, an instrument formerly used for 
 
 taking the altitudes of celestial bodies. Barlow. 
 RAD'ISH, >i. [Sax. radic ; D. radys ! G. radics.<! ; 
 
 Corn, rydliik ; it. raidis } W. rhuiytpjl, from rkuiyrr, 
 
 red. See Ruddy.] 
 A cultivated plant of the genus Raphanus, the 
 
 root of which is eaten raw as a salad. 
 Ra'DI-US, «. ; ;</. Radii.'[L. i(/.,a ray, a rod, a be.am, 
 
 a spoke, that is, a shoot; radio, to shine, tliat is, to 
 
 dart beams. See Rav.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a right line drawn or extending 
 from the center of a circle to the perip>hery ; the 
 semidiamer of the circle. In trigonometry, the radius 
 is equal to the sine of 90'. 
 
 2. In anatomy, the exterior bone of the fore-arm, 
 descending along with the ulna from the elbow to 
 the wrist. 
 
 3. In botany, a ray; the outer part or circumfer- 
 ence of a compound radiate flower, or radiated dis- 
 cous flower. Martyn. 
 
 RJi'Dl-US VEe'TOR, n. [h.] In <w«rorio77i7(, the 
 straight line drawn from the center of force to the 
 point of the orbit, where the body is supposed to be. 
 Tims, the radius vector of a planetary orbit, is a line 
 drawn from the center of the sun to the centre of 
 the planet in any part of that orbiu 
 
 Bratide. Olmsted. 
 
 Ra'DIX, 71. [L., a root.] In etymology, a primitive 
 word, from which spring other words. 
 
 2. In logarilhm.i, the base of any system of loga- 
 rithms, or that number whose logarithm is unity. Thus 
 in Griggs's, or the common system of logarithms, 
 the r.idi.x is 10; in Napier's it 'is 2.7182818384. All 
 other numbers are considered as some powers, or 
 roots of the radix, the exponents of which powers, 
 or roots, constitute the logarithms of those numbers 
 respectively. 
 
 3. In algebra, radix, or root, sometimes denotes a 
 finite expression, from which a series is derived. 
 
 JIutton. 
 
 R.1FF, V. t. [G. raffm, to sweep, to seize or snatch. 
 It seems to be from the root of Sax. reajian, L. rapio ; 
 
 Ch. Syr. and Heb. Ar. C__5j^ jarafa, to sweep 
 
 away ; Pers. roftan, id.] 
 
 To sweep ; to snatch, draw, or huddle together ; 
 to take by a promiscuous sweep. [ Obs.] 
 
 Their ca-uei and effects 1 thus nif up lojclher. Oireiu. 
 RXFF, 71. The sweepings o( society ; the rabble ; the 
 mob, [co^^uvies.^ This is used chiefly in the com- 
 
 ^U3 
 
 pound or duplicate, riffraff. [Pers. iCHij roflah, L. 
 quisquiliic, sweepings.] 
 2. A promiscuous heap or collection ; a jumble. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 RAF'FT.E, (rafrt,) r. i. [Fr. rafier, to sweep away, to 
 sweep stakes ; 1). ryffelrn; Sp. rifar, to raffle, and to 
 strive, to quarrel, to dispute, and to riiic, to split a 
 sail ; Port, rifa, a set of cards of the same color, 
 and a ratHe or raflling, also n craggy or steep place ; 
 rifar, to neigh, as a mettle-^ome horse ; probably 
 from riving, opening with a burst of sound, or, as we 
 say, to rip out (an otith.) The Sp. rifar, to strive, is 
 precisely the lleb. 311, to strive ; Syr. to make a tu- 
 mult or clamor; all from driving or violence. See 
 
 Class Rb, No. 4, 12, 19, Pers. j^xij roftan, to sweep, 
 
 to clean the teeth. See Raff.] 
 To cast dice for a prize, for which each person 
 
 concerned in the game lays down a stake, or hazards 
 
 a part of the value ; as, to rajle for a watch. 
 RAF'FIiE, 71. A game of chance, or lottery, in which 
 
 several persons deposit a part of the value of the 
 
 thing, in consideration of the chance of gaining it. 
 
 The successful thrower of the dice takes or sweeps 
 
 the whole. 
 RAF'PI.ER, 71. One who raffles. 
 RAF'FLINO, ;i;)7-. Tlirowing dice for a prize staked 
 
 bv a number. 
 
 RX FF'-.MER'CIIANT, 71. A lumber merchant. [Local.] 
 
 RAFT, 71. [In Dan. raft is a rack for hay ; in Sax. re- 
 ajian is the L. rapio ; qu. from floating, sweeping 
 along, or Gr. parrio, to sew, that is, to fasten to- 
 gether, and allied to reeve: or Gr. cih^i,>, whence 
 upo.tin, a flooring. See Rafter and Roof.] 
 
 An assemblage of board*, planks, or pieces of 
 timber fastened together horizontally and floated 
 down a stream ; a flt>at. Shah. Pope. 
 
 RA F T, V. t. To carry on or in a rafl. 
 
 RAFT, pp. [Sax. reafan, to seize, L. rapio; bereafan, 
 to snatch away, to bereave.) 
 
 'J'orn ; rent; severed. [Obs.] Spciiser. 
 
 RXFT'KD, pp. Carried on or in a raft. 
 
 RAFT'ER, 71. [Sax. ra-fler ; Gr. £,)£:/iw, to cover; 
 opotpn, ;i roof; Russ. strop, a roof.] 
 
 A roof timber ; a piece of timber that extends 
 from the plate of a building toward the ridge, and 
 serves to support the covering of the roof. 
 
 Jlilton. Pope. 
 
 RXFT'ER-ED, a. Built or furnished with rafters. 
 
 R.^i FT'I.N'G, ppr. Carrying on or in a raft. 
 
 RAFT'I.N'G, n. The bt'isiness of floating rafts. 
 
 RAFTS'M.\N, 71. A man who manages a raft. 
 
 RAFT'Y, o. Damp; musty. [Local.] Robinson. 
 
 RAG, 71. [Sax. hracnd, torn, ragged ; rncian, to rake; 
 Dan. rager, to rake ; rngeire, old clolhes ; Sw. raka, 
 to shave ; ragg, rough hair ; Gr. /' ricot, a torn gar- 
 ment, I'.aKuot, to tear; ^ij iK, a rupture, a rock, a 
 crag; payouy, to tear asunder; \\'. rhwygaw, to 
 rend ; Arm. roga, id. Tlie Spanish has the worti in 
 the compounds andrajo, a rag, andrajoso, ragged ; It. 
 
 straccio, a rent, a rag ; strarciare, to tear ; Ar. 0^:i 
 charaha, or garaka. to tear. Class Rg, No. 34.] 
 
 1. 7\ny piece oilcloth torn from the rest; a tat- 
 tered cloth, torn or worn till its texture is destroyed. 
 Linen and cotton rags are the chief materials of 
 paper. 
 
 2. Garments worn out ; proverbially, mean dress. 
 
 Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rngs. — Prov. xiiii. 
 
 And virme, though in rage, will keep nie warm. Dryden. 
 
 3. A fragment of dress. Hudibras. 
 RAG, r. (. [Uu. Sax. v>regian,\.n accuse ; or from the 
 
 root of rage. The sen.se is, to break or bur.st forth.] 
 To scold ; to rail. [Local.] Petrrrc. 
 
 RAG'A-BASII, ( , .„ . 
 
 RAG'A-BRAsir, ( ^" ""^' •'"eS'"' person. 
 
 RAG-A-AIUF'FIN, n. [Oil. rag and Sp. j7io/ar, to 
 mock, or It. muffo, musty.] 
 
 A pajtry fellow ; a mean wretch. Sicift. 
 
 R.AG'-BoI.T, 71. An iron pin with barbs on its shank 
 to retain it in its placi;. Jlar. Diet. 
 
 RaGE, 71. [Fr. rage, whence enrager, to enrage; 
 Corn, arraick ; .\rm. arragi, arragein, to enrage. 
 This belongs to the family of Rg, Co break or burst 
 forth. (See R\n.) Perhaps Heb. Ch. and Syr. pin, 
 to grind or gnash the teeth ; in Ar. to burn, to break, 
 to craft, to grind the teeth, to be angry. The radical 
 sense of 6iim is in many cases to rage or be violent. 
 Class Rg, No. 34.] 
 
 1. Violent anger accompanied with furious words, 
 gestures, or agitation ; anger excited to fury. Passion 
 sometimes rises to rage. 
 
 Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. Milton, 
 
 2. Vehemence or violent ex.acerbation of anv thing 
 painful ; .as, the rage of pain ; the rage of a fever ; 
 the rrij-e of hunger or thirst. " Pope. 
 
 3. Fury ; extreme violence ; as of a tempest. 
 
 4. Enthusiasm ; rapture. 
 
 Who br„il;;lit nn^eu 
 And in;ido Uiut un 
 
 I'<)*'»y to her perfect age 
 vliich w;iB a rage. 
 
 0,u:iey. 
 
 5. Extreme eagerness or passion directed to some 
 object ; as, the rage for money. 
 
 Yon porchase 
 ind die of aol 
 
 pain with all th!\t Joy can give, 
 iiiiiff l>ut a rage to live. 
 
 g hut a rage to live. Poj<e. 
 
 RAGE, r. i. To be furious with anger ; to be exas- 
 periited to fury ; to be violently agitated with pas- 
 sion. 
 
 At this he inly raged. jA/i/Mn. 
 
 2. To bo violent and tumultuous. 
 
 Why tlo the heathen rage 7 — Ps. ii. 
 
 3. To bo violently driven or agitated ; as, the 
 raging sea or winds. 
 
 4. To ravage ; to prevail without restraint, or with 
 fatal effect ; as the plague rages in Cairo. 
 
 5. To bo driven with impetuosity ; to act or mnvn 
 furiously. 
 
 The chariots shall rage In the streets. — Nah. ii. 
 
 The niaddntg w heels of brazen chariots ragetl. ^rdlon. 
 
 6. To toy wantonly; to sport. [JVu< iii inc.] 
 
 Oower 
 
 RS6E'FyL, o. Full of rage; violent; furious. 
 
 Sidna/. Hammond. 
 Ra'GER-Y, 71. Wantonness. [Ao« used.] Chaucer. 
 R.AGG, 71. A silicioiis sandstone. [See ICAtjsroNE.] 
 RAG'GED, a. [from rag.] Rent or worn into tatters, 
 or till its texture is broken ; as, a ragged coat ; a 
 ragged sail. Arbutlwot, 
 
 2. Broken with rough edges ; uneven ; as, a ragged 
 rock. 
 
 3. Having the appearance of being broken or torn ; 
 jagged ; rough with sharp or irregular points. 
 
 The moon appears, when looked upon tlirou^h a pood glass, rude 
 arul ragged. Burnet. 
 
 4. Wearing tattered clothes ; as, a ragged fellow.' 
 
 5. Rough ; rugged. 
 
 What shepherd owns those ragged sheep ? Dryden. 
 
 RAG'GED-NESS, 71. The state of being dressed in 
 
 tatteretl clothes. 
 2. 'I'he stale of being rough or broken irregularly ; 
 
 as, the raggedness of a cliff. 
 RACING, p/)r. ora. [fromrao-c.] Acting with violence 
 
 or fury. 
 
 2. Furious ; impetuous ; vehemenlly driven or 
 agitated ; as, the raging sea or tempest. 
 
 RACING, 71. Fury ; violence ; inipetuositv. ./oiia/i i. 
 
 RaCINGLY, arfu. With fury; with violent impet- 
 uosity. Hall. 
 
 RAG'MAN, 71. A m.an who collects or deals in rags,, 
 the materials of pajier. Rawlinson. 
 
 RA(;'.MAN'S-KoLL, 7i. The record, contained on 
 rolls of parchment, of those instruments by which 
 the Scottish nobility and gentry subscribed aliegitince 
 to Edward I. of England, A. D. 1296. [See Rioma- 
 BOLK.l P. Cijc. 
 
 RA-GOUT', (ra-goo',) 71. [Vr. ragout; ^rm. ragoud.] 
 A sauce or seasoning for exciting a languid ap- 
 petite ; or a high-seasoned dish, prepared with fish, 
 flesh, greens, and the like, stewed with salt, pepper, 
 cloves, &c. Enciic. 
 
 RAG'STo.VE, 71. A dark-gray silieious sandstone; 
 called also Rowlev Raoo. Bratide. 
 
 R.VGU'LKD, ) [In /icraWri/, a cross roTii/f/i may be 
 
 RAG-GO'l./'.'D, i best understood by calling it two 
 ragged starts in a cross. Bailey. — E. H. Barker.] 
 
 RAG'-WHEEL, 71. In machinery, a wheel having a 
 notched or serrated margin. 
 
 RAG'WORT, 71, A plant of the genus Senecio. 
 
 RaID, 71, A hostile or predatory incursitm. [StoU 
 tish.] Walter Scott 
 
 RAIL, 71. [G. riegtl, rail, bolt, or bar ; W. rhail.] 
 
 1. A piece of limber, or of iron, or other metal, 
 extending from one post or support to another, .as in 
 fences, balustrades, staircases, &.c. 
 
 2. The horizontal part in any piece of framing or 
 paneling. Brande. 
 
 3. In a ship, a narrow plank nailed for ornament 
 or security on a ship's upper works ; also, a curved 
 piece of timber extending from the bows of a ship to 
 the continuation of its stem, to support the knee of 
 the head, Jtc. Mar. Dirt. 
 
 RAIL, 71. A bird of the genus Rallus, consisting of 
 many sjiecies. The water-rail has a long, slender 
 hotly, with short, concave wings. The birds of this 
 genus inhabit the slimy margins of rivers and ponds 
 covered with marsh plants, and also other moist 
 places. Partington. 
 
 RAIL, 71. [Sa.T. hraigle,ra;gle, from icrigan, to put on 
 or cover, to rig,] 
 
 A woman's upper g.annent ; retained in the word 
 NiGHTBAiL, but not Used in the United States. 
 
 RAIL, V. t. To inclose with rails. 
 
 Carew. Spectator. 
 2. To range in a line. Bacon. 
 
 R.AIL, 17. I. [D. raUcn, to jabber ; Sp. ralla, u< grate, 
 to molest ; Port, ralhar, to swagger, to hector, to 
 huff, to scold. This corresponds nearly wilh the G. 
 prahlen, which may be the same wor«l wilh a prenx. 
 Eng. to brawl, I'r. brailler ; Sw. ralla, to prale ; Fr. 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, ITXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 114 
 
 905 
 
RAl 
 
 railler, to rally. In Dan. driller signifies to drill and 
 to banter.] 
 
 To utter reproaches ; to scoff ; to use insolent and 
 reproachful language; to reproach or censure in op- 
 probrious terms ; followed by at or against, furnierly 
 by on. Skak._ 
 And mil at arts he dkl not understand. Dryden. 
 Lesbia forever on me rails. iitcifl, 
 RaIL'-FENCE, n. A fence made of wooden rails. 
 R.AlL'-ROAD, i 7t. [rail and road, or way.] A road 
 RaIL'-VVaY, ( or way on which iron rails are laid 
 for wheels to run on, for the conveyance of heavy 
 loads in vehicles. 
 
 [It may be well to confine railroad to the highway, 
 in which a railway is laid, and to use T-aiZ-Kiu;/ only 
 for the rails when laid. This would be a useful dis- 
 tinction.] 
 
 R.^IIj'ER, 7!. One who scoffs, insults, censures, or 
 reproaches with opprobrious language. 
 
 South. Thomson. 
 R.^ IL'ING, ppr. Clamoring with insulting language; 
 uttering reproachful words. 
 
 2. a. Expressing reproach ; insulting ; as, a rail- 
 in<r accusation. 2 Pvt. ii. 
 RaII/I.N'G, 71. Reproachful or insolent language. 1 
 Pet. iii. 
 
 R.\IL'TNG, ppr. Inclosing with rails. 
 RaIL'LN'G, 71. A series of rails ; a fence. 
 
 2. Rails in general ; or the materials for rails. 
 R.* [L'l.VG-LY, adv. With scoffing or insulting lan- 
 RAIL'LER-V, (ral'ler-y,) ti. [Fr. railhrie.] [guage. 
 Banter; jesting language; good-humored pleas- 
 antly or slight satire ; satirical merriment. 
 
 Lei raillery be wilbout malice or heat. B. Jonson. 
 
 StuUifs employed on low objects ; tlie very naming of them Li 
 Bulficienl to torn them into raillery. Addison. 
 
 RA-IL-LEUR', (tH-W-ym',) n. [Fr.] A bantercr ; a 
 jester ; a tnocker. [Aot English, nor in use.'] Sprat. 
 
 R.\I'.MENT, 71. [For .\rrayment ; Norm, araer, to ar- 
 ray; araies, array, apparel. See Array and Ray.] 
 
 1. Clothing in general; vestments; vesture; gar- 
 ments. Gc7i. xxiv. Deut. viii. 
 
 Living, both food and raimejU she supplies. Dryden. 
 
 2. A single garment. Sidney. 
 [In this sense it ts rarely used, and indeed is im- 
 proper.] 
 
 RaIX, v. i. [Sax. hregiian, regnan, renian, rinan, to 
 rain ; Goth, rign, rain ; Sax. racu, Cimbric raekia, 
 ram ; D. and G. regen, rain ; D. regenen, to rain ; Sw. 
 regn, rain ; regna, to rain ; Dan. 7-e^7i, rain ; regner, 
 to rain ; G. heregnen, lo rain on. It seems that rain 
 is contracted from regen. It is the Gr. lipcxui, to 
 rain, to water,"Vhich we retain in bniok, and the 
 Latins, by dropping the prefix, in rigo, irrigo, to ir- 
 rigate. The primary sense is, to pour out, to drive 
 
 forth, Ar. i^j.J baraka, coinciding with Ileb. Ch. 
 
 and ."Syr. 113. Class Brg, No. 3.] 
 
 1. To fall in drops from the clouds, as water ; used 
 mostly with it for a nominative; as, it rains; it will 
 rain; it rained, or it has rained. 
 
 2. To fall (jr drop like rain ; as, tears rained at their 
 eyes. Milton. 
 
 RAIN, r. t. To pour or shower down from the upper 
 regions, like rain from the clouds. 
 
 Th'-n said the Lord to Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from 
 
 heaven for you. — Kx. xvi. 
 God shall cast the fory of his wrBth npon him, and shall rain it 
 
 upon him while he is eating. — Job XX. 
 Upon th» wiclted he sIi-aII rain snares, fire and brimstone, and a 
 horrible tempest. — Ps. xi. 
 
 SAIN, 71. [Sax. rtegn, regn, ren.] 
 
 Water falling in drops from the atmosphere ; or 
 the descent of water in drops from the atmosphere. 
 Rain is distinguished from mist by the size of the 
 drops, which are distinctly visilile. When water 
 falls in very .small drops or particles, we call it 77iis( ,• 
 and fog is composed of particles so fine as to be not 
 only indLstinguishable, but to float or be suspcniled 
 in the air. 
 
 RAIN'liEAT, a. Beaten or injured by the rain. [JVot 
 iLsed.] flail. 
 
 HAIN'BOW, 7!. A bow, or an arch of a circle, con- 
 sisting of all the colors formed by the refraction and 
 reflection of rays of light from drops of rain or va- 
 por, appearing in the part of the lieinisphere opposite 
 to the sun. When the sun is at the horizon, the 
 rainbow is a sumicircle. The rainbow i.s called also 
 Ibis. J^ewton. 
 
 The moQn sometimes forms a bow or arch of light, 
 more faint than that formed by the sun, and calletl 
 lunar rainbow. Himilar hows, at sen, arc called marine 
 rainbfrws, or sea-bows. Kncyc. 
 
 RAI.V'BriW-KI), a. Formed with a rainbow. 
 
 RAIN'linW-TlNT-EU, a. Having lints like those of 
 a rainliinv. Uutler. 
 
 RAIN'DEER. See Rkindekr. 
 
 IlALV'-'JAlKiE, ( 71. [rain and gauge.] An instrii- 
 RAIN'-tJAGI',, ( mi nt to measure the tpiantity of 
 
 rain that falls nt any givtm filace. Brande. 
 RAI.N'I-NESH, 71. [from rainy.] The mate of being 
 
 rainy. 
 
 RAI 
 
 RaIN'ING, ppr. Pouring i>r showering down from 
 the upper regions, as water from the dotids. 
 
 R.\IN'-TiGHT, (-tite,) a. So tight as to exclude rain. 
 
 RaIN'-WA-TI;R, 71. Water that has fallen from the 
 clouds. Boyle, 
 
 RaIN'Y, a. Abounding with rain; wet; showery; 
 as, rainy weather ; a rainy day or season. 
 
 RAIP, 71. A rod to measure ground. 
 
 RAISE, (rdze,) v. t. [Goth, raisyan, ur-raisyan, to 
 raise, to rouse, to excite ; nr-reisan, to rise. This word 
 occurs often in the Gothic version of the Gospels, 
 Luke iii. 8, John vi. 40, 44. In Sw. resa signifies to 
 go, walk, or travel, and to raise; Dan. rejser, the 
 same. Tliese verbs appear to be the L. gradior, gres- 
 sns, without the prefix ; and gradior is the Shemitic 
 mi, which has a variety of significations, but, in 
 Syriac, to go, to walk, to pass, as in Latin. Whether 
 the Swedish and Danish verbs are from different 
 roots, blentled by usage or accident, or whether the 
 different senses have proceeded from one common 
 signification, to move, to open, to stretch, let the 
 reader judge.] 
 
 1. To lift ; to take up ; to heave ; to lift from a low 
 or reclining posture ; as, to raise a stone or weight ; 
 to raise the body in bed. 
 
 The angel smote Peter on tlie side and raised him up. — Acts xii. 
 
 2. To set U])right ; as, to raise a mast. 
 
 3. To set up ; to erect ; to set on its foundations 
 and put together ; as, to raise the frame of a house. 
 
 4. To build ; as, to raise a city, a fort, a wall, &,c. 
 
 I will raise forts against thee. — Is. xxix. Amos ix. 
 
 5. To rebuild. 
 
 They shall raise up the former desolations. — Is. Ixi. 
 
 6. To form to some hight by accumulation ; as, to 
 raise a heap of stones. Josh. viii. 
 
 7. To make ; to produce ; to amass ; as, to raise a 
 great estate out of sm til profits. 
 
 8. To enlarge ; to amplify. Shak. 
 
 9. To exalt; to elevate in condition ; as, to raise 
 one from a low estate, 
 
 10. To exalt; to advance; to promote in rank or 
 honor ; as, to raUe one to an office of distinction. 
 
 This gentleman came to be mised to great titles. Clarerulon. 
 
 11. To enhance ; to increase ; as, to raise the value 
 of coin ; to raise the price of goods. 
 
 12. To increase in current value. 
 
 The plate pieces of eight were raised three pence in the piece. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 13. To excite ; to put in motion or action ; as, to 
 raise a tempest or tumult. 
 
 He coinmandeth and raiseth the stormy wind. — Ps. cvii. 
 
 14. To excite to sedition, insurrection, war, or tu- 
 mult ; to stir up. Acts xxiv. 
 
 ^neas then employs his pains 
 In parts remote to raise tlie '1 uscan swains. rhyden. 
 
 15. To rouse ; to awake ; to stir up. 
 
 They shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep. — Job 
 xiv. 
 
 16. To increase in strength ; to excite from languor 
 or weakness. The pulse is raised by stimulants, 
 sometimes by venesection. 
 
 17. To give beginning of importance to ; to elevate 
 into reputation ; as, to raise a family. 
 
 18. To bring into being. 
 
 God vouchsafes to raise another world 
 
 From liim. Mlllon. 
 
 19. To bring from a state of death to life. 
 
 He was delivered for our olTenses, and raised ag.un for our Jus- 
 tification. — Rom. iv. I Cor. xv, 
 
 20. To call into view from the state of separate 
 spirits ; as, to raise a spirit by spells and incanta 
 tions. Sandys. 
 
 21. To invent and propagate ; to originate ; to oc- 
 casion ; as, to raise a report or story. 
 
 22. To set up ; to excite ; to begin by loud utter- 
 ance ; as, to raise a shout or cry. Dryden. 
 
 23. To utter loudly ; to begin to sound or clamor, 
 lie raised his voice against the measures of adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 24. To utter with more strength or elevation ; to 
 swell. Let the speaker 7-awe his voice. 
 
 2."). To collect; to obtain ; to bring into a sum or 
 fund. Government raises money by taxes, excise, 
 and imposts. Private persons and companies raise 
 money for their enterprises. 
 
 26. To levy ; to collect ; to bring into service ; as, 
 lo raise troops ; to raijje an army. Milton. 
 
 27. To give rise to. Milton. 
 
 28. To cause to grow ; to procure to bo protluced, 
 bred, or propagated ; as, to raise wheat, barley, hops, 
 &.C. ; to rai.ve horses, oxen, or sheep. JVew Kniflund 
 
 [The English now use Grow in regard to crops ; 
 as, to grow wheat. This verb intransitive has never 
 been used in New England in a transitive sense, un- 
 til recently some persons have adopted it from the 
 English books. We always use Raise ; but in New 
 England it is never ui>|>lii'd to the breeding of the 
 human race, as it is in the Soulherh Stales. In the 
 north, We say, to raii-e wheal, and to raise horses or 
 
 RAK 
 
 cattle, but not to raise men ; though we say, to raise 
 a sickly child.] 
 
 29. To cause to swell, heave, and become light ; 
 as, to raise dough or paste by yeast or leaven. 
 
 Miss Liddy can dance a jig and raise paste. Spectator. 
 
 30. To excite ; to animate with fresh vigor; as, to 
 raise the spirits or courage. 
 
 31. To ordain; to .ippoint ; or to call to and pre- 
 pare ; to furnish with gifts and qualifications suited to 
 a purpose ; a scriptural sense. 
 
 I will rai^e them up a prophet from among their brelliren. — 
 Deut. xviii. 
 
 For tliis c;iuse have I raised thee up, to show in thee my power. 
 — Kx. ix. Judges li. 
 
 32. To keep in remembrance. Ruth iv. 
 
 33. To cause to exist by propagation. Matt. xxii. 
 
 34. To incite ; to prompt. Eira i. 
 
 35. To increase in intensity or strength ; as, to 
 raise the heat of a furnace. 
 
 36. In seamen's language, to elevate, as an object 
 by a gradual approach to it ; to bring to be seen at a 
 greater angle ; as, to raise the land ; to raise a point. 
 
 T'o(fe7i. 
 
 To raise a purchase, in seamen's language, is to 
 dispose instruments or machines in such a manner 
 as to exert any mechanical force required. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 To raise a siege, is to remove a besieging army 
 and relinquish an attempt to take the place by that 
 mode of attack, or to cause the attempt to be relin- 
 quished. 
 
 RAIS'iCD, (razd,) pp. or a. Lifted ; elevated ; ex- 
 alted ; promoted ; set upright ; built ; made or en- 
 larged ; produced ; enhanced ; excited ; restored to 
 life ; levied ; collected ; roused ; invented and prop- 
 agated ; increased. 
 
 RAIS'ER, 71. One who raises ; that which raises ; one 
 that builds ; one that levies or collects ; one that be- 
 gins, produces, or propagates. Baron. Taylor. 
 
 2. Among joiners, one of the upright boards of the 
 frtmt of the steps of a flight of stairs. Buchanan. 
 
 RAI'S/N, (ra'zn,) ti. [Fr. and Ir. id. ; Arm. rarsin, 
 resin ; D. rozyn ; G. rosine, a raisin, and rosinfarbe, 
 crimson (raisin color ;) Dan. ro.sirt. In Dan. and 
 Sw. rosea signifies the erysipelas. It is evident 
 that the word is from the same rtiot as red and rose, 
 being named from the color. (See Red and Rose.) 
 This word is in some places pronounced corruptly 
 reezTi. The pronunciation of Sheridan, Perry, and 
 Jameson accords with that which prevails in the 
 Eastern States, which is regular, and which I have 
 followed.] 
 
 A dried grape. Grapes are suffered to remain on the 
 vines tiinliey are perfectly ripe, and then dried in an 
 oven, or by exposure to the heat of the sun. Those 
 dried in the sun are the sweetest. Hdl. 
 
 RilS'ING, ppr. Lifting; elevating; setting upright ; 
 exalting; producing; enhancing; restoring to life; 
 collecting ; levying ; propagating, &c. 
 
 RAIS'ING, 71. The act of lifting, setting up, elevating, 
 exalting, producing, or restoring to life. 
 
 2. In JVeio England, the operation or work of set- 
 ting up the frame of a building. 
 
 Ra'JAH, I rr ■ i 
 
 RX'JA, i "• "S"^-^ 
 
 In India, a native prince or king. P. Cye. 
 
 RA'JAH SIIIP, 71. The dignity or principality of a 
 rajah. Asiat. Res. 
 
 RAJ POOT', 71. A Hindoo of the military tribe or 
 order. 
 
 RAKE, 71. [Sax. raca, race; G. rechen; \r.raca; W. 
 rhacai, rhacan. See the verb.] 
 
 An instrument consisting ot a head-piece in which 
 teeth are iiLserted, and a long handle at right angles 
 to it ; used for collecting hay or other light things 
 whicii are spread over a large surface, or in gardens 
 for breaking and smoothing the earth. 
 
 R.^KE, 71. [Dan. rakcl ; probably from the root of 
 break.] 
 
 A loose, disorderly, vicious man ; a man addicted 
 to lewdness and other ntandalous vices. 
 
 Addison. Pope. 
 
 RAKE, 71. [Sax. mean, to reach.] 
 
 1. The projection of the upper parts of a ship, at 
 the hight of the stem and stern, beyond the extrem- 
 ities of the keel. The distance between a pcrpcn- 
 dicul.'ir line from the extremity of stem or stern to 
 the end of the kccl„.is the length of the rake; one 
 the fore-rake, the other the rake-aft. 
 
 2. The inclination of a mast from a perpendicular 
 direction. Mar. Did. 
 
 •3. The forward inclination of a mill-saw. 
 RAKE, i>. t. [Sax. racion ; Sw. rnAa ; Dan. rager, to 
 shave, to rake ; Corn, rackan ; W. rhacann ; Ir. 
 raca77i ; O. rechen; Fr. racier; Arm. rne/o. The I). 
 hark, harken, is our harrow, but of the same family, 
 the great family of break, crack, L. frico. Class Rg, 
 No. 34, 38, 47.] 
 
 1. Properly, to scrape ; to rub or scratch with 
 eomelhing rough ; as, to rake the ground. 
 
 2. To gather with a rake ; as, to rake hay or bar- 
 Icy. 
 
 3. To clear with a rake ; to smooth with a rake ; 
 as, to rake a bed in a garden ; to rake land. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MKTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpOK.— 
 
RAM 
 
 4. To collect or draw togi-tlicr sometliing scat- 
 tered ; to giitlier by viideiice ; as, to rake toRctliiT 
 weallli ; to rakr together slanderous tales ; to rake 
 together the rabble of a town. 
 
 5. To scour ; to searcli with eagerness all corners 
 of a place. 
 
 The ■tatesman rakea the town to find a plot. Stei/t. 
 
 6. In llie military art, to enfilade ; to fire in a direc- 
 tion Willi the length of any thing ; particularhj, in 
 vacal cngasemenU, to ral!e is to cannonade a ship on 
 the stern' or head, so that the balls range the whole 
 length of the deck. Hence the phrase, to rote a ship 
 fore and aft. 
 
 To ralic up, applied to fire, is to cover the fire with 
 ashes. 
 
 KaKE, r. i. To scrape; to scratch into for finding 
 something ; to search minutely and meanly ; as, to 
 ralte into a dunghill. Simlli. 
 
 2. To search with minute inspection into every 
 part. 
 
 One is for raking in Chaucer for oiitiqunted wofds. Itryilen, 
 
 3. To pass with violence or rapidity. 
 
 Pa« coulil not stay, but over him did rake, Sidney. 
 
 4. To seek by raking ; as, to rake for oysters. 
 
 5. To k.'id a dissolute, debauched life. Sliciistone. 
 fi. To incline from a perpendicular direction ; as, a 
 
 mast rakejt aft. 
 RAK'f."!), (rfikt,) pp. Scraped ; gathered with arake ; 
 
 cli ancd with a rake ; cannonaded fore and all. 
 UAKK'lil'.LL, II. [Dan. rakcl; now contracted into 
 
 rake ; properly rakd.] 
 
 A lewd, dissolute fellow ; a debauchee ; a rake. 
 R.\Kr,'llEL,-LV', a. Dissolute; wild. B. Jonson. 
 KAK'lCIt, II. One that rakes. 
 
 1{aK1:'.-<11.\.ME, II, A vile, dissolute wretch. Milton. 
 
 U A K'l.N CI, ppr. Scraping; gathering with a rake; 
 cleaning and smoothing with a nike ; cannonading 
 in the direction of the length ; inclining. 
 
 And reikins chase-guns Uirough our sterns they scn<I. Dryden. 
 
 2. a. That rakes ; as, a raking fire or shot. 
 R.aK'ING, II. The act of using a rake ; the act or op- 
 eration of collecting with a rake, or of cleaning and 
 smoothing with a rake. 
 
 2. The space of ground raked at once ; or the 
 quantity of hay, &c., collected by once passing the 
 rake. 
 
 3. The course of life of a rake or debauchee. 
 R.aK'ISH, a. Given to a dissolute life; lewd; de- 
 bauched. RichartUon. 
 
 2. In vessels, having a great rake, or backward in- 
 clination of the masts. 
 RaK'ISII-LY, adv. In a rakish manner. 
 R.\K'ISH-Nr,SS, II. Dissolute practices. 
 RAL'Ll-A.XCE, ii. Act of rallying. 
 R.\L'LI-/;D, pp. Reuiritcd and reduced to order. 
 
 2. Treated with pleasantry. 
 R.\L'LV, r. t. [Fr. rallier. This seems to be a com- 
 pound of re, ra, and Her, L. ligo, to unite.] 
 
 1. To rciinite ; to collect and reduce to order 
 troops dispersed or thrown into confusion. 
 
 2. To collect i to unite ; as things scattered. 
 
 Atltrbunj. 
 
 RAL'LY, r. u [Fr. railler. Sec Raillerv.] 
 
 To att.ack with raillery, either in good humor and 
 pleasantry, or with slight contempt or satire, accord- 
 ing to the nature of the ca:>e. 
 
 Honeycomb ralligt me upon a country life. Addison. 
 
 Str^piiun had lung conf^-sSf-d his ainorutis pain, 
 
 Which gay Curiiuia raUied witli disilain. Cay. 
 
 RAL'LY, V. i. To assemble ; to unite. 
 
 Innuniemble pnns of matter ch.uicetl then to rally together, and 
 to Ibnn dienisclves into Uns new world. TiUoUon. 
 
 2. To come back to order. 
 
 The Grecians rally and their powers unite. Drydtn, 
 
 3. To use pleasantry or satirical merriment. 
 
 Jalm.son. 
 
 RAL'LY, n. The act of bringing disordered troops to 
 their ranks. 
 
 2. Exercise of good humor or satirical merriment. 
 R.\L'LV-L\G, ppr. Reuniting J collecting and re- 
 ducing to order. 
 2. Treating with pleasant humor. 
 RAM, II. [Sax. rant ; 0. ram ; G. raiiim, but rammbock, 
 rambiick, is used. Sec the verb.] 
 
 1. The male of the sheep or ovine genus ; in some 
 parts of England called a tup. In the United Suites, 
 the word is applied, I believe, to no other male, ex- 
 cept in the compound ram-cat. 
 
 2. In astronomij, Aries, the sign of the zodiac 
 which the sun enters about the 21st of March, or a 
 constellation of fixed star? in the figure of a ram. 
 It is considered the first of the twelve signs. 
 
 3. All engine of war, used formerly for battering 
 and demolishing the walls of cities, called a Battkb- 
 iwq-Ram. 
 
 4. A machine for raising water by means of the 
 momenium or moving force of a part of the water 
 to be raised, called Hydraulic Ram or Water-Ram. 
 
 Jlrbcrt. 
 
 RAM, 9. L [G.rammen; D. rammeijen ; Dan. ram/cr, 
 to mm or drive ; rammer, to strike, to hit, to touch ; 
 
 RAM 
 
 VV. rAniij, rkum, a thrusting, a projection forward. 
 To the same family belong L. rmnit.i, a branch, that 
 is, a shoot or thrust, Heb. t'li. and Syr. noi raiiiuA, 
 
 to throw, to project, Etli. I'arm, to strike ; Ar. 
 
 ramai, to shoot, to throw or dart. Class Rm, 
 
 No. 7, 8, 9. See Cram.] 
 
 1. 'J'o thrust or drive with violence; to force in ; 
 to drive down or together ; as, to ram down a car- 
 tridge ; to ram piles into the earth. 
 
 2. To drive, as with a battering-ram. 
 
 3. To stuff ; to cram. 
 
 RAM'A-DAN, ii. The great annual fa.st, or Lent of 
 the Mohammedans, kept through their ninth month, 
 called Ramadan. 
 
 R.VM'AGE, II. [L. ramus, a branch, whence Fr. ram- 
 age.] 
 
 1. Rranclies of trees. [JVut in use.']. 
 
 2. The warbling of birds sitting on boughs. 
 
 3. S(5e RuHMAdK. [Drummond. 
 RAM'BLE, (rani'hl,) v. i. [It. ramcngare, to iambic, to 
 
 rove ; Arm. rombreal, to rave ; \V. rhempiaic, to run 
 to an extreme, to he infatuated, and rhumu, to rise 
 or reach over, to soar. These seem to be allied to 
 
 roam, romp, rampant; Ar. to exceed or go be- 
 yond, to depart. Class Rm, No. .').] 
 
 1. To rove ; to wander ; to walk, ride, or sail from 
 place to place, without any determinate object in 
 view ; or to visit many places ; to rove carelessly or 
 irregularly ; as, to ramble about the city ; to ramble 
 over the country. 
 
 Nfver asV leave to go abroad, for you will be tlioiight an idle, 
 mndjling fellow. Smi/t. 
 
 2. To go at large without restraint and witliout 
 direction. 
 
 3. To move without certain direction. 
 
 O'er his ample sides, tlie rambling sprays 
 Luxuriant shout. 
 
 Tho 
 
 RAM'BLE, n. A roving; a wandering; a going or 
 moving frt>in place lo place without any determinate 
 business or object ; an irregular e.\cui'sion. 
 
 Coming home al>er a short Christmas rain^^, 1 found a letter 
 upon my table. Swi/t. 
 
 RAM'BLER, n. One that rambles; a rover; a wan- 
 derer. 
 
 RA.M'BLING, ppr. or a. Roving ; wandering ; moving 
 
 or going irregularly. 
 R.VM'BLING, II. A roving; irregular excursion. 
 
 Soutlu 
 
 R.\M'BLING-LY, adv. In a rambling manner. 
 RA.M'BOOZE, j II. A drink iiiaile of wiue, ale, eggs, 
 R.\.M'BCSE, i and sugar in winter, or of wine, 
 milk, sugar, and rose-water in summer. Bailey. 
 
 RAM'E-aifrN, (kin,) I [Fr. ramevuin.] 
 
 In cookery, a name given to small slices of bread 
 covered with a farce of cheese and eggs. Bailn/. 
 
 RAil-EN-TA'CEOUS, a. In botany, covered with 
 weak, shriveled, brown, scale-like processes; as the 
 leaves of many ferns. Lindley. 
 
 R.AM'ENTS, n. pL [L. ranenta, a chip.] 
 
 1. Scrapings ; shavings. [A'ot used.] 
 
 2. Ramen'ta, pi. In botany, loose scales on the 
 stems of plants. Linmcus. 
 
 RA'.ME-OUS, a. [L, ramus, a branch.] 
 
 la botany, belonging to a branch; growing on or 
 shooting from a branch. Lee. 
 R.\M-I-FI-eA'TION 11. [ Fr., from L. romu.?, a branch.] 
 
 1. The process of branching or shooting branches 
 from a stem. 
 
 2. A branch ; a small division proceeding from a 
 main slock or channel ; as, the rami/Jcatioi« of a fam- 
 ily ; the ramifications of an artery. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 3. A division or subdivision ; as, the ramifications 
 of a subject or scheme. 
 
 4. In botany, the manner in which a tree produces 
 its branches or boughs. Lee. 
 
 5. The productiim of figures resembling branches. 
 R.AM'I-FI-KD, pp. Divided into branches. [F.ncyc. 
 R.'VM'I-F?, v.t. [Fr. ramifier ; L. ramits, a branch, 
 
 and facio, lo make.] 
 
 To divide into branches or parts ; as, lo ramify an 
 art, a siibjecl, or scheme. Boyle. 
 R.\.M'I-FY, V. i. To shoot into branches, as the stem 
 of a plant. 
 
 When the aspar:tg\ij begins tn rorm/y. Arliuthnot. 
 2. To bo divided or subdivided, as a main sub- 
 ject or scheme. 
 R.\.M'I-FY-ING, ppr. Shooting into branches or di- 
 visions. 
 
 RAM'MKD,(ranid,) pp. [See Ram.] Driven forcibly. 
 RA.M'.MER, n. One that rams or drives. 
 
 2. An instrument for driving any thing with force ; 
 as, a rommrr for driving stones or piles, or for beat- 
 ing the earth to more solidity. 
 
 3. .\ gun-slick ; a rod for forcing down the charge 
 of a gun. 
 
 RAN 
 
 RA.M'.MISII, a. [Dan. rain, bitter, strong-scenti d.J 
 Rank ; strong-scented. Chaucer, 
 RA.M'.MlSil-NKSS, n. [from ram.] Rankness ; a strong 
 scent. 
 
 RAM'.MING, ppr. Driving with force. 
 
 UAiM'iMV, a. Like a ram ; Htroiig-scented. Burton, 
 
 RA.M-OL-LES'CENCE, n. [Fr. ramoUir.] 
 
 A softening or mollifying. Caldirrll. 
 
 R.\-MO().\', 11. A small West Indian tree of the ge- 
 nus Trnphii, whose leaves and twigs are used as 
 fodder for cattle. P. Cyc. 
 
 RA'iloL^' \ ^"""'^1 rmnus, a brancli.] 
 
 1. Ill botany, branched, as a stem or root ; having 
 lateral tlivisiuns. Jtlartyn, 
 
 2. Branchy; consisting of branches > full of branch- 
 es. JVeicton. Woodward. 
 
 RAMP, V. i. [Fr. ramper, to creep ; It. ranipa, a paw ; 
 rampare, tt> paw ; rampicare, to creep ; W. rhanip, a 
 rise or reach over; rhamant, a rising up, a vaulting 
 or springing ; rhamu, lo reach over, lo soar, tu vault. 
 See Kamhl£ and Romance.] 
 
 1. To climb, as a plant ; to creep up. 
 
 Flunts funiished with tendrils ailch tiuUl, and so ramping on 
 trees, Uiey mount to a great higiil. Kay. 
 
 2. To spring ; to leap ; to bound ; to prance ; to 
 frolic. 
 
 Their bridles they would champ — 
 
 And trampliiijr Ihe fine element, would fiercely ramp. Sjirnter. 
 Sjxirting tlio lion ramped. .^/tlton. 
 
 [In the latter sense, the word is usu.ally written 
 and pronounced Romp ; the word being originally pro- 
 nttiiiiced with a broad.] 
 RA.MI', n. A leap ; a spring; a bound. Milton. 
 
 2. In arcliitecture, a concave bend or slope in the 
 cap or upper member of any piece of ascending or 
 descending workmanship. Brande. . 
 
 3. In /orfi/icarioii, a road cut ohliiiuely into, or add- 
 ed to, the interior slope of the rampart. 
 
 Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 
 RAMP'.^GE, V. i. To scour up and down, or prance 
 about in a riotous manner. Halliirrll. 
 [Used in Scotland, and sometimes in England.] 
 
 RAM-P.\L'LIAN, (-pal'yan,) n. A mean wretch. [Jvof 
 in Msr.J Shak. 
 
 R.\MP' AN-CY, n. [from rampaiif.] Excessive growth 
 or practice ; excessive prevalence ; exuberance ; ex- 
 travagance ; as, the rampancy of vice. South. 
 
 RAMP'.A.N'T, a. [Fr., from ramper; Sa.x. rempend, 
 headlong. [See Kamp and Ramrle.] 
 
 1. Overgrowing the usual bounds; rank in growth ; 
 exuberant ; as, rampant weeds. Clarissa, 
 
 2. Overleaping restraint ; as, rampanf vice. South. 
 
 3. In heraldry, a lion rampant is a lion combatant, 
 rearing upon one of his hinder feet, and attacking a 
 man. It differs from Sai.iant, which indicates the 
 posture of springing or making a sally. Encyc. 
 
 The lion rntnjtant ehakes hi!> trindrd ninne. Milton. 
 
 RAMP'.ANT-LY, adv. In a rampant manner. 
 R.A.M'PA RT, I II. [I>. rempnrt; Arm. rumpari, ram- 
 R.\M'PlEil, \ parzi ; Fr. rcmpcrr?-, to fence or in- 
 trench one's self; It. nparamento, from riparare, to 
 repair, to defend, to stop ; Port, reparo ; reparar, lo 
 repair, lo parry in defense. Ilonce we see rampart 
 is from L. reparo; re and para. See Parrv and Re- 
 pair.] 
 
 1. In fortification, an elevation or mound of earth 
 round a place, capable of resisting cannon shot, and 
 formed into bastions, curtains, &.c. Encyc, 
 No sumdards from the hosule ramparlt torn. Prior. 
 3. That which fortifies and defends from assault; 
 that which secures safely. 
 RA.M'PART, r. (. To fortify with ramparts. [Jk'of in 
 
 use.] Shnk. 
 R.A.MTI-ON, n. [from ramp.] The name of several 
 plants ; as, llie common esculent rampion, a species of 
 Caiiii>aniila ; the crested rampiuu, a s[M-cies of Lobe- 
 lia ; the horned rampion, a species of Pli) leiima. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 RA.MTIRE, n. The same as Raupart, but seldom 
 used, except in poetrj'. Dryden. 
 The Trujans rouml the place a rampire casL Dryden, 
 
 RAM'PIR-KI), o. Fortified with a rampart. 
 K.A.M'liOD, n. The roil of iron, jcc, used in ram- 
 ming down the charge in a musket, pistol, &c. 
 
 Totten, 
 
 R.VM'SON, n. A species of garlic, Mium urtinum, 
 formerly cultivated in gardens. 
 
 P. Cyc. Fam. of Plants, 
 R.VM'U-LOUfl, a. Having many small branches. 
 RAN, the pret, of Rux. In old writers, open robbery. 
 
 Lambard, 
 
 R.A.N-CES'CENT, a. [L. ranceo, to bo rank.] 
 
 Becoming rancid or sour. Etieye. 
 
 R.WCIl, c. (. [Corrupted from lorcncA,] To sprain ; 
 to injure by violent straining or cimtortion. [M'ot 
 used.] Driiden. Garth. 
 
 RAN-CHB'RO, (mn-fsha'ro,) If. [Sp.] In .Vezico, a 
 herdsman ; a peasant employed on a rancho. They 
 are 10 some extent a mongrel breed, between Span- 
 iards and Indians, and are a wild, lawless set, who 
 are often but little belter llian meic banditti. Hudson, 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 007 
 
RAN 
 
 RAN 
 
 RAN 
 
 UA.N'CII'O, (raii'tslio,) n. [Sp.] In .Mexico, a small 
 liaiiilet, or large farming esl:iblistiinem for rearing 
 cattle anj horses. It is thus distinguished from a 
 IIacienoa, which is a cultivated farm or plantation. 
 
 }iudson, 
 
 RAN'CID, a. [L. raneidus, from ranceo, to be rank. 
 
 This is the Eng. rank, luxuriant in growth.] 
 Having a rank smell j strong-scented; sour; mus- 
 
 tv ; as, ruiirid oil. JirbuOimt. 
 R,\.\'-CID'I-TY, ) n. The quality of being rancid ; a 
 RAiV'CIU-NESS, 1 strong, sour scent, as of old oil. 
 
 Tiie rancidity of oils may be analogous to the oxydatioii of mptaja. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 R AN'CID-LY, adv. With a strong scent ; mustily. 
 RAN't'OR, (rank'ur,) n. [L., from ranceo, to be 
 rank.] 
 
 1. J'he deepest malignity or spite ; deep-seated 
 and iinpLicable malice ; inveterate enmity. 
 
 [ This is tlie stronacst term for enmity which the Eng- 
 lish language supplies.] 
 
 It issues from llie rancor of a villain. S?taJe. 
 
 2. Virulence ; corruption. Shak. 
 RAN'eOR-OUS, (rank'ur-us,) a. Deeply malignant ; 
 
 implacably spiteful or malicious ; intensely virulent. 
 So ilimeil Iiis eyes with ra^e anil rancorous ire. Spensfr. 
 Rancorous opposition to llie gospel of Christ. WesL 
 
 RAN'€OR-Ol'S-LY, adv. With deep malignity or 
 spiteful malice. 
 
 RAND, 71. [G. D. and Dan. rand, a border, edge, mar- 
 gin, brink ; from shooting out, e.\tending.] 
 
 A border ; edge ; margin ; as, the rand of a shoe. 
 
 RAN'OO.M, 7(. [Norm, rajulum; Sax. randnm j Fr. 
 randonnee, a rapid course of water ; randon, a gush- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. A roving motion or course without direction ; 
 hence, want of direction, rule, or method ; hazard ; 
 chance ; used in the phrase at random, that is, with- 
 out a settled point of direction ; at hazard. 
 
 2. Course ; motion ; progression ; distance of a 
 body thrown ; as, the furthest random of a missile 
 weapon. Dighij. 
 
 RA.X'DUM, a. Done at hazard, or without settled aim 
 or purpose ; left to chance ; as, a random blow. 
 
 2. Uttered or done without previous calculation ; 
 as, a random gtiess. 
 R.J^.V'DO.M-SHOT, 7i. A shot not directed to a point, 
 era shot with the muzzle of the gun elevated above 
 a horizontal line. Brande. 
 RAN'DY, a. Disorderly ; riotous. [Jfot used, or local.] 
 
 Orose. 
 
 R.aNE, 71. [.''ax. hrana ; Fr. renne ; D. rcndier ; G. 
 reinttliier ; Dan. rensdyr ; Basque, arena or orina ; so 
 named probably from running. The true spelling is 
 rane.] 
 
 A species of deer, the Cervus Tarandus, a rumi- 
 nant mammal, found in the northern parts of 
 Europe, Asia, and -America; usually called Rein- 
 
 RAN'FoRCE, 71. The ring of a gun next to the vent. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 [I do not find this word in moderir books.] 
 RANG, the old prrt. of King. [JVcaWy obsolete.] 
 RANGE, V. t. [Fr. ranger ; Arm. renctfn, ranqnnj W. 
 rhenciaw, from ritenr, reng, rank, which see.] 
 
 1. To set in a row or in rows ; to place in a regu- 
 lar line, lines, or ranks ; to dispose in the proper or- 
 der : .as, to range troops in a budy ; to range men or 
 ships in the order of batlle. 
 
 2. To dispose in proper classes, orders, or di- 
 visions ; as, to range plants and animals in genera 
 and species. 
 
 3. TorfUpose in a proper manner; to place in reg- 
 ular methotl ; in a general .icnse. Range and ar- 
 range are used indilTerenlly in the same sense. 
 
 4. To rove over ; to pass over. 
 
 Teach him to range the dilcli and force tlw; brake. Cay. 
 [This use is elliptical, iircr being omitted.] 
 
 5. To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near; 
 as, to range the coast, that is, along the coast. 
 
 R.\NGE, B.^i. To rove at large; to wander without 
 restraint or direction. 
 
 A« a ro.-.rin^ lion and ranging bear. — Prov. xxviii. 
 
 2. To be placed in order; to be ranked. 
 
 'Tia Iwlter to Ix! lou ly bon\, 
 And range witti humble livery in content. Shak. 
 In thin sense, Ramk is now used.] 
 . To lie in a particular direction. 
 
 VVhicli way tJiy for-nu range. Dryfien. 
 
 Wc say, the front of a house ranges with the line 
 of the Htreel. 
 
 4. To nail or panH near or in the direction of; as, 
 to range along the coast. 
 RANGE, 71. [Fr.rangfe. .«ec Rank.] 
 
 I. A row ; a rank ; things in a line ; a.', a range 
 of buildings ; a range of mountains ; ranges of col- 
 ors. JVetotou. 
 
 3. A class ; an order. 
 
 The next range of l«)nfi above htm are the Immatrria] Intelll- 
 C-ncei. JJait. 
 
 3. A wnnderini; or roving ; excursion. 
 
 He may lake a range all Um world over. South. 
 
 4. Space or room for excursion. 
 
 A man has not enoo^h range of thought. Addison, 
 
 5. Compass or extent of excursion ; space taken in 
 by any thing extended or ranked in order ; as, the 
 range of Newton's thought. No philosopher has 
 embraced a wider range. 
 
 Far aa creation's ample range estenils. Pope. 
 
 6. The step of a ladder. Clarendon. 
 [Corrupted in popular language to Rung.] 
 
 7. A kitchen grate. [Obs.] Bacon. JVotton. 
 
 8. An exlendetl cooking apparatus of cast iron, set 
 in brick work, and containing pots, oven, &c. 
 
 9. A bolting sieve to sift meal. 
 
 10. In ^uH7ie7-7/, the horizontal distance to which a 
 shot or other projectile is carried. Sometimes, though 
 less properly, the path of a shot or projectile, or the 
 line it describes from the uiuuth of the piece to the 
 point where it lodges. When a cannon lies horizon- 
 tally, it is called the right, level, or point blank range ; 
 when the muzzle is elevated to 45 degrees, it is 
 called the utmost range. Brande. Totten. 
 
 11. The public lands of the United States are sur- 
 veyed or divided into ranges, which designate the 
 order of their arrangement into townships. Bourirr. 
 
 RaNG'£D, pp. Disposed in a row or line ; placed in 
 order; passed in roving; placed in a particular di- 
 rection. 
 
 RaNG'ER, (ranj'er,) ti. One that ranges; a rover ; a 
 robber. [JVoic little used.] Spenser. 
 
 2. The name given to mounted troops, armed with 
 short muskets, who ra7io'e the country around, and 
 often fight on foot. 
 
 3. A dog that beats the ground. Oay. 
 
 4. In England, a sworn ofiicer of a forest, appoint- 
 ed by the king's letters patent, whose business for- 
 merly was to walk through the forest, watch the 
 deer, present trespasses, &c. P. Cyc. 
 
 Ra.NG'ER-SHIP, 71. The office of the keeper of a for- 
 est or park. 
 
 RaNG'ING, ppr. Placing in a row or line ; disposing 
 in order, method, or classes ; roving ; passing near 
 and in tlie direction of. 
 
 RaNG'ING, 71. The act of placing in lines, or in or- 
 der ; a roving, &c. 
 
 RANK, 71. [Ir. ranc ; W. rhenc ; Arm. rencq ; Fr. ra7io', 
 a row or line ; It. rango, rank, condition ; Port, and 
 Sp. rancho, a mess, or set of persons ; D. Dan. and G. 
 rang. In these words, 7» is probably casual ; Ar. 
 
 L^Sj raka, to set in order; Heb. and Ch. "j-ij?, id. 
 
 Class Rg, No. 13, 47. See also No. 18, 20, 21, 27, 46. 
 The primary sense is probably to reach, to stretch, or 
 to pass, to stretch along. Hence rank and grade are 
 often synonymous.] 
 
 1. A row or line, applied to troops ; a line of men 
 standing .abreast or side by side, and as oi)posed to 
 File, a line running from front to rear of a com- 
 pany, battalion, or regiment. Keep your ranks; 
 dress your ranks. 
 
 Fierce, fiery warriors fi^ht upon the clouds 
 
 In ranks, and stjuadrons, and right form of war. ShaJc. 
 
 2. Ranks ; in the plural, the order of common sol- 
 diers ; as, to reduce an cdicer to the ranks. 
 
 3. A row ; a line of things, or things in a line ; as, 
 a rank of osiers. Shak. 
 
 4. Degree ; grade ; in military a^ffairs ; as, the rank 
 of captain, colonel, or general ; the rank of vice-ad- 
 miral. 
 
 5. Degree of elevatitm in civil life or station ; the 
 order of elevation, or of subortlination. We stiy, all 
 ranks and orders of men ; every man's dress anti be- 
 havior sht)Uld correspond with his rank ; the highest 
 and the lowest ranks of men, or of other intelligent 
 beings. 
 
 G. Class ; order ; division ; any portion or num- 
 ber of things to which place, degree, or order, is as- 
 signed. Profligate men, by their vices, stmietimes 
 degrade themselves to the rank of brutes. 
 
 7. Degree of dignity, eminence, or excellence ; as, 
 a writer of the first ranit ; a lawyer of high rank. 
 
 These are all virtues of a meaner ranfc. Addison. 
 
 8. Dignity ; high place or degree in the orders of 
 men ; as, a man of rank. 
 
 Rank and ,file ; the whole body of common sohliers, 
 including also corjKJrals, who carry firelocks. Ten 
 otficers, and three hundred rani a;ifi ./iic, fell in the 
 action. 
 
 Tu fill the ranks ; to supply the whole number, or 
 a competent number. 
 
 To take rank ; to enjoy precedence, or to have the 
 right of taking a higher place. In Great llritain, 
 the king's sons take rank of all the otht^r nobles. 
 RANK, a. [Sax. ranc, proud, haughty ; Sp. and It. 
 rancio ; L. ranridiu, from ranceo, to smell strong. 
 The primary sense of the roi>t is to advance, to shoot 
 forward, to grow luxuriantly, whence the sense of 
 strong, vigorcms ; W. rhac, rhag, before ; rhucn, 
 rliaciaw, lo advanro, to put forward. This word be- 
 longs probably to the bume family as the prccod- 
 ing.] I 
 
 1. Luxuriant in growth ; being of vigorous growth ; 
 as, rank grass ; rank weeds. 
 
 Seven ears came up upon one stalk, rank and good. — Gen. xli. 
 
 2. Causing vigorous growth; producing luxuriant- 
 ly ; very rich and fertile ; as, land is rank. Mortimer. 
 
 3. Strong-scented ; as, rani-smelling rue. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 4. Rancid ; musty ; as, oil of a rank smell. 
 
 5. Intiamed with venereal appetite. Sliak. 
 
 6. Strong to the taste; high-tasted. 
 
 Divers sea-fowls taste rank of the fish on which they feed. Boyle. 
 
 7. Raised to a high degree; -excessive; violent; 
 as, rank pride ; ra7i/£ idolatry ; rani enmity. 
 
 1 do forjive 
 Thy rankest faults. Shak. 
 
 8. Gross ; coarse. SAai. 
 
 9. Strong; clinching. Take rani hold. Hence, 
 
 10. Excessive ; exceeding the actual value ; as, a 
 rank modus in law. Blackstone, 
 
 To set rank, as the iron of a plane ; to set it so as to 
 take off a thick shaving. Mozon. 
 R.\NK, ». t. To place abreast, or in a line. Milton. 
 
 2. To place in a particular class order, or di- 
 vision 
 
 Poets were ranked in the clars of philosophers. Broome. 
 Heresy is ranked with idolatry and witcltcrafl. Decay of Piety. 
 
 3. To dispose methodically ; to place in suitable 
 order. 
 
 \Vho now shall rear you to the sun, or ranAr your tribes ? 
 
 JV/i/(on. 
 
 Ranking all things under general and special heads. Wails. 
 
 RANK, V. i. To be ranged ; to be set or disposed ; as 
 in a particular degree, class, order, or division. 
 
 Let that one article rank with the rest. Shak, 
 
 2. To be placed in a rank or ranks. 
 
 Go, ranA: in tribes, and quit the savacre wood. Tate. 
 
 3. To have a certain grade or degree of elevation 
 in the orders of civil or military life. He ranks with 
 a major. He ranks with the first class of poets. He 
 ranlis high in public estimation. 
 
 RANK'/;D, (rankt,) pp. Placed in a line ; disposed in 
 an ortler or class ; arranged nietliodirally. 
 
 RA.NK'ER, 71. One that disposes in ranks; one that 
 arranges. 
 
 RANK'ING, ppr. Placing in ranks or lines ; arranging ; 
 disposing in orders or classes ; having a certain rank 
 or grade. 
 
 R.\NK'LE, (rank'l,) v. i. [from rani.] To grow 
 more rank or strong ; to be inflamed ; to fester ; as, 
 a rankling wound. 
 
 A malady that bums and rankles iuward. Roice. 
 2. To become more violent ; to be inflamed ; to 
 rage ; as, rankling malice ; rankling envy. Jealousy 
 rankles in the breast. 
 RANK'LING, 7i. The act or process of becoming 
 
 more virulent ; deep and active irritation. Dicigtit. 
 R.\NK'LV', iiilv. With vigorous growth ; as, grass or 
 weeds grow rankhj. 
 2. Coarsely ; grossly. Shak. 
 RANK'NESS, 71. Vigorous growth; luxuriance; ex- 
 uberance ; as, the ranlcness of plants or herbage. 
 
 2. Exuberance ; excess ; extravagance ; as, the 
 rankncss of pride ; the rankness of joy. Shak. 
 
 3. Extraordinary strength. 
 
 Tiie crane's pride is iu the rankTiees of her winj. L'Eslrangc. 
 
 4. Strong taste , as, the rankness of flesh or fish. 
 
 5. Rancidness ; rank smell ; as, the rankness of 
 oil. 
 
 f). Excessiveness ; as, the ranlcness of a compo- 
 silitm or modus. Blackstone, 
 
 UAN'NY, n. The shrew-mouse. Brown. 
 
 U.AN'S.'iCK, V. t. [Dan. randsager ; Sw. ransaka; 
 (Jaelic, ransuchadh. Rank, in Danish, is edge, mar- 
 gin. Eng. rajirf, and ran is rapine. The last syllable 
 coincides with the English verb to sack, to pillage, 
 and in Spanish, this verb, which is written saquear, 
 signifies to ransack.] 
 
 1. To plunder; to pillage completely ; to strip by 
 plundering ; as, to ransack a house or city. Di-ydeiu 
 
 Tlieir vow is made to ransack Troy. Stiak, 
 
 2. To search thoroughly ; to enter and search ev- 
 erv pl.-ico or part. It seems often to convey the sen.se 
 of o|iening doors and parcels, and turning over 
 things in search ; as, to 7u«saci files of papers. 
 
 I ransack tlic tevenil caverns. W'ooriioard. 
 
 3. To violate ; to ravish ; to dcflour ; as, ransacked 
 chastity. [JVot in use.] Sjicnsfr. 
 
 R.\N'SA('K-f.'I), p;). Pillaged ; searched narrowly. 
 R.AN'SACK-ING, ppr. Pillaging; searching nar- 
 rttwtv. 
 
 R.'VN'SOM, 71. [Dan. ramon ; Sw. ranson ; G. rait- 
 ziiin ; Norm, ranncnn ; Fr. ranfan ; Ann. ranfton. In 
 Frrncli, the woril implies not only reileinption, but 
 exaction; but I know not the component parts of 
 the woril. (iu. Dan. ran, a pillaging^ and G. siiAnc, 
 atonement.] 
 
 1. The money or price paid for the ledemption of 
 a prisoiuT or slave, or for goods captured by an en- 
 emy ; that which procures the release of a prisoner 
 
 FATE, FXE, FALLi WU^T.— METE, PREY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, IIQQK.— 
 
 908 
 
RAP 
 
 RAP 
 
 R AR 
 
 or captive, or of captured property, anil restores the 
 one to lilierty, and the other to tile original owner. 
 By his ciiptiviiy in yVusiria, unti tlu! hf&yy raiigom lie paij for tii> 
 lilxTlv, Uicliarii WAS liiudcn^U fruin pursuing tlic coiupn'st of 
 heUu'iJ. Vavies. 
 9. Release from captivity, bondage, or the posses- 
 sion of an enemy. They were unable to procure 
 the ransom of the prisoners. 
 
 3. In Alio, a sum paid for the pardon of some great 
 offense, and the discharge of the olfender; or a line 
 paid in lieu of corporal punishment. 
 
 Kiicyc, Blackstortc. 
 
 4. In Scriyttire, the price paid for a forfeited life, or 
 for delivery or release from capital punishment. 
 
 TLcii hp sh.ill give fur (he raniom of hb life, wbjitever \» laid 
 upon hiin. — Kx. xxi. 
 
 5. The price paid for procuring the pardon of sins 
 and the redemption of the sinner from punishment. 
 
 Deliver him from going down to Uie pit. I have found a ramom. 
 — Job xxxiii. 
 
 The Son of man cime — lo give his Ufc & ranwm for many. — 
 Matt. XX. Marif x. 
 
 R.'XiV'SO.M, V. t. [Sw. ransoncra ; Dan. ranzonerer; 
 Ff. ran^unncr ; .Arm. ran^ioiina.] 
 
 1. To redeem from captivity or punishment by 
 paying an equivalent ; applied to persons; as, to ran- 
 som prisoners from an enemy. 
 
 2. To redeem fnmi the possession of an enemy by 
 paying a price deemed equivalent j applied to goods 
 or property. 
 
 3. In Scripture, to redeem from the bondage of 
 sin, and from the punishment to which sinners are 
 subjected by the divine law. 
 
 The ransomed of Lite Lord shall return. — It. xxxr. 
 
 4. To rescue ; to deliver, llos. xiii. 
 RAN'S0.M-£1), pp. or a. Redeemed or rescued from 
 
 captivity, bondage, or punishment, by the payment 
 of an equivalent. 
 
 R.\.\'SOM-Ell, n. One that redeems. 
 
 K.AN'SO.Vl-ING, ppr. Redeeming from captivity, bon- 
 dage, or punishment, by giving satisfaction to the 
 possessor; rescuing; liberating. 
 
 R.\i\'SO.M-LESS, a. Free from ransom. SAoi. 
 
 R.\NT, V. i. [Heb. and Ch. pi. 
 
 ranna, to cry 
 
 out, to shout, to sound, groan, murmur ; W. rlwnta, 
 to frisk, to gambol, a sense of the Hebrew also.] 
 
 To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extravagant 
 language, without correspondent dignity of thought ; 
 to be noisy and boisterous in words or declamation ; 
 as, a ranting preacher. 
 
 Look where my ranting host of the garter comes. Shak. 
 R.WT, n. High-sounding language without dignity 
 of thought ; boisterous, empty declamation ; as, the 
 rant of fanatics. 
 
 Tllij is stoical rani, withoM any foundation in the nature of man, 
 or re;uion of things. AtUrbury. 
 
 R.WT'KR, n. A noisy talker : a boisterous preacher. 
 9. Ranters, pi. ; a religious sect which sprung up in 
 1645. It is now extinct, and the name has been 
 reproachfully applied to the Primitive .Methodists, 
 who secedetl from the VV'esleyan Methodists on the 
 ground of their deficiency in fervor and zeal. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RA\T'ER-ISM, II. The practice or tenets of ranters. 
 R.\NT'ING, ppr.ot a. Uttering high-sounding words, 
 
 without solid sense ; declaiming or preaching with 
 
 boisterous, empty words. 
 RA.\T'l-POI-E, a. [from rant.] Wild; roving; 
 
 rakish. [jJ low reordA^ Congrcve. 
 RANT'I POLE, r. i. To run about wildly. [Low.] 
 
 Arhuthnot, 
 
 R.\NT'IS.M, n. The practice or tenets of ranters. 
 R.ANT'Y, a. Wild ; noisy ; boisterous. 
 RAN'lJ-LA, n. [ L. rana, a frog ; dim. a little frog.] 
 A swelling of a salivary gland under the tongue. 
 R.VNUN'eU-LUS, n. [L., from rana, a frog.] 
 
 In botany, crowfoot, a genus of plants of many spe- 
 •ics, some of them beautiful flowering plants, par- 
 ticularly the .Vsiatic, or Turkey and Persian ranun- 
 culus, which is diversified with many rich colors. 
 
 Kncitc. 
 
 RAjYZ pes KAC/reS', (ranz da vlsh',) [Fr.] Liter- 
 ally, the round of the cows. The name of certain 
 simple melodies of the Swiss mountaineers, com- 
 monly played on a long trumpet called the Mpine 
 horn. P. Cyc. 
 
 R.\P, p. t. [Sax. hrepan, kreppan, to touch ; repan, to 
 touch, to sei/.e, L. rapio ; S w. rappa ; Dan. rapper, to 
 snatch away, and rapper sig, to hasten ; rap, a 
 stroke, Sw. rapp ; Fr. frappcr, to strike. The pri- 
 mary sense of the root is, to rush, to drive forward, 
 to fall on, hence, both to strike and to seize. That 
 the sense is to drive or rush forward, ft evident from 
 L. rapidus, rapid, from rawio. See Class Rb, No. 
 £6.27,28,99.) 
 
 To strike with a quick, sharp blow ; to knock ; as, 
 to rap on the door. 
 
 RAP, B. t. To strike .with a quick blow ; to knock. 
 
 With one preal peal the? rap the door. Prior. 
 
 To rap out ; to utter with sudden violence ; as, to 
 
 ra/i out an oath. .Addison. [Ha\. hreopan, Iv rry out, 
 that is, to drive out the voice. This is probably of 
 the same family as the preceding word. In iJie pop- 
 ular language of the United States, it is oflcn pro- 
 nounced rit), to rip out an oath ; L. crrpo, Fr. crercr.] 
 R."\P, !'. t. To seize and bear away, as the niinil or 
 tlioughls ; to transport out of one's self; to all'ect 
 with ecstasy or rapture ; as, rapt into admiration. 
 
 I'm rapt with )oy to see my Marci;i's tears. Athlienn. 
 Rapt into future times llie Uiri) tiegun. Pope. 
 
 9. 'I'o snatch or hurry away. 
 
 And rapt with wliirling wlieels. 
 
 Rapt in a chariot drawn l>y licry steeds. 
 
 Spenter. 
 
 Millan. 
 
 3. To seize by violence. Drayton. 
 
 4. To exchange; to truck. \_Low, and not used.] 
 To rap and rend; to seize anti tear, or strip; to 
 
 fall on and plunder; to snatch by violenn?. Tliey 
 brought olf all they could rap and rend. [See 
 Rend.] 
 
 RAP, 71. A quick, smart blow; as, a ra;i on the 
 knuckles. 
 
 RA-PA'UIOUS, a. [L. rapax, from rapio, to seize. 
 See R.tp.] 
 
 1. Given to plunder ; dispnsetl or nccnstonied to 
 seize by violence ; seizing by force ; as, a rapacious 
 enemy. 
 
 Well may thy lonl, appeased, 
 Redeem tliee quite from death's rapacious claim. Milton. 
 
 9. Accustomed to seize for food ; subsisting on 
 prey or animals .seized by violence ; as, a rapacious 
 tiger, a rapacious bird. 
 
 RA-PA'CIOUS-LY, aiiu. By rapine; by violent rob- 
 berv or seizure. 
 
 RA-PA'CIOUS-NESS, n. The qii.ality of being rapa- 
 cious ; disposition to plunder or to exact by oppres- 
 sion. 
 
 RA-PAC'I TV, (ra-pas'e-te,) n. [Fr. rapaciti; L. ra- 
 imcitcts, from rapai, rapio,] 
 
 1. Adilictedness to plunder ; the exercise of plun- 
 der ; the act or practice of seizing by force ; as, the 
 rfipacifi/ofacontpiering army ; the rapacity of pirates ; 
 the rapacity of a Turkish pashaw ; the rapacity of 
 extortioners. 
 
 2. Ravenousness ; as, the rapacity of animals. 
 
 3. The act or practice of extorting or exacting by 
 oppressive injustice. 
 
 4. Exorbitant greediness of gain. 
 
 RAPE,/!. [L. rapio, raptus ; It. ratto ; Fr. rapt; W. 
 rhaib, .a snatching ; rheibiaw, (o snatch. See R.\p.] 
 1. In a general sense, a seizing by violence ; also, a 
 seizing and carrying away by force, as females. 
 
 Maford. 
 
 9. In law, the carnal knowledge of a woman for- 
 cibly and against her will. Blackstone. 
 
 3. Privation ; the act of seizing or taking away. 
 
 Cltapman, 
 
 And ruined orphans of thy rapts complain. Santtt/M. 
 
 4. Something taken or seized and carried away. 
 Where now are all my hopes ? O, never more 
 
 Shall thry revive, nor ileath her rapts restore. Sandys. 
 
 5. Fruit plucked from the cluster. Ray. 
 
 6. A division of a county in Sussex, in England ; 
 or an intermediate division between a hundred and 
 a shire, and containing three or four hundreds. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 RAPE, n. [Ir. raib ; L. rapa, rapum ; Gr. parrtif ; D. 
 raap : G. riibc; Sw. rofva.] 
 
 One of the names of the Rrassica Rapa, or com- 
 mon turnip. This is the plant to which this name 
 properly belongs ; btil, with the prefixed epithet 
 wiU, it is applied also to the Itrassica Napus, Na- 
 vew, or French turnip. An oil is obtained from the 
 seed of the latter, which is called Rape-seed Oil, 
 and Rape-Oii.. 
 
 The broom-rape is of the genus Orobanchc. 
 RAPE'-CAKF;, n. The refuse or marc remaining after 
 the oil has been expressed froiu the rape-seed. 
 
 Farm. Encye. 
 
 RAPE'-ROOT. Sec Rape. 
 
 KAPE'-SEED, 71. The seed of the Brassica Napus, or 
 
 the rape, from which oil is expressed. 
 R.i'PlIE, 71. [Gr. iiaipti, a seam or suture.] 
 
 In botany, a bundle of vessels connecting the 
 
 chalaza with the hilum of a seed. Lmiilfii. 
 RAPH'I-Dl";s,(rar-,) n.pl. [from Gr. /5n</iiir,a needle.] 
 Minute transparent crystals found in the tissue of 
 
 plants. Lindley. 
 RAP'IU, a. [L. rapidus, from rapio, the primary sense 
 
 of which is to ntsA.] 
 
 1. Very swift or quick ; moving with celerity ; as, 
 a rapid stream ; a rapid flight ; a rapid motion. 
 
 Pan shun Ihc gavl with rapid wheels. AJilton, 
 
 2. Advancing with haste or speed ; speedy in pro- 
 gression ; as, rapid growth ; rapid iinprttveinent. 
 
 3. Of quick utterance of words ; as, a rapid speaker. 
 R.\P'ID, 71. sing, j The part of a river where the cur- 
 R.AP'IDS, n. pt. \ rent moves with more celerity 
 
 than the common current. Rapids imply a consid- 
 erable descent of the earth, but not suflicient to oc- 
 casion a fall of Ihc water, or what ii called a cas- 
 cade or cataract, 
 R.\-PID'I-TY, n. [L. rapiditas; Fr. rapidite, supra.] 
 
 1. Swiftness ; celerity ; velocity ; as, the rapidity 
 of a current ; the rapidity of motion of any kinil. 
 
 2. Haste in utterance ; as, (he rapidity of speech or 
 pronuncialioii. 
 
 3. tiuickness of progression or advance ; as, ra- 
 pidity of Erowth or improvement. 
 
 R.AP'ID-l.Y, adi\ With great speed, celerity, or ve- 
 locity ; swiftly ; with quick progression ; as, to run 
 rapidly ; to grow or improve rapitUy. 
 
 2. Willi quick iiltetance ; as, to speak rapidly. 
 
 R.AP'ID-.N'ESS, 71. Swiftness; speed; celerity ; ra- 
 pidity. 
 
 KA'Pl-ER, 71. [Fr. rapiire; Ir. roipeir ; from thrust- 
 ing, driving, or quick motion.] 
 A small sword used only in thrusting. 
 
 Shak. Pope. 
 
 RA'PI-ER-FISH, 71. The sword-fish. Greie. 
 K Vl'l'l 'I O j Pulverized volcanic substances. 
 R.VP'IN'K, (rap'in,) 71. [Fr., from L. rapina; rapio, to 
 seize.] 
 
 1. The act of plundering ; the seizing and carrj'- 
 ing away of things by force ; pillage; plunder. 
 
 2. Violence ; force. Mdton, 
 RAP'I.N'E, r. t. To plunder. Buck. 
 RAP'I.V-A.l), pp. Pluiid. red. 
 
 R.\P-I'.\-REE', 71. A wild Irish plunderer; so called 
 
 from rapery, a half pike that he carries, Todd. 
 R.-M'-l'EE', 71. .\ coarse kind of siiiilf. 
 R.VP'PER, 71. [from rap.] One that raps or knocks. 
 
 2. The knocker of a tloor. [JVot in common use.] 
 
 3. An oath or a lie. [jVot in use.] Parker. 
 UAi'-PoKT', 71. [Fr., from re and porter, to bear.] 
 
 Relation ; proportion. [jVo( iii use.] Temple. 
 RAP'V, pp. or a. [from ra;i.J Transported; ravished. 
 KAPT, V. t. To transjiort or ravisli, [JWt legitimate, 
 
 nor in itsev] Cliapman. 
 R.VPT, 71. An ecstasy ; a trance. Morton.' 
 
 9. Rapidity. [jVut in use.] 
 RAP'TER, ( , , 
 
 RAP'TOR, 1 "■ "'"'"■•J 
 
 A ravislier ; a plunderer. Drayton. 
 RAP-To'RI-AL, a. Rapacious ; an epithet applied to 
 
 birds of prey. Sicainson. 
 RAP-To'Rl-OUS, a. A term applied to animals 
 
 wliit h dart upon and seize Iheir prey. Humble. 
 RAP'Tl.iRE, (rapt'yur,) n. [L. raptus, rapio.] 
 
 1. A seizing by violence. [Lntlc used.] 
 
 Chapman, 
 
 2. Transport ; ecstasy ; violence of a pleading pas- 
 eioT ; extreme joy or pleasure. 
 
 M'^sic, wiien thus applied, raise* in the mind ef the hearer great 
 conceptions ; it strengthens devotion and advances praise 
 into rapture. Spectator. 
 
 3. Rapitlity with violence ; a hurrying along with 
 velocity; as, rolling with torrent rapfiirc. JHUton, 
 
 4. Enthusiasm; uncommon heat of imagination. 
 
 You grow correct, that once with rapture writ. Pops. 
 
 RAP'T^R-i'D, a. Ravished ; transported. 
 
 Thomson, 
 
 [But Exraptuhed is generally used.] 
 RAP'TUR-IST, 71. .\n enthusiasL Spenser, 
 R.\P'T(;R-0US, a. Ecstatic; transporting ; ravish- 
 ing ; as, rapturous joy, pleasure, or deli^iit. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 RAP'TUR-OlIS-LY.orfo. With rapture ; ecstatically. 
 RjV R,3a' yiS, 71. [L.] ■ A rare bird; an unusual 
 person. 
 
 RARE, a. [L. rams, thin ; Sp. Port, and It. raro; Fr. 
 rare; I), raar; G. and Dan. rar,] 
 
 1. Uiicominon ; not frequent ; as, a rorc event ; a 
 rare plienoinenon. 
 
 2. Unusually excellent ; valuable to a degree sel- 
 dom found. 
 
 i?iire work, all filled with terror and delight. Coistey. 
 Above the rest I Judge one beauty rare. Drydtn. 
 
 3. Thinly scattered. 
 
 1'hnse rare and solitary, these in flocks. A/t.'Ion. 
 
 4. Thin ; porous ; not dense ; as, a rare and at- 
 tenuate substance. 
 
 Water is nineteen times lighter, and, by consequence, nineteen 
 bnies rarer, (li.iu gold. Sealon. 
 
 5. [.'<ax. brcre.] .\early raw ; imperfectly roasted 
 or boiled ; as, rare beef or mutton ; eggs roasted rare. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 RAR'EE-SIIOW, 71. [rare and show.] A show car- 
 ried about in a box by a show man. Pope. 
 
 RAR-E-FA€'T10\, 71. [Fr. See Rarekt.] The act 
 or process of expanding or distending bodies, by sep- 
 arating the parts and rendering the bodies more rare 
 or ptiroiis, by which operation they app^-ar under a 
 larger bulk, or require more room, without an acces- 
 sion of new matter; opposed to Co^iDENf atio^ ; as, 
 the rnrrfaction t>f air. Encyc. 
 
 RA R'E-FI- A-ULE, a. Capable of being rarefied. 
 
 R.\R'F.-KI-f.T), pp. or a. Made tliin or less dense. 
 
 R.-XE'E-FY, r. (. [Fr. rartfier; L. rarrfatio ; rams, 
 rare, and facio, to make.] 
 
 To make thin and porous orle.^s dense ; to expand 
 or enlarge a body without adding to it any new por- 
 tion of Its own matter ; opiioskd lo Condense. 
 
 Encyc. Thomson. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS G as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 114' 
 
 OOJ) 
 
RAS 
 
 RAR'E-FY, V. i. To become thin and ponms. Dnjden, 
 RAK'E-F?-L\G, jipr. .Making tliin or less dense. 
 RaRE'LY, adv. Seldom ; not often; as, tilings rarely 
 seen. 
 
 2. Finely; nicely. [Little used.'] Shale. 
 RaRE'NESS, n. The state of being uncommon ; un- 
 commonness ; infrequency. 
 
 And lei the rareness the small ^(l commend. Dryden, 
 
 2. Value arising from scarcity. Bacon, 
 
 3. Thinness ; tenuity ; as, the rareness of air or 
 vapor. 
 
 4. Distance from each other ; thinness. Johnson. 
 RaRE'RIPE, a. [Sax. araran, to excite, to hasten.] 
 
 Early ripe ; ripe before others, or before the usual 
 season. 
 
 RaRE'RIPE, ti. An early fruit, particularly a kind of 
 
 peach which ripens early. 
 R.AR'I-TY, 71. [Fr. raretc ; L. raritas.] 
 
 1. Uncommoiiness ; infrequency. 
 
 Far from bein^ fond of .1 flower for its rarity. Spectator. 
 
 2. A tiling valued for its scarcity. 
 
 1 saw three rarities of di^erent kinds, which pleased me more 
 than any other shows in the place. Addison. 
 
 3. Thinness; tenuity; opposed to Density; as, 
 the rarity of air. Digbxj. 
 
 RAS'e.\L, n. [Sa.x. id. This word is said to signify 
 a lean beast.] 
 
 1. A mean fellow ; a scoundrel ; in viodem u.^arre, a 
 trickish, dishonest fiillow ; a rogue ; particularly ap- 
 plied to men and boys guilty of the lesser crimes, and 
 indicating less enormity or guilt than Villain. 
 
 I have sense to serve my turn m store, 
 And he's a rascal who pretends to more. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Tounc. 
 
 2. A lean deer. Shak. 
 RAS'CAL, a. Lean ; as, a rascal deer. 
 
 2. Mean ; low. Spen.fer. 
 RAS-eAL'ION, (ras-kal'yun,) n. [from rasral.] A 
 
 low, mean wretch. Hadibras. 
 RAS-€AL'I-TV, n. The low, mean people. South. 
 2. Mean trickishness or dishonesty ; base fraud. 
 [ This is its sense in present usa^e in Jlmerica.] ' 
 RAS'GAL-LY, a. Meanly trickish or dishonest ; vile. 
 2. Mean ; vile ; base ; worthless ; as, a rascally 
 porter. Swift. 
 RASE, )'. t. [Fr. raser : Sp. and Port, rasar ; It. rasa- 
 re and rasckiare ; Arm. ra:a,- V.. rasns^rado. With 
 these words accord the VV. rliathn, to rub off ; rhathell. 
 
 a rasp ; Eth. roo(, to rub or wipe. See the 
 
 verb to row, which is radically the same word. If g 
 in rnrate is a prefix, the word is formed on the same 
 radix. Class Rd, No. 10, 13, 17, 25, 35, 38, 42, 5«, 58, 
 CI, G2, 64, 81.] 
 
 1. To pass along the surface of a thing, with stri- 
 king or rubbing it at the same time ; to graze. 
 
 Mi^'ht not the bullet which rased liis cheek, have gone into his 
 liead f (06«.) South. 
 
 2. To erase ; to scratch or rub out ; or to blot out ; 
 to cancel. Milton. 
 
 [In this sense, Erase is generally used.] 
 
 3. To level with the ground ; to overthrow ; to de- 
 stroy ; as, to rase a city. Milton. 
 
 [In this sense Raze is generally used. 1'his or- 
 thography, rase, may therefore be considered as 
 nearly obsolete ; Graze, Erase, and Raze having 
 superseded it.] 
 
 Rase, n. A cancel ; erasure. [JVot in use.] 
 2. A slight wound. [Mot in use.] 
 
 RASn, a. fl). and O. ra.vcA, quick; Sw. and Dan. 
 rtis-fc, id. ; Sax. hrad, hro'd, kra-.th, quick, hasty, ready, 
 and hra:s, ra:s, impetus, force, and hreosan, reosan, 
 riesan, to riish. (.See Ready and Rush.) The sense 
 is, advancing, pushing forward, (^lass Rd, No. 5, 9.] 
 
 1. Hasty in counsel or action ; precipitate ; resolv- 
 ing or entering on a project or measure without due 
 deliberation and caution, and thus encountering un- 
 necessary haxard ; applied to pcrson-i ; a.s, a rask states- 
 man or minister; a rajh coniiiiunder. 
 
 2. Uttered or undertaken with too much haste or 
 too little reflection ; as, rash words ; rash measures. 
 
 3. Requiring haste ; urgent. 
 
 1 have sciirce I'-iHiire to Bitlutc you, 
 
 My matter it so rath. Shak. 
 
 4. Cluick ; sudden ; as, rash gunpowder. [JVot in 
 vsr.] 
 
 RASII, 71. Com so dry as to fall out with handling. 
 
 [ Ijiral. ] Grose. 
 EAsII, n. [It. rascia.] 
 
 I. An eruption or efTlorftscence on the body, with 
 lilllp or no ticvalion. [In It. rasehia is the itch.] 
 9. Satin. \Ohs.] 
 RAi^H, V. I. [It. raschiarr^ to scrape or Rrntn ; W. 
 rhAifsiy rltojtfnjly rhagfrtiato ; from the root of raac, 
 
 To wlire ; to rnt into pu-cm ; to divide. Sprn.ier. 
 (rasht,) jrp. Cut into hIiccm ; divided. 
 RA?^II'KR» n. A tliin slir« of Imcon ; a Ihin rut. SfiaJf. 
 fiAHII'LY, oflv. With precipitation i huntily ; willioul 
 due ddihcratinn. 
 
 He tiM rloth anj tiling nuhly, mutt do It viWingW. 
 
 Ao nuA/y brave, to dun thr twonl or Thrarui. Smith. 
 
 RAT 
 
 R.^SH'.'VESS, 71. Too much h.iste in resolving or in 
 undertaking a measure ; precipitation ; inconsiderate 
 readiness or promptness to decide or act, implying 
 disregard of consequences or contempt of danger ; 
 applied to persons. The failure of enterprises is often 
 owing to rashness. 
 
 We offend by mshnesSy which is an affirming or denying b"fore 
 we have sufficiently informed ourselves. South. 
 
 2. The quality of being uttered or done without 
 due deliberation ; as, the rashness of words or of un- 
 dertakings. 
 
 RAS-KOL'JVIKS, n. pi. The name given to the largest 
 and most important body of dissenters from the Greek 
 church in Russia. Brande. 
 
 RA-SO'RI-AL, a. [L. rado, to scratch.] 
 
 In ornithology, an epithet applied to gallinaceous 
 birds, including the peacock, domestic fowl, par- 
 tridge, ostrich, pigeon, &,c. Swainson. 
 
 RASP, 71. [Sw. and J), rasp ; G.raspel; Dan. raspe; 
 Fr. rape, tor raspe ; It. and Sp. raspa. See Rase.] 
 
 1. A species of file, on which the cutting promi- 
 nences are distinct, being raised by punching with a 
 point, instead of cutting with a chisel. Hcbtrt. 
 
 2. A raspberry, which see. 
 
 3. 1'he rough bark of a tree. Bacon. 
 RASP, V. t. [Yi.raspen; Dan. rasper ; Sw. ra5;7a ; It. 
 
 raspare ; Sp. raspnr ; Fr. Taper ; W. rhathell, in a dif- 
 ferent dialect. See Rase.] 
 
 To rub or file with a rasp ; to rub or grate with a 
 rough file ; as, to rasp wood to make it smooth ; to 
 rasp bones to powder. fViseinan. Muzon, 
 
 RaSP'A-TO-RY, 71. A surgeon's rasp. Wiseman. 
 
 RASP'BER-RY, (raz'ber-re,) 71. [from rasp, so named 
 from the roughness of the fmit. G. kralibeere, from 
 kratzen, to scratch.] 
 
 The fruit of a bramble or species of Riibus ; a ber- 
 ry growing on a prickly plant ; as, the black raspber- 
 ry : the red and the white raspberry, 
 
 RASP'BER-RY-BIJSH, 71. The bramble producing 
 raspberries. 
 
 R.^SP'A'D, (rispt,) pp. Rubbed or filed with a rasp ; 
 
 grated to a fine powder. 
 RaSP'ER, n. A scraper. Sherwood, 
 RASP'ING, ppr. Filing with a rasp ; grating to a fine 
 
 powder. 
 
 RAS'lfRE, (ra'zhur,) n. [L. rasura, from rado, rasus. 
 See Rase.] 
 
 1. The act of scraping or shavin g ; the act of cras- 
 ing. 
 
 2. The mark by which a letter, word, or any part 
 of a writing or print is erased, eflPaced, or oblitera- 
 ted ; an erasure. .^yliffe. 
 
 RAT, 71. [Sax. rtct; D. rat; G. ratze ; Fr. rat ; Arm. 
 raz ; Sp. rata ; Port, id., a rat, and rat.os, sharp stones 
 in the sea that wear cables ; probably named from 
 gnawing, and from the root of L. rodo.] 
 
 The popul.ir name of several species of the genus 
 Mus, larger than mice, which are rodent mammals, 
 or small quadrupeds that infest houses, stores, and 
 ships ; a troublesome race of animals. 
 
 To smell a rat ; to be suspicious ; to be on the u^atch 
 from suspicion ; as a cat by the scenlor noise of a rat. 
 
 RAT, V. i. [From the desertion of a place by rats be- 
 fore an anticipated calamity.] 
 
 1. In English politics, to desert one's former party, 
 anil go over to the opposite. Booth. 
 
 •2. Among printers, to work at less than the estab- 
 lished prices. T. F. Mams, 
 UaT'A-BLE, a. [from rate.] That may be rated, or 
 set at a certain value ; as, a Danish ore ratable at two 
 marks. Camden. 
 
 2. Liable or subjected by law to taxation ; as, rata- 
 ble estate. Stat, of Conn. 
 
 Ra'1''A-BLY, adv. By rate or proportion ; proportion- 
 ally. Ralrgh, 
 
 RAT-A-Ft'A, 71. [Sp.] A fine spirituous liquor, fl.a- 
 vored with the kernels of several kinds of fruits, 
 particularly of cherries, apricots, and peaches. 
 
 Sp. Diet. Ure. 
 
 RAT-AN', 71. [Malay, rotan ; Java, rotlavg.] 
 
 1. A name applieil to steins, the growth of India, 
 and the produce of various species of the genus Cal- 
 amus, most or all of which are perennial, simple or 
 unbranched, cylindrical, jointed, very tough and 
 strtuig, from the size of a goose-quill to the size of 
 the human wrist, and from fifty to a hundred fi et in 
 length. They are used fur wicker-work, scats of 
 chairs, walking-sticks, withes and thongs, ropes, ca- 
 bles, &c. 
 
 2. A walking-stick made of ratan. 
 RA'I''A-NY. I 71. A half shrubby Peruvian plant, 
 RAT'AN-HY, ( Krameria triandra, tlie root of which 
 
 is very astringent. P. Cite. 
 
 RAT'-eAT(JII-ER, 71. One who makes it his busi- 
 ness to catch rats. 
 
 RATCM, n. A bar containing angular teeth, into 
 which a pall or c.itch drops, to prevent machines 
 from running bark. Ileherl. 
 
 RAT(,'II'iyr, n. In II icnfcA, a small tooth at the bot- 
 tom of the fusee or barrel, which stops it in wind- 
 ing up. Ilulton. 
 
 RA'I'fMI'F.T-WIIEEI,, 71. A circular wheel, having 
 angular teeth, into which n pall or catch drops, to 
 prevent machini^s from running hack. HebrrL 
 
 RAT 
 
 R ATCH'IL, n. Among miners, fragments of stone. 
 RATE, n. [Nortn. rate; L. ratus, reor, contracted 
 from rrtor, reilor, or resor. See Ratio and Reasoi*.] 
 
 1. The proportion or standard by wliich quantity 
 or value is adjusted ; as, silver valued at the rate of 
 six shillings and eight pence the ounce. 
 
 The rate and standard of wit was different then from what it is in 
 these days. South. 
 
 2. Price or amount stated or fixed on any thing 
 A king may purchase territory at too dear a rate. 
 The rate of interest is prescribed by law. 
 
 3. Settled allowance ; as, a daily rate of provisions. 
 2 Kings XXV, 
 
 4. Degree ; comparative hight or value. 
 
 1 am a spirit of no common rate. ShaJ.'. 
 In this ilid his holiness and godliness appear above the rate and 
 pitch of other men's, in that be was so infinitely merciful, 
 
 Catanty. 
 
 5. Degree in which any thing is done. The ship 
 sails at the rate of seven knots an hour. 
 
 Many of the horse could not march at tliat rate, nor come up 
 soon enougli. Clarendon. 
 
 C. Degree of value ; price. Wheat in England is 
 often sold at the rate of fifty shillings the quarter. 
 Wit may be purchased at too dear a rate. 
 
 7. A tax or sum assessed by authority on property 
 for public use, according to its income or value ; as, 
 parish raffs ; town rates ; highway rates. 
 
 8. In the navy, the order or class of a ship, which 
 is called first, second, third, &c., rate, according to 
 its niagnilude or force. 
 
 RATE, 11. t. To set a certain value on ; to value at a 
 certain price or degree of excellen>ce. 
 
 You seem not lii^h enough your joys to rate. Dryden. 
 Instead of rating [lie man by his performances, we too fn-ijnenlly 
 rafc the performance by the man. Ratnbler. 
 
 2. To fix the magnitude, force, or order, as of 
 ships. A ship is rated in the first class, or as a ship 
 of the line. 
 
 3. To take the rate of ; as, to rate a chronometer, 
 that is, to ascertain the exact rate of its gain or loss 
 as compared with true lime, for the sake of making 
 a due allowance or computation dependent thereon. 
 
 Prof. Loo mis. 
 
 RATE, I'. 1. To be set or considered in a class, as a 
 ship. The ship rates as a ship of the line. 
 2. To make an estimate. 
 RATE, V. t, [Sw. rata, to refuse, to find fault ; rtjta, 
 to roar, lo huff; Ice. reita, or G. bereden, from reden, 
 to speak. Sax. riedan, (See Read.) It is probably 
 allied to rattle, and perhaps to L. rado. See Class 
 Rd, No. 71, 71), Ar.] 
 
 To chide with vehemence ; to reprove ; to scold ; 
 to censure violently. 
 
 Go, rate thy minions, proud, insulling boy. Sliai:. 
 All old lorxl of the council rated me the other day in the street 
 about you, sir. Sftak. 
 
 RAT'ED, pp. Set at a certain value ; estimated ; set 
 
 in a certain order or rank. 
 2. Chid ; reproved. 
 RaT'ER, n. One who sets a value on or makes an 
 
 estimate. 
 
 RATH, 71. [Ir. rath, a hill, mount, or fortress.] 
 
 A hill. [OAs.] Spenser. 
 RATH, a. [Stxx. rath, ro'the, hra'th, hrathe, hrued, or 
 hrad, quick, hasty ; Ir. ratham, to grow or be pros- 
 perous ; from the same root as reaily and ra.-A, from 
 the sense of shooting forward. See Keadv.] 
 
 Early ; coining before others, or before the usual 
 time. 
 
 Bring the rath primrose, that forsaken dies. Milton, 
 RATH'ER, adv. [Sax. rathor, hrathor : comp. of rath, 
 quick, prompt, hasty, ready. So we use sooner in an 
 equivalent sense. I would rather go, or sooner go. 
 The use is taken from pushing or moving forward. 
 So the Italians use ami, {L.. ante, before.) " Ma egli 
 disse, anzi, beati coloro ch'odono la parola di Dio, e 
 I'osservano." But he said yea rather, happy are 
 they that hear the word of God and keep it. 
 Luke xi.] 
 
 1. Mi re readily or willingly, with better liking; 
 with preference or choice. 
 
 My soul chooseth strangling and death ratlier Uian life. — Job 
 
 Light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather 
 than light, because their deeds were evil. — John iil. Ps. 
 Ixxxiv. 
 
 2. In preference ; preferably ; witli better reason. 
 Good is 7-(i(/irr to be chosen than evil. See ^cts v. 
 
 3. In a greater degree than otherwise. 
 
 He Bought ihnMighoiit the worid, but sought in vain, 
 
 And nowhere finding, rather feared her •lain. Dryden, 
 
 4. More properly ; more correctly speaking. 
 
 This Is nn on 
 Which does mend nature, change it riilA*T ; but 
 The on iuelf is nolure. Shak, 
 
 5. Noting some degree of contrariety in fact. 
 
 She was notbiuK better, but ratJter yrew wone. — Mark v. 
 Mall, xivil. 
 
 The rather ; especially ; for better reason ; for par- 
 ticular cause. 
 
 You are come to me In a happy time, 
 
 The rathrr li.r I have some sport In hand. Sliak. 
 
 FATE, FAR. FftLL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 910 
 
RAT 
 
 RAT 
 
 RAV 
 
 Hitd rather, is supposed to be a corruption of woM 
 rather. 
 
 I had rather speak five word* wilh my tinderauindlnf . — I Cor. 
 
 xiv, 
 
 Tliis phmse may have been orijinally, " I'd 
 rather," lor / would rather^ nntl the coiilractittn aftt-r- 
 ward niistakt'ii fur had. Correct speakers and 
 writers peiierally use mould in all sucli phrases ; I 
 would rather, I prefer ; I desire in preference. 
 
 RATIl'OK-KITE, >i. A mineral broujiht from Sweden, 
 (if tlie garnet kind. Us color is a dingy, brownish- 
 black. Philips. 
 
 RAT-l-FI-eX'TlON, n. [Fr. ; from ratifij.] The act 
 of riiiifying ; confirmation. 
 
 2. The act of giving sanction and validity to 
 something done by another ; as, the ralijicalion of a 
 treaty by the senate of the United States. 
 
 RAT'I-FI-^;D, pp. Confirmed; sanctioned; made 
 valiil. 
 
 RAT'l-FI-ER, »t. He or that which ratifies or sanc- 
 tions. 
 
 RAT'I-F?, v. t. [Fr. ratificr ; L. ratum facio, to make 
 firm.) 
 
 1. To confirm ; to establish ; to settle. 
 
 Wo have ratified to them llic bonlers of Jiuli'a. — 1 Mace. 
 
 2. To approve and sanction ; to make valid ; as, 
 to ratifii an agreement or treaty. 
 
 RAT'I-F?-ING, ppr. Confirming ; establishing ; ap- 
 proving and sanctioning. 
 
 RAT-I-HA-Bl"TIO.\, ;i. Confirmation or approba- 
 tion, as of a contract. 
 
 R.aT'ING, ppr. [from rate.] Setting at a certain 
 value ; assigning rank to ; estimating. 
 2. Chiding ; reproving. 
 
 RA'TIO, (ri'shp,) n. [L., from rattts, rear, to think 
 or suppose, to set, confirm^, or establish. Reor is 
 contracted from rcrfor or rrtor, and primarily signifies 
 to throw, to thrust, hence to speak, to set in the 
 mind, to think, like L. .mppono ; and setting gives 
 the sense of a fixed rate or rule. See Reason.] 
 
 1. In popular laniruatrr, proportion ; rate ; degree ; 
 as, the ratio of representation in congress. 
 
 2. In mathematics, the relation which one quantity 
 has to another of the same kind, as expressed by the 
 quotient of the one divided by the other. Thus the 
 ratio of 4 to 2 is 4-2, or 2 ; and the ratio of 5 to (i is 
 5-fi. This is treometrical ratio, which is that signified 
 when t:.e term is used without distinction ; but 
 arithmetical ratio is the difference between two quan- 
 tities. Thus the arithmetical ratio of 2 to 6 is 4. 
 
 Day's Altrehra. 
 Ratio respects magnitudes of the same kind only. 
 One line may be compared with another line, but a 
 line can not be compared with a superficies, and 
 hence between a line and a superficies there can be 
 no ratio. Encijc. 
 R.\-TIOC'I-N.5TE, (ra-shos'e-niite,) v. i. [L. ratioci- 
 nor, from ratio, reason.] 
 To reason ; to argue. [Little used.] 
 RA-TIOC-I-Na'TION, (ra-shos-e-ni'shun,) n. [L. 
 ratiocinatio.] 
 
 The act or process of reasoning, or of deducing 
 consequences from premises. [See Reasonincj.] 
 Brown. South. 
 RA-TFOC'I-NA-TIVE, (ra-shos'e-na-tive,) a. Argu- 
 mentative ; consisting in the comparison of proposi- 
 tions or facts, and the deduction of inferences from 
 the comparison ; as, a ratiocinative process. JIale. 
 [.^ bad word, and little used.] 
 RJ'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. ratio, proportion.] 
 
 A portion or fixed allowance of provisions, drink, 
 and forage, assigned to each soldier in an army for 
 his daily subsistence, and for the subsistence of 
 horses. OHicers have several rations, according to 
 their rank or number of attendants. Seamen in the 
 navy also have rations of certain articles. Encyc. 
 Ra'TIO.\-AL, (ri'shun-al or rash'un-al,) o. [Fr. ra- 
 tionnel; \\.. raiionale i Vm. rationali:>.] 
 
 1. Having re.ison, or tlie.faculty of reasoning ; en- 
 dowed with reason; opposed to Irrational; as, 
 man is a rational being ; brutes are not rational ani- 
 mals. 
 
 II is our glory and happine&s lo hare & ra&onal nature. Zau. 
 
 2. Agreeable to reason ; opposed to Absurd : as, 
 a rational conclusion or inference ; rational conduct. 
 
 3. Agreeable to reason ; not extravagant. 
 
 4. Acting in conformity to reason ; wise ; ju- 
 dicious ; as, a rational man. 
 
 Rational horizon. See Horizon, No. 2. 
 Rational quantity i in alfrebra, a quantity whose 
 value can be exactly expressed by numbers ; oi>- 
 poseii 10 irrational quantity or surd. Ilutlon. 
 Ra'TION'-AL, (rii'shun-al or rash'un-al,) n, A ra- 
 tional being. Young. 
 RA-TION-A'LE, (ra-shun-a'le or rash-un-a'Ie,) n. A 
 detail with reasons ; a series of reasons assigned ; 
 as Dr. Sparrow's rationale of the Common Prayer. 
 
 2. An account or solution of the principles of 
 some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, &.c. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 Ra'TION-AI.-ISM, (ra'shiin- or rash'un-,) n. A sys- 
 tem of opinions deduced from reason, as distinct 
 from inspiration or opposed to it. Bib. Rrpos. 
 
 RA'TION-AUIST, (rfi'shun- or rasli'un ,) 71. One 
 who proceeds in his disiiuisitiun» and pnictice 
 wholly uptm reason. Bacon. 
 
 2. "Rationalists may be said to comprehend tlinse 
 latitudinaflans, who coiisiderthe supernatural evi iits 
 recorded in the Old and New Testanieiils as evenis 
 happening in the ordinary course of naturi', but 
 described by the writers, without any real ground, 
 as supernatural, and who consider the innralily of 
 the Scriptures as subject to the test of human rea- 
 son. C. Butler. 
 
 The definition applies to the writings of many 
 German divines. 
 
 RA-TKJN-AI^IST'ie, ( (ri'shun- or ( a. Belong- 
 
 RA-TION-AL-lsT'ie-AI., i rash'un-,) \ iiigto,or 
 in accordance with, the principles of rationalism. 
 
 R.-WriON-AL-IST'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a rationalistic 
 manner. 
 
 RA-TION-AL'I-TY, (ri'shun- or rash'un-,) n. The 
 power of reasoning. 
 
 God hai niiide ratioitatitt/ Iho common portion of nianliin<l. 
 
 Ooit. o/lhe Tongue. 
 
 2. Reasonableness. 
 
 Well-directpd hitcntions, whose ra(iona/i(i<s will not hear a ri^id 
 exainiiinuon. Brown. 
 
 R.\'TION AL-IZE, (ri'shun- or rash'un-,) v. t. To 
 
 convert to rationalism. 
 Ra'TION-AL-LY, (-ri'shun- or rash'un-,) arft;. In 
 
 consistency with reason ; reasonably. We rationally 
 
 expect every man will pursue his own happiness. 
 Ra'TION-AL-NESS, (ri'shun- or rash'un-,) 71. The 
 
 state of being rational <ir consistent with reason. 
 RAT'LIN, j 71. A small line traversing the shrouds 
 RAT'LINE, ) of a ship, making the step of a ladder 
 
 for ascentling to the mast-heads. Totten. 
 RAT-OON', 77. fSp, retoho ; retoiiar, to sprout again.] 
 
 1. A sprout from the root of the sugar-cane, which 
 has been cut. Eilicard.-^, H'. Ind. 
 
 2. A name of the heart leaves in a tobacco plant. 
 RATS'UANE, 71. [rat and bane.] Poison for rats; 
 
 arsenoiis acid. 
 
 R ATS'l!AN-/il), a. Poisoned by ratsbane. Junius. 
 
 RATS'TaIL, 77. A disease in horses, in which the 
 hair of the tail is permanently lost. Gardner. 
 
 RAT'-T.\IL, 77. In farriery, an excrescence grow- 
 ing from the pastern to the middle of the shank of 
 a horse. Encyc. 
 
 RAT-TEEN', n. [Sp. ratma, ratteen, and a musk 
 mouse.J 
 
 A thick, woolen stuff, quilled or twilled. 
 RAT-Tl-NET', n. A woolen stuff thinner than rat- 
 teen. 
 
 RAT'TING, ppr. [from ra(.] Deserting one's former 
 
 party and going over to the opposite. [English.] 
 RAT'TING, 71. The act of deserting one's former 
 
 party and going over to the opposite. \_English.] 
 2. .Among printers, the act of working for less 
 
 than the established prices. T. F..idams. 
 
 RAT'TLE, (rat'tl,) 77. i. [D. ratelen ; reuUlcn ; G. 
 
 rasseln ; Dan. ras/cr ; Sw.rasslai Gr, Kporuo, Kpo- 
 
 ToAoi', wilh a prefix. Qu. rate.] 
 
 1. To make a quick, sharp noise, rapidly repeated, 
 by the collision of bodies not very sonorous. When 
 bodies are soiniroiis, it is called Jinclino. We say, 
 the wheels rattle over the pavement. 
 
 And the rude hail in mtUing tempest forms. Addison. 
 He fipited liis notions as tli-y fell, 
 
 And il they rhymed and rallied, all was well. Dryden. 
 
 2. To speak eagerly and noisily ; to utter words in 
 a clattering manner. 
 
 Thus tiirhiilent in rauling tone she spoke. Dryden, 
 lie route* il out against popery. iiici/t. 
 
 R,\T'TLE, r. f. To cause to make a rattling sound, 
 or a rapid succession of sharp sounds ; as, to rattle a 
 chain. Dryden. 
 
 2. To stun with noise; to drive with sharp sounds 
 rapidly repeated. 
 
 Sound but another, and another shall, 
 
 As loud aj thine, raUle tjie welkin's e»r. ShaJc. 
 
 3. To scold ; to rail at clamorously ; as, to rattle 
 off servants sharply. Arhuthnot. 
 
 RAT'TLE, 71. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering 
 sounds ; as, the rattle of a drum. Prior. 
 
 2. A rapid succession of words sharply uttered ; 
 loud, rapid talk ; clamorous chiding. 
 
 3. An instrument with which a clattering sound 
 is made. [For watchman's rattle, see Watchman.] 
 
 The raulet of Ifis and the cymbals of BrasUea nearly enough 
 
 7>-»einble each other. Jiategh. 
 The rtiymes and rauler of the man or boy. fiope. 
 
 4. A plant of the genus Pedicularis, lousewort. 
 
 Fam, of Plants. 
 
 Yellow rattle ; a plant of the genus Rhinanthiis. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 RAT'TLE-ROX, n. A plant ; a popular name of one 
 or more sp<'cies of Crotalaria. 
 
 RAT'TLF^HEAD-ED, a. Noisy; giddy; unsteady. 
 
 RAT'TLES, (rat'tl/.,) 71. pi. The popular name of the 
 croup, or Cynanche trachealis of Cullen. 
 
 R.\T'TLE-S.\AKE, 71. An .American snake that has 
 rallies at the tail, of the genus CroUiliis. The rat- 
 tles consist of articulated horny cells, which the 
 
 animal vibrates in sucn a manner as lo make a rat- 
 tling sound. The poison of the rattlesnake is dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 RAT' Tl.E SN.^KE-ROOT, 71. A plant or root of the 
 
 genus Polygala, nntl uiiullier of Ihe genus Pfenaiithea ; 
 
 used to cure Iht: bite of the ralllesnake. 
 RA T'Tl-E-SNAKE-WEED, n. A plant of the genui 
 
 Eryugiuin. Earn, of Plants. 
 
 RAT'TLING, ppr. or a. Making a quick succession 
 
 of sh;irp sounds. 
 R.'\'I''TI.ING, 71. A rapid succession of sharp sounds. 
 
 JVa/7. iii. 
 RAT-TOON'. See Ratoon. 
 
 RAU'CI-TV, n. [L. raueiu, hoarse. Raueiu is Ihe 
 Eng. rough, which see.] 
 
 1. Hoarseness ; a loud, rough sound ; as, the rau- 
 ci/7/ of a trumpet. Bacon. 
 
 2. Among physicians, hoarseness of the human 
 voice. 
 
 RAU'eOUS, a. Hoarse ; harsh. [JVot initse.] 
 RAU<;HT, (rawt,) llie old participle of Reach. [Obs.] 
 RAUNCII. See WitENrii. 
 
 U.AV'ACiE, 71. [Fr., from raeir, lo rob or Spoil, L. 
 rapio. See Class Rh, No. 18, 19, 2fi, 27.1 
 
 1. Spoil ; ruin ; w.asle ; destruction by violence, 
 cither by men, beasts, or physical causes ; as, the 
 ravage of a lion ; the raeagej of fire or tempest ; the 
 ravages of an army. 
 
 Would one think 'twere possible for love 
 
 To niaku such ravage in a noble soul i Addifon. 
 
 2. Waste ; ruin ; destruction by decay ; as, Ihe 
 ravages of time. 
 
 RAVAGE, V. t. [Fr. rarager.] 
 
 1. To spoil ; lo plunder ; to pillage ; to sack. 
 
 Alreaily Ce.ar 
 II;ia mvaged more than hall the globe. 
 
 Addijon. 
 
 2. To lay waste by any violent force ; as, a flopd 
 or inundation ravages the meadows. 
 
 The shattered fu»n-at and the ravaged vale. Thornton. 
 
 3. To waste or destroy by eating ; as, fields rae- 
 aged by swarms of locusts. 
 
 RA V''AG-/CD, ;>/7. or a. W;istcd ; destroyed ; pillaged. 
 RAV'/XO-ER, 71. A plunderer; a spoiler; he or that 
 
 which lays waste. Swift. 
 RAV'AG-ING, ppr. Plundering; pillaging; laying 
 
 waste. 
 
 RaVE, b. i. [D. revelen, to rave. Eng. to revel ; Sp. 
 rabiar; Port, raivar ; L. rabio. lo rave, to rage, or be 
 furious ; rabies, rage ; II. rabbia, whence arrabbiare, 
 to enrage ; Fr. river, if not a contracted word ; Dan. 
 rai'fr, to reel. See (Jlass Kb, No. 27, 34.] 
 
 1. To wander in mind or intellect; to be delir- 
 ious ; to talk irrationally ; to be wild. 
 
 When men Uius rare, we m.ay conclude their bmins are liimed. 
 
 Gov. 0/ tht Tongue. 
 
 2. To Utter furious exclamations; to be furious or 
 raging, as a madman. 
 
 Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast? Ad/Uton. 
 
 3. To dote ; lo be unreasonably ftmd ; followed by 
 Mpon; as, to rare upon antiquity. [Hardly proper.] 
 
 Locke. 
 
 RAVE, n. The upper side-piece of limber of the body 
 of a cart. J'i'ew England. 
 
 RAV'f.'L, (rav'l,) r. (. [ D. raaj/o/r 71 and raoe/eTi. See 
 Class Kb, No. 3, 4, 34.) 
 
 1. To tear out or pull asunder any thing complex 
 or coniplic.ite ; to untwist ; to unweave or unknot ; 
 to disentangle ; as, to racci out a twist ; to ravel out 
 a slocking. 
 
 Sleep, that knits up the raveled sleeve of care. Shak. 
 
 2. To entangle ; to cntwist together ; to make in- 
 tricate ; lo involve ; to perplex. [06i.] 
 
 What gK^ry's due to him that could divide 
 
 Such raveled interests, h.is the knot uiitiett t Waller, 
 
 3. To hurry or run over in confusion. [Al7t tii 
 use.] Digby. 
 
 ['I'he true sense of this word, as Dr. Webster has 
 remarked, is to separate the texture of that which is 
 woven or knit ; to pull asunder Ihat which is com- 
 plex or complicate. ,\s this process, however, would 
 often result in greater complication or entanglement, 
 il also acquired the op[70site meaning, to entangle or 
 make intricate ; but in this sense it is no longer 
 used. — iU] 
 
 RAV'iJL, (rav'I,) v. i. To be separated in texture ; to 
 be untwisted or unwoven ; to be disentangled. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. To fall into perplexity and confusion. [Oti;.] 
 
 Till, by their own perplexiii..s involved, 
 Thev ravet more, still less resolved. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. To work in perplexities ; to busy one's self 
 with intricacies ; to enter by winding and turning. 
 
 [Obs.] 
 
 It wilt be needless to raeet tu Into the records of elder times. 
 
 Decoy of Piety. 
 
 The humor of raveling Into all these mystical or eounjl-^t mat- 
 ters — producetl infinite disputes. Temple. 
 
 RAV'EL-ED, pp. or a. Untwisted ; disentangled ; 
 
 twisted together ; made intricate. 
 RAVE'LIX, (rav'liii,) n. [Fr. id ; Sp. reieiiin ; Port. 
 
 rebelim : It. rcvcHina.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, 1:NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
RAV 
 
 in fortification, n detached work with two emhank- 
 menls which make a saMem angle. It is raised be- 
 fore tJie curtaiu on tiie counterscarp of the place. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RAV'EL-ING, ppr. Untwisting ; disentangling ; 
 twisting ; entangling. 
 
 RAVi^X-INGS, 71. pi. Threads detached by the pro- 
 cess of raveling. 
 
 RA'Vf-N, (ri'vn,) n. [Sax. hrafn, hrefn, or ra/n; G. 
 robe ; D. raaf. Qu. Heb. from its color. But 
 this may be L. corvus. The Saxon orthography 
 would indicate that this fowl is named from pilfer- 
 ing; hreqfian, reafian, to plunder, to rob, L. rapio.] 
 
 A large bird of a black color, belonging to the 
 crow family, the Corvus Coraz. P. Cyc. 
 
 RA\"£N, (rav'n,) i'. U (G. raubm ; Dan. rover; Sw. 
 "offa, rofoa, to rob ; Sax. reajitin, kreajian. Bat it is 
 
 more nearly allied to Ar. ( raffa, to eat much, 
 
 to pluck off in feeding. Class Kb, No. 19. See No. 
 
 18, 19, 34.] 
 
 1. To devour with great eagerness ; to «at with 
 voracity. 
 
 Our natures do pursue, 
 Like rats that raven down tlieir proper bane, 
 A thirsty evil ; nuti when we drink, we die. Miafr. 
 LiJje a roaring lion raoemng ihe prey.- — Ezek. xxii. 
 
 2. To obtain by violence. Hakewill. 
 RAVEN, (rav'n,) v. i. To prey with rapacity. 
 
 Benjamin shall raven as a wolf. — Gen. xlix. 
 
 RAVEN, (rav'n,) n. Prey; plunder; food obtained 
 by violence. JV'ak. ii. 
 2. Rapine ; rapacity. Raij. 
 RAVES-ED, pp. Devoured with voncity. 
 R.\V'£N-EK, 71. One that ravens or ,,!unders. 
 
 GoWfr. 
 
 2. Raveners, pi. ! birds of prey, as the owl, kite, 
 hawk, and vulture. Kirby. 
 RAV'£N-[NG, ppr. Preying with rapacity ; vora- 
 ciously devouring ; as, a ravcninsr wolf. 
 RAV'K.\"-1.\G, 71. Eagerness for plunder. Lvke xi. 
 RAV'£N-OUS,a. Furiously vor.acious ; hungry even 
 to rage ; devouring with rapacious eagerness ; as, a 
 ravenous wolf, lion, or vulture. Jililton. 
 
 2. Eager for prey or gratification ; as, ravenous ap- 
 pptite or desire. Shale. 
 RAV'£.\-OUS-LY, adv. With raging voracity. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 RAV'£N-OUS-NESS, 71. Extreme voracity ; rage for 
 prey ; as, the rarcnousness of a lion. Hale. 
 
 Ra'V£N'S-DUCK, 71. [G. racensluch.] 
 
 .\ species of sail-cloth. Tooke. 
 
 RaV'ER, 71. [from rave.] One that raves or is fu- 
 rious. 
 
 RAV'/N. See Raven. 
 
 RAV'/N, o. Ravenous. [JVo( 171 ttsf.] S/iai. 
 RA-V(.\E', (ra-veen',) 7t. [Fr. ravin, from ravir, to 
 
 snatcii or tear away.] 
 
 A louff, deep, and narrow hollow, worn by a 
 
 stnam or torrent of water; hence, any long, deep, 
 
 and narrow hollow or pass through mountains, &c. 
 RAVING, ppr. or a. Furious with delirium; mad; 
 
 distracted. 
 
 Ra VING-LY, adv. With furious wildness or frenzy ; 
 
 with distraction. Sidney. 
 RAVISH, V. t. [Fr. ravir; Arm. rai'if :a ; Sav. hrea- 
 
 fnn : VV. rheiiiaw ; L. ro;»i». See Class Rb, No. 18, 
 
 19, af), 27 ] 
 
 1. To seize and carry away by violence. 
 These liaira which Uiou dost ravish from my chin, 
 
 Will quicken and accuse thee. Shak. 
 This haiul shall raviah thy pretended ri^llt. Drytlen. 
 
 2. To have carnal knowledge of a woman by force, 
 and against her consent. Is. xiii. Zech. xiv. 
 
 3. To bear away with joy or delight ; to delight to 
 ecstasy ; to transport. 
 
 Thou hast ravished my heart. — Cant, ir, Prov. v. 
 
 RAVTSII-£D, (rav'isht,) pp. or a. Snatched away by 
 violence; foriied to submit to carnal embrace; dc- 
 lichlcd to ecstasy. 
 
 RAV'ISH-ER, 71. One that takes by violence. Pope. 
 
 2. One that forces a woman to his carnal embrace. 
 
 3. One that transports with delight. 
 
 R.\ VISH-ING, ppr. Snatching or taking by violence ; 
 compelling to submit to carnal intercourse; delight- 
 ing to ec-tiisy. 
 9. a. Delighting to rapture : transporting. 
 
 R.W'ISII-ING, 71. A 8ci/.ing and carrying away by 
 violence. 
 
 2. Carnal knowledge by force, against consent. 
 
 3. Eculalic delight ; transport. 
 EAV'ISH-I.N'G-LY, adv. To extremity of delight. 
 
 Cliopritnn. 
 
 RAVISH .MEN'T, n. The act of forcing a wnman to 
 carnal connection; forcible violation of cliiistiiy. 
 
 Taylor. Dnjilen. 
 
 2. Rapture ; transport of delight ; ecstasy ; pleas- 
 ing violence on the mind <»r scrnscH. 
 
 At) thiuprs )oy with raviahmrnt 
 
 Aumcu-tl tjy Uiy irntny mill to gMr. Milton. 
 
 3. The act of carrying nwiiy ; abduction ; a», the 
 
 RAY 
 
 ravishment of children from their parents, of a ward 
 from his guardian, or of a wife from her husband. 
 
 Blaclistone. 
 
 RAW, a. [Sax. kreato, rcaw ; D. raauw ; G. rok ; Dan. 
 raa ; Sw. ra ; h. crudus ; Sp. and It. c7^i(^o ; Fr. cru ; 
 Arm. criz or crih ; W. crau, blood ; cri, raw. In the 
 Teutonic dialects, the last radical is lost or sunk to 
 w or h, but the Saxon initial h represents the L. c. 
 
 Ar. aradia, to eat or corrode, L. rodo, also to 
 
 become raw. Class Rd, No. 35.] 
 
 1. Not altered from its natural state ; not roasted, 
 boiled, or cooked; not subdued by heat; as, raw 
 meat. Spenser. 
 
 2. Not covered with skin ; bare, as flesh. 
 
 If there is quick rata flesh in the risings, it is an old leprosy. — 
 Lev. xiii. 
 
 3. Sore. 
 
 And all his sinews waxen weak and raw 
 
 Through long icuprisoiunent. Spenser, 
 
 4. Immature ; unripe ; not concocted. Johnson. 
 
 5. Not altered by heat ; not cooked or dressed ; 
 being in its natural state ; as, raio fruit. 
 
 C. Unseasoned; unexperienced; unripe in skill; 
 as, people while young and raw. South. 
 
 So we sa}', raw troops ; and new seamen are called 
 raw hands. 
 
 7. New ; untried ; as, a raw trick. S/117J:. 
 
 8. Bleak ; chilly ; cold, or rather cold and damp ; 
 as, a raw day ; a raw, cold climate. Spenser. 
 
 Once upon a raw and gusty day. Shak. 
 
 9. Not distilled ; as, raw water. [JVoi used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 10. Not spun or twisted ; as, raw silk or cotton. 
 
 11. Not mixed or adulterated ; as, raw spirits. 
 
 12. Bare of flesh. Spenser. 
 
 13. Not tried or melted and strained ; as, raw 
 tallow. 
 
 14. Not tanned ; as, ratv hides. 
 RAW'-BoN-£D, a. Having little flesh on the bones. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RAW'HE.\D, ( hed,) 71. The name of a specter, men- 
 tioned to frighten children ; as, rawhead and bloody 
 bones. Dnjden. 
 
 RAWHIDE, 71. A cowhide or coarse riding-whip, 
 made of untanned leather twisted. 
 
 RAVV'ISH,a. Somewhat raw ; cool and damp. [JVot 
 ninch used.] Marston. 
 
 RAWLY, adv. In a r.aw manner. 
 
 Q. Unskillfully ; without experience. 
 
 3. Newly. Shak. 
 
 RAWNESS, 71. The state of being raw, uncooked, 
 unaltered by heat ; as, the raicness of flesh. 
 
 2. Unskillfulness ; state of being inexperienced ; 
 as, the rawness of seamen or troops. 
 
 3. Hasty manner. [JVo( (c^'(i77ta£e.] Slmlc. 
 
 4. Chilliness with dampness. 
 
 R.\Y, 71. [Fr. rate, rayon ; It. razio, ragirio, radio ; Sp. 
 and Port, rayo ; from L. radius ; W. rhaiz ; Ir. riodk ; 
 Arm. rea, roudenn. Sans, radina. It coincides with 
 rori and row, from shooting; extending. Hence, in 
 W. rhaiz is a spear, as \vell as a ray.] 
 
 1. A line of light, or the right line supposed to be 
 described by a particle of liglit. A collection of par- 
 allel rays constitutes a beam; a collection of diverg- 
 ing or converging rays, a pencil. Olmsted. 
 
 The mixed .solar beam contains, 1st, calorific rays, 
 producing heat and expansion, but not vision and 
 color; 2d, colorific rays, producing vision and color, 
 but not heat nor expansion ; 3d, chemical rays, pro- 
 ducing certain effects on the composition of bodies, 
 but neither heat, expansion, vision, or color ; 4lli, a 
 power producing magnetism, but whether a distinct 
 or associated power, is not determineti. It seems to 
 be associated with the violet, more than with the 
 other rays. Sillirnan. 
 
 2. Fiiruralively, a beam of intellectual light. 
 
 3. I.iglit ; luster. 
 
 The air sharpened his visual ray. Milton. 
 
 4. In botany, the outer scries of ligulate florets in 
 a compound flower; also, the petals having a form 
 diflerent from the rest, wliich are stuneliincs found 
 in tlic! cirf.uiiiference of an umbel, a cyme, or a ca- 
 pitulnm of a^trretrate fiowers. Lindlry. 
 
 .">. In ichthyoloiry, a bony or cartilaginous ossicle in 
 the fins of fishes, serving to support the membrtinc. 
 II. A plant, [lolium.] Jiinsworth. 
 7. Ray, for Array. [A'of in use.] 
 
 Spenser. B. Jonson. 
 RAY, n. [Fr. raie ; Sp. raya ; G. roehe ] 
 
 A fish ; a common name for the species of the 
 Liiinaran genus Raia, including the skate, thornback, 
 torpeilo, stingray, &c. 
 RAY, V. t. To streak ; to mark with long lines. 
 
 Spenser. Shak. 
 
 2. To foul ; to beray. [JVot in use.] Spciucr. 
 
 3. To array. [JVol in use.] 
 
 4. To shoot forth. Thomson. 
 RX'YA H, (r,l'yit,) ». In Turkey, a perstm not a Mo- 
 
 hnmmedan, who pays the capitation tax. Brande. 
 
 REA 
 
 RaY' EO, pp. or a. Streaked; marked with long lines. 
 
 R.\ Y'GR.^i.SS, 71. One of the popular names of Loli- 
 um ppreiine ; rye grass. 
 
 RAY'LESS, a. Jjestitute of light ; dark; not illumi- 
 nated. Yountr. 
 
 RAZE, 71. A root. [See Race-Ginger, under Kace.] 
 
 RAZE, u (. [Fr. raser ; Li. rasas, rado ; ^p. arrasar. 
 See Rase and Erase.] 
 
 1. To subvert from the foundation ; to overthrow ; 
 to destroy ; to demolish ; as, to raze a city to the 
 ground. 
 
 The Toyol hand that razed unhappy Troy. Dryden. 
 
 2. To erase ; to efface ; to obliterate. 
 
 Razing the characters of your renown. Shak, 
 [In this sense Rase and Erase are now used.] 
 
 3. To extirpate. 
 
 And raze their factions and their family. ShaJ:. 
 
 RAZ'£D, pp. Subverted ; overthrown ; wholly ruined ; 
 
 erased ; extirpated. 
 RA-ZEE', 17. An armed ship having her upper deck 
 
 cut down, and thus reduced to the next inferior rate, 
 
 as, a seventy-four cut d iwn to a frigate. Totlen. 
 RA-ZEE', V. t. To cut down to an inferior rate or 
 
 class, as a ship. 
 RA-ZEED', pp. Cut down to an inferior class. 
 R.\-ZEE'1NG, ppr. Cutting down loan inferior class. 
 R.AZ'ING, j'i""- Subverting; destroying; erasing; 
 
 extirpating. 
 
 RA'ZOR, 71. [Fr. rasoir ; It. rasoio ; from Fr. raser, L. 
 rasus, rado, to scrape.] 
 
 An instrument fur shaving off beard or hair. 
 Razors of a boar ; a boar's tusks. 
 RA'ZOR-A-BLE, a. Fit to be shaved. [JYoJ in use.] 
 
 Shak, 
 
 RA'ZOR-BILL,n. An aquatic fowl, the common auk, 
 Alca torda. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 RA'ZOR-£D, a. Formed like a razor. 
 
 RA'ZOR-FISH, n. A small fish of the Mediterranean, 
 Coryphwna novacula, prized for the table. Booth. 
 2. The razor-shell. Kirby. 
 
 RA'ZOR-SHELL, ;i. A bivalve shell-fish, of the ge- 
 nus Solen, having a shell long and narrow like the 
 handle of a razor. Kirby. 
 
 RA'ZOK-STROP, 71. A strop f.ir sharpening razors. 
 
 RAZ'URE, 71. [Fr. rasure : L. rasura, from rado.] 
 The act of erasing or effacing ; obliteration. [See 
 Rasure.] 
 
 Re, a prefix or inseparable particle in the composition 
 of words, denotes return, repetiti. n, iteration. It is 
 contracted from red, whicli the Latins retained in 
 words beginning with a vowel, as in redamo, rcdco. 
 
 redinte^ro; Ar. radda, to return, restore, bring 
 
 back, repel, to answer. Class Rd, No. 1. From the 
 Latin or the original Celtic, the Italians, Spanish, and 
 French, have their re, ra, as prefixes. In a few Eng- 
 lish worils, all or most of which, I believe, we re- 
 ceive from the French, it has lost its appropriate 
 signification, as in rejuire, recommend, receive. 
 
 RE-AB SORB', i'. (. [re and absorb.] To draw in or 
 imbibe again what has been effused, extravasated, or 
 thrown off; used of fluids; as, to reabsorb chyle, 
 lymph, blooti, gas, &c. 
 2. To swallow up again. 
 
 RE-AB-SORB'£D, p;i. Imbibed again. 
 
 RE-.\B-SORl!'IN(i, ppr. Keiiubibins. 
 
 RE-AB-SORP'TION, (-shun,) n. Tlie act or process 
 of imbibing what has been previously thrown off, 
 effused, or e.\travasated ; the swallowing a second 
 time. Lavoisier. 
 
 RE-AC-CESS', 71. [re and access.] A second access 
 or approach ; a visit renewed. Hakewill. 
 
 RkACH, v. i. Rauuht, the ancient preterit, is obsolete. 
 The verb is now regular ; pp. Reached. [Sax. ra- 
 can, reean, ritcan, or hracan; Goth, rakyan; Ir. ritr- 
 him, roichim ; Dan. rekker ; D. reikcn, rckken ; G. reichrn, 
 recken; Sw. rdeka : Gr.opeyto: It. recere, to reach, 
 retch, or vomit; L. re^ro, to rule or govern, to make 
 right or straight, that is, to strain or stretch, the radi- 
 cal sense. The English sense of reach appears in L. 
 porrigo and parricio. We find in the Shemitic lan- 
 guages, Ch. JJT to desiie, to long for, Syr. ra- 
 gi, and <""''S''i desire. This is the Greek 
 
 o/)C) (.1, to reach, to stretch, the radical sense of de- 
 siring. Tlif latter Syriac word is the Hebrew J-iN, to 
 weave ; but the i)rimary sense is, to stretch or strain. 
 
 This verb in Arabic, ~jl arikha, signifies to send 
 
 forth a grateful smell, to breathe fragrance, the root 
 of the l.,fragro. But the primary sense is the same, 
 to reach, to extend, to shoi.l fort.*!. The same word 
 
 in Eth. rnga, San. rirh^h, signifies to con- 
 
 geal orconilense, to make stiff or rigiil. This is the 
 L. nVci), (;r. '01, and hoiico L. friaro, whence 
 /rigid. This sense also is from stretching or draw- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.— 
 
 912 
 
RE A 
 
 REA 
 
 REA 
 
 inz, mnkiiig tense or rigid. TIir radical sense of 
 yp-v is tlio same, whence region, and tin: Ileb. y p">, 
 the expanse of heaven or the firmament. The L. 
 roiTo has the same radical sense, to reach, to urge. 
 See Class Kg, No. 1, 8, l.'i, 18, 21.] 
 
 1. To extend ; to stretch; in a general sense ; some- 
 times followed by out ani forth i as, to reach out the 
 arm. Hence, 
 
 2. To extend to ; to touch by extending, either the 
 arm alone, or with an instrument in the hand ; .is, 
 to reach a hook on the shelf; I can not reach the ob- 
 ject with my cane ; the seaman reaches the bottom 
 of the river with a pole or a line. 
 
 3. To strike from a distance. 
 
 O p-ilron power, thy pn^nt aid aflord, 
 Ttiut 1 may rtaeh tin: lieiul. 
 
 Drydci 
 
 1. To deliver with the hand by e.\tending Ihearni ; 
 to band. He reached [to] me an orange. 
 
 IJe reachtd inc a full cup. — 2 rUUms. 
 
 5. To extend or stretch from a distance. 
 
 Heach hitlicr thy finger — reacA hither thy liantl. — John XX. 
 
 f>. To arrive at ; to come to. The ship reached her 
 port in safety. We reached New York on Thursday. 
 The letter reached me at seven o'clock. 
 
 7. To attain to or arrive .it, by elTort, labor, or study ; 
 hetice, to gain or obtain. livery artist should at- 
 tempt to react the point of excellence. 
 
 The N'st uccouiits oj till? appearances of nature which human 
 penctrvtiou can readi, ootne short of its icaiity. Chtjjne. 
 
 8. To penetrate to. 
 
 Whatever alterations are made in the body, if they reach not the 
 niiiul, theie is uo perception. Locke. 
 
 9. To extend to so as to include or comprehend in 
 fact or principle. 
 
 The law reaehsd the intention of the promoten, and this act fixed 
 Ih'* natnr.\l price of money. Locke. 
 
 ir these exaniples of men reach DOt tho easo of chiMren, 
 
 I'-t thcui examine. Locke. 
 
 10. To extend to. 
 
 Thy desire leads to no excess that reache* blame. MUton. 
 
 H. To extend ; to spread abroad. 
 
 Tn-es reached too far their pampered houghs. Millon. 
 
 12. To take with the hand. 
 
 Irfst, therefore, now his bolder hand 
 Reach also of the tree of life and eat. [Unusuai.] I^rOlon. 
 
 13. To overreach ; to deceive. South. 
 Reach, v. i. To bo extended. 
 
 The new world reachet quite across the torrid rone. Boyle. 
 The bonier shall descend, and shall reach to the side of the sea 
 
 of Chinnereth eiisiwarrl. — Num. xxxiv. 
 And beholJ, a ladder set on the eanli, aud the top of it reached 
 
 to heaven. — lieu, xxviii. 
 
 2. To penetrate. 
 
 Ye have slain thera in ai«£c that readttth to heaven. — 2Cbron. 
 xxviii. 
 
 3. To make efforts to vomit. [See Retch.] 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 To reach oJUt ; to make efforts to attain to or ob- 
 tain. 
 
 He would he in a posture of mind reaching a/ter a positive idea 
 of infinity. Locke. 
 
 Re.\CH, ji. In a general sense, extension ; a stretch- 
 ing; extent. 
 
 2. The power of extending to, or of taking by the 
 hand, or by any instniment managed by the hand. 
 The book is not within my reach. The bottom of 
 the sea i,s not within the reocA of a line or cable. 
 
 3. ^Power of attainment or management, or the 
 limit of power, physical or moral. He used all the 
 means within his reach. The causes of phenomena 
 are often beyond the reach of human intellect. 
 
 Be sure yourself and your own reacA to know. Pnpe. 
 
 4. Effort of the mind in contrivance or research ; 
 contrivance ; scheme. 
 
 Drawn by others who had deeper reach** than themselves to 
 matters which they leiul intended. HcywanL 
 
 5. A fetch ; an artifice to obtain an advantage. 
 The Duke of Parma had partictdar reachea and ends of his own 
 
 underhand, to cross the desi^. Bacon. 
 
 6. Tendency to distant consequences. 
 
 Strain not my speech 
 To grosser issues, nor t» Larger reach 
 Than to suspicion. Shak. 
 
 7. Extent. 
 
 And on the lefl hand, hell 
 With long reach interposed. fifilton, 
 
 8. Among seamen, the distance between two points 
 on the banks of a river, iu which the current tlows 
 in a straight course. Brande. 
 
 9. An effort to vomit. 
 
 ReACII'£I), (recht,) pp. Stretched out ; extended ; 
 touched by extending the arm ; attained to ; ob- 
 tained. 
 
 ReACH'ER, n. One that reaches or extends; one 
 that delivers by extending the arm. 
 
 Re.\CH'I.NG, ppr. Stretching out ; extending; touch- 
 ing hy extension of the arm ; attaining to ; gaining ; 
 making elTort-s to vomit. 
 
 RE- ACT', r. u [re and oct] To act or perform a 
 
 sectind time; as, to react a play; the same scenes 
 were reacted at Rome. 
 UE-ACT', V. i. To return an impulse or impression ; 
 to resist the action of another body hy an opposite 
 force. Every body reacts on the body that impels it 
 from its natural state. 
 
 2. To act mutually or reciprocally upon each other, 
 as two or more chemical agi.'nts. Dana. 
 
 3. To act in opposition ; to resist any influence or 
 power. 
 
 RE-ACT'ED, pp. Acted or performed a second time. 
 
 RE-ACT'INd, ppr. Acting again; in p/iysiM, resist- 
 ing the impulse of another body by an opposite force ; 
 acting mutually or reciprocally. 
 
 RE-ACTION, II. Ill vieclianic.1, a force which a body 
 subjected to the action of a force from another body 
 exerts upon that body in tho opposite direction. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 Action and reaction are equal. JVe«>(on. 
 
 2. In cAemi-Nfry, the mutual or reciprocal action of 
 chemical agents upon each other. Dana. 
 
 3. Any action in resisting other action or power. 
 RE-ACT'iVE, a. Having jxiwer to react ; tending to 
 
 reaction. 
 
 RE-.\€T'IVE-LY, adv. By reaction. 
 RE-AGT'IVE-NESS, n. The quality of being re- 
 active. 
 
 Re.\D, (reed,) n. [Sax. r<rd. Sec the verb.] 
 
 1. Counsel. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 2. Saying; sentence. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 RE.\D, i\ t. The preterit and pp. Read is pronounced 
 
 red. [Sax. rted, rad, rfrf, speech, discourse, cotinsel, 
 advice, knowledge, benefit, reason ; ra-dan, redan, to 
 read, to decree, to appoint, to command, to rule or 
 govern, to conjecture, to give or t.akc counsel ; 
 arcedtin, to read, to tell, to narr.ite ; gertrdan, to read, 
 to consult ; gerad, mode, condition, or state, reason, 
 ratio, or account, knowledge, instruction, or learn- 
 ing, anil, as an adjective or participle, knowing, in- 
 structed, reoilij, sititeil ; grrad bcon, to be ready, to 
 accoril, or agree ; geradod, excited, quick. These 
 significations unite this word with ready, which sec. 
 G. rede, speech, talk, account ; redcn, to speak ; D. 
 rede, speech ; rcden, reason ; Dan. rede, account, and 
 ready ; (J. bereden, to berate; rath, atlvice, counsel, a 
 council or senate ; ratheti, to advise, to conjecture, or 
 guess, to solve a riddle; U. 7-aarf, counsel, advice ; 
 raaden, to counsel ; Sw. rad, Dan. raad, counsel ; rada, 
 raader, to counsel, to instruct ; W. rhailh, straight, 
 right, that is, set right, decision, verdict; rheitheg, 
 rhetoric, from rliailh; Dan. rc(, law, justice, right, 
 recLson ; Sw. rail, ratio, id. ; Ir. radh, a saying; rod- 
 ham, to say, tell, relate ; W. adrawz, to tell or re- 
 hearse ; Gr. peiy), for ItcOoi, to say or tell, to flow ; 
 pi^Taifi, a speaker, a rhetorician ; Goth, rodyan, to 
 speak. The primary sense of read is, to speak, to 
 utter, that is, to push, drive, or adv.mce. This is 
 also the primary sense of ready, that is, prompt, or 
 advancing quick. The Sax. aerad, ready, accords 
 also in elements with the \\. rh&d, L. gratia, the 
 primary sense of which is, prompt to favor, advanti- 
 ing towards, free. The elements of these words are 
 the same as those of ride and L. gradior, &c. The 
 sense of recson is secondary, that which is uttered, 
 said, or set forth ; hence, counsel, also. The Sw. 
 raUa, Dan. ret, if not contracted words, are from tho 
 same root. (See Ready.) Class Rd, No. 1, 3, 5, 9, 
 2G.] 
 
 1. To utter or pronounce written or printed words, 
 letters, or characters, in the proper order ; to repeat 
 the names or utter the sounds customarily annexed 
 to words, letters, or characters ; as, to read a written 
 or printed discourse ; to read the letters of an alpha- 
 bet ; to read figures ; to read the notes of music, or 
 to read music. 
 
 2. To inspect and understand words or characters; 
 to peruse silently ; as, to read a paper or letter with- 
 out uttering the words ; to read to one's self. 
 
 3. To discover or understand by characters, marks, 
 features, &c. ; as, to read a man's thoughts in his 
 countenance. 
 
 To read the bilerior structure of the globe, /oum. o/ Science. 
 
 An armed corse diil lie, 
 Id whose dead face he read great magnanimity. Spenser, 
 
 4. To gather the meaning of by inspection ; to 
 Icam by observation. 
 
 Those about her 
 From her shidi read die peilcct ways of honor. Shale. 
 
 5. To know fully. 
 
 Who is't can read a woman I Shak. 
 
 6. To suppose ; to guess. [ 04*.] Spenser. 
 
 7. To advise. [ 04s.] Spenser 
 R£.\D, (reed,) ». L To perform the act of reading. 
 
 So they read in the book of the law of God distiocUy, and gave 
 ihe sense. — Neh. viii. 
 
 2. To be studious; to practice much reading. 
 
 It is sure that Fleiiry read*. Taylor. 
 
 3. To learn by reading. 
 
 I have rend of an RaAem king who put a Judge to death for an 
 inapiit .us sentence. Sui/L 
 
 4. To tell ; to declare. [JVat in use.] Spenser. 
 
 5. To appear in reading ; as, thepaiwige rrai^ thus 
 in the early manuscripts. 
 RE.\D, (red,) pp. Uttered ; pronounced, as written 
 words in the proper order ; as, the letter was read to 
 the family. 
 
 2. Silently pcnised ; understood hy inspection. 
 READ, (red,) it. Instructed or knowing by reading ; 
 versed in books ; learned. fVell read is the phrase 
 commonly used ; as, well read in history ; teetl read 
 in tho classics. 
 
 A poet uell read in IjOnginus. AddUon. 
 
 READ'A-BLE, a. That may be read ; fit to be read. 
 
 J/urd. 
 
 ReAD'A-BLE-NESS, n. Tho state of being readable. 
 ReAD'A-HLY, ado. So as to be legible. 
 RE-A-DEP'TION, n. [from L. re and adrptus, ob- 
 tained.] 
 
 A regaining ; recovery of something lost. [Ab( 
 much useiL] Bacon. 
 READ'ER, n. One that reads ; any person who pro- 
 nounces written words ; particularly, one whose dis- 
 tinctive office is to read prayers in a church. 
 
 2. At Uie university of Oxford, one who reads lec- 
 tures on scientific subjects. Lyrll. 
 
 3. By way of distinction, one that reads much ; one 
 studious in books. 
 
 READ'ER-SHIP,n. [See Read.] The office of read- 
 ing prayers in a church. SwifL 
 
 2. At tAt university of Oiford, the oftice of a reader 
 or lecturer on scientific subjects. Lyell. 
 
 READ'I-LY,(red'i-ly,) a<ic. (See Ready.] Ouickly ; 
 promptly ; easily. 1 rcadihj perceive the distinction 
 you make. 
 
 2. Cheerfully; without del.ay or objection; with- 
 out reluctance. He rcaddy granted my request. 
 READ'I-NESS, (red'i ness,) n. [from ready.] 
 
 1. Uuickness; promptness; promptitude ; facility ; 
 freedom from hinderance or obstruction ; as, readi- 
 ness of speech ; remliness of thought ; readiness of 
 mind in suggesting an answer; readiness u( reply. 
 
 2. Promptitude ; cheerfulness ; willingness ; alac- 
 rity ; freedom from reluctitnce ; as, to grant a request 
 or assistance with readiness. 
 
 They received the word widi all readiness of mind. — Acts xvii. 
 
 3. A state of preparation ; fitness of condition. 
 The troops are in readiness. 
 
 ReAD'ING, ppr. Pronouncing or perusing written or 
 printed words or characters of a book or writing. 
 _ 2. Discovering by marks ; understanding. 
 
 ReAD'ING, a. Addicted to reading; as, a reading 
 community. 
 
 A reading man, in the English vnirersilies, is a hard 
 student, or one who is entirely devoted to his col- 
 legiate studies. 
 READ'I.NG, 71. The act of reading ; penisal. 
 
 2. Study of books ; as, a man of extensive reading. 
 
 3. A lecture or prelection. 
 
 4. Public recital. 
 
 The Jews had tlicir weekly readinge of the law. Hooker. 
 
 5. In critici.tm, the way in which a given word or 
 passage reads in a manu.script, version, edition, itc. 
 No small part of the business of critics is to settle the 
 true reading, or real words used by the author ; and 
 the various readings of ditferent critics are oflen per- 
 plexing. 
 
 6. A version or interpretation of a law, text, or 
 passage, as conveying its meaning. Encye. 
 
 7. In legislation, the ftirinal recital of a bill by the 
 proper officer, before the house which is to consider 
 it. In congress and in tho State legislatures, a bill 
 must usually have three several readings on dilTerent 
 days, before it can be passed into a law. 
 
 RE.\D'ING-UOO.M, n. A room provided with papers, 
 periodicals, &c., to which persons resort for re.'uling. 
 RE-AD-JOURN', (-jum',) d. L [rc and adjourn.] To 
 adjourn .a second time. 
 2. To cite or summon again. [JVot used,] 
 
 Cot (rrave. 
 
 RE-AD-je^URN'£D, pp. Adjourned a second time 
 RE-AD-JUST', D. f. [re and adjust.] To settle again ; 
 to put in order again what had been discomposed. 
 
 Fielding. 
 
 RE-ADJn.=:T'ED, pp. Adjusted again ; resettled. 
 
 RE-AD-JirsT'lNG, ppr. Ailjustiiig again. 
 
 RE-.\DJUST'.\1ENT, n. A second adjustment. 
 
 RE-.\D-MIS'SIO.V, (-mish'un,) n, [re and mlmUsinn.] 
 The act of admitting again what had been excluded; 
 as, the readmission of fresh air into an exhausted re- 
 ceiver ; Ihe readmission of a student into a seminary. 
 
 .^rbuthnoL. 
 
 RE-AD-MIT', B. «. [re and (Kfmit.] To admit again. 
 Whose ear is ever open, and his eye 
 Gracious to rtadmii the supphanu Mdtan. 
 
 RE-AD-MIT'TANCE, n. A second admittance ; al- 
 lowance to enter again. 
 RE-AD.MIT'TED,pp. Admitted again. 
 RE-.\D-.MIT'TING, ppr. Allowing to enter again. 
 RE-.\-D01'T', V. t [re and adopL] To adopt again. 
 
 )■,.>/ 
 
 RE-A-DORN', r. U To adorn anew ; to decorate a 
 
 second time. Blackmarr.. 
 RE-A-DOR.\''£D, pp. Adorned anew. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"ClOUS C ai K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 115 
 
 YY Y 
 
 913 
 
REA 
 
 REA 
 
 REA 
 
 RE AD-VERT' EN-CY, n. [re and adeerteticy.] The 
 act of reviewing. A''orris. 
 
 REAU'Y, (red'e,) a. [Sax. r<ed, hrad, hrced, quick, 
 brisk, prompt, ready ; gerait, prepared, ready, pru- 
 dent, learned ; kradian, gchradiaii^ to liasten, to ac- 
 celerate ; geradian^ to make ready ; D. reeden, to pre- 
 pare ; recd^ prel, of ryden, to ride ; reede^ a road ; fte- 
 reid, ready ; bereideii, to prepare ; gereed, ready j G. 
 berctt, id. ; bcreiten^ to prepare, and to ride; reede, a 
 road ; Dan. rede, ready ; reder, to make the bed, to 
 rid: rede, an account; Sa,\. rad, from the root of 
 read ; bereder, to prepare ; rider, bcrider, to ride ; S\v. 
 reda, to make ready, to clear or disentangle, Eng. to 
 rid: redo, ready ; rida, to ride ; bereda, to prepare ; Ir. 
 reidh, ready ; reidhim, to prepare, to agree ; Gr. ftaSi- 
 05, easy ; VV. rliedu, to run. The primary sense is, 
 to go, move, or advance forward, and it seems to be 
 clear that ready, ride, read, riddle, are all of one fam- 
 ilv, and probably from the root of L. gradior. See 
 Read and Red. Class Rd, No. 93.] 
 
 1. (Inick ; prompt; not hesitating ; as, ready wit; 
 a readij consent. 
 
 2. (iuick to receive or comprehend ; not slow or 
 dull ; as, a ready apprehension. 
 
 3. Quick in action or execution ; dextrous ; as, an 
 artist ready in his business ; a ready writer. Ps. xlv. 
 
 4. Prompt ; not delayed ; present in hand. He 
 makes ready payment ; he pays ready money for ev- 
 ery' tiling he buys. 
 
 5. Prepared ; fitted ; furnished with what is neces- 
 sary, or disposed in a manner suited to the purpose; 
 as, a ship ready for sea. 
 
 My oxen and fatlings are killed, and ajl things are ready. — 
 Matt. xxii. 
 
 6. Willing; free; cheerful to do or suffer; not 
 backward or reluctant; as, a prince always ready to 
 grant the reasonable requests of his subjects. 
 
 Tlie spirit is reculy, but the flesh is weak. — Mark xiv, 
 I am ready not to be tjounU only, but also to die at Jerusalem for 
 the name of the Lord Jesus, — Acta xxi. 
 
 7. Willing; disposed. Men are generally readi/ to 
 impute blame to others. They are more ready to give 
 than to take reproof. 
 
 8. Being at the point ; near; not distant; about to 
 do or suffer. 
 
 A Syrian, ready to perish, was my father. — DeuU xivi. Job 
 xxix. Ps. Ixxxviii. 
 
 9. Being nearest or at hand. 
 
 A saplin? pine he wrenched from out the gpround, 
 
 The readieal weapon that his fury found. Dryden. 
 
 10. Easy ; facile ; opportune ; short ; near, or most 
 convenient ; the Greek sense, paiioq. 
 
 Sometimes the readiest way which a wise man has to conquer, is 
 
 to fl'-e. Hooker. 
 Through the wild desert, not the readiest way. Milton. 
 'riie rc(K/t/ way to l>e thought mad, is to contend you are not so, 
 
 iS;p€Ctofor. 
 
 To make ready ; to prepare ; to provide and put in 
 order. 
 
 2. An elliptical phrase for make things ready; to 
 make jjreparations ; to prepare. 
 READ'Y, (red'e,) ado. In a state of preparation so as 
 to need no delay. 
 
 We ouravlves will go ready armed before the house of Israel. — 
 Num. xxxii. 
 
 READ'Y, (red'e,) n. For ready money. 
 
 Lord Strut was not flush in ready, either to go to law, or to 
 cle.ar old debts, {.i touj word.] Arbuthnot. 
 
 READ'Y, (red'e,) v. t. To dispose in order ; to pre- 
 pare. [Ao( in use.'\ Brooke. 
 
 READ'Y-MaUE, a. Already made. 
 
 READ'Y-WIT'TED, a. Having ready wit. 
 
 RE-.\F-FIR.M', f-af-furm',) c. t. [re anA affirm.1 To 
 athrm a seconti lime. 
 
 RE-AF-FIRM'ANCE, n. A second confirmatiim. 
 
 .^tjl'ffe. 
 
 RE-AF-FIRM'KD, pp. Affirmed a second time. 
 
 RE-AF-FIKM'ING, ppr. Affirming again. 
 
 RE-A'<5ENT, 71. freand agent.] In chemistry, a sub- 
 stance employea to detect the presence of other 
 bodi(!S. 
 
 I>rgman r'-ckons barytic muriate to be one of the most sensible 
 reagents. Pourcroy. 
 
 RE-AG-GRA-VA'TION, n. \re and aggravation.] In 
 the Roman Catholic ecclesin.-itical law, the last monitory, 
 published after three admonitions and before the last 
 excommunication. Before tht^y proceed to fulminate 
 the last excommunication, they publish an aggrava- 
 tion and a reaggravation. Kncyc. 
 
 RP.AK, n. A rush. [JVo« in we.] 
 
 IlP.'AL, n. [Low I,, realit ; It. reale ; Fp. real; Fr. 
 reel ; from Ij. rM, rei, Ir. raod, red, rod. Hc-t at of the 
 Clans Kd, from the root of read, ready, from rushing, 
 driving, or fulling. Wo, like thing, in, primarily, that 
 which comes, falls out, or happrns, corresponding 
 with erent, from Ij. evenio. lira, then, denoli s that 
 which actually exiHls. The !,. rc.i and Eng. tiling 
 roirirido exactly In aigninc.-ition with the llcb. 131, 
 a wonl, a lliing, an event. Sen Rkao anil 'I'mino.] 
 
 I. Actually being or existing ; not liclitious or ini' 
 aginary ; ax, n dexcription of real life. The author 
 dcHcribey n real Hcenc or tranxaclion. 
 
 2. True; genuine; not artificial, counterfeit, or 
 factitious ; as, real Madeira wine ; real ginger. 
 
 3. True; genuine; not atiected ; not assumed. 
 The woman appears in her real character. 
 
 4. Relating to things, not to persons ; not personal 
 
 Many are perfect in men's humors, that are not g:TPatly capable 
 of the real part of business. \lAttU used or obsolete.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 5. In law, pertaining to things fixed, permanent, 
 or immovable, as to lands and tenements ; as, rcU 
 estate, opposed to personal or movable property. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Real action, in late, is an action whicn concerns 
 real property 
 
 Real assets ; assets consisting in real estate, or lands 
 and tenements descending to an heir, sufficient to 
 answer the charges upon the estate created by the 
 ancestor. 
 
 Chattels real, are such chattels as concern or savor 
 of the realty ; as a term for years of land, wardships 
 in chivalry, the next presentation to a church, estate 
 by statute-merchant, elegit, &lz. 
 
 Real composition, is when an agreement is made 
 between the owner of lands and the parson or vicar, 
 with consent of the ordinary, that such lands shall 
 be discharged from payment of tithes, in conse- 
 quence of other land or recompense given to the 
 parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Blackstone. 
 
 Real presence ; in the Roman Catholic church, the 
 actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in 
 the eucharist, or the conversion of the substance of 
 the bread and wine into the real body and blood of 
 Christ. Kncyc. 
 RE'AL, n. [Sp.] A small Spanish denomination of 
 money. 
 
 The real of plate varies in value according to the 
 time of its coinage, from 12.^ down to 10 cents, or 
 from 6i to 5 pence sterling. The real vellun is a 
 money of account equal to 5 cents, or 2^ pence ster- 
 ling jVcCidloch. 
 
 2. A realist. [Obs.] Burton. 
 RE-AL'GAR, n. [Fr. reagal, or realgal; Von.rosal- 
 gar, red algar.] 
 
 A combination of sulphur and arsenic in equal 
 equivalents ; red sulphuret of arsenic. Realgar dif- 
 fers from orpiment in the circumstance that orpiment 
 is composed of two equivalents of arsenic and three 
 of sulphur, 
 
 Re'AL-ISM, n. The doctrine of the realists, who 
 maintain that things, and not words, are the objects 
 of dialectics, 
 
 Re'AL-IST, 71. One who maintains that generals, or 
 the terms used to denote the genera and species of 
 things, represent real existences, and are not mere 
 names, as maintained by the nominalists. Murdoch. 
 
 RE-AL-IST'IC, a. Pertaining to or characteristic of 
 the realists, 
 
 RE-AL'I-TY, 71, [Fr. reality.] 
 
 1. Actual being or existence of any thing ; truth ; 
 fact ; in distinction from mere appearance, 
 
 A man may fancy he understands a 
 not comprehend his meaning. 
 
 2. Something intrinsically important, not merely 
 matter of show. 
 
 And to realities yield all her shows. Milton. 
 
 3. In the schools, that which may exist of itself, or 
 which has a full and absolute being of itself, and is 
 not considered as a part of any thing else. Enr.yc. 
 
 In law, immobility, or the fixed, permanent na- 
 ture of property ; as, chattels which savor of the 
 realty. [This word Realty is so written, in law, for 
 Reality.] Blaclcstone. 
 
 RE-AL-IZ'A-BLE, o. That may be realized. 
 
 RE-AL-1-Za'TION, 71. [from rcaliie.] The act of 
 realizing or making real. Bcddoes. 
 
 2. The act »f converting money into land. 
 
 3. The act of believing or considering as real. 
 
 4. The act of bringing into being or act. Olanville. 
 Rli'Alj-IZE, V. t. [Sp. realizar; Fr. realiser.] 
 
 1. To bring into being or act ; as, to realize a scheme 
 or project, 
 
 Wc realize what Archimedes had only in hypothesis, weighing 
 a single grain of sand against the globe of earth. Otanvilte. 
 
 2. To convert money into land, or personal into 
 real estate. 
 
 3. To impress on the mind as a reality ; to believe, 
 consider, or treat as real. Ilow little do men in full 
 health realize their frailly and mortality 1 
 
 Let ttic sincere Cfiristian realize the closing sentiment. T. Scott. 
 
 4. To bring home to one's own case or experience ; 
 to consider aa one's own ; to feel in all its force. 
 Who, at his fireside, can realize the distress of Bhii>- 
 wrecked mariners,' 
 
 This allusion must have had enhanced strength and beauty to the 
 eve uf a nation extensively devoted to a piutoral life, and 
 therefore renliring atf its fine scenes and the tender emotions 
 to whicli they guvf biith. Dtoight. 
 
 5. To bring into actual existence and possession ; 
 to ri^niler tangible or elfuctive. He never realized 
 much profit from his trade or speculations. 
 
 RR'.AI. I/.-f.'l), pp. Hroiight into actual being; con- 
 verted into real estate ; inipro.ssed, received, or 
 
 treated as a reality ; felt in its true force ; rendered 
 actual, tangible, or effective, 
 Re'AL-iZ-ING, ppr. Bringing into actual being; 
 converting into real estate ; impressing as a reality ; 
 feeling as one's own or in its real force ; rendering 
 tangible or effective, 
 
 2. a. That makes real, or that brings home as a 
 reality ; as, a realizinrr view of eternity, Robt. Hall. 
 RE-.\L-LE6E', (re-al-lej',) v. t. [re and allege.] 
 
 To allege again. Cotgrave. 
 RE-AL-LI'ANCE, 71. A renewed alliance. 
 Re'AL-LY, adv. With actual existence. Pearson. 
 2. In truth ; in fact ; not in appearance only ; as, 
 things really evil. 
 
 The anger of the people is really a short fit of madness. Siot/t. 
 In this sense it is u.sed familiarly as a slight cor- 
 roboration of an opinion or declaration. 
 
 Why, really, sixty-live is somewhat old. Young. 
 
 REALM, (relm,) n. [Fr. royaume; It. reame : from 
 Fr. roi. It. re, L. rex, king, whence regalis, royal.] 
 
 1. A royal jurisdiction or extent of government ; 
 a kingdom; a king's dominions; as, the realm of 
 England, 
 
 2, Kingly government; as, the realm of bees, 
 [Unusual.] Milton. 
 
 REALM'-BOUND-ING, <i. Bounding a realm. 
 RE'AL-TY, 71. [It realld, from re, king, L. rez.] 
 
 1. Loyalty. [JVuf in use.] Milton. 
 
 2. Reality. [yVo( in use.] More. 
 
 3. In law, immobility. [See Reality.] 
 Ream, 71. [Sax. ream, a band ; D. riem ; Dan. rem or 
 
 reem ; Sw. rem ; W. rhwym, a bond or tie. The 
 Dutch word signifies a strap, thong, or girdle, and an 
 oar, L, rcmus. In Fr, ramc is a ream and an oar, 
 and if the English ream and the L, remus are the 
 same word, the primary sense is a shoot, L, ramus, a 
 branch, for the shoots of trees or shrubs were the 
 first bands used by men. (See Gird and Withe.) 
 The Italian has risma, and the Sp. and Port, resma, a 
 ream, G. riess. See Class Rm, No. 7, 9.] 
 
 A bundle or package of paper, consisting of twenty 
 quires. Pope. 
 
 Printer's ream; among English printers, 21^ quirijs. 
 
 McCullocli. 
 
 REAM, V. t. To bevel out, as a hole in metal, &c. 
 
 llalliwell. 
 
 RE-AN'I-MaTE, ». t. [re and animate.] To revive ; 
 to resuscitate ; to restore to life ; as a person dead or 
 apparently dead ; as, to reanimate a drowned person, 
 2, To revive the spirits when dull or languid ; to 
 invigorate ; to infuse new life or courage into ; as, to 
 reanimate disheartened troops ; to reanimate drowsy 
 senses or langukl spirits, 
 
 IIE-AN'I-Ma-TEI), pp. Restored to life or action, 
 
 UE-AN'I-Ma-TING, ;j/)r. Restoring life to; invigor- 
 ating with new life and courage, 
 
 RE-AN-I-Ma'TION, n. The act or operation of re- 
 viving from apparent death ; the act or operation of 
 giving fresh spirits, courage, or vigor, 
 
 RE-AN-NEX', «, (. [re and aniiej:,] To annex again ; 
 to reunite ; to annex what has been separated. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RE-AN-NEX-A'TI0N,7i. The act of annexing again, 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 RE-AN-NEX'£D, (-an-nekst',) pp. Annexed or united 
 again. 
 
 Rr>AN-NEX'ING, Tjpr. Annexing again ; reuniting. 
 
 Reap, v. t. [Sax. rip, hrippe, gerip, harvest ; ripan, to 
 reap ; ripe, ripe ; rypan, to rip ; allied probably to 
 reojian, to seize, spoil, lay waste, L. rapio, G. reif, ripe, 
 D. raapen, to reap, rijp, ripe, Gr. ti/'T'?, « sickle, npiraw, 
 to reap, L. carpo, Eng. crop. See Class Rb, No. 18, 
 20, 27.] 
 
 1. To 
 rye. 
 
 When ye reap the harvest, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners 
 of tliy field. — Lev. xix. 
 
 2. To clear of a crop by reaping ; as, to reap a 
 field. 
 
 3. To gather; to obtain ; to receive as a reward, or 
 as the fruit of labor or of works ; in a good or bad 
 sense ; as, to reap a benefit from exertions. 
 
 lie that Bowetli to tlie flesh shall of the ticsh reap corrupHou. — 
 (iaf. vi. 
 
 Ve have plowed wickedness ; ye have reaped iniquity — 
 Uos. V. 
 
 REAP, I!, i. To perform the act or operation of reap- 
 ing. In JVcw England, farineis reap in July and 
 August. 
 
 2. To receive the fniit of labor or works, 
 
 Tliey tliat sow In tears shall r«<i;> in )oy, — Ps. cxxvi. 
 
 REAP'iCD, (recpt,) pp. Cut with a sickle; received 
 as till? fruit of hilior or works. 
 
 REAP'ER, 71. One that cuts gi,->in with a sickle. 
 
 REAP'ING, ppr. Cutting grain with a sickle; re- 
 ceiving as the fruit of labor or the reward of works. 
 
 REAP'ING, 71. The act of cutting grain with a sickle. 
 
 RloAP'ING-llQpiC, 71, An instrument used in reap- 
 ing ; a sickle. 
 
 RE-AP PAR'EL, ti. t. [re and apparel] To clothe 
 
 again. JDonnt. 
 RE AP PAR'EL- KI),p/>. Clothed again. 
 
 I cut grain with a sickle ; as, to reap wheat or 
 
 FATE. rXR, FALL, WH^T MUTE, PRBY PINE, MARKNE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK. 
 
REA 
 
 REA 
 
 REA 
 
 HE AP PAR'F,I.-ING, ppr. Clothing again. 
 RE-AI'-PicAK', n. i. [rc and appear.] To appear a 
 
 second tiin<r. 
 RE-AP-PkAU'ANCE, Tt. A second appearance. 
 RE-AP-PkAR'ING, ppr. Appearing again. 
 RE-AP-PLI-CA'TION, n. [See Reapixv.] A second 
 
 application. 
 
 RE-AP-PLV, V. t. or i. [re and apply.] To apply 
 
 RE-AP-PLV'ING, ppr. Applying again. [again. 
 
 RE-AP POINT', V. t. To appoint again. 
 
 RE-AP-POINT'EI), pp. Appointed again. 
 
 UE-AP-POINT'ING, ppr. Appointing again. 
 
 RE-.\P-P01NT'I\1ENT, n. A second appointment. 
 
 RE-.AP-POR'TION, v. t. To apportion again. 
 
 RE-,lLP-PoR'TtON-Kr), pp. Apportioned again. 
 
 RE-.\P-PoR'TIOi\-ING, ppr. Ap|iortioning again. 
 
 RE-AP-Poli'TION-AIENT, n. A second apportion- 
 ment. MattUon. 
 
 Rk.'VR, (reer,) n. [Ft. arricre ; but this is compound ; 
 Arm. rifr, rcvcr, rear, tlie seat ; the fundament ; W. 
 tMi), something thick, a bundle ; rhevyr, the funda- 
 ment. Rear is contracted from rcvrr. Class Rl).] 
 
 1. In a general sense, that which is behind or back- 
 ward ; appropriatehj, the part of an army which is 
 behind the other, either when standing on parad-e or 
 when marcliing ; also, the part of a fleet which is 
 behind the other. It is opposed to Front or Van. 
 Bring up the rear. 
 
 2. The last class ; the last in order. 
 
 Coins I place in the rear. Peacham, 
 In the rear; behind the rest; backward, or in the 
 last class. In this phrase, rear signifies the part or 
 Rear, a. [Sax. Arerf.] [place behind. 
 
 1. Little cooked ; raw ; rare ; not well roasted or 
 boiled. 
 
 2. [Sax. arasran, to hasten ; hreran, to excite.] 
 Early. [.^ provincial word,] 
 
 RE.\R, 1'. t. [Sax. ricran, reran, araran, to erect, to 
 excite, to hasten ; hreran, to excite ; Sw rUra, to 
 move J Da»i. rorer, to move, stir, shake ; rtirig, 
 quick, lively, rising in the stomach.] 
 
 1. To raise. 
 
 Wlio now shall rear you to tlie sun, or rank 
 
 Your tribes f Milton. 
 
 2. To lift after a fall. 
 
 In ailoralion at his feet I fell 
 
 Subniiss ; lie rcored me. Milton, 
 
 3. To bring up or to raise to maturity, as young ; 
 as, to rear a nimierous offspring. Thomson, 
 
 4. To educate ; to instruct. 
 
 He wants a fathT to protect his youth, 
 
 And rear hint up to virtue., SoulJtern. 
 
 5. To exalt ; to elevate. 
 
 Charity, tlec-nt, moilcst, easy, kind. 
 
 Softens tlie liigii, aiid rear* Uie abject mind. Prior. 
 
 6. To rouse; to stif up. 
 
 And seeks the tusky boar to r£fir. Dryden. 
 
 7. To raise ; to breed ; as cattle. Harte. 
 
 8. To bear oif ; to achieve ; to obtain. Spender, 
 To rear one's steps ; to ascend ; to move upward. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 RkAR, v. i. To rise up on the hind legs,ais a horse. 
 
 RF;AR-AD'.MI-RAL. See Aomibal. 
 
 RkAR'KD, (reerd,) pp. Raised ; lifted ; brought up; 
 
 educated ; elevated. 
 RkAR'-GUXRD, ji. The body of an army that 
 
 niarches in the rear of the main body to protect it. 
 RkAR'ING, fipr. Raising; educating; elevating. 
 RkAR'-LiNE, n. The line in the rear of an army. 
 RkAR'-.MOU-SE, 71. [Sax. hrere-mus,] 
 
 The leather-winged bat. Shak, Abbot. 
 
 RkAR'-R.VNK, n. The rank of a body of troops 
 
 which is in the rear. 
 ReAK'VVARD, 7U [from rear. See Rerewabd.] The 
 » last troop ; the rear guard. 
 
 2. The end ; the tail ; the train behind. Shak. 
 
 3. The latter part. Shak, 
 RE-AS-CEND', 1). i. [re and <wc«n</.] To rise, mount, 
 
 or climb again. Milton, Spenser, 
 
 RE-AS-CEND', v. t. To mount or ascend again. 
 
 He mounts aloft antl reascends the skies, Additon. 
 
 RE-AS-CEND'ED, pp. Ascended again. 
 
 RE-AS-CEND'ING, ppr. Ascending again. 
 
 RE-AS-CEN'SIO.V, (-as-sen'.shun,) h. The act of re- 
 ascending ; n remounting. 
 
 RE-AS-CENT', ti. A returning ascent ; acclivity. 
 _ Cote per, 
 
 REA'SON,(re'zn,)n. [ Ir. rfosun ; W,Thestem; Arm. 
 resoun ; Fr. raison; Sp. razon ; Port, razam ; It. ra- 
 gione ; L. ratio; Russ. razum ; Goth, rathijo, ac- 
 count, number, ratio ; rathjan, to number ; garathyan, 
 to number or count ; rodyan, to speak ; D. rede, 
 speech ; reden, reason, argument ; redenkunst, rheto- 
 ric ; G. rede, reden ; Sax. r<rd, ra^da, speech, reason ; 
 rtestoiait, to reason. We find uniteil the Sax. rad, 
 speech, raedan, redan, to rporf, the Gr. ptio, to say or 
 speak, whence rhetoric, and the L. ratio, which is 
 from ratus, and which proves rear to be contracted 
 from redo, redor, and all unite with rod, L. radius, 
 &c. Primarily, reason is that which is uttered. (See 
 Read.) So Gr. Aoyoj, from \cy w.] 
 
 1. That which is thought or which is alleged in 
 words, as, the ground or cause of opinion, conrlti- 
 sioii, or determination. I have reasons which I may 
 choose not to disclose. You ask inc my reasons. I 
 freely give my reasons. The judge assigns good 
 reajsons for his opinions, reasons whicli justify his 
 decision. Hence, in general, 
 
 2. The cause, ground, principle, or motive, of any 
 thing said or done; that which supports or justifies 
 a determination, plan, or measure. 
 
 Virtue and vice arc not arbitrary things ; but there is a natural 
 and eternal reason for tliat goodness antl virtue, anil ajrainst 
 vice and wickedness. — I Pel. iii. Tiitolson. 
 
 3. Efficient cause. He is detained by reason of 
 sickness. 
 
 Spain is thin sown of people, partly by reiMon of Ita sterility of 
 soil. Bacon. 
 
 The reason of die motion of the ixilance in a whccl-yatch is by 
 niiition of the next wheel. Hale. 
 
 4. Final cause. 
 
 Reaton, in the Rng^lish Iitn^nage, is sometimes taken for true and 
 clear principles ; sometimes for clear and fair deductions ; 
 sumeliines fur the Cituse, particularly the tintd cause. Locke. 
 
 5. A faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes 
 truth from falsehood, and good from evil, and which 
 enables the possessor to deduce inferences from facts 
 or from propositions. Kncijc. 
 
 Self-love, the sprin* of motion, octs the soul, 
 
 Reason's comparin;^ Udance niles the whole — 
 
 Tliat sees immediate ffood by present sense, 
 
 Reason die future and the consequence. Pope. 
 
 Reason is the director of man's will. Hooker, 
 
 6. Ratiocination ; the exercise of reason. 
 
 But when by reason the the truth has found. Daviet. 
 
 7. Right ; justice ; that which is dictated or sup- 
 ported by reason. Eveiy man claims to have reason 
 on his sitte 
 
 1 wim promised on a time. 
 To liave reason for my rliyme. 
 
 8. Reasonable claim ; justice. 
 
 God brinifs t^ood out of evil, and therefiire it were but re«*Ofi V 
 slionld trust God to ^verii his own world. Taylor. 
 
 9. Rationale ; just account. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 did the ancient fadier^ render, why the church was 
 called CitUioIic. Pearson. 
 
 [See No. 1 and 2.] 
 
 10. moderation ; moderate demands ; claims which 
 reason and justice admit or prescribe. 
 
 The most protiable way of bringing France to reason, would be 
 by the making an attempt oa the Spanish West Indies. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 In reason, in all reason; in justice; witli rational 
 ground. 
 
 When any thing is proved by as good ar^ments as a thing of 
 that kind is capable of, we ought not "in r«a*on 'o doubt of 
 its existence. Tillotson. 
 
 RisA'SO.N, V. i. [Fr. raisnnner ; Sax. rir.TOinn.] 
 
 1. To exercise the faculty of reason ; to deduce in- 
 ferences justly from premises. Brutes do not reason ; 
 children reason imperfectly. 
 
 2. To argue ; to infer conclusions from premises, 
 or to deduce new or unknown propositions from 
 previous propositions which are known or evident. 
 To reason justly, is to infer from propositions which 
 are known, admitted, or evident, the conclusions 
 which are natural, or which necessarily result from 
 them. Men in.ay reason witliin themselves ; they 
 may reason before a court or legislature ; they may 
 reason wrong as well as right. 
 
 3. To debate ; to confer or inquire by discussion or 
 mutual communication of thoughts, arguments, or 
 reasons. 
 
 And they reatoned amon^ themselves. — Matt. xvi. 
 To reason with ; to argue with ; to endeavor to in- 
 form, convince, or persuade, by argument. Reason 
 with a profligate son, and if possible, persuade him 
 of his errors. 
 
 2. To discourse ; to talk ; to take or give an ac- 
 count. ♦ 
 
 Stand still, that I may reason teith you before the Lord, of all 
 the righteous acu of the Lord. - 1 Sam. xii. [Obs.] 
 
 Re.'^'SON, v. L To examine or discuss by argu- 
 ments ; to debate or discuss. I reasoned the matter 
 with my friend. 
 
 When they are clearly discovered, well digested, and well rro- 
 eoned in every part, there is beauty in such a tlieory. 
 
 ifurnel. 
 
 2. To persuade by reasoning or argument ; as, to 
 rro-wn one into a belief of truth ; torcojon one out 
 of his plan ; to reason down a passion. 
 
 Ri;A'SON-A-BLE, a. Having the faculty of reason; 
 endued with rea.'on ; as, a reasonable being. 
 
 [In this sense Rational is now generally used.] 
 U. Governed by reason ; being under the influence 
 of reason ; thinking, speaking, or acting rationally, 
 or according to the dictates of reason ; as, the meas- 
 ure must satisfy all reasonable men. 
 
 3. Conformable or agreeable to reason ; just ; 
 rational. 
 
 By indubitable cer«inty, I mean that which does not admit of 
 any reasonable cause of doubting. Wilkins. 
 
 A law may be reasonaUt in itself, though a man does not allow 
 it. Srci/l. 
 
 4. Not immoderate. 
 
 I,»-t all thin'^m lie thotight upon. 
 
 That niay with reasonable swi/uicas add 
 
 More feuthem to our wings. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. I'olerable ; being in mediocrity ; moderate ; an, 
 a reasonable ipiantity. Abbot. 
 
 C. Not excessive ; not unjust ; as, a reasonable 
 fine ; a reasonable surn in damages. 
 RiiA'SON-A-BLE-NESS, n. The faculty of reason. 
 
 I In this sense, little used.] 
 
 2. Agrecableness to reason ; that state or quality of 
 a thing which rea-son supports or justifies ; as, the 
 reasonableness of our wishes, demands, or expecta- 
 tions. 
 
 The reasonableness and excellency of charity. JUitu. 
 
 3. Conformity to rational principles. 
 
 The whole frame and contexture of a watch carries iu it o rea- 
 sonableness — the passive im[)ressioti of the reason or iulel- 
 tectuul idea that was in the artist. [t/nusual.\ Hale. 
 
 4. Moderation ; as, the reasonableness of a demand. 
 Rk.-V'S ON- A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree agree- 
 able to reason ; in consistency with reason. We 
 may reojfonrtZ'/i/ suppose self-interest to be the govern- 
 ing principle of men. 
 
 2. Moderately ; in a moderate degree ; not fully ; 
 in a degree reaching to mediocrity. 
 
 If we can by industry make our deaf and dumb persons renson- 
 abty perfect in the language. Holder. 
 
 Ric.\'SON-ii:D, (re'znd,)pp. E.xainined or discussed 
 by arguments. 
 2. Persuaded by reasoning or argument. 
 
 RicA'SON-ER, 71. One who reasons or argues ; as, a 
 fair rcasoner ; a close reasaner ; a logical reasoner. 
 
 ReA'SON-ING, ppr. or a. Arguing; deducing infer- 
 ences from premises ; debating; discussing. 
 
 ReA'S ON-ING, 71. The actor process of exercising 
 the faculty of reason ; that act or operation of the 
 mind by which new or unknown propositions are 
 deduceil from previous ones which are known and 
 evident, or which are admitted or supposed for the 
 sake of argument; argumentation; ratiocination; 
 as, fair rca^07ji/i«-; false rca.vt;7n'n/7- ,• ahsnrd reasonintr ; 
 strong or weak reasonin/r. The reasonings of the 
 advocate appeared to the court conclusive. 
 
 ReA'S ON-LESS, a. Destitute of reason ; as, a rea- 
 sonless man or mind. Sliak. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Void of reason ; not warranted or supported by 
 reason. 
 
 This proffer la otwurd and reasonless. Sliak. 
 RE-AS-SEM'BLAGE, n. Assemblage a second time. 
 RE-AS-SE.M'BLE,».t. [re and assemble.] To collect 
 
 again. Milton, 
 RE-AS-SE.'^I'BLE, v. i. To assemble or convene 
 
 again. 
 
 RE-AS-SEM'BLKD, pp. Assembled again. 
 RE-AS-SE.M'BLING, p7)r. A.ssenibling again. 
 RE-A.S-SERT', 7). (. [re and assert.] To assert again; 
 to maintain after suspension or cessation. 
 
 Let us hope — we may have a body of authors who will reassert 
 our claim to rci-pccuvbility in litcniture. Walsh. 
 
 RE-.\S-SERT'ED, pp. Asserted or maintained anew. 
 RE-AS-SERT'ING, ppr. Asserting again ; vindicating 
 anesv. 
 
 RE-AS-SER'TION, n. A second assertion of the same 
 thing. 
 
 RE-AS-STGX', (-as-sine',) ». (. [re and assign,] To .as- 
 sign back ; to transfer back what has been assigned. 
 
 RE-AS-SIGN'£D, pp. Assigned back. 
 
 RE-AS-SIGN'ING, ppr. Transferring back what has 
 been assigned. 
 
 RE-AS-SIM'I-L.^TE, r, t. [re and as.-iimilate.] To 
 assimilate or cause to resemble anew ; to change 
 again into a like or suitable substance. Euryc. 
 
 RE-AS-SLM'I-La-TED, pp. Assimilated anew; changed 
 again to a like substance. 
 
 RE-AS-SLM'I-La-TING, ppr. Assimilating again. 
 
 RE-AS SIM-I-La'TION, 71. A second or renewed 
 nssiniilation. Kncyc. 
 
 RE-.\S SC.ME', I'. U [re and eissume.] To resume; 
 to take again. Milton, 
 
 RE-A.'*-.'*OM'KD, pp. Resumed; assumed again. 
 
 RE-A.S-Si'.M'ING, ppr. Assuming or taking again. 
 
 RE-AS-StJ.MP'TION, 7i. A resuming; a second as- 
 sumption. 
 
 RE-AS-SOR'ANCE, (-shur'ans,) n. [See Sure and 
 Assl'rance.] 
 
 1. Assurance or confirmation repeated. [Rare,] 
 
 Prynne. 
 
 2. A second assurance against loss, or the assur- 
 ance of property by an underwriter, to relieve him- 
 self from a risk he has taken. Blackstone, Park, 
 
 RE-AS-SCRE', (re-ash-shure',) r. t. [re and assurt; 
 Fr. ra.tsurcr.] 
 
 1. To restore courage to ; to free from fear or terror. 
 
 They r«se with fear. 
 Till dauntless Pall.as reassured Uie rest. Dryden, 
 
 2. To insure a second time against lo.ts, or rather 
 to insure by another what one has already insured ; 
 to insure against loss that may be incurred by taking 
 a risk. 
 
 RE-AS-SCR'£D, (-shurd,) pp. Restored from fear; 
 reencouraged. 
 
 TtNE, BJILL, tJNITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 91. => 
 
REB 
 
 a. Insured against loss by risk taken, as an under- 
 writer. _ 
 
 UE-AS-SuR'ER, n. One who insures the first under- 
 writer. _ 
 
 RE-AS-SuR'ING, ppr. Restoring from fear, terror, or 
 depression of courage. 
 2. Insuring against loss by insurance. 
 
 REAS'TI-NESS, n. Rancidness. [JVot in vse, or lo- 
 cal,'] Cotgrave. 
 
 RicAS'TY, a. [Qu. msty.] Covered with a kind of 
 rust and having a rancid taste; applied to dried meat. 
 ^J^tit in use, or local.] Skelton. 
 
 ReATE, (rete,) n. A kind of long, small grass, that 
 grows in water and complicates itself. [JVo( in use, 
 or local.] Walton. 
 
 RE-AT-TACH', v. t [re and attach.] To attach a 
 second time. 
 
 RE-AT-TACH'£D, (-at-tacht',) pp. Attached a sec- 
 ond time. 
 
 RE-AT-TACH'MENT, n. A second attachment. 
 RE-AT TEMPT', v. t. [re and attempt.] To attempt 
 again. 
 
 RE-AT-TEMPT'ED, pp. Attempted a second time. 
 
 RE-AT-TEMPT'ING, ppr. Attempting again. 
 
 ReAVE, (reeve,) v. t. [Sax. reafian.] 
 
 To tal<e away by stealth or violence; to bereave. 
 [06.S-.] [See Bereave.] Shak. Spenser. 
 
 RE-A-VOW, 11. t. To vow again. 
 
 RE-BAP'TISM, ?!. A second baptism. 
 
 RE-BAP-TI-Za'TION, 71. [from rebaptiie.] A sec- 
 ond b;ip!i>m. Hooker. 
 
 RE-BAP TIZE', V. t. [re and baptize.] To baptize a 
 second time. jlijliffe. 
 
 RE-BAP-TIZ'£D, pp. Baptized again. 
 
 RE-B.\P-TiZ'u\G, ppr. Baptizing a second time. 
 
 RE-B aTE', v. t. [Fr. rebattre ; re and battre ; It. ribat- 
 tere.] 
 
 1. To blunt ; to beat to obtuseness ; to deprive of 
 keenness. 
 
 He doth rebate and blunt his natural ed^. 
 The keener edge of UitUe to rebale. 
 
 Shak. 
 DrytUn. 
 
 9. To abate or deduct from. 
 RE-BaTE', n. A kind of hard freestone used in 
 pavements ; also, a piece of wood fastened to a long 
 stick for beating mortar. Also, an iron tool sharp- 
 ened somewhat like a chisel, for dressing wood, &c. 
 
 Elmes, 
 
 2. \n architecture, ihe groove or channel sunk on 
 the edse of a piece of timber ; a rabbet, which see. 
 
 RE-BATe'mENT, i Di-niK'tio"- 
 
 2. In commerce, abatement ; deduction of interest, 
 or any sum, &c., in consequence of prompt payment. 
 
 Buuvier. 
 
 3. In heraldry, a diminution or abatement of the 
 bearings in a coat of arms. Encyc 
 
 RE-Ba'TO, «. A sort of ruff. [See Rabato.] 
 RE'BEe, n. [Ft. rebec; ll. rihrrca.] 
 
 A three-stringed fiddle. [J^Tot much used.] Milton. 
 REB'EL, 71. [Fr. rcbelle, from L. rebcUis, making war 
 again.] 
 
 1. One who revolts from the government to which 
 he owes allegiance, either by openly renouncing the 
 authority of that government, or by taking arms and 
 openly opposing it. A rebel differs from an enemy, as 
 the latter is one who does not owe allegiance to the 
 government which he attacks. JVum. .wii. 
 
 2. One who willfully violates a law. F.ncyc. 
 
 3. One who disobeys the king's proclamation ; a 
 contemner of the king's laws. 
 
 Briti.ih Laws. Blaclcstimc. 
 
 4. A feudal villain who disobeys his lord. Encyc. 
 REB'EL, a. Rebellious ; acting in revolt. MUlon. 
 RHi-BEL', 7'. 7. [L. rcbcllo, to make war again ; re and 
 
 bello ; VV. rhyvela, to make war ; rhy and bel, war.] 
 
 1. To revolt ; to renounce the authority of the laws 
 and government to which one owes allegiance. 
 Subjects may rebel by an open renunciation of the 
 authority of the government, without taking arms ; 
 but ordinarily, rebellion is accompanied by resistance 
 in arms. 
 
 Ye have built you an altar, th.at ye might rebel thii day agnlnflt 
 tlie hind. — Jo»h. xxii. In. i. 
 
 3. To rise in violent opposition against lawful au- 
 thority. 
 
 How could my hand rrbrl aj^ainat my he^rt I 
 
 How could your heart re(*el a^.tinst your reaaon i Dry'Un. 
 
 RE-11EL'L£D, pp. or a. Rebellious ; guilty of rebel- 
 linn. Millon. 
 
 RE-F!i;r.'I,ER, 71. One that rebels. DicL 
 
 IlE-HEI/I,Ii\'(J, ppr. Renouncing the authority of the 
 government to which one owes allegiance ; rising in 
 opii'Mitioii to lawful authority. 
 
 BE BEr.L'ION, (re-bcl'yiin,) n. [Fr., from L. rrbellio. 
 Among the Romans, rebi ltion was originally a revolt 
 or open resiKtance to their Kovernmcnt by nations 
 that had been subdued in war. It was a renewed 
 war.] 
 
 1. 7\n open and avowed renunciation of the au- 
 thority of the government to whic h one owi^s alle- 
 giance J or the taking of nrins tnitorou'^ly to resi.st 
 the authority of hiwful government ; revolt. Re- 
 bellion differs from injiurrcction and from mutiny. 
 
 REB 
 
 Insurrection may be a rising in opposition to a 
 particular act or law, Vv'ithout a design to renounce 
 wholly all subjection to the government. Insurrec- 
 tion may be, bat is not necessarily, rebellion. Mu- 
 tiny is an insurrection of soldiers or seamen against 
 the authority of their officers. 
 
 No sooner is the standard of reheltion displayed, than men of 
 desperate principles resort to it. Aims. 
 
 2. Open resistance to lawful authority. 
 Commission of rebellion ; in laio, a commission 
 awarded against a person who treats the king's au- 
 thority with contempt, in not obeying his proclama- 
 tion according to his allegiance, and refusing to at- 
 tend his sovereign when retjuired ; in which case, 
 four commissioners are ordered to attach him 
 wherever he may be found. Blaclistone, 
 RE-BELL'IOUS, (re-bel'yus,) a. Engaged in rebell- 
 ion ; renouncing the authority and dominion of the 
 government to which allegiance is due ; traitorously 
 resisting government or lawful authority. £)cuf.'ix. 
 xxi. 
 
 RE-BELL'IOUS-LY, adv. With design to throw off 
 the authority of legitimate government ; in opposi- 
 tion to the government to wliich one is bound by al- 
 legiance ; with violent or obstinate disobedience to 
 lawful authority. Camden, 
 
 RE-BELL'IOUS-NESS, (-bel'yus-,) 71. The quality or 
 state of being rebellious. 
 
 RE-BEL'LoVV, v. i, [re and bellow,] To bellow in 
 return ; to echo back a loud, roaring noise. 
 
 The cave rebettoioed and the temple shook. Dryden. 
 
 RE-BEL'LoW-ING, ppr. Bellowing in return or in 
 echo. 
 
 RE-BLOS'SOM, 7>. i, [re and blossom,'] To blossom 
 RE-BLOS'SOM-ING, ppr. Blossoming again, [again. 
 RE-BO-A'TION, 71. [L. reboo ; re and boo.] 
 
 The return of a loud, bellowing sound. J^otrtsed.] 
 RE-BOIL', V. i. [L. re and buUio.] [Patrick. 
 
 To take fire ; to be hot. ElyoL 
 RE-BOIL', 71. t. To boil again. 
 RE-BOIL'ii:D, pp. Boiled a second time. 
 RE-BOUND', V, i, [Fr. rebonriir ; re and boniir.] 
 
 To spring back ; to start back ; to be reverberated 
 by an elastic power resisting force or impulse im- 
 pressed ; as, a rebounding echo. 
 
 Bodies absolutely hard, or so soft as to be void of el.aslicily, will 
 not rebound from one another. Newton. 
 
 RE-BOUND', V. L To drive back ; to reverberate. 
 
 Silenus Bung ; the vales his voice rebound. Dryden. 
 RE-BOUND', 7!. The act of flying back in resistance 
 of the impulse of another body ; resilience. 
 
 Put back as from a rock with swift rebound. Drydtn, 
 RE-BOUND'ED, pp. Sprung back ; reverberated. 
 RE-BOUND'ING, ppr. Springing or flying back ; re- 
 verberating. 
 
 RE-BR aCE', 7). t. [re and brace.] To brace again. 
 
 Gray, 
 
 RE-BREATHE', v, i. [re and brcaae.] To breathe 
 again. 
 
 RE-BUFF', 71. [It. rabbuffo ; Fr. rebuffade ; re and It. 
 bujjti, bvffare, Fr. bouffer.] 
 
 1. Repercussion, or beating back ; a quick and 
 sudden resistance. 
 
 The strong Ttbu^ of some tumultuous cloud. Milicn. 
 
 2. Sudden check ; defeat. 
 
 3. Refusal; rejection of solicitation. 
 RE-BUFF', V. t. To beat back; to offer sudden re- 
 sistance to ; to check. 
 
 RE-BUFF'£D, (re-buft',) pp. Beaten back ; resisted 
 suddenly ; checked. 
 
 RE-BUILD', (-bild',) e. t. [re and build.] To build 
 again ; to renew a structure ; to build or construct 
 wli.at lias been demolished ; as, to rebuild a iiouse, a 
 wall, a wharf, or a city. 
 
 RE-BUILD'ER, 71. One who rebuilds. Bp, Hall. 
 
 RE-RUILD'ING, ( bild'ing,) 7<pr. Building again. 
 
 RE-BUILT', f-bilt',) ;)p. Built again; reconstructed. 
 
 RE-BuK'A-BLE, a. [from rebuke,] Worthy of repre- 
 hension. Shak, 
 
 RE-BOKE', 7). t. [Norm, rebuquer; Arm, rcbcchat, to 
 reproach. Ciu. Fr. reboucher, to stop ; re and bouchcr, 
 to stop. The Italian has rimbcccare, to repulse or 
 drive back, topm*, from becco, the beak. Tlie word 
 is a compound of re and a rotit in Brr, signifying to 
 drive. See Pack and Impeach. Class Bg, No. 20.] 
 
 1. To chide ; to reprove ; to rejirehend for a fault ; 
 to check by reproof. 
 
 The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered. 
 
 Nor to rebuke the rich otlender IL'ared. Dryden. 
 
 Thou Shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbor. — Lev. xix. 
 
 2. To check or restrain. » 
 
 The Lord rebuke thee, O Satan. — Zech. ill. I>. xvll. 
 
 3. I'o chasten ; to punish ; to afflict for correction. 
 
 O I^ortl, rebuke mo not In tljinc anger. — Ps. vi. 
 
 4. To check ; to silence. 
 
 Miuter, rebuke Uiy disciples. — Luke xlx. 
 G. To check ; to heal. 
 
 And ho ilnod over her and rebuked the fever. — Luke iv. 
 fi. To restrain ; to calm. 
 
 He arose and rebukM the winds and the lea. — Matt viU. 
 
 REC 
 
 RE-BOKE', 71. A chiding ; reproof for faults , repre- 
 hension. 
 
 Why bear you these rehukee ant} answer not ? ShoJc. 
 
 2. In Scripture, chastisement ; punishment ; afflic- 
 tion for the purpose of restraint and correction. 
 E:ck. V. Hns. V. 
 
 3. In low language, any kind of check. 
 
 ( UEstrange. 
 To suffer rebuke ; to endure the reproach and perse- 
 cution of men. Jcr. xv. 
 
 To be without rebuke ; to live without giving cause 
 of reproof tir censure ; to be blameless. 
 RE-BuK'-ED, (re-bukt',) pp. Reproved ; reprehended ; 
 
 checked ; restrained ; punished for faults. 
 RE-BuKE'FJJL, a. Containing or abounding with re- 
 bukes. 
 
 RE-BuKE'FlIL-LY, ado. With reproof or reprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 RE-BuK'ER, 71. One that rebukes; a chider; one 
 
 that chastises or restrains. 
 RE-BOK'ING, ppr. Chiding; reproving; checking; 
 
 punishing. 
 
 RE-BUK'ING-LY, adv. By way of rebuke. 
 
 RE-BUL-LI"TION, (re-bul-lish'un,) n, [See Ebulli- 
 tion and Boil.] Act of boiling or effervescing. 
 [Little used,] IVotton, 
 
 RE-BUR'Y, (re-ber'ry,) v, t, [re and bury,] To inter 
 again. Mimole, 
 
 Rli:'BUS, 71. ; pi. Rebuses. [L., from re-?, which is of 
 the class Rd, Rs, and of the same family as riddle. 
 See Riddle, Read, and Real.] 
 
 1. An old and quaint mode of expressing words or 
 phrases by the pictures of objects whose names bear 
 a resemblance to those words, or to the syllables of 
 which they are composed. Thus, an rye and a «07i, 
 or barrel, represent the family name Eyton. A gal- 
 lant, in love with a woman named Rose Hill, painted, 
 on the bolder of his gown, a rose, a hill, an eye, a 
 loaf, and a well, which reads. Rose Hill I love well 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. In heraldry, a coat of arms which bears an allu- 
 sion to the name of the person, as three cups, for 
 Butler. Brande. 
 
 3. A peculiar kind of enigma or riddle. 
 RE-BUT', 71. (. [Fr. rebuler; Norm, rebutter; from 
 
 the root of but, Fr. bout, end ; boutcr, to put : bonder, 
 to pnii( ; It. rihutlare, to drive back, also to vomit. 
 See Butt and Pout. Class Bd.] 
 
 To repel ; to oppose by argument, plea, or counter 
 vailing proof. 
 
 [It is used by lawyers in a general sense,] 
 RE-BUT', t'. !. To retire back. [Obs.] Spenser, 
 
 2. To answer, as a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 
 
 The plaintiff may ans\ver the rejoinder 1 
 which the defendant may rebut. 
 
 ' a sunejoinder ; 
 Btacketou 
 
 RE-BUT'TED, pp. Repelled ; answered. 
 RE-BUT'TER, 71. In law pleadings, the answer of a 
 defendant to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. Blaclistone. 
 
 If I grant to a tenattt to hold without impeachment of waste, and 
 allerward implead him for waste done, he may debar me of 
 tills action by showing my grant, wliich is a rebutter. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 RE-BUT'TING, K"-- Repelling; opposing by argu- 
 ment, countervailing allegation, or evidence. 
 
 RE-CAL-CI-TRa'TION, 71. A kicking back again. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 RE-CALL', 7). e. [re and cuii.] To call back ; to take 
 back ; as, to rci^iiit words or declarations. 
 
 2. To revoke ; to annul by a subsequent act ; as, to 
 recall a decree. 
 
 3. To call back ; to revive in memory ; as, to re- 
 call to mind what has been forgotten. Broome. 
 
 4. To call back from a place or mission ; as, to re- 
 call a minister from a foreign court; to recall troops 
 from India. 
 
 RE-CALL', 71. A calling back ; revocation. 
 
 2. The power of calling back or revoking. 
 
 'Tis (lone ; and since 'tis done, 'tis past recall. Dryden. 
 RE-CALL' A BLE, a. That may be recalled. 
 
 Ramsay. 
 
 Delegates recallable at pleasure. MadUon, 
 
 RE-CALL'KD, pp. Called back; revoked. 
 UE-CALL'I.N't;, ppr. Calling back; revoking. 
 RlC-CAiNT', V. t. [L. recanto; re and canto. Sec 
 Cant.] 
 
 To retract ; to recall ; to contradict a former decla- 
 ration. 
 
 How soon would ease recant 
 Vows made in pain, as violent as void. Milton. 
 
 RE-CANT', r. 1. To recall words ; to revoke a decla- 
 r.atitm or proposition ; to un.say what li.as been said. 
 Convince me I am wrong, and 1 will recant. 
 
 RE-CAN-Ta'TION, II. The act of recalling ; retrac- 
 tion ; a declaration that contradicts a former tme. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 RE-CANT'ED, pp. Recalled ; retracted. 
 KE-CANT'ER, n. One that recants. Shall. 
 RK-CANT'INt;, ppr. Recalling; retracting. 
 RE-CA-PAC'1-TATF,, r. (. [re and cnprtci(afe.J To 
 qualify ugain ; to confor capacity on again. 
 
 Jittcrbury. 
 
 RE-CA-PAC'!-TA-TED, pp. Capacitated again. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 016 
 
REC 
 
 REC 
 
 REC 
 
 RE-eA-PAC'I-TA-TING, ppr. Cocferring capncity 
 ai.':iin. 
 
 RE-CA-PIT'U-LaTE, r. t [Ft. recapituler ; U. rac- 
 capitolart; re. and L. capitulum. See Capitulate.] 
 
 To repent the princi|ial things mentioned in a pre- 
 ceding discourse, arpunent, or essay; to give a 
 summary of the principal facts, points, or arcuments. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 RE-CA-PIT'IT-LS-TED, pp. Repeated in a sum- 
 mart'. 
 
 RE-eA-PIT'tJ-LA-TI.VG, ppr. Repeating the princi- 
 pal tliinjs in a di.scourse or arjiiment. 
 
 RE-eA-PlT-lJ-LA'TlON, n. The act of recapitulat- 
 ing. 
 
 Q. A summary or concise statement or enumera- 
 tion of the principal points or facts in a preceding 
 discourse, argument, or essay. South, 
 
 RE e.V-PIT'IJ-LA-TO-RY, o. Repeating ajain ; con- 
 tainins; recapitulation, Qarrctson. 
 
 RE-CAP'TION, n. [L. r« and captio ; rapio, to take.] 
 The act of retaking ; reprisal ; the retaking of 
 one's ow n goods, chattels, wife, or children, without 
 force or violence, from one who has lakrn theiu and 
 wrongfully detains them. Blackstone. 
 
 Writ of recaption ; a writ to recover property taken 
 by a second distress, pending a replevin for a former 
 distress for the same rent or service. Blackstone. 
 
 RE-eAP'TOR,n. [re and mjptor.l One who retakes ; 
 one tliat takes a prize which had been previously 
 taken. 
 
 RE-GAP'TURE, (-kapt'yur,) n. [re ani capture.] The 
 act of retaking ; particularly, the retaking of a prize 
 or goods frtun a captor. 
 2. A prize retaken. 
 RE-eAP'TlIRE, r. f. To retake ; particularly, to re- 
 take a prize which bad been previously taken. 
 
 Du Ponceau, 
 
 RE-eAP'TIJR-ED, pp. or a. Retaken. 
 RE-eAP'TlJR-IXG, ppr. Retaking, as a prize from 
 the captor. 
 
 RE-GAR'NI-F?, r. f, [re and cariH/j, from L. caro, 
 tlesh.] 
 
 To convert again into flesh. [JVot much useiL ] 
 
 HowcU, 
 
 RE-eAR'RI-£D, pp. Carried back or again. 
 RE-CAR'RY, r. (. [re and carry.] To carry back. 
 RE-€AR'RY-I.NG, ppr. Carr) ing back. [fValton. 
 RE-exST', r. t. [re and co^.] To Ciist again ; as, to 
 recast cannon. 
 
 2. To throw again. Florio, 
 
 3. To mold anew. Burgess, 
 
 4. To compute a second time. 
 RE-CXST', pp. Cast again ; molded anew. 
 RE-exST'ING, ppr. Casting again ; molding anew, 
 RE-CeDE', v. i. [L. recede ; re and cedo.] 
 
 1. To move back ; to retreat ; to withdraw, 
 
 L>lie i)k hollow roar 
 Of tides rtcedinz from Ui' iiiauUM shore. Dryden. 
 All bodies, moved circularljr, eoileavor to rcetdt from the center. 
 
 BertUey. 
 
 2. To withdraw a claim or pretension ; to desist 
 from ; to relinquish what had been proposed or as- 
 serted ; as, to recede from a demand ; to recede from 
 terms or propositions. 
 
 RE-CkUE', v. t, [re and cede.] To cede back ; to 
 grant or yield to a former possessor ; as, to recede 
 conquered territory. 
 
 RE-Ck.D'EO, pp. Ceded back ; regranted. 
 
 UE-Ci".D'I.\G, ppr. or a. Withdrawing; retreating; 
 moving back. 
 2. Ceding back ; regranting. 
 
 RE-CF.IPT', (re-seet',) n. [It. riceUa, from the L. re- 
 crptus. This word ought to follow the analogy of 
 conceit, deceit, from L. conceptus, deceptus, and be 
 written without p, Receit.] 
 
 1. The act of receiving ; as, the receipt of a letter. 
 
 2. The place of receiving ; as, the receipt of custom. 
 Matt. ix. 
 
 3. Reception ; as, the receipt of blessings or mer- 
 cies. 
 
 4. Reception ; welcome ; as, the kind receipt of a 
 friend. [ Obs.] 
 
 fin this sense, RECEPTioif is now used.] 
 
 5. Recipe ; prescription of ingredients for any 
 composition, as of medicines. Sec. 
 
 Dryden. .^rbuihnoL 
 
 6. A writing acknowledging the taking of money 
 or Eoods. A receipt of money may be in part or in 
 full payment of a debt, and it openites as an acquit- 
 tance or discharge of the debt either in part or in 
 full. A receipt of goods makes the receiver liable to 
 account for the same, according to the nature of the 
 transaction, or the tenor of the writing. It is cus- 
 toinarv for sheriffs to deliver goods taken in execu- 
 tion, lo some person who gives his receipt for them, 
 with a promise to redeliver them to the sheriff at or 
 before the time of sale. 
 
 RE-CkIPT', (rc-seet',) r. e. To give a receipt for ; as, 
 
 to receipt goods delivered by a sheriff. 
 RE-CicIPT'OR, n. In Zaifl, one who receipts property 
 
 which has been taken by the sheriff. [See above.] 
 RE-Cl"IV'A-HLE. a. That may be received. 
 RE-CkIV'A-I1LE-\ESS, ) n. Capability of being re- 
 RE-CElV-A-IilLI-TY. ( ceived. fThUlock. 
 
 RE-CeIVE', (re-seev',) r. t. [Fr. reeevoir; Arm. re- 
 eej", recevi ; It. ricevere ; Sp. recibir ,• Port, receber ; 
 L, recipio i re and eapio, to take.] 
 
 1. To take, as a thing offered or sent ; to accept. 
 He had the offer of a donation, but he would not re- 
 ceive it. 
 
 2. To take as due or as a reward. He received the 
 money on the day it was payable. Ue received ample 
 compensation. 
 
 3. To take or obtain from another in any manner, 
 and either good or evil. 
 
 Shall we receipt rood at the hand of God, and shall we not re. 
 ceioeevil ? — Job iu 
 
 4. To take, as a thing communicated ; as, to re- 
 ceive a wountl by a shot ; to receive a disease by con- 
 tagion. 
 
 The idea of solidity we receive by our touch. Locke, 
 
 5. To take or obtain intellectually ; as, to receive 
 an opinion or notion from others. 
 
 G. To embrace. 
 
 Iteceive with meeknett the In^nfled word. — James i. 
 
 7. To allow ; to hold ; to retain ; as, a custom long 
 received, 
 
 8. To admit. 
 
 Thou shall ^lide mc with thy counsel, and allerwan! reorfps rrw 
 to glory. — P». Ixxiii. 
 
 9. To welcome ; to lodge and entertain ; aa a 
 guest. 
 
 They kindled a fire, and received us ererj one, because of the 
 prt-sont rain and because of the cold, -r Acu xxvik 
 
 10. To admit into membership or fellowship. 
 Him that is weak in the faith, receive ye, — R^jm. xiT. 
 
 11. To take in or on ; to hold ; to contain. 
 
 The brazen aluir was too lilUe lo receive the burnt-offering. — 1 
 icings Tiii. 
 
 12. To be endowed with. 
 
 Ye sh^U receive power after that the Holy Spirit has come upon 
 you. — Acts I. 
 
 13. To take into a place or state. 
 
 eioed up into heaven. 
 
 14. To take or have as something ascribed ; as, to 
 receive praise or blame. Rrv. iv. 5. 
 
 15. To bear with or suffer. 2 Cor. xi, 
 
 16. To believe in. John i. 
 
 17. To accept or admit officially or in an official 
 character. The minister was received by the emperor 
 or court. 
 
 18. To take stolen goods from a thief, knowing 
 them to be stolen. Blackstone, 
 
 RE-CkIV'/^D, (re-seevd',) pp. or o. Taken ; accept- 
 ed ;_admiued ; embraced ; entertained ; believed. 
 
 RE-CeIV'ED-NESS, n. Genenil allowance or be- 
 lief ; as, the receicedncss of an opinion. Boyle, 
 
 RE-CeIV'ER, n. One who takes or receives in any 
 manner. 
 
 2. A person appointed, ordinarily by a court of 
 chancery, to receive and hold in trust money or other 
 property. P. Cyc. 
 
 3. One who takes stolen goods from a thief, know- 
 ing them to be stolen, and incurs the guilt of partak- 
 ing in the crime. Blackstme, 
 
 4. In distillation, a vessel for receiving and con- 
 densing the product of distillation. 
 
 5. In pneumatic chemistry, a vessel for receiving 
 and containing gases. Olmsted. 
 
 6. In natural philosophy, a vessel employed on the 
 plate of the air-pump, for producing a vacuum. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 7. One who partakes of the sacrament. Taylor. 
 RE-CkIV'IXG, ppr. Taking ; accepting ; admitting; 
 
 enibracins; believing; entertaining. 
 RE-CeIV'ING, 71. The act of receiving ; that which 
 is received. 
 
 RE-CEL'E-HRaTE, r. L [re and celebrate.] To cel- 
 ebrate acain. B. Jonson, 
 RE-CEL'E-nR.\-TED, pp. Celebrated anew. 
 RE-CEb'E-BRA-TING, ppr. Celebrating anew. 
 RE-CEI.-E-BRa'TION, n. A renewed celebration. 
 Re'CE.V-CY, n. [L.recens.] 
 
 1. Newness ; new state ; late origin ; sm, the re- 
 cency of a wound or tumor. 
 
 2. Lateness in time; freshness; as, the receiKy of 
 a transaction. 
 
 RE-CE.\SE', (re-sens',) v. t. [L. reeenseo; re and 
 
 cen.ieo.] 
 
 To review ; to revise Bentley, 
 RE-CEN'SIO.N, (re-sen'shun,) n. [L. reemsio,] 
 
 Review ; examination ; enumeration. Ecelijn, 
 RE'CE.XT, a. [U,recrns.] 
 
 1. New ; bemg of late origin or existence. 
 
 The ancients believetl some parts of Kgyp* to be r^emL and 
 formed by the mud dtKharged into Uic sem by the Nile. 
 
 IfWisard. 
 
 2. hate ; modern ; as, great and worthy men, an- 
 cient or recent. [Muder:* is now used.] Bacon. 
 
 3. Fresh ; lately received ; as, recent news or in- 
 telligence. ^ 
 
 4. Late ; of late occurrence ; as, a recent event or 
 transaction. 
 
 5. Fresh ; not long dismissed, released, or parted 
 frtmi ; as, IMysses, recent from the storms. Pope. 
 
 6. In gculofry, \ii a date subsvquent to the creation 
 of man ; as, recent period ; recent shells. LyeU, 
 
 RK'CE.\T-LY, adv. Newly; lately; freshly; not 
 long since ; as, advices recently received ; a town 
 recently built or re|)aired ; an isle recently discovered. 
 
 Rl"C'CE.NT-NESS, n. Newness; freshness; lateness 
 of origi* or occurrence ; as, the recent «eji^ of alluvial 
 land ; the recentness of news or of evcnU. 
 
 RE-CEP'TA-CLE, (re-scp'ta-kl,) n. [L. recrptaculum, 
 from receptus, recipio.] 
 
 1. A place or vessel into which something is re- 
 ceived, or in which it is contained, as a vat, a tun, 
 a hollow in the earth, &.c The grave is the conimoo 
 receptacle of the dead. 
 
 2. In botany, one of the parts of fructification j 
 the base on which the other parts of the fructification 
 stand. A proper receptacle belongs only to one set of 
 parts of fructification ; a common receptacle hears sev- 
 eral florets or distinct sets of parts of fructifications. 
 The receptacle of the fructification is common both 
 to the flower and the fruit. The receptacle of the 
 flower, is the base to which the parts of the flower, 
 exclusive of the germ, are fixed. The receptacle of 
 the fruit, is the baseof the fTiiit only. The receptacle 
 of the seeds, is the base to which the seeds are fixed. 
 
 J^Iarlyn, 
 
 The dilated apex of a pedicel, from which the 
 floral envelops, stamens, and pistils proceed. 
 
 I.tndley. 
 
 REC-EP-T.\e'lI-LAR, a. In botany, pertaining to the 
 receptacle or growing on it, as the nectary. 
 
 REC'EP-TA-RY, (res'ep-,) n. Thing received. [JVot 
 in use.] Brown. 
 
 RE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY, n. The possibility of receiv- 
 ing. GlanciUe, 
 [Qii. The possibility of being received. ] 
 
 RB^CEP'TIU.N', n. [Fr.'; L. receptw.] 
 
 1. The act of receiving ; in a general sense ; as, the 
 reception of food into the stomacti, or of air into the 
 lungs. 
 
 2. The state of being received. Milton. 
 
 3. Admission of any thing sent or communicated ; 
 as, the reception of a letter ; the reception of sensa- 
 tion or ideas. 
 
 4. Readmissioii. 
 
 AH hope is lost 
 Of my recejiU-yn into grace. Mdlon, 
 
 5. Admission of entrance for holding or containing ; 
 as, a sheath fitted for the reception of a sword ; a 
 channel for the reception of water. 
 
 6. A receiving or manner of receiving for enter- 
 tainment ; entertainment. The guests were well 
 pleased with their reception. Nothing displeases more 
 than a cold reception. 
 
 7. A receiving officially ; as, the reception of an 
 envoy by a foreign court. 
 
 8. Opinion generally admitted. 
 
 Phil'>9opher8 who have quitted the popular doctrines of their 
 coiit,lri'-3, have hllcn into as extravagrant opinions, ns eveo 
 common reception countenanced. [.Not in use.] Locke, 
 
 9. Recovery. [JVbt in use.] Bacon. 
 RE-CEP'TIVE, a. Having the quality of receiving 
 
 or admitting what is communicated. 
 
 imaginary space is receptive of all bodies. ClanviUe. 
 RE CEP-TIV'I-TY, n. The state or quality of being 
 
 receptive. Fotherbu. 
 RE-CEP'TO-RY, a. Generally or popularly admitted 
 
 or received. [JVot in use.] Broirn. 
 RE-CESS', n. [L. recei.'ii/j, from recerfo. See Recede.] 
 
 1. A withdrawing or retiring; a moving back; as, 
 the recess of the tides. 
 
 2. .\ withdrawing from public business or notice ; 
 retreat ; retirement. 
 
 My rente hath given them confidence that 1 mav he conquered. 
 
 ' K. CKarU: 
 
 And every neighboring rrore 
 Sacred to soli recess and gcude love. Prior. 
 
 3. Departure. Olanville. 
 
 4. Part of a room formed by the receding of the 
 wall, OS an alcove, niche, tec. 
 
 5. Place of retirement or secrecy ; private abode. 
 
 This happy place, our sweet 
 Recett. Milton, 
 
 6. State of retirement ; as, lords in close recess. 
 
 .Milton. 
 
 In the recett of the jury, they are lo consider their evideiwre. 
 
 Halt. 
 
 7. Remission or suspension of business or pro- 
 cedure ; as, the house of representatives had a rceesi 
 of half an hour. 
 
 8. Privacy ; seclusion from the world or from com- 
 pany. 
 
 Good Terse recess and solitude requires. Oryden. 
 
 9. Secret or abstruse part ; as, the difficulties and 
 recesses of science. Watts. 
 
 10. A withdrawing from any point ; removal to a 
 distance. Brown. 
 
 11. The retiring of the shore of the sea, or of a 
 lake, from the general line of the shore, forming a 
 bay. 
 
 TONE, Bt'LL, 17XITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 Y Y Y" 
 
 917 
 
KEC 
 
 REC 
 
 REC 
 
 12. [Fr. recez-l A decree of the imperial diet of 
 tlie okl German empire. Brande. 
 RE-CES'S[ON, (re-sesh'iin,) 71. [L. rcccsdo.'] 
 
 1. The act of withdrawing, retiring, or retreating. 
 
 2. The act of receding from a claim, or of relax- 
 ing a demand. Si)ii(/i. 
 
 3. A cession or granting back ; as, the recession of 
 conquered territory to its former sovereign. 
 
 Re'GHAB-iTES, 71. p(. Among the ancient Jews, the 
 descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who ab- 
 stained from all intoxicating drinks. The name has 
 been assumed by some in modern times, who adopt 
 the principle of total abstinence from alcoholic liquor. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RE-CHaNGE', ». <. [Ti. reclianger ; re and change.] 
 
 To change again. 
 RE-CHaNG'£D, pp. Changed again. 
 RE-CHaNG'ENG, ppr. Clianging again. 
 RE-CHARGE'. V. t. [Fr. rechnr^cr ; re and charg-e.] 
 
 1. To charge or accuse in return. Hooker. 
 
 2. To attark again ; to attack anew. Dryden. 
 RE-CHXR6'£D, fp. Accused in return ; attacked 
 
 anew. 
 
 RE-CHaRG'ING, ppr. Accusing in return ; attacking 
 anew. 
 
 RE-CHAR'TER, 71. A second charter; a renewal of 
 a charter. D. Webster. 
 
 RE-CllAR'TER, r. t. To charter again; to grunt a 
 second, or another charier to. 
 
 RE-CHAR'TER-iCD, pp. Cliartered a second time. 
 
 RE-CHaR'TER-ING, ppr. Chartering a second 
 time. 
 
 RE-CH,aS'T£N-£D, (-chas'nd,) 0. Chastened again. 
 
 RE-CHEAT', 71. [Said to be from Old French.] 
 Among hunters, a lesson which the huntsman winds 
 on the horn when the hounds have lost the game, 
 to call them back from pursuing a counter scent. 
 
 Bailey. Sluik. 
 
 RE-CHf.AT', «. To blow the rechcat. Drayton. 
 
 RE-CHKR' CHE, (_n-sh3.i'sii!i,) [Fr.] iitfraHi/, sought 
 out with care; hence, nice to an extreme; un- 
 natural. 
 
 RE-CHOOSE', (re-chooz',) c. t. To choose a second 
 time. 
 
 RE-CHoS'£N, (re-choz'n,) pp. or a. Reelected ; 
 
 chosen again. 
 REC-1-DI'VaTE, v. i. [L. recidivo.] 
 
 To backslide ; to fall again. [Obs.] Bp. .Andrews. 
 RE-CID-I-Va'TION, 71. [L. recidivus, from rccido, to 
 fall back ; re and cado, to fall.] 
 A falling back ; a backsliding. [J\~ut mvch used.] 
 Hammond. 
 
 REC-I-DI'VOCS, a. [L. reeidlous.] 
 Subject to backslide. [Lillle used.] 
 
 REC'I-PE, (res'i-pe,) n. [L., imperative of recipio, to 
 take.] A medical prescription ; a direction of med- 
 icines to be taken by a patient. Enrye. 
 
 2. In popular usage, a receipt for making almost 
 any mixture or preparation. 
 
 RE-CIP'I-EN-CY, 71. A receiving ; the state of one 
 who receives. 
 
 RE-CII"I-ENT, 71. [L. recipicns, recipio.] 
 
 1. A receiver ; the person or thing that receives ; 
 he or that to which any tiling is communicated. 
 
 2. The receiver of a still. Decay of Piety. 
 RE-CIP'RO-CAL, a. [L. reciprocus; Sp. and It. re- 
 
 ciproco ; Ft. reciproque,] 
 
 1. Acting in vicissitude or return ; alternate. 
 
 Corruption is reciprocal to gciunition. Bacon. 
 
 2. Mutual ; done by each to the other ; as, recip- 
 rocal love ; reciprocal benefits or favors ; reciprocal 
 duties ; reciprocal aid. 
 
 3. Mutually interchangeable. 
 
 Thesf two rules will render a definitiou reciproaUv/'nh thf thing 
 defltied. yyalls. 
 
 Reciprocal terms ; in logic, those terms that have 
 the same signification, and consequently are con- 
 vertible, and mny be used for each other. Encyc. 
 
 Reciprocal qiuinlitics, in mathematics, are those 
 which, multiplied together, produce unity. Encyc. 
 
 Reciprocal figures, in geometry, are two figures of 
 the same kind, (as triangles, parallelograms, prisms, 
 &.C.,) so related that the two sides of the one form the 
 extremes of a proportion of which the means arc the 
 two corresponding sides of the other. Brande. 
 
 Reciprocal proportion, is when, of four terms taken 
 in order, the first has to the second the same ratio 
 wliich the fourth has to the third ; or when the first 
 has to the Becond the same ratio which the recipro- 
 cal of the third has to the rccijirocal of the fourth. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 Reciprocal ratio, is the ratio between the recipro- 
 cals of two quantities ; as, the reciprocal ratio of 4 to 
 9 is that of 1-4 to 1-9. 
 
 RE-CIP'RO eAL, 7t. The reciprocal of any quantity, 
 in the quotient nrixlng from the division of a unit by 
 that quantity. Thus the reciprocal of 4 is 1-4. 
 
 RE-CIP'RO CAL-I.V, ado. Mulually ; interchangea- 
 bly ; in iiuch a manner that each affectH the other and 
 ia equally afTccU'd by it. 
 
 I'lie*^ two particl'-'t (Jo rtciprocaily ftlTeet CRCli other with the anmc 
 forc^. Ihnlley, 
 
 2. In the manner of rcciprocalH. 
 
 RE-CIP'RO-CAL-NESS, ) 71. Mutual return : alter- 
 RE-CIP-RO-CAL'I-TY, \ nateness. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 RE-CIP'RO-CaTE, v. i. [L. rcciproco ; Fr. recipro- 
 quer.] 
 
 To act interchangeably ; to alternate. 
 
 One brawny smith the pulling bellows plies, 
 
 Ami dmws and blows reciprocating air. Dryden. 
 
 RE-CIP'RO-CaTE, v. I. To exchange; to inter- 
 change ; to give and return mutually ; as, to re- 
 ciprocate favors. 
 
 RE-CIP'RO-Ca-TED, pp. Mutually given and re- 
 turned ; interchanged. 
 
 RE-CIP'RO-Ca-TING, ppr. or a. Interchanging ; each 
 giving or doing to tlie other the same thing. 
 
 Reciprocating motion ; in jneclianics, motion alter- 
 nately backward and forward, or up and down, as 
 of a piston rod. 
 
 RE-CIP-RO-Ca'TION, 71. [L. reciprocatio.] 
 
 1. Interchange of acts; a mutual gi>'ing and re- 
 turning ; as, tile reciprocation of kindnesses. 
 
 2. Alternation ; as, the reciprocation of the sea in 
 the flow and ebb of tides. Brown. 
 
 3. Regular return or alternation of two symptoms 
 or diseases. Coze. 
 
 REC-I-PROC'I-TY, (res-e-pros'e-te,) n. [Fr. reciprociti.] 
 
 1. Reciprocal obligation or right ; equal mutual 
 rights or benefits to be yieMed or enjoyed. The com- 
 missioners offered to negotiate a treaty on principles 
 of reciprocity. 
 
 2. Alutual action and reaction. 
 RE-CI"SION, (re-sizh'un,) 71. [L. rccisio, from re- 
 
 cido, to cut off; re and oEdo.] 
 
 The act of cutting off. Shcrioood. 
 RE-CTT'AL, 71. [from recite.] Rehearsal ; the rep- 
 etition of the words of another, or of a writing ; as, 
 the recital of a deed ; the recital of testimony. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. Narration ; a telling of the particulars of an ad- 
 venture, or of a series of events. .Addison. 
 
 3. Enumeration of particulars; as, the rccifa/s of a 
 law. Burke. 
 
 REC-I-Ta'TION, 71. [L. recitatio.] 
 
 1. Rehearsal ; repetition of words. 
 
 Hammond. Temple. 
 
 2. The delivery before an audience of the compo- 
 sitions of others committed to memory. 
 
 3. In .American colleges and scliools, the rehearsal of 
 a lesson bv pupils before their instructor. 
 
 REC-I-TA-tlVE', o. [Ft. recitatif; U.recitativo. See 
 Recite.] 
 
 Reciting; rehearsing; pertaining to musical pro- 
 nunciation. Dryden. 
 REC-I-TA-TIVE', n. In 77!itsic, a species of singing 
 approaching toward ordinary speaking; language 
 delivered in musical tones, i. e., in the sounds of the 
 musical scale. Brande. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A piece of music in recitative. 
 REC-I-TA-TIVE'LY, adv. In the manner of recita- 
 tive. 
 
 RE-CITE', V. t. [L. recito ; re and cito, to call or 
 namej 
 
 1. To rehearse ; to repeat the words of another, or 
 of a writing ; as, to recite the words of an author, or 
 of a deed or covenant. 
 
 2. In writing, to copy ; as, the words of a deed are 
 recited in the pleading. 
 
 3. To tell over ; to relate ; to narrate ; as, to re- 
 cite past events ; to recite the particulars of a voy- 
 age. 
 
 4. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. 
 
 Jlmerica. 
 
 5. To enumerate, or go over in particulars. 
 RE-CITE', V. i. To pronounce before an audience the 
 
 compositions of others committed to memory. 
 
 2. To rehearse a lesson. The class will recite at 
 eleven o'clock. .American Seminaries. 
 
 RE-CITE', for Recital. [Ao£ in use.] 
 
 RE-CIT'ED, pp. Rehearsed ; told ; repeated ; nar- 
 rated. 
 
 RE-CIT'ER, 71. One that recites or rehearses ; a nar- 
 rator. 
 
 RE-CIT'ING, ppr. Rehearsing; telling; repeating; 
 narrating. 
 
 RECK, r. i. [Sax. rfco7i, reccan, to say, to tell, to nar- 
 rate, to reckon, to care, to rule or govern, L. rego. 
 The primary sense is to strain. Care is a straining 
 of the mind. See Rack and Reckoh.] 
 
 To care ; to mind ; to rate at much ; as we say, to 
 rccion much of ; followed by 0/. [Obs.] 
 
 Thou', but a Ia7,y loonlo, 
 
 And recAff much 0/ thy swinlte. 
 
 I rtck IIS lilllc wiiat Ix'tidi-lh nie, 
 
 As nuich I wish nil good bi foriiinc you 
 
 Of night or loneliness it reekt me liot. 
 
 RECK, r. (. To lieed ; to regard ; to care for. 
 
 Tlii* son of mine not rfclfin^ danger. Sidney. 
 [This verb is obsolete, unless in poetr>'. We ob- 
 serve the primary sense and application in the phrase 
 ** It recks me not," that is, it does not strain or dis- 
 tress ing ; it does not rack my mind. To reck danger 
 Is a derivative form of expression, and a deviation 
 from tlio proper sense of the verb.] 
 
 S^cnter, 
 
 I^JtUon. 
 
 RECK'LESS, o. Careless ; heedless ; mindless. 
 
 I made the kin^ as reckless, as them diligent. Sidney. 
 RECK'LESS-LY, adv. Heedlessly ; carelessly. 
 RECK'LESS-NESS, 71. Heedlessness ; carelessness ; 
 negligence. Sidney. 
 
 [These words, formerly disused, have been recently 
 revived.] 
 
 RECK' ON, (rek'n,) v. U [Sax. reea7!, rcccan,lo tell, to 
 relate, to reck or care, to rule, to reckon ; D. rekenen, 
 to count or compute ; G. rechnen, to count, to reckon, 
 to esteem, and recken, to stretch, to strain, to rack; 
 Sw. rdkna, to count, to tell ; Dan. regner, to reckon, 
 to count, to rain. The Saxon word signifies not on- 
 ly to tell or count, but to reck or care, and to rule or 
 govern ; and the latter signification proves it to be the 
 L. rego, rectus, wlience regnum, regno. Eng. foreign, 
 and hence Sax. reht, riht. Eng. right, G. recht, &-C. 
 The primary sense of the root is to strain, and right 
 is strained, stretched to a straight line ; hence we 
 see that these words all coincide with reach, stretch, 
 and rack, and we say, we are racked with care. It 
 is probable that wreck and wretched are from the same 
 root. Class Rg, No. 18, 21.] 
 
 1. To count; to number; that is, to tell over by 
 particulars. 
 
 The priest shall reckon to him the money, according to the yeais 
 that remain, even to tlie year ol jubilee, and it sliali be abated. 
 — Lev. xxvii. 
 
 1 reckoned above two hundred and fifty on the outside of die 
 church. Adilison 
 
 2. To esteem ; to account ; to repute. Rom. viii. 
 
 For him 1 reckon not in higli estate. Millan. 
 
 3. To repute ; to set in the number or rank of. 
 He was reckoned among the transgressors. — Lulte xxii. 
 
 4. To make account or reckoning of. Rom. iv. 
 RECK' ON, ». To reason with one's self and con- 
 clude from arguments. 
 
 1 reckoned till morning, that as a lion, so will he break all my 
 bones. — Is. xixviii. 
 
 2. To charge to account ; with o7t. 
 
 1 call posterity 
 
 Into the debt, and reckon on tier head. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. To pay a penalty ; to be answerable ; with /i?r. 
 If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it one 
 
 day. Sanderson, 
 
 4. To think ; to suppose ; as, I reckon he has arrived. 
 [In this last sense, the word is provincial in Eng- 
 land, and is used to an excess in the middle and south- 
 ern parts of the United States, corresponding to that 
 of guess in the northern. — Ed,] 
 
 To reckon with ; to state an account with another, 
 compare it with his account, ascertain the amount of 
 each, and the balance which one owes to the other. 
 In this manner the country people of New England, 
 who have mutual dealings, reckon with each other at 
 the end of each year, or as often as they think tit. 
 
 Alter a long time the lord of those servants conieth, and reckon- 
 cUi wiOi diem. — Malt. xxv. 
 
 2. To call to punishment. 
 
 God sulTerB tlie most grievous sins of particular prsons to go 
 unpunished in this world, beciuse ills justice will have 
 anodier opportunity to meet and reckon teilh ttiein. 
 
 Tillouon. 
 
 To reckon on or wpoii ; to lay stress or dependence 
 on. He reckons on the support of his frientls. 
 RECK'ON-£D, (rek'nd,) pp. Counted; numbered; 
 esteemed ; reputed ; computed ; set or assigned to 
 in account. 
 
 RECK'ON-ER, (rek'n-er,) 71, One who reckons or 
 coiiqiutes. 
 
 Reckoners without their host must teAon twice. Camden, 
 RECK'ON-ING, (rek'n-ing,) ppr. Counting; com- 
 puting; esteeming; reputing; stating an account 
 mutually. 
 
 RECK'ON-ING, 71. The act of counting or com- 
 puting; calculation. 
 
 2. An account of time. Sandys. 
 
 3. A statement of accounts with another ; a state- 
 ment and comparison of accounts mutually for ad- 
 justment ; as in the proverb, " Short rKAoiiin^'i make 
 long frientls." 
 
 The way to make reckonings even, is to make them often. 
 
 South. 
 
 4. The charges or account made by a ho-^t. 
 
 A coin would have a nobler use than to pay a rfctoniny. 
 
 A<14ison. 
 
 5. Account taken. 2 Kings xxii. 
 C. Esteem ; account ; estimation. 
 
 Vou Illlike no further reckoning of beauty, than of an oiitwnni 
 fading ln-nelit naluro bestowed. Sidney. 
 
 7. In navigation, an acctiunt of the ship's course 
 and distance, calculated from the log-board without 
 the aid of celestial observation. This account from 
 the log-board is usually called the dead-reckoning. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 RECK'ON-ING-BQOK, 71. A book in which money 
 received and expended is entered. Johnson. 
 
 RE-CLAIM', I'. I. [Kr. rccidwirr ; h. reclamo ; 7e and 
 cinmo, to call. See Claim.] 
 
 1. To claim back; to demand to have returned. 
 The vender may reclaim the goods. Z. Swift. 
 
 PATE, FXE, PALL, WHAT. — MffiTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 £ . . — — — — — 
 
 118 
 
REC 
 
 2. To call back from error, wandering, or trans- 
 gression, to the observance of moral rectitude ; lo 
 reform ; to bring back (o correct deportment or course 
 of life. 
 
 iu Tarioui exprcsaioni of 
 Jtogert. 
 
 3. 'I'o reduce to tlie state desired. 
 Much labor U rcouiird in treci, to l;inio 
 
 'i'heir wild iJiaorucr, and in rntik* reclaim. DnjrUn. 
 
 4. To call back j to restrain. 
 
 Or {■ lipr toworiiigf lliwht rtclnimed, 
 
 By BCiU from Icaru»* tlownr.dl named f Prior. 
 
 5. To recall ; to cry out against. 
 
 Tbe heiKlslron^ honrs hurriod Ocutviiit along, and were dei\f lo 
 hiM reclaittUng tl\cm. [Unutaat.] Lhyden. 
 
 6. To reduce from a wild to a tame or domestic 
 state; to tame; to make gentle; ns, to reclaim a 
 liawk, an eagle, or a wild beast. Dnjden. 
 
 7. To reduce to a state fit for cultivation ; applied 
 to lands submerged by H'ater. 
 
 8. To demand or cliallenge ; to make a claim ; a 
 French use. 
 
 9. In ancient customs, to pursue and recall, as a 
 vassal. Kncyc. 
 
 10. To encroach on what has been taken i'rom 
 one ; to attempt to recover possession.\ 
 
 A tract of land [Hollnnil] snatched from an element perpetually 
 reclaiming lis prior occui.«ncy. Ojie, Swilz. 
 
 RE-CLAIM', r. I. To crj- out ; to exclaim. Pnpe. 
 
 RE-CLaIiM'A-BLE, a. That may be reclaimed, re- 
 formed, or tamed. 
 
 RE-€I.AliM'ANT, n. One that opposes, contradicts, 
 nr remonstrates against. fVaterlantt. 
 
 RE-eLAI.M'J';i), pp. Recalled from a vicious life ; re- 
 fiirmed ; tamed ; domesticated ; recovered. 
 
 RE-eLAIM'INt;, ppr. Recalling to a regular course 
 of life ; reforming ; recovering; taking; demanding. 
 
 RE eL.^IM'EESS, a. Not to be ri^claimed. Lcc. 
 
 REC-LA Ma'TION, ii. Recovery-. 
 
 a. Demand ; challenge of something to be restored ; 
 claim made. • Gallatin. 
 
 REG' LI-N ATE, (I. [L. reclinatiL^. See Recline. 1 
 In bnlany, reclined, as a leaf ; bent downwarti, so 
 that the point of the leaf is lower than the base. 
 
 Marti[n. 
 
 A reclinate stem is one that bends in an arch 
 toward the earth. Lee. 
 REC-LI-Na'TION, 71. The act of leaning or re- 
 clining. 
 
 In dialinir, the angle which the plane of the 
 dial makes with a vortical plane which it inter- 
 serls in a horizontal line. Braiule. 
 RE-eET.\E', V. t. [L. rrclino ; re and clino, to lean.] 
 To lean back ; to lean to one side or sidewise ; 
 as, to recline the head on a pillow, or on the bosom 
 of another, or on the arm. 
 
 The mother 
 
 Reclined her dyinj head upon hiji breast, Dryden. 
 RE-GLINE', I'. I. To lean; to rest or repose; as, to 
 
 recline on a couch. 
 RE-eEI.\E', a. [I., reclinii.] 
 
 Leaning ; being in a leaning posture. 
 
 They sal, recline, 
 On the sofi, downy bank damasked willi fiowcn. A/i/ton. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 RE-ei-T\'ED, pp. Inclined back or sidewise. 
 RE-€'LT.N''ING, ppr. Leaning back or sidewise ; 
 
 resting ; lying. 
 RE-GLoSE', V. t. [re and close.] To close or shut 
 
 again. Pope. 
 RE-€LoS'Kn, pp. Closed again. 
 RE-eLo?'lNG, ppr. Closing again. 
 RE-CLODE', r. (. [L. recludo ; re and elaudo, c/uAi.] 
 To open. [Utile tised.j Harvey. 
 RE-CLPSE', a. [Fr. rrclu.':, from L. reclusus, recludo, 
 but with a signification directly opposite.] 
 
 Shut up; sequestered; retired from the world or 
 from public notice ; solitary ; as, a recluse monk or 
 hermit ; a recluse life. 
 
 I all the lifelong day 
 Consume in mrditalion deep, redute 
 Prom human convene. Phitipt. 
 
 RE-CLOSE', n. A person who lives in retirement or 
 seclusion from intercourse with the world, as a her- 
 mit or monk. 
 
 2. One of a class of religious devotees wlio live 
 in single cells, usually attached to monasteries. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RE-CLOSE'LY, adv. In retirement or seclusion from 
 society. 
 
 RE-CL6sE'NESS, n. Retirement; seclusion from 
 society. 
 
 RE-CLO'SION, (re-klu'7.hun,) n. A state of retire- 
 ment from the world ; seclusion. 
 RE-CLO'SIVE, a. Affording retirement from society. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RE-CO-AG-tJ-LA'TION, n. [re and coagulation.] A 
 second coagulation. Boylr. 
 
 RE-e6.\ST', r. L To coast back; to return along the 
 same coast. Chandler. 
 
 RE-CQAST'ED, pp. Returned along the same 
 coast. 
 
 REC 
 
 RE-COAST'ING, ppr. Coasting again or back. 
 RE-COCT', a. [L. recoctus, recuijuo.] 
 
 New vamped. [JWt used.] Taylor. 
 RE-COC'TI()N, n. A second coction or preparation. 
 REC-OG-NI"TION, (rek-og-nish'un,) n. [L. rccug- 
 nitio.] 
 
 1. Acknowledgment ; formal avowal ; as, the 
 recognition of a final concord on a writ of covenant. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. Acknowledgment ; memorial. Wliite. 
 
 3. Acknowledgment ; solemn avowal by which a 
 thing is owned or declared to belong to, or by which 
 the remembrance of it is revived. 
 
 The lives of such saintJJ had, at the lime of their yearly memorials, 
 solemn recognition in the church of Uoil. I/ooker. 
 
 4. Knowledge confessed or avowed ; as, the recog- 
 nition of a thing present ; memory of it as passed. 
 
 (h-cio. 
 
 RE-COG'NI-TOR, n. One of a jury upon assize. 
 
 Blaclistone. 
 
 RE-COG'NI-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to or connected 
 with recognition. C. Lamb. 
 
 RE-COG'Nl-ZA-HLE, (re-kog'ne-7.a-bl or re-kon'c-za- 
 bl,) a. [from recognize.] Tliat may be recognized, 
 known, or acknowledged. Orient. Collcctton.^. 
 
 RE-COG'NI-ZANCE, (re-kog'ne-zans or rc-kon'e- 
 zans,) n. [Er. reconnaissance.] 
 
 [Among latoyer.i, the g in this and the cognate 
 words is usually silent.] 
 
 1. Acknowledgment of a person or thing ; avowal ; 
 profession ; as, the recognizance of Christians, by 
 which they avow their belief in their religion. 
 
 Jlooker. 
 
 2. In /aw, an obligation of record which a man 
 enters into before some court of record or magistrate 
 duly authorized, with condition to ilo some particu- 
 lar act, as to appear at the .assizes, to keep the peace, 
 or pay a debt. A recogtiizance dilfurs from a bond, 
 being witnessed by the record only, and not by the 
 party's seal. There is also a recognizance in the na- 
 ture of a statute staple, acknowledged before either 
 of the chief justices or their substitutes, the mayor 
 of the staple at Westminster, and the recorder of 
 London, which is to be enrolled and certified into 
 chancery. BlacluUme. 
 
 3. The verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. 
 
 Cowdl. 
 
 REC'OG-NIZE, (rek'og-nize or rek'o-nize,) v. t. [It. 
 riconosccre ; Sp. rcconocer f Ft. reconnoitre; L. rccog- 
 nosco ; re anil cognosco, to know. The g in these 
 words has properly no sound in English. It is not a 
 part of the root of the word, being written merely to 
 give to con the French sound of git, or that of the 
 Spanish n, and this sound dot;s not properly belong 
 to our language.] 
 
 1. To recollect or recover the knowledge of, either 
 with an open avowal of that knowledge or not. 
 We recognize a person at a distance, when we recol- 
 lect that we have seen him before, or that wo have 
 formerly known him. We recognize his features or 
 his voice. - 
 
 Speak, vassal ; recognize thy sovereign queen. JIarte. 
 
 2. To admit with a formal acknowledgment ; as, 
 lo recognize an obligation ; to recognize a consul. 
 
 3. To review ; to reiixaminc. SoutJi. 
 REC'OG-NIZE, V. i. To enter an obligation of record 
 
 before a proper tribunal. A B recognized in tlie 
 
 sum of twenty pounds. 
 REe'OG-NIZ-£D, pp. Acknowledged ; recollected as 
 
 known ; bound tiy recognizance. 
 RE-COG-NI-ZEE', (re-kog-ne-zee' or re-kon-e-zee',) n. 
 
 The person to wliom a recognizance is made. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 REC'OG-NTZ-ING, ppr. Acknowledging ; recollecting 
 
 as known ; entering a recognizance. 
 RE-COG-NI-ZOR', (re-kog-ne-zor' or re-kon-e-zor',) n. 
 
 One who enters into a recognizance. Blackstone. 
 RE-COIL', r. t. [Fr. reculcr, to draw back; recul,a 
 
 recoil; Arm. argiiila; Fr. cut, Sp. culo. Arm. gil, 
 
 guil, the back part , \V. ciliaa, to recede ; IL rincu- 
 
 lare ; Sp. reeular.] 
 
 1. To move or start back ; to roll back ; as, a can- 
 non recoils when fired ; waves recoU from the shore. 
 
 2. To fall back ; to retire. Jftlton. 
 
 3. To rebound ; as, the blow recoih. Dryden. 
 
 4. To retire ; to flow back ; as, the blood recoils 
 with horror at the sight. 
 
 5. To start back ; lo shrink. Nature recoils at the 
 bloody deed. 
 
 6. To return. The evil will recoil upon his own 
 head. 
 
 RE-COIL', V. t. To drive back. [JVot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 RE-COIL', n. A starting or falling back ; as, the re- 
 coil of nature or the blood. 
 
 2. The reaction or resilience of fire-arms when 
 discharged. 
 
 RE-COIL'ER, n. One who falls back from his prom- 
 ise or profession. 
 
 RE-COIL'ING, ppr. Starting or falling back; re- 
 tiring ; shrinking. 
 
 RE-COIL'L\G, n. The act of starting or falling back ; 
 a shrinking ; revolt. South. 
 
 REC 
 
 RE-COIL'ING-LY, ado. With starting back or relro- 
 
 cession. 
 
 RE-COl L'ME.VT, n. Tlie act of recoiling. 
 RE-COl.N', V. t. [re and coin.] To coin anew; aa, 
 
 to recoin gold or silver. 
 RE-COl. \'.'\CE, M, The act of coining anew. 
 
 2. That which is coineil anew. 
 RE-COIN'A'D, pp. Coined anew. 
 RE-COLV'ING, opr. Coining anew. 
 REC-OI,-LECT', V. t. [re and collect; L. recolligo, 
 
 recollectits.] 
 
 1. To collect again ; applied to ideas that have es- 
 caped from the memortj ; to recover or call back ideas 
 to the memory. 1 recollect what was said at a former 
 interview ; or I can not recollect what was said. 
 
 2. To recover or recall the knowledge of; to bring 
 back to the mind or memory ; to remember. I met a 
 man whom 1 thoiiglit 1 had seen before, but I could 
 not recollret his name, or the place where I had seen 
 him. I do not recollect yt)U, sir. 
 
 3. To recover resolution or composure of mind. 
 
 The Tyrlan Queen 
 Admired his fortunes, more udmirc«rthc man ; 
 Then recollected stood. Dryflen. 
 
 [In this sense, Collected is more generally used.] 
 RE-COL LECT', v. t. To gather again ; lo collect 
 what has been scattered ; as, to re-collcet routed 
 troops, 
 
 RECOL LECT, n. See Recolldt, 
 REC-OI^LECT'ED,pp. Recalled to the memory. 
 REC-OL-LECT'ING, ppr. Recovering to the mem- 
 ory, 
 
 REC-OL-LEC'TION, n. The act of recalling to the 
 memory, as ideas that have escaped ; or the opera- 
 lion by which itie.as are recalled tt» the memory or 
 revived in the mind. Hecollection difiers from remem- 
 brance, as it is the consequence of volition, or an 
 ellort of the mind to revive ideas ; whereas remem- 
 brance implies no such volition. We often remember 
 things without any voluntary effort. Hecollection is 
 called also reminiscence. 
 
 2. 'J'ho power of recalling ideas to the mind, or 
 the period within which things can be recollected ; 
 remembrance. 'I'he events mentioned are not with- 
 in my recollertion. 
 
 3. In popular language, recollection is used as sy- 
 nonymous with remembrance. 
 
 REC-OL-LECT'IVE, fl. Having the power of recol- 
 lecting. Foster. 
 REC'OL-LET, n. [Sp. and Port, recolcto.] 
 
 A monk of a remrmed order of Franciscans. 
 RE-COL-0-NI-ZA'TIO.\, 7i. A second colonization. 
 
 K. F.crrett. 
 
 RE-€:OL'0-NTZE, t. To colonize a second time. 
 KE-COL'0-NlZ-I.\G, ppr. Colonizing a second time. 
 RE-CO.M-Iil-NA'TION, n. Combination a second 
 time. 
 
 RE-CO.M-BINE', v. t. [re and combine.] To combine 
 again. 
 
 If we recomhine these two clastic fluids. t/tvoisitr. 
 
 RE-COM-ni.N'KD, pp. Combined anew. 
 
 RE-CO.M-l!I.\'I,\G, ppr. Combining again. 
 
 RE-CO.M'1'ORT, (re-kum'furt) r. (. [rc and comfort] 
 To comfort again ; to console anew. Sidney. 
 2. To give new strength. Bacon. 
 
 RE-CnM'FORT-Er),;)^. Comforted again. 
 
 RE-CO.M'FORT-ING, ppr. Comforting again. 
 
 RE-CO.M'FOKT-LESS, o. Without comfort, [JVot 
 used.] Spenser. 
 
 RE-CO M-MENCE', (re-kom-mens',) n, t. [rc and com- 
 mence.] To commence again ; to bcsin anew, 
 
 RE-CO.M-.MENC'i'D, (-kom-menst',J pp. Commenced 
 anew. 
 
 RE-COM-MENCE'MENT,ii. A commencement anew. 
 Rl-;-CO.M-MENC'I.\G,;v)r. lieginning again. 
 REC-O.M-MEND', v. t. [rc and commend; Fr. recom- 
 viander.] 
 
 1. To praise to another ; to offer or commend to 
 another's notice, confidence, or kindness, by favor- 
 able representations. 
 
 M'Tcenas recommended Virgil and Horace to Augustus. 
 
 Drydsn. 
 
 [In this sense. Commend, though less common, is 
 the preferable word.] i 
 
 2. To make acceptable. I 
 A <tecent boldness ever meets with friends, 
 
 Succ^ds, and cVn a siran*er recommtnds. Pop*. 
 
 3. To cc.mmit with prayers. 
 
 Paul chose Silas and departed, being recommtnded by Ibc te«tb- 
 ren to the grace of liod. — Acu xv. 
 
 [Commend here is much to he preferred.] 
 REe-O.M-MEM)'.\.-HLE, a. That may be recom- 
 mended ; worthy of recommendation or praise. 
 
 Qlanrille, 
 
 REC-OM-MEND'A-BLENESS, n. The quality of 
 being recommcndable. 
 
 REC-O.M-ME.N'D'A-BLY, adv. So as to deserve rec- 
 ommendation, 
 
 REC-O.M-ME.\D-A'TION, n. The act of recommend- 
 ing or of commending ; the act of ref>reseniing in a 
 favorable manner for the purpose of procuring the 
 notice, confidence, or civilities of another. Wo in- 
 
 TCNE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
 019 
 
REC 
 
 REC 
 
 REC 
 
 troduce a friend to a straiiEjei by a rccommejidaticn of 
 his virtues or accompiislimeiits. 
 
 2. Tliat vvliicli procures a kind or favorable recep- 
 tion. Tile best recommendation of a man to favor is 
 politeness. Misfortune is a recommendation to our 
 pitv. 
 
 RE€-OM-MEND'A-TO-RY, a. Tliat commends to 
 ani ther ; that recommends. Madison. Swift. 
 
 KEC-OM-MEND'ED, pp. Praised ; commended to 
 anotlier. 
 
 REC-OM-MEND'ER, n. One who commends. 
 REe-OM-MEND'ING, ppr. Praising to anotlier; com- 
 mending. 
 
 RE-eOM-MIS'SION, (-kom-mish'un,) v. t. [re and 
 commission.] To commission again. 
 
 Officer! whose time of service had expired were to be ; 
 
 eioned. Marshall. 
 
 RE-€OM-MIS'SION-J?D, pp. Commissioned again. 
 
 RE-eOM-MlS'SION-ING, ppr. Commissioning again. 
 
 RE-eOM-MIT', V. t. [re and commit.] To commit 
 again ; as, to recommit persons to prison. Clarendon. 
 
 9. To refer again to a committee ; as, to recommit 
 a bill to the same committee. 
 
 RE-COM-MIT'MENT, j n. Asecond or renewed com- 
 
 RE-COM-MIT'TAL, j mitment ; a renewed refer- 
 ence to a committee. 
 
 RE-€OM-MIT'TED, pp. Committed anew ; referred 
 again. 
 
 RE-CO M-MIT'TING, ppr. Committing again; re- 
 ferring again to a committee. 
 
 RE-COSl-.Mu'NI-e.\TE, v. i. [re and communicate.] 
 To communicate again. 
 
 RE-COM-PA€T', v. t. [re and compact.] To join 
 anew. 
 
 Repair 
 
 And recompact my scattered body. Donne, 
 
 RE-COM-PACT'ED, pp. Joined anew. 
 RE-eO.M-PAeT'ING, ppr. Joining anew. 
 RE-eO.\I-PEN-SA'TJON, n. Recompense. [JVu( 
 used. ] 
 
 REC'OM-PENSE, v. t. [Fr. recompenser ; re and com- 
 penser.] 
 
 1. To compensate ; to make return of an equiva- 
 lent for any thing given, done, or suffered ; as, to rrc- 
 ompcnjic a person for services, for fidelity, or for sacri- 
 fices of time, for loss or damages. 
 
 The word is followed by the person or the service. 
 We recompense a person for his services, or we recom- 
 pense his kiyidness. It is usually found more easy to 
 neglect than to recompense a favor. 
 
 2. To requite ; to repay ; to return an equivalent ; 
 171 a bad sense. 
 
 Recompense to no man evil for evil. — Rom. xii. 
 
 3. To make an equivalent return in profit or prod- 
 uce. 7'he labor of man is recompensed by the fruits 
 of the earth. 
 
 4. To compensate ; to make amends by any thing 
 equivalent. 
 
 Solyman — said he would find occasion for lliem to recompense 
 tliat disgrace. Knollee. 
 
 5. To make restitution or an equivalent return for. 
 JVum. v. 
 
 RECOM PENSE, n. An equivalent returned for any 
 thing given, done, or suffered; compensation; re- 
 ward ; amends ; as, a recompense for services, for 
 damages, for loss, &c. 
 
 2. Requital ; return of evil or suffering or other 
 equivalent ; as a punishment. 
 
 To me betongeth vengeance and recompense. — Dent, xxxii. 
 And every transgression and (liscbedii-ncc recciveil a just recom- 
 pense of reward. — Heb. ii. 
 
 REC'OM-PENS-BD, ( penst,) pp. Rewarded ; requi- 
 ted. 
 
 REC'OM-PENS-ING, ppr. Rewarding; compensa- 
 ting ; requiting. 
 
 RE-COM-PILE'MENT,«. [re d.nA cnmpilement.] New 
 compilation or digest ; as, a recompilcmcnt of laws. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RE-COM-PoSE', r. t. [re and compose.] 
 
 1. 'I'o quiet anew; to compose or tranquilizc that 
 which is ruffled or disturbed ; as, to rccompnse the 
 mind. Taylor. 
 
 2. To compose anew ; to form or adjust again. 
 
 We produced a lovely purple, which we can destroy or rerorn- 
 pose at pleasure. Boyle. 
 
 RE-eOM-Pf)S'^;D, (-p5/.d',) pp. Quieted again after 
 agitation ; formed anew ; roinpos(;d a second timt-. 
 
 RE-eOM-POS'lNG, Pin-. Rendering tranquil alter 
 aifilalion ; forming or adjusting anirw. 
 
 RK-Cf).M-PO-SI"TI()N, ( koHi-po-zish'un,) n. Com- 
 IM)Nition renewed. 
 
 REC ON-CII/A-BLE, a. Capable of being reconcil- 
 ed ; capable of renewed friendship. 'J'lie parties are 
 not recimcdablr. 
 
 2. 'I'lial may be made to agree or be consistent; 
 conaiHtent. 
 
 'I'he dillercnt accounts of Oie numbers of ships are reconeilnhle . 
 
 ArliuUinut, 
 
 3. Capable of ticlng artjuKlcd ; an, the ditfcrenco 
 between the parties im reronrilalilr. 
 
 REe-O.N'-CIL'A-ULE-NEHH, n. 'I ho quality of being 
 
 reconcilable ; consistency ; as, the reconcilableness of 
 parts of Scripture wliich apparently disagree. 
 
 2. Possibility of being restored to friendship and 
 harmony. 
 
 REC-ON-CIL'A-BLY, adv. In a reconcilable manner. 
 
 REC-ON-CILE', t!. t. [Ft. rcconcilicr; h. reconcilio ; 
 re and concilio ; con and calo, to call, Gr. kuXcw. The 
 literal sense is, to call back into union.] 
 
 1. To conciliate anew ; to call back into union and 
 friendship the affections which have been alienated ; 
 to restore to friendship or favor after estrangement ; 
 as, to reconcile men or parties that have been at va- 
 riance. 
 
 Propitious now and reconciled by prayer. Dryden. 
 Go thy way ; first be reconciled lo thy brother. — Matt. v. 
 We pray you in Ctirisl's stead be ye reconciled to Gud. — 2 Cor. 
 v. Kph. ii. Col. i. 
 
 2. To bring to acquiescence, content, or quiet sub- 
 mission ; with to ; as, to reconcile one's self to afflic- 
 tions. It is our duty to be reconciled to tile dispensa- 
 tions of Providence. 
 
 3. To make consistent or congruous ; to bring to 
 agreement or suitableness ; followed by with or to. 
 
 The great men anion^ tlie anciei>ts understood how to reconcile 
 
 manual tabor tcitn affairs of stale. Locke. 
 Some figures monstrous an<l misshaiied appe.ar, 
 Considered singly, or beheld too near ; 
 Which, but proportioned to their light and pl.ace, 
 Due distance reconciles to form and grace. Pope. 
 
 4. To adjust ; to settle ; as, to reconcile differences 
 or quarrels. 
 
 REC-ON-CIL'CT), pp. or a. Brought into friendship 
 from a state of tlisagreement or enmity ; made con- 
 sistent ; adjusted. 
 
 REC-ON-CILE'MENT, n. Reconciliation ; renewal 
 of friendship. Animosities sometimes make recon- 
 cilement impracticable. 
 
 2. Frieniiship renewed. 
 
 No cloud 
 
 Of anger sliall remain, but peace assured 
 
 Ami reconcilement. Milton. 
 
 REe ON-CIL'ER, n. One who reconciles; one who 
 brings parties at variance into renewed friendship. 
 
 Fell. 
 
 9. One who discovers the consistence of proposi- 
 tions. JVorris. 
 REC ON-CIL-I-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. reconcil- 
 iatio.] 
 
 1. The act of reconciling parties at variance ; re- 
 newal of friendship after disagreement or enmity. 
 Jteconcillntion and friendship with God, really form the basis of 
 all rvlional and true enjoyment. S. Milter. 
 
 9. In Scripture, the means by which sinners are 
 reconciled and brought into a state of favor with 
 God, after natural estrangement or enmity ; the atone- 
 ment ; e.vpiation. 
 
 Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy 
 holy city, to finish die transgression antl to msdce an end of 
 sin, and to make reconcUtalion tor iniquity. — Dan. ix. 
 Heb. ii. 
 
 3. Agreement of things seemingly opposite, differ- 
 ent, or inconsistent. Borers. 
 
 REe ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY, o. Able or tending to rec- 
 oncile. Hall. 
 
 REC-ON-ClL'ING, ppr. Bringing into favor and 
 friendship after variance ; bringing to content or sat- 
 isfaction ; showing to be consistent ; adjusting ; 
 making to agree. 
 
 RE-CON DEN-Sa'TION, 7!. The act of recondensing. 
 
 RE-CON DENSE', (re-kon-dens',) v. t. [re and con- 
 dense.] To condense again. Boyle. 
 
 RE-CON-DENS'iCD, ( delist',) pp. Condensed anew. 
 
 RE-CON-DENS'ING, ppr. Condensing again. 
 
 REC'ON-DITE, a. [L. recondilus, rccondo ; re and 
 condo, to conceal.] 
 
 1. Secret; hidden from the view or intellect; ab- 
 struse ; as, recondite causes of things. 
 
 2. Profound; dealing in things abstruse; as, rec- 
 ondite studies. 
 
 RE-CON'IJl-TO-RY, n. [Supra.] A repository; a 
 storehouse or magazine. [Little used.] JJsh. 
 
 RE-CON DUCT', i. «. [re and coiiducf.] To conduct 
 back or again. Un/den. 
 
 RV. rt IN-DIJCT'ED, pp. Conducted back or again. 
 
 RE-<:i>N DUCT'ING, ppr. Conducting back or again. 
 
 KE-CON-FIIIM', ti. «. [rc and conjirm.] 'i'o confirm 
 anew. Clarendon. 
 
 RE €0N FIRM'/;D, /ip. Confirmed anew. 
 
 RE-CON JOIN', V. t. [rc and conjoin.] To join or 
 conjoin anew. Boyle. 
 
 R\:-(:i)N-.\(tlN'F.n,pp. Joined again. 
 
 RE CON-JOIN'INt;, ppr. Joining anew. 
 
 BF^€OJVJVOIS-SAJ\rCK,n. [Fr.] 'i'lie examinatiim 
 of n tract of country, either in the operations of war, 
 or with a view to the construction of a canal, rail- 
 road, &.C. B. Cyc. 
 
 RE-CON-NOI'TER, I ». I. [Fr. reconnoitre ; rc and 
 
 RE-CON-NOI'TltE, ( connoitre, to know.] 
 
 'i'o view ; to survey ; to examine by the eye ; par- 
 ticularly, in military affairs, to exttmiiie the slate of 
 an enemy's army or camp, or the ground for military 
 operations. 
 
 RE-(;oN NO!' TER-KD, ) pp. Vicweil ; examined by 
 RE-CON-NOI''I'RKI), j personal observation. 
 
 RE-CON-NOI'TER-ING, jppr. Viewing; e.vamin- 
 RE-eON-NOl'TRlNG, j ing by personal observa- 
 tion. 
 
 RE-eON'aUER, (re-konk'er,) v. t. [re and conquer; 
 Fr. reconquerir,] 
 
 1. To conquer again ; to recover by conquest. 
 
 Davies. 
 
 9. To recover ; to regain. [A French use.] 
 RE-€ON'aUER-£D, pp. or a. Conquered again ; re- 
 gained. 
 
 RE-CON'aUER-ING, ppr. Conquering again ; re- 
 covering. 
 
 RE-CON'QUEST, (-kon'kwest,) n. A second con- 
 quest. 
 
 RE-eON'SE-CRATE, v. t. [re and consecrate.] To 
 consecrate anew. 
 
 RE-CON'SE-CRa-TEI), pp. Consecrated again. 
 
 R&eON'SE-CRA-TING, ppr. Consecrating again. 
 
 RE-CON-SE-CRa'TION, 71. A renewed consecra- 
 tion. 
 
 RE-eON-SID'ER, v. t. [re and consider.] To con- 
 sider again ; to turn in the mind again ; to review. 
 
 2. lu deliberalioe assemblies, to take up for renewed 
 consideration that which has been previously acted 
 upon, as a motion, vote, &c. 
 
 RE-CON-SID-ER-A'TION, ti. A renewed considera- 
 tion or review in the mind. 
 
 2. In deliberative assanblies, the taking up for re- 
 newed consideration of that which has been previ- 
 ously acted upon. 
 
 RE-eON-SID'ER-£D, pp. Considered again ; taken 
 up for renewed consitieration. 
 
 RE-eON-SID'ER-ING, pjir. Considering again ; tak- 
 ing up for renewed coiisideratitm. 
 
 RE-CON'SO-LaTE, v. t. To console orcoinfort again. 
 [JVot in use.] JVotton. 
 
 RE-CON-STRUeT', v. t. To construct again ; to re- 
 build. 
 
 RE-eON-STRUCT'ED, pp. Rebuilt. 
 RE-eON-STRUe'TIOi\, 71. Act of constructing 
 again. _ 
 
 RE CON-VeNE', ». f. [re and convene.] To convene 
 
 or call together again. 
 RE-CON- VENE', t). i. To assemble or come together 
 
 again. 
 
 RE-CON-VkN'JJD, pp. Assembled anew. 
 
 RE-CON-Vif.N'ING, ppr. Assembling anew. 
 
 RE-CON-VER'StON,7i. [re and conversioiu] Asec- 
 ond conversion. IVeever. 
 
 RE-€ON-VERT', v. t. [re and conveH.] To convert 
 again. 
 
 RE-eON-VERT'En,;jp. Converted again. 
 RE-CON-VERT'I.NG, ppr. Converting again. 
 KE-CON-VEY',(-koii-vi',)i!. f. [j-c and cohkci/.] To 
 
 convey back or to its former place ; as, to reconvcy 
 
 goods. 
 
 2. To transfer back to a former owner ; as, to re- 
 convey an estate. 
 RE-eON-VEy'ANCE, (-kon-va'ans,) 71. The act of 
 reconveying or transferring a title back to a former 
 propriet.ir. 
 
 RE-CON-VEY'ED, ( kon-viiide',) pp. Conveyed back j 
 transferred to a former owner. 
 
 RE-CON-VEY'ING, ( kon-va'ing,) ppr. Conveying 
 back ; transferring to a former owner. 
 
 RE CORD', V. t. [L. rccordor, to call to mind, to re- 
 member, from re and cor, cordis, the heart or mind ; 
 Sp. recordar, to remind, also to awake from sleep ; 
 Port, to remind, to con a lesson, or get by heart ; Fr. 
 recorder, to con a lesson, also to record.] 
 
 1. To register ; to enroll ; to write or enter in a 
 book or on parchment, ft>r the purpose of preserving 
 authentic or correct evidence of a thing ; as, to record 
 the proceedings of a court ; lo record a deed or lease; 
 to record historical events. 
 
 2. To imprint deeply on the mind or memory ; as, 
 to record the sayings of another in the licart. 
 
 Loclce. 
 
 3. To cause to be remembered. 
 
 So ev'n antl morn recorded the third day. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 4. To recite ; to repeat. [A''ot in use.] Fairfax. 
 
 ^. To call to mind. [JVot in inc.] Spenser. 
 RE-CORD', V. i. To sing or repeat a tune. [Mt in 
 
 use.] *'''«'••• 
 RECORD, 77. A register ; an authentic or official copy 
 of any writing, or account of any facts and imiceed- 
 ings, entered in a book for preservation ; or the book 
 containing such cojiy or account ; as, the records of 
 statutes or of judicial courts ; the records of a town 
 or iiarisli. Records are properly the registers of 
 official tiansactitms, made by officers appointed for 
 the purpose, or by the officer wtioso proceedings are 
 directcil by law to be recorded. 
 
 2. Authentic meiiiorial ; as, the records of past 
 ages. 
 
 Court of record, is n court whose acts and judicial 
 proceedings are enrolli d on parchment or in books 
 for a perpetual memorial ; and their records are ibu 
 highest evidence of facts, and their truth cannot be 
 called in question. 
 
 Debt of record, is a debt which appears to bo duo 
 by III" evidence of a court of record, as U|)on a 
 judgment or a recognizance. Blackslonc, 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 920 
 
REC 
 
 TVioJ by record, is whore !i matter of record is 
 pleaded, and llie opposite party pleads that there is 
 no such record. In tliis case, the trial is by inspec- 
 tion of tlie record itself, no otlier evidence being ad- 
 missible. Blackstone. 
 
 RE£>-01U)-A'T10N, n. [L. recordatio.] 
 
 Remembrance. [JVot in use.] Shale. Wolton. 
 
 RE-eoilD'El), pp. or a. ReRistcrcd ; officially en- 
 tered in a book or on parchment; imprinted on the 
 inemorv. 
 
 RE-eORD'ER, n. A person whose official duty is to 
 register writings or transactions j one wlio enrolls or 
 recorils. 
 
 2. The chief judicial officer of some cities and 
 boroughs j so called because liis court is a court of 
 record. Bramlc. 
 
 3. Formerlij,a kind of flageolet or wind instrument. 
 Tin; fi^un-s of reconlers, flut-s, ami pip''8, ire slr.vijlil; but Uic 
 
 recorder li.uli a less lion-, uiul u gn.-ulfr tibovi; iiiul U-I.av. 
 
 Bacoji. 
 
 RE-eoRD'ER-SHIP, n. The office of a recorder. 
 RE-eOItD'IN(J, ppr. Registering ; enrolling ; im- 
 printing on the memory. 
 RE-eORD'ING, n. Act of placing on record ; a record. 
 RE eoUCH', I', i. [rc and cuKc/i.] To retire again to 
 
 a lodge, as lions. fVolton. 
 RE-COUNT', V. t. [Ft. rccontcr ; Sp. recontar j It. rac- 
 coittare ; re and count.] 
 
 To relate in detail ; to recite ; to tell or narrate the 
 particulars ; to rehearse. 
 
 Say from thosp glorious &>'r-ds wlnit harvest flows, 
 
 Recount our blcssiiif^, and cotiij .in' unr wors. Dryden. 
 
 RE-€OUNT'En, pp. Related or told in detail ; recited. 
 RE-eOUNT'ING, ppr. Relating in a series ; nar- 
 rating. 
 
 RE-eoUNT'MENT, n. Relation in detail; recital. 
 [Liltln u.-c<l.] Shak. 
 
 RE-€OUR'£D, for Recovered or Recuhed. [jVot 
 iLtiCfl.] Spettser. 
 
 RE-COURSE', Ji. [Fr. rccours; It. rlcorso ; Sp. recur- 
 so ; L. recumus ; re and cur.sus, curro, to run.] 
 LiUrnllij, a running back ; a return. 
 
 1. Return ; new attack. [.Vu( in use.'] Brown. 
 
 2. A going to with a request or apjilication, as for 
 aid or protection. Children have recourse to their 
 parents for assistance. 
 
 :). Application of efforts, art, or labor. The gen- 
 eral had recourse to stratagem to effect liis purpose. 
 
 Our last recourse is therefore to our art. Dryden. 
 
 4. .Access. [Little itsei/.] 
 
 5. Frequent passage. Shak. 
 
 6. Without recourse. When a person, who inilorses 
 over a note, draft, &c., to another person, adds the 
 words itithout recourse, he is not liable to pay, if the 
 maker of the note, &c., should fail to make pay- 
 ment. Bouvier. 
 
 RE-COaRSE', r. i. To return. [JVot used.] Fox. 
 RE-ColJRSE'FfJL, o. Moving alternately. [Mt in 
 
 Hse.] Draijlon. 
 RE-COVER, (re-kuv'er,) r. t. [Fr. recouvrer; It. ri- 
 
 coverare, or ricuperare ; Sp. and Port, recobrar ; L. 
 
 recupcro ; re and capio, to take.] 
 
 1. To regain ; to get or obtain that which was lost ; 
 as, to recover stolen goods ; to recover a town or ter- 
 ritory which an enemy had taken ; to recover siglit 
 or senses ; to recover health or strength after sick- 
 ness. 
 
 Daviil recovered all tlial Uie Amalckilcs had carried away. — t 
 Sum. XXX. 
 
 2. To restore from sickness ; as, to recover one 
 from leprosy. 2 JCtn^s v. 
 
 3. To revive from apparent death ; as, to recover a 
 drowned man. 
 
 4. To gain by reparation ; to repair the loss of, or 
 to repair an injury done by neglect ; as, to recover 
 lost time. 
 
 Good moQ have lapses and failing to lament and recover, 
 
 Rogere. 
 
 5. To bring back to a former state by liberation 
 from capture or possession. 
 
 6. To gain as a compensation ; to obtain in return 
 for injury or debt; as, to reeuter damages in tres- 
 pass ; to recover debt and cost in a suit at law. 
 
 7. To reach ; to come to. 
 
 The fon*9t is not llirre leagues off; 
 
 If we recover that, we're sure enough. ShaJe. 
 
 8. To obtain title to by Judgment in a court of 
 law ; as, to recover lands in ejectment or common 
 recovery. 
 
 RE-COVER, (re-kuv'er,) v. i. To regain health after 
 sickness ; to grow well ; followed by of or from. 
 Go, inquire of Baalzebub, the ?od of Ek-rOD, whether I shall re- 
 cover q/ this disease. — 2 Kings i. 
 
 2. To regain a former state or condition after mis 
 fortune ; as, to recover from a state of poverty or de- 
 pression. 
 
 3. To obtain a judgment in law ; to succeed ill a 
 lawsuit.^ The plaintiff has recovered in his suit. 
 
 RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE, (-kuv'er-a-bl,) a. That may be 
 
 REC 
 
 regained or recovered. Goods lost or sunk in the 
 ocean are not recoverable. 
 
 2. That in.iy be restored from sickness. 
 
 3. That may be brought back to a foriiu r condition. 
 
 A prodigal counw 
 Is like tlic sun's, but not like liis, recoverable. Shak. 
 
 4. That may be obtained from a debtor or posses- 
 sor. The debt is recoverable. 
 
 RE-COV'ER-£D, (-kuv'erd,) pp. or a. Regained ; re- 
 stored ; obtained by judicial decision. 
 
 RE-COV-ER-EE', n. In law, the tenant or person 
 against whom a judgment is obtained in common re- 
 covery. Blackstone. 
 
 RE-COV'ER-IXG, ppr. Regaining; obuiining in re- 
 turn or bv judgment in law ; regaining heallli. 
 
 RE-COV-EK-OR', 71. In fai/-, the demandant, or per- 
 son who obtains a judgment in his favor in coiiiiiion 
 recovery. i Black.^tanc. 
 
 RE-COVER-V, (-kuv'er-y,) n. The act of regnining, 
 reiakinn, or obtaining possession of' any thing lost. 
 The crusades were inti-nilcd for the rernvery of the 
 Holy I,and from the .'^ariicciis. W'e oiler a reward 
 for the recovery of stolen goods. 
 
 2. Restoratitm from sickness or apparent death. 
 The patient has a slow recovery from a fever. Re- 
 covery from a pulmonary affection is seldom to be 
 expected. Directions are given for the recovery of 
 drowned persons. 
 
 3. The capacity of being restored to health. The 
 patient is past recovery. 
 
 4. The obtaining of right to something by a ver- 
 dict and judgment of court from an ojiiMising party 
 in a suit ; as, the recovery of debt, damages, and 
 costs by a plaintiff; the recovery of cost by a defend- 
 ant ; the recovery of land in ejectment. 
 
 Comjnon recovery, in law, is a species of assurance 
 by matter of record, or a suit or action, actual or fic- 
 titious, by which lands are recovered against the 
 tenant of the fret hold ; which recovery binds all per- 
 sons, and vests an absolute fee-simple in the recov- 
 eror. Blackstone. 
 REC'RE-.\X-CY, 71. A cowardly yielding; mean- 
 spiritedness. 
 
 REC'RE-ANT, a. [Norm, recreant, cowardly, prop- 
 erly, crying out, from rccrier, that is, begging. See 
 Craven.] 
 
 1. Crying for mercy, as a combatant in the trial by 
 battle ; yielding ; hence, cowardly ; mean-spirite d. 
 
 2. Apostate; false. [Blaclijitone. 
 Who, for so many benefits received, 
 
 Turned recreant to God, ingrale and false. iV/i/lon. 
 
 REC'RE-ANT, 71. One who yields in combat, and 
 cries craven ; one who begs for mercy ; hence, a 
 mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. Blackstone. 
 
 REC'RE-aTE, v. I. [L. recrco ; re and crco, to create ; 
 Fr. recrcer ; It. ricreare ; Sp. recrcar.] 
 
 1. To refresh after toil ; to reanimate, as languid 
 spirits or e.\hausted strength ; to amuse or divert in 
 weariness. 
 
 Painters, when they work on white grounds, place before them 
 colors mixed with blue and green, to recreate tlitir eyes, 
 
 Dn/den. 
 
 St, John is said to have recreated himaelf with sportin? wiili a 
 tame partridg'-. Jaylor. 
 
 2. To gratify ; to delight. 
 
 These ripe fmita recreate the nostrils with their aromatic scent. 
 
 More. 
 
 3. To relieve ; to revive ; as, to recreate the lungs 
 with fresh air. Harvey, 
 
 REC'RE-ATE, r. t. To take recreation. .Addison. 
 RE-CRE-aTE', v. t. To create or form anew. 
 
 On opening the campaign of 1776, instead of reinforcing, it was 
 necessary to recreate the army. Marshall. 
 
 REC'RE-A-TED, pp. Refreshed ; diverted ; amused ; 
 gratified. 
 
 RE-CRE-AT'ED, pp. Created or formed anew. 
 
 REC'RE-A-TIXG, ppr. Refreshing after toil ; reani- 
 mating the spirits or strength ; diverting ; amusing. 
 
 RE-CRE-AT'ING, ppr. Creating or forming anew. 
 
 REC-RE-A'TION, n. Refreshment of the strength 
 and spirits after toil ; amusement ; diversion. SoutJt. 
 
 2. Relief from toil or pain ; amusement in sorrow 
 or distress. Sidney. 
 
 RBl-CRE-A'TION, n. A forming anew. 
 
 REC'RE-A-TIVE, a. Refreshing ; giving new vigor 
 or animation ; giving relief after labor or pain ; amus- 
 ing ; diverting. Choose such sports as are recreative 
 and healthful. 
 
 Let the music be recrealit>«. Bacon. 
 
 REe'RE-A-TIVE-LY,a</B. With recreation or diver- 
 sion. Shencood. 
 
 REC'RE-A-TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being re- 
 freshing or diverting. 
 
 REC'RE-.MENT, 71. [L. reerementum ; probably re and 
 cemo, to secrete.] 
 
 Superfluous matter separated from that which is 
 useful; dross; scoria; spume ; as, the recrcmciU of 
 ore, or of the blood. 
 
 REC-U^>ME^•T'AL, ) a. Drossy; 
 
 REe-RE-.MEN-TI"TIAL, (-tish'al,) J consisting of 
 
 REC-RE-MEN-TI"TIOUS, (-tish'us,) ) superfluous 
 matter separated from that which is valuable. 
 
 Fourcroy. 
 
 REC 
 
 RE-CRI.M'IN-ATE, r. i. [Vt. reerimintr ; L. re and 
 criniiiior, to accuse.] 
 
 1. To return one accusation with another. 
 
 It is not my business to reerinunalM. StiUingJUeL 
 
 2. To charge an accuser with the like crime. 
 RE-CK1,'\1'IN-ATE, II. f. To accuse in return. South. 
 RE CRI>M'IN-A-TING, ppr. Returning one accusation 
 
 with another. 
 
 RE-CKIM-IN-A'TION, 71. The return of one accusa- 
 tion with another. 
 
 2. In laio, an accusation brought by the accused 
 against the accuser upon the same fact. Encye. 
 
 RE-CKI.\r!N-A-TOR, n. ile that accuses the accuser 
 of a like crime. 
 
 RE-CRl.M'IN-A TO-RY, ) o. Betoiting accusation. 
 
 R1',-C111.M'I.\-A-T1VE, ( Burke. 
 
 UK f 'ltOS,'^', e. (. To cross a second time. JVashimrton. 
 
 K 1; ( Iti >S8'A'l), (-krost',) pp. Crossed a second time. 
 
 KE-CUUSS'ING, ppr. Crossing a second lime. 
 
 RE-CltO'DEN-CY. See Recri oescenct. 
 
 RE eitlJ-DES'CKNCE, (71. [from L. recrudesetns ; 
 
 RE-CRU-1)ES'CEN-(;Y, j re and crudcsco, to grow 
 raw ; crudus, raw.] 
 
 The state of becoming sore again. Bacon. 
 
 RE-CRU-DES'CENT, a. Growing raw, sore, or pain- 
 ful again. 
 
 RE-CROIT', (re-krutc',) v. t. [Fr. reenter; It. rc- 
 clutare ; Sp. reclutar ; Port, reclutar or recrutar ; from 
 the root of Fr. recroitrc ; re and croitrc, to grow, L. 
 cresco ; It. ricresccre, to increase.] 
 
 1. To repair by fresh supplies any thing wasted. 
 We say, food recruits the llesh ; fresti air and exer- 
 cise recruit the spirits. 
 
 Her cheeks glow the brighter, recruiting their cjor. ClanvUte. 
 
 2. To supply wilh new men any deficiency of 
 troops ; as, to recruit an army. 
 
 RE-CKCIT', (re-kriite',) r. i. To gain new supplies oT 
 
 any thing wa-sted ; to gain flesh, health, spirits, &c. ; 
 
 as, lean cattle recruit in fresh pastures. 
 2. To gain new supplies of men ; to raise new 
 
 soldiers. .Hddvion. 
 RE-CRCUT', (re-krutc',) n. The supply of any thing 
 
 wasted ; chirjly, a new raised soldier to supply the 
 
 deficiency of an army. 
 RE-CKClIT'EI), pp. or a. Furnished with new su[>- 
 
 plies of what is wasted. 
 RE CRUlT'ING, ppr. or ij. Furnishing with fresh 
 
 supplies ; raising new soldiers for an army. 
 RE-CRulT'ING, 71. The business of raising new sol- 
 diers to supply the loss of men in an army. 
 RE-CRuIT'MENT, 71. The act or business of raising 
 
 new supplies of men for an army. Walsh. 
 RE CRYS-TAL-LI-Za'TION, 71. The process of a 
 
 second crystallizing. 
 RE-CRYS'TAL-LIZE, v. I To crystallize a second 
 
 time. Henry. 
 REeT'AN"GLE, (rekt'ang-gl,) »i. [Fr., from L. 
 
 rectantrulus ; rectus, right, and anjrulus, angle.] 
 A right-angled parallelogram. The term rectangle 
 
 in geometry corresponds to product in arithmetic. 
 
 .4. D. Stanley. 
 RECT'AN"GI-ED, (rekt'ang-gld,) a. Having one or 
 
 more right angles, or angles of ninety degrees. 
 
 JIutton. 
 
 REeT-AN"GU-LAR, (rekt-ang'gu-lar,) a. Right- 
 angled ; having one or more angles of ninety de- 
 grees. Jiution. 
 
 REeT-AN"GU-LAR-LY,arfF. Willi or at right an- 
 gles. Brown. 
 
 REe'TI-FI-.\-HLE, a. [from rectify.] That may be 
 rectified ; capable of being corrected or set right; as, 
 a rectifiable mistake. 
 
 REe-Ti-Fl-CA'TION,n. [Fr. See Rectify.] The 
 act or operation of correcting, amending, or setting 
 right that which is wrong or erroneous; as, the reo 
 tijication of errors, mistakes, or abuses. Forbes. 
 
 2. In c/iemistri/, the process of refining or purifying 
 any substance by repeated distillation, which sepa- 
 rates the grosser parts ; as, the rectification of spirits 
 or sulphuric acid. JVickoLson. F.ncyc. 
 
 3. In geometry, the determination of a straight 
 line, whose length is equal to a portion of a curve. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 4. Rectification of a globe, is the adjustment of it, 
 preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem. 
 
 REC'TI-FI-£D, (-fide,) pp. or a. Corrected ; set or 
 made right ; refined by repeated distillation or subli- 
 mation ; adjusted. 
 
 REC'TI-FI-ER, 71, One that corrects or amends. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 2. One who refines a substance by repeated dis- 
 tillations. 
 
 3. An instninicnt used for determining the varia- 
 tions of the compass, in order to rectify the course 
 of a ship. IluUon. 
 
 REC'Tl-FV, V. U [Tt. rectifier ; U. rettificare ; Sp. 
 rect\fiear ; L. rectus, right, and facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To make right ; to correct that which is wrong, 
 erroneous, or false ; to amend ; as, to rectify errors, 
 mistakes, or abuses; to rectify the will, the judg- 
 ment, opinions ; to rectify disorders. Hooker. Addison. 
 
 2. In ehemistni, to refine by repeated dislillalion or 
 sublimation, by'which the fine parts of a substance 
 
 TONE, B};LL, Ignite. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a.s iu THIS. 
 
 031 
 
REC 
 
 are separated from the grosser ; as, to rectifu spirit 
 or wine. Kncyc. 
 
 3. To rrctifij a gluhe, is to adjust it in order to |ire- 
 pare for the solution of a proposed problem. Ilutlun. 
 REe'TI-F5-ING, ppr. Correcting; amendine;; re- 
 finins; by repeated distillation or sublimation ; ad- 
 jiistini;. 
 
 REC-TI-LIN'E-AL, ) a. [L. rectus, right, and liiiea, 
 KEe-TI-LIN'E-AR, i line.] 
 
 Rigln-lined ; consisting of a right line, or of right 
 lines ; -bounded by right lines; straight; as, a rec- 
 tilinear figure or course ; a rectilinear side or way. 
 
 J^ewtun. 
 
 REC-TI-LIN'E-AR-LY, adv. In a right line. 
 
 REK-TI-LIN'E-OUS, a. Rectilinear. [Obs.] Rail. 
 
 RECTI TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. rectus, right, straight ; 
 It. reltitudine ; Sp. rectitud : literally, straightness, but 
 not applied to material things.] 
 
 In morality, rightness of principle or practice ; up- 
 rightness of mind ; exact conformity to truth, or to 
 the rules i)rescribed for moral conduct, cither by di- 
 vine or human laws. Rectitude of mind is the dis- 
 position to act in conformity to any known standard 
 of right, truth, or justice ; rectitude of conduct is the 
 actual conformity to such standard. Perfect rectitude 
 belongs only to the Supreme Being. The more near- 
 ly the rectitude of men ai)proaches to the standard of 
 the divine law, the more exalted and dignified is 
 their character. Want of rectitude is not only sinful, 
 but debasing. 
 
 Tlicre is .1 sviblimily in conscious rectitude — in compurison ft-illl 
 wliicli Ihe U-Ciuurcs of cirth -ire not worth naming. 
 
 J. }Iaioest 
 
 RECTOR, 71. [L. rector, from rego, rectum, to rule ; 
 Fr. rectenr J It. rettnre.] 
 
 1. A ruler or governor. 
 
 tiod is llie supreme Rector of the world. JJaie. 
 
 [This application of the word in unusual.'] 
 
 2. In the Episcopal church, a clergyman who has the 
 charge and cure of a parish, and has the tithes, &c. ; 
 or the parson of an unimpropriated parish. Blackstone. 
 
 3. The chief elective officer of some universities, 
 as in France and Scotland. The same title was for- 
 merly given to the president of a college in New 
 England, but it is now in disuse. 
 
 4. The head master of a public school. 
 
 5. The superior officer or chief of a convent or 
 religious house ; and among the Jesuits, the superior 
 of a house that is a seminary or college. Encyc. 
 
 REG'TOR-AL, fa. Pertaining to a rector. 
 
 REe-To'RI-AL, \ Blackstone. 
 
 REG'TOR-SHIP, j n. The office or rank of a rector. 
 
 REG'TOR-ATE, ( Sliak. 
 
 REG'TO-RY, n. In F.nirlund, a parish church, par- 
 sonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, 
 and glebes. Encyc, 
 2. A rector's mansion or parsonage-house. Encyc. 
 
 REC'TRESS, ) PL recfric 1 
 
 REG'TRIX, i """^-i 
 
 A governess. -B. Jonson. 
 
 REG'TUM, n. [L.] In anatomy, the third and last 
 of tlie large intestines; so named because supposed 
 by the old anatomists to be straight. Brande. 
 
 RE€'TUS IJ^ €C'RI-J1, [E.] Literally, right in 
 court; standing free from charge or accusation. 
 
 REC-U-BA'TIUiN, 71. [L. rcciiio ; re and cuiio, to lie 
 down.] 
 
 The act of lying or leaning. [Little nscd.] Brown. 
 RE-GULE', ». t. To recoil. [JJ'olused.] [See Recoil.] 
 
 Barret. 
 
 RE-CUMIV, (re-kum',) v. i. [L. recumbo ; re and 
 cumbo, to lie down.] 
 
 To lean ; to recline ; to repose. Mien. 
 RE-GU.M'BENCE, 71. [from L. recHmbens.] 
 
 The act of reposing or resting in conficfence. 
 
 Ld. J^orlh. 
 
 RE-GUM'nEN-CY, n. The posture of leaning, re- 
 clining, or lying. Brown. 
 2. Rest ; repose ; idle state. Locke. 
 RE-GUM'BENT, a. [E. rccumbens.'] 
 
 1. Leaning ; reclining ; as, the recumbent posture 
 of the Romans at their meals. 
 
 2. Reposing ; inactive ; iille^ Yonnir. 
 RE-GU.M'BE.\T-LY>o(io. In a recumbent posture. 
 RlvGO'PER-A-BI,E, a. Recoverable. C/uiaccr. 
 UE GII-PER-S'TKlN, 71. [I,, recupcratio.] 
 
 Keciivcry, as of any thing lost. 
 RE-Cri'PER-A-TIVE, la. 'i'ending to recovery; 
 RF.-G0'PER-A-TO-RY, ( pertaining to recovery. 
 KE GIHI', ?). i. [I^ recurro ; re and curro, to run ; Fr. 
 recourir.] 
 
 1. To return to the thought or mind. 
 
 Wli^Mi iiny wor.l l.a. l».-n u..'(l u. .ipiify an Mm, llii- r.l.l i.Ira 
 will recur in (liu niind wli<;n the word i» hcurd. Ua(!«. 
 
 2. To rcdort ; to have recourse. 
 
 If to BToifl inc^tJiion In elprniil rxi«l<»nc'», they reriir to the 
 piinctiiin WAni of the •clionli, they will very little help ui lo 
 a more poaitive i<left of liil^iiite duraUon. J.ifrkt. 
 
 3. To occur at a Ktated interval, or according to 
 Home regular rule ; an, the fever will reritr to-night. 
 
 KlvGrKE', n. t. ( r« and cure] To euro ; to recover. 
 
 f JVVyf in une.] Spenser. 
 RE-Cf'Hi;', n. Cure ; recovery. [JVotinune.] Knollea. 
 
 RED 
 
 RE-GORE'LESS, a. Incapable of cure or remedy. 
 
 [.Vo< in use.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 RE-etlR'RENCE, ) 71. [See Re<-uh.] Return ; as, 
 RE-GUR'REN-CY, ( the recurrence of error. Brown. 
 
 2. Resort ; the having recourse. 
 RE-GUR'RENT, a. [L. recurrens.] 
 
 1. Returning from time to time ; as, reotrrerif pains 
 of a disease. Harvey, 
 
 2. In crystallofjraphy, a recurrent crystal is one 
 whose faces, being counted in annular r:niges from 
 one extremity to the other, furnish twti dIflVretil num- 
 bers whicli succeed each other several times, as 4, 
 8,4,8,4. [JVot «.-■«/.] 
 
 3. In anatomy, the recurrent nerve is a branch of 
 the par vag-um, given off in the upper part of the 
 thorax, which is reflected and runs up along the tra- 
 chea to the larvnx. Wistar. 
 
 RE-GUR'RlNG,"ppr. or a. Returning to the thought 
 or mind ; resorting or having recourse to; occurring 
 according to some regular rule. 
 
 RE-GUR'SION, (re-kur'shun,) 71. [L. recursus, recur- 
 ro ; re and curro, to run.] 
 
 Return. [Little used.] Boyle. 
 
 RE-GURV'aTE, t). (. [L. recurvo ; re and curuo, to 
 bend.] 
 
 To bend back. Pennant. 
 RE-GURV'ATE, a, [L. recurvattis.] In botany, 
 when applied to an awn, bent in the form of a bow. 
 D. C. Willdenow. When applied to a -petiole, prickle, 
 awrt, calyx, ox corolla, \i^u\. Gnivj'AxA, Jilartyn, In ap- 
 plication to a leaf, bent t»r curved downward, so that 
 the convexity is upward. JMartyn. Bent downward 
 in a greater degree than rcclinatc, but not so niucli as 
 rerobite. 
 
 RE-GUR-Va'TION, ) 71. A bending or fle.ture back- 
 RE GLTRV'I-TY, \ ward. Brown. 
 RE-GURVE', (re-kurv',) v. t. [L. recurvo, supra.] 
 
 To bend back. 
 RE-GUR V'£D, pp. or a. Bent toward the ground. 
 
 D. C, tVilUlenow, 
 2. Suddenly bent backward. Lindlni, 
 RE-GIJRV-I RbS'TER, n, [L. recurvus, bent ba'ck, 
 and rostrum, a beak.] 
 
 A bird whose beak or bill bends upward, as the 
 RE-GURV'OUS, (!. [l^, recurvus.] [avoset. 
 
 Bent backward. Derham, 
 RE-eO'SAN-CY, n. Non-conformity. [See Recu- 
 sant.] Coke, 
 RE-GO'SANT, a. [L. recusans, recuse, to refuse ; re 
 antl the root of causa, signifying to drive. The pri- 
 mary sense is, to repel or drive back.] 
 
 Refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the 
 king, or to conform lo the established rites of the 
 church ; as, a recusant lord. Clarendon. 
 RE GO'SANT, 7?. [Supra.] In English history, a 
 person who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy 
 of the king in matters of religion ; as, a popish rc- 
 ctLsant^ who acknowledges the supremacy of the 
 ptipe. Brande. 
 
 2. One who refuses communion witli the Church 
 of England; a non-conformist. 
 
 All that are recusants of holy rites. Hotyday. 
 
 REG-TI-Sa'TION, 71. [L. recusatio.] 
 
 1. Refusal. 
 
 2. In law, the act of refusing a judge, or challeng- 
 ing that he shall not try the cause, on account of his 
 sti[)posed partiality. [ This practice is now obsolete.] 
 
 RE-GOSE', f. f. [L. rfcii,™.] [Blackstone. 
 To refuse or reject, as a judge ; to challenge that 
 the judge shall not try the cause. [Tlie practice and 
 ihe word are obsolete.] Digby. 
 
 RED, a. [Sax. rcrf, read, and read, rude, jeA, ruddy; 
 U rood; G. rotJi ; Sw.rbd; Dan. roii ; Corn. ri/i/A ,• 
 Ir. ri/arfA; Arm. ruydh ; W. Wim, red, ruddy; Sans. 
 rohida; Russ. rdeyu, to redden; Gr. fpuW/ios, red, 
 
 and lioiov, a roSe, from its color ; Ar. Ji^^ warada, 
 
 to he present, to enter, lo descend, to come, to in- 
 vade, to blossom, lo stain with a rose color, to bring 
 So, 
 
 lo be of a red color; deriv. a rose, the Gr. l)oi)oii ; 
 
 Ch. T"ii, a rose ; Syr. nearly the same ; Eth. 
 warafty to descend, to bring down. These Anibic 
 and Kihiopic words :ire the Hcb. and Ch, T^**, lo de- 
 srrnd, lo brin^ down, nnd this is radically the s;ime 
 fts mn. which is rendered in Hebrew, to descend or 
 come down, to decline, to bring down, to subdue, to 
 have dominion ; ('h. like senses, and to correct, to 
 chastise, lo expand or open, lo flow, lo plow ; Syr. lo 
 po, to walk, lo journey, L. frradiovj also to correct, 
 to leach ; (<pi. L. crutlio.) The Arabic gives the 
 Hense of roif, which may be from openintr, as blos- 
 soms, a seu'ie coinciding with the Chaldee; '»nd 
 rri/ Cnim the saun- sense, or from the color of the rose. 
 *]'he Creeks railed the Arabian Onlf llie Krytfi^ 
 minor Hid Sea, prulial)ly from Ktlotii, or Idiimeii; 
 improperly !ippl> iiit! the inennintr of Kdom, ^c^/, to 
 the sea, and IIih iiiipniper application has come down 
 to the present lime.] 
 
 RED 
 
 A term denoting a bright color, resembling blood. 
 Red is a simple or primary color, but of several dif- 
 terem shades or hues, as scarlet, crimson, veriinltoii, 
 orange red, &c. We say, red color, red cloth, red 
 flame, red eyes, red cheeks, red lead, iScr. 
 
 Red men, red people, red children ; the aboriginals of 
 America, as distinguished from the whites. Rawle. 
 
 RED, 71. A red color; as, a brighter color, the best of 
 all the reds. JSTewton. 
 
 RE-DAGT', V. t. [L. redactus, redigo ; red, re, and 
 ago.] 
 
 To force ; to reduce to form. [JVo( used.] 
 
 Drumniond. 
 
 RE-DAG'TION, 71. [Fr.] The act of tligesting or 
 reducing to order ; applied lo literary or scientific 
 materials, law, &.c. 
 2. Tne digest thus made. Recent. 
 RE-DAN', 71. [Written sometimes Redent and Kr- 
 DENS ; said to be contracted from L. recedens. Lunicr.] 
 \n fortification, a kind of rampart in the form of an 
 inverted V, having its angle toward the eneniv. 
 
 P.'Cyc. 
 
 RE-DAR'GuE, v. t. [L. redargue ; red, re, and arguo.] 
 
 To refute. [JVof iii use.] Hakeaiill. 
 RED-XR-GC'TION,7!. [Supra.] Refutation ; convic- 
 tion. |JV"of in use.] Baron. 
 RED'-BaY, 71. A tree of the laurel kind, Laurus Car- 
 oliniensis, growing in the Southern United States. 
 
 Sylva Amer. 
 
 RED'-BER-RI-£D, (-ber'rid,) a. Having or bearing 
 red berries ; as, red-berried shrub cassia. Miller. 
 
 RED'BIRD, (-burd,) n. The popular name of si'Ver.al 
 birds in the United Slates, as the Tanagra a'sliva,or 
 summer redbird, the Tanagra rubra, and the Balti- 
 more oriole or hang-nest. 
 
 RED'-BOOK, 71. In England, a book containing the 
 names of all the persons in the service of the state. 
 
 The red book of" the Exchequer is an ancient recortl, 
 in which are registered the names of all thai held 
 lands per bnroniam in the time of Henrv II. Brande. 
 
 RED'BREAST, (-bresl,) n. A biril so called from the 
 color of its breast, the robin, which see. 
 
 RED'BUD, 71. A plant or tree of the genus Cercis, al- 
 so called the Judas-Tree. P. Cyc. 
 
 RED-CHALK', (-cliawk',) 71. A common drawing ma- 
 terial._ It is an argillaceous iron ore. Dana, 
 
 RED'Go.^T, 71. A name given to a soldier who wears 
 a red coat. Dntden, 
 
 RED'GOAT-ED, 17. Wearing red coats. Scott. 
 
 RED'D£N,(red'n,) ti. f. [from red] To make red. 
 
 Drydcn. 
 
 RED'D£N, (red'n,) v. i. To grow or become red. 
 
 The coral redden, and the ruby glow. Pope. 
 2. To blush. 
 
 Appins reddens at each word yon speak. Pope. 
 RED'DKN-i2D, pp. or a. IMade red ; grown red. 
 RED'DKN-ING, ppr. Making or becoming red. 
 RED-DEJ^'DUM, n. [L.) In law, the clau.se by 
 
 which rent is reserved in a lease. 
 RED'DlSH,a. Somewhat red ; moderately red. Lev. 
 xiii. 
 
 RED'DISII-NESS.Ti. Redness in a moderate degree. 
 
 Boule. 
 
 RED-DI"TION, (-dish'un,) 71. [L. reddo, to return.] 
 
 1. A reluming of any thing ; restitution ; surren- 
 der. Howell, 
 
 2. Explanation ; representation. Milton. 
 RED'Dl-'J'lVE,a. [L. rfiWifimM, from reddo.] 
 
 Returning; answering to an interrogative ; a term 
 of rrraminar. Johnson. 
 RED'DLE, (red'dl,) ji. [from red.] A name of red- 
 chalk, which see. nana. 
 REDE, 71. [Sax. rwd.] 
 
 Counsel ; advice. [OJs.] Shak. 
 RkDE, Ji. I. To counsel or advise. [Oi.«.] Spenser. 
 RE-DEEM', V. t, IL. rediino; red, re, and cmo, lo ob- 
 tain or purchase.) 
 
 1. To purchase back ; to ransom ; lo liberate or 
 rescue from captivity or bondage, or from any obli- 
 gation or liability to sulfer or to be forfeited, by pay- 
 ing an equivalent ; as, toredeem prisoners or ciipturcd 
 goods ; to redeem a pledge. 
 
 2. To repurchase what has been sold ; to regain 
 possession of a thing alienated, by repaying the 
 value of it lo the possessor. 
 
 If o man |shalll sell a ilvvcllin^ honM In a walled city, then he 
 iii.iy redeem it williin a w-liole year after it is sold. — Lev. 
 
 3. To rescue ; to recover ; to deliver from. 
 
 •I'll' Almighty from the frovo 
 Ilath me redeemed. Sandys, 
 itedccm Urael, O God, out of all his Irouhlei. — Ps. xxv. 
 Dent. vii. 
 
 The mass of earth not yet redeemed from chaos. 5. S. SmiUi. 
 
 4. To compensate, lo make amends for. 
 
 It is a chance which <i<M'S redeem all sorrows. 
 By lewter ills the jfts-ater to redeem. 
 
 5. To free by making atonement. 
 
 'I'hon hasl one ihin^hier, 
 Who redeems natnn- I rnni the (^cnural cnr«9. 
 
 C. To pay the penally of. 
 
 Whlcli ol yon will lie mortal to redeem 
 Man's nioital crnno ( 
 
 Shak. 
 Dryden. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WIl/^T.— METE, PUgY.— PINR, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 988 
 
RED 
 
 RED 
 
 RED 
 
 To save. 
 
 He conUl nut tmve redeemed a portion of hia Uino for fontfm* 
 plutiiig tlie powere of iiaiuro. tS'. ^. ^'f/iilA. 
 
 8. To pi rfiiriii what li.is tieon prcmiised ; to make 
 pood liy |)i Tl'oriiianco. Ilo has redeemed bis pleilgt; 
 or |>ii)inisi). 
 
 9. Ill Inw, to rfcall an estate, or to obtain tlie riglit 
 to rciinler upon a morlRaged estate by paylnj; to tlie 
 niortgajjce liis principal, interest, anil I'xpi nsos or 
 coyls. Btae-kslone, 
 
 10. In thenloipj, to rescue and dcliv. r from the 
 bondage of sin" and Ihe penalties of God's violated 
 law, by obedience and siillVrins in the place of the 
 sinner, or by doing and siiHerinj; that which is ac- 
 cepted in lieu of the sinner's obedience. 
 
 Chri»l li illi redeemed at from ittr cureo of Uk law, bcins made i\ 
 ci!r»- for iiji. — Ga). iii. Tit. ii. 
 
 11. In commn-ce, to purchase or pay the value, in 
 specie, of any promissory nott^, bill, or olhur evi- 
 dence of debt, given by the stale, by a company or 
 corporation, i>r by an individual. The credit of a 
 state, n banking company, or individual-:, is good 
 when they can redeem all Iheir stuck, notes, or bills, 
 at par. 
 
 7'o redeem time, is to use more diligence in the im- 
 provement of it; to be diliijent and active in duty 
 and prepiiralion. Eph. v. 
 RE-l)EK.M'A-lil.E, a. That may be redeemed ; capa- 
 ble of redeiiiptitui. 
 
 9. That may be purchased or paid for in gold and 
 silver, and hro'ughl into tile possession of goveriinient 
 or tlie original promisor. 
 
 The coniuvl of llie deU of tlii! United St.ile< m.iy be considirrd 
 in th" lilflu of ail annuity redeemable at llie pl'-asur>. of liic 
 (*ovrnuiii;iil. Hamilton. 
 
 RE-nEEM'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being re- 
 deemable. 
 
 RE-DEE.M'KD, pp. or a. Ransomed; delivered from 
 bondage, distress, penalty, liability, or from the pos- 
 spssiiin of another by paying an equivalent. 
 
 RE-DEEM'ER, n. One who redeems or ransoms. 
 9. The Savior of the worltl, Jesi's Christ. 
 
 RE-DEE.M'I.\'G, ppr. Ransoming; procuring deliv- 
 erance from captivity, rapture, bondage, sin, dis- 
 tress, or liability to sullcr, by the payment of an 
 equivalent. 
 
 RE-I)EE.M'I.VG, a. That does or may redeem, or 
 make amende ; as, a redeeming act : rcdeeminir love. 
 
 RE-nE-LII!'ER-ATE, v. i. [re and deliberate] To 
 deliberate again. 
 
 RE-DE-LIB'ER-ATE, v. t. To reconsider. [JVlit in 
 use. ] 
 
 RE-OE-LIV'ER, v. t. [re and deliver.] To deliver 
 back. ^'jliffe. 
 2. To deliver again ; to liberate a second time. 
 
 RE-nnM\''F.R-A.\i:E, n. .\ second deliverance. 
 
 RE DE-LIV'EU-iiD, «). Delivered back ; liberated 
 again. 
 
 RE-nE-T.IV'ER-ING, ppr. Delivering back ; libera- 
 ting again. 
 
 RE I)E-l>IV'ER-y, 71. The net of delivering back; 
 
 also, a second delivery or liberation. 
 RE-I)t3tM.\ND', V. L [re and demand; Fr. rede- 
 
 maitder.] 
 
 To demand b.ack ; to demand again. Milison. 
 RE-I)E-MX.NI)', n. A demanding back again. 
 RE-r)E-M.\ND'/V-BLE, a. That may be demanded 
 back. 
 
 RE-DE-.MXNn'ET), pp. Demanded back or again. 
 
 RE-I1E-.M.\NI)'I.\G, ppr. Demanding back or again. 
 
 RE-DE-^l^SE', p. I [re and rfcmr.vc] To convey or 
 transfer back, as an estate In fee-simple, fee-tail, for 
 life, or a term of years. Kncyc 
 
 RE-DE-.MISE', n. Reconveyance ; the transfer of an 
 estate back to the person who has demised it ; as, 
 the demise anti redemise of an estate in fee-simple, 
 fee-tail, or for life or years, by mutual leases. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 RE-DE-MIS'Kn, pp. Reconvcved, as an estate. 
 RE DE MTS'ING, ppr. Reconveying. 
 RE-DE.MI"TI().\, n. [Fr. ; It. redenzione; Sp. redcn 
 cion: from I redcmptio. See Redeem.] 
 
 1. Repurchase of captured goods or prisoners; the 
 act of procuring the deliverance of persons or things 
 from the possession and power of captors by the 
 payment of an equivalent ; ransom ; release ; as, 
 the redrmption of prisoners taken in war ; the redemp- 
 tion of a ship and cargo. 
 
 2. Deliverance from bondage, distress, or from lia- 
 bility to any evil or forfeiture, either by money, labor, 
 or other means. 
 
 3. Repurchase, as of Lands alienated. Lev. xxv. 
 Jer. xxxii. 
 
 4. The liberation of an estate from a mortgage ; or 
 the purchase of the right to reenter upon it by p.iy- 
 ing the principal sum for which it was mortgaged, 
 with interest and cost ; also, the right of redeeming 
 and reentering. 
 
 5. Repurchase of notes, bills, or other evidence of 
 debt by paying their value in specie to their holders. 
 
 6. In iheuloipj, the purchase of God's favor liv Ihe 
 death and siilferings of Christ ; the ransom or (ieliv- 
 emnce of sinners from the bondage of sin and the 
 
 penalties of God's violated law by the atonement of 
 Christ. Drijden. Jfclsun. 
 
 In wlioin wc have redemption througti Uuod. — Kpli. i. Col. I. 
 
 RE-I)EMP'TION-ER, 7i. One who redeems himself; 
 formerlij, line whose services were sold to pay the 
 expenses of his passage to America. 
 
 RE DEMI" ri VE, a. Redeeming. 
 
 RE-I)E.MI"T()R-ISTS, n. pi. A religious order, 
 founded in Naples in 1739, and revivt-d in Austria 
 in 18-JI), devoted to the education of youtli and the 
 propagation of the Roman Catholic faith. 
 
 Brnnde. 
 
 RE-DEMP'TO-RY, a. Paid for ransom ; as. Hector's 
 reilemptiirii price. Chapman. 
 
 RE-DE.NT'El), o. Formed like the teeth of a saw; 
 iiidentetl. 
 
 RE DE SCE.ND', v. i. [re and descend.] To descend 
 
 again. Howell. 
 RE-I)E-SCE\D'ING, ppr. Descending again. 
 KED'EVE, (red'i,) n. [red and r;ir.] A fish of the 
 carp family, Leiiciscus erythrophihalmiis, so named 
 from the color of the iris ; al.so called Rudd. 
 
 Jtirdine^s J^at. Lib. 
 RED'-GUM, n. A disease of new-born infants; an 
 eruption t>f red pimples in early infancy. Qood. 
 2. A disease of grain, a kind of blight. 
 
 Farm. Enei/c. 
 
 RED'-IIAIR-KD, a. Having hair of a teJ or sandy 
 color. 
 
 REU'-IIOT. 71. Red with heat ; heated to redness ; 
 
 as, red-hot iron ; red-hot balls. 
 RK'DI-E.N'T, a. [L. rediens, rcdeo, to return.] 
 
 Returning. E. II. Smith. 
 
 RE-DI-CEST', v. U To digest or reduce to form a 
 
 second time. Kent. 
 RE-DI-GEST'ED, pp. Digested again. 
 RE-I)I-GEST'Ii\G, pjrr. Digesting a second time; 
 
 reducing again to order. 
 RE-DIN'TE-GRaTE, r. f. [L. rcdintegro; red, re, 
 
 and inte^rro, from interrer, whole.] 
 To make whole again ; to renew ; to restore to a 
 
 perfect .state. B. Jonson. 
 
 RE-DIN'TE GRATE, a. Renewed ; restored to whole- 
 ness or a perfect state. Bacon. 
 RE-DIN'TE-GRA-TED, pp. Renewed; restored to 
 
 entireness. 
 
 RE-DIN'TE-GP.A-TING, ppr. Restoring to a perfect 
 .state. 
 
 RE-DIN-TE-GRa'TION, n. Renovation ; restoration 
 to a whole or sound state. Decay of Piety. 
 
 2. In chemistry, the restoration of any mixed body 
 or matter to its former nature and constitution. 
 
 Coxe. 
 
 RE-DTS-nURSE', (re-dis-burs',) v. t. [re and dis- 
 burse.] To repay or refund. Spenser. 
 
 RE-DKS-PoSE', I'. L [re and dispose.] To dispuse or 
 adjust again. Bazter. 
 
 RE-l)IS-PnS'/CD, pp. Disposed anew. 
 
 RE-DIS-PfiS'l NG, ppr. Disposing or adjusting anew. 
 
 RE-DlS-SEl'ZI.\, 71. [re and disseizin.] In law, a 
 writ of redisscizin, is a writ to recover seizin of lands 
 or tenements against a redissei/.or. 
 
 RE-DIS-SkI'7.011, 71. [re and disseizor.] A person 
 who disseizes lands or tenements a second time, or 
 after a recovery of the same from hira in an action 
 of liovel disseizin. Blackstone. 
 
 RE DIS-SOLVE', v. L [re and dissohe.] To dissolve 
 again. 
 
 RE-l)lS5-SOI,V'KD, pp. Dis.solved a second time. 
 RE-DIS-SOEV'I.N'G, ppr. Dissolving again. 
 RE-DIS-TKIB'UTE, v. t. [re and </tstri&M(ir.] To 
 
 distribtile again ; lo deal back again. Cotirravc. 
 RE-DIS-TRIU'tJ-TED, pp. Distributed again or back. 
 RE-DIS-TRIB'U-TING, ppr. Distributing again or 
 
 back. 
 
 RE-DIS-TRI-BO'TION, 7i. A dealing back, or a sec- 
 ond tlistribulitm. 
 
 RED'-I,E.M)', (red'led',) 71. [red ani lead.] Minium, 
 a preparation of lead of a fine red color, used in 
 painting, &.c. It is a salt composed of one equiva- 
 lent of deutoxyd of lead, which perforins the func- 
 tions of an aciil, and two equivalents of protoxyd of 
 lead, which performs the functions of a base. Its 
 proper chemical name is diplumbate of lead, Tully. 
 
 RED'-I,ET-TER, a. A red-letter day is a fortunate or 
 auspicious day, so called because the holydays, or 
 saints' days, were marked in the old calendars with 
 red letters. Grose. 
 
 RED'-LIU-UOR, n. A cnide acpt.ite of alumina, em- 
 ployed as a mordant in calico-printing. It is pre- 
 pari^d from pyroligneous aciil. Ure. 
 
 RED'LY, adv. With redness. Cotffrace. 
 
 RED'-MA RL, 71. New red sandstone. 
 
 RED' NESS, II. [Sax. readnesse. See Red.] 
 
 The quality of being red ; red color. Spectator. 
 
 RED'O-LENCE, ( n. [from redolent.] Sweet scent. 
 
 RED'O-LEN-CY, j Boyle. Jifortimer. 
 
 RED'O-LENT, o. [L. redolens, redo'leo ; red, re, and 
 oleo, to smell.] 
 
 Having or difTusing a sweet scent. Sandys. 
 
 RE-DOUB'LE, (re-dub'l,) ». t. [re and doui/e.] To 
 repeat in return. Spensrr. 
 I 2. To repeat often ; as, to redouble blows. Shak. 
 
 3. To increase by repeated or continued additions. 
 And Ktna niip-f witli redoubted heat. Addieon. 
 
 RE-DOUB'LE, (ro-dub'l,) v. i. To become twice as 
 much. 
 
 The ar>piniciit redoublee upon us. Spectator. 
 
 RE-DOUB'LKD, fre-dub'ld,) pp. or a. Repeated in 
 return; repeated over anil over; increased by re- 
 peated or continiieti additions. 
 
 RE DOlIli'I.INf;, (re-diib'liiig,) ppr. Repeating in re- 
 turn ; repisitiiig again and again; increasing by 
 repeateil or continued additions. 
 
 RE-DOUBT', {re dout',) ii. (It. ridotto, a shelter, a re- 
 treat ; Sp. reducto ; Port, reduto, reducto, or redutto ; 
 Fr. redoute, rednil ; U. redurtiis, reduca, to bring back ; 
 literally, a retreat. The etymology of thi;* word shows 
 that it slioiild be written Reooi t.] 
 
 A general name for ni'arly every kind of work in 
 the class of field fortifications ; particularly, a parapet 
 inclosing a stpiare or ptdvgonal area. Cyc. 
 
 RE-DOIJBT'A-ltl.E, (re-iioul'a-bl,) a. [Fr., from rr- 
 donter, to fear or dread, Ann. doutrea, douirein. The 
 common orthogr.'iphj' of this word is incorrect.] 
 
 Furmiilable ; that is to be dreailed ; terrible to foes ; 
 as, a redoubtable hero. Hence the implied sense is, 
 x'aliaiu. Pupe. 
 
 RE-DOUBT'ED, a. Formidable. [JVotinuse.] 
 
 Spenser. Shnk. 
 
 RF--DOUND', r. i. [It. ridondare : L. redundo ; red, re, 
 and undo, to rise or swell, as waves.] 
 
 1. To be sent, rolled, or driven back. 
 
 The evil, soon 
 Driven buck, redounded as a fluoti on tliosc 
 Front wlioni it sprung. ^ftlton. 
 
 S. To conduce in the consequence ; to contribute ; 
 to result. 
 
 The honor done to our religion ultimately redounde to Go-I, tho 
 Author of it. HogeiL, 
 
 3. To proceed in the consequence or effect ; to re- 
 sult. 
 
 There will no imal! use redound from Ihem lo that manuficture. 
 
 Addieon. 
 
 RE-DOUND'ING, ppr. Conducing; contributing ; re- 
 sulting. 
 
 RED PKE-CIP'I-TATE. See PnEciriXATE. 
 RED'-PoI.E, 71. A bird with a retl head or poll, of the 
 finch family. It bi ^ngs to Ihe genus I.inaria. Jardine. 
 RE-DRAFT', t). t. [re and (/rn/7.] To draw or draft 
 RE-DRAFT', 71. A second draft or copy. [anew. 
 
 2. In the French commercial code, a new bill of ex- 
 change which the holder of a protested bill draws on 
 the drawer or indorsers, by which he reimburses to 
 himself the amount of the protested bill with costs 
 and charges. IValsh. 
 
 RE-DRXFT'ED, pp. Drafted again; transcribed into 
 a new copv. 
 
 RE-DRAFT'ING, ppr. Redrawing; drafting or tran- 
 scribing again. 
 RE-DRAW, t). f. [re Tini draw.] To draw again. In 
 commerce, to draw a new bill of exchange, as the 
 holder of a protested bill, on the drawer or indors- 
 ers. Walsh. 
 2. To draw a second draft or copy. 
 RE-DRESS', V. t. [Fr. redrrsscr ; re and dress.] 
 1. To set right ; to amend. 
 
 In yonder sprinff of roses, 
 Find wiiat lo redreet uU noon. 
 
 Afi;ton. 
 
 [In this sense, as applied to material things, rarely 
 
 U.5C(/.] 
 
 2. 'To remedy ; to repair ; to relieve from, and some- 
 times to indemnify for ; as, to redress wrongs ; to re- 
 dress injuries ; to redress grievances. Sovereigns are 
 bound to protect their subjects, and redress their griev- 
 ances. 
 
 3. To ease ; to relieve ; as, she laliored to redress 
 my pain. Sidney. 
 
 [W'e use this verb before the person or the thing. 
 AV e say, to redress an injured person, or to redress tlie 
 injury. The latter is most common. 1 
 RE-DRESS', 71. Reformation ; auieiitlmcnt. 
 
 For us the more 
 
 ■V is a speedy redraft of ourselvea. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 [ This sense is noio unusual.] 
 
 2. Relief; remedy ; deliverance from wrong, inju- 
 ry, or oppression ; as, the redress of grievances. We 
 applied to government, but could obtain no redress. 
 
 There is occasion for redreit when the cry is uiiivers--d, 
 
 Daoenant, 
 
 3. Reparation ; indcmnificitinn. 
 
 [This sense is often directly intended or implied in 
 redress. ] I 
 
 4. One who gives relief. 
 
 Fair majesty, the refuge and redreet 
 
 Of those wliom fate pursues and wants oppress. Drytien. 
 
 RE-DR ESS'CT, (-d rest',) pp. Remedied; set right; 
 relieved : indemnified. 
 
 RE-DRESS'ER, fi. One who gives redress. 
 
 R&DRESS'I-BEE, a. That may be redressed, re- 
 lieved, or indemnified. 
 
 RE-DRESS'ING, ppr. Setting right ; relieving; in- 
 deninifving. 
 
 RE-DRE.SS'IVE, 0. Affording relief. TTiamson. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VfCIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
RED 
 
 RE-DRESS'IJESS, a. Without amendment ; without 
 
 relief. Sherwood, 
 KK DRESS'MENT, 7^ Redress; act of redressing. 
 
 J^fer.soil. 
 
 RE-DRIV'£N, a. Driven baclc or again. Huutkeij. 
 
 KED'-ROOT, n. A name given to various plants, as 
 Lithospermum arvense, or stone-weed, Ceanotlms 
 Americanus, a perennial plant, also called New Jer- 
 sey tea, and Sanguinariaf canadensis, or blood-root. 
 
 Farm. Eiicyc. 
 
 RED-SeAR', v. i. [red and sear.] To break or crack 
 when too hot, as iron under the hammer ; a term of 
 workmen. Mozotu 
 
 RED'SHANK, n. A bird of the snipe family, and ge- 
 nus Totanus, {Scolopax, Linn.) Jardine. 
 
 2. A contemptuous appellation for bare legged per- 
 sons. Speiiser. 
 
 RED'SHORT, a. [red and short.] Brittle, or break- 
 ing short, when red hot, as a metal ; o term of work- 
 men. 
 
 RED'-SIL'VER, n. An ore of silver, of a ruby-red or 
 reddish-black color. There are two species ; the dark 
 red contains 59 per cent, of silver united to sulphur 
 and antimony, and the light red 65 per cent, com- 
 bined with sulphur and arsenic. Dana. 
 
 RED'-SXoW, n. See S.-»ow. 
 
 RED'TA^^l"^' I ^"^^ ^"'^ start ; Sax. steort, a tail.] 
 A bird of the genus Phcenicura, (Jlotacilla, Linn.,) 
 allied to the nightingale. Jardine. 
 
 RED'STRk.\K, 71. [red and streak.] A sort of apple, 
 so called from its red streaks. Jlortimer. 
 2. Cider pressed from the redstreak apples. Smith. 
 
 RED'TOP, n. [red and top.] A well-known species 
 of bent-grass, Agrostis vulgaris, highly valued in the 
 United States for pasturage and hay for cattle. It 
 is sometimes called English grass, and also herds' 
 fiTOA?. Dewey's Mass. Rep. 
 
 KE-DuCE', V. t [L. reduco ; re and duco, to lead or 
 bring ; Fr. reduire ; It. riducere, or ridurre ; Sp. rcdit- 
 cir.] 
 
 1. Literally, to bring back ; as, to reduce these 
 bloody days again. Shak. 
 
 [In this .-iense not in use.] __ 
 
 2. To bring to a former state. 
 
 Il were but j'Jst ^ 
 And equal to reduce nie to my dust. Mi'ton. 
 
 3. To bring to any state or condition, good or bad ; 
 as, to reduce civil or ecclesiastical affairs to order ; to 
 reduce a man to poverty ; to reduce a state to distress ; 
 to reduce a substance to powder ; to reduce a sum to 
 fractions ; to reduce one to despair. 
 
 4. To diminish in length, breadth, thickness, size, 
 qtiantily, or value ; as, to reduce e.\penses ; to reduce 
 the quantity of any thing ; to reduce the intensity of 
 heat ; to reduce the brightness of color or light ; to re- 
 duce a sum or amount ; to reduce the price of goods ; 
 to reduce the strength of spirit. 
 
 5. To lower; to degrade; to impair in dignity or 
 excellence. 
 
 Nothing so excellent but a man may f;»3ten on'Somethlng belon^- 
 iiij to it, to reduce il. TULoUon. 
 
 6. To subdue ; to bring into subjection. The Ro- 
 mans reduced Spain, Gaul, and Britain, by their 
 arms. 
 
 7. To reclaim to order. Milton. 
 
 8. To bring, as into a class, order, genus, or spe- 
 cies ; to bring under rules or within certain limits of 
 description ; as, to reduce animals or vegetables to a 
 class or classes ; to reduce men to tribes ; to reduce 
 language to rules. 
 
 9. In arithmetic, to change numbers from one de- 
 nomination into another without altering their value ; 
 or to change numbers of one denomination into oth- 
 ers of the same value ; as, to reduce a dollar to a hun- 
 dred cents, or a hundred cents to a dollar. 
 
 10. In aijrebra, to reduce an equation, is to bring the 
 unknown quantity by itself on one side, and all the 
 known quantities on the other side, without destroy- 
 ing the equation. 
 
 11. In metalturirii, to separate a metal from other 
 substances with which it is combined. 
 
 12. In surgery, tori store to its proper place or state 
 a dislocated or fractured bone. 
 
 To reduce a fig-ure, design, or draught ; to make a 
 copy of it smaller than the original, but preserving 
 the form and proportion. Gwilt. 
 
 To reduce to tlie ranks: in military language, to do- 
 grade a sergeant or corporal for misconduct to the 
 Htntion of a private soldier. Campbell's Mil. Did. 
 RE-UOCfTD, (re-dfist',) or a. Brought back ; 
 brought to a former Ktate ; brought into any state or 
 condition; diminished; subdued; impoverished. 
 RE-I)C(;E'.MI;NT, ti. The act of bringing back ; the 
 act of dnuinishing ; the act of subduing ; reduction. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 [Thin word is superseded by Reduction.] 
 RE-IJC'CE.NT, o. 'J'ending to rediirjr. 
 RK-nr'C'E.N'T, 71. That which rcduceH. 
 RE-DOC'KR, ( dus'er,) n. On" that reduces. Sidney. 
 RE DO'Cl-BLE, o. 'J hat may bo reduced. 
 
 All Uw pam of palrttiiig i 
 Uie author. 
 
 rtduciUt Into Uia 
 
 mentioned hy 
 Ihydtn. 
 
 REE 
 
 RE-DO'CI-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being re- 
 ducible. 
 
 RE-DOC'IXG, (-das'ing,) ppr. Bringing b.ick ; bring- 
 ing to a former state, or to a different slate or form ; 
 diminishing; subduing; impoverishing. 
 
 RE-DUeT', V. t. [L. reductus, reduco.] 
 
 To reduce. [JVot in use] Wdrde. 
 
 RE-DU€T', n. In building, a quirk or small piece 
 taken out of a larger to make it more regular and 
 uniform, or for some other convenience. GwilL 
 
 RE-DUG' TI-0 SD AB-SUR' DUM, (^re-iaii'she-o-,) 
 [L.] The proving that a given supposition leads 
 directly to an absurdity. 
 
 RE-DUe'TIOX, 71. [Fr., from L. reductio.] 
 
 1. The act of reducing, or state of being reduced ; 
 as, the reduction of a boily to powder ; the reduction 
 of things to order. 
 
 2. Diminution ; as, the reduction of the expenses 
 of government ; the reduction of the national debt. 
 
 3. Conquest ; subjugation ; as, the reduction of a 
 provini^e to the power of a foreign nation. 
 
 4. In arithmetic, the bringing of numbers of differ- 
 ent denominations into one denomination ; as, the 
 reduction of pounds, ounces, pennyweights, and 
 grains to grains, or the reduction of grains to pounds ; 
 the reduction of days and hours to minutes, or of 
 minutes to hours and days. The change of numbers 
 of a higher denomination into a lower, as of pounds 
 into pence or farthings, is called Reduction De- 
 scending; the change of numbers of a lower de- 
 nomination into a higher, as of cents into dimes, 
 di'llars, or eagles, is calleil Reduction Ascending. 
 Hence, the rule for bringing sums of different de- 
 nominations into one denomination, is called Re- 
 duction. 
 
 0. In algebra, the reduction of an equation consists 
 in bringing the unknown quantity by itself, on one 
 side, and all the known quantities on the other side, 
 without destroying the equation. Day's J3lgcbra. 
 
 G. Reduction of a ^figure, map, &c., is the making of 
 a copy of it on a smaller scale, preserving the form 
 and proportions. Uwilt. 
 
 7. In surgery, the operation of restoring a dislo- 
 cated or fractured bone to its former place. 
 
 8. In metallurgy, the operation of separating a 
 metal from other substances with which it is com- 
 bined. This is called also Revitification. 
 
 JVicholson. Ure. 
 
 RE-DUe'TIVE, a. [Fr. reductif] 
 
 Il.nving the power of reducing. Brevint. 
 
 RE-DUe'TIVE, 71. That which has the power of re- 
 ducing. Hale. 
 
 RE-DUe'TlVE-LY, adv. By reduction ; by conse- 
 quenci*. Hammond, 
 
 RE-DUN'DANCE, ) 71. [L. redundantia, redundo. 
 
 RE-DUN'DAN-CY, \ See Redound.] 
 
 1. Excess or superfluous quantity ; superfluity ; 
 superabundance. 
 
 Labor throws off redundancies, Addison, 
 
 9. In discourse, superfluity of words. Encyc, 
 RE-DUN'DANT, a. Superfluous ; exceeding what is 
 
 natural or necessary ; superabundant ; exuberant ; 
 as, a redundant quantity of bile or food. 
 
 Notwithstanding the rediindanl oil in fishes, Uiey do not increase 
 fat so mucb Hesh. ATbulhnot, 
 
 Redundant words, in writing or discourse, are such 
 as are synonymous with others used, or such as add 
 nothing to the sense or force of the expression. 
 
 2. Using more words or images than are necessary 
 or useful. 
 
 Where an author is redundant, mark those paragraphs to be re- 
 trenched. WaUs. 
 
 3. In music, a redundant chord is one which con- 
 tains a greater number of tones, semitones, or lesser 
 intervals, than it does in its natural state, as from fa 
 to sol sharp. It is called by some authors a chord 
 extremely sharp. Enciic, 
 
 RE-DU.N'DAi\T-LY, adv. With superfluity or exi-ess ; 
 
 superfluously ; superabundantly. 
 RE-DCPLI-CaTE, v. t, [L. rcduplico ; re and du- 
 plico. See Duplicate.] 
 
 To double. Pearson. 
 RE-I)o'PLI-€ATE, a. Double. 
 KE-DU-rH-eA'TION, n. The act of doubling. 
 
 Digby. 
 
 RE-DO'PLI-e.\-TlVE, o. Double. H'nft.^. 
 UED'-WA-TER, 71. A disease in cattle, so called 
 from an ap|>eaiance like blood in the urine. 
 
 Farm. Encyc. 
 
 RED'WING, 71. [red and wing.] A European bird 
 of the thrush family, Morula Iliaca, named from the 
 deep orange red color of its under wing-coverts. 
 
 Jardine, 
 
 REE, j 71. A small Portuguese coin or mimi^y of ac- 
 RE, ( count, value about one mill and a fourth, 
 
 or one l igbtli of a cent, American money. 
 REE, !■. £. [This belongs to the root of rid, riddle, 
 
 which see.] 
 
 To riddle ; Jp sift ; that is, to separate or throw 
 off. f J^'uf in use, or local.] Mortimer. 
 RE-ECll'O, (re-ek'o,) v. t. [re ai\A echo.] To echo 
 back ; to reverberate again ; as, the hills re-echo the 
 roar of cannon. 
 
 REE 
 
 REJ-ECH'O, (re-ek'o,) v. i. [Supra.] To echo back ; 
 
 to return back or be reverberated, as an echo. 
 
 And a loud groan re-echoes from the main. Pope. 
 RE-EeH'O, (re-ek'o,) 71. The echo of an echo. 
 RE-EeH'o-£D, (-ek'ode,) pp. [Supra.] Returned, 
 
 as sound ; reverberated again. 
 RE-Eeil'O-IjSG, ppr. Returning or reverberating an 
 
 echo. 
 
 REECH'Y,a. [A misspelling of Reeky. See Reek.] 
 Tarnished with smoke or vapor ; hence, sweaty ; 
 
 as, a reechy neck. Shak, 
 REED, 71. [Sax. hreod, reod ; G. rieth : D. riet ; Goth. 
 
 raus; Fr. roseau; Ir. readan; probably allied to 
 
 rod,] 
 
 1. The common name of many aquatic plants, 
 most of them large grasses, with hollow, jointed 
 stems, such as the common reed of the genus Phrag- 
 mites, (formerly Arundo,) the bamboo, &c. The bur- 
 reed is of the genus Spargaiiium ; the Indian flower- 
 ing reed of the genus Canna. 
 
 2. A musical pipe ; reeds being anciently used for 
 instruments of music. Milton, 
 
 3. A little tube through which a hautboy, bassoon, 
 or clarinet, is blown. 
 
 4. An arrow, as made of a reed headed. Prior, 
 
 5. Thatch. West of F.n gland, 
 
 6. A weaver's instrument for separating the threads 
 of the warp. 
 
 REED'-€KOWN-£D, a. Crowned with reeds. 
 
 Hemans, 
 
 REED'ED, a. Covered with reeds. Tusser. 
 
 2. Formed with channels and ridges like reeds. 
 REED'£N, (reed'n,) a. Consisting of a reed or reeds ; 
 
 as, reeden pipes. . Dryden. 
 
 REED'-GRASS, 71. A plant, bur-reed, of tlie genus 
 
 Spargaiiium. 
 
 RE-ED-I-FI-jCA'TION, 71. [from re-edify.] Act or 
 operation 61 rebuilding ; state of being rebuilt, 
 
 D',8nville, Trans. 
 RE-ED'I-FI-£D, (-fide,) pp. Rebuilt. 
 RE-ED'l-FY, V, t, [Fr. riedijier ; re and edify.] 
 
 To rebuild ; to build again after destruction. 
 RE-ED'I-FY-ING, ppr. Rebuilding. [Milton. 
 REED'LESS, a. Destitute of reeds ; as, recdless banks. 
 
 May. 
 
 REED'MACE, 71. A plant of the genus Typha, also 
 
 called Cat-tail. Lee. 
 REED'Y, a. Abounding with reeds ; as, a reedy pool. 
 
 Thotnson, 
 
 2. Having the quality of a reed in tone, i.e., harsh 
 and thick, as a voice. 
 
 REEF, 71. [D. rcf/; Dan. Wr or ri/t; Sw. rf/. These 
 wotds coincide in orthography with the verb to rice, 
 and if from this root, the primary sense is a division, 
 W. Wiii! and rhif. But in Welsh, rhco signifies a 
 collection or bundle, and thick ; rhevu, to thicken in 
 compass ; and if from this root, a reef is a fold, and 
 to rerf is to fold.] 
 
 A certain portion of a sail between the top or bot- 
 tom and a row of eyelet-holes, or between two rows 
 of eyelet-holes, which is folded or rolled up to con- 
 tract the sail, when the violence of the wind ren- 
 ders it necessary. Totten, 
 
 REEF, 71. [G. riff; D. rif, a reef or sand-bank, a car- 
 cass, a skeleton. Qu. W. rhecu, to thicken.] 
 
 A chain or range of rocks lying at or near the sur- 
 face of the water. Brande. 
 
 REEF, V. t [from the noun.] To contract or reduce 
 the extent of a sail by rolling or folding a certain 
 portion of it and making it fast to the yard. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 REEF'-B.\ND, 71. A piece of canvas sewed across a 
 sail, to strengthen it in the part where the eyelet- 
 holes are formed for reefing. T-.tten. 
 
 REEF'£D, (reeft,) pp. or a. Having a portion of the 
 top or bottom folded and made fast to the yard. 
 
 REEF'ING, ppr. Folding and making fast to the yard, 
 as a portion of a sail. 
 
 REEF'-LI.\E, 7). A small rope formerly nsed to reef 
 the courses by being passed spirally round the yard 
 and through the holes of the reef. Totten. 
 
 REEF'-POINTS, 7i.p?. Flat pieces of braided cord- 
 age tapering toward each end and passed through 
 the holes in the reef-band of a sail. Totten, 
 
 REEF'-TACK-LE, (-tak'l,) 71. A tackle hy which 
 the reef cringles or rings of a sail are hauled up to 
 the yard for reefing, Totten. 
 
 REEF'Y, a. Full of reefs or rocks 
 
 2. Scabby. Orose. 
 
 REEK, 71. [Sax. rcc; D. rook; G. ranch: Svv. riik: 
 Dan. riig,] 
 
 1. Vapor ; steam. 
 
 2. A rick, which sec. Shak. 
 REEK, V, i, [Sax. recan, reocan, I), rookrn, ruiken ; G. 
 
 rauchen ; .'^w. rOka : Dan. riigrr, ryger, to reck, to 
 smoke ; W. rhogli, to smell. This iniiy be from the 
 same root lus the ii,fragro,anA all coinciding with 
 " i 
 
 the Ar. arcega, to di(l\isc odor. The primary 
 
 sense is, to send out or emit, to extend, to reach. 
 Class Rg.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHi^T. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
REE 
 
 REF 
 
 REP 
 
 To steam ; to exhale ; to emit vapor ; applied expo- 
 clalhj to the vapor of rerfain moist subntance^, mltlct 
 tlian to the smoke of burning bodies. 
 
 1 fniiiid in»? liiid 
 In tjnimy 9W«»at, wliich Willi Ilia Ik'hius the aim 
 Siioti tlrii-il, tiiifl oil llic reeking iiiuialiirt' rcHl, ^litton, 
 VVtiuie bloixl yul reeke on my uvirngitig iiwurd. Hinilh. 
 
 UIOI'".K'ING, j>/ir. or a. Stenminp; eniittinR vapor. 
 ItKIOK'Y, a. Smoky; soiled with smoke or stcnm ; 
 
 foul. Shiik. 
 lUOEI., n. [Sax. hreol, real. See Reel, to stafiger.] 
 
 1. A frame or machine tiirnin>; on an axis, and on 
 wliich yarn, throad^i, lines, &c., are wound ; as, a 
 luR-rff/, U3cd by seamen ; an antlt^r's reel. 
 
 •2. A lively dance peculiar to Scotland. Bratiile. 
 Rl'.KI^, II. u To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread 
 from the spindle. Ifilkiiis. 
 
 REKL, r. I. [Sw. ra^la. (lu. Class Rg, or Ar. J>Xj 
 raaala, to lean. Class Rl, No. 4.] 
 
 To stagger; to incline or move in walking, first to 
 one side and then to the other ; to vacillate. 
 
 H**, with heavy fumes oppressed, 
 
 Heeled trom Ihe naliice, nnd retired to rest. Pope. 
 Tliey reel to anu Iro, and stnggur like a drunken man. ~ Ps. 
 evil. 
 
 RE-E-LEeT', V. t. [re and elect.] To elect again ; 
 as, to re-elect the forniiT governor. 
 
 RE-E-LECT'ED, ;)/). Elected again j rechosen. 
 
 RE-E-LKCT'ING, ppr. Electing again. 
 
 UE-E-LEC'TION, n. Election a second time, or re- 
 petited election ; as, the re-election of a former rep- 
 resentative. Swifi. 
 
 RE-EL-l-l5l-BIL'I-TY, n. The capacity of being 
 re-elected to the same office. 
 
 R1':-EL,'I-G1-BLE, o. [re and etis-ihle.] Capable of 
 being elected again to the same otfico. 
 
 UE-EM-I!.>LKK', v. U [re and embark.] To embark 
 or piit tin hoard again. 
 
 RE-E.M-I!AKK', v. i. To embark or goon board again. 
 
 RE-E.M-R.\KK-.X'T10N, ii. A putting on board or a 
 L'oing on board again. 
 
 Rl'>-EM-nARK'ED, (-bllrkt',) pp. Embarked again. 
 
 RE-E.\I-BARK'ING, ppr. Embarking or going on 
 board again. 
 
 RE-EM-BAT'TLE, c. «. [re and embattle.] To array 
 again for battle ; to arrange again in the order of 
 battle. 
 
 RE-E.M-BAT'TLED, pp. Arraved again for battle. 
 RE-EM-BAT'TLh\G, ppr. Arranging again in battle 
 arra\ . 
 
 RE-E.Vl-non'I-ED, (-em-bod'id,) pp. Embodied aaain. 
 KE-EM-BOD'Y, b. U [re and embody.] To embody 
 again. 
 
 RE-E.M-noD'Y-ING,ppr. Embodying again. 
 
 RE-E-.MERGE', ti. i. To emerge after being plunged, 
 obscured, or overwhelmed. Cliandlrr. 
 
 RE-E-MERG'ENCE, n. The act of emerging a sec- 
 ond time. Lyctl. 
 
 RER.M'I.VG, n. The opening of the seams between 
 the planks of vessels, with a calking iron, for the 
 purpose of calking or recalking them with oakum. 
 
 Ilcbert. 
 
 RE-EN-ACT', r. t. [re nnd enact.] To en.-ict again. 
 
 RE-EiN'-ACT'El), pp. Enacted again. [Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 RE-EN-ACT'I.NG, ppr. Enacting anew ; passing 
 again into a law. 
 
 RE-E.V-AC'TION, 71. The passing into a law again. 
 
 RE-EN-ACT'iMENT, n. The en.icting or passing of 
 a law a second time ; the renewal of a law. 
 
 ITey. }Vheaton*$ Rep. 
 
 RE-EN-FoRCE', r. t. [re and enforce.] To strengthen 
 with new force, assistance, or support ; as, to re-en- 
 force an argument ; but particularly, to strengthen an 
 ormy or a fort with additional troops, or a navy with 
 additional ships. 
 
 [It is written also Ke-infobce, but not so cor- 
 rectlv.l _ 
 
 RE-E.\-FoRCE', n. That part of a gun near the 
 breech, which is made stronger than the rest. Totten. 
 
 RE-EN-FORC'ED, (-forst',) pp. Strengthened by ad- 
 ditional force, troops, or ships. 
 
 RE-EN-FORCE'.MENT, n. The act of re-enforcing. 
 
 2. Adtlitional force ; fresh assistance ; particularly, 
 additional troops or force to augment the strength of 
 an army or of ships. 
 
 3. Any augmentation of strength or force by some- 
 thing added. 
 
 RE-EN-FORC'ING, ppr. Strengthening by additional 
 force. 
 
 RE-E.N-GAGE', r. t. To engage a secund time. 
 
 RE-EN-GAGE', v. i. To engage again ; to enlist a 
 second time; to covenant again. JUitford. 
 
 RE-EN-G aG'KD, pp. Engagfd a second time, 
 
 Rt^E.\-GAG'ING, ppr. Engaging again. 
 
 RE-EN-JOY', V. i. [re and enjoy.] To enjoy anew 
 or a second time. Pope. 
 
 RE-EN JOY'ED, pp. Enjoyed again. 
 
 RE-EN-JOY'ING, ppr. Enjoying anew. 
 
 REl-EN-JOY'MENT, ti. A second or repeated enjoy- 
 ment. 
 
 RE-EN-KIN'DLE, v. t. [re and enkindle.] To en 
 kmdie again ; to rekindle. Taylor. 
 
 RE-EN-KIN'DI.EII, pp. Enkindli il again. 
 
 RE-E\ K1N'UL1NG, ppr. Enkindling am.w. 
 
 RE-EN-I.IST', V. t. To enlist n sccontl time. 
 
 RlC-EN-MST'El), pp. Enlisted anew. 
 
 Ri:-E,\-I,IST'ING, ppr. Enlisting anew. 
 
 KE-E.V-I.I.ST'.VIENT, n. A sccontl enlistment. 
 
 RE-EN-STA.MI", K. (. To enstamp again. Urdcll. 
 
 RE-KN'TER, v. t. [re anil enter.] To enter again or 
 anew. It is applied, in enirraviug, t'l the passing of 
 the graver into thtise incisions of the plati;, so as to 
 deepen them, where the acid has not bitten in siilh- 
 ciently. Braudc. 
 
 RE-EN'TER, v. i. To enter anew. 
 
 RE-EN'TER-/5D, pp. Entered again. 
 
 RE-EN'TER-ING, ppr. Entering anew. 
 
 2. a. Entering in return ; as, salient and re-enter- 
 inir angles. P. Cyc. 
 
 RE-EN-TIIRONE', v. t. [re and enthrone.] To en- 
 throne again ; to replace on a throne. Soutliern. 
 
 RE-EN-TIIRON'KIJ, pp. Raised again to a throne. 
 
 RE-EN-TI!KoN'E'ME.\T, 71. A second enthroning. 
 
 RE-E.\-TII1{6N'1NG, ppr. Ropl.icing on a throne. 
 
 RE-1;N'TRANCE, 71. [rc and c/Kra/icc] The act of 
 entering again. Hooker. 
 
 RE-EN'TRANT, a. Sec Re-enterinq. 
 
 REER'MOLTSE, ti. [Sa.t. kreremiu.] 
 A rearmouse ; a bat. 
 
 RE-ES-TAB'LISII, r. t. [re and e-itahtiih.] To es- 
 tablish anew ; to fix or confirm again ; as, to rc-cs- 
 tahlisli a covenant ; to re-cilablM health. 
 
 RE-E.S-TAB'LISH-KI), (-cs lab'lisht,) pp. or a. Estab- 
 lished or confirmed again. 
 
 RE-ES-TAB'LISH-ER, n. One who establishes again. 
 
 RE-E.-<-TAB'LISll-ING, ppr. Establishing anew ; 
 confirming again. 
 
 RE-ES-TAB'LISII-ME\T, 71. The .let of establish- 
 ing again ; the state of being re-established ; re- 
 newetl confirmation ; restoration. Mdison. 
 
 RE-ES-TaTE', v. L [rc and estate.] To re-establish. 
 [JV»( used.] IVaUer. 
 
 REEVE, n. A bird, the female of the ruff. 
 
 REEVE, V. U ; pret. and pp. Rove. In seamen's lan- 
 ffuaire, to pass the end of a rope through any holt; in 
 a block, thimble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, &.C. Totten. 
 
 REEVE, Tj. [Sax. gerefa ; G. graf.] 
 
 An officer, stewart-I, or governor. It is obsolete ex- 
 cept in compounds ; as, skire-rccce, now written sher- 
 iff; port-reeve, &.C. Brande. 
 
 RE-EX AM'l-NA-BLE, {z as gi,) a. That may be re- 
 examined or reconsidt^red. Judge Story. 
 
 RE-E.X-A.M-IN-A'TION, 71. A renewed or repeated 
 examination. 
 
 RE-EX-.ViM'INE, ». f. [re and czaminc.] To exam- 
 ine anew. Hooker. 
 
 RE-EX-AM'IN-KT), pp. Examined again. 
 
 RF.-E.\-AM'IN-I.NG, ppr. Examining anew. 
 
 RE-EX-CIIANGE', n. [re and czcluinge.] A renewed 
 exchange. 
 
 2. In commerce, the expense chargeable on a bill of 
 exchange tir draft which has been dishontircd in a 
 foreign country, and returned to that country in 
 which it was made or indorsed, and then taken up. 
 
 Bouvicr. 
 
 The rate of re-exchange is repilaled with respect to the dniwer, 
 at the Connie of cxch-xnge between the pi ice where the hill 
 of exchiin je was payable, and the place where it was tlrawo. 
 Re-exchangee can nut be cumulated. Walth. 
 
 RE-EX-PoRT', V. t. [re and export.] To export 
 a'gain ; to export what has been imported. In the 
 United States, a drawback is allowed on commodi- 
 ties re-erported. 
 
 RE-EX'PORT, 71. Anv commodity re-exported. 
 
 RE-EX-I'OK-TA'TION, Tt. The act of exporting 
 what has been imported. 
 
 RE-E,X roRT'ED, pp. Exported after being im- 
 ported. 
 
 RE-E.X-PORT'ING, ppr. Exporting what has been 
 imported. 
 
 RE-FASH'ION, (-fash'un,) tj. f. To fashion, form, or 
 moltl into shape a second time. Mackniirht, 
 
 RE-FASII'lON-JCD, pp. Fashioned again. 
 
 RE-FASH'ION-ING, ppr. Shaping a second time. 
 
 RE-FEGT', V. t. [L. refectus, rtjicio ; re and facia, to 
 make.] 
 
 To refresh ; to restore after hunger or fatigue. 
 [Ao( in iwr.l Brown. 
 RE-FEC'TION, ti. [Fr., from L. rrfectio.] 
 
 1. Refreshment after hunger or fatigue. 
 
 Sauth. Pope. 
 
 2. In monaxtcries, a s|>arc meal or repast. Brande, 
 RE-FEeT'IVE, 0. Refreshing; restoring. 
 RE-FECT'IVE. n. That which refreshes. 
 RE-FfieT'O-RY, n. [Fr. refcelmre.] 
 
 A room of refreshment ; originally, a hall or apart- 
 ment in convents and monasteries, where a niodcr- 
 Mr repast is taken. Brande. 
 RE-FEL', V. L [L. refello.] 
 
 To reftite ; to disprove ; to repress ; as, to refel the 
 tricks of a sophister. [Little us«/.] SAoJt. 
 RE-FER', r. L [L. refero ; re and fero, to bear ; Fr. 
 Tcferrrr ; It. referire ; Sp. and Port, rrfcrir.] 
 
 1. To direct, leave, or deliver over to another per- 
 son or tribunal for information or decision ; as when 
 parlies to a suit refer their cause to another court ; or 
 
 the court refers a cause to iiidiviilu;Js for exaiiiina 
 tioii and report. A person whose opinion Is retpirsl- 
 eil, soint:tiiiies refers tlie iiiipiirer to another person 
 or other soiirct; of information. 
 
 2. To reduce as to the iilliiiiate end. 
 
 Yon profess nnd praclict- to refer all tilings lo younelf. Bacon. 
 
 3. To reduce ; to a.ssign ; as to an order, genus, or 
 class. Naturalists are sometimes at a loss to know 
 to what class or genus an'animal or plant is to be re- 
 ferred 
 
 To refer one's self i to betake ; to apply. [r.Utle 
 iisrd. 1 .SVi'it. 
 RE FER', V. i. To point or have reference. .Many 
 piussages of Scripture refer to the peculiar customs of 
 the Orientals. 
 
 2. To appeal ; to have recourse ; to apply. 
 
 In sniu it is good to refer to some trieiul of trust. tinron. 
 
 3. To alluile ; to have respect to by intimation, 
 without naming. I refer to a wi ll-known fact. 
 
 REF'ER-A IILE, a. That may be referred ; ca|)able 
 of being considered in relation to something else. 
 
 .More. 
 
 2. That may be assigned ; that may be considered 
 as belonging to or related to. 
 
 It is a question ainoii^ philosophers, whether all the atlncttons 
 whicti obt^n tjctweeii bodies arc r^eiabte to one if.-n.-ral 
 cause. SichoUon. 
 
 REF-ER-EE', n. One to whom a thing is referred ; 
 particularly, a person appointed by a court to hear, 
 examine, and decide a cause lu twi en parties, priid- 
 ing before the court, and make report to the roiirl. 
 In J^eiD England, a referee dillVrs from an arbitrator 
 in being appointed by the court to decide in a cause 
 which is depending before that court. An arbitrator 
 is i^hosen by parties to decide a cause between them. 
 
 REF'ER-ENCE, n. A sending, dismission, or ilircc- 
 tion, to another for information. Swift. 
 
 2. Relation ; res|)ect ; view toward. 
 
 The Christian p'li^ion commands sobriety, teinpernnce, and mod- 
 eration, in rejerence to our appetites and passions. 
 
 TO/olson. 
 
 3. .Allusion to. In his observations, he had no 
 reference to the case which has been stated. 
 
 4. In late, the process of a.ssigning a cause depend- 
 ing in court, for a hearing and decision, to persons 
 appointed by the court. 
 
 REF-ER-EN'TIAL, a. That contains a reference; 
 
 that points to something out of itself. Smart. 
 REF-ER-END'A-RY, n. One to whose decision a 
 
 cause is referred ; a referee. [./Vof in use.] Bacon. 
 
 2. An officer who delivered the royal answer to 
 petitions. Hannar. 
 
 3. In early histoni, an officer charged with the duty 
 of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decree^. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RE-FER'.MEXT, ti. Reference for decision. [ATjf 
 used.] Laud. 
 
 RE-FER-MENT', v. t. [re and ferment.] To ferment 
 again. Blackmirre. 
 
 RE-FER'RfTD, pp. Dismissed or directed to another ; 
 assigned, ,-is.to a class, order, or cause; assigned by 
 a court to persons appointed to decide. 
 
 RE-FER'RI-BLE, a. Tliat may be referred ; refer- 
 able. Brown. 
 
 RE-FER'RI.N'G, ppr. Dismissing or directing to 
 another for information; alluding; assigning, as to 
 a cl.iss, order, cause, &c. ; or assigning to private 
 persons for decision. 
 
 RE-FIND', r. I [re and find.] To find again ; to ex- 
 perience anew. Sandys. 
 
 RE-FINE', V. t. [Fr. raffincr ; It. rafftnare ; Sp. and 
 Port, rejinar : re and fine.] 
 
 1. To purify ; inagcneralscn.se; applittd to liquors, 
 to depunite ; to defecate ; to clarify ; to separate, as 
 liquor, from all extraneous matter. In this sense, 
 the verb is used wiUi propriety, but it is customary 
 to use Fine. 
 
 2. .Applied to metaU, to separate the metallic sub- 
 stance from all other matter, whether another metal 
 or alloy, or any earthy subsUince ; iii short, to detach 
 the pure metal from all extraneous matter. 
 
 I will bring Ihe third part through the fire, lAid will r^fin* them 
 as silver is refined. — Zech. xiii. 
 
 3. To purify, as manners, from what is gross, 
 clownish, or vulgar; to polish; to make elegant. 
 We expect to see refined manners in courts. 
 
 4. To purify, as l.-inguage, by removing vulgar ' 
 words and barbarisms. 
 
 5. To purify, as taste ; to give a nice and delicate 
 perception of beauty and propriety in literature and 
 the arts. 
 
 6. To purify, as the mind or moral principles ; to 
 give or implant in the mind a nice perception of 
 truth, justice, and propriety, in commerce and social 
 intercourse. This nice perception of what is right 
 constitutes rectitude of principle, or moral refinement 
 of mind ; and a correspondent practice of social du- 
 ties constitutes rectitude of conduct or purity of 
 morals. Hence we speak of a refined mind, refined 
 manners, refined principles. 
 
 To refine the heart or soul ; to cleanse it from nil 
 carnal or evil aflfections and desires, and implant in 
 'it holy qr heavenly affections. 
 
 TCNE, B;;LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; Til a» in THIS. 
 
 116" 
 
 zzz 
 
 925 
 
RhlF 
 
 REF 
 
 KEF 
 
 RE-FINE', V. i. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or 
 in any tiling that constitutes excellence. 
 
 Ch^uicer rejined on BoccACe, and metultd liis stories, Dryden. 
 Yel 1 l a lort! b 'I own the li.ippy lines, 
 
 How llie wit Ijrigiitens, how Uie sense refines I Pope. 
 
 2. To become pure ; to be cleared of feculent mat- 
 ter. 
 
 So the pure, liinpiil stream, when foul with stains, 
 
 Works lUelf cle.ir, ami as it runs, refines. Addison. 
 
 3. To .-iffect nicety. Men sometimes rp^jie in spec- 
 ulation beyond tlie limits of practical truth. 
 
 lie makes another parao^ph about our refining in controversy. 
 
 Atterbury. 
 
 KE FiX'ED, pp. or a. Purified ; separated from extra- 
 necnis matter ; freed from alloy, &c., as metals ; clar- 
 ified, as liquors ; polished ; separated from what is 
 coarse, rude, or improper. 
 
 EE-FI\'EU-LY, aUv. With affected nicety or ele- 
 gance. Drijilen. 
 
 RE riN'ED-NESS, n. State of being refined ; pu- 
 rity ; refinement j also, affected purity. Barroic. 
 
 EE FINE'MENT, n. The act of piirifyinj by sepa- 
 ratiiiK from a substance all extraneous matter; a 
 clearing from dross, alloy, dregs, or recrement; as, 
 the rejinernent of metals or liquors. 
 
 2. The state of being pure. 
 
 The more bodies art? of a kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement, 
 the tuore dillusive are they. J\orns. 
 
 3. Polish of language ; elegance ; purity. 
 
 From the civil war to this time, I doiibt whether the comiptions 
 in our language have not equaled its refinements, hwi/t. 
 
 4. Polish of manners ; elegance ; nice observance 
 of the civilities of social intercourse and of graceful 
 decorum. iZr/frtemcne of manners is often fount! in 
 persons of corrupt morals. 
 
 5. Purity of taste ; nice perception of beauty and 
 propriety in literature and the arts. 
 
 ti. Purity of mind and morals ; nice perception and 
 observance of rectitude in moral principles and prac- 
 tice. 
 
 7. Purity of heart ; the state of the heart purified 
 from sensual and evil affections. This refinement is 
 the effect of Christian principles. 
 
 8. Artificial practice ; subtilty ; as, the refinements 
 of cunning. Rogers. 
 
 9. Affectation of nicety, or of elegant improve- 
 ment ; as the refinements of reasoning or philosophy. 
 
 KE-FIX'ER, 71. One that refines metals or other 
 things. Bacon. 
 
 2. An improver in purity and elegance ; as, a re- 
 finer of language. *';£•//(. 
 
 3. An inventor of superfluous subtilties ; one who 
 is over nice in discrimination, in argument, reason- 
 ing, philosophy, &c. 
 
 RE-FI.VER-Y, n. The place and apparatus for refin- 
 ing metals. 
 
 RE-Fl.N'ING, ppr. Purifying; separating from alloy 
 or any extraneous matter; polishing; improving in 
 accuracy, delicacy, or purity. 
 
 RE-FTN'ING, n. The act or process of purifying ; par- 
 ticularly, the purification of a metal from an alloy or 
 other matter. Ilcbert. 
 
 2. The use of too much refinement or subtilty ; 
 great nicety of speculation. 
 
 RE-FIT', V. I. [re and fit.'\ To fit or prepare again ; 
 
 to repair ; to restore after damage or decay ; as, to 
 
 refit ships of war. 
 RE-FIT', V. i. To repair damages. Admiral Keppel 
 
 returned to Portsmouth to refit. Bclskaia. 
 RE-FI T'.MENT, n. A seconti fitting out. 
 UE-FIT'TEI), p/j. Prepared again ; repaired. 
 RIvFF T'TliNG, /)/>r. Repairing after damage or decay. 
 R^>FLEeT', V. t. [L. rrfiecto ; re and flecto, to bend ; 
 
 Fr. rrfirchir; It. rifiet^ere.'\ 
 To throwback; to cause to return after striking 
 
 upon any surface; as, to refircl light, heat, sound, 
 
 &c. In the rainbow, the rays of light arc reficcted as 
 
 well as refracted. 
 
 Bodie« close together rejlect their own color. Drytlcn. 
 
 RE FEEGT', v. i. To throw back light, heat, &c. ; to 
 return rays or beams ; as, a reflecting mirror or gem 
 
 Slinh. 
 
 9. I'o bend back. Benlletj. 
 
 3. To throw or turn back the thoughts upon the 
 (Kist operations of the mind, or upon pastevents. We 
 rejlect with pleasure on a gtinerous t)r heroic action ; 
 we reflect With pain on our follies anil vices ; we re- 
 fieri on our former tlioughts, meditations, and 0|)in 
 ionx. 
 
 4. To consider attentively ; to revolve in the mind 
 to contemplate ; as, I will reflect on this Hubji'ct. 
 
 An<l nil I much refiecled, frnich I mourned. Prior. 
 In every action, refi*ct upon the end. 7Vtf//or. 
 
 [To reflect on things /liti/rr, is not strictly possible, 
 yet the word in often used as synonymouH with 
 Mkuitate and (-'(wtkmpi-ate. j 
 
 5. 'I'o bring reproach. 
 
 Krrors of wives reflect on hutbnnd still. Dryten. 
 
 To rrflect an ; to cMt censure or reproach. 
 I <tu nut refieet In Uie Icailon tlie memory of his lute mitjeaiv. 
 
 .SV./I. 
 
 RE-FLEeT'EI), pp. or a. Thrown back ; returned ; 
 
 as, reflected light, heat, soiiinl, &c. 
 RE-FLEGT'ENT, a. Bending or flying back ; as, the 
 
 rav descerident, and ray rrflectent. Diirby. 
 RE-FLEeT'I-13LE, a. That may be reflected or 
 
 thrown back. Oreirory. 
 RE-FLEeT'ING, ppr. Throwing back, as light, heat, 
 
 &,c. 
 
 2. Turning back, as thoughts upon themselves or 
 upon past events. 
 
 3. Reflectmtr on ; casting censure or reproach. 
 RE-FLEeT'ING, a. Throwing back light, heat, &c., 
 
 as a mirror or other surface. 
 2. Given to reflection or serious consideration ; 
 
 reflective ; as, a reflecting mind. 
 
 Refipctintr telescope. See Telescope. 
 RE-FLECT'ING CIR'GI.E, n. An instrument for 
 
 the measurement of angles by reflectitm. Brande. 
 RE-FLECT'ING-LY, adv. With reflection; with 
 
 censure. Stoift. 
 RE-FLECTION, (re-flek'shun,) n. [from reflect.] A 
 
 turning back after striking upon any surface ; as, the 
 
 reflection of ligtit, heat, or sound ; the reflection of an 
 
 chustic body. The angle of incidence and the angle 
 
 of reflection are always etpial. 
 
 2. The act of bending back. Bentlcij. 
 
 3. That which is reflected. 
 
 As the sun in water "Jve cati bear, 
 
 Yel not the sun, hut his ref.ection there. Dryden. 
 
 4. The operation of the mind by which it turns its 
 views back upon itself and its operations ; the re- 
 view or reconsitleration of past thouglits, opinions, 
 or decisions of the mind, or of past events. Encijc. 
 
 5. Thought thrown back on itself, on the past or 
 on the absent; as, melancholy reflections i delightful 
 reflections. 
 
 Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate at the same time 
 aHIicied and encouraged him. Atterbury. 
 
 G. The expression of thought. 
 
 7. Attentive consideration ; meditation ; contem- 
 plation. 
 
 This delight grows and improves under thought and reflerdon. 
 
 Houtji. 
 
 8. Censure ; reproach cast. 
 
 He (lied, and O I may no rejlection shed 
 
 Its poisonous venom on the royal dead. Prior. 
 
 RI3-FLEeT'IVE, a. Throwing back images; as, a 
 reflective mirror. 
 
 In the refieclive stream the sighing bride. 
 
 Viewing her charms impaired. Prior. 
 
 2. Considering the operations of the mind, or 
 things oast ; as, reflective reason. Prior. 
 RE-FLECT'IVE-LY, adv. By reflection. 
 RE-FLECT'OR, n. One who reflects or considers. 
 
 Boifle. 
 
 2. Something having a polished surface for reflect- 
 ing light or heat, as of a lamp, &c. 
 RE'FLEX, o. [L. reftezus.] 
 
 1. Directed back ; retroactive ; as, a reflex act of 
 the soul, the turning of the intellectual eye inward 
 upon its own actions. Hnle. 
 
 2. Designating the parts of a painting illuminated 
 by light reflected from another part of the same pic- 
 ture. Encijc, 
 
 3. In botany, bent back ; reflected. 
 RE-FLE.X', n. Reflection. [JVut used.] Hooker. 
 
 2. The light reflected from an enlightened surface 
 to one in shade. Owilt. 
 RE-FLEX', V. t. To reflect. Slink. 
 2. To bend back ; to turn back. [Little used.] 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 RE FLEX'OT, (re-flekst',) pp. or a. Reflected'; in 
 
 botany, suddenly bent backward. Liudley. 
 RE-FLEX-I-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being' re- 
 flexible or capable of being reflected ; as, the reflezi- 
 bility of the rays of light. JVeutl.on. 
 RE-Fi.EX'l-BLE, a. Capable of being reflected or 
 thrown back. 
 
 The light ol the sun consists of rays dilTerCDlly refrangible and 
 reJieTible. Cheyne. 
 
 RE-FLEX'ION. See Reflection. 
 RE-FLEX'I-TY, n. Capacity of being reflected. 
 RE-FLEX'IVE, o. Having respect to something past. 
 
 Assurance refiexive can not be ft tlivine fdth. Hammond. 
 
 RE-FLEX'IVE-LY, adv. In a direction backward. 
 
 Gov. of the Tongue. 
 
 Ric-FLfiAT', 71. [re and float.] Reflux ; ebb ; a flow- 
 ing back. [I.illle vsed.] Bacon. 
 
 RE FLO-RES'CE.'VCE, 71. [re and florescence.] A 
 blossoming atiew. 
 
 RF,-FI,OHR'ISII, (re-flur'ish,) II. 1. [re and flourish.] 
 To flourish anew. JIdton. 
 
 RE-Ft,OIIR'ISH-ING, ppr. Flourishing again. 
 
 RE- FLOW, «. I. [re and flow.] To flow back; to 
 ebb. 
 
 RE-FLOW'ING,ppr. Flowing back ; ebbing. 
 
 Darwin. 
 
 RE-FLIICT-II-A'TFON, n. A flowing back. 
 UEF'LH ENCE, (71. [from refluent.] A flowing 
 UEF'LIT-EN-(;Y, ! back. Mounlaguc. 
 REF'LU ENT, «. [L. rrfluens ; rc and fluo.] 
 
 1. Flowing back ; ebbing; as, the rr/Iucnl title. 
 
 2. Flowing back ; returning, as a fluid ; as, reflu 
 ent blood. j^rbulhnot. 
 Rli'FLUX, 71. [Fr., from L. refluzus.] 
 
 A flowing back ; the returning of a fluid ; as, th>- 
 flux jUHt riftuz of the tides ; the flux and reflur of 
 the EjBpus. Brown. 
 RE-FOC'I L-LaTE, (-fos'il-late,) jj. U [It. refiicillore ; 
 Sp. refocilar ; L. refocillo ; re and the root of focus.] 
 
 To refresh ; to revive; to give new vigor tt). [Lit- 
 tle used.] .Aubrey. 
 RE-FOC-1L-La'TION, (-fos-il-la'shun,) n. The act 
 of refreshing or giving new vigor ; restoration of 
 strength by refreshment. [Little used.] Middleton 
 RE-FO-MENT', v. I. [re and foment.] To foment 
 anew ; to warm or cherish again. Cotgrave. 
 2. To excite anew. 
 RE-FO-iMENT'ED, pp. Fomented or incited anew. 
 RE-FO-MENT'ING, p;)r. Fomentinganew ; exciting 
 again. 
 
 RE-.'^ORM', ». t. [Fr. reformer; L. reformo ; re and 
 formo, to form.] 
 
 1. 'I'o change from worse to better ; to amend ; to 
 correct ; to restore to a former good state, or to bring 
 from a bad to a good state ; as, to reform a profligate 
 man ; to reform corrupt manners or morals. 
 
 The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age ; but 
 that ot a good one will not reform it. Swift. 
 
 2. To change from bad to good ; to remove that 
 which is bad or corrupt; as, to reform abuses; to 
 reform the vices of the age. 
 
 RE-FORM', p. i. To abandon that which is evil or 
 corrupt, and return to a good state ; to be amended 
 or corrected. A man of settled habits of vice will 
 seldom reform. 
 
 Re'-FORiM', I'. (. [re form.] To form again ; to 
 create or shape anew. 
 
 RE-FORM', 71. Reformation; amendment of what is 
 defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved ; as, the re- 
 form of parliamentary elections ; reform of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 REF-OR-Ma'DO, 71. A monk who adheres to the 
 reformation of his order. fVcever. 
 
 2. An orticer retained in his regiment when his 
 company is disbantied. B. Jonson. 
 
 RE-FOR.M'AL-IZE, v. i. To affect reformation ; to 
 pretend to correctness. Lee. 
 
 REF-OR-iMa'TION, 71. The act of reforming; cor- 
 rection or amendment of life, manners, 'or of any 
 thing vicious or corrupt ; as, the reformation of man- 
 ners ; reformation of the :ige ; reformation of abuses. 
 
 Satire lashes vice into reftirnwlion. Dryden. 
 
 2. By way of eminence, the chance of religion in 
 the European churches to its primitive purity, begun 
 by Luther, A. 1). 1517. 
 
 Rk-FOR-Ma'TION, 71. The act of forming anew ; a 
 second forming in order; as, the re-/ormotiV)ji of a 
 column of troops into a hollow square. Mitford. 
 
 RE-F0RM'.\-TIVE, 0. Forming again; having the 
 quality of renewing form. Good. 
 
 RE-FOR.M'A-TO-RY, a. Tending to produce reform- 
 ation. 
 
 RE-FOR.M'iCD, pp. or a. Corrected ; amended ; re- 
 stored to a good state ; as, a reformed profligate. 
 
 2. a. In ecclesiastical history, a term denoting, in 
 its widest sense, all who separated from the Roman 
 Catholic church at the era of the reformation. In 
 a more .vpexific sense, it denotes those who separated 
 from Luther on the doctrine of consiibstantiation, 
 &.C., and carrietl the reformation, as they claimed, 
 to a higher point. 1'he Protestant churches foundetl 
 by them in Switzerland, Fiance, Holland, and part 
 of Germany, were called the Reformed churches. 
 
 Rf.'-FORM'KD, pp. Formed anew. [Eucyc. .^m. 
 
 RE-FORI\I'ER, 71. One who effects a reformation 
 or amendment; as, a reformer of manners, or of 
 abuses. 
 
 2. One of those who commenced the reformation 
 of religion in the sixteenth century, as Luther, 
 Melanchthon, Zuinglius, and Calvin. 
 
 RE-FOR.M'ING, ppr. or o. Correcting what is wrong ; 
 amending ; restoring to a gotxl state. 
 
 Rif.'-FORM'ING, ppr. Forming anew. 
 
 RE-FORM'IS'X', 71. One who is of the reformed re- 
 ligion. Hoirrll. 
 2. One who proposes or favors a political reform. 
 
 RE-F0R-TI-FI-e.\'T10N, 71. A fortifying a second 
 lime. Mitford. 
 
 Rif.-FOU'TI-FT ED, pp. Fortified anew. 
 
 KE-FOR'TI-F?, 11. (. To fortify anew. 
 
 RE-FOR'TI-FV-ING, ppr. Fortifying again. 
 
 RE-Ft^S'SION, (re-fosli'un,) 11. The act of digging 
 up. Bp. Hull. 
 
 RE-FOUND', 7!. (. [rc and found.] To found or cast 
 anew. H'arlon. 
 
 RE-I'OITND'ED, pp. Founded again. 
 
 UE-FOIIND'EK, n. One who refounda. 
 
 RE-FOIJND'INt;, ppr. Founding again. 
 
 RE-I'RACT', V. t. [L. refractus, rifringo 1 re and 
 frango, to break.] 
 
 To break the natural course of the rays of light ; 
 to cause to deviate from a direct course. A dense 
 nieilium refracts thv rays of light, us they pass into 
 it fnun a rare medium. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T. — METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DOQK.— 
 
 __ 
 
REF 
 
 RE-FRACT'En, pi>. or a. Turned from a direct 
 course, as niys ol" liclit. 
 
 '2. a. In buttiinj and conchato^jy bent back at an 
 acute anyle ; as, a rrfriictni corol. Martijiu Jliimbte. 
 RE-FRAC'l"'l.N(;, /)/)r. Turning from a dire^ "^o'lrsc. 
 -3. a. That turns rays fruui a direct coiJk ; as, a 
 refracttuir nicdiuin. 
 
 Refruvtniir trlt'^ictipe. See Telkscope. 
 RE-KRAC'TIO.\, n. In optics^ the change in the di- 
 rectiiMi iif a ray of lijjlit caused by the diirer nce of 
 density ill the medium or mediums llirougli winch it 
 passes. Otiiidted. 
 Re/nc^n out of a rarer medium into a dciiacr, u m.^ilc lowani 
 iJie [writt-iidiculur. Nffiz-Iori. 
 
 Rifractiun, in mechanics, is more commonly called 
 Deklei tio"!, which see. BarUiw. 
 
 Double refriutwn ; the refraction Of li!!hl in two 
 directions, and consequent production of two distinct 
 images. 'I'he power of double refractittn is possessed 
 
 ■ by all crystals, except those of the tesseral or reRular 
 system. liana. 
 
 RE-FUAeT'IVE, a. That refracts, or has power to 
 refract or turn from a direct course ; pertainiu!; to re- 
 fraflion ; as, rrfractice densities or powers. JV'eiPtun, 
 
 RE FRACT'll-RI-LY, ade. I'crverselv ; obstinately. 
 
 RE FRAeT'0-Rl-.\ESc!, n. [from rrfraclory.] Per- 
 verse or sullen obstinacy in opposition or disobe- 
 dience. 
 
 1 n*.*vcr nllowtfd any m;ii»'s refratlorinest ngaiiist the privilp^t 
 Hiitt unirn of Uie lioiisv. A'. Ovaries. 
 
 2. JlpiiUeil to metals, difficulty of fii.sioil. 
 RE-FRACT'O-RY, o. [Fr. re/ractaire ; L. refracta- 
 
 riiLs, from refragor, to resist ; re and fragor, from 
 /r(i /(«■«.] 
 
 1. Sullen or pi^rverse in opposition ordisobedienre ; 
 obstinate in noii compliance ; as, a refractory child ; 
 a refractory servant. 
 
 Rnginf npprtit<*s th.it nra 
 Most (li>utjeilifiit rtiiil r^'facbjry. Shale* 
 
 3. Unmanaseable ; ol>stinately unyielding ; u^, n 
 refractorij beast. 
 
 3. Jlpplieil to metals, difficult of fusion ; not easily 
 yieldiiiK to the force of heat. 
 RE-FRACT'O-RV, n. A person obstinate in opposi- 
 tion or disobedience. Ilati, 
 
 2. Obstinate opposition. [J^ot nsed.] Taylor, 
 RE-FR.A'GA-liLE or REF'R.\-G.\-liLE, a. [L. rcf- 
 
 ra^or ; rr and frantro,] 
 
 'I'hat may be refuted, that is, broken. 
 RE-FRaI.\', r. t. [Fr. refrcner ; iL riiifrcnare : L. re- 
 frirno ; re and frano, to curb ; frienum, a rein. See 
 Rein.] 
 
 To hold back ; to restrain ; to keep ^t^.m action. 
 
 Mv ioii —re/rain Ihy fnol fnmi llvir pjilh. — Prov. I. 
 Tlioii J.«<'pli coiiM not rejrain Iiiihm'II bufuru ull Uil-iii Uiat stood 
 by. — lien. xl*. 
 
 RE-FR.\I.N'', e. 1. To forbear; to abstain ; to keep 
 one's self from action or interference. 
 
 Rrfraxn Iroin thcK m^tn, ninl let tliem alouc. — Acts r. 
 
 RE-FR.AIN', n. [Fr. rc/rci;i.] 
 
 Tile burden ol a song ; a kind of musical repeti- 
 tion. JMa^on. 
 
 RE-FRaIN'KD, pp. Held back ; restrained. 
 
 RE-FR.Al.N'IN(;,y>pr. Iloldins back ; forbearing. 
 
 Rf. FRa.ME', c. t. [re iwui frame.] To frame ayain. 
 
 RlJ-FR.A.M'KI), ;)/). Fraiiud anew. [JIakev)M. 
 
 RE-FRa.M'I.M;, ppr. Framing again. 
 
 RE-FRAN-GI-HII/1-TY, n. [(r^>m rrfrans-Mc.] The 
 disposition of rays of light to be refracted or turned 
 out of a direct course, in passing out of one trans- 
 parent lH>dy or niediuin into another. AVuifi^n. 
 
 RE-FRA.\'CI-1JLE, a. [L. re and franco, to break.j 
 Capable of being retracted or turned out of a tli- 
 rect course in |>assing from one medium to another; 
 AH ravs of light. Locke. 
 
 REF-RE-.N'A'TIO.X, n. [See Refkain.] The act of 
 restniining. [Ao( u<ed.] 
 
 RE-FRESir, c. (. [Fr. rrjrntchir ; re and fralehir, 
 from /raic/ir, fresh; It. rinfrescare; Sp. and Port. 
 refrescar. See Fresh. j 
 
 1. To co<d ; to allay heat. 
 
 A ilew coming alter a heat re/resheth. Ecctut. 
 
 2. To give new strength to : to invigorate ; to re- 
 lieve after fatigue ; as, to refresh the btidy. A man 
 or a beast is refreshed by food and resL hliod. \\\V\. 
 
 3. To revive ; to reanimate after depression ; to 
 cheer ; to enliven. 
 
 Kor ih'^y have rtfrtxhed my cpirit and yonra. — 1 Cor. xri. 
 
 4. To improve by new touches any thing im- 
 paired. 
 
 The re<t Ttfrtth the lealy snakes. Dryden. 
 
 5. To revive what is drooping; as, rain refreshei 
 the plants. 
 
 RE-FRESU', n. Act of refreshing. [Jt'otused.] 
 
 DanieL 
 
 RE-FRESll'KD, (re-fresht',) pp. Cooled; invigo- 
 
 nited i revived ; cheered. 
 RE-FREt^ll'ER, ». He or that which refreshes, re- 
 
 vive'^, or invigorates. Thomson. 
 RE-FRESiri.\G, ppr. or a. Cooling; invigorating; 
 
 reviving ; reanimating. 
 
 REF 
 
 RE-FRESH'INO, n. Refreshment; relief after fa- 
 tigue or siilfering. Mortimer. 
 2. Refreshment in spiritual things, ./lets iii. It). 
 
 RE-FRE.Siri.\G-LY, ado. So as to refresh, or give 
 new life. 
 
 RE-FRESH'ING-NESS, n. The quality of refresh- 
 ing. 
 
 RE-FRESH'MENT, ?i. Act of refreshing ; or new 
 strength or vigor received alter fatigue ; relief after 
 sutreriiig ; applieti to the body. 
 
 2. New life or aniinaliun after depression ; applied 
 to the mind or spirits. 
 
 3. That which gives fresh strength or vigor, as 
 food or rest. SontA. Sprat. 
 
 RE-FRET', n. The burden of a song. DicL 
 RE-FKIG'ER-ANT, a. [Fr. See Refbigebate.] 
 
 Cooling ; allaying heat. Bacon. 
 RE-FRIO'ER-ANT, n. Among physicians, a medicine 
 
 which abates heat, or cools. 
 RE-FRIG'ER-ATE, v.t. [L. refrigero ; re and frigiis, 
 
 cold.] 
 
 'J'o cool ; to allav the Iieat of ; to refresh. Bacon. 
 RF.-FRlG'ER A-TED, pp. Cooled. 
 RE FRIG'EK-A-TlNt;, opr. Allaying he.it; cooling. 
 RE FRIG ER-A'TU)N, n. The act of cooling; the 
 
 abaleineiit of heat ; stale of being cooled. Bacon. 
 RE-FRIG'ER A-TIVE, a. Cooling. 
 RE-FRI(5'ER-.\-TlVE, 71. A remedy that allays 
 
 heat. 
 
 RE-FRIG'ER-A-TOR, ri. An air-tight bo.x for keep- 
 ing articles cool in summer by means of ice. 
 
 2. An apparatus for rapiif cooling, connected with 
 a still, &.C. Francis. 
 
 RE-FRIG'ER-A-TO-RY, a. Cooling; mitigating 
 heat. 
 
 RE-FRIG'ER-A-TO-RY, n. In </«fi7/n(ion, a vessel 
 filled with cold water, through which the worm 
 passes; by which means the vapors are condensed 
 as they pass through the worm. 
 
 2. Any thing internally cooling. Mortimer. 
 REF-RI-Gr:'Rl-Lr.M, n. [I,.] Cooling refreshment; 
 
 refrigeration. [Awf in use.] South. 
 REFT, pp. of Reave. Deprived ; bereft. [A'ot in 
 itsf.] Shak, 
 2. pret. of Reave. Took away. [JVot in i/.<f.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 REFT, 71. A chink. [See Rift.] 
 REF'QGE, 71. [Fr., troni L. refugium, refugio ; re 
 and fugio, to flee.] 
 
 1. Shelter or protection from danger or distress. 
 — Rucks, dens, and caves, but 1 in none of these 
 
 Find place ur refuge. Milton. 
 We h.ivc made lies our refuse. — Is. xxviii. 
 We nii^tit have strong consul.ilion, who h.ive fled for refuse to 
 lay hold on tile hujie set Ufore us. — Heli. vi. 
 
 2. That which shelters or protects from danger, 
 distress, or calamity ; a stronghold which protects 
 by its strength, or a sanctuary which secures safety 
 by its sacredness ; any place inaccessible to an 
 enemy. 
 
 The hi*h hills are a refuse for the wild ^als. — Ps. civ. 
 The lor\l also will !« a rtjuge for ihe oppresse^l. — Ps. ix. 
 
 3. An expedient to secure protection or defense. 
 
 This l:isl ulil man — 
 Their latest refuge w.is 10 send 10 liim. 
 
 Siai. 
 
 4. Expedient, in general. 
 
 Light must lie supplied, antun^ gTac/-ful refugee, by Icrmcing 
 any story in daiigiT ol daikiKss. WoUon. 
 
 Cities of refuge; among the Tsrartite.t, certain cities 
 appointed to secure the safety of such persons as 
 might coiiiniii homicide w ithout design. Of these 
 there were three on each side of Jordan. Josh, XX. 
 
 REF'I'GE, r. I. To shelter ; to protect. 
 
 REF-l] GEE', lu [Fr. refugie.] 
 
 1. One who flies to a shelter or place of safety. 
 
 DriiJen. 
 
 2. One who, in times of persecution or political 
 conmiotion, flees to a foreign power or country for 
 safely ; as, the French refugee^i, who left France 
 after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and si l- 
 tled in Flanders and America; the refugees from 
 Hispaniola, in 17th2 ; and the American refugees, 
 who left their country at the revolution. 
 
 RE-Fl'l.'CE.NCE, (71. [1„ refiilgcns, refulireo ; re 
 RE-FUI.,'(5E\ CY, i nnil /u/^'co, to shine.] 
 
 A floml of light ; splendor. 
 RE-FL'1, GENT, a. Ca.~tiiig a bright light ; shining ; 
 splendid; as, refulgent beams; refulgent light; re- 
 fuigcnt arms. 
 
 A conspicuous and refulgent truth, Boyle. 
 
 RE-FUL'6ENT-LY, adv. Wilh a flood of light ; 
 
 with great brightness. 
 RE-FL'.N'U', V. t, [L. refundo ; rt and fundo, to pour.] 
 
 1. To pour back. 
 
 Were the humors of the eye tinctured with any color, they wouM 
 rtfund that color upou IIk object. \Unutual or obro'ete.) 
 
 Ray. 
 
 2. To rep,iy ; to return in p.ayment or comi» n.sa- 
 tion for what has been taken ; to restore ; as, to re- 
 fund money taken wrongfully ; to refund money 
 advanced wilh interest ; to refund the aiuouut ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 REG 
 
 RE-FrNI)'EI), pp. Poured back ; repaid. 
 RE-FIJND'ER, 71. One who refunds. 
 RE-FL'.N'D'I.N'G, ppr. Pouring back; returning by 
 
 pavinent or compensation. 
 RE-FL'R'lilSlI, c. (. To furbish a second time. 
 RE-FUR'lll.SII Kl), ( fur'bisht,) pp. Furbished again. 
 RE-Fl'R'llISII-ING, i</)r. Furbishing again. 
 RE-FCS'A-ULE, a. [from refuse.] Thai may be re- 
 fused. Young. 
 RE-FO'S.\L, Ti. The act of refusing ; denial of any 
 
 thing demanded, solicited, or ofleretl for acceptance. 
 
 'I'lic first refiuiul is not always proof that the rei|uesl 
 
 will not be ultinintely granted. 
 2. The right of taking in preference to others ; the 
 
 choice of taking or rt^fiising ; option ; pre-emption. 
 
 We say, a man ha.s the refusal of a farm or a horse, 
 
 or the refusal of an employment. 
 RE FUSE', ti. (. [Fr. refuser; Arm. rrusi, reusein ; 
 
 It. rifiutare, rifasare ; Sp. rchusar ; Port, refiuar ; L. 
 
 recxuo ; re and the root of caasor, to accuse ; causa, 
 
 cause. The primary sense of caasor is, to drive, to 
 
 throw or thrust at, and recuso is to drive back, to 
 
 repel or repulse, the sense of refuse.] 
 
 1, ^Po deny a reipiest, demand, invitation, or com- 
 mand ; to decline to ilo or grant what is solicited, 
 claimed, or commanded. 
 
 Thus Ktlom refused to ^ve Israel passage thrtin^h his tionler. — 
 Num. XX. 
 
 2, To decline to accept what is oflered ; as, to re- 
 fuse an office ; to refuse an olTer, 
 
 If they refuse to tike tlie cup at thy h,and. — Jer. ixv. 
 
 3, To reject; as, to refuse instruction or reproof. 
 Prov. X. 
 
 The stone whkh tiie builders refuted Is become the head of the 
 Coni.-r. - P». cxvi.i. 
 
 JV'off, — Refuse expresses rejection more strongly 
 than decline. 
 
 RE-FC'SE', V. i. To decline to accept ; nut to comply. 
 
 Too pmud to .isk, loo liuuible 10 refuse. Garth. 
 REF'USE, (rcfyuse,) a. [Fr. refus, refusal, denial, 
 
 and that whicli is denied.] 
 
 Literally, refused ; rejtM-led ; hence, worthless ; of 
 
 nti value; left as unworthy of reception; as, the 
 
 refuse parts of stone or limber. 
 
 Please to bestow on him die refuse letters, SpeeWoe. 
 REF'IJSE, 71. That which is refused or rejected as 
 
 useless ; waste matter. Hooker. Bacon. .Addison. 
 RE-FC'SE', 71. Refusal. [Obs.] Fairfax. 
 RE-FC'S'^.'I), pp. Uenied ; rejected; not accepted. 
 RE-Ff'S'ER, 71. One that refuses or rejects. Taylor. 
 RE-FCS'ING, ppr. Ueiiying ; declining to accept; 
 
 rejecting. 
 
 RE-FC'TA-ni.E, a. [from rf/ii<<.] Thttt may be re- 
 futed or disproved ; lliut may be proved false or erro- 
 neous. 
 
 RK-FO'TAL, 71. Refutation. [A'ot used.] 
 REF-t;-TA"l ION, 71. [I., refutatio. See REFUtE.] 
 The act or process of refuting or disproving ; the 
 act of proving to be false or erroneous ; the over- 
 throwing of an argument, opinion, testimony, doc- 
 trine, or theory, by argument ur countervailing proof. 
 
 Bcnlley. 
 
 RE-FC'TA-TO-RY, a. Tending to refute. 
 RE-FO'1'E', r. U [Fr. rrfuler; L.%<futo ; re and fiita, 
 obs. The primary sense of fato is, to drive or 
 thrust, to beat back. Class Bd,] 
 
 To disprtive and overthrow by argument, evidence, 
 or countervailing proof; to prove to be false or erro- 
 neous ; to confute. We say, to refute arguments, to 
 refute testimony, to refute opinions or Uieories, to re- 
 fute a disputant. 
 
 There were so many witnesses to these two miracles that It b im- 
 pressible to refute such inulljluUes. Addison. 
 
 RE-FOT'EI), pp. Disproved; proved to be false or 
 
 erroneous. 
 RE-FCT'ER, 71. One that refutes. 
 RE-FOT'l.NG, ppr. Proving to be false or erroneoua; 
 
 confuting. 
 
 RE-GAIN', V. t. [re nnd gain ; Fr. regagner.] 
 
 To gain anew ; to recover what has escaped or 
 
 been lost Mtltan, 
 RE-G.^ IS ' F.n, pp. Recovered; gained anew. 
 RE-GAIN'ING, ppr. Gaining anew ; recovering. 
 Uk'G,\L, a. [Fr., from L, regalis, from rex. Sans. 
 
 riy'a, coniietled with rrgo, to govern ; Sax. rrcun or 
 
 reccan, to say, to reck, to reckon, to rule, to direct; 
 
 the root of right, L. rectus. Sax. rcJil. See Reck and 
 
 Reckon,] 
 
 Pertaining to a king ; kingly ; royal ; as, a regal 
 title ; regal atlthority ; regal suite, pomp, or splen- 
 dor ; regal power or sway. But we say, a r«i/a/ or 
 kingly government, not a regal one. We never say, 
 a regal territory, regal dominions, regal army, or re- 
 gal navy. Regal expresses what is more personal. 
 RE'G.\L, 71. [Fr, regale.] 
 
 A musical instrument, a small, portable flngcr 
 organ, [Disused.] Bacon, 
 RE-GA'I.E, 71. [L.] 
 
 The prerogative of monarchy. Johnson, 
 RE-GAI,E', 11. (See the Verb, below.] A magnificent 
 entertiiinment or tre.at given to embassadors and 
 other persons of distinction. Encyc 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 y27 
 
REG 
 
 RE-GaLE', ». t. [Fr. rerraler ; Sp. regular, to regale, 
 to refresh, entertain, caress, cajole, delight, clierish ; 
 regalarse^ to entertain oiie*s self, to tal^e pleasure, 
 also to melt, to be dissolved ; Port, regalar, to regale, 
 to treat daintily, to delight ; It. regalare, to present 
 witli gifts, to regale, to season. This word is proba- 
 bly a compuiinii of re and the root It. galloria, a 
 transport of joy, gallare, to exult, gala, ornament, 
 Port, galhofa, mirth, good cheer, Sp. gallardo, gay, 
 Fr. gaillard, &c. In Russ. jaluiju signifies to regale, 
 to gratify with presents, to visit, The primary 
 sense is, to excite, to rouse and be brisk, or to shoot, 
 leap, dart, or rush. We probably see the same root 
 in the Eng. gale, gallant, Gr. <j> (lAAiaco, Fr. joli, 
 Eng. jo%, and in many other words.] 
 
 To refre.'!h ; to entertain with something that de- 
 lights ; to gratify, as the senses ; as, to regale the 
 taste, the eye, or the ear. The birds of the forest 
 regale us with their stings. 
 
 RE-G.aLE', v. L To feast ; to fare sumptuously. 
 
 RE-GaL'£D, pp. Refreshed ; entertained ; gratified. 
 
 RE-GALE'MEi\T, n. Refreshment; entertainment; 
 gratificatiDn. 
 
 RE-Ga'LI-A, n. pi. [L., from rex, king.] 
 
 1. Ensigns of royalty ; the apparatus of a corona- 
 tion ; as the crown, scepter, &c. 
 
 2. In law, the rights and prerogatives of a king. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 3. Regalia of a church ; the privileges granted to it 
 by kings; sometimes, its patrimony. Brande. 
 
 RE-GaL'ING, ppr. Refreshing; entertaining ; grati- 
 fying. 
 
 RE-GAL'I-TY, n. [from L. regalis; It. reahd; Fr. 
 royaide.'\ 
 
 Royalty; sovereignty; kingship. 
 
 He came p:irtly in by tlie sword, and had hio;h courage in all 
 points of regality. Bacon. 
 
 Rk'GAL-LY, adv. In a royal manner. Milton. 
 
 RE-GaRD', «J. «. [Fr. regarder : It. riguardare ; from 
 Fr. garder, to guard, keep, defend ; It. guardare, to 
 guard, to look, view, behold, to lieware, to take 
 heed ; to discern. The primary sense of guard is to 
 drive off or repel, and thus to protect, or to hold, 
 keep, retain ; probably the former. To regard is to 
 extend or direct the eye to an object, or to hold it 
 in view. We observe a somewhat similar process 
 of deriving the sense of looking, in the It. scorto, 
 seen, perceived, prudent, guided, convoyed; wary, 
 crafty, discerning, and as a noun, an abridgment; 
 scorta, a guide, an escort, a guard.] 
 
 1. To look toward ; to point or be directed toward. 
 It is a peninsula which regardeth ihe main land. Sarvlys. 
 
 2. To observe ; to notice with some particularity. 
 
 If inucl; you note him, 
 Yoti olTend liim ; feed and regard liiin not. Shak. 
 
 3. To attend to with respect and estimation ; to 
 value. 
 
 This aspect of mine, 
 The best regarded virgins of your clime 
 Have loved. SItaJc. 
 
 4. To attend to a.s a thing that affects our interest 
 or happiness; to fix the mind on as a matter of im- 
 portance. He does not regard the pain he feels. He 
 does not regard the loss he has suffered. He regards 
 only the interest of the community. 
 
 5. To esteem ; to hold in respect and affection. 
 The people regard their pastor, and treat him with 
 great kindness. 2 Kings iii. 
 
 6. To keep ; to observe with religious or solemn 
 attention. 
 
 He thai regardeth the day, regardeth it to the Lord. — Rom. 
 xiv. 
 
 7. To attend to as something to influence our 
 conduct. 
 
 lie \)ta.l regardeth the cloufls shall not reap. — Eccles. xi. 
 
 8. To consider seriously ; to lay to heart. 
 
 They regard not the worit of the Loni. — Is. v. 
 
 9. To notice with pity or concern. I)eut. xxviii. 
 
 10. To notice favorably or with acceptance ; to 
 liear and answer. 
 
 He will regard the prayer of the destitute. — Ps. cti. 
 
 11. To love and esteem ; to practice; as, to regard 
 inii|uity in Ihe heart. Ps. Ixvi. 
 
 12. To respect; to have relation to, or liearing 
 upon. The argument docs not regard the question. 
 [Rare.] 
 
 To regard the person ; to value for outward honor, 
 wealth or power. Mali. xxii. 
 RE-<iAIlI)', n. [Vt. regard: It. riguardo.] 
 
 1. IxKik ; aspect directed to another. 
 
 But her with stf-rn regard he thus n-pclled. Milton. 
 [Nearly or quite obtolete.] 
 
 2. Attention of the mind with a feeling of interest. 
 He ban no regard to Ilii^ interest of society ; his 
 motives are wholly Hclfish. 
 
 3. Reupcct ; esteem ; reverence ; that view of the 
 mind which upringn from value, estimable iiualilies, 
 or any thing that cxcitCH admiration. 
 
 With some regard U) what b )iist and rijilit 
 'I'liiy'll le«<l til ir lives 
 To him they ivui regard, becnuw of lonfr tii 
 
 Ibem wkli sorceri 
 
 - Acu vill. 
 
 miton. 
 ht had U'Wllched 
 
 REG 
 
 4. Respect; account. 
 
 Change was tliought necessary in regard oftlie injury the church 
 received by^a number of tilings then ia use. Hooker, 
 
 5. Relation ; reference. 
 
 To persuade them to pursue and persevere in virtue, in regard 
 to themselves ; in justice and goodness, in regard to their 
 neighbors; and piety toward God. Wctls. 
 
 6. Note; eminence; account. 
 
 Mac Ferlagh w.ta a man of meanest regard among them. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 7. Matter demanding notice. Spensir. 
 
 8. Prospect ; object of sight. [JVot proper, nor in 
 use.] Shak, 
 
 9. In ihe English forest laws, view ; inspection. 
 Court of regard, or survey of dogs ; a forest court in 
 
 England, held every third year for the lawing or 
 expeditation of mastiffs, that is, for cutting off the 
 claws and ball of the fore feet, to prevent them from 
 running after deer. Blaclcstone, 
 
 RE-GAUU'A-BLE, a. Observable; wonhy of notice. 
 
 Brown. Carcw. 
 
 RE-GARD'ANT, o. In laxo, a villain regardant is one 
 annexed to the manor or land. Blackstone. 
 
 2. In heraldry, looking behind ; as, a lion or other 
 beast. Encyc. 
 
 RE-GXRD'ED, pp. Noticed; observed; esteemed; 
 respected. 
 
 RE-GaRD'ER, n. One that regards. 
 
 2. In English law, the regarder of the forest was 
 an officer whose business was to view the forest, in- 
 spect the eflicers, and inquire of all offenses and 
 defaults. 
 
 RE-GXnO'FUL,a. Taking notice ; heedful; observ- 
 ing with care ; attentive. 
 
 Let a man be very tender and regardful of every pious motion 
 made by the Spirit of God on his heart. South, 
 
 RE-GaRD'FUL-LY, atli). Attentively; heedfiilly. 
 
 2. Respectfully. Shak. 
 RE-GARD'ING, ppr. Noticing ; considering with 
 
 care ; attending to ; observing ; esteeming ; caring 
 
 for. 
 
 2. Respecting ; concerning ; relating to. 
 RE-GARD'LESS, a. Not looking or attending to; 
 heedless ; negligent ; careless ; as, regardless of life 
 or of health ; regardless of danger ; regardless of 
 conseqtiences. 
 
 Regardless of the bliss wherein he sat. I^fdton. 
 2. Not regarded ; slighted. [Rare.] Spectator. 
 RE-GSRD'LESS-LY, adv. Heedlessly; carelessly; 
 negligently. 
 
 RE-GARIJ'LESS-NESS, n. Heedlessness ; inatten- 
 tion ; negligence. fVhillock. 
 
 Rk-GATH'ER, V, t. To gather or collect a second 
 time. B. Trumbull. 
 
 Re-GATH'ER-ED, pp. Collected again. 
 
 Re-GATH'ER-ING, ppr. Gathering a second time. 
 
 RE-GAT'TA, n. [\t. regatta,] 
 
 A rowing match in which a number of boats are 
 rowed for a prize. 
 
 Re'GEL, ) 71. A fixed star of the first magnitude in 
 
 RI'GEL, ! Orion's left foot. 
 
 Re'GEN-CY, 71. [L. regens, from rego, to govern.] 
 
 1. Rule ; aiithtirity ; government. Hooker. 
 
 2. The state or condition of a regent. 
 
 3. Vicarious government. Temple. 
 
 4. The district under the jurisdiction of a vice- 
 gerent. Milton. 
 
 5. The body of men intrusted with vicarious gov- 
 ernment ; as, a regency constituted during a king's 
 minority, insanity, or absence from the kingdom. 
 
 RE-GEN'ER-A-CY, 7i. [See Regenerate.] The 
 state of being regenerateil. Hammond. 
 
 RE-GEN'ER-aTE, v. t. [h. regcnero ; re and genera. 
 See Generate.] 
 
 1. To generate or produce anew; to form into a 
 new and better state ; tti reproduce. 
 
 Through all the soil a genial ferment spreads, 
 
 liegtneratee Uie plants and new adorns the meads. Blaekmore. 
 
 2. In theology, to renew the heart by a change of 
 affections ; to change the heart and affections from 
 natural enmity to the love of God ; to implant holy 
 affiTtiona in the heart. Scott. Addison, 
 
 RE GE.N'ER-ATE, a. [L. regcneratus,] 
 
 1. Keproilticed. Shak, 
 
 2. liorn anew ; renovated in heart ; changeil from 
 a natural to a spiritual state. Milton. fVake. 
 
 RE-GEN'ER-A-TED, pp, or a. Reproduced. 
 
 2. Renewed ; born again. 
 RE GEN'HIl-ATE-NESS, «. The state of being re- 
 generated. 
 
 RE -GEN'EK-A-TING, ppr, or a. Reproducing; form- 
 ing into a new and better stati\ 
 
 2. Renovating the nature by the imjilantation of 
 holv affections in Ihe heart. 
 RE-(5EN-EK-A'T10N, 71. Reproduction ; the act of 
 forming into a ni^w and better state. 
 
 2. In theology, ni vv biilh by the grace of God ; 
 that change by wliii h the will and natural enmity 
 of man to Goil and bis law are subdiii d, and a 
 principle of Hiipicnu' love to God anil his law, or holy 
 offections, are implanted in the heart. 
 
 He saved uM by ihc wn*tiiiig ol regeneration and renewing of the 
 Holy Spirit. — Tit. iii. 
 
 REG 
 
 RE-GEN'ER-A-TO-RY, a. Renewing ; having the 
 power to renew ; teniling to reproduce or renovate. 
 
 Faber, 
 
 Re'GENT, a. [L. regens, from rego, to rule.] 
 
 1. Ruling ; governing ; as, a regent principle. 
 
 Jfnle, 
 
 2. Exercising vicarious authority. Milton, 
 Queen regent; a queen who governs; opposed to 
 
 ^leen consort, 
 
 RE'GENT, n. A governor ; a ruler ; in a general 
 sen.-ie; as Uriel, regent of the sun. Milton, 
 
 2. One invested with vicarious authority ; one 
 who governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, 
 or disability of the king. Brande, 
 
 3. In the English universities, the regents, or re- 
 gentes, are members of the university who have cer- 
 tain peculiar duties of instruction or government. 
 At Cambridge, all resident Masters of Arts, of less 
 than four years' standing, and all Doctors of less 
 than two, are Regents. At Oxford, the period of 
 regency is shorter. At both universities, those of a 
 more advanced standing, who keep their names on 
 the college-books, are called non-regents. At Cam- 
 bridge, the regents compose the upper house, and 
 the non-regents the lower house of the senate or 
 governing boily. At Oxford, the regents compose 
 the congregation, which confers degrees, and does 
 the ordinary business of the university. The re- 
 gents and non-regents, collectively, compose the 
 convocation, which is the governing body in the last 
 resort. Cam, Cull, Oif, Ouide, 
 
 4. In the State of JVeia York, the member of a cor- 
 porate body which is invested with the superintend- 
 ence of all the colleges, academies, and schools in 
 the State. This board consists of twenty-one mem- 
 bers, who are called " the retrents of the university 
 of the State of Jfeic York," They are appointed and 
 removable by tiie legislature. They have power to 
 grant acts of incorporation for colleges, to visit and 
 inspect all colleges, actideniies, and schools, and to 
 make regtilations for governing the same. 
 
 Slat, J\rew York, 
 Re'GENT-ESS, 71. A protectress of a kingdom. 
 
 Cotgrare. 
 
 Re'GENT-SHIP, 7!. The power of governing, or the 
 office of a regent. 
 2. Deptitetl authority. Shak, 
 RE-GER.M'1N-aTE, V, i. [re and germinate,] To 
 germinate again. 
 
 Perennial plants regerminate several years successively. Lee, 
 
 Re-GERM'IN-a-TING, ppr. Germinating anew. 
 Re-<5ERM-IN-a'TION, 7i. A sprouting or germina- 
 tion anew 
 
 RE-GEST', 71. A register. [J^otinuse,] Milton, 
 REG'I-BLE, a. Governable. [JVot m iwc] Dirt, 
 REG'I-CIDE, 7!. [It. and Sp, regicida ; Fr. regicide; 
 h. rcz, king, and cado, to slay.] 
 
 1. A king-killer; one who murders a king. 
 
 L>rydcn, 
 
 2. The killing or murder of a king. Pope, 
 
 3. A name of reproach given to the judges who 
 condemned Charles I. of England. 
 
 RE-OlME', (Ti-/.iiee\n' ,) n. Mode of living ; govern- 
 ment ; administration. 
 RE(5'I-MEN, 71. [L., from rego, to govern.] 
 
 1. In medicine, the regulation of diet with a view 
 to the preservation or restoration of health ; or, in a 
 more general sense, the regulation of all the non- 
 naturals for the same pur|)oses. Enajc, 
 
 2. Any regulation or remedy which is intended to 
 produce beneficial eflects by gr.adual operation. Hume, 
 
 3. In grammar, government; that part of syntax 
 or construction, which regulates the dependency of 
 words, and the alterations which one occasions or 
 requires in another in connection with it ; the words 
 governed. 
 
 4. Ortlerly government ; system of order. 
 REG'I-MENT, h, [L. regimen,] 
 
 1. In military affairs, a body of men, either horse, 
 foot, or artillery, commanded either by a colonel or 
 lieutenant-colonel, anil by a major, and consisting of 
 a number of companies, usually from eight to ten. 
 
 2. Government; moile if ruling ; rule; authority; 
 as used by Hooker, Hale, and others. [Wholly obso- 
 lete,] 
 
 RE6'1-MENT, 1'. <. To form into a regiment or into 
 regiments with proper officers. [jJ military use of the 
 word,] fVtUihington, Smollett. 
 
 REG-I-MENT'AL, a. Belonging to a regiment; as, 
 regimental ollicers ; regimental clothing. 
 
 REG-I-MENT'AliS, 71. jd. The uiiilorm worn by the 
 troops of a regiment. 
 
 REG'I-MENT-E1), Formed into a regiment ; in- 
 corporated with a regiment. Washington. 
 
 RE'GION, (re'jiin,) 71. [Fr. and Sp. regon ; It. rc- 
 gionc ; L. regio : Ir. crinch, with a prefix ; from the 
 root of reach, reck, L. rego.] 
 
 I. A tract of land or space of indefinite extent, 
 usually a tract of considerable extent. It is some- 
 times nearly synonymous with Country ; as, all the 
 region of Argob. Veut. iii. 
 
 Ho had dominion over all the region on thli side the river. — 1 
 Kings Iv. 
 
 FATE, FAB, PALL, WHAT. — METE, PKBV PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQIC — 
 
REG 
 
 REG 
 
 REH 
 
 So we speak of the airy rririon, the ethereal re- 
 ffiurLs, the upper n'lriuns, the Utwer rctriuns. 
 
 y. The inhabitants of a region or district of coun- 
 try. Matt. iii. 
 
 X A part of the body ; as, the region of the heart 
 
 4. Place ; rank. [or liver. 
 
 He it of loo higl) a region. [Unusual.] Shale. 
 
 IlEG'IS-TFMl, n. [Fr. ren-l.itre, reirUre : Low L. «- 
 ffistrum, from regent, to set down in writing ; re and 
 •jerOy to carry. Itnt SpeUnan considers the word as 
 formed of re and Norm, gisler or giser, to lay, and 
 equivalent to re\iQsititnj.\ 
 
 1. A written account or entry of acts, judgments, 
 or pr<iceedings, f r preserving and conveying to fu- 
 ture times an exact knowledge of transactions, 'i'lie 
 word appropriately denotes an official account of the 
 proceedings of a public body, a prince, a legislature, 
 a court, an incorporated company, and the like, anil 
 in this use it is synonymous with Uecobd. Hut in 
 a lax sense, it signifies any account entered on paper 
 to preserve the remembrance of what is done. 
 
 2. The book in which a register or record is kept ; 
 as, a parish register; also, a list ; as, the register of 
 seamen. 
 
 3. [Low I^. rcgiitrarius.] The officer or person 
 whose business Is to write or enter in a book ac- 
 counts of transactiims, particularly of the acts and 
 proceedings of courts or other public bodies; as, the 
 reffi-ttrr of a court of probate ; a re<ri\ter of deeds. 
 
 4. A lid, stopper, or sliding plate, in a furnace, 
 stove, &c., for regulating the admission of air and 
 the heat of the fire. 
 
 5. The inner [lart of the mold in which types are 
 cast. 
 
 (>. In printing, the correspondence of columns on 
 the opposil(! sides of the sheet. 
 
 7. A sliding piece of wood, used as a stop in an 
 organ. 
 
 8. In commerce, a document issued by the custom- 
 house, containing a description of a vessel, it^i name, 
 tonnage, country, ownership, &c., always to be kept 
 on board on a foreign voyage, as evidt.'uce tif its na- 
 tionality. Coasting vessels are enrolled, not regis- 
 tered. Binicit'r. 
 
 Parish register ; a book in which are recorded the 
 baptisms of children, and the marriages and burials 
 of the parish. 
 
 UEG'IS-TKR, f. t. To record ; to write in a book for 
 preserving an exact account of facts and proceed- 
 ings, 'i'he Greeks and Romans registered the names 
 of all children born. 
 
 9. To enroll ; to enter in a list. Milan. 
 REO'IS-TEIl-K», pp. or a. Recorded in a book or 
 
 regi.ster ; enrolled. 
 REOi'IS-TER-INO, ppr. Recording; enrolling. 
 REl5'IS-TER-SHIP, n. The office of register. 
 REO'IS-TKAR, ( n, A secretary or register ; Cs-pc- 
 REO'IS-TRA-RY, ( ciallij, an-officer in the Enslish 
 
 universities, who has the keeping of all the public 
 
 records. Knct/c. 
 REC'IS-TRAR-SIIIP, n. The office of a registrar. 
 RE0-IS!-TKa'TION, n. The act of inserting in a 
 
 register. IValsh. 
 RE6'IS-TRY, n. The act of recording or writing in 
 
 a register ; enrollment. 
 
 2. The place where a register is kept. 
 
 3. A series of ficts recorded. Temple. 
 RE'ClI-UM nO'JfUM,[l..] The royal gift; a sum 
 
 of money granted yearly by the English crown in 
 
 aiil of the Presbvterian clergy of Ireland. Branile. 
 Rii'GI-U.S PKO-FESS'OR, «. [L.] A name given to 
 
 the incumbents of those professorships which have 
 
 been founded bv ro\'al bounty. 
 REG't,/v ME.VT,' (reg'l-nient,) n. [Fr.] Regulation. 
 
 [Aot used.] Bacon. 
 REG'LF; T, n. [Fr., from rtgle, rule, L. regnla, rega ] 
 
 1. A flat, narrow molding, used chiefly to seiiarate 
 the parts or members of conipjirtments or panels 
 from one another, or to form knots, frets, or other 
 ornaments. Gwill. 
 
 2. A ledge of wood exactly planed, used by print- 
 ers to sep:irate lines and make the work more open. 
 It is thicker than a lead, and is used for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 REG'NAN-CY, 71. Reign; predominance. 
 REG'NANT, a. [Fr., frtuu rrgner, L. regno, to reign.] 
 
 1. Reigning ; exercising regal authority ; as, a 
 queen regnant. Tlie modern phrase is queen regrnl. 
 
 fVotliin. 
 
 2. Ruling ; predominant ; prevalent ; having the 
 chief p<iwer ; as, vices regnant. W e now say, reign- 
 ing vices. Sw{fl. 
 
 RE-GORCE', (re-gorj',) v. L [Fr. regorger; re and 
 
 1. To vomit Hp ; to eject from the stomach ; to 
 throw hack or out again. HaipcanL 
 
 2. To swallow ag;iin. Dnjilen. 
 
 3. To swallow eagerly. Milton. 
 RE-GORO'ED, (re-gorjd',) pp. Ejected again from 
 
 the stiunach or a deep pl.ic.e. 
 RE-GR.XUE', V. i [L.. regredior ; re and gradior.io 
 go.] = s . 
 
 ■| o retire ; to go back. [JVot used.] Hales. 
 
 TO.N'E, BJJLL, IJNITE.— 
 
 RE-GRAFT', ». t. [re and gro/l.] To graft again. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Rk-GRXFT'ED, pp. Grafted again. 
 Kk (;K\KT'I.\'G, ppr. Grafting anew. 
 RE-GllANT', I', f. [re anii grunt.] To grant bark. 
 
 RE-GRXNT', 71. The act of granting back to a former 
 
 proprietor. 
 Ri"; (JRANT'ED, pp. Granted back. 
 Rl-.-(;RANT'Ii\'G, ppr. Granting back. 
 KE-(;ilA'l'E', I', t. [Vr. regriiltrr, to scratch again, to 
 
 new-vanip, to rcn-ralc, or drive a huckster's trade ; 
 
 re and gratter, to grate, to scr:itch, to rake.] 
 
 1. In 7uasonry, to remove the outer surface of an 
 old hewn stone, so as to give it a fresh appearance. 
 
 2. To oflend ; to shock. [Little used.] 
 
 3. To buy provisions and sell them again in the 
 same m:irket or fair; a practice which, by raising 
 the price, is a public ortensc and punishable. He- 
 griiting differs from engrossing and monopolizing, 
 which signify the buying the whole of certain arti- 
 cles, or large quantities, and from forestalling, which 
 signifies the purch:ise of provisions on the way, be- 
 fore they reach the market. Blacksline. 
 
 RE-GRAT'r.R, 71. One who buys provisions and sells 
 them in the same market or fair. 
 
 RE-GRAT'I.\(!, ppr. Purchasing provisions and selling 
 them in the same market. 
 
 RE-GRAT'l.N'ti, n. In masonru, the; process of remov- 
 ing the outer surfice of an old hewn stone, so as to 
 give it a fresh appearance. Oirilt. 
 
 RK-GREET', v. t. [re and greet.] To greet again ; 
 to resalute. .Sftak. 
 
 Rii-GUEET', 71. A return or exchange of salutatiim. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 Rk GRr.ET'I'.n, pp. Greeted again or in return. 
 Kk.GRI'.ET'I.N'G, ppr. Greeting again ; resaluting. 
 lUC'GRESS, n. [Fr. rcgr^s ; L. regressus, regredior.] 
 
 1. Passjige b;ick ; return ; as, ingress and regress. 
 
 2. The power of returning or passing b;ick. 
 RE-GRESf»', II. !. To go back ; to return to a former 
 
 place or st;ite. Brawn. 
 RE-GKE.S'SIo.V, (re-gresh'un,) 71. The act of p;issing 
 back or returning ; retrogression; rctrogradation. 
 
 Broiea. 
 
 RE-GRESS'IVE, a. Passing back ; returning. 
 
 RE-GRESS'I VE-LV, adv. In a backward way or 
 manner; by ri;turn. Johnson. 
 
 RE GRET', 71. [Fr. regret; either from the root of 
 grate, or more directly from the rout of Sp. and Port. 
 gritar. It. gridarr, Sw. grata. Ice. groet, Dan. gra'der, 
 Goth, grictan, VV. grydiaw, to scream or cry out, to 
 utter a rough sound ; in some di:ilects to weep or 
 lament. Hut grate and Sp. gritar are probably of 
 the same family.] 
 
 1. Grief; sorrow ; pain of mind at some untoward 
 event. We f- el regret at the loss of friends, regret 
 for our own misfortunes, or for the misfortunes of 
 others. 
 
 Never any prince expressed a more lively Kffrel for tlie loss of a 
 
 serv.iul. Clarendon. 
 Her piely iutelf would blame, 
 
 11' her regrcU slioiiUl waken lliilie. Prior. 
 
 2. Pain of conscience; remorse; as, a passionate 
 regret at siii. Decay of Piety. 
 
 3. Dislike; aversion, [JVotprapcr, nor in H.s-r.] 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 RE-GRET', 1). «. [Fr. regretter.] 
 
 1. To grieve at ; to lament ; to be sorry for ; to re- 
 pent. 
 
 Calmly he looked on either lift', and here 
 
 Saw iiotliin^ 10 regret, or Ihere 10 fear. Pope. 
 
 2. To be uneasy at. [J^ot proper, nor in use. ] 
 
 Olanrille. 
 
 RE-GRET'FUL, a. Full of regret. fansltaw. 
 RE-(;|{ET'FI L-LY, ai/r. With regret. OreenhUl. 
 RE-GRET'TED, pp. Lamented. 
 RE-(;RET'TIiN'G, ppr. Lamenting; grieving at; re- 
 penting. 
 
 RE-GUERD'ON, (re-gerd'nn,) 77. [re and Fr. guer- 
 don, a reward. See Reward.) 
 
 .\ reward ; a recompense. [A'uf in use.] Shak. 
 
 RE-GUERD'ON, (rc-gerd'un,) v. I. To reward. [JVot 
 in use.] Shak. 
 
 REG'U-I>AR, a. [f p. irf- ; Fr. regulier; I,, regularis, 
 from regula. a rule, fnim rf<To, to rule.] 
 
 1. Conformed to a rule ; agreeable to an establish- 
 ed rule, law, or principle, to a prescribed mode, or to 
 established customary forms ; as, a regular epic po- 
 em ; a regular verse in poetry ; a regular piece of 
 music ; regular practice of law or medicine ; a re o-u- 
 lar plan ; a regular building. 
 
 2. Governed by rule or rules; steady or uniform 
 in a ctiurse or pr;tctice ; as, regular in diet ; regular 
 in attending on divine worship. 
 
 3. In geometry, a regular figure is one whose sides 
 and angles are equal, as a square, or an equilateral 
 triangle. Regular figures of more than three or four 
 sides are usually called regular polygons. 
 
 A regular body, or solid, is one comprehended by 
 like, equal, and regular plane figures, and whose 
 solid angles are all equal. The five regular solids, 
 also called Platonic bodies, are the tetrahedron, hex- 
 
 ahedron or cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and 
 icosahedron. Ilntton. 
 
 1. Instituted or initiated according to establisliod 
 forms or discipline ; as, a regular physician. 
 
 5. Methodical ; orderly; as, ^regular kind of stv 
 suality or indulgence. Lau>. 
 
 C. Periodical ; as, the regular return of day and 
 night ; a regular trade wind or monsoon. 
 
 7. Pursued with uniformity or steadiness; as, a 
 regular trade. 
 
 8. Ilclonging to a monastic order ; as, re^uJar cler- 
 gy, in distinction from the secular clergy. 
 
 Rei'ular troops ; troops of a permanent army ; op- 
 posed to tnilitia. 
 RF:G'U-LAR, 71. In (Ae Roman Catholic church, a 
 member of any religions order who has taki u the 
 vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and wlio 
 has been solemnly recognized by the chiireh. 
 
 Bp. Fif.patrick. 
 
 2. A soldier belonging to a permanent army. 
 REG-IJ-L.\R'I-TV, 71. Agreeableiiess to a rule or to 
 
 established order ; as, the regularity of legal pro- 
 ceedings. ' 
 
 2. Method ; certain order. Regularity Is the life 
 of business. 
 
 3. Conformity to certain principles ; as, the regu- 
 larity of a figure. 1 
 
 4. Steadiness or uniformity in a course; as, the 
 regularity of the motion of a heavenly body. There ■ 
 is no regularity in the vici-ssitiides of the weather. | 
 
 RE(;'TJ-LAR-LY, mlv. In a manner accordant to a t 
 rule or established mode ; as, a physician or lawyer ' 
 regularly admitted to practice ; a verse regularly ] 
 formed. 1 
 
 2. In uniform order ; at certain intervals or peri- I 
 ods ; as, day and night regularly returning!. 
 
 3. Methodically; in due order; as, af{A\x3 regular- ■ 
 ly performed. . I 
 
 REG'lJ-LATE, t'. t. To adjust by rule, method, or es- ' 
 tahlished mode ; as, to regulate weights and meas- 
 ures ; to regulate the assize (»f bread ; to regulate t.ttr \ 
 moral conduct by the laws of Gc d and of society ; ) 
 to regulate i.ur manners by the customary forin.s. ] 
 
 2. To put in good order ; as, to regulate disor- 
 dereil st:ite t>f a nation or its finances. Ij 
 
 3. To subject to rules or restrictions ; as, to rc^u- 1 1 
 late trade ; to regulate diet } 
 
 REG'li-LA-TED, pp. Adjusted by rule, niethiid, or ; 
 forms; put in good order; subjected to rules or ro- 1 
 strictions. 
 
 REG'IJ-LA-TIi\G, ppr. Adjusting by rule, method, or j 
 forms; reducing to order; subjecting to rules or re- 
 strictions. 
 
 REG-q-LA'TION, n. The act of regulating or redu- 
 cing to order. Bay. 
 
 2. A rule or order prescribed by a snpTior for the 
 management of some business, or for the govern- 
 ment of a C"'nipany or society. 
 
 REG'lJ-LA-TIVE, a. Regi;iating ; tending to regu- 
 late. 
 
 REG'IJ-LS-TOR, 71. One v;ho regulates. 
 
 2. The small spring of a watch, which regulates 1 
 its motions by retarding or accelerating them. : 
 
 3. Any part of a inacliiiie which regulates its I ; 
 movements. 1 
 
 REG'lJ-LLNE, ( lin,) a. [See Regolus.] Pertaining 
 to regulus or ])ure metal. 
 
 Bodies wliicli we can reduce to Oie metallic or regulint stale. 
 
 LAvoi*ier. 
 
 REG'U-LIZE, v. t. To reduce to regulus or pure 
 metal ; to separate pure metal from extraneous mat- 
 ter. 
 
 REG'i;-LT7-KD, pp. Reduced to pure metal. 
 REG'U-Lr/-L\'G, ppr. Separating pure metal from 
 
 extraneous matter. 
 REG'i;-LII.-<, n. [L., a petty king; Fi. regale. For 
 
 the plural, some authors write rcguli, and others reg- 
 
 uluses. ] 
 
 1. In chemistry, the pure metal which, in the melt- 
 ing of ores, falls to tlie bottom of the crucible ; as, 
 regulus of antimony. iMiuisirr. Ure, 
 
 2. In astronomy, a star of the first magnitude in 
 the constellation Leo ; called also the Lion's Heart. 
 
 lluUun. 
 
 RE-GUR'6I-TaTE, 77. U [Fr. regorger; L. re and 
 
 gurges.] 
 
 To throw or pour back, as from a deep or hollow 
 place ; to pour or throw back in great ipiantity. 
 
 (traunt. Bentleii. 
 RE GUR'GI-TaTE, p. i. To be thrown or poiired 
 
 hack. liar rev. 
 
 RE GIJR'CI-T.A-TED, pp. Thrown or poured l>;ic"k. 
 RE-GUR'GI-Ta-TL\G, ppr. Throwing or pouring 
 back. 
 
 RE-tUTR-GI-TA'TION, n. The act of pouring back. 
 2. The act of swallowing again ; re-absorption. 
 
 Sharp. 
 
 RE-IIA-niL'I-TATE, r. t. [Fr. rehabiliter; re and 
 habdilrr.] 
 
 To rest re to a former capacity; to reinstate; to 
 qualify again ; to restore, B-s a delinquent to a former 
 right, rank, or privilege lost or forfeited ; a term of 
 the civd and canon law. Chambers. 
 
 AN"GER, VrtlOUS — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SII ; Til as In THIS. 
 
 117 
 
 ZZZ' 
 
 9«9 
 
REI 
 
 I!E-HA-RTI/1-Ta-TED, pp. Restored to a former 
 r:ink, riirlit, privilcire, or capacity ; reinstated. 
 
 Kl^-IIA-lilL'l-'l'A-'I'LNG, /;/)r. Kestoriiig to a former 
 nirlif, r;ink, privilcce, or capacity ; reinstating. 
 
 RE HA BIL-I-TA'I'IO.V. «. The act of reinstating 
 in a firmer rank or capacity; restoration to former 
 riflilj. fVidsli. 
 
 Re-HeAR', r. (. pret. and pp. Reheard, [re and kear.] 
 To hear again ; to try a second time ; as, to rehear 
 a cause in tlie Court of King's Bench. 
 
 Rk-HEARD', (rS-herd',) pp. Heard again. 
 
 Rj'.-H eAR'IN'G, ppr. Hearing a second time. 
 
 Re-HeAR'ING, ;i. A second liearing. Mdism. 
 9. In law, a second hearing or trial. 
 
 RE-HEARS'AL, (re-hers'al,) 71. [from rehearse.] 
 
 1. Rfcital ; repetition of the wt^rds of anotlier or 
 of a written work ; as, the rehearsal of the Lord's 
 Prayer. Hooker. 
 
 2. Narration ; a telling or recounting, as of partic- 
 ulars in detail; as, the reAcarauZ of a soldier's adven- 
 tures. 
 
 3. The recital of a piece before the public exhibi- 
 tion of it ; ar., tiie rehearsal of a comedy. Dniden. 
 
 RE-HEARSE', (re-hers',) u. (. To recite ; to'repeat 
 the words of a passage or composition ; to repeat the 
 Words of another. 
 
 When ihe wonls were heard which David spoke, they reheareed 
 them l^fore Saul. — 1 Sam. xvii. 
 
 2. To narrate or recount events or transactions. 
 
 There 6h.-\II Uiey rehtarse Ihe righteous acts of the Lord. — 
 Judges V. Acts xi. 
 
 3. To recite or repeat in private for experiment 
 and improvement, before a public representation ; 
 as, tit rehearse a tragedv. 
 
 RE-11EARS'£D, (re-herst',) pp. Recited; repeated; 
 
 as words ; narrated. 
 RE-HE.\RS'ER, (re-liers'er,) n. One who recites or 
 
 narrates. 
 
 RE-HEARS'ING, (re-hers'ing,) ppr. Reciting; re- 
 peating words ; recounting ; telling; narrating. 
 
 ReI'GLE, (re'gl,) 71. [Fr.reslr, rule.] 
 
 A hollow cut or channel for guiding any thing; 
 as, the reigle of a side post for a flood-gate. Carew. 
 
 REIGN, (rane,) c. i. [L. regno, a derivative of rego, 
 reirimm ; Fr. regner ; It. regnare ; Sp. reiinar,] 
 
 1. To possess or exercise sovereign power or au- 
 thority; to rule ; to exerci.se government, as a king 
 or emperor ; or to hold the supreme power. George 
 the 'I'iiird reigned over Great Britain more than fifty 
 years. 
 
 Behold, a king shall reign la TigkUousness. — Is. xxxii. 
 3. Tu be predominant ; to prevail. 
 
 3. To rnle ; to have superior or uncontrolled do- 
 minion. Rum. vi. 
 
 [This word is never applied to the exercise of su- 
 preme powiT by a legislative body or the executive 
 ailministration, in the United States.] 
 REIGN, (rane,) n. [Fr. regne; L. regnum.'] 
 
 1. Royal authority ; supreme power; sovereignty. 
 
 He who like a futlier held his Ttign. Pope. 
 
 2. The time during which a king, queen, or em- 
 peror possesses the supreme authority. The Spanish 
 arniada was equipped to invade England in the reig:n 
 of Clucen Elizabeth. Magna Charta was obtained in 
 the reign of King John. 
 
 3. Kingilom ; dominion. 
 
 Sjiliirn'e sons recf-ived the threefold reign 
 
 Of h'-aveii, of ocean, aod deep hell hcuealh. Prior. 
 
 4. Power; influence. Chapman. 
 
 5. Prevalence. 
 
 REIGN'ING, (rin'ing,) ppr. or a. Holding or exer- 
 cising supreme power; ruling; governing, as king, 
 queen, or emperor. 
 
 2. a. Predominating; prevailing; as, a reigning 
 vice or disease. 
 
 re:[l-i':E'm1n'^'te, ' "f^"'"- 
 
 RE-II,-I,UMIN-A'TI<).\, n. Art of enlightening again. 
 RE-IM-liARK'. See Reemdaiik. 
 
 RE-I.\I-li()I)'Y, V. i. [See Reembodv.] To imbody 
 
 :tgain ; to be formed into a body anew. Boyle. 
 RE-IM-UUIl.S'A-liLE, a. That may be repaid. 
 
 A loan haA been made of two million* of dollan, reimburtable 
 in leu ye.in. HamUton. 
 
 RE-I.M-RURSR', (re-lm-burs',) v. t. [Fr. rembourser ; 
 re and embourser ; en, in, and bourne, a purse ; It, 
 riinborsfire ; Sp. re-embotsar.] 
 
 To refund ; to replace in a treasury or in a private 
 coffer an etpiivalent lo the sum taken from it, lost, or 
 cxpi'niled ; an, to reimburKe the cxpcn.ses of a war or 
 a canal. The word in used before the person expend- 
 ing, or the treaHury from which the advances are 
 made, or b'-fore the expenses. We say, to reimburse 
 the individual, to reimbume the trea'^iiry, or to reim- 
 burte the cxptmses. To reimburse the [lerHon, is lo 
 reptty to him his Iohhch, expenses, or advancee ; to 
 reimburte the treasury, in to refund to it the sufn 
 drawn from it ; to reimburse losses or exfienses, is 
 to repay llieni or make them good. 
 
 REI 
 
 REJ 
 
 RE-IM-BURS'KD, (-im-btirst',) pp. Repaid ; refund- 
 ed ; uirule good, as Irtss or expense. 
 
 KE-I.M-DIJRSE'.MENT, (re-im-burs'ment,) n. The 
 art of repaying or refunding ; repayment ; as, the 
 reimbursement of principal and iiitere.st. Ilamilum. 
 
 RE-I.M-BURS'ER, 71. One who repays or refunds 
 what has been lost or expended. 
 
 RE-IJI-BURS'ING, ppr. Repaying ; refunding ; mak- 
 ing good, as loss or expense. 
 
 RE-IM-PLANT', u. f. [re ani implant.] To implant 
 
 • again. Taylor. 
 
 RE-I.M-PLANT'ED, pp. Implanted anew. 
 
 RE-IM-PI,ANT'ING, ppr. Implanting again. 
 
 RE-IM-POR-TONE', v. t. [re and importune.] To 
 iniportune asain. 
 
 RE-I.M-POR-TuN'KD, pp. Importuned again. 
 
 RE-I.M-POlt-TuN'ING, ppr. Importuning again. 
 
 RE-IM-PREG'NaTE, v. U [re and impregnate.] To 
 impre<:n:ile again. ' Brown. 
 
 RE-LM-PREG'N.A-TED, pp. Impregnated again. 
 
 RE-I.M-PREG'Na-TING, ppr. Impregnating again. 
 
 RE-IM-PRESS', V. t. [re and impress.]^ To impress 
 anew. Buckniinster. 
 
 RE-I.M-PRESS'ED, ( prest',) pp. Impressed again. 
 
 RE-I.M-PRESS'ING, p/ir. Impressing again. 
 
 RE-I.M-PRES'SION, (-presh'un,) n. A second or re- 
 peated impression. 
 
 RE-IM-PRINT', v. t. [re and imprint.] To imprint 
 again. 
 
 RE I iM-PRINT'ED, pp. Imprinted again. 
 
 UE-IM-PRINT'ING, ppr. Imprinting anew. 
 
 RE-I.M-PRIS'ON, ( priz'n,) 7). f. [See Prison.] To 
 imprison a second time, or for the same cause, or af- 
 ter release from imprisonment. Kent. 
 
 RE-IiM-PRIS'ON-iCD, (-im-priz'nd,) pp. Imprisoned 
 a second time for the same cause. 
 
 RE-IM-PRIS'ON-ING, ppr. Imprisoning again for the 
 same cause. 
 
 RE-IiM-PRIS'ON-MENT, n. The act of confining in 
 prison a second time for the same cause, after a re- 
 lease from prison. Kent. 
 
 REIN, (rane,) 7i. [Fr. rene, from resne. The It. redine 
 is evidently from the L. retina, retinaculum, Sp. rifTi- 
 da. If contracted from the Latin, it is from retiueo, 
 otherwise from the root of arrest.] 
 
 1. The strap of a bridle, fastened to the curb or 
 snaffle on each side, by whicli the rider of a horse 
 restrains and governs him. 
 
 2. The instrument of curbing, restraining, or gov- 
 erning ; government. Shak. 
 
 To give the reins ; to give license ; to leave without 
 restraint. Pope. 
 
 To take the reins ; to take the guidance or govern- 
 ment. 
 
 REIN, (nine,) v. t. To govern by a bridle. Milton, 
 2. To restrain ; to control. Shak. 
 RE-I.\-€UR', V. t. To incur a second time. 
 RglN'DEER, (rane'-) 71. [Sax. hrana. See Rane.] 
 A ruminant mammal of the deer kind, the Cervus 
 Tarandus, inhabiting the northern parts of both con- 
 tinents. In Europe, it is never found south of the 
 Baltic, nor in America south of the St. Lawrence. 
 REI'iNEe-KE, 71. [G., the fox.] A German epic 
 poem, formerly celebrated throughout Europe. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 REIN'i^D, pp. Governed by a bridle ; controlled. 
 
 RE-IN-FEGT', J). (. [rc and in/rcl.] To infect again. 
 
 BE /J\r-FE€'Tj3, [L.] The thing not done or ac- 
 complished. 
 
 RE-IN-FECT'ED, pp. Infected again. 
 
 RE-IN-FE€T'ING, ppr. Infecting again. 
 
 RE-IN-FEC'TIOUS, (-fek'shus,) a. Capable of infect- 
 ing again. Vanghan. Med. Repos. 
 
 RE-IN-FoRCE', V. t. See Ree.nfohce. 
 
 RE-IN-FoRCE', 71. That part of a cannon near the 
 breech, which is made thicker and stronger than the 
 rest. More properly, Reenkorce. Totten. 
 
 RE-IN-FPSE', V. t. To infuse again. 
 
 RE-IN-GRa'TIaTE, (-gri'shite,) v. t. [re and ingra- 
 tiate.] To ingratiate again ; to recommend again to 
 favor. Herbert. 
 
 RE-IN-GRA'TIa-TED, pp. Reinstated in favor. 
 
 RE-IN-GR.\'TIa-T1NG, ppr. Ingratiating again. 
 
 RE-IN-IIAB'IT, !). t. [re and inhabit.] To inhabit 
 again. Mede. 
 
 RE-IN-IIAB'IT-En, pp. Inhabited again. 
 
 RE IN tl.Ali'IT-ING, ppr. Inhabiting a second time. 
 
 Rt^lN'IN';, ppr. Governing by a bridle ; controltitig. 
 
 REIN'l.I'.SS, (rSne'less,) a. Without rein; without 
 restraint ; unchecked. 
 
 RE-IN-UUIUE', V. t. To inquire a second time. 
 
 Brovm. 
 
 REINS, (ranz,) n. pi. [Fr. rein, rognon ; L. re7i, renes ; 
 It. rene, arniiinei Sp. rinones.] 
 
 1. Till' kidneys ; the lower part of the back. 
 
 2. In Scripture, the inward parts ; the heart, or scat 
 of the affeclions and passions. Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 3. Reinn of a vault ; the sides or walls that sustain 
 the arch. Qwilt. 
 
 RI-%IN-SERT', t). (. [re and iTUforf.] To insert a sec- 
 ond tinu'. 
 
 RF-IN-SERT'ED, pp. Inserted again. 
 RE IN SI'.RT'l.NG, ppr. Inserting again. 
 RE-IN-SICR'TION, 71. A second insertion. 
 
 RE-IN-SPECT', V. t. [re and inspect] To inspect 
 again, as provisions. 
 
 RIMN-SPFX' r'EU, pp. Inspected again. 
 
 KE-IN-.'^PEe'TION, 71. The act of inspecting a sec- 
 ond time. ia„j, „f Conn. 
 
 RE IN-SPIRE', V. t. [re and inspire.] To inspire 
 anew. Milton 
 
 RE-IN-SPIR'i:D, pp. Inspired again. Drydcn. 
 
 RE-IN-SPlR'ING. ppr. Inspiring again. 
 
 RE-IN-SPIR'IT, II. t. To inspirit anew. 
 
 RE-IN-STALL', v. t. [re and itistall.] To install 
 again ; to seat anew. Milton. 
 
 RE-IN-STALL' ED, pp. Installed anew. 
 
 RE-IN-STALL'ING, ppr. Installing again 
 
 RE-IN-STALL'MENT, 71. A second installment. 
 
 RE-IN-STa I E', V. t. [re and instate,] To place again 
 in possession, or in a former state ; to restore to a state 
 from which one had been removed ; as, to rcoistufe a 
 king in the possession of the kingdom ; to reinstate 
 one in the affections of his family. 
 
 RE-IN-STaT'ED, pp. Replaced in possession or in a 
 former state. 
 
 RE-IN-STaTE'MENT, 71. The act of putting in a 
 former state ; reestablishment. Marshall. 
 
 RE-IN-STaT'ING, ppr. Replacing in a former state ; 
 putting again in possession. 
 
 RE-IN-SUR'ANCE, (-in-shur'ans,) n. [re and insur- 
 ance. See Sure.] 
 
 An insurance of property already insured ; a sec- 
 ond insurance of the same property. Such rein.sKr- 
 ance is permitted by the French commercial code ; 
 but in England is prohibited by statute, except when 
 the first underwriter is insolvent, or when he con- 
 sents to such re-insurance. Bouvier. 
 
 RE-IN-Sl RE', ( in-shure',) u. f. [re and iTwiire.] To 
 insure the same property a second time by other un- 
 derwriters. 
 
 The insurer may cause the properly insured to be reinsured by 
 otlier persons. IValsh, Freiick Com. Code. 
 
 RE-IN-SuR'£D, pp. Insured a second time by other 
 persons, 
 
 RE-IN-SuR'ING, ppr. Insuring a second time by 
 
 other persons. 
 RE-IN'TE-GRaTE, t. [Fr. reinfenrer; I,, redinte- 
 gro ,• red, re, and integro, from integer.] 
 
 To renew with regard to any state or quality; to 
 restore. [Little used.] [See Redintegrate.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RE-IN-TE-GRa'TION, 7!. A renewing or making 
 
 whole again. [See Redintecration.] 
 RE-IN-TER'RO-GaTE, v. t. [re and interrogate.] 
 To interrogate again ; to question repeatedly. 
 
 Cotgrave. 
 
 RE-IN-THRoNE', v. t. [re and inthrone. See Re- 
 enthrone.] 
 
 To replace on the throne. Herbert. 
 RE-IN-THRoN'IZE, v. t. To reinthrone. [JVot in 
 7/*'e.] 
 
 RE-IN-TRO-DC'CE', v. t. To introduce again. 
 RE-IN-'J'RO-DUe'TION, 71. A second introduction. 
 RE-IN-UN'DaTE, V. t. To inundate again. 
 RE-IN-VEST', 71. f. [re and i/iuejt.] To invest anew. 
 RE-IN-VEST'ED, pp. Invested again. 
 RE-IN-VES'TI-GaTE, v. t. To investigate again. 
 
 M. Stuart. 
 
 RE-IN-VES TI-Ga'TION, 71. A second investiga- 
 
 RE-IN-VEST'ING, j.pr. Investing anew. [ticui. 
 
 RE-IN-VEST'MENT, 71. The act of investing anew j 
 a second or repealed investment. 
 
 RE-IN-VIG'OR-aTE, v. t. To revive vigor in ; to re- 
 tan i mate. 
 
 REIS KF-FEJr'Df, (rees-,) 71. A Turkish minister, 
 
 or rather secretary of state. 
 RE-IS'SUE, (-ish'siiu,) v. t. To issue a second time. 
 RK-IS'SUE, (-ish'shu,) n. A second or repeated 
 
 issue. 
 
 RE-IS'SU-£D, (-ish'shude,) pp. Issued again. 
 
 Rl'JT, (reel,) n. Sedge ; sea-weed. [Obs.] Bailey. 
 
 REl'TER, (rit'cr,) 71. [Ger., a rider.] A name given 
 to the German cavalry of the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries. Brande. 
 
 RE IT'ER-aTE, v. I, [Fr. reiterer ; L. re and ilm).] 
 To repeat ; to repeat again and again ; as, reiter- 
 ated crimes ; to reiterate requests. Milton. 
 
 RE IT'ER-A-TED, pp. or o. Repeated again and 
 again. 
 
 RE-IT'ER-A-TED-LY, adv. Repeatedly. 
 RE-IT'EIl-A-TING, ppr. Repeating again and again. 
 RE-IT-ER-A'TION, 71. Repetition. Boyle, 
 RE-JEC'P', V. t. [L. rtjieio, rejeclua ; re and jacio, to 
 throw.] 
 
 1. To throw away, as any thing useless or vile. 
 
 2. To cast off. 
 
 : I rejected Uiosc that n)e adored ? 
 
 Brown. 
 
 3. To cast olT; to forsake. Jer. vii. 
 
 4. 1"o refuse to receive ; to slight ; to despise. 
 
 Because thou himt Ttjected knowledge, I will r^tet thee. — Hot. 
 iv. I Sam. XV. 
 
 \ 
 
 5. To refuse to grant ; as, lo reject a prayer or re- 
 quest. 
 
 (i. To refuse to accept ; as, to reject an offer. 
 RE-JECT'A-BLE, u. That may be rejected. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII/^T METE, PRBY. — PINK, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 030 
 
REJ 
 
 REL 
 
 REL 
 
 KK Jl'.C T A MEN I'' A, n. pt. [froiii L. rcjeclo.] 
 'I'liiii!;s Ihrowii oiiC or away. [//(-/iir«ifi/.l 
 
 t'leming. 
 
 RE-JEe-TA'NF,-()US, a. [from the L.] Not chosen 
 or rcefivftd ; rejccteJ. Mort. 
 
 UE-JECT'ED, p;). or a. Thrown away ; cast off; re- 
 fused ; slitilitect. 
 
 RE-JEGT'Ell, re. One that rejects or refuses. Clarke. 
 
 RE-JEe r'KNG, ppr. 'J'hrowiiig away ; casting off; 
 refiisine to (;ra»t or accept ; shghting. 
 
 RE-JEC' i'IUN, n. [L. rrjectio.] 
 
 The act of throwins away ; the act of casting off 
 or forsakinff ; refusal to accept or grant. Bacon. 
 
 RE JE€-Tl"TIOLIS, (-tish'us,) a. That may he re- 
 jecieil. 
 
 RE-JKCT'IVE, a. That rejects, or tends to cast off. 
 
 KE-JECT'.MENT, n. iMatter thrown away. Eaton. 
 
 RE-JI)I(;E', (re jois',) u. i. [Fr. rrjiniir, rrjitui.tsant ; 
 re and jomr^lo enj<iy ; Arm. joaiiczaat; It. gioire ; 
 Pp. rrirocijitrj to rejoice ; ^p. and rort. irozar^ to en- 
 joy ; goio, joy. In nn)st of tlie dialects, the last rad- 
 ical of 701/ is lost ; but Ihe Spanish and Portuguese 
 retain It in :, which is a palatal letter. Hence this 
 word seerus to be the U. juic/teii, to rejoice, to shout ; 
 G. jaiictiicn. (in. the Dan. hiijrr, to rejoice ; a 
 shout, joy, rejoicing, which is the English Awf, in /iiic 
 amt cry ; Fr. hurr and hucher. Ainidsi sucli changes 
 of letters, it is not easy to ascertani the primary el- 
 ements. But it is easy to sec that tlie primary sense 
 is to aliouty or to be animated or excited.] 
 
 To experience joy and gladness in a high degree ; 
 to hi- e.\hdarated with lively and pleasurable sen- 
 sations ; to exult. 
 
 Wlivii Uie ri^li('-oii9 Kre in amliority, the people rejoice; but 
 w(i''n 111? wicltLtl iKarctli nilt;, Uic peoj)le iiiourn. — Prov. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 I will rfjoUe in Ihy salvation. — Ps. ix. 
 RE-JOICE', (re-jois',) v. t. To make joyful; to glad- 
 den ; to animate with lively, pleasurable sensations; 
 to exhilarate. 
 
 Whoso lovrth wisdom rejoicetk his father. — Prov. xxix. 
 
 W'litle she, great saint, rejoicet ht'aven. Prior. 
 
 RE-JOIC'KD, (-joist',) pp. Made glad ; exhilarated. 
 
 RE-JOIC'ER, 11. One that rejoices. Taylor. 
 
 REJOI'^'INO, ppr. or o. Animating with gladness ; 
 exhilarating; feeling joy. 
 
 RE-JOlC'IiNG, n. Tlie act of expressing joy and glad- 
 ness. 
 
 The voice of rejoiein^ and salvation is in the tabernacles of the 
 riyhleoiis. — Pa, cxviii. 
 
 2. The subject of joy. 
 
 Tliy testimonies have I taken as a heritage forever, for they are 
 th-: rejoicing of my heart. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 3. The experience of joy. Gal. vi. 
 RE-JOIC'ING-LY, adv. With joy or exultation. 
 
 Shcldoti. 
 
 RE-JOIN', V. t. [re and join : Fr. rrjoinrlre.] 
 
 1. To join again ; to unite after separation. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 2. To meet one again. Pope. 
 RE-JOI\', V. i. To answer to a reply. Dnjilen, 
 
 2. In laip plradintrs^ to answer, as the defendant to 
 the plaintiff^s replication. 
 RE-JOIN'l)ER, n. An answer to a reply ; or, tn gen- 
 eral ^ an answer. 
 
 2. In law pleadings, the defendant's answer to the 
 plaintiff's replication. 
 RE-JOIN'DURE, ». The act of joining again. [Obs.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 RE-JOIN'KD, pp. Joined again ; reunited. 
 
 RE-JOl N'I.\G, ppr. Joining again; answering a 
 
 plaintiff's replication. 
 RE-JOINT', V. t. [re and joint.] To reunite joints. 
 
 Barrovj. 
 
 RE-JOINT'ED, pp. Reunited in the joints. 
 
 RE-J01.\T'ING, ppr. Reuniting the joints. 
 
 RE-JOlNT'l.VG, n. The filling up of the joints of 
 stones in huildin!:s, when Ihe mortar has been dis- 
 lodged by age and the action of the weather. 
 
 OwilL 
 
 RE JOLT', n. [re and jolL] A reacting jolt or 
 shock. fJVot t/.«frf.l South. 
 
 RE-JOURI*', (re-jurn',) v. L [Fr. reajoumer. See Ad- 
 journ.] 
 
 To adjourn to another hearing or inquiry. [JVof 
 '«"'•] Burton. 
 RE-JUDGE, (re-jiij',) r. f. [re nnA judge.] Tojudse 
 again ; to re-examine ; to review ; to call to a new 
 trial and decision. 
 
 Rcjudge his acts, and dignii'y disgrace. Pope. 
 
 REJUDG'ED, pp. Reviewed ; judged again. 
 RE-JUDG'ING, ppr. Judging again. 
 RE-JC'VE-NATK, v. t. To render voung again. 
 RE-JO'VE-NA-TED, pp. or a. Rendered young 
 again. 
 
 5E"-!H-^^-'^^S'CENCE, ) n. [L. re and juvenes- 
 RE-JU-VE-NES'CE.N-CY, i cens i >reni*, a vouth.] 
 A renewing of youth ; the slate of being' young 
 iR"'"- Pau.'<. Trans. 
 
 RE-JP'VEN-IZE, r. L To render y 
 y^'^-'^- '^'^ PP- Rendered 
 
 RE-J0VE.N-t7,-l\n 
 
 oung again, 
 yoiinz again. 
 Renewing youth. 
 
 RlvKI.N'Dl.E, ( kin'ill,) i>. t. [re and *i;i.//c] To 
 kindle again ; l(» set on lire anew. Ctirtine. 
 2. Tu iiillanie again ; to rtnist; anew. Pope. 
 
 RE-K1N'1)1,/;|), pp. Kindle d acain ; inllamcd anew. 
 
 RE-KIN'DLING, ppr. Kindling again; inllaining 
 anew. 
 
 RE-I, AID', pp. Laid « second time. 
 
 RE-L^IS', (rtvla',) n. [Fr.] In fortification, a narrow 
 walk without the rampart, to receive the earth that 
 may he washed down, and prevent its falling into 
 Uie ditch. Bramle. 
 
 RlC-L.AN'D', r. (. [re and land.] To land again ; to 
 put on land what had been shipped or embarked. 
 _ Judge Srwull. 
 
 Rk-LAND', v. i. To go on shore after having ciu- 
 barketl. 
 
 Rk-I.AND'ED, pp. Put on shore again. 
 Kl'.-LAND'l.N'G, ppr. Landing again. 
 RE-L.APSE', (re-lajis',) e. i. ( L. relapsus, relabor, to 
 slide back ; re aiid"/iiAur, to slide.] 
 
 1. To slip or slide hack ; to return. 
 
 2. Tu fall back ; to ri'tnrn to a ft)rtner state or 
 practice ; as, to relapse into vice or error after 
 auiL-niiiiK'nt. 
 
 3. To fall back or return from recovery, or a con- 
 valescent state ; as, to relapse into a fever. 
 
 RE-LAPSE', (re-laps',) II. A sliding or falling b.ick, 
 particularly into a former bad state, either of body 
 or morals ; as, a relapse into a disease from a ctui- 
 valescent stale ; a relapse into a vicious course of 
 life. 
 
 [In the sense of a person relapsing, not used.] 
 RE-LAP.-*'KI), ( lapsl',) pp. or a. Fallen back, as into 
 vice or error. 
 
 RE-I..\PS'l'.lt, n. One that relapses into vice or er 
 ror. 
 
 RE-LAPS'ING, ppr. Sliding or falling back, as into 
 
 disease or vice. 
 RE-LATE', t). t. [L. relatus,' rcfcro ; re anil fero, to 
 
 produce.] 
 
 1. To tell ; to recite ; to narrate the particulars of 
 an event ; as, to relate the story of I'riam ; to relate 
 the adventures of Dun Uiiixote. 
 
 2. To bring back ; to restore. [JVot in use,] 
 
 3. To ally by connectiiui or kindred. 
 
 To relate one's self; to vcnl tlioughts in words. 
 
 RE-L.aTE', II. i. To have reference or respect ; to re- 
 fer; followed by to. 
 
 All ne^.ttive words relate to positive ideas. Locke. 
 RE-LaT'ED, pp. Recited ; narrated. 
 
 2. a. Allieil by kindred ; connected by blood or 
 alliance, particularly by consaiigiiiuity ; as, a person 
 related ill the first or second ilegree. 
 RE LAT'ER, n. One who tells, recites, or narrates; 
 
 a historian. Milton. SwifU 
 
 RE-LAT'INfJ, ppr. Telling; reciting; narrating. 
 
 2. a. Having relation or reference ; concerning. 
 RE-LA'T10.\", H. [Fr., from L. relatiti, refrro.] 
 
 1. The act of telling; recital; account; narra- 
 tion ; narrative of facts ; as, a historical relation. 
 We listeiiiul to the relation of his adventures. 
 
 2. Respect ; reference ; regard. 
 
 I have Iven importuned to make some observations on this art, 
 in relmion to lis agreement with poetry. Drytlen. 
 
 3. Connection between things ; mutual respect, or 
 what one thing is with regard to another ; as, the re- 
 lation of a citizen to the state ; the relation of a sub- 
 ject to the supreme authority ; the relation of hus- 
 band and wife, or of master and servant ; the relation 
 of a state of prob.ation to a stale of retribution. 
 
 4. Connection by consanguinity or aliinity; rela- 
 tionship ; as, Ihe relation of parents and children. 
 
 ftetaliont dear, and all the ch:irili<'s 
 
 Of frtthr-r, son, and brother, first were known. AfUton, 
 
 5. A person connected by cimsanguinity or affin- 
 ity ; a relative ; a kinsman or kinswoman. He 
 passed a iiumth with his relations in the country. 
 
 6. The direct conformity of parts to a whole and 
 to each other ; analogy ; as, the relations of the sub- 
 ject arc not well maintained ; the re/aliffns' of a build- 
 ing, in architecture. 
 
 RE-LA'TION-AL, a. Having relation or kindred. 
 
 We mi^ht be tempted to take these two nations for reUttional 
 Urim. Tooke. 
 
 RE-LA'TION-SHIP, ti. The st.ite of being related by 
 
 kindred, atlinitv, or other alliance. Mason. 
 REL'A-TIVE, «. ( Fr. rf/«/i/, I., relatirus.] 
 
 1. Having relation ; respecting. The arguments 
 may be good, but they arc not relalire to the subject. 
 
 2. Not absolute or existing by it.self ; considered as 
 belonging to or respecting something else. 
 
 Every thin? sustuns IwOi an Absolute and a retatiBe capacity ; 
 an al^oluf-, as it is such a tiling, eiuiue<l with such a nature ; 
 ami a relatire, as it is a pan ot the universe, and so stands 
 in sticb a relation to Uie whole. South. 
 
 3. Incident to man in societv ; as, relative rights 
 and duties. 
 
 4. Particular ; positive. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 Relatire mode ; in music, the mode which the com- 
 poser interweaves with the principal mode in the 
 flow of the harmony. Eneye. 
 
 Relatire terms : in /ofic, ti-riiis which imply rel.i. 
 lion, as guardian and ward, master and servant, 
 liusbaiifl and wife. 
 
 Relative icord ; in fframmar, a word which relates 
 to another word, called its antecedent, or to a sen- 
 tence or member of a sentence, or to a series of 
 sentences. 
 
 REL'A TIVE, n. A person connected by blood or 
 affinity ; strictly, one allied by blood ; a relation ; a 
 kinsman or kinswoman. 
 
 Coiifniing our care eilh -r to ourselves and relatioee. fliU. 
 
 2. That which has relation to something else. 
 
 Locke, 
 
 3. In ^ammnr, a word which relates to or repre 
 senis another word, called iLs antecedent, or which 
 refers back to a sentence tir member of a sentence, 
 or to a series of sentences, which constitutes it^ 
 antecedent. " He seldom lives frugally. icAo lives by 
 chance." Here inho is the relative, which represents 
 he, the antecedent. 
 
 "Judas declared him innocent, lehich he cotiltl not 
 be, had he deceived his disciples." Portetu. Here 
 which refers to innocent, an udjtrctive, as its antece- 
 dent. 
 
 "Another reason that makes me doubt of any in- 
 nate practical principles, is, that I think there can not 
 any one moral rule be proposed, whereof a man may 
 not justly demand a reason ; which wouhl be per- 
 fectly ridiculous and absurd, if they were innate, or 
 BO much as self-evident, which every innate princi- 
 ple must needs be." Locke. 
 
 If we ask the question. What would be ridiculous 
 and absurd, the answer must be. Whereof a man may 
 justly demand a reason i and this part of the sentence 
 is the antecedent to which. Self evident is the ante- 
 cedent to which, near the close of the sentence. 
 REL'A-TI VE-LY, ado. In relation or resjiecl to 
 something else ; not absolutely. 
 
 Consid'T the absolute atlections of any bcinj as it is in itself, bo- 
 fore you consider it retatioety. Waut. 
 
 REL'A-TIVE-iNESS, n. The state of having rela- 
 titin. 
 
 RE-LA 'TOR, n. In law, one who brings an informa- 
 tion in the nature of a quo warranto. Blackstone. 
 
 RE-LAX', V. t. [L. relazo : re and lojo, to sl.ickcn ; 
 Fr. rrlacher, relascker ; It. rilassare ; Sp, relazar. 
 See Lax.] 
 
 1. To slacken ; to make less tense or rigid ; as, to 
 relax a rope or cord ; to relax the muscles or sinews ; 
 to relar the reins in ritling. 
 
 2. To loosen ; to make less close or firm ; as, to 
 relaz the joints. Miltim. 
 
 3. To make less severe or rigorous; to remit or 
 abate in strictness ; as, to rc(ox a law or rule of jus- 
 tice ; to relar a tlemand. Swift. 
 
 4. To remit or abate in attention, assiduity, or labor; 
 as, to relaz siiidy ; to relax exertions or efforts. 
 
 5. To unbend ; to ease ; to relieve friun close at- 
 tention ; as, conversation relaxes the student or the 
 mind. 
 
 6. To relieve from constipation ; to loosen ; to 
 open ; as, medicines relax the bowels. 
 
 7. To open ; to loose. Milton, 
 
 8. To make languid. 
 
 RE-L.\X', V. i. To abate in severity ; to become more 
 mild or less rigorous. 
 
 Tn others she relaxed ns;n'm. 
 
 And governed with a looser n?In. Prior. 
 
 2. To remit in close attention. It is useful for the 
 student to relax often, and give himself to exercise 
 and amusements. 
 RE-L.A.X', n. Relaxation. [Jtfot used.] Feltham. 
 RE-LAX'A-BLE, a. That may be remitted. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 RE-LAX'.A.\T, n. A medicine that relaxes or opens. 
 RE-LAX-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. relaxatm.] 
 
 1. The act of slackening or remitting tension ; as, 
 a relaxation of the muscles, fibers, or nerves ; a rt- 
 laxation of the whole system. Bacon. Encye, 
 
 2. Cessation of restraint. Burnet. 
 
 3. Remission or abatement of rigor ; as, a relax^ 
 tion of the law. SwifL 
 
 4. Remission of attention or application ; as, a re- 
 laxation of mind, study, or business. 
 
 5. .An opening or loosening. 
 
 RE-LAX'A-Tl VE, a. Having the quality of relaxing. 
 [See Laxative.] B. Jonson. 
 
 RE LAX'f;D, (re-lakst',) jip. or a. Slackened ; loos- 
 ened ; remitted or ahatetl in rigor, or iu closeness: 
 made less vigorous ; languid. 
 
 RE-L.AX'ING, ppr. Slackening; loosening; remit- 
 ting, or abating in rigor, severity, or attention ; 
 rendering languid. 
 
 RE-L.AX'ING, a. Tending to relax ; adapted to 
 weaken the solids ; as, a relaxing medicine. 
 
 RE-LAY', n. [Fr. relai.i.] 
 
 1. .\ supply of horses placed on the road to be in 
 readiness to relieve others, that a traveler may pro- 
 ceed without delay. 
 
 2. A supply of hunting dogs kept in readiness at 
 certain places to pursue the game, when llie dogs 
 that have been in pursuit are weary. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE.- AN"GER, V l"CIOUS.-e as K ; G a-s J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 - __ 
 
REL 
 
 3. Any tiling laid up or kept in store ; as, relays of 
 joy. [Rare.] Younir. 
 
 Kii hAY', ii. (. [re and lay.] To lay again ; to lay a 
 ^ecoriil time ; as, to reltiy a pavement. SinolletU 
 
 Re-LA Y'INtt, pyr. Laving a second time. 
 
 RE-LeAS'A-ULE, a. tliat may be released. 
 
 RE-LkASE', (re-lees',) v. u [This is usually derived 
 from Fr. rcl&chcr^ to slacken, to relaz. It, rilassare 
 and rilasciare, and these words have the sense of 
 release : but the English word has not the sense of 
 relaz, but of re and lea^e, from Fr. laissfTj Eng. let, a 
 word that has no connection witli relax. So in G. 
 freita.isen, D. vrylaaten : free and leL If it is from 
 relac/ier, it has undergone a strange alteration.] 
 
 1. To set free from restraint of any kind, either 
 physical or moral ; to liberate from prison, conQne- 
 nienl, or servitude. Jllutt. xv. .Mark xv. 
 
 2. To free from pain, care, trouble, grief, &c. 
 
 3. To free from obligation or penalty ; as, to re- 
 lea.'ir. one from debt, from a promise, or covenant. 
 
 4. To quit; to let go, as a legal claim ; as, to re- 
 lease a debt or forfeiture. Dent. xv. 
 
 5. To discharge or relinquish a right to lands or 
 tenements, by conveying it to another that has some 
 right or estate in possession, as when the person in 
 remainder reteasett his right to the tenant in posses- 
 sion i when one cpparcener releases his right to the 
 other; or liie mortgagee releases his claim to the 
 mortgager. 
 
 ti. To relax. [JVut. in use.] Hooker. 
 RE-LkA.'^E', ;i. Liberation or discharge from restraint 
 of any kind, as from confinement or bondage. 
 
 2. Liberation from care, pain, or any burden. 
 
 3. Discharge from obligation or responsibility, as 
 from debt, pen;ilty, or claim of any kind ; acquit- 
 tance. 
 
 In laio. a release, or deed of release, is a conveyance 
 of a man's rigiit in lands or tenements to another 
 who has some estate in possession ; a quitclaim. 
 The efficient words in such an instrument are, 
 " remised, released, and forever quitclaimed.^^ 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 RE-LEAP'f;D, (re-Ieest',) pp. Set free from confine- 
 ment ; freed from obligation or liability ; freed from 
 pain ; quitclaimed. 
 
 RE-LeAS-EE^ n. A person to whom a release is 
 given. 
 
 RE-LeASE'MENT, 71. The act of releasing from 
 confinement or obligation. Milton. 
 
 RE-LeAS'ER, n. One who releases. 
 
 RE-LeAS'ING, ppr. Liberating from confinement or 
 restraint; freeing from obligation or responsibility, 
 or from pain or other evil ; quitclaiming. 
 
 REL'E-GaTE, 1-. U [L. relego : re and lego to send.] 
 To banish ; to send into e.vile. 
 
 REL'E GA-TED, pp. Sent into exile. 
 
 REL'E-G.A-TI.\G, ppr. Banishing. 
 
 REL-E-Ga'TIOiV, «. [L. relegalio.] 
 
 The act of banishment ; exile. -^yliffe. 
 
 RE-LENT', I', i. [Fr. relentir ; relenter ; II. rallen- 
 tare; !?p. ablandar ; Port, abramliir ; the two latter 
 from blando, L. blandus, which unites the L. blandus 
 with lenlus. The English is from re and L. lentus, 
 gentle, pliant, slow, the primary sense of which is 
 soft or yielding. The L. lenis is probably of the same 
 family. f*ee Bland.] 
 
 1. To soften ; to become less rigid or hard ; to give, 
 hi £oinc houses, swceuneats will reUnl more than in oOiera. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 When opening buds s.'xiule (he welcome (I;iy, 
 
 Ami .-.TTlh, reiendng, fccia ih'.' geni.U my. Pope. 
 
 [ This sense of the word is admissible in poetry, but is 
 not in common nse.] 
 
 2. To grow moist ; to deliquesce j applied to salts ; 
 as, the relenting of the air. Bacon. 
 
 Suit of liinar — placed in a cellar, will begin to relent, BoyU. 
 [ This sense is not in itse.] 
 
 3. To become leas intense. [Little used.] Sidneif. 
 
 4. To soften in temper; to become more mild and 
 tender; to feel compassion. 
 
 [ This is the iLsual sense of the icord.] 
 Can you helwlil 
 My tears, and not once relent 7 ShaJc. 
 
 RE-LENT', e. t. To slacken. 
 
 And oftenlin)«.8 he would relent his pace. [Obt,] Spenter. 
 2. To soften ; to mollify. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 RE-LEXT', /./>. Dissolved. [Obs.] 
 RE-LEiN'T', n. Remission ; stay. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 RE-LE.\T'EI),;;p. Softened in temper. 
 RE-LE.N'T'I.N't;, jr/ir. Softening in temper; becoming 
 
 more mild or compassionate 
 RIM.I'.NT'l.NG, 71. The act of becoming more mild 
 
 or ^■nnlpassiot^aU^ 
 RE-LE.\'I"LE.S.S, a. Unmoved by pity; unpitying; 
 
 InxcnHible to the distreHsen of others ; dl^■<tltute of 
 
 lenderneBS ; an, a prey t<i relentless despotism. 
 
 for t>iU th' ■vetigiii? pr,wef rmji\nyt his darts, 
 
 Thus will persist, relenUett in h\» Ire. Dryden. 
 
 Relentless thoughts, in Milton, may signify unre- 
 mitted, intently (ixed on di:<qiiieting objects. Johnson. 
 
 [This sense of tJu word is unusual, and not to be 
 enuntenanced.] 
 
 REL 
 
 RE-LENT'LESS-LY, adv. Without pity. Ed. Ret: 
 
 RE-LENT'LESS-NESS, ji. The quality of being un- 
 moved by pity. Milman. 
 
 RE-LES-SEE'y 71. [See Release.] The person to 
 whom a release is executed. 
 
 Ee-LES-SOR', n. The person who e.xecute3 a re- 
 lease. 
 
 Tiiere must be a privity of estate between the relessor and re- 
 lessee. Blackstone. 
 
 RE-LET', V. t. To let anew, as a house. 
 REL'E-VANCE, j 71. [See Relevant.] The state 
 REL'E-VAN-CY, i of being relevant, or of affording 
 relief or aid. 
 
 2. Pertinence ; applicableness. 
 
 3. In Scots lair, siitiiciency to infer the conclusion. 
 REL'E-VANT, a. [Fr., from L. relever, to relieve, to 
 
 advance, to raise ; re and leoer, to raise.] 
 
 1. Relieving ; lending aid or support. Pawnall. 
 
 2. Pertinent; applicable. The testimony is not 
 relevant to the case ; the argument is not relevant to 
 the question. 
 
 [ This is t/te sense in which the word is now generally 
 used.] 
 
 3. Sufficient to support the cause. Scot? Law. 
 REL-E-Va'TION, 71. A raising or lifting up. [jYot 
 
 in H.-;e.] 
 
 RE-LI' A-BLE, a. That may be relied on or trusted. 
 RE-LI'A-BLE-NESS, / 71. The state of being reli- 
 RE-Li-A-BIL'I-TY, i able. 
 
 RE-L^'A^'CE, 71. [from rely.] Rest or repose of 
 mind, resulting from a full belief of the veracity or 
 integrity of a person, or of the certainty of a fact; 
 trust; confidence; dependence. AVe may have per- 
 fect reliance on the promises of God ; we have reli- 
 ance on the testimony of witnesses ; we place reli- 
 ance on men of known integrity, or on the strength 
 and stability of government. 
 
 REL'IC, 71. [Fr. relique; L. relitjuiic, from rclinqua, to 
 Icune : re and Unquo.] 
 
 1. That which remains ; that which is left after 
 the loss or decay of the rest ; as, the relics of a town ; 
 the relics of magnificence ; the relics of antiquity. 
 The relics of saints are held in great veneration liy 
 the Roman Catholics. 
 
 2. Tlie body of a deceased person ; a corpse. 
 [Usnalbj in the plural.] Dryden. Pope. 
 
 REL'ie-LY, adv. In the manner of relics. [LUtle 
 used.] 
 
 REL'ieT, n. [L. relictus, relicta, from relinquo, to 
 leave.] 
 
 A widow ; a woman whose husband is dead. 
 
 Sprat. Garth. 
 RE-LICT'ED, a. In law, left uncovered, as land by 
 the retrocession of the sea or other water. 
 
 Bouvicr. 
 
 RE-Lie'TION, 71. In law, land left uncovered by the 
 
 retrocession of the sea or other water. Bmirier. 
 RE-LI'£D, (re-lide',) pp. Reposed on something, as 
 
 the imnd ; confided in ; depended. 
 RE-LI eF', (re-leef,) 71. [Fr. relief; It. rilevo, rilievo, 
 
 from rilecare, to raise, to lift, to remove ; Sp. relieve, 
 
 reterar : re and llevar, to raise.] 
 
 1. The removal, in whole or in part, of any evil 
 tliat afflicts the botiy or mind ; the removal or allevi- 
 ation of pain, grief, want, care, anxiety, toil, or dis- 
 tress, or of any thing oppressive or burdensome, by 
 which some ease is obt.tined. Rest gives relief to the 
 body when weary ; an anodyne gives relief from 
 pain ; the sympathy of friends alTords some relief lo 
 the (tistressed ; a loan of money to a man embar- 
 rassed may afford him a temporary relief-^ medicines 
 which will not cure a disease sometimes give a par- 
 tial relief. A complete re/ ie/ from the troubles of life 
 is never lo be expected. 
 
 2. That which mitigates or removes pain, grief, or 
 other evil. Dryden. 
 
 3. The release, as of sentinels, from some post or 
 duty, and the substitution of others ; also, the per- 
 son or persons thus substituted. 
 
 4. In sculpture, &c., the projecture or prominence 
 of a figure above or beyond the ground or plane on 
 which it is formed. Relief is of three kinds ; high 
 relief, (^alto relievo,) low relief, (basso relievo,) and denii 
 relief, (demi relievo.) The difference is in the degree 
 of projecture. High relief is formed from nature, as 
 when a figure stands completely out from the ground, 
 being attached to it in only a few places. Low relief 
 is when the figure projects but little, as in medals, 
 festoons, foliages, and other ornaments. Demi relitf 
 is when one half of the figure rises from the plane. 
 
 i^7-<i7irfe, 
 
 5. In painting, the appearance of projection, or the 
 degree of boldness which a figure exhibits to the eye 
 at a distanr(>. 
 
 (1. In feudal lain, a fine or composition which the 
 heir of a tenant, hcilding by knight's si^rvice or other 
 tenure, [laid lo the lord, at the death of the ancestor, 
 for the privilege of taking up the estate which, on 
 Htrict feudal principles, had lapsed or fallen to the 
 I(7rd on the (leath of the tenant. This relief con- 
 sisted of horses, arms, mimey, and the like, the 
 amount of which was originally arbitrary, but after- 
 ward fixed at a certain rate by law. It is not p:iya- 
 
 REL 
 
 ble, unless the heir, .at the death of his ancestor, hail 
 attained to the age of twenty-one years. 
 
 Blackstone. Enrye. 
 7. A remedy, partial or total, for any wrong" suf- 
 fered ; redress ; indemnification. He applied to chan- 
 cery, but could get no relief; he petitioned the legis- 
 lature, and obtained relief. 
 
 6. The exposure of any thing by the proximity of 
 something else. Johnson. 
 
 RE-Ll'ER, 71. [from reiy.j One who relies, or places 
 full confidence in. 
 
 RE-LIEV'.\-BLE, a. Capable of being relieved ; that 
 may receive relief. Hale. 
 
 RE LIEVE', r. £. [Fr. relever ; L. relevo. See Re- 
 lief.] 
 
 1. To free, wholly or partially, from pain, grief, 
 want, anxiety, care, toil, trouble, burden, oppressiim, 
 or any thing that is considered to be an evil ; to ease 
 of any thing that pains the body or distresses the 
 mind. Repose relieves the wearied bt>dy ; a supply 
 of provisions relieres a family in want ; medicines 
 may relieve the sick man, even when they do not cure 
 him ; we all desire to be relieved from anxiety .and 
 from heavy taxes ; law or duty, or both, require that 
 we should relieve the poor and (Icstitute. 
 
 2. To alleviate or remove ; as when we say, to re- 
 lieve pain or distress ; to relieve the wants of the 
 poor. 
 
 3. To release from a post or station, as sentinels, a 
 guard, or ships, and station others in their place. 
 Sentinels are i;enerally relieved every two hours : 
 a guard is usually relieved once in twenty-four hours! 
 
 4. To right ; to ease of any burden, wrong, or op- 
 pression by judicial or legislative interposition, by 
 the removal of a grievance, by indemnification for 
 losses and the like. 
 
 5. To abate the inconvenience of any thing by 
 change, or by the interjiosition of something dissimi- 
 lar. Tlie moon relieves the luster of the sun with a 
 milder light. 
 
 The poot must not encumber his poem with too much business, 
 but sometimes relieve the subject with a moral reflection. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 6. To assist ; to support. 
 
 Par.illels, or like relations, alternately relieve each other ; wlien 
 neither will pass asunder, yet ijiey are plausible together. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 7. Set off by contrast. [Used in respect to paint- 
 ing and picturesque effect.] fValter Scott. 
 
 RE-LIeV'£D, pp. Freed from pain or other evil ; 
 eased or cured ; aided ; succored ; dismissed from 
 watching. 
 
 2. Alleviated or removed, as pain or distress. 
 
 3. Set off by contrast. 
 
 RE-LlEV'ER,n. One that relieves ; be orthat which 
 
 gives ease. 
 
 RE-LIeV'ING, or a. Removing pain or distress, 
 or abating the violence of it ; easing ; curing ; as- 
 sisting ; dismissing from a post, as a sentinel ; sup- 
 porting. 
 
 Relieving arch. See Discharging Arch. 
 
 RR-LIE'yO, (re-Iee'vo,) 71. [It.] Relief; promin- 
 ence of figures in statuary, architecture, &c. ; appa- 
 rent prominence of figures in painting. 
 
 RE-LIGHT', (re-lite',) v. U [re and lighL] To light 
 anew ; to illuminate again. 
 2. To rekindle ; to set on fire again. 
 
 Rr.-LTGHT'ED, Lighted anew ; rekindled. 
 
 Rk-LIGHT'L\G, ppr. Lighting again ; rekindling. 
 
 RE LIG'ION, (re-lij'un,) 71. [Fr. and Sp. religion ; It. 
 religione ; L. rcligio, from reliffo, to bind anew ; re 
 and' hgo, to bintl. This word seems originally to 
 li.ave signified an oath or vow to the gods, or the ob- 
 ligation of such an oath or vow, which was held 
 very sacred by the Romans.] 
 
 1. Religion, in a comprehensive sense, includes a 
 belief in the being and perfections of God, in the 
 revelation of his will to man, in man's obligation to 
 obey his commands, in a state of reward and pun- 
 ishment, and in man's accountableness to God ; and 
 also true godliness or piety of life, with the practice 
 of all moral duties. It therefore cimiprehends the- 
 ology as a system of doctrines or principles, as well 
 as practical pii;ty ; for the pr.actice of moral duties 
 without a belief in a divine lawgiver, and without 
 reference to his will or commands, is not religion. 
 
 2. Religion^ as distinct from theology, is godliness 
 or real piety in practice, consisting in the perfiirm- 
 ancc of all know n duties to God and our fellow-men, 
 in obedience to divine coniinnnd, or tj-oni love to 
 God and his law. James i. 
 
 Heli^ion will atten.l you — i»s a pleasant and useful companion, 
 in every proper place and every tcmperat'-' oecupaiioii of life. 
 
 Backmineler. 
 
 3. Religion, as distinct from tiiXiifor morality, con 
 sists in the performance of the duties we owe di- 
 rectly to God, from a principle of obedience to his 
 will. Hence wc often speak of religion and virtue 
 as diffi'ri^nt branches of one system, or the duties of 
 the first and second tables of the law. 
 
 I^et us w ith C'lulion initulire Itie supposition, that morality ran be 
 maintained without riligion. Wa4lHnglon, 
 
 A. Any system of faith and worship. In this 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOI E, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 032 
 
REL 
 
 sense, religion Cdiiipreliends the Ix lii-f and worship 
 of pagans and Wohainuiedans, as well as of Chris- 
 tians ; any religion consisting in the belief of a su- 
 perior power or powers governing the world, and in 
 the worship of such power or powers. Thus we 
 speak of the reUginn of the Turks, of the Hindoos, 
 of the Inilians, &c., ns well as of the Christian re- 
 lis'wn. We sjieak of false religion, as well as of true 
 rcfiirian. 
 
 5. The rites of religion ; in the plural. Milton. 
 
 RE-LIG'ION-A-RY, a. Relating to religion; pious. 
 [JVii* n.icit.] Bp. Barlow. 
 
 RK,-LI0i'lOi\-ISM, n. The practice of religion ; ad- 
 herence to religion. Stewart. 
 
 RK-LIG'ION-IST, n. A bigot to any religious persua- 
 sion. Sioijt 
 
 RE I.IG-I-OS'I-TY, 71. [L. reliffiositas.] Sense of 
 rcligi()n ; religiousness. 
 
 RK I.IC'IOUS, (re-lij'us,) a. [Fr. religieux; L. relig- 
 iosus. ] 
 
 I. Pertaining or relating to religion ; as, arc/iVioiii 
 society ; a religious sect; a reUgioun place ; religious 
 subjects. 
 
 •i. Pious; godly; loving and reverencing the Su- 
 preme Being and obeying his precepts; as, a relig- 
 ious man. 
 
 3. Devoted to the practice of religion ; as, a relig- 
 ious life. 
 
 4. Teaching religion ; containing religious subjects 
 or the doctrines and precepts of religion, or the dis- 
 cussion of topics of religion ; ns, a religious book. 
 
 5. Exact ; strict ; such as religion requires ; as, a 
 religiotis {tbservance of vows or promises. 
 
 6. Engaged by vows to a monastic life ; as, a re- 
 ligious order or fraternity. 
 
 7. .Appropriated to the performance of sacred or 
 religions duties ; as, a religious house. Law. 
 
 RE-LIG'IOL'S, II. A person bound by monastic vows, 
 or sequestered from secular concerns and devoted to 
 a life of piety and devotion ; anionk or friar; anun. 
 If.iirlr K.v«/.] 
 
 RE-LIO'IOUS-LY, adv. Piously; with love and rev- 
 erence to the Supreme Being ; in obedience to the 
 divine commands. Draiiton. 
 
 2. Accordmg to the rites of religion. Slide. 
 
 3. Reverently ; with veneration. Du]ipa. 
 
 4. Exactly; strictly; conscientiously; as, a vow 
 or promise rpliirinuslii observed. 
 
 RE-I.l(":'IOUS-NESS,"»i. The quality or state of be- 
 inc relisions. 
 
 R E-LIN'(iUE.\T, a. Relinquishing. As a noun, one 
 who relinquishes. 
 
 RE-LIN'UUISII, (re-link'wish,) v. t. [L. rclinquo ; 
 re and linquo, U^ leave, to fail or faint ; from the same 
 root as lifjuco, tiqno, to melt or dissolve, dcliijuium, a 
 fainting, Ir. leagham, to melt. Hence the sense is to 
 withdraw or give way ; to relinquish is to recede 
 from. It is prtibably* allied to fiag and slack; \V. 
 llac, llaciaw, to slac/ien ; llcgu, to flag. Class Eg.] 
 
 1. To withdraw from ; to leave; to quit. It may 
 be to forsake or abandon, hut it does not necessarily 
 express the sense of the latter. A man may relin- 
 quish an enterprise for a time, or with a design never 
 to resunje it. In grntral, to relinquish is to leave 
 without the intention of resuming, and equivalent 
 to forsake, but is less einphatical than abandon and 
 desert. 
 
 Th^y placed Irish tenanu on Ihe lands relinquished by ihr Kng- 
 tjsll. Daviea. 
 
 2. To forbear ; to withdraw from ; as, to relinquish 
 the practice of intemperance ; to relinquish the rites 
 of a church. Hooker. 
 
 3. To give up ; to renounce a claim to ; as, to re- 
 linquish a debt. 
 
 Tn relinquish back, or to ; to give up ; to release ; 
 to surrender ; as, to relinqui.<h a claim to another. 
 
 RE-LI.\'aUISH-f;U, (re-link'vvisht,)pp. Left; quit- 
 ted ; given up. 
 
 RE-Ll\'(iniSH-ER, n. One who leaves or quits. 
 
 RE-I,IN'aUISII-L\G, ppr. Cinitting ; leaving; giv- 
 ing up. 
 
 RE-LIN'aUISH-MENT, n. The art of leaving or 
 quitting ; a forsaking ; the renouncing a claim to. 
 
 REL'I-aU.A-RY, n. [Fr. rcliquaire, from L. relin- 
 quo.] 
 
 A small chest, box, or casket, in which relics are 
 kept. Oloss. ofjirchit. 
 
 REL-taUE', (rcl-eek',) n. A relic. [See Relk .] 
 
 RF.-lJd'UI-JE, n. pi. [L.] Remains of the dead; 
 organic remains. Humble. 
 
 RE-EIU'UID-ATE, (re-lik'we-date,1 r. f. [re and 
 liquidate 1 To liquidate anew ; to adjust a second 
 
 RE-l.ia'ITlD-A-TEI), pp. Liquidated again, [time. 
 
 RE-LUi'UlD-A-TING, ppr. Liquidating again. 
 
 RE-LIQ-UID-A'TION, n. A second or renewed 
 liquidation ; a renewed adjustment. Hamilton. 
 
 REL'ISH, n. Taste ; or, rather, a pleasing taste ; that 
 sensation of the organs which is experienced when 
 we take food or drink of an agreeable flavor. Dif- 
 ferent persons have difforent refo/ie.?. Relish is often 
 natural, and often the effect of habit. 
 2. Liking; delight; appetite. 
 
 \Vc have inch a rtlith for bction, u to h«»e Io<l that of «ic. 
 
 Adttiton. 
 
 REL 
 
 3. Sense ; the faculty of perceiving excellence ; 
 taste ; as, a relish for fine writing, or a relish of fine 
 writing. Addison uses both of and for after relish. 
 
 4. 'i'hat which gives pleasure ; the power of pleas- 
 ing. 
 
 When liberty ia gone, 
 Tjife g^owB Insipid, nnd hiu lost its relisti. Addison, 
 
 5. Oast ; manners. 
 
 It prescrfcs some relish of old writing. Pope, 
 C. Taste ; a small quantity just perceptible. 
 
 Devotion, piuicnce, coiimjje, fortitude, 
 
 I have no retieh of tln-ni. Shale, 
 
 7. Something taken with food to increase the 
 pleasure of eating. 
 REL'ISH, V. t. To give an agreeable taste to. 
 
 A s.'wory bit that served to relish wine. Dryden. 
 
 2. To like the taste of ; as, to relish venison. 
 
 3. To be gratified with the enjoyment or use of. 
 lie knows how to prize his ndviint:v^'s and to rcUsh lh<- honors 
 
 wltich tic enjoys. Atterbury. 
 Men of ince p;il.ites would not relish Aristotle, as drc&s<-d np by 
 tile schoolmen. Baker, 
 
 REL'ISH, tj. t. To have a pleasing taste. The great- 
 est dainties do not always relish. 
 
 2. To give pleasure. 
 
 Had I been the finder-ont of this secret, it would not have rel- 
 ished among my otlter discredits. iihak. 
 
 3. To have a flavor. 
 
 'A theory which, how much soever it may rWwft of wit and inven- 
 tion, luilti no toundution in naluiv. iV'oodioaid, 
 
 REL'ISH-.\-BLE, a. Gustable ; having an agreeable 
 t.aste. 
 
 REL'ISH-KD, (rel'isht,) pp. Giving an agreeable 
 
 t^aste ; received with pleasure. 
 Re-LF VE', (re iiv',) ». i. [re and Jioe.] To live again ; 
 
 to revive. Spenser. 
 Rk-LIVE', (re-liv',) o. L To recall to life, [mt in 
 
 usc.]_ SpciLscr. 
 Rk-LoAN', 1). <. [re and loan.] To loan again; to 
 
 lend w hat has been lent and repaid. 
 RE-LoAN', n. A .second lending of the same money. 
 
 President's Message. 
 Rf.-LoAV'KD, pp. Loaned again. 
 Rk-Lo.AN'ING, ppr. Loaning again. 
 Rf.-Lo'C.aTE, t'. t. To locate a second time. 
 RK-LO-eA'TIO.V, n. A second location. Scott. 
 Ri~;-LOVE', ( luv',) !>. t. [re and love.] To love in 
 
 return. [JVut in use.] Bvi/lr. 
 RE-LO'CENT, a. [L. reluccns, relucco ; re and luceo, 
 
 to shine.] 
 
 Shining; transparent; clear; pellucid; as, a rdu- 
 cent stretim. Thomson, 
 RE-LUeT', V. i. [L. reluctor; re and luctor, to Strug- 
 gle.] 
 
 To strive or struggle against. [Little used.] 
 RE-LUCT'ANCE, 1 n. [Literalhi, a straining or 
 RE-LUCT'AN-CY, S striving against.] 
 
 Unwillingness ; great opposition of mind ; repug- 
 nance ; with to or against; as, to undertake a war 
 with reluctance. He has a great reluctance to this 
 measure. 
 
 Bear witness, Heaven, with wlial reluclancy 
 
 Her helpless iiniocence 1 doom to die. Dnjden. 
 
 RE-LUCT'ANT, a. Striving against ; unwilling ; 
 much opposed in heart. 
 
 lichtetant now 1 touched the tremblin* string. T^cleelt. 
 
 2. Unwilling ; acting with slight repugnance ; coy. 
 
 jVillon. 
 
 3. Proceeding from an unwilling mind ; granted 
 with reluctance ; as, rr/ucfanf obedience. Mitfurd. 
 
 RE-LUCT'ANT-LV, adi\ With opposition of heart ; 
 unwillingly. What is undertaken reluctantly, is 
 seld(un well performed. 
 RE-LUCT'ATE, v. t. To resist ; to struggle against. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 RE-LUCT-A'TION, n. Repugnance ; resistance. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RE-LUCT'ING, ppr. Striving to resist. 
 
 2. a. Averse ; unwilling. 
 RE-LO.ME', V. U [Fr. reUlumcr ; L. re and lumen, 
 light.] 
 
 To rekindle; to light again. Pope 
 RE-LO,M'£D, pp. Rekindled ; lighted again. 
 RE-Lu'.MI.NE, ( inin,) v. U [It. ralluminare; L. relu- 
 mino ; re and lumen, light, from luceo, to shine.] 
 1. To light anew ; to rekindle. Shak. 
 9. To illuminate again. 
 RE-Lu'MIN-f.D, pp. Rekindled ; illuminated anew. 
 RE-LOM'ING, ppr. Kindling or lighting anew. 
 RE LO.M'IN-L\G, ppr. Rekindling ; enlightening 
 anew. 
 
 RE-LV, r. I. [re and lie, or from the root of lie, lay.] 
 To rest on something, as the mind when satisfied 
 of the veracity, integrity, or ability of persons, or of 
 the certainty of facts or of evidence ; to have confi- 
 dence in ; to trii.st in ; to depend ; with on. We 
 rely on the promise of a man who is known to be 
 upright ; we rely on the veracity or fidelity of a tried 
 friend ; a prince relies on the affections of his sub- 
 jects for support, and on the strength of his army for 
 success in war ; above all things, we rely on the 
 
 REM 
 
 mercy and promises of God. That which is the 
 ground of confidence, is a certainly or full convic- 
 tion that satisfies the mind and leaves it at rest, or 
 undisturbed by doubt. 
 
 Because thou hast relied on the king of Syria, and not relied on 
 the Lord thy tjod, — U Chron. xvi. 
 
 RE-LVING, ppr. Reposing on something, as the 
 
 mind ; confiding in ; trusting in ; depending. 
 RE-MaDE', pref. and pp. of Rkmake. 
 RE-.Ma1N', v. i. [L. rcmaneo ; re and maneo, Gr. pcj/co, 
 
 jltVCOJ ; 
 
 Pers. ^,.XjL..o viandan, and ^fc\>oL.c 
 
 manidan, to remain, tn be left, to delay, to be like, to 
 dismiss, to leave. The sense seems to be, to draw 
 out in time, or to he fixed, or to continue. (See anal- 
 ogies in Llave.) The sense of likeness may be a 
 drawing.] 
 
 1. To continue ; to rest or abide in n place fnr a 
 time indefinite. They remained a month in Rome. 
 We remain at an inn for a night, for a week, or a 
 longer time. 
 
 Ueinain a widow at thy father's house, till Shelah iny son be 
 grown. — Gen, xxxviii, 
 
 9. To be li;ft after others have withdrawn ; to rest 
 or abide in the same place when others remove, or 
 are lost, destroyed, or taken away. 
 
 Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him In the 
 ark. — Uuu. vil. 
 
 3. To be left after a part or others have pa.ssed. Let 
 our remaining time or years be employed in active 
 duties. 
 
 4. To continue unchanged, or in a particular state. 
 He remains stupid ; he remains in a low state of 
 health. 
 
 5. JSot to be lost ; not to escape ; not to be forgot- 
 ten. 
 
 All my wisdom remained with me. Ecclut. 
 
 6. To be left, out of a greater number or qtmntity. 
 Part of the debt is paid ; tliat which remains will be 
 on interest. 
 
 That which remaxneth over, lay up for you to bo kept till the 
 morning. — l-Jx. xvi, 
 
 7. To be left as not included or comprised. There 
 remains one argument which has not been consid- 
 ered. 
 
 That an elder brother has power over his brethren remain* to be 
 pr.ived. Locke. 
 
 8. To continue in the same state. 
 
 Childless thou art, chihiless remain. Milton, 
 
 RE-.MAIN', V. t. To await; to be left to; as, the 
 easier conquest now remains thee. 
 
 [This is elliptical fur remains to thee. Remain is 
 not properly a transitive verb.] 
 
 RE-.MaL\', n. "I'hat which is left; a corpse; also, 
 abode. [ JV*)f used.] 
 
 RE-.MaI.N"^DER, n. Any thing left after the separa- 
 tion and removal of a part. 
 
 If Uiese decoctions l>e repeated till the water comes ofl' clear, the 
 
 remairuler vi-Ms no salt. Arbuthnot. 
 The List reindtiuiert of unhappy Troy. Dryden. 
 
 2. Relics ; remains , the corpse of a human being. 
 [JVot vow used.] Sliali. 
 
 3. That which is left after a part is passed ; as, the 
 remainder of the day or week ; the remainder of the 
 yettr : the remainder of life. 
 
 4. The quantity that is left after subtraction or 
 after any deduction. 
 
 5. In law, an estate limited to take cfTcrt and be 
 enjoyed after another estate is determined. A 
 grants land to B for twenty years ; remainder to D 
 in fee. If a man by deed or will limits his books oi 
 furniture to .\ for life, with remainder to B, this re- 
 mainder is good. Blackstone, 
 
 Ji writ of ftirmedon in remainder, is a writ which 
 lies where a man gives laiiils lo another fijr life or in 
 tail, with remainder lo a third person in tail or in 
 fee, and he w ho has the particular estate dies with- 
 out issue heritable, and a stranger intrudes uptm 
 him in reinainrii r and keeps him out of |M>sse.ssion ; 
 in this case, the remainder-man shall have his writ 
 of forinediui in tile reinaintlcr. Blackstone. 
 RE-.MAIN'UER, a. Remaining; refuse; left; as, the 
 rcmainrfcr biscuit ; the rcmaiiu/er viands. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RE-MaL\'DER-MA.\, n. In law, he who has an 
 estate after a particular estate is determined. 
 
 BUjrk.<tone. 
 
 RE-MAL\'/:D, pp. Continued ; left after others have 
 withdrawn. 
 
 RE-MAIN'ING, ppr. or a. Continuing; resting; 
 abiding for an indefinite time ; being left after sepa- 
 Mtion and removal of a part, or after loss or destruc- 
 tion, t)r after a part is passed, as of time. 
 
 RE-.MAI.\S', n. pi. That which is left after a part is 
 separated, taken away, or destroyed ; as, the n- 
 mains of a city or house demolished. 
 
 2. A (lend body ; a corpse. Pope, 
 The singular, remain, in the like sen»e, and in the 
 sense of abode, is entirely obsolete. Shak. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 117' 
 
 933 
 
REM 
 
 REM 
 
 REM 
 
 RE-MaKE', v. t. : prp(. and /);'. Kemade. [re and 
 make,] To make anew. 
 
 RE-.MANI)', p. (. [Fr. mnnmler ; L. re and mando.'] 
 To call or send back iiini or that which is ordered 
 to a place; as, to remand an officer from a distant 
 place ; to remand an envoy from a foreign court. 
 
 RE-.MA.\I)'ED, pp. Called or sent back. 
 
 RE-MA .\D'K\G, ppr. Calling or sending back. 
 
 RE-.MXND'MENT, n. A remanding or ordering 
 back. Jcjcrsoiu 
 
 RE.M'A-NEXCE, I , 
 
 RE.M'A-.\E.\-CV, i ^ remammg. 
 
 RE.M'A-N'E.VT, n. [L. remanens.] 
 
 The part remaining. [Little used.] [It is con- 
 tracted into Remnant.] 
 
 REM'A-.N'ENT, a. Remaining. [Little used.] Taylor. 
 
 RE-.MaRK', 71. [Fr. remarque; re and mark.] 
 
 1. Notice or observation; as, to elude conjecture 
 and remark. Cowper. 
 
 2. Particularly, notice or observation expressed in 
 words or writing ; as, the remarks of an advocate ; 
 the remarks made in conversati<>n ; the judicious or 
 the uncandid remarks of a critic. A remark is not 
 always expressed, for we say, a man makes his re- 
 marks on a preacher's sermon while he is listening 
 to it. In this case the notice is silent, a mere act of 
 the mind. 
 
 RE-MARK', V. t. [Fr. remarijuer.] 
 
 1. To obsetve ; to note in the mind ; to take notice 
 of without expression. I remarked the manner of 
 the speaker ; I remarked his elegant expressions. 
 
 2. To express in words or writing what one thinks 
 or sees ; to express observations ; as, it is necessary 
 to repeat what has been before remarked. 
 
 3. To mark ; to point out ; to distinguish. [JVot 
 in ttsc] 
 
 His manacles remark him. Milton. 
 
 RE-MARK' A-BLE, a. [Fr. remarquable.] 
 
 1. Observable ; worthy of notice. 
 
 'Tis remarkable lhal tUey 
 Talk most who have the least to say. Prior. 
 
 2. Extraordinary ; unusual ; that deserves particu- 
 lar notice, or that may excite admiration or wonder ; 
 as, the remarkable preservation of lives in shipwreck. 
 The dark day, in iMay, 1780, was a remarkable phe- 
 nomenon. 
 
 RE-.MARK'.4-BLE-NESS, n. Observableness ; wor- 
 thiness of remark ; the quality of deserving particu- 
 lar notice. Havimoiid. 
 
 RE-MA RK'A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree wor- 
 thy of notice ; as, the winters of 1825, 162li, and 
 1828, v.-ere rcmari-«A/y free from snow. The winter 
 of 1827 was remarknble for a great quantity of snow. 
 2. In an extraordinary manner. 
 
 RE-.MARK'ED, (re-inirkt',) pp. Noticed; observed ; 
 expressed in words or writing. 
 
 RE-.MARK'ER, n. An observer ; one who makes re- 
 marks. H'atts. 
 
 RE-MARK'ING, ppr. Observing; taking notice of; 
 expressing in words or writing. 
 
 Rf.-M AR'RI-ED, pp. Married again or a second time. 
 
 Rk-.MAK'RY, v. t. [re and mirry.] To marry again 
 or a second time. Tindal. 
 
 Rf.-MAR'RY-ING, ppr. Marrying again or a second 
 time. 
 
 Rf,-MAST', v. t. To furnish with a second mast or 
 set of masts. 
 
 RF.-MAS'TI-eATE, v. t. [re and masticate.] To chew 
 or masticate again ; to chew over and over, as in 
 chewing the cud. 
 
 Rf.-.MAS'T1-€a-TED, pp. Chewed again or repeat- 
 edly. 
 
 RF.-.MAS'TI-eA-TING, ppr. Chewing again or over 
 and over. 
 
 Rf.-MAS-TI-€a'TION, n. The act of masticating 
 again or repeatedly. 
 
 RKM'BLAI, (rim'lili,) n. [Fr.] In fortification, the 
 earth or materials used in tilling up a trench. Brandt. 
 
 REM'Iil.E, V. I. To remove. Orose. 
 
 RE-.Ml-;'l)l-A-BI,E, a. (from rrmcrf;/.] That may be 
 remedied or cured. The evil is believed to be reme- 
 diable. 
 
 RE-.Mk'DI-A-BLY, adv. So as to bo susceptible of 
 
 reni'-dy or cure. 
 RE .Mk l)l-AI>, a. [L. remediali.1.] 
 
 Affording a remedy ; intended for a remedy, or 
 for the removal of an evil. 
 
 Ttie remedial part ot taw is 1*0 necewtry R conBrqiieniu? of the 
 ilrcl iralory aiul dip-ctory, that lawn without it miwl be very 
 vague ami impcrlect. bututeg are declaratory or rente'liai. 
 
 Jilncktuoie. 
 
 BE-Mii'DI-ATE, in the sense of remedial, is not in 
 use. 
 
 RE.M'B-DI-KD,(rem'o-did,)p7). [from remerfy.] Cured; 
 healed : repaired. 
 
 RE-MEI)'I-Li;SS, n. [In modern books, the. accent is 
 filared un the first nyll'ible, wtiicli would be well if 
 there were no derivatives ; but remedilrrt^hi, remrdi- 
 te.Hme.is, require the accent on the seconil syllable.] 
 
 1. Not nilmittingn remedy ; incurable ; desperate ; 
 ail, a rtmettilritH disease. 
 
 2. Irreparable ; aH, a Ions or damage in remrdiless. 
 
 3. Not admitting change or reversal ; as, a mnedi- 
 lets doom. Milton. 
 
 4. Not admitting recovery ; as, a remediless delu- 
 sion. Souths 
 
 RE-MED'I-LESS-LY, ado. In a manner or degree 
 that precludes a remedy. Clarendon^ 
 
 RE-!\IED'l-LESS-NESS, n. Incurableness. 
 
 REM'E-DY, 71. [L. remedium; re and medeor,Xo heal ; 
 Fr. remhle.] ' 
 
 1. That which cures a disease ; any medicine or 
 application which puts an end to disease and restores 
 health ; with /or ; as, a remedy for the gout. 
 
 2. That which counteracts an evil of any kind ; 
 with /r)r, to, or against ; usually with for. Civil 
 government is the remedy for the evils of natural lib- 
 erty. What rei/ier/y can be provided /er extravagance 
 in dress.' The man who shall invent an clTectual 
 remedy for intemperance will deserve every thing 
 from his fellow-inen. 
 
 3. That which cures uneasiness. 
 
 Our ^efs how swilt, our remedies how slow ! Prior. 
 
 4. That which repairs loss or disaster; reparation. 
 In the death of a mati there is no remedy. Wisdom. 
 
 REM'E-DY, V. t. [Fr. remedier.] 
 
 1. To cure ; to heal ; as, to remedy a disease. 
 
 2. To cure; to remove, as an evil; as, to remedy 
 grief; to remedy the evils of a war. 
 
 3. To repair ; to remove mischief ; in a very gen- 
 eral sense. 
 
 RE.M'E-DY-IN''?, 7'pr. Curing; healing; removing; 
 
 restorir.f ;'ii;;i<. a b.f ! to a go.id state. 
 RE->'EtrT', V. t. [iv and melt.] To melt a second 
 
 lime. 
 
 Ri-.-jlELT'ED, pp. Melted again. 
 Re-ME1,T'ING, ppr. Melting again. 
 RE-MEM'BER, v. t. [Norm, remembre; Low L. re- 
 memoror i re and viemoror. See MEMORr.] 
 
 1. To have in the mind an idea which had been in 
 the mind before, and which recurs to the mind 
 without effort. 
 
 We are said to remember any thin^, when the idea of it arises in 
 the mind with the consciousness that we have had this idea 
 bc^jre. Halls. 
 
 2. When we use effort to recall an idea, we are 
 said tt> recollect it. This distinction is not always 
 observed. Hence, R£M£Mi!£r is often used as sy- 
 nonymous with Recollect, that is, to call to mind. 
 We say, we can not remember a fact, when we 
 mean wc can not recollect it. 
 
 Remember the days of old. — Deut. xxxii. 
 
 3. To bear or keep in mind ; to attend to. 
 
 Remember what 1 warn thee ; shun to taste. ^TiUon. 
 
 4. To preserve the memory of; to preserve from 
 being forgotten. 
 
 Let th"m have their wa^es duly paid, 
 
 And somethiii'T over to remember nie. 
 
 Shall. 
 
 5. To mention. [JVo( in vse.] Jlyliffe. 
 C. To put in mind ; to remintl ; as, to remember one 
 of his duty. [jYot in use.] Clarendon. 
 
 7. To think of and consider ; to meditate. Ps. 
 Ixiii. 
 
 8. To bear in mind with esteem ; or to reward. 
 Eccles. ix. 
 
 9. To bear in mind with praise or admiration ; to 
 cek-brate. 1 Chron. xvi. 
 
 10. To bear in minil with favor, care, and regard 
 for the safely or ileliverance of any one. Fs. Ixxiv. 
 Orn. viii. Gen. xix. 
 
 11. To bear in mind with intent to reward or pun- 
 ish. 3 ./okn X. Jrr. xxxi. 
 
 12. To bear in mind with confidence ; to trust in. 
 Ps. XX. 
 
 13. To bear in mind with the purpose of assisting 
 or relieving. Gal. ii. 
 
 14. To bear in mind with reverence ; to obey. 
 
 Remember thy Cn-alor in the days of tliy youth. — Eccles. xii. 
 
 15. To bear in mind with regard ; to keep as sa- 
 cred ; to observe. 
 
 Remember the Sahbath-day to keep it holy. — Ex. xx. 
 
 To remember mercy, is to exercise it. Ilab. iii. 
 RE-MEM'BER KI), pp. Kept in mind ; recollected. 
 RE-ME.M'BER-EK, 71. One that remembers. 
 
 IVotton. 
 
 RE-ME.M'BER ING, ppr. Having in mind. 
 
 RE-ME.M'BRANCE, 71. [Fr.j The reltiiniiig or hav- 
 ing in ininil an idea wliicli had been pn-senl before, 
 or an idea which h:td been prt.'Vittiisly received frtun 
 an object when present, and \\'hich recurs to the 
 mind afterward without tlie presence of its object. 
 Technically, RKMEMnitANcK differs from Reminis- 
 cence and Rechllection, as the former implies 
 that an idea occurs to the mind spiuitaneniisly, or 
 without much mental exertion. The latter imply the 
 power or the act of recalling ideas which do not 
 s|mntaneously recur to the mind. 
 
 'I'he righteous Khali he in evcrlantinj^ remerrtAmnce. — Ps. cxii. 
 Remembmnce is when th'- saline idea rr*cun«, wiUloul the otK-rallon 
 ul Uie like object on the externa) •eitnury. Locke. 
 
 2. Transmission of a fact from one to another. 
 
 Titan 
 
 Amon^ the heaven* the immortal fact displayed, 
 
 I.e»t the reirteinbrnoce ot his grief shuiiUI fait. Aftditon. 
 
 .3. Account preserved ; something to assist the 
 meit.jry. 
 
 Those proceetiin*s and remtmbranceg are in the Tower. Hale. 
 
 4. Memorial. 
 
 But in rern<7n^afi« of 80 brave a deed 
 
 A tomb and funeral honor* 1 decreed. Dryden. 
 
 5. A token by which one is kept in the memory. 
 
 Keep this remembrance for thy Julia's sake. Shak. 
 
 6. Notice of something absent. 
 
 Lrf-t your remembrance still apply to Banquo. Shak. 
 
 7. Power of remembering ; limit of time within 
 which a fact can be remembered ; as when we say, 
 an event tottk place before our remembrance, or since 
 our rcniembrauce. 
 
 8. Honorable memory. [JVbt in use.] Shak. 
 
 9. Admonition. Skak. 
 
 10. Memorandum ; a note to help the memory. 
 
 Chillinfcworth. 
 
 RE-MEM'BRAN-CER, 71. One that reminds, or re- 
 vives the remembrance of any thing. 
 
 God is present in the consciences of good and Ixid ; he is there a 
 rent«ni6ranccr to call our actions to mind. Toy/or. 
 
 2. An officer in the exchequer of England, whose 
 business is to record certain papers and proceedings, 
 make out processes, &c. ; a recorder. The officers 
 bearing this name were formerly called cicris of the 
 remembrance. Eacyc. 
 
 3. Something that reminds or calls to remein- 
 lirance, as a gift ; memorial ; memento. Cowper. 
 
 RE-.ME.M'O-RaTE, v. U [L. remcmoratus, remem- 
 oror. ] 
 
 To remember ; to revive in the memory. [JVot in 
 
 liSC.]^ 
 
 RE-ME.M-O-Ra'TION, 71. Remembrance. [JVot in 
 use.] 
 
 RE-MER'CIE, ) . r„ . , 
 
 re-mek'cy, t t^'- 
 
 To thank. [.Not in use.] Spenser. 
 RB^M'I-GEtS, 71. pi. [L., from remex, a rower.] 
 
 In ornitholosy, the quill feathers of the wings of a 
 bird, which, like oars, propel it through the air. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RE-JIi'GRaTE, t>. i. [lj.remigroi re and Tni^'-ro, to 
 mignite.] 
 
 To remove back again to a former place or state ; 
 to return, f^ee .Migrate.] Boyle. 
 
 RE-MI-GR.^'TION, 71. Removal back again; a mi- 
 gration to a former place. Hale. 
 
 RE-.MLVI)', 11. t. [re and mind.] To put in mind ; to 
 bring to tlie remembrance of; as, to remind a person 
 of his promise. 
 
 2. To bring to notice or consideration. The in- 
 firmities of old age remind us of our mortality. 
 
 RE-.MT.VD'ED, pp. Put in mind. 
 
 RE-J1I\[)'FIJL, a. Tending or adapted to remind ; 
 careful to remind. Soutliey. 
 
 RE-MIND'ING, ppr. Putting in mind ; calling atten- 
 tion to. 
 
 RE.M I-NIS'CENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. reminiscens, 
 reminiscor, Gr. nvaoiiat. See Memory.] 
 
 1. That faculty of the mind by which ideas for- 
 merly received into it, but forgotten, are recalled or 
 revived in the memory. Encyc. 
 
 2. Recollection ; recovery of ideas that had es- 
 capeil fruin the memory. Hale. 
 
 3. Reminiscence stems often to signify recollec- 
 tiuu expressed ; a relation of what is recollectetl. 
 
 REM-I-NIS'l-EN T, 11. One who calls to mind, and 
 reciirds past evi'iits. 
 
 RE.M IMji-CEN'Tl.\L,a. Pertainingto reminiscence 
 or recoirM tion. Broion. 
 
 RE.\1'I-1'EI), H. [I,, rrmus, an oar, and p&s, a foot.] 
 An animal. The name has been giVen to curtain 
 crustaceans, also to certain coleopterous insects. 
 
 P. Cyc. Brande. 
 
 RE-MISE', V. t. [Fr. remise, from rrmcitre; L. rcinis- 
 su<, rcmitto ; re and mitto, to send.] 
 
 To give or grant back ; to release a claim ; to re- 
 sign or siirrentler by tieed. .\ B hath runised, re- 
 leased, and forever quitclaimed to B C all his right 
 to the manor of Dale. Blackstonc. 
 
 Rr.-JII.«'KD, (re-mizd',) pp. Released. 
 
 RE-MIS ING, ppr. Surrendering by deed. 
 
 RE-.MISS', a. [Fr. rrmis : L. rcmissus, supra.] 
 
 1. Slack ; dilatory; negligent; not performing 
 duty or business; not. complying with engagements 
 at all, or not in due time ; as, to be remiss in at- 
 tenilance on official duties ; remiss in payment of 
 debts. 
 
 2. Slow ; slack ; languid. Ifoodmard. 
 
 3. Not intense. 
 
 These nervous, hold; those laiiertdil and remise. Roscommon. 
 
 RE-MISS'I-BLE, 0. That may be remitted or forgiven. 
 
 Frltbam. 
 
 RE-MIS'SION, (re mish'im,! n. [Fr., from L. rcmij- 
 sio, frtun rrmilto, to send hack.] 
 
 1. Abatement ; relaxation ; moderation ; as, the 
 remis.Hion of extrcmt! rigor. Bacon. 
 
 2. Abatement; diminution of intensity; as, the 
 remission of the sun's heat ; the remission of fidd ; 
 the rcmis.iion of close study or of labor. IVoodieard. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
REM 
 
 REM 
 
 REM 
 
 3. Release ; discharge or rclinquisliiiient of a 
 claim or right ; as, llie remission of a tax or duty. 
 
 ^dilisun. 
 
 4. In medicine, abatement ; a temporary subsi- 
 dence of the force or violence of a disea-se or of 
 pain, as distin;;uished from Intermission, in which 
 the disease leaves the patient entirely for a lime. 
 
 5. Forgiveness ; pardon ; that is, the giviii-; up of 
 the punishment due to a crime ; as, the remission of 
 sins. .Matt. xxvi. lleb. ix. 
 
 (i. The art of sendiiiR hack. [JVot in luf.] 
 
 RF.-.MIS.s'lVE, a. Kemiltiiis ; forgiving. Jfacket. 
 
 RE-.MISS'LY, n//i'. Carelessly; negligently; with- 
 out close attention. Jlookcr. 
 
 2. Slowly; slackly ; not vigorously ; not with ar- 
 dor. Clarendon. 
 
 RE-.MISS'NESS, n. Slackness; slowness; careless- 
 ness; negligence; want of ardor or vigor; cold- 
 ness; want of punctuality; want of atlenliou to 
 any business, duty, or engagement in the proper 
 time, or with the requisite industry. 
 
 Dcnham. jirbtU/liloL 
 
 RE-MrT', V. U [L. remitto, to send hack; re and 
 mitto, to send ; Fr. rcmettre ; It. rimettcre ; Sp. re- 
 mitir.] 
 
 1. To relax, as intensity ; to make less tense or vi- 
 olent. 
 
 So willingly dolli (i(xl remit his ire. Milton. 
 
 2. To forgive ; to surrender the right of punishing 
 a crime ; as, to remit punishment. Dryden. 
 
 3. To pardon, as a fault or crime. 
 
 Wht>sesoever sins ye rejiii'., iln-y are remitted to them. — John xx. 
 
 4. To give up ; to resign. 
 
 Ill grievous and inhuman crime*, oflendcn ihould be remitted to 
 Iheir prince. Ilayward. 
 
 5. To refer ; as, a clause that remitted all to the 
 bishop's discretion. Baeon. 
 
 6. To send back. 
 
 The prisoner was remitted lo the g\;ar:l. Dryden. 
 
 7. To transmit money, bills, &c., to some person 
 at a distance. American merchants remit money, 
 hills of exchange, or some species of stock, in pay- 
 ment for Itritish goods. 
 
 8. To restore. 
 
 In this cise Uie law remits him to his ancient and more certain 
 right. Blackslone. 
 
 RE-MIT', V. i. To slacken ; to become less intense or 
 rigorous. 
 
 When our passions remit, the vehemence of our speech remits 
 
 too. Broome. 
 So we say, cold or heat remits. 
 2. To abate in violence for a time, without inter- 
 missiim ; as, afevermniisat a certain hour every day. 
 RE-MIT'MENT, n. The act of remitting to custody. 
 
 2. Forgiveness ; pardon. Jllillon. 
 RE-MIT'TAL, n, A remitting ; a giving up ; surren- 
 der; as, the remittal of the first-fruits. Swift. 
 RE-MIT'TA.\CE, n. lt\ commerce, the act of trans- 
 mitting money, bills, or the like, to a distant place. 
 2. The sum or thing remitted. .Iddison. 
 RE-.MIT'TEl), pp. Relaxed; forgiven; pardoned; 
 sent back ; referred ; given up; transmitted to a dis- 
 tant place, as money. 
 RE-MIT'TENT, o. Having an alternate increase and 
 remissitm. 
 
 Remittent fever; one which has striking exacerba- 
 tions and remissions, without any entire intermis- 
 sion. Dnn^lisiin. 
 
 RE-.MIT'TER, n. One who remits, or makes rcmit- 
 
 V taiire. 
 
 2. In/<iu>, the restitution of a more ancient and cer- 
 tain right to a person who has right to lands, but is 
 out of possession, and hath afterward the freehold 
 cast upon him by some subsequent defective title, by 
 viitue of which he enters. Blackstone. 
 
 3. One that pardons. 
 
 RE-.MIT'TING, /ipr. Relaxing ; forgiving; sending 
 
 back ; transmitting money, bills, &c. 
 REM'N.^NT, 71. [Contracted from remanent. See 
 
 Remain.] 
 
 1. Residue; that which is left after the separa- 
 tion, removal, or destruction of a part. 
 
 The remnanl that are left of the captivity, — Neh. L 
 
 2. That which remains after a part is done, per- 
 formed, told, or passed. 
 
 The remnant of my tale is of a Icn^h 
 
 To lire your p;ilienc*'. Drvdtn. 
 Wliere 1 m;iy thiuk tlie remnant of my thoughts. ^haJc. 
 
 RE.M'NANT, a. Remaining ; yet left. 
 
 And quiet deilicate her remnant life 
 
 To Uie Just duties of a humble wile. [lAttle iued.\ Prior. 
 
 RE-MOD'EL, r. t [r« and model.] To model or fash- 
 ion anew. 
 
 RE-MOI)'EL-ED, pp. Modeled anew. 
 
 RE-MOD'EL-ING, ppr. Modeling again. 
 
 RE-.Mf)LD', V. U [re and tnold.] To mold or shape 
 anew. 
 
 RE-M^l,D'ED,pp. Molded again. J. Barlow. 
 
 RE-MOLD'ING, ppr. Molding anew. 
 
 RE MOL'LIE.VT, g. [Fr.] Mollifying ; softening. 
 
 RE-Mf)I.T'f;.\, pp. or o. [re and molten, from melt.] 
 
 .Melted again. Bacon. 
 RE-MON't^TRANCE, n. [Fr. rcmonlrance. See Rs- 
 
 MONSl R \1 E.] 
 
 1. Show ; discovery. [JVot in use.'] Shai. 
 
 2. Expostulation ; strong representation of rcasims 
 against a measure, either public or private, and when 
 addressed to a public body, a prince or magistrate, 
 it may be accompanied with a petition or supplica- 
 tion for the removal or prevention of some evil or 
 inconvenience. A party aggrieved presents a rcmtiH- 
 slrance to the legislature. 
 
 3. Pressing suggestions in opposition to a measure 
 or act ; as, the remonstrances of Cunscience or of jus- 
 tice. Rii^rcrs. 
 
 4. Expostulary counsel or advice ; reproof. 
 
 5. In titc Homun Catholic citnrrh, a plate tif silver 
 or gold, about six inches in iliameter, standing ver- 
 tically on a support, and having an opening in Ilie 
 center, within which the host is placed, to be exhib- 
 ited to the congregation. 
 
 RE-.MON'STRANT, a. ExpostiiUitory ; urging strong 
 reasons aL'ainst an act 
 
 RE-.MO.N"STRANT, H. One vv'lio remonstrates. The 
 appellation of remonstrants is given to the Arinini- 
 ans who remonstrated against the decisions of the 
 synod of Dort, in 1018. Brande. 
 
 RE-MON'STRSTE, r. i. [L. remonstro ; re and mon- 
 stro, lo show ; Fr. remontrer. See Mi'ster.] 
 
 1. To exhibit or present strong reasons against an 
 act, measure, or any course of proceedings ; to ex- 
 postulate. Men remonstrate by verbal argument, or 
 by a written exposition of reastins. 
 
 2. To suggest urgent reasons in opposition to a 
 measure. Conscience remotistrates against a priilli- 
 galc life. 
 
 RE-.MO.\'STR.\TE, v. t. To show by a strong repre- 
 sentation of reasons. 
 
 RE-.M()X'STR.\-TEI), pp. Opposed by urging strong 
 reasons against a measure. 
 
 RE-.M(>.\'STRa-TIN(J, ppr. Urging strong reasons 
 against a measure. 
 
 RE-.MO.V-STRA'TION, n. The act of remonstrating. 
 [ Little used.] 
 
 RE-MO.\'STRa-TOR, n. One who remonstrates. 
 RE.M'O-RA, n. [L., from re and moror, to delay.] 
 
 1. Delay; obstacle; hiiiderance. [J^Tut in use.] 
 
 2. The sucking fish, a s|)ecies of Lclicneis, which 
 is said to attach itself to the bottom or side of a ship 
 and retard its motion. It is a small fish, found in 
 the Mediterranean and other se.is. Parlim'lun. 
 
 REM'O-RATE, v. t. [L. remoror.] 
 
 To hinder ; to delay. [.Vul in itsf.] 
 RE-MORD', V. t. [L. remordco ; re and mordco, to 
 gnaw.] 
 
 To rebuke ; to excite to remorse. [A'ot in ?/.«cJ 
 
 Skellon. 
 
 RE-MORD', c. i. To feel remorse. [JVot iniisc] F.lijou 
 RE-.MORI)'EN-CY, n. Compunction ; remorse. 
 
 Kdlinabcek. 
 
 RE-MORSE', n. [L. remorsns, from rfmiirrfcu.] 
 
 1. The keen pain or anguish excited by a sense of 
 guilt ; compunction of conscience for a crime com- 
 mitted. Clarendon. 
 
 2. Syntpathetic sorrow ; pity ; compassion. 
 
 draw 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 [ This setise is nearly or quite obsolete.] 
 RE-SlORS'fiD, (re-morst',) a. Feeling remorse or 
 
 compunctinii. [JViit iised.] Bp. //all. 
 
 RE-.MURSE'FUL, (re-mors'ful,) a. Full of remorse. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 2. Compassionate; feeling tenderly. [JV^ut in u.~e.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Pitiable. [JS'iit in use.] Chapman. 
 RE-.MORSE'FyL-LY, adv. With remorse of con- 
 science. 
 
 RE-MORSE'LESS, (re-mors'less,) o. . tJnpitying; 
 cruel ; insensible to distress ; as, the remarseless deep. 
 
 J>/i/fon. 
 
 Remorteteti adverviriei. South. 
 
 RE-MORSE'LESS-LY, (re-mors'less-Iy,) adv. With- 
 out remorse. South. 
 
 RE-.MORSE'LESS-NESS,(re-mors'les9-ness,) n. Sav- 
 age cruelty ; Insensibility lo distress. Beaum. S; FL 
 
 RE-M6TE', 0- [Ij. remottis, reinoveo ; re and movco, 
 to move.] 
 
 1. Distant in place ; not near; as, a remote coun- 
 try ; a remote people. 
 
 Give me a life remote from guilty courts. Granville. 
 
 2. Distant in time, past or future ; as, remou an- 
 tiquity. Every man is apt to think the time of his 
 dissolution to be remote. 
 
 3. Distant ; not immediate. 
 
 It is not all remote and even apparent good that affects ns. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 4. Distant ; primary ; not proximate ; as, the re- 
 mote causes of a disease. 
 
 .■j. Alien ; foreign ; not agreeing with ; as, a propo- 
 sition remoU from rea.son. Locke. 
 
 C. Abstracted ; as, the mind placed by ihnught 
 amongst or remote from all bodies. Locke. \ 
 
 Curse on th' unpardoning prince, whom tears ( 
 To no remorse. 
 
 7. Distant in consanguinity or affinity; as, a re- 
 mote kinsman. 
 
 8. Slight : iiiconsitlerable ; ns, a remote analogy 
 between cases ; a remote resemblance in form or 
 color. 
 
 RE-.MO'I'E'I.Y, ado. At a distance in space or time; 
 not nearly. 
 
 2. At a distance in consanguinity or affinity. 
 
 3. Klighlly ; in a small degree ; as, to be remotely 
 nfTerted by an event. 
 
 RE-MOTE'NESS, n. .State of being distant in space 
 or time ; distance; as, the remoteness of a kingdom 
 or of a star ; the rcmotcne.ts of the deluge from our 
 age ; the remoteness of a future event, of an evd or 
 of success. 
 
 2. Distance in consanguinity or affinity. 
 
 3. Distance in operation or etiiciency ; as,Jher«- 
 moteness tif causes. 
 
 4. Slightness; smallness ; as, remotencis of resem- 
 blance. 
 
 RE-iMO'TION, n. The art of removing ; the state of 
 being removed to a distance. {Little used.] 
 
 ShaJc. Broion. 
 
 RE-MOni,D', V. t. See Remold. 
 
 RE-.M<JU.\T', v. t. [Fr. remonter ; re and montrr.] 
 
 To intuint again ; as, to remount a horse. 
 RE-MOUNT', V. i. To mount again ; to re.iscend. 
 
 fVoodwurd. 
 
 RE-MOV-A-im,'I-TY, n. The capacity of being re- 
 movable from an office or station ; capacity of being 
 displaced. 
 
 RE-MOV'A-HLE, (-moov'a-bl,) a. [from remove.] 
 That may be removed from an office or station. 
 Such cunile is removable at Uie pleasure of tlic rector of the 
 niotli'T chiir\:li. Ayl\fe. 
 
 2. That may be removed from one place to another. 
 RE-.MOV'AI,, n. The act of moving from one place 
 
 to another for residence ; as, the rcmoviit of a family. 
 2. 'I'lie act of displacing from an othce or pt>st, 
 ,3. The act of curing or putting away; as, lher«- 
 
 moval of .'I disease. 
 
 4. The state of being removed ; change of place. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 5. The act of putting an end to ; as, the rcmui;aiof 
 a grievance. 
 
 RE-.MOVE', (re-moov',) v. t. [L, removeo ; re and nw- 
 veo, to move ; Fr. remuer ; It. rimuovcre ; Sp. remo- 
 ver.] 
 
 1. To cause to change place ; to put from its place 
 in any manner ; as, to remove a building. 
 
 Thou sh.ili not remove tliy nri^hbor's landmark. — DeuU six. 
 
 2. To displace from an office. 
 
 3. To titke or put aw.ay in any manner ; to cause 
 to leave a person or thing ; to banish or destroy ; as, 
 to remove a disease or complaint. 
 
 liemooe sorrow frum thine heart. — Eccles. xL 
 
 4. To carry from one court to another ; as, to re- 
 more a caiistr or suit by appeal. 
 
 5. To take from the present state of being ; as, 
 to remove one by death. 
 
 RE-.MOVE', T. i. To change pl.tce in any manner. 
 
 2. To go from one place to another. Prior. 
 
 3. To change the place of residence : as, to remove 
 from New York lo Philadelphia. 
 
 JVotc. — The verb rcmure, in most of its applica- 
 tions, is synonymous wilh more, but not in all. 
 Thus we do not apply remove lo a mere change of pos- 
 ture, ivithout a change of place or the seat of a thing. 
 A man inui-c.« his head when he turns it, or his finger 
 when he bends it, but lit) does nol remove il. Remove 
 usually or always denotes a change of pl.ice in a 
 body, but we never apply it to a regular continued 
 course or motion. We never s.ay, the wind or water, 
 or a ship, rc/ni/L'C.s- at a ceiiain rate by the hour; but 
 we say, a ship was removed from one place in a har- 
 bor to another. Move is a generic term, inclutiing 
 the sense of remove, which is more generally applied 
 to a change from one station or permanent position, 
 stand, or seal, to another station. 
 RE-.MOVE', n. Change of place. Chapman. 
 
 2. Translation of one lo the place of another. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. State of being removed. Locke. 
 
 4. .Act of moving a man in chess or other game. 
 
 5. Departure; a going away. Halter. 
 
 6. The act of changing place ; removal. Bacon. 
 
 7. A step in any scale of gradation. 
 
 A freeholder is but one remove from a le^lalor. Addison. 
 
 8. Any indefinite distance ; as, a small or great 
 remove, Rogers. 
 
 9. The act of putting a horse's shoes on different 
 feet. Swift. 
 
 10. A dish to be changed while the rest of the 
 course remains. Johnson. 
 
 11. Susceptibility of being removed. [jVot in use.] 
 
 OianeiUe. 
 
 RE-MOV'^n, (-moovd',) pp. Changed in place ; car- 
 ried lo a distance ; displaced from office ; placed 
 far off. 
 
 2. a. Remote ; separate from others. Shak, 
 RE-MO V'ED-N ESS, ti, SUte of being removed ; re- 
 moteness. Shak, 
 
 TONE, UyLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
REN 
 
 RE-MOVER, 71. One that removes ; as, a remnver of 
 laiiilmarks. Bacoiu 
 
 RE-.\IOV'(.\G, ppr. Chansins place ; carrying or 
 golris; from one place to aiiollier; displacing ; ban- 
 isliinc 
 
 REM THAN, 71. An idp' worshiped by the Israelites 
 while they were in the wilderness. ,^cU vii. 
 
 RE-.MC'Gr-E.\T, o. [L.T-emiio-io.l Rebellowing. Mm-e. 
 
 RE-MU-NER-A-BIL'I-TY, n. The capacity of being 
 rewarded. 
 
 RE-.Mu'NER-.A-BLE, a. [from rcmuneratr.] That 
 ni:iy be rewarded ; fit or proper to he recompensed. 
 
 RE-.Mu'NER-aTE, v. t. [L. rcmuncro ; re and viu- 
 nero, from iniuitu, a gift.] 
 
 To reward ; to recompense; to requite j i7i a good 
 sensr ; to pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, 
 expense, or other sacrifice ; as, to remunerate the 
 troops of an army for their services and sulTerings; 
 to rnnunerate men for labor. The pious sufferer in 
 this hfe will be remunerated in the life to come. 
 
 RE-.Mu'.XER-a-TED, pp. Rewarded; compensated. 
 
 RE-Mu'NEll-A-TIi\G,;)p7-. Rewarding ; recompensing 
 
 RE-MU-NER-.\'TrON, n. Resvard ; recompense ; the 
 act of paying an equivalent for services, loss, or 
 sacrifices. Shak. 
 
 5 The equivalent given for services, loss, or suffer- 
 in jzs. 
 
 RE-Mu'XER-.\-TIVE, a. Exercised in rewarding ; 
 that bestows rewards ; as, remunerative iaH\^e. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 RE-Mu'NER-.-V-TO-RY, a. Affording recompense ; 
 
 rewarding. Johnson. 
 RE-.MUR'.MUR, r. t. [L. remurmuro; re and 7nur- 
 
 muro.] 
 
 To utter back in murmurs ; to return in mur- 
 murs ; to repeat in low, hoarse sounds. Dnjden. 
 The trembling trees, in every plain and wotxl, 
 Her f.ile remurmur to llie silver flood. Pope, 
 
 EE-MUR'MUR, v. i. To murmur back; to return 
 or echo in low, rumbling sounds. 
 
 Tlie realms of Mars remurmured all around. Dryden. 
 
 RE-MUR'.MUR-f:D, pp. Uttered back in murmurs. 
 RE-MUK'MIIR-ING, ppr. Uttering back in low 
 sounds. 
 
 Re'.\.\L, n. [L. renalis, from renes, the kidneys.] 
 
 Pertaining to the kidneys or reins; as, the renal 
 arteries. 
 
 RE.\'A RD, 71. [Fr. ; G. reincke.] 
 
 A fox ; a name used in fables, but not in common 
 discourse. Dryden. 
 This word is also spelled Reynard. 
 
 RE-\.-\S'CE.\-CY,7!. The state of springing or being 
 produced again. Brown. 
 
 RE-NAS'CENT, a. [L. renascens^ renascor ; re and 
 nascor^ to be born.] 
 
 Springing or rising into being again ; reproduced. 
 
 RE-\AS'CI-BLE, a. Th.at may be reproduced; that 
 may spring again into being. 
 
 RE-.\AV'I-GaTE, r. t. [r« and 7rarin'a<e.l To navi- 
 gate again ; as, to renavigate the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 RE-.NAV'I-Ga-TED, pp. Navigated again; sailed 
 over anew. 
 
 RE-.N A V'[-G.^-TING, ppr. Navigating again. 
 RE\-G0UN'TER, n. [Fr. rencontre : re and encontre ; 
 
 en and centre, against.] Literally, a meeting of two 
 
 bodies. Hence, 
 
 1. A meeting in opposition or contest. 
 
 Tile joalliiig cliieCi in rude rencounter join. GlanviUe. 
 
 9. .\ casual combat ; a sudden contest or fight 
 without premeditation ; as between individuals or 
 sniidi parties. 
 
 3. A casual action; an engagement between ar- 
 mies or fleets. 
 
 The confederates should — outnumber tfie enemy in all rencoun- 
 ter* and en^jenicnls. Adiitjion. 
 
 4. Any combat, action, or engagement. 
 RE.N'-e()(jN''l'ER, V. I. To meet unexpectedly with- 
 out enmity or hostility. 
 
 [This use is found in some recent publications, but 
 is not common.] 
 
 2. To attack hand to liand. Spen.^er. 
 RE\-COUN'TEE, v. i. To meet an enemy unex- 
 
 pei'teilly. 
 
 2. 'J'o clash ; to come in collision. 
 
 3. To skirmish with another. 
 
 4. To fight hand to hanil. Johnson. 
 RE.N-ef)U.\'TEK-AU,j)p. Mel unexpectedly ; cUislied. 
 
 [See the verbs.] 
 lE.M), 
 
 RE.M), V. t. ; pret. and pp. Rest. [Sax. rendan, 
 rhrmlan; Ir. rnnnam, rannaim i VV. rhanui Arm. 
 j ranna, to divide, and crenna, to abridge, whence 
 ' Eng. rrannii, I,, crrnn. tlu. L. cerno, Gr. Kplful. 
 Chun Rn, No. 4, 8, 13, Hi.] 
 
 J. To separate any Hiibslance into parts with force 
 or midden violence ; to tear asunder ; to split ; as, 
 [HJWder remU a rock in blasting ; lightning rends an 
 oak. 
 
 An empire from Its old foundation renf. Dryden, 
 I rtnd my treaae* And my tirvnst 1 wound. Pop*. 
 Neither renrf your clotiiet, lest ye tile. — I^r. x. 
 
 2. To Hcparale or part with violence. 
 
 1 wlil surely Ttni die kiiiffloiii from th'-r. — I Kin^s xi. 
 
 REN 
 
 rend tlie heart ; in Scripture, to have bitter sor- 
 row for sin. Joel ii. 
 
 To rend the , heavens ; to appear in majesty. Is. 
 Ixiv. 
 
 Rend differs somewhat from lacerate. We never 
 say, to lacerate a rock or a kingdom, when we mean 
 to express splitting or division. Lacerate is properly 
 applicable to the tearing off of sm.all pieces of a 
 thing, as to lacerate the body with a whip or scourge ; 
 or to ihe tearing of the flesh or other thing without 
 entire separation. 
 REXD'ER, 71. [from rend.'] One that tears by vio- 
 lence. 
 
 REX'DER, V. U [Yr.rendre: Xt.rendere; Bp. reniir ; 
 Port, render. This is probably the L. reddo, with 7i 
 casually inserted.] 
 
 1. To return ; to pay back. 
 
 See Uiat none render evil for evil to any man. — 1 Thess. v. 
 
 2. To inflict, as a retribution. 
 
 1 will render vengeance to my enemies. — Deut. xxxii. 
 
 3. To give on demand ; to give ; to assign. 
 
 The slugi^ni is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that 
 c!in render a r&uion. — Prov. xxvi. 
 
 4. To make or cause to be, by some infltience upon 
 a thing, or by some change ; as, to render a person 
 more safe or more unsafe ; to render him solicitous or 
 cautious; to render a fortress more secure or impreg- 
 nable; to rentier a ferocious animal more mild and 
 tractable. 
 
 5. To translate, as from one language into an- 
 other ; as, to render Latin into English. We say, to 
 render a word, a sentence, a book, or an author, into 
 a different language. Locke. 
 
 6. To surrender ; to yield or give up the command 
 or possession of; as, to render one's self to his ene- 
 mies. K. Charles, Clarendon, 
 
 [Less used than Surrender.] 
 
 7. To afford ; to give for use or benefit. Washing- 
 ton rendered great service to his country. 
 
 8. To represent ; to exhibit. 
 
 He dill render him the most unnatural 
 
 That lived amou jst men. [.Vol in use.] Shak. 
 
 9. To boil down and cl irify ; as, to render tallow. 
 To render back; to return ; to restore. 
 
 REN'DER, 71. A surrender ; a giving up. S/iak. 
 
 2. A return ; a payment of rent. 
 
 In those early times, the king's houseliold was supported by 
 specilic renders of corn and other victuals Iroin th.- t'-iianis 
 of the demains. Blaeksume. 
 
 3. An account given. Sliak. 
 RE.\'DER-.V-BLE, a. That may be rendered. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 REN'DER-£D, pp. or a. Returned ; paid back ; given ; 
 assigned ; maile ; translated ; surrendered ; afforded ; 
 boiled down and clarified ; as, rendered tallow. 
 
 REN'DER-ER, n. One who renders. 
 
 REN'DER-ING, ;)/)r. Returning; giving back; as- 
 signing ; making ; translating ; surrendering ; afford- 
 in!;. 
 
 REN'DER-ING, 7i. Version ; translation. Loirth. 
 2. The act of laying the first coat of plaster on 
 
 brick or stone work ; the coat thus laid on. GwilU 
 REN'DEZ-VOUS, (ren'de-voo,) n. [Fr. rendei vous, 
 
 render yourselves, repair to a place. 'J'his word is 
 
 anglicized, and may well be pronounced as an 
 
 English word.] 
 
 1. A place appointed for the assembling of troops, 
 or the place where they assemble ; or the port or 
 place where ships are ordered to join company. 
 
 2. A place for enlisting seamen into the naval ser- 
 vice. Tutten. 
 
 3. A place of meeting, or a sign that draws men 
 together. [Rarely used.] Bacon. 
 
 4. An assembly ; a meeting. [Rarely used.] 
 REN'IJEZ-VOUS, (ren'de-voo,) v. i. To assemble or 
 
 meet at a particular place, as troops, ships, &c. 
 
 The place where the Gauls and Bruti had renilezvotised. 
 
 Aljrcd's Orusuis, Trans. B. TrumbuU. Hook, Rom. IRsl. 
 
 REN'DKZ-VOUS, (ren'de-voo,) v. t. To assemble or 
 bring together at a certain place. Echard. 
 
 REN"1)EZ-V0US-A"D, (ren'de-vood,) pp. Assembled 
 or brouubt toL'etber at a particular pl.ice. 
 
 REN'UEZ-V'OUS-LN'G, ■ ren'de-voo-ing,) ppr. Assem- 
 bling at a particular place. 
 
 RKN'DI BLE, a. That may be yielded or surren- 
 dered. 
 
 2. 'J'hat may be translated. HowelL 
 [Little used in either sense.] 
 REN-DI"TION, (ren-dish'un,) n. [from render.] The 
 act of yielding possession ; surrender. Fairfax. 
 2. Translation. South. 
 REN'R-GADE, ) n. [Sp. and Port, renegado, from 
 RE.\-1'>G A'DU, j renegar, to deny ; L. re anil ncgo, 
 to deny ; It. rinegalo ; Fr. rcnegat ; primarily, an 
 apostate.] 
 
 1. An apostate from the faith. ,^ddison. 
 
 2. One who deserts to an enemy ; a deserter. 
 
 3. A vagahonil. [.^rbuthnot 
 
 [ 77ii.« is the sense in which Vtis word is mostly used in 
 papular language.] 
 RE-.N'kOK', r. (. [L. rcnr^o.] 
 
 To deny ; to disown. [Obs,] ShaL 
 
 REN 
 
 RE-Nl'?.GE', 7>. t. To deny. [Obs.] Shak. 
 Rf.-NERVE', D. f. [re and 7ierce.J To nerve again ; 
 
 to give new vigor to. J. Barlow. 
 
 Rk-NERV'KD, pp. Nerved anew. 
 Ric-NER V'l.N'G, ppr. Giving new vigor to. 
 RE-NEW', (re-nu',) v t. [L. renovo ; re and 71010, or 
 
 re and new.] 
 
 1. To renovate ; to restore to a former state, or to 
 a good state, after decay or depravation ; to rebuild ; 
 to repair. 
 
 .4sa renewed the altar of the Lord. — 2 Chron. sv^ 
 
 2. To reestablish ; to confirm. 
 
 Let us go to G\\^\\ and renew the kingdom there. — 1 Sam. xi. 
 J. To make again ; as, to renew a treaty or cove- 
 nant. 
 
 4. To repeat ; as, to renetc expressions of friend- 
 ship ; to renew a promise ; to renew an allem(it. 
 
 5. To revive ; as, to renew the glories of an ances- 
 tor or of a former age. Shali. 
 
 6 To begin again. 
 
 file hist great age renews its finished course. Dryden. 
 
 7 To make new ; to make fresh or vigorous ; as, 
 to lenew youth ; to renew strength ; to renew the face 
 of the earth. Ps. ciii. Is. xl. Ps. civ. 
 
 8. To grant a new loan on a new note for tlie 
 amount of a furmer one. 
 
 9. In theology, to make new ; to renovate ; to trans- 
 form ; to change from natural eiimily to the love of 
 God and his law ; to implant holy affections in the 
 heart ; to regenerate. 
 
 Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind. — Rom. xii. 
 Eph. iv. 
 
 RE-.VEW'A-BLE, ( nii'a-bl,) a. That may be re- 
 newed ; as, a lease renewable at pleasure. Swift. 
 
 RE-NEVV'.AL, 7j. The act of renewing; the act of 
 forming anew ; as, the renewal of a treat}'. 
 
 2. Renovation ; regeneration. 
 
 3. Revival ; restoration to a former or to a good 
 state. 
 
 4. Reloan on a new note given. 
 RE-NEVV'£D, (re-nude',) pp. or a. Made new again ; 
 
 repaired ; reestablished; repeated ; revived ; renova- 
 ted ; regenerated. 
 RE-NEW'ED-LY, adv. Again ; once more. 
 
 [Sometimes used by j^merican clergymen, but not 
 .<!anctioned in Kngland.] 
 RE-NEW'ED-NESjS, 71. State of being renewed. 
 
 Hammond, 
 
 RE-NEW'ER, 71. One who renews. Shermmd. 
 RE-NEW'[NG, ppr. Making new again ; repairing; 
 
 reest;ililislnng ; repeating; reviving; renovating. 
 RE-NE\V"'1NG, a. Th;it renews or regenerates; as, 
 
 reurwiniT grace. Tending or adapted to renovate. 
 RE NEWING, 71. The act of making new ; renew.al. 
 REiN'I-FOR.M, a. [L. renes, the kidnejs, and form.] 
 
 Having the form or shape of the kidneys. Kirwan. 
 REN'I-TENCE, J 71. [L. renilens, renitur, to resist; 
 REN'I-TE.\-CY, ( re and 7ii(<»r, to struggle or strive.] 
 
 1. The resistance of a body to pressure ; the efiort 
 of m.itter to resume the place or form from which it 
 has been driven by the impulse of other matter ; the 
 effect of elasticity. putney. 
 
 2. Moral resistance ; reluctance. 
 
 We find a renitency in ourselves to ascribe life and irritability to 
 the cold and motionless fibers of plants. Dtirtciii. 
 
 REN'I-TE.NT, a. Resisting pressure or the effect of 
 it ; acting against impulse by el.istic force. Ray. 
 
 REN'NET, 71. [G. ri;iiicii, to run, to curdle; I). T-tin- 
 7ifH, ronnen, to curdle or coagulate ; Sax. gerunnen, 
 co:igulated.] • 
 The prepared stomach, or concreted milk found in 
 the stomach of a sticking quadruped, particularly of 
 the calf. It is used for coagulating milk, and is also 
 written RuhNET. Encyc. of Dom, Ecoji, 
 
 RFN'NET IN'G ( "* A kind of apple. Mortimer, 
 RIO-NOUNCE', V, t, [Fr. renonecri L. rcnmicio i re 
 and nuncio, to declare, from the root of jtomen, name.] 
 
 1. To disown ; to disclaim ; to reject, .as a title or 
 chiini ; to refuse to own or acknowletlgo as belong- 
 ing to ; as, to renounce a title to land or a cbiim to 
 reward ; to renounce all pretensions to applause. 
 
 2. 'l"o deny ; to cast o(f ; to reject ; to disclaim ; as 
 an obligation or duty ; as, to renounce allegiance. 
 
 3. To cast off or reject, as a connection or posses- 
 sion ; to forsake ; as, to rcnouitce the world and all 
 its cares. Shali. 
 
 \Vf have renounced die hidden tilings of dishonesty. — *i Cor. iv. 
 RE-NOUNCE', r. i. To declare n renunciation. 
 He of my sons who fails to make it good, 
 Uy one P'lifllioiis iict renounces to my blood. Dryden. 
 l.Vol in o.e.) 
 
 2. In cards, not to follow suit, when the person has 
 a card of the same sort. 
 
 RE-i\OUNCE', 71. The declining to follow suit when 
 it can be done. 
 
 RE-NOUN'G£I), fre-nounst',) pp. Disowned ; de- 
 nied ; rejorteil ; (lisclaimetl. 
 
 RE-NOUNC'E'.MEN'I", (re nouns'ment,) 71. The act 
 of disrb-iiming or rejecting ; renunciation. Sliak. 
 
 RE-NOl-'N'CER, 71. One who disowns or disclaims. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY.— PINE, MARINE, DIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 936 
 
REN 
 
 RE-NOUN'CING, jy/r. Disowning ; disclaiming ; re- 
 jpctind. 
 
 RE-NOUN'CING, ji. The net of disowning, disclaini- 
 iiij, ilcnvine, or rejecting. 
 
 RFN'O-VATE, l: t. [L. reiwvo; re and ttovo, to make 
 ni w ; nooii.i, new.] 
 
 To renew ; to restore to tlie first state, or to a good 
 St lie, after decay, destruction, or depravation. It is 
 synonymous witli Rsnew, itxccpt in its fourlli defi- 
 nition, supra. 
 
 REN'O-VA-TED, pp. or a. Renewed ; made new, 
 
 I'resli, or viuorous. 
 REN'O-VA-TING, ppr. or a. Renewing. 
 REN-O-Va'TION, II. [Fr., from L.. reiwoatio.] 
 
 I. Tlie act of renewing ; a making new alter de- 
 cay, destruction, or depravation 5 renewal ; as, tlie 
 renovation of the heart hy grace. 
 
 Then' is sonii-tliiiis inexpressibly pleasing in the annuftl renoro 
 don ut Uic wurUI. Rambler. 
 
 9. A State of being renewed. Bncun. Milton. 
 
 REN'O-VA-TOll, H. One who or that which re- 
 news. Foi^lei: 
 
 RE-.NOVVN', n. [Fr. renomin^c ; re and nummer, to 
 name.] 
 
 Fame ; celebrity ; exalted reputation derived from 
 the extensive praise of great achievements or accom- 
 plishments. 
 
 Gi.mts of old, men of renown. — Gen. vl. Nuul. xrfr 
 
 RE-NOWN', V. t. To make famous. 
 
 S.tfl elocution does lliy stjie renoien. Drv'tfn. 
 A liunl wlioin pilfetievi ptuslonils rrnywn. J^ujie. 
 
 [77f(> rrrA in nearly or qnite ohsnhte."] 
 
 RE-NO\VN'KD, a. Famous; celebrated for gretit and 
 heroic achievements, for distinguislied qualities, or 
 for grandeur ; eminent ; as, nnuiencU men ; a re- 
 nowned kins ; a renowned citv. Milton. Dnjdcn, 
 
 RE-.\0\VN'EI)-EY, ade. With fame or celebrity. 
 
 KE-N()VVN'I,ESS, a. Without renown; inglorious. 
 
 RENT, pp. of ItEno. Torn asunder; split or burst by 
 violence ; torn. 
 
 RENT, n. [from rend.] A fissure ; a break or breach 
 made by force ; as, a rent wade in the earth, in a 
 rock, or in a garment. 
 0. A schism ; a separation ; a.'', a rent in the church. 
 
 RENT, «. To tear. [See Rend.] [mite. 
 
 UE.NT, V. i. To rant. [JV«t in use.] Ihidihras. 
 
 RENT, 71. [Fr. rente^ from rendre i It. renditaj Sp. 
 renta ; D. Dan. and G. rente ; Sw. rdntn.] 
 
 A sum of money, or a certain amount of other val- 
 uable thing, issuing yearly from lands or tenements ; 
 a compensation or return, in the nature of an ac- 
 kn wlcdgment, for the possession of a corporeal in- 
 heritance. Blaclistone. 
 
 lleiils, at common law, are of three kinds; rent- 
 sercicPj rent-efiurfre^ antl rent-seek. Rent-service is 
 when some corporal service is incident to it, as by 
 fealty and a sum of money ; rent-cliar^e is when the 
 owner of the rent has no future interest or reversion 
 expectant in the land, hut the rent is reserved in the 
 deed by a clause of distress for rent in arrear; rent- 
 seek, dry rent, is rent reserved by deed, but without 
 any clause of distress. There are also renLi of as- 
 size, certain established rents of freeholders, and 
 copyholders of manors, which can n"t be varied; 
 called also qmtrents. These, when payable in sil- 
 ver, are called vihile rents, in contradistinction to 
 rents reserved in work or the baser metals, called 
 black-rents or black-mail. Rack-rent is a rent of the full 
 yearly value of the tenement, or ne.ar it. A fee farm 
 rent is a rent-charge issuing out of an estate in fee, 
 
 ' of at lea.st one fourth of the value of the lands at 
 
 the time of its reservation. Blackstone. 
 RENT, I', t. To lease; to grant the possession and 
 enjoyment of lands or tenements for a consideration 
 in the nature of rent. The owner of an estate or 
 house renLi it to a tenant f 'r a term of years. 
 
 3. To take and hold by lease the possession of 
 land or a tenement, for a consideration in the nature 
 of rent. The tenant rents his estate for a year. 
 RENT, f. u To be leased, or let for rent ; as, an es- 
 tate or a tenement rents for five hundred dollars a 
 year. 
 
 RENT'A-BLE, a. That mav be rented. 
 RENT' AGE, H. Rent. [J\ut «-«■</.] 
 RF.NT'AI,, n. A schedule or account of rents. 
 KENT'-C1I.\RC;E, n. Charffe upon an estate. 
 RENT'ED, Leased on rent. 
 
 RENT'ER, II. One who leases an estate ; more gen- 
 erally, the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or 
 tenement on rent. 
 
 REN'TEU, r. (. [Fr. rrntrairc; L. rctraho, retrahere; 
 re and traho, to draw.] 
 
 1. To fine-draw ; to sew together the edges of two 
 pieces of cloth without doubling them, so that the 
 seam is scarcely visible. 
 
 2. In tapestry, to work new warp into a piece of 
 damaged tapestry, and i.n this to restore the original 
 p.iitern or design. Eneye. 
 
 ;>. To sew up artfully, as n rent. 
 REN'TER-£D, pp. Fine-drawn ; sewed artfully to- 
 Eether. 
 
 REN'TER-ER, n. A fine-drawer. 
 
 REP 
 
 REN'TER-ING, ppr. Fine-drawing ; sewing artfully 
 together. 
 
 REN-'l'IER', (riln-tii',) n. [Fr.] One who has a 
 fixed incinne, as from lands, stocks, &c. 
 
 REN'T'ING, ppr. Leasing on rent ; taking on n nt. 
 
 RENT'-ROLL, n. [rent and roll.] A rental ; a list or 
 account of rents or income. 
 
 RE-NO'MER-ATE, v. t. [L. rciMniicrn. ] 
 'i'o recount. 
 
 RE-NU'AIER-A-TED, pp. Recounted j numbered 
 again. 
 
 KE-NO'MER-A-TING, ppr. Recounting. 
 
 RE-NUN-CI-A'TION, 11. [L. renuncmtio.] 
 
 The act of renouncing; a disowning; rejection. 
 [Pee Renousce.] Tauhir. 
 
 REN-VEUSE', (ren-vers',) n. t. [Fr. rawer.-rr.) 
 To reverse.. [JVut used.] S/ji./i-'t. 
 
 REN-VERSE', (ren-vers',) 0. In heruldnj, inverted ; 
 set with the head downward, or contrary to the nat- 
 ural posture. F.iiriic. 
 
 REN-VEKSE'MENT, (ren-vers'ment,) n. The act of 
 reversing. [jVot in u.n:] Stiikcly. 
 
 RK-OB-T.\I.\', r. t. [rc anil obtain.] To obtain agiiin. 
 
 RE-OI!-TAl.\'.\-lil.i;,«. That may be obtained again. 
 
 RK-OI!-TAlN'f;i), /)/!. Obtained again. [Slicricood. 
 
 Rn Olt-T.AlN'INc;. ;';)r. Obtaining again. 
 
 RP;-o'l'/;N, r. t. To open again. 
 
 RR-O'I'AIN-A.'I), pp. Opened again. 
 
 Ki;-0'l'i'.'N-ING, ji;ir. Opening a second time. 
 
 £. Kccrctt. 
 
 Rk-OP-PoSE', f. (. To oppose again. 
 RiC-OR-I).\L\'', i'. t. [re and ordain : Fr. rfen/oiiHcr.] 
 To ordani again, as when the first ordination is 
 defi'ctive. 
 
 Ri".-OR-DaL\'KD, Ordained again. 
 Rk-OK-DAIN'ING, rpr. Ordaining again. 
 Rk-OR'DEI!, r. t. T.I order a second time. 
 RK-OR-DI-Na'TION, 11. A second ordination. 
 
 .^tlrrbury. 
 
 RE-OR-GAN-I-Za'TION, 71. The act of organizing 
 anew ; as, repeated reorganization of the troops. 
 
 .!\tar.sliall. 
 
 RE-0R'G.\N-lZE, r. r. [re and organize.] To organ- 
 ize anew ; to reduce again to a regular body, or to a 
 system ; as, to reorganize a society or an army. 
 
 Ilosack. 
 
 RE-OR'G.^N-IZ-CT, pp. or a. Organized anew. 
 RE-Oil'GAN-r/.-IN(J, ;i;ir. Organizing anew. 
 RE-PAC'I-FI-iD, Pacified or appeased again. 
 RE-PAC'l-FV, r. t. [re and pacify.] To pacify again. 
 RF.-PAC'1-FV-ING, ppr. Pacifying again. 
 RE-PACK', V. t. [re and pack.] To pack a second 
 
 time ; as, to repack beef or [lork. 
 RE-PACK'j:1), (-pakt',) pp. Packed again. 
 RE-PACK'ER, »i. One that repacks. 
 RE-PACK'ING, ppr. Packing anew. 
 RE-PaID', pp. of Rf.pav. Paid back. 
 RE-PAIR', (re-pire',) v. t. [Vr. reparcr ; L. rcparo ; re 
 
 and /lore, to prepare. See Pare.] 
 
 1. To restore to a sound or good state after deca)', 
 injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction ; as, to re- 
 pair a house, a wall, or a ship ; to repair roails and 
 bridges. Temperance and diet may repair a broken 
 or enfeebled constitution. Food repairs the daily 
 w.xste of the body. 
 
 2. To rebuild a part decayed or destroyed ; to fill 
 up ; as, to repair a breach. 
 
 3. To make ainonds, as for an injury, by an equiv- 
 alent ; to indemnify for ; as, to repair a loss or dam- 
 ane. 
 
 RE-PAIR', 7t. Restoration to a sound or good state 
 after decay, waste, injury, or partial destruction ; 
 supply of loss ; reparation ; as, materials are collect- 
 ed for the repair of a churcli or a city. 
 RE-PAIR', r>. i. [Fr. rc/iaircr.] 
 
 To go to ; to betake one's self; to resort ; as, to re- 
 pair to a sanctuary for safely. 
 
 Go, mount tho winds, and to the shades rejnir. Pope. 
 
 RE-PAIR', n. The act of betaking one's self to any 
 place ; a resorting; abode. Dnjden. 
 
 RI>PAIR'A-BLE, a. That may be repaired ; repara- 
 ble. 
 
 RE-PAIR'En, a. Restored to a good or sound state; 
 rebuilt ; made good. 
 
 RE-PAIR'ER, 71. One who repairs, restores, or makes 
 amends; as, the rrpoircr of decay. Drydcn. 
 
 RE-PaIR'ING, ppr. Restoring to a sound state ; re- 
 building ; making amends for loss or injury. 
 
 RE-PAIR'.MENT, 11. Act of repairing. 
 
 RE-PAND', a. [L. rcjwiiJiii.] 
 
 In botany, having an uneven, slightly sinuous mar- 
 gin, as the leaf of Solanum nigrum, or common night- 
 shade. Lindley. 
 
 RE-PAND'OUS, a. [Supra.] Bent upward ; convex- 
 edlv crooked. Brown. 
 
 REP'A-RA-BLE, o. [Fr., from L. reparabilU. See 
 Repair.] 
 
 1. That may be repaired or restored to a sound or 
 good state ; as, a house or wall is not reparable. 
 
 2. That may be retrieved or made good ; as, the 
 loss is reparable. 
 
 3. That may be supplied by an equivalent ; as, a 
 reparable injur}'. 
 
 REP 
 
 REP'A-RA-BLY, adv. In a manner admitting of res- 
 toration to a good stale, or of amends, supply, or in- 
 demnification. 
 
 REP-A-RA'TIO.V, 71. The act of repairing ; restora- 
 tion to soundness or a good state; us, the reparation 
 of a bridge or of a highway. 
 
 2. Supply of what is wasted ; as, the reparation of 
 decaying health or strength after disease or exhaus- 
 tion. 
 
 ;t. Amends; indemnification for loss or damage. 
 A loss may be too great for reparation. 
 4. Amends ; satisfaction for injury. 
 I am fc-'njiibli' of tii'r K.ind:i! 1 hive f^vfn by my loose writings, 
 mill make whiil reptiralion 1 um able. Drydtn. 
 
 RE-PA R'A-TIVE, a. That repairs; restoring to a 
 sound or good state ; that amends defect or makes 
 
 g 1. Taylor. 
 
 RE PAR'A-TrV'E, 7i. That which restores to a good 
 slate ; that which makes amends. 
 
 Wolton. KetllcwelL 
 REP AR TEE', 71. [Fr. repartic, from rrparlir, to di- 
 vide, to share, to reply ; rc and parttr, to divide.] 
 A smart, ready, and witty reply. 
 
 Cupid was (IS liad as he ; 
 Ilcar but llie > ouii;;8ter's repartee. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 REP-AR-TEE', ti. L To make smart and witty re- 
 plies. Prior. 
 
 RF^PARr-r-MI-EJV'TO, n. [Sp.] A partition or 
 distribution, especially of slaves ; iilso, an a-ssess- 
 nient of taxes. Irving, 
 
 RE-PASS', jj. ^ [Fr. repasser ; It. ripassare; re and 
 pa.is.] 
 
 To pass again ; to pass or travel back ; as, to repass 
 a bridge or a river; to repa.ts the se;i. Pope. 
 
 RE-PAS.S', r. i. To pass or go back ; to move back ; 
 as, troops passing and reiiassing before our eyes. 
 
 RE-PaS.'<'KI), (-past',) pp. Passed or traveled back.' 
 
 RI-^PaSS'ING, ppr. Passing back. 
 
 RE-PAST', 71. [Ft. repas, from repa'itre ; L. re and 
 pasco, to fifed.] 
 
 1. The act of taking food ; or the food taken ; a 
 meal. 
 
 From dance to sweet repast Uicy turn. ^fdton. 
 A rejtasl wiUiuiit luxury. Johtuon. 
 
 2. Food ; victuals. 
 
 Go, and gel nie some rejtast. SItalc. 
 
 RE-PAST', r. t To feed ; to feast. Slwk. 
 
 RE-PAS'TITRE, 71. Food; entertainment. [JVot I'li 
 use.] Slwk. 
 
 RE-Pa'TRI-ATE or RE-PAT'RI-ATE, v. i. [1.. rc 
 and putria, country.] 
 
 'J'o restore to one's own country. [Little used.] 
 
 RE-PA'TRI-A-TED or-RE-PAT'Ri-A-TED, pp. Re- 
 stored to one's own country. 
 
 RE-PA'TKI-A-TING or RE-PAT'RI-A-TING, ppr. 
 Restoring to one's own country. 
 
 RE-PA V", I', f. [Ft. rrpayer ; rc and paij.] 
 
 1. To pay back ; to refund ; as, to repay money 
 borroweil or advancedr 
 
 2. To make return or requital; in a good or bad 
 sense ; as, to repay kindness ; to repay an injury. 
 
 Buii' fits which can not be repaid — aie not cuminoiily found to 
 increase jUfection. Jiambler. 
 
 3. To recompense, as for a loss. Milton. 
 
 4. 'J'o compensate ; as, fidse honor repaid in con- 
 tempt. Bacon. 
 
 RE-PAY'A-BLE,a. That is to be repaid or refunded ; 
 
 as, money lent, repayable at the end of sixty days. 
 RE-PAY'lNG,;);)r. Paying back; comi)ensating ; re- 
 
 qiiitinc. 
 
 RE-PA Y'lMENT, n. The act of paying back; reim- 
 bursement. 
 2. The money or other thing repaid. 
 
 RE-PnAL', (-peel',) v. L [Fr. rappeler, to recall; re 
 tpello; ad and pello.] 
 [Obsolete as it respects persons.] 
 
 and appeler, L. appello ; 
 1. To recall. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To recall, as a deed, will, law, or statute ; to 
 revoke ; to abnmate by an authoritative act, or by the 
 same power that made or enacted ; as, the legislature 
 may repeal, at one session, a law enacted at a pre- 
 cedi^ig t>ne. 
 
 RE-PkAL', n. Recall from exile. [Aut in use.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. Revocation ; abrogation ; as, tho repeal of a 
 statute. 
 
 RE-PkAL-A-BII,'I-TY, ) II. The quality or st.ato 
 RE-PkAL'A-BLE NESS, j of being re|K;alable. 
 RF,-PkAL'A-HLE, a. Capable of being repealed; 
 revocable by the same power that enacted. It is 
 held .as a sound principle, that charters or glints 
 which vest rights in individuals or corporations, 
 are not rcpcaloble without the consent of the gran- 
 tees, unless a cKausc reserving 'he right is inserted 
 in the act. 
 
 RE-PP.AL'KD, pp. Revoked; abmgated. 
 RE-Pk.\L'ER, 71. One that repeals; one who seeks 
 a repeal. 
 
 RE-PKAL'ING,;7>r. Revoking ; abrogating. 
 
 RE-PEAT', (-peel',) v. t. [Fr. repeter: It. ripetere : 
 Sp. repetir ; L. rrjietn ; re and peto, to make at or 
 drive toward. This verb ought to be written Re- 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TII as in THIS 
 
 118 
 
REP 
 
 REP 
 
 REP 
 
 TKTE, in analogy with Compete, and with Repeti- 
 
 lON.] 
 
 1. To do, I 
 
 , make, attempt, or utter again ; to iterate ; 
 as, to repeat an action ; to rcprat an attempt or exer- 
 tion ; to repeat a word or discourse j to repeat a song ; 
 to repeat an argument. 
 
 2. To try again. 
 
 I tlie danger will repeat, Dryden. 
 
 3. To recite ; to rehearse. 
 
 He repeated some lines ot Virgil, Waller. 
 A. To seek redress. J. Taylor. 
 
 5. To seek again. [06.?.] 
 
 To repeat siinials, in the navy, is to make tlis same 
 
 signal which the admiral ur commander has made, 
 
 or to make a signal again. Mar. Diet. 
 
 RE PEAT', n. In music, :i mark directing a part to be 
 
 repealed in performance. 
 Q.Repetition. 
 RE-PeAT'ED, pp. or a. Done, attempted, or spoken 
 
 again ; recited. 
 RE-PeAT'ED-LY, adv. More than once ; again and 
 
 again, indefinitely. He has been repeatedly warned 
 
 of his danger. 
 RE-PeAT'ER, n. One that repeats ; one that recites 
 
 or rehearses. 
 
 2. A watch that strikes the hours at will, by the 
 compression of a spring, 
 RE-PeAT'ING, ppr. Doing or uttering again. 
 
 2. a. That strikes tlie number of hours ; as, a re- 
 peatiitT watch. 
 RE-PeAT'I\G CIR'CLE, 71. A contrivance, invented 
 by Borda, for determining with great accuracy the 
 angular distance of two objects, by taking repeated 
 measurements of it on the limb of a graduated circle. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 REP-E-DA'TION, n. [Low L. repedo ; re and pes, the 
 foot.] 
 
 A stepping or going back, [JVut in use.] More. 
 RE-PEL', V. t. [L. repetlo ; re and pello, to drive.] 
 
 1. To drive back ; to force to return ; to check ad- 
 vance ; as, to repel an enemy, or an assailant. 
 
 Hippomeilon repelled the hostile tide. Pope. 
 And virtue iTLiy reyje/, though not invade. Dryden, 
 
 2. To meet with efTectual resistance, as an en- 
 croachment ; to resist ; to oppose ; as, to repel an 
 argument. 
 
 RE-PEL', V, i. To act with force in opposition to force 
 impressed. Electricity sometimes attracts and some- 
 times repels. 
 
 2. In medicine, to check an afflux to a part of the 
 RE-PEL'LED, pp. Driven back ; resisted, [body, 
 KE-PEL'LEN-Cy, ji. The principle of repulsion ; the 
 quality of a substance which expands or separates 
 particles and enlarges the volume ; as, the repellcncy 
 of heat. Black. 
 
 2. The quality that repels, drives back, or resists 
 a|)proach ; as, the repellcncy of the electric fluid. 
 .'!. Repulsive quality. Forster. 
 RE-PEL'LENT, a. Driving tock ; able or tending to 
 repel, 
 
 RE-PEL'LENT, n. In medicine, a medicine which 
 drives back morbid humors into the mass of the 
 blood, from which they were unduly secreted ; or 
 which prevents such an afflux of fluid to a part, as 
 would raise it to a tumor; a discutieut, 
 
 Encijc. Quincy. Parr. 
 
 RE-PEL'LER, n, lie or that which repels. 
 
 RE-PEL'LING, p/)r. ora. Driving back ; resisting ad- 
 vance or approach eflectually, 
 
 RE'PENT, a. [L. rcpo, to creep.] 
 
 Creeping ; as, a repent root or animal, 
 
 RE-PENT', V, i. [Fr. rcpentir; It. pentire, pcntirsi; 
 Sp, arrepcntirse ; L, re and pizniteo, from pxna, pain, 
 Gr, rroivn. See Pain.] 
 
 1. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for something 
 done or spoken ; as, to repent that we have lost mucli 
 time in iilleness or senstial pleasure ; to repent that 
 we have injured or wounded the feelings of a friend. 
 A person repents only of what he himself lias done 
 or said. 
 
 2. To express sorrow for something past, 
 
 EnoUirUit did bcl'orc thy face repent, ShaJe. 
 
 3. To change the mind in consequence of the in- 
 convenience or injury done by past conduct, 
 
 1. 'rHt, p'Tiulventurc, the people repent when they see war, and 
 
 they reliirn. — Kx. xiii. 
 
 4. .Applied to the Supreme Beinir, to change the 
 course of providential dealings. Gen. vi. J's, cvi. 
 
 5. In thculogy, to sorrow or be pained for sin, as a 
 violation of (Jod'B holy law, a ilishonor to his char- 
 acter and government, and the foulest ingratitude to 
 a IJeing of infinite benevolt^nce, 
 
 Kxcepl yc repent, ye »tiull all iikewijie periiih, — Luko xlli. Acui 
 
 RE-PENT', V, t. To remember with Horrow ; as, to 
 repent rash worda ; to repent un injury done to a 
 neighbor ; to repent folliuu and vicc'H. [See Re- 
 
 PK.-^rANCK,] 
 
 2. With the reciprocal pronoun, [Fr, ae repentir.] 
 
 No nuin reptnUd him of hli wickcdn'-u. — Jcr. vUl, 
 
 [ yVjw farm of erprensio-n in noiff obsolete,] 
 
 RE-PENT' ANCE, n. [Fr,] Sorrow for any thing 
 done or said ; the pain or grief which a person expe- 
 riences in consequence of the injury or inconvenience 
 pr(.)tiuced by his own condtict. 
 
 " Repentance is the relinquishment of any practice, 
 from the conviction that it has otfi nded God, Sor- 
 row, fear, and anxiety, are properly not parts, but 
 adjuncts of repentance ; yet they are too closely 
 connected with it to be easily separated." 
 
 Rambler. 
 
 2, In thealoiry, repentance is distinguished into 
 evangelical and legal. The former, usually called 
 rq>entance, simply, is real penitence, sorrow, or deep 
 contrition for sin, as an offense and dishonor to 
 God, a violation of his holy law, and the basest in- 
 gratitude toward a Being of infinite benevolence, 
 Evantrelical repentance is accompanied and followed 
 by amendment of life. The sorrow proceeding 
 merely from the fear of punishment, is called legal 
 repentance, as being excited by the terrors of legal 
 penalties, and it may exist without an amendment 
 of life. 
 
 Repentance is a change of4nind, or a conversion from sin to 
 God. Hammond. 
 
 Godly soiTow worketh repentance to salvation, — 2 Cor. vii. 
 Matt. iii. 
 
 RE-PENT'ANT, a. [Fr.] Sorrowful for past con- 
 duct or words. 
 
 2. Sorrowful for sin. Milton. 
 
 3, Expressing or showing soitow for sin ; as, re- 
 pentant tears j repentant ashes j repentant sighs. 
 
 Shah, Pope. 
 
 RE-PENT'ANT, n. One who repents ; a penitent. 
 
 2. One that exi)resses sorrow for sin, Liirhtfoot. 
 RE-PENT'ANT-LY, adv. In a repentant manner, 
 RK-PENT'ED, pp. Remembered with sorrow, 
 RE-PENT'ER, n. Oue that repents, 
 RE-PENT'ING, ppr. or a. Grieving for what is past ; 
 
 feeling pain or contrition for sin. 
 RE-PENT'ING, 7). Act of repenting. Hos. xi, 
 RE-PENT'ING-LY, adv. With repentance. 
 RE-PeO'PLE, (re-pee'pl,) v. t [re and people; Fr, 
 
 repcuplcr.] 
 
 To people anew ; to furnish again with a stock of 
 people, 'i"he world, after the flood, was repeopled 
 by t^ie descendants of one family, 
 RE-PeO'PL£;D, (re-pee'pld,) pp. Stocked anew with 
 inhabitants. 
 
 RE-PeO'PLING, (le-pse'pling,) ppr. Furnishing 
 
 again with a stock of inhabitants, 
 RE-PeO'PLING, (re-pee'pling,) n. [Supra,] The 
 
 act of furnishing again with inhabitants. Hale. 
 RE-PEIl-CUSS', 7). I. [L. reperculio j re and pcrcutio ; 
 
 per and tinatio, to shake, to beat.] 
 
 To beat back. Bacon. 
 RE-PER-eUSS'ED, (-kust',) pp. Be.aten hack, 
 RE-PER-eUS'SION, {-kush'un,) 77, [L, repercussio.] 
 
 1. The act of driving back ; reverberation ; as, the 
 repercnssion of sound. 
 
 2, In musie, frequent repetition of the same sound. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 RE-PER-CUSS'IVE, a. Driving back ; having the 
 power of sending back ; causing to reverberate ; as, 
 repercmsive rocks. Pattison. 
 
 2. Repellent ; as, a rcpercussive medicine. [JVot 
 in 7i4f.] Bacon. 
 
 3, Driven back ; reverberated, Thomson. 
 RE-PER-eUSS'IVE, 71, A repellent, [Oi.v.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 REP-ER-TI"TIOUS, (rep-er-tish'us,) a. [Iioin L. 
 repertus, reperio.] 
 
 Foiintl ; gained by finding, [JVot in it,<tc,] Diet. 
 
 REP'ER-TO-RY, ti, [Fr, repertoire; L. repertorium, 
 from reperio, to find again ; re and aperio, to un- 
 cover.] 
 
 1. A place in which things are disposed in an or- 
 derly manner, so that they can be easily found, as 
 the index of a book, a common-place book, Ike. 
 
 2, A treasury ; a magazine, 
 REP-E-TEND', 71, [L. repetendus, repcto.] 
 
 In arithmetic, that part of a repeating decimal 
 which recurs continually ad infinitum. Brande. 
 REP-E-TI"TION, (rep-e-tish'un,) 71. [L, rcpetitio. 
 See Repeat.] 
 
 1, The act of doing or uttering a second time ; it- 
 eration of the same act, or of the same words or 
 sounds. Hooker. 
 
 2, The act of reciting or rehearsing ; the act of 
 reading over. Shak. 
 
 3, Recital, Chapman. 
 
 4, Recital from memory, as distinct from reading. 
 
 5, In music, the act of repeating, Binging, or play- 
 ing, tlie same part a seconti lime, Encyc. 
 
 0, In WirtoWf , reitcratitm, or a repeating the same 
 word, or the same sense in dillVreiit words, for the 
 purpose of making a deeper impression 011 tlio au- 
 dience, 
 
 RI:P-E-TI"TI0N-AL, j a. Containing repetition. 
 
 REP-i;-TI"TION A KY, t [Little used.] 
 
 RE1'-E-T1"TI0US, {rip e lish'us ) a. Repeating; 
 containing repetition. [Jimrriea.] Dwi^ht. 
 
 RE-PINK', V. i. \re and pine,] To fret one's self; to 
 be discontenti^d ; to feel inward discontent which 
 preyH on the Hpirits; with at <>r ugainst. It is our 
 
 duty never to repine at the allotments of Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 2. To complain discontentedly ; to murmur. 
 
 Multitudes repine at the want of that which nothing but idle- 
 ness hinders them from enjoying. Rambler. 
 
 3. To envy, John.ion, 
 RE-PIN'ER, 7!, One that repines or murmurs, 
 RE-PlN'ING,ppr, Fretting one's self ; feeling discon- 
 tent that preys on the spirits ; complaining ; mur- 
 muring. 
 
 2. a. Disposed to murmur or complain ; as, a re- 
 pining temper. 
 
 RE-PlN'ING, 11. The act of fretting or feeling discon- 
 tent or of murmuring. Burnet. 
 
 RE-PIN'ING-LY, adv. With murmuring or com- 
 plaint^ Hall. 
 
 RE-PLaCE', 71. t. [Fr. replacer ; re and place.] 
 
 1. To put again in the former place ; as, to replace 
 a book. 
 
 The earl — was replaced in his government. Bacon. 
 
 2, To put in a new place, Dryden. 
 
 3, To rejiay ; to refund ; as, to replace a sum of 
 money borrowed. 
 
 4. To put a competent substitute in the place of 
 another displaced, or of something lost. The paper 
 is lost, and can not be replaced. 
 
 RE-PLaC'£D, (re-plast',) pp. Put again in a 
 former place ; supplied by a substitute. Thus, in 
 petrifaction, the animal or vegetable substance grad- 
 ually wastes away, and is replaced by silex, 
 
 2, In mineralogy, a term nssd when a crystal has 
 one or more planes in the place of its edges or 
 angles, 
 
 RE-PLaCE'MENT, 77, The act of replacing, 
 
 2. In mineralogy, the removal of an edge or angle, 
 by one or more planes. 
 RE-PLaC'ING, ppr. Putting again in a former place ; 
 
 supplying the place of with a substitute, 
 RE-PLAIT', V. t. [re and plait.] To plait or fold 
 again ; to fold one part over another again and again. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 RE-PLaIT'ED, pp. Folded again or often. 
 RE-PLaIT'ING, ppr. Folding again or often, 
 RE-PLANT', V. t. [Fr. replauler ; re and plant.] 
 
 To plant again. Bacon. 
 RE-PLANT'A-BLE, a. That may be planted again, 
 
 Cotgrave. 
 
 RE-PLANT-A'TION, 71. The act of planting again. 
 RE-PLANT'ED, pp. Planted anew. 
 RE-PLANT'ING, ppr. Planting again. 
 RE-PLEAD', jj, t. or i. [re and plead.] To plead 
 again^ 
 
 RE-PLeAD'ER, 71. In law, a second pleading or 
 course of pleatlings ; or the power of pleading again. 
 Whenever a repleader is granted, the pleadings must begin de 
 novo. Blackslone. 
 
 RE-PLeAD'ING, pjTT, Pleading again, 
 RE-PLEN'ISH, V. t. [Norm, replener, to fill ; It. ricm- 
 pire ; L. re and plenus, full.] 
 
 1. To fill ; to stock with numbers or abundance. 
 The magazines are replenished with corn ; the springs 
 are replenished with Water. 
 
 Multiply and replenish the«arth. — Gen. i. 
 
 2, To finish ; to complete. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 RE-PLEN'ISH, V. i. To recover former fullness. 
 
 ' Bacon, 
 RE-PLEN'ISH-JCD, (re plen'islit,) pp. Filled ; abun- 
 
 dantU' su|>p]ied. 
 RE-PLKN'1.>^IIING, ppr. Filling; supplying with 
 
 tibiindauce, 
 
 RE-PLk TE', a. [li, rcplclus ; re and pica, to fill,] 
 Comiiletely filled ; full. 
 
 His words replete with guile. Milton, 
 
 RE-PLf.'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. replctio,] 
 
 1. 'J'lie state of being completely filled, or super- 
 abunilant fullness. Bacon, 
 
 2. In medicine, fullness of blood ; plethora. Coxe. 
 RE-PLlC'TIVE, (7. Filling ; replenishing. Cotgrave. 
 RE-PLe'TIVE-LY, adv. So as to be filled. 
 RE-PLEV'I-A-BLE, 0. [See Replevv.] In /uw, that 
 
 may be replevied. 
 
 RE-PLEV'I-/CI), pp. Taken Ijy a writ of replevin. 
 
 RE-PLEV'IN, 71. [See Replevv.] An action or ri-m- 
 cdy granted on a distress, by which a person whose 
 cattle or goods are distrained has them retimied to 
 his own possession, upon giving security, to try the 
 right of taking in a suit at law, and, if that should 
 be determined against him, to return the cattle or 
 goods into the possession of the distrainor, 
 
 Blackslone. 
 
 2. The writ by which a distress Is replevied. 
 RE-PLEV'LSA-1!LE, «. That may be replevied ; but 
 
 little used, being superseded by Kepi.eviable. 
 RE PLEVY, 7). t. ire and pledge, Nimn. plegg or 
 
 p/fi'i/, whence, in Law Ij. replegiabilis and replc- 
 
 giare..] 
 
 1. To take back, by a writ for that purpose, cattle 
 or gooils that have been distrained, upon giving secu- 
 rity to try the right of (lislraining in a suit nt law, 
 and, if that should be determinetl against the plain- 
 tiff, to return the cattle or goods into tlio hands of the 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^''', — MRTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MAlltNE, BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, I10(?K,— 
 
 I 
 
REP 
 
 distrainor. In this case, the person whoso goods arc 
 distrained beconic's llie plaintitr, and tlio pi rsoii dis- 
 trainini^ tlie defendant or avowant. Blucksione. 
 2. To hail. 
 
 UE-PLEV'V-h\G, ppr. Retaking a distress. [See 
 Rkplkvv.1 
 
 llUl'-LI CA'TION, n. [L. re/i(ic«(io. See Reply-.] 
 
 1. An answer ; a reply. Particularlij, 
 
 2. In law pleadings, the re|)Iy of the plaintiff to the 
 defendant's plua. 
 
 3. Uetuni or repercussion of sound. [JVot jweit.] 
 
 Sh<Ji. 
 
 Ki;P'LI-e.\TE, (» In Many, folded back. Loudon. 
 ItHP'LI-e.VTE, n. In music, a repetition, 
 nr. I'LI'.t;!), />;). Answered; returned for an answer. 
 KE-I'LI'ER, II. One who answers ; he that speaks or 
 
 writes in return to sonietliing spoken or written. 
 RE-PI. V, II. I. [l''r. repliqiicr ; It. replica; rpand plica, 
 
 to fold, that is, to turn or send to ; It. rrplicarc ; Sp. 
 
 replicar. See Apply, Employ, and Ply.) 
 
 1. To answer; to make a return, in words or 
 writing, to something said or written by aiiollier. 
 
 O man, wlio ftrl Ihou that replicsl against God ? — Roin. ix. 
 
 2. In law, to answer a defendant's plea. The de- 
 feiulant pleads in bar to tlie plaintitPs declaration ; 
 the plaintiff replies to the defendant's plea in bar. 
 
 RE-PL?', I', t. To return for an answer. lie knows 
 
 not what to reply. 
 RE-PL5',?i. [Fr. rfp/iyiie ; It. replica.] 
 
 1. .\n answer; that which is said or written, in 
 answer to what is said or written by another. 
 
 2. A book or pamphlet written in answer to an- 
 other. 
 
 UE-PL?'ING, ppr. Answering either in words or 
 writing. 
 
 RE-POL'ISII, r. t. [Fr. rcpolir ; rc and polish.] 
 
 To polish again. Dounc. 
 RE-POL'ISII-All, ( pol'isht,) pp. Polished again. 
 Ui:-P(lI,'ISII-ING, ppr. Polishing anew. 
 KE PORT', D. r. [ft. rappurtcr ; L. rc;)or(o, to carry 
 back ; re and porlo, to bear.] 
 
 1. 'J'o bear or bring back an answer, or to relate 
 what has been discovered by a person sent to exam- 
 ine, explore, or investigate ; as, a messen<;er repurU 
 to his employer what he has seen or ascertained. 
 The committee reported the whole number of votes. 
 
 2. To give an account of; to relate ; to tell. 
 They rcporled his good dccdi before me. — Nch. Ti. Acts W. 
 
 3. To tell or relate from one to another ; to circu- 
 late publicly, as a story ; as in the common phrase, 
 it is reported. 
 
 It is reportrd amonsr the heftlhrn, ftnd Gashmu sailb it, tiial thou 
 and tiie Jcw3 tiiink to rcbcL — Nch. vi. 
 
 In this form of expression, it refers to the siibse- 
 , qiient clause of the sentence ; " that thou and the 
 Jews think to rebel, i^'reported." 
 
 4. To give an official account or statement ; as, 
 the secretary of the treasurj' reports to congress an- 
 nually the amount of revenue and expenditure. 
 
 5. To give an account or statement of cases and 
 decisions in a court of law or chancery. 
 
 G. To return, as sound ; to give back. Bacon. 
 To be reported, or, ttsually^ to be reported of; to be 
 well or ill spoken of; to be mentioned with respect 
 or reproach, .^cts xvi. Rom. iii. 
 RG PoIlT', V. i. To make a statement of facts. The 
 
 committee will report at twelve o'clock. 
 RE-PORT', 71. An account returned ; a statement or 
 relation of facts given in reply to inquiry, or by 
 a person authorized to examine and make return to 
 his employer. 
 
 From Thotia ient u tpiei to make report. Waller. 
 
 2. Rumor ; common fame ; story circulated. Re- 
 fort, though often originating in fact, soon becomes 
 mcorrcct, and is seldom deserving of credit. When 
 we have no evidence but popular report, it is pru- 
 dent to suspend our opinions in regard to the facts. 
 
 3. Repute ; public character ; as, evil report and 
 good report. 2 Cor. vi. 
 
 Comeliiu wof of good report among the Jews. — Aclj x. 
 
 4. Account ; story ; relation. 
 
 It wiu a trie report diat I hoanl in my own land of thjr acts and 
 of thy wUdoiiu — 1 Kin*» x, 
 
 5. Sound ; noise ; as, the report of a pistol or can- 
 non. Baron. 
 
 0. .\n account or statement of a judicial o|)inion 
 or decision, or of a case argiu'd and determined in a 
 court of law, chancery, &c. The books cont:iining 
 such statements are aiso called rrporLt. 
 
 7. An official statement of facts, verbal or writ- 
 ton ; particularly, a statement in writing of proceed- 
 ings and facts exhibited by an officer to his superi- 
 ors ; as, the reports of the heads of departments to 
 congress, of a master in chancery to jhe court, of 
 committees to a legislative body, and the like. 
 
 JlE-PORT'ED, pp. or a. Told, related, or st.ated in an- 
 swer to intiuiry or direction ; circiiLited in popu- 
 Iiir rumors ; reputed ; slated officially. 
 
 KE-PORT'ER, «. One th.'it gives an account, verbal 
 or written, official or unofficial. 
 2. .\n officer or person who makes statements of 
 
 REP 
 
 law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative de- 
 bates 
 
 RE-PoIlT'I.VG, ppr. or a. Giving account; relating; 
 presenting statements of facts, or of adjudged casus 
 in law. 
 
 RE-PnUT'IN'G LY, adv. liy report or common fame. 
 RE-PoS'AIi, n. [from rcpoae.] The act of reposing 
 
 or resting. Slink. 
 RE-POSE', u. J. [Ft. reposcr ; re and poser, Ut put; 
 
 It. ripi'sure ; Sp. reposar ; L. repotto,repoi!ui.] 
 
 1. To lay at rest. 
 
 After the toil of hattlo, to rtpos* 
 
 Yot.r wearied virtue. Milton. 
 
 2. To lay ; to rest, as the mind, in confidence or 
 trust ; as, to repose trust or confidence in a person's 
 veracity. 
 
 3. To lay up ; to deposit ; to lodge ; as, pebbles re- 
 posed in clifls. IVoodtrard. 
 
 4. To place in confidence. 
 RE-POSE', ti. i. To lie at rest ; to sleep. 
 
 Within a thicliet 1 reponerl. Chapman. 
 
 2. To rest in confidence. I repose on the faith 
 and honor of a friend. 
 
 3. To lie ; to rest ; as, trap reposing on sand. 
 RE- POSE', II. [Fr.repos.] 
 
 1. .\ lying at rest. 
 
 2. Sleep ; rest ; quiet. Milton. Shal:. 
 
 3. Rest of mind; tranquillity; freedom from un- 
 easiness. 
 
 4. In poetry, a rest ; a pause. Eneyc. 
 
 5. In the fine arts, that which atTords a point of 
 rest for the eye ; opposed to the scattering and di- 
 vision of a subject lilt" too many UTieoiinected parts, 
 and also to any thing which is overstrained, violent, 
 or porceous. Brande, 
 
 RE-PoS'Kl), pp. Laid at rest; placed in confidence. 
 RE PoS'ED-NESS, >i. St.ate of being at rest. 
 RE-PoS'lNG, p/ir. Laying at rest; placing in confi- 
 dence ; lying at rest ; sleeping. 
 RE-POS'IT, V. t. [L. rrpasitus, rrpono.] 
 
 To lay up ; to lodge, as for safety or preseri'ation. 
 
 Others r«/JOsit their young in )w\ci. Dcrharn. 
 
 RE-POS' IT-ED, pp. Laid up; deposited for safety or 
 preservation. 
 
 RE-POS'IT-ING, ppr. Laying up or lodging for 
 safety or preservation. 
 
 RE-PO-9I"TION, (-po-zish'un,) n. The act of re- 
 placing ; as, the reposition of a bone. fViseman, 
 
 RE-P09'I-T0-RY, n. [L. repositorium, from repono.] 
 A place where things are or may be deiiositcd for 
 safety or preservation. A granary is a repository for 
 corn, an arsenal for arms. The mind or memory is 
 called the repository of ideas. Locke, 
 
 Re-POS-SESS', v. U [re and possess.] To possess 
 again. 
 
 Nor shall my father reposseas the land. Popt. 
 
 To repossess one's self; to obtain possession again. 
 
 Rf.-POS-SESS'KD, (-pos-sesl',) pp. Possessed again. 
 
 RK-POS-SESS'ING, ppr. Possessing again; obtain- 
 ing possession again. 
 
 RE-POS-SES'SION, (-pos-sesh'un.) n. The act of 
 possessing again ; the state of possessing again. 
 
 Rk-PoUR', t>. (. [rc and pour.] To pour again. 
 
 Re-PoUR'KD, pp. Poured again. 
 
 Rk-PoUR'ING, ppr. Pouring again. 
 
 REP-RE-HE.VD', I', f. [L. reprchendo ; re and prc- 
 hendo, to seize ; Fr. reprendre.] 
 
 1. To chide ; to re[)rove. 
 
 Pardon me for reprehtruUng thee. ShaJe. 
 
 2. To blame ; to censure. 
 
 t nor advise nor reprehend the choice. PhUips. 
 
 3. To detect of fallacy. 
 
 This color will he reprehended or encountered, by imputing to 
 all excellences in compositions a kind of poverty. \Sot in 
 use.] Baton. 
 
 4. To accuse ; to charge with a fault ; with of; 
 as, Aristippus being reprehended of luxury. Bacon. 
 
 REP-RE-IIEND'ED, pp. Reproved; blamed. 
 
 REP-RE-IIEND'ER, n. One that reprehends; one 
 that blames or reproves. Hooker. 
 
 REP-RE-HEN1)'ING, ppr. Reproving ; blaming. 
 
 REP-RE-IIE.\'SI-I1LE, a. [Fr., from L. rrprchensus.] 
 Blamabic ; culpable ; censtirable ; deser\*ing re- 
 proof ; applied to persons or things ; as, a reprehensible 
 person ; reprehensible conduct. 
 
 REP-RE-IIEN'SI-ULE-NESS, n, Blamablcnes ■ cul- 
 pabli'ness. 
 
 REP-RE-IIEN'SMILY, tidv. Culpably ; In a manner 
 
 to deserve censure or reproof. 
 REP-RE-IIE.N'SION, n. [Fr., from L. reprehnsio.] 
 Reproof ; censure ; open bl,ime. Faults not pun- 
 ishable mav deserve reprehension. 
 REP-RE-IIEN'SIVE, a. Containing reproof. South. 
 REP-RE-IIEN'SO-RY, a. Containing reproof. 
 
 Bosipell. 
 
 REP-RE-aE.\T', B. L [Fr. representer ; L. repra-sento ; 
 re and Low L. prasento, from pnrsms, present.] 
 1. To show or exhibit by resemblance. 
 
 Befof^ him bum 
 Seven lamps, as m a lodiac, repreatn&ng 
 The li-.av. uly fires. Alilton. 
 
 REP 
 
 2. To de.scribc ; to exhibit to the mind in words. 
 
 ve ^leen rejrre/ent/rtj as a 
 
 3. To exhibit ; to show by action ; as, a tragedy 
 well represented. Johnson. 
 
 4. To personate ; to act the character or to fill the 
 place of another in a pl.'iy ; as, to represent the char- 
 acter of King Richard. 
 
 ."j. To supiily the place of ; to act as a substu.ifo 
 for antitlier. '1 he parliament of Great Hritain repre- 
 sents the nation. The congress of the l/nited .'States 
 represents the people or nation. Tlio senate is con- 
 sidered as representing the States in their cor|Hirato 
 capacity. 
 
 G. To show by arguments, reasoning, or statement 
 of facts. The memorial represents the situation of 
 the petitioner. Represent to your son the danger of 
 an idle life, or profligate company. 
 
 7. To stand in the jilace of, in the right of inherit- 
 ance. 
 
 All the branches Inherit the same share that their mot, whom 
 they represent, would have done. Ulackalont, 
 
 REP-RE-SENT'A-RLE, a. That may be represented. 
 REP-RE SENT'.-VNX'E, n. Represent.ition ; likeness. 
 
 [J^ot used.] Donne. 
 REP-RE-SENT'ANT, n. A representative. [A'ot in 
 
 use.] tVotton. 
 REP-RE-.^ENT-A'TION, «. The act of representing, 
 
 describing, or showing. 
 
 2. That which exhibits by resemblance; image, 
 likeness, picture, or statue ; as, representations of 
 God. Slillingp.el. 
 
 3. Any exhibition of the form or oper.ttions of a 
 thing by stunething resembling it. A map is a rrp- 
 rcscnUttinn of the world or a p.'irt of it. The ttrrres- 
 trial globe is a representation of the earth. An orrery 
 is a rrprc.scnfafiort of tilt; planets and their revolutions. 
 
 4. Exhiliition, as of a play on the stage. 
 
 5. Exhibition of a character in theatrical perform- 
 ance. 
 
 6. Verbal description ; statement of arguments or 
 facts in narration, oratory, di bate, petition, ailmoni- 
 titm, &c. ; as, the representation of a historian, of a 
 witness, or an advocate. 
 
 7. The business of acting as a substitute for an- 
 other ; as, the representation of a nation in a legisla- 
 tive body. 
 
 8. Representatives, as a collective body. It is ex- 
 pedient to have an able representation in both houses 
 of congress. 
 
 9. Public exhibition. 
 
 10. The st.anding in the pl.ace of another, as an 
 heir, or in the right of taking by inheritance. 
 
 Blaekstone 
 
 REP-RE-SENT' A-TIVE, a. [Fr. representatif.] 
 
 1. Exhibiting a similitude. 
 
 They own the legal sacrifices, though representative, to be 
 pruper and real. Atterbitry. 
 
 2. Bearing the character or power of another ; as, 
 a council rrpresentatire of the people. Strlft. 
 
 REP-RE-SENT'A-TIVE, n. One that exhibits the 
 likeness of another. 
 
 A statue of Rumor, whispering an idiot in the cor, who w.-is tfic 
 represenlxUive of crvdulity. Addison. 
 
 2. In leaislative or other bu.'nness,an agent, deputy, 
 or substitute, who supplies the place of another or 
 others, being investeil with his or their authority. 
 An attorney is the representative of his client or em- 
 ployer. A member of the house of commons is the 
 representative of his constituents and of the nation. 
 In matters concerning his constituents only, he is 
 supposed to be bound by their instructions, but in the 
 enacting of laws for the nation, he is supposed not 
 to be bound by their instructions, as be acts for the 
 whole nation. 
 
 3. In law, one that stands in the place of another 
 as heir, or in the right of succeeding to an estate of 
 inheritance, or to a crown. 
 
 4. That by which any thing is exhibited or shown. 
 This doctrine supposes the perfections of Go<l to lie the represent. 
 
 atittes to us of whatever we perceive in Uie creolures. 
 
 Lod^tf. 
 
 REP-RE-SENT' A-TIVE-LY, adv. In the character 
 of another ;Hiy a representative. Barroxo. 
 2. By substitution ; by delegation of power. 
 
 Sandtfs, 
 
 REP-RE-SENT'A-TIVE-NESS, n. The state orqu»l- 
 ity of being representative. 
 
 Ur. Burnet oliserves, that every thought is attended W illi eon* 
 sciuiiiness and reprtsentattveness. Speflnlor. 
 
 REP-RE-SE.\T'EI),pp. Shown; exhibited; person- 
 ated ; described ; stated ; having substitutes. 
 REP-RE-SE.NT'ER, n. One who shows, exibbits, or 
 
 describes. 
 
 2. A representative ; one that acts by deputation. 
 
 [I.itlle used.] Sie{ft. 
 REP-RE-SE.\T'ING, ppr. Showing; exhibiting; 
 
 describing; acting in another's character; acting 
 
 in the place of another. 
 REP-RE-SENT'iMENT, n. Represent-ition ; image; 
 
 an idea proposed as exhibiting the likeness of some- 
 
 Ihing. Taylor. Broien. 
 
 TONE, BSJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; » as Z ; CH as SII ; TIl as ir» THIS 
 
 030 
 
KEP 
 
 KE-PRESS', r. £. [L. repressus, reprima ; re and prt- 
 vio, to press.] 
 
 1. To crusli ; to quell ; to put doxm ; to subdue ; 
 to suppress: as, to repress sedition or rebellion; to 
 repress the first risings of discontent. 
 
 2. To cbeck ; to restrain. 
 
 Such Irin^s 
 
 Favor Ihe innownt, repress Uie bold. Waller. 
 RE-PREPS', n. The act of subduing. [jVot in use.] 
 RE-PRESS'£D, (-prest',) pp. or ii. Crushed ; sub- 
 dued. 
 
 RE-PRESS'ER, lu One that crushes or subdues. 
 RE-PREf S'ING, ppr. Crushing ; subduing ; cbeck- 
 iiiE. 
 
 RE PRES'SIOX, (re-presh'un,) n. The act of subdu- 
 ing ; as, the repression of tumults. K. Charles. 
 2. Check ; restraint. 
 
 RE-PRE.-^f'IV'E, a. Having power to crush ; tending 
 til siilidiie or restrain. 
 
 RE PUESS'IVE-LY, adv. So as to repress. 
 
 RE-PltlEV'AL, (re-preev'al,) n. Respite ; reprieve. 
 [jVot hi_ ifsr.] Oreritiirij. 
 
 RE-PRIeVE', (re-preeve',) v. t. [I know not the or- 
 igin of this word, unless it is the French reprendre, 
 repris. In Norm, repriont is rendered reprieved de- 
 ductions, and reprises, deductions and duties yearly 
 paid out of lands.] 
 
 1. To respite after sentence of death ; to suspend 
 or delay the execution of for a time ; as, to repriece a 
 criminal for thirty days. 
 
 He reprieves Uie smiicr from lime to lime. Rogers. 
 9. To grant a respite to; to relieve for a time from 
 any suffering. 
 
 Company, llioun^h it may reprieve a man from his mcl.mclioly, 
 yet can nol'secure a man t'rom his conscience. So\uh. 
 
 RE-PRIeVE', n. The temporary suspension of the 
 execution of sentence of death on a criminal. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 2. Respite ; intcr^'al of ease or relief. 
 All that I ask is but a short reprieve. 
 
 Till I forget to love, and learn to grieve. Denham. 
 
 RE-PRIeV'£;D, pp. or o. Respited ; allowed a 
 longer time to live than the sentence of deatli per- 
 mits. 
 
 RE-PRIeV'IXG, ppr. Respiting ; suspending the 
 execution of for a time. 
 
 REP'RI-.MAND, v. t. [Fr. reprimandcr. If this word 
 is from L. reprimo, it must be formed from the parti- 
 ciple reprijnendtis.'] 
 
 1. To reprove severely ; to rejirehend ; to chide 
 for a fault. 
 
 Germanicns was eevpn'ly reprimnnfJed by Tiberius, for travel- 
 ing into Eg^pl wiitiout his p^nnission. ArhutlinoU 
 
 9. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution 
 of a sentence. The court ordered the officer to be 
 rrprimaiided. 
 
 REP'RI-.MAXO, n. Severe reproof for a fault ; repre- 
 hension, private or public. Spectator. 
 
 REP'RI-.M.\XD-ED, pp- Severelv reproved. 
 
 REP'RI-.MAXD-l.NG, jvr. Reproving severely. 
 
 RE-PRIXT', r. t. [re and print.] To print again ; to 
 print a second or any new edition. Pope, 
 
 2. To renew the impression of any thing. 
 
 The business of redemption is — 10 reprint God's imag^ on the 
 soul. South. 
 
 Re'PRIXT, 7u a second or a new edition of a book. 
 
 _ Review of Oriesbach. 
 
 Re-PRIXT'ED, pp. Printed anew ; impressed again. 
 Re-PRIXT'ING, ppr. Printing again; renewing an 
 
 impression. 
 
 RE-PUIS'AL, (rc-prl7.'al,) n. [Fr. represailles ; It. 
 riprcsa^lia ; Sp. represalia ; Fr. reprendre, repris, to 
 retake ; re and prendre, L. prendo.] 
 
 1. The seizure or taking of any thing from an en- 
 emy by way of retaliation or indeninilication for 
 something taken or deUiined l)y him. 
 
 2. That which is taken from an enemy to indem- 
 nify an owner for something of his which the enemy 
 has seized. Reprisals may consist of persons or of 
 goods. Letters of marque and reprisal may he ob- 
 tained in order to seize the bodies or goods tjf the 
 eubjccta of an offi;nding state, until satisfaction shall 
 be made. Blackstone, 
 
 3. Recaption ; a retaking of a man's own poods or 
 any of his family, wife, child, or servant, wrong- 
 fully taken from him, or detained by another. In 
 this case, the owner may retake the goods or persons 
 wherever he finds them. JIlacLitone. 
 
 iMers of marque and reprisal ; a commission grant- 
 ed by the supreme authority of a state to a subject, 
 empowering him to pass the frontiers [man/ue,] that 
 in, enter an enemy's territories, and ca|)ture the 
 goods and persons of the enemy, in return for goods 
 or persons taken hy him. 
 
 4. The act of retorting on an enemy by inflicting 
 RufTcrini; or denth on a prisoner taken from him, in 
 retaliation of an act of inhumanity. Vallel. 
 
 RE-PKISE', n, [Fr.] A Liking by way of retaliation. 
 
 [ Olf. 1 Dnjden. 
 UE-PRJ9!E', r. <. To Uike again. [Oi.?.] Spenser. 
 
 9. 'I"o rerfmiiieniif? ; to pay, [Obn.] Grant. 
 RE-PRTS'INU, ypr. Taking again ; recompenning. 
 
 REP 
 
 R&PRlZ'ES, 71. pi. In law, deductions or payments 
 out of the value of land ; as, rent-charges or annui- 
 ties. Brande. 
 
 RE-PRoACH', t. [Fr. reprocher ; It. rimproceiare ; 
 from the same root as approach, and Fr. pruche, near, 
 L. prox, in proximus, from a root in Class Brg, signi- 
 fying to thrust or drive ; probably Ti2.] 
 
 1. To censure in terms of opprobrium or contempt. 
 M-^zentius with his artlor warmed 
 
 Mis fainting friends, reproached liieir shameful flight, 
 Rep-iled (he victors. Dryden. 
 
 2. To charge with a fault in severe language. 
 
 That shame 
 
 There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. Milton. 
 
 3. To upbraid ; to suggest blame for any thing. A 
 man's conscience will reproach him for a criminal, 
 mean, or unworthy action. 
 
 4. To treat with scorn or contempt. LvJte vi. 
 RE-PRo.ACH', 71. Censure mingled with contempt 
 
 or derision; contumelious or opprobrious Language 
 toward any person ; abusive reflections ; as, foul- 
 mouthed reproach. Shak. 
 
 2. Shame ; infamy ; disgrace. 
 
 Give not thine heritage to reproach, — Joel ii. Is. iv. 
 
 3. Object of contempt, scorn, or derision. 
 
 Come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we may 
 be no more a reproach. — Neh. ii. 
 
 4. That which is the cause of shame or disgrace. 
 Ocn. XXX. 
 
 RE-PRoACH'A-BLE, a. Deserving reproach. 
 
 9. Opprobrious; scurrilous. [JVot proper.] Eh/ot. 
 RE-PR6ACII'A-BLE-XESS, n. The state of being 
 reproachahle. 
 
 RE-PRoACH'.A-BLY, adv. In a reproachahle man- 
 ner. 
 
 RE-PRoACH'£D, (re-procht',) pp. Censured in terms 
 of contempt : upbraided. 
 
 RE PRoAClI'ER, n. One who reproaches. 
 
 RE-PRoACH'FUL, a. Expressing censure with con- 
 tempt; scurrilous; opprobrious; as, reproachful 
 words. Shak. 
 
 9. Shameful ; bringing or casting reproach ; infa- 
 mous ; base ; vile ; as, reproachful conduct ; a re- 
 proachful life. 
 
 RE-PROACH'FUL-LY, adv. In terms of reproach; 
 opprobriously ; scurrilously. 1 Tim. v. 
 
 2. Shamefully ; disgracefully ; contemptuously. 
 RE-PRoACH'IXG, ppr. Censuring in terms of con- 
 tempt ; upbraiding, 
 
 REP'RO-BaTE, a. [L. reprobatus, reprobo, to disal- 
 low ; re and probo, to prove.] 
 
 1. Not enduring proof or trial ; not of standard 
 purity or fineness ; disallowed ; rejected. 
 
 Itrprobate silver shall men call them, because tlie Lord hath re- 
 jected them, — Jer, vi, 
 
 9, Abandoned in sin ; lost to virtue or grace. 
 
 They profess Uiat they know God, but in works deny him, being 
 atjominable and disobedient, and to every good work repro- 
 bate. — Til, u 
 
 3. Abandoned to error, or in apostasy. 2 Tim. iii. 
 REP'RO-BaTE, n. A person abandoned to sin ; one 
 
 lost to virtue and religion. 
 
 1 acknowledge myself a reprohoM, a villain, a traitor to the 
 king. Ralegh. 
 
 REP'RO-BaTE, v. t. To disapprove with detestation 
 or marks of extreme dislike ; to disallow ; to reject. 
 It expresses more than Disappkove or Disallow. 
 We disapprove of slight faults and improprieties; we 
 reprobate what is mean or criminal. 
 
 2. In a milder sense, to disallow. 
 
 Such an answer as this, is reprobated and disallowed of in law, 
 
 Aylije. 
 
 3. To abandon to wickedness and eternal destruc- 
 tion. JIammond. 
 
 4. To abandon to his sentence, without hope or 
 pardon. 
 
 Drive him out 
 To reprohaled exile. Southern. 
 
 REP'RO-BS-TED, pp. or a. Disapproved with ab- 
 horrence ; rejected ; abandoned to wickedness or to 
 destruction. 
 
 REP'RO-BaTE-NESS,71. The state of being repro- 
 bate. 
 
 REP'UO Ba-TER, 71. One that reprobates, 
 RKP'HO-ll.x-TI.VO, pirr. Disapproving with extreme 
 
 dislike; rejecting; abandoning to wickedness or to 
 
 destruclitin, 
 
 REP-KO-Ba'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. rrprabatio.] 
 
 1. The act of disallowing with detestation, or of 
 expressing extreme dislike. 
 
 2. The act of abandoning, or state of being aban- 
 doned to etenial destruction. 
 
 When a tinner li so hanlene<l aj to feel no n-morw or misgiving 
 of conscience, it is coiuidcied as a sign of reprot>aUon. 
 
 Mincyc. 
 
 3. A condenmatory sentence ; rejection. 
 
 Bel a brand of Tejirotiation on dipt poetry and false coin. 
 
 Vryden. 
 
 REP-RO RA'TIOX EU, 71. One who abandons others 
 
 to eternal destruction. South. 
 RF; PKO-DCCE', B. t [re ani produce.] To produce 
 
 REP 
 
 again ; to renew the production of a thing destroyed. 
 Trees are reproduced by new shoots from the roots or 
 stump ; and certain animals, as the polype, are repro- 
 duced from cuttings. Eticyc. 
 _ 9. Sometimes used for Generate. 
 
 Re-PRO-DCC'KD, (-duste',) pp. Produced anew. 
 
 Re-PKO-DuC'ER, 71. One or that which reproduces. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 Rr.-PRO-Dt'C'IXG, ppr. Producing anew. 
 
 Re-PRO-DUC'TION, 71. The act or process of repro- 
 ducing that which has been destroyed ; as, the repro- 
 ilnction of plants or animals from cuttings or slips. 
 The reproduction of several parts of lobsters and 
 crabs is one of the greatest curiosities in natural his- 
 tory. Encye. 
 2. Sometimes used for Generation. Brande. 
 
 Re pro ductive, J a. Pertaining to or used in 
 
 RE-PRO-DUe'TO-RY, \ reproduction. Ltjell. 
 
 Re-PRO-MUL'GaTE, r. t. To promulgate again. 
 
 Re PRO-.MUL-Ga'TIOX, 71. A second promulgation. 
 
 RE-PROOF', 7;. [from reprure.] Blame expressed to 
 the face ; censure for a fault ; reprehension. 
 
 Those best can bear reproof who merit praise. Pope, 
 He that hateUi rcprooj is t.riitish. — Prov, xii, 
 
 2, Blame cast ; censure directed to a person. 
 
 RE-PROV'A-BI,E, a. [from reprove.] Worthy of re- 
 proof; deserving censure ; blamable, Tavlor. 
 
 RE-PROV'A-BLE-XESS, 71. State of being reprova- 
 ble. 
 
 RE-PROV'A-BLY, ado. In a reprovable manner. 
 RE-PROYE', (re proov',) v. t, [Fr. rcproucer ; L. re- 
 probo ; re and probo, to prove.] 
 
 1. To blame ; to censure 
 
 I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices, — Ps. 1, 
 
 2. To charge with a fault to the face ; to chide; to 
 reprehend, Luke iii. 
 
 3. To blame for; with of; as, to reprove one of 
 laziness. Carnr. 
 
 4. To convince of a fault, or to make it manifest. 
 John xvi. 
 
 5. To refute ; to disprove. [JVof in itsc] Shak. 
 
 6. To excite a sense of guilt. The heart or con- 
 science reproves us. 
 
 7. To manifest silent disapprobation or blame. 
 
 The vicious can not bear the presence of the good, whose very 
 I-Kiks reprove them, and wliosc life is a severe, though silent 
 admonition. Buckminster. 
 
 RE-PRO V'£D, (re-proovd',) pp. Blamed ; reprehend- 
 ed ; convinceil of a fault. 
 
 RE-PROV'ER, 71. One that reproves ; he or that 
 which blames. Conscience is a bold reprover. 
 
 South. 
 
 RE-PROV'IXG, ppr. Blaming ; censuring. 
 
 RE-PRO V' I XG-LY, adv. In a reproving manner. 
 
 RE-PRt;NE', ». t. [re and prune.] To prune a sec- 
 ond time. Evelyn. 
 
 Re-PROX'ED, pp. Pnined a second time. 
 
 Re-PRuX'IXG, ppr. Pruning a second time. 
 
 REP-Ta'TIO.\, 7!. [L. reptatio.] The act of creep- 
 ing or crawling. BraitJr. 
 
 REP'TILE, (rep'til,) a. [Fr., from L. reptihs, from 
 repo, to creep, Gr. f otu ; It. reilile ; Sp. rqitil. (See 
 Creep.) The primary sense is probably to rub or 
 scrape, or to seize.] 
 
 1. Creeping ; moWng on the belly, or with small 
 feet. 
 
 2. Groveling ; low ; vulgar ; as, a reptile race or 
 crew ; reptile vices. Burke. 
 
 REP'TILE, 71. An animal that moves on its belly, or 
 by means of small, short legs, as snakes, lizards, 
 tortoises, and the like. 
 
 In zooloipj, the reptiles, or rrptil'ia, constitute a class 
 or order, including all such animals as are cold- 
 blooded, vertebrated, and breathe air ; as tortoises, 
 lizards, frogs, etc. Bell has separated the batrachi- 
 ans from this class, and arranges them uniler the de- 
 nomination of Amphibia, because they breathe water 
 in the tadpole state. 
 
 9. A groveling or very mean person ; a term of 
 contempt. 
 
 REP-TIL'I-AN, a. Belonging to the Reptilia, or rep- 
 tiles. Lvell, 
 
 REP-TIL'I-.\X, 71. An animal of the order Reptilia ; 
 a reptile. Ltjcll, 
 
 RE-PUB'Lie, 71. [L. respuhlica; res and publica; pub- 
 lic affairs.] 
 
 1. A commonwealth ; a state in which the exer- 
 cise of the sov ereign power is lodged in representa- 
 tives elected by llie people. In inoderir nsiige, it 
 differs from a democracy or denmcnitic state, in 
 which the piM>ple exercise the powers of sovereignty 
 in person. Yet the democracies of Greece are often 
 cnlh-d republics, 
 
 2. Common interest ; the public. [JVot in 7(,«c.] 
 
 B. ,7onson. 
 
 Rq>ublic of letters; the collective body of literary or 
 beamed men. 
 
 RE-PUIl'LIC-AN, a. Pertaining to a republic; con- 
 sisting i>f a commonwealth ; as, a republican consti- 
 tution or government. 
 
 2. Consonant to the principles of a republic ; as, 
 republican sentiments or oi)inioiis ; republican man- 
 ners. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fj^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQOK — 
 
 940 
 
KEQ 
 
 RER 
 
 RE-PUB'T>ie-AN, )!. One who lUvcirs or prefers a 
 
 rc|ml)lir.iii form of coveriiim nt. 
 RE-ri;B'Lie-A.\-ISM, n. A ri-puliliciin form or sys- 
 tem of government. 
 2. Atlaclmiciit to >i republican form of government. 
 
 Biirlu: 
 
 RE-PUB'LIC-A.X-IZK, v. t. To l onvert to republican 
 principles ; as, to republicanizc the rising generation. 
 
 Ramsay. 
 
 RK-PUn-Lie-.X'TION, 71. [re nnd puljliclion.] 
 
 1. A seomd pnblicntiun, or a new publication of 
 something before publislied. 
 
 2. A second publication, as of a former will ; re- 
 newal. 
 
 If tliT^ be many If'stamf^ntj, thn last overthrows all Iht* former ; 
 but llie rejiublicntion ot a former will r<.-vok«.-a one of a lalcr 
 date, ntul csubluhc;! thu fir&l. BlacksUjn*. 
 
 RE-PUn'I,ISII, t). (. [re and jmhlish.] To pulilish a 
 second time, or to publish a new edition of a work 
 before published. 
 5. To publish anew. 
 
 Unless, subsequeiu lo the purchase or contract, the devisor repub- 
 ttHfteg Ilia will. Blackstone. 
 
 RE PUI!'I,rPH KD, ( lisht,) pp. Published anew. 
 RE-PUEt'I,IslI ER, n. One who republishes. 
 RE-PlJIi'LISlI-Ii\G, ppr. Publishing again. 
 RE-PO'DI-A-BLE, a. [from repudiate.] That may 
 
 be rejected ; fit or proper to be put away. 
 RE-PO'UI-ATE, V. t. [Vt. repudier ; L. rcpudin ; re 
 
 and one of the roots in Class Bd, which signifies to 
 
 send or thrust.] 
 
 1. To cast away ; to reject ; to discard. 
 
 Atheists — repudiate all title to the kingdom of heaven. BenUey. 
 
 2. To refuse any longer to acknowledge ; to dis- 
 claim ; as, the state has repudiated its debts. [Re- 
 cent.] 
 
 3. .Appropriately, to put away ; to divorce ; as a 
 wife. 
 
 RE-PO'Df-A-TED, pp. Cast off; rejected ; discarded ; 
 
 disclaimed ; divorced. 
 RE-PO'lJI-A-TING, ppr. Casting off; rejecting; dis- 
 claiming; divorcing. 
 RE-PU-IM-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. repudiatio.] 
 
 1. Rejection; the act of disclaiming; as, the re- 
 pmliation of a doctrine. 
 
 9. The refusal on the part of a state or government 
 to pay its debts. [Recent.] 
 3. Divorce ; as, the repudiation of a wife. 
 
 .^rbuthnoL 
 
 RE-Pf''D[-X-TOR, 71. One that repudiates. 
 RE-POGN', (rc-pune',) v. t. [L. repugno ; re and pug- 
 no A 
 
 To oppose ; to resist. [JVot used.] Ehjot, 
 RE-PUG'NANCE, ) 7i. [I-r- 
 
 repugnance ; It. ripu- 
 RE-PUG'NAN-CY, ( gnanza ; L. repug-nantia, from 
 repusnei, to resist ; re anil pagnoy to fight.] 
 
 1. Opposition cf niind ; reluctance; unwilling- 
 ness. Shak. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Opposition or struggle of passions ; resistance. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. Opposition of principles or qualities ; inconsist- 
 ency ; contrariety. 
 
 But where ditlVrence is without repugnancy, that which hath heea 
 can lie no prejudice to that which is. Hooker. 
 
 UE PUG'N.\NT, a. [Fr., from L. r(7J«nT7a7i.«.] 
 
 1. Opposite ; contrary ; inconsistent ; properly fal- 
 lowed by to. Every sin is repugnant to the will of 
 God. Every thing morally wrong is repugnant both 
 to the honor, as well as to the interest of the offender. 
 
 2. Disobedient ; not obsequious. [JVot i'h use ] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RE-PUG'NANT-LY, adv. With opposition ; in con- 
 tradiction. Brown. 
 
 RE-PUG'N.aTE, p. t. To oppose ; to fight against. 
 
 RE-PLIL'LU-L.\TE, r. i. [L. re and puUulo, to bud.] 
 To bud again. Jlmrell. 
 
 RE-PUL-LU-La'TIOX, 71. The act of budding again. 
 
 RE-PULSE', (re-puls',) 71. [L. repuLsa, from rcpeUo ; 
 re and pcllo, to drive.] 
 
 1. A being checked in advancing, or driven back 
 by force. The enemy met with repuLc and retreated. 
 
 2. Refusal ; denial. Bailey. 
 RE-PULSE', (re-puls',) r. ^ [L. rrpnl.<ii.<:, rrpcllo.] 
 
 To repel ; to beat or drive oack ; as, to repulse an 
 assailant t>r advancing enemy, h'noirlcs. Alilinn. 
 RE-PULS'iCn, (re-piilst',) pp. Repelled ; driven back. 
 RE-PULS'ER, n. One that repulses or drives back. 
 
 Shencood, 
 
 RE-PULS'TNG, ppr. Driving back. 
 RE-PUL'SIO:V, (re-pul'shun,) 71. In phtisir/!, that 
 power by which boilies, or the particles of bodies, are 
 made to recede Irom each other. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. The act of repelling. 
 RE-PULS'IVE, a. Repelling ; driving off, or keeping 
 I from approacli. The repulsive power of the electric 
 fluid is remarkable. 
 
 2. Cold ; reserved ; forbidding ; as, repitlsive man- 
 ners, 
 
 RF^PULS'IVE-LY, adv. Bv repulsing. 
 I RE-PIM.S'IVE-NE.'^S, 71. The quality of being re- 
 , pulsive or forbidding. 
 
 : RE-PULSE'LESS, o. That can not be repelled. 
 RE-PULS'O-RY, o. Repulsive ; driving bark. 
 
 RK PUR'CIIASE, V. t. [re and purclia-'e.] To buy 
 again ; to buy back ; to regain by purchase or ex- 
 pense. Jfale. 
 
 RK-PUR'CIIAPE, 71. The act i>f buying again; the 
 purchaso again of what has been sold. 
 
 RK-PUR'CIIAS-KI), (-piir'chast,) pp. Bought back or 
 again ; regainetl by expense ; as, a throne repurchas- 
 ed with the blood of enemies. Shnk. 
 
 Rk-PUR'CHAS-ING, ppr. Buying back or again; 
 regaining by the payment of a price. 
 
 REP'lJ-TA-BLE, a. [frtiin rr;<«(c] Being in good re- 
 pute ; held in esteem ; as, a reputable man or char- 
 acter ; reputable coiiiluct. It expresses less than 
 respectable and hnnorabley denoting the good opinion 
 of men, without distinction or great qualities. 
 
 2. Consistent with reputation ; not mean or dis- 
 graceful. It is evidence of extreme depravity that 
 vice is in any case reputable. 
 
 h\ the article of danger, it is as reputable to dude an enemy as 
 to ileti-at one. Brooine. 
 
 REP'II-TA-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being rep- 
 utable. 
 
 REP'i;-TA-HLY, ado. With reputation ; without dis- 
 grace or iliscredit ; as, to fill an office rcputablij. 
 REP-IJ-TA'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. rcputalio.] 
 
 1. (iood name ; the credit, honor, or ciiaracter 
 which is derived from a favorable public opinitui or 
 esteem. Reputation is a valuable species of property 
 or right, which should never be vi>>lated. With the 
 loss of reputation, a man, and especially a woman, 
 loses most of the enjoyments of life. 
 
 The l)cst evidence of refutation is a man's whole life. Amee. 
 
 2. Character by report ; in a gt>od or bad sense ; 
 as, a man has the reputation of being rich or poor, or 
 of b'-ing a thief. Jlddisoti. 
 
 RE-PO'TA-TIVE-LY, ado. By repute. 
 RE-PuTE', V. i. [L. reputo; rc and puto, to think; 
 Fr. reputrr.] 
 To think ; to account ; to hold ; to reckon. 
 
 The kill* was reputed a prince most prudent. Shak. 
 Wherefore ate wc counted as Ijcasts, and reputed vile in your 
 sishtf — Job xviii. 
 
 RE-POTE', 71. Reputation; good character ; the credit 
 or honor derived from comniun or public opinion ; 
 as, men of repute. 
 
 2. Character ; in a bad sense ; as, a man held in 
 bad repute. 
 
 3. Established opinion ; as, upheld by old repute. 
 
 JtlUton. 
 
 RE-PuT'ED, pp. or a. Reckoned ; accounted. 
 
 RE-PuT'ED-LY, ado. In common opinion or estima- 
 tion. Barrow. 
 
 RE-PuTE'LESS, a. Disreputable ; disgraceful. Shak. 
 
 RE-POT'ING, ppr. Thinking ; reckoning ; account- 
 ing. 
 
 RE-CiUEST', (re-kwcst',) 71. [Fr. requite : h. requisi- 
 tus, requiro ; re and quirro, to seek ; It, richiesta ; Sp. 
 rcque.-^ta. See CiuEsT, (ii'ESTiow.] 
 
 1. The expression of desire to some person for 
 something to be granted or done ; an asking ; a peti- 
 tion. 
 
 Haman stood up to make request for his life to Esdier the queen. 
 
 — Kslh. vii. 
 
 2. Prayer ; the expression of desire to a superior 
 or to the Almighty. Phil. iv. 
 
 3. The thing asked for or requested. 
 
 1 will iKilh hear and grint you your reatiests. Shak. 
 He ptve them their requeet, but scut leanness into their souls, 
 
 — P». cvi. 
 
 4. A state of being desired or held in such estima- 
 tion as to be sought after or pursued. 
 
 Knowletlm^ bud fame were in as great requttl as wealth among 
 us now. Temple. 
 
 In request ; in demand ; in credit or reputation. 
 
 Coriolanus being now in no requetL Shak. 
 
 Request expresses less earnestness than entreaty and 
 supplication, and supposes a right in the person re- 
 tpiestt d to deny or refuse to grant. In this it differs 
 from demantL 
 
 Court of Requests ; in England, a court of equity for 
 the relief of such persons as atldresseil his majesty 
 by supplication ; abolished by stat. 16 and 17 Car. 
 I. It was inferior to the Court of Chancery. Brande. 
 
 2. A local tribunal, sometimes called a CoHrf af 
 Conscience, founded by act of parliament to facilitate 
 the recovery of smali debts from any inhabitant or 
 trader in the district defined by the act. P. Cue. 
 RE-aUEST', tj. t. [^Fr. requtter.] 
 
 1. To ask ; to solicit ; to express desire for. 
 
 The W' ijht of the gulden ear-rin^ which he reijuette't, was a 
 tlii-usjtnd anil 8«-vcn hundtT<l shekels of gold. — Jud-»-» viii. 
 
 2. To express desire to ; to ask. Wo requested a 
 friend to arconipanv us. 
 
 RE-m'EST'EI), pp. ■ Asked; desired ; solicited. 
 RE ClUEST'ER, n. One who requests ; a petitioner. 
 KE-UUEST'ING, ppr. Asking; [wtitioning. 
 RE-aUICK'A'.V, r. f. [re and quicken.] To reani- 
 mate ; to give new life to. SAoJt. 
 RJ^-tiUICK'fTN-KI), pp. Reanimated. 
 RE-Q.U1CK'BW-IXG, ppr. Reanimating ; invigorat- 
 
 RK'fiL'I-E.M, 71. [L.] In the Roman Cafholie church, 
 a hymn or m.oss sung for the dead, fur the rest of hin 
 soul ; so called from the first word. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A grand musical composition, perfurmed in 
 honor of some deceased person. Brande. 
 
 3. Ri'st ; ipiiet ; peace. (JVut in use.] Sandys. 
 RE-Ul'I'E-TO-RY, 71. [Low L. rcquieturium.] 
 
 A sepulchre. [JVot in u.ie.] Weevrr. 
 Rif.'UUIN, 71. [Fr.] The French name of tlie white 
 
 shark, Carcliarias vulgaris. ./ardinc\s .Yat. Lib. 
 RE-dlllR'A-BLE, o. [from rp?Mirr.] That may bo 
 
 required ; fit or proper to be demanded. J/ale. 
 RE-dUIRE', V. t. [L. requiro ; re and qmero, to seek ; 
 
 Fr. and Sp. requertr. St:e duERV.] 
 
 1. To demand ; to ask, as of right and by author- 
 ity. We require a person lo do a thing, and we re- 
 quire a tiling lo be done. 
 
 Why, tlien, doth my lord require Uiis thing? — 1 Chron. xxl. 
 
 2. To claim ; to render neccs.s.ary ; as a duly or 
 any thing indispensable; as, the law of God rrqairta 
 strict obedience. 
 
 3. To ask as a favor ; to request. 
 
 1 was ashamed to require of the kiii;^ a Innd of soMiera atid 
 hnrscmen 10 help us against the eneniy in the way. — Kira 
 
 [/« tJlis sense, the word is rarely used.] 
 
 4. To call lo account for. 
 
 I will require my Huck at their hand, — Eiek. xxxiv. 
 
 5. To make necessary ; to need ; to demand. 
 
 The king's business required h:uile. — 1 Sani. xxi. 
 
 6. To avenge ; to take satisfaction fir I Sam.xx. 
 RE-QUIR'.£;D, pp. or a. Demanded ; needed ; ncccd- 
 
 sarv. 
 
 RE-UUIRE'MENT, 71. Demand ; requisition. 
 
 ScotL Chalmers. 
 This ruler was one of those who believe thai they cin fill up 
 every requirement conuined in the rule of riffliteonsness. ' 
 
 J. .M. Mcuon. 
 
 The Bristol water is of service where the accretions cxc«-d tlw 
 requirements of health. Encyc. 
 
 RE-aUIR'ER, 71. One who requires. 
 RE-Ul'TK'l.\(!, ppr. Demanding; needing. 
 REti'UI-SITE, (rek'we-zit,) a. [L. rcquisitus, from 
 requiro.] 
 
 Required by the nature of things or by circum- 
 stances ; necessary ; so needful lh.it it can not be 
 dispensed with. Repentance and faith arc requisite 
 to salvation ; air is requisite to support life; heat is 
 requisite to vegetation. 
 REU'UI-SITE, (rek'we-zit,) 71. That which is neces- 
 sary ; something indispensable. Contcutineiit is a 
 requisite to a liappy life. 
 
 tiod, on his part, has declared the requititet on ours ; wlial we 
 must do to obtain blessings, is tlic great business of us all to 
 know. Wake. 
 
 REa'UI-SITE-LY, (rek'we-7.it-lc,) adv. Neces.sarily ; 
 
 in a requisite manner. Boyle. 
 REU'UI-SITE-N'ESS, 71. The state of being requisite 
 
 or necessarv ; necessity. Boyle. 
 REa-UI-Sl"TION, (rek-wc-zish'un,) lu [Fr. ; It. 
 
 requisizione. See Require.] 
 
 1. Demand; applicatitm matlc as of right. Under 
 the old confederation t)f the American Slates, con- 
 gress often made rc^Hi.sifioH.'! on the Suites for money 
 to sup[ily the treasury ; but they had no power to en- 
 force Iheir requisitions, and llie States neglected or 
 partially complied with them. Hamilton. 
 
 2. A written call or invitation ; as, a requisition for 
 a public meeting. [F.n^.] 
 
 RE-(iUIS'I-TIVE, 0. Expressing or implying de- 
 mand. Harris. 
 
 RE-UUIS'I-TO-RY, a. Sought for; demanded, [iit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 RE-(iUI"r.\L, 71. [from requite.] Return for any 
 office, gooil or bad ; in a good sense, compen-sation ; 
 recompense ; as, the requital of services ; in a bad 
 sense, retaliation or punishment ; as, the rcquHal of 
 evil deeds. 
 2. Return ; reciprocal action. 
 
 No merit their ovcrsion can remove, 
 
 Nor ill requital can edace their love. W'alUr. 
 
 RE-QUITE', r. ^ [from quit, L. eedo ; It. cuUighim, 
 to requitcT^^iu^aeh, recoiiqicnse.] 
 
 1. To repay either good or evil ; in a good sense, to 
 rectimpense ; lo return an equivalent in gix)d ; to re- 
 ward. 
 
 I also will requitt you this kindness. —2 Sam. ii. I Tim. r. 
 In a bad sense, to retaliate ; to rclum evil for evil ; 
 to punish. 
 
 Joseph will certainly rtqidle us all the evil which we did lo him. 
 — Gen. I. 
 
 2. To do or give in return. 
 
 lU hath requited me evil for goo<I. — i Sam. xxv. 
 
 RE-fiT^TT'F^f), pp. Repaid ; recompensed ; rewarded. 
 RE-aUTT'EU, 71. One who requites. 
 RE-(iUIT'I.NG, ppr. Rccoinp«nsing ; rewarding ; giv- 
 ing in renirn. 
 
 ReRE'FI i;F, n. A fief held of a superior feudatory ; 
 an under fief, held by an under tenant. 
 
 Blaehitont. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, TINITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUa — € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 lie* 
 
 AA AA* 
 
 941 
 
RES 
 
 RES 
 
 ReRE'-MOUSE, lu [Sax. hrtremus.] 
 
 A bat. [See Reae-Mouse.] 
 Rf.-RE-SOLVE', v. t. To resolve a second time. 
 Rf.-RE-$OLV'£D, jip. Resolved a second time. 
 RkRE'WARD, n. [rear and Kard.] The part of an 
 army that marches iu the rear, as the guard ; the 
 re:iriruard. JVum. x. Is. lii. 
 
 [ The latter orthography ij to he preferred.] 
 Re-SaIL', v. t. or i. [re and sail.] To sail back. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Rf.-SaIL'ED, pp. Sailed back. 
 
 Rk-SaIL'ING, ppr. Sailing back. 
 
 Rk-SaLE', 71. [re and sale.'] A sale at second hand. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. A second sale ; a sale of what was before sold 
 to the possessor. 
 Re-S.A-LuTE', v. t. [L. resaluto; re and saia (o, to 
 salute ; Fr. resaluer.] 
 
 1. To salute or greet anew. Milton. 
 
 2. To return a salutation. 
 Rk-SA-LuT'ED, pp. Saluted again. 
 Rk-SA-LuT'ING, ppr. Saluting anew. 
 RE-SCIA'D', v. t. [L. resciiido ; re and scinJo, to cut ; 
 
 Fr. rescindcr.] 
 
 1. To abrogate ; to revoke ; to annul ; to vacate 
 an act bj' the enacting authority or by superior au- 
 thority ; as, to rcjicind a law, a resolution, or a vote ; 
 to rescind an edict or decree ; to rescind a judg- 
 ment. 
 
 2. To cut off. [JVo( used.] 
 RE-SC[ND'ED, pj). Abrogated; revoked; annulled. 
 RE-SC'IND'ING, ppr. Abrogating ; revoking ; an- 
 nulling. ~ J, 
 
 RE-SCIS'SION, (re-sizh'un,) n, [Fr. rescision, from 
 Li. rescisstis.] 
 
 1. The act of abrogating, annulling, or vacating ; 
 as, the rescission of a "aw, decree, or judgment. 
 
 2. A cutting off. 
 
 RE-SCIS'SO-RY, (-S1Z zo-re,) a. [Fr. rescisoire.] 
 
 Having po« er to cut off or to abrogate. Setilen. 
 RES'eOIJS, (res'kus,) n. In law. [See Rescue.] 
 RE-SCRlBE', V. t. [L.rescr^bo; re and scribo, to 
 write.] 
 
 1. To write back. Jlijliffe. 
 _ 9. To write over again. IJowdl. 
 RE'S€RIPT, n. [L. rescriptum, resrribo.] 
 
 1. In Roman antiquittj, the answer of an emperor, 
 when consulted by particular persons on some dif- 
 ficult question. This answer served as a decision tS 
 the question, and might therefore, as a precedent, 
 gradually ()btain the force of an edict tir law. Hence, 
 
 2. An edict or decree. Smith's Diet. 
 RE-SGRIP'TIOX, 71. A writing back ; the answering 
 
 of a letter. Lurcilmi. 
 RE-SeRIPT'IVE-LY, atZc. By rescript. [Unnsvnl.] 
 
 Burke. 
 
 RES'eU-.\-BLE, a. That may be rescued. Ouijton. 
 
 RES'€OE, (res'ku,) v. t. [N'orm. rescure, lo rescue: 
 rescous, retaken, rescued, relieveii ; Fr. recaurre^ re- 
 cons ; qu. from recouvrer^ to recover. The Italian 
 riscattare, Sp. resctttar. Port, rrsiratar, to redeem, to 
 rescue^ is compounded of re and catt/ire, to ^ret. The 
 Fr. recoils is evidently the It. risccssa, recovery, ris- 
 cosso, recovered, from riscuotere^ to redeem, ransom, 
 regain, escape, exact, or recover, contracted, in Fr. 
 recourre, from ri or re and It. scuotere, to shake ; 
 scossOy a shaking ; L. re and t/uatin.] 
 
 To free or deliver from any continement, violence, 
 danger, or evil ; to liberate from .actual restraint, or 
 to remove or withdraw from a state of exposure to 
 evil ; as, to rescue a prisoner from an officer ; to res- 
 cue seamen from destruction by shipwreck. 
 
 So Ihc p**opI'' rescued Juitathan, Uial lie died not. — 1 Sam. xiv. 
 
 XXX. Pa. XXXV. 
 Caltle Uiken by dUtp'«s, contrary to Inw, may be related by the 
 
 owner, while oij tjieir way to the pound. Blnckslone. 
 Estimate the value of oge 6<iul rescued from eternal guilt and 
 
 a^oiiy, and cleKiiiied to grow lonjvcr in the knovvl -d^e and 
 
 liKeneM of (jod. A. Dickinson. 
 
 RES'eOE, n. [See the verb.] Deliverance from re- 
 straint, violence, or danger, by force, or by the inter- 
 ference of an agent. 
 
 2. In law, rescue, or rescous; the forcible retaking 
 of a lawful distress from the distrainor, or from the 
 custody of the law ; also, Ilie forcible liberation of a 
 defi ndant from the custody of the officer, in which 
 casi-s the remedy is by writ of rescuus. But when 
 the distress is unlawfully taken, the owner may law- 
 fully make rescue. 
 
 The rescue of A prlioner from the court, li puni«h'-d with per- 
 petual impi^nnient and fortuitun: of goodt. Blnckttone. 
 
 RE.S'eO .ED, (res'kude,) pp. or a. Delivered from con- 
 finemi nt or danger ; or forcibly taken from the cus- 
 trxly of the law. 
 
 RES'en-ER. 71. C)ne that rescues or retakes. Kent. 
 
 RES'eU-ING, ppr. Liberating from restraint or dan- 
 ger ; forcibly taking from the custodv of the law. 
 
 RE SEARCH', (re-serch',) 11. [Fr. recherche.] 
 
 Diligent Inquiry or examination in seeking facti or 
 priiir iples ; lalioriouM or continued search aHrr truth ; 
 ai, rrnearehet of hiimnn wisdom. Rogers. 
 
 RK SE.MK'II', (renerch',) v. U [Fr. rechercher ; re 
 and chereher.] 
 
 1. To search or examine with continued care ; to 
 seek diligently for the truth. 
 
 It is not easy to research^ Willi due distinction, in the actions of 
 eminent pqrsonii^es, both how much rnay have been blem- 
 ished bv the envy of others, and what was corrupted by llieir 
 own felicity. [Unusuai.] Woilon. 
 
 2. To search again ; to examine anew. 
 RE-SEARCH'ER, (re-serch'er,) n. One who diligently 
 
 inquires or examines. 
 RE-SEARCH'ING, ppr. Examining with continued 
 care^ 
 
 Re-SeAT', v. U [re and seat.] To seat or set again. 
 Re-SeAT'ED, pp. Seated again. [Drydetu 
 Re-SeAT'ING, ppr. Seating again. 
 RE-SECTION, 7!. [L. resectio, reseco.] 
 
 _ The act of cutting or paring off. Cotgrave. 
 Re-SEEK', v. t. i pret. and pp. Resought. [re and 
 
 seek.] 
 
 To seek again. J. Barlow. 
 
 Re-SeIZE', ^-seez',) v. t. [re and ^cize.] To seize 
 again ; to seize a second time. Spejiser. 
 
 2. In law, to take possession of lands and tene- 
 ments which have been disseized. 
 
 Whereupon the sherilT is commanded to reeeire the land and all 
 the chattels thereon, and keep the same iu his custody till the 
 arrival of the justices of assize. BlacksUme. 
 
 Re-SeIZ'£D, pp. Seized again. 
 Re-SeIZ'ER, 71. One who seizes again. 
 Re-SeIZ'ING, ppr. Seizing again. 
 Re-SeIZ'IJRE, (rC-siizh'yur,) ji. A second seizure ; 
 
 the act of seizing again. Bacon. 
 Re sell', v. t. To sen again ; to sell what has been 
 
 bought or sold. Wheaton, v. 4. 
 
 Re-SELL'ING, ppr. Selling again. 
 RE-SE.M'BLA-BLE, a. [See Resemble.] That may 
 
 be compared. [J^ot in use.] Oower. 
 RE-SE.M'BI.ANCE, (re-zem'-,) ti. [Fr. ressemblance. 
 
 See Resemble.] 
 
 1. Likeness; similitude, either of external form or 
 of qualities. We observe a resemblance between per- 
 sons, a resemblance in shape, a resemblance in man- 
 ners, a resemblance in dispositions. Painting and 
 poetry bear a great resemblance to each other, as one 
 object of both is to please. £>njden. 
 
 2. Something similar ; similitude ; representation. 
 
 These sensilile Ihin^ which religion hath allowed, are rcfiejTl- 
 
 blanres lormea acconling to tiling spiritual. Hooker. 
 Fain st Tcseinblance of (liy Maker fciir. Milton. 
 
 RE-SE.M'BLE, (re-zem'bl,) v. t. [Ft. ressembler ; It. 
 rassembrare i Sp. asemejar ; Port, assemelliar. See 
 Simil\r.] 
 
 1. To have the likeness of ; to bear the similitude 
 of something, either in form, figure, or qualities. One 
 man may resemble another in features ; he may resem- 
 ble a third person in temper or deportment. 
 
 Each one resembled the children of a king. — Judges viit. 
 
 2. To liken ; to compare ; to represent as like some- 
 thing else. 
 
 The torrid parts of Africa are resembled to a libbanl's sknn, the 
 dist-ince of whose spots represents the dispersed silu:itiiin of 
 the habitations. Breretcood. 
 
 RE-?EM'BLED, pp. Likened ; compared. 
 
 RE-SE.M'BLL\G, ppr. Having the likeness of; liken- 
 iiig; comparing. 
 
 Re-.SEND', v. t. ; pret. and pp. Resent, [re and send.] 
 To send again ; to send back. [JVot in itse.] Shak. 
 
 Re-SE.\T', pp. of Resend. Sent again. 
 
 RE-SE.\T', (re-zent',) v. L [Fr. ressentir, to perceive 
 again, to have a deep sense of; re and sentir, to per- 
 ceive. L. sentio ; It. risentire, to resent, to hear again, 
 to resound ; Sp. resentirse, to resent, also, to begin to 
 give way or to fail ; resentimiento, resentment, a flaw 
 or crack.] 
 
 Literallij, to have a corresponding sentiment or 
 feeling, llence, 
 
 1. To take well; to receive with satisfaction. 
 [Obs.] Baron. 
 
 2. To take ill ; to consider as an injury or affront ; 
 to be in some degree angry or provoked at. 
 
 Thou with scorn 
 Aii'l anger wouldst resent the olTered wrong. Milton. 
 
 RE-SENT'ED, pp. Taken ill ; being in some measure 
 an cry at. 
 
 RE-SENT'ER, n. One who resents ; one that feels an 
 injury deejily. IVotlon. 
 
 2. In the sense of one that takes a thing well. 
 [0/)«.l Borrow. 
 RE .«E.\T'FI1L, n. Easily provoked to anger; of an 
 
 irrii;ihl'' temper. 
 RI". SI'..\'r'l'|IL-LY, adr. With resentment. 
 RK WI'.NT'I.N'G, ppr. Taking ill ; feeling angry at. 
 RE-.«i;,\ T'lNt; LY, adv. With a sense of wrong or 
 affront ; with a degree of anger. 
 2. Willi deep sense or strong perception. [0*.».] 
 
 -1/orr. 
 
 RE-SENT'I VE, a. Easily provoked or irritated ; quick 
 to fi'ol an injtirv or affront. Thomson. 
 
 Rl'VSENT'ME.NT, »i. [Fr. rcssentiment ; It. risenti- 
 menlo : resentimienttt.] 
 
 1. Tht; I'xcitemenl of passion which proceeds from 
 n Hcnse of wrong olferetl to ourselves or to Ihttsc who 
 are connected with us ; anger. This word usually 
 expresses less excitement than Anoeh, though it is 
 
 often synonymous with it. It expresses much less than 
 Wrath, Exasperation, and Indignation. In this 
 use, resentment is not the sense or perception of inju- 
 ry, but the excitement which is the effect of it. 
 
 Can heavenly minds such high resentment show ? Dryden, 
 
 2. Strong perception of good. [JYot in use.] Mure. 
 RES-ER-Va'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. reseroo.] 
 
 1. The act of reserving or keeping back or in the 
 mind ; reserve ; concealment or withholding from 
 disclosure ; as, mental reservation. 
 
 2. Something withheld, either not expressed or 
 disclosed, or not given up or brought forward. 
 
 With reservation of a hundred knights. Shak. 
 In the United States, a tract of the public land re- 
 served for some special use, as for schools, the use of 
 Indians, &c. 
 
 3. Custody ; state of being treasured up or kept in 
 store. Shak. 
 
 4. In law, a clause or part of an instrument by 
 which something is reserved, not conceded or grant- 
 ed ; also, a proviso. 
 
 Mental reservation, is the withholding or failing to 
 disclose something that affects a statement, promise, 
 &c., and which, if disclosed, would materially vary 
 its import. 
 
 Mental reservations are the refuge of hypocrites. Encye. 
 RE-SERV'A-TIVE, a. Keeping; reserving. 
 RE-SERV'A-TO-RY, 71. [from reserve.] A place in 
 
 which things are reserved or kept. Woodward. 
 RE-SERVE', (re-zerv',) v. I. [Fr. reserver ; L. rescrvo ; 
 
 re and servo, to keep.] 
 
 1. To keep in store for future or other use; to with- 
 hold from present use for another purpose. Tlu; 
 farmer sells his corn, reserving only what is neces- 
 sary for his family. 
 
 Hast thou seen the treasures of h.ail, which I have reserved 
 agruiist the day of trouble? — Job xxxviii. 
 
 2. To keep ; to hold ; to retain. 
 
 Will he reserve his anger forever ? — Jer. iii. 
 
 3. To lay up and keep for a future time. 2 Pet. ii. 
 Reserve your kind looks and language for private hours, Swi/l. 
 
 RE-SERVE', (re-zerv',) 71. That which is kept for 
 other or future use ; that which is retained from pres- 
 ent use or disposal. 
 
 The virgins, beside the oil in their lamps, carried likewise a re- 
 serve in some other vessel for a continual supply. Tillolson. 
 
 2. Something in the mind withheld from disclos- 
 ure. 
 
 However any one may concur in the general scheme, it is stiU 
 with certain yeserves and deviations. Add-on. 
 
 3. Exception ; a withholding. 
 
 Is knowled^ so despised ? 
 Or envy, or what reserve lorbida to taste ? Milion. 
 
 4. Exception in favor. 
 
 E.ach has some ddrling lust, which pleads for a reserve. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 5. Restraint of freedom in words or actions ; back- 
 wardness ; caution in personal behavior. Reserve 
 may proceed from modesty, bashfulness, prudence, 
 prudery, or sullenness. 
 
 My soul, surprised, and from her sex disjoined, 
 
 Leit all reserve, and all the sex behind. Prior. 
 
 6. In law, reservation. 
 
 In reserve : in store ; in keeping for other or future 
 use. He has large quantities of wheat in reserve. 
 He has evidence or arguments in reserve. 
 
 Body of reserve ; in military affairs, a select body 
 of troops in the rear of an army tlrawn up for battle, 
 reserved to sustain the other iines as occasion may 
 require ; a body of troops kept for an exigency. 
 RE-SEUV'£D, pp. Kept for another or future use ; 
 retained. 
 
 2. a. Restrained from freedom in words or actions ; 
 backward in conversation ; not free or frank. 
 
 To all obliging, yet reserved to all. Walsh. 
 Nothing reserved or sullen was to see. Dryden. 
 
 RE-SERV'ED-LY, adv. With reserve ; with back- 
 wardness ; not with openness or frankness. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 2. Scriipiilouslv ; cautiously; coldly. Pope. 
 
 RE-SERV'En-i\E.SS, 71. Closeness; want of frank- 
 ness, openness, or freedom. A man may guard him- 
 self by that silence and rcservedness which every one 
 miiv innocently practice. Soutti. 
 
 RE-SERVER, 11. One that reserves. 
 
 RESERVING, ppr. Keeping b.ick ; keeping for other 
 use, or for use at a future time ; retaining. 
 
 RES-ER-VOIR', (rez-cr-vwor',) 71. [Kr.l A place 
 where any thing is kept in store, partirularly a jilace 
 where water is collected and kept for use when 
 wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by 
 mi aiifl of aqueducts, or to drive a mill-wheel and 
 the like ; a cistern ; a mill pond ; » basin. 
 
 RE-SET', r. t. ; pret. and pp. Reset. In Scots late, to 
 receive stolen gtiotls. 
 
 2. To set over again, as n page of matter among 
 printers. 
 
 RE-SEi'', 71. In .Sfof.i law, the receiving of stolen 
 goods, or harboring of a criminal. Jomieaon. 
 2. Among printers, matter reset. 
 
 FiTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. — 
 
 042 
 
RES 
 
 RES 
 
 RES 
 
 RE-SET'TER, n In Scots law, a receiver of stolen 
 goods. Bouvifr, 
 
 RE-SET'TLE, v. t. [re and sHtle.] To settle iisaiii. 
 2. To insttill, as a miiiisiter of tlie gospel. [Swift. 
 
 RE-SET'TLE, v. i. To settle in the ministry a sec- 
 ond time ; to be installed. 
 
 RE-SET'TI.KD, pp. Settled again ; installed. 
 
 RE-SET'TLE-MENT, 71. The act of settling or com- 
 posing again. 
 
 The resetUement of my dijfcompoacd soul. Norrit. 
 
 2. The state nf settling or subsiding again ; as, the 
 resettlement of lees. Mortimer. 
 
 3. .Vsecond settlement In the ministry. 
 RE-SET'TLING, })/"•• Settling again ; installing. 
 RE-SII.^PE', ». (. To shape aiiain. 
 RE-SllAP'/;r), (-shapt',) pp. Shaped again. 
 RE-SH.^ P'lNG, ppr. Shaping a second time. 
 RE-SIIIP', V. t. [re and ship.] To ship again ; to 
 
 ship what has been conveyed by water or imported ; 
 
 as eolfi e and sugar imported into New York, and 
 
 rcshippt'il for Hamburg. 
 RE-SlllP'.MEN'T, H. The act of shipping or loading 
 
 on board of a ship a second time; the shipping fur 
 
 exportation wli;il has been imported. 
 2. Tli:it which is reshippcd. 
 RE-SmP'PKl), (re-shipt',) pp. Shi|iped again. 
 RE-SH11"P1NG, ppr. Shipping again. 
 Rl".'Sl-,\NCE, n. [.*ee Rf.sia.nt.] Residence ; abode. 
 
 IQIis.] Bacon. 
 Re'SI-ANT, «. [Norm, rcii.inf, res.sTan(, from the L. 
 
 resideo. See Resioe.] 
 
 Resident ; dwelling ; present in a place. [O/w.] 
 
 Kiwlles. 
 
 RE-SIDE', (re-zide',) v. i. [Ft. residcr ; L. resideo, 
 reside : re and seitco, to sit, to settle.] 
 
 1. To dwell permanently or for a lenzth of time ; 
 to have a settled abode for a time. The peculiar 
 uses of this woril are to be noticed. When the word 
 is applied to the natives of a state, or others who 
 dweir in it as permanent citizens, we use it only 
 with reference to the pan of a city or country in 
 which a man dwidls. We do not s.iy generally, that 
 ETiglishmen reside in England, but a particular citi- 
 zen re.w/cs in London or York, or at such a house, 
 in such a street, in the Strand, &c. 
 
 When the word is applied to strangers or travelers, 
 I we do not say n man rfsi(/c.f in an inn for a night, 
 but he resided in London or Oxford a month or a 
 year ; or he may reside in a foreign country a great 
 part of his life. A man lodges, stays, remtiins, 
 abides, fi>r a day or very short time ; but reside im- 
 plies a longer time, though not definite. 
 
 2. To sink to the bottom of liciuors ; to settle. 
 [Obs.] Boijlc. 
 
 [In this sense. Subside is now used.] 
 RES'I DENCE, j n. [Fr.] The act of abiding or 
 RES'I-DE.\-('Y, j dwelling in a place for some con- 
 tinuance of time ; ns, the residence of an American 
 in France or Italy for a year. 
 
 The confcHsor had oflcn m.-ide consijcrxlli; residences in Nor* 
 mandy. Hale. 
 
 2. The place of abode ; a dwelling ; a habitation. 
 
 Caprca h.iJ been — the residence of 'I'ibcriiw for several ye^n. 
 
 Anon, 
 
 3. That which falls to the bottom of liquors. 
 [Obs.] Bacon. 
 
 4. In the canon and common taip, the abode of a 
 parson or incumbent on his benefice ; opposed to 
 Non-Residence. Blackstone. 
 
 RES'I-DENT, a. [L. rcsidcn.<! ; Fr. re.iidrnt.] 
 
 Dwelling or having an abode in a place for a con- 
 tinuance of lime, but not definite; as, a minister 
 resident at the court of St. James. A 11 is now res- 
 ident in .Eolith America. 
 
 RES'I-DENT, ;i. One who resides or dwells in a 
 place for some time. A 11 is now a resident in Lon- 
 don. 
 
 2. A public minister who resides at a foreisn court. 
 
 It is usually applied to ministers of a rank inferior 
 
 to that of embassadors. Encije. 
 RES'l-DE.NT-ER, n. A resident. 
 RES-I-DEN'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Residing. 
 RES-I-DEN'TI.\-RY, a. Having residence. More. 
 RF.S-I-DEN'TI A-RY, n. An ecclesiastic who keeps a 
 
 certain residence. Kccles. Canons. 
 
 RE-?ID'ER,n. One who resides in a particular place. 
 RE-SID'ING, ppr. Dwelling in a place for some con- 
 
 tinii.ance of time. 
 RE-SID'lJ-AL, a. Remaining after a part is taken. 
 
 Dam/. 
 
 RE-SID'tJ-A-RY, o. [I,, residuiis. See Reside.] 
 
 Pertaining to the residue or part remaining; as, 
 the residuary advantage of an estate. .^tjUffe. 
 
 Residuary legatee ; in law, the legatee to whom is 
 bequeathed the part of goods and estate which re- 
 mains after deducting all the debts and s|)ecific lega- 
 cies. Blackstone. 
 RES'l-DCE, (rez'e-du,) n. [Fr. resiJu ; L. rrsiduus.] 
 1. That which remains after a part is taken, sepa- 
 rated, removed, or designated. 
 
 The lociuu ih&il eat the residus of Uuit which ha» c«:ap«l, — 
 F.X. X. 
 
 The retiftu* of (hem will t deliver to Ihc swonl. — Jer. xv. 
 
 2. The balance or remainder of a debt or account, 
 or of the estate of a test;itor after the payment of 
 debts and legacies. 
 
 KF.-SID'IJ-UM, n. [L.] Residue ; that which is left 
 after any process of separation or imrification. 
 
 2. In /aw, the part of an estate or of goods and 
 chattels remaining after the payment of debts and 
 legacies. Blurkstone. 
 
 RE-SI if.GE', B. «. [re and siege.] To seat again; to 
 reinstate. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 RE-SIGN', (re-zTne',) r. f. [Fr. resifrner i Ji.resigno; 
 re and signo, to sign. The radical sense of sign is, to 
 send, to drive, hence, to set. To rejiign is to send 
 back or send away.] 
 
 1. To give up ; to give back, as an office or com- 
 mission, to the pi'rs(m or authority that conferred it ; 
 hence, to surrender an office or charge in a formal 
 manner ; as, a military officer resigns his commis- 
 sion ; a prince re.iigns his crown. 
 
 Pliirlxis resigns liiit dam. and Jove 
 
 His Uuindcr to tlie goil of love. Denham, 
 
 2. To withdraw, as a claim. Ite resigns all pre- 
 tensions to skill. 
 
 ;t. To yield ; as, to resign the judgment to the di- 
 rection of others. Locke, 
 ■i. To yield or give up in confidence. 
 
 Wh.it more reasonable, than that we should ill all tlilnjjB resign 
 oiirselvi's to th'.' will of Uoil I 'JVtolson. 
 
 5. To submit, particularly to Providence. 
 
 A firm, yet cautious mind ; 
 Siiic-re, though prtideiU ; constmt, yet rcsignerl. Pope. 
 
 fi. To submit without resistance or murmur. Shak. 
 Rf,-.>^TGN', (re-sine',) v. t. To sign again. 
 RE-SIGN', (re-zine',) n. Resignation. [Obs.] 
 RES-IG-NA'TION, 71. [Fr.] The act of resigning or 
 giving up, as a claim or possession ; as, the resigna- 
 tion of a crown or commission. 
 
 2. Submission ; unresisting acquiescence ; ns, a 
 blind re.iignation to the autliority of other men's 
 opinions. iMcke, 
 
 3. Quiet submission to the will of Providence ; 
 submission without discoiiti'nt, ami with entire ac- 
 quiescence in the divine dispensations. Tiiis is 
 I'hristian resignation. 
 
 RE-SIGN'A'D, (re-zind',) pp. Given up ; surrendered ; 
 yielded. 
 
 2. a. Submissive to the will of God. 
 RE-SIGN'EI)-LY, adv. With submission. 
 RE-STGN'ER, n. One that resigns. 
 RE-SIGN'ING, ppr. Giving up; suiTcndering ; sub- 
 mitting. 
 
 RE-SIG.\'MENT, 71. The act of resigning. [Obs.] 
 RE-STLE', V. i. [L. resilio.] 
 
 To start back ; to recede from a purpose. [Little 
 used.] Kllis. 
 RE-SIL't-ENCE, ) 71. [L. resilien.i, resilio; re and 
 RE-SIL'l-EN-CY, j salio, to spring.] 
 
 The act of leaping or springing back, or the act 
 of rebounding ; as, the resilience of a ball or of sound. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RE-SIL'I-ENT, (re-zil'e-ent,) a. [L. rf.si7ir7is.] 
 Leaping or starling b.ack ; rebounding. 
 
 RES-I-Ll"TIO.\, (rcz-e-lish'un,) 71. [L. resilio.] 
 The act of springing back ; resilience. 
 
 RES'IN, ji. [Fr. resine ; L. It. and Sp. resina : Ir. 
 roisin ; Gr. fi'irn n, probably from pcM, to How.] 
 
 Resins are solid, inflammable substances, which 
 are in.soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in 
 essential oils. When cold, they are more or less 
 brittle and translucent, and of a color inclining to 
 yellow. \Yhen pure, they are nearly insipid and in- 
 odorous. They are non-conductors of electricity, 
 and when excited by friction, their electricity is 
 negative. They are heavier than water, and they 
 melt by heat. They combine with the alkalies, per- 
 forming the function of weak acids, and forming 
 soaps. They are soluble in many of the acids, and 
 convertible by some into other peculiar acids. They 
 frequently exude from trees in combination with 
 essential oils, and in a litpiid or semi-liquid state. 
 They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 
 and are supposed to be formed by the oxygenation 
 of the essential oils. There is a great number and 
 variety of the resins. 
 
 RES'IN-EX-TRACi''IVE, a. Designating extractive 
 matter in which resin pretlominates. 
 
 RES-IN-IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. resina and fcro, to pro- 
 djce.] 
 
 Yielding resin ; as, a resiniferous tree or vessel. 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 RES'IN-I-FORM, a. Having the form of resin. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 RES-IN-0-E-LEC'TRie,o. Containing or exhibiting 
 negative electricity, or that kind which is produced 
 by the friction of resinous substances. Ure. 
 
 RES'IN-OUS, a. Partaking of the qu.alities of resin ; 
 like resin. Rejinoiu substances are combustible. 
 
 Krsinous electricity, is (hat electricity which is ex- 
 cited by riibbing bodies of the resinous kind. It is 
 also called negative electricity, and is opposed to ritrc- 
 ons or positive electricity. Olmsted. 
 
 RE.*'IX-OL'S-LY, ailv. By means of resin ; as, resin- 
 ously electrified. (3rcgory, 
 
 RES'IN-OUS-NESa, n. The quality of being res- 
 inous. 
 
 RF,S'I.\-Y, a. Like resin, or partaking of its qualities. 
 RES-I PIS'CENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. rejipisco, from 
 
 re.iipio ; re and sapio, to taste.] 
 
 J'roperly, wisdom derived from severe experience ; 
 
 hence, repentance. [Little used.] 
 RE SIST', (re-zist',) v. t. [L. resi.ilo ; rr. and sislo, to 
 
 stand ; Fr. resister i Sp. rr,vMtir,- It. resivtrre.] 
 
 1. Literally, to .stand against ; to withstand ; hence, 
 to act in opposition, or to oppose. A dam or inoiind 
 resists a current of water pcutsively, by standing 
 unmoved and interrupting its progress. An army 
 resiits the progress of an enemy actively, by encoun- 
 tering ami defeating it. VVe resist measures by 
 argument or remonstrance. 
 
 Why doth he yet find fault I for who hath resisted his will ? — 
 lioin. Ix. 
 
 2. To strive against ; to endeavor to counteract, 
 defeat, or frustrate. 
 
 Ye do always resist the Holy Ghost. — Acts vii. 
 
 3. To bafHe ; to disappoint. 
 
 God resisteth the proud, but givcth grace unto the humble. — 
 Jailica iv. 
 
 RE-SIST', c. 1. To make opposition. Shak. 
 
 RE-SIST'ANCE, 71. The act of resisting ; opposition. 
 Resistance is passive, as that of a fixed body which 
 interrupts the passage of a moving body ; or active, 
 as in the exertion of force to stop, repel, or defeat 
 progress or designs. 
 
 2. The quality of not yielding to force or external 
 impression ; that power of a hotly which acts in op- 
 position to the impulse or pressure of another, or 
 which prevents the elii ct of another ptjwer ; as, the 
 resistance of a ball which receives the force of another ; 
 the resistance of wood to a cutting instrument ; the 
 resLstancc of air to the motion of a cannon-ball, or tif 
 water to the motion of a ship. 
 
 RE SIST'ANT, 71. He or that which resists. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 RE SIST'ED, pp. Opposed ; counteracted ; with- 
 stood. 
 
 RE-SIST'ER, 71. One that opposes or withstands. 
 RE-SIST-1-1!II,'I-TY, ( 71. The quality of resist- 
 RE-SIST'I-IILE-NESS, j ing. 
 
 The name iKidy, beinw the complex idea of extension and resist, 
 ibilily together in the same subject. Locke. 
 
 2. duality of being resistible ; as, the resistibility 
 of grace. Hammond. 
 RE-SIST'I-BLE, a. That may be resisted; as, a re- 
 sistible force ; resistible grace. Hale. 
 RE-SIST'I-BLY, adv. In a resistible manner. 
 RE-SIST'ING, pTir. or a. VYithstanding ; opposing. 
 Rc.-iisting medium ; a substance which opposes the 
 pa.ssage of a body through it. In a.stronomy, an exceed- 
 ingly rare medium supposed to be diffused through 
 the planetary spaces. It has been hitherto detected 
 only by the motion of Encke's comet. Olmsted. 
 RE-SIST'I VE, a. Having the power to resist. 
 
 B. Junson. 
 
 UE-S I.ST' LESS, a. That can not be cflectually op- 
 pi>sed or withstood ; irresistible. 
 
 Itesislless in her love as in her hale. Dryden, 
 9. That can not resist; helpless. Spenser. 
 
 RE-SIST'LESS-LV, adv. So as not to be opposed or 
 denied. Blackwall. 
 
 RE-SIST'LESS-NESS, 71. State of being irresistible. 
 
 Rk-SoLD', pp. of Resell. Sold a second time, or 
 sold after heing bought. 
 
 RES'O-LU-llLE, a. [re and L. solubilis. See Re- 
 solve.] 
 
 That may be melted or dissolved ; as, bodies rta- 
 oluble by fire. Boyle. 
 RES'O-LUTE, a. [Fr. re.solu : It. resoluto. The 
 Latin re.solutus has a dilferent signification. See 
 Resolve.] 
 
 Having a fixed purpose ; determined ; hence, 
 bold; firm; steady; constant in pursuing a purpose. 
 
 F^lward is al hantl, 
 Ready to fi^hl; Uva-fore be resolute. Shak. 
 
 RES'O-LUTELY.aJr. With fixed purpose ; firmly; 
 steadily; with sle.idy perseverance. Persist reso- 
 lutely in a course of virtue. 
 2. IloUlly; firmly. 
 
 Some of llicsc facts he examines, some be reso'.utety denW. 
 
 Sm/1. 
 
 RES'O-LUTE-NESS, n. Fixed purpose ; firm deter- 
 mination : unshaken fimmess. 
 
 RES-O-LO'TION, n. [Fr., from L. resolutio. See 
 Resolve.] 
 
 1. The act, operation, or process, of separating the 
 parts which compose a ciunplex idea or a mixed 
 body ; the act of reducing any compound or combi- 
 nation to its component parts ; analysis ; as, the 
 resolution of complex ideas ; the resolution of any 
 material substance oy chemical operations. 
 
 2. The act or process of unraveling or disentan- 
 gling perplexities, or of dissipating obscurity in moral 
 subject!) ; as, the resolution of difficult questions in 
 moral subjects. 
 
 3. Dissolution ; the natural process of separating 
 the component parts of bodies. Digby. 
 
 TON"E, BJJLL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C a.s K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
RES 
 
 RES 
 
 RES 
 
 4. In music, the resolution of a dissonance or dis- 
 cord, is tlie passiiit; of it into a concord, usually after 
 it has been lieard in the preceding harmony. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 5. In medicine, the disappearinj of any tumor 
 without coming to suppuration ; tlie dispersing uf 
 inflanmiation ; tlie brealiing up and disappearance 
 of a fever. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 6. Fixed purpose or determination of mind ; as, a 
 resolution to reform our lives; a resolution to under- 
 take an expedition. Locke. 
 
 7. The effect of fixed purpose ; firmness, steadi- 
 ness or constancy in execution, implying courage. 
 
 Tbey who ^oveniPti the parliamenl, had the resolution to act 
 those monstrous tiling. Ciarertdon, 
 
 8. Determination of a cause in a court of justice ; 
 as, a judicial resolution. Hale. 
 
 [IJiit this word is now seldom used to express the 
 decision of a judicial tribunal. We use Judgment, 
 Decision, or Decree.] 
 
 9. The determination or decision of a legislative 
 body, or a formal proposition offered for legislative 
 determination. We call that a resolution, which is 
 reduced to form and offered to a legislative house for 
 consideration, and we call it a resolution when 
 adopted. We say, a member moved certain resolu- 
 tions ; the house proceeded to consider the resolu- 
 tions offered ; they adopted or rejected the reso- 
 lutions. 
 
 10. The formal determination of any corporate 
 body, or of any association of individuals; as, the 
 resolutions of a town or other meeting. 
 
 11. In mathematics, solution ; an orderly enumera- 
 tion of several things to be done, to obtain what is 
 required in a problem. Hutton. 
 
 1-2. In algebra, the resolution of an equation, is 
 the same as rcAuction ; the bringing of the unknown 
 quantity by itself on one side, and all the known 
 quantities on the other, without destroying the equa- 
 tion, by which is found the value of the unknown 
 quantity. Day's .Algebra. 
 
 13. Relaxation ; a weakening. [06s.] Brown. 
 
 Resolution of a force, or of a motion i m mechanics, 
 the separation of a single force or motion into two 
 or more, which act in different directions. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 REi?-0-LU'TIO>,'-ER, n. One who joins in the dec- 
 laration of others. [*V(jt in twc] Burnet. 
 
 RES'O-LU-TI VE, a. Having the power to dissolve 
 or relax. [.V(j£ much used.'] Johnson. 
 
 RE^SOLV'.\-l{LE, a. That may be resolved or re- 
 duced to first principles. 
 
 RE-SOL,V"'A-BLE-\ESS, n. State of being resolva- 
 ble. 
 
 RE-SOLVE', (re-zolv',) jj. f. [L. resoho ; re and 
 ~ ■ ! ; It. risolvere ; Sp. re- 
 
 Fr. resoudre ; 
 
 solvo, to loose 
 solver.] 
 
 1. To separate the component parts of a compound 
 substance ; to reduce to first principles ; as, to resoli-c 
 a body into its component or constituent parts ; tore- 
 solne a body into its elements. 
 
 9. To separate the parts of a complex idea ; to re- 
 duce to simple parts ; to analyze. 
 
 3. To separate the parts of a complicated question ; 
 to unravel ; to disentangle of perplexities ; to remove 
 obscurity by analysis ; to clear of difficulties ; to ex- 
 plain ; as, to resolve questions in moral science ; to 
 resolve doubts ; to resolve a riddle. 
 
 4. To inform; to free from doubt or perplexity; 
 as, to resolve the conscience. 
 
 Resolvi me, slran^j'^rs, whL-iice anil what you are. Dryden. 
 
 5. To settle in an opinion ; to make certain. 
 I.OUJ since we were reBoleed of your truth, 
 
 Your railhfut senrice antl your toil in war. iShak. 
 
 G. To put on resolution ; to confirm. 
 
 Quit presently the chapel, or reaolve you 
 Pgr more aina:eineiit. [Unuaual.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 7. To melt ; to dissolve. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 8. To form or constitute by resolution, voti;, or de- 
 termination ; as, the house resolved itself into a com- 
 mittee of the whole. 
 
 9. In music, to resolve a discord or dissonance, is 
 to carry it into a concord, usually after it has been 
 liiard in the preceding harmony. P. Cyc. 
 
 10. Ill Hicdiriwc, to disperse or scatter ; to discuss ; 
 as an inllammution, or a tumor. 
 
 11. 'I'o relax ; to lay at case. Spenser. 
 I'i. Ill matliematics, to soWe ; to enumerate in order 
 
 the Fcveral things to be done, to obtain what is re- 
 (piin-d in n problem. Jlutton. 
 
 13. In alirebra, to resolve an ctpiation, is to bring 
 nil llii: known quantities to one side of the equation, 
 and the unknown <|uantity to the other, without 
 destroying the equation. 
 RE-SOLVE', (rc-zolv',) v. i. To form a resolution or 
 purpose ; to ueterniinc in mind, lie resolved to aban- 
 don hiH vieioiiM course of life. 
 
 S2. To determine by vote. The legislature resolved 
 to receive no petitionii after a certain day. 
 
 3. To melt; to diiiMolve; to become fluid. 
 
 When the hloo<l stJi|;riatrs In any part, it first conjrnl.ifs, then 
 TtnlMe anil turns allfaliue, ArbutJinot. 
 
 4. To separate into its component parts, or into 
 distinct principles; as, water rc.>o/t;fi into vapor ; a 
 substance resolves into gas. 
 
 5. To be settled in opinion. 
 
 Let men r«so/oc of that as they please. \Unusual.\ jAicke. 
 RE-SOLVE', (re-zolv',) n. Fixed purpose oi mind ; 
 settled determination ; resolution. 
 
 lie stmiglit revokes his bold resolve. Denham. 
 
 2. Legal or official determin.ation ; legislative act 
 concerning a private person or corporation, or con- 
 cerning some private business. Public acts of a leg- 
 islature respect the State, and to give them validity, 
 the bills for such acts must pass through all the leg- 
 islative forms. Resolves are usually private acts, and 
 are often passed with less formality. Resolves may 
 also be the acts of a single branch of the legislature ; 
 whereas public acts must be passed by a majority of 
 both branches. .American Le gislature.^. 
 
 3. The determination of any corporation or asso- 
 ciation ; resolution. 
 
 RE-SOLV'£D, (re-zoIvd',)p;). Separated into its com- 
 ponent parts ; analyzed. 
 
 2. Determined in purpose ; as, I am resolved not to 
 keep company with gamesters. This phrase is fcuxi- 
 ex\y, I have resolved as we say, a person i5 de- 
 ceased, for has deceased ; he is retired, for has re- 
 tired. In these phrases, the participle is rather an 
 adjective. 
 
 3. Determined officially, or by vote. 
 RE-SOLV'ED-LY, adv. With firmness of purpose. 
 
 Orew. 
 
 RE-SOLV'ED-NESS, n. Fixedness of purpose ; firm- 
 ness ; resolution. ' Decay of Piety. 
 
 RE-SOLVENT, n. That which has the power of 
 causing solution. In mci/ici7ie, that which has power 
 to disperse inflammation, and prevent the suppura- 
 tion of tumors ; a discutient. Coze. Encyc. 
 
 RE-SOLVER, Ti. One that resolves or forms a firm 
 purpose. 
 
 RE-SOLVING, ppr. Separating into component parts ; 
 analyzing; removing perplexities or obscurity ; dis- 
 cussing, as tumors ; determining. 
 
 RE-SOLVING, 71. The act of determining or form- 
 ing a fixed purpose ; a resolution. Clarendon. 
 
 RES'O-NANCE, n. [L. resonans.] 
 
 1. A resounding ; a reverberation of sound, or 
 sounds. 
 
 2. In music, the returning of sound by the air act- 
 ing on the bodies of stringed musical instruments. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RES'O-NANT, a. [L. resonans ; re and sono, to 
 sound.] 
 
 Resounding ; returning sound ; echoing back. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 RE-SORB', V. t. [L. rcsorbco; re and sorheo, to 
 drink in.] 
 
 To swallow up. Young. 
 RE-SORB'ENT, a. Swallowini up. IVoodhull. 
 RE-SORT', (re-zort',) v. i. [Fr. ressortir; re and 
 sortir, to go or come out.] 
 
 1. To have recourse ; to ajiply ; to betake. 
 
 The kin^ thought it time to resort to other counsels. Clarendon. 
 
 2. To go ; to repair. 
 
 Tlie people resort to Iiiin again. — Mark x. John xviil. 
 
 3. To fall back. 
 
 The inheriUancc of the son never resorted to the mother. fObs.] 
 
 i/ii(e. 
 
 RE-SORT', n. The act of going to or making appli- 
 cation ; a betaking one's self ; as, a resort to other 
 means of defence ; a resort to subterfuges for eva- 
 sion. 
 
 2. Act of visiting. 
 
 Join with lite to forbid him her resort, SltaJc. 
 
 3. Assembly ; meeting. Dryden. 
 
 4. Concourse; frequent assembling ; as, a place of 
 resort. Swift. 
 
 5. The place frequented ; as, alehouses are the re- 
 sorts of the idle and di.ssoliite. 
 
 C. Spring ; active power or movement ; a Oalli- 
 eism. [JVo£ in use.] Bacon. 
 
 Lust resort; ultimate means of relief; also, final 
 tribunal ; that from which there is no appeal. 
 
 RK-»()RT'EK, 71. One that re-sorts or frequents. 
 
 RE-SORT'ING, ppr. Going; having recourse; be- 
 taking ; frequenting. 
 
 RE-SOUND', (re-zound',) v. t. [L. r&«o)io ; re and 
 sono, to sound; Fr. rcsonncr , It. risaonare, Sp. 
 rcionar.] 
 
 1. To send back sound ; to echo. 
 
 Anil Albion's dill's resound the runt] lay. Pope. 
 
 2. To sound ; to praise or celebrate with the voice 
 or the sound of instruments. Milton. 
 
 3. To praise ; to extol with sounds ; to spread the 
 fame of. 
 
 The iiiin fur wisdom's various arts renowned, 
 
 Long exercised in woes, muse, resound. Pojie, 
 
 RE-SOUND', 1). i. To be echoed ; to he sent back, as 
 sound ; as, common fame resounds bacu to them. 
 
 South. 
 
 2. To be much and loudly mentioned. Milton. 
 
 3. To echo or reverberate ; as, the earth resounded 
 u itli his praise. 
 Kl'.'SOUNI)', V. t. [re and sound ; with the accent on 
 
 the first syllable.] To sound again. Jones. 
 RE-SOUND', n. Return of sound ; echo. 
 
 Bcaum. l( Fl. 
 
 RE-SOUND'ED, pp. Echoed ; returned, as sound ; 
 celebrated. 
 
 RE-SOUND'ING, ppr. Echoing ; returning, as sound. 
 RE-SoURCE', 7!. [Vt. ressource ; re and source.] 
 
 1. Any source of aid or support ; an expedient to 
 which a person may resort for assistance, safety, or 
 supply ; means yet untried ; resort. An enterpris- 
 ing man finds resources in his own mind. 
 
 Pallas viewed 
 His foes pursuing and his frii nJs pursued, 
 Used threatening^ mixed with pr.iyers, his last resource. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Resources ; in the plural, pecuniary means ; 
 funds ; money, or any property that can be convert- 
 ed into supplies; means of raising money or sup- 
 plies. Our national resources for carrying on war are 
 abundant. Commerce and manufactures furnish 
 ample resources. 
 
 RE-SoURCE'LESS, a. Destitute of resources. [.4 
 word not to be countenanced.] Burke. 
 
 Re-SoW', t). (. ; pret. Resowed ; pp. Resoweo or Re- 
 sown, [re and sow.] To sow again. Bacon. 
 
 RK-SoW'£D, r-sode',) ) „ „ o,„ 
 
 RE-SOWN', (-sone',) i 
 
 RE-SPeAK',!). t.fpret. Respoke ; pp. Respoken, Re- 
 spoke, [re and speak.] To answer ; to speak in re- 
 turn ; to reply. [Little used.] Shak. 
 2. To speak again ; to repeat. 
 
 RE-SPECT', V. t. [L. respccto, or respectus, from re- 
 spicio ; re and specio, to view ; Fr. respecter ; It. ris- 
 pettare ; Sp. respetar.] 
 
 1. To regard ; to have regard to in design or pur- 
 pose. 
 
 In orchards and gardens, we do not so much respect beauty as 
 variety of ground for fruits, trees, and Iierbs. Bacon. 
 
 2. To have regard to, in relation or connection ; to 
 relate to. The treaty particularly respects our com- 
 merce. 
 
 3. To view or consider with some degree of rever- 
 ence ; to esteem as possessed of real worth. 
 
 I always loved and respected Sir Williiiiu. Su;ifl. 
 
 4. To look toward. 
 
 Palladius adviseth tlie front of his house should so resjiect tlie 
 south. {Not in use.\ Bramn. 
 
 To respect the person ; to suffer the opinion or judg- 
 ment to be influenced or biased by a regard to the 
 outward circumstances of a person, to the prejudice 
 of right and equity. 
 
 Tliou Shalt not respect the person of the poor. — Lev. xix. 
 
 Keilher doth God respect any person. — 2 Sam. xiv. 
 
 RE-SPE€T', 7!. [L. respectus ; Fr. respect.] 
 
 1. Regard ; attention. Slittk. 
 
 2. That estimation or honor in which men hold 
 the distinguished worth or substantial good qualities 
 of others. It expresses less than REVERE^■CE and 
 Veneration, which regard elders and superiors ; 
 whereas Respect may regard juniors and inferiors. 
 Respect regards the qualities of the mind, or the ac- 
 tions which characterize those qualities. 
 
 Seen without awe, and served without respect. Prior. 
 
 3. That deportment or course of action which pro- 
 ceeds from esteem ; regard ; due attention ; as, to 
 treat a person with respect. 
 
 These same men treat tlie Sabbatli with little respect. Nelson. 
 
 4. Good will ; favor. ' 
 
 The Lord had respect to Abel and his offering;. — Gen. iv. 
 
 5. Partial regard ; undue bias to the prejudice of 
 justice; as in the phrase, rcs/wct o/pcrso;is. 1 Pet. i. 
 James ii. Prov. xxiv. 
 
 C. Respected character ; as, persons of the best 
 rtspcct in Rome. Shak. 
 
 7. Consideration ; motive in reference to some- 
 thing. 
 
 Whatever secret respects were likely to move tliem. Hooker. 
 
 8. Relation ; regard ; reference ; followed by of, 
 but more properly by to. 
 
 They Iw-lievcii but one Suptx'me Deity, which, with respect to the 
 berelits men received from hiin, had several tubs. 
 
 Tillotson. 
 
 RE-PPE€T-A-BIL'I-TY, 7t. State or quality of being 
 respectable; the state or qualities which deserve or 
 coniinanil respect. Cumberland. Kelt. 
 
 RE-SPECT'A-ULE, a. [Fr. ; It. rcspettabile ; Sp. resjie- 
 tablc] 
 
 1. Possessing the worth or qualities which deserve 
 or command respect; worthy of esteem and lionor; 
 as, a respectable citizen ; respectable company. 
 No government, any mote than an individual, will long be 
 siiecled, williout being truly respectable. 
 
 t^deralist, Madison. 
 
 9. In popular languarre, this word is much used tu 
 express what is moderate in degree of excellence or 
 in number, but not despicable. Wo say, a respecta- 
 ble discourse or performance, n re^-.pectabte audience, 
 a respectable number of citizens convened. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
RES 
 
 RE-Sl'EeT'A-Bl,E-NESS, n. Respectability. 
 
 RE-SPEGT'A liliY, With respect ; more gmer- 
 
 allij, ill a manner to merit respect, 
 y. Moderately, Init in a manner not to lie despised. 
 
 RE-SPEeT'En,yi/>. or a. Held in lionorable estimation. 
 
 RE-SI'Et'T'ER, H. One that respects ; cliiefly used in 
 the phrase rcxprctrr of persons, which signifies n per- 
 son who regards the external circumstances of oth- 
 ers in hi,s judgment, and suffers his opinion to be 
 biased by them, to the prejudice of candor, justice, 
 and equity. 
 
 I pi rcoivc thai God ii no resptcUr 0/ ptrsont. — Acui x. 
 
 KE SrECT'FlJL, 0. Marked or characterized by re- 
 spect ; as, respectful deportment. 
 
 With humble Joy and wiUi respectful fear. Prior. 
 
 RE-SPEGT'FIJL-LY, orfi). With respect, in a man- 
 ner comporting with due estimation. DriiJen. 
 
 RE-SPECT'FfJL-NESS, n. The quality of being re- 
 spectful. 
 
 UE-SPEeT'ING, ppr. Regarding; h.aving regard to; 
 relating to. This word, like Concerninq, has refer- 
 ence to a single word or to a sentence. In the sen- 
 tence, " His conduct respecting U9 is commendable," 
 respectimr has reference to com/net. But when we 
 say, " iecj.yccf'i'r a further appropriation of money, it is 
 to be observed, that the resources of the country are 
 inadequate," respecting has reference to tlie whole 
 subsequent clause or sentence. 
 
 RE-SPEeT'lVE, n. [Fr. respectif; It. resprttlvo.] 
 
 1. Relative; having relation to something else; 
 not absolute ; as, the respcctioc connections of soci- 
 ety. 
 
 2. Particular; relating to a particular person or 
 thing. Let each man retire to his rcsjirctivc place of 
 abode. The otlicers were found in their respective 
 quarters ; they appeared at the head of tlieir respect- 
 ice regiments. Let each give according to his re- 
 spective proportion. 
 
 3. Worthy of respect. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 4. Careful ; circumspect ; cautious ; attentive to 
 consequences ; as, respective and wary men. [JVot 
 in use.] Hooker. 
 
 RE-SPEGT'IVE-LY, ailv. As relating to each ; par- 
 ticularly ; as each belongs to eacli. Let each man 
 respectively perform his duty. 
 
 The impressions from Uie ulii.-cts of (lie senses do ininglp respect- 
 ively every one with iu Kind. Bacon. 
 
 9. Relatively ; not absolutely. Raleirk. 
 
 3. Partially; with respect to private views. [OAs.] 
 
 4. With respect. [Obs.] Shak. 
 RE-SPEeT'LESS, a. Having no respect ; without 
 
 regard ; without reference. [Little uscl.] Drayton. 
 RE-SPEeT'LESS-NE!5.S, 11. The state of having no 
 respect or regard ; regardlessness. [Little iised.] 
 
 Shelton. 
 
 RE-PPERSE', (re-spers',) v. t. [L. rcspersus, respcrgo; 
 
 re and .-yarno, to sprinkle.] 
 
 Tci sprinkle. [ItarcUi used.] Taulor. 
 UIvSl'ER'.-ilO\, (-sper's'hun,) n. [L. rcspcrsio.) 
 
 The act of sprinkling. Johnson. 
 RE-PPlR-.\-UIL'I-TV, I n. The quality of being 
 Rh;-SPIR'A-I!LE-NESS, \ respirable. 
 RE-SPIR'A-BLE, n. [from respire.] That may be 
 
 breathed ; fit for respiration or for the support of 
 
 animal life ; as, respirable air. 
 RES-PI-R.A'TION, Ti. TKr., from L. respiratio.] 
 
 1. The act of breatliing ; the act of inhaling air 
 into the lungs and again e.xh.aling or expelling it, by 
 which animal life is supported. The respiration of 
 fishes (for these can not live long without air) ap- 
 pears to be performed by the air contained in the 
 water acting on the gills. 
 
 2. Relief from toil. Milton. 
 RES'PI-Ra-TOR, 71. An instrument covering the 
 
 mouth with a net-work of fine wire in front, through 
 whicli persons of weak lungs can brcatlie without 
 injury. The wire, being warmed by the breath, 
 tempers the cold air from without. Brantte. 
 RES-PI'RA-TO-RY, a. Serving for respiration ; per- 
 taining to respiration ; as, respiratory organs. 
 
 ji.siaf. lies. 
 
 RE-SPIRE', V. I. [Fr. respircr ; L. rcspiro ; re and 
 spiro, to breathe.] 
 
 1. To breathe ; to inhale air into the lungs and e.x- 
 hale it, for the purpose of maintaining animal life. 
 
 2. To catch breath. Spen.'scr. 
 - 3. To rest ; to take rest from toil. Milton. 
 
 RE-SPIRE', V. t. To exhale ; to breathe out ; to send 
 
 out in exhalations. B. Jonson. 
 
 RE-SPIR'f:n, pp. Breathed; inhaled and exhaled. 
 RE-SPIU'ING, ppr. Breathing ; taking breath. 
 RES'PITE, (res'pit,) n. [Fr. repil.] 
 
 1. Pause ; temporary intermission of labor, or of 
 any process or operation ; interval of rest. 
 
 Some pause and respite only I require. Denham, 
 
 2. In law, reprieve ; temporary suspension of the 
 execution of a capital oflTender. Milton. Prior. 
 
 3. Delay ; forbearance ; prolongation of time for 
 the payment of a debt beyond the legal time. 
 
 •1. The delay of appearance at court granted to a 
 jury, beyond the proper term. Blackstone. 
 
 RES 
 
 RES'PITE, V. t. To relieve by a pause or interval of 
 rest. 
 
 To respite his d^y lalior with rfpa«t, Hfilton. 
 
 2. To suspend the execution of a criminal beyond 
 the time limited by the sentence ; to delay for a time. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 If the court may respite for a day, Ihcy may for a year. Clinton. 
 
 3. To give delay of appearance at court ; as, to 
 respite a jury. Blackstone. 
 
 RES'PIT-El), pp. Relieved from labor; allowed a 
 
 temporary suspension of execution. 
 RES'PIT-ING, ppr. Relieving from labor ; suspend- 
 ing the execution of a capital offender. 
 RE-SPLEN'OE.N'CE, ) )i. [h. rrsplendens, rcsplctideo i 
 RE-SPLEN'I)EN-CY, \ re and .■■■piendeo, to shine.] 
 Brilliant luster ; vivid brightness ; splendor. 
 Son I thou in whom my (C^ory 1 Iv hold 
 In full resplendence, heir of all my niiijht. I^Tdlon. 
 
 RE-SPLEN'DENT, a. [Supra.] Very bright; shin- 
 ing with brilliant luster. 
 
 Wilh royal arras and resplendent gold. Sjienser. 
 RE-SPLEN'DENT-LY, adv. With brilliant luster; 
 
 with great brightness. 
 RK.-SPLIT', V. I. [rc and split.] To .split again. 
 Rl'.-SPUT', V. i. To split or rend a second time. 
 
 Smeilie. 
 
 RE-SPOND', r. I. [Fr. rcpondrc U. rispondere ; Sp. 
 responder t L. respondeo j re and spondco, to promise, 
 that is, to send to. Hence respondeo is to send 
 back.] 
 L To answer ; to reply. 
 
 A new uflViction slniiijs a new chord In the heart, which responds 
 to some new note uf complaint williin tlic wide sc:ihr of hu- 
 man woe. Jiuckjnineter. 
 
 2. To correspond ; to suit. 
 
 To every tlieme responds thy various lay. Broome. 
 
 3. To be answerable ; to be liable to make pay- 
 ment ; as, the defendant is held to respond in dam- 
 ages. 
 
 RE SPOND', V. t. To answer ; to satisfy by payment. 
 The surety was held to respond the judgment of 
 court. The goods attaclied shall be held to re.-tpond 
 the judgment. Sedgwick. Mass. Rep. 
 
 RE-SPtiND', 71. A short anthem interrupting the 
 reading of a chapter, which is not to proceed till 
 the anthem is ended. IVUcatly. 
 2. An answer. [JV'bf in use.] Ch. Rclig. .Appeal. 
 
 RE-SPOND'ED, pp. Answered; satisfied by pay- 
 ment. 
 
 RE-SPOiVD'ENCE, 
 
 RESPOND'EN-CY, 
 
 RE-SPOND'ENT, a. 
 niand or expectation. 
 
 Wealth respondent to payment and contributions. Bacon. 
 
 RE-SPOND'ENT, n. One that answers in a suit, 
 particularly a chancery suit. 
 
 2. In the sclwols, one who maintains a thesis in re- 
 ply, and whose province is to refute objections, or 
 overthrow arguments. IValts. 
 RE-SPON-l)EN'TI.\, «. In commercial law, a loan 
 upon goods laden on board a ship. It differs from 
 RoTToMnv, which is a loan on the ship itself. 
 
 Bow'ier. 
 
 RE-SPOND'IXG, ppr. Answering; corresponding. 
 RE-SPONS'AL, a. Answerable ; responsible. [jVo£ 
 
 in use.] Ifcylin. 
 RE-SPONS'AL, 71. Response ; answer. Brrrint. 
 
 2. One who is responsible. [JVot in use.] Barrow. 
 RE-SPONSE', (re-spoils', ) 71. [L. responsum.] 
 
 1. An answer or reply ; particularly, an oracular 
 answer. 
 
 2. The answer of the people or congregation to the 
 priest, in the litany and other parts of divine ser- 
 vice. Jlddisor., 
 
 3. Reply to an objection in formal disputation. 
 
 tVatti. 
 
 4. In (Ac Roman Catholic church, a kind of anthem 
 sung after the lessons of matins and some other parts 
 of the office. Bp. Fif.palriek. 
 
 5. In a fugue, a repetition of the given subject by 
 another part. Busby, 
 
 RE-SPONS-I-BIL'I-TY, 71. [from re-sponsiWe.] The 
 state of being accnuntable or answerable, as for a 
 trust or office, or for a debt. Burke. Paley. 
 
 It is used in the jilural ; as, heavy respon.iibilities. 
 
 Johnson^s Rep, 
 2. Ability to answer in payment; means of paying 
 contracts. 
 
 RE-SPONS'I-BLE, a. [from 'L.responsus, respondeo.] 
 
 1. Liable to account; accountable; answerable; 
 as for a trust reposed, or for a debt. We are all re- 
 sponsible for the talents intrusted to us by our Cre- 
 ator. .\ guardian is responsible for the faithful dis- 
 charge of his duty to liis ward. The surety is re- 
 sponsible for the debt of his principal. 
 
 2. Able to discharge an obligation ; or having es- 
 tate adequate to the payment of a debt. In taking 
 bail, the officer will ascertain whether the proposed 
 surety is a responsible man. 
 
 RE-SPONS'I-BLE-NESS, 71. State of being liable to 
 answer, repay, or account ; responsibility. 
 
 An answering. Clialmers. 
 Answering; that answers to de- 
 
 leek and lowly in heart ; and ye shall 
 uU. — Ma«. xi. 
 
 RES 
 
 2. Ability tu make payment of an obligation or de- 
 mand. 
 
 RE-SPONS'I-BLY, adn. In a responsible manner. 
 RE-SPON'SION, ( spoii'shiin,) n. (L. responsio.] 
 
 1. The act of answering. [J^utused.] 
 
 2. In the university of Oijord, an examination 
 about the middle of tlie college course, also called 
 the litlle go. [See Little-oo.] Lyell. 
 
 RE-SPONS'IVE, a. Answering; making reply. 
 
 3. Correspondent; suited to something else. 
 
 The vocal lay responsive to the strings. Pope. 
 RE-SPONS'IVE-LY, adv. In a responsive manner. 
 RE-SPONS'IVE-NESS, n. State of being respons- 
 ive. 
 
 RE-SPONS'O-RY, a. Containing answer. 
 
 RE-SPONS'O-RY, )i. A response ; the answer of the 
 people to the priest in the alternate speaking, in 
 church service. 
 
 REST, 71. [Sax. re.it, ritst, quiet ora lying down ; Dan. 
 G. and Sw, ra.1l ; D. rH.s(. The German has also 
 ruhe, Sw. ro, Dan. roc, rest, repose. In W. araws 
 and aro.si signify to stay, stop, wait. This 'I'eutonic 
 word can not be the L. rcsto, if the latter is a C(«n- 
 pound iif re and sto ; but is an original word of the 
 Class Rd, Rs. Si^e the verb.] 
 
 1. Cessation of motion or action of any kind, and 
 applicable to any body or being ; ,as, rcv( from labor ; 
 rest from mental exertion ; rest of body or mind. A 
 body is at rest when it ceases to move ; the mind is 
 at rest wlien it ceases to be disturbed or agitated ; 
 the sea is never at rest. Hence, 
 
 2. (iuiet ; repose ; a state free from motion or dis- 
 turbance ; a state of reconciliation to God. 
 
 Learn of me, for I am 
 find rest unto your 
 
 3. Sleep ; as, retire to rof. 
 
 4. Peace ; national tpiiet. 
 
 The land had rest eighty years. — Judges iU. Dent. xii. 
 
 5. The final sleep ; death. Drydetu 
 
 6. A place of cpiiet ; permanent habitation. 
 
 Ye are nut as yet come to the rest, and to thn inheritJince which 
 tile Lord your Uod ^vetli you. — Deut. xii. 
 
 7. Any place of repose. 
 
 In dust, our fmal rest and native liome. Milton. 
 
 8. That on which any thing leans or lies for sup- 
 port. 1 Kings vi. 
 
 Their visors closed, tlieir lances in the rest. Drydtn. 
 
 9. In poetry, a short pause of the voice in reading ; 
 a cesura. 
 
 10. In philosophy, the continuance of a body in the 
 same place. 
 
 11. Final hone. 
 
 Sea lights have been final to the war; hut this is when princet 
 set up their reil upon Uie hjtUe. \Obs.\ Bacon. 
 
 12. Cessation from tillage, /.ce. xxv. 
 
 13. The gospel church or new covenant state, in 
 which the people of (Jod enjoy repose, and Christ 
 shall be glorified. Is. xi. 
 
 14. In music, a pause ; an interval during which 
 the voice or stmnd is intermitted ; also, tlie mark of 
 such intermission. 
 
 REST, 71. [Fr. reste, from restrr, to remain, L. rt,s(o.] 
 
 1. That which is left, or which remains after the 
 separation of a part, either in fact or in contempla- 
 tion ; remainder. 
 
 Reli;rion gives part of ils reward in hand — the prf^nt comfort of 
 having done our duly, and for the rest, it ollera us the best 
 security that Heaven can give. TiUotson. 
 
 2. Others ; those not included In a proposition or 
 description. [In this sense, rest is a noun, but with 
 a singular termination, expressing plurality.] 
 
 Plato and the r*s( of the philosophers. StiUinf^eet. 
 Armed like the rc^f, the Trolan prince appears. Lhyrlen. 
 The election haUi obtained it, and tlie rett were blinded. — 
 Koin. xi. 
 
 REST, r. i. [Sax. restan, hrestan. to pause, to cease, 
 to be quiet; 1). rii.*/™ ; G. rasien ; Sw. rasla. See 
 Class Rd, No. 81, 82.] 
 
 1. To cease from action or motion of any kind ; to 
 stop ; a word applicable to any body or being, and to any 
 kind of motion. 
 
 2. To cease from labor, work, or performance. 
 
 God rested on the seventh day from all liis work which ho lud 
 
 made. — Gen. ii. 
 So tlie people rested on the seventh day. — Ex. xvi. 
 
 3. To be quiet or still ; to be undisturbed. 
 
 There rest, if any rest can harbor Uieiv. MUton. 
 
 4. To cease from war ; to be at peace. 
 
 And tlte land rested from war. — Josh. xl. 
 
 5. To be quiet or tranquil, as the mind ; not to be 
 agitated by fear, anxiety, or other passion. 
 
 6. To lie ; to repose ; as, to rest on a bed. 
 
 7. To sleep ; to slumber. 
 
 Fancy then retires 
 Into her private cell, when nature rests. Milton. 
 
 6. To sleep the final sleep ; to die or be dead. 
 
 Glad I lay me down, 
 As in my mother's hip ; there I should rest. 
 And sleep ». cure. ATiilon. 
 
 9. To lean ; to recline for support ; as, to rest 
 
 TO.VE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 "W 
 
 ■943^ 
 
RES 
 
 RES 
 
 RES 
 
 asainsi a tree. The truth of rehgion rests on divine 
 testimony. 
 
 10. To stand on ; to be supported by ; as, a column 
 rests on its pedestal. 
 
 11. To be satisfied; to acquiesce; as, to rest on 
 Heaven's determination. Mdidun. 
 
 12. To lean ; to trust ; to rely ; as, to rest on a 
 man's promise. 
 
 13. To continue fixed, /so, li. 
 
 14. To terminate ; to cmiie to an end. Ezek. xvi. 
 
 15. To hang, lie, or be fixed. 
 
 Over a teiit a cluud sh.ill Tesl by day. Milton. 
 IC. To abide ; to remain with. 
 
 They eaid, Tiie spirit of £ljjati dolh rest ou Elisha, — 2 Kin^ 
 iJ. Eixles. vii. 
 
 17. To be calm or composed in mind ; to enjoy 
 peace of conscience. 
 
 To rest with : to be in the power of ; to depend up- 
 on ; as, it rests witli him to decide. 
 REST, r. i. [Fr. rester.] 
 
 To be left ; to remain. [OJs.] MUton. 
 REST, V. L To lay or place at rest ; to quiet. 
 
 Your pipty has paid 
 AM needful rites, to rest my u-aoderiug shade. Dryden. 
 
 2. To place, as on a support. We rest our cause 
 on the truth of the Scripture. 
 
 Her weary head upon your bosom rest. Walle*; 
 RE-STAG'NANT, a. [L. resta^ans.] 
 
 Stagnant ; remaining without a flow or current. 
 [A'wf much used.l Boyle. 
 RE-STAG'XaTE, v. i. [L. restagno ; re and stagno, 
 to stagnate.] 
 To stand or remain without flowing. JViseman. 
 [This word is superseded by Stagnate.] 
 RE-STAG-Na'TION, n. Stagnation, which see. 
 RES'TAN'T, a. [L. restans, resto.] 
 
 In botany, remaining, as footstalks after the fructi- 
 ■ fication has fallen ofi" ; persistent. Lee. 
 RES' TJIU-RAJ^T, (_ves'io-nns,) n- [Fr.] An eating- 
 house. 
 
 RES-TMU' RA-TEUR, (res-tor'a-tur,) ji. [Fr., a re- 
 storer.] Tlie keeper of an eatitig-house, or house 
 for occasional refreshment. 
 RES-TAU-Ra'TION, «. [L. rcstauro.] 
 Restoration to a former good state. 
 [The present orthography is Rr.sTORATtos, which 
 see.] 
 
 REST'ED, pp. Laid on for support ; reposed ; relieved 
 by rest. 
 
 RE-i^TE.M', V. t. \re and stem.'] To force back against 
 
 the current. Shak. 
 REST'FUL, a, [from rest.] Cluiet ; being at rest. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 REST'FUL-LY, adv. In a state of rest or quiet. 
 
 Jhrhert. 
 
 REST'-HAR'RoW, 71. A prickly European plant, of 
 the genus Ononis, with long, tough roots. 
 
 REST'-HOl'SE, n. In /nrfia, an empty house for the 
 accommodation of travelers ; a choltry or serai. 
 
 REST' IFF, a. [Fr. retiff It. restive, restio ; from L. 
 rest/i. ] 
 
 Unwilling to go, or only running back ; obsti- 
 nate in refusing to move forward ; stubborn ; as, a 
 restiff steed. More usually written Restive, which 
 eee. 
 
 REST'IFF, 71. A stubborn horse. 
 
 REST'IFF-NESS, n. [See Restiveness.] Obsti- 
 nate reluctance or indisposition to move. 
 2. Obstinate unwillingness. Bacon. 
 
 RE-STIXe'TIOj;, 71. [L. restinctio, restingvo ; re and 
 eztiniruo.] 
 
 The act of quenching or extinguishing. 
 REST'l.NG, ppr. Ceasing to move or act ; ceasing to 
 
 be moveil or agitated; lying; leaning; standing; 
 
 depfnding or reiving. 
 REST'ING-PLaCE, n. A place for rest. 
 RE-STI.\"GUISII, (re-sting'gwish,) v. t [L. restin- 
 
 guo ; re and eztinfrno.] 
 
 To quench or extinguish. Field. 
 RES'TI-TUTE, v. t. [L. restituo; re and staluo, to 
 
 aeU] 
 
 To restore to a former state. [A''ot used.] Dijcr. 
 RES-TI-TO'TION, 71. [L. restitutio.] 
 
 1. The act of returning or restoring to a person 
 some thing or right of which he has been unjustly 
 deprived ; as, the restitution of ancient rights to the 
 crown. Spenser. 
 
 RrMitution is made by restoring a specific thing 
 taken away or lost. 
 
 2. The act of making good, or of giving an equiv- 
 alent for any loss, damage, or injury ; indemnifica- 
 tion. 
 
 He TtMliluHon to the raluo make*. Sandys. 
 
 3. The act of recovering a former state or posture. 
 {Unusual.] Grea. 
 
 Restitution of all things ; the putting the world in 
 a hilly and happy stale. Jlcls iii. 
 REH'TI-TIJ-TOR, n. One who makes restitution. 
 
 [/.iHlr «.«(•</.] 
 
 REHT'I VE, a. [It, restivo, restio ; from resto.] 
 
 1. rnwilling to go, or only riinniiit! bark ; obsti- 
 nate in refusing to move forward ; stubborn ; an, a 
 
 restive steed. It seems originally to have been used 
 of horses that would not be driven forward. 
 
 All who befure him did ascentl the throne, 
 
 Labored U) draw tliree restive nauoiis ou. Roscommon. 
 
 9. Unyielding; as, rcsfiije stubbornness. L'fcfrano'e. 
 3. Being at rest, or less in action. [«Vut in use.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 REST'IVE-NESS, 7i. Obstinate reluctance or indis- 
 position to move. 
 2. Obstinate unwillingness. 
 REST'LESS, a. [from rest ; Sax. restleas.] 
 
 1. Unquiet ; uneasy ; continually moving ; as, a 
 restless child. 
 
 2. Being without sleep ; uneasy. 
 
 Restless be passed tjie remnant of the nijht. Dryden. 
 
 3. Passed in unquietness ; as, the patient has had 
 a restless night. 
 
 4. Uneasy ; unquiet ; not satisfied to be at rest or 
 in peace ; as, a restless prince ; restless ambition ; 
 restless passions. 
 
 5. Uneasy ; turbulent ; as, restless subjects. 
 
 6. Unsettled ; disposed to wander or to change 
 place or condition. 
 
 Restless at liome, and ever prone to range. Dryden. 
 REST'LESS-LY, adv. Without rest ; unquietly. 
 
 When tlie mind casts and turns itseU restlessly from one thin^ to 
 another. South. 
 
 REST'LESS-XESS, ti. Uneasiness ; unquietness ; a 
 state of disturbance or agitation, either of body or 
 mind. 
 
 2. Want of sleep or rest ; uneasiness. Harvey. 
 
 3. Jlotion ; agitation ; as, the. restlessness of the 
 magnetic needle. Boyle. 
 
 RE-SToK.'.i-BLE, a. [from restore.] That may be 
 restored to a former good condition ; as, restorable 
 land. Swift. 
 
 RE-SToR'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being restora- 
 ble. 
 
 RE-SToR'AL, 71. Restitution. [JVuf in use.] Barrow. 
 RES-TO-Ra'TION, 71. [Fr. restauration ; L. restauro.] 
 
 1. The act of replacing in a former state. 
 
 Behold the dilfercnt climes agree, 
 
 Rejoicing in iby restoraiion. Dryden. 
 
 So we speak of the restoration of a man to his of- 
 fice, or to a good .standing in society. 
 
 2. Renewal ; revival ; reestablisliment ; as, the res- 
 toration of friendship between enemies; the restora- 
 tion of peace after war; the restoration of a declining 
 commerce. 
 
 3. Recovery ; renewal of health and soundness ; 
 as, restoration from sickness or from insanity. 
 
 4. Recovery from a lapse or any bad state ; as, the 
 restoration of man from apostasy. 
 
 5. In theology, tmiversal restoration, the final re- 
 covery of all men from sin and alienation from God 
 to a state of happiness ; universal salvation. 
 
 G. In England, the return of King Charles II. in 
 IGCO, and the reestablisliment of monarchy. 
 RES-TO-RA'TION-IST, n. A Universalist who be- 
 lieves in a temporar}' future punishment, but in a 
 final restoration of all to the favor and pre.sence of 
 God. 
 
 RE-ST6R'A-TIVE, a. That has power to renew 
 strength and vigor. Eneyc. 
 
 RE-SToK'A-TIVE, )i. A medicine eflicacious in re- 
 storing strength and vigor, or in recruiting the vital 
 powers. ArbuthnoU 
 
 RE-SToR'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In a manner or degree 
 that tends to renew strength or vigor. 
 
 nE-SToK'.\-TO-RY, a. Restorative. [Bad.] 
 
 IlE-SToRE', I', t. [Fr. restaurer : M. reslaurare ; Sp. 
 and Port, restaurar ; L. rcstauro. This is a comiioiind 
 of re and the root of .store, story, history. The prima- 
 ry sense is, to set, to lay or to throw, as in Gr. are- 
 pcos, solid.] 
 
 1. To return to a person, as o specific thing which 
 he has lost, or which has been taken from him and 
 unjustly detained. We restore lost or stolen goods 
 to the owner. 
 
 Now, therefore, restore to the man his wife. — Gen. xx. 
 
 2. To replace ; to rttinn ; as a person or thing to a 
 former place. 
 
 Phiraoh shall restore thee to tliy pUicc. — Cicn. xl, 
 
 3. To bring back. 
 
 The fiUher banished virtue shall restore. Dryden. 
 
 4. To bring back or recover from lapse, degener- 
 acy, declension, or ruin, to its former state. 
 
 Loss of Kdrn, till one ffrratrr man 
 Restore it. and ^ ;r:>iii the bliMlul neat. Mllon. 
 Our fortune restored aHi:r the icTercst oillicllons. Prior. 
 
 5. To heal ; to cure ; to recover from disease. 
 
 IIU hand waa restored whole like at the other. — Matt. xii. 
 
 6. To make restitution or satisfaction for a thing 
 taken, by returning something else, or something of 
 dilfercnt value. 
 
 Ho shan reB/ore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. 
 
 7. To give for satisfaction for pretended wrongs 
 something not taken. Ixix. 
 
 8. To repair ; to rebuild ; as, to restore and to build 
 Jerusalem. Dan. ix. 
 
 9. To revive ; to resuscitate ; to bring back to life. 
 
 Whose sun he had restored to life. — 2 KiBg;s viii. 
 
 10. To return or bring back after-absence. Heb.xi W. 
 
 11. To bring to a sense of sin and amendment of 
 life. Oal. vi. 
 
 12. To renew or reestablish after interruption ; as, 
 peace is restored. Friendship between the parties is 
 restored. 
 
 13. To recover or renew, as passages of .an author 
 obscured or corrupted ; as, to restore the true read- 
 ing. 
 
 14. In the fine arts, to bring back from a state of 
 injury or decay; as, to restore a painting, statue, &c. 
 
 Re'-SToRE', v. t. [re and store.] To store again. 
 The goods taken out were re-stored. 
 
 RE-SToR'^D, p;>. Returned ; brought back ; retrieved; 
 recovered ; cured ; renewed ; reestablished. 
 
 RE-SToRE'MENT, 71. The act of restoring ; restora- 
 tion. _ [A'ot used.] Brotrn. 
 
 RE-SToR'ER, ji. One that restores ; one that returns 
 what is lost or unjustly detained ; one who repairs 
 or reestablishes. 
 
 RE-SToR'ING, ppr. Returning what is lost or taken ; 
 bringing back; recovering; curing; renewing; re- 
 pairingj reestablishing. 
 
 RE-STRaI.\', v. t. [Fr. restraindre; It. ristrignere, 
 restringere ; Sp. restrihir, restringir ; L. restrinoo ; 
 re and stringo, to strain. The letter g appears from 
 the participle to be casual ; stringo, for sirigo. 
 Hence, strictus, strict, stricture. If the two letters st 
 are removed, the word rigo coincides exactly, in 
 primary sense, with L. rego, rectus, right, and the 
 root of reach, stretch, straight.] 
 
 1. To hold back ; to check ; to hold from action, 
 proceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral 
 force, or by any interposing obstacle. Thus we re- 
 strain a horse by a bridle ; we restrain cattle from 
 wandering by fences ; we restrain water by dams 
 and (likes ; we restrain men from crimes antl tres- 
 passes by laws ; we rcstratrt young people, when we 
 can, by arguments or counsel ; we restrain men and 
 their passions; we restrain the elements; we at- 
 tempt to restrain vice, but not always with success. 
 
 2. To repress ; to keep in awe ; as, to restrain of- 
 fenders. 
 
 3. To suppress ; to hinder or repress ; as, to re- 
 strain excess. 
 
 4. To abridge; to hinder from unlimited enjoy- 
 ment ; as, to restrain one of his pleasure or of his 
 liberty. Clarendon. Shak. 
 
 5. To limit ; to confine. 
 
 Not only a meeiphysica] or natunl, but a moral tuuversality ig 
 also to be restrnincd by a part of the predicate. Watts. 
 
 6. To withhold ; to forbear. 
 
 Thou Testrainesl prayer before God. — Job xr. 
 RE-STRaIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being restrained. 
 
 Broicn. 
 
 RE-STRaIN'£D, pp. Held back from advancing or 
 wandering ; withheld ; repressed ; suppressed ; 
 abridaed ; confined. 
 
 RE-STRaIN'ED-LY, adv. With restraint ; with lim- 
 itation. Hammond. 
 
 RE-STRaIN'ER, 71. He or that which restrains. 
 
 Broum. 
 
 RE-STRaIN'ING, ppr. Holding back from proceed- 
 ing; checking; repressing; hindering from motion 
 or action ; suppressing. 
 
 2. a. Abridging ; limiting ; as, a reslraitiing 
 statute. 
 
 3. That checks or hinders from sin ; as, restrain- 
 in fr grace. 
 
 RE-S'1U.\1X'ME.\T, 71. Act of restraining. 
 RE-STR.\INT', 71. [from Fr. rcs(rein(.] 
 
 1. The act or operation of holding back or hinder- 
 ing from motion, in any manner; hinderance of 
 the will, or of any action, physical, moral, or mental. 
 
 2. Abridgment of liberty ; as, the restraint of a 
 man by imprisonment or by duress. 
 
 3. Prohibition ; a rule which restrains. 
 Wh.it moved our pariMjts to trmsgress his will 
 
 For one restraint, lords of the world besides. Milton, 
 
 4. Limitation ; restriction. 
 
 If all were granted, yet it must t»e i 
 restrainiSj far otherwise tiiau it is 
 
 linlained, within nnv bold 
 ecived. Uroicn. 
 
 5. That which restrains, hinders, or represses. 
 The laws are restraints upon injustice. 
 RE-STRICT', V. t. [L. restrictiis, from restringo. 
 See Restbain.] 
 
 To limit ; to tijnfine ; to restrain within bounds ; 
 as, to restrict words to a particular meaning ; to re- 
 strict n patient to a certain diet. 
 Rl". S TI! H"l''F.l), pp. Limited ; confined to bounds. 
 hi; s riil* r'l.\G,p/)r. Cimnniug to limits. 
 RE S riUC'riD.V, n. [Fr., I'roni L. rrstrictu.i.] 
 1- Limitation ; connnement within bounds. 
 I'his Is to have tlie same restriction as all othi-r recri-alloiis, 
 
 Oov. o/ the Tongue. 
 
 Rrslrietinn of words, is the limitation of their sij- 
 nificntion in a particular manner or degree. 
 2. Ilestraint ; ns, restrictions on trade. 
 
 ,FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi^T.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
i RES 
 
 RE-STRieT'IVE, a. [Fr. restrklif.] 
 
 1. Having tliR quality of limiting, or of expressing 
 liinitnlioii ; as, n restriclioe particle. 
 
 2. Imposing restraint ; as, reslrictivc laws of trade. 
 
 3. Styptic. iisat ] IViscman. 
 RE-STKieT'lvb-LY, ado. With limitation. 
 
 Gov. of the Tongur. 
 RE-STRINGE', (rc-strinj',) v. (.• [L. reslringo, supra.] 
 
 'I'd confine ; to contract ; to astriiiKf. 
 RE-STRIN'GE\-CY, ii. Tiie quality or powerof con- 
 tracting. Petlij. 
 RE-S'rRI.\'GE\T, a. Astringent; styptic. 
 RE-S'l'lllN'GIO.N'T, 71. A medicine tliat operates as 
 
 an astringent or styptic. Harreij. 
 RE-STRIVE', ti. i. [re and strive.] To strive anew. 
 
 Saekville. 
 
 REST'Y, a. The same as Restive or Restifk, of 
 u lilrli it is n contraction. 
 
 RK-SlJIl-JEe'TION, 11. [re and subjection.'] A sec- 
 ond sulijectioii. Bp. Ilail. 
 
 Rl".-.SirH-J,I-MA'TION, n. A second suliliniation. 
 
 Rif.-SUU-M.ME', V. t. [rc and suhlimt.] To sub- 
 lime again ; as, to raublime mercurial sublimate. 
 
 ^Vrw 
 
 Rk-SL'II-LIM'KD, pp. Sublimed a second time. 
 Rif. SUH-LTM'lNG, ppr. Subliming again. 
 Rk-SU-Da'T[0.\, n. [L. resudalus, rcsudo ; rc and 
 sudo, to sweat.] 
 Tlie act of sweating again. 
 RE-SULT', V. i. [t'r. rcsnUcr ; L. resulto, rcsilio ; re 
 leap.] 
 
 and .lalio, to leap. 
 
 1. 'I'o leap back J to rebound. 
 Tilt* Iiii^e round sluiic, reeittting witli a bound. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. To i)roceed, sjiring, or rise, as a consequence, 
 from facts, argiiim nts, premises, combination of cir- 
 cumstances, consultation, or iiuditation. Evidence 
 rctulls from testimony, or from a variety of concur- 
 ring circumstances ; |)leasure rcsulL-i from friendship ; 
 harmony results from certain accordances of sounds. 
 
 Plcisure and pt-acc naturally result from a huly and (rood lift--. 
 
 TUIoUon. 
 
 3. To come out, or have an issue ; to terminate ; 
 followed by in ,- as, tliis measure will result in good, 
 or in evil. 
 
 RE-S«nt,'r', n. Resilience ; act of flying back. 
 
 Sound 1!. produced botwemi the atrinj and Uie air, by the return 
 of tlie result of ttie string. Bacon, 
 
 9. Consequence ; conclusion ; inference ; effect ; 
 that which proceeds naturally or logically from facts, 
 premises, or the stale of things ; as, the re.iutt of 
 reasoning; the rrsull of reflection ; the result of a 
 consultation or council ; the result of a legislative 
 debate. 
 
 Tlie inis-'ry of ninners will be the nituml result of their vile 
 ailccliona and criintual tndui^eiicius. /. LaUirop. 
 
 3. The decision or determination of a council or 
 deliberative assembly ; as, the result of an ecclesias- 
 tical council. A'Vifl England. 
 
 RE-SI?I/r'ANCE, n. The act of resulting. 
 
 RE-SULT'.\NT, n. In mechanics, a force which is 
 the combined effect of two or more forces, acting in 
 different directions. 
 
 RE-Sni/r'.WT, n. That results from the combina- 
 tion of two or more ; as, a resultant force, &c. 
 
 RE-SULT'IXG, ppr. or a. Proceeding as a conse- 
 quence, effect, or conclusion of something ; coining 
 to a determination. 
 
 a. In law, rcsaliins utse, is a use which returns to 
 him who raised it, after its expiration or during the 
 impossibility of vesting in the person intended. 
 
 RE-SOiM'.\-BLE, a. [from resume.] That may be 
 talten hack, or that may be taken up again. 
 
 RE-SU-ME', (ri-zu-ma',) [Fr.] A summing up; a 
 condensed stnteiiient. 
 
 RE-SOME', (re-zumc',) v. U [L. resumo ; re and suino, 
 to take.) 
 
 1. To take back what has been given. 
 
 The sun, like this from which our siffht we have, 
 
 Gazed on loo long, resumes tlie iijht he five. DtrOiam. 
 
 2. To take back what has been taken away. 
 
 They rtsumt whiil has been obtained fraudulently. Davenant, 
 
 3. To take again after absence ; as, to resume a 
 seat. 
 
 Reason resumed her pUce, and Passion fled. DryUn. 
 
 4. To take up again after interruption ; to begin 
 again ; as, to resume an argunit-nt or discourse. 
 TT'Aw is now its most frequent use.] 
 
 RE-SO.M'KD, (re--/.Qmd',) ,.;>. Taken back; taken 
 again ; begun again after iiitprruption. 
 
 RE-SDM'I.NG, ppr. Taking back ; taking again ; be- 
 ginning again after interruption. 
 
 RE-SUM'MON, «!. t. To siininion or call again. 
 2. To recall ; to recover. Bacon. 
 
 RE-SU.M'.MON-£D, pp. Summoned again ; recov- 
 ered. 
 
 Rlf.-SUM'MON-ING, ppr. Recalling; recovering. 
 RE-SUMP'TIOX, n. [Ft., from I,, resumptus.] 
 
 The act of resuming, taking back, or taking again ; 
 as, the resumption of a grant. 
 RE-SUMP'TIVE, o. Taking back or again. 
 
 RET 
 
 RE-SO'PI-NaTK, a. [L. rrsupinatus, resupino ; re 
 and supiuo, supinus, lying on the back.] 
 
 In botanij, inverted in position by a twisting of the 
 stock, as the tlowiTs of Orchis. Lindlnj. 
 RE-SU-l'I-.\.\'TION, n. [Supra.] The state of lying 
 the bark ; the state of being rcsupinatu or re- 
 versed, as a corol. 
 RE-SU-1'I.\E', a. Lying on the back. 
 RES-UR-KEC'TIO.\, n. [Fr., from L. resurreetus, 
 rcsuriso ; rc antl suriro, to rise.] 
 
 A rising again ; chieHy, the revival of the dead of 
 the human r.ice, or their return from the grave, par- 
 ticul.arly at the general jiiilgmt nt. liy the resurrec- 
 tion of Christ we have assurance of the future res- 
 urrection of men. 1 fct. 1. 
 
 In the resun-frlion, they neither marry nor are given in nmr- 
 riage. — iM.ul. xxii. 
 
 RES-UR-REC'TIO.X-IST, ji. One whose business is 
 
 to steal bodies from the grave, f /.dir.] 
 Rk-SUR-VEV, C-siir-v^',) r. (. [rc and survey.] To 
 
 survey again or ;iiunv ; to review. Shale. 
 IlK-SIJR-VEV, (-sur-vii',) n. A second survey. 
 I!k-SI;R-VEV''K1), (-vade',; pp. Surveyed again. 
 RF;-SUl{-\'t;Y'Ii\(;, ;i;)r. Surveying anew ; reviewing. 
 RE-SIJS'CI-Ta'1'E, «. (. ^Ij. rcsuscilo ; re and suscUo, 
 
 to raise. ] 
 
 'J"o revivify. ; to revive ; particularhj, to recover 
 from apparent death ; as, to resuseitaie a drowned 
 lierson ; to resnscltute witheretl plant.s. 
 RE-SUS'CI-'l'A-TEl), pp. Revived ; revivified ; re- 
 prtiduced. 
 
 RE.SUS'CI-T.\-TING, ppr. Reviving ; revivifying ; 
 reproducing. 
 
 RE-SCS-CI-Ta'TION, 71. The act of reviving from 
 a st.ite of apparent death ; the state of being revivi- 
 llid. Pope. 
 
 RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TIVE, a. Reviving; revivifying; 
 raising from apparent di:atli ; reproilucing. 
 
 R!vSL'S'CI-T.\-TOR, n. One who resuscitates. 
 
 RE-TaIL', r. t, [Fr. rcfni/^cr ; rc and tuiWer, to cut ; 
 it. ritagliarr.] 
 
 1. To sell in small qiinntitics or parcels, from the 
 sense of culling or dividing; opposed to selling by 
 whole.fnle: as, to rr'ail cloth or groceries. 
 
 2. To sell at second hand. Pope. 
 
 3. To tell in broken parts ; to tell to many ; as, to 
 retiiit slander or iille reports. 
 
 RE'TaIL, II. The sale of commodities in small quan- 
 tities or parcels, or at second hand. Mddison. 
 
 RE-'^.^IL'^:l), pp. Sold in small quantities. 
 
 RE-TAII-'ER or RK'T.\IL-Ell, ii. [This word, like 
 the noun retail, is often, perliaps generally, accented 
 on the first syllable in America.] 
 
 One who sells goods by sniail quantities or parcels. 
 
 RE-T.^IL'I.\0, ppr. or o. Selling in sm;Ul quantities. 
 
 RE-TaIL'.MENT, 71. Act of retailing. 
 
 RE-TAIN', 7'. f. [I"r. rctciiiV; It. ritciicrc; Sp. rctcnrr; 
 L. retinco : re and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 1. To hold or keep in possession ; not to lose or 
 part with or dismiss. Tlie inemorj' retains ideas 
 which facts or arguments liiivc suggested to the mind. 
 
 They did not like to retain God in their knowledge. — Rom. i. 
 
 2. To keep, as an associate ; to keep from depart- 
 ure. 
 
 ■Whom I would have retained with me. — Phil. xiii. 
 
 3. To keep back ; to hold. 
 
 An executor may retain a debt due to hiin from the testator. 
 
 Blacketone. 
 
 4. Tollold from escape. Pome substances retain 
 heat much longer than others. Metals readily re- 
 ceive and transmit heat, but do not long retain it. 
 Seek cloths that rcfaiii their color. 
 
 5. To keep in pay ; to hire. 
 
 A Benedictine convent has now retained tlje most learned fiither 
 of their order to write in its d'-feiiBe. Addison. 
 
 G. To engage ; to employ by a fee paid ; as, to re- 
 (niii a counselor. 
 RE-TAIN', V. i. To belong to; to depend on; as, 
 coldness mixed with a somewhat languid relish, re- 
 t/iining to bitterness. Boyle. 
 We now use Pebtain.] 
 to continue. LVut in mjc] 
 RE-TAIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being retained, .^she. 
 RE-TAlN'i;D, pp. Held ; ke|)t in possession ; keiit as 
 
 an a.ssociate ; kept in pay ; kept from escape. 
 RE-T.\IN'ER, n. One who retains; as an executor, 
 who retains a debt due from the testator. Blackstane. 
 
 2. One who is kept in service ; an attendant ; as, 
 the retainers of the ancient princes and nol>ility. 
 
 3. An adherent ; a dependant ; a hanger on. Shak. 
 A. A servant, not a domestic, but occasionally at- 
 tending and wearing his master's livery. 
 
 Cotcel. Brande, 
 
 5. Among laicyers, a fee paid to engage a lawyer or 
 counselor to maintain a cause. 
 
 6. The act of keeping dependants, or being in de- 
 pendence. Bacon. 
 
 RE-TAIN'ING, ppr. or a. Keeping in possession; 
 keeping as an associate ; keeping from esca|)e ; hir- 
 ing ; eng;iging counsel ; as, a retaining fee. 
 
 RE-TAKE', r. U : prct. Retook ; pp. Retakes, [re 
 aitii take.] To take again. Clarendon. 
 
 [JVot in use. 
 2. To keep ; 
 
 RET 
 
 2. To take from a captor ; to recapture ; as, to re- 
 
 talte a ship or prisoners. 
 RK-TaK'^;.N', pp. 'J'aken again ; recaptured. 
 RE-TAK'ER, ii. One who takes again what has been 
 
 taken ; a recaptor. Kent. 
 RE-TAK'ING, ppr. Taking again; taking from a 
 
 cajitor. 
 
 RE-TaK'I.\G, 71. A taking again ; recapture. 
 
 KF.-TAL'1-ATE, v. t. [L<iw L. retalio ; re and lalio, 
 from talis, like.] 
 
 To return like for like ; to repay or requite by an 
 act of the same kind as has been received. It is now 
 seldom used, except in a bad sense, that is, to return 
 evil for evil ; as, to retaliate injuries. In war, ene- 
 mies often retaliate the death or inhuman treatment 
 of prisoners, the burning of towns, or the plunder of 
 goods. 
 
 It is unlucky to he obliged to retnliats the Injuries of Authors, 
 whose works are so soon fori^otten tlial wo ate la dan^-r of 
 Bppi aring the fin>t a^jfn-siioiji. Swi/t. 
 
 RE-TAL'I-ATE, v. i. To return like for like; as, to 
 
 retaliate upon an enemy. 
 RE-TAI/I-A-TED, pp. Returned, as like for like. 
 KK-TAL'l-A 'ri.VG, ppr. lieturning like for like. 
 KE-TAL-I-A'TION, »i. The return of hke for like ; 
 
 the doing that to another which he has done tons ; 
 
 requital of evil. Suulk. 
 2. In « good sense, return of good for good. 
 
 God t:ikes whnt is done to others as done to himself, and by prom- 
 ise olilijfes himself to full retaliation. Caiarny. 
 
 [This, according to modern usage, is harsh.] 
 RE-TAL'I-A-TIVE, a. Returning like for like. 
 UE-TAIVl-.\-TO RY, a. Returning like for like; as, 
 retaliatory measures ; rctaluUary edicts. 
 
 Caiiiiiii^r. milsh. 
 RE-T.KRI)', V. t. [Fr. retarder ; L. rctardo; re and 
 tarda, to (lehy ; tardus, slow, late. See Tahget.1 ' 
 
 1. To diminish t.'ie velocity of motion ; to hiniler; 
 to render more slow in progress ; as, to retard the 
 march of an army ; to retard the motitm of a ship. 
 The resistance of air retards the velocity of a cannon- 
 ball. It is opposed to Accellbate. 
 
 2. To delay ; to put off; lo render more late; as, 
 to retard the attacks of old age ; to retard a rupture 
 between nations. My visit was retarded by business. 
 
 RE-T.\ItI)', V. i. To stay back. [jVot m use] Brutrn. 
 
 RE-TARIJ-A'TION, 11. The act of abating the velo- 
 city of motion ; hinderance ; the act of delaying ; as, 
 the retardation of the motion of a ship; the retarda- 
 tion of hoarv hairs, Bacotu 
 
 RE-TARD'A-TIVE, a. That ri-tards. 
 
 RE T HI)' En, pp. or a. Hindered in motion ; delayed. 
 
 RE-'iAKD'ER, 71. One that retards, hinders, or de- 
 lavs. 
 
 RE-T.XRD'I.NG, ppr. Ab.ating the velocity of motion ; 
 hiiulering; delaying. 
 
 RE-TARO'.ME.'VT, n. The act of retarding or delay- 
 ing. Cavity. 
 
 RETCH, V. i. [Sax. Imrcan ; Dan. rekker. to rcacA, to 
 stretch, to retell, to vomit ; the same word as reach ; 
 the present ortliograjiliy, retch, being wholly arbitra- 
 ry. See Reach.] 
 
 To make an ellort to vomit ; to heave ; as the stom- 
 ach ; to strain, as in vomiting ; properly, to Reach. 
 
 RETt;iI'LESS, careless, is not in use. [Si!C Reck- 
 less.] Dryden. 
 
 RE-Te'CIOUS, (-shus,) a. Resembling net-work. 
 
 RE-TEC'TION, n. [L. rctectus, from relcgo, to un- 
 cover ; re and lego, to cover.] 
 
 The act of disclosing or producing to view some- 
 thing concealed ; as, the retcctiun of the native color 
 of the bodv. Bonle. 
 
 RE'TE MU-€ri'SUM, 71. [L.] The layer of the 
 skin intermediate between the cutis and the cuticle, 
 the principal seat of color in man. Parr. 
 
 RE-TENT', n. That which is retained. Kincan. 
 
 RE-TEi\'T10N, 71. [Fr., from U retentio, rclit^ re 
 and tenet), to hold.] 
 
 1. The act of retaining or kccpi(g. 
 
 2. The power of retaining ; the faculty of the 
 mind by which it retains ideas. I^ieke. 
 
 3. In mejlieine, the power of retaining; or that 
 state of contraction in the elastic or muscular parts 
 of the body, by which they holtl tli<*ir proper contents 
 and prevent involuntary evacuations ; undue reten- 
 tion of some natural discharge. Encyc. Coie. 
 
 4. The act of withholding; restraint. Shak. 
 a. Custody ; confinement. fAVt in use.] Shak. 
 
 RE-TE.N'TIVE, a. (Fr. retentif^ 
 
 Having the power to retain ; as, a retcntire mcmo- 
 rj' ; the reteutiee faculty ; the retentive force of the 
 stomach : a body retentive of heat or moisture. 
 RE-TE.N'TIVE-I.Y, arfr. In a retentive manner. 
 RE-TE.\'TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of retention ; 
 
 as, retenttvmess of memory. 
 RE-TEX'Tlj'RE, n. A second or new texture. 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 Rk'TI-.\-RY, (rS'shc-a-rj',) n. In entomology, the r»- 
 tiatnes are spiders which spin webs to catch their 
 prev. 
 
 RET'I-CENCE, In. [Fr. rctircni-e, from L. rrfiVnido, 
 RET'I-CEN-CY, S retieeo : rc and taceo, to be silenL ] 
 Concealment by silence. In rhetoric, ajiosiopesiii 
 
 il 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 947 
 
RET 
 
 RET 
 
 RET 
 
 or suppression ; a figure by wliich a pcrsun really 
 speaks of a tiling, wliile lie makes a show as if he 
 would say notlnn;; on the subject. Encijc. 
 
 RET I-CENT, a. Silent. Taylor. 
 
 KET'I-eLE, (ret'e-kl,) n. [L. reticulum, from relc, a 
 net.] 
 
 A small net. .^sh. 
 
 RE-Tie'U-L.AR, a. [Supra.] Having the form of a 
 net or of net-work ; formed with interstices ; as, a 
 reticular body or membrane. Encyc. 
 
 Ill (luatuwy, the reticular body, or rete mucosum, is 
 the layer of the skin, intermediate between the cutis 
 and the cuticle, the principal seat of color in man ; 
 the reticular jnembrane is the same as the cellular 
 membrane. Parr. 
 
 RETie'U-LATE, ) o. [h. reticutatus, (rom rcte, a 
 
 RE-Tie'U-L.\-TED. j net.] 
 
 Netted ; resembling net-work ; having distinct 
 veins or lines crossing like net-work ; as, a reticulate 
 coral or petal. Martyn. 
 
 Reticulated work; in masonry, work constructed 
 with diamond-shaped stones, or square stones placed 
 diagiinally. Oloss. of 9rchit. 
 
 RE-Tie-U-LA'TION, 71. Net-work ; organization of 
 substances resembling a net. Darwin. 
 
 RET'I-eULE, «. [Supra.] A little bag of net-work ; 
 a lady's work-bag, or a little hag to be carried in the 
 hand. 
 
 2. In a telescope, a net-work dividing the field of 
 view into a series of small squares. Brande. 
 RET'I-FORJl, a. [L. rctiformis ; rete, a net, and 
 furma, form.] 
 
 Having the form of a net in texture ; composed of 
 crossing lines and interstices ; as the retiform coat of 
 the eye. Hay. 
 RE'1''I-N.\, 71. [L., from rete, a net.] 
 
 In anatomy, one of the coats of the eye, being an 
 expansion of the optic nerve over the bottom of the 
 eye, where the sense of vision is first received. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RET-IN-AS-PHALT', ) 7i. A bituminous or res- 
 
 RET-IN-AS-PHALT'U.M, j inous substance, of a 
 yellowish or rcddisli-brown color. [See Retinite.] 
 
 RET'IN-ITE, 71. [Gr. finrtur,, resin.] 
 
 The same with Reti nasphalt. This name has 
 been also applied to pitchstone, or pitchstone porphy- 
 ry. Dana. 
 
 RET'IN-OID, a. [Gr. fjnru-r], a resin, and tiioi, like- 
 ness.] 
 
 Resin-like, or resiniform ; resembling a resin with- 
 out being such. 
 RET'I-NuE, 71. [Yt.retmue, from rctcnir,\.o retain, 
 L. rctineo ; re ami teneo, to hold.] 
 
 The attendants of a prince or distinguished per- 
 sonage, chiefly on a journey or an excursion ; a 
 train of persons. Drydcn. 
 RET'I-PED, 71. [L. rete nnd pes.] 
 
 A name given to birds the skin of whose tarsi is 
 divided into small polygonal scales. Brande. 
 RET-I-RaDE', 71. [Fr., from relircr, to withdraw; 
 Sp. rctirada, a retreat.] 
 
 In furtiftcation, a kind of retrenchment in the body 
 of a bastion or other work, which is to he disputed 
 inch by inch, after the defenses are dismantled. It 
 usually consists of two faces, which make a re- 
 entering angle. Kncyc. 
 91E-TIRE', ». I. [Fr. rclirer ; re and tirer,\.o draw; 
 It. ritirare ; Sp. retirar.'] 
 
 1. To withdraw ; to retreat ; to go from company 
 or from a public place into privacy ; as, loretirc from 
 the world ; to retire from notice. 
 
 2. To retreat from action or danger ; as, to retire 
 from battle. 
 
 3. 'I'o withdraw from a public station. General 
 Washington, in ITOti, retired to private life. 
 
 4. To break up, as a company or assembly. The 
 company retired at eleven o'clock. 
 
 5. To depart or withdraw for safety or for pleasure. 
 Men rclire from the town in summer for health and 
 pleasure. But in South Carolina, the planters retire 
 from their estates to Charleston, or to an isle near 
 the town. 
 
 C. To recede ; to fall back. The shore of the sea 
 retires in bays and gulfs. 
 RE-TIllE', t!_i. 'i'o withdraw ; to take away. 
 
 1 forcit. Sidney. 
 
 Daviei. 
 
 He retired liimitcir, his wife nnd children into 8 
 At when Ihe i« preteiil all llie year, 
 And never dolh retire his golden ray. 
 
 [This transitive use of retire is now obsolete.] 
 RE-TIRE', 71. Retreat ; recession ; a « ithdrawing. 
 
 [Oi.,.1 
 2. Rctiremen 
 
 Slink. Bacon. 
 [ Oh.i.] Milton. 
 from much soci- 
 Ile lives a retired 
 
 2. Retirement ; place of privacy. 
 RE-TIR'AI), (re lird',) a. .Secluded 
 cly or from public notice ; private, 
 liie ; he linn a retired nituation. 
 
 2. Secret; private; as, rctireiJ speculations. 
 
 3. Withdrawn. l.ockr. 
 RE-TIR'i':D-LY, (rc-tlrd'ly,) adv. In solitude or pri- 
 vacy. Sherwood. 
 
 RI>TIR'/'.T)-NESS, n. A state of retirement ; soli- 
 tude ; privacy or «ccrpcy. .^ttrrbury. 
 
 HE 'l'irtE'jMENT, 71. The act of withdrawing from 
 company or from public notice or station. Mdlun. 
 
 2. The state of being withdrawn; as, the retire- 
 ment of the mind from tlie senses. Locke. 
 
 3. Private abode ; h.abitation secluded from much 
 society or from public life. 
 
 Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus. Addison. 
 Retirement is as necessary to nie a^ it will be welcome. 
 
 Wasliinglon. 
 
 4. Private way of life. 
 
 Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books, 
 
 Progressive virtue and approving Heaven. Thomson. 
 
 RE-TIR'ING, ppr. Withdrawing; retreating; going 
 
 into seclusion or solitude. 
 2. a. Reserved ; not forward or obtrusive ; as, 
 
 retiring modesty ; retiring manners. 
 Re-ToLD', pret. and pp. of Retell ; as, a story retold. 
 RE-TORT', i,\ t. [L. rctortus, retorqueo ; re and tor- 
 
 queo, to throw.] 
 
 1. To throw back ; to reverberate. 
 
 Stwk. 
 
 2. To return an argument, accusation, censure, or 
 incivility ; as, to 7-c(ort the charge of vanity. 
 
 He passed thougli hostile scorn, 
 
 And willi retorted scorn his Uack be turned. Milton. 
 
 3. To bend or curve back ; as, a retorted line. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RE-TORT', V. i. To return an argument or charge , 
 to make a severe reply. He retorted upon his adver- 
 sary' with severity. 
 
 RE-TORT', 71. The return of an argument, charge, 
 or incivility in reply ; as, the retort courteous. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. In chemistry, a spherical vessel, with a long neck 
 bent, to which a receiver may be fitted ; used in dis- 
 tillation. Encyc. 
 RE-TORT'ED, pp. Returned; thrown back; bent 
 back. 
 
 RE-TORT'ER, 7i. One that retorts. 
 
 RE-TORT'ING, p/ir. Returning; throwing back. 
 
 RE-TOR'TION, ii. The act of retorting. Spenser. 
 
 RE-TORT'IVE, a. Containing retort. Barlow. 
 
 KE-TOSS', t'. t. [re and tow.] To toss back. Pope. 
 
 RE-TOSS'£D, ( tost,) pp. Tossed back. 
 
 Re-TOSS'ING, ppr. Tossing back. 
 
 RE-TOUCH', (re-tucli',) v. t. [re and touch.] To im- 
 prove by new touches ; as, to retouch a picture or an 
 essay. Dry/len. Pope. 
 
 Re-TOUCH'JED, (re-tiicht',) pp. Touched again ; im- 
 proved by new touches. 
 
 RE-TOUCH'ING, (re-tuch'ing,) ppr. Improving by 
 new touches. 
 
 RE-TRaCE', v. t. [Fr. retracer ; re and tracer, to 
 trace.] 
 
 1. 'I'o trace back ; to go back in the same path or 
 course ; as, to retrace one's steps ; to retrace one's 
 proceeilings. 
 
 2. To track back, as a line. 
 
 Then if the line of Tunuis you retrace. 
 
 He springs from luachus, ol Argive race. Dryden. 
 
 3. In painting, &c., to trace over again, or renew 
 the outline of a drawing. Brande. 
 
 RE-TRaC'£D, (re-triist',) pp. Traced back or over 
 again. 
 
 RE-'J'RaC'ING, ppr. Tracing back or over again. 
 RE-TRACT', V. t. [Fr. rrtrnctcr ,• Norm, retraictcr ; 
 Li. retractus, retraho ; re and traho, to draw.] 
 
 1. To recall, as a declaration, words, or saying; to 
 disavow; to recant; as, to retract an accusation, 
 charge, or assertion. 
 
 I would as freely have retracted Ihe charge of idolatry, as I ever 
 made it. StiUingJleet. 
 
 2. To take back what was once bestowed as a 
 grant or favor. [Little used.] Woodward. 
 
 3. To draw back, as claws. 
 
 RE-'i'RACT', V. i. 'J'o take back ; to unsay ; to with- 
 draw concession or declaration. 
 
 She V 
 
 Cons. 
 
 aiul she will not ; she grants, denies, 
 , relracte, advances, and then Oics. Granville. 
 
 RFi-TRACT', 71. Among horsemen, the prick of a 
 
 horse's foot in nailing a shoe. 
 RE-TRACT' A-BLE, a Tliat may be retracted or re- 
 
 iialled. 
 
 RE-TIIACT'aTE, j'. t. To retract ; to recant. 
 RE-TRACT-a'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. retractiitio.] 
 The recalling of what has been said ; recantation ; 
 change of opinion declared. South. 
 RE-TRACT'lCI), pp. Recalled ; recanted ; disavowed. 
 RE-TRACT'I-BLE, o. That may be drawn back; 
 
 retractile. Journ. of Science. 
 
 RE-TRACT'ILE, a. Capable of being drawn back. 
 A walrus, with fiery eyes ^retractile from external injuries. 
 
 Pennant. 
 
 RE-TRACT'ING, pitr. Recalling ; disavowing ; re- 
 canting. 
 
 RE-'J'RAC'TIDN, 77. [from retract.] Literally, the 
 act of ilrawing back ; as, the retraction of a siriew. 
 
 2. The act of withdrawing something advanced, 
 or changing something done. IVoodward. 
 
 3. Recantation ; disavowal of the truth of what 
 has been said ; declaration of change of o|iinion. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 4. Act of withdrawing a claim. 
 
 Other men's insatiable desire of revenge h.ath beguiled church 
 and state of the beneUt of my retroitione or concessions. 
 
 K. Charlet. 
 
 RE-TRACT'IVE, a. Withdrawing; taking from. 
 RE-TRACT'IVE, 7i. That which withdraws or takes 
 from. 
 
 RE-TRACT'IVE-LY, adv. By retraction or witli- 
 drawing. 
 
 RE-TRaICT', (re-trite',) n. Retreat. [Obs.] [See 
 
 Retreat ] Bacon. 
 RE-TRaIT', 7!. [It. ritratto, from ritrarre, to draw.] 
 
 A cast of countenance ; a picture. [Ofts.] 
 RE-TRJIX'IT, II. [L. retraho, relraii.] [Spenser. 
 In law, the withdrawing or open renunciation of a 
 suit in court, by which the plaintiff loses his action. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Re-TREAD', (re-tred',) v. i. To tread again. 
 RE-TRe.'VT', 71. [Fr. retraite, from retraire ; re and 
 
 traire, to draw; L. retractus, retraho; re and traho; 
 
 It. ritratta.] 
 
 1. The actof retiring; a withdrawing of one's self 
 from any place. 
 
 But beauty's triumph is well-timed retreat. Pope. 
 
 2. Retirement ; E.'.ate of privacy or seclusion from 
 noise, bustle, or company. 
 
 Here in the adm, still mirror of retreat. Pope. 
 
 3. Place of retirement or privacy, 
 house of pleasure — and spared no cost to 
 ous retreat. L^Ealranse. 
 
 He built his son a 
 niaiie it a delic 
 
 4. Place of safety or security. 
 
 That pleasing shade tliey sought, a soft retreat 
 
 From sudtlen April showers, a shelter from Uie heat. Dryden. 
 
 5. In military affairs, the retiring of an army or 
 body of men from the face of an enemy, or from any 
 ground occupied to a greater distance from the enemy, 
 or from an advanced position. A retreat is properly 
 an orderly march, in which circumstance it differs 
 from nfiight. Encyc. 
 
 6. The withdrawing of a ship or fleet from an 
 enemy ; or the order and disposition of ships de- 
 clining an engagement. 
 
 7. A signal given in the army or navy, by the beat 
 of a drum, or the sounding of trumpets, at sunset, 
 or for retiring from e.xercise or action. 
 
 Totten. Campbell. 
 RE TREAT', V. i. To retire from any position or 
 place. 
 
 2. To withdraw to a private abode or to any 
 secluded situation. Jililton. 
 
 3. To retire to a place of safety or security ; as, to 
 retreat into a den or into a fort. 
 
 4. To move back to a place before occupied ; to 
 retire. 
 
 The rapid currents drive, 
 Toward the retreating sea, their furious tide. M'dton. 
 
 5. 'Fo retire from an enemy, or from any advanced 
 position. 
 
 RE-TRe,\T'ED, as a passive participle, though used 
 
 by Milton, is not good English. 
 RE-TRENCH', !). t. [Fr. retranchcr ; re and trancher, 
 
 to cut; It. trincea, a trench ; trincerare, to intrench ; 
 
 trinciare, to carve ; W. trycu, to cut.] 
 
 1. To cut off; to pare away. 
 
 And tliy exuberant parts retrench. Denham. 
 
 2. To lessen ; to abridge ; to curtail ; as, to re- 
 trench superlluities or expenses. Merbury. 
 
 3. To confine ; to limit. [^Mt proper.] Jiddisoii. 
 
 4. In military affairs, to furnish with a retrench- 
 ment ; as, to retrench bastions. P. Cyc. 
 
 RE-TRENCH', n. i. To live at less expense. It is 
 more rcpiitahh; to retrench than to live embarrassed. 
 
 RE-TRK.VCIl'i';n, (re-trencht',) irp. Cut off; curtail- 
 ed ; diminished; furnished with a retrenchment. 
 
 RE-TRENCH'ING, ppr. Cuttingoff; curtailing; fur- 
 nishing with a retrenchment. 
 
 RE-TRENCH'MENT, 71. [Fr. rctranchement ; Sp. 
 atrinckcramiento.] 
 
 1. The act of lopping off ; the act of removing 
 what is sujierllitous ; as, the retrenchment of words 
 or lines in a writing. Dryden. Mddisoii. 
 
 2. The act of curtailing, lessening, or abridging ; 
 diminution ; as, the retrenchment of expenses. 
 
 3. In military affairs, a work constructed within 
 another, to prolong the defense of the latter when 
 the enemy has gained possession of it, or to protect 
 the defenders till they can retreat or obtain . a cajiitu- 
 lation. Cyc. 
 
 Numerous remains of Roman retrenchmenre, couslrucl'-d to 
 cover the country. D'Anvtlte, Trane. 
 
 RE-TRIB'IJTE, v. t. [Fr. retribuer ; L. retriliuo; re 
 and tribuo, to give or bestow.] 
 
 To pay back ; to make payment, compensation, 
 or reward in return ; as, to rririhiilr one for his 
 kiiiflness ; fo retribute to a criminal what is itropor- 
 tionat© to his titfense. Locke. 
 
 RE-TR1H'I2-TEI), pp. Paid bark; given in return; 
 rewitrtled. 
 
 RE-'I'RIB'IJ-TER, n. One that makes retribution. 
 ItE-'l'IUB'lI-TIN'ti, ppr. Retpiiting ; making repay- 
 nii nt ; rewarding. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHjST. — METE, PttfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 948 
 
RET 
 
 RET 
 
 REU 
 
 , pp. Recovered ; repaired ; regained ; 
 
 llET-UI-BO'TION, n. [Fr.] Rcpnyment ; return ac- 
 coinuioduted to the action ; reward ; conipenjiation. 
 In ^0(1 oHicca Aiul due retributiotis, wo way nol bo pinching 
 mid uig^ardlj. Jlnlt. 
 
 9. A gratuity or present given for services in the 
 place of a salary. Encyc. 
 
 3. Tlie rewards and punislimcnts distributed at the 
 general judgment. 
 
 It iu a ftroH* orciimf nt for n ilnte of rtlribu&on herenftcr, that 
 in Uiia world virtuous prreont are very often unfortunalo, 
 and vicioui pononi prospcruua, Speclalor. 
 RK-TRrB'lI-TIVE, ( a. Repaving ; rewarding for 
 KK-TRIB'li-TO-RY, j good deeds, and punishing 
 
 for olTenses ; as, rctrilmiivc justice. 
 RK-TRlEV'A-BLE.a. [from rrtncot.] That may be 
 
 rt'lrii'vcrt or recovered. Oraii. 
 KF.-TKIEV'.\-BLi:-NESS, n. State of being retriev- 
 able. 
 
 RK-'rKli'".V'.\-BLY, arfo. In a retrievable manner. 
 KK-Tr1|;VE^MENT, i Act of retrieving. 
 KE-TRIinVE', r. t. [Fr. rctrouver, to find again; It. 
 ritrovnre. i^ee Tbovek.] 
 
 1. To recover; to restore from loss or injury to a 
 former good state; as, to rclrieve the credit of a 
 nation ; to retrieve one's character ; to retrieve a de- 
 cayed fortune. 
 
 a. To remedy the consequences of; to repair. 
 [Rare.] 
 
 Accept my sorrow, and retrieve my fall. Prior. 
 
 3. To regain. [Rare.] 
 
 With late r^jientivnce now they would retrieve 
 
 The bodies they forsook, and wish lo live. Drytien. 
 
 4. To recall ; to bring back ; as, to retrieve men 
 from their cold, trivial conceits. Berkeley. 
 
 RE-TRIEVE', 7(. A seeking again; a discovery. 
 
 [.Vof in use,] B. Jon:>on: 
 
 RE-TRIeV'£1) 
 
 recalled. 
 
 RE-TRI£V'I.\G, ppr. Recovering; repairing; re- 
 calling. 
 
 RP.-TRl.M', r. L To trim again. 
 
 RE-TRO-ACT', v. i. To act backward or in return; 
 
 to act in opposition. 
 RE-TRO-.\e'TION, n. [L. retro, backward, and ac- 
 
 lioii.] 
 
 J, Action returned, or action backward. 
 
 2. Operation on soinetliiiig past or preccdinj;. 
 
 . RE-TRO-AGT'l VE, a. [Fr. rclroactif; h. retro, back- 
 ward, and active,] 
 
 Operating by returned action ; atTecting what is 
 past ; retrospective. Bcddoes. 
 
 .\ retroactive law, or statute, is one which operates 
 to affect, make criminal or punishable, acts done 
 prior to the passing of the law. 
 RE-TRO-ACT'IVE-LY,. aJ». By returned action or 
 operation ; by operating on something past. 
 
 IVhcaton. 
 
 RET'RO-CEDE, v. t. [L. retro, back, and cetlo, to 
 
 give ; Fr. rrtroceiler.] 
 To cede or grant back ; as, to retrocede a territory 
 
 to a fornuv proprietor. 
 RET'RO-CliUE, V. i. [L. retro, back, and cedo, 
 
 to go.] 
 
 To go back. Perry. 
 RET'RO-Cf.O-ED, pp. Granted bark. 
 RE-TRO-ClcU'E.\T, a. An epithet applied to diseases 
 
 which move from one part of the body to another, as 
 
 the gout. 
 
 RET'RO-Cf;D-ING, ppr. Ceding back ; going back. 
 RE-TRO-CEr;'SIO.\, (-sesh'un,) n. A ceding or grant- 
 ing back to a former proprietor. 
 
 .American State Papers. 
 2. The act of going back. More. 
 RE-TRO-DUe'TlON, «. [L. retroduco ; retro, back, 
 and ducp, to lead.] 
 
 A leading or brinzini; back. 
 RET'RO-FLEX, a. [L. rcfrn, back, and flcxus, bent] 
 
 In botany, suddenly bent backward. Lindley. 
 RF.T'RO-FRAeT, ( a. [L. retro, back, and 
 RET'RO-FRAGT-ED, j fractus, broken.] 
 
 Reduced to hang down as it were by force, so as 
 to appear as if broken ; as, a rctrofracl peduncle. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 Bent back toward its insertion, as if it were broken. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 RE-TRO-GRA-D.5'TIO.\, n. [Fr. See Retbo- 
 
 OKADE.] 
 
 1. The act of moving backward ; applied to the 
 apparent motion of the planets contrary to the order 
 of the signs, i. e., from c:ist to west. HuUon. 
 
 2. A moving backward ; decline in excellence. 
 
 A*. Chipman. 
 
 RET'RO-GR.^DE, a. [Fr., from L. rclrogradior ; 
 retro, backward, and gradior, to go.] 
 
 1. Going or moving backward. Bacon. 
 
 2. In astronomy, apparently moving backward, and 
 contrary lo the succession of the signs, i. e., from 
 east to west, as a planet. Hutton. 
 
 3. Declining from a better to a worse state. 
 RET'RO-GRaUE, v. i. [Fr. retrogradcr i L. retro- 
 
 gradior ; retro and ffradior, to go.] 
 
 To go or move backward. Baa>n. 
 
 RE-TRO-GRE.S'c!|C)N, (re-tro-gresh'un,) n. The act 
 of going backward ; retrogradation. Brntm. 
 
 RE-TR() GRESS'I VE, a. (ioing or moving back- 
 ward ; declining from a more perfect lo a less perfect 
 state. 
 
 Geogrjiphy is at times retrogrettlve. Piukerton, 
 
 RE-TRO-GRESS'IVE-LV, adv. By going or moving 
 backward. 
 
 RE TR0-.MIN'6EN-CY, n. [I,, retro, backward, and 
 mingo, to discharge urine.] 
 
 The act or <pialily of discharging the contents of 
 the hladdor backward. Brown. 
 
 RE-TRO-MIN'GEi\T, a. Discliarging the urine buck- 
 ward. 
 
 RE-TRO-MIN'OENT, n. In lodlogy, an animal that 
 discharges its urine backward. 
 
 The retrominfrertl.i arc a division of animals whose 
 characteristic is that they discharge their urine hack- 
 ward, both male and female. Knem. 
 
 RE-TRO-PUL'f IVE, a. [L. retro, back, and puUus. 
 pello, to drive.] 
 
 Driving back ; repelling. Med. Repos 
 
 RE-'I'RORt*E'LY, (re-trors'ly,) adv. [L. rctrorsum, 
 backward.] 
 
 In a backward direction ; as, a stem retrorscly 
 aculeate. 
 
 RET'RO-SPEeT, r. i. To look back ; to alTect wliat 
 is past. 
 
 RET'RO-SPEGT, n. [L. retro, back, and specio, to 
 look.] 
 
 A looking back on things past ; view or contem- 
 plation of something past. The retrospect of a life 
 well spent atfords prace of mlnil in old age. 
 RE-TRO-SPEG'TION, n. Tlio act of looking back 
 on things past. 
 2. The faculty of looking b.ick on past things. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 RE-TRO-SPECT'IVE, a. Looking back on past 
 events; as, a retrospective view. 
 
 2. Having reference to what is past; alTecting 
 things past. A penal statute can have no retro- 
 spective effect or operation. 
 
 RE-TRO-SPEeT'IVE-LY, adv. By way of retrospect. 
 
 RE-TRO-VER'SION, n. A lurning or falling back- 
 ward ; as, the retroversion of tile uterus. 
 
 RET'RO-VERT, v. t. To turn back. 
 
 RET'RO-VERT-ED, a. [L. retro, back, and vcrto, to 
 turn.] 
 
 Turned back. iMWrence, Led. Med. Repos. 
 RE-TRUDE', V. t. [L. rctrudo ; re and trudo, to 
 thrust.] 
 
 To thnist back. More. 
 RF,-TRri)'ED, pp. Thru>-t bark. 
 RE-TIU D l-NG, ppr. Thrustins back. 
 RE-TKL'.-'E'.a. [ L. «/ru,sM.*. ] Hidden ; abstruse. [Obs.] 
 RET'Ti.NG, II. A corruption of the term Rottiwg ; 
 as, the retting of flax. 
 
 This is the term used by Ure and other English 
 writers. 
 
 RE-Tir.ND', V. t. [li. rctundo ; re and tundo, to beat.] 
 To blunt ; to turn, as an edge ; to dull ; as, to rc- 
 
 tund the edge of a weapon^ Ray. 
 RE-TU.\D'Ef), pp. Blunted ; turned, as an edge. 
 RE-TURN', r. ;. [Fr. retourner; re and tounier, to 
 
 turn, L. torno ; It. ritornarc ; retornar.] 
 
 1. To come or go b.ack to the same place. The gen- 
 tleman goes from the country to Londtm and returns, 
 or the citi7.en of London rides into the country and 
 returns. The blood, propelled from the heart, passes 
 through the arteries to the extremities of the body, 
 and returns through the veins. Some servants are 
 good to go on erranils, but nut good to return. 
 
 2. To come back to the same slate, occupation, 
 subject, &c. ; as, to return from bondage to a state of 
 freedom. Locke. 
 
 3. To answer. 
 
 lie mii\, and Uius the queen of hniven returned. Pope. 
 
 4. Tocoine again ; to revisit. 
 
 TIiou to mankind 
 Bo good and friendly still, and oil return. MUton. 
 
 5. To appear or begin again after a periodical rev- 
 olution. 
 
 WiUi the year 
 Se.-uoiu return ; but not to me return* 
 Day. Afi;ion, 
 C. To show fresh signs of mercy. 
 
 Itetum, O \Mn\, deliver my soul. — Ps. vl. 
 
 To return to Ood ; to return from wickedness ; to 
 repont of sin or wandering from duty. Scripture. 
 RE-TIIR.\', r. L To bring, carry, or send back ; as, 
 to return a borrowed book ; to return a hired horse. 
 
 2. To repay ; as, to return borrowed money. 
 
 3. To give in recompense or requital. 
 
 Ill any wiar. return him a trespnas offering. — 1 Sam. vi. 
 
 Tlie will return thy wickediicjs upon thy own head. — 
 
 4. To give back in reply ; as, to return an answer. 
 
 5. To tell, relate, or communicate. 
 
 Moses retumetf the worvls of the people to tlic Lord. — Ei. xix. 
 
 6. To retort ; lo recriminate. 
 
 If you are a m.\liciotis reader, you relum upon me, that I affect 
 to tltoijght more impaitiAj than 1 am. Drydgn. 
 
 7. To render an account, usually an otiicial ac- 
 count, to a superior. Officers of the army and navy 
 return lo the commander the number of nii n in com- 
 panies, regiment!, «t,c. ; they rrfurii the number of 
 men sick or capable of duty ; they return the quan- 
 tity of ammunition, provisions, Slc. 
 
 8. To render bnrk to a tribunal, or to an office ; as, 
 to return a writ or an execution. 
 
 9. 'I'o report officially ; as, an officer returns bia 
 proceedings on llie back of a writ or precept. 
 
 10. 'i'o send ; to transmit ; to convey. 
 
 Insurad of a ship, lie should levy money and refum the samo 
 to (tie treasurer lor liis iniijesty's use. Clarendon. 
 
 RE-TL'R.N', 71. The act of coming or going back to 
 the same place. 
 
 Tak'-s Itule journeys and makes quick retume. Dryden. 
 
 2. The act of sending back; as, the return of a 
 borrowed book, or of iiinney lent. 
 .3. The act of putting in the former place. 
 
 4. Retrogression ; the act of moving back. 
 
 5. 'i"he act or process of coining back to a former 
 state, occupation, subject, &c. ; as, the return of 
 health. 
 
 G. Revolution ; a periodical coming to the same 
 point ; as, the return of the sun to the tropic of 
 Cancer. 
 
 7. Periodical renewal ; as, the retun of the sea- 
 sons, or of the year. 
 
 8. Repayment ; rt imbursement in kind, or in 
 something equivalent, for money expended or ad- 
 vanced, or for labor. One occupation gives quick 
 returns ; in otiiers, the returns are slow. The returns 
 of the cargo were in gold. The farmer has returns 
 in his crops. 
 
 9. Profit ; advantage. 
 
 From these few hours we sjiend in prayer, the return is ffieat. . 
 
 jTuy/or. 
 
 10. Remittance ; p.ivment from a distant place. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 11. Repayment ; retribution ; requital. 
 
 Is no return due from a gr.ilrfol breast ? Dryden. 
 
 12. Act of restoring or giving back ; restitution. 
 
 South. 
 
 13. In architecture, the continuation of a molding, 
 projection, &c., in a dilfcrent or opposite direction ; 
 a side or part w liich falls away from the front of a 
 straight work OwilU 
 
 14. In law, the rendering back or delivery of a 
 writ, precept, or execution, to the proper olhcer or 
 court; or tlie certilicale of the officer executing it, 
 indorsed. We call the transmission of the writ to 
 the iiroper officer or court, a return ; and we give 
 the same name to the certificate or official account of 
 the officer's service or proceedings. The sheriff, or 
 his subordinate olfict rs, make return of all writs and 
 precepts. We use llie same language for the send- 
 ing li.ack of a coinmissioii with the certificate of the 
 commissioners. 
 
 15. A day in bank. The day on wliirli the de- 
 fendant is ordered lo appear in court, and the sheriff 
 is to bring in the writ and report his proceedings, is 
 called the return of the writ. Blarkstnne. 
 
 16. In military and naval affairs, an official ac- 
 count, report, or statement rendered to the com- 
 mander or other suiKTior; a-s, the rf/»rH of mep tit 
 for duty ; the return of the number of the sick ; the 
 return of provisions, aniiiiunilion, &.C. 
 
 17. A report or numerical statement ; as, the re- 
 turns of an election ; the returns of a marshal. 
 
 RE-TURiN'.\-ULE, a. That may be returned or re- 
 stored. 
 
 2. In law, that is legally to be returned, delivered, 
 given, or rendered ; as, a writ or precept returnable at 
 a certain day ; a verdict returnable to the court ; an 
 Rttarhmeiil returnable to the King's Bench. 
 
 RE-TUR.\'-I)aY, n. The day when the defendant is 
 to apfK'ar in court, and the shcrilf is to return the 
 writ and his proceedings. 
 
 RE 'rL'RN'Kl), pp. or a. Restored ; given or sent 
 back ; repaid ; brought or rendered to the proper 
 court or officer. 
 
 RE-TL'K.N'ER, ii. One who returns; one that re- 
 pays or remits money. 
 
 RIVrUR.N'lNG, ppr. or a. Giving, carrying, or send- 
 ing hack ; coming or going back ; makinc report. 
 
 RE-TURN'ING-OF'FI-CER, ». The officer whose 
 duly it is to make returns of writs, precciWs, ju- 
 ries, &c. 
 
 RE-TUK.N'LESS, a. Admitting no return. [LittU 
 
 tised, ] Chapmun, 
 RE-TCSE', a. [L. rrtusus, retundo.] 
 
 In botany and eonehdogy, terminating in a round 
 end, the center of winch is depressed ; as, a rcti«« 
 leaf. Lindley. Humble. 
 
 RE-tJX'IO.X, (-yOn'yun,) 71. A second iinion ; union 
 formed anew after separation or disctird ; as, a re- 
 union of parts or particles of matter ; a reunion of 
 parties or Skcts. 
 
 2. In meeiicine, union of parts separated by woiinda 
 or accidents. Parr. 
 
 Reunion, from the French, in the sense of meeting 
 or assembly, is soineliines used. 
 
 TONE, BSJLL, UNITE. — A.V'GER, V T'CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CM as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 119' 
 
 UliHU 
 
REV 
 
 RE-U-NlTE', r. f. [re and unite.] To unite again ; 
 
 to join after spparation. Shak. 
 
 __ 2. To reconcile after variance. 
 Re-IJ-NITE', v. i. To be united again ; to join and 
 
 cohere again. 
 
 Re U-NIT'ED, pp. United or joined again ; recon- 
 ciled. 
 
 RE-U-NTT'ED-LY, adv. In a reunited manner. 
 RF.-r|-NlT'Ii\G, p;/r. Uniting again ; reconciling. 
 Re-IJ-NI"TION, (-yu-nish'un,) n. A second uniting. 
 [Rare.] 
 
 Re-URCE', ». f. To urge again. 
 REuS'SiTE, 7u [from Reuss, the place where it is 
 found.] 
 
 A salt of sulphate of soda and magnesia, found 
 in the form of a mealy efflorescence, sonietimes crys- 
 tallized in flat, six-sided prisms, and in acicular crys- 
 tals. Urc'. 
 Re-VAC'CIN-aTE, v. t. To vaccinate a second 
 time. 
 
 RE-VA€'CIN-A-TED, pp. Vaccinated a second 
 time. 
 
 Re-VAC'CIN-a-TING, ppr. Vaccinating a seci^nd 
 time. 
 
 Re-VAC-CIN-a'TION, 71. A second vaccination. 
 Re-VAL-U-a'TION, ?i. A second valuation. 
 ReVE, 71. "[Sax. irrrefa.] 
 
 An officer, steward, or governor. It is usually 
 
 written Reeve. 
 RE-VeAL', v. t. [Fr. reveler ; L. rcvelo ; re and velo, 
 
 to veil.] 
 
 1. To disclose; to show ; to make known some- 
 tiling before unknown or concealed ; as, to reveal 
 secrets. 
 
 9. To disclose, or make known from heaven. God 
 has been pleased to reveal his will to num. 
 
 The wraUi of God is revealed from h'aveii ag.iiiiat all ungodli- 
 Dcss and mirigliLeuusiitss of men. — Uom. i. 
 
 RE-VeAL', n. A revealing ; disclosure. [JVot in 
 use.] Brazen. 
 
 2. The side of an opening for a window, doorway, 
 &c., between the framework and tlic outer surface of 
 the wall. Oloss. ofjlreliU. 
 
 RE-VEAL'A-BLE, a. That can be revealed. 
 RE-VeAL'A-BLE-NESS, 77. State of being reveal- 
 able^ 
 
 RE-VeAL'ED, pp. or a. Disclosed; made known; 
 laid open. 
 
 RE V'E AL'ER, ri. One that discloses or makes known. 
 
 2. One that brings to view, Drydeii. 
 RE-VeAL'ING, ppr. Disclosing ; making known ; 
 discovering. 
 
 RE-Ve.\L'MENT, Ji. The act of revealing. [LMe 
 
 used.] South. 
 RE-VEIL'LE, (re-val'ya,) 7i. [Fr. rcveiUcr, to awake ; 
 re and veiUer, to watch ; contracted from L. vigilo. 
 See Watch.] 
 
 In military affairs, the heat of drum about break of 
 day, to give notice that it is time for the soldiers to 
 rise, and fur the sentinels to forbear challenging. 
 
 Braiidc. 
 
 REVEL, V. i. [D. rcvclen, to rave, from the root of 
 L. raho, rabio.to rage, whence rabies, rabid; Dan. 
 raaben, to bawl, to clamor; S\v. rupa ; allied to rove, 
 ra/iio ! Ir. rioboid, a spendthrift ; riobuidim, to riot or 
 revel. 1 
 
 1. To feast with loose and clamorous merriment ; 
 to carouse ; to act the bacchanalian. 
 
 Antony, lhat reoele long o' nights. Shak. 
 
 2. To move playfully or without regularity. 
 REVEL, n. A feast with loose and noisy jollity. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. See Reveal, 7t. 
 RE-VEL', V. t. [L. revcllo ; re and vello, to pull.] 
 To draw back ; to retract ; to make a revulsion. 
 
 Harvey. Friend. 
 REV-E-L.A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. revelatus, revclo. 
 See Reveal.] 
 
 1. The act of disclosing or discovering to others 
 wli.'it was before unknown to them ; approprialehj , 
 the disclosure or commuiiiration of truth to men by 
 God himself, or by liis authorized agents, the pidjih- 
 ets and apostles. 
 
 How Ui:^t liy revelation he made known to me the myitcry, a« 1 
 wrol': Ijcforo in few worda. — Eph. iii. 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 2. That which is reveraled ; appropriately, the sa- 
 cred truths which God ha'< comriiiinicated to man I'or 
 hia instruction and diri'i tion. 'I'lic revelations of God 
 arc contained in the Old and New Testament. 
 
 3. 'i'he 7\pocalypsc ; the last liook of the sacred 
 canon, containing the prophecies of St. John. 
 
 RE V'EI;.-/-'U, pp. Feasted with noisy merriment ; ca- 
 roused. 
 
 RE V'1;I,-ER, »i. [Scu Revei-.J One who feasts with 
 noi^y nierriinent. Pope. 
 
 REV'EL-ING, ;;;7r. Feasting with noisy mcrrimont ; 
 raroMsiiig. 
 
 REV'EL-ING, 71. A fi-nsling with noisy merriment; 
 revelry, (ial. v. 1 Pel. iv. 
 
 Drawn back ; retracted. 
 Causing rcvulKtoii. 
 
 Ki; VEL'I.f;!), 77/7. 
 RE-VEL'LENT, a. 
 
 REV 
 
 REVEL-MENT, n. Act of reveling. 
 REVEL-ROUT, 71, [See Rout.] Tumultuous fes- 
 tivity. _ Rowe. 
 
 2. A mob ; a rabble tumultuously assembled ; an 
 unlawful assembly. Jliiisttorlh. 
 REVEL RY, 71. Noisy festivity ; clamorous jollity. 
 
 MUto'n. 
 
 RE-VEN'DI-CaTE, 71. t. [Fr. revendiquer ; re and 
 vendiqner, to claim or challenge, L. vindico. See 
 Vindicate.] 
 
 To reclaim what has been taken away ; to claim 
 to have restored what has been seized. 
 
 Shoulii some sulisequent fortunate revolution deliver it from the 
 conqaoror'H yoke, it can reverulicate Uiein. Valtel, Trans. 
 
 RE-VEN'DI-eA-TED,p;7. Reclaimed ; regained ; re- 
 covered. 
 
 RE-VEN'DI-eA-TING,pj)r. Reclaiming; re-demand- 
 ing ; recovering. 
 RE-VEN-DI-eA'TION,77. [Fr.] The act of reclaim- 
 ing or demanding tlie restomtion of any thing taken 
 by an enemy ; as by right of postliminium. 
 
 The endless disputes whicli would spring from the revendiration 
 of them have introduced a contrary practice. Vallet, Trans. 
 
 RE-VENCE', (re-venj',) v. t. [Fr. rcveneher, venger ; 
 Sp. vfn<Tor ; rort. vingar ; L. vindez, vindico ; It. ven- 
 dicarc. ."^t r \'i NDICATE.] 
 
 L 'i"o millet pain or injury in return for an injury 
 received. 
 
 JVo(e. — This word and avenge were formerly used 
 as synonymous, and it is so used in the common 
 version of the Scripture, and applied to the Supreme 
 Being. " O Lord, revenge me of my jiersecutors.'* 
 Jer. XV. In consequence of a distinction between 
 avenge and revenge, which modern usage has intro- 
 duced, the application of this word to the Supreme 
 Being appears extremely harsh, irreverent, and of- 
 fensive. Revenge is now used in an ill sense, for the 
 infliction of pain maliciously or illegally ; avenge for 
 inllicting just punishment. 
 
 2. Accoriliiig to ntmlcrn usairr, to inflict pain delib- 
 erately and tiialicitnisly, contiai}- to the laws of jus- 
 tice and humanit>', in n ttii ii for injury, pain, or evil, 
 received ; to wreak vi'iigraiu i- s|iileriilly on one who 
 injures or offends. We mi\ , u< n rnige an injury or 
 insult, or, witli the recijmn :!! piuiioun, to revenge 
 ourselves on an enemy or I'ur an injury, tliat is, to 
 take vengeance or satisfaction. 
 
 3. To vindicate by punishment of an enemy. 
 The gods are just, and will revenge our cause. Dryden. 
 [According to modern usage, avenge should here 
 
 be substituted for revenge] 
 RE-VENGE', (re-venj',) n. [Fr. revenche; Arm. re- 
 vattclt.] 
 
 1. Return of an injury ; infliction of punishment. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 The beg-inninj of revenues upon the enemy. — Deut. xxxii. 42. 
 
 2. According to modern usage, a malicious or spite- 
 ful infliction of pain or injury, contrary to the laws 
 of justice and Christianity, in return for an injury 
 oroflense. Revenge is liicluluil by passion : vengeance 
 by justice. 
 
 3. The passion which is excited by an injury done 
 or an alfroiit given ; tJie desire of inflicting pain on 
 one who has dune an iujiiry ; as, to glut revenge. 
 
 Revenge, as the w uni is iiou- understood, is always 
 contrary to the precepts of Christ. 
 
 The indulgence of revenge tends to make men more savage and 
 cruel. Karnes. 
 
 EE-VKNC'Kn, jiji. Punished in return for an injury; 
 
 spitefully ptinislicd. The injury is revenged. 
 RE-VE\GK'Fl.'L, (re-vcnj'ful,) a. Full of revenge or 
 a desire to inflict pain or evil for injury received ; 
 spiteful ; malicious ; wreaking revenge. 
 
 If thy revenge/id heart can not forgive. Shak. 
 2. Vindictive; inflicting punishment. 
 
 , May niy hands 
 Never hrandish more revengeful steel. Shak, 
 
 RE-VENGE'F}JL-LY, (re-vcnj'fiil-ly,) adv. By way 
 of revenge; vindictively; with the spirit of revenge. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 RE-VENGE'F}JL-NESS, (re-vonj'ful-ness,) 71. Vin- 
 
 dictiveness. More. 
 RE-VENGE'LESS, (re-venj'le.ss,) a. Unrovenged. 
 
 Mnrst.in. 
 
 RE-VENGE'MENT, (re-venj'mcnt,)77. Revenge; re- 
 turn of an injury. \/Jttle used.] Spenser. 
 
 RE-VENG'ER, 71. One who revenges; one who in- 
 flicts jiain un another spitefully in return for an in- 
 Jury. Spcn.\cr. 
 
 2. One who inflicts just punishment for injuries. 
 [Less proper.] Bentlcy. 
 
 RE-VENG'LN'G, ppr. Inflicting pain or evil spitefully 
 fur injury or airront received. 
 2. Vindicating ; punishing. 
 
 RE-VENG'ING-LY, adv. With revenge ; with the 
 spirit of revenge ; vindictively. Shak. 
 
 REV'E NfiE, 71. [Fr. rcuc7i«, from revenir, to return, 
 L. rerrnio ; re nntl veiiio, to come.] 
 
 1. Ill a general sen.ie, Uio nnnutil rents, profits, in- 
 terest, or issues, of any species of property, real or 
 personal, belonging to an iiidiviiliial or to the public. 
 
 REV 
 
 V.'hen used of individuals, it is equivalent to income. 
 In modern usage, income is applied more generally 
 to the rents and profits of individuals, and revenue 
 to those of tlie state. In the latter case, revenue is, 
 
 2. The annual produce of taxes, excise, customs, 
 duties, rents, &.C., which a nation or state collects 
 and receives into the treasury for public use. 
 
 3. Return ; reward ; as, a rich revenue of praise. 
 RE-VERB', V. t. To reverberate. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RE-VERR'ER-ANT, a. [L. reverberans. See Re- 
 verberate.] 
 Returning sound ; resounding; driving back. 
 
 Shak 
 
 RE-VERB'ER-aTE, ». t. [L. reverbero; re and ver- 
 bero, to beat. ] 
 
 1. To return, as sound; to send back; to echo; 
 as, an arch reverberates the voice. Shak. 
 
 2. To send or beat back ; to repel ; to reflect ; as, 
 to reverberate rays of light. Sicift. # 
 
 3. To send or drive back ; to repel from side to 
 side ; as, flame reverberated in a furnace. 
 
 RE-VERB'ER-aTE, v. i. To be driven back ; to be 
 repelled, as rays of light ; to echo, as sound. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 2. To resound. 
 
 And even at hand, a drum is ready braced, 
 
 That siiall reverberate all as well as thine. Shak. 
 
 RE-VERB'ER-ATE, a. Reverberant. Shak. 
 RE-VERB'ER-A-TED, pp. Driven back; sent back ; 
 
 driven from side to side. 
 RE-VERB'ER-A-TING, ppr. Driving or sending 
 
 back ; reflecting, as light; echoing, as sound. 
 RE VERB-ER-A'']'10N, 71. [Fr. ; (mm reverberate.] 
 Tile act of driving or sending back ; particularly, 
 
 the act of reflecting light and heat or repelling sound. 
 
 Tlius we speak of the reverberation of the rays of 
 
 light from an object, the reverberation of sound in 
 
 echoes, or the reverberation of lieat or flame in a 
 
 furnace. 
 
 RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RY, a. Returning or driving 
 back ; as, a reverberator^ furnace or kiln. Moron. 
 
 RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RY, 71. A furnace with a kind 
 of dome that reflects the flame upon a vessel.placed 
 witlijn it, so as to surround it. JVichol-ion, 
 
 RE-VeRE', 7'. t. [Fr. revercr; It. revcrirc ; L. revr- 
 reor ; re and vereur, to fear.] 
 
 To regard witli fear mingled with respect and 
 afiection ; to venerate ; to reverence ; to honor in 
 estimation. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, whom he rather revered as his father, than 
 treated as his p-arluer in the empire. A<1'li^'>}>, 
 
 RE-VeR'£D, pp. or a. Regarded with fear mingled 
 
 with respect and alfection. 
 REVER-ENCE, 71. [Fr., from L. Teverentia.] 
 
 1. Fear mingled with respect and esteem ; vener- 
 ation. 
 
 When quarrels and factions are carried openly, it is a sign that 
 th:- revei 'nce of government is lost. Bacon. 
 
 The fear aaentahle to God, is a filial fear, an awfid reverence of 
 the diviu; nature, proceeding IVom a just esteem of his per- 
 fections, which produces in us an inclination to his service 
 and an unwilluigness to offend him. Jtogers. 
 
 Reverence is nearly equivalent to veneration, but 
 expresses something le.ss of the same emotion. It 
 dilTers from awe, which is an emotitm compoumled 
 of fear, dread, or terror, with adiniiatiiui of some- 
 thing great, but not necessarily implying love or 
 afiection. We feel reverence for a parent, and for 
 an upright magistrate, but we .stand in awe of a ty- 
 rant. This distinction nniy not always be observed. 
 
 2. An act of respect or obeisance ; a bow or cour- 
 tesy. 2 Sam. ix. Drijden. Fairfax. 
 
 3. A title of the clergy. Shak. 
 
 4. A poetical title of a father. Shak. 
 REVER ENCE, ». r. To regard with reveiPiire ; to 
 
 regard with fear mingled with respect and afiection. 
 We reverence superiors for tlieir age, their autlioritj', 
 and their virtues. We ought to reverence parents 
 and upright judgtis and nnigistrates. We ought to 
 reverence the Supreme Being, his word, and his or- 
 dinances. 
 
 Those that I reverence, those I f'*ar, the wise. SJiak. 
 
 They will reverence my son. — Matt. xxi. 
 
 Let Uie w ite see that she reverence her husband. — Eph. v. 
 
 REVER-EN-C^;D, (rev'er-enst,) pp. Regarded with 
 fear uiingletl with respect and afiection. 
 
 REV'EK EN-CER, «. One that regards with rever- 
 ence. 
 
 REVER-EN-CING, ppr. Regarding with fear mixed 
 
 with respect tind affection. 
 REVER END, a. [Fr., from L. revrrendus.] 
 
 1. Worthy of reverence ; entitled to respect niin- 
 gleil with fear and ullection ; as, reverend and gra- 
 cious senators. Shak. 
 
 A recerena »[n among Ihom came. J\/i;ton. 
 
 2. A title of respect given to the clergy or ccclesi- 
 a.slics. We style a clergyman rrmircii<<; a bishop is 
 styled right reverend ; an nrchliishop vio.st reverend, 
 ill F.ngland, a dean is also styled very reverend. In 
 Roman Ciitholic countries, the members of the differ- 
 enl religiinis orders are nl\ letl reverend. Brande. 
 
 REV'ER ENT, a. Expressing reverence, veneration. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WH^'I'. — IMKTE, PRfiV. — I'lNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. 
 
 960 
 
REV 
 
 REV 
 
 REV 
 
 or subniissioii ; as, reeerent words or terms ; n rever- 
 ent posture in prayer ; reverent beliMvior. 
 
 3. Submissive ; humble ; iuipresscii witli rever- 
 ence. 
 
 Tlicy proslnttc rdl lh<rurc liitit retttrtnl. Sifilton. 
 
 REV-ER-EM'TIAL, a. [fmm rei^erence.] ProceodinR 
 from rovureiice, or expressiiif; it ; as, reverential fear 
 or awe ; reocrential gratitude or esteem. 
 
 Religion — consbliiig in bl reoerertiiat esteem of things Ktcrcd. 
 
 REV-ER-EN'TIAL-LY, ado. Willi reverence, or 
 show of reverence. Brown, 
 
 REV'ER-EiNT-LY, adv. VVitli reverence; with re- 
 spectful regard. 
 
 Cliiile blm for faulb, and do it rtvtrtntly. Shak. 
 
 2. With veneration ; with fear of what is great or 
 terrifying. 
 
 So reverently men quit the open air, 
 
 Wliea tliiniikT npeiika the angry gods abroitd. Dryden. 
 
 RE-Vf.R'ER, 71. One who reveres or venerates. 
 REV'ER-IE, ) ;i. [Fr. r^cfrif, from r^tw, to dream, 
 KEV'ER-Y, i to rave, to be light-headed. In present 
 usage, this word is more fretpiently written Rev- 
 erie.] 
 
 1. Prnperhj, a raving or delirium ; but its sense, as 
 generally used, is a loose or irregular tniin of llioughts, 
 occurring in musing or meditation ; wild, extrava- 
 gant conceit of the fancy or imagination. There are 
 reveries and extravagancies which pass through the 
 minds of wise men, as well as fools. Mdison. 
 
 2. A chimera; a vision. 
 
 3. In medicine, voluntary inftctivity of the whole 
 or the greater part of the external senses to the im- 
 pressions of surrounding objects, during wakeful- 
 ness^ Good. 
 
 RE-VuR'ING, ppr. Regarding with fear mixed with 
 respect and allcction ; venerating. 
 
 RE-VERS'AL, a. [See Reverse.] Intended to re- 
 verse : implying reverse. Burnet. 
 
 RE- VERS'AL, ji. [fmm rererse.] A change or over- 
 throwing; as, the rrrrrsnl of a jiidgnii-nt, which 
 amounts to nn official declaration tliat it is false. So 
 we speak of the reversal of an attainder, or of an 
 outlawry, by wliicli the sentence is rendered void. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 RE-VERSE', (re-vers',) v. t. [L. reversiis, reverlo ; re 
 and rfrto, to turn.] 
 
 1. To turn U[)side down ; as, to reverse a pyramid 
 or cone. Temple. 
 
 2. To overturn ; to subvert ; as, to reverse the state. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To turnback ; ns, with swift wheels reverse. 
 
 Jltlton. 
 
 4. To turn to the contrary ; as, to reverse the 
 scene. 
 
 Or atTcctattona quite reverse Uic sool. Pope, 
 
 5. To put e.ich in the place of the ottier ; as, tore- 
 vcrse the distinctions of good and evil. Rogers, 
 
 6. In /aio, to overthrow by a contrary decision ; to 
 make void ; to annul ; as, to reverse a judgment, 
 sentence, or decree. Judgments are reversed by 
 writs of error ; anil for certain causes, may be re- 
 verseet without such writs. 
 
 7. To recall. [jVot in "^e.] Spenser, 
 RE-VERSE', (re-vers',) c. i. To return. [J\ o( i;i ksc] 
 
 Spetiser. 
 
 RE-VERSE', (re-vers',) n. Change; vicissitude ; n 
 turn of affairs ; in a good sense. 
 
 By a »tnAn*p reverse of things, Justin 
 ngo» wiu neglecte\l, now oltUiiiM. 
 
 I law, which for many 
 Dalier. 
 
 2. Change for the worse : misfortune. Ry an un- 
 expected reverse of circumstances, an affluent man 
 Is reduced to poverty. 
 
 3. A contrary ; an opposite. 
 
 The performances to which Go<l h.is annexed the promises of 
 ek-niily, are jtut tlie reverse of alt the pursuiu of »'iise. 
 
 Rogers, 
 
 4. [Fr. rccers.] The back side ; as, tlic reverse of a 
 drum ; thercrer.-.r('f a niedal orcoin, i.e., the side oi>- 
 posite to that on wliicli Ihelicad or principal figure is 
 impressed. Brande, 
 
 RE- VERSE', a. Turned backward ; having a con- 
 trary or opposite direction ; as, the reverse order or 
 method. 
 
 RE-VERS'JvD, (re-verst',) pp, or a. Turned side for 
 side, or end for end ; changed to the contrary. 
 
 2. In line, overthrown or annulled. 
 
 3. a. In botanij, resupiuate ; having the upper lip 
 larger and more expanded than the lower ; as, a re- 
 versed corol. BijTclow, 
 
 4. In conehoIooTi, a reversed shell is one whose vo- 
 lutions are the reverse way of Ilie common cork- 
 screw. Humble, 
 
 RE-VEUS'ED-LY, adv. In a reversed manner. 
 
 South, 
 
 RE-VERSF,'LESS, (re-vers'lcss,) a. Not to be re- 
 versed ; irreversible. Snrnril, 
 
 RE-VERSE'LY, (re-vers'ly,) ode. On the other hand ; 
 on the op|)ositc. Pearson, 
 
 RE-VERS'I-BI,E, a. That may be reversed ; as.are- 
 versMe judgment or sentence. 
 
 RE-VERS'ING, ppr. Turning upside down ; subvert- 
 ing ; turning the ctmtrary way ; auniilluig. 
 
 RE-VER'SlOiN, (-vcr'shun,) n, [l"r., from L. rever- 
 sio.] 
 
 I. In a trcnrral sense, ;i retnrning; nppropriatrUi, 
 in lute, the returning of an estate to tlie grantor or his 
 heirs, after a particular estate is ended. Ili iicc, 
 
 9. The residue of an estate left in tlie grantor, to 
 commence in possession after the detcrniinrition of 
 the particular estate granted. Thus, when tln re is a 
 gift in tail, the reversion of the fee is, without any 
 special reservation, vested in the donor liy act of 
 law. Blaeksliine, 
 
 3. In annuities, a payment which is not to In; re- 
 ceived, or a benefit wliicli does not begin, until the 
 liappening of some event, as the death of a ju rson 
 now living. . Brande. 
 
 4. Succession ; right to future possession or enjoy- 
 ment. 
 
 5. In alirebra, reversion of series is the method of 
 expressing the value of an unknown quantity which 
 is involved in an iiilinite series of terms, by means 
 of another series of terms involving the powers of 
 the (piantity to which the proposed scries is etpial. 
 
 Hrantlc, 
 
 RE-VER'SION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to a rcversitm, 
 that is, to be enjoyeil in succession, or after the de- 
 termination of a particular estate ; as, a reversionary 
 interest or right. 
 
 RE-VER'SION-ER, v. The person who lias a rever- 
 sion, or who is entitled to lauds or tcncmciits, after 
 a particular estate granted is determineil. Blaekstone. 
 
 RE- VERT', t". t. reverlo ; re and verto, to turn.] 
 
 1. To turn back ; to turn to Uie contrary; to re- 
 verse. 
 
 Till happy chance revert the cruel scene. Prior. 
 [Instead of revert, in this sense, Reverse is gen- 
 erally used.] 
 
 2. To drive or turn back ; to reverberate ; as, a 
 stream reverted. Thomson. 
 
 RE-VERT', V. i. To return ; to fall back. 
 
 2. In Inw, to return to the proprietor, after the de- 
 termination of a particular estate. A feud granted 
 to a man for life, or to him and his issue male, on his 
 death or failure of issue male, reverted to the lord or 
 projjrietor. 
 
 RE-VERT', II. In mitsii:, return ; recurrence. 
 
 Peacliam. 
 
 RE-VERT'ED, pp. Reversed ; turned back. 
 
 RE-VERT'E.\T, n. A medicine which restores the 
 natural order of the inverted irritative motions in the 
 animal system. Darwin. 
 
 RE-VERT'I-BLE, a. That may revert or return. 
 
 RE-VEKT'INf}, 7>/,r. Turning back ; returning. 
 
 RE-VEIIT'IVE, a. Changing ; reversing. Thomson. 
 
 RE-VERT'I VE-LY, adn. Ity way of reversion. 
 
 REV'ER-V, 71. See Reverie. 
 
 RE-VEST', r. t. [Fr. revltir ; Low L. revestio ; re anil 
 vestio, to clothe.] 
 
 1. 'J'o clothe again. Tfotton. 
 
 2. To reinvest; to vest again with possession or 
 oHicc ; as, to revest a magistrate with authority. 
 
 3. To Lay out in .something less fleeting than mon- 
 ey ; as, to revest money in stocks. 
 
 Rk-VEST', t'. i. To take eflect again, as a title ; to 
 return to a former owner ; as, the title or right re- 
 vests in A, after alienation. 
 
 Rk-VEST'ED, pp. Clothed again : invested anew. 
 
 RE-VEST'I-A-KY, 71. [Fr. revestiaire, from L. re- 
 vestio.] 
 
 The place or apartment in a cliurch or temple 
 where thJ dresses are deposited; now contracted 
 into Vr.sTRv. Camden. 
 Rk-VEST'ING, |7;»r. Clotliing again ; investing 
 ani-w. 
 
 RE-VET'ME.\T, n. [Fr. revetment, the lining of a 
 
 ditch, from revHir, supra.] 
 
 In fortification, a strong wall on the outside of a 
 
 rampart, intrndi d to siip|>ort the earth. 
 RE-VI'liRATE, r. i. [re and vibrate.] To vibrate 
 
 back or in return. 
 RE-Vr-I!R.\'T10.\, n. The act of vibrating back. 
 RE-Vie'TIO.\, 71. [L. re and vivo, tictum, to live.] 
 Return to life. [.Vof tised,] Brown, 
 Ri?-VICT'UAL, (re-vil'l,) v, t, [rc and viaual,] To 
 
 furnish again with provisions. Raleirh, 
 Ric-VICT'LTAL-iU, ^rc-vit'ld,) pp. Furnished "with 
 
 victuals again. 
 RE-VICT'UAL-l.NG, (re-vit'l-ing,) ppr. Supplying 
 
 again with provisions. 
 RE-VIE', V, t, [re and vie,] To accede to the pro- 
 posal of a stake and to overtop it ; an old phrase at 
 
 cards, [ Obs,] B, Jonson. 
 
 RE-VIE', r. I. To return the challenge of a wager at 
 
 cards ; to make a retort. [ Obs.] 
 
 Trial of the Seven Bishops. 
 RE-VIEW, (re-vu',) v, t, [re and ciew ; or Fr. revoir, 
 
 revu,] 
 
 1. I'o look back on. Denham. 
 
 2. To see again. 
 
 I shall revitw Sici:l.i. ShaJk. 
 
 3. To view ftnd examine again ; to reconsider ; to 
 revise ; as, to review a manuscript. It is said that 
 
 Virgil was prevented by death from revieainir the 
 Eneid. 
 
 4. To retrace. 
 
 Sliall 1 the loll];, latxirious scene review 7 Pops. 
 
 5. To survey ; to inspect ; to examine the stale of 
 any thing, particularly of troops ; as, to review a regi- 
 ment. 
 
 Ri;-VIEVV', (re-vu',) 71. [Fr. rmue, from recoir ,- re 
 and voir, from L. video, to see.] 
 
 1. A second or repeated view; a reexamination; 
 resurvey ; as, a review of the works of nature ; a re- 
 view of life. 
 
 2. Revision ; a second examination with a view to 
 amendment or improvement ; as, an author's reriew 
 of his works. 
 
 3. In mUitanj affairs, nn examination or inspection 
 of troops under arms, by a general or commander, 
 for the purpose of ascertaining the state of their dis- 
 cijiliiie, eqiii|)ments, &c. 
 
 4. In literature, a critical examination of a new 
 publication, with remarks. 
 
 5. A periodical pamphlet containing examinations 
 or analyses of new publications; as, the Critical 
 Recieio. 
 
 Commissim of review ; a commission granted by 
 the British king to revise the sentence of the court 
 of delegates. Kneve, 
 
 RE-\ lEW'KD, (re-vude',) pp. Resurveyed ; rc(:.\am- 
 ined ; inspected ; critically analyzed. 
 
 RE-VIhVV'ER, 71. One that reviews or reexamines ; 
 an inspector; one that critically examines a new 
 publication, and publishes his opinion upon its mer- 
 its. 
 
 RE-VIEWINR, ppr. Looking hack on ; seeing 
 again; revising; reiixamining ; inspecting, as an 
 army; critically examining and remarking on. 
 
 RE-VIG'OR-ATE, v, t. [re and vigor,] To give new. 
 vigor to. [JVot in use,] 
 
 RE-ViI,E', r. f. [re and vile. Rivilant is found in 
 the Norman.) 
 
 To reproach ; to treat with opprobrious and con- 
 temptuous language. 
 
 She revilelh liim to his face. S-jiJl. 
 
 Thon shall not revile the go^ls. — Ki. xxii. 
 
 Bless/'d are >c when men shall revile you. — Matt. v. 
 
 RE- VILE', 71. Reproach; contumely; contemptuous 
 language. [^Tnl in iu<e.] .MUtxin. 
 
 RE-VIL'£Ii, pp. Reproached ; treated with oppro- 
 brious or contemptuous language. 
 
 RE-VILE'.MENT, 71. Reproach ; contemptuous lan- 
 guage. Jilore. 
 
 RE-VlL'ER, 71. One who reviles another; one who 
 treats another with contemptuous language. 
 
 RE-VIL'INO, ppr. Reproaching; treating with lan- 
 guage of contempt. 
 
 RE-VIL'I.VG, 71. The act of reviling or treating with 
 reproachful wortls. Is. li. 
 
 RE-VIL'ING-LY, adv. With reproachful or contempt- 
 uous language ; with opprobrium. 
 
 Rr:-VIi\'l)I-e.\TE, p. t. To vindicate again; to re- 
 claim ; to demand and take back what has been lost. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 Rl'c-VIN'DI-eA-TED, pp. Vindicated again; re- 
 claimed. 
 
 Rl"!-VIN'ni-e.A-TI\G, ppr. Reclaiming. 
 
 KE-VlS'AL, 71. [from revise.] Revision; the act of 
 reviewing and reexamining for correction and im- 
 provement ; as, the revisal of a manuscript ; the re- 
 visal of a proof-sheet. 
 
 RE- VISE', V. t. [L. revisits, rcviso, to revisit; re and 
 visa, to see, to visit.] 
 
 1. To review ; to reexamine ; to look over with care 
 for correction ; as, to revise a writing ; to rcctse a 
 proof-sheet. Pope. 
 
 2. To review, alter, and amend ; as, to revise stat- 
 utes. 
 
 RE-VISE', 71. Review ; reexamination. Boyle. 
 2. .Among printers, a second proof-sheet; a prtiof- 
 
 slieel taken after the first correction. 
 RE-VtS'^:t), pp. or o. Reviewed; reexamined for 
 
 correction. 
 
 RE-VIS'ER, 71. One that revises or reexamines for 
 correction. 
 
 RE-VlS'I.\G, ppr. Reviewing; reexamining for cor- 
 rection. 
 
 RE-VI"SIO.V, (re-vizh'un,) 71. [Fr.] The act of re- 
 viewing ; review ; reexamination for correction ; 
 as, the revision of a book or writing, or of a proof- 
 sheet ; a revision of statutes. 
 2. Enumeration of inhabitants. Tooke. 
 
 RF^VI"SIO.\-AI., ) D . , 
 
 RE-VI"SIO.\-A-RY, ( Pertaining to revision. 
 
 RE-VIS'IT, r. t. [Fr rerisiler ; L. revisito; re and 
 ri.N-i/0, from vL^o, to see or riji/.] 
 To visit again. 
 
 I>et the pale sire revisit Thebes. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 RE-VIS-IT-A'TION, 71. The act of revisiting. 
 RE.VIf«'IT-FJ>, pp. Visited again. 
 RE-VI?'IT-I.\G, ppr. Visiting again. 
 RE-VI'SO-RY, a. That reviews; having power to 
 
 revise. , Jtidj^r Story 
 
 RE-Vl'VAL, 71. [from rcrire.] Return, recall, or re- 
 
 TOXE, BULL, T;N1TE.-A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e a s K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
REV 
 
 covery to life from death, or apparent death ; as, the 
 revival of a drou'iicd person. 
 
 2. Ucturn or recall to activity, from a state of lan- 
 guor; as, the revival of spirits. 
 
 3. Recall, return, or recovery from a state of neg- 
 lect, oblivion, obscurity, or depression ; as, the re- 
 vival of letters or learning. 
 
 4. Renewed and more active attention to re- 
 ligion ; an awakening of men to their spiritual 
 concerns. 
 
 RE-VI'VAL-IST, 71. A minister of the gospel who 
 promotes revivals of religion. Rccd and J\Iatkeson. 
 
 RE- VIVE', V. L f Fr. revivre ; L. revioisco ; re and 
 vivo, to live ] 
 
 1. To return to life ; to recover life. 
 
 The soul of the child cams into him again, auj he Tcvived. — 1 
 Kiiij^ xvii. Rom. xiv. 
 
 2. To recover new life or vigor; to be reanimated 
 after depression. 
 
 When lie saw tlie wagons which Joseph had sent tn carry hini, 
 llie spirit I f Jacob tlieir father reviued. — Gen. xiv. 
 
 3. To recover from a state of neglect, oblivion, ob- 
 scurity, or depression. Leartiing revived in Europe 
 after the middle ages. 
 
 4. In ckemistry, to recover its natural state, as a 
 metal. 
 
 Sin revives, when the conscience is awakened by a 
 conviction of guilt. Rom. vii. 
 RE-Vl VE', v. L To bring again to life ; to reanimate. 
 
 Millon. 
 
 2. To raise from languor, depression, or discour- 
 agement ; to rouse ; as, to revive the spirits or cour- 
 age. 
 
 3. To renew ; to bring into action after a suspen- 
 sion ; as, to revive a project or scheme that had been 
 laid aside. 
 
 4. To renew in the mind or memory ; to recall. 
 
 The mind has the power, in many cjises, to revive ideas or percep- 
 tions which it has once had, Locke. 
 
 I 5. To recover from a state of neglect or depres- 
 ' sion ; as, to revive letters or learninf:. 
 
 C. To recomfort ; to quicken ; to refresh with joy 
 or hope. 
 
 Wilt thou not revive us again ? — Ps. Ixxxv. 
 
 7. To bring again into notice. 
 
 Revive the libels born to die. Swift. 
 
 8. In chcinistry, to restore or reduce to its natural 
 state, or to its metallic state ; as, to revive a metal 
 after calcination. 
 
 RE-VIV'£D, ]jp. Brought to life; reanimated; re- 
 newed; recovered ; quickened ; cheered; reduced 
 to a metallic state. 
 
 RE-VlV'ER, 11. Tliat which revives ; that which in- 
 vigorates or refreshes; one that redeems from neg- 
 lect or depression. 
 
 RE-VIV'I-FI-CaTE, J). «. [Fr. revivijier ; L. rc and 
 vivifco ; vivus, alive, and facia, to make.] 
 
 To revive; to recall or restore to life. [Little 
 iised.] 
 
 RE-Vl V-I-Fi eA'TION, n. Renewal of life ; res- 
 toration of life ; or the act of recalling to life. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 2. In chemistry, the reduction of a metal from a 
 state of ct)nil)iTiatinn to its metallic state. 
 RE-VlV'r-FI-£l), pp. Recalled to life ; reanimated. 
 RE-VIV'I-F?, II. t. [Fr. rcvivijier.] 
 
 1. To recall to life ; to reanimate. Stachhouse. 
 
 2. To give new life or vigor to. 
 
 RE-VIV'I-FY-ING, ppr. Giving new life or vigor to. 
 
 RE VIVING, ppr. or a. Bringing to life again ; rean- 
 imating ; renewing; recalling to the memory; re- 
 covering from neglect or depression : refreshing with 
 joy or hope ; reducmg to a metallic state. 
 
 RE-VIV'Ii\G-LY, adv. In a reviviug manner. 
 
 Colcridrre. 
 
 REV-I-VIS'CENCE, j n. Renewal of life ; return to 
 REV-I-VIS'GEN-CY, j life. Burnet. 
 REV-I-VIS'CENT, a. Reviving ; regaining or rcstor- 
 
 ine life or action. Darwin. 
 RE-VI'VOR, n. In Jaw, the reviving of a suit which 
 
 is abated by the death of any of the parties. This 
 
 is done by a hill of revivor. Blackstonc. 
 REVO-CA BLE, a. [Fr., from L. revocubilis. See 
 
 Revoke.] 
 
 That may be recalled or revoked ; that may be re- 
 pealed or annulled ; as, a revocable edict or grant. 
 RE VO-eA-BI-E-NESS, n. The quality of being rev- 
 ocable. 
 
 REVO-CA-BLY, adv. In a revocable manner. 
 REVO-CATE, v. t. [L. rcvoco ; rc and voco, to call.] 
 To recall ; to call back. [JVut in use.] [See Re- 
 voke.] 
 
 REV-O CA'TION, v. [Fr., from L. rmoeatio.] 
 
 1. 'I'Jie art of recalling or calling back ; as, the rev- 
 ocation of (/'alvin. Jlooker. 
 a. .State of being recalled. Jrowell. 
 X Repeal ; rcvcrnal ; ax, the rcvociilion of the edict 
 of Nantes. A law may cease to ii|«T.'ite without an 
 exprc'Hn revocation. Ho we npeak of the revocation of 
 n will, of a nne, of a devise, &.r. 
 REVO-CA-TO-RV, a. Revoking; recalling. 
 Rii' VOICE', V. L To refurnish with a voice ; to refit 
 
 REV 
 
 an organ-pipe, so as to restore its proper quality of 
 tone. 
 
 Rk'VOIC'ED, (-voist',) pp. Refurnished with a voice. 
 RE-VOKE', V. f. [Fr. rcvoqiter; h. revoco ; re and voco, 
 to call.] 
 
 1. To recall ; to repeal ; to reverse. A law, decree, 
 or sentence is revoked by the same authority which 
 enacted or passed it. A charter or grant which vests 
 rights in a corporation can not be legally revoked 
 without the consent uf the corporation. A devise 
 may be revoked by the devisor, a use by the grantor, 
 and a will by the testator. 
 
 2. To check ; to repress ; as, to revoke rage. [JVo« 
 in use.] Spenser. 
 
 3. To draw back. 
 
 Seas ar? troubled when they do revoke 
 Th -ir llinving waves into ihenisclves again. Vavies. 
 [Unusitat.] 
 
 RE-VoKE', v. i. In card-playino-, to violate the laws 
 of the game by not playing the cards according to 
 the estalilished sequence. Hoyle. 
 
 RE-VoKE', n. In card-playing, a vioLition of rule by 
 not playing the cards according to the established se- 
 quence of the game. Hoylc. 
 
 RE-VoK'7oD, (re-vokt',) pp. Repealed ; reversed. 
 
 RE-VoKE'MENT, n. Revocation ; reversal. [Litde 
 used. ] Sliak. 
 
 RE-VoK'ING, ppr. Reversing; repealing. 
 
 KE-VoK'ING-LY, adv. By way of revocation. 
 
 RE-VOLT', V. i. [Fr. rcvolter ; It. rivottare; ri and 
 voltare, to turn ; from L. revolve ; re and Volvo, to 
 turn. Eng. wallow,'] 
 
 1. To fall off or turn from one to another. S/ia/c. 
 
 2. To renounce allegiance and subjection to one's 
 prince or state ; to reject the authority of a sovereign ; 
 as a province or a number of people. /( is not ap- 
 plied to individuals. 
 
 Tlic Edomites revolted from under tlie hand of Judah, — 2 
 Chron, xxi. 
 
 3. To change. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 4. In Scripture, to disclaim allegiance and subjec- 
 tion to God ; to reject the government of the King of 
 kings. Is. x.xxi. 
 
 RE-VOLT', V. t. To turn ; to put to flight ; to over- 
 turn. Burke. 
 
 2. To shock ; to do violence to; to cause to shrink 
 or turn away with abhorrence ; as, to revolt the mind 
 or the feelings. 
 
 Their honest pride of Uieir purer religion had revolted the 
 Babylonians. Mttfard. 
 
 RE-VOLT', n. Desertion ; change of sides ; more cor- 
 rectly, a renunciation of allegiance and subjection to 
 one's prince or government; as, the revolt of a prov- 
 ince of the Roman empire. 
 
 2. Gross departure from duty. Shak. 
 
 3. In Scripture, a rejection of divine government; 
 departure from God ; disobedience. Is. \\\. 
 
 4. A revolter. [J^ot in use.] Shak. 
 RE-VOLT'ED, pp. ox a. Having swerved from alle- 
 giance or duty. Jiltlton. 
 
 2. S^hocked ; grossly oflended. 
 RE-VOI/r'ER, 71. One who changes sides ; a de- 
 serter, .^ttcrbury. 
 
 2. One who renounces allegiance and subjection to 
 his prince or state. 
 
 3. In Scripture, one who renounces the authority 
 and laws of God. Jcr. vi. Hos. \\. 
 
 RE-VOLT'ING, ppr. Changing sides ; deserting. 
 
 2. Disclaiming allegiance ami subjection to a prince 
 or state. 
 
 3. Rejecting the authority of God. 
 
 4. a. Doing violence, as to the feelings ; exciting 
 al)horr''nre. 
 
 Iti; vol. 1' I \G T,Y, (!(/(>. Om-nsivcly; abhorrently. 
 
 Ki:\ 'i M.n iiLE, a. That may revolve. 
 
 REVO-LUTE, <i. [L. rerolutus, from revolvo.] 
 
 In /iii'diiy and :oi)7u»-;/, rolled back or downward ; 
 as, rrrulate foliation or leafing, when the sides of the 
 leaves in the bud are rolled spirally back or toward 
 the lower surface ; a rcvolute leaf or tendril ; a revo- 
 hile corol or valve. MarUjn. Lee. Brandc. 
 
 REV-O-Lu'TION, n. [Fr., from L. revolutus, re- 
 volvo.] 
 
 1. In physics, rotation; the circular motion of a 
 body on its axis ; a course or motion which brings 
 every point of the surface or periiihery of a body 
 back to the pl.ace at which it began to move ; as, the 
 revolution of a wheel ; the diurnal revolution of the 
 earth. 
 
 2. The motion of a body round any fixed point or 
 center ; as, the annual revolution of the earth or other 
 planet in its orbit round the center of the system. 
 
 3. In ircometry, the motion of a magnitude (as a 
 point, lino, or surface) about a point or line as its 
 center or axis. .1. U. Stanley. 
 
 4. Motion of any thing which brings it back to 
 the same point or state ; as, the revolution of day and 
 night, or of the seasons. 
 
 5. (-'ontiiiued course marked by the regular return 
 of years ; as, the revolution of ages. 
 
 6. Space measured by some regular return of a re- 
 volving body, or of a statu of tilings ; as, the revolu- 
 tion of a day. Drydcn. 
 
 REW 
 
 7. In politics, a material or entire cluinge in the 
 constitnlion of government. Thus the reM/«(ion in 
 England, in 1688, was produced by the abdication of 
 King James II., the establishment of the house of 
 Orange upon the throne, and the restoration of the 
 constittition to its primitive state. The revolution in 
 the United States of America, which began in 1775, 
 effected the separation of the colonies from Great 
 Britain. The revolution in France is, distinctively, 
 that which began in 1789, and which caused the de- 
 thronement and death of Louis XVI. The revolution 
 of the three days, in France, in 1830, was that which 
 placed the family of Orleans on the throne. 
 
 8. Motion backward. Milton. 
 This word is used adjectivcly, as in the phrase rev- 
 olution principles. .Addison, Smollett. 
 
 REV-O-LC'TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to a revolu- 
 tion in government ; as, a revolutionary war; revolu- 
 tionary crimes or disasters. Burke. 
 
 2. Tending to produce a revolution ; as, revolution- 
 ary measures, 
 
 REV-O-LU'TION-ER, re. One who is engaged in ef- 
 fecting a revolution ; a revolutionist, Bamsay. 
 
 2, In England, one who favored the revolution in 
 1(;88. SmolleU. 
 REV-0-Ll5'TI0N-ISiM, n. State of revolutions. 
 REV-O-LU'TION-IST, 7i. One engaged in effecting 
 a change of government ; the favorer of a revolution. 
 
 Burke. S. S. Smith. 
 REV-O-Lu'TION-IZE, v. t. To effect a change in 
 the form of a political constitution ; as, to revolution- 
 ize a government. Ames. 
 2. To effect an entire change of principles in. 
 
 The gospel, if received in truth, has revolutionized his soul. 
 
 J. M, Mason. 
 
 REV-O-Lu'TION-lZ ED, pp. Changed in constitu- 
 tional form and principles. 
 
 REV-0-LO'TIOi\-IZ-ING, ppr. Changing the form 
 and principles of a constitution. 
 
 RE-VOLVE', (re-volv',) v. i. [L. revolvo; re and 
 Volvo ; Russ. valyu, to roll.] 
 
 1. To turn or roll round ; as, the earth revolves on 
 its a.tis, 
 
 2, To move round a center; as, the planets revolve 
 round the sun, 
 
 RE-VOLVE', V. t. To turn over and over ; as, to re- 
 volve thoughts in the mind. 
 
 RE-VOLV'SD, pp. Turned over and over ; seriously 
 considered. 
 
 RE-VOLVEN-CY, n. State, act, or principle of re- 
 volving ; revolution. 
 
 Its own revolvency upholds the world. Cowper. 
 
 RE-VOLV'ING, p;>r. ora. Turning; rolling; moving 
 _round. 
 
 Re-VO.M'IT, v. t. [re and vomit ; Fr. rcvomir.] 
 
 To vomit or pour forth again ; to reject from the 
 
 stomach. Hukcicill. 
 Rk-VO.M'IT-ED, pp. Vomited again, 
 Ric-VOM'IT-ING, ppr. Vomiting again, 
 RE-VUL'SION, 71. [Fr., from h. revulsus, revcllo ; re 
 
 and vello, to pull.] 
 
 1, In medicine, the act of turning or diverting any 
 disease from one part of the body to another. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. The act of holding or drawing back. Brown. 
 RE-VUL'SIVE, tt. Having the power of revulsion. 
 RE-VUL'SIVE, n. That which has the power of di- 
 verting disease from one part to anotlirr. 
 
 2. 7'hat which has the power of withdrawing. 
 
 Fell. 
 
 REW, (rii,) n. A row. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 RE-\VAR1)', V. t. [Norm, retrardcr, to alltiw ; regar- 
 des, fees, allowances, perquisites, rewards ; rcgardei, 
 awardetl. In these words there appears to be an al- 
 liance with regard. But in the Fr. and Norm, guer- 
 don, <i reward, and guerdonncr, to reward, this alli- 
 ance does not appear. So the Italian guiderdonare, 
 to reward, is evidently a compound of the \j. dono 
 with another word, and apparently with the Sax. 
 wither, G. wider and wicder, D. weder, answering to 
 L. re, denoting return. The Spanish and Portuguese 
 have the Latin word with a different prefix ; Sp. ga- 
 lardon, ii jeward ; galardonar, to reward ; Port, galar- 
 dam, galadoar. The Armoric has garredon, garredo- 
 ncr. Reward appeiirs to be from the Norman.] 
 To give in return, either good or evil. 
 Thou hast reicarfUd me good, whercoi I have reteorded tliec 
 evil. — 1 Sam, xxiv. 
 
 Hence, when good is returned for good, reward sig- 
 nifies to repay, to recompense, to coinpensatf. When 
 evil or suffering is returned for injury oi wickedness, 
 reward signilios to punish with just retribution, to 
 take vengeance on, according to the nature of the 
 casi\ 
 
 I will irnd'T vcngeanco to my enemies, and will retvard tlicin 
 
 that liiite me. — Deut. xxxii. 
 The Son I'f man will come in the (rlory pf his Father, with his 
 
 iiii)'<-U, and then he will rsiAira every man nccottiin|f to his 
 
 wiit«. — MaU. ivl. 
 
 In the latter pa.ssagc, rctcard signifies to render 
 bolh good and evil. 
 RE-WAltl)', 71. Recompense, or equivalent return for 
 good done, for kinilness, for services, and the like. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 052 
 
RHE 
 
 Rewards may consist of iiionuy, goods, or any return 
 of kindness or Impjiincss. 
 
 The labouT is worthy of his reward. — 1 Tim. v. 
 Grent is yovir reiffard in hcuvcii. — Mall. v. 
 Rewards and piinislimcnta presuppose moral agen- 
 cy, and something voluntarily done, well or ill ; witli- 
 out wliicli respect, though w e may receive good, it 
 is only a benefit, and not a reward. 
 Q. The fruit of men's labor or works. 
 
 The lU'ad Iinow not any thing, ncilher have they any more a rc- 
 tuard. — Ecclcs. ix. 
 
 3. A bribe ; a gift to pervert justice. Deut. x.xvii. 
 
 4. A sum of money offered for taking or delecting 
 a criminal, or for recover)' of any thing lost. 
 
 5. Punishment; a just return of evil or suffering 
 for wickedness. 
 
 Only with thine eyes slialt Uiou behold and see the reward of the 
 wiclieii. — Ps. xci. 
 
 6. Return in human applause. Matt. vi. 
 
 7. Return in joy and comfort. Ps. six. 
 
 RE WARD' A-KLE, a. That may be rewarded ; worthy 
 of recompense. /looker. Taulor. 
 
 R10-WARI)'A-IU.K-NESS, n. The state of being 
 worliiy of reward. Ouodman. 
 
 RE-W.\R1)'A-BLY, aili'. In a rewardable manner. 
 
 RE-\VARD'ED, ;;/). Requited; recompensed or pun- 
 ished.' 
 
 RE-\VARn'ER, 71. One who rewards ; one that re- 
 quites or recompenses. Hcl>. xi. .^ildi.ion. Swifl. 
 
 RE-VVARD'ING, ppr. Making an equivalent return 
 for good or evil ; requiting; recompensing or punish- 
 
 RE-\VaRI)'LESS, a. Having no reward. [ing. 
 
 Rr.-WdRU', (rC-wurd',) r. t. [re and ward.] To re- 
 peat in the same words. [JVuI in iwc] Shak. 
 
 Rf.-VVRITE', r. t. To write a second time. 
 
 Rjf.-WRIT'IXG, ppr. Writing again. 
 
 Rif.-WRIT'Tf;.\, Written again. Kent. 
 
 RKX, II. [L.] .\ king. 
 
 REY'N.^RI), (ri'nard,) n. An appellation given to a 
 fo.v ; renard. 
 
 RH.\-HAR'HA-RATE, a. [Pee Rhubarb.] Impreg- 
 nated or tinctured with rliubarli. Floijcr. 
 
 RIlA-li.iiR'B.V-RINE, n. [h. rhabarbarum. Generally 
 and more correctly called Rheis, which see.] 
 
 A pro.viinato principle of rhiil>:ii b, which appears to 
 possess the properties of an acid. It has been sup- 
 posed to be the active principle of rhubarb ; but this 
 is not well settled. 
 
 RHAn-D0L'0-6Y, (rab-dol'o-je,) n. [Gr. ^afJSof, a 
 staff or wand, and Xoyof, discourse.] 
 
 The act or art of^ computing or numbering by 
 means of certain little square rods, called jYnjiier's 
 rods or J^apier^s bones. JlitUon. 
 
 RH.\H'DO-MAN-CY, (rab'do-man-se,) n. [Gr. (5u^- 
 do5, rod, and navrcin, divination.] 
 Divination by a rod or wand. Brown. 
 
 RHA-I'OX'TI-CiX, II. (L. rhapnntkum.] 
 
 .\ proximate principle of Uheum rliaponticum ; 
 perhaps the same as Rhein. 
 
 RH.\P-S()I)'ie, (rap-sod'ik,) j a. [from rAnpiorfw.] Per- 
 
 RH.\P-SOD'ie-.\L, I taining to or consist- 
 
 ing of rhapsodv ; unconnected. Mason. Martin. 
 
 RII AP'.SO-DIST, n. [from rhapsndij.] One that writes 
 or spi aks without regular dei)endence of one part of 
 his discourse on another. Watts. 
 
 9. One who recites or sings rhapsodies for a liveli- 
 hood ; or one who makes and repeata verses extem- 
 pore. 
 
 3. .incicnthj, one whose profession was to recite 
 the verses of Ilomer and other poets. 
 RHAP'SO-DIZE, p. i. To utter rhapsodies. Jrffrrson. 
 RH.^'i^O-DY, (rap'so-de.) ii. [Gr. pmauiSia ; panrco, 
 to sew, or unite, and ojdfty a song.] 
 
 Ori^inallij, a portion of an epic poem fit for recita- 
 tion at one lime, as a book of Homer was rehearsed 
 by a rhapsodist. In modern usa*re^ confused jumble 
 of sentences or stalcmenis, without dependence or 
 natural connection ; rambling composition. 
 
 Locke. fVatts. 
 
 RHe'IX, 71. [Jj. rheum, rhubarb.] 
 
 A proximate princijile of the offirin.al rhubarb, 
 which appears to be an acid, and, as such, has been 
 called rAi ic acid. It has been supposed to be the ac- 
 tive principle of rhubarb, but this is doubtful. 
 RHEIX'UER-RY, (rane-,) ii. Buckthorn, a plant. 
 
 Jolinson. 
 
 RIIEN'IPII, (ren'ish,) a. Pertainins to the River Rhine, 
 or to Rlieims in France ; as, R.'ienish wine. As a 
 7101111, the wine produced on the hills about Rheims, 
 which is remarkable as a solvent of iron. Encijc. 
 
 RHic'TI.AN, (re'shan,) a. Pertaining to the ancient 
 Rliieti, or to Rhietia, their country ; as, the Rhetian 
 Alps, now the country of Tyrol and the Grisons. 
 
 RIlE'TOR, 71. [L., from Gr. prirw.o, an orator or 
 speaker.] 
 
 A rhetorician. [Little used."] Hammond. 
 RHET'O-Rie, (ret'o-rik,) n. [Gr. /'ijTopixr;, from ptoi, 
 to speak, to flow, contracted from /Scrt.i or /SiOi.i, Eng. 
 to read The primary sense is, to drive or send. See 
 ReadJ 
 
 1. The science of oratory; the art of speaking with 
 propriety, elegance, and force. 
 
 Locke. Dryden. Encye. 
 
 RHO 
 
 2. The power of persuasion or attraction ; that 
 which allures or charms. We speak of the rhetoric 
 of the tongue, and the rhetoric of the heart or eyes. 
 Sweet, iilent rheloric of persuading eyes. Darnel. 
 RIIE-TOR'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to rhetoric; as, the 
 rhetorical art. 
 
 2. Containing the rules of rhetoric ; as, a rhetorical 
 treatise. 
 
 3. Oratorical ; as, a rhetorical flourish. More. 
 RIIE-TOR'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of rheto- 
 ric ; according to the rules of rheloric; as, to treat a 
 subject rhetoricalhi ; a discourse, rhetorically delivered. 
 
 RHE-TOR'ie-ATE, v. i. To play the orator. [J^ut in 
 tisc.^ Decay of Pietv. 
 
 RHE-TOR-ie-A'TION, fu Rhetorical amplification. 
 J^JVot in use. ] Waterland. 
 
 RHET-0-RI"CIAN, (ret-o-rish'an,) 7i. [Fr. rhetori- 
 cic/i.] 
 
 1. One who teaches the art of rhetoric, or the prin- 
 ciples and rules of correct and elegant speaking. 
 
 The ancient sophists ami rlieloridana, who had young auditors, 
 lived till lliey were a huiulreil years old. Bacon. 
 
 9. One well versed in the rules and principles of 
 rhetoric. 
 
 3. An orator. [Less proper.] JOryden. 
 
 RIIET-0-RI"CIAN, (-rish'-) a. [See the noun.] Suit- 
 ing a master of rhetoric. [jVo( in use.] Blackmorc. 
 
 RHET'O-RIZE, ». i. To play the orator. Cotgrave. 
 
 RllET'O-RIZE, V. t. To represent by a figure of ora- 
 tory. Milton. 
 
 RIIET'0-RIZ-£D, pp. Represented by a hgure of or- 
 atory. 
 
 RHEuM, 71. [Gr. I'lcvpa, from ('rw, to flow.] 
 
 1. An increased action of the vessels of any organ ; 
 but generally applied to the increased .action of mu- 
 cous glands, attendiMl with increased discharge and 
 an alterud state of their excreted fluids. 
 
 2. A thin, serous fluid, secreted by the mucous 
 glands, &c., as in c.itarrh. Shak. 
 
 RllEO-MAT'ie, (ru-mat'ik,) a. [h. rheumaticiis i Gr. 
 pivtiariKOs, from ^ivita, rheum, which see.] 
 
 Pertaining to rheumatism, or partaking of its na- 
 ture ; as, rheumatic pains or affections. 
 
 RIIEO'ilA-TlS.M, (rQ'ma-tizm,) «. [ L. rAc«ma(i.s-77iiij ; 
 Gr. /itDfKtTiCT/ifK, from ptviia, a watery humor, from 
 (itc), to flow ; the ancients supposing the disease to 
 proceed from a defluxion of humors.] 
 
 A painful disease aflecting muscles and joints of 
 the human body, chiefly the larger joints, as the hips, 
 knees, shoulders, &.C. Encijc. Parr. 
 
 RIIEOM'Y, (ru'nie,) a. [from rAciim.] Full of rheum 
 or watery matter; consisting of rheum or partaking 
 of its nature. 
 
 2. Aflected with rheum. Dryden. 
 
 3. Abounding with sharp moisture ; causing rheum. 
 
 Sfutk. 
 
 RIIIME. See Rhtme. 
 
 RHI'NO, ji. A cant word for gold and silver, or mon- 
 ey. JVarrstnffc. 
 
 RHI-NO-Ck'RI-AL, a. [from rhinoceros.] Pertaining 
 to the rhinoceros ; rt-scmbling the rhinoceros. Taller. 
 
 RIII-NOC'E-ROS, (ri-nos'e-ros,) n. [Fr. rAi'iioccroj; or 
 rhinoceroti li. nnt\ i^p. rinocerunte ; Ij. rhinoceros ; Gr. 
 pu'oictoi.ii, nose horii ; pii*, the nose, W. rhyn, a point, 
 and Kriiof, a horn.] 
 
 A large pachydermatous mammal, nearly allied to 
 the elephant, the hippopotamus, the tapir, &c. Five 
 species are described by naturalists. Two of these 
 have a single horn on the nose, and three of them 
 liave two horns. Rhinoceros Indic.us inhabits India, 
 especially the banks of the Ganges ; R. .^fricanus 
 and R. Simus inhabit Southern Africa ; and R. Su' 
 matren.iL<! and if. Sondaicus inhabit Sumatra. 
 
 RIII-NOC'E-ROS-BIRD, n. A bird of the genus Bu- 
 ceros, a species of hornbill, Buceros Rhinoceros, 
 found in the East Indies and Indian Islands, having 
 a crooked horn on the forehead, joined to the upper 
 mandible. P. Cyc. 
 
 RUI-NO-PI...\S'Tie, a. [Gr. l,tv, the nose, and rXac- 
 (70), to form.] Forming a nose. 
 
 The rhinoplastic o[)eration, in surgery, is one which 
 renews the nose, or supplies a substitute for a natu- 
 ral nose. , 
 
 RIII-Zo'MA, 71. [Gr. ^ijoj/ia, something firmly root- 
 ed.] 
 
 In botany, a large and fleshy or woody part or organ 
 of a root, analogous to a stem under ground, which 
 is neither a tuber nor a bulb. It Is of very various 
 forms, and always has radicles, and not unfrequent- 
 lj:,librils, growing from it. The esculent part of the 
 root of a beet, carrot, or parsnep, furnishes a good 
 example of a rhizoina. 
 RUT-ZOPH'A-GOUS, (rl-zof 'a-gus,) a. [Gr. ^Ja and 
 ((invci.l 
 
 Feeding on roots. 
 Rn5'DI-AN, a. Pertaining to Rhodes, an isle of the 
 
 Mediterranean ; as, Rhodian laws. 
 RIIO'DI-UM, 71. A metal discovered by Wollaston, 
 in 1803, among grains of crude platinum. 
 
 Rhodium requires the strongest heat that can be 
 produced in a wind-furnace, for its fusion. When 
 fused, it has a white color and a metallic luster. It 
 is extremely hard, brittle, and has a sp. gr. of about 
 
 RHY 
 
 11. It unites with oxygen at a red heat. When 
 pure, it is not acted upon by any acid ; but if in the 
 slate of an alloy, it is dissolved by atjua retria. 
 
 Turner. 
 
 RIIO-DO-DE\'DRON, n. [Gr lioiov, a ro.ne, and 
 iev^Mv, a tree.] 
 
 The name o( a genus of plants, and the type of 
 the natural order Rhododeiidrareie. Four species 
 are known to grow in New England, viz., two de- 
 ciduous leafed, which are called upright or swamp- 
 honeysuckles; and two evergreen ones, which can 
 hardly be said to have any distinctive |Hipular names. 
 Several of the species of this genus are niediiinal, 
 and many of them are highly ornamental. 
 RIIO'UOi\-ITE, 71. An impure variety of manganese 
 
 spar. Dana. 
 RIKET'IZ-ITE, ; (ret-,) 71. A variety of the mineral 
 RIIET'IZ-ITE, I kyanite. Dana. 
 RHOMIi, j 71. [Fr. rhomhe; h. rhombus ; Gr. pop- 
 RllO.M'rfUS, ( ilof, from liipfiw, to turn or whirl 
 round, to wander, to roam, or rove; literally, a 
 deviating square.] 
 
 In geometry, an oblique-angled, equilateral 'parallel- 
 ogram, or a quadrilateral figure whose sides are et|ual 
 and the opixjsite sides parallel, hut the angles une- 
 qual, two of the angles being obtuse and two acute. 
 
 Jluttim. 
 
 RHOM'Bie, a. Il.aving the figure of a rhomb. (Irew- 
 RIlO.M-nO-llK'DRAL, (rom-bo-hc'dral,) a. [Gr. l,op- 
 
 (io^, rhomb, and L^oa, side.] 
 
 Related to the rhomhohedron ; presenting forms 
 
 derivable from a rhombohedron. Dana. 
 RHOM-BO-Hk'DRON, 71. A solid contained by six 
 
 equal rhombic planes. 
 RIIO.M'BOII), 71. [Gr. Implioi, rhomb, and r iiJof, form.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a figure having some resemblance 
 to a rhomb ; or a quadril.ateral figure whose opposite 
 sides and angles are equal, but which is neitherequir 
 lateral nor etpiiangulttr. Huttmu 
 
 2. a. In analomu, the rhomboid muscle is a thin, 
 broad, and oliliqiiely-sipiare. Meshy muscle, between 
 the basis of the scapula and the spina dursi. Eneyc. 
 
 RIIO.'M-HOIU'AL, a. Having the shape of a rhom- 
 boid. Woodward. 
 
 RIIO.MB'-SP.>iR, 71. A mineral resembling calc-spar in 
 luster, and crystals consisting of the carbonates of 
 lime and magnesia, with some carbonate of iron. 
 Owing to the latter, it usu.ally turns brown on expo- 
 sure. i>a7ui. 
 
 RHO.M'BUS, 71. See Rhomb. 
 
 o , _ 
 
 RHO'BXRB, (ru'birb,) 71. [Pers. OOjJj rawand. In 
 
 Syr. rnihorig. It seems to be a compound word, lat- 
 inized rhabarbarum.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Rheum, of several species ; 
 as the rhaponlic, or common rhubarb ; the palma- 
 led, or Chinese rhubarb ; the compact, or Tartarian ; 
 the undulated, or wa\e-leafed rhubarb ; and the ribes, 
 or currant rhubarb of Alount Libantis. 'i'he rtxit of 
 a hitherto non descript species is medicinal and much 
 used as a moderate cathartic. 
 RHO'BARB-Y, a. Like rhubarb. 
 
 RHUMU, (rum,) 71. [from rhomb.] In narigation,a 
 circle on the earth's surface making a given angle 
 with the meiidian of the pl.ace, marking the direc- 
 tion of any object through which it passes. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RIIUMB'-LTXE, n. In narigation, the track of a ves- 
 sel which cuts all the meridians at the s.ame angle ; 
 also called the lozodromic curve. Brande, 
 
 RHUS, (rus,) 71. [L. ; Gr. ^'ivf.] A genus of plants, 
 including the various species of sumach. P. Cyc. 
 
 RH?.ME, (rime,) 71. [Sax. rim, and gerim, number; 
 ri/naii, to number ; ge-riman, id.; riman and ryman, 
 to give place, to open a way, to make room ; Sw. anti 
 Dan. rim: D. rym; G. retm; W. rhiv ; Ir. rimA or 
 reomh. The Welsh word is rendered also, that di- 
 vides or separates, and the Sax. 7-i7n seems to be con- 
 nected with room, from opening, spreading. The 
 deduction of this word from the Greek /',iiM/io? is a 
 palpable error. The true orthography is rime or ryme ; 
 but as rime is hoar-frost, and rhyme gives the true 
 pronunciation, it may be convenient to continue the 
 present orthography.] 
 
 1. In poetry, the correspondence of sounds in the 
 terminating words or syllables of two verses, one of 
 which succeeds Uie other immediately, or at no great 
 disLince. 
 
 for rhyme with reason nwy dispense. 
 And sound I1.1S right to govern sense. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 To constitute this correspondence in single words, 
 or in syllables, it is necessary that the towel and the 
 Jinai articulations or consonants, should be the same, 
 or have nearly the same sound. The initial conso- 
 nants may be different, as in ^iid and mind, new and 
 drew, cause and laics. 
 
 2. A harmonical succession of sounds. 
 
 The youth witji sonirs (tnd rhyme*. 
 Some dance, some haul the rvpe. 
 
 3. Poetry ; a poem. 
 
 He knew 
 
 tlimKlf to sinj, and build the lofty rhfmt. 
 
 Denham. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, tlXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 120 
 
 BBBB' 
 
 953 
 
I 
 
 RIB 
 
 RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 RHtM'ER, ) „ r, 
 RHYM'IST, S " 
 RHV.M'STER, ) 
 
 4. A word of sound to answer to another word. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Rhyme or reason ; number or sense. 
 But from thai time unto thia spason, 
 
 I had neither rltyme nor reason. Spenter. 
 UII7ME, (rime,) v. i. To accord in sound. 
 
 But h^niMl his notioQS as they fel!, 
 
 And if^tliey rhyrned and rattled, all was well. OrytUn. 
 
 2. To make verses. 
 
 There marched the bard and blockhead side by aide, 
 
 Who rhyined for hire, and palronia-'d for pride. Pope. 
 
 RH?ME, r. t. To put into rhyme. Wilson. 
 RHY.M'/CD, (rinid,) ]>p. Put into rhyme. 
 
 RHf.ME'LES.S, «. Destitute of rliynie ; not having 
 
 consonance of sound. Hall. 
 
 One who makes rhymes ; a versi- 
 a poor poet. Johnson, thyden. 
 
 RHY M'lG, a. Pertainini to rhyme. 
 RH VX'eHO-LlTE, (rink'o-,) n. [Gr. pvyxof, a beak, 
 and AiOuf, a stone.] 
 The petrified beak of a bird. 
 RHYTHM, (rithm.) ) rr- ' o i 
 RHYTH'MUS, (rith'nms,) \ i^^' P^^t^o^-i 
 
 1. In the widest sense, a division of time into short 
 portions by a regular succession of motions, impulses, 
 sounds, &c., producing an agreeable effect, as in the 
 dance, music, &c. 
 
 2. In grammar, a division of lines in short portions 
 by a regular succession of arses and theses, or per- 
 cussions and remissions of voice on words or sylla- 
 bles. It belongs peculiarly to poetry, but is found 
 likewise in well-constructed prose. P. Cyc 
 
 RHYTH'Mie-AL, a. [Gr. pt,«,/iiii)s ; L. rythmicus.] 
 Pertaining to rliythmus, which see. 
 
 R1('.\L, 7!. A Spanish coin. [See Real.] 
 
 Rl'AL, 71. [from royal.] A royal ; a gold coin for- 
 merly current in Britain, of the value of ten shillings 
 sterling in the reign of Henry VI., and of fifteen 
 shillings in the reign of Elizabeth. Brande. 
 
 RI AL' TO, n. [It.] The name of a famous bridge 
 at Venice over the grand canal. 
 
 RI'AJ^T, (r£'ang,) a. [Ft., from rire, to laugh.] 
 Laughing; exciting gayety ; delightful to the view, 
 ,is a landscape. [JVb( an^rUcized.] Burke. 
 
 RIB, 71. [Sax. rib or ribb ; Ire. ri/"; G. rippe; D. rib, a 
 rib or rafter ; Sw. refbcn, rib or side-hone ; Dan. rib- 
 be or ribbcen, rib-bone; Riiss. rebro, a rib or side. 
 This word, like the L. cosia, signifies side, border, 
 extremity, whence the compound in Sw. and Dan. 
 rib-bune, that is, side-bone. It may be allied to the 
 L. ripa. The sense of side is generally from extend- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. A bone of animal bodies which forms a part of 
 the frame of the thorax. The ribs in the human 
 body are twelve on each side, proceeding from the 
 spine to the sternum, or tovvarcl it, and serving to in- 
 close and protect the heart and lungs. 
 
 9. In ship-biiililing, a piece of timber wliich forms 
 or strengthens the sitle of a ship. 
 
 Ribs of a parrel, are short pieces of plank, having 
 holes, through which are reeved the two parts of the 
 parrel rope. Jilar. Did. 
 
 3. An arch-formed piece of timber for supporting 
 the lath and plaster work of a vault. Owilt. 
 
 4. In botany, the continuatitui of the petiole along 
 the middle of a leaf, and from which the veins take 
 their rise. Martijn. 
 
 5. In clolh, a prominent line or rising, like a rib. 
 
 6. Something long, thin, and narrow ; a strip. [VV. 
 rh,b.] 
 
 7. .\ wife ; an allusion to Eve, our common moth- 
 er, made out of Adam's rib. [Ku/i'ar.] 
 
 Grose. Tfalliwell. 
 RIB, ». t. To furnish with ribs. In manufactures, to 
 form with rising lines and channels ; as, to rib cloth ; 
 whence we say, ribbed cloth. 
 
 2. To inclose with ribs. Shak. 
 RIIi'ALI), 71. [Fr. rihawl; It. ribnldo, a rogue, and as 
 
 an adjrctih'r, p(tor, beggarly ; Arm. ribaud, a fornica- 
 t<»r. tiu. D. rabout, rabauw, a rogue or rascal. Ac- 
 cording to the Italian, this word is a compound of ri, 
 or re, and bnldo, bold, or Sp. baldio, itllo, la/.y, va- 
 grant, untilled. But the real composition of the 
 word is not ascertained.] 
 
 A low, vulgar, brutal, foul-mouthed wretch ; a 
 lewd fi llow. .S7in/i. Upenier. Pope. 
 
 RIB'ALU, u. Low; base; mean; filthy; obscure. 
 
 Hhak. 
 
 RIB'ALD-ISH, a. Disposed to ribalilry. Hall. 
 RIB'ALD-ROIJS, a. Containing ribalilry. 
 
 J. M. Mason. 
 
 RIB'ALD ItV, 71. [It. riWrfcria.l 
 
 Mean, vulgar language ; cliiefly, obscene language. 
 
 Drytlen. Hwift, 
 
 KIB'AN,n. In AeroUry, the eighth part of u bi nd. 
 
 Kncuc. 
 
 RMI'AM). HceRiBBon. 
 
 RIII'BA;!), pp. or a. FurnlBhed with ribs; ribbed 
 with steel. Handys. 
 
 2. IncloHcd ax wilt ribs. Hhak. 
 
 3. Marked or formed with rising linca and chan- 
 nelH ; as, ribbed clolh. 
 
 lUB'BlNG, ppr. Furnishing with ribs. 
 
 RIB'BIN'G, 71. An assemblage of ribs for a vault, or 
 coved ceiling. Owilt. 
 
 RIB'-GRASS, 71.' A species of plantain, ribwort. 
 
 RIB'BON, 71. [VV. rhibin, a row or streak, a dribblet ; 
 rhib, id. ; Ir. ruihin ; Fr. ruban ; Arm. rubanou. This 
 word has no connection with band, and the orthog- 
 raphy RiBiN would be more accordant with the ety- 
 mology.] 
 
 1. A fillet of silk ; a narrow web of silk used for 
 an ornament, as a badge, or for fastening some part 
 of female dress. Dryden. 
 
 2. In naval architecture, a long, narrow, flexible 
 piece of timber, nailed upon the outside of the ribs 
 from tlie stem to the stern-post, so as to encompass 
 the vessel lengthwise. Totten. 
 
 RIB'BON, V. t. To adorn with ribbons. Beaum. Sf Fl. 
 RIB'BON-GRASS, n. Canary grass; a plant of the 
 
 genus Phalaris. Oardner. 
 RIB'IBE, 7!. A sort of stringed instrument. 
 RIB'LESS, a. Having no ribs. 
 
 RIB'ROAST, J!. (. [rii and 7-oiis(.] To beat soundly ; 
 a burlesque word. Butler. 
 
 RIB'RoAST-ED, pp. Soundly beaten. 
 
 RIB'RoAST-ING, ppr. Beating soundly. 
 
 RIB'SUP-PoRT'ED, a. Supported by ribs. 
 
 RIB'WORT, n. A species of plantain, Plantago lan- 
 ceolata. ■ P. Cyc. 
 
 Rie, j as a termination, denotes jurisdiction, or a 
 
 RICK, j district over which government is exercis- 
 ed, as in bishopric; Sax. cyne-ric, kin<r-ric. It is the 
 Goth, reiki, dominion. Sax. rice or ric ; from the same 
 root as L. re^o, to rule, and region. 
 
 RIG, as a termination of names, denotes rich or pow- 
 erful, as in Alfric, Frederick, like the Greek Polycra- 
 tes and Plutarchus. It is the first syllable of Ricliard; 
 Sax. n'c, n'ce. [See Rich.] 
 
 RICE, n. [Fr. rn or ris ; It. riso ; Sp. and Port, ar- 
 roz ; G. reii or reiss ; D. ryst ; Dan. ris ; L. oryza ; 
 
 S 3$ 
 
 Gr. opv^a; Eth. rez ; j ^ arozon; from the verb 
 
 - -i 
 
 araza, to be contracted, or to be firmly fixed. 
 
 The word is common to most of the Asiatics, Per- 
 sians, Turks, Armenians, and Tartars.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Oryza, and its seed. There 
 is only one species. This plant is cultivated in all 
 warm climates, and the gr.tin forms a large portion 
 of the food of the inhabitants. In America, it grows 
 chiefly on low, moist land, which can be overflowed. 
 It is a light and nutritious food, and very easy of di- 
 gestion. Indeed, it seems intended by the wise and 
 benevolent Creator to be a conuuon article of food for 
 men in warm climates. 
 
 Several species of aquatic grasses of the genus Zi- 
 zania, found in North America, are called Wild 
 Rice. J^uttall. 
 RICE'-BIRD, (-burd,) n. A beautiful .Asiatic bird of 
 the finch family, so named from its depred.itions in 
 the rice fields. It is the Fringilla (Loxia, Linn.) 
 oryzivora, and is also called Paddy Bino, and Java 
 
 SPARIIOVT. P. ClfC. 
 
 RiCE'-BIltD, ) 71. A bird of the United States, 
 
 RICE'-BUNT-ING, ( the Emberiza oryzivora ; so 
 named from its feeding on rice in the Southern 
 States. In New England, it is called BonoLiNK,or 
 BoR-LiNcoLN. WUscn. 
 RiCE'-MILK, 71. Milk boiled up and thickened with 
 rice. 
 
 RICE'-Pa-PER, 71. A material brought from China, 
 and used for painting upon, and for the manufacture 
 of fancy articles. It is obtained from a leguminous 
 plant, the CEschynomene paludosa. Brande. Dana. 
 
 RI(;E'-PI.ID'DING, ti. Pudding.made of rice. 
 
 R7CE'-VVEE-V/L, 71. An insect, the Calandra oiyztn, 
 resembling the common wheat weevil, which attacks 
 rice and Indian corn in the Southern States. Harris. 
 
 RICH, a. [Fr. richer Sp. rico; It. ricco; Sax. ric, rice, 
 riccu ; I), njk ; G. reich ; Sw. rik ; Dan. rig, riig. 
 This word in Saxim signifies great, noble, powerful, 
 as well as rich. lb is probable, therefore, it is con- 
 nected with ric, dominion, L. rego, regnum, Eng. 
 reach, retrion, from extending.'] 
 
 1. Wealthy ; opulent ; possessing a large portion 
 of land, goods, or money, or a larger portion than is 
 ciunmon to other men or to men of like rank. A 
 farmer may be rich with property which would not 
 make a nobli'inan rich. An annual income of £500 
 sterling would make a rich vicar, but not a ricA bish- 
 op. Men more willingly .acknowledge others to bo 
 richer than to be wiser than themselves. 
 
 Abr.mi wa» rii-h in catll'-, In silver, and In gold. — Gen. xiii. 
 
 2. Splendid ; costly ; valuable ; precious ; sump- 
 tuous ; as, a rich tiress ; a rich border ; a rich silk ; 
 rich furniture ; a rich present. 
 
 3. Abundant in materials ; yielding great quanti- 
 ties of any thing valuable ; as, a rich mine ; rich ore. 
 
 4. Abounding in v.aliiablo ingredients or qualities ; 
 as, a rich otlor or flavor ; rich spices. Walter. Baker. 
 
 Ho wc say, a rich description ; a discourse rich in 
 ideas. 
 
 5. Full of valuable achievements or works. 
 Each minute Ehall be rich in Gome ^eat action. Rome, 
 
 6. Fertile ; fruitful ; capable of producing large 
 crops or quantities ; as, a rich soil ; rich land ; rich 
 mold. Philips. 
 
 7. Abundant; large; as, a n'cA crop. 
 
 8. Abundant; affording abundance ; plentiful. 
 The gori^ous East, Willi ric/iMl hand, 
 
 Pouni on her sons barbaric pearl and gold. Milton. 
 
 9. Full of beautiful scenery ; as, a rich landscape ; 
 a rich prospect. 
 
 10. Abounding with elegant colors ; as, a rich pic- 
 ture. 
 
 11. Plentifully stocked; as, pasture rich in flocks. 
 
 12. Strong ; vivid ; perfect ; as, a rich color. 
 
 13. Having something precious ; as, a grove of rich 
 trees. Milton. 
 
 14. Abounding with nutritious qualities ; as, a ricA 
 diet. 
 
 15. Highly-seasoned ; as, rich paste ; a ricA dish of 
 food. 
 
 16. Abounding with a variety of delicious food ; 
 as, a rich table or entertainment. 
 
 17. Containing abundance beyond wants ; as, a 
 rich trausury. 
 
 18. In music, full of sweet or harmonious sound.s. 
 
 19. In Scripture, abounding ; highly endowed with 
 spiritual gifts ; as, ricA in faith. James ii. 
 
 20. Placing confidence in outward prosperity. 
 MatL xix. 
 
 21. Self-righteous ; abounding, in one's own opin- 
 ion, with spiritual graces. Rev. iii. 
 
 Rich in mercy ; spoken of God, full of mercy, and 
 ready to bestow good things on sinful men. Eph. ii. 
 Rom. I. 
 
 The rich, used as a noun, denotes a rich man or 
 person, or more frequently, in the plural, rich men or 
 persons. 
 
 The rick halh many friends. — Prov. xiv. 
 
 RICH, V. U To enrich. [JVot used.] [See Enrich.] 
 
 Oower. 
 
 RICH'£D, (richt,) pp. Enriched. [JVot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RICH'ER, a. co77ip. More rich. 
 
 RICH'ES, 71. [Fr. ricAcssc ; It. riccheiia ; Sp. riqueza. 
 This is in the singular number in fact, but treated as 
 the plural.] 
 
 1. Wealth ; opulence ; affluence ; possessions of 
 land, goods, or money in abundance. 
 
 Jtiches do not consist in havinor more gold and silver, but in 
 havhig more in proportion, than our neighbors. Locke. 
 
 2. Splendid sumptuous appearance. 
 
 The riches of hei\ven*s pavement, trodden gold. MUlon. 
 
 In Scripture, an abundance of spiritual blessings. 
 Lulic xvi. 
 
 The riches of God ; his fullness of wisdom, power, 
 mercy, grace, and glory, Fph. i. ii.; or the abundance 
 supplied by his works. Ps. civ. 
 
 The riches of Christ ; his abundant fullness of spir- 
 itual and eternal blessings for men. Eph. iii. 
 
 The riches of a state or kingdom, consist less in a 
 full treasury than in the productiveness of its soil 
 and manufactures, and in the industry of its inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 RICIl'EST, 0. supcW. Most rich. 
 
 RICH'LY, ado. With riches ; with opulence ; with 
 
 abundance of goods or estate ; with ample funds ; 
 
 as, a hospital richly endowed. 
 
 In Belmont is a lady richly left. ShaJt, 
 
 2. Gayly ; splendidly ; magnificently ; as, richly 
 dressed ; richly ornamented. 
 
 3. Plenteoiisly ; abundantly ; amply ; as, to be 
 richly paid for services. The reading of ancient au- 
 thors will richly reward us for the perusal. 
 
 4. Truly; really; abundantly; fully; as, a clua-s- 
 tisement richlii deserved. .Addison. 
 
 RICH'LY-WOQD-ED, a. Abounding with wood. 
 
 Jrring. 
 
 RICH'NESS, 71. Opulence ; wealth. Sidney. 
 
 2. Finery ; splendor. .Johnson. 
 
 3. Fertility ; fecundity ; fruitfulness ; the quali- 
 ties which render productive ; as, the richness of a 
 soil. .Iddisan. 
 
 4. Fullness ; abundance ; as, the richness of a 
 treasury. 
 
 5. Quality of abounding with something valuable ; 
 as, the richness of a mine or an ore ; the richness of 
 milk or of cane-juice. 
 
 (i. Abundance of any ingredient or qutility ; as, 
 the richness of spices or of fragrance. 
 
 7. Abundance of beautiful scenery ; as, the ricA- 
 711'ss of a landscape or prospect. 
 
 8. Abundance of nutritious qualities ; as, the ricA- 
 ness of diet. 
 
 9. Abundance of high seasoning ; as, the ricAnejiji 
 of rake. 
 
 10. Strength ; vividness ; or whatever constitutes 
 perfection ; ns, the richness of color or coloring. 
 
 11. Abundance of imagery or of striking ideas; 
 H8, rieJtness of description. 
 
 RI-C1N'I€ ACID, 71. A substance obtained by dis- 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 ORT -tt— — T-r— — t- .- 
 
RID 
 
 tilling castor-oil at a liigli temperature ; so called from 
 Ricinus, the generic name of the castor-oil plant. 
 
 Brantle. 
 
 RICK, n. [Sax. hreac or hrig ; It. cruach ; W. crii^, a 
 n'c/c, an apostt'tn, a heap, a stark, a hillock ; cru^aw, 
 to heap or pile, to swell, to grow into an aposli ni. 
 It coincides with the U. riicken, D. rug, the back, 
 Eng. rtf/^rr.] 
 
 A hea|) or pile of grain or hay in the field or open 
 air, but sheltered with a covering of some kind. In 
 America, we usually give this name to a long pile ; 
 the round and conical pilfc being called Stack. In 
 Vie north of England, it is said, this name is given to 
 small piles of corn in the field. Mortimer. 
 
 RICK'ETS, H. p/. [In technical language, racAin, Gr. 
 ^aYiTi{, from (laxn, back or spine, Eng. rack, a\y. 
 plicd to the neck piece of meat ; Sp. raquitis, the 
 rickets. See Rack and Ridge.] 
 
 A disease which affects children, and which is 
 characterized by a bulky head, a crooked spine, de- 
 pressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphy- 
 ses, tumid abdomen, short stature, flabby and wrin- 
 kled flesh, together with clear and often premature 
 mental faculties. Goad. 
 
 RIUK'ET-Y, a. Affected with rickets. Arbutlmot. 
 2. Weak ; feeble in the joints ; imperfect. 
 
 Rie'O-ClIET, (rik'o-shet or rik-o-shi',) n. [Fr., a re- 
 bounding, as of some flat substance striking on the 
 surface of water.] 
 
 In gunnery, the firing of guns, mortars, or howit- 
 zers, usually with small charges, and elevated a few 
 degrees, so as to carry the balls or shells just over 
 the parapet, and cause them to rebound or roll along 
 the opposite rampart. This is called ricochet firing, 
 and the batteries are called ricochet batteries. Encyc. 
 
 [The verb Ricochet having been naturalized as 
 an English word, it is desirable that the noun should 
 likewise have the English pronunciation.] 
 
 Rie-O-CIIET', (rik-o-siiet',) b. U To operate upon by 
 ricochet firing. [See Rioochet, «.] P. Cyc. 
 
 Rie O-CHET'TED, (-shet'-,) p;). Operated upon by 
 ricochet firing. 
 
 Rie O-ClIET'TING, (-shet'-,) ppr. or a. Operating 
 upon by ricochet firing ; as, ricochetting batteries. 
 
 Rlt'TqiiE, 71. A gaping. [P. Cyc. 
 
 RID, pret. of Ride. 
 
 RID, II. t. ; pret. Rid ; pp. id. [Sax. ahrcdilan or hred- 
 dan ; I), redden ; G. rettcn or errettcn ; Dan. redder ; 
 allied, probably, to W. rhidiaw, to secrete, to drain, 
 that is, to separate or drive ofl", whence riddle. See 
 Cl.ass Rd, No. G3, 69.] 
 
 1. To free ; to deliver j properly, to separate, and 
 thus to deliver or save. 
 
 Thai he mijht rid liim oul of Ihcir hnnds. — GcD. xxxvii. 
 I will rid you out of their Ijotidage. — Ex. vi. 
 
 2. To separate ; to drive away. 
 
 I will rid evil beasts out of the land. — Lct. xxtI. 
 r7*Ais U3e is not common.] 
 
 3. To free ; to clear ; to disencumber ; as, to rid 
 one of his care. It is not easy to rid the sea of pi- 
 rates. B. Jonson. 
 
 ResolTed at once to rid himself of paio. Dryden. 
 
 4. To dispatch. 
 
 For willin^ess rufc away. Shak. 
 
 5. To drive away ; to remove by violence ; to de- 
 stroy. 
 
 Ah, deatli's men I yoti hare rid this sweet youiig prince. SJiak. 
 
 RID, pp. or a. Free ; clear ; as, to be rid of trouble. 
 
 To get rid of ; to free one's self. Addison. 
 RID'D.'WCE, n. Deliverance; a setting free; as, 
 riddance from all adversity. Hooker. 
 
 2. Disencuinbrance. Shak. 
 
 3. The act of clearing away. Milton. 
 Thou Bhalt not make clean riddance of the comen of thy field. 
 
 — Lev. xxiii. 
 
 RID'D£N, ) „ „f p,„„ 
 RID, 'j pp. of Ride. 
 
 RID'DING, ppr. Freeing; clearing; disencumbering. 
 RID'DLE, (rid'dl,) n [Sax. hriddet : W. rhidyll, from 
 rhidiaw, to secrete, to separate ; Corn, ridar or krodar ; 
 Arm. ridell or croezr ; Ir. criathar, a riddle ; cratham, 
 to shake ; G. nitteln, to shake, to riddle ; W. crydu, 
 to shake ; allied to rid and to cradle, from driving. 
 See Cradle.] 
 
 An instrument for cleaning grain, being a large 
 sieve with a jierforated bottom, which permits the 
 grain to pass through it, but retains the chafl". 
 
 JVote. — The machines now used have nearly su- 
 perseded the riddle. 
 RID'DLE, B. (. To sepanite, as grain from the chaff 
 with a riddle ; as, to riddle A'heat. 
 
 2. To perforate with balls ; to make little holes in ; 
 as, n house riddled with shot, 
 i RID'DLE, n. [Sax. radelse; D. raadiel ; G. riUhiel ; 
 from Sax. raden, D. raadcn, G. rathen, to counsel or 
 advise, also to guess. See Read.] 
 
 1. .\n enigma ; something proposed for conjec- 
 ture, or that is to be solved by conjecture ; a puzzling 
 question ; an ambiguous proposition. Judge.< xiv. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Any thing ambiguous or puzzling. Iludibras. 
 
 RID 
 
 RID'DLE, V. t. To solve ; to explain ; but we gener- 
 ally use Uhridole, which is more proper. 
 
 liidille nic this, aud g^ucss him if you c.vn. Drydtn. 
 
 RID'DLE, V. i. To speak ambiguously, obscurely, or 
 enigmatically. Shak. 
 
 RID'DLi'D, pp. Separateil, as with a riddle ; perfora- 
 ted. 
 
 RID'DLER, n. One who speaks ambiguously or ob- 
 scurely. Home. 
 
 RID'DLING, n. Tli.it which is deposited by riddling. 
 
 RID'DLING-LY, adv. In the manner of a riddle ; se- 
 cretly. IJonne. 
 
 RIDE, B. I.; pret. Rode or Rid; pp. Rid, Ridden. 
 [Sax. ridan ; G. rciten ; I), ryden ; Sw. rida ; Dan. 
 rider; VV. rhcdii, to run ; L. rlieda, a chariot or vehi- 
 cle ; Hindoo, ratha, id. ; Sax. rad,Vi riding or a road ; 
 Ir. ratha, riadh, a running ; reatham, to run ; ridire, a 
 knight; allied to reaily, G. bcreit; bcreitcn, to ritle, 
 and to get rcarfy. (See Reaov.) Class Rd, No. 5, 9.] 
 
 1. To be carried on horseback, or on any beast, or 
 in any vehicle. VVe ride on a horse, on a camel, in 
 a conch, chariot, wagon, &c. 
 
 [In England, present usage confines the verb ride 
 chiefly to motion on horseback, and when an excur- 
 sion in a carriage or other vehicle is intended, the ex- 
 pression is ordinarily to take a drive. Tliis distinction 
 has sprung up within the la.st hundred years, and is 
 not yet introduced into most English dictionaries. Nor 
 is ride wholly confined to motion on a horse, since 
 the English speak of riding in a stage-coach on a 
 journey, &,c. Still, to an English ear, the word 
 ride, without qualification, naturally suggests but 
 one idea — that of being borne on a horse. When- 
 ever nn excursion is spoken of, the exjiression is uni- 
 formly to ride or to take a drive, according to the na- 
 ture of the conveyance. In all other cases, as of trav- 
 eling, ficc, whenever motion in a vehicle is intend- 
 ed, the tiu.ilifying clause is added, so that ride, stand- 
 ing by itself, always means motion on horseback. 
 This usage, though gaining ground, does not yet pre- 
 vail, to any great extent, in America. — Kd.] 
 
 2. To be borne on or in a fluid. A ship n</c5 at 
 anchor; the ark rode on a flood ; a balloon rides in 
 the air. 
 
 He ro*U on a cherub and did fly ; yea, be did fly on the wings 
 of the wind. — Ps. xviii. 
 
 3. To be supported in motion. 
 
 Stmn^ OS the a<lotree 
 On whu-'i )i rv ridts. Shak. 
 
 4. To practice r.. e rides often for his health. 
 
 5. To manage a hur.-. veil. 
 
 He rode, he fenced, he moved with graceful ease. Dryden. 
 
 6. To be supported by something subservient ; to 
 
 On whose foolish honesty 
 My practices rid e-isy. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 To ride easy, in seamen*s language, is when a ship 
 does not labor or feel a great strain on her cables. 
 
 To ride hard, is when a ship pitches violently, so 
 as to strain her cables, masts, and hull. 
 
 To ride out, as a gale, signifies that a ship does not 
 drive during a storm. 
 RIDE, V. t. To sit on, so as to be carried ; as, to ride 
 a horse. 
 
 Thfy ride llic .air in whirlwind. MUton. 
 
 2. To manage insolently at will ; as in priest-rid- 
 den. 
 
 The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by baket% cob- 
 blers, and brewers. Sie\/t, 
 
 3. To carry, [r.oeal.] 
 
 RIDE, n. An excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. 
 [In England, present usage confines a ride to mo- 
 tion on horseback, and applies the term drive to an 
 excursion in a carriage or other vehicle. See the 
 verb. — £d.l 
 
 2. A saddle horse. [/^ca7.] Orose. 
 
 3. A road cut in a wood or through a ground, for 
 the amusement of riding; a riding. 
 
 Rt-DEAU', (re-do',) n. [Fr.] A small mound of 
 earth. 
 
 RID'ER, n. One who is borne on a horse or other 
 beast, or in a vehicle. [See remarks on Ride.] 
 
 2. One who breaks or manages a horse. Shak. 
 
 3. The matrix of an ore. Gregory. 
 
 4. An addition to a manuscript or other document, 
 inserted after its completion ; or a separate piece of 
 paper ; an additional clause, as to a bill in parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 5. In ship-building, a sort of interior rib fixed occa- 
 sionally in a ship's hold, opposite to some of the 
 timbers, to which they are bolted, and reaching from 
 the keelson to the "beams of the lower deck, to 
 strengthen her frame. ToUcn. 
 
 6. .\ name given to the second tier of casks in a 
 vessel's hold. Totten. 
 
 RID'ER-LESS, o. Having no rider. 
 
 RIDGE, (rij,) n. [Sa.T. rig, ricg, hric, hricg, the back ; 
 Sw. rygg; D. riirr ; G. riicAen ; Ice. hriggur. The ; 
 Welsh has rhig, a notch or groove, and rhyf, a 
 trench or furrow between ridges. The Dutch has 
 reeks, a ridge, chain, or scries, and the Dan. rfUe is 
 II row, rank, range, a file, and a ridge, from the root 
 
 RIF 
 
 of rckker, to reach. If connected with the Ijtler 
 word, the primary sense is, to draw or stretch, L. 
 
 imgo.) 
 
 1. 'I'he back or top of the back. Hudibras. 
 
 2. A long or continued range of hills or iiioiiri- 
 tains; or the upper part i f such a range. We say, a 
 long ridge of hills, or the highest ridge. 
 
 Milton. Ray. 
 
 3. A steep elevation, eminence, or protuberance. 
 Part rise in crystal wall, or ridge direct. Milton. 
 
 4. A long, rising land, or a strip of ground thrown 
 up by a plow or left between furrows. Ps. Ixv. 
 
 Mortimrr. 
 
 5. The top or upper angle of the roof of a building. 
 
 Moron. 
 
 6. Any long elevation of lind. 
 
 7. Ridges of a horse's mouth, are wrinkles or 
 risings of flesh in the roof of the ni'iiilh. Fur. Diet 
 
 RIDGE, V. t. To form a ridge ; as, bristles that ridge 
 the back of a boar. ^ Milton. 
 
 2. In tillage, to form into ridgej with the plow. 
 The fanners in Connecticut riilge their land for 
 maize, leaving a balk between two ridges. 
 
 3. To wrinkle. Coioper. 
 RIDG'A;D, pp. Formed into a ridge ; wrinkled. 
 RIDG'IL, )n. The male of any beast half gelt. 
 RIDG'LING, i Encyc. 
 RIDG'ING, ppr. Forming into a ridge ; wrinkling. 
 RIDG'Y, (rij'e,) a. Having a ridge or ridges ; rising 
 
 ill a ridge. Dryden. 
 RID'I-eULE, n. [Fr., from L. ridiculum, from rideo, 
 to laugh or laugh at ; Fr. rider, to wrinkle, to bend 
 the brow ; Ann. rcdcnna.] 
 
 1. Contemptuous laughter, or rather remarks de- 
 signed to awaken laughter with some degree of con- 
 tempt ; derision. It expresses less than .■.rnrn. Rid- 
 icule is aimed at what is not only Laughable, but im- 
 proper, absurd, or despicable. Sacred subjects should 
 never be treated with ridicule. [See Lt;oicRous.] 
 
 Hidirttle is too roii^h nn pntert.>ininent for tlie polished and ro- 
 fined. It is banished from Kr.uice, and is losing en>und in 
 Kitgland. Kamee. 
 
 2. That species of writing whii h excites contempt 
 with laughter. It diflers from burlesque, which may 
 excite laughter without contempt, or it m.iy provoke 
 derision. Karnes. 
 
 Ridicule and derision are not exactly the same, as 
 derision is applied to persons only, and ridicule to 
 persons or things. We deride the man, but ridicule 
 the man or his |ierfiirinances. 
 
 RID'I-eULE, V. t. To laugh al with expressions of 
 contempt ; to deride. 
 
 2. To treat with contemptuous merriment , to ex- 
 pose to contempt or derision by wntiii". 
 
 RID'I-eULE, a. Ridiculous. [.Yot in use.] 
 
 RID'I-eOL-£D, pp. Treated with laughter and con- 
 tempt ; derided. 
 
 RID'I-eCL-EK, n. One that ridicules. Chesterfield. 
 
 RID'I-COI^I.XG, ppr. Laughing at in contempt ; ex- 
 posing to contempt and derision. 
 
 RI-DIC'U-LOUS, a. [L. ridiculus ; It. ridicohso.] 
 That may justly excite Laughter with contempt ; 
 as, a ridiculous dress; ridiculous behavior. A fop 
 and a dandy are ridiculous in their dress. 
 
 RI-Die'lJ-LOUS-LY, adv. In a manner worthy of 
 contemptuous merriment; as, a man ridiculously 
 vain. 
 
 RI-DIC'IJ-LOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 ridiculous; as, the ridiculousness of worshinine 
 idols. ' * 
 
 RID'ING, ppr. [from ride.] Passing or traveling on 
 a beast or in a vehicle ; floating. 
 2. a. Employed to travel on any occasion. 
 
 No suffragan bishop iliall hare more than one riding apparilar. 
 
 Ayt^fe. 
 
 RID'ING, 71. A road cut in a wood or through a 
 ground, for the diversion of riding therein. 
 
 Sidney. Eneyc. 
 9. [Cormpted from tritAing, third.] One of the 
 three intermediate jurisdictions between a three and 
 a hundred, into which the county of York, in Eng- 
 land, is divided, anciently under the government of 
 a reeve. Btaekstone. 
 RID'LNG-CLERK, n. In England, one of the six 
 
 clerks in chancery. Ash. 
 RID'ING-eCVT, n. A coat for riding on a journey. 
 
 Suiifl. 
 
 RID'I.\G-II.\n-IT, 71. A garment worn by females 
 
 when thev ride or travel. Guardian. 
 RID'ING-liQQD, ti. A hood used by females when 
 
 ihev ride ; a kind of cloak with a hood. 
 RID'i.NG-SeilOOL, ( skool,) n. .\ school or place 
 
 where the art of riding is taught. It may, in some 
 
 places, be called a Ridimg-house. 
 RI-DOT TO, 71. fit., from L. redactus.] 
 
 A favorite Italian public entertainment consisting 
 
 of music and dancing ; held generally on fa*t eves. 
 RIE. See Rve. [Brande. 
 RIFE, a. [Sax. ryfe. ftu. Heb. n3->, to multiply.] 
 Prevailing; prevalent. It is used of epidemic dli- 
 
 eases. 
 
 The plague was then rife In Hungary. KnoUae, 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a-s in THIS. 
 
 0;>5 
 
RIG 
 
 I KIFE'LY. adv. rrevaltr.tly ; Ircquently. 
 
 It was n/ely reponed lhat the Turks were coming in a great 
 fleet. Knolles. 
 
 RIFE'NESS, 7!. Frequency ; prevalence. Arbuthvot. 
 RIFF R.\FF, n. [Fr. rifier ; G. raffen, to sweep ; Dan. 
 rips, raps.] 
 
 Sweepings ; refuse. Ilall. 
 RI'FLE, V. U [Fr. rijler, to rifle, to sweep away ; al- 
 lied probably to friper and trriveler ; G. raffen, to 
 sweep ; riffeln, to liatchel. This is one of the family 
 of rip, rive, reap, raffie, L. rapiOf W. rheibiaWj D. 
 ryvm, to grate, Eng. rub, &c.] 
 
 1. To seize and bear away by force ; to snatch 
 away. 
 
 Till time shall rifle every youthful grace. Pope. 
 
 2. To strip ; to rob ; to pillage ; to plunder. 
 
 You have rified my master. L^Eslrange, 
 
 RI'FLE, 71. [Dan. rifie, or riffle, the rifle of a gun ; 
 riffelbosse, a rifle gun ; G. reifeln, to chamfer, to rifle. 
 This word belongs to the family of rip, rive, L. ra- 
 pio, &c., supra. The word means primarily a chan- 
 nel or groove.] 
 
 1. A gun about the usual length and size of a 
 musket, the inside of whose barrel is rifled, that is, 
 grooved, or formed with spiral channels. 
 
 9. An instrument used for sharpening scythes. 
 J^.^mcrica.] 
 ] RI'FLE, v: t. To groove ; to channel. 
 
 RI'FL£D, pp. Seized and carried away by violence ; 
 pillaged ; channeled. 
 
 Rt'FLE-.MAN, n. A man armed with a rifle. 
 
 RI'FLER, n. A robher ; one that seizes and bears 
 away by violence. 
 
 Rl'FLING, ppr. Plundering; seizing and carrying 
 away by violence ; grooving. 
 
 RIFT, 7!. [from rive.] A cleft ; a fissure ; an open- 
 ing made by riving or splitting. Milton. Dnjden. 
 
 RIFT,!!. [D.rif.] 
 
 A ."^hallow place in a stream ; a fording place. 
 \Loeal.\ 
 
 RIFT, V. t. To cleave ; to rive ; to split ; as, to rift 
 an oak or a rock. Mdton. Pope. 
 
 RIFT, V. i. To burst open ; to split. 
 
 Timber — not apt to ri/t with ordiiauce. Bacon, 
 9. To belch ; to break wind. [Local.] 
 
 RIFT'ED, pp. gplit ; rent ; cleft. 
 
 RIFT'ING, ppr. Splitting; cleaving; bursting. 
 
 RIG, 71. [Sax.] A ridge, which see. 
 
 RIG, V. U [Sax. wrigau, to put on, to covrr whence 
 Sax hmglc, a garment, contracted into rai(, '.n nights 
 rail.] 
 
 1. To dress ; to put on ; when applied to persons, 
 not elegant, but rather a ludicrous word, to express 
 
 j the putting on of a gay, flaunting, or unusual dress. 
 
 Jack was rigged out ia his gold and silver lace, with a feather in 
 his cap. L'Ettrange. 
 
 9. To furnish with apparatus or gear; to fit with 
 tackling; as, to rig a purchase. 
 
 3. To rig a ship, in seamen's language, is to fit the 
 shrouds, stays, braces, &c., to their respective masts 
 and yards. Mar. Diet, 
 
 RIG, 71. [See the verb.] Dress. 
 
 2. The peculiar manner of fitting the masts and 
 rigging to the hull of a vessel ; as, schooner rig, 
 ship rig, &c. Brande. 
 
 3. liluster. [JVot used.] Burke. 
 
 4. A romp; a wanton : a strumpet. 
 To run the rig ; to play a wanton trick. 
 
 To run the rig upon ; to practice a sportive trick on. 
 RIG, r. i. To play the wanton. 
 RIG-A-DOON', 71. [Fr. ngoduv. 1 
 
 .\ gay, brisk dance pcrformotl by one couple, and 
 said to have been borrowed from Provence, in France. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 RI-Ga'TION, 71. [L. rigatio, from rigo, Gr. Ijijcxoi. 
 See Raim.] 
 
 The act of watering ; but Ikrioation is generally 
 used. 
 
 RI;GEL, 71. A fixed star of the first magnitude in the 
 
 left fiHit of Orion. 
 R1G'G£D, pp. Dressed ; furnished with shrouds, 
 
 stays, &.C., as a ship. 
 RIG'GER, 71. One that riirs or dresses ; one whose oc- 
 cupation is to fit the rigging of a ship. 
 2. A cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. 
 
 J/ebert. 
 
 BIG'GING, ppr. Dressing; fitting with shrouds, 
 braces, &.c. 
 
 RIG'GING. n. Dress ; t.ickle ; pnrdcii7<irl7/, the ropes 
 which support the masts, extend and contract the 
 sails, &c., of a ship. This is of two kinds : «(anx/in; 
 rigging, as the shrouds and slays, and running rig- 
 
 Iging, comprclivndmg all those ropes used in bracing 
 the yards, making and sliorteniiig sail, &c., such as 
 braces, sheets, halliards, cicwiini s, &r. 
 I Brande. Tiitlen. 
 
 I RIG'GISH, a. Wanton ; lewd, [^'ot in use.) Sliak. 
 I RK;'GLK,r. i. To move one way and the other. [See 
 I i WniooLE.] 
 
 RIGHT, (rTle,) a. [f^ax. rihl,rehl : \t. regt ; C. reehl ; 
 . Dan. ri^i'j^; 8w. rickfig; It. rrtlit ; Sp. rrrto ; L. 
 [ rrcttut, from the root of rego, propt-rly to sirain or 
 
 !l 
 
 RIG 
 
 stretch, whence straight ; Sax. recan. See Class Rg, 
 No. 18, 46, 47.] 
 
 Properly, strained ; stretched to straightness ; 
 hence, 
 
 1. Straight. A right line, in geometry, is the short- 
 est line that can be drawn or imagined between two 
 points. A right line may be horizontal, perpendic- 
 ular, or inclined to the plane of the horizon. 
 
 2. Direct or upright; opposed to Oblique; as, 
 right ascension ; a right spher^. 
 
 3. In morals and religion, just ; equitable ; accord- 
 ant to the standard of truth and justice, or the will 
 of God. That alone is right in the sight of God, 
 which is consonant to his will or law ; this being the 
 only perfect standard of truth and justice. In social 
 and political alTairs, that is right which is consonant 
 to the laws and customs of a country, provided these 
 laws and customs are not repugnant to the laws of 
 God. A man's intentions may be right, though his 
 actions may be wrong in consequence of a defect in 
 judgment. 
 
 4. Fit; suitable; proper; becoming. In things in- 
 different, or which are regulated by no positive law, 
 that is right which is best suited to the character, oc- 
 casion, or purpose, or which is fitted to produce some 
 good effect. It is riVAt for a ricli man to dress him- 
 self and his family in expensive clothing, which it 
 would not be right for a poor man to purchase. It is 
 right for every man to choose his own time for eat- 
 ing or exercise. 
 
 Right is a relative term ; what may be right for 
 one end, may be wrong for another. 
 
 5. Lawful ; as the right Iieir of an estate. 
 
 6. True; not erroneous or wrong; according to 
 fact. 
 
 If Ijiere be no prospect beyond the CTave, the inference is certain- 
 ly right, " Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." 
 
 Locke. 
 
 7. Correct ; passing a true judgment ; not mistaken 
 or wrong. 
 
 You are right, justicej^and you weigh this well. Shak. 
 
 8. Not left, but its opposite ; most convenient or 
 dextrous ; as, the right hand, which is generally 
 most strong or most convenient in use. 
 
 9. Most favorable or convenient. 
 
 The lady has been disappointed on the right side. Spectator. 
 
 10. Properly placed, disposed, or adjusted ; order- 
 ly ; well-regulated. 
 
 11. Well-performed, as an art or act. 
 
 19. Most direct ; as, the right way from London to 
 Oxford. 
 
 13. Being on the same side as the right hand ; as, 
 the right side. 
 
 14. Being on the right hand of a person whose 
 face is toward the mouth of a river ; as, the right 
 bank of the Hudson. 
 
 15. Denoting the side which was designed to go 
 outward, as the right side of a piece of cloth. 
 
 RIGHT, adv. In a right or straight line ; directly. 
 Let thine eyes look right on. — Prov. iv. 
 9. According to the law or will of God, or to the 
 standard of truth and justice ; as, to judge right. 
 
 3. According to any rule of art. 
 
 You with strict discipline instructed right. Roscommon. 
 
 4. According to fact or truth ; as, to tell a story 
 riV/i(. 
 
 5. In a great degree ; very ; as, right humble ; 
 right noble; right valiant. [Obsolescent or inele- 
 gant,] 
 
 (). It is prefixed to titles, as in right honorable, 
 right reverend, 
 
 RIGHT is used elliptically for it is right, what you say 
 is right, it is true, &.c. 
 
 Right, cries his lordship. Pope. 
 On the right ; on the side with the right hand. 
 
 RIGHT, (rite,) ii. Conformity to the will of God, or 
 to his law, the perfect standard of truth and justice. 
 In the literal sense, ri/rla is a straight line of conduct, 
 and wrong a crooki d one. Right, therefore, is rec- 
 tiliule or straightness, and perfect rectitude is found 
 only in an infinite Being and his will. 
 
 9. Conformity to human laws, or to other human 
 stanilard of truth, propriety, or justice. When laws 
 are di^finite, right and wrong are easily ascertained 
 and understood. In arts, there are some principles 
 and rules wliii li determine what is ri>/n. In many 
 things indifferent, or left without positive law, wo 
 arc to judge what is right by fitness or propriety, by 
 custom, civility, or other circumstances. 
 
 3. Justice ; that which is due or proper; as, to do 
 ri^At to every man. 
 
 Lonp love to Imr has borne the faithful knight, 
 
 And well deaerved, httd fortune done him right. Dryden. 
 
 4. Freedom from error ; conformity with truth or 
 fact. 
 
 Seldom your opinions err, 
 
 Yoiir eyi-B are always In the right. Prior. 
 
 5. Just claim ; legal title ; ownership ; the legal 
 power of exclusive possession ; enjoyment. In he- 
 ri diiary monarchies, a right to the throne vests in the 
 
 I heir on the decease of the king. A deed vests the 
 
 RIG 
 
 right of possession in the purchaser of land. Right 
 and possession are very different things. We often 
 have occasion to demand and sue for rights not in 
 possession. 
 
 6. Just claim by courtesy, customs, or the principles 
 of civility and decorum. Every man has a right to 
 civil treatment. The magistrate has a right to resprct. 
 
 7. Just claim by sovereignty ; prerogative. God, 
 as the Author of all things, has a right to govern and 
 dispose of them at his pleasure. 
 
 8. That which justly belongs to one. 
 
 Born free, he sought his right. Dryden. 
 
 9. Property ; interest. 
 
 A subject iu his prince may claim a right. Dryden. 
 
 10. Just claim ; immunity ; privilege. All men 
 have a right to the secure enjoyment of life, personal 
 safety, liberty, and property. \Ve deem the right of 
 trial by jury invaluable, particularly in the case of 
 crimes. Rights are natural, civil, political, religious, 
 personal, and public. 
 
 11- Authority; legal power. The sheriff has a 
 right to arrest a disturber of the peace. 
 
 19. In the United States, a tract of land ; or a share 
 or proportion of property, as in a mine or manufac- 
 tory. 
 
 13. The side opposite to the left; as, on the right. 
 Look to the right. 
 
 14. The side which was designed to go outward ; 
 as, the right side of a piece of cloth. 
 
 To rights ; in a direct line ; straight. [Unusttat.] 
 Woodward. 
 
 2. Directly ; soon. 
 
 To set to rights ; ) to put into good order ; to ad- 
 To put to rights ; \ just ; to regulate what is out 
 of order. 
 
 Bill of rights : a list of rights ; a paper containing 
 a declaration of rights, or the declaration itself. 
 
 Writ of right ; a writ which lies to recover lands 
 in fee-simple, unjustly withheld from the true owner. 
 
 Blacksttme. 
 
 RIGHT, (rite,) v. t. To do justice to ; to relieve from 
 wrong ; as, to right an injured person. Taylor. 
 
 2. In seamen's language, to right a vessel, is to re- 
 store her to an upright position after careening. 
 
 To right the helm ; to place it in the middle of the 
 ship. 
 
 RIGHT, V. i. To rise with the masts erect, as a ship. 
 
 RIGHT AN"GLE, (rite'ang'gl,) 7i. In gemnetry, an 
 angle of ninety degrees, or one fourth of a circle. 
 
 RlGHT'-AN"GL£D, (rst'ang'gld,) a. Conuiining a 
 right angle or right angles. 
 
 RiGHT'ED, pp. Relieved from injustice; setup- 
 right. 
 
 RIGHT' £N, (rit'n,) v. U [Sax. gerihtan.'] 
 
 To do justice to. [OJs.] 
 RIGHT'EOUS, (rl'chus,) a. [Sn^.rihtwise; rightsxti 
 wise, manner, as in otherwise, lengthwise.] 
 
 1. Just ; accordant to the divine law. .Applied to 
 persons, it denotes one who is holy in heart, and ob- 
 servant of the divine commands in practice ; as, a 
 righteous man. .Applied to things, it denotes conso- 
 nant to the divine will or to justice ; as, a righteous 
 act. It is used chiefly in theologj", and applied to 
 God, to his testimonies, and to his saints. 
 
 The righteous, in Scripture, denote the servants of 
 God, the saints. 
 
 2. Just ; equitable ; merited. 
 
 And I thy righteous doom will bless. Dryden. 
 
 RIGHT'E0US-J?;D, (n'chust,) a. Made righteous. 
 
 RiGHT'EOUS-LY, (ri'chus-ly,) adv. Justly ; in ac- 
 cordance with the laws of justice ; equitably; as, a 
 criminal righteously condemned. 
 
 ^^'hou Shalt Judge the people righteously. — Ps. livii. 
 
 RIGHT'EIOUS-NESS, (ri'chus-ness,) ti. Purity of 
 heart and rectitude of life ; conformity of heart and 
 life to the divine law. Righteousness, as used in 
 Scripture and theology, in which it is chiefly used, is 
 nearly equivalent to holiness, comprehending holy 
 principles and aflections of heart, and conforiiiity of 
 life to the divine law. It includes all we call justice, 
 honesty, and virtue, with holy affectitms ; in sliort, 
 it is true religion. 
 
 2. .Applied to Ood, the perfection or holiness of his 
 n.ature ; exact rectitude ; faithfulness. 
 
 3. The active and pa.«sive obedience of Christ, by 
 which the law of God is fulfilled. Dan. ix. 
 
 4. The cause of our justification. 
 
 The Lonl our righteoutnesi.—Jej. xxiii. 
 
 RIGHT'ER, n. One who sets right; one who does 
 justice or redresses wrong. 
 
 RiGHT'FlJL, a. Having the right or just claim ac- 
 cording to established laws; sia, the rightful heir to 
 a throne or an estate. 
 
 2. Being by right, or by just claim ; as, a rightful 
 lord ; rightful property ; rightful judge. 
 
 3. Just ; consonant to justice ; as, arightful cause ; 
 a ritrhtful war. Prlur. 
 
 RIGHT'FJJL-LY, adv. According to right, law, or 
 
 justice ; as, a title rightfully vested. 
 RIGHT'FJJL-NESS, 71. Justice; accordance with the 
 
 rules of right ; as, the rightfulness oi a claim to lands 
 
 or tenements. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fi\LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, RIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 956 
 
RIG 
 
 RIN 
 
 RIN 
 
 Stdtuy, 
 
 2. Moral rectitude. 
 
 But mill, iilthoiiirli wc fail of perfect rightfutnw. 
 [Not usual.l 
 
 RtGIIT'-IIAND, n. The hand opposite to the Itft, 
 usually the most employed, the strongest, most'con- 
 vcnient, or dextrous hand, and hence its name in 
 other lunsuases, as well as in ours. 
 
 UltiUT'-IIANU'EI), a. Using the ri^ht hand more 
 easily than the left. 
 
 UIGHt'-IlKXRT-EI), a. Having right dispositions. 
 
 UKJHT'INO, ;»;/r. Doing justice to ; setting upright. 
 
 Urr.HT'LESH, a. Destitute of right. 
 
 RIGIl'i''IA', adv. According to justice ; according to 
 the divine will or moral rectitude ; as, duty riglutij 
 perfbnneil. 
 
 2. Properly ; fitly ; suitably ; as, a person rightly 
 named. 
 
 3. According to truth orfact ; not erroneously. He 
 
 has riir/ithj conjectured. 
 
 4. Honestly; uprightly. Shak. 
 
 5. Exactly. 
 
 Thou didst not rightly see. Drydcn. 
 
 6. Straichtly ; directly. [JVo£ in vse..'] Asdutm. 
 RIGUT'-ML\'U-ED, a. Having a right or honest mind. 
 
 RIGHT'-MIND'ED-NESS, n. The state of havi°ng a 
 right mind. 
 
 RIGIIT'NESS, n. Correctness; conformity to truth 
 or to the divine will, which is the standard of moral 
 rectitude. It is important that a man should have 
 such persuasion of the righlncss of his conscience as 
 to exclude rational doubt. Smith. 
 2. Straightnes,s ; as, the ritrhtncss of a line. Bacon. 
 
 RIGllT'-RIIN-NING, a. Straight running. Phillips. 
 
 RIGHT WHALE, 71. The common whale, from 
 whose mouth whalebone is obtained, as distin- 
 guished from the spermaceti whale. 
 
 RIG'ID, a. [Fr. rig-iile ; It. and Sp.rigido ; L.rigidus, 
 from rigeo ; Gr. I'uyoiii, to be stiff; /5ijios,stitr, whence 
 
 Ij. frigeo^ frigithts ; Eth. raga^ Ilcb. yJ*!, to 
 
 be still, to be stiff or rigid. Class Kg, No. 3, 27. 
 The primary sense is probably to strain or extend.] 
 
 1. Stiff; not pliant ; not easily bent. It is applied 
 to bodies or substances that are naturally soft or 
 flexible, but not fluid. We never say a rigid stone 
 or rigid iron, nor do we say rigid ice ; but we say 
 an animal body or limb, when cold, is rigid. Rigid 
 
 . is then opposed to Flexible, but expresses less than 
 Inflexible. 
 
 2. Strict in opinion, practice, or discipline ; severe 
 in temper; opposed to Lax or Indulqent; as, a 
 rigid fathcr'or master ; a rigid officer. 
 
 3. Strict ; exact ; as, a rigid law or rule ; rigid dis- 
 cipline ; rigid criticism. 
 
 4. Severely just ; as,, a rigid sentence or judg- 
 ment. 
 
 5. Exactly according to the sentence or law; as, 
 risrid execution. 
 
 R1-6ID'I-TY, n. [Fr. rigiditi ; L. rigiditas.] 
 
 1. Stiffness; want of pliability ; the quality of re- 
 sisting change of form ; opposed to Flexibilitt, Duc- 
 tility, IVIalleabilitv, and Softness. Hcbcrt. 
 
 2. Stiffness of appearance or manner ; want of 
 ease or airy elegance. fVotton. 
 
 RIG'ID-LY, adv. StifHy ; unpliantly. 
 
 2. Severely ; strictly ; e.xaclly ; vvithout laxity, in- 
 dulgence, or abatement; as, to judge rigidly ; ia 
 criticize riiridly; to execute a law ritridlij. 
 
 RIG'ID-NESS, n. Stiffness of a body ; the quality of 
 not being easily bent ; as, the rigidness of a limb, or 
 of flesh. 
 
 2. Severity of temper ; strictness in opinion or 
 practice; but expressing less than Inflexibility. 
 RIG' LET, n. A flat, thin piece of wood, a reglet, 
 which see. 
 
 RIG'.MA-ROLE, n. A succession of confused or non- 
 sensical statements ; often used as an adjective ; as, 
 a risrmarolt story. Qoldsmith. 
 
 RIG'OL, n. A circle; a diadem. Shak. 
 
 RIG'OLL, n. A musical instrument, consisting of sev- 
 eral sticks bound together, but separated by beads. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 RIG'OR, n. [L., from rigeo, to be stiff; Fr. rigucur.] 
 
 1. Stiffness; rigidness ; as, Gorgoaian rigor. 
 
 SUiUon. 
 
 2. In medicine, a sense of chilliness, with contrac- 
 tion of the skin; a convulsive shuddering or slight 
 tremor, as in the cold fit of a fever. 
 
 Coze. Encyc. Parr, 
 
 3. Stiffness of opinion or temi>er ; severity ; stern- 
 ness. 
 
 AU hiB rigor ii turned to grief anj pity. DenJtam. 
 
 4. Severity of life ; austerity ; voluntary submis- 
 sion to p.ain, abstinence, or mortification. Fell. 
 
 5. Strictness ; exactness without allowance, lati- 
 tude, or indulgence; as, the rigor of criticism ; to 
 execute a law with rigor ; to enforce moral duties 
 with rin-or. 
 
 6. Violence ; fury. [JVot in u»e.] Spenser. 
 
 7. Hardness ; solidity. [Unusual.] Dnjden. 
 
 8. Severity; asperity; as, tlie ri"-or» of a cold 
 winter. 
 
 RIG'OU-IST, n. One very rigorous; a name some- 
 times given to the extreme Jaiisenists. lirande. 
 RIG'UR-OUS, a. [Fr. nVoiirfiix.] 
 
 1. Severe ; allowing no abatement or mitigation ; 
 as, a rigorous officer of justice. 
 
 2. Severe ; exact ; strict ; without abatemeht or 
 relaxation; as, a rigorous execution of law; an en- 
 forcement of rigorous tliscipline. 
 
 3. Exact; strict; scrupulously accurate ; as, a rin-- 
 orous definition tir demonstration. 
 
 4. Severe ; very cold ; as, a rigorous winter. 
 RIG'OK-OUS-LY, ado. Severely ; without relaxa- 
 tion, abatement, or mitigation ; as, a sentence rig- 
 orously executed. 
 
 2. Strictly; exactly; with scrupulous nicety; rig- 
 idly. 
 
 The people would cxamiuo hia works more rigorouelij lhr\n him- 
 scll. DrytUn. 
 
 RIG'OR-OUS-NESS, n. Severity without rclax.ation 
 or mitigation ; exactness. Ash. 
 2. Severity. 
 
 Rl-LlE' VO, (-le'vo,) n. [It.J In architecture. [See 
 Relief.] 
 
 RILL, n. [In G. rille, W. rhilJ, is a groove, trench, 
 channel, the root of drill. In Sw. strila is to run 
 or glide ; Dan. ryllcr, to ramble.] 
 
 A small brook ; a rivulet ; a streamlet. Milton. 
 
 RILL, V. i. To run in a small stream, or in stream- 
 lets. Prior. 
 
 RILL'ET, a. A small stream ; a rivulet. Drayton. 
 
 RIM, n. [Sax. rima and rcoma, a rim, a ream ; W. 
 rhim and rhimp, a rim, edge, ti^rmination ; hence 
 crimp, a. sharp ritlge; crimpiaw, to form into a ridge, 
 also to pinch. Rim, like ramp, ramble, is from ex- 
 tending ; the extremity. In Russ. kroma is a bor- 
 der.] 
 
 1. The border, !dge, or margin of a thing; as, the 
 rim of a kettle or basin ; usually applied to things 
 circular or curving. 
 
 2. The lower part of the belly or abdomen. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 RIM, V. t. To put on a rim or hoop at the border. 
 RIME, n. [Sax. /irim; Icc.hnjm; U. rym. The French 
 write this frimas. Arm. frim ; probably allied to 
 cream. In G. it is rc{f, D. ryp.] 
 White or hoar frost ; congealed dew or vapor. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 RIME, n, [L. rima ; Sw. remna, whence rcmna, to 
 split ; perhaps from the root of riee.] 
 
 A chink ; a fissure ; a rent or long aperture. [JVot 
 in use.] 
 
 RT.ME, ?'. i. To freeze or congeal into hoar frost. 
 RI'iVloSE t 
 
 RI'iVIo'us' i ^^^* ^^^^^^^y from rima.] 
 
 In natural history, chinky ; abounding with clefts, 
 
 cracks, or chinks, like those in the bark of trees. 
 RI-MOS'I-TY, n. The state of being rimose or 
 
 chinky. 
 
 RI.M'PLE, n. [Sax. hrympelli.] 
 
 A fold or wrinkle. [See Rumple.] 
 RIM'PLE. V. t. To rumple ; to wrinkle. 
 RIM'PLING, n. Undulation. 
 
 RI'MY, a. [from rime.] Abounding with rime ; frosty. 
 
 Marvey. 
 
 RIND, 71. [Sax. rind or hrind; G. rinde; Gr. ptfos i 
 W. croen, skin.] 
 
 The skin or coat of fruit that may be pared or 
 peeled off ; also, the bark of trees. 
 
 Dryden. Jililton. Enajc. 
 RIND, V. t. To bark ; to dcccirticate. [Jfot in ujse.] 
 RIN'DLE, 71. [from the root of run; Dan. rinder, to 
 flow.] 
 
 A small ivatercourse or gutter. Ash. 
 
 Rm-FOR-ZA^r'nO, (-fort-san'do,) 71. [It.] In 77(it- 
 sie, a direction to the performer denoting that the 
 sound is to be increa.sed. Busby. 
 
 RING, n. [Sax. ring or hring ; D. ring or kring ; G. 
 D. and Sw. ring, a circle ; Sw. kring, about, around. 
 This coincides with ring, to sound, and with wring, 
 to twist ; G. ringen, to ring or sound, and to wrestle. 
 The sense is, to strain or stretch, and n is probably 
 not radical. The root, then, belongs to Class Rg.] 
 
 1. A circle^ or a circular line, or any thing in the 
 form of a circular line or hoop. Thus we say of 
 men, they formed themselves into a rino-, to see a 
 wrestling match ; rings of gold were made for the 
 ark. Ex. xxv. Rings of gold or other material are 
 worn on the fingers, and sometimes in tlie cars, as 
 ornaments. 
 
 2. A circular course. 
 
 Pl.ice me, O, pL-kce me in the dusty ring, 
 Where youthlui ctuoiuleen contend fur glory. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 RING, n. [from the verb.] A sound ; particularly, 
 the sound of inet.als ; as, inc ring of a hell. 
 
 2. Any loud sound, or the sounds of numerous 
 voices; or sound continued, repeated, or reverber- 
 ated ; as, the ring of acclamations. Bacon. 
 
 3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 RING, r. L ; prrt. and pp. Runn. [Sax. ringan, Arin- 
 ^on ; G. and I), rinscn ; Sw. rinirti ; Dan. ringer.] 
 To cause to sound, particularly by striking a me- 
 
 tallic body ; as, to rinjr a bell. This word expresses 
 appropriately the sounding of metals. 
 RING, V. t. [from the noun.] To encircle. Shak. 
 
 2. In horticulture, to cut out a ring of bark ; as, to 
 rijio- branches or roots. Oardner. 
 
 3. To tit with rings, as the fingers, or as a swine's 
 snout. Farmers ring swine, to prevent their rooting. 
 
 And ring these fingen wiUi Uiy household worms. Sfiak. 
 
 RING, V. i. To sound, as a hell or other sonorous 
 body, particularly n metallic one. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To practice the ait of making music wilii bells. 
 
 Holder. 
 
 3. To sound ; to resound. 
 
 With swei-tcr notes each rising temp!e rung. Pope. 
 
 4. To utter, as a bell ; to sound. 
 
 The sh^irdborn liertle, with hi* drowsy hums, 
 
 Uttth rung night's yawning peal. Shak. 
 
 5. To tinkle ; to have the sensation of sound con- 
 I tinued. 
 
 I My cars shall ring with noise. Dryiitn. 
 
 6. To be filled with report or talk. The whole 
 town rings with his fame. 
 
 RING'-ROLT, 71. An iron bolt, having a ring in one 
 end of it. Toltm. 
 
 RING'-HoNE, 71. A callus growing in the hollow 
 circle of the little pastern of a horse, just above the 
 coronet. Brandc. 
 
 RING'-DI-AL, n. A pocket sun-dial form of a 
 ring. ' 
 
 RING'DOVE, (-duv,) n, [G. ringeltaube.) 
 
 .\ species of pigeon, the Columba palumbus, the 
 cushat, the largest of the European specien; 
 
 Jardine. 
 
 RI.X'GENT, a. [L. riii^or, to make wry faces, that 
 is, to wring or twist.] 
 
 In botany, a ringent corol is one which is irregular 
 and inonopetalous, with the border divided into two 
 parts, called the upper and loicer lip, the upper 
 arched, so that there is a space between the two like 
 an oiieii mouth. Martijn. Smith. 
 
 RI.NG'EK, 71. One who rings. [In the sense of 
 wringer, not usetl.] 
 
 RING'-FENCE, 71. A fence encircling an estate 
 within one enclosure. 
 
 RING'-FIN"GER, 71. The third finger of the left 
 hand, on which the ring is pkiced in marriage, vul- 
 garly supposed to communicate by a nerve directly 
 with the heart. Hailiwtll. 
 
 RING'-FOR.M-£D, a. Formed like a ring. IVhewell. 
 
 RING'INt;, ;i;)r. Causing to sound, as a bell ; sound- 
 ing; cutting out a ring of bark ; fitting with rings. 
 
 RING'ING, n. The act of sounding or of causing to 
 sound. 
 
 2. In horticulture, the cutting out of a ring of bark 
 down to the new wood, for the purpose of making 
 a branch fruitful, &c. Oardncr. 
 RINC'LkAI), v. t. To conduct. [Little used.] 
 RI.NG'LlcAD-ER, n. [ring anA leader.] The leader 
 of any association of men engaged in violation of 
 law or an illegal enterprise, as ri<)ters, mutineers, and 
 the like. This name is ilerivcd from the practice 
 which men associating to oppose law have some- 
 times adopted, of signing their names to articles of 
 agreement in a ring, that no one of their number 
 might be distinguished as the leader. 
 RING'LET, n. [dim. of 7171^.] A small ring. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. A curl ; particularly, a curl of liair. 
 
 Her golden tresses in wanton ringttt* waved. Milton. 
 
 3. A circle. 
 
 To di\nce our ringlets in the whlAlling wind. Shak. 
 
 RLVG'-OU-$KL, 71. A bird of the thrush family, 
 iMeriila tortpiata, inhabiting the hilly and mountain- 
 ous parts of Great liritain. Jardine. 
 
 RING'-SaIL, 71. Sec Ringtail. 
 
 RI.\G'-SHaP-£D, (-shapt,) a. Having the shape of a 
 ring. DccandoUe. 
 
 R ING'-STRe AK-ro, ( streekt,) a. [ring and .itreak.] 
 Having circular streaks or lines on llie body ; as, 
 rinir-strraked goats. OcTl. XXX. 
 
 RI.NG'-TaIL, 71. [r/>i|T and (ai7.] A bird having a 
 white tail, the female of the Hen-Harrier, Circus 
 cyaneiis. Jardine. 
 
 2. A light sail set abaft and beyond the spanker of 
 a ship or bark, also called Rino-sail. Totlrn. 
 
 RLNG'TaII^KD, a. Having a tail stri|)od as if sur- 
 rounded by a ring ; applied to a young golden eagle. 
 
 P. Cye. 
 
 RI.N'G'WORM, (-wurm,) n. [rinn- and m>rm.] A 
 vesicular eruption of the skin, the vesicles being 
 small, with a reddish base, and forming rings, whose 
 area is slightly discolored. It is called Herpes ar- 
 cinittus by Good. 
 
 RI.N'SE, (riiis,) B. U [Sw. rensa or rcna, to cleanse or 
 purify ; Dan. renser, to clean, to purge, to purify, to 
 scour; Sax. rein, D. and G. rein, clean ; Fr. rincer; 
 Arm. rin,«a, riniifiii. This word is probably from the 
 same radix as the Gr. patvw, and /.ai-nCt.!, to sprin- 
 kle. Our common people pronounce this word rens, 
 retaining their native pronunciation. This is one of 
 many instances in which the purity of our vcrnacu- 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VT'CIOUS.— € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
RIP 
 
 Ills 
 
 RIS 
 
 lar language has been corrupted by those wlio have 
 understood French better than their mother tongue.] 
 
 1. To cleanse by the introduction of water ; ap- 
 plied particularly to hollow vessels ; as, to ri/ise a 
 bottle. 
 
 2. To cleanse with a second or repeated application 
 of water after washing. We distinguish washing 
 from rinsing. Washing is performed by rubbing, or 
 with the use of soap ; rinsing is performed with clean 
 water, without much rubbing or the use of soap. 
 Clothes are rinsed by dipping and dashing ; and ves- 
 sels are rinsed by dashing water on them, or by 
 slight rubbing ; a close barrel may be rinsed, but can 
 not well be irasked. 
 
 RINS'£D, (rinst,) pp. Cleansed with a second water ; 
 
 cleaned. 
 RIN'S'ER, n. One that rinses. 
 
 KINS'ING, ppr. or n. Cleansing with a second water. 
 
 KI'OT, H. [Norm, riotti ; It. riotta ; Fr. riote, a brawl 
 or tumult. The W. brotk, brwth, commotion, may 
 be from the same root, with a prefix, which would " 
 connect this word with brydian, brydiaw, to heat, to 
 boil. The Spanish has alboroto, and Port, ahwrvto, 
 in a like .sense. In Danish, rutter is to drink hard, 
 to riot. The primary sense is probably noise or agi- 
 tation.] 
 
 1. Riot, at common law, is a tumultuous disturb- 
 ance of the peace by three or more persons, mutually 
 aiding and assisting each other, whether the act 
 which they originally intended to perform was in it- 
 self lawful or unlawful. Bouvier. 
 
 2. Uproar; tumult; wild and noisy festivity. 
 
 Mlton. 
 
 3. Excessive and expensive feasting. 2 Pet. ii. 
 
 4. Luxury. 
 
 Tlie Iamb thy riat dooms to bleed to-day. Pope, 
 To run riot ; to act or move without control or re- 
 straint. SioifL 
 RI'OT, V. i. [Fr. rioter ; It. riottare.] 
 
 1. To revel ; to run to excess in feasting, drinking, 
 or other sensual indulgences. 
 
 2. To luxuriate ; to be highly excited. 
 
 No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows. Pope. 
 
 3. To banquet; to live in luxury ; to enjoy. 
 
 How base is the ingratitude which forgets the benefactor, while it 
 is rioting on tile benefit I Dwighl. 
 
 4. To raise an uproar or sedition. Johnson. 
 RI'OT-ER, n. One who indulges in loose festivity or 
 
 excessive feasting. 
 
 2. In lam, one guilty of meeting with others to do 
 an unlawful act, and declining to retire upon proc- 
 lamation. 
 
 RI'OT-I\G, ppr. Reveling; indulging in excessive 
 
 fe<a,sting. 
 RI'OT-ING, 71. A reveling. 
 
 Rl'OT-ISE, (-iss,) n. Dissoluteness ; luxury. {JSTot in 
 
 use.'] Spenser. 
 RI'OT-OUS, a. [It. riottoso.] 
 
 1. Luxurious ; wanton or licentious in festive in- 
 dulgences ; as, riotous eaters of flesh. Prov. xxiii. 
 
 2. Consisting of riot ; tumultuous ; partaking of 
 the nature of an unlawful assembly; seditious. 
 
 3. Guilty of riot; applied to persons. 
 RI'OT-OUS-LY, adv. With excessive or licentious 
 
 luxury. Ecclus. 
 
 2. in the manner of an unlawful assembly ; tuniul- 
 tuously ; seditiously. 
 RI'OT-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being 
 I riotous. 
 
 RI'()T-RY, n. Riot ; practice of rioting. Taylor. 
 RIP, V. t. [Sax. rijpan, rijppan, hrtjpan ; Sw. rifra ; 
 Dan. river. This belongs to the great family of Sax. 
 reafian, L. rapio, Ir. rcabam, Eng. reap and rive ; allied 
 perhiips to the L. crepo, Fr. crraer.] 
 
 L To separate by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut 
 open or off; to tear off or out by violence ; as, to rip 
 open a garment by cutting the stitches ; to rip olftlie 
 skin of a beast ; to rip open a sack ; to rip off the 
 Bliingles or clapboards of a house ; to rip up a floor. 
 We never use lacerate in these senses, but apply it to 
 a partial tearing of the skin and flesh. 
 2. To take out or away by cutting or tearing. 
 
 Otujay. 
 
 He'll rip the fatal secret from her heart. Granville. 
 4 3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alter- 
 ation ; to search to the bottom ; with up. 
 
 Vijii rip up the original of Scotland. Spenter. 
 Tliey npped up all that had been done from the bc^nniiig of the 
 P'belllon. Ctarerulon. 
 
 4. To rip out an oalh, is to swear hastily and vio- 
 lently. [Thin seems to bo the D. roepen, Sax. hrco- 
 pan, to cry out ; allied to L. crepo, Fr. creviT.] 
 
 RIP, 71. A tearing ; a place torn ; laceration. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 2. A wicker ba'tket to carry fl»h in. Cowcl. 
 
 3. Refuse. [JVot in use, or local.] 
 RI-P;^'RI-AN a. n..r,pa.] 
 
 Pertaining to l)ie bank of a river. 
 RIPj;, a. [Sax. ripe, grrip ; II. ryp ; O. reif. The 
 Haxon word sigiiififs harv(;Ml, a reap or reaping ; 
 ripa, a handful of corn ; ripan, to reap ; rtpian, to 
 ripen.] 
 
 I. Brought to periection in growth, or to the best 
 state ; mature ; as, ripe fruit ; ripe corn. 
 
 9. Advanoetl to perfection ; matured ; as, ripe 
 judgment, or ripe in judgment. 
 
 3. Finished ; consummate ; as, a ripe scholar. 
 
 4. Brought to the point of taking effect ; matured ; 
 ready ; prepared ; as, things just ripe for war. 
 
 Mdison. 
 
 5. Fully qualified by improvement ; prepared ; as, 
 a student ripe for the university ; a saint ripe for 
 heaven. Fell. Dryden. 
 
 6. Advanced to that state in which it is fit for use ; 
 as, ripe cheese. 
 
 7. Resembling the ripeness of fruit ; as, a ripe lip. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 8. Complete ; proper for use. 
 
 When time is ripe. Shak. 
 
 9. Maturated ; suppurated ; as an abscess or 
 tumor. 
 
 RiPE, V. i. To ripen ; to grow ripe; to be matured. 
 
 JJVot used.] [See Ripen.] Shak. 
 RiPE, V. U To mature ; to ripen. [JVot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RIPE'LY, adv. Maturely ; at the fit time. SImk. 
 RIP'£N, (rl'pn,) v. i. [Sax. ripian ; D. rypen; G. 
 rcifen.'] 
 
 1. To grow ripe ; to be matured ; as grain or fruit. 
 Grain ripens best in dry weather. 
 
 2. To approach or come to perfection ; to be fitted 
 or prepared ; as, a project is ripening for execution. 
 
 RIP'£N, (ri'pn,) v. t. To mature ; to make ripe ; as 
 grain or fruit. 
 
 2. To mature ; to fit or prepare; as, to' ripen one 
 for heaven. 
 
 3. To bring to perfection ; as, to ripen the judg- 
 ment. 
 
 RlP'i;N-£D, pp. or a. Made ripe ; come to maturity. 
 RIP'£N-ING, 71. The act or state of becoming ripe. 
 RIPE'NESS, 7t. The state of being ripe or brought to 
 
 that state of perfection which fits for use ; maturity ; 
 
 as, the ripeness of grain. 
 
 2. Full growth. 
 
 Time, which made them their fame ouUive, 
 
 To Cowley scarce did ripeness give. Denham. 
 
 3. Perfection ; completeness ; as, the ripeness of 
 virtue, wisdom, or judgment. 
 
 4. Fitness ; qualification. Shak. 
 
 5. Complete maturation or suppuration, as of an 
 ulcer or abscess. 
 
 6. A state of preparation ; as, the ripeness of a 
 project for execution. 
 
 RIP'£N-ING, ppr. or a. Maturing ; growing or mak- 
 ing ripe. 
 
 RI-PHe'AN, a. An epithet given to certain mountains 
 in the north of Asia, probably signifying snowy 
 mountains. 
 
 RIP-f-K'JYO, a. [It.] In Tniisic, full. 
 
 RIP'IER, ) 71. In old laws, one who brings fish to 
 
 RIP'PER, i market in the inland country. [Obs.] 
 
 Cowel. 
 
 RIP'PKD, (ript,) pp. Torn or cut off or out ; torn 
 open. 
 
 RIP'PER, 71. One who tears or cuts open. 
 
 RIP'PING, ppr. Cutting or tearing off or open ; tear- 
 ing up. 
 
 RIP'PING, n. A tearing. 
 
 Q. A discovery. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 RIP'PLE, ^rip'pl,) V. i. [In Dan. ripper is to stir or 
 agitate ; ni G. ri^ffe is a hatchel ; and riffeln, to hatch- 
 el ; in Sax. gcrijlcd is wrinkled. Ripple is probably 
 allied to rip.] 
 
 To fret on the surface ; as water, when agitated or 
 running over a rough bottom, appears rough and 
 broken, or as if ripped or torn. 
 
 RIP'PLE, (rip'pl,) V. t. [G. riffeln, to liatchel.] 
 
 1. To clean, as flax. Ray. 
 
 2. To agitate the surface of water. 
 
 RIP'PLE, 71. The fretting of the surface of water; 
 little, curling waves. 
 
 2. A large comb or hatchel for cleaning flax. 
 
 RIP'PLE-(;l(ASS, 71. A species of plantain, rib-grass, 
 Plautagt) lanrcolata. Farm. F.ncyc. 
 
 Rll"PLE-i\lARK, 71. A name given to small undula- 
 tions on the surface of a sea-beach, left by the reced- 
 ing waves. In geology, similar undulations on the 
 surface of many rocks arc called Rhtue-marks. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 RIP'PLE-MARK-£D, (-mUrkt,) a. Having ripple- 
 marks, l.yclt. 
 
 nil" I'l.] NO, ppr. Fretting on the surface, cleaning, 
 as II ax. 
 
 RIP'PLING, 71. The Iwoaking of ripples or the noise 
 of it. Pennant. 
 
 2. The act or method of cleaning flax ; a hatch- 
 cling. 
 
 RIP'PLING-LY, adn. In the manner of ripples. 
 RIP'RAP, 71. In engineering, a foundation or ptirapt^t 
 
 of stones thrown together without order, as in deep 
 
 water or on a soft liotttun. 
 RIPT, pp. for Kipi-En. 
 
 RIP'TOVV-ELL, 71. A graluily given to tenants after 
 
 they had reaped thinr lord's corn. JJailei/. 
 RISK, (rl/.e,) v. i. ; prel. Rusk, (rSze ;) 771. Risk!», 
 
 (rizn.) [Sax. arUan : D. ryien ; Goth. reL':an, in itr- 
 reisan, to rise, and ur-raisyan, to raise. See Raise.] 
 
 1. To move or pass upward in any manner ; to as- 
 cend ; as, a fog rises from a river or from low 
 ground ; a fish rises in water ; birds rise in the air ; 
 clouds rise from the horizon toward the meridian ; a 
 balloon rises above the clouds. 
 
 2. To get up ; to leave the place of sleep or rest ; 
 as, to rise from bed. 
 
 3. To get up or move from any recumbent to an 
 erect posture ; as, to rise after a fall. 
 
 4. To get up from a seat ; to leave a sitting pos- 
 ture ; as, to rise from a sofa or chair. 
 
 5. To spring ; to grow ; as a plant ; hence, to be 
 high or tall. A tree rises to the hight of sixty feet. 
 
 6. To swell in quantity or extent; to be more ele- 
 vated ; as, a river rises after a rain. 
 
 7. To break forth ; to appear ; as, a boil rises on 
 the skin. 
 
 8. To appear above the horizon ; to shine ; as, the 
 sun or a star rises. 
 
 He malteth his sun to rise on the evil and on the good. — Matt. v. 
 
 9. To begin to exist ; to originate ; to come into 
 being or notice. Great evils sometimes rise from 
 small imprudences. 
 
 10. To be excited ; to begin to move or act ; as, the 
 wind rose at 12 o'clock. 
 
 11. To increase in violence. The wind continued 
 to rise till 3 o'clock. 
 
 12. To appear in view ; as, to rise up to the read- 
 er's view. Jlddison. 
 
 13. To appear in sight ; also, to appear more ele- 
 vated ; as, in sailing toward a shore, the land rises. 
 
 14. To change a station ; to leave a place ; as, to 
 rise from a siege. Knolles. 
 
 15. To spring ; to be excited or produced. A 
 thought now rises in my mind. 
 
 16. To gain elevation in rank, fortune, or public 
 estimation ; to be promoted. Men may rise by in- 
 dustry, by merit, by favor, or by intrigue. 
 
 Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall. Shak. 
 When the wicked rise, men hide themselves. — Prov. xxviii. 
 
 17. To break forth into public commotions ; to 
 make open opposition to government ; or to assem- 
 ble and oppose government ; or to assemble in arms 
 for attacking another nation. The Greeks have risen 
 against their oppressors. 
 
 No more shall nation against nation rise. Pope. 
 
 18. To be excited or roused into action. 
 
 Rise up to the battle. — Jer. xlix. 
 
 19. To make a hostile attack ; as, when a man 
 riseth against his neighbor. Dcut. xxii. 
 
 20. To increase ; to swell ; to grow more or great- 
 er. A voice, feeble at first, rises to thunder. The 
 price of goods rises. The heat rises to intensity. 
 
 21. To be improved ; to recover from depression ; 
 as, a family may rise, after misfortune, to opulence 
 and splendor. 
 
 22. To elevate the style or manner ; as, to rise in 
 force of expression ; to rise in eloquence. 
 
 23. To be revived from death. 
 
 The dead in Christ shall rise first, — 1 Thess. iv. 
 
 24. To come by chance. Spenser. 
 
 25. To ascend ; to be elevated above the level or 
 surface ; as, the ground rises gradually one hundred 
 yards. Some peaks of the Andes rise more than 
 20,000 feet above the level of the ocean ; a mountain 
 in Asia is said to rise still higher. 
 
 26. To proceed from. 
 
 A scepter shall rise out of Israel. — Num. xx\r. 
 
 27. To have its sources in. Rivers rise in lakes, 
 ponds, and springs. 
 
 28. To be moved, roused, excited, kindled, or in- 
 flamed, as passion. His wrath rose to rage. 
 
 29. To ascend in the diatonic scale ; as, to rise a 
 tone or semitone. 
 
 . 30. To amount. The public debt rises to a hun- 
 dred millions. 
 
 31. To close a session. We say, congress will 
 rise on the 4th of March ; the legislature or the court 
 will 7-tse on a certain day. 
 
 This verb is written also ,^rise, which see. In 
 general, it is indifferent which orthography is used ; 
 but custom has, in some cases, established one to the 
 exclusion of the other. Thus we never say, the 
 price of goods arises, when we mean advances, but 
 wo always say, the price rises. \Vc never say, Ihc 
 ground ariies to a certain altitude, and rarely, a 
 man arises into an oflice or station. It is hardly pos- 
 sible to class or define the cases in which usage baa 
 established a difference in the orthography of this 
 verb. A knowledge of these cases must bo acquired 
 by observation. 
 RI.'^E, (rise,) ji. The act of rising, either 4n a literal 
 or figurative sense ; ascent ; as, tho rise of vapor in 
 the air ; tho rise of mtrrcury in the barometer ; tho 
 ri.sc of water in a river. 
 
 2. The act of springing or mounting from tho 
 ground ; as, the ri.so of the feet in leaping, 
 
 3. Ascent ; elevation, or degree of ascent ; as, the 
 rue of a hill or mountain.. 
 
 FATE, FXR, FALL, WHAT.-MP.TE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 058 
 
RIT 
 
 4. Spring ; source ; nrigin ; as, the rise of a stream 
 in a nuiuntnin. Alt sin lias its rUe in tlie heart. 
 
 5. Any place elevated above the cumniuii level ; 
 as, a rise uf land. 
 
 6. Appearance above the horizon ; as, the rise of 
 the sun or a star. 
 
 7. Increase ; advance ; as, a rise in the price of 
 wheat. 
 
 8. Advance in rank, honor, property, or fame. 
 Observe a man after his rise to olfice, or a family 
 after its rise from obscurity. 
 
 9. Increase of sound on the same key ; a swelling 
 of the voice. 
 
 10. Elevation or ascent of the voice in the diatonic 
 scale ; as, a rise of a tone or semitone. 
 
 11. Increase; augmentation. 
 
 12. [D. ri/s; from the verb.] A bough or branch. 
 [J^^ot in use,] Chaucer, 
 
 lH\»'F.yi,pp. See Risk. 
 
 RIS'ER, II. One that rises ; as, an early riser. 
 
 2. Among jciners, the upright board of a stair. 
 
 OwiU. 
 
 RIS-I-BIL'I-TY or RI-SI-niL'I-TY, ) n. [from 
 RIS'1-BLE-NESS or RI'SI-1!LE-NESS, ( risible.] 
 The quality of laughing, or of being capable of 
 laughter. Risibility is peculiar to the human species. 
 2. Proneness to KiukIi. 
 RIS'I-BLE or RI'SI-BLE, a. [Fr. rbible ; Urisibilis, 
 from riiifo^ risi, to laugh. See Ridiculoi's.] 
 
 1. Having the faculty or power of laughing. Man 
 is a risible animal. 
 
 2. Laughable ; capable of exciting laughter. The 
 description of Falstatf, in Shakspeare, exhibits a 
 risible scene. Risible, differs from lutlicroits, .is spe- 
 cies from genus ; lutlicruus expressins that which is 
 playful and sportive; ri.vi6/«, that which may e.\cite 
 laughter. Risible differs from ridiculous, as the latter 
 implies something mean or contemptible, and risible 
 does not. 
 
 RIS'l-BLY or RI'SI-BLY, adv. In a risible manner ; 
 lauEhably. 
 
 RIS'ING, ppr. or a. Getting up ; ascending ; mount- 
 ing ; springing ; proceeding from ; advancing ; swell- 
 ing ; increasing ; appearing above the horizon ; re- 
 vivinc from death, &c. 
 
 2. Increasing in wealth, power, or distinction ; as, 
 a nsinrr state ; a rising diaracter. 
 
 3. Growing, advancing to adult years, and to the 
 slate of active life; as, the ritimr generation. 
 
 RIS'ING, n. The act of getting up from any recum- 
 bent or sitting posture. 
 
 2. The act of ascending; as, the rising of vapor. 
 
 3. The act of closing a session, as of a public 
 body ; as, the risinir of the legislature. 
 
 4. The appearance of the sun or a star above the 
 horiziiii. 
 
 .">. The act of reviviivg from the dead ; resurrec- 
 tion. Mitrk i\. 
 
 H. .\ tumor on the body. Lev. xiii. 
 
 7. An assembling in opposition to government; 
 insurrection ; sedition, or mutiny. 
 RISK, n. [Fr. risque; Arm. risql; Sp. riesgo ; Port. 
 risco ; It. rischio, risk, danger, peril ; Fr. risquer, 
 Arm. risqla^ Sp. arriesgar. Port, arriscnr^ to risk. 
 The sense is, a pushing forward, a rushingy as in 
 rush. (111. Dan. dristig, bold, rash ; drister, to dare. 
 Sw. drisla, to trust, to be bold, hardy, or rash. In 
 Portuguese, risco signifies not only hazard, but a 
 stroke, a dash, and with painters, delineation ; riscar 
 sicnifies to dash, or strike out with a pen, to erase. 
 The primary sense, then, is, to throw or dash, or to 
 rush, to drive forward. See Pebil, Hash, and 
 
 RfSH.1 
 
 I. Hazard; danser ; peril; exposure to harm. He, 
 at the risi of his life, saved a drowning man. 
 
 2. In commerce, the hazard of loss, either of ship, 
 goods, or other property. Hence, risk signifies also 
 the degree of hazard or danger ; for the premiums of 
 insurance are calculated upon the risk. The under- 
 writers now take risks at a low premium. 
 
 To run a risk, is to incur hazard ; to encounter 
 danger. 
 
 RISK, t>. t. To hazard; to endanger; to expose to 
 injury or loss ; as, to risk goods on board of a ship ; 
 to ruik one's person in battle ; to risk one's fame by 
 a publication ; to risk life in defense of rights. 
 
 2. To venture ; to dare to undertake ; as, to risk a 
 battle or combat. 
 
 RISK'iCD, (riskt,) pp. Hazarded ; exposed to injury 
 ' RISK'ER, n. One who hazards. [or loss. 
 
 RISK'I.\G, fpr. Hazarding ; exposing to injury or 
 loss. 
 
 RISSE, obsolete preL of Rise. B. Jonson. 
 
 RITE, n. [Fr. rit, rite; L. ritusj lU and Sp. rito ; 
 Sans, riti, service.] 
 
 The manner of performing divine or solemn ser- 
 vice, as^tablished by law, precept, or custom ; for- 
 mal act Of religion, or other solemn duty. The riles 
 of the Israelites were numerous and expensive ; the 
 rites of modern churches are more simple. Funeral 
 rites are very different in different countries. The 
 sacrament is a holy rite. Hummond. 
 
 RI-TOR-NEL'LO, n. [It., from ritomo, relurnj or 
 ritomare, to return.] 
 
 RIV 
 
 In music, a repeat ; the burden of a song, or the 
 repetition of a verse or strain. 
 RIT'lJ-AL, o. [It. ritnale.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to rites ; consisting of rites ; as, ritual 
 service or sacrifices. Prior. 
 
 2. Prescribing rites ; as, the ritual law. 
 RIT'lJ-AL, n. A book containing the rites to be ob- 
 served, or the manner of performing divine service 
 in a particular church or communion. P. Cijc. 
 
 RIT'tj-AL-IS.M, n. 'I'he system of rituals or pre- 
 scribed forms of religious worship. 
 2. Observance of prescribed forms in religion. 
 RIT'U-AL-IST, 71. One skilled in the ritual. 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 RIT'IJ-AL-LY, adv. By rites ; or by a particular rite. 
 
 Sclden. 
 
 RIV'AGE, 71. [Fr., from rive, bank.] 
 
 A bank, shore, or coast. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 Rt'VAL, n. [L. rivalis ; Fr. and Sp. rioai ; It. rirale ; 
 Ir. rioblach ; Heb. to coiitemi, to strive ; Dan. 
 rives, to strive ; Sp. ri/a, strife, ralfle ; nfar, to dis- 
 pute, quarrel, or raffle, and to split a sail. Uu. to rive 
 or rip. See Raffle.] 
 
 1. One who is in pursuit of the same object as 
 another ; one striving to reach or obtain something 
 which another is attempting to obt;un, and which 
 one only can possess; a competitor; as, rivals in 
 love ; rivals for a crown. Love will not patiently 
 bear a rival. 
 
 2. One striving to equal or exceed another in ex- 
 cellence ; as, two rivals in eloquence. 
 
 3. An antagonist ; a competitor in any pursuit or 
 strife. 
 
 RI'VAL, o. Having the same pretensiims or claims ; 
 standing in competition for superiority ; as, rival 
 lovers ; rival claims or pretensions. 
 
 Equiit in years nntl rivai in renown. Dryden. 
 RI'VAL, r.t To stand in competition with ; to strive 
 to gain the object which another is contending for ; 
 as, to rival one in love. 
 2. To strive to equal or excel ; to emulate. 
 
 To rival thunder in its nipid course. Dryden. 
 RI'VAL, V. i. To be competitors. [JVot tit use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 RI'V.\L-£D, pp. Having another competing with ; 
 emulated. 
 
 RI'VAL-ING, ppr. Striving to equal or excel; emu- 
 latin!;. 
 
 Rl-VAL'I-TY, 71. Rivalry. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 RI'VAL-RY, 71. [from rival.] Competition ; a strife 
 or effort to obtain an object which anoili«r is pursu- 
 ing ; as, rivalry in love ; or an endeavor to equal or 
 surpass another in some excellence ; emulation ; as, 
 rivalry for superiority at the bar or in the senate. 
 
 RI'VAL-SUIP, 71. The state or character of a rival. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 2. Strife ; contention for superiority ; emulation ; 
 rivalry. 
 
 RIVE, r. (. ; pret Rited; pp. Rited or Riven. [Dan. 
 revner, to split ; river, to pluck off or away, to rake ; 
 Sw. rijfva, to pull asunder, to burst, or rend, to rake, 
 to tear; Ice. rifa, Sw. rrfca,a chink, or crevice ; Fr. 
 crccer, whence crevasse, crevice; Russ. nut; allied 
 to L. rumpo, rupi. It may be allied to the family of 
 L. rapio, reap, rip.] 
 
 To split ; to cleave ; to rend asunder by force ; as, 
 to rice timber, for rails or shingles with wedges ; the 
 ric«7i oak ; the riccTi clouds. Dryden. Jlilton. 
 The KoUlin^ winds 
 HaTe rioed the knotty oaks. Shak. 
 
 RIVE, t>. t. To be split or rent asunder. 
 
 Krceslone rtocs, splits, and breaks in any direction. Woodieard, 
 
 RIV'JCIj, V. U [Sax. geriflcd, wrinkled ; from the root 
 of Dan. n'rer, to draw, to wrest, Sw. rifva. This 
 word is obsolete, but shrivel, from the same root, is 
 in use. It may be ollied to ruffle.] 
 
 To contract into wrinkles ; to shrink ; as, riveled 
 fniit ; ripf/cd flowers. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 RIV'£L-*;D, pp. or a. Wrinkled. 
 
 RIV'£L-ING, ppr. Shrinking; contracting into 
 wrinkles. 
 
 RIV'KN, pp. of Rive. Split; rent or burst asunder. 
 
 RI'VER, n. One who rives or splits. 
 
 RIVER, n. yPr. riviire ; Arm. rifyer; Corn, ryvier ; 
 It. riviera; from L. riuu.*, rivulus ; D. rivicr. The 
 Italian word signifies a river, and a bank or shore, 
 L. ripa, Sp. ribera.] 
 
 1. A large stream of water flowing in a channel 
 on land toward the ocean, a lake, or another river. 
 It is larger than a rivulet or brook ; but is applied to 
 any stream from the size of a mill-stream to that of 
 the Danube, Amazon, and .Mississippi. We give this 
 name to large streams which admit the tide and 
 mingle salt water with fresh, as tlie rivers Hudson, 
 Delaware, and St. Lawrence. 
 
 2. A larce stream; copious flow; abundance; as, 
 rivers of blood ; rivers of oil. 
 
 RIVER-BED, n. The bed or bottom of a river. 
 
 Kl VER-t;ilAi\'NEL, 7i. The channel of a river. 
 
 RIV'ER-eOUUSE, 7u The course of a river. 
 ' RI VER-DEL'T.\, n. .\ delta formed by the current 
 I of a river. 
 
 ROA 
 
 RI VER-DRAG'O.V, 71. A crocodile; a name given 
 
 by Miltim to the king of Egypt. 
 RIV'ER-ET, 71. A small river. [JVot m use.] 
 Ill V'EIl-GOD, 71. A deity supposed to prenitle over a 
 
 river, as its tutelary divinity ; a naiad. Lrmpriere. 
 RI V'EII-IIOIISE, n. The hippoiKitainus, an animal 
 
 inhabiting rivers. Mdton. 
 lU V'Eli-PI.Al.N, 71. A plain by a river. 
 RI VER-WA-Tb;R, n. The water of a river, as dis- 
 
 tingiiishetl from Rai?i-\vateb. 
 RIVET, o.t ^It. ribadire ; Port, rebitar. These are 
 
 compoiintls of a verb with re for a prefix. The 
 
 Spanish has roblar. The French river, and Arm. 
 
 riea or riiiea, would seem to be the Heb. 3^1, to 
 
 drive.] 
 
 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets ; as, to 
 
 rieft two pieces of iron. 
 
 2. To clinch ; as, to rivet a pin or bolt. Moion. 
 
 3. To fasten firmly ; to make linn, strong, or im- 
 movable ; OS, to rivet friendship or affection. 
 
 .SIterbury, 
 
 Riott and nail me where I stand, ye powers. Congreve. 
 RIVET, 71. A pin of iron or other metal with a head, 
 driven through a piece of timber or metal, and the 
 point bent or spread and be.tt down ftist, to prevent 
 its being drawn out ; or a pin or bi>ll clinched at 
 both ends. 
 RIVET-ED, pp. Clinched ; made fast. 
 RIVET ING, p/ir. Clinching; fastening firmly. 
 RIVING, ppr. Splitting ; bursting asuntier. 
 RI-VOSE', a. [L. ricii.«.] 
 
 In zoology, marked with furrows sinuate and ir- 
 regular. Brande. 
 RIV'lJ-LET, 71. [L. Hvulus.] 
 
 A small stream or brook ; a streamlet. 
 
 Jiy fountiiin or by shoij/ rivulet, 
 
 lie souj^ht Uiein. ^filtan. 
 
 RIX-S'TION, 71. [L. rira(ii7, from rixor, to brawl or 
 
 tpiarrel.] 
 
 A brawl or quarrel. [jVot in use.] 
 RIX-DOL'LAR, 71. [G. reichsthaler : D. niksdaalder ; 
 
 Sw. riksdalcr ; Dan. rigsdaler ; the dollar of the 
 
 realm] 
 
 A silver coin of Germany, Holland, Denmark, and 
 Sweden, of different viUue in rtillerent jilaces ; but 
 usually valued at from 4s. to 4s. 8d. sterling, or about 
 the same as the American dollar. The rix dollars 
 now current in Prussia, Saxe-Gotlia, and Poland, 
 are valued at 2s. lid. sterling, or about 7U cents. 
 
 McCuUoeh. 
 
 RoACH, 7U [Sax. reohche, hreoce ; G. roche : Dan. 
 rokke ; Sw. rocka i Fr. rouget, from the root of rouire, 
 red.] 
 
 1. A fish of the carp family, Leucisciis rutilus, 
 found in fresh water, easily caught and tolerably 
 good for food. 
 
 2. The curve or arch cut in the foot of some square 
 sails. Brandc. 
 
 Jis sound as a roach, is a phrase supposed to have 
 been, originally, as sound as a rocA-. [Fr roche.] 
 RoAD, n. [Sax. rad, radr, a ride, a passing or travel- 
 ing on horseback, a way, a road, corresiHiiiding with 
 the G. reise, I), reis, Dan. rejse, Sw. resa ; but in the 
 sense of a place for anchoring ships, the Fr. has rade, 
 Sp. rada, G. anti D. reede, Sw. redd, Dan. rede, reed. 
 In the sense of way, the Spanish has rauta, VV. 
 rhawd, all connectetl with ride, W. rhcdu, to run, and 
 L. gradior, W. rtiodiaw, to walk or go. The Sla- 
 vonic has brud, and the Bohemian brod, a Way. 
 See GuADE.] 
 
 1. An oiien way or public passage ; ground ap- 
 propriated for travel, forming a communication be- 
 tween one city, town, or place, and another. The 
 word is generally applied to highways, and as a 
 generic term it includes highway, street, and lane. 
 The military roads of the Romans were paved with 
 stone, or formed of gravel or pebbles, and some of 
 them remain to this d.-iy entire. 
 
 2. Any place where ships may ride nt anchor at 
 some distance from the shore ; sometimes called 
 Roadstead, that is, a place for riding, meaning at 
 anchor. 
 
 3. A journey. Milton. 
 [.Vot used ; but we still use ride as a noun ; as, a 
 
 long ride ; a short ride ; the same word differently 
 written.] 
 
 4. An inroad ; incursion of an enemy. [A'"o( in 
 use] Shak. 
 
 On the road ; passing; traveling. Law. 
 
 RO.\D'-BED, 71. The bed or foundation on which the 
 superstructure of a railroad rests. Famham. 
 
 RoAD'STER, 71. Among seamen, a vessel riding at 
 anchor in a road or bay. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. .\ horse fitted for traveling. Bell. 
 
 ROAD'STE.VD, (-sted,) n. .\ place where ships may 
 ri</e at anchor, at some distance from the shore. 
 
 ROAD'WAY, n. The part of a road traveled by car- 
 riages. ShaL 
 
 ROA.M, r. I. [If 771 is radical, this word seems to be 
 connected with ramble, L. ra77in». In W. rhamu is 
 to rise over, to soar, to vault ; whence rhamant, a 
 rising boldly, romance ; rhem, rhum, somelhing pro- 
 jecting; rAiiTi, rim, the exterior part of a thing ; .\r. 
 
 TONE, BULL, t^NITE.— AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH ns SH ; TH a.i in THIS. 
 
 9.53 
 
ROB 
 
 ROB 
 
 ROC 
 
 to exceed, to depart. Class Rm, No. 5. See 
 
 also No. 9 and 23.] 
 
 To wander ; to ramble ; to rove ; to walk or move 
 about from place to place without any certain pur- 
 pose or direction. Tlie wolf and the savage roam in 
 the forest. 
 
 Daphne roaming through a thorny wood. Shal; 
 RoAM, !i. t. To range ; to wander over ; as, to roam 
 
 the woods ; but the phrase is elliptical. Milton. 
 RoAM'iCD, jrp. Ranged ; wandered over. 
 ROAM'ER, n. A wanderer; a rover; a rambler; a 
 
 vagrant. 
 
 RoAM'ING, ppr. Wandering; roving. 
 
 ROAM'ING, I 
 
 n. The act of wandering. 
 
 RoAM, 
 ROAN, a. [Fr. rouan.} 
 
 A roan horse is one that is of a bay, sorrel, or dark 
 color, with spots of gray, or white, thickly inter- 
 spersed. Far. Diet. 
 RoAN'-TREE, n. A tree of the genus Sorbus or 
 
 Pyrus ; the mountain ash. Lee. 
 Ro.^R, 1!. i. [Sax. rarian, to roar; W. rkawr, the 
 roaring of the sea.] 
 
 1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound ; to 
 bellow, as a beast ; as, a roaring bull ; a i-oarin^Won. 
 
 2. To cry aloud, as in distress. 
 
 The suffering clilcf 
 Roared out for iin tjLiUli. Dryden. 
 
 3. To cry aloud ; to bawl ; as a child. 
 
 4. To cause a loud, continued sound. We say, 
 the sea or the wind roars j a company roar in accla- 
 mation. 
 
 5. To make a loud noise. 
 
 The brazen Uiroat of War had ceased to roar. Milton. 
 ROAR, n. A full, loud sound of some continuance; 
 the cry of a beast ; as, the ruar of a lion or bull. 
 
 2. The loud cry of a child or person in distress. 
 
 3. Clamor; outcry of joy or mirth; as, a roar of 
 laughter. He set the company in a roar. 
 
 4. The loud, continued sound of the sea in a storm, 
 or the howling of a tempest. Philips. 
 
 5. Any loud sound of some continuance ; as, the 
 roar of cannon. 
 
 RoAR'ER, n. One that roars, man or beast. 
 
 2. A horse quite broken winded. Smart. 
 
 RoAR'ING, jipr. or a. Crying like a bull or lion ; ut- 
 tering a deep, loud sound. 
 
 RoAR'ING, 71. The cry of a lion or other beast; 
 outcry of distress. Job iii. ; loud, continued sound of 
 the billows of the sea, or of a tempest. Js. v. 
 
 2. In farriery, a disease of horses, usually accom- 
 panying or preceding broken wind. Farm. Eacyc. 
 
 RoAR'ING-LY, adv. In a roaring manner. 
 
 RoAR'Y, a. Dewy ; more properly Rorv. 
 
 RoAST, v. t. [W. rhostiaw ; Ir. ro.itam ; Arm. ro.tta ; 
 Fe. rdtir : It. arrostire ; D. roosten; G. roatcn ; Sw. 
 rosta; Dan. rioter, to roast, and ris!, a gridiron, G. 
 ro.1t. If the verb is from the noun, the sense is, to 
 dress or cook on a gridiron, or grate, and rist, rust, 
 coincide in elements with L. rasteltum, a rake. If 
 the verb is the root, the sense probably is, to contract 
 or crisp, or to throw or agitate, hence to make rousih. 
 The Welsh has also crasu, to roast, from crSi. This 
 coincides with crwp.] 
 
 1. To cook, dress, or prepare meat for the table, by 
 exposing it to heat, as on a spit, in a bakc-pan, in an 
 oven, or the like. We now say, to roast meat on a 
 spit, in a pan, or in a tin oven, &c. ; to baJic meat in 
 an oven ; to broil meat on a gridiron. 
 
 2. To prepare for food by exposure to heat ; as, to 
 roast apples or potatoes ; to roast eggs. 
 
 3. To heat to excess ; to heat violently. 
 
 RoagUd in wroth and lire. ShaJc. 
 
 4. To dry and parch by exposure to heat; as, to 
 roa.it coffee. 
 
 .'■>. In meudlurgy, to dissipate the volatile parts of 
 ore by heat. 
 
 V). in common discourse, to jeer ; to banter severely. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 RoAST, 71. That which is roasted. 
 
 RoAST, a. [For Roasted.] Roasted ; as, roast beef. 
 
 Ro AST, 71. In the phrase to rule the roast, i. e., to gov- 
 ern the company, this word is a corrupt pronunci.a- 
 tion of the G. rath, counsel, Dan. and D. raad, Sw. 
 ra/i. 
 
 ROAST'ED, pp. or o. Dressed by exposure to heat on 
 n Rpit. 
 
 ROAST'ER,n. One that roa.sts meat ; also, a contri- 
 2. A pig for roasting. [vance for roasting. 
 
 RfiAST'I.N'G, ppr. Preparing for the table by exposure 
 to heat on a npit ; drying and parching. 
 
 2. Hanlering with severity. 
 ROAST'I.N(;, 71. The act of roasting, as meat. 
 
 Q. Ill miintlurfrij, the protracted application of beat, 
 below a fuHing point, to metallic ores. 
 
 3. A acvcre Icojing or bantering. 
 
 ROD, n. fSp. roi; Ar. •— rauia, to be thick.] 
 
 The inspissated juice of ripe fruit, mixed with 
 honey or sugar to the consistence of a conserve. 
 
 Sp. Diet. 
 
 ROB, V. t. [G. rauben ; D. rooven ; Sw. roffa and rSfva ; 
 Dan. rover i It. rubare; Sp. robar ; Port, roubarj Pers. 
 O , 
 
 O" 
 
 rhaib, a snatching, Sax. reafian, L. rapio, Fr. ravir. 
 Class Rb, No. 26, 27, 29, 30.] 
 
 1. In law, to take from the person of another felo- 
 niously, forcibly, and by putting him in fear ; as, to 
 rob a passenger on the road. Blackstone. 
 
 2. To seize and carry from any thing by violence 
 and with felonious intent ; as, to rob a coach ; to rob 
 the mail. 
 
 3. To plunder ; to strip unlawfully ; as, to rob an 
 orchard ; to rob a man of his just praise. 
 
 4. To take away by oppression or by violence. 
 
 Jtab not Uie poor because lie is poor. — Prov. xxii. 
 
 5. To take from ; to deprive. A large tree robs 
 smaller plants near it of their nourishment. 
 
 6. In a loose sense, to steal ; to take privately with- 
 out permission of the owner. Tooke. 
 
 7. To withhold what is due. Mai. iii. 
 ROii'BED, (rubd,) ;);). Deprived felonioi;sly and by 
 
 violence; plundered; seized and carried away by 
 violence. 
 
 ROB'BER, 71. In law, one that takes goods or money 
 from the person of another by force or menaces, and 
 with a felonious intent. Blackstone. 
 
 2. In a looser sense, one who takes that to which 
 he has no right ; one who steals, plunders, or strips 
 by violence and wrong. 
 
 ROB'BER-Y, 71. In law, the forcible and felonious 
 taking from the person of another any money or 
 goods, putting him in fear, that is, by violence or by 
 menaces of death or personal injur}'. Rubbery differs 
 from theft, as it is a violent, felonious taking from the 
 person or presence of anotlier ; whereas theft is a fe- 
 lonious taking of goods privately from the person, 
 dwelling, &;c., of another. These words should not 
 be confounded. 
 
 2. A plundering; a pillaging; a taking away by 
 violence, wrong, or oppression. 
 
 ROB'liING, ppr. Feloniously taking from the person 
 of another; putting him in fear ; stripping; plunder- 
 ing ; taking from another unlawfully or by wrong or 
 oppression. 
 
 ROIJ'BINS, )n.pl. [rope and banils.] Short, flat 
 RoPE'-BANDS, ( plaited pieces of rope, with an 
 eye in one end, used in pairs to tie the upper edges 
 of square sails to their yards. Mar. Diet. 
 
 RoBE, 71. [Fr. robe; Sp. ropa; Port, roupa; Ir. roba; 
 It. roba, a robe, and goods or estate ; far roba, to get 
 money ; robone, a long gown ; robbiccia, trifles, idle 
 stuir. The Spanish and Portuguese words signify 
 clothing in general, cloth, stuff, wearing apparel, also 
 a loose garment worn over the rest ; a gown ; Sp. 
 ropa^e is ivearing apparel, drapery ; roperia, the trade 
 of dealers in clothes. In .Sp. and Port., then, the 
 word coincides with the Fr. drap. Eng. drapery and 
 frippery. In Sax. reaf is clothing in general, and 
 spoil, plunder, from reafian, to rob. From these facts 
 let the reader judge whether this word had its origin 
 in rabbintr, like wearing apparel, or from stripping', 
 the name being originally given to skins, the j>rimi- 
 tive clothing of rude nations.] 
 
 1. A kind of gown, or long, loose garment, worn 
 over other dress, particularly by persons in elevated 
 stations. The robe is properly a dress of state or 
 dignity, as of princes, judges, priests, &c. See Exod. 
 xxix. 55. 1 Sam. xxiv. 4. Matt, xxvii. 28. 
 
 2. A splendid female gown or garment. 2 Sam. 
 
 3. An elegant dress ; splendid attire. [xiii. 
 
 4. In Scripture, the vesture of purity or righteous- 
 ness, and of happiness. Job xxix. Luke xv. 
 
 RoUE, II. t. To put on a robe ; or to dress with mag- 
 nificence ; to array. Pope. Thomson. 
 
 2. To dress ; to invest, as with beauty or elegance ; 
 as, fields robed with green. 
 
 Such was }ii8 power over the expression of his countenance, that 
 lie could m an inst.ant shake oil the sternness of winu^r, and 
 rohe it in the brightest smiles of spring. Wirl. 
 RdB'/^l), pp. Dressed with a robe; arrayed with ele- 
 gancr. 
 
 ROB'I'.ROS-MAN, ) n. In the old .itatutes of Enn^land, 
 ROli'ERTS-MAN, j a bold, stout robber, or night- 
 
 tliief, said to be so called from Hobhiliood, a famous 
 
 robber. Johnson. 
 ROli'ERT, ) 71. An annual plant, of the genus 
 
 III;KI1-R(JI1'ERT, \ Geranium. Loudon. 
 ROB'EItT-INlO, (-in,) 71. One of an order of monks, 
 
 Ro called from Hubert Flower, the founder, A. D. 
 
 1187. 
 
 RCJB'IN, 71. [L. rubeculn, from rubeo, to be red.] 
 
 A bird with a reddish breast. In Ensland.^ the 
 robin, or redhrrn.si, is the Erj thaca (Motacilla, Linn.) 
 rubeculn, a bird allied to the nightingale. In Amer- 
 ica, n species of thrush, Turdus niigratorius, is com- 
 monly called ro/<i«. Jardine. JV'Hitall. 
 
 ROIl'ING, ppr. Dressing with n robo ; arraying with 
 elegance. 
 
 ROB'IN-GOOD'FEL-LoW, n. A celebrated fairy, 
 also called Puck. [See PecK.] Brands, 
 
 ROB'O-RANT, a. [L roborans, roboro.] 
 Strengthening. 
 
 ROB'O-RANT, 71. A medicine that strengthens ; but 
 Tonic is generally used. 
 
 ROB-O-Ra'TION, 71. [from L. roboro, from robur, 
 strength.] 
 
 A strengthening. [Little used."] Cotes. 
 RO-BO'RE-OUS, a. [L. roboreus, from robur, strength, 
 and an oak.] 
 
 Made of oak. Diet. 
 RO-BUST', a. [h. robustus, from robur, strength.] 
 
 1. Strong ; lusty ; sinewy ; muscular ; vigorous ; 
 forceful ; as, a robust body ; robust youth. It implies 
 full flesh and sound health. 
 
 2. Sound ; vigorous ; as, roJiisf health. 
 
 3. Violent ; rough ; rude. 
 
 Itoinp-loving miss 
 Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson. 
 
 4. Requiring strength ; as, robust employment. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 JVote. — This is one of the words in which we ob- 
 serve a strong tendency in practice to accentuate the 
 first syllable, as in access ; and there are many situ- 
 ations of the word in which this is the prel'erable 
 pronunciation. 
 
 RO-BUST'IOUS, (ro-bust'yus,) o. Robust; strong; 
 sinewy ; vigorous ; forceful. Milton. 
 2. Boisterous ; violent ; rude. Shak. 
 [Robustious and its derivatives, Robustiouslt 
 and RoBusTiousNEss, are now extremely vulgar, and 
 in the United States nearly obsolete.] 
 
 RO-BUST'LY, adv. With great strength ; muscularly. 
 
 RO-BUST'NESS, 71. Strength ; vigor, or the condition 
 of the body when it has full, firm flesh, and sound 
 health. Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 ROC, 1 7!. The well-known monstrous bird of Ara- 
 
 ROCK, i bian mythology. Brande. 
 
 ROC'AM-BOLE, ) ;i. [from the French.] A sort of 
 
 ROK'AM-BOLE, j wild garlic, the Allium ophiosco- 
 rodon, growing naturally in Crete. 
 
 Rocambole, wild, is Allium scorodoprasum, which 
 grows in Denmark, &c. 
 
 ROC-CEL'LIC ACID, 7i. An acid obtained from the 
 Roccella tinctoria, or archil weed. Hecren. 
 
 RoCllE'-AL-UM, 71. [Fr. rochc, a rock. It ought to 
 be written and called Rock-Alum.] 
 
 Rock-alum, a purer kind of alum. Mortimer 
 
 RO-CHELLE' salt, (ro-shel' sawlt,) n. Tartrate of 
 potassa and stxla. 
 
 RUCll'ET, 71. [Ft. rochet ; It. roccetto, rocchetto ; Sax. 
 rocc ; G. rock; D. rok. This coincides in origin with 
 frock.] 
 
 A linen garment resembling the surplice, but with 
 n.airower sleeves, worn under the chiniere by bishops 
 during the middle ages. Hook. 
 
 ROCH'ET, 71. A fish, the roach, which see. 
 
 ROCK, 71. [Fr. roc, or rochc, It. rocca, a rock, and 
 a distaff; Sp. roea; Port, roea, rocha; Ann. rochi 
 Basque, arroca. Dropping the first letter of crag, rock 
 would seem to be the same word, and so named from 
 breaking and the consequent roughness, correspond- 
 ing with Gr. Iiaxia, as crag does with crack; Ar. 
 
 O^ii garaka, to burst, crack, tear, rake. So L. riipes, 
 
 from the root of rumpo, to break or burst. If this is 
 not the origin of rock, I know not to what root to as- 
 sign it. See Class Rg, No. 34.] 
 
 1. .'V large mass of stony matter usually compound- 
 ed of two or more simple minerals, either bedded in 
 the earth or resting on its surface. Sometimes rocks 
 compose the principal part of huge mountains ; some- 
 times huge rocks lie on the surface of the earth, in 
 detached blocks or masses. Under this term miner- 
 alogists class all mineral substances, coal, gj'psum, 
 salt, &c. 
 
 2. In Scripture, figuratively, defense ; means of 
 safety ; protection ; strength ; asylum. 
 
 The Lord is my rock. — 2 Sam. xxii. 
 
 3. Firmness ; a firm or immovable foundation. Ps. 
 xxvii. Mall. vii. and xvi. 
 
 4. A fabulous bird in (he Eastern tales. [See Roc] 
 ROCK, 71. [Dan. roA-; Sw.rock; D. rokken ; G. rock- 
 en ; It. rocca : Sp. rucca. The latter is rendered a 
 distaff, a winding or twisting, and the fish of a mast 
 or yard. The sense is, probably, a rack or frame.] 
 
 A distaff used in spinning ; the stafl'or Iranie aliout 
 which flax is arranged, from which tlio thread is 
 drawn in spinning. 
 ROCK, 71. (. [Dan. rokker, to move, stir, wag, rack, 
 advance ; G. rilcken 1 Old Fr. roci/ner, or rn^iicr ; Sw 
 ragta, to reel ; W. rhocian, to rock ; rhoc, a shooting 
 
 or moving diflerent ways ; Ar. ^ rnggP, to shake, 
 
 to tremble, to agitate. This latter verb in Ch. and 
 Syr. signifies to desire, to lung for, that is, to reach, 
 or stretch, Gr. optyoi ; and it may be n dill'eient 
 word.] 
 
 1. I move backward and forward, as a body rest- 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nQQK — 
 
ROC 
 
 in ft on a foundation ; as, to rorft a cnullc ; to rock a 
 rliair ; to roik a iiiotintain. It differs IVoni Shake, as 
 denoting a slower and more uniform motion, or larger 
 niovenients. It differs from Swino, wliicli expresses 
 a vibratory motion of something suspendetl. 
 
 A riiiii^ furiluiuiike rofked Oi^ s^roiiml. Drydtn. 
 5. To move backward and forward in a cradle, 
 chair, &.c. ; as, to rock a child to sleep. Dryden. 
 3. To lull ; to quiet. 
 
 Sk-ep rock tliy bmin. [Umttual.^ SJtak, 
 ROCK, r. i. To be moved backward and forward ; to 
 reel. 
 
 The rocking town 
 Supplatiu their foouitff s. Philips. 
 
 RO('K'-.\L-UM, n. The purest kind of alum. [See 
 Roche-Alcm.] 
 
 ROCK'-Ha-S/N , (-ba-sn,) n. A cavity or artificial ba- 
 sin l ilt in a rock, for tlie purpose, as is sn|iposed, of 
 collectinj the dew or niin for ablutions and purifica- 
 tions prescribed by the druidical reliaion. 
 
 Grosier. Encyc, 
 
 ROCK'-ROUND, a. Hemmed in by rocks. 
 
 ROCK'-BUT-TI'.R, n. A supposed subsulphltc of alu- 
 njina, oozins from aluminous rocks. Ci/c. 
 
 ROCK'-GOKK, n. A variety of asbcstus, resembling 
 cork in its texture. Dunn. 
 
 ROCK'-eUESS, 71. A plant of the genus Arabis. 
 Also called Wall-Cress. Farm. Eitcyc. 
 
 ROCK'-eRO\V.\-/:D, a. Crowned with rocks. 
 
 ROCK-eRVS'TAL, n. Limpid quartz. When purest, 
 it is while or colorless, but it is found of a grayish 
 or yellowish white, pale yellow, or citrine. Its most 
 usual form is that of hexagonal prisms, surmounted 
 by Iiexasonal pyramids. Kirwait. Cleavflami. 
 
 ROCK'DoE, n. A species of deer. Orrw. 
 
 ROCK'KD, (rokt,) pp. [from roc/., the verb.] Moved 
 one way and the other. 
 
 ROCK'KR, H. One who rocks the cradle; also, the 
 curving piece of wood on which a cradle or chair 
 rocks. 
 
 ROCK'ET, n. [Dan. raAcf, rotcttc, a rocket, cracker, 
 or squib ; G. rackrte : probably from the root of crack 
 and rackety Fr. eratjuer, crtiffuetir.] 
 
 An arliticial firework, consisting of a cylindrical 
 case of paper, filled with a composition of combusti- 
 ble ingredients, as niter, charcoal, anil sulphur. This 
 being tied to a stick and fired, the cise and slick are 
 l)rojecled through the air by a force arising from the 
 
 ■ combustion. P. Ci/c. 
 
 ROCK'ET, n. [L. eraca.] 
 
 A popular name of certain species of the genus 
 Brassica, or more probably Eruca. The popular name 
 of Ilesperis niatronalis, and other species of Ilespe- 
 ris. Tnllij. 
 
 ROCK'-FISIt, 71. A salt-water fish, a species of Goby, 
 Gohius niser. Jarili}ic\^ A'tit. Lib. 
 
 ROCK'I-NESS, n. [from rociy.] State of abounding 
 with rocks. 
 
 ROCK'I.N'G, ppr. or a. Moving backward and for- 
 ward. 
 
 ROCK'I.\G CHSIR, n. A chair mounted on rockers. 
 
 ROCK'IN'G STo.NE, n. A stone, often of great size 
 and weight, resting upon another stone, and so ex- 
 actly poised on some edge or corner, that it can be 
 rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force. 
 
 Jour, of Sci. 
 
 ROCK'LESS, a. Being without rocks. Dnjdcn. 
 
 ROCK'-OIL, 71. Another name for petroleum. 
 
 ROCK'-PIG-EON, 71. A species of pigeon, Coliimba 
 livia, found in Euro|ie, Asia, and Africa. It inhabits 
 rocks anil caves, and is considered to be the original 
 of the domestic pigeons. .lardine. 
 
 ROCK'-PLANT, n. A plant distinguished by growing 
 on or among naked rocks. P. Cue. 
 
 ROCK'-RIB-Rf:i), a. Inclosed or ribbed in by rocks. 
 
 ROUK'-ROOF-£D, (-rooft,) a. Having a roof of 
 rock. 
 
 ROCK'-ROSE, 71. A plant of the genus Cistus or He- 
 liantheiiiiini. 
 
 ROCK'-4{0-RY, 71. A fine reddish variety of garnet 
 
 Dana. 
 
 ROCK'-SALT, 71. Mineral salt; salt dug from the 
 earth ; ciilorid of sodium. But in Jimerica, this name 
 is sometimes given to salt that comes in large crys- 
 tals from thp West Indies, which salt is formed by 
 evaporation from sea-water, in large basins or cavi- 
 ties, (111 the isles. Uexahedral rock-salt occurs foli- 
 ated and fibrous. Ure. 
 
 ROCK'-WOOD, 71. Ligniform asbcstus. Cyc. 
 
 ROCK'-\v6liK, ( wurk,) 71. Stones fixed in mortar 
 ill imitation of the as|>erities of rocks, forming a 
 wall. 
 
 U. In ffardening, an elevation of earth and other 
 htose materials covered with stones, &.c., among 
 which plants adapted for such a situation are grown. 
 « P. Cyc. 
 
 ROCK'Y, a. [from rack.] Full of rocks ; as, a rocky 
 mountain ; a rocky shore. 
 
 2. Resembling a rock ; as, the rocA-yorb of a shield. 
 
 .Milton. 
 
 3. Very hard ; stony ; obdurate ; insucccptible of 
 mipression ; as, a rocky bosom. Shak. 
 
 Ro eo.\, 71. [A corruption of C/i-iKu.] A colored pul- 
 
 ROG 
 
 py substance within the legume, and surrounding the 
 seeds of the llixa Orellana. In its purified state it is 
 called Anotto. ■ 
 ROD, 71. [Sax. rod; Dan. rode; I), roede, roe; G. ruthe 
 ami reis. In Danish, rod is a root ; and I suppose 
 rod, root, L. radiits, ray, radii, root, and Dan. and Sw. 
 rail, to be of one family. The sense is a shoot, from 
 extending. The Riiss. prut, a rod, is probably the 
 same word with a prefix.) 
 
 1. The shoot or long twig of any woody plant ; a 
 branch, or the stem of a shrub ; as, a rod of liazel, of 
 birch, of oak, or hickory. Hence, 
 
 2. An instrument of punishment or correction ; 
 chastisement. 
 
 I will cli;uttrn him with the rod of mon. — 2 Sam. vii. Prov. x. 
 
 3. Discipline ; ecclesiastical censures. 1 Cor. iv. 
 
 4. A kind of scepter. 
 
 The rod nmi tin! of peace. Sliak. 
 
 5. A pole for angling; something long and slender. 
 
 Guy. 
 
 fi. An instmment for measuring ; but, TTiorc ijcntr- 
 albj, a measure of length containing five yards, or 
 sixteen feet and a half; a pole ; a perch. In many 
 parts of the United Slates, rod is universally used for 
 yole or perch. 
 
 7. In Scripture, a staff or wand. 1 Sam. xiv. 
 
 8. Support. 
 
 Thy rod ami thy «t-tlT, Ihey comfort me. — Ps. xxiii. 
 
 9. A shepherd's crook. Lev. xxvii. 
 
 10. An instrument for threshing. Is. x.xviii. 
 
 11. Power; authority. Ps. cxw. 
 
 12. A tribe or race. P.t. Ixxiv. 
 
 liod of iron ; the mighty power of Christ. Rev. xix. 
 Ps. ii. 
 
 RfiT'E. pret. of Ride : also, a cross. [See Rood.] 
 RO'DUNT, a. [L. rodo.] 
 
 Gnawing ; a term applied to the rodentia, which 
 see. 
 
 Ro'DE.N'T, 71. An animal that gnaws, as a rat. 
 
 RO-DE.N'TIA, 71. pi. [L. rodo, to gnaw.] 
 
 Gnawers ; an order of mammals haying two large 
 incisor teeth in each jaw, separated from the molar 
 teeth by an empty space. The rat and mouse, the 
 squirrel, the marmot, the musk-rat, and the beaver, 
 belong to this order. 
 
 ROD'0-MO.\T, 11. [Fr. id. : It. rodnmonle, a bully ; Ir. 
 raidhmeis, silly stories, rodomontade ; roithre, a bab- 
 bler, a prating fellow ; roilhrrnchi , silly talk, loquaci- 
 ty, rhetoric: from radliam, to say, tell, relate, \V. ad- 
 ram. The Ir. radh, radhnm, arc the Pax. reed, speech, 
 and rtpdan, to read. (Sec Read.) TI1.5 last syllable 
 may bo the Fr. montrr, to mount, and the word then 
 signifies one lhat speaks loftily. Hence the name of 
 Arioslo's hero.] 
 
 A vain boaster. Herbert. 
 
 ROD'OMONT, a. Bragging; vainly boasting. 
 
 ROI)-0-MO.\T-.\DE', 11. [Fr. id. ; It. rodomonlata. 
 See RoDoMoNT.] 
 
 Vain boasting ; empty bluster or vaunting; rant. 
 
 I coul'l show lh:vt th'' rodomonladcM of Almatizor are neither 10 
 irrntioiial nor iiiipu^sible. lyrydtn. 
 
 ROD-O-MONT-aDE', v. i. To boast; to brag; to 
 
 bluster ; to rant. 
 R()I)-0-M().\T-aD'IST, ) 71. Atilusteringboaster; one 
 ROD-0->IO.\T-.\D'OR, ( that brags or vaunts. 
 
 Temj. Todd. 
 RoE, ) 71. [Sax. ra, or raa. rmire, or hritge; G. 
 
 RoE'BUCK, i rth and rchbocl; ; Dan. raa, or raabuk ; 
 
 Sw. rabock.] 
 
 1. A species of deer, the Capreolus Dorcas, with 
 erect cylindrical branched horns, forked at the sum- 
 mit. This is one of the smallest of the deer, but of 
 elegant shape and remarkably nimble. It prefers a 
 mountainous country, and congregates in families. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 2. Roe ; the female of the hart. Sandys. 
 ROE, (ro,) 71. [G.rogen: Dan. ro<rn, rairn; that which 
 
 is ejected. So in Dan. roge is spittlej 
 
 The seed or spawn of fishes. The roe of the 
 m.ale is called soft roe or 7711/1 th.it of the female, 
 haril roe or spawn. Encye. 
 
 RfiE'-STo.VE, 71. Called .also OBlite, which see. 
 
 RO-G.A'TIO.\, 71. [Fr., from L. rogatio; rogo, to ask.] 
 
 1. Litany; supplication. 
 
 He pcrfeclrih the rogations or liunit^ before in tiie. Hooker. 
 
 2. In Roman jurispnuUnce, the demand, by the 
 consuls or tribunes, of a' law to be passetl by the 
 people. 
 
 RO-GA'TIONMVEEK, n. The second week before 
 WhiLsund.ay, thus called from the three fasts ob- 
 served therein ; viz., on Monday, Tucsd.ay, and 
 Wednesday, called rogalion-days, because of the ex- 
 traordinary prayers then made for the fruits of the 
 earth, or as a preparation for the devotion of the 
 Holy Thursday. p. Cyc. Hook. 
 
 ROGUE, (rog,) 71. [Sax. earg, org, idle, stiipid, mean ; 
 tar^ian, to become dull or torpid ; D. G. Sw. and 
 Dan. org, evil, crafty, wicked ; Gr. an; 05. Hence 
 Cinihric argur, and Eng. rogue, by transposition of 
 letters. The word arga, in the laws of the Ltmgo- 
 bards, denotes a cuckoltl. Spel. voc. Jirga.] 
 
 ROL 
 
 1. In lam, a vagrant; a sturdy beggar; a vaga- 
 bond. Persons of this character were, by the an- 
 cient laws of England, to be punished by whipping 
 and having Uie ear bored with a hot iron. 
 
 Kncyc. Spenjier. 
 
 2. A knave ; a dishonest person ; applied now, I 
 believe, exclusively to males. This word compre- 
 hends thieves and robbers, but is generally applied 
 to such as cheat and defraud in mutual dealings, or 
 to counterfeiters. 
 
 The rogus nnd fool by U fair anil wbe. Pope. 
 
 3. A name of slight tenderness and endearment. 
 At;i5, poor rogue, 1 tliiiijt liiilced ilie loves. Sliak. 
 
 4. A wag. Shak. 
 ROGUE, (rug,) r. i. To wander ; to play the vaga- 
 bond, [l.illle ujied.] Sptnser. 
 
 2. To play knavish tricks, [/.i/f/e u.*r(/.J Johusnn. 
 ROGU'ER-Y, 71. The life of a vagrant. [Aoia litUe 
 
 useii \ Donne. 
 
 2 Knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest 
 practices. 
 
 'Tis no scandal grown 
 For ilebt and roguery to quit the town. Dryden. 
 
 3. Waggery ; arch tricks ; mischievousness. 
 ROGUE'SHIP, 71. The qualities or personage of a 
 
 rogue. Dryden. 
 RoGUE'S'-YARN, n. Yarn of a different twist and 
 
 color from the rest, and inserted into the cordage of 
 
 the British navy, to identify it if stolen. Buchanan. 
 RoGU'fSH, (rug'isli,) a. Vagrant ; vagabond. [JVcorly 
 
 obsolete. ] Spenser. 
 
 2. Knavish; fraudulent; dishonest. SicifL 
 [This is the present sense of the icord.] 
 
 3. Waggish ; wanton ; slightly miscliicvoiis. 
 
 Jlddison. 
 
 ROGU'ISII-LY, adr. Like a rogue ; knavishly ; wan-, 
 tonly. 
 
 ROGU'ISH-NES.=i, 71. The qualities of a rogue ; 
 knavery ; niischievousnesg. 
 
 2. Archness ; sly cunning ; as, the roguishncss of 
 a look. 
 
 ROGU'Y, (rog'y,) a. Knavish ; wanton. [.Yot in use.] 
 
 Vhlstrange. 
 
 ROIL, V. t. [This is the Arm. brelln, Fr. brouillrr, em- 
 brouiller. It. brogiiare, imbrogtiure, Sp. cmbrolliir. 
 Port, einbrulhar ; primarily, to turn or stir, to make 
 intricate, to twist, wrap, involve, hence to mix, con- 
 found, perplex, whence Eng. broil, Fr. brouiUard, 
 mist, fog. In English, the prefix or first letter is 
 lost.] 
 
 1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sed- 
 iment ; as, to roil wine, cider, or other liquor in casks 
 or bottles. 
 
 2. To excite some degree of anger ; to disturb the 
 passion of resentment. 
 
 [ Thc^e senses are in common use in JV'cifl England, 
 and are local in Knglan(L] 
 
 3. To perplex. [Local in England.] 
 ROIL'i^D, pp. Rendered turbiil or foul by disturbing 
 
 the li^es or sediment ; angered slightly; disturbed in 
 
 mind by an offense. 
 ROIL'I.NG, ppr. Rendering turbid, or exciting the 
 
 passion of anger. 
 J^-utc. — This word is as legitimate as any in the 
 
 language. 
 ROI.N'T. See Arotwt. 
 
 ROIST, j 1). i. [Arm. reasila, to embroil. This 
 ROIST'ER, i word belongs to the root of rustle, 
 bnistir. Sax. brysan, to shake, to rush, W. rhysiatr, |o 
 rii,**, to straiten, to entangle, rhysu, id.] 
 
 To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, 
 nois}', vaunting, or turbulent. [Aot in use.] 
 
 Shak. Swift. 
 
 ROIST'ER, ) 71. A bold, blustering, turbulent fel- 
 ROIST'EK-ER, ( low. [JVot in use.] 
 ROIST'ER-LY, a. Itliistcring ; violent. 
 ROIST'ER-LY, adv. In a bullying, violent manner. 
 
 [Little used.] 
 
 rook' \ ' ; damp. A'orth of F.ng- 
 
 RoAK;S 
 
 RoK'V, a. [See Reek.] Misty; foggy; cloudy 
 [JVot in use.] Rati. 
 
 ROLL, r. L [D. and G. rollen ; Sw. rulla ; Dan. rul- 
 ler ; W.rhotiaw; Fr. rouler. Arm. ruilha antl roVa: 
 It. rullare ; Ir. rotam. It is usual to consider this 
 word as formed by contraction from the L itin rutula, 
 a little wheel, from ruta, W. rhod, a wlie. 1. Hut it 
 is .against all probability that all the nations of Eu- 
 rope have fallen into such a contraction. Roll is un- 
 doubtedly a primitive root, on which have been 
 formed troll and slrolL] 
 
 1. To move by turning on the surface, or with a 
 circular motion in which all parts of the surface are 
 successively applied to a plane ; as, to roll a barrel or 
 puncheon ; to roll a stone or ball. Sisyphus was 
 condemned to roll a stone to the top of a hill, which, 
 when he had done so, rolled down ag.ain, and thus 
 his punishment was eternal. 
 
 2. To revolve ; to turn on its axis ; os, to roll a 
 wheel or a planet. 
 
 3. To move in a circular direction. 
 
 4. To wrap round on itself, to form into a circular 
 
 TONE, Bt;LL, U.NITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; C as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 121 
 
 061 
 
ROL 
 
 or cylindrical body ; as, to roll a piece of cloth ; to 
 roll a sheet of paper ; to roll parclinieiit ; to roU to- 
 baccii. 
 
 5. To inwrap ; to bind or involve in a b:\ndage or 
 the like. fViseman. 
 
 6. To form by rolling into round masses. 
 
 Peacham. 
 
 ?. To drive or impel any body with a circular mo- 
 tion, or to drive forward with violence or in a stream. 
 The ocean rolls its billows to the shore. A river rolls 
 its waters to the ocean. 
 
 8. To spread with a roller or rolling-pin ; as, to 
 roll paste. 
 
 9. To produce a periodical revolution. 
 
 Heaven shone and Tolled her motions. lifilton. 
 
 10. To press or level with a roller; as, to roll a 
 field. 
 
 To roll one's self: to wallow. Jl/ic. i. 
 Roll, r. i. To move hy turning on the surface, or 
 with the successive application of all parts uf the 
 surface to a plane j as, a ball or wheel rolls >n the 
 earth ; a body rulLi on an inclined plane. 
 
 2. To move, turn, or run on an axis ; as a wheel. 
 [In this sense, Revolve is more generally used.] 
 
 3. To run on wheels. 
 
 And to the rolling cliair is bound. Dryden. 
 
 4. To revolve ; to perform a periodical revolution ; 
 as, the rolling year ; ages roll away. 
 
 5. To turn ; to move circularly. 
 
 And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden, 
 
 6. To float in rough water ; to be tossed about. 
 
 Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled. Pope. 
 
 7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate 
 sw ells and depressions. Waves roll on waves. 
 
 8. To fluctuate ; to move tunmltuously. 
 WWiXdi^crent sorrows diii within thee toIU Prior. 
 
 9. To be moved with violence ; to be hurled. 
 
 Down they fell, 
 By thousands ; angel on arclwng-jl rolled. ^ftlton. 
 
 10. To be formed into a cylinder or ball ; as, the 
 cloth rolls well. 
 
 11. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin. The 
 paste rolh well. 
 
 12. To wallow ; to tumble ; as, a horse rolh. 
 
 13. To rock or move from side to side ; as, a ship 
 rolls in a calm. 
 
 14. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they 
 can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. 
 
 Roll, n. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled ; 
 as, the roll of a ball ; the roll cf a vessel. 
 
 2. The thing rolling. TTiomson, 
 
 3. A mass made round ; something like a ball or 
 cylinder ; as, a roll of fat ; a roll of wool. 
 
 .^diltson. JMoriimer. 
 
 4. A roller; a cylinder of wood, iron, or stone; 
 as, a roll to break clods. Mortimer. 
 
 5. A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical 
 form ; as, a roll of woollen or satin ; a roll of lace. 
 
 6. A cylindrical twist of tobacco. 
 
 7. An orticial writing; a list; a register; a cata- 
 logue ; as, a muster-roW ; a conn-roll. 
 
 8. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so 
 rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear. 
 
 9. Rolls of court, of parliament, or of any public 
 body, are the parchtnents on which are engrossed, 
 by the proper officer, the acts and proceetlings of that 
 body, and which, being kept in rolls, constitute the 
 recortis of such |)tiblic hotly. 
 
 10. In antit/uitij, a volume ; a book consisting of 
 leaf, bark, paper, skin, or other material, on which 
 the ancients wrote, and which, being kept rolled or 
 folded, was called in Latin volumen, I'rum volvOy to 
 roll. Ilence, 
 
 11. A chronicle ; history ; annals. 
 
 Nor names more noble grace<l the rolta of fame. TyumbuU. 
 
 12. Part ; oflFice ; that is, round of duty, like turn. 
 [Oby j 
 
 RoLij'^rn, pp. or a. Moved by turning ; formed into 
 a round or cylindrical body; leveled with a roller, as 
 land. 
 
 RoLL'KR, 71. That which rolls ; that which turns on 
 its own axis; pnrtuitlarhi, a cyliritlf-r of wood, stone, 
 metal, &.C., used in husbandry and the arts. Rollers 
 are of various kinds, and used for vtirious purposes. 
 
 2. A b: ndagc ; a fillet ; properlij, a long and broad 
 bantl.'ige used in surgery. 
 
 3. An insessorial or perching binl of the genus 
 Coracias. fmind in Eiiropi-, Asia, and Africa. The 
 colore of the plumage in adults are brilliant blue 
 and green, mixed with chestnut. .lanline. 
 
 R("LL'I;K», n. pi. lh avy waves which set in upon a 
 
 co.'ist without wind. 
 ROL'LIC'K, r. i. To move in a careless, swaggering 
 
 manner, with a frolicsiuiH: air. [ CuWiv/iiiu(. ] Smart. 
 ROL'I/If.'K-LXf;, jipr. or a. Moving in n careless or 
 
 HWaggering in.'innrr ; frolicstune. 
 ROLL'INd, ppr. Turning over; revolving; forming 
 
 into a cylinder or round masR ; leveling, as land. 
 2. a. Undulating; having a regular sncceRsion of 
 
 regular elevations and depressions ; as, a railing 
 
 prairie. Western Slates. 
 
 ROM 
 
 RoLL'ING. n. The turning round of a body upon 
 some stirface. 
 
 2. The motion of a ship from side to side. 
 
 RoLL'ING-PIN, 71. A round piece of wood, tapering 
 at each end, with which paste is molded and reduced 
 to a proper thickness. Wiseman. 
 
 RoLL'LNG-PKESri, 7!. An engine consisting of two 
 cylinders, by which cloth is calendered, waved, and 
 tabbied ; also, an engine for taking impressions 
 from copper-plates; also, a like engine for drawing 
 pjlates of metal, ice. 
 
 ROLL'Y-POOL-Y, 77. [Said to be roll and pool, or 
 roll, ball, and pool.'\ A game in which a ball, rolling 
 into a certain place, wins. Arbuthnot. 
 
 ROM'AGE, (rum'maj,) 7i. Bustle ; tumultuous search. 
 
 iSee Rl'mmage.] Shak. 
 -iMA'ie, o. or 71. A term applied to the modern 
 Greek language. 
 RO-]\IAL', (ro-mavvl',) 7i. A species of silk handker- 
 chief. 
 
 RO'M.\.'V, a. [L. Romanus, from Roma, the principal 
 city of the Romans in Italy. Rome is the oriental 
 name Raoiah, elevated, that is, a hill ; for fortresses 
 anti towns were often placed on hills for security ; 
 Heb. and Ch. Di">, to be high, to raise. Class Rm, 
 No. 3.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to Rome, or to the Roman people. 
 
 2. Pertaining to or professing the Roman Catholic 
 religion. 
 
 Roman, order : in architecture, the composite order. 
 [See Composite.] 
 
 Roman Catholic; as an adjective, denoting the re- 
 ligion professed by the people of Rome and of Italy, 
 at the head of which is the pope or bishop of Rome ; 
 as a noun, one who adheres to this religion. 
 RO'MAN, 71. A native of Rome. 
 
 2. A citizen of Rome; one enjoying the privileges 
 of a Roman citizen. 
 
 3. One of the Christian church at Rome to which 
 Paul addressed an epistle, consisting of converts 
 from Judaism or paganism. 
 
 Ro'.MAN CEM'EiNT, 71. An excellent water cement, 
 for btiilding purposes. Buchanan. 
 
 RO-MANCE', (ro-mans',) 7t. [Fr. roman : It. romanio ; 
 Sp. romance, the common vulgar language of Spain, 
 and romance : Port, id., any vulgar tongue, and a 
 species of poetry ; W. rham, a rising over; rkatnant, 
 a rising over, a vaulting or springing, an omen, a 
 figurative expression, romance, as an adjective, rising 
 boldly, romantic ; rhanianta, to rise over, to soar, to 
 reach to a dist.ance, to divine, to romance, to alle- 
 gt)rize ; rhamantu, to use figurative or high-flown 
 language, &.c. The Welsh retains the signification 
 of the oriental word from which Rome is derived, 
 and indeed the sense of romance is evidently from 
 the primitive sense of the root, rather than from the 
 use of the Roman language. The Welsh use of the 
 word proves also the correctness of the foregoing 
 derivation of Roma, and overthrows the fabulous ac- 
 coimt of the origin of the word from Romulus or 
 Remus. It is probable that this word is allied to 
 rawblc.^ 
 
 1. A fabulous rel.ation or story of adventures and 
 incidents designed for the entertainment of readers ; 
 a tale of extraordinary adventures, fictitious and 
 often extravagant, usually a tale of love or war, sub- 
 jects interesting the sensibilities of the heart, or the 
 passions of wontler and curiosity. Romance diflers 
 from the novel, as it treats of actions and adventures 
 of an unusual and wonderful character ; that is, ac- 
 cording to the Welsh signification, it vaults or soars 
 beyond the limits of fact and real life, and often of 
 probability. ^ 
 
 The first roTTirtnces were a monstrous assemblage of histories, in 
 which tnitli and fiction were bleiuied without probability ; a 
 fompositioii of amorous adveutures and tlie extnivagiuit 
 ideas of cliivalry. Ettcyc. 
 
 2. A fiction. Prior. 
 RO-!\lANCE', a. or 77. A term denoting the ilialect 
 
 formerly prevalent in some of the southern districts 
 of France, which sprung directly from the Roman or 
 Latin language. 
 RO-MANCE', (ro-rnans',) v. i. To forge and tell ficti- 
 tious stories ; to deal in extravagant stories. 
 
 RichartL^ton. 
 
 RO-MAN'CER, 7t. One who invents fictitious stories. 
 2. A writer of romance. Jiiibrey, 
 
 RO-MA.\'CING, ppr. Inventing and telling fictitious 
 tales ; buililiiig castles in the air. 
 
 IIO-M AN'CY, (7. Romantic. [J^ot proper.'] 
 
 RO-MAN-EsailE', (ro-nian-esk',) a. or 7t. A term ap- 
 plied in painting to that which appertains to romance, 
 or ratlii r to fable, as connected with objects of fancy ; 
 in nrrhilrctnre, to the debased styles subsequent to, 
 and imitative of, the Roman ; in literature, to the 
 common dialect in some of the southern districts of 
 France, the remains of the old Roman language. 
 
 Brande. Gloss, of .^rchit. 
 
 RO'MAN-IS.M, 71. The tenets of the church of Rome. 
 
 Rrrotnt. 
 
 RO'MAN-IST, 71. An adherent to the Rtiman Catholic 
 relieion ; a Ktunan (^titholic. Brandc. 
 
 RO'MAN-IZE, 71. (. To latinize; to fill with Latin 
 words or modes of speech. Vryden. 
 
 ROO 
 
 2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion or 
 opinions. 
 
 RoTilAN-IZE, V. i. To conform to Roman Catholic 
 opinions^ customs, or modes of speech. 
 
 RO'.M A.N'-IZ-KD, pp. or a. Latinized; conformed to 
 the Roman Catholic faith. 
 
 RO'iMAi\-IZ-[NG, ppr. Latinizing ; conforming to 
 the Roman Catholic faith. 
 
 RO-.MANSH', 77. The language of the Grisons in 
 Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. 
 
 RO-MAN'Tie, a. Pertaining to romance or resem- 
 bling it; wild; fanciful; extravagant; as, a 7-o;na/i- 
 tic taste ; romantic notions ; romantic expectations ; 
 romantic zeal. 
 
 2. Improbable or chimerical ; fictitious ; as, a ro- 
 mantic tale. 
 
 3. Fanciful ; wild ; full of wild or fantastic scen- 
 ery ; as, a romantic prospect or landscape ; a romantic 
 sittiation. 
 
 RO-MAi\'Tie-AL-LY, ado. Wildly ; e.vtravagantly. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 RO-MAN'TI-CISM, 77. The state of being romantic or 
 ^fantastic; applied chiefly to the unnatural produc- 
 tions of the modern French school of novelists. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RO-MAN'Tie-NESS, 7i. Wildness ; extravagance ; 
 
 fancifulness. 
 2. Wildness of scenery. 
 RO-MAN'ZO-VITE, 71. A variety of garnet, of a 
 
 brown or brownish-yellow color; named from Count 
 
 Roinanzoff. Cleaorland. 
 Ro'ME-INE, (-in,) n. [from the mineralogist Rome de 
 
 VIslc] 
 
 A mmeral consisting of antimnnious acid and lime, 
 presenting a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, and 
 occurring in square octahedrons. Dana. 
 
 Ro.ME'PEN-NY, ( 71. [Rome and Sa.'s. pennig or 
 
 RO.ME'seOT, j sceat.] 
 
 A tax of a penny on a house, formeily paid by the 
 people of England to the church of Rome. [See 
 Peterpence.1 
 
 Ro.M'ISII, a. [from Rome.] Relonging or relating to 
 Rt)me, or to the religion professeil by the people of 
 Rome and of the western empire, of which Rome 
 was the metropolis ; Rtunan Catholic ; as, the Romish 
 church ; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies. 
 
 RO.M'IST, 71. A Roman Catholic. South. 
 
 ROJIP, 71. [A diflerent spelling of Ramp ; W. rham. 
 a rising over ; rhnmu, to reach over, to soar, to vault, 
 See Ramp and Romance.] 
 
 1. A rude girl who indulges in boisterous pl.ay. 
 
 Jiddison. 
 
 2. Rude play or frolic. 
 
 Romp'\ov\n^ miss 
 Is hauled about in ^.dlantry robust. 
 
 TTiomson. 
 
 ROMP, 7'. i. To play rudely and boisterously ; to leap 
 anil frisk about in play. Richardson. 
 
 ROMP'ING, ppr. Playing rudely. As a 7101771, rude, 
 boisterous play. 
 
 ROMP'ISH, a. Given to rude play ; inclined to romp. 
 
 M. 
 
 ROMP'ISH-LY, adv. In a rude or boisterous manner. 
 RO.MP'ISII-NESS, 71. Disposition to rude, boisterous 
 play ; or the jiractice of romping. Steele. 
 
 ROM PEE' j [L. 7T777!po, to break.] 
 
 In heraldry, an ordinary that is broken, or a chev- 
 ron, a bend, or the like, whose upper points are cut 
 otf. Encnc. 
 
 RON-DEAU', (ron-do',) ) 7i. [Fr. rondeau, from roiid, 
 
 RON'DO, i round ] 
 
 1. A kind of poetry, commonly consisting of thir- 
 teen verses, of which eight have one rhyme, and 
 five another. It is divided into three coiiphas, and 
 at the end of the second and third, the beginning of 
 the rondeau is repeated in an equivocal sense, if pos- 
 sible. Warton. Trcvoux. 
 
 2. In 77ii/,9ii;, the rondo, vocal or instrumental, gen- 
 erally consists of three strains, the first of which 
 closes in the original key, while ('ach of the others is 
 so constructed in modulation as to reconduct the ear 
 in an easy and natural manner to the first strain. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 RON'DEL, n. In fortification, a small, round tower, 
 
 erected at the foot of a bastion. Brande. 
 RON'DLE, (rtm'dl,) a. [from round.] A round 
 
 mass. 'JVo( in use.] Peacham. 
 RON'nO,"7i. See Rondeau. 
 RON'OURE, 71. [Fr. rondeur.] 
 
 A round ; a circle. [JVot in u.te.] Shak. 
 RONG ; the old pret. and ;»;>. of Rmo, now Ri no. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 RON'ION, (run'yon,) 71. [Fr. roirnon, kidney.] 
 
 A fat, bulky woman. [JVuf i;i 7i.sv.] Sluik. 
 RONT, 71. An animal stinted in its growth. [Now 
 
 written and pronounced Rimr.] Spr.nscr, 
 ROOD, 71. [A different orthography of Rod, which 
 
 see.] 
 
 1. The fimrth part of an acre, or forty square rods. 
 [See AcitE.] 
 
 2. A polo; a measure of five yards; a rod or 
 perch. [A*tif. used in Jlmcrica, and probably local in 
 Kni'lnnd.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQOK 
 
 963 
 
ROO 
 
 ROO 
 
 ROR 
 
 IlOOl), VI. [Sax. mile or rod.] 
 
 A cross iir crucifix ; a naiiii' formerly (.'ivi ii to Ihe 
 figurt; of Christ on the cross orectcil in Itonian C.itli- 
 olic cluirch'is. Wliun ciunpU'to, lliis was accom- 
 panied by the figures of tlie Virgin Mary anil of St. 
 Jolin. S!iak. 
 
 ROOD' LOFT, 71. A loft or gallery in a cluircli on 
 wliicli the ruud and its appendages were set up to 
 view. Gwilt. 
 
 UOOD'Y, a. Coarse ; luxurious. Craven Dialect. 
 
 UOOK, n. [Sax. ro/, hrof ; Gr. oftottin, opa/i .f, from 
 £o£0ri), to cover. Uu. Russ. krov, Slav, strap. Sec 
 llic Ar. Class Rl), No. 12, and Syr. No. 40.] 
 
 1. The cover or upper pjirt of a house or other 
 liuihlini.', consisting of rafters covered with hoards, 
 shini^lfs, or tiles, with a side or sides sloping from the 
 riilse, for Ihe |>urpose of carrying off the water that 
 falls in rain or snow. In Asia, the rouf^ of houses 
 are Hat or horizontal. The same name, ronf, is given 
 to the sloping covers of Inits, cahins, and ricks ; to 
 the arches of ovens, furnaces, &c. 
 
 2. A vault ; an arch ; or the interior of a vault ; as, 
 the nil/ of heaven. 
 
 'l iie vault of the mouth ; the upper part of the 
 mouth ; the palate. 
 
 U" 1 lie iiol riMUPiiilvr Uii'i!, lot my tongue cleave to the roof of 
 my moutli. — Pa. cxxxvii. 
 
 ROOF, V. t. To cover with a roof. 
 
 1 hrtvp not tren thf. rPtniiiiiH of miy Rnman buildingv, thiit h.ive 
 not Ueeu nto/ed witli vaults or un:liea. Atldtton. 
 
 Q. To inclose in a house ; to shelter. 
 
 ilf n' lia>l we now our country'* honor rooftd, Stiak. 
 
 ROOF'ED, (rooft,) pp. Furnished or covered with a 
 
 roof ivr arch. 
 R( H)F'I.\(;, ppr. Covering with a roof. 
 ROOI"'li\(;, n. The act of covering with a roof. 
 
 2. The materials of which a roof is composed ; or 
 
 materials for a roof. OailL 
 ROOF'l,i;SS, a. [S-.iX. rofleasc] 
 
 1. Having no roof ; as, a rniiflrss housr. 
 
 2. lltiving no house or home j unsheltered. 
 ROOF'Y, a. Having roofi. Dnjden. 
 ROOK, If. [Sax. hroc ; (5. roche ; Dan. roire, raairc^ a 
 
 rtiuA-, and Uraae., a crow. This word belongs tti the 
 rotit of crtirOy or is ratht;r the same word dialeclically 
 varied ; Dan. kra^n ; Sw. krakti ; G. kralic ; D. krani ; 
 L. ^riiculus ; probably fniin its voice; Ir. grag, 
 gragam. See t^Row antl Croak.] 
 
 1. A birtl of the genus Corviis, the bird mentioned 
 by Virgil under this name. This bird resemblt's the 
 crow, but dilfers from il in not feeding tm carrion, 
 but on insects antl crain. In crtiws also the nostrils 
 and rot)t fil the bill are cltithed with feathers, but in 
 rooks the same parts are naked, or have only a few 
 bristly hairs. The rooK is gregarious. Cyc. 
 
 2. A cheat ; a trickish, rapacious fellow. 
 
 H'ychcrlnj. 
 
 ROOK, n. [It. rocco, a bishop's staff, a crosier, a rook 
 at chess.] 
 
 In ckrAi, a name given to the four pieces pl.aced on 
 the ctvrniT siiuares of the btiarti, alsti calletl Casti.es. 
 The riiok moves the whole extent of the boaril, un- 
 less impeded by some other piece. Jhtjlc. 
 ROOIC, i>. i. To cheat ; to defraud. Lucke. 
 RQOK, ti. (. To cheat ; to defraud by cheating. 
 
 .dabrcy. 
 
 ROOK, r. i. To squat. [See Rc'ck.] 
 
 (ro9kt,) pp. C heatetl ; defrauded. 
 RCjX^K'lCR- V, 71. A pl.ace where rooks congregate and 
 build their nests, as a wotid, &c. Pope. 
 2. In low langiiiiire, a brothel. 
 ROO K ' 1 .\ G , ppr. C heat in g. 
 
 RO0K'Y, a. Inhabited by rooks ; as, the rookti wood. 
 
 'Slutk. 
 
 ROOM, 71. [Sax. riiTii ; Dan. and Sw. ru77i ; D. ruim ; 
 G. raam ; Goth, ramvi^ room, place ; Ir. mm, a floor 
 or room ; G. rdtLmett^ S.ax. rumitiii, n/man^ to give 
 place, to amplify, to enlarge; Sax. rtim-gifa^ liberal. 
 It rntiy be allieii to roam, rumble. Class Rm, No. 
 4, 9-] 
 
 1. Space; comp.ass ; extent of place, great or 
 Bniall. Let the words occupy as little room as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 2. Space or place unoccupied. 
 
 LortI, it is Hone as thou h.Lst conniianded, and yel there is room. 
 — Luke liv. 
 
 3. Place for reception or admission ef any thing. 
 In this case there is no roo77i for doubt or for argu- 
 ment. 
 
 4. I'lace of another ; stead ; as in succession or 
 subsiiiiition. One magistrate or king comes in the 
 roo77i of a former one. VVe often place one thing in 
 the room of another. 1 Kings XX. 
 
 5. Unoccupied opportunity. The eager pursuit of 
 wealth leaves little room ftir serious rellrction. 
 
 6. An apartment in a htiuse ; any tlivisittn sepa- 
 rated from the rest by a partition; as a parlor, a 
 drawing-room or hed-room ; also, an apartment in a 
 ship, as the cook-rnom, bread-roo77i, gun-r«um, &.C. 
 
 7. A seat. Luke xiv. 
 
 To make room : to open a way or passage ; to free 
 from obstructions. 
 
 To make room ; to open a space or place for any 
 thing. 
 
 7ij jii'i't room; to withdraw ; to leave space unoc- 
 cupied for others to pass or to he seated. 
 
 ROO.M,r. I. To occupy an apartment; to lt)dge ; a7t 
 actulemic use ofUte word. A B rooms at No. 7. 
 
 ROOM'AGE, 71. [Uom room.] Space; place. [JVot 
 usc.d.'l fVottun. 
 
 ROO.M'FJJL, o. Abounding with rooms. Donne. 
 
 ROO.M'I-LY, adv. Spacitjusly. 
 
 ROO.M'I-NKSS, 7U Space; spaciousness; large ex- 
 tent of space. 
 
 ItooMTH, space, and Roomthv, spacious, are ill- 
 formcil words, and not useti in the United States. 
 
 ROO.M'Y, rt. Spacititis ; wide ; large ; having amr>le 
 rotini ; as, a roomy mansitin ; a roomy deck. DryUen. 
 
 ROOP, 71. Hoarseness. [LitUc used.] 
 
 ROOST, 71. [Sax. /iroj!( ; U. mcst, roost; roeifcii, to 
 roost.] 
 
 The pole or other support on which birds rest at 
 night. 
 
 He clapped his wings uixin his roost. Drydcn, 
 
 2. .\ ctillection of fowls roosting together. 
 Jit roost ; in it state for rest and sleep. 
 ROO.ST, ij. I. To sit, rest, or sleep, as birds on a 
 pole, tree, or other thing at night. 
 2. To lodge, in burlesiiue. 
 ROOST' I:K, 71. [The head or chief of the most.] A 
 cock, the male of the domestic fowl. .America 
 [ ItiHisT-rocK is provincial in England.] HiUinrell. 
 ROOST'ING, ppr. Sitting for rest anil sleep at night. 
 ROUT, 71. [Dan. roii; Sw.rot; V,. radii: \\. riuli) 
 Sp. rati ; Ir. raidis ; \V. r/iai:, a ray or spear, wliencc 
 gwraiz, a root. A root is o shoot, and only a differ- 
 ent a|iplicaIion of rod, L. railiiis.] 
 
 1. Th.'tl part of a plant which enters and fixes 
 itself in the earth, and serves to support the plant in 
 an erect pf>sition, while, by nie.ans of its ratliflos, it 
 iiiiliibes nutriment for the stem, branches, and fruit 
 There are six distinct organs which are capable of 
 entering into the composition of a root, viz., Uierad- 
 icle, the Jibril, the sobolts, the bulb, the tuber, and the 
 rhizouui. 
 
 2. The part of any thing that resembles the roots 
 of a plant in manner of growth ; as, the roots of a 
 cancer, of teeth, Jtc. 
 
 3. The bottom or lower part of any thing. 
 
 Drep to the roon of liell. Milton. 
 Rtirnet uses root of a mountain, but we now say 
 base, foot, or bottom. See Job xxviii. !). 
 
 4. A plant whose root is esculent, or the most use- 
 ful part, as beets, carrots, &c. 
 
 5. The original or cause of any thing. 
 
 The love of money \z the root of uli evil. — I Tim. tI. 
 C. The first ancestor. 
 
 Tlioy were the root* out of which sprung two distinct people. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 7. In arithmetic and algebra, the root of any quan- 
 tity is such a tpiautity as, when multiplied into itself 
 a certain iiiiiiiber of times, will exactly proiliice that 
 quantity. Thus 2 is a root of 4, because, when niul- 
 tijilied into itself, it exactly produces 4. J. Day. 
 
 8. .Means of growth. " lie hath no root in him- 
 self;" that is, no soil in which grace can grow and 
 flourish. MatL xiii. 
 
 9. In masic, the fundamental note of any chord. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 Root of bitterness ; in Scripture, any error, sin, or 
 evil that produces ilisctird or intmorality. 
 
 To take root ; to become planted or fixed ; or to be 
 established ; to increa.se and spread. 
 
 To take deep root ; to be firmly planted or estab- 
 lished ; to be deeply impressed. Dryden. 
 ROOT, V. i. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as 
 roots. 
 
 lu deep grounds, the weeds root deeper, Mortimer. 
 
 3, To be firmly fixed ; to be established. 
 
 The multiplying brood of the ungodly shall not take deep root- 
 inj. Witdorn. 
 
 3. To sink deep. 
 
 If any error chancitl — 10 cTuse m)sAppr«>hen8)ons, ho gare them 
 not leave to root and lasu-n by concealmeut. /V.'f. 
 
 ROOT, r. t. To plant and fix deep in the earth ; used 
 chiefly in the participle ; as, rooted trees or forests. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. To plant deeply ; to impress deeply anil durably. 
 Let the leading truths of the gospel be rootid in the 
 mind ; let holy affections be well roofed in the heart. 
 
 3. In Seri/ifure, to be rooted and grounded in Christ, 
 is to be firmly united to him by faith and love, and 
 well established in the belief of liis character and 
 doctrines. F.ph. iii. 
 
 ROOT, 0. L or (. [Sax. lorof, a snout or proboscis ; 
 wrotaii, to dig or root ; D. wroelen, G. rcutcii, Dan. 
 roder, Sw. rofn, to root. This seems to he of the 
 same family as the former word and rod, from the 
 use of the snout.] 
 
 To turn up Ihe earth with Ihe snout, as swine. 
 Swine roof to finil worms; they roof the ground 
 wherever th. y come. 
 
 To roof up or out; to eradicate ; to extirpate; to 
 
 remove or destroy root and branch ; lo cxterminaU:. 
 Deut. xxix. .lob xxxi. 
 ROOT'-HOUXD, a. Fixed to the earth Iv root.", 
 
 Milton, 
 
 ROOT'-m'ILT, (-bill,) a. Duilt of roots. Sbcmlone. 
 ROOT'-E.'IT-ER, n. An animal that feeds on roots, 
 
 /(irhy. 
 
 ROOT'ED, pp. or a. Having its roots plaiiti d or 
 fixed in the earth; hence, fixed; deep; radical; 
 as, rooted sorrow ; rooted aversion ; rooted jireju- 
 dices. 
 
 ROOT'ED-LY, a</p. Deeply ; from the heart. Skak. 
 ROOT'ED-NESS, it. The stale or condition of beinc 
 rooted. 
 
 ROOT'ER,n. One that roots; or one that tears up 
 
 by the roots. 
 ROOT'-UOUSE, n. A house made of roots, 
 
 Vodsley. 
 
 2. A house for keeping roots. 
 ROOT'I.NG, ppr. Striking or taking root ; turning up 
 
 with the snout. 
 ROOT'-LEAF, 71, A leaf growing immediately from 
 
 the root. jMartyn. 
 ROOT'LET.ti. a radicle ; a little root. Martyn. 
 ROOT'-STOCK, 71. In botany, a prostrate rooting 
 stem, yearly producing young branches ; the rliizoina. 
 
 Lindlry. 
 
 ROOT'Y, a. Full of roots ; as, roof!/ ground, .adama. 
 RO-PAL'ie, a. [Gr, fioirnXov, a club.] 
 
 Club-formed; increasing or swelling toward the 
 end. 
 
 ROPE, 77. [Pax. rap ; Sw. rep ; Dan. rceb ; W. rhaf; 
 Ir. ropa, roibin.] 
 
 1. A large string or line composed of several 
 strands twisted together. It ilitfers from cord, line, 
 and string, only in its size ; being the name given to 
 all .sorts of cordage above an inch in circumference. 
 Indeed tin? smaller ropes, when used for certain pur- 
 poses, are callt^d lines. 
 
 Ropes are, by seamen, ranked under two dircrip- 
 tions, cable-laid and hawser-laid; the former com- 
 posed of nine strands, or three great strands, each 
 consisting of three small ones ; the latter made with 
 three strands, each composed of a certain number of 
 rope-jarns. Totten. 
 
 2. A row or string consisting of a number of 
 things united ; as, a rope of onions. 
 
 3. Ropes, [Sax. rappas ;] the intestines of birds. 
 
 I^je. 
 
 Rope of sand; proverbially, feeble union or tie ; a 
 band easily broken. Locke. 
 
 Rope, v. l. To draw out or extend into a filament or 
 thread by means of any glutinous or adhesive qual- 
 ity. Any glutinous substance will rope considerably 
 before it will part. 
 
 RoPE'-BAND. See Ronnis. 
 
 ROPE'-D.KN-CER, 71. [rope and t/ancfr.] One that 
 walks on a rope extended through the air. JldtHson. 
 
 ROPE'-LAD-DER, n. A ladder made of ropes. 
 
 RoPE'-MAK-ER, n. One whose occupation is to make 
 ropes or cordage. [I do not know that Rorcn is ever 
 used.] 
 
 RciPE'-MAK-ING, 71. The art or business of manu- 
 
 fartiiring ropes or cordage. 
 RoP'EIl-Y, 77, A place where ropes are made. [JVot 
 uscA in the United States.] 
 2. A trick that deserves the halter. Shak, 
 ROPE'-TRICK, 71, A trick that deserves the halter, 
 
 Shak. 
 
 R6PE'-WAI,K, 77, A long, covered walk, or a long 
 building over smmith ground, where ropes are man- 
 ufactured. 
 
 RoPE'-YARN, 77. Yarn for ropes, consisting of a 
 single thread. The threads are twisted into strands, 
 antl the strands into ropes. 
 
 ROP'I-NESS, 71. [from ropy.] Stringiness, or apt- 
 ness to draw out in a string or thread without break- 
 ing, OS of glutinous substances; viscosity ; adhesive- 
 ness. 
 
 ROP'Y, a. [from rope.] Stringy ; adhesive ; that 
 may be drawn into a thread ; as a glutinous sub- 
 stance; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as, ropy 
 wine ; ropy lees. Dnidrn. Philips. 
 
 ROCi'UE-LAUR, (rok'e-lor,)n, [froiri Fr, ; Dan. rofc- 
 kelor; G. rock, a coat, D. rot. Sax. rocc, whence 
 frock, Sp. roclo. (ill. the last .syllable ; or is the word 
 derived from a duke of this name.'] A cloak for 
 men. (Jay, 
 
 RS'RAL, a. [L. roraiij, from roi, dew.] 
 
 Pertaining lodew, or consisting of dew ; dewy, 
 
 RO-RA'TION, 7U [L. rorafio.] [Oreen. 
 .•\ falling of dew. [J^ot used.] Vict. 
 
 RO'RID, a. [L, rerii/iw.] 
 
 Dewv. Granger. 
 
 RO-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ros, dew, and fcro, lo pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 Generating or producing dew. Diet. 
 RO-RIF'LU-ENT, a. [L, ros, dew, and fiuo, to 
 flow.] 
 
 Flowing with dew. [Jfot used.] Diet. 
 ROR'tiU.VL, n. [Norwegian ron/ualus, a whale with 
 folds. ] 
 
 The English name of cetaceous mammals or whales 
 of the genus Ronpialus, which comprises al least 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J : S as Z: CH as SH : TH as in THIS, 
 
ROS 
 
 three living species (if different dimensions, and, as 
 is supposed, several fossil species. The great nortli- 
 ern Koniual is said to be the largest of the whale 
 trihe, and to have sometimes attained the length of 
 lO.'j feet. Jardine^s JVat. Lib. 
 
 R0-S.\'(;E0US, (-zi'shus,) a. [L. rosaceus. See 
 Rose.] 
 
 llose-like ; composed of several petals, arranged 
 in a circular form ; as, a rosaceous corol. Jtlartyn. 
 
 RO-S.AC'ie, (-zas'ik,) a. The msacic acid was ob- 
 tained from the l.ateritious sediment of the urine 
 which occurs in certain fevers. It is now supposed 
 to be uric acid, modified by animal matter accident- 
 a!lv present. 
 
 Ro'SA-RY, n. [L. rosarium. See Rose.] 
 
 1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. 
 
 2. In £^16 Roman Ciitholic church, a series of pray- 
 ers, and a string of beads by which they are counted. 
 A j-osfiry consists of fifteen decades. Each decade con- 
 tains ten jjrc J/arias, marlsed by small beads, pre- 
 ceded by a Paler JVostcr, marked by a larger bead, 
 and concluded by a Oloria Patri. Five decades 
 make a chuplet, which is a third part of the ro- 
 sar>'. Bp. Fitipatrick. 
 
 ROS'CID, a, [L. roscidus, from ros, dew.] 
 
 Dewy ; containing dew, or consisting of dew. 
 fjVot uscd.j Bacnn. 
 
 ROSE, n. [Fr. rose; L. It. and Sp. rosa ; G. and Dan. 
 rose ; D. roos, roozc ; Sw. ros ; Arm. rosea ; Ir. ros or 
 rosa ; W. rhds ; Gr. pnSov ; from the root of red, rud- 
 dy, W. Willi. See Red.] 
 
 1. A plant and (lower of the genus Rosa, of many 
 species and varieties, as the wild, canine, or dog 
 rose, the white rose, the red rose, the cinnamon 
 rose, the eglantine or sweet brier, &c. There are 
 five petals ; the calyx is urceolato, quinquefid, and 
 corneous; the seeds are numerous, liispid, and fixed 
 to the inside of the calyx. P. Cijc. 
 
 2. A knot of ribbon in the form of a rose, used as 
 an ornamental tie of a shoe. 
 
 3. In architecture. See Rosette. 
 
 In English histonj, in the feuds between the houses 
 of York and Lancaster, the rchite ruse was the badge 
 of the former, and the red rose of the latter. Shak. 
 
 Under llie rose, (.vu6 rosa .) in secret ; privately ; in 
 a manner that forbids disclosure; the rose being 
 among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung 
 up at entertainments, as a token that nothing there 
 said was to be divulged. Booth. 
 
 Ruse of Jericho : a plant growing on the plain of 
 Jericho, the .■\nastatica hierochuntica. 
 Rose, prel. of Rise. 
 RO'SE-AL, (ro'zhe-al,) a. [L. roseus.] 
 
 Like a rose in smell or color. Eh/ot. 
 RO'SE-ATE, 0. IFr.rosat.] Rosy ; full of roses ; as, 
 roseate bovvers. Pope. 
 2. Blooming; of a rose color; as, rosMfc beauty. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 ROSE'BaY, n. A plant, the Nerium oleander. The 
 
 dirarf rosfhay is a Rhododendron. Lee, 
 RoSE'-HUG, ) ;i. A winged insect, a species of 
 
 Ro?E'-CH.aF-ER, ( diurnal beetle, which feeds on 
 the blossoms of the rose, and on various other plants. 
 
 Fann. Encyc. 
 
 RoSE'-eOL-OR-iCD, (-kul'lurd,) j a. Having the col- 
 
 RoSE'-HOKD, (-hiide,) ) or of a rose. 
 
 RqS'EO, (rozd,) a. Crimsoned ; flushed. Shak. 
 
 RoSE'-Dl-A-.MOND, n. A diamond nearly hemi- 
 spherical, cut into 24 triangular planes. 
 
 Enoic. of Dam. Econ. 
 
 ROSE'-FaC-£D, (-faste,) a. Having a rosy or red 
 face. 
 
 RoSE'-GALL, 71. An excrescence on the dog-rose. 
 
 DicL 
 
 ROSE'i.ITE, 71. [rrom y\. Rose.] ,A native arseniate 
 of cobalt, occurring in small, red crystals. Dana. 
 
 RoSE'-.MAL-LoVV, n. A plant of the genus Althaea, 
 larger tlian llie common mallow, and commonly 
 called IIoi.i.vHocK. Miller. 
 
 ROSE'.M.\-RY, 71. [L. ro™i/iri7iii5, sea-rose ; rosa and 
 rnariniLS. So in VV^ r/ 
 rose.] 
 
 A verticillate plant of the genus Rosmarinus, 
 growing naturally in the southern part of France, 
 HjKiin, and Italy, almoin Asia .Minorand in China. It 
 has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish 
 t;is{c. It has been used as an emblem of fidelity or 
 constnnry. P. Cijc. 
 
 ROSE'-.N'fi-IlLE, 71. An ancient English gold coin, 
 MainpiMl v. iih the figure of ajose, first struck in the 
 reign of Edward III. and current at (is. 8d. 
 
 Brande. P. Cyc. 
 
 RO-?k'0-LA, n. In no.toloiry, a cutaneous disease, 
 cunMii-tiiig of a ro^e-colored edloriscence, in circuin- 
 Bcribed patches with little or no elevation, often al- 
 ternal'ly fading and reviving, sometimes with a 
 colorless nucleus; chietly on the cheeks, neck, and 
 nrnis. Roseola noinetiines occurs syniptomatically of 
 deiilillon, dysp<'psia, and various febrile and other 
 roiiKtitutional aOcctiona. It in Hometiines called 
 RosE-RASM. Tnllii. 
 
 Rf)S«E'-(iL'ARTZ, n. A variety of quartz, which is 
 ro'ie-red. 
 
 ROSE'-ROOT, n. A plant of the genus Rhodiola. 
 
 , rhos-mari, and in Ir. bath--ros, sea- 
 
 ROS 
 
 RO'SET, 71. [Fr. rosette, from rose.] 
 
 A red color used by painters. Pcachanu 
 
 RO-SETTE', 71. [Fr.] An imitation of a rose by 
 ribbon, used as an ornament or badge. 
 
 2. In architecture, an ornament in the form of a 
 rose, much used in decorations. Oicilt. 
 
 ROSE'-WA-TER, 71. Water tinctured with roses by 
 distillation. Encyc. 
 
 RoSE'-WIN-DoW, 71. In architecture, a circular win- 
 dow. Oloss. of .archil. 
 
 RoSE'-WOOD, 71. The wood of a tree growing in 
 Brazil and other warm climates, much used in cab- 
 inet work. It is of a fragrant smell, and from it is 
 obtained the oleum rhodii, an agreeable perfume, used 
 in scenting pomatum and liniments. McCulloch. 
 
 ROS-LeRU'CIAN', 71. [L. ro*-, dew, and crur, cross ; 
 dew, the most powerful dissolvent of gold, according 
 to these fanatics, and cross, the emblem of light.] 
 
 The Rosicriicians were a sect or cabal of hcrmeti- 
 cal pliiloso|)hers, or rather fanatics, who were first 
 known in Germany in the seventeenth century, and 
 made great pretensions to science ; and among other 
 things, pretended to be masters of the secret of the 
 philosopher's stone. Encyc. Amer. 
 
 ROS-I-CRO'CIAN, a. Pertaining to the Rosicriicians, 
 or their arts. Hndibras. 
 
 RO'SIEK, (ro'zhur,) 7i. [Fr.] A rose-bush. [jVu( in 
 vsc.l Spenser. 
 
 ROS'IN, 7!. [This is only a different orthography 
 of Resin; Ir. roisin; Fr. resine ; L. resina. See 
 Resin.] 
 
 The resin lefl after distilling off the volatile oU 
 from the different species of turpentine ; colophony. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 ROS'IX, V. t. To rub with rosin. Gay. 
 RO'Sl-NESS, 71. The quality of being rosy, or of re- 
 sembling the color of the rose. DavenanL 
 ROS'IN-Y, a. Like rosin, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 ROS'LAND, 71. [VV. rhos, peat, or a moor.] 
 
 Heathy land ; land full of ling; moorish or wa- 
 teiv land. 
 
 ROS' Jl.V-RlA'E, (-reen,) n. Rosemary. 
 
 Spenser. Shenstone. 
 ROSS, 71. [au. G. graus, rubbish.] 
 
 The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the 
 bark of certain trees. J^"ew England. 
 
 ROSS'EL, 71. Light land. [JVotused in. Jlmcrica.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 ROSS'EL-LY, a. Loose ; light. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 ROS'SIG-NOL, 71. [Fr. id. ; It. rosignuolo.] 
 
 The nightingale. Asiat. Res. 
 
 ROS'TEL, n. [L. rosteUum, dim. of rostrum, a beak.] 
 In botany, the descending plane part of the corcle 
 or heart, in the first vegetation of a seed. Martyn. 
 
 That part of the corculum, or corcle, of a seed which 
 descends into the earth and becomes a root. 
 
 D. C. iVmdenow. 
 ROS'TEL-LATE, a. Having a rostel. 
 ROS-TEL'LI-FOR.M, a. Having the form of a ros- 
 tel. 
 
 ROS'TER, 71. [A corruption of register.] In military 
 affairs, a plan or table by which the duty of ofiicei-s 
 is regulated. Brande. 
 
 In Massachusetts, a list of the officers of a division, 
 brigade, regiment, or battalion, containing, under sev- 
 eral heads, their names, rank, the corps to which 
 they belong, date of commission, and place of abode. 
 These are called division rosters, brigade rosters, reg- 
 imental or battalion rosters. 
 
 The word is also used frequently instead of Regis- 
 ter, which comprehends a general list of all the ofli- 
 cers of the State, from the commander-in-chief to the 
 lowest in commission, under the same appropriate 
 heads, with an additional column for noting the al- 
 terations which take place. fV. IL Sumner. 
 
 ROS'TRAL, a. [from L. rostrum, beak.] 
 
 1. Resembling the beak of a ship. Tatler. 
 
 2. Tertaining to the beak. 
 ROS'TRATE, ( r. . , ^ 
 ROS'TKA-TED, i «• rostratus.] 
 
 1. In botany and conchology, beaked ; having a pro- 
 cess resembling the beak of a bird. 
 
 Martyn. Humble, 
 
 2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as, rostrated 
 galleys. 
 
 ROS'TRl-FORM, a. Having the form of a beak. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 ROS'TRU.M, n. [L. ; VV.r/irt^iyr, a snout, or r/ict/ircn, 
 a pike.] 
 
 1. The beak or bill of a bird. 
 
 2. The beak or head of a ship. 
 
 3. In ancient Rome, a scaffold or elevated place in 
 the fonim, where orations, pleadings, funeral ha- 
 rangues, &.C., were delivered. Hence, 
 
 4. A platform or elevated spot from which a speak- 
 er addresses his audience. Gieill. 
 
 5. The pipe which conveys the distilling liquor 
 into its receiver, in the common alembic. Qulncy. 
 
 C. A crooked pair of scissors, used by surgeons for 
 dilating wounds. Coir, (iuincy. 
 
 RO'SU-I.ATE, a. Having the leaves arranged in little 
 rosv-likc clusters. P. Cyc. 
 
 ROT 
 
 RO'SY, a. [from rose.] Resembling a rose in color 
 or qualities; blooming; red; blushing; charming. 
 
 NV'iiile blooming youlh an'l gay dfliglit 
 Sit on tliy rosy checlis confosl. Prior. 
 The TO^ morn resigns lier light. Waller. 
 2. Made in the form of a rose. B. Jonsnn. 
 
 Ro'SY-130-S0M-£D, a. Embosomed among roses. 
 
 Oray. 
 
 nq'SY-CROWN-ED, a. Crowned with roses. Oray. 
 RO'SY-Tl\T-ED, a. Having the tints of the rose. 
 
 Mrs. Butler. 
 
 ROT, r. i. [Sax. ration ; D r«i«en ; Sw. 7^'(a ; Dan. 
 raadiier.] 
 
 To lose the natural cohesion and organization of 
 parts, asanim.al and vegetable substances; to be de- 
 composed and resolved into its original component 
 parts by the natural process, or the gradual operation 
 of heat and air ; to putrefy. 
 
 ROT, 1'. (. To make putrid ; to cause to be, wholly or 
 partially, decomposed, by the natural operation of 
 air and heat ; to bring to corruption. 
 
 ROT, n. A fatal distemper incident to sheep, usually 
 supposed to be owing to wet seasons and moist pas- 
 tures. The immediate cause of the mortality of 
 sheep, in this disease, is found to be a great number 
 of small animals, called flukes, (faseiola,) found in 
 the gall-bladder and adjacent parts. Farm. Encyc, 
 
 2. Putrefaction ; putrid decay. Philips, 
 
 3. Dry rot ; in limber, the decay of the wood with 
 out the access of water. [See Dry Rot.] 
 
 RO'T.'\, 71. [L. rota, W. rhod, a wheel ; allied to rhe- 
 du, to run. The name is derived from the fact that 
 they sit in a circle, (rufa.) See Rotarv.J 
 
 1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, composed of 
 twelve prelates, of whom one must be a German, 
 another a Frenchman, and two .'Spaniards ; the otlier 
 eight are Italians. This is one of the most august 
 IrilHinals in Rome, taking cognizance of all suits in 
 tile territory of the church by appeal, and of all mat- 
 ters beneficiary and patrimonial. Encyc. 
 
 9. In English history, a club of politicians, who, in 
 the time of Charles I., contemplated an equal govern- 
 nient by rotation. Hndibras. 
 
 RO'T A-LlTE, 71. One of a genus of fossil shells, which 
 are spiral, miiltilocular, unividves. 
 
 RO'TA-RY, a. [L. rota, a wheel, W. rhod, Sp. rueda. 
 Fort, roda, .\rin. rod, Fr. roue, G. and 1). rad ; Ma- 
 layan, rata, a chariot ; allied to \V. rhedu, to run. 
 SO car is allied to L. curro.] 
 Turning, as a wheel on its axis ; as, rotary motion. 
 Rotary engine ; a steam-engine worked by the elas- 
 tic lorce of the steam acting upon pistons lived to an 
 axis, whereby the latter is put in motion. Buchanan. 
 
 RO'TATE, a. In botany, wheel-shaped ; nionopeta- 
 lous, sfireading nearly Hat, without any tube, or e.x- 
 panding into a nearly flat border, with scarcely any 
 tube ; as, a rotate corol. Martyn. Smitli. 
 
 Ro'TATE, u. i. [L. roio.] To revolve or move round 
 a center. Rcdfield. 
 
 RO'TA-TED, a. [L. rotatns.] 
 Turned round, as a wheel. 
 
 Ro'TATE-PLANE, a. In botany, wheel-shaped and 
 flat, without a tube ; as, a rotate-plane corol. Lee. 
 
 RO'TA-TING, ;);ir. and a. Revolving; moving round 
 a center. 
 
 RO-TA'TION, n. [L.rotatio, from roto, to turn ; rota, 
 
 a wheel.] 
 
 1. The act of turning, as a wheel or solid body on 
 its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion 
 of a body revolving round another body or a distant 
 point. Thus the daily turning of the earth on its 
 axis, is a rotation ; its annual motion round the sun 
 is a revolution. 
 
 2. Vicissitude of succession ; the course by which 
 oflicers or others leave their places at certain times, 
 and are succeeded by others ; applied also to a 
 change of crops. 
 
 Rfi'T.A-TIVE, a. Turning, as a wheel ; rotary. [Lit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 RO-TA'TOR, 71. [L.] That which gives a circular 
 or rolling motion ; a muscle producing a rolling mo- 
 linn. Coze. 
 
 RO'TA-TO-RIES, (-riz,) n. pi. Wheel-animalcules; 
 rotifers. Kirby. 
 
 RO'TA-TO-RV, a. [from rotator,] Turning on an 
 axis, as a wheel ; rotarj'. 
 
 2. Going in a circle; following in succession; as, 
 rotatory assemblies. Burke, 
 
 [This word is often used, probably by mistake, ibr 
 rolarn. It may bo regularly formed from rotator, but 
 not with the exact sense in which it is used. With 
 rotator for its original, it would signify causing, rath- 
 er than being in a circular motion. 'I he true word is 
 rot/iry,] 
 
 ROTE, n, [A contraction of croicd, W. enrih, Ir. cniil,] 
 A musical instrument of former times, probably sim- 
 ilar to the hurdy-giirily. [Obs.] P. Cyc. 
 
 ROTE, 71. [L. rota, a wheel, whence Fr. routine.] 
 
 Properly, a round of words ; frequent repetition of 
 words or sounds, without attending to the signifira- 
 tioii, or to principles and rules; a practice that im- 
 presses words in the memory, without an effort of 
 the understanding, and without the aid of rules. 
 Thus children learn to speak by rote; they often re- 
 
 FATE, FAB, F^LL, WII.^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 064 
 
ROU 
 
 ROU 
 
 ROU 
 
 peat wliut tliey lii;:ir, till it bucomos raiiiiliur to itieni. 
 So we leiirii to sing iiy rutc, us ive lit-ar notes repeat- 
 ed, an{l soon learn to repeat tlieni ourselves. 
 
 UoTE, V. t. To (ix in the memory by means of fre- 
 quent repetition ourselves, or liy liearinK the rep>"ti- 
 tion of others, without an elTort of the understanil- 
 mi; to comprciiend what is repeated, and without the 
 aid of rules or principles. [lAttte used,] Shak. 
 
 R5TK, !■. i. To go out by rotation or succession. [Lit- 
 tle ii.srii.] Greil. 
 
 ROTirEK-BE.\STS, n. pi. [Sa.x. hnjtker, a quadru- 
 ped.] 
 
 Cattle of the bovine genu."! ; called in England 
 Dlack-Cattli:. [JVu( iijea in jjnimca.] Ooltling. 
 HOT n'Ell-N AILS, n. fl. [Corrupted from ru.ddr.r- 
 nail<.] • 
 
 .Vmong shipierirkts, nails with very full heads, 
 used for fastening the rudder irons of sliips. Batlcij. 
 
 RO ril'OF-FITE, ;i. A variety of garnet, brown or 
 black, found in Sweden, it has a resemblance to 
 melanite, another variety, but differs from it in liav- 
 in:; a small portion of alumina. Cijc. 
 
 Ro'TI-KEll, II. [L. rata and frm.] 
 
 The rolij'rrs are a class of inl'usorial animals, )iav- 
 ing ciliated appendages on the fore part of the body, 
 which seem to move in a rotary manner. Brandr. 
 
 ROT'TED, pp. or a. Made putrid ; decomposed whol- 
 ly or partially. 
 
 ROT'TA'N, (rct'n,) a. [Sw. ntlten.] 
 
 1. Putrid ; carious ; decomposed by the natural 
 process of decay ; as, a rotten plank. 
 
 2. Not firm or trusty ; unsound ; defective in prin- 
 ciple ; treacherous ; deceitful. 
 
 3. Defective in substance ; not sound or hard ; as 
 a road or wav. [Hare.] Knullcs. 
 
 4. Fetid ; ill-smelling. [Rare.] SImk. 
 ROT'TK.N-LY, adn. Putriclly ; defectively ; fetidly. 
 ROT'Tf.'N-NESS, n. State of being decayed or pu- 
 trid ; cariousness ; putrefaction ; unsoundness. 
 
 ROT'T£i\-ST0.\E, «. A soft stone, called also Trip- 
 oli, terra Tripolitana, from the country from which it 
 was formerly brought. It is used in all sorts of finer 
 grinding and |K)lishing in the arts, and for cleaning 
 furniture of metallic substances. The rotten-stone 
 of Derbyshire, in England, is a Tripoli mixed with 
 calcarctnis earth. J^^iclwli-im. P. Cijc. 
 
 ROT'TING, ppr. Making putrid j causing to decom- 
 pose. 
 
 RO-TUND', a. [L. rotundus, probably formed on rota, 
 a wheel, as jocundivs on jocu.f.] 
 
 1 Round ; circular ; spherical. .9ddison. 
 
 2. In botany, orbicular, a little inclining to be ob- 
 long. Lindlcy. 
 
 uoItun'do; i '""""^-l 
 
 A round building ; any erection that is round both 
 on the outside and inside. The most celebrated edi- 
 fice of this kind is the Pantheon at Home. Knnjc. 
 
 RO-TUND-I-Fo'LI-OUS, a. [L. rotundas, round, and 
 folium, a leaf.] 
 
 Having round leaves. 
 
 RO-TUND'(-Ty, (71. Roundness; sphericity; circu- 
 
 RO-TUND'NESS, ) larity ; as, the rotundity of a 
 globe. Bcntley. 
 
 ROU'BLE. Sec Ruble. 
 
 ROU'COU, (roo'koo,) n, [Originally written Ubucu.] 
 The dried pulp which invests the seeds within the 
 seed-vessel of Bixa orellana, a shrub eight or ten 
 feet high, growing in South America. A substance 
 lisi'd in dyeing; the same as Anott\. 
 
 ROU-E',(roo-i',) n. [Fr.] In the fasliionable world, 
 one devoted to a life of sensual pleasure, but not ex- 
 cluded from society for his vices; a debauchee. 
 
 ROUGE, (roozh,) a. [Fr.] Red. Davies. 
 
 ROUGE, (roozh,) n. A species of lake or red paint, 
 usually prepared from the dried flowers of the saf- 
 flower, Carthamus tmctorius. It is used for paint- 
 ing the cheeks. Brande. 
 
 ROUGE, r.i. [Supra.] To paint the face, or rather 
 the cheeks, with rouge. 
 
 ROUGE, (roozh,) r. t. [Supra.] To paint or tinge 
 with rouge. 
 
 ROUGE'-ET-jVOrR', (roozh'a-nwi'.) [Fr., red and 
 black.] A game at cards in which persons play 
 against the owner of the table or bank ; so called be- 
 cause the table is divided into small compartments, 
 colored red and black. Hoyle. 
 
 nOUG'iCD, (roozhd,) pp. Tinged with rouge, as the 
 face. 
 
 ROUGH, (ruf,) a. [Sax. hreog, hreoh, hrug, reok, rug, 
 ruh, href,hrctf ; D. ruig, rough, shaggy, whence our 
 rug, rugged i G. rauh, rough, and rauch, hoarse, L, 
 raucns. It. rauco ; Sw. ragg, entangled hair ; ruggig. 
 rugged, shaggy ; Dan. rog, rug, rye ; W. crfc and 
 cryg, rough, rugged, hoarse, curling, and crecian, to 
 creak, to scream. Eng. shriek ; ereg, hoarse, from 
 cryg, or the same word varied. Cryg is from rhyg. 
 Eng. rye, that is, rough ; (erwca, crooked, is probably 
 from the same source ;) Sax. raca, hraca, a cough ; 
 L. ruga, a wrinkle ; VV. rhofi, to grunt or growl ; 
 rhirc, what is rough, irregular, a grunt ; rhwriaw, to 
 gnint ; rhuac, a rug, a rough garment, an exterior 
 coal ; rhue, n coat, nusk, or shell ; rhtcnc, a snoring, 
 snorting, or rattling noise. The latter is probably 
 
 from the same root, from roughness, and this is the 
 Or. peyxio, to snore ; Arm. mrftat or dtnichat, to 
 snore; diroch, snoring. The Welsh unites rough 
 with create, shriek : and shrug is formed ou the root 
 of L. ruga, a wrinkle, a ri</^'C. (See Itiui:E.) The 
 primary sense is to stretch or strain ; but np|>lied to 
 roughness or wrinkling, it is to draw or contract, a 
 straining together.] 
 
 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points on 
 the surface ; not smootii or plain ; as, a rough board ; 
 a rough stone ; rough cloth. 
 
 2. Stony ; abounding with stones and stumps ; as, 
 rough land ; or simply with stones ; as, a rough road. 
 
 3. Not wrought or polished ; as, a rough diamond. 
 
 4. Thrown into huge waves; violently agitated ; 
 as, a r ugh sea. 
 
 5. Tempestuous ; stormy ; boisterous ; as, rough 
 weather. 
 
 0. Austere to the taste ; harsh ; as, rough wine. 
 
 7. Harsh to the ear; grating; jarring; unharmo- 
 nious ; as, rough sounds ; rough numbers. Pope. 
 
 8. Rugged of temper ; severe ; austere ; rude ; not 
 mild or courteous. 
 
 A ficiul, u fury, pititoM and rough. iSVittfc. 
 
 9. Coarse in manners ; rude. 
 
 A «urljr boatman, rough aj scaa and winds. Prior. 
 
 10. Harsh ; violent; not easy; as, a rough reme- 
 dy. Clarendon. 
 
 11. Harsh ; severe ; uncivil ; as, rough usage. 
 
 Loekc. 
 
 12. Hard featured ; not delicate ; as, a rough vis- 
 age. JJrydcn. 
 
 13. Terrible ; dreadful. 
 
 On the rough edge of battle, ere it joined, 
 
 S.ttan ndviuitxd. AftUon. 
 
 14. Rugged ; disordered in appearance ; coarse. 
 Hough from the towinj surje Vlyisca moves. Poj>e. 
 
 15. Hairy ; shaggy ; covered witli hairs, bristles, 
 and the like. 
 
 ROUGH, (ruf,) n. t To rough it, is to have or pursue 
 
 a rough or rujrged course. 
 ROUGH'-€\ST, (rurkiist,) v. t. [rough and ea.<t.] 
 
 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, 
 correction, anil polish. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To mold without nicety or elegance, or to form 
 with asperities. CIcareland. 
 
 3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or 
 pebbles; as, to rough-cast a building. 
 
 EOUGlI'-e.siST, (ruf'kist,) v. A rude model; the 
 form of a thing in its liist rudiments ; unfinished. 
 
 Digby. 
 
 2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mix- 
 ture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. 
 ROUGH'-DKaUGHT, (ruf'drift,) ii. A draught in 
 its rudiments ; a draught not perfected ; a sketch. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 ROUGH'-DR AW, (ruf'draw,) r. (. To draw or delin- 
 eate coarsely. Dnjden. 
 
 ROUGH'-DU.VWN', (rufdrawn,) pp. Coarsely drawn. 
 
 ROUGH'JEN, (ruf'n,) i,-. (. [{torn rough.] To make 
 rough. Sieift. 
 
 ROUGH'£N, (rufn,) ». i. To grow or become rough. 
 
 Thoiniion, 
 
 ROUGH'E.N'-KD, (rufnd,) pp. Made or become rough. 
 ROUGH'£N-lNG, ppr. Making rtmgh. 
 ROUGH-FOOT-EU, (ruf'f9vt-ed,) a. Feather-footed; 
 
 as, a rou'rh-footed dove. Sherwood. 
 ROUGH'-HEW, (ruf'hu,) r. «. [rough and hew.] 
 
 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to 
 rough-hew timber. 
 
 2. To give the first form or shape to a thing. 
 
 Tiiere*i p. divinity tiiat iliap<M our eods, 
 
 Pough-hea tiicm how we wiil. Shak, 
 
 ROUGH '-HEWN, (ruPhune,)pp. or a. Hewn coarse- 
 ly, without smootliing. 
 
 2. Rugged ; unpolished ; of coarse manners ; rude. 
 
 A rough-hfwn seaman. Bacon. 
 
 3. Unpolished; not nicely finished. IIowcll. 
 ROUGH'I.NGS, (ruTingz,) n. pi. Grass after mowing 
 
 or reaping. [LoeaL] 
 ROUGH'ISH, (ruf'ish,) a. In some degree rough. 
 
 Rich, nict, 
 
 ROUGH'LKAF-£D, (ruriceft,) a. Having rough 
 leaves. 
 
 ROUGH'LY, (nifly,) adn. With uneven surface; 
 with asperities on the surface. 
 
 2. Harshly ; uncivilly ; rudely ; as, to be treated 
 roughly. 
 
 3. Severely ; without tenderness ; as, to blame too 
 roughly. Dnjden. 
 
 4. .\ustercly to the taste. 
 
 5. Boisterously ; tempestuously. 
 C. Harshly to the ear. 
 
 7. Violently ; not gently. 
 EOUGH'NESS, (rufness,) n. Unevenness of sur- 
 face, occasioned by small prominences ; asperity of 
 surface ; as, the roughness of a board, of a floor, or 
 of a rock. 
 
 2. Austereness to the taste ; as, the roughness of 
 sloes. Brown. 
 
 3. Taste of astringency. Spectator. 
 
 4. Harshness to the ear; as, the raughiie.13 of 
 sounds. Swift, 
 
 5. lluggednoss of temper ; harshness; austerity. 
 
 .^ddi.ton, 
 
 0. Coarseness of manners or behavior ; rudeness. 
 Severity brecdcth fear ; but roughnett breedetlt hale, liacon. 
 
 7. Want of delicacy or refinement ; as, military 
 
 r<Jlljrf/iHC,v.'(. 
 
 8. Severity ; harshness or violence of discipline. 
 
 9. Violence of operation in medicines. 
 
 lU. Unpolished or unfinished state ; as, the rough- 
 nesi of a gem or a draught, 
 
 1 1. Inelegance of dress or appearance. 
 
 12. Tempestuousness ; boislerousiiess ; as of winds 
 or weather. 
 
 1.1. Violent agitation by wind ; as, the roughness 
 
 of the sea in a storm. 
 
 14. Coarseness of features. 
 
 ROUGH'-KTD-ER, (rul'rid-er,) 71. One who breaks 
 horses ; particularly a non-cimimissioncd officer in 
 the cavalry, whose duty it is to assist the ridini.' mas- 
 ter. Campbell's JtlU. DicU 
 
 ROUGH'-PHOD, (ruf'shod,) a. Shod with shoes arm- 
 ed with points ; as, a rough-shod horse. [This word 
 is not ge nerally used in America. In New England, 
 insteati ttf rough-shod, cullicd is used.] 
 
 To ride rough-shod, in a figiirativi! sense, is to pur- 
 sue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may 
 cause others. 
 
 ROUGIIT, (raw!,) for Rauoht, prel. of Reach. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 ROUGII'-WORK, (riifwiirk,) v. t. [roughanA work.] 
 To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, 
 
 srnoollini ss, or finish. Jloion. 
 ROUGH'-\S'ROUGHT, (rufrawt,) pp. ora. Wrought 
 
 or ilonc coarsely. 
 ROU-LEAU', (roo-lo',) n. [Fr.] .\ little roll ; a roll 
 
 of coins in paper. Pope. ■ 
 
 ROU-LETTK', n. [Fr., a little ball or roller.] 
 
 .\ game of chance, in u hicli a small ball is made to 
 
 move round rapidly on a circle divided off into red 
 
 or black spaces, and as it stops on the one or the 
 
 olher, the player wins or loses. Did. de VJlcad. 
 ROUN, tJ. i. [G. raunen ; Sax. runian, from run, runa, 
 
 mj'stery ; whence runic.] 
 
 To whisper. [Obs.] Oower. 
 ROUN, f. (. To address in a whisper. [Obs.] Bret. 
 RO.^.\'-TREE, 71. The roan-tree or mountain-ash. 
 ROnN(j'E, 71. The handle of a printing-press. 
 ROUN'CE-V.AL, 11. [from ."p. Roncesvallts, a town 
 
 at the fool of the Pyrenees.] 
 
 A variety of pea, so c.-dlcd. Tus-.er. 
 ROUND, a. [Fr. rond; It. Sp. and Port, ronda, a 
 
 round; Arm. rouudl: G. Dan. and Sw. riijiiZ; D. 
 
 rond. Uu. \V. crwn, It. cruin, .'Vrni. cren.] 
 
 1. Cylindrical ; circular ; spherical or globular. 
 Hound is applicable to a cylinder or circle as well as 
 to a globe or spliere. We s.ly, the barrel of a musket 
 is round ; a ball is round ; a circle is round. 
 
 2. Full ; large ; as, a round sum or price. Jlddison. 
 
 3. Full ; smooth ; flowing ; not defective or ab- 
 rupt. 
 
 In his satires, Horace is (jiiick, round, and pl'jasanL Ptarhnm. 
 liii style, thou^li round and comjirehenaive. Fid. 
 
 4. Plain ; o|ien ; candid ; fair. 
 Pound dealing is the honor of man's nature. 
 LiCt her be roujul with him. 
 
 Baeon. 
 Shak. 
 
 5. Full ; quick ; brisk ; as, a round trot, jiddison, 
 0. Full ; plump ; bold ; positive ; as, a round as- 
 sertion ; a round oath. Sharp. 
 
 A 7-oi/»7i number, is a number that ends with a ci- 
 pher, and may be divided by 10 without a remain- 
 der ; a complete or full number. It is remarkable 
 that the VV. cant, a hundftxl, the L. centum, and Sax. 
 hund, signify properly a circle, and this use of round 
 may have originated in alike idea. 
 ROUND, 71. A circle ; a circular thing, or a circle in 
 motion ; also, an orb, globe, or sphere. 
 
 With roundM of waxen tapers on their heads. Shak. 
 Knit your h.intis, and beat the g^iouod 
 
 In a light, r.intastic round. hlUton. 
 
 2. Action or performance in a circle, or passing 
 through a series of hands or things, and coming to 
 the point of beginning; or the time of such action. 
 
 Women to cards may be compaml ; we play 
 
 A round or two ; wty-n usetl, we throw away. GranoilU. 
 
 The least Wi\s served ; the bowl was crowned ; 
 
 To the king's pleiisure went the mirthful routia. Prior. 
 
 So we say, a round of labors or duties. Wo run 
 the daily round. Jiddismu 
 
 3. Rotation in office ; succession in vicissitude, 
 
 llolyday, 
 
 4. A nindle ; the step of a ladder. 
 
 All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise. Dryden. ' 
 
 5. .\ walk performed by a guard or an officer round 
 the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see 
 th.at the sentinels are faithful and all things safe. 
 Hence the officer and men who perform this duty 
 are called the rounds. F.ncyc. 
 
 6. A short vocal composition in three or more fKirts, 
 in performing which the first voice begins alone, 
 singini to the end of the first part, then passes on 
 
 TC'NE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 121 
 
 rccc 
 
 96r, 
 
ROU 
 
 ROU 
 
 ROW 
 
 to the second, third, &c., parts, tlie other voices fol- 
 lowing successively tiie same routine, till all are 
 joined together, the round ending at the mark of a 
 pause, or at a signal agreed on. P. Ctic. 
 
 7. A general discharge of fire-arms by a body of 
 troops, in which each soldier tires once. In volleys, 
 it is usual for a company or regiment to fire three 
 round.'!. 
 
 8. That which goes round a whole circle or com- 
 pany ; as, a round of applause. 
 
 A round of cartridgps and balls; one cartridge to 
 each man ; as, to supply a regiment with a single 
 round, or with twelve routids, of cartridges. 
 
 A round of beef; a cut of the thigh through and 
 aci-oss the bone. 
 ROUND, adv. On all sides. 
 
 Thine enemies shall cast a irench ahout Uiee, and compass thee 
 round. — Luke xix. 
 
 2. Circularly ; in a circular form ; as, a wlieel 
 turns round. 
 
 3. From one side or party to another : as, to come 
 or turn round. Hence these e.\pres3ions signify to 
 change sides or opinions. 
 
 4. Not in a direct line ; by a course longer than 
 the direct course. The shortest course is not the 
 best ; let us go round. 
 
 Jill round, in e.ommon speech, denotes over the whole 
 place, or in everj' direction. 
 Ritund about is tautological. 
 ROUNO, prep. On every side of ; as, the people stood 
 round liini ; the sun sheds liglit round the earth. In 
 this sense, around is much used, and all is often used 
 to modify the word. They stood all round or around 
 him. 
 
 2. About ; in a circular course, or in all parts ; as, 
 to go round the city. He led his guest round liis 
 fields and garden. He wanders round the world. 
 
 3. Circularly; about; as, to wind a cable round 
 the windlass. 
 
 To come or get round one, in popular language, is 
 to gain advantage over one by (lattery or deception ; 
 to circumvent. 
 ROUND, II. t To make circular, spheric.il, or cylin- 
 drical-; as, to round a silver coin ; to round the edges 
 of any thing. 
 
 Worms wiih many feet, th:\l round themselves into balls, are 
 bred chi'-fly under lo^s uf limber. Bacon, 
 
 2. To surround ; to encircle ; to encompass. 
 
 Th' inclusive verge 
 Of golden metal that mnsi round my brow. Shale. 
 Onr little liie is rounded with a sleep. tihak. 
 
 3 To form to the arch or figure of the section of a 
 circle. 
 
 The figures on our modern medals are raised and roundrcd to 
 very great perfection. Addison, 
 
 4. To move about any thing; as, the sun, in polar 
 regions, rnumls the horizon. Millon. 
 
 ft. To make full, smooth, and flowing ; as, to 
 round periods in writing. Swift. 
 
 To round in; among jfcamfin, to haul upon a rope, 
 generally used in hauling upon the weather braces. 
 
 Toltcn. 
 
 To round up ; to haul up ; usually , to haul up the 
 slack tif a rope through its leading hlork, or to haul 
 up a tackle which hangs loose, by its fall. TuUen. 
 ROUND, V. i. To grow or become round. 
 
 Tlie queen, your mother, rounds apace. ShaJc. 
 2. To go round, as a guard. 
 
 'I'hey nightly rounding walk. Millon. 
 
 To round to, in sailing, is to turn the head of 
 the ship toward the wind. 
 ROU.\l), V. i. [A corruption of roun; Sax. runian; 
 G. raunen,] 
 
 To whisper ; as, to round in the ear. [Obs,] 
 
 Boron. 
 
 ROUND' A-ROUT, a. [round and about.] Indirect ; 
 going round ; loose. 
 
 P.>n»phr.ase is a roun/tabout way of tmnslating, Felton. 
 
 2. Ample ; extensive ; as, roundabout sense. 
 
 Lnrhe. 
 
 3. Kncircling ; encompa.'S.iing. Taller. 
 [In any sense, this word is inelegant.] 
 
 ROUND' A-liOUr, n. A horizontal wheel on which 
 children riile. Smart. 
 
 2. A sort of surtout. Smart. 
 
 X In JImerica, a sliort close body garment without 
 skirt". 
 
 RfjUND'-nAt'K-fni, (-bakt,) ( a. Having a round 
 ROi;.\D'-SllrtUL-Di:K-/.;D, ( back or shoulders. 
 KOU.ND'KI,, / ,„ , , , r , J , 
 
 llurND'K LAY 1"* t'i^onilr.lPt,\Uim rond,Jo\\na.\ 
 
 1. A sort of ancient pt>em, consisting of thirteen 
 versen, of which eight are in one kind of rhyme, 
 and five in another. It is iliviiled into roiiplels ; nt 
 the end of the necond and tliiril of which, llie begin- 
 ning of the poem in repealtrd, and that, if possible, 
 in ane*iuivt>rnl ftrpunningHense. Trcnnur. hrtindc. 
 
 2. [I'r. rondcllr, n little Dhielii.] Around form or 
 figllle. [AV*/ u^rd.] Boron, 
 
 3. I Roundel, in hcraUlry, a. circular spot F., It, 
 
 BarUr.] 
 
 ROUND'ER, n. [See Rondure.] Circumference; 
 inclosure. [JVol in use.] Sluik. 
 
 ROUND'IIEAD, (-hed,) n. [round and kcad.] A 
 name of contempt formerly given to a Puritan, from 
 the practice which prevailed aiming the Puritans of 
 cropping the hair round. They were also called Prick- 
 EAREO, in consequence of their ears appearing fully 
 exposed from the scantiness of their hair. During 
 the time of Charles I. and of the Commonwealth, 
 the name Roundhead was extended to all the repub- 
 licans. Toone. P. Ctjc. 
 
 ROUND'HEAD ED, a. Having a round head or top. 
 
 Lowtk. 
 
 ROUND'HOUSE, n. A constable's prison ; the prison 
 to secure persons taken up by the night-watch, till 
 they can be examined by a magistrate. Encyc, 
 
 2. In a s/iip of war, a certain necessary near the 
 head, for the use of particular otficers. 
 
 3. (n large mcrckaittnten and ships of war, a cabin 
 or apartment in the after part of the quarter-deck, 
 having the poop for its roof; sometimes called the 
 Coach. It is the master's lodging-room. 
 
 jMar, Diet. Encyc. 
 
 ROUND'ING, ppr. Making round or circular. 
 2. Making full, flowing, and smooth. 
 
 ROUND'ING, a. Round or roundish; nearly round. 
 
 ROUND'ING, n. Among seamen, small rope or spun- 
 yarn wound round a larger rope to keep it from chaf- 
 ing ; also called Service. Totten. 
 
 ROUND'ISH, a. Somewhat round; nearly round; 
 as, a roundish seed ; a roundish figure. Boi/le. 
 
 ROUND'ISH-NESS, 71. The state of being roumiish. 
 
 ROUND'LET, n. A little circle. Gregory. 
 
 ROUND'LY, adv. In a round form or manner. 
 
 2. Openly ; boldly ; without reserve ; perempto- 
 rily. 
 
 He affirms ever^' thing rou^Mi/i/. Addison. 
 
 3. Plainly ; fully. He gives them roundly to un- 
 derstand tliat their duty is submission. 
 
 4. Briskly ; with speed. 
 
 When the mind has brought itself to attention, it will be able to 
 with difliculties and master tbcm, and then it ni;iy go 
 on roundly. Locke. 
 
 5. Completely ; to the purpose ; vigorously ; in 
 earnest. SItak. Dacics. 
 
 ROUND'NESS, 71. The quaiiiy of being rouml, cir- 
 cular, spherical, globular, or cylindrical ; circularity ; 
 sphericity ; cylindrical form ; rotundity ; as, the 
 roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a 
 ball, of a bowl, &c. Wallj. 
 
 2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the round- 
 ness of a period. 
 
 3. Openness ; plainness ; boldness ; positiveness ; 
 as, the roundne.^s of an assertion. 
 
 ROUND'RIDOE, w. t. [ro :nd -.mii Hdge.] In tillage, 
 to form round ridges, bv plowing. Edwards, IV. Ind. 
 
 ROUND'ROB-IN, 71. [Pi. rood TinA ruban. Todd.] 
 A written petition, memori.al, remonstrance, or m- 
 stniment, signed by names in a ring or circle, so as 
 not to show who signed it first. Forbes. 
 
 ROUNDS, n, pi, [See Round, 71. No. 5.] 
 2. Round-top. [See Toi-.] 
 
 ROUND TA'BLE, n. Knights of the round table; 
 knights belonging to an order established by the 
 British king Artiiur, about the sixth century, so 
 named from their eating at a round table, ..1 which 
 the distiiiciion of rank was avoided. Toone. 
 
 ROUND TOW'EU, 71. Tlie name given to certain 
 lofty towers, tapering from the base to a conical cap 
 or roof, which crowns the summit; foiinil chiefly 
 in Ireland. They are of great antiipiity, and vary in 
 hight frtmi thirty-five to one hundred and twenty 
 feet. Some stand on circular bases, and some on 
 square bases. P. Cyc, 
 
 ROUP, (ronp,) v. t. To cry or shout; hence, to" ex- 
 pose to sale by auction. [ScoKwA,] Jamieson'*s Diet. 
 
 ROUP, 71. An outcry; a sale of goods by auction. 
 [Sfiit^i-vA.] Jamieson^s Diet. 
 
 2. A disease in poultry. Gardner. 
 
 ROUSE, (roll/.,) V. t. [This word, writtenalso Arouse, 
 seems to bidong to the family of raise or rii.</i. (."^ee 
 Raise.) In .Sax. hrysan, to sliakeand to rush ; Uuth. 
 hriiyao, to shake.] 
 
 1. To wake from sleep or repose. Gen. xlix. 
 
 2. To excite to thought or action from a state of 
 idleness, languor, stupidity, or inattention. 
 
 .^ddisoju JiUcrbunj. 
 
 3. To put into action ; to agitate. 
 
 Blustering winds that roused the sea. Milton. 
 
 4. To drive a beast from his den or place of rest. 
 
 Denluim. Pope. 
 ROUSE, V. i. To awake from sleep or repose. 
 
 Morpheus routes from his b'-d. Pope. 
 
 2. To bo excited to thought or action from a state 
 of indolence, slugglshnrs.i. languor, or inattention. 
 
 ROUSE, I), i. Ill seamen's language, to pull together 
 upon a cable, &.C., without the assistaiict? of tackles 
 or oilier mechanical power. Mnr. Did. 
 
 ROUSK, (roll/.,) 71. (D. roes, a bumper; G. rausch, 
 drilllkrllliesH ; rnuschrn, lo rn.ih, to lllslle.] 
 
 1. A buiiiprr ill honor of a health. [Obs.] Shale, 
 
 2. ExcvsH of drinking ; n carousal. Shalt. 
 
 ROUS'£D, (rouzd,) pp. Awakened from sleep; ex- 
 cited tt) tliouglit or action. 
 
 ROl 'Si'Ell, n. One that rouses or excites. 
 
 KOL'S'ING, ppr. Awaking from sleep; exciting; 
 calling into action. 
 
 2. «. Having power to awaken or excite. 
 
 3. Great ; violent; as, :i rousing fire. [yul"ar.] 
 ROUS'ING-LY, adv. Violently ; excitingly. " 
 ROUST, 71. A torrent occasioned by a tide. Shetland. 
 ROUT, 71. [G. TO«c, D. ro!, Dan. rode, a set, gang, 
 
 rabble ; Dan. rotter, G. rotten, to combine together, 
 to plot ; D. rotten, to assemble and to rot ; \V. rhaw- 
 ter, a crowd ; Fr. ruta, a herd. U.U. from the root of 
 crowd, or from breaking, bursting, noise.] 
 
 1. A rahhle ; a clamorous multitude ; a tumultu- 
 ous crowd ; as, a rout of people assembled. 
 
 The endkss rouls of wretched thralls. Spenser. 
 
 2. In law, a rout is where three persons or more 
 meet to do an unlawful act upon a common quarrel, 
 as forcibly to break down fences on a right claimed 
 of common or of way, and make some advances to- 
 ward it. Bliclistone. 
 
 3. A company of select persons. [ Obs,] Spenser. 
 Hence, 
 
 4. A fashionable assembly or large evening party. 
 
 Smart, 
 
 ROUT, 7!. [Fr. derovle ; It. rotta, a breaking, a defeat, 
 
 a rout; rutto, broken, defeateti ; rottura, a rupture; 
 
 Sp. rota, roto. This is a corruption of the L. ruptus, 
 
 fioiu rumpo, to break. Class Rb.] 
 The breaking or defeat of an army or band of 
 
 troops, or the disorder and confusion of troops thus 
 
 dofealed and put to Hight. Milton. 
 ROUT, V. t. To break the ranks of troops and put 
 
 tliem to flight in disorder; to defeat and throw into 
 
 confusion. 
 
 The king's horse — routed and defeated the whole army. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 ROUT, V. i. To assemble in a clamorous and (umiiltu- 
 oiis crowd. [JVo£ in itsp.] Bacon. 
 
 ROUT, V. i, [Sax. hrutan,] 
 
 To snore. [ Obs.] CJiaucer. 
 
 ROUT, V. t. [For Root.] To turn up the ground 
 with the snout ; to search. [JVot in use,] 
 
 ROUTE or ROUTE, 71. [Fr. route; Sp. rauta : Arm. 
 roud; \V. rhowd, a route or way ; rhodiaw, to walk 
 about ; Eng. road. (See Road.) It belongs to the 
 family of ride, and L. gradior ; properly a going or 
 passing.] 
 
 The course or way which is traveled or passed, or 
 to be passed ; a passing ; a course ; a march. 
 
 Wide through the furzy field their roi*l dtcy lake. Cay. 
 Rout and road are not synonymous. We say, 
 to mend or repair a road, but not to mend a route. 
 We use route for a course of passing, and not without 
 reference to the passing of some person or body of 
 men ; but route is not the road itself. 
 ROUT'ED, pp. or a. Put to flight in disorder. 
 ROU-TINE', (roo-teeii',) n. [Fr., from L. rota, a 
 wheel.] 
 
 1. A round of business, amusements, or ple.asure, 
 daily or freipiently pursued ; particularly, a course 
 of business or otficial duties, regularly or frequently 
 returning. 
 
 2. Any regular habit or practice not accommodated 
 to circumstances. 
 
 ROUT'ING, ppr. Putting to flight ; defeating and 
 
 throwing into cimfusion. 
 ROUT'OUS-LY, ado. With that violation of law called 
 
 a rout. Bouoicr. 
 ROVE, I), i. [Dan. rSver, to rob; Sw. r'dfva. This 
 
 corresponds with the Sax. reajian and L. rapio, Fr. 
 
 ravir. In Sw. strofva, to rove or wander, appears to 
 
 be formed on this root. In D. rooven, G. raubeu, 
 
 signify to rob,] 
 To wander ; to ramble ; to range ; to go, move, or 
 
 pass without certain direction in any manner, by 
 
 walking, riding, flying, or otherwise. 
 
 Tor who has power to walk, has power to rove. ArbuOinot. i 
 
 ROVE, V. t. To wander over ; as, roving a field ; 
 roDinn- the town. This is an elliptical form of ev 
 pression for n»ving over, tlirough, or about, the towi: 
 
 ROVE, 0. (. [Ciu. reeve.] To draw a thread, string, 
 or cord, through an eye or aperture. 
 
 ROV'KR, 71. A wanderer ; one who rambles about. 
 
 2. A fickle or inconstant person. 
 
 3. A robber or pirate ; a freebooter. [So Corsair is 
 from I.. cur.tus, curro, to run.] « Bacon. 
 
 4. A sort of arrow. [Obs.] B. .lonson. 
 Jit rovers ; without any particular aim ; at ran- 
 dom ; as, shooting at rovers, SoutJi, Mdi.-^on. 
 
 [I never heard this expression in the United 
 Stales.] 
 
 ROVING, w"-- "f «• Rambling; wandering; passing 
 
 a cord tbriiugh nn eye. 
 ROV'IN(;, n. The operation which gives the first 
 
 twist to cotton thread by drawing it through an eye 
 
 or api rture. 
 
 nOV'ING-I.Y, adv. In a wandering manner. 
 HoV'ING-NESS, 71. State of roving. 
 ROW, 71. [Sax. rnira ; ii, reihe ; D. rfi. The Welsh 
 has rhes. It is a contracted word, and probably the 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — MltTE, PUfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 9(>6 
 
ROY 
 
 RUB 
 
 RUB 
 
 T 
 
 elements nre Rir : tlie same as of rant. The prima- 
 ry sense is probably to stretch, to reach. If llie ele- 
 ments are Rd, it coincides with rod; S\v. rad, a 
 row.] 
 
 1. A series of persons or things arranged in a con- 
 tinued line ; a line ; a rank ; a file ; as, a roio of 
 tre.«!s ; a row of jjems or puarle j ;i row of Jiouscs or 
 columns. 
 
 Irt'her* liie hrU^hl dcniphim in burning row, AftUon, 
 
 2. An excursion taken in a boat with oars. 
 RoVV, II. t. [."^ax. rowan, reoman ; Sw. ro ; Dan. roer ; 
 
 I), rofijrn ; the latter sicnities to row and to gauge ; 
 G. ruder, an oar ; rttdrrn, to row ; Sax. rotlicr, an 
 oar ; Gr. toiTru, cpcaaio, to row j £p£r/i"{, an oar. 
 If the noun is the primary word, ruder and rot/irr, 
 an oar, may be from the root of rod, L. radiu.i, or 
 from the root of ro</«, to rub, grate, sweep. If the 
 verb is the primary word, the sense is to sweep, to 
 urge, drive, imi»el. Class ltd. See Roodeu.] 
 
 1. To impel, as a boat or vessel along the surface of 
 water by oars ; as, to row a boat. 
 
 2. To transport by rowing; as, to roto the captain 
 ashore in his harge. 
 
 Row, V. i. To labor with the oar ; as, to row well ; 
 
 to row with oars mutiled. 
 ROW, n. A riotous, noisy disturbance. Ld. Byron. 
 RoVV'A-BI.K, a. Capable of being rowed or rowed 
 
 upon. [JV"( in use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 ROWAN-TREE, n. The roan-tree or mountain ash, 
 
 which see. Cijc. 
 ROWDY, n. A riotous, turbulent fellow. America. 
 ROWKD, (rode ) pp. Driven by oars. 
 ROWEL, n. [Ohl Fr. roadie; G. rddel : Sp. rodaja, a 
 
 small wheel, a rowel ; rueda, a wheel, L. rota, W. 
 
 rhod. The Krench rouelle is a diminutive of roue, 
 
 contracted from rola.] 
 
 1 The little wheel of a spur, formed with sharp 
 
 points. 
 
 2. Among farriers, a roll of hair or silk, passed 
 through the liesh on horses, answering to a setoa in 
 surgery. Eucijc. 
 
 3. A little flat ring or wheel of plate or iron on 
 horses' bits. Spen.ier. 
 
 ROWEL, V. t. To insert a rowel in; to pierce the 
 
 skin aUil insert a roll of hair or silk. Mortimer. 
 ROWEI^f:D,pp. Pierced with a rowel. 
 ROWEL-I.\'G, ;)/)r. Inserting a roll of hair or silk; 
 
 piercing the skin to make a rowel. 
 ROWEN', n. [Uu. Ileb. lyi, to be green, to thrive.] 
 Rowen is a fieltl Itppt np till ixtlflT Michat'lmii-s, ih it til- corn I«-fl 
 
 on llie groiiiiii iniiy sproin into grefn. Natee on Tusger. 
 Turn your cow« thut give niillt into your rot««Ti«, till jiiow comoa. 
 
 Morlimer. 
 
 2. In AVis England, the second growth of grass in 
 a season. HaUiwell. 
 
 We never apply the word to a field, nor to a growth 
 of corn, after harvest, nor is the word ever used in 
 the plural. The first growth of grass for mowing is 
 callt'd the first crop, and the second rowen. 
 RoW'ER, II. One that rows or manages an oar in 
 rowing. 
 
 RoW'IXO, ppr. Impelling, ns a boat by oars. 
 
 RoWI.VG, n. The act of impelling a boat by oars. 
 
 RoiV'LA.N'D. To irwe a Rowland for an Oliver, is to 
 give a full equivalent, as a retort, blow, &c., of eipial 
 force ; in allusion to two knights, famous in romance, 
 who were considered as e.xaclly matched. 
 
 JJaltiaell. 
 
 ROWLEY-RAGG. See Uacstcni:. 
 
 RoW-LOCK, n. That part of a boat's gtinwale on 
 winch the oar rests in rowing. Toltrn. 
 
 RoW'-Pf)RT, n. A name given to little sqtiare holes 
 in the side of small vessels of war, parallel to the sur 
 faceof the water, for the purpose of rowing in a calm. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 ROY'AL, a. [Fr. royal: It. reale ; Sp. and Port, real; 
 contracted from L. regalis, from rex, king. See Rick 
 and Rir.HT.] 
 
 1. Kingly ; pertaining to a king ; regal ; as, royal 
 power or prerogative ; a royal garden ; royal domains ; 
 the royal family. 
 
 2. ISecoming a king; magnificent; as, royal state. 
 
 3. Noble ; illustrious. 
 
 Huw Uotli Ui:it royal mercti.-\nt, good Antonio ? Shak. 
 
 ROY'AL, n. A large kind of paper. It is used as a 
 noun or an adjective. 
 
 9. Among seamen, a small sail spread immediately 
 above the top-gallant-sail ; sometimes termed the 
 Top-oALLANT-RovAL. Totlen, 
 
 3. One of the shoots of a stag's head. Bailey, 
 
 4. In artillery, a small mortar. 
 
 5. In F.njland, one of the soldiers of the first 
 reciinent of foot, called the Rovals, and supposed 
 to be the oldest regular corps in Europe. James. 
 
 ROY'.\L-IS.M, n. Attachment to the principles or 
 cause of royalty, or to a royal government. 
 
 Madison, 
 
 ROY'.M,-IST, n. An adherent to a king, or one at- 
 tached to a kingly gnverunient. 
 
 Where CandiAh Touglil, the royalists preTailed. Waller. 
 
 ROY'AL-tZE, r. t. To make royal. Shak. 
 ROY'AL-IZ-£D, pp. Made royal. 
 
 ROY'AL-LY, adn. In a kingly manner ; like a king ; 
 as becomes a king. 
 
 His liotly htiitll be royally liitfrn*<I. fjryiltn. 
 
 ROY'AL-TY, n. [Fr. royaul6 ; It. realtd.] 
 
 1. Kingship; the character, stale, or office of a 
 king. 
 
 Royally by birth woa the iwcetpsl way of majesty. Holyday. 
 
 2. The king or sovereign ; as, in the presence of 
 royalty. 
 
 3. Royalties, j)l.; emblems of royalty; regalia. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 4. Rights of a king ; prerogative. Kncyc, 
 ROYN'E, e. r. [Fx. rogner.] 
 
 bile ; to gnaw. [J^ot in use."] Spenser. 
 ROYN'ISII, a. [Fr. rog-ncni, mangy ; Sp. ronoso ; It. 
 roirnoso.] 
 
 Mean ; paltry ; as, the royniiA clown. [JVot in 
 u-vp.l S/iak. 
 ROV'TEL-ET, n. [Fr. roitclrt, from roi, king.] 
 
 A litih' king. [V<i( in use.] IJeuUn, 
 ROY'TISII, a. Wild ; irregular. [JVoJ in luic.] 
 
 Beaiim. »5" Fl. 
 
 RUB, V. U [W. rhwbiaw; D. wryrcn; G. rciien, to 
 rub, to grate, also to upbraid; rciAe, a grater. Uu. 
 It. probrum, eiprohro ; Gr. r/ji/?cj, to rub. We have 
 the elements of the word in scrape, scrub, L. scribo, 
 Gr. ynaifiio. Class Rb, No. 30.] 
 
 1. To move sttmething along the surface of a body 
 with pressure ; as, to rub the face or arms with the 
 hand ; to rub the body with tlannel. Vessels are 
 scoured or cleaned by rubbinir them. 
 
 2. To wipe ; to cbtan ; to scour ; but rub is a ge- 
 neric term, applicable to friction for every purpose. 
 
 3. To touch so as to leave behind something 
 which touches; to spread over; as, to rub any 
 thhig with oil. 
 
 4. To ptdish ; to retouch ; with over. 
 
 The wliole bnginrss of o\ir rctleinption is lo rub over the ilefnced 
 copy of ihu crcttioii. South. 
 
 .S. To obstruct by collision. [Unusual.] Sliak. 
 
 In popular language, rub is used for teasing, fret- 
 ting, upbraiding, reproaching, or vexing, with gibes 
 or sarcasms. 
 
 To rub down; to clean by rubbing; to comb or 
 curry, as a horse. Dryden. 
 
 To rub off; to clean any thing by rubbing ; to sep- 
 arate by friction ; as, to rub off rust. 
 
 7(i rub out ; to erase ; to obliterate ; as, to rub out 
 marks or letters. 
 
 2. To remove or separate by friction ; as, to rub 
 out a stain. 
 
 To rub upon ; to touch hard. Sidney. 
 To rub up : to burnish ; to pidish ; to clean. 
 
 5. To excite ; to awaken ; to rouse to action ; as, 
 to rub up the meiiu>ry. 
 
 RUM, V. i. To move along the surface of a body 
 with pressure; as, a wheel rubs against the gate- 
 post. 
 
 2. To fret ; to chafe ; as, to ru6 upon a sore. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. To mox'c or pass with difficulty; as, to rub 
 through woods, as huntsmen ; lo rub through the 
 world. Cliiipinnn, ^Estrange. 
 
 RUB, n. The .act of rubbing; frictiim. 
 
 2. That which renders motion or progress difficult ; 
 collision ; hinderancc ; obstruction. 
 
 Now every rub is smoothed in our way. Shale. 
 Upon Uiis rub Uie Kiiglish emUtssuUon thought fit to deniur, 
 
 Haymrd. 
 
 All sort of rubs will le laij in the way. Daveiiant. 
 
 3. Inequality of ground that hinders the motion of 
 a bowl. Shali, 
 
 4. Difficulty ; cause of uneasiness ; pinch. 
 
 To sleep, perchance to dream ; ay, there's the rub. Shak. 
 
 5. Sarcasm ; joke ; something grating to the feel- 
 ings. 
 
 RUB, ) 71. [rub and stone.] A stone, usu- 
 
 RUB'-STONE, i ally some kind of sandstone, used 
 
 to sharpen instnmieiits : a whetstone. 
 RUB'BAGE, \ 
 
 RUB'ltlDCE, > For Rubbish. [Vulgar, and not used.] 
 RUB'BLE, ) ^ 
 RUB'BKI), (nibd,) pp. Moved along the surface with 
 
 a pressure ; cleaned ; polished. 
 RUB'BER, n. One that rubs. 
 
 2. The instrument or thing used in rubbing or 
 cleaning. Swift. 
 
 3. A coarse file, or the rough part of it. Moion. 
 
 4. A whetstone ; a rubstone. 
 
 5. In whist and some other games, two games out of 
 three ; or the game that decides the contest ; or a 
 contest consisting of three games. 
 
 India rubber: caoutchouc, a subst.ince produced 
 from several plants of South America ; a substance 
 remarkably pliable and elastic [See CAOUTCHotir.] 
 RUB'BING, 71. Act of rubbing, scouring, or polish- 
 ing. 
 
 RUB'BING, ppr. Moving along the surface with a 
 pressure; chafing; scouring; [Kilishing. 
 
 RUB'BISH, 71. i^from rub; properly, that which is 
 rubbed otf; but not now used in this limited sense.] 
 
 1. Fragments of buildings ; broken or imperficl 
 
 pieces of any structure; ruins. 
 
 He saw III.; towns one h.ilf 111 ruUUh li.:. Dryrttn. 
 
 2. Waste or rejected matter ; any thing worthless. 
 
 3. Mingled mass ; confusion. JlrbuUmot. 
 RUB'BLE, j 71. A name given by qtiarry- 
 RUB'llLE-STONE, j men to the upper fiagiiienUi- 
 
 ry and deconijiosed portion of a mass of stone ; 
 
 sometimes applied to water-worn stone. [See also 
 
 Ri'HiiACK.] Lydl. 
 RUB'BLE-WALL, j 7i. In masonry, co.ir.so walling 
 RUB'BLE-WOKK, i constructed of rough stones, 
 
 not large, but irregular in size and shape. 
 
 Koeijc. Jim. Gloss of Archil, 
 RUB'BI.V, a. Pertaining lo or coiilaining rubble. 
 RU-BE-FA'CIENT, (-shent,) a. [L. rabefacio, infra.] 
 Milking red. 
 
 RU-BE-FA'CIE.\T, n. In medicine, a substance or 
 external application which produces redness of the 
 skin. 
 
 RO'BEL-LITE, n. [from L. rubeus, red.] 
 
 A red variety of tourmaline, varying in color 
 from a pale rose-red to a deep ruby. Dana. 
 RU-l!i:'0-LA, 71. The measles. 
 
 RU-BES'CENT, a, [L. rubescens, rubesco, from rubeo, 
 to redden or to be red.] 
 Growing or becoming red ; tending to a red color. 
 RO'BE-ZAIIL, 71. [G.] A famous mountain spirit of 
 Germany, sometimes friendly, sometiuu's mischiev- 
 ous, corresponding to Puck. [See Plck.] 
 
 Encvc. Am, 
 
 RO'BI-CAN, a. [Fr., from L. rubeo, to be red.] 
 
 Riibican color of a horse, is a bay, sorrel, or black, 
 Willi a light gray or white upon the flanks, but the 
 gray or while not piedominaiit there. Far. Diet. 
 
 RU'BI-CEL, 71. ( L. riibco. In be red.] 
 
 A gem or mineral, a variety of ruby of a reddish 
 color, from Brazil. JK'tchoUon. Brande. 
 
 RC'BI-CON, 71, A small river which separated Italy 
 from Cisalpine Gaul, the province allotted lo Cesar. 
 When Cesar crossed that slreain, he invaded Italy, 
 with the intention of reducing it to his power. Hence 
 the phrase, to pa.is the Rubicon, signifies, to take a 
 desperate step in an enterprise, or to adopt a meas- 
 ure from which one can not recede, or from which he 
 is determined not to recede. 
 
 RO'Bl eUND, a. [L. rubicundus.] 
 Inclining to reiiness. 
 
 RU-BI-€UND'1-TY, 71. An inclination to redness; 
 ruddiness. 
 
 RO'lil-Z'-'l), (rQ'bid,) pp. or a. Red as a ruby ; as, a 
 
 rubied lip ; rubied nectar. Milton. 
 RU-BIF'ie, a. [L. rohrr, and/ncio.] 
 
 Making red ; as, rubijic rjrjs. Orew, 
 RU-Bl-FI-CA'TION, n. The' act of making red. 
 
 IIowelL 
 
 RO'RI-FORM, a. [L. ruber, red, and form.] 
 
 Having the form of red ; as, the rubifurm rays of 
 the sun are least refrangible. JVewlon. 
 RU'BI-FV, V. t. [L. ruber, red, and facio, to make.) 
 
 'I'o make red. [Little used.] Brown, 
 RU-BIG'I-NOUS, a. Rusty. 
 
 RU-BI'GO, n. [L.] Mildew, a kind of rust on plants, 
 
 consisting of a parasitic fungus or mushroom. 
 RU'BI-OUS, a. [L. riiAcu,s.] 
 
 Reil ; ruddy. [J^Tot in use.] Shak. 
 RO'BLE, (ru'bl,) 71. [Russ., from niblyu, to cut.] 
 
 1. A silver coin of Kussi.a. 'i'he old ruble was 
 worth about 3s. 8d. sterling, or 85 cents. The new 
 ruble, coined since 17C2, is worth nearly 3s. 3d. ster- 
 ling, or 75 cents. Kelly. 
 
 2. A money of account in Russia. The bank ruble 
 of 100 copecks is worth about lid. sterling, or 21 
 cents. McCulliich. 
 
 RO'llRie, 71. [Fr. rubriejue; L. It. and Sp. rubrica; 
 from L. rubeo, to be red.] 
 
 1. A title or article in certain ancient law books; 
 so called because written in red letters. P. Cijc. 
 
 2. The name given lo the directions, printed in 
 pniyer-books, which were formerly put in red letters. 
 
 Tlie rubric un<l lite rules r<-latiRg to the lituri^ arc cstabltBh-d by 
 royal authority, as well :is the liturgy ils' lf. AV/son. 
 
 The name has sometimes been given to any writ- 
 ing or printing in red ink in old books and manu- 
 scripts, especially the date and place on a tille-page. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 Rft'BRie, V. I. To adorn with red. 
 
 RC'BRIC, ) „ . 
 
 Rf'BKlC^AL, i J^^''- 
 
 RtJ'BRie-AL, a. Placed in mbrics. 
 
 RO'BRie-ATE, r. f, [L. riibricatus.] 
 
 'I'o mark or distinguish with red. IlrrberU 
 
 RP'BRIC-ATE, a. Marked with red. Spdman. 
 
 UO'BY, n. [Fr. rub-s ; Sp. rubi : Port, rubi, rubim: It. 
 rubiuo ; D. robyn ; G. Oan. and Sw. ruAin ; Ir. id, 1 
 frtun L. rubra, to be red.] 
 
 1. A precious stone; a minenl of a carmine red 
 color, sometimes verging to violet, or intermediate 
 between carmine and hyacinth red ; but its parts 
 vary in color, and hence it is cailed Sapphibe Ri bt 
 or Ora:<ioe Red, and by some Vekmcille or Ri hicel. 
 
 A'l ncsn. 
 
 There are two kinds of ruoy, the oriental or co- 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 9e7 
 
RUD 
 
 RUD 
 
 RUF 
 
 l; 
 
 rundiiii), and the spinel. The latter is ilistinjriiish- 
 able IVoin the former by its color and crystiilli/ation. 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 The Balas Ruby is a bright red variety of the 
 spinel. 
 
 The ruby is next in hardness and value to the 
 diamond, and highly esteemed in jewelry. 
 
 2. Redness ; red color. Shak. 
 
 3. Any thing red. Milloiu 
 
 4. A blain ; a blotch ; a carbuncle. 
 
 [Tho ruby is said to be the stone called by Pliny a 
 
 C.VRRL'WCLE.] 
 
 Kubii of arsenic or sulphur, is the realgar, protosul- 
 phn ret of arsenic, or red compound of arsenic and 
 sulphur. Encyc. J^Ttrlwlson. 
 
 Ruby of line, is the protosulphuret of zinc, or red 
 blende. 
 
 Rock ruby; a fine red variety of garnet. Dana. 
 
 Rnby siiv^r. See Red Silver. 
 Ru'HY, ti. t. To make red. Pope. 
 RO'IiY, a. Of the color of the ruby ; red ; as, ruby 
 lips. 
 
 Ru'BY-ING, p/ir. Making red. 
 
 RUCK, V. t. IL. ri/n-u to wrinkle, to fold; rwa, a 
 fold.] 
 
 1. To cower ; to bend and set close. [jVof in use.] 
 
 Onicer. 
 
 9. To draw into wrinkles or folds ; to crease ; as, 
 to ruck up a carpet. Smart. 
 
 [In this sense, the word is used by the common 
 people of New England.] 
 RUCK, V. i. To squat or sit, as a hen on eggs. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 9. To have a folded or ridgy surface, as the sleeve 
 of a coat. Furby. 
 RUCK, li. A wrinkle, fold, or plait in a piece of 
 cloth. 
 
 RUCK'ED, (mkl,) pp. Wrinkled. 
 
 RUe-TA'TIO.\, V. [L. rurAii, to belch.] 
 
 The act of belching wind from the stomach. 
 
 RUD, to make red, used by Spenser, is a different 
 spelling of Red. [Ohs.] [See Ruddy.] 
 
 RUD, H. [Sax. rude. See Red and Ruddy.] 
 1. Redness ; blush ; also, red ocher. 
 9. The fish rudd. 
 
 RUDD, ji. [Probably from rcri,7-Mrf</7/.] A fresh-water 
 Eunipean fish of the carp family, Leuciscus ery- 
 tlirophllialinus, also called Red-eve. It differs from 
 the roach, to which it is closely allied, in having the 
 do sal fin placed in the interval between the ventral 
 and anal fins. Its body is deep, and h:is the whole 
 surface tinged with a brilliant reddish golden hue. 
 
 Jtirilinc''s A''at. Lib, 
 
 RUD'DER, n. [G. ruder, an oar and a rudder; Sax. 
 rother, an oar ; U. rner, for roeder : Sw. rader ; Dan. 
 rocr. (See Row.) The oar was the first rudder used 
 by man, and is still the instrument of steering cer- 
 tain boats.] 
 
 1. In navigation, the instrument by which a ship 
 is steered ; that part of the helm which consists of a 
 piece of timber, broad at the bottom, which enters 
 the water anil is attached to the stern post by hinges, 
 on which it turns. This timber is managed by means 
 of the tiller or wheel. Totlcn. 
 
 2. That which guides or governs the course. 
 
 Fur rltyine ihe rudder \a o.'' verst 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 3. A sieve. [/jicaZ.] [See Riddle.] 
 RuMer perch ; a small fish with the upper part of 
 the body brown, varied with large round spots of 
 yellow, the b "lly and sides streaked with lines of 
 white and yellow. This fish is said to follow the 
 rudders of ships in the warm parts of the Atlantic. 
 
 Cnic^by. Pntnnnt. 
 
 RUD'DI-KD, (rud'did,) a. Made ruddy or r. d. 
 
 Ri; D'DI-NESS, n. [from ruddij ] The state of b"ing 
 ruddy; redness, or ra'hir a lively flesh color; that 
 degree of redness which characterizes high health ; 
 a|>plied chiefly to the complexion or color of the 
 human skin ; as, the ruddiness of the rheeks or lips. 
 
 RUD'DLE, n. [W. rhuicll; from the root of red, 
 ruddy. ] 
 
 The name of a species of red earth, colored by 
 Msquoxyd of iron ; red chalk, which see. 
 
 IVoudward. 
 
 RI'D'DEE-MAN, n. One who digs ruddle. 
 RI'D'DOCK, n. [Sax. rudduc : from the root of rcrf, 
 ruddy.] 
 
 A bird, the English robin or redbreast. 
 
 /v/in. F.nnic. 
 
 RtJD'DY, n. [Rax. rude, rudu, read: I), rood'; G. 
 rutJi ; \V. rA»i ; (Jr. tm Oinn;; .<aiis. riidhirii, blood. 
 1'iiis HcemH tu be a dialectical orthography of Red, 
 which sec. ] 
 
 I. Of a red color; of a lively flesh color, or tho 
 C(dor of the human Hkin in high health. Thus we 
 Hny, ruddy cheeks, ruddy lips, a ruddy fare or skin, a 
 rudtlii y()Uth ; and In [Kielir language, ruddy fruit, 
 ilut the word is chiefly applied to lliir liiiiiian skin. 
 
 Drydrn. Otwuit. 
 9. Of a bright yellow color; as, ruddy gold. [ Un- 
 usual ] Drydrn. 
 RODE, a. [Fr. rude; H. rude and rozio; t*\>. rudo ; 
 L. rudis t ruts; O. roh, raw, crude; Ann. riuf. 
 
 The sense is probably rough, broken, and this word 
 may be allied to raw and crude. See Class Rd, No. 
 35, 38.] 
 
 1. Rough; uneven; rugged; unformed by art; 
 as, rude workmanship, that is, roughly finished; 
 rude and un[)olished stones. Stillinirjlcct. 
 
 2. Rough ; of coarse manners ; unpolished ; un- 
 civil ; clownish; rustic ; as, a rude countryman; 
 rude behavior ; rude treatment ; a rude attack. 
 
 RurTian, let go tliat rude, uncivil touch. Shah. 
 
 3. Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; turbulent; 
 as, rude winds ; the rude agitation of the sea. 
 
 Boijle. 
 
 4. Violent ; fierce ; impetuous ; as, the rude shock 
 of armies. 
 
 5. Harsh , inclement ; as, the rude winter. 
 
 IValler. 
 
 6. Ignorant ; untaught ; savage ; barbarous ; as, 
 the Tude natives of America or of New Holland ; 
 the rude ancestors of the Greeks. 
 
 7. Raw; untaught; ignorant; not skilled or prac- 
 ticed ; as, rude in spc(^cli ; rude in arms. tVutlon. 
 
 8. Artless ; inelegant ; not polished ; as, a rude 
 translation of Virgil. Dryden. 
 
 RuDE'LY, add. With roughness ; as, a mountain 
 rudely formed. 
 
 2. Violently ; fiercely ; tumultuously. Tho door 
 was rudely assaulted. 
 
 3. In a rude or uncivil manner ; as, to be rudely 
 accosted. 
 
 4. Without exactness or nicety ; coarsely ; as, 
 work rudely executed. 
 
 I lh.1t am rudely sliinped, antl xv.Tnt love's majesty. 
 
 To strut belbre a wanton, ambling nymph. Shak. 
 
 5. Unskillfully. 
 
 My muse, tliou^h rudely, h.as resigned 
 
 Some faint resemblance of his godlike mind. Dryden. 
 
 C. Without elegance. 
 RuDE'NESS, «. A rough, broken state ; unevenness; 
 wildness; as, the rudeness of a mountain, country, 
 or landscape. 
 
 2. Coarseness of manners ; incivility ; rusticity ; 
 vulgarity. 
 
 And liin^s the rudeness of their joy must bear. Dryden, 
 
 3. Ignorance ; unskillfulness. 
 
 What lie did amiss was rtttlier tlirough rudeness and want of 
 judgment. htiyicard, 
 
 4. Artlessness ; coarseness; inelegance; as, the 
 rudeness of a painting, or piece of sculpture, 
 
 5. Violence ; impetuosity ; as, the rudeness of an 
 attack or shock. 
 
 6. Violence ; storminess ; as, the rttdc7ieisof winds 
 or of the season. 
 
 Ru'DEN-TURE, 71. [Fr., from L. rude7is, a rope.] 
 In architecture, the figure of a rope or stall", plain 
 or carved, with which the flutings of columns are 
 sometimes filled. Braude, 
 
 RU'DE-RA-RY, a. [Low L. ruderarius ; from the 
 root of rudis, and indicating the primary sense of 
 rude, to be broken.] 
 
 Belonging to rubbish. [JVot used.] Diet. 
 
 RU-DE-Ra'TION, n. [L. ruderatio, from rudero, to 
 pave with broken stones.] 
 
 Among the ancients, a method of laying pavements, 
 and |)erli!ips of building walls, with rough pebbles 
 and mortar. Gipilt. 
 
 ROUKS'liY, (rudz'be,) n. An uncivil, turbulent fel- 
 low. [A^ot in use.] Shak. 
 
 RU'Dl-ME.VT, 71. [Fr., from L. ri(rf(mf7i<M7n. If con- 
 nected with erudio, it denotes what is taught, and 
 erudiii may be connected with the Goth, rodyan, to 
 speak, Sax. rirdan, to read. But the real origin is 
 not obvious. It ni.ay have been formed from some 
 word in Rd, signifying to shoot or spring.] 
 
 1. .\ first principle or element; that which is to 
 be first learnt ; a.s, the rudiments of learning or 
 science. Articulate stmutls are the rudiments of lan- 
 guage ; letters or char;icters are the rudiments of 
 written language ; the primary rules of any art or 
 science are its rudiments. Heiice instruction in the 
 rudiments of any art or science, constitutes the be 
 ginuin<: of education in that art or science. 
 
 2. The original of any thing in its first form. Thus 
 in bniany, the gcrmi ii, ovary, or seed bud, is the j'u 
 dimrnt of the fruit yet in embryo ; and the seed is the 
 rudiment of a new plant. Jilartyn. 
 
 Rudiment, in natural history, is also an imperfect 
 organ, one which is never fully formeti. Thus the 
 flowers in the genus Pt ntstumon have four stamens 
 and a rudiment of a fifth, (a simple filament without 
 an anther.) 
 
 Gotl beliuldi the first irniK-rfect rudimsnU of virtue in the •o\il. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 RO'DI-MEiNT, 7'. t. To furnish with first princifdcs 
 or rules ; to ground ; to settle in first principles. 
 
 Oniiton 
 
 RU DI-MENT'AI,, ) a. Initial ; pertaining to rudi- 
 iU; 1)1 .MI';.\T'.\ RV, ( mcnts, or consisting in first 
 
 priiK'ipli's ; as, r(/r/if/jf'7jfrti essays. Spectator. 
 RU-DOl-PII'INE, «. All epithet applied to a set of as 
 
 tronuiiiicul tables, computed by Kepler, and founded 
 
 on the observations of Tycho Rrahe ; so named from 
 Kudiilph II., emperor of Bohemia. Brandc. 
 ROE, (rii,) V. t. [ii;l\. reuwian, hreoinian ; \V. rhaaw, 
 rhuadu ; D. rouwen ; G. reuen, to repent ; Dan. and 
 Sw. ruelse, contrition. This is the L. rtldo, to roar, 
 to bray. Class Rd.] 
 
 To lament ; to regret ; to grieve for ; as, to rue the 
 commission of a crime ; to rue the day. 
 
 Thy will 
 
 Ciiose freely what it now bo justly rue*. MUton. 
 RuE, ». i. To have compassion. [JVotinvse.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 ROE, n. Sorrow ; repentance. [JV'oJ in use.] Shak. 
 
 ROE, (rii,) 77. [Sax. rude: D. riiit ; G. raute ; Dan 
 rude; Gr. pvri) ; L. and It. ruta ; Sp. rnda; Fr. rue; 
 Arm. ry ; Ir. ruith, ruitJi; Corn. ryte. Rue is a con- 
 tracted word. Q,u., from its bitter taste, gratmg, 
 roughness.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Ruta, of several species The 
 common garden rue is medicinal. It has a strong, 
 ungrateful odor, and a bitter and penetrating taste. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 RU'JED, (rude,) pp. Lamented ; grieved for ; regret- 
 ted. 
 
 ROE'FUL, (ru'-,) a. [rue and fall] Woful ; mourn- 
 ful ; sorrowful ; to be lamented. 
 
 Spur them to rueful work. Stiak. 
 2. Expressing Sorrow 
 
 He sighed and cast a rueful eye, Dryden, 
 ROE'FUL-LY, adv. Mournfully ; sorrowfully. More. 
 RuE'FjjL-NESS, 77. Sorrowfulness; mournfulness. 
 ROE'ING, 71. Lamentation. Smith. 
 RU-ELLE', (ru-el',) 71. [Fr.,a narrow street, from rue, 
 a street.] 
 
 A circle ; a private circle or assembly at a private 
 house. [JVbA in use.] Dryden. 
 RU-FES'CENT, a. [L, rufesco, to grow red.] 
 
 Reddish ; tinged with red. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 RUFF, 7t. [Ann. rouffenn, a wrinkle; W. rhevu, to 
 thicken.] 
 
 1. A inece of plaited linen worn by females around 
 the neck. j2ddi.-<on. 
 
 2. Something puckered or plaited. Pope. 
 
 3. A Eiirojiean river fish, of the perch family, 
 Acerina vulgaris, sometimes called the smalltr river 
 perch. Jardine^s JVat. Lib. 
 
 4. A bird of Europe and Asia, Machetes pregnax, 
 allied to the woodcock and sandpiper. The male 
 has a tuft of feathers around the neck during the 
 breeding season, whence the name. The female is 
 called Reeve. Jardine. 
 
 5. A state of roughness, [Sax, Areo/,] [ 0/j.<,] 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 6. Pride ; elevation ; as, princes in the ruff of all 
 their glory. L'Estrange. 
 
 7. A particul.ir species of pigeon. 
 
 8. At rnrd.-i, the act of winning the trick by tnimp- 
 ing the cards of another suit. [D. troef, trueven.] 
 
 RUFF, 7'. To ruffle ; to disorder. Spenser. 
 2. To trump any other suit of cards at whist. [I). 
 troeven,] 
 
 RUFF'KI), (rtift,) pp. Ruffled ; disordered. 
 RUF'FIAN, (riif 'yaii,) 71. [If this word signifies pri- 
 
 HKirily a robber, it is from the root of rob, Sw. rofca, 
 
 Dan. riifcr. In Scottish, ruffie is a worthless fellow. 
 
 In It. rnffinno is a pimp, Sp. rufian, Port, rufiam ; D. 
 
 roJ)iaan, id.] 
 
 A boisterous, brutal fellow ; a fellow ready for any 
 desperate crime ; a robber ; a cutthroat ; a murderer. 
 
 .Sddi.-itm. 
 
 RUF'FIAN, (ruf 'yan,) a. Brutal ; savagely boisterous ; 
 
 as, rnffian rage. Pope. 
 RUF'FIAN, D. I. To play the ruffian ; to rage ; to raise 
 
 tumult. Shiik. 
 RUF'FIAN-ISII, a. Having the qualities or manners 
 
 of a nillian. 
 
 RUF'FIAN-ISM, n. The act or conduct of a niflian. 
 
 RUF'FIAN-LFKE, ) 0. Like a rulhan ; bold in crimes; 
 
 RUF'FIAN-I.Y, i violent ; licentious. Ftdke. 
 
 RUF'FLE, (ruf'rt,) v. t. [Uelgic, ruilffclcn, to wrin- 
 kle. Chaucer has riveling, wrinkling, and Stielmau 
 cites rifflura or ruffnra from Bractou, as signifying in 
 law a breach or laceration of the skin, made by the 
 stroke of a stick.] 
 
 1. Properly, to wrinkle ; to draw or contract into 
 wrinkles, open plaits, or folds. Mdi.^on. 
 
 2. 'J o disorder by disturbing a smooth surface ; to 
 make uneven by agitation ; as, to'vffie the sea it a 
 lake. ^ ^ 
 
 She smoollied the rtitPed tout, Dryden. 
 
 3. To discompose by disturbing a calm state of; to 
 agitate ; to disturb ; as, to rnjle the mind ; to ruffie 
 tlie passiims or Ihe temper. It expresses less than 
 FnET and Vkx. 
 
 4. To throw into disorder or confusion. 
 
 Wh'-re U'Kt 
 
 He might the rtijltd loe invi-.l. Iludiirat, 
 
 5. To throw together in a disorderly manner. 
 
 I rujjtid up inllen lenvc« in heap. [f/fiu«i/<i(.| CImpman, 
 
 (i. To furnish with rutlles ; as, to ri;/ffi! a shirt. 
 RUF'FLE, (riif'H,) v. i. To grow rough or turbulent ; 
 as, tlio winds ruffle. Shiik. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQIC — 
 
 968 
 
RUI 
 
 RUL 
 
 RUM 
 
 2. To play loosely ; to flutter. 
 
 On Ills right etiouUliT his thick mano nHiUneil, 
 
 Rujflet itl BiKcil, utiil dunces iu the wind. DryiUn. 
 
 3. To be rougli ; to jar j to be in contention. 
 
 Thcj- would ru^;« with Jiironi. [Oiil.) Bacon. 
 
 RUF'FLE, n. A strip of plaited cambric, or other fine 
 cloth, attached to some border of a sarment, as to the 
 wristband or bosom. That at the bosom is sometimes 
 called by the Bnglish a Frill. 
 
 2. Disturbance ; agitation ; commotion ; as, to put 
 the mind or temper in a ruffle. 
 
 RMF'FLE, ) n. A particular beat of the drum, being 
 
 HUFF, i a low, vibrating sound, not so loud as 
 a roll, used on certain occasions in military atiairs 
 as a mark of respect. Lieutenant-generals have three 
 ruffles, as they pass by the regiment, guard, &c. ; ma- 
 jor-generals have two ; brigailieis one, &c. 
 
 Campbell, Mil. Did. Eiieiic. 
 
 RUF'FLE, ) V. t. To beat the ruir or rulilo of" the 
 
 UIJFF, ! drum. 
 
 RUF'FLKD, p;). or 0. Disturbed ; agitated ; furnished 
 
 with ruttles. 
 RUF'FLK-LKSS, a. Having no nifties. 
 lU'F'FLE-MENT, n. Act of ruliling. 
 RL'F'FI-EK, 71. A bully ; a swaggerer. [JVot in lae.] 
 RUF'FLING, ppr. Disturbing ; agitating ; furnishing 
 
 with ruffles. 
 
 RUF'FLING, 71. Commotion ; disturbance ; agitation. 
 RUF'FIN'G^' I PP''- "Beating a roll of the drum. 
 UITF'FMNO, j 71. A particular beat or roll of the drum, 
 RI'F'FI.Nt}, j used on certain occasions as a mark 
 of respi ct. 
 
 RO't'OL'S, a. [Jj. rufu.'' ; Pp. rufo ; Port, ruivo ; prob- 
 ably from the root of L. rubro.] 
 
 Reddish ; of a reddish color, or rather of a brown- 
 ish red. Lindlrtj. 
 
 Rl'F'TlIR-HOOD, 7i. In falconry, a hood to be worn 
 by a hawk when she is first drawn. Bailey. 
 
 RUG, H. [D. ruiir, G. ranch, rough, hairy, shaggy; 
 Sw. ruir^T, entangled hair ; rumTia, rugged, shaggy. 
 This coincides with Dan. rug, VV. Wij/n-, rye, that is, 
 rou'jk; VV. r/iU4'-, something abounding with points. 
 In W. brycan is a ni"-, a clog, a brogue for the feet, 
 a covering. This belongs to the great family of 
 rough, L. ruga, raucus.] 
 
 1. A coarse, nappy woolen cloth, used for a bed- 
 cover, and, in modern tinies, particularly, for cover- 
 ing the carpet before a fireplace. This name was 
 formerly given to a coarse kind of frieze useil for 
 winter garments, and it may be that the poor in some 
 countries still wear it. Btit in .\merica, 1 believe, 
 the name is applied only to a bed-cover for ordinary 
 beils, and to a covering before a fireplace. 
 
 2. A rougli, woolly, or shaggy dog. 
 RO'GATE, o. Wrinkled ; having alternate ridgeg and 
 
 depressions. Dana. 
 RUtJ'GED, a. [from the root of rug, rough, which 
 sec.] 
 
 1. Rough ; full of asperities on the surface ; broken 
 into sharp or irregular points or crags, or otherwise 
 uneven ; as, a rugged mountain ; a rugged road. 
 
 2. Uneven j not neat or regular. 
 
 His Wfll-proportioned beorit mnde rough antl rugged. SliaJ:. 
 
 3. Rough in temper ; harsh ; hard ; crabbed ; aus- 
 tere. South. 
 
 4. Stormy ; turbulent ; tempestuous ; as, rugged 
 weather ; a rugged season. 
 
 .^>. Rough to the ear ; harsh ; grating ; as, a rugged 
 verse in poetry ; rugged prose. Dryden. 
 
 (). Sour ; surly ; frowning ; wrinkled ; as, rugged 
 lotiks. 
 
 7. Violent ; rude ; boisterous. Iludibras. 
 
 8. Rough ; shaggy : as, a rugged hear. Fairfar. 
 
 9. In botany, scabrous ; rough with tubercles or 
 stitT points ; as a leaf or stem. Marlyn. 
 
 RUG'GED-1,Y, ailv. In a rough or rugged manner. 
 RUG'GED-.NEriS, n. The tpiality or state of being 
 
 rugged ; roughness ; asperity of surface ; as, the rug- 
 
 gedness of land or of roads 
 
 2. Roughness of temper ; harshness ; surliness. 
 
 3. Coarseness ; rudeness of manners. 
 
 4. Slorminess ; boisterousness ; as of a season. 
 RUG'-GOWN-i'D, a. Wearing a coarse gown or rug. 
 
 Beaum. S( Fl. 
 
 RUG'IN, 71. A nappy cloth. [AOit iis-crf.] IViMman. 
 RC'GtN'E, (ri'jeen,) 71. [Fr.] A surgeon's rasp. Sharp. 
 
 RO'GOrs' I '■"5'''*''^> ffo"! '''^S") " wrinkle.] 
 
 1. Wrinkled ; full of wrinkles. tfiseman. 
 
 2. In botany, a leaf is said to be rugose when the 
 veins arc more contracted than the disk, so that the 
 latter rises into little inequalities, as in sage, prim- 
 rose, cowslip, &c. Martiin. Smith. 
 
 RU-GOS'I-TY, 71. A state of being wrinkled. [IMle 
 « *<■'/.] S77ii(A. 
 
 RC'I.N, n. [Fr. riiinr, from L. and Sp. rulna; It. raina 
 and rni'iiia; from L. mo, to fall, to rush down ; W. 
 rhririn, a sudden glide, shp, or fall, ruin ; rheie, some- 
 tli:ng slippery or smooth, ice, frost ; rAcii, to move or 
 be active ; rheb, a running olf; rlfbti:, a destroyer. 
 Perhaps the latter words are of a ditTerent family.] 
 
 1. Destruction ; fall ; overthrow ; defeat ; that 
 change of any thing which destroys it, or entirely 
 defeats its object, or unfits it for iiso ; as, the ruin of 
 a house ; the ruin of a ship or an army ; the ruin of 
 a constitution of government ; the ruin of health ; the 
 ruin of commerce ; the ruin of public or private liap- 
 piiiess ; the ruin of a project. 
 
 2. Mischief; bane; that which destroys. 
 
 The errors of young men are the ruin of husine&s. Bfcon. 
 
 3. Ruin; more generally, ruins; the remains of a 
 decayed or deniolishcil city, house, fortress, or any 
 work of art or other thing ; as, the ruins of Halbec, 
 Palmyra, or Persepulis ; the ruins of a wall ; a castle 
 in ruins. 
 
 The Inlior of a day will not build up a virtuous habit on the 
 ruins of an old and vicious character, Buckminstfr. 
 
 4. The decayed or enfeebled remains of a natural 
 object ; as, the venerable old man presents a great 
 mind in ruins. 
 
 5. The cause of destruction. 
 
 Thoy were the ruin of liiiii and ol all Israel. — 2 Chron. xxviit. 
 RU'IN, r. t. [Fr. miner.] 
 
 1. To demolish ; to pull down, burn, or otherwise 
 destroy ; as, to ruin a city or an edifice. 
 
 2. To subvert ; to destroy ; as, to rain a state or 
 government. 
 
 3. To destroy ; to bring to an end ; as, to ruin com- 
 merce or manufactures. 
 
 4. To destroy in any manner; as, to riii;i health or 
 happiness ; to ruin reputation. 
 
 5. To counteract ; to defeat ; as, to ruin a plan or 
 project. 
 
 6. To deprive of felicity or fortune. 
 
 Uy tliee raised I ruin all my fof's. iV/i<'(on. 
 Grace with a nod, and ruin witli a frown. Dnjtlcn. 
 
 7. To impoverish ; as, to be ruinid by speculation. 
 The eyes ot other people are the eyes Uvit ruin ua. Franklin. 
 
 8. To bring to everlasting misery ; as, to ruin the 
 soul. 
 
 RO'I.V, V. i. To fall into ruins. .Vi/Zon. 
 
 2. To run to ruin ; to fall into decay or be diUti)i- 
 dated. ^ 
 
 Though ho his house of polished marble build, 
 
 Vet shall it ruin like the nioUi'a IratI cell. Sanihjit. 
 
 3. To be reduced ; to be brought to poverty or mis- 
 ery. 
 
 If we are idle, and disturb the industrious 
 shall ruin th<- f;uiler. 
 
 tlieir business, we 
 iMcke. 
 
 JVote. — This intransitive use of the verb is now 
 unusual. 
 
 RO'IN-aTE, v. t. To demolish; to subvert; to de- 
 stroy ; to reduce to poverty. [7'Ai;* wurd is ill-fanned, 
 and happily is become obsolete.] 
 
 RU-IN-A'TION, n. Subversion ; overthrow; demoli- 
 tion. [Inelegant and obsnlrte.] 
 
 Ru'IN-f;i), pp. or a. Demolished; destroyed; sub- 
 verted ; reduced to poverty ; undone. 
 
 Ru'lX-F.R, 71. Une that ruins or destroys. Chapman, 
 
 RO'IiN-I-FOR.M, <i. [L. rutKO and form.] 
 
 Having the appearance of ruins, or the ruins of 
 houses. Certain minerals are said to be ruiniform. 
 
 RO'I.N-I.N'G, ppr. Demolishing; subverting; destroy- 
 ing; reducing to poverty; bringing to endless mis- 
 ery. 
 
 RO'IX-OUS, a. ruinosoji ; FT.ruineux.] 
 
 1. Fallen to ruin; entirely decayed ; demolished; 
 dilapidated ; as, an edifice, bridge, or wall in a ruifi- 
 ous stale. 
 
 2. Destructive; baneful ; pernicious; bringing or 
 tending to bring certain ruin. Who can describe the 
 ruinous practice of intemperance 
 
 3. Composed of ruins; consisting in ruins; as, a 
 minoiLS heap. Is. ,\vii. 
 
 RO'IN-OUS-LY, ado. In a ruinous manner; deslruc- 
 tivelv. 
 
 R0'I.\'-OUS-NESS, 71. A ruinous state or quality. 
 ROL'A-BLE, a. Subject to rule ; accordant to rule. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 RC'LE, 71, [VV. rheol; Arm. real; Sax. regol, reogol; 
 Sw. Dan. G. and D. regel ; Fr. regie ; S^.'rcgla ; Port. 
 rcgoa, regra ; It. regola ; L. regula, from rego, to gov- 
 ern, that is, to stretch, strain, or make straight. I 
 suppose the Welsh rheol to be a contracted word.] 
 
 1. Government ; sway ; empire ; control ; supremo 
 command or authority. 
 
 A wUe »Tv.int sliall have ruZ« over a ion that causeth shame. 
 Prov. xvii. 
 
 And his stem rut* the groaning land obeyed. Pfjie. 
 
 2. That which is established as a principle, stand- 
 ard, or directory ; that by which any thing is to be 
 adjusted or regulated, or to which it is to be con- 
 formed ; tliat which is settled by authority or custom 
 for g<iidance and direction. Thus a statute or law 
 is a rule of civil conduct ; a canon is a rule of eccle- 
 siastical government ; the precept oi command of a 
 father is a nife of action or obedience to children ; 
 preceilents in law are rulcn of decision to judges ; 
 maxims and customs furnish rules for regulating our 
 social opinions and manners. The laws of God are 
 rules for directing us in life paramount to all others. 
 
 A rult which you di^^^pply, is no rule at all. J. M. .Mason. 
 
 3. An instrument by wllich lines are drawn, or 
 Hhort lengths measured. 
 
 A Judicious artist will use bii eye, but be will trust only to bij 
 ruie. iivulh. 
 
 4. Established mode or course of proceeding pre- 
 scribed in private life. Every man should have some 
 fi.xed rules for managing his own affairs. 
 
 5. A maxim, canon, or precept, to be observed in 
 any art or science. Encyc. 
 
 r». Ill monasteries, corporations, or societies, a law or 
 regulation to be observed by the society and its par- 
 ticular members. 
 
 7. In courts, rules are the determinations and or- 
 ders of court, to be observed by its oflicers in con- 
 ducting the business of the court. 
 
 8. In arithmetic and algebra, a determinate mode 
 prescribed for performing any operation and produ- 
 cing a certain result. 
 
 9. In grammar, an established form of conslniction 
 in a particular class of words ; or the expression of 
 that form in woiils. Thus it in a rule, in English, 
 that s' or es, added to a noun in the singular number, 
 forms tile plural of that noun ; but mnrt forms its plu- 
 ral men, and is an exrrplion to the rule. 
 
 Rule of three, is that rule of arithmetic which di- 
 rects, when three terms are given, how to find a 
 fourtli, which shall have the same ratio to the third 
 term as the second has to the first. 
 ROLE, J'. t. To govern ; to control the will and ac- 
 tions of others, either by arbitrary pow er and author- 
 ity or by established laws. The emperors of the East 
 rule their subjects without the restraints of a consti- 
 tution. Ill limited governments, men are rufcd by 
 knt)Wn laws. 
 
 If a man know not how to rule his own house, how iball he take 
 care of the church of God ? — 1 Tim. iii. 
 
 2. To govern the movements of things; to con- 
 duct ; to manage ; to control. That God rules the 
 world he has created, is a fundanieiital article of be- 
 lief. 
 
 3. Tu manage ; to conduct, in almost any manner. 
 
 4. To settle as by a rule. 
 
 That's a ruled cise with the schoolmen. Atterbury. 
 
 5. To mark with lines by a ruler; as, to rule a 
 blank book. 
 
 6. 'J'o establish by decree or decision ; to deter- 
 mine ; as a court. 
 
 ROLE, f. i. To have power or command ; to exercise 
 supreme autliorilj'. 
 
 By me princes rule. — Prov. viii. 
 It is often followed by over. 
 
 Tliey sti;*ll rule over their oppressors. — Is. xiv. 
 
 \\ c subdue and rule over alf other creatures. I7ay. 
 
 2. In law, to decide ; to lay down and settle as a 
 rule or order of court. 
 
 3. .Among mercltants, to stand or m.ainlain a level; 
 as, prices rule lower than formerly. 
 
 RuL'f.D, pp. Governed ; controlled ; conducted ; man- 
 aged ; established by decision. 
 
 RCL'ER, 71. One that governs, whether emperor, 
 king, pope, or governor; any one that exercises su- 
 preme power over others. 
 
 2. One that makes or executes laws in a limited 
 or free government. 'X'hus legislators and magis- 
 trates are called rulers. 
 
 3. A rule; an instrument of wood or metnl with 
 straight edges or sides, by which lines are drawn on 
 paper, parchment, or other substance. When a ruler 
 has the lines of chords, tangents, sines, ice, it is 
 called a Plane Scale. F.ncyc. 
 
 RuL'ING, ppr. Governing ; controlling the will and 
 actions of intelligent beings, or the movoineiits of 
 other physical bodies. 
 
 2. Marking by a ruler. 
 
 3. Deciding; determining. 
 
 4. a. Predominant; chief; controlling; as, a rid- 
 ing passion. 
 
 Rl'lVli\G-LV, adv. Controllingly. 
 RCL'Y, a. [from rule.] Orderly; ea.sily restrained. 
 
 {J\''ot in use.] [Sec l^Nnt'LV.] 
 RUM, 11. [Per- 
 
 [Perhaps from rheum, a flowing. In an old 
 author, it is written rhum.] Spirit distilled from 
 cane juice, or from the scuinmings of the juice from 
 the boiling-house, or from the treacle or molasses 
 which drains from sugar, or from diinder, the lees of 
 former distillations. FMirards, IV. lud, 
 
 III the United States, rum is distilled from molasses 
 only. 
 
 2. A low, cant word for a countrj' parson. Sieifl, 
 RU.M, a. Old-fashioned ; queer ; odd. [.^ cant word.] 
 
 Smart, 
 
 RUM'BLE, (rum'bl,) n. A seat for ser\'ants behind a 
 carriage. F.ngland. 
 
 RU.M'ULE, V. i, [D. rommelen ; G. rummein ; Dan. 
 rvmtcr ; It. rombare. If Rm are the radical letters, 
 this word may be referred to the Ch. Syr. Heb. and 
 Etli. OV, raam. Class Rm, No. II. With a prefix, 
 grumble, Gr. tifienut, L. frcmo, Ir. eruim, thunder, G. 
 brummen, D. brommen, bremmen, Stc. ; Sw. rama, to 
 bellow.] 
 
 To make a low, heavy, continued sound ; as, 
 thunder rumbles at a distance, but when near, iU 
 
 ICNE, B^LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € asK ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 969 
 
RUM 
 
 Bound is sharp and rattling; a heavy carriage rum- 
 bles on tlie pavement. 
 
 UU.M'Bl.ER, n. The person or thing tliat rumbles. 
 
 ULTM'BLIA'G, }tpr, or a. Making a low, heavy, con- 
 tinued sound ; as, rumbling thunder. A rumbling 
 noise is a low, heai-y, continued noise. 
 
 RU.M'BLLNG, n. A low, heavy, continued sound. 
 Jcr. xlvii. 
 
 RU.M'BLING-LY, adv. In a rumbling manner. 
 
 RUM'-BUD, n. A grog blossom ; the popular name of 
 a redness occasioned by the detestable practice of ex- 
 cessive drinking. Rum-buds usually appear first on 
 the nose, and gradually extend over the face. This 
 term seems to have reference to the disease techni- 
 cally defined to be an unsuppurative papule, station- 
 arj', confluent, red, mottled with purple, cliiefly 
 aflecting the face, sometimes produced, and always 
 aggravated, by the use of alcoholic liquors, by expo- 
 sure to heat, Hcc. It is technically called lonihus co- 
 rymhifer, and popularly inmpled face, [jj/nerif a.] 
 
 Rush. 
 
 Ru'ME.V, n. [I..] The cud of a ruminant ; also, the 
 upper stomach of animals which chew the cud. 
 
 RO'.MI-NANT, 0. [Fr., from L. rumino.] 
 
 Chewing the cud ; having the property of chewing 
 again what has been swallowed ; as, ruminant ani- 
 mals, Ray. 
 
 Ru'MI-NAXT, n. An animal that chews the cud. 
 Ruminants are four-footed, hairj', and viviparous. 
 
 Encyc Ray. Derham. 
 .\n animal that chews the cud, as the camel, deer, 
 goat, and bovine kind. Bell. 
 
 RU'."»lI-.\Ai\'T-LY, adv. By chewing. 
 
 RU-MI-i\A.\'TIA, n. pi. An order of herbivorous 
 animals, having four stomachs, the first so situated 
 as to receive a large quantity of vegetable m.atters 
 coarsely bruised by a first mastication, which passes 
 into the second, where it is moistened and formed 
 into little pellets, which the animal has the power of 
 bringing again to the mouth to be rechewed, after 
 which it is swallowed into the third stomach, from 
 which it passes to the fourth, where it is finally di- 
 gested. The camel, the deer, the bovine genus, the 
 goat, and the sheep, are examples of this order. 
 
 RC'JII-XaTE, v. I. [Fr. ru miner ; L. rumino, from 
 rumen., the cud ; W. rhum, that swells out.] 
 
 1. To chew the cud ; to chew again what has been 
 slightly chewed and swallowed. Oxen, sheep, deer, 
 goats, camels, hares, and squirtels, ruminate in fact; 
 other animals, as moles, bees, crickets, beetles, crabs, 
 &c., only appear to ruminate. Peyer. Encyc. 
 
 The only animals endowed with the genuine fac- 
 ulty of rumination, are the Ruminantia, or cloven- 
 hoofed quadrupeds, (Pecora, Linnaeus ;) but the 
 liare, although its stomach is dilferently organized, 
 is an occasional and partial ruminant. EJ. Encyc. 
 
 2. To muse; to irieditate ; to think again and 
 again ; to ponder. It is natural to ruminate on mis- 
 fortunes. 
 
 He practices a eIow mediulion, and ruminates on the subject. 
 
 WaUs. 
 
 Ru'MI-XaTE, v. t To chew over again. 
 
 2. To muse on ; to meditate over and over again. 
 Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin. Dryrien. 
 RU'.MI-NATE, ) a. In botany, pierced by numerous 
 RO'.MI-N.^-TED, i narrow cavities, full of dry, cel- 
 lular matter, like the albumen of a nutmeg. Lindley. 
 Ru'.MI-.\A-TED, p/). Chewed again ; mused on. 
 RO'jMI-Na-TING, ppr. or a. Chewing the cud; 
 musing. 
 
 RU-.MI-Na'TION, n. (L. mminntio.] 
 
 1. The act of chewing the cud. 
 
 2. The power or property of chewing the cud. 
 
 Rumination is ^.vcti to nnimals, to enable them at once to lay vip 
 a great stfjre of food, and afterward to chew it. Arhuthnol. 
 
 3. A musing or continued thinking on a subject; 
 deliberate meditation or reflection. 
 
 Retiring full of rumination s.k1. Thomson. 
 RU'MI-Xa-TOR, 71. One that ruminates or muses on 
 any su'gect; one that pauses to deliberate and con- 
 sider. Ciitgrape. 
 R1;.M'.MA<5E, ji. a searching carefully by looking 
 
 into every corner, and by tumbling over things. 
 RU.M'.MAGE, v. t. [Uu. L. Timor, or Fr. remucr.'] 
 To search narrowly by looking into every corner, 
 and turning over or removing goods or other things. 
 
 Our ffr<.-eiiy leanien rumma'e every hold. Oryrlen. 
 
 RIJM'MAGK, v. i. To search a place narrowly by 
 looking among things. 
 
 I luve '/[en rummaged for old books in Little Britain and Dnck- 
 I.:iiie. tlmjl. 
 
 RIfM'MA-CED, pp. Searched in every corner. 
 
 lit' .M'.M A-CI.NG, ppr. Searching in every corner 
 
 RC'.M'.MEK, n. [1). roemrr^'a wine ghxsH, from roemen, 
 t(j vaunt, brag, or prnlst;.] 
 
 A glnia or drinking cup. [J^ol in u.ie.] Philips. 
 
 RO'MKK, n. [I,.] Flying or [Kipiilar rc|>ort ; a cur 
 rent Hlory paHrtiiig from one person to another, wittl- 
 out any known authority for the truth of it. 
 
 tiamor n»*il, and ch;uic^, 
 And tumuli, and cunfiuion, nil rmlTuiled. MUlon. 
 Wlien ye shall hear of wan and rumors of wan, be yo not 
 UDubIrd, — Mark lUJ. 
 
 RUN 
 
 2. Report of a fact ; a story well authorized. 
 
 Tills rumor of him went fonh ihrougbout all Judea. — Luke vii. 
 
 3. Fame ; reported celebrity. 
 
 Great is the runw of this dreadful kni^hl. Shak. 
 RO'MOR, V. t. To report ; to tell or circulate a report. 
 *Twas rumored 
 My father 'scaped from out the citadel. Dryden. 
 
 RC''.MOR-£D, pp. or a. Told among the people ; re- 
 ported. 
 
 RD'MOR-ER, n. A reporter ; a teller of news. Shak. 
 RU'MOR-ING, ppr. Reporting ; telling news. 
 RU'.MOR-OUS, a. Famous ; notorious. [Obs.] Bale. 
 RU.MP, n, [G. rumpf; Sw. rumpa ; Dan. rumpe or 
 rompe^ 
 
 1. The end of the back-bone of .an animal, with 
 the parts adjacent. Among the Jews, the rump 
 was esteemed the most delicate part of the animal. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. The buttocks. Hudibras. 
 Rump parliament ; in English history, a name of 
 
 contempt given to the remnant of the Long Parlia- 
 ment, which, in 1659, after Richard Cromwell had 
 resigned the protectorate, was assembled by a coun- 
 cil of officers. One who had been a member of this 
 parliament, or who favored it, was called a rumper. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 RUM'PLE, (rum'pl,) ti. i. [D. rompelen, to rumple ; 
 Sax. hrympelle, a fold ; probably connected with 
 crumple, VV. crwm, crom, crooked, crymu, to bend.] 
 
 To wrinkle ; to make uneven ; to form into irreg- 
 ular ine()ualities ; as, to rumple an aprou ur a cravat. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 RUM'PLE, n. A fold or plait. Dryden. 
 RUM'PL£D, pp. Formed into irregular wrinkles or 
 folds. 
 
 RUMP'LESS, a. Destitute of a tail; as, a rumpless 
 fowl. Lawrence. 
 
 RUM 'FLING, ppr. Making uneven. 
 
 RUM'PUS, 71. A disturbance ; noise and confusion. 
 [LoiD, but used coUoyuiaUy in England and Jimerica.'\ 
 
 RUN, V. t. ; pret. Ran or Ru.v, pp. Run. [Sax. rennan ; 
 and, with a transposition of letters, urnan, arnian, 
 yrnan ; Goth, rinnan ; D. rennen ; G. rennen, rinnen ; 
 Dan. rinder ; Sw. rdnna. The Welsh has Wiin, a 
 running, a channel, hence the RItinc.] 
 
 1. To move or pass in almost any manner, as on 
 the feet or on wheels. Men and other animals run 
 on their feet ; carriages run on wheels, and wheels 
 run on their axletrees. 
 
 2. To move or pass on the feet with celerity or 
 rapidity, by leaps or long, quick steps ; as, men and 
 qu.adrupeds run when in haste. 
 
 3. To use the legs in moving ; to step; as, children 
 run alone or run about. Locke. 
 
 4. To move in a hurrj-. 
 
 The priest and people run about, B, Jonson. 
 
 5. To proceed along the surface ; to extend ; to 
 spre.ad ; as, the fire ruiis over a field or forest. 
 
 The fire ran along upon Uie ground. — Exod. ix. 
 
 6. To rush with violence ; as, a ship runs against 
 a rock ; or one ship runs against another. 
 
 7. To perform a passage by land or water ; to pass 
 or go ; as, ships, railroad cars, stage-coaches, &.C., 
 run regularly between difl^erent places. 
 
 8. To contend in a race ; as, men or horses run for 
 a prize. 
 
 9. To flee for escape. When General Wolfe was 
 dying, an officer standing by him exclaimed, " See 
 how they run! " " Who rttn ? " said the dying hero. 
 " The enemy," said the officer. " Then I die hap- 
 py," said the general. 
 
 10. To depart privately ; to steal away. 
 
 My 
 
 e to run from this Jew, my master. 
 
 S/iai. 
 
 11. To flow in any manner, slowly or rapidly ; to 
 move or pass ; as a fluid. Rivers run to tlie ocean 
 or to lakes ; the Connecticut rwn.$ on sand, and its 
 water is remarkably pure ; the tide runs two or three 
 miles an hour ; tears run down the cheeks. 
 
 12. To emit ; to let flow. 
 
 I command th;it the conduit run nothing but clareU Shak. 
 Hiv.-rs run |x(tiible gold, ^JUton. 
 
 But this form of expression is elliptical, witA being 
 omitted ; " rivers ni« with potable gold." 
 
 13. To be lii|uid or fluid. 
 
 Ah wax dissolves, as ice begins to run. Addison. 
 
 H. To be fusible ; to melt. 
 
 Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire. Woodward. 
 15. To fuse ; to melt. 
 
 Your iron must not burn in the fire, Uiat is, run ( 
 it will be britite. 
 
 lelt, for then 
 A/oxon. 
 
 Ifi, To turn ; as, a wheel runs on an axis or on a 
 pivot, 
 
 17. To pass ; to proceed ; as, to run through a 
 c<)ursc of business ; to run through life ; to run in a 
 circle or a lino ; to run through all degrees of pro- 
 motion, 
 
 18, To flow, ns words, language, or periods. The 
 lines run smoothly. 
 
 RUN 
 
 19. To pass, as time. 
 
 As ftst as our lime rune, we should be glad in most part of our 
 lives llial it ran much f.ister. Addison. 
 
 20. To have a legal course ; to be attached to ; to 
 have legal effect. 
 
 Customs run only upon our goods imported or expor.ed, and thai 
 but once lor all ; whrreas interest runs as w ell upon our 
 ships as gooils, and must be yearly paid. (^lilds, 
 
 21. To have a course or direction. 
 
 Where the generally-allowed practice runs counter ',o it, 
 
 Locke. 
 
 LitUe is the wisdom, where the flighi 
 
 So runs against all reason. Shak. 
 
 22. To pass in thought, speech, or practice ; as, to 
 run through a series of arguments ; to run from one 
 topic to another. 
 
 Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts fon-ign 
 to his subject. Addison. 
 
 23. To be mentioned cursorily or in few words. 
 The whole runs on short, like articles in an account, 
 
 Xrtutf.nol. 
 
 24. To have a continued tenor or course. The con- 
 versation ran on the affairs of the Greeks. 
 
 The king's ordinary style runneth, " Our sovereiirn lord the 
 king." Sanderson. 
 
 25. To be in motion ; to speak incessantly. Her 
 tongue run,s continually. 
 
 26. To be busied. 
 
 When we desire any thing, our minds run wholly on the good 
 circumstances of it ; when it is obuained, our minils run 
 wholly on the bad ones. Swi/t. 
 
 27. To be popularly known. 
 
 Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great 
 while in Home. Temple, 
 
 28. To be received ; to have reception, success, or 
 continuance. The pamphlet runs well among a cer- 
 tain class of people. 
 
 29. To proceed in succession. 
 
 She saw with joy tlie line immortal run. 
 
 Each sire impressed and glaring in liis son Pope. 
 
 30. To pass from one state or condition to another ; 
 as, to run into confusion or error ; to run distracted. 
 
 Jlddison. 
 
 31. To proceed in a train of conduct. 
 
 You siiould run a certain course. Shak. 
 
 32. To be in force. 
 
 The owner hath incurred the forfeiture of eigtU years* profits of 
 hii lands, before he Cometh to the knowledge of die process 
 thai runneth against him. Bacon. 
 
 33. To be generally received. 
 
 He was not ignorunt what report run of himself. KnoUes. 
 
 34. To be carried ; to extend ; to rise ; as, debates 
 run high. 
 
 In popish countries, llie power of Ihe clergy runs higher. 
 
 Aylije. 
 
 35. To have a track or course. 
 
 Searching the ulcer with my probe, the sinus run un above Uie 
 orifice. Wiseman. 
 
 36. To extend ; to lie in continued length. Veins 
 of silver run in dilTerent directions. 
 
 37. To have a certain direction. The line runs 
 east and west. 
 
 38. To pass in an orbit of any figure. The planets 
 run their periodical courses ; the comets do not run 
 lawless through the regions of space. 
 
 39. To tend in growth or progress. Pride is apt to 
 run into a contempt of others. 
 
 40. To grow exuberantly. Young persons of 10 or 
 12 years old soon run up to men and women. 
 
 If Uie richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves, 
 treading down the leaves will help llieir rooling. Mortimer. 
 
 41. To discharge pus or other matter ; as, an ulcer 
 r^iTis-. 
 
 42. To reach ; to extend to the remembrance of; 
 as, time out of mind, the memory of which runneth 
 not to the contrary. 
 
 43. To continue in time, before it becomes due and 
 payable ; as, a note runs thirty days; a note of six 
 months has ninety days to run. 
 
 44. To continue in effect, force, or oiieration. 
 
 The statute may be preventeil from running — liy the act of the 
 c-r ditor. Hopkinson. Wheaton's Rep. 
 
 45. I'o press with numerous demands of payment ; 
 as, to run Ujion a bank. 
 
 46. To pa.ss or fall into fault, vice, or misfortune ; 
 as, to run into vice ; to run into evil jiractices : to run 
 into debt ; to run into mistakes. 
 
 47 To fall or |)ass by gradual changes ; to make n 
 transition ; as, colors run one into another. 
 
 48. To have a general tendency. 
 
 Temperate climate, run inio nio.lenite ^..yernnients. Sicyfl. 
 
 49. To proceed as on a ground or princi|)lo. Upon 
 that the apostle's argument runjf. [Rare.] 
 
 Atlrrburfj. 
 
 50. To pass or proceed in conduct or inaiiageinent. 
 I'luquln, runninf Into ail the inoljiutls of tyranny, Hfter a cruel 
 
 n'igii, was cx|ielleil. Sv\fi. 
 
 51. To creep ; to move by creeping or crawling ; 
 as, serpents run on the ground. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T. — METK, PREY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK. 
 
 970 
 
RUN 
 
 RUN 
 
 RUS 
 
 5y. To slide ; as, a sled or sli'ich runs on the snow. 
 
 S3. To dart ; to shoot ; as a meteor in the sky. 
 
 M. To Hy ; to move in tlie air ; as, the clouds run 
 from N. E. to f . W. 
 
 55. In Scripture, to pursue or practice the duties of 
 religion. 
 
 Ye did run well ; who did hinder you ? — Gal. r. 
 
 5fi. In elections^ to have interest or favor; to be 
 supported by votes. The candidate will not run, or 
 he will run well. 
 
 To ran after ; to pnrsnc or follow. 
 
 2. To search for; to endeavor to find or obtain; 
 as, to run after similes. Locke, 
 
 To run al ; to attack with the horns, as a bull. 
 
 To run away : to (lee ; to escape. 
 
 To run away with) to hurry without deliberation. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 9. To convey away ; or to assist in escape or elope- 
 ment. 
 
 To run in ; to enter ; to step in. 
 To run into ; to enter ; as, to run into dancer. 
 To run in trust; to run in debt ; to get credit. [JVot 
 in ujte.] 
 
 To run in with ; to close j to comply ; to agree with. 
 [i7n«-si(a/.] Baker. 
 
 2. To make toward ; to near ; to sail close to ; as, 
 to run in witli the land ; a scaman^s phrase. 
 
 To run down a coast ; to sail along it. 
 To run on: to be continued. Their accounts had 
 run on for a year or two without a settlement. 
 9. To talk incessantly. 
 
 3. To continue a course. Drayton. 
 
 4. To press with jokes or ridicule ; to abuse with 
 sarcasms ; to bear hard on. '' 
 
 To run over ; to overflow ; as, a cup runs over ; or 
 the liquor runs over. 
 
 To run out ! to come to an end ; to expire ; as, a 
 lease runs out at iMichaelmas. 
 
 2. To spread e.\uberantly ; as, insectile animals 
 run out into legs. Hammond. 
 
 3. To expatiate ; as, to run out into beautiful di- 
 gressions, lie runs out in praise of Milton. 
 
 Mdison, 
 
 4. To be wasted or exhausted ; as, an estate man- 
 aged without economy will soon run out. 
 
 5. To become poor by extravagance. 
 
 Anil hnil hpf itock been less, no doubt 
 
 She must have lon<r ago run out. Dryden. 
 
 To run riot ; to go to the utmost excess. 
 
 To run up ; to rise ; to swell ; to amount. Ac- 
 counts of goods credited run up very fast. 
 RUN, V. L To drive or push ; in a general sense. 
 Hence, to run a sword through the body, is to stab or 
 pierce it. 
 
 2. To drive ; to force. 
 
 A (nlknli»e perBon nip* himself upon preat Inconrcnlences, by 
 blabtii()!7 otit his own or otheni' S'-cp'ts. Rat/. 
 
 Other*, ftccuatoined to retired speculatioiut, run natural philoso- 
 phy into iiiebiphysical notions. Locke. 
 
 3. To cause to be driven. 
 
 They ran the ship aground. — Acts xxvii. 
 
 4. To melt ; to fuse. 
 
 The purest gold must he run and washed. Fellon. 
 
 5. To incur ; to encounter ; to run the risk or 
 hazard of losing one's property. To 7-un tkc danger, 
 is a phrase not now in use. 
 
 6. To venture ; to hazard. 
 
 He would himself be In the Highlands to receire them, and run 
 his fortune with them. Ciarervlon. 
 
 7. To smuggle ; to import or export without pay- 
 ing the duties required by law ; as, to run goods. 
 
 8. To pursue in thought ; to carry in contempla- 
 tion ; as, to run the world back to its first original. 
 
 SoulA. 
 
 I would s^tadly underatand the formation ofa soul, and run it up 
 to its punclum tajien*. Collier. 
 
 9. To push ; to thrust ; as, to run the hand into 
 the pocket or the bosom ; to run a nail into the foot. 
 
 10. To ascertain and mark by metes and bounds ; 
 OS, to run a line between towns or states. 
 
 11. To cause to ply; to maintain in running or 
 passing ; as, to run a stage-coach from London to 
 Bristol ; to run a line of packets from New Haven to 
 New York. 
 
 12. To cause to pass ; as, to run a rope through a 
 block. 
 
 1.1. To found ; to shape, form, or make in a mold ; 
 to cast ; as, to run buttons or balls. 
 
 To run down ; in hunting, to chase to weariness ; 
 IS, to run down a stag. 
 
 2. In navigation, to run down a vessel, is to nin 
 igainst her, end on, and sink her. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. To crush ; to overthrow ; to overbear. 
 RcligtoQ is run fioi^n by the license of Uiei: limes. Berkeley. 
 
 To run hard ; to press with jokes, sarcasm, or ridi- 
 cule. 
 
 2. To urge or press importunately. 
 
 To run over; to recount in a cursory manner; to 
 narrate hastily ; as, to run over the particulars of a 
 story. 
 
 2. To consider cursorily. 
 
 3. To pass the eye over hastily. 
 
 To run out ; to thrust or push out ; to extend. 
 
 2. To waste ; to exhaust ; as, to run out an estate. 
 
 To run through ; to expend ; to waste ; a-s, to run 
 through an estate. 
 
 To run up: to increase; to enlarge by additions. 
 A man who takes goods on credit, is apt to run up 
 his accotint to a large sum befttrc he is aware of it. 
 
 2. To thrust up, as any thing long and slender. 
 RUN, n. The act of running. 
 
 2. Course ; niotitin ; as, the run of humor. Bacon. 
 
 3. Flow ; as, a run of verses to please the ear. 
 
 Broowc. 
 
 4. Course ; process ; continued series ; as, tiie run 
 of events. 
 
 5. Way ; will ; uncontrolled course. 
 
 Our family must have thrir run. ArbuUinot. 
 C. General reception ; continued success. 
 It is iinpoasible for detached papers to have a ^neml run or long 
 conlinuiiuce, if not divelsified with humor. Addison. 
 
 7. Modish or popular clamor ; as, a violent run 
 against university education. Swijt. 
 
 8. A general or unctiiiin'.on pressure on a ba:;l: or 
 treasury for payment of its notes. 
 
 9. The aflmost part of n ship's bottom. Mar. Diet. 
 
 10. The distance sailed by a sliip; as, we had a 
 good run. 
 
 11. A voyage ; also, an agreement among sailors 
 to work a passage from one place to another. 
 
 Mar. Did. 
 
 12. A pair of mill-stones. A mill has two, ftiur, 
 or six runs of stones. 
 
 1,1. Prevalence ; as, a disease, opinion, or fashion 
 has its run. 
 
 1-1. In the Middle and Soutlicrn States of .America, a 
 small stream ; a brook. 
 
 In the long run, {at the long run, not so gi'nerally 
 used,) signifies the whole prticess or course of things 
 taken together ; in the final result ; in the conclusion 
 or end. 
 
 The run of mankind; the generality of people. 
 RUN'A-GATE, n. [Fr. rtinagat.] 
 
 A fugitive ; an apostate ; a rebel ; a vagabond. 
 
 Sidney. Shak. 
 RUN'A-VVAY, n. [run and away.] One th.it flies 
 from danger or restraint; one that deserts lawful 
 service ; a fugitive. Shak. 
 RUN-CA'TION, n. [L. runcatio.] 
 
 A weeding. [JVot in use.] Evelyn. 
 RUN'CI-NATE, o. [L. runcina, a saw.] 
 
 In botany, a runcinatc leaf is a sort of pinnatifid 
 leaf, with tlie lobes convex before and straight be- 
 hind, like the teeth of a double saw, as in the dan- 
 delion. Martyn. 
 
 A leaf which has sinuses, and of course lobes, 
 that slope barkward, is said to be runcinate. 
 
 Lion toothed ; cut into several transverse, acute 
 segments, pt>inting backward. Smith. 
 RUN'DLE, (run'dl,) n. jfrom rounrf, G. rund.] 
 
 1. A round ; a step of^ a ladder. Duppa. 
 
 2. Something put round an axis; a peritrochium ; 
 as, a cylintler with a rundle about it. Wilkins. 
 
 RUND'LI'Vr, i K. [from round.] A small barrel of no 
 
 RUN'LET, i certain dimensions. It may contain 
 from three to twenty gallons. Encyc. 
 
 RONE, 7U [See Rumc] The Runic letter or charac- 
 ter. Temple. 
 
 RO'NER, n. A b.ard or learned man among the an- 
 cient Goths. [See Runic] Temple. 
 
 RONES, n. pL Gothic characters, poctrj', or rhymes. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 RU.VG, pret. and pp. of Riso. 
 
 RUNG, n. A floor timber in a ship, whence the upper 
 end is called a Ruhg-head ; more properly, a Floor- 
 head. Jitar. Diet. 
 
 RO'Nie, a. [W. rAin, Ir. run, Goth, runa. Sax. run, a 
 secret or mystery, a letter.] 
 
 An epithet applied to the language and letters of 
 the ancient Goths. [In Russ. chronoyu is to con- 
 ceal.] 
 
 RUN'LET, n. A little run or stream ; a brook. 
 
 2. See Rl'ndlet. 
 RUN'NEL, n. [from j-un.] A rivulet or sm.all brook. 
 
 [JVi>t in use,] Fairfax. 
 RUN'NER, n. [from run.] One that runs; that 
 
 which runs. 
 
 2. A racer. Dryden. 
 
 3. A messenger. Swift. 
 
 4. A thread-like stem, ninning along the ground, 
 as iTi tin: strawberry, and forming at its extremity 
 roi.Ls and a young plant. Lindley. 
 
 5. One of the stones of a mill. Mortimer. 
 fi. A bird. .iinsworUi. 
 
 7. A ro|)e used to increase the mechanical power 
 of a tackle. Totlm. 
 
 8. One of the timbers on which a sled or sleigh 
 slides. 
 
 RUN'NET, n. [D. runici, from TTinnen, ronnoi, to 
 curdle ; G. rinnen, to curdle, and to run or How ; 
 Sax. grrunnen, coagulated. It is also written Res- 
 net, which see.] 
 
 The prepared stomach, or the coagulated milk 
 found in the stomachs of calves or other sucking 
 
 qimdrupeds. The same name is given to a lirpior 
 prepared by steepmg the inner membrane of a calPs 
 stomach in water, and to the inemlirane itself. This 
 is used for coagulating milk, or converting it into 
 curd in the making of cheese. Encyc. 
 RUN'NING, ;»/>r. Moving or going with rapidity; 
 llowin g. 
 
 2. a. Kept for the race ; as, a running horse. 
 
 Law. 
 
 3. In succession ; without any intervening day, 
 year, Sec. ; as, to visit two days running ; to sow 
 land Iwti years running. 
 
 4. Uischurging pus or other matter ; as, a running 
 sore. 
 
 RUN'NI.N'G, 71. The act of running, or passing with 
 speed. 
 
 2. That which runs or flows ; as, the first running 
 of a still or of cider at the mill. 
 X The discharge of an ulcer or other sore. 
 
 RUN'NlNG-FIGHT,(-nte,)n. A battle in which one 
 party flees and the other pursues, but the party fleeing 
 keeps up the contest. 
 
 RUN'NING-FIRE, n. A term used when troops fire 
 rapidly in succession. Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 
 RUN'NING-KIG'GING, n. That part of a ship's rig- 
 ging or ropes which passes through blocks, &c. ; in 
 di.stinction from Standino-hig(;ino. [See Rio- 
 oirto.J 
 
 RUN'Nl.VG-TI'TLE, n. In printing, the title of a 
 book that is continued from page to page on the 
 upper margin. 
 RUNN'ION, n. [Fr. rognrr, to cut, pare, or shred.] 
 A paltry, scurvy wretch. Shak. 
 RUNT, n. I In U. rund is a bull or cow ; in Scot, runt 
 is the truiiK of a tree, a harden'ed stem or stalk of a 
 plant, an old withered woman. It may be from U. 
 runnen, to contract. See Runnet.] 
 
 Any animal small below the natural or usual aize 
 of the species. 
 
 Of Lame pigeons are croppers, carriers, and runts. Walton. 
 O- -> 
 
 RU-PEE', n. [Pers. *J^j ropah, silver, and ropiah, 
 
 is a thick, round piece of money in the Mogul's do- 
 minions, value 24 stivers. Ca.itell.] 
 
 A coin and money of account in the East Indies. 
 The current silver rupee is valued at 2s. sterling, or 
 about 41) cents ; the sicca rupee of account at 2s. (Id. 
 sterling, or about 58 cents ; tlie gold rupee at 2;is. 2d. 
 sterling, or nearly seven dollars. Kelly. McCulluch. 
 
 RUP'TION, H. [L. ruptio, rumpo, to break.] 
 
 Breach ; a break or bursting open. fi^scnian. 
 
 RUP'TIJRE, (rupt'yur,) n. [Fr., from L. ruplus, rum- 
 po, to break.] 
 
 1. The act of breaking or bursting, the state of 
 being broken or violently parted ; as, the rupture of 
 the skin ; the rupture of a vessel or fiber. .^rbuOmot. 
 
 2. Hernia ; a preternatural protrusion of the con- 
 tents of the abdomen. 
 
 3. Breach of peace or concord ; either between in- 
 dividu.als or nations ; betwt:cn nations, open hostility 
 or war. We say, the parties or nations have come 
 to an open rupture. 
 
 He knew that policy would disincline Napoleon from a rapluTt 
 with his fiuiiily. E. Everett. 
 
 RUP'TIJRE, V. L To break ; to burst ; to part by vio- 
 lence ; as, to rupture a blood-vessel. 
 
 RUP'TURE, I', i. To sufli'r a breach or disruption. 
 
 RUP'TUR-£D, pp. or a. Broken ; burst. 
 
 RUP'TIJRE-WORT, n. A plant of the genus Herni- 
 aria, and another of the genus Linum. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 
 RUP'TITR-ING, ppr. Breaking; bursting. 
 
 RU'R AL, a. [Fr., from L. ruralis, from rus, the coun- 
 try.] 
 
 1. Pertaining or belonging to the country, as distin- 
 guished from a city or town ; suiting the country, or 
 resembling it ; as, rural scenes ; a rural pros[>cct ; a 
 rural situation ; rurai music. Sidney, Thomson, 
 
 2. Pertaining to farming or agriculture ; as, rurai 
 economy. Gardner. 
 
 RO'RAL DF.AN, n. An ecclesiastic who had the care 
 and inspection of a deanery, or subdivision of an arch- 
 deaconry, under the direction of the bishop. The 
 office has, to a great extent, fallen into disuse. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 RO'R.\L-IST, n. One that leads a rural life. 
 
 Corentni. 
 
 RC'RAL-LY, arfp. As in the country. Wakefield. 
 RO'RAL-NF.SS, n. The quality of being niral. Diet. 
 RU-Rie'O-LIST, n. [L. ruricola; rus, the country, 
 and colo, to inhabit ] 
 An inhabitant of the country. [jVot in use] 
 
 Diet, 
 
 RU-RIG'EN-OUS, a. [L. rus, the country, and gig- 
 
 nor, to be bt>rn.] 
 
 Btirn ir: the country. [A'ot in use.] Diet, 
 ROSE, n. [Fr.] Artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; 
 
 fraud ; deceit. Ray. 
 RC.SE DE O UERRE', {raze de eir'.) [Fr.] A slrat- 
 
 agein of war. 
 
 RUSH, n. [Sax. rics or rise ; probably I., ruseus. The 
 Swedish corre.sponding word is sof, the Hebrew «1J0, 
 
 TtNE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS —G as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 — i; 
 
RUS 
 
 usually rendered sea-weed, and applied to the Ar- 
 abic Gulf. DeuL i. 1. JVum. xxi. 14. Tliis corre- 
 spondence deserves notice, as illustrating certain 
 passages in the i?criptures.] 
 
 1. A plant of the genus Juncus, of many species, 
 growing mostly in wet ground. Some species are 
 used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats. The 
 pith of the rush is used in some places for wicks to 
 lamps and rush-lights. P. Cyc. 
 
 The term rush is, however, appUcd to plants of va- 
 rious other genera beside Juncus, and by no means 
 to all of the genus Juncus. 
 
 2. Any thing proverbially worthless or of trivial 
 value. 
 
 John Ball's friendship is not worth a rush. 
 
 Arbulhnol. 
 
 RUSH, V. i. [.Sax. reosan, Ureosan, or riTnav ; Sw. rusa ; 
 G. raaschctij D. niisckeiii Gr. fioihui. The G. has also 
 hrauscii, the Diitch bniigsclienj to rush or roar; Dan. 
 brusen ^lo rush. The Welsh has bnjsiaw iind cnjsiarn, to 
 hurry, to hasten ; both from r/i!/.*, a rushing ; rinjsiaw, 
 to rusli. We have rustle and brustle probably from 
 the same source. The Welsh hrusiaio seems to be 
 the English press. See Class Rd, No. 5, 9, &c.] 
 
 1. To move or drive forward with impetuosity, 
 violence, and tumultuous rapidity ; as, armies rvsli 
 to battle ; waters rusk down a precipice ; winds rush 
 through the forest. We ought never to rush into 
 company, much less into a religious assembly. 
 
 2. To enter with undue eagerness, or without due 
 deliberation and preparation ; as, to rush into busi- 
 ness or speculation ; to rush into the ministry. 
 
 Sprat. 
 
 RUSH, V. t. To push forward with violence. [Mot 
 used.] 
 
 RUSH, n. A driving forward with eagerness and 
 liaste ; a violent motion or course ; as, a rush of 
 troops ; a rusk of winds. 
 
 RUSH'-BOT'TOM-£D, a. Having a bottom made 
 with rushes. Irving. 
 
 RUSH'-€AN-DLE, (-kan-dl,) n. A small, blinking 
 taper, made by stripping a rush, except one small 
 strip of the bark w-hich holds the pith together, and 
 dipping it in tallow. Johnson. Milton. 
 
 RUSH'£D, (rusht,) pret. of Rush. [See the verb.] 
 2. a. Abounding with rushes. tVarton, 
 
 RUSH'ER, n. One who rushes forward. Whitloch. 
 2. One who formerly strewed rushes on the floor 
 at dances. B. .Jonson. 
 
 RUSH't-NESS,7!. [ftomrushy.] The state of abound- 
 ing with rushes. Scolt. 
 
 RUSH'ING, ppr. Moving forward with impetuosity. 
 
 RUSH'IN'G, n. A violent driving of any thing; rapid 
 or tumultuous course. Is. xvii. 
 
 RUSH'-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. The light of a msli-candle ; 
 a small, feeble light, 
 2. A rush-candle. Encijc. 
 
 RUSH'-LIKE, a. Resembling a rush ; weak. 
 
 RUSH'Y, o. Abounding with rushes. Mortimer. 
 2. Jlade of rushes. Ticket. 
 My rushy couch and frugal fare. Goldsmith. 
 
 RUSK, n. A kind of light cake. 
 
 2. Hard bread for stores. Ralegh. 
 RUS'.MA, n. A brown and light iron substance, with 
 half as much quicklime steeped in water, of which 
 the Turkish women make their psilothron to take off 
 their hair. ' Orew. 
 ROSS, a. [Sw. ryss.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Russ or Russians. 
 [The native word is Rtss. We have Russia from 
 the south of Europe.] 
 ROSS, 71. The language of the Russ or Russians. 
 HUS'SET, a. [Fr. roux, rous.ie, red ; It. rosso ; Sp. 
 roso, rozo ; L. riwsws. See Red and Ruddy.] 
 
 1. Of a reddish-brown color; as, a russet mantle. 
 Our summer such a rusBct livery weare. Dryden. 
 
 2. Coarse ; homespun ; rustic. Shali. 
 [Ru8sF.Tr is but little used.] 
 
 RUS'SET, n. A country dress. Dnjden. 
 RUS'.'^ET, I n. A kind of apple of a russet color 
 RUS'SET-ING, I and rough skin. 
 
 [I have never known a pear so called in America, 
 
 though it seems that in England pears have this 
 
 name.] 
 
 ROS'SIA-LEATH'ER, (ru'sha or rush'ii-leth'cr,)n. A 
 coft kind of leather, made iji Russia. It is curried 
 with the cmpyrciimatic oil of the bark of the birch- 
 tree, and is much used in bookbinding, on account of 
 
 RUS 
 
 its not being subject to mold, and being proof against 
 insects. Ure. 
 RuS'SL-VN, (ru'shan. This has, till o7 late, been the 
 universal pronunciation ; bui in London, rush'an, 
 has now become prevalent. Smart.) a. Pertaining 
 to Russia. 
 
 RuS'SI AN, (ru'shan or rush'an,) n. A native of Russia. 
 
 RUST, n. [Sax. rust ; D. rocst ; G. and Sw. rost ; 
 Dan. rust ; W. rhmd ; Gr. tovaifii] ; probably from 
 its color, and allied to ruddy, red, as L. rubigo is from 
 rubeo. See Ruddy.] 
 
 1. The red or orange-yellow coating on iron ex- 
 posed to moist air; an oxyd of iron which forms a 
 rough coat on its surface. This term is sometimes 
 applied to any metallic oxyd. Ure. P. C«c. 
 
 2. Loss of power by inactivity, as metals lose the'r 
 brightness and smoothness when not used. 
 
 3. Any foul matter contracted ; as, rust on corn or 
 salted meat. 
 
 4. Foul extraneous matter ; as, sacred truths cleared 
 from the rust of human mixtures. 
 
 5. A disease in grain, a kind of dust which gathers 
 on the stalks and leaves ; in reality, a parasitic fun- 
 gus or mushroom. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 RUST, u. i. [Sax. rustian; W. rhydu.'j 
 
 1. To contract rust ; to be oxydized and contract a 
 roughness on the surface. 
 
 Our armors now may rust. Dryden. 
 
 2. To degenerate in idleness ; to become dull by 
 inaction. 
 
 Must 1 ^^s^ in E^pt f Dryden. 
 
 3. To gather dust or extraneous matter. 
 RUST, V. U To cause to contract rust. 
 
 Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. SltaTc. 
 
 2. To impair by lime and inactivity." 
 RUST'-€OL-OR-£D, (-kul-lurd,) a. Having the color 
 
 of iron rust. De CandoUe, 
 
 RUST'ED, pp. Affected with rust. 
 RUS'TIC, ( a. [L. ruslicus, from rus, the coun- 
 RUS'Tie-AL, i try.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the country; rural ; as, the rustic 
 gods of antiquity. Encyc. 
 
 2. Rude ; unpolished ; rough ; awkward ; as, rus- 
 tic manners or behavior. 
 
 3. Coarse ; plain ; simple ; as, rustic entertain- 
 ment ; ntstic dress. 
 
 4. Simple ; artless ; unadorned. Pope. 
 
 5. In arckitccturc, a term denoting a species of ma- 
 sonrj', the joints of which are worked with grooves, 
 or channels, to render them conspicuous. The sur- 
 face of the work is sometimes left or purposely made 
 rough, and sometimes even or smooth. 
 
 Oloss. of Archit. 
 RUS'Tie, n. An inhabitant of the country ; a clown. 
 RUS'Tie-AL-LY, adv. Rudely ; coarsely ; without 
 
 refinement or elegance. Dryden, 
 RUS'TI€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being rus- 
 tical ; rudeness ; coarseness ; want of refinement. 
 RUS'TIC-aTE, v. i. [L. rusticor, from rus.] 
 
 To dwell or reside in the country. Pope. 
 RUS'Tie-ATE, V. t. To compel to reside in the 
 country ; to banish from a town or college for a time. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 RUS'Tie-A-TED, pp. Compelled to reside in the 
 country. 
 
 2. a. In architecture, having the character of rustic 
 work. 
 
 RUS'Tie-A-TING, ppr. Compelling to reside in the 
 countrv. 
 
 RUS-Tie-A'TION, n. Residence in the country. 
 2. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a 
 student for some offense, by compelling him to leave 
 the institution, and reside for a time in the coun- 
 try. 
 
 RUS-TIC'I-TY, 7!. [L. rusticitas ; Fr. rusticiti.] 
 
 The qualities of a countryman ; rustic manners ; 
 rudeness ; coarseness ; simplicity ; artlessness. 
 
 Jiddison. Woodward. 
 RUS'Tie-LOOK-ING, a. Appearing to be rustic. 
 RUST'I-LY/flio. In a nistv stale. Sidney. 
 RUST'I-NESS, n. [from rusty.] The state of being 
 rusty. 
 
 RUST'ING, p7>r. Contracting rust ; causing to rust. 
 RIIS'TLE, (rus'l,) v. i. [Sax. hrisllan; G. rasseln ; 
 
 Sw. TosAa, to rattle.] 
 To make a quick succession of small sounds, 
 
 like the rubbing of silk cloth or dry leaves; as, 
 
 RYO 
 
 a rustling silk ; rustling leaves or trees ; rustling 
 
 wings. Milton. ° 
 
 He is coming ; 1 hear the straw ruslit. AVlqA. 
 RUS'TLER, 7!. One who rustles. 
 RUS'TLING, (rus'ling,) ppr. or a. Making the sound 
 
 of silk cloth when rubbed. 
 RUS'TLING, 71. A quick succession of small sounds, 
 
 as a brushing among dry leaves or straw. 
 RUST'Y, a. Covered or affected with rust ; as,aritj«!/ 
 
 knife or sword. 
 
 2. Dull ; impaired by inaction or neglect of use. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 3. Surly ; morose. Ouardian 
 
 4. Covered with foul or extraneous mailer. 
 RUT, 71. [Fr. ru(; Arm. riif, the verb, rudal, rutein ; 
 
 probably allied to G. rctzen, to excite, or Sw. ryta, to 
 bellow.] 
 The copulation of deer. 
 RUT, V. i. To lust, as deer. 
 RUT, n. [It. rotaia, from L. rota, a wheel.] 
 
 The track of a wheel. 
 RUT, V. t. To cut or penetrate in ruts, as roads. 
 
 2. To cut a line on the soil with a spade. Gardner. 
 
 3. To cover. Dryden. 
 RU'TA-Ba'GA, 71. The Swedish turnip, or Brassica 
 
 campestris. 
 
 ROTH, 71. [from rue.] Mercy ; pity ; tenderness ; 
 sorrow for the misery of another. [Obs.] Fairfax. 
 2. Misery; sorrow.' [04s.] Spenser. 
 ROTH'FJJL, a. Rueful ; woful ; sorrowful. [Obs.] 
 
 2. Merciful. [Obs.] [Careu). 
 ROTH'FIJL-LY, adv. Wofully ; sadly. [ Obs.] 
 
 Knolles. 
 
 2. Sorrowfully ; mournfully. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 ROTH'LESS, a. Cruel; pitiless; barbarous; insensi- 
 ble to the miseries of others. 
 
 Their rao^e the hostile bands restrain, 
 
 All but the rttlliLess monarch of the main. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 RUTH'LESS-LY, adv. Without pity ; cruelly ; barbar- 
 ously. 
 
 ROTH'LESS-NESS, 7i. Want of compassion; in- 
 sensibility to the distresses of others. 
 
 RU'TIL, > 71. An ore of titanium of a reddish- 
 
 RO'TILE, j brown color, soiiutimes passing into 
 red. It occurs usually in prismatic crystals, some- 
 limes massive. Dana. 
 
 RC'TI-LANT, a. [L. rutilans, rutilo, to shine ; per- 
 haps from the root of red, ruddij.] 
 
 Shining. Evelyn. 
 
 RO'TI-LaTE, 71. 1. [L. rutilo.] 
 
 To shine ; to emit rays of light. [Mot used.] Ure.. 
 
 RUT'TED,pp. Cut or penetrated in ruts. [Seethe 
 verb.] 
 
 RUT'TER, 71. [G. rciter, D. ruiter, a rider. See 
 Ride.] 
 
 A horseman or trooper. [JVot in use.] 
 RUT'TER-KIN, n. A word of contempt ; an old 
 
 crafty fox or beguiler. [A'ot in use.] 
 RUT'TI-ER, 71. [Fr. routter, from 7-oiifc] 
 
 Direction of the road or course at sea ; an old trav- 
 eler acquainted with roads ; an old soldier. [Mot in 
 u-se.]^ Cotgrave. 
 RUT'TING, ppr. or a. Copulating or breeding. [See 
 the vi^rb.] 
 
 RUT'TISH, a. [from 7Hf.] Lustful; libidinous. Sbak. 
 RUT'TISH-NESS, 71. The stale or quality of being 
 ruttish. 
 
 PUT'T LE, for Rattle, is not much used. Burnet. 
 Kt-AC O-U'l E, n. [Gr. piuif and Xttios.] 
 
 A species of glassy feldspar. Dana. 
 R^'Al,, 71. A coin. [See Rial.] 
 RV DER, 71. A clause added to a bill in parliament. 
 
 [See RiD£R and Ride.] 
 RyE, (rl,) 71. [Sax. ryge; D. rogge; G. rocken; Dan. 
 
 rog or rug ; Sw. rair or rog ; W.rhyg. This word 
 
 is the English rough.] 
 
 1. An esculent grain of the genus Secale, of a qual- 
 ity inferior to wheal, but a species of grain easily 
 cultivated, and constituting a large portion of bread 
 stuff. 
 
 2. A disease in a hawk. Jiinsicorlh. 
 R^E'-GRASS, 71. A |Kipular name of Lolium pi renne, 
 
 a grass-like plant, which is sometimes ciiltivati d for 
 cattle in England ; also of Uordeum niurinum, a 
 species of barley. Loudon. 
 R?'OT, 71. In llindoostan, a. peasant; a cultivator of 
 the soil ; a renter of laud by a lease whirh is consid- 
 ered as perpetual, and at a rate fixed by ancient sur- 
 veys and valuations. Asiat. Res. P. Cyc. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METK, PREY. — HNE, MAUKNE, UTRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 972 
 
SAB 
 
 SAB 
 
 SAC 
 
 s. 
 
 STUi; iiinctocMiili leiier of tlie Eii;;lisli al|>liabtt, in 
 J a sibiliiiit articulutioii, and niiiiilierecl aiiioni; tlie 
 Sfiiii-vowcls. It reprL'seiits the liissiiig made by 
 driviii" the biTath between the end of the tongue 
 anil the roof of the month, just above the upjjer 
 li i'th. It has two uses : one to express a mere hiss- 
 ing, as in Habbatli, sack, sin, t/iis, llius ; the other a vo- 
 eal hissing, precisely like that of z, as in inusr, wise, 
 pronounced hiiiic, wiic. It generally lias its hissing 
 sound at the beginning of all proper English words, 
 but in the middle and end of words, its sound is to 
 !):■ known only by usage. In a few words it is si- 
 lent, as in isle and fiscoiint. 
 
 In abbreviations, S. stands for sociclos, aoriety. or 
 socitis, fellow ; as, F. R. S., Fellow of the Royiil So- 
 ciety. In medical prcscri/itiniis, S. A. signifies secun- 
 dum arlem, according to the rules of art. 
 
 In the ntitcs of the ancienU, S. stands for Scrtus ; Sp. 
 lor Spurius ; S. C. for senator consultum ; S. P. Q. R. 
 for senatns populasque Roman lu ; S. S, S, for stratum 
 super stratum, one layer above another alternately ; 
 S. K. B. K, E. i^. y, for *•* vales, bene est, etro quinjue 
 valeo. 
 
 As a numeral, S. denoted seven. In the Italian mu- 
 sic, S. signifies sulo. In bnoks of navi^ratton, and in 
 common usas-e, S. stands for south ; S. E. for south- 
 east ; S. }V. for south-west ; S. S. E. for south-south- 
 east ; S. S. If. for soutli-south-west, &,c. 
 Sa'HA-I.«.M. See Saiiiam~m. 
 
 SAH'A-OTII, 71. [Ili b. niN3S, armies, from N3V, to 
 assemble, to fight. The primary sense is, to drive, to 
 urge or crowd.] 
 
 Annies ; a word nsed, Rom. ix. 29, James V. 4, 
 ** the Lord of Sabaoth.'^ 
 
 SAI!-liA-TA'KI-Ai\, n. [from Saft6«r/i.] One who re- 
 gards the seventh dayot the week as holy, agreeably 
 to the letter of the fourth comniandineni in the dee- 
 alcigue. There were Christians in the early church, 
 who held this opinion ; and one sect of Baptists, 
 comnionl}' called Seventh-day Baptists, do so now. 
 3. A strict observer of the Sabbath. [Murduck. 
 
 S.\U-B.\-Ta'KI-AN, o. Pertaining to the Sabbath, or 
 to the tenets of Sabbatarians. Murdoch. 
 
 SAH-BA-T.\'IU-AN-ISM, Ti. The tenets of Sabbata- 
 rians. Bp. fVurd. 
 
 S.\B'B.VTn, n. [Ileb. n3B', to cease, to rest ; as a 
 
 nonn, cqssation, rest, li. sabbatum ; At C^Xjm ^a*- 
 ata.] 
 
 1. The day which God appointed to be observed as 
 a day of rest from all secular labor or employments, 
 and to be kept holy and consecrated to his service 
 and worship. This was originally the seventh <l.\v 
 of the week, the day on which God rested from the 
 work of creation ; and this day is still observed by 
 the Jews and some Christians as the Sabbath. But 
 the Christian church very early began, and still con- 
 tinue, to observe the first day of the week, in com- 
 memoration of the resnrrection of Christen that day, 
 by which the work of redemption was compu ted, 
 lience it is often called the Lord's day. The he.athen 
 nations in the north of Europe dedicated this day to 
 the sun, and hence their Christian descendants con- 
 tinue to call the day Sujiday. But in the United 
 States, Christians have to a great extent discarded 
 the heathen name, and adopted the Jewish name 
 Sabbath. Sabbath is not strictly synonynmus with 
 Sunday. Sunday is the mere nante of the day ; Sab- 
 bath is the name of the institution. Sunday is the 
 Sabbath of Christians ; Saturday is the Sabbath u( the 
 Jews. 
 
 2. Intermission of pain or sorrow ; time of rest. 
 
 Peacrtul slwp out the Sabttath of the tonib. Po/w. 
 
 3. The sabbatical year among the Israelites. Lev. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 BAB'BATH-BREAK-ER, n. [Sabbath and break.) 
 One who profanes the Sabbath by violating the laws 
 of God or man which &nJoin the religious observance 
 of that day. 
 
 SAB'BATII-BREaK-ING, n. A profanation of the 
 Sabbath by violating the injunction of the fourlh 
 coinm.andment, or the municipal laws of a st.ate 
 w hich require the observance of that day as holy 
 time. All unnecessary secular labor, visiting, trav- 
 eling, siKirts, amusements, and the like, are consid- 
 ered as Sabbath-breakinT. 
 
 SAU'BATH-LESS, a. Without intermission of labor. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SAB-UAT'te, jo, [Fr. sabbatiaue; L. sabbati- 
 SAB-BAT ie-AT,, } ei«.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the S.abbath. 
 
 2. Resembling the Sabbath ; enjoying or bringing 
 an intermission of iaow. Orcsoni. 
 
 Sabbatical year, in the Jcicish economy, was every 
 scvcnOi year, in which the Israelites were coiiimaiiiled 
 to sulfer their fields and vineyards to rest, or lie 
 without tillage, and the year next following every 
 seventh sabbatical year in succession^ that is, every 
 fiftieth year, was the jubilee, which was also a year 
 of rest to the lands, and a year of redemption or re- 
 lease. Lev. XXV. 
 
 S.\B'BA-TISM, II. Rest; intermission of labor. 
 
 SA-BlS'AN. See Sahian. 
 
 S.\'BE-IS.M, 71. The same as Sahianum. D'.3nville. 
 S.A-BELL'IAN, a. I'erUiining to the heresy of Sa- 
 bellius. 
 
 SA-liEI,I/IAN, 71. A follower of Sabellius, a presby- 
 ter of I'Icileiiiais, in the third century, who inain- 
 taiiied that there is but one person in the Godhead, 
 and that the Son and the Holy Spirit are only difi'er- 
 ent powers, operations, or ollices of the one God the 
 Falher. He was thought not to make the distinction 
 in the Trinity broad enough, while .\rius was thought 
 to make it too great. Murdoch. 
 
 SA-BEI,L'IAN-IS.M, 7i. The doctrines or tenets of 
 Sabellius. [Sec Sar£llian.] Barruic. 
 
 Sa'IIKK, ) 71. [Fr. sabre; Arm. sabrenn, seiabla ; Sp. 
 
 Sa'BHE, i sable I D. sabel i G. sdbel. Clu. Ar. 
 
 sabba, to cut.] 
 
 A sword or cimetar with a broad and heavy blade, 
 thick at the back, and a little curved toward the 
 point ; a falchion. Encyc. 
 
 Sabcr-ta.iche, (tasli.) [G. tasche, a pocket.] A 
 leathern case or pocket worn by a cavalry otiicer at 
 the lell side, suspended from the sword belt. 
 
 Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 Sa'BER, ) V. t. To .strike, cut, or kill with a saber. A 
 S.^'BRE, j small party was surprised at night, and 
 almost every man sabered. 
 
 SAMiRf-lf ' j PP- Struck or killed with a saber. 
 
 Sa'BER-ING, ) c. 1 ■ 1 -.K u 
 
 Sa'BRING i °t"king or killing with a saber. 
 
 Sa'BI AN, ) a. Pertaining to Saba, in Arabia, cel- 
 S.\-Ili;'AX, i cbrated for producing aromatic plants. 
 Sa'BI-.\.\, a. [Ileb. nas, an army or host.] 
 
 The Sabian worship or religion consisted in the 
 worship of the sun and other lieavenly bodies. 
 
 Edin. Encyc. 
 
 Sa'BI-AN, n. A worshiper of the sun. 
 
 Sa'BI-A.\-IS.'M, n. That species of idolatry which 
 consisted in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars. 
 This idolatry existed in Chaldea or Persia at an early 
 period of the world, and w.as propagated by the in- 
 habitants who migrated westward into Europe, and 
 contiiiui'd among our ancestors till they embraced 
 the Christian religion. 
 
 SAB'I.N'E, ;i. A plant ; usually written Satin, which 
 see. 
 
 2. A small fish, which is sometimes preserved in 
 oil for food. 
 
 S.5'BI,E, (sa'hl,) 71. [Russ. sobol ; G. zobrl; Sw. U,an. 
 and I), sabel; Fr. libeline ; It. zibellino : Sp. cebellina ; 
 1j. znboia or lobola, an ermine. This word and the an- 
 imal were probably not known to the Greeks and 
 Romans till a late period. Jornandes mentions the 
 sending to Rome, in the fith cei\Utry,saphilinas prlte.'<, 
 sable skins; and Marco Polo calls them zibelines and 
 lombolines. Pennant, I. 91).] 
 
 I. A digitigrade carnivorous mammal ; a small an- 
 imal of the weasel family, the Mustela or .Martes 
 zibellina, found in the northern latitudes of America 
 and Asia. It resembles the marten, but has a longer 
 head and ears. Its fur, which is exceedingly valua- 
 ble, consists of a downy uiider-wool, with a dense 
 coat of hair overtopped by another still longer ; this 
 upper covering will lie in any direction, b.ackward or 
 forward ; and a skin is valued in proportion as this 
 coat is abundant, black, and glossy. 
 
 3. The fur of the sable. [.fardine'sJ^at. Lib. 
 SA'BI-E, a. [Fr. ; Uu. Gr. {o^oj, darkness. Seethe 
 
 noun.] 
 
 Black ; dark ; used chiefly in poetrj'orin heraldry ; 
 as. Night with her sable mantle j the sable throne of 
 Night. 
 
 SA'BI,E-SToI.r-f;D, a. Wearing asable stole or vest- 
 ment. Milton. 
 SAB'MkRE, 71. [Fr., from sable, sand, L. sabulum.] 
 
 1. A saiid-piu [JVot tiiucA iisfd.] Bailey. 
 
 2. In carpentry, n piece of timber as long, but not 
 so thick, as a beam. [OA*.] Gailt. 
 
 S.\-n(')T', (s;i-b6',) 11. [Ft. tabot; Pp. lopotn.] 
 
 A wooden shoe. [JVot English.] Bramhall. 
 S.\ BRE. See Saber. 
 
 SAB-U-LOS'I-TY, 71. [from sabulous.] Sundiness , 
 grittiiiess. 
 
 SAB'U-LUUS, 0. [L. aabulosus, from aabulum, sand.] 
 
 Sandy ; gritty. 
 SAC, 71. [Sax. doc, saca, .«ace or .<acu, contention. This 
 is the Kiiglish Sakk, wliich see.] 
 
 1. In Knglish lino, the privilege enjoyed by the lord 
 of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and 
 imiKising fines. Coirel. 
 
 2. In natural history, a bag or receptacle for a 
 liquid. [See Sack.] 
 
 Sa'CAR. See Saker. 
 
 SAC-CaDE', 71. [Fr., a jerk.] 
 
 A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or 
 twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull ; 
 a correction used when the horse bears iieavy on the 
 hand. It should be usi-d discreetly. Encyc. 
 
 SACCATE, a. [I,, sacciui.] 
 
 In botany, having the form of a bag or pouch ; fur- 
 nished with a bag or pouch ; as a petal. Sec. 
 
 SAC-eilAR'ie AC'Il), 71. An iiiicrystallizable acid 
 pr< duct, formed ahmg with oxalic acid during the 
 action of nitric acid on sugar. Brande. 
 
 SAC-CHA-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. saccharum, sugar, 
 and frro, to produce.] 
 
 Producing sugar ; as, sarchariferous canes. The 
 maple is a sacchariferous tree. 
 
 S.\C-CHAK'I-FY, c. (. To convert into sugar. Vre. 
 
 SAC'CIIA-RINE, a. [from Ar. Pers. sakar; Gr. 
 auKxao ; L. saccharum, sugar.] 
 
 Pertaining to sugar ; having the qualities of sugar ; 
 as, a saccharine taste ; the saccharine matter of the 
 cane juice. 
 
 SAe'CHA-ROID, ja. [Gr. cnKxan and tirfus, 
 
 SAC CIIA-ROID'AL, i likeness.] 
 
 Having a texture resembling sugar; most com- 
 monly, but not always, loaf-sugar. 
 
 SAC eilA-KOM'E-TliK, n. [L. saccharum, sugar, and 
 pcrp'w.] 
 
 An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of sac- 
 charine matter in the juice of a plant, or for deter- 
 mining the specific gravity of brewers' and distillers' 
 worts. 
 
 SAC-CHO-LAe'TATE, n. In chemistry, a salt formed 
 by the union of the saccholactic acid w ith a base. 
 
 Fourcroy, 
 
 SAC-eHO-LAC'Tie, a. [L. sacchartim, sugar, and 
 lac, milk.] 
 
 A term in chemistry, denoting an acid obtained 
 from the sugar of niilk ; now called niucic acid. 
 
 Fourcroy. Ure, 
 
 SAC'eilLE, 7t. A little sack. 
 
 SAC-ER-Uo'TAL, a. [Ij. sacerdotalis, from sacerdos, 
 a priest. See Sacred. j 
 
 Pertaining to priests or the priesthood ; priestly ; 
 as, sacerdotal dignity ; sacerdotal functions or gar- 
 ments ; sacerdol-al character. Stillintrflret. 
 
 SAC-ER-Uo'TAL-IS.M, n. The spirit of the priest- 
 hood. 
 
 SAC-ER-Do'TAL-LY, adv. In a sacerdotal manner. 
 SACII'EIj, 71. [L. sacculus, dim. o( saccus ; W.ga^ell; 
 Fr. sachet.] 
 
 A small -sack or bag ; a bag in which lawyers and 
 children carry pajiers and hooks. 
 SA'CIIE-M, 71. In .America, a chief among some of the 
 
 native Indian tribes. [See Saoamore.] 
 SA'CIIE.M-l)O.M, 71. The government or jurisdiction 
 
 of a sachem. Ihciffht. 
 SACK, 71. [Sax. .•arc, sacc ; D. zak, sek ; G. sack ; Dan. 
 sa^k ; Sw. sdck ; W. sof ; Ir. sac ; Com lah ; Arm. 
 sach : Fr. sac : It. sacco ; Sp. saco, saea ; Port, saco, 
 sacco ; L. saccus ; Gr. aoKKos ; Hungarian, eaak; 
 Slav, shalccl ; Heb. pV. See the verb to Sack.) 
 
 A bag, usually a large cloth bag, used for holding 
 and conveying corn, small wares, wool, cotton, hops, 
 and the like. Oen. xlii. 
 
 Sack of wool, in commerce, contains 20 stone of 14 
 lbs. each, or 3('>4 pounds. McCnlloeh. 
 
 A sack of cotton, contains usually about 300 lbs., 
 but it may be from LSO to 400 pounds. 
 
 Sack of earth, in fortifcation, is a canvas bag filled 
 with earth, used in making retrenchments in h.asle. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 2. The measure of three bushels. Johnson. 
 SACK, n. [Fr. sec, srehe, dry.] 
 
 1. .\ Spanish wine of the dry kind, supposed to be 
 sherry. Shuk. P. Cue. 
 
 2. The name is now applied to a kind of sweet 
 wine. P. Cyc 
 
 SACK, n. [L. sasrum, whence Gr. oayof. But the 
 word is Celtic or Teutonic ; W. scgan, a covering, a 
 cloak.) 
 
 Among our rude ancestors, a kind of cloak of a 
 square form, worn over the shoulders and body, and 
 
 TONE, BULL, IIMTE — AN"GER, V1"CI0US € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TII as in THIS. 
 
 122 
 
 DDDD 
 
 073 
 
SAC 
 
 SAC 
 
 SAD 
 
 fastened in front by a clasp or thorn. It was orig- 
 inally made of skin, afterward of wool. [See Farro, 
 Strabo, Clurer, Bacliart.] In modern times, tins name 
 has been given to a woman's garment, a gown witii 
 loose plaits on the back, and also to a loose outer 
 garment worn by men. 
 SACK, V. U To put in a sack or in bags. 
 
 Betterton. 
 
 SACK, V. t. [Arm. sacqa ; Ir. sacham, to attack ; Sp. 
 and Port, saquear, to plunder or pillage ; f?p. to ran- 
 sack ; Sp. and Port, sacar, to pull out, extort, dispos- 
 sess ; It. saccheggiarCy to sack ; Fr. saccn^er, to pil- 
 lage ; saccade, a jerk, a sudden pull. From com- 
 paring this word and sack, a bag, in several lan- 
 guages, it appears that tliey are both from one root, 
 and that the primary sense is, to strain, pull, draw ; 
 hence sack, a bag, is a tie, that which is tied or drawn 
 together ; and sack, to pillage, is to pull, to strip, that 
 is, to take away bv violence. See Class Sg, No. 5, 
 15, 16, 18, 30, 74, 77, &c.] 
 To plunder or pillage, as a town or city. Rome was 
 
 , twice taken and 5afA"f(/ in the reign of one pope. This 
 word is never, I believe, applied to the robbing of 
 persons, or pillaging of single houses, but to the pil- 
 laging of towns and cities; and as towns are usually 
 or often sacked, when taken by assault, the word 
 may sometimes include the sense of taking by 
 storm. 
 
 The Romnns lay under the nppreliension of seeing lh''ir city 
 sacked by a barbarous enenjy. AdAUon. 
 
 SACK, n. The pillage or plunder of a town or city ; 
 or the storm and plunder of a town ; as, the sack of 
 Troy. Dnjden. 
 
 SACk'AGE, n. The act of taking by storm and pil- 
 laging. Roscoe. 
 
 SACK'BUT, ji. [Sp. sacabuche, the tube or pipe of a 
 pump, and a sackbut ; Pun. sacabiixa or sacquebuzo ; 
 Fr. saquehute. The Dutch call it schiiif-trompct, the 
 slMve-trumpet, the tnimpet that may be drawn out or 
 shortened. Sack, then, is of the same family as the 
 preceding word, signifying to pull or draw. The 
 last syllable is the L. buiu.^.] 
 
 A wind instrument of music ; a kind of trumpet, 
 so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened 
 according to the tone required; said to be the same 
 as the trotnbone. Brande. 
 
 S.^CK'CLOTH, n. [sack and cloth.l Cloth of which 
 sacks are made ; coarse clfith. This word is chietiy 
 used in Scripture to denote a cloth or garment worn 
 in mourning, distress, or mortitication. 
 
 Gird you wiUi sackcloth and mourn before Abner. — 2 Sam. iii. 
 Esth. iv. Job xvi. 
 
 SACK'eLOTH-£D, (-klothd,) a. Clothed in sack- 
 cloth. fTall. 
 
 SAVK'ED, (sakt,) pp. Pillaged ; stormed and plun- 
 dered. 
 
 SACK'ER, n. One that takes a town or plunders it. 
 SACK'FUL, 71. A full sack or bag. Sinift. 
 SACK'ING, ppr. Taking by assault and plundering 
 or pillaging. 
 
 S.\CK'ING, n. The act of taking by storm and'^il- 
 lacing. 
 
 S.\CK'L\G, n. [Sax. succi-ng, from sire, saccl 
 
 1. Cloth of which sacks or bags are made. 
 
 2. The coarse cloth or canvas fastened to a bed- 
 stead for supporting the bed. 
 
 SACK'LESS, a. [Sax. sacleas, from sac, contention, 
 and leoj!, less.] 
 
 Uuiet ; peaceable; not quarrelsome; harmless; 
 innocent. [lineal.] 
 S.\(;K-P0S'SET, 71. [sack and possrf..] A posset 
 made of sack, milk, and some other ingredients. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SAe'RA-MENT, n. [Ft. sacrement ; It. and Sp. sac- 
 rameitto ; from L. sacramentum, an oath, from sacer, 
 sacred.] 
 
 1. Among ancient Christiun writers^ a myster}'. 
 [JVo( in u»e..\ 
 
 9. An oath ; a ceremony producing an obligation ; 
 but juit uscil in this frenerat sense. 
 
 In present usage, an outward and visible sign of 
 inwaril and spiritual grace ; or more particiilarhj, a 
 solemn religions ordinance enjoined by Christ, tlio 
 head of the Christian church, to be observed by his 
 followers, by which their special relation to him is 
 cri ated, or their obligations to him renewed and rat- 
 ified. The Roman Catholic and Greek churches 
 have long held to seven sacraments, viz., baptism, 
 confirmation, the cucharist, penance, extreme tmc- 
 tion, holy orders, nnd matrimony. The Protestants 
 mainlam that the're are only two sacraments, viz., 
 ba[>tism aiul the Lord's supper. Thus ba])tistn is 
 called a sacrament, for by it persons are separated 
 fr(»m the world, brought inlf> <>'hriHt'8 visible church, 
 and laid under particular obligations to obey his pre- 
 cepts. The eucliariflt, or communion of tlie Loril's 
 ftnpper, is also a sacrament, for by comnu'morating 
 the death and dying lovi^ of ('lirist. Christians avow 
 their special relation to him, anil renew their obliga- 
 tions tn be faithful to their divine Master. When 
 wo line taa-amtnt without any qualifying word, we 
 mean by il. 
 
 4. 'I'hn eiicharist or Lord'H supper. Jiililiion. 
 
 SA€'RA-MENT, v. t. To bind by an oath, [^^ot 
 iised.'\ Laud. 
 
 S.\e-RA-MENT'AL, a. Constituting a sacrament or 
 pertaining to'it ; as, sacramental rites or elements. 
 2. Bound by oath ; as, the sacramental host. 
 
 SAC-RA-MENT'AL, o. That which relates to a sac- 
 rament. Morton. 
 
 SAC-RA-MENT'AL-LY, adv. After the manner of a 
 sacrament. Hull. 
 
 SAC-RA-MEN-Ta'RI-AN, n. One who rejects either 
 the Roman Catholic or the Lutheran doctrine of the 
 real presence of Christ's body and blood, in the sac- 
 rament of the eucharist or Lord's supper. Murdock. 
 
 SA€-RA-MENT'A-RY, 71. An ancient book of the 
 Roman Catholic church, written by Pope Gelasius, 
 and revised, corrected, and abridged by St. Gregory, 
 in which were contained all the prayers and ceremo- 
 nies practiced in the celebration of the sacran'ents. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 2. A sacramentarian ; a term of reproach formerly 
 applied by Roman Catholics to Protestants. 
 
 Stapletom. 
 
 SAC-RA-MENT'A-RY, j a. Pertaining to the sac- 
 
 SAC-RA-MEN-Ta'RI-A.'^, S rament of the Lord's 
 supper, or to the sacramentarians. Murdoch. 
 
 SA-eUA'RI-UM, 71. [L.] A sort of family chapel in 
 the houses of the Romans, devoted to some particular 
 divinity. Klmes. 
 
 Sa'CRaTE, r. ff [L. sflcro.] To consecrate. [Obs.] 
 
 Sa'CRE. See Sakeb. 
 
 Sa'CRED, a. [Fr. sacri ; Sp. It. and Port, sacro; 
 from L. sacer, sacred, holy, cursed, damnable ; W. 
 segyr, that keeps apart, from slg, that is, without 
 access ; segru, to secrete, to separate. We here see 
 the connection between Sacredness and Secrecv. 
 The sense is, removed or separated from that which is 
 common, vulgar, polluted, or open, public ; and ac- 
 cursed is, separated from society or the privileges of 
 citizens, rejected, banished.] 
 
 1. Holy ; pertaining to God or to his worship ; sep- 
 arated from common, secular uses, and consecrated 
 to God and his service ; as, a sacred place ; a sacred 
 day ; a sacred feast ; sacred service ; sacred orders. 
 
 2. Proceeding from God and containing religious 
 precepts ; as, the sacred books of the Old and New 
 Testament. 
 
 3. Narrating or writing facts respecting God and 
 holy things ; as, a sacred historian. 
 
 4. Relating to religion or the worship of God ; used 
 for religious purposes; a^, sacred songs; sacred mu- 
 sic ; sacred history. 
 
 5. Consecrated ; dedicated ; devoted ; with tn. 
 
 A temple sacred to the queen of love. Dryden. 
 
 6. Entitled to reverence ; venerable. 
 
 Poet and saint lo thee alone wer« sriven, 
 
 The two most sacred names of ear"th and heaven. Cowley. 
 
 7. Inviolable, as if appropriated to a superior be- 
 ing ; as, sacred honor or promise. 
 
 Secrets of marriage still are sacred held. Dnjden. 
 Sacred majesty. In this title, sacred has no definite 
 meaning, or it is blasphemy. 
 
 Sacred place, in the civil law, is that where a de- 
 ceased person is buried. 
 Sa'CRED-LY, adv. Religiously ; with due reverence, 
 as of something holy or consecrated to God ; as, to 
 observe the Sabbath sacredly ; the day is sacredly kept. 
 
 2. Inviolably ; strictly ; as, to observe one's word 
 sacredly ; a secret to be sacredly kept. 
 Sa'CRED-NESS, 71. The state of being sacred, or 
 consffcrated to God, to his worship, or to religious 
 uses ; holiness ; sanctity ; as, the sacredness of the 
 sanctuary or its worship ; the sacredness of the Sab- 
 bath ; the sacredness of the clerical office. 
 
 2. Inviolahleiiess ; as, the sacredness of marriage 
 vows or of a trust. 
 SA-CRlF'ie, ( a. [L. sacrificus. See Sacri- 
 SA-CRlF'ie-AL, i FicE.] 
 
 Eiiiployt^d ill sacrifice. Johnson. 
 SA-€RlF'ie-A-liLE, a. Capable of being oft'ered in 
 sacrifice. [Ill-formed, harsh, and not used.'\ Brown. 
 SA-eRlF'lC-ANT, 71. [L. sacrificans.] 
 
 One that offers a sacrifice. Halhjwcll. 
 SAC-Rl-FI-CA'TOR, h. [Fr. sac.rijicateur.\ 
 
 A sacrificer ; one Hint offers a sacrifice. [JVot 
 used. ] Brown. 
 SA-CRIF'ie-A-TO-RY, o. Offering sacrifice. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 SAC'RI-FICR, (sak're-fizc,) v. t. [L. sacnfico ; Fr. 
 saerijier ; Sp. sacrificar ; It. saerificare ; L. sacer, sa- 
 cred, nnd faeio, to make.] 
 
 1. To immolate or consume, partially or wholly, 
 on the altar of God, either as an atonement for sin, 
 or to procure favor, or to express thankfulness; as, 
 to sacrifice an ox or a lamb. 2 .Sam. vi. 
 
 2. To destroy, surrender, or sutler to be lost, for 
 the sake of obtaining something; as, to sacrifice the 
 peace of the church to a little vain curiosity. We 
 should never sacrifice health to pleasure, nor integrity 
 to fame. 
 
 3. To devote with loss. 
 
 Cotnl'-mned to sner\/ice hi« eliililiiih ynm 
 
 Ta liabljliiig igiioraiico nnd to empty lean. Prior, 
 
 4. To (lestroy ; to kill. 
 
 SAC'Rl-FICE, V. i. To make offerings to God of 
 thincs consumed on the altar. Ezod. iii. 
 
 SAC'RI-FICE, (sak're-ftze,) n. [Fr., from L. sacrU 
 Jiciam.] 
 
 1. An animal or any other thing presented to God 
 and burned on the altar, as an acknowleilgnient of 
 his power and providence, or to make atonement for 
 sin, appease his wrath, or conciliate his favor, or to 
 express thankfulness for his benefits. Animals 
 oft'ered in sacrifice are called victims; sacrifices in 
 which no blood is shed, are called unbloody sacrifices. 
 Sacrifices arc expiatory, impetratory, and encharistical ; 
 that is, atoning for sin, seeking favor, or expressing 
 thanks. A sacrifice differs from an oblation, by being 
 consumed partially or wholly on the altar ; whereas, 
 the oblation is only consecrated to God or to a relig- 
 ious use, as tithes, first fruits, or contributions for 
 religious purposes. Sacrifices have been common to 
 most nations, and have been offered to false gods, as 
 well as by the Israelites to Jehovah. 
 
 Human sacrifices, the killing and offering of human 
 beings to deities, have been practiced by some barba- 
 rous nations. 
 
 2. The thing offered to God, or immolated by an 
 act of religion. 
 
 My life, if thou preserv'st my life, 
 
 '1 by sacrifice shall be. Addison. 
 
 3. Destruction, surrender, or loss made or incurred 
 for gaining some object, or for obliging another ; as, 
 the sacrifice of interest to pleasure, or of pleasure to 
 interest. 
 
 4. Any thing destroyed. 
 
 SAe'RI-FIC-£D, (sak'ie-flzd,) pp. Offered to God 
 upon an altar ; destroyed, surrendered, or suffered 
 to be lost. 
 
 SAC'RI-FIC-ER, (sak're-fiz-er,) 71. One that sacri- 
 fices or immolates. Dniden. 
 
 SA€-RI-FI"CIAL, (sak-re-fish'al,) a. Perflmning 
 sacrifice; included in sacrifice; consisting in sacri- 
 fice. Shak. Taylor. 
 
 SAC'RI-FIC-ING, (sak're-fiz-ing,) ppr. Offering to 
 God upon an altar; surrendering, or suffering to be 
 lost : (lestroying. 
 
 SA€'RI-LEGE, (-lej,) n. [Fr., from L. sacrilegium; 
 sacer, sacred, and lego, to lake or steal.] 
 
 The crime of violating or profaning sacred things; 
 or the alienating to laymen or to common purposes 
 what has been appropriated or consecrated to re- 
 ligious persons or uses. 
 
 And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb 
 
 With sacrilege to dig. Spenser. 
 
 SAe-RI-LK'GlOUS, a. [L. sacrilegus.] 
 
 1. Violating sacred things ; polluted with the crime 
 of sacrilege. 
 
 Above the reach of sacrilegious hands. Pope. 
 
 2. Containing sacrilege ; as, a sacrilegious attempt 
 or act. 
 
 SAC-RI-Le'GIOUS-LY, adv. With sacrilege ; in vio- 
 lation of sacred things ; as, sacrilegiously invading 
 the property of a church. . 
 SAt/-Rl-LE'GIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 sacrilegious. 
 2. Disposition to sacrilege. Scott. 
 SAG'RI-LE-GIST, 71. One who is guilty of sacrilege. 
 
 Spclman. 
 
 Sa'CRING, ppr. [from Fr. sacrcr.] 
 
 Consecraling. [A^ot in if,sT.] Temple. ShnJc. 
 
 Sa'CRING-BELL, w. a small bell used in the Ro- 
 nitin Catholic church to call attention to the more 
 solemn parts of the service of the mass; called also 
 Saints' Bell, or Mass Bell. 
 
 Shak. Gloss, of .9rchit. 
 
 Sa'GRIST, 7!. A sacristan ; a person retained in a 
 cathedral to copy out music for the choir, and take 
 care of the books. Busby. 
 
 SA€'R1ST-AN, 71. [Fr. sacristain ; It. sacn's(a7!0 ; Sp. 
 sttcruitan ; from L. sacer, sacred.] 
 
 An officer of the church who has the care of the 
 utensils or movables of the church. It is now cor- 
 rupted into Sexton. 
 
 SAC'RIST-Y, 71. [Fr. .vacrtstii; ; Sp. and It. sacristia; 
 from L. sneer, sacred.] 
 
 An apartment in a church where the sacred uten- 
 sils, vestments, &c., are kept ; now called the Ves- 
 try. Dryden. Adduion. 
 
 SACRO SANCT, a. [L. sacrosanctus ; sacer and sane- 
 fa.<!, holy.] 
 
 Sacred ; inviolable. [JVot in use.] More. 
 S.\D, a. [In VV. sad signifies wise, prudent, sober, 
 permanent. It is probable this word is licjin the rtiot 
 u( set. I have not found llie word, in the English 
 sense, in any other language.] 
 
 1. Sorrowful ; affected with grief ; cast down wilh 
 affliction. 
 
 Th' anljelic guanU nacendeil, mute and sad. Milton. 
 Siul for their lomi, but Joyful of our life. Pajx. 
 
 2. Ilabituolly melancholy ; gloomy ; not gay or 
 cheerful. 
 
 Bee In her cell tad KloiiA fprt-ad. Pope. 
 
 3. Downcast ; gloomy ; having the external ap- 
 pearance of sorrow ; as, a sad countenance. Jl/«f(. vi. 
 
 4. Serious ; grave ; not light, gay, or volatile. 
 
 Lady Catherine, n sad anil n'li)(iouB woman. Bacon. 
 
 FATK, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MkTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, IlIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 974 
 
SAF 
 
 5. Afflictive ; calamitous ; causing sorrow ; as, a 
 ear/ acciili'iit ; a sad ini;jfortunc. 
 ti. Darli-coiorcd. 
 
 Wouil, or \vi\ile, is u«cii by llie ilyiTJlo lay tlie fouiulntlon of all 
 Bad colora. MorUintr. 
 
 [Tills sense u>, I believe, entirehj obsolite.] 
 
 7. Had ; vexatious ; as, a surf liusband. [Coltoqjiial.'] 
 
 8. Ht-avy ; wciglity ; ponderous. [.^ddisan. 
 With (liut hit linnd mure tad than lump of lead, Spenser. 
 
 [Dili.] 
 
 9. Close ; firm ; cohesive ; opposed to Light or 
 Friarle. 
 
 Chiilky l.inds are naturally eoU and (06«.] Mortinw. 
 
 [The two latter senses indicate that the primary 
 sense is set, fixed ; VV. sadiaio, to niaki- firm.] 
 SAD'D/CN, (sad'n,) ». «. To make siid or sorrowful ; 
 also, to make melancholy or gloomy. Pupe. 
 
 2. To make dark-colored. [ Obs. | 
 
 3. To make heavy, lirm, or colicsivc. 
 
 Miir' is biiiilin", anil saddeuiti^ of laud it llie great prrjudlce it 
 (lolli lo cluy lauds. [Obs.\ AJortiitter, 
 
 SAD'DKN-JCn, pp. Made sad or gloomy. 
 SAD'I)f;.\-ING, ppr. iMakin;; sad or gloomy. 
 S.VD'DKR, n. An abridgmoiit or summary of the 
 
 Zendavesta in the modern IVrsiuii language. 
 SAD'DKR, a. : camp, of S.vd. [Brande. 
 SAD'DLOST, (I. ; siiperl. of Sad. 
 
 SAD'DLE, (sad'l,) n. [Sax. sadd, sarlt : D. ladel : G. 
 sattel; Dan. and l<w. stulel; VV. sadell: Ir. sadlmlt; 
 Kiiss. sedio or siedlo ; from the root of sit, set, L. 
 setteo, seditc] 
 
 1. A seat to be placed on a horse's hack for the 
 rider to sit on. Saddles are variously made, as the 
 common s.addle and the hunting-saddle, and for fe- 
 males the side-saddle. 
 
 2. Among seamen, a cleat or block of wood nailed 
 on the lower yard-arms to retain the studiling-sail- 
 biKims in their place. The name is given also to 
 other pieces of wood hollowed out ; as, the saddle of 
 the bowsprit. Totten. 
 
 A saddle of venison, ormiiffiiii, consists of the ribs on 
 both sides, not separated through the back-bone. 
 S.\D'DLE, V. U To put a saddle on. 
 
 Al»r.itiam rose early iu the moniing and eaddied his ass. — Gen. 
 xxij. 
 
 2. To load ; to fix a burden on : as, to be saddled 
 
 with the expense of bridges and highways. 
 SAI)'l)LE-BACK-^;0, (sad'l-bakt,) a. Having a low 
 
 back and an elevated neck and head, as a horse. 
 SAD'DLE -BAGS, n. pi. Bags, usually of Jcather, 
 
 united by straps, for carriage on horseback, one bag 
 
 on each side. 
 SAD'DLE-BoW, n. [Sax. sadt-boga.] 
 
 I'hc bows of a saddle, or the pieces which form 
 
 the front. 
 
 S.VD'DLE-eLOTH, n. -A cloth under a saddle, and 
 
 extending out behind ; the housing. 
 S.\l)'DLf;D, pp. Kuriiislied with a saddle; loaded. 
 S.\I)'I)LIVM.^K-ER, / H. One whose occupation is 
 SAD'DLER, i to make s.addles. 
 
 S.\I)'DLER-Y, n. The materials for making saddles 
 
 and harnesses. 
 
 2. 'I'ho articles usually offered for sale in a sad- 
 dler's shop. Booth, 
 
 3. l^he trade or employment of a saddler. 
 SAD'DLE-SllAl'-£D, (-siiapt,) a. In freoloinj^ an epi- 
 thet applied to strata when bent on each side of a 
 mountain, without being broken at top. Buchanan. 
 
 SAD'DLE-TREE, ii. The fnime of a saddle. 
 SAD'DLING, ppr. Tutting a saddle on ; fixing a bur- 
 den on. 
 
 SAD-DU-Ce'AN, o. Pertaining to the Saddncees. 
 SAD'DU-CEE, n. One of a sect among the ancient 
 
 Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, 
 
 and the existence of angels jjcts xxiii. 
 SAP'DU-CISM,n. The tenets of the Sadducees. Jfore. 
 SAD'DU-CIZ-ING, a. Adopting the principles of the 
 
 Sadducees ; as, &idducizinir Christians. Auerbaru. 
 SAD'I-ltDN, (-I'urn,) n. .\n instrument for smoothing 
 
 or ironing clothes ; a tiat-iron. 
 S.VD'LY, adv. Sorrowfully ; mournfully 
 
 He tatUy sulfon iu Oieir gri'jf. Dnjden. 
 
 2. In a calamitous or miserable manner. The 
 misforiiiues which others experience, we may one 
 day sadly feel. 
 
 3. In a dark color. [04.'!.] B. Jonson, 
 S.\D'NESS, n. Sorrowliilness ; niournfulness ; dejec- 
 tion of mind ; as, grief and sailncss at the memory of 
 sin. Dfcaij of Piety. 
 
 2. .'V melancholy look ; gloom of countenance. 
 
 Dim eadntie did not spare 
 Celestial Tisnges. MiUon. 
 
 3. Seriousness; sed.nte gravity. Let every thing 
 jn a muurnful subject have an air of sadness. 
 
 SaF'E, a. [Fr. jan/", A-ai/oe, contracted from h. salvus, 
 from saius, safety, health.] 
 
 1. Free from danger of any kind ; as, .tafe from 
 enemies ; safe from disease j safe from storms ; sufe 
 from the malice of foes. 
 
 2 Free from hurt, injur>', or damage ; as, to walk 
 eafe over red-hot plowshares. We brought the goods 
 sqfe to land. 
 
 SAG 
 
 3. Conferring safety; securing from harm; as, a 
 safe guide ; a safe harbor ; a safe hridgr. 
 •1. Not ex|)osing to danger. Phil. lii. 
 5. No longer dangerous ; placed beyond the power 
 of doing harm ; a ludicrous meaniHg. 
 
 JJanquo's ta/e. 
 Aj, my good lord, en/e iu a ditcli. iS7iaJl;. 
 
 SAFE, 71. A place for safety ; a fire-proof chest or 
 clo.set for containing money, valuable papers, &c. ; 
 a chest or closet for securing provisions from noxious 
 animals. 
 
 Safe, 1). «. To render safe. [Mtinuse.] Shak. 
 SAFE-eON'DU€T, n. [safe and conduct; Ft sauf- 
 conduil.] 
 
 That which gives a safe passage, cither a convoy 
 or guard to protect a person in an enemy's country 
 or in a foreign coiintr)',or a writing, a pass, or war- 
 rant of security, given to a person by tlie sovereign 
 of a country, to enable him to travel with safety. 
 SaFE'GUARD, ( g.lrd,) n. [sa/e and ^Tiarrf.] lie or 
 that which defends or protects ; defense ; protection. 
 
 The swonl, the safeguard of thy trotlicr's tiiroue. Granville. 
 
 2. A convoy or guard to protect a traveler. 
 
 3. A passport ; a warrant of security given by a 
 sovereign to protect a .stranger within his terr^ -ories ; 
 formerlu, a protection granted to a stranger in prose- 
 cuting his rights in due course of law. Fjilijc. 
 
 4. An outer petticoat to save women's clothes on 
 horseback. Masor,. 
 
 SaFE'GUXRD, v. U To guard; to protect. [LitlU 
 xtstd.] Shak. 
 
 SaFE-KEEP'ING, n. [safe and keep.] The act of 
 keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from 
 escape. 
 
 SaFE'-LODG-ED, a. Lodged in safety. Carlisle. 
 SaFE'LI-EK, ado. comp. More safelv. 
 SaFE'LI-EST, adc. snprr. Most safely. 
 SaFE'LY, orfe. In a safe manner ; without incurring 
 
 danger or hazard of evil conse(|uences. We may 
 
 safely proceed, or safely conclude. 
 
 2. Without injury. We passed the river safety. 
 
 3. Without escape; in close custody ; as, to keep 
 a prisoner safely. 
 
 SAFE'NESS, K. Freedom from danger; as, the «a/e- 
 
 7tess of an experiment. 
 2. The state of being safe, or of conferring safety ; 
 
 as, the sufeness of a bridge or of a boat. 
 SaFE'TY, n. Freedom from danger or hazard ; as, 
 
 the safety of an electrical experiment ; the safety of a 
 
 voyage. 
 
 I was not in safety, nor had I rest. — Job iii. 
 
 2. Exemption from hurt, injury, or loss. We 
 crossed the Atlantic in safety. 
 
 3. Preservation from escape ; close custody ; as, to 
 keep a prisoner in safety. 
 
 A. Preservation from hurt. Shak. 
 SaFE'TY-LAMP, ji. a lamp covered with wire 
 pauz,^, to give light in mines, without the danger of 
 setting fire to inltainmable gases. Invented by Sir 
 Humphry Davy. 
 S.^FE' TV-VALVE, n. A valve fitted to the boiler of 
 a -•iteam-i-ngine, which opens and lets out the steam 
 when the pressure within becomes too great for 
 safety. Francis. 
 S.AF'FI.oW, n. The plant safflower, which see. 
 S.'VF'FI.OW-F.R, II. An annual plant, Carthamus 
 tinctorius ; also called Bastard Sakfron. 
 
 2. A deep red fecula separated from orange-colored 
 flowers, particularly those of the Carthamus tincto- 
 rius; called also SfANisir Red and China Lake. 
 
 Kncyc. Ure. 
 The dried flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius. 
 
 T7iomson. 
 
 SAF'FRON, n. [W. safncn, safyr; Fr. si{fran ; Arm. 
 lafron It. zafferano ; Sp. azafran ; Port, acafram ; I). 
 saffradn; G. Sw. and Dan. saffran; Turk, zafrani ; 
 
 Ax. jXjiO safra, to be yellow, to bo empty ; the root 
 
 of cipher. The radical sense, then, is, to fail, or to 
 be hollow, or to be exhausted.] 
 
 1. A bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, having 
 flowers of a deep yellow color. The bastard saffron, 
 or safflower, is of the genus Carthamus, and the 
 meadow saffron of the genus Colchicum. 
 
 2. Ill tJie materia mediea, safl"rt)n is formed of the 
 stigmata of the Crocus sativus, dried on a kiln and 
 pressed into cakes. p. Cye. 
 
 SAF'FRO.\,a. Having the color of 8afl"ron flowers ; 
 deep yellow ; as, o saffron face ; a saffron streamer. 
 
 Sliak. Dnjden. 
 
 SAF'FRON, t>. (. To tinge with satTron ; to make 
 yellow ; to gild. Chaucer. 
 
 S.AF'FRON-£D, pp. Tinged with s.aflron ; made yel- 
 low. 
 
 SAF'FRON-Y, 0. Having the color of safl"ron. Lord. 
 
 SAG, c. i. [.\ diflerent spelling of SwAO, which see.] 
 1. To yield ; to give way ; to lean or incline from 
 an upright position, or to bend from a horizontal posi- 
 tion, in consequence of the weight. Our workmen 
 say, a door sags; a building sags to the north or 
 south ; or a beam sags by means of its weight. I 
 
 SAG 
 
 2. Figuratively, to bend or sink ; as, the mind shall 
 never sag with iloubt. &7iuA'. 
 
 3. To sag to leeaard, is applied to a vessel which 
 makes much leeway, by reu.son of the sea or cur- 
 rent. Totten. 
 
 SAG, V. t. To cause to bend or give way ; to load or 
 burden. 
 
 Sa'GA, n. The general name of those ancient com- 
 positiims which comprise the history and inyihulogy 
 of the northern Kuroptan races. Brande. 
 
 SA-GA'CIOU.-^, ( slius,) a. [L. sugar, from sagus, 
 wise, foreseeing ; saga, a wise woman ; sagio, to 
 perceive readily ; Fr. sage, sagesse; Sp. sa^a, sagai ; 
 It. saggio. The latter signifies wise, prudent, sage, 
 and an essay, which unites this worJ with seek, and 
 L. sejiuor.^ 
 
 1. tluicK of scent ; as, a sagacious hound ; strictly, 
 perhaps, following by the scent, which sense is con- 
 nectetl with L. sequur; with of; as, sagacious of his 
 quarry. Milton. 
 
 2. Uuick of thought ; acute in discernment or 
 penetration ; as, a sagacious head ; a sagacious mind. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 I would give more for the critifisms of one sagacious ru'-nry, 
 th.iu i^r thoSL- of a score of udniirt-rs. //. Humphrey. 
 
 SA-Ga'CIOUS-LY, adr. With quick scent. 
 
 2. With quick discernnii nt or penetration. 
 SA-GA'CIOUS-NESS, it. The quality of being saga- 
 cious ; quickness of scent. 
 
 2. (Quickness or acuteness of discernment. 
 SA-GAC'I-TY, n. [Fr. sagaeite ; L. sagacilas.] 
 
 1. Uuickness or acuteness of scent; applied to ani- 
 mals. 
 
 2. Quickness or acuteness of discernment or pen- 
 etration ; readiness of apprehension ; the faculty of 
 readily discerning and distinguishing ideas, anil of 
 separating truth from lalseliood. 
 
 Sagaeily finds out the int< rii)f<li.ite ideas, to discover what con^ 
 iifciiou Uicre is ill i^.icli link of Uie chain. Locke. 
 
 SAG'A-MORE, h. Among some tribes of .American In- 
 dmii.s-, akingorchicf. [ I n Sax. si n-ora is a conqueror.] 
 
 SAG'A-PE.N, ) r,,, , 
 
 SAG-A-Pic'NUM, i "• [('■■■ "OJ"'"!'""'-] 
 
 In pharmacy, an inspissated sap brought from Per- 
 sia and the East in granules or in masses. It is a com- 
 pact substance, heavy, pf a dirty brownish color, with 
 small whitish or yellowish specks. It 1ms the same 
 alliaceous odor as asafetida, but weaker. P. Cyc. 
 
 SAG'A-THY, 71. A kind of serge ; a slight woolen 
 stuff". TaUcr. 
 
 SaGE, 71. [Fr. sauge ; Ar. saoch.^ 
 
 The popular name of Salvia officinalis, (Linnaeus,) 
 which is a native of various parts of the south of 
 Europe, and is very generally cultivated, almost 
 every where in gardens. It is mostly employed in 
 cookery as a condiment ; but it is also used in medi- 
 cine, in the form of warm infusion, as a diaphoretic. 
 
 Salvia grandiflora, (Etlinger,) a native of Taiiria, 
 is said to possess the same properties and powers a.s 
 Salvia otlicinalis. The popular name .<age, accom- 
 panied with some distinguishing epithet, is some- 
 times applied to all tlie species of the genus Siilvi.a, 
 more than a hundred and forty of which arc recog- 
 nized by liotaiiists. 
 
 The genus Salvia belongs to the natural order 
 Lainiacea;. 
 
 SAGE, a. [Fr.sa^e; It. saggio ; li. saga, sagus, sagio. 
 See Saoacious.] 
 
 1. Wise ; having nice discernment and powers of 
 judging; prudent; grave; as, a sa<^< counselor. 
 
 2. Wise ; judicious ; proceeding from wisdom ; 
 well judgetl ; well adapted to the purpose ; as, sage 
 counsels. 
 
 S.\(5E, 71. A wise man ; a man of gravity and wis- 
 dom ; particularly, a man venerable for years, and 
 known as a man of sound judgment and prudence; 
 a grave philosopher. 
 
 At his birth a sur proclaims him come, 
 
 And guiil'-s llie east'TU sages. Milton. 
 
 Groves where immortal sages taughL Pope. 
 
 SAGE'LY, ailc. Wisely ; with just discernment and 
 prudence. 
 
 S.\-Gl~:.\'E', 71. .\ Russian measure of about seven 
 
 English feet. [See Sajene.] 
 SAGE'NESS, n. Wisdom ; sagacity; prudence ; gmv- 
 
 itv. Jlscham. 
 SAG'E.N ITE, 71. Acicular rutile. Ure. 
 S.\G'G/'.'I), (sagd,) pp. Caused to bend or give way ; 
 
 loaded ; liurdenetl. 
 S.AG'GER, j n. .\ cylinilrical case of fine clay, in 
 SEG'GER, \ which line stone ware is inclosed while 
 
 being baked in the kiln. Buchanan 
 The pots are called SAOOERsor Seocers. Brai. .«. 
 S.VG'GING, ppr Causing to bend ; burdening. 
 .^AG'GING, n. A bending or sinking in consequence 
 
 of the weighL 
 S.AG'IT-T.VL, a. [L. sagittalLi, from sagitta, an ar- 
 row ; that which is thrown or tJnven, probably frxim 
 
 the root of say and sing.] 
 'Pertaining to an arrow ; resembling an arrow ; as, 
 
 sagittal bars of yellow. Pennant. 
 In anatomy, the sagittal suture is the suture which 
 
 unites the parietal bones of the skull. Coxe. 
 
 TCNE, BI;LL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 975 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAL 
 
 SAC-IT-Ta'RI-US, 71. [L., an arclier.] One of the 
 twelve signs of tlie zodiac, wliicli the sun enters 
 aliout November 22. 
 
 SAO'IT-TA-RV, 71. [Supra.] A centaur, an animal 
 half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SA6'IT-TA-RY, a. Pertaining to an arrow. 
 
 S.AC'IT-TaTE, a. In botany and loii/o^i/, shaped like 
 the head of an arrow ; trianirular, hollowed at the 
 base, with angles at the hinder part; or with the 
 hinder angles acute, divided by a sinus. 
 
 Mtirtyn. Branrlc, 
 
 Sa'GO, n, A Ary, mealy substance, or granulated paste, 
 imported from Java, the Philippine and Molucca 
 Isles, &c. It is the prepared pith of several dilferent 
 plants, as the Sagus Ruuiphii or Metro.\ylum Sagus, 
 a p.alm, and Cycas circinalis, a plant intermediate 
 between palms and ferns, &c. It is much used as 
 an article of diet for the sick. 
 
 SA-GOIN', J!. The Sarroins form a division of the 
 monkey family, including such of the monkeys of 
 America as have long, hairy tails, not prehensile. 
 
 P. Cue. 
 
 Sa'GUM, n. [L.] The militar)' cloak of the Roman 
 magistrates and dignitaries. Brande. 
 
 Sa'GV, a. [from sa^rc] Full of sage ; seasoned with 
 sage. 
 
 S.^iH'LTTE, n. A massive, cleavahle variety of augite, 
 of a dingy green color, first obtained at the mountain 
 Sahia in Westermania. Dana. 
 
 Sa'IG, 71. A Turkish orGrecian vessel, very common 
 in the Levant, a kind of ketch which has no top- 
 gallant-sail, nor mizzen-iop-sail. Mur. Diet. 
 
 SAID, (sed,) pret. and pp. of Say ; so written for Saved. 
 Declared ; uttered ; reported. 
 2. Aforesaid ; before mentioned. 
 
 Sail, n. [Sax. segd ; G. and Sw. sead; Dan. srjl; 
 D. zeil ; W. ktrijly a sail, a course, order, state, jour- 
 ney ; hwyliajr, to set in a course, train, or order, to 
 direct, to proceed, to sail, to attack, to butt. The 
 Welsh appears to be the same word. [So h&l is the 
 L. .<al, salt.] 
 
 1. In naoigntion, a spread of canvas, or an assem- 
 blage of several breadths of canvas, (or some sub- 
 stitute for it,) sewed together with a double seam at 
 the borders, and edged with a cord called the bolt- 
 ropc, to be extended on the masts or yards, for re- 
 ceiving the impulse of wind by which a ship is 
 driven. The principal sails are the courses or lower 
 sails, the top-sails, and top-gallant sails. Jllar. Diet. 
 
 2. In poetry, wings. Spenser. 
 
 3. A ship or other vessel ; used in the singular for 
 a single ship, or as a collective name for many. We 
 saw a sail at the leeward. We saw three sail on our 
 starboard quarter. The fleet consists of twenty sail. 
 
 4. An excursion in some vessel ; as, to take a sail. 
 To loose sails ; to unfurl them. 
 
 To make sail ; to extend an additional quantity of sail. 
 
 Til set sail ; to expand or spread the sails ; and 
 hence, to begin a voyage. 
 
 7*0 shorten sail; to reduce the extent of sail, or 
 take in a part. 
 
 To strike sail ; to lower the sails suddenly, as in 
 saluting, or in sudden gusts of wind. 
 
 2. To ab.ate show or pomp. [Colloguial.] Slia!:. 
 SAIL, r. i. To be impelled or driven forward by the 
 action of wind \i\nm sails, as a ship on water. A 
 ship saih from New York for Liverpool. She sails 
 ten knots an hour. She .inils well close-hauled. 
 
 2. To be Conveyed in a vessel on water ; to pass 
 by water. We sailed from London to Canton. 
 
 3. To swim. 
 
 Liltle dolphins wh'^n lh(>y fail 
 In Ihe v.-ist shiidow of llic Brilisti whiiie. Dryden, 
 
 4. To set sail : to begin a voyage. Wc. "ailed from 
 New York for Havre, June 1.5, 1824. We sailedfrum 
 Cowes for New York, May 10, 182.5. 
 
 5. To be carried in the air, as u balloon. 
 G. To pass smoothly along. 
 
 Shni. 
 
 At U a winched mcis^nfffT fnjin herivrn, 
 Wli«n lie bralTidcK ihe I»zy p'lciiig clrjtids, 
 And ttitU upon the boiioin of the iiir. 
 7. To fly without striking with the wings. 
 SAIL, r. L To pass or move upon in a ship, by means 
 of sails. 
 
 A thoiitand RliifM vert: manned 10 tail Ihr sea, Dryden. 
 
 [This use is elliptical, on or over being omitted.] 
 
 2. To fly through. 
 
 SiiUlme «he aaili 
 Th' aerial apacA, and moiiiita (he winged ^le«. Pop*. 
 
 3. To direct or manage the motion of a vessel ; a.s, 
 to nail one's own ship. Totten. 
 
 SA(L'A-BLE, 0. Navigable; that maybe passed by 
 
 "hips. Cotaraee. 
 SAIL'-BOR.N'E, a. Rome or conveyed by sails. 
 
 J. Barlow, 
 
 SAIL'-BROAD, a. [See Bkoad.] Spre.iding like a 
 »an. Milton. 
 
 RAIL'-CLOTII, 71. Duck or canvas used in making 
 iiail<i. 
 
 HAlL'Kn, pp. Paised in ships or other water craft. 
 SAII.'ER, n. Une that anila ; a neanuin ; usually 
 Hailor. 
 
 2. A ship or other vessel, with reference to her 
 speed or manner of sailing. Thus we say, a heavy 
 sailer ; a fast sailer ; a prime sailer. 
 
 SaIL'ING, ppr*. or o. Moving on water or in air ; pass- 
 ing in a ship or other vessel. 
 
 SaIL'ING, 71. The act of moving on water; or the 
 movement of a ship or vessel impelled or wafted 
 along the surface of water by the action of wind on 
 her sails. jMar. Diet, 
 
 2. Movement through the air, as in a balloon. 
 
 3. The act of setting sail or beginning a voyage. 
 SaIL'ING-jMaS-TER, n. An officer in a ship of war 
 
 who superintends all the details of navigating the 
 ship. 
 
 SaIL'LESS, a. Destitute of sails. PoUok. 
 SaIL'-LOFT, 71. A loft or apartment where sails are 
 
 cut out and made. 
 SaIL'-MaK-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to 
 
 make sails. 
 
 2. An officer on board ships of war, whose busi- 
 ness is to repair or alter sails. Mar. Diet. 
 SaIL'-MaK ING, 71. The art or business of making 
 sails. 
 
 SaIL'0R,7i. [A more common spelling than Sailer.] 
 A mariner ; a seaman ; one who follows the busi- 
 ness of navigating ships or other vessels, or one who 
 understands the management of ships in navigation. 
 This word, however, does not by itself express any 
 particular skill in navigation. It denotes any person 
 who follows the seas, and is chiefly or wholly ap- 
 plied to the common hands. [See Seaman.] 
 
 S.5IL'0R-LIKE, a. Like sailors. 
 
 SaIL'-ROOM, 71. An apartment in a vessel, where the 
 sails, which are not bent, are stowed. ToUcn. 
 
 SaIL'Y, a. Like a sail. Drayton. 
 
 SAIL'- YARD, 71. [S.ix. scgl-gyrd.] 
 
 The yard or spar on which sails are extended. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 SaIM, 71. [Sax. seiin ; W. saini; Fr. saindoux. Q.U. 
 L. sebam, contracted.] 
 Lard. !Loe.al.] 
 SAIN, for SivEN, pp. of Sat. [Obs.] Shak. 
 SaIN'FOIN, (71. [Fr. sainfoin; saint, sacred, and 
 SAINT'FOIN, i foin, hay.] 
 
 A leguminous plant cultivated for fodder, of the 
 genus Hedysaruin. 
 SAINT, 71. [Fr., from L. sattctus ; It. and Sp. santo.] 
 
 1. A person s.anctified ; a holy or godly person ; 
 one eminent for piety and virtue. It is particularly 
 applied to the apostles and other holy persons men- 
 tioned in Scripture. A hypocrite may imitate a saint. 
 Ps. xvi. ' Addison. 
 
 2. One of the blessed in heaven. Rev. xviii. 
 
 3. The holy angels are called saints, DeuL xxxiii. 
 Jude 14. 
 
 4. One canonized by the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Enryc. 
 
 SAINT, V. t. To number or enroll among saints by an 
 official act of the pope ; to canonize. 
 
 Over against the church stands a l.-.r^e hospiul, erected by a 
 shoeuiikcT, whu ha^ been UeaLiiicd, iliougU ucver sainted. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 SAINT, V. i. To act with a show of piety. Pope, 
 SAINT AN'TIIO-NY'S FIRE, (-an'to-niz-,) 71. A pop- 
 ular name of the erj sipelas, so called because it was 
 supposed to have been cured by the intercession of 
 St. .finthony. P. Cye, 
 
 SAINT'ED, pp. Canonized; enrolled among the 
 saints. 
 
 2. a. Holy ; pious ; as, thy father was a most 
 sainted king. Shak. 
 
 3. Sacred; as, the gods on sointeii hills. Milton. 
 SaI.N'T'ESS, 71. A female saint. Fisher. 
 S.\INT'ING, /lyir. Canonizing; enrolling among the 
 
 saints, 
 
 SALXT JOHN'S BREAD, 71, A plant of the genus 
 
 Ceratonia; also called the Caroii-Tree. P, Cyc, 
 SAINT JOHN'S WOUT, 71. A name common to 
 plants of the genus Hypericum, most of which have 
 yellow flowers. 
 SAINT'LIKE, a. [saint and W.c] Resembling a 
 saint ; as, a saintlike prince. Bacon, 
 2. Suiting a suiiit ; becoming a saint. 
 
 GlL.&sid over only with a Baintlibe show. Dryden. 
 
 SAINT'LY, a. Like a saint ; becoming a holy person ; 
 as, wrtmgs with saintly patience borne. Xlilton. 
 
 SAINT Pk'TER'S wor t, 71. A plant of the genus 
 Asevriim, and another of the genus Hvpericum. 
 
 SAINT'S liELL, 71. A small bell used 'in the Roman 
 Catholic church to call attention to the more solemn 
 parts of the service of the mass, as at the conclusion 
 of the ordinary, when the priest repettts the words 
 Sonde, sancte, sanete, Dcits sabaotJt, and on the eleva- 
 tion of the host and chalice after consecration. 
 
 Olos.f. of .Orckit. 
 
 SAINT'-SEEM-ING, a. Having the appearance of a 
 s.'iint. Montagu, 
 
 SAINT'SIIIP, n. The character or qualities of a 
 saint. 
 
 SAINT SI-M;^'.\I-AN, 71. A follower of Ihe Count de 
 St. Simun, who ilii d in 182,5, and who maintained 
 that till! prini'ipli' of joint-slock property and just 
 division of the fruits of common labor among the 
 
 members of society, is the true remedy for the social 
 evils which exist, Brande. 
 
 SAI.NT Vl'TUS'S DANCE, ti. A disease affecting 
 with irregular movements the muscles of voluntary 
 motion, and attended with a great failure of the 
 general physical strength, called by physicians 
 Chorea Sancti Viti. The name is said to have 
 been borrowed from some devotees of St, Vitus, 
 who exercised themselves so long in dancing that 
 their intellects became disordered. P. Cyc. Forsyth, 
 
 SA-JeNE', 71, [Written also Sagene. Tooke writes 
 it Sajene.] 
 
 A Russian measure of length, equal to seven feet 
 English measm'e. 
 SAKE, 71, [Sax. sac, saca, sace, sacu, contention, dis- 
 cord, a suit or action at law, cause in court; hence 
 the privilege which a lord had of taking cognizance 
 of suits in his own manor ; sacan, to contend, to 
 strive ; Goth, sakan, to rebuke, chide, upbraid ; D. 
 zaak, cause, case, thing, business, affair ; G. sache, mat- 
 ter, thing ; eines sache fvhren, to plead one's cause ; ii;^ 
 sache, cause, reason, motive ; Sw. sak and orsak, id. ; 
 Dan. sag, c.iuse, thing, affair, matter, case, suit, ac- 
 tion ; Ch. pDJJ, to contend, to strive, to seek ; Heb. 
 pa's,', to press or oppress ; Ch., to accuse, to crimi- 
 nate. Class Sg, No. 46, 92. The primary sense is 
 to strain, urge, press, or drive forward, and this is 
 from the same root as seek, essay, and L. sequor, 
 whence we have pursue and prosecute. VVe have 
 analogous words in cause, thing, and the L. res. Its 
 Saxon sense is no longer in use, that is, cause, ac- 
 tion, suit, a seeking or demand in court ; but we use 
 it in a sense nearly similar, though differently ap- 
 plied.] 
 
 1. Final cause ; end ; purpose ; or rather the pur- 
 pose of obtaining. I open the window for the soke 
 of air, that is, to obtain it, for the purpose of obtain- 
 ing air. I read for the sake of instruction, that is, to 
 obtain it. Sake then signifies, primarily, effort to ob- 
 tain, and secondarily, purpose of obtaining. The 
 hero fights for the sake of glory; men labor for the 
 sake of subsistence or wealtli. 
 
 2. Account ; regard to any person or thing. 
 
 I will not a^n corse the ground any more for man's sake. — 
 Gen, viii. 
 
 Save me for thy mercy's sate, — Fs. vi. 
 
 SA'KER, 71. [Fr. sacre.] ' 
 
 1. A hawk ; a species of falcon. 
 
 2. A small piece of artillery. [A'ot in use.] 
 
 Iludibras. 
 
 SAK'ER-ET, 71. The male of the saker-liawk. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 S.'VL, 71. [L. See Salt.] Salt ; a word much used 
 in chemistry and pharmacy. 
 
 SAL'A-BLE,a. [from sa/c] That may be sold ; that 
 finds a readv market; being in good demand. 
 
 SAL'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being s.alable. 
 
 SaL'A-BLY, adv. In a salable manner. 
 
 SA-LA'CIOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. salax, from the root of 
 5a/, salt ; the primary sense of which is, shooting, 
 penetrating, pungent, coinciding probably with L. 
 salio, to leap. Salacious, then, is highly e.xcited, or 
 prompt to leap,] 
 
 Lustful ; lecherous. Dryden. 
 
 SA-LA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Lustfully ; with eager ani- 
 mal appetite. 
 
 S.\-LA'CIOUS-NESS, 1 71. Lust ;lecherousness; strong 
 SA-L.\C'I-TY, J propensity to venery. 
 
 Brovm, 
 
 SAL'.AD, 71, [Fr, salade ; Arm, saladenn ; It, insalata ; 
 Sp, ensalada, that is, literally, salted ; D. salaadc ; G. 
 and Sw, salat; Dan. satad.'\ 
 
 A name given to raw herbs, usually dressed with 
 salt, vinegar, oil, or spices, and eaten for giving a 
 relish to other food. 
 
 Leaves eaten raw are termed eaiacl. WaUt. 
 S.\L'.\D-ING, 71. Vegetables for salads. Chei/ne. 
 SA'LAL-BER'RY, 71. A fruit from the valley of the 
 Columbia River, or Oregon, about the size of a 
 common grape, of a dark color, and of a sweet flavor. 
 
 Farm. F.ncye. 
 
 SAL A-LEM'nROTII, n. A compound of corrosive 
 sublimate of mercury and s!il ammtmiar, in the pro- 
 portions of two equivalents of the former to one 
 of the latter. 
 
 SA-LX .M', n. [Oriental, peace or safety.] In the East, 
 a salutation or compliment of ceremony or resiwct. 
 
 Jirrbcrt. 
 
 SAL'AM-SToNE, n. A kind of Muc sapphire brought 
 from Cevlon, Dana. 
 
 SAL'A-MAN-DER, 71. [L. and Gr. salnmandra.] 
 
 The popular name of a genus of li.itiarliian rep- 
 tiles, having some affinities with lizards, but more 
 with frogs. Salimanders have nn eliuigatcil body, 
 four feel, and a long tail, which gives them the gen- 
 eral form of lizarils ; but then they have all the char- 
 acters of batrarliians. The vulgar story that the 
 salamander is able to endure fire, is a mistake. 
 
 Salamander's hair or rriui/ ; a name given to a spe- 
 cies of asbestos or mineral flax ; I believe no longer 
 used. 
 
 SAL-A-MAN'DRINE, a. Pertaining to or resembling 
 a salamander ; enduring fire Spcclator. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— MRTE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 9r6 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL AM Mo'Nl-Ae, H. Cliloiiil of aiiinioninin, a solid 
 substance of a sharp and acrid taste, nmcli used in 
 the mechanic arts and in pliarinacy. The native sal 
 ammoniac is of two kinds — volcanic and coiichoidal. 
 
 Ure.. 
 
 SAt/A-RI-KD, (sal'a-rid,) n. EnjoyinK a salary. 
 
 SAI/A-UY, «. [Kr. saluirc ; It. and ii]t. salario ; I<. 
 salariiim : said to he from sal, salt, which w!is part of 
 the pay of Roman soldiers.] 
 
 The recompense or consideration stipulated to be 
 paid to a person for services, usually a fixed sum to 
 be paid by the year, as to governors, magistrates, 
 settled clercvmen, instructors of seminaries, or other 
 orticers, civil or ecclesiastical. When wages are 
 stated or stipulated by the month, week, or day, we 
 do not call the compensation salari/, but pnij or wajrcs ; 
 as in the case of military men anil laborers. 
 
 SALK, n. [\V. sal, a pass, a cast, or throw, a sale: 
 Sax. sal, sale ; sellan, sijlan, sijllaii, grstjllan, to Rive, 
 yield, grant, impart, deliver, also to sell. The pri- 
 mary sense of sell is simply to deliver or cause to 
 pass from one person to another; Sw. s'dlja, Dan. 
 Sistifrr, to sell.] 
 
 1. The act of selling ; the exchange of a commod- 
 ity for money of ecpiivalent value The exchanie 
 of one commodity for another is barter or jtrrmutii- 
 tion, and sale differs from barter only in the nature of 
 the equivalent given. 
 
 2. Vent ; power of selling; market. lie went to 
 market, but found no sale for his goods. 
 
 3. Auction; public sale to the highest bidder, or 
 exposure of goods in market. [Little used.] Temple. 
 
 4. State of being venal, or of being offered to bri- 
 bery ; as, to set the liberty of a slate to sale. A'lilison. 
 
 5. A wicker basket. [Uu. Sax. sulan, to bind.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 S.^LE, a. Sold; bought; as opposed to Ho-memade. 
 [ Colloquial.] 
 
 S.\L-E-UR()S'I-TY, 71. [See Salebr >us.] Rough- 
 ness or ruggedness of a place or road. Fellliam. 
 
 SAL'K-TJROUS, a. [L. salebrosus, from salrtira, a 
 rough place ; probably allied to siilio, to shoot out.] 
 Kougli i rugged; uneven. ^Little used.] 
 
 S.\L't;i', 11. [Said to be a Turkish word ; written also 
 Salop, Saloop, and Saleb.1 
 
 In the materia mediea, the dried root of a species of 
 Orchis ; also, a preparation of this root to be used as 
 food. Fniircroy. Parr. 
 
 S.\L-E-Ra'TUS, n. [sal and arratus.] .\ carbonate 
 of potash, containing a greater quantity of carbonic 
 acid than pearlash, used in cookery. 
 
 SAM'.S'MAN, n. [sale and ma«.] One that sells 
 clothes ready made. ^ Swift. 
 
 2. One who finds a market for the goodsof another 
 person. 
 
 SaI.IVWORK, (-wurk,) H. Work or things made for 
 sale ; hence, work carelessly done. Tins la.it sense 
 is a satire on man. ' Shak. 
 
 S.\L OE.M, n. Common salt ; chlorid of sodium. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 S.^L'ie, a. [Echard deduces this word from sala,a 
 house, and the law from the circumstance that a 
 male only could inherit his father's mansion and the 
 court or land Inclosed. .Vnotesi/. B. 18.] 
 
 The Salic law of France is a funilamental law, by 
 virtue of which males only can inherit the throne 
 
 S.M/I ('IN, n. A bitter febrifuge substance, obtained 
 in white, pearly crystals, from some species of the 
 willow, and also of the poplar. Brande. 
 
 S.X'M-E.NT, a. [L. .salims, salin, to leap.] 
 
 1. Leaping; an epithet in heraldry applied to a 
 lion or other beast, represented in a leaping posture, 
 with his right foot in the dexter point, and his hinder 
 left foot in the sinister base of the escutcheon, by 
 which it is distinguished fritm Rampant. Harris. 
 
 2. In fortification, projecting ; as, a salient angle. 
 A salient angle points outward, and is opposed to a 
 re-enterimr angle, which points inward. P. Cue. 
 
 SA'Ll-E.N'T, o, [L. saliens, from salio, to leap or shoot 
 out.] 
 
 1. Leaping ; moving by leaps, as frogs. Brntrn. 
 
 2. Beating ; throbbing, as the heart. BInekmore. 
 
 3. Shooting out or up ; springing ; darting : as, a 
 salient sprout. Pope. 
 
 SA'LI-E\T-LV, adv. In a salient manner. 
 S.\ LIK'ER-OUS, a. [L. sal, salt, and fero, to pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 Producing or bearing salt ; as, sallfcrous rock. 
 
 FMton. 
 
 Saliferoiui rocks ; the new red sandstone system of 
 some geologists ; so called because, in Europe, this 
 formation contains beds of salt. Dana. 
 
 SAL'I-FI-A-BLE, a. [(wm salifij.] Capable of com- 
 bining with an acid to form a salL Salifiable bases 
 are metallic oxvds, alkaloids, Slc. 
 
 S \ L-I-FI-CA'TION, n. The act of Kilifying. 
 
 SAL'I-FT-fn), (sal'e-fide,) pp. Formed into a salt by 
 coinbitiation with an acid. 
 
 SAL'l F?, p. . [L. sal, salt, and faeio, to make.] 
 To form into a salt, by combining an acid with a 
 base. 
 
 S.\L't-F^-IXG, ppr. or a. Forming into a salt by 
 
 ciMuhinaiion with a base. 
 SAL'l-GOT, n. [Fr.] A plant, the water thistle. 
 
 SAL 
 
 SAL-I-NA'TION, n. [L. sal, salt; saltnator, a salt- 
 maker ; Fr. salin, salt, brinish.] 
 The act of washing with salt water. Oreenhill. 
 s '\ I T V F' ) 
 
 SA-I I.\'(SbR i ^- salt.] 
 
 1. Consisting of salt, or constituting salt ; as, saline 
 particles ; saline substances. 
 
 2. I'artaking of the qualities of salt ; as, a saline 
 SA-LTNE',Ji. [Sp. and It. .<a(ino ; Fr. .mline.] [taste. 
 
 A salt spring, or a place where salt water is col- 
 lected in the earth ; a name given to the salt springs 
 in the United .States. 
 SA-U.\E'.\ESS, M. State of being saline. 
 SAL-I-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. sal, salinum, and fcro, to 
 Iiroduce.] 
 
 Producing salt. 
 S.\-I.IN'I-FOR.M, a. [L. sal, salinum, and form.] 
 
 Having the form o( salt. 
 S.\-LI'N'()-TER-RkNE', a. [L. sal, salinum, and ter- 
 renu.':, from terra, earth.] 
 
 A term denoting a compound of salt and earth. 
 SAL'iaUE, (sal'ik,) a. Sec Salic. 
 S.\L'ITE, e. (. [L. salio, from sal, salt.] 
 
 To salt ; to impregnate or season with salt. [Lit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 .S.\-LI'VA, n. [h. saliva: Ir. seile ; W. halitn, as if 
 connected with liiil, salt. The Irish has silim, to drop 
 or distill, and silradli, saliva.] 
 
 The duid which is secreted by the salivary glands, 
 and which serves to moisten the mf>uth and tiuigue. 
 It moistens our food also, and by being mixed with 
 it in ni.asticati(m, favors deglutition. When dis- 
 charged from the mouth, it is called Spittle. 
 
 S \-LI'V.'\L, ) «. [from sail ra.] Pertaining to sa- 
 
 S.\L'I-VA-RY, j liva ; secreting or conveying sali- 
 va ; as, salivary glands ; salivary ducts or canals. 
 
 Encyc. JSrbut/uiot. 
 
 SAL'I-VANT, a. Producing salivation. 
 
 SAL'I-V.\N'T, II. That which produces salivation. 
 
 S.\L'I-VaTE, II. (. [from sadca ; Fr. salircr.] 
 
 To [irodiice an unusual secretion and discharge of 
 saliva in a person, usually by mercury ; to produce 
 [ityalism in a person. 
 
 SAL'I-VA-'l'ED, p/). Having an increased secretion 
 of saliva from medicine. 
 
 SAL'I-Va-TING, ppr. froducing increased secretion 
 of saliva. 
 
 SAL-I-Va'TION, 71. The act or process of ptyalism, 
 or of producing an increased secretion of saliva. 
 
 SA-Li'VOUS, a. Pertaining to saliva; partaking of 
 the nature of saliva. H'iseman. 
 
 SAL'LET, n. [Fr. salade.] 
 
 A head-piece or helmet. Cluincrr. 
 
 SAT/LET, (71. [Corrupted from saM.] [JV'ufiu 
 
 SAl/LET-ING, ! tLse.] 
 
 S.\L'L1-ANCE, 71. [from sally.] An issuing forth. 
 
 [Aut in use.] Spenser. 
 SAL'LI-KI), pp. Rushed out ; issued suddenly. 
 S.\L'LoW, «. [Sax. salh, sail!; ! Ir. sail; Fr. snii^c ; 
 
 ILsalcio; Sp. .«u/cc ; L. salix : W. helig. Ciu. from 
 
 its color, resembling brine.] 
 A name applied to certain trees or low shrubs of 
 
 the willow kind, or genus Salix. P. Cyc. 
 
 SAL'LoW, a. [Sax. salowig, sealwe, from saUi, L. 
 
 salix, the tree, supra.] 
 
 Having a yellowish color ; of a pale, sickly color, 
 
 tinged with a dark }-ellow ; as, a sallow skin. 
 S.^L'LoW-NESS, n. A yellowish color ; paleness, 
 
 tinged with a dark yellow; as, saUowncss of com- 
 plexion. 
 
 SAL'LoW-TIIORN', 71. A plant of the genus Hip- 
 popliae. 
 
 'J'he common sallow-thorn or sea buckthorn, is a 
 thorny shrub, about four or five feet high. 
 
 Partirifrton, 
 
 SAL'LY, n, [Fr. saillie ; It. salita; Sp. satida ; Port. 
 sabida. See the verb.] 
 
 In a general sense, a spring ; a darting or shooting. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. An issue or rushing of troops from a besieged 
 place to attack the besiegers. Bacon. 
 
 2. A spring or darting of intellect, fancy, or imag- 
 ination ; flight ; sprightly exertion. VVti say, sallies 
 of wit, sallies of imagination. 
 
 3. Excursion from the usual track ; range. 
 
 Ue who often mAket tatliet into a country, ind iravcnos it up and 
 down, will kiiow il tjctlrr Uiaii one UiuL ^c-a ulwayt rnuiid 
 In the Kune irack. Locke. 
 
 4. Act of levity or extravagance ; wild gnyety ; 
 frolic ; a bounding or darting beyond ordinary rules ; 
 as, a sally of youth ; a sally of levity. 
 
 H'otton, SwifL 
 S.\L'LY, r. i. [Fr. saillir ; Arm. saillia : It. satire ; Sp. 
 tttlir ; Port, tahir, [1 lost ;] L. salu. Qu. Gr. aAXo/iui, 
 
 si s ^ 
 
 which is allied to the Ar. ^\ alia, or ^jii halla, 
 
 both of which signify to impel, to shoot. See Solar, 
 from L. sol, W. haul, Gr. i;,\ios.] 
 
 1. To issue or rush out, as a body of troops from a 
 fortified place, to attack besiegers. • 
 
 Th-'y bp-aJt ihe mice, aoj tally om by niffliL Dryden. 
 
 2. To issue suddenly ; to make a sudden eruption. 
 
 SAL 
 
 S.AL'LY-I.NG, ppr. Issuing or rushing out. 
 S.M/LY-PORT, ». In fortificatum, a ponicrn gale, or 
 a passage under ground from the inner to the outer 
 works, Hiich as from the higher Hank to the lower, 
 or to the leiiailles, or lo the coinnitinication from the 
 middle of the curtain to the nivelin. Kncyc. 
 
 2. A large port tm each quarter of a fireship, for the 
 escape of the men into boats when the train is fired. 
 
 Mar. Vict. 
 
 SAL-MA-GUN'ni, (-gun'dc,) n. [Sp. talpieon, cor- 
 rupted. See Salpicon.] 
 
 1. A mixture of chopped meal and pickled herring 
 w ith nil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson. 
 
 2. ■\ mixture of various ingredients ; an olio «r 
 inrdlev. IV. Irving, 
 
 S.^f, MAJt'TIS,n. [L., salt of Jtfarj.] Green sulphate 
 of iron. Ore, 
 
 S.M/.MI-AC ; a contraction of Sai.-ammoniac. 
 
 SAL.M'O.V, (sam'iiiun,) n. [h. salnio : Fr. .taumoru] 
 A fish of a yellowish-red color, of the genus Salmo, 
 found ill all the northern climates of America, Eu- 
 rope, and Asia, ascending the rivers for spawning in 
 spring, and |H-iietratiiig to their head streams. It is 
 a remarkably strong fish, and will even leap over 
 considerable falls which lie in the way of its prog- 
 ress. It has been known to grow to the weiglit of 
 7.1 pounds ; more generally it is from 15 to 2.') pounds. 
 It furnishes a delicious dish fur the table, and is an 
 article of conimerce. 
 
 SALM'O.N-TROUT, (sam'mun-troiit,) n. .\ small 
 species of Salmo, resembling the coinmnn salmon in 
 color. It is also called the sea-trout, and is highly 
 valued as an article of foml. Walton, 
 
 S.\L'.MON-OII), a. or 7i. .\ term applied to fishes be- 
 longing to the family of whi h the salmon is the 
 type. Brande. 
 
 SA-LOON', 71. [It. salonc, from sala, hall ; Sp. and 
 Fr. salon. See Hall.] 
 
 In architecture, a spacious and elegant apartment 
 for the reception of company, or for works of art. 
 It is often vaulted at the top, and frequently compre- 
 hends two stories, with two ranges of windows. It 
 is a state room much used in palaces for the recep- 
 tion of embassadors and other visitors. The term is 
 also applied to a large room in a steamboat, &c. 
 
 Gwilt. P. Cye. 
 
 SAL'OP, j 71. The dried root of a species nf orchis ; 
 
 SA-LOOP', j also, a decoction of this root, used in 
 some parts of England as a beverage by the poorer 
 classes. The word is properly Salep. Smart. 
 
 SAL'PI-CO.\, 71. [.Sp., from salpicar, to besprinkle; 
 Port, to corn, to powder, to spot ; from sal, salt.] 
 
 Stiifling; farce ; chopped meat or bread, &c.,used 
 to stuff lugs of veal. [I believe not used.] Bacon. 
 
 SAL'PINX, n. [Gr. irn.Wij (, a trumpet.] 
 
 The Eiistarhian tube. Brande. 
 
 S.\L PRU-NEL'L.\, 71. Fused niter cast into cukes 
 or balls. 
 
 SAL-SA-MEX-TA'RI-OUS, a. [L. salsamentarius.] 
 Pertaining to salt things. [A'ot in use.] Diet. 
 
 SAL KEIG.\-ETTE',(-san-yet',)ii. Uochelle salt ; tar- 
 trate of potassa and soda. Brande. 
 
 SAL'SI-FY, (sal'se-fe,) n. [Fr. sahifis.] 
 
 .\ plant of the genus 1 nigopogon, having a long, 
 tapering mot, of a mild, sweetish Utste, like the pars- 
 nep, often called the Ovsteh-plai^t, from its taste 
 when fried. Gardner. 
 
 SAL-SI L'LA, 71. A plant of the genus AlstrnMnena, 
 with tuberous roots, which are eaten like the potato. 
 It is a native of Peru. Farm. F.ntye. 
 
 S.\L-S()-.\C'ir), a. [L. salsus, salt, and acidus, acid.] 
 Having a taste compounded of sultness and acid- 
 ncss. [JAttle used.] Flayer. 
 
 SAL-SO'GI-NOUS, a, [from L. salsugo, from sal, 
 salt.] 
 
 Saltish ; somewhat salt. Boyle. 
 SALT, 71. [Sax. salt, sealt ; Goth. Sw. and Dan. salt ; 
 G. salt : v. sout : Riiss. sol : It. sale : Fr. sel : L. Sp. 
 and Port, sal: Gr. liA? ; W'.halen: Corn, and Arm. 
 halinn, front W. h&l, salt, a [lervading substance. 
 The radical sense is, probably, pungent, and if s is 
 radical, the word belongs to the rout of L. salio ; but 
 this is uncertain.] 
 
 1. Common salt is the chlorid of sodium, a sub- 
 stance used for seasoning certain kinds of fiiod, and 
 for the preservation of meat, &c. It is found native 
 in the earth, or it is produced, by evaporation and 
 crystallization, from water impregnated with saline 
 particles. 
 
 2. In rhemi.'try, a body composed of an acid and a 
 base, which may be either a metallic oxyd • r an al- 
 kaloid. Thus nitrate of potassa, commonly called 
 Niter, or Saltpeter, is a salt composed of nitric 
 acid and pota.ssa, the potassa, which is an oxyd of 
 the metal potassium, being the ba^e. 
 
 3. Taste ; sapor ; smack. 
 
 We hATc tome taU of our youlb in uf . Shak. 
 
 4. Wit ; poignancy ; as, Attic salt. 
 
 SALT, a. Having the taste of salt ; impregnated with 
 salt ; as, salt beef; salt water. 
 
 2. Abounding with salt ; as, a ini/( land. Jer, xvii. 
 
 3. Overflowed with salt water, or impregnated with 
 it ; as, a salt marsh. 
 
 I 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 12S 
 
 DD DD" 
 
 977 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 SAM 
 
 4. Growing on salt marsh or meadows, and having 
 tlie taste of salt ; as, salt grass or hay. 
 
 5. Producing salt water ; as, a salt spring. 
 
 6. Leclierous ; salacious. Shak^ 
 
 7. Pungent or bitter ; as, sa/f scorn. Skak. 
 SALT, 71. The part of a river near tlie sea, where the 
 
 water is salt. Beverly. 
 2. A vessel for holding salt. 
 SALT, V. t. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with 
 salt ; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork. 
 
 2. To fill with salt betv. een the timbers and planks, 
 as a ship, for the preservation of the timber. 
 SALT, !i. i. To deposit salt from a saline substance ; 
 
 as, the brine begins to salt. [ Usrd by manufacturers.'] 
 SALT, 71. [Fr. saut, from saillir, to leap.] 
 
 A leap ; the act of jumping. [J\rat iii use.] B.Jonson. 
 SAL'TA.NT, a. [L. saltans, from salto, to leap.] 
 
 Leaping; jumping; dancing. Diet. 
 SAL-T.\'TION, 71. [L. sallatio, from salto, to leap.] 
 
 1. A leaping or jumping. Broicn. 
 
 2. Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the 
 great artery. fViscman. 
 
 SAL'TA-TO-RY, \ a. Leaping or dancing; or 
 SAL-TA-To'RI-OUS, \ having the power of leaping 
 
 or dancing ; used in leaping or dancing. 
 SALT'-l!OX, 71. A small box with a lid, used for 
 
 holding salt. 
 
 In burlesque music, the salt-boz lias been used like 
 the marrow-bones and cleaver, tongs and poker, &c. 
 
 SALT'-€AT, 71. A lump of salt, made at the salt- 
 works, «'hich attracts pigeons. Mortimer. 
 
 SALT'-CEL-LAR, ». [salt and cellar.] A small ves- 
 sel used for Iiolding salt on the talile. Swift. 
 
 SALT'ED, pp. or a. Sprinkled, seasoned, or impreg- 
 nated with salt. 
 
 SAIjT'ER, 71. One who salts ; one who gives or ap- 
 plies salt. 
 
 2. One that sells salt. Camden. 
 SALT'ER.\, 71. A salt-work ; a building in which 
 
 salt is made by boiling or evaporation. Encijc. 
 SALT'-FISH, 71. A fish that has been salted. 
 
 2. A fish from salt water. Shak. 
 SALT'-GREEN, a. Green like the salt sea. Shak. 
 SAL'TIER, (sal'teer,) n. [Fr. sautoir, from sauter, L. 
 salto, to leap.] 
 
 In heraldry, [one of the eight greater ordinaries ; a 
 St. .Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X. — 
 E. H. Barker.] 
 S.\L'TI-GRADE, a. [L. saltus and gradior.] 
 
 Leaping ; formed for leaping. 
 SAL'TI-GRADE, 7i. The name of a family of spiders 
 
 who leap to seize their prey. 
 SAL-TIN'-BAN'eo, (-bank'o,) ti. [Fr. snltimbanque ; 
 It. sallare in l/anco, to leap on the bench, to mount on 
 the bench.] 
 
 A mountebank ; a quack. [JVoJ i7i use.] Browji. 
 SALT'ING, ppr. Sprinkling, seasoning, or impregnat- 
 ing with salt. 
 
 SALT'ING, 71. The act of sprinkling or impregnating 
 with salt. 
 
 SALT'ISII, a. Somewhat salt; tinctured or impreg- 
 nated nn (lerately with salt. 
 
 SALT'ISU-LY, adv. With a moderate degree of salt- 
 ness. 
 
 SALT'ISII-NESS, 71. A moderate degree of saltness. 
 
 SALT'LESS, a. Destitute of sail ; insipid. 
 
 SALT'LY, adv. With taste of salt ; in a salt manner. 
 
 SALT'-MXRSII, 71. Grass-land subject to the over- 
 flow of salt or sea-water. 
 
 SALT'-MliVE, 71. A mine where rock-salt is obtained. 
 
 SALT'NESS, 71. The quality of being impregnated 
 with salt ; as, the saltness of sea-water or of pro- 
 2. Taste of salt. [visions. 
 
 SALT'-PAN, j 71. A pan, basin, or pit, where salt is 
 
 SALT'-PIT, i obtained or made. Bacon. Wooduiard. 
 
 SALT-PP'TRk' i t*'"" ^"P"^' " stone.] 
 
 A salt consisting of nitric acid and potassa, and 
 hence denoniinated Nitrate of Potassa ; also called 
 Niter. It is found native in many countries. It is 
 also found on walls sheltered from rain, and is ex- 
 tracted by ILviviation from the earths under cellars, 
 stables, barns, &.C. Jlimper. Lanoisicr. 
 
 SALT-Pk'TROIJS, a. Pertaining to saltpeter, or par- 
 taking of its (|ualitics ; impregnated with saltpeter. 
 
 Med. Rrpos. 
 
 SALT'-UIIECM, (-rumc,) 71. A vague and indefinite 
 j)opular name, applied to almost all the non-fi brile cu- 
 taneous eruptions which are common among adults, 
 except ringwiirm and itch. 
 
 SAI.T.S, n. pt. The popular mmc of various chemical 
 Baits used in medicine, as Glauber's salt, Ejisoin salt, 
 Ice. 
 
 2. The salt water of rivers entering from the ocean. 
 
 •S. Carolina. 
 
 SALT'-SPIUN'G, ,1. A npring of fait water. 
 HAi/l''-WA T|;R, n. Water impregnated with salt ; 
 Hea water. 
 
 .SA''''''-VVrjUK, (-wurk,) 71. A house or place where 
 salt is made. 
 
 8/VLT'-W0UT, 71. A plant ; a vague and indefinite 
 IKjpulnr name applied to most of the numerouH spc- 
 ciPH of .'^alHola, and aluo to some specieH of Salicor- 
 nia and GInux. They arc chiefly found on the Hen- 
 
 71. [L. 'salubritas.] 
 
 shore and other places where the ground is moist 
 and saline. 
 SALT'Y,a. Somewhat salt. 
 
 SA-Lu'BRI Ol/S, a. [L. saluber, salubris, from salus. 
 See Safe.] 
 
 Favorable to health ; healthful ; promoting health ; 
 as, salubrious air or water ; a salubrioiu: climate. 
 SA-LO'BRI-OUS-LY, adv. So as to promote healtli. 
 
 Burke 
 
 SA-LU'BRI-OUS-NESS, 
 
 SA-LU'BRI-TY, 
 
 Wholesomeness ; healthfulness ; favorableness to 
 the preservation of health ; as, the salubrity of air, of 
 a country, or climate. 
 
 SAL'U-TA-RI-LY, adv. Favorably to health. • 
 
 SAL'lj-TA-RI-NESS, 71. [See Salutary.] Whole- 
 someness; the quality of contributing to health or 
 safety. 
 
 2. The quality of promoting good or prosperity. 
 SAL'U-TA-RY, a. [Fr. salutaire ; L. salutaris, from 
 salas, health.] 
 
 1. Wholesome ; healthful ; promoting health. Diet 
 and exercise are salutary to men of sedentary habits. 
 
 2. Promotive of public safety ; contributing to some 
 beneficial purpose. The strict discipline of youth has 
 a salutanf effect on society. 
 
 SAL-U-TA'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. salutatio. See Sa- 
 lute.] 
 
 The act of saluting; a greeting; the act of paying 
 respect or reverence by the customary words or ac- 
 tions ; as in inquiring of persons tlieir welfare, e.x- 
 pressing to them kind wishes, bowing, &.c. Lulce i. 
 Mark xii. 
 
 In all public meetings and private addresses, use liie forms of sat- 
 uttttion, reverence, ami decency, usual lunong Llie most sober 
 people. Taylor. 
 
 S.\-LU-TA-To'RI-AN, 71. The student of a college 
 who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual 
 commencement. 
 
 SA-LU'TA-TO-RI-LY, adv. By way of salutation. 
 
 S.'V-LU'TA-TO-RY, a. Greeting; containing saluta- 
 tions ; an epithet applied to the oration which intro- 
 duces the exercises of the commencements in Amer- 
 ican colleges. 
 
 SA-LuTE', V. t. [L. salato ; It. salutare ; Sp. saludar ; 
 Fr. sahterf from L. salus, or salvus.] 
 
 1. To greet ; to hail ; to address with expressions 
 of kind wishes. 
 
 If ye salute yoar brethren only, wliat do ye more than olhcre f 
 — M.m. V. 
 
 2. To please; to gratify. [Unusual.] Sliak. 
 
 3. To kiss. 
 
 4. Ill military and naval affairs, to honor some per- 
 son or nation by a discharge of cannon or small arms, 
 by striking colors, by shouts, &c. 
 
 SA-LuTE', 71. The act of expressing kind wishes or 
 res[)ect ; salutation ; greeting. South. .Addison. 
 
 2. A kiss. Roscommon. 
 
 3. In inilitary affairs, a discharge of cannon or small 
 arms in honor of some distinguished personage. A 
 salute is sometimes pfiforined by lowering the colors 
 or beating the drums. The otiicers also salute each 
 other by bowing their half pikes or dropping their 
 swords. Encyc. 
 
 4. In the navy, a testimony of respect or deference 
 to the rank of a person, or on the anniversary of 
 some festival ; rendered also by the vessels of one 
 nation to those of another, or to foreign ports. This 
 is performed by a discharge of cannon, volleys of 
 small arms, striking the colors or top-.sails, or by 
 shouts of the seamen mounted on the masts or rig- 
 ging. Totten. Encyc. 
 
 SA-LOT'ED, pp. Hailed ; greeted. 
 SA-LuT'ER, 7i. One who salutes. 
 SAL-IfT'r'ER-OUS, a. [L. salutifer ; salus, hcailh, 
 and fmi, to brins.] 
 
 Bringing health ; healthy ; as, salutifcrous air. 
 
 Dennis, 
 
 SAL-VA-BIL'I-TY, ti. [from salvable.] The possi- 
 bility of being saved or admitted to everlasting life. 
 
 Saunderson. 
 
 SAL'VA-BLE, a. [L. salvus, safe ; salvo, to save.] 
 That may be saved, or received to everlasting hap- 
 piness ; admitting of salvation ; as, a salvable state. 
 
 SAL'VA-BLE-NESS, 71. State of being salvable. 
 
 SAL' VA-HLY, adv. In a salvable manner. 
 
 SAL'VAGE, 71. [Fr. salvage, sauvage, from L. salvus, 
 salvo.] 
 
 In commerce, a reward or recompense allowed by 
 law for the saving of a ship or goods from loss at 
 sea, either by shipwreck, fire, &c., or by enemies or 
 pirrites. Park. 
 SAL'VA6E. for Savaoe, is not used. [See Savaoe.] 
 SAL-VA'TION, 71. [It. salvaiione i Sp. salvacion ; from 
 ^. salra, to save.] 
 
 1. The act of saving ; preservation from destruc- 
 tion, danger, or great calamity, 
 
 2. Jliipruprialclij, in (Arofu^i/, the redemption of man 
 from the bondage of sin and liability lo eternal death, 
 and the conferring on him everlasting happiness. 
 This is the great salvation. 
 
 Godly sorrow worketti rr pentancc to talvadon, —2 Cor. Til. 
 
 3. Deliverance from enemies J victory. JEx. xiv. 
 
 4. Remission of sins, or saving graces. Luke xix. 
 
 5. The Author of man's salvation. Ps. xxvii. 
 C. A term of praise or benediction. Rev. xix. 
 
 SAL'VA-TO-RY, 71. [Fr. salvatoire.] 
 
 A place where things are preserved ; a repositorv. 
 
 Hate.' 
 
 SALVE, (sav,) 71. [Sax. sealfe ; from L. salvus.] 
 
 1. An adhesive composition or substance to be ap- 
 plied to wounds or sores; when spread on leather 
 or cloth, it is called a Plaster. 
 
 2. Help ; remedy. Hammond. 
 SXLVE, (siiv,) V. t. To heal by applications or mud 
 
 icainents. [Little used.] Spenser. Hooker. 
 
 2. To help ; to remetfy. [Little used.] Sidney. 
 
 3. To help or remedy by a salvo, excuse, or res- 
 ervation. [Little used.] Hooker, Bacon, 
 
 4. To salute. [JVof in use.] Spejiser. 
 S.\L'VER, 71. A piece of plate with a foot ; or a 
 
 waiter on which any thing is presented. 
 
 .Addison, Pope. 
 SAL-VIF'ie, a. [L. salvus nndfacio.] 
 
 Tending to save or secure safety. [.4 bad word, 
 and not used.] Ck. Rclig. Jlppeal, 
 
 SAL'VO, 71. [from the L. salvo jure, an expression 
 used in reserving rights.] 
 An exception ; reservation ; an excuse. 
 They admit many salvos, cautious, aud reservations. 
 
 K. Charles. 
 
 2. A military or naval salute. 
 SAL yO-LAT'I-LE, [L.] Volatile salt. [See Vol- 
 atile.] 
 
 SAL'VO PU-DO'RE, [L.] Without ofl[ending mod- 
 esty. 
 
 SJIL'VO SEJV'SCr, [L.] Preserving the sense. 
 
 SAL'VOR, 71. One wlio saves a ship or goods at sea. 
 
 Wheaton's Rep. 
 
 S.\-Ma'RA, 71. [L.] An indehiscent, superior fruit, 
 containing two or more few-seeded, indehiscent, dry 
 cells, and elongated into wing-like expansions ; as 
 in the ash, maple, and elm. Lindley. 
 
 SA-MAR'I-TAN, a. Pertaining to Samaria, the prin- 
 cipal city of the ten tribes of Israel, belonging to the 
 tribe of Ephraiin, and, after the captivity of those 
 tribes, repeopled by Cutliites from Assyria or Chal- 
 dea. 
 
 2. A term denoting the ancient characters and 
 alphabet used by the Hebrews before the Babylonish 
 captivity, and retained by the Samaritans. 
 SA-.MAR'I-TAN, 71. An inhabitant of Samaria, or 
 one that belonged to the sect which derived tlieir 
 appellation from that city. The Jews had no deal- 
 ings with the Samaritans. 
 
 2. The language of Samaria, a dialect of the 
 Chaldean. 
 
 SAM'HO, 71. The offspring of a black person and a 
 mulatto. IV. Indies. 
 
 SAME, a. [Sax. «ai7ie ; Goth, saina, 507110 ; Dan.iamwe, 
 same, and sammen, together ; Sw. samme, same ; 
 Dan. saniler, forsamler, to collect, to assemble ; Sw. 
 sanita, forsviata, id. ; D. warn, zamcn, together ; za- 
 vtelen, to assemble ; G. sammeln, id. ; Sax. samod, L. 
 simul, together ; Sax. savinian, semnian, to assemble, 
 to sum ; W. sum, sum, amplitude ; swm, the state of 
 being together ; swmer, that supptu'ts or keeps togeth- 
 er, a beam. Eng. summer, in building. We observe 
 that the Greek (i/ia agrees in signification with the L. 
 simul, and Sax. samod. Sans, sam, together. Shall 
 we suppose, then, that s has passed into an aspirate 
 in this word, as in salt, Gr. orhas the Greek 
 word lost 4- ? The word same may be the L. iiiciii or 
 dem, dialcctically varied. The primary sense is to 
 
 set, to place, to put together. See Ar. j»,»s dhamma, 
 
 to draw together, to set together, to join, to collect. 
 Class Sin, No. 33, and .see No. 43, 44.] 
 
 1. Identical ; not different or other. 
 
 Thou art the same, and thy year* shall have no end. — Ps. cii. 
 Tlic I.oni Jesus, the same niglil in which he was bctrayeil 'rtolt 
 bread. — I Cor. >1. 
 
 2. Of the identical kind or species, though not the 
 specific thing. We say, the horse of one country is 
 the sn7«c animal as the liorse of another country. 
 The same plants and fruits are produced in the same 
 latitudes. We see in men, in all countries, the name 
 passions and the same vices. 
 
 Th' oUicrea! vigor is in all the sav\e. Dtyden. 
 
 3. That was mentioned before. 
 
 Pn but tiiinl( liow well the same he spends, 
 
 Whu sjirnds hi» blooil his couiiliy lo relieve. riardel. 
 
 4. Equal ; exactly similar. One ship will not run 
 the same distance as another in the same lime, and 
 with the same wind. Two balls of the same size 
 have not always the .vamc weight Two instruments 
 will not always make the same sound. 
 
 SAiMi;, adv. [Sax. sam.] 
 
 Togetlnr. [Obs.] Spnser. 
 
 SAME'NKSS, 71. Identify ; the slate of being not dif- 
 ferent or other ; as, the sameness of an unchangeable 
 being. 
 
 2. The state of being perfectly alike ; near resem- 
 blance ; correspondi'iice ; similarity ; as, a sameness 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK — 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 of manner ; n sameness of sound ; the sameness of 
 
 objects in a landscape. 
 SA'MI-AN EAKTII. [Gr. Simios, the isle.] The name 
 
 of a marl of two species, formerly used in medicine 
 
 as an astringent. 
 S.\'MI-.\i\ STONE, n. A sort of piiiishiriR stone 
 
 from the Island of Samos, used by goldsmiths. 
 
 SS'MI-EI,, 
 
 samom. The Ar. 
 
 sahatna, signifies to be thin, or to become thin or 
 pale, and to suffer the heal cf the simoom, and 
 
 samma, signifies to poison. This word signi- 
 
 fies, probably, that which is deleterious or destruc- 
 tive.] 
 
 A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows 
 in Arabia and the adjacent countries, from the 
 desert. 
 
 SA'iMrTE, n. [Old Fr.] A species of silk stutT. 
 [Oli.i.] CImiiccr. 
 
 SA.M'I.ET, «. A little salmon. Walton. 
 
 SAMP, H. A species of food composed of maiz.e 
 broken or bruised, boiled, and eaten with milk ; a 
 dish borrowed from the natives of America. 
 
 JVew England. 
 
 SAM'PAN, n. A Chinese boat from 12 to 15 feet long, 
 in which a Chinese family lives on the Canton 
 River, where there are said to be 40,000 such boats. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 SAM'PIIIUE, (sam'fire,) 71. [Said to be a corruption 
 of SaM Pifrrc] 
 
 An herb of the genus Crilhnuim. The golden 
 samphire is of the genus Inula. Fam. of PlitnU. 
 
 >?anipliire grows on rocks near the sea-shore, where 
 it is washed by the salt water. It is used for pick- 
 ling^ Miller. 
 
 In titc United Stales, this name is appli(^d to fali- 
 cornia hcrbacea, which is called i;lass-wort in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 SAM'PLE, n. [L ezemplum; Sp. and Port, exemplo ; 
 ll. esempio ; Fr. exrmple ; Arm. c^iewpt ; Ir. sumptar, 
 samhlachas, from sam/iail, similar.] 
 
 1. A specimen ; a |>art »f any thing presented for 
 inspection or intended to be shown, as evidence of 
 the (piality of the whole ; as, a sample of cloth or of 
 wiieat. Uoods are often purchased in market by 
 samples. 
 
 1 dviiigii Uiis lis a satnpte of what 1 hope more fully to discuBa. 
 
 Wooilioard. 
 
 2. Example ; instance. .Addison, 
 SAM'PLE, V. t. To show something similar. 
 
 .y^in^noorth. 
 
 SAM'PLER, n. [L. exemplar, supra.] 
 
 A pattern of work ; a specimen ; particularly, a 
 piece of n(!edle-work by young girls for improvement. 
 
 Sltak. Pope. 
 
 SAM'SO.\'S-Pc5ST, n. In ships, a strong post resting 
 on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck 
 over the hold ; also, a temporary or nuivable pillar 
 carrying a leading block or pulley for various pur- 
 poses. Brande, 
 
 Ian;a:!1"e'nI^s, i ''"'"s <="^--""«- 
 
 SAN'A-BLE, a. [L. sanabilis, from sanOy to heal ; 
 saniis, sound. See Sound.] 
 
 That may be healed or cured ; susceptible of rem- 
 edv. More. 
 SA-NA'TIOJf, n. [L. sanatio, from sano, to heal.] 
 The act of healmg or curing. [.Vot used.j 
 
 Wiseman. 
 
 SAN'A-TIVE, a. [L. sano, to heal.] 
 
 Having the power to cure or heal ; healing ; tend- 
 ing to heal. Bacon. 
 
 SA.N'A-TIVE-NESS, n. The power of healing. 
 
 SAN'A-TO-RY, a. Healing. 
 
 2. Tending or adapted to guard public healtli. 
 Sanitary is more common. 
 
 SjJJV BFJf-PTO, n. A robe painted with hideous 
 figures, worn by persons condemned by the Inquisi- 
 tion. 
 
 SANCE'-BEEL, ) n. The same as Saint's-beu,, 
 SANCTE'-liELL, ( which see. Oloss. ofArchiu 
 SANC'Tl-Fl-eATE, r. U To sanctify. [Ao( in use.] 
 
 Barrotc. 
 
 SAiNC-TI-FI-eA'TION,n. [Fr.,from Low L. satutifi- 
 catio, from sanctitico. See Sanctiky.] 
 
 1. The act of^ making holy. In an eranireUcal 
 sense, the act of God's grace by which the affections 
 of men are purified or alienated from sin and the 
 world, and exalted to a supreme love to God ; also, 
 the state of being thus purified or sanctified. 
 
 Go*I hiiUi from the br»inninff cho»en you to Balratien, through 
 sanc^ication of Uie i$pirit and belief of Ibe tniUi. — 2 Thcu. 
 li. 1 Pel. i. 
 
 2. The act of consecrating or of setting apart for 
 a sacred piirimse ; consecration. Slitliinrjlret. 
 
 8ANCT1-FI-A;1), pp. or a. Made holy ; consecrated; 
 ict apart fur sacred services. 
 2. Affectedly holy. Hume. 
 
 SANCTI-FI-ER, ii. He that sanctifies or makes holy. 
 
 In theolniry, the Holy Spirit is, by way of eminence, 
 
 denominated the Sanctifier. 
 SAXe'TI-F?, V. t. [Fr. sanctljirr ; It. sanlificart ; Sp. 
 
 saiitificar; Low L. sanctifico ; from sanctus, holy, and 
 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, to cleanse, purify, or make 
 holy. Addison. 
 
 2. To separate, set apart, or appoint, to n holy, sa- 
 cred, or religious use. 
 
 Ood Ok-B:i<-d tlie seventh day nnd tancAfied [t. — Gen. ii. 
 
 So iindi'r the Jewish dispensation, to sanctify the 
 altar, llie temple, the priests. Sec. 
 
 ;). To purify, to prepare for divine service, and for 
 partaking of holy things. FmU. xix. 
 
 4. To separate, ordain, and appoint to the work 
 of redemption and the government of the church. 
 John X. 
 
 .5. To cleanse from corruption ; to purify from sin ; 
 to make holy by detaching the alfertiiins from the 
 world anil its ifefilements, nnd exalting them to a 
 supreme love to (!od. 
 
 Sanctify tli'-iii lliruugli tliy triilli; tliy woni ia truth. — John 
 IV il. Kpli. V. 
 
 6. To make the means of holiness ; to render pro- 
 ductive of holiness or piety. 
 
 Tliose Jiidfnneiita of Gml are tiie more welcome, ai a meana 
 whicli hia iinTcy hiuh sancl^fitd vi to nie, as to malte me 
 ri'iKnt of tli;a uiiju.i act. K. Charlf. 
 
 7. To make free frtmi guilt. 
 
 Tliat holy man, atnn7/"d at wiiat he saw, 
 
 M.ulc hiistc to sancbfy tlie tiliss l>y i.iw. Dryden. 
 
 8. To secure from violation. 
 
 Tnith jiinnis III'' p^el, tanctifiet the line. Pope. 
 To sanetifij Qod ; to pr.aise and celebrate him as 
 a holy being; to acknowledge and honor his holy 
 majesty, and to reverence his character and laws, 
 /so. viii. 
 
 Ood sanctifies himself, or his name, by vindicating 
 his honor frtun the reproaches of the wicked, and 
 manifesting his glory. Ezck. x.xxvi. 
 SANe'TI-F?-Ii\fJ, ppr. Making ■ holy ; purifying 
 from the defilements of sin ; separating to a holy 
 use. 
 
 3. a. Tending to sanctify ; adapted to increase 
 holiness. 
 
 SAi\e'TI-Ft-ING-LY, adv. In a manner or degree 
 tending to sanctil'v or make holy. 
 
 SANe-TIL'()-UUE.\T, a. [L. sanctus, holy, and 
 loquor, to speak.] 
 
 Discoursing on heavenly things. 
 
 SAN€-TI-Mo'j<'I-OUS, a. [L. sanctimonia, from sanc- 
 tus, holy.] 
 
 Saintly ; having the appearance of sanctity ; as, a 
 sanctimoriioHs pretense. VE.-:tranTe. 
 
 SAXe-TI-M(V.M orS-LY, arfti. With sanctimcTnv. 
 
 SANe-TI-.Mo'.NM >i;S-.\ESS, n. Slate of being sanc- 
 timonious ; sanctity, or the appearanee of it; de- 
 voutness. 
 
 SAi\e'TI-MO-NY, n. [L. sanetimonia.] 
 
 Holiness ; devoulness ; scrupulous austerity j sanc- 
 tity, or the appearance of it. [Lillle used.] 
 
 Shak. Ralegh. 
 SAN'e'TIO.V, (sank'shun,) n. [Fr., from L. saactio, 
 from sanctus, holy, solemn, established.] 
 
 1. Ratification ; an official act of a superior by 
 which he ratifies and gives validity to the acf^ of 
 some other person or body. A treaty is not valid 
 without the sanction of the president and senate. 
 
 2. Authority ; confirmation derived from testi- 
 mony, chanicter, influence, or custom. 
 
 The ttrictest professors of reason have added die saneft'on of 
 tlicir iesliiiiony. Wallt. 
 
 3. A law or decree. [Improper.} Denham. 
 SANG'TION, (sank'shun,) v. U To ratify; to con- 
 firm ; to give validity or authority to. Burke. 
 
 SA.Ne'TH)N-f.U, (sank'shund.) pp. Ratified ; con- 
 firmed ; aiithori/.ed. 
 SA.N"e'TIO.\-l.\G,p;)r. Ratifying; authorizing. 
 SANC'TI-TUDE, n. [L. sanctus, sanctitudo.] 
 
 Holiness ; sacredness. Milton. 
 SANC'TI-TY, n. [L. sanctitas.] 
 
 1. Holiness ; state of being sacred or holy. God 
 attributes no sanctity to place. MiUon. 
 
 2. Goodness ; purity ; godliness ; as, the sanctity 
 of love ; sanctity of manners. Shak. Mdison. 
 
 3. Sacredness ; solemnity ; as, the sanctity of an 
 oath. 
 
 4. A saint or holy being. 
 
 About hiin all the MncliiUt of iieaven. [t^nusua^.] Milton. 
 
 SANX'TU-A-RIZE, r. (. [from sanctuori/.] To shel- 
 ter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 [A had tcord, and not used.] 
 SANCTU-A-RY, (sankl'yu-a re,) ji. [Fr. saneluaire ; 
 It. and Sp. sontuariu ; L. sanctuarium, from sanctus, 
 sacretl.] 
 
 1. A sacred place ; particularly, among tAe r.traeliles, 
 the most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, 
 called the Holy oi- Holies, in which was kept the 
 ark of the covenant, and into which no person was 
 
 permitted to enter except the high prieitt, nnd that 
 only once n year, to intercede for the |>eople. The 
 same name was given to the most .sacred part of the 
 tabernacle. Leo. i. 1/eb. ix. 
 
 2. The temple at Jerusalem. 2 Chron. xx. 
 
 3. A house consecratetl to the worslii|) of God ; a 
 place where divine service is performed. Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 Hence sanctuary is used for a church. 
 
 4. In Roman Catholic churchcjt, iUwl part of a church 
 where the altar is placed, encompassed with a bal- 
 ustrade. Brande. 
 
 5. A place of protectitm ; a sacred asylum. Hence, 
 a sanctnary-inan is one that resorts to it sanctuary fur 
 protection. Bacon. Shak. 
 
 0. Shelter ; protection. 
 
 Some relics of painting took tancluary under ground. Dryd*n. 
 Sj}JV€'TUM S.^jVt'-TO'RUM, [L.] Most holy place. 
 SAiNI), n. [Sax. sand; G. Sw. and Dan. sand; D. 
 Zand. ] 
 
 1. Any mass or collection of fine particles of stone, 
 particularly of fine particles of silicious stone, but 
 not strictly reduced to powder or dust. 
 
 That filler iiiattcr, called Hand, is no other than very small peb- 
 bles. Woodtaara. 
 
 2. Sands ; in the plural, tracts of land consisting of 
 sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa ; as, the 
 Libyan .vonrfv. Milton. 
 
 SAND, r. (. To sprinkle with sand. It is customary 
 among the common people, in America, to sand their 
 floors with white sand. 
 2. To drive upon the sand. Burton. 
 
 SAN'DAL, n. [Fr. sandule; It. sandalo ; Sp. sandalia ; 
 L. sandalium ; Gr. <Tiii(!aXiui'. Qu. Syr. l^j san, to 
 shooU Class Rn, No. 9.] VT^ 
 
 1. A kind of shoe, consisting of a sole fastened 
 to the foot. The Greek and Konian ladies wore 
 sandals of a rich stuif, ornamented wilh gold or 
 silver. J'ope. Encyc. 
 
 2. A shoe or slipper worn by the pope and other 
 Roman Catholic prelates when they otiiciate. A 
 like sandal is worn by several congregations of monks. 
 
 Eticyc. 
 
 5 ,3 
 
 SAN'DAL, 
 SAN'DAI^WOOD, 
 
 j n. [Ar. ^ilji^ sonadilin ; 
 
 Pcrs. jondoL] 
 
 The wood of the Santaluin album, which is a low 
 tree, having a general resemblance to Ilie Privet or 
 Prim. When the sandal-tree becomes old, the 
 harder central wood actjuires a yellow color and 
 great fragrance, while the softer exterior wood re- 
 mains white and destitute of fragrance. The 
 former is what is called yellow sandal wood, and the 
 latter irhite sandat-icood. It is the yellow wood 
 only which is highly esteemed for its perfume, and 
 which is considered so valuable for musical instru- 
 ments, boxes, cabinets, &c. This artirle grows 
 chiefly on the coast of Malabar and in the Indian 
 Archipelago. [See also Sanders.] 
 
 S.\N'DAL-KD, a. Wearing sandals. 
 
 S.\N'DAL-I-FOK.M, a. Shaped like a sandal or 
 slipper. 
 
 SAN'D.\-RAC, ) rj . , V • 
 
 SAN'DA-R.VCH, \ "• >:andaraca ; Ar. ^ ^j^t^ 
 sandros.] 
 
 1. A resin in white tears, more transparent than 
 those of mastic. There is reason to think that the 
 produce of ditfereiit plants takes this name when it 
 has the same external characters; but what may 
 more properly be called sandarach is believctl to 
 be the produce of Callitris qiiadrivalvis of Roxburgh, 
 and I'hyia articnlata of Vahl. It is used in |H>wder, 
 and mingled with a little chalk, to prevent ink from 
 sinking or spreading on paper. 'I'liis is the sub- 
 stance denoted by the .Arabic n'ord, and it is also 
 called Varnish, aji it enters into the preparations of 
 varnish. 
 
 2. The combination of arsenic and sulphur, called 
 Realgar, which is the protosiilphiiret of arsenic. 
 
 SAXD'-Ii.\G, n. A bag filled with sand or earth, 
 used in fortification. 
 
 SA.ND'-IiATH, n. .\ bath made by warm or hot sand, 
 with which something is enveloped. 
 
 S.\ND'-H1.T.\'I), a. Having a defect of sight, by 
 means of which small particles appear to fly be- 
 fore the eyes. Shnk. 
 
 SA.N'D'-BOX, n. A boi with a perforated top or 
 cover, for sprinkling paper with sand. 
 
 2. An evergreen South .American tree of the genus 
 Hura. It is said lliat the pericarp of the fruit will 
 burst, when ripe, with a loud report, and throw the 
 seeds to a distance. Loudon. 
 
 SAND'-DRIFT, n. Drifting sand. 
 
 SAND'ED, pp. Sprinkled with sand ; a.s, a sanJed 
 floor. 
 
 2. a. Covered with sand ; barren. .Mortimer. 
 
 3. .Marked with small spots ; variegated with 
 spots ; speckled ; of a sandy color, as a houud. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. Short-sighted. Shak. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, qXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; C: as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
SAN 
 
 SAND'-EEL, 71. A fish of the genus Ainmoilytt-s, 
 l)t;lon£ing to the eel family. Its head is eloiiL'ated, 
 the upper jaw larger than the under one, the body 
 cylindrical, with scales hardly perceptible, and the 
 tail deeply forked. 1; usually buries itself in the 
 moist sand after the retiring of the tide. Two spe- 
 cies of sand-eel are now recognized, the larger usu- 
 ally measuring from ten to fifteen inches, the smaller 
 scarcely ever exceeding seven or eight inches. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib. 
 
 SAN-DE-i\lA'NI-AN, n. A follower of Robert Sande- 
 nian, who held to Antinomian principles. The real 
 founder of the sect was John Glass, whose adherents 
 are called Glassites. 
 
 SA.\1)'ER-LING, 71. A small wading bird, allied to 
 the dotterel and to the sandpiper ; Arenaria calidris 
 of Meyer. Jardine. 
 
 SAND'ERS, n. The red sanders wood, sometimes 
 called red sandal wood, is the produce of a lofty tree, 
 the Pterocarpus Santalinus, a native of India. This 
 wood has a bright garnet-red color, and is used for 
 its coloring matter. P. Cijc, 
 
 S.\iN"DE-VER, ) 71. [Tr.sain de verre, or saint de verre, 
 
 SAN'Dl-VER, ( dross or recrement of glass.] 
 
 Glass-gall; a whitish salt which is cast up from 
 the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the 
 top, is skimmed off. It is used by gilders of iron, 
 and in the fusion of several ores. It is said to be 
 good for cleansing the skin, and, taken internally, is 
 detergent. Eiicyc. 
 
 SAN'D'-FLOOD, t!. A vast body of sand moving or 
 borne along the deserts of Arabia. Bruce. 
 
 S.'VND'-He.XT, Ti. The heat of warm sand in chemi- 
 cal operations. 
 
 SAND'I-NESS, n. [from sandy.] The state of being 
 sandy ; as, the sandiness of a road. 
 2. The state of being of a sandy color. 
 
 SAND'ING, ppr. Sprinkling or covering with saTid. 
 • SAND'ISH, a. [from sa7i(y.] Approaching the nature 
 of sand ; loose ; not compact. Evd'jn. 
 
 SAND'IX, 71. A kind of minium or red lead, made of 
 ceruse, but inferior to Ike true minium. Encyc. 
 
 S.VND'Pa-PER, 71. Paper covered on one side with a 
 fine grhty substance, for smoothing and polishin;;. 
 
 SANDTI-PER, 71. A name common to several species 
 of wading birds of the woodcock and snipe family, 
 belonging to the genera Totanus and Tringa. 
 
 Jardine. 
 
 SAND'SToNE, n. [sand and stone.] Sandstone is, 
 in most cases, composed chiefly of grains of quartz 
 united by a cement, calcareous, marly, argillaceous, 
 or even silicious. The texture of some kinds is 
 loose, of others close ; the fracture is granular or 
 earthy. Cleavcland. 
 
 Sandstones usually consist of the materials of 
 older rocks, as granite, broken up and comminuted, 
 and afterward deposited again. Olmsted. 
 
 SAND'VVICII, 71. Two pieces of bread and butter, 
 with a thin slice of ham or other salt meat between 
 them ; said to have been a favorite dish of the Earl 
 of Sandwich. Orose. 
 
 SAND'VVORT, (-wurt,) n. A small plant of the 
 genus Arenaria. Loudon, 
 
 SAND'Y, a. [Sax. sandier.] 
 
 1. Abounding with sand ; full of sand ; covered 
 or sprinkled with sand ; as, a sandy desert or plain ; 
 a sandy road or soil. 
 
 2. Consisting of sand ; not firm or solid ; as, a 
 sandy foundation. 
 
 3. Of the color of sand ; of a yellowish-red color ; 
 a«, sandy hair. 
 
 SANE, a. [Ij. sanus, Eng. sound; D. ffezond ; G. tre- 
 sand. This is the Eng. sound, Sax. sund. See 
 Sound.] 
 
 1. Sound; not disordered or shattered; healthy; 
 as, a sane body. 
 
 2. Sound ; not disordered ; having the regular ex- 
 ercise of reason and other faculties of the mind ; as, 
 a sane pi-rson ; a person of a sane mind. 
 
 SANE'NESS, n. State of being sane or of sound 
 
 mind. 
 SANG, prrt. of Sino. 
 
 SAN"GA-KEE', n. Wine and water sweetened and 
 spiced. 
 
 SA^^n FROID, (silng-frwil,) 71. [Fr., cold blood.] 
 
 Coolness ; freedom from agitation or excitement of 
 
 mind. 
 9. Indifference. 
 SAN'Gl-AC, 71. A Turkish governor of a sangiacatc, 
 
 or district forming part of a pashawlic. Brande. 
 SAN'Cf-.\-€ATE, 71. A division of a Turkish pa- 
 
 Khawlic. Brande. 
 8AN"Gi;iE'ER-OUS, («ane-gwircr-iis,) a. [L. san- 
 
 ffuifer ; sanirai.t, blood, and fero, to carry.] 
 
 Conveying blood. 'I'he .sanguiferous vessels are 
 
 the artencH and veins. 
 BA.\"(;c;i Kl CA'TION, 71. [Fr.; from L. sanguis, 
 
 blood, and facio, to make.] 
 
 In the animal economy, the production of blood ; 
 
 the cnnvernioii of chyle into blood. Jirbnihnot. 
 fiAN"'(ilII-KI-ER, 71. A producer of blond. Flover. 
 8AN"GUIF'LU-OU8, a. [L. languis, blood, and fluo, 
 
 to llow.J 
 
 Floating or ninnini; with blood. 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAN"GUI-FY, (sang'gwe-n, i v. i. To produce blood. 
 SAN"GUI-FV-ING, ppr. Producing blood. 
 SAN"GUIN-A-RI-LY, adv. In a bloodthirsty man- 
 ner. 
 
 SAN"GUIN-A-RY, (sang'gwin-a-rc,) a. [Fr. sangui- 
 naire ; L. sanguinarius, from sanrruis, blood.] 
 
 1. Bloody ; attended with much bloodshed ; mur- 
 derous ; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle. 
 
 2. Bloodthirsty ; cruel ; eager to shed blood. 
 
 Passion — makes us brutal and eanguiruiri/. Broome. 
 
 SAN"GUIN-A-RY, 71. A plant of the genus Sangui- 
 naria ; bloodwort. .dslu 
 
 SAN;'GUINE, (sang'gwin,) o. [Fr. sanguin ; L. san- 
 guineus, from sanguis, blood.] 
 
 1. Red ; having the color of blood ; as, a sanguine 
 color or countenance. Dryden. Milton. 
 
 2. Abounding with blood ; plethoric ; as, a saii- 
 ^iTie habit of body. [Technical.] 
 
 3. Warm ; ardent ; as, a sanguine temper. 
 
 4. Confident. He is sanguine in his expectations 
 of success. 
 
 SAN"GUINE, 71. Blood color. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 SAN"GUINE, V, t. To stain with blood. [But En- 
 sanguine is generally used.] 
 9. To stain or varnish with a blood color. 
 SAN"GUINE-LESS, a. Destitute of blood ; pale. 
 
 [A bad word, and little used.] 
 SAN"GUINE-LY, (sang'gwin-le,) ado. Ardently; 
 
 with confidence of success. Chesterfield. 
 SAN"GU1NE-NESS, 71. Redness; color of blood in 
 the skin ; as, sanguincness of countenance. 
 
 9. Fullness of blood; plethory; as, sanguincness 
 of habit. 
 
 3. Ardor; heat of temper ; confidence. 
 
 Decay of Piety, 
 SAN"GUIN'E-OUS, a. [L. sanguineus.] 
 
 1. Abounding with blood ; plethoric. Jlrbuthnot, 
 9. Constituting blood. Brown. 
 
 SAN"GUIN'I-TY, for Sanguinehess, is not in use. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SAN"GUIN-IV'OR-OUS, a, [L. sanguis, blood, and 
 voro, to eat.] 
 
 Eating or subsisting on blood. 
 
 SAN-GUIN'O-LENT, a. Bloody. 
 
 SAN"GUI-SUGE, 71. [L. sanguisuga ; sanguis, blood, 
 and sugo, to suck.] 
 The blood-sucker ; a leech, or horse-leech. Encyc. 
 
 SAN'HE-URIM, 71. [Low L. synedrium ; Gr. avuedpi- 
 ov ; oiH', with, together, and iipa, seat.] 
 
 The great council of the Jews, which consisted of 
 seventy-one or seventy-two members, and decided 
 the most important causes, both ecclesiastical and 
 civil. P, Cyc. 
 
 SAN'I-CLE, 71. [from L. sano, to heal.] 
 
 Self-heal ; the popular name of several species of 
 the genus Sanicula ; aiK' it is said also of some spe- 
 cies of Saxifraga and Certora. It has likewise the 
 popular name Herchera Americana, in some parts 
 of the United States. The American Bastard Sani- 
 cle is a species of Mitella. 
 
 Sa'NI-kS, 71. [L.] A thin, reddish discharge from 
 wounds or sores ; a serous matter, less thick and 
 white than pus, and having a slight tinge of red. 
 
 SA'NI-OIJS, a. [from sanies.] Pertaining to sanies, 
 or partaking of its nature and appearance ; thin and 
 serous, with a slight bloody tinge ; as, the sanious 
 matter of an nicer. 
 
 2. Excreting or effusing a thin, serous, reddish 
 matter ; as, a sanious ulcer. Wiseman, 
 
 SAN'I-TA-RY, a. Pertaining to or designed to secure 
 
 health ; as, sanitary regulations. 
 SAN'I-TY, 71. [L. sanitas. See Sane.] 
 
 Soundness ; ]iarticiilarly, a sound state of mind ; 
 the state of a mind in the perfect exercise of reason. 
 
 Sftak, 
 
 SAN'JAK, 71. See Sangiac. 
 SANK, pret. of Sink, but nearly obsolete. 
 SAN'NAH, 11. The name of certain kinds of India 
 muslin. 
 
 Sj^JVS, prep. [Fr.] Without. Shak, 
 SAN'SCRIT, 71. Accoriling to H. T. Colebrooke, San- 
 scrit signifies the polished dialect. It is sometimes 
 written Shanscrit, and in other ways, .dsiat. Res. 
 7, 200.] 
 
 The ancient language of Ilindoostan, from which 
 are formed all the modern languages or dialects of 
 the great peninsula of India. It is the language of 
 the ilramins, and in this are written the ancient 
 books of the country ; but it is now obsolete. It is 
 from the same stock as the ancient Persic, Greek, 
 and Latin, and all the present languages of Europe. 
 
 SA^rs €U-I.OTTF.S', fsUng ku-lot',) [Fr., without 
 breeches.] Ragged fellows ; n name of reproach 
 given in the first French revolution to the extreme 
 republican party. 
 
 SANS CO'LOT-TISM, n. Extreme republican prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 SAJfS sat/ CP, (s'.lng-soo-see',) [Fr.] Without care ; 
 free and easy. 
 
 SAN'TA LIN, 71. The coloring matter of red Banders 
 wood, obtained by digesting the ratpcd wood in al- 
 cohol, and adding water. Brandt. 
 
 SAP 
 
 SAN'TER. See Saunter. ' 
 
 SAN'TON, 71. A Turkish priest ; a kind of dervis, 
 
 . regarded by the vulgar as a saint. Herbert. 
 
 SAN'TO-NIN, 71. A proximate vegetable principle 
 obtained from the seed of the Artemisia santonica, 
 or southernwood, white, crystallizablo, and bitterish. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SAP, 71. [Sax. saj) ; D. lap ; G. safl ; Sw. .«a^, safce ; 
 Dan. saft, save; Fr. seve; Arm. sabr; probably from 
 
 softness or flowing. Qu. Pers. labah, b. flow- 
 
 ing.] --^ 
 
 1. The juice of plants of any kind. The ascending 
 sap flows ill the vessels of the alburnum or sap-wood, 
 and is colorless, while the descending sap flows in 
 the vessels of the liber or inner bark, and is often 
 colored. This remark, however, is applicable to ex- 
 ogenous plants only. From the sap of a species of 
 maple is made sugar of a good quality by evapora- 
 tion. 
 
 2. The alburnum of a tree; the exterior part of 
 the wood, next to the bark. 
 
 [ji sense in general u^e in JVew England. ] 
 SAP, V, t. [Fr. super; It. zappare; Arm. sappa ; It. 
 lappa, a spade ; zappone, a mattock. The primary 
 sense is, probably, to dig or to thrust.] 
 
 1. To undermine ; to subvert by digging or wear- 
 ing away ; to mine. 
 
 Their dwelling were sapped by floods. Dryrlen. 
 9. To undermine ; to subvert by removing the 
 foundation of. Discontent saps the foundation of 
 happiness. Intrigue and corruption sap the constitu- 
 tion of a free government. 
 SAP, V, i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly un- 
 dermining. 
 
 Both assaults are carried on by sapping. Taller. 
 SAP, 71. In sieges, a trench for undermining ; or an 
 approach made to a fortified place by digging under 
 cover of gabions, &c. The single sap h.asonly a sin- 
 gle parapet ; the double has one on each side, and 
 the flying is made with gabions, 4cc. In all saps, 
 traverses are left to cover the men. Encyc. 
 SAP'.^-JOU, / 71. The sapajous form a division of the 
 SAP'A-JO, j monkey family, including such of the 
 monkeys of America as have prehensile tails. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SA-PAN'-WOOD, 71. A dye-wood yielded by a spe- 
 cies of Cffisalpinia, a thorny tree of Southern Asia 
 and the neigiiboring islands. It resembles Brazil 
 wood in color and properties. P. Cyc. 
 
 SAP'-eOL'OR, (-kiil'lur,) 11. An expressed vegetable 
 juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of 
 painters, as sap-green, &c. Parke, 
 SiiP'-GREEN, 11. A light-green pigment prepared 
 from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhainnus 
 catharticus or buckthorn. Francis, 
 SAP'tD, a. [L. sapidus, from sapio, to taste.] 
 
 Tasteful ; tastable ; having the power of affecting 
 the organs of taste ; as, sapid water. 
 
 Brown. Arbuthnot. 
 SA-PID'I-TY, ) 71. Taste ; tastefulness ; savor ; the 
 SAP'ID NESS, ( quality of affecting the organs of 
 
 taste ; as, the sapidness of water or fruit. Boyle. 
 SA'PI-ENCE, 11. IFr., from L. sapieiKia, from sapio,\o 
 taste, to know.] 
 Wisdom ; sageness ; knowledge. 
 
 Slill luts gnilitude and sapience 
 To spare the folks that give hhii ha'iience. Swi/t. 
 
 Sa'PI-ENT, a. Wise ; sage ; discerning. 
 
 There the sajiient king: l»eld dalliance. Milton. 
 SA-PI-EN'TIAL, {-shal,)a. Affording wisdom or in- 
 structions for wisdom. [JV«{ much used.] 
 
 Bp. Richardson. 
 Sa'PI-ENT-LY, adv. Wisely ; sagaciously. 
 S.AP'LESS, a. [from sap,] Destitute of sap; as, n 
 sapless tree or branch. Stcift, Shak, 
 
 2. Dry ; old ; husky ; as, a sapless usurer. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 SAP'LING, 71. [from sap.] A young tree. 
 
 Nurse the saplings tall. Milton. 
 SAP-0-DIL'L,\, ) 71. In JiifaiiT/, the distinctive term 
 ZAP-O-TIL'LA, i for one of the two varieties of 
 Sapota Achras, (Miller.) Also, the popular name of 
 the same variety ; but it is likewise applied, by 
 many, to both varieties. Sapota Achras is a largi', 
 tall, and straight tree, without branches for more 
 than sixty or seventy feet. It belongs to tile natural 
 order Sapotaceo!, (Lindley,) and is n native of Me- 
 ridional America. Its bark is used in medicine as 
 an astringent. 
 
 Sapodilla plum; the fruit of Sapota Achras, which 
 is variable in size and form, being globoscj oval, or 
 ovate, and about the size of an ordinary quince. Its 
 rind is rough, brittle, and of a dull-brown color; its 
 flesh is a dirty yellowish-while, very soft, and de- 
 liciously sweet. It is eatable only wiieii it begins to 
 be spotted, and then it is inni h used in desserts. 
 The seeds are dark-colored and shining, and ure used 
 in medicine as a diuretic. 
 SAP-O-NA'CEOUS, o. [from L. .«apo, soap.] 
 
 Soapy; resembling soap; having the qualities of 
 
 KATE, FAR, F^LL, WH*T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 980 
 
SAR 
 
 ijoap. Supoiiucrou.-t hnriies are compounds of an acid 
 nixl a base, nnd are in reality a kind of salt. 
 
 SAI"<1-NA-KV, a. Sapunaccoiis. 
 
 yA-PON-I-PI-eS'TION, n. Conversion into soap. 
 
 SA-l'ON'l-FT-f.'l), p;j t'onverted into soap. 
 
 S.-\-i'().\'I-l'V, V. t. [L. sapo, soap, and facio, to 
 make.) 
 
 'I'o convert into soap. Vre. 
 
 S.^P'O-.MiV, «. A pi culiar substance from the root of 
 Snpnnaria officinalis or suapuort. It is the cause of 
 the lather which the root forms with water. Brandc. 
 
 SAI"0-NULF, 11. .An imperfect soap formed by the 
 action of an alkali upon an essential oil. 
 
 S.\'l'OR, n. [L.] Taste; savor; relish ; llie power 
 of aftecting the organs of taste. 
 
 'I'ti-n- is kJinc tajHtr in nil ulimonls. Brown. 
 
 SAI'-O-IUF'ie, (I. [Ft. saporifiquc ; from L. sapor and 
 factOf til uiakc.j 
 
 Having the power to produce taste ; producing 
 taste. Biilcy. Johnson. 
 
 S AP-O-ROS'I-TY, n. The quality of a body by which 
 it excites the sensation of taste. 
 
 S.'VP'O-ROUS, a. Having tiiste; yielding some kind 
 of taste. Bmlnj. 
 
 SA-PO'T.\, n. In botany, the name of a tree or plant 
 of the genus Achras. 
 
 SAP-PA-l)lL'LO-TKEE, lu The popul.ir name of a 
 tree of the genus tflo.anea. f'am. of Plant-:. Let. 
 
 SAP'PARE, II. .\ mineral or species of earth, the 
 kyanite ; called by Ilaiiy, disthaie. Urt. 
 
 S.\P'PKD, (sapt,) p'jt. Undermined; subverted. 
 
 S.\P'PER, II. One who saps. In mi uriiii/, sappers 
 and miners are employed in working at saps, build- 
 ing anil repairing fortiticalions, &c. P. Cue. 
 
 SAP'PHIC, (s.iPik.) a. Pertaining to Sappho, a'Gre- 
 ciaii poetess ; as, Sapphic odes ; Sapphic verse. The 
 Sapphic verse consists of eleven syllables in five feet, 
 of which the first, foiinli, and fil^h are trochees, the 
 second a spondee, and the third a dactyl. 'I'he Sa|)- 
 phic strophe consists of three .Sapphic verses followed 
 by an .'\(lunic. Brande. 
 
 SAP'PHIRE, (saffire or sarier,) n. [L. sapphiras; 
 
 Gr. fftiT^fipof from the Ar, 
 
 J- 
 
 .Xjm safara, to scrape, 
 yr. and 
 
 to shine, to be fair, open, beautiful ; Ch 
 Sam. to scrape, to shave.] 
 
 Pure, crystidlized alumina. It occurs in hexagonal 
 crystals, and also in sniiiis and massive. The name 
 sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, 
 while the bright red are called oriental ruby ; the 
 amethystine, nrirntnl ametJnjst; the dull, massive va- 
 rieties, corundum or emrrt/, 
 Sapphire is next in hardnes.s to the diamond. Dana. 
 
 S.AP'PlllR l.N'E. a. Resembling sapphire ; made of 
 sapphire ; having the ipialities of sapphire. Boyle, 
 n. A mineral of a |Kile-liliie or areen color, somewhat 
 resembling sapphire ; considered by some as a vari- 
 ety of spinet. Dana. 
 
 SAP'PI-XESS, n. [from soppi;.] The st.Ve or qu.-Uity 
 of being full of sap ; succulence ; Juiciness. 
 
 S.AP'Pl.VG, ppr. Undermining; subverting. 
 
 SAP'PY, a. rSax. sirpi.r.] 
 
 1. Abounuing with sap; juicy ; succulent. 
 
 2. Young ; not firm ; weak. [.Mortimer. 
 Whffi he hAtl i^ns»'.l ihis weak and sappy age. Hayward, 
 
 3. \Yeak in intellect. 
 
 SAP'PY, o. [Ur. Gr. arrto, to putrefy.] 
 
 :MusIy : tainted. [.Vul in use.] 
 SA-PROPH'A-GANS, n. pL A tribe of coleopterous 
 insects which feed on animal and vegetable sub- 
 stances in a state of decomposition. Brande. 
 S.\P'-S.X'GO, II, .\ kind of cheese made in .Switzer- 
 land, having a dark-green color and agreeable flavor. 
 
 Fann. Encyc. 
 
 SAP'-TCBE, It. A vessel that conveys sap. De CandoUe. 
 SAP'-WOOD, n. The alburnum, or e.xlerior pan of 
 
 the wood of a tree, next to the bark. 
 SAR'.-V-B.\-ITE, n. One of a sect of oriental monks 
 
 who secede from ordinary monastic life. 
 SAR'A-B.\XD, 71. [Sp. zarabaiula; Port, and It. sara- 
 
 banda ; Fr. sarabandc.l 
 A grave, Spanish dance to an air in triple time ; 
 
 also, the air itself. Diet, dc VAcad. 
 
 SAR'A-CEN, n. An Arabian ; so called from sara, a 
 
 desert. 
 
 SAR-A-CE.\'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the Saracens, 
 SAR-A-CE.N'ie-AL, 1 inhabitants of Arabia. 
 
 2, Denoting the architecture of the Saracens, tlie 
 modern Gothic. Johnson. 
 SAR'C.\SM, n. [L. sarcasinus ; Gr. aaf^Kntriioi. from 
 irai.ciifi >, to deride or sneer at ; primarily, to flay or 
 pluck otr the skin.] 
 
 A keen, reproachful expression ; a satirical remark 
 or expression, uttered with some degree of scorn or 
 conifinpt ; a taunt ; a gibe. Of this we have an ex- 
 amine in the remark of the Jews respecting Christ, 
 on the cross, " He saved others, himself he can not 
 R.ive." 
 
 J-C AS'Tie, la. Bitterly satirical ; scornfully 
 SXR-C.\S'TIC-.\L, i severe ; taunting. 
 
 What a Vnr an<i nrauie n-pK'hi-niion would Uib drawn 
 th« Inrndahtp of Uie world ! Soulh. 
 
 from 
 
 mor.l 
 A he 
 
 SAR 
 
 SXR-CAS'Tie-AL-LY, orfe. In a sarcastic manner; 
 
 with scornful satire. Sonlh. 
 SXKCE'NET, n. [Uu. mracenicum m saracen, silk.] 
 A species of fine, thin, woven silk. Dnjdeiu 
 SXR'eO-CARP, n. [Gr. <r.<o( nnd it.ioir'H.] 
 
 In botamj, the fleshy |>arl of a drupaceous |H'ricarp, 
 situated between the iiitcguinent, or skin, and the 
 piitame n^Wd ocarp, or stone. Lindley. 
 SAR'eO-lSiE, n. [Gr. ffupf, flesh, and aijAi), tu- 
 
 eshy and firm tumor of a testicle, with a sim- 
 ple vascul.'ir texture, not inllammatory. It is the 
 Sarcoma vasciilosuiu of Good. 
 SXR'eO-eOL, in. [(Jr., compounded of o-apj;, 
 SXK'eO-eoL-LA, j flesh, and «.iAAo, glue.] 
 
 A semi-transparent, solid subs'ance, iinpurtcd from 
 Arabia and Persia in gniins of a light-yellow or red 
 color. It is an inspiss;ited sap, supposed to be pro- 
 duced by a species of Penica. It has its name from 
 its supposed use in healing wounds and ulcers. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 SXU'eO-LI.XE, a. [Gr. aaol, flesh.] 
 
 In minrrnlo'ry, flesli-coloreil. SItepard. 
 
 SAR'eO-I.ITE, II. [flesh-stone.] A name of a variety 
 of analciine from Vesuvius. It has been also applied 
 to a variety of chabasitc, and to the mineral Ilum- 
 boldtite. Dana. 
 
 SAU-CO-LOG'ie-.AL, a. Pertaining to sarcology. 
 
 SAIi eOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. cap(, flesh, and Xujoi, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 That part of anatomy which treats of the soft 
 parts of the body, as the nmsclcs, fat, intestines, 
 vessels, fitc. Kncyc 
 
 SAR-eO'MA, n. [Gr., from aanf, flesh.] 
 
 Any fleshy and firm tumor not inflammatory, at- 
 tended with dull sens.ntions and sluggish growth. 
 There are numerous varieties of sarcoma. 
 
 SAIl-eOPirA-GOUS, ( kor.a-gns,) a. [See S.\bcoph- 
 Ar.i s.] Feeding on liesh ; flesh-eating. DuU 
 
 SAR-eOPH'.\-GUS, r-kofa-gus,) n. [L., from Gr. 
 aaoKO't'ii-j nf ; oa,^^, llesh, and 0n) <u, to e.it.] 
 
 1. .\ species of stone used among the Greeks for 
 making cortins, which w as so called because it con- 
 sumed the flesh of bodies deposited in it within a 
 few weeks. It is otherwise called lapis Assius or 
 .^ssian stone, and said to be found at Assos, a city 
 of Lyci.a. Hence, 
 
 2. A stone coffin, or tomb, in which the ancients 
 deposited bodies which they chose not to luirii. 
 
 Plinv. Smith's Diet. 
 
 SXR-€OPH'A-0;Y, (-kof'a-je,)n. [Supra.] The prac- 
 tice of eating flesh. Brown, 
 
 SXR-€OT'ie, a. [Gr. aaij(, flesh.] 
 
 In surirery, producing or generating flesh. 
 
 SAR-eOT'ie, n. A medicine or application which 
 promotes the growth of flesh ; an incarnative. Coze. 
 
 SXR-eU-I.A'TIOX, n. [L. sarculatio, a raking.] 
 .\ raking or weeding with a nike. 
 
 SAR'DA-eilATE, ii. A sort of agate containing 
 sard. Dana. 
 
 SARD, ) n. A mineral, a variety of chalcedony, 
 
 SAR'DOIN, i which has a rich brownish-red color, 
 but when held between the eye and the light, appears 
 of a deep blood red ; carnelian. Ore. 
 
 SXR'nrvV" \ '■ aanltoii : from 
 
 SXR'DI-CS } Sardis, in Asia Minor, how Sari.] 
 A precious stone. One of this kind was set in 
 Aaron's breastplate. Kiod. xxviii. 
 
 SAR'DI.NE, n. A Mediterranean fish of the herring 
 family, Engraulis meletla. It is often prepared like 
 the anchovy, as a delicacy. P. Ci«;. 
 
 SAR-Dl.\'I-.\.\., a. Pertaining to the island, king- 
 dom, or pi ople of Sardinia. 
 
 SAK-DO.\'ie, a. An epithet applied to that forced, 
 heartless, or bitter laugh, or grin, which but 
 ill conceals a person's real feelings. It is derived 
 from the Sardtminis risns, (Sardonic or Sardonian 
 laugh,) a sp.isniodic atfection of the muscles of the 
 face, giving it a horrible appearance of laughter, and 
 said to be produced by eating the Ilerba sardonica, a 
 species of ranunculus, that grows in Sardinia. It 
 often occurs in tetanus or locked-jaw and other con- 
 vulsive afl"ections. P. Cyc. 
 
 SAR-DON'ie, a. Denoting a kind of linen made at 
 Colchis. Bryant. 
 
 SAR'DO-NYX,n. [V. sardonyehes, from Gr. caocSnmf, 
 from Sardis, a city of Asia Minor, and "H'f, a nail ; 
 so named, according to Plinv, from the resemblance 
 of its color to the flesh under the nail. Plin. Lib. 
 37, 6.) 
 
 A silicious stone or gem, nearly allied to onyx. Its 
 color is a reddish yellow, or nearly oranire. \Ve are 
 informed that the yellow or orange-colored agate. 
 With an undulating surface, is now often called sar- 
 donir. Enajc. Clrarcland. 
 
 S.\R'I-GCE, n. The popular name of Didelpliis opos- 
 sum, a niarsupi.al mammal of Cayenne, nearly allied 
 to the Virginian opossum. 
 
 SARK, n. [Sax. sure.] 
 
 1. In Scotland, a shirt. 
 
 2. A shark. (Aol used.] 
 
 SAR'I.AC, n. The Bos Piephagus or gmnniens, the 
 grunting ox of Turtary. 
 
 SAT 
 
 SAR-MA'TIAN, f u. Pertaining to Sarniatia and iu 
 
 SAR-MAT'IC, I inhabitants, the ancestors of the 
 Russians and Poles. 
 
 SAR'.ME.NT, II. A prostrate filiform stem, or runner, 
 as of the strawberry, Lindlry. 
 
 .s.\ R-MKN-TO.^E', ( a. [L. «armni(om», from jonnrn- 
 
 SAU-MEN'TOUS, j turn, a twig.] 
 
 .\ sarinentose stem, in botany, is one that is long 
 nnd liliform, and almost naked, or having only leaves 
 ill bunches .at tlio joints ur knots, where it strikes 
 root ; a runner. Martyn. 
 
 SAR.N, n. A British word for pavement or steiiping- 
 s to lies. 
 
 S.\-KO.\'ie, a. Denoting a gulf of Greece between 
 Attica and Sparta. D'Jinrille. 
 
 SAR'PL.\R, n. .V sarpl.ir of wool Is a sack contain- 
 ing SO tod ; a tod contains two stone of 14 pounds 
 each. Encyc. 
 
 SAR'PLI-ER, n. [Fr. serpilliire.] 
 
 Canvas, or a packing cloth. Bailry. 
 
 SAR'A-SI.N, ) n. A plant, a kind of birtliwort. 
 
 SAR'RA-SI.NE, i Bailey. 
 2. A portcullis or herse. 
 
 SAR-S.A-PA-KIL'LA, j n. A plant, a species of Pmi- 
 
 SAR'S.'\, j lax, whose ro<it is valued in 
 
 medicine for its mucilaginous and farinaceous or 
 demulcent qualities. Encyc. 
 
 SARSE, II. [(ill. sarcenet, or Fr. sas.] 
 
 A fine sieve ; usually written Searce or Searie. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 SARSE, r.(. [from the noun.] To sill through s 
 
 sarse. [Little used.] 
 
 SART, n. A piece of woodland turned into anible. 
 [.\u( used in .America.] Bailey. 
 
 SXR-To'RI-US, n. [I-. sartor, a tailor.] 
 
 The muscle which throws one leg across the other, 
 called the Tailor's Muscle. 
 
 SASH, n. [.An .Arabic word signifying a band. But 
 this word, when it signifies a frame, is referred by 
 Ash nnd Bailey to the French chassis, a t'ntine for 
 a window, wliich is the chase of a printing press 
 also. Johnson and his followers mistake the mean- 
 ing of the word.] 
 
 1. A belt worn for ornament. Sashes arc worn 
 by military oflicers, as badges of distinction, round 
 the waist or over the shoulders. They arc usually 
 of silk, variously made and ornamented. 
 
 2. The frame of a window in w liicli the lights or 
 panes of glass are set. 
 
 SASH'-FRa.ME, n. The frame in which sashes are 
 set for glass. 
 
 SASII'OON, n. A kind of leather stuffing put into a 
 boot for the wearer's ease. .iinsieorth. 
 
 SAS'SA-FRAS, >i. [h. saxifraga ; soxum, a stone, and 
 frangn, to break.] 
 
 A tree, the Laiirus sassafras of Linnsus, whose 
 li.trk has an aromatic smell and taste. 
 
 S.ASSE, (s;is,) n. [D. sas.] 
 
 .A sluice, canal, or lock, on a navigable river ; a 
 word found in old British statutes. Todd. 
 
 R.\S'SO-l,l.\, I n. Native boracic acid, found in 
 
 S.AS'SO-I.I.NE, t saline incrustations on the bor- 
 ders of hot sjirings near Sasso, in the terr tory or 
 Florence. Klapruth. Brande, 
 
 SAS'TRA, II. Among (Ac Hindoos, a law or iiistilui'^ 
 applied particularly to institutes of religion, consid- 
 ered as of divine authority. The word is also ap- 
 plied, in a wider sense, to treatises containing the laws 
 or institutes of the various arts and sciences, as 
 rhetoric, iLC. [See Shastra and Shaster.] 
 
 Wilson's Sanscrit Dictionary, 
 
 SAT, pret, of Sit. 
 
 S.^'TAN, 71. [Heb., an adversary.] The grand ad- 
 versary of man ; the devil or prince of darkness ; 
 the chief of the fallen angels. 
 
 S.A-T.A\'I€, / a. Having the qii.alities of Satan ; 
 
 S.A-T.AX'IC-.AL, j resembling Satan ; e.\lremkly ma- 
 licious or wicked ; devilish ; infernal. 
 
 Deleft the ■lander which, with a satanic ■niile, ezulu orer the 
 
 char.tctr r it hna ruiued. DvighL 
 
 SA-TAN'ie-AH.Y, adv. With the wicked and ma- 
 licious spirit of Sntan ; diabolically. Hammond. 
 
 SA'T.A.\-1SM, II. The evil and malicious disposition 
 of Satan ; a diabolical spirit, 
 
 SA'TAN-IS'I', n. A very wicked person. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 SATCH'EL, 71. [See Sachel.] A little sack or bag. 
 SATE, r. L [L. satio ; It ;c:iare ; Port, and Sp. 
 saciar ; Fr. rassa-tier ; allied to set. The primary 
 sense is, to stiifl", to fill, from crowding, diiving.] 
 
 To satiate ; to satisfy appetite ; to glut ; to feed 
 beyond natural desire. 
 
 While th- rultnie. tau 
 Their maws wjUi full repuL Philipt. 
 
 SATE, (sat,) Old prc(. of Sit, for Sat. Shak. MiUon. 
 SaT'F.I). p;i. Filled; glutted; satiated. 
 S.aTE'LESS, d. Insatiable; not capable of being sat- 
 isfied. 
 
 SAT'EL-LITE, n. [Fr. and It. talellite : L. satrUes. 
 Q.». its alliance to sit or side.] 
 
 I. A secondary planet or moon : a small planet re- 
 volving round another. In tJie solar .■ystrm, eigliieen 
 satellites have been discovered. The earth hiu oik. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE.— AN"GF.R, VI"CIOCS — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 123 
 
SAT 
 
 SAT 
 
 SAU 
 
 called the moon, Jupiter /our, Saturn seven, aad Her- 
 scliel six. Morse. 
 
 2. A follower; an obsequious attendant or de- 
 pendent. 
 
 SAT-EL-U"TIOUS, (-lish'us,) a. Consisting of sat- 
 ellites. C/ieyne. 
 
 Sa'TIATE, (sa'shate,) ti. t. [L. satiatus, from satio. 
 See S.vTE.] 
 
 1. To fill ; to satisfy appetite or desire ; to feed to 
 the full, or to furnish enjoyment to the e.Ktent of de- 
 sire ; as, to satiate appetite or sense. 
 
 a. To fill to the extent of want ; as, to satiate the 
 earth or plants with water. 
 
 3. To glut ; to fill beyond natural desire. 
 
 He m:iy be satiated, but not satisfied. Norris, 
 
 4. To gratify desire to the utmost. 
 
 I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although th"y should 
 Lie satiated with my blood. K. diaries. 
 
 5. To saturate. [JVoui unusual.] [See Saturate.] 
 
 J^ewton, 
 
 S.\'TIATE, a. Filled to satiety ; glutted ; followed 
 by witli or of. The fonner is most common ; as, «o- 
 imte «/applatise. [Unusual.] Pope. 
 
 Sa-TI-a'TION, (sa-she-a'shun,) n. The state of be- 
 ing filled. Wliitaker. 
 
 SA-TI'E-TY, n. {Tt. satieti : \j. satietas. See Sate.] 
 Properly, fullness of gratification, either of the ap- 
 petite or any sensual desire ; but it usually implies 
 fullness beytmd desire; an excess of gratification 
 which excites wearisomeness or loathing ; state of be- 
 ing glutted. 
 
 In all ple.Tsiin's there is satiety. HakewUl. 
 
 But thy words, with grace divine 
 Imbued, briri^ to their sweetness no satiety. Milton. 
 
 SAT'IN, n. [Fr. satin; W. siilan, satin or silk ; Sw. 
 siilen ; Port, and Sp. se(/a ,* iLsetaf Gr. and L. :>-t;tfit)n ,- 
 
 Ch. and Ileb. plD ; Ar. ^jl^Sjw siianah.] 
 
 A species of glossy silk cloth, of a thick, close 
 tf xture. 
 
 SAT-I-.NET', A thin species of satin. 
 
 2. A particular kind of cloth made of cotton warp 
 and woolen fillin?. 
 
 SAT'IN-FLOVV-ER, n. A plant of the genus Luna- 
 ria. 
 
 S.\'r'IiV-SPAR, 71. A fine fibrous variety of carbonate 
 of liini', havlirg a pearly luster. Dana. 
 
 SAT'IN-WOOD, n. A hard, lemon-colored wood 
 from India, of a fragrant odor, used in cabinet-work. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 S.\T'INf;, ppr. Filling; glutting; satHting. 
 SAT'lRE, ». [Fr. sa((>e; Sp. and h.satira; so named 
 from sharpness, pungency. See Satybiasis.] 
 
 1. A disctjurse or poem in which wickedness or 
 folly is exposed with severity. It differs from Lam- 
 poon and PAsquiNADE, in being general rather than 
 personal. Johnson. 
 
 2. Keenness and severity of remark. It differs 
 from Sarcasm in not expressing contempt or scorn. 
 
 SATIIl'ICAL ( [L. sof/ncits ; Fr. sadriVyuc] 
 
 1. Belonging to satire ; conveying satire ; as, a sa- 
 tiric style. 
 
 9. Censorious; severe in language. Bacon. 
 SA-TlR'ie-AI^LY, arfu. With severity of remark ; 
 
 with invective ; with intention to censure. 
 S.\T'I11-1ST, 71. One who writes satire. 
 
 Wycherley, in his writiiin;s, is the stiarpest tatirtsl of his time. 
 
 OranvUle. 
 
 SAT'IR-IZE, V. t. [Fr. satiriser.] 
 
 To censure with keenness or severity. 
 It is as iiard to saUHze well a man of distinguished vic^s, ns to 
 pnise Wi.ll a. man of dislin-juiiltcd virtues. Su:i/t, 
 
 SAT'IR I7,-/;D, pp. Seven ly censured. 
 
 S.VT'IR I/-I.\(J, ppr. Censuring with severity. 
 
 SAT-IS-FAC'TION, n. [Fr., from L. sati^factio ; U. 
 soddiifaiinne. See SATisfv.] 
 
 1. That st.ite of the mind which results from the 
 full gratification of desire ; repose of mind or con- 
 tentment with present possession and enjoyment. 
 Sensual plca-sure affttrds no permiincnt satisfaction, 
 
 3. The act of pleasing or gratifying. 
 
 The mind havnig a power to suspend the execution and satis- 
 faction of iu desires. Locke. 
 
 X Repose of the mind on the certainty of any 
 thing ; that stale which results from relief, from sus- 
 pense, doubt, or uncertainty ; cimviction. 
 
 Whit satisfaction can you have ? Shak. 
 
 4. Gratification ; that which pleases. 
 
 E'Chnnifing s-illd quiet to olitatn 
 
 Tlie windy satiM/aclion of the brain. ^ Dryden. 
 
 5. That which satisfies ; amends ; recompense ; 
 compensation , indeninifiration ; atonement. Satis- 
 faction for damages inu»t be nn equivalent ; but salii- 
 faction, in many cases, may consist in concession or 
 apology. 
 
 6. Payment ; discharge ; on, to receive n sum in 
 full ralitfaclton of a debt; to enter satisfaction on 
 record. 
 
 SAT-IS-FA€'TIVE, a. Giving satisfaction. [Little 
 used, or not at all.] Broicn. 
 
 SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-LY, adv. In a manner to give 
 satisfaction or content. 
 
 2. In a manner to impress conviction or belief. 
 The crime was satisfactorily proved. 
 
 SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS, n. The power of satisfy- 
 ing or giving content ; as, the satisfactoriaess of pleas- 
 ure or eiijovment. Boyle. 
 
 SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RY, a. [Fr. satisfactoire ; Sp. sa(«- 
 factorio.] 
 
 1. Giving or producing satisfaction ; yielding con- 
 tent ; particiilarhj, relieving the mind from doubt or 
 uncertainty, and enabling it to rest with confidence ; 
 as, to give a satisfactory account of any remarkable 
 transaction. A judge seeks for satisfactory evidence 
 of guilt before he condemns. 
 
 2. Making amends, indemnification, or recom- 
 pense ; catising to cease from claims and to rest con- 
 tent ; atoning ; as, to make satisfactory compensa- 
 tion, or a satisfactory apology for an offense. 
 
 A most wise and sufficient means of salvation by the satisfactory 
 and meritorious death and obedience of the incarnate Son of 
 God. Jesus Christ. Sand£TSon. 
 
 SAT'IS-Fr-A-BLE, n. That may be satisfied. 
 
 SAT'IS-Fl-£D, ( fide,) pp. Having the desires fully 
 gratifieil ; made content. 
 
 SAT'IS-FI-ER, 71. One tliat gives satisfaction. 
 
 SAT'IS-F?, V. t. [L. satiifacio ; satis, enough, and 
 /arto, to make; Fr. satisfnire; It. soddisfare; Sp. sa- 
 tisfacer ; G. satt, D. lat, Dan. sot, filled, satisfied.] 
 
 1. To gratify wants, wishes, or desires to the full 
 extent ; to supply possessitm or enjoyment till no 
 more is desired. The demands of hunger may be 
 easily satisfied ; but who can satirfy the passion for 
 money or honor.' 
 
 2. To supply fully what is necessary and demanded 
 by natural law ; as, to satisfy with rain the desolate 
 and waste ground. Job xxxviii. 
 
 3. To pay to content; to recompense or indemnify 
 to t!ie full extent of claims ; as, to satisfy demands. 
 
 He is well paid that is well satisjied. Shak. 
 4 To appease by punishment; as, to «afi.!/i/ rigor. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 5. To free from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty ; 
 to cause the mind to rest in confidence by ascertain- 
 ing the truth ; as, to sathfy one's self by inquiry. 
 
 6. To convince. A jury must be satisjied of the 
 guilt of a man before they can justly condemn Iiim. 
 
 The standing evitlences of the (ruth of the gospel are in them- 
 selves most firm, soliil, and satisfying. AUerbury. 
 
 7. To pay ; to discharge ; as, to satisfy an execu- 
 tion. 
 
 Debts due to the United States art; to be first satisjied. Wirt. 
 
 SAT'IS-F?, V. i. To give content. Earthly good 
 never satisfies. 
 
 2. To feed or supply to the full. 
 
 3. To make payment. 
 
 [But the intransitive use of this verb is generally 
 ellipticalj 
 
 SAT'IS-FY-ING, ppr. Giving content ; feeding or 
 supplying to the full extent of desire ; convincing ; 
 paving. 
 
 SAT'IS-Fy-ING-LY, adv. In a manner tending to 
 satisfy. 
 
 Sa'TIVE, a. [L. .•:nlivus, from sero, satum, to sow.] 
 Sown in gardens. Evelyn. 
 Sa'TRAP or SAT'RAP, n. In Persia, the governor 
 
 of a province. P. Cyc. 
 
 SAT'RA-PAL, a. Pertaining to a satrap or a satrapy. 
 
 Mitford. 
 
 SAT'RA-PESS, n. A female satrap. .Miijord. 
 S,\T'RA-PY, 71. The government or jurisdiction of a 
 
 satrap. Jlnvilh. Milton. 
 
 SAT'lJ-RA-BLE, a. [See Saturate.] That may be 
 
 saturated; capable of saturation. Orew. 
 SAT'IJ-RANT, a. [I., snturans.] 
 
 Saturating ; imjircgnating to the full. 
 SAT'IJ-RANT, 71. In medicine, a substance which 
 
 neutralizes the acid in the stomach. Coze. 
 S.XT'H-RaTE, (sat'yu rute,) v. t. [L. saturo, from 
 
 sofur, filled ; .latio, to feed to the full. See Sate.] 
 
 1. To impregnate or unite with till no more can be 
 received. Thus an acid .syifiiniiffv :in alkali, and an 
 alkali sadiralM an acid, when the solvent can ctm- 
 tain no mori; of the dissolving body. 
 
 2. To supply or fill to fullness. Thomson. 
 SAT'IT-Ra-TEI), pp. or a. Supplied to fullness. 
 SAT'IJ-Ra-TIXG, ppr. Supjilying to fullness. 
 SAT-IJ-Ua'TION, 71. In a general sense, v. filling or 
 
 supply to fullness. In chemistry, the union, combi- 
 nation, or impregnation of one body with another by 
 natural attraction or affinity, till the receiving body 
 can contain no more; or solution continuetl till the 
 solvent can cimtain no more. The saturation of an 
 alkali by an acid is by one sort of affinity ; the .vnfM- 
 raiion of water by salt, is by another sort of aflini- 
 tv, railed solution. 
 SAT'I;R-I)AY, 71. [Sax. SMcr-da:^ ; D. Saturdag ; 
 Saturn's day.] 
 
 The Hcventli or last day of the week ; tho day of 
 the Jewish Sabbath. 
 
 SA-Tu'RI-TY, 71. [h. saturitas. See Saturate.] 
 Fullness of supply ; the state of being saturated. 
 [Little tLsed.] 
 SAT'URN, 71. [L. Satumus.] 
 
 1. In mythology, one of the oldest and principal 
 deities, the son of Coelus and Terra, (heaven and 
 earth.) and the father of Jupiter. The name in 
 Greek was KooKof, which at a later period was made 
 equivalent to Xooms, Time. 
 
 2. In astronomy, one of the planets of the solar 
 system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more re- 
 mote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy-nine 
 thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun 
 nearly nine hundred millions of miles, and its year, 
 or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twen- 
 ty-nine years and a half. 
 
 3. In tlie old chemistry, an appellation given to 
 lead. 
 
 4. In heraldry, the black color in blazoning the 
 arms of sovereign princes. 
 
 SAT-URX-A'LI-A, n. pi. [L.] Among the Romans, 
 the festival of Saturn, celebrated in December as a 
 period of unrestrained license and merriment for all 
 classes, extending even to the slaves. Smitii^s Diet. 
 
 SAT-URN-A'LI-AN, a. [from L. sal«7-na(ia.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the saturnalia. Hence, 
 
 2. Loose ; dissolute ; sportive. Burke. 
 SA-TURN'I-AN, a. In fabulous history, pertaining to 
 
 Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and 
 wisdom of his government, is called the golden age ; 
 hence, golden ; happy ; distinguished for purity, in- 
 tegrity, and simplicity. 
 
 Th' Augustus, born to bring Saiurraan times. Pope. 
 SAT'URN-lNE, a. [Fr. sa(itmi«7!, from L. Sadiriiits.] 
 
 1. Supposed to be under the influence of Saturn. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Dull; heavy; grave; not readily susceptible of 
 excitement ; phlegmatic ; as, a satuntine person or 
 temper. Mdison. 
 
 3. In old chemistry, pertaining to lead ; as, saturn- 
 ine compounds. Silliman. 
 
 SAT'URN-IST, 71. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy 
 temperament. Browne. 
 
 S.'\T'UR\'-ITE, 71. A metallic substance, separated 
 from lead in torrefaction, resembling lead in its color, 
 weight, solubility in acids, &c., but more fusible and 
 brittle ; easily scorified and volatilized. [Oia.] 
 
 Kijwan. Ji^icholson. J^ncijc. 
 
 Sa'TYR, (sa'tur,) 7i. [L. satyrus ; Gr. aarvoos, a 
 monkey, a fawn.] 
 
 In mythology, a sylvan deity or dcmi-god, repre- 
 sented as a monster, part man and part goat, usually 
 having horns on his head, a hairy body, with the 
 feet and tail of a goat. Satyrs are usually found in 
 the train of Bacchus, and have been distinguished 
 for lasciviousness and riot. They have been repre- 
 sented as remarkable for their piercing eyes and 
 keen raillery. Kncyc. P. Cyc. 
 
 SAT-Y-RI'A-SIS, 77. [Gr. o-OTW/iiairif. VVe observe 
 in this word a connection with satire, in the sense of 
 excitement, pungency.] 
 Immoderate venereal appetite. Coze. 
 
 SA-TYR'IC, a. Pertaining to satyrs ; as, satyric trag- 
 edy. P. Cyc. 
 
 SA-TYR'I-ON, 71. A pljnt, supposed to excite salaci- 
 ty. P'Ve. 
 
 SAUCE, 77. [Fr. sauce or sausse, from L. salsus, salt, 
 from sal ; Arm. sous; It. and Sp. salsa.] 
 
 1. A mixture or composition to be eaten with food 
 for improving its relish. 
 
 High sauces anil rich spices are brought from the Indies. Baker. 
 
 2. In JVcw England, culinary vegetables and roots 
 eaten with flesh. This application of the word falls 
 in nearly with the definition. 
 
 Root^, herbs, vine-fruits, and aalad-floweis — they dich up 
 various ways, iiud fiiul thetn very delicious sauce to their 
 ineau, both ro;uited and boiled, fresh and salt. 
 
 Beverly, Hist. Virginia. 
 
 Sauce, consisting of stewed apples, is a great arti- 
 cle in some parts of New England ; but cranberries 
 make the most delicious sauce. 
 
 To serve one tlie same sauce, is to retaliate one injury 
 with another, [yulgar.] 
 SAUCE, 71. t. To accompany meat with something to 
 give it a higher relish. 
 
 2. To gratify with rich tastes; as, to sauce the 
 palate. Shak. 
 
 3. To intermix or accompany with any thing good, 
 or, ironically, with any thing bad. 
 
 Then fell she to sauce her desires with thtr-alenincii. Sidney. 
 Thou sayesl lib meat was sauced with thy upbr.udings. AVia*. 
 
 4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language. 
 [ Vulfrar.] 
 
 SAUCE'BOX, 71. [from sauctj.] A saucy, impudent 
 ■fellow. .Spectator. 
 
 SAUCE'PAN, n. A small pan for sauce, or a small 
 skillet with a long handle, in which sauce or small 
 things are boiled. Swift.. 
 
 SAU'CEI!, 71. [I"r. ."auciere or saussiere.] 
 
 " 1. A small pan in which sauce is a-'t on a table. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. A piece of china or other ware, in which a tea- 
 cup or coffeo-cup is set. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^Us, WH^T METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK. 
 
SA V 
 
 SAV 
 
 SAW 
 
 SAU'CI-LY, ailv. [from saucy.] Impudently ; witli 
 iiii[)ertinciit Imldiu'ss : petulnntly. jlilili.ion, 
 
 SAU'CI-NKt^S, 71. Inipudi nre ; iiiipcrtiiiL-nt boldness ; 
 petulance ; contempt of superior's. 
 
 Bramhall, Dryden. 
 
 SAUCING, jipr. Accompanying meats witli some- 
 iliinp to givi- them a higher reli.th. 
 a. Cratifying with rich tastes. 
 
 SAU'CltJ.SE, I II. [Fr. saucisst, a sausage, from 
 
 SAU'C1.-J-S().\, ! .sauce] 
 
 In miniin; or i^uuneni, a long pipe or hag, made of 
 cloth n ell pitclied, or of leather, filled with pow der, 
 and extending from the chamber of the mine to the 
 entrance of the gallery. To preserve the powder 
 from dampne.s.s, ii is generally placed in a wooden 
 pipe. It serves to communicate fire to mines, cais- 
 sons, bond)-chests, &c. Saucisson is also a long 
 bundle of fagots or fascines, for raisiug batteries and 
 other purposes. Knctjc. Bramh. 
 
 S.XU'Cy, a. (from saiiee ; L. saUtLs, s.alt or s.tlted. 
 The use of this word leads to the primary sense of 
 salt, which nnist be shooting forward, penetrating, 
 pungent, for iuWnf.w is a shooting forward.] 
 
 1. Impudent; bold to excess ; rude, transgressing 
 the rules of decorum ; treating superiors with con- 
 tempt. It expresses more than Peht ; as, a .saucy 
 boy ; a xaiicij fellow. 
 
 2. Expressive of impudence ; as, a saucy eye ; 
 smicy ltM)ks. 
 
 Si^UF.R'KILlUT, (sour'krout,) n. [Get.] Cabbage 
 preserved in brine ; a favorite German dish. 
 
 Buchctnan. 
 
 SAl'L ; an old spelling of Soul. 
 S.\U.\'CI.N(^-IiKI-L. See Sance-Beli. 
 SAIJ.N'DEKS. See Sanders. 
 
 SXL'N'TEU, (siin'ter,) f. i. To wander about idly; 
 as, sautitcrinir from place to place. Dryden. 
 2. To loiter ; to linger. 
 SAUA'TEK, n. A sauntering or place for sauntering. 
 
 Younff. 
 
 SA LTX'TER-ER, n. One that wanders about idly. 
 SAU.VTEK-IiNG, ppr. or a. Wandering about lazily 
 
 or idly ; loitering. 
 SAU.\'TER-Ii\G, n. The act of wandering lazily 
 about or loitering. 
 
 TUia mtisl nol ran il into a lazy sauntering about orJinarv tilings. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 SAI'R, n. Soil ; dirt. Oro.ie. 
 
 SAU'RI -A, II. pi. An order of reptiles, comprehend- 
 ing the lizards, alligators, &c. [See Saurian.] 
 
 SAf'RI-AN, a. [Gr. (ravpof, a lizard.] 
 
 Designating an order of reptiles, the sauria or sau- 
 rians. Ed. Kncyc. 
 
 SAU'RI-.WS, n. pi. An order of reptiles, including 
 all that arc covered with scales, and have four legs, 
 as the lizard. 
 
 SAU'ROID, a. Resembling the lizards ; as, sauroid 
 tish. 
 
 SAL''S.\(!;E, n. [Fr. saucisse : from sauce, L. satfiis.] 
 'I'lie intestine of an animal stulfed with minced 
 meat se.-isoned. 
 
 S.'VLs^'.'^UK-ITE, n. A massive, clcavahle mineral, 
 so named from M. Saussure, of a white, greenish, 
 or grayish color, consisting of silica, alumina, lime, 
 oxyd of iron, and soda. It is extremely tough. Dana. 
 
 Sa V'.A-ULE, a. [from save.] Capable of being 
 saved. ChUUn^oTth. 
 
 SaV'.\-I!LE-NESS, 71. Capability of being saved. 
 
 ChilUnrrworOu 
 
 SAV'AdE, a. [Yr. sauvage ; Arm, savaich ; luselvarr- 
 gio ; Sp. salvage : from L. silta, a wood, or silvicaUi, 
 an inhabitant of a wood, or jijpa(ici..s-.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the forest ; wild ; remote from 
 human residence and Improvements ; uncultivated ; 
 as, a savage wilderness. 
 
 Conicls and tavage berries of the wood. Drydtn, 
 
 2. Wild ; untamed ; as, savage beasts of prey. 
 
 3. Uncivilized; untaught; unpolished; rude; as, 
 savage life ; savage manners. Ralegh. 
 
 Wlint ninion, t\nv the commencement of the Omatian era, ever 
 rose from saoagt to civUizeU witiiout Ctuistinnilj ? 
 
 K. D. Griffin. 
 
 4. Cruel ; barbarous ; fierce ; ferocious ; inhu- 
 man ; brutal ; as, a savage spirit. 
 
 SAVAGE, n. A human being in his native state of 
 nidencss ; one who is untaught, uncivilized, or 
 without cultivation of mind or manners. The «ac- 
 a?es of America, when uncorrupted by the vices of 
 civilized men, are remarkable for their hospitality to 
 strangers, and for their truth, fidelity, and gratitude 
 to their friends, but implacably cruel and revengeful 
 toward their enemies. From this last trail of the 
 savage character, the word came to signify, 
 
 2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty ; a 
 barbarian. 
 
 3. The name of a genus of fierce, voracious flies. 
 
 DicL J\'at. HLit. 
 
 SAV'.\GE, v. t. To make wild, barbarous, or cruel. 
 [jVut icrtl authorized, and little used.] Thomson. 
 
 SAV'A6E-LY, ada. In the manner of a savage ; cru- 
 elly ; inhumanly. Shak. 
 
 SAV 'AGE-NESS, n. Wildness ; an untamed, uncul- 
 tivated, or uncivilized state ; barbarism. Hence, 
 
 Will you not spe.ak to save a lady's blush t 
 Silent and unuba'.-rVL-d, to save his tears. 
 
 2. Cruelty ; barbarousne.ss. 
 
 Wolves and beam, th-Y ».-i.v, 
 Castlni; their tavageness aside, hare dune 
 Like omc«-s of pity. .^liak. 
 SAV'AGE-RY, 71. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak. 
 
 2. Cruelty ; barbarity. Shak. 
 SAV'AG-IS.M, 71. The slate of rude, uncivilized men ; 
 the state of men in their native wildness and mile 
 ness. S. S. Smith. IVaUi. 
 
 The greater pnrt of modem philosophcn have decKired for the 
 original tavagism of men. JCncyc. 
 
 SA-VAN'J>,\, 71. [In Spanish, sabnna is a sheet for a 
 bed, or a large plain covered with snow.] 
 
 An extensive open plain or meadow, or a plain 
 destitute of trees, and covered with grass. Locke. 
 
 SA-VAJrr', (sU-vang',) n. ; pi. Satans. [Fr.] 
 A man of learning ; in tlie plural, literary men. 
 
 SAVE, I', t. [Fr. suuvcr, from L. salvo. It. salvare, Sp. 
 salcar. As salre is used in I.atin for salutation or 
 wishing health, as had is in English, I suspect this 
 word to be from the root of hral or /iai7, the first let- 
 ter being changed, as in Gr. uAj, W. luilcn, salt. See 
 SaltO 
 
 1. To preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of 
 any kinil; to rescue from danger; as, to save a 
 house from the flames ; to save a man from drown- 
 ing ; to save a family from ruin ; to save a state front 
 war. 
 
 lie cried, saying, I^rxl, save me. — Malt. liv. Gen. xlr. 
 
 2. To preserve from final and everlasting destruc- 
 tion ; to rescue from eternal death. 
 
 Christ Jesus came into the world to sare sinners. — 1 Tim. i. 
 
 3. To deliver ; to rescue from tlie power and pol- 
 lution of sin. 
 
 He sh.ill eare his people from their sins. — Matt. i. 
 
 4. To hinder from being spent or lost ; as, to .tace 
 the expense of a new garment. Order in all affairs 
 saves time. 
 
 5. 'J'o prevent. Method in affairs saves nmch per- 
 plexity. 
 
 6. To reserve or lay by for preservat^p). 
 
 Now save a nation, and noss- save a groat. Poj>e. 
 
 7. To spare ; to prevent ; to hinder from occur- 
 rence. 
 
 Dryrlen. 
 Dn/<ten. 
 
 8. To salve ; as, to save appearances. jViUon. 
 
 9. To take or use opportunely, so as not to lose. 
 The ship sailed in time to save the tide. 
 
 10. To except ; to reserve from a general admis- 
 sion or account. 
 
 Israel burned none of them, save Hazor only. — Josh. xi. 
 Of llie Jews five tinK-s received 1 forty stlipes, «ar>« one. — 2 
 Cor. xi. 
 
 [Save is here a verb followed by an object. It is 
 the imperative used without a specific nominative ; 
 but it is now less frequently used than ezccpt.] 
 SAVE, V. i. To hinder expense. 
 
 Brass onlnance savelh in the quantity of the material. Bacon. 
 SAVE'AIX, n. [.sare and all.] A small pan inserted 
 in a candlestick to save the ends of candles. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. Among seamen, a small sail sometimes set under 
 the foot of another sail to catch the wind that would 
 pass under it. Totten. 
 SiV'El), pp. Preserved from evil, injury, or de- 
 struction ; kept frugally ; prevented ; spared ; taken 
 in time. 
 
 SAVER, 71. One that saves, preser\-c3, or re.scues 
 from evil or destruction ; as, the sorer of the coun- 
 try. Swift. 
 
 2. One that escapes loss, but without gain. 
 
 Dnjdcn. 
 
 3. One that is frugal in expenses ; an economist. 
 
 JVotton. 
 
 SAV'IX, 71, [Fr. .lari'iiiVr ; L. and Sp. .«aAiiia.] 
 
 An evergreen tree or shrub of the genus Junipenis. 
 The s.avin of Eurojic resembles the red cedar of 
 America, and tlie latter is sometimes called savia. 
 
 Bigelow. 
 
 SAVING, ppr. Preserving from evil or destruction ; 
 hindering from waste or lossj sp,aring; taking or 
 using in time. 
 
 2. Excepting. 
 
 3. a. Frugal ; not lavish ; avoiding unnecessary 
 expenses ; economical ; parsimonious. But it im- 
 plies less rigorous economy than Parsiuomous ; as, 
 a saving husbandman or housekeeper. 
 
 4. That saves in returns or receipts the principal 
 or sum employed or expended ; that incurs no loss, 
 though not gainful ; a-s, a saving bargain. The ship 
 has made a saving voyage. 
 
 5. That secures everlasting salvation ; as, saving 
 grace. 
 
 SAVING, n. Something kept from being expended or 
 lost. 
 
 By reducing the interest of the debt, tlie oatioD makes m saving. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 2. Exception ; reservation. 
 
 ConteiKl not with those that ase toe strong for us, init still with a 
 saving to tionrstj. L'Estrange. 
 
 SAV'ING-LY, a//B. With frugality or pHrHinmny. 
 
 uteriial death ; 
 
 as, saringhj convcrteil 
 
 So as to lie finally saved from eter 
 
 SAViNG-NESS, 71. Frugality; parsimony ; caution 
 not to expend money without necessity or use. 
 2. Tendency to promote eternal salvation. 
 
 .fohnjion, 
 
 SAVINGS-BANK, n. A bank in which the savings 
 or earnings of llio poor are deposited and put to in- 
 terest lor their benefit. 
 SAVIOR, / , - , , rr- 1 
 SAVIOUR, t (■^^v'yur,) n. [Fr. sauteur.] 
 
 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from de- 
 struction, or danger. 2 Kings xiii. 5. /.<. xix. 20. 
 
 2. Properly and appropriately, Jesus Christ, the Re- 
 deemer, who has opened the way to everlasting, sal- 
 vation by his obedience and death, and who is 
 thcref<ire called the Savior, by way of distinction, 
 the Savior of men, the Savior of the world. Gen- 
 er<il Washington may be called the saver, but not 
 the savior, of his country. 
 
 SA'VOR, 71. [Fr. saveur ; L. sapor; W.sautyr; Arm. 
 saour ; from L. sapio, to taste.] 
 
 1. Taste or odor ; something that perceptibly af- 
 fects the organs of taste and smell ; as, the savor of 
 an orange or rose ; an ill savor ; a sweet savor. 
 
 I smell sweet savors. Shak. 
 In Scripture, it usually denotes smell, scent, odor. 
 Lev. xxvi. llccles. x. 
 
 2. The quality which renders a thing valuable ; 
 the quality which renders other bodies agreeable to 
 the taste. 
 
 If the salt hath lost its savor. — Matt. r. 
 
 3. In Scripture, character ; reputation. Ezod. v. 
 
 4. Cause ; occasion. 2 Cor. ii. 
 
 Street savor, in Scripture, denotes that which ren- 
 ders a thing acceptable to God, or liis acceptance.. 
 Hence, to smell a sircct savor, is to accejit the offering 
 or service. Gen. viii. 
 SA'VOR, V. i. To have a particular smell or taste. 
 2. To partake of the quality or nature of; or to 
 have the appearance of. The answers savor of a 
 humble spirit ; or they ;>urer of pride. 
 
 fVotton. MilUm. 
 
 I have rejected every tiling that «ai>ors of party. Addison. 
 SA'VOK, II. t. To like ; to taste or smell with pleas- 
 ure. Shak. 
 2. To like ; to delight in ; to favor. Matt. xvi. 
 SA'VOR-f:i), pp. Tasted or smelt with pleasure. 
 SA'VOR-I-LY, a</r. [from satwy.] With gust or ap- 
 petite. DrydJ-n. 
 2. With a plea,sing relish. Dryden. 
 S.A'VOR-l-NESS, n. Pleasing taste or smell j as, the 
 
 savoriness of a pine-apple or a peach. 
 SA'VOR-LESS, a. Destitute of smell or taste ; in- 
 sipid. ' IlalL 
 SA'VOR-LY, a. Well-seasoned ; of good taste. 
 .*A'VOR-IiY, adv. With a pleasing relish. Barroa. 
 S.X'VOR-Y, a. [from aacor.] Pleasing to the organs 
 of smell or taste ; as, a savory odor. Jlilton. 
 Make me savory meat, — Gen. xxvii. 
 SA'VOR-Y, 71. [Fr. savorie.] At\ aromatic plant of 
 
 the genus Satiireia, much used in cooking. \ 
 SA-VOV, 71. A variety of the common cabbage, 
 (Brassica oleracea,) much cultivated for winter use. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 SAW, prcf. of See. , 
 SAW, 71. , [Sax. saga ; G. sdge i D. zaag ; Sw. saga ; 
 l)aii. saug ; Fr. scie i It. sega. See the verb.] 
 
 1. A cutting instrument consisting of a blade or 
 thin plate of iron or steel, with one edge denL'ited or 
 toothed. 
 
 2. A saying; proverb; maxim; decree. [Obs.] 
 [See Sav.] Shak. 
 
 SAW, t'. L I pret Sawed ; p^. Sawed or Sawh. [G. 
 sdgen ; D. zaagen ,* Sw, -saga ; Dan. saucer ; Norm. 
 srguar ; It. .•:egarr, to saw, cut, reap ; L. seco ; Fr. 
 «i>r; allied Ut sickle.] 
 
 1. To cut with a saw ; to separate with a saw ; as, 
 to saw timber or marble. 
 
 2. To form by cutting with a saw ; as, to saw 
 boards or planks ; that is, to sate timber into boards 
 or planks. 
 
 SAW, r. i. To use a saw ; to practice sawing ; as. » 
 man sates well. 
 
 2. To cut with a saw ; as, the mill sates fast or 
 well. 
 
 3. To be cut with a saw ; as, the timber satet 
 smooth. 
 
 SAWDUST, n. Dust or small fragments of wood or 
 stone made by the attrition of a saw. .Worlimer. 
 
 SAW'>;D, pp. or a. Cut, divided, or formed with a 
 saw. 
 
 SAW'ER, 71. One that saws ; corrupted into Saw- 
 yer. 
 
 SAW'-FISH, 71. A fish of the genus Pristis, of sev- 
 eral .species, closely allied to the sharks. Il has the 
 upper jaw prolonged into a long beak or snout, with 
 spines growing like teelh on both edges. The .vair- 
 JtsA is said to be one of the most formidable enemies 
 of the whale tribe. Jardine's A'al. Lib. 
 
 SAW'-FI,Y, 11. One of a genus of flies, (Tenlliredo 
 
 TONE, ByLL, IJNITE — AX"GER, Vl"CIOUS — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 II 
 
SAY 
 
 SCA 
 
 SCA 
 
 Linn.) having ovipositors somewhat resembling a 
 liandsaw. Partintrton. 
 SAW-MILL, n. A mill for sawing lugs and large 
 pieces of timber, driven by water, steam, or otlier 
 power. 
 
 SAW'XEY, n. A nickname for a Scotchman, cor- 
 rupted from Sandij, i. e. Alexander. [ Vulgar-I 
 
 Orose. 
 
 SAW-PIT, n. A pit over which timber is sawed by 
 two men, one standing; below the timber and the 
 other above. Mortimer. 
 
 SAW'-^ET, ) n. An instrument used to wrest or 
 
 SAW'-U'KEST, i turn the teeth of saws a little 
 outward, tliat they may make a kerf somewhat 
 wider than the thickness of the blade. 
 
 SAW-WORT, (-wurt,) n. A plant of the genus 
 Seriatula, so named from its serrated leaves. It has 
 the habits and qualities of the thistles. 
 
 SAWYER, n. One whose occupation is to saw tim- 
 ber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel. 
 
 2. In America, a tree which, being undermined by 
 a current of water, and falling into the stream, 
 lies with its branches above water, which are con- 
 tinually raised and depressed by the force of the 
 current, from which circumstance the name is de- 
 rived. The sawyers in the Mississippi render the 
 navigation dangerous, and frequently sink boats 
 which run against them. 
 
 SAX'A-TILE, a. [L. saxatilis, from saxum, a rock.] 
 Pertaining to rocks ; living among rocks. Hunter. 
 
 S.^X-I-Ca'VUUS, a. [L. sazum, rock, and cavo, to 
 hollow.] 
 
 A term applied to molhisks which live in holes in 
 rocks made either by boring or otherwise. Dana. 
 
 SAX'I-FRA6E, n. [L. sarifraga ; composed of saz- 
 um, a stone, and frango, to break.] 
 
 A medicine that has the property of breaking or 
 dissolving the stone in the bladder. But in botany, a 
 plant of the genus Saxifraga, which embraces many 
 species, mostly hardy herbs growing naturally on or 
 among rocks. The burnet .saxifrage is of the genus 
 Pimpinella ; the golden saxifrage is of the genus 
 Chrysoplenium ; the meadow saxifrage is of the genus 
 Seseli. En eye. Luudun. 
 
 SAX-IF'RA-GOUS, a. Dissolving the stone. Brown. 
 
 SAX'ON, n. [Sax. seax, a knife, sword, or dagger, a 
 Saxon.] 
 
 1. One of the nation or people who formerly dwelt 
 in the northern part of Germany, and who invaded 
 and conquered England in the fifth and sixth cen- 
 turies The Welsh still call the English Siesons. 
 
 2. The language of Uie Saxons. 
 
 SAX'ON, a. Pertaining to the Saxons, to their coun- 
 try, or to their language. 
 
 SAX'ON-i!LuE, n. A deep-blue liquid used in dye- 
 ing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid. Brande. 
 
 SAX'ON-IS.M, n. An idiom of the Saxon language. 
 
 IVotton. 
 
 SAX'ON-IST, 71. One versed in the Saxon language. 
 SaY, v. t. ! pret. and pp. Said, contracted from Savkd. 
 
 [Sax. sisgan, saegan ; G. sagen. ; D. zeggen ; Sw. 
 
 sctga; Dan. siger; Cb. niD or no, to speak or say. 
 
 The same verb in Arabic, sauga, signifies to 
 
 sink, Goth, sigcav. The sense of the root is, to throw 
 or thrust. Class Sg, No. 28. Pers. sachan a word, 
 speech.] 
 
 1. To speak ; to utter in words ; as, he said noth- 
 ing ; he saiil many things ; he says not a word. Say 
 a good word for me. 
 
 It is observable that, although this word is radically 
 synonymous with Speak and Tell, yet the uses or 
 applications of these words are different. 'J'hus we 
 say, to irpeali. an oration, to tell a story ; but in these 
 phrases, siiii can not be used. Vet to say a lesson is 
 good English, though not very elegant. We never 
 use the phrases, to say a sermon or discourse, to say 
 an argument, to say a speech, to say testimony. 
 
 A very gener.al use of say is to introduce a relation, 
 narration, or recital, either of the speaker himself, or 
 of something said or done, or to be done, by another. 
 Thus Adam said. This in bone of my bone ; Noah said, 
 Ble.saed be the Lord God of Shem. If we .say, VVc 
 have no sin, we deceive ourselves. Say to the cities 
 of Judah, Heboid your God. I can not say what I 
 should do in a similar case. Say thus precedes n 
 gentencc. Hut it is perhaps impracticable to reduce 
 the peculiar and appropriate uses of say, speak, and 
 t/M to general rules. They can be learnt only by ob- 
 aervution. 
 
 2. To declare. Ocn. xxxvii. 
 
 3. To utter ; to pronounce. 
 
 Say now 8hiMj<>l<:th. — Jii'lgc* xii. 
 
 4. Tu utter, an a command. 
 
 Oo'l foW, IM thrr- Ih-ljL — Ocn. I. 
 
 5. To utter, as a promise. Luke, xxiii. 
 
 C. To utter, as a q»e«tion or answer. Mark \\. 
 
 7. To adirm ; to teach. Mall. xvii. 
 
 8. To confi ss. iMkt xvii. 
 
 9. To ICKtiry. AcU xxiv. 
 
 10. To argue ; to allege by way of argument. 
 
 After all tlml can be said against a thing. TiUotson. 
 
 11. To repeat ; to rehearse ; to recite ; as, to say 
 a lesson. 
 
 12. To pronounce ; to recite without singing. Then 
 shall be said or sung as follows.- 
 
 13. To report ; as in the phrases, it is said, they 
 say. 
 
 14. To answer ; to utter by way of reply ; to tell. 
 
 Say, Stella, feel you no content, 
 
 Renccting on a lite well siieut f Swift. 
 Mte. — This verb is not properly intransitive. In 
 the phrase, " as when we say, Plato is no fool," the 
 last clause is the object after the verb ; that is, " we 
 say what follows." If this verb is properly intran- 
 sitive in any case, it is in the phrase, " thtit is to say," 
 but in such cases, the subsequent clause is the ob- 
 ject of the verb, being that which is said, uttered, or 
 related. 
 SAY, n. [Sax. saga, sagu.^ 
 
 A speech ; something said. [In popular use, but not 
 elegant.] 
 
 SAY, 71. [For Assay.] A sample. [Ois.] Sidney, 
 2. Trial by sample. [Obs.] Boyle. 
 SaY, 71. [Fr. soic.] 
 
 A thin silk. [Obs.] 
 SaY, ) n. In commerce, a kind of serge used for lin- 
 SAYE, j ings, shirts, aprons, &.c. Encijc. 
 SAVING, ppr. Uttering in articulate sountls or 
 
 words; speaking; telling; relating; reciting. 
 SaY'ING, 71. An expression ; a sentence uttered ; a 
 declaration. 
 
 Moses fled at tliis saying, — Acts vii. 
 
 ClctTO treasured up the sayings of SciBVoIa. MidtUeton, 
 
 2. A proverbial expression. Many are the sayings 
 of the wise. Milton!' 
 SCAB, 71. [Sax. scab, sceb ; G. scliabe ; Sw. skabb ; 
 Dan. skab ; L. scabies; It. scabbia. It seems to be 
 connected with L. scabo, to rub or scratch, G. sckaben, 
 to shave, \V. ysgubaw, to sweep, L. scaber, rough, 
 D. schob, a scale.] 
 
 1. An UMrusted substance, dry and rough, formed 
 overasoWin healing. 
 
 2. A contagious disease of sheep, resembling the 
 mange in horses, &c. Farm. Encye. 
 
 3. A mean, diity, paltry fellow. [Loic] Shak. 
 SGAB'BARD, n. The sheath of a sword. Dryden. 
 SCAB'B A RD, v. t. To put in a sheath. 
 SCAB'BARD-ED, pp. Put into a sheath. 
 SCAB'BARD-ING, ppr. Sheathing. 
 SGAB'BA'D, (scabd or skab'bed,) a. [from scab.] 
 
 Abounding with scabs ; diseaseil with scabs. Bacon, 
 2. Mean ; paltry ; vile ; worthless. Dryden. 
 Se AB'BED-K ESS, 71. The stale of being scabbed. 
 SCAB'BI-NESS, 71. [from scabby.] The quality of 
 
 being scabby. 
 
 SGAB'BY, a. [from scab.] Affected with scabs ; full 
 of scabs. Dryden. 
 2. Diseased with the sctib or mange ; mangy. 
 
 Sicift. 
 
 SGa'BI-OUS, a. [L. .icabiosus, from .ic<ibics, scab.] 
 Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous; as, 
 .'!eahious eruptions. Arbuthnol, 
 SCa'BI-OIJS, 71. A plant of the genus Scabiosa, said 
 
 to be useful in cutaneous diseases. Loudon, 
 SCA-BRED'I-TY, 71. [L. scabrcdo, .icabrities,] 
 
 Roughness ; ruggedness. [JVot in use.] Burton. 
 SGA'BROUS, a. [L. scabrosus, scaber, from scabies, 
 scab.] 
 
 1. Rough ; rugged ; having hard, short, rigid 
 points. Arbutknut. 
 
 2. Harsh ; unmusical. B. Jonson, 
 SCA'BROUS-NE.-^S, 71. Roughness; ruggedness 
 SCAB' WORT, 71. A plant, a sjiecies of Helenium. 
 SCAD, 71. A fish of the genus Caranx, (Scomber 
 
 tracliurus, Linn.;) also called IIurse MACiiEREL. 
 
 Jardinc^s JWif. Lib. 
 SCAF'FOLD, 71. [Fr. echnfaud; Arm. ckafod; Ir. 
 scafal ; It. scafjiile ; D. sclmoot ; G. schafot ; Dan. 
 .•ikafot ; perhaps from the root of .ihape, as form is 
 usetl for Afiiic/i. The hist syllable is the L. /a/ii. In 
 Cornish, skanal is a bench or stool, and this word, 
 schavot, in Dutch, signifies a tailor's bench, as well 
 as a scaflold.l 
 
 1. Among iiiiWcr.?, an assemblage or structure of 
 timbers, boards, or planks, erected by the wall of a 
 building to su|iport the workmen. 
 
 2. A teuiporiiiy gallery or stage raised cither for 
 shows or spectators. Milton. 
 
 3. A stage or elevated platform for the execution 
 of !i criminal. Sidney. 
 
 SCAF'FOLD, V. I. To furnish with a scaffold ; to sus- 
 tain ; to upliidd. 
 SCAF'FOLD-AGE, 71. A gallery; a Iiollow floor. 
 
 Shah. 
 
 SnAF'FOLD-En, pp. Furnished with a scnffidd. 
 KCAF'FOl.D-lNt;, ppr. Furnishing with a scaffold. 
 SCAF'I'OLI)-IN(;, n. A frame or structure for sup- 
 port ill an eli vtitcd place ; a scaffold. 
 
 2. That which sustains; a frame ; as, the seaffold- 
 ing of Ihi; body. Pope. 
 
 3. Ti niporary structure for support. Prior. 
 
 4. Materials for scaffolds. 
 
 SGAG'LI-A, (skal'ye-a,) ii. [It.] A reddish variety 
 of chtilk. Dana. 
 
 SCAG-LI-o'LA, (skal-ye-5'la,) 71. [It.] A species of 
 plaster or stucco made of pure gypsum, with varie- 
 gated colors in imitation of marble. Owilt. 
 
 SCAL'A-BLE, a. That mav be scaled. 
 
 Se.\-L.ADE', j 71. [Fr. scalade ; Sp. scdiado ; from L. 
 
 SCA-La'DO, \ scala, a ladder. See Scale.] 
 
 A storm or assault on a fortified place, in which 
 the soldiers enter the place by means of ladders. It 
 is written also Escalade. 
 
 SCi-LAR'I-FORM, a. [L. scalaris, a ladder, and 
 forma, form.] 
 
 Having transverse bars and spaces like a laddt^r. 
 
 Danci. 
 
 S€a'LA-RY, a. Resembling a ladder; formed with 
 steps. [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 SCALD, (skawld,) u. t. [It. scaldare ; Sp. and Port. 
 escaldar ; Fr. ecliauder, for esckalder ; Sw. skollu ; 
 Dan. skaaldcr ; h: sgallaini i from the root of L. caZfo, 
 calda, calidus. I suppose the primary sense of caleo 
 is, to contract, to draw, to make hard.] 
 
 1. To burn or painfully affect and injure by im- 
 mersion in, or contact with, a liquor of a boiling 
 heat, or a heat approaching it ; as, to scald the hand 
 or foot. We scald the part, when the heat of the 
 liquor applied is so violent as to injure the skin and 
 flesh. Scald is sometimes used to express the eflect 
 of the heat of other substances than liquids. 
 
 Here the hlue flames of scalding briinslone fall. Cowley. 
 9. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a 
 fire, or in water or other liquor; as, to scald meat 
 or milk. 
 
 SCALD, 71. [Supra.] A burn, or injury to the skin 
 
 and flesh by hot liquor. 
 SCALD, 71. [Qu. Sax. se7jll, a shell.] 
 
 Scab ; scurf on the head. Spenser. 
 SCALD, a. Scurvy ; paltry ; poor ; as, scald rhymers. 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 SGALD, 71. [Dan. skialdrer, to make verses ; also, a 
 poet. The primary sense is, prt»bably, to make oy to 
 sing. If the latter, we find its affinities in G. schal- 
 len, D. schellen, Sw. skalla.] 
 
 Among Vie ancient Scandinavians, a poet ; one u hose 
 occupation was to compose pt>ems ip honor of distin- 
 guished men and their achievemtints, and to recite 
 and sing them on public occasions. The senilis of 
 Denmark and Sweden answered to the bards tif the 
 Britons or Celts. Mallet. 
 
 SCALD'ED, pp. or a. Injured by a hot liquor ; ex- 
 posed to boiling heat. 
 
 Scalded cream ; clotted cream ; cream raised from 
 milk by heating. Gardner. 
 
 SCALD'ER, 71. A scald ; a Scandinavian poet. 
 
 SCALD'-HEAD, (skawld'hed,) 7i [See Scald.] A 
 pustular eruption, mostly of the hairy scalp, in which 
 the pustules are indistinct, often distant patches, 
 gratlually spreatling till tlie whole head is covered as 
 with a helmet ; skin below the scabs red, shining, 
 dotted with papilloiis apt^rtiires, excreting fresh mat- 
 ter ; roots of the hair ol^en destioyeii. It is the Por- 
 rigo galeata of Good. 
 
 SCALD'IC, a. Pertaining to the scalds or poets of an- 
 tiquity ; composed by scalds. tVarlon. 
 
 SCALD'ING, ppr. or a. Burning or injuring by hot 
 liquor. 
 
 2. Exposing to a boiling heat in liquor. 
 SCALD'ING-HOT, a. So hot as to scald the skin. 
 SCALE, 71. [Sax. scale, sceale; D. sehaal, a scale, a 
 
 bowl, saucer, or dish, and a skcll, uniting the Sax. 
 scale and scell ; G. sclialc, a scale or balance, a dish, 
 bowl, shell, peel, or paring ; Dan. skal, a shell ; skaler, 
 to shell, peel, or ptire ; .9kiel, a fish scale ; Sw. skal, 
 a shell ; Fr. ecaille ; ecailler, to scale or peel ; e<;a;c, a 
 shell: ecaler, tn shell; echelle, a. scale or ladder; It. 
 scaglia, the scale of a fish ; scala, a latliler ; L. id., 
 Sp."pscn;a. Scale, a shell and a dish, is probably fnun 
 peeling or paring, that is, separating ; but whethi r a 
 simple or compound word, (es-cal, ex-cal,) I do not 
 know. If the sen.se is, to strip, it coinciiles with the 
 Gr. aynXaio, to spoil.] 
 
 1. The dish of a balance ; and hence, the balance 
 itself, or whole instrument ; as, to turn the scale. 
 
 liong time in even scale 
 Tlie battle hung. Wi/ton. 
 
 But, in general, we use the plural, scale's, for the 
 whole instrument. 
 
 Ttie scales are turned ; her kindiiCM weigha no more 
 
 Now than my vows. H'n.Vjr. 
 
 2. The Scales, pi. ; the sign of the Balance, or Li- 
 bra, in the z<idiiic. Creech. 
 
 3. The small, thin plate, shell, or crust, which 
 composes a part of the covering of a fish ; anil hence, 
 any thin layer or loaf exfoliated or seiiarntcd ; a tliin 
 lamina ; as, scale.i of iron or of b. nc. SAarp. 
 
 The .scales of fish consist of alternate layers of 
 membrane and phosphate of lime. The scales of ser- 
 pents are composed of a horny membrane, without 
 the calcareous phosphate. Urc. 
 
 4. A ladder; scries of steps ; means of ascending. 
 [L. scala.] Addison. 
 
 5. The act of storming a place by mounting the 
 walls on ladilers ; an escalade, or sciilade. Milton. 
 
 FATE, Fxn, FALL, WHAT METE, PKBY PINE, MARINE, BIRb NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 9H4 
 
SCA 
 
 6. A mathemalical instrument, of wood or metal, 
 on which are niarkeil lines and tigiires, for the pur- 
 pose of measuring distances or extent; as, a plain 
 scale; a diagonal scaU, 
 
 7. Regular gradation ; a series rising by steps or 
 degrees, like those of a ladder. Thus we speak of 
 the sco/e of being, in which man occupies a higher 
 rank than brutes, and angels a higher rank than 
 man. 
 
 8. Any instrument, figure, or scheme, graduated 
 for the purpose of measuring extent or proportions; 
 as, a map drawn by a scale of half an inch to a 
 league. 
 
 9. In vtusie, a gamut ; or a series of lines and 
 spaces rising one above another, or falling one below 
 aiuitlier, on which notes are placed ; or a scale con- 
 sists of the regular gradations of sounds. A scale 
 may be limited to an octavo, or it may e.xtcnd to the 
 compass of any voice or instrument. F.ncijc. 
 
 10. Any thing graduated or marked with degrees 
 at equal distances. 
 
 SeSLK, V. t. [It. scalare, from scala, a ladder.] 
 
 1. To climb, as by a ladder ; to ascend by steps ; 
 applieii Co the walls of a fortified place, to mount in 
 assault or storm. 
 
 oil h.-\ve I tcaled the crujjy oak. Spenser, 
 
 2. [from scale, a balance.] To measure ; to com- 
 pare ; to weigh. 
 
 Sealing his preafnt U-ariiig with hb pa*l. Shak, 
 
 3. [fron^ scale, the covering of a fish.] To strip or 
 clear of scales ; as, to scale a fish. 
 
 4. I'o take olf in thm lamens or scales. 
 
 5. To pare olf a surface. 
 
 It a\\ Uie inoiiiiuiiit* were McaUd, aod the earth made even, 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 6. In the north of Englanil, to spread, as manure or 
 loase substances ; also, to disperse : to waste. 
 
 7. In gunnery, to clean the inside of a cannon by 
 the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Toticn. 
 
 SCALE, n. i. To separate and come oil' in thin layers 
 or lamina!. 
 
 Tlie old shells of the lotMter eexile olT. Bacon, 
 SeAL'fTD, pp. Ascended by ladders or steps ; cleared 
 of scales ; pared ; scattered. 
 
 2. Having scales like a fish ; squamous ; as, a sealed 
 snake. 
 
 SeSLEjLESS, a. Destitute of scales. S. L. Mitchill. 
 St'A-LF.NE', I a. [Gr. oifi\n'">f, oblique, unequal, 
 SGA-Le'-NOUS, ! allied probably to gkjSioh G. 
 
 scliel, schiel, O. seheel, squinting ; Dan. skieler, to 
 
 squint.] 
 
 A scalene triangle, is one whose sides and angles 
 are unequal. 
 pe.\-LF.\E', n. A scalene triangle. 
 Se.^L'ER, 71. One who scales. 
 
 SCa'M-.NESS, n. [frorti scalij.] The state of being 
 scaly : roughness. 
 
 Se.^I/I.N'G, ppr. Ascending by ladders or steps ; storm- 
 ing. 
 
 2. Stripping of scales. 
 
 3. P(!eling ; paring. 
 SeSI.'I.NG-LAD-I)ER, n. A ladder mad* for enabling 
 
 troops to scale a wall. 
 
 SeAI.-1-O'LA. See Scagliola. 
 
 SGALI,, ji. [See Scald and Scau>-He4d.] Scab ; 
 scabbiness ; leprosy. 
 
 It is A ilry fooW, e»fn a leprosy on tjie bead. — LeT. xiii. 
 2. A mean, scabby fellow. Shak. 
 
 SeAL'LION, (skal'yun,) n. [}t scalogno, "L. ascalo- 
 r>ia ; Fr. rchalole, whence our shalot; so named, prob- 
 ably, from its coats, shell, scale.] 
 
 .\ plant, the Allium Ascaloniciim, which grows 
 about Ascalon in Palestine. It is the wildest of all 
 the cultivated species of the garlic and onion genus. 
 It is propagated by means of the cloves of its bulbs. 
 
 Se.^L'LOP, (skoriiip,) n. [This is from the root of 
 tkell, scale ; coinciding with scalp, D. schulp, a shell.] 
 
 1. A shell-fish, or testaceous molliisk, of the genus 
 Pecten of Lamarck. The shell is bivalvular, the hinge 
 toothless, having a small ovated hollow, friun which 
 alternate ribs and furrows tisually run diverging to 
 the margin of the shell. There are numerous species 
 used for food, some of which arc found in the seas 
 of most climates. The shell occurs in abundance on 
 the coast of Palestine, and was formerly worn by 
 pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy 
 Land. 
 
 2. A recess or curving of the edge of any thing, 
 like the segment of a circle. Written also Scollop. 
 
 Se.\L'LOP, r. t. To mark or cut the edge or border 
 of anv thing into segments of circles. Gray, 
 
 SeAL'I.OP-£D, (skol'lupt,) pp. or a. Cut at the edge 
 nr horder into segments of circles. 
 
 Se.\I/LOP-IN'G, ppr. Cutting the edge into segments 
 of circles. 
 
 SCALP, n. fD. schelp, or schulp, a shell. The German 
 has htmschale, brain-shell. (See Scale.) But qu. 
 the Ch. Syr. and Ar. »)Sp, to peel, to bark, and L. 
 
 scalptK] 
 
 I. Tlie skin of the top of the head ; as, a hairless 
 
 Shak. 
 
 J. The skin of the top of the head cut or torn off. 
 
 SCA 
 
 A sailp, among the Indians of America, is a trophy 
 of victory. 
 
 SCALP, V. t. To deprive of t.'ie scalp or integuments 
 of the head. Sharp. 
 
 Se.\LP'£U, (skalpt,) pp. Deprived of the skin of the 
 head. 
 
 SCALP'EL, n. [L. scalpetlum, from scalpo, to scrape.] 
 In surttery, a knife used in anatomical dissections 
 and surgical operations. Brande. 
 
 SCALP'EK, /II. An instrument of surgery 
 
 SCALP'ING-I-RO.V, ( used in scraping foul and ca- 
 rious bones ; a raspatory. Enciic Parr. 
 
 SCALP'ING, ppr. Depriving of the skin of the top of 
 the head. 
 
 SCALP'LNG-K.NIFE, (-nife,) n. A knife used by sav- 
 ages in scaliiing their prisoners. Cooper. 
 
 SCaL'Y, a. [from sca;«.] Covered or abounding with 
 scales ; rough ; as, a scaly fish ; the scaly crocodile. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Resembling scales, laminx, or layers. 
 
 3. .Mean ; scabby ; as, a scaly fellow. [See Scall.] 
 [Varioas dialects in Entrland.] Ilalloweli. 
 
 4. In botany, conipased of scales lying over each 
 other ; as, a scaly bulb ; having scales scattered over 
 it ; as, a scalii slein. Martifn. 
 
 SCAL'y-WLNG-A'D, a. Having wings with scales. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 SCA.M'BLE, V. i. [D. schommelen, to stir, to shake".] 
 
 1. To stir quick; to be busy ; to scramble; to be 
 bold or turbulent. SItak. 
 
 2. To shift awkwardly. More. 
 SCA.M'BLE, r. {. To mangle ; to maul. Mortimer. 
 Se.\.M'BLEK, «. A bold intruder upon the generosity 
 
 or hosplt.'ility of others. Sleecens. 
 SCA.M'liLI.VG, ppr. Stirring: scrambling; intruding. 
 SCAM'liLlNG-LV, ar/r. With turbulence and noise ; 
 
 with bold intrusivencss. 
 SCA.M-.Mo'.M-.ATE, a. [from icammoni/.] Made with 
 
 scamiiiony. JVisewan. 
 SG.\.M'.M()-.\Y, n. [L. seammonia, from the Persian.] 
 
 1. A plant of the genus Convolvulus. 
 
 2. .\ii inspissated sap obtained friuii the plant Con- 
 volvulus Scaiiimonia, of a bhickisji-gniy color, a 
 nauseous smell, and a bitter and acrid taste. It is 
 used in medicine as a cathartic. The best scammony 
 comes from .\leppo, in light, spongy masses, easily 
 friable. That of Smyrna is black, ponderous, and 
 mixed with extraneous matter. Fourcroy. Kncyc. 
 
 SC.\MP, 71. [See Scamper.] A great rascal. 
 
 Halliwell. 
 
 [ Used in various dialects in England, and vulgarly 
 used ifi .America.] 
 SG.^M'PER, V. i. [D. schampen, to slip aside ; Fr. es- 
 camper ; H. scampare, to escape, to save (uie's self; 
 scampo, safely ; eampare, to preserve, to lly , to escajTe ; 
 Sp. e.-eaiiipar, to ch ar out a place.] 
 
 To run with speed ; to hasten escape. Mdi^on, 
 Se.\.M'PER-IXG, ppr. Running with speed ; hasten- 
 ing in Might. 
 
 SC-A-V, e. t. [ Fr. scander ; Sp. rscander ; It. seandire, 
 scandcre, to climb, to scan. The Italian is the L. ils- 
 cendo. See Ascend.] 
 
 1. To examine with critical care ; to scrutinize. 
 Tlie actiutis of wn In high stitions are all conspiciirtus, and 
 
 liable to be tettnned and sifted. AUerbury. 
 
 2. To examine a verse by counting the feet ; or, 
 according to modern usage, to recite or measure 
 verse by distinguishing the feet in pronunciation. 
 Thus in Latin and Greek, a hexameter verse is re- 
 solved into six feet by scanning, and the true quanti- 
 ties are determined. 
 
 SCA.N'DAL, II. [Fr. seandale; It. seandalo ; Sp. escan- 
 dalo ; L. scandalnm : Gr. n-r'iK^u \oi' ; Ir. seannail, 
 slander. In Greek, this word signifies a stumbling- 
 block, something against which a |ier.<on impinges, 
 or which causes him to fall. In Sax. searide, sconde, 
 signifies shame, ctuifiision, dishonor, infamy; D. 
 schande, id. ; sehandaal, reproach, scandal; G. schande, 
 shame ; schdnden, to mar, disfigure, spoil, violate ; 
 Dan. skiender, to abuse, defame, &c. ; San.s. sckiande 
 or ishianda, scandal. In .Ann, scandal is a quarrel. 
 The primary sense of the root niu.st be, to drive, to 
 thrust, or to strike or cast down.] 
 
 1. Offense given by the faults of another. 
 
 His lustful or^es he enlarged 
 Even to L'le hill of eeandai. Milton. 
 
 [In this sense we n"W generally use OrrENSE.] 
 
 2. Reproachful aspersion ; opprobrious censure ; 
 defamatory speech or report; something uttered 
 which is false and injurious to reputation. 
 
 ^tJ• known Tirtue is from icandal free. rhyden. 
 
 3. Shame; reproach; disgrace. Such is the per- 
 verted st,ate of the human mind, that some of the 
 most heinous crimes bring little scandal upon the of- 
 fender. 
 
 SCA.\'I),\L, r. t. To treat opprobriously ; to defamo ; 
 to asperse ; to traduce ; to blacken character. 
 I do fawn on mrn, and huff Uwm h«ni, 
 And oAer ecandat them. [Liule uted.] STuit. 
 
 2. To scandalize; to offend. [AVil used.] 
 
 Bp. Story. 
 
 SCAN'DAL-IZE, v. I. [Gr. (r»ait?.iX.;<.j ; L. ..ca7i- 
 
 SCA 
 
 dalizo : Sp. escandalizar ; lU ticandaleitare ; Fr. scan^ 
 datijer. ] 
 
 1. 'i'o offend by some action siipiios^d criminal. 
 
 I demand who tliey ore whom we gjatidalize by iuiii|r hamilna 
 ttiiiiirs. Hooker. 
 
 2. To reproach ; to disgrace ; to defame ; as, a 
 seandaliiinrr librler. Addition. 
 
 SCAN'I)AI--IZ-KD, pp. Offended ; defamed ; dis- 
 graced. 
 
 SCA.N'DAL-IZ-l.VG, ppr. Giving offense to; dis- 
 gracing. 
 
 SCA.V'D.'M^OUS, 71. [It. scandaloto ; Sp. eseandaloaa ; 
 Fr. scanduleuz ; Sw. skdndelig.] 
 
 1. Giving offense. 
 
 Notliiiijj ecajtdaiottt or offensive to any. Hooker. 
 
 2. Opprnbrious ; disgraceful to reputation ; that 
 brings shame or infamy ; as, a scandalous crime or 
 vice. How perverted must be the mind, that con- 
 siders .seduction or dueling less scandalous than lar- 
 ceny ! 
 
 3. Defamatory. 
 
 Se.\.N''D.\L-OUS-LY, adv. Shamefully ; in a manner 
 to give offense. 
 
 His (liKCoiirse at table was scandalo^ety unbecoming the dienlty 
 of his station. Sie\fl, 
 
 2. Censoriously ; with a disposition to find fault ; 
 as, a critic scandalously nice. Pope. 
 SCAN'DAL-OL'S-NE.SS, n. The quality of being 
 scandalous ; the quality of giving otfense, or of being 
 disgraceful. 
 
 S€JIjVDA-LUM M^n-^'Ji'TUM, [1..] In laa, a 
 defamatory speech or writing made or published to 
 the injury of a person of dignity. Encyc. 
 SC.A.V'DEN'T, o. [ L. scanden.', scando, to climb.] 
 
 Climbing, either with spiral tendrils for its sup- 
 port, or by adhesive fibers, as a stalk ; climbing ; pet- 
 forming the ofiice of a tendril, as a petiole. 
 
 Smith. Biffetoir. 
 SCAN'.VKD, (skand,) pp. Critically sifted or exam- 
 ined ; resolved into feet in recital. 
 Se.V.\''N'I.N(;, ppr. Critically examining; resolving 
 
 into feet, as verse. 
 SCA.N'SIO.V, (-shun,) n. The act of scanning. 
 
 Percy. 
 
 Se.\N'-?fi'Rl"5S, n. pi. [L. scando, to climb.] 
 
 An order of birds whose external toe is directed 
 backward like a tliiinib, by which they arc enabled 
 to cling to and climb upon trees. The whole of this 
 order are not actii.ally climbers ; and there are climb- 
 ing birds that do not belong to this order. The 
 woodpeckers and parrots are an example of this 
 ordfT 
 
 SCA.X-SO'RI-AL, a. Climbing or adapted to climli- 
 ing ; a term applied to the order of birds called scan- 
 sore.^. [See ScANsoREs.] Sicainsun. 
 
 Se.A.N'T, V. t [Dan. skaanet, from sknaner, to spare.] 
 To limit ; to straiten ; as, to .fcaiil one in provis- 
 ions ; to .«;ai7( ourselves in the use of necessaries ; to 
 scant a garment in cloth. 
 
 1 am ecanud in the pleasure of dwelling on your oetions. 
 
 Drydtn. 
 
 SCANT, c. i. To fail or become less; as, the wind 
 scants. 
 
 Se.ANT, a. Not full, large, or plentiful ; scarcely suf- 
 ficient ; rather less than is wanted for the piir[>ose ; 
 as, a .<ca7i( allowance of provisions or water ; a scant 
 pattern of cloth for a garment. 
 
 2. Sparing; parsimonious, cautiously affording. 
 Be somewhat ecanter of your raaideu presence. [.Vol in use.) 
 
 Stuth. 
 
 3. Not entirely favorable for a ship's course : as, a 
 .ecaiil wind ; also, a light wind. Totun. 
 
 SCANT, adc. Scarcely ; hardly ; ni.t quite. 
 
 The peopl. — r^ceirrd of the hankers eeant twenty shilliiiiri for 
 thirty. [Otnolele or vulgar. \ Ounden. 
 
 PCANT'ED. pp. Limited ; straitened. . 
 se.ANT'I-LV, ar^c. [from scanty ] Not fully; not 
 
 plentifully. The troops were scantily supplied with 
 
 flour. 
 
 2. Sparingly; niggardly; a-s, to speak scantily of 
 one. 1 f/7iK.*77a/.] Shak. 
 Se.ANT'I-NESS, 71. NarrowTie-ss ; xvant of space or 
 compass ; as, tlie scantiness of our heroic verse. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Want of amplitude, greatness, or abundance ; 
 limited extent. 
 
 Alexander was much troubled at the eatnlineee of nature itself. 
 
 Soulfl. 
 
 3. Want of fulness; want of sufficiency; as, tba 
 scantiness of supplies. 
 
 SCA.N'TLE, r. t. To be deficient ; to fail. Drayton. 
 
 SCAN'TLE, V. i. To divide into thin or small pieces ; 
 to shiver. ChestrrtieJd. 
 
 SCANT'LET, n. [See Sca^^tlijio.] A small pat- 
 tern ; a small quantity. [J^Tol in use.] Hale. 
 
 Se.ANT'LI.N'G, n. [Fr. echantillon, a pattern ; Sp. et- 
 eantillon ; Port, escantilham.] 
 
 1. A pattern ; a quantity cut for a particular pur- 
 pose. /.'Estrange, 
 
 2. A small quantity ; as, a scantling of » it. 
 
 O-ydrn. fuieke 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, Vf'CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 -J 
 
 124 
 
 E E E E 
 
 985 
 
ISCA 
 
 SCA 
 
 SCA 
 
 .T. A certain proportion or quantity. Skak. 
 
 4. Timber sawed or cut into pieces of a small 
 size, as for studs, rails, &c. This seems to be allied 
 to the L. scandula, and it is tlie sense in which I 
 have ever heard it used in the United States. 
 
 5. Tlie dimensions of a piece of timber, with re- 
 2;ird to its breadth and thickness. Bramle. 
 
 SCANT'LING, a. Not plentiful ; small. [JV«( in use.] 
 
 Taylor, 
 
 SGANT'LY, ado. Scarcely ; hardly. [06s.] 
 
 Camde)i. 
 
 2. Not fully or sufficiently ; narrowly ; penuri- 
 ously ; without amplitude. Drtidm. 
 
 SeAXT'NESS, «. [from sca7i(.] Narrowness ;" small- 
 ness ; as, the srantucss of our capacities. Olanville. 
 
 SCANT'Y, a. [from scant, and having the same sig- 
 nification.] 
 
 1. Narrow ; small ; wanting amplitude or extent. 
 
 Ilia dominions were very n.iirow ailcl Bcantt/. Locke, 
 Now ecaniur limits tlie proud wrclt conliue. Pope, 
 
 2. Poor ; not copious or full ; not ample ; hardly 
 sufficient ; as, a scanty lansuasje ; a scanty supply of 
 words ; a scanty supply of bread. 
 
 3. Sparing ; niggardly ; parsimonious. 
 
 In iUustmlinj a point of difficulty, be not loo scanty of wonls, 
 
 WaU3. 
 
 SCaPE, v. t. or t. To escape ; a contracted word, not 
 now Msed, except in poetry, and with a mark of 
 elision. [See Escape.] 
 
 SCAPE, 71. An escape. [See Escape.] 
 
 9. Means of escape ; evasion. Donne. 
 
 3. Freak ; aberration ; deviation. Sliak. 
 
 4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. Shak. 
 [Obsolete in all its senses.] 
 
 SGaPE,?!. [L. scapus; probably allied to scipio, and 
 the Gr. (tkh'^toov, scepter.] 
 
 1. In botany, a radical stem bearing the fructifica- 
 tion without leaves, as in the narcissus and hyacinth. 
 
 Jifartyti. 
 
 2. In architecture, the shaft of a column ; also, the 
 apophvg*? of a shaft. Gloss, of Mrchit. 
 
 Sei\PE'-GAL-LO\VS, -n. One who has narrowly es- 
 ca]ied thejralliiws for his crimes. 
 
 S€aPE'-GOAT, «. [escape a-ni troat.] In the Jetcish 
 ritual, a soat which was brought to the door of the 
 tabernacle, where the high priest laid his liands upon 
 him, confessing the sins of the people, and putting 
 them on the head of the goat ; after which the goat 
 was sent into the wilderness, bearing the iniquities 
 of the people. Lrr. xvi. 
 
 SCaPE'-GKaCE, 7i. A graceless, hair-brained fellow. 
 
 Halliwcll, 
 
 SCaPE'LESS, a, [from scape.] In botany, destitute 
 of a scape. 
 
 Se.^ PE'.ME.N'T, 71. The method of communicating 
 the impulse of the wheels to the pendulum of a clock, 
 or balance of a watch. [See Escapement.] 
 
 Se.\PlI'lS.M, 71. [Gr. CKaTTTw, to dig or make hol- 
 low.] 
 
 Among the Persians, a barbarous punishment in- 
 flicted on criminals by confining them in a hollow 
 tree till they died a miserable death. ,Ssh. 
 
 SCAPII'ITE, 71. [L. scapha.] 
 
 Fossil remains of a genus of Cephalopods, of a boat- 
 shaped form, allied to the ammonite. Brandc. 
 
 SCAPH'OID, 71. [Gr. <r«ui/)os,a boat,and cid"S.] Ke- 
 senililing a boat in form. 
 
 SCAP'O-LITE, 71. [Gr. aKairoi, a rod, and XiOoj, a 
 stone.] 
 
 A grayish-white mineral, occurring in four or eight- 
 ■ sided prisms, terminated by low pyramids, and in 
 cleavable masses, with a somewhat pearly luster. 
 It sometimes presents pale, bluish, greenish, and 
 reddish shades of color. It consists of silica, alu- 
 mina, and lime. It is the Wernerite of Haiiy. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 Se.AP'PLE, V. t. To reduce a stone to a straight sur- 
 face without working it smooth. Gloss, of Archit. 
 
 SeAP'lJ-LA, 7!. [L.l The shoulder-blade. Coze. 
 
 SeAP'U-LAR, (/. [L. srapularis.] 
 
 Pertaining to the shoulder, or to the scapula; as, 
 the scapular arteries. 
 
 firaiinlar feathers. See Scapular, ji. No. 2. 
 
 SeAP'lJ.I,AK, II. [Siiprn.] In ajintomy, the name of 
 two pair of arteries, and as many veins, near the 
 shoulder-blade. Kncyc. 
 
 2. In ornithuloiry, a feather which springs from (he 
 shoulder of the wing, and lies along the side of the 
 back. Brande, 
 
 SeAP'IJ-LAR, ) 71. A part of the habit of rertain 
 
 SeAP'tJ-I.A-RY, i religious orders in the Roman 
 Cntlioiic rhurcli, ronsisling of two bands of woolen 
 HtiifT worn over the g<JW'n, of which one crosses the 
 back or Khuiilders, and the other the Ntoninch. Tliis 
 in worn an a badge of peculiar veneration for the 
 Virgin M.ir)'. Brande. 
 
 SeAP'i;-I,A-RY, a. The same n« Scapui-ab, wliich 
 nee, 
 
 St'Ji'PUa, 71. [L.] In omiHwloffy, the Bti'm or trunk 
 of n feather. Brande. 
 2. In architecture, a scape, which cee. 
 
 BCX R, 71. [ Fr. escarre ; Ann. scarr or yscnr ; It. etcara ; 
 Gr. cirxaiia) Dan. nkar ; probably i'roin the root of 
 
 shear, share, to cut. Sax. sciran, sccaran, whence 
 Dan. skaar, a notch.] 
 
 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made 
 by a wound or an ulcer, and remaining after the 
 wound or ulcer is healed. The soldier is proud of 
 his scars. 
 
 2. Any mark or injury ; a blemish. 
 
 The earth had the beanly of youth — and not a wrinkle, scar, or 
 fraaure on its body. Burnet. 
 
 3. [1,. scarus ; Gr. nKapn^.] A fish of the genus 
 Scarus, commonly called Pabrot-fi3h. 
 
 Dcct. JVat, irist. 
 
 SeXR, V, t To mark with a scar. Shak, 
 
 SGAR'AIl, i '1. [L. scarabiEus, from Gr. uKCop ; 
 
 SeAR'A-IiEE, ( Sax. sccam, fimus.] 
 
 A beetle ; an insect of the genus Scarabsus, whose 
 wings are cased. [See Beetle.] 
 
 S€AR'A-MOUCn, 71. [Fr. cscannouche; It. searamuc- 
 cio ; Sp. escaramnza, a skirmish.] 
 
 A biilfoon in the old comedy so called from the 
 skirmishing antics which he performed. Rich. Diet. 
 
 SCARCE, a. [\t. scarso ; X), schaarsch. In .Arm. .scan 
 is short, and perhaps the word is from the root of 
 shear, to cut. The Spanish equivalent word is escaso, 
 and it is observable that some of our common peo- 
 ple pronounce this word scase.] 
 
 1. Not plentiful or abundant ; being in small quan- 
 tity in proportion to the demand. We say, water is 
 scarce, wheat, rye, barley is scarce, money is scarce, 
 when the quantity is not fully adequate to the de- 
 mand. 
 
 2. Being few in number and scattered; rare; un- 
 common. Good horses are scarce. 
 
 The scarcest of all is a Pcsceniiius Niger on a medalliou well 
 preserved. Addison, 
 
 ISIrcI'lY,! "ar<lly;scantly. 
 
 We scarcely think our miseries our foes. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. Hardly ; with difficulty. 
 
 Slowly he sails, and scarcely stems the titles. Dryden. 
 .■^CARCE'NESS, ) 71. Smallness of quantity, or small- 
 SCaR'CI-TY, ( ness in proportion to the wants 
 
 or demands ; deficiency ; defect of iilenty ; penury ; 
 
 as, a scarcity of grain ; a great scarcity of beauties ; 
 
 a scarcity of lovely women. Dnjdcn, 
 
 Praise, like gold and diaiiioiids, owes its value to its scnrdty. 
 
 lianMer, 
 
 A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples. Addison. 
 2. Rareness ; infrequency. 
 
 The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 Root of scarcity, or Scarcity root; the mangold- 
 wurzel, a variety of the Beta Cycla, or white beet ; 
 G. mangold-wuncl, beet-root, corrupted into mangel- 
 wurzel ; Fr. racine de diselle, root of want or scarcity. 
 
 Kd. Encyc. 
 
 SCARE, 71. t. [In W. esgar is to separate ; in It. 
 scurare is to dishearten, from L. cz and cor, lieart; 
 but qu.] 
 
 To fright ; to terrify suddenly ; to strike with sud- 
 den terror. 
 
 The noise of thy cross-bow 
 Will scare the heril, and so my shot is lost. Shak. 
 
 To scare away; to drive away by frightening. 
 SCARE'CRoW, 71. [sc(!re and crouj.] Any frightful 
 thing set up to fiigliten crows or other fowls from 
 cornfields ; hence, any thing terrifying without dan- 
 ger; a vain terror. 
 
 A scarecroiB set to frighten fools away, Dryden. 
 2. A provincial name of the sea-fowl called the 
 Black Tern, Sterna nigra. fUlin, Encyc. 
 
 SCAR'Jjn, 7>/i. Frightened ; suddenly terrified. 
 SCAUE'FIKE, 71. A fire breaking out so as tofrighten 
 
 people. [JVot used,] Holder, 
 SCARF, n. ; pi. Scarfs. [Fr. echarpe ; It. ciarpa ; Sax. 
 scearf, a fragment or piece ; G. scharpe ; from the 
 root of shear,] 
 
 1. Something that hangs loose upon the shoulders; 
 as a piece of cloth. 
 
 Put on your hood and scar/. Sisi/l. 
 
 2. A water-fowl, the cormorant. [Provincial,] 
 
 Edin. Encyc. 
 
 SCARF, V. t. To throw loosely on. Shak. 
 
 2. To dress in a loose vesture. Shak, 
 SCARF, V, t. [Sw. skarfca ; Sp. escarpar,] 
 
 To join; to piece ; to unite two pieces of timber 
 at tin; ends, so that they appear to be one. This is 
 usually dime by letting the end of one into the end 
 of the other, sometimes by laying the two ends to- 
 gether and fastening a third piece to both. 
 
 Toltm, Gicilt, 
 SeXRF'KD, (skitrft,) pp Dressed in a loose vesture. 
 
 2. Joined ; pieced. 
 SCARK'ING, ppr. Uniting two piecea of timber at 
 
 the ends, ho as to appear but one. 
 SCARF'ING, n. The joining of two pieces of timber 
 
 end to end, so that they appear but one. P. Cyc, 
 SCARF'SKIN, 71. [.»r,ar/aml .vfan.j 'I'he cuticle ; the 
 epidermis , the outer thin integument of the body. 
 
 Chenne, 
 
 8eAR-I-FI-CA'TION,7i. [1., scarijicatio. Sec Bcarifv.] 
 
 In surgery, the operation of making several in- 
 cisions in the skin with a lancet or other cutting 
 instrument, particularly the cupping instrument. 
 
 Encyc, 
 
 SCAR-I-FI-Ca'TOR, 71. An instrument used in cup- 
 ping, containing 10 or 12 lancets for making a num- 
 ber of incisions at once. Brande. 
 
 SCAR'I-FI-ER, 71. [from scarify.] The person who 
 scarifies. 
 
 2. The instrument used for scarifying. 
 
 3. In agriculture, an implement for stirring and 
 loosening the soil, vilho'it bringing up a fresh sur- 
 face. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 SCAR'I-FY, J!.«. [Yt scarifier ; Ij. scarijico Q.a.'scar, 
 Gr. £crxnua,and L. /acio, to make. But the Greek is 
 aKapiifiaiiyitii, from trKaiuifioi, a pointed instrument, 
 or a sharp-pointed piece of wood.] 
 
 To scratch or cut the skin of an animal, or to 
 make small incisions by moans of a lancet or cuyi- 
 ping instrument, so as to draw blood from the 
 smaller vessels without opening a large vein. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 SCAR'I-FV-ING, ppr. Making small incisions in the 
 skin with an inutrument. 
 
 SCAR'ING, ppr. Frightening; suddenly terrifying. 
 
 SCa'RI-oSE, I -t t • t 1 
 
 '^CA'Rl OUS I ^' [^^^ ^' scanosus, rough.] 
 
 In botany, tough, thin, and semi-transparent, dry 
 and sonorous to the touch ; as a perianth. Jilartyn, 
 
 SCAR-LAT'I-NA or SCAR-LA-Tl'NA, n. [It. scar- 
 lattino and scarlatto, scarlet.] 
 
 A barbarous Italian term with a Latin termination, 
 employed to designate what is commonly called in 
 English Scarlet Fever, and in nosology Rosalia. 
 
 SCAR-LAT'I-NOUS, a. Of a scarlet color; pertaining 
 to the scarlet fever. 
 
 SCAR'LET, 71. [Fr. ecarlate; Arm. scarladd; It. scar- 
 latto ; Sp. escarlata ; Ir. scarloid; W. ysgarlad, the ef- 
 fusion of a wound, scarlet, from ysgar, to separate ; 
 (see Shear ;) D. scharlaken; G. scliarlack; Dan. skar- 
 lagcn. Uu. Ch. ipD, to color, as a derivative, min- 
 ium ; Ar.^JlXi «/iafaira, to be red.] 
 
 1. A beautiful bright-red color, brighter than crim- 
 son. Encyc. 
 
 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. 
 
 All her household are clothed with scarlet. — Prov. xxxi. 
 
 SCAR'LET, a. Of the color called scarlet ; of a bright- 
 red color ; as, a scarlet cloth or thread ; a scarlet lip. 
 
 SCaR'LET-BeAN, 71. A plant ; a red bean. 
 
 SCAR'LET-Fk'VER, 71. A febrile exanthema, called 
 in nosology Rosalia, and also Scarlatina. It is 
 characterized by fever, attended, about the third day, 
 with an eruption of level, or nearly level, crimson- 
 red patches, first appearing in the fauces and on the 
 face, neck, and breasts, and progressively on the 
 whole surface, often continent and terminating about 
 the seveiitli day, in cuticiilar exfoliations. 
 
 SCAR'LET-oAK, 71. A species of oak, the Quercus 
 coccifera, or keimes oak, produciiig small insects, 
 the Coccus Ilicis, called kermes, or scarlet grain. 
 More properly, the duerciis coccinea of the United 
 States. 
 
 SC.^R'.MAGE, ) peculiar modes of spelling Skirmish. 
 SCAR'MO0E;i [Mt in use.] Spaiser. 
 SCARN,?!. [Sax. .scfurii.] 
 
 Dung. [JVot in use, or local.] Ray. 
 SCARN'-BEE, n. A beetle. [JVot in use, or local,] 
 
 Ray, 
 
 SCARP, 71. [Fr. escarjie; It. Scarpa, a scarp, a shoe, a 
 slope ; Sp. escarpa,] 
 
 In fortification, the interior slope of the ditch next 
 the place, at the foot of the rampart. [See Escarp.] 
 
 Brande, 
 
 SCARP, 71. In heraldry, the scarf which military com- 
 mandei's wear for ornament ; borne somewhat like a 
 batoon sinister, but broader, and continued to the 
 edges of the field. Eucijc, 
 
 SCARP'A'D, (skiirpt,) a. Cut down like the scarp of n 
 forlificalion. 
 
 SCA R'R/:D, (skard,) pp. Marked with a scar. 
 
 SCAR'RING, ppr. Marking with a scar. 
 
 SCA'RUS, 71. A genus of fishes, the species of which 
 are called Parrot-Fishes. P, Cyc, 
 
 SCA'RY, 71. Barren land having only a thin coat of 
 grass upon it. [/.oca/.] 
 
 SCAT, 71. A shower of rain ; and hence, seatty, 
 showery. Grose, 
 
 SCATCH, 71. [Fr. esraehe.] 
 
 A kind of horsebit for bridles. Bailey. 
 
 SCATCll'ES, 71. pi. [Fr. echasses.] 
 
 Stilts to put the feet in for walking in dirty places. 
 
 SCA'I'E. See Skate. [Bailey. 
 
 SCA'i''E-BROUS, a. [L. scofriira, a spring ; icatco, to 
 overflow.] 
 
 AliounJing with springs. Diet. 
 SCATII, V, t, [Sax. scathian, seealhian, to injnro, to 
 damage, to steal ; D. schaaden ; G. schaden ; Sw. ska- 
 da ; Dan. .•^kader,] 
 
 To damage ; to waste ; to destroy. Milton, 
 SCATII, 71. Damage ; injury ; waste ; harm. Spenser, 
 SCATll'KD, (Hkutlit,) pp. Damaged ; destroyed. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PR&Y PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 __ _ 
 
SCATH'FJJL, a. Injurious ; liarmful ; destructive. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SeATH'FlJL-NESS, n. Injurionsncsa ; destructive- 
 St!ATII'ING, ppr. IpjuriiiK j destroying. [ncss. 
 SGATU'LESS, a. Without waste or daniace. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 SGAT'TER, V. t. [Sax. scatiran, to pour out, to dis- 
 perse ; L. scatro; Gr. iT«t<!iic.), to scatter, to discuss, 
 L. dUmtio. Tliis word may be formed on the root of 
 diaculio. The primary sense is, to driv(; or tlirow.] 
 
 1. To dis|MTse ; to dissipate ; to separate or remove 
 things to a distance from cacli otiier. 
 
 From lh<-iic<* iliil tli<* I.orxi fcatter Uicm abroad upon the face of 
 
 »ll llii- canli. — Ueii. li. 
 I ^vill tcfUUr you ainon^ the lipalhen. — Lev. xxvi. 
 
 2. To throw loosely about ; to sprinkle ; as, to scat- 
 ter seed in sowing. 
 
 Tc~icli 111" g\Mt liours to sraller, ns tli'-y fly, 
 
 Soft quiet, ^iitle love, and endless joy. Prior, 
 
 3. To spread or set thinly. 
 
 Wliy fihonid my muse enlarore on Libyan swains, 
 
 Their scattered coUages, and ample plains i DrycJen, 
 
 SCAT'TER, V. I. To be dispersed or dissipated. The 
 clouds scatter after a storm. 
 
 2. To be liberal to the poor j to be charitable. 
 Prop. xi. 
 
 SeAT'TER-RllAlN-En, a. Giddv. Uaniwdl. 
 
 SeAT'TER-f;i), pp. or a. Dispersed ; dissipated ; thin- 
 ly spread ; sprinkled or thinly spread over. 
 
 2. In butanii, irregular in position ; without any 
 apparent regular order ; as, scattered brandies. 
 
 SGAT'TER-KD-I-Y, (skat'turd-le,) adr. In a dispersed 
 manner ; separately. [Jfot miicli used.] Clarke. 
 
 SCAT'TER-ING, pjjr. Dispersing; spreading thinly ; 
 sprinkling. 
 
 2. a. Not united; divided among many; as, scat- 
 teriti IT votes. 
 
 SeAT'TEIM\G-LY, adr. Loosely; in a dispersed 
 manner, lliinly ; as, habitations scatteringly placed 
 over the coutilrv. 
 SeAT'TER-l.NGS, n. pi. Things scattered. 
 PCAT'TEIi LI.NG, n. A vagabond ; one that has no 
 
 fixed habitation or residence. [Little used.] 
 SeA-TO'Rl-ENT, a. [L. scaturiciis.] 
 
 Springing, as tlie water of a fountain. [JVot used.] 
 SeAT-U-KIC'IiX-OUS, a. [L. ,%Tn(«riVo.] [Diet. 
 
 .Aboumiing with springs. [A'ot used.] Diet. 
 SrAUI", n. A species of pochard or iliving-duck, 
 found in Europe and .\ortli America. It is the Fu- 
 ligula marila of Stephens. Jardine. 
 SGAV'.AGE, II. (Sax. sceatrian, to show.] 
 
 In ancient customs, a toll or duty exacted of mi?r- 
 chant-strangers by mayors, sheritfs, &c., for goods 
 shown or olfered for sale within their precincts. 
 
 CuiDrl. 
 
 Se.W'EN'-GER, n. fSax. scafan, to scrape, to shave, 
 G. sckaben, Sw. skafca, Dan. skarcr, L. seabio.] 
 
 A person whose employment is to cle;in the street.i 
 of a citv, by scraping or sweeping and carrying off 
 the filth. 
 
 SCEL'ER-AT, (scl'-.) n. [Fr., from L. sceleratu.-!.] 
 
 A villain ; a criminal. [JVot in use.] Chriine. 
 SCe.\E, n. [Fr. id.; L. seena; Gr. aKivn; Heb". 
 to dwell ; Cli. to subside, to settle ; Syr. to come or 
 
 fall on; Ar. ^ > ■■■ soAana, to be firm, stable, quiet, 
 
 to set or establish, to quiet, or cause to rest. Class 
 Gn, No. 43, 44. ITie Greek word signifies a tent, 
 hut, or cottage. In L. it is an arbor or stage. The 
 primary sense is, to set or throw down.] 
 
 1. A stage; the theater or place where dramatic 
 pieces and other shows are exhibited. It does not 
 appear that the ancients changed the scenes in differ- 
 ent pans of the play. Indeeil, the original scene for 
 acting was an open plat of ground, shaiied or slightly 
 covered. Knctje. 
 
 2. The whole series of actions and events connect- 
 ed and exhibited ; or the whole assemblage of objects 
 displayed at one view. Thus we say, the execution 
 of a malefactor is a melancholy scene. The cnicifix- 
 ion of our Savior was the most solemn scene ever 
 presented to the view of man. V\'e say, .also, a scene 
 of sorrow or of rejoicing; a noble scene; a sylvan 
 scene, 
 
 A charming scent of nature U displayed. Dryden. 
 
 3. A part of a play ; a division of an act A play 
 is divided into acts, and acts are divided into scenes. 
 
 4. So much of an act of a play as represents what 
 passes between the same persona in the same place. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. The imaginary place in which the action of a 
 play is supposed to occcr. The scene was laid in the 
 king's palace. Brandt. 
 
 6. The curtAin oi ht.r.png of a theater adapted to 
 the play. 
 
 7. The place where any thing is e.xhibitcd. 
 
 The world is a vast r.-?n< of strif-". J. M. Mason. 
 
 8. An exhibition of strong feeling between two or 
 mi le persons, usually of a pathetic or passionate 
 kind. [RrcenL] Walter SeatL 
 
 [L. scenicxts.] 
 
 SCH 
 
 9. Any remarkable exhibition. 
 
 The sli"phcnls, while watchuip th-ir flocks upon the pi tins of 
 Bethlehem, wro sud.lenly inlerrupied ly one of the inost 
 suliliine and surprising scenes which have ever N-en exhiliitj-d 
 on earih. H-'. li. Sjtrngue. 
 
 SCkNE'-PAINT-ER, 71. One who makes it his em- 
 ployment to paint scenes fiir theaters. 
 
 SCkNE'-PAI.\T-1NG, n. The act or employment of 
 painting scenes for a theater. Brande. 
 
 SC'F:i\'ER-Y, H. The appearance of a place, or of the 
 various objects presented to view ; or tin! various ob- 
 jects themselves as seen together. 'J'lius we may say, 
 the scenery of the landscape presented to thi- view 
 from Mount llolyokc, in Hampshire county, Massa- 
 chusetts, is highly picturesque, and exceeded only by 
 the .icenery of lioston and its vicinity, as seen from 
 the State House. 
 
 Never need an American look beyond his own country for the 
 sublime and beauurul of natutal scenery. Iroing. 
 
 2. The representation of the place in which an ac- 
 tion is jierformed. Pope. 
 
 3. The disposition and consecution of the .scenes 
 of a play. Dryden. 
 
 4. The paintings representing the scenery of a play. 
 SCEN'ie, 
 SC£.\'ie-AI,, 
 
 rertaining to scenery ; dramatic ; theatrical. 
 SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie, ) a. [See StENoonAPHV.] 
 SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie-AI,, ( Pertaining to socnogra- 
 
 phv ; drawn in perspective. 
 SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY, adr. In perspective. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 SCE-NOG'RA-PIIY, (se-nog'ra-fe,) n. [Gr. aKrjvn, 
 scene, and j /.<(»/'('', to describe.] 
 
 The representation of a body on a perspective 
 plane ; or a description of it in all its dimensions as 
 it appears to the eye. Barhie. 
 
 SCE.\T, [Fr. senteur, from sentir, L. ^cnlio, to per- 
 ceive J 
 
 1. Odor; smell; that substance which, issuing 
 from a boily, alfects the olfat-^ory organs of animals ; 
 as, the scent of an orange or au apple ; the scent of 
 musk. The word is applicable to aiiy odor, agreeable 
 or offensive. 
 
 2. The power of smelling ; the smell ; as, a hound 
 of nice scent.. 
 
 3. Chase followed by the scent ; course of pursuit ; 
 track. 
 
 He traveled upon the same scent into Ethiopia. Temple. 
 SCENT, V. t. To smell ; to perceive by the olfactory 
 organs ; as, to .^cent game, as a hound. 
 
 2. To perfume ; to imbue or fill with odor, good or 
 bad. Aromatic plants .'•■cent the room. Some per- 
 sons scent garments with musk ; others scent their 
 snuff. 
 
 SCE.NT'ED, pp. Smelt ; perceived by the olfactory- 
 organs. 
 
 2. Perfumed ; imbued with odor. 
 SCENT'FIJL,, o. Odorous ; yielding much smell. 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 2. Of quick smell. Broicne. 
 SCENT'ING, ppr. Smelling ; perceiving by the olfac- 
 tory organs. 
 2. Perfuming; filling with odor. 
 SCE.N'T'LESS, a. Inodorous ; destitute of smell. 
 SCEP'TEK, ( H, [Fr. sceptre ; h. sceptrum ; Gr. cKriTr- 
 SCEP'TUE, i Toof, from o-sr/jirru, to send or thrust; 
 coinciding with L. scipio, that is, a shoot or rod.] 
 
 1. A staff or baton borne by kings on solemn occa- 
 sions, as a badge of authority. Hence, 
 
 2. The appropriate ensign of royalty ; an ensign of 
 higher antiquity than the crown Hence, 
 
 3. Royal power or authority ; as, to assume the 
 seq>ter. 
 
 The scepter shall not depart from Judoh, nor ft lawgiver from 
 tietwecn his feet, until Shitoh come. — Geo. xlix. 
 
 4. .\ constellation. ' 
 
 SCEP'TER, ( r. t. To invest with rov.al authority, or 
 SCEP'TRK, ( with the ensign of aiilhoritv. Hall. 
 SCEP'TER-KD, j a. Invested with a scepter; bear- 
 SCEP'TRitU, j ing a scepter; as, a sceptered 
 prince. 
 
 To Britain's queen the tetpured suppliant txDds. Ticket, 
 (ju\'\.8cejite.reti Jtnio. Parneil. 
 
 ^CFP'TER LF^^ ) 
 
 SCEP'TRI->LESs' ! """"g scepter. 
 SCEP'Tie. S. e SKi rTic. 
 
 SCHAAL'STEI.V, (shil'stlne,) (•)!, The same with 
 
 Se.^I.E'-STONK, j Tabulae Spab, 
 
 which see. Dana. 
 
 SeilF.'DI-ASM, (skS'de-azm,) n. [Gr. Tx^tSiaopa.] 
 Cursory writing on a loose sheet. 
 
 SeilED'lJI.E, n. [L. sckedula, from schtda, a sheet or 
 leaf of paper ; Gr. (T\tfiq, from axi^ut, to cut or di- 
 vide : I,, scindo, for scido. The pronunciation ought 
 to follow the analogy of scheme, &c.] 
 
 1. A small scroll or piece ol^ pa[)er or parchment, 
 containing some writing. Ilnoker. 
 
 2. A piece of paper or parchment annexed to a 
 larger writing, o-s to a will, a deed, a lease, fcc. Encye. 
 
 3. A piece of paper or parchment containing an in- 
 ventory of goods. Encye. 
 
 SCIIEE'LI.V, n. [So called from Scheele, a distin- 
 
 SCH 
 
 guished chemist.] A calcareous ore of tungsten nr 
 tungstatc of lime, of a white or pale-yellowish ctilur. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 SCHE'I.I-II.M, n. A different name of tungsten, a 
 hard, brittle metal, of a grayish- white color, and 
 brilliant. Diet. 
 
 SClli~;IK, (sheek or shake,) n. Sec Shcik. 
 
 SCHK'.MA-TIS.M,{ske'nia-tizm,)7U [Gr. axiipariapof, 
 from ij\riii'i. See Scheme.] 
 
 1. Conihinatitui of the aspects of heavenly bodies. 
 
 2. Particular form or disposition of a thing. [^ 
 vord not much used.] Creech. 
 
 SeilK'AI A-TIST, n. A projector ; one given to form- 
 ing schemes. 
 
 [Schemer is more generally used.] 
 
 SeilK'MA-TI/E, V. i. To form a scheme or schemes. 
 
 Sfc'HE.ME, (skeme,) n. [Ij. schema ; Or. ox'ipa, fiom 
 (Tvt' i, a contracted word, probably from axtOoi, to 
 have or hold.] 
 
 1. A plan : a combination of things connected and 
 adjusted by design ; a system. 
 
 We shall never be able to ^ve ourselves a satisfactory account of 
 the divine con<lucl, withuut Conning such a scheme of Ihinpi 
 as shall uke in linie and eUTnity. MUrhury. 
 
 2. A project ; a contrivance ; a plan of something 
 to be (lone ; a design. IMuis we say, to form a 
 scheme, to lay a scheme, to contrive a scheme. 
 
 The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our 
 desires, is like cutting utt our feet when we uaut shoes. 
 
 i"uii/I. 
 
 3. A representation of the aspects of the celestial 
 bodies ; any lineal or mathematical diagram. [Little 
 used,] Brown, JIudibras. 
 
 PCIIIC.ME, (skeme,) r. t. To plan ; to contrive. 
 SCIlK.ME, V, i. To form a plan ; to contrive. 
 SeilB.M'ER, n. One that contrives; a projector; a 
 contriver. 
 
 SGIlK.M'l.N'G, ppr. Planning; contriving. 
 
 2. a. Given to forming schemes ; artful ; in- 
 trig_iiiug. 
 
 SCHkM'ING, n. The act of forming a plan. 
 SCIIkM'I.NG-LY, adv. Ity scheming or contriving. 
 SCIIk.M'IS T, n. A schemer ; a projector. Corentry. 
 St;ill'..\l'., (Skene,) n. [V,.schanus; Gr. <7\oiijm{.] 
 
 .\t\ Egyptian measure of length, equal to sixty 
 
 stadia, or about seven and a half miles. Herodotus. 
 SCllER'lF, n. [Ar., lord or master.] A title given in 
 
 the East to those who descend from .Mohammed 
 
 liiroiigh his son-iii-law, .\Vi, and daughter, Fatima ; 
 
 a:i emir ; applied to the chiefs of .Mecca and Medina. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SeHE-RO'M.\, n. In medicine, a dryness of the eye. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SCHe'SIS, (skis'sis,) n. [Gr. cxtoti, from axtw, 
 trxtO''\ to have or hold.] 
 
 Habitude; genenil state or disposition of the body 
 or mind, or of one lhi«g with regard to other things. 
 
 AVrn>. 
 
 SCniL'LER-SPXR, (shil-,) n. A massive, lamellar 
 mineral, of a dark-green color, occurring in serijen- 
 tiue, and consisting of silica, magnesia, and oxyd of 
 iron, with 10 tir 12 \>et cent, of water. The name 
 has also included bronzite, which is a foliated variety 
 of aucite. Dana. 
 
 SeHIR'RIU'S. SceScinRHts. 
 
 SCHIS.M, (sizm,) ;i. (I,, schi.tma ; Gr. irxicna, from 
 ff\(^fi>, to divide, L. scindo. Sax. sceadan, t>. achicn, 
 schciden, G. schciden, to separate, to part.] 
 
 1. In a freneral sense, division or separation ; but 
 appropriately, a division or separation in a church or 
 denomination of Christians, occasioned by diversity 
 of opinions ; breach of unity among people of the 
 same religious faith. 
 
 Set boiiiida M our p^uwi.ms by reason, 10 our errors by tnith, and 
 
 to our schism* by charity, K, Lhariet. 
 
 In Scripture, the word seems to denote a breach ot 
 charity, rather than a difference of doctrine. 
 
 2. Separation ; division.among tribes or classes of 
 people. 
 
 seillS'MA, (skiz'mi,) n. [L. ; Gr. <r\i<T(ia.] In mu- 
 sic, an interval eipial to half a conmia. Brande. ■ 
 
 SCIllS-M.\T'ie, (siz-mat'ik,) la. Pertaining 
 
 SCHIS-MAT'ie-AI., (siz-inat'ik-al,) i to schism; 
 implying schi.-m ; partaking of the nature of schism ; 
 tending to schism ; as, schismatieal opinions or pro- 
 posals. K. Charles. South. 
 
 SCHIS-.MAT'ie, (siz-,) n. One who separates from 
 an established church or religions faith, on account 
 of a diversity of opinions. Blackstone, Sieift. 
 
 SCHIS-.MAT'ie-AI^LY, (siz-,) orfc. In a schismat- 
 ieal manner ; by separation from a church on account 
 of a diversity of opinions. 
 
 SCHlS-.MAT'ie-AL-NESS, n. The state of being 
 schisniatical. 
 
 SCHIS'.MA-TIZE, v. + To commit or practice 
 schism ; to make a breach of communion in the 
 church. Johnson. 
 
 SCHIS.M'LESS, (sizm'-,) o. Free from schism ; not 
 alfected by schism. [Little used.] Milton. 
 
 SCHIST, (shist,) n. [Gr. ffX'frroi, divided or divisi- 
 ble.] 
 
 In geoloipi, a rock having a slaty strvictiire. Dana. 
 SCHIST'OSE, j a. In gevlofcy, slaty or imperfectly 
 SCHIST'OUS, ) slaty in structure. Dana. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUa — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 987 
 
SCIi 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCI 
 
 SCHOL'AR, (skdl'ar,) n. [Low L. sckolaris, from 
 I scluila, a scliool ; Gr. ax"^'!, leisure, a school ; Fr. 
 ecvUer ; D. scliooUer ; G. schvler ; Dan. skoteltErd. 
 The Danish word signifies school-leamed. See 
 School.] 
 
 1. One who learns of a teacher ; one who is un- 
 der the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil ; a disciple; 
 hence, any member of a college, academy, or school ; 
 applicable to the learner of any art, science, or 
 branch of litcniture. 
 
 a. A man of letters. Locke. 
 
 3. Emp/talicnlhj u-fd, a man eminent for erudi- 
 tion ; a person of high attainments in science or lit- 
 erature. 
 
 4. One that learns any thing ; as, an apt scholar in 
 the school of vice. 
 
 5. A pedant ; a man of books. Bacon. 
 [But the word scholar seldom conveys the idea of 
 
 a pedant.] 
 
 6. An undergraduate in English universities, who 
 belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives 
 support in pan from its revenues. 
 
 SeHO-LAR'I-T\, n. Scholarship. [J\rot used.] 
 
 B. JoilSOTl. 
 
 SGHOL'AR-LlKE, ) a. Like a scholar ; becoming a 
 SeHOiyAR-LV, i scholar. Baton. 
 SeilOL'AR-SiUP, n. Learning; attainments in sci- 
 ence or literature ; as, a man of great scholarship. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Literary education ; as, any other house of 
 scholarship. [UntLfiml.] Mdton. 
 
 3. Exhibition or maintenance for a scholar ; foun- 
 dation f(»r the support of a student. Aiiisworlh. 
 
 SeilO-LAS'Tie, ) r, I , ,• 1 
 
 seiio-LAS'Tie-AL, i 
 
 1. Pertaining to a scholar, to a school, or to 
 schools ; as, scholastic manners or pride ; scltolastic 
 learning. 
 
 2. Scholar-like; becoming a scholar; suitable to 
 schools ; :is, scludastic precision. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the schoolmen, or philosophers 
 and divines, of the middle ages, who adopted the 
 system of Aristotle, and spent much time on points 
 of nice and abstract speculation ; as, scholastic divin- 
 ity or theology ; scholastic philosophy. 
 
 Among the most distinguished of the schoolmen 
 were Alexander of Hales, Thomas Aquinas, Dun- 
 Scotus, and William Occam. They took their name 
 from being teachers in schools of divinity establis.hed 
 chiefly by Charlemagne. Some of their fiercest con- 
 I tests related to the question of Realism and Nomi- 
 
 I nalism. Encyc. Amer, 
 - 4. Pedantic : formal. 
 
 I I FeilO-LAS'Tie, n. One who adheres to the method 
 [ or subtilties of the schools. Milton. 
 
 SeHO-LAS'Tie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of 
 schools ; according to the niceties or method of the 
 schools. 
 
 SGHO-LAS'TI-CISM, n. The method or subtilties of 
 the schools. IVarton. 
 
 The spirit of the old ffcholastirism, which spumed laborious in- 
 vestigation and slow induction. J. P. S-niih. 
 
 SeHo'LI-AST, (sko'le-ast,) 71. [Gr. axoXiarns- See 
 
 St-HOI,IL'M.] 
 
 .\ commentator or annotator; a name given to the 
 old grammarians or critics, who wrote on the mar- 
 gins of the manuscripts of the Cireek and Latin 
 classics, annotations called scholia, from being, as it 
 were, the fruits of their leisure. Brande. 
 
 SeilO-LI-AST'ie, a. That pertains to a scholia.st or 
 his pursuits. Swift. 
 
 SCHo'LI-aZK, I!, i. To write notes on an author's 
 works. [JVut used.] Milton. 
 
 SGHOL'ie-AL, a. Schcdastic. [Mot in use.] Hales. 
 
 SCHO'LI-U.M, n. ; pi. .Scholia or ScHOLltJMs. [L. 
 acholion ; Gr. axoXion, from axo^'li leisure, lucubra- 
 tion.] fi 
 
 1. Annotalion. 
 
 2. In maUtematics, a remark or observation sub- 
 joined to a denitmstration. 
 
 SCII6'LY, n. A Hcliolliiin. [JVot in use.] Uooker, 
 seilO'LY, ». i. To write comments. [JVo« tn u-<e.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 SCHOOL, (skool,) 71. [L. schola; Gr. irxiXry, leisure, 
 vac.ition from business, lucubratitm at leisure, a 
 phicc where leisure is enjoyed, a school. The ad- 
 verb signifies at ease, leisurely, slowly, hardly, with 
 labnr or dilficulty. In Sax. sceol is a crowd, a multi- 
 tude, a .school, (sho.al,) as of fishes, and a school for 
 instruction. So> also, scol, scolii, a school ; but the 
 latter feiise, I think, must have been derived from 
 the Latin. I), school, an academy and a crowd ; 
 sdionlrn, to flock together ; G. achiile, a school fiir in- 
 Ktnictioii i I), skole ; Sw. skola ; VV. ysirol ; Arm. scol ; 
 Fr. rcult i It. scuoUii Sp. escitela : Port, cscolai Sans. 
 tchala. This word wems originally to have denoted 
 leisure, freedom from liusineKs, a time given to 
 spiirto, gaiuirs, or exercises, and afterwaril, time 
 given to literary studies. The sense of a crowd, 
 . colb'Ction, or shoal, Heems to he derivative.] 
 I 1. A place or estahlishment in which pcrsonn are in- 
 
 . striicted in art-<, flcienci;, languages, or any Hpr cicu of 
 I learning ; or the pupils Btisembled for iUHtructiun. In 
 
 American usage, school more generally denotes the 
 collective body of pupils in any place of instruction, 
 and under the direction and tliscipline of one or 
 more teacherS. Thus we say, a school consists of 
 fifty pupils ; the preceptor has a large school, or a 
 smtdl scltool ; his discipline keeps the school well 
 regulated ana quiet. 
 
 2. The instruction or exercises of a collection of 
 pupils or students, or the collective body of pupils 
 while engaged in their studies. Thus we say, the 
 school begins or opens at eight .o'clock, th.at is, the 
 pupils at that lumr begin their studies. So we say, 
 the teacher is now in school ; the school hours are 
 from nine to twelve, and from two to five. 
 
 3. The state of instruction. 
 
 Set him betimes to school. Dryden. 
 
 4. A place of education, or collection of pupils, of 
 any kind ; as, the schools of the prophets. In modem 
 usatrc, the word school comprehends every place of 
 education, as university, college, acatlemy, common 
 or primary schools, dancing-schools, riding-schools, 
 &c. ; but ordinarily the word is applied to seminaries 
 inferior to universities and colleges. 
 
 What is the ^at community of Christians, but one of the innu- 
 inenible schools in the vast plan, wliicli Uod h is iustitiKed for 
 the education of various intelligencies i BuckininsUr. 
 
 5. Separate denomination or sect ; or a system of 
 doctrine taught by particular teachers, or peculiar to 
 any denomination of Christians or philosophers. 
 
 Let no man tie less confident in his failh — by reason of any dif- 
 ferenci- in the several schools of Christians. Taylor. 
 
 Thus we say, the Socratic school, the Platonic 
 school, the Peripatetic or Ionic school: by which we 
 understand all those who adopted and adhered to a 
 particular system of opinions. 
 
 6. 77ie .■schools, pi. ; the seminaries for teaching 
 logic, metaphysics, and theology, which were formed 
 in the middle ages, and which were characterized liy 
 academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning ; 
 or the learned men who were engaged in discussing 
 nice points in metaphysics or theology. 
 
 The supreme autliority of Aristotle in the schools of theoloarv as 
 well as of philosophy. i/enrji. 
 
 7. Any place of improvement or learning. The 
 world is an excellent school to wise men, but a school 
 of vice to fools. 
 
 8. Formerly, a shoal or compact body ; as, a school 
 of fishes ; spelt, also, Scull. Ilalliwell. 
 
 In this sense, the word is still sometimes used in 
 America. 
 
 Primary school ; a school for instructing children in 
 the first rudiments of language and literature ; called, 
 also, couiuLon school, because il is open to the children 
 of all the inhabitants in a town or district. 
 SCHOOL, J), t. To instruct ; to train ; to educate. 
 
 He's gentle, never schooled, yet learned. Shak, 
 2. To teach with superiority; to tutor; to chide 
 and admonish ; to reprove. 
 
 School your child, 
 And ask why God's Anointed he reviled. Dryden. 
 
 SCHOOL'-COY, 71. [See Boy.] A boy belonging to 
 
 a school, or one who is learning rudiments. Sjrift. 
 SeilOOL'-IIAME, 71. [See Dame.] The female 
 
 teacher of a school. 
 SCHOOL'-DaY, n. [See Day.] The age in which 
 
 youth are sent to sclioid. [JVnt 710771 used.] Shak. 
 SCHOOL'-DIS-TKICT, 77. A division of a town or 
 
 city for establishing and conducting schools. [United 
 
 Slates.] 
 
 SeHOOL'-DI-VTNE', 71. One who espouses the 
 scholastic theology ; one of the schoolmen. 
 
 SeilOOL'-DI-VIN'I-TY, n. Scholastic divinity. 
 
 SCHOOL' ioD, (skoold,) pp. Instructed; trained; tu- 
 tored ; reproved. 
 
 SeilOOL'ER-Y, 71. Something taught ; precepts. 
 [JVot itseii.] Spenser. 
 
 SeilOOL'-FEL-L5W, 77. [See Fellow.] One bred 
 at the same school ; an associate in school. Locke. 
 
 seilOOL'-GTRL, 71. A girl belonging to a school. 
 
 SeilOOL'-HOUKE, 71. [See House.] A house ap- 
 propriated for the use of schools, <ir for instruction ; 
 but applied only to buildings for subordinate schools, 
 not to colleges. In Connecticut and some other 
 Slates, every town is divided into school-districts, 
 and each district erects its own school-house by a tax 
 on the inhabitants. 
 
 SCIIO()L'IN(5,p/ir. Instructing ; teaching; reproving. 
 
 SCHOOL'ING, ;i. In.struclion in school ; tuition. 
 2. Compensation fiir instruction ; price or reward 
 paid to an instructor for teaching pupils. 
 
 ■3. Reproof; reprimand. He gave his son a good 
 sclutoling. IVultrr Scott. 
 
 SCHOOL'-MAID, 71. [See Maid.] A girl at school. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SeilOOL'MAN, 71. A man versed in the niceties of 
 academical dis|iiitation or of school divinity. The 
 .tchoolinen were philosophers and divines of the mid- 
 dle ages who atlopted the princijiles of Aristotle, and 
 spent much time on points of nice and abstract spec- 
 ulation. They were so called because they taught In 
 the ecliuuls of divinity established by Clinrlciiiagnc. 
 
 Kncyc. .^m. 
 
 SCHOOL'MSS-TER, 71. [See Master.] The man 
 who presides over and teaches a school ; a teacher, 
 instructor, or preceptor, of a school. 
 
 Adrian VI. waa sometime schoolmaster to Charles V. Knolles. 
 
 2. He or that which disciplines, instructs, and 
 leads. 
 
 The law w.as our schoolmaster to brin? us to Christ. — Gal. iii. 
 SCHOOL'MaTE, 7!. One who attends the same 
 school. 
 
 SCHOOL'MIS-TRESS, 71. [See Mistress.] A wo- 
 man who governs and teaches a school. Gay. 
 
 SCHOOL'-TkACH-ER, 71. One who teaches or in- 
 structs a school. 
 
 SCHOOL'-TeACH-ING, 7l The business of instruct- 
 ing a school. 
 
 SCHOON'ER, (skoon'cr,) 71. [G. schoner.] 
 
 A vessel with two masts, whose mainsail and 
 foresail are suspended by gaffs, like a sloop's main- 
 sail, and stretclied below by booms. Mar. Did. 
 
 SCHORL, (shorl,) 71. [Sw. skorl, from skiir, brittle; 
 Dan. siior.] 
 
 A mineral, black tourmaline. Dana. 
 SCHOR-La'CEOUS, { shus,) a. Like shorl ; partak- 
 ing of the nature and characters of shorl. Kirwan. 
 SCHORL' iTE, (shorl'ite,) 71. A mineral of a greenish- 
 white color, sometimes yellowish, a variety of topaz ; 
 mostly found in irregular, oblong masses or columns, 
 inserted in a mixture of quartz and mica or granite. 
 
 Kloproth. Kirwan. 
 Schorlite, or schorlous topaz, the pycnite of Wer- 
 ner, is of a straw-yellow color. Ure. 
 SCI-A-GRAPH'1€-AL, a. Pertaining to sciagraphy. 
 SCr-A-GRAPH'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a sciagraphical 
 manner. 
 
 SCI-AG'RA-PHY, (sl-ag'ra-fe,) 71. [Gr. aKiaypafia ; 
 atia, a shadow, and ypatj>io, to describe.] 
 
 1. The art or science of projecting or delineating 
 shadows as they fall in nature. Omilt. 
 
 2. In architecture, the profile or vertical section of 
 a building to exhibit its interior structure. Hutton. 
 
 3. In a.Hronooiy, the art of finding the hour of the 
 day or night by the shadows of objects, caused by 
 the sun, moon, or stars ; the art of dialing. [Little 
 used.] Hutton. 
 
 SCi-A-THER'IC, ) a. [Gr. aKia, a shadow, and 
 SCI-A-THER'ie-AL, j Sr/fxi, a catching.] 
 
 Relonging to a sun-dial. [Little used.] Brown. 
 SCr-A-TUER'ie-AL-LY, adv. After the manner of 
 
 a sun-dial. Oreirory. 
 SCI-.'VT'ie, (sl-at'ik,) ) 77. [L. sciatica, from Gr. itrxi- 
 SCi-AT'ie-.\, i aSiKnf, from loxtai, a pain 
 
 in the hips, from iaxiot>, the hip, from lo-x'S, the 
 
 loin.] 
 
 A peculiar and specific painful affection, princi- 
 pally seated in the sciatic nerve, which, if protract- 
 ed, produces emaciation of the limb affected, with 
 weakness, and a more or less permanent flexion. If 
 it is not a true neuralgia, it is nearly allied to it. 
 SCl-.AT'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the hip; as, the 
 SCI-AT'IC-AL, ) sciatic artery or nerve. 
 
 2. Afl'ecting the hip ; as, sciatic pains. 
 SCI'ENCE, (si'ens,) 71. [Fr., from L. scienlia, from 
 scio, to know ; Sp. cicncia; It. scienia. Scio is prob- 
 ably a contracted word.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, knowledge, or certain knowl- 
 edge ; the comprehension or understanding of truth 
 or facts by the mind. The science of God must be 
 perfect. 
 
 2. In philosophy, a collection of the general princi- 
 ples or leading truths relating to any subject, ar- 
 ranged in systematic order. Pure science, as the 
 mathematics, is built on self-evident truths ; but the 
 term science is alsoapplictl to other subjects, founded 
 on generally acknowledged truths, as metaphysics i 
 or on experiment and observation, as chemistry ami 
 natural philosophy ; or even to an assemblage of the 
 general principles of an art, as the science of agri- 
 culture, the science of navigation, .^rts relate to 
 practice, as painting and sculpture. 
 
 A principle in science is a rule in art. Playfair. 
 
 3. Art derived from precepts or built on principles. 
 
 Science perfects genius. Dryden. 
 
 4. Any art or species of knowledge. 
 
 No science doth make known the first principles on which It 
 buildeth. /looker. 
 
 5. One of the seven liberal branches tif knowl- 
 edge, viz., grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, ge- 
 ometry, astronomy, and music. Johnson, 
 
 JVote. — Authors have not always been careful to 
 use the terms art and science with duo discrimination 
 and precision. Music is an art as well as a science. 
 In general, an art is that which depends on practice 
 or performance, and science that which depends on 
 abstract or speculative principles. The theory of 
 music is a science ; the practice of it an art. 
 
 SCI'ENT, (si'ent,) a. [I-. scicns.] 
 
 Skillful. [JVot itsfrf.] Cockeram. 
 
 SCI-FJVTF.R, [L.] Knowingly. Bourier. 
 
 SCI-EN'Tl AL, a. Producing science. Milton. 
 
 S(;i-EN-T1F'1C, jo. [Fr. scientifique ; It. scien- 
 
 SCI-EN-TIF'IC-AL, i t\fico ; Pp. cientijico ; L. aei- 
 entia ni\A facio, to make.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT.— METE, PBBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK — 
 
 988 
 
SCI 
 
 SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 1. Pnidiiciiij: l eitnin kiiuwledge or deinoiistrutiun i 
 as, iicieiit{fic evidence. SouHu 
 
 3. Accordini; to the rules or principles of science ; 
 as, a .icientific arranseninnt of fossils. 
 
 3. Well versed in science ; as, a scientific physi- 
 cian. 
 
 SCI-EN-TIF'ie-AI^LY, adv. In such a manner as 
 to produce knowledge. 
 
 It is eivuitT to Ix'licvc, than to lie tciitilijtcally instnictetl. Lockt, 
 
 2. Accordinsi to the rules or principles of science. 
 PCir/I-CKT, (sil'e-set,) [I,.] To wit; namely. 
 SCIL'Ll-'ri.\, n. [Sej Stti-iLi..] A while, transpa- 
 rent, acrid substance, extracted from squills by Vogel. 
 
 SCIM'I-TAK. SeeCiMETER. [Vre. 
 
 SCIN'eOII), (sink'oid,) n. Tlie seivcoids are a family 
 of saurian reptiles, having short feet, a non-extensile 
 tongue, the body and tail covered with equal scales, 
 like tiles, and the toes margined. Brandc. 
 
 SC"l.\"eoll), a. Resembling tlio animal called acinous, 
 a saurian reptile of Egypt. 
 
 SCINK, (sink,) ;i. A cast calf. [J^ol in use, or local.'] 
 
 2. A saurian reptile. [See Pkink.] P. Cue. 
 SCIN'TIL-LANT, «. [See Scintillate.] Emitting 
 
 sparks or fine igneous particles ; sparkling. 
 SC1N'TIL-I,.\TE, V. i. [I., seintillo. This word 
 
 seems to be a diminutive formed on the Teutonic 
 
 scinait. Eng. to .ikine.] 
 
 1. To emit sparks or fine igneous particles. 
 
 MrtrMi's do not scintillnle with steel. f))urcrO]/. 
 
 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars. 
 SCIN'TIL-LA-TI.\G, /jpr. Emitting sparks ; spark- 
 ling. 
 
 SCIN-TIL-L.\'TION, n. The act of emitting sparks 
 or igneous particles ; the act of sparkling. 
 
 Brown, Qtanville. 
 SCI-OG'RA-PIIY. See Sciaoraphv. 
 SCI'O-LIS.M, n. [See Sciolist.] Superficial knowl- 
 edge. Brit. Critic. 
 SCI'O-LIST, (si'o-list,) n. [L. sciolus, a diminutive, 
 formed on scio, to know.] 
 
 One who knows little, or who knows many things 
 superficially ; a smatterer. 
 
 These pusstiges in that book were enough to humble the presump- 
 tion ol our ino<lern Bdoliits, if their pride weiv not gn^at 
 as their ignorance. Temple. 
 
 SCI'O-LOUS, a. Superficially or imperfectly know- 
 ing. 
 
 SCT-OM'A-eHY,(sI-om'a-ke,) n. [Gr. o«ia, a shadow, 
 and jiu\i), a battle.] 
 
 A battle with a shadow. Cowley. 
 SCI'0-M.\N-CY, n. [Gr. CKia and navrcia.] 
 
 Divination by shadows. 
 SCroN. See Cion. 
 
 SCI-()P'TI€, ( a. [Gr. (tkio, a shadow, and onronat, 
 
 SCI-OP'TRie, i to see.] 
 
 Scioptic balls an optical instrument, consisting of 
 a convex lens fixed to an opening in the window- 
 shutter for forming images in the camera obscura, 
 and capable of being turned, like the eye, to ilitTcrent 
 pitrts of the landscape. Olinaled. 
 
 SCI-OP'Tie, n. A sphere or globe with a lens made 
 to turn like the eye ; used in experiments with the 
 camera obscura ; a scioptic hall. Ash. 
 
 SCI-OP'Ties, «. The science of exhibiting images 
 of external objects, received on some extended sur- 
 face through a double convex glass into a darkened 
 room. 
 
 SC/'«£ F^'Cf-^S, (sl're-fa'she-as,) 71. [L.] Inlaw, 
 a judici.al writ suininoning a person to snow c.iuse to 
 the court why something slioiild not be done, as to 
 require sureties to show cause why the plaintiff 
 should not have execution against them fur debt and 
 damages, or to require a third person to show cause 
 wh)' gt>ofJs in his hands by replevin, should not be 
 delivered to satisfy the execution, ice. Blitck.-itone. 
 
 SeiR-RIIOS'I-TY, (skir-ros'c-te,) n. [Sec Scihrhi s.] 
 An induration of the glands. ArhuOinoL 
 [The spelling Skirrhositv would be preferable. 
 
 SeiR'RHOUS, a. Indurated; hard; knotty; as a 
 gland. 
 
 2. Proceeding from scirrhus; as, scirrhous affec- 
 tions ; scirrhous disease. 
 SeiR'RllUS, (skir'rus,) a. [It. scirro ; Sp. escirro ; L. 
 scirrhws ; Gr. tTKtppos,] 
 
 [The spelling Skirrps would be preferable.] 
 In medicine, hard, rigid, vascular infarction of 
 glandular follicles ; indolent, insentieiM, glabrous ; 
 sometimes shrinking and becoming more indurated ; 
 when irritated, tending to a cancerous ulcer. 
 
 Oood. 
 
 SCIS-CI-TA'TION, n. [L. sciscitor, to inquire or de- 
 mand.] 
 
 The act of inquiring; inquiry; demand, [^itt^e 
 used.] Ifall. 
 SCIS'SI-BLE, (sis'se-bl,) a. [L. scissus, scindo, to 
 cut.] 
 
 Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instru- 
 ment ; a.s, scLisible matter or bodies. Bacon. 
 SCIS'SILE, (sis'sil,) a. [L. sci.'isilL', from «iiido, to 
 cut.] 
 
 That may be cut or divided by a sharj) instrument. 
 
 Arbulhnot. 
 
 SCIS'SILE, n. The clippings of metals in various 
 mechanical operations, and also in coining. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SCIS'SION, (sizh'un,) n. [Fr., from L. scissio, scindo, 
 to cut.] 
 
 The act of cutting or dividing by an cdg<>d instru- 
 ment. Wiseman. 
 SCIS'SORS, (siz'zors,) n. pi. [I,, .iciwor, fioni .icindo, 
 to cut, Gr. CTX'C*^) Sax. .sceadan.] 
 
 A cutting instrument resembling shears, but 
 smaller, consisting of two cutting blades movable 
 on a pin in the center, by which they are fastened. 
 Ilcnce, we usually say, a pair of scis..iors. 
 SCIS'SyilE, 71. [L. .tc'issura. from .scindo, to cut.] 
 
 A longitudinal opening in a body, made by cutting. 
 [This can not legitimately be a crack, rent, or fis- 
 sure. In this use it may be an error of the jiress for 
 Fissure. Decay of Piety.] 
 SCIT-A-MIN'E O'US, «. [I,, scitamcntnm, a delicacy.] 
 Belonging to the Scitaininea;, one of Linimiis's 
 natural orders of plants, which are mostly tropical 
 herbs, as ginger, turmeric, &.c. Msiat. Res. 
 
 SCri;-RINES, (-rinz,) 71. ;</. fL. sciurus, a squirrel.] 
 
 Rodent animals of the .squirrel tribe. Brande. 
 SeLA-VO'N'I-AN, j a. (from Sclavi, a people of the 
 SLA-VON'ie, i north of Europe.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Sclavi, a people tli.it inhabited 
 the country between the rivers Save and Drave, or 
 to their language. Hence the word came to denote 
 the language which is now spoken, in its various 
 dialects, in Poland, Russia, Hungary, lioheinia, &c. 
 SCLER'O-DER.MS, 71. pi. [Gr. (7»A'j/)o{, hard, and 
 6ci'iia, skin.] 
 
 A family of plectognathic fishes, having a skin 
 covered with hard scales. Brande. 
 SCLE-ROT'ie, a. [Gr. oitXiiooj, hard; <j/cAi)f;ori)j, 
 hardness.] 
 
 Hard ; firm ; as, the sclerotic coat, membrane, or 
 tunic of the eye, which is the firm, white, outer coat. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 SCLE-ROT'ie, 71. The firm, white, outer coat of "the 
 eye. Coze. 
 
 2. A medicine which hardens and consolidates the 
 parts to which it is applied. Quincy. Coze. 
 
 SeoAT. See Scot. 
 
 SeoB'I-FOR.M, a. [L. scobs, sawdust, and form.] 
 
 Having the form of sawdust or raspings. 
 SeOBS, 71. [L., from .•teabo, to scrape.] 
 
 Raspings i f ivory, hartshorn, metals, or other hard 
 substance ; dross of metals, &.C. Chambers. 
 SCOFF, V. i. [Gr. okoiiTTio. The primary sense is 
 probably to throw, in which sense it coincides with 
 the D. schoppen, G. schuppcn, to push, to shove. But 
 I do not find the word in the English and Greek 
 sense, in any modern language except the English.] 
 To treat with insolent ridicule, mockery, or con- 
 tumelious language ; to manifest contempt by de- 
 rision ; with of. To scoff at religion and sacred 
 things, is evidence of extreme weakness and folly, 
 as well as of wickedness. 
 
 They ilmll tcqfat tlie liinfs. — Hub. I. 
 
 SeOFF, r. t. To treat with derision or scorn ; to ad- 
 dress with contiiinelioiis language. FutJicrby. 
 
 SCOFF, 77. Derision, ridicule, mockery, or reproach, 
 expressed in language of contempt ; expression of 
 scorn or contempt. 
 
 With fcq/Ts, and scorns, and conlumclioui taunts. .S7taJt. 
 
 SeOFF'ED, (sbon,) pp. Treated with derision or 
 scorn. 
 
 SeOFF'ER, 71. One who scoffs ; one that mocks, de- 
 rides, or reproaches in the language of contempt; a 
 scorner. 
 
 There shall come in the Irwt days teofert, walkin* after their 
 own lusbi, and s-iyinj, Where is the promis« of his com- 
 ing ?— a Pet. ui. 
 
 SeOFF'ING, ppr. or a. Deriding or mocking; treat- 
 ing with reproachful language. 
 seOFF'ING, 71. The act of treating with scorn. Ash. 
 SeOFF'ING-LY, arfc. In mockery or contempt; by 
 way of derision. 
 
 Aristotle applied this hemistich teoj^ngly lo the sycophants at 
 Athens. Broome. 
 
 SCf^LD, r. I. [D. sehelden ; G. sehelten ; Dan. skiclder, 
 to rail, to scold ; Sw. skalla, to sound or ring ; sliallra, 
 to snap or crack ; skalla, to bark, to scold. It seems 
 to be formed on the root of G. .tchelle, a bell, a jingle, 
 a box on the ear; sehelten, schallen, to ring ; D. sr.hel, 
 scJiellen. If « is a prefix, this word coincides with 
 call, and Sax. galan, lo sing, gyllan, giclan, to 
 yell.] 
 
 To find fault or rail with rude clamor ; to brawl ; 
 to utter railing, or harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke ; 
 with at : as, to .scoW at a serv ant. A (.roWiiio- tongue, 
 a scolding wife, a scolding husband, a scolding mas- 
 ter, who can endure.' 
 
 P:ir\ion me j 'tis the first lime that erer 
 
 I'm forcM to tcotd. ShaJi. 
 
 Se6lA), r. I. To chide with rudeness and boisterous 
 clamor : to rate. BosveU. 
 
 [The transitive use of this word is of recent ori- 
 gin, at leiist within my knowledge.] 
 
 SeOLU, 7u A rude, clamorous, foul-mouthed woman. 
 
 Scohle answer foul-mouUied eeolde. Siei/t. 
 2. A scolding ; a brawl. 
 SCOLD'ER, 71. One that scolds or rails. 
 SeOIjD'INtJ, ppr. Railing with clamor ; uttering re- 
 buke in rude and boisterous language. 
 2. a. Given to scolding. 
 seOLD'INfJ, 71. The uttering of rude, clamorous 
 laiigiiage by way of rebuke or railing ; railing lan- 
 guage. 
 
 SCOl.D'ING IiY, ado. With rude clamor or railing. 
 SCOL'E-CITE, 71. |Gr. nk,„\rii, a worm.] 
 
 One division of the old species iMesotype, occur- 
 ring in radiated crystallizations of a white color, or 
 transparent, and consisting of silica, aliiiiiiiia, and 
 lime, with 13^ per cent, of water. Whi n a small 
 portion of it is placed in the e.xterior flame of a blow- 
 pipe, it twists like a worm, becomes opaque, and is 
 convtTted into a biebby, colorless glass. 
 
 Dana. Phillips. 
 SeOI/I.OP, 71. A shell-fish with a pectinated shell. 
 [See .'scallop.] 
 
 2. An indenting or cut like those of a scollop 
 shell. 
 
 SeOL'LOP, f. ^ To form or cut with scollops. [See 
 
 ScALLOr.] 
 
 SeOL-O-PE.N'DRA, n. [Gr. aKoXoircflpa.] 
 
 1. A venomous st^pent. Johnson. 
 
 2. ,\ genus of venomous insects of the order Myr- 
 iapoda, destitute of wings. These insects have .as 
 many feet on each side as there are segments in the 
 body. The species arc usually called Cemtipeds. 
 
 P. Cyc. Partington. 
 
 SeOM'BER-OID, 71. The scomberoids (or mackerel 
 tribe) arc a family of fishes, of which the Scomber 
 is the type Brande. 
 
 SCOMiM, 71. [L. scomma ; Gr. ffKcoftfia, from aKU)TTOi, 
 See Scoff.] 
 
 1. A buffoon. [.Vot in «-«?.] L' Estrange. 
 
 2. A flout ; a jeer. [Ab( 171 use.] 
 
 SeO.\CE, 71. [D. schnns; G. chanze ; D. skands ; Sw. 
 skans, a fort or castle, a fortification.] 
 
 1. A fort or bulwark ; a work for ucfcnse. [Obs.] 
 
 i>)iak. 
 
 2. A hanging or projecting candlestick, generally 
 with a mirror to relli ct the light. 
 
 Uolden sconcea liiin^ npon the walls. Dryden. 
 
 3. The circular tube, with a brim in a candlestick, 
 into which the candle is inserted, that is, the sup- 
 port, the holder of tlio candle ; and from this sense 
 the candlestick, in the preceding definition, has its 
 name. 
 
 4. A fixed seat or shelf. [Local.] 
 
 SCONCE, 71. [D. skionner, to judge, to discern; 
 skionsom, judicious.] 
 
 1. Sense; judgment; discretion or understanding. 
 This sense lias been in vulgar use in New England 
 within my meniorj-. 
 
 2. 'I'he head ; a low word. Shak. 
 
 3. A mulct or fiiu'. [i.ln. poll-tax.] 
 SCONCE, V. t. To mulct ; to fine. n^arton. 
 
 [A low word, and nut in wse.] 
 SCOOP, 71. [I), schop, a scoop, and a shovel; G. 
 schiippe ; schiipp, a shove ; schnppen, to push or 
 shove ; Sw. skuff, a shove ; Dan. skuffe, a scoop, a 
 shovel, a box or drawer ; D. schuif, schuiven, tosh^ve ; 
 Fr. ecope ; Arm. es^op or scop.] 
 
 1. A large ladle ; a vessel with a long handle 
 fastened to a dish, used for dipping liipiors ; also, a 
 little hollow piece of wood for bailing boats. 
 
 2. An instrument of surgery. Sharp. 
 
 3. A sweep ; a stroke ; a swoop. Shak. 
 SCOOP, f. f. To lade out ; properly, to take out with 
 
 a scoop, or with a sweeping motion. 
 
 He tcooped the water from the crystal flood. Dryden. 
 
 2. To empty by lading ; as, he scooped it dry. 
 
 Addi'ion. 
 
 3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to ex- 
 cavate; as, the Indians scoop the trunk of a tree 
 into a canoe. 
 
 Those cartjonctei the Indians wilt acoop, so ni to bold above a 
 pint. Arbuthnot, 
 
 4. To remove, so an to leave a place hollow. 
 
 A spectator would think this circular mount had b><en actuallj 
 tcoopett Oft \ of llial hollow space. Spectator. 
 
 SCOOP' KD, (skoopt,) pp. Taken out as with a scoop 
 or ladle ; liullowetl ; excavated ; removed so as to 
 leave a hollow. 
 
 SCOOP'ER, n. One that scoops; also, a water-fowl. 
 
 SCOOP'I.NG, ppr. Lading out; making hollow; ex- 
 cavating ; removing so as to leave a hollow. 
 
 SeOOP'-.S'ET, n. A hand-net, so formed as to sweep 
 the bottom of a river. 
 
 SCfiPE, n. [h. scopu.'i ; Or. ffiroroy, from OKOirti.}, lo 
 see or view ; Heb. 1P~ , to see, to behold ; Ch. to 
 drive or strike. Class Gb, No. 85. The primary 
 sense is, to stretch or extend, to reach ; properly, the 
 whole extent, space, or reach, hence the whole 
 space viewed, and hence the limit or ultimate end.] 
 I. Sp.ace ; room ; amplitude of intellectual view ; 
 as, a free scope for inquiry ; full scope for the fancy 
 or imagination ; ample scope for genius. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS._€ as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CII as SlI ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 124 
 
 EEEE" 
 
 989 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 2. The limit of intellectual view ; the end or thing 
 to which the mind directs its view ; that which is 
 purposed to be reached or accomplished ; hence, ul- 
 timate design, aim, or pjrpose ; intention; drift. It 
 expresses both the purpose and thing purposed. 
 
 Your scope is as mino own, 
 So lo enlorce and qa:ilil>' the laws, 
 As to your soul seems ^od. Shak. 
 The scope of all iheir pleading against man's authority, is lo 
 OTenhrow such laws and consuiulioiis of the church. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. Liberty ; freedom from restraint ; room to move 
 in. Hi>vkcr. 
 
 4. Liberty beyond just limits ; license. 
 
 Give him line and scope, Shak. 
 
 5. Act of riot ; sally; excess. [Ohs.] S/uik. 
 
 6. Extended quantity ; as, a scope of land. [ Obs.J 
 
 Davies. 
 
 7. Length ; extent ; sweep ; as, scope of cable. 
 
 ^ Mar. Language. 
 Sed'PI-FORM, a. [L. scopa, a broom, and form,] 
 Having the form of a broom or besom. 
 
 Zeolite, stclliforra or scopi/orm. Kirwan. 
 SCo'PI-PED, n. [L. scopes, a broom, and pes, a foot.] 
 One of a tribe of melliferous insects, which have a 
 brush of hairs on the posterior feet. 
 SeOP'PET, v. U To lade out. [JVot in iwe.] 
 SeOP'Tie, i rr-, 1 \Bp. Hall. 
 
 SeOP'Tie-.AL, r- [Gr. <7-fa.^7-<«os.] 
 
 Scoffini:. in use.'] Hammond, 
 
 SeOP'U-LOUS, a, [L. scopulosus,] 
 
 Full of rocks ; rocky. [JVuf in tise.] Dkt. 
 SeOR'BUTE, n. [L. scorhutus.] 
 
 Scurvy. [J^'ot in itse.] Purchas. 
 SeOR-BC'Tie, ) a. [Fr. scoThiilique, from L. 
 SeOR-BO'Tie .VL, i scorbutus, the scurvy. See 
 Scurf, Scuhvy.] 
 
 1. Affected or diseased with scurvy ; as, a scor- 
 butic person. 
 
 2. Pertaining to scurvy, or partaking of its nature ; 
 as, scorbutic complaints or symptoms. 
 
 3. Subject to scur\T ; as, a scorbutic habit. 
 SeOR-Bu'TI€-.\L-LY", adv. With the scurvy, or 
 
 with a tendency to it; as, a woman scorbutically 
 affected. ff^cmatu 
 SeORCE. See Scorse. 
 
 SCORCH, f. f. [D. scbroeijen, schrooken, to scurch. If 
 this is the same word, there has been a transposition 
 of the vowel. The SaxoTi has scorcned, the participle. 
 But it is probable the Dutch is the true orthography, 
 and the word is to be referred to the Ch. Tin, Ar. 
 
 (J)^.~» haralca or charaka, to bum, singe, or roast. 
 
 Class Rg, No. 33, 34.] 
 
 1. To burn superficially ; to subject to a degree of 
 heat that changes the color of a thing, or both, the 
 color and texture of the surface. Fire will scorch 
 linen or cotton very speedily in extremely cold 
 weather. 
 
 2. To burn ; to affect painftilly with heat. 
 Scorched with the burning sun or burning sands 
 of Africa. 
 
 SCORCH, r.i. To be burnt on the surface; lobe 
 parched ; to be dried up. 
 
 Scatter a little mun^y straw and T-m among your seedling, to 
 pp:vrnt ihr roots from scorching. Mortimer. 
 
 S€ORC\VF.T>, (skorcht,) pp. Burnt on the surface; 
 
 pained by heat. 
 SCORCH'ING, ppr, or a. Burning on the surface ; 
 
 paining bv heat. 
 SeORCH'lN'G-FEN'NEL, n. A plant of the genus 
 
 Thapsia ; deadly carrot. Lee, 
 SeoRCH'ING-LY, adv. So as to parch or burn the 
 
 surface. 
 
 StORCiriNG-NESS, n. The quality of scorching. 
 
 SeOR'UI-UM, n. [!>.] A plant, the water-german- 
 der, a species of Teucrium. JEncye. 
 
 SCORE, n. [Ir. scor, a notch ; sgoram, to cut in 
 pieces ; Sax. scor, a score, twenty ; Ice. skora, from 
 the root of shcarj share, shire.] 
 
 1. A notch or incision ; hence, the number twenty. 
 Our ancestors, before the knowledge of writing, 
 numbered and kept accounts of numbers by cutling 
 notchi;s on a stick or tally, and nuiking one notch the 
 representative of twenty. A simple mark answered 
 the same purpose. 
 
 2. A line drawn. 
 
 3. An account or reckoning ; as, he paid his score. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. An account kept of something past ; an epoch ; 
 an era. Tillolion. 
 
 a. Debt, or account of debt. Shak. 
 G. Account ; reason ; motive. 
 
 But I'-ft Ihe lmd<-, as many mom 
 
 Have lalrly done on the same teort, IluJibrm. 
 
 7. Account ; sake. 
 
 You act your kiiidnrss on Cydaria's score, DrytUn, 
 
 8. In mumc, the onginal and entire draught of any 
 compoHition, or ilH transcript. Busbtj, 
 
 To quit scores; lo pay fully ; lo make even by giv- 
 ing an equivalent. 
 
 Ji song- in score ; the words with the musical notes 
 of a song annexed. Johnson. 
 SCORE, 71. (. To notch ; to cut and chip for the pur- 
 pose of prepaUng for hewing ; as, to score timber. 
 
 2. To cut ; to engrave. Spenser. 
 
 3. To m.irk by a line. Sandys. 
 
 4. To set down as a debt. 
 
 Madam, I know when, 
 Instead of five, you scored nie ten. Siei/L 
 
 5. To set down or take as an account ; to charge ; 
 as, to score follies. Dryden. 
 
 _C. To form a score in music. Busby. 
 SeoR'i'D, (skord,) pp. or a. Notched ; set down ; 
 marked ; prepared for hewing. 
 
 In botany, a scored stem is marked with parallel 
 lines or grooves. Martyn. 
 SCO'RI-A, 7!. ; pi. ScoRii:. [L., from the Gr. CKiopta, 
 oK'op, rejected matter, that which is thrown off. 
 Class Gr.] 
 
 1. Dross ; the recrement of metals in fusion, or 
 the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic 
 ores. JVewlon. Kncyc. 
 
 2. The cellular, slag^' lavas of a volcano. Dana. 
 SeO-RI-A'CEOUS, a. Pertaining to dross ; like dross 
 
 or the recrement of metals ; partaking of the nature 
 of scoria. 
 
 SCO-RI-FI-Ca'TION, 7!. In metallurgy, t)ie act or 
 operation of reducing a body, either wholly or in 
 part, into scoria. Encyc. 
 
 SCo'RI-Fi-jED, pp. or a. Reduced to scoria. 
 
 SCO'RI-FORM, a. [L. scoria and form.] 
 
 Like scoria ; in the form of dross. Kirwan. 
 
 SCg'RI-F?, v. L To reduce to scoria or drossy mat- 
 ter. 
 
 SCo'RI-F?-ING, ppr. Reducing to scoria. 
 SCoR'ING, ppr. Notching ; marking; Setting down 
 
 as an account or debt ; forming a score. 
 S€o'RI-OUS, a. Drossy ; cintiery ; recrementitious. 
 
 Brou^n. 
 
 SCORN, 71. [Sp. escarnio, scorn ; escarneccr, to mock ; 
 Port, escarneo, escarneccr ; It. scherng, sckernire; \V. 
 ysgom, ysgorniaw.] 
 
 1. Extreme contempt ; that disdain which springs 
 from a person's opinion of the meanness of an ob- 
 ject, and a consciousness or belief of his own supe- 
 riority or worth. 
 
 He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone. — Eslh. iii. 
 Every sullen frown and liittcr scorn. 
 
 But fanned the fuel that too f:tst did bum. Dryden. 
 
 2. A subject of extreme contempt, disdain, or de- 
 rision ; that which is treated with contempt. 
 
 Thou malrmt us a reproach to out neighbors, a scorn and a de- 
 cision to tliem that are around us. — Ps. xUv. 
 
 To Viink scorn ; to disdain ; to despise. [ Obs.] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 To laugh to scorn ; to deride ; to make a mock of ; 
 to ridicule as contemptible. 
 
 Tliey laughed tis to scorn. — Neh. ii. 
 SCORN, V. t. To hold in extreme contempt ; to de- 
 spise ; to contemn ; to disdain. Job xvi. 
 
 Surely he scorwltt the sconier ; but he g^iveth grace lo the lowly. 
 — Prov. ill. 
 
 2. To think unworthy; to disdain. 
 Fame, that delights around the world to stray, 
 Scorns nol lo uke our Argos in lier way. 
 
 3. To slight ; to disregard ; to neglect. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Tills my lonj sufferance and my day of ^rac«. 
 
 Those who neglect and <oorn, shall never lasle. ASVton. 
 
 SCORN, ». t. To scorn at; to scoff at; to treat with 
 contumely, derision, or reproach. [04.--.] Shak. 
 
 SCOR.N'£D, (skornd,) pp. Extremely contemned or 
 despised ; disdained. 
 
 SeoR.X'ER, n. One that scorns ; a contemner ; a 
 desjuser. 
 
 They arc great scomere of deatli. Spenser. 
 2. A scoffer; a derider ; in Scripture, one who 
 scoffs at religion, its ordinanct?s, and teachers, and 
 who makes a mock of sin and the judgments and 
 thrcatenings of God against sinners. Prov. i. xix. 
 SeoU.N'FlJL, a. Contemptuous; disdainful; enter- 
 taining scum ; insolent. 
 
 Th' enamored deity 
 The scom/ui damsel shuns. Dryden. 
 
 2. Acting in defiance or disregard. 
 
 Scom/ut of winter's frost and suiiimer'ssun. Prior. 
 
 3. In Scripture, holding religion in contempt; 
 treating with disdain religion and the dispensations 
 of (Jod. 
 
 SCOUN'FIJL I.Y, a(/r. With extreme contempt; 
 contemptuously ; insolently. 
 
 'I'he siicnHl rights of the Chrisliau church are scom/ulty tram- 
 pled on In print, Atttrbury. 
 
 PCORN'FtlL-NESS, n. The quality of being scorn- 
 ful. 
 
 SCORN'ING, ppr.. Holding in great contempt; de- 
 spising ; di>dainin'_-. 
 
 BCORN'INt!, 71. Tile act of cimtemning ; a treating 
 with contempi, slight, or disdain. 
 
 SeOR'O-DlTE, 71. [Gr. axopodop, garlic; from its 
 smell under the blowpipe.] 
 
 A native compound of arsenic acid and oxyd of 
 iron, having a li^ek-green or brownish color. Dana. 
 
 SCOR'PI-O, n. [L.l The scorpion. 
 
 SeOR'Pl-ON, 71. [Fr., from L. Scorpio ; Gr. aKopTTioa 
 probably altered from the Oriental 3-ip5?. The Ara- 
 bic verb to which this word belongs, signifies to 
 wound, to strike, &c.] 
 
 1. The popular English name of any species of 
 Scorpio, which is a genus of pedipalpous, pulmonary 
 arachnida;. Scorpions have an elongated body, sud- 
 denly terminated by a long, slender tail, formed of six 
 joints, the last of which terminates in an arcuated 
 and verj' acute sting, which effuses a venomous li- 
 quid. This sting gives rise to excruciating pain, but 
 is unattended either with redness or swelling, ex- 
 cept in the axillary or inguinal glands, when an 
 extremity is affected. It is very seldom, if ever, de- 
 structive of life. Scorpions are found in the south 
 of Europe, in Africa, in the East Indies, and in 
 South America. The number of species is not accu- 
 rately determined. 
 
 2. In Scripture, a painful scourge ; a kind of whip 
 armed with ii''iiits like a scorpion's tail. 1 Kings xii. 
 
 Malicious and crafty men, who delight in injuring 
 others, are compared to scorpions. Ezck. ii. 
 
 3. In astronomy, the eighth sign of the zodiac, 
 which the sun enters about Oct. 23. 
 
 4 A sea-fish. [L. scorpius.] [See Sea-Scor- 
 pion.] ^iusuortA. 
 
 n'ater -scorpion ; an aquatic insect. [See Water- 
 Scorpion.] 
 
 SCOR'Pl-ON-FLY, 71. A neuropterous insect of the 
 genus Panorpa, Linn., having a tail which resembles 
 that of a scorpion. 
 
 SeOR'FI-ON-GRSSS, 7t. A name given to certain 
 annual and perennial plants of the genus Myosotis, 
 one of which is commonly called Forget-me-not. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 SCOR'PI-ON'S-TaIL, 71. A plant of the genus Scor- 
 piurus, with trailing, herbaceous stalks, and pro- 
 ducing a ptid resembling a caterpillar, wlience it is 
 called caterpillars. Partington. 
 
 SCOR'PI-ON-SEN'N.\, 77. A shrub of the genus Cor- 
 onilla. 
 
 SCOR'PI-ON'S-THORN, 71. A plant of the genus 
 Ulex. 
 
 SeOR'PI-ON-WORT, (-wurt,) n. A plant, the Or- 
 nithopus scorpioides. Purr. 
 
 SCORSE, 71. [It. scorsa, a course ; L. ex and c«r.*Mi.] 
 A course or dealing ; barter. {Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 SeoRSE, f. (. To chase. [Os.^.l Spenser. 
 2. To barter or exchange. [Oos.] Spenser. 
 
 SCoRSE, c. t. To deal for the purchase of a horse. 
 [Obs.] B. Joiismi. 
 
 SeOR'TA-TO-RY, a. [L. scortator, from scortor.] 
 Pertaining to or consisting in lewdness. 
 
 SeOR'ZA, 71. [Clu. It. scoria, bark ; L. ex and cortex.] 
 In mineralogy, a variety of cpidote. Vre. 
 
 SCOT, 71. [Sax. sceat, a part, portion, angle, or bay, a 
 garment or vest, a towel, cloth, or sheet ; sceat, sceata, 
 sccalt, money, tax, tribute, toll, price, gift ; sceta, 
 scyta, a sheet. This is the English shot, in the 
 phrase, he paid his shot ; and scot, in o7i(/ lot. 
 Ice. skot, D. sclwt, a wainscot, shot, scot ; school, a 
 sheet, a shoot, a shot, a sprig, a bolt, the lap, the 
 womb ; G. schoss, scot, a shoot, and sclwoss, lap, 
 womb ; Sw. skatt, tax, tribute, rent. Eng. scot; Dan. 
 skot, skat, id. ; skiSd, the lap, the bosom, the waist of a 
 coat ; Fr. ecot, shot, reckoning. It. .tcotto, Sp. c-cote, 
 shot, reckoning, a tucker, or small piece of linen 
 that shades a woman's breast, also the sloping of a 
 garment ; e6"co(f7, asheet, in seamen's language; Port. 
 escota ; escote, shot, club. This word coincides in el- 
 ements with shade, scud, shoot, .thed, and sheet, all of 
 which convey the sense of driving, or of separating, 
 cutting off.] 
 
 In law and English AiVfori/, a portion of money as- 
 sessed or paid ; a customary tax or contribution laid 
 on subjects according to their ability ; also, a tax or 
 custom paid for the use of a sheriff or bailifl". Hence 
 our modern shot ; as, to pay one's shut. 
 
 Scot and lot ; parish payments. When persons 
 were taxeil not to the same amount, but according 
 to their ability, they were said to pay .'cot and lot 
 Eneye. P. Cijc. 
 SCOT, 71. [Sax. scotta, seoUe ; W. y.sgo'tiad, a wtHids- 
 nian, a Scot, from ysgawd, a shade ; i/.vi7<i,/i, to shade, 
 to shelter. Eng. shade, which see. This word signi- 
 fies, .according to the Welsh, an inhabitant of the 
 woods, and from the same root probably as Scythian, 
 SctiOiia.] 
 
 A native of Scotland or North Rrilain. 
 SeOT'AI,, (71. [scot anii ale.] In /air, the keeping 
 SCOT' ALE, I of an alehouse by the olhcer of a for- 
 est, and drawing people to spend their money for 
 liquor, for fear of liis displeasure. 
 SCOTCH, a. Pertaining lo Scotland or its inhabitants. 
 
 [.See proTTuH.] 
 SCOTCH, ( V. t. [Arm .s-cont, the shoulder, whence 
 SCOT, j scoatya,lo sliouldi r up, to prop, lo su|)- 
 [Kirt ; W. ysga-yz, a Hhoulder; 7/.viiri/ia«i, lo shoulder, 
 which is said to be friun cu-yi, a fall.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— MfJTE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.- 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 sen 
 
 To support, as a wheel, by placing some obstacle 
 to prevriit its rollin;;. Our waRoners and cartmen 
 scutch or scut tlie wlieels of tlieir wagons and carts, 
 wlicn,in ascending a liill, they stop to give their team 
 rest, or for oilier purpose. [Scotck is local in Eng- 
 land ; liotli words arc sometimes used in America.] 
 SCOTCH, V, I. [Uu. Arm. sqeiirea, or Sax. sciailan. 
 This can not be from Fr. ecorcher, to tlay or peel ; 
 ecorce, hark.] 
 
 To cut with shallow incisions. Hence, to wound 
 slightly. 
 
 VVc hare icotchtd the anake, not kille'i it. Shak. 
 SCOTCH, ;i. A slight cut or shallow incision ; a line 
 drawn on the ground, as in hop-scotch. 
 
 SItak. Walton. 
 SeOTCH'-eOI/LOPS, \ n. pi. Veal 
 
 S€()TCII'£U-eOL'LOPS, (skotcht'-,; j cut into small 
 pieces. 
 
 SCOTCH'fiD, (skotclit,) pp. Cut with shallow incis- 
 ions. 
 
 2. Supported, as a wheel. 
 seOTUir-FlD'DLE, K. A cant name for the itch. 
 
 Gross. W. Scott. 
 SeOTCri'-HOP'PER, 71. A play in which boys hop 
 over scotches or lines in the ground ; hop-scotch. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 SeOTCII'ING, ppr. Cutting with shallow incisions. 
 
 Q. .'^upportma, as a wheel. [See the verb.] 
 Seo'TEll, n. The black diver or duck, a uianiie fowl 
 
 of the £en\is Oidemiaof FleiniU!;. P. Cijc. 
 
 seOT'FKEE, a. Free from payment or scot; un- 
 
 ta.xed. 
 
 2. Unhurt ; clear ; safe. 
 SeO'Tl A, (sko'sbe-a,) n. [Gr. iriform, darknc5s.] 
 In orchitrclttre^ a hollow molding in the base of a 
 column between the fillets of the tori. Owilt. 
 PCO'TIST, 71. [from Duns Scoiiui, a Scottish corde- 
 lier.] 
 
 One of the followers of Scotus, a sect of school 
 divines, who maintained the immaculate conception 
 of the Virgin, or that she was born without orisinal 
 sin , m opposition to the Tboniist^, or followers of 
 Thomas Aquinas. 
 SeOT-0-nh\'I-A, 71. [Or. trKor^Sivin, from anoros, 
 darkness, and divuf, giddiness.] 
 In medicine, giddiness with imperfect vision. 
 
 Brantle. 
 
 SeOT'O-GRAPH, 7t. [Gr. aKoroi, darkness, and 
 j'p.i^ M, to write.] 
 
 An instrument for writing in tlie dark, or without 
 seeing. 
 
 SeOT'O-MY, 71. [Gr. (Tuoru/ici, vertigo, from tritoroa), 
 to darken.] 
 
 Dix/.iness or swimming of the head, with dimness 
 of sight. 
 
 SCOT'TER-ING, 71. A provincial word in Hereford- 
 shire, England, denoting the burning of a wad of 
 pease straw at the end of harvest. 
 
 Bailey. Johnsm. 
 
 SeOT'TF-CISM, 77. An idiom or peculiar expression 
 of the natives of Scotland. Beattie. 
 
 SeOT'TISH,a. Pertaining to the inhabitants of Scot- 
 land, or to their country or language; as, ScoltisK 
 industry or economy ; a Scottish chief; the Scottish 
 dialect. 
 
 SeOUN'DREI,, 77. [Said to be from It. scondanwle, a 
 lurker, one that skulks from the roll or muster, from 
 L. ahscondo. The Italian signifies properly the play 
 hoodman-blind, or fox in the bole.] 
 
 A mean, worthless fellow ; a rascal ; a low, petty 
 villain ; a man witliout honor or virtue. 
 Go, if your iincKnt bill tofnolilt blooU 
 
 Has cn'pl ilirough scoundrtl* ever liuce the flood. Pope. 
 
 SGOUN'DREL, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled. 
 
 S€OUN'DREL-ISM, 71. Baseness ; turpitude ; rascal- 
 ity. Cotgrave. 
 
 SeOUR, V. U [Goth, skauron, to scour ; Sax. scur, a 
 scouring ; D. schuuren ; G. scheuern ; Dan. skurer ; 
 Sw. skura; Arm. scarhein, scurheiti or scunja; Fr. 
 eeurer, to scour ; Sp. escurar. See the roots ">^J and 
 p-13. Class Gr, No. 5, 8.] 
 
 1. To nib hard with something rough, for the pur- 
 pose of cleaning; as, to scour a kettle; to scour a 
 musket ; to scour armor. 
 
 2. To clean by friction ; to make clean or bright. 
 
 3. To cleanse from grease, dirt, &c., as articles of 
 dress ; to restore. 
 
 4. To purge violently. 
 
 5. To remove by scouring. 
 No»f r came r'formalion in a flooil 
 
 Wiih sitcb a licady currt-nt, scouring faiUU. Shak. 
 B. To range or search for the purpose of taking ; 
 as, to .leour the sea for pirates. 
 
 7. To pass swiftly over; to brush along; as, to 
 seour the coast. MiUon. 
 Nol to when rvin. Camilla tcour* the plain. Pope. 
 
 SeOUR, V. i. To perform the business of cleaning 
 vessels by rubbing. ShaJc. 
 
 2. To clean. 
 
 Wami waler b •oflpr llian cold, for it tcoureih better. Bacon. 
 
 3. To be purged to excess. Bacon. Mortimer. 
 
 4. To rove or range for sweeping or taking some- 
 thing. 
 
 Birbaruasa, thus scouring along the coast of luly. KnoUea. 
 
 5. To run with celerity ; to scamper. 
 
 So four fifrcn counters, suirliii-^ to the nice, 
 
 Scour Uirough iJie plain, ami Icii^lien every pace. Dryden. 
 
 SeOUR'£D, pp. Rubbed with something rough, or 
 made clean by rubbing ; cleansed from grease, dirt, 
 &c. ; severely purgeii ; liriished along. 
 
 SGOUR'ER,n. One tliat scours or cleans by rubbing ; 
 one who cleanses clothes from grease, dirt, &l.c. 
 
 2. A drastic cathartic. 
 
 3. One that runs with speed. 
 
 SCOURGE, (skiirj,) 71. [I't. cscourirle ; H. scoreggia, 
 a leather tiiong ; from L. corritria, from corrigo, to 
 straighten. J 
 
 1. A whip ; a lash consisting of a strap or cord ; 
 an instrument of punisliinent or discipline. 
 
 A gcourge of small conls. — John ii. 
 
 2. A punishment ; vindictive affliction. 
 
 KaniitK? ami plague are sent as scourges for amendment. — 2 
 Ksilma. 
 
 3. He or that wliich greatly afflicts, harasses, or 
 destroys ; porticulurly, any continued evil or calam- 
 ity. Attila was called tlie scourge of God, for the 
 miseries he inflicted in his conquests. Slavery is a 
 terrible scourge. 
 
 4. A whip for a top. Locke. 
 SCOURGE, (skurj,) 7'. t. [It. scoreggiare.] 
 
 1. To whip severely ; to lash. 
 
 Is It lawful for you to *cour^c a man that is a Roman? — Acta 
 
 2. To punish with severity ; to chastise ; to afflict 
 for sins or Taults, and with the purpose of correction. 
 
 He will scourge us for our iniciuitios, and will have mercy a^in. 
 
 Tobil. 
 
 Whom thp Lonl lovrth he clnslen''tli, and scourgeth every son 
 whom he receivcth. — Hcb. xii. 
 
 3. To afflict greatly ; to harass, torment, or injure. 
 SeOURG'^;D, (skiiijd,) pp. VVhipjied ; lashed ; pun- 
 ished severely ; harassed. 
 
 SCOURG'ER, (skurj'cr,) 71. One that scourges or pun- 
 ishes ; one tliat atilicts seven^Iy. 
 
 SeOURG'ING, ppr. Whipping ; lashing with severi- 
 ty ; punishing or alllicting severely. 
 
 SCOUR'ING, ppr. Kubhing harii with something 
 rough ; cleaning liy rubbing; cleansing from grease, 
 dirt, &c. ; cleansing with a drastic calliartic ; rang- 
 ing over for clearing. 
 
 SCOUR'ING, 71. A rubbing hard for cleaning; a 
 cleansing from grease, dirt, &c. ; a cleansing by a 
 drastic purge ; looseness ; flux. Bacon. 
 
 SCOURSE. See Scorse. 
 
 SCOUT, 71. [Fr. ecout; ccouter, to bear, to listen; 
 Norm, escoult^n healing ; It. scotIa, a watch ; scoltare, 
 to listen ; L. ausculto; Gr. ovf, the ear, and L. culto, 
 co/o.] 
 
 1. In military affairs, a person sent before an army, 
 or to a distance, tor the purpose of observing the mo- 
 tions of an enemy or discovering any danger, and 
 giving notice to the commanding officer. Horsemen 
 are generally employed as sanits. Enctjc. 
 
 2. A cant term at Oxford for a college servant or 
 waiter. Oxford Guide. 
 
 3. A high rock. [J^'ot in use.'\ 
 
 SCOUT, V. i. To go on the business of watching the 
 motions of an enemy ; to act as a scout. 
 
 With obscure wing 
 Scout (ar and wide into the realm of ni^ht. JV/i/ton. 
 
 SCOUT, V. U [Perhaps Sw. skiuta, to shoot, to thrust, 
 
 that is, to reject.] 
 To sneer at ; to treat with disdain and contempt. 
 
 \Tlti3 word is in good u^e in .America.'] 
 SeOUT'ED, p/). Sni'ered at; treated with contempt. 
 SCOUT'ING, ppr. Treating with contempt. 
 SCOV'£L, (skuv'l,) 71. [VV. ysgubell, from ysgub, a 
 
 broom, L. scopa.] 
 A mop for sweeping ovens ; a maulkin. 
 
 Jiinsworth. Bailey. 
 SCOW, 77. [D. schonw ; Dan. skude ; Sw. sktda.] 
 
 A large, flat-bottomed boat, used as a ferry-boat, 
 
 or for loading and unloading vessels. \A word in 
 
 good iise in AVw England.'^ 
 SCOW, V. t. To transport in a scow. 
 SeOW'£D, (skowd,) pp. Transported in a scow. 
 SCOWL, V. i. [Sax. scul, in scul-eaged, scowl-cyed ; 
 
 probably from the root of G. schel, schiel, D. scheel, 
 
 distorted; schiclen. Van. skiclcr, to squint; Gr. oko- 
 
 Xioio, to twist. Sec Class Gl, No. 59.] 
 
 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or dis- 
 pleasure ; to put on a frowning look ; to look sour, 
 sullen, severe, or angry. 
 
 She scowUd and frowned widi froward countenance. Spenser. 
 
 2. To Ux)k gloomy, frowning, dark, or tempes- 
 tuous ; as, the scowling hcaveps. . Thomson. 
 
 SCOWL, V. t. To drive with a scowl or frowns. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SCOWL, 71. The wrinkling of the brows in frown- 
 ing; the expression of displeasure, sullenness, or 
 discontent in the countenance. 
 2. Gloom ; dark or rude aspect ; as of the heavens. 
 
 Crashaw. 
 
 SCOW L' En, pp. Frowned at. 
 
 SCOWL'I.N'G, ppr. or a. ('ontracting the brows into 
 wrinkles; frowning; expressing displeasure or sul- 
 lenness. 
 
 SeoWL'ING-LY, adv. With a wrinkled, frowning 
 
 aspect ; with a sullen look. 
 SCUAli'ltLE, (skrab'bl,) r. i. [D. krabbelen, to scrape, 
 
 to scribble; Ara&6c/i, to scrape ; O. krabbeln, gruben. 
 
 This word belongs to the root of scrape, L. scribo. 
 
 Eng. grave, engrave, &.C. See Schape.] 
 
 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands ; to 
 move along on the hands and knees by dawiiii; with 
 tlio hands ; to scramble ; as, to scrabble up a clilf or 
 a tree. [.^ word in common, popular use in A^ew Eng- 
 land, but not elegant.] 
 
 2. To make irregular or crooked marks ; as, chil- 
 tlren scrabble when they begin to write ; h(.-nce, to 
 make irregular and unmeaning marks ; to scribble. 
 
 David — scrabbled on llic doors of tlio gale. — I Sam. xxt. 
 
 SCRAn'HLE, V. I. To mark witli irregular lines or 
 letters ; as, to scrabble paper. 
 
 SCR.\H'BLE, 71. A motion on tlie hands or knees ; 
 a scramble. Jlolloway. 
 
 SCRAB'I!LI.\G, ppr. Slraping ; scratching; scram- 
 bling ; making irregular marks. 
 
 SCItAF'FLE, D. 1. To scramble; to be industrious. 
 [ Obs.] Brockelt. 
 2. To shuffle ; to use evasion. [04s.] Grose. 
 
 SCRAG, 71. [This word is formed from the root of 
 rag, crag, Gr. lin^ni, pu:^if , rack. Class Rg.] 
 
 Something thin or lean with roughness. A raw- 
 boned person is called a scrag ; but the word is vul- 
 gar. 
 
 SCRAG'GED, ) a. ^Supra.] Rough with irregular 
 SCRAG'GY, j points, or a broken surface; as, a 
 
 scraggy hill ; a scragged hack-bone. Bentley. 
 2. Lean with riiuglmess. .^rbuthnol. ■ 
 
 SCR.'\G'GEU NES.S, j 71. Leanness, or leanness 
 SCR.AG'GI-.VES.-', ( with roughness; rugged- 
 
 ness ; roughness occasioned by bceken, irregular 
 
 points. 
 
 SCRAG'GI-LY, adv. With leanness and roughness. 
 SCK A.M'IlLFj, II. I. [D. schrammen, to scratch. It is 
 
 not improbable that lliis word is corrupted from the 
 
 root of scrape, scrabble.^ 
 
 1. To move or climb by seizing objects with the 
 hand, and drawing the body forward ; as, to scram- 
 ble up a cliff. 
 
 2. To seize or catch eagerly at any thing that is de- 
 sired ; to catch with li.aste preventive of anollier ; to 
 catch at without ceremony. Man originally was 
 obliged to scminbte with wild beasts for nuts and 
 acorns. 
 
 Of other care they Iilt!e reclconing make. 
 
 Than how to scramble at Uie shearer's least. MiUon. 
 
 SCRAM'BLE, 71. An eager contest for something, in 
 which one endeavors to get the thing before an- 
 other. 
 
 The scarcily of money enhances the price and increases the 
 scramble. Locke. 
 
 2. The act of climbing by the help of the hands. 
 SCRAM'BLER, 71. One who scrambles; one who 
 
 climbs bv the help of the hands. 
 SCRA.M'BLING, ppr. Climbing by the help of the 
 
 hands. 
 
 2. Catching at eagerly and without ceremony. 
 SCRA.M'BLING, 71. The act of climbing by the help of 
 the hands. 
 
 2. The act of seizing or catching at with eager 
 haste and without ceremony. 
 SCRA.M'BLING-LY, adv. By seizing or catching at 
 eagerly. 
 
 SCR.\NCII, V. t. [D. schranssen ; from (;ninc/i,crau7u:A, 
 by prefixing s.] 
 
 To grind wffh the teeth, and with a crackling 
 sound ; to craunch. [This is in vulgar use in Amer- 
 ic(t.] 
 
 SCRA.V'NEL, a. [Qu. broken, split ; from the root 
 of cranny.] Slight ; poor. 
 
 Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. MUton. 
 [Sat in use.] 
 
 SCRAP, n. [from scrape.] A small piece ; properly, 
 something scraped off, but used for any thing cut 
 off; a fragment; a crumb; as, scraps of meat. Shak. 
 
 2. A part ; a detached piece ; as, scraps of history 
 or poetry ; scraps of antiiiuity ; scraps of authors. 
 
 Locke. Pope. 
 
 3. A small piece of paper. Pope, 
 [If used for script, it is improper.] 
 
 SCRAP'-BOQK, n. A blank book for the preserva- 
 tion of short pieces of poetry or other extracts from 
 books and pa(K"rs. 
 
 SCRAPE, r. f. [Sa.x. screopan ; D. schraapen, schrnb- 
 ben; G. sehrapen; Sw. scrapa; Dan. skrabrr : Ir. 
 scrwbam, sgrabam ; Riiss. skrebu and agrebaiju ; L. 
 scribo, Gr. y oinp'o, Xo write; \V. ysgraru, to scrape, 
 from cram, to scrape, from crap, claws. Owen. But 
 probably from the general root of grave. In Ch. and 
 Syr. 3">b signifies to plow ; in Ar. to strain, distress, 
 gripe. See Grave.] 
 
 I. To rub the surlace of any thing with a sharp or 
 rough instrument, or with something hard ; n», to 
 
 TONE, BtJLL, IfNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; <S as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 991 
 
SCR 
 
 scrape tlje tioor j to scrape a vessel for cleaning it j to 
 scrape the earth ; to scrape the body. Job ii. 
 
 2. To clean by t-craping. Lev. xiv. 
 
 3. To remove or take off by rubbing. 
 
 I will also 8cra}>€ hpf dust from her, and make her like the top of 
 a ruck. — Eo k. xivi. 
 
 4. To act upon the surface with a grating noise. 
 
 The chimin J clocks to dinner call ; 
 
 A Imndn-d tootsle[is gcmpe tile nmrble hall. Pope, 
 
 5. To insult by drawing the feet over the floor. 
 [Used in the Kti^rlish universities.'] [Orose. 
 To scrape off; to remove by scraping ; to clear 
 
 away by rubbing. 
 
 To scrape together ; to g.atlier by close industry or 
 small gains or savings j as, to scrape together a good 
 estate. 
 
 SeR.^PE, f. 1. To make a harsh noise, 
 a. To play awkwardly on a violin. 
 3. 'J'o make an awkward bow. 
 To scrape acquaintance ; to make one's self ac- 
 quainted ; to curry favor. [A low phrase intro- 
 duced from the practice of scraping in bowing.] 
 SeKAI'E, n. [Dan. scrab ; Sw. skrap.] 
 
 1. A rubbing. 
 
 2. The sound of the foot drawn over the floor. 
 
 3. A bow. 
 
 4. Diliiculty; perplexity; distress; that which 
 harasses, [jj lojc word.] T. B. Macaulaij. 
 
 SeRAP'£D, (skrapt,) pp. Rubbed on the surface with 
 a sharp or rough instrument; cleaned by rubbing; 
 cleare<l away by scraping. 
 
 S€R.\P'ER, 71. An instrument with which anything 
 is scraped ; as, a scraper fur shoes. 
 
 2. An inslrument drawn by oxen or horses, and 
 used for scraping earth in making or repairing roads, 
 digging cellLiis, canals, &c. 
 
 3. An instrument having two or three sharp sides 
 or edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of 
 a ship, &.C. 
 
 4. A miser ; one who gathers property by penuri- 
 ous diligence and small savings ; a scrape-penny. 
 
 5. .\n awkward fiddler. 
 
 SeRAP'ING, ppr. Rubbing the surface with some- 
 thing sharp or hard ; cleaning by a scraper ; remov- 
 ing by rubbing ; playing awkwardly on a violin, 
 
 SeRAP'ING, n. That wliich is separated from a sub- 
 stance, or is collected by scraping, raking, or rub- 
 bing ; as, the scrapings of the street. 
 
 9. A drawing of the feet over the floor, as an in- 
 sult to some one. Grose. 
 [Used in the English universities.] 
 
 S€RAT, 11. L [Formed on the root of L. rado.] 
 
 To scratch. [JVo( in use.] Burton, 
 
 SCRAT, V. i. To rake ; to search. [JVof in use.] 
 
 !?€UA'r, 71. A hermaphrodite. [JVot in use] Skinner. 
 
 SeRATCH, 71. (. [G. kratzcn, rit-.en, kritzeln; D. 
 kralsen; Sw. kratsa ; Dan. kraiiser ; probably from 
 the root of grnu, and L. rado. See Class Rd, No. 
 46, 49, 56, 58, .59.] 
 
 1. To rub and tear the surface of any thing with 
 something sharp or ragged ; as, to scratch the cheeks 
 with the nails ; to scratch the earth with a rake ; to 
 scratch the hands or face by ridingor running among 
 briers. 
 
 A sort of small sand-wlared stones, so hard aa to scratch ^h<ss. 
 
 Grew. 
 
 2. To wound slightly. 
 
 3. To rub with the nails. 
 
 He niindr.il, when invention fails, 
 
 'I'o ccratck your head and bile yuur nails. Swift. 
 
 4. To write or draw awkwardly ; as, to sernlcAout 
 a pamphlet. [J^ot in use,] Swift, 
 
 5. 'J o dig or excavate with the claws. Some ani- 
 mals scratch holes in which they burrow. 
 
 To scratch out; to erase ; to rub out ; to obliterate. 
 SCRATCH, I), t. To use the claws in tearing the sur- 
 face. The gallinaceous hen scratches for her chick- 
 ens. 
 
 Dull, tame lliin^, that will neither bile nor scratch. More, 
 SCRATCH, n, A break in the surface of a thing made 
 by .scratching, or by rubbing with any thing pointed 
 or ragged ; as, a scratch on timber or glass. 
 
 The coame file — makes deep scrntehes in the work. Moton. 
 
 Tlirse niiiis with scratches shall dclurin my breast. Prior. 
 
 2. A slight wound. 
 
 Heaven f.irl»id a shallow terateh should drive 
 
 The Prince of Wdlirs from such a field as this. Siiak. 
 
 3 A kind of wig worn for covering baldness or 
 gray hairs, or ft)r other purpose. SmoUetl. 
 
 4. Among borers, a line across the prize ring, up to 
 which boxers are brought when they join fight. 
 [Aoic.] ffrosc. 
 
 r>. .ScratKhe.f arc a dixcase in horses consisting of 
 dry chapH, rifts, or scabs, between the heel and 
 p;islern jiunl. Buchanan. 
 SCRATCirA.I), (skratcht,) pp. Torn by the rubbing 
 
 (if sduii'ihing lough or pointed. 
 8CRAT(;iri;R,.n. He or that which Bcralches. 
 
 2. A bird which acratchea fur food, us the common 
 hen and rork. 
 SCRATtJH'KS, n. pi. Cracked ulcers on a horac'ii 
 foot, Jiiat above the hoof. 
 
 SCR 
 
 SeR.'^TCH'I\G,;)/7r. Rubbing with something pointed 
 or rough ; rubbing and tearing tlie surface. 
 
 SCR.VrcH'ING-LY, ado. With tlie action of scratch- 
 ing. Sidney. 
 
 SCR AW, 71. [Irish and Erse.] Surface; cut turf. 
 [JV^ot in use,] Swift, 
 
 SCRAWL, V, t. [Qu. from crawl, or its root, or from 
 the U. sckravelen, to stratch or scrape. Both may be 
 from one root.] 
 
 1. To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly. 
 
 2. To write awkwardly. [Swift. 
 SCRAWL, t'. !. To write unskillfully and inelegantly. 
 
 Though with a golden pen you scrawl. Smi/t. 
 2. To creep ; to crawl. [This is from crawl, but I 
 know not that it is in use.] Jlinsworth. 
 SCRAWL, n. Unskillful or inelegant writing ; or a 
 piece of hasty, bad writing. Pope. 
 
 2. In JVcw England, a ragged, broken branch of a 
 tree, or oilier brush-wood ; brush. 
 SeRAVVL'/;D, pp. Written unskillfully. 
 SCRAWL'ER, K. One who scrawls ; a hasty or awk- 
 ward writer. 
 
 SCRAWL'ING, ppr. 01 a. Writing hastily or inele- 
 gantly. 
 
 SCRAWNY, a. Meager; wasted. [This word is 
 used colloquially in America, and is, undoubtedly, the 
 same as Scranny, which Halliwell mentions as be- 
 ing used in various dialects in England.] 
 
 SCRaY, n. A bird, called the Sea Swallow orTEBN, 
 (Sterna Hirundo.) 
 
 SCRk'A-BLE, a. [L. screabilLt, from screo, to spit out.] 
 That may be spit out. [ Obs.] 
 
 SCRH.^K, (skreek,) v. i. [Sw. skrika ; D. skriger; 
 W. ysgre^ian, from cre^ian, to creak, to shriek, from 
 creg, cryg, rough, roughness, or its root. This word 
 is only a different orthography of screech and shriek, 
 but is not elegant.] 
 
 To litter suddenlj' a sharp, shrill sound or outcry ; 
 to scream ; as in a sudden fright; also, to creak, as 
 a door or wheel. [See Screech.] 
 
 [When applied to things, we use creak, and when 
 to persons, shriek, both of which are elegant.] 
 
 SCRiiAK, 7t. A creaking ; a screech. 
 
 SCREAM, V. i. [Sax. reomian, hram an, or hreman ; 
 W. ysgannu, to set up a scream or shout. It appears 
 from the Welsh that this is also the English skirmish, 
 Sp. escaraniazar, which in D. is schermutfelcn, from 
 schcrm, a fence or skreen ; schermen, to fence. The 
 primary sense is, to thrust, drive, or force out, or 
 away, to separate. See Class Rm, No. 11.] 
 
 1. To cry out with a shiill voice ; to utter a sud- 
 den, sharp outcry, as in a fright or in extreme pain ; 
 to shriek. 
 
 The fearfn! matrons raise a screaming cry. Dryden. 
 
 2. To utter a shrill, harsh cry j as, the screaming 
 owK 
 
 SCRk.AM, n. A shriek, or sharp, shrill cry, uttered 
 suddenly, as in terror or in pain ; or the shrill cry of 
 a fowl ; as, screams of horror. Pope. 
 
 SCReA.M'ER, n. A name given to two species of 
 South American birds of the genus Palamedea, 
 (Linn^us,) usually ranked with the grallatorial or 
 wading birds ; so called from their loud, shrill cry. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SCReAM'ING, ppr. Uttering suddenly a sharp, shrill 
 
 crvj crying with a shrill voice. 
 SCRi: A.M'ING, 71. The act of crying out with a shriek 
 
 of tenor or agony. 
 SCREECH, V. i. [Sw. skrika; Dan. skriger; G, 
 
 schrcien ; W. ysgregian, from cregian, to creak ; Ir. 
 
 scrcachaint. See Screak and Shriek, and Class Rg, 
 
 No. 1 , 4, 49, 50.] 
 
 1. To cry out with a sharp, shrill voice ; to utter a 
 sudden, shrill cry, as in terror or acute pain; to 
 scream ; to shriek. Bacon. 
 
 2. 'I'o utter a sharp cry, as an owl ; thence called 
 
 ScREECH-OwL. 
 
 SCREECH, )i. A sharp, shrill cry, uttered in acute 
 pain, or in a sudden fright. 
 2. A harsh, shrill cry, as of a fowl. Pope. 
 
 SCREECU'ING, ppr. Uttering a shrill or harsh cry. 
 
 SCREECH'-OWL, n. An owl th.at utters a harsh, dis- 
 agreeable cry at night, often considered ill-builing, 
 but really no more ominous of evil than the notes of 
 the nightingale. 
 2. a. Like a screech-owl. Carlisle, 
 
 SCREED, 71. In architecture, a name given to wooden 
 rules for running moldings ; also, to the extreme 
 guides on the margins of walls and ceilings for 
 floating to, by the aid of the rules. Brandc, 
 
 SCREEN, 71. [Fr. ccran. This word is evidently from 
 the root of L. ccrno, ercerno, Gr. k/jikj, to separate, 
 to silt, to judge, to fight, contend, skirmish ; Sp. 
 harnrro, a sieve. The primary sense of the root 
 is, to separate, to drive or force asunder, hence to 
 sift, to discern, to judge, to separate, or cut otf 
 danger.] 
 
 I. Any thing that separates or cuts ofl" incon- 
 venience, injury, or danger ; and hence, that which 
 shelters or protects from danger, or prevents incon- 
 venience. 
 
 Same umbitious men seem us 
 danger and envy. 
 
 SCR 
 
 2. In architecture, a partition in churches, &c., car- 
 ried up to a certain liiglit for separation and pro- 
 tection ; as, an altar screen, Sec, P. Cyc, 
 
 3. Something movable, used for separation, shel- 
 ter, or concealment, or to exclude heat, cold, or light. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 4. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, used to sep- 
 arate the coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, 
 sand, &c. 
 
 SCREEN, V. t To separate or cut off from inconve- 
 nience, injury, or danger; to shelter, to protect; to 
 protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened 
 from cold winds by a forest or hill. Our houses and 
 garments screen us from cold ; an umbrella screens 
 us from rain and the sun's rays. Neither rank nor 
 money should screen from punishment the man who 
 violates the laws. 
 
 2. To pass through a screen ; to separate the coarse 
 part of any thing from the fine, or the worthless 
 from the valuable. Enelyn. 
 
 SCREEN'£D, pp. Protected or sheltered from injury 
 or danger ; sit'ted. 
 
 SCREEN'ING, ppr. Protecting from injurv or danger. 
 
 SCREW, (skru,) Ji. [D. schroef; G, schr'aube; Dan. 
 skruve or skrue : Sw. skruf. The primary sense is, 
 probably, to turn, nr rather to strain. Class Rb.] 
 
 1. A cylinder of wood or metal, grooved spirally ; 
 or a cylinder with a spiral channel or thread cut in 
 such a manner that it is equally inclined to the b.ase of 
 the cylinder, throughout the whole length. A screw 
 is male or female. In the male screw, the thread 
 rises from the surface of the cylinder; in the female, 
 the groove or channel is sunk below the surface to 
 receive the thread of the male screw. 
 
 2. One of the six mechanical powers. 
 
 3. A grooved piece of iron, used for fastening to- 
 gether pieces of wood or metal ; usually called Wood- 
 screw. P. Cyc. 
 
 SCREW, (skrii,) v. t. To turn or apply a screw to ; to 
 press, fasten, or make firm, by a screw ; as, to screw 
 a lock on a door ; to screw a press. 
 
 2. To force ; to squeeze ; to press. 
 
 3. To oppress by exactions. Landlords sometimes 
 screw and rack their tenants without mercy. 
 
 4. To deform by contortions ; to distort. 
 
 He screwed his face into a hardened smile. Dryden. 
 To screw out ; to press out ; to extort. 
 To screw up ; to force ; to bring by violent pres- 
 sure ; as, to screw up the pins of jiower too high. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 To screw ill ; to force in by turning or twisting. 
 
 SCREWED, (skrude,) pp. Fastened with screws ; 
 pressed with screws ; forced. 
 
 SCREWER, 11. lie or that which screws. 
 
 SCREWING, ppr. Turning a screw ; fastening or 
 pressing with a .screw. 
 
 SCREW-PINE, 71. [.Malay, Pandang, i. e., something 
 to be regarded.] The popular name of the several 
 species of the genus Pandanus, trees which grow in 
 the East Indies, the Isle of Bourbon, Mauritius, New 
 South Wales, and Guinea. The trees liave great 
 beauty, and some of them an exquisite oilor; and 
 their rools, leaves, and fruit are all found useful for 
 various purposes. 
 
 SCREW-TREE, 71. A plant of the genus Ilelicteres, 
 of several species, natives of warm climates. They 
 are evergreen, shrubby plants, witli purple, brown, 
 or yellow flowers, and capsules inturtcd or twisted 
 inward. Loudon, 
 
 SCRi-Ba'TIOUS, a. Skillful in or fond of writing. 
 
 SCRIB'BLE, V. I. [L. scribillo, dim. of 4Cri*«, to 
 write, W. ysgrivaw. See Scribe.] 
 
 1. 'Po write with haste, or without care or regard 
 to correctness or elegance ; as, to scribble a letter or 
 pamiiblet. 
 
 2. To fill with artless or worthless writing. 
 
 JUl/(07I. 
 
 SCRIB'BLE, V. i. To write without care or beauty. 
 
 If Mffivius BcrilitiU in Apollo's spite. Poj)s. 
 
 SCRIB'BLE, n. Hasty or careless writing ; a writing 
 of little value ; as, a hasty scribble, Boyle, 
 
 SCRIH'HLKD, pp. Written hastily and without"carc. 
 
 SCRIB'BLER, n, A petty author; a writer of no 
 reputation. 
 
 The scrittbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine. GranvUlt, 
 
 SCRIB'BLING.n. Act of scribbling or writing hastily. 
 SCRIB'BLING, ppr, or a. Writing hastily and wilh- 
 t)Ut care. 
 
 SCRIU'BLING-LY, adv. In a scribbling way. 
 
 SCRIBE, 71. [Fr., from L. seriba, from scribo, to 
 write ; formed probably on the root of grarr, scrape, 
 scrub ; D, schryvcn ; G. schreibcn ; Sw. skrifoa ; Dan. 
 skrioer ; W. iisgrivaw, ysgrivcnu, whence scrivener; 
 It. scrivere; Sp. cscribir ; Port, escrever; Fr. ecrire, 
 ecrioant; Arm. scriaa, scr{fan ; Gr. ypatpio; Ir. gra- 
 fadh, to write, and sgriobam, sgrabam, to scrape, en- 
 grave, or write ; Rusa. skrebu, sgrebai/u, to scrape, 
 scrub, rake. Class Rb. The first writing was prob- 
 ably engraving on wood or slone.] 
 
 1. In a general sen-te, a writer. Hence, 
 
 2. A notary; a public writer. 
 
 3. In ecclesiastical meetings and associations in AmeV' 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. - METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 902 =^ 
 
 I 
 
SCR 
 
 SCR 
 
 scir 
 
 tea, a secretary or clerk ; one who records the trans- 
 actions of an ecclesiastical body. 
 
 4. In ScriptKrc and titf Jeicish liU-tonj, a clerk or 
 secretary to the king. Cieraiah was scribe to King 
 David. 2 Sam. viii. 
 
 5. An olticcr who enrolled or kept the rolls of the 
 army, and called over the names and reviewed them. 
 
 2 C/l. XXVi. 2 Killirs xxv. 
 
 ti. A writer and a dsctor of the law ; a man of 
 karninf; ; one skilled in the law ; one wlio read and 
 explained the law to the people. Kzra vii. 
 
 SeitlUE, V. t. To mark or fit by a rule or compasses ; 
 to fit the edge of a board, &c., to anollu r surfarc. 
 
 PCIlIlt'f;!), Marked or fitted to another surface. 
 
 Sei!IH'l.\'<;,/;pr. Marking or fitting to another surface. 
 
 SeUTU'I.N'G, >i. The fitting of the edge of a board to 
 atitithrr surface. In juinrrijy the fitting of one piece 
 to another, so that their fibers may be ptrpeiidicniar 
 to each other. Gwilt. 
 
 SCKI'MKK, M. [Vt. escrimeiir. See Skirmish.) 
 A fencing-master. [Obs.] Sliak. 
 
 SCRIMP, r. t. [Sw. sirunipm, shriveled ; T>. krimpcn, 
 to shrink, crimp, shrivel ; G. schrumpfcn ; \V. crimpiaWj 
 to pinch.] 
 
 To contract ; to shorten ; to make too small or 
 short ; to limit or straiten ; as, to scrimp the pattern 
 of a coat. «Veu! Ktinlantl. 
 
 [ Variotis dialects in Enirlaiid.] Halliwclt. 
 SeRI.MP, a. Short ; scanty. 
 
 SCIUMP, II. A pinching miser j a niggard ; a close- 
 fisted person. .Vcir Entrlaiul. 
 
 SeiUMP'lNG-LY, ado. In a scrimping or scanty 
 manner. 
 
 SCUI.N'L:, n. [L. scrinium; Norm, eecrin; probably 
 
 from L. cemo, seeerno,] 
 A shrine ; a chest, book-case, or other place, where 
 
 writings or curiosities are deposited. [See combine, 
 
 which is generally used.] Spenser. 
 SeRI.NOiE, D. i. To cringe, of which this word is a 
 
 corruption. 
 
 SCRIP, n. f VV. ysirrab, ysirrepan, something puckered 
 or drawn together, a wallet, a scrip; S\v. skrdppei. 
 Tins belongs to the root of ^ipe, our vulgar gTab, 
 that is, to stMze or press.] 
 
 A small bag ; a wallet ; a satchel. David put five 
 snujoth stones in a scrip. 1 Sam. xvii. Matt. x. 
 SCRIP, II. [L. scriptum, scriptioj from scriboj to write.] 
 A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece 
 of paper containing a writing. 
 
 Bills of excIiAn^ cnn not iv\y our debts abronci, till gcript of 
 piiper wii be in.iile currciil coin. jC-octf*. 
 
 A certificate of stock subscribed to a bank or other 
 company, or of a share of other joint property, is 
 called in America a scri;i. 
 SCRIP'PAGE, n. That which is contained in a scrip. 
 
 [.Vut in Hoc] Did. 
 SCRIPT, n. A scrip. [-Vot in «.««.] Cbaiicrr. 
 2. Among printers, a kind of type made in imita- 
 tion of hand-writing. P. Cyc 
 SCRIP'TO-RY, a. [L. icrt;i<orii<.v. See Scribe.] 
 
 Expressed in writing ; not verbal. [/Jltlc nsed."] 
 SeRlP''I liR-AL, a. [from Siriptnrc.] Contained in 
 the Scriptures, so called by way of eminence, that is, 
 in the Bible ; as, a scriptural word, expression, or 
 phrase. 
 
 2. According to the Scriptures or sacred oracles ; 
 
 as, a scriptural doctrine. 
 SCRIP'TUR-AI^IST, h. One who adheres literally 
 
 to the Scriptures, and makes them the foundation of 
 
 all philosophy. 
 SCRIP'TIIR-.-VL-LY, adr. In a scriptural manner. 
 SCRIP'TI;RE, (skrlpt'yur,) n. [L. scriplura, from 
 
 scrtbo, to write.] 
 
 1. In its primary sense, a writing; any thing writ- 
 ten. Rulc^lu 
 
 2, ^Spprnpriately, and by Kay of distinction, the bonks 
 of the Old and .New Testament ; the Bible. The 
 word is used either in the singular or plural number 
 to denote the sacred writings, or divine oracles, called 
 sacred or holy, as proceeding from God, and cuiilaiu- 
 ing sacred doctrines and precepts. 
 
 Xh^it U not any iietion thiit a man ought to do or forb<»ar, hiil 
 the Scripturt will give Uim a clcir prrccpl or prvliil'iliou 
 for it. Snul/i. 
 
 Coinp.»r<*l witli ihf Itnowlwlge which the Scripture* cunuiin, 
 every other subject ol human inquiry is vanity ami entpii- 
 nr^^a. BuckminMttr. 
 
 SCRIP'TUR-IST, 71. One well versed in the Scrip- 
 tures. JVeiDcombe. 
 
 SCRIVE'NER, (skriv'ner,) n. [W. ys^irentcr, from 
 ysip-irenu, to write. It. ^crirana; Fr. ecricain. See 
 Scribe.] 
 
 1. A writer ; one whose occupation is to draw con- 
 tracts or other writings. Encyc. 
 
 2. One whose business is to place money at inter- 
 est. Dryden. 
 
 SCRO-BIC'U-LATE, ) rr i- i t 
 SCRO-BIC'li LA-TED, \ t^" 
 
 Pitted ; having numerous small, shallow depres- 
 sions or hollows. Lindlcy. 
 SCROF'lJ-LA, 71. [L. In G. trap/ is crop, craw, and 
 scrofiihu In D. it is kropieer, neck-sore.] 
 
 A disease capable of affecting various parts, but 
 which, when seated io glands, is manifested by in- 
 
 dolent enlargement, snniclimes suppurating imper- 
 fectly or ulcerating; ulcer healing with dilTiciiliy. 
 It is more properly called Stri-ma. 'J'he popular 
 name, Kino's-Evil, is apjilicd to this disease only 
 when it is seated in glands. 
 SCROF'U-LOUS, a. Pertaining to scrofula, or partak- 
 ing of its nature ; as, scrofulous tumors ; u scrofulous 
 habit of body. 
 
 2. Diseased or affected with scrofula. 
 
 ScTo/ulout persons c:»n never be duly nourished. Arbuthnot. 
 
 SCROF'IJ-LOUS.LY, adv. In a scrofulous manner. 
 SCROG, 71. A stunted shrub, bush, or branch. 
 SCROLL, 71. [Probably formed from roll, or its root; 
 Fr. ecroue, a contracted W(>rd, whence escrow.] 
 
 1. .\ roll of paper or parchment; or a writing 
 formed into a roll. 
 
 Hti' is the serol! of every man's name. Shak. 
 The heavens shall be rulk-d to^ettitT as a tcroU. — Is. xxxiv. 
 
 2. In architecture, a name given to convolved or 
 spiral ornaments variously introduced ; also, to the 
 volutes of the Ionic and Corinthian capital. Gwilt. 
 
 3. A rounded mark added to a person's name, in 
 signing a paper. On some estates it has the effect of 
 a seal, though not generallv. Bouoier. 
 
 SCRO'TI-FOR.M, a. [L. scrotum.] 
 Purse-shaped. 
 
 SeRf)'TO-CELE,n. A rupture or hernia in the scrotum. 
 SCRo'TU.M, 71. [L.] The bag which contains the 
 testicles. 
 
 SCROYLE, 71. [In Fr. ecro«f«fs, the king's evil; or 
 D. scliraal, thin, lean, meager.] 
 A mean fellow ; a wretch. [.V!rt in use.] Shak. 
 
 SCRUB, i: t. [Sw. skrubba, to scrub, to rebuke ; Dan. 
 skrubbrr; D. schrobben; G. schrubbcn. This wtird is 
 probably formed on riiJ, or its root, and perhaps 
 scrape, L. scribo, may be from the same radix ; Ir. 
 scriobam.] 
 
 To rub hart), cither with the hand or with a cloth 
 or an instrument ; usually, to rub htird with a brush, 
 or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose 
 of cleaning, scouring, or making bright ; as, to scrub 
 a tloor ; to scrub a deck ; tt> scrub vessels of brass or 
 other metal. 
 
 SCRUB, r. i. To he diligent and penurious; as, to 
 
 scrub hard for a living. 
 SCRUB, n. A mean fellow ; one that labors hard and 
 
 lives meanly. 
 
 2. Something small and mean. 
 
 No little icrub joint shall come on my boaitl, Sxmft. 
 
 3. A worn-out brush. Ainstcorth. 
 SCRUB'-RACE, 71. A race between low and con- 
 
 teinptible animals, got up for anitiseinent. 
 SCRUB'lif:!), (skritbd,) pp. Rubbed hard. 
 SCRUB'BED, j a. Small and mean ; stunted ingrowth ; 
 SCRUB'BY, ) as, a scrubbed boy ; a scrnbtty cur ; a 
 
 scrubbii tree. 5/ia^f. Swift, 
 
 SCRUB'BI.NG, ppr. Rubbing hard. 
 SCRUF, for Scurf, is not in use. 
 
 SCRO'PLE, 71. [Fr. scrupute, from L. scrupuUis, a 
 doubt; scrupulum, the third part of a dram, from 
 scrupns, a chessman ; probably, a piece, a small 
 thing, from scrapinir, like scrap. Scrupulus was, pri- 
 marily, a little stone or piece of gnivel ; and as one 
 of such in a shoe hurts the foot, it is supposed th.at 
 this, like a short stop or flinching, gave rise to the 
 sense of doubting, which gives pain. Kncyc] 
 
 1. Doubt ; hesitation from the difiicnlty of deter- 
 mining what is right or expedient; backwardness; 
 reluctance to decide or to act. A man of fashionable 
 honor makes no scruple to take another's life, or ex- 
 pose his own. He has no scruples of conscience, or 
 he despises them. 
 
 9. A weight of twenty grains, the third part of a 
 dram. 
 
 3. Pronerbiatly, a very small quantity; 
 
 4. In Eastern chronnlo<ry, the one thousand and 
 eightieth part of an hour; a division of time used 
 by the Chahleans, Jews, Arabs, &c. Hulton. 
 
 Scrtiple of half duration ; an arc of the moon's or- 
 bit, which the moon's center describes from the be- 
 ginning of an eclipse to the middle. [Rare.] 
 
 Scruples of immersion, or incidence ; an arc of the 
 moon's orbit, which her center describes from the 
 beginning of the eclipse to the time «hen its center 
 falls into the shadow, [flare.] 
 
 Scniplc-s of emersion; an arc of the moon's orbit, 
 which her center descrilies in the time from the first 
 emersion of the moon's limb to the end of the eclipse. 
 [Rare.] HuUon. 
 SCRO'PLE, r. i. To doubt ; to hesitate. 
 
 Ite gcruplerl not to eat, 
 Against his WtU--r koowletlgc. A/ti'ton. 
 
 SCRO'PLE, p. L To doubt ; to hesitate to believe ; to 
 question ; as, to scruple the truth or accuracy of an 
 account or calculation. 
 
 SCRC'PLKI), pp. Doubted; questioned. 
 
 SCRO'PLER, n. A doubter; one who hesitates. 
 
 SCRO'PLING, ppr. Doubting; hesitating; question- 
 in c. 
 
 SCRCi'PU-LI7.E,(skrup'yu-lize,) v. L To perplex with 
 
 srniples of conscience. 
 SCRU-PU-LOS'I-TY, n. [L. scrupulosUa.i.] 
 
 1. Till,' quality or state of being srrupniuns ; doubt ; 
 doubtfulness respecting some difficult point, or pro- 
 ceeding from the difficulty or delicacy of deterinin- 
 ing how to act ; hence, the caution or teinleniesa 
 arising from the fear of doing wrtmg or offending. 
 
 The first SJicrile^ Is looked upon with snme horror ; but when 
 they have ouc« made the breach, their Mcrupuloriy t.xja 
 retires. Deca^ of Jvli/. 
 
 2. Nicety of doubt; or nice regard to e.\actne8a 
 and propriety. 
 
 So cireful, eveo to *crupulo$ity, were Ibcy to keep their Rat>. 
 bath. tMuth. 
 
 3. Niceness ; preciseness. Johnson. 
 SCRC'PU-LOUS, a. [L. scrupulosus ; Fr. scrvpuleur.] 
 
 1. Nicely doubtful ; hesitating to deterniine or to 
 act ; cautious in decision from a fear of olfeniling or 
 doing wrong. Be careful, in moral conduct, not to 
 offend scrupulous brethren. 
 
 2. Given to making objections ; captious. 
 
 f>]uality of two domestic powera 
 Ureedk scruputou* li&ctiun. 
 
 3. Nice ; doubtful. 
 
 The Justice of that cause on^ht to be CTident; not obscure, not 
 scrupulous. [Solinuse.] Ji<uon. 
 
 4. Careful; cautious; exact in regarding facts. 
 
 Woodward, 
 
 5. Nice ; exact ; as, a serupulotta abstinence from 
 labor. Paley. 
 
 SCRO'PU-LOUS-LY, ado. With a nice regard to 
 minute particulars or to exact propriety. 
 
 The duty consists nut teruputoutty in ntiuutes and h-alf hoiin. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Henry was BCrupuiouslu careful not to aacfibc the shccss to 
 
 hinis<'ir. AMuon. 
 
 SCRO'PU-LOUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of 
 being scriiptilotis ; niceness, exactness, or ctiitiou in 
 determining or in acting, from aregard to truth, pro-- 
 prietv, or expedience. 
 
 SCRC'TA-BLE, a. [See Scrutint.] Discoverable 
 by inquirv or critical examination. Decay of Ptetij. 
 
 SCRU-TA''riO.\, II. Search ; scrutinv. [Aot ujeJ.J 
 
 SCRU-T.\'TOR, ». [L., from .■.eriitur.] 
 
 One that scrutinizes ; a close examiner or inquirer. 
 [I.inle used.] Jiytijc. 
 
 SCRU-TI-NEER', 71. One who scrutinizes. 
 
 SCRU'TI-.MZE, V. t. [from scrutiny.] To search 
 closely ; to examine or inquire into critically ; as, to 
 scrutinize the measures of administration; to .«c<u<i- 
 niie the private conduct or motives of individuals. 
 
 SCRU'TI-NrZ-£D, pp. Examined closely. 
 
 SCRO'TI-MZ-ER, n. One who examines with criti- 
 cal care. 
 
 SCRu'TI-NIZ-I.XG, ppr. or a. Inquiring into with 
 critical iniiniteness or exactness ; searching closely. 
 
 SCRU'Tl-NOUS, a. Closely inquiring or examining ; 
 captious. Denham. 
 
 SCRO'TI-NY, n. [Fr. scrutin ; It. scrulinio : Sp. es- 
 crutinio ; Low L. scrutiaiam, from .scrutor, to se.'irch 
 closely, to pry into; Sax. scrudnian ; Ir. scrudam.] 
 
 1. Close search ; minute inquiry : critical exami- 
 nation ; as, a scrntiiiy o( votes ; narrtiwer scrutiny. 
 In the heat of debate, ob.servatit>ns may esca[)e a 
 prudent man, which will not bear the test of scrutiny. 
 
 2. In (Ac primitive church, an exaniin.ititin of cate- 
 chumens in the last week of Lent, who were to re- 
 ceive baptism on Easter-day. 'I'liis w .is performed 
 with prayers, exorcisms, and many other cereiiionie.s. 
 
 Kncijc. 
 
 3. In the canon 1av>, a ticket or little paper billet on 
 which a vote is written. Eneyc. 
 
 4. In parliamentary lanrruaire, an exaniinatiiui of 
 the votes given at an election by a coniniitlee for the 
 purpose of correcting the poll. Brandr, 
 
 SCRC'TI-NY, r. t. 'i'hc same as Scrutlnize. [Obs.] 
 
 SCRU-TOIR', (skru twor',) 11. [Fr. ecnluire, from 
 ecrire, to write. See Scribe.] 
 
 A kind of desk, case of drawers, or cabinet, with 
 a lid opening downward for the convenience of 
 writing on it. Prior. 
 
 SCRuZE, e. t. To crowd ; to squeeze. [Jl low irord, 
 of local U.N'C,] Spcnsrr. 
 
 SC(-'l), r. i. [This is shoot, or from the same riMit; 
 Dan. skyder, to shoot ; t^kud, a shot ; Sw. skudda, to 
 throw or pour out ; Sax. seeotan, to shoot, to dee or 
 haste away ; W .ys<rtcdu,lo push or thrust . ysijudatr, 
 vsfruthaw, to whisk, to scud, to whirl about. See 
 
 feHOOT.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, to be driven or to flee or fly 
 with haste. In seameu^s lantrua^e, to be driven with 
 precipilntiiin beftire a tempest, 'i'his is done with 
 just sufficient sad to keep the vessel ahead of the 
 sea, or when the wind is loo violent, without any 
 sail stt, which is called scudding under bare polrj). 
 
 Totten. 
 
 2. To run with precipitation ; to fly. Drydtn. 
 SCUD, t. t. To pass over quickly. Shenslunc. 
 SCUD, n. 1'he seamen's name for loose, vapory 
 
 clouds driven swillly by the wind. Brn«,le, 
 2. A driving along ; a rushing with precipitJitio.'v. 
 
 BCUD'DING, ppr. Driving or being driven before a 
 
 tempest ; running with tleetness. 
 BCUD'DLE, r. i. To nin with a kind of affected 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIO'JS — € a« K ; G as J ; 3 us Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 125 
 
sou 
 
 scu 
 
 SCY 
 
 haste ; commonly pronounced scuttle. 
 
 low 
 
 sec DO, (skooMo,) ?i. ; pi. ScrDi, (skoo'dee,) [It.] 
 An Italian silver coin and money of account. The 
 scudo of Rome is worth 4s. 4d. sterling, or one dollar. 
 
 P. Cue. 
 
 SeUF'FLE, (skuffl,) ru [This is a different orthogra- 
 pliy of Shuffle ; fromsAorc, or its root ; Sw. skuff, a 
 push ; skaffa, to push, thrust, shove ; Dan. skiiffc, a 
 drawer, a scoop, a shovel; skuffcr, to shuffle, to cheat; 
 D. schuiren, to shove, push, or draw ; G. schieten.] 
 
 1. A contention or trial of strength between two 
 persons, who embrace each other's bodies ; a struggle 
 with close embrace, to decide which shall throw the 
 other; in distinction from Wrestling, which is a 
 trial of strength and dexterity at arms length. 
 Among our common people, it is not unusual for two 
 persons to conmience a contest by wrestling, and at 
 last close in, as it is called, and decide the contest by 
 a scvffle. 
 
 2. A confused contest ; a tumultuous struggle for 
 victory or superiority ; a fight. 
 
 The dog leaps upon tlie serpent and leaR it to pieces ; but in tlie 
 scujjle, the cradle happened to be overturned. L'Bstrange. 
 
 SeUF'FLE, V. i. To strive or struggle with close era- 
 brace, as two men or boys. 
 
 9. To strive or contend tuniultuously, as small 
 parties. 
 
 A gallant man prefers to fight to great disadvanLages in the field, 
 in an orderly way, rather than to scujJU witJi an undisciplined 
 rabble. K. CliarUB. 
 
 SeUF'FLER, 71. One who scuffles. 
 
 S!. An agricultural implement resembling the scari- 
 fier, but usually lighter. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 SeUF'FLING, ppr. Striving for superiority with 
 close embrace ; struggling or contending without 
 order. 
 
 SeUG, V. t. [Dan. skij^rrer, to shade ; Sw. skutrira, a 
 shade.] 
 
 To hide. [Local.'] Orose. 
 
 SeULK, V. i. [See Skulk.] To retire into a close or 
 covered place for concealment ; to lurk ; to lie close 
 from shame, fear of injury, or detection. 
 
 SeULK'ER, n. A lurker ; one that lies close for 
 hitlin:;. [See Skulker.] 
 
 SeULK'ING, ppr. Withdrawing into a close or cov- 
 ered place for concealment ; lying close. 
 
 SeULL, 71. The brain-pan. [See Skull.] 
 A boat ; a cock-boat. [See Sculler.] 
 
 3. One who sculls a boat. But properly, 
 
 4. An oar, so short that one man can work a pair ; 
 usualhj, an oar placed over the stern of a boat, and 
 worketj from side to side. Brande. 
 
 ,">. A shoal or multitude of fish. [Sax. sceolc.} 
 [JV«f in use."] 
 
 SCULL, t'. I. To impel a boat by moving and turning 
 an oar over the stern. Totten. 
 
 SeL'LL'-CAP. See Skull-Cap. 
 
 SeULL'£D, (skuld,) pp. Impelled by turning an oar 
 over the stern. 
 
 SeULL'ER, n. A boat rowed by one man with two 
 sculls or short oars. 
 
 2. One that sculls, or rows with sculls ; one that 
 impels a boat by an oar over the stern. 
 
 SeULL'ER-Y, 71. [Probably from the root of shell, 
 scale, Fr. ecuelle ; Scot, skul, skoll, a bowl ; Dan. skaal, 
 a drinking-cup ; skal, n shell, skull ; G. schale, scale; 
 a shell, a dish, or cup ; U. schall, schil. Skulls and 
 nhells were the cups, bowls, and dishes of rude 
 men] 
 
 A place where dishes, kettles, and other culinary 
 
 utensils are kept. 
 SOL'LL'ING, ppr. Impelling a boat by an oar. 
 SCtlLL'ION, (skul'yun,) n. [Ir. squille, from the root 
 
 of the preceding.] 
 
 A servant that cleans pots and kettles, and does 
 
 other menial services in the kitchen. 
 Se(JLL'10.\-LY, (I. Like a scullion; base; low; 
 
 mean. [JVbf used.] 
 SCULP, T. U [L. sculpo, scalpo. Ciu. Gr. jAj'^o),' 
 
 root rhi. Class Lb, No. 27 ; or gall, L. calvus, Class 
 
 Gl, .Vo. 8.] 
 
 To carve ; to engrave. [JVot in nsc.] Sandys. 
 SeULP'TILE, (-til,) a. [L. tculplilis.] 
 
 Fornied by carving ; as, sculptite images. Brown. 
 SCULP'TOR, n. [L. See ScULr.] One whose oc- 
 cupation is to carve wood or stone into images ; : 
 carver. Kncyc. 
 SeULP'TUR-AL, a. Pertaining to sculpture or cn 
 (Craving. 
 
 SeULP'Tl'RE, (skulpt'ynr,) n. [Fr. ; U sculptura.] 
 
 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood or 
 rtone into images of men, beasts, or other things ; 
 applied particularly to carving images or statues in 
 
 2. Carved work. [stone. 
 'I'tiTr, Utn, in livinjf tettljiturt, mtj^hl be vxa 
 
 Titc mml nflrcuon of iIk- (Jp'laii qurcn. DrytUn. 
 
 X The art of engraving on cop|ier. 
 BeULP'TIJKK, r. t. To carve ; to engravo ; to form 
 iiiingc H or figurea with the chisel on wood, stone, or 
 nirlal. 
 
 KCULP'TU'R-KD, pp. or a. Carved ; ongravod ; as, a 
 sculptured vase ; Mcutptured marble. 
 
 SeULP'TlJR-lNG, ;>pr. Carving; engriiving. 
 SCUM, V. [Fr. ecuwe . It. schiuina ; Sw. and Dan. 
 skum; U.schuim; G. schaum.] 
 
 1. The e.vtraneous matter or impurities which rise 
 to the surface of liquors in boiling or fermentation, 
 or which form on the surface by other means. The 
 word is also applied to the scoria of metals. Encyc. 
 
 2. The refuse ; the recrement; that which is vile 
 or worthless. 
 
 The great and the innocent are insulted by the scum and irfuse 
 of tlie people. A'ldison. 
 
 SeU.M, V. L To take the scum from ; to clear off the 
 impure matter from the surface ; to skim. 
 
 You that scum tiie molten lead. Dryden. 
 
 SeUM'BER, n. The dung of the fox. Ainswcrtli. 
 
 SCU.M'BLE, V. L In oil painting, thinly to spread or 
 rub opaque or semi-opaque colors over other colors, 
 to moditV the elfect. Juceli/n. 
 
 SeUM'BLING, 71. In oil painting, the act of thinly 
 spreading or rubbing opauue or semi-opaque colors 
 over other colors, to modify the effect; also the 
 colors thus spicad over others. Jocelyn, 
 
 SCU.M'.M£D, pp. Cleared of scum ; skimmed. 
 
 SeU.M'.MER, 7t. [Fr. ecumoire.] 
 
 An instrument used for taking off the scum of 
 liquors ; a skimmer. 
 
 SeUM'MING, ppr. Clearing of scum ; skimming. 
 
 SeU.M'MlNGS, 71. pi. The matter skimmed from 
 boiling liquors ; as, the scummings of the boiling- 
 house. Edwards, West Indies. 
 
 SeUP'PER, 71. [Sp. escupir, to spit, to eject, to dis- 
 charge.] 
 
 The scuppers or scupper-holes of a ship are chan- 
 nels cut through the water-ways and sides of a ship 
 at proper distances, for carrying off the water from 
 the deck. Totten. 
 SeUP'PER-HoSE, 71. A pipe of leather, canvas, &c., 
 attached to the mouth of tlie scuppers, on the outside 
 of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. 
 
 ToUen. 
 
 SCUP'PER-NaIL, 71. A nail with a very broad head, 
 for covering a large surface of the hose. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 SeUP'PER-PLUG, 71. A plug to stop a scupper. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 SeURF, 71. [Sax. scurf; G. schorf: D. schurfi ; Dan. 
 skiirv ; Sw. skorf ; Ice. skarfa : L. scorbutic. In D. 
 scheurm is to rend or crack, and schcurbuik is scurvy, 
 Dan. skitirbug, from skiiir, brittle. In Ir. gearbh is 
 rough. It is named from breaking or roughness.] 
 
 1. A dry, miliary scab or mealy crust formed on 
 the skin of an animal. 
 
 2 The soil or foul remains of any thing adherent ; 
 as, the scurf oi crimes. \_J^ol common nor elegant.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. Any thing adhering to the surface. 
 
 There stood a hill, whose grisly lop 
 
 Shone with a glossy scurf. MUton. 
 
 SCURF'I-NESS, 71. The state of being scurfy. 
 SeURF'Y, o. Having scurf ; covered with scurf. 
 
 2. Resembling scurf. 
 
 SeUR'RILE, (skur'ril,) a. [L. scurrilis, from scurra, 
 a buffoon ; G. scheren, D. schecren, to jeer.] 
 
 Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester ; low ; 
 mean; grossly opprobrious in language; scurrilous; 
 as, 5CMrri/e jests ; scurriie scoffing ; scurrite taunts. 
 
 SJtak. Dryden. 
 
 SeUR-RIL'I-TY, 71. [L. scurrilitas ; Fr. scurrdi'.e.] 
 Such low, vulgar, indecent, or abusive language 
 as is used by mean fellows, buffoons, jesters, and 
 the like ; grossness of reproach or invective ; ob- 
 scene jests, &c. 
 
 Banbh scurriiity and pro&meuess. Dryden. 
 
 SeUR'RIL-OUS, a. Using the low and indecent lan- 
 guage of the meaner sort of pt^ople, or such as only 
 the license of buffoons can warrant ; as, a scurritotts 
 fellow. 
 
 2. Containing low indecency or abu.se ; mean ; 
 foul ; vile ; obscenely jocular ; as, scurrilous Ian 
 puage. 
 
 SCUK'RIL-OUS-LY, adv. With gross reproach 
 with low, indecent language. 
 
 It it barbarous incivility, tourrUously to iport with what others 
 count religion. TUlutton. 
 
 SeUR'RIL-OUS-NESS, ji. Indecency of language ; 
 
 vulgarity ; b.asencss of manners. 
 SeUR'VI-LY, arfc. [from .■jcurr!/.] Basely ; meanly ; 
 with coarse and vulgar incivility. 
 
 The clergy were never more learned, or so tcurvUu treated. 
 
 Sai/l. 
 
 SeUR'VI-NESS, 71. [from «<:im>!/.] The state of be- 
 ing scurvy. 
 
 SeUR'VY, 71. [from scurf; scurvy (or scurfy ; Low L. 
 scorbutus.] 
 
 A disease characterized by livid spots of various 
 ■ i/.cs, Koinctimes minute and sometimes large, and 
 occasioned by extravasation of blood under the cuti- 
 cle, p,alcnos«, languor, lassitude, and depression of 
 npirits, general exhaustion, pains in the limlis, occa 
 dionally with filid breiith, Bpongy and bleeding 
 guniH, and blciding from almost nil the mucous 
 membrnnet. It is occaHioned by confinement, Innu 
 
 tritious food, .and hard labor, in conjunction, but 
 more esiiecially by confinement, for a long gieriod of 
 time, to a limited range of food, which is incapable 
 of supplying the elements necessary to repair the 
 waste of the system. This disease has been called 
 purpura by some nosologists, but by Good it is more 
 appropriately styled porphyra. 
 SeUR'VY, a. Scurfy ; covered or affected by scurf 
 or scabs ; scabby; diseased with scurvy. Leviticus. 
 
 2. Vile ; mean ; low ; vulgar ; worthless ; con- 
 temptible ; as, a scurvy fellow. 
 
 He spolte scurvy and provoking terms. Shak. 
 That scurvy cii.stom ol taking tobacco. Siri/l. 
 
 SeUR'VY-GRSSS, 71. A plant of the genus Cochle- 
 aria; also called Spoonwort. It grows on rocks near 
 the sea, has an acrid, bitter taste, and has its name 
 from having been often used as a remedy for the 
 scurvy. It was formerly eaten raw as a salad. 
 
 Partington. Loudon. 
 
 'SeOS'ES, for Excuses. Sluik. 
 
 SCUT, 71. [Ice. skott; W. cwt, a tail or rump; cirta, 
 short.] 
 
 The tail of a hare or other animal whose tail is 
 short. Brown. SwifL 
 
 SCO'TAGE, 71. [Law L. scutagium, from scutum, a 
 shield.] 
 
 In English history, a tax or contribution levied 
 upon those who held lands by knight service ; origi- 
 nally, a composition for personal service which the 
 tenant owed to his lord, but afterward levied as an 
 assessment. Blackstone. 
 Seu'TATE, a. [L. s:-M',-tx, a buckler.] 
 
 1. In botany, huving the form of an ancient round 
 buckler. Loudon. 
 
 2. In zoology, protected by large scales, as a sur- 
 face. Brande. 
 
 SCUTCH, 7). (. [Same as ScoTC.j, to cut slightly.] To 
 
 beat or whip slightly. ilalliwell. 
 SCUTCH, 71. (. In /"cun.?;/! jaiiia, to dress flax with a 
 
 scutching knife, in New England called a Swikole 
 
 or Swingling Kmfe. 
 SeUTCII'EON, a contraction of Escutcheon, which 
 
 see. 
 
 The ornamental bit of brass plate perforated with 
 a key-hole, and placed over the key-hole of a piece 
 of furniture. 
 SCOTE, 71. [L. scutum, a buckler.] 
 
 1. A small shield. [JVot used.] Skelton. 
 
 2. A French gold coin of 3s. 4d. sterling. [JVot 
 vsed.] Encyc. 
 
 SCC'TEL-La-TED, a. [L. scutella, a dish. See 
 Scuttle.] 
 
 Ff)rme(f like a pan ; divided into small surfaces ; 
 as, the scutellatcd bone of a sturgeon. Woodward. 
 SeU-TI-BRANCH'l-ATE, a. A term applied to a 
 molluscous animal covered by a shell, in the manner 
 of a shield. 
 
 SeO'TI-FORM, a. [L. scutum, a buckler, and fortn.] 
 
 Having the form of a buckler or shield. 
 SeO'TI-PED, 71. [L. scutum and pes.] 
 
 One of a family of birds which have the anterior 
 part of the legs covered with segments of horny 
 riniis, terminating on each side in a groove. Brande. 
 seUT'TLE, 71. [L. scutella, a pan or saucer; W. 
 ysgndell ; Sax. scutel, scultel, a dish.] 
 
 A broad, shallow basket ; so called from its resem- 
 blance to a dish. 
 SeUT'TLE, 71. [Fr. ecnutille ; Arm. scoutilh ; Sp. 
 cscotilla ; Sax. scyttel, a bolt or bar ; scyttan, to bolt, 
 tt> shut. See Shut.] 
 
 1. In ships, a small hatchway or opening in the 
 deck, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid 
 for covering it ; also, a hke hole in the side or bottom 
 of a ship, and through'tlie coverings of her hatch- 
 ways, &c. 
 
 2. A square hole in the roof of a house, with a 
 lid. 
 
 3. [from scud, and properly scuddle.] A quick 
 pace ; a short run. Spectator. 
 
 SeUT'TLE, ti. t. To run with affected precipitation. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 SeUT'TLE, r. t [from the noun.] To cut large 
 holes through the bottom, deck, or sides, of a ship 
 for any purpose. 
 
 2. 'J'o sink by making holes through the bottom ; 
 as, to scuflJe a ship. 
 
 SeUT'TLli-HUTT, ) n. A butt or cask with a largo 
 
 SeUT'TLE-CASK, ( hole in it, used to contain the 
 fresh water for daily use in a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SeUT'TL£I), ;ip. Having holes made in the bottom 
 or sides ; sunk by means of cutting holes in the bot- 
 tom or sides. 
 
 SCUT'TLE-FISH, 71. The cuttle-fish, so called. [See 
 
 (/I'TTI.E-FlsH.] 
 
 SeUT'TLING, piir. Cutting holes in the bottom or 
 
 sidf^s ; sinking by such holes. 
 SC5THE, 71. [Sax. siUtt; D. seissen; Oh. "in n, Syr. 
 
 jjA., Ar. lisjaSf halzada, to reap ; deriv. Ar. a 
 
 ■icklo ; Sam. to reap ; Elh. atiad, 
 
 to reap, and deriv. a sickle; lleb. and Ch. uyo, 
 
 FATE, FAR. FALL, WH^T.-^METE, PHBY, — PINE, MARINE, IJIKO. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— 
 __ 
 
SEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 SEA 
 
 from the same root, an ax. These verba seem lo lie 
 tlio same, with diflVrcnt prefixes, and from this evi- 
 dently is derived sytlic, which would be :i better 
 spcllini; than scijthe.] 
 
 1. An instrument for mowing prass, or cutting 
 grain or other vegetables. It consists of a long 
 curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a han- 
 dle, which, in New England, is called a snath, and 
 which is bent into a convenient form for swinging 
 the blade to advantage. The blade is hung tu the 
 snath at an acute angle. 
 
 In mythulogij, Saturn or Time is represented with 
 a scythe, the emblem of destruction. 
 
 2. The curved, sharp blade used anciently in war 
 chariots. 
 
 SCVTHi;, r. t. To mow. [J^utinust.] Shah. 
 SC Y f ir/;0, a. Armed witli scythes, as a chariot. 
 St^YTIIK'.M.AX, II. One who uses a scythe ; a mower. 
 SCVTll'I-AN, (sitli'c-an,) a. Pertaining to .Seythia, a 
 
 name given to the northern part of Asia, and Kurope 
 
 adjoining to Asia. 
 SCYTII'I-A.\, >i. [See Scot.] A native of Scytliia. 
 SD.ilN, for Disdain. sdcjrnare.] [J^ul in uac] 
 
 Spfnscr, 
 
 SnEIN'FIjr,., {sdfino'-,) for Disdainful. Spenser. 
 
 Sea, (sec,) n. [Sax. s<e, secure.; G. sec ; D. irr ; Svv. 
 si'd, the sea, a lake, or pool ; Basque, sah ; contacted 
 from S(e^y see^r. Hence Sax. irarsefre, garsec.*re, gar- 
 scg>f, the ocean. This word, like lake, signifies, pri- 
 marily, a seat, set, or lay, a repository, a basin.] 
 
 1. A large basin, cistern, or laver which Solomon 
 made in the temple, so large as to contain more than 
 six thousand gallons. This was called the brazen 
 sea, and used to hold water for the priests to wash 
 themselves. I A'ini,'.< vii. 2 CAron. iv. 
 
 2. A large boily of w .ter, nearly inclosed by land, 
 as the Baltic or the Mediterranean ; as, the Sea of 
 Azof. Seas are properly branches of the ocean, and 
 upon the same level. Large bodies of water inland, 
 and situated above the level of the ocean, are lakes. 
 The appellation of sea, given to the Caspian Lake, 
 is an exception, .iiid not very correct. So the Lake 
 of Galilee is called a sea, from the Greek. 
 
 3. The ocean ; as, to go to sea. The fleet is at sea, 
 or on the high .■seas. 
 
 4. A wave ; a billow ; a surge. The vessel shipi)ed 
 a sea. 
 
 5. The swell of the ocean in a tempest, or the di- 
 rection of the waves ; as, we head the .?ca. 
 
 6. ProvcrbtaUtj, a large quantity of liquor j as, a 
 sea of blood. 
 
 7. A rough or agitated place or clement. 
 
 In a troubloil tea of pjission tost. 
 
 MUlon. 
 
 Half seas over; half drunk. \A low pArase.] 
 
 Spectator, 
 
 On the liiirh «fa.?,-in the open sea, the common 
 Jiigluvav of nations. 
 Sk.V'-A-NE.M'O-NE, n. A popular name of the Ac- 
 tinia. ' Dana. 
 SkA'-aPE, )i. [sea and ape.] The name given to a 
 marine animal which plays tricks like an ape. 7'ho 
 name is applied by some to the sea-otter. 
 
 Jardine^s JVaf. Lib. 
 SEA'-BANK, n. [sea and bank.] The sea-shore. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 _ 2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea. 
 SeA'-BAR, n. [sea anii bar.] The sea-swallow. 
 
 Johtison. 
 
 SeA'-BAT, n. [sea and bat.] A sort of flying fish. 
 
 Cotgrave. 
 
 SEA'-n.\TH-ED, a. [seaani baUu.] Bathed, dipped, 
 or washed in the sea. Sandijs. 
 
 SICA'-BEAR, n. [sea and bear,] An animal of the 
 bear kind that frcqwents the sea ; the white or polar 
 bear. 
 
 2. .\ name of several species of the seal family, as 
 the ursine seals, of the genus Arctocephalus of F. 
 puvier. Jardine's A'at. I.ib, 
 
 SEA'-Bk.ARD, n, [sea and heard,] A marine plant. 
 
 Conferva rupestris, growing in dense tufts. J^e, 
 SeA'-BkAST, n. [sea and beast.] A beast or mon- 
 strous animal of the sea. Mlton. 
 SijA'-BkAT, j a. [sea and beat.] Beaten by the 
 SeA'-Be.'VT-£\, ! sea ; lashed by the waves. 
 
 Along the sen^beat shore. Pope. 
 
 sea and Fr. bord, side.] The 
 
 SkA'-B^ARD, ) n. [si 
 SicA'-BoKU, i sea- 
 Si".A'-noARD, adr, T 
 
 hore. 
 
 , Toward the sea. 
 
 [ Se.'\'-BoAT, n, [sea and boat^] A term applied by 
 seamen to a vessel with respect to her qualities in 
 bad weather ; as, a good sea-boat. Brande. 
 SKA'-BfiRI), ) a. [seji and Fr. bord, border.] 
 
 SeA'-BOUD'ER-ING, i Bordering on the sea or 
 ocean. 
 
 SEA'-BORN, a. [sea and barn.] Born of the sea ; 
 produced by the sea; as, Neptune and sea born 
 niece. }VaUer. 
 2. Bom at sea. 
 
 Sf.A'-BOUND, ) a. [sea and bound.] Bounded 
 
 SKA'-BOt/ND-ED, i by the sea. 
 
 SeA'-BOV, n. [sea and boy.] A boy employed on 
 shipbo.ird 
 
 SEA'-BKkACH, n. [sea and breach.] Irruption of 
 Jlie sea hj breaking the banks. V hUtrnnire. 
 
 SE.V-BReA.M, n. [sea and brram.] A sea-fish of 
 the genus Pagellus, (Spams, Linn.,) growing to the 
 length of from lU to 20 iiiclics, and used for food. 
 _ .lardine^s N'at. Lib. 
 
 SkA'-BREEZE, n, [sea and breeze,] A wind or cur- 
 rent of air blowing from the sea upcm land ; for the 
 most part blowing during the day only, and subsid- 
 ing at night. 
 
 SEA'-UUILT, (sC'bilt,) a, [sea and built.] Built for 
 
 _tlie sea ; as, sea-built forts, (ships.) Dryden. 
 SeA'-CAB-BAGE, n. [sea and eahbase.] A name of 
 various plants of the cabbage tribe, as Brassica ole- 
 j-acca and Crainbe maritinia. Encyc. Miller. 
 
 SE.\'-eALF, 71. [sea and calf.] A marine animal, 
 
 _tlie common seal. 
 SE.\'-eAP, n, [sea and cap.] A cap made to be 
 
 worn at sea. Shak. 
 SeA'-€AP-TALN, n. The captain of a ship. Shak. 
 Sli.\'-e.\RI), 71. [sea and carii.] The mariner's card 
 or compass. 
 
 SeA'-CA IIP, 71. fsra and carp.] A spotted fish living 
 among rocks and stones. Johnson. 
 
 SE.V'-CII.aNCE, 71. [sea and change.] A change 
 wrought by the sea. 
 
 SeA'-CII.\RT, 71. [sea nni\ charL] ^ chart or map 
 on which the lines of the shore, isles, shoals, har- 
 bors, &,c., are delineated. 
 
 JVnte. — This word has become useless, as we now 
 use c/iai( for a representation of the sea-coast, and 
 771(177 for a representation of the land. 
 
 SEA'-CtR-eLf.'l), (sC'sur-kId,) a. [sea and circle.] 
 Siirroimded by the sea. Sandys. 
 
 SEA'-CoAL, 71. [sea and coal.] Coal brought hy 
 sea ; a vulgar name for mineral coal, in distinction 
 from Charcoal, Johnson. 
 
 SEA'-CoAST, 71. [sf a and cnn.s/.] The shore or bor- 
 der of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. 
 
 SK.V'-eoH, 71. [.sia and co6.] A sea-fowl, called also 
 Sea-Gcll. 
 
 Sij;.A'-eoI-E'\V(5RT, 71. Sea-cabbage, which see. 
 
 SlcA'-eO.M-PASS, (-kum-pass,) n. [sea and eompa.is,] 
 The mariner's card and needle ; the compass con- 
 _striicted for use at sea. Camden, 
 
 SeA'-COOT, 71. [sea and coot] A sea fowl, Fulica 
 marina. 
 
 SEA'-eOR'MO-RANT, ji. [sea and ci7r77ioro7i(.] The 
 sea-crow or sea-drake, Corvus inarinus. 
 
 SE.4'-€OVV, 71. [sea and erne.] The manatee, a ceta- 
 ceous herbivorous mammal of the genus ,Man<atus. 
 [See Manatee and Manatls.] Brande. Parttngton. 
 
 2. Also, the name sometimes given to the sea- 
 horse, walrus, or morse, which see. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib. Partington. 
 
 SeA'-CROW, 71. [.-.ca and crow.] A sea-fowl of the 
 gull kind ; tlio mire-crow or pewet-gull. P. Cm. 
 
 SE.\'-nEV'-/L, 71. [sea ani devU.] A large, cartilagi- 
 nous fish, of the genus Cycloptera, belonging to the 
 Ray family. Brande. 
 
 2. The fishing-frog, or frog-fish, of the genus Lophi- 
 us ; a fish in shape somewhat resembling a tadpole, 
 growing to a large size, with a head very large in 
 jiroportion to the rest of the body. Partington. 
 
 Se.A'-DOG, tu [sea and dog.] A fish, perhaps the 
 shark. Pope. Roscommon, 
 
 2. The sea-calf or common .seal. 
 
 SEA'-DR.\G-ON, 71. [sea and rfra507i.] .\ marine 
 monster caught in England in 1749, resembling, in 
 some degree, an alligator, but having two large fins 
 which served for swimming or (lying. It had two 
 legs terminating in hoofs, like those of an ass. Its 
 body was covered with impenetnible scales, and it 
 had five rows of teeth. [Uu.] Oent. Mag, 
 
 SEA'-eA-GLE, 71. [sea and eagle.] A bird of the 
 eagle kind, so named from being often found on the 
 sea-coast; also called the \V*hite-tailed or Cine- 
 reous Eagle, Faico or Aquila albicilla. Jardine. 
 
 SEA'-EAR, 71. [sea and ear.] A scutibranchiate 
 gastropodous moilusk with a univ.ilvc shell, belong- 
 ing to the genus Ilaliotis, remarkable for the splendid 
 colors (principally green and violet) of the interior, 
 and a row of small holes pierced through one side ; 
 so named from resembling in form the cartilage of 
 Ihe human car. Ilaldeman. 
 
 Si'.A'-EEL, 77. [.sra and eel.\ An eel caught in salt 
 water ; the conger. 
 
 SEA'-EGG, 71. [.lea and egg.] A name given to sea- 
 urchins or sea-hedgehogs, when stripped of their 
 spines. Dana, 
 
 SkA'-EL'E-PHANT,?i. [sea and clephanL] An ani- 
 mal of the seal family, Macrorliiniis proboscidcus of 
 F. Cuvicr, also called Elephant Seal. It attains to 
 the length of 20,2,'>, and even 30 feet, with a circum- 
 ference of from 15 to 18 fei t. The nose of the adult 
 male is capable of being elongated into a proboscis 
 of about a foot in length. This species is found in 
 the southern hemisphere, and is considered an object 
 of great commercial im|iortancc. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib. 
 
 SEA'-EN CIR'eLKD, (-.siir'kid,) a. [sea and cneir- 
 c/ed.l Encompassed by the sea. Thomson, 
 
 SE.\'-FSR-ER, n. [jsea and fare,] One that follows 
 the seas ; a mariner. Pope, 
 
 SeA'-FAR-ING, n. [Supra.] Following the biislnesa 
 of a si anian ; customarily employed in nnvigalii>n. 
 
 yirbulhnot, 
 
 SeA'-FEN-NEL, 71. [sea and fennel,] The same as 
 
 .SaMI'HIRE. 
 
 SEA'-FTCIIT, ( fite,) 71. [sea anil JighL] An engage- 
 jiieiit between ships at sea ; a naval action. Bacon, 
 
 SeA'-I'ISH, 71. [^ra and fish.] Any murine fish; 
 any fish that lives usually in salt water. 
 
 SEA'-FO\VIi, 71. [sea and foicl.] A marine fowl ; 
 any bird that lives by the sea, and procures its food 
 J'riiin salt water. Pope, 
 
 SeA'-FOX, 71. A fish of the shark family, Alopias 
 Vulpes, also called Fox-Shark. It is named from 
 the form of its tail, the under lobe being very small, 
 and the upper long and slightly curved upward like 
 a scythe. It frequently ineiusures 13 feet in length, 
 including the tail, which is then more than li feet long 
 Jardine^s AVit. Lib, 
 
 SeA'-GA(5E, 77. [.lea and gage,] The depth that a 
 vessel sinks in the water. F.nryc, 
 
 SEA'-GAR-LAND, 71. [sra and garland,] A plant. 
 
 SEA'-tJIR-DLKS, (se'gur-dlz,) 71. [sea and girdle,] 
 A sort of sea-plant. John-ion, 
 
 SEA'-(;IRT, (-gurt,) o, [.«a and ^rirt.] Surrounded 
 by the water of the sea or ocean ; as, a sea-girl isle. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 SE/V'-GOD, n. [.lea and god,] A marine deity ; a 
 fabulous being supposed to preside over the ocean or 
 sea ; as Neptune. 
 
 SE.\'-GOU'N, 71. [sea and gown,] A gown or gar- 
 ment with short sleeves, worn by inuriners. Shak. 
 
 SeA'-GRASS, 71. [sea and grass,] A plant growing 
 on the sea-shore ; an aquatic plant uf the genus 
 Riippia. I,ee. 
 
 SEA'-GREEN, a. [sea and green,] Having the ctilor 
 of sea-water ; being of a faint green color. 
 
 Locke, Pojir. 
 
 SeA'-GREEN, 71. The color of sea-water. 
 2. A i>lant, the saxifrage. 
 
 SeA'-GULL, 71. [sea and gull.] A sea-fowl of the 
 genus Larus ; a species of gull ; called also Sea- 
 Crow. 
 
 SEA'-H.ARE, n. [sea and hare.] A marine tecti- 
 brancliiatc, gastropodous moilusk, having the edges 
 of the foot surrounding the back and capable of be- 
 ing reflected upon it. It has four tentacli-s, tile upper 
 pair of which are hollo\\'ed out like the ear^ of a 
 hare, whence the name. The shell is null or incom- 
 plete, and internal. The animal secretes an acrid 
 humor. It is of the genus Aplysia or Laplysia of 
 Jiiiiiueus. Kvrby. P. Cyc. 
 
 Se.\'-IIED(5E'HOG, 71. The sea-urchin ; a species of 
 Echinus, so called from its prickles, which resemble 
 in some measure those of the hedgehog or urchin. 
 
 Careir. 
 
 SEA'-HE.V, 71. [sea and hen.] A name of the Fool- 
 ish or Lesser (iuiileniot, L'ria Troile. F.d. F.ncye. 
 
 Se.\'-HUG, 71. [sea and hog.] The porpoise, which 
 see. 
 
 SE.\'-I!OL-LY, n. [sea and holly.] A plant of the 
 
 genus Eryngiuin. /,cc. 
 Se.\'-I1oL.M, 71. [sea and Dan. Ao;77i, an isle.] 
 
 1. .\ small, uninhabited isle. 
 
 2. Sea-holly. Carew. 
 SEA'-IIORSE, 7t. [sea and horse.] In zoology, the 
 
 morse or walrus, a species of Trichechns. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib. 
 
 2. The hippopotamus, or river-horse. Dryden, 
 
 3. A fish of the genus Hippocampus, (Syngnalhus, 
 Linn.,) allied to the needle-fish or pipe-hsh, and hav- 
 ins a prehensile tail. tfardine's A'at, Lib, 
 
 Se.\'-KaLE, 71. A name of several plants of the nat- 
 ural order Ilrassics, or cabbage tribe, as the Bras- 
 sica oleracea, and Crambe nuiritiina ; sea-cabbage ; 
 sea-colewort. Tally, 
 
 SEA'-LARK, 71. A bird of the sandpiper kind ; the 
 purr. 
 
 2. .^ bird of the dotterel kind ; the ringed dotterel 
 or plover. 
 
 SeA'-LE6S, 71. pi, [.lea and leg,] The ability to 
 walk on a ship's deck when pitching or rolling. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 Sp.A'-LEM-0.\, 71. [sea and lemm.] .\ marine, nu- 
 dibranchiate, gastropodous moilusk, of the genus 
 Doris, having an oval body, convex, marked w ith 
 numerous punctures, and of a lemon color. 
 
 P. Cyc. Enexje. 
 
 SE.\'-LEOP-/\RD, (-lep-«Td,) n. [sea and leupariL] 
 An animal of the seal family, of the genus Steiiorhyn- 
 chiis of F. Cuvier, found in the South Shetland and 
 South Orkney Islands, near the antarctic circle ; so 
 named from being spotted like the leopard. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib, 
 
 SEA'-LET-TER, ji. A paper from the custom-house, 
 specifying the n.aturc and quantity of the cargo on 
 board of ships on a foreign voyage, their destina- 
 tion, &.C. Bourier. 
 
 Si";.\'-LIKE, a, [sea and like,] Resembling the sea. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 SicA'-LI-0.\, n. [sea and lion.] A name given by 
 voyagers to various seals of large diinensio. -. as the 
 sca-eleph.ant. The name is particularly ap, lied to 
 certain large, earless seals, with manes soniewlLat 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J j S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 01>5 
 
SEA 
 
 SEA 
 
 SEA 
 
 like those of the lion, and belonging to the genus 
 Phuyrhj nchus of F. Cuvier. 
 
 Janline's JVaL Lib. P. Cyc. 
 
 Sr:A'-MAlD,7i. [seo and mtiirf.] Tlie mermaid. [See 
 iMermaid.] Shak. 
 9. A sea-nymph. 
 
 SkA'-MALL, (se'mal,) ) n. A sea-foivl, a speciea of 
 
 PK \'-ME\V, (su'niu,) i gull or Lnriis. 
 
 Sk.V'.MAN, n. [sra wnA man.] A sailor ; a mariner ; 
 a man whose occupation is to assist in the manage- 
 ment of ships at sea. 
 
 2. Dii wari of distinction, a skillful mariner ; also, a 
 man who "is well versed in the art of navigating 
 ships. In this sense, it is applied botli to officers and 
 coiuninn mariners. 
 
 3. .Merman, the male of the mermaid. [Little 
 7js<</.] Locke. 
 
 Si?,A'MAX-LTKE, a. Like a skillful seaman. 
 
 SEA'.MAX-SHIP, n. The skill of a good seaman ; an 
 acquaintance with the art of managing and navigat- 
 ing a ship applicable both to officers and to men. 
 J^'aral skill is the art of managing a fleet, particularly 
 in an engagement; a very diflerent thing from sea- 
 manship. 
 
 Sii A'-.MXRGE, n. The shore or border on the sea. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SeA'-MXRK, n. [sea nnd mark.] Any elevated ob- 
 ject on land which serves for a directiim to mariners 
 in entering a harhor, or in sailing along orapproach- 
 iui a coast; a beacon; as a light-house, a moun- 
 tain, &c. Encijc. 
 
 SlcA'-MEW, ( mu,) n. A sea-fowl, a species of gull or 
 I.arus. 
 
 SkA'-.MON-STER, n. [sea and monster.] A huge 
 
 marine animal. Lam. iv. 
 SkA'-MOSS, 71. [sni and moss.] A name given to 
 
 coral. [See Coral.] 
 sr..\'-.MOUSE, n. [sea and moiise.] A dorsibran- 
 
 chiate annelid, of the genus Aphrodita of Linnajus. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SkA'-Na'VSL-WORT, 71. [sea, navel, and iport.] An 
 herb growing in Syria, which is said to effect great 
 cures of diseases. [L. androsace.] Johnson. 
 
 SkA'-NEE-DLE, n. [sea and needle.] A name of 
 the gar or garfish, of the genus Esox. This fish has 
 a slejider body, with long," pointed jaws, and a forked 
 tail. Its back is of a fine gieen color, and when in 
 the water, its colors are e.xtreniely beautiful. 
 
 SE.\'-NKT-TLE, n. [sea ii»d nettle.] A popular name 
 of certain .Medusa;, which have the property of sting- 
 ing when touched. Dana. 
 
 SG;A'-.\lJRS-£t), (se'nurst,) a. [sea and nursed.] 
 Nursed by the sea. J. Barlow. 
 
 SEA'-NV.MPH, (sE'nimf,) n. [sea and nymph.] A 
 irymph or goddess of the sea. Broome. 
 
 Sif.A'-ON'lO.V, (se'nn-yun,) ?!. [sea and onion.] A 
 plant, squill, Scilla maritinia. P. Cyc. 
 
 SeA'-OOZL, n. [sea and ooze.] The soft mud on or 
 near the sea-shore. Mortimer. 
 
 SeA'-OT-TER, n. [sea and otter.] An aquatic, car- 
 nivorous animal of the otter kind, belonging to the 
 sub-genus Enhydra of I'lejning. It is foui]d in the 
 Northern Pacific, sometimes three hundred miles 
 from land, and is highly valued for its skin, which 
 l);is a fine, close fur. JarJiae's JV'iit. Lib. 
 
 SEA '-OWL, 71. [sea and owl.] Another name of the 
 lump-fish. Booth. 
 
 SkA'-PAD, 71. The star-fish. .Johnson. 
 
 SEA'-PA.N'-TIIER, 71. [SCO and ;>aji(/icr.] A fish like 
 a lamprev. .Johnson. 
 
 SEA'-P11E.\S-AN"T, ( fez-ant,) n. [sea and pheasant.] 
 The pin-tail duck, Uafila caudacuta. P. Cyc. 
 
 SkA'-PIK, I n. [sea and pic, pica.] A sea-fowl of 
 
 SkA'-PVE, i the genus Ha;matopus, and grallic or- 
 der; called, also, the Ovsteb-Catchek, from its 
 thrusting its beak into oysters when open, and tak- 
 ing out the animal. 
 
 Sf;A'-PIE, (sS'pI,) 71. [sea and pic.] A dish of food 
 consisting of paste and meat boiled together ; so 
 named because common at sea. 
 
 SEA'-Pirx'E. 71. [rea and piece.] A picture repre- 
 senting a scene at sea. .Addison. 
 
 SEA'-I'IKE, 71. [sea and pike.] A sea-fish of the 
 genus llelone of Cuvier, allied to the pike, and so 
 named from its resemblance to that fish ; ciunmonly 
 called Caiikish. Jardine's J^'oI. Lib. 
 
 Bi;A'-PLA.\T, 71. r.iea and plant.] A plant that grows 
 in salt water, as the furns, &c. 
 
 SkA'-POOL, 71. [sta and pool.] Make of salt water. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 8E.A'Pr)UT, 71. [sea and port.] A harbor near the 
 sea, formed by an arm of the sea or by a bay. 
 
 a. A city or town situated on a harbor, on or near 
 the Hra. W'e call a town a seaport, instead of a sea- 
 port town, 
 
 Bf;A'-KE-S5E.M'BLING, a. Like the sea ; sca-likc. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 BEA'-RIHK, 71. [»ea and ri.«/;.] Ilaxard or risk at sea ; 
 
 danger of injury or dnstrurtion by the se.a. 
 RK.A'-K(JB-IIEK, 71. [sra and robl>cr.] A pir.ito ; one 
 
 Ih.'it robs on the high seas. 
 SEA'-UOCK-ET,n. A cruciferous plant of the genua 
 
 Cakile or Uunia*, growing on Uiv sca-aliore. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 Sl2.\'ROOM, 71. [sea and room.] Ample space or dis- 
 tance from land, shnals, or rocks, suflicient for a 
 ship to drive or scud without danger of shipwreck. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 SEA'-RoV-ER, 71. [sea and rover.] A pirate ; one 
 that cruises for plunder. 
 
 2. A ship or vessel that is employed in cruising for 
 plunder. 
 
 SeA'-RoV-ING, a. Wandering on the ocean. 
 SeA'-RUFF, 71. A kind of sea fish. [L. orphus.] 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 SEA'-SeOR'PI-ON, 71. [sea and scorpion.] A salt- 
 water fish, Cottus scorpius, allied to the River Bull- 
 head, and having the head armed with spines. 
 It is very voracious, and sometimes exceeds a foot 
 in lenirth. Jardine^s J\i''nt. Lib. 
 
 SE.^'-SER-PENT, 71. [sea and scr;jenf.] A huge an- 
 imal like a serpi'Ut, inhabiting the sea. Gtdhrie. 
 
 SEA'-SERV-ICE, 71. [sea and service.] Naval ser- 
 vice ; service in the navy or in ships of war. 
 
 SeA'-SHXRK, 71. [sea and sAar/c] A ravenous sea- 
 fish ; the shark. Sliak. 
 
 SeA'-SHELL, 71. [sea and shell.] A marine shell; 
 a shell that grows in the sea. Mortimer. 
 
 SeA'-SMoRE, 71. [sea and shore.] The coast of the 
 sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. 
 
 Loehe. 
 
 SeA'SICK, a. [sea and sick.] Affected with sickness 
 or nausea by means of the pitching or rolling of a 
 vessel. Dryden. Swift. 
 
 SEA'SICK-NESS, 77. The sickness or nausea occa- 
 sioned by the pitching and rolling of a ship in an 
 agitated sea. 
 
 SEA'SIDE, 71. [sea and side.] The land bordering 
 on the sea ; the country adjacent to the sea, or near 
 it. Scrijitnre. Pope. 
 
 SeA'-STAR, 71. [sea and star.] The star-fish, a ma- 
 rine, radiate animal, called technically Asterias. 
 
 SeA'-SUR-GEON, 71. [sea and siiro-co'ii.] A surgeon 
 empIo\'ed on shipboard. Wiseman. 
 
 SeA'-S'UR-ROUND'ED, a. [sea and sa?Tou7i<i.] En- 
 compassed by t_he sea. 
 
 SeA'-SWAL-LoW, 71. [sea and swallow.] The com- 
 mon tern, Sterna Hirundo. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. Also, a provincial name of the storm petrel, 
 Thalassidroma (Proceilaria, Linn.) pelagica. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SeA'-TERM, 71. [sea and term.] A word or term 
 used appropriately by seamen, or peculiar to the art 
 of navig.aUon. 
 
 SeA'-TIIIeF, (se'theef,) n. [sea and thief.] A pi- 
 rate. Bp. of Chichester. 
 
 SEA'-ToAD, 71. [sea and toad.] An ugly fish, so 
 called. Cot^rt'ave. 
 
 SeA'-TORN, a. [sea and tor7u] Torn by or at sea. 
 
 Browne, 
 
 SeA'-TOSS-ED, (se'tost,) a. [sea and tossed.] Tossed 
 by the sea. Shak. 
 
 SeA'-TR.'VV'EL-ING, 71. Traveling by sea voyages. 
 
 SeA'-U'NI-CORN, 71. A name of the'narwhal. 
 _ Brande. 
 
 SeA'-UR-CHIN, 71. [sea and iircAi'n.] One of a ge- 
 nus of marine animals, the Echinus, of many spe- 
 cies. The body is roundish, covered with a bo ly 
 crust, and often set with movable prickles. The sea- 
 urchins belong to the fourth division of animals, the 
 Radiala. Sea-hedsehofr is another of these animals, 
 and, when strijiped of the spines, they are often 
 called Sea-Ecgs. [See also Echinus.) Dana. 
 
 SeA'-WALL-£D, a. [sea and walled.] Surrounded 
 or defended by the sea. Shak. 
 
 SE.A'WARD, a. [sea and ward.] Directed toward 
 the sea. Donne. 
 
 SkA'WARD, adv. Toward the sea. Drayton, 
 
 SEA'-WA-TER, 71. [sea and water.] Watcr of the 
 sea or ocean, which is salt. Bacon. 
 
 SeA'-WEED, 71. [sea and weed.] A marine plant of 
 the genus Fucus, used as manure, and for making 
 glass and so;ip. A coiiimon name for the marine 
 alga;, and sonic other plants growing in salt water. 
 
 SEA'-WITII'WINO, 71. Bindweed. 
 
 SEA'-WOLF, 71. [.-^ea and wolf, SecWoi.F.] A fish 
 of the genus Anarrliicas, also called Wolf-Fish and 
 (;at-Fish, found in northern seas, about Greenland, 
 Iceland, Norway, Scotland, England, &c. This fish 
 is so named from its fierceness and ravonousncss. It 
 grows sometimes to the length of four and even 
 seven feet, and feeds on crust,aceou3 animals and 
 shell fish, as well as on common fish. Partington. 
 
 2. The name sea-wolf has also been given to a spe- 
 cies of se.al, the sea-<!lephant. Jardine's JVaf. Lib. 
 
 SkA'-WOKM'WOOI), 71. A sort of wormwood 
 growing by the sea, the Artemisia mariliina. 
 
 Johnson, Lee. 
 
 SE.A'-WriRN, a. Worn or abraded by the sea. 
 
 SEA'-WOR-Tlll-NESS, 71. The state of being able to 
 resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather, 
 as that of a ship. Kent. 
 
 SEA'-WOR-Tliy, a. [sea and worthy.] Fit for a 
 voyage ; worthy of being trusted to l/ansport a 
 cargo with safety ; as, a sea-worthy ship. 
 
 SEAL, (seel,) n. [Sax. sen/, .tele, syle ; Sw. sidl.] 
 
 1'lie common name for the nqiintic carnivorous 
 mammals of the family Phocida*, corresponding to 
 
 the genus Plioca of Linnieus. Seals mostly inhabit 
 sea-coasts and islands, particularly in the higher lat- 
 itudes of both hemispheres. They pass much of 
 their time in the water, but have warm blood, and 
 breathe only air. Their hind feet are placed at the 
 extremity of the body, in the same direction with it, 
 and serve the purpose of a caudal fin ; the fore feet 
 are also adapted for swimming, and furnished each 
 with five claws. Some seals have external ears, 
 while others are destitute of them ; and this differ- 
 ence is the ground of M. Peron's distribution of them 
 into two divisions, viz., the earless seals or true 
 seals, and the eared seals or otaries. There are nu- 
 merous species, bearing the popular names of the 
 sea-lion, tlie sea-bear or ursine-scal, the sea-elephant, 
 elephant-seal or bottle-nose, the bearded or great seal, 
 the 7non/£ seal, the crested seal. Sec. The common 
 seal, Calocephalus vitulinus of F. Cuvier, (Plioca vi- 
 tiilina. Linn.,) is found in the northern seas gener- 
 ally, on the British and French coasts, &c. It is 
 covered with short, stiff, thickset hair, has no exter- 
 nal ears, and is usually from three to five or six feet 
 in length. Seals are much sought after for their skins 
 and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species 
 2S very abundant. P. Cyc. Jardine's JVat. Lib. 
 Seal, (seel,) 71. [Sax. si^el, sigle; G. siegel; D. 
 leirel ; Dan. seigl, segl ; Fr. sceau ; Arm. syell ; L. 
 sig-illam: It. sigilln ; S^p. sigilo. It is uncertain what 
 was the original signification of sca(, whether an im- 
 age, or some ornament. In Saxon, the word signi- 
 fies a necklace, or ornament for the neck, a stud or 
 boss, a clasp, and a seal.] 
 
 1. A piece of metal or other hard substance, usu- 
 ally round or elliptical, on which is engraved some 
 image or device, and sometimes a legend or inscrip- 
 tion. This is used by individuals, corporate bodies, 
 and states, for making impressions on wax upon in- 
 struments of writing, as an evidence of their authen- 
 ticity. The king of England has his great seal and 
 his privy seal. Seals are sometimes worn in rings. 
 [See also Paivy Seal and Great Seal.] 
 
 2. The wax set to an instrument, and impressed or 
 stamped with a seal. Thus we give a deed under 
 hand and seal. Wax is generally used in sealing in- 
 struments, but other substances may be used. 
 
 3. The wax or wafer that makes fast a letter or 
 other paper. 
 
 4. Any act of confirmation. Milton. 
 
 5. That which conQrm-s, ratifies, or makes stable ; 
 assurance. 2 Tim, ii. 
 
 6. That which eflectiially shuts, confines, or se- 
 cures ; that which makes fast. Rev. xx. 
 
 SEAL, (seel,) o. t. [Sw. bcsegla, forscgla; Dan. ie- 
 segler, forscglcr ; G. siegeln ; D. zegelen. The root 
 signifies, probably, to set, to fix, to impress, or to cut 
 or engrave.] 
 
 1. To fasten with a seal ; to attach together with a 
 wafer, or with wax ; as, to seal a letter. 
 
 2. To set or affix a seal as a mark of authenticity ; 
 as, to seal a deed. Hence, 
 
 3. To confirm ; to ratify ; to establish. 
 
 And with my iiainl 1 sent our irue liParls' love. Shnk. 
 Wlieii, Ihfrcfore, ! luive pert*orme<l this, and liiiTe sealed to tliem 
 ttiiti Iruit, I will come hy you into iSpaiij. — Rom. xv. 
 
 4. To shut or keep close ; sometimes with iij). Seol 
 your lips ; sea( up your lips. Shak. 
 
 Open your ears, ami teal your bosom upon Uie secret c*'ncj»rns 
 of u friL'InI. Dvnght. 
 
 5. To make fast. 
 
 So Ihey went iiml made the sepulcher sure, stilling the stoue imd 
 sctlinj a watcii. — M-»tt. xxvii. 
 
 G. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of stand- 
 ard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality. 
 By our laws, weights and measures are to be seoW 
 by an officer appointed and sworn for that purpose ; 
 and leather is to be sealed by a like ofiicer, as evi- 
 dence that it has been inspected and found to be of 
 gooil quality. Laws of Conn. 
 
 7. To keep secret. 
 
 Shut up the words, and teal the book. — Dan. xi\. la. Tiii. 
 
 8. To mark, as one's jiroperty, and secure from 
 danger. Cant. iv. 
 
 9. To close ; to fulfill ; to complete ; with up. 
 Dan. ix. 
 
 10. To imprint on the mind ; as, to seat instruc- 
 tion, .lob xxxiii. 
 
 11. To inclose; to hide; to conceal. Job xiv. 
 
 12. To confine ; to restrain. .Job xxxvii. 
 
 13. In architecture, to fix a piece of wood or iron in 
 a wall with cement, plaster, or other binding for sta- 
 nles, hinges, &.c. Owilt. 
 
 Seal, (seel,) II. i. To fix a seal. 
 
 I will »ea/ unto tliis bond. It/nuioa!.] Shak. 
 
 SeAL'M), (seeld,) pp. or n. Furnished with a seal ; 
 fastened with a seal ; conlirmcd ; closed. 
 
 SEAL'KI!, 71. One who seals ; nn ofiicer in chancery, 
 who seals writs and instruments. 
 
 2. In JVeio England, an officer appointed by the 
 town or other proper authority, to examine and try 
 weights anil measures, and set n stamp on such as 
 an; according to the standards established by the 
 State; also, an ollicer who inspi;ct3 leather, and 
 
 FATE, F^a, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nQpK.— 
 
 __ — — 
 
 s 
 
SEA 
 
 SEA 
 
 SEA 
 
 stamps such lis is pond. 'I'liese are called scalers of 
 Wf iplils and iiicasun^s^ and scalers of leather. 
 
 SE.VL'liNG, ));"". Fixing a seal j fastuninf; with a 
 seal ; conlirniing ; elosini; ; keeping secret ; fixing 
 a piece of wood or iron in a wall with cement. 
 
 SkAIj'1iN(J, n. 'I'lie act of allixin); a seal. 
 
 2. In architecture, the fixing of a piece of wood or 
 iron on a wall with pla^ster, cement, or other binding, 
 fjr staples, hinges, &,c. OmilL 
 
 3. [fioin seal, the animal.] The operation of 
 takinc seals and curing tiieir skins. 
 
 SE.^L'ING-VOY-.AGK, n. A voyage for the purpose 
 »f killing seals and ubiaiiiing their skins. 
 
 SEAL'LN'G-U'AX, n. [seal and wax.] A compound 
 of the resin lac, with some less brittle resin, and va- 
 rious coloring matters, used for fastening a folded 
 letter, and thus concealing the writing, and for re- 
 ceiving impressions of seals set to Instruments. 
 Sealing-wax is hard or soli, and may be of any 
 _color. 
 
 Slc.AM, (seem,) n. [Sax.jfcam ; D. loom ; G. saum ; Dan. 
 sum i Sw. sSm, a seam, a suture ; soma, to sew. The G. 
 saiim signilios a hem or border. The word probably 
 signitres the uniting by sewing. In Danish, summer 
 signilics to hem, and to beseem, to be seemly, to be- 
 come, to be suitable. V\'e see then that seam and 
 seem are from one root. The primary sense is, to 
 meet, to come or put together. See Same and Aa- 
 SEMHi.E. CliL^s Sm, No. 33, 40.] 
 
 1. The suture or uniting of two edges of cloth by 
 the needle. Dryden. 
 
 The coitt was withuul seam, woven frum the top throughout. — 
 Joint xix. 
 
 2. The joint or juncture of planks in a ship's side 
 or deck; or rather the intervals between the edges 
 of boards or planks in a floor, &c. The seams of 
 ships are filled wiih oakum, and covered with pitch. 
 
 3. In mines, a vein or stratum of metal, oar, coal, 
 and the like. Encijc. Kirtcan. 
 
 In gcoloiry, a thin layer whicli separates strata of 
 greater magnitude. 
 
 4. A cicatrix or scar. 
 
 5. A measure of eight bushels of corn ; or the ves- 
 sel that contains it. [JVot used in .America.] 
 
 seam of glass: the quantity of 1211 pounds, or 24 
 sti.ne of five pounds each. [JVof used in .America.] 
 SE.^M, M. [Sax. scim ; \V. .laim.] [Enetje. 
 
 Tallow ; grease ; lard. [LocaL] Sliak. Dryden. 
 SeAM, ». <. To formaseaiuj to sew or otherwise 
 unite. 
 
 2. To mark with a cicatrix ; to scar ; as, seamed 
 with wounds. Pope. 
 Sr.A'.MAN. See under Sea. 
 
 Se AM'iCl), (seemd,) pp. JIarked with seams ; having 
 
 seams or scars. 
 SeAM'ING, ppr. Marking with 
 
 seams. 
 
 SE.\.M'LESS, a. Having no seam ; 
 
 earment of Christ, 
 Se.\.M'-RE.\T, 71. [seam and rfiit. 
 
 jieaui ; the separation of a suture. 
 SeA.M'STER, n. One that sews well, or whoso occu- 
 
 p.-itinn is to sew. 
 Se.\M'STRESS, n. [that is, seamsteress ; Sax. seam- 
 
 estre.] 
 
 A woman whose occupation is sewing. 
 PeAM'STRES.'S-Y, h. The business of a seamstress. 
 SeAM'Y, o. Having a seam ; containing seams or 
 
 showing them. Sliak, 
 Sf.AN, (sCne,) >i. A net. [See Seine.] 
 SE'AjVCE, (si'ins,) n. [Fr.] Session, as of some 
 
 public body. 
 ^fA'POY ) 
 
 SE'POY ' i l^^^- ''P"^' ! Hindoo, sepahai.] 
 
 A native of India, in the military service of a 
 European power, and disciplined after the European 
 manner. 
 
 SeAR,»;. f. [Sax. jtearan ; Gr. aji;/)c(j, to dry ; (ij/jaivw, 
 to drj', to parch ; (wi>$, dry ; <rfi(<, the sun ; acif/c<o, 
 to dry. (iu. E. torreo, in a different dialect.] 
 
 1. To burn to dryness and hardness the surface of 
 any thing ; to ciuterize ; to expose to a degree of 
 heat that changes the color of tne surface, or makes 
 it hard ; as, to sear the skin or flesh. 
 
 I'm stared with burning steel. Boise. 
 
 Scar is allied to search in signification ; but it is 
 applied primarily to animal flesh, and has special 
 reference to the effect of heat in making the surface 
 hard. Scorch is applied to flesh, cloth, or any other 
 substance, and has no reference to the effect of hard- 
 ness. 
 
 2. To wither; to dr>'. Shak. 
 
 3. To make callous or Insensible. 
 
 Haring their conscience etared with a hot iron. — 1 Tim. ir. 
 
 To sear up ; to close by searing or cauterizing ; to 
 stop. 
 
 Cherish Tcins of food humor, and tear up those of ill. Temple. 
 
 Sear, o. Dry ; withered. Milton. Ray. 
 
 SEARCE, (sers,) r. L To sift; to bolt: to separate 
 the fine part of meal from the coarse. [Little used.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 scars ; making 
 as, the seamless 
 ] The rent of a 
 
 SEAUt'E, (sers,) 71. A sieve ; a bolter. [Ltllle u.^'cd.] 
 SEAIt'CEIl, (sers'er,) jt. One that sills or bolts. 
 U.illte used.] 
 
 SEARCH, (serch,) v. U [Fr. chercher ; It. cercare; 
 Arm. kerchat, to seek, to ramble.] 
 
 1. To look over or through, for the purpose of find- 
 ing something; to explore; to examine by inspec- 
 tion ; as, to search the house for a book ; to search the 
 wood for a thief. 
 
 Send thou men, that thcT m.ty search tlio land of Canaan. — 
 Num xlii. 
 
 2. To Inquire ; to seek for. 
 
 KnougU is left besides to search and know. Ji/i/ron, 
 
 3. To probe ; to seek the knowletlgc of, by feel- 
 ing with an instrument; as, to search a wound 
 
 aimh 
 
 4. To examine ; to try or put to the test. Ps. 
 cxxxix. 
 
 To search out; in seek till found, or to find by 
 seeking ; as, to search out truth. jy^alls. 
 SE.ARCII, (serch,)o. i. Toseek; tolookfor; tomake 
 search. 
 
 Once more search with me. SliaJc. 
 2. To make inquiry ; to inquire. 
 
 To search for ; to lt>ok for ; to seek ; to try to find ; 
 as, to search for a gentleman now in the house. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SEARCH, (serch,) 71. A seeking or looking for some- 
 thing that is lost, or the place of which is unknown, 
 with for or i^fier ; as, a search for lost money ; a 
 search for mines of gold and silver ; a search after 
 liafipiness or knowledge. 
 
 2. Inquiry ; a seeking. He spent bis life in search 
 of trutli. 
 
 3. Quest; pursuit f>r finding. 
 Nor (fill my search of liberty lio^in, 
 
 Till my black liuirs were changrj upon my chin. Dryden. 
 
 Right of search ; In Tiara/ affairs, the right claimed 
 by one nation to nufliorize the commanders of their 
 ships to enter vessels of other nations, and examine 
 their papers and cargo, to ascertain the character of 
 the vessels and the destination of their cargoes. 
 
 SEARCH'A-liLE, (serch'a-bl,) a. That may be 
 searched or explored. Cotgrave. 
 
 SEARCII'.\-BLE-NESS, 71. The state of being search- 
 able. 
 
 SEARCH'ED, (sercht,) pp. Looked over carefully; 
 explored ; examined. 
 
 SEARCII'ER, (sercli'er,) n. One who searches, ex- 
 plores, or examines, for the purpose of finding some- 
 thing. 
 
 2. A seeker ; an inquirer. tVatts. 
 
 3. An examiner; a trier; as, the Searcher of 
 hearts. 
 
 4. An ofliccr In London, appointed to examine the 
 bodies of the dead, and report the cause of their 
 death. OraunU 
 
 f>. .\n officer of the customs, whose business is to 
 search and examine ships outward bound, to .ascer- 
 tain whether they have prohibited goods on board, 
 also baggage, poods, &c. 
 
 fi. An inspector of leather. [Local.l 
 
 7. In military affairs, an instrument for examining 
 ordnance, to ascertain whether guns have any cav- 
 ities in them. Encyc. 
 
 8. An Instrument used in the inspection of butter, 
 &c., to ascertain the qn.ility of that which Is con- 
 tained in firk'ns. [Local.] Mass. 
 
 SEARCH'ING, (serch'ing,) ppr. Looking info or 
 over ; exploring ; examining; inquiring; seeking; 
 investigating. 
 
 2. a. Penetrating; trying; close; as, a searcliing 
 discourse. 
 
 SE.ARCH'ING, (serch'ing,) n. E.xamination ; severe 
 inquisition, .fudges v. 
 
 SEARCH'Ii\G-LY, adv. In a searching manner. 
 
 SEARCH'l.\G-NESS, (serch'ing-ness,) 71. The qual- 
 ity of severe inquiry or examination. 
 
 SEARCII'LESS, (serch'less,)<i. Inscrutable; eluding 
 search or investigation. 
 
 SEARCH'-WAR-RANT, (serch'-,) 71. In laa>, a war- 
 rant Issued by a justice of the peace, authorizing 
 persons to search houses, or other places, for stolen 
 goods. 
 
 SeAR'-CLOTH, 71. [Sax. wr-ctatA, sore-cloth.] 
 
 A cloth to cover a sore ; a plaster. Mortimer. 
 SeAR'£D, pp. or a. [from ,«Mr.] Burnt on the sur- 
 face ; cauterized ; hardened. 
 SeAR'ED-NESS, n. The stale of being se.ared, cau- 
 terized, or hardened ; hardness; hence, insensibility. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 Se.X'SON, (sS'zn,) n. [Fr. saison; Arm. seesonn, 
 sa^iun ; Port, sazam, sezam, season, proper time, 
 stale of being seasoned ; sazonar, to season, ripen, 
 temper, sweeten, bring to maturity; Sp. a«:on, sea- 
 son, maturity. Lisle, relish ; sa:onar, to season. The 
 primary sense, like th.at of time and opportunity. Is 
 to fall, to come, to arrive, and this word seems to be 
 allied to seize and assc-is ; to fall on, to set on.] 
 
 Season literally signifies that which comes or ar- 
 
 rives ; and in this general sense, is synonymous will) 
 time. H*Mice, 
 
 1. A fit or suitable time ; the convenient lime ; 
 the usual or appointed finic ; as, the messenger ar- 
 rived ill season ; in good season. This fruit is out of 
 season. 
 
 2. Any time, aH distinguished from others. 
 
 The season prime for swecteut scenu antl aira. Milton. 
 
 3. A time of some continuance, but not long. 
 Thou Shalt be blind, not umng the lun for a season. — AcU xiil. 
 
 4. One of the four divisions of the year, spring, 
 suininer, autumn, winter. The season is mild; it Is 
 cold for the season. 
 
 We saw, in six d.iys' traveling, the seveial teofons of ttie year 
 in their beauty. ^Icfiiison, 
 
 We di.stinguish the season by prefixing Its ap- 
 propriate name, as the spring-senson, sunimer-ava- 
 son, &c. 
 
 7'i) be in season ; to be in good time, or sufliciently 
 early for the purpose. 
 
 'J'o be out of season ; to be loo late, beyond the 
 profier time, or beyond the usual or appointed time. 
 
 Frimi the sense of convenience is derived Ihe 
 follow illg. 
 
 .S. 'J'liat which matures or prepares for the taste ; 
 thai which gives a relish. 
 
 You lack the season of all nature, sleep. Shak. 
 
 Rut in this sense, we now use Seasohiso. 
 SeA'SO.N', (sE'zn,) v. t. [Fr. assaisonner ; Sp. and 
 Port, sazonar.] 
 
 1. To render palatable, or to give a higher relish 
 to, by the addition or mixture of nnoflier substance 
 more pungent or pleasant; as, to .scajton meat with 
 salt ; to sea.-^on any tiling with spices. Lev. ii. 
 
 2. To render more agreeable, pleasant, or delight- 
 ful ; to give a relish or zest to by soinelhiiig that ex- 
 cites, animates, or exhilarates. 
 
 You season still with sports your serious hours, Drynen. 
 The proper use of wit is to season converuiion. 'fiUotson. 
 
 3. To render more agreeable, or less risorous and 
 severe; to temper; to moderate; to qualify by ad- 
 mixture. 
 
 When mercy seasons justice. Shak. 
 
 4. To imbue ; to tinge or taint. 
 
 Season their younger yeara with prudent and pious principles. 
 
 Tiijifor. 
 
 5. To fit for any use by time or habit ; to mature ; 
 to prepare. 
 
 Who in want a hollow friend tloth try, 
 Direclly 1 
 
 Shak. 
 
 6. To prepare for use by drying or hardening; to 
 take out or suffer to escape the natural juices ; as, to 
 season timber. 
 
 7. Til prepare or mature for a climate; to accus- 
 tom to and enable to endure ; as, to season the hotly 
 to a particular climate. Long residence In the West 
 Jndit'S, or a fever, may season strangers. 
 
 SeA'SON, (sc'zn,) V. i. To become mature; to grow 
 fit for use ; to become adapted to a climate, lis the 
 human body. 
 
 2. 'I'o become dry and hard, by the escape of the 
 natural juices, or by being penetrated with other 
 substance. Timber .reasons well under cover in ths 
 air, and ship timber sea.<ons in salt water. 
 
 3. To betoken ; to savor. [Obs.] Beaum. Fl. 
 SeA'SO.\-A-IILE, a. Opportune; that comes, hap- 
 pens, or is done in gooti time. In due season, or In 
 profiifr lime for the purpose ; as, a seasonable supply 
 of rain. 
 
 Mercy ■ seasonable in the time ol afflicioD. Ecelus. 
 
 SkA'S ON-A-BLE-NESS, n. Opportuneness of time ; 
 the state of being In good time, or in lime conveni- 
 ent fiir the piirjiose, or siifficienlly early. Addison. 
 
 SE.A'SON-A-HLV, adv. In due time; in lime conve- 
 nient ; sufficiently early ; as, to sow or plant season- 
 ublii. 
 
 Se.V'SO.N'-.AGE, 71. Seasoning; sauce. [A"ot iww/.] 
 _ South. 
 SeA'SO.\-AL, a. Pertaining to the seasons. 
 
 Partington, 
 
 SE.V'SON'-KD, (se'znd,) pp. or a. Mixed or sprinkled 
 with something that gives a relish ; tempered ; mod- 
 erated ; qualified; matured ; drietl ami hardened. 
 SeA'SO.\'-ER, 71. He that seasons; that which sea- 
 sons, nialiires, or gives a relish. 
 S£.\'SO.N-LN'G, ppr. Giving a relish by something 
 added ; moderating ; qualifying ; maturing ; dr} ing 
 and hardening ; fitting by habit. 
 Se.\'SO.N'-I.\G, ji. That which is added to any spe- 
 cies of f(X)d,to give it a higher relish ; usually, sonie- 
 Ihinc pungent or aromatic, as salt, spices, or other 
 aromatic herbs, acids, sugar, or a mixture of sev- 
 eral things. Arbuthnol. 
 
 2. Something added or mixed to enhance the 
 pleasure of enjoyment ; as, wit or humor may serve 
 as a seasoning to eloquence. 
 
 Political sp<'CulatlonB are of so dry and austere a nature, tttal 
 tliey will not go down with the puUic without fnNj*' "' " 
 fonin^s. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 TCNE, BIJLL, tIMTE, — AN"GER, VI"CI0US e 03 K; as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
 12? 
 
 FFFF 
 
 0&7 
 
4 
 
 SEC 
 
 SEC 
 
 SEC 
 
 SeA'S ON-LESS, a. Without succession of the sea- 
 sons. 
 
 Seat, (sect,) n. [It. sedia; Sp. sede, sitio, from L. 
 sedes, situs : Sw. sate ; Dan. s<ide ; G. sUi ; D. leld, 
 litplaats ; W. sSi ; Ir. saidh ; VV., with a prefix, go- 
 sod, whence gosodi, lo set. (See Set and Sit ) The 
 English scat retains the Roman pronunciation of 
 sUtiSf that is, 5ceEu.^.] 
 
 1. That on wliich one sits ; a chair, bench, stool, 
 or any other thing on which a person sits. 
 
 Christ — overthrew the tahles of the moiiey-chan^rs, and the 
 seals of them that sold doves. — M.ut. xxi. 
 
 9. The place of sitting j throne ; chair of state ; 
 tribunal ; post of authority ; as, tlie seal of justice ; 
 juiigment-sfa(. 
 
 3. Mansion; resilience, dwelling; abode; as, 
 Italy the seat of empire. The Greeks sent colonies 
 to seek a new seat in Gaul 
 
 Id Alba he shall fix hl9 royal seal. Dryden. 
 
 4. Site; situation. The seat of Eden has never 
 been incontrovertibly ascertained. 
 
 5. That part of a saddle on which a person sits. 
 
 6. In horsemanship, the posture or situation of a 
 person on horseback. Encyc. 
 
 7. A pew or slip in a church ; a place to sit in. 
 
 8. The place where a thing is settled or estab- 
 li-^hed. London is the i-fut of business and opulence. 
 So we say, the scat of the muses, the seat of arts, the 
 sear of cumtnerce. 
 
 SiiAT, V. t. To place on a seat ; to cause to sit down. 
 We seat oiHselves ; we seat our guests. 
 
 The quests were no sooner sealed but they entered into a warm 
 debate, Arbuthnol. 
 
 2. To place in a post of authority, in office, or a 
 place of (iistinction. He seated his sim in the profes- 
 sor's chair. 
 
 Then high was King Richard sealed. ShaJc. 
 
 3. To settle ; to fix in a particular place or coun- 
 try. A colony of Greeks seated themselves in the 
 south of Italy ; another at Massilia in Gaul. 
 
 4. To fix ; to set firm. 
 
 From their foundations, loosening to and fro, 
 
 They plucked the seated bills. MUlon. 
 
 5. To place in a church ; to assign seats to. In 
 New England, where the pews in churches are not 
 private property, it is customary to seat families for a 
 year or longer time ; that is, assign and appropriate 
 seats lo their use. 
 
 6. To appropriate the pews in, to particular fami- 
 lies ; as, to seat a church. 
 
 7. To repair by making the seat new ; as, to seat a 
 garment. 
 
 8. To settle; to plant with inhabitants ; as, to seat 
 a country. [J^'ot muck used.] Stitk, Virg. 
 
 Seat, v. i. To rest ; to he down. [JVot in lise.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 Se.\T'ED, pp. Placed in a chair or on a bench, &c. ; 
 set ; fixed ; settled ; established ; furnished with a 
 seat. 
 
 Se.AT'ING, ppr. riacing on a seat; setting; set- 
 tling ; furnishing with a seat ; having its seats as- 
 signed to individuals, as a church. 
 
 Se.WES, n. pi. [Sw. sdf ; Dan. siv ; Hcb. t|''D, sxif.] 
 Rushes. [Local.] 
 
 Sf.AV'Y, a. Overgrown with rushes. [Local.'] 
 
 SE-liA'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [Low L. sehaceus, from 
 sebum, sevum, tallow, VV. saim. Uu. Eth. sebach, 
 fat.] 
 
 Made of tallow or fat ; pertaining to fat. 
 Sebaceous humor: a suet-like or glutinous matter 
 secreted by the sebaceous glands, which serves to 
 defend the skin and keep it .soft. Coze. Parr. 
 
 Sebaceous glands ; small glands seated in the cellu- 
 lar membrane under the skin, which secrete the se- 
 baceous humor. Parr. 
 SE-I! AC'I€, (-bas'ik,) a. [Supra.] In chemUlrtj, per- 
 taining to fat; obtained from fat; as, the .lebacic 
 acid. Lavoisier. 
 SE'liATE, n. [Supra.] In ehemuslry, a salt formed 
 by the sebacic acid and a base. 
 
 Hooper. lMvoi.nCT. 
 SE-HES'TE.V, n. A tropical tree and its fruit, of the 
 
 genus Cordia ; called Sehesten Plum. P. Cyc. 
 8E1I'I:N-DY, ) n. In India, an irregular native 
 BER-UN-DEE', t soldier, employed chiclly on reve- 
 nue and police service. Milcom. 
 SE GA'LE, n. [L.) The ergot of rye. Brnnde. 
 SE'CA.N'T, o. [L. secans, seco, to cut or cut olf, coin- 
 ciding with Eng. ftatr.] 
 
 fanning ; dividing into two parts. 
 Se'C.A.N'T, n. (It. I'r. and Hp. secanle, supra.] 
 
 1. In geomelni, a line that cuts another, or divides 
 It int<i parts. The secant of a circle is a line drawn 
 from the circumference on one side to a point with- 
 out the rlrciimfcrencK on the other. lluUun. 
 
 2. In Ingonometnj, the xecaiil of nn arc is a right 
 line drawn from the center through one end of the 
 arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn through the 
 other end. lluiinn, 
 
 8B <;I1I)E', V. i. 'It. nttrdo ; nr, from, and crdo, lo 
 move. Se in an Inicparalilc preposition or prefix in 
 Latin, but denoting departure or sepanition j 
 
 To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or as- 
 eoMation ; to separate one's self; as, certain minis- 
 ters seceded from the church of Scotland about the 
 year 1733. 
 
 SE-CeD'ER, n. One who secedes. In Scotland, the 
 seceders are a numerous body of Presb}'terians who 
 seceded from the communion of the established 
 church, about the year 1733. 
 
 SE-CeD'ING, ppr. or a. Withdrawing from fellow- 
 ship or communion. 
 
 SE-CERN', v. U [L. seccmo ; se and cemo, to sepa- 
 rate.] 
 
 In the animal economy, to secrete. 
 
 The mucus secerned in the nose — is a laudable humor. 
 
 Arbulhnot. 
 
 SE-CERN'BD, pp. Separated ; secreted. 
 SE-CERN'ENT, n. That which promotes secretion ; 
 that which increases the motions which constitute 
 secretion. Darwin. 
 SE-CERN'ING, ppr. Separating; secreting; as, se- 
 cerning vessels. 
 SE-CER.M'MENT, n. The process or act of secreting. 
 SE-CESS', n. [L. icces.sits.] Retirement ; retreat. 
 SE-CES'SION, (-sesh'un,) n. [L. secessio. See Se- 
 
 EDE.] 
 
 1. Th 
 
 he act of withdrawing, particularly from fel- 
 lowship and communion. Encyc. 
 2. The act of departing ; departure. Brown. 
 Secession church, in Scotland. See Seceder. 
 Se'CHI-UM, n. A South American vegetable, Sechi- 
 um edulis or Siegos edulis. The fruit, in size and 
 form, resembles a large bell-pear, and is eaten like 
 Jhe squash. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 Se'CLE, (se'kl,) n. {Yt.sHcIc; L. secuium.] 
 
 A century. [JVot in use.] Hammond. 
 SE-GLuDE', v. U [L. secludo ; se and claudo, dado, to 
 shut.] 
 
 1. To separate, as from company or society, and 
 usually to keep apart for some length of time, or to 
 confine in a separate state ; as, persons in low spirits 
 seclude themselves from society. 
 
 Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven 
 Seclude their bosom slaves. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 2. To shut out ; to prevent from entering ; to pre- 
 clude. 
 
 Inclose your tender plants in your conservatory, secluding all 
 entrance of cold. Evelyn. 
 
 SE-€LuD'ED, pp. or a. Separated from others ; liv- 
 ing in retirement ; shutout. 
 
 SE-eLuD'ED-LY, adv. In a secluded manner. 
 
 SE-CLOD'ING, ppr. Separating from others ; confin- 
 ing in solituile or in a separate state ; preventing en- 
 trance. 
 
 SE-eLOSE'NESS, n. The state of being secluded 
 from societv. 
 
 SE-€LU'SION, (-zhun,) n. The act of separating 
 from society or connection ; the state of being sepa- 
 rate or apart ; separation ; a shutting out ; as, to live 
 in seclusion. 
 
 SE-€Lu'SIVE, a. That secludes or sequesters ; that 
 
 keeps separate or in retirement. 
 SECOND, a. [Fr., from L. secundus ; It. secondo ; 
 
 Sp. and Port, segundo; from L, sequor, to follow. 
 
 See Seek,] 
 
 1, 'J'hat immediately follows the first ; the next 
 following the first in order of jilac or time ; the or- 
 dinal of two. Take the second book from the shelf. 
 Enter the second liouse. 
 
 And he slept and dreamed the second time, — Gen. xli, 
 
 2, Next in value, power, excellence, dignity, or 
 rank ; inferior. The silks of China are second to 
 none in quality. Lord Chatham was second to none 
 in eloquence. Dr. Johnson was second to none in 
 intellectual powers, but second to many in research 
 and erudition. 
 
 j9( second hand ; in the second j)lace of order ; not 
 in the first place, or by or from the first ; by trans- 
 mission ; not primarily ; not originally ; as, a report 
 received at second hand. 
 
 In imitation of preachers al second hand, I shall transcribe from 
 Bruyere a piece of raillrry. Taller. 
 
 SEe'O.ND, n. One who attends another in a duel, to 
 aid him, mark out the ground or distance, and see 
 that all proceedings between the parties are fair, 
 
 ffalts. .Addison. 
 
 2. One that supports or maintains another; that 
 which supports. 
 
 Being sure enough of seconrls afler the first onset. Wollon. 
 
 3. The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a de- 
 gree, that is, the second minute or small division next 
 to the hour or degree. Sound moves above 1140 
 English feet in a second. 
 
 4. In music, an mterval of ft conjoint degree, be- 
 ing the dillVrciice iM-twecTi any sound and the next 
 nearest sound above or below it. 
 
 Busby. Brandt, 
 SECOND, r, (. [L. aeenndo ; Fr. seconder; It. te- 
 covdarr.] 
 
 1. To follow in the next place, 
 
 SIm It »fron./fr; wllb sin. [l.ilUe used.) South. 
 
 2. Tu support ; to lend aid to the attempt of 
 
 another ; tu as-sist ; to forward ; to promote ; to en- 
 courage ; to act as the maintainer. 
 
 We have supplies to second our attempt. Sliak. 
 
 Tiic attempts of Austria to circumscribe the conquests of Bona- 
 parte were seeoniled by Russia. j4non. 
 
 In God, one single can its ends produce, 
 
 Yet serves lo second too some other use. Pope. 
 
 3. In deliberative assemblies, to unite with a person, 
 or act as his second, in proposing some measure ; 
 as, to second a motion or proposition. 
 
 SECOND-A-RI-LY, adv. [from secondary.] In the 
 second degree or second order ; not primarily or 
 originally ; not in the first intention. Duties on im- 
 ports serve primarily to raise a revenue, and seconda- 
 rily to encourage domestic manufactures and industry. 
 
 SECOND-A-RLNESS, n. The state of being sec- 
 ondary. JVorris. 
 
 SECOi\D-A-RY, a. [L. secundarius, from secundus.] 
 
 1. Succeeding next in order to the first ; subor- 
 dinate. 
 
 Where thei? is moral right on the one hand, no secondary right 
 can discharge it. L' Estrange. 
 
 2. Not primary ; not of the first intention. 
 
 Two are the radical differences ; the secondary tUfierences are as 
 four. Jiacon. 
 
 3. Not of the first order or rate ; revolving about a 
 primary planet. Primary planets revolve about the 
 sun ; secondary planets or satellites revolve about the 
 primary. 
 
 4. Acting by deputation or delegated authority ; as, 
 the work of secondary hands. JtlUton. 
 
 5. Acting in subordination, or as second to another ; 
 as, a secondary ollicer. Encyc. 
 
 6. In mineralogy, a term denoting a modified crys- 
 tal derived from one of the primary forms, or any 
 plane on a crystal which is not one of the primary 
 planes. Dana. 
 
 Secondary rocks or strata, in geology, are those 
 which are situated over or above the primary and 
 below the tertiary. They usually abound in organic 
 remains or petrifactions. Cleaveland. 
 
 Secondary formation ; in geology, the formation 
 which includes the secondary strata. 
 
 ./4 secondani fever, is that which arises after a 
 crisis, or a critical effort, as after the declension of 
 the small-pox or measles. Quincy. 
 
 Secojtdary circles. See Secondary, n. No. 2. 
 
 Secondary qualities, are the qualities of bodies 
 which are not inseparable from them, but which 
 proceed from casual circumstances, such as lor, 
 taste, odor, &c. 
 
 Secondary quills. See Secondary, n. No. 3. 
 SECOND-A-RY, n. A delegate or deputy ; one who 
 acts in subordination to another ; as, the secondaries 
 of the Court of King's Bench and of Common Pleas. 
 
 Encyc 
 
 2. In astronomy, a great circle of the sphere passing 
 through the poles of another great circle, perpendic- 
 ular to its plane ; as, secondaries to the ecliptic. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 3. In ornithology, a quill or large feather growing 
 on the second bone of a bird's wing. Brande. 
 
 SECOND-eOUS'yN, (-kuz'n,) n. The name given to 
 the children of cousins. 
 
 SECOND-ED, pp. Supported ; aided. 
 
 SECOND ER, n. One that supports what another.at- 
 tempts, or what he affirms, or what lie moves or pro- 
 poses; as, the .seconrffr of an enterprise or of a niotitin, 
 
 SECOND-II.AND, n. Possession received from the 
 first possessor. Johnson. 
 
 SECOND-HAND, a. Not original or primary; re- 
 ceived from another. 
 
 They have but a second-hand or implicit knowledge. Locke. 
 2. Not new ; that has been used by another ; as, a 
 second hand book, 
 
 SECOND-ING, ppr. Supporting ; aiding, 
 
 SECOND-LY, ai/i). In the second place. Bacon. 
 
 SK €Q.V DO, [It,] In miwic, the second part, 
 
 SECOND-RATE, n, [.second nnii rate.] The second 
 order in size, dignity, or value. 
 
 They call it thunder of the second-rale. Addison. 
 So we say, a ship of the .lecond^ate. 
 
 SECOND-RATE, a. Of the second size, mnk, qual- 
 ity, or value ; as, a second-rate ship ; a second-rate 
 cloth; a .■.vro7ii;-ra/e champion. Dryden. 
 
 SECOND-SIGHT, (-site,) n. The power of .seeing 
 things future or distant; a power claimed by some 
 of the Highlanders in Scotland. Jlddison. 
 
 Nor lens avnil«l his optic sleight, 
 
 And Scoltish gift of second sight. Trumbull's M'Pingal. 
 SECOND-SIGIIT-ED, (-si'ted,) a. Having the power 
 
 of second-sight. Jlddison. 
 SE'CRE-CY, n. [from .vrtrcf.] Properly, a slate of 
 separation ; hence, concealment from the observa- 
 tion of others, or from the notice of any persons not 
 cimcerned ; privacy ; n state of being hid from view. 
 When used of nn individual, secrecy implies con- 
 cealment from all others ; when used of two or more, 
 it implies concealment from all persons except those 
 concerned. Thus a company of counterfeiters carry 
 on their villainy in secrecy. 
 
 The lady Anne, 
 Wlxun the king liiith In ssneey loiif manleil. Shak. 
 
 FATE, FAB, FALL, WI1,^T METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARINE, DIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 ADR 
 
SEC 
 
 SEC 
 
 2. Solitude ; retiieiiiciit ; seclusion from tlie view 
 of others. jViUon. 
 
 3. Forbearance of disclosure or discovery. 
 
 h is not with public as with priv:\lft pr.^cr ; lu tllU, ralh-r tecrecy 
 Is cuniiiiiiiiiivil than uulMMrd sliuw. I/oolctr. 
 
 4. Fidelity to a secret ; the act or habit of keeping 
 scc-ets. 
 
 For ««cr«ry no Uidy closer. SItak. 
 SE'tftET, 0. [Fr. secret; It. Sp. and Port, secreto; 
 L. secretiis. This is given as the participle ot secemo, 
 but it is radically a different word ; W. se^jr, tliat 
 is, apart, inclosed, or sacred ; scjrru, to secrete or put 
 apart; sSst 'hat is, without access. The r.idicil 
 sense of sSg is, to separate, as in L. scco, to cut oft"; 
 and not improbably this word is contracted into tlie 
 Latin se, a prefix in seirreao, separo, Sec] 
 
 1. Properly, separate ; hence, hid ; concealed from 
 the notice or knowledge of all persons except the 
 individual or individuals concerned. 
 
 1 iiuvc a tecret cmmd lo O kino;. — Jutlgfs iii. 
 
 2. Unseen ; private ; secluded ; being in retire- 
 ment. 
 
 Thcro, teeret in her s.ipphire cell, 
 
 He with tlie Nnis wont to dwell. Petiton. 
 
 3. Removed from sight ; private ; unknown. 
 Aljiile in n secret place, .md hide thyu'lf. — I S:iin. xix. 
 
 4. Keeping secrets ; faithful to secrets intrusted ; 
 as, .secret Romans. [Unu.-'-uaf.] Siiak. 
 
 5. I'rivate ; atfordiug privacy ; as, the secret top of 
 Sinai. MUton. 
 
 G. Occult ; not seen ; nut apparent; as, tlio secret 
 operations of physical causes. 
 
 7. Known to God only. 
 
 51rcr<( things belong to tlie Lord our God. — Deut. xxix. 
 
 8. Not proper to be seen ; kept, or such as ought to 
 be kept, from observation. 
 
 SiS'eRKT, n. [Fr., from L. secretum.'] 
 
 1. Something studiously concealed. A man who 
 can not keep his own secrets, will hardly keep the 
 secrets of others. 
 
 To lell our own aecrett is often folly; lo communicate those of 
 
 otliers is treacliery. Uandiler. 
 A Uilebcarer revealeth secret*. — Prov. xi. 
 
 2. A thing not discovered, and therefore unknown. 
 All secrets of the deep, all iiatuix'*s works. MUlon. 
 Hast Ulou lu^ard tjie secret of CJoii ? — Job XV. 
 
 3. Secrets, pi. ; the parts which modesty and pro- 
 priety require to be concealed. 
 
 Ill secret ; in a private place ; in privacy or secrecy ; 
 in a state or place not seen ; privately. 
 
 Bread eaten in secret is pleasant. — Prov. ix. 
 
 sr;'€RET, V. U To keep private. [JVut used.] Bacon. 
 SEG-Rli -T a'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a secretary. 
 
 BriL Spy. 
 
 SEe'RE-TA-RI-SHIP, n. The office of a secretary. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SEe'RE-T.\-RY, n. [Fr. stcritaire; Sp. and It. secre- 
 tario : from L. secretus, secret ; originally a confidant, 
 one intrusti'd with secrets.] 
 
 1. A person employed by a public body, by a com- 
 pany, or by an individual, to write orders, letters, 
 dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the 
 like. Tims legislative bodies have i^ecrctaries, whose 
 business is to record all their laws and resolves. 
 Embassadors have secretaries. 
 
 2. An officer whose business is to suiierintend and 
 manage the affairs of a particular d*;partment of gov- 
 ernment ; as, the secretary of state, who conducts the 
 correspondence of a state with foreign courts ; the 
 secretary of the treasury, who manages the dep.art- 
 ment of finance ; the secretary of war, of the navy, 
 &c. 
 
 SE-CReTE', v. L To hide ; to conceal ; to remove 
 from observation or the linowlcdge of others; as, to 
 secrete stolen goods. • 
 
 2. To secrete one's self ; to retire from notice into 
 a private place ; to abscond. 
 
 3. In fAe animal economu, to secern ; to prtidiice from 
 the blood substances different from the blood itself, 
 or from any of its constituents ; as the elands. The 
 liver secretes bile ; the salivary glands secrete saliva. 
 
 FaI. Eiicijc 
 
 4. In reiTctablc physioloiry, to separate substances 
 from the sap. 
 
 SE-eiiKT'EI), pp. or n. Concealed: secerned. 
 
 SE-eKF.T'l.VG, ppr. Ilidine; secernint:. 
 
 SE-CKk'TION, II The act of secerning ; the act or 
 process of producing from the blood substances dif- 
 ferent from the blood iu^elf or from any of its con- 
 stituents, as bile, saliva, mucus, urine, &c. This 
 was considered by the older physiologists as merely 
 a separation from Ilie blood of certain substances pre- 
 viously contained in it ; the literal meaning of .<tecrc- 
 fioii. But this opinion is now generally exploded. 
 Tlie organs of secretion are of very varitms form and 
 structure, but the most general are those called 
 glands. F,d. Eiieyc. 
 
 0. In negttables, the corresponding process of sep- 
 aratinz substances from the sap. 
 
 :i. The matter secreted ; as mucus, perspirable 
 matter, &.c. 
 
 TONE. BULL. ONITE.— 
 
 SIC'CRET-IST, n. A ilealiT in seeret.s. [^Tut in use.] 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 SE-eRE-TI"TIOi;S, (se-kre-tish'us,) a. Parted by 
 animal secretion. Floytr. 
 
 SE-€RE'TIVE-NESS, n Among plimioloui>t.i, the 
 organ which induces secrecy or coucealmeut. 
 
 Brajide. 
 
 Sk'CRET-LY, adv. Privately ; privily ; not openly ; 
 without the knowledge of others ; as, lo dispatch a 
 messtmger secretly. 
 2. Inwardly ; not apparently or visibly ; latently. 
 Now secretly with inwurvi grief she pined. Addison. 
 Se'CRET-NESS, n. The state of being hid or con- 
 cealed. 
 
 2. The quality of keeping a secret. Donne. 
 
 SE'CRE-TO-RY, a. Performing the office of secre- 
 tion ; as, secretory vessels. Ray. 
 
 SECT, 71. [Fr. secte; It. sella; L. and Sp. secta ; from 
 L. scco, to cut off, to separate.] 
 
 1. A body or number of persons united in tenets, 
 chiefly in philosophy or religion, but ronstitutiiig a 
 distinct party by holding seiitiinents different from 
 those of other nn^n. Most sects have originated in n 
 particular person, who taught and propagated some 
 peculi.ar notions in philosophy or religion, and who 
 is considered to have been its founder. Among the 
 Jews, the principal sects were the Pharisees, Saddu- 
 cees, and Essenes ; in Greece were the Cynic ,sec(, 
 founded by Antisthenes, and the Academic sect, by 
 Plato. The Academic sect gave birth to the Peri- 
 patetic, and the Cynic to the Stoic. F.nfield. 
 
 2. A denomination wliich dissents from an estab- 
 lished church. 
 
 3. A cutting or cion. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 SECT-A'RI-AN, a. [L. seclarius.] 
 
 Pertaining to a sect or to sects ; peculiar to a sect ; 
 as, sectarian principles or |)rejudices. 
 SECT-A'RI-AN, h. One of a sect ; one of a party in 
 religion which has separated itself from the estab- 
 lished church, or which holds tenets different from 
 those of the prevailing denomination in a kingdom 
 or state. 
 
 SECT-A'RI-AN-ISM, n. The disposition to dissent 
 from the established church or predominant religion, 
 and to form new sects. 
 
 SEGT-A'RI-AN-IZE, v. L To imbue with secUirian 
 feelings. 
 
 SECT'A-RISM, n. Sectarianism. [Little used.] 
 SEeT'A-RIST,n. A sectary. [JVot much tised.] 
 SECT'A-RY, n. [Fr. sectaire.] [ mirton. 
 
 1. A person who separates from an estalilishcti 
 church, or from the prevailing denomination of 
 Christians ; one that belongs to a sect ; a dissenter. 
 
 2. A follower ; a pupil. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 SEGT-a'TOR, n. [Fr. sectntear.] 
 
 A follower ; a disciple ; an adherent to a sect. [JVot 
 VOID nsed.] Ralegh. 
 SEGT'ILE, o. [L. sectilis, from seco, to cut.] 
 
 Capable of being cut in slices with a knife. Dana. 
 In inineralo*ry, a[)plied to minerals «'heii, biMiig cut 
 with a knife, the separated particles do not tiy away, 
 but remain on the mass. Humble. 
 SECTION, n. [Fr., from L. sectio ; seco, to cut off.] 
 
 1. The act of cutting, or of separating by ciilting ; 
 as, the section of bodies. IVvtton. 
 
 2. A part separated from the rest ; a division. 
 
 3. In books and writings, a distinct part or portion ; 
 the subdivision of a chapter ; the division of a law 
 or other writing or instrument. In laics, a section is 
 sometimes called a Paragraph or Article. 
 
 Boyle. Locke. 
 
 4. A distinct part of a city, town, country, or peo- 
 ple ; a part of territory separated by geographical lines, 
 or of a people considered as distinct. Tlius we say, 
 the northern or eastern section of the United States, 
 the middle section, the southern or western section. 
 
 5. In geometry, the intersection of two superficies, 
 or of a superficies and a solid. In the former case, 
 it is a line ; in the latter, a surface. jJ. D. Stanley. 
 
 G. The representation of an object, as a building, 
 machine, &.C., cut asunder vertically, so as to show 
 llie interior or profile. Oloss. qf ArchiL 
 
 7. \nthe public lands of the United States, a tract of 
 G-IO acres. 
 
 PEC'TIO.N-AL, a. Pertaining to a section or distinct 
 part of a larger body or territory. 
 
 All neclional interests and party fecUngs, it is hoped, will here- 
 after yield to schemes uf ninl'itioii. 
 
 J.Story. Hosaek, Mem. of Clinton. 
 
 FEC'TIOX-.VL-LY, adv. In a sectional manner. 
 SECT'OR, n. [Fr. sectrur, from L. seco, to cut.] 
 
 1. In ^fomefrtf, a part of a circle comfirehended be- 
 tween two radii and the inclined arc ; or a mixed 
 triangle, formed by two radii and the arc of a circle. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 The sector of a sphere, is the solid generated by the 
 revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its 
 radii. 
 
 2. A mathematical instrument so marked with 
 lines of sines, tangents, secants, chords, &c., as 
 to tit all radii and scales, and useful in finding the 
 proportion between tiuantities of the same kind. 
 The sector is founded on the fourth proposition of 
 
 AN"GElt. VI"CIOUS.— 
 
 the sixth book of Euclid, where it is pro^ xl ' jat 
 slniibir triangles have their homologous videi pi<i|K>r- 
 tional. Eneijc. 
 
 3. [ii astronomy, tin instrument for measuriiii; /.!•- 
 nilli distances, [fici; /lnith Sector.) Bruiide. 
 
 Dip .lector; an instrument used for measuring tho 
 dip of the horizon. Olmsted, 
 SK.C'IJ-L.\K, a. [Fr. seenlaire ; It. sreolare ; .''p. secu- 
 lar: I., srcular'is, from seculum, the world or :tn age.) 
 
 1. Pertaining to Ihis present world, or to things not 
 spiritual or holy ; relating to things not imiiiediittely 
 or primarily rt\s|)ecting the soul, but the body ; world- 
 ly. The secular concerns of life respect making jiro- 
 visioii for the support of life, the preservation of 
 health, the temporal prosperity of men, of states, Ate. 
 Secular power is that which superintends and gov- 
 erns the temporal affairs of men, the civil or political 
 power ; and is contradistinguished from spiruual or 
 eexle.fia.ttical power. 
 
 2. Among Roman Catholics, not regular ; not bound 
 by monastic vowstir rules ; not confined to a nioiias- 
 tery, or suhjeet to tile rules of a religious romiuii- 
 nity. Thus we say, the secular clergy, and the reg- 
 ular clergy. Temple. 
 
 Secular equation ; in astronomy, the num<;rical ex- 
 pre.ssion of the magnitude and period of a secular 
 iiiei]uallty. 
 
 Secular inequality; a deviation from the mean mo- 
 tion or mean orbit of a celestitd body, which pro- 
 ceeds so slowly as to become sensible only after the 
 lapse of centuries. Brande. 
 
 3. Coming or observed once in a century; as, a 
 secular year. 
 
 Secular games, in Rome, were games celebrated 
 once in an age or century, which lasted three days 
 and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, com- 
 bats, sports, &.C. Valerius Maiimus. 
 
 Secular music; any music or songs not adapted to 
 sacred uses. 
 
 Secular refrigeration; in geology, the periodical 
 cooling, and consequent consolidation, of the crust 
 of the globe. Brande. 
 
 Secular song, or poem ; a song or poem comptised 
 for the secular games, or sung tir rehearsed at those 
 games. 
 
 SECl^-L.^R, n. A church officer or officiate, whose 
 fuiirtiuiis arc confined to the vocal department of the 
 choir. Busbii. 
 
 SEC-II-L.AR'I-TY, n. VVorldliness ; supreme atten- 
 tion to tilt; tilings of the present life. Buchanan. 
 
 SEC-l!-LAR-I-7,A'TION, n. [from secularize.] The 
 act of converting a regular person, place, or benefice, 
 into a secular one. Most catlietlral churches were 
 formerly regular, that is, the canons were of religious 
 or monastic orders ; but tliey have since been secu- 
 larized. For the secularization of a regular church, 
 there is wanted the authority of the po|>e, that of the 
 prince, the bishop of the place, the patron, and even 
 the consent of the people. Fncyc. 
 
 2. In politics, the appropriation of church property 
 to secular or coniiiion uses ; also, transferring the 
 civil Jurisdiction of a district or country from eccle- 
 siastics to laymen. .Murdoch. 
 
 SEe'lI-L.\U-I7,K, r. t. [Fr. seculariser ; from secular.] 
 To convert that which is regular or monastic into 
 secular ; as, the ancient regular cathedral churches 
 were secularized. 
 
 At Uic n-forinati<jn, the ahbej was secularized. Core, Sieiix. 
 
 2. To convert from spiritual appropriation to secu- 
 lar or common use. 
 
 3. To transfer the civil government of a bishopric 
 or country from a prince bishop lo a layman. 
 
 4. To make u'orldly or unspirittial. [Murdoch, 
 SE€'U-LAR r/-^;i), pp. Converted from regular to 
 
 secular, or from ccclesi.'vstical to laical or to worldly 
 uses. 
 
 SEe'lI-LAR-I7,-Ii\G, ppr. Converting from regular 
 
 01 monasiic to secular, tir from ecclesiastical to laical 
 
 or to worlilly uses. 
 SECU-LAR-LY, adv. In a worldly manner. 
 SE€'U-LAR-NESS, n. A secular disposition ; world- 
 
 liness ; worldly-inindedness. 
 Slv'CU.VD, (7. In botany, arranged on one side only. 
 SEe i'.V-DA'TlO.V, II. Prosperity. [.\Vt uird,] 
 SECUN-DI-N E, II. [Fr. seeundin'cs ; from second, L. 
 
 secundus, from sequor, to follow.] 
 
 1. In botany, the second coat or integument of an 
 ovule, reckoning the outer as the first. Lmdlry. 
 
 2. Sreundines, in tJie plural, as generally useil, are 
 the several coats tir membranes in which the fetus is 
 wrapped in the womb ; the afterbirth. 
 
 Core. Brande. 
 
 SF^CUJVDUM .9R'TF„M, [\^] According to art or 
 professional rule ; skillfully. 
 
 SE-CC'RE', a. [\j. seeurus ; It. .s'iciiro ; ?\i.segvro. It 
 coincides In elements with the oriental -^JD and 
 to shut or inclose, to make fast ; but it may be from 
 se, or sine, and ciirii, care, free from anxiety.] 
 
 I. Free fmm danger of being taken by an enemy ; 
 that may resist assault or attack. The place is well 
 fortified and vcrj' secure. Gibraltar is a secure for- 
 tress. In this sense, secure is followed by against or 
 from ; as, secure against attack, or from an enemy. | 
 
 e as K ; O as J : S as Z ; CIl as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
SED 
 
 SED 
 
 SEE 
 
 Cuiifiiteiice til-?!) bore thee c 
 To lueei no duii^T, 
 
 SJ. Free from danger; safe; applied to penons; 
 with from. 
 
 3. Free from fear or apprehension of danger ; not 
 alarmed ; not disturbed by fear ; confident of safety ; 
 hence, careless of the means of defense. Men are 
 often most in danger when they feel most secure. 
 
 , secure 
 
 MUUm. 
 
 4. Confident ; not distrustful ; with of. 
 
 Bui thou, secure of «oul, unbent with woes. Dryden. 
 It concerns ttie most secure o/his strength to pray to God not to 
 expose iiiin to an enemy. Rogers. 
 
 5. Careless ; wanting caution. [See No. 3.] 
 
 6. Certain ; very confident. He is secure of a wel- 
 come reception. 
 
 SE-CDRE', B. U To guard effectually from danger ; to 
 make safe Fortifications may secure a city ; ships 
 of war may secure a harbor. 
 
 1 spread a cloud before the victor's si^ht, 
 
 SusLiiiied ttie vanquished, and secured his flight. Dryden. 
 
 2. To make certain ; to put beyond hazard. Lib- 
 erty and fi.xed laws secureto every citizen due pro- 
 tection of person and property. Tlie first duty and 
 tlie highest interest of men is, to secure the favor of 
 God by repentance and faith, and thus to secure to 
 themselves future felicity. 
 
 3. To inclose or confine effectually ; to guard ef- 
 fectually from escape ; sometimes, to seize and con- 
 fine : as, to secure a prisoner. The sherilF pursued 
 the thief witli a warrant, and secured him. 
 
 4. To make certain of payment; as, to secure a 
 debt by mortgage. 
 
 5. Til make certain of receiving a precarious debt 
 by giving bond, bail, surety, or otherwise ; as, to se- 
 cure a creditor. 
 
 6. To insure, as property. 
 
 7. To make fast ; as, to secure a door ; to secure a 
 rafter to a plate ; to secure the hatches of a sliip. 
 
 SE-COR'ED, pp. Effectually guarded or protected ; 
 made certain ; put beyond hazard ; effectually con- 
 fined ; made fast. 
 
 SE-CORE'LY, adv. Without danger; safely; as, to 
 pass a river on ice securely. But Safelv is generally 
 used. 
 
 2. Without fear or apprehension ; carelessly ; in 
 an unguarded state ; in confidence of safety. 
 
 Ilts d;irin» foe securely hiin df fied. Milujn, 
 Devise not evil araiusl thy neighbor, seeing lie dwelletli securely 
 by thee. — Prov. iii. 
 
 SE-eC'RE'MENT, n. Security; protection. [JVot 
 lL<Ptl. ] Brotcn. 
 
 SE-CuRE'N'ESS, n. Confidence of safety ; exemp- 
 tion from fear ; hence, want of vigilance or caution. 
 
 Baron. 
 
 SE-GuR'ER, 7!. He or that which secures or protects. 
 SE-CU'RI-FOR.M, a. [L. securis, an a.\ or hatchet, 
 and firm.] 
 
 In botany, having the form of an ax or hatchet. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 SE-CU'RI-TY, n. [Fr. securiti : L. semritas.'] 
 
 1. Prolectinn ; efiecttial defense or safety from 
 danger of atiy kind ; as, a cliain of forts erected for 
 the security of the frtmllers. 
 
 2. That whii li protects or guards from danger. A 
 navy cimstitutcs the security of Great Britain from 
 iuv:usion. 
 
 3 Freedom from fear or apprehension ; confi- 
 dence of safety ; whence, negliu'i'nce in providing 
 means of defense. Security is dangerous, for it ex- 
 poses men to attack wlien unprepared. Security in 
 sin is tlie worst condition of the sinner. 
 
 4. Safety ; certainty. We have no security for 
 pe.ace with the enemy, but the dre.td of our navy. 
 
 5. Any thing given or deposited, to secure tlie pay- 
 ment of a debt, or the performance of a contract : 
 as a bond witli surety, a mortgage, the indorsement of 
 a responsible man, a pledge, ioc. Btackstnue. 
 
 6. Something given or (lone to secure peace or 
 good behavior. V'itjient .and dangerous men are 
 obliged to give security for their gootl btdiavior, or for 
 keeping the peace. This security consists in being 
 bound with one or more sureties in a recognizance 
 to Ilie king or state. BlncIisUmc. 
 
 SE-DAN', ;i. [Fr., from the L. sedeo ; like L. cssrjin.] 
 A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a 
 single person. It is borne on poles by two men. 
 
 Drydeu. Knr.yc. 
 SE-DATE', a. [T,. scilatus, from sedo, to calm or ap- 
 pease, that is, to srl, to cause to subside.] 
 
 Kcllled ; composed ; calm ; tpiii t ; tranquil ; still ; 
 »erene ; unruffled by passiim ; unilistiirbed ; ctmteni- 
 plalivc ; sober ; serious ; as, a sedate soul, mind, or 
 temper. Bo we say, a sedate look or countenance. 
 
 Dryden. IVutts. 
 BE-DATE'LY, adv. Calmly , without agitation of 
 
 mind. l.oeke. 
 BE-I)ATE'NESS, n. Cnlmneni of mind, manner, or 
 countenance ; freedom from agilalion ; u settled 
 stale; composure; serenity; tnint|uillily ; nn, seilalr- 
 ne.^s of t(^rn(H'r (»r soul ; ucdateneita of countenance ; 
 grdntnenit of C(mveri*nli(»n. Jlddison. 
 BE-I)A'TION, n. The act of calming. [JVu( in u.r.] 
 
 Coirs. 
 
 SED'A-TIVE, a. [Fr. scdatif, from U srdn, to calm.] 
 In medicine^ moderating ; alla}'ing irritability and 
 irritation ; diminishing irritative activity ; assuaging 
 pain. 
 
 SEU'A-TIVE, n. A medicine which all.iys irritability 
 and irritation, and irritative activity, and which as- 
 suages pain. 
 
 SE DE-FKJ^-DEJV'DO, [L.] In defending himself; 
 the plea of a person cliarged with murder, who al- 
 leges that he comuiitteil the act in his own defense. 
 
 Sk'DENT, a. Sitting ; inactive ; quiet. 
 
 SED'EN-TA-Rl-LY, adv. [from sedentary.] In a 
 sedentary m.mner. 
 
 SED'EN-TA-RI-NESS, n. The state of being seden- 
 tary. 
 
 SED'EN-TA-RY, n. One of a tribe of spiders, which 
 rest motionless until their prey is entangled in their 
 web. Brande. 
 
 SED'EN-TA-RY, a. [Fr. sedentaire ; It. and Sp. se- 
 deiitaria ; L. sedentarius, from sedens, sedco, to sit.] 
 
 1. Accustomed to sit mucli, or to pass most of the 
 time in a sitting posture ; as, a sedentary man. Stu- 
 dents, tailors, and women, are sedentary persons. 
 
 2. Requiring much sitting ; as, a sei/cH(ai-i/ occupa- 
 tion or employment. 
 
 3. Passed for tlie most part in sitting; as, a seden- 
 tary life. Jirbuthnot. 
 
 4. Inactive ; motionless ; sluggish ; as, the sedai- 
 tary earth. Milton. 
 
 Tiie soul, considered abstractly from its passions, is of a remiss, 
 sedenutry nature. Sjiectator. 
 
 SEDGE, (sej,) 71. [Sax. sccg; perhaps from the root 
 of L. scco, to cut ; that is, sword grass, like L. 
 gladiolus,] 
 
 1. A narrow flag, or growth of such flags ; called, 
 in the north of England, Seo or Sag. 
 
 Johnson. Barret. 
 
 2. In JVfMJ England, a species of very coarse grass 
 growing in swamps, and forming bogs or clumps. 
 
 SEDGE'-BTRD, ) n. [sedg-e ui\(l bird, or war- 
 
 SEDOE'-WAR'BLER, j bier.] A small European 
 singing bird, of tlie family Sylviailce, the Salicaria 
 pliraginitis of Selby. It often builds its nest among 
 reeds or tall aquatic plants. Jardine. 
 
 SEDG'i^D, a. Composed of flags or sedge. Shali. 
 
 SEDG'Y, a. Overgrown with sedge. 
 
 On the gentle Severn's sedgy bank. Shalt. 
 
 SED'I-MENT, n. [Fr., from L. sedimentum, from 
 sedeoj to settle.] 
 
 The matter which subsides to the bottom of liquors ; 
 settlings; lees; dregs. Bacon. 
 
 SED-I-MENT'A-RY, a. Pertaining to sediment ; 
 formed by sediment ; consisting of matter tliat has 
 subsided. Buchland. 
 
 Sedimentary rocks, are those which have been 
 formed by materials deposited from a state of sus- 
 pension in water. 
 
 SE-ni"TION, (se-dish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. sedilio. 
 The sense of this word is tlie contrary of that which 
 is naturally deducible from sedo or sedeo, denoting a 
 rising or raging, ratlier than an appeasing. But to 
 set is really to tlirow down, to drive, and scdttiojt 
 may be a setting or lusliing together.] 
 
 A factious commotion of the people, or a tumultu- 
 ous assenilily of men rising in opposition to law or 
 the administration of justice, and in disturbance of 
 the pulilie peace. Scditim is a rising or commotion 
 of less extent than an insurrection, and both are less 
 than rcbeUiun ; but some kinds of sedition, in Q-reat 
 Britain, amount to liigii treason. In general, sedition 
 is a local or limited insurrection in opposition to civd 
 authority, as mutiny is to military. Kzra iv. Luke 
 xxiii. J^ct.-i xxiv. Encyc. 
 
 SE-l)I"T10N-A-RY, n. An inciter or promoter of se- 
 dition. Bp. Hall. 
 
 SE-I)I"TIOUS, (se-dish'iis,) a. [Ft. seditieuz i h. sedi- 
 tiosiis.] 
 
 1. I'ertainiiig to sedition ; partaking of the nature 
 of sedition ; as, seditious bt-havior ; seditious strife. 
 
 2. Tending to excite setlition ; an, seditious words. 
 
 3. Disposed to excite violent or irregular opposition 
 to law or lawful authority; turbulent; factious, or 
 guilty of sedition ; as, seditious citiy.fns. 
 
 SE-I)I"TIOUS-LY, ado. With tumultuous opposition 
 to law ; in a manner to violate the public peace. 
 
 SE-I)l"TIOUS-NESS, ji. The disposition to e.vcile 
 popular commotion in opposition to law ; or the act 
 of exciting such commotion. 
 
 SED'MT/, WA'TF.R. See Seidliti WATEn. 
 
 SE-l)0(;i;', V. t. [I., scdnco ; sr, from, and rfi/eo, to 
 lead; Vr. seduire ; It. sedurrc; ^p. seducir.] 
 
 1. To draw .aside or entice from the path of recti- 
 tude and duty in any manner, by flattery, promises, 
 bribes, or otherwise ; to tempt and lead to iniquity ; 
 to corrupt ; to deprave. 
 
 Mo the irold of France did not seduce. ShaJc. 
 In til- hiltr-r lirnea, louie will dr-p;trt from the fuitli, giving liccd 
 to seducing •i)iriu. — 1 'riiii. Iv. 
 
 5. To entice ton surrender of chastity. lie that 
 can seduce n female is base enough to betray her. 
 
 8E-I)P(;'JCI), (se-dust',) pp. Drawn or enticed from 
 virtue; corrupted, depraved. 
 
 SE-DOCE'iMEiN'T, 71. The act of seducing; seduc- 
 tion. 
 
 2. The means employed to seduce ; the arts of 
 flattery, falsehood, and deception. Pope. 
 SE-UOC'ER, 71. One tliat seduces; one that by 
 temptation or arts entices another to depart from the 
 path of rectitude and duty ; preeminently, one that 
 by flattery, promises, or falsehood, persuades a fe- 
 male to surrender her chastity. Tlie seducer of a 
 female is little less criminal than the murderer. 
 
 2. That wiiich leads astray ; that which entices to 
 evil. 
 
 He whose firm faith no reason could remove, 
 
 Will melt beiore that soft seducer, love. Dryden. 
 
 SE-DO'CI-BLE, a. Capalde of being drawn aside 
 from the path of rectitude ; corruptible. Brown. 
 
 SE-I)uC'ING, ppr. or a. Enticing from the path of 
 virtue or chastity. 
 
 SE-DPC'ING-LY, adv. In a seducing manner. 
 
 SE DUCTION, 71. [Fr., from L. stductio.] 
 
 1. The act of seducing, or of enticing from the 
 path o( duly ; in a general sense. Hamniond. 
 
 '2. .Appropriately, tile act or crime of persuading a 
 female, by flattery or deception, to surrender her 
 chastity. A woman who is above flattery is least 
 liable to seduction ; hut the best safeguard is princi- 
 ple, the love of purity and holiness, the fear of God, 
 ami reverence for bis coniniaiids. 
 
 SE-DUC'TIVE, a. Tending to lead astray; apt to 
 mislead by flattering appearances. Stephens, 
 
 SE-DUCTi VE-LV, adv. In a seductive manner. 
 
 SE-Du'LI-TY, 71. [L. sedulitas; It. sedulitd. See 
 Seduloi's.] 
 
 Diligent and assiduous application to business ; 
 constant attention ; unremitting industry in any 
 pursuit. It denotes constancy and perseverance, rath- 
 er tliaii intensencss o[ application. 
 
 Let there be but the same propensity and bent of will to religion, 
 and there will be the s.ui.e sedulity luid indefatigable iitdus. 
 try in men's uiquiries into iL Soudi. 
 
 SED'IJ-LOUS, a. [L. sedulus, from the root of sedeo, 
 to sit, !:s assiduous from assideo.] 
 
 Z.i(pra//y, sitting close to an employment; hence, 
 assiduous; diligent in application or pursuit; con- 
 stant, steady, and persevering in business, or in en- 
 deavors to eflect an object; steadily industrious ; as, 
 the sedulous liee. Prior. 
 
 What signifies the sound of words in pmyer, without the afleclion 
 of the heart, and ii sedulous applicauon of die proper nicaiis 
 that may lead 10 such an eud i L'Eslrangc. 
 
 SED'U-LOUS-LY, a'dv. Assiduously ; industriously ; 
 
 dilicently ; with constant or continued application. 
 SED'IT-LOUS-NESS, 71. Assiduity; assiduousness; 
 
 steatiy diligence ; continued industry or effort. 
 SEE, 71. [Fr. siege; Scot, sege; Arm. sich.] 
 
 1. The seat of episcopal power; a diocese; the 
 jurisdiction of a bishop. Swift. 
 
 2. The seat of an archbishop ; a province or juris- 
 diction of an archbishop; as an archiepiscopal .lec. 
 
 Shah. 
 
 3. The seat, place, or oflice of the pope or Roman 
 pontiff; as, the papal see. 
 
 4. Tlie authority of the pope or court of Rome; 
 as, to appeal to the see of Rome. .Addison. 
 
 SEE, V. t. ; pret. Saw ; pp. Seen. [Sax. seon, seogan, 
 geseon; G. .veAcn ; D. lien, [iret. zag, saw ; Dan.serr; 
 Sw. se. This verb is contracted, as wc know by the 
 Eng. sight, Dan. sigt, G. gesicht, D. -Jgt, geiigt. 
 Ch. N3d", n^D, or OD to see. Class Sg, No. 34. In G. 
 bcxueken is to visit, to see, and this is from suchen, 
 which is the Eng. to seek, and to seek is to look for. 
 Ill G. gesuch is a suit, a seeking, demand, petition ; 
 and vrrsuc/ien is to try. Eng. es.iay. We have, then, 
 decisive evidence that see, seek, L. sequor, and Eng. 
 essay, are all from tlie same radix. The primary 
 sense of the root is, to strain, stretch, extend ; and as 
 ajqilied to see, the sense is, to extend to, to reach, to 
 strike with the eye or sight.] 
 
 1. To perceive by the eye ; to have knowledge of 
 the existence and apparent qualities of objects by the 
 organs of sight ; to behold. 
 
 1 will now turn aside and see this f reat sight. — Ex. iii. 
 VVe have seen tlie land, and beholil, it U very good. — Judges 
 xviii. 
 
 2. To observe ; to note or notice ; to know ; to 
 regard or look to ; to take care ; to attend, as to the 
 execution of some order, or to the perforinaiico of 
 something. 
 
 Give iheni fiiitt one simple idea, and see that they fully compns- 
 
 liend it before you eo any I iirther. Locke. 
 See ihiil ye full not out by the way. — Gen. xlv. 
 
 3. To discover; to descry; to understand. Who 
 BO dull as not to see the device or stratagem Very 
 noble actions oflen lose much of their excellence 
 when the motives are seen. 
 
 4. To converse or have intercourse with. We im- 
 prove by seeing men of difli-renl liabils and tempers. 
 
 To visit ; as, to call and see a frieml. The phy- 
 sician sees his patient twice a day. 1 Sam. xv. 1 
 Ciir. xvl. 
 
 r>. To attend ; to remark or notice. 
 I had a mind ts see him out, and thereforo did not can* to con 
 tradlcl him. Addison. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BTRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1000 
 
SEE 
 
 7. Vo behold with patience or sufferance ; to en- 
 dure 
 
 It was not meet for u« to eee tiic king's disliunor, — Etr.i Iv. 
 
 8. In Scripture, to hear or attend to. 
 
 I turiieil to MO the voice thul sjioko wiUi m♦^ — Rev. i. 
 
 9. To feel ; to suffer; to experience. 
 
 Make us ghtit accorilinj to tlip ditys wherrin thou hast afHictetl 
 us, ami the years in wliicli we have teen evil. — Ps. xc. 
 
 If a man shall keep my saying, he shall never aee death. — 
 John viil. Luke ii. 
 
 10. To know ; to learn. 
 
 Go, I pniy thee, eet wlietlier it l>c well with thy hretlircu. — Gen. 
 xxxvii. 
 
 11. To perceive ; to understand ; to comprehend. 
 I see the train of argument ; 1 .-w liis motives. 
 
 12. To perceive; to untlerstaiid experimentally. 
 
 I see another law in my members. — Iloni. vii. 
 
 13. To beware. 
 
 See thou do it not. — Uev. xix. 
 
 14. To know by revelation. 
 
 The word that Isaiah, the son of Amoz, saio concerning Judah 
 and Jerusalem. — Is. ii. xiii. 
 
 15. To have faith in and reliance on. 
 
 Seeing him who is invisilile. — Heb. xi, 
 
 16. To enjoy ; to have fruition of. 
 
 Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. — Matt. v. 
 
 SEE, V. i. To have the powxr of peiroiviiig by the 
 proper organs, or the power of siu'lit. Some anunals, 
 It is said, are able to ser bi st in the nijilit. 
 
 9. To discern ; lo have intc llei tual sight ; to pene- 
 trate ; to understand ; with ihroutfh or into; as, to 
 sec through the plans or policy of another ; to see 
 into artful schemes and pn tensions. '/'illotxon. 
 
 3. To examine or inquire. Sic whether the esti- 
 mate is correct. 
 
 4. To be attentive. Shak. 
 
 5. To have full tniderstanding. 
 
 But now ye say, \Vc tee ; therefore your sin rtimainelh. — John 
 
 See to it; look well to it ; attend ; consider; take 
 care. 
 
 Let me see, let us see, are used to express consider- 
 ation, or to introduce the particular consideration of 
 a subject, or some scheme or calrulatitm. 
 
 See is used imperatively, to call the attention of 
 others to an object or a subject. See, see, liow the 
 balloon ascends '. 
 
 See what it is to have a poet in your house. Pope. 
 
 SEED, n. [Sax. s<rd ; G. sunt ; D. laad ; Dan. sird ; 
 S\v. sdd; from the verb sum. Gu. VV. h&J, Arm. 
 had.] 
 
 1. The substance, anim.tl or vegetable, which na- 
 ture prepares for the" reproduction and conservation of 
 the species. The sijeds of plants are a deciduous 
 part, containing the rudiments of a new vegetable. 
 In some cases, the seeds constitute the fruit or valu- 
 able part of plants, as in the case of wheat and other 
 esculent grain ; sometimes the seeds are inclosed in 
 the fruit, as in apples and nii lims. When applied to 
 animal ni.atter, it has no plural. 
 
 2. Thtt from which any thing springs; first prin- 
 ciple ; original ; as, the seeds of virtue or vice. 
 
 JJookcr. 
 
 3 iT jiciple of production. 
 
 remise of £reut acts he scatters as a teed. Waller. 
 
 <1 Progeny ; offspring ; children ; descendants ; as, 
 jbd seed of Abraham ; the seed of Daviil. In this 
 fer^e, the word is applied to one person, or to any 
 hiimbcr collectively, and admits of the plural form ; 
 l>tit rarely used in the plural. 
 
 5. Race ; general ion ; birth. 
 
 Of mortal teed they were not held. Wal!er. 
 
 SEED, V. i. To Rrovr to mattirity, so as to produce 
 
 seed. Maize wi/i not scei^ in a cool climate. Sicift. 
 9. To shed the reed. Mortimer. 
 SEED, I', t. To sow ; to sprinkle with seed, which 
 
 germinates, and t.ikcs root. Belknap. 
 SEEIJ'-HL'I), 11. [.-ff</ and iiiK/.] The germ, germen, 
 
 or rudiment of the fruit in cmbrj'o. 
 SEEU'-€.^KE, 71. [seed and cake.] A sweet cake 
 
 containing aromatic seeds. Tiuser. 
 SEED'-CO-VT, n. In butany, the aril of a se:'ri. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 SEED'-€ORX, ) „ „ • f A 
 
 SEED'-tJltAlN I Corn or gram for seed. 
 
 SEED'-UOVVN, n. The down on vegetable seeds. 
 
 SraitA. 
 
 SEED'ED, pp. or a. Sown ; sprinkled with .seed. 
 2. Bearing seed ; covered thick with seeds. 
 
 Fletcher. 
 
 - 3. Interspersed as with seeds. B. Jonson. 
 
 SEED'ER, !!. One who sows. 
 
 SEED'-FIELD, 71. A Held for raising seed. Carlisle. 
 SEED'I.N'G, ppr. Sowing with seeds. 
 SEEr)'-K.\e, 71. The resin l.ic dried, after most of the 
 coloring matter has been dissolved out by water. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 SEED'-LEAF, n. In botany, the primary leaf. The 
 
 SEE 
 
 seed-leaver are the cotyledtuis or lt>bes of a seetl ex- 
 panded and in vegetition. Martyn. 
 SEED'LIiN'G, 71. A plant reared from the seed, as dis- 
 tinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, itcc. 
 
 Tiiltu. 
 
 SEED'-I.IP, j 71. A vessel in which a sower carries 
 SEEIV-LOP, i the seed to be disper.scd. Knuland. 
 SEEU'-LOBE, 71. The lobe of a seed ; a cotyledon, 
 which see. 
 
 SEED'NESS, n. Seed-time. [JVo( in use.] 
 SEED'-PEARL, (-perl,) n. ^seed and pearl.] Small 
 
 grains of pearl. Buyle. 
 SEED'-PLAT, ) n. \seed and plat.'] The ground on 
 SEED'-PLOT, ) which seeds are sown to produce 
 
 plants for transplanting; hence, 
 2. A nursery ; a place where any thing is sown or 
 
 planted for cultivatitm. llammond. 
 SEEDS'iMAN, 71. [seed and ttkiii.] A person who 
 
 deiils in seeds ; also, a si>\ver. IJtct. 
 SEED'-TI.ME, 71. [sei:<2 and time.] The season proper 
 
 for sowing. 
 
 While the earth renialneth, eeed-time and harvest, and cold and 
 heat, and Hinnnier and w inter, and d.ay and ni^'ht, shall not 
 cease. —Gen. viii. 
 
 SEED'-VES-SEI.., n. In botany, the pericarp which 
 
 contains the seeils. 
 SEEU'Y, a. [frimi seed.] Aboundin;; with seeds. 
 
 Viet. 
 
 2. Having a peculiar flavor, supposed to be derived 
 from the weeds growing among the vines; applied 
 to French brandy. Eneyc. 
 
 3. Running to seed. 
 
 4. Exhausted ; worn out ; poor and miserable 
 l')()king ; as, he ltK)ked j-cci/i/ ; a seedy coat. [Collo- 
 quia] or luw.] Jfallitrrll, (loldsmith. 
 
 SEE'I.N'd, ppr. [from «ec.] Perceiving hy the eye; 
 knowing; understanding; observing; beholtling. 
 
 A'o/t'. — This participle appears to bo used indefi- 
 nitely, or without direct reference to a person or per- 
 sons. " Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate 
 me.'" OoM. xxvi. Th;it is, since, or the fact being 
 tliatorthus; because that. In Uiis form of phrase- 
 ol()gy, that is understood or implied affer seeing; 
 why come ye to me, seeinir that ye hate me ? 'I'hc 
 resolution of the phrase or sentence is, ye hate ine ; 
 that fact being seen or known by you, why come ye 
 to me or, why come ye to ine, ye seeing (knowing) 
 that fact which follows, viz., ye hate me. In thisc:isc, 
 seeing retains its participial character, although its re- 
 lation to the pronoun is somewhat obscured. Origi- 
 nally, seeing, in this use, had direct relation to the 
 speaker or to some other person. " Now I know 
 that thou fearcst God, seeing thou hast not withheld 
 thy son." Oen. xxii. Here seeing refers lo /, or, ac- 
 cording to the language of syntax, agrees or accord.s 
 with /. I know thou fcarest God, for I sec thou h.ast not 
 withheld thine only son ; I know thou fearcst GotI by 
 seeing, in consequence of seeing this fact, thou hast 
 not withheld thine only son. But the use of seeing 
 is extended to cases in which it can not be referred to 
 a specific person or persons, in which cases it ex- 
 presses the notoriety or ailinission of a fact in gi n- 
 eral, and is left, like the French on, in the phrases 
 071 dit, 071 voit, without application to any particular 
 person. 
 
 SEE'ING, 71. The act of perceiving objects by the 
 organ of sight, or the sense which we liave of exter- 
 nal objects by means of the eye. Jlutlon. 
 
 SEEK, V. t. ; prct, and pp. Sought, (sawt.) [Sax. 
 sccan, s(Pcan, to seek, to come to; aseean, to re- 
 quire ; gesecan, to seek, to come to ; fursaean, fursm- 
 can, to forsake ; G. suchen, to seek ; absuehen, to 
 pick off; besiuhen, to visit, to st!e; ^csMcA,suit, peti- 
 tion ; gesuche, a continued seeking ; versnchen, to 
 try, prove, tempt, essay, strive ; versuch, trial, essay ; 
 D. zoekcn, to seek, to look for, to try or endeavor ; 
 bezoeken, to visit, to try ; gezoek, a seeking ; opzocken, 
 to seek ; vcrzoekcn, to retpiest, desire, invite, try, 
 tempt, to visit ; Dan. soger, to seek, to endeavor ; 
 besbgcr, to visit ; forsogcr, to try, to essay, to experi- 
 ment, to tempt ; opsogcr, to seek or search after ; 
 Sw. s'dlM, to seek, to stie, to court ; sdka en lagUgen, 
 to sue one at law; if.vi/Ao, to visit ; /or.soAa, to try, 
 to essay, to tempt. These words all accord with L. 
 sequor, Ir. seichun, to ftillow ; for to seek is to go after, 
 and the primary sense is to advance, to |)ress, to 
 drive forward, as in the L. /"•(<). (See Ess \ v, from 
 the same root, through the Italian and French.) Now, 
 in Sax. forsucan, forsttcan, is to forsake ; saean is to 
 strive, contend, whence English sake, and scrcan, sc- 
 can, is to seek. liiit in Swetlish,/o>.vaA«, to forsake, 
 to renounce, is from .<:aA-, thing, cause, suit, Sax. sura, 
 English .sake; in Danish, for.tager, to renounce, is 
 from siger, to say ; sag, a thing, cause, matter, suit ; 
 sagd, a siiying ; G. vcrsagen, to deny, to renounce, 
 from sageu, to .lay, to tell ; D. verzaakcn, to deny, to 
 forsake, to revoke, from zaak, thing, cause, and zf^r- 
 gen is to s.iy or tell, which is the Sax. se<;i'an,to say. 
 These close affinities prove that .seek, essay, sail, and 
 L. .sequnr, are all from one radix, coinciding with Ch. 
 pcy, to seek, to strive. Class Sg, No. 4i>, and see 
 No. 30, Ar. The English verb see sccuis to be from 
 the same root.] 
 
 SEE 
 
 1. To go in search or quest of ; to look for ; (o 
 search for by going from place to place. 
 
 The man asked him, saying, WliAt eeekeet thou I And he said, 
 I teek my hn-thn-n. — Gen. xxzvil. 
 
 S. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit; to en- 
 deavor to find or gain by any means. 
 
 The youn^ lions roar al^r Uieir prey, and itek their meat from 
 Go.1. — I'., civ. 
 
 He found no place for repentance, tb^ugh he taught It carefully 
 
 with team. — llcb. xii. 
 OUieri, lenipUng liim, taught of him a sign, — Luke zi. 
 
 3. Seek is followed sometimes by out or after. 'Vo 
 seek nut, properly iinpliits to look for a specific thing 
 among a number. But in general, the use of out 
 and after with .leek, is unneces.sary and inelegant. 
 
 To seek Clod, his name, or his face ; in Scrijiturc, to 
 nsk for his favor, direction, and assistance. Ps. 
 Ixiii. Ixxxiii. 
 
 Oud .seeks men, when ho fixes his love on them, 
 and by his word and .Spirit, and the righteousne.ss of 
 Christ, reclaims and recovers them from their miser- 
 able condition as sinners. Kzek. xxiiv. Ps. cxix. 
 Luke XV. 
 
 To seek after the life, or soul ; to attempt bj' arts or 
 machinations ; or to attempt to destroy or ruin. Ps. 
 
 XXXV, 
 
 To seek peace, or judgment ; to endeavor to promote 
 it; or to practice it. P.s. xxxiv. Li. i. 
 
 To seek an altar, temple, or habitation ; lo frtjqiienl 
 it, to resort to it often. 2 Chron. i. jSi/ios v. 
 
 To seek nut God's works ; to endeavor to understand 
 them. Ps. cxi. 
 SEEK, V. i. To make search or inquiry ; to endeavor 
 to make discovery. 
 
 Seek ye out of the book of tlio LonI, and read. — Is. xxxir. 
 
 2. To endeavor. 
 
 Afik not what pains, nor further teek to know 
 
 Their process, or tlie forms of law below. Dryden. 
 
 To seek after ; to make pursuit ; to attempt to find 
 or take, [i-ee No. 3, supra.] 
 
 To seek fur; to enileiivor to find. Knollcs. 
 Tu seek to ; to apply to ; to resort to. 1 Kings x. 
 To seek, was formerly used in an adverbial man- 
 ner, for at searching, or under the neccs.sity of search- 
 ing, as the result of ignorance or inexperience. 
 
 L'npracliced, unprepared, and still to teek. AfUton. 
 [This phrase, I believe, is wholly obsolete.] 
 SEEK'ER, 71. Unc that seeks; an inquirer; as, a 
 seeker of truth. 
 
 9. One of a sect that profess no determin.ate re- 
 ligion. Johnson. 
 SEEK'ING, 71. Act of attempting to find or procure. 
 
 Baiter. 
 
 SEEK'-SOR-RoW, 71. [.seek and sorrow.] One that 
 contrives to give himself vexation. [Little used.] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 SEEI,, r. t. [Fr. scelter, to seal.] 
 
 To close the eyes ; a term of falconry, from the 
 practice of closing the eyes of a wild hawk. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SEEI,, V. i. [Sax. .■njlan, to give. See Sell.] 
 
 To lean ; to incline to one side. [0/».v.] Bacon. 
 SEEL, ) II. The rolling or agitation of a ship in 
 SEEL'I.N'G, i a storm. [Obs.] Mrisworth. 
 SEEL, 71. [Sax. S(rl.] 
 
 Time; opporliinily ; season: in respect to crops; 
 as, hav-sfcf. [Local in England.] Farm. Encyc. 
 SEEl.'I-LV, adv. In a silly manner. [Obs.] 
 SEEL'V, a. [from scd.] Lucky; fortunate. [06s.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 a Silly; foolish; simple. [Obs.] [See Silly.] 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 SEEM, V. I. [G. zicmen, to become, to be fit or suita- 
 ble ; gcziemen, to become, to beseem, to be meet, de- 
 cent, seemly. In I), zwcemen is to be like, to resem- 
 ble, and taamen is to fit or suit, to bectmie. In Dan. 
 sbm is aseam, and sQmmcr signifies to hern, and also 
 to bectunc, to beseem, to be suitable, decent, or seemly. 
 This is certainly the G. ziemcn ; hence we see that 
 seam and seem are radically the same word ; It. srm- 
 brarc, to seem ; sembiante, like, similar, resembling ; 
 rassembrare, to resemble ; Sp. semejar, to be like ; Fr. 
 scmblcr, to seem, to apjn ar. These words seem to be 
 of one family, having for their radical sense, to ex- 
 tend to, to meet, to unite, to come togetlier, or to 
 press together. If so, the Dutch taamen leads us to 
 the oriental roots, Ileb. Ch. and Syr. nan, damah, to 
 
 be like ; Eth. adam, to please, to suit ; Ar. 
 
 ^ ( ttdama, to add, to unite, to agree, to suit, to 
 
 conciliate, to confirm concord. Class Dm, No. 5 
 and 7. These verbs are radically one, and in these 
 wo find the primary sense of Adam ; likeness, or 
 form.l 
 
 1. To appear; to moke or have a show or sem- 
 blance. 
 
 Thou art Dot what thou tetm'tt. ft?^' 
 All teemed well pleased ; all tetmtd, but were not all. MtUon. 
 
 2. To have the appearance of truth or fact ; to be 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THI3. 
 
 126 
 
 FFFF* 
 
 1001 
 
SEG 
 
 understood as true. It seems that the Turkish power 
 IS on the decline. 
 
 A prince of IlaJy, it eeejjt^, eiitfrtiuiied his mistress on a ^eat 
 lake. Addison. 
 
 SEEM, V. t. To become ; to hefit. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 SEE.M'£D, Appeared; bt-fitted. 
 SEE.M'ER, tt. One that curries an appearance or sem- 
 blance. 
 
 Hence we shall see, 
 I.^ ^wer chan^ purpose, wliat oiir scermrs be. 
 SEEM'ING, ppr. or a. Appearina ; having the appear- 
 ance or semblance, whether real or not. 
 2. a. Specious ; as, seeming friendship. 
 SEE.M'ING, 71. .Appearance; show; semblance. 
 
 2. Fair appearance. 
 
 These keep. 
 
 Seeming and savor all llie winter long, ShaJc. 
 
 3. Opinion or liking ; favorable opinion. 
 
 Nothing more clear to their seejning. Hoolier. 
 His persuasive words inipre^ied 
 
 With reason to her seeming. [ Obs,] ^fdlon. 
 SEEM'ING-LY, ade. In appearance ; in show ; in 
 semblance. 
 
 This the father seemingly complied with. AdcHson. 
 Thev depend ollen on remote and seemingly disproportioned 
 causes, Allerbury. 
 
 SEEM'ING-NESS, n. Fair appearance ; plausibility. 
 
 Digbij. 
 
 SEEM'LESS, a. Unseemly ; unfit ; indecorous. [OAs.] 
 
 Spetiser. 
 
 SEEM'LI-NESS, n. [from seemly.] Comeliness ; 
 grace ; fitness ; propriety ; decency ; decorum. 
 
 When seemjiness combines with portliness. Camden. 
 
 SEEM'LY, o. [G. liemlich; D. taamehjk ; Dun. so m- 
 nietig.] 
 
 Becoming ; fit ; suited to the object, occasion, pur- 
 pose, or character; suitable. 
 
 Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and 
 seemlier for CluTstian men, than the hot pursuit of these 
 contruversies. Hooker. 
 
 Honor is not seemly for a fool. — Prov. xxvi. 
 
 SEEM'LY, adv. In a decent or suitable manner. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SEEM'LY-HED, n. [See Head and Hood.] Comely 
 
 or decent appearance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 SEEN, pp. of See. Beheld; observed; understood. 
 2. a. Versed ; skilled. 
 Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen. [06s.] Dryden, 
 
 SEER, n. [from see.] One who sees ; as, a seer of 
 visions. Spectator. 
 
 2. A prophet ; a person who foresees future events. 
 1 Slim. is. 
 
 SEER'WOOD. See Sear, and Seab-Wood, dry 
 wood. 
 
 SEE SAW, 71. [Ciu. saw and saw, or sea and saw.] 
 
 1. k vibratorj' or reciprocating motion. Pope. 
 
 2. A pl.iy among children, in which they sit on 
 each end of a board and move alternately up and 
 down ; a board adjusted for this purpose. Halliwell. 
 
 3. A term in whist for a certain mutual action of 
 partners in supptirt of each other. Hoijle. 
 
 SEE'SAW, V. i. To move with a reciprocating mo- 
 tion ; to move backward and forward, or upward 
 and downward. Jirbntknot. 
 SEETHE, t'. f. ; pret. Seethed, Sod; pp. Seethed, 
 SoDDE.N. [Sa.x. seatJtati, sevthaiiy siitiiaii; D. zieden ; 
 G. sieilen; Sw. siuda; Van. .'ijdrr ; Gr. ^cio, contract- 
 ed from C'fltj; Heb. ^1t,to seethe, to boil, to swell, to 
 be inflated. Class Sd, No. 4.] 
 
 To boil ; to decoct or prepare for food in hot liquor ; 
 as, to seethe fiesh. 
 
 Thou shall not seethe a kid in its mother's milk. — Ex. xxiii. 
 
 SEETHE, V. i. To be in a state of ebullition ; to be 
 hot. Sprnser. " 
 
 I This word is rarely used in the common cuiiceriis of 
 life.J 
 
 SEKfH'KD, pp. Boiled; decocted. 
 SEI"FH'Ell, 71. A boiler ; a pot liir boiling things. 
 HKirfiri.N'G, ppr. Boiling ; decocting. [Dryden. 
 Sr,(;, n. Sedgi'. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SF:G, n. A castrated bull. JVortA of England. 
 
 SH-(;AII', n. S(;e Ci(;An. 
 
 SEfJ'GAli, 71. A cylindrical case of fire-clay in which 
 fine stoneware is baked. [See Sakoek.] Ure. 
 
 SEG-H(;I/, (scg-61',) ji. .\ Hebrew vowel-point, or 
 short vowel, thus: indicating the sound of the 
 Engli-.!! e in men. JI/. Stuart. 
 
 PEG'IK) l.ATK, a. Marked with a seghol. 
 
 SEG'M lO.NT, 71. [Fr., from I,, srirmettluin, from seen, 
 to cut ofl. We observe here the Latin has .ici', tor 
 tee, like the It. segare, Sp. seaar, and like the 'JVii- 
 tonic sanen, zaagcn, to saw i |iropi rly, a piece cut 
 off.] 
 
 \. \n gromrtry, a part cm ofl" from a fignrit hyaline 
 or plane ; partirularly, that part of the circle contained 
 between a chord and an arc of that circle, or so much 
 of the circle an is cut olf by the chord. The segment 
 of a sphere, is a part cut otf by a plane, 
 
 JVrirlon. Ilulton. 
 
 2, In general, a part cut off or divided ; as, the 
 legments uf a calyx. 
 
 SEI 
 
 SEG'NI-TcDE, I rr „ r i 
 SEG'NI-TY t L*^**™ se«TJt.?,J 
 
 Sluggishness ; dullness ; inactivity. [JVot used.] 
 
 Diet 
 
 SEG'RE-GaTE, v. t. [L. segrego ; se, from, and grez, 
 flock.] 
 
 To separate from others ; to set apart. SIterwood. 
 SEG'RE-GATE, a. Separate ; select. [Little used.] 
 
 IVotton. 
 
 Segregate polygamy, (Polygamia segregata, Linn. ;) 
 a mode of inllurescence, when several florets com- 
 prehended within an anthodium, or a common caly.\, 
 are furnished also with proper perianths. JMarlyn. 
 SEG'RE-GA-TED,pp. Separated; parted from others. 
 SEG'RE-Ga-TING, ppr. Separating. 
 SEG-RE-Ga'T10i\, n. [Fr.] Separation from others ; 
 
 a parting. Shak. 
 SEiD'LITZ powders, 71. p?. Powders intended to 
 produce the same elfect with Seidlitz water. They 
 are composed of the tartrate of potassa and soda, 
 (Rochelle salt,) with bicarbonate of soda, usually in 
 a paper of one color, and tartaric acid in a paper of 
 another. These are dissolved separately in water, 
 then mi.\ed, and taken while effervescing. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SEID'LITZ WA'TER, 7!. A saline, mineral water 
 from Seidlitz, in Bohemia, often taken as an agreea- 
 ble aperient. It contains the sulphates of magnesia 
 and sotia with carbonic acid. Brande. 
 SEIGN-EC'RI-AL, (se-nu're-al,)o. [Fr. See Seign- 
 ior.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the lord of a manor ; manorial. 
 
 2. Vested with large powers; independent. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 SeFGN'IOR, (seen'yur,) 7i. [Fr. seigneur; It. signore ; 
 Sp. senor ; Port, senhor ; from L. senior, elder ; senez, 
 old ; Ir, scan.] 
 
 A lord ; the lord of a manor ; but used also in the 
 south of Eiirttpe as a title of honor. The sultan of 
 J'urkey is called the grand seignior, 
 SkIGN'IOR-AGE, (seen'yur-.aje,) n. A royal right or 
 prerogative of the king of England, by which he 
 claims an allowance of gold and silver brought in 
 the mass to be exchanged for coin. Brande. 
 
 Seigniorage is used in common language to signify 
 profit. 
 
 Sf.1G.\-Io'RI-AL, a. The same as Seioneurial. 
 SkIGN'IOR IZE, (seen'yur-ize,) v. t. To lord it over. 
 
 I Little used.] Halifax. 
 SeIGN'IOR-Y, (seen'yo-ry,) 71. [Fr. seigneune.] 
 
 1. A lordship ; a manor. Davies. Encyc. 
 
 2. The power or authority of a lord ; dominion. 
 
 O'Neal n'.ver had any seigniory over that country, but wti.^t he 
 got by encroachment upon Uie Eng.ish. Sjiense 
 
 Seine, (seen,) 71. [Sa.T. segne; Fr. seine; Arm. 
 seigne ; L. sagcna ; Gr. iraj ru Tj.] 
 
 A large net for catching fish. The .wracs used for 
 taking shad in the Connecticut, sometimes sweep 
 nearly the whole breadth of the river. 
 SeIN'ER, 71. A fisher with a seine or net. [J^'ot much 
 
 used. ] Carew. 
 SEIS-.MO.M'E-TER, 71. [Gr.'oetapoi.] 
 
 An instrument fttr measuring the shock of an earth- 
 quake, and other concussions. £i^i;i. Phil. Trans. 
 Se'I-TY, n. [L. sf, one's self.] 
 
 Something peculiar to a man's self. [A''ot well au- 
 thnrizeU.] Taller. 
 SF.r/'A-BLE, a. That may be seized; liable to be 
 _takeu. 
 
 SeIZF,, (seeze,) v. t. [Fr. saisir ; Arm. seisza or sctya ; 
 prttbably allied to assess, and to sit, set. The sense is, 
 to fall on, to throw one's self on, which is nearly the 
 primary sense of set. It nmst be noticed that this 
 woril, in writers on law, is usually written seise; 
 as also in ctnuposilion, disseise, disseisin, redissetie. 
 But except in law, it is usually or always written 
 seize. It is desirable that the orthography should be 
 uniform.] 
 
 1. To lall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold on ; 
 or to gripe or grasp suddenly. The tiger rushes from 
 tin* thicket ami seizes his prey. A dt)g seizes an ani- 
 mal by the throat. The hawk seizes a chicken with 
 his claws. The oflicer seizes a thief. 
 
 2. To take possession by force, with or without 
 right. 
 
 At la«t thf-y seize 
 The Rccpter, and r.g;«nl not David's son. Milton. 
 
 3. To invade suddiuily ; to take hold of; to come 
 upon stultlriily ; as, a fever seizes a patient. 
 
 Ami lR.|>e and doubt olti-rnale seize her soul. Pi>pe. 
 
 4. I'o lakt! possession by virtue of a warrant or le- 
 gal authority. 'I'he sherilfsriiri/ the debtor's goods ; 
 the whole estate was seized and confiscated. We 
 say, to arrcit a [lerson, to seize goods. 
 
 5. To fasten ; to lix. In seameii^s language, to 
 fasten two ropes, or different parts of one rope, to- 
 gether with a cord. Mar. Did. 
 
 To be seized of; to have possession ; as, a griflin 
 seized of bis prey. A 11 was seized and possosseil of 
 Ihv manor of Dale. Spenser. 
 
 To seize on, or upon, is to fall on and grasp ; to take 
 hold on ; to take possession. Jtlntl. xM. 
 SEIZ'/'^I), (seezd,) pp. Suddenly caught or grasped ; 
 
 SEL 
 
 taken by force ; invaded suddenly ; taken possession 
 of; fastened with a cord ; having possession. 
 
 SeIZ'ER, n. One that seizes. 
 
 SeIZ'IN, 7i. [Fr. soisinc] 
 
 1. In law, possession. Seizin is of two sorts, seizin 
 in deed or fact, and seizin in law. Seizin in /uc( or 
 deed, is actual or corporal possession ; seizin in late, 
 is when someihing is done which the law accounts 
 possession or seizin, as enrollment, or when lands 
 descend to an heir, but he has not yet entered on 
 tliem. In this case, the law considers the heir as 
 seized of the estate, and the person who wrongfully 
 enters on the land is accounted a disseizor. 
 
 Cowel. Eneyc. 
 
 2. The act of taking possession. [JVot used except 
 in laip.] 
 
 3. The thing possessed ; possession. Hale. 
 Livery of seizin. See Liverv. 
 
 Primer seizin. See Primer. 
 
 SeIZ'ING, ppr. Falling on and grasping suddenly ; 
 laying hold on suddenly ; taking possession by force, 
 or taking by warrant ; fastening. 
 
 SeIZ'ING, 71. The act of taking or grasping sud- 
 denly. 
 
 2. In seameit's language, the operation of fastening 
 together ropes with a cord ; also, the cord or cords 
 used for such fastening. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SeIZ'OR, 71. One who seizes. Wheaton. 
 
 SElZ'tJRE, (seez'yur,) 71. The act of seizing ; the 
 act of laying hold on suddenly ; as, the seizure of a 
 thief. 
 
 2. The act of taking possession by force ; as, the 
 seizure of lands or goods ; the seizure of a town by 
 an enemy ; the seizure of a throne by a usurper. 
 
 3. The act of taking by warrant ; as, the seizure of 
 contraband goods. 
 
 4. The state of being seized, as with disease. 
 
 ffilberfiirce. 
 
 5. The thing taken or seized. Milton. 
 
 6. Gripe ; grasp ; possession. 
 
 And give nie seizure of the mighty wealth. Dryden. 
 
 7. Catch ; a catching. 
 
 Se'J.\NT, a. In heraldnj, sitting, like a cat with the 
 fore feet straight ; applied to a lion or other beast. 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 SE-JOIN', II. t. To separate. [JJ'ot English.] 
 SE-Ju'GOUS, a. [L. sejugis ; sex, six, ana jugum, 
 yoke.] 
 
 In botany, a scjugous leaf is a pinnate leaf having 
 six pairs of leaflets. Martyn. 
 SE-JUNCTION, 71. [L. scjunctio ; se, from, and 
 jungo, to join.] 
 
 The act of disjointing ; a disuniting; separation. 
 [Little used.] Pearson. 
 SE-JUNG'I-BLE, a. [Supra.] That may be dis- 
 jointed. [Little used.] Pearson. 
 SeKE, for Sick. [Obs.] [See Sick.] Chaucer. 
 Se'KOS, 71. [Gr.] A place in a temple in which pa- 
 gans inclosed the images of their deities. 
 Se'LAH, 71. [Heb. nSo.] In //le P.-a/ms, a word sup- 
 posed to signify silence or a pause in the intisical pur- 
 forniance of the song. Oesenius. 
 SEL'COUTH, ( kooth,) a. [Sa.x. sel, seld. rare, and 
 couth, known.] 
 Rarely known ; unusual; uncommon. [Ois.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 SEL'DOM, (sel'dum,) arfi). [Sax. selden, seldon : D. 
 zelilen ; G. sc/fcn ; Dan. selsom, seldsom ; Sw. sdtlan, 
 sallsan. In Danish, selskab [sel and shape) is a 
 company, fellowship, or club. Se/ probably signifies 
 separate, distinct, coinciding with L. so/us.] 
 Rarely ; not often ; not fretiiiently. 
 
 Wisdom and youth are seldom Joined in one. Hooker. 
 [Seld was formerly used, but is now obsolete.] 
 SEL'DO.M.a. Rare ; unfreiKcnt. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SEL'DOM-NESS, 71. Rareness ; infreqnency ; un- 
 common ness. Hooker. 
 
 SELU'-SlloWN, (-shone,) a. [Sax. sold and shomi.] 
 Rarely shown or exhibited. [Aof in use.] Shak. 
 
 SE-LECT', r. (. (L. selertii.^, from scligo ; sc, from, 
 and Irgii, to iiick, cull, or gather.] 
 
 To choose and take from a number; to take by 
 preference from among othi-rs ; to pick out ; to cull ; 
 as, to select the be.^t authors for perusal ; to srlrci the 
 most inleresting and vutiious men for associates. 
 
 SE Lr.C T', rt. ,\iii ly chosen i taken from a number 
 bv pri'lVrenri' ; clK.ire ; whence, pret'eralile ; more 
 valuable or excellent than others ; as, a body of se- 
 lect triu>ps; a srlrrt company or society; 11 library 
 consi*ling of select authors. 
 
 SE LKCT'EI), pp. or a. Chosen and taken by prefcr- 
 ince (nun among a number; picketl ; culled. 
 
 SE-LEC T'ED-LV, adv. With cure and selection. 
 
 Haywood. 
 
 SE-LECT'ING, ppr. Choosing and taking from a 
 
 nuTiilier; picking out ; culling. 
 SE-LHC'TKI.N, ( shun,) 11. [L. seledio.] 
 
 1. Till' act of choosing and taking from among a 
 number; n taking iVom anolher by prel'ereiice. 
 
 2. A number of things stdected or taken from oth- 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQhF, BQQK. 
 
 1002 
 
SEL 
 
 SEL 
 
 SEL 
 
 ers by preference. I liave a small but valuable se- 
 
 Icrtttiit of hooks. 
 SIvLKCT'lVE, o. Selecting; tciuliiig to select. [Un- 
 
 usiiitl.] ytfmuiif. 
 SE-LKGT'MAN, n. [.-.fli-ct and man.] In JVrw Knir- 
 
 taiutj a town oflic)?r chosen aiimially to niariaj^e the 
 
 concerns of the town, provide for the poor, &c. 
 
 The numlier is usually from three to .seven in each 
 
 tinvii, and these constitute a kind of executive au- 
 
 tliiiritv. 
 
 SE-LKCT'NESS, n. The state of being select or well 
 chosen. 
 
 SE-LECT'OR, n. [I,.] One that selects or chooses 
 
 from among a number. 
 SE-LK'NI-.\TE, n. A compound of selenic acid with 
 
 a base. 
 
 SE-I.E.V'IG, a. Pertaining to selenium ; ns, srlenic 
 acid, which is composed of one equivalent of sele- 
 nium anil three of oxygen. 
 
 SKL E\-1I"ER-0US, a. [selenium and h. fcro, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Containing selenium ; as, sclctiifcrous ores. 
 
 Grnhfim. 
 
 SE-I.K'NI-OUS AC'in, n. An acid composed of one 
 equivalent of seleniiun and two of oxygen. 
 
 SEIj'E.V-i TE, n. [Gr. O' Arjui r^s, from irtXi"'}, the 
 moon ; so called from a resemblance in luster or ap- 
 pearance to the moon.) 
 
 1. The variety of sulphate of lime or gypsum, oc- 
 curring in transparent crystals, or crystalline masses. 
 
 Daneu 
 
 9. A compound of selenious acid with a base. 
 SELE NIT'ie, la. Pertaining to selenite ; rc- 
 SEL-EM T'le-AL, j senibling it, or partaking of its 
 
 nature and properties. 
 SE-Le'.\I UiM, n. [Supra.] An elementary sub- 
 stance, allied to sulphur, having a dark-brown color, 
 with a brilliant metallic luster. It passes into vapor 
 at (i5l)' Fahrenheit, producing the odor of decaying 
 horsera<lish. Oruham. Brnmlr. 
 
 SE-LE.\'IU-RET, ) , ,„, ,. „, ,1m. A compound 
 SE-LE.Vq-RET, i C^'^-'''" i of selinium 
 
 with some other element. Dana. 
 
 2. .\ mineral, of a shining lead-gray color, with a 
 granular texture. It is composed chiefly of seleni- 
 um, sdver, and copper. 
 
 Cteaveland. Phillips. 
 SEI^E-NO-GRAPH'ie, ) a. [Infra.] Uelonging 
 SEL-E-NO-GRAPirie-AL, j to selenography. 
 SEL-E-NO(;'RA-PlIY, n. [Gr. acXni"!, the moon, and 
 yiia4iM, to describe.] 
 
 A description of the surface of the moon ; corre- 
 sponding to geography in respect to the earlh. 
 
 Brantlc. 
 
 SELF, a. or ]rron. ; pi. Selves ; used chiefly in compo- 
 sition. [Sax. je//, yf///; Goth. .9i/fca ; Sw. .s-j>//; Dan. 
 selo ; G. selbst ; D. ielf. I know not the primary 
 sense of this word ; most probably it is to set or 
 unift!, or to separate from others. See Selvedoe.] 
 
 1. In old authors, this word sometimes signifies 
 particular, very, or same. ^^And on tham sylfan gcare ; " 
 in that same year, that very year. Sat. Citron. A. D. 
 1053, lOGl. 
 
 Slioot anolhpr arrow lliat self way. Shak. 
 On thcjc self hills, Kal'gh. 
 Al Hull telf mornciil cnlers P.ihmon. Dryfien. 
 
 In tliis sense, self is an adjective, and is now ob- 
 solete, except when followed by same ; as, on the 
 selfsame day ; the self-same hour ; the selfsame 
 thing; .which is tautolocy. Malt. viii. 
 
 2. In present usatre, self is united to certain per- 
 sonal pronouns and pronominal adjectives, to ex- 
 press emphasis or distinction ; also when the pro- 
 noun is used reciprocally. Thus, for emphasis, \ my- 
 self will write ; I will examine'for myself. Thou 
 thyself Shalt go ; thou shall see for thyself. You 
 yourself sh.all write ; you shall see for yourself. He 
 himself shall write ; he shall examine for himself. She 
 herself shall write ; she shall examine for herself. 
 The child itself shall be carried ; it shall be present 
 itself. 
 
 Reciprocally, I abhor myself; thoil enrichcst thy- 
 lelf: he loves himself; she admires herself; it ple.ases 
 itself; we value ourselves: ye hurry yuur.\eli>es ; they 
 see themselves. I did not hurt him, he hurt hiinsclf ; 
 he did not hurt me, I hurt myself. 
 
 Except when added to pronouns used reciprocally, 
 self serves to give emphasis to the pronoun, or to 
 render the distinction expressed by it more emphat- 
 ical. ** / myself will decide," not <uily expresses my 
 determination to decide, but the determination that 
 no other shall decide. 
 
 Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nomi- 
 native case, as well as in the objective. 
 
 Jesiu him^tlf baptized DOl, but his dticiplcs. — John ir. See 
 Matt. xxuL 4. 
 
 3. Self is sometimes used as a noun, noting the 
 individual subject to his own c intemplatiim or .ac- 
 tion, i,r noting identity of person. Consciousness 
 makes every one to be what he calls self. 
 
 A miwi'i tetf may be the worst fellow to converse with in the 
 worlJ. papt. 
 
 4. It also aignifles personal interest, or love of pri- 
 vate interest ; selfishness. 
 
 The foiniufss we have for self — fiiruialips another lontr mnlt of 
 prejudices. lla/I*. 
 
 Self is much used in composition. 
 
 SELF-A-BAS'*;i), (-a biste',) a. [se(f and abase.] 
 Humbled by conscious guilt or shame. 
 
 SELF-A-I!.\SE'.ME.\T,H. Humiliation or abasement 
 proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, 
 or shame. jildner. 
 
 SELF-A-HaST.\G, a. Humbling by the conscious- 
 ness of guilt or by sliauu;. 
 
 SEI,F-AB-H0R'RENCE, )i. The abhorrence of one's 
 self. 
 
 SEI.F-An ilOR'RING, a. Abhorring one's self. 
 
 SELF-A-liuSE', H. [.irlf ani abtLse.] The abuse of 
 one's own person or powers. Shah. 
 
 SELF-AC-eOS'^-'l), o. Accused by one's own con- 
 science. 
 
 SELF-Ae eOS'I.NG, a. [.■<elf smA accu-ie.] Accusing 
 one's self ; as, a sctf-areu-iin^r look. Sidney. 
 
 SEI.F'-AeT'l.N't;, a. Acting of or by itself. 
 
 Si;i,F'-ACT'l VE, a. Acting of itself. 
 
 SKI.F-AC TlV'l-TY, n. [self and activily.] Self- 
 motii>n, or the power of moving one's self witliout 
 foreign aid. Bentlet/. 
 
 SELF-AD-JUST'I.\G, a. Adjusting by one's self or 
 bv itself. 
 
 SELF-AU-MI-R.\'TIO.\,n. Admiration of one's self. 
 
 Scolt. 
 
 SELF-AD-MTRTXG, a. Admiring one's self. Scott. 
 
 SELF- .AF-FA IRS', n. pi. [self and affair.] One's 
 own private business. Sliak. 
 
 SEI.F-AF-FKTGIIT'ED, (-frite'-,) o. [self and af- 
 friirlit.] Friehtencd at one's self. Shak. 
 
 SELF-AG-CUAND'IZE-MENT or ) n. The aggrand- 
 
 SELF-AG'GKANU I7,E-.MEi\T, j izement or ex- 
 altation of one's self 
 
 SELF-AN-Ni'IH-La-TED, a. Annihilated by one's 
 self. 
 
 SELF-AN-XMII-La'TION, n. Annihilation by one's 
 own acts. 
 
 SELF-AP-PLAUSE', (self-ap plauz',) ii. Applause of 
 one's self. 
 
 SELF-AP-PLV'IiVG, a. Applying to or by one's self. 
 SELF-AP-PROV'ING, (-proov'ing,) a. That approves 
 
 of one's own conduct. Pope. 
 SELF-AS-SOM'£l), a. Assumed by one's own act 
 
 or without authority. ^ Milford. 
 
 SELF-AS-SOR'£D, (-ash-shurd',) a. Assured by 
 
 one's self. E. Everett. 
 
 SELF-AT-TRAeT'IVE, a. Attractive by one's si-\{. 
 SELF-1!AN'ISH-£D, (-ban'isht,) a. [sc(/'and banish.] 
 
 Exiled voltintarilv. 
 SELF-BE-GOT'TiKN, a. [self and beget.] Begotten 
 
 by one's powers. 
 SELF-HE-GUI L'KD, a. Deceived by one's self. 
 SELF'-BOR.\, a. [self and born.] born or produced 
 
 by (tne's self. 
 
 SELF-CEN'TER-ED, ) a. [self and center.] Cen- 
 SELF-CEN'TK/CD, ( tcred in itself. 
 
 The earth sel/'Centered and unmoved. Dryden. 
 
 SELF-CEX'TER-I.NG, 
 SELF-CE.N'TRIXG, 
 SELF-CHAR'I-TY, n. '[self and charity.] Love of 
 
 one's self. Shak. 
 SELF-eOM-MO'NI-eA-TIVE, a. [self and conimu- 
 
 nicative.] 
 
 Imparted or communicated by its own powers. 
 
 J^orris. 
 
 SELF-eO.N-CKiT', (-kon-seet',) n. [self and con- 
 ceit.] A high opinion of one's self ; vanity. 
 
 SELF-eO.N-Ui;lT'El), a. Vain ; having a high or 
 overweening opinion of one's own person or merits. 
 
 V Estrange. 
 
 SELF-eON-Cf.IT'ED-NESS, n. Vanity ; an over- 
 weening opinion of one's own person or accomplish- 
 ments. Locke. 
 
 SELF-eON-DEM-NA'TIO.\, n. Condemnation by 
 one's own ctmscience. 
 
 SELF-eON-DE.M'M.N'G, a. Condemning one's self. 
 
 SELF-eON'Fl-DENCE, 71. [self anA confidence.] Con- 
 fidence in one's own judgment or ability ; reliance 
 on one's own opinion or powers, without other aid. 
 
 SELF-eON'FI-DE.NT, a. Confident of one's own 
 .strength or powers; relying on the correctness of 
 one's own judgment, or the competence of one's 
 own powers, without other aid. 
 
 SELF-eO.N"Fl-nENT-LV,o</p. With self-confidence. 
 
 SELF-eO.N-FID'LNG, a. Confiding in one's own 
 judgment or powers, without the aid of others. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SELF-€0\"SCIOUS, (-shus,) a. [self ani conscious.] 
 Conscious in one's self. Dryden. 
 
 SELF-eO.\'SCIOUS-.NESS, n. Consciousness within 
 one's self. Locke. 
 
 SELF-CO.N'-SID'ER-ING, a. [self and consider.] 
 Considering in one's own mind ; deliberating. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SELF-€ON'.SfTM'KD, a. Consumed bv one's self. 
 SELF-CO.N'-SC'.M'l.VG, a. [se(f and consume.] That 
 
 consumes itself. Pope. 
 SELF-eO.N-TRA-Die'TION, ru [self and co<Uradic- 
 
 Ccntering in one's self. 
 
 tiffii.] The act of contradicting itself ; repugnancy 
 in terms. To be and not to he at the same lime, is 
 a self-contradiction ; a proposition consisting of two 
 members, one of which contradicts the other. 
 
 SELF-eoN-TRA DICT'O-RY, a. Contra.l.eting it- 
 self. Spectator. 
 
 SELF-eON-VICT'ED, o. [self ond convict.] Con- 
 victed by one's own consciousness, knowledge, or 
 avowal. 
 
 SELF-et).\-Vie'TION, 71. Conviction proceeding 
 from one'n own consciousness, knowledge, or c<m- 
 fession. Sivifl. 
 
 SELF-CRE-ST'ED, a. Created by one's self; not 
 formed or constituted by another. Mitnrr. 
 
 SELF-DE-CKIT', {-sect',) Ti. [self and deceit.] De- 
 ception respecting one's self, or that orig:nates from 
 one's own mistake ; self-deception. Spectator. 
 
 SELF-DE-CKlV'fJl), a. [self and deeeive.] De- 
 ceived of misled respecting one's self by one's own 
 mistake or error. 
 
 SELF-l)E-Ci-.t V'ING, a. Deceiving one's self. 
 
 SELF-DE-CEP'TI(J,\, n. [Supra.] Deception con- 
 cerning one's self, proceeding from one's own mis- 
 take. 
 
 SELF-DE-FE.VSE'. (self-de-fens',) n. [self and de- 
 fense.] The act of defending one's own perstm, 
 
 property, or reputation. .\ man may be justifiable in 
 
 killing anollier in self-defense. 
 SELF-I)E-F1;NS'I VE, a. Tending to defend one's 
 
 self. 
 
 SELF-DE-LC"SION, (-zhun,) n. [sc// and i/f/«.«ion.] 
 The delusion of one's self, or respecting one's self. 
 
 South. 
 
 SELF-DE-NI'AL, n. \ self m\i denial] The denial 
 of one's self; the forbearing to gratify one's own 
 appetites or desires. South. 
 
 SELF-DE-N?'I.\G, a. Denying one's self; forbear- 
 ing to indulge one's own appetites or desires. 
 
 SELF-DE-i\V'L\G-LY, adv. In a self-denying man- 
 ner. 
 
 SELF-DE-PEND'ENT, ) a. Depending on one's self. 
 SELF-DE-PE.\D'ING, j ScoU. 
 SELF-DER E-LIC'TION, n. Desertion of one's self. 
 SELF-DE-STROY'/:i), a. Destroyed bv one's self. 
 SELF-DE-STROY'ER, n. One who destroys him- 
 self. 
 
 SELF-DE-STROY'ING, a. Destroying one's self. 
 
 SELF-DE-STRUe'TION, ji. [sc(f' and destruction.] 
 The destruction of one's self; voluntary destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 SELF-DE STRUC'TIVE, a. Tending to the destruc- 
 tion of one's self. 
 
 SELF-DE-TER.M-IN-A'TION, n. [self and determ- 
 ination.] Determination by one's own mind ; or de- 
 termination by its own powers, without extraneous 
 impulse or influence. 
 
 SELF-DE-TER.\I'IN-ING, a. Determining by or of 
 itself; determining or deciding without extraneous 
 power or influence ; as, the self-determining power of 
 the will. 
 
 SELF-DE-VIS'£D, a. Devised by one's self. 
 
 Baxter. 
 
 SELF-DE-VoT'ED, a. [self and devote.] Devoted 
 in person, or voluntarily devoted in person. 
 
 SELF-DE-VoTE'ME.\T, n. The devoting of one's 
 person and services voluntarily to any dilficult or 
 liazardous employment. Memoirs of Buchanan. 
 
 SELF-DE-VoT'ING, a. Devoting one's self. 
 
 E. Everett. 
 
 SELF-DE-VOUR'I\G, a. [self and devour.] De- 
 vouring one's self or itself. Denham. 
 
 SELF-DIF-FO'SIVE, a. [.«(/• and diffusive.) Hav- 
 ing power to ditfuse itself; that dilTuses it.self. 
 
 JVorris. 
 
 SELF-DOOM'/TD, a. Doomed by one's self. More. 
 SELF-DIIB'BKI), a. Dubbed by one's self. Irvine. 
 SELF-ED'^-Ca-TED, a. Educated by one's own 
 eflijrts. 
 
 SELF-E-LECT'ED, a. Elected by himself. 
 SELF-E-LE€T'IVE, n. Having the right to elect one's 
 self, or, as a body, of electing its own members. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 SELF-E\JOV'.\IE.\T, n. [self ani enjoymenL] In- 
 ternal s.'ilisfartioii ttr pleasure. 
 
 SELF-ES-TEE.M', n. [self dind tsUem.] The esteem 
 oi good opinion of one's self. Milton. 
 
 SELF-ES-TI-.M.a'TIO.\, n. The esteem or good 
 opinion of one's self, Milncr. 
 
 SELF-EV'I-I)E\CE, n. [self and evidence.] Evi- 
 dence or certainty resulting from a proposilicm %viili- 
 out proof ; evidence tliat ideas offer to the mind u|M)n 
 bare statement. Locke. 
 
 SELF-EV'I DE.VT, a. Evident without proof or rea- 
 soning; that produces certainty or clear convictii>n 
 upon a bare presentation to the mind ; as, a self-evi- 
 dent proposition or truth. That two and three make 
 five, IS self-ertdent. 
 
 SELF-EV'I-UE.\T-LY, adv. By means of self-evi- 
 dence. 
 
 SELF-EX-ALT-A'TIO.N, (-egz-,)n. The exalt.ition of 
 oni^'s self. Scott. 
 
 SELF-EX-ALT'I\G, (-egz-,) a. Exalting one's self. 
 
 SELF-EX-A.M-I.\'-A'T10.\, (-egz-,) n. [self and ex- 
 amination.] An ex.aniination or scrtitiny into one's 
 
 TCNE, BSJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1003 
 
 L 
 
SEL 
 
 own state, conduct, and motives, particularly in re- 
 gard to religious atl'ections and duties. SoiM. 
 
 SE]jK^X-€C'S1XG, a. Excusing one's self. Scutt. 
 
 SELF-E.\-If^T'E.\CE, n. [self and ciisteiice.] In- 
 herent existence ; the existence pussessed by virtue 
 of a being's own nature, and independent of any 
 other being or cause j an attribute peculiar to God. 
 
 Btackmure* 
 
 SELE-EX-IST'ENT, (-egz-,) a. Existing by its own 
 nature or essence, independent of any other cause. 
 God is the only scfj-eiistent being. 
 
 SELF-EX-ULT'ING, (-egz-,) a. Exulting in one's self. 
 
 Baj:Ur, 
 
 PELF'-FED, a. Fed by one's self. 
 
 SELF-FLAT'TER-ING, a. [self and flatter.] Flat- 
 tering one's self. 
 
 PELF-FLAT'TER-Y, n. Flattery of one's self. 
 
 SELF-GLo'Rl-OUS, a. [self and glorious.] Spring- 
 ing from vain-glory or vanity ; vain ; boastful. 
 
 Drydeti. 
 
 SELF-GOV'ERN-£D, (-guv'ernd,) a. Governed by 
 one's self. Coleridge. 
 
 SELF-GOV'ERN-MENT, n. The government of 
 one's self. 
 
 SELF-GRAT-IJ-La'TION, 71. Gratulation of one's 
 
 self. -E. Eoerett. 
 
 SELF-HXRM'ING, a. [self and harm.] Injuring or 
 
 hurting one's self or itself. Sharp. 
 SELF'-HEAL, n. [self and heal] A plant of the 
 
 genus Prunella, and another of the genus Sanicula. 
 
 Farn of Plants. 
 SELF-HkAL'ING, a. Having the power or property 
 
 of healing itself. The self-healing power of living 
 
 animals and vegetables is a property as wonderful 
 
 as it is indicative of divine goodness. 
 SELF-HOM'I-ClDE, n. [self and homicide.] The 
 
 killing one's self ; suicide. HakeiciU. 
 SELF-I'DOL-lZ-£D, a. Idolized by one's self. 
 
 Cowjicr, 
 
 SELF-IG'NO-RANCE, n. Ignorance of one's own 
 
 character. Ch. Spectator. 
 
 SELF-IG'iNO-RANT, a. Ignorant of one's sell". 
 SELF-IM'MO-La-TING, a. Immolating one's self. 
 
 Frascr, 
 
 SELF-IM-PaRT'ING, a. [self and impart.] Impart- 
 ing by its own powers and will. J\rorris. 
 
 SELF-IM-PO.S'TURE, n. [.<f//and imposture] Im- 
 posture praclircd on one's self. South. 
 
 SELF-LN-FLICT'ED, a. Indicted by one's self. 
 
 SELF-IX-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY, (-fish'en-se,) n. Insuf- 
 ficiency of one's self. 
 
 SELF-IN'TER-EST, n. [self and interest.] Private 
 interest; the interest or advantage of one's self. 
 
 SELF-Ii\'TER-EST-ED, a. Having self-interest; 
 particularly concerned for one's self. 
 
 PEI,F-I.\-VIT'EI), a. Invited by one's self. 
 
 SEEF-JI.'DG'ING, a. Judging one's self. 
 
 SELF-JUST'I-FI-ER, )i. One who excuses or justi- 
 fies himself. J. M. Mason. 
 
 SELF-KIN'DLKD, a. [sc// and kindled.] Kindled of 
 itself, or without extraneous aid or power. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SELF-KNoW'ING, a. [self smi know.] Knowing of 
 itself, or without communication from another. 
 
 SELF-KNOVVL'EDGE, n. The knowledge of one's 
 own real character, abilities, worth, or demerit. 
 
 PELF'-LoA'f U-ING, a. Loathing one's self. 
 
 SELF-LOVE', (-luv',) n. [self and love.] The love 
 of one's own person or happiness. 
 
 Sttf-love, the spring of nn>Lion, acls the soul. Pope. 
 
 SELF-LOVING, a. Loving one's self. Walton. 
 
 SELF-Lu'MIN-OUS, a. Possessing in itself the 
 property of emitting light. Brewster. 
 
 SELF'-MaUE, 0. JMade by one's self. 
 
 HELF'.MET-jJL, n. [self ani metal.] The same metal. 
 
 SELF-.Mo'TIO.V, Til [self anA motion.] Motion given 
 by inherent powers, without external impulse ; spon- 
 taneous motion. 
 
 Matter is not cmlucd with eelf-motion. Cbeyne, 
 
 SELF-MOVED, ( moovd',) a. Moved by inherent 
 power without the aid of external impulse. Pupe. 
 
 SELF-MOVING, a. Moving or exciting to action by 
 inherent power, without the impulse of another body 
 or extraneous influence. Pope. 
 
 SELF-MUR'DEK, n. [.w// and murder.] The mur- 
 der of one's self; suicide. 
 
 BELI'-MUR'UER ER, n. One who voluntarily de- 
 stroys his own life. 
 
 SELF-NEG-LECT'ING, n [tclf and neglect.] A 
 neglecting of one's sell. 
 
 S':lf.lov«; U Dot so ^eoi a ai gcl/'TtegUcting. Shak. 
 
 SELF-O-PIN'ION, (-o-pin'yun,) n. [.«f//nnd opinion.] 
 One's own opinion. Collier. Prior, 
 
 HF.LF-0-l'IN'ION-/','IJ,a. Valuing one's own opinion 
 liiglilv. 
 
 SELF-PAR-TIAL'I-TV, 71. [self nnd partiality.] That 
 partiality by which n man overrates his own worth 
 when compared with others. Karnes. 
 
 HELF-PLP;A«'INGj 7i. [self and phine.] Pleasing 
 one's Keif ; grutifying one's own wl»hc». Bacon. 
 
 SELF-P'JS-HE.S'sioN, 7i. The poHsesaion of one's 
 liowcrs ; caJmnesH ; suir-command. 
 
 SEL 
 
 SELF-PRaISE', (-prize',) n. [self and pral-<e.] The 
 praise of one's self; self-applause. Broome. 
 
 SELF-PREF'ER-ENCE, «. [self ani preference.] The 
 preference of cme's self to others. 
 
 SELF-PRES-ER-Va'TION, ji. [selfani preservation.] 
 The preservation of one's self from destruction or 
 injury. Milton. ' 
 
 SELF-PRE SERVING, a. Preserving one's self. 
 
 SELF-PROP'A-Ga-TING, a. Propagating by itself 
 or himself. E. Ererctt. 
 
 SELF-REG'I.S-TER-ING, a. That registers itself, as 
 a thermometer which marks tlie extreme points of 
 its range within a given time. Francis. 
 
 SELF-REG'1|-La-TED, a. Regulated by one's self. 
 
 SELF-RE-LI' ANCE, 71. Reliance on one's own 
 powers. 
 
 SELF-RE-L-?'ING, a. Depending on one's self. 
 SELF-RE-PEL'LEN-CY, n. [self and repellency.] The 
 
 inherent power of repulsion in a body. Black. 
 SELF-RE-PEL'LING, a. [self and repel] Repelling 
 
 by its own inherent jiower. 
 SELF-RE-PRoACH'J';D, (-re-piochf,) a. Reproached 
 
 by one's own conscience. 
 SELF-RE-PKoACH'ING, o. Reproaching one's self. 
 SELF-RE-PUoACH'ING-LY, adv. By reproaching 
 
 one's self. 
 
 SELF-RE-PR0V£D, a. [self and reprove.] Re- 
 proved by consciousness or one's own sense of guilt. 
 
 SELF-RE-PROVING, a. Reproving by conscious- 
 ness. 
 
 SELF-RE-PROV'ING, 71. The act of reproving by a 
 conscious sense of guilt. Shak. 
 
 SELF-RE-PULS'IVE, a. Repulsive by one's self. 
 
 SELF-RE-STRaIN'£D, a. [self and restrain.] Re- 
 strained by itself, or by one's own power or will ; 
 not controlled by external force or authority. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SELF-RE-STRaIN'ING, a. Restraining or controll- 
 ing itself. 
 
 SELF-RE-STRaINT', 71. A restraint over one's self. 
 SELF-RlGHT'EOUS, a. Righteous in one's own 
 esteem. 
 
 SELF-RlGHT'EOUS-NESS, 71. Reliance on one's 
 
 own richteousness. 
 SELF-Ru'IN-ED, a. Ruined by one's own conduct. 
 SELF-SAC'RI-FIC-ING, (-sak're-fiz-,) a. Yielding 
 
 up one's own interest, feelings, &c. ; sacrificing 
 
 one's self. Ckanning. 
 SELF'-SaME, a. [.5f//and .'same.] Numerically the 
 
 same ; the verj' same ; identical. Scripture. 
 SELF-SAT'IS-FI-£D, a. Satisfied with one's self. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 SELF-S.\T'IS-F?-ING, a. Giving satisfaction to 
 one's self. 
 
 SELF'-SEEK-ER, 71. One who seeks only his own 
 interest. 
 
 SELF'-SEEK-ING, a. [self and seek.] Seeking one's 
 own interest or happiness ; selfish. Arbathnot. 
 
 SELF-SLAUGH'TER, (self-slaw'ter,) 71. [self and 
 .ilanirhter.] The slaughter of one's self. Shak. 
 
 SELF-SOUND'ING, a. Sounding by one's self. 
 
 SELF-SPUR'RING, a. Inciting one's self. 
 
 SELF-SUB-Du'£D, a. [self and subdue.} Subdued 
 by one's own power or means. Shak. 
 
 SELF-SUB-VERS'IVE, a. Overturning or subvert- 
 ing itself. J. P. Smith. 
 
 SELF-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY, (-suf-fish'en-se,) 71. [self 
 and sufficiency.] An overweening opinion of one's 
 own strength or worth ; excessive confidence in 
 one's own competence or sufficiency. Dryden. 
 
 SELF-SUF-FI"CIENT, (-fish'ent,) a. Having full 
 confidence in one's own strength, abilities, or en- 
 dowments ; whence, haughty; overbearing. Walts. 
 
 SELF-SUS-PEND'ED, a. Suspended by one's self; 
 balanced. Southey. 
 
 SELF-SUS-PI"CIOUS, (-sus-pish'us,) a. Suspicious 
 of one's self. Baxter. 
 
 SELF-SUS-TaIN'£D, a. Sustained by one's self. 
 
 SELF'-TAUGIIT, a. Taught by one's self. 
 
 E. Everett. 
 
 SELF-TOR-MENT'ING, a. [self and torment.] Tor- 
 menting one's self; as, self-tormenting sin. 
 
 Crashaw. 
 
 SELF-TOR-MENT'OR, 7t. One who torments him- 
 self. 
 
 SELF-TOR'TtJR-ING, a. Torturing one's self. 
 SELF-TUOUR'LING, (-trub'bling,) a. Troubling 
 one's self. 
 
 SELF-lIP liRAID'ING, a. Reproaching one's self. 
 SELF-VAL'li-ING, a. Esteeming one's self. 
 
 Parnell 
 
 SELF-VI'O-LENCE, 71. Violence to one's self. 
 SELF-WILL', 71. [sc{f and will] One's own will ; 
 obstinacy. 
 
 SELF-WILL'CT), n. Governed by one's own will; 
 
 not yielding to the will or wisht^s of others; not ac- 
 
 commodaling or compliant ; obstinate. 
 SELF-VVOIl'SlllP, n. The idolizing of one's self. 
 .«ELF-WOK'Sllll'-Ell, 71. One who idolizes himself. 
 SELF-VVOR'SIIIP-ING, a. Worshiping one's self. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 SELF-WRO.\G', (rti'lfrong',) 71. [self and wrong.] 
 
 Wrong rloiK! by a person to himself. Shak. 
 SELF'ISII, a. Rc^gardiiiR one's own interest cliielly 
 
 SEM 
 
 or solely ; influenced in actions by a view to private 
 advantage. Spectator. 
 
 SELF'ISH-LY, adv. In a selfish manner ; with regard 
 to private interest only or chiefly. Pupe. 
 
 SELF'ISH-NESS, 71. The exclusive regard of a per- 
 son to his own interest or happiness ; or that s.ipreiiie 
 self-love or self-preference wliich leads a person, in 
 his actions, to direct his purposes to the advaiicemenl 
 of his own interest, power, or happiness, without 
 regarding the interest of others. Selfishness, in its 
 worst or unqualified sense, is the very essence of 
 human depravity, and stands in direct opposition to 
 Benevolence, which is the essence of the divine 
 character. As God is love, so man, in his natural 
 state, is selfishness. 
 
 iSelJishjitss — a vice utterly at variance with the happiness of him 
 whu harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self love, 
 
 A/oe^inlosA. 
 
 SELF'LESS, a. Having no regard to self. Coleridge. 
 SELF'NESS, 71. Self-love ; selfishness. [JVo« in use] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 SEL'ION, (sel'yun,) 71. A ridge of land. [Local] 
 SELL, for Self ; and SELLS, for Selves. [Scot/] 
 SELL, 71. [Fr. spZ/e ; L. sc/;a.] [B. Jonson. 
 
 A saddle, and a throne. [ Obs.] Spenser. 
 SELL, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Sold. [Sax. srlan, scllan, 
 sylan, or syllan, to give, grant, yield, assign, or sell ; 
 syllan to bote, to give in compensation, to give to boot ; 
 Pw. sdlia ; Ice. sella ; Dan. siclger ; Basque, saldu. 
 The primary sense is, to deliver, send, or transfer, or 
 to put otf. The sense n^sell, as we now understand 
 the word, is wholly derivative ; as we see by the 
 Saxon phrases syllan to agenne, to give for one's own ; 
 s-ylla7i to giifc, to bestow for a gilt ; to bestow or con- 
 fer gratis.] 
 
 1. To transfer property or the exclusive right of 
 possession to another, for an equivalent in money. 
 It is correlative to Buy, as one party buys what the 
 other sells. It is distinguished from Exchange or 
 Barter, in which one commodity is given for an- 
 other ; whereas in selling the consideration is money, 
 or its representative in current notes. To this dis 
 tinction there may be exceptions. " Esau sold his 
 birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage." But this 
 is unusual. Let us sell Joseph to the Ishmaelites ; 
 and they sold him for twenty pieces of silver." Oen. 
 xxxvii. Among the Hebrews, parents had power to 
 sell their children. 
 
 2. To betray ; to deliver or surrender for money or 
 a reward ; as, to sell one's country. 
 
 3. To yield or give for a consideration. The troops 
 fought like lions, and sedd their lives dearly ; that is, 
 they yielded their lives, but first destroyed many, 
 which made it a dear purchase for their enemies 
 
 4. In Scripture, to give up to be harassed and made 
 slaves. • 
 
 „ He sold them into the hands of their enemies. — Judges ii. 
 
 5. To part with ; to renounce or forsake. 
 
 Buj the truth and sell it not. — Prov. xxui. 
 
 To sell one's self to do evil ; to give up one's self to 
 be the slave of sin, and to work wickedness without 
 restraint. 1 Kings xxi. 2 Kings vii. 
 
 SELL, t'. i. To have commerce ; to practice selling. 
 2. To be sold. Corn sells at a good price. [Sliak. 
 
 SEL'LEN-DER, j 71. A skin disease in a horse's hough 
 
 SEL'LAN-DER, \ or pastern, owing to a want of 
 cleanliness. Gardner. 
 
 SELL'ER, 71. The person that sells ; a vender. 
 
 SELL'ING, ppr. Transferring the property of a thing 
 for a price or equivalent in money. 
 2. Betraying for money. 
 
 SELT'ZER WA'TER, 71. A mineral water, from 
 Seltzer, in Gerin.any, containing much free carbonic 
 acid. Brande. 
 
 SEL'VA6E, 71. The same as Selvedge. 
 
 SEL-VA-GEE', 71. A kind of skein of rope-yarns, 
 wound roumi with yarns or marline, used for stop- 
 pers, straps, &c. Tottcn. 
 
 SELVEDGE, 71. [D. iclf-kant, self-border; G. salil- 
 leistc, hall-list. 1 he first syllable appears to be self, 
 and the last is edge.] 
 
 The edge of cloth, where it is closed by complicat- 
 ing the threads ; a woven border, or border of close 
 work. Eiod. xxvii. 
 
 SELVEDG-i^D, a. Having a selvedge. 
 
 SELVES, ]il. of Self. 
 
 SEM'A-PIIORE, 71. [Gr. <77)/ia, a sign, and faficu, to 
 bear.] 
 
 A telegraph. 
 
 SEM-A-PIH)R'ie, a. Telegraphic. 
 
 SEM-A-PHOR'ie-AL-LY, adv. By means of a tele- 
 graph. 
 
 SEiM'IILA-BLE, a. [Fr.] Like ; similar ; resembling. 
 
 [JVef, ill u.vf.l Shak. 
 SEM'IILA-BLY, adv. In like manner. [JV(i( in use.] 
 SEM'BLANCE, 71. [Fr. id. ; It. sembiatizai Sp. scmeja 
 
 and semejan:a ; from (be root of similar.] 
 
 1. Likeness; reseniblanre ; nclual similitude; as, 
 the semblance of worth ; semblnnee of virtue. 
 
 Tlie nemltlanccn ami iniitatii-iiB of hliclls. Uoot/uxirei. 
 
 2. Appearance ; show ; figure ; form. 
 
 Tiieir eemblanre Idiifl, and mild their matures wore. Fcurfax, 
 
 FATE, FAR, I'ALLi WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1004 ~~ 
 
SEM 
 
 SEM 
 
 SEM 
 
 SEM'BLANT, n. Sliow ; figure ; rcsemblanro. [JVut 
 
 in u.^f.] SpctLscr. 
 SEM'BLANT, o. Like ; resembling. [JVo£ in u.<c] 
 
 Prtor. 
 
 SEM'IiLA-TIVE, a. Resembling ; fit ; suitable ; ac- 
 cording tu. 
 
 Ahd all w eembinlipt a wonmii'a port. [iVol in use.] SltaJc. 
 
 SEM'liliE, (seni'bl,) v. t. [Ft. scmblcr.] 
 
 Tq imitate ; to represent or to inalse similar. 
 
 Whore tetiMing !irt may cirve Uie ftur cfTt-cL [.Vol in ugt.] 
 
 Prior, 
 
 SE-SlEI-OT'ie, n. [Gr. atinctuv, a sign.] 
 
 Relating to the signs or symptoms of diseases. [See 
 
 Semiotic] Branite. 
 SE'.MKY, n. [h.] Seed, particularly of animals. 
 SE-MES'TER, n. [L. «cm&>(rw, sci, six, and mensis, 
 
 month.] 
 
 A period or term of si.^ months. Ger. Universities. 
 SEM'I, [L. semi, Gr. i/'c,] in composition, signifies 
 half. 
 
 SE.M'I-A-CID'I-FI-J^D, a. orpp. Half acidified. [See 
 
 .AciDIKY.] 
 
 SE.M'I-AM-PLEX'I-CAUL, a. [L. sani, amplczu.'!, or 
 amphclor, to embrace, and caulis, stem.] 
 
 Partially aniplexicanl. In botany, embracing the 
 stem half around, as a leaf. .Marlijn. 
 
 SE.M'1-AN'NU-.\L, (-an'yu-al,) a. [semi and annual.] 
 Half y. arly. 
 
 SE.M'I-A.\'N'IT-AL-LY, ade. Every half year. 
 SE\l'I-Ai\'NU-L.\R, a. [L. semi and annulus, a ring.] 
 Having the figure of a half circle; that is, half round. 
 
 Orcut. 
 
 SEM'I-AP'ER-TIIRE, n. [semi and aperture.] The 
 half of an aperture. 
 
 SEM'l-.A'RI-.A\, n. [See AniA>.] In ecclesiastical 
 histury, the Semi-.^riuns were a branch of the .'Vrians, 
 who in appearance condemned the errors of Arius, 
 but acquiesced in some of his principles, disguising 
 them under more moderate terms. They did not ac- 
 knowledge the Son to be consubstanlial with the 
 Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted 
 him to be of a like substance with the Father, not 
 by nature, but by a peculiar privilege. Encyc. 
 
 SE.M'I-A'RI-.'\.V, a. Pertaining to Senii-Arianisn'i. 
 
 SE.M'I-.A'RI-AN-IS.M, n. Tlie doctrines or tenets of 
 the Semi-Arians. Etuyc. 
 
 SE.M'I-1!.\.R-B.^'RI-AN, a. [semi and barbarian.] Half 
 savage ; partially civdized. Milfiml. 
 
 SE.M'I-lillE VE, n. [»cmi and breve; formerly written 
 Semirref.] In music, a note of half the duration or 
 time of the breve, a note now rarely used. The seni- 
 ibreve is the longest note now in general use, and 
 the measure-note by which all others are regulated. 
 It ctintains the time of two minims, four crotchets, 
 eight ipiavers, sixteen semiquavers, or thirty-two 
 demisemiquavers. . 
 
 SE.M'I-eAL-CI.N'Kb or SEM'UeAL'CIN-ED, a. 
 [semi and calcine.] Half calcined ; as, semi-calcined 
 ircui. Kirwan. 
 
 SE.M'I-GAS'TRATE, r. L To deprive of one testi- 
 cle. 
 
 SE.M'I-CAS-TRa'TION, n. Half castration ; depri- 
 
 vati(m of one testicle. Brown. 
 SE.M'l-€H.V-OT'ie, a. Partially chaotic. 
 
 fritchcock. 
 
 SEM'I-CHo'RUS, n. A short chorus performed by a 
 few sinac'rs. 
 
 SEM'I-eilRIS'TIAX-IZ-ED, o. Half Christianized. 
 
 SEM'l-CIR-eLE, (-snr-kl,) n. [serai and circif.] The 
 half of a circle ; the part of a circle comprehended 
 between its diameter and half of its circumference. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 2. Any bodv in the form of a half circle. 
 SEM'I-eia-t LEU, (-sur-kld,) j a. Having the form of 
 SE.\M-CIR'eU-LAR, ( a half circle. 
 
 [SE.MiriBci'L*R is generally used.] [Mdison, 
 SE.M'I-CIR-eUM'FER-EXCE, n. Half llie circum- 
 ference. 
 
 SEM'I €0-LON, n. [semi and colon.] In grammar 
 and punctuation, the point [ ; ] the mark of a pause 
 to be observed in rending or speaking, of less dura- 
 tion than the colon, double the duration of the com- 
 ma, or half the duration of the period. It is used to 
 distinguish the conjunct members of a sentence. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 SEM'I-COL-U.MN, (kol-Ium,) n. A half column. 
 
 SE.M'I-eO-LU.M'i\AR, a. [semi and columnar.] Like 
 a h.ilf column ; flat on one side and round on the 
 other; a term of botany, applied to a stem, leaf, or peti- 
 ole. Martyn. 
 
 SEM'I-eOM-PACT', a. hemi and compact.] Half 
 compact ; imperfectly indurated. Kirwan. 
 
 SEM'I-eiiUS- rA'CEUlJS, (-shus,)a. [semi and crus- 
 taeeuus.] Half cru^^laceous. JiTat. Hist. 
 
 SE.M'I-ekYS'TAL-LLVE, a. Imperfectly co'stal- 
 lized. Hitchcock. 
 
 SE.M'I-eO'nie-.\L, a. The semi-eubical parabola, in 
 geometry, is a curve of such a nature that the cubes 
 of the ordinates are proportional to the squares of 
 the abscissas. Hutton. 
 
 SEM-I-eC'PI-UM, n. [Gr. .Vft^aXio. .] 
 
 A half bath, or one lliat covers onlv the lower ex- 
 tremities and hips. 
 
 SE.M'I-LJYL-IN'Dllie, ( o. [.lemi and cylindric] 
 
 SEM'l-CYL-l.\'l)Kie-AL, ! Half c) lindrical. Lee. 
 
 SE.\ri-l)I-:-IST'I€-.\L, a. Half dcistical ; bordering 
 on dei.im. J\tUlrr. 
 
 SEM'I-1>I A.M'E-TER, 71. [semi ani\ diamrtrr.] Half 
 the di.iiiietcr ; a right line, or the length of a right 
 line, drawn from the center of a circle, sphere, or 
 other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery ; 
 a radius. Encyc. 
 
 SE.M'I-UI-A-PA'SON, n. [semi and dinpa.-ion.] In 
 ■musie, an imperfect octave, or an octave diminished 
 by a lesser semitone. Hutlan. 
 
 SE.M'I-UI-A-PEM'TE, n. In music, an imperfect fifUi. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 SEM'I-DI-APII-A-Nic'I-TY, n. [See Semi-diaihv- 
 Noi's.] ILilf or imperfect transparency. [LMle 
 usuiL] Boyle. 
 [Instead of this, Tbansluceiicy is now used.] 
 SE.^I'l-U^APH'A-^'OUS, a. [semi and diuphanoius.] 
 Half or imperfectly transparent. IVoodieard. 
 [Instead of this. Translucent is now used.] 
 SE.\l'I-UI-A-TES'SA-RON, n. [semi and diatessar 
 ron.] Ill music, an imperfect or defective fourlli. 
 
 J{utton. 
 
 SEM-I-DI'To.NE, n. [semi and It. ditono.] 
 
 In music, a lesser third, having it^ terms as 6 to 5 ; 
 
 a hemiditone. Hutton. 
 SE.M'I-DOUU-LE, (-dub'l,) n. [semi and rfouWc] In 
 
 (Ac Romish breviary, an ollice or feast celi brated with 
 
 less solemnity than the double ones, but with more 
 
 than the single ones. Bailed 
 SE.M'I-FLoRET, n. [semi and ^re«.] [Obs.] [See 
 
 Semiflosculk-I 
 SE.M-I-FLOS'eULE, n. [semi and floscule.] A flos- 
 
 ciile whose corol consists of a single ligule, i. e., a 
 
 single strap-shaped petal ; as the florets of Leontodon 
 
 Taraxacum, or dandelion. 
 SEM'l-FLOS'eU-LOUS, a. [.tcmi and L. Jlo.icnliK!, a 
 
 little flower. SEMtFi.osci;i.AR is also used, but is less 
 
 analogical.] 
 
 Composed of semiflorets or ligulate florets; as, a 
 semifio.-icalous flower. jMartyn. 
 
 SE.M'I-FLu'ID, a. [semi and Jiuid.] Imperfectly 
 fluid. ArbuOinot. 
 
 SE.M'I-FORJI-En, a. [semi and formed.] Half 
 formed ; imperfectly formed ; as, seini-farmrd crys- 
 tals. Edwards, West Indies. 
 
 SE.M'I-Ho'RAL, a. Half-hourly. 
 
 SE.M'I-I.N'DU RA-TEn, a. [semi and indurated.] Im- 
 perfectly indurated or hardened. 
 
 SEM'I-LA-PIU'I-FI-KD, (-fide,) a. [semi .and lapid- 
 i/ied.] luiperfeclly changed into stone. Kirican. 
 
 SE.M'I-LE.\-Tie'U-L.\K, a. [semi and /™(icii/ar.] 
 Half lenticular or convex ; imperfectly resembling 
 a lens. Kirwan. 
 
 SE.M-I-Lu'N.VR, \a. [Fr. semi/iinaire; L. semi and 
 
 SE.M-I-Lu'NA-RY, ( luna, m(K)n.] 
 
 Resembling in form a half moon. Orew. 
 
 SE.^I'I-.MET-jJL, 71. [semi and metal.] A mct,al that 
 is not m.tlleablo, as bismuth, arsenic, nickel, cob.ilt, 
 zinc, antimony, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, 
 and iiraiiile. [J\^ot now used.] J^icholson. 
 
 SEM'I-.ME-TAL'Lie, a. Pertaining to a semi-metal, 
 or partaking of its nature and qualities. Kirwan. 
 
 SE.M'IN-.\L, a. [Fr., from scminalis, from semc/i, seed ; 
 from the root of sow.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to seed, or to the elements of produc- 
 tion. 
 
 y. Contained in seed ; radical ; rudiment.al ; origin- 
 al ; as, seminal principles of generation ; seminal vir- 
 tue. OlanviUe. Swift. 
 Seminal leaf; the same as seed-leaf. 
 SEM'IN-AL, >i. Seminal st.ite. Brown. 
 SE.\1-IN-AL'I-TY, 71. The nature of seed ; or the 
 
 power of being produced. Brown. 
 SE.M'IN-.\-RIST, 71. [from se77iinarT;.] A Roman Cath- 
 olic priest educated in a foreign seminarj'. ShcMlon. 
 SE.M'IN-A-RY, 71. [Fr. seminaire ; h. seminarium, 
 from semen, seed ; scmino, to sow.] 
 
 1. A seed-plat ; ground where seed is sown for 
 producing plants for transplantation ; a nursery ; as, 
 to transjilant trees from a seminary. Mortimer. 
 
 [In this sense, the word is not used in America ; 
 being superseded by Nuhserv.] 
 
 B. The place or original stock whence any thing 
 is brought. 
 
 Thb «en\uim, bring the teminary or promplii^ry, rtimishing 
 matUT fur Uic lurmaliun of ajiimaf aud vi-g.-taU'' builii-&. 
 \Not in u<e.] WoodiMrd. 
 
 3. Seminal st.ate. [JVot in use.] Brown. 
 
 4. Source of propagation. Harney. 
 
 5. A place of education ; any school, academy, 
 college, or university, in which young persons are in- 
 structed in tlie several branches of learning which 
 may qualify them for their future employments. 
 [This is Oie only siirnification of the word in the United 
 Stales, at legist as far as my knowledire eztentls.] 
 
 6. Se;ni7iory priest ; a Roman Catholic priest edu- 
 cated in a foreign seminary ; a seminarist. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 SEM'IN-A-RY, a. Seminal ; belonging to seed. 
 
 SmitA. 
 
 SEM'IN-ATE, r. L [L. seimno.] 
 
 To sow ; to spread ; to propagate. ITaterhouse. 
 
 SE.M-I.N'-A'TION, 7i. (L. Mininalio.] 
 
 I. 'I'lie act of sowing. H'ottoa. 
 % In botany, the natural dispersion of seeds. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 SE.M'I.\-i;0, a. Thick covered, as with seeds. [ Oba.] 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 SEM-I.\-IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. semen, seed, and fero, 
 to produce.] 
 
 Si-ed-bearing ; producing seed. Darwin. 
 SE.M-IN-IF'ie, ( a. [L. semen, seed, and faciu, to 
 SE.M-I.N IF'IC-AL, ( make.l 
 
 Forming or producing seed. Brown. 
 SEM-IN-IF-ie-A'TION, ti. Propagation from the seed 
 
 or seminal parts. Hale. 
 SE.M'I-.N'Y.MPH, (-ninif,) 7i. In enlomolorry, the nymph 
 
 of insects which undergo a slight change only in 
 
 passing to a perfect state. LtionniL 
 SE-.MI-O-LOO'ie-AL, a. Relating to the doctrine of 
 
 signs or sviiiptoms of diseases. 
 SE-.Ml-OL'b-CY, II. [Gr. ^/j/ici'i' and \oyoi;.] That 
 
 part of medicine which treats of the signs of uiseasea. 
 
 It is now merged in SvMPToMATOLOoif. 
 SEM'I-0-PA(lUE',(-pike',) ) ri ■ j i 
 SE.M'I-O-PA'COUS, ["■ 
 
 Half transparent only. Boyle. 
 SEM'I-O'PAL, 71. A variety of opal. Jameson. 
 SE.M'I-OIMIIC'IJ-LAR, a. [.*emi and orbicular.] 
 
 Having the shape uf a half orb or sphere. 
 
 Martyn 
 
 SE.M'I-OR'DI-IvrATE, a. [semi and ordinate.] In 
 conic .•iections, a line drawn parallel to one axis, and 
 bisected by the other, and reachuii; from one side of 
 the section to the other ; the half of wliieli is pro[)- 
 erly the semi-ordinate, but is now called the ordi- 
 nate. 
 
 SEM'I-OS'SE-OUS, a. [semi and osseous.] Of a 
 bony nature, but only half as hard as bone. 
 
 ./Med. and Phys. Journ. 
 
 SE-MI-OT'ie, a. [Gr. iTij/.cioi'.] Relating to the signs 
 or symptoms of diseases. Brande. 
 
 SEM'I-o' VATE, a. [semi and oca/e.] Half ovate. 
 
 SEM'I-OX'Y-CEN-A-TED, o. Combined with oxy- 
 gen onlv in part. Kirwan, 
 
 SEM'I-PA'GA.N', a. Half pagan. 
 
 SK.M'I-PAL'.MATE, i a. [seiTii and paZiiia/e.] In 
 
 SEM'l-PAL'.MA-TKD, j loislo^ry, half palmated or 
 webbed ; denoting that the toes are connected to- 
 gether by a web e.vteiiding along only their proximal 
 half. Brande. 
 
 SE.M'I-PED, 71. [semi and L. pes, a foot.] 
 A half foot in poetry. 
 
 SE-.MIP'i;-I)AI,, a. Containing a half foot. 
 
 SE.M'I-PE-LA'Cl-AN, ti. In ecclesiastical hiitory, a 
 follower of John Cissianus, a French monk, who, 
 in 430, modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by deny- 
 ing human merit, and maintaining the necessity of 
 the Spirit's influences, while ho rejected the doctrine 
 of uncondition.al election, the inability of man to do 
 good, irresistible grace, and the certain persevcr-ance 
 of the saints. Murdock. 
 
 SE.M'I-PE-LA'GI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Semi- 
 pelagians, or their tenets. 
 
 SE.M'I-PE LA'GI-AN-IS.M, ti. The doctrines or tenets 
 of the Semi-pelagians, supra. 
 
 SE.M'I-PEL-LO'CID, a. [semi and pellucid.] Half 
 clear, or imperfectly transparent ; as, a semi-pcllucid 
 gem. JVvodwartU 
 
 SE.M'I-PEL-LU-CID'I-TY, tt. The quality or state 
 of being imp(;rfectly transparent. 
 
 SE.M'l-PER-SPie'll-OUS, a. [semi and perspicuous.] 
 Half transparent ; imperfectly clear. Orew. 
 
 SE.M'I-PHLO-GIS'TIC-A-TEL), a. [stmi and phlogia- 
 ticated.] 
 
 Partially impregnated with phlogiston. [Obs.] 
 SE.M'I-PRI-.MIG'E.\-OIJS, a. [semi and primiaenoiLi.] 
 In /reoloiry, of a middle nature between substances 
 of primary and secondary formation. [02>.<.] 
 
 A'inraTi, 
 
 SEM'I-PROOP, 71. [semi and proof] Half proof; 
 evidence from the testimony of a single witness. 
 [/Mile ii.<ed.] Bailey. 
 
 SE.M'I-lRu'TO-LTTF,, n. [semi and Gr. 7r,,wrof, 
 fir..it, and AiWo?, stone.] 
 
 A species of fossil of a middle nature between 
 substances of primary and those of secoiidar>' forma- 
 tion. [Obs.] Kirwan. 
 
 SEM'I-aUAD'RATE, ) 71. [L. semi and i/uadratas, 
 
 SE.M'I-'1UAR'TILE, » or juartu.^, fourth.] 
 
 An aspect of the planets, when distant from each 
 other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, 
 one sinn and a half. Hutton. 
 
 SE.M'I-UL'A-VKIl, n. [.temi and quaner.] In music, 
 a note of half the duration of the quaver; the six- 
 teenth of the semibreve. 
 
 SE.M'I-UUA-VER, v. L To sound or sing in semiqua- 
 vers. Cowper. 
 
 SE.M'I-QUI.X'TILE, 71. [L. semi and 7«infi/u.] An 
 aspect of the (ilanets, when distant from each other 
 half of the qiiintile, or llnrtv-six di srees. Hniion. 
 
 SE.M'I-SAV'AGE, a. [semi "and socage.] Half sav- 
 age ; half barbarian. 
 
 SE.M'I-S.W'AGE, 71. One who is half sax-nce or im- 
 perfectly civilized. J. BarUnt. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 126* 
 
 1005 
 
SEN 
 
 SEN 
 
 SEM'I-SEX'TILE, n. [sfmi and seitile.] An aspect 
 of the planets, when tliey are distant from each oth- 
 er the twelfth pait of a circle, or thirty degrees. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 SEM'I-PPHER'ie, ) a. [semi and spherical.] 
 SEM'I-SPHER'ie-AL, ( Having the figure of a half 
 
 sphere. Kirwaru 
 SE.\ri-.-;PIIE-ROID'AL, a. [semi and spheroidal.] 
 
 Fiirrned lilie a lialf spheroid. 
 SE.M-I-TER'TIAN, (-shan,) a. [semi and tertian.] 
 
 Coinpoiintled of a tertian and quotidian ague. 
 SE.M-I-TER'TIAN, n. An intermittent compounded 
 
 of a tertian and a quotidian. Bailcij. 
 SE.M-IT'ie. SeeSHEMiTic. 
 
 SE.M'I-To.VE, ?i. [semi and tone.] In music, half a 
 lone ; an interval of sound, as between mi and fa in 
 tiie diatonic scale, which is only half the distance of 
 the interval between do or ut and re, or between sol 
 and In. Jfutton. Busbij. 
 
 SE.M-I-TON'IC, a. Pertaining to a semitone ; con- 
 sisting of a semitone or of semitones. 
 
 SE.M'I-TRAN'SEPT, n, [semi and transept; L. trans 
 anil septum.] 
 The half of a transept or cross aisle. 
 
 SE.M'r-TRA.VS-PAR'EN-CY, n. Imperfect transpar- 
 encv ; partial opaqueness. 
 
 SEM'[-TRANS-P.\R'Ei\T, a. [semi and transparent.] 
 Half or imperfectly transparent. 
 
 SE.M'I-VER-TIC'IL-LATE, a. Partially verticilate. 
 
 Smith, 
 
 SEM-I-VIT'RE-OUS, a. Partially vitreous. 
 
 Bisrclnte. 
 
 SEM'I-VIT-RI-FI-€a'TION, 71. [semi and vitrifica- 
 tion.] 
 
 I. The state of being imperfectly vitrified. 
 9. A substance imperfectly vitrified. 
 
 SEM'I-VIT'RI-FI-£D, a. [See Vitrify.] Half or 
 imperfectly vitrified ; partially converted into glass. 
 
 SE.M'I-Vo'GAL, a. [semi and vocal] Pertaining to 
 a semi-vowel ; half vocal ; imperfectly sounding. 
 
 SE.M'I-VOW-EL, n. [semi m\ii vowel.] In grammar, 
 a half vowel, or an articulation which is accompa- 
 nied with an imperfect sound, which may be con- 
 tinued at pleasure. Thus el, em, en, though uttered 
 with close organs, do not wholly interrupt the sound ; 
 and they are called semi-vowels. 
 
 SE-MOULE' , (sa-mool',) n. [Ft.] A name given to 
 the large, hard grains retained in the bolting ma- 
 chine after the fine flour has been passed through it : 
 also written Semolina, from the Italian Ure. 
 
 SEM-PER-VI'RE.\T, a. [L. semper, always, and vi- 
 rcna, flourishing.] 
 
 Always fresh ; evergreen. Lee. 
 
 SE-M'PER-VIVE, n. [L. semper, always, and vivas, 
 alive.] 
 
 A pl.'int. Bacon. 
 SE.M-PI-TERN'.\L, o. [Fr. sempitemel: L. sempiter- 
 nus ; semper, always, and eternus, eternal.] 
 
 1. Eternal in futurity ; everlasting ; endless j hav- 
 ing beginning, but no end. 
 *J. Eternal ; everlasting. Blackmore. 
 SE.M-PI-TER.\'I-TY, n. [L. sempiternitas.] 
 
 Future duratinn without end. Hale. 
 SKM'PRP,, [\X..] In music, throughout. 
 
 ^FM r'S'rr'i'SS > Seamster, Seamstress, and 
 
 SEMI' S rUKs's'-Y. ) Seamstressv. 
 
 SE.\, adv. This word is used by some of our common 
 people for Since. It seems to be a contraction of 
 since, or it is the .Sw. sen, Dan. seen, slow, late. 
 
 SE.X'A-RY, a. [E. seni, scnarius.] 
 
 Of six ; helcMiiiing to six ; containing six. 
 
 SEN'.ATE, )i. [Fr. scnat ; It. scnato ; Sp. scnado ; L. 
 
 .9cnatu.i, from senex, old, Ir. scan, W. hen ; At. 
 
 sanna,ox Aam sanah, to be advanced in years. Un- 
 der the former vcTh is the Arabic word signifying a 
 tooth, showing that this is only a dialectical variation 
 of the Hel). \V. The primary sense is, to extend, to 
 advance, or to wear. A senate was originally a 
 council of eldc rs.] 
 
 1. An assembly or council of senators ; n body of 
 the principal inhabitants of a city or static, investi'd 
 with a share in the goviTiimcnt. The senate of an- 
 cient Rome was one of the most illustrious bodies of 
 men that ever horc this name. Some of the Swiss 
 ranloiiH have a Mnutt, cither legislative or executive. 
 
 a. In the United States, senate denotes the higher 
 branch or house of a legislature. Such is the senate 
 of llie United Slates, or upper house of the congress ; 
 anil in inimt of the StatCH, the higher and least nu- 
 merous branch of the legislature is called the senate. 
 In (111! r'nitcd Slater, the senate is an elective body. 
 
 :t. In the uninersity of Cnmhriitife, F.airhind, the 
 governing body of the university. It is divided into 
 two hollHCS, denominated rcrents (rrtrcnles,) mill 
 non reiTents, (non-refrentes.) The nirmer consists of 
 iiia«ters of arts of leM than five yearw' Hlaniliiig, and 
 doclorH of lesH than two, and is called the upftrr 
 house, or whitehood house, friiin its members wearing 
 hoodH lined with white silk. All other masters and 
 
 doctors who keep their names on the college books 
 are non-regents, and compose the lower /o)u,s-c, or 
 black-hood house, its members wearing black silk 
 hoods. ' Cam. Cat. 
 
 4. In a looser sense, any legislative or deliberative 
 body of men ; as, the eloquence of the senate. 
 
 SEN'ATE-HOUSE, ii. A house in which a senate 
 meets, or a place of public council. SItak. 
 
 SEN'A-TOR, 71. A nieiuber of a senate. In Scot- 
 land, the lords of session are called senators of the 
 college of justice. 
 9. A counselor; a judge or magistrate. Ps. cv. 
 
 SEN-A-To'RI-.\L, a. Pertaining to a senate ; becom- 
 ing a senator; as, senatorial robes j senatorial elo- 
 quence. 
 
 2. Entitled to elect a senator ; as, a senatorial dis- 
 trict. UnU.cd States. 
 
 SEi\-A-To'RI-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a sen- 
 ate ; with dignity or solemnity. 
 
 SEN-A-To'Rl-AN. The same as Senatorial. [Obs.] 
 
 SEN' A-TOR-SHIP, 7i. The office or dignity of a sen- 
 ator. Carem. 
 
 SEJ\'-A'TUS COJV-SUL'TUM, [L.] A decree of the 
 senate. 
 
 SEND, 7). t. ; pret. and pp. Sent. [Sax. sendan ; Goth. 
 sandtjan ; D. zcndcn ; G. scndcn ; Svv. sanda ; Dan. 
 sender.] 
 
 1. In a rreneral sense, to throw, cast, or thrust ; to 
 impel or drive by force to a distance, either with the 
 hand or wilh an instrument, or by other means. 
 We send a ball with the hand or with a bat ; a bow 
 sends an arrow ; a cannon sends a shot ; a trumpet 
 sends the voice much farther than the unassisted 
 organs of speech. 
 
 2. To cause to be conveyed or transmitted ; as, to 
 send letters or dispatches from one country to 
 another. 
 
 3. To cause to go or pass from place to place ; as, 
 to send a messenger from London to .Madrid. 
 
 4. To commission, authorize, or direct to go and 
 act. 
 
 1 have not sent these prophets, yet they ran. — Jer. xxiii. 
 
 5. To cause to come or fall ; to bestow. 
 
 He sendeOi rain on tlie Just anil on the unjust. — MatL t. 
 
 6. To cause to come or fall ; to inflict. 
 
 The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, .uid rt-buke. — 
 Deul. xxviii. 
 
 If I send pestilence among my people. — 2 Chroii. vU. 
 
 7. To propagate ; to diffuse. 
 
 Cherubic songs by night from neighboring hilll 
 Aeri.d music send. 
 
 Ardton. 
 
 To send away; to dismiss ; to cause to depart. 
 
 To send forth or out ; to produce ; to put or bring 
 forth ; as, a tree sends forth branches. 
 
 2. To emit ; as, flowers send forth, their fragrance. 
 James iii. 
 
 SEND, V. i. To dispatch an agent or messenger for 
 some purpose. 
 
 Ste ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my 
 heatif — 2 Kin^ vi. 
 
 So we say, we sent to invite guests ; we sent to in- 
 quire into the facts. 
 
 2. Among sfanifn, to pitch ; as, the ship sends for- 
 ward so violently as to endanger her masts. 
 
 Tottcn. 
 
 To send for ; to request or require by message to 
 come or be brought; as, to send /er a physician ; to 
 send for a coach. But these expressions are elliptical. 
 SEN'DAL, 71. [S\hcendal.] 
 
 A light, thin stulf of silk or thread. [JVot in jise.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 SEND'ER, 71. One that sends. Shak. 
 
 S1'.N'E-(;A, j n. A plant called Rattlesnaee-Root, 
 
 Si;.N'E-KA, \ the Polygala senega. 
 
 SEN'E-CAL. See Gum-Sene<:al. 
 
 SEN'E-GIN, n. The bitter, acrid principle of polygala 
 
 senega. It is now known to be an acid, and has 
 
 been railed Polvgalic Acid. 
 SE-NES'CEN(;E, ti. [L. senesco, from senex, old. 
 
 See Senate.] 
 The state of growing old ; decay by time. 
 
 fVoodieard. 
 
 SEN'ES-CIIAE, (scn'c-shal,) n. [Fr. senMial ; It. 
 sinisealco ; Sp. scne^^cal ; G. seneschall. The origin 
 and signification of the first part of the word are not 
 ascertained. The latter part is the Teutonic .•.chalk 
 or scenic, a servant, as in marshal.] 
 
 A steward ; an officer in the houses of princes and 
 dignilarii^s, who has the superintemltMice of fi-asts 
 and domestic ceremonies. In some instances, the 
 seneschal is an officer who has the dispensing of Jus 
 lice ; ns, the high sene.'^ehal of England. Kncijc. 
 
 SEN'GRICKN, n. A plant, the huuseleek, of the ge- 
 nus Seiiipervivum. ii"o//i. of Plants. 
 
 SE'NII.K, a. [L. .sr;M;;.i.] 
 
 Pertaining to old ago ; proceeding from age. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 SE-NIL'I-TY, 71. Old age. [JVot much used.] 
 
 Bomnell. 
 
 SkN'IOR, (scen'yur,) a. [L. senior, comp. ot senex, 
 olil. See Sknatk.) 
 
 1. Elder or older ; but as an aii/rrfinr, it usually sig- 
 
 nifies older in olfice ; as, the senior pastor of a church, 
 where there are colleagues ; a senior counselor. In 
 such use, senior has no reference to age, for a .•lenior 
 counselor may be, and often is, the younger man. 
 
 2. Noting the fourth year of the collegiate course 
 in the American colleges, or the third year in the- 
 ological seminaries. 
 SeN'IOR, (seen'yur,) 7i. A person who is older than 
 another; one more advanced in life. 
 
 2. One that is oMer in office, or one whose first 
 entrance upon an office was anterior to that of an- 
 other. Thus a senator or counselor of sixty yeais 
 of age often has a senior who is not fifty years of 
 age. 
 
 3. An aged person ; one of the oldest inhabitants. 
 
 A senior of the place replies. Dryden. 
 
 4. One in the fourth year of his collegiate course 
 at an American college ; originally called senior 
 siphister. [See Sophister.] Also, one in the third 
 vear of his course at a theological seminary. 
 
 SkN-IOR'I-TY, (sen-yor'e-te,) n. Eldership ; supe- 
 rior age ; priority of birth. He is the elder brother, 
 and entitled to the place by seniority. 
 
 2. Priority in otBce ; as, the seniority of a pastor or 
 counselor. 
 
 SeN'IOR-Y, 71. The same as Seniority. Shak. 
 
 SEN'NA, 71. [Pers. and .\r. LLw sana. Q,a. from 
 Ch. and Syr. pD, to strain, purge, purify. The com- 
 mon pronunciation, scena, is incorrect.] 
 
 The leaves of various species of Cassia, the best 
 of which are natives of the East ; used as a cathar- 
 tic. 
 
 SEN'NIGIIT, (sen'nit,) ti. [Contracted from seven- 
 night, as fortnight from funrteennight.] 
 
 The space of seven nights and days ;- a week. 
 Tlie court will be held this day sennight, that is, a 
 week from this day ; or the court will be held next 
 Tuesday setinighl, a week from next Tuesday. 
 
 SEN'.NIT, 71. .\ Hat, braided cord, formed by plaiting 
 rope-yarns together. Totten. 
 
 SE-NOC'U-LAR, a. [L. seni, six, and oculus, Uie 
 eye.] 
 
 Having si.x eyes. 
 
 Most animals axe binocular, spiders octODOciiLar, and some se- 
 nocular. Derham. 
 
 SENS'aTE, ( a. [See Sense.] Perceived by the 
 SENS'a-TED, j senses. I{ooke. 
 SEN-Sa''1'ION, 71. [Fr. ; It. sen.iazione ; Sp. soi.va- 
 
 ci'oTi ,• from L. scnsas, sentio, to perceive. See 
 
 Sense.] 
 
 1. In mental philo.^opby, an impression made upon 
 the mind through the medium of the .senses. It dif- 
 fers from perception, which is the knowledge of ex- 
 ternal objects coiisetiiieiit on seiisatiim. 
 
 2. Feeling awakened by external objects, or by 
 some change in the internal state of the body ; as, a 
 sen.^-ation of heaviness, &c. 
 
 3. Feeling awakened by immaterial objects ; as, 
 sensations of awe in the divine presence. 
 
 4. A state of excited interest or leeling ; as, " the 
 sen.tation caused l>y the appearance of that work is 
 still remembered by many." Brougham. 
 
 SENSE, (sens,) n. [Fr. .sens; It. senso : Sp. .•:cntido ; 
 from L. .lensus, from sentio, to feel or perceive ; W. 
 sijndtiw, id. ; s-yn, sense, feeling, perccptiim ; G. sinn, 
 sense, mind, intention; D. zin; Sw. sinne; Dan. 
 sind, sands.] 
 
 1. The faculty by which animals perceive external 
 obit^cts by means of impressions made on certain or- 
 gans of the body. Kncyc. 
 
 Sense is a branch of perception. The five scn.-:es 
 of animals arc, 1, special, as smell, sight, liearing, 
 tasting ; 2, common, as feeling. 
 
 2. Sensation ; perception by the senses. Bacon, 
 
 3. Perception by the intellect ; apprehension ; dis- 
 cernment. 
 
 Tliia Basilius, having the quick senst of a lover. Sidney, 
 
 4. Sensibility ; quickness or acutciiess of pcrcej)- 
 tion. Shak. 
 
 5. Understanding ; soundness of faculties; strength 
 of natural reason. 
 
 Oppr-'ssefl nn' ur? sleeps ; 
 This n-st nii;,'lityet have baliiied lliy ■.rokrn senses. Shak. 
 
 6. Reason ; reasonable or rational meaning. 
 
 He nives ; Ills words are loose 
 As h'-aps of sand, and sCiilteruig wide from sense. Dryiten. 
 
 7. Opinion ; notion ; judgment. 
 
 I sneak mv private but impartial sense 
 Willi rrcecluMi. 
 
 Roset 
 
 8. Consciousness ; conviction ; as, a due sense of 
 our weakness or sinfulness. 
 
 9. Moral perception. 
 
 Some are so hartleneil In wickedness, as to luivo no sense of the 
 must Irieinlly olhces. L'ti:stmnge. 
 
 in. Meaning; import; signification; as, llie true 
 sense of words or phrases. In interpretation, we are 
 to examine whether W(»rils are lo be nnderslotid in a 
 literal or figurative .nertse. So we ..|feak of a legal 
 .tense, n graminatiral .-(fnAT, an historical sense, &.c. 
 
 Common .lense ; that power of the mind which, by 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
SEN 
 
 SEN 
 
 SEN 
 
 a kind of instinct, or a shcirt process of reasoning per- 
 ceives Irutli, tile ri'laliuii of lliiiiijs, caunt: anil elfect, 
 &c., and hence cn;il)li s tlie possessor to discern wliiit 
 is right, useful, expedient, or proper, and adopt ttie 
 best means to accomplish his purpose. This power 
 seems to be the gift of nature, improved by experi- 
 ence and ohservaliiin. 
 
 Moral sense; a determinntion of the mind to be 
 pleasfd with the cunteiiiplatiuii of those all'ections, 
 acti(\ns, or characters of rational agents, which are 
 called good or virtuous. Eiicijc. 
 
 SE.\.S'f;i), (senst,) pp. Perceived by the senses. 
 f.Vi./ (M uae.] GlanviUe. 
 
 SENSE'FIJL, o. Reasonable ; judicious. [jVo( i/i «.<«.] 
 
 jVurris. 
 
 SENSE'LESS, a. Wanting Ihe faculty of perreiition. 
 The body, when dead, is senseless; but a limb or 
 other part of the body may be senseless, when the 
 rest of the body enjoys its lisual sensibility. 
 
 '2. Unfeeling ; wanting sympathy. 
 
 The tenseten f ravv UvU nut yoitr piuus sorrows. Itotee. 
 
 3. Unreasonable; foolish; stupid. 
 
 4. Unreasonable ; stupid ; acting without sense or 
 judgment. 
 
 Tlify were a sensetesa, stupiil race. Siffifl. 
 
 ,"). Contrary to reason or sound judgment ; as, to 
 destroy by a senseless fondness the happiness of 
 children. 
 
 B. Wanting knowledge ; unconscious ; with of; 
 as, libertines senseless of any charm in love. 
 
 SinitJiern, 
 
 7. Wanting sensibility or quick pcrceptiim. 
 
 Peueham. 
 
 SENSE'LESS-I,Y, nrfr. In a senseless niaiiiier ; stu- 
 pidly ; unreasonably ; as, a man senselessly arrogant. 
 
 Loeke. 
 
 SEXSE'I.ESS-NES.'', n. Unreasonableness ; folly ; 
 
 stupidity ; absurdity. Orew. 
 SE.\tvI-BIL'l-TY, ;i. [Fr. senjiibllili ; from 
 
 1. Susceptibility of impressions upon the organs 
 of sense ; the capacity of feeling or perceiving the 
 impressions of external objects ; uppUed to animal 
 bodies; as when we say a frozen limb has lost its 
 sensibility. 
 
 2. Acuteness of sensation ; applied to the body. 
 
 3. Capacity or acuteness of perception ; that qual- 
 ity which renders us susceptible of impressions ; 
 delicacy of feeling; as, sensibility to pleasure or 
 pain ; seiuiibiltty to shame or praise j exquisite scnsi- 
 bilily. 
 
 4. Actual feeling. 
 
 This adds ^rp.itly lo my sensibVity, Burke. 
 [This word is often used in this manner for 
 Sensatiox.] 
 
 5. It is sometimes used in the plural. 
 
 IVa sensilAlidet sefm mtht^r lo have tx-«ii tliuse of patriotism, 
 
 tli.ui of wuuiiili'il priih'. Marthall. 
 Scnsibitities uiirrit'tully to liappint^ss may be acqiiirvil. Kniyc. 
 
 6. Nice perception, so to speak, of a balance ; that 
 quality of a balance which renders it movable with 
 the smallest weight, or the t)iiality or state of any 
 instrniiient that renders it easily atlected ; as, the 
 sensibility of a balance or of a thermometer. 
 
 LavoLfier. 
 
 SEXS'l-BLE, a. [Fr. and Sp. lU ; It. sensihile.] 
 
 1. Having the capacity of receiving impressions 
 from external objects ; capable of perceiving by the 
 instrumentality of the propi'r organs. We say, the 
 body or the llesh is .len.^ible, when it feels the im- 
 pulse of an external body. It may be more or less 
 sensible. Darwin. 
 
 2. Perceptible by the senses. The light of the 
 moon furnishes no sensible heat. 
 
 Air is ttiisible to tlic loucii by its motion. Arbuthnot, 
 
 3. Perceptible or perceivetl by the mind. 
 
 The ilisjmce was mon: Mensib!e than the pain. Temple. 
 
 4. Perceiving or having perception, either by the 
 mind or the senses. 
 
 5. Having moral perception ; capable of being af- 
 fected by moral gootl or evil. 
 
 If thou wi'rt tensihte of courtesy, 
 
 1 ahuuUl nut rn^Uie so ^.it a show uf zeal. Shak. 
 
 6. Having acute intellectual feeling; being easily 
 or strongly affected ; as, to be sensible of wrong. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 7. Perceiving so clearly as to be convinccti ; satis- 
 fied ; iwrsuaded. Bosteell. 
 
 They are now tentible it would ha»e been better to comply, than 
 to refuse. AddUon. 
 
 8. Intelligent; discerning; as, a .«n.-ii/« man. 
 
 9. Movable by a very smaH weight or impulse ; as, 
 a sensible balance is necessary to ascertain exact 
 weight. lAivoLiier. 
 
 10. .-VfTectcd by a slight degree of heat or cold ; as, 
 a sensible thermometer. Thomson. 
 
 11. Containing good sense or sound reason. 
 
 lie ail(lrefl»:il Claudius in Uic fullowini; s<nstti.'« and iiohle 
 sjMvch. Henry. 
 
 Sensible note; in mttsic, that which constitutes a 
 third major above the dominant, and a semitone be- 
 neath the tonic. Knrijc. 
 
 SE.NS'I-ULE, II. Sensation ; also, whatever may be 
 perceived, \fjittle u^ed.] 
 
 SE.NS'l-llLE-NESS, ii. Possibility of being perceived 
 by the senses ; as, llie sensiblene.'ts tif odor tir sountl. 
 
 2. .Actual perception by the mind or body ; as, the 
 sen.nbleness of an impression on the organs. [Uut 
 qii.] 
 
 3. Sensibility ; quickness or acuteness of percep- 
 tion ; as, the .inisiblcness of the eye. Sharp. 
 
 4. Susceptibility ; capacity of being strongly af- 
 fected, or actual feeling ; consciousness ; as^ llie sen- 
 sibleness of the soul and sorrow for sin. Hammond. 
 
 5. Intelligence; reasonableness; good sense. 
 
 (i. Susceptibility of slight impressions. [Sec 
 Sexsii.1.1;, No. 9, 10.] 
 SE.\S'l-13LY, adc. In a manner to be perceived by 
 the senses ; perceptibly to the senses ; as, pain sens- 
 ibly increased ; motion scn.iibly acceleratetl. 
 
 2. With perception, either of mind or body. He 
 feels his loss very sensibly. 
 
 3. Externally ; by aHeeling the senses. Hooker. 
 
 4. With quick intellectual perceptitm. 
 
 5. With intelligence or good sense ; judiciously. 
 Tlie man converses very sensibly on all commun 
 topics. 
 
 SENS-IF'ER-OUS, a. Producing sense. Kirby. 
 SE.\S-IF'IG, a. [L. sensus and facio.] 
 
 Protluciiig sensatitin. Good. 
 SF.NS'I-TIVE, a. [II. and Sp. snisitivo; Fr. sen.-.it{f; 
 L. scnsittrus, from scnsus, .lentio.] 
 
 1. Having sense or feeling, or having the capacity 
 of perceiving impressions from external objects ; as, 
 sensitive soul ; sensuioc appetite ; sensitive faculty. 
 
 Jiay. Drijden. 
 
 2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to 
 the action of external objects, or to impressions upon 
 the iiiiiut and feelings. 
 
 3. That alTccts the senses ; as, sensitive objects. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 4. Pertaining to the senses, or to sensation ; de- 
 pending on sensation; as, sensitive motions; sensi- 
 tive muscular motitms excited by irritation. Darwin. 
 
 SENS'1-TIVE-LY, adv. In a sensitive manner. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 SENS'I-TIVE-NESS, n. The state of having quick 
 and acute sensibility, either lo the action of external 
 objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feel- 
 ings. 
 
 SENS'I-TIVE-PLANT, n. A plant of the genus Mi- 
 mosa, so called because its leaves and footstalks 
 shrink, contract and fall, on being slightly touched. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SE,\S-o'RI-.\L, (7. Pertaining to the sensory or sen- 
 stirium ; as, sensorial faculties j sensorial nititions or 
 ptiwers. Daricin, 
 
 SENS o'RI-U.M, ) rc T , i 
 
 SE.VS'O-KY I ['fO"! I-'- Sf"^""') 
 
 1. The seat of sense and perception, ct^mmonly 
 siipposeil to be seated ill some p;irl of the contents of 
 the cranium. 
 
 2. Organ of sense ; as, double sensories, two eyes, 
 two cars, &c. Bentley. 
 
 SENS'l^-AL, o. [IL sensuale; Sp. sensual; Fr. sen- 
 suel; from L. .■rr/i.sK-*.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the senses, as distinct from the 
 mind or soul. 
 
 Kar as creation's ample Tnn?e extends, 
 The tcxlc of tensuaj, nient.J powers itscenfls. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Consisting in sense, or depending on it ; sis, sens- 
 ual appetites, hunger, ltist,&.c. 
 
 3. .Mfei tiiig the senses, or derived from them ; as, 
 sriisual pleasure or gratification. Hence, 
 
 4. In tlieultitry, carnal ; pertaining to the flesh or 
 body, in opposition to the spirit ; not spiritual or ho- 
 ly ; evil. James iii. Jade 19. 
 
 5. Devoted to the gratification of sense ; given to 
 the indulgence of the appetites ; lewd ; luxurious. 
 
 No small p;trt of virtue consists in alMLvinin^ Iroin ihnl in which 
 tenaual men pl.ice lli- ir feliciiy. AUerbury. 
 
 SENS'tJ-AI^ISM, n. The doctrine that all our ideas, 
 or Ihe operations of the understanding, not only 
 originate in sen.<ntion, but are transformed sensations, 
 copies, or relics of sensations. Condiltae. 
 
 2. A state of subjection to sensual feelings and ap- 
 petite. 
 
 SE.NS'lJ-AL-IST, n. A person given to the indulgence 
 of the appetites or senses ; one who places his chief 
 happiness in carnal pleasures. South. 
 SENS-l'-AL'l-TY, ) n. III. sm.nialitd : Sp. sensuali- 
 SENS'lJ-AI- SESS, j dad; Fr. sensiialitc.] 
 
 Dex'otedness to the gratilicaliim of the bodily ap- 
 petites ; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleas- 
 ures. 
 
 Those painper»*d animals 
 Titat raire in sav.i^ tentuaJity, Sfiat. 
 They avu)<t divsa lest Uiey should tiave affections tainte<l by any 
 aentuajity. A'Uliaiin. 
 
 SEN.S-U-AI, I-ZA'TION, n. The act of sensualizing; 
 the state of being sensualized. 
 
 SKNS'I^ AL-I/E, r. (. To make sensual; to subject 
 to the U)ve of sensual pleasure ; to debiuse by trariiul 
 gratifications ; us, sensualized by pleasure. f^vpe. 
 
 SENS'IJ-AHZ-KD, pp. Made sensual. 
 
 SE.NS'li-AL-IZ-I.N'G, ppr. Subjecting lo the love of 
 sensual pleasure. 
 
 SENS'lJ-.AL-LY, a(/i". In a sensual manner. 
 
 SE.NS'IJ-OU!^, a. Pertaining to sense ; feeling ; con- 
 necled x^'ith sensible objects; na, poetry is more 
 simple, sensuous, and passionate. Milton. 
 
 SE.\T, pret. and pp. of Sekd. 
 
 SE.\'TK.N*CE, n. [Fr. ; It. sentenza ; Sp. sentcncia ; 
 from L. .penicillin, from .tcntio, lo think.] 
 
 1. In law, a judgment pronounced by a court or 
 judge u|)on a criminal ; a judicial decision publicly 
 and otlicially declared in a criminal prosttciition. In 
 technical laniruane, sentence is used only for the ilec- 
 laration uf judgment against one convicted of a 
 crime. In civil cases, llie decision of a court is 
 called a Jl'o<:mi:nt. In criminal cams, sentence \m 
 judgment pronounced ; doom. 
 
 2. In lan^uaac not technical, a determination or de- 
 cision given, particularly a decision that cundeiims, 
 or an unfavorable determination. 
 
 Ix't him set out some uf Luther's works, that by them we may 
 p.LAS tentence upon his doctnnes. AlUrltury. 
 
 X An opinion ; judgment concerning a contro- 
 verted point. jJct« XV. 
 
 4. A maxim ; an axiom ; a short saying conLiining 
 moral instructitm. Broome. 
 
 5. Vindication of one's innocence. P.t. xvii. 
 
 6. In tn-ammar, a period ; a number of words con- 
 taining complete sense or a sentiment, and follo.wed 
 by a full pause. Sentences are simple or com|Hiuiid. 
 A simple sentence consists of one subject and one 
 finite verb ; a-s, " the Lord reigns." A compound 
 .sentence contains two or more subjects and finite 
 X'erbs, as in this verse : 
 
 He flits, he hounds, connects, and equals all. Pope. 
 .S dark sentence ; a saying not easily explained. 
 Diui. viii. 
 
 SE.N'TENCE, v. t. To pass or pronounce the judg- 
 ment of a court on ; to iloom ; as, to sentence a con- 
 vict to death, to transportation, or to iinprisuiiinent. 
 2. To ctuidemn ; to doom lo punishment. 
 
 Nalun: herself is tenlenced in your doom. Dryden. 
 SEN'TENC-J!D, (sen'tenst,) pp. Doomed ; con- 
 deniiied. 
 
 SEN''1'EN-CER, n. One xvho pronounces a sentence. 
 
 S'lilhrij. 
 
 SE.N'TEN-CING, ppr. Pronouncing the jiidgim iii i f 
 a court on. 
 
 SEN-TE.\'TI.\L, a. Comprising sentences. 
 
 Jn^ewcome. 
 
 9. Pertaining to a sentence or full period ; as, a 
 srntenlial [lailse. S/ieridan. 
 SE.N'-TEN'TIA-RY, n. Formerly, one xvho read l(!C- 
 tures, or commented on the sentences of Peter Lor- 
 ribarii. Archbishop of Paris, a school divine. 
 
 Hrnrii, Brit. 
 
 SEN-TEN'TIOUS, ( shus,) o. [Fr. sciiUii'ticux ; It. 
 sentciizioso.] 
 
 1. Abounding xvith sentences, axioms, and max- 
 ims; short and energetic; as, a sententious style or 
 discourse ; sententious truth. Waller, 
 
 How he aprs his sire, 
 Anibiuuusly sententious / Addison. 
 
 2. Comprising sentences ; as, sententious marks. 
 
 Orea. 
 
 [This sht)u1d be Skstei^tial.] 
 SEi\-Ti;X'Tl()L'S I.Y, ai/r. In short, expressive |>c- 
 riods ; xvilh striking brevity. 
 
 Nausicaa delivers l>er Judgment eententioutly, to give U more 
 weight. Broome. 
 
 SE.N-TEX'TIOUS-NESS, n. Pithiness of sentences ; 
 brevity with strength. 
 
 The Meilea 1 esteem for iu gravity and sententioiMfUss. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SEX'TER-Y and SEX'TRY are corrupted from Sen- 
 tin r.i,. 
 
 SE.N' TIE.VT, (sen'sheni,) a. [L. sentirn.*, senlio.] 
 'l'h;tt perceives ; having the faculty of iwrception 
 Man is a sentient being ; he posses^tes a sentient pnii- 
 cipla. 
 
 SE.X'TIENT, (sen'shent,) a. A being or person that 
 
 has Ihe faculty of perception. 
 2. lie ihat perceives. Olanrille. 
 SE.\'TIE.\T-LY, adc. Ill a sentient or perceptive 
 
 manner. 
 
 SE.N'Tl-.ME.VT, n. [Ft. iit. : It. senlimento ; Sp. .een- 
 tiinirnto ; from L. senlio, to feel, perceive, or think.] 
 
 1. Properly, a thought prompted by p.ission tir feel- 
 ing. Karnes. 
 
 2. In a papular sense, thought ; opinion ; niUion ; 
 judgment ; the decision of Ihe mind formed by dc- 
 libi ration or reasoning. Thus, in d> libcnilive bodies, 
 every man h.as the privilege of delivering his senti- 
 ments upon questions, motions, and bills- 
 
 TOXE, Bj;i.L, TJXITE. — AX"GER, VfCIOUS. — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
SEP 
 
 SEP 
 
 SEP 
 
 3. Tlie sense, thought, or opinion, contained in 
 n'urds, but considered as distinct from tlieiii. We 
 may like the sentiment, when we dislike the lan- 
 guage. 
 
 4. Sensibility ; feeling Sheridan. 
 SE.\-TI-.ME.N'T'AL, a. Abounding with sentiment, 
 
 or just opinions or reflections j as, a seHtiV«c/Uai dis- 
 course. 
 
 2. Expressing quick intellectual feeling. 
 
 3. Affecting sensibility j in a contemptaoits sense. 
 
 Sheridan. 
 
 SEN-TI-MENT'AL-ISM,n. Sentimentality; afiecta- 
 tion of exquisite feeling or sensibility. fViViin^tan. 
 
 SEN-TI-MENT'AL-IST, n. One that affects senti- 
 ment, tine feeling, or exquisite sensibility. 
 
 SE.\-TI-.MEi\T-AL'l-TY, n. Atlcctatiun of fine feel- 
 ing or exquisite sensibility. Wtirton. 
 
 SEX-TI-ME.fVT'AL-IZE, v. i. To affect exquisite 
 sensibilitv. 
 
 SEX-TI-.MEXT'AL-LY, adv. With intellectual feel- 
 ing or sensibility. 
 
 SEN'TI-NEL, 71. [Fr. sentineUc ; It. and Port, senti- 
 nella ; Sp. centinda ; from L. sentioj to perceive.] 
 
 In military affaim, a soldier set to watch or guard 
 an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to oli- 
 serve the approach of danger and give notice of it. 
 In ■popuiar u-^e, the word is contracted into Sentry, 
 
 SEN'TI-NEL-KD, a. Furnished with a sentinel. 
 
 SEN'TRV, n. [See Sentinel.] 
 
 1. A sentinel ; a soldier placed on guard. 
 
 2. Guard ; watch ; the duty of a sentinel. 
 
 O'er my sluml>ers sentry keep. Brown. 
 
 SEN'TRY-BOX, it. A box to cover a sentinel at his 
 post, anil shelter him from the weather. 
 
 SF..\''Z.i, [It. ; Fr. sans.] Without. 
 
 SEP'AL, 17. [from L. sepio.] 
 
 In botany, a distinct part of that sort of ca!yz 
 which is called a Perianth. Wiien a perianth 
 consists of l)Ut one part, it is said to be monosepa- 
 tous, when of two or more parts, it is said to be 
 di, tri, trtra, pcntasepnious, etc. When of a variable 
 and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be puly- 
 sepalaus. 
 
 SEP'A-LOID, a. Like a sepal, or distinct part of a 
 pi-riaiith. 
 
 SEP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY, n. [from separable.] The qual- 
 ity of being separable, or of admitting separation or 
 disunion. 
 
 SrinrabUily is the greatest argument of real distinction. 
 
 Glanville, 
 
 SEP'A-RA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. separabdis. See 
 Separate.] 
 
 That may be separated, disjoined, disunited, or 
 rent ; as, the separable parts of plants ; qualities not 
 separable from the substance in which thev exist. 
 SEP'A-RA-BLE-NESS, ji. The quality of being ca- 
 pable of separation or disunion. 
 
 Trials permit me not to doubt of the separdbleneBS of a yellow 
 tincture from gold. Boijle. 
 SEP'A-RA-BLV, ado. In a separable manner. 
 SEP'A-RATE, 7-. t. [L. scparo ; Fr. scparer ; It, srpa- 
 rare; ^p. scparar ; Rxxas. razberayn. 'J'he Latin word 
 is compounded of se, a prefix, and pnro, evidently 
 coincitlini with the oriental K"v3 or i">2, the sense of 
 which i<, to throw or drive off. Class Br, No. 7, 8, 9, 
 10. See Pare and Parry.] 
 
 1. To disunite; to divide; to sever; to part, in 
 almost any manner, eitiier things naturally or cas- 
 ually joined. The parts of a soljd sul>>tance may be 
 separated by breaking, cutting, or splitting, or by 
 fusion, decomposition, or natural dissolution. A 
 compound botiy may be separated into its constituent 
 parts. Friends may be .separated by necessity, and 
 must be separated by death. The prism separates the 
 seviTal kinds of colored rays. A riddle separates the 
 chair from the grain. 
 
 2. To set ai)art from a number for a particular 
 service. 
 
 Separate me Earnnbng anil Saul. — Acts xiii. 
 
 3. To disconnect ; as, to separate man and wife by 
 divorce. 
 
 4. To make a space between. The Atlantic 
 arates Europe from America. A narrow stniit .«•/)- 
 aralcs Europe from Africa. Tu separatees one*it setfi 
 to withdraw ; to depart. 
 
 StjMrau tttyulf, I pniy lliee, from me. — fien. xiH. 
 SEP'A-RATE, ». To part; to be disunited ; to be 
 dixconnectcil ; to withdraw from eai h other. The 
 parties separated, and each retired. 
 
 2. To cleave ; to open ; aH, the jiarts of a substance 
 separate bv drying or freezing. 
 SEP'A-RATE, a. [L. separatns.] 
 
 1. Oivided from the rest ; being parted from 
 nnolhcr ; disjoinli d ; dinconm cted ; used of things 
 Uiat hitec been united or eonnectcj. Oni. xlix, 2 
 Car. vi. 
 
 2. 1,'iironnecled ; not united ; distinct ; 7ise,d of 
 thinffs that luLVe not been connected, 
 
 Clirifft w.iji holy, hariiilcu, uuilcfileil, anil arparale rrom tiiini-n. 
 — II. U. »lL 
 
 3. DinunUeil from the body ; n(, a separate spirit ; 
 tho teparale utate of aoul*. Locke. 
 
 SEP'A-Ra-TED, pp. Divided ; parted ; disunited ; 
 disconnected. 
 
 SEP'A-R.^TE-Ly, adv. In a separate or unconnected 
 
 sUite ; apart ; distinctly ; singly. The opinions of 
 
 the council were separatrhi taken. 
 SEP'A-RATE-NESS, 71. The state of being separate. 
 SEP-A-RAT'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to seiiaration in 
 
 religion. Dwight. 
 SEP'A-Ra-TING, p/)r. Dividing; disjoining; putting 
 
 or driving asunder; disconneoting ; decomposing. 
 SEP-A-Ra'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. separalio ; It. sepor- 
 
 rationed separacion.] 
 
 1. The act of separating, severing, or disconnect- 
 ing ; disjunction ; as, the separation of the soul from 
 the boily. 
 
 2. The state of being separate ; disunion ; dis- 
 connection. 
 
 All the (lays of his separation he is holy to the Ijord. — Num. vi. 
 
 3. The operation of disuniting or decomposing 
 substances ; chemical analysis. Bacon. 
 
 4. Divorce ; disunion of married persons. Shak. 
 SEP'.VRA-TISM, 71. The act of separating ; dispo- 
 sition to withdraw from a church, or practice of 
 withdrawing. 
 
 SEP'A-RA-TIST, 71. [Fr. s^paratiste.] 
 
 One that withdraws from a church, or rather from 
 an established church, to which he has belonged ; a 
 dissenter ; a seceder ; a schismatic ; a sectary. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SEP'A-R.\-TOR, 71. One that divides or disjoins ; a 
 divider. 
 
 SEP'A-RA-TO-RY, a. That separates ; ss,separalory 
 
 ducts. [Little used.] Cheyne, 
 SEP'A-RA-TO-RY, 71. A chemical vessel for separa- 
 ting liquors ; and a surgical instrument for separating 
 the pericranium from the cranium. Parr. 
 SE-PAWN', j ?!. A species of food consisting of meal 
 SE PON', \ of maize boiled in water. It is in New 
 York and Pennsylvania what hasty-pudding is in 
 New Euiilnnd. 
 SEP'E-LI-BLE, a. [U sepelio.] That may be buried, 
 Se;'PI-A, 71, [Gr. nriTTia and Gnrvti, a bag.] 
 
 1. This term comprehends several genera of ceph- 
 alopodous niollusca ; as the Octopus, Loligo, etc. 
 This term is also the name of an individual genus 
 of this group. Most of these animals have an inter- 
 nal sac containing a natural ink, that is, a carbona- 
 ceous matter suspended in water by the intervention 
 of gelatine. This they emit, when pursued by ene- 
 mies, by which the water is so discolored, that they 
 are often en.ibled to effect their escape. These ani- 
 mals are called Cuttle-Fish, though they are not 
 true fishes. 
 
 2. A pigment prepared from the ink of the sepia or 
 cuttle-fish. Ure. 
 
 SEP'I-MENT, 71, [L, sepimentum, from .'cpio, to inclose.] 
 A hedge; a fence; something that separates or 
 defends. 
 
 SE-PoSE', (se-poze',) v. t. [L. sepono, srpositiis.] 
 To set apart. [JVot in uxr.] Donne. 
 
 SEP-0-SI"TION, (-zisii'un,) 71. The act of setting 
 ^part ; segregation. [jVut in use] Taylor. 
 
 Sf.'POY, h. [Pers. sipnhi; Hindoo, srpafiai.] A na- 
 tive of India, employed as a soldier in the service of 
 Eiiriipean powers. 
 
 SEI"Pl-.\. See Sepia. 
 
 SEPS, 77.. [L., from Gr. arrro). Cuvicr.] 
 
 The name of a genus of scincoid saurian reptiles, 
 sometimes called Serpent-Lizards. They are found 
 in the East Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, and on 
 the coasts of the Mediterranean. These animals 
 have elongated bodies, short and indistinct feet, non- 
 extensile tongues, and scales covering their bodies 
 like tiles. 
 
 SEPT, 77. [Qu. sapia, in the L. prosapia ; or Ileb. 1320?. 
 See Class Sb, No. 23.] 
 
 A clan, race, or family, proceeding from a common 
 progenitor ; used of the races or families in Ireland. 
 
 Spenser. Daeies. 
 PEP'TA, n. pi. of Septum, which see. 
 SEPr-AN"GU-LAR, (-ang'gu-lar,) a. [L. septem, 
 seven, and angulus, angle.] 
 Ilavinc seven angles. 
 SEP-T.\'RI-UiM, 71. ; pi. Septaria, [li. septa, p.irti- 
 tions.] 
 
 A name given to flattened imbedded nodules of 
 clay or marl ; also, to similar nodules intersected by 
 seams. Dana. 
 SEP-TEM'BER, 71. [L., from septem, seven ; Fr. Scp- 
 tcnibre ; It. Sittcmbrc ; Sp. Srptirrnbrc.] 
 
 The scveiilh month from March, which was for- 
 merly the first month of the year. September is 
 now the ninth month of the yi^ar. 
 SEI'-TIvM'HRl.'^T, 71. A name given to the agents in 
 the niiissarre in Paris, September 2, 17U2; hence, u 
 term proverbial throughout Europe for one who is 
 hiooillhirstv and malignant. Brandr. 
 SEP-TEM'PAR TITE, a. Divided nearly to the base 
 
 into seven parts. 
 KEI"TE.\-A-RV,7i. [Fi.septfnnire: H. settenario I Sp. 
 aeptenario ; L. srpicnarius, from septem, seven.] 
 Consisting of seven ; as, a septenary number. 
 
 fVatUi. 
 
 SEP'TEN-A-RY, n. The number seven. Burnet. 
 SEP-TEi\''NI-AL, a. [L. septcnnis ; septem, seven, and 
 annus, year.] 
 
 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as, septennial 
 parliaments. 
 
 2. Happening or returning once in every seven 
 years ; as, septennial elections in England. 
 
 SEP-TE.\'N[-AL-LY, adv. Once in seven years. 
 SEP-TEN'TRI-ON, 71. [Fr., from L. septenirio.] 
 
 The north or northern regions. Shak. 
 SEP-TEN'TRI-ON, ) rr , , • 71 
 SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-AL, j ^^tmtrionahs.] 
 Northern ; pertaining to the north. 
 
 From cold seplentrion biastjs. • Milton. 
 
 SEP-TEN-TRI-ON-AL'I-TY, n. Northerliness. [jl 
 bad word.] 
 
 SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-AL-LY, adv. Northerly ; toward 
 
 the north. [.^ bad word.] Brown. 
 SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-aTE, v. i. To tend northerly. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 [This word septentrion and its derivatives are hard- 
 ly anglicized ; they are harsh, unnecessary, and 
 little used, and may well be suffered to pass into 
 disuse.] 
 
 SEPT'-tOIL, 71. [Ij. septetn iind folium ; seven-leafed.] 
 
 A plant, the Tormentilla or Tormentil. 
 SEP'TIC, la. [Gr. o-rjirriitos, from ai/Ttj, to pu- 
 SEP'Tie-AL, j trefy.] 
 
 Having power to promote putrefaction. Many ex- 
 periments were made by Sir John Piingle to ascer- 
 tain the septic and antiseptic vii tues of natural bodies. 
 
 Encyc. Brande. 
 SEP'Tie, 71. A substance that promotes the putrefac- 
 tion of bodies. Encyc. 
 SEP TI-Ci'DAL, a. [L. septum, a partition, and ca;do, 
 to cut or divide.] 
 
 A septicidal dehiscence of a pericarp, is that which 
 takes place between the laminx of the dissepiment. 
 
 Lindleu. 
 
 SEP-TIC'I-TY, (sep-tis'e-te,) 71. Tendency to putre- 
 faction. • Fourcroit. 
 
 SEP-TI-Pa'RI-OUS, a. Having seven different ways. 
 
 SEP-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. septum and fero.] 
 Bearing septa. [See Septum.] 
 
 SEP-TIF'LU-OUS, a. Flowing in seven streams. 
 
 SEP-TI-Fo'LI-OUS, a. Having seven leaves. 
 
 SEP'TI-FOR.M, a. Having seven forms, 
 
 SEP-TIF'RA-GAL, a. [L. septum, a partition, and 
 frango, to break.] 
 
 A septifragal dehiscence of a pericarp, occurs when 
 the dissepiments adhere to the a.xis, and separate 
 from the valves. 
 
 SEP-TI-LAT'ER-.\L, o. [L. «q)«e7n, seven, and latus, 
 side.] 
 
 Having seven sides ; as, a septilateral figure. Broten. 
 
 SEP-TIL'LION, (sep-til'yun,) 71. According to the 
 English notation, l\ie product of a million involved to 
 the seventh power, or a unit with forty-two ciphers 
 annexed ; according to (Ac French notation, a unit 
 with twentv-four ciphers annexed. 
 
 SEP-TIN'SU-LAR, a. [L. septem, seven, and insula, 
 isle.] 
 
 Consisting of seven isles ; as, tlie septinsular re- 
 public of the Ionian Isles. Q«. Jicv. 
 SEP'TON, 71. [Gr. cnTo), to putrefy.] 
 That which promotes putrefaction. 
 SEP-TIJ-AG'EN-A-RY. a. [Fr. stplua srenaire ; L. 
 septuagenarius, from septuaginta, seventy.] 
 (Consisting of seventy. Brown. 
 SEP-TU-A-GE.'V-A'Rl-AN, ) 71. A person seventy 
 SEP-TU-AG'EN-A-RY, ( years of age. 
 SEP-TU-A-GES'I-MA, 71. [L. septuagcsimus, seven- 
 tieth.] 
 
 The third Sund.ay before Lent, or before Quadra- 
 gesima Sunday, supposed to be so called because it 
 is .-ibiiut seven'tv d.ays before Easter. P. Cyc. 
 
 SEP-TU-A-GES'I-MAL, o. [Supra.] Consisting of 
 seventy. 
 
 Our abridged and septuagesimal a»e, Broion, 
 SEP'TU-A-OINT, 71. [L. .septuaginta, seventy; sep- 
 tem, seven, and some word signifying ten.] 
 
 A Greek version of the Old Testament, so called 
 because it was said to be the work of seventy, or 
 rather of sevmly-two, interpreters. 'J'his translation 
 from the Hebrew is reported to have been made in 
 the reign and by the order of Ptolemy Philadi Ipbus, 
 king of Egypt, about two hundred and seventy or 
 two hundred and eighty years before the hirlh of 
 Christ. But this is very doubtful. From iiiti rnal 
 evidence it is clear that it was not all the work of 
 one man, nor of one company of men ; for the trans- 
 l.ators of diflerent books were of very difl'creut de- 
 grees of c petoncy, and were governed by very 
 
 different rules of interpretation. It was probably 
 not all the work of one age. Jilurdock. 
 SEP'TU-A-GINT, a. Pertaining to the Sepluagint ; 
 contained in the Greek copy of the Old Testament. 
 The .'feplungint chronology muken fifteen hundred yeivn more 
 from tJi'- f n-ation to Abnvhain, than Uic jir^ncat IK'bn-w copie* 
 ol the nililc. Encyc. 
 
 SEP'TU A-RY, 71. [L. septem, seven.] 
 
 Something composed of suvcn ; a week. [fAttle 
 u,icd.] -^sh. Cote. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MttTE, PREY — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1008 
 
2. Ductility ; plialilcncss. [Little used.] Baco 
 SlC'QUEL, (sC-'kwel,) n. [Ft. .^equrlle ; L. It. 
 
 SEQ 
 
 SEP'TUM, 11. ; Septa. [ii ftoiii/ii/, a partition that 
 separates tile cells of tile fruit. 
 
 Q. In anatomy, a partition which separates two 
 cnvitit'.s. 
 
 SEP'TU-PI.E, (I. [Low L. septuple!; septcm, seven, 
 anil plico, to foUl.J 
 
 Sevenfolil ; seven times as much. 
 
 SEP'UL-eilEll, j 11. [Kr. .lepulchre ; Sp. and Port. 
 
 SEP'UL eHRE, 1 sepulero: It. .-epolcro ; from L. 
 sppulclintm, from sfprtiii, to bury, which seems to be 
 funned with a prefix on the (iolh.,AW«n, to bury.] 
 
 A prave ; a tomb ; the place in wliicli tlic dead 
 body of a human being in interred, or a pl.ice des- 
 tined for that purpos(\ .Ainoiii; the Jews, sepulcher^ 
 were often c.vcavations in rocks. Ij. xxii. Matt. 
 X wii. 
 
 PEP'UL-eHER, ) r. 1. To bury; to inter ; to entomb ; 
 SEPUL-eilltK f as, obscurely .<0</i'c/irr«Z. Prioi . 
 »i:i"Vl.-eHVAl-F.D, I pp. or a. "Deposited ill a sepul- 
 SEP'lIl,-eilRKI), i Cher. 
 
 SE-l'UL'eilllAL, o. [L. sepulckralis, from scpul- 
 chrum.] 
 
 Pertaininc to burial, to the prave, or to monuments 
 erected to the memory of the dead ; as, a srpitkhrai 
 stone ; a sepulchral statue ; u sepulchral inscription. 
 
 jVilton. 
 
 SEP'UL-TIJRE, 71. [Fr., from L. sepultura, from 
 sepelto. ] 
 
 Burial ; interment ; the act of depositing the dead 
 body of a human beinp in the grave. 
 
 Wlii?ri? we m^y royiil sepulture prvp;\re. Dryjen. 
 
 SE-atTA'CIOUS, (se-kwa'shus,) a. [L. sequax, from 
 setjnor, to follow. See Seek.] 
 1. Following ; attendant. 
 
 TrfcB iiprootrd Irrt Oieir place, 
 
 Self uacious iif l\if hrv. Dryften. 
 Tile loiiil, »etfuaciuue lierd. Thomson. 
 
 3. Ductile; pliant. 
 
 Th^ fiirj'' WHS crwy, am! the manor duclile and sequadoua. 
 [Little uee'l.j Hay, 
 
 SE-aUA'CIOlJS-NESS, n. State of being sequacious ; 
 
 disposition to follow. Tai/lur. 
 SE-UUAC'I-'I'Y, (se-kwas'c-te,) n. [Supra.] A fol- 
 lowing, or disposition to follow. 
 ~~ '" ■ Bacon. 
 
 and 
 
 Sp. spjufila: from L. setjitor, to follow. 
 
 1. That which follows ; a succeeding part ; as, the 
 sequel of a man's adventures or history. 
 
 2. Consequence; event. Let the sun or moon 
 cease, fail, or swerve, and the sei/iteZ would be ruin. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. Consequence inferred ; consequentialness. [Lit- 
 tle usril.) Il'hit^rifte. 
 
 Sk'UUE.NCE, n. [Fr., from L. sequciis, seqitor i It. 
 seirueti ] 
 
 1. A following, or that which follows; a conse- 
 quent. Brown. 
 
 2. Order of succession. 
 
 How art thou a Itin^ 
 But by f.vir se<;uence mul siKx^isaioii r Shak. 
 
 3. Series ; arrangement ; method. Bacon. 
 
 4. In miunc, a regular alternate succession of simi- 
 lar chords. Bnsbij. 
 
 5. Ill the Roman Catholic church, a hymn intro. 
 dnred in the mass on certain festival days, and re- 
 cited or sung inimedialely before the gospel, and 
 after the gradual or introit] whence the name. 
 
 Bp. Fit-.palrick. 
 
 SE'aUEXT, a. [Supra.] Following ; succeeding. 
 2. Consequential. [Little useil.] [SItiik. 
 
 SF.'QUK.VT, n. A foil wer. [A'uJ in «.«.] Shak. 
 
 SE-ai'KN'TIAIj-LV, ai/i). In succession. 
 
 SE-UUES'TER, v. I. [Fr. sique^trer ; It. sequestrare ; 
 Sp. sfquestrar ; Low L. sequestra, to sever or separate, 
 to put into the hands of an indiflerent person, as a 
 de|>osit ; srqncstrr, belonging to mediation or umpir- 
 age, and as a noun, an umpire, referee, mediator. 
 This word is probably a comiiound of jre and the root 
 of qtuestus, qiuesittis, sought. See ClrESTios.] 
 
 1. To separate from the owner for a time ; to 
 seize or take possession of some properly which be- 
 lirngs to another, and hold it till the profits have paid 
 the demand for which it is taken. 
 
 FonnTly, ti)'- ^oo(ls of a «irffnil,int in chaniyrT wcre,-in Ihe laKt 
 Teton, Meijueatered >iml il''t^iiiit><l lutnrorco the dfcpeei of tlii> 
 Court. Ami now (Ik- prulits of a bciitr/icc are tefueitered lo 
 pay (he dctju ol cixirsi.islica. Blacktutne. 
 
 2. To take from parties in controversy and put into 
 the p<isscssion of an iiidilferent person. J-.ncijc 
 
 3. To put aside ; to remove ; to separate from 
 other things. 
 
 1 bul wholly tequettered my civil aflaira. Bacon. 
 
 4. To sequester one's self : to separate one's self from 
 society ; to withdraw or retire ; to seclude one's self 
 for the sake of privacy or solitude ; as, to sequester 
 oHc'j .icy from action. Hooker. 
 
 5. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity. 
 
 Il waa his tailor and his cook, his fine fttshions and his fVnch 
 rigvuu, which ttquetttred him. £*oulA. 
 
 SEi-ClUES'TER, r. i. To decline, as a widow, any 
 concern with the estate of her husband. 
 
 SER 
 
 SE-fll'ES'TER-KI), pp.uT a. Seized and detained for 
 a time, to satisfy a ileiuand , separated ; also, being 
 in retirement ; secluded ; privHie , a^i, n sequestered 
 situation. 
 
 SE-(ilIES'TER-ING, p;>r. Seizing or Ukmp posses- 
 sion of the property of another fur a iimc, u» satisty 
 a claim ; n^moving ; separating; se<:liidiiig. 
 
 SE-UUES'TRA-ULi;, a. Thiit may be seipie-stered 
 or separated ; subject or liable to setineslrai inn. 
 
 SE-ftUES'TRATE, e. t. To seipiester. [It is less 
 used than Sehi'estf.r, but exactly synonymous. | 
 
 SE-aUE.-^-TRA'TION, n. The act of taking a thing 
 from parties contending folk it, and intrusting it to an 
 indilTerent person. F.ucijc. 
 
 2. In the cii)i7 //n/', the act of the ordinary, disposing 
 of the goods and clnittels of one deceased, whose es- 
 tate no one will meddle with. F.itcijc. 
 
 3. The act of taking property from the owner for a 
 time, till the rents, issues, and profits satisfy a de- 
 mand. 
 
 4. The act of seizing the estate of a delinquent for 
 the use of the state.. 
 
 5. Separation ; retirement; seclusion from society. 
 
 South. 
 
 6. State of being separated or set aside. Shak. 
 
 7. Disiiniim ; disjunction. [Mt in use,] Bmile. 
 SE-QUES-TRa'TOR, II. One that sequesters proper- 
 ty, or takes the posse.ssion of it for a time, to satisfy 
 
 • a demand out of its reiitji or prolits. Tuijlor. 
 2. One to whom the keeping of sequestereil proj)- 
 ^rtv is coniiiiitled. Badcit. 
 
 SE'dUI.N, u. A gold coin of Italy and Turkey. 'Vlie 
 average value at Veiiici', and in other parts of Italy, 
 is 9s. 5d. sterling, or about .$9.20. In Turkey, the 
 sequin fonihicU is valued at "s. 7d. sterling, or about 
 $1.75. It is sometimes written Cheiiuin anil /kciii .x. 
 rSee/EOHiM.J Krllii. 
 
 SE-RAGL'IO, (se-niryo,) n. [Fr. .s-^r«i7; Sp. srrrallo: 
 II. serra^Uu, from serrure, to shut ur make fast, Fr. 
 scrrer ; perhaps from ii'" or Caslell deduces the 
 
 word from the Persian (sSjjm sqrai, serai, a great 
 
 house, a palace. The Portuguese write tlie word 
 cerralho, and Fr. scrrer, to lock, they write cen-ar, as 
 do the Spaniards.] 
 
 The palace of the grand seignior, or Turkish sul- 
 tan, or the p.ilacc of a jirince. The serau'lio of the 
 sultan is a long range of biiililings inhabited liy the 
 grand seignior and all the olficcrs and ilependents 
 of his court ; and in it is transacted all the business 
 of government. In this also are confined the females 
 of the hiirein. F.lun. 
 
 Hence, seraglio has been often, though improperly, 
 confounded with harem, niul is someliiiios used to 
 signify a liouse of women kept for debauchery. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 SE-RaI', ji. In India and Tartarij, a place for the ac- 
 commodation of travelers ; a -Mohammedan name of 
 the chollry, or rest-house. Malcom. 
 
 SER'APH, (ser'af ) n. : pi. Seraphs; but soiiietiines 
 the Hebrew plural. Seraphim, is used, [from lleb. 
 fy^V, to biirn.J 
 An anjel of the highest order. 
 
 As fiill, aa porfc^i, in vil-' man that monrns, 
 
 As t|j|.^.\pt temph lh.it adores and burns. Pope. 
 
 SE-RAPH ie, ) a. Pertaining to a semph ; angel- 
 SE-R.^PII'IC-AL, j ic ; sublime ; as, seraphic purity ; 
 seraphic fervor. 
 
 2. Pure; refined from sensuality. Steift. 
 
 3. Riirning or iiitlanied with love or zeal. Thus 
 St. Bonaventure was called the seraphic doctor. 
 
 Flticyc 
 
 SE-RAPH'ie-AL-LV, arfr. In tlie manner of a ser- 
 aph. 
 
 SER'A-PHIM, (-fiin,) n. [the lleb. plural of Seraph.] 
 Angels of the highest oriicr in the celestial hierarchy. 
 
 Com. Praiier. 
 
 [It is sometimes improperly written Sf.raphims.] 
 SER'A-PHINE, j n. [fTiim .leraph.] A keyed wind- 
 SER-.^-PIM'N.A, I instrument, the tones of which 
 are generated by the play of wind upon metallic 
 reeds, as in the accordion. It cimsists, like the or- 
 gan, of a key-hoard, wind-chest, and bellows. By 
 means of a pedal, the stress <if the wind upon the 
 reeds may be so regulated as to give, with fine effect, 
 the expression of accent, crescendo, and diminuendo. 
 
 E. T. Fitch. 
 
 SE-RA'PIS, n. [L. and Gr.] An Egyptian deity. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SE-RAS'KtER, (se-ras'kecr,) n. A Turkish general 
 
 or commander of land forces. 
 SERE, a. Dry ; withered. Usually written Seah, 
 
 which see. 
 
 SERE, n. (an. Fr. strrer, to lock or make fast.] 
 
 A claw or talon. [J^ut in use.] Chapman. 
 SER E-NaDE', n. [Fr., from It. and Sp. screnala, from 
 L. sereiius, clear, serene. | 
 
 I. Properhj, music perlormed in the open air on a 
 clear night , hence it is usually applied to musical 
 entertainment? given in the nigiit, esjiecially by gen- 
 tlemen, in a spirit of gallantry, under the windows 
 of ladies. Brande. 
 
 SEIt 
 
 3. Also, a song c-.ini|iosed for such nn occasion. 
 
 F.ucyr. 
 
 SER-E-NADE', v. U To entertain with noeliiriial mu- 
 sic, - Sprctatnr. 
 SER-E-i\AI)E', V. i. To perforin nocturnal music. 
 
 '/'alter 
 
 SE-Ric'VA GUT'T.^. See Gltta Serena. 
 
 SER'E'.N'A'TA, n. A piece of vocal iiiiisic on an am- 
 orous subject. Bu..hij. 
 
 SE-ltK.NE', a. [Fr. serein; It. and Sp. .wjnu ; 
 
 reiius ; Riiss. oiariaiju, lleh. Cli. riyr. and Ar. ■>ni, lo 
 shine. Class Sr, \o. 2, 33, 47.] 
 
 1. Clear ur fair, and calm ; .as, a serene sky ; serene 
 air. AVrc;i(fini|iorts great purity. 
 
 2. Bright. 
 
 Tlif union, Kerene In fflory, mounts the sky. Pope. 
 
 3. Calm ; iiiiriitfled ; undisturbed ; as, a serene a.4- 
 pecl ; a .^■rrriie soul. Milton. 
 
 4. .\ title givi ii to several princei and magistrates 
 in f^iirope ; as, serene higliiiifss ; most serene. 
 
 SE-Ri;.\E', n. A cold, dump evening. [.Vu( in «.«.] 
 
 B. Jiinjion, 
 
 SE^RE.VE', r. (. To make clear and culm ; to ipiiel. 
 
 2. To clear ; lo briglili ii. Philips. 
 SE-RE.N'E'LY, ade. Calmly ; quietly. 
 
 Tilt- setting sun imw shone terenely l>nght. Pope. 
 
 2,_ With iiiirutfled temper ; coolly. Privf. 
 SE-RE.\E'NESS, n. The state of being serene; se- 
 renity. 
 
 SE-REN'I-TUDE, ji. Calmness. [A'ol in ujc] 
 
 Wot ton. 
 
 SE-RE.\'I-TY, n. [Fr. ;t«-p«i«< ; I., serenilas.] 
 
 1. (Clearness and caliiiiie.ss ; as, the serenity of the 
 air or sky. 
 
 2. Calmness; quietness; stillness; peace. 
 
 A genend pe.ice and eerenily Dewly succeeded yener.il trtitiWe. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 3. Calmness of mind ; evenness of temper; undis- 
 turbed state ; coolness. 
 
 1 atii not liMW any men sh<nild trins^ss those momi nilea 
 with coiiidence and serenity. Locke. 
 
 4. A title of respect or courtesy. Miltun. 
 SERF, «. [Fr. serf: L. servits. See SunyR.] 
 
 .\ servant or slave employed in husbandry, and, in 
 some countries, attached to the soil, and transferred 
 with It. The serts in Poland are slaves. Coie. 
 SERF'DOM, n. The state or condition of serfs. LyeU. 
 
 [Serfage is less pruprr.] 
 SERGE, n. [Ft. .serire ; Sp. xTT^'a, coarse frieze, and 
 jargon ; It. sariria, a coverlet ; I). ..fer^rie.] 
 
 A woolen twilleil stiilf niaiiiifactnreil in a loom 
 with four treddles, after the manner of ratteens. 
 
 Sdk .^erge is a twilled, silk fabric, iiseil nmsily by 
 the tailors for lining parts of gentlemen's coats. 
 
 F.nciie. of Di/iu. F.eon. 
 SER'GE.A.N'-CY, (sar'jcn-se,) n. 'i'he office of a .ser- 
 geant at law. HackeU 
 SER'GE.\.\T, (sir'jent,) n. [Fr. serpent : It. ...rrarnte; 
 Sp. and Port, sartrento : from I., semens, serving, for 
 so was this word written in Latin. But flastell de- 
 
 duces the word from the Persian i^<Ss^^^Mt sar- 
 
 chank, or sarjnnk, a prefect, a subaltern iiiilitiiry offi- 
 cer. (See Cast. Ccd. :t3(i.) If this is correct, two dif- 
 ferent Words arc blended.' 
 
 1. Formerly, an ollieer in England, nearly answer- 
 ing to Ihe more modern h.iiliir of the hundred . also 
 an ollieer whose duty was to atteiiil on llic king, and 
 on the lord high steward in court, lo arrest traitors 
 and other ort"eiiilers. This olheer is now calh il ."iEK- 
 geant-at-Ar.ms, or Mace. 'I'liere are, at present, 
 other officers of an inferior kind, who attend mayors 
 and magistrates to execute their orders. 
 
 2. In military affairs, a iion-coiiiinissioned officer 
 in a ciunpany of iiifaiilry or Ironp of cavalry, whose 
 duty is to instruct recruits in disripline, to form the 
 ranks, &.c. 
 
 3. In F.n!rlnnd,a lawyer of the hipliest rank, and 
 answering to the doctor of the civil law. Blnrk-^tone, 
 
 4. A title sometimes given to the king's servants; 
 as, .s^ircrtnf-surgeon, servant-surgeon. Johnsoiu 
 
 SER'GEA.N"T-AT-AR.\I8, n. In lr«Malite bodies, an 
 otficerwho executes the commands of the body in 
 preservinc ordiT and punishing otienses. Brande. 
 
 SER'GEANT-.Ma'JOR, n. [sergeant and mtij.rr.] A 
 niin-coininissioned officer wliu acts as assistant lu 
 the adjutant. Brande. 
 
 SEi; (;E.\.NT-Y, (sar'jent-e,) n. In F.ngland, ..<ergeanty- 
 is (if two kinds, grand sertreaiity and petit serireaiity. 
 Orand serffeaiity is a particular kind of kniglit-ser- 
 vire, a tenure by which the tenani was bound to do 
 some special ht>norary stjrvice lo the king in person, 
 as to carry his banner, his sword, or the like, or to be 
 his butler, his champion, or other orticer, at his coro- 
 nation, to lead his host, to be his marshal, to blow a 
 horn when an enemy ajiproaches, &.c, 
 
 Ciiierl. Slarkstone. 
 Petit sergeanty was a tenure by which the tenant 
 was Ixiiind to render to Ihe king annually some small 
 inipleineiil of war, as a liow, a pair of spurs, a sword, 
 a lance, or the like l.itttitan. 
 
 TP.NE, BULL, q.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"C10L'S. — G as K ; d aa J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 GGGG 
 
 1009 
 
SER 
 
 SER 
 
 S E R 
 
 SER'GEANT-SHIP, (sir'jeiit ship,) n. Tlie office of 
 a serceaiU. 
 
 BEUGE'-MaK-ER, 71. A manufacturer of serges. 
 Se'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a series ; consistiug of a 
 series. 
 
 Sk'RI-ALS, n-pi. Tales, or oilier writings, commenced 
 in one number of a periodical work, and continued 
 in successive numbers. 
 
 Se'RI-ATE, a. Arranged in a series or succession. 
 
 Se'RI-ATE-LY, aiiv. In a regular series. 
 
 SE-RI-A'TIM, [L.] In regular order. 
 
 SE-RI"CE0US, (se-risli'us,) a. [L. sericus, from ser- 
 icunij silk.] 
 
 Pertaining to silk ; consisting of silk ; silky In 
 botany, covered with very soft hairs pressed close to 
 tile surface ; as, a sericeous leaf. Jlartyn. 
 SE'RIeS, «. [h. This word belongs probably to the 
 i^liemitic -iV, 118', iw, the primary sense of which 
 is, to stretch, or strain.] 
 
 1. A continued succession of things in the same 
 order, and bearing the same relation to each other ; 
 as, a series of kings ; a series of successors. 
 
 2. Sequence; order ; course ; succession of things ; 
 as, a series of calamitous events. 
 
 3. In natural history, an order or subdivision of 
 some class of natural bodies. Encye. 
 
 4. In arithmetic and algebra, a number of terms in 
 succession, increasing or diniinishing according to a 
 certain law ; as, arithmetical series and geometric;il 
 series. [See Progressiox.] 
 
 SER'I:N, 71, [Fr.] A song bird of the finch family, 
 found in the central parts of Europe. It has a small, 
 horny, and short bill, and its habits are mostly similar 
 to those of the canary bird. Partington. 
 
 SE'R[-0-eOM'ie, j a. Having a mi.tture of se- 
 
 SE'RI-0-eOM'I€^.\L, ( riousness and sport. 
 
 Se'RI-OUS, a. [Fr. sericux ; Sp. serio ; It. serio, 
 serioso ; L. jm'ji.*.] 
 
 1. Grave in manner or disposition ; solemn ; not 
 light, gay, or volatile ; as, a serious man ; a serious 
 habit or disposition. 
 
 2. Really intending what is said; being in earnest ; 
 not jesting or making a false pretense. Are you 
 seriotut, or in jest ? 
 
 3. Important ; weighty ; not trifling. 
 
 The Holy Scriptures bring to our ears tlie most serious things in 
 Uie worid. Yuung. 
 
 4. Particularly attentive to religious concerns or 
 one's own religious st.ale. JVilbcrforce. 
 
 S£'RI-OCS-LY, adv. Gravely ; solemnly ; in earnest ; 
 without levity ; in an important degree. One of the 
 first duties of a rational being is to inquire seriously 
 why he was created, and what he is to do to answer 
 the purpose of his creation. 
 
 Se'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. Gravity of manner or of mind ; 
 solemnity. He spoke with great seriousjiess, i>r with 
 an air of seritiusness. 
 
 2. Earnest attention, particularly to religious con- 
 cerns. 
 
 Th.1t spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once. 
 
 AUtrbury. 
 
 SER'JEAiNT, 7!. See Seroeant. 
 SER-.^IOC-I.N'-a'TIO.V, 71. Speech-making. [JVot 
 
 used.] Peacham. 
 SER-.MOC-I.\-A'TOR,7i. One that makes sermons or 
 
 speeches. \_A'ot in iL^e.] 
 SER'.MO.N, 71. [Fr., from L. sernio, from the root of 
 
 sero, the primary sense of which is, to Uiroio or thrust. 
 
 See Assert, Insert.] 
 
 1. A discourse delivered in public by a licensed 
 clergj'inan for the purpose of religious instruction, 
 and usually grounded on some text or passage of 
 Scripture. Sermons are extemporary addresses or 
 written discourses. 
 
 pr-'achin^ much, but more his practice, wrought 
 A living strmon of the trutlis he taugiit. DrytUn. 
 
 2. A printed discourse. 
 
 SER'.MON, V. I. To discourse as in a sermon. [/-i(- 
 tle used.] 
 
 2. To tutor; to lesson ; to teach. [Little used.] 
 
 Shalt. 
 
 SER'MON, V. i. To compose or deliver a sermon. 
 
 { Little M.vcrf.J Millm. 
 SLR'iMO.N'-I.NG, 71. Discourse; instruction; advice. 
 
 [A"(*f in use,] Chaucer. 
 SI.It'.MO.\ ISH, 0, Resembling a Bermon. 
 SER'.MO.N- r/,E, r. i. To preach. Bi,. mehoUon. 
 
 2. 'J'ti ini iilcate rigid rules. Che.-terjirld. 
 
 3. To make sermons ; to compose or write a scr- 
 . mon or sermons. [ 77im It the seiLie in which tliut verb 
 
 if irennralhi itsed in the United Stales.] 
 SEH'MO.N 1/ I;R, n. One that c<»iposes sermniid. 
 SER'MO.N-I/ IaN'Gj /i/ir. Preaching ; inculcating rigid 
 
 nrecepls ; roiiiposing Heriiions. 
 BER'.M(J.\'-r7,-I.NG, 7.. The act of composing ser- 
 
 iiiouH -J the act nf preaching scrnitms ; the act of in- 
 
 Klriicting in a formal manner. .^ah. 
 SEK'.MOI'.N'T- Al.\, 71. A plant of the genus l^aser- 
 
 pilium, or laxerwurt kind, KometiineM calleil Seiiei.i. 
 
 Lee. Forayth. 
 
 8&llOO.\' 1 f^P' * °^ I'Mket.] 
 
 1. A «croon of almondi la the quantity of two 
 
 hundred pounds; of anise seed, from three to four 
 hundred weight ; of Castile soap, from two hun- 
 dred and a half to three hundred and three quar- 
 ters. ' Encyc. 
 
 2. A bale or package made of skin or leather for 
 holding drugs, &.c. [See Ceroon.] 
 
 SE-ROS'I-TY, 71. [Fr. serosite. See Serum.] 
 
 .A fluid obtained from the coagulated serum of the 
 blood. Ure. 
 
 SER'O-TINE, 71. A species of bat found in Europe, 
 Scotophilus serotinus of Gray. Jardine's JViit. Lib. 
 
 Se'ROUS, a. [Fr. sereuz. See Serum.] 
 
 1. Thin ; watery ; like whey ; used of that part 
 of the blood whicli separates in coagulation from the 
 gruinoiis or red part. 
 
 2. Pertaining to serum. Arbuthnot. 
 SER'PENT, 71. [L. serpens, creeping ; serjw, to creep. 
 
 Ciu. Gr. cp-TToi! or from a root in Sr. In Welsh, 
 sarf, a serpent, seems to be from s&r. The Sanscrit 
 has the word sarpa, serpent.] 
 
 1. A snake ; a popular name of Ophidian reptiles 
 without feet. Their bodies are. extremely elong.-ited, 
 and move by means of the folds they form when in 
 contact with the ground. Their hearts have two 
 auricles. This is the widest use of the term serpent. 
 This term is likewise applied to a family of ophidian 
 reptiles, which comprises all the genera without a 
 sternum, and without any vestige of a shouhier, &:c. 
 
 2. In a.<tra7inmi/, a constellation represented as a 
 serpent held by Ophiucus or Serpentarius. P. Cue. 
 
 3. A wind instrument of music, serving as a base 
 to the horns or cornets. It is so called from its folds 
 or wreaths. Brande. 
 
 4. Fiiruratively, a subtle or malicious person. 
 
 5. In imjtholoirif. :i svmbol of the sun. 
 
 SER PEXT-eO'eU.M-iiER, 71. A plant of the genus 
 Tricliosanthes. 
 
 SEK'PEiNT-E.'VT'ER, h. A bird of Africa that de- 
 vours serpents. 
 
 SEU'PE.NT-FISH, ti. A fish with a body of a ribbon- 
 like and compressed form, and a band of red running 
 lengthwise. It is the Ccpola tajnia or rubescens, 
 (Linnipus,) the red-band-fish. [Fr. ruban.] P. Cyc. 
 
 SER'PENT'S-TONGUE, (-tiing.) 71. A plant of the 
 genus Ophioglossuin ; adder's-tungue. 
 
 2. A name given to the fossil teeth of a species of 
 shark, because they resemble tongues with their roots. 
 
 Buotli. 
 
 SER-PEN-Ta'RI-A, 71. The trivial or specific name 
 of numerous plants that have been rejnited to be 
 remedial of snake-bites ; as, Aristolocliia Serpentaria, 
 Preiiantlies Serpentaria, tStc. 
 
 SER-PE.\-Ta'RI-US, 71. [L.] A constellation in the 
 northern hemisphere, also called Ophiucus. Hutton. 
 
 SER-PENT'1-FOR.M, a. Having the form of a ser- 
 pent. Kirby. 
 
 SER-PEN-TIG'E-NOUS, a. Bred of a serpent. 
 
 SER'PEN-TI.\E, a. [L. serpentinus, from serpens.] 
 
 1. Resembling a serpent ; usually, winding or 
 turning one way and tlie otlier, like a moving ser- 
 pent ; anfractuous ; as, a serpentine road or course. 
 
 2. Spiral ; twisted ; as, a serpentine worm of a still. 
 
 3. Like a serpent ; having the color or properties 
 of a serpent. 
 
 Serpentine tnnrrite, in the manege. A horse is said 
 to have a serpentine tongue, when he is constantly 
 moving it, and sometimes passing it over the bit. 
 
 Encye,. 
 
 Serpentine verse: averse which begins and ends 
 Willi the same word. 
 
 SER'PE.\-TT.\E, ) 71. A species of mag- 
 
 SER'PE.N'-TI.N'E-SToNE, i nesian stone, usually 
 of an obscure green color, with shades and spots, 
 resembling a serpent's skin. Diet. JVaf. Jli.-it. 
 
 A rock, generally unstratified, which is principally 
 composed of hydrated silicate of magnesia. 
 
 Serpentine is often nearly allied to the harder 
 varieties of .steatite and polstone. It presents two 
 varieties ; precious serpentine and common serpen- 
 tine. Cleaveland, 
 
 SER'PEN-TT.\E-LY, adv. In a serpentine manner. 
 
 SER'PE.\T-IZE, V. U To wind ; to turn or bend, 
 first in one direction and then in the opposite ; to 
 iiieaiidcr. 
 
 The road terpentized through a till nhmlitiery. 
 
 Barrotn, Travels in Africa. 
 
 SER'PE\T-I,TKE, a. Like a serpent. 
 SER'PE.\T-RY, 71. A winding like that of a ser- 
 pint. 
 
 SER'l'ET, 71. A basket. [JVbr in «.«.] Mnstcorth. 
 
 SER-PlG'lN-OlTS a. [from L. serpigo, from scrpo, to 
 creep.] Alfected with serpigo. 
 
 SER-I'I GO, n. [L.. from serpo, to creep.] 
 
 An exploded name of Herpes circinatus or ring- 
 worm. 
 
 8ER-P0'LI I)ANS, j 71. pi. Animals of the order An- 
 SER-PC''LF»-A.NS, j nelida, forming calcareous tubes 
 which twine ruuiicl and cover stimes, shells, &c. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 SER'PU-LITE, 71. .\ petrified shell or fossil of the 
 
 genus Serpula. .Jameson. 
 SERR, ». /. [Fr. serrer 1 Sp. and Port, crrrar.] 
 
 To crowd, jiress, or drive togeHier. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Baf.on. 
 
 SER'RATE, \ a. [L. scrra(u,«, from «e7To, to saw ; 
 SER'Ra-TEU, j scrra, a saw.] 
 
 Notched on the edge like a saw. In botany, hav- 
 ing sharp notches about the edge, pointing toward 
 the extremity ; as, a serrate leaf. 
 
 When a serrate leaf has small serratures upon the 
 large ones, it is said to be doubly serrate, as in the 
 elm. We say also, a serrate calyx, corol, or stipule. 
 
 A scrrate-ciliate leaf, is one having fine hairs, like 
 the eyelashes, on the serratures. 
 
 A serrate-dentate leaf, has the serratures toothed. 
 SER-Ra'TION, n. Formation in the shape of a saw. 
 SER'R.\-TURE, 71. A notching in the edge of any 
 
 thing, like a saw. Martyn. 
 SER'UI-£D, (ser'rid,) pp. or a. Crowded ; compacted ; 
 
 as, serried files. 
 SER'ROUS, a. Like the teeth of a saw; irregular. 
 
 [Little used.] Brown. 
 SER'RLf-LA'l E, ( a. Finely serrate ; having very 
 SER'RU-La-TED, ( minute notches. Martyn. 
 SER'RY, 71. t. [Fr. serrer.] 
 
 To crowd ; to press together. [Aof used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Se'RUM, 71. [L.] The thin, transparent part of the 
 
 blood. It is analogous to idbunien. SiUiman. 
 2. The thin part of milk ; whey. 
 SER'VAL, 71. A digitigrade, carnivorous mammal, of 
 
 the cat genus, the Felis Serval of Southern Africa. 
 
 It is a middle-sized species, with a long tail and 
 
 black spots. 
 
 SERVANT, 71. [Fr., from. L. serrans, from serro, to 
 keep or hold ; properly, (.ne that waits, that is, stops, 
 holiis, attends, or one that is bound.] 
 
 1. A person, male or female, that attends another, 
 for the jjurpose of performing menial offices for him, 
 or who is employed by another for such offices or for 
 other labor, anil is subject to his command. The 
 word is correlative to muster. Servant dilfers from 
 slare, as the servant^s subjection to a master is volun- 
 tary, the slave's is not. iEvery slave is a servant, but 
 every servant is not a slave. 
 
 Servants are of various kinds ; as, household or do- 
 mestic screatits, menial servants ; laborers, who are 
 hired by the day, week, or other term, and do not 
 reside with their employers, or, if they board in the 
 same house, are employed abroad, and not in domes- 
 tic services ; apprentices^, who are bound for a term of 
 years to serve a master, for the purpose of learning 
 his trade or occupation. 
 
 In a legal sense, stewards, factors, bailiffs, and 
 other agents, are servants for the time they are em- 
 ployed in such character, as they act in subordina- 
 tion to others. 
 
 2. One in a state of subjection. 
 
 3. In Scripture, a slave ; a bondman ; one pur- 
 chased for money, and who was compelled to serve 
 till the year of jubilee; also, one purchased for a 
 term of years. Eiod. xxi. 
 
 4. The subject of a king; as, the servants of David 
 or of Saul. 
 
 Tlie Syrians became servants to David. — 2 Sam. viii. 
 
 5. A person who voluntarily serves another, or 
 acts as his minister ; as, Joshua was the servant of 
 Moses, and the apostles the .vcrrant* of Christ. So 
 Christ himself is calleil a servant. Is. xlii. Moses is 
 called the servant of the Lord. DeuU xxxiv. 
 
 C. A person employed or used as an instrument in 
 accomplishing God's purposes of mercy or wrath. 
 So Nebuchadnezzar is called the servant of God. 
 Jcr. XXV. 
 
 7. One who yields obedience to another. The 
 saints are called the servants of Gotl or of righteous- 
 ness ; and the wicked are called the servants of sin. 
 Bom. vi. 
 
 8. Th.at which yields obedience, or acts in subor- 
 dination as an instrument. Ps. cxix. 
 
 9. One that makes painful sacrifices, in compli- 
 ance with the weakness or waiita of others. 1 
 Cor. ix. 
 
 in. A person of base condition or ignoble spirit. 
 
 Kcrlcs. X. 
 
 11. A word of civility. I am, sir, your humble or 
 obedient servajit. 
 
 Our bolters (ell us they nr« our humble teroants, but understand 
 us to be their slaves. Swift. 
 
 Servant of servants ; one debased to the lowest con- 
 dition of .servitude. Gen. ix. 
 
 SERVANT, ». (. To subject. [JVotimuie.] Shak. 
 
 SERVE, (serv,) v. t. [Fr. servir ; It. servire ; Sp. ser- 
 vir; from L. scrvio. This verb is supposed to be 
 from the noun servus, a servant or slave, and this 
 from serro, to keep. U servus originally was a slave, 
 he was probably so named from being preserved and 
 taken prisoner in war, or more probably from being 
 bound, and perhaps from the Shemitic -i-i!t, to 
 bind. Itut the sense of servant is generally a waiter, 
 one who attends or waits, and from the sense of stop- 
 ping, holding, remaining.] 
 
 1. To work for ; to bestow the labor of body and 
 mind in the employment of another. 
 
 Jacob loved Rachel, and said, I will tervs thee seven years for 
 
 llncliel thy youiip-r ilimi^liier. — Ip'-n. xxix. 
 No mall can serve two Iniuitrrs. — Matt. vl. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
SER 
 
 9. To act as the minister of; to perform ofticial du- 
 ties to ; as, a minister serves liis prince. 
 
 Hud I served (iuj lu diligently n» I h;ive terved Ihc king, he 
 woulil nut luive giveu me over iii iny (jr.iy h:ilr». 
 
 Cardinoi Witltei/. 
 
 3. To attend at command ; to wait on. 
 
 A gO(Kl<'!u itnion^ ?diU, ailon*(l nlld terved 
 
 lly aiifTfls iiiiiiiU-rl'-iu, tity diiily Iniiii. Milton, 
 
 4 'I'o obey servilely or meanly ; as, to serve mam- 
 mon. 
 
 To « f 
 
 Denham. 
 
 5. To supply witli food ; as, to be served in pl;ite. 
 
 Dnjdtn. 
 
 6. To be subservient or subordinate to. 
 Bodi''8 brigiit iintl greater should nol ieree 
 
 ■I'lif Irai nol lirighl. A/i(ton. 
 
 7. To perform the duties required in ; as, the cu- 
 rate serred two cluircln'S, 
 
 8. 'J'o obey ; to perform duties in the cinployinent 
 of; as, to sCT-fc tlie king or tlie country in the army 
 or navy. 
 
 9. To be sufficient to, or to promote ; as, to serve 
 onJ's turn, end, or purpose. Locke. 
 
 10. To lielp by good offices ; as, to serve one's 
 country. Tale. 
 
 11. To comply with ; to submit to. 
 
 They Ihiiik h'-p-in we *«*p« llie lime, bt-tiuM thereby wp ciUnT 
 liold or 8'>.'k prffLTiji'-'iil. /ioott-r. 
 
 12. To be sulKcient for ; to satisfy ; to content. 
 
 Oiip linir-piiit botllc serves Ih-'m both to dine, 
 
 And id ul once ttieir vinegar and wine. Pope. 
 
 13. To be in the place of any thing to one. A sofa 
 serre.i the Turks for a seat and a couch. 
 
 14. To treat ; to requite ; us, he served me ungrate- 
 fully ; he .n-rved me very ill. We say also, he served 
 me a trick, that is, he deceived me, or practiced an 
 artifice upon nic. 
 
 15. In Scripture and theiilosry, to obey and worship ; 
 to act in conformity to the law of a superior, and treat 
 liini with due reverence. 
 
 Fear ihe Uird, and serve him in Bincerily and trnth. At for me 
 and Miy lioiwe, we will «eri;e llie Lonl. — Josh. xxiv. 
 
 IB. In a bad sense, to obey ; to yield compliance, or 
 act according to. 
 
 Serving divert Uisl« and pleaanres. — Til. iii. 
 
 17. To worship ; to render homage to ; as, to serve 
 idols or false gods. Ezrk. XX. 
 
 18. To be a slave to ; to be in bondage to. Oen. 
 
 XV. 
 
 19. To serve one's self of; to use; to make use of; 
 a Gatlicisiny [se servir tte.\ 
 
 I will serve myself of Uiis concession. ChilUngisorth. 
 
 20. To use ; to manage ; to api)ly. The guns were 
 well served. 
 
 21. To place on the table in dishes, (for serve up ;) 
 as, to serve dinner. 
 
 22. In seamen's lanrruarre, to serve a rope is to wind 
 something, as spun yarn, &c., tight round it, to pre- 
 vent friction. Tottcn. 
 
 To serve up ; to prepare and present in a dish ; as, 
 to serve up a sirloin of beef in plate ; figarativelij, to 
 prepare. 
 
 To serve in, as used by Sfiak.tpeare, for to brinir in, 
 as meat by an attendant, I have never known to be 
 used in America. 
 
 To serve out ; to distribute in portions ; as, to serve 
 out provisions to soldiers. 
 
 To serve a writ ; to read it to the dcfi ndanl ; or to 
 leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. 
 
 To serve an attaclimcnt, or writ of iittackincnt : to 
 levy it on the person or goods by seizure ; or to seize. 
 
 To serve an eiecittion ; to levy it on lands, goods, or 
 person, by seizure or taking possession. 
 
 To serve a warrant ; to read it, and to seize the per- 
 son against whom it is issued. 
 
 In ireneraK to serve a process, is to read it, so as to 
 give due notice to the party concerned, or to U*ave 
 an attested copy with him or his attorney, or at his 
 usual place of abode. 
 
 To serve an ojice ; to dLscharge a public duty. [This 
 phrase, I believe, is not used in America. We say, 
 a man serves in an office, that is, serves the public in 
 an office.] 
 
 5ER VE, (serv,) v. i. To be a servant or slave. 
 
 The lx)ftl »h;»ll gyve lhe« rtl fn»m ihv sorrow, and from thy fear, 
 and from the hanl bonda^ wlu-rein thou witst made to 
 serve. — Is. liv. 
 
 2. To be employed in Labor or other business for 
 another. Oen. xxix. 
 
 3. To be in subjection. Is. .iliii. 
 
 4. To wait ; to attend ; to perform domestic offices 
 to another. Luke x. 
 
 5. To perform duties, as in the army, naN-y, or in 
 any office. An officer serre.'i five years in India, or 
 under a particular commander. The late secrettry 
 of the colony, and afterward state, of t'onnectirut, 
 was annually appointed, and served in the office six- 
 ty years. 
 
 fi. To answer ; to accomplish the end. 
 
 Sbc feared that all would not serve. Sidney. 
 
 SER 
 
 7. To be sufficient for a purpose. 
 
 This little bmml will serve to lifhl your fim. Dn/den. 
 
 8. To suit ; to be convenient. Take this, and use 
 it as occasion .serves. 
 
 9. To conduce ; to be of use. 
 
 Our victory only served to lead us on to further visionary jiros- 
 pects. Sun/t. 
 
 10. To officiate or minister; to do the honors of; 
 as, to sercc at a public dinner. 
 
 SEUV"/JD, pp. Attended ; waited on ; worshiped ; 
 levied. 
 
 SEllV'ICE, (serv'is,) n. [Fr. ; U. scrvizio ; S~p. servi- 
 cio ; from L. servilium.] 
 
 1. In a ircntral sense, labor of body, or of body and 
 miiul, performed at the command of a siiprnor, or 
 in pursuance of duly, or for the benefit of another. 
 Service is rohtntanj or involuntary, yotnntary serv- 
 ice is that of hirt d servants or of contract, or of 
 persons who spontaneously perform something for 
 another's benefit. Ineuluntarij service is that of 
 slaves who work by coiiipiilsiun. 
 
 2. The business of a servant ; menial office. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 3. Attendance of a servant. Shiik. 
 
 4. Place of a servant ; actual employment of a serv- 
 ant ; as, to be out of service. Slink. 
 
 5. Any thing done by way of duty to a superior. 
 
 This poem wiu Uie liul piece oiservice 1 did for nty master Kin^ 
 Charles. Un/den. 
 
 6. Attendance on a superior. 
 
 Madam, I entreat true peace of you, 
 
 Which I will purchase with my duleous service. Shak. 
 
 7. Profession of respect uttered or sent. 
 
 Pray ilo my service to hin niaji-sty. Shak. 
 
 8. Actual duty ; that which is required to be done 
 in an office ; as, to perform the services of a clerk, a 
 sheriff, or jiidjie. 
 
 9. That ivliich God requires of man ; worship ; 
 obedience. 
 
 God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms. 
 
 TUIoUon. 
 
 10. Employment ; business ; office; as, to qualify 
 a man for public sercicr. 
 
 11. Use ; purpose. The guns are not fit for public 
 service. 
 
 12. Military duty by land or sea ; as, military or 
 naval service i also, the period tjf such dutj\ 
 
 Campbell's Md. Diet. 
 
 13. A military achievement. Sliak. 
 
 14. Useful office ; advantage conferred ; that which 
 promotes interest or happiness. Jledicine often does 
 no service to the sick; calumny is sometimes of serv- 
 ice to an author. 
 
 15. Favor. 
 
 To thee a woman's services are due. Shak. 
 If). The duty which a tenant owes to his lorri for 
 his fee. Persoii.al service consists in homage and 
 fealty, &c. 
 
 17. Public worship, or office of devotion. Divine 
 serrice was interrupted. 
 
 18. A musical church composition, consisting of 
 choruses, trios, duets, solos, ice. 
 
 19. The official duties of a minister of the go.spel, 
 as in church, at a funeral, marriage, &c. 
 
 20. Course ; order of dislies at table. 
 
 There was no cxtraonlinitry sert>ic« s 
 
 1 on ttie board. 
 
 Naiemll. 
 
 21. .\ set or number of vessels ordinarily used at 
 table ; as, a .service of plate or glass. 
 
 22. In .•:ramen's lanirua^r, the materials used for 
 serving a rope, as spun yarn, small lines, &c. 
 
 93. A tree and its fruit, of the genus Pyrus or Mor- 
 bus. The wiltt service is of the genus Crataegus. 
 
 Service of a trrit, proce.is, &c. ; the reading of it to 
 the person to whom notice is intended to be given, 
 or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or 
 his attorney, t>r at his usual place of abode. 
 
 Serrice of an attachment ; the seizing of the person 
 or goods according to the direction. 
 
 The service of an errention ; the levying of it upon 
 the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. 
 
 To see serrice, in militnrtj lan^iatre, implies to come 
 into .actual contact with the enemy. 
 
 Campbell's Mil. I)icL 
 SERV'ICE-A-nLE, a. That does service; that pro- 
 motes happiness, interest, advantage, or any good ; 
 useful ; beneficial ; advantageous. Rulers may be 
 very serviceable to religion by their example. The 
 attentions of my friends were very serviceable to ine 
 when abroad. Rain and manure are serviceable to 
 land. 
 
 2. Capable of or fit for military duty. 
 
 Campbell's Mil. Diet. 
 
 3. Active ; diligent ; officious. 
 
 I Itnow thee well, a servieeatlt rilUin. [Unusual.\ Shak. 
 SERV'ICE-A-IU.E-.\ESS, n. Usefulness in promoting 
 good of any kind ; beneficialness. 
 
 All action bring for some end, its aptn'-ss to be commande,! or 
 lorlnild'-n must be founded upon its servieeabieness or ilis- 
 serviceableness to some end. Norris. 
 
 S. Officiousness ; readiness to do service. Sidney. 
 
 SES 
 
 SERV'ICE-A-RLY, adv. In a serviceable manner. 
 SERV'ICE-HQQK, n. A prayer-book or missal. 
 SERV'I-E.XT, a. [L. srreien.^.] 
 
 Subordinate. fjVol in use.] Dyer. 
 SERVILE, (serv'il,) a. [Fr., from L. servilis, from 
 gervio, to serve.] 
 
 1. Such as pertains to a servant or slave ; sl.ivish ; 
 mean ; such as proceeds from depeiidcnco ; as, servile 
 fear ; .•iervile obedience, 
 
 2. Held in subjection ; dependent. 
 
 Kven fortune ndes no more a servile land. Pep*. 
 
 3. Cringing; fawning; meanly submissive; as, 
 servile (lattery. 
 
 She must benil the servile knee. Thomson. 
 
 4. In •rrammar, not belonging to the original root ; 
 as, a srrrile letter. 
 
 SERVILE, n. In jrnminar, a letter which forms no 
 
 part of the original root ; opposed to R toicii.. 
 SERVILE-LY, ailv. Meanly; slavishly; with base 
 submission or obsef|uiousne.ss. 
 
 2. With b.ase deference to another; as, to copy 
 servilely ; to adopt opinions servilely. 
 SERVILE NESS, ( n. Slavery ; ihe condition of a 
 SER-VIL'l-TY, j slave or bondtnan. 
 To be a queen in f-inda^, is more vile 
 Thau is a slave in tctse eervUity. Shak 
 
 2. Mean submission ; baseness ; slavisline.ss, 
 
 3. Mean obsequiousness; slavish deference, v, 
 the common servility to custom ; to copy nianii'vs or 
 opiniims with servility. 
 
 SERVING, p;)r. Wirkingfor; acting in Pubordin.a- 
 titm to; yielding obedience to; worshiping; al.so, 
 performing duties ; as, serving in the army. 
 
 SEUVING-.MAID, n. A female servant ; a menial. 
 
 SER VINO-M.AN, ;i. A male servant ; a menial. 
 
 SERVI TOR, ji. [It. .lervitore; Sp. servidor; Fr. 
 servitfur : from L. serrio, to serve.] 
 
 1. A servant ; an altcndatit. Ifookrr. 
 
 2. One that acts under another ; a follower or .ad- 
 herent. Davies. 
 
 3. One that professes duty and obedience. Shak. 
 
 4. In the university of Oe'ford, an undi-r graduate, 
 who is partly supported by the college f'linds ; such 
 as is called in Cambridge a siiar. Tin y fortnerly 
 waited at table, but this is now dispensed with. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 SEKVI-TOR-SHIP, 71. The office of a servitor. 
 
 Boswrlt. 
 
 SER VI-TL'DE, n. [Fr., from L. serv'dudo or servilus ; 
 It. scrvitu. See Serve.] 
 
 1. The condition of a slave; the state of involun- 
 tary subjection to a master ; slavery ; bondage. Such 
 is the state of the slaves in America. A large por- 
 tion of the human race are in servitude. 
 
 2. The state of a servant. [Lejs common and less 
 proper.] 
 
 3. The condition of a conquered countr)-. 
 
 4. .\ state of slavish dependence. Some persons 
 may be in love with splendid servitude. South. 
 
 5. Si rvants collectively. [J\'nt in ii.vc.] Shak. 
 SES'A-ME, in. [Fr. sesame; It. se^<amo ; L. sesa- 
 SES'A-.MU.M, ( ma; Gr. trfjira/ff), criiraiuir.] 
 
 Oily grain ; names given to annual herbaceous 
 plants of the genus Sesamum, from the seeds of 
 which an oil is expressed. One species of it is culti- 
 vated in Carolina, and the blacks use the seeds for 
 food. It is called there Rkne. Kncye. Beloe. 
 SES'A-MOII), I a. [Gr. rrntnpr), sesame, and 
 SES-A-.MOII)'AL, i f.r'os, form.] 
 
 A term applied to the small bones found at the ar- 
 ticulations of the great toes, and sometimes at the 
 joint-s of the thumbs and in other parts. 
 
 Brande. Forsyth. 
 SES'RAN, n. [.\r.] A leguminous plant, a species 
 
 of Seshaiiia or vUscliynomene. Loudon. 
 SES'E-LI, n. [L. Gr. sesel,.] 
 
 A genus of plants ; meailow saxifrage ; hartwort. 
 
 Kncye. 
 
 SES'CIUI, n. [L., one and a half.] In chemi.itry', this 
 is much used as a prefix to the names of compounds 
 of an acidifying and basifying principle with another 
 clement, to form a salifiable base ; or of an acid with 
 a salifiable base, to form a salt. It always denotes 
 that the elementary or proximate principles of the 
 compound are in the proportions of <uie and a half of 
 the acidifying and basifying principle, or of the .acid, 
 to one of the other element or proximate principle; 
 but as there can be no such thing as half of an equiv- 
 alent, such compounds are always to be understood 
 as consisting of three equivalents of the acidifying 
 and basifying principle, or of the acid, to two equiv- 
 alents of the tithi'r element or proximate principle. 
 
 Sesi^uidupli (L. sesquijtupln.i) is sometimes used 
 in the same manner, to denote Ihe proportions of 
 two afid a half to one, or rather of five to two. 
 
 SES-UUl-AL'TER, n. The name of a stop on the 
 organ, containing three ranks of pipes. P. Cyr. 
 
 SE.^-Cil'I-AL'TER, ) a. [U, from .<esqui, the 
 
 SES ai l-AL'TER-AL, i whole and half as mach 
 more, anil alter, other.] 
 
 1. In seomelry, designating a ratio where one 
 quantity or number contains another imce and half 
 as mucii more ; as 9 contains C and its half. Bentley 
 
 TONE, BL'LL, 1:NITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1011 
 
SES 
 
 I i A sr.siitiialtera! fiitrrt, is wlien a large, fertile 
 floret is accompanied with a small, abortive one. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 SF.S-QUI-AL'TER-ATE, a. In arithmetic anil geome- 
 try, designating a ratio between two numbers, lines, 
 fc.c.. in ivhicli Ibe greater is equal to once and a half 
 of the less. JJutton. 
 
 SES-aUI-BRo'MTD, n. A basic compound of bro- 
 mine with anotlier element, in the proportions of 
 three equivalents of bromine to two of the other ele- 
 ment. 
 
 SE.S-(iUI-exR'nO-NATE, n. A salt composed of 
 three equivalents of carbonic acid, with two equiva- 
 lents of any base ; as, tlie sesqiiicarbojiate of ammo- 
 nia, i. e., the common volatile salt of hartshorn. 
 
 SES-aUI-e»L6'RII), n. A basic compound of chlo- 
 rine with another element, in the proportions of 
 three equivalents of chlorine to two of the other ele- 
 ment. 
 
 SES-UUI-CY'A-XID, 71. A basic compound of cyan- 
 oiien with some element, in llie proportions of 
 three equivalents of cyanogen to two of the other 
 elemint. 
 
 SES-ai'l-DO'PLr eATE, a. [L. sesqui, supra, twd 
 
 dapiicutus^ double.] 
 
 Desicuating the ratio of two and a half to one, or 
 
 where the greater term contains the lesser twice and 
 
 a half, as that of 51) to 20. 
 SE^*-(iUI'0-DID, II. A basic compound of iodine 
 
 with another element, in the proportions of three 
 
 equivalents of iodine to two of the other element. 
 SES-aUIP'E-DAL, \tt. [L. setqui, one and a 
 
 SES-aC'IP-E-DA'LI-AN, j half, and pedalui, from 
 
 pes, a frtol,] 
 
 Containing a foot and a half j as, a sequipcdalian 
 pigmy. ^rbuthnot. 
 Addison uses sesqitipedal as a noun. 
 SE.=^aUIP'LI-eATE, a. fh. sesqui, one and a half, 
 and plictitujt, plicOy to fold.] 
 
 Designating the ratio of one and a half to one ; 
 as, the ^psqwplicaic proportion of the periodical times 
 of the jilanels. Cherine, 
 SES-Ul'l-SUL'PHID, 71. A basic compound of sul- 
 phur with .-^ome other element, in the proportions of 
 tfiree equivalents of sulphur to two of the other ele- 
 ni -nt. 
 
 SES-ULTI-TKR'TIAN, ) a. [L. sexqui, one and a 
 SES aiJI-TER'TION-AL, ( half, and ter(in.~, third.] 
 Designating the ratio of one and one third to one. 
 
 Jotinson. 
 
 SEP'aUr-TO.VE, n. In music, a minor third, or in- 
 terval of three semitones. Bu.'bij. 
 
 SE.'^-UUOX'YD, n. A basic compound of o\ygen 
 with some other element, in the proportions of three 
 equivalents of the oxygen to two of the other ele- 
 
 SEStf, H. [L. .le.txio.] [inent. 
 A tax. [Little used, or not at all.] [See AssEis- 
 
 MENT.] 
 
 SES'SILE, (ses'sil,) a. [L. sessilis. See Set.] 
 
 In natural history, sitting close upon the body to 
 j which it belongs, without any sensible projecting 
 j suppiirt. Thus, in butanii, a sessile leaf issues di- 
 rectly from the main stem or branch, without a 
 petiole or fiHitstalk. A sessile flower has no pedun- 
 cle. A sessile pappus has no stipe, but is placed im- 
 mediatelj' on llie ovary. Martiin. 
 SES SION, (sesh'un,) 71. [Fr., from L. sessio, from 
 sedeo. See Set.] 
 
 1. A sitting or bring pinced ; as, the ascension of 
 Christ, and his sessiim at the right iiand of Cud. 
 
 Uuoker. 
 
 2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legisla- 
 ture, &.C. ; or the actual assembly of the members of 
 these or any similar body for the transaction of busi- 
 ness. Thus we say, the court is now in session, 
 meaning that the members are assembled for busi- 
 ness. 
 
 X The time, space, or term during which a court, 
 council, legislature, and the liiie, meet daily for 
 business ; or the space of time between the first 
 meeting and the prorogation or adjiuirnment. Thus 
 a sessi/iii of parliament is opened with a speech from 
 the throne, and closed by [irorogation. The session 
 of a judicial court is called a term. Thus a court 
 may have two sessions or four sessions annually. 
 The Supreme Court of the United States has one an- 
 nual session. The legislatures of most of tlic States 
 have one annua) session only ; some have more. 
 The ccmgress of the United .'^tatcs has one only. 
 
 4. Sessions, lu some of the States, ii^ particularly used 
 for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to 
 innkeepers or t'lvernem, for laying out new high- 
 ways, or altering old ones, and the like. 
 
 i^ufirtrr Sessions, in Kntrland, is a court held once 
 In every cpiarter, by Iwo jiisticeH of the pence, one 
 of whom IS of the quorum, fur the trial of small fel- 
 onies and niisdt'iiieanors. 
 
 Sessions of the Peace ; n court consisting of justices 
 of the peace, held in each roiinty, for inipiiriiig into 
 trespasnes, larcenies, forestalling, Sec, and in gen- 
 eral, for the conservation of the jM ace. 
 
 /mws ofJVne York. 
 
 Court of Satim ; the lupreme civil court of Scot- 
 land. Brandt. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^kT — 
 
 1012 
 
 SET 
 
 SES'SION-.AL, a. Pertaining to n church session. 
 
 SESS'-POOL, 7t. [sess and pool.] A cavity sunk in 
 the earth to receive and retain the sediment of water 
 conveyed in drains. Sess-pools should be placed at 
 proper distances in all drains, and particularly should 
 one be placed at the entrance. Encyc. 
 
 SES'TERCE, 71. [Fr., from L. se.-^teHius.] 
 
 A Roman coin or denoniinaticm of money, in 
 value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally 
 containing two asses and a half, afterward four 
 asses ; equal to about two pence sterling, or four 
 cents. Tlie sestertium, that is, sestertium pondus, 
 was two pounds and a half, or one thousand ses- 
 terces, equal to £8 173. Id. sterling, or about $40, 
 before the reign of .Augustus. After his reign it 
 was valued at £7 16s. 3d. sterling. It was original- 
 ly coined only in silver, but afterward buth in silver 
 and brass. SniitJL^s Diet. 
 
 SET, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Set. [Sax. sietan, setan, set- 
 tan, to set or place, to seat or fix, to appease, to calm, 
 L. sedo; to compose, as a book, to dispose or put in 
 order, to establish, found, or institute, to possess, to 
 cease ; G. setzcn, to set, to risk or lay, as a wager, to 
 plant, to appoint, to leap or make an onset ; D. 
 ten : Sw.satto: Dan, setter; W. sodi, to fix, to con- 
 stitute ; gosodi, to set, to lay, to put, to establish, to 
 ordain ; gosod, a setting or placing, a site, a statute, 
 an onset or assault ; L. sedu, sedeo, and sido, coin- 
 ciding with sit, but all of one family. From the Nor- 
 man orthography of this word, we have a-_-f;,-f.-;s, as- 
 sise. (See .As3E3s.) Heb. and Ch. "lOi and pis', to 
 set, to place ; Syr. /.AlD sea, to found, to establish. 
 Class Sd, No. 31, 56. The primary sense is, to throw, 
 to drive, or intransitively, to rush.] 
 
 1. To put or place ; to fix or cause to rest in a 
 standing posture. We set a house on a wall of 
 stone ; we set a book on a shelf In this use, set 
 riifl'ers from lay : we set a thing on its end or basis ; 
 we lay it on its side. 
 
 2. To put or place in its proper or natural posture. 
 We set a chest or trunk on its bottom, not on its 
 end ; we set a bedstead or a table on its feet or legs. 
 
 3. To put, place, or fix in any situation. God set 
 the sun, moon, and stars in the firmament. 
 
 ] du set my hovt in the cloud. — Geu. ix. 
 
 4. To put into any condition or state. 
 
 The Lorxl Uiy Goil will «el Ihee au hi;h. — Dent. xiTiii. 
 
 1 am come 10 set a mail at v^Lriaiice against hid fattier. — Matt. x. 
 
 So we say, to set in order, to set at ease, to set to 
 vork, or at work. 
 
 5. To put ; to fix ; to att.ach to. 
 
 The Lord set a mark upon Cain. — Gen. ir. 
 So we say, to .tet a label on a vial or a bale. 
 
 6. To fix ; to render motionless ; as, the eyes are 
 set : the jaws are set. 
 
 7. To iiiit or fix, as a price. We set a price on a 
 house, farm, or horse. 
 
 8. To fix ; to state by some rule. 
 
 The gentleman spoke with a set ^slure and countenance. 
 
 Csireia. 
 
 Tltc town of JJeme has handsome fountains planted at eel dis- 
 tances from one end ot tlie street to the other. Aitdtson. 
 
 9. To regulate or adjust ; as, to set a timepiece by 
 the sun. 
 
 tie sets his judgment by his passion. Prior. 
 
 10. To fit to music ; to adapt with notes; as, to 
 set the words of a psalm to music 
 
 Set thy own soii^u, and sing tlieni to thy lute. Dryden. 
 
 11. To pitch ; to begin to sing in public. 
 
 He gel the humlredth ps;din. Spectator. 
 
 12. To plant, as a shrub, tree, or vegetable. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 13. To variegate, intersperse, or adorn with some- 
 thing fixed ; to stud ; as, to set any thing with dia- 
 monds or pearls. 
 
 IM'Sh on their heads, with Jewels richly set, 
 
 Kaclt laity wore a radiant coronet. Dryden. 
 
 14. To return to its proper place or Mate ; to re- 
 place ; tti ri'diice from a dislocated or fractured state ; 
 as, to set a bone or a leg. 
 
 15. To fix i to place ; as the heart or affections. 
 
 Set your alT' Clioiis on ihiiipi ahoTe. — Col. iii. 
 
 Minds allo^-ther eel on trade and pnilit. Addison. 
 
 16. To fix firmly ; to predetermine. 
 
 The heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do cril. — 
 Eccle.. viii. 
 
 Hence we say, a thing is done of set purpose ; a 
 man is set, that is, firm or obstinate in his opinion or 
 way. 
 
 17. To fix by appointment ; to appoint ; to assign ; 
 as, to set a time fur meeting ; to set an hour or a day. 
 
 Bacon. South. 
 
 18. To place or station ; to appoint to a particular 
 duty. 
 
 Amis sea, or a whale, that tnou setUst ft watch ofcr me / — Job 
 ri\. 
 
 19. To stake at play. [Little iLsed.] Prior. 
 
 20. To offer a wager ut dice to another. I/Attle 
 used.] Sliak. 
 
 SET 
 
 21. To fix in metal. 
 
 And him too rich a jewel to be set 
 
 In viil^r metal for a vulg;tr use. Dryden. 
 
 22. To fix; to cause to stop; to obstruct; as, to 
 set a coach in the mire. The wagon or the team was 
 set at the hill. In some of the states, Stall is used in 
 
 23. To embarrass ; to perplex. [a like sense. 
 They are hard set to repitsent the bill as a grievance. Addison. 
 
 24. To put in good order ; to fix for use ; to bring 
 to a fine edge ; as, to set a razor. I 
 
 25. To loose and extend ; to spread ; as, to set the 
 sails of a ship. 
 
 26. To point out without noise or disturbance ; as, 
 a dog sets biids. Johnson. 
 
 27. To oppose. 
 
 Wiil you set your wit to a fool's f ShaJt. 
 
 28. To prepare with runnet for cheese ; as, to set 
 milk. 
 
 29. To dim ; to darken or extinguish. 
 
 Ahijah could not see ; for bis eyes were set by reason of im age. 
 — 1 Kings xiv. 
 
 To set by the compass; amt>ng seamen, to observe 
 the bearing or situation of a distant object by the 
 compass. 
 
 To set about; to begin, as an action or enterprise ; 
 to apply to. He has planned his enterprise, and will 
 soon set about it. 
 
 To set one^s self ai^ainst ; to place one's self in a 
 state of enmity or opposition. 
 
 The king of Biihylon set himself against Jerusalem the same 
 day. — Kzi-k. xxiv. 
 
 To set against ; to oppose ; to set in comparison, or 
 to oppose as an equivalent in exchange ; as, to set 
 one thing against another; or to set off one thing 
 against another. 
 
 To set apart ; to separate to a particular use ; to sep- 
 arate from the rest. 
 
 2. To neglect tor a time. [JVot in use.] KnoUes. 
 
 To set aside ; to omit for the present ; to lay out of 
 the question. 
 
 Setlins aside all other considerations, I w*ill endeavor to know the 
 truth and yield to Itiat. Titlotson. 
 
 2. To rejecu 
 
 1 embrace that of the deluge, and ccl aside all the rest. 
 
 Woodusird. 
 
 3. To annul ; to vacate. The court set aside the 
 verdict or the judgment. 
 
 To set abroach ; to spread. Shak. 
 To set a-going; to cause to begin to move. 
 To set by ; to set apart or on one side ; to reject. 
 [In this sense, by is emphatical.] [Bacon. 
 2. To esteem . to regard ; to vulue. HaltnceU. 
 [In this sense, set is pronounced with more em- 
 phasis than by.] 
 
 To set down ; to place upon the ground or floor. 
 
 2. To enter in writing ; to register. 
 
 Some rules were to be set douin for the government of the army. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 3. To explain or relate in writing. 
 
 4. To fix on a resolve. [Liule used.] Kiiolles. 
 
 5. To fix ; to establish ; to ordain. 
 
 This law we may name eternal, beiu^ that onler which God Imth 
 set down widi iLiiiisell, for tiiniscTl to ilo all things by. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 To set forth ; to manifest; to offer or present to 
 view. Rom. lii. 
 
 2. To publish ; to promulgate ; to make appear. 
 
 IValler. 
 
 3. To send out ; to prepare and send. 
 
 The Venetian titlmiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by 
 the Venetians. I06s.l KnoUes. 
 
 4. To display ; to exhibit ; to present to view ; to 
 show. Oryden. Mdton. 
 
 To set foneard ; to advance ; to niuve on ; also, to 
 promote. Hooker. 
 To set in ; to put in the way ; to begin. 
 If yon please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 To set off; to adorn ; to decorate ; to embellish. 
 They set off the worst laces with the best ails. Addison. 
 
 2. To give a pompous or flattering description of; 
 to eulogize ; to recommend ; as, to set off a charac- 
 ter. 
 
 3. To place against as an equivalent ; as, to set off 
 one man's services against antillier's. 
 
 4. To separate or assign for a particular purpose ; 
 as, to set off a portion of an estate. 
 
 To set on or upon ; to incite ; to Instigate ; to ani- 
 mate to action. 
 
 Thou, traitor, hast set on Uiy wile to this. Shall, 
 
 2. To assault or attack ; sfi(fo77i used transitii'efy, &!<< | 
 the pa.isive form is often u.ied. 
 
 Alphunsus — was set upon by a Turkish pirate and taken. 
 
 Knotlet. 
 
 3. To employ, as in a task. 
 
 Set on thy wifc to oliserve. Shah. 
 
 4. To fix the attention ; to determine to any thing 
 with settled purpose. 
 
 It becomes « Inie lover to have your heart mor« est upon her 
 good than your own. Sidney. 
 
 MttTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
SET 
 
 Tu set out ; to a.ssi^n ; tu allot ; ns, tu set out the 
 share of t-arli pro|>ri<-lur ur lieir of an estate 3 to set 
 out the widnw's thirds. 
 
 2. 'I'd publish, as a proclamation. [JVot elegant, nor 
 eomimin^] Bacon. Sto\/l. 
 
 3. 'I'o mark by boundaries or distinctions of space. 
 Dctrrniiiiiiti- portiuiii oT lliuse iiifiiiite alivMfs of npnec niid tlura- 
 
 titdt, net ou/, ur ttiippoa^il 10 be Uutiiif uubcd Iroin all the 
 rt'U by Iciiuwii bolllu^ari^■*. Locke. 
 
 4. To adorn ; to en)bellish. 
 
 An ugly woman in n rich Imbit, tet out with Jcwdi, nothiii* cnn 
 becoMic. Dryden. 
 
 5. 'I'll raise, equip, and send forth ; to fucnish. 
 The Vi-ii('tmnj pp-li-ml tln-y could aet out, ui (uue of ffr»*nt ne- 
 
 ccuitv, thirty tncn-ol'-witr. Aajdieon. 
 \Sol elegant, and little uted.] 
 
 6. To show ; to display ; to recommend ; to set ofT. 
 I coulil eel out iU:\t tx^sl side of Luthor. Atterl/ury, 
 
 7. To show ; to prove. 
 
 Thosr very PMSons get out how heiiiotu hia sin wrti. [Little 
 
 used, and not elegant.] Atttrbury. 
 
 8. In late, to recite ; to state at large. 
 
 Juilije Sedgwick. 
 To set vp ; to erect ; as, to set up a building ; to set 
 up a post, a wall, a pillar. 
 
 2. 'I'o begin a new institution ; to institute ; to es- 
 tablish ; to found ; as, to set up a manufactory ; to 
 set up a sclititil. 
 
 3. To enable to commence a new business ; as, to 
 set up A son in trade. 
 
 4. To raise ; to exalt ; to put In power ; as, to set 
 up the throne of David over Israel. 2 Sam. iii. 
 
 5. To place in view ; as, to .*f( up a mark. 
 
 6. To raise ; to utter loudly ; as, to set up the 
 voice. 
 
 I'll tet up luch a note .u the shall hear. Dryden. 
 
 7. To advance ; to propose as truth or for recei)- 
 tion ; as, to .lel up a new opinion or doctrine. Burnet. 
 
 8. To raise from tiepressitm or tt> a sufficient for- 
 tune. This ";ood fortune (juite set him up. 
 
 9. In seameit^s language, to extend, as the shrouds, 
 st.iys, ic. 
 
 To set at naught ; to undervalue ; to contemn ; to 
 despise. 
 
 Ye h.i»c fef at naught all iny counsel. — Prov. i. 
 To .^et in order: to adjust or arrange ; to reduse to 
 method. 
 
 The n'lt will 1 get in order when I come. — 1 Cor. xi. 
 
 To set eije.' on : to see ; to behold j or to fix the eyes 
 in looking on ; to fasten the eyes on. 
 
 To xet the teeth on edge ; to atfect the teeth with a 
 painful sensatitin. 
 
 To .let over ; to appoint or constitute as supervisor, 
 inspector, ruler, or cotniiiander. 
 
 2. To assign ; tt> transfer ; to convey. 
 
 To set riifht ; to correct ; 4o put in t>rder. 
 
 To .st£ .sail; to make sail, or tti ct)nimence sailing. 
 
 To set at ruse: to quiet ; to tranquilize ; as, to set 
 the heart at ea.^e. 
 
 To set free : to rele.ase from confinement, imprison- 
 ment, or Imndage ; to liberate ; tti emanci|iate. 
 
 To set at work ; to cause to enter on work or ac- 
 tion ; or to direct how to enter on work. Locke, 
 
 To set on lire : to coniiniinicate fire to ; to indame ; 
 !>'"'> figuratirelij, to enkindle the passions ; to make 
 to rage ; ti> irritate ; to fill with disorder. James hi. 
 
 To set be/ore : to otTcr ; to propose ; to present to 
 view. Dent. xi. xxx. 
 
 To set a trap, snare, or gin ; to place in a situation 
 to catch prey ; to spreatl ; figurativelii, to lay a plan 
 to deceive and draw into the power of another. 
 SET, I), i. To decline ; tt) go down ; to pass below the 
 horizon ; as, the sun sets : the stars set. 
 
 2. To he fixed hard ; to be close or firm. Baeon. 
 
 3. To fit music to words. SAak. 
 
 4. I'o congeal or concrete. 
 
 That fluid substance in a fi'w minutes begins to eet. Boyle. 
 
 5. To begin a journey. The king is set from Lon- 
 don. 
 
 [This is obsolete. We now say, to set oii/.] 
 o. To plant ; as, " to sow dry, and to set wet." 
 
 Old Proverb. 
 
 7. To flow ; to have a certain direction in motion ; 
 as, the tide sets to the east or nor'.h ; the current sets- 
 westward. 
 
 8. To catch birds with a dog that sets them, that 
 is, one that lies down and points them out, and with 
 a large net. Boyle. 
 
 To set one's self about ; to begin ; to enter upon ; to 
 take the first steps. 
 
 To set one's sc{f: to apply one's self. 
 To set about ; to fall on ; to begin ; to take the first 
 steps in a business or enterprise. Jlitrrbuni. 
 To set in ; to begin. Winter, in New England, 
 I usually .vets in in December. 
 I 9. To become settled in a particular state. 
 
 i When the wealiier was get in to be very bad. Addigon. 
 
 To set forward : to move or march ; to begin to 
 march ; to advance. 
 
 SET 
 
 To set OH, or upmi! to begin a journey or an enter- 
 prise. 
 
 He that would seI^ously get upon the search of truth. Locke. 
 
 2. To assault , to make an attack. Sliak. 
 
 To set out; to begin a journey or course ; as, to 
 set out for Londim or from London ; to set out in 
 business ; to set out in life or the wtirld. 
 
 2. 'I'o have a beginning. Brotcn. 
 
 To set to; to apply one's self to. 
 
 Gov. of the Tongue. 
 
 To set up : to begin business or a scheme of life ; 
 as, to set up in trade ; to set up fi)r one's self. 
 
 2. To profess openly ; to make pretensions. He 
 sets up for a man of wit ; he sets up to leach moral- 
 ity. Drijden. 
 SE'r, pp. Placed; put; located; fixed, ailjiisted ; 
 composed ; stiidiled or adorned ; reduced, as a dislo- 
 cated or broken boni". 
 
 2. a. Regular; uniform; formal; as, a set speech 
 or phra.se ; a .<c£ discourse ; nset battle. 
 
 3. Fi.xetl in opinion ; determined; firm ; obstinate ; 
 as, a man set in his opinions or way. 
 
 4. Established; prescribed ; as, .sr( forms of prayer. 
 SET, ?i. A number or ciillectitiii of things of the same 
 
 kind and of similar furm, which are ordinarily used 
 together ; as, a set of chairs ; a set of tea-cups ; a set 
 of China or other ware. 
 
 2. A number of things fitted to be used together, 
 though dilferciit in fitriii ; as, a set of dining-tables. 
 
 A set implies more than two, which are called a 
 pair. 
 
 3. A number of persons customarily or officially 
 associateil ; as, a set of men, a set of ollicers ; or a 
 niiinber of persons having a similitude of character, 
 or of things which have some resemblance or rela- 
 titm to each other. Hence our common phrase, a set 
 of opinions. 
 
 This falls into (litTerent divisions or setg of nations connected 
 under parlictilar ruli^ons, 4c. Ward's Lnia of Naliong. 
 
 4. A number of particular things that are united in 
 the formation of a whole ; as, a set of features. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 5. A young plant for growth; as, sets of white 
 thorn or other shrub. Encije. 
 
 G. The descent of the sun or other luminary below 
 the horizon ; as, the set of the sun. Jittcrbury. 
 
 7. A wager at dice. 
 
 That W.-U but civil war, an equal eet. Dryden. 
 
 8. A game. 
 
 We will, in Pmno', play a eet 
 Shall strike his lather's crown into tl»j h;u..ril. Shale. 
 
 A dead set ; the act of a setter dog when it discov- 
 ers the game, antl remains intently fixird in pointing 
 it out ; said also by (>rose to be a ct)ncerted scheme 
 to defraud a person by gaming. 
 
 To be at a dead set, is to be in a fixed state or con- 
 dition which precludes further progress. 
 
 To make a dead set upon ; to make a determined 
 onset. 
 
 SE-Ta'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. seta, a bristle.] 
 
 1. Bristly; set with bristles; consisting of bris- 
 tles; .as, a stifl", .vffacfous tail. Derliam. 
 
 2. In natural hi.^tory, bristle-shaped ; having the 
 thickness and length of a bristle ; as, a setaceous leaf 
 or leaflet. Martyn. 
 
 Setaceous worm ; a name given to a water worm 
 th.at resembles a horse hair, vulgarly supposed to be 
 an animated hair. 13ut this is a mistake. Encyc. 
 SET'-DOWN, 71. A powerful rebuke or reprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 SET'-FOIL. Pee Sept-Foil. 
 SE-TIK'ER-OIj'S, a. [I,, .wfa and fero.] 
 
 Proiliicing or having bristles. 
 SK'TI-FORM, a. [L. seta, a bristle, and form.] 
 
 Having the form of a bristle. Journ. of Science 
 SK'TI-RE.ME, n. [Ij. .■ieta and remits.] 
 
 A name given to the jointed legs, whose innerside 
 has a dense fringe of hairs, by means of which cer- 
 tain animals, as the diving-beetles, move in the wa- 
 ter. Kirby. 
 SET'NESS, n. Regulation ; adjustment; obstinacy. 
 
 .l/<i..(crs. 
 
 SET'-OFF, n. [set and of.] 1'he net of ailmitting 
 one claim to coiinterb.thince another. In a set-off, 
 the defendant acknowledgeu the ju.sticc of the plain- 
 tifl"'s deni.aiid, but set.^ up a demand of his own to 
 counterbalance it in whole or in part. 
 
 The right of pleading a set-o^ depends on statute. Btackgtone. 
 
 JV'otf- — In AVia England, offset is sometimes used 
 for .tff-o^. Hut (i^-f/ has a different sense, and it i< 
 dcsinible that the practice should be uniform, wher- 
 ever the English language is spoken. 
 
 2. The part of a wall, &c., which is exposed hori- 
 zontally when the portiim above it is reduced in 
 thickness ; also called Oi'kset. Gloss, of Archill 
 SK'TO.N, n. (Fr., frtun I,, seta, a bristle.] 
 
 In surgery, a few horse hairs or small threads, or a 
 twist of silk, dniwn through the skin by a large nee- 
 dle, by which a small opening is made and contin- 
 ued. Encyc. Quincy. 
 SK'TfiPE, I a. [It. setoso ; L. setosus, from sffa, a 
 Sic'TOUS, i bristle.] 
 
 SET 
 
 III natural Aivfury, bristly ; having the surface set 
 with bristles; as, a setoas leaf or receptacle. Marlyn. 
 
 SET'-.S|>EE('ll, n. A speech carefully prepared be- 
 fore It is tielivered in public. /Inlliwell. 
 
 SET-TEE', n. [from set.] A long seat with a back 
 to it. 
 
 2. A vessel with one deck and a very long, sharp 
 prow, carrj'ing two or three masts with lateen sails ; 
 used in the .Medilerrant;an. Mar. Diet. Encyc. 
 SET'TER, II. One that sets ; as, a setter on, or in- 
 citer ; a setter up: a setter forth, &.C. 
 
 2. A (log that beats the field and starts birds for 
 spiirtsmt n. It partakes of the characters of the 
 [Kiiiiter .'iiiil spaniel. P. Cye. 
 
 .'1. A man that perfiirins the office of a setting dog, 
 or finds persons tu be plundered. " South, 
 
 4. One that adapts words to music in com|x>- 
 sition. 
 
 5. Whatever sets off, adorns, or recommends. [Mit 
 used ] Whitlock. 
 
 SET'TER-WORT, ( wurt,) n. A plant, a species of 
 hellebore, Helli bortis foetidiis, also calleil SriNKiNO 
 Hellehore or IteAit's Four. Forsyth. 
 
 SET'TING, ppr. I'laring; putting; fixing; stud- 
 ding ; appointing ; sinking below the hori/.on, &c. 
 
 SET''1'IN(;, ?i. The act of putting, placing, fixing, or 
 establishing. 
 
 2. The act of sinking below the horizon. The 
 setting of stars is of three kinds, eosmical, aeronical, 
 and heliacal. [See these words.] 
 
 3. The act or manner of taking birds by a setting- 
 dog. 
 
 4. Inclosiire; as, .sdd'no-s of stones. Erod. xxviii. 
 
 5. The direction of a current, sea, or wind. 
 
 llulton. 
 
 6. The hardening of plaster or cement. Gmill, 
 SET'TI.VG COAT, n. In architecture, the best sort of 
 
 plastering on walls or ceilings. Brande: 
 SET'TIN'G-UOG, n. A setter ; a dog trained to find 
 
 and start birds for sportsmen. 
 SE T'TEE, (set'tl,) 11. [Sax. sell, setU; G. sessel ; D. 
 letel : L. .icdile. See Set.] 
 
 A bench with a high, wooden back. Dryden. 
 SET'TLf^, V. t. [from set.] To place in a permanent 
 condition after wandering or fluctuation. 
 
 I will geale you ;d[er your old estates. — E7/^lc. xxxvi. 
 9. To fix ; to establish ; to make permanent in any 
 place. 
 
 I will aettle him in my house and in my kingdor, forever. — I 
 Chroii. xvii. 
 
 3. To <\stablisli in business or way of life ; as, to 
 settle a son in trade. 
 
 4. To marry ; as, ta settle a daughter. 
 
 5. To establish ; to confirm. 
 
 Her will alou'- C'>iild getlle or revoke. Pricr. 
 
 6. To deterinmc what is uncertain ; to establish ; 
 to free fitmi doubt; as, to sc///e questions or points 
 of law. The Sujiretue Court have settled the question. 
 
 7. To fix ; to establish ; to make certain or [leriiia- 
 nent ; as, to settle the siiccessitm to a Ihrone in a par- 
 ticular family So we speak of seulcd habits and set- 
 tled opinions. 
 
 8. To fix or establish ; not to suflTer to doubt or 
 waver. 
 
 It will tetlie the wavering and conflrm the doubtful. Sudft. 
 
 9. To make close or compact. 
 
 Cover ant-hills up, Uiat the r.ain may aettle the turf before the 
 spring. Mortimer. 
 
 10. To cause to subside after being heaved and 
 loosened by frost ; or to dry and harden after rain. 
 Thus clear weather .tellies the roads, 
 
 11. To lower or cause to sink. Tottrn. 
 
 12. To fix or establish by gill, grant, or any legal 
 act ; as, to settle a pension on an ofiicer, or an annu- 
 ity on a child. 
 
 13. To fix firmly. Settle your mind on valuable 
 objects. 
 
 14. To cause to sink or subside, as extraneous 
 matter in liquors. In fining wine, we add something 
 to sctllr the lees. 
 
 I."). I'o compose ; to tranqiiilize what is dis- 
 turbed ; as, to srt(/« the thoughts or mind when 
 agitated. 
 
 Hi. To establish in the p.astoral office ; to ordain 
 over a church and society, or parish ; as, to settle a 
 minister. United States. BosweU. 
 
 17. To plant with inhabitants ; to colonize. The 
 French first settled Canada ; the Puritans settled New 
 England ; Plymouth was settled in IC20. Hartford 
 was settled in It>3G. Wethersfield was the first settled 
 town in Connecticut. 
 
 Province's fim geOled aft-r the floo<I. MUfvrd, 
 Land wliich they are unable to geult and catUvate. 
 
 Vatul, Tnnt, 
 
 18. To adjust ; to close by amicable agreement or 
 otherwise ; as, to settle a controversy or dispute by 
 agreement, treaty, or by force. 
 
 19. To adju.st ; to liquidate ; to balance, or to pay ; 
 as, to settle accounts. 
 
 To seUlr the land: among seamen, to cause it to 
 sink or appear lower bv receding from it. 
 SET'TLE, r. i. To fal'l to the bottom of liquor ; to 
 
 TONE, BULL, TJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 127' 
 
 G G G G' 
 
 1013 
 
SET 
 
 subside; to sink and rest on tlie bottom ; as, lees or 
 dregs settle. Slimy particles in water settle and form 
 mud at the bottom of rivers. 
 
 This word is used of the extraneous matter of 
 liquors, when it subsides spontaneously. But in 
 chemical oper.ations, when substances mixed or in 
 solution are decomposed, and one C(miponent part 
 subsides, it is said to be precipitated. But it may also 
 be said to settle. 
 
 2. To lose motion or fermentation ; to deposit, as 
 feces. 
 
 A juverninent, on such occasions, is always thick Ijefore it settles. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 3. To fix one's habitation or residence. Belp;ians 
 had settled on the southern coast of Britain, before 
 the Romans invaded the isle. 
 
 English Puritans who first settled in New England. 
 
 ValUt, Trans. 
 
 4. To marry and establish a domestic state. 
 Where subsistence is easily obtained, children settle 
 at an early period of life. 
 
 5. To become fixed after change or fluctuation ; as, 
 the wind caine about and settled in the west. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. To become stationary ; to quit a rambling or ir- 
 regular course for a permanent or methodical one. 
 
 7. To become fixed or permanent ; to take a lasting 
 form or state ; as, a settled conviction. 
 
 Chyle — runs through the intermediate colors till it settles in an 
 intense red. Arbutlinot. 
 
 8. To rest ; to repose. 
 
 When time hath worn out tlieir natural vanity, and taught them 
 discretion, llieir fontlness settles on its proper object. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 9. To become calm ; to cease from agitation. 
 
 Till the fury of his highness settle. 
 Come not U-tore him. 
 
 SJiok. 
 
 10. To make a jointure for a wife. 
 
 He si^hs with most success that settles well. Garth. 
 
 11. To sink by its weight ; and in loose bodies, to 
 becoine more compact. We say, a wall settles; a 
 house settles uptm its foundation; a mass of sand 
 settles and becomes more firm. 
 
 12. To sink after being heaved, and to dry ; as, 
 roads .lettle in spring after frost and rain. 
 
 Kt. To be ordained or installed over a parish, 
 church, or congregatitui. A. B. was invited to settle 
 in the first society in .\ew Haven. N. D. settled in 
 the ministry very young. 
 
 H. To adjust ditTerences or accounts ; to come to 
 an acreeinent. He has settled with his creditors. 
 
 SET'TLf:!), (sct'tid,) pp. or a. Placed ; established ; 
 fixed ; determined ; composed ; adjusted. 
 
 SET'TLKD-NESS, n. The state of being settled ; 
 confirmed state. [Little used.] K. Charles. 
 
 SET'TLE-.MENT, (set'tl-ment,) n. The act of set- 
 tling, or state of being settled. 
 
 2. The falling of the foul or foreign matter of liquors 
 to the bottom ; subsidence. 
 
 3. The matter that subsides ; lees ; dregs. [J\rot 
 used.'\ Mortimer. 
 
 [For this we use Pettlinos.] 
 
 4. The act of giving possession by legal sanction. 
 My flocks, my fields, my woo<ls, my pastures lake, 
 
 \V ith settlement as good as law can make. Dryden. 
 
 5. A jointure granted to a wife, or the art of grant- 
 ing it. We say, the wife has a competent avttlewent 
 for her mninlenance ; or she has provision made for 
 her by the settlement of a jointure. 
 
 6. The act of taking a domestic state ; the act of 
 marrying and going to housekeeping. 
 
 7. A becoming stationary, or taking a permanent 
 residence after a roving course of life. JJEstran<rr. 
 
 8. The act of planting or establishing, as a colony ; 
 also, the place, or the colony established ; as, the 
 British settlrments in America or India. 
 
 9. Ailjustment ; liquidation; the ascertainment of 
 just claims, or payment of tlie balance of an ac- 
 count. 
 
 ID. Adjustment of differences ; pacification ; rec- 
 onciliation ; as, the settlement of disputes or contro- 
 versies*. 
 
 11. The ordaining or installment of a clergyman 
 over a parish or congregation. 
 
 12. A. sum of money or other property granted to a 
 minister on his ordination, exclusive of his salary. 
 
 13. Legal residence or establishment of a person 
 in a particular parish or town. Which entitles him to 
 maintenance if a pauper, and tuibji cts the parish or 
 town lo his Hiipport. In England, the poor are siip- 
 
 forted by the p:iri«h where they have a settlement, 
 n New England, they are supported by the town. 
 In England, the Klnliites 12 Richard II. and 19 Henry 
 VII. ncem to lie the first niiliinents of parish sctlle- 
 menlt. Hy Ktatutes 13 and 14 (Jlmrles II. a legal set- 
 tlement Is diM lari'd l<i lie gained by birth, by inhab- 
 itancy, by npiirenticeHhip or by Kervice (or forty 
 day". But the gaining of a settlement by ho short a 
 reftidence produced great evils, which were remedied 
 by Htatiile 1 James II. Bliickslme. 
 
 \^. .^rt iif srillemrnt ; in British hl.itnrtj, the Htatiitc 
 of 12 and 13 William III., by which the crown was 
 
 SEV 
 
 limited to his present majesty's house, or the house 
 of Hanover. Blarkst ne. 
 
 SET''1'LING, ppr. Placing; fixing; establishing; 
 regulating; adjusting; planting or colonizing; sub- 
 siiling; composing; ordaining or installing ; becom- 
 ins the pastor of a p.arish or church. 
 
 SET'TLliXG, 71. The act of making a settlement; a 
 planting or colonizing. 
 
 2. The act of subsiding, as lees. 
 
 3. The adjustment of differences. 
 
 4. Settlinifs, pi. ; lees ; dregs ; sediment. 
 SET'-TO, ;i. A conflict in boxing, argument, &c. 
 
 MnllilDell. 
 
 SET'WALL, Ji. [set and wall.] A plant. Tlie gar- 
 den selwall is a species of Valeriana. 
 
 SEV'£N, (sev'n,) a. [Sax. seofu, seufan ; Goth, sibun ; 
 D. zeeven; G. siebem Sw. sin; Dan. syv ; L. septem, 
 whence Fr. sept. It. sette, Sp. siete, (or the two latter 
 are the W. saiili, Arm. saitli or sriz;) Sans, supta; 
 o , 
 
 Pers. c^oLfc haft ; Zend, hapte, Pehlavi, haft ; Gr. 
 
 cttra ; At. ^J^'m sabaa ; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. 
 
 J)3r. In Ch. and Syr. V^o signifies to fill, to satisfy ; 
 in Ar. seven, and to make the number seven. In 
 
 Heb. and Ch. paw is seven ; Ar. ^-^-^v shabia, to 
 
 fill. With this orthography coincides the spelling of 
 the Teutonic and Gothic words, whose elements are 
 Sb, or their cognates. But the Latin and Sanscrit 
 have a third radical letter, as has the Persic, viz., (, 
 
 and these coincide with the Ar. C^j^mi sabata, to 
 
 observe the Sabbath, to rest, Heb. Ch. and Syr. 
 naw.] 
 
 It is obvious, then, that seven had its origin in 
 these verbs, and if the Persic and Greek worils are 
 from the same source, which is very probable, we 
 have satisfactory evitlence that the sibilant letter 5 
 has been changed into an aspirate. And this con- 
 firms my opinion that a similar change has taken 
 place in the Gr. aAj, salt, W. halen, and in many 
 other wortls.] 
 
 Four and three ; one more than six or less than 
 eight. Scveji days constitute a week. We read in 
 Scripture of sec™ years of plenty, and seven years of 
 famine, seveji trumpets, seven seals, seven vials, &,c. 
 
 Seven stars; a common name for the cluster of 
 stars in the neck of Taurus, called Pleiades. 
 
 IluUon. 
 
 SEV'BN-FoLD, a. [seven t)nA fold.] Repeated seven 
 times; doubled seven times; increased to seven 
 times the size or amount ; as, the sevenfold shield of 
 Ajax ; sevenfold rage. Milton. 
 SEV'£N-FoLD, ado. Seven times as much or often. 
 Whosoever slayelh Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him seven, 
 /old. — Gen. iv. 
 
 SEV'£N-!!ILL-£D, a. Having seven hills. More. 
 
 SEV'£N-NIGHT, (sen'nit,) 7i. [seven ai\A nisht.] A 
 week ; the period of seven days and nights ; or the 
 time from one day of the week to the next day of 
 the same denomination preceding or following. Our 
 ancestors numbered the diurnal revolutions of the 
 earth by nights, as tliey reckoned the annual revolu- 
 tions by winters. Sevenmght is novv contracted 
 into Sennioht, which see. 
 
 SEV'i'X-SCollE, 71. [seven and score, twenty notches 
 or marks.] Seven times twenty, that is, a liundred 
 a»d forty. 
 
 The oil! Coniitrss of Desmond, who lived sevenscore years, 
 dentized twice or thrice. Bacon. 
 
 <3EV'£N-TEEN, a. [Sax. seofonttjne; seven-ten.] 
 
 Seven and ten. 
 SEV'£N-TEENT1I, o. [from iex^mtecn. The Saxon 
 
 senfon-tciitha or seofon-teogetha is diflerently formed.] 
 The ordinal of seventeen ; tne seventh after the 
 
 tenth. 
 
 On the seventeenth day of the second motith — all the fountains 
 of the great deep were broken up. — lien. vii. 
 
 SEV'f:NTH, a. [Sax. seofctha.] 
 
 1. The ordinal of seven ; the first after the sixth. 
 On the senenVi day tied eiuh'd his work which he hml made ; and 
 
 he n'st"d on the seventh day from all his work which he had 
 made. — tii!n. li. 
 
 2. Containing or being one part in seven ; as, the 
 sereiith part. 
 
 SEV'KNTIl, 71. The seventh part; one part in seven. 
 2. In music, a dissonant interval or hi ptarhoril. 
 An interval consisting of four tones and two major 
 semitones, is railed a seventh minor. An interval 
 composed of live tones and a major semilomr, is 
 callotl a seventh major, being a major semitone less 
 than an octave. Biisbij. Brandc. 
 
 SEV'A,'NTII-LY, n(/ii. In the seventh pliire. Bnriin. 
 
 HE'"f;N-TI-F,TII, B. [from seventii.] The ordinal of 
 seventy ; as, n man in the seventieth year of his age. 
 
 SEV 
 
 The seventieth year begins immediately after the 
 close of the sixty-ninth. 
 SEV'£N-TV, [I), zeventig; Sax. seofa, seven, and 
 tig, ten ; Goth, tig, Gr. Sena, ten, but the Saxon 
 writers prefixed hund, as hiind-seofontiir. See Lye, ad 
 voc, and Sax. Chron. A. D. 1083.] 
 Seven times ten. 
 
 That he 
 Jeru 
 
 Id accomplish seventy yeara in the desolations of 
 n. — Dan. ix. 
 
 SEV'£N-TY, 7t. The Septuagint or seventy trans- 
 lators of the Old Testament into the Greek lan- 
 guage. 
 
 SEVER, V. t. [Fr. sevrer ; It. sexrare. There may be 
 a doubt whether sever is derived from the Latin 
 separo. The French has sevrer, as well as sepa- 
 rer ; and the Italian sevrare, scevrare and sceverare, 
 as well as separare. The It. scevrare coincides well 
 in orthography with Eng. shiver, and this with Heb. 
 -i3tf, Ch. Syr. and Ar. 13n, to break. The latter 
 are the same word with ditferent prefixes. See Class 
 Br, No. 26, 27.] 
 
 1. To part or divide by violence ; to separate by 
 cutting or rending ; as, to sever the body or the arm 
 at a single stroke. 
 
 2. To part from the rest by violence ; as, to sever 
 the head from the body. 
 
 3. To separate ; to disjoin, as distinct things, but 
 united ; as, the dearest friends severed by cruel ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 4. To separate and put in diSerent orders or 
 places. 
 
 The angels shall come forth and sever the wicked from among 
 die just. — Matt. xiii. 
 
 5. To disjoin ; to disunite ; in a general sense; but 
 usually implying violence. 
 
 6. To keep distinct or apart. Exod. viii. 
 
 7. In laiD, to disunite ; to disconnect ; to part pos- 
 session ; as, to sever an estate in joint-tenancy. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 SEVER, V. i. To make a separation or distinction ; 
 to distinguish. 
 
 The Lord will sever between the cattle of Ismel and the cattle of 
 Kgyp'- — Kx. ix. 
 
 2. To suflTer disjunction ; to be parted or rent asun- 
 der. Shak. 
 SEV'ER-AL, a. [from sever.] Separate; distinct; 
 not common to two or more ; as, a .■several fishery ; a 
 several est.ate. A several fishery is one held by the 
 owner of the soil, or by title derived from the owner. 
 A several estate is one held by a tenant in his own 
 right, or a distinct estate unconnected with any other 
 person. Blaclistone. 
 
 2. Separate ; different ; distinct. 
 
 Divers sorts of beasts came from several parts to drink. Baron. 
 Four several armies to the field are led. Dryden. 
 
 3. Divers; consisting of a number; more than 
 two, but not very many. Several persons were pres- 
 ent when the event took place. 
 
 4. Separate ; single ; particular. 
 
 E;ich several ship a victory did gain. Dryden. 
 
 5. Distinct ; appropriate. 
 
 Each might his several province well command, 
 
 Would all hut stoi>p to what they nuderstjuid. Pope. 
 
 A joint and ser^eral note or bond, is one executed by 
 two or more persons, each of whom is bound lo pay 
 the whole, in case the others prove to be insolvent. 
 SEV'ER-AL, 7i. Each particular, or a small number, 
 singly taken. 
 
 Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor 
 
 left any behind them. Addison. 
 There was not time enough to hear 
 
 The severals. Shale 
 [This latter use, in tlie plural, is vow infrequent or 
 obsolete.] 
 
 2. An inclosed or separate place ; inclosed ground ; 
 as, they had their several for the hetithen, their sev- 
 crcU for their own peoiile ; put a beast into asn'eral. 
 
 Hooker. Bacon. 
 [These applications are nearhj or wholly obsolete.] 
 In several ; in a state of separation. 
 Where piuitures in several be. [Little used.] Tusser. 
 SEV-ER-AL'I-TV, n. Each particular singly taken ; 
 
 distinction. [JVot in Mse.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 SEV'EK-AL-IZE, ti. (. To distinguish. [J\ef in «.«.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 SEVER-AL-LY, ff'/i'. Separately; distinrlly ; apart 
 from others. Call the men severathj by name. 
 
 I could not keep my eye steady on them severally so as to num- 
 ber them. Newton. 
 To be jointhi and srverallti bound in a contract, is 
 for each obligor to be liable tii pay the whole demand, 
 in case the other or others are not able. 
 
 SEVER-AL-TY, 71. A state of separation from the 
 rest, or from all others. An e.statein sevrrallij, is that 
 which the tenant holds in his own right, without be- 
 ing joined in iiiteresi Willi any othi r person. It is 
 distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenery, and 
 common. BlacJi.itone. 
 
 SEVER-ANCE, 7t. Separatitui ; tlM tct of dividing 
 or disuniting. The sererance of a Jointure is miido 
 by de.stroying the uiiily of interest. Thus, when 
 
 KATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, UQQK.— 
 
i A/uiere O'riinat thy»cll lhan ftffainst 
 Taylor. 
 
 SEW 
 
 tliere are two joiiit-teiiaiua for life, and the inlierit- 
 aiicc is purcliadcd by ur di.-:icuiiils upuii either, it is a 
 
 sereraitce. 
 
 So also when two persons are joined in a writ, and 
 one is nonsuited ; in this case secertincc is perniilled, 
 and the other plaintitl" may proceed in the suit. So 
 also in assize, when two or more disseizees appear 
 upon the writ, and not tlie otiier, secfronce is permit- 
 ted. BtaefcUone. Encyc. 
 SE-VERE', a. [Fr., from L. seecriu! ; Jt. and Sp. 
 .sfivn).] 
 
 1. Ki^'id ; harsh; not mild or indulgent ; as, severe 
 words ; acvere treatment; severe wrath. 
 
 MUlon. Pope. 
 
 2. Sharp ; liard ; rigorous, 
 Lot your mijI — be more 
 
 oLlii.'rs. 
 
 3. Very strict ; or sometimes, perhaps, unreasona- 
 bly strict or exact ; giving no indulgence to faults 
 or errors ; as, severe government ; severe criticism. 
 
 4. Rigorous, perhaps cruel ; as, severe punishment ; 
 severe justice. 
 
 5. Grave ; sober ; sedate to an extreme ; opposed 
 to Cheerful, Gay, Light, Lively. 
 
 Your looks iini9t alter, iLA your eohjcct docs, 
 
 Froui kiuU to licrce, from wantou to severe. Waller. 
 
 6. Rigidly ex.ict ; strictly methodical ; not lax or 
 airy. I will not venture on so nice a subject with 
 niy severe style. 
 
 7. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; as, se- 
 vere pain, anguish, torture. Sec. 
 
 8. Sharp ; biting ; extreme ; as, severe cold. 
 
 9. Close ; concise ; not lu.xuriant. 
 
 The Latin, a most eevere ami ctmpetulioua languaje. Drijdtn. 
 
 10. Uillicult to be endured ; c.\act; critical; nice; 
 as, a severe test. 
 
 SE V'ER-f."l), pp. Parted by violence ; disjoined. 
 SE-VeRE'LY, adi'. Harshly; sharply; us, to chide 
 one sej)ereiij. 
 
 2. Strictly ; rigorously ; as, to judge one severchj. 
 
 To be or fonilly or severely kind. Savage. 
 
 3. With extreme rigor ; as, to punish severely. 
 
 4. Painfully ; afflirtively ; greatly ; as, to be se- 
 verely afflicted with the gout. 
 
 5. Fiercely ; ferociously. 
 
 More formidalde Hydra 6ttnds u-itliin. 
 
 Whose jaws with iron teeth severely grin. Dryden. 
 
 SEV'ER-IXG, ppr. Parting by violence ; disuniting. 
 
 SEV'ER-ITE, ». A mineral fotind near St. Sever, in 
 France, occurring in small masses, white without 
 luster, a little harder than lithiimarge. It is com- 
 posed of silica, alumina, and water. 
 
 P. Cyc. PhUlips. 
 
 SE-VER'I-TY, 71. (L. severitas.-\ 
 
 1. Il.-irshness ; rigor^ austerity ; want of mildness 
 or indulgence ; as, the severity of a reprimand or re- 
 proof. 
 
 2. Rigor ; extreme strictness ; as, severitij of disci- 
 pline or government. 
 
 3. Excessive rigor ; extreme degree or amtiunt. Se- 
 verity of penalties or punishments often defeats the 
 object by exciting pity. 
 
 4. Extremity; quality or power of distressing; as, 
 the severity of pain or anguish. 
 
 5. Extreme degree ; as, the severity of cold or 
 heat. 
 
 6. Extreme coldness or inclemency ; as, the sever- 
 ity of the winter. 
 
 7. Harshness; cruel treatment ; sharpness of pun- 
 ishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war. 
 
 8. Exactness; rigor; niceness; as, tile seiim/y of 
 a test. 
 
 9. Strictness ; rigid accuracy. 
 
 Confining myself to Itie severity of Irulh. Dryden. 
 
 SEV-O-Ca'TION, n. [L. sevoco.] 
 
 .\ calling aside. 
 SEV-RC'G.\, n. A fish of the sturgeon kind, the 
 Acipenser stellatus, of the Caspian Sea 
 
 Toiike. Pallas. 
 SEW, (su.) To follow. [Xot used.] [See Sue.] 
 
 Spetiser. 
 
 SEW, (so,) r. t. Better written Sot. [Sax. sitei- 
 an, siiician ; Goth, siuyan ; Sw. sy ; Dan. syer ; L. 
 TOO. This is probably a contracted word, and if 
 its elements are SA or V". f coincides with the 
 
 — (J 
 
 Eth. rtdiP shafai, to sew ; and the .\r. has ^^ixil 
 
 tsVii, an awl. See Class Sb, No. 85, 100. The 
 Hindoo has siieaica, and the Gipsy siuena. Hut tiie 
 elements are not obvious.] 
 
 To unite or fasten together with a needle and 
 thread. 
 
 Tht^y^ietoed n^-lc&Tca together, and made UicmicWes aprons. — 
 
 To seio up ; to inclose by sewing ; to inclose in any 
 thmg sewed. ' b > i 
 
 Tliou aeiKti up mine inii|uily. — Job 
 
 Of ui me up Uie skiru ol the gown. SftoJb. 
 
 SEX 
 
 SEW, (si"),) v. i. To practice sewing ; to join tliiuK^ 
 
 with stitches. 
 SEW, (su,) B. t. [L. .ilecn, to dry.] 
 
 To drain a pond for taking the fish. [Oia.] 
 SEW'£1), (s5de,) pp. Uiiitetl by stitches. 
 SEW'EL, (su'el,) «. Aiiiuiig huntsmen, something 
 
 hung up to prevent deer from entering a phice. 
 SEWER, (su'er,) n. [G. amiiclu ; perhaps from the 
 
 root of sucic, or L. sieco. Rut Eliiies deduces the 
 
 word from the old French a.iscuur.] 
 A drain or passage to convey olf wattrr and filth 
 
 under ground ; a subternineous canal, particularly in 
 
 cities ; corruptly prtmoiinced slioer or socr. 
 SEWER, (so'er,) n. [D. sclinfer, from schnffcn, to 
 
 provide, to tlisli up; G. schujfner; Dan. ska£i:r; Sw. 
 
 sktijare. See Shape.] 
 
 An ollicer who serves up a feast and arranges the 
 
 dishes. [ Obs.] Milton. 
 SEWER, (so'er,) n. One who sews or uses the 
 
 needle. 
 
 SEWER-AGE, (su'er-aje,) n. The making of a 
 sewer; the discharging of water, &c., by a sewer. 
 
 SEWING, (so'ing,) ppr. Joining with the needle or 
 with stitches. 
 
 SEWING, (so'ing,) 71. The act or occiipaiion of sew- 
 ing or using the needle; that which is sewed with 
 the neeille. ^slu 
 
 SEWI-TUDE, (su'e-tude,) 71. A term from the civil 
 law, equivalent to Easement. 
 
 SEWSTER, (so'ster,) n. A woman that sews or 
 sjiins. [Obs.] B. Jonsun. 
 
 SE.K, 71. [Fr. sere; Sp. .vxo : It. sesso ; L. .vcxhs ; qu. 
 G. sirke, she, female ; from L. scco, to divide.] 
 
 1. The distinction between male and female ; or 
 that property or character by which an animal is male 
 or femali!. The male sex is usually characterized 
 by muscular strength, boldness, and firmness. The 
 female sex is characterized by softness, sensibility, 
 and modesty. 
 
 In botany, the structure of plants which corre- 
 sptmds to sez in animals. The Liiintean methotl of 
 botany is formed on the sezes in phints." Milne. 
 
 2. By tvay 0/ einplittsii, wumankinil ; females. 
 
 Unhappy sej/ whose beauty is your snare. Dryrlen. 
 'i'lie se£ wliose presence civilizes ours. Cowt;'cr. 
 
 SEX-A-GE-NA'RI-AN, 71. [Infra.] A persxin who 
 has arrived at the age of sixty years. Cowpcr. 
 
 SEX'A-GKN-A-RY or SEX-A6'EN-A-RY, a. [Fr. 
 sezairenuire -■ I., sezaircnaritis, from sez, six, and a 
 word signifying ten, seen in viginti, bisgcnti.] 
 
 Designating the number sixty ; us a noun, a person 
 sixty years of age; also, something composed of 
 sixty. 
 
 SEX-A-GES'I-MA, 71. [L. serairesimuji, sixtieth.] 
 
 The second Sunday before Lent, the next to 
 
 Slirove-Tiiesilay, so called as being about the UOth 
 
 day before Easter. 
 SEX-A-GES'l-iM.AL, a. Sixtieth ; pertaining to the 
 
 number sixty. Srzarrrsimal or sezairenary arithmetic, 
 
 is a method of compulation by sixties, as that which 
 
 is used in dividing degrees into minutes, minutes 
 
 into seconds, Aic. 
 
 Sezaifcsintuh, or sezarresimal fractions, are those 
 
 whose denominators proceed in the ratio of sixty ; 
 
 ,1- 
 
 Tlie denominator is 
 
 ' 60' 3600' 2T7000 
 sixty, or its power. These fractions are called, also, 
 astronomical fractions, because fornierly there were no 
 others used in .astronomical calculations, liatton. 
 SEX'AN"(;i.E, (sex'ang-gl,) 71. In ireomctry, a tigure 
 having six angles, and conseipiently six sides. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 SEX'A.V'GLKD, (-ang'gid,) jo. fl'. sez, six, 
 SEX-AN"Gt"-LAR, ( ang'gu-lar,) ) anil 071 •rii/u.v, an- 
 
 Having six ancles ; hexagon.al. Dryden. 
 SEX-AN"GU-LAR-LY, <u/i). With six angles; hex- 
 agonally. 
 
 SEX-DEC'I-MAL, o. [L. sez, six, and d«c77i, ten.] 
 In erystnllojrraphij, when a prism or the mitldle 
 part of a crystal has six faces and the two summits, 
 taken togetin r, ten faces. [jVut u-ied.] Haiiy. 
 SEX-DU-O-DEC'I-MAL, a. [L. sez, six, and duode- 
 cim, twelve.] 
 
 In crystallography, designating a crj-stal when the 
 prism or middle part h.as six faces and the two sum- 
 mits, Uiken together, twelve faces. [Aut used.] 
 
 Haily. 
 
 SEX-EN'NI-.4L, a. [L. .lez, six, and annus, year.] 
 Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. 
 
 SEX-E.N'NI-AL-LY, adv. Once in six years. 
 
 SE.X'FID, a. [L. sez, six, and JIudo, to divide.] 
 In botany, si.x-cleft ; as, a scijid calyx or m ctary. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 SEX'LESS, a. Having no sex. SItclly. 
 SEX-LOC'IJ-LAR, a. [L. sez, six, and IocuIil^, a cell.] 
 In botany, six-celleil ; having six cells for seeds ; 
 ivs, a seilocular p^Ticarp. 
 SEX'T.MN, 71. [I,, sczians, a sixth, from sex, six.] 
 
 A stanza of six lines. 
 SEX'TA.Vr, 71. [L. .<fj-/a7i.«, n sixth. The Romans 
 divided the as into 13 ounces ; a sixth, or two 
 ounces, was the srrtans.] 
 
 SHA 
 
 1. Ill 7iial/ir/;ia/ic«, the sixth part of a circle. Hence, 
 
 2. An instrument for mi usiiriiig the angular dis- 
 tances of oliji cts by relleclion. It is formed like n 
 (piailraiit, excepting that its limb coiiijireheiuU CO 
 tiegret'S, or the sixth p:irt of a circlis Brande. 
 
 3. In astronomy, a constellation situated across the 
 equator and soutli of the ecliptic. Brande. 
 
 SEX'TA-RY, 71. [ L. sej:Uiriiis.] 
 
 An ancient Roman measure, about equal to an 
 English pint. It was double the heinina. 
 
 Smith's DieU 
 
 Si;X'TA-RY, ) 7u The same as Sacbistak. [Jfot 
 
 SKX'TRY, 1 used.] niel. 
 
 SEX'TI LE, (-til,) 71. [L. seztilis, from sex, six.] 
 
 Deiuiting the aspect or positiim of two planets, 
 when distant from each other liU degrees or two 
 signs. This position is marked thus :|c. Hutton. 
 
 SE.X-TILL'IO.N, (seks-til'yun,) 71. According to the 
 Kntrlish notation, the product of a million involved to 
 the sixth power, or a unit with thirty-six ciphers an- 
 nexed ; according to lUe French notation, a unit with 
 twenty-one ciphers aiiiujxed. Barlow. 
 
 SEX'TUN, 71. [Contracted from Sacristan, which 
 tee.] 
 
 An under officer of the church, whose business is 
 to take care of the vessels, vestments, &.C., belonging 
 to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, 
 and perform other duties pertaining to the church, to 
 dig graves, &c. Encyc. 
 SEX'TO.N'-SIIIP, 71. The office of a sexton. Swift 
 SEX'TU-PLE, a. [Low L. sezluplus ; sex, six, and 
 diipUi.<, double.] 
 
 1. Sixfold ; SIX times as much. Broirn, 
 
 2. In iniL-ic, denoting a niixeil sort of triple, beaten 
 in double time, or u nii asure of two times composed 
 of six equal notes, three for each time. 
 
 Busby. Eneye. 
 
 SEX'TJ-.\L, a. [from sez.] Pertaining to sex or tire 
 sexes ; distinguishing the sex ; denoting what is pe- 
 culiar to the distinction and office of male and 
 female ; as, sexual characteristics ; sexual intercourse, 
 conniH tion, or commerce. 
 
 2. Sexual meUiod; \u botany, \h& mt^thod which is 
 foundeil on the distinction of sexes in plants, as 
 male and female, each sex being furnished with a|>- 
 propriate organs or parts ; the male producing a pol- 
 len or dust, which fecundates the stigma of'llie pistil 
 or female organ, and is necessary to render it prolific. 
 It is foil lid that nio.st plants are hcriiiaplirodiie, the 
 male antl female organs being contained in the same 
 flower. This doctrine was taught to a certain ex- 
 tent by Tlieophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny, among 
 the ancients, but has been more fully illustrated by 
 C.Tsalpiiiiis, Grew, Caiiierarius, Liniiiens, and many 
 others among the nioilerns. Milne. Eneye. 
 
 SEX'Q-AL-IST, 71. One who believes and maintains 
 the iloctrine of sexes in plants ; or one who classi- 
 fies plants by the differences of the .sexes and parts 
 of friictifiaition. Mdne. Encyc. 
 
 SE.X-U-AL'I-T Y, n. The state of being distinguished 
 by sex. 
 
 SEX'lJ-AL-LY, adv. In a sexual manner. 
 
 SFOR-ZX'TO, a. [It.] In rnu^ic, a direction pl.aced 
 over a note, to signify' to the performer that it must 
 be struck with peculiar force. Brande. 
 
 SH.\H, V. i. To play mean tricks. In some parts of 
 New England, it signifies to reject or dismiss ; as, a 
 woman sliabs her suitor. It is, however, very vul- 
 gar and nearly obsolete. 
 
 SIIAB'HEO a. .Mean ; shabby. fTood. 
 
 SIIAB'llI-LY, ai/o. [from shabby.] Raggedly ; with 
 rent or ragged clothes ; as, to be clothed shabbily. 
 2. Mitaiily ; in a despicable manner. 
 
 SH.\I)'I!I-NESS, n. Raggcdiiess ; as, the shabbiness 
 of a garment. 
 
 2. Meanness ; paltriness. 
 
 SII.AB'CY, a. [D. schabbi-r; G. schdbi^, from schaben, 
 to rub, to shave, to scratch ; schabe, a moth, a shaving 
 tool, a scab. This is a dilfereiit orthography of 
 Scabby.] 
 
 1. Rained ; torn or worn to rags; as, a shabby 
 
 coat ; shabby clothes. 
 2 Clothed with ragged garments. 
 
 The dean w.as so shabtiy. Sm/L 
 
 3. Mean ; paltr>' ; despicable ; as, a shabby fellow ; 
 shabby treatment. Clarendon. 
 
 [For the idea expressed by sAaAiy, there is not a 
 belter word in Ihe language.] 
 
 SHAlt'RACK, 71. [Iluiigarian.] The cloth furniture 
 or housing of a troop horse or charger. Smart 
 
 SH.ACK, 71. In a7ici£'/i( customs of Eu>fland,ti liberty of 
 winter p.isturagc. In Norfolk and Sutfidk, the lord 
 of a manor has shaeJc, that is, liberty of feeding his 
 sheep at pleasure on his tenant's lands during the 
 six winter months. In Norfolk, shack extends to the 
 common lor hogs, in all men's grounds, from harvest 
 to seed-time ; whence to go a-shack is to feetl at 
 large. Cutcrl. Eneye. 
 
 In Ji'eiB England, shack is used in a somewhat sim- 
 ilar sense for mast or the food of swine, and for feed- 
 ing at large or in the forest, [for we have no manors.] 
 
 2. A shiftless fellow ; a low, itinerant Iwegnr ; a 
 vagabond. Forby. 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITNITE. — A.\"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; » as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
SUA 
 
 SHACK, V. i. To shed, as covn at harvest. [Local.] 
 
 Gnsc. 
 
 2. To feed in stubble, or upon the waste corn of 
 the field. [Local.] P^g)!^- 
 SHACK'LE, (shak'l,) n. Stubble. 
 
 [In Scuttisli, sha'T \s the refuse of barley, or that 
 which is not well filled, and is given to liorses. The 
 word shack, then, is probalily from a root wliicli signi- 
 fies to break, to reject, or to waste, or it may be al- 
 lied to sha^ and shake.] 
 SHACK'LE, t>. (. [Sax. sceacuU D. schalicl, a link or 
 mesh ; Sax, sceac-line, a rope to fasten the foot of a 
 sail. Qu. the root lie, Class Sg, No. 74. But we 
 <j 
 
 find the word, perhaps, in the Ar. ^ 1 *— — i from 
 
 V '—^ shalcala, to tie the feet of a beast or bird.] 
 
 1. To chain ; to fetter ; to tie or confine the limbs 
 so as to prevent free motion. 
 
 So the str* tct:ed coril the sharkJed dancer tries, 
 
 As prune to fiill tia impotent to rise. Smith. 
 
 2. To bind or confine so as to obstruct or embarrass 
 action. 
 
 You must not shackle liim with rules about indiflerent matters. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 SH.ACK'LE, n. j [Generally nsed in 
 
 SHACK'L£S, (shak'lz,) n. pi. <, the plural.] Fetters, 
 gyves, handcuffs, cords, or something else that con- 
 fines the limbs so as to restrain the use of them, or 
 prevent free motion. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Tiial whicli obstructs or embarrasses free ac- 
 tion. 
 
 His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles. South. 
 
 SHACK'LED, pp. Tied; confined ; embariassert. 
 SH ACK'LING, ppr. Fettering; binding; confining. 
 SHAD, n. It has no plural termination. Shatl is sin- 
 gular or plural. [G. scliadc. In \V. ysgadan, Ir. 
 sgailan is a herring.] 
 
 A fish of the genus Alosa, (Clupea, Linn.,) highly 
 prized for food. Shad enter the rivers in England 
 and America in the spring in immense numbers. 
 SHAD'DOCK, H. [The name of the man who first 
 carried this fruit from the East to the West Indies.] 
 A large species of orange, Citrus decuniana. 
 
 Kd. Ell eye. 
 
 SHaDE, n. [Sax. scad, scrail, seed, shade; sceadan, to 
 separate, divide, or shade ; G. schattcn, shadow, and 
 to shade; \i. schaditw, schkduweii; Dan. skattercr, lo 
 shade a picture ; W. ysaatcd, a shade ; y^trodi, to 
 shade or shelter; eysgodi, iil. ; Corn, shod or .si«i ; 
 Ir. sirath and siratham, to cut off, to shade. The Gr. 
 i7«iu is probably the same word contracted, and per- 
 haps tnruruf, darkness. In the sense of cutting off" 
 or separating, this word coincides exactly, as it does 
 in elements, with the G. seheidcn, L. scindo, for scido, 
 which is formed on cir.do, to strike off". Hence Sax. 
 gescead, distinction, L. scutum, a shield, Sp. escudo, 
 that which cuts off or intercepts. Owen deduces 
 the Welsh word from coot/, something that incloses ; 
 but probably the sense is, that which cuts off or de- 
 fends.] 
 
 1. Literalhf, the interception, cutting ofT, or inter- 
 ruption of liie rays of lii;ht ; hence, tlie obscurity 
 which is caused by such intercejitioii. Shade differs 
 from shadow, as it implies no particular form or defi- 
 nite limit ; whereas a shadow represents in form the 
 object which intercepts the light. Hence, when we 
 say, let us resort to the shade of a tree, we have no 
 reference to its form ; but when we speak of meas- 
 uring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we 
 have reference to its extent. 
 
 2. Darkness ; obscurity ; as, the shades of night. 
 The shade of the earth constitutes the darkness of 
 night. 
 
 3. An obscure place, properly in a grove or close 
 wood, which precludes the sun's rays ; and hence, 
 a secluded retreat. 
 
 L^t lis seek out some desolnte shxule, (ind tliero 
 
 Weep our s.id bosoms empty. Sliak. 
 
 4. A screen ; something that intercepts light or 
 heat. 
 
 5. Protection ; shelter. [Sec Shadow.] 
 
 <!. In paintinrr, the dark part of a picture. Dnjdcn. 
 
 7. Degree or grailation of light. 
 
 White, red, yellow, blue, with their sevenil degrees, or shiules 
 and iiiixlur>-«, as green, come only In by the eyes. Locke. 
 
 8. A very minute difference ; as, coffee is a shade 
 hlKher. Mercantile. 
 
 9. A shadow. [See Shadow.] 
 
 Eitvy will merit, lu its shrule, puntue. Pops. 
 
 SThis is allowable in poetry.] 
 0. The soul, after its Bpparalion from the body ; 
 BO called because the ancieiitH Nupposcd it to be per- 
 ceptitile to the flight, not lo lb'- touch ; a spirit j a 
 ghost ; ati, the sluvles of departed heroes. 
 
 Hwifl ss liiou£hl tlie flitting shailt. Dryden. 
 
 Pd^DR, c. (. |Bax. tceadan, geseeadan, to separate, to 
 divide, lo shade.] 
 
 1. To shelli-r or screen from light by intercepting 
 
 SHA 
 
 its liiys ; and when a|iplieil to the rays of the sun. It 
 signifies to shtdter from light and heat; us, a large 
 tree shades the plants under its branches ; sluuJed 
 vegetables rarely come to perfection. 
 I went lo crop the sylvan scenes, 
 
 And shade our altars wiUi Uieir leafy greem. Dryden. 
 
 2. To overspread with darkness or obscurity ; to 
 obscure. 
 
 Thou shad^st 
 The full bl;ize ol tliy beams. Milton. 
 
 3. To shelter ; to hide. 
 
 Ere in our own house I do shade my head. Shak. 
 
 4. To cover fVoni injury ; to protect ; to screen. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 5. To paint in obscure colors ; to darken 
 
 6. To mark with gradations of color; as, the shad- 
 ing pencil. Milton. 
 
 7. To darken ; to obscure. 
 
 SHAD'ED, /</). or a. Defended from the rays of the 
 
 sun ; darkened. 
 SHaD'ER, n. He or that which shades. 
 SHADES, 71. pi. The lower region or place of the 
 
 dead. Hence, 
 ^ 2. Deep obscurity ; total darkness. 
 SHaD'I-LY, adi: Umbrageously. 
 SHaD'I-NESS, n. [from shady.] The state of being 
 
 shady ; uinbrageousness ; as, the sliadiness of the 
 
 forest. 
 
 SHaD'ING, ppr. Sheltering from the sun's rays. 
 SHaD'ING, II. The act or process of making a shade. 
 
 _ Scott. 
 SHAD'oW, n. [Sax. scadu, sceadu. See Shade.] 
 
 1. Shade within defineil limits ; obscurity or dep- 
 rivation of light, apjiarent on a plane, and repre- 
 senting the form of the body which intercepts the 
 rays of light ; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or 
 a tower. The shadow of the earth in an eclipse of 
 the moon is proof of its sphericity. 
 
 2. Darkness ; shade ; obscurity. 
 
 Night's ^ble shn^Iotoe from the ocean rise. Denham. 
 .X Shelter made by any thing that intercepts the 
 light, heat, or influence of the air. 
 In secret shndote from the smmy ray, 
 On .1 sweet bed of lilies softly laid. Spenser. 
 
 4. Obscure place ; secluded retreat. 
 
 To S'■cr^-^ shadows 1 retire. {Obs.\ Dryden. 
 
 5. Dark part of a picture. [Obs.] Peacham. 
 [In the two last senses. Shade is now used.] 
 
 G. A spirit ; a ghost. [Ubs.] 
 
 [In this sense. Shade is now used.] 
 
 7. In painting, the representation of a real 
 shadow. 
 
 8. An imperfect and faint representation ; opposed 
 
 to StJBSTArJCE. 
 
 The law having a shadow ol good things to come. ~-Heb. x. 
 
 9. Inseparable companion. 
 
 Sin and her sliadow, Death. Milton. 
 
 10. Type ; mystical representation. 
 
 Types aiul shadotes of that destined seed. Milton. 
 
 11. Protection; shelter; favor. Lnm.'w. Ps.\c\. 
 
 12. Slight or faint appearance. James i. 
 
 Shadow of death ; terrible darkness, trouble, or death. 
 .Job iii. 
 
 SH.'XD'oW, v. t. To overspread with obscurity. 
 
 Tlie warlike elf mucli wondered at this tree. 
 
 So lair and gr'Ml, that sho/luwed nil the ji-roimd. Spenser. 
 
 [Shaok is more generally used.] 
 
 2. Til cliiiid ; to darken. 
 
 The sliadowed livery of the burning sun. Shak. 
 
 3. To make cool ; to refi esh by shade ; or to shade. 
 
 Klowery fields «nd shndomed waters. Sidney. 
 
 4. To conceal ; to hide ; to screen. 
 
 Let every soldier hew him down a Itoil^h, 
 
 And iM'ar't Itefore him ; tllen by shall we shadow 
 
 The iniinber of our host. [Unusita:.] .'^hak. 
 
 5. To protect ; to screen from danger ; to shroud. 
 Shadowing their right under your wings of war. Shak. 
 
 6. To mark with slight gradations of color or light. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 [In this sense. Shade is chiefly used.] 
 
 7. To paint in obscure colors; as, void spaces 
 deeply shadowed. Dryden. 
 
 8. To represent faintly or imperfectly. 
 
 AiiiriiHlii!* is stifulowcd in the person of JKneiis. Dryden, 
 
 9. To represent typically. The healing power of 
 the brazen serpent shadoweth the efficacy of Christ's 
 righteousness. 
 
 [The two last senses are in use. In place of the 
 others Shadk is now more gcneially nsetl.] 
 
 SIIAD'OW-CAST-ING, a. Casting a shadow. 
 
 ailAD'OW-i'D, pp. Represented imperfectly or typi- 
 cally. 
 
 SHAD'OW-GRXSS, n. A kind of grass so called. 
 
 .hhnson. 
 
 BHAD'OW-ING, ppr. Representing by faint or imper- 
 fect resemblanct;. 
 
 HIIAD'OW-INtJ, 71. Shade or griidation of light and 
 color. [ThisHliould he Shading.] 
 
 SHA 
 
 SlI AD'oW-LESS, a. Having no .shadow. 
 SHAD'oW-V, a. [Sax. sceadwig.] 
 
 1. Full of shade ; dark ; gloomy. 
 
 This shadowy desen, uiifretiuented woods. SJiak. 
 
 2. Not brightly luminous ; faintly light. 
 
 More pleasant light, 
 Sluutowy sets otl the lace ol Uiings. Milton. 
 
 3. Faintly representative ; typical ; as, shadowy 
 expiations. MiUnn. 
 
 4. Unsubstantial ; unieal. 
 
 Milton has brought into tiis poems two actors of a shadowy and 
 lictitious nature, in the persons ol Sin and Death. AiUiison. 
 
 5. Dark; obscure: opaque. 
 
 By command ere yet dim Night 
 
 tier shadowy cloud withdraws. Milton. 
 
 SHAD'oW-Y-NESS, ;i. State of being shadowy or 
 
 nnsiihstantial. 
 SHa'DRACH, (-drak,) 71. In the smelting of iron, a. 
 mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has 
 failed of its intended effect. [Local.] 
 SHa'DY, a. [from sliade.] Abounding with shade or 
 shades ; overspread with shade. 
 
 And Amaryllis fills the shady groves. Dryden. 
 2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. 
 Cast it also that you may l\ave rooms shady tor summer and 
 warm for winter. Bacon. 
 
 SHAF'FLE, V. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or 
 
 limp. [yVut in use.] 
 SHAF'FLER, n. A hobbler ; one that limps. [ATuf 
 
 in imc.] 
 
 SHAFT, Ji. [Sax. sceaft ; D. and G. sclmft: Sw. and 
 Dan. shaft; h. scapes; from the root of i/wpe, from 
 setting, or shooting, extending.] 
 
 1. An arrow; a missile weapon; as, the archer 
 and the shaft. More. 
 
 So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow, 
 . With vigor dmwii, must send the s/ta/f below. Dryden. 
 
 2. In mining, a pit or long, narrow opening or en- 
 trance into a mine. It is perpendicular or slightly 
 inclined. [This may possibly be a ditferert word, 
 as in German it is written scluicht, Dan. skagtt 1 
 
 3. In architecture, the shaft of a column is thai body 
 of it, between the base and the capital. 
 
 4. The shaft of a chimney is that part of it which 
 rises above the roof OwUt. 
 
 5. Any thing straight; as, the shaft of a steeple 
 and many other things. Peacham. 
 
 6. The stem or stock of a feather or quill. 
 
 7. The pule of a carriage, sometimes called 
 TosfiL'E or N'eap. The thills of a chaise or gig are 
 also called Shafts. 
 
 8. The handle of a weapon. 
 
 Shaft, vr white-shaft ; a species of Trochilus or hum- 
 ming-bird, having a bill twenty lines in length, and 
 two long white feathers in the middle of its tail. 
 
 En eye. 
 
 SIIXFT'ED, a. Having a handle ; a term in heraldry, 
 
 applied to a spear-head. 
 SIIAFT'MENT, n. [Sax. .■iopftmnnd.] 
 
 A span, a measure of about six inches. [JVot in 
 
 use.] Ray. 
 SHAG, 71. [Sax. seeacga, hair, shag ; Dan. skiag ; Sw. 
 
 skdgg, the beard, a brush, &c. In Eth. shaJcy, 
 a hair cloth.] 
 
 L Coarse hair or nap, or rough, woolly hair. 
 
 True Witney broadcloth, with il£ sha° unshorn. Gay. 
 
 2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. 
 
 3. In ornithology, an aqualic fowl, the green cor- 
 morant or crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax crislatus. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SHAG, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak. 
 SHAG, II. (. To make rough or hairy. 
 
 Sh*g the green 7.one that bounds the boreal skies. J. Darlois. 
 
 2. To make rough or shaggy ; to deform. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 SIIAG'BXRK, n. The popular name of a kind of 
 hickory, the caria squamosa, from its shaiigy bark ; 
 also culled Shkllbark. Sijlo. Jim. 
 
 SHAg'gy"' j '^""Sh with long hair or wool. 
 
 About his slioiilders hnngB tire shaggy skin. Dryden. 
 2. Rough ; rugged ; as, the shaggy tops of lulls. 
 
 ^fiVfuri. 
 
 And throw the shaggy spoils about your shotilden. Addison. 
 SIIAG'GI-NESS, j 71. The state of being shaggy , 
 SHAfJ'GED-NESS, S roughuesu, with long, loose 
 hair or wool. 
 
 SHAGREEN', 71. [Pers. cfjJUix .-ai'ri, the skin of a 
 
 horse or an ass, &c., dressed.] 
 
 A kind of leather, prepared skins of horses, asses, 
 mules, itc, and grained so as to bo covereil with 
 small round pimples or granulations. The skin is 
 steeped in water, scraped, and stretched on a frame ; 
 small seeds are forced into it ; it is then dried, and 
 the seeds are shaken out, leaving Ihe surface In- 
 dented. The skin is nfteiwnrd polished, soaked, 
 anti dycrd. Shagreen is prepared at Astrachan in 
 
 METE, PRBV PTNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
SHA 
 
 Russia, in various parts of the Levant, kc, and is 
 mncli used fur covering small caeies and boxes. 
 
 P. tV- Ure. 
 
 SFIA-GIIEEN', \ a. .Made of tlie leather called 
 SIIA.(;REEN''f;D, i Shaorsen. 
 SIIA GKIiEN', for Chaorin. fSec Chaorin.] 
 SII\H, n. Tlie title eiveii by European writers to the 
 
 kiiii; or monarch of Persia. Brande. 
 SHAIK, n. See Sheik. 
 
 SllAIL, e. t. To walk sidewisc. [Low, and not in use] 
 
 V Kjitrangc, 
 
 [This word is probably the G. schieUn, Dan. skie- 
 ler^ to squint.] 
 SII.aKE, v. (., prH. Shook; pp. Shaken. [Sax. 
 sceacan, to shake, also to tiee, to depart, to withdraw ; 
 Sw. skaJia ; I), schakken, to shake, to jolt, to heap ; 
 scliok^ a shock, jolt, or bounce ; W. ysiretriaWy to 
 shake by sei/.ing one by the throat ; ce>riuWf tocliiike, 
 from cttr, a choking, the mouth, an entrance. If the 
 Welsh gives the true origin of this word, it is re- 
 markably expressive, and characteristic of rough 
 manners. 1 am not confident that the Welsh and 
 Saxon are from a common stock.] 
 
 1. To cause to move with quick vibrations ; to 
 move rapidly one way and the other ; to agitate ; as, 
 the wind shakes a tiee ; an eartliquake shakes the 
 lulls or the earth. 
 
 Kook my 
 
 He tliook Uw Siicrpd iionore of iiis iicad. Dryden. 
 A* a ri^-lree casti-tli h'-r untimely I'niit, when it ti thaktn by a 
 nirghly wiiiil. — Itev. Ti. 
 
 2. To make to totter or tremble. 
 
 Ttit^ niput wlifvls thake hc:ivcn's Insii. Milton, 
 
 3. To cause to shiver ; as, an ague shakes the 
 w hole frame. 
 
 4. To throw down by a violent motion. 
 
 Mnclji'lii li ripe for thnJcing. Shak. 
 [But see Shake opf, which is generally used.] 
 
 5. 'I'o throw away ; to drive off. 
 
 *Tis our firsc ilileiit 
 To shake all cnn»l iiiul biittiiieu trom our age. 
 [See .!>7iote q/.) 
 
 Shak. 
 
 G. To move from firmness ; to weaken the stability 
 of ; to endanger ; to threaten to overthrow. Nothing 
 should shake our belief in the being and perfections 
 of God, and in our own accountableness. 
 
 7. To cause to waver or doubt ; to inijiair the res- 
 olution of; to depress the courage of. 
 
 Tiiat yo be not goon fhrtkeu in niiiul. — 2 'I lipM. ii. 
 
 8. To trill ; as, to sh:ikr a note in music. 
 
 To shake hands ; sfmictintcs, to unite with ; to agree 
 or contract with ; more ireneraliij^ to take le:ive of, 
 from the practice of shaking haniJs at meeting and 
 parting. Shak. K. Charles. 
 
 To shake off: to drive off ; to throw off or down by 
 violence ; as, to shake off the dust of the feet ; also, 
 to rid one's self ; to free from ; to divest of ; as, to 
 shake off disease or grief; to s/iaAeo^ troublesome de- 
 pendents, jlddison. 
 SHAKE, V. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibra- 
 tory motion ; as, a tree slialies with tile wind ; the 
 bouse shakes in a tempest. 
 
 The found.itioni of Uie earth do ihak*. — Is. xxir. 
 
 2. To tremble; to shiver; to quake; as, a man 
 shakes in an ague; or he shakes witli cold, or with 
 terror. 
 
 3. To totter. 
 
 Under his burning wiieels 
 The steatif.ut empyrean thook throughout, 
 AU but the thrunc itself of Uod. MUton. 
 
 SHAKE, V. Concussion; a vacillating or wavering 
 motion ; a rapid motion one way and the other ; 
 agitation. 
 
 The ^reat BoMler** honor was compowd of thicker stuff, which 
 eoiilil enil>irj a thajce. Herbert. 
 
 2. A trembling or shivering; agitation. 
 
 3. A motion of hands clasped. 
 
 Our (Alutitions w.*n; very hearty on both sides, consisting of 
 many kind thnktM ol tlie hand. Ad/tuon. 
 
 4. In mtuiic, a trill ; a rapid reiteration of two notes 
 comprehending an interval not greater than one whole 
 tone, nor less than a semittine. Busbtj. 
 
 5. A fissure or rent in timber caused by its being 
 dried too suddenly. Gwilt. 
 
 SIIAKE'DOWN, n. A temporary substitute for a bed, 
 as on chairs, or on the flotir ; derived, perhaps, orig- 
 inally from the shaking down of straw for this pur- 
 pose. England. 
 
 SIIAK'KX, (shak'n,) pp Impelled with a vacillating 
 motion ; atiitated. 
 
 2. a. Cracked or split ; as, shaken timber. [See 
 Shakt.] 
 
 Nor is the wood ehaktn or twisted, as those about Cafytown. 
 
 BarroiB, 
 
 SHAK'ER, n. A person or thing that shakes or agi- 
 tates ; as, the shaker of the earth. Pope. 
 
 2. In the Unite/I States, Shakrrs is the name given 
 to a very Kingular sect of Christians, so called from 
 the agitations or movements in dancing which char- 
 acterize their Worship. 
 
 SIIAK'ING, ppr. Impelling to a wavering motion; 
 
 causing to vacillate or waver ; agitating. 
 3. Trembling; shivering; quaking. 
 SIIAK'ING, >i. 1'he act of shaking or agitating; 
 
 brandishing. Job xli. 
 
 2. Concussion. Ilarmar. 
 
 3. A trembling or shivering. Waller. 
 SIIAK'O, n. A military cap. 
 
 SIIA'KV, a. A term applied to timber when naturally 
 
 full of slits or clefts. OwilL 
 SHALE, e.(. To peel. [J\o( in «.«f.] [Sec Shell.] 
 SHALE, n. [G. schaJe i a different orthography of 
 ScHELL. but not in use. See Schell.] 
 
 1. A shell or husk. Shak. 
 
 2. In aeuloiT!/, a fine-grained rock, having a slaty 
 structure. Dana. 
 
 Sll.'XLL, V. i. verb anziUarii. pret. Should. [Sax. 
 scealan, sctjlan, to be obligetl. Itcoilicitles in signifi- 
 cation nearly with ouahl, it is a duty, it is necessary ; 
 D. laly zul ; G. soil ; Sw. skola, pret. skulle ; Dan. skat, 
 skulle, skuldc. The Gt rnian and Dutch have lost the 
 palatal letter of the verb ; but it appears in the deriv- 
 ative G. schuld, guilt, fault, ciilp.ability, debt ; D. 
 schuld, id. ; Sw. skuld, Dan. skyld, debt, fault, guilt, 
 skyldcr. to owe ; Sax. scytd, debt, offense, L. sce- 
 lus. The literal sense is, to hold or be held, hence 
 to owe, and hence the sense of guilt, u being held, 
 b uiid, or liable to justice and punishment. In the 
 Teutonic dialects, sehnlden, skyld, are used in the 
 Lord's Prayer, as *' forgive us our debts," but neither 
 debt nor trespass expresses the exact idea, which in- 
 cludes sin or crime, and liability to piiiiisliiiient. 
 The word seems to be allied in origin to .</;i//, L. cal- 
 ico, to be able, to know. (See Skill.) Shall is de- 
 fective, having no infinitive, imperative, or partici- 
 ple. It ought to be written shal, as the original has 
 one I only, and it has one only in shalt and should.] 
 
 1. Shall is primarily in the present tense, and in 
 our nunlier tongue was followed by a verb in the in- 
 finitive, like other verbs. "Ic steal from the beon 
 gefiillod," I have need to be bapti/.etl of thee. jVntt. iii. 
 '*/c nu .fccfl/ siniran sarcietdas,^* I must now sing 
 mournful songs. Bocthius. 
 
 We still use shall and should before another verb in 
 the infinitive, without the sign to; but the significa- 
 tion of shall is considerably defiected from its primi- 
 tive sense. It is now treated as a mere auxiliary to 
 other verbs, serving to form some of the tenses. In 
 the present tense, shall, before a verb in the infinitive, 
 forms the future tense ; but its force and eft'ert are 
 different with the different persons or personal pro- 
 nouns. Thus, in the first person, shall simply fore- 
 tells or declares what will take place ; as, I or we 
 shall ride to town tui Monday. This declaration sim- 
 ply informs another of a fact that is to take place. 
 Tlie sense of shall here is changed from an expres- 
 sion of need or duty, to that of previous statement or 
 information, grounded on intention or resolution. 
 When uttereil with emphasis, " I .^hall go," it ex- 
 presses firm determination, but not a promise. 
 
 3. In the second and third persons, shall implies a 
 promise, command, or deterniinatitm. "You shall 
 receive your wages," " he shall receive his wages," 
 imply that you or he ought to receive them ; but 
 usage gives to these phrases the force of aproinuic in 
 the person uttering them. 
 
 When shall is uttered with emphasis in such 
 phrases, it expresses determination in the speaker, 
 and implies an authority to enforce the act. Do 
 you refuse to go ? Does he refuse to go ? But you 
 or he shall go." 
 
 3. Shall I go, shall he go, interrogatively, asks for 
 permission or direction. shall you go, txsks for 
 information of another's intention. 
 
 4. But after another verb, sAnZ/, in the third person, 
 simply foretells. lie says that he shall leave town 
 to-morrow. So alsti in the second person ; you say 
 that you shall ride to-morrow. 
 
 5. After if, and some verbs which express condi- 
 tion or supposition, shall, in all the persons, simply 
 foretells ; as, 
 
 ( I shall say, or we shall say, 
 If < Thou .fhalt say, ye or you .thall say, 
 ( He shnll say, they shall say. 
 
 6. Should, in tile first person, implies a conditional 
 event. " I should have written a letter yesterday, 
 had I not been interrupted." Or it expresses obliga- 
 tion, and that in all the persons. 
 
 I should, ^ have paid the bill on demand ; It 
 
 Thou shoutdst, ( was my duty, your duty, his duty 
 He should, ( to pay the bill on demand, but it 
 You should, J was not paid. 
 
 7. Should, though properly the past tense of shall, 
 is often used to express a coniingent future event ; 
 as, if it. should rain to-morrow; if you should go to 
 London next week ; if he should arriv'e within a 
 innnlh. In like manner after though, grant, admit, 
 allotp. 
 
 SHAL-I,OON',n. [Said to be from Chalons, in France; 
 Sp. chalron ; Fr. ras de Chains.] 
 
 A slight, woolen stuff. Swift 
 
 SIIAL'LOP, n. (Fr. ehaloupe: Sp. and Port, chalupa: 
 G. sehaluppe. This word is changed into sloop; but 
 the two words have now different significations.] 
 
 A sort of large boat with two uinsts, and usually 
 rigged like a schooner. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 SH.A L-LOT', n. An eschalot. Allium ascaloniciim. a 
 bulbous plant resembling the garlic [Sen Ksch- 
 
 ALOT.J 
 
 SII.\L'L<5VV, a. [from shoal. Sax. sceol, a crowd, or 
 rather scylf, a shelf.] 
 
 1. Notileep; having little depth ; shoal; an, shal- 
 low water ; a shallow stream ; a shallow brook. 
 
 iJryden. 
 
 2. Not deep ; not entering far into the earth ; as, a 
 shallow furrow ; a shallow trench. Dryden. 
 
 3. Not intellectually deep; not profound ; m/l pen- 
 etrating de<;piy into abstruse siibjecl.-i ; superticial; 
 as, a s/iallow mind or understanding ; sltallow skill. 
 
 Dei-p versed In books, and thalUne in hiiiwlf, Milton, 
 
 4. Slight ; not deep ; as, a shallow sound. Bacon. 
 SHAL'LOW, n. A shoal ; a shelf; a tiat ; a sand- 
 bank ; any place where the water is not deep. 
 
 A swift Bln'ain Is not ht-ard in tho channel, but upon ahaltotBt of 
 
 gravel. Hneon. 
 Daslietl on the thaUoiet of the moving sand. Uryiitn. 
 
 SHAL'LOW, V. t. To make shallow. [Little used.] 
 
 ' Herbert. 
 
 Sll AL'LOW-BRAIN -ED, a. Weak in intellect ; fool- 
 ish ; empiv headed. South. 
 
 SHAL'LOW-LY, ailv. With little depth. Carew. 
 2. Superficially; simply ; without depth of thought 
 or jiidtriiient ; not wiselv. Shak. 
 
 SII.M,'I.O\V-i\KSS, TI. Want of depth ; small depth ; 
 as, the shiilh'wiirss of Water, tif a river, of a stream. 
 
 2. Su|)i rfi( ialiiess of intellect ; want of power to 
 enter deeply into subjects ; emptiness; silliness. 
 
 SHAL'LOW-SEARCH'ING, (serch'ing,) a. Search- 
 ing superficially. Mdton. 
 
 SHALM, )/,,,.,,.„,•,(«. [C,r. srhalinrie, Uam achal- 
 
 SHAW.M, i ] ir„, to sound.] 
 
 A wiiiil instrument of music, iniirli like the clar- 
 ionet in form. [JVol usrd.] Knulles. Fusbroke. 
 
 SHA-LOTE', n. Tlie French echalote anglicised ; a 
 bulbous jilaiit resembling the garlic. [See Eschalot.] 
 
 SIIAL'S'l'ci.N!', n. [ii. schale, a scale, and stone, G. 
 stein.] See Tahular Shak. 
 
 SH.VLt, the second person singular of Shall ; as, thou 
 shall not steal. 
 
 SHa'LY, a. Partaking of the qualities of shale. 
 
 S[I.\.M, )i. [W. siom, vacuity, void, balk, dLsappoint- 
 ment.] 
 
 That which deceives expectation ; any trick, fraud, 
 or device that deludes and disappoints; delusion; 
 imposture. [J^^ot an elegant word.] 
 
 B'-lieve who will tlie solrinn tham, nut I. Additon. 
 
 SHAM, a. False; counterfeit; pretended; as, a^Aam 
 fight. 
 
 SIIA.M, V. L [W. siomi, to balk or disappoint.] 
 
 1. To deceive expectation; to trick; to cheat; to 
 delude with false pretenses. 
 
 They find themselves fooled and shamm€d Into conviction. 
 |.Vo< eleganl.] L'Ktlrange. 
 
 2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. L' Estrange. 
 To sham Jlhraliam ; to feign sickness or infirmity. 
 
 [Sec Abraham Mek.] Oolil.milh. 
 
 SH.\M, r. i. To make false pretenses. Prior. 
 
 SI1.\M'.\N', n. A priest, wizard, or conjurer, among 
 the Ostiaks or other idolatrous tribes of the Finnish 
 race. Brande. 
 
 SHAM'AN-ISM, n. The idolatrous worship or re- 
 ligion of the Ostiaks, Samoyedes, and other Fin- 
 nish tribes. 
 
 SHAM'BLE.r. i. To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, 
 as if the knees were weak. Forby, 
 
 SHAM'BLES, (-biz,) n. pi. [Sax.scamel, L..ieamnum,a 
 bench. It. scanno, Sp. escaho ; from L. seando.] 
 
 1. The place where butcher's meat is sold ; a flesh- 
 market. 1 Cor. X. 
 
 2. In mining, a niche or shelf left at suitable dis- 
 tances to receive the ore which is thrown from one 
 to another, and thus raised to the top. 
 
 SII.\M'liLING, ppr. or a. [from scumble, scambling.] 
 Moving with an awkwartl, irregular, clumsy pace ; 
 as, a shambling trot ; shambling legs. Smith. 
 
 SIIA.M'BLING, n. An awkward, clumsy, irregular 
 pace or gait. 
 
 SHAME, n. [Sax. seama, sceam, sceom; G. seltam; D. 
 
 schaamen; Sw. and Dan. skam. Qu. Ar. 
 
 ehashama, with a prefix, to cause shame, to blush, to 
 reverence. Class Sm, No. 48.] 
 
 1. A painful sensatitm excited by a consciousness 
 of guilt, or of having done something which injures 
 repiitalinn ; or by the exposure of that which nature or 
 modesty prompts us lo conceal. Shame is particu- 
 larly excited by the disclosure of actions » liich, in 
 the view of men, are mean and degrading. Hence, 
 it is often or always manifested by a downcast look 
 or by blushes, called confusion of face. 
 
 Hide, for thamt, 
 Romans, your rnndsirfs' iin.v^s. 
 
 That blush at tijeir degi-nerate proireny. ij "^^n. 
 
 Sham* ptvvails when n'ason b delenltsl. /fan. 'sr. 
 
 2. The cause or reason of shame ; that wii.eh 
 brings reproach, and degrades a pers<m in the esli- 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, q.MTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 "123 ~ inir 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 matioii of others. Thus an idol is called a sltame. 
 Hos. ix. 
 
 Oui(Ii?&, who are the shame of religion. South. 
 
 3. Reproach : ignominy ; derision ; contempt. 
 Ye have bonie the shame of the heathen. — Ezek. xxxvi. 
 
 4. The parts which modesty requires to be cov- 
 ered. 
 
 5. Dishonor : disgrace. Prov. ix. 
 
 SHAME, V. L To make .ishamed : to excite a con- 
 sciousness of guilt or of doing something derogatory 
 to reputation ; to cause tu blush. 
 
 Who shames a scribhler, [jr -alts a cobweb through. Pope. 
 
 I write not these tilings to shame you. — 1 Cor. it. 
 
 2. To disgrace. 
 
 And with fool cowardice his carcass shame, Sj^enser. 
 
 3. To mock at. 
 
 Ye have shamed the counsel of the jyv^r. — Pi. xi7, 
 SHaSIE, v. i. To be ashamed. 
 
 To its trunk authors give such a magintude as I sAoTTte to repeal. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 [This verb, I believe, is no longer used intransi- 
 tively.] 
 
 SH.aM'SD, j>p. Made ashamed. 
 SHAiME'F.XC-SD, (-laste,) a. [Lye suppo.ses this to 
 be a cnmipiion of Sax. scam-fiist, shame-fast, Jield 
 or restrained by shame.] 
 
 Basliful; easily confused or put out of counte- 
 nance. A man may be sliamefaccd to excess. 
 
 Conscience is a blushing, shamefaced spirit. Shak. 
 Your shi^me/aced vinue sliunneti the jy.-o^ln's praise. Dryden. 
 
 SHaME'FAC-£D-LY-, (-faste-,) ado. Bashfully ; with 
 excessive modesty. ■ Woolton. 
 
 SHA.ME'FAC-i;D-NESS, (-faste-,) n. Bashfulness; 
 e,iicess of modesty. Dniden. 
 
 SHa.ME'FUL, a. [shame and /u7(.] Th.it "brings 
 shame or disgrace ; scandalous; disgraceful ; injuri- 
 ous to reputation. It expresses less than Infamous 
 and Ignominious. 
 
 His naval preparations were not more rjrpiising than his quick 
 and shame/ill retre.at. ' ArbuOinot. 
 
 2. Indecent ; raising sh.ame in others. 
 
 PhcEhus flying so most s.'tame/u/ siglit. f^penser. 
 SH.AMF.'FIIL-LY, adv. Disgracefully ; in a manner 
 to bring reproach. He sluimefuUy deserted his 
 friend. 
 
 2. With indignity or indecency ; in a manner that 
 may cause shame. 
 
 liow eliame/iitly that maid he did tortnent I ^en<er, 
 
 SHSME'FJIL-NESS, n. Disgracefulness. Johnson. 
 
 SHa.ME'LESS, a. [shame and less.] Destitute of 
 shame ; wanting modesty ; impudent ; brazen-faced ; 
 immodest; audacious; insensible to disgrace. 
 
 Such shameless barJa we have. Pope. 
 5. Done without shame ; indic.iting want of shame ; 
 as, a skamehss denial of truth. 
 
 SHSME'I,ESS-LY, ai/o. Without shame ; impudent- 
 ly ; as, a man shamelessly wicked. 'Hale. 
 
 SHAME'I,ESS-NESS, n. Destitution of shame ; 
 want of sensibility to disgrace or dishonor ; impu- 
 dence. 
 
 He that blushes not at hla crime, hut adds shamelessness to 
 shame, has noUiing left to restore him to virtue. Taylor. 
 
 One who makes ashamed ; that which 
 A pretended fight or engage- 
 Making ashamed ; causing to 
 
 SHAM'ER, n, 
 confounds. 
 
 SHA.M'-FI«HT, Jt, 
 ment. 
 
 SHA.M'IXG, ppr. 
 Iilush ; confoundin 
 
 SIl.A.M'.MER, n. [from siam.] One that shams ; an 
 inipostnr. [Low.] 
 
 SHAM'MV, n. [Fr. chamois; It. eamoiza; Sp. o-amu- 
 za ; Port, iramo ; from ?p. irama, a doe, or its root : 
 W. gartjr, a goat ; Corn, and Ir. n-acnr.] 
 
 1. A species of Antelope, tlie -Antilope Rupicapra. 
 [See Chamois.] 
 
 9. A kind of leather prepared from the skin of this 
 animal. It is dressed in oil rir tanned, and mtu'h es- 
 fecmi:d for its softness, pliancy, and llie quality of 
 bt^aring soap without damage. A gre.it part of the 
 leather which bears this name is counterfeit, being 
 made of the skin of the cumuiun goat, the kid, or 
 even of sheep. Rncyc. 
 
 This word ha-t also been written Shamoy and 
 SiiAMois. [See Chamois.] 
 
 HIIAM I'flf)', / c.f. [Oriental.'] To rub and percuss 
 
 ClIA.M-POd', \ the whole surface of the body, and 
 at the tame lime, to flex and extend the limbs and 
 rack the jtiinU, in roniici tion with the hot bath. 
 
 BH.\.M l'f)f)'f-U, pp. Kulibed, percussed, &c., in con- 
 ni'Cliun with the hid bnlh. 
 
 Stl.AM-POO'l.Nf;, ppr. Rubbing and percussing the 
 whole surface of llie boily, al Ihe same time Hexing 
 and exti'niling the Ijinbs, and rucking the Joints, in 
 rttnnerilon wiib the hot bath. 
 
 HHAM-P(lf)'l.VG, n. The ni;t or pmclice of knead- 
 ing, riihhing, and working any part of the I)i>dy, as 
 oft> r batliiiig. What I' now popularly called sham- 
 pooing, wan anciently called tripiris, and it in ittiU no 
 calli'il technically. 
 
 SHAM'ROCK, )i. The Irish name for a three-leafed 
 plant, tile Oxalis .Acetosella, or common Wood- 
 Sorrel. It has been often supposed to be the Trifoli- 
 uiu repens, white trefoil or white clover. 
 
 Journal of Royal Institute. P. Cyc. Brande. 
 
 SHANK, J!. [Sax. scanc, sceanc ; G. anil D. schenkel; 
 Sw. shank.] 
 
 1. The whole joint from the knee to the ankle. 
 In a horse, the part of the fore leg between the knee 
 and the fooUock. 
 
 12. The tibia or large bone of the leg ; as, crooked 
 shanks. 
 
 3. The long part of an instrument ; as, the shank 
 of a key. Mozon. 
 
 The beam or shaft of an anchor, having the ring 
 at one end and the arms at the other. Totten. 
 
 4. The space between two cliaimels of the Doric 
 tri glyph. Oailt. 
 
 5. A plant, (Drvoni.a.) Johnson. 
 SH.\NK'£D, (shaiikt,) a. Having a shank. 
 SHANK'ER, n. [from Fr. chancre.] 
 
 A primary, syphilitic ulcer, always occasioned by 
 the application of the specific secretion from another 
 primarj' syphilitic ulcer. It is always the first mani- 
 festation of true and regular syphilis. [See Chan- 
 cre.] 
 
 SH.\XK'LIN S.AND, n. A sandstone with other as- 
 sociated deposits, constituting tlie lower part of the 
 cretaceous formation. Mantetl. 
 
 SHANK'-PAIMT-ER, n. With seamen, a short rope 
 and chain which sustains the shank and flukes of an 
 anchor against the ship's side, as the stopper fastens 
 the ring and stock to the cat-head. Tottcn. 
 
 SHAX'SClllT, n. The Sanscrit, or ancient language 
 of Hindoostan. [See Sanscrit.] 
 
 SH.\X'TY, for Jastt. Gay ; showy. [A'ot in iLse, or 
 local.] 
 
 SII.AX'TY, n. [Said to be from Ir. scan, old, and tig, 
 a house.] 
 
 A hut, or mean dwelling. 
 SH.APE, V. I. ; pret. Shaped ; pp. Shaped or SHAPEti. 
 [Sax. sceapian, sceppan, scipan, or scyppan, to form, to 
 create ; Sw. skapa ; Dan. skaber ; G. scluiffen, to cre- 
 ate, to make or get, to procure, furnish, or supply ; 
 D. sclieppcn, schaffcn ; ?ans. shnfana. The Sw. has 
 skaffa, to provide, and the Dan. skajfcr.] 
 I. To form or create. 
 
 I w;is shapen in iniquity. — Ps. IL 
 9. To mold or make into a particular form ; to give 
 form or figure to ; as, to shape a garment. 
 
 Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face. Prior. 
 
 3. To mold ; to cast ; to regulate ; to adjust ; to 
 adapt to a purjiose. He shapes his plans or designs 
 to the temper of the times. 
 
 4. To direct ; as, to shape a course. Dcnham. 
 
 5. To image ; to conceive. 
 
 oft my ]e.alonsy 
 Shapes faults that are not. 
 
 SHAPE, r. t. To square ; to suit ; to be adjusted. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 SHAPE, n. Form or figure as constituted by lines and 
 angles ; as, the shape of a horse or a tree ; the shape 
 of the head, hand, or foot. 
 Q. External a|ipearance. 
 
 He t-eat me grievoujily in the shape of a woman. Shak. 
 
 3. The form of the ttunk of the human body ; as, 
 a clumsy shape; nn elegant shape. 
 
 4. A being as endowed with form. 
 
 R-fore the gates there sat. 
 On either side, a formidable shape. MlHon. 
 
 5. Idea ; pattern. Milton. 
 G. Form. This application conies before the legis- 
 lature in Ihe shape of a memorial. 
 
 7. .Manner. 
 
 SHAP'KD, (shipt,) )pp. Formed; molded; cast; 
 
 SHAP'KiV, (ship'n,) j conceived. 
 
 SHAPE'LESS, a. Destitute of regular form ; wanting 
 symmetry of dimensions ; as, deformed and shape- 
 less. Shak. 
 The shapeless rock or han^ng precipice. Pope. 
 
 PIIaPE'LESS-.N'ESS, n. Destitution of regular form. 
 
 SIIAPE'LI-.NESS, It, [fTom shapely.] Beauty or pro- 
 portion (jf form. [Litile used.] 
 
 SHaPE'I.Y, n. [friun shape] Well-formed; having 
 a regul.'ir slia[>e ; symmetrical. fVarton. 
 
 SMAPE'SMITII, n. [shape and imilh.] One that un- 
 dertakes to improve the form of the body. [In bur- 
 lestiue.) Garth. 
 
 SIIAP'IN'G, ppr. Forming; molding; casting; con- 
 ceiving ; giving form. 
 
 SHAP'ING, n. 'J'he act of forming a shape. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 SH.\RD, n. [Sax. sceard, from scearan, to shear, to 
 separate.] 
 
 1. .A piece or fragment of nn earthen vessel, or of 
 any brittle subytttnce. [Oft«.] Shak. 
 
 2. The shell of nil egg or of a snail. Oowrr. 
 
 3. A plant, (chard.) Drydrn. 
 ■\. A frith or strait ; as, a perilous shard. Sjienser. 
 
 r>. A grip. 
 
 (i. A li«h. 
 
 SHARD'BoR.NE, a. [shard and borne.] Borne on 
 shariled wings, like the beetle. Shak. 
 
 [Some, says Halliwell, are of opinion, that Shak- 
 sjieare wrote the word shard-born, i. e., born among 
 shards ; but neither he nor any of the later lexicog- 
 raphers adopts this opinion. — Erf.] 
 
 SHARD'ED, a. Having wings sheathed with a hard 
 case ; as, the shardcd beetle. Todd, from Qower. 
 
 SHARE, n. [Sax. scear, sceara, from scearan, to shear; 
 W. ysaar, which is a compound.] 
 
 1. Apart ; a portion ; aipiuntity; as, a small share 
 of prudence or good sense. 
 
 2. -A part or portion of a thingowned by a number 
 in common ; that part of an undivided interest 
 which belongs to each proprietor ; as, a ship owned 
 in ten .vAarci ; a Tontine building owned in a hun- 
 dred .'^harfv. 
 
 3. The part of a thing allotted or distributed to 
 each individual of a number; dividend; separate 
 portion. Each heir has received his share of the 
 estate. 
 
 4. A part belonging to one ; portion possessed. 
 
 Nor I without my share of rime. Dryden, 
 
 5. A part contributed. Ue bears his share of the 
 burden. 
 
 6. 'i'he broad iron or blade of a plow « hich cuts 
 the ground, or furrow-slice. ."Slorttmer. 
 
 To go shares ; to partake ; to be equally concerned. 
 
 Ij Estrantrc. 
 
 SHARE, V. U [Sax. scearan, scyran ; but we have 
 .■>hear ilirectly from this verb, and sliare seems to be 
 from the noun ; W. yscrariaa^.] 
 
 1. To divide ; to part among two or more. 
 Suppose 1 share my fortune equally between my children and a 
 
 stranger. Stei/t, 
 And share his burden where he shares his heart. Dryden. 
 
 2. To partake or enj(>y with others ; to seize and 
 possess jointly or in common. 
 
 Great Jove with Ces;ir shares his sovereign sw.ay. Milton. 
 While avarice and rapine share the land. Aliilon. 
 
 3. To cut ; to shear. [JVvt now in use.] 
 
 And the shared visage hangs on equal sides. Dryden. 
 SHARE, V. i. To have part. 
 
 A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the gootls 
 of his father. Locke. 
 
 SHARE'-Bo.\E, n. The os pubis, a bone placed at 
 
 the upper and fore part of the pelvis. Fucyyth. 
 SHaR EU, pp. Held or enjoyed with anotlnT or oth- 
 ers ; divitled ; distributed in shares. 
 SHARE'HoLD-ER, n. [.^Itare and holder.] One that 
 holds or owns a share in a joint fund or property. 
 One of the proprietors of the mine, who was a rri>;cir.\l share- 
 liolder in the company, died. ' 'AJed.' Repos, 
 
 SHAR'ER, 71. A partaker ; one that particip.ates any 
 thing with another; one who enjoys or suffers in 
 common %vith ant>ther or ttthers ; as, a .slutrer in 
 another's good fortune ; a sharer in the toils of war ; 
 a sharer in a lady's alTfCtitjns. 
 
 SII.\R'ING, ppr. Parlaking ; having a part with 
 another ; enjoying or sutlering with others. 
 
 SHAR'IXG, 71. Participation. 
 
 SHARK, 71. [Tj. carcharias; Gr. Kapxaptai, from 
 »ai)\<i.irif, sharp; Corn, skarkia^:] 
 
 1. The name commonly given to many, and some- 
 times indisrriuiiiiately to all the voracious carlilngiii- 
 ous fishes of the family Squalidie, (genus Squalus, 
 Linn.,) coniprehendins numerous genera, as Carcha- 
 rias, Scyllium, &c. The body is oblong and taper- 
 ing; the skin rough and destitute of sc;iles; the 
 teelii are arranged in several rows, one within 
 another, and are usually long, sharp, and triangular, 
 with projections or serratures on the sides. The 
 white shark, Carcharias vulgaris, one of Ihe largest 
 species, attains the length of twenty-five feet. 
 
 Cyc. Jardine^s .Auf. Lib. 
 
 2. A greedy, artful fellow ; one who fills his pock- 
 ets by sly tricks. [Low.] South. 
 
 3. Trick ; fraud ; petty rapine ; as, to live upon 
 the shark. [Little used.] South. 
 
 4. In A'cu! En aland, ouo that lives by shifts, con- 
 trivance, or stratagem. 
 
 SHARK, r. f. To pick up h.aslily, slily, or in small 
 quantities. [Lmr.] Shal;. 
 
 SHARK, B. i. To play Ihe petty thief; or rather, to 
 live by shifts and pelty stratagems. [In AVw Eng- 
 land, the common pronunciation is shurk, but the 
 wortl rarely implies fraud.] 
 
 2. To cheat ; to trick, [/jiw.] .ainsirorth. 
 
 3. To fawn upon for a dinner; to ht:!:. Johnson. 
 To shark out ; to slip out or escape by low artifices. 
 
 [ fulmar.] 
 
 SIIARK'EIl, 71. One that lives by sharking ; an artful 
 fellow. H',.((on. 
 
 SHARK'IXG, pjir. Picking up in haste; living by 
 pi tty rapine, or by shifts ami devices. 
 
 SHAliK'l.N'G, n. Petty rapine ; trick. ITc.^field. 
 2. The socking of a livelihood by shifts and de- 
 vices. 
 
 SHARP, a. [Pax. sc.rarp ; D. seherp : G. scharf: Dan. 
 and Sw. sharp ; Turk, srcrp ; protiahly from Ihe rtiot 
 of shear, shire, short; the radical letters being O or 
 Or.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, F\l.h, WH^T MilTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 foil ; 
 
SUA 
 
 SUA 
 
 SHE 
 
 1. Iluviiiff a very lliiii ciIro or fine point; keen; 
 acute ; not blunt. Tims w e say, a sAar;) knife, or a 
 sliar/} needle. A xliurp eiifie easily severs a sub- 
 stance ; a sharp point is easily made to penetrate it. 
 
 2. TeruiinatinE in a point or edge; not obtuse; 
 as, a hill terminates in a sliarp peak, or a sharp ridge. 
 
 3. KuruunR an acute or too small angle at tlie ridge ; 
 as, a sharp root". 
 
 4. Acute of mind ; quick to discern ordistinguisli ; 
 penetrating ; ready at invention ; witty ; ingenious. 
 
 Nutliiitg makes mrii tharper limn wmit. AUditon. 
 M.iiiy oUicr tliiiipi U luiig lo llie nuilerial world, wli. n'in llie 
 tharpeat pliilosuphcn haYO not jim obtained cicar^joaa. 
 
 5. Being of quick or nice perception ; applied to 
 tile senses or organs of perception ; as, a sharp eye ; 
 sharp sight. 
 
 To */iar;)-eycd rt-MOii this would seem untrue. Dn/'ltin. 
 
 6. Affecting tlie organs of taste like fine points ; 
 sour ; acid ; as, sharp vinegar ; s/iaryi-tasted citrons. 
 
 Drtjdi'ii. 
 
 7. Affecting the organs of hearing like sharp 
 points ; piercing ; penetrating ; shrill ; as, a sharp 
 souiul or voice ; a sharp note or tone ; opposed to a 
 fial note or sound. 
 
 8. iScverc ; harsh ; biting ; sarcastic ; as, sharp 
 words; s/iar/i rebuke. 
 
 B<' thy wonts sever», 
 Sharp as he inerila ; l>ut llie sword lurijear. Dryiien. 
 
 9. Severely rigid ; quick or severe in punishing ; 
 cruel. 
 
 To that place tlie aharp AthcDian law 
 
 Can not pursue us. Shak. 
 
 10. Eager for food ; keen ; as, a sharp appetite, 
 
 11. Eager in pursuit ; keen in quest. 
 
 My falcliion now is aharp and passing eini'ty. SJiak, 
 13. Fierce ; ardent ; fiery ; violent ; as, a sliarp 
 contest. 
 
 A tharp assault alrrady is Ije^n. Dryfien. 
 
 13. Keen; severe; pungent; as, «Aarp pain. 
 
 14. Very painful or distressing ; as, shurp tribula- 
 tion ; a sharp fit of the gout. 
 
 15. Very attentive or vigilant. 
 
 Sharp at her uunost ken she cast her eyes. Drydcn. 
 
 16. Making nice calctilations of profit ; or close 
 and e.\acc in making bargains or demanding dues. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 17. Biting; pinching; piercing; as, sharp air; 
 sharp wind or weather. Ratj. 
 
 18. Subtile , nice • witty ; acute ; used ofthinirs : as, 
 a A'/mrp di.'-course. [Rare.] Hooker. 
 
 hj. Among worknieiiy hard ; as, sharp sand. 
 
 Jl/»n»t. 
 
 30. Emaciated ; Iran ; thin ; as, a sharp vistige. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 To brace sharp; in seamanship, to turn the yards to 
 the nio^t oblique position possible, that the ship lu.iy 
 l:iy well up to the wind. Mar. DicL 
 
 ISIIaRI*. ». In mii-sic, an acute sound. S/iak, 
 i. A note artificially raised a semitone; or, 
 
 3. The character which directs the note to be 
 thus elevated ; opposed lo a fat, which depresses a 
 note a semitt)ne. Brande. 
 
 4. A pointed, weapon. [JVut in use] Collier. 
 SII.*illl', e. (. To make keen or acute. B. Jonson. 
 
 -2. T<» render quick. Spenser. 
 3. To mark with a sharp, in musical comjiosilion ; 
 or to raise a note a semitone. 
 SIIXRP, r. i. To play tricks in bargaining ; to act the 
 
 shtirper. VEslrange. 
 SHAIIP'/CD, (shUrpt,) pp. Made keen. 
 
 a. Marked with a sharp in musical composition. 
 SIIXRP'-El)0-i."D, (-ejd,) a. Having a fine, keen 
 edge. 
 
 S(IXRl"EN, fshirp'n,) v. t. [G. schdrfen; D.scherpen; 
 
 Sw. skdrpa.] 
 
 1. To make sharp; to give a keen edge or fine 
 point lo a thing ; to etigc ; to point ; as, to sharpen a 
 knife, an ax, or the teeth of a saw; to sharpen a 
 swortl. 
 
 All the Israelites went down to the Philistines to sharpen erery 
 
 ni.tn his share and his colter, and his ax and his niattuclt. — 
 1 Sam. xui. 
 
 2. To make more eager or active ; as, to sharpen 
 the edge of industry. Hooker. 
 
 3. I'o make more pungent nntl painful. I'he abuse 
 of wealth and greatness may hereafter sharpen the 
 sting of conscience. 
 
 4. To make more quick, acute, or ingenious. The 
 wit or the intellect is sharpened by study. 
 
 5. To render perception more quick or acute. 
 
 The air tluir^ftneti his visual ray 
 
 Tu ohjecu distant far. Milton, 
 
 6. To render more keen ; to make more eager for 
 {imA. or for any gratification ; as, to sharpen the ap- 
 petite ; to sharpen a desire. Shak. Tillolson. 
 
 7. To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. 
 
 Shnrjtfn each word. Smith, 
 
 8. To render less flat, or more shrill or piercing. 
 
 Indosures not only preserve sound, but Increase aad tharpen it. 
 
 liacon. 
 
 9. To make more tart or acid ; to make sour ; as, 
 the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar. 
 
 10. To make more distressing; as, to sharpen grief 
 or other evil. 
 
 11. In ;nii.<ic, to raise a sound by means of a sharp. 
 
 Pnif. Fuhrr. 
 
 SIIXRP'EN, V. 1. To grow or become sharp. Shak. 
 
 SHARP' f.'N-W), pp. or a. Made sharp ; edged ; point- 
 ed ; renderecl niortr active, acute, keen, &.c. 
 
 SllARP'f;\-I.\(;, ppr. i«ee the verb. 
 
 SH.^lUP'EU, n. A shrewd man in making bargains ; 
 a tricking fellow ; a cheat in bargaining or gaming. 
 
 Sftarjiers, as piltes, piry upon llfir own kind. L'£<[range. 
 
 SIIXRP'I.\(;, ppr. .Making keen or acute. 
 
 Q. Marking with a sharp, in musical composition. 
 Sn.\Rl"LV, adr. With a keen edge or a fine point. 
 
 2. Severely ; rigorously ; roughly. TU. i. 
 
 They arc tube ntore «/tar^}/y chastised and it' rornied than the rude 
 Irish. Spemer. 
 
 3. Keenly ; acutely ; vigorously ; as the mind and 
 memory sharply exercisetl. B. Junson. 
 
 4. Violently ; vehemently. 
 
 At Uie arrival of the Knjlisll embassadors, the soldiers were 
 eltarply :^^eiull^^l with wants. JliiyicarJ. 
 
 5. With keen perception ; e.xactly ; minutely. 
 You contract your eye when you would s'-c aharphj. Bacon. 
 
 6. Acutely ; wittily ; with nice discernment. 
 SHXRP'NESS, n. Keenness of an edge or point; as, 
 
 the sharpness of a razor or a ilart. 
 9. Not obtuseness. TVotton. 
 
 3. Pungency ; acidity ; as, the sharpness of vin- 
 egar. IVatts. 
 
 4. Pungency of pain ; keenness ; severity of pain 
 or atlliction ; as, the sltarpness of pain, grief, or an- 
 guish. 
 
 5. Painfiilness ; afllictiveness ; as, Ihc sharpness o[ 
 death or calamity. 
 
 * And the best {parrels in the heal are curst 
 Cy those Uiat leel th' ir gharpnete. 
 
 Shtik. 
 
 6. Severity of language ; pungency ; satirical sar- 
 casm ; as, the sharpness of satire or rebuke. 
 
 Some did all fully with Just itharpnees blame. Dryden. 
 
 7. Acuteness of intellect ; the power of nice dis- 
 cernment ; quickness of understaniling ; ingenuity; 
 as, sluirpness of wit or understaniling. 
 
 Dnjden. .Addison. 
 
 8. Quickness of sense or perception; as, Ihe sluirp- 
 ne.<s of sight. 
 
 9. Keenness ; severity ; as, the sharpness of the 
 air or weather. 
 
 SHXRP'-P(J1.\T-ED, a. Having a sharp point. 
 
 SllX RP'-SET, (J. [sharj) auii set.] Eager in appetite ; 
 artected by keen hunger ; ravenous ; as, an I'agle or 
 a lion .^harp-set. Brown. 
 2. Eager in desire of gratification. 
 
 The town in tharit.gel on new plays. Pojit. 
 
 PHXRP'-PHOOT'ER. n. [sharp and shoot.] One 
 skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; one 
 skilled in the use of the riHe. 
 
 SHXRP'-S1K)()T-I.\G, n. A shooting with great pre- 
 cision and edrct. 
 
 SHARP'-SIGIIT'ED, (-sit'ed,) o. [*/iar/) and si!;Iit.] 
 Having quick or acute sight; as, a sharp-siglUcd va- 
 gle or hawk. 
 
 2. Having quick discernment or aciife understand- 
 ing; as, a sharp-.tiirhted o^HHiimnt ; sharp-stglUed judg- 
 ment. 
 
 SHXRP'-SIGMT'ED-NESS, (-sit'ed-,) n. The state 
 of having acute sight. 
 
 SHXRP'-VIS-AG-f.I), a. [sharp anA vL^age.] Halving 
 a sharp or thin face. J/ale. 
 
 SHXRP'-WIT-TED, a. Having an acute or nicely 
 discerning mind. H'otton. 
 
 SHAS'TER, j n. Among the Ifrndoos, a law or in.-ti- 
 
 SIIAS'TRA, ( tutes ; applied parlicularly to a book 
 containing the institutes of their religion, considered 
 of divine authority. The term is applied, in a wider 
 sen.\e, to treatises containing the laws or institutes of 
 the various arts and sciences, as rhetoric. 
 
 fVUson's Sanscrit DicL 
 [.S*5Tnt is the original word. J 
 
 SHAT'TER, V. t. [U. schateren, to crack, to make a 
 gre.it noise. This word seems to be allied to scatter 
 anil to scath, wa.-te. The sense is, to force or drive 
 apartJ 
 
 1. To break at once into many pieces ; to dash, 
 burst, rend, or part by violence ii'ito fragments ; as, 
 explosion shatters a ruck or a bomb ; lightning shal- 
 Urs the sturdy oak ; steam shatters a boiler ; a mon- 
 archy is shattered by revolt. Locke. 
 
 2. "To rend ; to crack ; to split ; to rive into splin- 
 ters. 
 
 3. To dlssl|>ate ; to make incapable of close and 
 continued application ; as, a man of sliatlered humor. 
 
 JV^orri.s-. 
 
 4. To disorder; to derange; to render dt4irioua ; 
 as, to .thatter the brain. The man seems to be shat- 
 tered in his intellect. 
 
 SHAT'TER, r. I. To he broken into fragments; to 
 fall or crumble to pieces by any force applied. 
 
 Sonie thautr and fly In many places. Bacon. 
 
 SHAT'TER-HRXI.\-*;IJ, j a. [shatter i\t,t\ brain ox 
 
 SHAT'TER-P.\ T i:i), j pare] IJistjrdered or wan- 
 dering in intellect. 
 2. Heedless ; wild ; not consistent. Goodman. 
 
 SIIAT'TER-A.'I), p/). or a. Broken or dashed lo pieces; 
 rent ; disordered. 
 
 SH.\T'TER-I ppr Dashing or break ingtu pieces ; 
 rending : disordering. 
 
 SHAT'TERS, n. pi. [I believe used only in the phi- 
 ral.l The fragments of any Ibiiig forcibly rent or 
 hriiken ; used chiefly or solely in the phru.sBs, to 
 break or rend into shatters. Swijt. 
 
 SH.\T'TEIl-V, a. Brittle ; easily falling into many 
 pieces ; not compact ; loose of texture ; as, .thattery 
 spar. Wumheard, 
 
 SUA VE, V, t. ; pret. .SHiVED ; pp Shaved or ."^m ven. 
 [.Sax. sceafan, sejifan ; D. schaanen; G. achabem Dan. 
 skaerr: Sw. skafra.] 
 
 1. To cut or iiare off something from the surface of 
 a body by a razor or other edged iiistriiineiit, by rub- 
 bing, scraping, or drawing the iiistriimeiil along the 
 surface ; as, to shaoe the chin and cheeks ; to shace 
 the heail of its hair. 
 
 He shall s/iawe his he.ul In the day of his clc^instiig. — Num. vi. 
 
 2. To shave off; to cut off. 
 
 Neith< r shall they ahave off Uie corner of tJielr beard. — L.cv. xxi. 
 
 3. To pare close. 
 
 The bending scythe 
 Shavta all the surface of Uie waviiijf greon. Cay. 
 
 4. To cut off thin slices ; or to cut in thin slices. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 5. To skim along the surface or near it ; to sweep 
 along. 
 
 tit shavea with level wuij Uie deep. Milton. 
 
 fi. To strip ; lo oppress by extortion ; to fleece. 
 
 7. To make smooth by paring or cutting off slices ; 
 as, to shace hoops or staves. 
 
 To shave a note; to purchase it at a great discount, 
 or to take interest upon it much beyond the legal 
 rate, [ji low phrase,] 
 SHAVE, n. [Bw.skaf; G. sehabe ; Sax. scafa, sceafa ; 
 D. schaaf, a plane.] 
 
 An instruinenl with a long blade and a handle at 
 each end for shaving hoops, 4^c. ; called also a Uitiw- 
 iNt; Kmke. 
 
 SUA Vi^-'H, 71/1. Pared; made smooth with a razor or 
 
 other cutting instrument ; fleeced. 
 SHA VE'-GRASS, 11. A plant of the genus Etpiisetum ; 
 
 the Dutch rush or scouring rush. Boallu 
 SHa VE'I,I\G, n. A man shaved; a friaror religious ; 
 
 in contempt. Spe.nser. 
 SHAVER, n. One that shaves, or whose occupation 
 
 is to shave. 
 
 2. One that is close in bargains, or a sharp dealer. 
 
 This licwls is a cunning ahaver. Su;ift. 
 
 3. One that fleeces ; a pillager ; a plunderer. 
 By these atiavera the Turks wen; stnpp«-tl of all Uiey liail. 
 
 Knoltes. 
 
 SHAVER, n. [Gipsy, tscliabc, or tschawa, a boy; 
 schawo or tscliaico, a son ; Ar. i_)Lii a youth, from 
 
 «_«^ shabba, to grow up, to excite.] 
 
 A boy or young man. Hallneell. 
 
 [This word is still in common use in New Encland.] 
 SH.\ VING, ppr. Paring the surface with a razor or 
 other sharp instrument ; making smooth by paring; 
 fleecing. 
 
 SH.\V'I.\G, 71. The act of paring the surface. 
 
 2. A thin slice pared off with a shave, a knife, a 
 plane, or other cutting instrument. Mortimer. 
 SHAW, n. rSax. .<cwo, scuiea ; Sw. sku^'ga ; Dan. 
 siiore, a thicket, and skysge, a shade.] 
 
 A thicket ; a small wood or grove. FlalliwelL 
 [f,orol in F.nirland. In America not used.] 
 SHAW'-FOWE, M. r^.Aai;' and /oir(.) The represen- 
 tation or image of a lowl made by fowlers to shoot at. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 SHAWE, n. A cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or hair, 
 used by females as a loose covering for the neck and 
 shoulders. Shawls are of various sizes, from that of 
 a handkerchief to that of a counterpane. Shawls 
 were originally manufactured in the heart of India 
 from the soft, woolly, inner hair of a variety of the 
 common gout reareil in Thibet, ami the best shawls 
 now come from Cashmere; but they are also manu- 
 factured in EiirojK;. The largest kinds are used in 
 tram dresses and for long scarfs. 
 
 Encye. Me Cutloeh. 
 
 SHAWM, n. [G. sehalmeie, from sehallen, to sound.] 
 A wind instrument of music, having much the 
 form of the clarionet ; now supersetled by the haut- 
 boy and bassoon ; written also Shalm. 
 
 Com. Prayer. Fo.^broke- 
 
 SHE, pronoun personal, of the feminine gentler. [Sax. 
 seo: Goth.ii; I), zi/ : G.sie. The Danes and Swedes 
 use for he and ,«Af,'the word from which the English 
 has hen ; Dan. Aan, he, the male ; Ami, she, the fe- 
 male ; Aane, a cock ; Sw. han, he ; hanne, a cock ; 
 
 TONE, BIjLL, IGNITE.— AN"GER, VfCIOL'S C as K ; G as J ; * as Z ; Cfl as SI! ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1019 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 A«?n, henncs, kennr, she. This is tlie root of Henry. 
 She is perhaps the Heb. nvx, a woman or wife. In 
 the Saxon, seo is used as an adjective, and may be 
 rendered the or a. It is also used as a relative, 
 answering to rcko, L. qiuE. It is also used for he 
 and tltat. In English, she has no variation, and is 
 used only in the nominative case. In the oblique 
 cases, we use hers and Aer, a distinct word.] 
 
 1. A pronoun which is the substitute for the name 
 of a female, and of the feminine gender ; the word 
 which refers to a female mentioned in the preceding 
 or following part of a sentence or discourse. 
 
 I'heo S:inih denied, saying, 1 laughed not ; for she was afraid. 
 — Gen. xviii. 
 
 2. She is sometimes used as a noun for woman or 
 female, and in the plural ; but in contempt or in 
 ludicrous language. 
 
 Lady, you are the cruellest she ali7e. Shale. 
 The ehes of Italy shall not betray 
 
 My iuterest. Shak, 
 
 3. She is used also in composition for female, rep- 
 re_senting sex ; as, a sAc-bear ; a A-Ae-cat. 
 
 SHe.'^D'ING, k. [G. scheiden, Sax. sceadan, to di- 
 vide.] 
 
 In the Isle of Man, riding, a tithing, or division, 
 in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. 
 The isle is divided into six sheadings. Encyc. 
 SHkAF, (sheef,) n. ; pi. Sheaves. [Sax. sceaf; D. 
 schonf. It appears to be connected with the D. 
 schiiiveni, schoof, to shove. Sax. scnfan. The sense 
 then is, a mass or collection driven or pressed to- 
 gether. But the Welsh has ysgub, a sheaf and a 
 besom, whence ysrrttbaw, to sweep, L. scttpa, scopo, 
 and said to be from cub, what is put together, a 
 cube. If these are of one family, as I suspect, the 
 root is in Class Gb, and the sense, to collect or press 
 together.] 
 
 1. A quantity of the stalks of wheat, rye, oats, or 
 barley bound together; a bundle of stalks or straw. 
 
 The le.Aper fills his o-reedy hands, 
 
 And hinds the golden sheaoes in brittle bands. DrytUrt, 
 
 2. Any bundle or collection ; as, a sheaf of arrows. 
 
 Drydcn, 
 
 3. In meclianics. See Sheave. 
 
 SHeAF, v. t. To collect and bind ; to make sheaves. 
 
 SAaA. 
 
 SHeAF'Y, a. Pertaining to or consisting of sheafs. 
 
 SHf.AL. See Sheet-ino. [Gay. 
 
 SHeAL, to shell, is not used. SliaJc. 
 
 SHeAR,u. pret. Sheated ; pp. SnEAnEO or Shorn. 
 The old pret. Shore is entirely obsolete. [Sax. 
 scraran, scyrnn, sciran, to shear, to divide, whence 
 share and shire; G. schercn, to shear, or shave, and 
 to vex, to rail, to jeer ; sc'iier dick weir, get you gone ; 
 schier dich aus dem wege, move out of the way ; D. 
 scheeren, to shave, shear, banter, stretch, warp j de 
 gek scheeren, to play the fool ; lig weg scheeren, to 
 shear off: Dan. siciercr, to cut, carve, saw, hew; 
 skierts, a jest, jeer, banter ; .'!kicrtser, to sport, mock, 
 jeer ; Sw. skiara, to reap, to mow, to cut off, to 
 cleanse, to rinse ; Sans, schaura or chaura, to shave ; 
 \V. ysgar, a part, a share ; ysgariaw, to separate. 
 The Greek has {uonw, to shave, and KCtpio, to shave, 
 shear, cut off, or lay waste. Tlie primary sense is, to 
 separate or force off in general ; but a prominent 
 signification is, to sep:irate by rubbing, as in scour- 
 ing, or as in sluitnng, cutting close to the surface. 
 Hence the sense of jeering, as we say, to give one 
 the rub. See Si:ouB, atid Class Gr, No. 5, 8.] 
 
 1. To cut or clip sou)ething from the surface with 
 an instrument of two blades ; to separate any thing 
 from the surface by shears, scissors, or a like instru- 
 ment ; as, to shear sheep; to shear cloth. It is ap- 
 propriately used for the cutting of wool from shei p 
 or their skins, and for clipping the nap from cloth, 
 but may be applied to other things ; as, a horse 
 shears the ground in feedmg nmch closer than 
 an ox. 
 
 2. To separate by shears ; as, to shear a fleece. 
 
 3. To reap. [J'J'ot in use..] [Scottish.] Oower. 
 SHEAR, c. i. To deviate. [See Sheer.] 
 SHEAR'liILL,n. [.<Aeai- an J A water-fowl, the 
 
 black-skimincr or cut-water (Ithyncops nigra) of 
 the Antilles. Encyc. 
 SIIKARI) (sherd,) n. A shard or fragment. [See 
 Sh>bd.] 
 
 SHeAR'/CD, pp. Clipped ; deprived of wool, hair, or 
 
 nap, hy means of shears. 
 SIIEAR'ER, n. One that shears; as, a shearer of 
 
 Mhecp. Milton. 
 RliR.XR'lNO, ppr. Clipping; depriving of wool, hair, 
 
 or nap, by means of i,h('ars. 
 SlIP.AIt'r.Nt;, n. The act of shearing. 
 8IlE AR'I.l.N'G, n. A sheep that has been but once 
 
 flieared. 
 
 BHeAR'MAN, n. One whose occupation ia to shear 
 cWith. 
 
 HIIKAKS, (shccrz,) n. nl. [from the verb.] An in- 
 Htrinnent consisluig of two bladi H with a bevel edge, 
 movable on a pin, used for cutting cloth and other 
 fnib'tancca. Bheara differ from Hcissura chiefly in 
 being larger. 
 
 FmU urged the tittart, anil cut the sylph In twnjD. Po/w. 
 
 The shears used by farriers, sheep-shearers, &c., 
 are made of a single piece of steel, bent round until 
 the blades meet, which open of themselves, by the 
 elasticity of the metal. 
 
 2. Wings. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 3. An engine for raising heavy weights. [See 
 Sheers.] 
 
 4. The denomination of the age of sheep from the 
 cutting of the teeth ; as, sheep of one shear, two 
 shear, &c. [Local.] Mortimer. 
 
 SHe.\R'-STEEL, 71. Steel prepared by a peculiar 
 process for making clothiers' shears, scythes, &c. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 SHeAR'WA-TER, n. A web-footed water-fowl of the 
 genus Ryncops, also called Cut-water and Black- 
 skimmer. It takes its food by skimming along the 
 surface of the water with its sharp and thin lower 
 mandible plunged beneath the water. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A name of certain web-footed sea-fowls of the 
 genus Piilflnus, (I'rocellaria, Linn.,) allied to the 
 petrels; also called Puffins. P. Cyc. 
 
 SHeAT. See Sheet. 
 
 SHeAT'-FISII, n. [G. scheide, Cuvier.] 
 
 A fish, a species of Siluriis, having a long, slimy 
 body, destitute of scales, and the buck dusky, like 
 that of the eel. It is the largest fresh-water fish of 
 Europe, being sometimes six tVet or more in length. 
 
 Janline's J\'fl(. Lib. P. Cyc. 
 
 SHicATH, n. [Sax. scealh, sarthe ; G. scheide! D. 
 scheede ; from separating, G. scheiden, D. schcien. Sax. 
 sceadan. See Shade.] 
 
 1. A case for the reception of a sword or other 
 long and slender instrument ; a scabbard. A sheath 
 is that which separates, and hence a defense. 
 
 2. In botany, a membrane investing a stem or 
 branch, as in grasses. Martyn. 
 
 3. Any thin covering for defense ; the wing-case 
 of an insect. 
 
 SHeATHE, v. t. To put into a case or scabbard ; as, 
 to sheathe a sword or dagger. 
 
 2. To inclose or cover with a sheath or case. 
 
 The leopard — keens ttie claws of his fore feet turned up from the 
 
 ^ound, and shenlhed in Ihe sliin of his toes. Grew. 
 'Tis ui my breast she skeathea her dagger now. Dryden. 
 
 3. To cover or line ; as, to sheathe the bowels with 
 demulcent or mucilaginous substances. 
 
 4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious or sharp 
 particles. .Srbuthnot. 
 
 5. To fit with a sheath. SAai. 
 
 6. To case or cover with boards or with sheets of 
 copper ; as, to sheathe a ship, to preserve it from the 
 worms. 
 
 To sheatlie the sword; a figurative phrase; to put 
 an end to war or enmity ; to make peace. It corre- 
 siKtnds to the Indian phrase, to bury the hatchet. 
 SHeATH'£D, pp. Put in a sheath ; inclosed or cov- 
 ered with a case ; covered ; lined ; invested with a 
 membrane. 
 
 2. a. In botany, vaginate ; invested by a sheath or 
 cylindrical, membranaceous tube, which is the base 
 t)f the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses. Martyn. 
 
 SHif.ATU'ER, 71. One that sheathes. 
 
 SHeATH'ING, ppr. Putting in a shi>ath ; inclosing 
 in a case ; covering ; lining ; investing with a mem- 
 brane. 
 
 SIlE.'VTII'ING, n. The casing or covering of a ship's 
 biittom and sides ; or the materials for such cov- 
 erini:. 
 
 SIllcVTII'LESS, a. Without a sheath or case for 
 
 . rnvi riiig ; unsheathed. Percy's Masgue, 
 
 SllK.ATll'WING-£U,n. [sheath and wmg.] Having 
 cases for covering the wings ; as, a shcalhr-winged 
 insect. Brown. 
 
 SIl eATH'Y, a. Forming a sheath or case. Broion. 
 
 Slli",A VE, 71. [In I), .■ichtf is a slice, a truckle, a quoit, 
 a fillet, a draughtsman, a pane. In G. scheibe is a 
 mark, a pane, a wheel, the knee-pan, a slice.) 
 
 In seamen's language, a wheel in a block, rail, 
 mast, yard, Hcc, on which the rope works. It is 
 UKide of hard wood or of metal. 7'otten. 
 
 SIIeAVE, 7). t. To bring together ; to collect. [JVot 
 in use.] Jishmole. 
 
 SIIi?.AV'^;D, a. Made of straw. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SIIi^AVE'-HoI^Ej n. A channel cut in a mast, yard 
 or other timber, in which to fix a sheave. 
 
 Mar. Diet 
 
 SHE-eill'NAH. SeeSHEKiNAH. 
 
 SIlECK'l.A-TON, 71. [fr. cictaron. Chalmers.] 
 
 A kind of gilt leathitr. [JVot in use.] Spen-fcr. 
 
 SHFU), 7'. I.; pret. and pp. Shed. [.Sax. sceilan, to 
 pour out. If v is a prefix, this word coincides in ele- 
 ments with I), girten, to pour, to cast, O. gicssen, 
 Eng. gush. It coincides, also, in elements with 
 sAoof. See the noun. J 
 
 1. To cause or siilfer to flow out ; as, to shed 
 tears ; to shed blond. The sun sheds light on the 
 earth ; the vtars shed a more feeble light. 
 
 This is iny blood of the New Teslnnjent, which is thed tor many 
 for tlie remission of sins. — Matt. xxvl. 
 
 2. To let fall ; to cast ; as, the trees shed their 
 leaves in autumn ; fowls sAc^I their feathers ; and 
 Horpentu tihr^l their skin. 
 
 3. To scatter ; to emit ; to throw off ; to diffuse ; 
 as, flowers shed their sweets or fragrance. 
 
 [The peculiar sense of this word is, to cast ofl^ 
 something that belongs to the body, either a sub- 
 stance or a quality. Applied to animals and plants, 
 it expresses a periodical casting off of a natural cov- 
 ering.] 
 
 SHED, V. i. To let fall its parts. 
 
 White oats are apt to shed most aj they lie, and black as they 
 stand. Mordmer. 
 
 SHED, 7!. [Sax. seed, a shade ; Sw. skydd, a defense ; 
 skydda, to protect, to defend, or shelter ; Dan. skyttcr, 
 id. ; .tkytter, a shooter ; skyts, a defense ; skyt, a gun ; 
 skyder, to shoot ; G. schiitien, to defend ; schittze, a 
 shooter ; D. schutlen, to defend, to parry, or stop ; 
 schntter, a shooter. It appears that shed, the noun 
 and verb, and shoot, are troin one source, and shade, 
 send, scath, and several other words, when traced, 
 all terminate in the same radical sense, to thrust, 
 rush, or drive.] 
 
 1. A slight building; a covering of timber and 
 boards, &c., for shelter against rain and the inclem- 
 encies of weather ; a poor house or hovel ; as, a 
 hoxse-shed. 
 
 The first Aletes bom in lowly shad. 
 
 Sheds of reeds which sninnier's heat repel. 
 
 Fairfax. 
 Saiuiys. 
 
 2. In composition, effusion ; as in h\ood-shed. [See 
 the verb. ] 
 
 SHED, 7). £. To keep off; to prevent from entering; 
 
 as a hut, umbrella, or garment that sheds rain. 
 SHED'DER, 71. One that sheds or causes to flow out; 
 
 as, a sheddcr of blood. 
 SHED'DING, ppr. Effusing; causing to flow out; 
 
 letting fall; casting; throwing off; sending out; 
 
 diffusing; keeping off". 
 SHED'DING, 7!. That which is cast off. 
 
 2. The act of casting off or out. 
 SHEKL'ING, 71. See Shielino. 
 
 SHEEN, la. [Sax. .'Jcchc, seen, bright. This is the 
 SHEEN'Y, ) old orthography of shine, which see.] 
 Bright ; glittering ; showy. 
 
 Up rose each warrior bold and brave, 
 
 Giisttning in filed steel and armor sheen. I^ir/ax. 
 
 [TVlis word is used only in poetry.] 
 SHEEN, 71. Brightness ; splendor. Milton. 
 SHEEP, 71. sing, and pi. [Sax. sceap, seep ; G. schaf ; 
 D. schaap ; Bohemian, skope, a wether.] 
 
 1. An animal of the genus Ovis, which is among 
 the most useful species that the Creator has bestowed 
 on man, as its wool constitutes a principal material 
 of warm clothing, and its flesh is a great article of 
 fofid. The sheep is remarkable for its harmless tem- 
 per and its timidity. The varieties are numerous. 
 
 2. In contempt, a silly fellow. Jiinsiporth. 
 
 3. Figuratioely, God's people are called sheep, as 
 being under the government and protection of Christ, 
 the great Shepherd. John x. 
 
 SHEEP'-BITE, 7). t. [sheep and bite.] To practice 
 petty thefts. [JSTot in use.] Shak. 
 
 SHEEP'-BIT-ER, n. One who practices petty thefts, 
 r JVcif in u.ie.] Shak, 
 
 SHEEP'COT, 71. [.'jAecp and cot] A small inclosure 
 for sheep ; a pen. Milton. 
 
 SHEEP'FoED, 71. [sheep and fold.] A place where 
 sheep are collected or confined. Prior. 
 
 SHEEP'llOQK, n. [sheep and hook.] A hook fast- 
 ened to a pole, hy which shepherds lay hold on the 
 legs of their sheep. Bacon. Dryden. 
 
 SHEEP'ISH, a. Like a sheep ; bashful ; tiinorous 
 to excess ; over-modest ; meanly diflident. Locke. 
 2. Pertaining to sheep. 
 
 SHEEP'ISH-LY, ado. Bashfully; with mean timidity 
 or ditfiilence. 
 
 SHEEP'ISH-NESS, 71. Bashfulness ; excessive mod- 
 esty or riilfidenre ; mean timoronsness. Herbert. 
 
 SHEEP'-MAR-KET, 71. A place where sheep are 
 sold. 
 
 SHEEP'-MAS-TER,n. [sheep anA master.] A feeder 
 of sheep ; one that has the care of sheep. 
 
 SHEEP'S'-E?E, (-1,) n. [sAcep and ci/c] A modest, 
 diflident look, such as lovers cast at their mistre.sses. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SIIEEP'-SHANK, n. [.sheep and shank.] Among 
 seamen, a peculiar kind of knot in a rope, made to 
 shtirten it temporarily. Tolten. 
 
 SHEEP'S'-HEAD, (-bed,) n. [sheep and Acu,/.J A 
 fish caught on the shores of Connecticut and of 
 Long Island, so called from the reseinblant o of its 
 ht'nd to that of a sheep. It is the Sargus Ovis of 
 Mitchell, and is allied to the Gilt-hoad and Sca- 
 brenin. It is esteemed delicious food. 
 
 SHEEP'-SHeAR-ER, 71. [sheep and shear.] One 
 that shears or cuts ofl" the wool from sheep. Oen. 
 xxxviii. 
 
 SllEEP'-Sllif,AR-ING,n. The act of shearing sheep. 
 2. The time of shi^aring sheep ; also, a feast mailo 
 on that occasion. South. 
 SHEEP'-SKIN, n. The skin of B sheep ; or leather 
 
 prepared Iroiil it. 
 S1IEE1"S'-S()R'REL, n. An herb, Rumex Acetosella, 
 growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. 
 
 Ijoudon. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1080 
 
SHE 
 
 SIII2EP'STeAL-ER, 71. Iskceii nml steal.] One that 
 
 SIIKEP'STkAL-ING, II. The act of sti-aliiiK sheep. 
 
 Slli:iil"-VVALK,(-wa\vk,) n. [shrrp nmi waUs.] Pas- 
 ture for sheep ; a place where sheep feed. Mdton. 
 
 SHEER, a. [Sax. scir, scyr ; G. scJiien Dan. skier; 
 Sans, cliaru, Ischaru ; from the root of slirar, to sepa- 
 rate ; wlience skecr is clear, pure. It might he de- 
 duccd from the Shemitic ini, to be clear; Eth. 
 
 , to be clean or pure. But the Danish and 
 Saxon orthography coincides with that of shear.] 
 
 1. I'nre ; clear ; separate from any thing foreign ; 
 uninihgled ; as, sheer ale. But this application is un- 
 usual. Shak. 
 
 We say, sheer argument, sheer wit, sheer false- 
 hood, &c. 
 S. Clear j thin ; as, sheer muslin. 
 SHEER, arfo. Clean ; quite ; at once. [Obs.] Milton. 
 SHEER, 0. t. ^o shear. [JVut in tisc] Dnjden. 
 SHEER, V. i, [See Sheak, the s'-qse of which is, to 
 separate.] 
 
 1. In seamen's language, to decline or deviate from 
 the line of the proper course, as a ship when not 
 steered with stendiness. J\Iar. Diet. 
 
 2. To slip or move aside. 
 
 To sheer off; to turn or move aside to a distance. 
 To sheer up ; to turn and approach to a place or 
 ship. 
 
 SHEER, n. The longitudinal curve or bend of a ship's 
 
 declt or sides. 
 
 a. The position in which a .ship is sometimes kept 
 at single anchor, to keep her clear of it. 
 
 To break sheer ; to deviate from tliat position, and 
 ri«k fouling the anchor. Mar. Ihcl. 
 
 SHEER'-HUI.K, n. An old ship of war cut down to 
 the lower di ck, and fitted with sheers or apparatus 
 to fix or take out the masts of other shi|>s. Tutten. 
 SHEER'LY, uiio. At once ; quite ; absolutely. [Obs.] 
 
 Beaum. ^' Fl. 
 
 SHEERS, n. An engine consisting of two or more 
 pieces of timber or poles, fastenetl together near the 
 lop; used for raising heavy weights, particularly for 
 hoisting the lower masts of ships. Ilrhert. 
 
 SHEET, n. [Sax. sceal, sceta, seyta : L. seheda ; Gr. 
 (T\£(!r|. The Saxon seeat signifies, a garment, a cloth, 
 towel, or napkin ; sceta is rendered a sheet, and the 
 Greek and Latin words signify a table or plate for 
 writing on ; from the root of Sax. sceadan, to sepa- 
 rate, L. scinilo, Gr. o-yi;!.).] 
 
 1. A broad piece of cloth used as a part of bed-fur- 
 niture, next to the botly. 
 
 2. A broad piece of paper, as it comes from the 
 manufacturer. Sheets of paper are of dilFerent sizes, 
 as royal, deuii, foolscap, p(tt, and post-paper. 
 
 3. A piece of puper, printed, folded, and bound, or 
 formed into a book in blank, and making four, eight, 
 sixteen, or twenty-four pages, &c. 
 
 4. Any thing expanded ; as, a sheet of water or of 
 fire ; a sheet of copper, lead, or iron. 
 
 5. Sheet.-; pi. ; a hook or pamphlet. The following 
 slieets contain a full answer to my opponent. 
 
 fi. A sail. 
 
 SHEET, n. [Ft. ecoute : Sp. and Port, escota ; It. scotte. 
 This word seems to be connected with scot or sliot ; 
 Sp. esctitar, to cut out clothes, to pay one's sent or 
 share of taxes, and, in nautical language, to free a 
 ship of water by pumping. The word is probably 
 from that root, or from shoot.] 
 
 In uauticat lanrrnnire, a rope fjLstened to one or both 
 the lower corners of a sail, to extend and retain it in 
 a particular situation. When a ship sails with u side- 
 wind, the lower corners of the main and fore-sails 
 are fastened with a tack and a sheet. 
 
 Mar. Diet Tolten. 
 
 SHEET, V. t. To furnish with sheets. [Liule used.] 
 
 2. ^ To fold in a sheet. [Little u.-ed.] Shak. 
 
 3. ' To cover as with a sheet ; to cover with some- 
 thing broad and thin. 
 
 Wln-n «now (he pasture tfteeti. Shak. 
 
 To .iheet home, is to haul home a sheet, or extend 
 the sail till the clew is close to the sheet-block. 
 SHEET'-ANCIl-OR, n. The largest anchor of a ship, 
 which in slres.s of weather is sometimes the seaman's 
 last refuge to prevent the ship from going ashore. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. The chief support ; the last refuge for safety. 
 SHKET'-eoP PER, «. Copper in broad, thin plates. 
 SHEET'I.N'G, n. Cloth for sheets. 
 SHEET'-I-RO.\, (I-urn,) n. Iron in .sheets, or broad, 
 thin plates. 
 
 SHEET'-hEAD, (-led,) n. Lead in sheets. 
 
 SHkIK, (sheek or shake. The latter is more nearly 
 the pronunciation of Arabic scholars.) n. Among 
 the Jlrabian.-t and Monr^, an old man ; hence, a chief, 
 a bird, a man of eminence. ANo written Sheikh. 
 
 SHEK'fX, (shek'l,) n. [Heb. S^V, to weigh; Ch. 
 Syr. Ar. and Eth. irf. ; Eth., to ap|>end or suspend ; 
 Low L. sichu ; Fr. siele. From this root we have 
 shdlin^. Payments were originally made by weight, 
 as they still are in some countries. See Pound.] 
 
 An ancient weight and coin among the Jews, and 
 other nations of the same stock, equal to twenty ge- 
 
 SHE 
 
 rails. Dr. Arbuthnot makes the weight to have been 
 equal to 9 pennyweights, 2 4-7 grains, Troy weight, 
 or about half an ounce, avoirdupois ; and the value 
 2s. 3 3-8d. sterling, or about half a dollar. Later 
 writers make its value nearly 2s. 7[i\. sterling, or 
 about (iO cents. Fnctic. P. Cije. IViiirr. 
 
 SHE-KI'NAH, n. In Jcwii.l hi.'torij, that miraculous 
 light or visible glory which was a symbol of the di- 
 vine presence. Kncije. Jim. 
 
 SHELD;A:PLE:[:a:pl^i»- A chamnch. Johnson. 
 'i'liis word is also written Shell-Apple. 
 
 FA. En eye. 
 
 SHEL'DRaKE, n. An aquatic fowl, a species of duck, 
 the Anas tndornn of I.iniunis. It Ii;is a green or 
 greenish-black head, and its body is vaiiegati il with 
 whiti!. It is much esteemed for f<«)d. ICncyr. 
 
 SHEL'DUCK, 71. A species of wild duck. [See 
 Sheldrake.] Mortimer. 
 
 SHELF, 71. ; rii. Shelves. [Sax. seylf, whence seyffan, 
 to shelve ; Fr. ecueil, a sand-bank ] 
 
 1. A board or platform of bo;irds or planks, elevat- 
 ed above the fioor, and fixed or set horizontally on a 
 frame, or contiguous to a wall, for holding vessels, 
 utensils, books, and the like. 
 
 2. A sand-b;ink in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of 
 rocks, rendering the water shallow and dangerous 
 to ships. 
 
 3. In mininiT, a stratum lying in a very even man- 
 ner ; a flat, projecting layer of rock. Ifrbrrt. 
 
 SHELF'Y, o. Full of shelves ; abounding with sand- 
 banks or rocks lying near the surfiice of the water, 
 and rendering navigation dangerous ; as, a shelfij 
 co;ist. Dnjden. 
 2. Hard ; firm. [See Shelf, No. 3.] [JVul in tuse.] 
 
 Carew. 
 
 SHELL, 71. [Sax. seyl, scyll, leell, a shell, and sceale, a 
 scale ; D. schil, schaal ; G. sehale ; Dan. and Sw. .sA-aZ ; 
 Fr. ccatlle. The word primarily signifies, that which 
 is peeled or separated, as rind, or the outer coat of 
 plants, or their fruit . and as shells were used for 
 dishes, the word came to signify a dish. See Scale.] 
 
 1. The hard or stony covering of certain fruits and 
 of certain animals ; as, the shell of a nut ; the shell of 
 an oyster or lobster. The shells of animals are crus- 
 taceoiis or testaceous ; cruslaceous, as that of the 
 lobster, and testaceous, as that of the oyster and 
 clam. 
 
 2. The outer coat of an egg. 
 
 3. The outer part of a house unfinished. We say 
 of a building that wants the interior timbers or fin- 
 ishing, that it is a mere shell. 
 
 4. .'V coarser kind of coffin. 
 
 5. An instrument of music, like tesludo in Latin ; 
 the first lyre being made, it is said, by drawing strings 
 over a tortoise-shell. Drydrn. 
 
 (). The outer frame or case of a block. Tollen. 
 
 7. Outer or superficial part ; as, the shell of re- 
 ligion. ~1yliffe. 
 
 8. A hollow sphere of iron, which, being filled 
 with gunpowder, ami fired from a mortar or how- 
 itzer, bursts into pieces ; a bomb. Brande. 
 
 Fossil shells; shells dug from the earth. 
 SHELL, I), f. To strip or break off the shell; or to 
 take out of the shell ; as, to .sAe/i nuts or almonds. 
 2. To separate from the ear ; as, to shell maize. 
 SHELL, V. i. To fall off, as a shell, crust, or exterior 
 coat. 
 
 2. To cast the shell or exterior covering. Nuts 
 shell in falling. 
 
 3. To be disengaged from the husk ; as, wheat or 
 rye shells in reaping. 
 
 SHEL'LAe, j n. The resin lac spread into thin 
 
 SHELL'-LA€, \ plates, alter being melted and 
 strained. Ure. 
 
 SHELL'-DXRK, n. .\ species of hickory, (Carya 
 squamosa,) whose bark is loose and peeling; shag- 
 bark. This species produces the most palatable nut. 
 
 SHELL'/!D, pp. or a. Deprived of the shell ; also, 
 separated from the ear ; as, shelUd corn or maize. 
 
 SHELL'-FISH, n. A testaceous molliisk, whose ex- 
 ternal covering consists of a shell ; as oysters, 
 clams, &c. 
 
 SHELL'I.NG, ppr. Taking off the shell ; casting the 
 external hard covering ; si^paraling from the husk 
 and falling. 
 
 9. Separating from the ear, as maize. 
 SHELL'-.M-i^RL, n. A deposit of shells, which have 
 
 been disintegrated into a gray or white pulverulent 
 mass. 
 
 SHELL'-.Mi?.AT, n. Food consisting of shell-fish, or 
 testaceous molhisco. Fuller. 
 
 SHELLS, 71. pL The husks or envelopes of the cocoa- 
 nut, a decoction of which in boiling water is used as 
 a substitute for chocolate, cocoa. Sec. McCulloch. 
 
 SHELL'-WORK, (-work,) 71. Work composed of 
 shells, or adorned with them. Cutirrave. 
 
 SIIELL'V, <L Abounding with shells; as, the shtUy 
 shore. Prior. 
 2. Consisting of shells. 
 
 SHEL'TER, n. [Sw. skyla, to cover; Dan. skiul, a 
 shed or cover, a shelter ; skiuler, to hide, conceal, 
 cloak ; L. celo.] 
 
 1. That which covers or defends from injury or 
 
 SHE 
 
 annoyance. A house is a shelter from rain and other 
 inclemencies of the W(*ather ; the foliage of a tree is 
 a shelter from the rays of the sun. 
 
 I'll'- Ifiiling pl.int ahatl ale], 
 From tl'iniiB ft ghtlur, and Iroin hral n »haje. Pop*. 
 
 2. The state of being covered and protected ; pro- 
 tection ; security. 
 
 WIm lulu vhelur Hikes iheir lender bloom. Youn^. 
 
 3. He that defends or guards from danger ; a pro- 
 tector. Ps. Ixi. 
 
 SHEL'TER, I'. (. To cover from violenc*, injury, an- 
 noyance, or attack ; as, a valley sheltered from the 
 north wind by a mountain. 
 
 I'hun? mini theltered on&? Um sncml hend. Drydtn. 
 We |M-M)iiglit llie ilc-p 10 ahiller u*. Mdtun. 
 
 2. To defend ; to protect from danger; to secure 
 or render safe ; to harbor. 
 
 \Vli \t ciKllcas hiirior ahull you rnin, 
 
 To »;ivo anil theller Troy'i utilmppy tmin t Dryden. 
 
 3. To betake to cover or a safe place. 
 
 Th.-y tlulured lliciiiaelTea under a rock. Abbot. 
 
 4. To cover from notice ; to disguise for protec- 
 tion. 
 
 In Tnln I atrove to check my growing flnmo, 
 
 Or xheltgr p.iaaiuii under mendahip'a name. Pnor. 
 
 SHEL'TER, V. 1. To take shelter. 
 
 ThPFP the Indian hertLaiiuan, ahunning heat, 
 
 Slif!urs in cool. Miiton. 
 
 SHEL'TER-KD, pp. or a. Covered from injury or an- 
 
 noyanre ; defended ; jirotected. 
 SIIEL'TER-I\G, ppr. Covering from injury or an- 
 
 novaiire ; protecting. 
 SHEL'TER-LESS, fl. Destitute of shelter or proteo 
 
 tion ; without home or refuge. 
 
 Now B.id and nhellerlets p^-rhupa ahe lies, Rottt. 
 SHEL'TER-Y, a. Aflording shelter. [Little used.] 
 
 SHEL'TIE, (shel'te,) n. A Shetland pony; a small 
 but strong horse in Scotland ; so called frimi Shet- 
 land, where it is produced. F.ncyc. 
 
 SHELVE, fshelv,) 11. t. To place on a shelf or on 
 shelves. [JVut in use.] Chaucer. 
 
 SHELVE, (shelv,) v. i. [Sax. seylfan, to reel.] 
 To incline ; to be sloping. 
 
 SHELVING, ppr. or a. Inclining; sloping; having 
 declivity. 
 
 With rocks nnd shelvioff nrchea vaulted round, Additon. 
 
 SHELV'V, a. Full of rocks or sand-banks ; shallow ; 
 as, a shelnj shore. [See SHELfy.J Shak. 
 
 SHE.M'ITE, 71. A descendant of Shem. 
 
 SHE.M-lT'lC, a. PeiUiining to Shem, the son of 
 Noah. 'I'he Shemitic languages are the Chaldee, 
 Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew, Samaritan, Elhiopic, ana 
 Old Phenician. 
 
 SHEM'IT-IS.M, 71. The system or peculiar forms of 
 the Shemitic languages. 
 
 SHEND, V. t.; pret. and pp. Shekt. [Sax. scendan ; 
 D. sehcnden, to vinlalt;, spoil, slander, revile ; G. 
 schdnden, to mar, spoil, disfigure, violate, abuse, de- 
 bauch. This is from the root of scandal.] 
 
 1. To injure, mar, or sp<iil. [04j.] 
 
 That much I fear iny boily will be thent. DryUn. 
 
 2. To blame, reproach, revile, degrade, disgrace. 
 
 The famous name of knighthootl foully ihend. [06a.] 
 
 i>penttr. 
 
 3. To overpower or surpass. [04*.] 
 She nasst'd the real tia CynUiia doth thtnd 
 
 The leaser suara, Spenstr. 
 
 SIIENT, pp. Injured. [Obsolete, unless in po- 
 
 etryj 
 
 SIIfi'oL, II. [Heb,] The place of departed spirits ; 
 
 Hades, 
 
 SIIEP'IIERD, (shep'perd,) 7». [Sax. seeap-heard or 
 hyrd; sheep and herd.] 
 ' 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guard- 
 ing sheep in the pasture. Mdton. 
 
 2. .\ swain ; a rural lover. Ralegh. 
 
 3. The p.astor of a parish, church, or congrega- 
 tion ; a minister of the gospel, who superintends a 
 church or parish, and gives instruction in spiritual 
 things. God and Christ are in Scripture denomi- 
 nated Shepherds, as they lead, protect, and govern 
 their people, and provide for their welfare. Ps. xxiii. 
 Ixxx. John X. 
 
 SHEP' HERD-ESS, n. A woman that tends sheep; 
 hence, a rural Lass. 
 
 She put herself into the garb of a ahtpherdett. Sidney. 
 
 SHEP'HERD-ISH, o. Resembling a shepherd ; suit- 
 ing a shepherd ; pastoral ; rustic. Sidney. 
 
 SIIEP'HERD-IS.M, 71. Pastoral life or occupation. 
 
 SlIEP'HERD-LY, a. Pastoral ; rustic. Taiilor. 
 
 SIIEP'HERD'S NEE'DLE, 71. An annual plant of 
 the genus Scanilix ; Venus's comb. 
 
 SHKP'IIERD'S POCCH, ) It. .An annual cruciferous 
 
 SIIEP'HERD'S PURSE, ( plant of the genus Cap- 
 sella, fThlaspi, Linn.) 
 
 SIIEP'HERD'S ROD, 71. A plant of the genus Dip- 
 sacus ; teasel. 
 
 SHEP'HERD'S STAFF, n. A plant of the genus Dip- 
 sacus or teusel kind. 
 
 TONE, B}JLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VfCIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 128' 
 
 H U U U 
 
 1021 
 
SHI 
 
 SHI 
 
 SHI 
 
 SHEK'BET, n. [Pers. tIX)^;i sharbat. This word, 
 as well as sirup and shrub, and L. sorbeo, is from tlie 
 
 I 
 
 Ar. <— sharaba, to drinii, to imbibe.] 
 
 A drink composed of water, lemon-juice, and 
 aupar, sometimes willi perfumed cakes dissolved in 
 it, witli an infusion of some drops of rose-water or 
 other ingredient, to give it an agreeable taste. 
 
 P. Cijc. 
 
 SHERD, 71. A fragment ; as, pot-shcrd ; usually writ- 
 ten Shard, vvliicli see. 
 STIKR'/F, ) n. An Arabic word which means iwble, 
 SHER'EEF, \ illiuitrious, given, in Arabia, Egypt, 
 and Barbary, as a title to the descendants of i\lo- 
 liaunned. Tlie chief magistrate of Mecca, &.C., has 
 this title. P. Cijc. 
 
 This word is also written Scherif and Shee- 
 
 RIFFE. 
 
 SIIEK'IFF, 71. [^nx. scir-gerefa ; scijre, scire, a shire 
 or division, and gcrcfa, a reeve, a count, prefi'ct, 
 bailiti", provost, or steward ; G. graf, D. «-7-«((/'. This 
 word, from its derivation, would more properly be 
 written Sherif ] 
 
 An officer in each county, to whom is intrusted 
 the execution of the laws. In England, sherilfs are 
 appointed by the king. In the United States, sher- 
 iffs are elected by the legislature, or by the citizens, 
 or appointed and commissioned by the executive of 
 the State. The office of sheriff in England is judi- 
 cial and ministerial. In the United States it is 
 mostly or wholly ministerial. The sheriff, by him- 
 self or his deputies, executes civil and criminal pro- 
 cess throughout the county, has charge of the jail 
 and prisoners, attends courts, and keeps the peace. 
 ■SHER'1FF-AL-TY,"| 77. The office or jurisdiction 
 SIIER'IFF-DOM, I of sheriff. [I believe none of 
 SHER'IFF-Sllll', f these words are now in use. 
 SIlElt'IFF-VVICK, J See SHRtEVALTV.] 
 SHER'RV, «. [Sometimes written Sherris.] A 
 strong wine of a deep amber color, and having, 
 when good, an aromatic odor ; so called from Xeres, 
 near Cadiz in Spain, where it is made. jVcCttlluck. 
 SHEW, (sho,) ) 
 
 SHEWA.'D. (shade,) > See Show, Showed, Show.n. 
 SHEWN, (shone.) ) 
 
 SHEW'-lillEAD, (sho'bred.) See Show-Bread. 
 SHEW'ER, (sho'er,) j7. One that shows. [See 
 Shower.] 
 
 I SHEW'lNt;, (sho'ing.) See Showing. 
 
 SHJ'AH. SeeSHiiiES. 
 I SHIB'BO-LETll, 71. [Ileb., an ear of corn, or a 
 i stream of water.] 
 
 I 1. .\ word which was made the criterion by which 
 
 to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Giieadites. 
 I The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce the 
 letter V sh, pronounced the word sibboletJi. See 
 Judges xii. Hence, 
 
 •2. The criterion of a party ; or that which distin- 
 guishes qne parly from another; and usualln, nome 
 peculiarity in things of little importance. isouih, 
 SHIDE, 71. [.Sax. sr.eadan, to divide.] 
 
 A piece split off; a cleft; a piece; a billet of 
 wood ; a splinter. 
 
 [JVut used in JSTnit England, and local in England.'] 
 SHIE, (shi,) V. t. To throw ; as, to skica stone ; often 
 
 sp''IIi;it Shv, [Various dialects.] Ilalliwill. 
 SHIELD, (sheeld,) 77. [Sax. seyld; Bw. skUld ; Dan. 
 skiotd, skiUt: D. and G. scliiU. This w<ird is froid 
 covering, defending, Sw. skyla, to cover; or from 
 separating. Sax. srylan, Dan. skitter, ttt separate. 
 : Protection is deduced from either, and indeed both 
 : may be radically one. (See Shelter ) The L. j>cit- 
 tnni coincides in elements with the Sax. sceadan, to 
 sep;irate, and clijpeus with the Gr. /oiAuirrw, to 
 cover.] 
 
 1. .\ broad piece of defensive armor; a buckler; 
 nsed Ui war fur the protection of the bo<ly. The 
 shields of the ancients wi-re of different shapes and 
 Hizes, triangular, square, oval, &c., made of leather, 
 or Wood covered with b alher, and borne (m the lell 
 arm. This species of armor was a pood defense 
 against arrows, <larts, spears, itc, hut would be no 
 protection against bullets. 
 
 U. Di fense ; shelter ; |irotecti<m ; or the person 
 that defi nds-or protects; as, a chief, the ornament 
 and Khield of the nation. 
 
 Kcar Abnm ; 1 urn Ihy thteldt find tliy exceeding prenl r»5- 
 wiini. — (irn. TV. 
 
 3. In heraldry, the escutcheon or field on which 
 are placed the henringH in r.oals i>f arms. 
 
 4. In bniany. a name given to the little colored 
 cups or lines with a hard difk, surrounib il by a rim, 
 and containing the fructilication of lichcms. ° 
 
 l/mdlni. 
 
 HIIIkI.D, B. t. To coTer oh with n Hhield ; to cover 
 from danger ; to defend ; lu protect ; ti> Mecure from 
 asnault or injury. 
 
 To lii** ftn (h^ Tnnqiiiiheil tnliiT thUld. /Jry'Vn. 
 Ilrur uiir th«'. monies lu ahlelit liij htjiin-d honor, .SV/iJlA. 
 
 I 
 
 2. To ward off ; to defend against; as, clothes to 
 shield one from cold. 
 
 SHIkLD'ED, pp,. Covered, as with a shield; de- 
 ferwled ; protected. 
 
 SHI ir,I,D'L\G, ppr. Covering, as with a shield; de- 
 femling from attack or injury ; protecting. 
 
 SHIl'.LD'LESS, a. Destitute of a shield or of protec- 
 tion. 
 
 SHlF.ED'LESS-LY, adv. Without protection 
 SHlliLD'LESS-NESS, 71. Destitution of a shield or 
 of protection. 
 
 SHIF r, !!. /. (Sax. scjiftan, to order or appoint, to di- 
 vide or distribute, also to verge or decline, also to 
 drive ; D. schiften, to divide, distinguish, part, turn, 
 discuss; Dan. skifte, a parting, sharing, division, lot, 
 share ; skiflrr, to part, share, divide ; Sw. skifta, to 
 shift, to distribute. This verb is apparently fnun the 
 same root as sliiecr ; Dan. sklfer siir, to shiver; Sw. 
 skifta om, to change. The primary sense is, to move, 
 
 ■ to depart ; hence, to separate. We observe by the 
 Swedish that skifta om (om, about, or round) was 
 oriiiinally the true fdirase, to move about or round ; 
 and we still say, to shift alioiit.] 
 
 1. To move ; to change place or position. Vegeta- 
 bles are not able to shift and seek nutriment. 
 
 fVoodward. 
 
 9. To change its direction ; to vary ; as, the wind 
 shifted from south to west. 
 
 3. To change ; to give place to other things. Locke. 
 
 4. To change clothes, particularly the under gar- 
 ment or chemise. Young. 
 
 5. To resort to expedients for a livelihood, or for 
 accomplishing a purpose ; to move from one thing to 
 another, and seize one expedient when another fails. 
 
 Men in dislrfss will look 10 tlicmsolves and leav? llifir coinp:\ii- 
 iuns to elafl ajs well as they Ciin. L'Estrange. 
 
 6. To practice indirect mi^thods, Rategh. 
 
 7. To seek methods of safety. 
 
 Ndtore t>';iclics every cre;aure liow to shift for itself in cases of 
 danjiT. L' Estrange. 
 
 8. To change place ; as, a cargo shifts from one 
 side to the other. 
 
 SHIFT, V. t. To change; to alter; as, to shift the 
 scenes. 
 
 2. To transfer from one place or position to anoth- 
 er; as, shift the helm ; shift the sails. 
 
 3. To put out of the way by some expedient. 
 
 1 shjftsd him away. Shak. 
 
 4. To change, as clothes ; as, to shift a coat. 
 
 5. To dress in fresh clothes. Let him have time to 
 shift, himself. 
 
 7't7 siiift about; to turn quite round to a contrary 
 side or opposite point. 
 
 To shift, off: to delay ; to defer ; as, to shift off the 
 duties of religion. Rogers. 
 
 2. To put away ; to disengage or disencumber one's 
 self, as of a burden or inctuivenience. 
 SHIFT, 71. A change; a turning from one thing to 
 another ; hence, an expeilieiit tried in difficulty ; one 
 thing tried when another fails. 
 
 I'll find a thoiisiiiul elti/ts to away. Shak. 
 
 2. In a bad sense, mean refuge ; last resource. 
 
 For little souls on little shifts rely. Dryden. 
 
 3. Fraud ; artifice ; expedient to effect a bad pur- 
 pose ; or an evasion ; a trick to escape detection or 
 evil. Hooker. South. 
 
 4. A woman's under garment ; a chemise. 
 SHIFT'ED, pp. Changed from one place or position 
 
 to nn-'Mi r. 
 
 Sllll'T'I'.!!, w. One that shifts ; the person that plays 
 tru ks (ir practices artifice. 
 
 2. In shijts, a person emjiloyed to assist the ship's 
 cook in washing, steeping, and shifting the salt pro- 
 visions. 
 
 SHIFT'ING, ppr. nr a. Changing place or position; 
 resorting from one expedient to another. 
 
 SHIFT'ING, n. Act of sliiftmg. 
 
 SHI FT'lNtJ-LY, adv. By shifts and changes ; deceit- 
 ful I v. 
 
 SllIFT'LESS, (I. Destitute of expedients, or not re- 
 sorting to successful expedients ; wanting means to 
 act or liv(^ ; as, a shiftless felhtw. 
 
 SHIFT'LES.S-LY, adv. In a shiftless manner. 
 
 SHIFT'LESS-NESS, ji. A state of being shiftless. 
 
 SHY'ITES, 7i.;(?. (Heretics; fnmi s/jinA, heresy.] That 
 branch of the Molianniiedans to which the Persians 
 belong. They reject the first three caliphs, and con- 
 sider Ali as being the first and o7iIy rightful succes- 
 sor of IMoliamuHMl. They do not acknowb-dge the 
 Suiina or body of trailitions respecting iMohamined as 
 any part of the law, and on these accounts are treat- 
 ed as heretics by the Sunnites, or orthodox Moham- 
 meibms. P. Cyc. 
 
 Hllll.F, 77. [G. schilf, sedge.] 
 
 Straw. Tooke. 
 
 PIIILL, to shell. Is not in use. 
 
 SHILL, r. I. To put under cover ; lo sheal. [Mit in 
 u.ie, or local. ] 
 
 SHIIi LA'LY, ) 77. An oaken sapling or cmlgel, said 
 SHIl.-LA'I.AII, t lo bi- from n wood in Ireland of 
 that name, famous for its oaks. [Irish ] Also spelled 
 .^iiii.i.Ki.v, Shim. EI. All. Grose. 
 
 SIIIL'LING, 71. scill, scillinff ; G. schilling : D. , 
 
 schflhn.'r: Sw. and Dan. skiUing; Fr. escalin ; It. sect- 
 lino ; Sp. chelin : Port, xctim; from the Oriental 'ppV, 
 shakal, to weigh. See Shekel.] 1 
 An English silver coin, and money of account, | 
 equal to twelve pence, or the twentieth p;irt of a 
 pound. The English shilling, or shilling sterling, is 
 equiv;dent nearly to twenty-three cents, mimey of j 
 the United Slates. Our ancestors introduced the ! 
 name with the coin into this country ; but by depre- I 
 elation the value of the shilling sunk in New Eng- ! 
 land and Virginia one fourth, or to si.xteen cents and 
 two thirds, and in New York and North Carolina to 
 twelve and a half cents. 
 
 This denomination of money still subsists in the 
 United States, although there is no coin of that vaflTe 
 current, except the Spanish coin of twelve and a htilf 
 cents, which is a shilling in the money of the State 
 of New York. Since (lie adoption of the present 
 coins of tlie United States, eagle^ dollars, dimes, 
 cents, &c., the use of shUling is continued only by 
 habit. 
 
 SHIL'LY-SHAL'LY, n. [Russ. shaliju, to be foolish, 
 to play the fool, to play wanton tricks.] 
 
 Foolish trifling ; irresolution. [Fulgar.] | 
 [This Word has probably been written Shill-I- I 
 3HALL-I from an ignorance of its origin.] i 
 SHi'LoH, 71. [Heb.] The name given to the Mes- 
 siah by Jacob. Oen. xlix. 10. ' i 
 SHI'LY. See Shvly. ; 
 SHI.M, 71. A tool used in tillage to break down the j 
 land, or to cut it up and clear it of weeds. 1 j 
 Farm. Encyc. ' 
 
 SHIM'MER, r. i. [Sax. scymrian; G. schimmerii; D. j! 
 schcmeren ; Dan. skinitcr.] j j 
 
 To gleam ; to glisten. [JVot in use."] Chaucer. j 
 
 SHIN, 71. [Sax. scina, scyne, shin, and scin-ban, shin- ' 
 bone; G. sehieuc, schiene-bein ; D. scheen, scheen-bcen ; [ 
 Sw. skrnben.] 
 
 The fore part of the leg, particularly of the human 
 leg; the fine part of the crural bone called (iiin. This 
 bone, being covered only with skin, may be nauR-d 1 
 from that circumstance — shin-bone; or it may be 1 
 formed from the root of chiur, edge. ; ; 
 
 SHINE, r. 1. ,■ pret. Shined or Shone ; pp. Shihed or . 1 
 Shone. [Sax. .^cinan : D. schuynen ; G. schvinen ; Sw. ; 
 s/;i7ia. If 4 is a prefi.x, this word accords with the | ! 
 root of L. canus, caneo ; W. cdn, white, bright. See | 
 Cant.] 1 
 
 1. 1 o emit rays of light ; to give light ; to beam 
 with steady radiance ; to exhibit brightness or splen- 
 dor ; as, the sun shines liy day ; the moon .Macs by 
 night. Shining differs from sparkling, glistening, glit- 
 tering, as it usually implies a steady r:idiation or emis- 
 sion of light, whereas the latter words usually ini|)ly 
 irregular or interrupted radiation. This disiinction 
 is not always observed ; and we may say, the fixed 
 stars shine, as well as that they .vparAie. But we 
 never say, the sun or the motm sparkles. 
 
 2. To be bright ; to be lively and animated ; to be 
 brilliant. 
 
 Let liiioe eyes shine forth in their full luster. Denliam. 
 
 3. To be unclouded ; as, the moon sAi7ics. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 4. To he glossy or bright, as silk. 
 
 Fish with their fins and shining scales, Aiifr^n. 
 
 5. To be g.'iy or splendid. 
 
 So proud she shineil in her princely slate. Spenser. 
 C. To be beautiful. 
 
 Once brightest shined this child of heat and nir. Pope. 
 
 7. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished ; 
 as, to shine in courts. Phil. ii. ^ 
 
 Few are qualified to shine in company, Stcift. j 
 
 8. To give light, real or figurative. 
 
 The liijlit of rigliteousness hath not shineft to ns. Wisdom. 
 
 9. To manifest glorious excellencies. Ps. Ixxx. 
 
 10. To be clearly published. Is. ix. 
 
 11. To be ciuispicuously displayed ; to be manifest. 
 
 Let your li^ht so shine l>efore men. — Matt. v. 
 7'i> cau.'ie the face to shine ; to be projiitious. JVum. | 
 vi. Ps. Ixvii. 
 SHINE, 71. Fair weather. 
 
 tie it fur or foul, nin or shine. Dryden. 
 2. Brightness ; splendor ; luster ; glo.ss. 
 The o:litterin? shine of gold. Decay of Piety. 
 
 Fair oiwnine to some court's prvpitioui shint. Pope. 
 [ iVol elegant, j 
 
 SHTN'ER, 77. A small fresh-wator fish, of the minnow 
 kind, so called from its shiny appearance. Storer. 
 
 2. .\ cant name for bright pieces of money. [ Ful- 
 
 gn,:] 
 
 PHI'NESS. SeeSiivNEss. 
 
 SIIIN"GLE, (shing'gl,) 71. [G, scliindrl : Gr. n\ivfaX- 
 /70s ," L. .icinduln, from sfindo, to divide, G. seheiden.] 
 
 I. A thin boaril sawed or rivi d for covering build- 
 ings. Shingles are of different leiiglhs, with one end 
 made much thinner than the oilier, for lapping. 
 Thcj' are used for cov^'ring roofs, md sonietiiiiea 
 till' body of the building. 
 
 3. Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and peb- 
 
 FAIE, FAR, FALL, WHi>T. — METE, PRfiY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BOQK.— 
 
SlII 
 
 SHI 
 
 SIIO 
 
 bics, i.r a collection of ruiitiJiKli stoiiea, on sliorcs 
 and coasU. 
 
 The plain of La Crau, in Kr 
 
 •0, ia coinp(i«ed of Mhingit. 
 
 Ptnl;*rton. 
 
 Sliinirle-balla.-it is ballast roiiiposcd of gravel. 
 SHIN"GI.K, V. L To cover with sliin'jies ; as, to shin- 
 idf a roof. 
 
 SlTli\"(;Lf.'n, pp. or a. Covered with shinslcs. 
 
 Slll.\"(.'LB-l{<)()K-/';r), (shiiig'ul-rin.fi,) u. Having a 
 roof covered witli shiiijiii's. lllackwuod. 
 
 SHIN"<;1,A;S, (shins'ijl/.,) n. [L. ciniriihim.] 
 
 A kind of her|H'.-i, viz., Ilerpes Zoster, which 
 spreads around the body like a girdle; an eni|)live 
 ilisease. ^^rbnihnoU 
 
 S11IN"(;LINC!, ppr. Coverins with shingles. 
 
 Slll.\"(JI>I.\'(;, M. The act of coveriiij! with shin- 
 ales ; a covering of shingles, 
 
 SIlliV'GLV, a. Abounding with gravel or shingle. 
 
 SIli.V'LN'i;, ppr. r.iiiitting light ; beaming ; gleaming. 
 
 2. a Rriglit ; splendid ; radiant. 
 
 3. Illustrious; distinguished; conspicuous; as, a 
 shininir example of charity. 
 
 SIII.\'ING, II. Eirusion or clearness of light ; briglit- 
 
 iipss. a Sam. .\xiii. 
 SI1I.\'I.\G-NES.'', n. Brightnes.s ; splendor. Spenser. 
 SHIN'Y, a. Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. 
 
 Uke distant tluinder on a shintj >X\y. Dryrlen. 
 SHIP, as a termiiiatiun, denotes state or olfice ; as in 
 
 hirdship. Stcicard, 
 i>H\P. See Ph*pe. 
 
 SHIP, 71. (Sax. .icip, scyp! D. nchip ; G. schiff, Sw. 
 skrpp ; Dan. skib ; L. scuyfiti ; front tln^ root tif .-^hapf ; 
 Sax. sccapiaiiy acippaiif :ictjppaiiy to create, ft)rin, or 
 build.] 
 
 In a (renrral sense, a large vessel or building of a 
 peculiar striiclure, adapted to navigation, or Moating 
 on water b\' means of sails. In an appropriate sense, 
 a liuilding of a structure ttrform fitted for navigation, 
 furnished with a bowsprit and three masts, a iiiaiu- 
 niast, a fore-mast, and a nii/./.en-iuast, each of which 
 is coinposi^d of a lower mast, a tup-mast, and top- 
 gallant-mast, and square rigged. Sliips are of vari- 
 ous sizes and fitted for various uses ; must of them, 
 however, fall under the denomination either of ships 
 of uiiir or of inrrcluint-ships. 
 
 .1 ship of tkr line; usually a vessel of war of the 
 rate of seventy-four guns or more. Tvtlrn. 
 
 Jlrmed ship; in Eii:rlish usa>res ofvnr,n private 
 ship taken into the service of the government in 
 time of war, and armed and equipiicJ like a ship of 
 war. Brande. 
 SHIP, r. (. [Sax. sci;>ian.] 
 
 1. To put on board id' a ship or vessel of any kind ; 
 as, to skip goods at IJverpiu.l lor New York. 
 
 a. To transport in a ship; to convey by water. 
 
 I'lie sun nn sifonrr shW\ tllc inount.-iins touch, 
 
 But w« will dliip hint h'-nci-, SfiaJe. 
 
 X To engage for service on board of a ship ; as, to 
 ship seamen. 
 
 4. To receive into a ship or vessel ; as, to ship a 
 sea. Jilitr. Diet. 
 
 ,1. To fix any thing in its place ; as, to .-hip the 
 tiller. Totti-n. 
 ^ To skip off; to send away by water ; as, to ship off 
 convicts. 
 
 SHIP, V. i. To engage for service on board of a ship. 
 
 Tolten. 
 
 SHIP'lioARD, arfi). [sAi> and ioarrf.] To go on s/i/>- 
 board or a shipioard, is to go aboard ; to enter a ship ; 
 to embark ; literuHij, to jro orer the side. It is a pecu- 
 liar phrase, and nut mucli used. Seamen say, to go 
 aboard or on board. 
 
 To be on shipboard ; to be in a ship ; but seamen 
 gener.illy sa}", aboard or on board, 
 
 2. n. The' plank of a ship, Eick. xxvii. [A'ot 
 now used.\ 
 
 S H I P'-HO Y, n. [ship anil boij.] A boy that serves on 
 hoard of a ship. 
 
 SHIP'-ltRo-KKR, n. A broker who procures insur- 
 ance on ships. 
 
 SHlI"-li(JILI)-ER, (-hiUl-<;r,) n. [sihip and Aut/'/cr.] A 
 inttii tvhose occup:tiion is to construct ships and 
 oWvT vessels ; a naval architect ; a shipwright. 
 
 SHIP'-RUII,I)-ING, (-bdd-ing,) II. [.ihip and build.] 
 Naval arcliitecliire ; the art of constructing vessels 
 for navig.ation, [larticniarly ships and other ves.sela of 
 a Large kind, bearirig masts ; in distinction from 
 
 BoAT-Ill'lLDI NO. 
 
 SIllP'-eXR'PEN-TER, n. A shipwright; a carjicn- 
 ler that works at ship-building. 
 
 SIHP'-CHX.NU-LER, n, [ship and chandler, G. hand- 
 ler, a trader or dealer.] 
 
 One who deals in cordage, canvas, and other fur- 
 niture of ships. 
 
 SlIlP'-llol.D-ER, 11. [sWpandAoW.] Theownerof 
 a ship or of shipping. 
 
 i^IllP'l.KSS, a. Destitute of ships. Orav. 
 
 SI1IP'.M.\.\, n. [sAip and man.] A seaman or sailor. 
 \Obs.\ \ Kings i\. jScts xxvlii, 
 
 SHII"-MAS-TER, 71. [sAip and moi-fer.] The captain, 
 master, or commander, of a ship. Jonah i. 
 
 SHIP'MATE, n. [jAip and inatc.] A term applied to 
 sailors who serve in the same ship. 
 
 SHIP'.ME.N'i', 11. The ai t of putting any thing on 
 board of a ship or other vessel ; eiiilrtrk.ttiiin ; as, he 
 was engaged in the shipment of c(i:il for liondon. 
 
 2. The goods or things shipped, or put on board of 
 a ship or otiii'r vessel. VYc say, the merchants have 
 made large shipments to the United States. 
 
 'I'hi' qu'*9lii>ii i» wh'-lli'T th- stiare of iM in til** alopmtnt ii px. 
 vnipt/.*tl t'roin coiulrinnalion hy rviuuii of his ik-uii'hI iluintci], 
 J. Utory. 
 
 SHIP'-MON-EY, (-inun-no,) n, [ship and monnj.] In 
 English history, an imposition formerly charged on 
 the ports, towns, t:itii's, horoiighs, and coiiiiti<:s, of 
 England, for providing ami fiiruisliiiig certain ships 
 for the king's servict\ 'I'he attemiH made by Charles 
 I. to revive and enforce this imposition was resisted 
 by John Hampden, and was one of the causes which 
 led to the death <d' Charles. It was finally abolished 
 by Stat. 17 Car. II. JSrande. 
 
 SIliP'-oWN-ER, n. The owner of a ship or ships, 
 
 SHIP'Pf;!), (sliipl,) pp. Put on board of a ship or ves- 
 sel ; received on board. 
 
 SHIP'PE.N, II. [Sax. .icipen.] 
 
 A stable ; a cow-lioii.se. [J\uf in m.ic] Chaucer. 
 
 SHIP'PER, II. One who places goods on board a ship 
 for transportation. 
 
 SlllP'PIN'G, ppr. Putting on board of a ship or ves- 
 sel ; receiving on board, 
 
 2. a. Kelating to ships ; as, shipping concerns. 
 
 A'riif. 
 
 SHIP'PING, M, Ships in general; ships or vessels of 
 any kind for navigation. 'J'he shippinir of the Eug- 
 lisii nation exceeds that of any other; the tonnage 
 of the shipping belniigiiig to the United States is 
 second only to that uf Great liritaiii. 
 
 7ii take shipping ; to embark ; to enter on board a 
 ship or vessel ftir convejance or passage. John vi. 
 
 Shipping articles; articles of agreement between 
 the captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in 
 riwpect to the amount of svages, length of time for 
 which they are shipped, &.c, Boavirr. 
 
 SIlIP'-SHAi'i:, ai/r. In a .seamaiilike manner ; hence, 
 propi-rlv ; nrrortling to tisaire. Totten. 
 
 SlIlP'S-iniS'HAM), 71. One who attends to the 
 reipiisite repairs of a ship while in port, and does all 
 the other necessary acts preparatory to a voyage, 
 
 Uourier. 
 
 SlIIP'VYRECK, (-rek,) It. f,*/ii> and irrccA-.l The de- 
 slnii tion of a ship or other vessel by being cast 
 ashore or broken to pieces by striking against rocks, 
 shoals, and the like. Jlar. Diet. 
 
 2. The parts of a shattered ship. [C'liiivii'i'.] 
 
 3. Destruction. [Dnjdrn. 
 To make shiputreek concerning faith, is to apo,-tati/.e 
 
 from the love, prufi-isioii, and practice, of divine 
 tiiith which had been euiliraced. 1 7Viii. i, 
 
 SHIP'VVRECK, V. t. To destroy by running ashore 
 or on rocks or sanii-lianks. How many vessels are 
 annually shipwrecked on the liahama rocks! 
 
 2. To sutler the perils of being cast away; to be 
 cast ashore with the loss of the ship. The ship- 
 wrecked mariners were saved. .Addison. Shak. 
 
 SHIP'VYRECK-A;D, ( rekt,) pp. or a. Cast ashore; 
 dashi il up 111 the rocks or hanks ; destroyed. 
 
 SIIIP'WRIGHT, ( rite,) n. [ship and u:ri<;ht. See 
 
 WllKK.] 
 
 One whose occupation is to coastruct ships ; a 
 buililer of ships or other vt'ssels. Sielft. 
 SIITRE or SHIRE, ii. [Sax. scir, scire, scijre, a divis- 
 ion, I'roin seiran, to divide. (See Share and Shkar.) 
 It is pronounced, in compound words, shir, as in 
 Hampshire, Berkshire.] 
 
 In England, a division of territory, otherwise 
 called a county. The shire was originally a division 
 of the kingdom under the juristlictiun of an earl or 
 count, whose aiilhority was intrusted to the sheriff, 
 [shirc-rt?eve.] On this olhcer the government ulti- 
 mately devolved. In the United Slates, the corre- 
 sponding division of a State is called a county, but 
 we retain .sAire in the compound half-shire ; as when 
 the county court is held in two towns in the same 
 county alternately, we call one of the divisions a 
 httlf-.ihirc. 
 
 In some St.ate3,»Aire is used as the constituent part 
 of the name of a county, as Berkshire, Hampshire, in 
 Massachusetts. These being the names established 
 by law, we say, the county of Berkshire, anil we can 
 not with propriety say, the county of Berks, for there 
 is no ciinntv in Mas.sachusetts thus named, 
 
 SHIRE'-.NUTTe or SIUKE'-.MOTE, ji. [Sa.x, scyr. 
 gemote, shire-ineeting,] 
 
 Jineiently. in England, the county court ; sheriff's 
 turn or court, Cowel. Black.~lonr. 
 
 SHTRK, v. I. or i. To avoid or get off from ; to slink 
 away. Smart [yalgar.] See also Shark. 
 
 SHIRK, n. One who seeks to avoid duty; one who 
 lives bv shifts and tricks, [See Shark.] 
 
 SHlRK'i.NG, 71. A living by shifts and tricks. [See 
 Sh\rk.J 
 
 SlIIRh ; a different spelling of Shorl. [,*ee Shor*.,] 
 SHIlt'I.EY, n. A bird, by some called the Grkatek 
 Bi Lf iNcH ; having the upper part of the body of a 
 dark brown, and the throat and breast red, /)icl, 
 SHIR'It^.'D, (shiird ) a, A term applied to articles 
 having lines or cords inserted between two pieces 
 
 of cloth, as the lines of India rubber in shirred aus- 
 pi nders. 
 
 SHIRT, (shurt,) ii. [Dan. akiorte, Sw. skiorta, a shirt ; 
 l)an, skiort, a petticoat ; Ice, scyrta. This word 
 seems to be named from its shortntJis or cutting oil' 
 and might have signitii-d originally a someivhal 
 dilfereiit garment shortened ; Sax, scijrt, short, L, 
 curtus.] 
 
 A loose garment of linen, cotton, or other material, 
 worn by men and boys next the body. 
 
 It is folly for ft nation (o ^xpirt beet uiiil linf n, whllo a rnrnt pnn 
 ol the pi-0)ile lire ohliged to sutjaiat un potAtM-«, uni) ti ivi- no 
 «/iirif to wuur. A, A7. 
 
 SHIRT, (shurt,) c. U To cover or clothe, as with a 
 shirt, Uryden. 
 1. To change the shirt, and put on a clean one, 
 SHIIIT'LVG, ppr. Covering with a shirt, 
 SllIKT'INt;, n. Chith for shirts. 
 SHIRT'LESS, (shurt'less,) a. Wanting a shirt. 
 
 Pop$. 
 
 SHIST. Sec ScHHT. 
 
 SllIT'TAII, / n. [ileb.] In Sfn>fiirr, a sort of pre- 
 
 SlHT'Tl.M, j cioiis wood of which the tables, altars, 
 and boarils, of the tabernacle were made among the 
 Jews. It is supposed to have been the wood of a 
 species of Acacia, which is liard, tough, and smooth, 
 and very beautiful. Oesrniu.i. 
 
 Sliri''Tl,E, a. [Sec Shoot.] Wavering ; unsettled. 
 \..\'vt n..ejl. or local.] 
 
 SlllT"ri,i:-C()(:K. see Shuttlecock. 
 
 SlHT'Tl.E NESS, 71, Unsettledness ; inconstancy, 
 \.Vi>t in u.-ic, or local.] 
 
 SIIIVE, 11. [D. .fcAjt/"; G. scAfiie, If « is a prefix, this 
 Word agrees radically with chip.] 
 
 1. A slice , a thin cut ; as, a shice of bread, [M'ot 
 in use.] Shak. 
 
 2. A thill, flexible piece cut off, [jVot in vsr.] - 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 3. A little piece or fragment ; as, the shinej oi' fiax 
 made by breaking. 
 
 SHIVER, II. [G. .ichiefer, a splinter, slate ; .^ehiefem, 
 to shiver, to scale ; Uan. akiee, Sw. skifra, a slice ; 
 Dan. skifer, skiver, a slate ; skifir sig, to shiver, peel, 
 or split, .Sw. skifra s'g.] 
 
 1. In mineralogy, a variety of blue slate. 
 
 2. Ill seamen's language, a little wheel ; a sheave. 
 SHIVER, e. (. [Supra. Uu. Heb, I33i, to break into 
 
 pieces. Class Br, No, 211,] 
 
 1. To break into many small pieces or splinters ; to 
 shatter ; to dash to pieces by a blow. 
 
 Til'- ground with ghtoered armor Blrown. l^Iiilon. 
 
 2. .Among .icainfii, to shake in the wind; applied 
 to sails ; as, ".-Aii cr the nii/.zen topsail." Totten. 
 
 SHIVER, V. L To fall at once into many small pieces 
 or parts, 
 
 Tlic natural worlil, iihonM gravitjr once cease, woulil innta.'iUy 
 shiver into niiUioiii of atoms, ll'oodioard. 
 
 2. To cpiake ; to tremble ; to shudder ; to shake, 
 as with cold, ague, fear, or horror. 
 
 The man that ahiifered on the briitit of siu. DryUn. 
 
 froiii'-ihcus tj laid 
 On icy Caiic-asus to shiver. SuifL 
 
 3. To be affected with a thrilling sensation, like 
 that of chilliness. 
 
 Any vrry liarsh noiac will set the teeth on edge, and make »tt Uie 
 boilya/iiiwr. Baton. 
 
 SHIVER, 71. A small piece or fragment into which a 
 thing breaks by any sudden violence, 
 
 lie would pound thee into shivers with liia fist, as a sailor breaks 
 a l>i»ciiit, ifhak. 
 
 SI1IV'ER-.ED, pp. Broken or dashed into small 
 pieces, 
 
 SHI VER-I.VC, ppr. or a. Breaking or dashing into 
 small pieces. 
 
 2. Uuaking ; trembling ; shaking, as with cold or 
 f.ar, 
 
 SHI VER-ING, n. The act of breaking or dashing to 
 
 pieces; division; severance. 
 2. .\ trembling; a shaking with cold or fear, 
 SHIVER-ING-LY, ado. With shivering, or slight 
 
 trembling, 
 
 SHIVER-SP.KR, n, [G, sehiefer-spath.] 
 
 .\ carbonate of lime, so called from its slaty utruc- 
 
 tiire ; called also Slate-Spar, Phillips. 
 SHI VER Y, a. Easily falling into many pieces ; not 
 
 lirinly cohering ; incoin|Kict ; as, shirery stone. 
 SIloAD, II. .Among iiiiiirrs, a train of iiielallic stones 
 
 mixed wi'h rubbish, whicli serves to direct them in 
 
 the discovery of mines. Eiteyc. 
 SHOAD'-STo.NE, 11. .\ small stone or fragment of 
 
 ore made smooth by the action of the water (Kissing 
 
 over it. Haltiirell. 
 SIIO.AL, 71. [Sax. .sMoI, a crowd. It should rather be 
 
 written ."^hole.) 
 
 1. A great multitude assembled ; a crowd ; athmng; 
 as, shoals of people, Iinini^nse shoeU.' of herring ap- 
 pear on the coast in the spring. 
 
 The vicea of a prince tlmw shoals of fiillowera. Detny 0/ Pisty. 
 
 2. A place where the water of n river, lake, or sea 
 is shallow or of lillle depth ; a sand-bank or bar ; n 
 shallow. The entrance of rivers is ofli-n rendered 
 ditlicnlt or dangerous by shoals. 
 
 TONE, Bl'LL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in TIUS. 
 
 1023 
 
SllO 
 
 SHO 
 
 SHO 
 
 SHoAIj, V. L To crowd ; to throng ; to assemble in a 
 multitude. The fislies shoaled about the place. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 2. To become more shallow. The water shoals as 
 we approach the town. 
 SHoAL, a. Shallow; of little depth; as, shoal 
 water. 
 
 SHoALT-XESS, n. [from shoaly.] Shallowness; 
 little depth of water. 
 2. The stale of abounding with shoals. 
 SHoAL'Y, a. Full of shoals or shallow places. 
 
 The tossing Teisel Bailed on shoaly grouud. Dryden, 
 
 SH6AR, 71. A prop. [See ShoreJ 
 SH6AT, n. A young hog. [See Shote.] 
 SHOCK, n. [D. schok, a bounce, jolt, or leap; Fr. 
 choc, a striking or dashing against. See Shake.] 
 
 1. A violent collision of bodies, or the concussion 
 which it occasions ; a violent striking or dashing 
 against. 
 
 The strong, unshaken mounds resist the shocki 
 
 Of lides and seas. Blackmore. 
 
 2. Violent onset ; conflict of contending armies or 
 foes. 
 
 He stood the shock of a whole host of foes. Addison. 
 
 3. External violence ; as, the shocks of fortune. 
 
 JiddLion. 
 
 4. Offense ; impression of disgust. 
 
 Fewer shocks a st.ite«m.^n gives liis fr:cn:l. Young. 
 
 5. In electricity, the effect on the animal system of 
 a discharge of the fluid from a charijed body. 
 
 6. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of wheat, rj e, 
 &c. The number of sheaves varies from twelve to 
 sixteen. The latter is the number in New England. 
 
 Farm. Encyc. 
 
 And cause it on shocks to be by and by set. Tusser. 
 Beliind the master walks, builds op the shocks. Tliomson, 
 
 7. A dog with long hair or shag, [from shag.] 
 SHOCK, V. t. [D. schokken : Fr. choquer.] 
 
 1. To shake by the sudden collision of a body. 
 
 2. To meet force with force ; to encounter. Shak. 
 
 3. To strike, as with horror or disgust; to cause to 
 recoil, as frcmi something odious or horrible; to of- 
 fend extremely : to disgust. I was shocked at the 
 sight of so much miser)-. Avoid every thing that 
 can shock the feelings of delicacy. 
 
 Advise him not to shock a father's will. Dryden. 
 
 SHOCK, V. i. To collect sheaves into a pile ; to pile 
 sheaves. Tusscr. 
 
 SHOCK'£D, (shokt.) pp. Struck, as with horror ; 
 offended ; disgusted. 
 2. Piled, as sheaves. 
 
 SHOCK'HE.'VD-ED, a. Having a thick and bushy 
 head of hair. 
 
 SHOCK'ING, ppr. Shaking with sudden violence. 
 
 2. Meeting in onset or violent encounter. 
 
 Aud now with shouts the shocking armies closed. Pops. 
 
 3. a. Striking, as with horror; causing to recoil 
 with horror or disgust ; extremely offensive or dis- 
 gusting. 
 
 The French humor — is very shocking to the Italians. Addison. 
 
 SHOCK'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to strike with 
 horror or disgust. Chestrrfeld. 
 
 SHOCK'ING-NESS, n. The state of being shocking. 
 
 SHOD, for Shoed, pret. and pp. of Shoe. 
 
 SHOE, (shoo,) n. ; pi. Shoes. [Sax. sceo, .iceog ; G. 
 schuh ; D. schom ; Sw. sko ; Dan. skoe, a shoe ; .^kocr, 
 to bind with iron, to shoe. It is uncertain to wh.tt 
 this word W.1S originally applied, whether to a band 
 of iron, or to something worn on the human foot. 
 It is a contracted word. In G. /i«?irfic/i«A, hand-shoe, 
 is a glove. The sense is probably a cover, or that 
 which is put on ] 
 
 1. A covering for the foot, usu.illy of leather, com- 
 posed of a thick species for the suit-, and a thinner 
 kind for the vamp and quarters. Shoes for ladies 
 ofu-n h.ire some species of cloth for the vamp and 
 quarters. 
 
 2. A plate or rim of iron nailed to tlie hoof of a 
 horse to defend it from injury ; also, a plate of iron 
 for an ox'.< hoof, one for each division of the hoof. 
 Oxen are shod in New England, sometimes to defend 
 the hoof from injury in stony places, more generally 
 to enable them to walk <m ice, in which case the 
 shoes are armed with sharp jiuints. This is called 
 
 3. The [ilate of iron which is nailed to the bottom 
 of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle that slides 
 on the snow in winter. 
 
 4. A |)iece of timber fastened with pins to the bot- 
 tom of the runnera of a tied, to prevent them from 
 wearing. 
 
 5. The inclined piece nt the bottom of a water 
 Inink or lead pipe, for turning tin- course of the water, 
 and dlHcharginK it from a building. Owilt. 
 
 C. SoinethinK in form of a iihue, or answering the 
 purpose of B shoe. 
 
 7. A cover for dcfen«c. 
 
 Skoe of an anchor ; n small block of wood, convei 
 on the back, with a hrde to receive the point of the 
 anchor fluke ; uacd to prevent the anchor from tear- 
 
 ing the planks of the vessel when raised or low- 
 ered. TuUen. 
 
 SHOE, (shoo,) II. 4. ; pret. and pp. Shod. To furnish 
 with shoes; to put shoes on; as, to ^Aoe a horse or 
 an ox ; to shoe a sled or sleigh. 
 
 2. To cover at the bottom. Drayton. 
 To shoe an anchor ; to cover the flukes with broad, 
 triangular pieces of plank. This is intended to give 
 the anchor a stronger hold in soft grounds. Totten. 
 
 SHOE'BLACK, (shoo'blak,) lu [shoe and black.] A 
 person that cleans shoes. 
 
 SHOE' BOY, ;i. [shoe and Joy.] A boy that cleans 
 slioe.s. 
 
 SHOE'BUCK-LE, (shoo'buk-!,) n. [shoe and buckle.] 
 A buckle for fastening a shoe to the foot. 
 
 SflOE'ING, (shoo'ing,) ppr. Putting on shoes. 
 
 SH0E'I.\G-HOKN, n. [shoe and horn.] A horn used 
 to facilitate the entrance of tiie foot into a narrow 
 shoe. 
 
 2. .Any thing by Which a transaction is facilitated ; 
 
 any thing used as a medium ; in contempt. Spectator. 
 SHOE'-LEATH-ER, (shoo'leth-er,) n. [shoe and 
 
 leather.] Leather for shoes. 
 SHOE'LESS, a. Destitute of shoes. 
 
 Caltrops very much incommoded the shoeless Moors. 
 
 Dr. Addison. 
 
 SHOE'.MaK-ER, 71. [shoe and maker.] One whose 
 
 occupation or trade is to make shoes and boots. 
 SHO'ER, 7!. One that fits shoes to the feet ; one that 
 
 furnishes or puts on shoes ; as a farrier. 
 SHOE'STRING, 71. [shoe and string.] A string used 
 
 to fasten a shoe to the foot. 
 SHOE'TtE, (shoo'ti,) n. [shoe and tye.] A ribbon 
 
 used for fastening a shoe to the foot. Hudibras. 
 SHOG, for Shock ; a violent concussion. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SHOG, v. t. To shake ; to agitate. [jVot in use.] 
 
 Carea. 
 
 SHOG, 7'. I. To move off; to be gone; to jog. [JS'ot 
 
 in use.] [See Joe] Hall. 
 SHOG'GIXG, 71. Concussion. [jVot in use.] Harmar. 
 SHOG'GLE, I'. (. To shake ; to joggle. [J^ot in use.] 
 
 [.See Joggle.] Pegge. 
 SHoLE, 71. [Sax. sceol, a crowd.] 
 
 A throng; a crowd ; a great multitude assembled. 
 [This is the better orthography. See Shoal.] 
 SHONE, pp. of Shine. 
 SHOO, 7'. t. [G. srheuchrn, to scare.] 
 
 To scare; to drive away by frightening ; hence, 
 be gone. 
 
 [-4 word iLsed in scaring away fowls, but used in the 
 imperative 07(/i/.] 
 SHOOK, pp. of "Shake. 
 
 SHOOK, H. In commerce, shooks are casks of hogs- 
 hea'd staves prepared for use. Boards for boxes of 
 sugar, prepared or fitted for use, bear the same name. 
 
 SHOOK, V. t. To pack staves in casks. 
 
 SHOO.V, old pi. of Shoe. [Obs.] 
 
 SHOOT, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Shot. The old participle 
 Shotten is obsolete. [Sav. sccotan, scytan, to shoot, to 
 dart, to rush, to lay out or bestow, to transfer, to 
 point with the finger, whence to lead or direct ; G. 
 schosscn, to shoot, and to pay scot, also schiessen, 
 to shoot, to dart; D. sckieten; Sw. skiuta ; Dan. 
 skyder ; Ir. .tctMttim, to vomit; sciot, an arrow or 
 dart ; It. scattnre, to shoot an arrow -, L. scateo, to 
 shoot out water ; \V. ysgut/iaw, ysgudaw, to scud ; 
 ys^jjrda, to thrust ; ysgythu, to spout. It is formed 
 witli a prefix on Od,] 
 
 1. To let fly and drive with force ; as, to shoot an 
 arrow. 
 
 2. To discharge and cause to be driven with vio- 
 lence ; as, to shoot a ball. 
 
 3. To send off with force ; to dart. 
 
 And from about her shot darts of desire. MUton. 
 
 4. To let off ; used of the instrument. 
 
 The two entls of a how shot off, fly from one another. Boyle. 
 
 5. To strike with anything shot; as, to shoot one 
 with an arrow or a bullet. 
 
 G. To send out ; to push forth ; as, a plant shooti a 
 branch. 
 
 7. To push out ; to emit; to dart ; to thrust forth. 
 
 Hewaro tlie secret snalte that shoots a sting. Dryden. 
 
 8. To push forward ; to drive ; to propel ; as, to 
 shoot a bolt. 
 
 U. To push out ; to tlirust forward. 
 
 Thi-y shoot out the lip. ~ Ps. xxii. 
 
 The phrase to sliool out tlie lip, signifies to treat 
 with derision or conteiiipl. 
 
 10. To pass through with swiftness; as, to .ihoot 
 the Slygian flood. Dryden, 
 
 11. To plane straight, or fit by planing ; a work- 
 man's term. 
 
 Two nlfc-i of wood that are shot, that is, planed or parrel w ith a 
 cltiB't. .Vorofi. 
 
 12. To kill by a ball, arrow, or other thing shot; 
 as, to shoot a duck. 
 
 13. To pass rapidly under by the force of a cur- 
 rent : ns, to shoot a bridge. Totten. 
 
 .SHOOT, r. i. To pi rform the net of discharging, 
 Heiidlng with force, or driving any thing by moans of 
 
 an engine or instrument ; as, to shoot at a target or 
 mark. 
 
 When you shoot and shut one eye. Prior. 
 The archers have sorely grieved him, and slujt at him. — Uen. 
 xlix. 
 
 2. To germinate ; to bud ; to sprout ; to send forth 
 branches. 
 
 Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth. Bacon. 
 But the wild olive shoou and shades the ungrateful plain. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Delightful laslt, 
 To teach the young idea how to shoot. Thomson. 
 
 3. To form by shooting, or by an arrangement of 
 particles into spiculie. Metals shoot into crystals. 
 Every salt shoots into crystals of a determinate form. 
 
 4. To be emitted, sent forth, or driven along. 
 There shot a streaming lamp along the sky, Dryden. 
 
 5. To protuberate ; to be pushed out ; to jut ; to 
 project. The land shoots into a promontory. 
 
 6. To pass, as an arrow or pointed instrument ; to 
 penetrate. 
 
 Thy words shoot through my heart. Addison. 
 
 7. To grow rapidly ; to become by rapid growth. 
 The boy soon shoots up to a man. 
 
 He'll soon shoot up a hero. Dryden. 
 
 8. To move xvith velocity ; as, a shooting star. 
 
 9. To feel a quick, darting pain. My temples shoot. 
 To shoot ahead; to outstrip in running, flying, or 
 
 sailing. 
 
 SHOOT, 71. The act of propelling or driving any thing 
 with violence ; the discharge of a fire-arm or bowl ; 
 as, a good shoot. 
 
 The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot. Bacon. 
 
 2. The act of striking, or endeavoring to strike 
 xvith a missive weapon. Shak. 
 
 3. A young branch. 
 
 Prune off superfluous branches and shoots of this second spring. 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 4. A young swine which is shooting or growing up. 
 
 Hotloway. 
 
 [In JVno England, pronounced shote.] 
 SHOOT'ER, 71. One that shoots; an archer; a gun- 
 ner. Herbert. 
 SHOOT'ING, ppr. or a. Disctharging, as fire-arms ; 
 driving or sending with violence ; pushing out ; pro- 
 tuberating ; gcrniinatiiig ; branching; glancing, as 
 pain. 
 
 SHOOT'ING, 71. The act of discharging fire-arms, or 
 of sending an arrow with force ; a firing. 
 
 2. Sensation of a tiuick, gl.'iiicing pain. 
 
 3. In sportimanship, the act or practice of killing 
 game with guns or fire-arms. 
 
 SHOOT'ING-STaR, 71. Afire ball or meteor which 
 darts across the sky with a transient light. Shooting- 
 stars have been found to be more abundant at partic- 
 ular periods, the most remarktibie of which are the 
 13th of November and the 9ili or lOth of August. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 SHOOT'Y, a. Of equal growth or size. Grose. 
 
 SHOP, 71. [Norm, schope; &^\. sceoppa, n depository, 
 from sceapiaii, to form or shape ; Sw. shop, a reposi- 
 tory ; Dan. skab, a cupboard or chest of drawers. 
 Qu. Fr. echoppe.] 
 
 1. A huiltiing in which goods, wares, drugs, &c., 
 are sold by retail. 
 
 2. A building in which mechanics work, and 
 where they keep their manufactures for sale. 
 
 Keep your shop, and your shop will keep you. Franklin. 
 
 SHOP, V. i. To visit shops for purchasing goods ; 
 used chiefly in the participle ; as, the lady is shop- 
 ping. 
 
 SHOP'Bo.\RD, n. [shop and board.] A bench on 
 which work is performed ; as, a doctor or divine 
 taken from the sh pboard. South. 
 
 SHOP'BOOK, ji. (.«/mp and W.-.] A book in which 
 a tradesmtin keeps his accounts. Locke. 
 
 SHOP'KEEP-ER, 71. [.■<hop »nd keep.] A trader who 
 sells goods in a shop or by retail ; in distinction from 
 a Merchant, or one who sells bv wholesale. j?iWi.-o;i. 
 
 SHOP'LIFT-ER, 77. [.vAo/i and /i/t. See Lift.] One 
 who steals any thing in a shop, or takes goods pri- 
 vately from a shop ; one who, under pretense of buy- 
 ing goods, takes occasion to steal. Kncyc. 
 
 SHOP'LIFT-ING, 71. Larceny committed in a simp; 
 the stealing of any thing from a shop. 
 
 SHOP'LTKE, a. Low ; vulgar. B. Jonson. 
 
 SHOP'MAN, 11. [shop and 7nan.] A petty tj-iider. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. One who serves in a shop. Johnson. 
 SHOP'PING, ppr. Visiting shops for the purchase of 
 goods. 
 
 SHOP'PING, 71. The act of visiting shops for the pur- 
 chase of goods. 
 
 SHOK E, the old pret. of Shear. [ Obs.] 
 
 SHORE, 11. [Sax. score.] 
 
 Till! coast or land aujarent to the ocean or sen, or 
 to a large lake or river. This word is applied prima 
 rtlv to the land contiguous to water ; but it extends 
 also to the croiinil near thi! border of the sea or of a 
 lake, which is mvereil with water. We also use 
 the word to express the land lus'ir the border of the 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 10'24 
 
SIIO 
 
 SlIO 
 
 SHO 
 
 lea or of a great lake, to an iiKlotinite extent ; as 
 when we say, a town stands on tlie jAorc, We do 
 not apply tlie word to tlu' land contiguous to a aniall 
 stream. This we call a Hank. 
 SiIOIlE,n. The popular but corrupt pronunciation of 
 isuser, a pronunciation that should be carefully 
 Rvii'ded. 
 
 SHoHE, n. [Sp. and Port, tscora; D. sc/ioor.] 
 
 A prop or timber placed as a brace or support on 
 the s de of a building or other thing. H'atU. Gioilt. 
 SIIoRS, B. (. To prop; to support by a post or but- 
 tress i usually with up, as, to shore up a building. 
 2. To set on shore. {JVot in lue.] ShuL 
 SHoR'^;!', pp. Propped ; supported by a prop. 
 SHoU'I p;ir. Propping; supporting. 
 SlloRK'LESS, a. Having no shore or coast; of In- 
 definite or unlimited extent ; as, a shoreless ocean. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 SIIORE'LING, ) n. In England, the skin of a living 
 SHOR'LING, j sheep shorn, as distinct from the 
 morlinir, or skin taken from the dead sheep. Hence, 
 in some parts of England, a .N-AoWi/io- is a sheep shorn, 
 and a morlinir is one that dies. „ Encvc. 
 SHORL, n. [Sw. siori, from skor, brittle; ban. 
 skiSr. ] 
 
 A mineral, black tourmaline. Dana. 
 SHOR-La'CEOUS, a. Like sliorl ; partakini; of tlic 
 
 nature anil characters of shorl. Kirican. 
 SHORL'ITE, )i. A mineral of a greenish-white color, 
 sometimes yellowish, a variety of topaz; mostly 
 found in irregular, oblong masses or columns, in- 
 serted in a mixture of quartz and mica or granite. 
 
 Klaproth. Kirwan. 
 Sliorlite or shnrlous topaz, the pycnite of Werner, 
 is nf a straw-yellow color. Ure. 
 SHoRN, p/). of Shear. Cut off; as, a lock of wool 
 shorn. 
 
 2. Having the hair or wool cut off or sheared ; as, 
 a shorn lamb. 
 
 3, Deprived ; as, a prince shorn of his honors. 
 SHORT, a. [Sax. sceort, sctjrt: G. kurz ; D. .Sw. and 
 
 kort ; Vx. court ; It. ci'rtti ; curtus ; U.ffcar; 
 Russ. kortayu, to shorten. It is from cutting off or 
 separating. Uu. Dan. skidr, Sw. skor, brittle.] 
 
 1. Not long ; not having great length or extension ; 
 as, a shiiri distance ; a short ferry ; a short (light ; a 
 short piece of timber. 
 
 The bod is thorier than that a man can itrctch htnuelf on it. — 
 Is. xxviii. 
 
 2. Not extended in time ; not of long duration. 
 
 The Iriumpliing of tli-' wicki-J is short. —Job xx. I Thcss. ii. 
 
 3. Not of usual or sufficient length, reach, or ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Weak though I am of limb, and ahort of sight. Pope. 
 
 4. Not of long duration; repeated at small inter- 
 vals of lime ; as, short breath. Drijden. Sidneij. 
 
 5. Not of adequate extent or quantity ; not reach- 
 ing the point demanded, desired, or expected ; as, a 
 quantity short of our expectations. 
 
 Nol therefore am I thorl 
 Of knowin* wh.it I ought. Milton. 
 
 6. Deficient; defective; imperfect. This account 
 is short of the truth. 
 
 7. Not adequate ; Insnfficicnt ; scanty ; as, pro- 
 visions are short i a sliort allowance of water for the 
 voyage. 
 
 8. Not sufficiently supplied ; scantily furnished. 
 The Riifrlish were iuferior iu numl;er, and grew thori in their 
 
 proviMoiis. Hayward. 
 
 9. Not far distant in time ; future. 
 
 He coinmaniled those who were appointed to attend him, to be 
 ready by a short Jay. Cartivton. 
 
 We now say, at short notice. In mercantile, lan- 
 frua^ff a note or bill is made payable at short sight, 
 that is, in a little lime after being presented to the 
 payer. 
 
 10. Not fetching a compass; as in the phrase, to 
 turn short 
 
 11. Not going to the" point intended; as, to stop 
 short. 
 
 12. Defective in quantity ; as, sheep short of their 
 wool. Driidrn. 
 
 13. Narrow ; limited ; not extended ; not large or 
 comprehensive. 
 
 Tlieir own short undersLlniiings reach 
 
 No further than the present. Rotoe. 
 
 14. Brittle; friable; breaking all at once without 
 splinters or shatters ; as, marl so short that it call not 
 be wrought into a ball. Jloriiincr. 
 
 15. Not bending. 
 
 The i'lnce broVe short. Uryiim. 
 
 16. Abnipt ; brief; pointed ; petulant; severe. I 
 asked him a question, to which he gave a short an- 
 swer. 
 
 To be short : to be scantily supplied ; as, to be short 
 of bread or water. 
 
 To come short ; to fail ; not to do what is demanded 
 or expected, or what is nccessar\' for the purpose ; 
 applied to persons. We all come short of perfect 
 obedience to God's will. 
 
 2. Not to reach or obtain. Rom. iii. 
 
 3. To fail ; to be insudicient. Provisiuiis come 
 sfiort. 
 
 To cut short; to abridge; to contract; to make 
 too small or defective ; also, to destroy or consume. 
 2 JTun's X. 
 
 To fall short ; to fail ; to be inadequ.ite or scanty ; 
 as, provisions fall short; money fulls .^hort. 
 
 2. To fail ; not to do or iiccumplish ; as, to fall 
 short in duty. 
 
 3. To be less. The measure falls short of the es- 
 timate. 
 
 To slop short ; to stop at once ; also, to stop with- 
 out reaching the point intended. 
 
 To turn short : to turn on the spot occupied ; to 
 turn without making a compass. 
 
 for turning short he struck with alt his might. Dryden. 
 
 To be taken short; to be seized with urgent neces- 
 sity. Stcift. 
 
 In .short ; in few words ; briefly ; to sum up or 
 close in a few words. 
 SHORT, II. A summary account ; as, the short of the 
 matter. 
 
 'I'lie short and long in our play is pnferred. Skak. 
 SHORT, adr. Not long ; as, .•i/ior(-enduring joy ; a 
 A'/itirt-breallied man. Dryden. ^rbulhnot. 
 
 Ill connection with verbs, short is a modifying 
 word, or used adverbially ; as, to come short, &c. 
 SHORT, I!. (. To shorten. 
 
 2. r. i. Tti fail ; to decrease. [JVot in vse.l 
 SHORT'-IiRICATII-£D, (-bretlit,) a. Having short 
 
 breath or i|uirk respiration. 
 SIlORT'-eAKE, n. A .soft and friable cake, in which 
 butter or lard has been mixed with the flour. Forby, 
 SIlORT'eCi.M-lNG, (-kum'ing,) ii. A failing of the 
 usual produce, quantity, or amount, as of a crop. 
 
 Chalmers. 
 
 2. A failure of full performance, as of dutv. 
 
 SHORT'-IJaT-ED, a. [skort -Mii date.] Having lit- 
 tle time to run. Sandys. 
 
 SIIURT'-DRAWN, a. Deing of short breathing ; im- 
 pt-rftTlly inspireil, as breath. 
 
 SHORT'£N, (short'n,) v. t. [Sa.\. scyrlan.] 
 
 1. To make short in measure, extent, or time ; as, 
 to shorten distance ; to shorten a road ; to shorten 
 days of calamity. Matt. xxiv. 
 
 2. To abridge ; to lessen ; as, to shorten labor or 
 work. 
 
 3. To curtail ; as, to shorten the hair by clipping. 
 
 4. To contract ; to lessen; to reduce or diminish 
 in extent or amount ; as, to shorten sail ; to shorten 
 an allowance of provisions. 
 
 5. To coiiline; to restrain. 
 
 Here, where tlie subject is so fruitful, 1 am shorttntd by my 
 ch.iiii. Dryden. 
 
 6. To lop ; to deprive. 
 
 The youth — shortened of his ear*. Dryden. 
 
 7. To make paste short or friable, with butter or 
 lard. 
 
 SIlORT'i'N, (short'n,) r. «. To become short or 
 shorter. The day shortens in northern latitudes from 
 June to December. 
 
 2. To contract ; as, a cord shortens by being wet ; 
 a metallic rod shortens by colil. 
 
 SHORT' A;.\-f;r), pp. or a. .Made short or shorter; 
 abridged ; contracted. 
 
 SHORT'TCN-ING, ppr. Making short or shorter; con- 
 tracting. 
 
 SHORT' KN ING, n. A making short or shorter. 
 
 2. Somelliiiig used in cookery to make paste sliort 
 or friable, as butter or lard. Ilalliiccll. 
 
 SIIOR'l''-IIANI), n. [short and hand.] Short writing ; 
 a coiiipentlitiiis method of writing by subsliiiitiiig 
 characters", abbreviations, or symbols for words ; otli- 
 erwi<e calletl Sri;\o(;iiAPHv. Locke. 
 
 SHORT'-JOI.\T-EI), a. [^/lort and joint.] Ahiirse 
 is said to be short-jomted, when the pastern is too 
 short. F.ncyc. 
 
 SIIOR T'-LIV-KD, a. [short and live.] Not living or 
 lasting long ; beingof short continuance ; a-s, ushort- 
 liued race of beings; short-lioed [ileastire ; short-lived 
 passion. Drijden. .iddiion. 
 
 SIIORT'LY, adv. Quickly ; soon ; in a little time. 
 The arniirs wnic shortly in view of each oUier. Clarendon. 
 
 2. In few words ; briefly ; as, to express ideas 
 more shorthf in verse than in prose. Pope. 
 
 SIIORT'NER, n. He or that which shortens. Sunft. 
 
 SHORT'NESS, n. The quality of beiiigshort in space 
 or time ; little length or little duration ; as, the short- 
 nejss of a journey or of distance; the shortness of 
 the days in winter ; the shortness of life. 
 
 Q. Tewness of words ; brevity ; conciseness ; ns, 
 the .-thortness of an essay. The prayers of the church, 
 by rea-son of their sA«r(nes,«, are easy for the memory. 
 
 3. Want of reach or the power of retention ; as, 
 tlie shortness of the memory. Bacon. 
 
 4. Delicicncy ; imperfection ; limited extent ; as, 
 the shortness of our re.asun. Olanville. 
 
 SHORT'-RIR, n. [vW( and ni.] One of the lower 
 ribs; a rib shorter than the others, below the sternum ; 
 a false rib. Wiseman. 
 
 SHORTS, n. pi. The bran and coarse part of meal, in 
 mixture. Hulliwell. 
 
 SHORT'-SKJHT, ( site,) n. Sliort-sigliiednes.H ; nn - 
 opy ; vision accurate only when the object is near. 
 
 Uood. 
 
 SHORT'-SIGHT'ED, ( site'-,) o. Not ahletOBCo far; 
 having limited vision ; in a literal sense, 
 
 2. Nol able to look far into futurity ; nol able to 
 understand things deep or remote ; of limited in- 
 tellict; 
 
 SIIORT'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS, n. A defect in vision, 
 consisting in the inability to see things at a distance, 
 or at tlie distance to which the siglit ordinarily ex- 
 tends. 
 
 2. Defective or limited Intellectual sight ; inability 
 to see far into futurity or into things deep or abstruse. 
 
 Jiddt.<on, 
 
 SIIORT'-WAIST-ED, a. [short ani tcaisL] Having 
 a short waist or body. Drudcn, 
 
 SHORT'-WIND-EI), a. [short and wind.] Allictcd 
 with shortness of breath ; having a quick respir.t- 
 tion ; as, dyspntnic and asthiiialic persons. JSIau. 
 
 SllORT'-WlNG-KD, a. [short and wing.]- Having 
 short wings ; as, a short-win irrji hawk. Dn/drn. 
 
 SlIORT'-WIT-TEI), a. Having little wit; not wise; 
 of scanty intellect or jiidgiiieiit. Hales. 
 
 SHOR'V, a. [from shore.] Lying near the shore or 
 coast. [Little used.] Burnet. 
 
 SHOT, pret. and pp. of Shoot. 
 
 SHOT, n, [Sax. scyt; D. school, .'idiot. See Shoot 
 and Scot.] 
 
 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a missile 
 weapon, 
 
 lie c;iuae<l twenty shot of liis greatest cannon to be made at the 
 king's i\riiiy. Ctnrendon. 
 
 JVolc. — The plural, shots, may be used, but slwt is 
 used in both numbers. 
 
 2. A missile weapon, particularly a b.all or bullet. 
 Shot is properly whatever is discharged from tire- 
 arms or cannon by the force of giinpowdtr. Sliot 
 used in war is of various kinds ; as, round shot, 
 balls, or bullets ; those for cannon made of iron, those 
 for muskets and pistols, of leail. Secondly, double- 
 headed shot, or bar shot, consisting of a bar u ith a 
 round head at each end. Thirdly, chain shut, con- 
 sisting of two balls chained together. Kourllily, 
 ffrape shut, consisting of a number of balls lioiiiid 
 together with a cortl in canvas on an iron btdttuii, 
 so as to form a cylindrical figure. Fifthly, ruse shot 
 or ca«i.vttT shot, consisting of a great nuiiiber of small 
 bullets in a cylindrical tin box. Sixthly, luu^rrl or 
 lanirrane, which consists of pieces of iron of any 
 kind or shape. Small shot, denotes musket balls. 
 
 J\!ar. Diet, llrhert. 
 
 3. Small globular masses of lead, used for killing 
 birds and otiier small animals. These are not called 
 balls or bulleu. 
 
 4. The flight of a missile weapon, or the distance 
 which it p.isscs from the engine ; as, a cannon shot; 
 a musket shot ; a pistol shot ; a bow shut. 
 
 5. .\ marksman ; one who practices shooting; as, 
 an excellent shot. H'. Irrinrr. 
 
 6. A reckiniing; charge or proportional share of 
 expense at a tavern, &c. [See Scot.] 
 
 Shot of a cable ; in seamen^s lau^uairc, the splicing 
 of two cables ttigether ; or the wlitde length of two 
 cables thus united. A ship will ride easier in deep 
 water with one shot of cable thus lengtheiieil, than 
 with three short cables. F.ncijc 
 
 SHOT, r. I. To load with shot over a cartridge ; as, 
 to shot the guns. Toitru. 
 
 SIK)T'-I!ELT-ED, a. Wearing a belt carrying shot. 
 
 SHoTE, ». [Sax. sceola : from .</ioofiii», darting.] 
 
 1. A fish resembling the trout. Carew. 
 
 2. A young hog, or a half-grown unfattcd hog. 
 [See Shoot. I Jimswurlh. 
 
 SIIOT'-KREE,o. [,«Ao(and/rc«.] Free from charge ; 
 exenifited from any sh:ire of expense ; scot-free. 
 
 2. Not to be injured by shot. [jVot used.] 
 
 Feltham, 
 
 3. Unpunished. [A'of used.] 
 SIIOT'-G.^UCE, Ji. [shot and gauge.] An instru- 
 ment fur measuring the diameter of round sliot. 
 
 J'otlen. 
 
 SHOT'-HOLE, n. A hole made by a bullet dis- 
 charged. 
 
 SHOT' TED, pp. Loaded with shot over a cartridge, 
 
 as guns. 
 
 SI10T'TA;N, (shot'n,) a. [fromsAoot.] Having ejected 
 the spawn. Shak. 
 
 2. Shooting into angles. 
 
 3. Shot out of its socket ; dislocated ; as a bone. 
 Shotten herring : a gulteil herring dried for keep- 
 ing ; hence, a mean, meager fellow. 
 
 Shak. HalUwell. 
 
 SHOUGH, (shok,) n. A kind of shaggy dog. [JVot 
 in use.] [See Shock.] 
 
 SIIQULD, (sh99d.) The preterit of Shall, but now 
 useil as an auxiliary verb, either in the past time or 
 conditional present. " Ho should have paid the debt 
 at the time the note became due." Should here de- 
 notes past time. " I .should ride to town this day if 
 the we.ather would permit." He should expresses 
 present or future time conilitionally. In the second 
 and Ihirtl persons, it denotes obligation or duty, as 
 in the first example above. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
SIIO 
 
 1. / should go. Whfii shiiuld in lliis person is ut- 
 tered witliout ernpliiisis, it declares simply that an 
 event would take place, on some condition or under 
 oilier Circumstances. 
 
 But when expressed w ith emphasis, should in this 
 person denotes obligation, duty, or determination. 
 
 2. 'I'luiu shouldst t Without emphasis, should, 
 You should ) ^"^ in the second person, is 
 
 nearly pquivalcnt to ought ; you ought to go, it is 
 your duty, you are bound to go. [See Shall.] 
 
 With emphasis, should expresses determination in 
 the speaker conditionally to compel the person to 
 act. " If I had the care of you, you slwuld go, 
 whether willing or not." 
 
 3. He should go. Should, in the third person, has 
 the same force as in the second. 
 
 4. If / should, if you should, if he should, &.C., de- 
 note a future contingent event. 
 
 5. After should, the principal verb is sometimes 
 omitted, without obscuring the sense. 
 
 So subjects love just kings, or so lliey should, Dryden, 
 That is, so they should love them. 
 
 6. Should be; ought to be ; a proverbial phrase, 
 conveying some censure, contempt, or irony. Things 
 are not as they should be. 
 
 The boys tliiuk their niutlier no belter than she should be. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 7. " We think it strange that stones should fall 
 from th£ aerial regions." In this use, should implies 
 that stones do fall. In all similar phrases, should 
 implies the actual existence of the fact, without a 
 cimdition or supposition. 
 
 SHoUL.'t)ER, n. [Sax. sculdre, sculdor, sculder ; G. 
 sckullcr : D. schouder ; Sw. skuldra ; Dan. skulder.] 
 
 1. The joint by which the arm of a human being 
 or the fure leg of a quadruped is connected with the 
 body ; or in man, the projection formed by the bones 
 called ScAPUL-E or Shoui.der-Blades, which extend 
 from the basis of the nock in a horizontal direction. 
 
 a. The upper joint of the fore leg of an animal cut 
 for the market ; as, a shoulder of mutton. 
 
 3. ShouUlers, in the plural ; the upper part of the 
 b.ick. 
 
 Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryden. 
 
 4. Figurativelij, support ; sustaining power ; or 
 that which elevates and sustains. 
 
 Fur on thy shoulders do I bniltl my seat. Shuk. 
 
 5. Among artificers, somethiiig like the human 
 stioulili r ; a horizontal or rectangular projection from 
 the body of a thing. Moron. 
 
 (). In fortijiculion, lUe angle of a b.istion included 
 between the face and flank. Brunde. 
 SHnUL'DKR, v. t. To push or thrust with the shoul- 
 der i to push with violence. 
 
 Around her numberless the nibble flowed, 
 
 Shouldering ertCli otb'-r, crowding for a view. Fowe. 
 As they the earth would shoaltUr tnini her seat. Spenser. 
 
 9. To take upon the shoulder ; as, to shoulder a 
 basket. 
 
 SHOUL'DER-UELT, n. [shoulder and belt.] A belt 
 that passes across the shoulder. Dnjdeu. 
 
 SHOUL'DER-BL.^DE, n. [shoulder and blade.} The 
 bone of the shoulder, or blade-bone, broad and tri- 
 angular, covering the hind part of the ribs; called 
 bv anatomists Scapula and C>moplata. Kucijc. 
 
 SHoUL'l)ER-ei-AP-PEI{, ». [shoulder and clap.] 
 One tiiat claps another on the shoulder, or that 
 uses great familiarity. [JVu( in lase.] Sliak. 
 
 SHoUL'DER-£D, pp. Pushed or thrust with the 
 shoulder. 
 
 2. Supported on the shoulder. 
 SHOUI-'DER-ING, ppr. Pushing with the shoulder. 
 
 2. Taking upon the shoulder. 
 SHoUL'DER-KN'OT, (shol'der-not,) n. [shouldernnd 
 
 kuoi.] An ornamental knot of ribbon or lace worn 
 
 on the shoulder ; an epaulet. 
 SH6(n-'I)ER-SHO']'-T^;N, a. [shoulder and shot.] 
 
 Strained in the shoulder, as a horse. Shak. 
 SH6UL'1)ER-SLIP, ji. [shoulder ami .'<lip.] Disloca- 
 tion of the shoulder or i>f the liumeriis. Smift. 
 SHOUT, ti. i. ['i'his word coincides with shoot, W. 
 
 ysgylhu, to jet, to Kpout.] 
 To utter a sudden and loud outcry, usually in joy, 
 
 triumph, or exultation, or to animate soldiers in an 
 
 onset. 
 
 It is noithe voice of them that shout for miwtery. — Ex. xxxil. 
 When ye hear Uie •ound of the trunip'-t, all the people liltill 
 shout with a great shoul. — Josh. vi. 
 
 SHOUT, n. A loud burst tjf voice or voices ; a vehe- 
 ment and siiilden outcry, particularly of a multitude 
 of men, exprensing joy, triumph, exultation, or ani- 
 mated courage. It is HometimeH intended in derision. 
 Joth. vi. Kira iii. 
 
 TIte BlKMlinns, seehiif llic enemy turn th'lr backs, g.ive a great 
 shout In ileristoii. Kuolles, 
 
 8FIOUT, r. ^ To treat with nhoiits or clamor. Hull. 
 SIIOUT'EI), pp. Trealiil with shoiitH. 
 PIlOirr'EU, n. One that kIioiii... Dnjden. 
 SlIOU'T'l.N'ti, ppr. Utterin|{ a Hiiddvn and loud outcry 
 
 in jny or exultation. 
 SHOUT'! .N'G, n. The net of Hhoiiting ; n loud outcry 
 
 exprcHHivc of joy or animation. 2 Sttm, vi. 
 
 SHO 
 
 SHOVE, (shiiv,) V. t. [Sax. scu/an, to push or thrust; 
 sryfaa, to suggest, to hint ; D. schuiecn ; G. schieben, 
 schuppen ; Sw. sknffa ; Dan. skuffer. The more cor- 
 rect orthography vvould be Shuv.] 
 
 1. To push ; io propel ; to drive along by the di- 
 rect application of strength without a sudden im- 
 piUse ; particularly, to push a body by sliding or 
 causing it to move along the surface of another body, 
 either by the hand or by an instrument; as, to shove 
 a bottle along a table ; to shooe a table along the 
 floor J to shove a boat on the water. 
 
 And shoi>e away the worthy bidden guest. Mdlon, 
 Shoving back tliis earth on which I sit. Dryden. 
 
 2. To push ; to press against. 
 
 He used 10 sheve and elbow his fellow-serTants to get near his 
 
 mistress. ArbuUinot. 
 To shove away; to push to a distance; to thrust 
 off. 
 
 To shove by ; to push away ; to delay, or to reject ; 
 as, to shove by the hearing of a cause ; or to shove by 
 justice. [JVot elegant.] Sltuk. 
 
 To shove off: to thrust or push away. 
 
 To shove down; to overthrow by pushing. 
 
 .^rbtithnot. 
 
 SHOVE, (shuv,) V. i. To push or drive forward ; to 
 urge a course. Swift. 
 
 2. To push off ; to move in a boat or with a pole ; 
 as, he shoved from shore. Garth. 
 
 To shove off; to move from shore by pushing with 
 poles or oars. 
 
 SHOVE, 71. The act of pushing or pressing against by 
 strength, without a sudden impulse. Swift. 
 
 SHOVED, (shiivd,) pp. Pushed ; propelled. 
 
 SHOV'i'L, (shuv'l,) n. [Sax. scofl ; G. schaufel ; D. 
 schoffel, schop ; Dan, shuffe, a scoop or shovel ; from 
 shoving.] 
 
 An in.strument consisting of a broad scoop or blade, 
 more or less hollow, with a handle ; used for throw- 
 ing earth or other loose substances. 
 SHOV'KL, V. t. To take up and throw with a shovel ; 
 as, to shovel earth into a heap or into a carl, or out of 
 a pit. 
 
 2. To gather in great quantities. Derham. 
 
 SHOV'i^L-BoARD, 71. A board on which they play 
 bv sliding metal pieces at a mark. Dryden. 
 
 SUbV'EL F.D, (shuv'ld,) pp. Thrown with a shovel. 
 
 SHOVEL ER, 71. [from shovel.] A species of duck, 
 Anas clyjieata of Liniia;us, remarkable for the length 
 and terminal expansion of the bill. Braiide. 
 
 SHOVEL ING, ppr. Throwing with a shovel. 
 
 SHoVV, (sho,) V, t. ; pret. Showed; pp. Shown or 
 Showed. It is sometimes written Shew, Shewed, 
 Shewn. [^i\\. sccuwian ; D. schouwen ; G. schauen ; 
 Dan. skucr. This word, in most of the Teutiuiic di- 
 alects, signifies merely to look, see, view, behold. 
 In Saxon, it signifies to show, look, view, explore, 
 regard. This is doubtless a contracted word. If the 
 radical letter lost was a labial, show coincides with 
 the Gr. oKonio), oKinTopai. If a dental has been 
 lost, this word accords with the Sw. skada, to view 
 or behold.] 
 
 1. To exhibit or present to the view of others. 
 
 Go thy way, show thyself to the priest. — Matt. viii. 
 
 2. To afford to the eye or to notice; to contain in 
 a visible form. 
 
 Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise 
 
 Rlagnilicence ; and what c;in heaven sAow more ? Milton. 
 
 3. To make or enable to see. Milton. 
 
 4. To make or enable to perceive. Milton. 
 
 5. To make to know ; to cause to understand ; to 
 make known to ; to teach or inform. Job x. 
 
 Know, 1 am sent 
 To ehoio thee what shall come in future days. Milton, 
 
 6. To [irove ; to manifest. 
 
 I'll shots my duty by my timely care. Dryden, 
 
 7. To inform ; to teach ; with of. 
 
 The time Cometh when i shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, 
 but I Bli;kll shou) you plainly of the Father. — John xvi. 
 
 8. To point out, as a guide. 
 
 Thou slmll shoto them the way in which they must walk. — Ex. 
 xviii. 
 
 9. To bestow ; to confer ; to afford ; as, to show 
 favor or mercy on any person. Ps, cxii. 5. 
 
 ID. To prove by evidence, testimony, or authentic 
 registers or <locuinents. 
 
 They could not shote their fathcr*i bouse. — Ezra 11. 
 
 11. To disclose ; to make known. 
 
 I <lurst not shots you tiiinc opinion. ~ Job xxxU. 
 
 12. To discover ; to explain ; as, to show a dream 
 or interpretation. Dan, li. 
 
 To show forth ; to manifest ; to publish ; to pro- 
 claim. 1 Pet. ii. 
 
 To show off: to exhibit in an ostentatious manner. 
 To show up; to expose. [Colloquial.] 
 SHOW, V. i. To nppi'ar ; to look ; to be in appearance. 
 Just such she shoins Ujfore a rising storm. I>rytlen. 
 2. To have appearance ; to become or suit well or 
 ill. 
 
 My lonl of York, It l.'ller tAourrf Witb you. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 SHR 
 
 SHOW, 71. Superficial appearance ; not reality. 
 
 Mild Heaven 
 
 Disapproves thai &\ie, tliough wise in shorn. Milton, 
 
 2. A spectacle ; something offered to view for 
 money. Addison. 
 
 3. Ostentatious display or parade. 
 
 1 envy none their pageantry antl shots. Young. 
 
 4. Appearance as an object of notice. 
 
 The city itself m.akes the noblest shots of any io the world. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 5. Public appearance, in distinction from conceal- 
 ment ; as, an open show. 
 
 G. Semblance ; likeness. 
 
 In shoto plebeian angel militant. Millon. 
 
 7. Speciousness ; plausibility. 
 
 But a short exile must for shots precede. Dryden, 
 
 8. External appearance. 
 
 And forced, at le;ist in show, to prize it more. Dryden. 
 
 9. Exhibition to view ; as, a show of cattle, or cat- 
 tle-.sAow7. Jigricult. Societies. 
 
 10. Pomp ; magnificent spectacle. 
 
 As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shotes. Bacon, 
 
 11. A phantom ; as, a fairy-.^Aow. Dryden. 
 
 12. Representative action ; as, a dumb shoio. 
 
 Aldison, 
 
 13. External appearance ; hypocritical pretense. 
 
 Who devour widows' houses, and for a shoto make long prayers. 
 — Luke XX. 
 
 Show of hands; a raising of hands, as a vote in a 
 public meeting. Englmtd. 
 
 SHoW'-BILL, 71. A broad sheet containing' an ad- 
 vertisement, in large letters, of books, goods, &c., 
 placed at shop-doors, windows, &.c. Peck. 
 
 SHo VV-BOX, 71. A box containing some object of cu- 
 riosity, carried round as a show. 
 
 SHOW-BREAD, ) > ( n. [show and bread.] 
 
 SHEVV'-BREAD; 1 ^'^''''■^ i Among the Jews, 
 bread of exhibition ; the loaves of breail which the 
 priest of the week placed before the Lord, on the 
 gtilden table in the sanctuary. They were made of 
 fine flour unleavened, and changed every Sabbath. 
 The loaves were twelve in number, and represented 
 the twelve tribes of Israel, They were to be eaten 
 by the priests only, and that in the holy place. 
 
 Leviticus. Kitto, 
 
 SHoW'-GaSE, 71. A case or box in shops, with 
 plates or glass on the top or in front, within which 
 delicate or valuable articles are placed fur exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 SHOWER, 71. One who shows or exhibits. 
 
 SHOWER, 71. [Sax. scur ; G. schauer, a shower, hor- 
 ror ; schauem, to shower, to shiver, shudder, (niake. 
 au. Heb. Ch. and Ar. lyiy, to be rough, to shud- 
 der.] 
 
 1. A fall of rain or hail, of short duratitm. It may 
 be applied to a like fall of snow, but this seldom oc- 
 curs. It is ap|)lied to a fall of rain or hail of short 
 continuance, of more or less violence, but never to a 
 storm of long continuance. 
 
 2. A fall of tilings from the air in thick succession ; 
 as, a shower of darts or arrows ; a shower of stones. 
 
 Pope, 
 
 3. A copious supply bestowed; liberal distribu- 
 tion ; as, a great shower of gifts. ShaJc. 
 
 SHOWER, I'. (. To water with a shower; to wet 
 copiously with rain ; as, to shower the earth. 
 
 2. To bestow liberally ; to distribute or scatter in 
 abundance. 
 
 Ce8;ir's favor 
 
 That shoieers down greatness on his tViemls. Addison, 
 
 3. To wet with falling water, as in the shower- 
 bath. 
 
 SHOWER, V, i. To rain in shower.s. 
 
 SHOWER-BATH, n. [shower and bath,] Water 
 showered upon a person by some contrivance from 
 above ; also, a contrivance for eflecting this. 
 
 SHOWER-ED, pp. Wet with a shower or with fail- 
 ing water ; watered abundantly ; bestowed or distrib- 
 uted liberallv. 
 
 SHOWER-ING, ppr. Wetting with a shower or with 
 falling water ; bestowing or distributing libenilly. 
 
 SHOWER-LESS, a. Without showers. Armstrong, 
 
 SHOWER-V, a. Raining in showers; abouoiling 
 with frequent falls of rain. 
 
 SllOW'l-LY, adv. In a showy manner ; pompously ; 
 with parade. 
 
 SHoWI-NESS, 71. State of being showy ; ponipous- 
 
 ness ; great parade. 
 SHOWING, ppr. Presenting to view ; exhibiting ; 
 
 proving. 
 
 SHOWING, 71. A presentation to view ; exhibition. 
 SHOW'ISIl.o. Splendid ; gaudy. [Little used.] 
 
 Swift. 
 
 2. Ostentatious. 
 SHOWN, pp. of Snow. Exhibited ; manifested ; 
 proved. 
 
 SHOWY, II. Splendid; gay; gaudy; makinga great 
 show ; fine. AddUon. 
 2. Ostentatious. i 
 SIIRAG, V, U To lop. [Ao( in use,] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.>T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, IIIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.— 
 
 105»6 
 
SHR 
 
 SIIR 
 
 SHR 
 
 SIIIIAO, n. A twig of a tri^e cut olT. in usr.] 
 
 Sllll AComi, n. Umc tlitil l(>|» ; uiic that triiiis trees. 
 [jVi)( ill lUiC] 
 
 SIIIIANK, prc(. of Shrink, is nearly obsolete. 
 
 StIKAP, In. A place haitcil wiili cliatl' to invito 
 
 SllllAl'lO, i birds. [JVot in use] 
 
 SI111AP'NI;LL SIIEIiL, n. In iriiiinrnj, n nnine given 
 to sliells tillt'd witli a quantity of niiisltet balli, whicli, 
 when the ehell explodes, are projected still further. 
 
 Braiide. 
 
 SIIRED, V. U ; prrt. and pp. Shhed. [Sa.\. screadan, to 
 cut otr ; Svv. skradilarr, a tailor.] 
 
 To rnt into small pieces, particularly narrow and 
 long pieces, as of cloth or leather. It diH'ers from 
 Mince, which signifies to chop into pieces tine and 
 short. 
 
 SHHEl), n. A long, narrow piece cut off; as, shredd 
 of chith. Bacon. 
 2. A frisment ; a piece ; as, .shrfd.s of wil Sw^fl. 
 
 SHRED'DI.VG, ppr. Cutting into shreds. 
 
 SHRKD'DING, re. A cutting into shreds ; that which 
 is cut off ; a piece. Jlnaker. 
 
 SHIU;i)'LESS, n. Having no shreds. Byron. 
 
 SmiEVV, (shrQ,) n. (I know not the original sense of 
 this word. If it sigiiirirs a brawler, it may be from 
 D. .•.chrrruwen, to brawl, G. .vcArric«, Han. skriger. 
 But beshrew, in Chaucer, is interpreted to ci/r.ve.] 
 
 1. A peevish, brawling, turbulent, vexatious 
 woman. It appears originally to have been ap- 
 plied to males as well as females; but it is now re- 
 stricted to the latter. 
 
 Tbe in:in h:i(i ^ot u ghrete fur Ilia wifi-, and thcn^ coiiM he no 
 quifl ill Ult? UoiiK Willi lier. L'Kntrange. 
 
 2. A shrew-mouse. 
 
 SHREW, o. ^ To beshrew ; to curse. [OAs.] 
 
 C/iaticer. 
 
 SHREWD, (shrude,) a. Having the qualities of a 
 shrew ; vexatious ; troublesome ; mischievous. 
 [ Ohs.] Shik. 
 
 2. Sly; cunning; arch; subtle; artful; astute; 
 as, a //trnod man. 
 
 3. Sagacious ; of nice discernment ; as, a shreted 
 observer of men. 
 
 4. Proceeding from cunning or sagacity, or con- 
 taining it ; as, a shrfwd saying ; a .shrewd conjecture. 
 
 5. Painful ; vexatious ; troublesome 
 
 Kv<*ry of Ihis iiiiinb''r 
 Thai liave endored shrewd ni^liu uiid duya wilh as. ShaJc. 
 [Ob!.] 
 
 No rnniiy is so despicatjic bul he may do one a thread turn. 
 [06*.] L' Estrange. 
 
 SIIREWD'LY, (shrude'le,) arfti. Mischievously ; de- 
 structively. 
 
 Tlii» pr.iclice h^lh most «ftrfwrf;y pawl upon Ihee. [06*.] ShaJc. 
 Q. Vexatiously ; v-ied of slight mischief. 
 
 The olisliilate mid ■c'lisinnlic.-il are like to ihitik Ihemsf Ivfs 
 shrewdly hurt by beinj cut from llial Ixxly Un-y cluis'- not 
 
 t to wince, through thremUy p.iin**il. 
 
 Drydei 
 
 Yet 5''<*mrd she 
 [Oh,.] 
 
 3. Archly ; sagaciously ; with good guess ; as, I 
 shrewdlii suspect ; he shrewdly observeti. Locke, 
 SHUEWb'NESS, n. Sly cunning ; archness. 
 
 Thr ncifhiKirs round admire his ehrewdrusa. Sw\ft. 
 
 2. Sagaciousness ; sagacity ; the quality of nice 
 discernnieiit, 
 
 3. Mischievousness ; vcxatiousness. [A'uf in M,«f.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 SHREWISH, (shru'-,) a. Having the qualities of a 
 shrew ; froward ; peevish ; petulantly clamorous. 
 My wife is shreaish when I k.^p not hours. Shak, 
 
 SlIREW'ISH-LY.arfB. Peevishly; clamorously; tur- 
 bulently. 
 
 He spenka lery thrcwishly. ShaJc. 
 
 SHREW'ISH-.N'ESS, n. The qualities of a shrew ; 
 frowardness ; petulance ; turbulent clainorousncss. 
 
 I have no gift in ehremthnest. ShaJc. 
 SHREW-MOUSE, n. [Sax. .vcrMiM.J 
 
 An insei tivorous mammal resembling a mouse, but 
 belonging to the genus Sorex ; an animal that bur- 
 rows in the ground, feeding on the larves of insects, 
 &c. It is a harmless animal. 
 SHRIf:K, (shreek,) B. i. [Pan. .«/iriVn- ; Sw. .il-rilm; 
 G. schreirn; D. schreijn ; the two latter contracted ; 
 W. ysgrr^ian, from crcf, a scream or shriek, also 
 rough, rugged. Eng. to creak, whence screech, and 
 vulgarly screiik ; hence W. ysgrer, a jay, from its 
 scream ; creg. hoarse, cmjtri, iioarsencsg, roughness, 
 from the root of mrrired, and L. ruga, wrinkled, rugo, 
 to bray ; all from straining, and hence breaking, 
 bursting, cracking ; allied to crack and crackle ; It. 
 scrtcchiulare. ] 
 
 To utter a sharp, shrill cry ; to scream ; as in a 
 sudden fright, in horror or anguish. 
 
 At this she sftrieifed «Io.i'l. Dryden. 
 h was the owl Uiat ihrieked. iihaJc. 
 
 SHRIEK, n. A sharp, shr'll outcry or scream, such 
 as is produced by sudJeri terror or extreme anguish. 
 
 S»ri«lct, clvmofa, p.urr.un, f.i I'j' alVnjhfd town. Dryden. 
 
 SIIRIi".K'SR n. O'je A'lio utters a shriek. Crabbe. 
 SlIKlif.K'ING, n». fj A. Crying out with a shrill 
 voice. 
 
 SIIRIICK'ING, n. A crying out willi a shrill voire. 
 
 Bp. T aidor. 
 
 SHKIkV'AL, a. Pertaining to a sheriff. [A'ut in 
 use. 1 
 
 SIIKIF.V'AL-TY, H. [from sheriff.] Sheriffalty; the 
 ollice of a sheriff. 
 
 It wi\B ordained hy '23 E<lward I.^ that the people slinlt have 
 cieclion of sheriff in CTery shire, wlicro tlie §hnevaluj is 
 nut ol inlieritance, BUuktloiie. 
 
 SHRIEVE, n. Sheriff. [Aof in use.] 
 
 SHRIFT, n. [Sax. scr,/^.] 
 
 ('onfession made to a priest. [ Obs.] Shak. 
 
 SUHIGHT, for Shbieked. Chaucer. 
 
 SIIRIIJIIT, It. A shriek. [JVot in use.] Sprnscr. 
 
 SIIKIKK, It. [See Shkiek.] The butcherbird; a 
 common name of the titrils belonging to the genus 
 I.aiiius. The shrikes breed on trees and seize living 
 prey. Jardine. 
 
 SHRILL, a. [W. nriVi, a sharp noise; Arm. serith,a 
 cricket, L. gryllu^, Fr. grillun, Sp. and It. irriUo i It. 
 strillarc, to scream.] 
 
 1. Sharp ; acute ; piercing ; as sound ; as, a shrill 
 voice : shrill echoes. Shak. 
 
 Q. Uttering an acute sound ; as, the cock's shrill- 
 sounding throat ; a shrill triiiupet. 
 
 JVule. — A .■ibrilt soniiil may be tremulous or trill- 
 ing ; but this circumstance is not essential to it, al- 
 though it seems to bo from the root of trill. 
 SHRILL, B. i. To utter an acute, piercing sound. 
 
 Br'iik we our pilx-a, that shrilled as loud lis l.irk. Speneer. 
 SHRILL, I'. (. To cause to make a shrill sound. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 SHRILI.'NESS, n. Acuteness of sound ; sharpness 
 or tiiieness of voice. Smith. 
 
 SIIRIL'LV, adv. Acutely, as sound; with a sharp 
 sound or voice. Jilore. 
 
 SHRIMP, V. t. [D. krimpen ; Dan. skrumper, to crum- 
 ple, to shrink ; G. schrumpfen ; W, croni, cram, bend- 
 ing or shrinking in ] 
 
 To contract. [JVof in use.] Kchard. 
 
 SHRIMP, n. (.^iipra.] A long-tailed, decapod, crus- 
 taeetiiis animal, allied to the lobster. It has long, 
 sItMiiler feelers, claws with a single, hooked fang, 
 and three pair of legs. There are nuineriiiis species, 
 some of which are esteemed delicious food. 
 
 2. A little, wrinkled man ; a dwarf; in contempt 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SHRINE, n. [Sax. serin ; G. scArein ; Sw. sfcrin ; L. 
 scrinium; U. scrigno ; Fr. ecriii. See Skreen.] 
 
 A case or box ; particularly applied to a c.ise in 
 wliich sacred things are depositeil. Hence, a reliqua- 
 ry, tomb, or aJtar. We liear much of shrines for 
 relics. 
 
 Come, ofler at my shrine, and I w ill help thee. ShaJc. 
 
 SHRINK, r. i. : prft. and pp. Shrunk. The old prcl. 
 Shrank, and pp. Shrunken, are nearly obsolete. 
 [Sax. scrincan. If n is not radical, the root is rig or 
 ryg.] 
 
 1. To contract spontaneously ; to draw or be drawn 
 into less h ngtli, breadth, or compass by an inherent 
 power; as, woolen cloth shrinks in hot water; a 
 tiaxen or hempen line shrinks in a humid atmos- 
 phere. Many substances shrink by drying. 
 
 2. To shrivel ; to become wrinkled by contraction ; 
 as the skin. 
 
 3. To withdraw or retire, ns from danger; to de- 
 cline action from fetir. A brave man never shrinks 
 from danger; a good man does notgAriiiA* from duty. 
 
 4. To recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. My 
 mind shrinks from the recital of our woes. 
 
 What h-.ippier natun'S shrinJc at with afl'right. 
 The liani luhaliitam content Is is hghl. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 5. To express fear, horror, or pain by shrugging or 
 ronlrarting the liody. Shak. 
 SHRUNK, I'. 1. To cause to contract; as, to siirink 
 flannel by immersing it in boiling water. 
 O niiirhly Cesar I dost thou lie so low I 
 Ap* all tiiy coM,]tie8t3, glories, triumphs, spoils, 
 ShrunJc lo this litUe ineosuiv I ShaJc. 
 
 SHRINK, 71. Contraction ; a spontaneous drawing 
 into less compass ; corrugation. « Woodward. 
 2. Contraction ; a withdrawing from fear or horror. 
 
 J'Jauirl. 
 
 SHRINK'.^GE, n. A shrinking or contraction into a 
 less compass. Make an allowance for the shrinking 
 of grain in drying. 
 
 SIIRI.NK'ER, n. One that shrinks; one that with- 
 draws from danger. 
 
 SIIRI.VK'I.NG, ppr. Contnictinp ; drawing together ; 
 withdrawing from danger; declining to act from 
 fear ; causing lo contract. 
 
 SHRINK'ING, n. A contraction or spontaneous draw- 
 ing into less compass. 
 2. The act of drawing back through fear. 
 
 SHRINK'ING-LY, o/ie. By shrinking. 
 
 SIMU V'AI,-TY. See Shrievalty. 
 
 SHRIVE, r. t. [Sax. .^leril'an, lo take a confession. 
 Rut the sense seems to be, to enjoin or inifHisc pen- 
 ance, or simply to enjoin.] 
 
 To hear or rereive the confession of; to administer 
 confession ; as a priest. 
 
 He «Arie<« this woman. [Obs.] ShaJc. 
 
 SIIRIV'KL, (shriv'l,)r. i. [from the root of rieri, Sai. 
 
 gerificd.] 
 
 To contract ; lo draw or be drawn into wrinkles ; 
 to shrink itiitl form corrugations ; as, a leaf shrivels 
 ill the hot sun ; the skin shnrrls with age. 
 SIIRI V'/'.'L, V. t. To contract into wrinkles ; toc.'tuse 
 to shrink into corrugations. Ascorcliing sun shnveU 
 the blades of corn. 
 
 And shriveled herbs on witlierinp stems decay. Vryden. 
 
 SHRI V'f,Tj-f:f), pp. or a. Contracted into wrinkles. 
 SIIRI V'f,"L-lNG, ppr. Contracting into wrinkles. 
 SIIRIV'ER, n. [from »Ariue.] A confessor. I Obs.] 
 
 ShnJc. 
 
 SHRIVING, n. Shrift ; confession taken. [Obs.] 
 
 SHROFF, n. In the East Mies, a banker. 
 SHROUD, n. [Sax. scrud, clolhing.l 
 
 1. A shelter ; a cover ; that which covers, con- 
 ceals, or protects. 
 
 Swnddk'd, as new tiom, in sable shrouds. Snnilys. 
 
 2. The dress of the dead ; a winding-sheet. 
 
 Young. 
 
 3. Shroud or shrouds of a ship ; a range of large 
 ropes evteuding from the head of a mast to the right 
 and left sides of the ship, to support the nuists, and 
 enable them to carry sail; as, the main shrouds: 
 fore shrouds; mi7./.en shrouds. There are also l"ul- 
 tock shromU, bowsprit shrouds, &c. 
 
 Mar. Did. Jlebert. 
 
 4. A branch of a tree. [J\^o( pmprr. ] Warton. 
 SHROUD, r. u To cover; to shelter from danger or 
 
 annoyance. 
 
 Under your beams I will me safely shroud. Spenser. 
 One ofilii-se trees, wilh all its young ones, may sArou'i lour 
 hundred hunieineii. Haltgh. 
 
 2. To dress for the grave ; to cover ; as a dead 
 body. 
 
 ' were shrowled in severd folds 
 
 3. To cover ; to conceal ; to hide ; as, to bo 
 shrouded in darkness. 
 
 S'>me tempest rise, 
 And blow out oil the stars lii.il tight the skies, 
 'J'o shroud my shatiie. ZJrydsn. 
 
 4. To defend ; to protect by hiding. 
 
 So Venus from pn-vailinl^ IJrecks did shroud 
 
 The hope ol Koine, and saved hiiii in a clouti, WaiJer. 
 
 5. To overwhelm ; as, to be shrouded in despair. 
 
 6. To lop the branches of a tree. [Unusual or im- 
 proper.] Cttantbers. 
 
 SHROUD, t). t. To take shelter or harbor. 
 
 If your stray attendaiiu lie yet lodged 
 Or shroud u iUiin tliese limits. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SHROUD'EI), pp. Dressed; covered; concealed; 
 sheltered ; overwhelmed. 
 
 SHROUH'ING, ppr. Dressing ; covering; concealing ; 
 shelloring ; overwhelming. 
 
 SMRdUD'Y, a. Affording shelter. ^fillon. 
 
 SHRoVE, r. i. To join in the festivities of Shrove- 
 tide. [Obs.] Beaum. 
 
 SHimVE'-TIDE, )n. [from iAroce, 
 
 SHRoVE'-TOES-DAY, ( tuz-de,) j pret. o( .ihrice, 
 to take a confession. See Tide and Tuesday. 1 
 
 Confession-time ; confession-Tuesday ; the Tues- 
 day after (ininquagesima Sunday, or the day imme- 
 diately preceding the first of Lent, or Ash Wednes- 
 day ; on which day, all the people of England, when 
 Roman Catholics, were obliged to confess their sins 
 one by one to their parish priests; after which they 
 dined on pancakes or fritters. The latter pnictice 
 still continues. The bell rung on this day is vul- 
 garly called Pancake-Bell, and the day itself Pan- 
 cake-Tuesday. P. Cyc. Brande. 
 
 SHRoV'LNG, n. The festivity of Shrove tide. 
 
 SHRUB, n. [Sat. scrub, G. scruff, rugged; Ir. sgra- 
 bacb, rough. See Scrub.] 
 
 .\ Itiw, i^warf tree ; a woody plant of a size less 
 than a tree ; or, more strictly, a plant with several 
 permanent woody stems, dividing from the bottom, 
 more slender anil lower than in trees ; a plant with 
 several woody stems from the same root. 
 
 Kncyc. Martyn. 
 Gooseberries and curmnts arc fAru&s ; oaks and cherri'-s arc 
 trees. Locke. 
 S O J 
 
 SHRUB, n. [Ar. shvrbon, drink, and from the 
 
 same source, .>-ir«;>. The Arabic verb signifies to 
 
 drink, to imbibe, whence L. sorbeo. See Sherbet 
 
 ami .\riiorb.] 
 
 A liquor composed of acid and sugar, with spirit 
 
 to preserve it ; usually the acid of lemons. 
 SHRUB, r. f. To clear of shrubs. .Anderson. 
 SHRUB'BER-Y, n. Shrubs in general. 
 
 a. A plantation of shrubs. 
 SIIRUB'BI-NESS, ii. The state or quality of being 
 
 shriibhv. 
 
 SIIRUB'lUNG, ppr. Clearing of shrubs. 
 SHRUB'BY, a. Full of shrubs ; as, a shrjibby plain. 
 2. Resembling a shrub ; as, plants shrubby and 
 curled. .Wordmfr. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE.— AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS € as K ; G aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH aa SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
SHU 
 
 SHY 
 
 SIC 
 
 Li. Consisting of sbrubs or brush ; as, shriMy 
 firowse. Pktlijtg. 
 
 1. A shrubby plant is perennial, witli several 
 woody stems. jMartijn. 
 Sli ItL'li'LESS, a. Having no shrubs. 
 SmiU'FF, «. [G. K/in.jf, rufigeU.] 
 
 Dross ; recrement ol* metals. [JVo( in iwe.] DicL 
 SlIIltJG, V. t. [Tliis u-ord is probably formed from the 
 root of Q. H'iken, the back, U. run-, Sax. Iiric or hrija-, 
 the bade, a ridije, W. crag, a heap, crmg, a crook, 
 L. ruga, a wrinkle. Ens. r(/«_^/i.] 
 
 To draw up ; to contract ; -as, to shntg the shoul- 
 ders. The word seems to be limited in its use to the 
 shoulders, and to denote a particular motion which 
 raises the shoulders and rounds the back. 
 SIlKl'fi, i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as 
 in expressing horror or dissatisfaction. 
 
 Tiiey grin, tilfy shrug. 
 They bow, tliey sn.irl, tliey acraicli, iliey liuff. Sicift. 
 Snitl'G, n. A drawing up of the shoulders; a motion 
 usually expressing dislike or slight contempt. 
 TliL- S]).'niiarils talk in dialoeues 
 
 Of lieads and sliouljer^, nod* and ehruge. Hudihras. 
 
 SriRUG'GIXG, ppr. Drawing up, as the shoulders. 
 SIIKIWK, pret. and ;//). of Shrink. 
 SHULWK'^X, }>}i. of Shhin'k. [A'^rarltj oh.^'ulcte.'] 
 SHLICK, n. A sliell or covering ; a husk or pod, 
 
 Ilulliwcll. 
 
 SIIUD'DER, ». i. [G. schaudeni, schnttctn : D. schud- 
 den. This word contains the same elements as the 
 
 'I'o quake ; to tremble or shake with fear, horror, 
 or aversiiui ; to shiver. 
 
 I love — ai.ii I I sliadder at tile name. Smilh. 
 
 SHUD'DER, n. A tremor; a shaking with fear or 
 
 horror. SUak, 
 SIIL'D'DER-ING, ppr. or a. Trembling or shaking 
 ' with fear or horror ; quaking. 
 
 SHIJD'DEK-I.NG, ;i. A trembling or shaking with 
 fear or horror. 
 
 PllUI)'r)EK-I.\G-LY. adv. With tremor. 
 
 SHUF'I'LE, iJ. f. [D. ."choffcleii, to shove, to shovel, 
 to shnllle ; dim. of Shove. See Shove and Scuf- 
 fle.] 
 
 1. Prnperbj, to shove one way and the other; to 
 push from ope to another; as, to shujle money from 
 liand to hand. Locke. 
 
 2. 'I'o mix by pushing or shoving ; to confuse; to 
 throw into disorder ; Cfpccialbj, to change the relative 
 positions of cards in the pack. 
 
 A iirtin may shufp.e canls or ruil'? dice from noon to miilni^ljt, 
 wiUioiil ITticiiig a new idcii in Iiis mind. Rambler. 
 
 3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion. 
 ,d ahuJUtl into tSe papers 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 To shuffle off; to push off; to rid one's self of. 
 When you lay blame to a child, he will attempt to 
 
 shuffle it off. 
 
 To shuffle up ; to throw together in haste ; to 
 makeup or form in confusion or with fraudulent dis- 
 order ; a.s, he shuffled up a peace. HuwcU. 
 SIU'F'FLE, r. i. . To change the relative position of 
 cards in a pack by little shoves; as, lu shuffle and 
 cut. 
 
 2. To change the position ; to shift ground ; to 
 prevaricate ; to evaile fair questions ; to practice 
 shifts to elude detection. 
 
 Hiding my Iioiior in my necessity, I am faio to shuffle. Sliak. 
 
 3. To Struggle ; to shift. 
 
 Your life, rood mailer, 
 Mn«t thuffle for iuell. Shdk. 
 
 4. To move with an irregular gait ; as, a shuffling 
 nag. 
 
 5. To shove the feet ; to scrape the floor in dan- 
 cini. [Vulgar.] Shak. 
 
 SIII'F'FLE, 71. A shoving, pushing, or jostling ; the 
 act of mixing and throwing into confusion by change 
 of places. 
 
 Tlie unffvtided agitation anil rude §hufflet of matter. Bentlerf. 
 2. An evasion ; a trick ; an artifice. VEstrange. 
 SUUF'FLE-llOAKD ; the old spelling of Shovel- 
 
 Bo^MO. 
 
 8IIUF'FI,E-eAP, n. A play performed by shaking 
 mom v in a h.il or rap. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 SIIUF FI./;!), pp. Moved by little shoves ; mixed. 
 
 SIIUF'FLEK, n. One that shuUlea or prevaricates; 
 one that plays tricks ; one that shuffles cards. 
 
 SIIUF'FLI.N'G, ppr. Moving by little shoves one way 
 and the other ; changing the places of cards ; pre- 
 varicating ; evading ; playing tricks. 
 2. a. Evasive ; as, n shuffling excuse. 
 
 BHUF'FLI.NG, n. The act of throwing into confu- 
 sion, or of changing the relative position of things 
 by xhoving or iiintion. 
 
 2. 'J'rirk ; artifice ; evasion. 
 
 3. An irregular gait. 
 
 SIIIJF'FM.NG I.Y, adv. With shulTling ; with an ir- 
 ri cular g.iil or pace. Dnidtn. 
 
 Sllfi'.M AC, It. Hiimach, which see. MeCulhieh. 
 
 SIIL'N. r. 1. [Sax. iTCuninn, ojfcuffta/t t allied, perhaps, 
 to D Mchuinen, to slo|»e.] 
 
 Il wai contrived by your 
 tliut were seized. 
 
 1. To avoid; to keep clear of; not to fall on or 
 come in contact with ; as, to shuu rocks and slio.als 
 in navigation. In shunning Scylla, take care to avoid 
 Cliarybdis. 
 
 2. To avoid ; not to mix or associate with ; as, to 
 shun evil company. 
 
 3. To avoid ; not to practice ; as, to shun vice. 
 
 4. To avoid , to escape ; as, to shun a blow. 
 
 5. To avoid ; to decline ; to neglect. 
 
 1 have nol Bhunned to declare ttie wiiole counsel of God. — Acts 
 
 XX. 
 
 SHUN'LESS, a. Not to be avoided ; inevitable ; un- 
 avoidable ; as, shunless destiny. [Little used.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 SHUN"Ni!D, (shiind,) pp. Avoided. 
 SilUS'NlSG, ppr. Avoiding; keeping clear from ; 
 declining. 
 
 SHUNT, n. [Contraction of sAioi In railways, a 
 turning off to a short rail, that tlie principal rail may 
 be left free. [England.] Smart, 
 
 SHURK. SeeSHAKK. 
 
 SHUT, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Shut. [.Sax. scittan, scyt- 
 tan, to boll or make fast, to shut in. This seems to 
 be derived from or connected with scytlel, a bolt or 
 bar, a scuttle, scyttti, a shooter, an archer, scytan, sceo- 
 tan, scotian, to shoot, U. schutten, to stop, defend, par- 
 ry, pound, confine, which seems to be allied to schut- 
 ter, a shooter. So in G. schvtzen, to defend, and 
 sch^ftze, a shooter ; Dan. skytler, to defend ; skytte, a 
 shooter ; Sw. skydda, to defend ; skyit, a marksman. 
 The sense of these words is expressed by shout, and 
 this is the primary sense of a bolt that fastens, from 
 thrusting, driving.] 
 
 1. 'i'o close so as to hinder ingress or egress; as, 
 to shut a door or g.aie ; to shut the eyes or the mouth. 
 
 2. To prohibit ; to bar ; to forbid entrance into; as, 
 to shut the ports of a kingdom by a blockade. 
 
 Slial! that be shut to man, which to the beast 
 
 Is oj^n ? Milton. 
 
 3. To preclude ; to exclude. 
 
 But shut from every shore. Dryden. 
 
 4. To close, as the fingers ; to contract ; as, to shut 
 the hand. 
 
 To shut in; to inclose ; to confine. 
 
 And the Lord shut him in. — Gen. vii. 
 
 2. Spoken of points of land, when by the progress 
 of a ship one point is brought to cover or intercept the 
 view of another. It is then said, we shut in such a 
 point, we shut in the land ; or one point shuts in an- 
 other. 
 
 To shut out : to preclude from entering ; to deny 
 admission to; to exclude; as, to shut out rain by a 
 tight roof. An interesting subject occupying the 
 mind, shuts out all other thoughts. 
 
 To shut up ; to close ; to make fast the entrances 
 into ; as, to shut up a house. 
 
 2. To obstruct. 
 
 Dangerous rocils shut up the passage. Ralegh. 
 
 3. To confine ; to imprison ; to lock or fasten in ; 
 as, to shut up a prisoner. 
 
 4. To confine by legal or moral restraint. 
 
 Before f;viih came, we were liepl under Ihe law, shut up to the 
 failh, wliicli eiionlii aflerwujd be revealed. — Gal. iii. 
 
 5. To end ; to terminate; to conclude. 
 
 ■\Vlien the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his 
 , if he h.'is acted belter. Collier, 
 
 SHUT, ti. 1. To close itself; to be closed. The door 
 shuti of itself*; it shuts hard. Certain fiowers shut at 
 night, and open in the day. 
 SHU T, pp. Closed ; having the entrance barred. 
 
 2. a. Rid ; clear; free. L^ Estrange. 
 
 SHUT, n. Close ; the act of closing ; as, the .■•■hut of a 
 door ; tlie of evening. [Little used.] Dryden. 
 
 2. A small door or cover. But Shutter is more 
 generally used. 
 SHUT'TER, 71. A persson that shuts or closes. 
 
 2. A close cover for a window or other aperture. 
 SIIUT'TING, ppr. Closing; prohibiting entrance; 
 confining. 
 
 SIIUT'TLE, 71. [from the root of shoot: Ice. skutul.] 
 An instrument used by weavers for passing or 
 shooting the thread of the woof in weaving from one 
 side of the cloth to the other, between the threads of 
 the warp. 
 
 SHUT'1'I,F,-eOCK, ) r I ,„ l^ 
 SHUT'TI.E-eORK; \ "' ['"'"""^ ''"'^ ""■*'] 
 
 A cork stuck with feathers, used to be struck by a 
 battledore in play ; also, the play. 
 SII V, a. [G. scheu, shy ; .theuchen, to scare, and schruen, 
 to shun ; D. schuw, shy ; schuwen, to shun ; Sw. skygg, 
 shy, and sky, to shun ; Dan. sky, shy, and skyer, to 
 shun, to eschew. In Sp. csimioo is shy,nnA esquiimr, 
 to shun ; It. schifo, shy, anil schifare, to shun. 'I'he 
 two last-mentioned languages have a labial for the 
 last radical ; but possibly the words may be of the 
 same family. The (!. scheuchen, to scare, is our shoo, 
 a word used for scaring away fowls.] 
 
 I. Fearful of near approach ; keeping at a distance 
 through ranlioii or timidity ; shunning approach ; as, 
 a shy bird. 
 
 Hhe is represented In a thy, rrtirin; posture. Addison, 
 
 2. Reserved; not familiar; coy ; avoiding freedom 
 of intercourse. 
 
 What makes you so shy, my good friend ? Ar''Uthnot, 
 
 3. Cautious ; wary ; careful to avoid cainmitting 
 one's self or adopting measures. 
 
 1 am very shy of using corrosive liquors in the prcpamtien of 
 medicines. BojL.. 
 
 4. Suspicious ; jealous. 
 
 Princes are, by wisdom of slAte, somewhat fffty of their se.ere«soni 
 
 ^Ajort. 
 
 SH?, V. i. To start suddenly aside, as a hor.e 
 
 HiJlwell. 
 
 SHV, 71. In horsemanship, the starting Fuddei.ly aside 
 of a horse. farm. Encyc. 
 
 SH^'LY, adv. In a shy or timid ma.iuor; not famil- 
 iarly ; with reserve. 
 
 SH VNESS, 7j Fear of near approach or of familiar- 
 ity ; reserve ; coyn'.ss. 
 
 SI ; the seventh note in "he muficJ sr.ale, do or ut he- i 
 ing the first It was added to Guido's scale by Le 
 Maire, about the end of tlic sevenieeiith century. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SI-AL'O-GOGUE, (si-al'o-gog,) n. [Gr. irioAui', sali- 
 va, and aj-wjo^, leading.] 
 A medicine that promotes the flow of saliva. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SIB ;_a relation, in Saxon, but not in use in English. 
 
 SI-B!i'RI-.\i\, a. [Russ. siver, north. Siberia is f rincd 
 by annexing the Greek la, country, from the Celtic, 
 to sit'cr, north.] 
 
 Pertaining to Siberia, a name given to a great and 
 indefinite extent of territory in the north of Asia; as, 
 a Sibrrian winter. 
 
 SIB'ER-ITE, n. Red tourmaline. Ure. < 
 
 SIB'I-LAiNT, a. [L. sibilo, to hiss, Fr.siffler; Kuss. 
 soplyu, sopyu, id.] 
 
 Hissing; making a hissing sound. S and z are 
 called sibilant letters. 
 
 SIB'l-LANT, 71. A letter that is uUered with a hissing 
 of the voice ; as s and z. 
 
 SIB-I-La'TIO.'V, 71. A hissing sound. Bacon. 
 
 SIB'YL, 77, [from the L.] In pagan antiquity, the 
 sibyls were certain women said to be endowed with 
 a prophetic spirit. 1'heir number is variously stated ; 
 but the opinion of Varro, who states them to have 
 been ten, is generally adopted. They resided in va- 
 rious parts of Persia, Greece, and Italy. It is pre- 
 tended that they wrote certain prophecies on leaves 
 in verse, which are called sibiitline verses, or sihylline 
 oracles. Hence the term is applied to a gipsy, or for- 
 tune-teller. Lempriere. 
 
 SIB'YL-LI.VE, a. Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, 
 written, or composed by sibyls ; like tile productions 
 of sibyls. 
 
 SIB'YL-EINE BQQKS, 71. pJ. Books or documents of 
 prophecies in verse, supposed to contain the fate of 
 the Roman empire, ami said to have been purchased 
 by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. _ Brande. 
 
 SI€ TRjiJV'S/T OLO'Rl-a JtUJV'DI, [L.] Thus 
 passes away the glory of the world. 
 
 Sie'A-MORE, 71. More usually written Svcamoue, 
 which see. 
 
 SIC'CATE, I!, t. To dry. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SIC-Ca'TION, 71. The act or process of drying. [JV"i>< 
 in use.] 
 
 Sie'CA-TIVE, a. [from L. sicca, to dry, Fr. secher. It. 
 
 seccnre, Sp. secar, W. sygu.] 
 
 Drying ; causing to dry. Encyc. 
 Sie'€A-Ti VE, 71, That which promotes the process 
 
 of drying. 
 
 Sie CIF'ie, (sik-sif 'ik,) a. Causing dryness. 
 Sie'CI-TY, (sik'se-te,) n. [L. siccila.<.] 
 
 Dryness; aridity; destitution of moisture; as, the 
 
 siccity of the flesh or of the air. Brown. 
 SICE, (size,) 7u [Fr. ,«r.] 
 
 'I'he number six at dice. 
 StCII, for Such. [See Such.] Chaucer. 
 SIC II- I-A'NO ; in 7n1t.sk, a composition in im-asiires 
 
 of t>-4 or ()-8, to be performed in a slow and graceful 
 
 manner. 
 
 SIC-IL'IAN VES'PKRS, 71. pi. In hiitory, the nnme 
 of the great mass.icre of the French in Sicily, in the 
 year 1282, on the evening of Easier Tuesday. Brande. 
 
 SICK, a. [Sax. seoc : D. ziek; Sw. sink; Ice. syke. 
 Q.11. Gr. ijiK\a(, squeamish, loathing.1 
 
 1. Affected with nausea; inclined to vomit; as, 
 sick at Ihe stomach. [This is probably the primary 
 sense of the word.] Hence, 
 
 2. Disgusted ; having a strong dislike to ; w ith of 
 as, to be sick 0/ flattery ; to be sick of a country lifu. 
 
 He was nol so tick o/Uis mnster aj o/hu work. L' Estrange. 
 
 3. Atfi cted with disease of any kind ; not in 
 health ; fullowed by of; as, to be .vict o/a fever, fin 
 England, ill is now more conmionly used when ais- 
 ease is spoken of, and sick, when nausea or disgust 
 is intended. — Ed.] 
 
 4. Corrupted. [JVot in use, nor proper.] Shak. 
 ,V The, lick; Ihe person or [lorsons affected with 
 
 disease. The .vie/.' are healed. 
 SICK, p. t. To make sick. [JVot in use.] [See 
 SicrenJ 
 
 SICK'-ItERTII, 71, In a ship of war, an apartment for 
 the sick. 
 
 FATE, FXR, F/VLL, WH^T — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK — 
 
 1028 
 
r 
 
 SID 
 
 PICK'-l!KAl.\-KI), a. Disiirdcriil in the lirain. 
 SlUK'i':N, (sik'ii,) e. (. 'I'u niuke sick ; to disease. 
 
 Kuise l\m ID fttivh^lh, and siuktn th.il to tlcnth. Prior. 
 
 !2. Til make squcainisli. It skkfits the stomach. 
 3. Tu disgust. It sickens one tu hear the fnwiiing 
 sycopliaiit. 
 
 '1. To impair. [JVot in u.<e.l Shak. 
 SICK'£N, V. 1. To become sick ; to fall into disease. 
 
 The jii(l£ro8 th;U 6(il upon ihc jail, anil lho« lhal BH*'niIcil, 
 sickened upon il, and liic-l. . iJacon, 
 
 2. To be satiated ; to he filled to disgust. Skak. 
 
 3. To become disgusting or tedious. 
 
 The toitintr pleasure iiiclten» Into pain. Ooldsmilh. 
 
 4. To he disgusted ; to be filled with aversion or 
 abhorrence. He sickened at the sight of so much 
 litinian misery. 
 
 .'5. To become weak ; to decay ; to languish. 
 Plains often sicken and die. 
 
 All pleaiurea sicken, and ull glories diiilr. Pope. 
 flICK'f:.\-£D, (sik'nd,) pp. Made sick. 
 SICK'i.'N-hNG, ppr. or a. liucoming sick ; making 
 sick. 
 
 2. Disgusting. 
 SICK'ER, a. [L.securus ; Dan. sikker ; G. sicker ; D. 
 icker. ] 
 
 Sure; certain; firm. [Oft.t.] Spenser. 
 SICK'EU, ri</i.\ Suicly ; rt rtainlv. [06s.] Spenser. 
 SICK'KK-LY, a(/i.. Surely. [Ohs.] 
 SiCK'Ell-NliSS, 11. Security. [Oft.t.] Spenser. 
 SICK'ISH, o. I from iici.] Somewhat sick or dis- 
 eased, llaliexcill. 
 
 2. Exciting disgust ; nauseating ; as, a sickish 
 » taste. 
 
 SICK'ISH-I,Y, adv. In a sickish manner. 
 SlUK'ISlI-NESS, H. The quality of exciting disgust. 
 SICK'LE, (sik'l,) n. [Sax. sicrl, sicol ; G. sicliM : D. 
 zUikel: Or. (,niK\ri, ^ctyK\<iv ; L. sicula, from the root 
 of seco, to cut.] 
 
 A reaping-hook ; a hooked instrument with teeth ; 
 used fur cutting grain. 
 
 Thou slialt not move !\ tickle to Ihy neighbor's sumdin j com. — 
 Dcut, zxiii. 
 
 SrCK'LKD, a. Furnished with a sickle. Thomson. 
 SICK'LE-.M.W, j II. One that uses a sickle ; a luap- 
 SICK'LKR, i er. [A"u£ used in J^cw England.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SICK'LE-SH.5P-ED, (sik'l-shapt,) a. Shaped like a 
 sicklt!. 
 
 SIC'K'I.E-WOUT, n. A plant of tlie genus Coronilla. 
 
 SICK'Ll-.NESS, n. [from xicklii.] The state of being 
 sickly ; the state of being habitually diseased ; ap- 
 plied to persons. 
 
 2. The state of producing sickness extensively; 
 ' as, the sickliness of a season. 
 
 3. The disposition to generate disease extensively ; 
 tis, the sickliness of a climate. 
 
 SI(;K'-L1ST, n. A list containing the names of the 
 sick. 
 
 SICK'LY, o. Not healthy; somewhat affected with 
 disease ; or habitually indisposed ; as, a sickly per- 
 son, or a sickly constitution ; a sickly plant. 
 
 2. Producing disease extensively; marked with 
 sickness ; as, a sickly time ; a siddy autumn. 
 
 3. Tending to produce disease ; as, a si'cUy climate. 
 
 4. Faint ; weak ; languid. 
 
 The moon ^to\n sickly at the sight of day. Dryden. 
 SICK'LY, V. t. To make diseased. [.Vot in us".] 
 
 SAoA. 
 
 SICK'.N'ESS, n. [G. suckt.] 
 
 1. iXausea; squeamisiiness ; as, sickness of the 
 stomach. 
 
 2. State of being diseased. 
 
 I do lament the sictfM..- of the Icinjj. ShaJt. 
 
 3. Disease ; malady ; a morbid state of the body 
 of an animal or plant, in which the organs do not 
 perfectly perform their natural functions. 
 
 Tnisl not loo much your now resisll'-ss charms ; 
 
 Those, age or sickness soon or late ilisarms. Pope. 
 
 Uimseir took our infirmities, and bore our sieJcnesses. — Matt. 
 
 [In England, present usage inclines to illness as 
 the word for expressing disease, confining sickness 
 cbieHy to nausea and disgust. — EJ.] 
 SIDE, n. [Sax. sid, side, sida, a side, also wide, like 
 L. latus; D. lyde, side, fiank, page; lid, far; G. 
 ,«eile ; Sw. sida : Dan. .lide, a side ; sid or slid, long, 
 trailing; sidst, last; Scot, side, long. These words 
 indicate the radical sense to be, to extend, dilate, or 
 draw out.] 
 
 1. The broad and long part or surface of a thing, 
 ns distinguished from the end, which is of less ex- 
 tent, and may be a point; as, the side of a plank ; 
 the side of a chest ; the .-nde of a house or of a ship. 
 One side of a lens may be ctmcave, the other convex. 
 
 Side is distinguished from edge; as, the side of a 
 knife or sword. 
 
 2. Margin ; edge ; verge ; border ; the exterior 
 line of any thing, considered in length: as, the side 
 of a tract of land or a field, as distinct from the end. 
 Hence we say, the side of a river ; the side of a road ; 
 the east and west side of the American continent. 
 
 SID 
 
 3. The part of an animal hetwei n the back and 
 the fat e and belly ; the part on which the ribs are 
 situated; as, the right side; the left side. This, in 
 quadrupeds, is usually the broadest part. 
 
 4. The pari between the tt>p and bottom ; the 
 slope, declivity, or ascent, as of a hill or mountain ; 
 as, the side of Mount Etna. 
 
 5. One part of a thing, or its superficies ; as, the 
 side of a ball or s[)here. 
 
 6. Any part consnlered in respect to its direction 
 or point of compass ; as, to whichever side we direct 
 our view ; we see ditficiilties on evtTy side. 
 
 7. Party ; faction ; sect ; any man or body of men 
 considered as in opposition to another. One man 
 enlists on the side of the tories ; another on the side 
 of the wings. Some persona change sides for the 
 sake of popularity and office, and sink themselves in 
 public estimation. 
 
 And si-ts the passions on the side of truth. Pope. 
 
 8. Interest ; favor. 
 
 The Lord is on my side. — Ps. exviii. 
 
 9. .Any part being in opposition or contradistinc- 
 tion to aiintlier ; used of persons or propu.^itions. In 
 that battle, the slaughter w.as great on btith sides. 
 Passion invites on one side ; reason restrains on the 
 other. 
 
 Open Justice bends on either side. Vryden. 
 
 10. Branch of a family ; separate line of descent ; 
 as, by the father's side, he is descended from a noble 
 family ; by the mother's side, his birth is respectable. 
 
 11. ciuarler; region; part; as, from one side of 
 heaven tt) the other. 
 
 To lake sides; to embr.ace the opinions or attach 
 one'j self to the interest of a party when in opposi- 
 tion to another. 
 
 To choose sides : to select parties for competition in 
 exercises of any kind. 
 SIDE, a. Lateral ; as, a side post ; but perhaps it 
 would be better to consider the word as compound. 
 
 2. Being on the side, or toward the side ) oblique ; 
 indirect. 
 
 The law hath no side respect to their persona. 
 One mighty squadron wiUi a side wind sijed. 
 
 Hooker. 
 Drytlen. 
 
 So we say, a side view, a side blow. 
 
 Bcntley. Pope. 
 
 3. Long; large; extensive. [Ohs.] Shak. 
 SIDE, r. i. To lean on one side. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 2. To embrace the opinitms of one party, or engage 
 in its interest, when opposed to another party ; as, 
 to side with the ministerial party. 
 
 All side in parties and tjcgin the attack. Pope. 
 
 SIDE, V. t. To stand at the side of. [J^'of in use.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 2. To suit ; to pair. [JVot in use.] Clarendon. 
 
 SIDE'HoARD, n. [side and hoard.] A piece of fur- 
 niture or cabinet work, consisting of a table or box 
 with drawers or cells, placed at the side of a room 
 or in a recess, and used to hold dining utensils, &c. 
 
 STDE'-liOX, n. [side and boz.] A box or inclosed 
 seat on the side of a theater, distinct from the seats 
 in the pit. 
 
 SIDE'-CUT, n. A canal branching out from the main 
 one. .America. 
 
 SID'ED, a. Having a side ; used in composition ; as, 
 one-sided, mauy-sided, &c. 
 
 SIDE'-FI.?, n. An insect. Dcrham. 
 
 SIDE'Ll.N'G, adc. [from sidle ; D. zydrlings.] 
 
 1. Sidewise ; with the side foremost; as, to go 
 sideling through a crowd. 
 
 2. Sloping. 
 
 SIDE'LONG, o. [side and lonir.] Lateral; oblique; 
 
 not directly in front; as, a sidelong glance. Dryden. 
 SIDE'LOXG, aJr. Laterally ; obliquely ; in the direc- 
 tion of the side. Milton. 
 2. On the side ; as, to lay a thing sidelong. Evelyn. 
 SID'ER, n. One that takes a side or joins a party. 
 
 2. Cider. [JVot in use ] 
 SID'ER-A-TED, a. [L. sidcratus.] 
 
 Bla-stert ; planet-struck. Brown. 
 SID-ER-.A'TION, n. [L. sideratio ; sidero, to blast, 
 from sidu.^, a star. ] 
 
 A blasting or blast in plants ; a sudden deprivation 
 of sense; an apoplexy; a slight erysipelas. [Wut 
 used.] Ray. Coxe. 
 
 A sphacelus, or a species of erysipelas, vulgarly 
 called a Blast. Parr. 
 
 ^ID'Er'^AL^'^' I '"'"■"''^"i sidus, a star.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a star or stars ; astral ; as, sidereal 
 light. 
 
 2. Containing stars ; starry ; as, sidereal regions. 
 Sidereal day: in astronomy, the period in which a 
 
 star apparently completes a revolution in the heav- 
 ens, being the exact period in which the earth re- 
 volves on its axis. 
 
 Sidereal year ; the period in which the earth makes 
 one revolution in its orbit with respect to the stars, 
 or the apparent period in which the sun completes 
 one revolution round the earth. Olmsted, 
 SID'ER-ITE, n. [L. tideritis; Gr. id., from aiSnpos, 
 iron.] 
 
 SIE 
 
 1. The lodestoiie ; also, iron-wort, a plane ; also, 
 the common ground pine, (Teucriuni cha iri nitys. 
 Linn.) Coie. Encyc. Parr. 
 
 2. In mineralogy, a phosphate of iron. 
 
 Lavoisier. Fourrroy, 
 
 SID-ER-O-CAL'CITE, n. Brown spar, composed of 
 the carbonates of iron and lime or magnesia. C'ro. 
 
 SID-ER-O-tLEP'TE, n. A mineral of a yellowish 
 green color, soft and transliicid, occurring in reniforin 
 or botryoidal masses, supposed to be a variety ol 
 olivine or clirystilite. Sau-*sare, 
 
 .«ri)-EU O-GRAPirie, |o. [SecSiOEKOORAi-Hr.] 
 
 SIl)-ER-0-GRAPII'ie-AL, ( Pertaining to siilerog- 
 raphy, or performed by engraved plates of steel ; as, 
 sidero 'rraphie art ; siderographie impressitms. 
 
 SID-ER-OG'RA-PHIST, n. One who engraves steel 
 plates, or performs work by means of such plates. 
 
 SID-EK-OG'RA-PIl Y, «. [Gr. ai<ii/po{, steel, or iron, 
 and ypttfw, to engrave.] 
 
 The art or pr.actice of engraving on steel, by means 
 of which, impressions may be transferred from a 
 steel plate to a steel cylinder in a rolling press of a 
 particular construction. Perkins. 
 
 SID'ER-0-SeoPE,n. [Gr. (7i(5>ifios, iron, and tr.ortw, 
 to view or explore.] 
 
 An inslniinent lately invented in France, for de- 
 tecting small quantities of iron in any substance, 
 mineral, vegetable, or animal. Ferussnc^s Bui. 
 
 SIDE'-SAD-DLE, (-sad'dl,) n. [..i./c and j(u</<//c.] A 
 saddle for a woman's seat on horseback. 
 
 SIDE'-SAD-DLE-FLOVV-ER, n. A species of Snr- 
 racenia, or Sarrazinia, an aquatic plant, so called be- 
 cause the stigma of the Mower resembles a wmnan's 
 pillion. Loudon. 
 
 SIDES'MAN, n. [side and man.] An assistant to the 
 churchwarden. 
 2. A parlv man. Jifillon. 
 
 SIDE'-Ta bLE, 71. A table placed either against the 
 wall or asiile frtim the principal table. 
 
 SIDE'TaK-ING, 71. A taking sides, or engaging in a 
 party. Hall. 
 
 SIDE'Wa YS,.j flrfe. [side and irny ; hiil sideaise ia 
 
 SIDE'VVISE, 1 the proper combination.] 
 
 1. Toward one side ; inclining ; as, to hold the 
 head sidewise. 
 
 2. Laterally ; on one side ; as, the refraction of 
 light .•iidewise, JVcwton. 
 
 SID'I.NG, ppr. Joining one's side or partv. 
 
 SlD'INfi, n. The attaching of one's sell' to a party. 
 2. The turn-out of a railrttad. England, 
 
 SI'DLE, V. i. To go or move side foremost ;■ as, to 
 sidle through a crowd. 
 2. To lie on the side Swifl. 
 
 SIkGE, (seej,) fi. [Fr. siige, a seat, a siege, the .tec of 
 a bishop ; Norm, sage, a seat ; It. seggia, seggio ; 
 Arm. sick, sicha, sich enn. The radical sense is, to 
 set, to fall, or to throw down; Sax. .tigau,u> fall, 
 set, or rush down. These words seem ttt be con- 
 nected with sink, and with the root of seal, L. sigil- 
 lum.] 
 
 1. The setting of an army around or before a for- 
 tified pl.ice for the purpose of compelling the garri- 
 son to surrender; or the surrounding or investing of 
 a place by an army, and approarliing it by passages 
 and advanced works, which cover the besiegers frtun 
 the enemy's fire. .A siege ilift'ers from a blockade, 
 as in a siege the invt;sting army approaches the ft)r- 
 tified place to attack and reduce it by force ; but in a 
 blockade, the army secures all the avenues to the 
 place to intercept all supplies, and waits till famine 
 compels the garrison to surrender. 
 
 2. Any continued endeavor to gain possession. 
 
 LoTC stood the siege, anti would not yi'-Id hi* breasl. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. Seat ; throne. [Obs,] Spen.ier, 
 
 4. Rank; place; cla.ss. [Obs.] SJuiL 
 
 5. Stool. KVot in use.] Broitru 
 SIkCE, e. f. To besiege. [.Xot in use.] Spenser, 
 ST'EN-ITE, j 71. A comiKiund granular rock com- 
 S?'E.\-ITE, i posed of quartz, hornblende, and feld- 
 spar, of a gniyish ctilor ; so called because there are 
 mnny ancient monuments, consisting of this rock, 
 brought from Syene, in Upper Egypt. It difiers from 
 granite only in containing hornblende instead of 
 mica. [As this word is from Syene, the proper spell- 
 ing is SvENiTK.] Lunier, Dana, 
 
 PI-E.\-IT'ie, la. Containing syenite ; having the 
 
 SV-E.N-IT'ie, ( character of syenite. Humble. 
 
 SI-ER'RA, n. [Sp.] A word meaning saie, intro- 
 duced into geography by the Spaniards, to designate 
 a riilge of mountains and ciaggv rocks. 
 
 Sl-ES'TA, n. [Sp.] A short sleep taken about the 
 inidrllc of the day, or after dinner. 
 
 SIK'CR, (se'ur,) n. [Fr.] A title of »espect used by 
 the French. 
 
 SIEVE, (siv,) n. [Sax. s\fe, syfe; G. sitb ; D. ie(f, 
 zifl : the sifter. See Si ft.] 
 
 A utensil for separating flour from bran, or the 
 fine part of any pulverized or fine substance from 
 the coarse, by the hand ; as, a fine .-ier* ; a coarse 
 sieve, Il consists of a hoop with a bottom of hair, 
 canvas, wire, &c., and performs in the family ihe 
 service of a boiler in a mill. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, VT'CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 IPO* 
 
 in2» 
 
3IG 
 
 SIG 
 
 SIG 
 
 SIFT, T. L [r^ax. sifian : G. sirben : 11. ziflcn.] 
 
 1. To separate by sieve, as the fine part of a sub- 
 stance friiMi the coarse ; as, to sifl meal ; to sift pow- 
 der ; to sift sand oi time. 
 
 2. To separate ; to part. Dnjden, 
 
 3. To examine minul_Iy or critically ; to scruti- 
 nize. Let the principles of the party be thoroughly 
 sifted. 
 
 We have ti/led yo'-/ objections. Hooker. 
 
 SIFT'ED, pp. or a. Perarated by a sieve ; purified 
 from rhe coarser parts ; critically exairined. 
 
 SIFTER, n. One thai sifts; that which sifts; a 
 sieve. 
 
 SIF T'liVG, ppr. Separating the finer from the coarser 
 
 part by a sieve ; critically examining. 
 SIG, a Saxon word si'viifyin*; victory, is used in 
 
 names, as in Si^rbrrt^ brigh' victory. It answers to 
 
 the Greek n< in J^icander, r.jd the L. vie in Viclo- 
 
 ririiu: 
 
 SIGH, (si,) V. i. [Sax. jimji, to sigh ; D. lugt, a sigh ; 
 zuirten, to sigh ; Dan. sukker : S\j'. .lucka ; allied per- 
 haps to suck, a drawing in of the breath.] 
 
 To inhale a larger quantity of air than usual, and 
 immediately expel it; to suffer a deep single respira- 
 tion. 
 
 He sighed deeply in his spirit. — M.irli viii, 
 SIGH, (SI,) V. u To lament ; to mourn. 
 A*f^ to come, and men unborn, 
 
 Sli.ill Uess h'.T name and fft^/i her fate. Prior. 
 9. To express by sighs. 
 
 The gpinle swain — sighs back her ffrief. Hoole. 
 
 SIGH, n. A single deep respiration; a long breath; 
 the inhaling of a larger quantity of air than usual, 
 and the sudden emission of it. This is an effort of 
 nature to dilate the lungs and give vigor to the circu- 
 lation of the blood, when th« action of the heart 
 and arteries is languiil from grief, depression of spirits, 
 weakness, or want of exercise. Hence sighs are 
 indications of grief or debilitv. - 
 
 STGII'ER, (si'er,) n. One that' sighs. 
 
 SIGH'ING, ;ipr. SuflTering a deep respiration ; taking 
 a long breath. 
 
 SiGiriiVG, n. The act of sufTering a deep respiration, 
 
 or taking a long breath. 
 STGiriNG-LV, adv. With sighing. 
 SIGHT, (Site,) n. [Sax. gesiht, with a prefix; D. 
 
 gezigt : G. sicht ; Dan. sigt ; Sw. sickt, from the root 
 
 of see.] 
 
 1. 1 he act of seeing ; perception of objects by the 
 eye ; view ; as, to gain sight of land ; to have a 
 sight of a landscape ; to lose sight of a ship at sea. 
 
 A cloiHl re&'ived him onl of tlieir sight. — Acts i. 
 
 9. The faculty of vision, or of perceiving objects 
 by the instniincniality of the eyes. It has been 
 doubted whether moles have .■>ighL .Milton lost bis 
 si<rkl. The sight usually fails at or before fifty years 
 of age. 
 
 O loss of sight, of thee I most complain. Millon. 
 
 3. Open view ; the state of admitting unobstructed 
 vision ; a being within the limits of vision. The 
 harbor is in .nght of the town. The shore of Long 
 Island is in .lighl of New Haven. The White Moun- 
 t:iin is in plain .m>Ai at Portland, in .Maine ; a moun- 
 tain is or is not within sight; an engagement at sea 
 is within sight of land. 
 
 4. Notice from seeing ; knowledge ; as, a letter in- 
 tended for the .sight of one person only. 
 
 5. Eye ; the instrument of seeing. 
 
 I Krom the depth of h'-ll tii'-y lift their sight. Dryrien. 
 
 I 6. A small aperture through which objects are to 
 
 I be seen ; as, the sight of a quadrant. 
 , 7. That which is beheld ; a spectacle ; a show ; 
 
 I partieularhi, something novel and remarkable ; some- 
 I thing wonderful. 
 
 I Th'-y never »a\v a sight so fiir. Spfneer, 
 
 I Moaes said, 1 will now luni aaide and fee this ^eat sight, uhy 
 
 the bush is not biimed, — Kx. iii. 
 I Fearf'il sights and great signs shall there be from heaven. — 
 
 Luke xxi. 
 
 ' 8. A small piece of metal fixed on the muzzle of a 
 
 musket, &.C., to aid the eye in Uiking aim. 
 ; Campb. Ml. DicL 
 
 ' To take night ; to take aim ; to look fur the pur- 
 
 I pose of directing n piece of artillery, &c. 
 
 I SKJHT'EI), a. In composition only, having *ight, or 
 feeing in n particular manner ; ai^, hng-sightrd, net^- 
 ing at a great dixtance ; short-sighted, al)le to we only 
 
 I I at a .small distance ; quick-sighted, readily seeing, dis- 
 I C'-rning, or iindemtanding ; sharp-sighted, having n 
 
 kf"-ii eve or jiriitc di4««^rrimenl. 
 I ST(;HT'1-"|;L. NES«, <i r;iearnesn of sight. [JVbf in 
 I i/.«e.l Sidniy. 
 .'^IGHT'LESS, (»Itc'I«»%) a. Wanting sight ; blind. 
 
 Of .dl who blindly cp-ep, or sightlsss soar. Pope. 
 
 2. OfTeniive or unpl' a'ing to the eye ; as, sightless 
 «tain«. ' JiTitt ireU autJiortzrd.] ShaJc. 
 
 SI(;in''I,F,HH-I,V, nrfp. In a Hightlesn manner. 
 HI(;ll r'l,ES.'»-NKSH, n. Want of Higlit. 
 .'^IGllT'LI-.VEr'S, n. Coiiielincsa ; an appearance 
 I pleaiiing t<i the light. 
 
 I 
 
 SIGHT'LY, (site'le,) a. Pleasing to the eye ; striking 
 to the view. 
 
 Miny braVe, sightly hones. V Eatrunge. 
 
 2. Open to the view ; that may be seen from a dis- 
 tance. We say, a house stands in a .■iightln place. 
 SlGHTS'^IAN, n. Among iniisicians, one who reads 
 
 music readily at first sight. Busby. 
 SI6'IL, (sij'il,) 71. [L. sigillum.'] 
 
 A seal ; signature. Dryden. 
 SIG-IL-La'RI-.A, n. A name given to certain large 
 
 plants found in the coal formation. Bronmiiart. 
 Sl-GlL'LA-TIVE, a. [Fr. sigiltatif ; L. sigillum.] 
 
 Fit to seal ; belonging to a seal ; composed of wax. 
 
 Cotgravf^. 
 
 SIG'MA, 7t. The name of the Greek letter £, 5, (Eng- 
 lish S.) The Greeks originally useil for this letter 
 the form of the English C, and the Romans adopted 
 this form for their tables. The most honorable 
 places at the table were the extremities. Elmts. 
 SIG'.MOID, i „. r , 
 
 SIG-.MOID'AL, ( [Gr. <ri)/^a and ei^oj.] 
 
 Curved like the Greek (sigm.a.) Smith. Bigelow. 
 
 The sigmoid Ji^zure, in anatomy, is the last curve 
 of the colon, before it terminates in the rectum. Parr, 
 SIGN, (sine,) n. [Fr. signe ; It. segno; Sp. sena; L. 
 signum; i^ax.scgtn; Arm. siigii,syn; It. sighin ; G. 
 zeiclien ; Sans. zaga. From the last three words, it 
 appears that n is not radical ; the elements being Sg. 
 If so, and the G. zrichen is of this family, then we 
 learn that sign is only a dialectical orthography of 
 token, for zeichen is the D. tccken, Dan. tegn, Sw. tee- 
 ken, coinciding perhaps with Gr. ^uKfi'iit.] 
 
 1. A token ; something by which another thing is 
 shown or represented ; any visible thing, any mo- 
 tion, appearance, or event, which indicates the ex- 
 istence or approach of something else. Thus we 
 speak of signs of fair weather or of a storm, and 
 of external marks, which are signs of a good con- 
 stitution. 
 
 2. A motion, action, nod, or gesture, indicating a 
 wish or command. 
 
 They made signs to his father, how he would have him called. 
 — Luke i. 
 
 3. A wonder ; a miracle ; a prodigy ; a remarkable 
 transaction, event, or phenomenon. 
 
 Through mighty signs and wonders. — Rom. xr. 
 
 4. Some visible transaction, event, or appearance, 
 intended as proof or evidence of something else ; 
 hence, proof; evidence by sighL 
 
 Show me a sign tliat thou talktst with me. — Judges vi. 
 
 5. Something hung or set near a house or over a 
 door, to give notice of the tenant's occupation, or 
 what is made or sold within ; as, a trader's sign ; a 
 tailor's sign ; the sign of the Eagle. 
 
 6. A memorial or monument; something to pre- 
 serve the memory of a thing. 
 
 What time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men, and 
 they became a sign. — Nuin xxvi. 
 
 7. Visible mark or representation ; as, an outward 
 sign of an inward and spiritual grace. 
 
 8. A mark of distinction. 
 
 9. Typical representation. 
 
 Tlie holy symbols or signs are not barely significative. 
 
 Breretrood. 
 
 10. In astronomy, the twelfth part of the ecliptic 
 or zodiac. The signs are rei koned from the point 
 of intersection of the ecliptic and equator at the 
 vernal equinox, and are named, respectively, Aries, 
 Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, 
 SagitUuius, Capricorniis, Aquarius, Pisces. These 
 names are borrowed from the constellations of the 
 zodiac tif the same denomination, which were re- 
 spectively cimipielieiided within the foregoing equal 
 divisions of the ecliptic, at the time when thtise 
 divisions were first made ; but, on account of the 
 precessiim of the equinoxes, the positions of these 
 constellations in the heavens no longer corres|Mtnd 
 with the divisions of the ecliptic of the same name, 
 but are considerably in ailvance v( them. Thus the 
 constellation Aries is now in that part of the ecliptic 
 called Taurus. 
 
 11. In af^ffira, a character indicating the relation 
 of (luantities, or an operation performed upon them ; 
 as the sign +, [plus,] prefixed to a quantity, inilicales 
 that the quantity is to be added ; the sign — 
 [minus] denotes that the quantity to which it is 
 prefixed is to be subtracted. The former is prefixed 
 to tpiantities called affirmative or positive: the latter 
 to tpiantities called negative. 
 
 12. The subscription of one's name; signature; 
 as, a sign mamial. 
 
 13. .\mong physicians, an apfienrance orsvmptoin in 
 the human body, which indicates its condition as to 
 health or disease. 
 
 11. In mu.sic, any character, as a flat, sharp, 
 dot, &C. 
 
 SKiN, (slue,) r. t. To mark with characters or one's 
 name. To sign a paper, note, derd, &c., is to write 
 one'8 name at the foot, or underneath the declara- 
 tion, promise, covenant, grant, &c., hy which the 
 perMim makes it his t>wn act. To sign une*s name, is 
 
 to write or subscribe it on paper. Signing does not 
 now include sealing. 
 
 2. To signify ; to represent typically. [JVotinuse.] 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 3. To mark. 
 
 4. To signify by the hand ; to move the hand for 
 intimating something to another. 
 
 Sign, v. i. To be a sign or omen. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SIG'N.AL, V. [Fr. signal : Sp. sehal ; from L. sigintm.] 
 A sign that gives or is intended to give notice ; or 
 the notice given. Signals are usi^d to comuiunicale 
 notice, information, orders, and the like, to persons 
 at a distance, and by any persons and f^ur any pur- 
 pose. A signal may be a motiiui of the Inind, the 
 raising of a flag, the firing of a gun, or any thing 
 which, being understood by persons at a distance, 
 may coinmunicate notice. 
 
 Signals are particularly useful in the navigation of 
 fleets and in naval engagements. There are day- 
 signais, which are usually made by the sails, hy 
 flags and pendants, or guns; night-signols, which 
 are lanterns disposed in certain figures, or false fires, 
 rockets, or the firing of guns ; fog-signals, which are 
 made by sounds, as firing of guns, beatiu'; of drums, 
 rinsing of bells, &r. There are signals of evolution, 
 adilressed to a whole fleet, to a divisitui, or to a 
 squadron ; signals of movements to particular ships ; 
 and signals of service, general or particular. Signals 
 used in an army are mostly made by a particular 
 beat of the drum, or by the bugle. 
 
 Mar. Diet. Kvcyc. 
 
 SIG'NAL, a. Eminent; remarkable; memorable; 
 distinguished from what is ordinary ; -.is, a .signal ex- 
 ploit ; a signal service ; a signal act of benevolence, 
 it is generallv, but not always, used in a good sense. 
 
 SIG'NAL-FiRE, 71. A fire intended for a sigii.al. 
 
 S1G-.\AL'I-TY, 71. duality of being signal or remark- 
 able. [JVot in use.] Brown. 
 
 SIG'NAL-IZE, ». t. [from «V7ia/.] To make remark- 
 able or eminent ; to render di.stinguished from what 
 is common. The soldier who signal.izrs himself in 
 battle merits his country's gratitude. Men may sig- 
 nalizc themselves, their valor, or Iheir talents. 
 
 2. Among seamen, to make signals to, hy means of 
 flags, &c. 
 
 SIG'NAL-IZ-ED, pp. Made eminent. 
 
 SIG'NAL-lZ-ING, ppr. Making remarkable. 
 
 SIG'NAL-LY, udi\ Eminently ; remarkably ; mem- 
 orably ; in a distinguished manner. 
 
 SIG-Na'TION, 71. Sign given ; act of betokening. 
 [JVbt in use.] 
 
 SIG'NA-TO-RY, a. Relating to a seal ; used in sciil- 
 
 ing. Diet. 
 SlG'N.A-TqRE, n. [Fr., from L. signo, to sign.] 
 
 1. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed. 
 
 The brain, being well furnished with various traces, signatures, 
 anil imiiges. Wruts. 
 
 The natural and indelible signature of God, stampetl on the 
 huirian soul. Benttey. 
 
 2. In old medical writers, an external mark or 
 character on a plant, which was supposed to inilicate 
 its suitableness to cure particular disease, or diseases 
 of particular parts. Thus plants with yellow flow- 
 ers were supposed to be adapted to the cure of jaun- 
 dice, &c. 
 
 Some plants bear a very evident signature of their nature and 
 us-. More. 
 
 3. A mark for proof, or proof from marks. 
 
 4. Pisn-manual ; the name of a persim written or 
 subscribed by himself. 
 
 5. Amtuig /rrinters, a letter or figure at the bottom 
 of the first page t>f a sheet or half sheet, hy which 
 the sheets are distinguished and their ortler desig- 
 nated, as a direction to the binder. Every successive 
 sheef h.is a different letter or figure, and if the sheets 
 are more niinierous than the letters tif the alphabet, 
 then a snitill letter is added to the capital one ; thus, 
 A a, li b. In large volumes, the signatures are stune- 
 times composed of letters and figures ; thus, 5 5 B. 
 But some printers now use figures only for signa- 
 tures. 
 
 6. In phy.siognomy, an external mark or feature by 
 which some persons pretend to discover the nature 
 and qualities of a thing, ptirticularly the temper and 
 genius of perstuis. 
 
 7. Ill music, the flats and sharps at the beginning 
 of e.ach staff, to mark the key of the movcinent. 
 
 PIG'NA TL;KE, v. t. To mark ; to distinguish. [JVot 
 in use.] Cheyne. 
 
 SIG'NA-TIJR-IST, n. One who holds to the doctrine 
 of signatures impressed upon obji cts, indicative of 
 character or qualities. \ tiittr used.] Hroicn. 
 
 SIGN'I!0.\RI>, n. A boii 1 on which a man sets a no- 
 tice of his oicupalion, or of articles for sale. 
 
 SKJN'KI), pp. Marked ; subscribed. 
 
 SIG.N'ER, 71. One that signs or subscribes his name ; 
 ns. n memorial with a hiindretl signers. 
 
 SKJ'NET, 71. A seal : pnrticularly ill Great Britain, 
 the sent used by tfie king in sealing his privati^ let- 
 ters, and grants that ptiss by bill under his majesty's 
 hand. 
 
 SI(;-N1F'I-CANCE, ( 71. [from L. Ji>iii/!«i7i». See 
 SlG-NIF'l GAN-cV, j SitiNiFV.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MiiTE, PUBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, HQQK — 
 1030 ■ 
 
SIG 
 
 1. Meanini;; import ; thai which is intendeil to be 
 expressed ; as, tlie .-liirnijicance of a noil, or of a. mo- 
 tiuu of tho hand, or of u word or expression. 
 
 StiUinsrfieet. 
 
 2. Force ; energy ; power of impressing the mind ; 
 as, a duty enjoined willi particular sitrn^/icaiicc, 
 
 Jittcrbunj. 
 
 3. Importance; moment; weight; consequence, 
 
 Muny i\ circuinsLiiicr ut Icaa »igmfieaney\\AM bceu conitni<tl into 
 iiti oven i\ci uf high ut-iutoti. Adi^uon. 
 
 SIG-NIF'l-eANT, a. [L. siimificans. ] 
 
 1. I^.xprcssive of suinetliing bejoiid the external 
 mark. 
 
 2. Hearing a meaning; cxppjssing or containing 
 signilicntion or sense ; as, a significant word or 
 son 11(1 i a significant look. 
 
 3. Betokening something; standing as a sign of 
 souietliing. 
 
 It w;>a Wfll K»i(t of Plotiiius, that the uLira were tignificant, but 
 not elticieiit. Rategh. 
 
 4. Expressive or representative tif some fact or 
 event. The passover among the Jews was siiru{li- 
 cant of the escape of the Israelites from the destruc- 
 tion which fell on the Egyptians. The bread and 
 wine in the sacrament are significant of the body and 
 blood of Christ. 
 
 5 Important ; momentous. [JVbt in use.'\ 
 SIG-NIFM-CANT-LY, a,ln. With meaning. 
 
 2. With force of expression. Sonth. 
 SlG-NI-FI-e.\'TIOi\, n. [Fr., from L. significatio. 
 See SiGMKv.] 
 
 1. The act of making known, or of communicating 
 ideas to another by signs or by words, by any thing 
 that is understood, particularly by words. 
 
 All sppiikiiij or atgnificnlion of one's milld implies an net or 
 aiUln-s!* of one ni;in to uitollicr. South. 
 
 0. Meaning ; that which is understood to be in- 
 tended by a sign, character, mark, or word ; that 
 idea or sense of a sign, mark, word, or expressiim 
 which the person using it intends to convey, or that 
 which men in general, who use it, understand it to 
 cttnvey. The siirnificntion of words was (tnginally ar- 
 bitrary, and is dependent on usage, lint when cus- 
 tom has annexed a certain sense to a letter or sound, 
 or to a combination of letters or sounds, this sense is 
 alw.ays to be considered the .•sii.'Ht/tcation which the 
 person using the word intends to communicate. 
 
 So, by custom, certain signs or gestures have a de- 
 termined siirnificatioiu Such is the fact also with 
 figures, algebraic characters, &c. 
 SIG-.\IF'I-eA-TIVE, a. [Fr. significatif.] 
 
 1. Itetokening or representing by an external sign ; 
 as, the significative symbols of the eucharist. 
 
 Brcrcwontl, 
 
 5. Having signification or meaning ; expressive of 
 a certain idea or thing. 
 
 NcitlrT ill \\\^ ilegrees of'ttindrcd were they destitute of iti^nifi' 
 calioe words. Camtlen. 
 
 So as to repri-sent or 
 
 Usher. 
 The quality of being 
 
 SIG-NIF'l-eA-TIVE-LY, adv. 
 
 express by an external sign. 
 SIG-.NIF'l-e.\-TIVE-NESS, n. 
 
 siiinifiralive. 
 SlG-NI-FI-eA'TOR, n. That which signifies. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 SIG-NIF'I-CA-TO-RY, n. That which betokens, 
 sisnifies, or represents. TnyUtr. 
 
 SIG'.\I-FT-£D, pp. Made known by signs or words. 
 
 SIG'.\I-FV, V. t. [Fr. signifier i L. significo; signunif 
 a sign, and faciu, to make.)- 
 
 1. Tu make known something, cither by signs or 
 words ; to express or communicate to another any 
 idea, thought, wish, purpose, or command, either by 
 wortJs, by a nod, wink, gesture, signal, or other sign. 
 A man signifie.< his mind by his voice, or by written 
 characters ; he may signify his mind by a notl or 
 other motion, provideil the person to whom he di- 
 rects it, understands what is intended by it. A gen- 
 enil, or nn admiral, signifies his coinmaiids by signals 
 to orticers at a distance. 
 
 2. To mean ; to have or contain a certain sense. 
 The word Sabbath signifies rest. Less, in compo- 
 sition, as in faithless, signifies destitution or want. 
 The prefix re, in recommend, seldom signifies any 
 thing. 
 
 3. To import ; to weigh ; to have consetiuence ; 
 itsed in particnfar phrtLies ; as, it signifies nmcli t>r lit- 
 tle ; it signifies notliing. What does it signifiil 
 What signify Ihe splendors of a court.' Confession 
 of sin, without reformation of life, can signify noth- 
 ing in the view of God. 
 
 4. To make known ; to declare. 
 
 Tbc ^vennneiit should tigm/y to Ihe Protest;\nt« of Ireland, 
 th.»t waul of silver is not to he remedied. Stri/i. 
 
 SIG'NI-F?, r. i. To express meaning with force. 
 
 [L ille n<til ] 
 
 SIG'NI-FY-ING, ppr. Making known by signs or 
 words. 
 
 SIGNMNG, ppr. Marking; subscribing; signifying 
 by the hand. 
 
 SKGN'IOU, (seen'yur,) n. A title of respect among 
 the Italians. (See Seio!<ior.] 
 
 SlG.\'IOIl-IZE, (seen'yiir-ize,) v. u To exercise do- 
 minion ; or to have dominion. [Little used.) 
 
 SIL 
 
 SlGN'IOIl-Y, (seen'yur-y,) ri. A different, but less 
 common spelling of Skiomohv, wliii'h see. It sig- 
 nifies lordship, dominion, and in Shakspeare, senior- 
 it ii. 
 
 SIGN'-M.'VN'tJ-AL, 71. One's own name «-ritlen by 
 himself; afiplied [larticularly to the signature of a 
 soverrinn or prince. 
 
 SIGN'-POST, n. [sign and post] A post on which 
 a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give 
 public notice of any thing. Hy the laws of sinne of 
 the New England States, a sign-post is to be erected 
 near the center of each town. 
 
 ^IKF i Spenser. 
 SIK'ER, a. or adv. Sure; surely. [Obs.] [See 
 Sicker.] 
 
 SlK'Ell-NESS, n. Surcness ; safety. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 SILE, V. L To strain, as fresh milk from the cow. 
 
 [Local.] 
 SIL'£D, pp. Strained. 
 
 SI'LE.XOE, n. [Fr., from L. silentium, from sileo, to 
 be still; it. .s'tfcnziu : Sp. silencio. The sense is, to 
 stop or hold ; but this may proceed from setting, 
 throwing down. See Sill.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, stillness, or entire absence of 
 sound or noise ; as, the silence of midnight. 
 
 2. In animals, the slate of holding the peace ; for- 
 bearance of speech in man, or of noise in other an- 
 imals. 
 
 1 was dumb with eitence ; 1 held my peace, even from good. — 
 
 Ps. JXXIX. 
 
 3. Habitual taciturnity ; opposed to LoqUAciTr. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 4. Secrecy. These things were transacted in si- 
 lence. 
 
 5. Stillness ; calmness ; quiet ; cessation of rage, 
 agitation, or tumult; as, the elements reduced to 
 silence. 
 
 C. Absence of mention ; oblivion. 
 
 Kteriial silence be their doom. MiUon. 
 And wtial most merits fiiiie, in eilence hid. million, 
 
 7. Silence is used elliptically for let there be silence, 
 an injunctit>n to keep silence. 
 SI'LEiNCE, I). (. To oblige lo hold the peace; to re- 
 strain from noise or speaking. 
 
 2. To still ; to quiet ; to restrain ; to appease. 
 
 This would silence all further opposition. Clarendon. 
 These would have silenced their scruples. liogers. 
 
 3. To stop ; as, to silence complaints or clamtir. 
 
 4. To cause to cease firing by a vigorous cannon- 
 ading ; as, to silence guns or a battery. Tutten. 
 
 5. To restrain from preaching by revoking a license 
 to preach ; as, to silence a minister of the gospel. 
 
 United States. 
 The R'-v. Thomas Hooker, of Chelmsford in Eau-x, was silenced 
 lor Noii-conturiiilty. U. TrumbuU. 
 
 C. To put an end to ; to cause to cease. 
 The question between agriculture and cuinmerce has received ft 
 decision wliich has silenced the rivalships between them. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 ST'LEVC-KD, (si'lenst,) pp. Stilled ; hushed. 
 
 sri.ENC-liNG, ppr. Slilling. 
 
 SI'LE.N'T, n. Not speaking ; mute. P.*. xxii. 
 
 3. Ilabiltinlly taciturn; speaking little; not in- 
 clined to much talking ; not loipiacious. 
 
 Ulysses, he adds, was the most elotjuent and the most sifeni of 
 men. Uroonte, 
 
 3. Still ; having no noise ; as, the silent watches of 
 the night ; the si7e/il groves ; all was silent. 
 
 4. Not operative ; wanting efficacy. Ralegh. 
 
 5. Nut meiitioniiig ; not |iroclaiining. 
 
 This iiew-CPMled world, of which iu hell 
 
 r.ime is not sileiU. Milton. 
 
 6. Calm ; as, the winds were .«i7rat. Parnell. 
 
 7. Nut acting ; not transacting business in person ; 
 as, a silent partner in a cotiimercial house. 
 
 8. Niit pronounced ; having no sound ; as, e is si- 
 lent in fable. 
 
 SI-I,E.\'''I"I A-RY, n. One appointed to keep silence 
 and order in court ; one sworn not to divulge secrets 
 of state. Sarroto. 
 
 SI'LENT-LY, adv. Without speech or words. 
 
 Kach silently 
 
 Demands Uiy p^ce, and seems to waich thy eye. Dryden. 
 
 2. Without noise ; as, to march silently. 
 
 3. Without mention. He mentioned other difficul- 
 ties, but this he silenthj [Kissed over. I^eke. 
 
 SI'1,ENT-NESS, 71. State of being silent; stillness; 
 silence. .^sh, 
 
 SI-Ll~:'SI.\, 71. A duchy or country now chiefly be- 
 longing to Prussia ; hence, a species of linen cloth 
 so called ; thin, coarse linen. 
 
 SI-Lk'SIAN, (-shan,)o. IVrtaining to Silesia; made 
 in Silesia ; as, Sitesian linen. 
 
 SI'LE.X, n. [L. silez, flint.] 
 
 Silicic acid, generally impure, as it is found in na- 
 ture, constituting flint, quartz, and most sands, and 
 sandstones. [See Silic4 and Silicic Acid.] 
 
 SIL'IIOU-ETTE, (sil'oo-et,) n. [Fr., from the name 
 of the improver.] 
 
 SIL 
 
 A profile ; a representation of tho outlines of an 
 object filled in with a black color. Brande. 
 SlL'i eA, n. [I., silez, a Hint.] 
 
 One of the names of silicic acid in a state of pu- 
 rity. It was ciiiHiili red to be one of the priiiiilive 
 earths. [See Silicic A<;id.] 
 SIL'I-CA'IU, 71. A salt composed of silicic acid and 
 a base. 
 
 SIL'I-eA-TED,o. Combined with silicic acid. [Rare.] 
 
 Silliiiinn. 
 
 SI-LIC'IC ACID, 71, An acid, according to Thom- 
 son, composed of one equivalent of silicon and one 
 of oxygen, or, according to lier^^eliiis, one of silicon 
 and three of oxygen. When pure, it is a liulit, 
 while powder, which feels rough when rubbed be- 
 tween the fingers. It is both inodorous anil insipid. 
 It combines with bases, fiirniing salts, which are 
 called silicales. Rtick crystal. Mint, and other varic 
 ties of quart/., are nearly pure silicic acid. 
 
 SIL-IC'I-€AL-eA'llE-OUS, a. [silet and calcareous.) 
 Consisting of silex and calcareous matter. 
 
 SIL-IC'l-CALCE, n. [ L. .nice or silica and calz.] 
 A silicious rock containing carbonate of lime. 
 
 s>au^.viire. 
 
 SIL-I-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. sUez and fero, to pro 
 duce.) 
 
 Producing silex ; or united with a portion of silex 
 SII^IC-I-FI-CA'TION, 7t. Petrifaction by flint a 
 
 silex. MantelL 
 SII,-IC'I-FT-/CD, pp. or a. Petrified by flint. 
 SIL-IC'I F?, (sil-is'e-fi,) ». t. [L. silez, flint, am' 
 facio, tti make.] 
 
 Tu convert into silex, or petrify by flint. 
 
 The specimens found near Philatlelphia, ore completely tilieified 
 
 Sir.-lC'I-FV, V. i. To become silex. 
 
 SIL-IC'I-FV-ING, ppr. I'drifying by silex. 
 
 SIL-IC-I-MO'RITE, 71. [silez and muria. brine.] 
 An earth comptised of silex and magnesia. 
 
 SI-LI"CIOUS, (se-lisli'us,) a. Pertaining to silex, or 
 partaking of its nature and qualities. 
 
 SI-LIC'l-TEU, a. Impregnated with silex. 
 
 Kiriran, Geol. 
 
 SI-LI"CIUM, 71. Silicon, which see. The name «- 
 iiciitm was given by those who sup|K>sed it lo be a 
 metal like sodium. Silliman. 
 
 SIL'I-CI.E, ; .,. , , 
 
 SIL-ie'l|-LA,i"- [L- ^'''"'a-] 
 
 A (lericarp or seetl-vessel as broad as it is long, 
 consisting of two valves, two sutures, and a dissepi 
 ment, with the seetis allai'hed lo bolii edges of the 
 disscpinienl, and alternalely upon each side of it. 
 
 SIL'I-GO.N, 71. A dark, nut-brown, elementary sub- 
 stance, destitute of a metallic luster, anil a nun-con- 
 ductor ofelectricity. ft is liirombiisiihle in atmospheric 
 air, and in tiX) gen gas, bill liiiriis in rerl.aiu sails cim- 
 taiiiing tixygen. It is neilher dissolved nor o\>ilized 
 by siilpliiiric or nitric acids , hut a inixtiire of Ihe nitric 
 and Hiioliydric acitls dissolves it readily. Its exter- 
 nal characters are much altered alter exposure to a 
 high temperatiue. 
 
 SI-LI€'ll-LoSE, a. Having silicles, or pertaining to 
 them. 
 
 SI-LlG'l-NoSE, a. [L. siligo.] 
 
 Made of fine wheal. Bailey. 
 
 Slh'ING, ppr. Straining. 
 
 SIL'ING-DISH, n. [Dan. sUer, to strain.] 
 
 A colamler. [JVu! in use.] Barrett. 
 
 SIT/I lll'A, H. [1..] With gold-finers, a carat, six of 
 which make a scruple. Johnson. 
 
 SII.'I-UIIA, i rr ;■ i 
 
 SlL'iafK,(sn'ik,)i"- [L.«i"/«a.] 
 
 An eloiiL'aletl pericarp or seed-vessel, consistin;^ 
 of two valves, two sii'ures, and a dissepiment, 
 with the seeds atttiched I., both edges of the dissepi- 
 ment, and iilleriialely upon each side of it, 
 
 Sn/i ai'l-FoR.M, a. Having the fiirin of a siliqii.a, 
 
 SIL'lnroSE, ; ... , [Smitli. 
 
 Having: ttiat species of pericarp called siUqnt ; ns, 
 yiliquose plants. Martyn. 
 SILK, n, [Sax. seoh; Sw. silke ; Dan, id. ; Russ. 
 
 schilk ; Ar. and Pers. 
 
 AM sdk ; properly any 
 
 thread, from Ar, t|3C]LM< salaka, to send or thrust 
 iu, to insert, to pass or go.) 
 
 1. The fine, soft thread produced by various spe- 
 cies of caterpillars, particularly by the larve tif the 
 insect called silk-worm or Bombyz .Mori. '1 Nit which 
 we ordinarily call silk, is a thread coinposetl of sev- 
 eral finer threads, which the worm draws from its 
 bowels, like the web of a spider, and with which 
 the silk-worm envelops itself, forming what is called 
 a Cocoon. Kitcpe. 
 
 2. Cloth made of silk. In this sense, the word 
 has a idiiral, silks, denoting diflerent sorts and varie- 
 ties, as bla< k .«iJ/;, while silk, colored sJks. 
 
 3. The filiform style of the female flower of 
 maize, which resembles real silk in fineness and 
 softness. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IINITE AN 'GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1031 
 
SIL 
 
 SIM 
 
 SIM 
 
 yiririnin sUk : a plant of the iieiius Periploca, 
 wliicir climbs ami wliuls abuiit other plants, trees, 
 &.C. No species of Periploca grows in Virginia, or 
 any part "f the United Stales. 
 
 PII.K, u. Pertain in u' to silk ; consisting of silk. 
 
 SILK-eOT'TON-TREE, n. A tree of tile genus 
 Bunibax, growing to an immense size, and having 
 its seeds enveloped in a cottony substance ; a native 
 of botli the Indies. , Loudon. 
 
 S1LK'£N, (silk'n,) o. [Sax. senlcen.'] 
 
 1. Made of silk ; as, Aiken cloth ; a silken vail. 
 
 2. Like silk ; soft to the touch. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Soft; delicate; tender; smooth; as, luild and 
 sHl:''n language. 
 
 4 Dressed in silk ; .as, a silken wanton. Shak. 
 SILK'£N, (silk'n,) v. t. To render soft or smooth. 
 
 Di/er. 
 
 SU.K' EN-F.D, pp. Rendered soft or smooth. 
 SILK'-GRXSS, ji. A filamentous plant of the genus 
 
 Yucra. Farm. Encifc. 
 
 SILK'I-NESS, n. [from silky.] The qualities of silk ; 
 Softness and smoothness to the feel. 
 
 2. Softness; effeminacy; pusillanimity. [Little 
 7urd.] B. Jonsun. 
 
 SILK' MAN, I!, [silk ani man.] A de.aler in silks. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 SILK'-MER-CER, n. [silk and mercer.] A dealer in 
 silks. 
 
 SILK'-MILL, n. A mill for reeling, spinning, and 
 inaniifac^nring silk. 
 
 SILK'-VVeA V-ER, «. [silk ar\A weaver.] One whose 
 occupation is to weave silk stuffs. fVatU. 
 
 SILK'VVEED, n. A [ilant of the genus Asclepias, also 
 called Wild Cotton, whose seed-vessels contain a 
 long, silk>' down. Farm. Encijc. 
 
 SILK'-WORM, (-vvurm,) n. [silk and worm.] 'The 
 worm which produces silk, the larve of a lepidop- 
 terous insect called the bombiiz viari. Silk-worms 
 are said to have been first introduced into the Roman 
 empire from China, in the reign of Justinian. 
 
 SILK'-WORM GUT, n. A substance prejiared from 
 the entrails of silk-worms, used in making lines for 
 angling. Urc. 
 
 SILK'Y, a. Made of silk ; consisting of silk. 
 
 2. Like silk ; soft and smooth to the touch. 
 
 3. Pliant ; yielding. Sltck. 
 SILL, n. [Sax. S7jl, syle, .tijU ; Fr. seuil ; G. schwrlle ; 
 
 W. sail, sijl, or seller, foundation ; seiliaw, to found ; 
 li. solum, allied to solid. The primary sense is, prob- 
 ably, to lay, set, or throw down.] 
 
 1. Proprrty, tlie basis or foundation of a thing ; ap- 
 propriately, a piece of timber on which a building 
 rests; the lowest timber of any structure; as, the 
 sills of a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the 
 like. 
 
 2. The timber or stone at the foot of a door ; the 
 threshold. 
 
 3. The timber or stone on which a window-frame 
 stands ; or the lowest piece in a window-frame. 
 
 4. The shaft or thill of a carriage. [Local.] Grose. 
 SIL'LA-BUU, n. A liquor made by nii-ving wine or 
 
 cid-r with milk, and thus forming a soft curd. ^i?ii>-. 
 
 SIL'LI-LY, adc. [from silly.] In a silly manner; 
 foolishly ; w itliout the exercise of good sense or judg- 
 m.'nt. Drydeii. 
 
 SIL'LI-.MAN-ITE, v. A mineral found at Saybrook, 
 in Connecticut, so named in honor of Prof. Silliinan, 
 of Yale College. .It occurs in long, slender, rhombic 
 prisms, engaged in gneiss. Its color is dark gray and 
 hair brown ; luster shining upon the external planes, 
 but brilliant and sub-metallic upon those produced 
 by cleavage in a direction parallel with the longer di- 
 agonal of the prism ; hardness about the same with 
 quartz ; specific gravity, 3.410. It is composed of sil- 
 ica and aliiiiiina, with some oxyd of iron. 
 
 SIL'Ll-NESS, «. Weakness of understanding; want 
 of sound sense or judgment; simplicity; harmless 
 folly. U Kstran^rr. 
 
 SIL'LOCK, 71. The name given in the Orkney Isles 
 to the fry of the coal-fish, which is allied to the cod- 
 fish ; also spelled Sili.ik and Sellok. 
 
 Jamieson^s Diet. 
 
 SIL'LY, a. fl have not found this word in any other 
 language ; but the Sax. asealcan signifies to be dull, 
 
 inert, lazy. This corresponds with the -■Vr. ^ ;■/■ 
 
 kanrla, to be stupid, III b. This may be radically 
 the Bame word, with a pri lix. (,'lass SI, No. 2li.] 
 
 1. Weak III Mitcllecl ; foolish; witless; destitute 
 of ordinary Kiren^ith of mind; simple; as, a ailly 
 man ; a ■•'(//i/ child. 
 
 2. Proceeiliiig fr<im want of understanding or com- 
 mon judgment ; characterized by weakness or fol- 
 ly ; unwise; n»,4iitly thoiiglilK; «iffi^ actions ; a silly 
 tclieme : writings nliipid or nilly. ffatts, 
 
 'J. Weak ; helpless. 
 
 Ahrr loiiir •tnnnl — 
 W'ilti wtiich my Ht/y \i.*rh woa VM ti. [ObH.\ ,^'jttnier. 
 
 HIL'LV-IIOW, 71. The inemlirano that covers the 
 
 hi-iid of the feliiH. [/ briirve nut wted.] Brown. 
 SIL'l', n. (Sw. tylla, to pic kle.) 
 
 1. SaltneiH, or will marsh or mud. 
 
 2. A deposit of mud or fine earth from running or 
 standing water. D<ma. 
 SILT, r. t. I'd choke, fill, or obstruct with mud. 
 SILT'IiN'G, ppr. Choking, filling, or obstructing with 
 SI-LuKE', * ri 1 t fmud. 
 
 SI-LO'RUS, j snurus; Fr. silure.] L 
 
 A fish of the genus Silurus, as the sheat-fish. 
 
 Did. JVat. Hist. 
 SI-Lu'RI-AN, a. [from the Siliires, who anciently in- 
 habited a part of England and \Vales.] 
 
 In geolojry, a term applied to the fossiliferoiis strata 
 below the old red sandstone. Marchison. 
 SI-LO'RI-DANS, H. pi. The family of fishes of which 
 
 the silurus is the type. Brande. 
 SIL'VA, n. [L.] A collection of poems. 
 
 2. The natural history of the forest-trees of a coun- 
 try. [This word is more commonly spelled Sylva.] 
 SIL'VAN, a. [L. sUca, a wood or grove. It is also 
 written Svlvam.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a wood or grove ; inhabiting 
 
 2. Woody ; abounding with woods. [woods. 
 Beiwixt two rows of rocks, a eilvan scene. Dryden. 
 
 SIL'VATE. See Svlvate. 
 
 SIL'VAN, 71. Another name of Tellurium. Werner. 
 
 SIL'VER, n. [Sax. seol/er, siluer ; Goth, silubr ; G. 
 sillier: D. lilccr; Sw. silfver ; Dan. siilo ; Lapponic, 
 sellowpe. (ill. Russ. serebro ; r for /.] 
 
 L A metal of a white color and lively brilliancy. 
 It has neither taste nor smell ; its specific gravity is 
 10.552, according to Bergman, but according to Kir- 
 wan, it is less. A cubic foot weighs about 6U0 lbs. It 
 is exceedingly malleable, and its ductility is little in- 
 ferior to that of gold. It is harder and more elastic 
 than tin or gold, but less so than copper, platinum, or 
 iron. It is found native in thin phites or leaves, or 
 in fine threads, or it is found mineralized by various 
 substances. Great quantities of this metal are fur- 
 nished by the mines of South America and of Mexi- 
 co ; and it is found in small quantities in Norway, 
 Germany, Spain, the United States, &c. 
 
 Kirwan, Encyc. 
 
 2. Money ; coin made of silver. 
 
 3. Any thing of soft splendor. 
 
 P ill is — pili'Oiis of hiT iil:untive cri"s, 
 
 111 sliiiiili-r ciuaeJ ht-r «.it;«r-oireaiiiiiig eyes. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SIL'VER, a. Made of silver; as, a sih^er cup. 
 
 White like silver; as, silcer hair. SItak. 
 
 Oth'MS on silver lakes and rivers battled 
 
 Their downy breast. Milton. 
 
 3. White or pale ; of a pale luster ; as, the sUeer 
 moon. 
 
 4. Soft and clear ; as, silver tones or sound. [It. 
 suono arirentino.] Spenser. Shak. 
 
 SIL'VER, V. t. To cover superficially with a coat of 
 silver ; as, to silver a pin or a dial-piale. 
 
 2. To foliate; to cover with tinfoil amalgamated 
 with quicksilver ; as, to silver glass. 
 
 3. To adorn with mild luster ; to make smooth and 
 bright. 
 
 And fimiltn"^ calmness silvered o'er the deep. Pope. 
 
 4. To make hoary. 
 
 His head was silvered o'er willi a^. Cay. 
 SIL'VER-BeAT-ER, 71. [■•jiVpcr and beater.] One that 
 
 foliates silver, or forms it into a leaf. 
 SIL'VER-llUSH, 7!. A plant, a species of Anthyllis. 
 SIL' VER-BUS'KIN-£D, a. Buskined with silver. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SIL'VI'.R-KD, pp. Covered with a thin coat of silver ; 
 
 rciidt ii'il smooth and lustrous ; made \i'hite or hoary. 
 SIL'Vr.R-I'IR, ( fur,) n. A species of fir. Berkeley. 
 tflL'VER-I'ISlI, 71. A fish of the size of a small caip, 
 
 having a white color, striped with silvery lines. 
 SIL'VER-lI.\lR-i;D, a. Having hair of the color of 
 
 silver. Soutlt. 
 SIL' VKR-ING, ppr. Covering the surface with a thin 
 
 coat of silver ; foliating ; rendering mildly lustrous ; 
 
 rendering white. 
 SIL'VER-ING, 71. The art, operation, or practice of 
 
 covering the surface of any thing with silver ; as, the 
 
 silverinir tif copper or brass. Encyc. 
 2. The silver thus laid on. 
 SIL'VER LkAF, n. Silver beaten into a thin leaf. 
 SIL'VER LING, «. A silver coin. /.,-. vii. 
 SIL'VER LY, ado. With the appearance of silver. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SIL'VER-SMITII, 71. [silver tmA snnilh.] One whose 
 occupation is to work in silver, or in nianufaitures 
 of winch the precious metals form a part. 
 
 SIL'VEIt-TIlIS-TLE, (-this'I,) //. [silver and thistle.] 
 A plant. 
 
 SIL' VER-TREE, 7j. An evergreen Blirub, or small 
 tree, of the genus Leucadendron, a native ol South 
 Africa. London. 
 
 SIL'VER-WEED, n. A perennial plant, of the genus 
 Potent illa. 
 
 SIL'VER-Y, a. [from silver.] Like silver; having 
 the appearance of silver ; white ; of a mild luster. 
 
 Ol all 111.- fiiaineled race wIiohh silvery wing 
 
 Wav. » to the ti'ijid /^'jilij n* ol the itpriiiff. Pope, 
 
 2. Ilesprinkled or covered with silver. 
 SI'MA. See Cyma. 
 
 SIM'A-GRE, 77. [Fr. .Himag-rec.] 
 
 Grimace. [A'ot in use.] Dryden. 
 
 SI-.MSR', ) ro 1 
 
 SI-MaRE', i"- [Fr. .-^arre.] 
 
 A woman's robe. [JVot in use.] Dryden. 
 
 SIM'I-A. H. [L., an ape.] A general name of the va- 
 rious tribes of monkeys. 
 
 SIAI'I-LAR, a. [Fr. similaire ; It. simile; Sp. similar; 
 L. simdts ; W. heval, hevalyz; from 77ja^, like, Gr. 
 6/j(iA 'J. The Welsh vtal signifies, small, light, 
 ground, bruised, smooth, allied to 77n7i, W. 7/iu/u, to 
 grind. But I am not confident that these words are 
 of one family.] 
 
 Like ; reseiiiblii g ; having a like form or appear- 
 ance. Similar iwii signify, exactly alike, or having 
 a general likene.ss, a likeness in the principal points. 
 Tilings perfectly similar in their nature must be of 
 the same essence, or homogeneous ; but we generally 
 understand simtlar to denote a likeness that is ii'.t 
 perfect. Many of the statutes of Connecticut are 
 simUur to the statutes of Massachusetts on the same 
 subjects. "I'he manners of the several States of New 
 England are similar, the people being derived from 
 common ancestors. 
 
 In geometry, similar rectilineal fiipires are such as 
 have their several angles respectively equal each to 
 each, and their sides about the equal angles propor- 
 tional. Similar solids are such as are contained by 
 the same number of similar planes, similarly situat- 
 ed, and having like inclination to one another. 
 
 Bravde. 
 
 SIM-I-LAR'I-TY, 71, Likeness ; resemblance ; as, a 
 similarity of features. I'here is a great similarity in 
 the features of the Laplanders and Samoicdes, but 
 little similarity between the features of Eur. peans 
 and the woolly-haired Africans. 
 
 SIM'I-LAR-LY, adv. In like manner; with resem- 
 blance. Reid, 
 
 SI.M'I-LAR-Y. The same as Similar. 
 
 SI.M'I-LE, 71. [L.] In rhetoric, similitude; a com- 
 parison of two tilings, which, however different in 
 other respects, have some strong point or points of 
 reseiiililaiice ; by which comparison the character or 
 qualities of a thing are illustrated, or presented in an 
 iiiiliressive light. Thus the eloquence of Demosthe- 
 nes was like a rapid torrent ; that of Cicero like a 
 large stream that glides smoothly along with majes- 
 tic tranquillity. 
 
 SI-MIL' I TER, n. [L., in like manner.] In law, the 
 technical designation of the form by which either 
 party, in pleading, accepts the issue tendered by his 
 opponent. Brande. 
 
 SI-MI L'l-TUDE, 71. [Fr., from L. similitudo.] 
 
 1. Likeness ; resemblance ; likeness in nature, 
 qualities, or appearance ; as, similitude of sub.stance. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Let lis make man in our image, man 
 
 In our siinilitutle. Milton. 
 
 Fate some liitiire bitnl shall join 
 
 In sad similitude of griefs to mine. Pope. 
 
 2. Comparison ; simile. [See Simile.] 
 
 Tasso, in liis similitudes, never departetl from the woods. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SI-MIL-I-TO'DIN V-RY, a. Denoting resemblance or 
 coiiipiirison. Coke. 
 
 SI.M'I LOR, 71. An a -y of copper and zinc resem- 
 bling brass, but of a golden color. Ure. 
 
 SIM'I-OUS, a. [L. .Amia.] 
 
 Pertaining to or like a monkey. 
 
 .«IM'I-TAR. SeeCiMETER. 
 
 SIM'MI:R, I!, i. [ail. Gr. ^i./ir?, t" ferment.] 
 
 To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing. Simmer- 
 in^r is incipient ebullition, when little biilibles are 
 formed on the eilge of the liquor next to the vessel. 
 The.se are occasioned by the escape of heat and 
 vapor. 
 
 SI.M'.MER-ING, ;i;)r. Boiling gently. 
 
 SIM'NEL, 71. [Dan. .simle: Sw. simla; G. semmel] 
 
 A kind of sweet cake; a bun. 
 SI-MO'NI-AC, 71. [Fr. .Wmo/iiui/iie. See Simony.] 
 
 One who buys or sells preferment in the church. 
 
 Jiilliffe. 
 
 SIM-O-NT'Ae-AL, «. Guilty of simony. Spectahir. 
 2. (Joiisistiiig in simony, or the crime of buying or 
 selling ecrlesia-stical preferment; us, a simoniacal 
 presentation. 
 
 SIM-O-NI'AC-AL-LY, adv. With the guilt or offense 
 of siinonv. 
 
 SI-Mo'NI-ANS, 71. pi. The followers of Simon Ma- 
 Siiiiit Simooians. .«ee Saint Sihoni ans. [gu.s. 
 SI-Mo'NI-OUS, (1. Partaking of simony ; given to 
 
 siinonv. Milton. 
 SIM'ON-Y, 71. rfrom S/771071 Magus, who wislu d to 
 
 purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. 
 
 Mcts viii.] 
 
 'i'he crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical pre- 
 ferment ; or the corrupt [iresentation of any one to 
 an ecclesiastical benefice for moni'y or reward. By 
 Stat. 31 Elizabeth, c. vi., severe pt iialties are enacted 
 against this crime. 
 SI-.M( )()M', ( 71. A hot, dry wind, that blows occa- 
 SI-MOON', \ sionally in Arabia, Syria, and the 
 iieiglilioring countries, generateil by the oxireiiie heat 
 of the parched deserts or sandy plains. Its approach 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH/kT. — METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1 032 
 
SIM 
 
 is iiulu^atfd \iy a reriiu'ss in the air, anil its fatal 
 eirecta were forjiierly su|)|)osi'il In be avoidoil by fall- 
 ing on tlie face and iiuMIng tlie breath. 
 
 ICiicnc. P. Cyc. 
 SI'.MOUS, a. [L. simo, one with a Hut nose, Gr. 
 
 1. Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end 
 turned uji. 
 
 2. Concave ; as, the ximoas ]);\rl of the liver. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 SJM'PEU, r. f. To smile in a silly manner. Shali, 
 Sl.M'rER, H. A smile with an air of silliness. 
 
 SI.M'PEIMNG, ppr. or a. Smiling foolishly. 
 Sl.M'I'ER-ING, 11. The act of smiling with an air of 
 silliness. 
 
 PIM'PEK-I.VG-I.Y, atliK With a silly smile. 
 SlM'l'Li:, a. (Er., from L.. simplez; .tine, without, 
 and pier, plica, doublin;!, fold ; It. sfmplice.] 
 
 I. Single ; consisting of one thing ; nnconi- 
 pounded ; unniingled ; uncoinbined with any thing 
 else ; as, a sijnplc substance ; a :iiinjitc idea ; a simple 
 sound. fViilt.<, 
 
 'i. Plain; artless; not given to design, stratagem, 
 or duplicity ; undcsigning; sincere; harmless. 
 
 A simple liU8b;imliii;in in ganneiils griyy. Hubbard. 
 
 3. .Artless; unaffected; unconstrained; inartifi- 
 cial ; plain. 
 
 In simple mnniiprs all the sccn-t lies. Yohh^-. 
 
 4. Unadorned ; plain ; as, a simple style or narra- 
 tion ; a simple dress. 
 
 rt. Not comple.t or complicated ; as, a machine of 
 simple construction. 
 G. Weak in intellect ; not wise or sagacious ; silly. 
 
 The fiirnple belirvctli every wortl ; bul the prudent loukelh well 
 li> Ins gojr. J. — Prov. xiv. 
 
 7. In botany, undivided, as a root, stem, or spike ; 
 oidy one on a petiole, as a simple leaf; only one on a 
 peduncle, as a .simple flower ; having only one .set of 
 rays, as an umbel ; having only one serii s of leaflets, 
 as, a simple caly.v; not plumose or feathered, as a 
 pappus. jVartijn. 
 
 Simple, when applied to minerals and rocks, has 
 retVieuce to their h: -. ogeneousness, and not to the 
 number of eleiiienU vrliicii enter into their composi- 
 tion. Kncyr. Dnjden. 
 
 A simple ftia'y, in ehi:Txt.-!r~j. is one that has not 
 been decomposed, or ^ep;rated into two or more ele- 
 mentary bodies. 
 
 SI.M'PLE, n. Something not mi-vcd or compounded. 
 In the materia mcdica, the general denomination of 
 an herb or plant, as each vegetable is supposed to 
 possess its particul.ar virtue, and therefore to consti- 
 tute a simple remedy. 
 
 SI.M'PLE, V. i. To gather simples or plants. 
 
 As simpUng on the 8owcry hilts he itrayed. Car'Ji. 
 
 SI.M'PLE-llE.XRT'ED, a. Having a simple heart. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 SIM'PI.E-MIXD'ED, a. Artless; undesigning ; un- 
 suspecting, blaclistone. 
 
 PI.M'PLE-.MI\n'ED-NESS, n. Artlessness. 
 
 SI.M'PLE MIN'ER-AL, n. A mineral composed of a 
 single stibstance. Rocks are generally aggregates of 
 several simple minerals cemented together. 
 
 SIM'PLE-N'ESS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 simple, single, or uncoinpoundcd ; as, tlie simplmess 
 of the elements. Visby. 
 a. Artlessness ; simplicity. 
 3. Weakness of intellect. 
 
 SIM'PEER, n. One that collects simples ; anhcrb.il- 
 isl ; a simplist. 
 
 SLM'PLESS, for Simplicitv or SiLLiNtss, is not in 
 use. Spenser. 
 
 SIM PLE-TON', (-pl-tun,) n. A silly person ; a per- 
 son of weak intellect; a trifler; a foolish person. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 PIM-PLI"CIAX, (sim-plish'an,) n. An artless, un- 
 skilled, or undesigning (lerson. .Srnwav. 
 
 SIM-PLIC'I-TY, 71. [L. simplicitas; Fr. shnplicUi ; 
 It. simplicitd ; Sp. simplicidad.] 
 
 \. Singleness ; the state of being unmixed or un 
 compounded ; as, the simplicity of metals or of 
 earths. 
 
 2. The state of being not comple.t, or of consistin 
 of fi'w parts ; as, the sijnplicity of a machine. 
 
 3. Artlessness of mind ; freedom from a propensity 
 to cunning or stratagem ; freedom from duplicity ; 
 sincerity. 
 
 Mivrqiiis Dofwt, n man for his Inrmless fimfltcity neither mis. 
 likeil nor much rej^anictl. Hayieard. 
 
 4. Plainness ; freedom from artificial ornament ; 
 as, the simplicity of dress, of style, of liinguage, &c 
 Simplicity in writing is the first of excellences. 
 
 .">. Plainness ; freedom from subtilty or abstrusc- 
 ness ; as, the simplicity of scriptural doctrines or 
 truth. 
 
 I'. Weakness of intellect ; silliness. Hooker. 
 OadUj .simplicity, in Scripture, is a fair, open pro 
 frssinn and practice of evangelical trnlh, with a 
 single view to obedience and to the glorv i f God. 
 SI.M.PL[-FI-eA'TION,n. [Sec Simplu v.]' The .act 
 
 SIN 
 
 of making simple ; the act of reducing to simplicity, 
 or to a state not complex. Cli. Obs. 
 
 SIM'P[.[-I'"I-£U, pp. I^Iade simple or not complex. 
 SIM'PLI-F?, V. t. [L. sinijj(cj:, simple, and /uciu, to 
 make ; Fr. simptifier.] 
 
 To make simple ; to reduce what is complex to 
 greater simplicity ; to make plain or easy. 
 
 The collection of duties is dniwn to a point, and so fir eimpli. 
 
 Jted. HamUlun. 
 It is iinportftnt, in scientific pursuiu, to bo canliuus in timplifying 
 
 our di-diicliuns, Nuholson. 
 This is the true way to timpU/y the study of scienc-. 
 
 Ltluoiitier, Trans. 
 
 SI.^I'PLI-F?-ING, ppr. Making simple ; rendering 
 less complex. 
 
 SIM'PLIST, 71. One skilled in simples or medical 
 
 plants. Briiwn. 
 Sl.M'PLO-CE. Pee Svmplooe. 
 
 SI.M'PLV, adr. Without art; without subtilty; art- 
 lessly ; plainly. 
 
 Subverting worldly strong and worldly wiso 
 
 By simply meek. liltltoii. 
 
 2. Of itself; without addition ; alone. 
 
 They make tli.it soixl or evil, which uthcrwisc of il^clf were not 
 simply Uie one nor the oilier. UookcT. 
 
 3. Merely; solely. 
 
 Simply the thing I am 
 Shall make ine live. 
 
 57, ai. 
 
 4. Weakly ; foolishly. 
 SIM'U-L.\-t'l'lRE, n. [\,. simulaerim.] 
 
 An image, [j^ol in use.] F.hjot. 
 SIM'i;-L,\U, 71. [See Simulate.] One who sim- 
 ulates or counterfeits something. [JVot iii use.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 SIM'IJ-LaTE, v. t. [L. simulo, from similis, like.] 
 To feign ; to counterfeit; to assume the mere ap- 
 pearance of something, without the reality. The 
 wicked often simulate the virtuous and good. 
 SIM'U-LATE, a. [ L. simulatus.] 
 
 Feigned ; pretended. Bale. 
 SIM'U-La-TEI), 7V'. or a. Feigned; preteniled ; as- 
 sumed artilicially. Che.-<lerjietd. 
 SI.M'1;-La-TIi\(J, ppr. Feigning; pretending; as- 
 suming the appearance of what is not real. 
 SLM-lJ-L.\'TIO.\, 71. [Fr., from L. simulatio.] 
 
 The act of feigning to be that which one is not; 
 the assumption of a deceitful appearance or charac- 
 ter. Simulation differs from dissimulation. Tlic for- 
 mer denotes the assuming of a false character ; the 
 latter denotes the concealment of the true character. 
 Both are comprehended in the word Hvfocrisy. 
 SI-MUL-Ta'i\E-OUS, a. [Fr. simultanie ; Sp. siniul- 
 taneo; from L. simul, at the same time.] 
 
 Existing or happening at the same time ; as, simul- 
 taneous events. The exchange of ratilications may 
 be simultaneous. 
 SI-MUIj-Ta'NE-OUS LY, adv. At the same time. 
 SI-.MUL-Ta'NE-OUS-NESS, 71. The state or quality 
 of being or happening at the same time ; as, the ii- 
 77iii/ta>ifi>ii.<iip*\s of transactions in two dill'erent places. 
 SI.M'UL-TY, II. [U. simuUas.] 
 
 Private grudge or quarrel. [J^Tot in use.] 
 
 B, Jonson. 
 
 SIN, n. [Sax. .^iii and syn; G. siinde ; D. zondc ; Sw. 
 and Dan. synd ; Lapponic, Finnish, sindia; allied 
 perhaps to Ir. sainim, to alter, to vary, to sunder. 
 The primary sense is, probably, to depart, to wan- 
 der.] 
 
 1. The voluntary departure of a moral agent from 
 a known rule of rectitude or duty, prescribed by 
 God ; any voluntary transgression of the divine law, 
 or violation of a divine command; a wicked act; 
 iniquity. Sin is either a positive art in which a 
 known divine law is violated, or it is the voluntary 
 neglect to obey a positive divine command, or a rule 
 of duty clearly implied in such command. Siu com- 
 prehends not actions only, but neglect of known duty, 
 all evil thoughts, purposi s, words, and desires, what- 
 ever is contrary to God's commands or law. 1 John 
 ill. Malt. XV. James iv. 
 
 sinners neither enjoy the plcisures of sin, nor the peace of piety. 
 
 Sob. Hall. 
 
 Among dii'ines, sin is oritrinal or actual. .Actual 
 sin, above di lined, is the act of a moral agent in vi- 
 olating a known rule of duty. Orii^inal sin, as gen- 
 erally understood, is native depravity of heart ; that 
 want of conformity of heart to the divine will, that 
 corruption of nature or deterioration of the moral 
 character of man, which is supposed to be the effect 
 of Adam's apostasy, and which manifests itself in 
 moral agents by positive acts of disobedience to the 
 divine will, or by the voluntary neglect to comply with 
 the express commands of God, which require th.at 
 we should love God with all the heart, and soul, and 
 strength, and mind, and our neighbor as ourselves. 
 This native depravity, or alienation of affections 
 from God and his law, is supposed to be what the 
 apostle calls the carnal mind or viindedness, which is 
 enmity against God, and is therefore denominated 
 sin or sinfulness. 
 
 Unpardonable sin, or blasphemy against the Holy 
 Spirit, is supposed to be a malicious and obstinate re- 
 jection of Christ and the gospel plan of salvation, or 
 
 SIN 
 
 n contemptuous resistance made to the influences 
 and convictions of the Holy Spirit. JUatt. xii. 
 
 2. A sin-olfcring ; an oll'eriiig made to atone for 
 sin. 
 
 He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no tlo. — 2 Cor. t. 
 
 3. A man enormously wicked. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Sin differs from crime, not in nature, but in appli- 
 cation. That which is a crime against society, is jiin 
 against God. 
 SIN, r. i. [.'^ax. sinirian, syn^ian.] 
 
 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty pre- 
 scribed by God to man ; to violate the divine law in 
 any particular, by actual transgression, or by the neg- 
 lect or non-observance of its injunctions ; to violate 
 any known rule of duty. 
 
 AH have sinned and come short of the glory of God. — Rom. lii. 
 It is followed by against. 
 
 Against thee, thee only, have I tinned. — Ps. li. 
 
 2. To offend against right, against men or society ; 
 to trespass. 
 
 I am a man 
 
 More sinned ajninst than sinmn^. ShaJc. 
 
 And who but wishes Ui invert Ihe laws 
 
 Of onler, sins against th' eternal causr-. Pope. 
 
 SIN, for Since, [Scot, syne,] is obsolete or vulgar. 
 SI-NA-lT'ie, a. [from Sinai, the mnuntaiii.] Per- 
 taining to Mount Sinai ; given or made at Sinai. 
 
 jifackniirht. 
 
 SIN'A-PIS-IN, 71. A principle extracted from mustard 
 seed, Sinapis alba. It is white, crystallizable, inodor- 
 ous, and bitter. 
 
 SIN'A-PIS.M, 71. [L. sinapis, sinape, mustard, G. senf, 
 Sax. scnrp.] 
 
 In pharmacti, a cataplasm composed of mustard 
 seed pulverized, with some other ingredients, and 
 used as an external application. It is a powerful ir- 
 ritant. Enqjc. 
 
 PIN'-liORN, a. Derived from sin. 
 
 SINCE, prc/i. or arfr. [Sw. d-fr/an ; Dan. f'l/cn ; D. .vinf; 
 supposed to be contracted from Sax. siththan, which 
 is from silhiun, to pa.ss, to go ; and siththan may be 
 the participle, and denote past, gone, and hence alter, 
 afterward. Sith, in Saxon, has a like sense. Our 
 early writers used silk, sithen, sitJience ; the latter is 
 evidently a corruption o( .siththan. It may be doubted 
 whether Sw. sen, Dan. scat, slow, late, is a contrac- 
 tion of this word ; more probably it is not.] 
 
 1. After; from the time that. The proper signifi- 
 cation of since is after, and its appropriate sense in- 
 cludes the whole period between an event and the 
 present time. I have not seen my brother since Jan- 
 uary. 
 
 The Tjord hath blessed thee, rinee my cominsr. — Gtu. xxx. 
 Holy pro[.hi Is, who have been since Uic world began. — Luke i. 
 John ix. 
 
 Since, then, denotes, during the whole time after an 
 event ; or at any particular time during that period. 
 
 2. Ago; past; before this. "About two years 
 siytce, an event happened," that is, two years having 
 
 pa.fsed, 
 
 3. Uecause that ; this being the fact that. 
 
 Since truth and constancy ar- vain, 
 Since ncillier love nor sense of min 
 Niir force of reason can p'-rsuatle, 
 
 Then let example be obeyed. danville. 
 Since, when it precedes a noun, is called a prepo- 
 sition, but when it precedes a sentence, it is called an 
 adverb. The truth is, the character of the word is 
 the same in both cases. It is probably an obsolete 
 participle, and acrordinj; to the usual classification of 
 words, may be properly ranked with the prcposilions. 
 In strictness, the last clause of the passage above 
 cited is the case absolute. " The Lord hath blessed 
 thee, since my coming," that is, my arrival being pa.iL 
 So, since Vie worlH began, is strictly, past the world 
 began, the beginning of the world being past. In the 
 first case, -since, considered as a preposition, has ci>7n- 
 iiin-, a noun, for its object, and in the latter case, the 
 cl.ause of a sentence. So we say, against your ar- 
 rival, or against you come. 
 SIN-CeKE', 0. [Fr., from I<. sincerus, which is said 
 to be comixised of .vine, without, and ccra, wax ; as 
 if applied originally to pure honey.] 
 
 1. Pure; unini.xed. 
 
 As new-born babes, desire llie tincert milk of Iho won]. — I 
 P. I- ii- 
 
 A Joy which never was sincere till now. Dryden. 
 There is no sincere acid in any animal Juioe. ArbuiKnot. 
 1 woulil have oil ipillicisnis avoided, thai our tongue may be sin. 
 cere. Alton. 
 
 [This sense is, for the most part, ob-solete. We use 
 the phrases -Tinccrc joy, .sincere pleasure, buHVC mean 
 by them, unfeigned, real joy or pleasure.] 
 
 2. Unhurt ; uninjured. 
 
 The iiiviulable body sloo*t sincere. [Obs.] Drydsn. 
 
 3. Being in reality what it appears to be; not 
 feigned ; not simulated ; not .vsgmned or said for Ihe 
 sake of appearance ; real ; not hyimcritical or pre- 
 tended. ThLi Li the present use of the word. Let your 
 intentions be pure, and your declarations s-incere. 
 Let love and friendship be -.mccre. -No prayer can 
 avail with a heart-searching God, unlets it is mcert. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS 6 as K ; as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; 7U as in THIS. 
 
 HIT 
 
SIN 
 
 SIN 
 
 SIN 
 
 SIN-CERE'LY, adt\ Honestly ; with renl purity of 
 lieart ; witliout siiiiiilnlion or disguise ; uiifeignedly ; 
 as, to spcali one's niiiid sinccrdi/ i lo love virtue sitt- 
 cereln. 
 
 PIN-CF.RE'NESS, 71. Sincerity. 
 SlN-CEIt'I-TY, «. [Fr. sincenti ; L. dneeritas.] 
 
 1. Hciiiesty of mind or intention ; freedom from 
 simultition or liypocrisy. We may question a man's 
 prudence, wlien we can not question his si/iceriUj. 
 
 2. Freedom from liypocrisy, disguise, or false pre- 
 tense ; as, tile ^iiiicfritii of a declaration of Itjve. 
 
 SL\'CI-PUT, n. [L.] "The fore part of the head from 
 
 the forehead to the coronal suture. Knryc. 
 PIN'DON, TU [L., fine liuen.J A wrapper. [JVI/t in 
 
 jtse. ] Bacon. 
 Si>;E, n. [L. si7ii(5.] 
 
 In i^eometry, the sine or n'n-^( sine of an arc is a 
 line drawn from one end of tliat arc, perpendicular 
 to the radius drawn tJirougli llie otlier end, and is 
 always equal to half the chord of double the arc. 
 
 Versed sine ; that part of the diameter between the 
 sine and tlie arc. Huttim. 
 Sl'NE-€URE, n. [L. sine, without, and cura, cure, 
 care.] 
 
 An office which has revenue without employment ; 
 in church affairs, a benefice without cure of souls. 
 {Thi-t is the vriirinal and proper sense of the wvrd.^ 
 
 Sl'NE-eOR-ISjf, n. The state of having a sinecure. 
 
 Sl'NE-euIMST, n. One who h.as a sinecure. 
 
 SI'JSTE DrE, [L., witliout day.] .^n adjournment 
 sine die is an adjournment without fixing the time of 
 resuming business or reassembling. When a defend- 
 ant is suffered to go sine die, he is dismissed the 
 court. 
 
 SIN'E-PITE, 71. [L. slnape, mustard.] 
 
 Something resembling mustard seed. De Costa. 
 
 SJ'JV£ qUA JVOJV, [L.] Without which a thing 
 can not be; hence, an indispensable condition. 
 
 SIN'EW, (sin'nu,) ti. [.''ax. sinu, sinw, sinwe : G. 
 sehne; D. lentiw ; Bw.sena; Dan. sene or seene. The 
 primary sense is, stretched, strained, whence the 
 sense of strong; G. sehnen, to long; Ir. simiim, to 
 strain.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, a tendon ; that which unites a mus- 
 cle to a bone. 
 
 2. In the plural, strength ; or rather that which 
 supplies strength. Money is the sinews of war. 
 
 Driiden. 
 
 3. Muscle ; nerve. Varies. 
 SIX'EW, V. t. To knit as by sinews. Shak. 
 SI.\'EW-£D, (sin'iiude,) a. Furnished with sinews; 
 
 as, a stumg-sinewed youth. 
 2. Strong ; firm ; vigorous. 
 
 When he 
 
 OiirscN'es well sineieed lo our defense. Shak. 
 SIX'EW-LESS, a. Having no strength or vigor. 
 SIN'EW-SHRIJNK, a. Gaunt-bellied; having the 
 sinews under the belly shrunk by excess of fatigue, 
 as a horse. Far. Diet. 
 
 SI^''EVV'-Y, a. Consisting of a sinew or nerve. 
 
 The sinewy thread my bniin lets f;d!. Donne. 
 9. Nervous ; strong ; well braced with sinews ; 
 vigorous; firm ; as, the sinewy Ajax. !Shak. 
 The northern people are large, lair coinplcxiuiied, Elron"', «n- 
 eiry, and courageous. Hale. 
 
 SIN'FlJL,o. [from .fin.] Tainted with sin ; wicked ; 
 iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as, sinful men. 
 Ah, einful nation, a people laden with iniquity 1 — Is. i. 
 2. Containing sin, or consisting in sin ; contrary 
 to the laws of God ; as, sinful .actions ; iin/u/ thoughts ; 
 sinful words. 
 
 SI.\'FtJL-LY, ndi'. In a manner which the laws of 
 God do not permit; wickedly; iniquitously ; crim- 
 inally. 
 
 SL\"FtjL-NESS, 77. The quality of being sinful or 
 contrary to the divine will ; wickedness ; iniquity ; 
 criminality ; as, the sinfulness of an action ; the sin- 
 fulness of thoughts or purposes. 
 
 2. Wickedness; corruption;, depravity; as, the 
 sinfulness of men or of the human race. 
 
 SING, V. i. ; pret. Suno, Sano ; pp. Sitno. [Sax. sin- 
 gan, syniran ; Goth, siirfrrean ; G. sinircn i I), linijen ; 
 i^vi. siunna ; Uan. symrer. It would seem from the 
 Gothic that n is casual, and the elements Sg. If so, 
 it coincides with saij and seek, all signifying to strain, 
 urge, press, or drive.] 
 
 1. 'J'o utter sounds with various inflections or ine- 
 lodiouH Miodiilatiims of voice, as fancy may dictate, 
 or according to the notes of a song or tunt!. 
 
 The noil.- of U.'in ihit ting do 1 hear. — El. xxiiL 
 
 2. To utter sweet or melodious sounds, as birds. 
 It is reniarkablo that the female of no species of 
 birds ever tings. 
 
 And sinfing birds In silver CJigcs hilnj. Dryden. 
 
 3. To make a small, nhrill sound ; as, the air sings 
 in pa.ssing through a crevice. 
 
 OVr his head the flyinif ■p»*nr 
 
 •Vanf iiiitoceiit, and s|M:iil iu force In idr. Pope. 
 
 4. To tell or relate nomelhine in numbers or verse. 
 
 Sin, 
 
 Of human hope by crass rrents deslmye^i 
 
 Prior. 
 
 SING, 11. t. To Utter with musical modulations of 
 voice. 
 
 And Dioy stri^ /he son^ of Moses, the servant of Gud, and tiie 
 son^of tiie Lamb. — Rev. xv. 
 
 2. To celebrate in song ; to give praises to in 
 verse. 
 
 The last, the happiest British kin^, 
 
 Whom lh"u shall p.^tit or 1 shall einff. Addison. 
 
 3. To relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or 
 poetry. 
 
 Arms and the man I sing-. Dryden. 
 While sirexhed at ease you sing your happy loves. Drytlen. 
 
 SINGE, (sinj,) v. f. [Sax. sicngan; G. sengen; D. 
 zengen.] 
 
 To bum slightly or superficially ; to burn the sur- 
 face of a thing, as the nap of cloth, or the hair of 
 the skin ; as, to singe off the beard. Shak, 
 
 Thus riJiii!^ on his curls, he seemed to pass 
 
 A rolling fire aloiia:, and singe die ^ass. Dryden. 
 
 SINGE, 71. A burning of the surface ; a slight bum. 
 SING'iCD, (sinjd,) pp. Burnt superficially. 
 SINGE'ING, p;ir. Burning the surface. 
 SING'ER, n. [from sing.] One that sings. 
 
 2. One versed in music, or one whose occupation 
 is to sing ; as, a chorus of singers. Drijden. 
 
 3. A bird that sings. Bacon. 
 SING'ING, ppr. or a. Uttering melodious or musical 
 
 ntites ; making a shrill sound; celebrating in song; 
 
 reciting in verse. 
 SING'ING, 71. The act of uttering sounds with musi- 
 cal intonations ; musical articulation; the utterance 
 
 of melodious tones. Cant. ii. 
 SIi\G'ING-BOOK. 7!. A music-book, as it ought to be 
 
 called: a book containing tunes. 
 SING'ING-LY,oi/c. With sounds like singing ; with 
 
 a kind of tune. JVorth. 
 SING'ING-MAN, 71. [si7inifl»-and ttiqti.] A man who 
 
 sings, or is employed to sing ; as in cathedrals. 
 SING'ING-JIAS-TER, n. A music-master; one that 
 
 te.aches vocal music. ^ddiion. 
 SING'ING-WOM-AN, 7i. A woman employed to 
 
 sing. 
 
 SIN"GLE, (sing'gl,) a. [L. sinvulus; probably from 
 a rout that signifies to separate.] 
 
 1. Separate; one; only; individual; consisting 
 of one only ; as, a single star ; a single city ; a single 
 act. 
 
 2. Particular; individual. 
 
 No sinste man is born witli a riglit of controlling the opinions of 
 all tlie r«su Pope. 
 
 3. Uucompounded. 
 
 Simple ideas are opposed 'o complex, and single to compound. 
 
 Vl'alts. 
 
 4. Alone; having no companion or assistant. 
 
 \> ho single h ist maintained, 
 Against revolted m.iluiud<-s, the cause ol truth. firUlon. 
 
 5. Unmarried ; as, a single man ; a single woman. 
 
 6. Not double; not complicated; as, a single 
 thread ; a single strand of a rope. 
 
 7. Performed with one person or antagonist on a 
 side, or with one person only opposed to another ; 
 as, a single fight ; a single combat. 
 
 8. Pure; simple^ incorrupt; unbiased; having 
 clear vision of divine truth. JlntL vi. 
 
 9. Small; weak; silly. [Obs.] 
 
 Be'num. Fl. Shak. 
 
 10. In botany, a single flower is when there is only 
 one on a stem, and in common usage, one not double. 
 
 J\lnrtyn. 
 
 SIN"GI.E, (sing'gl,) v. t. To select, as an individual 
 person or thing from among a number ; to choose 
 one from others. 
 A dog who citn single out his master in the dark. Bacon. 
 
 2. To sequester ; to withdraw ; to retire ; as, an 
 agent singling itself from comforts. [JVot used.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. To take alone; as, men commendable when 
 singled from society. \_J^ot in use.] Jlooker. 
 
 4. To seftarale. Sidney. 
 SIN"GI,KI), pp. Selected from among a number. 
 S1N"GI.K-I1.A.NI)-E1), a. Having one hand or work- 
 man onlv. 
 
 S1.\"GLE-HEART-ED, a. Having no duplicity. 
 
 jtfore. 
 
 SIN"GI,E-.MIND-F,D, a. Having a single purpose. 
 
 Sedgwick. 
 
 SIN"GI,F.-NESS, 71. The state of being one only or 
 separate from all others ; the opposite of doubleness, 
 coinplication, or multiplicity. 
 
 2. Siinplinly ; sinci rity ; purity of mind or pur- 
 pose ; freedniu from duplicity ; as, singleness of be- 
 lief; .lingleness of h(?att. Hooker. J,nw. 
 
 SIN"GI,/-;S, (sing'nl/.,) 71. pi. The reeled filaments of 
 silk, twisted to give them firmness. 
 
 SIN"GLE-SEKI)-i;i), «. Conlaining one s(!cd only. 
 
 SIN"GLE-SrR-K, ;i. A cuilg. l. 
 
 9. A game at cudgels, in which he who first 
 brings blood from his adversary's head is pro- 
 noiiiired virlor. J/tdtitprlt. 
 
 PI.\"(iM;-Tr{i;i",, > n. The cross piece to which 
 
 SWIN"(;iJ>TKEE, the traces of a harnessed 
 
 horse are fixed. A single-tree is fixed upon each end 
 of the double-tree when two horses draw abreast. 
 
 llaldeman. 
 
 SIN"GLE-V.^LV-ED, a. Having one valve only. 
 SIN"GLIN, 71. A single gleaning; a handful of 
 
 gleaned grain. [Local.] 
 SIN"GLING, ppr. Selecting from among a number. 
 SIN"GLY, adi: Individually ; particularly ; as, to 
 
 make men .Hn irly and personally good. TUlotson. 
 
 2. Only ; by himself. 
 
 Look thee, 'tis so, thou singly honest raao. Shak. 
 
 3. Witliout partners, companions, or associates ; 
 as, to attack another singly. 
 
 At ombre singly to decide their diom. Dryden. 
 
 4. Honestly ; sincerely. 
 
 SING'-SONG, 71. A term for bad singing or for 
 drawling. 
 
 SIN"GU-L.\R, (sing'gu-lar,) a. [Fr. singulier ; L. 
 singularis, from singulus, single.] 
 
 1. Single; not complex or compound. 
 
 That idea which reprrsenls one deteniiinate Uiing, is called a sin- 
 gular idea, wlieUier simple, complex, or compound, li'aas. 
 
 2. In grammar, expressing one person or tiling; 
 as, the singular number. The singular number 
 stands opposed to dual and plural. 
 
 3. Particular; existing by itself; unexampled; as, 
 a singular phenomenon. Your case is hard, but not 
 singular. 
 
 4. Remarkable ; eminent ; unusual ; rare ; as, a 
 man of singular gravity, or singular attainments. 
 
 5. Not common ; odd; impl}'ing something censu ■ 
 rable or not approved. 
 
 His zeal 
 
 None seconded, as singular and rash. ^Tdion. 
 
 6. Being alone ; that of which there is but one. 
 
 opresses are s&irce, and some 
 ir kind. A'ldxson. 
 
 SIN"GU-LAR, 71. A particular instance. [Unusual.] 
 
 Jilore. 
 
 PIN"GU-LAR-IST, ti. One who affects singularity. 
 S1N"GU-LAR'1-TY, n. [Fr. smgularite.] 
 
 1. Peculitirity ; some character or quality of a 
 thing by which it is distinguished from all, or 
 from most others. 
 
 Pliny addeih this singutanty to that soil, that the second vear the 
 very falling ol Uie seeds yifldeUi corn. Ad^son. 
 
 2. An uncommon character or form ; something 
 curious or remarkable. 
 
 1 took notice of this litUe figure for the singularity of the iiistnj. 
 mem. Addit^n. 
 
 3. Particular privilege, prerogative, or distinction. 
 
 No bishop of Rome ever look upon him this name of singulonly, 
 (univ.-rsd hi.h..p.) Huoker. 
 
 Catholicism — nmsl Ik' understood in opposition to Hi'- I jr.il s':i> 
 gutarily of the Jewish nation. Pearson. 
 
 4. Character or trait of character different from 
 that of others. The singularity of living according 
 to the strict precepts of the gospel is highly to be 
 commended. 
 
 5. Oddity. 
 
 C. Celibacy. [JVot in use.] J. Tai/lor. 
 
 SIN"GU-LAR-rZE, v. t. To make single. [Mit in 
 ttse. ] 
 
 S1N"GU-LAR-LY, atlv. Peculiarly ; in a manner or 
 degree not common to others. It is no disgrace to 
 be singularly good. 
 
 2. O'ddly ; strangely. 
 
 3. So as to express one, or the singular number. 
 SIN"GUI/r, n. [I,, singultus.] [Morion. 
 
 A sigh. [JVtif in use.] 
 SIN'I-CA I„ a. [from .li/ie.] Pertaining to a sine. 
 SIN'IS-TER, fl. [L. Probably the primary sense is, 
 weak, defective.] 
 
 1. Left; oil the lef^ hand, or the side of the left 
 hand ; opposed to Dextkr or Right ; as, the sinister 
 cheek ; or the sinister side of an trscutcheoii. 
 
 2. Evil ; bad ; corrupt ; perverse ; dishonest ; as, 
 sinister means ; sinUter purpose. 
 
 He scorns lo undcniiine another' 
 feriiir aru. 
 
 3. Unlucky ; inauspicious. B. Jonson. 
 .Si/n.-fcr aspect: in nslrology, an appearance of two 
 
 Iilaiiets happening according to the succession of the 
 signs ; as, Saliirn in Aries, and Mars in the same de- 
 gree of Gemini. F.neyc. 
 
 [This word, among the poets, is usually accented 
 si-nis' ter.] 
 
 SIN'lS-TEK-HAND'En, o. Left-handed. [JVof in 
 use.] 
 
 SI.\'IS-TER-LY, aile. Absurdly ; perversely ; iinfairlv. 
 
 'a. Wood. 
 
 SIN'IS-Tll AL, a. To tlie left ; sinistroiis. 
 
 Ill conchologij, a term applied to shells which have 
 the turns of the spiral niaiie to the left ; the same as 
 Kkvkihho. Humble. 
 
 SI.N'lSTIt AL-LY, adr. Toward the left. 
 
 Sl.N-l.'^-TROR'S.VL, a. [.virusfcr and Gr. ooaoi, to 
 rise.] 
 
 Rising from left to right, as a spiral line or lieliv. 
 
 ;/'llrl(. 
 
 SIN'IS-TROUS, a. Being on the left side ; im liiied 
 to the left. Broioii. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, JJOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1034 
 
SIN 
 
 2. U'ront; ; absurd ; perverse. 
 
 A kimve ur fcol cui do uo harm, even by Ibc inoal sinislroue 
 iiikI iituiinl choict!. BenUey. 
 
 SIN'ia-TROUS-I,Y, arfo. Perversely; wrongly. 
 
 2. Willi a leiidency to use the left as tlic siroiigcr 
 )i:iii(l. 
 
 SINK, c. i. ; pret. Sunk ; pp. id. The did prrt. Sank 
 is nearly uhstilcte. [Sa.x. jp/ic/in, sincaii ; Goth. si<r- 
 acan : G. siiikni ; D. iinktn : Sw. siunka ; Uaii. sijiiker ; 
 coincidiiis with s'ugc. Cl.iss Sp.] 
 
 1. To fall hy the force of greater gravity, in a nie- 
 diirin or snbsinnce of less specific yravity ; to sub- 
 side ; opposed to Swim or Float. t'oMie species of 
 wood or tiinlicr will sink in water. Oil will not siuk 
 in water and many other liquids, for it is specifically 
 
 .liglilcr. 
 
 I link ill deep mire. — Fs. Ixix. 
 
 2. To fall gradually. 
 
 H(^ *unk down ill lii» chnrlot. — 2 Kin^s iz. 
 
 3. To enter or penetrate into any body. 
 
 Til.' sloiie tunk iiilo liis fun-lifiid. — 1 Saiii. xvii. 
 
 4. To fall ; to become lower; to subside or settle 
 to a level. 
 
 Tlie Alps and Pyn*neM tink before him. Addison, 
 
 5. To be overwhelmed or de|)resscd. 
 
 Our ciiiiinry *injtff'l)fiie;ith ihc yoke. Sliak. 
 
 6. To enter deeply ; to be impressed. 
 
 ly'l Ihese snylii^ sijtk ilowti into your tMrs. — I.uke ix. 
 
 7. To become deep ; to retire or fall within the sur- 
 face of any thing ; as, the eyes giiik into the head. 
 
 8. To fall ; to decline ; to decay ; to decrease. A 
 free state gradually stnks into ruin. It is the duty of 
 government to revive a sittking commerce. 
 
 l.el not die fin? nnk or sl.icken. Mortimer. 
 
 9. To fall into rest or indolence ; as, to sink away 
 in pleasing dre.'tins. Addison. 
 
 10. To be lower ; to fall ; as, the price of land will 
 sink in time of peace. 
 
 SI.NK, c. L To cause to sink ; to put under water ; to 
 immerse in a fluid ; as, to sink a ship. 
 
 2. To make by digging or delving ; as, to siiik a pit 
 or a well. 
 
 3. To depress ; to degrade. His vices sink him in 
 infamy or in public estimation. 
 
 4. To plunge into destruction. 
 
 ir I h:tvc a conscience, let it sink me. Shak. 
 
 5. To cause to fall or to be plunged. Woodward, 
 
 6. To bring low ; to reduce in quantity. 
 
 Vou sunk the river with repeated dratij;l)U. Addison. 
 
 7. To depress ; to overbear ; to crush. This would 
 sink the spirit of a hero. 
 
 8. To diminish ; to lower or lessen ; to degrade. 
 
 I mean not th.al we should sink our figure out of covctoiisncss. 
 
 Rosert. 
 
 9. To cause to decline or fail. 
 
 Thy cruel anti unnatural lust of power 
 Has sunk tliy father mon: lhaii all liis years. 
 
 Roice. 
 
 10. To suppress ; to conceal ; to intervert. 
 
 If sent with rea<iy money to buy any thinj, ami you happen to 
 be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up Ui'- ^oiU 
 on account. \UnusuaL.\ Sm/L 
 
 11. To depress ; to lower in value or amount. 
 Great importations may sink the price of goods. 
 
 12. To reduce ; to pay ; to diminish or annihilate 
 by p.iyment ; as, to siiiA- the national deb', 
 
 13. 'J'o waste ; to dissipate ; as, to sink an estate. 
 SI.VK, n. [Sa.v. sine] 
 
 1. A drain to carry off filthy water ; a jakes. 
 
 S/ialc. Haijioard, 
 
 2. A kind of basin of stone or wood to receive 
 filthy water. 
 
 SINK'ER, n. A weight on something, as on a fish- 
 line, to sink it. 
 
 SINK'-HoLE, n. A hole for dirty water to run 
 through. 
 
 SINK'ING, ppr. or a. Falling ; subsiding ; depressing; 
 declining. 
 
 Siukintr fund ; in finance^ a fund created for sinking 
 or paying a public debt, or purchasing the stock for 
 the liovernment. 
 SIN'LESS, a. [from yin.J Free from sin ; pure ; per- 
 fect. Christ yielded a stnless obedience. 
 2. Free from sin ; innocent ; a.s, a sinless soul, 
 
 Oryden. 
 
 SIN'LESS3-LY, adv. In n sinless manner ; innocently. 
 SliN'LESS-NESS, n. Freedom from sin and guilt. 
 
 Boijlf. 
 
 SIN'NER, n. One that has voluntarily violated the 
 divine law ; a moral agent who has volunuxrily dist*- 
 beyed any divine precept, or neglected any known 
 duly. 
 
 2. It is used in contradistinction to Saint, to de- 
 note an unregenerate person ; one who has not re- 
 ceived the pardon of his sins. 
 
 3. An offender ; a criminal. Dryden. 
 SIN'.N'ER, 0. i. To act as a sinner; in ludicrous lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Whether the charmer tinner it or saint it. Pope. 
 SlN'-OF-FER.I.\G, n. [sin and offering.] A sacrifice 
 
 SIP 
 
 for sin : something ofl'ered as an e.xpiation for sin. 
 Uriid. x\ix, 
 
 Sliv'O PM-"' I "■"'<<"'■' t'J 
 
 Red ferruginous quartz, of a blood or brownish red 
 color, sometimes Willi a tinge of yellow. It occurs 
 ill small, but very pt rfecl crystals, and in masses that 
 resemble some varieties of jasper. Clearrland. 
 
 SIN'O-I'LE, K. In the keralitry of Continental F.uropr, 
 green ; vert. Brandf. 
 
 SIN'-0P-PI{E.>*S'£:D, (-op-prest',) a. Oppressed with 
 a sense of sin. 
 
 SIN'-STUNG, a. Stung with remorse for sin. Baiter. 
 
 SI.X'TEK, 71. In minrralotry, calcareous sinter is a 
 Itiose variety of carbonate of lime, composed of a sc- 
 ries of successive layers, concentric"! plain or iiiulii- 
 lateil, and nearly or quite parallel. It npfiears under 
 various forms. Clravelnnd. 
 
 Siliciou.1 sinter is a light cellular or fibrous quartz ; 
 aI.so, a similar variety of opal. 
 
 Pearl .linter is a variely of opal, of a pearly luster, 
 occurring in gltibular and botryuidal masses. Dana. 
 
 Sh\'U-ATE, V. t. [L. .<i<iiio.] 
 
 To wijid ; to turn ; to bend in and out. Woodirard. 
 
 SIN'1]-.\TE, j a. In botany, a sinuate leaf is one 
 
 SIN'IJ-a TED, i that lias large curved breaks in the 
 margin, resembling bays, as in the oak. Jliirtyn. 
 
 SIiN'li-A-TL\G, pj;r. VVimiing; turning; bending in 
 and out. 
 
 SliN-lJ-A'TION, n. A winding or bending in and 
 out. I{alc. 
 
 SIN-IJ-OS'I-TY, n. [L. sinuosiu:, sinus.] 
 
 The quality of bending or curving in and out; or 
 a series of bends and turns in arches or other irregu- 
 lar figures. 
 
 divu r'sp' I f^"^' from L. *!nH.s.] 
 
 Winding ; crooked ; bending in and out ; of a ser- 
 pentine or undulating form ; as, a sinuous pipe. 
 
 Streaking die ground with sinuous tnice. Hfilton. 
 
 SIN'y-OUS-LY, adv. Windingly ; crookedly. 
 Si'NUS, n. [L., a bay.] A bay of the sea ; a recess 
 in the shore, or an opening into the land. Burnet. 
 
 2. Ill anatomy, a cavity in a bone or other part, 
 wider at the bottom than at the entrance. Encyc. 
 
 3. In surgery, a little elongated cavity, in which 
 pus is collected ; an elongated abscess with only a 
 small orifice. Encyc. Parr, 
 
 4. Ill concliology, a groove or cavity. Humble. 
 
 5. An opening ; a hollow. 
 
 SIP, V. u [Sa.t. stpan, to sip, to drink in, to macerate ; 
 D. sippeii ; G. saufen ; Uaii. sUbcr i Sw. supa ; Ir. sub- 
 ham ; W. sipiatv, to draw the lips ; sipian, to sip ; Fr. 
 soupe, souper ; Eng. sap, sup, supper. See Class Sb, 
 No. 79.] 
 
 1. To take a fluid into the mouth in small quanti- 
 ties by the lips ; as, to sip wine ; to sip tea or coflVe. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To drink or imbibe in small quantities. 
 
 Every herb dial sips the dew, Milton. 
 
 3. To draw into the mouth ; to extract; as, a bee 
 sips nectar from the flowers, 
 
 4, To drink out of. 
 
 They skim the flooils, and sip the purple flnvrers. Dryden. 
 SIP, V. i. To drink a small quantity ; to take a fluid 
 
 with the lips. Dryden. 
 SIP, n. The taking of a liquor with the lips ; or a 
 small draught taken with the lips. 
 
 One sip of this 
 Will bathe Uie drooping spiiils in debght, 
 Beyond die bliss of dreuins. Milton. 
 
 SIPE, T. i. To ooze ; to issue slowly ; as a fluid, 
 [Local.] Orose. 
 
 SI'PHON, n. [L. sipho, sipo; Gr. irifoiv ; It, sifane ; 
 Fr. siphon ; Sp. sifon. Q.U. from the root of sip. ] 
 
 1. A bt-'iit pipe or tube whose arms are of unequal 
 length. It is chiefly used for drawing liquids, as 
 from a cask, well, &c. The tube being in some 
 way filled with a liquid, and the shorter arm be- 
 ing immersed in the fluid, the pressure of the at- 
 mosphere forces the fluid to rise in the tube above 
 the level of its surface, and it is then discharged 
 through the longer arm, the end of which must be 
 kept lower than the level of the liquid. 
 
 2. The pipe by which the chambers of a shell 
 communicate ; a sipluincle. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 Sl-PHO,\'ie, a. Pertaining to a siphon. 
 
 SI-PllON-O-BRANCH'l-ATE, a. In malacologrj, pro- 
 vided with a siphon or tube, by which the witter to 
 be inhaled is carried to the gills, as in the mollusks 
 of the order siphonobranchiata, 'J'he inolluscans 
 which have no siphons are called Asithonobban- 
 
 CHIATE. 
 
 SI'PHUN-CLE, (si'funk-l,) n. In conchology, the 
 opening which runs through the partitions ol cham- 
 bered or natitilold shells. 
 
 PI'PIUIN-CLfiD, a. Having a siphiincle. Buekland. 
 
 SI-PHU.\'eU-LAR, a. Fertaining to a sipliuncle. 
 
 Buekland. 
 
 SI-PHi;.N"eU-L.\-TED, a, [L. siphunculus, a little 
 siphon.] 
 
 Having a little siphon or spout, as a valve. Say, 
 
 SIR 
 
 SIP'I.NG, n. The act of nozing. Granger. 
 SIP'Pf.'I), (sipl,) pp. Drawn in with the lijw ; imbibed 
 
 in small quantities. 
 PIP'PKR, n. One that sips. 
 
 SIP'Pr.I', n. A small sop. [.Viif in ii.?».] Mdiim. 
 
 SIP'PI.N'G, 7<;<r. Drawing in with the lips; imbibing 
 in small tpiantitles. 
 
 SI i^UIS, [L., if any one.] These words give name 
 to a notihcation by a candidate for orders of his in- 
 tention to inquire whether any impediment may be 
 alleged against him. 
 
 SIR, (sur,) n. [Fr. sire, and sienr, in monsieur ; Norm, 
 .virr, lord ; Corn, sira, father ; Heb. ~i>!?, shur,\a sing, 
 to look, observe, watch, also to rule. The primary 
 sense is, to stretch, strain, hold, Jcc, whence the 
 sense of a ruler or chief.] 
 
 1. A word of respect used in addres.ses to men, as 
 madam is ill address<?s lo women. It signifies prop- 
 erly lord, corresponding to duminu.i in Latin, don in 
 Spanish, and herr in German, It is used in the sin- 
 gular or plural, 
 
 Sp,Mk on, sir, Shak, 
 Bui, sirs, be sudden in the execution, A'/tak, 
 
 2. The title of a knight or baronet ; as. Sir Horace 
 Vere, Bacon. 
 
 3. It is used by Sliakspeare for man. 
 
 Ill the elijclion of a sir so rare. [, Vol in use.] ^talc, 
 
 4. Formerly, in American colleges, the title of a 
 master of arts. 
 
 5. It is prefixed to loin, in sirloin: as, a sirloin of 
 beef. This practice is saitl to have originated in the 
 knighting of a loin of btef by one of the English 
 kings in a fit of good liiiinor. Addison. 
 
 ti. Formerly, the title of a priest. Spenser. 
 SIR-CVR', n. A Hindoo clerk or writer. Jlalcom. 
 SIK-DAK', n, A native chief in Hindoostan, 
 
 Malcom.- 
 
 SIRE, n. [Supra,] A father ; u.?rd in podry. 
 
 And r^tise his issue like a loving sire. ,'?hak. 
 
 2, The male parent of a beast ; iiarticularly used 
 of horses ; as, tlie liorse had a good sire, bur a bad 
 dam, Johnson. 
 
 3, It is used in composition ; as, in grandsire, for 
 grandfather ; \Lrct\\- grandsire, great-grandlallier, 
 
 SIRE, V. t. To beget ; to procreate ; used ofbeastt. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 PlR'FA), (sird,) pp. Begotten, 
 
 SI'RK,\, n, [L, ; Fr, sirinc ; It, .virciin ; from Heb, 
 "iiw', .s7ii/r, to sing,] 
 
 1, A nu-riiiaid. In ancient mythnlogy, a goddess 
 who enticed men into her power by the charms of 
 music, and devoured them. Hence, in modern use, 
 an enticing wonian ; a female rendered dangerous 
 by her enticements. 
 
 Sing, siren, to thyself, and I will dote, • Shak. 
 
 2, A batracliian reptile of Carolina, constituting a 
 peculiar genus, destitute of posterior extremities and 
 pelvis. The siren is a true amphibian, v\iiich re- 
 spires at will throughout its life, either in the water 
 by means of bmnchiie, ur in the air by means of 
 lungs, Cuvier. 
 
 SI'RE.V, a. Pertaining to a siren, or to the dangerous 
 enticements of music ; bewitching; fascinating; as, 
 a siren song, 
 
 SI-RE.\E', n. An instrument used for ascertaining 
 the velocity of aerial vibr.ation, corresponding to the 
 diflTerent pitches of musical sounds, Brande. 
 
 Si'REN-iZE, V. L To use the enticements of a siren ; 
 to charm, 
 
 SI'REN-IZ-KD, pp. Charmed, 
 
 SI'REN-lZ-ING, ppr. Charming, 
 
 Sl-RI'A-SIS, n, [Gr, <rii>mf7i{. See SiRiui,] 
 
 A disease occasioned by the excessive heat of the 
 sun ; .tliiiost peculiar to children, Johnson. Coze. 
 
 SIR'I-US, n, [I„, from the Gr, acii>, the sun,] 
 
 The large and bright star colled the dog-star, in 
 the mouth of the constellation Canis major, 
 
 SIR'LOI.V, (sur'loin,) n. [Fr, surlonge.] .\ loin of 
 beef, said to have been knighted by one of the Eng- 
 lish kings in a fit of good humor; but probably yiir- 
 loin, the upper part of the loin, like sir-name, which 
 is properly sur-namc, i. e,, an atiditional name. 
 
 Smart, 
 
 SIR'N.\ME is more correctly written Surname, 
 SI'RO, n, A mite, Encye. 
 Sl-ROe'CO, n, [It, iii ; Sp. siroco or zaloque ] An 
 oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan deserts, 
 cliielly expericncetl in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SIR'R.AH, n. A word of reproach and contempt; 
 used in addressing vile characters. 
 
 Go, sirroA, to my cell. Shak, 
 
 [I know not whence we have this word. The 
 common derivation of it from sir, ha, is ridiculous,] 
 SIRT, (surt,) n, [L, iryrlLs.] 
 
 A quicksand, [,A'uI in use.] 
 SIR'UP, n, [OrienUll. See Sherbet and Absorb.] 
 
 The sweet juice of vegetables or fruits, or other 
 juice sweetened ; or sugar boiled with vegetable in- 
 fusions. Caje. 
 
 [Smart and later writers prefer the pronunciation 
 sirup; Walker and others, sur'up.] 
 
 TONE, B;,LL, unite. — AN"GER, V1"CI0US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1033 
 
SIT 
 
 SIT 
 
 SIZ 
 
 SIR'UP-£D, (sir'upt,) a. Moistened or tinged witli 
 
 sirup or sweet juice. Dratiton. 
 SIR'(]r-Y,a. Like sirup, or partaking of its quiilities. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 SlR-yFJ^''TE' , (seer-vlngt',) n. [Fr.l A peculiar spe- 
 cies of poetry, usually satirical, ollen used by the 
 troubadours of the middle ages. Brande. 
 
 SI-SaL' hemp, ) It. The prepared fiber of the 
 
 SI-SAL' GR.4SS, i Agave Americana, or American 
 aloe, used for cordage ; so called from Sisal, a port 
 in Yucatan. 
 
 SISE, for Assize. 
 
 SISE, n. Six, a term in games. 
 
 SIS'KIN, 71. A bird ; aiiotlier name of the aberdavine. 
 
 Johnson. Did. Hi^t. 
 The siskin or aberdavine is the Fringilla spinus. 
 
 Etl. Encyc. 
 
 SISS, ». i. [D. sissm ; Dan. sunser! G. sausai; Sw. 
 
 sitsa, to buzz, rush, hiss, whistle.] 
 
 To hiss ; a legitimate woril^ loeal in England., hut in 
 
 univer.^al popular use in JSTew England. ilaUiwtil. 
 SIS'TER, n. [Sax. liireosteri D. zuster ; G. i^chinester ; 
 
 Sw. sii.<ter ; Dun. softer; Russ. sestra; Pol. siodtrai 
 
 Dalmatian, szcsitre; Sans, s-wits-re.] 
 
 1. A female born of the same parents; correlative 
 to Brother. 
 
 2. A woman of the same faitli ; a female fellow- 
 Christian. 
 
 If a brollier or sister be naked and destitute of il;tly food. — 
 
 3. A female of the same kind. Sliak. 
 
 4. One of the same kind, or of the same condi- 
 tion ; as, 5t.-.-fer fruits. Pope. 
 
 5. A female of the same society, as the nuns of a 
 convent. 
 
 SIS'TER, V. t. To resemble closely. [Little used.] 
 
 Skak. 
 
 SIS'TER, V. i. To be akin ; to be near to. [LUtle 
 
 used.] Skak. 
 SIS'TER-HOOD, n. [sister and hood.] Sisters col- 
 lectively, or a society of sisters; or a society of fe- 
 males united in one faith or order. Addison. 
 2. The oliice or duty of a sister. [Little used.] 
 SIS'TER-IN-LAW, n. A husband's or wife's sister. 
 
 Ruth. 
 
 SIS'TER-LY, a. Like a sisterj becoming a sister; 
 
 affectionate ; as, sisterly kindness. 
 SIS'TRU.M, 71. [Gr. actnronv, from c-ciu, to shake.] 
 A kind of timbrel which the Egyptian priests of 
 Isis used to shake at the festivals of that goddess. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SIS'Y-PHUS,n. [L., fromGr.] \n fabulous history, ?i 
 robber or Imitor notorious for his cunning, and whose 
 crimes were punished by his being compelled to roll 
 to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly 
 recoiled, and made his task incessant. Brande. 
 
 SIT, V. i. ; pret. Sat ; old pp. Sitten. [Goth, sitan ; 
 Siix. sitan or sittan ; D. zitten ; G. sitzcn ; Sw. sitla ; 
 Dan. sidder ; L. sedeo ; It. sedere ; Fr. seoir, whence 
 asseoir, to set or place, to lay, to assess, from the 
 participle of which we have assise, assize, a sitting, 
 a session, wljence size, by contraction ; VV. scza, to 
 sit habitually ; sezu, to seat ; gorsez, a supreme seat ; 
 gorsezu, to preside ; Arm. aseza, diaseza, sizhea, to 
 sit; It. suidhim, eisidhim, and seisim ; Corn, seadha, to 
 sit. It coincides with the Ch. and Heb. ■\D> and 
 Ileb. TT'Sy, to set, place, or found, and perhaps with 
 
 the Ar. i^am sadda, to stop, close, or make firm. 
 See Class Sd, No. 31, 56. (See Sr.T.) The Sp. 
 sitiar, to besiege, is the same word dillerently ap- 
 plied.] 
 
 1. To rest upon the buttocks, as animals ; as, to 
 jit on a sofa or on the ground. 
 
 2. To perch ; to rest on the feet ; as fowls. 
 
 3. To occupy a seat or place in an official capacity. 
 TUe Bcribe* and l!ie Pharincoa fit in MoBcs'a seat. — Matt, xxiii. 
 
 4. To be in a state of rest or idleness. 
 
 Sliall your brctlircn go to war, and shall ye fit here ? — Num. 
 xxxii. 
 
 5. To rest, lie, or bear on, ag a weight or burden ; 
 as, grief siLi heavy on his heart. 
 
 C. To settle ; to rest ; to abide. 
 
 Pule horror fot on each Arcadi:in faM. Drylen. 
 
 7. To incubate ; to cover and warm eggs for hatch- 
 ing ; as a fowl. 
 
 Af the j[>arlhdgc fittfiA on eg^jt and .latclielh them not. — Jer. 
 
 8. To be adjusted ; to be, with respect to fitness 
 or unfitncHH ; as, a coat sits well or ill. 
 
 Tltif new and jror^eouf garment, inajcsty, 
 
 •S'itJ not to eiuy on mc lu you think. Shai. 
 
 9. To be placed in order to be painted ; as, to ail 
 for onf's picture. 
 
 10. To be in any situation or condition. 
 
 S<ip)>"«e all the ehiireh Iniidi to l«e thrown 
 ttie f-nnnlj fit eaf ier In their rent* 1)ih 
 
 iptothe laity; woiil.l 
 1 now ( i'm/l. 
 
 II. To hold a scsHlon ; to he otfirially engaged in 
 public huaincu ; B» judges, leeiKlatom, or olliiiiTX of 
 un^ kind. Tlia House of Conimoiis someiitni^s titji 
 
 till late at night. The judges or the courts sit in 
 Westminster Hall. The commissioners sit every 
 day. 
 
 12. To exercise authority; as, to sit in judgment. 
 One council si(s upon life and death. 
 
 13. To be in any assembly or council as a member ; 
 to have a seat. 1 jMacc. 
 
 14. To be in a local position. The wind sits fair. 
 [Unusual.] 
 
 To .Wf at meat ; to be at table for eating. 
 To sit down ; to place one's self on a chair or other 
 seat ; as, to sit down at a meal. 
 
 2. To begin a siege. The enemy sat down before 
 the town. 
 
 3. To settle ; to fix a permanent abode. Spenser. 
 
 4. To rest ; to ce.ase as satisfied. 
 
 Here we Ciin not sit down, but still proceed in our search. 
 
 RogeTS. 
 
 To sit mt ; to be without engagement or employ- 
 ment. [Little used.] Saundersnn. 
 
 To sit up; to rise or be raised from a recumbent 
 posture. 
 
 Jle that wae dead sat up, and began to speak. — Luke vii. 
 2. Not to go to bed ; as, to sit up late at night ; 
 also, to watch ; as, to sit up with a sick person. 
 SIT, V. t. To keep the seat upon. He sits a horse 
 well. 
 
 [ This phrase is elliptical.] 
 
 2. To sit me down, to sit him down, to-'if fion down, 
 equivalent to I seated myself, l^c.,ave familiar phrases 
 used by good writers, though deviations from strict 
 propriety. 
 
 They eat them down to weep. Milton. 
 
 3. " The court mas sat," an expression of Addison, 
 is a gross impropriety. 
 
 SITE, 71. [L. situs. Eng. seat ; from the root of L. 
 sedeo, to sit. Tlie Roman pronunciation was sretus.] 
 
 1. Situation ; local position ; as, the site of a city 
 or of a house. 
 
 2. A seat or ground-plot ; as, a mill-sj(i;. Rut we 
 usually say, mill-.<ra?, by which we understand the 
 place where a mill stands, or a place convenient for 
 a mill. 
 
 3. The posture of a thing with respect to itself. 
 
 The semblance of a lover fixed 
 In melauchoiy site. Thomson. 
 
 [This is improper.] 
 SIT' ED, a. Placed ; situated. [JVotinuse.] Spenser. 
 SIT'FaST, 71. In farriery, an ulcerated horny sore 
 glowing on a horse's back, under the saddle. 
 
 Farm. Encyc. 
 
 SITH, adv. [Sax. sith, siththan.] 
 
 Since ; in later times. [Ofts.] Spenser. 
 STTHE, 71. Time. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 Srf HE. See Scythe. 
 
 llTH'ES I t^^^- 
 
 Since ; in later times. [OJs.] Spenser. 
 SIT'TER, 71. [from sit] One that sits. The Turks 
 are great sitters. Bacon. 
 2. A bird that sits or incubates. Mortimer. 
 SIT'TING, ppr. or a. Resting on the buttocks, or on 
 the feet, as fowls; incubating; brooding; being in 
 the actual exercise of authority, or being assemljlW 
 for that purpose. 
 
 2. a. In botany, sessile, i. e., without petiole, pe- 
 duncle, or pedicel, &c. 
 SIT'TING, 71. The posture of being on a seat. 
 
 2. Tlie act of placing one's self on a seat ; as, a 
 sitting down. 
 
 3. A seat, or the space occupied by a person in a 
 church. England. 
 
 4. The art or time of resting in a posture for a 
 painter to take the likeness. For a portrait, six or 
 seven sittings may be rctjuircd. 
 
 5. A session ; the actual presence or meeting of 
 any body of men in their seats, clothed with author- 
 ity to transact business ; as, a sitting of the judges 
 of the King's Bench ; a sitting of the House of Com- 
 mons ; during the silting of the Supreme Court. 
 
 C. An uninterrupted application to business or 
 study for a time ; course of study unintermitted. 
 
 For til" utideniLindinjj of any one of Paul's epistles, 1 read it 
 thronjjh at one situng. Locke. 
 
 7. A time for which one sits, as at play, at work, 
 or on a visit. Dryden, 
 
 8. Incubation ; a resting on eggs for hatching ; as 
 fowls. 
 
 Tile male bird amuses the female wiUi his songs, durin? the whole 
 time of her fiuirif , AtliUso '. 
 
 SIT'U-ATE, a. [Fr. silver ; It. sUuare, silaato ; Sp. 
 situar ; from L. situs, sedeo.] 
 
 1. Placed, with respect to any other object ; as, a 
 town siluaie on n hill or on the sea-shore. 
 
 2. l*lact;d ; consisting. 
 
 Pleasure filuat« in hill aitd date, Milton, 
 
 JVote. — In the United Slates, this word ia loss 
 used llian SiTt'ATKi), but Inith are well aiillitiri/.ed. 
 Sri''ll-A-TEI), n. [See Siti ate.] Seated, pl.iced, 
 or Hliinding with ri spect to any other object ; ns, a 
 cily situated on a declivity, or in friuit of a lake ; n 
 
 town well situated for trade or manufactures ; an 
 observatory well situated for observation of the stars. 
 New York is situated in the forty-first degree ol 
 north latitude. 
 
 2. Placed or being in any state or condition with 
 regard to men or tilings. Observe how the executor 
 is situated with respect to the heirs. 
 SIT-t^-A'TION, 71. [Fr. ; It. situazione.] 
 
 1. Position; seat; location in respect to something 
 else. The situatioti of London is more favorable for 
 foreign commerce than that of Paris. The situation 
 of a stranger among people of habits differiifg from 
 his own, can not be jileasant. 
 
 2. State ; condition. He enjoys a situation of ease 
 and tiaiii|uillity. 
 
 3. (Circumstances ; temporary state ; used of per- 
 sons in a dramatic scene. Johnson. * 
 
 4. Place ; office. He has a situation in the war 
 department, or under government. 
 
 S't'VA, 71. In Indian mythology, a title of the Supreme 
 Being, in the clinrarter of tiie avenger or destroyer. 
 
 SI VAN, 71. The third month of the Jewish ecclesias- 
 tical year, answering to part of our May and part of 
 June. 
 
 SIV-A-THe'RI-UM, 71. [Siea, an Indian deity, and 
 Gr. 9/;/)i»i>, a wild animil.] 
 
 An extinct animal, whose skull and other bones 
 were recently discovered in India. It had four 
 horns and a proboscis; was larger than the rhinoce- 
 ros, and must have resembled an immense antelope. 
 
 Mantell. 
 
 SIX, a. [Fr. siz ; L. sex; It. sei; Sp. seis ; D. zes; t». 
 sech.-< ; Dan. and Sw. sex; Sax. six; Gr. £f. Q,n. 
 Sans. sha.ihta, Heb. Vm shi.ih.] 
 Twice three ; one more than five. 
 SIX, 71. The number of six, or twice three. 
 
 To be at six and seven, or, as more generally used, 
 at sizes and sevens, is to be in disorder. 
 
 Bacon. Swift. Shak. 
 SIX'FoLD, a. [six and fold ; Sax. six and feald.] 
 
 Six times repeated; six double; six times as 
 much. 
 
 SIX'PENCE, 71. [six and pence.] An English silver 
 coin of the value of six pennies ; half a shilling. 
 2. The value of six pennies or half a shilling. 
 
 SIX'-PEN-NY, a. Worth sixpence ; as, a six-penny 
 loaf. 
 
 SIX'-PET-.VL-ED, a. In botany, having six distinct 
 
 petals or flower leaves. Martyn. 
 SIX'SCoRE, u. [six and score.] Six times twenty ; 
 
 one hundred ami twenty. Sandys. 
 SIX'TEEN, a. [Sax. sixtene, sixtyne.] 
 
 Six and ten ; noting the sum of six and ten. 
 SIX'TEENTH, a. [Sax. sixteotha.] 
 
 The sixtli after the tenth ; the ordinal of sixteen. 
 SIXTH, a. [Sax. sixta.\ 
 
 The first after the fifth ; the ordinal of six. 
 SIXTH, 71. The sixth part. 
 
 2. In 7na«c, a hexachord, an interval of two kinds ; 
 the minor sixth, consisting of three tones and two 
 semitones major, and the major sixth, composed of 
 four tones and a major semitone. Rousseau,. 
 SIXTH'LY, adv. In the sixth place. Bacon. 
 SIX'TI-ETH, a. [Sax. sixtcogolha.] 
 
 The ordinal of sixty. 
 SIX'TY, a. [Sax. sixtig.] 
 
 Ten times six. 
 SIX'TY, 71. The number of six times ten. 
 SIZ'A-BLE, a. [from size.] Of considerable bulk. 
 
 Ilurd. 
 
 9. Being of reasonable or suitable size ; as, sizable 
 timber. 
 
 ST'ZAR, 71. In the university of Cambridge, England, 
 the name of a body of students next below the pen- 
 sioners, who cat at the public table, after the fellows, 
 free of expense. They formerly waited on the table 
 at meals, but this is ilone away with. They were 
 probably so called from being thus employed in dis- 
 tributing tlie size or provisions. [See Size, No. 3.] 
 
 }[ul>er. 
 
 SIZE, n. [Either contracted from assize, or from the 
 L. .■.cis-.tiis. I take it to be from the former, and from 
 the sense of setting, as we apply the word to the as- 
 size of bread. 1 
 
 1. Bulk ; bigness ; magnitude ; extent of super- 
 ficies. Size particularly expresses tliicknt^ss ; as, the 
 size of a tree or of a mast ; the size of a ship or of 
 a rock. A man may be tall, with little size of body. 
 
 2. A settled iiuantity or allowance. [Contracted 
 from assize.] 
 
 3. At the univer.'silu of Cambridge, England, food 
 anil drink from the buttery, aside from the regular 
 dinner at commons, corresponding to IUttei. at Ox- 
 ford. Orad. ad Coiitub. 
 
 4. Figurative bulk ; condition as to rank and rhar- 
 arler J as, men of less and ipiality. [JVot much 
 u,,T(/.l L' Estrange. 
 
 .'i. Wilh shoemakers, n measure of length. 
 SIZE, 71. (W. .--yth, stiff, rigid, and size, Sp. .^sa; 
 from tlie roof of assize, that which sets or fixes.] 
 
 1. A kiiiil of weak glue, used in manufactures. 
 
 2. An insirunieiil emisisting of thin l<Navi;s fastened 
 together at one end by a rivet ; used for ascertaining 
 the size of pearls. Encye. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^T METE, PRfiV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 J036 =========== 
 
SKE 
 
 SI7.P., u. <. Tu adjust or arrange accordiiis to size or 
 bulk. llnihbras. 
 
 'J. To settle; to fix the Ktaiul.ird of; as, to ni-.c 
 weights and iin asiiri's. [JVuic Utile usrd.] 
 3. 'J'o cover with size ; to pri-pare with size. 
 ■I. To swell ; to increase the biili< of. Braum. ^- Ft. 
 5. Anion^ Cornish minrrg^ to sepurate the liner from 
 the coarser parts of a metal by silling lliem through 
 a wire*iieve. Kacijc. 
 SIZE, V. i. At the ii7tiv€r!iitij of Ctimbridge^ Knsrtand, 
 to order food or drink from the buttery ; a word cor- 
 rospcinding to Hattel at Oxford. OratL ad Cantab, 
 SIZ'Kl), pp. Adjusted according to size; prepared 
 with size. 
 
 9. a. Having a particular irrasnitude. Sliak. 
 J\r<ite. — This word is used in compounds; as, 
 large-.-fiicr/, conimon-ofitc/i, middle-.s-j:f//, &lc, 
 PI'ZKI,, n. In coi«i;n', the residue of plates of silver, 
 
 aftiir pieces are cut out for coins. 
 SIZ'EU, n. Ill Ute university of Cambridite-, a student 
 of the rank next below that of a pensioner, [.'^ee 
 
 SIZE'-S'j 
 
 slick. 
 
 SIZ'I-NE?S, 71. [from si:i/.] Glutinousnesg ; vis- 
 consness ; the quality of size ; as, the siziness of 
 lilood. 
 
 STZ'li\(r, ppr. Arranging according to size. 
 SIZ'ING, K. A kind of weak glue used in manufac- 
 tures. [See Size.] 
 SIZ'Y, a. [from iiic] Glutinous ; thick and viscous ; 
 ropy ; having the adhesiveness of size ; as, sizij 
 blood. Jirbnthnat. 
 SKAII'DLE, (skad'dl.) n. [Sax. scatli, sccatJt.] 
 Hurt ; damage. (jfTut in use.'j 
 
 AD'DI.I-V n. Ilnrtfiil r miscliii 
 
 5riCK, n. With shoemakers, a measuring 
 
 SK.\D'ULE, a. Hurtful ; miscliievous. 
 
 [JVot in use.] 
 Rnv. 
 
 SKAD'UONS, ji.p/. The embryos of bees. [A'u't in 
 
 vse.] Bailcij. 
 SK.^LN, n. [Fr. escaisrnr.'] 
 
 A knot of thread, yarn, or silk, or a number of 
 knots collected. F.ncijc., art. Rope. 
 
 SKaINS'MaTE, n. A messmate; a companion. 
 
 [jVot in use.] Skak. 
 SKAI,n, ;i. [till. Sw. sealla, to sing.] 
 
 An ancient Scandinavian poet or bard. 
 
 SKAIIF ) i ''"lid; shy. Grose. 
 
 SKATE, 71. [D, schaats; probably from the root of 
 shoot ; It. scalto, a slip or slide.] 
 
 A frame of wood furnished with a smooth iron and 
 fastened under the foot, for moving rapidly on ice. 
 
 SKA'i'K, r. i. To slide or move on skates. 
 
 SK.ATE, 71. [Sax. sceadda ; L. stjuatus^ sqnatina ; W. 
 cAtJi 7ror or morf^atJt, that is, seacal. This shows that 
 skate is formed on cat. The primary sense of eat I 
 do not know ; but in W. ccilh eithcn is a hare ; that 
 is, furze or fforse-eat.] 
 
 A popular name of numerong cartilaginous fishes 
 of the genus llaia,liavinz the body much de pressed, 
 and more or less of a rhomboidal form. The Kaia 
 Hat is, calli'd the Skate, Oray Skate, or Blue Skate, is 
 the most common, weishing sometimes 200 pounds, 
 and is much used for the table. 
 
 P. Cifc. Jardinc^s JV'at. Lib. 
 
 SK.aT'ER, 71. One that skates on ice. Johnson. 
 
 SK.AT'I.NG, 71. The art or art of moving on skates. 
 
 SKaT'ING, ppr. Sliding or moving on skates. 
 
 SKE.AN, 71. [Sax. sa-ircn.] 
 
 A short sworil, or a knife. [JVot in use.] 
 
 PKEF.D. See Skid. [Bacon. Spen.ier. 
 
 SKEEL, 71. [G. schale. Eng. shell.] 
 
 A shallow, wooden vessel lor holding milk or 
 cream. [Local.] Orose. 
 
 SKEET, 71. A long scoop vised to wet the sides of 
 ships or the sails of small vessels. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SKEG, 71. A sort of wild plum. Johnson, 
 
 SKEG'GER, n. A little salmon. IVatton. 
 
 SKEIX, (skunej n. A knot or a number of knots of 
 thread, silk, or yarn. 
 
 SKEL'DER, 71. A cant term for a vagrant. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 SKEt/E-TON, 71. [Fr. squeletle; It. sehclelro ; Sp. 
 esqurleto ; Gr. wA-fXtroc, dr>*, from {TKi}^\to, to dr)-, 
 that is, to contract ; allied perhaps to L. calico, cal- 
 lus,] 
 
 1. The bones of an animal body, separated from 
 the flesh and retained in their natural positimi or con- 
 nections. When the bones are connected by the nat- 
 ural ligaments, it is called a natural skeleton ; when 
 by wires, or any foreign substance, an artificial skel- 
 eton. Kncyc. IVistJlr. 
 
 2. The compages, general stnicture, or frame of 
 any thing ; the principal parts that support the rest, 
 but without the appendages. 
 
 H. The heads and outline of a literary perform- 
 ance, particularly of a senium. 
 •1. A very thin or lean pi rson. 
 SKEL'E-TO.\-K£Y, n. A thin,linhl kev, with nearlv 
 the whole siibsUince of the bits filed away, so that it 
 may he less obstructed by the wards of a lock. 
 SKEL'I.U.M, n. \G. schelm.] [IlcberU 
 ' icoundrel. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SKEL'LY, c. i. To scpiint. 
 
 BrocKetL 
 
 SKI 
 
 SKEI,!', 11. A blow ; a smart stroke. Brocket!. 
 SKi;i', II. A coarse, round farm-basket. [.V«! used in 
 
 Jimerica.] 'J%tssrr. Farm. F.ncijc. 
 
 2. Ill Scotland, the repository in which bi-cs lay 
 
 their hmiey. Johnson. 
 SKEP'TIC, 71. [Gr. oK.'TrriKnf, from aK^irTvpai, to 
 
 look about, to consider, to spixulale ; Sax. csceuioiati, 
 
 to look about, to see, also to show. Sec Show.] 
 
 1. One who doubts the truth and reality of any 
 principle or system of principles or doctrines. In 
 philosophy, a I'yrrhonist or follower of I'yrrlio, the 
 founder of a sect of skeptical pliilosopliers, wlio 
 maintained that no certain inferences can be drawn 
 from the reports of the senses, and who therefore 
 doubted of every thing. Fnficld. 
 
 2. Ill theoloiry, a person who doubts the existence 
 and perfections of God, or the truth of revelation ; 
 one who disbelieves the divine original of the Chris- 
 tian religion. 
 
 SullVr nul your fiiilli to Ix; shaken by the sopliiBtrica of fkrptics. 
 
 Clarke. 
 
 SKEP'Tie, ) a. Doubting; hesitating to admit 
 SKEl"Tlt;-AIj, ( the certainty of doctrines or prin- 
 ciples ; doubting of every thing. 
 2. Doubting or denying the truth of revelation. 
 
 The akcptictd svatein subverts Uie wliule foiHuhilioii of monla. 
 
 lto\>. Hall. 
 
 SKEP'Tie-AL LY, adv. With doubt; in a doubling 
 manner. 
 
 SKEl"Tie-AE-NESS, 71. Doubt; pretense or pro- 
 fession of tioubt. 
 SKKP'TI-CI.SM, 71. [Fr. sceplicisme.] 
 
 1. The doctrines and opinions of the Pyrrlionists 
 or skeptical philosophers ; universal duubt ; the 
 scheme of philosophy which denies the certainty of 
 any knowledge rcs|>ectiiig the phenomena of na- 
 ture. 
 
 2. In theolotry, a doubting of the truth of revela- 
 tion, or a di'uial of the (fivine ori;:iii of t!ie Cliris- 
 tiau religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of 
 God. 
 
 Let no dfspondt^ncy, or timidity, or wen*', gkeptieigm, lrni\ any one 
 lo tioubt uhethcr this blessed prosixxX will be rrali7i'd. 
 
 i'. Aliller. 
 
 SKEP'TI-CIZE, r. 1. To doubt ; to pretend to doubt 
 
 of everv thing. [Little used.] Sliaftesbunj, 
 SKER'IIY, 71. A rocky isle. 
 
 SKETCH, 71. [», .ichets ; G. sklzze ! Fresquisse; Sp. 
 esiiuicio ; It. schizzo, a sketch, a squirting, a spurt, a 
 gushing, a leap, hop, or frisking ; .■<chizzare,lo stpiirt, 
 to spin, stream, or spout. Wc see the primary sense 
 of the verb is, to throw, the sense of shoot, it. scat- 
 tare, li. .teateo.] 
 
 An outline or general delineation of any thing; a 
 first rough or incomplete draught of a plan or any de- 
 sign ; as, the sketch of a building ; the sketch of an 
 essay. 
 
 SKETCH, V. U To draw the outline or general figure 
 of a thing ; to make a rough draught. H'atts. 
 2. To plan by giving the principal points or ideas. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SKETCH'ED, (skecht,) pp. Having the outline 
 SKETCH'ER, 71. One who sketches. [drawn. 
 SKETCII'I .\ ESS, H. State of being sketchy. 
 SKETCH'ING, ppr. Drawing the outline. 
 SKETCIl'Y, 0. Containing only an outline ; incom- 
 plete. 
 
 SKEW, (sku,) adv. [G. schief; Dan. skiiCti.] 
 
 Awry ; oliliipiely. [See .'Vskew.] 
 SKEW, 17. t. [Dan. skiiteer, to twist or distort.] 
 
 1. To look obliquely upon; to notice slightly. 
 [JVot in use.] Beaoin. 
 
 2. To shape or form in an oblique way. [JVot in 
 
 7|.>tf.] 
 
 SKEW, r. i. To walk obliquely. [Local.] 
 
 SKEW'BACK, (sktl'bak,) 71. In brickwork and Tna- 
 sonnj, the abutment which slopes to receive the end 
 of an arch. Brandc. 
 
 SKEWIiRIDGE, 71. A kind of bridge upon a railroad, 
 when it intersects any existing communication at 
 riitht angles. Brande. 
 
 SKEWER, (sku'er,) 71. A pin of wood or iron for 
 fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form 
 while ntasling. Drydcti, 
 
 SKEWER, r. t. To fasten with skewers. 
 
 SKEW'ER-I.NG, ppr. Fastening with skewers. 
 
 SKID, 71. A piece of timber placed up and down the 
 side of a vessel, to preserve it from injury by heavy 
 bodies hoisted or lowered against it. Totlen. 
 
 2. A chain uscil for fastening the wheels of a wag- 
 on, to prevent its turning when descending a steep 
 hill. Ji'ar7;i. Funic. 
 
 3. A name given to pieces of timber used for sup- 
 ports, as of a row of barrels, &c. .America. 
 
 SKIFF, 71. [Fr. riyiii/"; It. schifo ; Pp. esqiiifo ; L. 
 scapha : G. schiff: from the same root as .^kip.] 
 
 A small, light boat, resembliiii; a yawl. JUar. Diet. 
 
 SKIFF, V. t. To pass over in a light boat. 
 
 SKILL, n. [Sax. *cj//a7i, to separate, to distinguish; 
 Ice. and Sw. skiUa, Dan. skillcr, to divide, sever, 
 part ; whence shield, that which separates, and hence 
 that which protects or defends ; D. scheeten, to diller ; 
 Bchillen, to peel or pare. Scale is from the root of these 
 
 SKI 
 
 words, as in shell, Sax. scul, sceal. In Ileh. V^D IH, 
 ftKili>li, perverse, and as a verb, to pervert, to be fool- 
 ish or perverse ; in Cli. to Ullder^t:lIld or consitler, to 
 look, to regard, to caiisi: to kiiuw, whence kiinwl- 
 rdgc, knowing, wise, wisdom, understanding ; Itab. 
 to be ignorant or loolish ; Sj r. to be foolish, lo wan- 
 der in iiiiiiil, also, to cause to iiiidi rslaiid, to know, 
 to perceive, to discern, also, to err, to do wrung, lo 
 sin, to fail in duty ; w hence, foolish, fidly, ignorance, 
 error, sin, aiitl understanding; Sain, to be wont or 
 accustonii tl, lo look or behold. The same verb with 
 t:", lleb. S^y, signifies, to understand, to be wise, 
 wlii nce wisiloni, understanding, also, lo waste, to 
 scatter, or destroy, to bereave, also, lo prosper; Cli. 
 to understand ; 'j'^atf to complete, to perfect ; 
 with a prefix. This signifies, also, lo found, lo lay a 
 fouiidaliun; .Syr. to found, also, to finish, complete, 
 
 adorn, from the same root; Ar. ^ ^—1 12. shakala, to 
 
 bind or tic, w hence Fmc, shackles ; also, to be dark, 
 obsciiri^, intricate, dilhcult, to form, lo make like, lo 
 be of a beautiful form, to know, lo be ignorant, lo 
 agree, suit, or becoine. These verbs a|ipear to be 
 formed on the root '72, "yO to holtl, ter restrain, w birh 
 coincides in signification with the Cli. ami Eth. ^n3, 
 to be able, L. calico, that is, to .strain, stretch, reach, 
 and with SV^, to pi rl'i rt, that is, to make souiiil, or 
 to reach the niniosl limit. The sen.se of folly, ermr, 
 sill, perverseiiess, is from wanderint;, deviation, Gr. 
 anoXioi i the sense of .s7ij7i and understanding is iVom 
 scpaiatitm, di.scernmeul, or from taking, holdiiii!, or 
 reaching to, for strength and kiiowb dge are allied, 
 and olten from tension. The sense of ignorance 
 and error is from wandering or deviation, or per- 
 haps it proceeds from a negative sense given to the 
 primary verb by the prefix, like ez in Latin and s in 
 Italian. The .Vrabie sense of biniliiig and shackles 
 is IVoiii straining. The Eng. shall anil sluruld belong 
 to tills laiiilly.] 
 
 1. Tlie fiiiiiliar knowledge of any art or science, 
 united with readiness and dexterity in execution or 
 perfiiriiiance, or in the apjdicalion of the art or sci- 
 ence to |irarlical purposes. Thus we speak of the 
 skill of a iiiatlieinatician, of a surveyor, of a phy- 
 sician or surgeon, of a mechanic or seaman. So we 
 speak of skill ill nianageineiit or negotiation. 
 
 Uryden, Swift, 
 
 2. Any particular art. [JVot in use,] llookir. 
 SKILL, 7'. f. To know ; to iinderslanu. [Obs.] 
 SKILL, V. i. To be knowing in; to be dextrous in 
 
 perfonnaiire. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 2. To diller; to make diflercnce ; to matter or be 
 of interest. [04,«.] Hooker. Bacon. 
 
 [ This is the Teutonic and Gothic sense of the word.] 
 
 SKILL'fil), a. Having taiiiiliar knowledge uiiiteil « illi 
 readiness and dexterity in the application of it; fa- 
 miliarly acquainted with ; expert; skillful; followed 
 by in ; as, a professor skilled in logic or geometry ; 
 one skilled in the arl of engraving. 
 
 SKILL'ESS, a. Wanting skill ; artless. Shak. 
 
 SKIL'LET, n. [(iu. Fr. ecuclle, ecucllctle.] 
 
 A small vessel of iron, copper, or other metal, with 
 a long handle, used for healing and boding water and 
 other culinary purposes. 
 
 SKILL'FIJL, a. Knowing; well versed in any art ; 
 hence, dextrous ; able in management ; able lo per- 
 fiuiii nicely any iiiaiiiial operation in the arts or pro- 
 fessions ; as, a skillj'al mechanic ; a skillful operator 
 in surgery. 
 
 2. Well versed in practice ; as, a skillful physician. 
 It is fiillowed by at or in ; as, skdlj'ul at the organ ; 
 skillful in drawing. 
 
 SKILL'FIJL-LY, ade. With skill ; with nice art ; dex- 
 troiisly ; as, a machine skillfully made ; a ship skitl- 
 fulhf managetl. 
 
 SKILL'FUL-N'ESS,?!. The quality of possessingskill ; 
 dexlroiisness ; ability to pertorm well in any part or 
 business, or to manage affairs with judgment and 
 exactness, or according lo good Uisle or just rules ; 
 kiiowli>dKC and abilily derived from experience. 
 
 SKI L'LIiN'G, 71. .\ bay of a barn ; also, a slight addi- 
 tion to a colI;ige. [Local.] 
 
 SKILT, n. [See Skill.] Difference. [04s.] 
 
 Cleavetand. 
 
 SKIM, 71. [A different orthography of SctM. Fr. 
 
 icnme ; It. schiuma ; G. schaum : D. schuim i Dan. and 
 
 Sw. skum : Ir. sgeimhim, to skim.] 
 Scum ; the thick matter that forms on the surface 
 
 of a liquor. [Little used.] 
 SKni, r. t. To lake off the thick, gross matter which 
 
 separates from any liquid substance, and collects on 
 
 the surface ; as, to skim milk by taking off the cream. 
 
 2. To lake otf by skimming ; as, lo skim cream. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. To pass near the surface ; to brush the surface 
 slightly. 
 
 The swallow tkinu the rirer's w.itery face. fhydtn, 
 
 SKI.M, r. i. To pass lightly ; to glide along in an «'««., 
 smooth course, or without flapping ; as, an eag.e or 
 hawk skims along the ethereal regions. 
 2. To glide along near the surface ; to pass lightly. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOL'S. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 130 
 
 nil* 
 
 1037 
 
SKI 
 
 3. To hasten over superficially or with slight at- 
 teiiticm. 
 
 They skim over a science in a superficial survey. Trails. 
 fKIM'BLE-^CAM'BLE, o. [.A duplication of scam- 
 ilc] Waiideriiia ; disorderly. Skak. 
 [j? toir^ uiiaiitJiurized ward.] 
 SKIM'-Col.T'BR, j B. A colter for paring off the 
 PKI.M'-eoULT'ER, ! surfice of land. 
 SlvI.M'MEI), pp. or a. Taken frmn the surface ; hav- 
 ina the thick matter taken from the surface ; brushed 
 along. 
 
 SKIM'MER, n. A utensil in the form of a scoop, 
 used for skimming liquors. 
 
 2. One that skims over a subject. [Utile used.] 
 
 3. A n eb-footed water fowl, of the genus Rhyn- 
 clnips. The black skimmer, Rhynchops nigra, is also 
 called Cutwater and Shearwater, whici) see. 
 
 JVuttall. P. Cyc. 
 PKIM'-'MILK, ) n. Milk from which the cream 
 SKIM'M/CD-.MILK, \ has been t.iken. 
 SKIM'MIi\G, ppr. Taking from the surface, as cream 
 from milk. 
 
 2. Gliding lichtlv along near the surface. 
 SKIM'MING-LY, adv. By gliding along the surface. 
 SKI.M'MIXG-TON, j 71. A vulgar word, [from the 
 SKI.M'I TRV, i Danish j,Aifm«T, to jest,] used 
 
 in the phrase to ride skimminzfott^ or skimitry, which 
 consisted in making a man who had been beaten by 
 his wife ride behind a woman on a horse, with his 
 face to the horse's tail, followed by a procession of 
 rough music, as frying-pans, bulls'-horns, marrow- 
 hon^?s, cleavers, &c. HalliweU. 
 
 SKFM'MINGS, 7t. pi. Matters skimmed from the sur- 
 face of liquors. Exlwards^ JVe.>t Indies. 
 
 SKI.V, n. [Sax. scin; Sw. skinii : Dan. skind, a skin ; 
 G. schi:iden, to flay ; Ir. scann, a membrane ; W. ys- 
 gin, a robe made of skin, a pi-lisse, said tn be from 
 ' c/h, a spread or covering. But in VVelsh cin is skin, 
 peel, or rind. This may signify, a covering, or,, peel, 
 from stripping.] 
 
 1. The natural covering of animal bodies, consist- 
 ina of the cuticle, or scarf-skin, the rete niucosum, 
 and the cutis, or hide. The cuticle is very thin and 
 insensible , the cutis is thicker and very sensible. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 •2. A hide ; a pelt ; the skin of an animal separated 
 from the burly, whether green, dr\', or tanned. 
 
 3. The body ; the person ; in ludicrous lau<ruage. 
 
 OEstranae. 
 
 4. The lark or husk of a plant ; the exterior coat 
 of fruits and plants. 
 
 SKIN, r. u 'J'o strip off the skin or hide ; to flay ; to 
 peel. Ellis. 
 
 2. To cover with skin. Drydm. 
 
 3. To cover superficially. MdL-ion. 
 SKI.V, r. i. To be covered with skin ; as, a wound 
 
 skins over. 
 
 SKI.V'-DEEP, a. Superficial; not deep ; sli:!ht. 
 
 Fiitham. 
 
 SKIX'FLIXT, ju [stin and ./!ire(.] A vcrj- niggardly 
 
 person. 
 SKLVK, n. [Sax. scenc.\ 
 
 1. Drink; pottage. \0b!>.'] Baenn. 
 
 2. [h. scincus.] A small species of lizard, found 
 in Northern and Western Africa, and considered by 
 the ancients a sort of universal medicine ; also, the 
 cimi.mon name of a genus of lizards, or saurian rep- 
 tiles, to which the oflicinal skiiik belongs. They 
 have a lona body, entirely covered with rounded im- 
 bricate scales, and are all natives of warm climates. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. P. Cyc. 
 SKINK, V. i. [Sax. seenean : G. and D. schenkrn ; Dan. 
 skienker : Pw. skanka ; Ice. skenkia, to bestow, to make 
 a present.] 
 
 To serve drink. [Obs.] 
 SKINK'ER, n. One that serves liquors. [Ohs.] 
 
 SUak. 
 
 SKIN'I-ESS, a. [from skin.] Having a thin skin ; as, 
 
 skinle.:s fruit. 
 SKIX'NED, pp. Stripped of the skin; flayed. 
 
 9. Covered with skin. 
 SKIX'XER, n. One that skins. 
 
 2. One that deals in skins, pelts, or hides. 
 SKIX'NI-.NESS, n. The quality of being skinny. 
 SKIX'.XING, ppr. Stripping of the skin ; flayirig. 
 SKI.V'NY, a. Consisting of skin, or of skin only; 
 
 wanting flesh. Ray. JIdUison. 
 
 SKIP, f. i. [Dan. kipper, to leap ; Ice. skopa.] 
 
 To leap ; to bound ; to spring ; as a goat or lamb. 
 Th** Iiri'l) (hy ri'.t H.wmi to M'-e l lo-d.iv, 
 
 be Ihy p-jiori, woul<l he skip iind play i Pope. 
 
 To skip over ; to pass without notice ; to omit. 
 
 Bur.on, 
 
 SKIP, V. L To pass over or by ; to omit ; to miss ; to 
 leap over. 
 
 TJ,ey who hiTo a mlntl lo ■<« the liaue, may tkip ihese two 
 chapter*. Ilurntl. 
 
 SKIP, n. A leap; a honnd ; a »pring. Sidnn/. 
 2. In mi«ic, a paaange from ime sound to nnotlier, 
 hv more Ili.in a degree nt once. Busby. 
 "KIP'-J M"K, n. An upstart. I.'Fjlrange. 
 SKIP'-KEN-NEI,, It. A lackey j a fw.lboy. 
 
 SKO 
 
 SKIP'PER, n. [Dan. skipper; D. schipper. See 
 Ship.] 
 
 1. The master of a small trading or merchant ves- 
 
 2. [from skip.]' A dancer. [sel, 
 
 3. A youngling ; a young, thoughtless person. 
 
 SItak. 
 
 4. T^ie Iiornfish, so called. 
 
 5. The cheese maggot. 
 
 SKIP'PET, n. [See Ship and Skiff.] A small boat. 
 
 [JViit in use.] Spenser. 
 SKIP'PIXG, ppr. or a. Leaping ; bounding. Skipping 
 
 notes, in mtuiic, are notes that are not in regular 
 
 course, but separate. ' 
 SKIP'PIXG-LY, adv. Bv leaps. 
 
 SKIP'PlNG-RoPE, n. A small rope used by young 
 persons in skipping, or leaping up and down. 
 
 SKIR.M'ISH, (skur'mish,) n. [Fr. esearmouclte ; It. 
 scaramuccia ; Sp. escaramuza ; Port, e-scaraniu^a ; G. 
 scharniiitzcl ; D. sckermtitseling ; Sw. skarmyUel ; 
 Dan. skiermydsel ; W. ysgarm, outcry ; ysirarmu, to 
 shout ; ysgarines, a shouting, a skirmish ; from garrn, 
 a shout. The primary sense is, to tlirow or drive. In 
 some of the languages, skirmish appears to be con- 
 nected with a word signilying defense; but defense 
 is from driving, repelling.] 
 
 1. A slight fight in war; a light combat by armies 
 at a great distance from each other, or between de- 
 tachments and small parties. 
 
 2. A contest ; a contention. 
 
 Tliey never meet but there's a skirmtsk of wit. Stink. 
 SKIR.M'ISH, V. i. To fight slightly or in small par- 
 ties. 
 
 SK!R.M'ISH-ER, n. One that skirmishes. 
 
 SKiR.M'ISH-IXG, (skur'-,) ;<;<r. Fighting sliglitly or 
 in detached parties. 
 
 SKIR.M'ISH-IXG, (skur*-,) n. The act of fighting in a 
 loose or slight encounter. 
 
 SKIKR, V. t. To scour; to ramble over in order to 
 clear. [JV*o( in use.] Shak. 
 
 SKIRR, V. i. To scour ; to scud ; to run hastily. [JVut 
 in use.] S.'mk. 
 
 SKI R'RET, 71. A plant, the Slum Sis.arum, a native of 
 China, Cochinchina, Corea, Japan. Ike. It has been 
 cultivated in Europe, time immcmonal, for the sake 
 of its esculent root, which somewhat resembles the 
 parsnep in flavor. It is eaten boiled, with butter, 
 pepper, &.C., or half-boiled, and subsequently fried. 
 It is a valuable culinar>' vegetable. 
 
 SKIR RHUS. See Scirrhus. [The spelling Skir- 
 RHtis would be preferable.] 
 
 SKIRT, (skurt,) 71. [Sw. siwrfa, a shift or close gar- 
 ment; Dan. skiort, a petticoat; skicrte, a skirt, a 
 shift. Tliese words seem to be from the root of sAorf, 
 from cutting otf.] 
 
 1. The lower and loose part of a coat or other gar- 
 ment ; the part below the waist ; as, the skirt of a 
 coat or mantle. 1 Sa77i. xv. 
 
 2. The edge of any part of dress. .Addison. 
 
 3. Border; edge; margin; extreme part; as, the 
 skirt of a forest ; the skirt of a town. Dryden. 
 
 4. A woman's g:irmerit like a petticoat. 
 
 5. The diaphragm or midriff in animals. 
 
 To spread the skirt orer ; in Scripture, to take under 
 on'^'s care and protection. Ruth iii. 
 SKIRT, V. t. To border ; to form the border or edge ; 
 or to run along the edge ; as, a plain skirted by rows 
 of trees ; a circuit skirted round with wood. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 SKIRT, 7'. i. To be on the border ; to live near the 
 extremity. 
 
 SiWii^ea — who ekirt alon^our western frontiers. 5. 5. Smith. 
 SKIRT' I XG, ) jt. The narrow, vertical 
 
 SKIR T'lXG-RoARD, j board, placed round the 
 
 margin of a floor. OtcilU 
 SKIR i 'En, pp. Bordered. 
 
 SKIRT'l.XG, ppr. liorderiug; forming a border. 
 SKIT, n. A wanton girl ; a reflection ; a jeer or gibe ; 
 
 a whim. [ Obs.] 
 SKIT, V. t. [Sa.x. scitan ; primarily to throw, to 
 
 sbnot.] 
 
 Tn cast reflections. [TMal.] Orose. 
 SKIT'TISH, o. [Un. Fr. ecouleiiT. See Scfo.] 
 
 1. Shy ; easily frightened ; shunning familiarity ; 
 timorous ; as, a restiff, .tkittLik jade. L'Estran^e. 
 
 2. Wanton ; vohitile ; hasty. Sliak. 
 
 3. Changeable; fickle; ns, iti<(/.<A fortune. Shnk. 
 SKIT'TISH-LY, adv. Shyly ; wantonly ; change- 
 
 ahlv. 
 
 SKIT'TISH-NESS, 71. Shyness; aptness to fear ap- 
 proach ; timidity. 
 2. Fickleness ; wantonness. 
 
 PKIT'TI.ES, (skit'tl/.,) 11. Ninepins. rFartm. 
 
 SKT'VERS, 71. pi. [G. schirfern, to shiver, to .scale ; 
 I), schyf, a slice ; Dan. skive, a slice, skifcr, skiver, a 
 slate.] 
 
 Sheepskins split or divided for the purpose of book- 
 binding. 
 
 SK()L'F,-'/ITF,, ) n. [Scolecite is,etymologirally,thp 
 SCOIj'E-CITI'^, ( propt-r spelling.] One division of 
 the old species Mesotype, f>crtirrinB in radiated crys- 
 talli/alKUis of a white color or traiisiiarent, and con^ 
 sistiitg of silica, nliimina, and liiiie, witli 13\ per 
 cent, of water. When n Hmiill imrtion of it is placed 
 
 SKY 
 
 in the exterior flame of the blowpipe, it twists like a 
 worm, [uisi.iXrii,] becomes opaque, and is converted 
 into a blebby, colorless glass. Dana. Pkdlips. 
 SKOXCE. See Sconce. 
 
 SKOR'O-DtTE, ; II. [Gr. (T/foo')(?oi/, garlic; from its 
 SCOK'O-DiTE, I smell under the blowpipe. ScoR- 
 
 ouiTE is, etymiilogically, the proper spellina.] 
 
 A native Compound of arsenic acid a id oxyd of 
 
 iron, having a leek-green or brownish color. Dana. 
 SKOR'ZlTE, 71. [from SAorza.] A variety of epidote. 
 
 [See Scorza.] 
 SKREEN. See Screen. 
 
 SKRIXGE, properly Scringe; a vulgar corruption of 
 
 Cringe. 
 SKuE. See Skew. 
 
 SKUG, I!. (. To hide. [Local.] HalliweU. 
 SKULK, r. 7. [Dan. .«ii«/fr ; i^w.skyla; D. schuilen, 
 to hide, shelter, sciilk ; the Eng. shelter.] 
 
 To lurk ; to withdraw into a corner, or intoa close 
 place for concealment. 
 
 No news of Phyl ! the bridesfToom came, 
 
 Ami ih'jii'lu bis brirle h-ul ektilked for shame. Sinfl. 
 
 And sku'.k beliind die snbterfii^ of .art. Priar. 
 
 SKULK, j 71. A person who skulks; one who 
 SKULK'ER, j avoids duty. Tottcn. 
 SKULK'KD, (skulkt,) pp. Lurked ; concealed. 
 SKULK'IXG, ppr. or a. Lurking; withdrawing into 
 
 a close place lor concealiiienl. 
 SKULK'IXG-LY, adv. In a skulking manner. 
 SKULL, n. [Sw. skalie, skull; skal, a shell; Dan. 
 
 skal, a shell, the skull, and skoU, the skull; D. 
 
 srliecl : G. hirnscliale, brain-shell ; Sp. cholla. See 
 
 Shell.] 
 
 1. The bime that forms the exterior of the head, 
 and incloses the brain. It is composed of several 
 parts united at the sutures. 
 
 2. A person. 
 
 Skulls that can not teach and will not learn. Coieper. 
 
 3. Skull, for shoal or school, of fish. [JVot nsed.] 
 SKULL'-CAP, 71. A head-piece. 
 
 2. .A herbaceous plant of the genus Scutellaria, the 
 calyx of whose flower, when inverted, appears like 
 a helmet with the vizor raised. London, 
 SKtJ.NK, 71. A digitigrade, carnivorous mammal, the 
 Mephitis Americana, found over a very wide extent 
 of country, bolli in North and South .America. It is 
 nearly allied to the weasel on the one hand, and to 
 the otter on the other. This animal has tw<» glands 
 near the inferior extremity of the alimentary canal, 
 which secrete an extremely fetid liquor, and which 
 the animal has the power of eiiiittiiia at pitiasure as 
 a miNans of defense. This liipior possesses valuable 
 medicinal powers, but its extreme offensivencss in- 
 terferes with its use. 
 SKUNK'-CAIVBAGE, / Tt. A herbaceous plant, the 
 SKUNK'-WEED, \ Ictodes fo-tidus or Potlios 
 fCEtida, so named from its smell. It has large leaves, 
 and grows in low, wet grounds in America. 
 
 Bigclow. Dcwni. 
 
 SKUR'RY, n. Haste ; impetuosity. BrockcU. 
 SKuTE, 71. A boat. [See Scow.] 
 SKY, 11. [Sw. sky, Dan. skye, a cloud; Dan. sky- 
 hintmrl, the vault of heaven.] 
 
 1. The aiirial region which surrounds the earth ; 
 the apparent arch or vault of heaven, which in a clear 
 day is of a blue color. Mdton. 
 
 2. The heavens. Dryden. 
 
 3. The weather ; the climate. Johnson. 
 
 4. A cloud ; a sh.adow. [Oiis.] Ooiccr. 
 SKV'-RLl'E, a. Of the blue color of the sky. 
 SKV'-BOR.N, a. Born or produced in the sky. 
 
 Collins. 
 
 SKY'-BUILT, (-bill,) a. Built in the sky. 
 
 IVordsieorth, 
 
 SKV'-eOL-OR, ( knl-lur,) n. The color of the sky ; 
 
 a particular species of blue color; a/.iire. Boyle. 
 SK9'-e5l,-0R-KD, (-kul-lurd,) a. Like the sky in 
 
 color; blue; azure. j^ddison. 
 SKt'-D-J-A'D, (-dide,) a. Colored like the sky. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SK?'£D, (sklde,) a. Surrounded by sky. [Poetic] 
 
 T/tonison^ 
 
 SKV'EY, (7. Like the skv ; ethereal. 
 SKf'-UKJII, adv. High as the sky ; very high. 
 SKt'ISII, a. Like the sky, or approaching tlie sky. 
 The sk^ith h.-ad 
 Of bloc Olympus. (.l bad aord.] Sliak. 
 
 SKV'-LXRK, 71. A species of lark that mounts and 
 
 sinas as it flies, the .Maiida arvensis. It is common 
 
 in Europe and in some parts of Asia. 
 
 Spectator. .Jardine. 
 SK?'-l..K RK-IXG, 71. Among ,«ramc7i, running about 
 
 the riaaiuir of a vessel in sport ; frolickine. Toltfn. 
 SKV-LIGIIT, (lite ) It. A window placed in the roof 
 
 of a building, or ceiling of a room, for the admission 
 
 of light. Pope. 
 SKV'-POINT-IXG, a. Pointing to the sky. 
 SK?'K0(;K-F,T, 71. A rocket that ascends high and 
 
 burns as it flies ; a species of fireworks. Addison. 
 SK?'-ROl)F-£D. (-rood,) a. Having the sky for a 
 
 ri>fif. IVord..-ioorUu 
 SK?'SaIL, n. The sail set next above the royal. 
 
 ToUen. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PA^L, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 io:w 
 
SLA 
 
 SLA 
 
 SLA 
 
 SK V'-SCRaP-ER, n. A sky-sail of a triangular form. 
 
 '/'i/tUil. 
 
 PKV'U-ARI), a. Toward ttiu sky. 
 
 SLAE), <i. 'I'liick ; visroiis. [JVot u.ieJ.] Shak. 
 
 SLAIi, H. [ VV. Hub, i/.v/ui, a lliiii stri|).] 
 
 1. A thill pii ce of marble or oilier stone, having 
 ri).'ht angles anil plane siirfat i-s. nwilt. 
 
 •2. All outside piece taken from a lug or timber in 
 sawiiijf it into boards, planks, &.C. 
 
 3. A puddle, l.-^eu Slop.] Evrbjn. 
 
 Slub-s af lin ; tile lesser masses wliich (he workers 
 cast the metal into. These arc run into molds of 
 stone. 
 
 SLAli'liER, V. i. [D. slabben; G. schlabbcn, schla- 
 bcrn.] 
 
 To let the saliva or othcrliquid fall from the month 
 carelessly ; to drivel. It is also written Slaver and 
 Si.oHMeii, and often pronounced stub'ber. 
 SL.'\U'liEli, 11. {. To sup up hastily, as licpiid food. 
 
 Ilarret. 
 
 2. To wet and foul by liipiids sulfered to fall care- 
 lessly fniiii the mouth. 
 
 3. To shed ; to spill. 
 SLAH'ltKI{-i:u, «. UiK- that slabbers; an idiot. 
 SI.AU'lilOK l.\(;, ppr. Drivi-liiij;. 
 SLAU'lil-NEStf, H. The state of being thick or 
 
 siMhhy. 
 
 SLAB'iiV, a. 1 hick i viscous. [jVot much jinal,] 
 
 IVUeman. 
 
 1. Wet. [Pee Ploppy.] 
 SLAIi'-l.I.N'K, II. A line iir small rope by which sea- 
 men haul up the foot of the maiii-sail or fore-sail. 
 
 Tiiiten. 
 
 SLACK, 17. [Sax. sUrc ; Sw. slak ; \Y. Uae, yslac. See 
 the verb.] 
 
 I. iN'iit tense; not hard drawn; not firmly ex- 
 tended ; as, a .v/rtf/i rope ; .tlitrli ru^^^iw^. 
 
 a. Weak ; remiss ; not holding fast ; as, a slack 
 hand. 
 
 3. Remiss; backward; not using due diligence; 
 not earnest or eager; as, slack in duty or service ; 
 slack in hiisiiicss. 
 
 4. Not violent ; not rapid ; slow ; as, a slack pace. 
 
 Dnitlfn. 
 
 Slnck in stays ; in seainen^s laniruage^ slow in going 
 about, as a ship. Mar. Did. 
 
 SL.'VCK'- WA'TKR, n. In ncamen^.-i laitirttaire^ the 
 time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at 
 rest ; or the interval between the flux and reflux of 
 the tide. .Mar. Did. 
 
 SL.\('K, aitv. Partially ; insuflicipnily ; not in- 
 tensely ; as, slack dried hops ; bread slack baked. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 SLACK, n. The part of a rope that hangs loose, liav- 
 ini; no strain upon it. Tottcn. 
 
 SLACK, (0. 1. [Sax. slaeian ; D. slaakrn ; Sw. 
 
 SLACK'KN, i slakfja ; W. itslacau and tislaciaw, to 
 slacken, to loosen, from Hoc, Hag, slack, loose, lax, 
 
 sluirtri.-ih.] 
 
 1. To become less tense, firm, or rigid ; to de- 
 crease in tension ; as, a wet cord slackens in dry 
 weat her. 
 
 2. To be remiss or backward ; to neglect. DeuL 
 xxiii. 
 
 3. To lose cohesion or the quality of adhesion ; 
 as, lime stacks and crumbles into [lowder. Muzoti. 
 
 4. To abate ; to become less violent. 
 
 Wticnci-' thric ri^intj liri's 
 Will itacken, it hii l-reiiUi stir not ih'-ir rtam-'s. ^Ftlton. 
 
 5. To lose rapidity ; to become more slow ; as, 
 a current of water slackens ; the tide slackm.t. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 6. To languish ; to fail ; to flag. .lin.-nDorth. 
 SLACK, I V. t. To lessen tension ; to make less 
 SLACK'K.V, \ tense or tight ; as, to slacken a rope or 
 
 a b.'indage. 
 
 2. To relax ; to remit ; as, to slacken exertion or 
 labor. 
 
 .1. To mitigate ; to diminish in severity ; as, to 
 slacken pain. 
 
 4. To become more slow ; to lessen rapidity ; as, 
 to slacken one's pace. 
 
 5. To abate ; to lower ; as, to slacken the heat of a 
 fire. 
 
 C. To relievo ; to unbend ; to remit; as, to slacken 
 cares. Dcnhnm. 
 
 7. To withhold ; to use less liberally. Shak. 
 
 8. To deprive of cohesion ; as, to slack lime. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 9. To repress ; to check. 
 
 1 ahoiiltl be ^ri-'veil, youiiff priiiiy*, lo think my prpsenoe 
 Unbi-nt yoiir thoughu and Itacketted Vm to ArniA. Additon. 
 
 10. To neglect. 
 
 Stack not the good pn-5.»»''. Dryjen. 
 
 11. lo repress, or make less quick or active. 
 
 ^il'tison. 
 
 SL.ACK, n. Small coal ; coal broken into small pieces. 
 
 [Kn.r.J 
 
 SL.\CK, n. A valley, or small, shallow dell. [Local.] 
 Of • tr Gruse. 
 bL.^CK'f:D, (slakt,) pp. or a. Relaxed; deiirived of 
 
 ciihesion ; as, slacked lime. [Slaked is more cor- 
 
 lecl.J 
 
 SLACK'i^N, n. Among miners, a spongy, seini-vitri- 
 ficd sulWaiice which they iiii\ wuli the ores of 
 metals to prevent their fusion. [See islaki.v.] 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 SLACK'FN-frr), pp. or o. Relaxed or remitted. 
 SLACK'/;.\-lN(;, ppr. Relaxing or remitting. 
 SLACK'ING, ppr. Relaxing; depriving of cohesion ; 
 
 as, slackinir lime. [Slakim! is more correct.] 
 SLACK'LY, ado. Not tightly ; loosely. 
 
 2. Negligently; remissly. 
 SLACK'NES.S, H. Looseness; the stale opposite to 
 
 tensiim ; not tightness or rigidness ; as, the slackness 
 
 of a cord or rope. 
 
 2. Remissness ; negligence ; inattention ; as, the 
 slackness of men in business or duty ; slackttess in the 
 performance of engagements, UuoUcr. 
 
 3. Slowness; tardiness; want of tendency; as, 
 the slackness of flesh to heal. Sharp. 
 
 4. Weakness ; want of intenseiiess. Brcrciouod. 
 SLADE, n. [Sax. 
 
 A litlle iiell or valh^y; also, a flat piece of low, 
 moist ground. [Ijocal.] Druytun. 
 SLAt;, n. [lh\n. slan^: G. schlacke.] 
 
 1. The liioss or recrement of a metal ; also, vitri- 
 fied cinders. Boyle. A'trtnin. 
 
 •2. The scoria of a volcano. Dana. 
 SLAG'tiY, a. Pertaining to or resembling slag. 
 SLAIK, (sli,) 1. [Sax. si<c.] 
 
 A weaver's reed. 
 SLaIN, pp. of Slav ; so written for Slaten. Killed. 
 SL.aKE, v. t. [Sw. s/ar/i'a. Ice. sifTcAfl, to quench. It 
 seems to bi; allied to laij.] 
 
 To quench ; to extinguish ; as, to slake thirst. 
 
 And sUUce the heavenly fire. Sj'Cnser. 
 
 SLAKE, 11. t. To mix with water so that a true 
 chemical combination shall take place ; as, to slake 
 lime. 
 
 SLAKE, V. i. To go out; to become extinct. 
 
 liraicn. 
 
 2. To grow less tense. [A mistake for Sla<:k.] 
 SLAK'KI), (slikt,) pp. ur a. (liienclied ; mixed with 
 
 water so that a combinatiim takes place. 
 
 SLAK'IN, H. Among smelters, a spongy, seini-vitri- 
 fied substance, which they mix with metallic ores, 
 to prevent their fusion. It is the scoria or scum 
 from a former fusion of metals. Jkbert. 
 
 SLAK'ING, p/ir. EMingiiishing, as thirst. 
 
 2. Mi.ving with water so as to produce combina- 
 tion, as with lime. 
 
 SLA.M, V. t. [Ice. Icma, to strike. Old Eng. lam; Sax. 
 hlemman, to sound.] 
 
 1. To strike with force and noise; to shut with 
 vit)Ieiice ; as, to slam a dotir. 
 
 2. To beal ; lo curt". [Local.] Grose. 
 
 3. To strike down ; to slaiiglilcr. [Local.] 
 
 4. To will all the tricks iu a hand ; as we say, lo 
 take all at a stroke or dash. 
 
 SLA.M, n. A violent driving and dashing against ; a 
 violent shutting of a door. 
 
 2. Defeat at cards, or the winning of all the tricks. 
 
 3. The refuse of alum-works ; used in Yorkshire as 
 a manure, with sea-weed and lime. [Local.] 
 
 Uebcrt. 
 
 SLA.M'.M i:k-kin, \ C"" «''''"»^'-] 
 
 A slut ; a slalteriily woman. [wVot usetl, or local.] 
 SLA.M'MING, ppr. Sinking or shutting with vio- 
 lence. 
 
 SLAN'DER, n. [Norm, esclaunder; Fr. esclanilre ; 
 Riiss. klenu, kliauu, to slander; Sw. klatiUra, to ac- 
 cuse or blame.) 
 
 1. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, and 
 tending to injure the reputalioii of aiinther, by les- 
 sening him in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, by 
 exposing him to iiiipeachment and punishment, or 
 by impairing his means of living ; defamation. 
 
 Btackjione. 
 
 Slnruter, thnt worst of poisons, ever fiuda 
 
 An cit^y enlriuice to ignoble minds. /lervey. 
 
 2. Disgrace; reproach; disreputation; ill name. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SLAN'DER, V. t. To defame ; to injure hy mali- 
 ciously uttering a false report respecting one ; to tar- 
 nish or impair the reputation of one by false tales 
 maliciously told or propagated. 
 
 SLA.VI)ER-KD, pp. IJefaiiu d ; injured in good name 
 by false and malicious reports. 
 
 SLAN"OF,R-ER, ir. A defamer ; one who injures an- 
 other by maliciously reporting something to iiis preju- 
 dice. 
 
 SLAN'DER-ING, ppr. Defaming. 
 SLA.\'l)ER-OLIS, a. That utters defamatory words 
 
 or tales ; as, a slaniterous tongue. Pope. 
 2. Containing slander or defamation ; calumnious ; 
 
 as, slnnitcrou.^ words, speeches, or reports, false and 
 
 maliciously uttered. 
 ,1. Scandalous ; reproachful. 
 SLAN'DEi:-0(IS LY, arfr. With slander ; calumni- 
 
 oiislv ; with false and malicious reproach. 
 SLA.N'DER-OUS-NESS, n. The slate or quality of| 
 
 being slanderous or defamator\'. ] 
 SL.A.Vt;, old pret. of Sli?<o. [VVe now use Slitso.] I 
 SL.'VNG,n. Low, vulgar, unmeaning language, [ioie.] 
 
 SLAN'G'-WIIA.NG-ER, ii. A noisy demagogue ; a 
 liirhiileiit partisan. Irning. 
 
 [.A cant wiird, of recent origin in .America, used 
 colbxptially or in works of humor.] 
 
 SLANK, n. A plant, an Alga, .Sinsaorlh. 
 
 SLAN'i\a. \i^\v. slinta, slant, to slip; peiha|is alli''d 
 lo W. ysglc'nt, a slidi^, and if Ln are the ruiiical let- 
 ters, this coincides with lean, incline.] 
 
 SItiping; obliipie ; inclined from a direct line, 
 whether horizontal or perpendicular; as, the stunt 
 llgliliiing. MiltoiL 
 
 SLA.\ T, V. t. To turn from a direct line ; to give an 
 ohiitpie or sloping direction lo. Fuller. 
 
 SLX.VT, (71. An oblique reflection or gibe; a 
 
 SLA.NT'ING, i sarcastic remark, [tn vulgar tue.] 
 2. Slant ; a copper coin of Sweden, of which 19G 
 pass for one rix-dollar. 
 
 Slant of wind: among seamen, a transitory breeze 
 of wind, or the period of its duration. 
 
 SLANTM.Nt;, ;;;ir. or «. <;iviiig or having an oblique 
 direction; iii< lining from a right line; slant; as, a 
 slanting ray of light ; a slanting direction. 
 
 SLANT'1N(J-LY, ailc. With a slope or inclination; 
 also, with an obliigue hint or remark. 
 
 SLANT'LY. I atli: (Jliliquely ; in an inclined di- 
 
 SLANT'WI.SF,, i rectioii. Tusser. 
 
 SLAP, 7j. [{j. schlappe, A slap; schlnpprn,Ui lap; W. 
 ysiajiiaip, to slap, from yslab, llinl is lengthened, fri'in 
 Itab, a stroke or slap ; llubiaic, lo slap, to strap. The 
 I), has flap and klap; It. schiaffo, Utt schUiffo ; L. alapa 
 and sclUoppas ; cii. and Syr. 'iS'S. Chuis Lb, No. 
 
 3.;.] 
 
 A blow given with the open hand, or with some- 
 thing broad 
 
 SL/iP, r. t. To strike with the open hand, or with 
 
 soiiK'tliing bioad. 
 SL.AP, adv. With a sudden and violent blow. 
 
 SLAP'OASH, ade. [slap and dash.] All at once. 
 [Low.] 
 
 SLAPK, (J. Slippery ; smooth. [Local.] Orose. 
 SLAP'JACK, II. A sort of pancake. 
 SL.\l"Pi;i{, i , rv,^ 
 
 SLAP'Pl.VG, ( Very large. [Vulgar.] 
 SLASH, V. t. [Ice. .tlasa, to strike, to lash; W. llhth, 
 Qu.] 
 
 1. To cut by striking vitdently and at random ; to 
 cut in long cuts. 
 
 2. To lash. 
 
 SLA.s'II, i\ i. To strike violently and at random with 
 a sword, hanger, or other edged instrument ; lo lay 
 about one with blows. 
 
 Hewing and etasliing at their idle shades. 
 
 SpenseTt 
 
 SL.ASII, 71. A long cut ; a cut made at random. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 2. A large slit in the thighs and arms<if ihi' oH 
 costumes, made to show a brilliant color through the 
 openings. 
 
 SL,\Sir^:D, (slasht,) pp. Cut at random ; cut in long 
 strips or slits. 
 
 SLASiriNc;, ;)/)r. or a. Striking violently, and cutting 
 at random. 
 
 SLAT, II. A narrow piece of board or timber used to 
 fasten together larger pieces ; as, the slats of a cart 
 or a chair. 
 
 SLATCIl, n. In seamen^s language, the period of a 
 transitory liri eze. Mar. DicL 
 
 2. .An interval of fair weather. Bailey, 
 
 3. Slack. [See Slack.] 
 
 SLaTE, 71. [Fr. cclater, to split, Sw. slita ; It. sglata, 
 a tile. Class Ld.] 
 
 1. An argillaceous stone which readily splits into 
 plates; argillite; argillaceous schist. The name is 
 also given to other rocks or stones having a simi- 
 lar structure. 
 
 2. A piece of smooth, argillaceous stone, used for 
 covering buildings. 
 
 3. .A piece of smooth stone, of the above species, 
 nsed for writing on. 
 
 SLATK, !•. (. To cover with slate or plates of stone; 
 as, to slate a roof. [It does nol signify lo tile.] 
 
 SL.aTE, ( i>. (. To set a dog loose at any tiling. [Lo- 
 
 SLicTK, ) cat.] Ray. 
 
 SLATE'-AX, n. A mattock with an ax-cnd ; used in 
 slating. Encyc. 
 
 SLAT'^;D, pp. or a. Covered with slate. 
 
 SLAT'ER, n. One that lays slates, or whose occupa- 
 tion is lo slate buildings. 
 
 SLAT'l.NG, n. The act of covering with slates. 
 2. The cover lliiis put on. 
 
 ST^AT'IXG, ppr. Covering with slates. 
 
 SLAT'TER, V. i. [G. schlottem, lo bang loosely ; 
 schlutlrrig, negligenL See Slut.1 
 
 1. To be careless of dress, and dirty. Ray. 
 
 2. To be careless, negligent, or aw kward ; lo spill 
 carelessly. 
 
 SLAT'TERN, ti. A woman who is negligent of her 
 dre.ss, or who suflVrs her clothes and furniture to be 
 in disorder ; one who is nol neat and nice. 
 
 SL.AT'TF.U.N, r. t. To sUtln-n airay : to ( onsiimc 
 carelesslv or wastefullv ; to waste. [ Riirf.) Chr-terjirld 
 
 SL.AT'TERN-LI-NESS, n. Slate of being skillrinly. 
 
 TONE, BI LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VT'CIOUS. — € ns K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH n» in THIS. 
 
SLA 
 
 SLE 
 
 SLE 
 
 SLAT'TERN-LY, ai/u. Negligently; awkwarillv. 
 
 ClirstcrliiM. 
 
 SLaT'Y, a. [from slate] Resemblin? ^:utt■ ; liaviiis 
 tlie nature or properties of slate ; ani'ooat'd of thin, 
 parallel plates, capable of being separated by split- 
 ting ; as, a slatij color or texture. 
 
 SLAUG H'TER, (sla w'ter,) n. [Sax. iZ<E^e ; D. slagtintr ; 
 G. schlacliten, to kill; li.slaigke; slaighim, lo slay. 
 See Slay.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a killing. Applied to men, 
 slaughter usually denotes great destruction of life 
 by violent means ; as, the slaughter of men in battle. 
 
 2. Applied to beasts, butchery ; a killing of oxen or 
 other beasts for market. 
 
 SLAUGH'TER, (slaw'ter,) v. t. To kill ; to slay ; to 
 make great destruction of life ; as, to slaughter men 
 in battle. 
 
 3. To hntclier ; to kill for the market ; as beasts. 
 SLAUGH'TER-£D, (slavv'lerd,) pp. or a. Slain; 
 
 butchered. 
 
 SLAUGH'TER-ER, n. A person employed in slaugh- 
 tering. 
 
 SLAUGH'TER-HOUSE, (slaw'ter-house,) n. A house 
 
 where beasts are butchered for tile market. 
 SLAUGll'TER-ING, (slaw'ter-ing,) ppr- Killing; 
 
 de^tmving human life ; butchering'. 
 SLAUGH'TEIt-.MAN, (slaw'ter-man,) n. One em- 
 
 pioved in killini. Shak. 
 SLAUGH'TER-OUS, (slaw'ter-us,) a. Destructive; 
 
 murderous. Shak. 
 SLAUGH'TER-OUS-LY,(sla\v-',)adB. Destructively; 
 
 murderously. 
 
 SLAVE, n. [D. slaaf; G. sclave; Dan. slave, sclave ; 
 Sw. slaf; Fr. esc'.avc ; Arm. selaff; It. schiavo ; Sp. 
 esclaoo ; Port, eseruvo ; Ir. sclubkadh. This word is 
 commonly deduced from Sclavi, Sclavonians, the name 
 of a people who were made slaves by the Venetians. 
 Hut this is not certain.] 
 
 1. A person who is wholly subject to the will of 
 a,nother; one who has no freedom of action, but 
 whose person and services are wholly undcrthe con- 
 trol of another. In the early state of the world, 
 and to this day, among some barbarous nations, pris- 
 oners of war are considered and treated as slaves. 
 The slaves of modern times are more generally pur- 
 chased, like horses and oxen. 
 
 2. One who has lost the power of resistance ; or 
 one who surrenders himself to any power whatev- 
 er ; as, a slave to passicn, to lust, to ambition. 
 
 Ifallrr. 
 
 3. A mean person ; one in the lowest state of life. 
 
 4. A drudge ; one who labors like a slave. 
 SL.^VE, r. i. To drudge ; to toil , to labor as a slave. 
 SLaVE'RORN, a. Born in siMVrry. 
 SL.5VE'IIoLD-ER, ji. One who holds slaves. 
 
 SLa V'E'UoLD-ING, a. Holding persons in slavery. 
 
 SLa V'E'LIKE, a. Like or becoming a slave. 
 
 SLAVER, H. A vessel engaged in the slave-trade. 
 
 SLAVER, n. [The same as Slabber.] Saliva drivel- 
 ing from the mouth. Pope. 
 
 SLAVER, I), i. To suffer the spittle to issue from the 
 mouth. 
 
 2. To be besmeared with saliva. Shak. 
 
 SLAVER, c.t. To smear with saliva issuing from 
 the mouth ; to defile with drivel. 
 
 SI.AV'ER-KD, PI). Defiled with drivel. 
 
 SLAVER-ER, )i. A driveler; an idiot. 
 
 SLAVER ING, ppr. Letting fall saliva. 
 
 SLaVER-V, n. [See Slave.] liondage ; the state 
 of entire subjection of one person to the will of an- 
 other. 
 
 Slavery Is the obligation to labor for the benefit of 
 the master, without the contract or consent of the 
 servant. Palcy. 
 
 Slavery may proceed from crimes, from captivity, 
 or from debt. Slavery is also vaUintarij or involu7tta- 
 rij f voluntary, when a person sells or yields his own 
 person to the absolute conimatui of another ; i;ii'n/- 
 UTitary, when he is placed under the absolute power 
 of another without his own consent. Slavery no 
 longer exists in Great Britain, nor in the Northern 
 States of Anu»rica. 
 2. The (jffices of a slave ; drudgery. 
 
 SLa VE'-TRAOE, n. [slave and trade.] The bar- 
 barous and wicked business of purchasing men anil 
 women, transporting them to a distant country, and 
 selling them for slaves. 
 
 SLAVISH, a. Pertaining to slaves ; servile ; mean ; 
 base ; such as bcccmies a slave ; lui, a slavish de- 
 pendence on the gr('at. 
 
 2. Servile ; laborious ; consisting in drudgery ; as, 
 a slavish life. 
 
 SLA VISIILY, arYn. Servilely; meanly; basely. 
 2. In the manner of n slave or drudge. 
 
 SLA VISII-NESS, 71. The »iato or quality of being 
 slaviKh ; servility ; meanness. 
 
 SJ.A-V(J.\'I€, o. Pertaining to the Slavons, or aii- 
 cie'ht Inhabitants of Jtiissia. 
 
 SI,A-V()N'I(;, n. The Slavonic language. 
 
 SLAW, 71. (I), slaa.] 
 
 ('ule-sluw ia sliced cabbage, with or without vin- 
 egar. 
 
 BLAY, ». f. ; vreL Slew; pp. Slain. [Sax. sUrgnn, 
 ttagani Goth, stahan; G. sehlugem I), staaen ; Svv. 
 
 sla ; Dan. slaacr, to strike, to kill. The proper sense 
 is, to strike, and as beating was an early mode of 
 killing, this word, like smite, came to signify to kill. 
 It seems to be formed on the root of lay; as we say, 
 to lay on.] 
 
 1. To kill ; to put to death by a weapon or by vi- 
 olence. VVe say, he slew a man with a sword, with a 
 stone, or with a club, or with other arms ; but we never 
 say, the sheriff slays a malefactor with a halter, or a 
 man is slain on the gallows or by poison. So that slay 
 retains something of its primitive sense of striking or 
 fcating. It is particularly applied to killing in battle, 
 bat is properly applied also to the killing of an indi- 
 
 2 To destroy. ' [vidual man or beast. 
 
 V houjii he stay me, yet will I Lnisl in hiiii. — Job xiii. 15. 
 
 SLAY'ER, 7!. One that slays ; a killer; a murderer; 
 an 'assassin ; a destroyer of life. 
 
 SLAY'ING, j»/>r. Killing; deslroving life. 
 
 SLEAVE, H. [Ice. s/./.i.] 
 
 The kiiotti d ur entangled part of silk or thread ; 
 silk or thread uiit\vi;sti'd. Drayton. 
 
 SLf.AVE, !). t. To separate threads ; or to divide a 
 collection of threads ; to sley ; used by weavers. 
 
 SLkAV/JI), a. Raw ; not s|»un or wrought. 
 
 SLSAVLN't;, /)))r. t^eparating threads. [Halinshed. 
 
 SLkAZ'I -XESS, 71. 'I'he state or quality of hi iiig slea/.y. 
 
 SLkAZ'Y, / a. [Probably from the root of /fivac ,• Sax. 
 
 SLEEZ'Y, \ lysan, ahjsaii, to loose.] 
 
 Thin; flimsy; wamin<; firmness of texture or 
 substance ; as, sleezy silk or muslin. 
 
 SLED, 71. [D. slecde; G. schlitten ; Sw. sldde ; Dan. 
 sloede; VV. ysled; probably from sliding or draw- 
 ing.] 
 
 A carriage or vehicle moved on runners, much 
 used in America for conveying heavy weights in 
 winter, as timber, wood, stone, and the like. 
 
 Jialliwell. A''orth of England. 
 SLED, V. t. To convey or transport on a sled ; as, to 
 
 sled wood or timber. 
 SLED'DED, pp. Conveyed on a sled. 
 
 2. Mounted on a sled. Shak. 
 SLED'DING, ppr. Conveying on a sled. 
 SLED'DING, w. The ai t of trans|)orting on a sled. 
 
 2. The iiiraiis nf r(iii\'cyiii^ on sleds; snow suffi- 
 cient for the lunning of sleds. Thus we say in 
 America, when there is snow suflicient to run a 
 sled, it is good sledding ; the sledding is good. 
 Sometimes, in New England, there is lillle or no 
 good sledding during the winter. 
 SLEDOE, (slej,) 71. [Sax. slccge, siege ; D. sley; Dan. 
 slegge; Sw.sldgga; from the root of .^/ay, to strike.] 
 
 1. A large, heavy hammer; used chielly by iron- 
 smiths, called also a Sledge Hammer. 
 
 2. In England, a sled ; a vehicle moved on run- 
 ners or on low wheels. In this sense, the word is 
 not used in America ; but the same word is used in 
 a somewhat different sense, and written Sleigh. 
 
 SLEEK, a. [D. lekken, to leak, to smooth, or sleek; 
 gelikt, made smooth ; G. schlieht; allied to lick, or G. 
 gleich, even, equal, like. See Like.] 
 
 1. Smooth ; having an even, smooth surface ; 
 whence, glos.sy ; as, sleek hair. 
 
 So sleek lier skin, so faultless was her m.tke. Dryden. 
 
 2. Not rough or harsh. 
 
 Those rugged names lo our iilte mouths grow eteek. Ttlilton. 
 SLEEK, 71. That which makes smooth ; varnish. 
 
 [Little used.] 
 
 SLEEK, 1'. t. To make even and smooth ; as, to sleek 
 the hair. B. Jonson. 
 
 2. To render smooth, soft, and glossy. 
 Gentle my loni, sleelc o'er your nigged looks. Slidk. 
 
 SLEEK, adv. With case and dexterity ; with e.'iact- 
 
 ness. [ Vulgar.] 
 SLEI'.K'LY, Smoothly; nicely. 
 
 SLEI'.K'\ES.'<, «. Smoothness of surface. Fcltham. 
 SI,EI;K'-S'1'oNE,7i. a smoothing stone. Peaeham. 
 SLEEK'Y, a. Of a sleek or smooth appearance. 
 
 [JVot in use.] Thomson. 
 SLEEP, t'. i. ; pret. and pp. Slept. [Sax. slrpan, 
 
 sttrpan ; Guih. slepan ; G..schlafen; V. slaapejt. This 
 
 word seems to be allied to words which signify to 
 
 re.-^t or to relax ; G.schlaff.] 
 
 1. To take rest by a suspension of the voluntary 
 exercise of the powers of the body and mind. The 
 proper time to .ilccp is during the darkness of night. 
 
 2. To rest; to be unemployed ; to be inactive or 
 motionless ; as, the sword sleeps in its sheath. 
 
 y. To rest ; to lie or be still ; not to be noticed or 
 agitated. The question sleeps for the present. 
 
 4. To live thoughtlessly. 
 
 Wo steep over our happincM. Attcrbury. 
 
 r>. To be dead ; to rest in the grave for a time. 
 1 ■/■hexs. iv. 
 
 (). To be careless, inattentive, or unconcerned ; 
 not to be % igilant. Shak. 
 ^Ly.VjV,n. A natural and healthy, but temporary and 
 prrloilical Nuspi'iisiiiii of the functions of ilic liemi- 
 spheres of the cerebrum, or, in other words, of the 
 intellectual powers. Sleep may be complete or in- 
 complete. 
 
 That slate of an animal in which the voluntary 
 
 exertion of his mental and corporeal powers is sus- 
 pended, and he rests unconscious of what passes 
 around him, and not affected by the ordinary im- 
 pressions of external objects. Sleep is generally 
 attended with a relaxation of the muscles, but the 
 involuntary motions, as respiration and the circula- 
 tion of the blood, are continued. The mind is often 
 very active in imperfect sleep, but its powers not 
 being under the control of reason, its exercises are 
 very irregular. Sleep is the natural rest or repose 
 intended by the Creator to restore the powers of the 
 body and mind, when exhausted or fatigued. 
 
 Sleep of plants; a state of plants, usually at night, 
 when their leaflets approach each other, and conceal 
 the flowers, as if in repose. Linnieus. 
 
 SLEEP'-CllAUC-iCD, a. Heavy with sleep. Lamb. 
 
 SLEEP'ER, 71. A person that sleeps ; also, a drone or 
 lazy person. Oreut. 
 
 2. That which lies dormant, as a law not executed. 
 [JSTiit in 7rse.] Baeou. 
 
 3. An animal that lies dormant in winter, as the 
 bear, the marmot, &c. Encyc. 
 
 4. A piece of timber on or near the level of the 
 ground for the support of some superstructure, as 
 joists, &.C., or to steady rails or framework. The 
 sleepers on railways are sometimes blocks of stone. 
 
 IJehert. 
 
 5. A rafter lying in the valley of a roof. [OAs.] 
 
 Oiodt. 
 
 G. A term applied to the knees which connect the 
 transoms to the after-timbers on the ship's quarter. 
 
 Tolten. 
 
 7. In the glass trade, a large iron bar crossing the 
 smaller ones, hindering the passage of coals, but 
 leaving room for the ashes. Encyc. 
 
 8. A iilatform. 
 
 9. A fish, Exoca>tus. AinswortM. 
 SLEEP'FUL, a. Strongly inclined to sleep, [flare] 
 SLEEP'I'TjL-NESS, 7i. Strong inclination to sleep. 
 
 [Utile used.] 
 
 SLEEP'I-LY, adv. Drowsily ; with desire to sleep. 
 
 2. Dully; in a lazy manner; heavily. Ralegh. 
 
 3. Stupidly. Mcrbury. 
 SLEEP'I-NESS, 7j. Drowsiness; inclination to sleep. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 SLEEP'ING, ppr. or a. Resting ; reposing in sleep. 
 2. a. Occupied with sleep ; as, sleeving hours. 
 Slcepinir partner. See Dokmant. 
 SLEEP'ING, 71. The state of resting in sleep. 
 
 2. The state of being at rest, or not stirred or 
 agitated. Shak. 
 SLEEP'LESS, a. Having no sleep; without sleep; 
 wakeful. 
 
 2. Having no rest; perpetually agitated; as, Bis- 
 cay's sleepless bay. Byron. 
 
 SLEEP'LESS-LY, adv. In a sleepless manner. 
 
 SLEEP'LES_S-NESS,7i. Want or destitution of sleep. 
 
 SLEEP'-WaK-ER, 71. One under the influence of 
 magnetic sleep. 
 
 SLEEP'-VVaK-ING, 71. The state of one mesmerized, 
 who is asleep and awake at the same time. 
 
 SLEEP'-WALK-ER, (-wawk-,) n. A somnambuIi.st ; 
 one who walks in his sleep. 
 
 SLEEP'-WALK-ING, (-wawk-,) n. Somnambulism ; 
 walking in one's sleep. 
 
 SLEEP'Y, a. Drowsy ; inclined to sleep. 
 2. Not awake. 
 
 She waked her sleepy crew. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. Tending to induce sleep; soporiferous ; som- 
 niferous ; as, a sleepy drink or potion. Milton, 
 
 4. Dull; lazy; heavy; sluggish. Shak. 
 SLEEP'Y-LOOk-ING, a. Appearing to be sleepy. 
 SLEET, 71. [Dan. stud, loose weather, rain and snow 
 
 together ; Ice. slctta.] 
 
 1. A fall of hail or snow mingled with rain, 
 usually in fine particles. Dryden. 
 
 2. In ^nin/ifry, the part of a mortar passing from 
 the chamber to "the trunnions for strengthening that 
 part. Encyc. 
 
 SLEET, V. i. To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. 
 SLEET'I-NESS, 71. A state of weather in which rain 
 
 falls mixed with snow. 
 SLEET'Y, a. Bringing slect. Warton. 
 
 2. Cimsisting nf sleet. ^ 
 SLEEVE, 71. [.«ax. slef, shjf; \V. Itaiees ; said to be 
 
 from llaiv, the hand.] 
 
 1. The part of a garment that is fitted to cover the 
 arm ; as, the sleeve of n coat or gown, 
 
 2. The raveled sleeve of care, in Shakspeni-e. See 
 Sleave. 
 
 V'o laugh 111 the .<!teere ; to laugh privately or unper- 
 ceived ; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the 
 face in the wide sleeves of former tiini s. Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 To hang on tlie sleeve ; to he or make de|iendi nt on 
 others. Jiinsworth. 
 SLEEVE, V. t. To furnish with sleeves; to jiul in 
 sleeves. 
 
 SLEEVE'-BUT-TON, 71. A button to fasten the 
 sleeve or wristband. 
 
 SLEEVAT),;<yi. or a. Furnished with sleeves; hav- 
 ing sleeves. 
 
 SLEEVE'LESS, a. Having no sleeves ; as, a sleeve- 
 less coat. Saiulys. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FfiLL, WHAT. — METE, PUBY. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nQQK.— 
 
 1040 
 
SLI 
 
 2. Wanting a covfr, pretrvt, or pnlliation ; unrea- 
 sonable ; a slcrvch'ss tale of transulistantialion ; 
 a sleeoilrxs ermu{. [Litllc uscil.] Hall. Spectator. 
 
 SLKKV'ING, ppr. Fiirnisliirij; with sleeves 
 
 SLEIU, (slide ) v. t. To sky or prepare for use in 
 the weaver's slev or slaie. 
 
 SLEID'ED, (slad'ed,) pp. Prepared for use in the 
 weaver's sley. 
 
 SLEIO'hV'G, (slad'ing,) ppr. Preparing for use in the 
 weHV«-r*s sley. 
 
 SLglUH, (sla,) II. [Probably allied to slrek.] A vehi- 
 cle moved on runners, and greatly used in America 
 for transporting persons or goods on snow or ice. 
 
 [This word the Knglisli write and pronounce 
 Sledoe, and apply it to what is called in America a 
 Sled.] 
 
 SLEKjII'ING, (sla'ing,) n. The state of the snow 
 or ice in winter which admits of running sleighs. 
 
 America. 
 
 2. The act of riding in a sleigh. jimcrica. 
 SLEIGHT, (sllte,) n. [G. sclilicli, trick, cunning; 
 sclilichty plain, sleek ; few. s/i>v, dextrous ; 1). slaik, 
 underhand ; .tluiken, to smuggle ; Ir. sli^litkcacli, sly.] 
 1. An artful trick; sly artifice ; a trick or f^at so 
 devtrously performed that the manner of perform- 
 ance escapes observation ; as, sleight of hand ; Fr. 
 Uffcrdemaitt. Not improbably sleight and Fr. ieger, 
 light, may have a common origin. 
 2 De.vtrous practice ; de.vteritv. 
 SLKTGIlT'ryL, ^ ) a. Arlful ; cunningly dex- 
 
 SLEIOIIT'Y; -.J I trous. 
 
 SLE.\'1)EU a. [Old D. slinder. This word is proba- 
 bly formed on the root of /fan, Tent, klein.] 
 
 1. Thin ; small in circumference compared with 
 the length ; not thick ; us, a slender stem or stalk of 
 a plant. 
 
 2. Small in the waist; not thick or gross. A slen- 
 der waist is considereil as a beauty. 
 
 3. Not strong ; small ; slight. 
 
 Ali^hty heans arc held in slender chniiis. Pope. 
 
 4. Weak ; feeble ; as, slender hope ; slender proba- 
 bilities ; a slender constitution. 
 
 5. Small ; inconsiderable ; as, a man of slender 
 parts. 
 
 (i. Small ; inadequate ; as, slender means of sup- 
 port ; a slender pittance. Shak. 
 
 7. Not amply supplied. 
 
 The tram] Oaloriits t>rten 'I'-ijneU 
 
 To grace my slender taljle. Philips. 
 
 8. Spare ; abstemious ; as, a slender diet. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 SLEN'DER-LY, orfp. Without bulk. 
 
 2. Slightly ; meanly ; as, a debt to be slenderly re- 
 garded. Ilayward. 
 
 3. tnsntficient'iy ; as, a table simrfcrfi; sup|ilied. 
 SLEN'OER-NESS, 71. .Thinness ; smnllness of diam- 
 eter in proportion to the length ; as, the slcnderness 
 of a hair. Jy'eiotim. 
 
 2. Want of bulk or strength ; as, the slendcrncss of 
 a cord or chain. 
 
 3. Weakness ; slightness ; as, the slendtmess of a 
 reason. IVhitgiftc. 
 
 4. Weakness; feebleness; as,t\\e slendcrness of a 
 constitution. 
 
 5. Want of plenty ; as, the slenderness of a supply, 
 fi. Spareness ; as, slrndcrncss of diet. 
 
 SLE.N'T, i\ i. To make an oblique remark, [^'ol 
 
 used.] [See Sl\xt.] 
 SLEP'I , preu and pp. of Sleep. 
 SLEW, prel. of Suv. 
 SLEV, (siS,) n. [Sax. sl<r.] 
 
 A weaver's reed. [See Sleavk and Sleid.I 
 SLEV, (sla,) V. t. To separate ; to part threads and 
 
 arrange them in a reed ; as weavers. 
 SLICE, c. (. [G. sclilrUsen, to slit ; Sax. slilan.] 
 
 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, 
 broad piece. Sundus. 
 
 2. To cut into parts. Cleavelaiid. 
 
 3. To cut ; to divide. Burnet. 
 SLICE, 71. A thin, broad piece cut off; as, a slice of 
 
 bacon ; a slice of cheese ; a slice of bread. 
 
 2. A broad piece ; as, a slice of plaster. Pope. 
 
 3. A peel, or fire-shovel. Hnlliwell. 
 
 4. A spatula ; an instrument consisting of a broad 
 plate with a handle, used by apothecaries for spread- 
 ing plasters, &.c. 
 
 5. In ship-buitdin!r, a taperini piece of plank to be 
 driven between the timbers before planking. Encyc. 
 
 PLIC'KD, (slTst,) pp. or a. Cut into broad, thin pieces. 
 SLICH, j 71. The ore of a metal, particularly of gold, 
 SLICK, j pounded and prepared for further working. 
 
 Hcbert. Encyc 
 SLICING, ppr. Cutting intc broad, thin pieces. 
 SLICK ; the popular pronunciation of Sleek, and so 
 
 written by some authors. Hallitcetl. 
 SLICK'EN-SIDES, n. A name which workmen give 
 
 to a variety of g;ilena in Derbyshire. . Urc. 
 SLID, pret. of Slide. 
 SLID, ) 
 
 SIJD'DKN, ( PP- °' Slide. 
 
 SLID'DER, D. i. [^nx. slidcrian, slidrian. See Slide.] 
 
 To slide with interruption. [M'ut in ase.] 
 uryden. 
 
 SLI 
 
 SLID'DER, (a. [See Slide.] Slippcn-. (jVnl in 
 SLID'DER-LV, j use.] ' Chuuc-r. 
 
 SLIDE, r. 1.; pret. Slid; pp. Slid, Slidden. [S.nx. 
 
 slidan ; probably glide, with a dilferenl prefix ; G. 
 
 ^/ri/f7i.] 
 
 1. To move along the surface of any body by slip- 
 ping, or without bounding or rolling; to slip; to 
 gliile ; as, a sled slides on snow or ice ; a snow-slip 
 slides down the mountain's side. 
 
 2. To move along the surface without stepping ; 
 as, a man slides on ice. 
 
 3. To pass inadvertently. 
 
 Male a tljor and a bar fur Uiy moutli ; beware Ihou slide not 
 by it. Ecclus. 
 
 4. To pass smoothly .along without jerks or agita- 
 tion ; as, a ship or boat slides through the water. 
 
 5. To pass in silent, unobserved progression. 
 A^jes Bliall slide away withuut perccivin*. Dryden. 
 
 fi. To pass silently and gmdually from one state to 
 another ; as, to slide insensibly into vicious practices, 
 or into the customs of others. 
 
 7. To pass without dillicully or obstruction. 
 Paris answering parts btiall stifje into a whole. Pope. 
 
 8. To practice sliding or moving on ice. 
 
 They bjitlie in amiimcr, and ill winter slide. Waller. 
 
 9. To slip ; to fall. 
 
 10. To jiass with an easy, smooth, uninterrupted 
 course or flow. 
 
 SLIDE, V. t To slip ; to pass or put -in imperceptibly ; 
 as, to slide in a word to vary the sense of a question. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 2. To thrust along ; or to thrust by slipping ; as, to 
 slide along a piece of timber. 
 SLIDE, n, A smooth and easy passage ; also, a slider. 
 
 Baeun. 
 
 2. Flow ; even course. Bacon. 
 
 3. The descent of a detached mass of earth or rock 
 down a declivity. Dana. 
 
 4. .\ place on the side of a hill or mountain for 
 timber to descend ; as, the slide of Alpnach, in Switz- 
 erland. 
 
 ,"). In mu.nc, a grace consisting of two small notes 
 moving by degrees. 
 SLID'ER, 71. One that slides. 
 
 2. The part of an instrument or machine that 
 slides. 
 
 SLID'ING, ppr. Moving along the surface by slip- 
 ping; gliding; passing smoothly, easily, or impercep- 
 tibly. 
 
 SLID'ING, 71. The act of sliding ; lapse ; falling. 
 
 SLID'1.\G-KEEL, li. A narrow frame or platform let 
 down through tlie bottom of a small vessel, like a 
 deepening of the keel. It serves, like a lee-board, to 
 sustain tlie vessel against the lateral force of the 
 wind. Brandc. 
 
 SLID'lNG-KuLE, 77. A mathematical instrument for 
 the nipchanical performance of addition and subtrac- 
 tion, and, by means of Ingariiliniic scales, of multi- 
 plication and division The operations are performed 
 by sliding one of the parts along another. P. Cijc. 
 
 SLiD'LN'G-Se.ALE, n. In the English corn-laws, a 
 scale for raising or lowering the duties in proportion 
 to the fall or rise of prices. 
 
 SLIGHT, (slite,) a. [I), slegt: G. sehlecht, plain, sim- 
 ple, mean ; D. slegten, to level ; G. schleckrn, to lick. 
 It seems that .sligkt belongs to the family of sleek, 
 smooth. Q.U. Dan. slrt, by contraction.] 
 
 1. Weak ; inconsiderable ; not forcible ; as, a slight 
 impulse ; a .■•tight effort. 
 
 2. Not strong or firm ; not calculated to endure ; as, 
 a slight structure. 
 
 3. Not deep ; as, a slight impression. 
 
 4. Not violent ; as, a slight disease, illness, or in- 
 disposition. 
 
 5. Trifling ; of no great importance. 
 
 Slight is the subject, but not to the praise. Pope. 
 
 6. Not strong ; not cogent. 
 
 Some firmly embrace doctrines upon slight grounds. Locke. 
 
 7. Cursory ; superficial ; not tliorough ; as, slight 
 exainin.ation. 
 
 8. Negligent; not vehement; not done with ef- 
 fort. 
 
 The shaking of the head is a gesture of slight rcfu8.a1. Bacon. 
 
 9. Foolish ; silly ; weak in intellect. Hudibras. 
 SLIGHT, (.slitc,) n. Neglect; disregard; n motlerate 
 
 degree of contempt manifested negatively by neg- 
 lect. It expresses less than Contempt, Disdai.-v, and 
 Scorn. 
 
 2. Artifice ; dexterity. [See Sleight.] 
 SLIGHT, (slitc,) I', f. 'i'o neglect ; to disregard from 
 the consideration that a thing is of little value and 
 unworthy of notice ; as, to sliglu the divine coin- 
 ninnds, or the offers of mercy. Milton. Locke. 
 2. To overthrow ; to demolish. [JVot used.] 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 " The rogues slighted me into the river," in Shak- 
 jijienrc, is not used. [D. slegten.] 
 
 To slight ocer : to run over in haste ; to perform 
 superficially ; to treat carelessly ; as, to slight over a 
 theme. Dniden. 
 
 SLI 
 
 SLKJHT'EII, (slit'ed,) or o. Nenlecled. 
 
 SLIGII T'A.'.V, (slit'n,) v. t. To Hllglil or disregard. 
 [.Yot in use.] Spcttser. 
 
 SLI(;ilT'ER, n. One who neglects. 
 
 SLK.'HT'INf;, /i^r. Neglecting; disregarding. 
 
 SLIi;llT'lNG-LV, adv. With neglect; without re- 
 spect. Boyle. 
 
 SLIGHT'LV, (slite'ly,) ado. Weakly ; superficially ; 
 with inconsiderable force or eiri cl ; in a small de- 
 gree ; as, a man slightly wounded ; an audience 
 slightly affected with preaching. 
 
 2. Negligently ; without regard ; with moderate 
 contiMiipt. /looker. Shak. 
 
 SLIGHT'NESS, (slltc'-,) n. Weakness; want of 
 force or strength; siiperfici.ilness ; as, the slightness 
 of a wound or an impression. 
 
 2. Negligence ; want of attention ; want of vehe- 
 mence. 
 
 How does it reproach tlie slightness of otir sleepy, heartless ad- 
 dresses ! Decay of Piety. 
 
 SLIGHT'Y, (sine'-,) a. Superficial; slight. 
 
 2. Trifling ; inconsiderable. Eehard. 
 SLI'LY, ado. [from sly.] With artful or dextrous 
 secrecy. 
 
 Satan slily robs us of our grand treasure. Decay of Piety. 
 
 SLI.M,a. [Ice.] Slender ; of small diameter or thick- 
 ness in proportion to the liight; a^l, a slim person; 
 a slim tree. Orose. 
 
 2. Weak; slight; unsubstantial. 
 
 3. Worthless. 
 
 SLI.ME, n. [Sax. 4?ii7i ; Sw. slcm; D. slym ; Dan. 
 sliim; G. schlamm; L. /i77iu.>-.] 
 
 Soft, moist earth, having an adhesive quality ; 
 viscous mud. 
 
 They had brick for stone, and slime had th';y for morttr. — Gen, 
 xi. 
 
 SLIME'-PIT, n. A pit of slime or adhesive mire. 
 SLI.M'I-NESS, n. The quality of slime ; viscosity. 
 
 Fluyer. 
 
 SLIM'NESS, 71. State of being slim. 
 SLiM'Y, a. Abounding with slime ; consisting of 
 slime. 
 
 2. Overspread with slime ; as, a slim^ cel. 
 
 3. Viscous ; glutinous ; as, a slimy soil. 
 SLI'NESS, 71. [from sly.] Dextrous artifice to con- 
 ceal any thing ; artful secrecy. Mdison. 
 
 SLING, lu [D. slinger.] 
 
 1. An instrument (iir throwing stones, consisting 
 of a strap and two strings; the stone, being lodged 
 in the strap, is thrown by loosing one of the strings. 
 With a sling and a stone David killed Goliah. 
 
 2. A throw ; a stroke. Milton. 
 
 3. A kind of^ hanging bandage put round the neck, 
 in which a wounded limb is sustained. 
 
 4. A rope by which a cask or bale is suspended 
 and swung in or out of a ship. 
 
 SLING, n. [G. schlivgen, to swallow.] 
 
 A drink composed of equal parts of rum or spirit 
 and water sweetened. Rush. 
 
 SLING, J). f. ; pret. and pp. Slumo. [.Sax. slingau ; D. 
 slingerrn ; Sw. slinka, to dangle ; Dan. slingrrr, to 
 reel. The primary sense seems to be, to swing.] 
 
 1. To throw with a sling. 
 
 2. To throw ; to hurl. Jlddi.fnn. 
 
 3. To hang so as to swing ; as, to sling a pack. 
 
 4. To move or swing by a rope which suspends the 
 thing. 
 
 SLING'ER, n. One who slings or uses the sling. 
 SLING'INt;, ppr. Throwing with a sling; hanging 
 
 so as to swing ; moving by a sling. 
 SLINK, V. i. ; pret. and pp. Slunk. [Sax. slincan ; G. 
 
 schleiehen.] I 
 
 1. To sneak ; to creep away meanly ; to steal 
 away. 
 
 Ue woidd pinch the children in the dark, and then s'ink Into a 
 comer. ^rbulAnou 
 
 2. To miscarry, as a beast. 
 
 SLINK, V. t. To cast prematurely ; to abort or mis- 
 carry of; as the female of a beast. 
 
 SLINK, a. Produced i-reiuaturely, as the young of a 
 be.Tst. 
 
 SLI P, r. i. [Sax. strpan ; D. st'jipen ! S w. slippa ; Dan. 
 sliipper ; G. schliipfen, schiirfen ; VV. yslib, smooth, 
 glib, from llib; L. /«6or, to slide.] 
 
 1. To slide ; to glide ; to move along the surface of 
 a thing without bounding, rolling, or stepping. 
 
 2. 1'o sliile ; not to tread firmly. Walk carefully, 
 lest your foot should .<fip. 
 
 3. To move or fly out of place ; usually with out ; 
 as, a bone may slip out of its place. H'i-iman. 
 
 4. To sneak ; to slink ; to depart or withdraw se- 
 cretly ; with away. 
 
 Thus one tradesman s'ipt ati^ay. 
 
 To give his partner fiiirer play. Prior. 
 
 5. To err ; to fall into error or fault. 
 
 One slippeth in his speech, but not from his heart. Ecclu*. 
 
 6. To glide ; to pass unexpectedly or impercep- 
 tibly. ' 
 
 And thrice die flitting shadow slipped away. Drytsn. 
 
 7. To enter by oversight. An error may slip Into 
 a copy, notwithstanding all possible care. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, liXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 I 
 
SLI 
 
 8. To escaiiH insensibly ; to be lost. 
 Use the in;»l proptr incilKids 10 relatii the ideas you have ac- 
 quired, fur the iiiiiid is ready lo lot njaiiy ol ihejn bUji. 
 
 Warn. 
 
 SLIP, V. t. To convey secretly. 
 
 He tried to slip a powder into her drink. Arbuthnot. 
 
 2. To omit ; to lose by negligence. Let us not slip 
 the occasion. 
 
 And slip no advantage 
 That may secure yon. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. To part twigs from the brandies or stem of a 
 tree. 
 
 Tlie branches also may be slipped and planted. MorUmtr. 
 
 4. To escape from ; to leave slily. 
 
 Lucentio slipped nie like his greyhound. Shak. 
 From is liere understooii. 
 
 5. To let loose ; as, to slip the hountis. Dryden. 
 
 6. To tlirovv off ; to tiisengage one's self from ; ,is, 
 a horse slips his bridle. 
 
 7. To pass over or omit negligently ; as, to slip over 
 the niain points of a subject. 
 
 8. To tear otf ; as, to slip off a twig. 
 
 9. 'J'o suffer abortion ; to miscarry ; as a beast. 
 To slip a cable ; to veer out, and let go the end. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 To slip on ; to put on in haste or loosely ; as, to slip 
 on a goWn or coat. 
 SLIP, «. A sliding: ; act of slipping. 
 
 2. An unintentional error or fault. Dnjdcn. 
 
 3. A twig separated from the main stock ; as, the 
 slip of a vine. 
 
 4. A leash or string by which a dog is held ; so 
 called from its being so made as to slip or become 
 loose by relaxation of the hand. Sliak. 
 
 5. All escape ; a secret or unexpected desertion. ' 
 C. A long, narrow piece ; as, a slip of paper. 
 
 jSddison. 
 
 Hence, 
 
 7. Among printers, a portion of the columns of a 
 newspaper struck off by itself. 
 
 8. A counterfeit piece of money, being brass cov- 
 ered Willi silver. [A'ot in use.] S!iak. 
 
 9. .Matter found in troughs of grindstones al^er the 
 grinding of edge-tools. [Local.] Petty. 
 
 IJ. A particular quantity of yarn. [Local.] 
 
 Barret. 
 
 11. .\n opening between whar\'es or in a dock. 
 
 ^'eio York. 
 
 19. A place having a gradual descent on the bank 
 of a river or harbor, convenient for ship-biiilding. 
 
 Jilar. Diet. 
 
 13. A long seat or narrow pew in churches. 
 
 United States. 
 M. In geology, a mass of strata se|)uratcd vertically 
 or aslant. 
 
 SLIP'-BOARD, n. A board sliding in grooves. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SLIP'-KNOT, (-not,) n. A knot which will not bear 
 a strain, but slips along the rope or line around 
 which it is made. Tutlen. 
 
 PLIP'PKD, (»lipt,);ip. of Slip. 
 
 SLIP'PElt, n. [Sa.\.] A kind of light shoe, which 
 may be slipped on with ease, and worn in undress ; 
 a alip-sh(ie. Pope. 
 
 2. A kind of apron for children, to be slipped over 
 their other clothes to keep them clean. 
 
 3. A plant. [L. crcpis.] 
 
 4. A hind of iron slide or lock for the use of a 
 heavv wagon. 
 
 SLIP'I'EU, a. [Pax. .sIipHr.] 
 
 Slippery. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 SLIP'fKR-KD, a. Wearing slippers. tVarton. 
 SLIP'I'Kll-I-LY, mio. [fiom slippery.] In a slippery 
 manner. 
 
 SLIP'PER-I-N'KfiS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 slippery; lubriiity; smoothness; glibness ; as, the 
 slippfrrincss of ice or suow ; the slipperiness of the 
 tongue. 
 
 2. Unccrtaintv ; want of firm footing. Johnson, 
 
 3. Lubricity oi character. 
 
 SLIP'PGR-y, a. Smooth ; glib ; having the quality 
 oiiposiie to adhesiveness; as, oily substances render 
 things slippery. 
 
 2. Not affording firm footing or confidence ; as, a 
 tlippery promise. Tusser. 
 
 The slippery tops of human ital*. Omley. 
 
 3. Not easily held ; liable or apt to slip awny. 
 The slippery gui will try to loose lili liolil. Dryrttn. 
 
 4. Not standing firm ; ns, tUpprry standcr.i. Shak. 
 
 5. l/'nst.iblft J changeable; mutablu ; uncertain; 
 ns, the slippery slate <if kings. Deiihain. 
 
 0. Not certain in its ellcet; as, a slippery trick. 
 7. Lubricous; wanton: iinchaslc. Shak. 
 BLIP'PY^ a. Slippery. [A-Vt in nsc, lltough regular. 
 Pajt. «lipeg.] 
 
 SLIP'.^JIIUI), o. [slip nm\ shod.] Wearing shoes like 
 
 slipperrt, without (lulling up the qunitert. SwUl. 
 flLII''.-^I,OP, n. Had lii|Uor. 
 
 SLIP'.STKINf;, n. [slip and ulriit/t.] One that has 
 shaken off remrnint ; n prodigal ; called also Slip- 
 TiiKit r, but 1 believe seldom or never used. 
 
 Cutjrrave. 
 
 SLO 
 
 SLISII, )i. A cut ; a low word, formed by reduplicat- 
 ing Slash ; as, slish and s/u.-7i. Sluik. 
 
 SLIT, V. t. : prct. Slit ; ;>/». Slit or Plitted. [Sax 
 slilan ; Sw. slita : G. schleissen ; D. slylen ; Dan, 
 slider. The two latter siguily, to wear out or w.aste. 
 The German has the signification of splitting and of 
 wearing out.] 
 
 1. To cut lengthwise ; to cut into long pieces or 
 strips ; as, to slit iron bars into nail rods. 
 
 2. To cut or make a long fissure ; as, to slit the ear 
 or touL'ue, or the nose. Temple. J\rcwton. 
 
 3. 'I'o cut in general. Milton. 
 
 4. To rend ; to split. 
 
 SLIT, ?i. A long cut ; or a narrow opening ; as, a slit 
 in the ear. 
 
 2. A cleft or crack in the breast of cattle. Encyc. 
 SLITU'EK, V. i. To slide. [ furious dialects.] 
 
 Hatliwell. 
 
 SLIT'TER, 71. One that slits. 
 SLIT'TING, ppr. Cutting lenithwise. 
 SLIT'TLNG-MILL, ii. A mill where iron bars are slit 
 
 into nail rods, &.c. 
 SLlVE, ». i. To sneak. [J'-'orlh of England..] 
 
 Halliwell. 
 
 SLIVER, V. t. [Sax. slifan ; W. ■yslciviaw, from yslaiv, 
 a slash or slice, from glaio, a sword or cimeter ; llaiv, 
 shears or a shave ; but all probably from the sense 
 of cutting or separating. Class Lb.] 
 
 To cut or divide into long, thin pieces, or into veiy 
 small pieces; to^ut or renil lengtiiwise ; as, lo sliver 
 wood. 
 
 SLIVER, 71. A long piece cut or rent off, or a piece 
 cut or rent lengthwise. 
 
 SLI VER-£D, Divided into long, thin pieces; tut 
 or rent lengthwise. 
 
 SLIVER ING, ppr. Cutting or rending lengthwise 
 into long, tliin pieces, or very small pieces. 
 
 SLoAM, 71. Layers of earth between those of coal. 
 
 SLO.AT, (slote,) n. [from the root of Dan. slutter, to 
 fasten, I), sluiten. Sw. slula, G. schliessen; from the 
 root of L. claudo.] 
 
 A narrow piece of timber which holds together 
 large pieces ; as, the sloats of a cart. 
 
 SLOIi'BER, and its derivatives, are a different or- 
 thography of Slabbek, the original pronunciation of 
 which was probably slubber, [See Slabber and 
 Slavek.] 
 
 SLOCK, to quench, is a different orthography of 
 Slake, but not used. 
 
 SLOE, II. [Sax. slag, sla ; G. schlche ; D. slee, in slee- 
 pritim, and slee signifies sour ; slee^hoom, the sloe- 
 tree ; Dan. slaae, slaaen, or slaaen-torne.] 
 
 A small, bitter, wild plum, the fruit of the black 
 thorn, Pninus spinosa. Mortimer. 
 
 SLo'GA.N', 71. The war-cry or gathering word of a 
 Highland clan in Scotland. W. Scott. 
 
 SLOO.M, H. Slunilier. [A''orth of Eng.] H.lliicell. 
 
 SLOO.M'Y, o. Sluggish ; slow. [A^'orth of Kn<r.] 
 
 IMliwell. 
 
 SLOOP, 71. [D. sloep, sloepschip ) G. sclialuppe ; Dan. 
 sluppe ; Fr. chalonpc. It is written also Shallop.] 
 
 A vessel with one mast, the main-sail of whidi is 
 attached to a gaff above, to a bourn below, and to 
 the mast on its fiiremosl edge. It differs from a Cu v- 
 ter by having a fixed steeving bowsprit and a jib- 
 stay. Sloops are of various sizes,' from the size of a 
 boat to that of more than 100 tons' burthen. 
 
 Mar. Diet, 
 
 Sloop of war; a ves.sel of war rigged either as a 
 ship, brig, or schooner, and mounting between 18 
 and 32 guns. Totlen, 
 
 SLOP, 1-. «. [Probably allied to /up.] To drink greed- 
 ily and grossly. [Little iLsed.] 
 
 SLOP, 71. [Probably allied to slaliher.] Water care- 
 lessly thrown about on a table or Huor ; a puddle; a 
 soiled spot. 
 
 2. Mean liquor; mean liquid food. 
 
 3. Slops, pl.j ready-made clothes, bedding, &c. 
 [See Slops.] 
 
 SI.(")PE, o. [This word contains the elements of L. 
 
 lohor, lap.--Hs,noi\ Eng. slip; also of Ii.Ievo, Eng. lift. 
 
 I know not whether it originally signified ascending 
 
 or descending, probably the latter.] 
 
 Inclined or im lining from a horizontal direction ; 
 
 forming an angle witli the plane of the horizon ; as, 
 
 slope \r,\\:!. [Little nsed.] Milton. 
 BLf^PE, 71. An oblique iiirection ; a line or direction 
 
 inc^lining fio'n a horizontal line ; properly, a direction 
 
 downward. 
 
 2. .An oblique direction in ecneral ; a direction 
 forming an angle with a perpendicular or other right 
 line. 
 
 3. A declivity ; any groimd whose surface forms 
 an angle with the pl.ine of the horizon ; also, an ac- 
 clivity, as every declivity must be also an acclivity. 
 
 SLOPE, o. (. To form with a slope ; to form to decliv- 
 ity or oliliipiity ; to direct obliquely; to incline; ns, 
 to slope the ground in a garden ; to slope a piece of 
 cloth in cutting a garmenl. 
 
 SLOPE, V. i. To lake an oblique direction ; to be de- 
 clivous or inclined. 
 
 SLOPE'NESS, 71. Declivily ; obliquity. [JVot much 
 uird.] H'oUon. 
 
 SLOPE'WTSE, ni/ti. Obliquely. Carew, 
 
 SLO 
 
 SLoP'ING, ppr. 'I'akiiig an inclined direction. 
 
 2. a. Oblique ; declivous ; im lining or inclined 
 from a liorizoiiUil or other right line. 
 
 SLoP'I.NG-LY, a<Z«. Obliquely; with a slooe 
 
 SLOP'PI-NESS, 71. [Uom sloppy.] Wetness of the 
 earth ; inuddiness. 
 
 SLUP'PY, a. [(torn slop.] Wet, as the ground ; mud- 
 dy ; pKisby. 
 
 SLOPS, H. pi. [Qu. D. sluif, a case or cover, or slof, 
 an old slipper, or Sax. slopen, lax, loose ; toslupan, to 
 loosen.] 
 
 Trowsers ; a loose lower garment ; drawers ; 
 hence, ready-made clothes, bedding, &c. Shak. 
 SLOP'SELL-EK, n. One wlio sells ready-made 
 clothes. 
 
 SLOP SHOP, 71. A shop where ready-made clothes 
 
 are sold. 
 SLOSH, 71. See Slush. 
 SLOSH'Y, a. See Slusht. 
 
 SLOT, II. t, [D. sluiten, to shut ; G. schliessen ; Dan. 
 slutter ; Pw. sluta ; from the root of L. elaado.] 
 
 To shut with violence; to slam, that is, to drive. 
 [JVet ill use, or local.] Ray. 
 SLOT, 71. A hraad, flat, wooden bar. 
 SLOT, 71. [The Saxon has sUlinge, tracks.]^ 
 
 The track of a deer. Drayton. 
 SLOTH or SLoTH, n. [Sax. sUewtli, from slaw, slow. 
 See Slow.] 
 
 1. Slowness ; tardiness. y 
 
 I abhor 
 
 This dilatory slolh and tricks of Rome. Shak. 
 
 2. Disinclination to action or labor; sluggishness; 
 haziness ; idleness. 
 
 Tiiey change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth, Milton. 
 SloOt, lilie rust, consumes foster than hibor wears. Frattklin. 
 
 3. The popular name of a genus of tardigrade 
 edentate mammals, .a genus wliich ctunprises only 
 two species, viz., liiadypus tridactylus or Ai, about 
 the size of a cominon cat, and Cradypiis didactylus 
 or Unau, about half the size of the former, botii of 
 South America. These anitnnls are so called from 
 the remarkable slowness of their motions. It is 
 said that their greatest speed seldom exceeds three 
 yarils an hour. Tiiey feed on vegetables. 
 
 SLOTH or SLoTH, v. i. To be idle. [jYot In twe,] 
 
 Qoicer. 
 
 SLOTH'FUL or SLoTH'FJJL.o. Inactive ; sluggish ; 
 lazy ; indolent ; iille. 
 
 He that is slothful in liis work, is brother to liim that is a ^reat 
 waster. — Pruv. xviii. 
 
 SLOTH'FIJL-LY or SLoTH 'FL'L-LY, arfii. Lazily; 
 
 sluggishly ; idly. 
 SLOTH 'FijL-NESS or PLoTlPFIJL-NEPP, ii. The 
 
 indulgence of sloth; inactivity; the habit of iille- 
 
 ness ; laziness. 
 
 Sloth/illness casleth into n deep sleep. — Prov. xix. 
 
 SLOT'TED, ;ip. or a. Shut wilh violence. [Local] 
 SLOT'TEK-Y, a. [G. selilotterig, negligent ; schlot- 
 tern, to hang loosely, to walible. Pee Slut.] 
 
 1. SqualitJ ; dirty; sluttish; untrimmed. [JVuf in 
 use,] Chaucer. 
 
 2. Foul ; wet. [JVot in use,] Pryce, 
 SLOT'TING, ppr. Shutting with violence ; slam- 
 ming. 
 
 SLOUCH, 71. [This word probably belongs to the root 
 of lag, slug.] 
 
 1. .\ hanging down ; a depression of the head or 
 of some other part of tile body ; an ungainly, clown- 
 ish gait. Sirifi.. 
 
 2. An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. Ouy. 
 SLOUCH, II. 1. 'J'o hang ilovvii ; to have a downcast, 
 
 lownish look, gait, or manner. Chestirrjield. 
 SLOUCH, 1'. t. To depress ; to cause to hang down ; 
 
 as, to slouch the hat. 
 SLOUCII'AO, (sloucht,) ;i/i. JIado to hang down ; 
 depressed. 
 
 SLOUCH'ING, ;ipr. Causing to bang down. - 
 
 2. a. Hanging down ; walking heavily and awk- 
 waiillv. 
 
 SLOUGH, (slou,) 71. [Sax. .«?o»; W. 7/.</irf , a gutter 
 or slough, from Ihrr, a lake.] 
 
 1. .\ place of deep iiuid or mire ; a hole full of 
 inirc. Milton. 
 
 2. {pron. sliiff.) The skin or cast skin of a ser- 
 pent. [Its use for the skin in general, in Shak- 
 speare, is not authorized.] 
 
 3. {pron. sluff.) The part that se|)aratps from a 
 foul sore. ft^iieman. 
 
 The dead part which separates from the living in 
 mortification. Cooper. 
 SLOUGH, (sluff,) r. i. To separate from the sound 
 fiesh ; to come off; ns the matter formed over a 
 sore ; a term in surgery. 
 
 To slough off; to separate from the living parts, as 
 the dead part in morlificntion. 
 SLOUGH'Y, (slou'e,) a. Full of sloughs ; mirj-. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SLO V'E.V, 71. [D. slof, car(!lpss ; sloffen, to negiect ; 
 W. yslalii, from ysliih, extended ; Ir. .v/(i;inirc. ] 
 
 A man careless of his dress, or negligent of clean- 
 liness ; a man habitually negligent of neatness and 
 order. Popt. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiV. — PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLP, BQQK — 
 
SLU 
 
 SLOV'EN-LI-NliSS, ». [from uluveii.] NcgliRcnce 
 ofilress; linliitiial wuiit of clcniiliiie^d. fyuitvn. 
 
 0. Nefili '' <'f ordpr iiiid neatness. JIall. 
 SLOV'EN-I.V, a, Negligent uf dress or neatness ; as, 
 
 a stuociilii man. 
 
 2. Louse ; disorderly ; not neat ; as, a slaventy 
 dri's^. 
 
 SI,C)V'KN'-I.Y, oi/c. In a careless, inelegant m.inner. 
 SLOVMi.V-KY, H. Negligence of order nr neatness; 
 
 dirtiness. [,Vuf i/i i/.vp. ] S/tak. 
 SLOW, a. [.Sax. slaw, fur slug ! Dan. sliiv, dull, blunt ; 
 
 Cdrilrai'lcd fruni the niot uf ^.lack, sluf^L'arJ, lao.] 
 
 1. .Muving a small di.-'tance in a lun:; time; not 
 swilt ; nut qnick in niutiun ; not rapid ; as, a sloa 
 stream \ a stuw motion. 
 
 S. Late ; nut liappening in a short time. 
 
 Til 8" c!miJi-8 ill lli<" h''av.Mi8, thou;;ll s/ow, produced 
 
 Lil^L- cli ui^' till scM mill l.ui«l, tti.Jcrc.U U.Mt. jWton. 
 
 X Not ready ; not prompt or quick ; a.s, sloa of 
 speech, and flow of tongue. Exod, iv. 
 >!. Dull ; inactive ; tardy. 
 
 TllP TroJ;ins i\re not thia 
 To f;ii;ir.l their shon- t'roiti ;u) i>xpecti:il foe. Dnjften. 
 
 5. Not liasty ; not precipitate ; acting with deliber- 
 ation. 
 
 Tll^ Loril is nKTCiful, tlote to iing**r. Com. Prayer. 
 
 He lh.it is slou> to wnuli in of great unJerBUnilin'. — Pruv. xir, 
 
 6. Dull ; heavy in wit. Pope. 
 
 7. Heliiinl in time ; indicating a tiint! later tJiaii the 
 true time ; as, the clock or watcli is sluic. 
 
 8. Ntit advancing, growing, or improving rapidly ; 
 Bs, the sliiw growth of arts and sciences. 
 
 SLOW is used in composition, to modify other words ; 
 
 as, a s/oK>-i>aced horse. 
 SLoW, as a rrrb, to delay, is not in use. SAuA-. 
 SLOW, II. [Sa.v. ttliw.] 
 
 A moth. [A'ut ill K.-c.l ChuMer. 
 SLOW'Ii.At'K, 11. A lubber; an idle fcIlo>v ; a loi- 
 
 Irrer. *" 
 SLOW'LV, iiilr. With moderate motion ; not rapid- 
 ly ; not with velocity or celerity ; as, to w.ilk .s/uic/y. 
 
 Not soon : not early ; not in a little time ; not 
 with hasty advance; as, a country that rises slotclij 
 into importance. 
 
 U. Not hastily ; not rashly; not with precipitation ; 
 as, he deleriinnes .■<lowtij. 
 
 4. Nut promplh' ; not readily ; as, he learns .ttoichj. 
 
 5. Tardily ; with slow progress. The building pro- 
 ceeds slnfrhu 
 
 SLoW'NKSii, n. Moderate motion ; want of speed or 
 velocity. 
 
 Svvirtiirts (iiul ihtffnesi are rrl.-\tiTe iileai. Walls. 
 
 2. Tardy advance : moderate progression ; as, the 
 slowness of an operation j slowiicjs of growtli or im- 
 provement. 
 
 ;t. Dullness to admit conviction or afTection ; as, 
 s/<iroii<'.->- of heart. Bnitlty. 
 
 •t. Want of readiness or promptness ; dullness of 
 inltlleit. 
 
 5. Dpiilieratinn ; coolness ; caution in deciding, 
 n. Dilatoriness ; tardiness. 
 PLOW'-SKJIIT-EO, a. t^low to discern. More. 
 SI,oW'-WI\(J-ED, o. Flyins slowly. 
 SLoW'-WORM, II. [f'ax. .Wair-icyrm.] 
 
 .\ reptile, the hiiniuvorm, not venomous. It is the 
 AntJiiis fnigilis of Liniiajus. P. Cyc. 
 
 ST^UIi'UEH, V. L To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarse- 
 ly ; to daub ; to stain ; to cover carelessly. [Little 
 usril, anit riilirnr,] 
 SLL'B'Rr.ll-DE-lJULL'ION, (-yun,) n. A mean, dir- 
 ty, sorrv wretch. liitilibras. 
 SLVB'BKU-I.NO-LY, at/p. In a slovenly manner. [.Vot 
 
 iivr//, tiiid culfritr.] Di'uijloii. 
 SLimOE, 11. [D. .</i/Jl. Pax. slog, a slough.] 
 
 Mild ; mire ; soft mud. Mortiinrr. 
 SLinxS'Y, a. Miry. PaHiiigtun. 
 SLf'K, (.slu,) r. t. In seamen's laniriuine, to turn any 
 tiling conical or cylindrical, &c., about its axis, with- 
 out removing it from iu place ; to turn. 
 
 Mar. Diet. Totten. 
 SLC'KD, (slt'idc,) pp. Turned about on its axis with- 
 out removiiii: it. 
 SLUG, II. [ All ied to slack, slugsard ; W. Hag ; D. .ilalc, 
 slek, a snail.] 
 
 1. A drone ; a slow, heavy, lazy fellow. Sliak. 
 Q. A liinderance ; obstruction. . Bacon. 
 
 3. A kind of snail, very destriiotive to plants, of 
 the g;eniis l.iinax. Slugs are naked snails, or snails 
 without a slii ll. 
 
 4. [Uii. Sax. slocn, a mouthful ; D. slok, a swallow ; 
 or Sax. .<(i-e^, a sledge.] 
 
 A cylindrical or oval piece of metal, used for the 
 charge of a gun. Pope. 
 SLUG, I. i. To move slowly ; to lie idle. [Ob.-:] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 Sl.rt;, r. r. To make slugsish. [Obs.] Milton. 
 SLL'G'.v nKD, n. One who indulges in lying abed. 
 
 [.\'i>t u^Cil.) Shak. 
 SH'G'GAUD, 71. [from .t/iij- and «rrf, slow kind.] A 
 
 |>erson habitually la/.y, idle, and inactive ; a drone. 
 
 Driiden, 
 
 SLUG CARD, a. Sluggish ; lazy. Dnjdcn. 
 
 SLU 
 
 SLUG'GAHD-IZK, t>. r To make lazy. [Rare.] Shak. 
 SLUG'GISII, a. Habitually idle and lazy; slothful; 
 dull ; inactive: as, a duggM man. 
 
 2. Plow ; having little motion ; as, a sluggish river 
 or stream. 
 
 3. Inert ; inactive ; having no power to move it- 
 self. 
 
 Matter i* tluf^gish iMul inactive. \Vood.Bard. 
 SLUG'GIPII-LY, atlo. Lazily ; slothfully ; drowsily ; 
 
 idly ; .•^lowlv. MtUun. 
 SLUG'GIPH-NESS, n. Natural or habitual indolence 
 
 or laziness ; sltitli ; dullness ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Inertness ; want uf power to move ; applied to 
 inanimate matter, 
 
 3. Slowness ; its, the slairirishness o{ a stream. 
 SLUG'GY, a. Pliiggish. in u.ie.] Cliaucer. 
 SLUGS, 71. Aiiioiig miners, half-roasted ore. 
 SLClt'E, (slase,) ii. [I), sliiif, a sluice, a lock: G. 
 
 schlciisc, a floodgate, antl sehloss, a lock, from .tchlies- 
 $en, Ui shut ; Sw. sla,i^ ; Dan. slase ; Fr. ecluse ; It. 
 chiu.-'u, an inclosnrc. The Dutch slaiten, Dan. .<talter, 
 to shut, :ire the G. schlicLsen ; all formed on the ele- 
 inenls of Ld, Ls, the rotit of Eng. lid, L. claudo,clau- 
 si,clausn.t; Low L. cxc/i/S'c] 
 
 1. A frame of tinilier, stone, &.c,., with a gate, for 
 the purpose uf excluding, retaining, or regulating the 
 (low of water in a river, &.c. Brandc. 
 
 •2. 'i'lie stream of water issuing through a flood- 
 gate. If the word had its origin in shultimj, it do- 
 noted the frame tif boartls or planks which closes the 
 opening of a iiiilldam ; but I belii'vc it is applied to 
 the stream, the gate, and channel. It is a common 
 saying, that a rafiiil stream runs like a .sluice. 
 
 3. An opening; a source of supply ; that through 
 which any thing Hows. 
 
 b''>cli sluice u[ RlHnL-iit rorliine opened soun. Harte. 
 SLOICE, B. t. To emit by lioodgates. [Little used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SLOI'CV, a. Falling in streams, as from a sluice. 
 
 And oft whole uheeu ilcscciid of sluicy rain. Vryden. 
 SLfi'ING, ppr. Turning on its axis. 
 SLU.M'llElt, r. i. [."^ax. slumerian ; D. .iliiimeren ; G. 
 schlummern i Dan. .Hummer, slunirer ; Sw. slumra.] 
 
 1. To sleep lightly ; to doze. 
 
 He tliat kecpijUi Israel ttli.tll iieillier slumber nor sleep. — Ps. 
 cxxi. 
 
 2. To sleep. Slumber is used as synonj inons with 
 sleep, particularly iu the poetic and eloipient style. 
 
 Miitnn. 
 
 3. To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supiiicncss, 
 or inactivity. 
 
 Why tfiimiiers Pope ? Young. 
 
 SLUM'BEU, )'. t. To lay to sleep. 
 
 2. To stun ; to stupefy. [Little used, and hardly U- 
 gilimaie.] Spen.-ter. H'otton. 
 
 SLUM'llER, 71. Light sleep; sleep not deep or sound. 
 I'coin ciTvLessiietts it shall a<-ttle into tiumher, tuid fruin slumber 
 it shall settle iiitu a deep and long sleep. South. 
 
 2. Sleep ; repose. 
 
 IlosI to my soni, unci slumber to my eyes. L.j2tn, 
 
 SLUM'BER-f;n, pp. Laitl to sli>ep. 
 
 SLUM'HER-ER, ii. One that slumbers. 
 
 PLIJM'BEIl-I.VG, ;>;>r. or a. Dozing; sleeping. 
 
 PLU.\1'HER-1.\'(;-LY, adv. In a slumbering manner. 
 
 SLU.M'BEll-OUP, ( a. Inviting or Ciiusing sleep ; so- 
 
 SLUM'BEll-Y, ( poriferous. 
 
 While p*nsive in the slumberou4 simde. Pope. 
 Q. Sleepy ; not waking. S/iat 
 
 SLU .MI', V. i. [G. schlump ; D.an. and Sw. slump, a hap 
 or chance, accident, thst is, a fall.] 
 
 To lall or sink suddenly into wtUer or mud, when 
 walking on a hard surface, as on ice or frozen 
 ground, not strong enough to bear the (lerson [ This 
 leiritiinate word i.v i« common and r€.<peclahlc use in J\'eto 
 Ki'^itand, and its .'.•iirn{liciition i-t so appropriate that no 
 other word will supply iL^ place.] 
 
 SLUNG, /irff. anil pp. of Suimg, 
 
 SLI.'.NK, pri'f. and ;<;>. of Pi.i.vK. 
 
 SLUR, r. (. [D. slordiir, sluttish.] 
 
 1. To .soil ; to sully ; to contaminate; to disgrace. 
 
 2. To pass lightly ; to conceal. 
 
 With periods, j'.oints, and tnip"s, Hl* slurs hit crimes, Dryicn. 
 
 3. 'I'o cheat; to trick. [Uniusual.] Prior. 
 
 4. In music, to sing or perform in a smooth, gliding 
 style. Busby. 
 
 SLUR, 71. Property, a black mark ; hence, slislit re- 
 proach or discntcv. Every vitilatitin of mural duty 
 shoiihl be a slur to the repiit:ttion. 
 
 2. In music, h mark coiiiieciiiig notes that are to be 
 sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued 
 bretuh of a wind instrument, ur with one stroke of a 
 striniiril instrument. 
 SLUR'R^;D, (slurd,) pp. Contaminated; soiled. 
 
 2. a. In mu-'ic, marked with a slur ; ix-rfurmed in 
 a smooth, gliiling style, like notes marked with a 
 slur. [See Puun, n. .Vo 2. J 
 SLUSli, 11. Soft mud. .Mso, in r.tmie places, a mix- 
 ture of snow antl water : snow brtith. Jamicson. 
 
 2. A soft mixture of grease, Sec, used to lubri- 
 cate. 
 
 SMA 
 
 SLU.Sil'V, a. Consisting of soft nmd, or of snow autl 
 
 water, or of soft grease. 
 SLU'J', 11. [D. .ilet, a slut, a rag ; G. tchlottrrig, neu'li- 
 
 gent, slovenly ; scliloHcrn,\u hang loosely, to wabble, 
 
 or waddli .] 
 
 1. A woman who is negligent of cleanliness, and 
 who sutlers her person, clulhes, furniture, &.c., to bo 
 dirty or in disorder. Sliak. King, 
 
 2. A name uf slight contempt fur a wi<niaii. 
 
 L^ F..<trange, 
 
 SLUT'TER-Y, »i. The qualities of a slut ; uiore i'f iirr^ 
 ally, the practice of a slut ; neglect of cli;anliiiess 
 anil order; dirtiness of clothes, rooms, fiiritittire, ur 
 provisions. Drayton. 
 
 SLUT'TISII, a. Not ne.it or cleanly ; dirty ; careK-ss 
 of dress and ne.atness ; disordeily ; as, a sluliish 
 
 2. Disorderly ; dirty ; as, a .sluttish dress, [woman. 
 
 3. .Mcn tricious. [Liule used.] IloUday. 
 SLUT'TIPII-LY, adc. In a sluttish manner; ncgli- 
 
 genllv ; dirtily. 
 
 SLUT'TISII-NESS, 71. The qimlities or practice of a 
 slut; negligence of dress ; dirtiness of dress, furni- 
 ture, anil in domestic nfTairs gener:illy. Sidney. Hay, 
 
 SLY, u. [C;sclUau; Dan. »7ii<. tin. h. sluik, under- 
 hand, privately ; sluikrn, to smuggle ; which seem 
 to be allied to sleek and sleight.] 
 
 1. Artfully dextrous in performing things secretly, 
 and escaping observation tir detection ; usually iin- 
 plyin;: some degree of inea;incss ; artfully cunning; 
 applied to persons ; as, a sly man or btiy. 
 
 2. Done with artful and dextrous secrecy ; as, a 
 sly trick. 
 
 3. Marked with artful secrecy ; as, sty circiims|>ec- 
 tion. MdtiiH, 
 
 4. Secret ; concealed. 
 
 Envy workn in n sly, imperceptiUe manner. Waits. 
 On tlie .sly ; in a sly or secret manner. [Tng.] 
 SL?'-l!OOTS, 71. A sly, cunning, or waggish person. 
 [Low.] 
 
 SLY'LY, SLY'NESS. See Plii.t, Sliness. 
 
 SMACK, r. i. [W. ysinac, n stroke ; Sax. .smtrccan, to 
 taste ; D. smaaJien ; G. sehiiieckcn, schmatzcn ; Sw. 
 smaka ; Daii. smager ; D. smak, a cast or tliroW. The 
 primary sense is, to throw, to strike, whence to 
 touch or taste ; Gr. paxri, a battle ; as, battle froin 
 beat.] 
 
 1. To kiss with a close compression of the lips, so 
 as to make a sound when they separate ; to kiss 
 with violence. Pupr. 
 
 2. To make a noise by the separ.ttion of the lips 
 after tasting any tiling. Gay 
 
 3. To have a ta.ste ; to be tinctured with any par- 
 ticular taste. 
 
 4. To have a tincture or quality infused 
 
 All sects, all a^a, smacls ut tlii^ vice. S\ai. 
 
 SM.\CK, i: t. To kiss with a sharp noise. Donne. 
 
 2. To make a sharp noise with llit-- lips. 
 
 3. To make a sharp nuiac by sinking; to crack ; 
 as, to smack :i whip. 
 
 S.MACK, 11. A lotid kiss. Shak. 
 
 2. .\ ipiick, sharp noise, as of the lips or of a 
 whip. 
 
 3. Taste ; savor ; tincture. Spenser. Carew, 
 
 4. Pleasing taste. Tusser, 
 
 5. A ipiick, smart blow. 
 
 Ii. A small tpiaiitity ; a taste. Dnjden, 
 7. [D. smalischip. Lye supposes it to be the Sax. 
 snacca, from sna^a, snake, and so named from its 
 form, till.] A small vessel, coniiiiotily riigetl .-is a 
 sloop, used chiefly in the coasting and lishin:: trade. 
 
 1/rherl. 
 
 SJIACK'ING, ppr. Kissing with asharp noise ; making 
 a shiirp noise with the lips or by striking. 
 
 SMALL, (siiiawl,) a. [.Sax. sm,rl. smal, thin, slender, 
 little; G. sclimal, I), smal, ii;irrow ; l):iii. ^.-iim/, nar- 
 row, strait ; .smaler, to narrow, to diniliiish ; Sw. 
 smal ; Rliss. maJo, small, littlt;, few ; malyu and 
 uiiialiayu, to diminish ; Slav. tt» ab.'ise ; \V. wnl, 
 small, trivial, lislit, vain, like, similar : niii/u, to 
 grind, and malau, to make similar ; Gr. iipaXoi, 
 See Mill, Mold, .SIcal.] 
 
 1. Sleniler : thin; tine; of little diameter; hence, 
 in general, little iu size or quantity ; not ureal ; as, a 
 small house ; a small horse ; a sinail furiu ; a suiall 
 body ; small particles. 
 
 2. Minute; slender; fine; as, a .*ma// voice. 
 
 3. Little in degree ; as, small iniprovcinent ; smaU 
 acquirements; the trouble is smail. 
 
 There arose no small sUr at«ut that way. — .Acts ix. 
 
 4. Being of little moment, weight, or iin|>ortance; 
 as. it is a <iiin// matter or thing ; a .<iti/i// subject. 
 
 5. Of little genius or ability ; petty ; as, a smaU 
 poet or miisicitin. 
 
 C. Short ; containing little ; .ns, a smatl essay. 
 
 7. Little in amount ; as, a small sum ; a small 
 price. 
 
 8. Containing little of the principal quality, or lit- 
 tle strencth ; weak ; as, small beer. 
 
 9. Gentle ; soft; not loud. 1 Kings xix 
 
 10. Mean: b;tse ; iinworthv. [Odlon'iiat.] 
 SMALL, 71. The small or slender p.-ut ol u thing ; as. 
 
 tlie small of the leg or of the back. Sidney. 
 
 TONE, BULL. IGNITE.'— AX"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SlI ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 1043 
 
SMA 
 
 S.MAI^L, ». (. To make littli- or less. [J\1if in u..t.] 
 SMALL'AGE, n. A plant, A|hiiiii graveoleiis. In its 
 
 imiiroveil state under cultivation, it is called Celerv 
 Encyc. of Dam. Econ, 
 SMALL'-SRMS, n. pt. A general name of muskets, 
 
 carbines, rifles, pistols, &c., in distinction from the 
 
 jreat suns. 
 
 SMALL.'-!! EER, w. [s^nall and ieer.] A species of 
 weak beer. 
 
 SMALL'-CLoTHES, )i. p?. Breeches. Booth. 
 
 SMALL'-eoAL, 71. Ismail and coal.] Little wood 
 co.'ils used to liaht fires. Gajj. 
 
 S.AlALL'-eRAFT, n. [small and craft.] A vessel, or 
 vessels in general, of a small size, or below the size 
 of ships and brigs intended for foreign trade. 
 
 S.MALL'-GRaL\-£D, a. Having small grains. 
 
 7'kompson. 
 
 SMALL'ISFl, n. Somewhat small. CImucer. 
 
 S.MALL'NESS, 71. Littleness of size or extent ; little- 
 ness of quantity ; as, the smallness of a fly or of a 
 horse ; the smallness of a hill. ' 
 
 2. Littleness in degree ; as, the smoWnm of trouble 
 or pain. 
 
 3. Littleness in force or strength ; weakness ; as, 
 smallness of mind or intellectual powers. 
 
 ■1. Fineness; softness; melodiousness; as, the 
 smallness of a female voice. 
 
 5. Littleness in amount or value ; as, the smallness 
 of the sum. 
 
 6. Littleness of importance ; inconsiderableness ; 
 as, the smallness of an aff"air. 
 
 SMALL-POX', 71. [small anA poT, pocks.] An exan- 
 tliematic disease, consisting of a constitutional febrile 
 affectiim, and a cutaneous eruption. The cutaneous 
 eruption is first a papule, the top of which becomes 
 a vesicle, and then a pustule, and finally forms a thick 
 crust which sloughs after a certain time, often leav- 
 ing a pit or scar. This disease is propagated exclu- 
 sively by contagion or infection, and is very danger- 
 ous when it occurs casually. It is called, technically. 
 Variola. It has several quite distinct varieties. 
 
 S.MALL'- WARES, 71. pi. The name given, in com- 
 merce, to various small, textile articles, as tapes, 
 braid, sash-cord, fringe, &.C. McCulloch. 
 
 SMAL'LV, (smawl'ly,) adv. In a little quantity or de- 
 gree ; with minuteness. [Little used.] .^scham. 
 
 SMALT, 71. [I), smelten, l)an. smelter, to melt; G. 
 sckinelz, from schmelien, to melt, to smelt ; Sw. smdlt, 
 id. : a word formed on viclt.] 
 
 Common glass tinged of a fine deep blue, by the 
 \. -otowd of cobalt. 
 
 S.MALT'INE, 71. Gray cobalt ; tin-white cobalt, con- 
 sisting of arsenic and cobalt. 
 
 S.MAR'AGD, 71. [Gr. ir/iupa) Joj.] 
 The emerald. 
 
 SMA-RAG'DINE, (-din,) a. [L. smaragdimis, from 
 the Greek.] 
 
 Pertaining to emerald ; consisting of emerald, or 
 resembling it ; of an emerald-green. 
 SMA-RAG'DlTE, 7i. A mineral; called also Green 
 
 DiALLAGE. Ure. 
 
 SMART, 71- [D. .•.inert; G. schmert; Dan. smerte. 
 This word is probably formed on the roc)t of L. ama- 
 rus, bitter, that is, sharp, like Fr. piquant. See the 
 
 root 1113, Ar.^^ viarra. Class Mr, No. 7.] 
 
 1. Quick, pungent, lively pain ; a pricking, local 
 pain, as the pain from puncture by nettles; as, the 
 smart of bodily punishment. 
 
 2. Severe, pungent pain of mind ; pungent grief; 
 as, the smart of alHiction. 
 
 SJIXRT, V. i. [Sax. smeortan ; D. smerten ; G. schmer- 
 zcn i Dan. smcrter.] 
 
 1. To feel a [ivcly, pnngent pain, particularly a 
 pungent, local pain from some piercing or irril.iting 
 application. Thus Cayenne pepper, applied to the 
 tongue, makes it smart. 
 
 2. To feel a pungent pain of mind ; to feel sharp 
 pain ; as, to smart under sufferings. 
 
 3. To be punished ; to bear penalties or the evil 
 consequences of any thing. 
 
 lie ihnt is iurcty for a •ln\ng';r ihall smart for it. — Prov. xi. 
 SMART, <z. Pimgpnt; pricking; causing a keen, lo- 
 cal pain ; as, a smart lash or stroke ; a smart quality 
 or taste. Shall. Oranoillc. 
 
 2. Keen ; severe ; poignant ; as, smart pain or suf- 
 ferings. 
 
 3. Ciuick ; vigorous ; sharp ; severe ; as, a smart 
 ■kirmiith. 
 
 4. Urisk ; frcHli ; as, a irmoT^ breeze. 
 
 .5. Acute and jiertinent ; witty ; as, a OTiort reply ; 
 a smart Haying. 
 G. liriak ; vivacious ; as, a smart rhetorician. 
 
 ;ll E 
 
 To waste away. [A'i/J m 
 Ray. 
 
 keen pain ; as, to aclie 
 
 Wlio, lor 
 Wuuld Ici 
 
 , for the poor fnnwn of ii^-ini^ nmnrl, 
 
 Iravi! • •ling wllliin ii lirnUi.-r'i h'-art i Young. 
 
 7. DreHsed in a showy manner. 
 SMART, 71. A cant word for a follow that nflects 
 
 bri!ikne«ii and vivacity. 
 SM A KT'/CN, V. L To make smart. [A1<( in use.] 
 8.MA UT'ER, a. comp. More smart. 
 SMART'EST, a. tuperl. Most smart. 
 
 S.MaR'TLE, (smslr'tl,) v. . 
 use.] 
 
 SMART'LY, oil). With 
 smartly. 
 
 2. Briskly ; sharply; wittily. 
 
 3. Vigorously; actively. Clarendon. 
 
 4. Showily; in a showy manner; as, smartly 
 dressed. 
 
 SMXRT'-MON-EY, n. Money paid by a person to 
 buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement 
 or some painful situation. 
 
 2. Money allowed to soldiers or sailors in the 
 English service, for wounds and injuries received. 
 
 6ro.ie. 
 
 SMXRT'NESS, 71. The quality of being smart or 
 pungent ; poignancy ; as, the smartness of pain. 
 
 2. Quickness ; vigor ; as, the smartness of a blow. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 3. Liveliness ; briskness ; vivacity ; wittiness ; as, 
 the smartness of a. reply or of a phrase. Swifl. 
 
 SMA RT'-TICK-ET, 71. A certificate given to wound- 
 ed seamen, entitling them to smart-money. 
 
 Br and e. 
 
 SMXRT'-WEED, 71. A name given to the arse smart, 
 or Polygonum puuctatum, on account of its acri- 
 mony, which produces smarting if applied where 
 the skin is tender. 
 
 SMASH, 71. t. [Probably 7i!asA, with a prefix.-] To 
 break in pieces by violence; to dash to pieces; to 
 crush. 
 
 Here every iWing is broken and smashed to pieces. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Burke. 
 
 SMASFI'iJD, (smasht,) pp. or a. Dashed to pieces. 
 SMASH'ING, ppr. Dashing to pieces. 
 SMASH'ING, 71. State of being smashed. 
 SMATCH, 71. [Corrupted from smack.] 
 
 1. Taste; tincture. [J\rol in tise, or vulgir.] 
 
 2. A bird. 
 
 SMAT'TER, V. i. [Qu. Dan. smaller, to smack, to 
 make a noise in chewing ; Sw. smatlra, to crackle ; 
 Ice. smtp-dr. It contains the elements of 77iiif(cr.] 
 
 1. To talk superficially or iguorantly. 
 
 of slate allUirs you caniiol smaUer. ' Sm/t. 
 
 2. To have a slight taste, or a slight, superficial 
 knowledge. 
 
 SiMAT'TER, 71. Slight, superficial knowledge. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 SMAT'TER-ER, 7!. One who has only a slight, su- 
 perficial knowledge. Swift. 
 
 SMAT'TER-ING, 71. A slight, superficial knowledge. 
 [ This is the word commonly used.] 
 
 SMkAR, v. t. [Sax. smerian, smirian; D. smeeren ; G. 
 schmieren ; Dan. smiirer ; Sw. smorja ; Ir. smearam ; 
 Russ. marayu ; D. smeer ; G. sckmirr, grease, tallow ; 
 Ir. smear, id. ; Sw. and Dan. .577ior, butter. Qu. its 
 alliance with viarrow, marl, mire, from its softness. 
 See Class iNIr, No. 10, 21.] 
 
 1. To overspread with any thing unctuous, vis- 
 cous, or adhesive ; to besmear ; to daub ; as, to smear 
 any thing with oil, butter, pitcli, &c. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 
 2. To soil ; to contaminate ; to pollute ; as, smeared 
 wUh infamy. S!iak. 
 
 SMeAR, 71. A fat, oily substance ; ointment. [Little 
 
 ll-s f f/. ] 
 
 SMeAR'ED, pp. Overspread with soft or oily mat- 
 ter *, soiled. 
 
 SJIeAII'ING, ppr. Overspreading with any thing 
 
 soft and oleaginous ; soiling. 
 SMEAR'Y,a. That smears or soils ; adhesive. [Lit- 
 tle H.sed.] Bvwe, 
 SMeATH, 71. Aeea-fowl. 
 SMECTITE, 71. [Gr. it/itixti;, deterging.] 
 
 An argillaceous earth ; fuller's earth ; so called 
 from its property of taking grease out of cloth, &c. 
 
 Pinl:erton. 
 
 SMEETII, V. t. To smoke. [JVot in use.] 
 S.MEETH, V. t. To smooth. [JVorf/i 0/ Entrland.] 
 
 Jialliwell. 
 
 SMEG-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. amiia, soap.] 
 
 Being of the nature of soap; soapy; cleansing; 
 detersive. 
 
 S.MELL, 1). t. ; pret. and pp. Smelled, Smelt. [I 
 have not found this word in any otiier language.] 
 
 To perceive by the nose, or by the olfactory nerves ; 
 to have a sensation excited in certain organs of the 
 nose by particular qualities of a body, which are 
 transmitted in fine particles, often from a distance ; 
 as, to smell a rose ; to smell perfumes. 
 
 To smell out, is a low phrase signifying to find out 
 by sagacity. L'Kstrange. 
 
 To smell a rat, is a low phrase signifying to sus- 
 pect strongly. 
 
 S.MELL, I), i. To nlTect tlie olfactory nerves ; to have 
 an oilor or particular scent; followed by (/; as, to 
 smell of smoke ; to smell of musk. 
 
 2. To have a particular tincture or smack of any 
 quality ; as, a report .tniciii of calumny. [JViif clc- 
 gant.i Sliak. 
 
 3. 1*0 practice smelling. Eiod. xxx. Shak. 
 
 4. To exercise sagiicity. 
 
 S.MELL, 71. The sen.se or faculty by which certain 
 qualities of bodies are perceived through the instru- 
 
 SMI 
 
 meutality of tht; olfactory nerves ; or the faculty of 
 perceiving by the organs of the nose ; one of the five 
 senses. In some species of beasts, the smell is re- 
 markably acute, particularly in the canine species. 
 
 2. Scent ; odor ,' the quality of bodies which af- 
 fects the olfactory organs ; as, the sntell of mint ; the 
 smell of geranium. 
 
 TUe sweetest smell in the air is tliat of the while double violet. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SMELL'SD, i , J , „ 
 S.MELT i ^ Smell. 
 S.MELL'ER, 71. One that smells. 
 
 SMELL FEAST, 71. [.^mell and feast.] One that is 
 apt to find and frequent good tables; an epicure ; a 
 parasite. VEstrange. 
 
 SMELL'ING, ppr. Perceiving by the olfactory 
 nerves. 
 
 SMELL'ING, 71. The sense by which odors are per- 
 ceived. 
 
 SMELL'ING-BOT-TLE, 71. A small bottle filled 
 with something suited to stimulate the nose and re- 
 vive tlie spirits. .ash. 
 
 SMELT. See Smelled. 
 
 SMELT, 71. [Sax.] A small fish that is very delicate 
 food. It is of the genus Osmerus, belonging to the 
 salmon family. It emits a peculiar odor, which has 
 been compared to the smell of cucumbers, green 
 rushes, or violets. The sand-smelt is the same as the 
 atherine, which see. Jardine's JVut. Lib. 
 
 SMELT. D. t. [D. smelten; G. schmehen ; Dan. smel- 
 ter ; Sw. smiUta, to melt. This is 77iel(, with s pre- 
 fixed.] 
 
 To melt or fuse, as ore, for the purpose of separating 
 
 the mi-tal from extraneous substances. 
 SMELT'ED, pp. or a. Melted for the extraction of 
 
 the metal. 
 SSIELT'ER, 71. One that melts ore. 
 S.MELT'ER-Y, 71. A house or place for smelting 
 
 ores. 
 
 SMELT'ING, ppr. Melting, as ore. 
 
 SMELT'ING, 71. The operation of melting or fusing 
 
 ores for the purpose of extracting the metal. 
 S.MERK, V. i. [Sax. smercian.] 
 
 1. To smile affectedly or wantonly. Swift. 
 
 2. To look aflectedly soft or kind ; as, a smerking 
 countenance ; a smerking grace. Younir. 
 
 SAIERK, 71. An affected smile. 
 SMERK, ( ... ■ , 
 
 smerk'y, ( '^"^^ ' ' J^'">'- 
 
 So smerk, so smooth, he pricked his e.irs. Spenser. 
 
 SMER'LIN, 71. A fish. .ainsworth. 
 SMEW, (sniu,) 71. A migratory aquatic fowl, the 
 Mergus albellus ; also called White Nun. 
 
 Ed. Enciic. 
 
 SMICK'ER, v. i. [Sw. smickra, to flatter, Dan. 
 
 sniigrer.] 
 
 To smerk ; to look amorously or wantonly. 
 
 Kersey. 
 
 SMICK'ER-ING, ppr. Smerking; smiling aflecP' 
 edly. 
 
 SMICK'ER-ING, 71. An affected smile or amorous 
 look. 
 
 SMICK'ET, n. ; dim. of Smock. [JVot used.] 
 SMID'DY, 71. [Sax. smithtka.] 
 
 A sniithery or smith's workshop. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SMIGIIT, for Smite, in Spenser, is a mistake. 
 SMIL'A-(;iN, 71. [Gr. oiiiA,i( ; L. 6-mi/ai, the modern 
 name of a genus of plants.] 
 
 A white crystallizable compound, considered to be 
 the active principle of the otliciual species of smilai, 
 or sarsaparilla. It is tasteless when solid, but bitter 
 in solution. It is now ascertained to be an acid, and 
 is called Parillinic Acid. Tully. 
 SMILE, 17. i. [Sw. smila : Dan. smiler.] 
 
 1. To contract the features of the face in such a 
 manner as to express pleasure, moderate joy, or love 
 and kindness ; the contrary to Frown. 
 
 The sntiling infant in liis hand shatl take 
 The cn'sted basihsk and speckled snake. 
 She smiled to see llie doughty liero slain. 
 
 Pope. 
 Pope. 
 
 2. To express slight contempt by a smiling look, 
 implying sarcasm or pity ; to sneer. 
 
 'Twas wliat I said to Cmg^s and Child, 
 
 Wlio praised my modesty and smiled. . Pope. 
 
 3. To look gay and joyous; or to have an appear- 
 ance to excite joy ; as, smiling spring ; smiling plenty. 
 
 The desert smiled. 
 And paradise was opened in die wiltl. Pope. 
 
 4. To be propitious or favorable ; to favor ; to 
 countenance. May Heaven smile on our labors. 
 
 SMILE, I!, t. To awe with a contemptuous smile 
 
 Young. 
 
 SMILE, 71. A peculiar contraction of the features of 
 the face, which naturally expri ssi s |)leasurc, mod- 
 erate joy, approbation, or kiinlness ; opposed to 
 FnowN. 
 
 Sweet liilrrcourHC of looks and smites. Milton. 
 
 2. Gay or joyous appearance ; as, the smiles of 
 spring. 
 
 3. Favor ; countenance ; propitiousnesa ; as, the 
 smiles of Providence. 
 
 4. An expression of countenance, resembling a 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PIlfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1044 
 
SMO 
 
 smilu, but indicative uf oppiisite fet*Iings, aa con- 
 tempt, scorn, Slc. ; ns, a sciirnriil smile. 
 
 SMILU'LESS, a. Not liaving a smile. 
 
 S.MIb'ER, «. One who smiles. 
 
 S.MIL'INC:, ppr. or a. Having! a smile on the cotin- 
 tenaiice ; looking joyous or tiny ; looking propitious. 
 
 SMTL'IN<;-LY, adv. With a look of pleasure. 
 
 S.MIU'liN'G-NESS, II. State of being smiling. Bijrrni. 
 
 S.MlI/r, for Smelt. [jVot in u.ic.] 
 
 S.MIRfll, (smurcb,) r. (. [from murk, murky.] To 
 cloud ; to dusk i to soil ; as, to smirch the face. [Low.] 
 
 Sluik. 
 
 SMIRK, (smurk,) v. i. To look affectedly soft or 
 
 kind. [SeeSMERK.l Young. 
 SM IT, soiiiptinies used for Smitten. [Pee Smite] 
 SMITE, 0. prcL Smote ; pp. Smitten, Smit. [Sax. 
 smitan, to strike ; smitan oj'cr or on, to put or place, 
 that is, to throw; D. sniiiten, to smite, to cast or 
 throw; G. schmeis.'srn, to smite, to fliii^, to kick, to 
 cast or throw, to fall down, that is, to throw one's 
 self down ; Sw. smiJa, to hammer or forge ; Dan. 
 smiflcr, to forge, to strike, to coin, to invent, devise, 
 counterfeit ; D. smeeden, to forge ; G. Schmieden, to 
 coin, forge, invent, fabricate. The latter verb seems 
 to be formed on the noun schmicd, a smith, or schmiede, 
 a forge, which is from the root of smitr. This verb 
 is the L. mitto, Fr. metire, with a prefixed. Class 
 Md or .Ms. It is no longer in common use, though 
 not entirely obsolete.] 
 
 1. To strike ; to throw, drive, or force against, as 
 the fist or hand, a stone or a weapon ; to reach with 
 a blow or a weapon ; as, to smite one with the fist ; 
 to smite with a rod or with a stone. 
 
 Wiioaorver aliiU smite liicc on Uiy riglit check, turn to him the 
 other also. — Matt. V, 
 
 2. To kill ; to destroy the life of by beating, or by 
 weapons of any kind ; as, to .ttnite one with the 
 sword, or witli an arrow or other engine. David 
 smote Goliath with a sling and a stone. The Philis- 
 tines were often smitten with great slaughter. 
 
 [This word, like Slat, usually or always carries 
 with it something of its original signification, that 
 of beatins, striking, the primitive mode of killing. 
 We never apply it to the destruction of life by poison, 
 by accident, or by legal execution. 
 
 0. To blast ; to destroy life ; as by a stroke or by 
 something sent. 
 
 Tlie flax anj the bartey were <mitlen.— Ex. ix. 
 4. To afflict ; to chasten ; to punish. 
 Lei u» not mistake Ciotl'* goodness, nor imagine, became he 
 smitea ub, that we arc tor^iltcn by him. Wake. 
 
 5. To strike or affect with passion. 
 See what the charmii that $mite the simple heart. 
 Sinit with the love ol' sifter aru we came. 
 
 Pope. 
 Pope. 
 
 To smite with Vie tongue ; to reproach or upbraid. 
 Jer. xviii. 
 S.MITE, V. i. To strike ; to collide. 
 
 The heart meltelh, and llv knees fmite together. — Nch. u. 
 SMITE, n. A blow. [Local.] 
 S.MIT'ER, 11. One who smites or strikes. 
 
 1 gave my b-.ick to the smilere. — Is. I. 
 
 SMITH, n. [Sax. smith ; Dan. and Sw. sincd ; D. smit ; 
 G. schmiedi from smiting.] 
 
 1. Literally, the striker, the beater ; hence, one who 
 forges with the hammer ; one who works in metals ; 
 as, an iroii's-iniM ; gold-6-niitA, silver-j>-mtM, &c. 
 
 Nor yet Ulc rmilh hath Iearii.-»I to form a sword. TaU. 
 
 2. He that makes or effects anj- thing. Dryden. 
 Hence the name Smith, which, from the number 
 
 of workmen employed in working inelals in early 
 ages, is supposed to be more cominoii than any other. 
 S.MITII, r. t. [Sax. smitJiian, to fabricate out of metal 
 by hammering.] 
 To beat into shape ; to forge. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 PMITirenxFT, n. [smith and croft.] The art or 
 orciipnlion of a smith. [Little used.] Ralegh. 
 
 S.MITH'ER-Y, n. The workshop of a smith. 
 
 2. Work done by a smith. Burke. 
 
 S.MlTH'liXG, n. The act or art of working a mass of 
 iron into the intended shape. Moion. 
 
 S.MITH-So'.M-.A.N, a. Pertaining to or derived from 
 Smithsoii, an English gentleman who has given by 
 legacy a large sum of money to the United States, for 
 the foundation and support of an institution for the 
 diffusion of learning. 
 
 SMITH'V, n. rsax. .tmiththa.] 
 
 The shop of a smith. [Seldom used.^ 
 
 SMIT'I.N'G, jjpr. Striking; killing; aiAicting; pun- 
 ishing. 
 
 S.MITT, n. The finest of the clayey ore made up into 
 balls, used for marking sheep. Woodward. 
 
 S.MIT'TEN, (smil'n,)pp. of Smite. Struck; killed. 
 2. Affected with some passion ; excited by beauty 
 or something impressive. 
 
 SMIT'TLE, r. t, [from .>-mite.] To infect. [Ucal.] 
 
 SMIT'TLE, j„ ,„f [HMwcll. 
 
 SMIT'TLISH, (*• Infect'ous. L 
 
 S.MOCK, n. [Sax. smoc] 
 
 1. A shin ; a chemise ; a woman's under gar- 
 ment. 
 
 SMO 
 
 2. In composition, it is iisctl for female, or what re- 
 lates to woiiieii ; as, ynincA-treason. B. Jon.ion. 
 
 3. A sniock-fmck, which see. Jll. F. Tapper. 
 SMOCK'-Ka(;-£U, (-fTiste,) a. [smocli and face.] 
 
 Palo-faccd ; maidenly ; having a feminine coun- 
 tenance or complexion. Fenton. 
 
 S.MOCK'-FRO€K, »i. [smock and frock.] A coarse, 
 linen frock or shirt worn over the coat by farm-labor- 
 ers. JlatliteeU. 
 
 SAIOCK'-MILL, 71. A wind-mill whose top is the 
 only part wliicli turns to meet the wind. Francis. 
 
 SMOCK'-RACE, ji. A r,\co run by women for the 
 prize of a fine smock. JVorVi of England. 
 
 SMOt.'K'LESS, o. Wanting a smock. Chaucer. 
 
 S.MoKE, II. [Sax. smnca, smcc, smic ; G. schmaueh ; D. 
 smuok ; W. ysmwg, from viwg, smoke; Ir. much; al- 
 lied to muggy, and I think it allied to the Gr. apvx'^, 
 to consume slowly, to waste.] 
 
 1. The exhalation, visible vapor, or substance that 
 escapes or is e.vpelled in combustion from the sub- 
 stance burning. It is particularly applied to the vol- 
 atile matter expelled from vegetable matter, or wood, 
 co.al, peal, &.c. The matter expelled from metallic 
 substances is more genenilly called Fume, Fi'mes. 
 
 2. Vapor ; watery exhalations. 
 
 S.MoKE, V. i. [Sax. smocian, smecan, smican ; Dan. 
 smbgcr f U. stuooken ; G. schmattchcu.] 
 
 1. To emit smoke ; to throw off volatile matter in 
 the form of vapor or exhalation. Wood and other 
 fuel smokes \\het\ burning; and smokes most when 
 there is the least dame. 
 
 2. To burn ; to be kindled ; to rage ; in Scripture. 
 The &ngt^T of the Lonl and his Jealousy sh.all tmoke a^iiut that 
 
 man. — Ucut. xxix. 
 
 3. To raise a dust or smoke by rapid motion. 
 
 Proud of his stt't-ds, he tmoket along the field. Dryden. 
 
 4. To smell or hunt out ; to suspect. 
 
 I bc^n to tmoke that they were a parcel of 
 uMed.\ 
 
 \Uule 
 Addison. 
 
 5. To use tob.icco in a pipe or cigar, by kindling 
 the tobacco, drawing the smoke into the mouth, and 
 puffing it out. 
 
 6. To suffer ; to be punished. 
 
 Some of yon shall smoke for it in Rome. Shak. 
 SMoKE, V. t. To apply smoke to ; to hang in smoke ; 
 to scent, medicate, or dry by smoke ; as, to sjnuke in- 
 fected cluthing ; to smoke beef or hams for preser- 
 vation. 
 
 2. To smell out ; to find out. 
 
 He was first smoked by the old Lonl Lafcu. [Now liaU used.] 
 
 S^ak. 
 
 3. To sneer at ; to ridicule to the face. Cnngreve. 
 SJIoKE'-€LOUD, n. A cloud of smoke. Ilemans. 
 SMoKE'-eO.VSO-M'ING, a. Consuming smoke. 
 SiMoK'£D, (sinokt,) jtp. or a. Cured, cleansed, or 
 
 dried in smoke. 
 
 SMoKE'-DRI-£D, (-dridc,) a. Dried in smoke. Irving. 
 
 SMoKE'-DR9, V. t. To dry by smoke. Jilortimer. 
 
 S.MoKE'-JACK, 71. An engine for turning a spit by 
 means of a fly or wheel turned by the current of as- 
 cending air in a chimney. 
 
 S.MoKK'LESS, a. Having no smoke ; as, smokeless 
 towers. Pope. 
 
 S.MoK'ER, 71. One that dries by smoke. 
 
 2. One that uses tobacco by inhaling its smoke 
 from a pipe or cigar. 
 
 SMoKE'-SAIL, n. A small sail hoisted before the 
 funnel of a vessel's galley, to allow the smoke to rise 
 before it is blown aft by the wind. Tutlen. 
 
 S.MOK'I-LY, adv. So as to he full of smoke. 
 
 S.MfiK'I-.N'ESS, n. The st.ite of being smoky. A-A. 
 
 S.MoK'I.NG, ppr. or a. Emitting smoke, as fuel, &c. 
 
 2. Applying smoke for cleansing, drying, &.c. 
 
 3. Using tobacco in a pipe or cigar. 
 SMoK'lNG, 71. The act of emitting smoke. 
 
 2. The act of applying smoke to. 
 
 3. The act or practice of inhaling tobacco smoke 
 from a pipe or cigar. 
 
 SMoK'Y, a. Emitting smoke ; fumid ; as, smoky 
 fires. Dryden. 
 
 2. Having the appearance or nature of smoke ; as, 
 a smoky fog. Harvey. 
 
 3. Filled with smoke, or with a v.ipor resembling 
 it ; thick. New England, in autumn, frequently has 
 a smoky atmosphere. 
 
 4. Subject to be filled with smoke from the chim- 
 neys or fireplaces ; as, a smoky house 
 
 5. Tarnished with sm^ke ; noisome with smoke; 
 as, smoky rafters ; smoky cells. JMUton. Denham. 
 
 SMOI/DER-I.NG ; the more desirable orthography of 
 Smoi ldebing, which see. 
 
 SMOOR, I , , 
 
 SMOKE, i ""'^''"■] 
 
 To suffocate or smother. [A"o( in use.] More. 
 
 SMOOTH, o. (Sax. *»ie(A«, CTTioftA ; W. CNTiiiryfA, from 
 mwyth : allied to L. mitu. It. myth, maoth, soft, tender.] 
 1. Having an even surface, or a surface so even 
 that no roughne.ss or points are perceptible to the 
 touch ; not rough ; as, smooth glass ; smooth por- 
 celain. 
 
 Tlie outlioe* must be smooUi, Unperceptible to the toiKh. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SMO 
 
 2. Evenly spread ; glossy ; as, a smooth-haMil 
 horse. Pope. 
 
 3. Gently flowing; moving equably; no! riitlled 
 or undulating ; as, a smooth stream ; smooth Adonis. 
 
 .Milton. 
 
 4. That flows or is uttered without stops, oli>truc- 
 tion, or hesiUition ; voluble ; even ; not harsh ; as, 
 smooth verse ; smooth eloquence. 
 
 When Ba»c Minerra rose, 
 From her sweet lijis emooA elocution flows. Gay. 
 
 5. Bland ; mild ; soothing; flattering. 
 
 This smooth dikCourse and mild behavior oft 
 
 Conce.ll a iraitor. Ad/tison. 
 
 G. In botany, glabrous ; having a slippery surface 
 void of roughness. 
 S.MOOTH, II. That which is smooth : the smtKitb 
 part of any thing ; as, the smooth of the neck. Ocn. 
 x.vvii. 
 
 S.MOOTH, V. t. [Sax. smelhian.] 
 
 1. To make smooth ; to make even on the surface 
 by any means ; as, to smootJi a board with a piano ; 
 to smooth cloth with an iron. 
 
 And smoothed the rnflled sea. Dryden. 
 
 2. To free from obstruction ; to make easy. 
 Thon, Abchni, the last sad office nay, 
 
 And smooth my p;ut8a^e to the realms of day. Pope. 
 
 3. To free from harshness ; to make flowing. 
 
 In th»'ir niotioiiB harmony divine 
 
 So smooths her charminf tones. Milton. 
 
 4. To palliate ; to soften ; as, to smooth a fuult. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. To calm ; to mollify ; to allay. 
 
 £.ach fvrturiiation smoothed with outward calm. MUton. 
 
 6. To ease. 
 
 The (lifliciiUy smoothed. Dryden. 
 
 7. To flatter ; to soften with blandishments. 
 
 B/T.aiise 1 can notflader and lo«k fair, 
 
 Smile in niin's l.icis, smooth, deceive, and coy. Shak. 
 
 SMOOTH'-CHIN-NKD, a. Beardless. 
 
 S.MOOTH'f;D,p/). .Made smooth. 
 
 S.MOOTH'K.V, for Smooth, is used by mechanics; 
 
 though not, I believe, in the United States. 
 SMOOTII'ER, n. One who smooths. 
 S.MOOTH'ER, a. : comp. of Smooth. 
 SAIOO'iU'-FAC-KD, ( fiste,) a. Having a mild, soft 
 
 look ; as, smooth-faced wooers. S.'uik. 
 SMOOTH'ING, .Making smooth. 
 
 SMOOT11'1NG-I-R0\, 71. An iron instrument with 
 
 a polished face for smoothing clothe:^; a satl-iron. 
 S.MOOTH'ING-PL.^NE, n. A small, fine plane, used 
 
 for smoothing and finishing work. GinUt. 
 SMOOTH'LY, adc. Evenly ; not roughly or li.irslily. 
 
 2. With even flow or motion ; as, to flow or glide 
 smoothly. 
 
 3. Without obstruction or difiiculty ; readily; ea- 
 sily. J/ooker. 
 
 4. With soft, bland, insinuating language. 
 S.MOOTH'.\ESS, n. Evenness of surface; freedom 
 
 from roughness or as|)erity ; as, the smoothness of a 
 floor or wall ; smootJiness of the skin ; smoothitess of 
 the water. 
 
 2. Softness or mildness to the palate ; as, the 
 ^loothness of wine. 
 
 3. Softness and sweetness of numbers ; easy flow 
 of words. 
 
 Virgil, though smooth w here smoothness is required, is far from 
 artecuiig It. Dryden. 
 
 4. Mildness or gentleness of speech ; blandness of 
 address. Shak, 
 
 S.MOOTH'-PAC-i:i), (-paste,) a. Having a smooth 
 pace. Scott. 
 
 SMOOTH'-TONGUED, (-tungd,) a. Having a smooth 
 tongue ; plausible ; flattering. 
 
 SMO'i'E, pret. of Smite. 
 
 S.MOTH'ER, (smiith'er,) r. U [.\llipd perhaps to Ir. 
 smuid, smoke; Sax. mrthgian, to smoke.] 
 
 1. To suffocate or extinguish life by causing smoke 
 or dust to enter the lungs ; to .stifle. 
 
 2. To suffocate or extinguish by closely covering, 
 and by the exclusion of air ; as, to smoijier a child 
 in bed. 
 
 3. To suppress ; to stifle ; as, to smother the light 
 of the understanding. Hooker, 
 
 S.MOTH'ER, (siiiuth'er,) r. i. To be suffocated. 
 
 2. To he suppressed or concealed. 
 
 3. To smoke without vent. Bacon. 
 S.MOTH'ER, (smuth'er,) n. Smoke ; thick dust. 
 
 Shak. Dri/den. 
 
 2. A state nf suppression. [JVot in use.] Bacon. 
 SMOTH'ER-ED, pp. or a. Suffocated ; stifled ; sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 S.MOTH'ER-I-.NESS, n. State of being sinotherv. 
 S.MOTH'ER-ING, (smuth'-,) n. Act of smothering. 
 
 .More, 
 
 SMOTH'ER-ING, ppr. Suffocating; suppressing. 
 SMOTH'ER-ING-LY, adv. Suffocatingly ; suppress- 
 inglv. 
 
 SMOTH'ER-Y, (smuth'-,) a. Tending to smother. 
 S.MOUCH, r. t. Tos.ilute. [JVot in ii.«f.] Stuhbes. 
 S.MOUL'DER, r. i. To burn and smoke « ilhout vent 
 [See the next word.] 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 131 " 
 
 i JJ J 
 
 1045 
 
SNA 
 
 S.MoUL'DER-IiVG.ppr. ora. j [A wonl formed from 
 SMoUL'DKY, a. j moW, moWer, anil there 
 
 fori' it ou^ht to be \vritten Smolderi ng. Perlmps we 
 liave llieword directly from the Dun. .■mmler, smiUler, 
 S\v. smaitt, smula, lo crumble or fall to dust; Dan. 
 smidl, dust; wliich is from tlie same root as mold, 
 vteal, fcc-l 
 
 Burning and smokinj without vent. Drijdcn. 
 SMUDGE,/!. A siiffocatiui: smoke. Grose. 
 SML'G, a. [Dan. smuk, neat, fine; G. smuck ; Sax. 
 
 Nice ; neat ; affectedly nice in dress. [JVortA of 
 F.ti'Tlaiid.] Haliiwcll. 
 
 SMUG, i-. (. To make spruce; to dress with affected 
 neatness. [jVc<£ in u.te.] Ckaucrr. 
 
 S.MI;G'(;LE, r. f. [Sw. smv?a; D. smokkf.Un, which 
 seems to be allied to smni^, under hand ; smui^en, 
 to eat ill secret; G. xchunL^^cln; Dan. amug^ clan-' 
 destinely. We probably have tlie root viug in 
 hllg'^rr viug:rcr.] 
 
 1. To import or export secretly goods which are 
 forbidden by the sovernment to be imported or ex- 
 ported ; or secretly to import or export dutiable 
 goods without paying the duties imposed by law ; 
 to run. 
 
 2. To convey clandestinely. 
 
 SMUG'GLED, pp. or a. Imported or exported clan- 
 destinely and contrary to law. 
 
 S.MUG'GLEK, ?i. One that imports or exports goods 
 privately and contrary to law, either contraband 
 goods or dutiable goods, without paying the cus- 
 toms. 
 
 2. A vessel employed in running goods. 
 SMUG'GLING, ppr. ' Importing or exporting goods 
 
 contrary to law. 
 SMUG'GMNG, n. The offense of clandestinely im- 
 porting or exporting prohibited goods, or other goods 
 without paying the customs. Blackstone. 
 SMUG'LY, adf. Neatly; sprucely. [JSTot in itse.] 
 
 Oay. 
 
 SMUG'NESS, n. Neatness; spruccness without ele- 
 gance. [.jVut 171 use,'\ Sherwood. 
 
 SMC'LY, a. Looking smoothly ; demure. [JVu£ 
 u^ed.'l 
 
 SMUT, n. [Dan. smuds ; Sax. smiua; D. smet, a spot 
 or stain ; Sw. smitta, to taint ; D. ^moddig, dirty, 
 smodderen, to smut; G. schmiUz.] 
 
 1. A spot made with soot or coal ; or the foul mat- 
 ter itself. 
 
 2. A parasitic fungus, which forms on grain. 
 Sometnnes the whole ear is blasted and converted 
 into smut. This is often the fact witli maize. 
 Smut lessens the value of wheat. 
 
 3. Obscene language. 
 
 S.MUT, V. t. To stain or mark with smut ; to blacken 
 with coal, soot, or other dirty substance. Addixon. 
 
 2. To taint with mildew. Bacon. 
 
 3. To blacken ; to tarnish. 
 
 SMUT, I), i. To gather smut ; to be converted into 
 smut. 
 
 SMUT'-MILL, 7!. A machine forcleansing grain from 
 
 smut. Farm. Encijc. 
 
 SMUTCH, r. (. [from siTiote ; Dan. STTion-er. au.] 
 To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. B.Jmison. 
 Ji'ute. — We have a common word in New Eng- 
 land, pronounced smooch, which I take to be smutch. 
 It signifies to foul or blacken with something pro- 
 duced bv combustion or other like substance. 
 SMUTCH'fiD, (smuchl,) a. Blackened with smoke, 
 
 s ot, or coal. 
 SMUT'TI-I,Y, a*'. Blackly ; smokily ; foully. 
 
 2. With obscene language. 
 SMUT'TI-NESri, 7i. ' Soil from smoke, soot, coal, or 
 smut. 
 
 2. Ohscencness of language. 
 S.MUT'TY, a. Soiled with smut, coal, soot, or the like. 
 
 2. Tainted with mildew ; as, smutty corn. 
 
 3. Obscene ; not modest or pure ; as, smutty lan- 
 guage. 
 
 SNACK, 71. [Qu. from the root of snatch.] 
 
 1. A share. It is now chiefly or wholly used in 
 the phrase, to go snacks with one, that is, to have a 
 share. Pope. 
 
 a. A slight, ha.sty repast. 
 SNACK'ET, / n. The hasp of a casement. [Local.] 
 SNECK'ET, 1 Sherwood. Gwilt. 
 
 SNAG'OT, n. A fish. [L. acus.] jlinsworth. 
 SN AF'FLE, 71. [D. snch snavd, bill, beak, snout ; G. 
 
 Dan. and Sw. snahtl; nom the root of nih, neb.] 
 A bridle consisting of a slender bit-inoulii, without 
 
 brancliofl. Encije. 
 H.\ AF'FLE, r. I. To bridle ; to hold or manage with 
 
 a bridle. 
 
 S.\ AG, 71. A Rhort branch, or a aharp or rough branch ; 
 a Hhoot ; a knot. 
 
 Thr coat of Arrna 
 Now on a nakrd tnag in irtitinph l^ornr. Dryden. 
 
 2. A tooth, in contempt; or a luoth projecting be- 
 yond the rext. Prior. 
 
 3. In f/« torstrrn river.i of the. Vnitrd States, the 
 trunk of a large tree firmly lixed to the bottom atone 
 end, and riaing nearly or (piite to the Hiirface at the 
 other end, by which uleambniitx, <cc., ar« vdcn 
 pierced and sunk. 
 
 SNA 
 
 SN.\G, V. I. To run against the branches of a sunken 
 
 tree as in American rivers. 
 SNAG'GKO, (snagd,l pp. Kun against a snag, or 
 
 branch of a sunken tree. 
 SNAG'tJKD, I a. Full of snags ; full of short, rough 
 SNAtJ'GY, I branches or sharp points; abounding 
 
 with knots ; as, a snaggy tree ; a snaggy stick ; a 
 
 snaggy oak. Siien-y-er. Mure. 
 
 SNAIL, 71. [Sax. smegel, snegel : Sw. snigcl ; Dan. 
 
 snegel; G. schnecke ; dim. from the root of snake, 
 
 sneak.] 
 
 1. A slimy, slow-creeping animal, of the genus 
 Helix, and order of Alollusca. The eyes of this in- 
 sect are in tiie horns, one at the end of each, which 
 it can retract at pleasure. Besides these shell-snails, 
 there are also snails without shells, cjiumonly called 
 Sli'gs, which see, Encyc. 
 
 2. A drone ; a slow-moving person. Shak. 
 SN aIL'-CLa-VER, (71. A plant of the genus Med- 
 SNAIL'-TRg'FOIL, i icago. 
 
 SN,\1L'-FL0VV-E", 71. A plant of the genus Phase- 
 olus, allied to the kidney-bean. Loudon. 
 
 SNaIL'-LIKE, a. Resembling a snail; moving very 
 slowly. 
 
 SNaIL'-LiKE, ado. -In the manner of a snail; 
 slowly. 
 
 SNAKE, 7!. [Sax. snaca; Dan. snog; G, schnake: 
 (Sans. naga. (iu.) In G. schnecke, Dan. snekke, is 
 a snail, from the root of Dan. sniger, Ir. snaighini. 
 Sax. snican, to cree^), to sneak.] 
 
 A ser|)eut of the oviparous kind, distinguished 
 from a viper, says Johnson. But in America, the 
 common and general name of serpents, and so the 
 word is used by the poets. Dryden. Shak. 
 
 SNAKE, V. t. In scamcn^s language, to wind a small 
 rope round a large one spirally, the small ropes lying 
 in the spaces between the strands of the large one. 
 This operation is called, also. Worming. 
 
 SNAKE'ROOT, ti. [snake and root.] A popular name 
 applied to a great number of dilfercnt plants, proba- 
 bly to 50 or 100. It is a litenil translation of Ophtor- 
 rhiia, the name of a genus of plants. Some of the 
 principal plants called by this name in America are 
 the Virginia spakeroot, (Aristolochia .serpeiilaria,) 
 black siiakeroot, (Sanicula Marylaiidica,) seneku 
 snakeroot, (Polygala senega,) &:c. 
 
 SNAKE'S'-HEAD, 71. In railroads constructed by nail- 
 ing bars of iron on to stretchers, a snake^s-hrad is one 
 of the bars which becomes loose, and, rtsing at one 
 end, forces its wav into the cars. America. 
 
 SNAKE'S'-HEAD I'RIS, 71. A bulbous plant. Iris 
 tuberosa, of Arabia. 
 
 SNAKE'WEED, 71. [sT7a/.c and weed.] A plant, bis- 
 tort, of the genus Polvgonum. 
 
 SNAKE'WOOD, 71. [snake and wood.] The smaller 
 branches of a tree, growing in the Isle of Timoi and 
 other parts of the E.ist, having a bitter taste, and 
 supposed to be a certain remedy for the bite of the 
 hooded serpent. Nilt. 
 It is the wood of the Strychnos colubrina. Parr. 
 
 SNAK'ING, ppr. Winding small ropes spirally round 
 a large one. 
 
 SNAK'ISH, a. Having the qualities of a snake. 
 SN.AK'Y, a. Pertaining to a snake or to snakes; re- 
 sembling a snake ; serpentine ; winding. 
 
 2. Sly; cunning; insinuating; deceitful. 
 So to the coiust of Jordiin he directs 
 
 ll'ii easy steps, girded with tnaky wilfs. Milton. 
 
 3. Having serpents; as, a snaky rod or wand. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Th.^t ffnaity-hcadcd gor^on shield. hTdlon. 
 
 SNAP, V. t. [D. snappen, snaawen ; G. schnappen, to 
 snap, to snatch, to gasp or catcli for breath ; Dan. 
 snapper; Svv. snappa ; from tile root of knap and D. 
 knippcn.] 
 
 1. To break at once ; to break short ; as sub- 
 stances that are brittle. 
 
 Breaks the doors open, tnapg the locks. Prior. 
 
 2. To strike with a sharp sound. Pope. 
 
 3. To bite or seize suddenly with the teeth. 
 
 Mdtson. Gay. 
 
 4. To break upon suddenly with sharp, aiigry 
 
 5. To crai k ; as, to smip a whi|). [words. 
 To snap off; to break suddenly. 
 
 2. To bite off suddenly. fflseman. 
 To snap one up, to snap one up short; to treat with 
 sharp words. 
 
 SNAP, V. i. To break short; to i)art asunder sud- 
 denly ; as, a mast or spar snaps ; a needle snaps. 
 If Bte' l is too liard, thftt la, too hrittlc, wiUi the least bending it 
 will anop. Moxon. 
 
 2. To make an effort to bite ; to aim to seize with 
 the teeth ; as, a dog snaps at a passenger ; a fish 
 snaps at the bait. 
 
 3. To mter sharp, harsh, angry words. 
 
 SNAP, 71. A sudden breaking or rupture of any sub- 
 stance. 
 
 2. A audden, eager bite; a sudden seizing, or effort 
 to seize, with the teeth. 
 
 3. A crack of a whip. 
 
 4. A greedy fellow. VEstrange. 
 a. A catch ; a theft. Johnson. 
 
 SNA 
 
 SNAP'DRAG-ON, 77. A plant. The popular name 
 of several different plants ; as, for example, of a spe- 
 cies of Aiitirrliiiiiim. of Ruellia, of liarleria, &.c. 
 
 2. A play in svliirh raisins are snatched from 
 binning branily, and |)Ut into the mouth. Tatter. 
 
 3. The thing eaten at snapdragon. SieifL 
 SNAP'llANCE, 71. A kind of firelock Sheltnn. 
 SNAP'P/JD, (snapt,) pp. Broken abruptly; seized or 
 
 bitten suddenly ; cracked, as a whip. 
 SNAP'PER, 71. One that snaps. Shak. 
 SNAP'PISH, a. Eager to bite; apt to snap; as, a 
 
 snappish cur. 
 
 2. Peevish ; sharp in reply ; apt to speak angrily or 
 tartly. 
 
 SNAP'PISH-LY, adv. Peevishly ; angrily ; tartly. 
 
 SNAP'PISH-NESS, n. The quality of being snap- 
 pish ; peevishness ; tartness. 
 
 SNAP'SACK, 71. A knapsack. [Vulgar.] 
 
 SNAR, i). i. To snarl. [JVol in use.] Spenser. 
 
 SNARE, 71. [Dan. snare; Sw. snara; Dan. snore, a 
 string or cord, D. snor ; Sw. siiHre, a line ; snUra, to 
 lace.] 
 
 1. An instrument for catching animals, particularly 
 birds, by the leg. It consists of a corti or siring with 
 slip-knots, in wliich the leg is entangled. .\ snare is 
 not a net. 
 
 2. Any thing by which one is entangled and 
 brought into trouble. 1 Cor. vii. 
 
 A fool's lips are the enare of his soul. — Prov. xviii. 
 SNARE, V. t. [Dan. snarer.] 
 
 To catch with a snare ; to insnare ; to entangle ; 
 to bring into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger. 
 The wicked is snared iu the work of iiis own hands. — Ps. ix. 
 
 SNAR'ED, pp. Entangled; unexpectedly involved in 
 ditliculty. 
 
 SNAR'ER, 71. One who lays snares or entangles. 
 
 SN.^R'ING, ppr. Entangling; insnaring. 
 
 SNARL, V. i. [G. schnarrcn, to snarl, to speak in the 
 tlirimt; D. 6iia7-, snappish. This word seems to be 
 allied to gnarl, and to proceed from some rotit signi- 
 fying to twist, bind, or fiisten, or to involve, entan- 
 gle, and thus to be allied to snare.] 
 
 1. To growl, as an angry or surly dog; to gnarl; 
 to utter grumbling sounds; but it expresses more vio- 
 lence than Grumble. 
 
 That I should snarl and bite, and play the dog, S^iak. 
 
 2. To speak roughly ; to talk in rude, murmuring 
 terms. 
 
 It is malicious and unmanly to snarl at the little lapses of a pen, 
 from wliich Virgil himself stands not exempted. Dryden. 
 
 SNARL, ».(. To entangle; to complicate ; to involve 
 in knots ; as, to snarl the hair ; to snarl a skein of 
 thread. / 
 
 [This word is in universal popular use in JVfW 
 England.] 
 
 2, To embarrass. 
 SNARL, 71. Entanglement; a knot or complication of 
 hair, thread, &c., which it is difficult to disentangle ; 
 lience, a contention or quarrel. Jlalliwell. 
 
 [Local in England, and still used occasionally in 
 .America.] 
 
 SNARL'Eit, 7!. One who snarls; a surly, growling 
 
 animal ; a grumbling, quarrelsome fellow. Swift. 
 SNARL'ING, ppr. or a. Growling; grumbling an- 
 grily. 
 2. Entangling. 
 SNAIl'Y, a. [from sTiarc] Entangling ; insidious. 
 Spiders in the vault their snary webs have spread, Dryden. 
 
 SNAST, 71. fG. schnautze, a snout.] 
 
 The snuff of a cantlle. [A'ut in use.] Bacon. 
 SNATCH, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Snatched or Snatcht 
 [D. snakken, to grasp, to catch for breath.] 
 
 1. To seize hastily or abruptly. 
 
 When half our knowledjje we must snatch, not take. Pope. 
 
 2. To seize without permission or ceremony ; as, 
 to snatch a kiss, 
 
 3. To seize and transport away ; as, snatch me to 
 heaven. Thomson. 
 
 SNATCH, V. i. To catch at ; to attempt to seize sud- 
 denly. 
 
 Nav, the ladies too wilt be snatching. SliaJr. 
 lie'shali snalcli on the right hand, and be hungry. — Is. ix. 
 
 SNATCH, 71. A hasty catch or seizing. 
 
 2. A catching at or attempt to seize suddenly. 
 
 3. A short lit of vigorous action ; as, a snatch at 
 weeding after a shower. Tujiser. 
 
 4. A broken or interrupted action ; a short tit or 
 turn. 
 
 in/«nj. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 a. A shiillling answer. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 SNATCir-BLOCK, n. A particular kind of block 
 used in ships, having an opening in one side to re- 
 ceive the bight of a rope. JIar. Diet. 
 
 SNAT(;ir£D, (snachl,) pp. Seized suddenly and vi- 
 olently. 
 
 SNATCH'ER, n. One that snatches or inkes abruptly. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SNATCH'ING, ppr. Seizing hastily or abruptly ; 
 catching at. 
 
 They move bv (its and snatches. 
 
 We liave ofie'u lilllr snalchts of SI 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLr, BQQK, 
 
 1046 
 
SNl 
 
 SNO 
 
 SNU 
 
 SNATCiriNd-hY, (i</i>. liy snuti ljiii? ; Imstily ; ab- 
 SNA'I'Il.n. [Sax. .«itf</ ; Et\v. snathe, siteath.] [ruptly. 
 'I'lic liuiiill • (if a scyllie. JVcio England, 
 
 [Al-D spullcil iSnathe and Sneathe.] 
 SNaTIIIO, I'. I. fSiix. .inidan, snillmn.] 
 
 'I'o to prune. [A'lt in ii.vf.] 
 SNAT'TOCK. 71. [Supra.] A cliip ; a slice. [A'ot in 
 
 iKP, or (ucu/.J Oaijhnu 
 S.Nr:AI>, II. The handle of a scythe ; snath. jJ-iA. 
 SNkAK, (sneek,) r. i. snican ; Dan. siiig-cr, to 
 
 crei p, or move softly. See Snake.] 
 
 1. To creep or steal away privately ; to withdraw 
 meanly, as a person afraiil or asliained to be seen ; 
 as, to sneak away from company; to sneak into a 
 corner, or beliind a screen. 
 
 Yoii skulkfil l>-hiiitl tlu' U-nce, and Bntaked awny. Dryden. 
 
 2. To behave with meanness and servility ; to 
 crouch ; to truckle. 
 
 Will tneaks a scrivener, an exceciliiig knave. P^ipe, 
 PNkAK, r. (. To hide. [.V«f in usr.] Wake. 
 SNRAK, n. A mean fellow. 
 
 SNliAK'ER, 71. A small vessel of drink. [Local] 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 SNl";AK'IXG, ppr. Creeping away slily ; stealing 
 away. 
 
 2. a. Mean; servile; crouching. Rowe. 
 
 3. Meanly parsimonious; covetous; nigjardly. 
 SN'K.'Mv'lNO-LV, ttde. In a sneaking manner ; niean- 
 
 h'. Herbert. 
 SNii.\K'IXG-NES.S, 71. Meanness ; niggardliness. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 SNk.AKS'BY, n. A paltry f.Mlovv. Barrow. 
 
 S.\ i~:AK'L'P, II. A sneaking, cowardly, insidious fcl- 
 Inw. [A"«t used.] Shak. 
 
 Si\K.\P, (sneep,) v. u [Dan. snibbe, reproach, repri- 
 mand ; snip, the end or puiiil of a thing ; D. snip, a 
 stiipe^ from its bill ; snippen^ to j.*iii;i or nip ; G. schnep- 
 pe, a peak ; from the root of ricA, 1116, nip, with the 
 sense of shooting out, thrusting, like a sharp point.] 
 
 1. To check; to reprove abruptly; to reprimand. 
 rOi.v.] Cluiticer. 
 
 2. To nip. [04,5.1 Shak. 
 SNEB, v. t. To check ; to reprimand ; the same as 
 
 SvEAP. Spenser. 
 
 S\FM) i See Snead. 
 
 SNEEK, n. The latch of a door. [JVotimixt, or local.] 
 S.N EER, r. i. [from the root of L. naris, nose ; to turn 
 up the nose.] 
 
 1. To .show contempt by turning up the nose, or 
 by a particular cast of countenance ; " naso suspen- 
 dere adunco." 
 
 2. To in.sinuate contempt by a covert expression. 
 
 1 could be cont' nl to l« n little tneertd al. Pope, 
 
 3. To titter with grimace. Conirreve. 
 A. To show mirth awkwardly. 'I'utler. 
 
 SNEER, II. .\ look of contempt; or a turning up of 
 the nose to manifest contempt; a look of disdain, 
 derision, or ridicule. Pope. 
 2. An expression of ludicrous scorn. Itaits 
 SNEER'ER, II. One that sneers. 
 SNEER'FJjL, a. Given to sneering. [JVoJ in use.] 
 
 Shenstone. 
 
 SNEER'ING, ppr. or a. Manifesting contempt or scorn 
 hy turning tip the nose, or by some grimace or signif- 
 icant loiik. 
 
 SNEER'ING-LY, adv. With a look of contempt or 
 scorn. 
 
 SNEEZE, V. i [Sax. niesnn; D. niezen; G. niesen ; 
 Sw. nijsa ; from the root of nose, G. nase, Dan. nase, 
 D. nens, L. nasas ; the primary sense of which is, to 
 project.] 
 
 To emit air, chiefly throunh the nose, audibly and 
 violently, by a kind of invuliintary convulsive force, 
 occasiimed by irritation of the inner menibrane of 
 the nose. Thus sniitT, or any thing that tickli-s the 
 no=:e, makes one sneeze. Sici/L 
 SNEE'/.E, 71. .\ sudden and violent ejection of air, 
 cliielly through the nose, with an audible sound. 
 
 Jlikon. 
 
 SNEEZE'U'ORT, ( wiirt ) ji. A plant. The popular 
 nam" of several <litr,'rent plants; as of a species of 
 A' hill^a, of XerautlK'iiitim, ifcc. 
 
 SNEEZ'INR, ppr. Einltiine air from the nnseaudibly. 
 
 SNEEZ'I.NG, II. Thf act of ejecting air violently and 
 audibly, chieflv through the nose ; sternutation. 
 
 SNEIX, a. [Sax. snel.] 
 
 Active ; brisk ; nimble. [JVot in 7i.«<.] 
 
 SNET, 77. The fat of a deer. [Local among sports- 
 men.) 
 
 SNE\V, oW prrt. of Sriow. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 SNIll, to nip or reprimand, is only a different spelling 
 
 of Sneu, Sseap. Hubberd's Tale. 
 
 SNICK, n. A small cut or mark; a latch. [JVot in 
 
 use.] 
 
 Snick and snte ; a combat with knives. [JVot in 
 use.] 
 
 rSi'ff is a Dutch contraction of snijden, to cut.] 
 ex' ''''' j '■ [Sw- niui^ir, close. This can nave 
 SMG'GER, ( no cimncction with sneer. The ele- 
 uienus and the sense are different.] 
 To laugh slily ; or to laugh in one's »!eevc. 
 
 HalliveU. 
 
 [ft is a word in riniunnu use in JVrw Eni^latid, not 
 easdif defined. It si<fn{fies, to laatrh with small, audible 
 catches of voice, as when persons attempt to suppress 
 land lau^rhter.] 
 
 SNIFF, V. t. To draw air audibly up the nose. [Sec 
 Sm'kk.] Sif{ft. 
 
 SNIFF, V. t. To draw in with the breath throuuh the 
 nose. [JVot in u.^e.] Tudd. 
 
 SNIFF, n. Perception by the nose. [JVo( in iisc.) 
 
 SNIFT, D. i. To snort. [JVot in iwe.] [IVarton. 
 
 SNIFT'ING-VAI.VE, n. A valve in the cylinder of 
 a steam cngints for the escape of air; so called from 
 the noise it makes. Francis. 
 
 SNIG, n. [See Snake.] A kind of eel. [Local.] 
 
 SNIG'GEE, r. i. [Supra.] To lish for eels, by thrust- 
 ing the bait into their holes. [Local.] iValton. 
 
 SN !(;'<; LE, J'. L To snare ; to catch. Beaum. ^- Ft. 
 
 SNIP, r. «. [D. snippcn, to nip ; A'nip;icn, to clip. See 
 Sneap. I 
 
 To clip ; to cut off" the nip or neb, or to cut off at 
 once with shears or sci-isors. 
 SNIP, n. A clip ; a single cut with shears or scissors. 
 
 Shak. Wiseman. 
 
 2. A small shred. Wiseman. 
 
 3. Share; a snack. [.^ low word.]' L^Kstrantre. 
 SNIPE, n. [D. snip: G. schnepfc ; from neb, nib; so 
 
 named from its bill.] 
 
 1. A bird of the genus Scolopax, that frequents the 
 banks of rivers and the borders of fens, distinguished 
 by its Ions, straight, slender bill. The several species 
 of this bird are highly prized for food. 
 
 2. A fool ; a blockhead. Shak. 
 SNIP'PER, 71. One that snips or clips. 
 SaNIP'PET, n. A small part or share. [JVot in use.] 
 
 IIudibra.1. 
 
 SNIP'PING, ppr. Clipping; cutting off with shears 
 or scissors. 
 
 SNIP'SNAP; a cant word, formed by repeating snap, 
 and signifying a tart dialogue with quick replies. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SN7TE, n. [Sax.] A snipe. [Ao« in use.] Carta). 
 SNITE, V. t. [Sax. snytan.] 
 
 'I'o blow the nose. [JVof in use.]' 
 
 In Scotland, suite the candle ; siiuff" it. Ortto. 
 SNITIIE, j a. Sharp; piercing; cutting; applied to 
 ^iNITirV, i the wind. 
 
 SNI V''yr;L, (sniv'l,) n. [Sax. sno/c/, sn7;/!i«^. Qu.neb, 
 nib, S7iiiff/] 
 Snot ; mucus running from the nose. 
 SNIV'KL, 1). i. To run at the nose. 
 
 2. To cry as children, with snutfing or sniveling. 
 SNIV'KL-ER, n. One that cries with sniveling. 
 
 2. One' that weeps for slight causes, or manifests 
 weakness by weeping. 
 SN'IV'iCL-L\G, ppr. or a. Running at the nose; cry- 
 
 inc as chililren. 
 S.N'IV'/';L-Y,u. Running at the nose ; pitiful ; whining. 
 SNOB, 71. A vulgar person, particularly one who apes 
 gentility. JJaltiwell. 
 
 [ Used in Entrland in various dialects, and recently in- 
 troduced into b"oks as a term of derision.] 
 
 2. In Me En^lLsh universities, a townsman, .as op- 
 posed to a gownsman. 
 
 3. A journeyman shoemaker Halliwcll. 
 SNOB'BlSIl, a. Bt lonciitg to or resembling a snob. 
 SNOl), II. [fax.] A lillet. [A"o« in itse, or /ocai.] 
 SNOD, a. Trimmetl ; smooth. [Local.] 
 
 SNOOD, n. In Scotland, the fillet which binds the 
 
 hair of a young unmarried woman. Walter ScotL 
 SNOOK, V. i. [Sw. siuika. Q.U. nook.] 
 
 I'n lurk ; to lie in ambush. [j\'ot in ii,«e.] Scott. 
 SNOO'/E, n. A nap. Ilolloway. 
 [^ low word, provincial in England, and sometimes 
 heard in .America.] 
 SNORE, V. i. [Sax, .tiiora, a snoring ; D. snorken ; G. 
 schnarchen ; Sw. .marka ; from the root of L, naris, 
 the nose or nostrils.] 
 To breathe with a rough, hoarse voice in sleep. 
 
 Roscommon. 
 
 SNORE, n. A breathing with a harsh noise in sleep. 
 SNoR'ER, n. One that snores. 
 S.N'oR'ING, ppr. Res|iiriiig with a harsh noise. 
 SNORT, V. i, [G. schnarchen. See Snore.] 
 
 1. To force the air with violence through the nose, 
 so as to make a noise, as high-spirited horses in 
 
 2. To snore. [JVot common.] [prancing and play. 
 SNORT, r. (. To turn up in anger, scorn, or derision, 
 
 as the nose. [Unusnal.] Chaucer. 
 SNORT'ER, n. One that snorts ; a snorcr. 
 SNORT'I.NG, ppr. Forcing llie air violently through 
 
 the nose. 
 
 SNORT'LVG, n. The act of forcing the air through 
 the nose with violence and noise, Jer. viii, 
 2. Act of snoring, [Unu-maL] 
 SNOT, n. f Sax. snote : D. snot ; Dan. id.] 
 
 Mucus discharged from the nose. Swift, 
 SNOT, r, t. [Sax. snytan.] 
 
 To blow trie nose, Sherwood. 
 RNOT'TER, r, i. To snivel ; to sob. [Local.] 
 SNOT'TY, a. Foul with snot. [Orose. 
 
 2. Mean ; dirty. 
 SNOL'T, n. [\V. ysnid ; D. .«7iui( ; G. scAnanf:e, snout; 
 schndutzen, to snufl', to Mow the nose. Sax. sn titan ; 
 Sw. snyte ; Dan. snude, snout ; snyder, to snutT.] 
 
 1. The lung, projecting nose of a beast, os that of 
 swine. 
 
 2. 'I'he nose of a man ; in contempt. Hudibriu. 
 
 3. The nozzle or end of a hollow pipe. 
 SNOUT, V. L To furnish with a nozzle 01 point, 
 
 Camden. 
 
 SNOtJT'ED, a. Having a snout, Heylm. 
 
 S.NOUT'Y, a. Resembling a beast's snout, Oiway. 
 
 SNOW, n, [A contracted word; Sax. snaw : Goth. 
 snaiwsi D. stieenw ; G.sehnee; Dan. snee; Sw. sne ; 
 Sclav, sncr; ; Bohem. snik ; It. sneacht ; Fr. neiire ; L. 
 7itr, nivis ; It. anti Ptirt. itcne ; Sp. iiiei^e. 'J'he Latin 
 nivis is contnirted from niiris, like Eng. bom from 
 Sax. bugan. The prefix s is coiuiiiun in the other 
 languages.) 
 
 1. Crystallized vapor ; particularly, watery particles 
 congealed into white crystals in the air, and falling 
 to the earth. Meteorologists distinguish, by niraiis 
 of the niiscroscope, GOO varieties of crystals tif siuiw, 
 some of which are extremely bi^autifiil, Olmsted. 
 
 Red snow ; snow of a red color, fnrineily stipjiosed 
 to be tinged by minute plants, but by more recent in- 
 vestigators considered as owing its color to the pres- 
 ence of certain animalcula^ 
 
 Snoa line; the lowest limit of perpetual snow. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 2. A vessel equipped with two masts, resembling 
 the main and fore-iiiasts of a ship, and a third 
 small mast just abaft the main-uia^t, carrying a try- 
 sail. J\Iar. Diet. 
 
 SNOW, T. i. [Sax. snawan.] 
 
 To fall in snow ; as, it snoirs ; it snowed yesterday, 
 
 SNOW, 7!, (. To scatter like snow, Donne. 
 
 S.NOW'BALL, n. [snoic and iu//.] A round mass of 
 snow, pressed or rolled together. Locke. Dryden. 
 
 SNOWBALL, i 71. A shrub or small "tree of 
 
 SNOWBALL-TREE, j the genus Viburnum, bear- 
 ins large ball.-* of white flowers; gelder nxsc, 
 
 SNO\V'-l!IRD, (sno'burd,) n. ■\ bird which appears 
 in the time of snow. The poiiiilar name of Embe- 
 riza nivalis, which is found both in Europe and 
 America; of Friiigilla nivalis, (Linn.,) found only in 
 Europe ; of Fringilla liienialis, (Liiiii.,) found only in 
 America ; and of various other birds. 
 
 SNOW-BROTH, n, [snow and 6ro(/i.] Snow and 
 water mixed ; very cold liquor. Shak. 
 
 SNOW'-CAP-PED, (a. Capped or crowned with 
 
 SNoW-CAPT, j snow. 
 
 SNOW'-CROWN-ED, o. [.™ouj and croicn.] Crowned 
 
 or having the top coveretl with snow. Drayton. 
 SNOWOEEP, n. [snow and </ffp.] A plant. 
 SNOW-DRIFT, n. [.,/ioio and drft.] A bank of 
 
 snow driven together by the wind. 
 SNoW'-DROP, «. [siioio and drop.] A bulbous pl.ant 
 
 bearing a white flower, cultivated in gardens for its 
 
 beauty ; the Galantlius nivalis, 
 S.\oW-FE11, o. Fed with snow, Shelley, 
 SNOW-FLOOD, n. A flood from melted snow. 
 
 Jifoore, 
 
 SNOW'LESS, a. Destitute of snow, Tooke. 
 S.NoW'LlKE, a. Kesembling snow. 
 .'^.N'oW-PLOW, j n, A machine operating like a 
 SNo\V'-PLOCGFI, j plow, but on a larsii r scale, for 
 clearing away the snow from roads, railways, &c, 
 
 /Ifbcrt. 
 
 SNOW-SHOE, (sno'shoo,) n, [snow and shoe.] A 
 shoe or racket worn by men tnivcling on snow, to 
 prevent their feet from sinking into the snow. 
 
 SNoW-SLIP, n. [snow and slip.] A large mass of 
 snow which slips down the side of a mountain, and 
 sometimes buries houses. Goldsmith, 
 
 SNOW-STORM, n, A storm with falling snow. 
 
 SNoW-WIIITE, o. [snow and white.] White as 
 snow ; verv_white, 
 
 SNOW-WReATH, n, A wreath of snow. Wilsm. 
 
 S.NOW'Y, a. White like snow, Shak. 
 
 2, Abounding with snow ; corered with snow. 
 
 The tnoiey lop of cold Olympuj. Milton. 
 
 3. Wliite ; pure ; unblemished, HalL 
 SNUB, n, [D. sneb ; a different orthography of mip, 
 
 sneap. neb, ntb, nip.] 
 
 1. A knot or protuberance in wood ; a snag, [A'oC 
 in MSf.] Spenser, 
 
 2. .A check or rebuke. J. Foster. 
 SNUB, V. t. [Supra.] To nip ; to clip or break off 
 
 the end. Hence, 
 
 2. To check ; to reprimand ; to check, stop, or re- 
 buke with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark. 
 
 J. Foster. 
 
 [This is the same word radically as Snkap, Sneb, 
 and is the word chiefly used.] 
 
 To snub a cable or rope, among sea'nen, is to check 
 it suddenly in running out. Totten. 
 SNUB, t). t. [G. schnauben, to snub, '.o snort, to pant 
 for, to puff.] 
 To sob with convulsions. [-'Vol u-ted.] 
 SNUB'-,\OSE, n. .\ short or flat iiose. 
 SNUB'-,NOS-i;D, a. Havinc a short, flat nose, 
 SNUDGE, r, i. [Dan. sniVcr. See Snuc] 
 
 To lie close ; to snug. [.Vot in use, or cul<rnr.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 3NUDGE, n, A miser, or a sneaking fellow, [JVot m 
 use.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS 
 
 1047 
 
so 
 
 S\UFF, n. [D. snuf, whence siuiffni, to snuff, to 
 scent ; G. sclinitppe; allied to snub, neb, nth.^ 
 
 1. 'i'lie burning part of a candle-wick, or that 
 which has been charred by the flame, whether burn- 
 ing or not. AddL-ion, 
 
 2. A candle almost burnt out. Shak. 
 
 3. Pulverized tobacco and various other powders, 
 taken, or prepared to be taken, into the nose. 
 
 4. Ilesentuient ; liuff, expressed by a snuffing of 
 the nose. Bacon. 
 
 SNUFF, I'. L [D. snuffen ; G. schnupfin, to take snuff ; 
 schnuppen, to snuff a candle.] 
 
 1. To draw in with the breath ; to inhale ; as, to 
 snvff llie wind. Drydeiu 
 
 2. To scent ; to smell ; to perceive by the nose. 
 
 Drydm. 
 
 3. To crop the snuff, as of a candle ; to take off 
 the end of the snuff. SwifL 
 
 SKUFF, 1. To snort; to inhale air with violence 
 or Willi noise ; as dogs and horses. Dnjden. 
 
 2. To turn up the nose and inhale air in con- 
 tempt. Jilid. ii. 
 
 3. To take offense. 
 
 SNUFF'BOX, 7u A box for carrying snuff about the 
 person. 
 
 S.NUFF'ER, n. One that snuffs. 
 
 SNUFF'ERS, n. pi. An instrument for cropping the 
 
 snuff of a candle. 
 SNUFFING, ppr. Drawing in with the breath; 
 scenting. ^ 
 9. Cropping the snuff, as of a candle. 
 SNUFF'I.\G, n. The act of snuffing. Bwon. 
 &^■UF'FLE, (snuffl,) v. i. [D. siiuffchn; G. niiffeln 
 and schnuffeln ; Dan. sn'dvler, to sntijjle, to give a 
 cnibbed answer, to snui.] 
 
 To speak through the nose ; to breathe hard 
 through the nose, or through the nose when ob- 
 structed. 
 
 Somp senseless Pliillis, in a broken note, 
 
 Snujlins at nose. Dryden. 
 
 SNUF'FLER, n. One that snuffles or speaks through 
 
 the no^e when obstructed. 
 SNUF'FLjES, (snuf'flz,) n. Obstruction of the nose 
 
 bv mucus. 
 
 SNUF'FLING, n. A speaking through the nose. 
 
 Smft. 
 
 SNUFF'T.aK-ER, 71. One that takes snuff, or in- 
 
 hale?i it into the nose. 
 SNUFF'Y, a. Soiled with snuff. 
 
 SNUG, I'. I. [Dan. miger, to sneak; Sax. snican, to 
 creep ; probably allied to mVA, close, Sw. niiLgg. 
 See Snake.] 
 
 To lie close ; as, a child snugs to its mother or 
 nurse. Sidnctj. 
 SNUG, a. [Sw. snygg, neat.] 
 
 1. Lying close ; closely pressed ; as, an infant lies 
 mug. 
 
 2. Close ; concealed ; not exposed to notice. 
 
 At Will's 
 
 Lie snug, and hear what critics saj. S-ci/t. 
 
 3. Being in good order ; all convenient ; neat ; as, 
 a snug litrle farm. 
 
 4. Close; neat; convenient; as, a snu^- house. 
 
 5. Slily or insidiously close. 
 
 When you hiy snug, tu snap young Damon's go:\l. Dryden. 
 
 SNUG'GER-Y, 71. A snug, comfortable place. [Fa- 
 milinr.] fVarren. 
 
 SNUG'GLE, V. i. [from snug.] To move one way 
 and the other to get a close place ; to lie close for 
 convenience or warmth. 
 
 SNUG'LV, adv. Closely ; safely. 
 
 SNUG'NESS, 71. Closeness; the state of being neat 
 or convenient. Haijleifs Cowper. 
 
 So, V. t. Stand still ; a word used in the imperative 
 only, by milkmaids. [See the next word.] 
 
 So, adv. [Goth, swa ; Sax. siea ; G. so ; D. lo ; Dan. 
 saa; Sw. sd ; perhaps L. sk, contracted, or Heb. 
 niir, to compose, to set. In Ir. so is this or that. It 
 is the same in Scots. It is from some root signifying 
 to set, to still, and this sense is retained in the use of 
 the word by milkmaids, wiio say to cows, so, so, that 
 is, stand still, remain as you are ; and in this use, 
 the word may be the original verb.] 
 
 1. In like manner, answering to as, and noting 
 comparison or resemblance ; as with the people, so 
 with the prii'.st. 
 
 2. In such a degree ; to that degree. 
 
 Why is his chariot so long in coming ? — Judges T. 
 
 3. In such a manner ; sometimes repeated, ao and 
 so ; as, cert'iin colom mingled so and so. Sackling. 
 
 4. It \» followed by as. 
 
 Then is fjrrirthin? ecjuifftlcnt In France and Scotland ; so OS It 
 U ft h.ird cjil'iiniiy upon our soil to alTirm that so exc^ lknt a 
 fruit will not grow here. Temple. 
 
 But in like phroaen, we now use that ; " so that it 
 is a hard calumny ; " and this may be considered aa 
 the eHtahlishr'd usage. 
 
 5. In the name manner. 
 
 Use your tutor with freat rrapeet, and cause all your family lo do 
 so too. Locke. 
 
 6. Thuii ; In thia manner ; at, New V'ork, so called 
 
 SOA 
 
 from the Duke of York. I know not why it is, but 
 so it is. 
 
 It concerns every man, with the greatest seriousness, to inquire 
 wlii^lher th^se things are so or not. TdloUon. 
 
 7. Therefore ; thus ; for this reason ; in conse- 
 quence of this or that. 
 
 It leaves instruction, and so instructors, lo the sobriety of the 
 
 settled articles of the church. Holyday. 
 God makes him in his own image an intellectual creature, and 
 
 so ciptble of domtiiiun. Locke. 
 This sliitute made the dipping of coin Iiigh treason, which it was 
 
 not at common law ; so lliul this was an enlarging statu'.e. 
 
 lii(u:ksU}ne. 
 
 8. On these terms, noting a conditional petition. 
 
 Here, then, exchange we mutually forgiveness ; 
 
 iS'o may the guilt ol all my broken vows, 
 
 My perjuries lo iliec, be ail forgotten. Rowe, 
 
 So here might be expressed by thus, that is, in this 
 manner, by this mutual forgiveness. 
 
 9. Provided that ; on condition that. [L. modo.] 
 So the doctrine l;e but wholesome and edifying — though ttiere 
 
 should be a want of exuciuess in the manner of speiikuig and 
 reasoning, it may be overlooked. Alterbury. 
 I care not who luruishes the means, so tliey are furnished. 
 
 .Inon. 
 
 10. In like manner, noting the concession of one 
 proposition or fact, and the assumption of another ; 
 answering to as. 
 
 As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a prince 
 ought to consider the condition lie is m when he eutei^ on it. 
 
 Sisi/t. 
 
 11. So often expresses the sense of a word or sen- 
 tence going before. In this case it prevents a repeti- 
 tion, and may be considered as a substitute for the 
 word or phrase. " France is highly cultivated, but 
 England is more so," that is, more highly cultivated. 
 
 Arlliur Young. 
 
 To make m?n happy, and lo keep them so. Creech. 
 
 12. Thus ; thus it is ; this is the state. 
 
 How sorrow shake's him I 
 So now the temp.-st teare hhn up by th' roots. Dryden, 
 
 13. Well ; the fact being such. And so the work 
 is done, is it .' 
 
 14. It is sometimes used to express a certain de- 
 gree, implying comparison, and yet without the cor- 
 responding word as, to render the degree definite. 
 
 An astringent is not quite so proper, where relaxing the urinary 
 piiss-iges is necessary. jlrbuUinol. 
 
 That is, not perfectly proper, or not so proper as 
 something else not specified. 
 
 15. It is sometimes etjuivalent to be it so, let it be 
 so, let it be as it is, or in that manner. 
 
 There is Percy ; if your father will do me any honor, so ; if nol, 
 let him kill the next Percy hunselL Shak. 
 
 16. It expresses a wish, desire, or petition. 
 
 Ready are the appellant and defendant — 
 
 So please your highness to behold the fight. Shak. 
 
 17. So much as; however much. Instead of so, we 
 now generally use as ; as much as ; that much ; wliat- 
 ever the quantity may be. 
 
 18. So so, or so repeated, used as a kind of excla- 
 mation ; equivalent to well, well; or it is so, the 
 thing is dune. 
 
 So, so, it works ; now, mistress, sit you fist, Dryden. 
 
 19. So so ; much as it was ; indifferently ; not well 
 nor niucli amiss. 
 
 His leg is but BO so. Shak. 
 
 20. So then; thus then it is; therefore ; the conse- 
 quence is. 
 
 So Oien the Volscians stand ; but a9 at first 
 
 Ready, when time shall prompt them, to m.tke road 
 
 Upon 's again, Shak. 
 
 SoAK, T. t. [.?ax. socian ; VV. swgiav), to soak, and 
 sugaw, to suck. To soak is to suck in ; D. zuigen, G. 
 
 saugen, .\r. salai, to imbibe, that is, to draw ; 
 
 Ir. sughlhach, soaking; perhaps hence Sw. .ini-Afa, D, 
 zairt, soft. Class Sg, No. 3C. Heb. Ch. and Syr. npif. 
 No. 82.] 
 
 1. To steep ; to cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till 
 the substance has imbibi'd what it can contain ; to 
 macerate in water or other fluid ; as, to soak cloth ; 
 lo soak bread. 
 
 2. To drench; to wet thoroughly. The earth is 
 soaked with heavy rains. 
 
 'ilviT land shall ho soaked with blood. — la. xxxiv, 
 
 3. To draw in by the pores ; as the skin. Dryden. 
 
 4. To drain. [J^nt authorized.] 
 
 SOAK, (soke,) v. i. To lie steeped in water or other 
 fluiil. Let the cloth lie and soak. 
 
 2. To enter into pores or interstices. Water soaks 
 Into the earth or otiicr porous matter. 
 
 3. To drink inteinperalely or gluttonously ; to 
 drench ; as, a snakinir club. [Low.] Locke. 
 
 SOAK'A'l), (sOkt,) pp. Steeped or macerated in a fluid ; 
 drenched. 
 
 SOAK'ER, 71. One that soaks or macerates in n 
 liquid, 
 
 2. A hard drinker. [Low.] 
 
 SOB 
 
 So.\K'ING, ppr. Steeping; macerating; drenching; 
 'niliibihg. 
 
 9. a. That wets thoroughly ; as, a soaking rain. 
 SoAL, of a shoe. See Sole. 
 
 SoAP, (sope,) n. f Sax. sape ; D. zeep : G. seife ; Sw. 
 sapa; Dan. sabe; Fr. savon ; It. sapone; Sp. zabon ; 
 Ij. sapo ; Gr. ffujTtoy Arm. savaitn; W.sebon; Hin- 
 
 doo, saboon, savin; Gipsy, sapuna; Pcrs. ' »_)L»< 
 
 S 3 ^ 
 
 sabun; Ar. ^^Lw sabunon. Class Sb, No. 29.] 
 
 A compoiintl of one or more of the oil-acids, more 
 especially with the metallic alkalies potassa uT soda, 
 but also with some other salifiable bases. The most 
 common soaps are either margarates or oleates of 
 potassa or soda, made by boiling some common oil 
 with the lye of wood-ashes ; used in washing and 
 cleansing, in medicine, &c. Common soap is an 
 unctuous substance. 
 
 SoAP, V. t. [Sax. sapan; D. zeepen; G. seifen.] 
 To rub or wash over with soap. 
 
 SoAP'BER RY-TREE, n. An evergreen, tropical 
 tree of several species, belonging to the genus Sapin- 
 dus, bearing red, saponaceous berries, which are 
 used as a substitute for soap in washing clothes. 
 
 P. Cyc. Loudon. 
 
 SoAP'-BOIL-ER, 71. [soop and boiler.] One whose 
 occupation is to make soap. 
 
 So.4P'-BOIL-lNG, 71. The occupation of making 
 soap. 
 
 SoAP'£D, (sopt,) pp. Rubbed or washed with soap. 
 So.\P'ING, ppr. Rubbing or washing with soap. 
 SoAP'SToNE, 71. Steatite; a magnesian mineral, 
 
 ^sually gray, white, or yellow ; the Lapis ollaris. 
 So.^P'SUbS, n. pi. Suds; water well impregnated 
 
 with soap. 
 
 SoAP'WORT, 71. A plant of the genus Saponaria ; 
 so called from its bruised leaves producing a lather 
 like soap, on being agitated in water. 
 
 Farm. Encyc. 
 
 SoAP' Y, a. Resembling soap; having the qualities 
 of soap ; soft and smooth, 
 2. Smeared with soap. 
 So.'^R, (sore,) v. i. [Fr. essorcr, to soar ; essor, flight ; 
 
 It. sorare ; Eth. sarar, to flj', to be lofty. 
 
 Lud. Col, 109. Class Sr, No. 20.] 
 
 1. To fly aloft; to mount upon the wing; as an 
 eagle. Hence, 
 
 2. To rise high ; to mount ; to tower in thought or 
 imagination ; to be sublime ; as the poet or orator. 
 
 3. To rise high in ambition or heroism. 
 
 Valor sotLrs above 
 What the world adls misfortune. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 4. In general, to rise aloft ; to be lofty. 
 So.'VR, 71. A towering flight. Milton. 
 So.^R'ING, ppr. or a. Mounting on the wing; rising 
 
 aloft ; towering in thought or mind. 
 So.Mt'ING, 71. The act of mounting on the wing, or 
 
 of towering in thought or mind ; iiitelleciual flight. 
 SOA'yE, ( [It-] 1" music, sweet, or with 
 
 SOA-FE-MEJV'TE, \ sweetness. Brande. 
 SOB, V. i. [Sax. seobjretid, complaining. Qu.] 
 
 ■To sigh with a sudden heaving of the breast, or a 
 kind of convulsive motion ; to sigh with deep sorrow 
 or with tears. 
 
 She sighed, she sobbed, and, furious with despair. 
 
 She rent her gitrnieiits, and she tor^ her hair. Dryden, 
 
 SOB, 71. A convulsive sigh or catching of the breath 
 in sorrow ; a convulsive act of respiration obstructed 
 by sorrow. Johnson. 
 Break, heart, or choke with sobs my hated breath. Dryden. 
 
 SOB, P. f. To soak. [Mtinuse.] Mortimer. 
 
 SOIt'BING, ppr. Sighing with a heaving of the 
 breast. 
 
 SOB'BING, 71. Lamentation. 
 
 SO'HER, a. [Fr. sobre ; It. .'obrio ; L. sabrius ; D. 
 sober, poor, mean, spare, sober ; Sax. sifer, sober, 
 pure, chaste. See Soft.] 
 
 1. Temperate in the use of spiritous liquors; ha- 
 bitually temperate ; as, a sober man. 
 
 Live a sober, righteous, and godly life. Com. Pmyer. 
 
 2. Not intoxicated or overpowered by spiritous 
 liquors ; not drunken. The sot may at times be 
 sober. 
 
 3. Not mad or insane; not wild, visionary, or 
 heated with passion ; having the regular exercise 
 of cool, dispassionate reason. 
 
 There was not a sober person lo be had ; all was tempestuous 
 and blusteritifr, Dryd.n. 
 
 No sober man would put hhnself in danger for l)i< anplanse of 
 escaping witliout breaking his iifck, Dryden. 
 
 4. Regular ; calm ; not under the influence of 
 passion ; as, sober judgment ; a man in his sober 
 senses. 
 
 5. Serious ; solemn ; grave ; ns, the sober livery of 
 autumn. 
 
 What parls gay Trance from #o6#r Spain } Prior. 
 Sec her sober over a sampler, or gay over a Jointed baby. Pope. 
 
 FATE, FAB, FftLL, WH^T METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQIC — 
 
 l<M8 
 
soc 
 
 soc 
 
 SOF 
 
 So'BEIl, i>. (. To make sober i to cure of iiitoxicu- 
 lioii. 
 
 Tliert^ shallow (ln\(i«;hu intoxicate thft braiili 
 
 And ilriiikiiif l»rgi-ly tobtrt us iig.iin. Pops. 
 
 SO'BER-KI), pp. Made soher. 
 SO'HER-I.Y, udr. VViihont intemperance. 
 
 2. Without enthtisiasiii. 
 
 3. Witliout intcmperute passion ; coolly ; calmly ; 
 nioflecitely. Bacon. Locke. 
 
 4. Gravely ; seriously. 
 SO'IIKR-MlM)'ED,n. Having a disposition or temper 
 
 haliitiiallv sulii-r, calm, and temperate. 
 SO'IIEIl-.\il.\I)'EI)-NESS, 71. Cal'nness ; freedom 
 from iniirdiiiatc passions ; habitual sobriety. 
 
 Porteus, 
 
 SO'BER-.VBSS, n. Freedom from intoxication ; tcm- 
 a. (Jravity ; seriousin>:-s. [perance. 
 3.. Freciliini from hej^t and passion ; calmness ; 
 coolness. 
 
 Tlif sotternest ot Virgil might have shown him the diiTen-nce. 
 
 Uryden. 
 
 SO-BRI'E-TY, n. [Fr. sobrieti ; L. sobrictas, from so- 
 frriii.*.] 
 
 I. Habitual soberness or temperance in the use of 
 spirituus litpiors ; as when we say, a man of sobrinij. 
 
 lluoker. Taijlor. 
 
 5. Freedom from intoxication. 
 
 Piitlic aobricly is a rfl;Uive duty. Blackalone. 
 
 3. Habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate 
 passion, or t)Vcrht'atir(l imagination ; calmness ; ctiol- 
 nt^ss ; as, the sobriety of ripjr years ; the subrirlij of 
 age. Dnjiten. 
 
 4. Seriousness ; gravity without sadness or melan- 
 choly. 
 
 Mirth makes th'"in not mad, 
 
 Nur sobriety s.ul. Dcnham. 
 
 SOn-Rt-QUET', (soli-re-ki',) n. [Fr.] A nickname. 
 SOG, n. [Sax. soc, from socan, secan, to sec/if to follow, 
 L. .^rgitor,] 
 
 1. Pniperhj, the sequela, secta, or stiit, or tlie body 
 of suitors ; lii'nci', the power or privilege of holdin;; 
 a court in a ilisirict,as in a manor; Jurisdiction of 
 causes, and the limits of that jiirisdictron. 
 
 English Low. IVilkins. Lye. 
 
 2. Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from 
 custt)inary burdens. Cowcl. 
 
 3. An extrlusive privilece claimed by millers of 
 grindins all the corn used within the manor or town- 
 ship in which the mill stands. Orose. 
 
 SOe'.VOiE, n. [from •."<:, supra, a privilege.] In Ek^- 
 lish taw, a tenure of l.anils and tenements by a cer- 
 tain or determinate service; a tenure distinct from 
 chivalry or knight's service, in which the render was 
 uncertain. The service must be certain, in onler to 
 be dentiminnted .ioeai;e; as to hold by fealty and 
 twenty shillings rent. BlackMune. 
 
 Socage is of two kinds ; free sorarre, where the 
 services are not only certain, but luuiorable ; and ml- 
 tein .locate, where the services, though certain, are 
 of a baser nature. Blackstoite. 
 
 SOe'.A-tiER, n. A tenant by socage ; a socman. 
 
 SO'-e.XLI.-KD, (J. So nam. d. 
 
 SO-eiA-Hll.'l-TY, 71. [Fr. sociabilili.] 
 
 !>ociableness ; disposition to associate and converse 
 with others ; or the practice of familiar cimverse. 
 
 SO'CI.VBEE, (s6'sha-bl,) a. [Vr. sociable : L. sociabi- 
 from sociu.^, a companion, probably from scqaor, 
 to follow. See Sekk.] 
 
 1. That may be conjoined ; fit to he united in one 
 body or company ; n.s, sociable pans united in one 
 body. Hooker. 
 
 2. Ready or disposed to unite in a general in- 
 terest. 
 
 'I'o make man mild, and tociablf to man. Addison, 
 
 3. Ready and inclined to join in company or socie- 
 ty ; or fretpieiitly meeting for conversation ; as, so- 
 ciable neishbors. 
 
 4. Inclined to converse when in company ; dis 
 posed to freedom in conversation ; opposed to Re 
 sERVEo and TAciruRrf. 
 
 5. Free in conversation ; conversing much or fa- 
 miliarly. The iiuesls were very sociable. 
 
 So'CIA-BLE-.\i;s.-^, 71. Dispasitioii to associ.tte ; in- 
 clination to ctuiipany anti converse ; or actual fre- 
 quent union in society or free converse. This word 
 may signify either the disposition to associate, or the 
 disposition to enter into familiar conversation, or the 
 artiial prictice of associating anil conversing. 
 
 SO'tMA-lfEY, a</e. In a sociable manner ; with free 
 intercourse ; conversibly ; familiarly ; as a compan- 
 ion. 
 
 SO'CIAL, (-shal,) a. [L. socialis, from socitu, compan- 
 ion.) 
 
 1. Pertaining to society ; relating to men living in 
 society, or to the public as an aggregate body ; as, 
 social interests or concerns ; <ocial pleasures ; social 
 benefits j social happiness ; social duties. 
 
 True selMovc and social are the 3air,e. Po;je. 
 
 2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse ; 
 companionable. 
 
 3. Consisting in union or mutual converse. Milton. 
 
 4. Disposed to unite in society. Man Is asocial being. 
 S0'CIAI/-IS.\1, « A social slate in which there is a 
 
 comnninity of properly among all the citi/.eiis j a 
 
 new term ftir A<;ba»ianism. [See Communism.] 
 SO'CIALrlST, 71. (Jiie who advocates a coiiiumnity 
 
 of property among all the citizens of u state. 
 SO-CI.'\i.'l-TY, H. Socialness; the quality of being 
 
 social. Sterne. 
 So'(JIAL-LY, ado. In a social manner or way. 
 SO'CI.AL-NESS, II. The quality of being social. 
 SO'CISTE, (-shite,) v. i. To associate; to mix with 
 
 coiu|iany. [Ofcs.] Shrlford. 
 SO-CI'E-TY, 71. [Fr. socicti ; Sp. socirdad ; It. soci- 
 
 etd : L. socictas, from socius, a companion. See So- 
 
 CIAHI.E.] 
 
 1. The union of a number of ration.al beings ; or 
 n iiiiuilier of persons tiiiiti'il, either for a temporary 
 or periiiancnt purpose. Thus the inhabitants of a 
 state tir of a city constitute a society, having common 
 interests ; and hence it is called a community. In a 
 more enlarged sense, the whole race or family of 
 man is a society, and called human society. 
 
 The true and natural fouudulioiu of society am the wants and 
 fears ol individuals. Btackttone. 
 
 2. Any number of persons associated for a particu- 
 lar purpose, whether incorpnrated by law, or only 
 united liy articles of agreement ; a fraternity. Thus 
 we have Bible societies, missionary societieji, and 
 charitable societies for various tibjects ; societies of 
 mechanics, and learned societies ; societies for encour- 
 aging arts, &c. 
 
 3. Company; a temporary association of persons 
 fiir prolit or pleastire. In this sense, Comfany is 
 more generally used. 
 
 4. Ciimpaiiy ; fi lliiwsliip. We frequent the society 
 of those we love and est<!em. 
 
 5. Partnership; fellowsliip; union on equal terms. 
 
 Amon<r une^iunls what society can sun t filVtort. 
 Heaven's gr.;atiu-s» no society can bear. DryHen. 
 
 6. Persons living in the same neighborhood, who 
 frequently meet in coiiipaiiy and. Ii;ive IV-llowship. 
 Literary A-otrict// renders a place interesting and agree- 
 able. 
 
 7. In Connecticut, a number of families united and 
 incorponitetl for the purpose of supporting public 
 wor>liip, is called an ecclesiastical socirtii. This is a 
 parish, except that it has not territorial limits. In 
 Massachusetts, such an incorporateil society is usually 
 called a parish, though consisting of persons only, 
 without rCL'ard to territory. 
 
 SO-Cl.\'I-AN, n. [from Socinns, a native of Sienna, 
 in Tuscany, the founder of the seel of Socinians in 
 tlic llitli cintury.] 
 
 Pertaining to Socinus, or his religious creed. 
 SO-CIN'I-AN, 71. One of the followers of Socinus. 
 
 Knctic. 
 
 SO-CIN'I-AN-ISM, 71. The tenets or doctrines of So- 
 cinus, who held Christ to have been a mere man in- 
 spireil, denied his divinity anil atonement, the doctrine 
 of original depravity, and kindred doctrines. Enq/c. 
 
 SOCK, 71. [Sax. socc ; L. soccus ; Sw. siicka ; G. socke ; 
 D. zok : Dan. soA' ,• Fr. socyuc : It. socco; Sp. zoeo, iit- 
 eco, a wooden shoe, .a plinth, whence zocalo, Fr. 
 socle. Ciu. L. sicca, to dry, Gr. t>ii»>,- j, a bag.] 
 
 1. The shoe of the ancient actors of comedy. 
 Hence the word is used for comedy, and opposed to 
 Bi/sKiN, or tragedy. 
 
 tjreat Fletcher never treatis in biukin here. 
 
 Nor greater Jonsun dares in socks appear. DryUn. 
 
 2. A garment for the foot, like the foot of a stack- 
 ing. 
 
 3. A plowshare. Ed. Encyc. 
 SOCK'ET, 71. [U. soieeail.] 
 
 1. The little hollow tube or place in which a can- 
 dle is fixed in the candlestick. 
 
 And in the sockets oily bubbles dance. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Withers, adieu I yet not with thee lemove 
 Thy maninl spirit or Ul) todnl love. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Any hollow thing or place which receives and 
 holds something else ; as, the sockets of the teeth or 
 of the eyes. 
 
 liis eyeba!!a in their hollow sockets sink. Dnjrlen. 
 Goinphusis is the counection of a louili to its socket. Wueuuin. 
 
 SOCK'ET-CHIS-EL, n. A strong chisel used by car- 
 penters for mortising. Owilt. 
 
 SOCK'ET-PoLE, «. A pole armed with an iron 
 socket, and used to propel boats, &c. 
 
 SOCK'LESS, a. Destitute of socks or shoes. 
 
 Beaum. Fl. 
 
 S;5'eLE, (so'kl,) n. In architecture, a plain block or 
 plinth, forming a low pedeslal to a statue, column, 
 &c. ; also, a plain face or pitnth at the lower part of 
 a wall. G.'o.w. of ^rcA.t. 
 
 SOG'MA.V, 71. [See Socage.] One who holds lands 
 or tenements by socage. CaweL 
 
 SOe'.MAN-RY, n. Tenure by socage. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Cowcl. 
 
 SOe'OME, n. A custom of tenants to grind corn at 
 
 the lord's mill. [JVol used.} Cowrl. 
 POC'O TO-Rl.VE, (-rin,) ( a. Socolorine or .TOcufriiie 
 SOe'O-TRI.NE, \ atoes: a kind of aloes 
 
 from Sociiira, an isle in the Indian Ocean. Ennic. 
 
 SO-CRAT'ie, / a. Pertaining to 8ocrate», tho 
 .SO-CKAT'lC-AL, j Greci;iii sage, or to lii> language 
 or ninnner of tejiching and philnsoplii/.iiig. The 
 Socratic inetfiod of reast>iiing antl iitsiriii-tiun was by 
 a series of tpieslions lettding to the desired result. 
 SO-CRAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the Socralic method. 
 
 Goodoian. 
 
 SOC'RA-TISM, n. The doctrines or philosophy of 
 .Socrates. 
 
 SOC'K.A-TIST, 71. A disciple of Socrates. Marttin. 
 
 SOD, 71. [D. toode ! G. sode. I suspect the radical 
 sen-:e is set, fixed ; W. soiii, to set.] 
 
 Turf ; sward ; that stratum of earth on the surface 
 which is fiUeil with the roots of grass, or any por- 
 tion of that surface. It dilfers from Clod, which 
 may be a compact mass of earth without roots ; but 
 sod is formed by earth held together by roots. 
 
 SOI), a. IMaile or consisting of stid. 
 
 SOI), V. t. To ctivcr with sod ; to turf. 
 
 -SOI), prri. of .Seethe ; also the |>assive participle. 
 _[S(;e Sodden.] 
 
 So' DA, 71. [G. Wa ; D. souda ; It. soda: Sp. soda or 
 so.-^a, glass\vorl, b;irill;i.] 
 
 1. The proloxyd of the metal sodium, formerly 
 called, though not appropriately, mineral alkali. It 
 has likewise been calleil a Jiicd alkali, in contra- 
 distinction from ammonia, which is a volatile al- 
 kali. 
 
 2. Tlie carbonate of soda, formerly called Nathon, 
 obtained by lixiviating llie tishes of marine plants, or 
 decomposing the sails of soda. In this stale, bow- 
 ever, it is never pure. 
 
 So'DA-.^SlI, 71. Impure carbonate of sod.a. 
 
 SO'DA-I.ITE, 71. A mineral occurring usually in 
 small, bluish dodecahedrons, and containing a large 
 proportit^n of soda, along with silica, alumina, and 
 muriatic acid. Vang. 
 
 SO-I).\L'I-TY, 71. sodalilas,{tom sodalis, a com- 
 panion.] 
 
 A fellowship or fraternit)'. Slillinvfiret. 
 
 SO'DA-SALTs, 71. In c/icinkitT-T/, salts wliii h have 
 jioila for Iheir liase. Silliman. 
 
 So'DA-W A-TER, 71. A very weak solution of soda 
 in water highly charged w'iili c;irb(uiic acid. The 
 popular beverage sold under this name in the sliops 
 is ordinarily nothing but common water liiglily 
 charged with carbonic acid. 
 
 SOD'DEI), /);i. Covcretl with sod ; turfed. 
 
 SOD'DK.N, pp. of Seethe. Boiled ; seellii d. 
 
 SOD'l)Y,n. [from sod.] Turfy ; consisting of sod ; 
 coveretl wiij sod. 
 
 SOD'ER, 0. t. fW. snwd, juncture ; S'Kdrinw, to 
 join, to soder ; Fr. .■ioudrr ; Ann. siij/i/a or sondta ; It. 
 sodarr, to m;ike firm. It has been taken for granted 
 that this is a contracted word, from L. solido, and 
 hence written SoLDt:R. The fact may be dotibteil ; 
 but if true, the settled pronunciation seems to render 
 it expedient to let the cmitracted orlhography remain 
 undisturbed. So Parkhurst writes it. Lexicon, 
 P31.] 
 
 To unite and make solid, as metallic substances ; 
 to unite llie surfices of metals by the intervention 
 of a metal or met;illic cement in a state of fusion, 
 whicli hardens in cooling, and renders the joint 
 solid. 
 
 SOD'ER, 71. Metallic cement; a metal or metallic 
 composition used in uniting other metallic sub- 
 stances. 
 
 SOD'ER-KD, pp. United bv a metallic cement. 
 
 SOD'ER-INt;, ppr. l,Hiilii"ig and making solid by 
 means of a metallic substance in a state of fiisiiui. 
 
 SOD'ER-I.VG, 71. The process of unittiic the surl ices 
 of metals by the intervention of a more fusible metal 
 or metallic cement. 
 
 So'DI-U.M, 71. The metallic base of soda. It is soft, 
 white, anil opaque, and very malleable. Il is lighter 
 than water. Coniinon culinary salt is chlorid of so- 
 dium. Daoy. 
 
 SOD'OM-ITE, 71. An inhabitant of Sodom. 
 2. One giiiltv of sodomy. 
 
 SOD-O.M-IT'IC-AL, a. Pt^rtaining to sodomy. 
 
 .SOn'O.M-Y, 71. A crime asainst nature. 
 
 S6E, 71. [Scot, .s'ltr perhaps .Hra.l 
 
 A large wooden vessel for holding water; a cowl. 
 [ Local. ] More. 
 
 SO-EV'LR ; so and ever, found in com|if.unds, as in 
 who.<orrer, what-forver, vkere.-^orrer. [See these 
 words.] It is sometimes used separate from the 
 pronoun; as, in what things soeocr you undertake, 
 use diligence and fidelity. 
 
 SO'FA, 71. [Probably an Oriental word. Clu. Sw. 
 sdfra, to lull to sleep.) 
 
 An elegant long scat, usually with a siiifreri bot- 
 tom. Sofas are variously made. In the Cmieil Slates, 
 the frame is of mahogany, and the bottmii formeil of i 
 stiilfed cloth, with a covering of silk, cbint/, calico, 
 or hair-clot It ; sometimes on springs. The sofa of 
 the Orientals is a kind of alcove raised half a fool 
 above the Hoor, where visitors of distinrtiim are re- 
 ceived. It is also a seat by the side of the room 
 covered with a carpet. 
 
 SO'FA-liED, 71. A bed within a frame hene.ith a 
 sofa, which can be used for lodging by night. 
 
 SO'FETT, 71. .\ small sofa. 
 
 TO.VE, BULL, 1;MTE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K j G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 132 
 
 J J J J» 
 
 1040 
 
SOF 
 
 SOI 
 
 SOL 
 
 yo'FI, } , -,f Ill Persia, a religious person ; a 
 
 PO'Plil, i ('^^ f--''' i dervis. 
 
 So'FISM, n. The mystical doctrines of the Sofis, or 
 derVLses of Persia. Brande. 
 
 SOF'FIT, )i. [\X. soffittn.'] \n architeclnre, a. ceiling; 
 a term seldom used except in reference to the under 
 sides of the subordinate parts and members of build- 
 ings, such as staircases, entablatures, archways, cor- 
 nices, i&^c. Oloas, of Orckit 
 
 SOFT, a. [Sax. softe, sofla. The D. has lagt, Sw. 
 saclua, D. sairle, and the G. sanft, in a like sense, but 
 whether allied to soft, may be questioned.] 
 
 1. Easily yielding to pressure ; the contrary of 
 Hard ; as, a soft bed ; a soft peach ; soft earth. 
 
 a. Not hard ; easily separated by an edged instru- 
 ment : as, soft wood. The chestnut is a soft wood, 
 but more durable than hickory, which is a very 
 hard wood. So we say, a soft stone, when it breaks 
 or is hewed with ease. 
 
 3. Easily worked ; malleable ; as, soft iron. 
 
 4. Not rough, rugged, or harsh ; smooth to the 
 touch ; delicate ; as, soft silk ; soft raiment ; a soft 
 skin. 
 
 5. Delicate ; feminine ; as, the softer sex. 
 
 6. Easily yielding to persuasion or motives ; flexi- 
 ble ; susceptible of influence or passion. In both 
 these senses, soft is applied to females, and some- 
 times to males; as, a divine of a soft and servile 
 temper. Charles. 
 
 One king is too soft anJ easy. L^Estranst. 
 
 7. Tender ; timorous. 
 
 Ilo-.vever soft within Ihemselves they are, 
 
 To you Ihey will be valiant by despair. Dryden. 
 
 8. Mild ; gentle; kind ; not severe or unfeeling; 
 as, a person of a soft nature. 
 
 9. Civil ; complaisant; courteous; as, a person of 
 soft manners. Ho has a soft way of asking favors. 
 
 10. Placid ; still ; easy. 
 
 On her soft axle whilp she paces even, 
 
 She bears ihee soft with the smooth air alonj. iVit'ton. 
 
 11. Efleminate ; viciously nice. 
 
 An idle and soft course of life is the source of criminal pleasures. 
 
 ^7-oo7ne. 
 
 12. Delicate ; elegantly tender. 
 
 Her form more soft and fcntiuine. Milton, 
 
 13. Weak ; impressible. 
 
 The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam's. [Not 
 elegant.} GlanvUle. 
 
 14. Gentle ; smooth or melodious to the ear ; not 
 loud, rough, or harsh ; as, a soft voice or note ; a 
 soft sound ; soft accents ; soft whispers. 
 
 Drijdrn. Pope. 
 
 15. Smooth; flowing; not rough or vehement. 
 The solemn nijrtitinifale tuned her soft lays. Mi'lon. 
 So/t were my numbers, who coidd lake olfense ? Pope. 
 
 16. Easy ; quiet ; undisturbed ; as, soft slumbers. 
 
 17. Jlild to the eye ; not strong or glaring; as, soft 
 colors ; the soft coloring of a picture. 
 
 The sun, Bliiiiiiis: on the upper part of the clouds, made the soft- 
 est lights imaginable. Brown. 
 
 18. Mild; warm; pleasant to the feelings ; as, so/t 
 air. 
 
 19. Not tinged with salts ; not hard ; so as to decom- 
 pose soap ; as, .■soft water is the best for washing. 
 
 20. Mild ; gentle ; not rough, rude, or irritating. 
 A soft answer lurnclh away wrath. — Prov. xv. 
 
 21. Weak ; foolish. 
 
 SOFT, adv. Softly ; gently ; quietly. 
 
 SOFT, ezclam. For be soft ; iiold ; stop ; not so fast. 
 
 But, soft, nty muse ; the \vo*Id is wide. Suckling. 
 
 SOFT'£N, (sofn,) v. t. To make soft or more soft ; 
 to make less hard. 
 
 Their arrow's point they soften in the 0ame. Cay. 
 
 2. To mollify; to make less fierce or intractable ; 
 to make more susceptible of humane or flne feel- 
 ings ; as, to .loften a hard lieart ; to soften savage na- 
 tures. The heart is softened by pity. 
 
 nifliden 
 
 □ liutes the proud, 
 
 ioftens the severe. 
 
 Jiambler. 
 
 3. To make less harsh or severe ; as, to soften an 
 expression. 
 
 4. To palliate ; to represent as less enormous ; as, 
 to aoflen a fault. 
 
 5. To make easy ; to compose ; to mitigate ; to 
 alleviate. 
 
 Music can soften pain to case. Pope. 
 
 6. To make calm and placid. 
 
 Bl'l her l» nil that cheers or softens life. Pope. 
 
 7. To make less harsh, less rude, less offcnNive, or 
 violent. 
 
 Bui sweetly lemiiercd awe, and softsnsd nil he spoke, Vrytten. 
 
 8. To make less glaring ; on, to aoflen the coloring 
 of a picture. 
 
 9. To make tender; to make eflt.minato ; to en- 
 ervate; as, IroopH aoflenrd by luxury, 
 
 10. "To mako less harsh or grating ; aa, to toflen the 
 voice 
 
 Bi)FT'£N,(sof 'n,) V. i. To become less hard ; to be- 
 
 coiite more pliable and yielding to pressure ; as, iron 
 or wax softens in heat ; fruits .s(i/(en as they ripen. 
 
 2. 'I'o become less rude, harsh, or cruel ; as, savage 
 natures soften by civilization. 
 
 3. To become less obstinate or obdurate ; to be- 
 come more susceptible of humane feelings and ten- 
 derness ; to relent. The heart softens at the sight of 
 woe. 
 
 4. To become more mild ; as, the air softens. 
 
 5. To become less harsh, severe, or rigort)Us. 
 SOFT'£N-£D, (sof 'nd,) pp. or a. Made less hard or 
 
 less harsh ; made less obdurate or cruel, or less glar- 
 ing. 
 
 SOFT'£N-I\G, ppr. or a. Slaking more soft ; making 
 
 less rough or cruel, &c, 
 SOFT'SN-ING, n. The act of making less hard, less 
 
 cruel or obdurate, less violent, less glaring, &c. 
 SOFT'£N-lNG, n. In painting, the blending of colors 
 
 into each other. 
 SOFT'-IIEAIIT-ED, a. H.aving tenderness of heart ; 
 
 susceptible of pity or oUier kindly afiection ; gentle ; 
 
 meek. 
 
 SOFT'ISII, 0. Somewhat soft. D. Clinton. 
 
 SOFT'LING, 71, An etfeminale person ; one viciously 
 
 nice. [Little itsed.] IVoolton. 
 SOFT'LY, adi: Without hardness. 
 
 0. Not with force or violence ; gently ; as, he soft- 
 ly prt'r'.sed my hautl. 
 
 3. Not loudly; without noise; as, speak softly; 
 walk softhj. 
 
 In this dark silence softly leave the town. Dryden. 
 
 4. Gently ; placidly. 
 
 She softly lays him on a flowery bed. Dryden. 
 
 5. Mildly ; tenderly. 
 
 The king- must die : 
 Though pity softly pleads wiiiiiu my soul. Dryden. 
 
 SOFT'NER, n. lie or that which softens. 
 
 2. One that palliates, Sicift. 
 
 SOFT'NESS, n. The quality of bodies which renders 
 them capable of yielding to pressure, or of easily re- 
 ceiving impressions from otiier bodies; opposed to 
 IKnuNEss. 
 
 2. Susceptibility of feeling or passion ; as, the soft- 
 ness of tlie heart, or of our natures. 
 
 3. iMilduess ; kindness ; as, softness of words or 
 expressions. IVatLi. 
 
 4. Mildness; civility; gentleness; as, softness of 
 manners. Dryden 
 
 5. Efl'eminacy ; vicious delicacy. 
 
 He was not delighted with ihe softness of the court. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 6. Timorousness ; pusillanimity ; excessive suscep- 
 tibility of fear or alarm. 
 
 This virtue could not proceed out of fear or softness. Bacon. 
 
 7. Smoothness to the car ; as, the softness of sound, 
 which is distinct from Exility or Fineness. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 8. Facility; gentleness ; candor; easiness to be af- 
 fected ; as, softness of spirit. Hooker. 
 
 9. Gentleness, as contrary to vehemence. 
 
 With strength and BOflneb's, energy and ease. Harte. 
 
 10. Mildness of temper ; meekness. 
 For contemplation he and v.alor formed, 
 
 For i;'iftness she, and sweet attractive grace. Milton. 
 
 11. Weakness; simplicity. 
 
 12. Mild temperature; as, the softness of a climate. 
 
 JUilford. 
 
 SOFT'-VOIC-£n, (-voist,) a. Having a soft voice. 
 SOG'GY, a. [Allied probably to soak, which see; W. 
 
 soetr, and sorisi^ to steep.] 
 
 L Wet; filled with water; soft with moisture; as, 
 
 soggy land. Timber that has imbibed water is said 
 
 to be soggy. 
 
 2. Steaming with damp. B. Jonson. 
 
 SO-IIO', ezclam. A word used in calling from a distant 
 place: a sportsman's halloo. Shuk. 
 
 SOI' Z)/-.Vy!JV7", (swa'de-zung',) [Fr,] Calling him- 
 self ; si lf-styled ; jiretended ; would be, 
 
 SOIL, V. I. [Sax, sclan, sylian ; Dan, solcr; Sw. so/a; 
 Ft. salir, soiiilirr ; Ann. saliczai Ir. salaighim. Class 
 SI, No. 35, Syr.] 
 
 1. To iiKtUe dirty on the surface ; to foul ; to dirt ; 
 to stain ; to defile ; to tarnish ; to sully ; as, to soil a 
 garment with dust. 
 
 Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained. Mlton. 
 
 2. To cover or tinge with any thing extraneous; 
 as, to soil the earth with blood. Tale. 
 
 3. To dung; to mtinure. Soulli. 
 To soil a horse, is to purge him by giving him fresh 
 
 grass. Johnson. 
 
 To soil cattle, in hnshandnj, is to fei.-d them with 
 grass or green food daily cut for them, instead of 
 pasturing them. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 SOIL, ?i, [G. side. See the verb.] 
 
 1. Dirt; any foul matter ujiou another substance ; 
 foulness ; spot, 
 
 2. Stain ; tarnish. 
 
 A lady's honor — will not h-.-ar a soil. DryiUn. 
 
 3. The upper stratum of the earth ; the mold, or 
 that compound substance which furnishes nutriment 
 
 to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support 
 and nourish tliein. [L. sulnni : W. swi.] 
 
 4. Land ; country. We love our native soil. 
 
 5. Dung ; compost. 
 
 Improve land by dung and other sort of soils. Mortimer. 
 
 To take .soil; to run into the water, as a deer when 
 pursued. B. Jonson. 
 
 SOIL'jED, pp. or a. Fouled ; stained ; tarnished ; ma- 
 nured ; fed with grass or green food, 
 SOIL'I-NESS, H. Stain ; foulness. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SOIL'ING, ppr. Defiling; fouling; tarnishing; feed- 
 ing with fresh grass or green food ; manuring. 
 
 SOIL'ING, ji. The act or practice of feeding citttle 
 or horses with fresh grass or green food, cut daily for 
 them, instead of pasturing them. 
 
 S01L'LE.?S, a. Destitute of soil. Bigsby. 
 
 SOIL'URE, 71. [Fr. soudlure.] 
 
 Stain ; pollution, [J\l'ot in use.] Shak. 
 
 SOIK-EE', isw-ir-a',) n. [Fr. soi7-, evening.] 
 An evening party. 
 
 So'JOURN, (so'jurn or so-jurn',) v. i. [Fr. sejourner; 
 It. soggioniare, which seems to be formed from the 
 noun soggiomo i sub antl giornu, a day.] 
 
 To dwell for a time ; to dwell or live in a place as 
 a temporary resident, or as a stranger, not ctuisider- 
 ing the place as his permanent habitation. So Abiani 
 sojourned in Egypt. Octi. xii. 
 
 The soldiers assembled at Newcastle, and there sojourned three 
 days. Hayicard. 
 
 So'JOURN, (so'jurn,) 7!. A temporaiy residence, as 
 
 'that of a traveler in a fmeign land. JliUnn. 
 SO'JOURN-ER, 71. A tt inpoiary resident ; a stranger 
 or traveler who dwells in a place for a time. 
 
 We are strangers brfore thee and sojourners, as all our fathera 
 were. — 1 Chron. xxijc. 
 
 S5'J(5URN-ING, ppr. Dwelling for a time. 
 So'JOURN-ING, ti. The act of dwelling in a place 
 
 for a time ; also, the time of abode. Kzod. xii 
 So'JOUUN-."\lENT, (so'jurn-,) ii. Temporary rest 
 
 dence, as that of a stranger or traveler. Walsh 
 Soke, n. A district in which a particular privilege or 
 
 power is exercised. England. 
 SOL, 71. [L.] The sun. 
 
 SOL, 71. [N()rm. soulze, soitlds, .10112, from L. solidus 
 
 1. In France, a small copper coin ; a penny ; usu- 
 ally Sou, or Sous. F.ncyc. 
 
 2. A coiiper coin and money of account in Switz- 
 erland. 
 
 SoL, 71. [It.] The name of a note in music. It is the 
 fifth in the gamut, do or ii! being the first. 
 
 SOL'ACE, u. (. [It. sollaziare, from L. solatium ; solor, 
 to comfort, assuage, relieve. See Console.] 
 
 1. To cheer in grief or under calamity ; to comfort ; 
 to relieve in atliiction ; to console ; applied to persons ; 
 as, to solace one's self with the hope of future re- 
 ward. 
 
 2. To allay ; to assuage ; as, to solace grief. 
 SOL'ACE, V. i. To take comfort; to be cheered or 
 
 relieved in grief, [Oft.v,] S/uik. 
 SOL'ACE, 71. [It. sollazio ; L. solatium.] 
 
 Comfort in grief ; alleviation of grief or anxiety ; 
 also, that which relieves in distress; recreation. 
 
 SOL'AC-£D, (sol'ast,) pp. Comforted ; cheered in af- 
 fliction. 
 
 SOL'ACE-MENT, 71. Act of comforting; state of be- 
 ing solaced. 
 
 SOL'A-CING, ppr. Relieving grief; cheering in af- 
 fliction. 
 
 SO-La'CIOUS, (so-lu'shus,) a. Afibrding comfort or 
 
 amusement. [JVo£ in use.] 
 SO-LAN'DER, 71. [Fr. soulandres.] 
 
 A disease in horees. Vict. 
 So'LAN-GOOSE, 71. The gannet, Siila Passana, a 
 web-footed sea-iinvl, found on the coasts of Great 
 Ih ilain and Ireland, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 &,c. It is nearly of the size of the domestic goose. 
 
 Jardine. J^iittall. 
 
 iSL^.VNim'(-nin,) I "• [I- "if'tsbade.] 
 A vegetable alkaloid, obtaineil from v.nriotis spe- 
 cies of Solanum, as 5. dulcamara, S. nigrum, S. 
 tuberosum, &.C. 
 
 SO-LA'NO, 71. A hot, oppressive wind in the Medi- 
 terranean, particularly on the eastern coast of Spain. 
 It is a modification oi" the sirocco. flrandr. 
 
 SO-LS'N(JiM, 71. [L.] A genus of plants comiirelii'Ud- 
 ing the potato, (S. tuberosum,) egg plant, (S. Milon- 
 gena,) love apple or lomtito, (S. Lycopcrsicum,) night- 
 shade, &.c. 
 
 S(")'L.Mi, ( a. [Fr. ,«oJnire ; L. .TO/ai-is, from so/, the 
 SO'LA-KY, i sun, W. sft/, Fr. soldi. It. sole, Sp. .so/.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the sun ; as, the solar system ; or 
 proceeding from it ; as, solar light ; solar rays ; solar 
 inlluoiice. 
 
 2. Ill astrology, horn under the predominant in- 
 fluence of the siin ; as, a solar people. [OAs.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 n. Measured by the progress of the sun, or by its 
 revolution ; as, the .«o/<ir year. 
 
 FATE, FXR, PALL, WHAT — METE, PnfiY. — PINE, MAIHNE, BlUD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 'OfiO 
 
SOL 
 
 SOL 
 
 SOL 
 
 i 
 
 Solar ajch. See Cycle, No. 3. 
 SuUir fiomcrs, are those wliicli open and shut daily, 
 at certain determinate liours. /.innteus. 
 
 Sular microscope; a microscope in which the object 
 is illuininntcd by the liglit of the aim concentrated 
 upon it. It consist.sof two parts ; firat, of a ma/rnificr, 
 by wliicli tlie object placed beliind it is made to form 
 a higlily-magnilied imaee on a wall or screen in a 
 darii room ; and, secondly, of an illuminating ap/ia- 
 ra(K,«, composed of a mirror thrust through an open- 
 ing in the window shutter to reflect the light of the 
 sun into the tube which carries the magnifier, and of 
 several lenses called condenser.-:, which receive the 
 light from the mirr.ir and concentrate it upon the ob- 
 ject in the focus, the enlarged image of which is 
 thus rendered luminous anil distinct. Olmsted. 
 
 Solar .■.pots ; dark spots that appear on the sun's 
 disk, usually visible only by the telescope, but some- 
 times so large as to be seen by the naked eye. 'I'liey 
 adhere to the body of the sun ; indicate its revolu- 
 tions on its axis ; are very changeable in their figure 
 and dimensions ; and vary in size from mere points 
 to sjiaces of 5l),00() miles in diameter. 
 
 Solar .oj.stcm ; the group of celestial bodies compre- 
 hending the sun, iilaiiets, and comets. 
 So'LAK, 11. A sollar ; a loft or upper chamber. 
 SOLI), prel. and pp. of StLL. [ Olo.i.i. of ArchiU 
 
 S6I<I>, H. [from the root o( .-oldicr ; Norm, soude.] 
 
 Salary ; military pay. m Uic] Spcii.scr. 
 
 SOL'U.\S', for Sultan, is not in use. Mdton, 
 SOL'DA-NKL, «. [L. concolvuliis sotdaneUa.] 
 .\ plant. 
 
 SOL'DEIl, V. I. [from L. .--o/iV/o, .lolidu^-.] To unite 
 the surfaces of metals by the intervention of a more 
 fusible metal or metallic cement. [See Sodeb.] 
 
 SOL'DEll, n. A metal or metallic composition for 
 uniling the surface of metals ; a metallic cement. 
 
 SOl,'l)i;il-£:U, pp. United as metals by a metallic 
 cement. 
 
 SOL'l)i;il-I\G, ppr. Uniting, as metals, by a metallic 
 cement. 
 
 SOL'IH;K-r.\G, n. The process of uniting the sur- 
 faces of metals by means of a more fusible metal or 
 a metallic cement. 
 
 SOL'DIER, (sol'jur,) n. [Fr. soMat: Norm. souJeyer, 
 soudier.i ; It. sotdato ; Sp. soldado ; from L. snlidus, a 
 piece of money j the pay of a soldier ; Xorm. soud, 
 contracted from sould, pay, wages ; soiuloyer, to keep 
 in pay ; Sw. besolda, to count out money to, to pay ; 
 Dan. besolder, to give a sal.iry or wages.] 
 
 1. A man engaged in military service ; one whose 
 occiip,-ition is military ; a man enlisted for service in 
 an army ; a private or one in the ranks. 
 
 There on jht In be some lime for sober rcdeclioii bctwp^n th*? liA; 
 of 11 xoldier imd liU di.-AUl. Itair.bler. 
 
 2. A man enrolled for service, when on duty or 
 embodied for mil'itary discipline; a private; as, a 
 militia .■soldier. 
 
 3. Kmplnticnlhi, a brave warrior ; a man of military 
 expi-rieiice and skill, or a man of distinguished valor. 
 In this sense, an otlicer of any grade may be denom- 
 inated a soldier. SItak. 
 
 SOlj'l)lt2R-KSS, n. A female soldier. [j\'ot in vse.] 
 
 Beaum, Fl. 
 
 i SoI.'OrF.R-LIKE, j a. Like or becoming a real sol- 
 
 ( SoL'I)ir.K-LY, J dier i brave ; martial ; heroic; 
 
 ; honorable. 
 SoL'DIER-SHIP, (sol'jur-,) n. Military qualities; 
 military character or stale ; martial skill ; behavior 
 becoming a soldier. Shak, 
 
 ] SolVUIEK-Y, (s61'jur-y,) n. Soldiers collectively; 
 
 I the body of military men. 
 
 I 1 ch.ir;^' not lb" tol'lieni wilb i^ionince and contempt of I'nm- 
 
 I iii^, witbotit cxct^ptioii. ^*<ri/L 
 
 S!. Soldiership ; military service. [OAs.] Sidney.' 
 Sf)LE, n. [Sax. sol; D. zool ; G.solile; Dan. sole: Fr. 
 ill. ; It. sii lo, soil and sole ; Sp. suela, the sole of the 
 foot, and suoto, soil; L. .lolea, solum; that which 
 sets or is set or laid. The radical sense coincides 
 with that of sill.] 
 
 I. The bottom of the foot ; and by a figure, the 
 foot itself. Sliak. Spenser. 
 
 9. The bottom of a shoe ; or the piece of leallier 
 which constitutes the bottom. 
 
 Tbe C'li^A was a iiiililnrr shoe with a very thick sole, tic*i abore 
 the iii«lrp, Arbtit/inot. 
 
 3. The part of any thing that forms the bottom, 
 and on which it stands upon the ground. 
 
 Eiin ift proper for mills, tolet of u bcela, and pipes. Mortimer. 
 
 4. A marine flat fish of the genus Solea of Cuvier, 
 (Pleuronectes, Linna-us,) so called, probably, because 
 It keeps on or near the bottom of the sea. These 
 fish abound on the Uritish co.-ist, and hence the name 
 of sole bank, to the southward of Ireland. This fish 
 sometimes grows to the weight of six or seven 
 pounds or more. Viet. jVaL Hist. 
 
 The name sole is also given to cerUiin other flat 
 fishes of the genera .Monochiriis and Achirus, sub- 
 divisions of the old genus Pleuronectes. 
 
 P. Ciie. Storer. 
 
 5. In ship-building, a sort of lining, used to pre- 
 vent the wearing of any thing. 
 
 B. A sort of horn under a horse's hoof. Eneyc. 
 
 Ij^ TCXE, BULL, UNITE.— 
 
 SOLE, V. t. To furnish with a sole ; as, to sole a shoe. 
 
 SOLE, a. [L. solus ; Fr. seal ; It. and Sp. solo ; prob- 
 ably from separating; Ar. zaula. Class SI, 
 No. 3.j 
 
 1. Single; being or acting without another; indi- 
 vidual ; only. (lod is the sole Creator and Sover- 
 eign of the world. 
 
 2. In law, single ; unmarried ; as, a remme sole. 
 SOL'E-CIS.M, n. [(Jr. o-nX.uKirTifS, said to be derived 
 
 from S(//i,a people of Attica, who, being transplanted 
 to Cilicia, lost the purity of their language.] 
 
 1. Impropriety in language, or a gross deviation 
 from the rules of syntax; incungriiily of words; 
 want of correspondence or consistency. 
 
 A barbarism imiy be in one word ; a eolerismi must be of more. 
 
 Johmon, Irom Cicero. 
 
 2. Any unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety. 
 
 B. jonson. 
 
 Cesar, by ilismlssin? bis ^nanls and retaining his power, com- 
 mitted a din^'roiis solecism in politics. Middleton. 
 
 SOL'E-eiST, n. [Gr. ffoAoiair"?.] * 
 
 One who is guilty of impropriety in language. 
 
 BlaekiealU 
 
 SOL-E-CIST'ie, > a. Incorrect ; incongruous. 
 SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL, ( Johnson. 
 SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a solecistic manner. 
 
 BUickicall. 
 
 SOL'E-CTZE, V. i. [Gr. o-oXoi/ti^to.] 
 
 To commit solecism. More. 
 
 SOL'KD, pp. Fiirnislied with a solo. 
 
 SoLE'-LEATII-EIl, (-leth-er,) n. Tliick, strong leath- 
 er, used for the soles of shoes. 
 
 SoLE'LY,0(/d. Singly ; alone ; only ; without another; 
 as, to rest a cause solely on one argument; to rely 
 solely on one's own strength. 
 
 SOL'E.M.V, (sol'em,) «. [Fr.. lolcnncl ; It. .wlcnne ; Sp. 
 solemne ; L. solennis, from solen, to be accustonietl, to 
 use, that is, to hold on or continue, as we liave wont, 
 from G. icohnen, to dwell.] 
 
 1. Anniversary ; observed once a year with re- 
 ligious ceremonies. 
 
 The worship of this imasre was adv.-inced, and a solemn snppli- 
 catJoii observed every year. Stiilin^eet. 
 
 [I doubt the correctness of this definition of John- 
 son ; or whether solemn, in our language, ever in- 
 cludes the sense of anniversary. In the passage 
 cited, the sense of anniversary is expressed by every 
 year, and if it is incliuled in .solemn also, the sentence 
 is tautological. I sluuild sa> then, that solemn, in this 
 passage of Stillingfleet, has the sense given in the 
 second definition below.] 
 
 2. Religiously grave ; marked with pomp and 
 sanctity ; attended with religious rites. 
 
 His holy riti'3 and solemn feasts profaned, Afdlon. 
 
 3. Religiously serious ; piously grave ; devout ; 
 marked by reverence to Got! ; ds,. ■solemn prayer ; the 
 solemn duties of the sanctuary. 
 
 4. Aflecting with seriousness ; impressing oradapt- 
 ed to impress seriousness, gravity, or reverence ; 
 sober ; serious. 
 
 There reigned a solemn silence over all. Spenser. 
 To 'swage wiUi solemn touches Iroubleil tlionghts. AliLun. 
 
 5. Grave ; seri..us ; or affectedly grave ; as, a 
 solemn face. 
 
 G. Sacred ; enjoined by religion ; or attended with 
 a serious appeal to Goil ; as, a solemn oath. 
 7. .Marked with sidemnities; as, a solemn Any. 
 SOL'EM.\"-IJRli.\TU-lNG, a. Dill using or inspiring 
 
 soleninitv. Graii. 
 SOL'E.M XEPS, n. The state or quality of being 
 solemn ; reverential manner ; gravity ; as, the sol- 
 emne-ss of public worship. 
 2. Solemnitv : gravity of manner. Wotton. 
 SO-LE.M'M-TY, 71. [Fr. solemniti.} 
 
 1. A rite or ceremony annually performed with 
 religious reverence. 
 
 Great was the dhtise ; our old sotemnitUs 
 
 i-'ruin no blind rx-<tl or fond tradition rise, 
 
 but saved fnim d-'aili, our Arpves ye.arly pay 
 
 These grav-lul honors 10 the god of day. Pope. 
 
 [Solemnities seems here to include the sense of 
 anniversary. See the fourth line. But in modern 
 usage, that sense is rarely or never attached to the 
 word.] 
 
 2. .V religious ceremony ; a ritual performance at- 
 tended with religious reverence ; as, the solemnity of 
 a funeral or of a sacrament, 
 
 3. A ceremony adapted to impress awe ; as, the 
 solemnities of the last day. 
 
 4. Manner of acting awfully serious. 
 
 With homble solemnity he caused everything to be piemred for 
 bis triumph of victory. Sidney. 
 
 5. Gravity ; steady seriousness ; as, the solemnity 
 of the S|ianish language. Spectator. 
 
 6. Aflected gravity. 
 
 Solemnity 's a cover for a snl. Young. 
 
 SOI^E.M-NI-Z.\'TION, n. The act of solemnizing ; 
 celebration ; as, the solemniialion of a marriage. 
 
 Baton. 
 
 SOL'E.M-NIZE, r. t. [^Fr. solcnniser ; U. solennizzare. 
 
 1. To dignify or honor by ceremonies ; to cele- 
 brate ; as, to solemnize the birih of Christ. Boyle. 
 
 Their choice nubility and flower 
 
 M'-t from all p:irts to soleinnizs this feast. A/i/(on. 
 
 2. To perform with rituiil ceremonies and rrspect, 
 or according to legal forms ; as, to solemnize a mar- 
 ilage. Z. Sicifl. 
 
 '^. To perform religiously once a year. [Ciu.] 
 
 HooKer. 
 
 4. To make grave, serious, and reverential ; as, to 
 solemnize the mind for the duties of the sanctuary. 
 
 IVilberforce. 
 
 [In this sense the word is occasionally used in 
 England, and is well authorized in the United States. 
 
 — /;(/.] 
 
 SOL'E.^l-NIZ-^:I), pp. Celebrated religiou.sly ; made 
 grave. 
 
 SOL'EM-.\IZ-ER, n. One who performs a solemn 
 rite. 
 
 SOL'EM-MZ ING, ppr. Honoring with sacred rites. 
 
 SOL'E.MN-LY, adv. With gravity and religious rev- 
 erence. Let us suicmnly address the throne of 
 grace. 
 
 2. With official formalities and by due authority. 
 This question of law has been solemnly decided in 
 the highest court. 
 
 3. With formal state. Shak. 
 
 4. W'ith formal gravity and slateliness, or with af- 
 fected gravity. 
 
 Tii'rre in tleaf murmurs solemnly are wis:. Dryden. 
 
 5. With religious seriousness; as, I solemnly de- 
 clare myself innocent. 
 
 I ilo solemnly assure the reader. Sis\/t. 
 SOLE'NESS, n. [from sole.] Singleness ; a state of 
 
 being unconnected with others. Derina. 
 So'LEN-ITE, 71. A petrified razor-shell, or bivalve 
 
 of the genus Solen. 
 SOL-FA', V, i. To pronounce the notes of the gamut, 
 
 ascending or descending, do, (or uf,) re, mi, fa, sol, 
 \ la, si, do, and vice versa. 
 
 SOL-FX'ING, ppr. Pronouncing the notes of the gamut. 
 
 SOI^FJi-TA' RJl,n. [from the Italian volcano near 
 Naples.] A volcanic vent or area, from w hich sul- 
 phur, sulphureous, watery, and aciil vapors and gases 
 are emitted, Lyelt. 
 
 SOI.-FEd' (il-0,n. [It.] In Tnusi'c, the system of ar- 
 ranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, 
 si, by which singing is taught. 
 
 SO'Lt ; in music, pi. of Solo. 
 
 SO-LICIT, (so-lis'it,) r. t. [L. solirilo; Fr. solliciter: 
 It. sollccitarc. I know not whether this word is 
 simple or obmpound ; probably the latter, dn. L. 
 lacif.] 
 
 1. I'o ask with some degree of earnestness ; to 
 make pciiiion lo ; to apply to for obtaining some- 
 thing. This word implies earnestness in seeking, 
 but I think less earnestness than Beu, Implore, Km- 
 TRE.tT, and Importi NE, and more than .Ask or Re- 
 Qi'EsT ; as when wt'say, a man .•:ulicits the minister 
 for an olTicc ; he solicits his father for a favor. 
 
 Did I solicit thee 
 From darkness to promote me fiHUon. 
 
 Q. To ask for with some degree of earnestness ; to 
 seek by petition ; as, to solicit an office ; to solicit a 
 favor. 
 
 3. To awake or excite to action ; to summon ; to 
 invite. 
 
 Tlut fniit solicited her Iongin» eye. AFdlon. 
 Sounds and some tangible qualities sotidt their proper siuises, 
 and force an entrance to the mind. Locke. 
 
 4. To attempt ; to try to obtain. 
 
 1 view my crime, but kindle at the view, 
 
 Repeat old pleasunrs and solicit new. Pope. 
 
 5. To disturb; to disquiet; a Latinism rarely 
 used. 
 
 But anxious fears soUdt my weak breast. Drydsn. 
 
 SO-LIC'IT-ANT, 71. One who solicits. 
 
 SO-LIC-IT-A'TION, 71. Earnest request ; a seeking 
 to obtain something from another with some degree 
 of zeal and earnestness ; sometimes, perhaps, im- 
 portunity. He obtained a grant by repeated solicitO' 
 tions. 
 
 2. Excitement ; invitation ; as, the solicitation of 
 the senses. Locke. 
 
 SO-LIC'IT-ED, pp. Earnestly requested. 
 SO-LIC'IT-I.\G, ppr. Requesting with earnestness; 
 asking for ; attempting to obtain. 
 
 This way antl that soliciting tJie d.irt. Drylen. 
 SO-LIC'IT-OR, 71. [Fr. solliciteur.] 
 
 1. One who asks with earnestness : one that asks 
 for antither. Shak. 
 
 2. An atlt)rney, advocate, or counselor at law, 
 who is autliori/.ed to practice in the Engli>li ciuirt of 
 chancer}'. In .^Tnfnfn, an advocate or counselor at 
 law, who, like the attorney-general or St.atc's attor- 
 ney, prosecutes actions for the State. 
 
 SO-LICIT OR-GEN'ER-AL, n In areat Britain, *n 
 officer of the crown, who is associated with the at- 
 torney-general in managing tlic legal business of the 
 crown and public offices. Brande. 
 
 AN"GER, VI"C10US. — e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
 inr.1 
 
SOL 
 
 f c)-LlL"IT-OUS, (-Ii>'it-us,) a. [L. snllntu.<.] 
 
 I. Careful ; anxious ; very desirous, as to obtain 
 sonietliing. Men are often more solicitous to olitain 
 the favor of their king, or of the people, than of their 
 Jlaker. 
 
 9. Careful; anxious; concerned; as respecting an 
 unknown hut interesting event ; followed usually by 
 about or for. We say, a man is solicitous about the 
 fate of his petition, or about the result of the nego- 
 tiation. Fie is t:oltcititus for the safety of his ship. 
 
 3. Anxious ; c{tncerned ; followed by for, as when 
 something is to be obtained. Be not solicitous for 
 the future. 
 
 SO-LIC'IT-OUS-LY, arfii. Anxiously; with care and 
 concern. Errors in religion, or in science, are to be 
 soliciloushj avoided. A wise prince solicitousli) pro- 
 motes the prosperity of his subjects. 
 
 PO-LIC'IT-Ol'S-NESS, n. Solicitude. 
 
 SO-LIC'IT-RESS, n. A female who solicits or peti- 
 tions. 
 
 SO LICI TUDE, n. [L. soliciiudo.] 
 
 Carefulness; concern; anxiety; uneasiness of 
 mind occasioned by the fear of evil or the desire 
 of good. A man feels solicitHile when his friend is 
 sick. We feel solicitude for the success of an enter- 
 prise. With what solicitude should men seek to se- 
 cure future happiness ! 
 
 SOL'IL), a. [L. solidus; Ft. solide ; It. and Sp. solido ; 
 from tlieseiise of setting or pressure, and hence allied 
 to U .^olum. Eng. sill.] 
 
 1. Hard ; firm ; compact ; having its constituent 
 particles so close or dense as to resist the impression 
 or peiietratitni of other bodies. Hence, solid bodies 
 are not penetrable, nor are the parts movable and 
 easily displaced, like those of fluids. Solid is opposed 
 to Jlu'd and liquid. 
 
 2. Not hollow ; full of matter; as, a solid globe or 
 cone, as distinsiiished from a hollow one. 
 
 3. Having all the geometrical dimensions ; cubic ; 
 as, a solid foot contains 17U8 solid inches. ArbulJinot. 
 
 [In this sense. Cubic is now generally used.] 
 
 4. Firm; compact; strong; as, aau/ii pier ; a so/id 
 pile ; a solid wall. .Addison. 
 
 .5. Sound ; not weakly ; as, a solid constitution of 
 b()dy. [Sound is more generally used.] Watts. 
 
 fi. Real ; sound ; valid ; true ; just ; not empty or 
 fallacious. Wise men seek solid reasons for their 
 opinions. 
 
 7. Grave ; profound ; not light, trifling, or su- 
 perficial. 
 
 These, wanting wit, aficct gravity, and go by the name of solid 
 ineii. Drylen. 
 
 8. In botany, of a fleshy, uniform, undivided sub- 
 stance, as a liulb or root ; not spongy or hollow with- 
 in, as a stem. Jtartijn. 
 
 A solid foot contains 1728 solid inches, weighing 
 1000 ounces of rain water. 
 
 Solid angle ; an aimie formed by three or more plane 
 angles, which are not in the same plane, meeting in 
 a point. 
 
 Solid problrm : one which can be construed geo- 
 metrically only by the intersection of a circle and a 
 conic section, or of two conic sections. Hutton. 
 
 Solid square, in militMrif language, is a square body 
 of troops; a body in which the ranks and files are 
 e(pial. 
 
 SOL'in, n. A firm, compact body. In anatomy and 
 wedical science, the hones, flesh, and vessels of animal 
 bodies are called soiuh, in distinction from the blood, 
 chyle, and other fluids. 
 
 in gromrlry, a solid is a magnitude which has 
 length, breadth, and thickness. 
 
 SOL'I-DaTE, v. t. (L. .■<ol,do.] 
 
 To make solid or firm, [f.ittlc used.] Cowley. 
 
 SO-I,II)-l-FI-eA'TION, n. Tin- act of making solid. 
 
 SO-MI)'l FI-^;U, pp. Made solid. 
 
 SO-LID'I-F?, V. t. [L. solidus, solid, ani facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 To make solid or compact. Kirwan. 
 SO-LII)'l FV-ING, irpr. Making solid. 
 80-LI l)'l-TY, n. [ Fr. solidite : L. solidilas.] 
 
 1. Firmness; hardness; density; compactness; 
 that quality of bodies which resists impression and 
 penetration ; opposed to Fluidity. 
 
 Thai wliich liin'lcni th'- appro-icli of two boiliea moTiiijr one 
 t/)wanl another, i call tolidity. Locke. 
 
 2. Fnllnesg of matter; opposed to IIom.ownkss. 
 X Moral finnness ; soundness ; strength ; validity ; 
 
 tnith ; certainty; as opposed to Weakness or Fal- 
 i.Aciouft]<(i:ss ; as, the soltdityof arguments or reason- 
 ing ; the solidity of principles, truths, or opinions. 
 
 Jiddison, Prior. 
 In fffometry, the solid cojitents of a body. 
 SOI-'IO I.Y, ailv. Firmly; densely; compactly; as, 
 the parts of a pier solidly iiniti il. 
 
 5. Firmly ; truly ; on firm grounds. 
 
 A coiiij»!'-Ie t»raye tiinii ought to know aoli/llyOir main rnci of liis 
 tM-tiig In liie world. Oigt/y. 
 
 SOL'II)-NES8, It. The qiinlity of being firm, dense, 
 or compact; flrmneiiB; ciimpaclnesB ; oolidity ; on 
 of material bodica. 
 
 2. Soiiiidnem; strength; tnith ; validity; on of 
 argiimcntii, rcaHona, principlcx, &c. 
 
 SOL 
 
 SOL-ID-U\"GU-LATE, n. [L. solidus and ungulo.] 
 One of a tribe of mainmals having a single or solitl 
 hoof on each font ; a soliped. 
 SOL-ID-UN"GU-LOUS, a. [L. solidus, solid, and 
 ungula, hoof.] 
 
 Having hoofs that are whole or not cloven. A 
 horse is a solidungulous animal. Bacon. Barrow, 
 SOL-I-FID'I-AN, n. [L. sohLs, alone, andfdcs, faith.] 
 One who maintains that faith alone, without works, 
 is necessary to justification. Hammond. 
 SOL-I-FID'I-AiS', a. Holding the tenets of Solifidians. 
 
 Frlthain. 
 
 SOL-I-FID'I-AN-ISM, re. The tenets of Solifidians. 
 SO-LIL'O-QL'lZE, v. i. To utter a soliloquy. 
 SO-LIL'O-aUIZ-lNG, ppr. Uttering a soliloquy. 
 SO-LIL'O-aUY, H. [Fr. soliloque; It. and Sp. solilo- 
 quio ; L. solus, alone, and loquor, to speak.] 
 
 1. A talking to one's self; a talking or discourse of 
 a person alone, or not addressed to another person, 
 even when others are present. 
 
 Lovers are always allowed the comfort of solilorjuy. Spectator. 
 
 2. A written composition, reciting what it is sup- 
 posed a person speaks to himself. 
 
 The whole poem is a soliloquy. Prior, 
 
 SOL'I-PED, 71. [L. solu.1, alone, or solidus, and pes, 
 foot. But the word is ill foriiieii.] 
 
 An animal whose hoof is not cloven. Brown, 
 The soliped^- constitute a group of quadrupeds with 
 undivided hoofs, as, for example, the Linniean genus 
 E(|uiis. Ed, Eiicyc, 
 
 SO-LIP'ED-OUS, a. Having hoofs which are not 
 cloven. 
 
 SOL-I-TAIRE', n. [Fr. solitaire, from L. solilarius. 
 See Solitary.] 
 
 1. A person who lives in solitude; a rechise; a 
 hermit. Pope. 
 
 2. An ornament for the neck. Slien-itone. 
 
 3. A game u'hich one perstm can play alone. 
 SOL-I-Ta'RI-AN, n. A hermit. Twisden, 
 SOI/I-TA-RI-LY, flrfiJ. [from solitary.] In solitude ; 
 
 alone ; without company. 
 
 Feeil thy people with thy rod, the flock of thy heritage, that dwell 
 solitarily in the wootl. — Micah xvi. 
 
 SOL'l-TA-RI-NESS, n. The state of being alone ; 
 forbearance of company ; retirement, or habitual re- 
 tirement. 
 
 At home, in wholesome solitariness. Donne. 
 2. Snlituile ; loneliness ; destitution of company or 
 of animated beings; applied to place; as, Ihn solUuri^ 
 ness of tlie cour.try, or of a wood. 
 SOL'I-TA-RY, a, [Fr. solitaire; L. solitarius, from so- 
 lus, alone.] 
 
 1. Living alone ; not having company. Some of 
 the more ferocious animals are soldani, seldom or 
 never being found in flocks or herds. Thus the lion 
 is called a solitary animal. 
 
 Those rare and solitary, these in flocks. Milton. 
 
 2. Retired ; remote from society; not having com- 
 pany, or not much frequented ; as, a solitary resi- 
 dence or place. 
 
 3. Lonely ; destitute of company ; as, a solitary 
 life. 
 
 4. Gloomy ; still ; dismal. 
 
 Let thai ni»ht be solitary ; lei no Joyful voice come therein. — 
 Job iii. 
 
 5. Single ; as, a solitary instance of vengeatice ; a 
 solitary exainiile. 
 
 fi. In botany, separate ; one only in a place ; as, a 
 solitary stipule. 
 
 A solitary flower is when there is only one to each 
 peduncle ; a solitary seed, when there is only one in 
 a pericarp. Martiin. 
 SOL'I-TA-KY, n. One that lives alone or in solitude ; 
 
 a hermit ; a recluse. Pope, 
 SOL'l-TUUE, H. [Fr., from L. solitudo ; from solus, 
 alone.] 
 
 1. Loneliness ; a state of being alone ; a lonely 
 life. 
 
 Whoever 
 go.l. 
 
 2. Loneliness ; remoteness from society ; destitu- 
 tion of company ; applied to place: as, the solitude of 
 a wood or a valley ; the solitude of the country 
 
 Tlie solitude of his little parish is be 
 fori to hiio. 
 
 3. A lonely place ; a desert. 
 
 In Ihese derp soUtu/les and awful cells. 
 
 Where heavenly, peimivo Contemplation dwells. Pope. 
 
 SO-I.IV'A-G ANT, a. [L. solivagus ; solus, alone, and 
 vatfor, to wander.] 
 
 Wandering alone. Granger. 
 SOL'LAR, n. (Low L. solarium.] 
 
 A garret or upper room. [JVot in use.] Tussrr. 
 SOI^Ml-ZA'TION, 71. [from .wl, mi, musical notes.] 
 A sol-Cling; a repetition or recital of the notes of 
 the gamut. Burney. 
 S<5'l/0, II. [It., from L. solus, alone.] 
 
 A tunc, air, or strain, to be played by a single In 
 Kiriinieiil, or sune bv a single voice. 
 80L'0-M0N'S-L!'>.AF, 7i. A plant. 
 
 1 delighted with solitude, is either a wild beast or a 
 Bacon. 
 
 SOL 
 
 SOL'O-MON'S-SisA L, n. The popular name of sev- 
 eral plants belonging to the genera Polygonatuin, 
 Smilacina, Strepttipiis, &.c. 
 
 SOL'STICE, 7i. [Fr., from L. soUtitium ; sol, the sun, 
 and sto, to stand ; It. solstiuo ; Sp. solsticio.] 
 
 In astronomy, tlie time when the sun, in its annual 
 revolution, arrives at that |ioint in the ecliptic fur- 
 thest north or south of the equator, or reaches its 
 greatest northern or southern declination. When 
 near these points, which are called the solstitial 
 points, the sun scarcely changes its decliii.itiiiii for 
 several days, and hence is said to stand still, whence 
 the name solstice. The summer solstice occurs about 
 the 22d of June ; the winter solstice about the 23d of 
 December. Ohnsted. 
 
 SOL-STI"TIAL, (sol-stish'al,) a. Pertaining to a sol- 
 stice ; as, a solstitial point. Brown. 
 
 2. Happeninj; at a solstice ; usuall)', with us, at 
 the summer solstice, or midsummer ; as, solstitial 
 heat. Milton. 
 
 SOL-y-BIL'I-TY, 71. [fwm soluble.] The quality of 
 a body which renders it susceptible of solution ; sus- 
 ceptibility of being dissolved in a rtuitl. The jio/H&i/- 
 7£f/ of resins is chiefly confined to spirits or alctdiol. 
 
 SOL'IT-BLE, a. [L. solubilis, fnmi soloo, to melt.] 
 
 Susceptible of being dissolved in a fliiitl ; capable 
 of solution. Sugar is soluble in water ; salt is soluble 
 only to a certain extent, that is, till the water is sat- 
 urated. 
 
 SOL'U-BLE-NESS, 71. Solubility. 
 SO'LUS, a. [L.] Alone. 
 SO-LOTE', a. [L. solutus, solvo.] 
 
 2. In a general sen.'sc, loose ; free ; as, a solute inter- 
 pretation. [JVot in use.] Bacon. 
 
 3. In botany, loose ; not adhering ; opposed to .\d- 
 NATE ; as, a solute stipule. Martyn, 
 
 SO-LuTE', II. «. To dissolve. [jVot in use.] Bacon. 
 SO-Lu'TION, re.' [Fr. ; It. soluzione ; Sp. solucwu ; 
 
 from L. solatia, from solvo, to loosen, melt, dissolve. 
 
 See Solve.] 
 
 1. The act of separating the parts of any body ; 
 disruption ; breach. 
 
 In all bodies ih-'re is .an appetite of union and evibition of solu- 
 tion of coiitiiMiiiy. Btu-on. 
 
 2 A feeble combination, in which, with a mere 
 mechanical change of properties, and without regard 
 to definite proportitms, tute or umre solids are equally 
 difTiised through some liquid. This mode of coinbi- 
 natiiin is so wettk, that the liquid may be evaptirated 
 from tile solid or solids, leaving them unchanged ex- 
 cept in texture or aggregation. There is usually, and 
 probably always, a limit to the quantity of the solid or 
 solids which can be dissolved by a given liquid, and 
 this is called saturation. The liquid in which the so- 
 lutitm is effected is called the solcent or menstruum. 
 
 JVoff. — This word is not nseil, in clieuiislry or 
 mineralogy, for the melting of bodies by the heat of 
 fire. 
 
 The term solution is applied to a very extensive 
 class of pbenomena. When a solid disappears in a 
 liquid, if the compound exhibits perfect transparency, 
 we have an example of solution. The word is ap- 
 plied both to the act of combination and to the result 
 of the jirocess. Thus coinni(m salt disappears in 
 water, that is, its .solution takes place, and the liquid 
 obtained is called a solution of salt in water. Solution 
 is the result of attraction, or affinity, between the 
 fluid and the solid. This affinity continues to oper- 
 ate to a certain point, whtM'e it is overbalanced by 
 the cohesion of the solid ; it then ceases, the fluid is 
 said to be saturated, the point where the operation 
 ceases is called saturation, and the fluid is called a 
 saturated solution. Brande. 
 
 Solution is a true chemical union. Mixture is a 
 mere mechanical union of bodies. 
 
 3. Resolution; explanation; the act of explaining 
 or removing ditficulty or doubt ; as, the .volution ttf a 
 difliciilt question in morality ; the solution of a doubt 
 in c.isiiistry. 
 
 4. Release; deliverance; discharge. Barrow. 
 
 5. In algebra and gromrlry, the answering of a 
 question, or the resolving of a problem prop sed. 
 
 Solution of continuity ; the separ,ation of connection, 
 or connected substances or parts ; applied, in surgery, 
 to a fracture, laceration, 4'c. 
 SOL'lJ-TIVE, a. Tending to dissolve ; loosening ; lax- 
 ative, r.nciic. 
 SOLV-A-BIL'I-TY, re. Ability to pay all just debts. 
 
 Earyc. 
 
 SOLV'A-BLE, a. That may be solved, resolved, or 
 explained. 
 
 2. That can be paid. Tuokt. 
 SOLV'A-BLE-NE.SS, n. Solvability. 
 
 SOLVE, r. f. [ L. .so/do ; Fr. .voiirfre ; U. solvere. Class 
 SI. Several roots give the sense.] 
 
 1. Properly, to loosen or separate the parts of any 
 thing ; hence, to explain ; to resolve ; to eclaircise ; 
 to unfold ; to clear up, ns what is obscure, or dilflciilt 
 to be understood ; as, to solve questions ; to solve dif- 
 ficulties or a problem. 
 
 When Ooil shall lo.'w she dark decrees of fate. 71ci«l. 
 
 2. To remove ; to dissipate ; ns, to solve doubts. 
 SOLV'^;i), pp. Explained ; resolved. 
 
 FATE, FAR, K^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1062 
 
SOM 
 
 SON 
 
 SON 
 
 SOLV't:\-CY, «. [ I,. 
 
 Aliilily t(i pay all delils or just claims ; as, the 
 snlonicy of a iiierrliaiit is uml<iiilited. Tile credit of 
 n nation's notes depends on a favorable opinion of 
 its tiultji'itcij. 
 
 SOL.V-EMI)', 71. A substance to be dissolved. 
 
 Kirwan, 
 
 SOLV'KNT, tt. Having the power of dissolving ; as, 
 a sitlcrnf body. Boyle. 
 
 2. Able to pay all just debts. The merchant is 
 sotrent. 
 
 3. Siitficient to pay all just debts. The estate is 
 solrriif. 
 
 SOLVENT, II. A fluid that dissolves any substance 
 
 is tall.'d the .vo/rrnt, or nienstruuni. 
 SOLV'EK, n. One who solves or explains. 
 SOLV'I ItLE, a. Solvable, which see. 
 tf()-.M AT'lC, I a. [(Jr. o-njuari/ca;, from auiua, 
 SO-.MAT'IC-AL, i body.] 
 
 Corporeal ; pertaining to a body. [JVot in hsc] 
 
 Scott. 
 
 SO'IMA-TIST, 71. [Supra.] One who admits tlie ex- 
 istence of corporeal or material beincs only ; one 
 who denies the existence of spiritual substances. 
 
 OUmeille. 
 
 SO-MA-TOL'O-CY, 71. [Gr. cw^n, body, and A-jos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The doctrine of bodies or material substances. 
 SOM'liEll, ( a. [Fx. sombre, from Sp. sombra, a 
 SO.M'HKE, I shade.] 
 
 Hull ; duskv ; cloudy ; gloomy. 
 SOM'IIER-.NESS, ( p, . , . 
 
 SO.M'UKE NESS, j Darkness ; gloominess. 
 SO.M'BROUS, a. Gloomv. Stephais. 
 SO.M'IIROLIS-Ly, adv. Gloomily. 
 SO.M'HROUS-NESS, n. Slate of being sombrous. 
 SOME, (sum,) a. [Sax. sum, siime ; D. sommige ; Sw. 
 somliae : Sw. and Dan. som, wlio.] 
 
 1. Noting a certain quantity of a thing, but inde- 
 terniinate ; a |M>rtion greater or less. Give ine some 
 bread ; drink .«u/7ic wine ; bring some water. 
 
 2. Noting a number of persons or things, greater or 
 less, but indeterminate. 
 
 5om« ilifon-licjil wril'Ts ftltfg'? that Ihcre was a linn» when th*re 
 wiW 110 such lluiij .IS soci<-ty. B ackstone. 
 
 3. Noting a person or thing, but not known, or not 
 specific and definite. Some ju rson, [ know not who, 
 gave me the information. Enter the city, and some 
 man will direct you to the house. 
 
 Most a 
 liv. 
 
 'II of proiwTty, 111 *o'/i« jn'riod or otfiT of lh»>ir 
 nmUuuLu of repn_-acnliiig llicir coiituv in parlia- 
 BtacksUtne. 
 
 4. Noting indeterminately that a thing is not very 
 great ; moderate ; as, the censure was to soiTie extent 
 just. 
 
 5. It somi-times precedes a word of number or 
 quantity, wilh the siense of about or 7ip«r, noting 
 want of certainty as to the specific numlier or 
 amount, but something near it ; as, a village of some 
 eighty houses ; some two or three persons ; sowie sev- 
 enty miles distant ; an object at some good distance. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. Some is often opposed lo others. Some men be- 
 lieve one thing, and ot/icrs another. 
 
 7. Some is oll.'n used without a noun, and then, 
 like other adjec lives, is a substitute tijra noun. We 
 consumed some of our provisions, and Uie rest was 
 given to the [mor. 
 
 Somt to Uie «hurrs lio fly, 
 
 ^o/Jie to llw \vi>wl8, Daniel. 
 Your ttlicu tome rrcliim from tins, 
 
 But most your life iiikI Ip[«i c'x.iiiiplf wins. DryiUn. 
 
 8. Some is used as a termination of certain adjec- 
 tives, as in handsome, meltlejome, blithesome, fulsome, 
 lone.-iome, frladsome, iramrsome. In these words, some 
 has primarily the sense of little, or a certain degree ; 
 a little blitAe or ^lad. But in iisaje, it rather indi- 
 cates a consitlenhlc degree of the thing or quantity ; 
 as, mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit ; gladsome, very 
 glad or joyous. 
 
 S0.ME'liOD-Y,(siim'-,)>t. [some nnA hodti.] A person 
 unknown or uncertain ; a person iudet(>rininate. 
 
 J'-sua giviil, Somtbody hritli touc)lt<(l me. — Lulte riii. 
 
 We iiuis: dr.iw in to.nebotly th.tt may sund 
 
 'Twill us uiil duiigcr. Denham, 
 
 a. A person of consideration. 
 
 Bclon* these dixys roie up Theudu, txxulin^ himaeir 10 be tome- 
 body. - Acts T. 
 
 SOME'DeAL, (sum'-,) ixii'. [some and dedt.] In some 
 degree. [Obs.] Spmser. 
 
 SoME'IIOW, adv. [some and how.] One way or 
 "tiler ; in some way not yet known. The thing 
 must have hapiieued somelww or other. 
 
 ^OJ'.'KR-SAULT, j , I n. [Sp. sobresalir, to 
 
 SO.M'Ell-Sl-lT, i (»"■» j exceed in hi=ht, to 
 leap over ; sobresallar, to surprise ; I(. soprassaltre, to 
 attack iinexpecleilly ; soprassalto, an overleap : L. 
 tuprr and salio, to leap.] 
 
 A b ap in which a person turns with his heels over 
 
 o^vJ.i'o'U.""'' "P"" fe'-'- Donne. 
 
 SOM LR-VI1.L-TTE, „. A Vesuvian mineral, occur- 
 ring in pale, dull, yellow crystals, and related to 
 Gehlenite. o..jm. 
 
 SOiME'TIIING, (sum'-,) M. [some atti\ Ihimr.] An in- 
 determinale or unknown event. Something must 
 liavo lia|>pened to prevent the arrival of our friends 
 at the time ftxeil. I sliall call at two o'clock, uiile.ss 
 somithing should prevent. [See Thino.] 
 
 2. A substance or material thing, unknown, inde- 
 terminate, or not specified. A iiiarhine stops be- 
 cause something obstructs its motion ; there must be 
 something lo sup[)ort a wall or an arch, 
 o .A part ; a portion more or less. 
 Something yet of douU reiiinins. Milton. 
 Slid Iroin his litll>,- he coiild something spnre. 
 To feed the huii^ and to clothe the Uire. Itnrtt. 
 Something of it urises from our hifiiit st»tc. H'aus. 
 
 4. A little ; an indefinite qiianlity or degree. The 
 man asked me for a ilnllar, but I gave him something 
 
 5. Distance not great. [more. 
 It must tw tlone to-iiiijtit, and tomelhing from the paliic*'. .^Aoik, 
 C. Something has been used adverbially for in some 
 
 degree ; as, lie was somcUting discouraged ; but tlic 
 use is not elegant. Temple. 
 SO.ME'TI.ME, (sum'-,) adv. Once ; formerly. 
 
 Tliat fur anil warlike form 
 In whicli Ihe mfij.'sly of buried Denmark 
 Did sometime march. Slttik. 
 2. .At one time or other hereafter. 
 [Sometime is really a compound noun, and at is un- 
 derstood before it; at some time.] 
 SO.ME'TI.MES, o</r. At times; at intervals; not al- 
 ways; now and Ihcn. We are somffimes indisposed, 
 sometimes occupied, sometimes at leisure ; that is, at 
 some titnes. 
 
 It is good thil we be sometimes contradicted. Taylor. 
 2. At one lime ; opposed to another time. 
 SO.ME'WII.AT, (suin'hwot,) ' 71. [some and w/ia(.] 
 Somelliing, though uncertain what. .^Itrrbury. 
 
 2. Jlore or less ; a certain quantity or degree, in- 
 determinate. 
 
 Those sails have sometohAl of a nitrous t.-ute. Greie. 
 
 3. A part, greater or less. 
 
 SomeirhtU nf his fifood sense will suffer in this transfusion, and 
 much of tlie beauty of his thotights win he tost. Drytten. 
 
 SOME'WHAT, fl(/r. In some degree or quantity. 
 This is somcichat more or less than was expected ; 
 he is somcichat aged ; he is somewhat disappointed ; 
 somnchat disttrrbed. 
 SO.ME'WIIERE, adv. [some and where.] In some 
 place, unknown or not specified ; in one place or 
 anutlier. He lives somewhere in obscurity ; Dryden 
 somewhere says, " Peace to tile manes of the dead." 
 SOME'WHlLE, aiic. [some and while.] Once ; fur a 
 
 time. r04.-.] Spenser. 
 SOME'WHITII-ER, adv. To some indeterminate 
 
 place. ./ohnson. 
 SOM'MITE, 71. Nepheline ; a mineral whicli occurs 
 in small crystals and crystalline grains in the lava of 
 Mount Soiniiia on Vesuvius. Ifauij. 
 SO.M-NA.M-BU-lM'TlON, 7i. [L. somnus, sleep, and 
 ambulo, to walk.] 
 The act of walking in sleep. Beddoe.i. 
 SOM-NA.M'BU-Lie, a. Walking in sleep ; pertaining 
 
 to soinnaiubulisni. 
 SOM-NAM'BU-LISM, 71. [Supra.] The act or prac- 
 tice of walking in sleep. Beddoes. Darwin. 
 SO.M-NAM'BU-LIST, 71. A person who walks in his 
 
 sleep. Beddoes. Porttus. 
 
 SOM'NER, for St'MMOXEn. [JVot in use.] 
 SO.M-Nl F'ER-OLIS, a. [L. somn{fer ; .somnus, sleep, 
 and /(TO, to bring ; Fr. somn{f'6re ; It. and Sp. sotk- 
 7ii/cro.J 
 
 Causing or inducing sleep ; soporific ; as, a so7n- 
 niferouji potion. Walton. 
 SO.M-NIF'ie, a, [L. somnus, sleep, and facto, to 
 make.] 
 
 Causing sleep ; tending to induce sleep. 
 SOM-NIL'O-CiUIST, n. One who talks in his sleep. 
 SOM-XlL'O-atJOUS, 0. Apt to talk in sleep. 
 SOM-NIL'OUUY, * r, ., 
 SO.M-Nl L'O-aUlS.M, I I'- »<™""" ana loqiior.] 
 A talking or speaking in sleep. Coleridge. 
 SOM-NIL'O-QUY, 71. The tiilking of one in a state 
 
 of somnipalhy. 
 SOM-NIP'A-THIST, 71. A person in a state of som- 
 nipathy. 
 
 sense iiinch used in the Scriptures. The whole hu- 
 man race are styled sons of Adam. 
 
 3. The compcllatiim of an old man lo a young one, 
 or of a confessor to his penitent ; a term of nlleclion. 
 Eli called Samuel his son. 
 
 Be plain, ^»d ton, and homely in thy drift, ShaJt. 
 
 4. A native or inhabitant of a country ; as, Ihe 
 50IIS- of Britain. Let our country never be a.-lianied 
 of her sons. 
 
 5. The produce of any thing. 
 
 Kartli's Ldl sons, the ced.ir, oak, and pine, Blaekmort. 
 
 J^'ole. — The primary sense of child is prodiire, 
 G. One adopted into a family. [issue ; a sliooU 
 Moses was the ton of Pharaoh's daught'-r. — Kx. ii. 
 
 7. One who is converted by another's instrumen- 
 tality, is called liis .ton; also, one educated by anoth- 
 er ; as, the sous of the prophets. 
 
 8. Christ is railed the Son of God, as being con- 
 ceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, or in conse- 
 quence of bis relation to the Father. 
 
 9. Son of pride, .sons of light, «o7t ol Belial. 
 These are Ili hj .tisnis, which denote that persons 
 possess tlie qualities of pride, of light, or of Belial, 
 as children inlierit tlie qualities of their ancestors. 
 
 SO-NX'TA, 71. [It. See Sound.] A nine intended 
 for an iuslriiment only, as cantata is for the voice. 
 
 SO.N'G, n. [.Sax. ^oij^r ; I), zang ; G. sang, gesang ; 
 Sw. sioug ; Dan. saug. See Sing.] 
 
 1. In general, that which is sung or littered with 
 musical modulations of the voice, whether of the 
 hiHoan voice or that of a bird. 
 
 2. .\ little pot irt to be sung or uttered with music- 
 al modulations; a ballad. The .<o7i<r.< of a country 
 are characteristic of its manners. Every country 
 has its love songs. Its war songs, and il3 patriotic 
 songs. 
 
 .t. A hymn ; a sacred poem or hymn to be sung 
 either in joy or thanksgiving, .-is that sung by .Moses 
 and the Israelites after escaping the dangers of the I 
 Arabian Gulfaiid of Pharaoh ; or of laini:iitation, as 
 that of David over the death of Saul and Jonathan. 
 Songs of joy are represented as constituting a part of 
 
 4. A lay; a strain ; a poem. [heavenly felicity. 
 
 Tlie bard thll flr^t adorned our native tongue 
 
 Tuned to his British lyre diis ancient song. Drydtn. 
 
 5. Poetry ; poesy ; verse. 
 
 This subject for heroic tong 
 Please<l me. 
 
 6. Notes of birds. [See Def. 1.] 
 
 7. A mere trifle. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SUtiman. 
 
 Lucky; fortunate; thriving. 
 
 More. 
 Orose. 
 
 SO.M-NIP'A-THY, n. [L. somniLs and Gr. TTtxSos.] 
 Sleep from sympathy, or by the process of mesmer- 
 ism. 
 
 SOM'NO-LENCE, \ n. [Low L. somnolcntiai from 
 SOM'.NO-LEN-CY, ( somnus, sleep.] 
 
 Sleepiness; drowsiness; inclination to sleep. 
 
 Gower. 
 
 SOM'NO-LE.NT, a. Sleepy; drowsy; inclined to 
 '•'■•^P- BuUokar. 
 
 SOM'NO-LENT-LV, adv. Drowsily. 
 
 SO.N, (sun,) 71. [Sax. sunu ; Goth, sunns ; G. soAn ; D. 
 loon ; Sw. son ; Dan. sUn ; Sans, sunu ; Russ. syn or 
 sin.] 
 
 1. A male child ; the male issue of a parent, 
 father or mother. Jacob had twelve sons. Ishmael 
 was the son of Hagar by Abraham. 
 
 2. A male descendant, however distant ; hence, in 
 the plural, sons signifies descendants in general, a 
 
 The soldier's pay is a song. 
 
 Old song; a trifle. 
 
 I do not intend lo be thus put oIT wilh an old 
 SON'CY, ) 
 SON'SY, ( 
 
 SONG-E.\-No'BL£D, a. Ennobled in sons. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 SONG'ISH, a. Consisting of songs, [/mw, and not in 
 
 I"'.] Dryden. 
 SO.VG'STER, 71. [song and Sax. steora, oiic that 
 steers.] 
 
 1. One that sings; one skilled in singinz; not 
 often applied to human beings, or only in slight con- 
 tempt. Jlowel. 
 
 2. A bird that sings ; as, the little songster in his 
 cage. f^//i f/(w use tlie word is ele'rant.] 
 
 SONG'STRESS, n. A female singer. Thomson. 
 SO-NIK'ER-OUS, a. [L. S0RU.1, sound, and fcro, to 
 bear. ] 
 
 Sounding: producing sound. 
 SO.\'-IN-LAW, 71. A man married to one's daughter. 
 SOX'NET, 71. [Fr., from It. sonf«a; Sp. soncta. See 
 
 SoL*?*D.] 
 
 1. A short poem of fourteen lines, two stanzas of 
 four verses each and two of three e.ach, the rhymes 
 being adjusted by a particular rule. 
 
 2. A short poem. [Milton. Johnson. Busby. 
 1 have a sonnet that will serre the turn. Shak. 
 
 SON'NET, r. i. To compose sonnet,s. Bp. HaU. 
 SON-NET-EER', 71. [Fr. sonnetier.] 
 
 A composer of sonnets or small poems; a small 
 poet ; usually in contempt. Pope. 
 SO-NOM'E-TER, n. [L. sonus, sound, and Gr. fUTocti), 
 to measure.] 
 
 An instrument for measuring sounds or the inter- 
 vals of sounds. Ed. F.ucye. 
 SON-0-R(F'ie, a. [L. sotiiu, sound, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 Producing sound ; as, the sonor{fic qiialitv of a 
 body, IVotts. 
 SO-NO'ROL'S, a. [L. sonorus, from sonus, sound.] 
 
 1. Giving sound when struck. .Metals are s<7ii»- 
 rous bodies. 
 
 a Loud sounding; giving a clear or loud sound; 
 as, a sonorous voice. 
 
 3. Y'ielding sound ; as, the vowels are sonorous. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. High-sounding; magnificent of sound. 
 
 The Italian opera, amidst all the meanness and Etmiltarily ef Ibe 
 tiioti^hts, has something tNTttUtiful and totiorout 
 preuiun. 
 
 Additvn. 
 
 TONE, BULL, l^XITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOL'S.-e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 n 
 
 132* 
 
 1053 
 
T 
 
 soo 
 
 SOP 
 
 SOR 
 
 SO-Xo'ROUS-LY, adv. With sound; with a high 
 Sdtintl. 
 
 SO-Xo'ROUS-NESS, n. The quality of yielding 
 sound when struck, or coming in collision with 
 another body ; as, the sonoronsne.i.f of metals. 
 
 2. Having or giving a loud or clear sound ; as, the 
 sojtoroiisness of a voice or an instrument. 
 
 3. .Masniticence of sound. Johnson. 
 SON'SHIP, (sun'-,) n. [from sore.] The state of be- 
 in? a soti, or of having the relation of a son. 
 
 2. Filiation ; the character of a son. Johji,wn. 
 SOO'Dli A, ; )i. Thi- lowest of the four great castes 
 SOO'DEK, i among the Hindoos. More properly, 
 
 Sl'DRA. 
 
 SOO' FEE, 71. Among Jilohammcdans, a believer in 
 Sooft-el^m. 
 
 SOO'FEE-ISM, n. A refined mysticism among certain 
 classes of .Mofiamnierians, particularly in Persia, who 
 reject the Koran and hold to a kind of pantheism. 
 
 Soutlitrate. 
 
 SOON, adv. [Sax. sona; Goth, suns.] 
 
 1. [n a short time ; shortly after any time specified 
 or supposed; as, soon after sunrise; sm»» after din- 
 ner ; I sliall soon return ; we shall soon have clear 
 weather. 
 
 2. Early ; without the usual delay ; before any 
 lime supposed. 
 
 How is it tliat ye have come so soon to-day f — Ex. ii. 
 
 3. Readily; willingly. But in this sense it accom- 
 panies would, or some other word expressing will. 
 
 1 \LOuld as soon see a river winding amonj woods or in niead- 
 
 as soon i 
 , as \v lien il is tossed up i 
 5.iilles. 
 
 ivliinisicid fi^iii.- 
 .\(]mso. 
 
 j?s .soon a.«, so soon as; immediately at or after 
 another event. As soon as the mail arrives, I will 
 inform you. 
 
 As soon as Moses came ni^rli to the camp, he saw the calf and 
 Uie dancing. — K%. xxxii. 
 
 SOON, a. Speedy ; quick. [JVot in use.] 
 SOON'LY, adv. Quickly ; speedily. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SOU C HOXG ' I ^ ^^'^"^ 
 
 SOO'SOO, «. Among the Bensralese, the name of a 
 cetaceous mammal with along slender beak, the Soo- 
 soo Gangeticus, of Lesson, found in the Ganges. 
 
 Jlsiat. Res. 
 
 SOOT, n. [Pax. snl; Sw. sot; Dan. sod, soud : Ir. 
 sut/t ; W.swta, soot, that which is volatile or sudden. 
 
 But qii. ; for the word is from the Ar. i sauda, to 
 be black.] 
 
 A black substance formed by combustion, or dis- 
 engaged from fuel in the process of combustion, ris- 
 ing in fine particles and adhering to the sides of the 
 chimney or pipe conveying the smoke. Soot consists 
 of more than sixteen different substances, of which 
 carbon, ulmin, asboin, creosote, capnonior, &.C., are 
 perhaps the principal. The soot of burnt pine forms 
 lampblack. 
 
 SOO'l', V. t To cover or foul with soot. 
 
 SOO'f'ED, pp. Covered or soiled with soot. Mortimer. 
 
 S()6T'ER-KIN, n. A kind of false birth fabled to be 
 produced by the Dutch women from bitting over 
 their stoves. Swift. 
 
 SOOTH, 71. [Sax. soth ; Ir. seadh.] 
 
 1. Truth ; reality. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 2. Prognostication. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 3. Sweetness; kindness. [OAs.] Sliak. 
 SOOTH, a. Pleasing; delightful. [Obs.] Milton. 
 
 2. True ; faithful. [Obs.] Sliok. 
 SOOTHE, 1!. t. [Sax. gesulliian, to flatter. There 
 seems to be a connectitm between this verb and the 
 preceding sooth. The sense of setting, allay or soft- 
 ening, would give that of (rii(A, and of sweet, that 
 is, smooth.] 
 
 1. To flatter ; to please with blandishments or soft 
 words. 
 
 Can I sooOie tvranny ? Dry'len. 
 
 I've tried the {uTv^ of cvery reason on him, 
 
 Soothed and caressed, been angry, toothed again. Addison. 
 
 2. To soften; to assuage; to mollify; to calm; 
 as, to sooOie tuie in pain or passion ; or to soothe pain. 
 It is applied both to p^Tsnns and things. 
 
 3. To gratify ; to please. 
 
 .Soothed with his future fame. Dryden. 
 eOOTH'ED, -pp. Flattered ; softened ; calmed ; 
 pleased. 
 
 SOOTH'ER, 71. A flatterer ; he or that which softens 
 or nH'*iiages. 
 
 80f/fH'ING, ppr. or a. Flattering; softening; as- 
 siiagiiitr. 
 
 POtJT H'lNG-LY, adr. With flattery or soft words. 
 SOOTH'I.Y, arfr. In trulh ; reallv. [Obs.\ Hale, 
 SfiOTll'SA V, ». i. [moth nni[ say.] Toft 
 
 predii'l. .^ctn xvi. [I.MIe itsrd.] 
 SOOTH'S^Y-ER, 71. A foreteller ; a prognoslicator ; 
 
 one who iindertakea to foretell future events without 
 
 Inspiriition. 
 
 HOO'l'H'SAY-INO, n. The foretelling of future events 
 by persons witlioiil divine aiil <ir authority, and thus 
 distinguished from I'n'H'iitcv. 
 2. A true saying ; truth. [ Obt.] Chaurrr. 
 
 foretell ; to 
 
 SOOT'1-MESS, n. [from sooty.] The quality of being 
 
 sotity or foul with soot ; fiiliginousness. 
 SOOT'lSH, a. Partaking of soot ; like soot. Brown. 
 SOOT'Y. fSax. sotig.] 
 
 1. Producing soot ; as, sooty coal. Milton. 
 
 2. Consisting of soot ; fuliginous ; as, sooty mat- 
 ter, mikins. 
 
 3. Foul with soot. 
 
 4. Black like soot; dusky ; dark ; as, the sooft/flag 
 of Acheron. Milton. 
 
 SOOT'Y, V. t. To black or foul with soot. [JVot au- 
 thorized,] Chupoiaii. 
 
 SOP, n. [D. sop; Sax. sop; G. suppe, sou|i; Dan. 
 suppe ; Sw. soppa ; Sp. soj/a ; It. zttppa ; Fr. soupc. 
 See Class Sh, No. 2, 30, &c. Qu. soup.] 
 
 1. Any thing steepeti oi" dipped and softened in 
 liquor, but chiefly something thus dipped in broth or 
 liquid food, and intended to be eaten. 
 
 Sops in wine, quantity for quantity, inebriate more than wine 
 Itself. ' Bacon. 
 
 2. Any thing given to pacify ; so called from the 
 sop given to Cerberus, in mythology. Hence the 
 phrase, to give a sop to Cerberus. 
 
 Sop-in-wine ; a kind of pink. Spenser. 
 SOP, V. t. To steep or dip in liquor. 
 SoPE. See Soap. 
 
 SOPH,n. In (Ac university of Cambridge, England, nn 
 abbreviation of Sophister. 
 2. In the American colleges, an abbreviation of 
 
 SopHOMOItE. 
 
 So'PHl, (so'fe,) 71. A title of the kingof Persia. [See 
 also SoFi.] 
 
 SOPH'IC-AL, a. [Gr. trn^of, wise ; ooipio, wisdom.] 
 
 Teaching wisdom. [Mot in use.] Harris. 
 SOPH'ISM, n. [Fr. sophisme; L. sophisma; Or. 
 ay0io/ia.] 
 
 A specious but fallacious argument ; a subtilty in 
 reasoning; an argument that is not supported by 
 sound reasoning, or in which the inference is not 
 justly deduced from the premises. 
 
 When a false argument puts on the appearance of a true one, 
 then it is properly called a sophism or fallacy. Walts. 
 
 SOPH'IST, 71. [L. sophista ; Fr. sophiste ; It. sofista.] 
 
 1. The name of a class of men who taught elo- 
 quence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, 
 and who, by their use of vain subtleties and false 
 axioms, drew upon themselves general hatred and 
 contempt. 
 
 2. A captious or fallacious rcasoner. 
 SOPH'IST-ER, 71. [Gr. Go.ttarr,!.] The same as 
 
 Sophist, which see. [Oii.s.] 
 
 2. In the university of Cambridge, England, tlie 
 title of students who are advanced beyond the first 
 year of their residence. The entire course at the 
 university consists of three years and one term, dur- 
 ing which the students have the titles of First- Year 
 Men, or Freshmen ; Second-Year Men, or Junior 
 Sophs or Sojihisters ; Third-Year Men, or Senior 
 Sophs or Sophisters ; and, in the last term, Question- 
 ists, with reference to the approaching examination. 
 In the older American colleges, the junior and senior 
 classes were originally called Junior Sophisters and 
 Senior Sophisters. The term is also used at Oxford 
 and Dublin. 
 
 SOPH'lST-ER, V. t. To maintain by a fallacious ar- 
 gument. [M)t in use.] Cobham. 
 PHI'^T'lf^ ) 
 SO-PHIST'Ic'aL [^'•'^"Pl^'^'-ique ; U.sojistico.] 
 
 Fallaciously subtile ; not sound ; as, sophistical 
 reasoning or argument. 
 SO-PHIST'ie-AL-LY, adv. With fallacious subtilty. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SO-PHIRT'ie-ATE, f. (. [Fr. sophistiqurr ; Sp. softs- 
 tico.r. 1 
 
 1. "To adulterate ; to corrupt by something spurious 
 or foreign ; to pervert ; as, to sophLiticate nature, phi- 
 losophy, or the unilerstanding. Hooker. South. 
 
 2. To adulterate ; to render spurious ; as merchan- 
 dise ; as, to sophisticate wares or liquors. 
 
 They purchase hut sophisticated ware. Dryden. 
 
 SO-PHlST'ie-ATE, jo. Adulterated; not pure; 
 SO-PlllST'ie-A-TED, i not genuine. 
 
 So triilh, when only one supplied the state, 
 
 Grew scarce antl dear, and yet sopldsticate. Dryden. 
 
 S0-PHIST'I€-A-TED, Adulterated; corrupted 
 
 bv something spurious or foreign. 
 
 SO-PHlST'ie-A-TlNG, ppr. Corrupting; adulter- 
 ating. 
 
 SO-PHI.'^T-ie-A'TION, 71. The act of adulterating ; 
 a counterfeiting or debasing the purity of sonii thing 
 by a foreign nilinixtiire ; atlultertition. 
 
 Boyle. Quincy. 
 SO-PHIST'l€-A-T()R, n. One ih.it atlulterates ; one 
 who injures the purity and genuineness tif any thing 
 by foreign adiiiixture. fVhituker. 
 SOi'lI'lST-RY, n. Fallacious reasoning; reasoning 
 Hoiind in ajipt-arance only. 
 
 These Mien have olmeim-d and confounded the nature of things 
 by dteir false priiicijtlet and wrelclied aopliistry. South. 
 
 HOPH'O-MORF,, 71. One belonging to the Bccond of 
 the four chisKCS in an Amcrlean college. 
 
 [This word has generally been considered as an 
 " American barbarism," but was probably iiilroduced 
 into our country, at a very early period, from the uni- 
 versity of diiiibridge, England. Among the cant 
 terms at that university, as given in the Gradus ad 
 Cantabrigiam, we find Soph-Mor as " the next dis- 
 tinctive appellation to Freshman." It is added, that 
 "a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine thinks 7iior 
 an abbreviation of the Greek /I'ooi'ci, introduced at a 
 time when the Encomium Moria, the Praise of Folly, 
 by Erasmus, was so generally used." The ordinary 
 derivation of the woril, from oo^dj and //oiod;, would 
 seem, therefore, to be incorrect. The younger Sophs 
 at Cambridge appear, formerly, to have received the 
 adjunct mor {powof) to their names, eUlier as one 
 which they courted for the reason mentioned above, 
 or as one given them in sport, for the siipposeti ex- 
 hibition of inflated feeling in entering on their new 
 honors. The term, thus applied, seems to have 
 passed, ,at a very early periotl, from Cambridge in 
 England to Cambridge in America, as "the next 
 distinctive appellation to Freshman," and thus to 
 have been attached to the second of the four classes 
 in our American colleges; while it has now almost 
 ceased to be known, even as a cant word, at the pa- 
 rent institution in England, from whence it came. 
 This derivation of the word is rendered more proba- 
 ble by the fact, that the early spelling w.is, toa great 
 extent at least, Stiphimore, as appears from the man- 
 uscripts of President Stiles, of Yale College, and the 
 records of Harvard College down to the period of 
 the American revolution. Tliis would be perfectly 
 natural if Soph or Sophister was considered as the 
 basis of the word, but can hardly be explained if the 
 ordinary deriv.ation had then been regarded as the 
 true one. — Ed.] 
 
 SOPH-O-MOR'ie-AL, a. Inflated in style or manner. 
 lAmerica.] J. C. Calhoun. 
 
 So'PlTE, 71. t. To lay asleep. [JVot in u.«.] Chcnne. 
 
 SO-Pl"TION, (-pish'un,) 7i. [L. sopio, to lay a-^leep.] 
 Sleep. [JVot in lisc] Brown. 
 
 SOP'O-RATE, V. t. [L. soporo.] 
 To lay asleep. ' [JVot in tise.] 
 
 SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. soporifcr ; .sopor, sleep, 
 and fero, to bring; from sopio, to lull to sleep; 
 Sans, swapa, sleep. Sopio agrees in elements with 
 sober.] 
 
 Causing sleep, or tending to produce it; somnifer- 
 ous. The poppy possesses soporifcrous qualities. 
 
 SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS-LY, adv. So as to produce sleep. 
 
 SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of caus- 
 ing sleep. 
 
 SOP-O-RlF'ie, a. [L. sopor, sleep, and facto, to 
 make.] 
 
 Causing sleep; tending to cause sleep; as, the 
 
 soporific virtues of opium. Locke. 
 SOP-O-RIF'ie, n. A medicine, drug, plant, or other 
 
 thing that has the quality of inducing sleep. 
 So'PO-ROUS, a. [L. soporus, from sopor, sleep.] 
 
 Causing sleep ; sleepy. Oreenhill. 
 SOP'PEL), (sopt,) pp. Dipped in liquid food. 
 SOP'PER, ;i. [from sop.] One that sops or dips in 
 
 liquor something to be eaten. Johnson. 
 SOP'PING, ppr. Steeping in liquid food. 
 SO-PRX'NIST, 71. A treble singer. 
 SO-PRA'NO, [It.] In 7«iisic, the treble; the highest 
 
 female voice. 
 
 SORB, n. [Fr. sorbe; It. sorba, sorbo ; L. sorbiim, 
 sorbus.] 
 The service-tree or its fruit. 
 
 SOR'RATE, n. A compound of malic or sorbic acid 
 with a base. Ure. 
 
 SOR-BE-FA'CIENT, (-fa'shent,) 7t. [L. sorbeo, to ab- 
 sorb, and facio, to make.] 
 
 In medicine, that which produces absorption. 
 
 SOR-BE-FA'CIENT, a. In medicine, producing ab- 
 .sorption. 
 
 SORB'ENT. See AfsoiiBENT. 
 
 SOR'Bie, a. Pertaining to the sorbus or service-tree ; 
 as, sorbic acid. Sorbic acid is only another name for 
 the malic .acid, or a name not at all in use. 
 
 SOU' BILE, (sor bil,) a. [h. sorbco.] 
 
 That inav be drank or sipped. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SOR-Hr'TION, (-bish'uii,) n. [L. sorbitiu.] 
 
 The act of drinking or sipping. [JYol in K.«e.] 
 
 SOR-BON'IC-AL, u. Belonging to a Sorbonist. Bale. 
 
 SOR'BON IST, n. A doctor of the Sorbonne, ortheo- 
 logical college, in the university of Paris, founded 
 by Robert dc Sorbiume, A. D. 12.10. Sorbonne is 
 properly the name of the building, from which the 
 theological faculty are called the doctors of the Sor- 
 bonne. Murdoch. 
 
 SOR'CER-ER, 71. [ Fr. .sorcicr; Arm. .wrco ; supposed 
 to be from L. sors, lot. But see Class Sr, No. 24, 
 Eth.] 
 
 A conjurer; nn enchanter ; a magician. 
 
 The Egyptian sorcerers contentled with Moses, Watts. 
 
 SOR'CER-ESS, n. A female magician or enchantress. 
 
 Milton. Shak. 
 SOR'CER-OUS, 0. Containing enchantments. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 SOR'CE-RY, 71. Magic; enchnntment ; witchcraft; 
 divination by the assistance or supposed assistance 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE,' MOVE, WQLF, IIQQK.— 
 
Bailey, 
 sordid tLSy 
 
 DrytUn. 
 
 SOR 
 
 of evil spirits, or the power of coniiiiundiiig evil 
 spirits. Encijc. 
 AtUlcr'l wis ioin I h;ive I'-nnirtl, 
 
 To fi'nc*' my cura iig.iiiuil tliy Morceriet, Milton. 
 PfiRD, for SwABD, is now vulgar. (See Swabd.] 
 SOKI)'.\-\VAL-I Tl';. n. A minerni so ii.iined from 
 Sordiiwalrt, in VVilmurg, Finland. It is nearly black, 
 rarely gray or green, and contains silica, aliiinina, 
 niajncsia, and peroxyd of iron. Phillips. 
 SOK'Dr.S, II. [L.] Foul matter ; excretions : dregs ; 
 filthy, useless, or rejected matter of any kind. 
 
 Cuic. Wouilward. 
 POR'DRT, j 71. [Tr. nourdine ; U..ianliiia; from Fr. 
 SOU'DINK, i sourd, L. .^uriliis, deaf.] 
 
 .■\ small instrument or dumper in the mouth of a 
 trumpet, or on the hridge of a viohn or violoncello, 
 to make it sound lower or fainter. 
 
 Eitcijc. A. 
 
 SOU'DID, a. [VT.sordide; It. soriido ; 
 from .^i>rile.<^ filth.] 
 J. Filthy i foul ; dirty ; gross. 
 
 Then' Ctitiron stands, 
 A sordid god. 
 
 [This literal seiK>e i.t nearly ob.tolete.'] 
 
 2. Vile ; base ; mean ; as, vulgar, sordid mortals. 
 
 Cowley. 
 
 3. Jleaiily avaricious ; covetous ; niggardly. 
 
 \\c niny old, 
 And yet not sordid, who n!rus.s guUl. Denham. 
 
 SOR'DID-LY, oJb. Jleanly ; b.isely ; covetously. 
 SOK'UIU-NESS, n. Filthiuess ; dirtiness. Ray. 
 
 2. Cleanness; baseness; as, the execrable .■coriii'd- 
 ve.1.1 of the delights of Tiberius. Cowley. 
 
 3. Niggardliness. 
 
 SoRE, n. [Uan. saar, a sore, a wound, or an ulcer ; 
 D. iwrer; G. geschicur; Sw. sar. See the next 
 word.] 
 
 1. .\ [ilace in an animal body where the skin and 
 flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to he pained with 
 the sliL'htest pressure. 
 
 2. .An ulcer ; a boil. 
 
 3. Ill Scripture, grief; affliction. 2 Chron. vi. 
 SoRE, a. [Sax. .'.sr, pain, al.-o grievous, painful ; D. 
 
 zerr ; G. sclir ; also Sax. stcier, xtrar, or siccr, heavy, 
 grievous; Dan. svier; G. scliicer; 1). imaar. This 
 seems to be radically the same word as the former. 
 See Sorrow.] 
 
 1. Tender and susceptible of pain from pressure ; 
 as, a boil, ulcer, or absce.ss, is very sore ; a wounded 
 pliice is sure; inflammation renders a part sore. 
 
 2. Tende,r, as the mind ; easily pained, grieved, or 
 vexed ; very susceptible of irritation from any thing 
 that crosses the inclination. 
 
 Millie* siui hatml an very fretting, and apt to make our minds 
 sore and unt-asy. TiLolson. 
 
 3. Affected with inflammation ; as, sore eyes. 
 
 4. Violent with pain ; severe ; afflictive ; distress- 
 ing ; as, a sore disease ; sore evil or calamity ; a sore 
 niglil. Com. Prayer. Sliak. 
 
 5. .Severe ; violent ; as, a sore conflict. 
 
 fi. Criminal; evil. [Ofo.J Shak. 
 SORE, atlc. With painful violence; intensely; se- 
 verely ; grievously. 
 
 Thy fiand pressotti me sore. Com. Prayer. 
 
 2. Greatly ; violently ; deeply. He was sorely 
 afflicted at the loss of his son. 
 
 Sore siglicd tlii; Itnight, wiko thifi long sermon licanl. Dryden. 
 
 S6RE, p. f. To wound ; to make sore. [OJs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 SoRE, n. [Fr. sor-fatcon. Todd.] 
 
 1. A hawk of the first year. Spenser. 
 
 2. [Fr. saur.] A buck of the fourth year. S'lak, 
 SORE'lJOX, j n. [Irish and Scottish.] A kind of 
 SOR.N, i servile tenure wliich subjected the 
 
 tenant to maintain his chiellain gratuitously, when- 
 ever lie wished to indulge himself in a debauch. So 
 that, when a person obtrudes himself on another for 
 bed and board, he is said to sorn, or be a surner. 
 
 Spciisfr. Macbran. 
 SOR'EL, n. [dim. of sort.] A buck of the third year. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 SSRE'LY, adv. [from sore.'\ With violent pain and 
 distress ; grievously ; greatly ; as, to be sorely pained 
 or .ifflicted. 
 
 2. Greatly ; violently ; severely ; as, to be sorely 
 pressed with want ; to be sorely wounilcd. 
 
 SoRE'NESS, 71. [front sore] The tenderness of any 
 part of an animal body, which renders it extremely 
 susceptible of pain from pressure ; as, the soreness of 
 a boil, an abscess, or wound. 
 
 2. Fi^iiratierly, tenderness of mind, or suscepti 
 bility of mental pain. 
 
 SOR'tJO, n. A plant of the gemis Sorghum. 
 
 So'RI. 71.J)/. See Sobls. 
 
 SO-Ri'TkS, 71. [L., from Gr. oomtiTnc, a heap.] 
 
 In (<ii'-i<:, an abridged form of stating a series of 
 syllogisms, of which the conclusion of each is a 
 premise of the succeeding one. Thus, .\ = B, 
 B = O, C = D ; therefore, A = I). Brniide. 
 
 SOR\'£U, pp. Obtruded upon a friend for bed and 
 board. 
 
 SOR 
 
 SOR.V'ER, n. One who obtrudes himself |jn another 
 
 f'or ht-d and board. 
 SO-R()ll'l-(;ri)E, II. [L. soror, sister, and c<rdo, to 
 
 strike, to kill.l 
 The murder or murderer of a sister. 
 [Littfe used, and obviously bccuust; the crime is 
 
 very iiifreipieiit.l 
 SOR'RAGE, n. The blades of green wheat or barley. 
 
 [JV<i( used.] Diet. 
 SOR'RANCE, 71. In farriery, any disease or sore in 
 
 horses. 
 
 SOR'REL, a. [Fr. saure, yellowish brown ; saurer, to 
 
 dry ill the smoke ; It. .vauro.] 
 Of a reddish color; as, a sorrel horse. 
 .SOR'REL, 71. A redilish color; a faint red. 
 SOR'REL, 71. [Sax. sur, sour ; Dan. syre, sorrel ; W. 
 
 suran.] 
 
 The popular name of certain species of Runiex, as 
 Rtinicx acetosa, Ruiiiex ncettisella, &c., so named 
 from its acid taste. Tlie wood sorrel is of the genus 
 Oxalis ; the Indian rea and Indian white sorrels are of 
 the genus Hibiscus. 
 
 Salt of sorrel : binoxaU.te of potassa. Brandc. 
 SOR'REL-TllEE, 71. As|ieciesof Andromeda, whose 
 leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for sumach 
 in tlyeing. Fnnn. Kncyc. 
 
 SOR'KI-LY, adv. [from sottt/.] Mcaniy; despica- 
 bly ; pif iahly ; in a wretched manner. 
 
 Tliy pipe, O Pan, eliall fielp, Uioiigli 1 sing sorrily. Sidney. 
 SOR'RI-.N'ESS, Jt. Meanness; poorness; despicable- 
 iie.ss. _ 
 
 SOR'RoW, 71. [Sax. sora: Goth, saurira; Sw. and 
 Dan. sori^, care, solicitude, sorrow ; D. zor<.' ; G. 
 sor;se, care, concern, uneasiness ; from tlie same 
 root as sore, heavy.] 
 
 The uneasiness or pain of mind which is produced 
 by the loss of any gootl, real or supposeil, or by dis- 
 appointment In the expectation of good ; grief; re- 
 gret. The lo.ss of a friend wo love occasions sorrow ; 
 the lo.ss of property, of health, or any source of hap- 
 piness, causes sorrow. We feel sorrow for ourselves 
 in misfortunes; we feel sorrow for tlie calamities of 
 our friends and our country. 
 
 A world of woe and eorrots. Mi'ton. 
 Tiie bafc and gcucrat antidote against sorrou is employment. 
 
 Jicii/tbler. 
 
 SOR'RoW, B. 1. [Sax. sarian, sargian, soririan, Goth. 
 saurian, to be anxious, to sorrow.] 
 
 To feel pain of mind in consequence of the actual 
 loss of good, or of frustated hopes of good, or of ex- 
 pected loss of li;t|)piiiess ; to grieve ; to be sad. 
 
 1 rejoice, not tliat ye were made sorry, tut tliat ye sorroteed to 
 
 repcnuancc. — "l Cor. vii. 
 I detiire no man to sorrow for me. Ilayward. 
 Sorromng most of all for tlie words wliicfi fie spake, that tiiey 
 should sec his Li&e no more. — Acts xx. 
 
 SOR'RoW-BLIGIIT-ED, (-blit-edj) a. Blighted with 
 sorrow. .Moore. 
 
 SOlVHoW'-EI), pp. Accompanied with sorrow. [.Vot 
 in «.vcl Sfiuk. 
 
 SOR'RovV-FliL, a. Sad; grieving for the loss of 
 some good, or on account of some expected evil. 
 
 2. Deeply serious ; depressed; dejected. 1 Sam. i. 
 
 3. Producing sorrow ; exciting grief; mournful ; 
 as, a sorroieful accident. 
 
 4. Expressing grief; accompanied with grief; as, 
 sorrowful meat. Job vi. 
 
 SOR'RoVV-FJJI^-LV, ado. In a sorrowful manner; in 
 
 a manner to produce grief. 
 SOR'RoVV-F}JL-NE3S, n. State of being sorrowful ; 
 
 grief"._ 
 
 SOR'RoW-ING, ppr. or a. Feeling sorrow, grief, or 
 regret^ 
 
 SOR'RoW-ING, 71. Expression of sorrow. Browne. 
 SOR'RoVV-LESS, a. Free from sorrow. 
 SOR'RciW-STRICK-EN, a. Struck with sorrow ; de- 
 pressed. 
 
 SOR'RV, a. r.Sax. saritr, sari, from sar, sore.] 
 
 1. Grieveil for the loss of some good ; pained for 
 some evil that has happened to one's self, or friends, 
 or country. It does not ordinarily imply severe 
 grief, hut rather slight or transient regret. It may 
 be, however, and of ten is, used to express deep grief. 
 We are sorry to lose the company of those we love ; 
 we are sorry to lose friends or property ; we are sorry 
 for the misfortunes of our friends or of our country. 
 
 And tlie king w.-u sorry. — Matt. xiv. 
 
 2. Melancholy ; dismal. Spenser. 
 
 3. Poor ; mean ; vile ; worthless ; as, a sorry 
 slave ; a sorry excuse. L'Estrange, Dryden. 
 
 Coarse complexions. 
 And checks of sorry ^raiii. Milton. 
 
 SORT, n. [Fr. sorte ; It. iorfa ; Sp. suerte ; Port, .lorle ; 
 G. id.; D. .soort; Sw. and Dan. sort: L. sors, lot, 
 chance, state, way, sort. This word is from the 
 root of Fr. .lorfir. It. sortire, L. sorlior ; the radical 
 sense of which is, to start or shoot, to throw or to 
 fall, to come suddenly. Hence, sors is lot, chance, 
 that which comes or falls. The sense of .tort is prob- 
 ably deriv.itive, signifying that which is thrown out, 
 separated, or selected.] 
 
 1. A kind or species ; any number or collection of 
 individual persons or things char.icterizcd by the 
 
 SOT I 
 
 same or like tpialities ; as, a sort of inim ; a sort of I 
 horses ; a sort of trees ; a s<n-t of |»iems or writings. 
 Sort is not a tirchnical word, and therefore is used 
 with less precision or more latitude than genus or 
 sjireirs in the sciences. 
 
 2. Manner ; form of being or acting. 
 
 Flowers, In such sort worn, can neitlier tje smelt nor seen well l>y 
 
 tliosi' tli.il wear thoin, Hoftker. 
 To Adani in what sort shall I apivar f Milton. 
 
 3. Class or order; as, men of the wiser sort, or the 
 better sort ; all .<or(.« of people. [See def. 1.] 
 
 4. Rank ; condition above lliu vulgar. [jVot in 
 u,jr.] Shuk. 
 
 5. A company or knot of people. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. WaUer. 
 
 G. Degree of any quality. 
 
 I Bl).dl not l>e witully wiUiout praise, if in some sort I hn*e copied 
 Ilia style. Dryden. 
 
 7. Lot. [04s.] S/iaft. 
 
 8. A pair ; a set ; n suit. 
 
 Out of sorts; uutof order; licnce, unwell. [Aow.] 
 
 SORT, v. t. To separate, ns things having like ipiali- 
 ties from other things, and place them in distinct 
 classes or divisions; as, to sort cloths according to 
 tlicir colors ; to sort wool or tliread according to its 
 fineness. 
 
 Sliell fish have been, by some of tlic ancients, compoietl and 
 sorted with insecu. Bacon. 
 
 Rays which dill'er in refrangibility maybe parted and sorted from 
 one anwlher. Newton. 
 
 2. To reduce to ortlcr from a state of confusion. 
 [See siipr.i.] 
 
 3. To conjoin ; to put together in distribution. 
 
 Ttio swain pereeivin;;, by her wonts ill sorted, 
 
 'i'hat she was wholly from lierst.-ll' transpor.ed. ISroun. 
 
 4. To cull ; to choose from a number ; to select. 
 That he may sort her out a w*ortIiy spouse. Chapman. 
 
 SORT, V. i. To be joined with others of the same 
 species. 
 
 Nor do metals only sort with metals in the earth, and minerals 
 with minerals. M'oodaani, 
 
 2. To consort ; to associate. 
 
 The illiljemlily of parents toward children makes them base and 
 sort with any company. Bacon. 
 
 3. To suit ; to fit. 
 
 They arc happy whose n.itures sort with their vocations. Baeon. 
 
 4. To terminate: to issue; to have success. [Fr. 
 sortir.] [JVot in use.] Bacon. 
 
 5. To fall out. [.Vot in use.] Shak. 
 SORT' A- RLE, a. That may be sorted. 
 
 2. Suitable ; befitting. Bacon. 
 SORT'A-BLY, urir. Suitably; fitly. 
 SORT'AL, a. Pertaining to or design.iting a sort. 
 
 [JVot in n.<e.] Loekc. 
 SORT'ANCL, 71. Suitableness ; agreement. [JVot in 
 
 tise.] Shak. 
 SOR'l 'ED, pp. Separated and reduced to order from 
 
 a state of confusion. 
 SOR'TIE, (sor'te,) 7i. [Fr., from sortir, to issue.] 
 
 A sally ; the issuing of a hotly of troops from a be- 
 sieged place to attack the besiegers. 
 SORT'I-LEGE, 71. [Fr., from L. sortilegium; sors, 
 lot, and lejro, to select.] 
 
 The actor practice of drawing lots ; divination by 
 drawing lots. J. JII. Jilason. 
 
 [SiiKTiLEcv is not used.] 
 SORT-I-Le'OIOUS, a. Pertaining to sortilege. 
 
 Daubuz. 
 
 SORT'IN'G, ppr. Separating, as things having like 
 qualities from other things, and reducing to order. 
 
 SOR-TI"TION, ( tish'iin,) n. [L. sortiHo.] 
 
 Selection or appointment bv 1. 1. Dp. Halt. 
 
 SORT'ME.NT, 7i. The act of sorting; distribution 
 into classes or kinds. 
 
 2. A parcel sorted. [This word is superseded by 
 AssoBTMKNT, wliich sce. J 
 
 SO'RLIS, 71. ; pi. SoBi. [Gr. (Tojjioj, a heap.] In bota- 
 ny, a name given to small clusters of minute cap- 
 sules on the back of the fronds of ferns. 
 
 SO'RY, 71. The ancient nttnie of sulphate of iron. 
 
 SOSS, r. i. [G. .-■au.vm. Sec Soi se.] [Ure. 
 To fall at once into a chair or seat ; to sit lazily. 
 [JVot in use.] Swift. 
 
 SOSS, 71. A l.izy fellow. [\ot in use ; but some of 
 the common people in New England call a lazy, slut- 
 tish woman a sozzle.] 
 
 SOS-TEjVU'TO, [It.] In music, sustaining the 
 sounds to the utmost of the nominal value of the 
 time. 
 
 SOT, 71. [Fr. sot; Arm. sodt; Sp. zote, zota ; Port. 
 zote ; D. lot. Tlie sense is stupiil ; Ch. nas. Class 
 Sd, No. fil.] 
 
 1. A stupid person ; a blockhead ; a dull fellow ; a 
 dolt. Shak. South. 
 
 2. A person stupefied by excessive drinking; an 
 habitual drunkard. 
 
 What can ennoble sols 7 Pops. 
 SOT, V. L To stupefy ; to infalii-ite ; to besot. 
 
 I hate to sec a brave, bold fellow soutd. Dryden. 
 [JVot much used.] [See BesoT.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
sou 
 
 SOT.r. I. To tipple to stupidity. [Little used.] 
 SO-Tk-UI-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. aojrwivj, salubrious, 
 and X ) discourse,] 
 
 A discourse on health, or the science of promoting 
 and preserving health. 
 SOTH'ie Year, n. The Egj ptlan year of 365 days, 
 
 C hours, so called from Sothis, the dog-star. 
 SOT'TISH, a. Dull; stupid; senseless; doltish; 
 very foolish. 
 
 How ignorAiit are tottish pretendera lo astrology I Suri/t. 
 2. Dull with intemperance. 
 SOT'TISH-LY, adc. Stupidly; senselessly; without 
 
 reason. Beiitley. 
 SOT'TI.SH-NESS, n. Dullness in the exercise of rea- 
 son ; stupidity. 
 
 Few consider into what d*>gT>»e of sotlishnest and confirmed ig- 
 norance men may sinll Uiemselvca. Sottth. 
 
 9. Stupidity from intoxication. South. 
 SOT TO yO'CE, (-v-o'cha,) [It.] In music, with a re- 
 
 stniined voice or moderate tone. 
 SOU, (sdo,) H. ; pi. Sous. [Fr. •■son, sol.] 
 
 A French money of account, and a copper coin, in 
 value the 20th part of a livre, or of a franc. 
 SOU'BAH. See Subah. 
 
 loo^ HONG'' ! ^ '^^ ^^^'^^ 
 
 SOUGH, (siitr,) V. i. [Tent, soeffcn.] To whistle; 
 
 applied to the wind. Hist, of Lite Royal Society, 
 
 SOUGH, (suf,) n, A small drain ; an adit. 
 
 Bucltavan. 
 
 2. (pron. sow.) A hollow murmur or roaring; a 
 buzzing ; as, a sough in the ears. 
 
 Ben Jon'^on. IlaUiwell. 
 SOUGH, (suf,) n. [Scotch.] To whistle, as the wind. 
 SOUGHT, (sawt,) preU and pp. of Seek. 
 
 I am found of them who sought me not. — Is. \xv. 
 SoUL, (sole,) n. [Sax. sawel, sawl, or saul ; G. seele ; 
 D. ziel : Dan. siel; Bw. sial.] 
 
 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal substance 
 in man, which distinguishes him from brutes ; that 
 part of man "hich enables him to think and reason, 
 and which renders him a subject of moral govern- 
 ment. The immortality of the soul is a fundamental 
 article of the Christian system. 
 
 Such is the nature of the human soul, that it must have a nod, 
 an ulij'-ci of supreme afiVction. J. Edwards. 
 
 2. The undersuinding ; the intellectual principle. 
 
 The eyes of our souls then only begin to see, when our bodily 
 eyes are closing. Law. 
 
 3. Vital principle. 
 
 Tliovi sun, of this gre.^t world both eye and soul. Milton, 
 
 4. Spirit; essence; chief part ; as, charity, the 
 soul of all the virtues. 
 
 Emotion is the sou/ of eloquence. E, Porter, 
 
 5. Life; animating principle or part; as, an able 
 commander is the soul of an army. 
 
 6. Internal power. 
 
 There is some soul of goodness in Uiings evil. SJialc. 
 
 7. A human being; a person. There was not a 
 soiii present. In Paris there are more than seven 
 himdred thousand souls. London, Westminster, 
 Soutliwark, and the suburbs, are said to contain 
 twelve hundred thousand souls. 
 
 8. Animal life. 
 
 To deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in 
 famine. — Fs. xxxiii. 
 
 9. Active power. 
 
 And heaven would fly b-fore the driving sou!. Dryden. 
 
 10. Spirit ; courage ; fire ; grandeur of mind. 
 That he wants caution he must needs confess, 
 
 Bui not a souf lo give our arms success. Young. 
 
 11. Generosity ; nobleness of mind ; a colloquial 
 use. 
 
 12. An intelligent being. 
 
 Every soul in heaven sh:dl bend the knee. Milton. 
 
 13. Heart ; affection. 
 
 Tlie soul of Jonathan was knit with tlie soul of David, — 1 Sam. 
 
 14. In Scripture, appetite; as, the full soul; the 
 hungry soul. Prov. xxvii. Job xxxiii. 
 
 15. A familiar compellation of a person, but often 
 expressini: some qualities of the mind ; ns, alas ! 
 piior soul ; he wa-s a good .tout. 
 
 SOUL, V. L To endue with a soul. [JVot u.ied ] 
 
 Chaucer, 
 
 SOVVX I *• [^"- *"/''> bfofh, pottage.] 
 To afford luitable sustenance. [.Vol in u.ie.] 
 
 Warner. 
 
 priI'L'-RKl,L, n. The pausing bell. IfaU, 
 Sr)UI,'-BE-TRAY'ING, a. Tending to betray the 
 
 Mlllll. 
 
 Sf)ITI/-C4LM'ING, ( kam'ing,) o. Tranriuilizing (he 
 
 »oul. Lee, 
 sr)i;L'-nF, STROY'ING, a. PernicioiiH lo the soul. 
 
 rrocraniiiation of repentance and faith is a soul- 
 
 dentroiiinff **Vil. 
 H<^UL'-I)IH'P:AS'£D, a. Dlacancd in koiiI or mind. 
 
 [JVot ute4.] Spenser, 
 
 SOU 
 
 SoUL'-DIS-SOLV'ING, o. Melting or lending to 
 soften the soul. Beattie. 
 
 SoUL'Eb, a. Instinct with soul or feeling; as, Gre- 
 cian chiefs Inrvely suuled, Dryden, 
 
 SoUL'-EA"-TRANC'Ii\G, a. Enrapturing the soul. 
 
 Coleridge, 
 
 SoUL'-FELT, n. Deeply felt. 
 
 SoUL'-HARD'£N-£D, a. Having an obdurate heart. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 SoUL'LESS, a. Without a soul, or without greatness 
 or nobleness of mind ; mean ; spiritless. 
 
 Slave. eouUess vilhun. Sliok. 
 
 SoUL'-SeOT, ( n, [soul and scot.] A funeral duty, 
 SoUL'-SllOT, ) or money paid by the Roman Cath- 
 olics, in former times, for a requiem for the soul. 
 
 ^yliffe. 
 
 SoUL'-SEARCH-ING, (s61e'serch-ing,) a. Searching 
 the soul I'T heart. 
 
 SoUL'-SELL-LNG, a, [soul and sell] Selling per- 
 sons ; dealing in the purchase and sale of human be- 
 in gi^. - J, Barlow, 
 
 SoUL'-SICK, a. [soul and sick.] Diseased in mind 
 or soul ; morally diseased. Nail, 
 
 SoUL'-STTR-RING, a. Exciting the soul. E, EocreU, 
 
 SoUL'-SUB-DU'IXG, a. Subduing the soul. 
 
 SOUND, a. [Sax. sand ; D. geiond ; G. gesund; Dan. 
 and Bw.sund; Basque, scnrfoa ; L. sanus ; Ft. sain ; 
 Sp. and It. sano ; Ch. and Syr. IDn. Class Sn, No. 
 18, 24, 35. It is from driving or straining, stretch- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. Entire ; unbroken ; not shaky, split, or defect- 
 ive ; as, sound timber. 
 
 2. Undecayed ; wh le ; perfect, or not defective; 
 as, sound fruit ; a sound apple or melon. 
 
 3. Unbroken ; not bruised or defective ; not lacer- 
 ated or decayed ; as, a sound limb. 
 
 4. Not carious ; not decaying ; as, a sound tooth. 
 
 5. Not broken or decayed ; not defective ; as, a 
 sound ship. 
 
 6. Whole ; entire ; unhurt ; unmutilated ; as, a 
 sound btidy. 
 
 7. Healthy; not diseased ; not being in a. morbid 
 state ; having all the organs complete and in perfect 
 action ; as, a sound body ; sound health ; a sou7id con- 
 stitution ; a sound man ; a sound horse. 
 
 8. Founded in truth ; firm ; strong; valid ; solid; 
 that can not be overthrown or refuted ; as, sound 
 reasoning ; a sound argument ; -a sound objection ; 
 sound doctrine; .sound principles. 
 
 9. Right ; correct ; well founded ; free from error; 
 orthodox. 2 Tim, i. 
 
 Let niy heart be sound in thy statutes. — Ps. cxix. 
 
 10. Heavy ; laid on with force ; as, somui strokes ; 
 a sound beating. 
 
 IL Founded in right and law ; legal ; valid ; not 
 defective ; that can not he overthrown ; as, a sound 
 title to land ; sound justice. 
 
 12. Fast; profound; unbroken; undisturbed; as, 
 sound sleep. 
 
 13. Perfect, as intellect ; not broken or defective ; 
 not enfeebled hy age or accident ; not wild or wan- 
 dering ; not ileranged ; as, a sound mind ; a sound 
 understanding or reason. 
 
 Sound currency ; in commerce, a currency whose ac- 
 tual value is the same as its nominal value ; and, if 
 in hank notes or other substitute for silver ;md gold, 
 a currency which is so sustained by funds that it is 
 at any time convertible into gold and silver, and of 
 course of equal value. 
 SOUND, adv. Soundly ; heartily. 
 
 So sound he slept that nouglil might him awake. Spenser. 
 
 SOUND, n. The air-bladder of a fish. 
 
 SOUND, n. [Sax. sund, a narrow sea or strait, a swim- 
 ming ; Sw. and Dan. sund ; Pers. shana, a swim- 
 ming, L. natatio. On. can this name be given to a 
 narrow sea, because wild beasts were accii.<lomcd to 
 p-tss it by swimming, like Bosporus: or is the word 
 from the root of sound, whole, denoting a stretch, or 
 narrowness, from stretching, like straight; or from 
 its sounding.'] 
 
 A narrow passage of water, or a strait between the 
 ni"in land and an isle ; or a strait connecting two 
 seas, or connerting a sea or lake with the ocean ; as, 
 the sound which connects the Baltic with the ocean, 
 between Denmark and Sweden ; the sound that sep- 
 arates Limg Island from the main land of New York 
 and Connecticut. 
 
 SOU.N'D, n. [Fr. sonde ; Sp. sonda. See the following 
 verb.] 
 
 An instrument which surgeons introduce into the 
 bladder, in order to discover whether there is a stone 
 in that visciis or not. Cooper, Sharp, 
 
 SOUND, V. I. [Sp. sondar or sandear ; Fr. sender. 
 This word is probably connected with the L. sonus. 
 Eng. sound, the priiiiury sense of which is, to stretch, 
 or reach.] 
 
 1. To try, as tlie depth of water and the quality of 
 the groiintJ, by sinking a pliiiitinrt or lend attached 
 to a line on wliirli are marked the number of fatli- 
 oiiis, lo nscerlain the ileplli of water. The lower 
 
 SOU 
 
 end of the lead is covered with tallow, by means of 
 which some portion of the earth, sand, gravel, shells, 
 &.C., of the bottom, adhere to it, and are drawn up. 
 By these means, and the depth of water, and the na- 
 ture of the bottom, which are carefully marked on 
 good charts, seamen may know how far a ship is 
 from land in the night, or in thick weather, and in 
 many cases when the land is too remote to be visi- 
 ble. 
 
 2. To introduce a sound into the bladder of a pa- 
 tient, in order to ascertain whether a stone is there 
 or not. 
 
 When a patient is to be sourvUd. Cooper. 
 
 3. To tr>* ; to examine; to discover, or endeavor 
 to discover, that vvliich lies concealed in another's 
 breast ; to search out the intention, opinion, will, or 
 desires. 
 
 1 was in jest, 
 
 And by that offer meant to sound your breast. Dryden. 
 I've sounded my Numidians man by man. Addison. 
 
 SOUND, V. i. To use the line and lead in searching 
 the depth of water. 
 
 The shipmen sounxUd, and found it twenty fathoms. — Acts 
 
 SOUND, n. The cuttle-fish. Ainswarth. 
 
 SOUND, n. [Sax. son ; W. swn ; Ir. soin t Fr. son ; It. 
 Siiono; Sp. son ; L. sonus, from sono, to sound, sing, 
 rattle, beat, &c. This may be a dialectical variation 
 of L. tonus, tono, which seems to be allied to Gr. rti- 
 I'u}, to stretch, or strain, L. teneo.] 
 
 1. Noise ; report ; the object of hearing ; that which 
 strikes the ear ; or, more philo.sopliically, an impres- 
 sion, or the eJTect of an impressitm, inatle on the or- 
 gans of hearing by an impulse or vihratitm of the ;iir 
 caused by a collision of bodies, or by other means ; 
 as, the sound of a trumpet or drum ; the sound of the 
 human voice; a horrid sound; a charming sound; a 
 sharp sound ; a high sound. 
 
 2. A vibration of air caused by a collision of bod- 
 ies, or other means, sufficient to affect the auditory 
 nerves when perfect. Some persons are so entirely 
 deaf that they can not hear the loudest .lounds. jlad- 
 itile sounds are such as are perceptible by the organs 
 of hearing. Sounds, not audible to men, may be 
 audible to animals of more sensible organs. 
 
 3. Ntiise without signification ; empty ntiise ; noise 
 and nothing else. 
 
 It is the sense, and not the sound, that must be the principle. 
 
 Locire. 
 
 SOUND, V. L To make a noise ; to titter a voice ; to 
 make an impulse of the air that shall strike the or- 
 gans of hearing with a particular effect. Wc .«ay,an 
 instrument sounds well or ill ; it sounds shrill ; the 
 voice sounds harsh. 
 
 And first tauglit speaking trumpets how to sound. Dryden. 
 
 2. To exhibit by .sound, or likeness of sound. This 
 relation sounds rather like a fiction than a iiiith. 
 
 3. To be conveyed in sound ; to be spread or pub- 
 lished. 
 
 From you sounded out the wortl of the Lonl. — 1 Thess. i. 
 To sound in damages, in law, is when there is no 
 specific value of property in demand to serve as a rule 
 of damages, as in actions of tort or trespass, as distin- 
 guished from actions of debt, &c. Ellsworth. 
 SOUND, i>. t. To cause lo make a noise ; a^, to sound 
 a triiiiipet or a horn. 
 
 2. To utter audibly ; as, to sound a note with the 
 voice. 
 
 3. To play on ; as, to .'sound an instrument. 
 
 4. To oriler or direct by a sound ; to give a signal 
 for, by a certain sound ; as, to sound a retreat. 
 
 5. To celebrate or honor hy sounds ; to cause to be 
 reported ; as, to .^ound one's praise. 
 
 6. To spread by sound or report ; to publish or pro- 
 claim ; as, to sound the praises or fame of a great 
 man, or a great exploit. We sometimes say, to sou7id 
 at/road. 
 
 S()IJ.\l)'-BoARD, j n. A thin board which prop- 
 
 SOUND'ING-lio.\RD, ( agates the sound in an or- 
 gan, violin, or other musical instrument. 
 
 To many a row of pipes tlie sound-board lirx'alhes. MUton. 
 2. A board, or structure with a flat surface, sus- 
 pended over a pulpit, to prevent the sound of the 
 preacher's voice from ascending, and thus propaga- 
 ting it farther in a horizontal direction. 
 
 SOUSD'KU, pp. Caused to make a noise; uttered 
 audibly. 
 
 2. E>plored ; examined. 
 
 SOUNO'-HEAD KI), a. Having sound principles. 
 
 SOUND'-IIEART-ED, (-hUrt-ed,) a. Having a sound 
 heart or afl'ectiims. 
 
 SOUND'ING, ppr. Causing to sound ; uttering audi- 
 bly. 
 
 2. Trying the depth of water by the plummet; ex- 
 amining the inleiitioii or will. 
 
 3. a. Sonorous; making a noise. 
 
 4. Having a niagnificeiit sound ; as, words more 
 sounding or significant. Dryden, 
 
 SOUND'ING, ri. The act of uttering noise ; the act 
 of endeavoring to discover the tipinion or desires ; the 
 act of throwing the leod. 
 2. In .■iurgcry, the operation of introducing the 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, VVH^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 1056 
 
sou 
 
 aoiind into the bladder j called Hcarchino Tor the 
 atone. Cooper^ 
 
 SOUND'ING-nOARD See Soiind-Roabd. 
 
 SOUND'ING-POST, n. A small post in a violin and 
 violoncello, set under the bridge for a support, for 
 propagating the sounds to the back of the instru- 
 nu'iit. 
 
 SOI'ND'ING-ROD, n. A rod or piece of iron used to 
 ascertain the depth of water in a ship's hold. It is 
 let down in a groove by a pump. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SOUND'INGS, H. pi. Any place or part of the ocean, 
 where a deep soundiug-line will reach the bottom ; 
 also, the kind of ground or bottom where the lead 
 reaches. 
 
 2. The quality of the ground brought up by the 
 sounding-lead, and the depth of water. Tuttrn. 
 SOUND'LESS, a. That cau not be fathomed ; having 
 no sound. 
 
 SOUND'LV, adv. [from sound, entire.] Healthily ; 
 heartily. 
 
 2. Severely ; lustily ; with heavy blows ; smartly ; 
 as, to beat one soundly. 
 
 3. Truly ; without fallacy or error ; as, to judge or 
 reason soundly. 
 
 4. Firmly; as, a doctrine sounrf^y settled. Bacon. 
 
 5. Fast ; closely ; so as not to be easily awakened ; 
 as, to sleep soundly. Locke. 
 
 SOUiND'NESS, n. Wholeness; entireness ; an un- 
 broken, unimpaired, or undecayed state ; as, the 
 soundness of timber, of fruit, of the teeth, of a 
 limb, &c. [See Soumd.] 
 
 2. An unimpaired state of an animal or vegetable 
 body ; a slate in which the organs are entire, and 
 regularly perform their functions. We say, the 
 soundness of the body, the soundness of the constitu- 
 tion ; the soundness of health. 
 
 3. Firmness ; strength ; solidity ; truth ; as, sound- 
 ness of reasoning or argument, of do(trine or princi- 
 ples. 
 
 4. Truth ; rectitude ; firmness ; freedom from error 
 or fallacy ; orthodoxy ; as, soundness of faith. 
 
 SOUP, (soop,) n. [Fr. soupe ; It. luppa, sop; Sp. .<topa, 
 sop, or suup ; G. suppe; D, soep; Ice. sanp. [See 
 Sup and Sop.] 
 
 Strong broth ; a decoction of flesh for food, highly 
 seasoned. 
 
 SOUP, (soop,) V. t. To sup ; to breathe out. [Kot in 
 use.] fVidif. 
 
 SOUP, (soop,) r. t. To sweep. [JVot in use.] [See 
 Sweep and Swoop.] Hall. 
 
 SOUR, a. [Sax. sur, surig ; G. sauer ; D. luiir ; Sw. 
 sur ; Dan. suur ; W. s^r ; Arm. sur Fr. sur, sure ; 
 Heb. ■^1D, to depart, to decline, to turn, as liquors, to 
 become sour. See Class Sr, No. 16, and No. 11.] 
 
 1. Acid ; having a pungent taste ; sharp to the 
 taste ; tart ; as, vinegar is sour ; sour cider ; sour 
 beer. 
 
 2. Acid and austere, or astringent ; as, sun ripe 
 fruits are often sour. 
 
 3. Harsh of temper ; crabbed ; peevish ; austere ; 
 morose ; as, a man of a sour temper. 
 
 4. Afflictive ; as, sour adversities. [JVoJ in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. Expressing discontent or peevishness. He 
 never uttered a sour word. 
 
 The lord treuurer often looked on me with a four eounten&nce. 
 
 6. Harsh to the feelings ; cold and damp ; as, sour 
 weather. 
 
 7. Rancid ; musty. 
 
 6. Turned, as milk ; coagulated. 
 SOUR, n. A sour or acid substance. Spenser. 
 SOUR, V. L To make acid ; to cause to have a sharp 
 taste. 
 
 So tlw iun'* h?at, with cliflerent powert, 
 
 Ripens Ihe grap*^, llie liquor four*. Stei/t. 
 
 2. To make harsh, cold, or unkindly. 
 
 TofU of gras* tow land. Mor&mtr. 
 
 3. To make harsh in temper ; to make cross, crab- 
 bed, peevish, or discontented. Misfortunes often 
 jour the temper. 
 
 Pride had nol toured, nor wrath dcbaied my heart. Hart*. 
 
 4. To make uneasy or less agreeable. 
 
 Hall, ^reat Iciiif I 
 To *our your happiueu 1 mu»l report 
 The queen is dead. Shak. 
 
 5. In rurai uonomy, to macerate, as lime, and ren- 
 der fit for plaster or mortar. Encyc. 
 
 SOUR, V. i. To become acid ; to acquire the quality 
 of tartness or pungency to the taste. Cider sours 
 rapidly in the rays of the sun. When food sours in 
 the stomach, it is evidence of imperfect digestion. 
 Q. To become peevish or crabbed. 
 They lunder (he haired of Ticc from touring into acTeritT, 
 
 Adkiton. 
 
 SOURCE, n. [Fr. source ; .Arm. sourcenn ; either from 
 jourdre or sortir, or the L. surgo. The Italian sor- 
 gente is from surgo.] 
 
 1. Properly, the spring or fountain from which a 
 stream of water proceeds, or any collection of water 
 within the earth or upon its surface, in which a 
 stream originates. This is called also the head of 
 
 SOU 
 
 the stream. We call the water of a spring, where it 
 issues from the earlh, the source of the stream or 
 rivulet proceeding from it. We say also, that 
 springs have their sources in subterranean ponds, 
 lakes, or collections of water. Wc say also, tli.it a 
 large river has its. source in a lake. For example, the 
 St. Lawrence has its source in the great lakes of 
 America. 
 
 2. First cause ; original ; that which gives rise to 
 any thing. Thus ambition, the love of power, and 
 of fame, have been the sources of half the calami- 
 ties of nations. Inteiniierance is the source of innu- 
 merable evils to individuals. 
 
 3. The first producer ; he or that which originates ; 
 as Greece, the source (tf arts. Walter. 
 
 SOUR'-CROUT, j 11. [G. sauer-kraut, I. e., sour-cab- 
 
 SOUR'-KROUT, j bage.] 
 
 Cabbage cut fine, pressed into a cask, and suflered 
 to fernitrnt till it becomes sour. 
 
 SOUR'DET, n. [Fr. sourdine, frcm sourd, deaf.] 
 The little pipe of a trumpet. 
 
 SOUR'-DOCK, n. Sorrel, so called. 
 
 SOUR'El), pp. Made sour ; made peevish. 
 
 SOUR'-GOURD, ri. An evergreen tree of the genus 
 Adansonia, which yields a fruit resembling a gourd. 
 [See AoANsoNiA.J 
 
 SOUR'ING, ppr. Making acid ; becoming sour; mak- 
 ing peevish. 
 
 SOUR'ING, n. That which makes acid. 
 
 SOUE'ISII, a. Somewhat sour ; moderately acid ; as, 
 sourish fruit ; a sourish taste. 
 
 SOUR'LY, adv. With acidity. 
 
 2. With peevishness ; with acrimony. 
 
 The Blern Athenian princo 
 Then tourly sjiulcd. Dnj:Un. 
 
 3. Discontentedly. Brown. 
 SOUR'NESS, n. Acidity; sharpness to the taste; 
 
 tartness ; as, the sourness of vinegar or of fru4t. 
 
 Soumett being one of Oloae simple ideas wlilch one can not 
 
 describe. Arbulhnol. 
 2. Asperity ; harshness of temper. 
 Take care th.^t no aoumei* and morosenesa mingle with our 
 
 seriousness of mintl. Nelton. 
 
 SOUR'-SOP, n. A small evergreen tree of the West 
 Indies, the Anona muricata, which bears a large suc- 
 culent fruit. It is closely allied to the custard apple. 
 
 Loudon. P. Cyc. 
 
 SOUS, (soo,) n. ; pi. of Sou or Soi,. [See Sou.] 
 
 SOUSE, n. [Ir. sousgeach, watery.] 
 
 1. Pickle made with salt. 
 
 2. Something kept or steeped in pickle. 
 
 3. The ears^feet, &c., of swine pickled. 
 SOUSE, V. L To steep in pickle. 
 
 But toitte the cabbage witli a bounteous heart. Pope. 
 2. To plunge into water. 
 
 They touted ine into the Thames, with aa little rcmorie as they 
 druwn blind puppies. ShaJe. 
 
 SOUSE, V. i. TGer. sausen, to rush.] 
 
 To fall suildenly on; to rush with speed; as a 
 bawk on its prey. 
 
 Jo»e's biitl will touse upon the timorous hare. DryrUn. 
 SOUSE, V. U To strike with sudden violence. Shak. 
 SOUSE, a//o. With sudden violence. [This word is 
 
 low and vul<rar.] 
 SOUS'ED, (soust,) pp. Steeped in pickle. 
 
 2. Plunged into water. 
 SOUT'ER, (soot'er,) n. [Sax. sutere; L. sutor.] 
 
 A shoemaker ; a cobbler. [JS'ot in use.] Chaucer. 
 SOUT'ER-LY, adc. Like a cobbler. [JVot in use.] 
 SOUT'ER-RAIN, n. [Fr. ; that is, sub-terrain, under 
 ground.] 
 
 A grotto or cavern under ground. [A"o( English.] 
 .^rbuthnoU 
 
 SOUTH, n. [Sax. suth; G. sud; D. zuid; Dan. sud ; 
 Sw. 4-oiier ; Fr. sud ; .\im. su ] 
 
 1. The north and south are opposite points in the 
 horizon ; each ninety degrees, or the quarter of a 
 great circle, distant from the east and west. A man 
 standing with his face toward the east or rising sun, 
 h.as the soutlt on his right hand. The meridian of 
 every place is a great circle passing through the 
 north and south points. SfriefJy, south is the hori- 
 zontal point in the meridian of a place, on the right 
 hand of a person standing with his face toward the 
 east. But the word is applied to any point in the 
 meridian, between the horizon and the zenith. 
 
 2. In a less exact sense, any point or pl.^ce on the 
 earth or in the heavens, which is near the meridian 
 toward the right hanil as one faces the east. 
 
 3. A southern region, country, or place ; as, the 
 queen of the joutA, in Scripture. So, in Europe, the 
 people of Spain and It<aly are spoken of as living in 
 the soatA. In the United States, we speak of the 
 States of the soutA, and of the north. 
 
 4. The wind that blows from the south. [JVot 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 SOUTH, a. In any place north of the tropic of Cancer, 
 pertaining to or lying in the meridian toward the 
 sun ; as, a souOi wind. 
 2. Being m a southern direction ; as, the joutA sea. 
 
 SOUTH, adv. Toward the south. A ship sails south ; 
 the wind blows soutJi. 
 
 SOW 
 
 SOUTIi eOT'TI-AN, n. A follower of Jcmna Soutb- 
 cott, a fanatical female, who made a great noise in 
 England at the close of the last and beginning of the 
 present century. 
 
 SOUTII-KAST', n. The point of the compass equally 
 distant from the south and east. Bacon. 
 
 SOUTH-EAST', a. In the direction of south-c.isi or 
 coming fruui the south-east ; as, a south-east wiikI. 
 
 SOUTIl-K.\ST'ER-LY, a. In the direction of south- 
 east or nearly so. 
 2. From the south-eai!t, as wind. 
 
 SOUTII-KAST'ERN, o. Toward the south-east. 
 
 SOUTIl'ER-LY, (suth'er-ly,) a. Lying at the south, 
 or in a direction nearly south ; as, a southerly point. 
 
 2. Coming from the south or a point nearly south ; 
 as, a southerly wind. 
 
 SOUTH'ERN, (suth'crn,) a. [Sax. «<tA and ern, 
 place.] 
 
 1. Belonging to the south ; meridional ; as, the 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 2. Lying toward the south ; as, a soutAem country 
 oc climate. 
 
 3. Coming from the south ; as, a southern breeze. 
 SOUTU'ERN'-ER, (suth'ern-er,) n. An inhabitant or 
 
 native of the south or Suutliern .States. 
 SOUTH'ERN-LY, (suth'ern-ly,) ado. Toward the 
 
 south. Ilakeieill. 
 SOUTlI'ERN-MoST, (sutft'ern-mSst,) a. Furthest 
 
 toward the south. 
 SOUTII'ER.V-WOQD, (siitn'crn-WOTd,) n. A plant 
 
 nearly allied to the wormwooil. jMiller. 
 The .southernwood is the Artemisia abrotaiiuin, a 
 
 congener of the wormwood. 
 SOUTiriNG, a. Going toward the south ; as, the 
 
 sontliing sun. J^ryden. 
 SOUTH'ING, n. Tendency or motion to the south. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. The southing of the moon, the time at which 
 the moon passes ilic meridian. J\lar. Diit. 
 
 3. Course or distance south ; the difiV rence of lati- 
 tude made by a vessel to the southward. 
 
 SOUTH'.MOST, a. Furthest toward the south. 
 
 .Milton, 
 
 SOUTH'RON, (suth'-,) n. An inhabit.-int of the more 
 
 southern part of a countrj'. IV. Scott. 
 
 SOUTH'.S.aY, ) 
 SOUTII'SAY-ER. j ^'^^ Sooth.at. 
 SOUTU'WARD, (siith'ard,) adi: Toward the south ; 
 
 as, to go southicurd. Locke. 
 SOUTU'WARD, (suth'ard,) n. The southern regions 
 
 or countries. Rnlcrh. 
 SOUTII-WE.^T', n. [south and west.] The point 
 
 of the compass equally distant from the south and 
 
 west. Bacon. 
 SOUTH-WEST', a. Lying in the direction of the 
 
 south-west ; as, a south-west country. 
 2. Coming from the south-west ; as, a soul!i-west 
 
 wind. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST'ER-LY, a. In the direction of south- 
 west, or nearly so. 
 
 2. Coming Mm the south-west, or a point near it ; 
 as, a snuOi-yrestertii wind. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST'ERN, a. In the direction of south- 
 west, or nearlv so ; as, to sail a soutli-wrstern course. 
 
 SOUV'E-.V'ANCE, (soov'e-nancB,) n. [Fr.] Remem- 
 brance. [JVot English, nor is it used.] Spenser. 
 
 SOUV'E-NIR, (soov'e-neer,) n. [Fr.] A remem- 
 brancer. 
 
 SOVER EIGN, (snv'er-in,) a. [We retain this bar- 
 barous orthography from the .N'oriiian sourercign, 
 which doubtless was adopted through a mistake of 
 its origin. The true spelling would beSuvERAN, from 
 the I,, supernus, superus ; Fr. soacerain ; It. ioiiruno ; 
 Sp. and Port, soberano. 
 
 1. Supreme in power; possessing supreme domin- 
 ion ; as, a sovereign prince. God is the sovereign 
 Ruler of the universe. 
 
 2. Supreme ; superior to all others ; chief. God is 
 the soi-ereign good of all who love and obey him. 
 
 3. Supremely efficarioiis ; superior to .all others ; 
 predominant ; eflectual ; as, a sovereign remedy. 
 
 4. Supreme ; peiiainiiig to the first magistrate of a 
 natitui ; as, sovereign authority. 
 
 SOV"ER-EIG.\, (suv'er-in,) n. A supreme lord or 
 ruler ; one who posses.ses the highest authority with- 
 out control. Some earthly princes, kings, and em- 
 perors are sovereigns in their dominions. 
 
 2. A supreme magistrate ; a king. 
 
 3. A gold coin of England, value SOs. or £1 ster- 
 ling. 
 
 SOV'ER-EIG.\-IZE, (suv'cr-in-Ize,) v, i. To e.xercise 
 supreme authority. [JVol in use.] Herbert. 
 
 SOV'ER-EIGN-LY, (suv'er-in-le,) adv. Supremely ; 
 in the highest degree. 
 
 He w.aj tooereignly to¥cIy in himself. [LiUle uted.] JJwj't. 
 
 SOV'ER-EIG.\-TY, (suv'er-in-te,) n. Supreme pow- 
 er ; supremacy; the possession of the highest power, 
 or of uncontrollable power. Absolute sorereignty 
 belongs to God only. 
 
 SOW, n. [Sax. suga : Sw. sugga : D. zeug ; G. sau.] 
 
 1. The female of the hog kind or of swine. 
 
 2. An oblong piece of lead. Jinsaorlh. 
 
 3. An insect ; a inilleped. Jlinsworth. 
 
 TONE, B5;LL, IINITE.— A.VGER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 1S3 
 
 K K K K 
 
 inr>7 
 
SPA 
 
 SPA 
 
 SPA 
 
 SOW-BREAD, (-bred,), n. A tuberous-rooted plant 
 of the genus Cyclamen, on which wild swine in 
 Italy feed. Loudon. 
 
 SOW-BUG, n. An isopodous crustaceous animal ; a 
 inilleped. 
 
 SO\V'-THIS-TLE, (-this'l,) A plant of the genus 
 Sonchus, said to be eaten by swine and some other 
 animals. The downy soio-tkisUe is of the genus An- 
 dr\'ala. 
 
 So\V, V. t. ; pret. Sowed ; pp. Sowed or Sown. [Sax. 
 satpan ; G. sden ; D. laajcn ; Sw. sa ; Dan. saaer ; 
 Russ. siyu : perhaps L. sevL This word is probably 
 contracted.] 
 
 1. To scatter on ground, for the purpose of growth 
 and the production of a crop ; as, to sow good seed ; 
 to sold a bushel of wheat or rye to the acre ; to sow 
 oats, clover, or barley ; to sow seed in drills, or to 
 sow it broad-cast. Oats and flax should be sown 
 early in the spring. 
 
 2. To scatter seed over for growth ; as, to sow 
 ground or land ; to sow ten or a hundred acres in a 
 year. 
 
 3. To spread, or to originate ; to propagate ; as, to 
 sow discord. 
 
 Eorii 10 afflict my Marcia's family, 
 
 And sow Jisseusiun in tUe hcaits of brothb *B. Addison. 
 
 4. To supply or stock with seed. 
 
 The intetlectual faculty is a e^oodly field, aua vt is the worst hus- 
 bandry in tlic world to sow it with trifles, Jdaie. 
 
 5. To scatter over ; to besprinkle. 
 
 He sowed with stars the heaven. MUton. 
 Morn now sowed the earth with orient pearl. Milton. 
 
 SOW, V. i. To scatter seed for growth ai d the pro- 
 duction of a crop. In New England, farmers begin 
 to sow in April. 
 
 They tliat sotu in tears shall reap in Joy. — Ps, cxxvi. 
 SoW, for Sew, is not in use. [See Sew.] 
 SO^V'ANS, t n. pi. [Scottish.] A nutritious arti- 
 SOWENS, \ cle of food made from the husk of 
 the oat, by a process not unlike that by which com- 
 mon starch is made. In England it is called Flum- 
 
 MEPY. 
 
 SOWCE, for Souse. [See Souse.1 
 
 SoW£D, pp. Scattered on ground, as seed ; sprinkled 
 
 with seed, as ground. VVe s.ay, seed is sowed; or 
 
 I:md is sowed. 
 SOWER, H. He that scatters seed for propagation. 
 Behold, a sower went forth to sow. — Matt. xiii. 
 
 2. One who scatters or spreads; as, a soioer of 
 words. HakewiU. 
 
 3. A breeder ; a promoter ; as, a sower of suits. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SOWING, ppr. Scattering, as seed ; sprinkling with 
 seed, as ground ; stocking with seed. 
 
 SO\V'ING, n. The act of scattering seed for propaga- 
 tion. 
 
 SOWINS, n. pt. See Sowans. 
 
 SOVVE, )>. t. To pull by the ears. Shak. 
 
 [J^ot used in Jimerica.] • 
 SOWN, pp. Scattered, as seed ; sprinkled with seed, 
 as ground. 
 
 SOY, n. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly 
 from Japan, prepared principally from the seeds of a 
 leguminiise plant called Soji,or rather Soya, which 
 is the .''oja hispida. Tally. 
 
 SOZ'ZLE, n. [See Soss.] A sluttish woman, or one 
 that spills water and other liquids carelessly, 
 
 JVeuj En<rland. 
 
 SPA, 71. A general name for a spring of mineral water, 
 from a place of this name in Germany. 
 
 SPAAD, (spild,) n. A kind of mineral ; spar. [Sp. 
 e.<pato.'\ \_Obs.'] Woodward. 
 
 SPa(JE, n. [Fr. espace ; Sp, espacio ; It. spazio ; L. 
 spiitium, space ; spatiuTy to wander. This word is 
 probably formed on the root of pateo. Class lid.] 
 
 1. Room ; extension. Space, in the abstract, is 
 mere extension. 
 
 Pure tpaee ia capable neither of p^sist-^nce nor motion. Locke. 
 
 2. Any quantity of extension. In relation to 
 bodies, space is the interval between any two or 
 more objects ; as, the itpace between two stars or two 
 hills. The qii.intity of space or extent between 
 bodies, constitutes their distance from each other. 
 
 3. The distance or interval between lines ; aa in 
 books. The spaces in music are named as well aa 
 the lines. 
 
 4. (iuantity of time ; also, the interval between 
 two points of time. 
 
 Nine lirnr« the fnnre that meaBurca dajr and night. lifUton. 
 God niiiy defer iiii Jiid^menta for a tunc, and give a people a 
 longer apaci (or repcotuice. TUlolMon. 
 
 5. A short time ; a while. 
 
 To stay your deadly Birife ft tpae4. Spenaer. 
 [This sense is nearly obsolete.] 
 SPAC'E, B. i. To rove. [JVut in use."] Spenser. 
 SPAf'E, V. t. Among printers^ to make spaces or 
 
 wider Intervals between lines. 
 SPA(;'f;i), (Hpaat,) pp. Divided into wider intervals 
 
 b«:lween lincH. 
 PPACE'FJJL, a. Wide ; extenilve. [JVot used.] 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 SPACING, ppr Making wider intervals between 
 lines. 
 
 SPA'CIOUS, a. [Fr. spacicux; Sp. spatioso ; It. spa- 
 zioso ; L. spatibsus.] 
 
 1. Wide ; roomy ; having large or ample room ; 
 not narrow ; as, a spacious church j a spacious hall 
 or drawing-room. 
 
 2. Extensive; vast in extent; as, the sjiacious 
 earth ; the spacious ocean. 
 
 SPa'CIOUS-LY, adv. Widely ; extensively. 
 SPa'CIOUS-NESS, 71, Wideness; largeness of ex 
 tent ; roominess ; as, the spaciousness of the rooms 
 in a building. 
 
 2. Extensiveness ; vastness of e.ttent ; as, the spa- 
 ciousness of the ocean. 
 SPAD'DLE, Ji. [dim. of .tpade.] A little spade. 
 
 JMortimcr. 
 
 SPaDE, 77. [Sax. spad, spada ; G. spaten ; D. s} lade ; 
 Dan. and Sw. sporfe ; probably from breadth, exten- 
 sion, coinciding with L. spatula, from the root of 
 patco.] 
 
 1. An instrument for digging or cutting the ground, 
 consisting of a broad anti nearly rectangular blade 
 of iron with a handle. 
 
 2. A suit of cards. 
 
 3. A deer three years old ; written also Spaid. 
 
 4. A gelded beast. [L. spado.] 
 
 SPaDE, ti. (. To dig with a spade ; or to pare ofi" the 
 sward of land with a spade. 
 
 SPaDE'-BoNE, 71. [spade and bone.] The shoulder- 
 blade. [/ believe little used.] 
 
 SPADE'FyL, 71. [.fpatie and full.] As much as a 
 spade will hold. 
 
 SPA-DI"CE0US, fspa-dish'us,) a. [L. spadiceus, from 
 spadiz, a light red color.] 
 
 1. Of a light red color, usually denominated Bay. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 2. In botany, a spadiceous fower, is a sort of ag- 
 gregate flower, having a receptacle common to many 
 florets, within a spatha, as in palms, dracontiiim, 
 arum, &c. Jilarlyn. 
 
 SPA-DILLE', (spa-dil',) ti. [Fr.] The ace of spades 
 at omber. 
 
 SPaD'ING, ppr. Digging with a spade. 
 SPa'DIX, 71. [L.] In iufniji/, the receptacle in palms 
 and some other plants, proceeding from a spatha. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 SPa'DO, 71. [L.] A gelding. Brown. 
 
 SPA-DROON>, 71, A cut and thrust sword, lighter 
 than a broadsword. SmarL 
 
 SPA-GYR'ie, a. [L. spa^jricus.] 
 Chemical. [JVut in itsc] 
 
 SPA-GYR'ie, 71. A chemist. [JVot in use.] Hall. 
 
 SPAG'YR-IST, 71. A chemist. [JVoi in use.] Boyle. 
 
 SPA'HEE, i 71, [Turk, sipo/u; Pers, sipahee. See 
 
 SPX'HI, i Seapoy.] 
 
 One of the Turkish cavalry. The spahis were dis- 
 banded with the janizaries. 
 
 SPAKE, pret. of Speak ; nearly obsolete. Wenowuse 
 Spoke. 
 
 SPALL, (spawl,) ti. [Fr. epaule; It. spalla.] 
 
 "l. The shoulder. [JVot English.] Fairfax. 
 2. A chip. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SPALT, ) Ti. A whitish, scaly mineral, used to pro- 
 
 SPELT, i mote the fusion of metals. Bailey. Mi. 
 
 SPALT, a. [Dan. spalt, a split ; G. spalten, to split.] 
 Brittle ; liable to brettk or split. HalUwell. 
 
 SPAN, 71. [Sax. .span ; D. span ; G. spanne ; Dan. 
 spand, a span in measure ; Sw. span, a span in meas- 
 ure, and a set of coach horses, G. gespann ; verbs. 
 Sax. spannan, to span, to unite ; gespanian, to join ; 
 D. aiitl G. spannen ; Dan. spander, to strain, stretch, 
 bend, yoke. This word is formed on the root of 
 bend, L. pando. The primary sense is, to strain, 
 stretch, extend, hence to join a team, Dan./orspojiii, 
 D. gespan.] 
 
 1. The space from the end of the thumb to the 
 end of the little finger when extended ; nine inches ; 
 the eighth of a fathom. Holder. 
 
 2. A short space of time. 
 
 Life '8 but a span ; I'll every Inch cn]oy, Farquhar. 
 
 3. In architecture, the spread or extent of an arch 
 between its abutments. 
 
 4. A span of horses, consists of two, usually of 
 about the same color, and otherwise nearly alike, 
 which are usually harnessed side by side. The word 
 signifies properly the same as Yoke, when applied to 
 horned cattle, from buckling or fastening together. 
 But in America, span always imjilies resemblance in 
 coliir at least ; it being an object of ambition with 
 gentlemen and with teamsters to unite two horses 
 abreast that are alike. 
 
 5. In scatnn's language, a rope secured at both 
 ends to any object, the purchase being hooked to the 
 bight. Totlen. 
 
 SPAN, V. t. To measure by the hand with the fin- 
 gers extended, or with the fingers pncompaising the 
 object ; as, to .ipan a space or distance ; to sjian a 
 cylinder. 
 
 2. To measure or reach from one side of to the 
 other ; aa, Iti span the heavens, 
 SPAN, i. To agree in color, or in color and si/.e ; 
 ns, tne horses sjian well. JVcw England. 
 
 SPAN. pret. of Spin. [Obs.] We now use Spun. 
 
 SPAN'CEL, 71. A rope to tie a cow's hind legs. [Lo- 
 i:"'-] Orose. 
 
 SPAN'CEL, f. t. To tie the legs of a horse or cow 
 with a rope, [Local] Malone. 
 
 SPAN'CEL-ING, ppr. Tying a cow's hind legs. 
 
 SPA.\'eoUN-TER, ) n. A play at which money is 
 
 SPAN'FaR-THING, i thrown within a span or cir- 
 cuit marked Swift. 
 
 SPAN'DREL, 71. The irregular triangular space be- 
 tween the curve of an arch and the rectangle inclos- 
 ing it. OwiU. 
 
 SPaNE, «. «. [Xi. speenen.] 
 To wean. [JVu( in use.] 
 
 SPANG, 71. [D. spange, a spangle ; Gr. tpeyyoi.] 
 
 A spangle or shining ornament; a thin piece of 
 metal or other shining material. fJVot in use.] 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 SPAN"GLE, (spang'gl,) 71. [Supra.] A small plate 
 or boss of shining metal ; something brilliant used 
 as an ornament. 
 
 2. Any little thing sparkling and brilliant, like 
 pieces of metal ; as crystals of ice. 
 
 For tlie rich spangles that .adorn tiie sky. Waller. 
 
 SPAN"GLE, (spang'gl,) v. t. To set or sprinkle with 
 spangles ; to adorn with small, distinct, brilliant 
 bodies ; as, a spangled breastplate. Donne. 
 What stars do spangle heaven with such beauty. Skalc. 
 
 SPAN"GLED, (span'gld.) pp. or a. Set with spangles. 
 
 SPAN"GLER, 71. One that spangles. Keates. 
 
 SPAN"GLING, ppr. Adorning with spangles. 
 
 SPAN'IEL, (span'yel,) 71. [Fr. epagiuid; -said to be 
 from Hisjianwla, now Hayti.] 
 
 1. A dog used in sports of the field, remarkable 
 for his sagacity and obedience. Dnjden. 
 
 2. A mean, cringing, fawning person. Shak. 
 SPAN'IEL, a. Like a spaniel; mean; fawning. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SPAN'IEL, V. i. To fawn ; to cringe ; to be obse- 
 quious. 
 
 SPAN'IEL, JI. U To follow like a spaniel. 
 SPAN'IEL-ING, ppr. Following like a spaniel. 
 SPAN'ISH, a. Pertaining to Spain. 
 SPAN'ISH, 71. The language of Spain. 
 SP.\N'lSlI-BROO.M, 71. A shrub of the genus spar- 
 
 tium, thickly set with verdant, flexible, rush-like 
 
 twigs. Loudon. 
 SPAN'ISII-BROWN, 71. A species of earth used in 
 
 paints. Its color depends upon the sesquoxyd of 
 
 iron. 
 
 SPAN'ISH-FLY , n. A coleopterous insect, the Can- 
 thaiis vesicatoria, used in vesicatories, or composi- 
 tions fiir raising blisters. 
 
 SPAN'ISH-NUT, 71. A bulbous plant, the Mortea 
 Sisyrinchiiim of the south of Europe. Miller. 
 
 SPAN'ISH-WHITE, ti. A white earth from Spain, 
 used in paints. What is so called in New England, 
 is soft carbonate of calcia, or chalk, in fine powder. 
 
 SPANK, ti. (. [W. pange, a blow ; allied perhaps to 
 the vulgar Jaiio-, and found in the Persic] 
 
 1. To strike on the breech with the open hand ; to 
 slap. 
 
 2. v.i. To move with a quick, lively step between 
 a trot and gallop. Orose. 
 
 SPANK'ER, Ti. A small coin. Dcrhanu 
 
 2. In seamen^s language, the after-sail of a ship or 
 bark, being a fore-and-aft sail, attached to a gaff; 
 formerly called Driver. Tolten. 
 
 3. One that takes long strides in walking ; also, a 
 stout person, HalliwcU. 
 
 SPANK'ING, ppr. Striking with the open hand ; 
 moving with a quick, lively pace. 
 2. a. Large; stout. [Vulgar.] HalliwcU. 
 SPAN'-LONG, a. Of the length of a span. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 SPAN'NKD, (spand,) pp. Mc.isured with the hand. 
 SPAN'NER, 71. One that spans. 
 
 2. The lock of a fusee or carbine ; or the fusee 
 itself. Bailey. Bowering. 
 
 3. An iron instrument used in the manner of a 
 lever to tighten the nuts upon screws. Brande. 
 
 SPAN'-NEW, ( nu,) a. [G. spanncn; allied perhaps to 
 spangle] 
 
 Ciuito new ; probably Brioht-new. 
 
 SPAN'NING, ppr. IMij'asiiriiig with the hand : en- 
 compassing with the fingers. 
 
 SPAN'-ROOF, 71. A conimtm roof, having eaves on 
 two sides. Qwilt. 
 
 SP.\N'-VVORM, 71. Another name for the caiiker- 
 worin, of various species, (which see ;) so called from 
 its peculiar mode of progression. 
 
 SPAR, 71. (1). jtpar, a rafter; B shingle ; G. sparren, a 
 spar, a rafter ; Dan. spar, a spar, a small beam, the 
 bar of a gate; Sw. .vpiirrs, a rafter; Fr. bnrre ; It. 
 sbarra, a ban Sp. e.«porr, a fossil; espar, a drug. If 
 this woril is connected with sjmre, the primary sense 
 is probably thin. The sense of ftar and .s-piir is, how- 
 ever, more generally derived from thrusting, shoot- 
 ing in length ; so .fpfar likewise. See Bah.] 
 
 1. Any earthy mineral that breaks with regular 
 Biirfaces, and has stiiiie degree of luster ; a crystal- 
 lized earthy mineral of a shining luster. It is the 
 German siialh. Dana. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
SPA 
 
 3. Anion); seamen, a general term fur mast!), yards, 
 booms, and piilFs. Tutten. 
 
 3. Aiiionj; olil arcliitccLi, a piece of timber of vari- 
 ous liinils ; still used locally for raUers. 
 
 Glox.i. of Archil. 
 
 4. Tlie bar of a gate or door. [ Obs.] Chaucer. 
 SPAR, x>. £. [Sax. sfarran ; G. sperreii ; from spar.] 
 
 To bar ; to sliut close, or fasten with a bar. [ Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 SPAR, V. i. [Sax. spirian, to arguo, or dispute, to as- 
 pire ; Kiiss. sporyu, to dispiitCj to contend ; U spar- 
 nam. The Saxon word .signifies, to dispute, aVso to 
 investigate, to inquire, or explore, to follow after. 
 This is another form of the L. spiro, Gr. a-raifiio, 
 (nr£if)i.). The primary sense is, to urge, drive, throw, 
 propel.] 
 
 1. To dispute ; to quarrel in words ; to wrangle. 
 [ ThLs is Ihe sense of the word in Jlmerica.] 
 'J. To fight with prelusive strokes. Johnson. 
 SPAR'A-HLE, 71. [.s/jurruw-JiU, from the shape.] The 
 
 name of shoemakers' nails. 
 SPAR'A-UKAP, n. [Fr.] A cere-cloth. [JVot Eng- 
 lish-l 
 
 SPAR'A^CUJS i Sec AsPAnA.,u9. [ralirar.] 
 SPARE, I), t. [Sax. sparian ; D. spaaren; G. sparen ; 
 Dan. .fpnrcr ; Sw. spara : Fr. rpara/rner. It seems to 
 be from the «amc root as I,, parco ; It. spara^nare.] 
 
 1. To use frugally ; not to be profuse ; not to 
 waste. 
 
 Tliou Ihy Fallier's thunder diiUt not tjjare. Miiton. 
 
 2. To save or withhold from any particular use or 
 occupation. He has no bread to spare, that is, to 
 witliliold fruin his necessary uses. 
 
 All tlie lime lie coiiUl tjiare from the necesstiry cup's of hii 
 weifflity ciiargo, he beiitowcd ou pruycr uiid ('-rviii^ of 
 God. Ktiolles. 
 
 3. To part with without much inconvenience j to 
 do without. 
 
 1 coulkl h.ive better spared s. better num. Shak. 
 Nor ctii we sjnre you long. Dryden 
 
 4. To omit ; to forbear. We might have spared 
 this toil and expense. 
 
 Be pleased your politics to apart. Dryden, 
 
 5. To use tenderly ; to treat with pity and forbear- 
 ance; to forbear to alflict, punish, or destroy. 
 
 Spare us, good Lonl. Coin, Prayer. 
 
 Dim sr\dti(-s5 did not spare 
 Celestial vimifis. Milton. 
 But man alone can whom he conquere spare. Waller. 
 
 6. Not to take when in one's power ; to forbear to 
 destroy ; as, to spare the life of a prisoner. 
 
 7. To grant ; to allow ; to indulge. 
 
 Wltere an^y Jove <lid never spare 
 One breath of kind and icnipertte air. 
 
 8. To forbear to inflict or impose. 
 
 Sjxtre my si^ht the pain 
 Of seeing what a wurtd oT tears it cost you. 
 
 Hoseommon. 
 
 Who at some times spend, at others spare, 
 Divided between cvreicssness and Ciire. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SPARE, r. t. To live frugally ; to be parsimonious. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. To forbear ; to be scrupulous. 
 
 To pincit and eat my fill 1 spared not. Milton. 
 
 3. To be frugal ; not to be profuse. 
 
 4. To use mercy or forbearance ; to forgive ; to be 
 tender. 
 
 The king — was sparing and compassionate toward his subjects. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SPARE, a. [Sax. sparr.] 
 
 1. Scanty ; parsimonious ; not abundant ; as, a 
 spare diet. 
 
 He was spare, but discreet of speech. Cbreir. 
 [We more generally use, in the hatter application, 
 Sparing ; as, he was sparintr of words.] 
 
 2. That can be dispensed with ; not wanted ; su- 
 perfluous. I have no spare time on my hands. 
 
 If that no »;>are clothes he had to give. Spenser, 
 
 3. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency ; 
 as, a spare anchor. 
 
 4. Lean ; wanting flesh ; meager ; thin. 
 
 0, give me your spare men, uid spare mc Uie great ones. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. Slow. [Abt in use, or local,] Grose. 
 SPARE, n. Parsimony ; frugal use. [JVot in ii.-c] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 iVXK'EV>,pp. Dispensed with i saved; forborne. 
 BPaRE'LY, adv. Sparingly. MUton. 
 SPARE'NESS, n. State of being lean or thin j lean- 
 ness. Hammond. 
 BPAR'ER, n. One that avoids unnecessary expense. 
 
 Wotton. 
 
 SPaRE'-RIB, n. [D. spi>r, a muscle, and rib.] 
 
 The piece of a hog taken from the side, consisting 
 of the ribs with little flesh on them. 
 fiPAR-GE-FAC'TlON, n. [I,, spargo, to sprinkle.] 
 The act of sprinkling. (JVot u.ied.] Diet 
 SPXR'-UUNG, a. Hung with spar, as a cave. 
 
 Holmes 
 
 SPA R'ING, ppr. Using frugally ; forbearing ; omitting 
 to punish or destroy. 
 
 SPA 
 
 3. a. Scarce ; little. 
 
 Of this there Is with you sparing memory, or none. Bacon. 
 
 3. Scanty; not plentiful; not abundant; as, a 
 sparintr diet. 
 
 4. Saving ; parsimonious. 
 
 Virgil, being so very sparing of his words, and leavinfr so much 
 to be imagined by die n adcr, can never be translate,! as ho 
 ought in any modern tongue. l>rytUn, 
 
 SPAR'ING-LY, ado. Not abundantly. Shak. 
 3. Frugally ; parsimoniously ; not lavishly. 
 Iligli titles of honor were, in tlie Iting's minority, sparinglu 
 gnmted, because dignity tlieii wnit-'d on desert. Ilayroard, 
 Coininend but sparingly whom Uiou dost love. Deiihajn, 
 
 3. Abstinently ; moderately. 
 
 Christians are obliged to taste even the Innocent pleasures of life 
 but sparingly, Atterbury, 
 
 4. Seldom ; not frequently. 
 
 The morality of a grave sentence, affected by Luean, Is more 
 spari;igly used by Virgil. Dryden. 
 
 .5. Cautiously ; tenderly. Bacon. 
 SPAR'ING-NESS, n. Parsimony ; want of liberality. 
 
 2. Caution. Barrow. 
 SPXIIK, 71. [Sax. spearc; D. spartelrn, to flutter, to 
 sparkle ; Dan. sparkrr, to wince, or kick. The sense 
 is, that which shoots, darts ofi", or scatters ; probably 
 allied to L. spargo and Riiss. sverkatjn.] 
 
 1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance which 
 is emitted from bodies in combustion, and which ei- 
 ther ascends with the smoke, or is darted in another 
 direction. Pope. 
 
 2. A small, shining body or transient liglit. 
 
 We have here and there a little clear light, and some sparks of 
 bright knowledge. Locks. 
 
 3. A small portion of any thing active. If any 
 spark of life is yet remaining:. 
 
 4. A very small portion. If you have a spark of 
 generosity. 
 
 5. A brisk, showy, gay man. 
 
 The finest sparks ami cleanest beaux. Prior. 
 
 6. A lover. 
 
 SPARK, V. 1. To emit particles of fire ; to sparkle. 
 
 [JVtfi in ^ute.] Spenser. 
 SPARK'FIJL, a. Lively ; brisk ; gay. Camden. 
 SPARK'ISH, a. Airy ; gay. IValsh. 
 
 2. Showy ; well ilressed ; fine. L'Estranire. 
 SPARK'LE, (spArk'l,) 71. A spark. Dryden. 
 
 2. A luminous particle. 
 SPARK'LE, (spirk'l,) v. i. [D. spartelrn.] 
 
 1. To emit sparks ; to send off small ignited parti- 
 cles ; as burning fuel, &c. 
 
 2. To glitter; to glisten; as, a brilliant sparkles; 
 sparkling colors. Locke, 
 
 3. To twinkle ; to glitter ; as, s-parklim; stars. 
 
 4. To glisten ; to exhibit an appearance of anima- 
 tion ; as, the eyes .'sparkle with joy. Milton. 
 
 5. To emit little bubbles, as spirituous liquors ; as, 
 sparkling wine. 
 
 SPARK'LE, r. £. To throw about ; to scatter. [JVot 
 171 use,] Sackville. 
 
 SPARK'LER, n. He or that which sparkles ; one 
 whose eves sparkle. Mdison, 
 
 SPXRK'LET, 71. A small spark. Cotton. 
 
 SPARK'LI-NESS, n. Vivacity. [JVof in «,?e.] .Aubrey, 
 
 SPA RK'LING, ppr. or n. Emitting sparks ; glittering; 
 lively ; as, sparkling wine ; sparklinrr eyes. 
 
 SPARK'LING-LY, adv. With twinkling or vivid bril- 
 liancy. 
 
 SPARK'LING-NESS, n. Vivid and twinkling luster. 
 
 SPAR'Ll.VG, n. A smelt. Cotin-ave. 
 
 SPA'ROin, a. [L. spariLi and Gr. etfoc] 
 
 Like the ^ilt-head ; belonging to that family of spi- 
 nons-finncd fishes which includes the gilt-head and 
 sea-bream. Brande. 
 
 SPAR'RING, n. Prelusive contention, as among box- 
 2. Dispute; slight debate. [ers. 
 
 SPAR'ROVV, n. [Sax. ispeara ; Goth, sparwa ; G. and 
 Dan. Sperling ; Sw. sparf ; probably allied to spear or 
 spare, and so named from its sinallness.] 
 
 The popul.ir name of several small conic-hilled 
 birds which feed on insects and seeds. The com- 
 mon sparrow, or house-sparrow, of Europe, Pyrgita 
 domestica of Cuvier, (Fringilla domestica. Linn.,) is 
 noted for its familiarity antl even impudence, its vo- 
 racity and fecundity. P. Cyc. Jardine. 
 
 SP.'\R'RoW-BILL, n. Small nails ; cast-iron shoe- 
 nails. 
 
 SPAR'RfiW-GRASS ; a corniptionof AspAaanus. 
 Sl'AR'RaW-HAWK, ) n. [Sax. spearhafoc, spear- 
 SPAR'HAWK," i hawk.) 
 
 A small species of short-winged hawk. A popular 
 name of all those falcons whose tarsi are high and 
 scutellated. The Faico Nisus is called sparrow-hawk 
 by way of eminence. 
 SPAR'RV, a. [from .vpar.] Resembling spar, or con- 
 sisting of spar; having a confused crystalline struc- 
 ture ; spatliose. 
 Sparry iron ; carbonate of iron, or spathic iron. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 SPARSE, (spilrs,) a. [L. sparsus, scattered, from 
 
 spargo.] 
 
 1. T hinly scattered ; set or planted here and there ; 
 as, a sparse population. Story. 
 
 SPA 
 
 3. In botany, not opposite, nor alternate, nor in any 
 apparent regular order ; applied to branclu". Iravoa, 
 peduncles, ice. Moftijn. 
 SPARSE, (spiirs,) ». t. To disperse. [JVot in use,] 
 
 Sprnsrr. 
 
 SPARS'f:D, (spirst,) a. Scattered. Lee, 
 SPARS'ED-LY, adp. In a scattered manner. 
 
 Krclyn. 
 
 SPARSE'NEKS, n. Thinness ; scattered slate ; as, 
 sparsrness of population. Story, vol. ii. 70. 
 
 SPAR'TAN,a. Pertaining to ancient Sparta; hence, 
 harily ; undaunted ; as. Spartan souls ; Spartan 
 bravery. 
 
 SPASM, 11. [L. spasmus ; Gr. atraapa, from o-nato, to 
 draw.] 
 
 An abnormal, sudden, and more or less violent 
 but brief ciintractitm of one or more muscles, or 
 muscular fibers. Spasm is either clonic or tonic. In 
 clonic spasm, the muscles or muscular fibers contract 
 and relax alternately in very quick succession, i)ro- 
 diicing the appearance of agitation, ax in epilrp.-nj. 
 In to7iic spa.^n, the muscles or muscular fibers con- 
 tract in a steady and uniform manner, and remain 
 contracted fur a comparatively lung time, as in teta- 
 nus. Some cases of ,fpnsm appear to be intermediate 
 between these two varieties. 
 SPAS-MOD'ie, a. [Gr. aTmapni, spasm, and cii'oc, 
 likeness; implying something which is like .s7>n.vm, 
 \Vitliout being such ; Fr. spasmodiquci It. sjtasnui- 
 dico,] 
 
 Relating to spasm ; consisting in spasm ; as, a 
 .spasmodic affection. 
 SPAS-.M01)'I€, n. A medicine good for removing 
 spasm ; but I believe the word generally employed is 
 A NT! -Spasmodic. 
 SPAS'Tie, a. [Gr. orrnoriKoi.] 
 
 Relating to spasm. [j1 (rrTn preferable to Spas- 
 Monie.] 
 
 SPAS-TIC'I-TY, (-tis'c-te,) n. A state of spasm. 
 2. The tendency to, or cajiability of stilfering 
 spasm. 
 
 SP.M", pret. of Spit, but nearly obsolete. 
 SP.-VT, 71. [from the root of spit ; that which is 
 ejected.] 
 
 1. The young of shell-fish. Woodienrd. 
 
 2. A blow. HntiiiceU. 
 
 3. Hence, a petty combat ; a little (|Uarrel or dis- 
 sension, [jj vulgar use of the word m J^cw Eng- 
 land,] 
 
 SPA-'1'AN"GUS, 71. A genus of pedicellate cchino- 
 
 dermatuiis animals. 
 SPATCH'-COCK, n, [di.s-pauh.] A fowl killed and 
 
 immediately broiled for some sudden occasion. 
 
 Halliwell. 
 
 SPA'THA, ) r, „ ,. , 
 SPaTHK 1 t spallta, a slice.] 
 
 In botany, the calyx of a spadix opening or bursting 
 longitudinally, in form of a sheath. .Vartiin. 
 SPA-TIIA'CEUirs, (-shus,) a. Having that sort of 
 
 calyx railed a spatha. 
 SPATH'ie, a. [G..^ath.] 
 
 Foliated or lamellar. Spathic iron is carboii.ate of 
 iron, an ore of iron having a foliated structure, and 
 a yellowish or brownisii color. Silliman. 
 SPATH'I-FORM, a. [spath and form.] Resembling 
 spar in form. 
 
 The ocherous, spathi/orm, and mineralized forms of unuiite, 
 
 Lavoisier, 
 
 SPATII'dSE, ( a. In botany, having that sort of ca- 
 SPATH'OUS, \ lyx called .-patha. 
 
 2. In mineralogy, having the characters of spar ; 
 sparry. Dana. 
 SPATll'y-LATE See Spatulate. 
 SPa'TIATE, (-shite,) r. i. [L. spatior.] 
 
 To rove ; to ramble. [.Vol in use.] Baron, 
 SP.^T'TER, V, t, [This root is a derivative of the 
 family of .•'pit, or L. pateo. See Spi tter.] 
 
 1. To scatter a litpiid substance on ; to sprinkle 
 with w.ater or any fluid, or with any moist and dirty 
 matter ; as, tti .•.-palter a coat ; to s-pattcr the floor ; to 
 spatter the boots with mud. [This word, I believe, 
 is applied always to fluid or moist substances. We 
 say, to spatter with water, mud, blood, or gravy ; but 
 never to spatter with dust or meal.] 
 
 2. Figuratively, to as[)crse ; to defame. [In this 
 sense, Aspebse is generally used.] 
 
 3. To throw out any thing offensive ; as, to .tpntter 
 foul siTecches. [jVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 4. To scatter about ; as, to spatter water here and 
 there. 
 
 SP.AT'TER, V. i. To throw out of the mouth in a 
 scattered manner ; to sputter, [See Sputter.] 
 
 .Vilton, 
 
 SPAT'TER-DASH-ES, n. pi, [.tpaffw and dash.] 
 
 Coverings for the legs, to keep them clean from 
 w.ater and mud. [Since boots are generally worn, 
 these things and their name are little used.] 
 SPAT'TER-£D, pp. Sprinkled or fouled by some 
 liquid or dirty substance. 
 2. Aspersed. 
 
 SPAT'TER-ING, ppr. Sprinkling with moist or foul 
 matter. 
 2. .Aspersing. 
 SPAT'TLE, n. Spittle. [A'oi in use.] Bate, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; 8 as Z : CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 1059 
 
SPE 
 
 BPAT'TLING-POP'Py, n. A plant, Silene inflata. 
 SPAT'U-LA, ) n. [L. spatliula, spaika, a slice ; W 
 SPAT^TLE, j yspodol ; from the root of L. pateo ; so 
 
 named from its breadth, or from its use in spreading 
 
 things.] 
 
 A slice ; an apothecary's instrument for spreading 
 plasters, &c. Q^uincy, 
 SPAT'U-LaTE, a. [from L. spathula.] 
 
 In natural history, shaped like a spatula or battle- 
 dore, being roundish, with a long, narrow, linear 
 base ; as, the leaf of Cistus incanus. Martyn. 
 SPAVIN, lu [It. spavenio, spavano, spavin, a cramp j 
 Fr. eparoin ; bp. espararan ; Port, esparavam.] 
 
 A swelling in or near some of the joints of a 
 horse, by wliich lameness is produced. 
 
 Farm. En eye. 
 
 SPAV'IN-£D, 0. Affected with spavin. GoldsmUh. 
 SPAW, n. See Spa. 
 
 SPAVVL, V. i. [G. speickel, spawl ; speien, to spawl, to 
 spew. Spew is a contracted word.] 
 
 To throw saliva from the mouth in a scattering 
 form ; to disperse spittle in a careless, dirty manner. 
 Wliy must he sputler, spawl, and slaver it f Sm/t. 
 
 SPAWL, n. Saliva or spittle thrown out carelessly. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 9. A fragment of stone. 
 SPAWL'ING, ppr. Throwing spittle carelessly from 
 the mouth. 
 
 SPAWL'ING, 71. Saliva thrown out carelessly. * 
 SPAWN, n. [It has no plural. If this word is not 
 contracted, it belongs to the root of L. pono, Sp. 
 poner, Fr. pondre, to lay eggs. If contracted, it 
 probably belongs to the root of spew or spawl. The 
 radical sense is, that which is ejected or thrown 
 out.] 
 
 1. The eggs of fish or frogs when ejected. Ray. 
 
 2. Any product or olfspring ; an ezpression of con- 
 tempt. Roscommon. 
 
 3. In English gardening, the buds or branches pro- 
 duced from underground stems; also, the white fi- 
 brous matter forming the matrix from which fungi 
 are produced. P. Cyc. 
 
 SPAWN, V. U To produce or deposit, as fishes do 
 their eggs. 
 
 2. To bring forth ; to generate ; in contempt 
 
 Swift. 
 
 SPAWN, V. i.' To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs. 
 
 2. To issue, as offspring ; in contempt. Locke. 
 SPAWN'£D, pp. Produced or deposited, as the eggs 
 
 ol' fish or frogs. 
 SPAWN'ER, 71. The female fish. 
 
 The spamner aod Ihe meiter of tlie barbel cover their spawn with 
 t.in.l. Walton. 
 
 SPAY, (spa,) 7T. (. [W. yspaiu, to exhaust; dyspaiu, 
 
 to geld ; Arm. spaia or spahein, to geld ; L. spado, a 
 
 gelding; Gr. (rTr.ioj, to draw out.] 
 To extirpate the ovaries of a female. 
 SPaV ED, pp. Having the ovaries extirpated. 
 SPaY'I.NG, ppr. Extirpating the ovaries. 
 SPkAK, (speek,) v. i. ; pret. Spoke, (Spake, nearly 
 
 oils. ;) pp. Spoke, Spoken. [Sax. sp(Ecan, .specan It. 
 
 spiccar le parole, to speak distinctly ; spiccare, to 
 
 shine, that is, to shoot or thrust forth ; Eth. 
 
 sabak, to preach, to teach, to proclaim. The S\v, has 
 spa, Dan. spaer, to foretell. It is easy to see that 
 the root of this word is allied to that of Bear, Peak, 
 Pick.! 
 
 1. To utter w<)rds or articulate sounds, as human 
 beings ; to express thoughts by words. Children 
 learn to speak at an early a;;e. The organs may be 
 £0 ob:sLructed, that a man may not be able to speak. 
 
 Sptak, Lorii, for thy rTvaul lif-mth. — I Sam. iii. 
 
 9. To utter a speech, discourse, Or harangue; to 
 utter thonghLs in a public assembly. A man may be 
 well infdrmod uu a subject, and yet too diffident to 
 speaJi in public. 
 
 Many of (he nobilitpr made th^fnielvi popular by §peaking in 
 mrtiam'MH aguuit Ihuc thing! wliich were most gr.tu-rul to 
 Ilia majetty. Clarendon. 
 
 3. To talk ; to expre&j opinions ; to dispute 
 
 An hoiK'ft man, iir, u able to speak for hiiiiself, when th'' Vnairc 
 ii not. Sliok. 
 
 4. To discourse ; to matcc m&nlion of. 
 
 Lucm tpeakt of a part of 0;«;u''* ajray th.-xl Ciime to him from 
 
 (hft f^-K.an \.:\Vi-. AtUhson. 
 Thr Bcripture tpeak§ only of ihoBC to wiiom it »p**iik». 
 
 5. To give sound. 
 
 Mike all your trumpet* tpeak. Shak. 
 
 To trpeak with; to converse with. Let roe speak 
 irith my son. 
 
 BPkAK, v. l To utter with the mouth ; to pronounce ; 
 to utter articulately \ uh human beings. 
 
 They «at d'jwn with hini on the gro»iri<l vvrn <\i\ya and mtco 
 
 nlKliU, and nonr tpai* a wunl unto him. — Jub li. 
 SyytaM Oic wu/il only, ami my •'^n ahall be Iwalrd. — Malt. tU. 
 
 2. To declare ; to proclnim ; to celebrate. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 It ii my fnthcr'a mutic 
 To »p«ak your cIt*!*. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. To talk or converse in ; to utter or pronounce, 
 
 SPE 
 
 as in conversation. A man may know how to read 
 and to understand a language which be can not 
 speak. 
 
 4. To address ; to accost. 
 
 He will smile upon Uiee, put thee in hope, and tptak thee fiiir. 
 
 EccloM. 
 
 5. To exhibit ; to make known. 
 
 Lei he.iven'a wide circuit epeaJc 
 The Maker's high niapiificence. Milton. 
 
 6. To express silently, or by signs. The lady's 
 looks or eyes speak the meaning or wishes of her 
 heart. 
 
 7. To communicate ; as, to speak peace to the soul. 
 To speak a ship ; to hail and speak to her captain 
 
 or commander. 
 
 JVote. — We say, to speak a word or syllable, to 
 speak a sentence, an oration, piece, composition, or a 
 dialogue, to speak a man's praise, &.c. ; but we never 
 say, to speak an argument, a sermon, or a story. 
 SPeAK'A-BLE, a. That can be spoken. 
 
 2. Having the power of speech. Milton. 
 SPeAK'ER, 71. One that speaks, in whatever manner. 
 
 2. One that proclaims or celebrates. 
 
 No other speaker of my living actioni. Shak. 
 
 3. One that utters or pronounces a discourse; usu- 
 ally, one that utters a speech in public. We say, a 
 man is a good speaker, or a bad speaker. 
 
 4. The person wlio presides in a deliberative as- 
 sembly, preserving order and regulating the debates ; 
 as, tlie speaker of the house of commons ; the speaker 
 of a house of representatives.' 
 
 SPeAK'ER-SHIP, n. The office of speaker. 
 SPeAK'ING, ppr. Uttering words ; discoursing ; talk- 
 ing. 
 
 SPeAK'ING, n. The act of uttering words ; dis- 
 course. 
 
 2. In colleges, public declamation. 
 SPeAK'ING-TRU.MP'ET, 71. A trumpet by which 
 
 the sound of the human voice may be propagated to 
 
 a great distance. 
 SPeAR, 71. [Sax. speare, spcre ; D. and G. speer; Dan. 
 
 spiET ; W. yspar, from p&r, a spear. So W. ber is a 
 
 spear, and \ spit, that which shoots to a point. 
 
 Class Br.] 
 
 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunt- 
 ing, by thrusting or throwing ; a lance. 
 
 Milton. Pope. 
 
 2. A sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for 
 stabbing fish and other animals. Carew. 
 
 3. A shoot, as of grass ; usually. Spire. 
 SPeAR, v. U To pierce with a spear ; to kill with a 
 
 spear ; as, to spear a fish. 
 SPEAR, t). i. To shoot into a long stem. [See Spire.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 SPeAR'£D, pp. Pierced or killed with a spear. 
 
 SPeAR'-FOOT, n. [spear and fooU] The far foot be- 
 hj^nd ; used of a horse. Encye. 
 
 SPeAR'-GRXSS, 71. [spear and jrass.] A long, stiff 
 grass. Shak. 
 
 2. In New England, this name is given to a spe- 
 cies of Poa, a large, smooth-stalked meadow grass. 
 
 SPeAR'ING, ppr. Piercing or killing with a spear. 
 
 2. Shooting into a long stem. 
 
 SPeAR'M AN, 71. [syjcar and 77ian.] One who is armed 
 
 with a spear. Ps. Ixviii. 
 SPeAR'MINT, 71. [.'.pear and mi7it.] A plant, Men- 
 tha viridis ; a species of mint. 
 SPi?.AR'-THIS-TLE, (-this-l,) 7i. A plant. 
 SPeAR'WORT, (-wurt,) 71. A plant ; the popular 
 
 name of the Ranunculus Hammula. 
 SPECHT, (71. A woodpecker. [JVot in use, or local.] 
 SPEIGHT, i Sherwood. 
 SPE"CIAL, (spesh'al,) a. [Fr. ; It. speiiale; Sp.es- 
 pecial ; from L. specialis, from species, form, figure, 
 sort, from specio, to see. Hence species, primarily, is 
 appearance, that which is presented to the eye. This 
 word and Especial are the same.] 
 1. Designating a species or sort. 
 
 A special idea is called hy the schoola a species. WatU. 
 9. Particular; peculiar; noting something more 
 than ordinary. She smiles with a special grace. 
 
 Our Savior in represented every where in Scripture as the special 
 patron of Ihe poor ami aiilicted. AUerbury. 
 
 3. Appropriate ; designed for a particular purpose. 
 A private grant is made by a special act of parliament 
 or of congress. 
 
 4. Cuiifmed to some particular class of subjects ; 
 ns, a sj)ecial dictionary, as one of medicine or law. 
 
 5. Extraordinary; uncommon. Our charities should 
 be universal, but chiefly exercised on special oppor- 
 tunities. S;)i-a£. 
 
 C. Chief in excellence. 
 
 The klnj hsih drawn 
 The spsciat iieati of all the lanil together. ShaJt. 
 
 Special administration, in law, is one in which the 
 power of an ndiniiiistrntur is limited to the adminis- 
 tration of certain specific effects, and not the effects 
 in general, of the di'cettsrd. BlacksUme. 
 
 Special bail consists of actual sureties recognized 
 to answer for Ihe appearance of a |H>rson in court, as 
 dietinguistaed from common bail, which is nominal. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 SPE 
 
 Special bailiff is a bailiff appointed by the sheriff, 
 for making arrests and serving processes. 
 
 Special contract. See Specialty. 
 
 Special demurrer is one in w hich the cause of de- 
 murrer is particularly stated. 
 
 Special arace : the renewing and sanctifying influ- 
 ences of the Holy Spirit, as tlistinguished from com- 
 mon grace, which only awakens and convicts. 
 
 Edwards. 
 
 Special imparlance is one in which there is a saving 
 of all exceptions to the writ or count, or of .all excep- 
 tions whatsoever. Blackstone. 
 
 Special jury is one which is called uptm motion of 
 either party, when the cause is supposed to require 
 it. Blackstone. 
 
 Special matter in evidence ; the particular facts in 
 the case on which the defendant relies. 
 
 Special plea, in bar, is a plea which sets forth the 
 particular farts or reasons why the plaintiff's de- 
 mand should be barred, as a release, accord, &c. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Special pleading : the allegation of special or new 
 matter, as distinguished from a direct denial of the 
 matter alleged on the opposite side. Bonder. 
 
 Special property : a qualified or limited property, as 
 the property which a man acquires in wild animals 
 by reclaiming them from wildness. 
 
 Special session of a court ; an extraordinary session ; 
 a session beyond the regular stated sessions ; or, in 
 corporations and counties in England, a petty session 
 held by a few justices for dispatching small business, 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 Special statute is a private act of the legislature, 
 such as respects a private person or individual. 
 
 Spej:ial tad is where a gift is restrained to certain 
 heirs of the donee's body, and does not descend to 
 the heirs in general. Blackstone. 
 
 Special verdict is a verdict in which the jury find 
 the facts, and state them as proved, but leave the 
 law arising from the facts to be determined by the 
 court. Another method of finding a special verdict 
 is when the jury find a verdict generally for the 
 plaintiff, but subject to the opinion of the court on a 
 special case stated by the counsel on both sides, with 
 regard to a matter of law. Blackstone. 
 
 Special warrant ; a warrant to take a person and 
 bring him before a particular justice who granted the 
 warrant. 
 
 SPE"CIAL, 71. A particular. [JVot used.] Hammond. 
 
 SPE"CIAL-IZE, (spesh'al'ize,) v. t. To mention 
 specially. [JVoI in use.] Sheldon. 
 
 SPE"CIAL-LY, (spesh'al-le,) adv. Particularly ; in a 
 manner beyond what is common, or out of the ordi- 
 nary course. Every signal deliverance from danger 
 ought to be j.7)ecia;/i/ noticed as a divine interposition. 
 
 2. For a particular purpose. A meeting of the leg- 
 islature is specially summoned. 
 
 3. Chiefly ; especially. 
 SPE"CIAL-TY, (spesh'al-ty,) 71. Particularity. 
 
 Spscialty of rule hath been neglected. ShaJt. 
 
 2. A particular or peculiar case. 
 
 JVote — This word is now little used in the senses 
 above. Its common acceptation is, 
 
 3. A special contract; an obligation or bond; the 
 evidence of a debt by deed or instrument under seal. 
 Such a debt is called a debt by specialty, in distinc- 
 tion from simple contract. Blackstone. 
 
 SPe'CIE, (spe'shy,) 71. Coin; copper, silver, or gold 
 coined, and used as a circulating medium of com- 
 merce^ [See Special.] 
 
 SPe'CIES, (spe'shez,) n. [L., from specio, to see. 
 See Special.] 
 
 1. In scientific classification, a group of such indi- 
 viduals as have an essential identity in all qualities 
 proceeding from their ultimate constitution or na- 
 ture. 
 
 In zoology and botany, all individuals that are pre- 
 cisely alike in every character not capable of change 
 by any accidental circumstances, and capable of uni- 
 form, invariable, and permanent continuance by nat- 
 ural propagation. 
 
 All changes produced by accidental causes, in in- 
 dividuals of a species, and which are not capable of 
 uniform, invariable, and permanent continuance by 
 natural propagation, indicate and mark what are 
 called Varieties. 
 
 There are aa many speciss ns there are different invarialile forms 
 or Blruclures of vegetables. Martyn. 
 
 2. In logic, a special idea, corresponding to the 
 specific distinctions of things in nature. Ifatts. 
 
 3. Sort; kind; in a loose sense ; as, a .<;)cn>s of low 
 cunning in the world ; a species of generosity ; a 
 species of cloth. 
 
 4. Appearance to the senses ; visible or sensible 
 representation. 
 
 An nppurrnt diversilT between Ihe specits visible and audible, is 
 tint the visible uolh not mingle in the medium, but the au. 
 dilile doth. Bacon. 
 
 The spsdss ol tetten illuminated with indigo and riolet. [LitU* 
 uaed.\ PtsiBton. 
 
 5. Representation to the mind. 
 
 Wit — the facility of imagination in the writer, which searches 
 over all the memory ror the tpscits or iileas of Uiose Uiiiigs 
 which it designs to represent. \LiULt ussd.\ Drydsn. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PHfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1060 
 
SPE 
 
 SPE 
 
 SPE 
 
 6. Show ; visible exhibition. 
 
 Showi and tytciti lerre bnt vilh Ihe common people. {Not in 
 utt.\ Bacon, 
 
 7. Coin, or coined silver and gold, used as a circu- 
 lating medium ; as, the current species of Europe. 
 
 ArbuthnoU 
 
 In modern practice, this word is contracted into 
 Specie. What quantity of sytede has the bank in 
 its vault? What is the amount of all the current 
 specie in the country.' What is the value in specie 
 of a bill of exchange We receive payment for 
 goods in specie, not in bank notes. 
 
 8. In pharmacy, a simple ; a component part of a 
 compound medicine. Johnson. Quincy. 
 
 9. The old pharmaceutical term for powders. Parr. 
 app CIP'If i 
 
 spE-ciF'ie-AL, i 'P'"-fiV" ' •y^i-fico-] 
 
 1. That makes a thing of the species of which it 
 is ; designating the peculiar property or properties of 
 a thing, which constitute its species, and distinguish 
 it from other things. Thus we say, the specif c form 
 of an animal or a plant ; Ihe specific form of a cube 
 or square ; Ihe specific qualities of a plant or a drug ; 
 the specific dilierence between an acid and an alkali ; 
 the specific distinction between virtue and vice. 
 
 Sptctjtc (Uffrrrnce it that primary attribate which distin£riiishea 
 Racb specie! frum one nitolher. WoUm. 
 
 2. That specifies or particularizes ; as, a specific 
 statement. 
 
 3. In viedicine, curing disease upon some principle 
 peculiarto the supposed specific, a principle not com- 
 mon to two or more remedies ; or infallibly curing 
 all cases of certain diseases, to which the specific is 
 deemed appropriate. 
 
 Specific character ; in botany, a circumstance or cir- 
 cumstances distingui.'^hing one species from every 
 other species of the same genus. .Martyn. 
 
 Specific parity ; in pAi7o>-(>7>Ai/, the weight that be- 
 longs to an equal bulk of each body. [See Grat- 
 
 ITT.] 
 
 Specific vame, in botany, is the trivial name, as dis- 
 tinguished from the rreneric name. Jfartyn. 
 
 Specific name is now used for the name which, ap- 
 pended to the name of the genus, constitutes the 
 distinctive name'of the species ; but it was originally 
 applied by Linnxus to the essential character of the 
 species, or the essential difference. The present spe- 
 cific name lie at first called the trivial name. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 SPE-CIF'IG, V. In medicine, a remedy that cures dis- 
 eases upon some principle peculiar to itself, and not 
 common to any two or more remedies. 
 
 2. A remedy which infallibly cures all cases of 
 certain -liseascs, to which it is deemed appropriate. 
 No such ti.ing as a specific, in either of these senses, 
 exists. 
 
 SPE CIF'ie-AL-LY, arfi-. In such a manner as to 
 constitute a species; according to the nature of the 
 species. A body is specifically lighter than another, 
 when it has less weight in the same bulk than the 
 other. 
 
 Human reajon — difTera tptcifiatlly from the fanuistic reason of 
 brutes. Grei». 
 
 Those seTcnit Tirtiiet that are tpeczJlatUy requisite to a due per. 
 forniance of duly. Soutn. 
 
 2. Definitely ; particularly. 
 SPE-CIF'ie-ATE, V. L [L. species, form, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 To show, mark, or designate the species, or the 
 distinguishing particulars of a thing ; to specify. 
 SPEC-I-FI eA'TION, n. The act of determining by 
 a mark or limit; notation of limits. 
 
 This tpecijlcation or limitation of the question hinden the diapu- 
 lert Iroia wandering away from the precise point of inquiry. 
 
 Waat. 
 
 2. The act of specifying ; designation of particu- 
 lars ; particular mention ; as, the specification of a 
 charge against a military or naval officer. 
 
 3. A written statement containing a minute de- 
 scription or enumeration of particulars, as of charges 
 against a public officer, or the terms of a con- 
 tract, &c. 
 
 4. Article or thing specified. 
 SPE-CIF'ie-NESS,n. Particular mark of distinction. 
 
 I .^nnot. on OlanviUe. 
 
 ' SPEC'I-FI-CT), pp. or a. Particularized ; specially 
 named. _ 
 
 SPEC'I-FY, r. U [Ft. specifier; It. spedfieare.] 
 
 To mention or name, as a particular thing ; to des- 
 ignate in words, so as to distinguish a thing from 
 I every other ; as, to specify the uses of a plant ; to 
 j specify the articles one wants to purchase. 
 
 He has there pi^en us an exact ffeofraphy of Greece, where the 
 countries and the uses of their s<^ils are tptcifitd. Pop*. 
 
 SPEC'I-F?-ING, ppr. Naming or designating partic- 
 ularly. 
 
 PPEC'I-MEN, n. [L., from species, with the termina- 
 tion men, which corresponds in sense to the English 
 hood or nest.] 
 
 A sample; a part or small portion of any thing, 
 latended to exhibit the kind, and quality of the 
 whole, or of something not exhibited ; as, a specimen 
 
 of a man's handwriting ; a specimen of painting or 
 composition ; a .tpeeimeit of one's art or skill. 
 SPE'CIOUS, (spS'shus,) a. [Pt. specieuz ; It. specioso ; 
 Sp. especioso ; L. speciostis.] 
 
 1. Showy ; pleasing to the view. 
 
 The rest, far greater part, 
 Will deem In outward riles and tptciout forma 
 Ileli^ion latistied. Milton. 
 
 2. Apparently right ; superficially fair, just, or 
 correct; plausible ; appearing well at first view ; as, 
 specious reasoning ; a .specious argument ; a specious 
 objection ; specious deeds. Temptation is of greater 
 danger, because it is covered with the speeioiLs names 
 of good nature, good manners, nobleness of niind,&c. 
 
 SPE'CIOUS LY, (spS'shus-,) adv. With a fair ap- 
 pearance ; with show of right ; as, to reason spe- 
 ciously. 
 
 SPe'CIOUS-NESS, n. Plausible appearance ; fair 
 external show ; as, the speciouxness of an argument. 
 
 SPECK, 7U [Sax. specca ; D. spikkel. In Sp. peca is a 
 freckle or spot raised in the skin by the sun. This 
 word may be formed from peck, for peckled has been 
 used fur speckled, spotted as though jiecked. Clu. 
 
 Ar. ^a'fa, to be spotted. Class Bg, No. 31.] 
 
 1. A spot ; a stain ; a small place in any thing that 
 is discolored by foreign matter, or is of a color difler- 
 ent from that of the main substance; as, a speck on 
 paper or cloth. 
 
 2. A very small thing. 
 
 SPECK, V. t. To spot ; to stain in spots or drops. 
 SPECK'LE, (spek'l,) n. A little spot in any thing, of 
 
 a different substance or color from that of the thing 
 
 itself. 
 
 SPECK'LE, r. e. To mark with small spots of a dif- 
 ferent color; used chiefly in the participle passive, 
 which see. 
 
 SPECK'LKD, (spek'ld,)pp. or a. Marked with s[)ecks ; 
 
 variegated with spots of a different color fioiii the 
 
 ground or surface of the object ; as, the speckled 
 
 breast of a bird ; a speckled serpent. 
 
 Speckled bird ; a denomination given to a person 
 
 who differs so much from the rompjuiy he is in as to 
 
 be an object of suspicion or distrust. 
 SPECK'LKD-NESS, n. The state of being speckled. 
 SPECK'LING, p/ir. Marking with small spots. 
 SPECKT / 
 
 SPEIGHT i woodpecker. [See Specht.] 
 
 SPEC'TA-'eLE, ( kl,) it. [Fr., from L. spectaeuhim, 
 from specto, to behold ; specio, to see ; It. spettacolo.] 
 
 1. A show ; something exhibited to view ; usually, 
 something presented to view as extraortlinary, or 
 something that is beheld as unusual and worthy of 
 special notice. Thus we call things exhibited for 
 amusement, public spectacles, as the combats of glad- 
 iators in ancient Rome. 
 
 We are made a »p*claele unto the world, and to angels, and to 
 
 men. — I Cor. ir. 
 
 2. Any thing seen ; a sight A drunkard is a 
 shocking spectacle. 
 
 3. Spectacles, in the plural ; an optical instrument 
 consisting of two lenses set in a light frame, and 
 used to assist or correct some defect in the organs of 
 vision. 
 
 4. Figuratively, something that aids the intellectual 
 sight. 
 
 Shakspeare — needed not the tpectaclet of Iwola to read nature. 
 
 Dn/tUn. 
 
 SPEe'TA-CLED, o. Furnished with spectacles. Shak. 
 SPEe-TA€'l!-LAR, a. Pertaining to shows. Hickes. 
 SPEe-TA'TION, n. [L. spectatio.] 
 
 Regard ; respect. [Little used.] Harvey. 
 SPEC-TA'TOR, n. [L., whence Fr. spectateur; It. 
 spettatore.] 
 
 1. One that looks on ; one that sees or beholds ; a 
 behoMer ; as, the spectators of a show. 
 
 2. One personally present. The spectators were 
 numerous. 
 
 SPE€^TA-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the Spectator. 
 
 ..Addison. 
 
 SPEG-TA'TOR-SIIIP, n. The act of beholding. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. The office or quality of a spectator. Addison. 
 SPEe-TA'TRESS, ) , . i 
 
 SPEC-TA'TRIX, Ll^^«'«'^-J 
 
 A female beholder or looker on. Rome. 
 SPECTER, j n. [Fr. spectre; from L. spectnm, from 
 SPECTRE, ( specto, to behold.] 
 
 1. An apparition ; the appearance of a person who 
 is dead ; a ghost. 
 
 The ghosts of traitora from the bridge deacend. 
 With bold fanatic tpectert to rejoice. 
 
 Drydtn 
 
 2. Something made preternaturally visible. 
 SPECTER-Pf:0-PLf;D, ) , .... . 1 a. Peopled with 
 SPEe'TRE-P£0-PL£D, j ("P"^ P'"'^ j ghosts. 
 
 Bowring. 
 
 SPECTRAL, a. Pertaining to a spectre ; ghostly. 
 
 SPECTRUM, n. [L.| A visible form; an image of 
 something seen, continuing after the eves are closed, 
 covered, or turned away. This is called an Ocular 
 Spectrum. Dancin. 
 
 2. The elongated figure, formed in a dark chamber, 
 of the seven prismatic colors, into which a beam of 
 the sun's light is decomtK>sed, by admitting it through 
 an opening in the window-shutter, and lititing It 
 fall oil a prism. Ulm.Hed. 
 SPECy-I.AR, a. [L. specularis, from speculum, a 
 mirror, from specio, to see.] 
 
 1. Having the qualities of a speculum or mirror; 
 having a smooth, reflecting surface ; as, a specular 
 metal ; a specular surface. A''ewtvn. 
 
 2. Assisting sight. [Improper, and not used.] 
 
 Philips. 
 
 3. Affording view. Jtilton. 
 Specular iron ; an ore of iron occurring frequently 
 
 in crystals of a brilliant metallit luster ; the peroxyd 
 of iron ; also called oligist ir»n or rhombohedral iron 
 ore. Dana. 
 SPECIJ-LATE, r. i. [L. specular, to view, to con- 
 template, from specio, to see ; Fr. speculer; It. specu- 
 lare.] 
 
 1. To meditate ; to contemplate; to consider a 
 subject by turning it in Ihe mind and viewing it in 
 its different aspects and relations ; as, to speculate 
 on political events ; to speculate on the probable re- 
 sults of a discovery. AiUiion. 
 
 2. In commerce, to purchase land, goods, stork, or 
 oilier tilings, Willi the rxpertatiou of an advance in 
 price, and of selling the articles with a prolit by 
 means of such advance ; as, to speculate in coffee, or 
 in stii^ar, or in six per cent, stock, or in bank stock. 
 
 SPEC'1.;-LaTE, r. t. To consider attentively ; as, to 
 speculate the nature of a thing. [J^ut in useA 
 
 Broum. 
 
 SPECII-LA-TING, ppr. .Meditating. 
 
 2. Purchasing with the expectation of an advance 
 in [irice. 
 
 SPEC-U-L.a'TION, n. E;:amination by the eye; 
 view. [Little used.] 
 
 2. .Mental view of any thing in its Tarious aspects 
 and relations ; contemplation ; intellectual examina- 
 tion. The events of Ihe day afford matter of serious 
 speculation to the friends of Christianity. 
 
 Th'-ncefurlli to sptculnliont hiifh or deep 
 1 turned iii.T thuugiita. 
 
 Milton 
 
 3. Train of thoughts formed by meditation. 
 
 p'roin iiiin Sucniles dcriTed the principle* of monvlily and moat 
 p. in Iff his natural tp*rulatton». Temptt. 
 
 4. Mental scheme ; theory ; views of a subject not 
 venfieil by fact or [ir.actice. This globe, which was 
 forinrrly rouiul only in speculation, has been circum- 
 navigated. The application of steam to navigation 
 is no longer a matter of mere speculation. 
 
 Sveculationg which orisrinale in rudt, must cad in niin. 
 
 R. Halt. 
 
 5. Power of sight. 
 
 Thou hast no »ptcutalion in those eyes. [Sot in use.] Shati. 
 
 6. In commerce, the act or practice of buying land 
 or goods, &c., in expectation of a rise of price and of 
 selling tlieiii at an advance, as distinguished from a 
 regular trade, in which the profit expected is Ihe 
 difference between tlie retail and wholesale prices, 
 or the tlifference of price in the place where the 
 goods are purchased aifd the place to which they 
 are to be carried for market. In England, France, 
 and America, public stock is the subject of continual 
 speculation. In the United States, a few men have 
 been enriched, but many have been ruined, by specu- 
 lation. 
 
 SPECII-L.\-TIST, n. One who speculates or forma 
 
 theories ; a speculator. Milner. 
 SPECU-LA-TIVE.a. [Ft. speculatif; it speculativo.] 
 
 1. Given to speculation ; contemplative ; applied tt 
 persons, ^ 
 
 The mind ef man beinf by nature tp*cu[ativ4. Hooker. 
 
 2. Tormed by speculation ; theoretical ; ideal ; not 
 verified by fart, experiment, or practice ; as, a scheme 
 merely speculative. 
 
 3. Pertaining to view ; also, prying. Bacm. 
 
 4. Pertaining to speculation in land, goods, tec. 
 SPECU-LA-TlVE-LY,a<io. In contemplation ; with 
 
 meditation. 
 
 2. Ideally ; Iheoretically ; in theory only, not in 
 practice. Propositions seem often to be speculatively 
 true, which experience dties not verify. 
 
 3. In the wav of speculation in lands, goods, &c. 
 SPECtI-LA-TIVE-.\ESS, n. The slate of being 
 
 speculative, or of consisting in speculation only. 
 SPECU-LA-TOR, n. One who speculates or forms 
 theories. More. 
 
 2. An observer ; a contemplator. Brown. 
 
 3. A spy ; a watcher. Broome. 
 
 4. In commerce, one who buvs goods, land, or other 
 things, with Ihe ex[>ectation of a rise of price, and of 
 deriving profit from such advance. 
 
 SPECU-LA-TO-RY, a. Exercising speculation. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 2. Intended or adapted for viewing or cspving. 
 
 Warlon 
 
 SPECIJ-LUM, n. [L. ; G. and V.ipitgel; Sw. tpt- 
 gel ; Dan. speji.] 
 
 1. A mirror or looking-glass. 
 
 2. A mirror employed in optical Instruments, in 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU3. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 133' 
 
 KKKK* 
 
 1061 
 
SPE 
 
 SPE 
 
 which the reflecting surface is formed of a metallic 
 alloy, instead of glass coated with quicksilver. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 3. In STirrrery, an instrument for dilating and keep- 
 iiif: open certain parts of the body. Coze. 
 &PED, preL and pp. of Steed. 
 SPEECH, n. [Sa.\. spue. See Speak.] 
 
 1. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds or 
 words, as in human beings ; the faculty of express- 
 ing thoughts by words or articulate sounds. Speech 
 was given to man by his Creator for the noblest pur- 
 poses. 
 
 2. Language; words as expressing ideas. 
 
 The acts of God to human ears 
 Con not without process of speech be told. hTdton. 
 
 3. A particular language, as distinct from others. 
 Ps. xix. 
 
 4. That which is spoken ; words uttered in con- 
 nection and expressing thoughts. You smile at my 
 
 5. Talk ; mention ; common saying. [speech. 
 
 The duke did of me demand 
 What was the speech among the Londoners 
 Concerning the French jouruej. ShaJe. 
 
 6. Formal discourse in public ; oration ; harangue. 
 The member has made his first speech in the legis- 
 lature. 
 
 7. Any declaration of thoughts. 
 
 I, with leave of speech implored, rephed. ^Tilton. 
 
 SPEECH, I', i. To make a speech ; to harangue. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 SPEECH'I-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. Harangued. 
 
 SPEECH'I-FS', r. i. To make a speech ; to harangue. 
 Tile noun speeckijication is sonv-times used, but like 
 sprecliifii, ratlier as a term of sport or derision. 
 
 SPEi:CH'I-FY-ING, ppr. Haranguing. 
 
 SPEECH'ING, n. The act of making a speech. 
 
 jMoore. 
 
 SPEECH'LESS, a. Destitute or deprived of the fac- 
 ulty of speech. More generally, 
 2. Mute ; silent; not speaking for a time. 
 Speechless with wonder, and half dead with fear. Addison. 
 
 SPEECH'LESS-NESS, n. The state of being speech- 
 less ; muteness. Bacon 
 
 SPEECH'-MaK-ER, n. One who makes speeches ; 
 one who speaks much in a public assembly. 
 
 SPEED, V. i.; pret. and pp. Sfed, Speeded. [Sax. 
 spedian^ spxdan ; D. spoeden; G. spcdireriy to send; 
 Gr. <rT7£i)3M. The L. expedio may be from the same 
 root, which signifies to drive, to hurry, of the fam- 
 ily of L. pcto. Class Bd.] 
 
 1. To make haste ; to move with celerity. ShaJ:. 
 
 2. To have success ; to prosper ; to succeed ; that 
 is, to advance in one's enterprise. 
 
 He that's once deni'-d will hardly speed. ShaJt. 
 Tho3« tlial profaned and abused the second temple, sjied no 
 better. SoitOt. 
 
 3. To have any condition, good or ill ; to fare. 
 
 Ships heretofore in seas like fishes sped ; 
 
 The mightiest still upon the smallest fed. Waller. 
 
 SPEED, V. t. To dispatch ; to send away in haste. 
 
 He sped him thence home to his habitation. Fairfax. 
 
 2. To hasten ; to hurry ; to put in quick motion. 
 But sped his steps along the hoarse-r sounding shon?. Dryden. 
 
 3. To hasten to a conclusion ; to execute ; to dis- 
 patch ; as, to speed judicial acts. Jlyliffc. 
 
 4. To assist ; to help forward ; to hasten. 
 
 With rising gales that sped their happy flight. Dryden. 
 
 5. To prosper ; to cause to succeed. May Heaven 
 speed this undertaking. 
 
 6. To furnish in haste. 
 
 7. To dispatch ; to kill ; to ruin ; to destroy. 
 >yith a speeding thrust his heart he found. Dryden. 
 A dire dilemma ! either way Vm sped 1 
 
 If foes, tliey write, if friends, they read me dead. Pope. 
 
 JVote. — In the phrase "God speed," there is 
 probably a gross mistake in considering it as equiva- 
 lent to '* may God give you success." The true 
 phrase is probably *' n-norf speed;" ffood^ in Saxon, 
 being written god. I bid you or wish you good 
 speed, that is, good success. 
 SPEED, 71. Siviftne.ss ; quickness ; celerity ; applied 
 Ui animals. VVc say, a man or a horse runs or trav- 
 els with speed: a fowl flies with speed. We speak of 
 the speed t>f a fi<li in Ibc water, but we do not speak 
 of the speed of a river, or of winti, or of a falling 
 body. I think, however, I have seen the word ap- 
 plied to the lapse of time and the motion of light- 
 ning, but in poetry only. 
 
 2. Haste ; dinpatrh a<, to perform n journey with 
 rpeed : to execute an order with sjieed. 
 
 3. Rapid pace; as,a horse of .yyiccrf. VVc say, also, 
 high sjteed, full speed. 
 
 4. SucccBs ; prosperity in an undertaking ; favora- 
 ble isauc ; that i», advance to the desired end. 
 
 LonI God of my mniter Abrnham, 1 pray thee, send me t;out\ 
 rpstd this day. — fjen. 3ixi». 
 
 Thm uee la retained in the proverb, " to make 
 more ha-nlc than g(«)tl speedy'*'' and in the Hcriptiirnl 
 phraHC, *' to bid one gwd speedy" [twl God speed, as 
 erroncounly written.] 
 
 SPEED'FJJL, a. Full of speed ; hasty. 
 SPEED'I-LY, ado. Quickly; with haste; in a short 
 time. 
 
 SPEED'I-NESS, n. The quality of being speedy ; 
 quickness ; celerity ; haste ; despatch 
 
 SPEED'WELL, n. A plant of the genus Veronica, 
 one species of which has been much recommended 
 in Sweden and Germany as a substitute for tea. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 SPEED'Y, o. Quick ; swift ; nimble; hasty; rapid 
 in motion ; as, a speedy flight ; on speedy foot. Shuk. 
 
 2. Quick in performance ; not ililatory or slow ; 
 as, a speedy dispatch of business. 
 
 SPEER, V. t. See Spere. 
 
 SPEET, V. L [G. speeten ; from the root of spit.] 
 
 To stab. [JVot ill use.] 
 SPEIGHT, (spite,) n. A woodpecker. [JVot in use, 
 or local.] 
 
 SPEiSS, (spTse,) n. The mineral copper nickel, con- 
 sisting of nickel and arsenic. Ure. 
 
 SPELK, n. [Sax. speic.] 
 
 A splinter; a small stick or rod used in thatching. 
 [Local.] Orose. 
 
 SPELL, 7!. [Sax. spel or spell, a story, narration, fable, 
 speecli, saying, fame, report, sudden rumor, a magic 
 charm or song. Hence irospel. Sax. god-spell. In G. 
 spiel is play, sport; spiclen, to play, D. spcelen, Sw. 
 .^ela, Dan. spillcr. But this is a different application 
 of the same action. The verb primarily signifies to 
 throw or drive, and is probably formed on the root of 
 L,. pello, Gr. (iaXXio. (See Peal and Appeal, and 
 Class I!l, No. 1, Eth.) In some of the applications 
 of spell, we ebserve the sense of turn. We observe 
 the same in throw, warp, cant, &c.] 
 
 1. A story ; a tale. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 2. A charm consisting of some words of occult 
 power. 
 
 Start not ; her actions shall be holy ; 
 
 You hear my spell is lawful. Shak. 
 
 Begin, begin, the mystic spell prepare. Milton. 
 
 3. Among seamen, a turn of work ; relief; turn of 
 duly ; as, take a spell at the pump. 
 
 4. In J^ew England, a short time ; a little time ; 
 the continuance of any kind of weather. [Used 
 among seamen ; not elegant.] J^eio England. 
 
 Their toil is so extreme, that they can not endure it above four 
 hours in a day, but are succeeded by spells. Carew. 
 
 5. A turn of gratuitous labor, sometimes accompa- 
 nied with presents. People give their neighbors a 
 spell. JV>7tJ England. 
 
 SPELL, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Spelled or Spelt. [Sax. 
 spellian, spelligan, to tell, to narrate, to discourse, 
 whicli gives our sense o[ spell in reading letters; 
 «7)f(mn, .fjipJin-ffiit, to take another's turn in labor; D. 
 spellen, to spell, as words ; Fr. epelcr.] 
 
 1. To tell or name the letters of a word, with a 
 proper division of syllables, for the purpose of learn- 
 ing the pronunciation. In this manner children learn 
 to read by first spelling the words. 
 
 2. To write or print with the proper letters ; to 
 form words by correct orthography. 
 
 The word saiire ought to be spelled with i, and not with y. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 3. To take another's place or turn temporarily in 
 any labor or service ; to relieve. [ Used by seamen, 
 and in J^'ew England.] 
 
 4. To charm ; as, spelled with words of power. 
 
 JOnjden. 
 
 5. To read ; to discover by characters or marks ; 
 witli otit; as, to spell out the sense of an autlior. 
 
 Jlliltoiu 
 
 We are not left to spell out a God in the works of creation. 
 
 South. 
 
 6. To tell ; to relate ; to teach. [Jfot in use.] 
 
 Wotton- 
 
 SPELL, 71. i. To form words with the proper letters, 
 either in reading or writing. He knows not how to 
 spell. Our orthography is so irregular that most per- 
 sons never learn to spell. 
 2. To reail. Milton. 
 
 SPELL'BOUiVD, a. Arrested or locked up by a 
 spell. 
 
 SPFPr \ P^'^^' PP* Spell, 
 SPELL'ER, 7j. One that spells; one skilled in spell- 
 ing. 
 
 SPELL'IN'G, ppr. Naming the letters of a word, or 
 writing them ; forming words with their proper let- 
 ters. 
 
 2. Taking another's turn. 
 SPELL'ING, 71. The act of naming the letters of a 
 word, or the act of writing or printing words with 
 their proper letters. 
 
 Q. Orthography ; the manner of forming words 
 with letters. Had spelling is disreputable to a gen- 
 tleman. 
 
 SPELL'ING-IiOOK, 7i. A book for teaching children 
 
 to spell and read. 
 SPELL'-LAND, ti. A land of spells or charms. 
 
 Mrs. Butler. 
 
 SPELT, 71. [Sax. spelte ; D. .tpelte ; G. spell : It. spelda, 
 j spelte] 
 
 I A Kpi cies of grain, the Triticum Spelta, much cul- 
 
 tivated for food in Germany; called, also, German 
 Wheat. Encyc. 
 SPELT, V. t. [G. spalten ; Dan. spilder.] 
 
 To split. [JVof 171 use J Mortimer. 
 SPEL'TER, 71. [G. and D. spiauter.] 
 
 Natural, impure zinc, which contains a portion of 
 lead, copper, iron, a little arsenic, manganese, and 
 plumbago. Webster's Manual, 
 
 SPENCE, (spens,) n. [Old Fr. dispense.] 
 
 A buttery ; a larder ; a place where provisions are 
 kept. [06s.] Chaucer. 
 SPEN'CER, 71. One who has the care of the spence 
 or buttery. [OAs.] 
 
 2. A short over-jacket worn by men or women. 
 
 3. Among seamen, a fore-and-aft sail set abaft the 
 fore and mainmasts ; a trysail. 
 
 SPEND, (. ; pret. anti pp. Spent. [Sax. spendan; 
 Sw. spendcra ; Vaii. spanderer ; It. spendere : L. ez- 
 pendo, from the participle of which is Fr. depenser : 
 from the root of L. pando, pandeo, the primary sense 
 of which is, to strain, to open or spread ; allied to 
 571071, pane, &.C., and probably to Gr. a-rTzv6oj, to pour 
 out.] 
 
 1. To lay out ; to dispose of; to part with ; as, to 
 spend money for clothing. 
 
 Why do ye spend money for that which is not bread ? — Is. Iv. 
 
 2. To consume ; to waste ; to squander ; as, to 
 spend an estate in gaming or other vices. 
 
 3. To consume ; to exhaust. The provisions were 
 spent, and the troops were in want. 
 
 4. To bestow for any purpose ; often with on or 
 upon. It is folly to spend words in debate on trifles. 
 
 5. To eft'use. [Little used.] Shak. 
 G. To pass, as time ; to suffer to pass away. 
 
 They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to 
 the grave. — Job xiii. 
 
 7. To lay out ; to exert or to waste ; as, to spend 
 one's strength. 
 
 8. To exhaust of force ; to waste ; to wear away ; 
 as, a ball had spent its force. The violence of the 
 waves was spent. 
 
 Heaps of spent arrows fall and strew the ground. Dryden. 
 
 9. To exhaust of strength ; to harass ; to fatigue. 
 Their txKiies spent with long labor and thirst. Knolles. 
 
 SPEND, V. i. To make expense ; to make disposition 
 of money. He spends like a prudent man. 
 
 2. To be lost or wasted ; to vanish ; to be dissi- 
 pated. 
 
 The sound spendeth and is dissipated in the open air. Bacon. 
 
 3. To prove in the use. 
 
 Butter spent as if it came from the richer soil. Temple. 
 
 4. To be consumed. Candles spend fast in a cur- 
 rent of air. Our provisions spend rapidly. 
 
 5. To be employed to any use. 
 
 The vines they use for wine are so often cut, that their sap sjicnd- 
 et)i into the grapes. [Unusual.] Bacon. 
 
 SPEND'ER, 71. One that spends ; also, a prodigal ; a 
 lavisher. Taylor. Bacon. 
 
 SPEND'ING, ppr. Laying out; consuming; wast- 
 ing ; exhausting. 
 
 SPEND'ING, 71. The act of laying out, expending, 
 consuming, or wasting. Whitlock. 
 
 SPEND'THRIFT, 71. [spend and thrift.] One who 
 spends money profusely or improvidently ; a prodi- 
 gal ; one who lavishes his estate. Dryden. Swift. 
 
 SPENT, pret. and pp. or a. from Spend. Exhausted ; 
 deprived of its original force or peculiarqualities ; as, 
 spent hops ; a spent ball, i. e., one which may still 
 injure, but ran not penetrate any hard object. 
 
 SPER, 1-. (. To shut in, support, enclose. Spelled also 
 SpERR. Shak. 
 
 SPE'RA-BLE, a. [L. sperabilis, from spero, to hope.] 
 That may be hoped. [JV"o« in itsp. 1 Bacon. 
 
 SPkRE, D. (. To ask ; to inquire. [Used in Scotland 
 and the north of Ireland.] JlaUiwcU 
 
 SPkR'KI), pp. Asked ; inquired. 
 
 SPERM, 71. [Fr. sperme; L. sperma; Gr. tnrcnpa.] 
 
 1. Animal seed ; that by which the species is prop- 
 ag.nted. Bacon. Kay. 
 
 2. Spermaceti, which see. 
 
 3. Spawn of fishes or frogs. 
 SPERM-A-Ce'TI, (-sG'te,) n. [L. sperma, sperm, and 
 
 cetus, a whale. It is pronounced as it is wrill( n.l 
 
 A fatty matter obtained chiefly from the lii ail of 
 the cachalot, or spermaceti whale. When separated 
 from the oil and purified, it becomes a white, semi- 
 transparent, brittle, lamellar, crystalline mass, much 
 used for making candles. Vre. P. Cyc. 
 
 SPERM-A-CF.'TI-WHALE, ) 71. The cachalot, or 
 SPERM'-WHALE, ( species of whale of 
 
 the genus Pliyseter, (Linn.,) from which spermaceti 
 is obtained. 
 
 SPEUM'A-PHORE, n. In dofani/.that part of the ova- 
 ry from which the ovules ari.se; it is synonymous 
 with Placenta. 
 
 SPEKM-AT'ie, o. Consisting of seed ; seminal. 
 
 Jl/ore. 
 
 2. Pertaining to tho semen, or cnveying it ; as, 
 .tprrmntic vessels. Pay. Coze, 
 
 SPERM'A-TIZE, u. i. To yield seed. [JSTol in use.] 
 
 Brown, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1062 
 
SPH 
 
 SPI 
 
 SPI 
 
 SPERM-AT'O-CkLE, n. [Gr. oTrcpiia, seed, and xriXri, 
 tumor.] 
 
 A swelling of the spermatic vessels, or vessels of 
 
 tile testicli's. Coxe. 
 SPERM-A-TO-ZO'A, n. pi. [Gr. ancpfia and C,inw.] 
 
 Minute piulirles in the speriuutic fluid of animals 
 
 resunililins certain infusoria. Jaurn, of Science. 
 SPEK.M'O-DERM, n. [Gr. anepfia and icp^a.] 
 
 In btlamj, the whole integuments of a seed in the 
 
 aesresate. Lmdley. 
 SPEKM'-OIL, n. Oil obtained from the cachalot or 
 
 spermaceti whale. 
 SPEltiM-OL'O-GIST, 7U [Gr. oTTcpnoXoyof.'] One 
 
 who treats of seeds. 
 SPERSE, V. U To disperse. [JVot in usc.'\ Spenser. 
 SI'ET, V. t. To spit ; to throw out. [Aut used.] 
 SPET, n. Spittle, or a flow. [JVut in use.] 
 SPEW, (spu,) V. t. [Sax. spiwan ; D. spuioeny spuiiren; 
 
 G. speien, contracted from speichcn; Sw. spy i Uan. 
 
 spyer ; L. spuo.] 
 
 1. To vomit ; to puke ; to eject from the stomach. 
 
 2. To eject ; to cast forth. 
 
 3. To cast out with abhorrence. Lev. xviii. 
 SPEW, (spu,) V. i. To vomit J to discliarge the con- 
 tents of tlie stomach. B. Jonson. 
 
 SPKW'KD, (spude,) pp. Vomited; ejected. 
 SPEW'ER, n. One who spews. 
 
 SPFAV'ING, ppr. Vomiting; ejecting from the stom- 
 ach. 
 
 SPEWING, n. The act of vomiting. 
 
 SPEW'Y, (spu'e,) 0. Wet ; foggy. [Local.'] MoHimer. 
 
 SPIIAC'E-LATE, (afas'c-lite,) v. i. [Sec Sphacelus.] 
 
 1. To mortify ; to become gangrenous ; as flesh. 
 
 2. To decay or become carious, as a bone. 
 SPIIAC'E-LaTE, v. L To aflect with gangrene. 
 
 Sharp. 
 
 SPHAC'E-LA-TED, pp. or a. Affected with gan- 
 
 urene ; mortified. 
 SPHAC-E-La'TION, 71. The process of becoming or 
 
 making gangrenous ; mortification. Med. Rcpos. 
 SPHAC'E-LIJS, (sf;is'e-lus,) n. [Gr. tr^u/csAof, from 
 
 afa^io, to kill.] 
 
 1. In medicine and surgery, gangrene ; mortification 
 of the flesh of a living animal. 
 
 2. Death of a bone. Coze. 
 SPIIAG'NOUS, (sfag'nus,) a. [sphagnum, bog-moss. 
 
 Linntrus.] 
 
 Pertaining to bog-moss ; mossy. Bigelow. 
 SPHiSiNE, (sKne,) n. [Gr. ir^rji', a wedge.] 
 
 A mineral composed of silicic acid, titanic acid, 
 and lime. Its colors are dull yellow, green, gray, 
 brown, and black. It is found amorphous and in 
 crystals. The primary form of its crystal is an ob- 
 lique, rhombic prism. 
 SPllK'.NHJin, ) (sfe-,) a. [Gr. (r^iji', a wedge, and 
 SPllE-iNOlD'AL, ! £1^05, form.] 
 Resembling a wedge. 
 
 'I'he sphenoid bone, is the pterygoid bone of the 
 basis of the skull. Coxe. 
 SPH if. RE, (sfC-re,) m. [Fr.,from L. spheera, Gr. aipaipa, 
 whence It. sfera, Sp. esfcra, G. sphdrc.] 
 
 1. In geometry, a solid body contained under a 
 single surface, which, in every part, is equally dis- 
 tant from a point called its center. The earth is not 
 an exact sphere. The sun appears to be a sphere. 
 
 3. An orb or globe of the mundane system. 
 
 Firel the sun, a mighty sphere, he fnimad. Milton. 
 
 Had heanl the music uf Ihc spheres. 
 
 Dn/den. 
 
 3. An orbicular body, or a circular figure repre- 
 senting the earth or apparent heavens. Dnjden. 
 
 4. Circuit of motion ; revolution ; orbit ; as, the 
 diurnal sphere. Milton. 
 
 5. The concave or vast orbicular expanse in which 
 tne heavenly orbs appear. 
 
 6. Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence ; 
 compass ; province ; employment. Every man has 
 his particular sphere of action, in which it should be 
 his ambition to excel. Events of this kind have re- 
 peatedly fallen within the sphere of my knowledge. 
 This man treats of matters not within his sphere. 
 
 7. Rank ; order of society. Persons moving in a 
 higher sphere claim more deference. 
 
 Sphere of activity of a body ; the whole space or 
 extent reached by the influence it exerts. 
 
 Enaje. 
 
 A right sphere ; that aspect of the heavens in 
 which the circles of daily motion of the heavenly 
 bodies are perpendicular to the horizon. A spec- 
 tator at the equator views a right sphere. 
 
 Ji parallel sphere : that in which the circles of 
 daily motion are parallel to the horizon. A spec- 
 tator at either of the poles would view a parallel 
 sphere. 
 
 An ohlUfue sphere; that in which the circles of 
 daily motion are oblique to the horizon, as is the 
 case to a spectator at any point between the equator 
 and either pole. 
 
 Armillary sphere ; an artificial representation of 
 the circles of the sphere, by means of brass rings. 
 SPHERE, (sfere,) v. L To place in a sphere. 
 
 The glorious planet Sol 
 In noble eminence enthroned, sud sphered 
 Amidst Uie lesL [Unusual.] Shai. 
 
 2. To form into roundness ; as, light sphered in a 
 radiant cloud. Milton. 
 SPIIERE'-ItORN, a. Born among the spheres. 
 
 lUtlton. 
 
 SPHicR'KD, pp. Placed in a sphere. 
 SPIIicRE'-UE-SCENU'EU, a. Descended from the 
 spheres. 
 
 SPHERE'-MEL'O-DY, n. Melody of the spheres. 
 
 Cur;i/(r. 
 
 SPHr.RE'-MO'Sie, n. The music or harmony uf the 
 
 spheres. Kd. Rev. 
 
 SPHER'ie, (sfer'ik,) ) a. [It. sfcrico ; Fr. spherique ; 
 SPHER'ie-AL, i L. spLrricuj.] 
 
 1. Globular; orbicular; having a surface in every 
 part equally distant from the center; ns, a spherical 
 body. Drops of water take a spherical form. 
 
 2. Planetary ; relating to the orbs of the plan- 
 ets. 
 
 Wc make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars, 
 us il we were villains by sptiericai prfdoininance. Shak. 
 
 Spherical geometry ; that branch of geometry which 
 treats of spherical magnitudes ; the doctrine of the 
 sphere ; particularly, of the circles described on its 
 surface. 
 
 Spherical angle ; the ancle formed on the surface 
 of a sphere by the arcs of two great circles. 
 
 Spherical excess ; in trigonometry, the sum by 
 which the three angles of any triangle on the sur- 
 face of a sphere or spheroid, exceed two right an- 
 gles. Brandc. 
 
 Spherical triangle; a figure on the surface of a 
 sphere, bounded by the arcs of three great circles 
 which intersect each other. 
 
 Spherical trigonometry ; that branch of trigonome- 
 try which teaches to compute the sides and angles of 
 spherical triangles. 
 SPHER'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the form of a sphere. 
 SPHER'1€-AL-NESS, j n. The state or qtialitv of 
 SPHE-RIC'I-TY, i being orbicular or spher- 
 ical ; roundness ; as, the sphericity of a drop of 
 water. 
 
 SPIIER'I-CLE, (sfer'e-kl,) n. A small sphere. 
 
 SPHER'ies, n. The doctrine of the sphere ; spher- 
 ical geometry. 
 
 SPIIE'ROID, n. [Gr. atjiaipa, a sphere, and ci6o(, 
 form.] 
 
 A body or figure approaching to a sphere, but not 
 perfectly spherical. A spheroid is oblate or prolate. 
 The earth is found to be an oblate spheroid, that is, 
 flatted at the poles, whereas some aslimomers for- 
 merly supposed it to be prolate or oblong. 
 SPHE-ROID'AL, 1 u ■ .1 r r 
 
 SPHE-ROID'ie, i '"^^ ^"''J' 
 
 SPHE-ROID'ie-AL, S spheroid. Chcync. 
 2. In crystallography, bounded by several convex 
 faces. 
 
 SPHE-ROID'I-TY, n. The state or quality of being 
 spheroidal. 
 
 SPHE-ROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. mjiaipa, and peTpn,:-\ 
 An instrument for measuring the thickness of small 
 bodies, the curvature of optical glasses, &.c. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SPIIER-O-SID'ER-ITE, n. Carbonate of iron in 
 spheroidal masses, occurring in trap. Dana. 
 
 SPHER'ULE, (sfer'ul,) n. [L. splucrula.] 
 
 A little spliere or spherical body. Mercury or 
 quicksilver, when poured upon a plane, divides it- 
 self into a great number of minute spherules. 
 
 SPHER'U-LtTE, ?i. A variety of obsidian or pearl- 
 stone, found in rounded grains. DicL JVaf. Hist. 
 
 SPIIeR'Y, a. Belonging to the spheres. Mill-on. 
 2. Round ; spherical. Sliak. 
 
 SPHINCTER, (sfink'ter,) n. [from Gr. a^iyj^cu, to 
 constrain, to draw close.] 
 
 In anatomy, a muscle that contracts or shuts an or- 
 ifice or aperture round which it is placed ; as, the 
 sphijtcter labiorum ; sphincter vesicae. Coxe. 
 
 SPHIN.X, (sfinx,) 71. [Gr. apt} I; L. sphinx.] 
 
 1. In mythologij, a monster usually represented as 
 having the body of a lion and the face of a young 
 woman ; also, in various other forms. The Grecian 
 sphinx is said to have pro|>osed a mysterious rid- 
 dle to every one who p,xsse(l by her dwelling near 
 Thebes, antl to have killed all who could not solve it. 
 
 2. In entomology, a genus of lepidopterous insects, 
 the species of which are commonly called Hawk- 
 Moths. 
 
 SPHRAG'IDE, (-id,) n. A species of ocherous clay 
 which falls to pieces in water with the emission of 
 many bubbles ; called also Earth of Lemnus. 
 
 SPHRA-GlS'TieS, n. [Gr. a^^•oay^f, a seal.] 
 
 The science of seals, their history, age, distinc- 
 tions ; n branch of diplomatics. Brande. 
 
 SPHYG-MOM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. ir^wyyios, pulse, and 
 ptrpov.] 
 
 An instniment for exposing to the eye the action 
 of the pulse, the strength of which it measures. 
 PPI'AL, 71, A spy ; a scout. [JVot in use.] Bacon. 
 SPI'CATE, o. f L. spicatus, from spica, a spike.] 
 
 Having a spitte or ear. Lee. 
 SPI€-€A'TO, [It.] In munc, a term indicating that 
 every note is to have its distinct sound ; much like 
 staccato. Brande. 
 SPICE, n. [Fr. epice; It. spezie; Sp. especia.] 
 
 1. A vegetable production, fragrant or aromatic to 
 the smell and pungent to the taste ; used in sauces 
 and in cookery. 
 
 2. A small iiuantity ; something that enriches or 
 alters the quality of a thing in a small degree, as 
 spice alters the taste of a tiling. 
 
 3. A sample. [Fr. espice ] 
 
 SPICE, I), t. To season with spice ; to mix aromatic 
 substances with ; a.s, to spice wine. 
 
 2. To tincture ; as, the spiced Indian air. Shak. 
 
 3. To render nice ; to season with scruples. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 SPIC'KD, (splst,) pp. or a. Seasoned with spice. 
 SPI'CER, 71. One that seasons with spice. 
 
 2. One that deals in spice. Camden. 
 SPI'CER-Y, 71. [Fr. epicerie.] 
 
 1. Spices in general ; fragrant and aromatic vege- 
 table substances used in seasoning. 
 
 2. A repository of spices. Addison. 
 SPICE'-Wtpyii, 71. The Launis benzoin, an Ameri- 
 can shrub, called also Wild Allspice and Kenja- 
 min-Tree. Farm. Kncyc. 
 
 SPI'CI-NESS, 71. duality of being spicy. 
 
 SPICING, 77;7r. Seasoning with spice. 
 
 SPICK AND SPAN, bright; shining; as, a garment 
 si)ich and sjmn new, or .s77rt7i-new. Spick is from the 
 root of the It. .spicco, brightness ; spiccare, to 'shine ; 
 spiccar Ic parole, to speak distinctly; spicciare, to rush 
 out, the radical sense of which is, to shoot or dart. 
 Span is probably from the root of spangle, Gr. ijicyyai, 
 (J. Spiegel, a mirror. 
 
 SPICK'NEL., j 71. The herb inaldmony or bear-wort, 
 
 SP1G'.\'EL, S {Did.,) the Meiiin Athamanlicuiii, 
 which, when eaten by cows, gives the same flavor 
 to their milk and butter, as that of schab-ziege 
 cheese. 
 
 SPI-COS'I-TY, 71. [L. i^ica.] 
 
 The state of having or being full of ears,' like 
 corn. [JVot in use.] Diet. 
 SPICi;-LAR, a. [L. spiculum, a dart.] 
 
 Rpsemhliiig a (fart ; having sharp points. 
 SPICIJ-LaTK, v. t, [L. spieulo, to sharpen, from 
 spiculum, a dart, from spica, or its root. See Spike.] 
 To sharpen to a point. Mason. 
 SPICIJEE, 71. A minute, slender gninule or point. 
 SPIC(j-LI-FOR.M, a. Having the form of a spicule. 
 SPie-lj LIG'EN-OUS, a. Containing spicules. 
 SPrCY,a. [from spice.] Producing spice ; abounding 
 with spices ; as, the spicy shore of Arabia. Milton. 
 
 2. Having the qualities of spice; fragrant; aro- 
 matic ; as, spicy plants. 
 
 Led by nt'vv stars, and borne by sptfy gales. Pope. 
 SPI'DER, 77. [I know not from what source this word 
 is derived.] 
 
 1. The common name of the anim.als of the family 
 Araneida;, of the class Arachnida, some of which are 
 remarkable fur spinning webs for taking their prey 
 and forming a convenient habitation, and fur the de- 
 posit of their food. 
 
 The fjmUr'B touch, how exquisitely fine I Pope. 
 
 2. A kitchen utensil, somewhat resembling a 
 spider. 
 
 3. .\ trevft to support vessels over a fire. 
 SPI'DEK-CATCH-ER, ii. A bird so called. 
 SPI'DER-I.IKE, o. Resembling a spider. Shak. 
 SPi'DER-WORT, (-wurt,) n. ,\ plant of the genua 
 
 .•\nthericum, or of the genusTradescantia. 
 SPIG'NEI,. S. e Spicknel. 
 
 SPIG'OT, n. [W. yspigawd, from yspig. Eng. spike ; 
 from pig. Eng. pike; Dan. spiger, a nail. See Spike 
 and Pike.] 
 
 A pin or peg used to stop a faucet, or to slop a 
 small hole in a cask of liquor. Swi/l. 
 SPIKE, 71. [W. yspig, supra; D. spyh, spi/ker ; G. 
 speiche ; Dan. spiger, Sw. spik, a nail ; L. spica, an 
 ear of corn. It signifies a shoot or point. Class Bg. 
 See Pike.] 
 
 1. A largo nail ; always in America applied to a 
 nail orpin of metal. A similar thing made of wood 
 is called a Peo or Pin. In England, it is sometimes 
 used for a sharp point of wood. 
 
 2. ,\n ear of corn or grain. It is applied to the 
 ears of maize. 
 
 3. A shoot. Addison. 
 
 4. [L.s/<ica.l In Jotani/, a species of inflorescence, 
 in which sessile flowers are alternate on a common 
 simple peduncle, ,as lavender, tec. Martyn. 
 
 SPIKE, n. A species of lavender. Hill. 
 SPIKE, V. t. To fasten with spikes or long and large 
 
 nails ; as, to spike down the planks of a floor or 
 
 bridge. 
 
 2. To set with spikes. 
 
 A youth leaping over tiw spiked pales — wu caught bv the spikes. 
 [Unusual.] AlserTun. 
 
 3. To stop the vent with a spike, nail, tec. ; as, to 
 spike cannon. 
 
 SPIK'ED, (splkt,) pp. Furnished with spikes, as com ; 
 
 fastenetl with spikes; stop|ied with spikes. 
 SPIKE'-I,AV'EN-DER, 71. Common lavender, tho 
 
 Lavandula spica. 
 SPIKE'LET, n. In botany, > sniall spike making a 
 
 part of a large one ; or a subdivision of a spike. 
 
 Bartfftt. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
SPl 
 
 SPIKE'NARD, (spik'nard,) n. [L. spica nardi.] 
 
 1. A vague pupiilar name applied to numerous 
 widely different plants. In the United States it is 
 applied to Aralia raceniosa ; in England, to Andro- 
 pogon nardus of India; to Valeriana spica; and to 
 several species of Baccharis, Uonyza, &c. 
 
 2. A name of various fragrant essential oils. 
 SPIK'ING, ppr. Fastening with spikes j stopping 
 
 with large nails. 
 SPIK'Y, a. Having a sharp point. Dyer. 
 SPILE, n. [D. .>7)ii, a pivot, a spindle; G. spille ; Ir. 
 
 spile ; W. eliill, from the root of L. pihis, pilum, &c.] 
 
 1. A small peg or wooden pin, used to stop a 
 hole. 
 
 2. A stake driven into the ground to protect a bank, 
 form wharfs, abutments, &c. 
 
 SPILL, n. [A different orthography of Spile, supra.] 
 
 1. A small peg or pin for stopping a cask ; as, a 
 vent-hole stopped with a spilt. Mortimer. 
 
 2. A little bar or pin of iron. Carets. 
 
 3. A little sum of money. [JViX in use.] Ayliffc. 
 SPILL, V. L : preL Spilled or Spilt ; pp. id. [Sax. 
 
 spillait ; D. and G. .^illen ; Sw. spilla ; Dan. spilder.] 
 
 1. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel ; to lose 
 or suffer to be scattered ; applied only to fluids and 
 to substances whose particles are small and loose. 
 Thus we spill water from a pail ; we spill spirit or 
 oil from a bottle ; we spill quicksilver or powders 
 from a vessel or a paper ; we spill sand or flour. 
 Spill differs from pour in expressing accidental loss; 
 a loss or waste not designed, or contrary to purpose. 
 
 2. To suffer to be shed ; as, a man spills his own 
 blood. 
 
 3. To cause to flow out or lose ; to shed ; as, a 
 man spilU another's blood. 
 
 [This is applied to cases of murder or other homi- 
 cide, but not to venesection. In the latter case we 
 say, to let or take blood.] 
 
 And to leven^e his blooil 80 justly tpilt. Dryden. 
 
 4. To mischief; to destroy ; as, to spill the mind 
 or soul ; to spill glory ; to spill forms, &c. 
 
 [ T/iis application is obsolete, and how improper. ] 
 
 5. To throw away. Ticket. 
 
 6. In seamen^s lan^ta^e, to dislodge the wind out 
 of the cavity or belly of a sail in order to reef or furl 
 it. Totlen. 
 
 SPILL, V. i. To waste ; to be prodigal. [JVot in use.] 
 2. To be shed ; to be suffered to fall, be lost, or 
 wasted. 
 
 He was bo topfull of hiiTtaelf, that he let it tpiU on all thft com- 
 pany. Watu. 
 
 PPILL'£D, pp. Suffered to fall, as liquids ; shed. 
 SPILL'ER, n. One that spills or sheds. 
 
 2. A kind of fishing-line. Carew. 
 SPILL'ING, ppr. Suffering to fall or run out, as 
 liquids ; shedding. 
 
 Spillin!r-lines, in a ship, are ropes for furling more 
 coiivenientlv the square-sails. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SPILT. preL and pp. of Spill. 
 
 SPILTH, n. [from spilt.] Any thing spilt. [JV'ot in 
 
 use.] S/iak. 
 SPIN, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Spun. Span is not used. 
 
 tSax. spinnan ; Goth, spinnan ; D. and G. spinnen ; 
 )an. spinder ; Sw. spinna. If the sense is to draw 
 out or extend, this coincides in origin with span.] 
 
 1. To draw out and twist into threads, either by 
 the hand or machinery ; as, to spin wool, cotton, or 
 flax ; to spin goats' hair. 
 
 All the yarn which Penelope tpun in UlyMei' absence, 'lid but 
 fill ilhaci with motlis. Shaic. 
 
 2. To draw out tediously ; to form by a slow pro- 
 cess or by degrees ; with out; as, to spin out large 
 volumes on a subject. 
 
 3. 7'o extend to a great length ; as, to spin out a 
 subject. 
 
 4. To draw out ; to protract ; to spend by delays ; 
 as, to spin out the day in idleness. 
 
 By one delay after another, they tpin out their whole lives. 
 
 L'Etlrange. 
 
 5. To whirl with a thread ; to turn or cause to 
 whirl ; as, to spin a top. 
 
 6. To draw out from the stomach in a filament ; 
 AS, a spider spins a web. 
 
 To spin hay, in military tan^nrre, is to twist it into 
 ropes for convenient carriage on an expedition. 
 SI'l.\,r. i. To practice spinning; to work at draw- 
 ing and twisting threads; as, the woman knows 
 how to spin. 
 
 They neither know to tpin, nor can: ti toil. Prior. 
 
 2. To perform the act of drawing and twisting 
 threads j as, u machine or jenny spins with great ex- 
 actness. 
 
 3. To move round rapidly ; to whiU ,^ia a top or 
 a spindle. 
 
 4. Tostrcam or iHsue in a thread or small current; 
 as, ljlf>od spins from a vtnii. Draijtvn. 
 
 8I'I-.\A'(;E()I.'H, o. Ueniiting the plant 8pinni:h and 
 
 the class of plants to which it beliings. 
 
 Kncyc. of Dom. F,eon. 
 SPIN'A(,'H, j (spin'aje,) n. [L. spinacm : ll. spinare ; 
 SPIN' AGE, i Sp. espinatn : ft. epinards : I), spina- 
 
 fie ; G. spinal ; Per*, spanath.] 
 
 SPI 
 
 A plant of the genus Spinacia, whose leaves are 
 boiled for greens and used for other culinary pur- 
 poses. 
 
 SPI'NAL, a. [See Spine.] Pertaining to the spine 
 or back-bone of an animal; as, the spinal cord; 
 spinal muscles ; spinal arteries. 
 
 Arbuthnot, Encyc. 
 
 SPIN'DLE, n. [from spin ; Sax. and Dan. spindel.] 
 
 1. The pin used in spinning wheels for twisting 
 the thread, and on which the thread when twisted 
 is wound. Bacon. 
 
 2. A slender, pointed rod, or pin, on which any 
 thing turns ; an axis or small axis ; as, the spindle 
 
 3. The fusee of a watch. [of a vane. 
 
 4. A long, slender stalk. Mortimer. 
 
 5. The iron pin or pivot on which a capstan turns. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 6. In geometry, a solid generated by the revolution 
 of a curve line about its base or double ordinate. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SPIN'DLE, V. i. To shoot or grow in a long, slender 
 stalk or body. Bacon. Mortimer. 
 
 SPIN'DLE-LEGS, \ n. A tall, slender person ; in 
 
 SPIN'DLE-SHANKS, i contempt. 
 
 SPL\"DLE-SHANK-f;D, (spin'dl-shankt,) a. Having 
 long, slender legs. 
 
 SPIN'DLE-SHaP-KD, (spin'dl-shapt,) o. Having the 
 shape of a spindle ; fusiform. MarUjn. 
 
 SPIN'DLE-TREE, n. A shrub of the genus Euony- 
 mus, whose fine, hard-grained wood was used for 
 spindles and skewers. Loudon, 
 
 SPIN'DLE- VVOR.M, n. The popular name of the cat- 
 erpillar of a lepidopterous insect, which injures the 
 maize in New England. Harris. 
 
 SPIN'DLING, ppr. or a. Tall and slender; shooting 
 into a small, tall stalk. .^sh. 
 
 SPINE, 71. [L. and It. spina; Ft. epine; Sp. espinazo ; 
 W. yspin, from pin.] 
 
 1. The back-bone of an animal. Coze. 
 
 2. The shin of the leg. Coze. 
 
 3. .\ thorn ; a sharp process from the woody part 
 of a plant. It differs from a prickle, which proceeds 
 from the bark. A spine sometimes terminates a 
 branch, and sometimes is axillary, growing at the 
 angle formed by the branch or leaf with the stem. 
 The wild apple and pear are armed with spinej ; the 
 rose, bramble, gooseberry, &c.,are armed with prick- 
 les. Martyn. 
 
 4. In loiSlogy, a thin, pointed spike, as in fishes. 
 
 5. Sometimes, a ridge. 
 SPI'NEL, ( ri, . „ , 
 SPI-NELLE', \ t"- ^">^l^-] 
 
 A mineral occurring in octohedrons, of great hard- 
 ness, consisting of alumina and magnesia. When 
 of a red or ruby color, it constitutes the gem Spinel- 
 ruby, or the common ruby of jewelry. It occurs also 
 of green, blue, brown, and black colors. Dana. 
 
 SPI-NELL'ANE, n. The same with the mineral 
 Hauyne. Dana. 
 
 SPI-NES'CENT, a. [from spine.] Becoming hard and 
 thorny. Martyn. 
 
 SPIN'ET, n. [It. spinetta ; Ft. epinette ; Sp. esi>ineta.] 
 An instrument of music resembling a harpsichord, 
 but smaller ; a virginal ; a clavichord. 
 
 SPI'NET, n. [L. spinetum.] 
 
 A small wood or place where briers and thorns 
 grow. [J^ot in tise.] B. Jonson. 
 
 SPI-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. spina, spine, and /ero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Producing spines ; bearing thorns. 
 SPINK, n. A bird ; a finch. Harte. 
 SPIN'NER, 71. One that spins; one skilled in spin- 
 ning. 
 
 2. A spider. Shak. 
 
 SPIN'NER, ) 71. In entomology, an organ with 
 
 SPU\'NER-ET, S which insects fdrra their silk or 
 webs. Brande. 
 
 SPI.N'NING, ;jpr. Drawing out and twisting into 
 thre.ads ; drawing out ; delaying. 
 
 SPIN'NING, 71. The act, practice, or art of drawing 
 out and twisting into threads, as wool, flax, and cot- 
 ton. 
 
 2. The act or practice of forming webs, as spiders. 
 
 SPIN'NI.\G-JEN-NY, 7i. An engine or complicated 
 machine for spinning wool or cotton, in the manu- 
 facture of cloth. 
 
 SPIN'NING-WHEEL, 71. Awheel for spinning wool, 
 cotton, or flax into threads. Oay. 
 
 SPI-NOS'I-TY,n. The state of being spiny or thorny ; 
 cralibedness. Olanvilte. 
 
 SPI'NOUS, ) rr . , . , 
 
 SPI'NOSF \ [■ f^mosus, from spina.\ 
 
 Full of spines ; armed with thorns ; tliorny. 
 
 Martirti. 
 
 SPI'NO ZISM, 71. The form of Pantheism tauglit by 
 Uenedict Spino/.a, a Jew of Amsterdam, who main- 
 tained that God is not only the maker, but also the 
 original matter, of the univ€;r.'*e, flt> that creation was 
 only a development iif himself by the Deity. 
 
 Murdock. 
 
 SPI'NO-ZIST, 71. A believer in the doctrines of Spi- 
 noza. 
 
 SPI.\'STER, 71. [spin and ster.] A woman who 
 spins, or whose occupation is to spin. Hence, 
 
 SPI 
 
 2. In law, the common title by which a woman 
 without rank or distinction is designated ; an unmar- 
 ried woman. 
 
 If a gentlewoman is termed a tpintttr, she may abate the writ. 
 
 Ckike. 
 
 SPIN'STRY, 71. The business of spinning. Millon. 
 SPIN'THERE, 71. A mineral of a greenish-gray color. 
 
 It is a variety of sphene. Ure. 
 SPIN'lILE, 71. A minute spine. Dana. 
 SPIN'lJ-LOUS, a. Covered with minute spines. 
 SPI'NY, a. [from spine.] Full of spines ; thorny ; 
 
 as, a spiny tree. 
 2. Perplexed ; difficult ; troublesome. Digby. 
 SPIR'A-CLE, (spir'a-kl or spi'ra-kl,) 71. [L. spiracu- 
 
 lum, from spiro, to breathe.] 
 
 1. A small aperture in animal and vegetable bod- 
 ies, by which air or other fluid is exhaled or inhaled ; 
 a small hole, orifice, or vent ; a pore ; a minute pas- 
 sage ; as, the spiracles of the human skin. 
 
 2. Any small aperture, hole, or vent. Woodward. 
 SPI'RAL, a. [It. spirate; Fr. spiral; from L. spira, a 
 
 spire.] 
 
 Winding round a cylinder or other round body, or 
 in a circular form, and at the same time rising or ad- 
 vancing forward ; winding like a screw. The mag- 
 nificent column in the Place Vendome, at Paris, is 
 divided by a spiral line into compartments. It is 
 formed with spiral compartments, on which are en- 
 graved figures emblematical of the victories of the 
 French armies. A whirlwind is so named from the 
 sjnral motion of the air. 
 SPi'R.^L, 71. In geometry, the name given to a class 
 of curves which continually recede from a center or 
 pole, while they continue to revolve about it. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SPI'RAL-€OAT-ED, a. Coated spirally. Smith. 
 
 SPI'R.AL-LY, adv. In a spiral form or direction ; in 
 the manner of a screw. Ray 
 
 SPI-Ra'TION, 71. [L. spiratio.] A breathing. [A'ot 
 used.] Barrow. 
 
 SPIKE, 71. [L. spira ; Gr. arreipa ; Sp. espira ; from fne 
 root of L. spiro, to breathe. The priinarj' sense of 
 the root is, to throw, to drive, to send, but it implies 
 a winding motion, like throw, wtrp, and many oth- 
 ers.] 
 
 1. A winding line like the threads of a screw ; any 
 thing wreathed or contorted; a curl; a twist; a 
 wreath. 
 
 His necli erect amidst his ciit:ling tpirtt. Milton. 
 
 A dnijon's fiery furm belied the god ; 
 
 Sublime on radiAut tpiret he roile. Drydtn. 
 
 2. A body that shoots up to a point ; a tapering 
 body ; a round pyramid or pyramidical body ; a stee- 
 ple. 
 
 With glistering spire§ and pinnacles adorned. Milton. 
 
 3. A stalk or blade of grass or other plant. How 
 humble ought man to be, who can not make a single 
 spire of grass ! 
 
 4. The top or uppermost point of a thing. Shak. 
 SPIRE, V. i. To shoot ; to shoot up pyramidically. 
 
 2. To breathe. [JVot in use.] [Mortimer. 
 
 3. To sprout, as grain in malting. 
 SPIR'BD, a. Having a spire. Mason. 
 SPI'Rl-FER, 71. [L. spiro, a spire, and fero, to bear.] 
 
 The name of an extinct genus of mollusks, having 
 a shell with two internal, calcareous, spiral append- 
 ages. Brande. 
 SPIR'IT, 71. [Fr. fspri(; It. .'pirito; Sp.espiritu; L. 
 spiritus, from spiro, to breathe, to blow. The prima- 
 ry sense is, to rush or drive.] 
 
 1. Primarily, wind ; air in motion ; hence, breath. 
 
 All bodies have apiritt and pneumaflcal parts within them. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 [ThU sejise is now unusual.] 
 
 2. Animal excitement, or the effect of it ; life ; ar- 
 dor ; fire ; courage ; elevation or vehemence of mind. 
 The troops attacked the enemy with great spirit. 
 The young man has the spirit of youth. He speaks 
 or acts with spirit. SpiriL<, in the plural, is used in 
 nearly a like sense. The troops began to recover 
 their .^-pirits. Suii/L 
 
 3. Vigor of intellect ; genius. 
 
 His wit, his bejMity, and his spirit. Bulltr. 
 The noblest <piri( or gentiia cm not deserre enough of Tn.iiikind 
 to pretend to the esteem of lieroic virtue. Templt. 
 
 4. Temper; disposition of mind, habitual or tem- 
 porary ; as, a man of a generous .spirif, or of a re- 
 vengeful spirit; the ornament of a meek and tjuiet 
 spirit. 
 
 Let ITS go to the house of God in the #pinl of prayer. BicktrtUA. 
 
 !t. The soul of man ; the intelligent, immaterial, 
 and immortal part of human beings. [See Soul.] 
 The spiril shall n torn to tjod that pive it. — >kclcs. xii. 
 
 6. An immaterial, intelligent substance. 
 
 .S^rit is a substance In which thinking, knowing, doubting, and 
 a power of moving, do sutmist. Lvekt, 
 
 Hence, 
 
 7. An immaterial, intelligent being. 
 
 By which he went and preached to the apiriit In prison. — i 
 
 I'rt. 111. 
 God is a gpirit. — John iv. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1064 
 
SPl 
 
 SPl 
 
 SPI 
 
 8. Turn of mind ; lumper; occasional state uf tlie 
 mind. 
 
 A r''rf*'Ct juiige will TfnA eiich work of wit 
 
 Wilh tlio tiuiyc »piril Ul.it it« iluUlor writ. Popt. 
 
 9. Powers of mind distinct from the body. 
 
 A/i«on. 
 
 10. Sentiment ; perception. 
 
 Your spirit is too trup, your feaii too certain. Sliak. 
 
 11. Ea^er desire; disposition of mind excited and 
 directed to a particular object. 
 
 GoU made a spirit of building Bucceed a #;iirit of pulling 
 down. 
 
 12. A person of activity ; a man of life, vigor, or 
 enterprise. 
 
 'I'lio watery kin^loin is no iwr 
 
 To Btop tim foreign spirits, I'ut they come. SliaJc. 
 
 13. Persons distinguished by iiualilies of the mind. 
 Such spirits m lie desired to pleaac, sncli would I choose for iiiy 
 
 Juilges. Dryden. 
 
 14. Excitement of mind ; animation ; cheerful- 
 ness ; usuallij in the plural. We found our frieiiii iu 
 very good spirits, lie has a great flow of spiritji. 
 
 Tosiiijflhy praise, would Heaven niy liri-atli prolong, 
 Itifiisinjj spirits worthy inch a bong. Dry-ltri. 
 
 1. '). Life or strength of resemblance ; essential 
 qualities ; .as, to set oil" the face in its true spirit. 
 The copy has not the .spirit of the original. IVuttvn. 
 
 16. Something eminently pure niul refined. 
 
 Nor di.lli the HV iuv lf, 
 Tliat rao«t pure »;<iril of lensr', U huld in- If. Shak. 
 
 17. That which hath power or eneray ; the qu.tlity 
 of any substance which manifests life, activity, or 
 the power of strongly affecting other bodies; as, the 
 spirit of wine, or of any liqtior. 
 
 18. A strong, pungent liquor, usually obtained by 
 distillation, as rum, brandy, gin, whisky. In Amer- 
 ica, «;)irtf, used without other words explanatory of 
 its meaning, signifies the liquor distilled from cane- 
 juice or rum. W'e say, tiew spirit^ or old spirit^ Ja- 
 
 19. An apparition ; "a ehust. [uiaica .<>■:>::, &c. 
 2 1. The renewed nature of man. MatL xx\ i. 
 
 Ottl. V. 
 
 21. The influences of the Holy Spirit. Matt. xxii. 
 Holy Spirit: the third person in the Trinity. 
 Spirit of wine ; pure alcohol, so called because for- 
 merly obtained only from wine. 
 SPIR'IT, V. U To animate ; to actuate ; as a spirit. 
 So Callted the spirited bly snake. {LitUs U8ed.\ MUtan. 
 
 2. To animate with vigor; to excite; to encour- 
 age ; as, civil dissensions .tpirit the ambition of pri- 
 vate men. Swift. 
 
 It is sometimes followed by up ; as, to s/n>i( up. 
 
 MiiUlitnn. 
 
 3. To convey away rapidly and secretly, as if by 
 the agency of a spirit ; as, " 1 felt as if 1 had been 
 spirited into some custio of antiquity." IVillu. 
 
 4. To kidnap. Bladistonc. 
 To spirit awaij : to entice or seduce. 
 
 SPIR'IT-AL-LY, ailo. By means of the breath. [A'ot 
 in "•-'fj HoUtr. 
 
 SP1R'1T-Er>, pp. Animated ; encouraged ; incited. 
 2. a. Animated ; full of life ; lively ; full of spirit 
 or fire ; as, a spirited atliiress or ttratiou ; a spirited 
 answer. It is used in composition, noting the state 
 of the mind ; as in higli-spintci/, low-i^irite</, mean- 
 spiritrd. 
 
 SPIR'IT-ED-LY, adv. In a lively manner; with spir- 
 it ; with strenzth ; with animation. 
 SPIR'IT-EU-NESS, n. Life ; animation. 
 
 2. Disposition or make of mind ; used in com- 
 pounds; as, h'lz^-spiritedne.ts, \o\v -spiriteditf,ss, mean- 
 spiritedne.-ts^ nArrow-sptritedness, 
 SPIR'IT-FJJL, a. Lively ; full of spirit. [JVo( u.^rd.] 
 
 jish. 
 
 SPIR'IT-FIJL-LY, otfr. In a lively manner. [JVut 
 t/.~-frf.] 
 
 SPIR'IT-FUL-NESS, n. Liveliness; sprightliness. 
 
 [A'tJf M.VV//.1 Karcni. 
 SPIR'IT-IN'G, ppr Animating ; actuating ; bearing 
 
 awav. 
 
 SPIR'iT-LESS, iz. Destitute of spirits ; wanting ani- 
 m.ation ; wanting cheerfulness ; dejected ; depressed. 
 
 2. Destitute of vigor ; wanting life, courage, or 
 fire ; as, a spiritless slave. 
 
 A man so faint, so tpiritlest^ 
 So dull, CO deatl in l>iok. S^uik. 
 
 3. Having no breath ; extinct ; di.ad. GrrcnhUl. 
 SPIR'IT-LESS-LY, adv. Williout spirit ; without ex 
 
 ertion. .More. 
 SPIR'IT-LESS-XESS, n. Dullness ; want of life or 
 vigor. 
 
 SPIR'IT-LEV'EL, n. An instrument for obtaining 
 an exact horizontal line, by means of a bubble of air 
 on the surface of spirits of wine inclosed in a glass 
 tube. Bue/tanan 
 
 SPlR-l-Tfi'SO, [It.] In m«.?ic, with spirit. 
 
 SPIR'IT-OUS, a. Like spirit; refined; defecated; 
 pure. 
 
 Mote reljn'ii, more f^iri(ou« and pure. JViifton. 
 2. Fine ; ardent ; active. SmitA. 
 
 SPIR'IT-OU.S-NESS, ». A refined state: fineness 
 and activity of parts ; as, the thinness anil spiritous- 
 ue.<s of litjtior. Bui/lc. 
 
 PPlK'IT-I'lK.RtyiNr;, «. piercing the spirit. 
 
 SPIll'IT-.SIOARCiri.VtJ, a. Searching liie spirit. 
 
 SPIK'IT-STtR'RINC, j a. Exciting the spirit. 
 
 SPIR'IT-ROUS'IiNG, ( Scott. 
 
 SPIR'IT-U-AL, a. [Fr. spirituel ; It. spiritaalc ; L. 
 spiritufdis.'j ^ 
 
 1. Consisting of spirit ; not material ; incorporeal ; 
 as, a spiritual substance or being. Tlie soul of man 
 is spiritual. 
 
 2. ilcntal ; intellectual ; as, spiritual armor. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. Not gro:is ; refined from external things; not 
 sensual; relating to mind only; as, u spiritual anti 
 refined religion. Calamij. 
 
 4. Not lay or ternpciral ; relating to sacred things ; 
 ecclesiastical ; as, tlie .ipirilual fiinninns of the cler- 
 gy ; the lords spiritual and ti iup;iral ; a spiritual cor- 
 poration. 
 
 .">. Pertaining to spirit or to the aflections ; pure ; 
 holy. 
 
 tiod's law is spiritimi ; it is a transcript of the divine nature, ond 
 extends iu authority to tltc acts of the soul of man. Droum. 
 
 fi. Pertaining to the renewed nature of man ; as, 
 sjiiritital hte. 
 
 7. Not tleshlv ; not material ; as, spiritual sacrifices. 
 1 Pel. ii. 
 
 8. Pertaining to divine things ; as, spiritual songs. 
 Epii. V. 
 
 Spiritual court ; an ecclesiastical court ; a court 
 held by a bishop or other ecclesi.astic. 
 SPIR'IT-IJ-AI^IS.M, w. The doctrine, in opjiosition 
 to the materialists, that all which exists is spirit or 
 soul — that what is called the external world is either 
 a succession of notions impressed on the mind by the 
 Deity, as maintained by Berkeley, or else the mere 
 cduct of the mind itself, as taught by Ficlite. 
 
 Brandt. 
 
 2. State of being spiritual. 
 SI'IR'IT-IJ-AI^IST, )i. Une who profess s a regard 
 for spiritual things only ; one whose employtiieut is 
 spiritual. Jlalliwctt. 
 
 2. One wlio maintains the doctrine of spiritual- 
 ism. 
 
 SPIll-IT-IJ-AL'I-TY, 71. Essence distinct from mat- 
 ter ; immateriality. 
 
 If this light lie not Bpintnal, it npproachetli nearest txispirUuahty. 
 
 Italegh. 
 
 2. Intellectual nature; as, the spirituality of the 
 soul. South. 
 
 3. Spiritual nature ; the quality which respects the 
 spirit or atTections of the heart only, and the essence 
 of true religion ; as, the spiritualitij of God*s law. 
 
 4. Spiritual e.xercises and holy alTections. 
 
 Much of onr spirituality auil comfort in pul lic wor*liip, depend 
 on the st-ite of mind in w Inch w e c^nie. Bickerstelh. 
 
 a. That which belongs to the church, or to a per- 
 son as an ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from 
 tenijioralities. 
 
 During the vacancy of a see, the archbishop is giiarhan of the 
 ejnrituaJiues ih^reoi. Blacksbjite. 
 
 fi. An ecclesiastic.il body. [JVot in use.! Shak. 
 SPIR-IT-i;-AL-I-Z.\' l'10N, ». The act of spiritual- 
 izing. 
 
 In clirmi.itry, the operation of extracting spirit from 
 natural bodies. F.ncnc. 
 SPIR'1T-U-AL-I7,E, r. i. [Fr. spiritualiser, to e.\tract 
 spirit from mixed bodies.] 
 
 1. To refine the intellect; to purify from the fecu- 
 lences of the world ; as, to spiritualize the soul. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 2. To imbue with spiritu.ality, or life. 
 
 3. In chemistry, to extract spirit from natural bod- 
 ies. 
 
 4. To convert to a spiriliinl meaning. 
 SPIR'IT-II-AL IZ-ER, n. One who spiritualizes. 
 
 fVarburton. 
 
 SPIR'IT-II-AL-LY, ndr. Without corporeal grossiiess 
 or sensuality ; in a manner conformed to the spirit of 
 true religion ; with purity of spirit or heart. 
 
 SpirituaUy minded : unilcrthc influence of the Ifolv 
 Spirit, or of holy princijiles; having the aM'cctiuiH 
 refined and elevated above sensual objects, and 
 placed on Gud and his law. Rom. viii. 
 
 Spiritually di^crrned ; known, not by carnal reason, 
 but by the peculiar illumination of the Holy Spirit. 
 1 Cur. ii. 
 
 SPIR'IT-l|-AI^MI.\D'ED-NE.^S, n. The state of 
 having spiritual exercises and holy affections ; spirit- 
 uality, dwrn. 
 
 SPIR'IT-TJ-AL-TY, n. Ecclesiastical body. [Ao( in 
 use.] 
 
 SPIR'IT-TT-OUS, a. [Fr. spiritunii^] 
 
 1. Containing spirit; consisting of reflned spirit; 
 ardent ; as, spirituous liquors. [This might well bo 
 written Spiritol's.] 
 
 2. Having the quality of spirit ; fine ; pure ; active ; 
 as, the spirUuou.i part of a plant. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 3. Lively ; gay ; vivid ; airy. [JVot in use.] 
 
 }roUon. 
 
 SPIIt'IT-tl-OUS NESS, n. The quality of being spir- 
 
 . ituoiis ; ardor; heat; stimulating quality; .as, the 
 spirituousness of liijuors. 
 2. Life; tenuity; activity. 
 
 SPIRT See Spuht, the more correct orthography. 
 
 SI'IR'TLE, r. f. To spirt in a scattering manner. 
 
 SPIR'TLf;D, (spur'tid,) pp. Spirted scatteringly. 
 
 SPIR'U-LA, n. [L.] A genus of cephaloptids, having 
 a discoid, miiltilociilar shell. P. Cyr. 
 
 SPIR'Y, a. [from .spire] Of a spiral form ; wreathed , 
 curled ; as, the spiry vidiimes of a serpent. Dnjden. 
 
 2. Having the form of a pyramid ; pyramidical ; as, 
 spiru turrets. Pope. 
 
 SPlS.-i, a. [I., iqihsua.] 
 
 Thick ; close ; dense. [JVof in use.] 
 
 SI'ISS'1-TUDE, n. [Supra.] Thickness of soft sub- 
 stances ; the denseness or compactness which belongs 
 to substances not perfectly liquid nor perfectly solid ; 
 as, the spiisitudc of coagulated blood or of any coag- 
 uluin. 
 
 SPIT, n. [SuT. spitti J D. .<rpit; G. spiess; 8w. sjtcttf 
 Dan. spid ; It. spifdo ; Ice. sjtiet^ a spear. It belongs 
 to Class Bd, and is from thrusting, shooting.] 
 
 1. .\n iron prong or bar pointed, on which meat is 
 roasted. 
 
 2. [D. a spade.] Such a deptli of earth as is 
 pierced by the spade at once ; a spadeful. [Farious 
 dialects.] Ilulliwetl. 
 
 3. A small point of land ninning into the sea, or a 
 long, narrow shoal extending from the shore into the 
 sea ; as, a spit of sand. 
 
 SPIT, n. [Dan.spyt.] 
 
 Wh.at is ejected from the mouth ; saliva. 
 SPIT, r. t. [from the noun.] To thrust a spit through ; 
 to put upon a spit ; as, to spit a loin of veal. 
 
 2. To thrust throu<.'h ; to pierce. Dryden. 
 
 3. To spade ; to dig. 
 
 SPIT, V. t. ; pret. and jrp. Spit. Spat is obsolete. 
 [Sax. spittan ; Sw. spolla ; Dan. spytter ; G. spiitzeru 
 The sense is, to throw, or drive, ('lass Bd.] 
 
 1. To eject from the mouth ; to thrust out, as sail' 
 va or other matter, from the mouth. 
 
 2. To eject or throw out with violence. 
 
 SPIT, V. i. To throw out saliva from the luoiitli. It 
 is a dirly trick to spit on the floor or carpet. 
 
 SPIT'AL, n. [Corrupted from hospital.] " Rob not 
 the spiral," or charitable foundation. Johnson. 
 [Vulisar, and not in it.-^c] 
 
 SPIT'-BOX, n. A vessel to receive discharges of spit- 
 tle. 
 
 SPITCH'eOCK, V. t. To split an eel lengthwise and 
 
 broil it. Kinir. 
 SPlTCH'eOCK, n. An eel split and broiled. 
 
 Decker. 
 
 SPITE, n. [D. sq>rjt, spite, vexation ; Ir. spid. The 
 Fr. li.is depit. Norm, despite. The It. dispetlo and Sp. 
 despecho seem to be from the h, despectas ; btxt spiu 
 seems to be from a different root.] 
 
 Hatred ; rancor ; malice ; m.alignity ; malevolence. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Spite, however, is not always synonymous wilh 
 Iheiie words. It often denotes a less deliberate and 
 fixed hatred than malice ami malignity, and is often 
 a sudden fit of ill will excited by temporary vexa- 
 titin. It is the eflVct of extreme irritation, and is ac- 
 companied with a desire of revenge, or at least a de- 
 sire to vex the object of ill will. 
 
 Beyone, 
 Coilius » 
 
 P0]X. 
 
 In spite of; in op])osition to all efforts; in defiance 
 or contempt of. Sometimes spite of is used without 
 in, but not elegantly. It is often used without ex- 
 pressing any malignity of meaning. 
 
 Whom Goil made use of to speak a wortl in season, and saved 
 
 me i/i spite of Uie world, the ttevil, and myself. .^uf4. 
 In spit* o/ail applicatioiu, the patient grew worse every day. 
 
 AriuthnoL 
 
 To owe one a sjtitc ; to entertain a temporary hatred 
 for sometliins. 
 SPITE, r. t. T.I be angry or vexed at. 
 
 2. To mischief ; to vex ; to treat maliciously ; to 
 thwart. ShaL 
 
 3. To fill wilh siiilc or vexation ; to offend ; to 
 vex. 
 
 Darius, spiled at the Ma^i, endeavoiT»l to atmlikh Dot only their 
 learning, but their inuguugc. [.Vol used.] Temple. 
 
 SPTT'KD, pp. Hated ; vexed. 
 
 SPITE'FTL, a. Filletl with spite ; having a desire to 
 vex, annoy, or injure ; malignant ; malicious. 
 A wayward son, 
 Spite/ul and wruUiful. Shak. 
 
 SPTTE'FUL-LY, adc. With a desire to vex, annoy, 
 or injure ; maVignanlly ; maliciously. Sirt/). 
 
 SPITE'F(,'I.,-NESS, n. The desire to vex, annoy, or 
 do mischief, proceeding from irritation ; malice 
 malignity. 
 
 It looks more like epit^utntes and Dl-nature, than a dUi^nt 
 - search alter trutli. A'su. 
 
 SPIT' FIRE, n, A violent or passionate person. 
 [Lme.] Orose. 
 
 SPIT'-FITLL, H. A spadeful. 
 
 SPIT'TED, pp. [from .«7>i«.] Put upon a spit. 
 
 2. Shot out into length. Bacon. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU9. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH a» 8H ; TH a« in THIS. 
 
 134 
 
 106ft 
 
SPL 
 
 SPL 
 
 SPO 
 
 SFIT'TER, n. One that puts meat on a spit. 
 
 2. One wlio ejects saliva from his mouth. 
 
 3. A young deer whose horns begin to slioot or 
 become sharp ; a brocket or pricket. Eiicyc. 
 
 SPIT'TING, ppr. Putting on a spit. 
 
 9. Ejecting saliva from the mouth. 
 SPIT'TLE, (spil't!,) n. [from spitJ Saliva ; the 
 thick, moist matter wliich is secreted by the salivary 
 glands and ejected from the mouth. 
 2. A small sort of spade, [spaddlc] 
 SPIT'TLE. See Spital. 
 
 SPIT'TLE, V. U To dig or stir with a small spade. 
 [Loral.] 
 
 SPIT-TOON', TU A more fashionable name for Spit- 
 Box. 
 
 SPIT'VEN-OM, TU [spit and venom.'] Poison ejected 
 from the mouth. Hooker. 
 
 SPLANCH-NOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. tsirXayxva, bowels, 
 and Aoj Of, discourse.] 
 
 1. The doctrine of the viscera ; or a treatise or de- 
 scription of the vi.scera. Hooper. 
 
 2. The doctrine of diseases of the internal parts 
 of the body. Coie. 
 
 SPLASH, V. t. [formed on plash.} To spatter with 
 
 water, or with water and mud. 
 SPLASH, V. i. To strike and dash about water. 
 SPLASH, n. Water or water and dirt thrown upon 
 
 any thing, or thrown from a puddle and the like. 
 SPLASH'-BOARD, n. A guard in front of a vehicle, 
 
 to prevent its being splashed by mud from the 
 
 horse's heels. 
 
 SPLASH'SD, (splasht,) pp. Spattered with water or 
 mud. 
 
 SPLASH'ING, ppr. Spattering with water or mud. 
 
 2. Striking and dashing about water. 
 SPLASH'Y, a. Full of dirty water ; wet ; wet and 
 muddy. 
 
 SPLaY, t). t. [See Dtsplat.] To dislocate or break 
 a horse's shoulder-bone. Johnson. 
 2. To spread. [Little used.'] Mease. 
 SPL.5Y, for Display. [Al^r in use.'] 
 SPLAY, a. Displayed ; spread ; turned outward. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 SPLAY, n. A slanted or sloped surface ; particnlarhj, 
 the expansion given to doors, windows, &c., by 
 slanting their sides. Oloss. of Jlrchit. 
 
 SPLAY'ED, pp. or a. Dislocated, as a horse's 
 shoulder-bone. 
 
 2. a. In architecture, oblique; having one side 
 wliich m;ikes an oblique angle with the other. 
 
 SPLAY'FOOT, ) a. Having the foot turned out- 
 
 SPLAY'FOOT-ED, \ ward ; having a wide foot. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SPLaY'MOUTH, n. A wide mouth ; a mouth 
 
 stretched by design. 
 SFLEEX, n. [L. splen ; Gr. (T^Xriv.] 
 
 1. The milt ; a spongy viscus situated in the left 
 hypochondrium, near the fundus of the stomach, 
 and under the ribs. It has an oval figure. Us use 
 is not known. The ancients supposed this to be the 
 seat of melancholy, anger, or ve.xation. Hence, 
 
 2. Anger; latent spite; ill humor. Thus we say, 
 to vent one's spleen. 
 
 la nuhl*" miiuis some dro^s remain, 
 
 N(jI yel purged ort', uf epleen and eour diadain. Pope. 
 
 3. A fit of anger. Sliak. 
 
 4. A fit ; a sudden motion. [JVo! iwcrf.] Sliak. 
 
 5. Melancholy ; hypochondriacal alfeclions. 
 Bodies changed 10 vcfnl forms by spleen. Pope. 
 
 C. Immoderate merriment. [Jfot in use.] Shak. 
 SPLEEN'£D, " 
 
 SPLEEN'FUL, 1 
 SPLEEN'l.-iil, i 
 
 Myntlf lave 
 
 Deprived of the spleen. 
 
 .^rbuthiiot. 
 
 I. Angry ; peevish ; fretful. 
 
 limed their spleenful innliny, Shak. 
 
 Q. Melancholy ; hypochondriacal. Pope. 
 SPLEEN'I.SH, a. Spltcny ; allected with .oplecn. 
 SPLEE.N'ISH-LY, ado. in a splccnish manner. 
 SP1,EE.\'ISH-NESS, n. Stale of being spleenish. 
 SPLEEN'LESS, n. Kind ; gentle ; mild. [Ohs.] 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 SPLEEN'VVORT, (-wurt,) n. [L. >.plenivm.] 
 A plant of the genus Asplenium ; miltwort. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 SPLEEN'Y, a. Angry ; peevish ; fri'tful. 
 
 A splteny LtitUenin, atid not wliolesume to 
 
 Our cau*.'. SlttA. 
 
 2. Melancholy ; affected with nervous complaints. 
 SPLE.\'DE.\T, a. [L. splendens, .tplendeo, to shine.] 
 
 1. Shining ; gliisiy ; beaming with light ; a.f, 
 rpUndertt plaiietH ; gjilcndent iiK'taU. JVeirtfln. 
 
 2. Very conKoicudiis ; illuKtrintiH, IVoiton. 
 SPLEN'DII), a. splrndidiu, from splendco^lo shine ; 
 
 Kr. trplemiide ; II. splendido ; \V. ysplan, (roni plan, 
 clear. See Plain.] 
 
 1. Property, nhiiiing ; very bright ; as, n nplcndid 
 ■iin. Hence, 
 
 9. SlK>\vy ; magnifirpnt ; KiirnptiioiiH ; [K)mpr>UH ; 
 an, a /iplrndi/t [lalare ; a irplrndiil prorfHMion ; a iqtlcn- 
 did erpiipage ; a gplendid feaHt or rnlertalnment. 
 
 3. IIIUHtriouii ; heroic; brilliant ; uh, a jc/ilcnrfui vic- 
 tory. 
 
 4 Illustrious ; famous ; celebrated ; as, a splendid 
 reputation. 
 
 SPLEN'DID-LY, ado. With great brightness or bril- 
 liant light. 
 
 2. Magnificently ; sumptuously ; richly ; as, a 
 house splendidly furnished. 
 
 3. With great pomp or show. The king was 
 splendidly attended. 
 
 SPLEN'DOR, n. [L., from the Celtic ; W. ysplander, 
 from pleiniaw, dysple'iniaio, to cast rays, from plan, a 
 ray, a cion or shoot, a plane ; whence plant. See 
 Plant and Planet.] 
 
 1. Great brightness ; brilliant luster ; as, the 
 splendor of the sun. 
 
 2. Great show of richness and elegance ; mag- 
 nificence ; as, the splendor of equipage or of royal 
 robes. 
 
 3. Pomp ; parade ; as, the splendor of a procession 
 or of ceremonies. 
 
 4. Brilliance ; eminence ; as, the splendor of a vic- 
 torv. 
 
 SPLEN'DROUS, a. Having splendor. [JVo« in use.] 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 SPLEVE TIC ) 
 SPLE^NET'ie-AL, [L- 
 
 Affected with spleen ; peevish ; fretful. 
 
 You humor me when I am sick ; 
 Why not when I am splenetic ? 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SPLEN'E-Tie, 7i. A person affected with spleen. 
 
 Tatler. 
 
 SPLE-NET'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a morose or spleeny 
 
 manner. 
 SPLEN'ie, 0. [Fr. splenique.] 
 
 Belonging to the spleen ; as, the splenic vein. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 SPLEN'ISH, a. Affected with spleen ; peevish ; fret- 
 ful. Drayton. 
 
 SPLE-NI'TIS, 71. Inflammation of the spleen. 
 
 SPLEN'I-TIVE, a. Hot; fiery; passionate; irrita- 
 ble. [JVo( iji use.] Shak. 
 
 SPLENT, n. See Splint. 
 
 SPLENT'-CoAL, jt. An inferior kind of canncl coal 
 from Scotch collieries. 
 
 SPLlCE, V. t. [S\v. sptissa; D.splissen; G spleitsen ; 
 Dan. splidscr ; from splider, splitter, to split, to divide. 
 It should be written Splise.J 
 
 To separate the strands of^ the two ends of a rope, 
 and unite them by a particular manner of interweav- 
 ing them ; or to unite the end of a rope to any part 
 of another by a like interweaving of the strands. 
 There are different modes of splicing, as the short 
 splice, long splice, eye splice, &.c. Mar. Diet. 
 
 Splice the vta'in brace ; among seajnen, a phrase that 
 signifies an extra allowance of spirits in cases of cold 
 or wet. 
 
 SPLICE, Ti. The union of ropes by interweaving the 
 strands. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SPLIC'SD, (spllste,) pp. United, as a rope, by a par- 
 ticular manner of interweaving the two ends. 
 
 SPLI'CING, ppr. Separating the strands of two ends 
 of a rope, and uniting them by interweaving. 
 
 SPLI'CING, n. The act or process of splicing. 
 
 SPLINT, ) 71. [D. splinter] G. splint, or splitter; 
 
 SPLINT'ER, j Dan. splindt. Uu. is ti radical .'] 
 
 1. A piece of wood split off ; a thin piece (in pro- 
 portion to its thickness) of wood, or other solid sub- 
 stance, rent from the main body ; as, spliatc of a 
 ship's side or mast rent off by a shot. 
 
 2. In surgery, a thin piece of wood, or other sub- 
 stance, used to bold or confine a broken bone when 
 set. 
 
 3. A piece of bone rent off in a fracture. 
 
 4. Splint; in farriery, a hard excrescence growing 
 on the shank-bones of iiorses. Fann. Encyc. 
 
 SPLINT, I V. t. To split or rend into long, thin 
 SPLINT'ER, i pieces; to shiver; as, the lightning 
 
 splinters a tree. 
 2. To confine with splintery, as a broken limb. 
 SPLINT'ER, V. i. To be split or rent into long pieces. 
 SPLINT'ER-BXR, ti. A cross-bar in a coach, which 
 
 supports the springs. 
 SPLINT'ER-i;D,pp. oro. Split into splinters ; secured 
 
 by splints. 
 
 SPLINT'ER-ING, ppr. Splitting into splinters ; so- 
 curing by splints. 
 
 SPLINT'ER- Y, a. Consisting of splinters, or resem- 
 bling splinters ; as, the splintery fracture of a miner- 
 al, which discovers scales arising from splits or lis- 
 pures, p;irallel to the line of fra' tiin;. Kirwnn. 
 
 SPLIT, V. t.; prcl. and pp. Split. [D. splitlen: Dan. 
 
 splitter; G. spliltrrn, or spleiisen ; Eth. fait, 
 to separate, lo divide, the same verb which in other 
 Shi^mitic laniruagi'S, Ileb. Cli. and Syr. IflSo, signifies, 
 lo escape. .*^ce Sivali.] 
 
 1. To divide longitudinally or lengthwise ; to ae|>- 
 nrato a thing from end lo i^nd by force; to rive ; to 
 cleave ; as, to split a piece of timber ; lo split a boaril. 
 It differs from ('hack. To erack is to open, or par- 
 tially separate ; to siilit is lo separate entirely. 
 
 2. To rend ; lo tear asunder by violence ; to burst ; 
 an, to split a rock or a sail. 
 
 (.'old wliilrr tpUts the ntckt In twain. Vnjtlen. 
 
 3. To divide ; to part ; as, to s]dit a hair. The 
 phrases, to split the heart, to split a ray of light, are 
 now inelegant and obsolete, especially the former. 
 The phrase, to sjilit the earth, is not strictly correct. 
 
 4. To dash and break on a rock ; as, a ship strand- 
 ed and split. Mar. Diet. 
 
 5. To divide ; to break into discord ; as, a people 
 split into parties. 
 
 6. To strain and pain with laughter; as, to split 
 the sides. 
 
 SPLIT, V. i. To burst ; to part asunder ; to suffer dis- 
 ruption ; as, vessels split by the freezing of water in 
 them. Glass vessels often split when heated too 
 suddenly. 
 
 2. To burst with laughter. 
 
 ElicU h.^d a gr.ivi[y would make yon split. Pope. 
 
 3. To he broken ; t» be dashed to pieces. We 
 were driven upon a rock, and the ship immediately 
 split. Swift. 
 
 To split on a rock ; to fail ; to err fatally ; to have 
 the hopes and designs frustrated. Spectator, 
 SPLIT, 71. A crack, rent, or longitudinal fissure. 
 
 Tutten. 
 
 2. A breach or separation as in a political party. 
 
 [Colloquial] 
 
 SPLIT'TER, 71. One who splits. Swift. 
 SPLIT'TING, ppr. Bursting; riving; rending. 
 SPLUT'TER, 77. A bustle ; a stir. [Jl low word, and 
 little used.]^ 
 
 SPLUT'TER, V. i. To speak hastily and confusedly. 
 [LmD.] Carlton. 
 
 SPOD'q-MENE, 71. [Gr. inroiSow, lo reduce lo ashes.] 
 A mineral, called by Haiiy Teiphane. It occurs 
 in laminated masses, easily divisible into prisms with 
 rhomboidal b.ases ; the lateral faces smooth, shining, 
 and pearly ; the cross fracture uneven and splintery. 
 Before the blowpipe it exfoliates into little yellowish 
 or grayish scales, whence its name. Cleaveland. 
 
 It contains the rare earth lithia, combined with sil- 
 ica and alumina. Dana. 
 
 SPOIL, v. t. [Fr. spolier: It. spogUare ; L. spol'io ; W. 
 yspciliaw. The sense is, probably, to pull asuniier, to 
 tear, to strip ; coinciding with L. vello, or with peel, 
 or with both. See Class Bl, No. 7, 8, 15, 32.] 
 
 1. To plunder ; lo strip by violence ; to rob ; with 
 of; as, to spoil one of his goods or possessions. 
 
 My sons their old unhappy sire despise, 
 
 Spoiled of his kingdom, and deprived of eyes. Pope. 
 
 2. To seize by violence ; to take by force ; as, lo 
 spoil one's goods. 
 
 This mount 
 
 With all its verdure spoiled. Milton. 
 
 3. [S3ax. spillan.] To corrupt ; to cause to decay 
 and perish. Heat and moisture will soon spoil vege- 
 table and animal substances. 
 
 4. To corrupt ; to vitiate ; to mar. 
 
 Spiritual pride spoils many graces. Taylor. 
 
 5. To ruin ; to destroy. Our crops are sometimes 
 spoiled by insects. 
 
 6. To render useless by injury; as, to spoil paper 
 by wetting it. 
 
 7. To injure fatally ; as, to spoil the eyes by read- 
 ing. 
 
 SPOIL, V. i. To practice plunder or robbery. 
 
 Outlaws, which, lurking in woods, used to brtjak forth to rob and 
 spoil. Spenser. 
 
 2. To decay ; to lose the valuable qualities ; to he 
 corrupted ; as, fruit will soon .tjioil in warm weather. 
 Grain will spoil, if gathered when wet or moist. 
 SPOIL, 71. [L. spolium.] 
 
 1. That which is taken from others by violence ; 
 particularly, in war, the plunder taken from an ene- 
 my ; pillage ; booty. 
 
 2. That which is gained by strength or effort. 
 
 Each science and each art his spoil. Bentley. 
 
 3. That which is taken from another without li- 
 cense. 
 
 Gentle gfales. 
 
 Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense 
 
 Native pi-rfunn-s, and whisper whence they stole 
 
 Their balmy spoils. Milton. 
 
 4. The act or practice of plundering ; robbery ; 
 waste. 
 
 The man that hath not music in himwdf, 
 
 Nor is not moved with coricorxl of sweet suiindi, 
 
 Is lit tor treason, 8trat.igems, and spoilt. Shak. 
 
 5. Corru|ition ; cause of corruption. 
 
 Villainous company hath been tlie spoil of ine. Shak. 
 
 G. The slough or cast skin of a serpent or other 
 animal. Bacon. 
 SPOIL' /•-'D, pp. or a. Plundered ; pillaged ; corrupted ; 
 
 renileri'tl useless. 
 SPtJIli'Elt, II. A plunderer; a pillager; a robber. 
 
 2. Uiie that corrupts, mars, or rc nili rs useless. 
 SPOlL'FyL, a. Wasteful; rapacious. [Litlle used.] 
 
 Spen.^er. 
 
 SPOIL'ING, p;n-. Plundering; pillaging; corrupting; 
 rendering useless. 
 2. Wasting ; decaying. 
 SPOIL'INC, 71. Plunder; waste. 
 SPfiKE, pret. of Spkak. 
 
 SPOKE, 11. [Sax. .vpara ; 1). .vpan/t ; G. speiehe. This 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRfiy. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1066 ' 
 
SPO 
 
 SPO 
 
 woril, whose radical sense is, to slioot, or thrust, co- 
 incides with .tpikCf spi^oty yikty and G, speien^ con- 
 tractcil frcmi speichen, to spew.] 
 
 1. Tlie radius or ray of a wheel ; one of the small 
 bars which are inserted in the hub or navu, and 
 which serve to support the run or lelly. Swift. 
 
 2. The spar or round of a ladder. [JVot in itse m 
 t/ic United Stutes.] 
 
 SVOWFyN, (siHik'n,) pp. of Sr«*K. 
 
 SPoKU'SIIaVE, n. A kind of plane for dressing the 
 spokes of wheels, the shells of blocks, and other 
 curl ed work. Buchanan. 
 
 SPoKi;s'iM.\N, n. [speak, spoke, ani man.] One who 
 si>caks for another. 
 
 lie sbalt be tbj spohetman to the people. — Ex, Ir. 
 
 SPO'LI-ATE, V. t. [L. spotio.] 
 
 To pluniler ; to pillage. Dirt. 
 
 SPo'l.t-ATK, ti. i. To practice plunder; to connnit 
 robbery. In time of war, rapacious men are let 
 loose to spoliate on commerce. 
 
 SPO'M-A-TED, pp. Plundered ; robbed. 
 
 SPO-I.I-A'TION, H. The act of plunderinR, particu- 
 larly of i>lundering an enemy in lime of war. 
 
 2. The act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea 
 under authority. 
 
 3. In ecclesiastical affairs, the act of an incumbent 
 in taking the fruits of his benefice without right, but 
 under a pretended title. Blnckstone. 
 
 SPON-D.\'ie, j o. [Sec Spohdee.] Pertaining 
 SPON-D.^'ie-AL, ( to a spondee ; denoting two long 
 
 feet in poetry. 
 SPON'DEE, >i. [Fr. spondee; It. spondeo ; L. spon- 
 
 dcEu-s.] 
 
 A politic foot of two long syllables. Broome. 
 SPON'UYLE, j n. [L. .^pomhjlas ; Gr. anovSoXos I It. 
 SPON'DYL, i .'rpondulo.] 
 
 A joint of the back-bone ; a Tertebra. Coze. 
 SPOiN'GE, )i. [L. sponnia ; Gr. iriroy) iii ; Fr. eponire ; 
 It. spn^ta ; Sp. esponja : Sax. sponifea ; D. spans.] 
 
 1. A porous, marine substance, found adhering to 
 rocks, shells, &c., under water, and on rocks about 
 the sliore at low water. It is generally supposed to 
 be of animal origin, and it consists of a fibrous, retic- 
 ulated substance, covered by a soft, gelatinous mat- 
 ter, but in which no polypes have hitherto been ob- 
 served. It is so [jorous as to imbibe a great quantity 
 of water, and is used for various purposes in the 
 arts and in surgery. Enaje. Cuvier. 
 
 2. In gunnery, an instrument for cleaning cannon 
 aftera discharge. It consists of a cylinder of wood, 
 covered with lamb-skin or wool, and having a han- 
 dle or statf. For small guns, it is commonly fixed to 
 one end of the handle of the ranuner. 
 
 3. In the manerre, the extremity or point of a horse- 
 shoe, answering to the heel. 
 
 Pijruiechnical .■iputijrc, is made of mushrooms or 
 fungi, growing on did oaks, ash, fir, &c., which are 
 boiled in water, dried, and be.iten, then put in a strong 
 lye prepared with saltpeter, and again dried in an 
 oven. This makes the black match, or tinder, 
 brou'jht from Germany. Encyc. 
 SPONGE, V. t. To wipe with a wet sponge ; as, to 
 sponge a slate. 
 
 2. To \vipe out with a sponge, as letters or writing. 
 
 3. To cleanse with a sponge ; as, to sponge a can- 
 non. 
 
 4. Towipeout completely ; to extinguish ordestroy. 
 SPONGE, r. t. To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge. 
 
 2. To gain by m*'an arts, by intrusion, or hanging 
 on ; as, an idler who spontre^ on his neighbor. 
 
 dPONGE'-GAKE, n. A kind of sweet cake which is 
 very light and spongy. 
 
 SPO.S'G'KD, (spunjd,) pp. Wiped with a sponge; 
 wiped out; extinguished. 
 
 SPO.VG'EK, n. One who uses a sponge ; a hanger on. 
 
 SPO.NG'I-FORM, a. [sponge ani\ form.] Resembling 
 a sponge ; soft and porous ; porous. 
 
 SPO.N'0;'I-NF,SS, n. The quality or state of being 
 spongy, or porous like sponge. Hartley. 
 
 SPO.NG'ING, ppr. Wiping with a wet sponge ; cleans- 
 ing with a sponge. 
 
 2. Gainmg by mean arts, by intrusion, or hang- 
 ing on. 
 
 SPONG'I.NO-IIOUSE, n. A bailiff's house to put 
 debtors in before being taken to jail. 
 
 SP0.\''GI-OLE, II. [See Sro^oc] In botany, a sup- 
 posed expansion of minute parts at the tenninati<in 
 of radicles, resembling a sponge, for absorbing the 
 nutriment of plants. 
 
 SP0i\C'I-OUS, a Full of small cavities, like a 
 sponge ; as, sponsions bones. Cheyne. 
 
 SPONG'Y, a. Soft and full of cavities ; of an open, 
 loose, pliable texture ; as, a spongy excrescence ; 
 spongy earth ; spongy cake ; the spongy substance of 
 the lungs. 
 
 2. Full of small cavities ; a.s, spongy bones. 
 
 3. Wet ; drenched ; soaked and soli, like sponge. 
 
 4. Having the quality of imbibing fluids. 
 SPONK, (spunk,) n. [A word probably formed on 
 
 punk.] 
 
 Touchwood. In Scotland, a match ; something 
 dipped in sulphur for readily taking fire. [See 
 Sfuse.] 
 
 SPON'.S AL, a. [L. spunsalu, fr<un si>ondeo, to betroth.] 
 
 Relating to marriage or to a spouse. 
 SPON'SI-l'.I.E, a. Worthy of credit. [Local.] 
 SPOiN'SlO.N, n. [L. spun.iio, from spondeo, to engage.] 
 
 The act of becoming surety for another. 
 SPON'SION, (-shun,) u. In international taw, an act 
 or engagement on behalf of a stale, by an agent not 
 specially authorized for the purpose, or one who ex- 
 ceeds tlie limits of authority. Brande. 
 SPON'SOlt, n. [L., supra.] A surety; one who 
 binds himself to answer for another, and is respon- 
 sible for his default. ScoU. 
 
 2. In some Christian communions, the name given 
 to those who, at the baptism of infants, profess the 
 Christian faith in their name, and guaranty their re- 
 ligious education ; a godfather or godmother. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SPON-.«0'RI-AT,, a. Pertaining to a sponsor. 
 
 SPON'SOIl-SIIIP, 71. Stale of being a sponsor. 
 
 SPON-T.\-Nf:'I-TY, j n. [I,, .syo/itc, will.] 
 
 SPON-TA'NE-OUS-NESS, j The quality of pro- 
 ceeding or acting from native feeling, proneness, 
 or temperament, without constraint or external 
 force. 
 
 SPON Ta'NE-OUS, a. [L. spontaneus, from sponte, 
 of free will.] 
 
 1. ProcoediniT from natural feeling, temperament, 
 or disposition, or from a native internal proneness, 
 readiness, or tendency, without coinpulsitm or con- 
 straint ; as, a spontaneous gift or proposition. 
 
 [SpoMTANEous is not perfectly synonymous with 
 VoLUNTAKy ; the latter implies an act of the will, 
 which may proceed from reason, or argument, with- 
 out any natural feeling or aflection. Voluntary is 
 applicable to rational beings ; spontaneous is applica- 
 ble to animals destitute of reason.] 
 
 2. Acting by its own impulse, energy, or natural 
 law, without external force ; as, sjiontancons motion ; 
 spontaneous growth ; spontaneous combustion. 
 
 3. Produced without being planted, or without 
 human labor ; as, a spontaneous growth of xvood. 
 
 Spontaneous combustion ; a taking fire of itself. 
 Thus oiled canvas, oiled wool, and many other com- 
 bustible substances, when sultered to remain fiir 
 some time in a confined state, suddenly take fire, or 
 undergo spontaneous combustion. 
 SPON-Ta'NE-OUS-LY, arfi>. Of one's own internal 
 or native feeling ; of one's own accord ; as, he acts 
 spontaneously. 
 
 2. By its own force or energy ; without the im- 
 pulse of a foreign cause ; used of things. 
 
 Wbcy turns Bpontaiteously acid. Arbuthnot. 
 
 SPON-TA'NE-OUS-NESS, n. See Spontaneitv. 
 SPON-TOON', 71. [Fr. and Sp. csponton ; It. sponta- 
 nea.] 
 
 A kind of half pike ; a military weapon borne by 
 inferior olficers of infantry. 
 
 ?POOK, j 71. [Ger. spuJc.] A spirit; a ghost ; a hob- 
 
 SPuKE, i goblin. Bulwer. 
 
 SPOOL, 71. [G. s-pule ; D. spoel ; Dan. and Sw spole.] 
 A piece of cane or reed, or a hollow cylinder of 
 wood with a ridge at each end, used by weavers to 
 wind their yarn upon in order to slaie it and wind it 
 on the beam. The spool is larger than the quill, on 
 which yarn is wound for the shuttle. But in m.".nu- 
 factories, the word may be differently applied. 
 
 SPOOL, r. t. To wind on spools. 
 
 SPOOL'KD, pp. Wound on a spool. 
 
 SPOOL'ING, ppr. Winding on spools. 
 
 SPOOL'-STAND, n. An article holding spools of 
 fine thread, turning on pins, used by ladies at their 
 work. 
 
 SPOOM, V. i. To be driven swiftly ; probably a mis- 
 take for Spoo.v. [See Spoon, the verb.] 
 SPOON, 71. [It, .^onog.] 
 
 1. A small domestic utensil, with a bowl or con- 
 cave part and a handle, for dipping liquids ; as, a 
 tea-.N7»oo7i ,* a table-.s-ponii. 
 
 2. An instrument consisting of a bowl or hollow 
 iron and a long handle, used for taking earth out of 
 holes dug for setting posts. 
 
 SPOON, V. i. To put before the wind in a gale. [/ 
 belicre not now used.] 
 
 SPOON'BlLIi, 11. [.-710011 and bill.] The popular 
 name of certain wading birds of the grallic order, 
 and genus Platalea, so named from the shape of their 
 bill, which is long, large, much flattened, dil.ated and 
 rounded at the extremity into the form of a sjioon or 
 spatula. The spoonbills in form and habits are allied 
 to the herons. JiTultall. P. Cyc. 
 
 SPOO.N'-DRIFT, It. In seamen's language, a show- 
 ery sprinkling of sea-water, swept from tlie surface 
 in a tempest. ToUen. 
 
 SPOON'F}JL, Ji. [spoon and full.] As much as a 
 spoon contains or is able to contain ; as, a tea-.-poun- 
 ful; a table-.sTioftn/iiZ. 
 
 2. A small quantity of a liquid. Jirlutlinot. 
 
 SPOON'-.MicAT, 71. [spoimnnA meat.] Food that is 
 or must be taken witli a spoon ; liquid food. 
 
 Diet mott upon apoon-meau. Harvty. 
 
 SPOON'WORT, ( wurt,) n. A plant of the genus 
 Cochlearia ; scurvy-grass. 
 
 8PO-RAI)'ie, ja. [Fr. sporadique ; Gr. a^ nai 
 SPO-RAD'ie-AL, i iit(i<, separate, scattered ; whence 
 certain isles of Greece were called Sporades.] 
 
 Separate ; single , scattered ; useil only in refer- 
 ence to diseases. A .sporadic fliseasc is one which 
 occurs in single and scattered cases, in distinction 
 from an epidemic and endemic, which affects many 
 perstins at the same time. 
 
 Sporadic diseases are opposed to epidemics and en- 
 demics, as arcidental, scattered complaints. I'arr. 
 SPARK i 
 
 SPOR'ULE, i "• """POi' a sowing.] 
 
 In botany, that part of flowcrless plants which per- 
 forms the function of seeds. 
 
 SPO'RII), 71. In botany, a naked corcle, destitute of 
 radicle, cotyledon, and hilum. lAudley. 
 
 SPORT, 71. ( 1). boert, jest ; boertcn, to jest ; bocrtig, 
 merry, facetious, jocular.] 
 
 1. 'I hat which diverts and makes merry; play; 
 game; diversion; also, mirth. The word signifies 
 both tlie cause and the effect ; that which produces 
 mirth, and the mirth or merriment produced. 
 
 Her cports wcrr bmcIi iu CiinricJ ricUei of knowledge upon lh« 
 blnvim of Hwlney. 
 
 Hero the word denotes the caiue of amusement. 
 
 Tilt y called for Sninson out of Uie pri*on-houftc ; aitj he iiiKdt 
 llieiii sport. — Ju(t^"'« xvi. 
 
 Here sport is the effect. 
 
 2. Mock ; mockery ; contemptuous mirth. 
 
 Then make sport nt iiie, then jft nic be your Je»l, Shot. 
 Till y made a gport of his ]>rophft«. Etdrat. 
 
 3. 1'hat with which one plays, or which is driven 
 about. 
 
 To (lilting leaves, the tport of every wind. Drydtn. 
 Ntv( r dors man apjiear to gr-nU'T disadvanta^ than wh.-n he it 
 the £jiort ol hia own uiiguverned pnssions. J, Clarke. 
 
 4. Play ; idle jingle. 
 
 An author who should introduce such a tporl of wopis upon our 
 stag'-, would meet with small appLiiiBe. Brtjoine. 
 
 5. Diversion of the field, as fowling, hunting, fish- 
 ing. Clarendon. 
 
 In sport. To do a thing in .-TKirf, is to do it in jest, 
 for play or diversion. 
 
 So is the man th'it deceiveth bis nei^libiir, and saith, Am not I <n 
 sport ) — Prov. xxvi. 
 
 SPoRT, V. t. To divert; to make merry ; used icitA 
 the reciprocal pronoun. 
 
 Against whom do ye sport yourselves ? — Is, IvM. 
 
 2. To represent by any kind of play. 
 
 Now sporting on Ihy tyre llie love cf vouth. Drydtn. 
 
 3. To exhibit or bring out in public ; as, to sport c 
 new equipage. [Familiar.] Orosc. 
 
 SPORT, jj. i. To play ; to frolic ; to wanton. 
 
 See the brisk Iambs that spiirt alon; llie mead. Asxon, 
 
 2. To practice the diversions of the field. 
 
 3. Totrirte. The man thatlaughs at religion spi/rta 
 with his own salvation. 
 
 SPORT'ER, 71. One who sports. 
 SPORT'FIJL, a. Merry ; frolicsome ; full of jef.ting ; 
 indulging in mirth or play ; as, a sportful cnmi anion. 
 Down he alights amonj the sportful henl. iiUlton, 
 2. Ludicrous ; done in jest or for mere pl.ny. 
 These are no rpoT\ful productions of the soil. BentUy. 
 
 SPORT'FUL-LY, adv. In mirth; in jest; for the 
 
 sake of diversion ; playfully. 
 SrORT'FJJL-NESS, 71. Pl.ay ; merriment ; frolic ; a 
 
 playful disposition ; playfulness ; as, the sportfulness 
 
 of kids and lambs. 
 SPORT'ING, ppr. or a. Indulging sport; practicing 
 
 the diversions of the field. 
 SPoRT'IVE, a. Gay; merry; wanton; frolicsome.' 
 
 Is It I 
 
 That drive thee from the sportive court f ShaJt. 
 
 2. Inclined to mirth ; playful ; as, a sportive hu- 
 mor. 
 
 SPoRT'IVE-LY, adv. Gayly ; merrily ; playfully. 
 
 SPoRT'I VE-NESS, n. Playfulness ; mirth ; merriment. 
 2. Uis[x)silion to mirth. [ ffalton. 
 
 SPORT'LESS, a. Without sport or mirth ; joyless. 
 
 SPoRTS'MAN, 71. [sport and man.] One who pur- 
 sues the sports of the field ; one who hunts, fishes, 
 and fiiwls. 
 
 2. One skilled in the sports of the fields. Mdison. 
 SPORTS'MAN-SIIIP, 71. The practice of s|iortsmen. 
 SPORT'lJ-LA-RY, a. [from L. spuria, a basket, an 
 alms-basket.] 
 
 Subsisting on alms or charitable contributions. 
 [LiUle used.] /';!;. 
 SPORT'ULE, 71. [L. sportula, a little basket.] 
 
 An alms ; a dole ; a charitable gift or contribution. 
 [J\rol in u.te.] .lyliffe. 
 SPOR'ULE. n. A diminutive of SeonE, which see. 
 SPOT, 71. [I), sjtat, a spot, spavin, a pop-gun ; spatlen, 
 to *7Jo/, to spatter; Dan. sprite, a spot, and .^pet, a 
 pecker; svnrt, {.pet, a wtiodpecker. We see this 
 word is of the family of .vpatter, and that the radical 
 sense is, to throw or thrust. A spot is made by spat- 
 tering or sprinkling.] 
 1. A mark on a substance made by foreign matter ; 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 I 
 
 10()7 
 
RPO 
 
 SPR 
 
 SPR 
 
 a speck ; a blot ; a place discolored. Tiie least xpot 
 is visible on white paper. 
 
 2. A stain on character or reputation ; something 
 that soils purity ; disgrace ; reproach ; fault ; blem- 
 ish. See 1 Pet. i. 17. v. 27. 
 
 Yet Cliloe lure wiia formed without a Bpot, Pope. 
 
 3. A small extent of space ; a place ; any particu- 
 lar place. 
 
 The spot to which I point is paradise. MUton. 
 Fixed lo one spot. Oticay. 
 
 So we say, a spot of ground, a !^ot of grass or 
 flowers ; meaning a place of small extent. 
 
 4. A place of a different color from the ground ; as, 
 the spots of a leopard. 
 
 5. A variety of the common domestic pijroon, so 
 called from a spot on its head just above its beak. 
 
 (). A dark place on the disk or fare of the sun or 
 of a planet. See Solar Spots, under Solar. 
 
 7. A lucid place in the heavens. 
 
 Upon t It r spot ; immediately; before movint? ; with- 
 out changing place. [So the French say, sur U 
 ckatnp.] 
 
 It was determined upon the spot. i^trifl. 
 
 SPOT, V. t. To make a visible mark with some 
 foreign matter; to discolor ^ to stain j as, to sptit a 
 garment ; to spot paper. 
 
 2. To patch by way of ornament. Mdison. 
 
 3. To stain ; to blemish ; to taint ; to disgrace ; to 
 tarnish ; as reputation. 
 
 My vir^n life no spotted thouwlita shall stain. Sidney. 
 
 To spot timber, is to cut or chip it, in preparation 
 for hewing. 
 
 SPUT'LESS, a. Free from spots, foul matter, or dis- 
 coloration. 
 
 2. Free from reproach or impurity ; pure ; un- 
 tainted ; innocent; as, a spotless mmd ; spotless be- 
 havior. 
 
 A spotless virgin and a fauldess wife. Waller. 
 
 SPOT'LESS-NESS, n. Freedom from spot or stain ; 
 
 freedom from 'eproach. Donnr. 
 SPOT'TED, pp. or a. iMarked with spots or places of 
 
 a different color from the ground ; as, a spotted bcaet 
 
 or garment. 
 
 SPOT'TED-NESS, n. The state or quality of being 
 spotted. 
 
 SPOT'TER, n. One that makes spots. 
 SPOT'TI-NESS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 spotty. 
 
 SPOT'TING, ppr. Marking with spots ; staining. 
 SPOT'TY, a. Full of spots; marked with discolored 
 places. 
 
 SPOUS'AGE, n. [See Spousk.] The act of espous- 
 ing. [J^ot l/.5Cd.] 
 
 SPOUS'AL, a. [from spouse.] Pertaining to mar- 
 riage ; nuptial; nKitriuionial ; conjugal; connubial; 
 bridal ; as, spousal rites ; sj^ousal ornaments. Pope. 
 
 SPOUS'AL, n. [Fr. epousuillcs ; Sp. esponsales ; h. 
 sponsalia. See Spouse.] 
 
 Marriage ; nuptials, it is now generally used in 
 the plural ; as, the spousals of Hippolita. Lh-yden. 
 
 SPOUSE, (spouz,) 71. [Fr. epoiuie; Sp. esposo, esposa; 
 It. sposOf sposa ; L. .fponsusj spojisa^ from spojidco, to 
 engage ; Ir. posam, iil. It appears that n, in spondeo, 
 is not radical, or that it has been lost in other lan- 
 guages. The sense of the root is, to put together, to 
 bind. In Si>. esposas signifies manacles.] 
 
 One engaged or joined in wedlock ; a married 
 person, husband or wife. We say of a man, that 
 he is the sjiouse of such a woman ; or of a woman, 
 she is the spouse of such a man. Dryden. 
 
 SPOUSE, (spouz,) V. t. To wed ; to espouse. [Little 
 used.] [See Espouse.] Chaucer. 
 
 SPOUS'£D, pp. Wedded ; joined in marriage ; mar- 
 ried ; but seldom used. The word used in lieu of it 
 is Espoused. Milton. 
 
 SPOUSE'LESS, (spoiiz'less,) a. Destitute of a hus- 
 band or of a wife ; as, a spouseless king or queen. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SPOUT, 71. [D. spuit, a spout, spuiten, to spout. In 
 G. spxitten is to spit, and spotlen is to mock, banter, 
 sport. These are of one family ; .tpout retaining 
 nearly the primary and literal meaning. Clasa Bd. 
 See Iluu and Pout.] 
 
 1. A pipe, or a projecting moulh of a vessel, use- 
 ful in directing the stream of a liquid poured out; 
 as, tho spout of a pitcher, of a tea-pot or water- 
 pot. 
 
 2. A pipe conducting water from another pipe or 
 from a trough on a house. 
 
 3. A violent discharge of water raised '.ei a cohinm 
 at sa^like a whirlwind, or by u whirlwind. [Sea 
 
 WATEnsPOUT.] 
 
 SPOUT, r. L To throw out, as liquids through a nar- 
 row orifice or pipe ; as, an olejihant spouts water 
 from his trunk. 
 
 N'-xt on hii briljr floats the niljlily wliah; — 
 
 H" spouu t\if tide. Creech. 
 
 2. To throw out words with afTccted gravity ; to 
 mr>ulh. litaum. If Ft. 
 
 BPOUT, V. i To i«»uo with violence, as a liquid 
 through a narrow orifice, or from a spout ; as, water 
 
 spouts from a cask or a spring; blood spouts from a 
 vein. 
 
 AH the glittering hill 
 Is brfght with spouting nils. TTtomson. 
 
 SPOUT'ED, pp. Thrown in a stream from a pipe or 
 
 narrow orifice. 
 SPOIJT'ING, ppr. or a. Throwing in a stream from a 
 
 pipe or narrow opening ; pouring out words violently 
 
 or affectedly. 
 
 SPOIJT'ING, 7!. The act of throwing nut, as a liquid 
 from a narrow opening ; a violent or affected speech ; 
 a harriugue. 
 
 SPRAU, a. Vigorous ; sprightly. [Local.] 
 
 JMliwcU. 
 
 Mute. — In America, this word is, in poijular lan- 
 guage, I'ronouiiced spry, which is a coutruction of 
 spri^h, in sprightly. 
 
 SPRAG, K. A young salmon. [Local.] Grose. 
 
 SPRAIN, t. [Probably Sw. sjiranga, to break or 
 loosen ; Dan. sprenger, to s^triurr, to burst or crack ; 
 or from the same root.] 
 
 To weaken the motive power of a part by sudden 
 and excessive exertion ; tn overstniin the muscles or 
 ligaments of a joint ; to stretch the muscles or liga- 
 ments so as to injure them, but without luxation or 
 dislocation. Oay. Encyc. 
 
 SPRAIN, 71. The weakening of the motive power of 
 a part, by sudden anil excessive exertitm ; an exces- 
 sive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint, 
 without dislocation. Temple. 
 
 SPRAlN'ivD, pp. or a. Injured by excessive straining. 
 
 SPRaIN'ING, ;i;ir. Injuring hv excessive extension. 
 
 SPRaINTS, 7i.p/. The dung of an otter. Bailey. 
 
 SPRANG, prc£. of Sprikq ; but Spbunq is more gen- 
 erally used. 
 
 SPRAT, 71. [D. .spro* ; G. sprolte ; Ir. sproth.] 
 
 A small nsh closely allied to the herring and pil- 
 chard. 
 
 SPRAWL, V. i. [The origin and affinities of this 
 woril are uncertain. It may be a contracted word.] 
 
 1. To spread and stretch the body carelessly in a 
 horizontal position ; to lie with the limbs stretched 
 out or stru;rgling. We say, a person lies sprawling ; 
 or he sprawls on the bed or on the ground. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 2. To move, when lying down, with awkward 
 extension and motions of the limbs ; to scrabble or 
 scramble in creeping. 
 
 The bir'is wtT« not fl'-dged ; but in sprawling and stnt^gling to 
 ^Ll clear of the flame, down they tumbled, Estrange. 
 
 3. 'i'o widen or open irregularly, as a body of 
 horse. 
 
 SPllAWL'ING, ppr. or a. Lying with the limbs awk- 
 wardly stretched creeping with awkward motions ; 
 slrtiggling with contortion of the limbs. 
 2. Widening or opening irregularly, as cavalry. 
 
 SPRAY, 71. [Probably allied to sprig The radical 
 sense is a shoot. Class Rg.] 
 
 1. A small slioot or branch ; or branch of a tree ; 
 a twig. Encyc. 
 
 2. A collective body of small branches ; as, the 
 tree has a beautiful spray. Downing. 
 
 3. Among seamen, the water that is driven from 
 the top of a w.ive by wind, and which spreads and 
 flies in small particles. It iliffers from Spoon-Drift ; 
 as spray is only occasional, whereas spoon-drift Hies 
 continually along the surface of the sea. 
 
 SPREAD, (spred,) v, t. ; pret. anipp. Spread or Spred ; 
 
 fSax. sprwAan, spredan ; Dan. spreder ; Sw. sprida ; 
 ^. spreidcn ; G. spreiien. This is probably formed on 
 the root of broad, G. ircif ; breiten, to spread. 'I'he 
 more correct orthography is Spred.] 
 
 1. To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth 
 only ; to stretch or expand to a broader surface ; as, 
 to spread a carpet or a table-cloth ; to spread a sheet 
 on the ground. 
 
 2. To extend ; to form into a plate ; as, to spread 
 silver. Jer. x. 
 
 3. To set ; to place ; to pitch ; as, to spread a tent. 
 Oen. xxxiii. 
 
 4. To cover by extending something ; to reach 
 every part. 
 
 And an untisual palene« spreads her face. Granville. 
 
 5. To extend ; to shiiot to a greater length in 
 every direction, so as lo fill or cover a wider space. 
 
 The stately trees fast spread their branches. Milton. 
 
 6. To divulge ; to propagate ; to publish ; as news 
 or fame ; to cause to be more extensively known ; 
 as, to s)trcad a report. 
 
 In this use, tho word is often accompanied with 
 abroad. 
 
 They, when they had departed, spread abroad his fame In all 
 Umt country. — Malt. is. 
 
 7. To propagate ; to cause to affect great numbers ; 
 as, to sjyread a disease. 
 
 8. To emit ; to diffuse ; as emanations or ctlluvia ; 
 as, odoriferotts plants sproad their fragranc*;. 
 
 S). To dispi'rse ; to scatter over a larger surface ; as, 
 to sjn-rad manure; U) spread plaster or lime on the 
 ground. 
 
 10. 'i"o prepare ; to set and furnish with pro- 
 
 visions ; as, to spread a table. God spread a table for 
 the Israelites in the wilderness. 
 
 11. To open ; to unfold ; to unfurl ; to stretch ; as, 
 to spread the sails of a ship. 
 SPREAD, (spred,) ». i. To extend itself in length and 
 breadth, in all directions, or in breadth only ; to be 
 extended or stretched. The larger elms spread over 
 a space of forty or fifty yards in diameter ; or the 
 shade of the larger elms spreads over that space. 
 The larger lakes in America spread over more than 
 fifteen hundred square miles. 
 
 Plants, if they spread much, are seldom tall. Bacon. 
 
 2. To be extended by drawing or beating ; as, a 
 metal spreads with difficulty. 
 
 3. To be propag-'led or made known more exten- 
 sively. Ill reports sometimes spread with wonderful 
 ra|>idity. 
 
 4. To be propagated from one to another ; as, a 
 disease spreads into all parts of a city. The yellow 
 fever of American cities has not been found to spread 
 in the country. 
 
 SPREAD, (spied,) ti. Extent ; compass. 
 
 I haTe a fine sprectd of iinproT.able land. Addison. 
 
 2. Expansion of parts. 
 
 No flower h;is thai spread of the woodbine. Bacon. 
 
 3. A cloth used as a cover ; a table, as spread oi 
 furnisheil_\\'ith a meal. [Coltoguial.] 
 
 SPREAD'-EA'GLE, II. In armorial bearings, the fig 
 lire of an eagle, with its wings elevated and its legs 
 extended. Booth. 
 
 SPREAD'ER, (spred'-,) n. One that spreads, extends, 
 expands, or proi)agates ;°as, a spreader of disease. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. One that divulges ; one that causes to be more 
 generally known; a publisher; as, a spreader ot 
 news or reports. Swift. 
 SPREAD'ING, ppr. Extending; expanding; propa- 
 gating; divulging; dispersing; diffusing. 
 
 2. a. Extending or extended over a large space ; 
 wide ; as, the ."pnading oak. 
 
 GoTernor Winthrop, and his associates at Charleslown, had for a 
 church a large spreading tree. B. Trumbull. 
 
 SPREAD'ING, 71. The act of extending, dispersing, 
 
 or propagating. 
 SPREE, 71. A merry frolic ; often with drinking. 
 
 [Low.] JIalliioell. 
 SPRENT, pp. Sprinkled. [Obs.] [See Sprinkle.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 SPREW, (spru,) 71. [D. spreeuw or .^reuuw, the dis- 
 ease called thrush.] 
 
 A disease of the mucous membrane, consisting in 
 a specific inriamniation of the muciparous ghtiids, 
 with an elevation of the epithelium, (or cuticle on 
 the red part of the lips,) in round, oval, or irregular 
 whitish or ash-colored vesicles. It is confined to the 
 mouth and alimentary canal, and terminates in curd- 
 like sloughs. 
 
 SPRIG, 71. [W. ysbrig; ys, a prefix, and brig, top, 
 summit ; that is, a shoot, or shooting to a point. 
 Class lirg.] 
 
 1. A small shoot or twig of a tree or other plant ; a 
 spray ; as, a sprig of laiirtd or of parsley. 
 
 2. A brad, or nail without a head. [Local.] 
 
 3. The representation of a small branch in em- 
 broideiy. 
 
 4. A small eye-bolt ragged at the point. Encyc. 
 SPRIG, V. t. To mark or adorn with the representa- 
 tion of small branches ; to work with sprigs ; as, to 
 sprig muslin. 
 
 SPRIG'-CRYS'TAL, 71. A cluster of pointed, pris- 
 matic crystals of quartz, adhering by one extremity 
 to the rock. tVoodward. 
 
 SPRIG'Gi-'D, pp. Wrought with representations of 
 small twigs. 
 
 SPRKJ'GING, ppr. Working with sprigs. 
 
 SPUIG'GY, a. Full of sprigs or small branches. 
 
 SPKKJHT, j 71. [G. .s-pWrt, spirit. It should be writ- 
 
 SPRlTE, j ten Sprite.] 
 
 1. A spirit ; a shade ; a soul ; an incorporeal 
 agent. 
 
 Forth he called, out of deep darkness dread, 
 
 LegionB of spriglite. Sjienscr. 
 
 Anil gaping graves receivctl (he guilty spright. fjryden. 
 
 2. A walking spirit ; an apparition. Locke. 
 
 3. Power which gives cheerfulness or courage. 
 Hold thou my heart, establish thou my sprights. (iVol in use.] 
 
 ^"idney. 
 
 4. An arrow. [Jt''ot in u.ie.] Bacon. 
 SPRIG UT, ti. f. To haunt, as a spright. [JSTol used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SPRIGIIT'FIJL, a. [This word seems to be formed 
 on tho root of sprag, a local wiud, pronounced in 
 America spry. It belongs to the family of spring 
 and sprig.]^ 
 
 Lively ; Drisk ; nimble; vigorous; gay. 
 
 Spoke like n sprighfful noble genOeman. Sliai. 
 Steeds sprigltt/ul as the light. Couley. 
 
 [This word is little used in America. We use 
 SpuioHTi.v in the same sense,] 
 
 SPRIGIIT'FjJL-LY, arfo. Briskly ; vigorously. Shak. 
 
 SPKI(:nT'K(JI.-NESS, n. Briskness; liveliness; vi- 
 vacity. Hammond. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRgY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1068 
 
SPR 
 
 SPRTGHT'LESS, (sprite'-,) a. Deslitiiteof life ; dull : 
 sliisisiisli ; as, virtue's njjrijrlulrs.t cold. Coioltij. 
 
 SPKIGIIT'LI-NKSS, n. [from sprigMhj.] Liveli- 
 ness ; life ; briskueaa ; vigor ; activity ; gaye'.y ; vi- 
 vacity. 
 
 In dpTimi, with whnl KprighOintt* and alacrity tlo<'i thi! soul 
 fiiTt heniciri jl'Wwon. 
 
 SPRIGIIT'LY, (sprlte'lc,) a. Lively ; brisk j mii- 
 niated ; vigorotis ; airy ; gay ; as, a sprigUUij youtli ; 
 a sprijrhtlij air ; a sprightli/ dniicc. 
 
 Till* tpTightiy SyWia trip* along tlit' green. Pope, 
 Ami tprighlli/ wit ami love insiiiioi. DrijtUn. 
 
 SPRING, V. i. ; pret. Spnuito, [Spbanq, not wholly ob- 
 siil.'te ,] pp. SrnuKO. [Sax. springaii; U. and G. 
 springen ; Van. sprinirer ; Sw. .^prinira ; from the root 
 llrg or Ug ; n probably biMng ca.sual. The primary 
 sense is, to leap, to shoot.] 
 
 1. To vegetate and rise out of the ground ; k> be- 
 gin to appear ; as vegetables. 
 
 To Kili^fy the dosuiatf groiuul, and cause the bad of tkc lenilcr 
 herb to tpring lurUi. — Job xxxTiii. 
 
 In this sense, sprinsr is often or usually followed by 
 
 2. To begin to grtiw. [np, forth, or oitC. 
 
 The teeth of the young not spring. Hay. 
 
 3. To proceed, as from the seed or cause. 
 
 Much more good of sin slinl] tpring. M Iton. 
 
 4. To arise ; to appear ; to begin to appear or 
 exist. 
 
 When the day he-ran to spring, Ihey let her go. — Jutljf-'a xxi. 
 Do not blast my springing hope*. Hotse. 
 
 5. To break forth ; to issue into sight or notice. 
 O, spring to light I auipiciou* bab.-, be burn. Pope. 
 
 6. To issue or proceed, as from ancestors, or from 
 a country. Aaron and Aloses sprung from Levi. 
 
 7. To proceed, as from a cause, reason, principle, 
 or other original. The noblest title springs from 
 virtue. 
 
 They found new hope to spring 
 Out of tUsiiair. MUton. 
 
 8. To grow; to thrive. 
 
 What maltes all this but Jupiter the king? 
 
 At whose coinniund we peruh and we spring, Drytlen. 
 
 9. To proceed or isstie, as from a fountain or 
 source. Water springs from reservoirs in the earth. 
 Rivers .'^prijig from lakes or ponds. 
 
 10. To leap ; to bound ; to jump. 
 
 The mountain stag that springs 
 Fiom hight to higlit, and bounds along the plains. Philips. 
 
 11. To fly back ; to start; as, a bow, when bent, 
 spring.i back by its elastic power. 
 
 12. To start or rise suddenly from a covert. 
 Watchful ns fowlers when their *anie will spring, Otipay, 
 
 13. To shoot i to wsiie with speed and violence. 
 
 And sudden light 
 Sirrung through 111 - Tanked roof. Drytlen. 
 
 14. To bend or wind from a straight direction or 
 plane surfiice. Our mechanics say, a piece of timber, 
 or a plank, springs in seasoning. 
 
 To spring at ; to leap toward ; to attempt to reach 
 by a leap. 
 
 To .■••pring in ; to rush in ; to enter with a leap or 
 m h.iste. 
 
 To s-pring forth ; to leap out ; to rush out. 
 
 To spring on or u;«i7i ; to leap on ; to rush on with 
 haste or violence ; to assault. 
 SPRING, r. t. To start or rouse, as game ; to cause to 
 rise from the earth, or from a covert ; as, to spring a 
 pheasant. 
 
 2. To produce quickly or unexpectedly. 
 
 The nurse, surprised with fright. 
 Starts up and leaves her bed, and sjrringe a light. Dryden. 
 
 f / have never heard such an erpression.] 
 
 3. To start ; to contrive, or to produce, or propose 
 on a sudden; to produce unexpectedly. 
 
 The friends lo the cause sprang a new project. Sisi/L 
 [In lieu of spring, the people in the United States 
 generally use start ; to .ilart a new project.] 
 
 4. To cause to explode ; as, to spring a mine. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 ."). To burst ; to cause to open ; as, to spring a 
 leak. When it is said, a vessel lias .--prung a leak, 
 the meaning is, the leak has then commenced. 
 
 C. To crack ; as, to .spring a mast or a yard. 
 
 7. To cause to rise from a given spot ; as, to spring 
 an arch. 
 
 8. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a 
 trap ; as, to spring a trap. 
 
 To spring a butt ; in seamen^s language, to loosen 
 the end of a plank in a ship's bottom. 
 
 spring a leak ; to commence leaking ; to begin 
 to leak. 
 
 To spring the tuff; when a vessel yields to the 
 helm, and sails nearer to the wind than before. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 To spring a fence, for to leap a fence, is not a 
 phrase used in this country. Thomson. 
 
 To .spring an arch ; to set ofl', begin, or commence 
 an arch from an abutment or pier. 
 
 To spring a rattle. See Watc hmam. 
 
 SPR 
 
 SPRING, n. A leap; a bound; a jump; a.i of an an- 
 imal 
 
 '1 )■ •>risoiier with a spring from prison broke. Dryden. 
 
 2. A ing back ; the resilience of a body recov- 
 ering its. mer state by its elasticity ; as, the spring 
 of a bow. 
 
 .3. Elastic power or force. The soul or the mind 
 rci|uiros relaxation, that it may recover its natural 
 .'ipring. 
 
 Hearens I wtiat a spring was in his arm I Dryden. 
 
 4. An elastic body ; a body which, when bent or 
 forced from its natural state, has the power of recov- 
 ering it ; as, the spring of a watch or clock. 
 
 5. Any active power ; that by which action or mo- 
 tion is produced or propagated. 
 
 Like nature letting down ttie ejtrings of life. Drydsn. 
 
 t)ur autlior »litni8 by Tulgar springs lo mofo 
 
 The hero's glory. Pope. 
 
 6. A fountain of water ; an issue of water from 
 the earth, or the basin of water at the place of its 
 issue. Springs are temporary or perennial. From 
 .'springs proceed rivulets, and rivulets united form 
 rivers. Lakes and ponds are usually fed by .iprings. 
 
 7. The place where water usually issues from the 
 earth, though no water is there. Thus we say, a 
 spring is dry. 
 
 8. A source ; that from which supplies are drawn. 
 The real Christian has in his own breast a perpetual 
 and inexhaustible spring of joy. 
 
 The sacred spring whence right and honor stream. Davies. 
 
 9. Rise ; original ; as, the spring of the day. 1 
 Sam. ix. 
 
 .'0. Cause ; original. The springs of great events 
 are often concealed from common observation. 
 
 11. The season of the year when plants begin to 
 vegetate and rise ; the vernal season. This season 
 comprehends the months of March, April, and May, 
 in the middle latitudes north of the et]iiator. 
 
 12. In seamen's language, a crack or fissure in a 
 mast or yani, running tibliquely or transversely. [In 
 the sense of leak, I believe, it is not used.] 
 
 13. A rope or hawser by which a ship is held at 
 one part, as the bow or quarter, in order to keep her 
 in a particular position, or to turn her in a short com- 
 pass. Brande. 
 
 14. A plant ; a shoot ; a young tree. [JVo£ in ttic] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 1. '). A youth. [JVu( in use.^ Spenser. 
 16. A hand ; a shoulder of pork. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Bcaum. Sf Ft. 
 SPRING'AL, ( n. A youth. [JVo« in itsc] 
 SPRIN"GALL, 1 Spenser. 
 
 2. An ancient military engine for casting stones 
 and arrows. [Oft,--.] IlaUiwcU. 
 
 SPIII.\(J'-B.\CK, n. In f/ie JinrZcri/, the cover of a book 
 which is not made fast to the back, but which 
 springs back when the botik is opened. 
 
 SPRING'-BOK, M. [D. spring and bok, a buck or he- 
 goat. ] 
 
 A ruminant mammal of the caprid tribe, the Ante- 
 lope Enchorc or Springer Antelope, which inhabits 
 the plains of South Africa. 
 SPUINOE, (sprinj.) n. [(mm ■•>pring.'\ A gin ; a noose, 
 which, being fastened to an elastic boily, is drawn 
 close with a sudden spring, by which moans it 
 catches a bird. 
 SPRINOE, V. t. To catch in a springe ; to insn.are. 
 
 Beuum. S( Fl. 
 
 SPRING'ER, n. One who springs ; one that rouses 
 game. 
 
 2. A name given to the grampus. 
 
 3. In architecture, the impost, or point at which an 
 arch unites with its support ; also, the bottom stone 
 of an arch, which lies on the impost ; also, the rib of 
 a groined roof. 
 
 4. Springer, or springer antelope ; a species of ante- 
 lope in Southern Africa ; the spring-bok. 
 
 SPRING'-HALT, n. [spring and halt] A kind of 
 lamenesi-iii which a horse suddenly twitches up his 
 lees. Sliak. 
 
 SPRING'-HE.\D, (-hed,) n. A fountain or source. 
 [Uscle.'<s.] Herbert. 
 
 SPRING'I-NESS, n. [from spring.] Elasticity ; also, 
 the power of springing. 
 
 2. The state of abounding with springs ; wetness ; 
 sponsiness ; as of land. 
 
 SPRI.NtJ'ING, ppr. or a. Arising; shooting up; leap- 
 ing; prt)ceettiiig ; rousing. 
 
 Springing u.-.'C ; in e-it^tes, a contingent use ; a use 
 which may arise upon a contingency. Blackstone. 
 
 SPRINGING, n. The act or process of leaping, 
 arising, issumg, or proceeding. 
 
 2. Growth ; increase. Ps. Ixv. 
 
 3. In building, the side of an arch contiguous to 
 the pan on whicli it rests. 
 
 SPRIN"GLE, Ti. A springe ; a noose. [A'o( in iwf.] 
 
 Careu>, 
 
 SPRING'-TTDE, n, [.■n>ring and tide.] The tide 
 which happens at or soon after the new and full 
 moon, which rises higher than common tides. 
 
 jVar. Diet. Dniden. 
 
 SPRI.\G'-TT.ME, n. The season of spring. 
 
 SPR 
 
 SPRI.NG'-WIlKAT, n. [.-spring ani\ aheat] A spe- 
 cies of \\'lit;at to be sown in the spring; ao called in 
 (tistinclitui frtiin winter wheal. 
 
 SPRING'Y, a. [from spring.] Elastic; possessing 
 lilt! jiower of recovering itself when bent or twisted. 
 
 2. Having great elastic power. Arbuthnvt, 
 
 3. Having the power to leap ; able to leap far. 
 
 4. Abounding with springs or fuuntains ; wet; 
 spongy ; us, springy land. 
 
 SPRI.NK'LE, (spriiik'l,) v. t. [.Sax sprengan; D. 
 sprenkelen, sprengcn; G. sprengen : Dan. sprinkler; 
 Ir. ,'tprrighim. The L. spargu may be the same word 
 with the letters transposed, ii being casual. Class 
 lirg.] 
 
 1. To scatter; to disperse; as a lii|uid or a dry 
 substance composed of fine separablw particles ; as, 
 Aloses sprinkled handfuls of ashes toward heaven. 
 Exod, ix. 
 
 2. To scatter on ; to disperse on in small drops or 
 particles ; to besprinkle ; as, to sjirinkle the earth 
 with water ; to sprinkle a floor with sand ; to sprinkle 
 paper with iron filings. 
 
 3. To wash ; to cleanse ; to purify. 
 
 llaring our hearts eprinkted from an evil conscience. — Heb. X. 
 
 SPRINK'LE, r. i. To perform the act of scattering a 
 litpiid or any fine substance, so that it may fall in 
 small p.articles. 
 
 The priest shall sprinkle of the oil with his fingers. — Lev. xiv. 
 Baptism may well enough be performed by sprinkling or rtfa- 
 sion of water. Ayliffe. 
 
 2. To rain moderately ; as, it sprinkles. 
 SPRINK'LE, 71. A small quantity scattered ; also, a 
 
 utensil for sprinkling. Spenser. 
 SPRINK'LAl), (sprink'ld,) pp. Dispersed m small 
 particles, as a litpiid or as dust. 
 
 2. Having a Iiipiid or a fine substance scattered 
 over. 
 
 SPRINK'LER, n. One that sprinkles. 
 SPRINK'LING, ppr. Dispersing, as a liquid or as 
 dust. 
 
 2. Scattering on, in fine drops or particlei. 
 SPRLNK'LI.NG, 71. The act of scattering in small 
 drops or parcels. JIall. 
 
 2. A siii.'ill quantity idling in distinct drops or 
 parts, or coming iiioderately ; as, a sprinkling of rain 
 or snow. 
 
 SPRIT, V. t. [Sax. trpryttan, to sprout ; D. spruiten ; 
 G. ifpriesscn ; l)an. sprudir, sprutjter, to spurt ; Sw. 
 spritta, to start. It is of the same family as sprouU 
 Class lird.] 
 
 To throw out with force from a narrow orifice ; to 
 eject ; to spirt. [Jfot in use] [See Si-lrt.] 
 SPRIT, V. i. To sprout ; to buu ; to germinate ; as 
 
 barley stecpotl for mall. 
 SPKIT, 71. A shoot ; a sprout. Mortimer. 
 2. [D. spriet.] A small boom, pole, or spar, which 
 crosses the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast to 
 the upper aftniost corner, which it is used to extend 
 and elev.atc. ToUe.n. 
 SPRITE, 77. [If from G. spriet, this is the most cor- 
 rect orthography. The Welsh has ysbrid, a spirit.] 
 A spirit. 
 
 SPRTTE'FIIL. See Spbiohtful. 
 SPKITE'Fi]L-LY. See Sprightfvllv. 
 .'^PRITE'Ll-NESS. See Spriohtlikess 
 SPRITE'LY. See Spbightlv. 
 
 SPRIT'-SaIL, 71. [.^yrit and sui;.] The sail extended 
 by a sprit. 
 
 2. A sail attached to a yard which hangs under 
 the bowsprit. [jVuf in use.] Totten. 
 SPROD, n. A salmon in its second year. Chambers. 
 SPRONG, ofdprcf. of SpRixo. [Dutch.] [Ao£ in 
 SPROUT, t'. i. [D. spruiten ; G. sprossrn ; Sax. spryt- 
 tan ; Sp. brotar, the same word without 1. See 
 Sprit.] 
 
 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant ; to germinate ; 
 to push out new shoots. A grain that sprouts in ordi- 
 nary lemperalure in leu days, may, by an augmenta- 
 tion of heat, be made lo .•qtrout in forty sight hours. 
 The slumi>s of trees often sprout, and produce a new 
 forest. 
 
 2. To shoot into ramifications. 
 
 Vitriol is apt to sprout w ith moisture. Bacon. 
 
 3. To grow, like shoots of plants. 
 
 And on tlie ashes sprouting plumes appear. Ticket. 
 
 SPROUT, 71. The shoot of a plant ; a shoot from the 
 seed, or from the sliiiiip, or from the root of a plant 
 or tree. The sprouts of the cane, in Jamaica, are 
 called ratooiis. Eiheards.W, Jnd. 
 
 2. A shoot from the end of ti branch. The young 
 shoots of shrubs are called sprouts, and in the forest 
 often furnish browse for cittle. 
 
 SPROUT'ING, ppr. or o. Shooting in vegetation ; ger- 
 minating. 
 
 SPROUTS, 71. p/. Young coleworts. Johnson. 
 
 SPRCCE, a. Nice ; trim ; neat wilhoat elegance or 
 dignity ; formerly applied to things with a seriouf 
 meaning ; now applied to persons only. 
 
 He is so spruce, that he never can be genteel. Thtler, 
 
 SPRCCE, r. t. To trim; to dress with affected neat- 
 ness. 
 
 TONE, lilJLL, ITNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 134* 
 
 L I. L L 
 
 1069 
 
SPU 
 
 SPU 
 
 SI'RuCE, tJ. i. To dress one's self with affected neat- 
 ness. 
 
 SPRUCE, 71. The fir-tree ; a name applied to all the 
 species of that section of the Linnxan genus Pinus 
 which are comprehended under Abies, and lilsewise 
 to some that are comprehended under Peuce. This 
 term, however, belongs more especially to Pinus 
 Abies or Norway spruce, a native of the north of 
 Euriipe. In tke United States, it is applied to Pinus 
 nigra, Pinus alba, and Pinus rubra, which are used in 
 families to give flavor to beer. They are used by 
 way of decoction, or in the fortn of extract. 
 
 SPRuCE'-BEER, n. A kind of beer which is tinc- 
 tured with spruce, either by means of the extract or 
 bv decoction. 
 
 SPRuCE'LY, adv. With e.xtreme or affected neat- 
 ness. 
 
 SPRuCE'NESS, n. Neatness without taste or ele- 
 gance ; trimness ; fineness ; quaiutness. 
 
 SPKuE, n. In Scoda/id, that which is thrown off in 
 casting metals ; dross or scoria. [This is sometimes 
 a vicious orthography of Sprew, the name of the 
 disease otherwise called tkrush. See Sprkw.] 
 
 SPlltIG, ». «, To make smart. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SPRUNG, prct. and pp. of Spring. The man sprung 
 over the ditch; the mast is sprung; a hero sprung 
 from a race of kings. 
 
 SPRUNT, V. i. To spring up ; to germinate ; to spring 
 forward. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SPRUNT, n. Any thing short and not easily bent. 
 [JVo£ in use.] 
 
 2. A leap ; a spring. [J^ot in use.] 
 
 3. A steep ascent in a road. [Local.] 
 SPRUNT, a. Active ; vigorous ; strong ; becoming 
 
 strong. [JVut in use.] 
 SPRUNT'LY, adv. Vigorously; youthfully; like a 
 
 young man. [JVb( in use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 SPR?, a. Having great power of leaping or running ; 
 nimble J active; vigorous. [Local.] 
 
 Hulliwell. Furby. 
 [This word is in common use in New England, 
 and is doubtless a contraction of sprig. See Sprighi- 
 
 LV.] 
 
 SPUD, n. [Dan. apyd, a spear ; Ice. spioot. It coin- 
 cides with spiL] 
 
 1. An implement somewhat like a chisel, with a 
 long handle, used by farmers for destroying weeds. 
 
 Farm. Encijc. 
 
 2. Any short thing ; in contempt. Sw.ft. 
 SPUL'LEil, n. One employed to inspect yarn, to see 
 
 that it is well spun, and fit for the loom. [Local.] 
 
 SPuME, n. [L. and It. spuma; !^p. e.'pnma.] 
 
 Froth ; fcjam ; scum ; frothy matter raised on 
 liquors or fluid substances by boiling, effervescence, 
 or agitation. 
 
 SPu.ME, r. i. To froth ; to foam. 
 
 .SPU-MES'CENCE, n. Frothiness; the state of foam- 
 ing. Kirwan. 
 
 SPU-MIF'ER-OUS, o. Producing foam. 
 
 SPCM'OUS, ) rr 1 
 
 SPuM'Y, i [L- «P'"ne«s.] 
 
 Consisting of froth or scum ; foamy. 
 
 The gpiimy wavr« proclaim the w;itery w;ir, Dryden. 
 The spumous and Qorid sUte of Ihe blood, Arbulhnol. 
 
 SPUN, pret. and pp. of Spin. 
 SPUNGE, n. See SporroE. 
 
 SPUN'-HaY, n. Hay twisted into ropes for conven- 
 ient carriage on a military expedition, 
 
 SPU.NK, 71. [Probably from punk.] Touchwood; 
 wood that readily takes fire. Hence, 
 
 2, Valijarly, an inflainmahle temper ; spirit ; as, a 
 man of npunli. Ill-natured observations touched his 
 spuuk. [Lojr.] 
 
 SPUN'-YAR.N, 71. Among seamen, a line or cord 
 formed of two or three rope-yarns twisted. 
 
 SPUR, 71. [Sax. .?/)Mr ,• I), spoor ; G. sporn i D{in. spore J 
 Ir, sj>or ; W. yspnrdun ; Fr. epvron ; It, sprone ; coin- 
 ciding in elements with spear. Class Rr.j 
 
 1. An instrument having a rowel or little wheel, 
 with sharp points, worn on horsemen's heels, to 
 prick the horses for hastening their pace. 
 
 Girt with niity twoni and spur. Hudibras. 
 
 Hence, to set spurs to a horse, is to prick him and 
 put him upon a run. 
 
 2. Incitenii nt ; instigation. The love of glory is 
 the spur to heroic deeds. 
 
 3. The largest or jirinripal root of a tree ; hence, 
 perhaps, the short, woo(l<-n buttress of a post ; [that 
 in, in both cases, a shoot,] 
 
 4. The hard, pointed projection on a rock's leg, 
 which servcH as an instrument of defense and an- 
 noyance. Ray. 
 
 5. Something that projects ; a snag. Shalt. 
 
 6. III JJmerica, a mountain that shoots from any 
 other mouiitjiin, or range of nioniit:iiitf, and extends 
 to Kome distance in a lati.-ral direction, or at right an- 
 gle*, 
 
 7. That which rxcite«. We say, upon the ^piir of 
 the occasion ; that is, the circiinistances or emergen- 
 cy which rnllfi for immediate action. 
 
 8. A Hpiirre or Hea-Bwallow. Ray. 
 
 9. The hinder part of the nectary in certain flow- 
 cm, fthaped like a cork's Npiir, Jilartyn. 
 
 10, A fungus (Spermoedia Clavus) growing within 
 the glumes of rye, wheat, couch-grass, herd's-grass, 
 &:c. [Ft. eriTot.] 
 
 11. In old fortifications, a wall that crosses a part 
 of the rampart and joins to the town wall. 
 
 SPUR, V. t. [Ir. sporam.] 
 
 1. To prick with s[>urs ; to incite to a more hasty 
 pace ; as, to spur a horse. 
 
 2. To incite ; to instigate ; to urge or encourage to 
 action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object. 
 Some men are spurred to action by the love of glory, 
 others by the love of power. Let affection spur us to 
 social and domestic duties. Locke. 
 
 3. To impel ; to drive. 
 
 Lore will not be spurred to what it loathes. Shak. 
 
 4. To put spurs on. 
 
 SPUR, V. i. To travel with great expedition. 
 
 The Parthi uis shill he there, 
 And, spurring from tiie figlit, coiiless iheix fear. Dryden. 
 {{JnuauaL\ 
 
 2. To press forward. 
 
 Some bold men — by spurring on, refine themselves. Grew. 
 SPUR'-CLAD, a. Wearing spurs. 
 SPUR'GALL, V. t. [spur and gall.] To gall or 
 
 wound with a spur. Shak. 
 SPUR'GALL, 7!. A place galled or excoriated bymuch 
 
 using of the spur. 
 SPUR'GALL-£D, pp. Galled or hurt by a spur ; as, 
 
 a .<!purgaUed hackney. Pope. 
 SPURGE, 7!. [Fr.fpurge; It. spurgo, a purge; from 
 
 L. purgo, ezpurgo.] 
 A plant of the genus Euphorbia. This name is 
 
 applied to various species of Euphorbia, and by 
 
 some, to the whole genus, which is very numerous. 
 SPURGE'-FLAX, 7i. An evergreen shrub, Daphne 
 
 Gnidium, a native of Spain. 
 SPURGE'-LAU-REL, n. The Daphne Laureola, an 
 
 evergreen shrub, a native of Europe. 
 SPURGE'-OL-IVE, n. An evergreen shrub, the 
 
 Daphne Oleoides, a native of Crete, Loudon. 
 SPURGE'-WORT, (-wurt,) n. A plant. 
 SPIIRG'IN'G, for Purging, is not in use. B. Jonson. 
 SPO'RI-OUS, a. [L. spuriu.^.] 
 
 1. Not genuine ; not proceeding from the true source, 
 or from the source pretended ; counterfeit ; false ; 
 adulterate. Spurious writings are such as are not 
 composed by the authors to whom they are ascribed. 
 Spurious drugs are common. The rcfiinned churches 
 reject spurious ceremonies and traditions. 
 
 2. Not legitimate ; bastard ; as, spurious issue. 
 By the laws of England, one begotten and born cue 
 of lawful matrimony is a spurious child. 
 
 ■Spurious disease: a disease commonly mistaken 
 for, and called by the name of, something which it is 
 not ; as spurious pleurisy, i. e., rheumatism of the in- 
 tercostal muscles. 
 
 SPu'RI-OU.S-LY, a</B. Counterfeitly ; falsely. 
 
 SPO'RI-OUS-NESS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 counterfeit, false, or not genuine ; as, the s2mrious- 
 jifis of drugs, of coin, or of writings. 
 
 2. Illegitimacy ; the state of being bastard or not 
 of legitimate birth ; as, the spuriousness of issue. 
 
 SPUR'LING, 71, A small sea-fish. Tusser. 
 
 SPUR'LING-LINE, 7i. Among seamen, the line 
 which forms the communication between the wheel 
 and the telltale. 
 
 SPURN, V. t. [Sax. spuman ; Ir. sporam ; L. spemo, 
 aspemor; from the root of spur, or from kicking.] 
 
 1. To kick ; to drive back or away, as with the foot. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To reject with disdain ; to scorn to receive or 
 accept. What multitudes of rational beings spurn 
 the offers of eternal happiness ! 
 
 3. To treat with contempt. Locke. 
 SPURN, V. i. To manifest disdain in rejecting any 
 
 thing ; as, to spurn at the gracious offers of pardon. 
 
 2. To make contemptuous opposition ; to manifest 
 disdain in resistance, 
 
 N^y, morr, to spurn nl your most roya] iinii^. Sltai. 
 
 3. To kick or toss up the heels. 
 
 The lininken ch urmiul in tile kennel tpurns. Oay, 
 
 SPURN, 71. Disdainful rejection ; contemptuous treat- 
 ment. 
 
 The insolence of clTice, and the rtpurna 
 
 That patient merit of the unworthy lakes. Shak. 
 
 SPURN'ED, (spurnd,) pp. Rejected with disdain; 
 
 treated with contempt. 
 SPURN'ER, 71. One who spurns. 
 SPURN'EY, 71. A plant. Diet. 
 SPURN'INC;, ppr. Rejecting ivith contempt, 
 SPURN'-WA-TER, 7i. In ships, a channel at the end 
 
 of a deck to restrain the water. 
 SPURRE, 71. A name of the sea-swallow or common 
 
 tern. [ Provincial.] Kdin. F.ncyc. 
 
 SPUR'RA.I), (spiird,) pp. Furnished with spurs. 
 2. IncitiMl ; iiiNligiited. 
 
 .3. a. Wearing spurs, or having shoots like spurs. 
 SPUR'RER, 71. One who uses spurs. 
 SPUR'RI-ER, 71. One whoso occupation in to make 
 spurs, 
 
 SPUK'RING, ;j;ir. Pricking with spurs ; inciting ; 
 urging. 
 
 SPUR-ROY'AL, 71. A gold coin, first made in the 
 reign of Edward IV, In the reign of James I,, Us 
 value was fifteen shillings. Sometimes written 
 Spur-Rial or RvAL, Beaum. ^ Fl. 
 
 SPUR'RY, 71. A plant of the genus Spergula, which 
 is sometimes cultivated in Europe for fodder, Gardner. 
 
 SPURT, ». t. [Sw. spruta ; Dan. spruder and sproyter, 
 to spout, to squirt, to syringe. The English word has 
 suffered a transposition of letters. It is from the 
 root of sprout, which see,] 
 
 To throw out, as a liquid in a stream ; to drive or 
 force out with violence, as a liquid from a pipe or 
 small orifice ; as, to spurt water from the mouth, or 
 other liquid from a tube. 
 
 SPURT, V. i. To gush or issue out in a stream, as li- 
 quor from a cask ; to rush from a confined place in a 
 small stream. 
 
 Tiien the small jet, which hasty hands unlocli, 
 Spurts in the gardener's eyes who turns the cock. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SPURT, 71. A sudden or violent ejection or gushing 
 of a liquid substance from a tube, orifice, or other 
 confined place; a jet. 
 
 2. A sudden or short occasion or exigency ; sud- 
 den effort, [ Vulgar. ] 
 
 SPURT'ING, ppr. Forcing out a liquid from a pipe 
 or small orifice. 
 
 SPUR'TLE, (spurt'l,) v. t. [from spurt.] To shoot 
 in a scattering manner. [Little used.] Drayton. 
 
 SPUR'WAY', 71. [spur and way.] A horse path ; a 
 narrow way ; a bridle road ; a way for a single beast. 
 [JVo( usetl in the United States.] 
 
 SPUR'-WHEEL, 71. Awheel with cogs around the 
 edge pointing to the center. 
 
 SPU-Ta'TION, n. [L. sputo, to spit.] 
 
 The act of spitting. [JVo« used.] Harvey. 
 
 SPO'TA-TIVE, a. [Supra.] Spitting much ; inclined 
 to spit. [JVot used/j IVolton. 
 
 SPUT'TER, ». i. [U. spuiten, to spout; Sw. spolta : 
 L. sputo, to spit. It belongs to the root of spout and 
 spit; of the latter it seems to he a diminutive.] 
 
 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth in 
 small or scattered portions, as in rapid speaking. 
 
 2. To throw out moisture in small, detached parts ; 
 as green wood sputlering in the flame. Dryden. 
 
 3. To fly off in small particles with some crack- 
 ling or noise. 
 
 When sparkling lamps their sputtering lights advance. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 4. To utter words hastily and indistinctly ; literally, 
 to spout small; to speak so rapidly as to emit saliva. 
 
 They could neiUier of them speak their rage, and so they fcU a 
 sputtering at one another, like two roasting apples. 
 
 Congreoe. 
 
 SPUT'TER, 71. t. To throw out with haste and 
 noise ; to utter with indistinctness. 
 
 It) the midst of caresses — to sputter out the basest accusations. 
 
 Sici/I. 
 
 SPUT'TER, 71. Moist matter thrown out in small par- 
 ticles. 
 
 SPUT'TER-£D, pp. Thrown out in small portions, 
 as liquids; uttered with haste and indistinctness, as 
 
 SPUT'TER-ER, n. One that sputters. [words. 
 
 SPUT'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Emitting in small parti- 
 cles; uttering rapidly and indistinctly; speaking 
 hastily ; spouting. 
 
 SPO'TUM, 71. [L.] Spittle ; salival discharges from 
 the mouth. Hall. 
 
 2. In medicine, that which is expectorated, or 
 ejected from the lungs. 
 
 SP^, 71. [It. .<pia ; Fr. espion ; Sp. espia ; D. spiede ; G. 
 spdher ; Dan. sjiejdcr ; W. yspeiaw, to espy, to ex- 
 plore ; yspeilhiaw, to look about ; ys]iait/i, that is 
 open, visible ; pnilJi, an ojiening, a prospect, a glance. 
 Class Bd ; unless the word is a contraction, and of 
 Class Sg.] 
 
 1. A person sent into an enemy's camp to inspect 
 their works, ascertain their strength and their inten- 
 tions, to watch their movements, and secretly com- 
 municate intelligence to the proper officer. Hy the 
 laws of war among all civilized nations, a spy is 
 subjected to capit:il punishment. 
 
 2. A person deputed to watch the conduct of oth- 
 ers. Dryden. 
 
 3. One who watches the conduct of others. 
 
 These wretched spies of wit. Dryden. 
 SP7, V. t. To sec ; to gain sight of ; to discover at a 
 distance, or in a state of concealment. It is the 
 same as Espy ; as, lo spy land friuu the mast-head of 
 a ship. 
 
 Milton. 
 ices when' he spied a note 
 S,c,/,. 
 
 2, To discover by close search or examination ; as, 
 a lawyer, in examining the pleadings in a case, spies 
 a defect, 
 
 3. To explore; to view, inspect, and examine sc- 
 C fitly ; as a country ; usually with out. 
 
 Muses B<Mit to spy out Jaazcr, and tlicy took the villages thereof. 
 
 — NmjU. 1X1. 
 
 SPT, 7!. i. To search narrowly ; to sortitinize. 
 
 It U my nature's phigiis 
 To s/jy into abuse. Slini. 
 
 As tiger spied two pentle fawn 
 One, in n-adliig, skipped over 
 of adiniratiun. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1070 
 
SQU 
 
 SP^'-BOAT, 11. [sjiij and boat.] A boat sent to make 
 discoveries and bring intelligence. ^rbvlhnot. 
 
 SP9'-GLA!^S, Ti. Tlie popular name of a small tele- 
 Rcope, useful in vievvins distant objects. 
 
 SPVISM, n. The act or business of .spyinj;. 
 
 SQUAll, (skvvob,) a. [hi G. quappe is a quab, an eel- 
 pout; i/vubbelur, plump, sleek ; quabbelii, to be plump 
 or sleek, and to vibrate, Eng. to wabble ; Dan. qiiabbe, 
 an eelpout ; qaoppcd, fat, plump, jolly, our vulgar 
 wfioppiiifr ; (/u(j/>;jcr, to shake.] 
 
 1. Fat; thick ; plump; bulky. 
 
 Nor tlic siuab il;iuglitrr, nor the wifu wcrr nice. Betterton. 
 
 2. 'Jnlledged ; unfeathercd ; as, a squab pigeon. 
 
 SaUAB, n. A young pigeon or dove. 
 
 ['i'liis word is in common or Keiier.nl use in Amer- 
 ica, and almost the only sense in '.vhich it is used is 
 the one lu re given.] 
 
 2. A kind of sofa or couch ; a stufl'ed cushion. 
 [JVuf used in jimcncn.] 
 SClUAIi, ado. Striking at once; with a heavy fall ; 
 plump. 
 
 Tlie rngle dropped the tortoise st]unb upon A roclc. [Lout and 
 not used.] L'Estmns!e. 
 
 [The vulgar word Awhap, or Whop, is used in a 
 like sense in America. It is ftjund in Chaucer.] 
 SCiUAB, r. i. To ftill plump; to strike at one dash, 
 or with a heavy stroke. [JVut used.] 
 
 laUAB'llY "' i ' ' heavy. Harvey. 
 
 SaUAB'BLE, (skwob'bl,) v. i. [I know not the 
 origin of this word, but it seems to be from the root 
 of wabble; G. quabbeln^ to vibrate, to quake, to be 
 sleek. See S juab.] 
 
 1. To contend for superiority ; to scuffle ; to strug- 
 gle ; as, two persons squabble in sport. SItak. 
 
 2. To contend; to wrangle; to quarrel. [Inele- 
 gant or low.] Olanville. 
 
 3. To debate peevishly ; to dispute. If there must 
 be disputes, it is less criminal to squabble than to 
 murder. [Inelegant or liiw.] 
 
 4. Among printers, a page is said to be squabbled 
 when the hitters stand awry or out of their regular 
 upright position. .^dains. 
 
 SCiUAB'BLE, n. A scuffle; a wrangle ; a brawl; a 
 petty quarrel. .ffrbuthnot. 
 
 SCiUAB'RLER, n. A contentious person ; a brawler. 
 
 SCiUAB'BLING, ;i;)r. Scuffling; contending; wrang- 
 ling. 
 
 SaUAB'-PlE, (skwob'pi,) ji. [sqxtab and pic] A pie 
 
 made of squabs or young pigeons. 
 SaUAl), (skwod,) II. [Fr. eseouadc] 
 
 1. In military lanrrnau^ej a small party of men as- 
 sembled for drill or inspection. Campbell's MiL Diet. 
 
 2. Any small party. 
 
 SQUAD'RON, n. f Fr. c«ca(/ro« ; It. <!i;aarfro, a squad- 
 ron, a square ; Sp. esquadron ; from L. qnadratus, 
 square ; quadro, to stjiiare ; allied to quatuor, four.] 
 
 1. In its primary sense, a square or square form ; 
 and hence, a square body of troops ; a body drawn 
 up in a square. So Milton has used the word. 
 
 Those half roiiiuiin^ ^mnU 
 Just met, ftud closing stooti in Kjuadron Joined, 
 
 [This sense is probably obsolets, unless in poetry.] 
 Hence, also, 
 
 2. A body of troops in any form. 
 
 3. In inUitary tactie^^!, the principal division of a 
 regiment of cavalry, usually from 100 to 200 men. 
 
 P. Cye. 
 
 SQUAD'RON-KD, (skwod'rund,) a. Formed into 
 squadrons or squares. Milion. 
 
 SQUAL'ID, (skwol'id,) a. [I.. ."iTna/irfiis, from squa- 
 leo, to be foul, Qu. \V. qual, vile.] 
 Foul ; filthy ; extremely dirty, 
 
 Uncombed his locks, and ttpicUid his attire. Dryden. 
 
 lanAi:m-NfIs, | ^ ""'"^^^ ' 
 
 SauAl/ID-LY, adB. In a squalid, filthy manner. 
 
 SCiUALL, T. i. [Sw. .■sjrdla ; Dan. squaldrer, to prate. 
 These words are probably of one family ; but squall, 
 like squeal, is probably from the root of Sax. (pjllan, 
 to creak, or Heb. '?>p, D. gillen, to yell; or is formed 
 from wail.] 
 
 To cry out ; to scream or cry violently ; as a 
 woman frightened, or a child in anger or distress; 
 as, the infant squalled. Jlrbvtfinot. Pope. 
 
 SUUALL, n. .\ loud .scream ; a harsh cry. Pope. 
 
 2. [S'.v. sqval.] A sudden and violent gust of 
 wind. 
 
 .4 blaek squall, is one attended with dark, heavy 
 clouds. 
 
 wliite squall, is one which comes unexpectedly, 
 without being marked in its approach by the clouds. 
 
 Totun. 
 
 SCIUALL'ER, n. A screamer ; one that cries aloud. 
 saUALL'lNG, ppr. or a. Crj ing out harshly ; scream- 
 ing. 
 
 SQUALL^Y, a. Abounding with squalls; disturbed 
 often with sudden and violent gusts of wind ; as, 
 tquaUti weather. 
 
 2. (n agrieulture, broken into detached pieces ; 
 interrupted by unproductive spots. [Local.] 
 
 SQU 
 
 BfiUA'LOID, a. [1.. squalus, a shark, and Gr. tiiJoj, 
 likeness.] 
 
 hike a shark, or resembling a shark. 
 SQUA'LOR, n. [L.] Foulness ; filthine.ss ; coarse- 
 ness. Burton. 
 SCiUA'MI-FORM, a. [L. squama, a scale, and form.] 
 
 Having the form or shajie of scales. 
 SaU.\-MIG'EU-OUS, a. [L. squamiger ; squama, a 
 scale, and trero, to bear.] 
 Hearing or having scales. 
 SQUA.M'I-PEN, 71. [L. squama, a scale, and penna. 
 
 ose dorsal and anal fins are covered with 
 
 a fiu.l 
 
 A fish wliosi 
 scales. 
 
 SaUA'iMoSE, ) ri 1 
 
 sauA'Mous, i ■'f"'"""--'^'-] 
 
 Scaly ; covered with scales ; as, the squamous 
 
 cones of the pine. iVoodward. 
 SUUAN'DER, (skwon'der,) r. (. [G, vcrsiltwendcn, 
 
 probably from wendcn, to turn.] 
 
 1. To spend lavishly or profusely ; to spend prodi- 
 gally ; to dissipate; to waste without economy or 
 judgment ; as, to squander an estate. 
 
 Tliey oflfn squandered, Init Ihev nrTer f;»Te. Savage. 
 The crime of s(/Mirulering tiealth is e(iuu[ to tlie fullj, Itamb er, 
 
 2. To scatter ; to disperse. 
 
 Onr ttptatulered iniops he mllicfl. DryrUn. 
 [In this nppliration ruit now u^ed.] 
 SaUA.N'DER/'.l), pp.orn. Spent lavishly and without 
 
 necessity or use ; wasted ; dissipated, .'is property. 
 SaUA.N'DER-ER, ii. One who spends his money 
 proiliiially, without necessity or use ; a spendthrift; 
 a prodiiial ; a w.aster ; a lavisher. Locke. 
 SaUA.\'l)ER-ING,ppr. Spending lavisliingly ; wast- 
 ing. 
 
 Sai;AM'I)ER-Ii\G-LY, adr. By squandering. 
 SUU.^RE, a. [W. cw&r : Fr. carrc, quarre ; perhaps 
 
 Gr. UK'', contracted from minio. This is probably 
 
 not a contraction of L. quadratun.] 
 
 1. Having four equal sides and four right angles ; 
 as, a square room ; a squarr figure. 
 
 2. Forming a right angle ; as, ap instrument for 
 striking lines square. J\Iozon. 
 
 3. Parallel ; exactly suitable ; true. 
 
 She's a most triumphant lady, if report be tquare to her. [t/n- 
 usunf.J Sl:ai. 
 
 4. Having a .straight front, or a frame formed with 
 straight lines; not curving; as, a man of a .iquure 
 frame ; a square built man. 
 
 5. That does equal justice; e.xact ; fair; honest; 
 as, square dealing. 
 
 6. Even ; leaving no balance. Let us make or 
 leave the accounts square. 
 
 Three square, Jiee square ; having three or five 
 equal sides, &c. ; an abusive use of square. 
 
 Square root ; in geometry and arithmetic. The 
 square root of a quantity or number is that which, 
 multiplied by itself, produces the quantity or num- 
 ber. Thus 7 is the stpiare root of 49, for 7 X 7 = 49. 
 
 Square measure; the square of a lineal measure; 
 the measure of a superficies or surface, which de- 
 pends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. 
 
 S<puire number. See Square, n. No. .*>. 
 
 In seamen's language, the yarils are square, when 
 they are arranged at right angles with the ni.ast or 
 the keel, and parallel to the horizon. The yards and 
 sails are said also to be square, when they are of 
 greater length than usual. Totten. 
 SQUARE, n. A figure having four equal sides and 
 four right angles. 
 
 2. An area of four sides, with houses on each side. 
 The sLxtue of Alexander VII. stands in the large square of the 
 
 tott-n. Aftdison. 
 
 3. The content of the side of a figure squared. 
 
 4. A mathematical instrument, which consists 
 essentially in having at lea.st one straight edge at 
 right angles to another. It is of several forms, as 
 the T square, the carpenter's .square, &c. 
 
 5. In geometry and arithmetic, a square or square 
 number is the product of a number multiplied by 
 itself. Thus G4 is the square of 8, for 8X8 = 04. 
 
 6. Rule ; regularity ; exact proportion ; justness of 
 workmanship and conduct. 
 
 Th'-y of Galatia much more out of sgtiare. Hooker, 
 1 have not kept my tquart. [Not in use.] StuiJe. 
 
 7. A square body of troops ; as, the brave squares 
 of war. S/ujJc. 
 
 8. A quaternion ; four. [A'ol m use.] Shak. 
 
 9. Level ; equality. 
 
 We liTo not on the square with such as these. Dryden. 
 
 10. In astrology, quartile ; the position of planets 
 distant ninety degrees from each other. [ Obs.] 
 
 Ml ton. 
 
 11. Rule; conformity; accord. I shall break no 
 squares with another for a trifle. 
 
 Siiuarej go. Let us see how the squares go, that 
 is, how the game proceeds ; a phrase taken from the 
 game of chess, the chess-board being formed with 
 squares. L'Estrange. 
 SQUARE, r. t. [Fr. equarrir and rjirrcr.] 
 
 I. To form with four equal sides and four right 
 angles. 
 
 SQU 
 
 2. To reduce to a square ; to form to right angles ; 
 as, to square mason's work. 
 J. To reduce to any given measure or standard. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. To adjust ; to regulate ; to mold ; to shape ; ns, 
 to square our actions by the opinions of <jthers; to 
 square our lives by the precepts of the gospel. 
 
 5. To accommodate ; to fit ; as, square my trial to 
 my strength. Millon. 
 
 t>. To respect in quartile. CreeclL 
 
 7. To make even, so as to leave no difTerence or 
 balance ; as, to square accounts ; a popular phrase. 
 
 8. Ill arithmetic, to multiply a number by itself; as, 
 to square the number. 
 
 9. In seamen's language, to square the yards is to 
 place them at right angles with the mast or keel. 
 
 To square the circle ; to determine the exact con- 
 tents of a circle in sqiuare measure. 
 SCiUARE, V. i. To suit ; to fit ; to quadrate ; to accord 
 or agree. His opiiiitms do not square with the doc- 
 trines of philosophers. 
 
 2. To quarrel ; to go to opposite sides ; to take an 
 attitude of offense or defense, or of defiance. 
 
 Ar>- you such fuels 
 To square for this ? 
 
 SQUAR'Kl), pp. or a. Made in the form of a square, 
 or with riglit angles; atljusted ; regulated ; imiltiplietl 
 
 SaiJAUE'LY, U(/i'. In a square form. (by itself. 
 
 SUUARE'.NESS, n. The state of being .square ; as, 
 an iiistrunieiit to trv the squareness of work. Moron. 
 
 SaUAR'ER, II. Johnson thinks that this word, in 
 Sliakspeare, denotes a hot-headed, contentious fel- 
 low. [See SqUARE, r.] 
 
 S(1UARE'-RIG-G£I), a. In seamen's language, a ves- 
 sel is square-rigged when her principal sails are ex- 
 tended by yards suspended by the middle, and not 
 by stays, gaffs, booms, and lateen yards. Thus- a 
 ship and a brig are .square-rigged vessels. Mar. Diet. 
 
 S(1U.\RE'-SA1L, 71. Ill seamen's language, a four- 
 sided sail extended to :i yard suspsnded by the mid 
 die. Mar. Diet. 
 
 SdUAR'IXG, ppr. Making in the fiirni of a square, 
 or with riglit angles; adjusting; regulating; niulti- 
 jilying bv itself. 
 
 SaUAR'ISH,a. Nearly square. Pennant. 
 
 SUUAR'ROSE, ) rr. <-i 
 
 SQUAR'ROU.S, i "X<"'a, scurf.] 
 
 In natural history, ragiied, or full of loose scales ; 
 rough ; jaggttd ; coniiKised of parts which diverge at 
 right angles, and are irregular in size and direction. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 A squarrous calyx consists of scales very widely 
 divaricating ; a squarrous leaf is divided into shreds 
 or jags, raised above the plane of the leaf, and not 
 parallel to it. Marti/n. 
 SQUASH, (skwosh,) r. t. [from the root of quaJk, L. 
 qua.^so, Fr. ca.-J.icr.] 
 
 • To crush ; to beat or press into pulp, or a flat mxss. 
 SQUv\SH,ii. Something soft anil easily crushed. Shak. 
 
 2. [Qu. Gr. (7i<iio5.] A plant of tiic genus Cticur- 
 bila, or gourd kind, and its fruit ; a culinary vegeta- 
 
 3. Something unripe or soft ; iii contempt. [ble. 
 
 This squash, this p'ntleman. Shak. 
 
 4. A sudden fall of a heavy, soft body. Arbnthnot. 
 
 5. A shock of soft bodies. 
 
 My fall was stopped by a terrible *7uajA. {Vulgar.] Swift. 
 
 SQUASH'-BUG, 71. The common name of a bug in- 
 jurious to squashes ; the more usual one, in New 
 England beliuigs to the order Hemiptera. 
 
 SQUASH'V, adv. Like a squash ; also, muddy. 
 
 SQUATi (skwot,) B. i. [\V. ysioatiaw, from ysirad, a 
 falling, or throw ; It. qnatto, squat, close ; quattare, 
 to squat, to cower, to lurk. It may, perhaps, be al- 
 lied to It. guatare, to watch, Fr. guetter, to wait, to 
 watch.] 
 
 1. To sit down upon the hams or heels; as a hu- 
 man being. 
 
 2. To sit close to the ground ; to cower ; as an an- 
 imal. 
 
 3. In the United States, to settle on another's land 
 without pretense of title, a practice very common in 
 the wilderness. 
 
 4. To stoop or lie close to escape observation ; as a 
 partridge or rabbit. 
 
 SQUAT, ti. t. To bruise or make flat by a fall. [A'ot 
 
 in use.] Barret. 
 SQU.\T, a. Sitting on the hams or heels ; sitting close 
 to tiie ground ; cowering. 
 
 Him Uirn. ih^T found. 
 Squat like a toad, close at the ear ol l->e. Miiton. 
 
 2. Short and thick, like the figure of an animal 
 squatting. 
 
 The head of the •qnill insect Is broad and squat. Grew. 
 SQU-\T, n. The posture of one that sits on his hams, 
 or close to the ground. Dryden. 
 
 2. .\ sudden or crushing fall. [Abt in use.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 3. A small, separate vein of ore ; a mineral con- 
 sisting of tin ore and spar. Haltiwell. H'oodicard. 
 
 SQU.\T'TER, 71. One that squats or sits close. 
 
 2. In the United States, one that settles on new land 
 without a title. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, UNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
SQU 
 
 SQU 
 
 ST A 
 
 SdUAVV, 71. Among some tribes of American Indians, 
 
 a female, or wife. 
 SQUEAK, (skweek,) v. i. [Sw. ^yud/.a, to cry like a 
 
 frog ; G. quiehcn ; W. gwi^ian, to squeak. This 
 
 word probably belongs to t»ie family of quack. Class 
 
 Gk.] 
 
 1. To utter a sljarp, slirill cry. usually of short du- 
 ration ; to cry with an acute tone, as an animal ; or 
 to make a sharp noise, as a pipe or quill, a wheel, a 
 door, and the like. Wheels squeak only when the 
 axletree is dry. 
 
 Who can endure to hear one of the rough old Romans, squeak- 
 ing througli the mouth of a eunuclir Addison. 
 
 ZoiluB calls Uie companions of Ulyss^ the eqiteaking jii^ of 
 Homer. Pope. 
 
 2. To break silence or secrecy for fear or pain ; to 
 spetik. Drydcu. 
 
 SQUiSAK, 71. A sharp, shrill sound suddenly uttered, 
 either of the human voice or of any animal or instru- 
 ment, such as a child utters in acute pain, or as pigs 
 utter, or as is made by carriage-wheels when dry/ or 
 by a pipe or reud. 
 
 SaUEAK'ER, 71. One that utters a sharp, shrill 
 sound. 
 
 SQUe AK'ING, ppr. or n. Crying with a sharp voice ; 
 
 making a sharp sound j as, a squeukin^r wheel. 
 SaUEAL, (skweel,) v. i. [This is only a different 
 
 orthography of squall; Ir. sjral, a squealing. See 
 
 Squall.] 
 
 To cry with a sharp, shrill voice. It is used of an- 
 imals only, and chietly of swine. It agrees in sense 
 with Squeak, except that squeal denotes a more con- 
 tinued cry than squeak, and the latter is not limited 
 to animals. We s;ty, a squealing hog or pig, a squeal- 
 ins ^hWA, but more generally a squalHug child. 
 
 SQUeAL'ING, ppr. or a. "Uttering a sharp, shrill 
 sound or voice ; as, a squealing pig. 
 
 SaUEAM'ISH, a. [Probably from the root of wam- 
 ble.] 
 
 Literally, having a stomach that is easily turned, 
 or that readily nauseates any thing; hence, nice to 
 excess in taste : fastidious ; easily disgusted ; apt to 
 be offended at tritiing improprieties; scrupulous. 
 
 Cluoth he, that hnnor 's rr'ry squeamiBh 
 
 That takes a basliiii; fur a lilcraiBh. Hurlihrm. 
 
 His muse is rustic, AnM jv^rhaps too plain 
 
 The Dieu ot s';ueamish taste to entertain. SouUftrn. 
 
 SQUeAM'ISH-LY, arfo. In a fastidious manner; 
 with too much niceness. 
 
 S(iUE.\M'ISH-NESS, 7i. Excessive niceness; vicious 
 delicacy of taste ; fastidiousness ; excessive scrupu- 
 lousness. 
 
 The thoron?h-pac('d politici.i 
 squ4amtsh ness of his con 
 
 SaUEAS'I-NESS, 71. Nausea. [JVot used.] [See 
 CirEAsirfEss.] 
 
 SHUeAS'V, a. Queasy; nice; squeamish; scrupu- 
 lous. [Abt «.-,•«/.] [See Q.UEA9Y.] 
 SQUEEZE, J), t. [\rm. qnasqu, irnasca; W. ^iBa.--;orii.] 
 
 1. To press bt^tween two bodies; to press closely ; 
 as, to squeeze an orange with the fingers or with an 
 instrument ; to squeeze the hand in friendship. 
 
 2. To oppress with hardships, burdens, and taxes ; 
 to harass ; to crush. 
 
 Ill a civil war, people mustexpect to be squeezedwHU the burden. 
 
 L*Estrange. 
 
 3. To hug ; to embrace closely. 
 
 4. To force between close btttlies ; to compel or 
 cause to pass ; as, to squeeze water lliriiiigh felt. 
 
 To squeeze out; to force out by pressure, as a 
 liquid. 
 
 SQUEEZE, V. I. To press ; to urge one's way ; to 
 pass by pressing ; as, to squeeze hard to get through 
 a crowd. 
 2. To crowd. 
 
 To squeeze llirov^h ; to pass through by pressing 
 nnrl urging forwartt. 
 
 .'SQUEEZE, 71. Pressure; compression between bod- 
 ies. Pliilips. 
 2. A close hug or embrace. 
 
 SQUEEZ'£I), ;//). or a. Pressed between bodies; 
 comiiresHcd ; oppressed. 
 
 SQUEEZ'ING, ;v<r. Pressing ; compressing ; crowd- 
 ing ; oppre.ssing. 
 
 SQUEEZ'ING, 71. The act of pressing ; compression ; 
 oppri'siion. 
 
 2. 'J'hat which is forced out by pressure ; dregs. 
 
 The drej^ and equeezinge of the br.iin. Pope. 
 
 .SQtlEI.f'H, j J!. (. To crush, [.fl low word, and not 
 H(iUi;i,SU, ( ««.(/.] 
 
 SQUELCH, 71. A heavy fall. [Low, and not used.] 
 
 IIud,bras. 
 
 SQUIB, n. [This word probably belongs to the family 
 of i«Ai;> ; denoting, that which is thrown.] 
 
 ]. A little pipt; or holltiw cylinder of paper, lilled 
 with powder, or rombiixlible matter, and Mcnl into 
 the air burning, and bursting with a crack ; a cracker. 
 
 [.nrripfwns, Ilk'- ii/uilte, Intyr iniike n pr-sp-iit blai/*. Waller. 
 Tiie making urid vAUng i/ MquUie Is puiiisliahle. BlncknUme. 
 
 9. A sarcajitic niiecch, or little censorious writing 
 publiHhed ; n petty lumiHimi. 
 
 3. A pretty f..-llow. [Au( in use.] 
 
 "Die e^ut^, In live conmioii jihrase, urn- c dlrd lit/ilers. Taller. 
 
 SQUIB, V. i. Tii throw squibs ; to utter sarcastic t^r 
 severe reflections ; to contend in petty dispute ; as, 
 two members of a society squib a little in debate. 
 [Colloquial.] ' 
 
 SQUIC'BtNG, ppr. Throwing squibs or severe re- 
 flections. 
 
 SQUIB'BIXG, 71. The act of throwing squibs or se- 
 vere reflections. 
 
 SQUIG'GLE, (skwig'gi,) v. i. To shake and wash a 
 fluid about the mouth with the lips closed. [Local.] 
 
 Korby. 
 
 SQUILL, 71. [Fr. squille, L. squilla, a squill, a lob- 
 ster or prawn ; It. squilla, a squill, a sea-onion, a 
 little bell ; squiUare, to ring ; Sp. csquila, a small bell, 
 a shrimp.] 
 
 1. A bulbous plant of the genus SciUa. 
 
 2. Orntthogalum squilla, or Scilla viaritima ; officinal 
 squill. It has a Large, acrid, bulbous root, like an 
 onion, which is used in medicine. 
 
 3. A stomapodous, crustaceous animal, of the ge- 
 nus Squilla. Encyc. 
 
 4. An insect, called squill insect, from its resem- 
 blance to the preceding, having a long body covered 
 with a crust, the heatl broad and squat. Grew. 
 
 SQUIN'AN-CY, 71. [It. squinaniia; Fr. squinancie; 
 L, cynanche; Gr. *ci'i'tt) ^^7.] 
 Tile quinsy, which see. [SquiNANCY is not used.] 
 
 SQUINT, a. [D. scliuin, sloping, oblique ; schuinte, a 
 slope ; W. ysgeiniaic, to spread, to sprinkle, to squint, 
 from ysgain, to spread, to sprinkle. We see the 
 sense is, to deviate from a direct line, to wander or 
 shoot off.] 
 
 1. Looking obliquely. 
 
 2. Not having the optic axes of both eyes coinci- 
 dent; occasioned by a permanent shortening of one 
 of the lateral, straight muscles, and a permanent 
 elongation of its antagonist. 
 
 3. Looking with suspicion. Spenser. 
 SQUINT, 71. i. To see obliquely. 
 
 Some can squint when they will. Bacon. 
 
 2. To have the axes of the eyes not coincident. 
 
 3. 'J'o slope ; to deviate from a true line ; to run 
 obliquely. Kirwan. 
 
 SQUINT, i'. t. To turn the eye to an oblique position ; 
 as, to squint an eye. Bacon. 
 2. To look witli non-coincident optic axes. 
 He gives the web and the pin, squinlt the eye, and makes the 
 hare-lip. Shale. 
 
 SQUINT, 71. The act or habit of squinting. • 
 SQUINT'-E? E, (-1,) n. An eve that squints. 
 SQUINT'-E?-£D, (-ide,) a. Having eyes that squint ; 
 having eyes with non-coincident axes. Kuollcs. 
 
 2. Oblique ; indirect ; malignant ; as, squint-eyed 
 praise. Denhani. 
 
 3. Looking obliquely or by side glances; as, squint- 
 eyed jealousy or envy. 
 
 SQUINT-I-Fe'GO, 71. Squinting. Drydcn. 
 [Ji cant word, and not to be used.] 
 
 SQUINT'ING, ppr. Seeing or looking with non-coin- 
 cident a\es of the eyes ; looking by side glances. 
 
 SQUI.\T'[NG, 71. The act or habit of looking squint. 
 
 SQUINT'ING-LY, adv. With squint look; by side 
 glances. 
 
 SQUIN'Y, V. i. To look squint. Shak. 
 
 [j3 cant word, nut to be used.] 
 SQUIU, (skwur,) r. t. To throw with a jerk. Spelt 
 
 also ScjuiiiR. [Obs.] Mdison. 
 SQUIRE, 71. [A popular contraction of EsQuinE. See 
 
 Esquire J 
 
 1. In Great Britain, the title of a gentleman, next 
 in rank to a knight. Sliak. 
 
 2. In Great Britain, an attendant on a noble war- 
 rior. Drydcn. Pope. 
 
 3. An attendant at court. Sliak. 
 
 4. Ill the United States, the title of magistrates and 
 lawyers. In New England, it is particuhirly given 
 to justices of the peace and judges ; and in Pennsyl- 
 vania, to justices of the peace only. 
 
 .■i. The title customarily given to gentlemen. 
 SQUIRE, 71. t. To attend as a squire. Cliaucer. 
 2. In colloquial laun-uaire, to attend as a beau or 
 gallant for aid and protection ; as, to squire a lady to 
 the gardens. 
 
 SQUIRE'IIQOD, 71. The rank and state of a squire. 
 
 Slirlfon. 
 
 SQUTRE'LY, a. Becoming a squire. Slielton. 
 
 SQUIIUC SIIIP, 71. Ortice of a .squire. Sicift. 
 
 SQUIR.M, (skwiirm,) ti. (. or i. To move like a worm 
 or eel, with writhing or contortions. 
 
 2. To I limb by eiiibrticiiig and clinging with the 
 haiiils and feet, as to a tree without branches. 
 
 [.loliiisoii writes this word Swabm, and this is 
 probably the original word. Itailcy writes it Squirm.] 
 
 SQUTR.M'ING, ppr. Moving like a worm or eel ; climb- 
 ing by embracing. 
 
 StiUIRR. SeeSquiR. 
 
 SQUllt'KEL, (skwer'rel or skwur'rel,) 71. [Fr. fi;ii- 
 7-iMiV; L. .iciurus; Gr. oxiuufius, a compouiitl of <;xiu, 
 shade, anil oir>iii, tail.] 
 
 A Hiiiall rodent mammal. The squirrel has two cut- 
 ting teeth in each j:iw, a long, tiifti d tail, four long 
 toes on llio foro feet, niiil a tubercle instead of a 
 thumb, and five on the hind feet. Many species are 
 
 enumerated. These animals are remarkably nimble, 
 running up trees, ami leaping from branch to branch 
 with surprising agility. They subsist on nuts, of 
 which they lay up a store for winter, some of them 
 in hollow trees, others in the earth. Their flesh is 
 delictite food. 
 
 J See also Flviwg-Squirrel.] 
 IR'REL-HUNT,7i. In AiimVa, the hunting and 
 shooting of squirrels by a company of men. 
 SQUIRT, (skwurt,) v. t. [from some root in Class 
 Gr, or Wr, signifying to throw or drive.] 
 
 To eject or drive out of a narrow pipe or orifice, in 
 a stream ; as, to squirt water. 
 SQUIRT, V. i. To throw out words ; to let fly. [JVot 
 
 in use.] L^Kstrange. 
 SQUIRT, 71. An instrument with which a liquid is 
 ejected in a stream with force. 
 2. A small, quick stretiiii. 
 SQUIRT'ED, pp. Ejected in a stream from a narrow 
 orifice. 
 
 SQUIRT'ER, (skwuit'er,) 11. One that squirts. 
 [This word, in all iU forms, is ^'ulgar.] 
 
 SQUIRT'ING, ppr. or a. Ejecting from a narrow 
 orifice in a stream. 
 
 Squirting cucumber; the fruit of the plant Ecba- 
 lium Elateriuin, or Mmnordica Elaterium, which, 
 when nearly ripe, separates suddenly from its pe- 
 duncle, at the same time ejecting its juice and seeds. 
 
 STAB, 7'. (. [This word contains the elements, and is 
 probably frt>m the primary sense, of the L. stabilis, 
 stahilio, stipo, D. .itippen, to point or prick. Eng. stiff, 
 and a multitude of others in many languages. The 
 radical sense is, to thrust ; but I know not to what 
 Oriental roots they are allied, unless to the Heb, 2!fi, 
 
 Ar. 
 
 watsaba. Class Sb, No. 35, 37, or Class 
 
 Db, No. 4C, 53, 44.] 
 
 1. To pierce with a pointed weapon ; as, to be 
 stabbed by a dagger or a spear ; to stab fish or eels. 
 
 2. To wound mischievously or mortally ; to kill by 
 the thrust of a pointed instrument. Philips. 
 
 3. To injure secretly or by malicious falsehood or 
 slander; as, to .itab reputation. 
 
 ST.'iB, r. t. To give a wound with a pointed weapon. 
 None shall dare 
 With shortened sa'ord to stab iu closer war. Drydcn. 
 
 2. To give a mortal wound. 
 
 He speaks poniards, and every word stabs. Sbak. 
 To stab at ; to offer a stab ; to thrust a pointed 
 weapon at. 
 
 STAB, 71. The thrust of a pointed weapon. 
 
 2. A wound with a shar|vpointed weapon ; as, to 
 fall by the stab of an assassin. 
 
 3. An injury given in the dark ; asly mischief; as, 
 a stab given to character. 
 
 STa'BAT MA'TER, 71. [L.] A celebrated Latin 
 hymn, beginning with these words, set to music by 
 most of the great ctimposers, and performed in the 
 church service of the Uouian Catholics. 
 
 STAB'BED, pp. Pierced with a pointed weapon; 
 killed with a spear or other pointed instrument. 
 
 STAB'BER, 71. One that stabs ; a privy murderer. 
 
 STAB'BING, ppr. Piercing with a pointed weapon ; 
 killing with a pointed instrument by piercing the 
 bodj'. 
 
 STAIt'BlNG, 71. The act of piercing with a pointed 
 weapon ; the act of wounding or killing with a 
 pointed instrument. 
 
 This statute was made on accovmt of the frequent quarrels and 
 stabbings with sliort daggi.'rs. Blackstona. 
 STAB'BING-LY, adv. With intent to a secret act 
 
 maliciously. Bp. Parker. 
 
 ST A-Bl L'l-M ENT, ti. [L. stabilimentum, from stabilio, 
 to make firm. See Stab,] 
 Act of making firm ; firm support. 
 They servi- for siabititnent, propagation, and fha<le, Derham. 
 STA-BII.'l-TATE, i'. t. To make stable; to estab- 
 lish. [JV(i( used.] More. 
 STA-BIL'I-TY, 71. [L. sUibilitas, from stabilis. See 
 Stab,] 
 
 1. Steadiness; stableness ; firmness; strength to 
 stand wilhout being moved or overthrown ; as, the 
 stability of a throne ; the stability of a constitution of 
 government. 
 
 2. Stcailiness or firmness of character ; firmness of 
 rcsolutitm or4)urpose ; the qualities opposite to fickle- 
 ness, irresolution, or inconstancy. We say, a man of 
 little .ttabilitii, or of unusual stability. 
 
 3. Fixedness; as opposed to Fluiuitv. [/ believe 
 not now used.] 
 
 Since lluidness and tlabilily ate contrary qualities. Boy(f. 
 
 STa'BLE, a. [ L. »(niii/>s ; Ft. stable; ll. stabile. The 
 primary sense is set, fixed. See Star.] 
 
 1. I'lxeil ; firmly established; not to be easily 
 moved, shaken, or overthrown ; as, a stable govern- 
 niint, 
 
 2. Steady in purpose ; constant ; firm in resolution ; 
 not easily tliverleil from a purpose ; not fickle or wa- 
 vering ; as, n .itahle man ; a stable character. 
 
 3. Fixed ; steady ; fiiiii ; not easily Burrcndercd 
 or abandoned ; ns, a man of stable principles. 
 
 FITE. PAR, PALL., WH^T. — MRTE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. 
 
ST A 
 
 STA 
 
 STA 
 
 4. Durable; not subject to be overthrown or 
 chansed. 
 
 In this region of chance and vanity, where nolliinj it itabU. 
 
 liogert. 
 
 STS'DLE, V. L To fix ; to estahlisli. [JVof used.] 
 
 STa'BLE, 71. [h. stabulum, that is, a stand, a fixed 
 place, like eialL (Soc llio latter.) Tliese words 
 do not primarily imply a covcrinir fi)r horses orcattlp.] 
 A house or shed for beasts to lodRcnnd feed in. In 
 large towns, a stable Is usually a building for horses 
 only, or horses and cows, and often connected with 
 a coach-house. In the country towns in the Northern 
 States of America, a stable is usually an apartment in 
 a barn in which hay and grain are deposited. 
 
 STS'ULE, (>. «. To put or keep in a stable. Our farm- 
 ers Renerally stable not only horses, but oxen and 
 cows, in winter, and sometimes young cattle. 
 
 STa'HLE, ». i. To dwell or lodpe in a stable; to 
 dwell in an inclosed pl.ice ; to kennel. Milton. 
 
 STS'BLE-ROY, j n. A boy or man who attends at a 
 
 ST^'I!1,E-IMAN, ! stable. Swifl. 
 
 ST^'BLKD, pp. Put or kept in a stable. 
 
 STA'BLE-NESS, n. Fixedness; firmness of position 
 or establishment ; strength to stand ; stability ; as, 
 the stiMeness of a throne, or of a system of laws. 
 
 2. Steadiness ; constancy ; firmness of purpose ; 
 stability; as, stablcness of character, of mind, of 
 principles, or opinions. 
 
 STA'BljE-STAND, n. [stable and stand.] In laie, 
 when a man is found at his standing in the forest, 
 with a cross-bow bent, ready to shoot at a deer, or 
 with a long bow ; or standing close by n tree with 
 greyhounds in a leash ready to slip. 'J'his is one of 
 the four presumptions that a man intends stealing the 
 king's deer. Knfflisk Imw. 
 
 STS'ULING, ppr. Putting or keeping in a stable. 
 
 STA'BI..ING, ti. The act or practice of keeping cattle 
 in a stable. 
 
 2. A house, shed, or room for keeping horses and 
 cattle. 
 
 STAB'LISH, V. t. stabilio ; Ft. ctablir ; It. stabilire ; 
 Sp. establecer. See Stab.] 
 
 To fix ; to settle in a state for permanence ; to 
 make firm. 
 
 [In lieu of this. Establish is now always used.] 
 STA'BLY, ai/D. Firmly; fixedly; steadily; as, a gov- 
 ernment stabhj settled. 
 STAB-li-LA'TlON,n. Act of housing beasts. [Obs.] 
 
 Coclccriim. 
 
 STA€--€A'TO, [It.] In music, denoting a short, dis- 
 tinct, articulate style ; the opposite to Lbgato. 
 
 STACK, 71. [VV. ystac, a stack ; ystaca, a standard, 
 from t&^, a state of being stuffed ; Dan. stak, a pile 
 of hay ; Sw. stack: It. stacadli. It signifies that 
 which is set, and coincides with Sax. slac, I), staak, 
 a stake. Stock, stag, stage, are <if the same family, 
 or at least have the same radical sense.] 
 
 1. A large, conical pile of hay, grain, or straw, 
 sometimes covered with thatch. In jimcrica, the 
 stack differs from the cock only in size, both being 
 conical. A long pile of hay or grain is called a rick. 
 In England, this distinction is not always observed. 
 This word, in Great Britain, is sometimes applied to 
 a pile of wood containing 408 cubic feet, and also to 
 a pile of poles ; but I believe never in America. 
 
 Q. A number of funnels or chimneys standing to- 
 gether. We sny, a stack of chimneys ; which is cor- 
 rect, as a chimney is a passage. But we also call the 
 whole stack a chimney. Thus we say, the chimney 
 rises ten feet above the roof. 
 
 A stack of ar/n.*, is a number of muskets set up to- 
 gether, with the bayonets crossing one another, form- 
 ing a sort of conical pile. 
 
 STA(;K, v. t. To lay in a conical or other pile ; to 
 make into a large pile ; as, to stack hay or grain. 
 2. In England, to pile wood, poles, &.C. 
 To .■'tack arms ; to set up muskets together, with 
 the bayonets crossing one another, and forming a sort 
 of conical pile. 
 
 STACK'CD, (stakt,) pp. Piled in a large, conical heap. 
 
 STACK'IN'G, ppr. Laving in a large, conical heap. 
 
 STACK'ING-HAND, j"n. A baud or rope used in 
 
 STACK'IMG-BELT, S binding thatch or straw 
 upon a stack. 
 
 STACK'ING-STAGE, n. A stage used in building 
 stacks. 
 
 ST.\CK'-YXRD, n, A yard or inclosure for stacks of 
 
 h.ay or grain. 
 STAC'TE, n. [L. stacte; Gr. rntr-/.] 
 
 A fatty, resinous, liquid matter, of the nature of 
 
 liquid myrrh, very odoriferous, and highly valued. 
 
 But it is said we have none but what adulterated, 
 
 and what is so called is liquid storax. Cyc. 
 STAD'DLE, (stad'dl,) it. [D. stutirl, from .stuf, a prop ; 
 
 stutten, to prop ; Eng. stud ; G. sttltze. It belongs to 
 
 the root of slead, steady.] 
 
 1. Any thing which serves for support ; a staff; a 
 crutch ; the frame or support of a stack of li.iy or 
 train. England. 
 
 [In this .^ente not used in AVta England.] 
 
 2. In M'rti! England, a small tree of any kind, par- 
 
 ' ticularly a forest tree. In America, trees are called 
 staddles from three or four years old till they are six 
 or eight inches in diameter or more ; but in this re- 
 spect the word is indefinite. This is also the sense 
 in which it is used by Bacon and Tusser. 
 
 STAD'DLE, V. t. To leave staddles when a wood is 
 cut. Tusser. 
 
 STA D'DLF<-ROOF, n. The roof or coveringof a stack. 
 
 STAD'DUNG, ppr. Leaving staddles when a wood 
 is cut. 
 
 STADE, 71. [L. stadium.] A stadium or furlong. 
 
 Smithes Diet. 
 
 STA'DI-UM, 71. [L. ; Gr. raSiov.] A Greek measure 
 of 125 geometrical paces; a furlong. 
 2. The course or career of a r.acc. 
 
 STADT'IloLD-ER, (stat'-,) 7i. [D. stadt, a city, and 
 houdcr, holder.] 
 
 For77icr/i/, the chief magistrate of the United Prov- 
 inces of Holland ; or the governor or lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor of a province. 
 
 STADT'lloLU-EK-ATE, ) . . ( n. The office of 
 
 STADT'IIoLD-ER-SlUP, ( I'"" ) a stadtholder. 
 
 STAFF, 71. ; pi. Staffs or Staves. [Sax. sUcf, a stick 
 or club, a pole, a crook, a prop or support, a letter, an 
 epistle ; sUrfn, strfn, the voice ; D. staf, a staff, scep- 
 ter, or crook ; staa/, a bar ; G. stab, a staff, a bar, a 
 rod ; Dan. stab, star, id. ; stavn, .«teo7i, the prow of a 
 ship, that is, a projection, that which shoots out ; Fr. 
 douoc. The primary sense is, to thrust, to shoot. 
 See Stab.] 
 
 1. A stick carried in the hand for support or de- 
 fense by a person walking ; hence, a support; that 
 which props or upholds. liread is proverbially called 
 the staff of life. 
 
 Tlie boy w;u( tho very tlaf of my n^e. Sfualc. 
 Thy rod and thy suif, thuy coinlorl mc. — P». xxiii. 
 
 2. A stick or club used as a wcajion. Drydcn. 
 
 3. A long piece of wood ; a stick ; the long handle 
 of an instrument; a pole or slick, used for many 
 purposes. 
 
 4. The five lines and the spaces on which music is 
 written. 
 
 5. An ensign of authority ; a badg[e of office ; as, a 
 constable's staff. sSak Hayward. 
 
 0. 'J'he round of a ladder. Brown. 
 
 7. A pole erected in a ship to hoist and display a 
 flag ; called a Hag-sfa^. Tiiere is also a jack-.s(n^, 
 and an cnsign-.s((i^. 
 
 8. [Fr. estaj'cttc,a. courier or express ; Dan. staffetle ; 
 It. staffetta, an express ; stafferc, a groom or servant ; 
 staffa, a stirrup; Sp. estafeta, a courier, a general 
 post-office ; tstafero, a foot boy, a stable-boy, an er- 
 rand-boy ; Port, estafeta, an express. This word 
 seems to be formed frmii It. staffa, a stirrup, whence 
 staffere, a stirrup-holder or groom, whence a servant 
 or horseman sent express.] In military affairs, an es- 
 tablishment of officers in various departments, at- 
 tached to an army, or to the commander of an army. 
 The general's staff consists of those officers about his 
 person who are employed in carrying his commands 
 into execution. 
 
 9. [Ice. jf<^] A stanza ; aseriesof verses so dis- 
 posed that, when it is concluded, the same order be- 
 gins again. 
 
 Cowley fonnd out thst no Vind of §taff is proper for a heroic 
 poem, oj being nil too lyrical. Dryden. 
 
 STXFF'-AN"'GLE, n. In architecture, a square rod 
 of wood standing flush with the wall on each of its 
 sides, at the external angles of plastering, to prevent 
 their being damaged. Brande. 
 
 STAF'FI-ER, 71. An attendant bearing a staff. 
 
 Iludibras. 
 
 STAFF'ISH, a. Stiff; harsh. [Obs.] jlscham. 
 
 STXFF'-TREE, 7i. The popular name of the several 
 species of the genus Celastrus, but not used except 
 with some epithet prefixed, to distinguish the species 
 or variety. Thus, Celastrus scandens of the United 
 States, is called Climbino Staff-Tree. 
 
 STAG, 71. [This word belongs to the root of stick, 
 stage, stock.. The primary sense is, to thrust, hence, 
 to fix, to stay, &.C.] 
 
 1. The male red deer; the male of the hind. 
 
 2. A colt or filly ; also, a romping girl. [Local.] 
 
 Grose. 
 
 3. The taurine male, c.-ustrated at such an age that 
 he never gains the full size of a bull. 
 
 STAG'-BEE-TLE, n. A lamellicorn, coleopterous in- 
 sect of the family Lucanidie. 
 
 STAGE, 71. [Fr. ctage, a story, a degree ; Arm. estaich ; 
 Sax. stigan, to go, to ascend ; Dan. stiger, to step up, 
 to ascend ; Sw. stiga, to step ; stcg, a step; steire, a 
 ladder ; D. stygen, to mount, G. steigen.] ° 
 
 1. Properly, one degree of elevation ; a step, floor, 
 or story. Chaucer. 
 
 2. A floor or platform of any kind elevated above 
 the ground or common surface, as for an exhibition 
 of something to public view; as, a stage for a moun- 
 tebank ; a stage for speakers in public ; a stage for 
 mechanics. Seamen use floating stages, and stages 
 suspended by the side of a ship, for calking and re- 
 pairing. 
 
 3. The floor on which theatrical performances are 
 exhibited, as distinct Irom the pit, &c. Hence, 
 
 4. The theater ; the place of scenic entertain- 
 ments. 
 
 Knlghu, Bquirci, and steoda, muat enter oo the ttagt. Popt. 
 
 5. Theatrical representations. It is contended 
 that the stage is a school of morality. Let it be in- 
 quired, where is the person whom the stage has re- 
 formed 
 
 C. A place where any thing is publicly exhibited. 
 
 When we are bom, we cry that we arc come 
 
 'I'o thia great ttaga of fooli. ShaJc. 
 
 7. Place of action or performance ; as, the stage of 
 life. 
 
 8. A place of rest on a journey, or where a rcl.ay 
 of horses is taken. When we arrive at the next 
 stage, we will take some refreshment. Hence, 
 
 9. riie distance between two places of rest on a 
 road ; as, a stage of fifteen miles. 
 
 10. A single step ; degree of advance ; degree of 
 progression, cither in increase or decrea.se, in rising 
 or falling, or in any change of state ; as, the several 
 stagts of a war; the stages of civilization or im- 
 provement ; stages of growth in an animal or plant ; 
 stages of a disease, of decline, or recovery ; the sev- 
 eral sta<res of human life. 
 
 11. [Instead of Staoe-Coach or Staoe-VVaoopi.] 
 A coach or other carriage running regularly from one 
 place to another, for the conveyance of passengers. 
 
 I went in the six-iynny ntage. Steffi. 
 A parcel ftent by tiie ttage. Coipper. 
 
 [JJmerican usage.] 
 STAGE, ti. t. To exhibit publicly. [JVof 171 use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STAGE'-CoACH, n. [stage and coach.] A coach 
 that runs by stages ; or a coach that runs regularly 
 every day or on stated days, for the conveyance of 
 IKissengt^rs. Jlddison. 
 
 STAGE'LY, (I. Pertaining to a stage; becoming the 
 theater. [Little used.] Taylor. 
 
 STaGE'-PLAY, 71. [sfan-e and p/ay.] Tbenlrical en- 
 tertainment. Dryden. 
 
 STAGE'-PLAY-ER, 71. An actor on the stage ; one 
 whose occupatiim is to represent characters on the 
 stage. Garrick was a celebrated stage-plavcr. 
 
 STAG'ER, (stSj'er,) 71. A player. [Little u'seil.] 
 
 2. One that has long acted on the stage of life ; a 
 practitioner ; a person of cunning ; as, an old, cun- 
 ning .^tuirfr; an experienced stager; a stager of the 
 wiser sort. Dryden. 
 
 [I do not recollect to have ever heard this word used 
 in Jinierica.] 
 
 STAG'ER-Y, 71. Exhibition on the stage. [JVof in 
 Tt-ve. ] _ ji}ilfon, 
 
 STAG'-F.-V/L, 71. A disease in horses. Diet. 
 
 STAG'GARD, 71. [from stag.] A stag of four yeara 
 of age. .^inswurth. 
 
 STAG'GER, f. I. [D. .ilaggcren. Kiliaan.] 
 
 1. I'o reel ; to vacillate ; to move to one side and 
 the other in standing or walking ; not to stand or 
 walk with steadiness. Boyle. 
 
 Deep wa« the wound ; he staggered with the blow. Drydtn. 
 
 2. To fail ; to cease to stand firm ; to begin to give 
 way. 
 
 The enemy tta^gers. A'lfiijon, 
 
 3. To hesitate ; to begin to doubt and waver in 
 purpose ; to become less confident or determined. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STAG'GER, c. t. To cause to reel. ShaJt. 
 2. To cause to doubt and waver ; to make to hesi- 
 tate ; to make less steady or confident ; to sho- k. 
 Whoever will read the itory of this war, will fnul him«'>ll fueh 
 
 ttaggered. IfotM.. 
 When u prince fail* in honor and Justice, it is enough to ttaggrr 
 Ills people in Uieir allL-giance. L' Ettrange. 
 
 STAG'GER-J2D, pp. Made to reel ; made to doubt 
 and waver. 
 
 STAG'GER-ING, ppr. or a. Causing to reel, to waver, 
 
 or to doubt ; reeling ; v.acillating. 
 STAG'GER-ING, 7t. The act of reeling. ./lriufA7U7t. 
 
 2. The cause of staggering. 
 STAG'GER-ING-LY, ailo. In a reeling manner. 
 
 2. With hesitation or doubt. 
 ST.VG'G ERS, 71. pi. A disease of horses and other ani- 
 mals, by which they fall down suddenly without 
 sense or motion ; apoplexy. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 2. Madness ; wild, irregular conduct. [jVu( in u.ie.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STAG'GER-WORT, n. A plant ; rag\vort. 
 STAG'I.NG, n. A structure of posts and boards for 
 
 support, as for building. 
 STAG'IR ITE, 71. An appellation given to Aristotle, 
 
 from the pl.ace of his birth, Stagira, in Macedonia. 
 STAG'NAN-CV, 71. [See Stao.'^adt.] The state of 
 
 being without motion, flow, or circulation, as in a 
 
 fluid. 
 
 STAG'NANT, a. [L. slagmms, from stagno, to be 
 without a flowing motion. It. stagnare. Clu. W. 
 tagu, to stop."] 
 
 1. Not flowing ; not running in a current or 
 stream ; as, a stagnant lake or pund ; stagnant blood 
 in the veins. 
 
 TtNE, BULL, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K : G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
 1:15 
 
 LLLI," 
 
 ^1073 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 STA 
 
 2. Moliiinless; still ; nut agitated ; as, water quiet 
 and .-fta^tiant, Woodward, 
 
 'I'ti'- gloomy slumber of ttie gtagnani bouI. Jolmson. 
 
 3. Nnt active; dull; not brisk; as, business is 
 stairnanL 
 
 STAG'NA.\T-LY, adv. In a still, motionless, inact- 
 ive manner. 
 
 STAG'»Na']'E, v. i. [L. sta^o, stagnum; It. stag- 
 
 1. To cease to flow ; to be motionless ; as, blood 
 stagnates in the veins of an animal ; air stagnates in 
 a close room. 
 
 9. To cease to move ; not to be agitated. Water 
 that stagnates in a pond or reservoir soon becomes 
 foul. 
 
 3. To cease to be brisk or active ; to become dul ; 
 as, commerce ^(ao"Ha(f5 ; business stagnates. 
 STAG-NA'TION, n. The cessation of flowing or cir- 
 cuhttion of a fluid ; or the state of being without 
 flow or circulation ; the state of being motionless ; 
 as, tlie stagnation of the blood ; the stagnation of 
 water or air; the stagnation of vapors. Jiddison. 
 
 2. The cessalion of action or of brisk action ; the 
 state of l)ein? dull ; as, the stagnation of business. 
 
 STAG'-WORM, (-wurm,) k. An insect that is trouble- 
 some to deer. 
 
 STAID, preU and pp. of Stat ; so written for 
 Stayed. 
 
 Q. a, [from .'(ai/, to stop.] Sober; grave; steady; 
 composed ; regular ; not wild, volatile, flighty, or 
 fanciful; as, stuid wisdom. 
 
 To ride out with tlaid ^ides. JV^£on, 
 STaID'NESS, n. Sobriety; gravity; steadiness; 
 regularity ; the opposite of VVildness. 
 
 If he sometimes appears loo gAy, yet a secret gracefulnesa of 
 yoiiiti accompiuiies iiis wriltiigs, though the tlaithiess and 
 sobriety of age be wanting. Dryden. 
 
 STaIN, (stane,) v. t. [VV. ystaeniaw, to spread over, 
 to slain ; ystaenu, to cover with tin ; ystaen, that is 
 spread out, or that is sprinkled, a stain, tin, L. stan^ 
 num; tacn, a spread, a sprinkle, a layer; fnereu, to 
 spread, expand, sprinkle, or be scattered. This co- 
 incides in elements with Gr. T£l^'^J. The French 
 teindre, Sp. tehir, It. tingcre, Port, tingir, to stain, are 
 from the L. tingo, Gr. rcyyu), Sax. deagan. Eng. dye i 
 a word formed by different elements. Stain seems 
 to be from the Welsh, and if tarn is not a contracted 
 word, it has no connection with the Fr. teindrc] 
 
 1. To discolor by the application of foreign mat- 
 ter ; to make foul ; to spot ; as, to stairi the hand 
 with dye ; to stain clothes with vegetable juice; to 
 stain paper ; armor stained with blood. 
 
 2. To dye ; to tinge with a different color; as, to 
 stain cloth. 
 
 3. To impress with figures, in colors difTerent 
 from the ground ; as:, to slain paper for hangings. 
 
 4. To blot; to soil ; to spot with guilt or infamy; 
 to tarnish; to bring reproach on; as, to stuin the 
 character. 
 
 Of hotior void, of innocence, of faith, of purity. 
 
 Our wonted ornamenlB now soiled and elninea. AJilton. 
 
 STaIN, n. A spot ; discoloration from foreign mat- 
 ter ; as, a stuin on a garment or cloth. 
 
 2. A natural spot of a color different from the 
 ground. 
 
 Swift trouta, diversified with crimson stains. Pope. 
 
 3. Taint of guilt; tarnish; disgrace; reproach; 
 as, the stain of sin. 
 
 Nor di-rith it^rlf can wholly wash their stains. Dryden. 
 Our opmion is, I hope, w ithout any blemish or ettun of hen'sy. 
 
 JJooker. 
 
 A Cause of reproach ; shame. 
 
 Hereby ! will lead her that is tlie praise and yet the stain of all 
 womankind. Sidney. 
 
 SiTaIN'ED, pp. or a. Discolored; spotted; dyed; 
 blotted ; tarnished. 
 
 Stained gtaas ,■ glass colored or stained by certain 
 metallic pigments fused into its substance ; often 
 used for making durable pictures in windows. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 STAIN'ER, n. One who stains, blots, or tarnishes. 
 2. A dyer. 
 
 STAI\'ING,ppr. Discoloring; spotting; tarnishing; 
 
 dyeing. 
 
 STAIN'hESS, a. Free from stains or spots. Sidney, 
 2. Free from the reproach of guilt ; free from sin. 
 
 Skalc, 
 
 8TXIR,n. [D.atcigrr; Sax. st/rger ; from Sax. .vtijan, 
 D. and G. steigen, Goth, stcigan, to stc|), to go ; l3an. 
 Higer, to rise, to step up ; Sw. sleg, a step ; Ir. 
 Ilaigkre. See Staoe.] 
 
 1. A step J a stone or a frame of boards or planks 
 by which a person rises one step. A stair, to make 
 the ascent easy, should not exceed six or seven 
 inches in elevation. When the riser is eight, nine, 
 or ten inches in breadth, the ascent by stairs is 
 laborious. 
 
 2. Slnirs, In tA« plural ; a scries of steps by which 
 persons ascend to a higher room ^in a building. 
 [SfAtr, in this sense, is not in use. J* 
 
 Fltght uf stairs, may signify the stairs which make 
 the whole ascent of a story ; or in winding stairs, 
 
 the phrase m.\v signify the stairs from the floor to a 
 timi, or from one turn to another. 
 STAIR'eASE, n. [stair and case.] The part of a 
 building which contains the stairs. Staircases are 
 straiglit or winding. The straight are called Fliers, 
 or Direct Fliers. Winding stairs, called Spiral, 
 or Cockle, are square, circular, or elliptical. 
 
 To make a complete staircase, is a curious piece of architecture. 
 
 Woaon. 
 
 STAIR'-ROD, n. The name of metallic rods for hold- 
 ing a stair-carpel to its place. 
 
 STAITII, 71. The line of rails forming the extremity 
 of a railway, and generally occurring ne-\t to naviga- 
 ble waters, being laid on platforms for discharging 
 coals, &c., into vessels. Bucliattan, 
 2. A repository and mart for coals. [Local.] 
 
 STAKE, 7i. [Sax. stac ; D. .■staak ; Sw. stake ; fr. stae ; 
 It. steccone, a stake ; stecca, a stick ; stcccare, to 
 fence with stakes ; Sp. estaca, a .•stake, a stick. This 
 coincides with stick, noun ancl verb, with stock, stage, 
 &c. The primary sense is, to shoot, to thrust, hence, 
 to set, or lix.] 
 
 1. A small piece of wood or timber, sharpened at 
 one end and set in the ground, or prepared for setting, 
 as a support to something. Thus stakes are used to 
 support vines, to support fences, hedges, and the 
 like. A stake is not to be confounded with a. post, 
 which is a larger piece of timber. 
 
 2. A piece of long, rough wood. 
 
 A sharpened stake strong Dryas found. Dryden. 
 
 3. A palisade, or something resembling it. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 4. The piece of timber to which a martyr is fast- 
 ened when he is to be burnt. Hence, to perish at 
 the stake, is to die a martyr, or to die in torment. 
 Hence, 
 
 5. Figuratively, martyrdom. The stake was pre- 
 pared for those who were convicted of heresy. 
 
 6. That which is pledged or wagered ; that which 
 is set, tlirown down, or laid, to abide the issue of a 
 contest, to be gained by victory or lost by defeat. 
 
 7. The state of being laid or pledged as a wager. 
 His honor is at stake. 
 
 8. A small anvil to straighten cold work, or to cut 
 and punch upon. Moxon. 
 
 STAKE, V. t. To fasten, support, or defend with 
 stakes ; as, to stake vines or plants. 
 
 2. To mark the limits by stakes; with o\ct; as, to 
 stake out land ; to stake out a new road, or the ground 
 for a canal. 
 
 3. To wager; to pledge; to put at hazard upon 
 the issue of competition, or upon a future contin- 
 gency. 
 
 I'll stake yon lamb that near the fountain plays. Pope. 
 
 4. To point or sharpen stakes. [JVot used in 
 .America.] 
 
 5. To pierce with a stake. Spectator, 
 STaK'JED, (stakt,) pp. Fastened or supported by 
 
 stakes; set or marked with stakes; wagered; put 
 at hazard. 
 
 STaKE'-HEAD, (-hed,) ti. In rope-maliing, a stake 
 with wooden pins in the upper side to keep the 
 strands apart. 
 
 STaKE'11oLD-ER, 7!. One with whom the bets are 
 
 deposited when a wager is laid. 
 STAK'ING, ppr. Supporting with stakes; marking 
 
 with stakes ; wagering; putting at hazard. 
 2. Sharpening ; pointing. 
 STA-LAC'Tie, I a. [from stalactite.] Pertaining 
 STA-LAC'TIC-AL, i to stalactite ; resembling an 
 
 icicle ; stalactitic. Kirwan. 
 STA-LAC'TI-FORM, ) a. Like stalactite; re- 
 STAL-AC-TIT'I-FORM, j sembling an icicle. 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 STA-LAC'TITE, 71. [Gr. raAaxruf, r«Xa«ns, from 
 S-aA(i,<'w, to drop, from raAtu-j, L. stillo.] 
 
 A pendent cone or cylinder of carbonate of lime, 
 attached, like an icicle, to the roof or side of a cav- 
 ern, produced by the percolation through the rock 
 above of water holding carbonate of lime in solution. 
 Any mineral of similar form is also called a Stalac- 
 tite. Dana. 
 
 STAI^AC-TIT'ie, a. Having the form of an icicle ; 
 having the characters of a stalactite. Dana. 
 
 STA-LAG'MITE, 71. [L. slalagmium, a drop; Gr. 
 j-oAav/io!, supra.] 
 
 A ae|)Osii of earthy or calcareous matter, made by 
 water dropping on the floors of caverns. 
 
 Kncyc. Woodward. 
 
 STAL-AG-RHT'ie, a. Having the form of stalagmite. 
 
 STAL-AG-MIT'ie-AL-LY, ado. In the form or man- 
 ner of stalagmite. Buckland, 
 
 STAL'DEIl, 71. A wooden frame to set casks on. 
 f jVo( ujied in the IJniIrd States.] 
 
 STALE, a. [ 1 do not find this word in the otherTeu- 
 tonic dinli^cts. It is prohiilily from the root of sfi/i, 
 G. stellcn, to set, and etpiivalcnt to stagnant.] 
 
 1. Va|iiJ or tasteless from age ; having lost its ife, 
 ■piril, and flavor, from being long kept ; as, stede 
 beer. 
 
 2. Having lost the life or graces of youth ; worn 
 I out ; decayed ; as, a stale virgin. Spectator. 
 
 3. Worn out by use ; trite; common ; having lost 
 its novelty and power of pleasing ; as, a stale re- 
 mark. 
 
 STALE, 71. [Probably that which is set ; G. stellcn. 
 See Stall.] 
 
 L Something set or offered to view as an allure- 
 ment to draw others to any place or purpose; a de- 
 coy ; a stool-fowl. 
 
 Still, as he went, he crafty stales did Lay, Spenser. 
 
 A pretense of kindness is the universal state to all baseproj.'Cla 
 Gov. o/Oie Tongue. 
 
 [In this sense obsolete.] 
 
 a. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 3. Old vapid beer. [ Obs.] 
 
 4. A long handle ; as, the stale of a rake. [Sax. 
 stel, stele ; 0, steel j G. stiel.] Mortimer, 
 
 5. A word applied to the king in chess when stalled 
 or set ; that is, when so situated that he can not be 
 moved witliout going into check, by which the game 
 isended. Bacon. 
 
 STALE, t. To make vapid or useless; to destroy 
 the life, beauty, or use of; to wear out. 
 
 Age can not wither her, nor custom stale 
 
 Her infinite variety, Shak. 
 
 STALE, V. i. [G. stallen ; Dan. stallcr; Sw. stalla.] 
 To make water; to discharge urine; as horses 
 and cattle. 
 
 STALE, 7;. Urine; used of horses and cattle, 
 STALE'LY, ado. Of old ; of a long time. [ Obs.] 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 STALE'MATE, 7t. In the game of chess, the position 
 of the king, when, though not in clieck, he can not 
 move without being placed in check. Hoi/le. 
 
 STALE'iVESS, 7t. The state of being stale; vapid- 
 ness ; the state of having lost tlie life or flavor ; 
 oldness ; as, the stateness of beer or other liquors; 
 the slaleness of provisions. Bacon. Addiion. 
 
 2. The state of being worn out ; triteness ; com- 
 monness ; as, the staleness of an observation. 
 
 STALK, (stawk,) 71. [Sw. slielk: D. steel; G. stiel, 
 a handle, and a stalk or stem ; Sax. stalg,a. column ; 
 Gr. rtXtKof, from the root of stall and G. stellen, to 
 set.] 
 
 L The stem or main axis of a plant. Thus we 
 speak of a stalk of wheat, rye, or oats, the stalks of 
 maize or hemp. The stalk denotes that which is 
 set, the fixed part of a plant, its support ; or it is 
 a shoot. 
 
 2. The pedicle of a flower, or the peduncle that 
 supports the fructification of a plant. 
 
 3. The stem of a quill. Orew, 
 STALK, (stawk,) v. i. [Sax. sUtlcan.] 
 
 1. To walk with high and prouel steps; usually 
 implying the affectation of dignity, and hence the 
 word usually expresses dislike. The poets, how- 
 ever, use the word to express dignity of step. 
 
 With manly mien he stalked along the orround. Dryden. 
 
 'i'lien stalking through the deep 
 He fords the ocean. Addison. 
 
 2. It is used with some insinuation of contempt or 
 abhorrence. Johnson. 
 
 Berlmn 
 
 StaJks close behind her, like a witch's fiend, 
 
 Pressing to be employed. jyryden. 
 
 'Tis not to sUilk about and draw fresh air 
 
 From time to time. Addison. 
 
 3. To walk behind a stalking horse or behind a 
 cover. 
 
 The king crept under the shoulder of his led horse, and said, 1 
 must stalJc. Bacon, 
 
 STALK, 71. A high, proud, stately step, or walk. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 STALK'JCD, (stawkt,) a. Having a stalk. 
 STALK'ER, (stawk'er,) 71. One who walks with a 
 
 proud step ; also, a kind of fishing-net. 
 STALK'ING, p;)r. Walkingwith proud or lofly steps. 
 STALK'ING-HORSE, n. A horse, real or factitious, 
 
 behind which a fowler conceals himself from the 
 
 siglit of the game which he is ahning to kill ; hence, 
 
 a mask ; a pretense. 
 
 Hypocrisy is the devil's stalking-horse, under an affectation of 
 Biinplicily and religion. L'Eslrange. 
 
 STALK'LESS, a. Having no stalk. 
 
 STALK'Y, (stawk'e,)a. Hard as a stalk ; resembling 
 a stalk. Mortimer. 
 
 STALL, (stawl,) 71. [Sax. sta:l, stal, stall, a place, a 
 seiit, or station, a stable, stale, condition; 0. stnl: 
 G. stall, a stable, a stye; Dan. staid: Sw. .^tall ; Fr. 
 stalle anil ctat : It. stalla ; VV. ystal : from the root of 
 G. stellcn,lo set, that is, to throw down, to thrust 
 down ; Sans, stata. a place. See Still.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a stand; a station; a fixed spot; 
 hence, the stand or place where a horse or an ox, is 
 kept and fctl ; the division of a stable, or the apart- 
 ment fur one horse or ox. The stable contains eight 
 or ten stalls. 
 
 2. A stable ; a place for cattle. 
 
 At last hs found a statt where oxen stood. Dryden. 
 
 3. In I Kings iv. 2C, stall is uscil for horse. " Sol- 
 omon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his char- 
 iots." In 2 C/irim. ix.a.'j, stall means .staWe. " Soltv 
 mon had four tliousand .stalls for horses and chari- 
 ots.'* These passages are reconciled by the defiiii- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBY.-PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 1074 
 
tion given iibove ; Solomon had four thousand Kt!\- 
 bles, each containing ten stalls ; forty thousand stalls. 
 
 4. A bench, form, or frame of shelves in the open 
 air, where any tliinf; is exposed to sale. It is niri- 
 ous to observe the stalls of books in the boulevards 
 and otiier public places in Paris. 
 
 5. A small house or shed in which an occupation 
 is carried on ; as, a butcher's .v(u//. Speiiscr. 
 
 It is partially inclosed at the back and sides. 
 
 6. The seal of n dignified clergyman in the choir. 
 The di?iiifii*tl clersv, out of hiimilily, liA»e tilled their tlirone* 
 
 byUie name or'tlii^/*. IProbaUiy i* misuUte of the reiooii.) 
 
 M^arburton. 
 
 STALL, V. t. To put into a stable ; or to keep in a 
 stable ; as, to stall an o.x. 
 
 Wh re Kin; l. itinin thru his oxcti tlallti. Dryden. 
 
 2. To install ; to place in an office with the cus- 
 tomarv formalities. [Fur this, Isstai-i, is now used.] 
 
 3. To set ; to fix ; to plunsc into mire so as not to 
 be able to proceed ; as, to stall horses or a carnage. 
 
 nalliwcll. 
 
 [This phrase I have heard in Virginia. In New 
 Eiislanil, set IS usetl in a like sanse.] 
 STALL, B. i. To dwell ; to iiihaliit. 
 
 We could not ataU together in the world. Shai. 
 I No! in use.] 
 
 2. To kennel. 
 
 3. To be set, as in mire. 
 
 4. To be tired of eating, as cattle. 
 
 STALL' AGE, (stawl'aje,) n. The right of erecting 
 siiills in fairs ; or rent paid for a stall. 
 2. In old books, laystall ; dting ; compost. 
 STAL-La'TION, »i. Installatiiui. [jVut h,-«/.] 
 
 Cavciulifh. 
 
 STALL' £D, (stanid,) pp. or a. Put or kept in a sta- 
 ble. 
 
 STALL'-FED, pp. or a. Fed on dry fodder, or fat- 
 ti'lied in a stall or stable. [See Stall-Feed.] 
 
 STAHy-FF-ED, I), t. [.>(a« and /fc/.] To feed and 
 fatten in a stable or on dry fodder ; as, to xtall-ferd 
 an ox. (This word is used in America to distinguish 
 this mode of feeding from ^rass-feeding.] 
 
 STALL'-FEE1»-ING, yipr. Feeding and fattening in 
 the stable. 
 
 STALL -FEED-L\G, n. The act of feeding cattle 
 In the stable. 
 
 STALL'IO.V, (stal'ynn,) n. [G. hensxt ; Dan. sto/i/- 
 king^t! Fr. etalon ; H. Stallone: from ..(a((, or its root, 
 as we ntiw use stud horse, from the root of stud, 
 stead: \V. i/stu/, a st.all, stoik, produce; yslala, to 
 form a slock ; y.italicyn, a stallion.] 
 
 A stime horse ; a seed horse ; or any male horse 
 not castrated, whether kept for mares or not. Ac- 
 cording to the Welsh, the word signifies a stock 
 horse, a horse intended for raising stock. 
 
 STALL'-U'ORN, in Shakspearc, Johnson thinks a 
 niistake for Stalwart, stout. 
 
 lliA flnH'teorn sti^d ttie c)l;iii)pioit stout bestrode. Shxtk. 
 |77n« loord u not in u»e.| 
 
 STAL'WART, (a. [.Scottish; Sax. staU-aeorth, 
 
 STAL'WOIi ril, i xvorth taking.] 
 
 Ilrave . hold; strong; redoubted; daring; vehe- 
 ment ; violent. 
 
 STa'MEN, n. ; p/. Stamens or Stam'i-!«a. [L. This 
 wt>r(l belongs to the root of .Wo, stubili^, or of statre,] 
 
 1. Ill a general sen-^e, usually in the plural, the 
 fixed, firm part of a lioily, wliii h supports it or gives 
 it its strength and solidity, 'rinis we say, the bones 
 are the stamina of animal bodies ; the ligneous parts 
 of trees are the stumina which constitute their 
 elrenzih. Hence, 
 
 2. Whatever constitutes the principal strength or 
 support of anything: as, the stamina of a cunstitu- 
 lion or of life ; the stiimiiia of a slate. 
 
 3. In botany, an organ of flowers for the prepara- 
 tion of the pollen or fecundating dust. It consists 
 of the filament and the anther. It is considered as 
 the male orsan of friictifitation. Jlartin. 
 
 STX'MEN-/;D, a. Fiirnisheil with stamens. 
 STA'.Ml.V, «. A slight woolen stuff. Chaucer. 
 8TAM'I-NA, n. : pi. of Stamen. 
 STA.M'IN-AL, a. Pertaining to stamens or stamina; 
 
 consisting in stamens or stamina. Mrd. Repos. 
 STAM'IN-ATE, a. Furnislieil with stamens. 
 STAM'I.N'-aTE, r. L To einliie with sUiiuina. 
 STA-MI.\'E-0(,'S, a. [L. .*(ami;itii^.] 
 
 1. ('onsisling of stanii-ns. 
 
 2. Possessing stamens. Stnminrons flowers have 
 no conil ; they want the coloreil leaves called pe s, 
 and consist only of the style and st-ainina. Linniriis 
 calls them apetaious ; others, imperfect or incomplete. 
 
 * Martyn. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the stamen, or attached to it ; as, 
 R stamitet^is nectary. Lee. 
 
 STA.M-IN-IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. stamen and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 .\ siaminiferotis flower is one which has stamens 
 without a pistil. A sfamini/eraiu nectary is one that 
 has stamens growing on it. JMnrti/n. 
 STAM'MF.I., n. A pile red color. B. .lon.son. 
 
 •2. A kind of woolen cloth. [SeeSTAMi\.] 
 
 Com. on Chancer. 
 STAM'MER, c. i. [Sax. stamfr, one who slaininers ; 
 
 Goth, slamms, stammering ; Sw. slamma ; G. stam- 
 vtelii ; D. stamrren ; Dan. stajnmer : from the root 
 slam or stem. The primary sense is, to stop, to set, 
 to fix. So stutter is from tile root of .<Ifo</, stud.] 
 
 Literally, to stop in uttering syllables or words ; to 
 stutter ; to hesitate or falter in speaking ; and hence, 
 to speak with stops and difficulty. Demosthenes is 
 said to have stammered in speaking, and to have 
 overcome the ditficiilty by persevering efl"orts. 
 
 STAM'iMER, V. t. To utter or pronounce with hesita- 
 tion or im|ierfoctly. Beaum. i{ Fl. 
 
 STAM'MER-EK, n. One that stutters or hesitates in 
 speaking. 
 
 STA.M'MER-ING, ppr. Stopping or hesitating in the 
 uttering of syllables and words ; stuttering. 
 2. a. .Apt to stammer. 
 
 STAiM'iMER-ING. n. The act of stopping or hesita- 
 ting in speaking ; impediment in speech ; articula- 
 tion disturbed by irregular intermissions or snatches. 
 
 STAiM'MEK-lNG-LY, ai/«. With stops or hesitation 
 in speaking. 
 
 ST.A.MP, 0. (. [D. slampen; G. stampfcn ; Dan. stam- 
 per : Sw. stanipa : Fr. estamper : IL stampare : Sp. 
 estampar. 1 know not which is tlie radical letter, m 
 or p.] 
 
 In a general sense, to strike; to beat; to press. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. To strike or heat forcibly with the bottom of 
 the foot or by thrusting the foot downward ; as, to 
 stamp the ground. 
 
 He ffvis, tie fumes, he utatvs, he stamps the ^nnd. Dryrien. 
 [In this sense, the popular pronunciation is stomp.] 
 
 2. To impress with some mark or figure ; as, to 
 stamp a plate with arms or initials. 
 
 3. To impress; to imprint; to fix deeply; as, to 
 stamp virtuous principles on the heart. [See £«- 
 
 STAMP.] 
 
 4. To fix a mark by impressing it ; as, a notion of 
 the Deity stamped on the mind. 
 
 God lias suutijitd no oriijiiial characcert OQ our mindi, wherein 
 we limy re.id his bein^. Locke. 
 
 f>. To make by impressing a mack ; as, to stamp 
 pieces of silver. 
 
 6. To coin ; to mint ; to form. Sliak. 
 
 7. To cut out into various forms with a stamp. 
 
 8. To crush by the downward action of a kind of 
 pestle, as ore in a stamping-mill. 
 
 ST.'^.MP, V. i. To strike the foot forcibly downward. 
 
 But starts, excKiims, .-ind stamps, and raves, and dies. Dennis. 
 STA.MP, n. Any instrument for making impressions 
 on other bodies. 
 
 'Tis ^old so pure, 
 It can not bear Uie stamp without alloy. Dryden, 
 
 2. A mark imprinted ; an impression. 
 That s.icreil name fives onianieut and jrnc^, 
 
 Anil, like his stamp, makes b.iiiC6t metals p.is3. Dryden. 
 
 3. That which is marked ; a thing stamped. 
 Hanging a golden stamp .aUmt their necks. Shak. 
 
 4. A picture cut in wood or metal, or made by im- 
 pression ; a cut ; a plate. 
 
 At Venice they put out vcrycunous stamps of the several edifices 
 wliicb ore most famous for Uicir beauiy and mit^iiricence. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 5. A mark set upon things chargeable with duty to 
 government, as evidence tliat the duty is paid. VVe 
 see such stamps on English nt*wspapers. 
 
 li. An instrument for cutting out materials (as p.a- 
 per, leather, &c.) into various forms by a downward 
 pressure. 
 
 7. A character of reputation, good or bad, fixed on 
 any thing. These persons have the stamp of im- 
 piety. The Scriptures bear the stamp of a divine 
 origin. 
 
 8. Authority; current value derived from suffrage 
 or attestation. 
 
 Of the same stamp is that wliich is obtnidett on iw, that an 
 adamant siupenils tiio attructioii ot the lodesloiie. Broicn. 
 
 9. Make ; cast ; form ; character ; as a man of the 
 same stamp, or of a dillcrent stamp. Jlililison. 
 
 10. In metallurgy, a kind of pestle raised by water 
 or steam power, for beating ores to powder ; any 
 thing like a |iestle used for pounding or beating. 
 
 STA.MP'-AGT, n. An act of the llritish p.arliament, 
 imposing a duty on all pa|M r, vellum, and parchment 
 used in her American colonies, and declaring all 
 writings tin iinstampetl materials to be null and void. 
 I'liis act roused a general opposition in the colonies, 
 and was one cause of the revolution. 
 
 STAMP'-DC-TY, n. [stamp and diUy.] A duty or 
 Ui.x imposed on paper and parchment, the evidence of 
 the payment of which is a stamp. 
 
 STA.MP'i."!), (stainpt,) pp. or a. Impressed with a 
 mark or fiznre; coined ; imprinted ; deeply fixed. 
 
 STAM PkDE', n. In the IVcitrrn Slntes, a sudden 
 fright seizing iijion large bodies of cattle or horses in 
 droves or encampments on the prairies, and leailing 
 them to run fur many miles, until they often sink 
 down or die iiniler their terrors. Kendall. 
 
 STA.MP'ER,n. An instrument for |iounding or stamp- 
 in:. 
 
 STA.MP'ING, ppr. Impressing with a mark or figure ; 
 coining ; iinpriiitin$. 
 
 STA.MP'I.NG-MILL, n. An engine consisting of ptx- 
 
 tles, moved by water or steam power, for breaking ' 
 
 or bruising ore. 
 STA.\, as a termination, is said to have expressed the 
 
 superlative degree; as in jitlulstan, most noble; 
 
 Dunstan, the highest. But qu. Stan, in Saxon, is 
 
 stone. 
 
 STANCH, r. t. [Fr. etancher; Arm. .tfanfua; Sp. and 
 Port, estancar, tti stop, to stanch, to be overtired ; It. 
 stancare, to weary ; Sp. and Port, estancia, a stay or 
 dwelling for a lime, an abode, and a stanza: Sp. 
 estanco, a stop ; hence, Fr. elang, a pond, and Eng. 
 tank.] 
 
 In a general sense, to stop; to set or fix; hut ap- 
 plied only to t.he blood ; to stop the iowing of blood. 
 Cold applications to the neck will often stanch the 
 bleeding of the nose. Bacon. 
 STANCH, V. i. To stop, as blood ; to cease to How. 
 Immediately the issue of her blood stanched. — Luke viij. 
 
 STANCH, a. [This !J the same word as the forego- 
 ing, the primary ser.30 of wliich is to set ; hence the 
 sense of firmness.] 
 
 1. Sound ; firm ; strong and tight ; as, a slxinch 
 ship. 
 
 2. Firm in principle ; steady ; constant and zeal.- 
 ous; hearty; as, a stanch churchman; a stanch re- 
 publican ; a stanch friend or adherent. 
 
 In politics I hear you're smnch. Prior. 
 
 3. Strong ; not to be broken. Shak. 
 
 4. Finn ; close. 
 
 This is to be kept stanch, Locke. 
 
 A .•:tanek hound, is one that follows the scent close- 
 ly without error or remissness. 
 
 STANCH'ED, (stanclil,) pp. Stopped or restrained 
 from flowing. 
 
 ST.I.VCH'ER, n. He or that which stops the flowing 
 of blood. 
 
 STXNCH'ING, ppj-. Stopping the flowing of blood. 
 
 STAN'CIIION, (stan'shiin,) ji. [Fr. eUm^on: Arm. 
 stanconnu and stanconni, to prop. See Sta:<ch.] 
 
 A prop or support ; a piece of timber in the form of 
 a stake or post, used for a support. In ship-building, 
 stanchions of wood or iron are of different forms, 
 and are used to support the deck, the quarter-rails, 
 the nettings, awnings, and the like. .War. Diet. 
 
 STANCH'LESS, a. That can not be stanched or 
 stoppett. Shak, 
 
 STANCII'NESS, n. Soundness; firmness in princi- 
 ple ; closeness of adherence. 
 
 ST.AND, e. I. ; prf(. and pp. Stood. [Sax. standan ; 
 Goth, standan. This verb, if from the root of G. 
 stehen, D. staacn, Dan. staaer, Sw. sta, Sans. .t(a, L. 
 tta, is a detiv.itive from the noun, which is funned 
 from the participle of the original verb. In this case, 
 the noun should properly precede the verb. It may 
 be here remarked, that if sian is the radical word, 
 stand and L. sto can not be from the same stock, 
 liiit .ttand in the pret. is stood, and sto forms stcti. 
 This induces a suspicion that sfnn is not the root of 
 stand, but that n is ca.sual. I am inclined, however, 
 to believe these words to be from different roots. The 
 Russ. ^fai/u, to stand, is the L.sto, but it signifies also 
 to be, to exist, being the substantive verb. So in It. 
 stare, Sp. and Port, cstar.] 
 
 1. I'o be upon tiic feet, as an animal ; not to sit, 
 kneel, or lie. 
 
 Tbe absolution to be pronounced by the priest alonK, standing. 
 
 Com. Prayer. 
 
 And the ktn|: tiinieil lita face about and blessed all the conjre^- 
 tion of Unci ; and all Uie congiv?ution of Israel stood. — 
 I Kiu^ >«i. 
 
 2. To be erect, supported by the roots, as a tree or 
 other plant. Nutwilhstanding the violence of the 
 wind, the tree yet stands. 
 
 3. 'I'o be on its foundation ; not to be overthrown 
 or demolished ; as, an old castle is yet standing. 
 
 4. To be placed or situated ; to have a certain po- 
 sition or location. Paris stands on the Seine. Lon- 
 don stands on the Thames. 
 
 5. To remain upright, in a moral sense ; not to 
 fall. 
 
 To stand or fidl, 
 Free in thy own arbitrament it Uek Milton, 
 
 6. To become erecL 
 
 Mute and amaicil, my hair with horror stood. Dryden. 
 
 7. To stop; to halt ; not to proceed. 
 
 I char^ thee, stand. 
 And tell thy iiame. Drydtn, 
 
 8. To Stop ; to be at a stationary point. 
 
 Say, at what part of nature will they stand 7 Pope. 
 
 9. To be in a state of fixedness ; hence, to con- 
 tinue; to endure. Our constitution has Hood more 
 than fifty years. It is hoped it will stana for ages. 
 
 Commonwealths by vimte ever stood. Dryden. 
 
 10. To be fixed or steaily ; not to vacillate. IIi« 
 mind stands unmoved. 
 
 11. To be%i or to maintain a posture of resistance 
 or defense. Approach with charged b.iyonels ; the 
 enemy will not stand. 
 
 The kins ijr.int. .1 lli- J. w. to f»in<f (ot their life. — Eslh. viil. 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, IINITE.— 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TII as in TIMS. 
 
STA 
 
 STa 
 
 "2. Tn he nlacpo with resrarii 'f> order or ranit I 
 Noie the letter that stands first in order. Gen. Wash- 
 ington stood highest in public estimation. Chris- 
 tian charity stands first in tlie rank of gracious affec- 
 tions. 
 
 13. To he in any particular state ; to be, emphat- 
 ically expressed, that is, to be fi.\'ed or set; the prima- 
 ry sKiuie of Vie subsluntioe verb. How does the value 
 of wheat stand ? God stands in no need of our ser- 
 vices, but we always stand in need of liis aid and 
 mercy. 
 
 Accomplish what your Bi*ns foreshow ; 
 
 14. To continue unchanged or valid ; not to fail or 
 become void. 
 
 No comlilioiis of our pe.lC€ cMl tutnd, Shak. 
 My ni'-rcy will I kei-p for liiin, ami roy covenant shall ttand fast 
 with liim. — Ps. Ixxxix. 
 
 15. To consist ; to have its being and essence. 
 S^icrifices — which stood only in meats and drinks. — Heh. ix. 
 
 16. To have a place. 
 
 This excellent man, who etood not on the advantage-ground 
 befure, provoked men of all qualities. Clarendon. 
 
 17. To be in any state. Let us see how our matters 
 stand. 
 
 As things now ttand with us. CaUimy. 
 
 18. To be in a particular respect or relation ; as, to 
 stand godfather to one. We ought to act according 
 to the relation we stand in toward each other. 
 
 19. To be, with regard to state of mind. 
 
 Stand in awe, and sin not. — Ps. iv. 
 
 20. To succeed ; to maintain one's ground ; not to 
 fail ; to be acquitted ; to be safe. 
 
 Readers by whose jud^enl i would ttand or fall. Spectator. 
 
 21. To hold a course at sea ; as, to stand from the 
 shore ; to stand for the harbor. 
 
 From the same parts of heaven his navy ttandt. Dryden. 
 
 22. To have a direction. 
 
 The wand did not really stand to the metal, when pl.accd under it. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 23. To offer one's self as a candidate. 
 
 He stood to be elected one of the proctors of the university. 
 
 Saunderson. 
 
 24. To place one's self ; to be placed. 
 
 1 stood between the Lurd and you at that time. — Deut. v. 
 
 25. To stagnate ; not to f\o\v. 
 
 Or the black water of Pomptina stands. Dryden, 
 
 26. To be satisfied or convinced. 
 
 Tbouf h Page be a secure fool, and stand so firmly on his wife's 
 Iniilly. SKak. 
 
 27. To make delay. I can not stand to examine 
 every particular. 
 
 28. To persist; to persevere. 
 
 Never tlarid in a lie when thou art accused. Taylor. 
 
 29. To adhere ; to abide. 
 
 Despair would stand to the sword. Darnel. 
 
 30. To be permanent ; to endure ; not to vanish or 
 fade ; as, the color will stand. 
 
 To stand by ; to be near ; to be a spectator ; to be 
 present. I stood by when the operation was per- 
 formed. This phrase generally implies that the per- 
 son is inactive, or lakes no part in what is done. In 
 seamen's lantpinrre, to .-itand by is to attend and be 
 ready. Staiul by the halliards. 
 
 2. To be aside ; to be placed aside with disre- 
 gard. 
 
 Id the mean time, we let the commands slamf hy neglected- 
 Vecay of Piety. 
 
 3. To maintain ; to defend ; to support ; not to 
 desert. I will stand by my frieiiil to the last. Let 
 us stand by our country. " 'i'o stand by the Arun- 
 delian marbles," in Pope, is to defend or support 
 their genuineness. 
 
 4. To rest on for support ; to be supported. 
 
 This reply ttandeth by conjecture. Whilgi/te. 
 To stand for ; to offer one's self as a candidate. 
 Ilow many ttand /or consuliliips f — Three. Shak. 
 
 2. To Bide with; to support; to maintain, or to 
 profess or attempt to maintain. We all stand for 
 freedom, for our rights or claims. 
 
 3. To be in the place of; to he the substitute or 
 representative of. A cipher at the left hand of a 
 figure stanils for nothing. 
 
 1 will not trouble myself, whether these names sbxruf for the same 
 tiling, or rcaliy include out another. Locke. 
 
 4. In seamen's language, to direct the course 
 toward. 
 
 To stand from : to direct the course from. 
 
 To stand one in ; to cost. The coat stands him in 
 twenty dollars. 
 
 To stand in, or stand in for, in seamen's language, 
 )• to direct a coume toward land or a harbor. 
 
 To stand off: to keep at a ilistanco. Dryden. 
 Not to comply. , Shak. 
 
 3. To keep at a dirtanco In friendalilp or social 
 Intercourse ; to forbear intimacy. 
 
 We aland from an scquaiiitAnce with God. Autrbury. 
 
 4. To appear prominent ; to have relief. 
 Picture is t^est when it etandelh off, as if it were carved. 
 
 Wotton. 
 
 To Stand off, or off from, in seamen'* language, is 
 to direct the course from land. 
 
 To stand off and on, is to remain near a coast by 
 sailing tow.ird land and then from it. 
 
 To stand on; to continue on the same tack or 
 course. Totten. 
 
 To stand out ; to project ; to be prominent. 
 Their eyes ttand out with fatness. — Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 2. To persist in opposition or resistance ; not to 
 yield or comply ; not to give way or recede. 
 
 His spirit is come in, 
 That so stood out cgait.st the holy church. Shak. 
 
 3. With seamen, to direct the course from land or a 
 harbor. 
 
 To stand to ; to ply ; to urge efforts ; to persevere. 
 stand to your uvcklcs, mates, and stretch your oars. Dryden. 
 
 2. To remain fixed in a purpose or opinion. 
 
 I will stand to it, that tlii* is his sense. StiUingJteet. 
 
 3. To abide by ; to adhere ; as to a contract, asser- 
 tion, promise, &.c. ; as, to stand to an award ; to stand 
 to one's wortl. 
 
 4. Not to yield; not to fly; to maintain the 
 ground. 
 
 Their Uves and fortunes were put in safety, whether they stood to 
 it or ran away. Bacon. 
 
 To stand to sea ; to direct the course from land. 
 To stand under ; to undergo ; to sustain. Shak. 
 To stand up ; to rise from sitting ; to be on the 
 feet. 
 
 2. To arise in order to gain notice. 
 
 Against whom, when (he accusers stood up, they brought no 
 accusation of such things as 1 supposed. — Acts xxv. 
 
 3. To make a party. 
 
 When we ttood up about the com. Shak. 
 
 To stand up for ; to defend ; to justify ; to support, 
 or attempt to support ; as, to stand up for the admin- 
 istration. 
 
 To stand upon ; to concern ; to interest. Does it 
 not stand upon them to examine the grounds of their 
 opinion This phrase is, I believe, obsolete ; but 
 we say, it stands us in Aaiuf, that is, it is our concern, 
 it is for our interest. 
 
 2. To value ; to pride. 
 
 We highly esteem and ttand much upon our t^rth. Hay. 
 
 3. To insist ; as, to stand upon security. Shak. 
 To stand with ; to be consistent. The faithful 
 
 servants of God will receive what they pray for, so 
 far as sta7ids with his purposes and glory. 
 
 It ttandt tffUh reason that they should tie rewarded liberally. 
 
 Daviet. 
 
 To stand together, is used, hut the last two phrases 
 are not in very general use, and are perhaps growing 
 obsolete. 
 
 To stand against ; to oppose ; to resist. 
 To stand fast ; to be fixed ; to be unshaken or im- 
 movable. 
 
 To stand in hand; to be important to one's inter- 
 est ; to be necessary or advantageous. It stands us 
 tn hand to be on good terms with our neighbors. 
 
 To stand fire; to receive the fire of an enemy 
 without giving way. 
 STAND, V. I. To endure ; to sustain ; to bear. I can 
 not stand the cold or the heat. 
 
 2. To endure ; to resist without yielding or re- 
 ceding. 
 
 Smith. 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To await ; to suffer ; to abide by. 
 
 Bid him disband the legions — 
 And ttand the Jiidguienl ol a KomuD senate. AdiUson. 
 
 To .'!tand one's ground : to keep the ground or sta- 
 tion one has taken ; to maintain one's position ; in a 
 liter.al or figurative sense; as, an army stanils its 
 ground, when it is not compelled to retreat. A man 
 stands his ground in an argument, when he is able to 
 maintain it, or is not refuted. 
 
 To stand it; lo bear; to be able to endure trials; 
 or to maintain one's ground or state ; a popular 
 phrase. 
 
 To stand fire ; to receive the fire of arms from an 
 enemy without giving way. 
 
 To .itand tritl, is to sustain the trial or examination 
 of n cau.se ; not to give up without trial. 
 STAND, n. [Sans, stana, a place, « mansion, state, 
 
 &.C.] 
 
 1. A slop ; a halt ; as, to make a stand ; to come 
 to a stand ; either in walking or in any progressive 
 business. 
 
 The horse made a stand, when he charged them and routed 
 them. Clarendon, 
 
 2. A station ; a place or post where one stands ; 
 or a place convenient for persons to remain for any 
 pur[K)se. The Kellers of fruit have their several 
 stands In Ihe market. 
 
 1 took my ttand U|ion an emln^ice. Sjtectator. 
 
 So had I etood the shock of angry fate. 
 He ttood the furious foe. 
 
 3. An erection, or raised station for spectators, as 
 at a horse-race. JVitlis. 
 
 4. Rank; post; station. 
 
 Father, since your fortune did attain 
 
 So high a stand, I raeau not to descend. Daniel. 
 
 [In lieu of this, Stakdinq is now used. He is a 
 man of high standing in his own countrj'.! 
 
 5. The act of opposing. 
 
 We have come off 
 Like Romans ; neither foolish in our stands. 
 Nor cowardly in retire. Shak. 
 
 6. The highest point ; or the ultimate point of pro- 
 gression, where a stop is made, and regressive mo- 
 tion commences. The population of the world will 
 not come to a stand, while the means of subsistence 
 can be obtained. The prosperity of the Roman em- 
 pire caine to a .^land in the reign of Augustus ; after 
 which it declined. 
 
 Vice is at stand, and at the highest fiow. Dryden. 
 
 7. A young tree, usually reserved when the other 
 trees are cut. [English.] 
 
 8. A small table ; as, a candle-stand; or any frame 
 on which vessels and utensils may be laid. 
 
 9. In commerce, a weight of from two hundred 
 and a half to three hundred of pitch. Encyc. 
 
 10. Something on which a thing rests or is laid ; 
 as, a hay-stand. 
 
 11. Tile pliice where a witness stands to testify in 
 court. 
 
 Stand of arms ; in military affairs, a musket with 
 its usual appendages, a3 a bayonet, cartridge-box, 
 &.C. Marshall. 
 
 To be at a stand; to stop on account of some doubt 
 or difficulty ; hence, to be perplexed ; to be em- 
 barrassed ; to hesitate what to determine, or what 
 to do. 
 
 STAND'ARD, n. [It. stendardo : Fr. etendard; Sp. es- 
 tandarte: D. standaard; G. standarte ; stand and ard, 
 sort, kind.] 
 
 1. An ensign of war : a staff with a flag or colors. 
 The troops repair to their standard. The royal 
 standard of Great Britain is a flag, in which the im- 
 perial ensigns of England, Scotland, and Ireland 
 are quartered with the armorial bearings of Han- 
 over. 
 
 His armies, in the following day, 
 On those fvir plains their standards proud display. F\uTfas. 
 
 2. That which is established by sovereign power 
 as a rule or measure by which others are to be ad- 
 justed. Thus the Winchester bushel was formerly 
 the .s(«nd(ird of measures in Great Britain, and has 
 been adopted in the United Slates as their standard. 
 So of weights and of lineal measure. 
 
 3. That which is established as a rule or model, 
 by the authority of public opinion, or by respectable 
 opinions, or by custom or general consent; as, wri- 
 tings which are admitted to be the standard of style 
 and taste. Homer's Iliad is the standard of heroic 
 poetry. Demosthenes and Cicero are tlie standards 
 of orator)'. Of modern eloquence, we have an ex- 
 cellent standard ill the speeches of Lord Chatham. 
 Addison's writings furnish a good standard of pure, 
 chaste, and elegant English style. It is not an easy 
 thing to erect a standard t>f taste. 
 
 4. In coinage, the proportion of weight of fine 
 metal and alloy established by authority. The coins 
 of England, and of the United States, are of nearly 
 the same standard. 
 
 By the present standard of the coinage, sixty-two shillings is 
 coined out of one pound weight of silver. Arbulhnol. 
 
 5. A standing tree or stem ; a tree not supported or 
 attached to a wall. 
 
 Plant fruit of all sorts and standard, mural, or shrubs which lose 
 their leaf. Evelyn. 
 
 6. In carpentry, an upright support, as the poles of 
 a scaffold. Oloss. ofJlrchiU 
 
 7. In skip-building, an inverted knee placed upon 
 the (Seek instead of beneath it, with its vertical 
 branch turned upward from that which lies horizon- 
 tally. Mar. DicL 
 
 8. In botany, the upper petal or banner of a papil- 
 ionaceous corol. Martyn. 
 
 STAND'ARD-BEaR'ER, n. [.?fondard and bear.] 
 An oliicer of an army, company, or troop, that 
 bears a standard ; an ensign of infantry, or a cornet 
 *>f horse. 
 
 STAND'-CROP, n. A plant. JJins^eorth. 
 STAND'EL, n. A tree of long standing. [A'ot used.] 
 
 JfowcU. 
 
 STAND'ER, n. One who .stands. 
 
 2. A tree that has stood long. (JVot used.] 
 
 JJscham. ♦ 
 
 STAND'ER-B?, n. One that stands near; one that 
 is present ; a mere spectator. Hooker. .Addison. 
 [We now more generally use By-STA^DEfl.] 
 
 STAND'ER-GRASS, n. A plant. .^in.iworth. 
 
 STAND'ING, ppr. Being on the feet; being erect. 
 [See Stand.] 
 
 2. Moving in a certain direction to or ftom an ob- 
 ject. 
 
 3. a. Settled ; established, either by law or by 
 custom, &.C. ; continually existing ; permanent ; not 
 temporary; as, a standing army. Money is the sf^nd* 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 1076 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 STA 
 
 innr measure of thr value of all other commodities. 
 Legislative liodies have certain standini; rules of pro- 
 ceeding. Courts of law are, or ought to be, gov- 
 erned by standing rules. There are standinir rules of 
 pleading. The gospel furnishes lis with standing 
 rules of morality. 'I'he Jews, by their dispersion and 
 their present condition, are a standing evidence of 
 the truth of revelation and of the prediction of Mo- 
 ses. Iklany fashionable vices and follies ought to be 
 tile standing objects of ridicule. 
 
 4. Lasting ; not transitory ; not liable to fade or 
 vanish ; as, a standing color. 
 
 5. Stagnant ; not flowing ; as, standing water. 
 
 6. Fixed ; not niorable ; as, a standing bed ; dis- 
 tinguished from a tmekte-UeA. SAofc. 
 
 7. Remaining erect ; not cut down ; as, standing 
 corn. 
 
 Standing rigging, of a ship. This consists of the 
 cordage or ropes which sustain tlie masts and remain 
 fixed in their position. Such are the ^hrouds and 
 stays. f.Sec Riggink.] 
 ST.\ND'|NG, II. L'oiilmiiance ; diiratioa or exist- 
 ence ; as, a custom of long standing. 
 
 2. Possession of an office, character, or place ; as, 
 a patron or officer of long standing. 
 
 3. Station ; place to stand in. 
 
 I will provide you with a good titinding to 8C« hij entry. Bacon. 
 
 4. Power to stand. 
 
 1 bidIc in deep min:, where there ii no tUinding. — Pi. Ixii. 
 
 5. Rank ; condition in society ; as, a man of good 
 standing, or of high standing, among his friends. 
 
 Standing off, sailing from the land. 
 Standing on ; sailing to land. 
 
 [Irving uses the nouns standings off and standings 
 on.} 
 
 ST.\ND'-POI.NT,n. A fixed point or station ; a basis 
 or fundamental principle ; a position from which 
 things are viewed. [From the German.] 
 
 STAND'ISH, n. [stand and dish.] A case for pen 
 and ink. 
 
 I IjrqueRth to De.An Swift my large silrer ttandish. Sai/t. 
 STAND'-STILL, n. A standing without moving for- 
 ward. Blackicood. 
 STaNE, n. [Sax. stan.] 
 
 .\ stone. [Local.] [See Stohe.] 
 ST.ANG, n. [Sax. slxng, steng, a pole or stick ; Dan. 
 slang ; G. stange ; Sw. stang ; It. stanga, a bar ; W. 
 ystang, a pole or perch ; allied to ^~fi/i^ and stanchion ; 
 from shooting.] 
 
 1. A pole, rod, or perch ; a measure of land. [JVot 
 in use.] Sic(ft. 
 
 2. A long bar ; a pole ; a shaft. 
 
 To ride the stjing, is to be carried on a pole on 
 men's shoulders, in derision. [Local.] Todd. 
 ST.\NG, p. i. To shoot with pain. [Local.] Orost. 
 STAN'HOPE, n. A liiht, two-wheeled carriage, with- 
 out a top, so called from Lord Stanhope, for whom it 
 was contrived. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. 
 
 STANK, a. Weak ; worn out. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 STANK, r. I. To sigh. [JVot used.] ' 
 STA.N'K, old pret. of Stink. Stunk is now used. 
 STANK, It. [W. ystanc. See Stanch.] 
 A dam or mound to stop water. [Local.] 
 
 JIalUwell. 
 
 STAN'N.\-RY, a. [from L. sfannum, tin ; Ir. stan; 
 VV. ystaen. See Tin.] 
 Relating to the tin works ; as, stannary courts. 
 
 Slaclistone. 
 
 STAN'NA-RY, n. A tin mine. lialL 
 
 STAN'NATE, n. [L. stannum, tin.] 
 
 A salt formed of stannic acid united with a base. 
 
 STAN'NEL, )n. The kestrel, a species of hawk; 
 
 STAN'YEL, I caAcd also Stons-Uall and Wind- 
 Hot er. [Local.] Ed. Encijc. 
 
 STAN'Nie, a. [L. stannum, tin.] Pertaining to tin ; 
 procured from tin ; as, the stannic acid. Lavoisier. 
 
 STAN'Nie ACID, n. The deutoxyd of tin, which 
 performs the functions of an acid, uniting with bases, 
 and forming salts called Stannatei. 
 
 STAN-NIF'ER-OL'S, a. [L. stannvm and fero.] Con- 
 taining or affording tin. Ure, 
 
 ST.\N'Z.A, n. [It. stanza, an abode or lodging, a 
 stanza, that is, a stop ; Sp. and Port, csfancia, from 
 ejrfancar, to stop ; Ft. stance. See Stanch.] 
 
 1. In pofirv, a number of lines or verses connected 
 with each other, and ending in a full point or pause ; 
 a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every varia- 
 tion of measure in that poem. A stanza may con- 
 tain verses of a different length or number of sylla- 
 bles, and a diOerent number of verses ; or it may 
 consist of verses of equal length. Stanzas are said 
 to have been first introduced from the Italian into 
 French poetry about the year loSO, and thence they 
 were introduced into England. The versions of the 
 Psalms present examples of various kinds of stan- 
 zas. 
 
 Horace confine* himielf to one tort of rerae or ttanxa in every 
 
 ode. Drydtn. 
 
 2. In architecture, an apartment or division in a 
 building. 
 
 STA.N-Za'IC, o. Consisting in suinzas. 
 
 STAPH' Y-I.INE, (star-,) o. [Gr. rafvXi), a bunch of 
 grapes.] In mineralogy, having the form of a bunch 
 of grapes ; botryoidal. Shepard. 
 
 STAPH-Y-LO'MA, n. [Gr. araipvXn, a grape, and 
 i^/jii, a termination in nosology denoting external 
 protuberance.] 
 
 The iiiime of a disease of the eye, characterized 
 by enlargement of the eyeball, protuberance of the 
 cornea, and dimness or entire nbtdition of sight. 
 Nosologists reckon three varieties of this disease : 
 1, with a preternatural quantity of some one or 
 more of the humors, the pupil being transparent, 
 sometimes called Hyurophthalmia ; 2, with an effu- 
 sion of pus, the pupil being cloudy, sometimes called 
 Ontx j and 3, with a rupture of the iris, and its pro- 
 trusion against the cornea, constituting a grape-like 
 tumor, the sight being destroyed, sometimes called 
 IIVPOPBIUM. J.Jtl. Oood. 
 
 STAPH- Y-LOR'A-PIIY, (staf-e-lor'a-fe,) n. [Gr. 
 ^aipvXri and pa(pii, a suture, from ^azrui.] 
 
 A surgical suture of the palate, for the purpose of 
 uniting the edges of a fissure. 
 
 STa'PLE, (sta'pl,) n. [Sax. slapct, stnput, a stake ; 
 1). stapcl, a pile, stocks, staple ; stapelcn, to pile ; G. 
 stapel, a stake, a pile or heap, a staple, stocks, a 
 mart; Bw. stapel; Otin. stabcl, a staple; stabler, to 
 pile ; stabbe, a block or log j stab, a staff. VVe see 
 tills word is from the root of staff. The primary 
 sense of the root is, to set, to fix. Staple is that 
 which is fixed, or a fixed place, or it is a pile or 
 store.] 
 
 1. A settled mart or market ; an emporium. In 
 England, formerly, the king's .staple was established 
 in certain ports or towns, and certain goods could 
 not be exported, without being first brought to these 
 ports, to be rated and charged with the duty payable 
 to the king or public. The principal commodities on 
 which customs were levieif, were wool, skins, anil 
 leather, and these were originally the staple commod- 
 ities. Hence, the words staple commodities came in 
 time to signify the principal commodities produced 
 by a country for exportation or use. Thus, cotton is 
 the staple commodity of South Carolina, Georgia, and 
 other Southern States of America. Wheat is the sta- 
 ple of Pennsylvania and New York. 
 
 2. A city or town where merchants agree to carry 
 certain commodities. 
 
 3. A principal commodity or production of a coun- 
 try or district. 
 
 4. The thread or pile of wool, cotton, or flax. 
 Thus we say, this is wool of a coarse staple, or fine 
 staple. In America, cotton is of a short staple, long 
 staple, fine staple, &.c. The cotton of short staple is 
 raised on the upland ; the sea-island cotton is of a 
 fine, long staple. 
 
 5. Figuratiocly, the material or substance of a 
 thing; as, the staple of a literary production. 
 
 6. (W. ysticfml.] A liHjp of iron, or a biir or wire 
 bent and formed with two points, to be driven into 
 wood, to hold a hook, pin, &c. Pope. 
 
 Staple of land; the particular nature and quality of 
 land. 
 
 STA'PLE, a. Settled ; established in commerce ; as, 
 a staple trade. 
 
 2. According to the laws of commerce; marketa- 
 ble ; fit to be sold. [JVot much used.] Swift. 
 
 3. Chief; principal; regularly produced or made 
 for market ; as, staple commodities. 
 
 [This is now the most general acceptation of the 
 tDord.] 
 
 STa'PLER, n. A dealer ; as, a wool stapler. 
 
 STAR, n. [Sax. steorra ; Dan. and Sw. sfifma; G. 
 stern ; D. star ; Ann. and Corn, steren ; Basque, zar- 
 ra ; Gr. atjrnp ; Sans, tara ; Bengal, stara ; Pelilavi, 
 setaram ; Pers. setareh or stara ; W. seren.] 
 
 1. An apparently small, luminous body in the 
 heavens, that shines in the night, or when its light is 
 not obscured by clouds, or lost in the brighter efful- 
 gence of the sun. Slar.v are fixed or planetary. The 
 fixed stars are known by their perpetual twinkling, 
 and by their being always in the same position in rela- 
 tion to each other. The planets, or wandering stars, 
 do not twinkle, and they revolve about the sun. The 
 fixed stars ore considered by astronomers to be suns, 
 and their immense numbers exhibit the astonishing 
 extent of creation and of divine power. 
 
 2. The pole-star. A bright star in the tail of Ursa 
 Minor, so called from its being very near the north 
 pole. [.^ particular application, not in use.] Shak. 
 
 3. In astrology, a configuration of the planets, sup- 
 posed to influence fortune. Hence the expression, 
 •' You may thank your stars for such and such an 
 event," 
 
 A pair of cIsr-croMcd loren. Shak. 
 
 4. The figure of a star ; a radiated mark in writ- 
 ing or printing ; an asterisk ; thus * ; used as a ref- 
 erence to a note in the margin, or to fill a blank, in 
 writing or printing, where letters are omitted. 
 
 5. In Scripture, Christ is called the bright and morn- 
 ing star, the star that ushers in the light of an eter- 
 nal day to his people. Kec. xxii. 
 
 Ministers are also called jtors in Christ's right hand, 
 as, being supported and directed by Christ, they con- 
 
 vey light and knowledge to the followers of Cliriit. 
 Rev. i. 
 
 'i'he twelve stars which form the crown of the 
 church, are the twelve apostles. Rev. xii. 
 
 C. A person of brilliant and attractive qualities 
 on some public occasion ; a theatrical perform- 
 er, Sec. 
 
 7. The figure of a star; a badge of rank ; as, ^tari 
 and garters. 
 
 8. A distinguished and brilliant theatrical per- 
 former. 
 
 Star of Bethlehem ; a flower and bulbous plant of 
 the genus Ornilliogaluin. 'I'here is also the star of 
 Alexandria, and of Naples, and of Constantinople, of 
 the same genus. Cyc. Lee. 
 
 STAR, r. (. 'J'o set or adorn with stars, or bright, ra- 
 diating bodies ; to bespangle ; as, a robe starred with 
 gems. 
 
 STAR'-AP-PLE, ( ap'pl,) n. The popular name of 
 several species of Clirysophylliiin, evergreen trees 
 whose fruit is esculent. Chrysophyllum Cainito is 
 the most important species. They grow in inter- 
 tropical cliiiiittes. 
 
 STAR'-CHa.M-HEK, 71. Formerly, a court of crim- 
 inal jurisdiction in England, wtiich exercised exten- 
 sive powers during the reigns of Henry VIII. and his 
 successors. This court was abolished by stat. 16 
 Charles I. See Blackstone, B. iv. ch. xix. 
 
 STAR'-CROWN-KD, a. Crowned with stars. 
 
 STAR'-EN-CIR'€LAD, a. Encircled with stars. 
 
 STAR'-FISH, 71. [star and fsh.] A marine animal ; 
 the sea-star or Asterias, a genus of pedicellate ech- 
 inoderius or zoophytes, so named because their body 
 is divided into rays, generally five in number, in the 
 center of which and below is the mouth, which is 
 the only orifice of the alimentary canal. They are 
 covered with a coriaceous skin, armed with points 
 and spines, and pierced with numerous small holes, 
 arranged in regular series, through which pass mem- 
 branaceous tentacula or feelers, terminated each by a 
 little disk or cup, by means of w hich they execute 
 their prtigressive motions. Cuvier, 
 
 STAR'-FLOW-ER, n. A plant of the genus Orni- 
 thogxiltiiii. Cyc. 
 2. A plant of the genus Stellaria. Lee. 
 
 STAR'-FoRT, n. A fort surrounded on the exterior 
 with projecting angles ; hence the name. 
 
 STAR'-GaZ-ER, 71. [star and ^uicr.] One who gazes 
 at the stars ; a term of contempt for an astrtiloger, 
 sometimes used ludicrously for an astronomer. 
 
 STA R'-GAZ-ING, n. The art or practice of observing 
 tile stars with attention ; astrology. Sicifl. 
 
 STAR'-GRASS, n. [star and grass.] Starry duck 
 meat, a plant of the genus Callitriche, and one also 
 of the genus .^letris. Lee. 
 
 STAU'-HAWK, n. A species of hawk so called. 
 
 Jiinsteorth. 
 
 STAR'-H?'A-C1.\TH, n. A bulbous plant of the ge- 
 nus Scill.i. 
 
 STAR'-JEL-LY,n. A plant, the Tremella, one of the 
 Fungi ; also, star-shoot, a gelatinous substance which 
 is also a Tremella. 
 
 STAR'-LF.D, a. Guided bv the stars. 
 
 STAR'-LIKE, a. [star and like.] Resembling a star ; 
 stellated ; radiated like a star ; as, sLarlike flowers. 
 
 J^tortimer, 
 
 2. Bright ; illustrious. 
 
 The h.wing tiinird many to rif hteoufneao thai] confer a ttartike 
 And iniinonat brighUlcM. Boyle. 
 
 STAR'-PaV-£D, o. [star and paved.] Studded with 
 stars. 
 
 The road of lieaven, ttar-paved. Milton. 
 
 STAR'-PROOF, a. [star and proof.] Impervious to 
 the light of the stars ; .as, a star-proof elm. JMilton. 
 
 STAR'-RICAD, 71. [sfor and rrad.] Doctrine of the 
 stars ; astronomy. [.Aut iti use^ Spenser. 
 
 STAR'-ROOF-£D, (-rooft,) a. Roofed with stars. 
 
 STA R'-S HOOT, n. [.star and shoot.] A gelatinous 
 substance often found in wet meadows, and formerly 
 by some supposed to be the extinguished residuum of 
 a shooting star. It is, however, not of meteoric, but 
 of vegetable origin; being a fungus of the genus 
 Tremella. 
 
 1 have seen a (rood quantity of that Jelly, by the vnl^r calle<l a 
 «rar-Mool, oj if it remained upon tlie exliuclion of n faltuif 
 •ur. Bacon. 
 
 STAR'-SP.\N"GLED, (-spang-gid,) a. Spangled with 
 stars. E Everett. 
 
 STAR'-STONE, n. A variety of sapphire, which, in 
 a certain direction, presents a reflection of light in 
 the form of a star. Brandt. 
 
 STAR'-THIS-TLE, ( this'l,) n. An annual plant of 
 the genus Centaurea. 
 
 STAR'-WORT, n. A plant of the genus Aster. The 
 species are shrubby or herbaceous, and their flowers 
 resemble small stars. Loudon. 
 
 The yellou) starveorl is of the genus Inula or , 
 Elecampane. 
 
 STAR'BoARD, n. [Sax. s<e«r-ioor<i ; G. Jteu/riorj, as j 
 if from steter, the rudder or helm ; D. ituur-Aortf, a.i 
 as if from sfuur, helm ; Sw. and Dait. styr-bord. Hut 
 in Fr. stribord, Sp. estribor, .Arm. slryhour: or »(ri- | 
 hourh, are said to be contracted from dezter-bord, , 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
6TA 
 
 STA 
 
 ?T A 
 
 right-side. Star-bord is from steer-bnrd, ttie tiller be- 
 ing on tlie right hand of the steersm;in.] 
 
 The right hand side of a ship or boat, when a spec- 
 tator stands with his face toward the head, stem, or 
 prow. 
 
 S'J'AR'BoARD, a. Pertaining to the right-hand side of 
 a sliip ; being or lying on the right side ; as, the star- 
 board shrouds ; starboard quarter : starboard lack. In 
 seaman.iliip, starboard, uttfrtii liythe masterof asliip, 
 is an order to the helmsman to put the helm to the 
 starboard side. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STARCH, ji. [Sax. stearc, rigid, stiff; G. stdrke, 
 strength, starch, sfarA-, strong; D. sterk, Dun. stark, 
 Sw. stark, strong. See Stare and SxEEn.] 
 
 A substance used to stiffen linen and other cloth. 
 It is the farina or feciila of various vegetables, a sub- 
 stance which is a white solid with no smell, and 
 with very little taste, and which, when squeezed be- 
 tween the fingers, gives a very peculiar sound. It is 
 insoluble in cold water, but with boiling water it 
 forms a jelly very nearly transparent. Iodine forms, 
 with starch, a blue compound, and hence is the best 
 test of its presence. Starch forms the greatest por- 
 tion of all farinaceous substances, particularly of 
 wheat flour, and it is the chief ingredient of bread. 
 
 STARCH, a. Stiff; precise; rigid. KilUngbeck. 
 
 STA RCH, V. t. To stiffen with starch. Oay. 
 
 STARCH'iD, (starcht,) pp. or a. Stiffened with 
 starch. 
 
 2. a. Stiff ; precise ; formal. Swift. 
 
 STAUCU'£D-NESS, n. Stiffness in manners; for- 
 mality. .Addison. 
 
 STA RCH'ER, 71. One who starches, or whose occu- 
 pation is to starch. Juhnson. 
 
 STARCH'-HV'A-CIXTH, n A plant, the Muscari 
 racemosum, of the same natural order with the hy- 
 acinth, and named from the smell of the flower. It 
 is a native of Britain, and a garden plant in the 
 United States. Loudon. 
 
 STARCiriNG, ppr. Stiffening with starch. 
 
 STARCH'LY, adv. With stiffness of manner; for- 
 mally. 
 
 STARCH'NESS, n. Stiffness of manner ; precise- 
 ness. 
 
 STARCH'Y, a. Consisting of starch ; resembling 
 starch ; stiff ; precise. 
 
 STA R E, V. [Sax. stter : G. stakr ; Sw. stare] 
 A bird, the starling, or Sturnus. 
 
 STA HE, V. i. [Sax. starian ; Dan. stirrer : Sw. stirra ; 
 G. stnrrm ; D. staaren. Tn Sw. stirra ut Jin<rr€n is to 
 spread one's fingers. The sense, then, is, to open, 
 ore\tend,and it seems to be closely allied to Q.starr, 
 stiff, and to starch, stern, which imply straining, ten- 
 sion.] 
 
 1. To gaze; to look with fixed eyes wide open; 
 to fasten an earnest look on some object. Staring 
 is produced by wonder, surprise, stupidity, horr r, 
 fright, and sometimes by eagerness to hear or learii 
 souietliing, sometimes iiy impudence. We say, he 
 stared with astonishuient. 
 
 Look not big, nor sUire, nor fret. Shak. 
 
 2. To stand out ; to be prominent 
 
 Take otl all ihe staring Btraw 
 tised.] 
 
 and y^ggs in the hivp, [JVor 
 AJortimer. 
 
 To .^t/ire in thr. face ; to be before the eyes, or un- 
 deniably evident. 
 
 Tlie law stares Ibem in the face, while they are breaking it. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 STARE, n. A fixed look with eyes wide open. 
 
 Drijden. 
 
 STAR'ER, n. One who stares or gazes. 
 STaR'ING, ppr. or a. Gazing; looking with fixed 
 eves. 
 
 STAR'ING-LY, orftj. Gazingly. 
 
 STARK, a. [Sax. .itcrc, stmrc : D. strrk; G. stark, sttff, 
 Plrotig ; formed on the rtrnt of the G. starr, stiff, rigid. 
 Eng. steer ; from straining, stretching. See Starch 
 and Steer.] 
 
 1. Stiff; strong; rugged. 
 Many a nolil'-man lies stfirk and iititT 
 
 Uiiiter the hoof* of vniiniin^ cn-'iniea. .S7i(ifr. 
 The iionh i> not ao stark anil coM. ( Obs.] B. Jonson. 
 
 2. Deep ; full ; profound ; absolute. 
 
 ConBiiler Ihe stark tecilrity 
 
 The cornnionwcallli i» in now. [Obs.] D. Jonson. 
 
 3. Mere ; gross ; absnlute. 
 
 He prononnCJl the citation stark notiseniie. Collier. 
 
 STARK, ado. Wholly ; entirely ; absolutely ; as, stark 
 mad ; atark blind ; stark naked. These are Ihe prin- 
 cipal applications of this word now in use. The 
 word is in iKipiilar use, but not an elegant word In 
 nnv of ill) applicatirms. 
 
 STAKK'Ly, mlr. Htillly ; 8troni;ly. [Oft.i.] Sliak. 
 
 BTAR'LEH.S, a. Having no stars vii-ible, or no star- 
 light ; ns, n /rtar/rn night. Milloii. Dntdrn. 
 
 BTA R' I.IG HT, ( lite,) n. [star and light.] Tlie light 
 proceeding fruiii the ntnm. 
 
 Nor wnlktiynoon, 
 f)r flittering starlight, wldtuut ih'T is iwert. AHlton. 
 
 STAR'I.IGMT, ( lile,) n. Lighted by the stars, or by 
 the Httirrt only ; tin, u atarlight evening. Drydr.n. 
 
 STAR'LING, n. [Sax. stitr : Sw. stare.] 
 
 1. A bird of the genus Sturnus, Linn., also called 
 Stare. The /\merican starling is better known by 
 the name of Meadow-Lark. Peuboily. 
 
 2. A name given to piles driven round the piers of 
 a bridge for defense and supp(»rt. 
 
 STAR'OST, n. Ill Poland, a nobleman who possessed 
 a starosty. 
 
 STAR'OS-TY, n. In Poland, a name given to castles 
 and domains conferred on noblemen for life by the 
 crown. Bratide. 
 
 STAR'RBD, (stird,) pp. or a. [from star.] Adorned 
 or studded with stars ; as, the starred queen of Ethi- 
 opia. Millun. 
 2. Influenced in fortune by the stars. 
 
 My thinl comfort 
 Starred most unluckily. 
 
 ShaJt. 
 
 STAR'RING, ppr. or a. Adorning with stars. 
 
 2. Shining; bright; sparkling; as, starring com- 
 ets. [JVyt in itsc] 
 
 STAR'RY, a. [from star.] Abounding with stars; 
 adorned with stars. 
 
 Alxive the clouils, above the starry sky. Pope. 
 
 2. Consisting of stars ; stellar ; stellary ; proceed- 
 ing from the stars ; as, starry light ; starry fltime. 
 
 Spenser. Dryden. 
 
 3. Shining like stars; resembling stars ; as, starry 
 eves. Shak. 
 
 START, V. i. [D. storten, to pour, to spill, to fall, to 
 rush, to tumble ; Sw. stSrta, to roll upon the head, to 
 pitch headlong; qu. G. stvrzen. In Sax. stcurt is a 
 tail, that is, a shoot or projection ; hence the prom- 
 ontory so called in Devonshire. The word seems 
 to be a derivative from the root of star, steer. The 
 primary sense is, to shoot, to dart suddenly, or to 
 spring.] 
 
 1. To move suddenly, as if by a twitch ; as, to start 
 in sleep, or by a sudileii spasm. 
 
 2. To move sudilenly,as by an involuntary shrink- 
 ing from sudden fear or alarm. 
 
 I start as from some dreadful dream. Dryden. 
 
 3. To move with sudden quickness, as with a 
 spring or leap. 
 
 A spirit fit to start into an empire. 
 
 And look the world to law. Dryden. 
 
 4. To shrink ; to wince. 
 
 But if lie start, 
 It is the flesh of a corrupled heart. Shak. 
 
 5. To move suddenly aside ; to deviate ; generally 
 with from, out of, or aside. 
 
 The old ttrudfing sun, from his long Ijeatcn way, 
 
 Shall at thy voice start ami mis^uiiie the (lay. Coreley. 
 
 Keep your soid to the work when ready to start aside. Watt^. 
 
 6. To set out ; to commence a race, as from a bar- 
 rier or goal. The horses started at the word " go." 
 
 At once they «£arl, advancing in a line. Dryden. 
 
 7. To set out ; to commence a journey or enter- 
 prise. The public coaches start at six o'clock. 
 
 When two start into the world leather. Collier. 
 
 To start up ; to rise suddenly, as from a seat or 
 couch ; or to come suddenly into notice or impor- 
 tance. 
 
 STA RT, V. t. To alarm ; to disturb suddenly ; to star- 
 tle ; to rouse. 
 
 Upon malicious bravery dost Ihou come 
 To start my quiet f 
 
 ShrJ;. 
 
 2. To rouse sudflenly from concealment : to cause 
 to flee or fly ; as, to start a hare or a woodcock ; to 
 start game. Pope. 
 
 3. To bring into motion ; to produce suddenly to 
 view or notice. 
 
 BrutiiB will start a spirit as soon as Cesar. SJtak. 
 The present occasion has started the dispute among us. Lesley. 
 
 So we say, to start a question, to sfart an objecticm ; 
 that is, to suggest or propose anew. 
 
 4. To invent or discover; to bring within pursuit. 
 Sensual men agree in the purauit of every pleasure they can 
 
 start. Temple. 
 
 5. To move suddenly from its place ; to dislocate ; 
 as, to start a bone. 
 
 One started tiie end of the clavicle from the sli'rnum. Wiseman. 
 
 C. To empty, as liquor from a cask ; to pour out ; 
 as, to stjirt wine into another cask. Mar. Diet. 
 START, 71. A sudden mtition of the boriy ; a sudden 
 twitch ; a spastic affection ; as, a start in sleep. 
 
 2. A sudden motion from alarm. 
 
 The fright awakened Arcile with a start. Dryden. 
 
 3. A sudden rousing to action ; a spring ; excite- 
 ment. 
 
 Now fear I tliis will give it start again. Shak. 
 
 4. Sally ; sinlden motion or effusion ; a bursting 
 forth ; as, starts tif fancy. 
 
 To check the slarn nn<l sillies of the soul. Addison. 
 
 !5. Sudden fit; sudden motion followed by inter- 
 mission. 
 
 Fur she diti speak In starts distraclrilly. Shak. 
 Nature docs nothing by starts nnti leaps, or In a hurrv. 
 
 L'^strange. 
 
 6. A quick spring ; a darting ; a shoot ; a push ; as, 
 to give a start. 
 
 Bodi cause Uie string to give a quicker start. Bacon. 
 
 7. First motton from a place ; act of setting out. 
 
 The start of first performance is all. Bacon. 
 
 You stand like sre^lioiinds in the slips, 
 
 Straining upon the start. Shak. 
 
 To get the start ; to begin before another ; to gain 
 the advantage in a similar undertaking. 
 
 Get die elan of the majestic world. ShaJ:. 
 She might have forsaken him, if he had not got the start of her. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 START, 71. A projection ; a push ; a horn ; a tail. In 
 
 the latter sense it occurs in the name of the bird red- 
 
 start. Hence, the start, in Devonshire. 
 START'ED, pp. Sudtienly roused or alarmed ; poured 
 
 out, as a liquid ; discovered ; proposed; produced to 
 
 view. 
 
 START'ER, 71. One that starts ; one that shrinks from 
 his purpose. Undibrn.^. 
 
 2. One ihat suddenly moves or suggests a rpiPsMon 
 or an objection. 
 
 3. A dog that rouses game. Delany. 
 STAR T'FIJL, a. Apt to start ; skittish. 
 START'E^L-NESS, 71. Aptness to start. 
 S'J'ART'ING, ppr. Moving suddenly; shrinking; 
 
 rousing ; commencing, as a juurney, &c. 
 START'ING, The act of moving suddenly. 
 START'ING-lloLE, n. A loophole ; evasion. Martin. 
 START'ING-LV, adv. Cy sudden fits or starts. Sliak. 
 START'ING-PoS'i', 71. [start and post..] A post, 
 
 stake, barrier, or place, from which competitors in a 
 
 race start, or begin the race. 
 START'lSH, a. Apt to start ; skittish ; shv. 
 START'LE, fslirt'l,) i>. i. [.lim. of start.] to shrink ; 
 
 to move sutldenly, or be excited, on feeling a sudden 
 
 alarm. 
 
 VVhy shrinks the soul 
 Back on herself, and startles at destruc'iou l 
 
 Addison. 
 
 START'LE, V. t. To impress with fear; to exi^ite by 
 sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension ; to shock ; 
 to alarm ; to fright. We were startled at the cry of 
 distress. Any great and unexpected event is apt to 
 startle us. 
 
 The supposition that angels 
 
 bodies, need not startle us. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 2. To deter ; to cause to deviate. [Little w.-eri.] 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 START'LE, 71. A sudden motion or shock occasioned 
 by an unex)iected alani), surprise, or apprehension of 
 danger ; sudtlen impression of terror. 
 
 After having recovered from my first startle, 1 was well pleased 
 with the accident. Spectator. 
 
 START'LED, pp. Suddenly moved or shocked by an 
 impressiim of fear or surprise. 
 
 ST.K RT'LING, p/ir. or a. Suddenly impressing with 
 fear or surprise. 
 
 START'LING LY, adv. In a startling manner. 
 
 START'-UP, n. [start tini up.] One that comes sud- 
 denly info notice. [Aot used. We use UesTART.] Shak. 
 2. A kind of high shoe. hall. 
 
 START'-UP, a. Suddenly coming into notice. [JSTot 
 used.] Warbnrton. 
 
 STARV A'TION, 71. The act of starving or state of 
 being starved. 
 
 STARVE, V. i. [Sax. stearjtan, to perish with hunger 
 or cold ; G. sterben, to die, either by disease or hun- 
 ger, or by a wound ; D. stervcn, to die. Qu. is this 
 from the root of Dan. tarv, Sw. tarf, necessity, 
 want ! ] 
 
 1. To perish ; to be destroyed. Fairfax. 
 [In this general sen.-.-e, obsolete.] 
 
 2. To perish or die with cold ; as, to stane with 
 cold. 
 
 [ This sense is retained in England, but not in the 
 United State.t.] 
 
 3. To perish witn hunger. 
 
 [This SC71SC is retained in England and tlie United 
 States.] 
 
 4. 'J'o suffer extreme hunger or want; to be very 
 indigent. 
 
 Sometimes virtue starves, while vice Is fed. Pope. 
 
 STARVE, «.(. To kill with hunger. Maliciously to 
 starve a nuin is, in law, murder. 
 
 2. To distress or subdue by famine ; as, to starve 
 a garrison into a surreniler. 
 
 3. To destroy by want ; as, to starve plants by the 
 want of nutriment. 
 
 4. To kill with cold. [JVot in use in the United 
 States.] 
 
 From beds of raging fire, to starvs in ice 
 Their solt ethereal warmth. 
 
 5. To deprive of force or vigor. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 The power* of their minds 
 
 'Starved by disuse. [Unusual.] 
 Locks. 
 
 STARV'KD, 71/1. or a. Killed with hunger; subdued 
 
 by hunger; rendi-rrd poor by \\-ant. 
 2. Killeil bvcold. [.Vol ,n use in the United States.] 
 STAUVE'I.ING, (stilrv'liiig,) a. Hungry; lean; 
 
 pilling with want. Philips. 
 STARVE'LING, (sf.lrv'ling,) 71. An nnlmni or |>lant 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 .J 
 
STA 
 
 that is made tliln, lean, and weak through want or 
 nutrunent. 
 
 Ami lUy poor ttarveting bountifully fed. Donnt. 
 STARVING, ppr. or a. Perishing with hunper ; liill- 
 ing will) huni-pr ; rendering lean and poor by want 
 of nourishnjent. 
 
 9. Perishing with cold ; Iiilling with cold. [En^- 
 Ihh.] 
 
 STjIT pro RJj-Tf-O'JVE VO-LUJTTJIS, (-ri-she- 
 
 o'ne-,) [ U.l Tlie will stands for reason. 
 STS'TA-UY, a. [from state.] Fixed ; settled. [JVut 
 
 ill use] Brawn. 
 STA'l'E, n. [L. statu*, from sto, to stand, to be fixed ; 
 
 It. stato ; Sp. estado; I'r. ct&t. Hence G. star, fixed ; 
 
 stott, place, abode, stead ; staat, state ; s(«<Z(, a town 
 
 or city ; D. .itaat, condition, state j stad, a'city, Dan. 
 
 and Sw. stad; Sans, stidulia, to stanil ; Pers. Utaden, 
 
 id. State is fixedness or standing.] 
 
 1. Condition ; the circumstances of a being or 
 thing at any given time. These circumstances may 
 be internal, constitutional, or peculiar to the being, or 
 they may have relation to other beings. We say, 
 the body is in a sound state, or it is in a weak slate ; 
 or it has just recovered from a feeble stale. The 
 state of his health is good. The stale of his mind is 
 favorable for study. So we say, the state <if public 
 atfairs calls for the exercise of talents and wisdom. 
 In regard to foreign nations, our aff"airs are in a good 
 state. So we say, single state, and married state. 
 
 Docliirc the p.ist uml pr'-seiu state of tilings. Vryden. 
 
 2. Modification of any thing. 
 
 Keep tlie ttate of the ciucgtion in your eye. Boyle. 
 
 3. Crisis ; stationary point ; higlit ; point from 
 which the next movement is regression. 
 
 Tumot* Imve thvir several dvgree* ftn.l times, ns beginning, Rug- 
 nient, state, itnj iti-clin.itiwn [Not in use.\ Vylseman. 
 
 4. Estate; possession. [06s.] [See Estate.] 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 5. A political body, or body politic; the whole 
 body of people united under one government, what- 
 ever may be the form of the government. 
 
 Municipal I;\w is a rule of conduct prescribed by the supreme 
 power in a slate. Blackstone. 
 
 More usually the word signifies a political body 
 governed by representatives ; a commonwealth ; as, 
 the states of Greece ; the Suites of America. 
 
 In this sense, state has sometimes more immediate 
 reference to the government, sometimes to the peo- 
 ple or connnunity. Thus, when we say, the state 
 has made provision for the paupers, the word has 
 reference to the government or legislature ; but when 
 we say, the slate is taxed to supptut paupers, the 
 word refers to the whole people or comuuinity. 
 
 6. Any body of men united by profession, or con- 
 stituting a community of a particular character ; as, 
 the civil and ecclesiastical states in Great Rritnin. 
 But these are sometimes distinguished by the terms 
 church and stale. In this case, state signifies the civil 
 community or government only. 
 
 7. Rank ; condition ; quality ; as, the state of 
 honor. Sliak. 
 
 8. Pomp ; appearance of greatness. 
 
 In state the monarchs march-d. Drytten. 
 Where leail of state, there moat of love is shown. Dryden. 
 
 9. Dignity ; grandeur. 
 
 She instructed him how he should keep staU, ycl with .^ modest 
 sense of his misfortunes. Bacon. 
 
 10. A seat of dignity. 
 
 This chair shall be my slafe. Sltak. 
 
 11. A canopy ; a covering of dignity. 
 
 Hi* hijh throne, und'T state 
 Of richest texture spivud. {Vnusual.'\ J\/itton. 
 
 19. A person of high rank. [JVot in use.] Latimer. 
 
 13. 1'he principal persons in a government. 
 
 The Mil design 
 Pleased highly those infernal states. Aftiton. 
 
 14. The bodies that constitute the legislature of a 
 country ; as, the slates general. 
 
 15. Joined with another word, it denotes public, or 
 what belongs to the community or body politic ; as, 
 slate affairs ; state polit y. 
 
 STATE, D. t. To set ; to settle. [See Stated.] 
 
 9. To express the particiil.trs of any thing in wri- 
 ting ; to set down in d(.*tail or In gniss ; as, to state 
 an account; to slate debt and credit; to state the 
 amount due. 
 
 3. To express the particulars of any thing verbal- 
 ly ; to represent fully in words ; to narrate ; to recite. 
 The witnesses stated all the circumstances of the 
 transaction. They are enjoined to stnte all the par- 
 ticulars. It is the business of the advocate to state 
 the whole case. Let the question be fairly stated. 
 ST.^T'ED, pp. Expressed or represented; told; re- 
 cited. 
 
 2. a. Settled; established; regular; occurring at 
 regular times ; nut occasional ; as, stated hours of 
 btistness. 
 
 3. Fixed : established ; as, a stated salar>'. 
 STAT'ED-LY, ailv. Regularly ; at certain times ; not 
 
 occasiona..y. It is one of the distinguishing marks 
 
 STA 
 
 of n good man, that lie statedlij attends public wor- 
 ship. 
 
 ST.aTE'LESS, a. Without pomp. J. Barlow. 
 
 STATK'L1-EI{, a. comp. More lofty or majestic. 
 
 STATE'LI-NESS, n. [from slute/i/.] Grandeur ; lof- 
 tiness of mien or manner j majestic appearance; 
 dignity. 
 
 For stateliness and majesty, what Is compamble to a horse i 
 
 More. 
 
 2. Appearance of pride ; affected dignity. 
 
 Beaum. S{ Fl. 
 
 STaTE'LY, a. Lofty ; dignified ; majestic ; as,staf«- 
 ly manners ; a statily gait. 
 
 2. Magnificent; grand; as, n stately edifice; a 
 statehj dome ; a stately pyramid. 
 
 3. Elevated in sentiment. Drtiden, 
 STaTE'LY, n</i). Majestically ; loftily. Millon. 
 STATE'MENT, n. The act of stating, reciting, or 
 
 presenting verbally or on paper. 
 
 2. A series of facts or particulars expressed on pa- 
 per ; as, a written statement.. 
 
 3. A series of facts verbally recited ; recital of the 
 circumstances of a transaction; as, a verbal state- 
 ment. 
 
 STaTE'-MON"GER, (-mung-ger,) n. [.itate and mm- 
 f^er.] One versed in jiolitics, or one that dabbles in 
 state affairs. 
 
 STA'J'E'-PA'PER, n. A paper relating to the political 
 interests or liovernment of a state. Jay. 
 
 STATE'-PIIIS'ON, It. A public pnson or peniten- 
 tiarv. 
 
 STATE'-PKIS'ON-ER, 71. One in confinement for 
 political offenses. 
 
 STA'TElt, n. The principal gold coin of ancient 
 Greece. It varied much in value, but was usually 
 worth about £1 3s. sterling, or $5 \. The Attic sil- 
 ver tctrndrachui was, in later times, called .stater. 
 
 Sinith^s Diet. 
 
 STATE'-ROOM,n. [state and room.] A magnificent 
 room in a palace or creal house. Johnson. 
 2. .^n apartment for lodging in a ship's cabin. 
 STATES, n. pi. Nobility. [See also State.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STATES-<3E\'ER-AL. n. pi. In France, before the 
 revolution, the .assenihly of the three orders of the 
 kingdom, viz., the clergy, the nobility, and the third 
 estate, or commonalty. In J^elherlands and tluUund, 
 the legislative body, composed of two chambers. 
 
 P. Cue. 
 
 STATES'MAN, n. [state and man.] A man versed 
 in the arts of government ; usually, one eminent for 
 political abilities ; a politician. 
 
 2. A small landholder. [AortA of England.] 
 
 Ilaniicell. 
 
 3. One employed in public affairs. Pope. Swift. 
 STaTES'M Ai\-LIKE, a. Having the manner or wis- 
 
 dtiin of statesmen. 
 
 STATES'MAN-SHIP, n. The qualifications or em- 
 ployments of a statesman. Churchill. 
 
 STATES'\VO.M-AN, ii. \ woman who meildles in 
 public affairs ; in contempt. Jiddison. 
 
 STATE'-TRI'AL, ji. Atrial of persons for political 
 offenses. 
 
 STAT'ie, j a. [See Statics.) Pertaining to bod- 
 STAT'ie-AL, j ies at rest or in equilibrium. 
 
 Olmsted 
 
 9. Resting ; acting by mere weight ; as, statical 
 pressure. 
 
 ST.^T'ieS, n. [Fr. statique ; It. statica ; L. stafice ; Gr. 
 aTari<Ji.] 
 
 1. Th.1t branch of mechanics which treats of the 
 forces that keep bodies at rest or in equilibrium. 
 Dynamics treats of bodies in motion. 
 
 2. In medicine, a kind of epileptics, or persons 
 seized with epilepsies. Cyc. 
 
 STAT'ING, ppr. Setting forth ; e.xpressing in particu- 
 lar. 
 
 STAT'I.XG, 71. An act of making a statement ; a 
 statement. Taylor. 
 
 STA'TIO.V, (-shun,) n. [Fr., from L. italio, from sto, 
 status : It. .stazione ; Sp. csta^ion.] 
 
 1. The act of standing. 
 
 Their manner was to stand at pniyer— on which their meetings 
 for that purpose received Uie name of stations. [Obs.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. A State of rest. 
 
 All progression is performed by drawing on or Impelling for^v.ard 
 what was before in station, or at quiet. \Rare.] Broion. 
 
 3. The spot or place where one stands, particularly 
 where a person habitually stands, or is apixiinted to 
 remain for a lime ; as, the station of a sentinel. E.ach 
 detachment of troops had its station. 
 
 4. Post assigned ; oflfice ; the part or department of 
 public duty which a person is appointed to perforin. 
 The chief magistrate occupies the first ptilitic.al sta- 
 tion in a nation. Other oliicers fill suhordin.ite sta- 
 tions. The office of bishop is an ecclesi.tstical sta- 
 tion of great iiii|)ortance. It is the duty of the exec- 
 utive to fill all civil and military stations with men 
 of worth. 
 
 5. Situation ; position. 
 
 The fig aftd date, why love they to remain 
 
 In iriiilille station 7 Prior. 
 
 STA 
 
 6. Employment; occupation ; business. 
 
 £/ spt'iiiling the Salibnth in retirement and n-'liifioiis exrreises, 
 we ^ain new strength and p-»oliition to perlunn tj-:Hrs w ill 
 in our sevcrul stadutiM the week following. t^elson. 
 
 7. Ch.aracler ; state. 
 
 The greater part have kept Uteir sta6on. Milton. 
 
 8. Rank ; condition of life. He can be contented 
 with a humble slalion. 
 
 9. In church history, the fa.st of the fourth and sixth 
 days of the week, VVednestlay and Friday, in insm- 
 ory of the council which condemned Christ, and of 
 bis passion. 
 
 10. Among Roman Catholics, n church where in- 
 dulgences are to be hatl on certain days. F.ncije. 
 
 STA'TION, V. t. To place; to set ; or to n|i|ioint to 
 the occupation of a post, place, or tiffice ; as, to sta- 
 tion troops on the right or left of an arm)' ; to station 
 a sentinel on a rampart ; to slatiott ships on the coast 
 of .Africa, or in the West Indies ; to station a man at 
 the he.id of the department of finance. 
 STA'TIO.V, / n. A resting-place on a rail- 
 
 STA'TION-IIOUSE, \ way, it which a halt is made 
 to receive or let down p.assengers or goods. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 STA'TIOX-.AL, a. Pertaining to a station. Enryc. 
 
 STa'TION-A-R Y, a. Fixed ; not moving, progres- 
 sive, or regressive; not apfiearing to move. 'I'lie sun 
 becomes sfatio/mri/ in ('aiieer, in its advance Into the 
 northern signs. The court, in England, which was 
 formerly itinerary, is now stationary. 
 
 2. Not advancing, in a moral sense : not improving ; 
 not growing wiser, greater, or better; not becoming 
 greater or more excellent. S. S. Smith. 
 
 3. Respecting place. 
 
 The same harmony and sf/iffon/iry constittition. Brown. 
 
 Stationary engine ; on a railway, a steam-engine in 
 a fixed position, which draws a load by a rope or 
 other means of communication extended along the 
 ro»d. 
 
 Stationary fever ; a fever depending on pecnli.ar 
 seasons. Coie. 
 
 ST.a'TION-RILL, 71. In seamen's laniruare, a list 
 containing the appointed posts of the ship's compa- 
 nv, when navigating the ship. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 STA'TION-ER, ii. Orir;inulhi, a bookseller, from his 
 occupying a stand or stalion ; but al present, tme who 
 sells paper, (piills, inkstands, pencils, and other fur- 
 niture for writing. 
 
 STA'TION-ER-Y, ii. The articles usually sold by sta- 
 tituiers, as paper, ink, quills, &.c. 
 
 STA'TIO.\-ER-Y, a. Belonging to a stationer. 
 
 STA'TISM,n. Pidicy. 
 
 STA'TIST, n. [from state.] A statesman ; a politi- 
 cian ; one skilled in government. 
 
 Statists indeed, 
 And lovers ol their cotintry. [A'ot note used.] Milton. 
 
 STA-TIST'If, » a. [from state or stati.'<t.] Per- 
 
 STA-TIST'ie .AL, i taining to the state of society, 
 the condititm of the people, their economy, their 
 property, and resources. 
 
 STAT-IS-TI"CIAN, ( tish'an,) ti. A person who is 
 familiar with the science of .statistics. 
 
 STA-TIST'ieS, 71. A collection of facts respecting 
 the state (if society, the condition of the people in a 
 nation or ctmntry, their health, longevity, domestic 
 economy, arts, property, and political strenglh, the 
 state of the country, &.c. Sinclair. 
 9. The science which treats of these subjects. 
 
 ST.\'T1\'E, a. Pertaining to a fixed camp. 
 
 STAT'li-.A-RY, 71. [It. slatuaria: Sp. estatuaria ; from 
 L. statuarius, from sluttia, a statue ; .^tatun, to set.] 
 
 1. The art of cirving statues or images, as repre- 
 sentatives of real persons or things; a branch of 
 sculpture. Temple. 
 
 [In this sen.^e the word has no plural.] 
 
 2. [It. slatuario; Sp. estatiiono.] One that pro- 
 fesses or practices the art of carving images or mak- 
 ing statues. 
 
 On other occasions the statuaries took their subjects from the 
 poets. Addison. 
 
 STAT'IJE, (stat'yii,) n. [L. statua ; statuo, to set ; that 
 which is .set or fixed.] 
 
 An image; a soliil substance formed by carving 
 into the likeness of mvliulo living being ; as, a^tofuc 
 of Hercules, or of n lion. 
 STAT'IE, V. U To place, as a statue; to form a 
 
 statue of. S/iak. 
 STA-TO'.MI-N'ATE, v. L [I,, statumino.] 
 
 To prop or support. [J\"i( in it-se.J B. Jonson, 
 STAT'IJUE, (stal'yur ) n. [L. and It. statura : Sp. es- 
 tatura ; Fr. stature ; frtim L. statuo, to set.] 
 
 The natural liiglit of an animal body. It is more 
 generally used of the human body. 
 
 Foreign men of mighty statitrs came. Drydtn. 
 STAT'IIR-£D, a. Arrived at full stature. [Little 
 
 M.«(/J Ilall. 
 STA'TUS QOCi, [L.] A treaty between belligerents, 
 which leaves each party in stat i quo ante brllam, i. e., 
 in the state in which it was before the war. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 STAT'IJ-TA-BI.E, a. [hom statuU.] Made or intro- 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z j CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 in7P 
 
STA 
 
 duced by statute ; proceeding from an act of the legis- 
 lature ; as, a statutable provision or remedy. 
 
 2. Made or being in conformity to statute ; as, stat- 
 utable measures. Addison. 
 STAT'lJ-TA-BLY, adv. In a manner agreeable to 
 statute. 
 
 STAT'yTE, n. [Fr. statut; It. statuto ; Sp. estatuto ; 
 L. statutum ; from statuo, to set.] 
 
 1. An act of tiie legislature of a state, that extends 
 its binding force to all the citizens or subjects of that 
 state, as distinguished from an act which extends 
 only to an individual or company ; an act of the legis- 
 lature commanding or prtdiibiting something ; a pos- 
 itive law. Statutes are distinguished from common 
 law. The latter owes its binding force to the princl 
 pies of justice, to long use, and the consent of a na- 
 tion. 'J'he former owe their binding force to a posi- 
 tive command or declaration of the supreme power. 
 
 Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legis- 
 lative body consisting of representatives. In mon- 
 archies, the laws of tlie sovereign are called edicts, 
 decrees, ordinances, rescripts, &c. 
 
 2. A special act of the supreme power, of a pri- 
 vate nature, or intended to operate only on an indi- 
 vidual or compan}'. 
 
 3. The act of a corporation, or of its founder, in- 
 tended as a permanent rule or law ; as, the statutes 
 of a university. 
 
 STAT'QTE-.MER'CHA.VT, n. In KmrUsh law, a bond 
 of record pursuant to the stat. 13 Edw. I., acknowl- 
 edged before one of the clerks of the statutes-mer- 
 chant and the mayor or chief warden of London, or 
 before certain persons appointed for the purpose ; on 
 which, if not paid at the day, an execution may be 
 awarded against the body, lands, and goods of the 
 obligor. Blackstone. 
 
 ST.AT'UTE-STa'PLE, n. A bond of record acknowl- 
 edged before the mayor of the staple, by virtue of 
 which the creditor may forthwith have execution 
 against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, on 
 non-payment. Blackslojir. 
 
 STAT't{'-TO-RY, a. Enacted by statute ; depending 
 on statute for its authority ; as, a statutory provision. 
 
 STXU.XCH. .'See Stanch. 
 
 STAU'RO-LiTE, j n. [Gr. (rravoos, a cross, and >i- 
 
 STAU'RO-TiDE, ( .{, stone, or ni if, form.] 
 
 The granatil of Werner, or grenatite of Jameson ; 
 a mineral crystallized in prisms, either single or inter- 
 secting each other at right angles. Its color is white 
 or gray, reddish or brown. It is often opaque, some- 
 times translucent. Its form and infusibility distin- 
 guish it from the garnet. It is composed essentially 
 of silica, alumina, and oxyd of iron. The name stau- 
 rolitc has also been applied to the mineral Harmo- 
 tom", one of the Zeolites. Cleaveland. Dana. 
 
 STAU'RO-TV-POUS, a. [Gr. aravoof, a cross, and 
 Turyf, form.] 
 
 In mineralogy, having its macles or spots in the 
 form of a cross. Molts. 
 
 STaVE, 71. [from staff; Fr. douve, dnuvain. It has 
 the first sound of a, as in ^ar?.] 
 
 1. A thin, narrow piece of timber, of which casks 
 are made. Stave.t make a considerable article of ex- 
 port from New England to the West Indies. 
 
 2. A staff ; a metrical portion ; a part of a psalm 
 appointed to be sung in churches. 
 
 3. In music, the five horizontal and parallel lines, 
 and the spaces on which the notes of tunes are writ- 
 ten or printed ; the st^ff, as it is now more generally 
 written. 
 
 STAVE, V. t. ; pret. Stove or Staved ; pp. id. 
 
 1. To break a hole in ; to break ; to burst ; prima- 
 rily, to thrust through with a staff ; as, to stai-e a 
 cask. JUar. Diet. 
 
 2. To push, as with a stafT; with off. 
 
 Th* condition of a servant tiavea him oJT to ii distance. South. 
 
 3. To delay ; as, to stave off the execution of a 
 project. 
 
 4. To pour out ; to suffer to be lost by breaking 
 the cask. 
 
 All lh« wine in tlie city hiu been ttavett. Saiviyt. 
 
 5. To furnish with staves or rundles. [JVot in 
 lisf.J Knollrs. 
 
 To gtave and tail; to part dogs by interposing a 
 staff and by pulling the tail. 
 STAVE, e.t. To fight with staves. [J^Tot in use.] 
 
 Iludibras. 
 
 STAVES, (stivz orHtivz,) n. An old plural of Staff. 
 
 Also, the regular plural of Ptavk. 
 STAW, V. 1. To be fixed or set. [JVof in use, or 
 
 hteal, ] 
 
 STAY, V. i. ; prrl. Staid, for Stated. [Ir. stAdam ; 
 Bp. esttty,a stay of a sh'p ; e.itada, stay, a remaining ; 
 tstiar, to Ht*tp ; Port, entada, abode ; estaes, stays of a 
 ship J entear, to stay, to prop; W. yslad, state ; ysla- 
 du, to stay or remain ; I'r. r^ai, etnyrr : I), slut, stut- 
 ten. This W'trd seems to he connected with state, 
 and if so, is a derivative from the root of I,, slo, to 
 stand. Dut from the orthography of this word in 
 thi' Irish, Hpanisli, and PortugiK se, and of slrii, the 
 preterit of slo, in Latin, I am led to believe the ele- 
 mentary word was stad or stat. The sense is, to set, 
 stop, or hold. It Is to be observed further, that stay 
 
 STA 
 
 may be easily deduced from the G. and D. sta^, a 
 stay ; stag-segel, sLty-sail ; \V. tairu, to stop.] 
 
 1. To remain ; to continue in a place ; to abide for 
 any indefinite time. Do you stay here, while I go to 
 the next house ; slay here a week ; we staid at the 
 Hotel Montmorenci, in Paris. 
 
 Slay, 1 command you ; stay and hear me first. Dryden. 
 
 2. To continue in a slate. 
 
 Tlie flames augment, and stay 
 
 At their full hi^lit, then languish to decay. Dryden. 
 
 3. To wait ; to attend ; to forbear to act. 
 
 I stay for Tiirnus. Dryden. 
 Would ye stay for them from having husbands? — Ruth i. 
 
 4. To slo|i ; to stand still. 
 
 She would command the hasty sun to slay. Spenser. 
 
 5. To dwell. 
 
 I must stay a little on one action. Dryden. 
 
 6. To rest ; to rely ; to confide in ; to trust. 
 Because ye despise tliis word, and trust in oppression, and stay 
 
 thereon. — Is. xix. 
 
 STAY, r. t. ; pret. and pp. Staid, for Stated. 
 
 1. To stop ; to hold from proceeding ; to withhold ; 
 to restrain. 
 
 All that may stay the mind from thinking that true which they 
 
 h-'iirtily wish wer^ talse. Hooker. 
 To stay tli''se sudden gusta of p.a£sion. Rowe. 
 
 2. To delay ; to obstruct ; to hinder from pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 Your sliips are etfud at Venice. Shale. 
 1 was willing to stay niy reader on an argument that appeared 
 to me to be new. Locke. 
 
 3. To keep from departure ; as, you might have 
 staid me here. Dryden. 
 
 4. To stop from motion or falling ; to prop; to hold 
 up ; to supiKjrt. 
 
 Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands. — Ex. xvii. 
 
 Sallows atul reeds lor vineyards useful found 
 
 To stay thy vines. Dryden. 
 
 5. To support from sinking ; to sustain with 
 strength ; as, to take a luncheon to stay the stomach. 
 
 STAY, 71. Continuance in a place j abode for a time 
 indefinite ; as, you make a short stay in this city. 
 Embrace the hero, and his stay implore. Waller. 
 
 2. ' Stand ; stop ; cessation of motion or progres- 
 sion. 
 
 AlfaitB of state seemed rather to sUnd at a stay. Hayward, 
 [But in this sense we now use stand; to be at a 
 stand.] 
 
 3. Stop ; obstruction ; hinderance from progress. 
 
 Grieved with each step, tormented with each stay. Fhir/ax, 
 
 4. Restraint of passion ; moderation ; caution ; 
 steadiness ; sobriety. 
 
 With prudent sMy, he long deferred 
 The rough contention. [06s. J Philips, 
 
 5. A fixed state, 
 
 Alas I what s'.ay is there in human state ! Dryden. 
 
 6. Prop; support, 
 serve as so many stays for their viites. Addison. 
 
 My only strengtli and slay 1 
 The f.ord is my slay. — Ps. iviii. 
 
 AlUlon 
 
 The stay and the staff ; the means of supporting and 
 preserving life. Is. iii. 
 
 7. Steadiness of conduct. Todd. 
 
 8. In tlie rigtrinir of a ship, a large, strong rope, 
 employed to support the mast, by being extended 
 from its upper end toward the stem of the ship. 
 The /urc-.s(ui/ reaches from the fore-mast head toward 
 the bowsprit end ; the main-stay extends to the ship's 
 stem ; the mizien-stay is stretched to a collar on the 
 mainmast, above the quarter-deck, &c. JUar. Diet. 
 
 Stays, in seamanship, implies the operation of going 
 about or changing the course of u ship, with a 
 shifting of the sails. 
 
 To be in .stays, is to lie with the head to the wind, 
 and the sails so arranged as to check lier progress. 
 
 To miss stays; to fall in the attempt to go about. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 STAY'BD, (stade,) pp. or a. Staid ; fixed ; settled ; 
 sober. It is now written Staid, which see. 
 
 STAY'KD-LY, (9tSde'le,)flrfii. Composedly; gravely; 
 moderately; prudently; soberly. [Little used.] 
 
 STAY'i?;i)-NESS, (stade'ness,) n. Moderation ; grav- 
 ity ; sobriety; prudence. [See Staidness.] 
 2. Solidity; weight. {Ltttle used.] Camden. 
 
 STAY'ER, 71. One that stops or restrains; one who 
 upholds or supports ; that which props. 
 
 STA V'-L.^(,"E, 71. A lace for fastening the bodice in 
 female ilress. Sioift. 
 
 STA Y' LESS, (1. Without stop or delay. [Utile u.ieJ.] 
 
 STAY'-MAK-ER, 71. One whose occupation is to make 
 stays. Spenser. 
 
 STAVs, 71. pi. A bodice; a kind of waistcoat stiff- 
 ened with whalebone or other thing, worn by fe- 
 males. Gay. 
 
 2. Stays, of a ship. [See Stat.] 
 
 3. Station ; fixed anchorage. Sidney. 
 
 4. Any support ; that which keeps another ex- 
 tended. 
 
 Wpnven, stretch your stays upon the weft. Dryden. 
 
 STE 
 
 STAY'-SAIL, 71. [sfay and saif.] Any sail extended 
 on a stay. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STAY'-TACK-LE, (-tak'l,) 71. [stay and tackle.] A 
 large tackle attached to the main-stay by means of a 
 pendant, and used to hoist heavy bodies, as boats, 
 butts of water, and the like. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STEAD, 71. [Cioth. stad.^; Sax. and Dan. sted; G. 
 statt ; D. stede. See Stat.] 
 
 1. Place, in general. 
 
 Fly this fearful stead. Spenser. 
 [In this sense not 2tsed.] 
 
 2. Place or room which another had or might have, 
 noting substitution, replacing, or filling the place of 
 another ; as, David died, and Solomon reigned in his 
 
 stead. 
 
 God hath appointed me another seed in stead of Abel, whom 
 Cain slew. — Oen. iv. 
 
 3. The frame on which a bed is laid. 
 
 Swallow the feet, the borders, and the stsad. Drydsn. 
 [But we never use this word by itself in this sense. 
 We always use Bedstead.] 
 
 7'o stand in stead ; to be of use or great advantage. 
 
 The smallest act of charily shall stand us in great stead. 
 
 AUerbury, 
 
 STEAD, STED, in names of places distant from a river 
 or the sea, signifies place, as above ; but in names of 
 places situated on a river or harbor, it is from Sax. 
 stathe, border, bank, shore. Both words, perhaps, 
 are from one root. 
 
 STEAD, (sted,) u. f. To help; to support; to assist ; 
 as, it nothing .tfeads us. [Obs.] Shak. 
 2. To fill the place of another. [Obs.] SItak. 
 
 STEAD'FAST, a. [stead and fast.] Fast fixed ; 
 firm ; firmly fixed or established ; as, the steadfast 
 globe of earth. Spenser. 
 
 2. Constant ; firm ; resolute ; not fickle or wav- 
 ering. 
 
 Abide steadfast to thy neighbor in the time of his trouble. 
 
 Ecclus. 
 
 Him resist, etsad/ast in the faith. — 1 Pel. v. 
 
 3. Steady ; as, steadfast sight. Dryden. 
 STEAD'FAST-LY, (sted'fast-le,) adv. Firmly ; with 
 
 constancy or steadiness of mind. 
 
 Ste.vi/ast!y lielieve that whatever God has reveal«d is infallibly 
 true. Walce. 
 
 STEAD'FAST-NESS, (sted'fast-,) n. Firmness of 
 standing ; fixedness in place. 
 
 2. Firmness of mind or purpose ; fixedness in 
 principle ; constancy : resolution ; as, the steadfast- 
 ness of faith. He sldhered to his opinions with steadi- 
 fastness. 
 
 STEAD'l-LY, (sted'de-le,) adv. With firmness of 
 standing or posititm ; without tottering, shaking, or 
 leaning. He kept his arm steadily directed to the 
 object. 
 
 2. Without wavering, inconstancy, or irregularity; 
 without deviating. He steadily pursues his studies. 
 STEAD'I-NESS, (sted'de-ness,)"7i. Firmness of stand- 
 ing or position ; a st;Ueof being not tottering or easi- 
 ly moved or shaken. A man stands with steadiness ; 
 he walks with steadiness. 
 
 2. Firmness of mind or purpose; constancy; res- 
 olution. We say, a man has steadiness of mind, 
 steadiness in opinion, steadiness in the pursuit of 
 objects. 
 
 3. Consistent, uniform conduct. 
 
 Steadiness is a point of prudence as well as of courage. 
 
 VEslrzaigs. 
 
 STEAD'Y, (sted'de,) a. [Sax. stedig.] 
 
 1. Firm in standing or position ; fixed ; not totter- 
 ing or shaking ; applicable to any object. 
 
 2. Constant in mind, purpose, or pursuit ; not 
 fickle, changeable, or wavering ; not easily moved 
 or persuaded to alter a purpose ; as, a man steady in 
 his principles, steady in his purpose, steady in the 
 pursuit of an object, steady in his application to 
 business. 
 
 3. Regular ; constant ; undeviating ; uniform ; as, 
 the steady course of the sun. Steer the ship a steady 
 course. A large river runs with a steady stream. 
 
 4. Regular ; not fluctuating; as, a steady breeze of 
 wind. 
 
 STEAD'Y, (sted'de,) »). t. To hold or keep from 
 shaking, reeling, or falling; to support ; to make or 
 keep firm. Steady my hanti. 
 
 STEAK, (stake,) m. [Dan. steeg, steg, a piece of roast 
 meat ; sieger, to roast or dress by the fire, to broil, to 
 fry ; Sw. stek, a steak ; steka, to roast or broil ; G. 
 stitek, a piece,] 
 
 A slice of beef, pork, venison, fcc, broiled or cut 
 for broiling. 
 
 STicAL, II. f. ; ;<rf(. Stole : pp. Stolen, Stole. [Sax. 
 .Italian, stclan ; (i. stehlen ; D. strrlen; Dan. stieter; 
 Sw. .ilidla ; Ir. tiallam ; probably from the root of L. 
 lollo, to take, to lift.] 
 
 1. To take and carry away feloniously, as the per- 
 sonal goods of another. To constitute stealing or 
 theft, the taking must be felonious, that is, with an 
 intent to take what belongs to another, and without 
 his consent. Blaekslont. 
 \.''l lilm that stale, ettat 00 more. — Gph. Iv. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fi^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRBV. — PINE. MARINE. BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, W(?LF, BQQK.— 
 
i 
 
 STE 
 
 STE 
 
 STE 
 
 2. To withdraw or convey williout notice, or clan- 
 destinely. 
 
 They couKt int>iiiuatc aiul steal Ihemsetvcs under the same by 
 iulmiteiyu. Spenser. 
 
 3. To |;ain or win by address or gradual and im- 
 perceptible means. 
 
 Vuriety of o^ixu has n tt'niU>ncy to steal away the mind from its 
 
 st> Mdy piintiit of any suhl-'ct. Watts. 
 Su Ahaaloni stulc Ihi; hoarls of the men of Ismel. — 2 Sarii. xv. 
 
 STEAL, t>. I. To withdraw or iM-s • privily ; to slip 
 in, along, or .away, unpcrceived 
 
 Fixed of mind to fiy all company, one niglit she stole nwny. 
 
 •SW/iry. 
 
 From whom you now must steal and lake no let we. SliaK. 
 
 A soil and solenm breathiiif^ sound 
 
 Kus'' like a steam of lich dialilled perfumes. 
 
 And stole upon the air. Milton. 
 
 2. To practice theft; to take felonioii.sly \lo stents 
 for a livelihood. 
 
 Thou shall not steal. — Ex. xx. 
 STEAL, n. A hantllc. ft^ee Stele.] 
 STkAL'ER, n. One that steals ; a thief. 
 S'I'ic.XL'ING, ppr. Taking the goods of another fe- 
 loniously ; withdrawing imperceptihly ; gaining grad- 
 ually. 
 
 STkAL'ING-LY, nr/r. Slily ; privately, or by an in- 
 visible motion. [Little usr//.] Siitini. 
 STEALTH, (stelth,) h. The act of stealing ; theft. 
 Tlie owqer pn>vcih Ih'i stealth to have U-cii coniinitted on him by 
 such an outlaw. Spenser. 
 
 9. The thing stolen ; as, cabins that are dens to 
 cover .<tca/tA. [JVoi i'h ] Ralarh, 
 
 ;i. Secret act ; clandestine practice ; means unpcr- 
 ceived employed to gain an object ; way or manner 
 not perceived ; used in a good or bad sense. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Do pood by stealth, and blusli to find it (!»ine. 
 The monarch, lilind.-d widi desire of weallli. 
 With steef invades the brother's life by stea!th. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 STEALTH'FIJL, (stelth'-,) a. Given to stealth. 
 STE ALTII'Fi)I^LY, adu. In a .steallhfiil manner. 
 STEALTH'Ft'L-NESS, n. State of being stealtlilul. 
 STEALTIl'I-LY, wiv. By stealth. 
 STE.VLTH'Y, (stelth'e,) a. Done by stealth; clan 
 destinely ; unperceivciJ. 
 
 Now witherx'd Murder, with his stealthy pace, 
 Moves like a ghost. 
 
 STf.AJI, (steem,) n. [Sax. steam, .item ; D. stoom.] 
 
 1. The vapor of water; or the ela.stic, aeriform 
 fluid generated by heating wati:r to the boiling [loiiit. 
 When produced under the common atmcispluric 
 pressure, its elasticity is equivalent to the pressure 
 of the atinosphtTe, and it is called Low Steam ; btit 
 when heated in a conliiied state, its elastic force is 
 rapidly augmented, and it is Ihcn eall.d Hich 
 Steam. On the apjilicutitrn of cttld, stenm iii'itaiilly 
 returns to the state cf water, and thus forms a sud- 
 den vacuum. From this prop rty, and from the 
 facility with which an elastic forci' is generated by 
 means of steam, this ctmstitiites a mechanical agent 
 at once the most powerful and the most manageable, 
 as is seen in the vast and multiplied uses of the steam 
 ensine. ^ 
 
 Steam is invisible, and is to be distinguished from 
 the cloud or mist whieh it forms in the air, that 
 being water in a minute state of division, resulting 
 from the condensation of steam. Olmsted. 
 
 2. In popular use, the mist ftirmcd by condensed 
 vapor. 
 
 STEAM, V. i. To rise or p.iss off in vapor by means 
 of heat ; to fume. 
 
 Ix'l the crude humors dance 
 In heated brass, sttaming with fire intense. PhVips. 
 
 2. To send oil" visible vapor. 
 
 Ye mists that ris-- fruin steaming 1 ike. Alilton. 
 
 3. To pass off in visible vapor. 
 
 The dissolvcti amtwr — steamed away into the nir. Boyle. 
 
 STeAM, c. f. To e.xhale; to evaporate. [ATii muc'i 
 used,] S/»r/ivfr. 
 
 2. To expose to steam ; to apply steam to for soft- 
 ening, dressing, or preparinz; as, to steam cloth; to 
 ."tram potatoes instead of boiling them ; to steam footi 
 fur raltle. 
 
 S'l K AM'-RoAT, ) n. A ves.sel propelled through 
 
 STk AM'-VES-SEL, ( the water bv steam. 
 
 S ri.A.M'-BOlL-EK, ii. A boiler for steaming food 
 
 fc.r callle. Knctje, 
 S'l'KA.M'-eXR, 71. A locomotive car nsed on rail- 
 
 rtiatls. 
 
 STeA.M'-CAR RIACE, Ji. A carriage upon wheels 
 moved by steam on common roads. Brande. 
 
 STeA.M'ED, pp. Exposed to steam ; cooked or dressed 
 bv steam. 
 
 STeA.M'-EN-GINE, n. An engine worked by steam. 
 A steam-engine is high-pressure, which uses high 
 Eteain,and /oic-prMiurc, which uses low steam. [See 
 
 A vessel propelled by steam ; a steom- 
 
 Steam.I 
 STKAM'ER, 
 ship. 
 
 2, A vessel in which articles are subjected to the 
 action of sietvm, as in washing or cookery. 
 STeA.M'-GUN, n. A machine or contrivance by 
 
 which balls, or other projectiles, may be driven by 
 tile force of steam 
 STE.'^.M'ING, ppr. Exposing to steam ; cooking -or 
 dressing by steam ; prejiaring for cattle by steam, as 
 roots. 
 
 ST£AM'-PACK-ET, n. A packet or vessel propelled 
 bv steam. 
 
 STk.-VM'-PIPE, 71. The pipe communicating with 
 the upper p.irt of the boiler, through which the 
 steam passes in its wa}- to the c) linder. 
 
 STk.AM'-SIIIP, 71. A ship propelled by steam. 
 
 S'I'K.\M'-TUG, 71. A steam-vessel used in towing 
 ships. England. 
 
 STEAM'-VVmS-TLE, i, .-iwis-I,) n. A pipe alia, hed 
 to a steam engine or locomotive, through wliicli 
 steam is rapidly discharged, producing a loud, shrill 
 whistle, which serves as a warning or caution. 
 
 STEAN, for Stone. [jVb( I'/i w.sr.] [Bneliunnn, 
 
 STE-.AR'ie, a. I'eitainiiig to .stearin. The stearic 
 acid is produced bv the action of alkalies on stearin. 
 
 STE'AR-IN, H. [C'r. orato, suet.l 
 
 One of the proximate principb s of animal fat, as 
 lard, tallow, \ c. The various kinds of animal fat 
 commonly consist of two substances principally, 
 viz., .itcarin aiul clain ; of which the former is solid 
 and the latter liipiid. In particular instances, several 
 otlur dilierent and distinct proximate principles arc 
 fiiunil ill animal fats. Olmsted. 
 
 STE'A-TITE, II. IGr. Tcan, renrot, fat.] 
 
 A compact rock of a granular texture and very 
 soapy feel, prt^senting urayish-green and brown 
 shades. It is a variety of talc, and consists of silica 
 and magnesia. It forms extensive beds, and is quar- 
 ried for fireplaces and for coarse utensils. Pot- 
 stone, Lardstu.ne, Soapstone, are other names of 
 the species. 
 
 Another allied mineral called by this name, and 
 also Saponite, has a white or grayish color, impal- 
 pable texture, and the consistence of butter. It con- 
 tains 12 to 18 per cent, of water. It occurs at Lizard 
 Point, t'ornwall, and elsewhere. Dam. 
 
 STE-A-TlT'ie, a. Pertaining to soapstone; of the 
 nature of steatite, or resembling iL 
 
 STE-.\T'0-CELE, 11. [Ur. r«up, fat, and Kri\r„ a 
 tumiir.] 
 
 A tumor of the scrotum, containing fat. Cijc. 
 STE-A-To'iMA, 71. [Gr.] A lupia or wen,-i. c., 
 an encysted tumor, containing matter like suet. 
 
 Coxe. 
 
 STE-A-To'JIA-TOUS, a. Of the nature of a ste- 
 
 atoma. llosack. 
 STED, STED'FAST. See Stead. 
 STEE, 71. A ladder. [JVot in use.] 
 STEED, 71. [Sax. .stedc. du. .itiid, a stone-horse.] 
 A horse, or a horse for state or war. ['I'his wortl 
 is not mtich used in common discourse. It is used 
 in poetry and descriptive prose, and is elegant.] 
 stout are our men, and warlike are our stnds. Waller. 
 
 STEEK'AN, 71. In Holland, a wine measure of about 
 
 five gallons. lVilcocke\i Diet. 
 
 STEEL. 71. [Sax. stijle ; D. staal ; G. stalil ; Dan. slaal ; 
 
 Sw. stal ; probably from setting, fixing, h.ardncss ; G. 
 stcllen.] 
 
 1. Iron combined with a small but definite portion of 
 carbon. It is called in chemistry Cabiu'ret of Iron. 
 It is used in making instriiiiienis, and particularly 
 useful as the material of edged tools. Dr. Thomas 
 Thomson considers that steef is most probably com- 
 posed of 20 equivalents of iron and 1 equivalent of 
 carbon. 
 
 After relaxing, steel strengthens the solids. ArbutJtnot. 
 9. FiiTuraticebj, weapons ; particularly, offi;nsive 
 weapons, swords, spears, and the like. 
 
 Bnive Macbeth with his bmndished suel. Sliak. 
 
 While d<)uLun^ dius he stood. 
 Received the steel bathed in his b.xjlhcr's blood. Dry\Un. 
 
 3. Extreme hartliies? ; as, hesds or hearts of steel. 
 STEEL, a. Made of steel ; as, a steel plate or 
 buckle. 
 
 STBEL, 7-. (. To overlay, point, or edge with steel ; 
 as, to steel the point of a sword ; to steel a razor ; to 
 steel an ax. 
 
 2. To make hard or extremely hard. 
 
 O God of battles, steel my soldi-'re* hearts. 
 Li.'s well sleeted with weighty ar^unieuls. 
 
 Shah. 
 
 3. To make hard ; to make insensible or obdurate ; 
 as, to sirel the heart against pily ; to steel the mind or 
 heart against reproof or admonition. 
 
 STEEL'-CLAD, a. Clad or armed with steel. 
 
 STEEL'KD, pp. Pointed or edged with steel ; hard- 
 ened ; made insensible. 
 
 STEEI/-GIRT, a. Girded with steel. Heman.^. 
 
 STEEL'-IIEART-ED, a. Having the heart hard as 
 steel. 
 
 STEEL'I-XESS, 71. [from steel ij.] Great hardness. 
 STEEL'I.N'G, ppr. Pointing or edging with steel ; 
 hardening; making insensible orunlteling. 
 
 Cli. Relig. Jlppeal. 
 STEEL'-PL.\T-ED, o. Pl.Hert with steel. 
 STEEI.'Y, a. .Made of steel ; consisting of steel. 
 
 Br>ach"d whh the steely point of ClitTor^i's lance. Shak. 
 Around bis shop the steely sparkles tlew. Gay. 
 
 2. Hard ; firm. 
 
 That she would uiiann her noble he-art of Uiul steely r..at^Laiiee 
 a;;uinfet tht sweet blows u( love. itiitiiey. 
 
 STEEL'YARD, 7i. [.iteel and yard.] The Roman 
 balance ; an instrument for weighing bodies, usually 
 consisting of a rod or bar markeil with notches, 
 designating the number of pounds anil ounces, and 
 a weight which is movable along this bar, and 
 which is made to balance the weight of the bmly by 
 being reinovi d at a [impi r distance frmn the fiilcniin. 
 The priiicipliM.f the steelyard is that of the lever; 
 where an i iiiiililiriiiiii is proiltit'ed, when the products 
 of tin- v.t-igiiis till opposite sid(-s into thfir rt---.pective 
 distances ttuii\ the fulcrum, are equal to one an- 
 other. Hence a li-ss weight is maile to indicate a 
 greater, by being removed to a greater distance from 
 the fulcrum. Sometimes the purpose is eficctcd by 
 means of a coiled spiral s|iring. 
 
 STEE.N', / H. A Vessel of clay or stone. [JVot in 
 
 STEAN, i use.] 
 
 STKi:.\'l.\G, j 71. ir\ architecture, the brick or stone 
 S'l'IcAN'l.N'G, j wall, or lining of a wall. Brande, 
 S'J'EK.N'KIRK, (-kurk,) 71. A cant term for a neck- 
 cloth. [AVf now in use.] 
 STEI'.P, a. [Sax. steap ; allied to stoop and dip.] 
 
 iMakiiig n large ancle with the plam- of the hori- 
 zon ; ascending or descending with great inclina- 
 tion ; precipitous; .as, a steep hill or mountain; a 
 strrp roof; a steep ascent ; a steep declivity. 
 STEEP, 71. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, 
 or ascent ; any elevated object which slopes with a 
 Large angle to the plane of the horizon ; a precipice. 
 \Ve had on each side rocks and mountains broken Into a thou, 
 s-iiid irregular steeps and prt-cipices. Adilison. 
 
 STEEP, p. f. (^Probably formed on the root of dip,] 
 To soak ill a litpiid ; tt) macerate ; to imbue ; to keep 
 any thing in a liquid till it has thoroughly imbibed 
 it, or till the liquor has extracted the essential quali- 
 ties of the substance. Thus cloth is steeped in lye or 
 other liquid in bleaching or dyeing. Hut plants and 
 drugs are steeped in water, wine, and the like, for 
 the purpose of tincturing the liquid with their qualities. 
 
 STEEP, n. Something that is steeped or used in steep- 
 ing ; a fertilizing litpiid for hastening the germina- 
 2. A ritnntl-hag. [/.uci/.] [tion of seeds. 
 
 STEEP'£I), (stecpt,) pp. Soaked ; macerated ; im- 
 bued. 
 
 STEEP'ER, 71. .\ vessel, vat, or cistern in which 
 things are stf-eped. Edwards, W. Indiej, 
 
 STEEP'I-.NESS, n. The st.-ite or qu.ality of being 
 steep. Iloaelt. " 
 
 STEEP'IN'G, ppr. Soaking; m.acerating. 
 
 STEE'PLE, (stee'pl,) n. [Sax. .Hrpd, slypel.] 
 
 A turret of a church, ending in a (Kiint ; a spire. 
 It diflers from a tower, which usually ends in a 
 square form, though the name is sometimes given to 
 a tower. The bell of a church is usually hung in 
 the steeple. 
 
 They, far from steeples and Uieir sacretl sound. DryUn. 
 
 STEE'PLE-OH.aSE, 71. A race between a number of 
 horsemen, to see which can first reach some tlistant 
 object (as a church steeple) in a straight course, or 
 one marked out within narrow limits 
 
 STEE'PLKD, (stee'pid,) a, Ftirnishe I with a stee- 
 ple ; aduriieil with steepb-s or towers. Fairfaz, 
 
 STEE'PI.E-llOUSE,n. A church. [J\«f in ««.] 
 
 STEEP'LY, adv. VVith steepness ; with precipitous 
 declivity. 
 
 STEEP'NESS, 71. The .state of being steep ; precipi- 
 tous declivity ; as, the steepness of a hill, a bank, or 
 a roof. Bacon, 
 
 STEEP'Y, a. Having a steep or precipitous declivity ; 
 as, .sterpy crags ; a poetical word. 
 
 No inorr, my Foats, shall 1 behold you climb 
 
 ii*rs. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 The sleepy cUt 
 STEER, 71. [Sax. stem-, styre ; D. stier.] 
 
 A young male of the ox kind or cummnn ox. It 
 is rendered in Dutch, a bull ; but ill the United 
 ."•"tales, this name is generally given to a castrated 
 taurine male from two to four years old. 
 
 With Koleinn pomp then sacrificed a steer. Dryden. 
 
 STEER, V. t. [Sax. stroran, to steer, to correct or 
 chide-, to discipline; G. .vfciirni, to hinder, restrain, 
 repress, to curb, to steer, to pilot, to aid, help, sii|v 
 port. The verb is connected with, or derivt-d from, 
 aleurr, a rudder, a helm, aid, help, subsidy, impost, 
 tax, contribution. D. sUcren, to steer, to send, and 
 stuur, a helm ; stuuren, to steer, to semi ; Dan. styrer, 
 to Eovern, direct, manage, steer, restrain, niodemte, 
 curb, stem, hinder; slyre, a helm, niddi r, or iller ; 
 slyr, moderation, a tax or assessment ; Sw. sly i, to 
 steer, to restrain; stijre, a rudder or helm; Ami. 
 stitr, id. ; Ir. ^fiiiram. VVe see the radical sense is, to 
 strain, variously applied, and this coincides with tlie 
 root of starch and stark i stiiTness being from stretch- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. To direct ; to govern ; particularly, to direct and 
 govern the course of a ship by the movemenla of the 
 helm. Hence, 
 
 2. To direct ; to guide ; to show the way or 
 course to. 
 
 That with R stafl* his feeble steps did sli^. Sptnttr. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 l36~ M M M M ~ Tm 
 
STE 
 
 STEER, V. i. To direct and soveiu a ship or otlier 
 vessel in its course. Formerly seamen ^tccrtd by tlie 
 stars ; they now slcer by tlie compass. 
 
 A ship — where tlie wind 
 Veera oft, a£ ofl so steers aiid shifts her sail. Milton. 
 
 2. To be directed and governed ; as, a ship steers 
 with ease. 
 
 3. To conduct one's self; to take or pursue a 
 course or way. 
 
 STEER, n. A rudder or helm. [JVo( in use.] 
 STEER'AGE, n. The act or practice of directing and 
 governing in a course ; as, the steerage of a ship. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 [In this scTise, T believe the 7cord is now little used.] 
 
 2. In scamcn^s language, the effort of a helm, or its 
 effect on the ship ; or the peculiar manner in which 
 an individuiU ship is affected by the liehn. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. In a ship, an apartment forward of the great 
 cabin, from which it is separated by a bulk-head or 
 partition, or an apartment in the fore part of a ship 
 for an inferior cl.iss of passengers. In sliips of war 
 it serves as a hall or antechamber to the great cabin. 
 
 Mtir. Diet. 
 
 4. The part of a ship where the tiller traverses. 
 
 JUiicyc. 
 
 5. Direction ; regulation. 
 
 He that hath the steerage of my course. [Little used.] ShaJc. 
 
 6. Regulation or management. 
 
 You raise the honor of the peerage, 
 
 Proud to attend you at the steerage. Suii/l. 
 
 7. That by which a course is directed. 
 
 Here he hong on high, 
 Tlie steerage of liis wiii^s. Dryden. 
 [Steerage, in the general sense of direction or man- 
 agement, is in popular use, but by no means an ele- 
 gant word. It is said, a young man, when he sets 
 out in life, makes batl steeraire ; but no good writer 
 would introduce the word into elegant writing.] 
 STEER' AGE-WAY, n. In seamrji's laiiirua/re, that 
 degree of progressive movement of a sliip, which 
 renders her governable by the helm. 
 STEER'SD, pp. Directed and governed in a course ; 
 
 guided ; conducted. 
 STEER'ER, n. One that steers; a pilot. [Little 
 ii.^ed.] 
 
 STEER'ING, ppr. Directing and governing in a 
 course, as a ship; guiding; conducting. 
 
 STEER'ING, n. The act or art of directing and gov- 
 erning a ship or other vessel in her course ; the act 
 of guiding or managing. 
 
 STEER'hNG-WHEEL, n. The wheel hy which the 
 rudder of a ship is turned and the ship is steered. 
 
 STEEU'LESS, a. Having no slecr or rudder. [JVol 
 in use.] Qotccr. 
 
 STEEKS'MAN, n. [steer and man.] One that steers ; 
 the hr Imsman of a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STEERS'MaTE, n. [steer ani mate.] One who steers ; 
 a pilot. [JVo( in itic] Miltun. 
 
 STEEVE, V. i. To make an angle with the horizon, 
 or with the line of a vessel's keel ; applied to the bow- 
 sprit. Totlen. 
 
 STEEV'ING, n. In seamen's laniruaff-e, the angle of 
 elevation which a shijj's bowsprit makes with the 
 horizon. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STEG, ;i. [Ice. stegge.] 
 
 A gander. [Local.] Jlalliwell. 
 
 STEG-A-NOG'RA-PIIIST, n. [Gr. trrcj-oK^t, secret, 
 and yfiiKjioi, to write.] 
 
 One who practices the art of writing in cipher. 
 
 jSailey. 
 
 STEG-A-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Supra.] The art of wri- 
 ting in ciphers, or characters which are not intelligi- 
 ble except to the persona who correspond with each 
 other. Bailey. 
 
 STEG'AN-O-PODS, n. pi. [Gr. aTcyavos, covered, 
 and jT'ivfj foot.] 
 
 A family of swimming birds with the four toes 
 connectetl by tile same web. 
 
 STEG-NOT'ie, a. [Gr. ureyvMrtK-if.] 
 
 Tending to render costive, or to diminish excre- 
 tions or discharges generally. 
 
 STEG-NOT'ie, n. A medicine which tends to pro- 
 duce costiveness ; one that diminishes excretions or 
 discbarges generally. 
 
 STkIN'IIEIL-ITE, 71. A blue mineral ; n varii-ty of 
 iolite. Cleaveland. 
 
 STk'LA, n. [Gr. .rrr/X^.] 
 
 In architecture, a small column without base or 
 capital. 
 
 RTP:^E, n. A Ktale or handle ; a stalk. [Ob.i.] 
 STEL'E-CIIITE, «. A fine kind ofstorax, in larger 
 
 pieces than the calainito. Cyc. 
 BTEK'ENE, n. [Gr. arriXii, a column.] 
 0>hiriinar. 
 
 BTEI/I.AK, (0. [\t.Ble.llareil,.slc.llaris,(rtMnsteU 
 S'1'EL'I.A-UY, I la, n star.; 
 
 1. Pertaining to ularii ; astral; as, stellar virtue; 
 itellar figure. Millon. (Ilanvillr. 
 
 Q. Hlarry ; full of ntnrs ; ict with staru ; an, stella- 
 ni regionn. 
 BTEI.'I.ATR, ( 
 BTEL'LA-TED, i 
 
 [L. slcUatu.1.] 
 
 STE 
 
 1. Resembling a star ; radiated. 
 
 2. In Jotu/iy, arranged in the form of a star; a term 
 used when several narrow, acute parts are in opposition 
 roitnd a comnron axis. Lindleu. 
 
 STEL-LA'TIO.\, n. [L. stella, a star.] 
 
 Radiation of light. [Au£ in use.] 
 STEL'LED, (steld,) a. Starry. [J\'ut in use.] Shak. 
 STEL-LER'l-DAN, n. A nanie of th.at family of echi- 
 nodernis of which the asterias or star-fish is the type. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 STEL-LIF'ER-OUS, o. [L. stella, a star, and fero, to 
 produce.] 
 
 Having or abounding with stars. 
 STEL'U-FORiM, a. [L. stella, star, and form.] 
 
 Like a star ; radiated. 
 STEL'LI-FV, !i. (. To turn into a star. [JVot in use.] 
 STELL'ION, (stel'yun,) 71. [L. stellio.] [Chaucer. 
 
 A newt. -'.^iiiswortk. 
 STELL'ION-ATE, n. [Fr.i(e«iOHa(, a cheating ; Low 
 L. stcllionatas.] 
 
 In law, the crime of selling a thing deceitfully for 
 what it is not ; as to sell that for one's own which 
 beloncs to another. [JVt/( in use.] Bacon. 
 STEL'LlTE, 71. [L. stella, a star.] 
 
 1. A fossil asterias, or star-fish. [Obs.] 
 
 2. A zeolitic mineral occurring in radiated acicular 
 crystals or fibers. Dana. 
 
 STEL'LU-LAR, a. Having the shape of little stars. 
 
 Humble. 
 
 STEL'O-eHITE, 7i. A name given to the osteocolla. 
 
 STE-LOG'RA-PHY, 71. [Gr. GrnXuypaipta ; arnXoi, a 
 pillar, and ypa<pw, to write.] 
 
 The art of writing or inscribing characters on pil- 
 lars. Stackh&use. 
 
 STEM, 7!. [Sax. stemn; G. stamm, stock, stem, race ; 
 D. and Sw. stam ; Dan. stamme ; Sans, stamma. The 
 Latin has stemma, in the sense of the stock of a fam- 
 ily or race. The primary sense is, to set, to fix.] 
 
 1. The principal body of a tree, shrub, or plant, of 
 any kind ; the main stock ; the firm part which sup- 
 ports the branches. 
 
 Alter they are sliot up thirty feet in length, they spread a very 
 
 larjfe top, having no hough or twig on tile stem. Italegh, 
 The lowering spring, with lavish rani, 
 
 Beats down the slender slcmand bearded grain. Dryden. 
 
 2. The peduncle of the fructification, or the pedi- 
 cle of a flower ; that which supports the flower or 
 the fruit of a plant ; the petiole, or leaf-stem. 
 
 3. The stock of a family ; a race or generation of 
 progenitors ; as, a noble stem. MtUon. 
 
 Learn well their lineage and their ancient sljem. Ticket. 
 
 4. Progeny ; branch of a family. 
 
 This is a ttxm 
 Of that victorious stocli. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 5. In a ship, a circular piece of timber to which the 
 two sides of a ship are united at the fore end. The 
 lower end of it is scarfed to the keel, and the bow- 
 sprit rests upon its upper end. [D. slcven.] 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 6. In music, the short, perpendicular line added to 
 the body of a note. 
 
 From stem to stem, is from one end of the ship to 
 the other, or through the whole length. 
 STEi\I, V. t. To oppose, or resist, as a current ; or to 
 make progress against a current. We say, the ship 
 was not able with all her sails to stem the tide. 
 
 They stem the flood with their erected breasta. Denham. 
 
 2. To stop; to check; as a stream or moving 
 force. 
 
 At length Erasmus, that great Injured name, 
 Stemmed the wild torrent of a barb.irons age, 
 And drove those holy Vandals olT the stage. Pope. 
 
 STEINI'-GLXSP-ING, a. Embracing the stem with its 
 base ; aiijplexicaul ; as a leaf or petiole. Martyn. 
 
 STEM'-Lr.AF, 71. A leaf growing from the stem. 
 
 STE.M'LE.'^S, a. Having no stem. [Miirlijn. 
 
 ST EM 'MAT), pp. fippiised, as a current ; stopped. 
 
 K'l'E.M'.MING, ppr. Opposing, as a stream ; stopping. 
 
 STEM'l'LE, (stein'pl,) 71. In mining, a cross-jjar of 
 wood in a shaft. Encyc. 
 
 STENCH, 71. [Sax. stenc, steneg. See Stink.] 
 
 An ill smcU ; offensive odor. Bacon. 
 
 STENCH, V. t. To cause to emit a hateful smell. [J^ot 
 in use.] M irtimer. 
 
 9. To stanch ; to stop. [JVot in use.] llarrnj. 
 
 STE.MCH'Y, o. Having an offensive smell. [M in 
 7i\r.] J)yrr. 
 
 STEN'CIL, 71. A piece of thin leather or oil cloth, 
 used in painting on walls, to imitate paper. The 
 pattern is cut out of tiie leather, &c., wliich is then 
 laid ll.'it on the wall, and the color brushed over it. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 STEN'CIL, V. I. To paint or color in figures with 
 stencils. Encyc. 
 
 2. To paint by having the pattern cut out of a thin 
 material, and applied to the surface to be painted ; 
 the brush being applied to the stencil permits the in- 
 terstices nloni^ to be painted. 
 
 STKN-E-O-HAII'RH.s, «, [Gr. t7r;i'it, narrow, strait, 
 and oavpn, a li/.ard.] 
 
 A genus of saurians, whoso fossil remains only are 
 found. 
 
 STE 
 
 STE-NOG'RA-PHER, 71. [Gr. arivoi, close, narrow, 
 and ) patpiti, to write.] 
 
 One who is skilled in the art of short-hand wri- 
 ting. 
 
 STEN-0-GRAPH'ie, ) a. [Supra.] Pertaining to 
 
 STE.V O-GRAPll'ie-AL, j the art of writing in short- 
 hand ; expressing in characters or short-hand. 
 
 STE-NOG'RA-PHV, 71. [Supra.] The art of writing 
 in short-hand, by using abbreviations or characters 
 for whole words. Encyc. 
 
 STENT, 71. An allotted portion ; same as Stint. 
 
 Halliweil. 
 
 [Used in various dialects in England, and still heard 
 in .,^nteriea.] 
 STEN'TOR, 11. [Gr. XrevTwp.] 
 
 A herald, in Homer, having a very loud voice; 
 hence, anv person having a powerful voice. 
 STEN-To'RI-AN, a. [(torn Stentor.] Extremely loud ; 
 as, a stentorian voice. 
 
 2. Able to utter a very loud sound ; as, stentorian 
 lungs. 
 
 S'l'EN-TO-RO-PHON'I€, a. [From Stentor, a herald 
 in Homer, whose voice was as loud as that of fifty 
 other men, and Gr. (Atoi'ij, voice.] 
 Speaking or sounding very loud. 
 
 Of this stentorophoTtic horn of Alexander there is a figure pre- 
 served in ttie Vatican. Derham. 
 
 STEP, V. i. [Sax. stmppan, steppan ; D. stappen ; Gr. 
 aT€i0uj. Qu. Russ. stopa, the foot. The sense is, to 
 set, as the foot, or more probably to open or part, to 
 stretch or extend.] 
 
 1. To move the foot ; to advance or recede by a 
 movement of the foot or feet ; as, to step forward, or 
 to step backward. 
 
 2. To go ; to walk a little distance ; as, to step to 
 one of the neighbors. 
 
 3. To walk gravely, slowly, or resolutely. 
 
 Home the swain retreats. 
 His flock heforo him stepping to tile fold. Thomson. 
 
 To .'itep forth ; to move or come forth. Cowley. 
 
 To step aside ; to walk to a little distance ; to retire 
 from company. 
 
 To step in, or into ; to walk or advance into a place 
 or state ; or to advance suddenly in. ,/o/in v. 
 
 2. To enter for a short time. 1 just stepped into 
 the house. 
 
 3. To obtain possession without trouble; to enter 
 upon suddenly ; as, to step into an estate. 
 
 To step bach; to move mentally ; to carry the mind 
 back. 
 
 They are stepping almost tliree thousand years Ixtck into the 
 remotest antiquity. Pope. 
 
 STEP, V. t. To set, as the foot. 
 
 2. To fix the foot of a mast in its step ; to erect. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 STEP, 71. [Sax. steep ; D. .^tap ; G. stnfe ; W. tap, a 
 ledge ; tapinw, to form a step or ledge.] 
 
 1. A pace ; an advance or movement made by one 
 remov.al of tlie foot. 
 
 2. One remove in ascending or descending; a 
 stair. 
 
 The breadth of every single step or stair should be never less 
 than one foot. U'oIIon. 
 
 3. The space passed by the foot in walking or run- 
 ning. The step of one foot is generally about throe 
 feet ; it may be more or less. 
 
 4. A small space or distance. Let us go to the gar- 
 dens ; it is but a step. 
 
 5. The distance between the feet in walking or 
 running. 
 
 6. Graiiation ; degree. We advance in improve- 
 ment step by step, or by steps. 
 
 7. Progression ; act of advancing. 
 
 To derive two or three general principles of motion from phe- 
 nomena, and afterward tell us how the properties and actions 
 of all corporeal things follow from those manifest nrinciples, 
 wonlil be a great step in philosophy. i^ewton. 
 
 8. Footstep; printorimpressionof the foot ; track. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 9. Gait ; manner of walking. The approat:li of a 
 man is often known by his step. 
 
 10. Proceeding ; measure ; action. 
 
 The reputation ol a man depends on the first steps he makes in 
 tlie world. Pope. 
 
 11. The round of a ladder. 
 
 12. Steps, in the plural ; walk ; passage. 
 Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree 
 
 In this deep forest. l>ry,len. 
 
 13. The bottom support on which the lower end 
 of a mast, or of an upright shaft or wheel, rests. 
 
 Haldrman. 
 
 STEP [Sax. .■strop, from stepan, to deprivel is prefixed 
 
 to C( rtain words to express a relation by nuirriage. 
 
 Horne Tooke supposes step, in step father, to bo a 
 
 corrupt spelling for sted-falher, a father insleail of thi! 
 
 true father. Certain it is that, in Danish, .-stcd is the 
 
 woril us(!d instead of step. 
 STEl"-l!KflTll-EK,(-briith-< r,) n. A brother-in-law, 
 
 or by marriage. 
 STICP'-(;ilIM), 71. [step nnt\ child.] A sim-in-law or 
 
 daiigbler-in-law, {a chiltl ileprivetl of its parent.) 
 STEP'-DA.ME, 71. A mother by marriage, (the mother 
 
 of an orphan or one deprived.) 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. — 
 
 1082 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 STE 
 
 STKP'-DAUGH-TKR, (-(law-ti r,) ii. A ilausjliter by 
 iimrriage, (an (ii pli;iri daii;.'liti r.) 
 
 STi;i"-FA-'riIEl!, n. A liitliir iii-law ; a lather by 
 marriage only ; (tlie father of an orphan.) 
 
 STEP'-MO'f II-KR, ( inuth-er,) «. A niotlier by mar- 
 riage only ; a niother-in-Uiw ; (the inothc-r of an or- 
 phan.) 
 
 STKP'-t^IS-TEU, n. A sister- in-laiv, or by marriage, 
 (an (ir|>lian sister.) 
 
 STIil"-i?0.\, ( sun,) n. A son-in-law ; an orphan son. 
 [In the foregoing' e.vplication of strp, I have fol- 
 lowed l.yc-. The I), anil (J. write siirf, and the 
 Swedes bi-foro the name ; a word which does 
 not appear to he connected with any verb signifying 
 to bereave, and the word is not without some dilii- 
 
 " culties. I have given the explanation which appears 
 to be most probably correct. If the radical sense of 
 step, a pace, is to part or open, the word coincides 
 with Sax. sUpan, to deprive, and in the compounds 
 above, gtrp may iini>Iy removal or distance.] 
 
 STKl'I'K, (step,) n. The Russian name given to the 
 vast plains of Asia, corresponding to the prairies in 
 North America. Bramlc, 
 
 [This sense of the Russian word is naturally 
 dedncible from Sax. ulepmi, to deprive. Sec Step.] 
 
 STEP'PKD, (slept,) pp. Set; placed; erected; fi.\ea 
 in its step, as a mast. 
 
 STKP'PING, ppr. Moving, or advancing by a move- 
 ment of the foot or feet ; placing ; fixing or erect- 
 ing, as a mast. 
 
 STI'.P'PING, ji. The act of walking or running by 
 steps. 
 
 STEP'PING-SToNE, n. A stone to raise the feet 
 above the dirt and mud in walking. Swift. 
 
 2. Hence, a means of progress or furtlicr advance- 
 ment. Smart. 
 
 STEP'-SToNK, n. .\ stone laid before a door as a 
 stair to rise on in entering the house. 
 
 STER, in composition, is from the Sax. stcora, a di- 
 rector. (See Steek.) It seems primarily to have sig- 
 nified chief, principal, or director, as in the L. t/ii'h- 
 istcr, chief servant ; but in other words, as in spinster, 
 we do not recognize the sense of chief, but merely 
 that of a person who carries on the business of spin- 
 ning. 
 
 STER-eO-R.\'CEOUS, ( shus,) a. [L. stcrcorcas, ster- 
 corosus, from stercus, dung.] 
 Pertaining to dung, or partaking of its nature. 
 
 jjrbntknot. 
 
 RTER-CO-Ra'RI-AN, ) rr . ,i„„„ i 
 
 STER'eO-RA-NIST, i [I- -'f""^- dung.] 
 
 In ecclesia.'ilical histonj, a nickname used in the 
 fifth and sixth centuries, and denoting one who held 
 that the consecrated elements in the eucharist un- 
 dergo the process of digestion, so that the divine 
 body, if materially present, must be changed into 
 the feral substance. ■ Mnrdoek. 
 
 STER'€O RA-RY, n. A place properly secured from 
 the weather for containing dung. 
 
 STER-eO-R.\'TION, n. [L. sirrcoratio.] 
 
 The act of manuring with dung. Bacon. Raii. 
 
 STER-Co'Rl-AN-IS.M, n. In church histonj, the doc- 
 trine that the host is liable to digestion. 
 
 STf.RE, u. In the neio French sijstem of measures, the 
 unit for solid measure, equal to a cubic meter. 
 
 Lnnier. 
 
 STE-RE-0-GR.\PH'ie, ) a. [(mm sterrosrraplni.] 
 STE-RE-O GRAPH'ie-AL, j Made or done accord- 
 ing 10 the rules of stereography ; delineated on a 
 plane ; as, a stertographic chart of the earth. 
 Stcrcoarnphic projection. See Projection. 
 STE-RE-O-GRAPlI'ie-AL-LY, ade. By delineation 
 on a plane. 
 
 STE-RE-OG'RA-PIIY, n. [Gr. Tiptos, firm, and 
 ) piiihiti, to write.] 
 
 Tne art of delineating the forms of solid bodies 
 on a plane ; a branch of solid geometry which shows 
 the construction of all solids which are regularly de- 
 fined. Knetfc. 
 
 ST&RE-OM'E-TER, ?i. [Gr. artocns, solid, and /itr- 
 ("""•] 
 
 An instrument for determining the specific gravity 
 of liquid bodies, porous bodies, and powders, as well 
 as solids. Encyc. Brit. 
 
 srr,-lu:-0-MET'Rie-AL, a. [See Ptereometrt.] 
 PiTtaining to or performed by stereometry. 
 
 STE-RE-O .M'E-TRY, n. [Gr. rc."£of, firm, fixed, and 
 ptTocu, to measure.] 
 
 The art of measuring solid bodies, and find'og 
 their solid contents. Jfarru 
 
 STE-RE-O-TOM'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to or per- 
 formed bv stereotomy. 
 
 STE-RE-Ot'O-MY, n. [Gr. r'pcos, fixed, and TCftvoi, 
 to cut.] 
 
 The science or art of cutting solids into certain 
 figures or sections, as arches, &c. Encyc. 
 STii'RE-O-TVPE, n. [Gr. rc,"£"S, fixed, and rvvjs, 
 type, form.] 
 
 1. Literalhj, a fixed metal type ; hence, a plate of 
 fixed or solid metallic types for printing books. 
 Thus, we say, a book is printed on stereotype, or 
 tn stereotype. In the latter use, the word seems 
 rather to signify the workmanship or manner of 
 printing, than the plate. 
 
 2. The art of making plates of fixed metallic types, 
 or of executing wt»rk on sucli plates. 
 STr:'RE-0-T?PE, a. Pertaining tg fixed metallic 
 types. 
 
 2. Uone on fixed metallic types, or plates of fixed 
 
 types ; as, stereotype work ; stereotype printing ; u 
 
 stereoti/])c copy of iiie IJihIe. 
 STk'RF.-U-TS'PE, v. t. To make fixed metallic types 
 
 or plates of type metal, corresponding with the 
 
 words and letters of a bonk ; to compose a book in 
 
 fixed types; as, to stereotype the New Testament ; 
 
 certain societies have stercuti/ped the Hiblc. 
 STP.'RE-0-T?P-A'l), (-tipt,) pp'. or a. Formed on fixed 
 
 metallic types, or plates of fixed types, 
 a. a. Foriiieil Ml a fixed, unchangeable manner; 
 
 ns^ stereoti'ped opinions. 
 STic'RE-O- Ttl'-KR, n. One who makes stereotype. 
 STk'RE-U-T?P-I.\(;, ppr. Making stereotype plates 
 
 for any work ; or impressing copies on stereotype 
 
 plates. 
 
 STE-RE-O-TY-POG'RA-PIIER, n. A stereotype 
 printi'r. 
 
 STE-RE-O-TY-POG'RA-PIIY, n. The art ox practice 
 of printing on stereotype. Kntick. 
 
 STER'II-E, (ster'il,)o. [L.sterilis; It. and Fr. itcri/c ; 
 Sp. esteril.] 
 
 1. liarren ; unfruitful; not fertile; producing little 
 or no crop ; as, sterile land ; a sterile desert ; a sterile 
 year. Baeon. 
 
 2. Barren ; producing no young. Mare, 
 
 3. Barren of idc.is ; destitute of sentiment ; as, a 
 sterile production or author. 
 
 Sterile flower, in botany, is a term given by Tournc- 
 fort to the male flower, or that which bears only 
 stamens. MarUjn. 
 STE-RIL'I-TY, n. [L. sUrilitas; Fr. sterUUi; It. 
 stcrilild.] 
 
 1. Barrenness ; unproductiveness ; unfruitfulness ; 
 the quality or state of producing little or nolhing ; 
 as, the 'trritity of land or soil. Bacon. 
 
 2. liatir'nncss ; unfruitfulness; the state of not 
 producing >oung; as of animals. 
 
 3. Barrenness of ideas or sentiments, as in writ- 
 ings. 
 
 4. Want of fertility or the power of pioducing 
 sentiment; as, the sterility of an author or of his 
 mind. 
 
 STEK'IL-IZE,ti. (. To make barren ; to impoverish, 
 as land ; to exhaust of fertility ; as, to stcrtlize soil 
 or land. [Little used.] Woodward. 
 
 2. To deprive of fecundity, or the power of pro- 
 ducing young. [Little iLscd.] 
 
 STER'LET, n. A fish of the Caspian and of the 
 rivers in Russia, the Acipenser ruthenus of Lin- 
 naeus, highly esteemed for its flavor, and from 
 whoso roe is made tho finest caviare. 
 
 TooUe. Coze. 
 
 STER'LING, a. [Probably from Easterlinr, once the 
 popular name of^ German traders in England, whose 
 money was of the purest quality. Cainden.] An 
 epithet by which English money of account is dis- 
 tinguished ; as, a pound sterling ; a shilling sterling ; 
 a pi nny sterling. It is not now applied to the coins 
 of England ; but sterling cost, sterling value are used. 
 
 2. Genuine; pure; of excellent quality; as, a 
 work o( sterling merit; a man of sterling wit or 
 good sense. 
 STER'LING, 71. English money. 
 
 And Roman wealth in EnglUh tterting view. Arbuthnot. 
 
 [In this use, sterling may signify English coins.] 
 
 2. Standard ; rate. [Little used in either sense.] 
 STERN, a, [Sax. styrn, stern; G. starr, staring; 
 stiirrig, stubnorn. (See Stare, Starch, Stark, 
 with which this word is probably connected.) Gr. 
 
 TCpcof.] 
 
 1. Severe ; austere ; fixed with an aspect of sever- 
 ity and authority ; as, a stem look ; a stmt counte- 
 nance ; a stem frown. 
 
 1 would oulslarc Uie tternest eyes that look. Sbak. 
 
 2. Severe of manner ; rigid ; harsh ; cruel. 
 Stern na tiitom, and :is miclc* h.inl. Dryflen. 
 Anibiuuii should be mode of glertier ituff. abak, 
 
 3. Hard ; afflictive. 
 
 If wolvpi had at^hy galo howlwl that titm time. Shak. 
 
 4. Rigidly steadfast; immovable. 
 
 Slern virtue il the g^wtli of few soils. Hamilton. 
 
 STERN, n. [Sax. stcor and cm, place ; the steer-plact, 
 that is, helm-place.] 
 
 1. The hind part of a ship or other vessel, or of a 
 boat ; the part opposite to the stem or prow. This 
 part of a ship is terminated by the tafferel above, and 
 by the counters below. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. Post of management ; direction. 
 
 And ail at chicli-st tiem of public weal. Shak. 
 [JVot in use. We now say, to sU at the helm.] 
 J. The hinder part of any thing. [JVot elegant] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 By the stem, is a phrase which denotes that a ship 
 is more dei ply laden abaft than forward. I 
 STER.N'ACE, n. Steerage or stem. Shak. ] 
 
 STER'NAL, a. Pertaining tu the sternum or hreiuit 
 bone. I tumble, 
 
 STKRN'BERG-ITE, n. [from Count Casper Sumr 
 berg,] 
 
 A foliated ore of silver, consisting of silver, iron, 
 and sulphur. Dana, 
 
 STERN'-BoARI>, n, [stem and board.] In seamen's 
 language, the backward motion of a vessel ; hence, 
 a loss of way in making a tack. To make a stem- 
 board, is when by ft curre-nt or other cause, a vtrssel 
 has fallen back from the point she had gained in the 
 last tack. Mar. Diet 
 
 STERN'-CIISSE, j n. [stem and chase.] A can- 
 
 STER.\'-CII.^S-ER, i non placed in a ship's stern, 
 pointing backward, and intended to annoy a ship 
 that is in pursuit of her. Mar, Diet. 
 
 A stern eliasc sometimes denotes one far behind or 
 long continued. 
 
 STER.V'Kl), a. In compounds, h.iving a stern of a 
 particular shape; as, »(\ii:iri>sterned ; pink^terHC/i, 
 
 STER.VHR, ;i. [Sax. «(raran, to steer.] f&c. 
 A director. [Mt in use.] Clarke, 
 
 STER.\' FAST, 71. [stcr/i and /u.'f.] A rope used to 
 confine the stern of a ship or other vessel. 
 
 STERN'-FRaME, 71. [.strrii and frame.] The sev- 
 eral pieces of timber wliich form the stern of a ship. 
 
 Mar. Diet, 
 
 STERN'I,Y, o'/i). [See Stern.] In a stern manner ; 
 with an austere or iitrrn countenance ; with an air 
 of authority. 
 
 Sternly he pronounced 
 The ri^d iiiU-ruiction. MUton. 
 
 STERN'MoST, a, [stem and Tiiosf.] Farthest in tho 
 rear ; furthest astern ; as, the sternntostsh'ii} in a con- 
 voy. Mar, Diet, 
 
 STERN'NESS, 7i. Severity of look ; a look of aus- 
 terity, rigor, or severe authority ; as, the sternness of 
 one's presence. Shak. 
 2. Severity or harshness of manner ; rigor. 
 
 1 have sternness in my soul enough 
 
 To lii-ar 01 solili.-r's work. Drylen. 
 
 STER'NON, n. [Gr.] The breast-bone. But Ster- 
 M M is clik'lly or wliolly used. 
 
 STER.N'-PoRT, II. [slern iiuiX port.] A port or open- 
 ing in llii' slern of a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STERN'-PoST, 71. [stern and post.] A straight piece 
 of timber, erected on the extremity of the keel to 
 support the rudder and terminate the ship behind. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 STERN'-PIIEETS, 71. pi, [stern and slicrt.] That 
 part of a boat which is between the stern and the 
 aflinost seat of the rowers; usually furnished witli 
 seats for passengers. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STER'NU.M, 71. [Gr. renvoi- ; from fixing; setting. 
 See Starch, Stakk.] 
 
 The breast-bone ; the bone which fiirms the front 
 of the human chest from the neck to the stomach. 
 STER-NU-TA'TION, n, [L. sterntitatio.] 
 
 The art of sneezing. Quiney. 
 STER-NO'TA-TIVE, a. [L. stemuo, to sneeze.] 
 
 Having the qualitv of provoking to sneeze. 
 STER-NU'TA-TO-RY, a. [Fr. sfcniufaiuire, from I>. 
 sterniw, to sneeze.] 
 
 Having the qualitv of exciting to sneeze. 
 STER-NO'TA-TO-RY, n. A substance that provokes 
 sneezing. 
 
 STER.\'-\VaY, 71. [stem and way.] The movement 
 of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost. 
 
 Mar, Diet. 
 
 STER-QUIL'I-NOUS, a, [L. s<cro«i2i7iiu7«, a dung- 
 hill.] 
 
 Pertaining to a dunghill ; mean ; dirty ; paltrv. 
 STER-TO'RI-OtJS, / ri , T iJIow'ell. 
 STER'TO-ROrS, j l^' ■"''^"•J 
 
 Snoring. The last is the term almost invariably 
 used. 
 
 STER'VEV, to .itarce, is not In use. Spenser, 
 STETH'O-SeOPE, 71. [Gr. artOos, the breast, and 
 cKOTTCto, to examine.] 
 
 A simple cylinder of some fine-grained, light wood, 
 as cedar or maple, jierforated longitudinally in the 
 midille, with one extremity funnel-shaped and fur- 
 nished with a conical plug; the other with a com- 
 paratively largo orbicular ivory plate fastened by a 
 screw. This instrument is used for distinguishing 
 sounds within the thorax, and other cavities of the 
 body, the funnel-shaped extremity, either with or 
 without the plug, being placed upon the body, and 
 tlie ivory plate to the car of the listener. It is mere- 
 ly a substitute for the direct application of the ear, 
 in cases in which this would be forbidden by deli- 
 cacy. 
 
 StetJwsenpe is an ill-chosen term, since its applica- 
 tion is not confined to the breast, and the termination 
 scope does not well express its use. Plwnophorus or 
 sound-conductor, would be preferable. 
 STETH-O-Set )P'ie, a. Pertaining to a stethoscope. 
 STEVE, t7. U [from the root of stenc,] To stow, as 
 
 cotton or wool in a ship's hold. [ImcoI,] 
 STe'VE-DORE, 71. One whose occiipatioa is to load 
 
 or unload vessels in port. JVou York, 
 
 STE'Vi'^V, TU [Sax. sUfnian, to call.] 
 
 An outcry ; a loud call ; a clamor. [JV'ot in use,"] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VfCIOUS e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 10H3 
 
STI 
 
 STEW, V. t. [Fr. etuver, to stew; cluoe, a 
 
 ftuve ; ll. stu/arc, to stew ; sltifa, a stove ; .stufu, 
 weary, surfeited ; Sp. estufa, a stove ; estofa, stuff 
 quilted; exjo/ar, to quilt and to stew; D. sloof, a 
 stove ; stuoven, to slew ; Dan. stiie, a room, (see 
 brow,) and stueovn, a stove ; Sw. stufva, to stew 
 and to stow.] 
 
 1. To seethe or gently boil ; to boil slowly in a 
 niuderate manner, or with a simmerinj; heat; as, to 
 stew meat ; to stew apples ; to stew prunes. S/iak. 
 
 2. To boil in heat. 
 
 STEW, (stu,) V. i. To be seethed in a slow, gentle 
 
 manner, or in heat and moisture. 
 STEW, (stu,) n. A hot-liouse ; a bagnio. 
 
 The Lvilians were inhibited by Cyrus to usg any armor, and ^ve 
 tliciiiselves to batlis and stetcs. Attbol. 
 
 2. A brothel ; a house of prostitution ; but gener- 
 ally or always used in the plural. Stews. 
 
 3. A prostitute. [.Vot in use.] IBacon. South. 
 
 4. (See Stow.) A store pond ; a small pond where 
 fish are kept for tlie table. [JVot used.] 
 
 5. Meat stewed ; as, a stew of pigeons. 
 
 6. Confusion, as when the air is full of dust. [D. 
 stuiDCJi, to raise a dust ; allied to stew, and proving 
 that the primary sense of stew is to drive or agitate, 
 to stir or excite.] [JVut in use or local.] Grose. 
 
 STEWARD, (stu'-,) n. [Sa\. stiward. Ward is a 
 keeper ; but the meaning of the first syllable is not 
 evident. It is probably a contraction of G. stube, a 
 ro m. Eng. stow, Sax. .<^tojD, place, or sted, place, or 
 of Dan. sliib, a cup. The steward was, then, origi- 
 nally a chamberlain or a butler.] 
 
 1. A man employed in great families to manage 
 the domestic concerns, superintend the other ser- 
 vants, collect the rents or income, keep accounts, &c. 
 
 2. A fiscal agent of certain bodies ; as, the steward 
 of a congregation in the Methodist church, &c. 
 
 3. An officer of state ; as, lord high steward ; stcu>- 
 ' ard of the household, &c. England. 
 
 4. In colleges, an officer who provides food for the 
 students, and superintends the kitchen. 
 
 5. In vessels, one who has the charge of distribu- 
 ting food and drink, or of waiting on the olRcers, 
 passengers, &c. 
 
 6. 1)1 Scripture and theology, a minister of Christ, 
 whose duty is to dispense the provisions of the gos- 
 I)el, to preach its doctrines and administer its ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 It is required in sUisards, that a man be found faithful. — 1 
 Cor. iv. 
 
 STEWARD, (stu'-,) v. t. To manage as a steward. 
 
 [A'ot in uM.] Fuller. 
 STEW'AUD-ESS, n. A fem.ile who waits on ladies 
 
 in steamboats, &.c. 
 STEWARD-Ly, adv. With the care of a steward. 
 
 [LilJle used.] Tooker. 
 S'J'EWAUD-SHIP, 71. Tlie office of a steward. 
 
 Calamij. 
 
 STEWART-RY, n. An overseer or superintendent. 
 
 Tlie stewarlry of proviaions. Tooke. 
 
 STEWED, pp. or a. Gently boiled ; boiled in heat. 
 STEWINC;, ppr. Boiling in a moderate heat. 
 S'i'EWI.N'G, H. The act of seething slowly. 
 STEWISII, a. Suiting a brothel. Hall. 
 STEW'PAN, 71. A pan in which things are stewed. 
 STUEN'ie, a. [Or. aWfj-o?.] 
 
 In TTicrficinc, attended with a protern.itnral and mor- 
 
 biil increase of vital energy, and strength of action 
 
 in the heart and arteries ; phlogistic. 
 STII5'I-.\L, a. [E. stibium, antimony.] 
 
 Like or having the qualities of antimony ; antimo- 
 
 nial. 
 
 STlli-I-A'RI-AN, ?i. [from L. .■stibium.] 
 
 A violent man. TSliite. 
 [Jin improper word, and uot in use.] 
 
 STIB'I-A-TED, a. Impregnati d with antimony. 
 
 STIH'I-U.M, 71. [L.] Antimony 
 
 STie'A-DOS, 71. A plant. " .^insirorth. 
 
 STICII, (stik,) Ti. [Gr. <rrix"t.] 
 
 1. In poclrij, a verse, of whatever measure or 
 number of feet. 
 
 [.S/ii;/i is used in numbering the books of Scrip- 
 ture.] 
 
 2. In nira? nffairs, an order or rank of trees. 
 
 [In New England, as much laud as lies between 
 double furrows, in called stich, or a land.] 
 
 STieil'0-.MA.\-CY, (stik'o-inan se,) n. [Gr. orixH 
 and ii.ivTCKi.] 
 
 Divination by lines or passages of books taken at 
 lia/.ard. Ilrandr. 
 
 8TICII-O.M'E-TRV, n. [Or. orix'S, a line of a book, 
 and iitTwit , m<^a«ur(r.] 
 
 An acroiinlof ilin magnitude or li nglh of books, 
 ns aKci rtaincd by the number of lines which they 
 rontain. jyiurdoc.k. 
 
 STICII'WrjRT j . , . I) n. A grassy -looking 
 
 .STITCirWOIir, j V-"""^''^ ( plant of the genus 
 i^lollarin.' Loudon. 
 
 STI(;K, n. [Sax. ftirea; C. utrr.krn ; I), siok ; Dan. 
 Mikkr. ; Hw. stake, Htiotia ; It. strrra. Tins word is 
 conneeti;d with the verb to stick, with stock, stark, 
 and other wordx having the like elcinents. The pri- 
 
 FA i E, FAR, F^LL, WIl^T — 
 
 1084 
 
 STI 
 
 mary sense of the root is, to thrust, to shoot, and to 
 set ; Fr. tige, a stalk.] 
 
 1. 'I'lie small shoot or branch of a tree or shrub, 
 cut off; a rod ;' also, a staff; as, to strike one with a 
 stick. 
 
 2. Any stem of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or 
 timber. It is applied in America to any long and 
 slender piece of timber, round or square, from the 
 smallest size to the largest, used in the frames of 
 buildings ; as, a stick of timber for a post, a beam, or 
 a rafter. 
 
 3. Many instniments, long and slender, are called 
 sticks f as, the composing stick of ]>rinters. 
 
 4. A thrust witli a pointed instrument that pene- 
 trates a body ; a stab. 
 
 Stick of eels ; the number of twenty-five eels. 
 lialliwell. A bind contains ten sticks. Encyc. 
 STICK, V. t. ; prct. and pp. Stuck. [Sax. stican, sti- 
 cian ; G. stctchen, to sting or prick, and stccken, lo 
 stick, to adhere ; D. steckeo, hi pririi or st;ib ; stikken, 
 to stitch ; Dan. stikker, to st.iiL', tu k ; Sw. sticka : 
 Gr. ori^i<>, art};ta; W. ^,^^(J,'■,;;^ .■ 1 r. steacham. If 
 formed on the elements Dg, Tg, this family of words 
 coincides in elements with txiek, attack, att<ich.] 
 
 1. To pierce ; to stab ; to cause to enter, as a 
 pointed instrument; hence, to kill by piercing; as, 
 to .itick a beast iu slaughter. [A common use of the 
 word.] 
 
 2. To thrust in ; to fasten or cause to remain by 
 piercing ; as, to stick a pin on the sleeve. 
 
 Tlie points of spears are stuck within the stiield. Dryden. 
 
 3. To fasten ; to attach by causing to adhere 
 to the surface ; as, to stick on a patch or plaster ; to 
 stick on a thing with paste or glue. 
 
 4. To set ; to fix in ; as, to stick card teeth. 
 
 5. To set with something pointed ; as, to stick 
 cards. 
 
 f). To fix on a pointed instrument ; as, to stick an 
 apple on a fork. 
 
 To stick out : to project, or cause to be prominent. 
 STICK, r. i. To adhere ; to' hold to by cleaving to 
 the surface, as by tenacity or attraction ; as, glue 
 sticks to the fingers ; paste sticks to the wall, and 
 causes paper to stick. 
 
 1 win cause the fisii of thy rivets to slick to thy scales. — Ezek. 
 xxix. 
 
 2. To be united ; to be inseparable ; to cling fast 
 to, as something reproachful. 
 
 K on your fame our sex a blot has thrown, 
 
 'Twill ever stick, Uirough malice of your own. Young. 
 
 3. To rest with the memory ; to abide. Bacon. 
 
 4. To stop ; to be impeded by adhesion or obstruc- 
 tion ; as, the carriage sticks in the mire. 
 
 5. To stop ; to be arrested in a course. 
 
 My fallering tongue 
 Sticks at Uie souud. Sniith. 
 
 6. To stop ; to hesitate. He sticks at no difficulty ; 
 lie sticks at the commission of no crime ; lie sticks at 
 nothing. 
 
 7. To adhere ; to remain ; to resist efforts to re- 
 move. 
 
 1 liad most need of blessing, and amen 
 
 Stuck in my tliroat. Skak. 
 
 8. To cause difficulties or scruples; to cause to 
 hesitate. 
 
 This is the difficulty that sticks with the most reasonable. Swi/t. 
 
 9. To be stopped or hindered from proceeding ; as, 
 a. bill passed the senate, but stuck in the house of rep- 
 resentatives. 
 
 They never doubted the commons, but heard all ^fucfc in the 
 lords' house. Clarendon. 
 
 10. To be embarrassed or puzzled. 
 
 'I'liey will stick lon» at pirt of a demonstration, for want of 
 perceiving the connection between two ideas. Locke. 
 
 11. To adhere closely in friendship and affection. 
 
 There is a friend that sticketh closer than a broUicr, — Prov. 
 
 To stick lo ; to adhere closely ; to be constant ; to 
 be firm ; to be persevering ; as, to stick to a party or 
 cause. 
 
 The advantage will be on our side, if we stick to its essi'nttaU. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 To stick by ; to adhere closely ; to be constant ; to 
 be firm in supporting. 
 
 \Ve arc your only friends ; stick 6y us, and we will stick hi/ you. 
 
 Uavenant. 
 
 2. To be troublesome by adhering. 
 
 I am satistied to trifle away my time, rather than let it stick hy me. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 To sticli upon; to dwell iipim ; not to forsake. 
 
 II the mailer l« knotty, the mind must tilop aiul buckle tji it, anil 
 
 slick upon it Willi lalior and thought. INof elegnnl. ] 
 
 Lucks. 
 
 To stick out; to project ; to be |)rominent. 
 
 hones that were not seen, sUck out. — Job xxxiil. 
 
 STICK'I-NESS, n. (from stick.] The ipiality of a 
 thing which makes il adhere to a plane surface ; ad- 
 liesiventrHs ; viscinisiiess , gliitiniiusnesH ; tenacity ; 
 as, the stickinrjis of glue or paste, 
 
 STICK'-I.AC, n. Lac in its natural state, incru.sting 
 small twigs 
 
 STI 
 
 STICK'LE, (stiK'l,) r. i. [fnmi the practice of prize- 
 fighters, who placed seconds with staffs or sticks, to 
 interpose occasionally. Johnson.] 
 
 1. To take part with one side or other. 
 
 Hudjbras. 
 
 2. To contend ; to contest ; to altercate. Let the 
 parties stickle each for his favorite doctrine. 
 
 3. To trim ; to play fast and loose ; to pass from 
 one side to the other. Oryden^ 
 
 STICK'LE, I'. L To arbitrate. [JVot in use.] 
 
 - Drayt-on. 
 STICK'LE-I!..\CK, n. The popular name of certain 
 small fishes, of the genus Gusterosteus. They have 
 their English name from the spines which arm their 
 back. Ventral fins, and other parts. 
 
 Jardine's J^al. Lib. 
 STICK'LER, 71. A sidesman to fencers ; a sectmd to 
 a duelist ; one who stands to judge a combat. 
 
 Basilius, Ihe judge, appointed s^klers and trumpets whom the 
 otiicni should obey. Sidney. 
 
 2. An obstinate contender about any thing ; as, a 
 stickler for the church or for liberty. 
 
 The lory or hi?jli church clergy were the srreatf'st sticklers against 
 the exurbit.uil pioceediugs of Kuig James. Swi/l. 
 
 3. Fornirrhj, an officer who cut wood for the pri- 
 ory of Ederose, within the king's parks of Clarcn- 
 ilon. Cowel. 
 
 STICK'LIXG, ppr. Trimming; contending obsti- 
 nately or eagrily. 
 STICK' Y, a. Il:iving the qualily of adhering to a sur- 
 face ; adhesive ; gluey ; viscous ; visciil ; gluti- 
 nous ; tenacious. Gums and resins are stickii sut>- 
 STID'DY, 71. [Ice. stcdia.] [stiinces. 
 An anvil ; also, a smith's shop. [Various dialects.] 
 
 Halliwcll. 
 
 STIFF, a. [.*ax. stif; G. steif iD. and Sw. sfi^; Dan. 
 .stiv ; allied lo L. stipo, stabilii. Eng. staple, Gr. irri- 
 
 <,0)H,J, tTTl/3lilOi, (TTetfioJ.] 
 
 1. Not easily bent : not flexible or pliant ; not flac- 
 cid ; rigid ; applicable to ami substance : as, .stiff' wood ; 
 stiff pai)er ; cloth stiff with starch ; a limb stiff with 
 frost. 
 
 They, rising on *liy pinions, tower 
 The mid aerial sky. A/j/Ion. 
 
 2. Not liquid or fluid ; thick and tenacious ; inspis- 
 sated ; not soft nor hard. Thus melted metals grow 
 stiff as they cool ; they are stiff before they are hard. 
 The paste is too stiff, or not stiff enough. 
 
 3. Strong; violent ; impetuous in motion ; as in 
 seamen^s language, a .ftiff gale or breeze. 
 
 4. Hardy ; stubborn ; not easily subdued. 
 
 IIow stiff is my vile sense ! Shak. 
 
 5. Obstinate ; pertinacious ; firm in perseverance 
 or resistance. 
 
 It is a shame to stand stiff in a foolish argument. Taylor. 
 
 A war ensues ; the Cretans own their caust^, 
 
 Stiff lo defend their hospiuble laws. Dryden. 
 
 6. Harsh ; formal ; constrained ; not natural and 
 easy ; as, a .v((^ formal style. 
 
 7. Formal in manner ; constr.ained ; affected ; 
 starched ; not easy or natural ; as, behavior. 
 
 The French are open, familiar, ami talkative ; the Itali uis stiff, 
 cerenioiiious, and reserved. Addison. 
 
 8. Strongly maintained, or asserted with good evi- 
 dence. 
 
 This is slj^ news. Siiak. 
 
 9. In seamen's language, a stiff vessel is one that 
 will bear a press of canvas without careening much. 
 
 7uac7i. 
 
 STIFF'KN, (stiPn,) v. t. [»ax. stifan ; Sw. sfiifna; 
 D. .stijvcn; G. slcifen ; Dan. stivner, to stiffen, to 
 starch.] 
 
 1. To make stiff; to make less pliant or flexible ; 
 as, to stiffen cloth with starch. 
 
 lie stiffened his neck and hanlened his heart from turning to the 
 
 iTonl ijod of l&ra. l. — '2 Chron. xxxvi. 
 ^tfijTV'i the sinews; summon up the blootl. Stiak. 
 
 2. To make torpid ; as, stiffening grief. Dryden. 
 
 3. To inspissate ; to make more thick or viscous ; 
 as, to stiffen paste. 
 
 STIFF'EN, (siifu,, r. i. To become .stiff; to become 
 more rigid or less flexible. 
 
 l.ikc hrislies rose my st'ffening hair. Dryden. 
 
 2. To become more thick, or less soft ; to be in- 
 spissated ; to approach to hardness ; as, melted sub- 
 stances stiffen as they cool. 
 
 The lender soil then sliff'ening by degrees. Dryden. 
 
 3. To become less susceptible of im]ires>ioii ; lo 
 become less tender or yielding ; to grow more obsti- 
 nate. 
 
 Some souls, we see, 
 Grow hani and stiffen with iidvi rsily. Dryden. 
 
 STIFF'KN-KI), pp. or a. Made stiff or less pliant, 
 STIFF'KN-ING, ppr. or n. Making i>r becoming less 
 
 pliable, or more thick, or more ulistinatc. 
 ST1FF'A;N-ING, 71. Sonu-Ilimg that is used to make 
 
 a siilistaiice more stiff' or less sort. 
 STIFF'-IIEA Icr'EI), (-Irlrt'ed.) n. [.•<tiff and heart.] 
 Obstinate; stulilmrn ; contumacious. 
 
 They are impud- rit children and st(f-tiearttd. — Erek. ii. 
 
 MRTE, I'ReV. — PINE, MARINE, DIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. 
 
STl 
 
 STIFF'LY, <!//('. Kiniily j st!oii!!ly ; as, tliu biuiRlis of 
 a tree uplieM. Huron. 
 
 2. Uigidiy ; obsiinatoly ; w itli stulihoriiiK-ss. The 
 doctrine of the iiifalhhility of the Koiiiaii Catholic 
 church is stitlbi inaiiiliiincd by ils adlitreiils. 
 
 STH"1'''-Ni;(;k-A;i), (-iickt,) <i. [stiff -.im] neck.] Stiib- 
 b irn ; iulltwibty obstinate; conluiiiaciotis ; as, a 
 .itilT-nccliril puople ; stiff-necked priile. Denlmm. 
 
 S'l'IFF'NliSS, n. Ki|;idnrss j want of plial)Ii noss or 
 llexibilily ; llie firm t< xtiire or st:ite of a substance 
 vvliich rt-ndera it dilficult to bcTid it j as, tht stiffness 
 of iron or wood ; Iho stiffness of a frozen htnb, 
 
 Baenn. 
 
 9. Thickness; spiasitude ; a state between softness 
 an. I liiirdness ; as, the stiffness of sirup, paste, or starch. 
 
 3. Torpidness ; inaptitude to motion. 
 
 An icy itiffnect 
 BonuintMi my blooil. Dcnham. 
 
 4. Tension ; as, tlie stiffness of a cord. Drijdcn. 
 
 5. Obstinacy ; stubbornness ; contumaciousncss. 
 Thp vies of olil h:ivp the stiffness of it too. South. 
 Stiffness ol iniiiil 15 not from adherciico lo tru;li, but Bulmiinsion 
 
 to prejudice. Locke. 
 
 f). Formality of manner ; constraint; alTected pre- 
 cision. 
 
 All this rfligioii But caiily upon him, without stiffness iinil con- 
 stminl. Attcrbury. 
 
 7. Rigorousness ; harshness. 
 
 lint sppult no wonl to hf r of th-se aad plii^tils, 
 
 W'hicli lior too coiistiiut stiffness dolli conatr.vin. Sjvnger. 
 
 8. .Affected or constrained manner of expression 
 or writinc ; want of natural simplicity and ease ; as, 
 stifTnrss of stvle. 
 
 STI'VlE, (stl'tl,) V. t. [The French etnuffer, to stifle, 
 is nearly allied to etuff'r, Euft.. stuff', I., stiijni. But 
 stifle seems to be more nearly allied to L. stipo, and 
 Eng. and stop i all, however, of one family, (in. 
 Gr. Tiiptu.] 
 
 1. To suffocate ; to stop the breath or action of the 
 Innsrs by crowding something into the windpipe, or 
 by infusing a substance into the lungs, or by other 
 means ; to choke ; as, to .<tifle onu with smoke or dust. 
 
 2. To stop ; as, to stifle the breath ; to stifle resjjira- 
 tion. 
 
 ;!. To oppress ; to stop the breath temporarily ; as, 
 to stifle one with kisses ; to bo sliflrU in a close room 
 or with bad air. 
 
 4. To extinguish ; <o deaden : to quench ; as, to 
 stifle flame ; to .stifle a tire by smoke or by ashes. 
 
 .'). To suppress ; to hinder from transpiring or 
 spreading ; as, to stifle a report. 
 
 (i. To extinguish ; to check or restrain and destroy ; 
 to suppress ; as, lo stifle a civil war in its birth. 
 
 .^ildison. 
 
 7. To suppress or repress ; to conceal ; to withhold 
 frttm escaping or manifestation ; as, to stifle passion ; 
 to .itifle grief; to stifle resentment. 
 
 8. To suppress ; to destroy ; as, to stifle convic- 
 tions. 
 
 STI'FLE, 71. The joint of a horse next to the but- 
 tock, and corresponding to the knee in man ; called 
 also the Stifle Joint. 
 
 2. A disease in the knee-pan of a horse or other 
 animal. Cyc. 
 
 STI'FLKD, pp. or a. Suffocated ; suppressed. 
 
 STI'FLING, ppr. Suffocating; suppressing. 
 
 STtfilt, n. See Sty. 
 
 STIC.M.V, n. [L., from Gr. T'yi'ct, from ri^oi, to 
 prick or sficA'.j 
 
 1. A brand ; a mark made with a burning iron. , 
 
 2. Any mark of infamy ; any reproachful conduct 
 which stains the purity or darkens the luster of rep- 
 utation. 
 
 3. In botany, the top of the pistil, which alw.ays 
 has a peculiar structure different from that of the 
 style, and is moist and pubescent, to detain and burst 
 the pollen or prolific powder. Martyn. 
 
 STKJ-M a'RI-A, n. A fossil coal plant, having a large 
 dome shaped trunk or stem. Buckland. 
 
 STIG'iNIA-TA, 71. p(. The apertures in the bodies of 
 insects communicating with the trachea: or air- 
 vessels : the spiracles. Kncye. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic cAurcA, marks said to have 
 been supernaturally impressed upon the bodies of 
 certain persons, in imitation of the wounds on the 
 crucified body of Christ. The stiirmata of St. Fran- 
 cis were much blazoned bv his followers. Moshcim. 
 
 STIG-MAT'ie, ( a. Marked with a stigma, or 
 
 STIG-MAT'ie-AL, ( with something reproachful lo 
 chanirter. S/iak. 
 
 9. Impressing with infamy or reproach. 
 STIG-MAT'ie, 71. A notorious prollieale, or criminal 
 
 who has been branded. [Little used.] 
 
 2. One who bears about him the marks of infamy 
 or punishment. [Little used.] Bullokar. 
 
 3. One on whom nature has set a mark of deform- 
 ity. \I.MIe xLsrd.] Shak 
 
 STIG-.\lAT'ie-AL-LY, ada. With a mark of infamy 
 
 or defurmiiv. 
 STIG'M.\-Tt/.E, r. t. [Fr. sfiVmafiier.] 
 
 I. To mark with a brand, in a lilrral .irn.ie; as, 
 
 the ancients sti^nati:rd their slaves and soldiers. 
 
 STl 
 
 2. To HGl fi nmrk of ; l" disgrace with 
 
 some iiDto uf rcpruacJi or iiifaiiiy. 
 
 'i'o riii>i virlu'- txlulli'ii diid vie? Hligmntized. AJiHtnn, 
 Siiur •■(ithnMiasu idVrct to ttigmatise tti" l\n<-Ht nntl inosi flrjfnut 
 
 anttmn, niiciciit aiiU inutlcrii, 
 
 I ilaiig' ioui to rvliirioii. 
 
 AtUiiton. 
 
 STIG'.MA-TIZ-ED, ;»;7. Marked with disgrace. 
 STIG'.MA-TIZ-ING, ;>;ir. Ilrindiiig with infamv. 
 STIG'O-NO-MAN-CY, 71. [(Jr. orij-wi', from Jt-i^m, 
 
 lo mark with point-s, hhitcoi.] 
 
 Divination by writing on the bark of a tree. jfsA. 
 STI'LAIl, a. [from iti/r.] Tertaining to the style of 
 
 a dial. 
 
 Dmw a line for the etilar line. !iJoxon. 
 STII.'niTE, 71. [Gr. r'A/Jw, to shine.] 
 
 A mineral of the zeolite family, occurring in wliite 
 or yellowishj semi-pellucid, rectangular crystals, 
 pearly and highly foliated in one direction ; also in 
 sheaf-like aggregations and foliated masses. It con- 
 sists of silica, nliiinina, and lime, with 17 or 18 per 
 cent, of water. Most commonly found ill aniygila- 
 loid with other zeolitic minerals Dana. 
 STILE, n. [This is another spelling of Style. See 
 SrvLE and Still.] 
 
 A pin set on the face of a dial lo form a shadow. 
 
 Erect Uie stile perpendicularly over the Bul>-stil;ir line, go ns to 
 iniike "n onjjle with the duil-pluiic equal lo the eh valion of 
 the pole of your place. Moion. 
 
 STTLE, 71. [Sax. .iti^rel, a step, ladder, from stigan, to 
 step, to walk, to ascend ; G. stcgrl ; Dan. stril, from 
 stiver, to rise, to step up ; Sw. steir, a ^tep, stigu, to 
 step. See Staih.] 
 
 A step or set of steps for ascending and descend- 
 ing, in passing a fence or wall. Sieift. 
 
 In architecture, the upright piece in framing or 
 jianeling. Brunde. 
 STI-LET'TO, 71. [It., dim. from «(iVo ; Fr. sfi//c(. See 
 Style.] 
 
 1. A small dagger with a round, pointed blade 
 
 2. A poiiiK d instrument for making eyelet lioles in 
 workini; muslin. 
 
 STI-LET'TO, r. L To slab or pierce with a stiletto. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 STI-I.ET'TO-£D,;)p. or a. Slabbed or pricked with 
 a stiletto. Chesterfield. 
 
 STILL, V. t. [Sax. stillan ; O. and T). stiUcn : Dan. 
 stiller ; Sw. slilla, to still, to ipiiel or appease, that is, 
 lo set, to repress ; coinciding with G. .<(c/fni, to put, 
 set, place, Gr. rt'^^oj, to send, and with style, stool, 
 stall.] 
 
 1. To stop, as motion or agitation ; to check or re- 
 strain ; to make quiet ; as, to still the raging sea. 
 
 2. To stop, as noise ; lo silence. 
 
 Wiih his name the moUiera still their bubeg. Shak. 
 
 3. To appease ; to calm ; to quiet ; as tumult, agi- 
 tation or excitement ; as, lo .itill the p.assions. 
 
 STILL, a. Silent; uttering no sound; applicable to 
 animals or to Uiinirs. The company or the man is 
 still ; the air is stiU; the .sea is still. 
 
 2. (luict ; calm ; not disturbed by noise ; as, a still 
 evening. 
 
 3. .Motionless ; tis, to stand still; to lie or sit still. 
 
 4. Uuiet ; calm ; not agitated ; as, a stiU atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 STILL, 71. Calm ; silence; freedom from noise; as, 
 
 the ,s(i7i of midnight. [.^ poetic word.] Skak. 
 STILL, adv. To this lime ; till now. 
 
 It hath Ijeen anciently rf ported, and ig still received. Bacon. 
 
 [Still here denotes this time ; set or fixed. 
 
 2. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding. 
 
 The desire of fame betmyt nn amt'ition^ man into Indecencies that 
 tesaen liig reptit^uion ; he is stilt atraid lest any of hi^t acliuns 
 should be thrown away in prtrate. Adttison. 
 
 [Still here signifies set, eiien, and refers to the 
 whole of the first clause of the sentence. The de- 
 sire of fame betrays an ambitious man into indecen- 
 cies that lessen his reputation ; tAof fact being given 
 or set, or notteitludanding, he is afraid, &c.] 
 
 3. It precedes or accompanies words denoting in- 
 crease of degree ; as, a still further advancement of 
 prices may be expected. 
 
 4. Always ; ever ; continually. 
 
 Traile l)e^'ls trade, and p-ople go much where many people 
 have already gone ; so men run sliU to a crowd lu tlie 
 stn-eu, though only to gee. Temple. 
 
 The l.-wer stUt you name, you wound the more. Pops. 
 
 5. After that ; after what is stated. 
 
 In Uic primitive church, such ns by fear were comp''lle,I to sacrifice 
 to strange pnls, alter repcnt«d, aud kejA still the ottice ol 
 preaching liic gospel. It7iil^i/(e. 
 
 6. In continu.ation. 
 
 And, like the w*atchful minutes to the hour, 
 
 StiU anil anon clieen.'d up the heavy time. Slink. 
 
 STILL, 71. [L. -stiZ/o, lo drop. See Distill.] 
 
 A vessel, boiler, or copper, used in the distillation of 
 
 liquors ; ns, vapor a.scending out of the stilt. AVki'oti. 
 [The word is used in a more general sense for the 
 
 vessel and apparatus. A still house is also called a 
 
 still.] 
 
 STILL, r.(. [L. jliHo.] 
 
 To expel spirit from liquor by heal, and condense 
 it in a refrigeratory ; lo distill. [See Distill.] 
 
 'I'he gravity nrwl stillness of yoi 
 The wurld hath noted. 
 
 STl ^ 
 
 STILL, r. I. To drop. [JiTot in use.] [Sec Dutill.I 
 SriL-LA-'IT'TIOUS, (-lisli'iis,) a. [L. stillatUius.] 
 
 Falling in ilrops; drawn by n still. 
 STII,'LA-TO-KY, 71. An alembic; a vessel for dis- 
 tillaliiill. [Little used, or not at all.] Bacon. 
 
 2. .\ laboratory ; a place or room in which dislil- 
 latioii is peiforuied. [Little used.] IVotton. Mnre^ 
 STII.L'ltOK.N', a. [,«(iH and ironi.] Dead at the birlli ; 
 as, n .-till horn chilli. 
 2. .Abortive ; as, a .still-born pot;m. Sxift. 
 STILL'IU.'R.V, I'. I. [still and hum.] To burn in tlic- 
 jirocess of distillation ; as, towtt7f//urn brandy. 
 
 Umiillftl. 
 
 STILL'f.'D, [Pee Still, the verb.] Calmed ; ap- 
 
 petlsed : ipileteif ; silenced. 
 STILl.'I'.l!, 71. One who .-tills or quicLs. 
 S TIL'LI-CIDE, n. [L. stilUcitlium ; stillt^ a drop, and 
 
 cuilii, lo fill.] 
 
 A ciiiiiiiiual falling or succession of drops. [A'ot 
 viiirli nstil.] Baean. 
 
 STl L-Ll CID'l-OUS, a. Falling in drops. Broioii. 
 
 .■-TILL'I.M;, ;//(»•. (tiliiiing; silencing; quieting. 
 
 STILL'l.VG, 11. The act of calming; silencing or 
 quieting. 
 
 2. .'\ stand for casks. [.Vof used in .imerica.] 
 STILL'-LIFE, n. In painting, a picture of dead game, 
 vegetables, and other things destitute of life. 
 
 Mason. 
 
 2. Dead aniin.als or paintings representing the 
 de;u]. Oray. 
 STILL'.N'ESS, 71. Freedom from noise or motion; 
 calmness; quiet; silence; as, the stillness of the 
 night, the air, or the sea. 
 
 2. Freedom from agitation or excitement ; as, the 
 stillness of the passions. 
 
 3. Habitual silence ; taciturnity, 
 youth 
 
 Slutk. 
 
 STlLL'-ROfJM, n. All apartment for distilling. 
 STILL' -STAND, n. Absence of motion. [Little 
 
 used. ] 
 
 STl LI,' Y, a. Still ; quiet ; calm. Mure. 
 
 [Jilt old trord, used chiefly in poetry.] 
 STILL'Y, a</e. Silently; without noise. 
 
 2. Calmly; qiiiiilv; without tumult. 
 STILP-NO SID'E-Rl'rE, 7i. [Gr. trr.ATri'os, shining, 
 and n'iijp -5, iron.] 
 
 An ore of iron, called also Pitchy Inow Ore, 
 occurring massive, in curving ctuicretions, with a 
 splendent resinous luster. It is a hydrated peroxyd 
 of iron. Dana. 
 STILT, 71. [Gr. stehe ; D. stelt, strlten ; Dan. styltrr.] 
 A stilt is a piece of wood, often with a shoulder, 
 lo raise the foot above the ground in walking. Boys 
 sometimes use .stilts for raising their feel above the 
 mud in walking, but they are rarely seen. 
 
 Men miigt not wulk upon ftii'ls. Estrange. 
 
 STILT, 71. U To raise on stilts ; lo elevate. Young. 
 2. To r,aise by itnnatural means. 
 
 STILT'-IiIRD, H. A long-legged bird ; particularly 
 applied to a bird called the Lo.ng-leooed I'loyer, of 
 the genus Ilimantopus. Brande. 
 
 STILT'ED, pp. Raised on stilts. 
 2. I-'nri:uionablv elevated. 
 
 STILT'l.NG, ppr. Raising on stilLs. 
 
 STI.ME, H. A glim|)se. [J^'orth of England.] 
 
 STIM'lj-LAXT, a. [L. .s(onu/««<.] [ifalliirell. 
 In viedieine, producing a quickly-diffused and 
 transient increase of vital energy and strength of 
 action in the heart and arteries. 
 
 STI.M'U-L.ANT, 71. In medicine, an article which pro- 
 duces a quickly-diffused and trinsieiit increase of 
 vital energy and strength of action in the heart and 
 arterial system. 
 
 STI.M'IJ-LATE, r. t. [L. .slimulo, lo prick, to goad, to 
 excite ; stimulus, n goad.] 
 
 1. Literally, to prick or goad. Hence, 
 
 2. To excite, rouse, or aiiiinate, to action or more 
 vigorous exertion by some pungent motive or by per- 
 sutision ; as, lo stimulate one by the hope of reward, 
 or by the prospect of glory. 
 
 3. In medicine, to proiliice a quickly-diffused and 
 transient increase of vital energy and strength of 
 action in the heart and arteries. 
 
 STI.M'IJ-La-TED, j)/>. Goaded; roused or eiciled lo 
 more vigorous t-xertion. 
 
 STI.M'I'-L.\-TI.\(J, ppr. 01 a. Goading; exciting lo 
 more vigorous exertion. 
 
 STI.M-II-L.\'TIO.\, n. The act of goading or ex- 
 citing. 
 
 2. In medicine, a quickly -diffused and transient in- 
 crease of vital energy and strength of action in the 
 heart and arteries. 
 STIM'U-LA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of slimu- 
 I.atinc. 
 
 STI.M'IT-LA-TIVE, n. That which stimulates; that 
 which rouses into more vigorous action. 
 
 STI.M'U-LA-TOR, n. One that stimulates. 
 
 STIM'i;-LL'S, 71. [L. This word may be formed on 
 the root of .stem, a shoot.] 
 
 1. Lilrralhj, a goad ; hence, somethine that rouses 
 the mind or spirits ; as, the hope uf gain is a power- 
 ful stimulus lu labor anti action. 
 
 TCNE, BfJLL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; <3 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 M M M M • 
 
 10H5 
 
' STI 
 
 2. In medicine, that wliicli produces a quickly-dif- 
 fused or transient increase of vital energy and 
 strenstli of action in the circulating system. 
 STINGj ». t. ; preu and pp. Stcng. Stang is obsolete. 
 [Goth, stiffcwan ; Sax. stingan, stijngan, to rush or 
 thrust, hence to sting ; G. stecken, to stick, to sting ; 
 stacliel, a prick, goad, sting ; D. stecken, steckcl; Dan. 
 stikkcr, to stick, to sting ; sling, a thrust, a stitch, a 
 sting; Sw. sticka. The Dutch has stcng,a pole or 
 perch ; Sw. stang, id. ; and stanga, to push with the 
 hums, to gore. We see that sting is slick altered in 
 orthoiraphy and pronunciation.] 
 
 1. To pierce with the sharp-pointed instrument 
 with which certain animals are furnished, such as 
 hees, wasps, scorpions, and the like. Bees will sel- 
 dom sting persons unless they are first provoked. 
 
 9. To pain acutely; as, the conscience is stung 
 with remorse. 
 
 Slander stingt the brave. Po;j«. 
 
 STING, n. [Sax. sting, stincg : Ice. staung, a spear ; 
 %V. ystang ; D. steng, a pole or perch ; Sw. stang- : It. 
 stanga, a bar. These words are all of one family.] 
 
 1. °A sharp-pointed weapon or instrument with 
 which certain animals are armed by nature for their 
 defense, and which they thrust from tiie hinder part 
 of the body, to pierce any animal that annoys or pro- 
 vokes them. In most instances, this instrument is 
 a tube, through which a poisonous matter is dis- 
 charged, which inrtames the flesh, and, in some in- 
 stances, proves fatal to life. 
 
 2. The thrust of a sting into the flesh. The sting 
 of most insects produces acute pain. 
 
 3. Any thing that gives acute pain. Thus we 
 speak of the stings of remorse ; the stings of re- 
 proach. 
 
 4. The point in the last verse ; as, the sting of an 
 epigram. Dryden. 
 
 5. That which gives the principal pain or consti- 
 tutes the principal terror. 
 
 The sdng of death ia sin. — I Cor. xv. 
 STING'ER, ru That which stings, vexes, or gives 
 acute pain. 
 
 STI.\'6I-LY, adv. [from stingy.] With mean cov- 
 etousness ; in a niggardly manner. 
 
 STIN'GI-NESS, n. [from sd/U'.'/ ] E.\treme avarice ; 
 mean covetousness ; niggar(iliness. 
 
 STING' tXG LY, adr. With sliniins. 
 
 STING'LESS, a. [from sting.] Having no sting. 
 
 STIN"GO, n. [from the sharpness of the taste.] Old 
 beer. [A cant word.] Addison. 
 
 STIN'fiY, a. [from straitness ; W. ystang, something 
 strait ; yslangu, to straiten, to limit.] 
 
 Extremely close and covetous meanly avaricious ; 
 niggardly ; narrow-hearted ; as a stingy churl. [A 
 word in popular use, but tow, and not admissible into el- 
 egant writing.] 
 
 STINK, f. i. ; pret. Stank or Stdnk. [Sax. stincan ; G. 
 and D. stinken ; Dan. stinker ; Sw. stinka.] 
 To emit a strong, offensive smell. Locke. 
 
 STINK, n. A strong, offensive smell. Dryden. 
 
 STIXK'ARD, n. .\ mean, stinking, paltry fellow. 
 2. A mephitic, burrowing quadruped, the Mydaus 
 meliceps of Cuvier, about 18 inches in lenith, found 
 in Java and Sumatra. C. //. SmitJt. 
 
 STINK'ER, n. Something intended to oflend by the 
 smell. Harney. 
 
 STINK'ING, ppr. or a. Emitting a strong, offensive 
 smell. 
 
 STINK'ING-LY, a<h. With an oflTensive smell. 
 
 SbaJi. 
 
 STINK'-POT, n. An earthen jar, charged with pow- 
 der, grenades, and other materials of an offensive 
 and suffocating smell ; sometimes used in bunrdiug 
 an enemy's vessel. JUar. Diet. 
 
 STIXK'-STo.VE, 71. Swine-stone, a variety of car- 
 bonate of lime, which emits a fetid odor on being 
 struck. Dana. 
 
 STINT, r. t. [Sax. stintan, to stint, or stunt; Ice. 
 stanta: Gr. r""'?, narrow.] 
 
 1. To restrain within certain limits ; to bound ; to 
 confine ; to limit ; as, to stint the body in growth ; 
 to stint the mind in knowledge ; to stint a person in 
 bis meals. 
 
 Noture wiiiely tlinU our npjvtite. Drytien. 
 
 2. To assign a certain task in labor, which being 
 performed, the person is excused from further labor 
 fur the day, or for a certain time ; a common, popular 
 use of the wtrrd in America. 
 
 STINT, n. A small, grallatory bird, the Tringa cin- 
 rhis. 
 
 STINT, B. Limit ; bound ; restraint. Dryden 
 2. Uuanlity assigned ; proportion allotted. The 
 workmen have their ttint. 
 
 Our tlint of woo 
 II common. Shoi 
 
 STINT'ANCE, n. Rcntraint ; stoppage [JVot uneil, 
 or lornl. ] 
 
 STINT ED, pp. or a. Restrained to a certain limit or 
 
 (|uantily ; limited, 
 STINT'ED NEf S, n. State of being "tinted. 
 .'S'l'l.NT'ER, n. lie or that which stinto. 
 
 STI 
 
 STINT'ING, ppr. Restraining within certain limits ; 
 
 assigning a cert;iin quantity to; limiting. 
 STIPE, n. [L. stipes ; Gr. crvrros, a stake.] 
 
 In botany, iM b;ise of a frond ; or a species of stem 
 passing into leaves, or not distinct from the leaf. 
 The stem of a fungus is also called stipe. The word 
 is also used for the filament or slender stalk which 
 ."upports the pappus, and connects it with the seed. 
 
 jMartyn. 
 
 STi'PEND, 71. [L. stipendium ; slips, a piece of money, 
 and pendo, to pay.] 
 
 Settled pay or compensation for services, whether 
 dailv or monthly wages; or an annual salary. 
 STI'PEND, V. t. To pay by settled wages. Skelton. 
 STi-PEND'I-A-RY, a. [L. stipendiariiL^.] 
 
 Receiving wages or salary ; performing services 
 for a stated price or compensation. 
 
 His ^leat stipendiary pn?lale came with troops of evil-.-»ppointed 
 Ijorsemeii not hail full. KiiolUs. 
 
 STi-PEND'I-A-RY, 71. [Supra.] One who performs 
 services for a settled compensation, either by the 
 day, month, or year. 
 
 If thou an become 
 A tyrant's vile stipendiary. Cover, 
 
 STIP'I-TATE, a. [See Stipe.] In Jo(a!iw, support- 
 ed by a stipe ; elevated on a stipe ; as pappus. 
 
 JMartyn. 
 
 STIP'PLE, (stip'pl,) 71. t. To engrave by means of 
 dots, in distinction from engraving in lines. Todd. 
 
 STIP'PL£D, pp. Formed or executed with dots. 
 
 STIP'PLINC^ ppr. Forming or executing with dots. 
 
 STIP'PLING, li. In engraving and miniature painting, 
 a mode of execution which produces the elfect by a 
 succession of dots or small points instead of lines. 
 
 Jucelya. 
 
 STIP'Tie. See Styptic. 
 STIP'U L \ I 
 
 STIP'ULE ' ( t^' " straw or stubble.] 
 
 In botany, an appendage at the base of petioles. 
 Stipules are in pairs, or solitary ; they are lateral, 
 extrafoliaceous, intrafoliaceous, &c. Martyn. 
 
 A leafy appendage to the proper leaves, or to their 
 footstalks ; commonly situated at the base of the lat- 
 ter, in pairs. Smith. 
 STIP-tJ-L.^'CEOUS, ) o. [from T.. sliptda, stipularis. 
 STIP'U-LAR, ( See Stipli.*.] 
 
 1. Resembling stipules ; consisting of stipules. 
 
 2. Growing on stipules, or close to them ; as, stip- 
 ular glands. Martyn. Lee. 
 
 STIP'l.J-LATE, V. i. [L. stipulor, from stipes, or from 
 tlie primary sense of the root, as in stipo, to crowd ; 
 whence the sense of agreement, binding, making 
 fast.] 
 
 1. To make an agreement or covenant with any 
 person or company to do or forbear anything; to 
 contract; to settle terms; as, certain princes stipu- 
 lated to assist each other in resisting the armies of 
 France. Great Britain and the United States stipu- 
 late to oppose and restrain the African slave traile. 
 A has stipulated to build a bridge within a given 
 time. B lias stipulated not to annoy or interdict our 
 trade. 
 
 2. To bargain. A has stipulated to deliver me his 
 horse for fiftv guineas. 
 
 STIP'U-LATE, a. [from stipula.] Having stipules 
 on it ; as, a stipulate stalk. 
 
 STIP'IJ-La-TED, pp. or a. Agreed ; contracted ; 
 covenanted. It was stipulated that Great Britain 
 should retain Gibraltar. 
 
 STIP'II-LA-TING, ppr. Agreeing ; contracting ; bar- 
 gaining. 
 
 STIP-U-La'TION, n. [Fr., from L. sfi>ii/nfio.] 
 
 1. The act of agreeing and covenanting; a con- 
 tracting or bargaining. 
 
 2. An agreement or covenant made by one person 
 with another for the performance or forbearance of 
 some act ; a contract or bargain ; as, the stipulatit 
 of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of 
 troops. 
 
 3. In botany, the situation and structure of the stip- 
 ules. Marti/n. 
 
 STIP'U-L.\-TOR, n. One who stipulates, contracts, 
 
 or covenants. 
 STIP'I'LE, 71. Sec Stipula. 
 
 STIP'IJL.-£D, a. Furnished with stipules or leafy 
 appendages. Smith. 
 
 STIR, (stur,) B. f. [Sax. .vdriViTi, .tfi/noTt ; T). slooren : 
 G. storcTi, to stir, to disturb ; VV. ystwriaw. This 
 word gives storm ; Ice. stir, war.J 
 
 1. To move ; to change place in any manner. 
 
 My fool I had never yet in five duyt been al-Ie to #rir. Temple. 
 
 2. To agitate ; to bring into debate. 
 
 i'fir not questions of JilriMiicUon. Bacon. 
 
 3. To incite to action ; to instigate ; to prompt 
 
 An Ate stirring hint to blood and ttrife. SShak. 
 
 4. To excite ; to raise ; to put into motion. 
 
 And for her take tome mutiny will flir, Dnjdsn. 
 To stir vp; to incite; to animate ; to instigate by 
 Inflaming passions; as, to tlirupa nation to rebel- 
 lion. 
 
 The wonit of Judiu were ffood, find ablo to stir them up to 
 v.,lor. — 2 Mncc. 
 
 STI 
 
 2. To excite ; to put into action ; to begin ; as, to 
 stir up a mutiny or insurrection ; to stir up strife. 
 
 3. To ipiicken ; to enliven ; to make more lively 
 or vigorous ; as, to stir up the mind. 
 
 4. To disturb ; as, to stir up the sediment of 
 liquor. 
 
 STIR, (stur,) V. i. To move one's self. He is not able 
 to stir. 
 
 2. To go or be carried in any manner. He is not 
 able to stir from home, or to stir abroad. 
 
 3. To be in motion ; not to be still. He is contin- 
 ually stirring. 
 
 4. To become the object of notice or conversation. 
 They fancy they have a right to talk Cteely upon every lliin? that 
 
 stirs or appears. Watts. 
 
 5. To rise in the morning. [Colloquial.] Shak. 
 STIR, (stur,) 71. [VV. ystwr.] 
 
 1. Agitation; tumult; bustle; noise or various 
 movements. 
 
 Why all these words, this clamor, and this stir? Denham. 
 Consider, after so much stir about the genus and species, hovr 
 few words have yet settled definitions. Locke. 
 
 2. Public disturbance or commotion; tumultuous 
 disorder; seditious uproar. 
 
 Bein^ advertised of some sdr raised by his unnaturtl sons in 
 England, he departed from Ireland, without a blow. 
 
 DavUs. 
 
 3. Agitation of thoughts ; conflicting passions. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STIR'A-BOUT, (stur'-,) «. A Yorkshire dish formed 
 of oatmeal boiled in water to a certain consistency. 
 
 Malone. 
 
 STIR'I-A-TED, a. [L. stiria, an icicle.] 
 
 Adorned wit^' nendants like icicles. 
 STIR'I-OUS, a. i^Supra.] Resembling icicles. [JVot 
 
 TTiwcA used.] Brown. 
 STIRK, (sturk,) 71. A young ox or heifer. [Local.] 
 STiR'LESS, a. Still without stirring. 
 STIRP, (sturp,) 71. [L. s(ir;).5.] 
 
 Stock; race; family, [^^ot English.] Bac'>n. 
 STIR'RED, pp. Moved ; agitated ; put in action. 
 STlR'RER, 71. One who is in motion. 
 
 2. One who puts in motion. 
 
 3. A riser in the morning. Shak. 
 
 4. An inciter or exciter ; an instigator. 
 
 5. A stirrer vp ; an exciter ; an instigator. 
 STIll'RlNG, /y/r. Moving; agitating; putting in mo- 
 tion. 
 
 2. a. Active ; active in business ; habitually era- 
 ployed in some kind of business ; accustomed to a 
 busy life. 
 
 STIR'RING, 71. [Supra.] The act of moving or put- 
 ting in motion. 
 
 STlR'RUP, (siur'rup,) n. [Sax. stige-rapa, step-rope ; 
 stigan, to step, or ascend, and rap, rope ; G. stcig-bil- 
 gel, step-bow, or mounting-bow ; D. styg-beugcl ; Sw. 
 steg-bogel ; Dan. stigbojle. The first stirrups appear 
 to have been ropes.] 
 
 1. ."V kind of ring, or bending piece of metal, hori- 
 zontal on one side for receiving the foot of the rider, 
 and attached to a strap which is fastened to the sad- 
 dle ; used to assist persons m mounting a horse, and 
 to enable them to sit steadily in riding, as well as to 
 relieve them by supporting a part of the weight of 
 the body. 
 
 2. .\n10n2 seamen, a rope secured to a yard, with a 
 thimble in its lower end, for reeving a foot-rops. 
 
 Totten. 
 
 STIR'RUP-eUP, 71. A parting cup taken on horse- 
 bark. ScotL 
 
 STIR'RUP-LEATII-ER, (stur'rup-lelh-er,) n. A strap 
 that supports a stirrup. 
 
 STITCH, [■. t. [G. sticken ; D. stikken ; Dan. stikktr ; 
 Sw. slicka. This is another form of stick.] 
 
 1. To sew wilh a back puncture of the needle, so 
 as to double the thread ; as, to stitch a wristband ; to 
 sew or unite together ; as, to stitch the leaves of a 
 book and form a pamphlet. 
 
 2. To form land into ridges. J^etc England. 
 To stitch up ; to mend or unite with a needle and 
 
 thread ; as, to .<(i(cA 11^) a rent ; to stitch up an artery. 
 
 H'iscman, 
 
 STITCH, f. I. To prartTce stitching. 
 
 STITCH, ». A single pass of a needle m sewing. 
 
 2. A single turn of the thread round a needle in 
 knitting ; a link of yarn ; as, to let down a stitch; to 
 takt! up a stiuh. 
 
 3. A land ; tiie space between two double furrows 
 in plowed ground. IhtUiwelh 
 
 4. .\ local, sharp pain ; an acute lancinating pain, 
 like the piercing of a needle ; as, a .^tileh in the side. 
 
 STITCII'i-.'l), (stitht,) pp. or a. Sewed wilh a back 
 puncture of the needle ; sewed together. 
 
 STITCH'EI,, 71. A kind of hairy wool. [Local.] 
 
 STITCirr:R, n. one that stitches. 
 
 STITCH'ER-V, 71. .Needlework ; in contempt. Shak. 
 
 STITCll'-FALI^i-'.N', a. Fallen, as a stitch in knitting. 
 [Au( in «.>■<■.] Drydeti. 
 
 STITCII'ING, ppr. Sewing in a particular manner ; 
 uniting wilh a needle and thread. 
 
 ST1TCII'I.\G, 71. The act of stitching. 
 
 2. Work dime liy sewing in a particular manner. 
 
 3. The funning of land into ridges or divisions. 
 
 FATE, FAB, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQOK — 
 
 1086 
 
STO 
 
 STITCII'WORT, 71. A pliint, cliamomile. ^insioorth. 
 2. A grassy-looking pUiiit, of tlie genus triellaria. 
 
 STITII,a. [Sax.] Strong ; rigid. [JVot in une.] 
 STITH'Y, 71. [Supra. Ice stalia.] 
 
 1. An anvil. [Lor-at.] Shak. 
 
 2. A disease in oxen. 
 
 STITH'Y, V. t. To lorge on an nnvil. [locil.l 
 
 llalUwdl. 
 
 STITH'Y-ING, vpr. Forging on an anvil. 
 STtVE, v.t. [Sec Stuff and Stew.] To slufTup 
 close. [M>t ill use] Snmhj.-s. 
 2. To make hot, sultry, and close. [J\'ot in u.ic] 
 STI'VKR, 71. [S\v. s(i/m,T ; 1). .s-(iii«fr.] [K'oUoit. 
 A Dutch coin and money of account, of the value 
 of two cents, or about one penny sterling. 
 SToAK, V. t. To stop ; to choke ; in seamen's lan- 
 
 truairc. 
 
 SToAT, 71. An animal, the ermine. This animal is 
 called stoat when of a reddish color, and ermine when 
 white, as in winter. It is a digitigrade, carnivorous 
 mammal, ttie Piitorius Erininea. AV. F.ncijc. 
 
 STO'e.AH, 71. [Ir. and Erse.] An attendant ; a wal- 
 let bov. [^ot Enirlisfij nor used.] S/ienscr. 
 
 STOG-GaDE', ( H. [It. stoccolo, a thrust, from stoero, 
 
 STOe-GA'DO, ) a stock or race, a rapier or loni- 
 sword ; Sp. Gstocaila ; Fr. estorailc. This gives the 
 sense of thrust. Ilut we give the word another sig- 
 nification, from stock, a post, or fixed piece of timber. 
 The It. stocco and Eng. stock are the same word.] 
 
 1. A stab ; a thrust with a rapier. Slmk. 
 
 2. A fence or barrier made with stakes or posts 
 planted in the earth ; a slight fortification. [See 
 ST.>rKAnE.] 
 
 STOr-PADE', V. I. To fortify with sharpened posts. 
 STOe-e.^D'El), ;);>. Fortified with posts. 
 STOe-e.\l)'ING, ppr. Fortifying with posts. 
 STO-eilAS'TIC, (sto-kas'tik,) a. [Gr. iTra\aiTTiKof.] 
 Cimjectural ; able to conjecture. [JVoJ in use.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 STOCK, 71. [Sax. star, a place, the stem of a tree ; G. 
 stock, a stem, a staff, a stick, a block ; D. .mil I):iii. 
 stok, id. ; Sw. stock: Fr. estoc ; It. stocco. This word 
 coincides with stal;e, stick, stack; that which is set or 
 Sxed.l 
 
 1. The stem or main body of a tree or other plant ; 
 the fixed, strong, firm part; the origin and support of 
 the branches. Job xiv. 
 
 2. The stem in which a graft is inserted, and which 
 is its support. 
 
 The cion ovi^rrulelh the stock quile. Bacon. 
 
 3. A post ; something fixed, solid, and senseless. 
 
 Wh''ii All our fathers worjhrp 'd stocks anil stones, Atiflon. 
 
 4. A person very stupid, dull, and senseless. 
 
 Ivt'a be no stoics, nor no slocks. Shak, 
 
 5. The part of a toiii for boring wood with a crank 
 wliose end rests against the breast of the workman. 
 
 Omilt. 
 
 C. The wood in which the barrel of a musket or 
 other firearm is fixed. 
 
 7. A thrust witli a rapier. [JVotinuse.] 
 
 8. A crav.it or band for the neck. 
 
 9. A cover for the leg. [06s.] [Now SrocKiNo.] 
 
 10. The original progeiiittir ; also, the r;tre or line 
 of a family ; the progenitors of a family and their di- 
 rect descendants ; lineage ; family. From what stock 
 did lie spring ! 
 
 Thv mother was no ^dilcss, nor Ihy ^locJfc 
 Vrim nunliiniis. Denhnm. 
 Mt-n ami bn-lhrcn, children of Ihe stock of Abmh.ini. — Acts 
 xiii. 
 
 11. A fund ; capital ; the money or goods employed 
 in trade, manufactures, insurance, banking, &c. ; as, 
 the stock of a banking company ; the stock employed 
 in the manufacture of cotton, in making insurance, 
 and Ihe like. Stock may be individual or joint. 
 
 1-1 .Money lent to government, or properly in a 
 public debt ; a share or shares of a national or other 
 public debt, or in a company debt. The United 
 States borrow of the bank or of individuals, and sell 
 stock bearing an interest of five, six, or seven per 
 cent. British stocks are the objects of jierpetual spec- 
 ulation. 
 
 13. Supply provided ; store. Every one may be 
 charitable out of his own stock. So ive say, a slock 
 of honor, a stock of fame. 
 
 AtlJ to that stock which justly we bestow. Drytien. 
 M. In asricuhuTe, the domestic animals or beasts 
 belonging to the owner of a farm ; as, a stock of cat- 
 tle or of sheep. It is also used for the crop or other 
 ' property belonging to the farm. F.ncijc. 
 I 15. Living beasts shipped to a foreign country ; as, 
 a brig sailed yesterday with stock on deck. The cat- 
 tle ate called also live stock. .America. 
 IG. In the fFesl Indies, the slaves of a plantation. 
 
 17. Stocks, pi. ; a machine consisting of two pieces 
 of timber, in which the legs of criminals are con- 
 fined h\ way of punishment. 
 
 18. The frame or timbers on which a ship rests 
 while building. 
 
 19. The stock of ijh anchor is the piece of timber 
 into which the shank is inserted. Mar. Dtct. 
 
 STO 
 
 20. Ill book-keeping, the owner or owners of the 
 books. Encijc. 
 S'l'OC'K, »>. f. To store ; to supply ; to fill ; as, to slock 
 the mind with ideas. Asia and Europe are well 
 slocked with inhabitants. 
 
 2. To lay up in store ; as, he stocks what he can 
 not use. Johnson. 
 
 3. To put ill the stocks. [Little used.] Shak. 
 •1. To pack ; to put into a pack ; as, to stock cartls. 
 ."i. To supply with domestic animals ; as, to stock a 
 
 farm. 
 
 (>. To supply with seed ; ns, to stock land with 
 clover or herdsgrass. American Farmers. 
 
 7. To suffer cows to retain their milk for twenty- 
 four hours or more previous to sale. 
 To stock up I to extirpate ; to dig up. 
 
 Edwards's TV. Tndirs. 
 
 STO(n{-ADE', n. [See Stoccade.] In fortification, 
 a sharpened post or stake set in the earth. 
 
 2. .\ lino of posts or stakes set in the earth as a 
 fence or barrier. 
 
 STOt'K-.^DE', V. t. To surround or fortify with sharp- 
 ened posts fixed in the ground. 
 
 STOCK-aD'ED, pp. Fortified with stockades. 
 
 STO(.'K-Al)'I.\G, ppr. Fortifying with sharpened 
 ]>i)sts or slakes. 
 
 ST()CK'-l!lloK-ER, 7i. [stock and broker.] A broker 
 who deals in the purchase and sale of stocks or 
 shan s in the public funds. 
 
 STOCK'-UOVE, (-diiv,) 71. [stork and dove.] The 
 Willi pigeon of Europe, (Coluiiiba U'nas,) long con- 
 sidered as the stock of the domestic pigeon, but now 
 rciiariled as a distinct species. Ed. Enci/c. 
 
 STOCK'-FISH, 71. [stock ami fish.] Cod dried hard 
 and without salt. 
 
 S'lOCK-GU/LY-FLOVV-EU, 77. A plant, a species 
 of (.'lieiranthus ; sometimes written Stock July 
 Fi.owEB. Encvc Fain, of Plants. 
 
 STOCK'HOLD-ER, n. [stock imA hold.] One who is 
 a proprietor of stock in the public funds, or in the 
 funds of a bank or other company. 
 
 STO("K'lN(!, 71. [from stock: It.stoca; supposed by 
 Johnson to be a corruption of stocken, plural o{ stock. 
 Ilut tju.] 
 
 A garment made to cover the foot and leg. 
 STOCK'ING, ». <. To dress in stockings. Drijdrn. 
 STOCK'ISH, a. Hard; stupid; blockish. [IMe 
 
 used.] Shak. 
 STOCK'-JOB-RER, n. [stock and job.] One who 
 
 speculates in the public funds for gain; one whose 
 
 occupation is to buy and sell stocks. 
 STOCK'-JOB-BING, 71. The act or art of dealing in 
 
 the public funds. Encijc. 
 STOCK'-LOCK, 71. [stock and lock.] A lock fixed in 
 
 a wooden case or frame. Buchanan. 
 STOCKS. Sec under Stock. 
 
 STOCK'-STI LL, o. [stock and still.] Still as a fixed 
 post ; perfectly still. 
 
 Our preachers sund stock-stilt in the puIpiL 
 
 Anon. 
 
 STOCK'Y, a. [from stock.] Thick and firm ; stout. 
 A stocky person is one rather thick than tall or cor- 
 pulent ; one whose bones are covered well with (lesli, 
 but without a prominent belly. 
 
 STo'ie, 71. [Gr. rwiKos, from s-'"i,a porch in Athens, 
 where the pliilosopher Zeno taught.] 
 
 A disciple of the philosopher Zeno, who founded 
 a sect. He taught that men should bo free from pas- 
 sion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submit without 
 complaint to the unavoidable necessity by which all 
 things arc governetl. Enfield. 
 
 STo'lC, la. Pertaining to the Stoics or to their 
 
 STo'lG-AL, i doctrines. 
 
 a. Not afliTtcd by passion; unfeeling; manifcst- 
 ins indifference to pleasure or pain. 
 
 ST6'ie-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of the Stoics; 
 without apparent feeling or sensibility; with indif- 
 ference to pleasure or pain. ChestiTficld. 
 
 STo'ie-AL-NESS, 71. The state of being stoical ; in- 
 difference to pleasure or pain. 
 
 .STo'I-ClSM, 71. The opinions and maxims of the 
 Stoics. 
 
 2. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure or 
 pain ; insensibility. 
 
 STOKE [Sav. stoccc, stoe, place] is the same woril as 
 
 , Stock, differently applied. It is found in many Eng- 
 lish names of towns. 
 
 STo'KEIl, 71. One who looks after the fire of a brew- 
 liguse, or of a steam-engine. Oreen. 
 
 STo'LA, n. [Gr. irroAi).] 
 
 .•\ long garment, descending to the ankles, worn 
 by Roman women. 
 
 SToLE, prel. of Steal. 
 
 STOLE, 71. and It. stola ; Sp. estola.] 
 
 1. In the Roman Catholic church, along and narrow 
 scarf, with fringed extremities, worn by a priest 
 around the neck, and cros.sed over the breast in front. 
 
 Hook. 
 
 2. [I., stolo.] A sucker; a shoot from the root of a 
 plant, by winch some plants may bo propagated. 
 [Written also Stool.] 
 
 Oroom of the stale ; the first lorii of the bed-cham- 
 ber, in the household of the king of England. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 STO 
 
 STOL'KN, (stol'n,) pp. or a. [from iiUal, which 
 see.] 
 
 Stolen wulera are sweet. — Pruv. ix. 
 
 STOL'II), tt. [L. stolidus! from the root of still, stall, 
 to set.] 
 
 Dull; foolish; stupid. [JVot used.] 
 
 STO-I,II)'l-TY, 71. [Supra.] Dullness of intellect ; 
 stiipiility. [Little used.] Bentlcij, 
 
 STO'I.O.V, 71. [\.. stulo.] 
 
 Ill botany, a runner or slioot proceeding horizon- 
 tally from a plant, as in the strawberry. 
 
 ST()l,-0-.\IF'ER-OUS, a. [L. stolo, a sucker, and 
 fero, to produce.] 
 
 Producing sui:kers ; putting forth suckers ; as, a 
 stnloniferous stem. Martyn. 
 
 STo'.M.\, 71. ![<■'■•] In iofaiii/, oval spaces bo- 
 
 ST()M',\-TA, II. pi. i tween the sides of cells open- 
 iii!; into inli r-ci lhihir cavities in the subjacent tissue, 
 ami bordered by a rim. Lindlry. 
 
 STO-.MAG'A-CE, 11. [Gr. ariu'i and it<n»s.] A felor 
 of breath, arising from ulcerated gums. Brande. 
 
 STOM'.ACll, (stiiiii'ak,) II. [L. stomuchus : Sp. <a(o- 
 mai^o : It. stomacho ; Fr. eslomac] 
 
 1. In animal bodies, a niembraneniis recept,iclc, the 
 principal organ of digestion, in which food is pre- 
 IVireil for eiilering into the several part.s of the body 
 for its iiourisliiitent. 
 
 2. .Appetite ; the desire of food caused by hunger ; 
 as, a good stomach for roast beef. 
 
 \J2 popnlar use of the icord.] 
 
 3. Inclination ; liking. . Bacon. 
 
 He which hath no stomach to this figlit, 
 Let him depart. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. Anger ; violence of temper. 
 
 St'-rn was Irfs luuk, urn I full of stomach Tiiio. Spenser. 
 
 5. Sullenness ; resentment ; willful obstinacy ; 
 stubbornness. 
 
 Tliis »ort of crying proceedii>^ fsmn pride, obstinacy, and stomach, 
 the will, whca- the fault lies, must be bent. Locks. 
 
 6. Pride ; haughtiness. 
 
 He was a ma 
 
 Of an unbounded stomach, ever 1 
 Hiiusell with princes. 
 
 nking 
 
 JVoff. — This word, in all the foregoing senses ex- 
 cept the first, is nearly obsolete or inelegant. 
 STO.M'ACH, (stiini'ak,') v. t. [L. stomachor.] 
 1. To resent ; to remember with anger. 
 
 This sense is not 7ij;ed in .America, as far as my ob- 
 servation extends. In America, at least in JVeuf Eng' 
 land, the sense is, 
 
 2. To brook; to bear without open resentment or 
 without opposition, [.^^ot elegant.] 
 ST0.M'.\€I1, jj. i. To be angry. [A"o( in use.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 STOM'A€II-AL, (I. [Fr. stomaeal.] 
 
 Cordial; helping the stomach. Cotgrate. 
 STOM'ACII-AO, a. Filled with resentment. Shak. 
 STO.M'A-CHER, n. An ornament or support to the 
 
 bre.'ist, wtirii by females, /s. iii. Shak. 
 STO.M'ACIl-FIJL, (sluiii'ak-,) a. Willfully obstinate ; 
 stubborn ; perverse ; as, a stomachful boy. 
 
 L'Estrange. 
 
 STOM'AeH-FUL-NESS, 71. Stubbornness; sullen- 
 ness ; perverse obstinacy. 
 
 STO-.MACirie, la. Pertaining to the stomach ; 
 
 S'I'O-.M ACiriC-AL, i as, storajcAic vessels. Harcey. 
 2. Strengthening to the stomach ; exciting the ac- 
 tion of the stomach. Coze. 
 
 STO-.MACirie, (sto-mak'ik,) 71. A medicine that 
 strengthens the stomach and excites its action. 
 
 STO.M'.\CII-I.\G, p/ir. Brooking; bearing without 
 open resentment. 
 
 ST(^M'A€1I-I.\G, 11. Resentment. [Xotinuse.] 
 
 STO.M'ACII-LKSS, (stuui'ak-,) a. Being without a 
 stomach or appetite. Hall. 
 
 STO.M'ACII-OUS, 0. Stout; sullen; obstinate. [Xot 
 in use.] Spenser. 
 
 STO.M'.-Veil-PL'^MP, n, A small pump or syringe with 
 a flexible tube, for drawing liijuids from the stom- 
 ach, or ftir injecting tlieiii into it. 
 
 STO.M'.ACll-V, a. Obstinate ; sullen. Jennings. 
 
 ST(5'JI.V P0D, 71. [Gr. arojia, a mouth, and itji j, b 
 foot.] 
 
 One of an order of criist.accoiis animals, including 
 the squilla, in which several of the organs of the 
 nioiilli have the form of fret. Dana. 
 STO .MP; a vulgar pronunciation of Stamp, which 
 
 see. 
 
 STO.XD, 71. [for Stand.] A stop ; a post ; a station. 
 [0A.«.] [See Stand.] 
 
 STO.N'E, n. [Sax. stan : Goth, staina ; C. stfin ; D and 
 Dan. stern; t^w. sten; Dalmatian, sitina ; Croatian, 
 stine. This word may be a derivative from the root 
 of stand, or it may belong to some root in Class Dn. 
 The primary sense is, lo set, to fix ; Gr "> ] 
 
 1. A mass of concreted, earthy, or mineral matter. 
 In popular language, very large masses of stone are 
 calletl rocks ; smaU masses are called stones ; and the 
 finer kinils, gravel or sand, or grains of sand. SUine 
 is of great and extensive use in the construction of 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VT"CIOU8 C as K ; 6 ns J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1087 
 
STO 
 
 STO 
 
 STO 
 
 buildings of all kinds, for walls, fences, piers, abut- 
 ments, arches, monuments, sculpture, and the like. 
 
 When we speak of the substance generally, we 
 use stone in the singular ; as, a house or wall of 
 stone. But when we speak of particular, separate 
 masses, w e say, a stone, or the stones. 
 
 2. A gem ; a precious stone. 
 
 luesutnable stones, unvalued jewels. Shale. 
 
 3. .\ny thin? made of stone ; a mirror. Shak. 
 
 4. c.ilculous concretion in the kidneys or blad- 
 der; the disease arising froin a calculus. 
 
 5. .\ testicle. 
 
 6. The nut of a drupe or stone fniit ; or the hard 
 covering inclosing the kernel, and itself inclosed by 
 the pulpy pericarp. Martyn. 
 
 7. In Oreat Britain, the weight of fourteen pounds. 
 [8, 12, 14, or 16.] 
 
 [.Yiit used in the United States, except in reference to 
 t)ie riders of Iwrsc-s in races.] 
 
 8. A monument erected to preserve the memory of 
 the dead. 
 
 Should some relentlfss fye 
 Glance on the stone where our coltl relics lie. Pope. 
 
 9. It is used to e.xprcss torpidncss and insensibil- 
 ity ; as, a heart of stone. 
 
 I have not yd for^o[ mvself to stone. Pope. 
 
 10. Stone is prefixed to some words to qualify their 
 signification. Thus stone-dead is perfectly dead, as 
 lifeless as a stone ; stone-still, still as a stone, per- 
 fectly still ; stone-blind, blind as a stone, perfectly 
 blind. 
 
 To leave no stone unturned; a proverbial expres- 
 sion which signifies to do every thing that can be 
 done ; to use all practicable means to effect an ob- 
 ject. 
 
 Meteoric stones ; stones which fall from the atmos- 
 phere, as aft^T the displosiun of a meteor. 
 
 Pkilosopher^s stone; a pretended substance that was 
 formerly supposed to have the property of turning 
 any other substance into gold. 
 SToNE, a. Made of stone, or like stone ; as, a stone 
 jug. 
 
 STO.VE, V. L [Sax. sta-nan.] 
 
 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones. 
 
 And they stoned Steph'rn, c iJIins^ on God, an<l saying, Tjonl Jtsus, 
 receive my spinu — Actj vii. 
 
 2. To harden. 
 
 O perjured woman, thou dost stone mv h^art. \Liit2e use<?.] 
 
 3. To free frotn stones ; as, to .<tone raisins. 
 
 4. To wall or face with .stones ; to line or fortify 
 with stones ; as, to stxme a well ; to stone a cellar. 
 
 STo.N'E'-BLI.M), a. [stone and blind.] Blind !is a 
 
 stone ; perftj^ctly blintl. 
 SToN'E'-B6R-ER, a. .\n anitnal that bores stones ; 
 
 applied to certain bivalve niollusks which form holes 
 
 in rocks. JTirbi/. 
 STo.\E'-BoW, n. [stone and bow.] .A cross-bow for 
 
 shooting stones. 
 STo.NE'-EREAK, 7U [stone and break; L. sarif- 
 
 raga.] 
 
 A plant. .^inxicort.'t. 
 
 STo.VE'-CH.\T, I 71. [stone and clmltcr.] A 
 
 STo.S'E'-CHAT-TER, I small bird of the eastern 
 continent, the Saxicola riibicola of Bcchstein, (Mota- 
 cilla nibicola, Linn.) It is allied to the English 
 robin redbreast, and its note often rescmliles the 
 knocking together of two stones. 
 
 Jar'line. Ed. Encyc 
 
 RToXE'-€6AI., n. Hard coal ; mineral coal. 
 
 SToN'K'-GRaV, n. A distemper in hawks. 
 
 SToN'E'-eROP, n. [Sax. stan-crop.] 
 
 1. A sort of tree. Jifortimrr. 
 
 2. .\ low, succulent plant of the genus Sediim, 
 growing on rocks and dry, ariil places; wall-pep[ier. 
 The stone-crop tree or shrubby grass wort is of the 
 genus Chenopodium. Loudon. Lee. 
 
 STd.N'E'-eUR-LHlV, n. A large species of the plover 
 family, fEdicnejmis crepitans of TiMnjninck. It fre- 
 quents stony places, and is also called Thick kneed 
 Plover or Bustard, and Thick-Knee. Jardine. 
 
 ST6.NE'-eUT-TER, n. [stone cut.] One whose 
 occupation is to hew stones. Swift. 
 
 STO.N'E'-eUT-TI.VG, n. The business of hewing 
 Staines for walls, steps, cornices, monuments, &c. 
 
 ST5.NE'-kAT-ER, n. An animal that cats stone ; 
 applied to certain bivalve niollusks which form holes 
 
 , in rocks. Kirhii. 
 
 STCtS'KO, pp. Pelted or killed with stones ; freed 
 from stones ; walled with stones. 
 
 HTfi.VE'-DEAD, ( ded,) a. As lifeless as a stone, 
 i fTO.N'B'-P.AT ER, n. A u animal that eats stone. 
 
 STO.N'E'-KER.N, n. [*(on« and /cr/i.j A plant. 
 
 Ainsworth. 
 
 STONE'-FL?, n. [atone and ftij.] An insect. 
 
 .^tn-iicorth. 
 
 STONE'-FRCIT, n. [*(oi»» and /nii/.] Fruits whose 
 vcedti are covered with a hard shell ('nvelope<l in the 
 pulp, as pcachea, cherries, plums, tec ; a drupe. 
 
 Bo„h. 
 
 STO.NE'-IIAWK, B. [ulont and hawk.] A kmd of 
 hawk, .^innaoTth. 
 
 STo.NE'-HE.\RT-i:i), j a. [stone and Aeurt.J H.ard- 
 
 STo.\'Y-HEXRT-ED, ( hearted ; cruel ; pitiless ; 
 unfeeling. ■ Sliak. 
 
 STo.N'E'HEXCE, it. An assemblage of upright and 
 horizontal stones on Salisbury Plain, England ; gen- 
 erally supposed to be the remains of an ancient Dru- 
 idjcal temple. P. Ci/c. 
 
 STo.N'E'-HORSE, n. [stone and horse.] A liorse 
 not castrated. Mortimer. 
 
 SToNE'-HOUSE, n. [stone and house.] A house 
 bijilt of stone. 
 
 SToXE'-PXRS-LEY.n. A plant of the genus Cubon. 
 
 Fam. of Plants. 
 
 SToXE'-PIT, n. [stone and pit.] A pit or quarry 
 where stones are dug. IVoodioard. 
 
 STo.NE'-PITCH, n. [sfone and pitc/i.] Hard, inspis- 
 sated pitch. Bacon. 
 
 SToXE'-PLOY-ER, (-pluv-er,) n. [stone and plorer.] 
 .\ bird. Jlinsicorth. 
 
 SToX'ER, 71. One who beats or kills with stones ; 
 one who walls with stones. 
 
 STo.\E'S'-€SST, I n. [stone and cnst or throm.] 
 
 SToXE'S'-TllRoW, j The dist.ance which a stone 
 ninv be thrown bv the hand. 
 
 .STo.XE'S'-.MICK-LE, 71. A bird. Mnsaorlh. 
 
 SToXE'-SaUAR-ER, 11. [stone and square.] One 
 wjio forms stones into squares. 1 Kings v. 
 
 SToXE'-STILL,a. [stoiie and s(i«.] Still as a stone ; 
 perfectly still or motionless. 
 
 SToNE'-WALL, 71. [stone and wall.] A wall built 
 of stones. ■ 
 
 SToNE'-WaRE, n. A species of potter's ware of a 
 coarse kind, glazed and baked. 
 
 STo.XE'-WEED, 71. A troublesome weed, of the 
 genus Lithospermum, having spear-shaped flowers 
 with yellowish or milk-white corols. Farm. Encyc. 
 
 SToXE'-WORK, (-work,) n. Work or wall consist- 
 ing of stone ; mason's work of stone. Mortimer. 
 
 SToX'l-XESS, 71. [from stony.] The quality of 
 abounding with stones; as, the stoniness of ground 
 renders it dirticult to till. 
 
 2. Haidness of heart. Hammond. 
 SToN'lXG, ppr. Pelting with stones ; walling with 
 
 stones. 
 
 STo.X'V, o. [D. steenig ; G. steinig ; Sw. steneg.] 
 I. Made of stone ; as, a stony tower. Slink. 
 9. Consisting of stone ; as, a stony cave. Milton. 
 
 3. Full of stones; abounding with stones; as, 
 stony ground. 
 
 4. Petrifying ; as, the stony dart of senseless cold. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 5. Hard ; cruel ; unrelenting : pitiless ; as, a .stony 
 heart. .Ulilton. 
 
 6. Insensible; obdurate; perverse; moralh bard. 
 SToX'Y-llESRT-ED, a. Hard-hearted. "Sci-lt. 
 STOOD, prel. of Stand. 
 
 STtjOK, n. [Scotch ; W. ystmc, a shock of grain.] 
 A small collection of sheaves set up in the tield. 
 [In England, a stook is twelve sheaves.] 
 
 STOOK, V. t. To set up sheaves of grain in stocks, 
 
 [LnCul.] 
 
 STOOK'INO, 71. The act of setting up sheaves of 
 grain in stooks or shocks. 
 
 STOOL, II. [Sax. stol, (;oth. stols, a seat, a throne ; 
 G. stulil, a stool, a stock, a pew, a chair, the see of a 
 bishop; D. and Dan. stoel, id.; Sw. stol; W. yslal. 
 This coincides with stall and still. A stool is that 
 which is set, or a seat ; Russ. prestol, a throne ] 
 
 1. A seat witliotit aback ; a little form consisting 
 of a board with three or four legs, intended as a seat 
 for one person. iVatls. 
 
 2. The seat used in evacu.ating the contents of the 
 bowels ; hence, an evacuation j a discharge from 
 the bowels. 
 
 3. r E. stolo.] The root or stem of a tree or plant 
 cut olTnear the ground, from which shoots spring up. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 Stool of repentance ; in Scotland, an elevated seat in 
 the church, on which persons sit, as a punishment 
 for fornication and adultery ; the cutty-stool, which 
 see. 3 Johnson. 
 
 STOOL, V. i. In agricnlture, to ramify ; to tiller, as 
 grain ; to shoot out suckers. 
 
 STOOL'-BAEL, 71. [stool and ball.] A play in 
 which balls are driven from stool to stool. Prior. 
 
 STOO.M, V. I. To put bags of herbs or other ingredi- 
 ents into wine, to prevent fcrnient,atiun. [Local.] 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 STOOP, V. i. [Sax. stiiplan ; D. stuipen.] 
 
 1. To bend the body downward and forward ; as, 
 to stoop to pick up a book. 
 
 2. To bend or b an forward ; to incline forward in 
 standing or walking. We often see men stoop in 
 standing or walking, either from habit or from ape. 
 
 3. I'o yield ; to submit ; to bi'iid by compulsion ; 
 as, Carthage at length stooped to Rome. Drydcn. 
 
 4. To descend from rank or dignity; to conde- 
 Rccnd. In modern days, attention to agriculture is 
 not called stooping, in men of property. 
 
 Where nifii o( irmit wcaltii stoop to bi»t>undry, It miilil; li'-lh 
 riches cxc'eiliii(fly. liacon. 
 
 5. To yield ; to be inferior. 
 
 Tlfse ore aiu, my princi*, 
 In which our Znnia dws not stoop to Ituine. Addison. 
 
 C. To come down on prey, as a hawk 
 
 The bird of Jove stooped from liis airy tour, 
 
 Two birds of ^ayt-sl plume b*/Iore him drove. Milton. 
 
 7. To alight from the wing. 
 
 And sloop with closing pinions from above. Dryden, 
 
 8. To sink to a lower place. 
 
 Cowering low 
 
 With blandishments, each bird sux^ttd on tus wing, blilton. 
 STOOP, V. t. To cause to incline downward ; to sink ; 
 as, to stoop a cask of liquor. 
 2. To cause to submit. [LitUe used.] 
 STOOP, 71. The act of bending the body forward ; in- 
 clination forward. 
 
 2. Descent from dignity or superiority ; condescen- 
 sion. 
 
 Caji any loyul subject see 
 With patience such a sloop from sovereignty ? Dryden. 
 
 3. Fall of a bird on his prey. 
 STOOP, H. [D. stoep, a step.] 
 
 The steps of a door. In JVea England, a stoop 
 has a balustrade and seals on the sides. 
 STOOP, 71. [Sax. stoppa ; D. stoop, a measure of 
 about two quarts ; Sw. stop, a measure of about three 
 pints.] 
 
 1. A vessel of liquor ; a flagon ; as, a stoop of wine 
 or ale. Dcnham. King. Sliak. 
 
 2. A post fixed in the earth. [Local.] 
 STOOP'£D, (stoopt,) pp. Caused to lean. 
 STOOP'EU, n. One that bends the body for\vard. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 STOOP'IXG, ppr. or a. Bending the body forward ; 
 
 vielding ; submitting; condescending; inclining. 
 StOOP'lXG-LY, adc. With a bending of the body 
 
 forward. 
 
 STOOR, c. i. To rise in clouds, as dust or smoke ; 
 from tlie Welsh y.vdrr, a stir. [Local.] Halliicell. 
 
 STOOT'ER, 71. A small silver coin in Holland, value 
 2 1-2 stivers. P. Ciie. 
 
 STOP, V. t. [D. stoppen ; G. stopfen, to stop, to clieck, 
 to pose, to fill, to cram, to stuff, to quilt, to darn, to 
 mend ; Dan. stopper, to stop, to puzzle, to darn, to 
 cram, to stuff; Sw. stoppa, to stop, to stii.^; It. stop- 
 pare, to stop with tow; stoppa, tow, L. stupa; Sp. 
 estopa, tow ; estofa, quilted stuff ; estofar, to quill, to 
 stew meat with wine, spice, or vinegar ; Port. 
 estofa, stuff; estofar, to quill, to stuff; Fr. rtoupc, 
 tow ; elouper, to stop with tow ; etouffer, to choke, 
 to stifle, (see Stifle ;) L. stupa, low ; s(i/«i, to stuff, 
 to crowd, and stupco, to be stupefied, whence stupid, 
 stupor, (that is, to stop, or a stop ;) It. stopam, to stop, 
 to shut. The primary sense is either to cease to 
 move, or to stuff, to press, to thrust in, to cram ; prob- 
 ably the latter.] 
 
 1. To close ; as an aperture, by filling or by ob- 
 slrticting ; as, to stop a vent ; to stop the ears ; to stop 
 wells of water. 2 Kings iii. 
 
 2. To obstruct ; to render impassable ; as, to stop a 
 way, road, or passage. 
 
 3. To hinder; to impede; to arrest progress; as, 
 to stop a passenger in the road ; to stop the course of 
 a stream. 
 
 4. To restrain ; to hinder ; to suspend ; as, to stop 
 the execution of a decree. 
 
 5. To repress ; to sujipress ; to restrain ; as, to stop 
 the progress of vice. 
 
 C. To hinder; to check ; as, to stop the approaches 
 of old age or infirmity. 
 
 7. To hinder from action or practice. 
 
 Wliose disposition, all the world well knows. 
 
 Will not be rul.ljed nor stopped. Shai. 
 
 8. To put an end to any motion or action ; to in- 
 tercept ; as, to stop the breath ; to .itop proceedings. 
 
 9. To regulate the sounds of musical strings ; as, 
 to xiop a string. Bacon. 
 
 10. In senmaiiship, to make fast. 
 
 11. To point; as a written composition. [.Vot in 
 rise.) 
 
 STOP, ». t. To cease to go forward. 
 
 Some stntngc commotion 
 Is in his brain : he bili-s lus lip, and starts ; 
 Slops on a sudden, looks upon llle gr\>uiid. STiai. 
 
 2. To cease from any motion or course of action. 
 When you are accusloiiied to a course of vice, it is 
 very dilficiill to stop. 
 
 The best time to sU}p is at Uie beginning. Lesley. 
 STOP, 71. Cessation of progressive motion ; as, to 
 make a .>(<i;i. VF.strange. 
 
 2. llinderance of progress ; obstrucOon4 act of 
 stopping. 
 
 Occull qu;»litif8 put a stop to the improvement of nalurd phh 
 los^)pliy. Neicton. 
 
 3. Repression ; hinderance of operntiim or action. 
 It is a (rn-at stop u»w.inl die masu-ry of our dcsirt^, to rive tliis 
 
 stop t» (h'-m. Locke. 
 
 4. Intcrruptitin. 
 
 Th- se sto}»> of thine fright me the mor\?. Shak. 
 
 5. Prohibition of sale; as, the atop of wine and 
 salt. Temple. 
 
 C. That which obstructs ; obstacle; impediment. 
 A fitiil slap Iravefsi'd their heutllony course. Daniel. 
 So meliuicholy n prospect should liuplrc ui with leal to opposa 
 some slop to the rising torienL Rogers. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/^LL, WHAT. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
STO 
 
 7. The inslrumpiit by which the soiimls of wind 
 music are regulated ; as, tlic stops of a liuto or an 
 oriian. 
 
 8. Regulation of musical chords by tlio fingers. 
 
 In the glopt -of lutes, the higlicr Ihey ;;o, the lew (li(;tui»ce Li 
 between the frets. Jitu-OH* 
 
 9. The act of applying; the stops in music. 
 
 Tlie orf^nn-aoiind a time survives the stop. Daniel. 
 
 10. A point or mark in writing, intended to dis- 
 tinguisli the sentences, parts of a sentence, or 
 clatises, and to show th'! proper pauses in reading, 
 'i'iie stops generally used are (he eoniina, semicolon, 
 colon, and period. To these may be adtled the 
 marks of interrogation and cvclamation. 
 
 ST01"-eOCI<, n. (stop and cock.] A pipe for letting 
 out a tiiiid, stopped by a turnins-coi k. Grew. 
 
 STOP'-G.\I', II. [slop and gap.] A temporary expe- 
 dient. [JVut ujseU.] 
 
 ST01"LESS, a. Not to bo stopped. [.\u( in use.] 
 
 Davniaiit. 
 
 STOP'PAGE, 71. The act of stopping or arresting 
 progress or motion ; or the state of being stopped ; as, 
 the stoppatre of the circulation of the blood ; the stop- 
 patre of connnerce. 
 
 STOP'FEU, (stopt,) pp. Closed ; obstructed ; hin- 
 dered from proceeding; impeded; intercepted. 
 
 ST01"1'ER, 71. One who stops, closes, sliiits, or bin- 
 ders ; that which stops or obstructs; tliat which 
 closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel. 
 
 9. tn seameti^s tantrua^e, a short piece of rope used 
 ft)r making something fast, as the anchor or cables. 
 Stoppers are also used to prevent the running rigging 
 from coming up whilst the men are belaying it. 
 
 STOP'PER, V. L To close or secure with a stopper. 
 
 STOP'PEIl-ED, pp. or a. Closed or secured with a 
 stopper ; as, a stoppered retort. Henry. 
 
 .<5TOP'PER-ING, ppr. Closing with a stopper. 
 
 STOP'PIiVG, ppr. Closing; shutting; obstructing; 
 hindering from proceeding ; ceasing to go or move ; 
 putting an end to ; regulating the sounds of. 
 
 STOP'PLE, (stop'pl,) n. [Sw. stopp.] 
 
 That wliich stops or closes the moutli of a vessel ; 
 as, a glass stopple a cork stopple. 
 
 SToR'AGE, n. [from store.] The act of depositing 
 in a store or warehouse for safe keeping ; or the safe 
 keeping of goods in a warehouse. 
 
 2. Tile price charged or paid for keeping goods in 
 a store. 
 
 STo'KAX, 71. [The English corruption of L. styrax. 
 Or. crufiaf.] 
 
 A fragrant resin exuding from Ptyrax officinalis, 
 (Linn..) in the form of small, reddish globules, but 
 usually brought to market in large, flat masses, of a 
 reddish-brown color, sof : and unctuous to the touch, 
 but pliable and brittle. Like other resins, it is solu- 
 ble in alcohol, and iirsduble in water. When dis- 
 tilled with alcohol or water, it scarcely affords any 
 oil. In medicine it is used as an expectorant. 
 
 Tally. 
 
 Liquid storaz is a fragrant, bitterish, honey-like 
 siibsiance, which exudes from various plants, differ- 
 ing from storax. It is used in medicine as an e.xpec- 
 lorant. 
 
 STORE, n. [W. ystor, that forms a bulk, a store ; Sax. 
 stfir; Dan. stor ; Sw. id., great, ample, spacious, 
 main ; Jr. stor, storas: Heb. Ch. Eth. and Ar. -MN, 
 at-ar. Class Sr, No. 39.] 
 ^ 1. A large number; as, a store of years. [Obs.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. A large quantity ; great plenty ; abundance ; as, 
 a .<ore of wheat or provisions. Bacon. 
 
 3. A stock provided ; a large quantity for supply ; 
 ample abundance. The troops have great stores of 
 provisions and ammunition; tlie ships have stores 
 for a long voyage. 
 
 [This is the present usual acceptation of the word, 
 and in this sen.se, the plural, SronEii, is commonly 
 used. When applied to a single article of supply, 
 it is still sometimes used in the singular ; as, a gootl 
 store of wine or of bread.] 
 
 4. Ciuantity accumulated ; fund ; abundance ; as, 
 store.i of knowledge. 
 
 5. A storehouse ; a magazine ; a warehouse. Noth- 
 ing can be more convenient than the stores on Cen- 
 tral Wharf in Boston. 
 
 6. In (Ac United Stales, shops for the sale of goods 
 of any kind, by wholesale or retail, are often called 
 stores. 
 
 In store; in a state of accumulation, in a literal 
 sense ; hence, in a state of preparation for supply ; in 
 a slate of readiness. Happiness is laid up in store 
 for the righteous ; misery is in store for the wicked, 
 (^ee also STonEs.l 
 STORE, a. Hoarded ; laid up ; as, store treasure, 
 f jViff in use,] 
 
 STORE, V. u To furnish ; to supply ; to replenish. 
 Wi*' Pl.vto B.viil the world with men waa stored. Denham. 
 tier ii.ind will, thiius^uul virtues stored. Prior. 
 
 2. To stock against a future time ; as, a garrison 
 Well stored with provisicns. 
 
 Oo? iLwing stored a pond of four RCKS with carp, lencli, and 
 other hsh. }lalt. 
 
 STO 
 
 3. To re|)osit in a store or warehouse for preserva- 
 titin ; to warehouse ; as, to store goods. Jlacon. 
 STOR'A'I), p/i. Furnished; supplietl. 
 
 2. Laid up in store ; warehoused. 
 SToKE'llOU.SE, 71. [store and house.] A building 
 
 for keeping grain or goods of any kind ; a magazine ; 
 a repository ; a warelioiise. 
 
 Joseph opened all the storehouses and sold to tlie Ei^yptiatis. — 
 lien. xli. 
 
 9. A repository. 
 
 The Scripture of God ia a storehouse ftlwundinj willi inestima- 
 ble treiisuresof wisdom and knowledge. Hutikcr. 
 
 3. A great mass reposited. [JVnf in use.] Spen.-:rr. 
 SToRE'-KEEP-ER, n. [store and keeper.] A man 
 
 who has the care of a .store. 
 
 SToR'ER, 71. One who lays up or forms a store. 
 
 STORE'-ROOM, 71. Room in a storehouse or reposi- 
 tory ; a room in which articles are storeil. 
 
 STORES, 71. pi. Military and naval stores are arms, 
 ammunition, provisiims, clothing, tec. 
 
 2. In covtmcreial nariiration, the supplies of differ- 
 ent articles provided for the subsistence and accom- 
 modation of the ship's crew and passengers. 
 
 McCulloch. 
 
 STOR'dE, 71. [Gr.] Parental affection ; tender love ; 
 that strong, instinctive affection which animals have 
 for their young. 
 
 STo'RI-AL, a. [from story.] Historical. [J^ot in 
 use.] Chaucer. 
 
 STO'RI-EI), (sto'rid,) pp. or a. [from story.] Fur- 
 nished with stories ; adorned with historical paint- 
 ings. 
 
 Some greetW minion, or imperious wife, 
 
 The Irophiuu arches, storied lialls, invade. Pope. 
 
 9. Related or referred to in story ; told or recited 
 in history. 
 
 STo'RI-ER, 71. A relator of stories; a historian. [A'ut 
 in_use.] 
 
 STo'RI-Ff, V. t. To form or tell stories. [Mt in 
 use.] Ch. Relig. .appeal. 
 
 SToK'ING, piir. Laying up in a store or warehouse. 
 
 STORK, 71. [.«ax. store : Dan. Sw. stor*.] 
 
 A large bird with a long, straight, conical bill, al- 
 lied to tlio heron. There are several species, which be- 
 long to the genus Ciconia of Brisson, (Ardea, Linn.) 
 The stork is famed for its great affection toward its 
 young ; and the various species render important ser- 
 vices to man in clearing away noxious animals and 
 tilth. P. Cyr. 
 
 STORK'S'-BILL, 71. A plant of the genus Pelargoiii- 
 iiin, which see. Loudon. 
 
 STOR.M, 71. [Sax. storm ; D. Dan. and Sw. storm ; G. 
 Sturm; W. ystorm ; D. sfoorc7i, to disturb ; W. ystio- 
 riaw, Eng. to stir. In Italian, stonno is a fight, com- 
 bat, a band, or troop ; slormire, to make a noise ; stor- 
 me<rgiarc, to throng together, to ring the alarm bell. 
 The Italian seems to be from Latin turma. The pri- 
 mary sense of storm is, a rushing, raging or violent 
 agitation.] 
 
 1. The violent action of one or more of the meteor- 
 ological elements, wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder 
 and lightning. According to the etymology, the proper 
 sense of the word is, rushing, violence. It has, pri- 
 marily, no reference to a fall of rain or snow. But, 
 as a violent wind is often attended with rain or snow, 
 the word storm has come to be used for a fall of rain 
 or snow without wind. 
 
 0, beat those storms, and roll the seas in voJo. Pope. 
 
 2. A violent assault on a fortified place ; a furious 
 attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place 
 by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, and the like. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 3. Violent civil or political commotion ; sedition ; 
 insurrection; also, clamor; tumult; disturbance of 
 the peace. 
 
 Sliolc. 
 
 I will stir up In England some black storms. 
 
 tier sister 
 
 Began to scold and raise up such a storm. 
 
 Shai. 
 
 4. Affliction ; calamity ; distress ; adversity. 
 
 A brave man stnjgghng with the slor7r.« of fate. Pope. 
 
 5. Violence ; vehemence ; tumultuous force. 
 
 7{ooker. 
 
 STORM, V. t To assault ; to attack and attempt to 
 take by scaling the walls, forcing gates or breaches, 
 and the like ; as, to storm a fortified town. 
 
 STOR.M, V. i. To raise a tempesL Spenser. 
 9. To blow with violence ; impersonally ; as, it 
 storms. 
 
 3. To rage ; to be in a violent agitation of passion ; 
 to fume. The master storms. 
 STOR.M'-BkAT, a. [storm and beat.] Beaten or im- 
 paired by storms. Spenser. 
 STORM' KD. pp. Assaulted by violence. 
 STOR.M'FUL, a. Abounding with storms. 
 STORM'F(JL-NESS, n. Abundance of storms. 
 
 Coleri/lfrr. 
 
 STORM'I-NESS, n. Tempestnousness ; the state of 
 
 being agitated by violent winds. 
 STORM'ING, p;ir. Attacking with violent force ; 
 
 raging. 
 
 STOR.M'-MEN'A-CING, a. Threatening a storm. 
 STORM'-PET'REL, 7i. A name of certain small, 
 
 STO 
 
 black sea-birds, often Hccn, during stomia, flying 
 swiftly, or seeming to run upon the waves. They 
 constitute Iho genus Tlialassidroma of Vigors, a sub- 
 division of tlic Linna;aii genus Procellaria. 
 
 JiTuttalL P. Cyc 
 STORM'-PRE-SAG'ING, a. Presaging a storm. 
 
 Heinans. 
 
 STORM'-SAIL, n. A coarse or strong sail used in 
 gales of wind. Glynn. 
 
 STORM'-TOSS-£D, (-tost,) a. Tossed, by storms or 
 high winds. 
 
 STOR.M'-VE.\-£D, ( vext,) a. Harassed with storms. 
 
 Coleridire. 
 
 STORM'V, a. Tempestuous; agitated with furious 
 winds; lioL-terous ; as, a stormy season; a stormy 
 day or week. 
 
 2. PrtiCeeding from viident agitation or fury ; as, a 
 sdirw;/ sound ; .sfomiy shocks. Mdison. 
 
 3. Vitdent ; passionate. [Unustial.] 
 STORTII'ING, (stort'ing,) 71. [Dan. .stor, great, and 
 
 till IT, court.] 
 
 The pttrliameiit of Nofway, elected once in three 
 years. 
 
 STO'RY, 71. [Sax. sf^r, slcr ; li.sloria; I,, historia ; 
 Gr. !(TT'if/iii.] 
 
 1. A verbiil narration or recital of a series of facts 
 or incidents. We observe in children a strong pas- 
 sion for hearing stories. 
 
 2. A written narrative of a series of facts or events. 
 There is probably on record no sfory more interesting 
 than that of Joseph, in Genesis. 
 
 3. History ; a written narrative or account of past 
 transactitms, whetlier relating to nations or indiviil- 
 uals. 
 
 The four great monarchies make the subject of ancient story. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 4. Petty tale ; relatitm of a single incident, or of 
 trifling incidents. Mdison. 
 
 5. A trilling tale ; a fiction ; a fable; as, the story 
 of a fairy. In popular usage, story is sometimes a 
 softer term for a lie. 
 
 6. A loft ; a floor ; or a set of rooms on the .same 
 floor t>r level. A .story compreheitils the distance 
 from one floor to another ; as, a story of nine or ten 
 feet elevation. Hence, each floor terminating the 
 sp.ice is called a story; as, a house of one story, of 
 two stories, of five stories. The farm-houses in New 
 England have usually two .stories ; the houses in 
 Pans have usually five stories, a few have more ; 
 those in London four. But, in the United States, the 
 floor next the ground is the first story: in France anti 
 England, the first floorer story is the second from 
 the ground. 
 
 7. A falsehood. [Various dialects.] Halliwell. 
 STo'RV, V. I. To tell in historical relation ; to nar- 
 rate. 
 
 How worthy he i.i, I will leave to appear hereafter, rather than 
 story luni in his own hearing. Shak. 
 
 It is stoned of the bnuen colossus in Rhodes, Uiat it was sf-veuty 
 culjits higli. WiUdns. 
 
 [This verb is chiefly used in the passive participle.] 
 
 2. To range under one another. [Little usetl.] 
 
 Bentley. 
 
 STo'RV-ING, ppr. Telling in historical relatitm. 
 STo'RV-PoST, 71. A vertical post used to su])|iort a 
 
 floor or superincumbent wall. 
 STo'RY-TELL-ER, 71. [story and Ull.] One who 
 
 tells stories ; a narrator of a series of incidents ; as, 
 
 an amusing story-teller. 
 9. A historian ; in contempt. Src\fL 
 
 3. One who tells fictitious stories. 
 STOT, 71. [Sax. stoUe, a poor horse.] 
 
 1. A horse. [JVbt in use.] Chattcer. 
 
 2. A young bullock or steer. [ScotiisA.] 
 
 W. Scott. 
 
 SToTE. See Stoat. 
 STOU.\D, V. u [Ice. stunde.] 
 
 1. To be in pain or sorrow, [^"of in u-ve.] 
 
 2. Stunned. [J\'"<i£ in use.] [See Astound.] 
 STOUND, 71. Sorrrow ; grief. [J^ot in itse.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. A shooting pain. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 3. Noise. [jVo£ 111 use.] Spenser. 
 A. Astonishment; amazement. [.A''o( m use. ) 
 
 Gay. 
 
 5. Hour; time; season. [Dan. s(iin<7.] [JVot m 
 use] Gay. 
 
 6. A vessel to put small beer in. [Local.] 
 
 Halliwell. 
 
 STOUP, (stoop,) 71. A flagon ; a vessel or measure for 
 
 liquids. [8i-<ifti.N-A.] Jamitson, 
 STOUR, 71. [Sax. slyrian, to stir.] 
 
 A battle or tumuli. [06s.] Spc7uer. 
 [Stour signifies a river ; as in Sturbridge.] 
 STOUT, a. [D. stout, bold, stout, stootrn, to push; 
 Dan. sliidcr, to push ; stuilser, to strut. The primary 
 sense is, to shoot forward, or to swell.] 
 
 1. Strong ; lusty. 
 
 A stouter champion never handled swonl. Shak. 
 
 2. Bold ; intrepid ; valiant ; brave. 
 
 3. Large; bulky. [.A popular use of the vord.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; Ci as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
 137 
 
STR 
 
 4 Proud ; resolute ; obstinate. 
 
 se. 
 
 DanUl. 
 
 5. Strong ; finn ; as, a stout vessel. Dryden. 
 STOUT, n. A cant name for strong beer. Swift. 
 
 iTOVT'-Jl^kl: ^"""'^ I Having a stout frame. 
 STOUT'-HEXRT-ED, a. Having a stout heart. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 STOUT'LY, adv. Lustily ; boldly ; obstinately. He 
 stoHthf defended himself. 
 
 STOUt'NESS, 71. Strength ; bulk. 
 
 2. Boldness ; fortitude. .Ascham. 
 " 3. Obstinacy ; stubbornness. Shak. 
 
 SToVE, ru [Sax. stofa ; Sw. stufca; D. stoof; It. stu- 
 fa ; Sp. estufa, a warm, close room, a bath, a room 
 where pitch and t.ir are heated ; atofar, to stew 
 meat, and to quilt ; Fr. etuvc ; G. baJstube, a bagnio, 
 or hothouse ; stiibe, a room ; .'stubcn-ofcn, a stuve ; 
 Dan. stover, to stew ; stue, a room ; ."ttue-orjt, a stove. 
 This, primarily, is merely a room, a place. See 
 Stow.] 
 
 1. A hothouse ; a house or room artificially warmed. 
 
 Bacon. Woodward. 
 
 2. A small box with an iron pan, used for holding 
 coals to warm the feet. It is a bad practice for young 
 persons to accustom themselves to sit with a warm 
 stow under the feet. 
 
 3. An iron box, cylinder, or fireplace, in which fire 
 Is made to warm an apartment. Stoves for this pur- 
 pose are of various forms. 
 
 4. An iron box with various apartments in it for 
 cooking; a culinary utensil, of viirious forms. 
 
 SToVE, V. t. To keen warm in a house or room by 
 artificial heat j as, to stove orange-trees and myrtles. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 9. To heat as in a stove ; as, to stove feathers. 
 SToVE, prct. of Stave. 
 
 STo'VER, II. [A coutr.iction of estover.] Fodder 
 for cattle ; primnrittj, fodder from tbreshed grain ; 
 but in New England, any kind of fodder from the 
 barn or stack. 
 
 SToV'ING, ppr. Keeping warm by the he.it of a 
 stove, or by artificial heat ; heating, as in a stove. 
 
 STOW, i: t. [Sax. stow, a place, a fixed place or man- 
 sion ; G. stauen, D. sttiwen, Dan. stuver, to stow, to 
 place; Sp. and Port, fsf/car, id., coinciding with L. 
 stipo, to crowd, to stuff; Sp. estiva, a rammer; L. 
 stiva, the handle of a plow. Tlie sense is, to set or 
 throw dow n, from the more general sense of throw- 
 ing, driving.] 
 
 1. To place ; to put in a suitable pl.ice or position ; 
 to stviv bags, bales, or casks in a ship's hold ; to 
 
 bay in a niow ; to stow sheaves. The word has 
 reference to the placing of uiany things, or of one 
 thing among many, or of a mass of things. 
 
 2. To lay up; to reposit. 
 
 Stow, in names, signifies place, as in BarsUtw. 
 
 To slow the hold of a vessel ; to slow or arrange ar- 
 ticles in the hi/Id. Totten. 
 STOWAGE, n. The act or operation of placing in a 
 suitable position ; or the suit.able disposition of sev- 
 eral things together. The .-.lowaire of a ship's cargo 
 to advantage, requires no little skill. It is of great 
 consequence to iriake good stowage. 
 
 [ This is the princtpol use of the word.] 
 
 2. Room for the reception of things to be reposited. 
 lo evfry vessel Ihere is gtoienge for immciiae treasures, Addison. 
 
 3. The state of being laid up. I am curious to 
 have the plate and jewels in safe stowage. 
 
 4. Money paid for stowing goods. [Little used.] 
 SToVV"£D, (stode,) pp. Placed in due position or or- 
 der ; reposited. 
 
 STOWING, ppr. Placing in due position ; disposing 
 in good order. 
 
 STRA'IilSM, ) n. [I., strabismus, from .ytraba, 
 STRA-lilS'MUS, ( strubo, a squint-eyed person.] 
 A non-coincidence of the optic axes of the eyes 
 upon an object, occasioned by a permanent lenL'th- 
 ening of one of the lateral muscles <if the ball of the 
 eye, and a permanent shortening of its antasonist. 
 A squinting; the act or habit of looking asquint. 
 STRAD'DLE, v. i. [from tho root of stride; Sax. 
 stredan, to scatter.] 
 
 To part the legs wide ; to stand or walk with the 
 legs I'.ir apart. 
 
 STRAD'Dlj;, I!. (. To place one leg on one side and 
 the other on the other of any thing , as, to straddle a 
 fonc(; (tr a horse. 
 
 STIIAD'DEI.N'G, ppr. Standing or walking with the 
 legs far a|iart ; placing one leg on one side and the 
 other on tin; ()thi.*r. 
 
 STRAG'GI.E, (Htrag'l,) v. i. [This word seems to be 
 f.irmed on the root of stray. In Sax. stnegan is to 
 strew, losfiread ; D. •(r/tim, to stretch ; (l.\lrrichrn, 
 lo pa«, lo migrate ; VV. trcigluw, to turn, revolve, 
 wander.] 
 
 1. 'i'o wander from the direct course or way ; to 
 rove. When iroopii arc on the march, let not tho 
 rjien fftraggle. 
 
 2. To wander at largo without any certain direc- 
 tion or object ; to ramble. 
 
 TYnr wolf B\Arji u nrnggllng kid. L*Eatrang», 
 
 STR 
 
 3. To exuberate ; to shoot too far in growth. 
 Prune the straggling branches of the hedge. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 4. To be dispersed ; to bo apart from the main 
 body. 
 
 They came between Scylla and Charybdia and the straggling 
 rocks. Ralegh. 
 
 STRAG'GLER, n. A wanderer ; a rover ; one that 
 departs from the direct or proper course ; one that 
 rambles without any settled direction. Swift. 
 
 2. A vagabond ; a wandering, shiftless fellow. 
 
 3. Something that shoots beyond the rest, or too 
 faf. 
 
 4. Something that stands by itself. 
 STRAG'GLING, ppr. or a. Wandering; roving; 
 
 rambling ; being in a separate position. 
 
 STRXHL'STEIN, n. [G strahl, a beam or gleam, 
 and stein, stone.] 
 Another name of actinolite. Ure. 
 
 STRAIGHT, (strale,) a. [L. strictus, from stringo ; 
 Sax. strac ; fonned from the root of reach, stretch, 
 right, L. rectus, G. recht, Fr. etroit. It. strctlo, in 
 which the palatal letter is lost ; but the Spanish re- 
 tains it in estrccho, estrechar. It is lost in the Port. 
 eslreito. It is customary to write straight for direct 
 or right, and strait for narrow, but this is a practice 
 wholly arbitrary, both being the same word. Strait 
 we use in the sense in which it is used in the south 
 of Europe. Both senses proceed from stretching, 
 straining.] 
 
 1. Right, in a mathematical sense; direct; pass- 
 ing from one point to another by the nearest course ; 
 not deviating or crooked; as, a straight line; a 
 straight course ; a straight piece of timber. 
 
 2. Narrow ; close ; tight ; as, a straight garment. 
 [See Strait, as it is generally written.] 
 
 3. Upright ; according with justice and rectitude : 
 not deviating from truth or fairness. 
 
 STRAIGHT, (strate,) adi). Immediately; du-ectlyjin 
 the sliortest time. 
 
 I know thy ^nerous temper well ; 
 F!in^ but th' appfaniice of di^lionor on it. 
 It straight takes tin?, and inonutii into a bl:i2e. Addison. 
 
 STRAIGHT'-EDGE, n. A small board or piece of 
 metal having one edge perfectly straight; used to 
 ascertain whether a surface is perfectly plain. 
 
 STRaIGHT'£N, (strat'n,) v. t. To make straight ; to 
 reduce from a crooked to a straight form. Hooker. 
 
 2. To make narrow, tense, or close ; to tighten. 
 
 3. To reduce to difficulties or distress. 
 STRAIGUT'£N-£D, pp. Made straight; made nar- 
 row. 
 
 STRaIGHT'£N-ER, 71. He or that which straight- 
 ens. 
 
 STRAIGIIT'SN-ING, ppr. Making straight or nar- 
 row. 
 
 STRaIGHT'FORTH, adv. Directly ; henceforth. 
 
 STRAIGHT-FOR'WARD.o. Proceeding in a straight 
 course ; not deviating. 
 
 STRAIGHT-FOR'WARD-NESS, 71. Direction in a 
 straight course ; undevialing rectitude. 
 
 STRAIGHT'LIN-£D, a. Having straight lines. 
 
 STRAIGIIT'LY, adv. In a right line; not crookedly. 
 2. Tijihtlv ; closely. 
 
 STRAIGHT'NESS, n. The quality or state of being 
 straight ; rectitude. Bacon, 
 2. Narrowness ; tension ; tightness. 
 
 STRAIGMT'-PIGHT, (slrite'i)ite,) a. Literally, 
 straight- fixed ; erect. Shak. 
 
 STRAIGHT'WAY, arfo. [straight tmA way.] Imme- 
 diately ; without loss of time ; without delay. 
 
 He took the damsel by the hand, and said to her, Talitha eumi. 
 And straighUoay the damsel arose. — Mark v. 
 
 [Strmghtwavs is obsolete.] 
 STRaIKS, ti. pi. Strong plates of iron on the circum- 
 ference of a cannon wheel, over the joints of the 
 fellies. 
 
 STRAIN, V. t. [Fr. etreindre ; It. strignere ; Sp. es- 
 treiiir ; L. stringo. This word retains its original 
 signification, to stretch. Strain is the L. stringo, as 
 straight is strictiut, in different dialects.] 
 
 1. To stretch ; to draw with force ; to extend with 
 great efitirt ; as, to strain a rope ; to strain the 
 shrouils of a ship ; to strain tlie cords of an instru- 
 ment. 
 
 2. To cause to draw with force, or with excess of 
 exertion ; to injure by pressing with too much ef- 
 fitrt. He strained his horses or his oxen by overload- 
 ing them. 
 
 3. To stretch violently or by violent exertion ; as, 
 to strain the arm or the muscles. 
 
 4. To put to the utmost sircnglh. Men in desper- 
 ate cases will strain themselves for ridief. 
 
 a. To press or cause to pass through some porous 
 substance ; to purify or separate from extraneous 
 matter by filtration; to filter; as, to strain milk. 
 Water may be strained through sand. 
 
 Bacon, .^rbuthnot. 
 
 6. To sprain ; to injure by drawing or stretching. 
 
 Prnrlet drc-iycd ie»ont may track, 
 
 .Vtrotn tli.-ir necks wltli looking iKvck. Stei/t. 
 
 7. To make tighter ; to cause to bind closer. 
 
 I'o ftpafn Ills rftt''n with a stricter care. Dryden. 
 
 STR 
 
 8. To force ; to constrain ; to make uneasy or un- 
 natural. 
 
 His mirth is forced and strained. Deidiam, 
 STRAIN, V. i. To make violent efforts. 
 
 To build his fortune I will stToin a litde. Shale. 
 Straining with too weak a wing. }*ope. 
 
 2. To be filtered. Water straining through sand 
 becomes pure. 
 STRaI.\, n. A violent effort ; a stretching or exertion 
 of the limbs or muscles ; the force exerted on any 
 material tending to disarrange or destroy the cohe- 
 sion of its parts. 
 
 2. An injury by excessive e.xertion, drawing or 
 stretching. Orew. 
 
 3. Style ; continued manner of speaking or wri 
 ting; as, tlie genius and strain of the book of Prov- 
 erbs. TUlotson. 
 
 So we say, poetic strains, lofly strains. 
 
 4. Song ; note ; sound ; or a particular part of a 
 tune. 
 
 Their heavenly harps a lower strain be^n. Dryden. 
 
 5. Turn ; tendency ; inborn disposition. 
 
 Because heretics have a strain of mailueK, he applied h r wiUi 
 some corporal chastisxenieiits. liayward. 
 
 6. Manner of speech or action. 
 
 Such take too high a strain at first. Bacon, 
 
 7. Race ; generation ; descent. 
 
 He is of a noble strain. [Not in use.] SkaJc. 
 
 8. Hereditary disposition. 
 
 Intemperance and lust breed diseases, which, propagated, spoil 
 the strain of a nation. [Not in use.] TVlotson. 
 
 9. Rank ; character. [Mot in use.] Dryden. 
 STRaIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being strained. [JVot 
 
 in use.] Bacon. 
 STRaIN'SD, pp. or a. Stretched ; violently exert- 
 ed ; filtered. 
 
 STRaIN'ER, 7!. That through which any liquid passes 
 for purification; an instrument for filtration. 
 
 STRAIN'ING, ppr. Stretching; exerting with vio- 
 lence ; making great efforts ; filtering. 
 
 STRAIN'ING, 71. The act of stretching ; the act of 
 filtering ; filtration. 
 
 STRAINT, 71. A violent stretching or tension. [JVoi 
 171 use.] Spenser. 
 
 STRAIT, (strate.) a. [See Straight.] Narrow ; 
 close ; not broad. 
 
 Strait is the g^ue, and narrow is the way that leadeth to life, and 
 few there be that lind it. — Matt. vii. 
 
 2. Close ; intimate ; as, a strait degree of favor. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 3. Strict ; rigorous. 
 
 He now, forsooth, uakes on him to reform 
 
 Some certain edicts, and some strait decrees. ShaJc. 
 
 4. Difliciilt; distressful. 
 
 5. Straight ; not crooked. 
 
 STRAIT, 71. [See Strak^ht.] .\ narrow pass or 
 passage, either in a mountain or in the ocean, be- 
 tween continents or oflier portions of land ; as, the 
 straits of Gibraltar; the straits of Magellan; the 
 straits of Dover. [In this sense, tJie plural ts more gen- 
 erally used than the .'.-ingiilar, and often without any ap- 
 parent reason or propriety.] 
 
 2. Distress ; dithculty ; distressing necessity ; for- 
 merly written Stkeight. [Used eit/ier in Uie singu- 
 lar or plural.] 
 
 Let no man, who owns a Providence, become desperate under 
 
 any cdamily or strait whauoever. South. 
 Ulysses made use of the pretense ot natural infirmity to umcea] 
 the straits he was in at tliat tinte in his thoughls. Broome. 
 
 STRAIT, V. t. To put to difficulties. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STRAIT'SN, (strat'n,) v. t. To make narrow. 
 
 In narrow circuit, straitened by a foe. Milton. 
 
 2. To contract; to confine ; as, to straiten the Urit- 
 )sh commerce. .Addison. 
 
 3. To make tense or tight ; as, to straiten a cord. 
 
 Dunciad. 
 
 4. To distress ; to perplex ; to press with poverty 
 or other necessity ; as, a man straitened in his cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 5. To press by want of sufficient room. 
 
 Waters, when straitened, as at the falls of britlges, give a roar- 
 iiitr noise. Baron. 
 
 STRAW F.N- F.n, pp. Made narrow; contracted; 
 perjilexed. 
 
 S'lKAlT'-HAND-ED, n. [strait and hand] Parsi- 
 monious; sparing; nijrgardly. [J^'ot much used.] 
 
 STRAIT'-HAND'ED-NESS, n. Niggardliness ; par- 
 simony. JIalJ. 
 
 STKAIT'-LAC-KD, (-laste,) a. Gripi-d with stay.s. 
 We have few well-shaped that are elrait-taced. Locke, 
 
 2. Stiff ; con.stiaincd. Hence, 
 
 3. Kigiil in opinii>n ; strict. 
 STRAIT'LY, adn. Narrowly ; closely. 
 
 2. Strictly ; rigorously. [For this, Strictlv is now 
 used.l 
 
 3. ("loselv ; intimately. 
 
 STRAIT'NESS, n. Narrowness ; as, the sirailnr.is of 
 a plac.o ; slrattness of miiitl ; strattness of circum- 
 stances. Bacon. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T — MiSTE, PREY PINE. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IIQQK.- 
 
 vm 
 
STR 
 
 3. Strictness ; rigor ; as, the straitness of a man's 
 procci'ilincs. Sliuk. 
 
 3. Distress ; ditliciilly ; pressure from necessity of 
 any kind, particiilnrly from poverty. 
 
 4. Want; scarcity ; or ratlier narrowness; as, the 
 stniiTitess of tile conveniences of life. hockr, 
 
 STMA IT'-WAIST-eOAT, ) n. An apparatus to con- 
 STKaIT'-JACK-ET, 5 fine the limbs of a dis- 
 
 tracifd person. 
 ST1{.\KK, prc(. of Strike. [Ofa.] [See Strike.] 
 STllAKi:, II. [Sp. .itraca.] 
 
 1. A streak. [Not used, unless in reference to the 
 ranse of planks in a ship's side.] [See Streak.] 
 
 2. A narrow board. [JVbl used.] 
 
 ;t. The iron band of a wheel. [In the United 
 States, this is called a band, or the tire of a wheel.] 
 STIlAiM, 0. i. [Dan. strammer, to stretch, to spreail.] 
 'I'o spread out the limbs; to sprawl. [Local and 
 vulvar. ] 
 
 STRAM'ASH, v. t. [It. stramazzarr..] 
 
 To strike, beat, or bang; to break; to destroy. 
 
 [Local ami r«/H*«r.] Orosr. 
 S'l IlA-iMIN'E-OUS, a. [L. sfromiHcus, from stramcn, 
 
 straw] 
 
 1. Strawy ; consisting of straw. Robinson. 
 
 2. Chalfy ; like straw ; light. Barton. 
 STRA-Mo'NI-U.M, ) ji. The thorn-apple. Datura 
 STR Ai\l'0-N Y, ( Stramonium, who.se seeds and 
 
 leaves are used in medicine. 
 STRAND, n. [Sa.\. strand; G. D. Dan. and Sw. 
 strand.] 
 
 1. The shore or beach of the sea or ocean, or of a 
 large lake, and perhaps of a navigable river. It is 
 never used of the bank of a small river or pond. The 
 Dutch on the Hudson apply it to a landing-place; as, 
 the strand at Kingston. 
 
 2. One of the twists or parts of which a rope is 
 composed. [Russ, struna, a cord or string.] 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 STRAND, V, i. To drive or run aground on a shore 
 or strand, as a ship. 
 2. To break one of the strands of a rope. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 STRAND, V. i. To drift or be driven on shore ; to run 
 aground ; as, a ship strands at high water. 
 
 STRA.N'D'ED, ;j;<. or o. Run ashore. 
 2. Having a stnind broken. 
 
 STRA.XD'ING, ;»pr. Running ashore; breaking a 
 strand. 
 
 STIIANO, a. Strong. [JVorth of Enfrland.] Halliwcll. 
 
 S'I'RaNGE, a. [Ft. ctrautre ; It. strano, strange, for- 
 eign, pale, wan, nide, unpolite ; strajiare, to alien- 
 ate, to reinovof to abuse ; straniare, to separate ; Sp. 
 extraiio, foreign, extraneous, rare, wild ; L. eztraneus ; 
 W. cstronaii, strange ; estrawn, a stranger. The pri- 
 mary sense of the root (rare, is to depart, to proceed ; 
 W. tramn, over ; (ra«i, an advance or distance.] 
 
 1. Foreign ; belonging to another country. 
 
 1 do not aml' tnu tlip kiiowltnlg^ of itrange and divcra tonsfues. 
 17'Ai« sense t* nearly obsolete.] Asdiam. 
 
 2. Not domestic; belonging toothers. 
 
 So shf, inip;>tioiu her own f.iulls to set*, 
 
 Turns frvin hersett, niid in strange things deliglitx. Davies. 
 I Nearly obsolet£.\ 
 
 3. New ; not before known, heard, or seen. The 
 former custom was familiar ; the latter was strange 
 tt) lliein. Hence, 
 
 4. Wonderful ; c.iusing surprise ; exciting curios- 
 ity. It is strange that men will not receive improve- 
 ment, when it is shown to be improvement. 
 
 S »i''d At l<*nglh, ptrlonsj I might perceive 
 
 6trnng« iUttT.ition in inc. Milton. 
 
 5. Odd; unusual; irregular; not according to the 
 common way. 
 
 He's strange and peevish. Shak. 
 
 6. Remote. [Little used.] Shale. 
 
 7. Uncommon ; unusual. 
 
 Tl»i« made D.ivid to admire the law of God at lliat strange mlt. 
 
 Tiltouon. 
 
 8. Unacquainted. 
 
 Thc7 > 
 
 I at a gage, looking strange at one another. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 9. Strange is sometimes uttered by way of excla- 
 mation. 
 
 strange I what cxtrem*"i should thill prr^rve the snow 
 High on die Alps, or in deep caves Ix-low. Waller. 
 
 This is an elliptical ex[)ression for if is stramje. 
 A strange sail ; among seamen, an unknown ves- 
 sel. 
 
 STRaXGE, r. f. To alienate; to estrange. [JVuf in 
 usr.] 
 
 STRaNGE, r. i. To wonder ; to be astonished. [JVot 
 in use.] Olanviile. 
 2. To be estranged or alienated. [JVot in use.] 
 
 STRaNGE'-LOQK-ING, a. Having an odd or unu- 
 sual look. 
 
 STR.^NGK'LY, ode. With some relation to foreign- 
 ers. [06«.] Sliak. 
 
 2. VVonderfully ; in a manner or degree to excite 
 surprise or wonder. 
 
 How strangely active an- the arts of peace I Dryden. 
 It would strangely delight you to see with what sriril ho con- 
 venes, laut. 
 
 STR 
 
 STRS.VGE'NESS, n. Koreigniiess; the slate of be- 
 longing to another country. 
 
 If 1 will olwy the gx)Bpel, no distance of place, no strangeness of 
 cunntry, cuii make any man a slning'rr to me. Sjtrat. 
 
 2. Distance in behavior; reserve; coldnos.s ; for- 
 bidding manner. 
 
 Wilt you npt nhservo 
 The strangeness of his alti-rcd countenance ? Shak. 
 
 3. Remoteness from common manners or notions ; 
 uncouthncss. 
 
 Men worthier tlian himself 
 Here tend Ihe siwagc strangeness he pnu on. Slirtk, 
 
 4. Alienation of mind ; estrangement ; mutual 
 dislike 
 
 Thi 
 
 lirh! 
 
 My child is yet a elranger to the world, 
 1 was no stranger to Uic original. 
 
 [ This sense w obsolete or little usrtl.] 
 
 5. WonilerfiiliK'ss ; the power of exciting surprise 
 and wonder; uncommonness that raises wonder by 
 novelty. 
 
 This raised greater tumults tn the hearts of men, than the 
 strangeness and seeniinj unreasonableness of all the former 
 articles. Soui?i. 
 
 STRAN'GER, n. [Fr. ctranger.] 
 
 1. A foreigner! '""^ '"''"ngs to another coun- 
 try. Paris and London are visited by strangers from 
 all the countries of Europe. 
 
 2. One of another town, city, state, or province, in 
 the same country. The Comiiienceinents in Amer- 
 ican colleges are frequented by multitudes of stran- 
 gers friun the neighboring towns and states. 
 
 3. One unknown. The gentleman is a stranger 
 to me. 
 
 4. One unacquainted. 
 
 Shak. 
 Dryden. 
 
 5. A guest ; n visitor. Milton. 
 
 6. One nut admitted to any communication or fel- 
 lowship. 
 
 Melons on heds of ice are taiiwhl to bear, 
 
 And strangers to the sun yet rip*'n lieie. OranvUte. 
 
 7. In law, one not privy or party to an act. 
 STRAN'GER, V. t. To estrange; to alienate. [J^ot 
 
 in use.] Shale. 
 STRAN''GLE, (Strang' gl,) v. t. [Fr. etrangler; It. 
 stran^lare ; L. strangulo.] 
 
 1. To choke ; to siiffocate ; to destroy life by stop- 
 ping respiration. 
 
 Our Saxon ancestors compelled the adulteress to strangte her- 
 self. Aylife. 
 
 9. To suppress ; to hinder from birth or appear- 
 ance. ShaJc. 
 
 STRAN"GLE-A-BLE, (strang'gl-a-bl,) a. That may 
 be strangled. Chesterfield. 
 
 STRAN"Gt^ED, pp. or a. Choked ; suffocated ; sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 STRAN"GLER, n. One who strangles. 
 STRAN"GLES, (-glz,) n. Swellings in a horse's 
 throat. 
 
 STRAN"GLING, ppr. Choking; suffocating; sup- 
 pressing. 
 
 STRAN"GLING, n. The act of destroying life by 
 stopping respiration. 
 
 STRAN"GU-LA-TED, (strang'gii-la-ted,) a. In sur- 
 gery, having the circulation stopped in any part by 
 coin[)ression. A hernia is said to be strangulated, 
 when it is so compressed as to obstruct the circula- 
 tion in the part, and cause dangerous symptoms. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 STRAN"GU-LS'TION, n. [Fr., from L. strangle, 
 latio.] 
 
 * 1. The act of strangling ; the act of destroying 
 life by stopping respiration ; suffocation. 
 
 Wiseman, 
 
 2. That kind of suffocation which is common to 
 women in hysterics ; also, the compression of the in- 
 testines in hernia, so as to suspend the circulation in 
 the part. Cyc. 
 
 STRAN-GO'RI-OUS, a. Laboring under strangury ; 
 of the nature of strangury; denoting the pain of 
 strangury. Chcyne. 
 
 STR.\N"GU-RY, n. [I,, stranguria ; GT.uTpayyovfna ; 
 crpayl, a drop, anil I'vunv, urine.] 
 
 A painful and slillatitiuus discharge of urine. 
 
 STRAP, n. [D. strop, a rope or halter; Uan. and Sw. 
 strop; Sax.stropp; I,, strupus. Strap and stroji a\y- 
 pear to be from stripping, and perhaps stripe also ; all 
 having resemblance to a strip of bark peeled from a 
 tree.] 
 
 1. A long, narrow slip of cloth or leather, of vari- 
 ous forms and for various uses ; ,is, the strap of a 
 shoe or boot ; straps for fastening trunks or other 
 baggage, for stretching limbs in surgery, &c. 
 
 2. A piece of leather prepared for sharpening a 
 razor ; a strop. 
 
 3. In botany, the flat part of the eorollet in ligulate 
 florets; also, the leaf exclusive of its sheath in some 
 grasses. Martyn. 
 
 4. An iron plate for connecting two or more tim- 
 bers, into which it is screwed by bolts. Oieilt. 
 
 5. A piece of rope formed into a circle, used to re- 
 tain a block in its position. Tottcn. 
 
 STR 
 
 STRAP, V. t. To beat or chastise with a strap. 
 
 2. 'I o tasti ii or biiiil with a strap. 
 
 3. To rut) on a strap fur sliai peniiig, as a razor. 
 STRAP-l'A'Dd, n. [It. strappala, a pull, strappado, 
 
 strapparr, to pull.] 
 
 A iiiiliiary piiiiislinii iit formerly practiced. It con- 
 sistt^d ill dratviiig :in oIlL iiilrr to the top of a beam, 
 and letting him fall, by which means a limb was 
 stuiirtiioos dislocated. Shak. 
 
 STRAP r.\'l)(), IT. (. 'I'o torture. Miliim. 
 
 STRAP'PA.'I), (strapl,) pp. Drawn or rubbed on a 
 stra|i ; beiiteii with a strap ; fastened with a strap. 
 
 S'1'RAP'PIN(», ppr. Drawing on a strap, as a razor. 
 
 2. HiiKling with a strap. 
 
 3. a. Tall ; lusty ; as, a strappintr fellow. 
 STRAP'-SHAP-ED, (-shfiiit,) a. Shaped like a strap. 
 
 In botany, ligulate. 
 STRA.SS, n. A colorless gl.ass, which is the base of all 
 
 artificial gems, and consists chieliy of silex, potash, 
 
 borax, and oxyd of lead. Ure. 
 STRA'T.A, n. /)/. [.-Jee S iratum.] Beds ; layers ; as, 
 
 strata of sand, clay, or coal. 
 STRAT'A (';E.^I, n. [L. strata gcma : Fr. etratageme; 
 
 It. stratagemma ; Gr. arparrj) qpa, from arpariy ciji, 
 
 to lead an army.] 
 
 1. An artifice, particularly in war; a plan or 
 scheme for deceiving an eiieiny. Shak. 
 
 2. Any artifice ; a irick by which some advantage 
 is intended to be obtained. 
 
 Those oft are strntngcms which errors seem. Pope. 
 
 STRAT-A-GEM'ie-AL, a. Containing stratagem or 
 artifice. [Little used.] 
 
 STRAT'E-GUS, n. [(ir. irTnaTiyos.] 
 
 An Athenian general ollicer. Mitford. 
 
 STRA-TK'Gie, jo. Pertaining to strategy ; cf- 
 
 STRA-Tic'Gie-AL, ! fected by artifice. 
 
 STRAT'E-GIST, n. One skilled in strategj' or the 
 science of directing gn at military movements. 
 
 STRAT'E-GY, 71. Griier«lsliip ; the science of mili- 
 tary command, or the science of directing great mil- 
 itary movement-:. 
 
 STRATH, n. [W. ystrad.] A valley of considerable 
 size, through which a river runs, [Seoaish.] 
 
 Jainirsan, 
 
 .STRATH'SPEY, n. A lively dance of the Scotch. 
 STRAT-I-FI-eA'TION, n. [friun stratify.] The 
 
 process by which substances in the earth have been 
 
 formed into strata or layers. 
 
 2. The state of being formed into layers in the 
 earth. 
 
 3. The act of laving in strata. 
 STR/VT'l-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. or a. Formed into a 
 
 layer, as a terrene substance ; arranged in strata or 
 l.tyers. 
 
 STRAT'I-FOR-M, a. In the form of strata. Phillips. 
 STKAT'I-Ft, !'. t. [Fr. slrutifier, from L. stratum.] 
 
 1. To form into a l.nyer, as substances in the earth. 
 Thus cl.iy, sand, and other species of earth, are otlen 
 found .•stratified. 
 
 2. To lav in strata. 
 
 STRAT'I-F?-ING, ppr. Arranging in a layer, as 
 
 terrene substances. 
 STR.Vr-I-GRAPH'IC-AL, o. Belonging to stratog- 
 
 raphy. Sedimrick. 
 STRAT-I-GRAPII'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a stratigraph- 
 
 ical manner. Scdgieick. 
 STRA-TOe'RA-CY, n. [Gr. arparos, an army, and 
 
 Kparci'i, to hold.] 
 A military government; government by military 
 
 chiefs and an armv. Outhric. 
 STRA-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. orpuros, an army, and 
 
 y pri0w, to d<;scribe.] 
 Description of armies, or what belongs to an army. 
 STRA-TON'ie, 0. Pertaining to an army. 
 STRA-TOT'ie, o. Warlike; military. 
 STRA'TU.M, n. ; pi. Stratl'Ms or Strata. The latter 
 
 is most common. [L., from stemo, to spread or lay ; 
 
 Sax. streonc.] 
 
 1. In geilogy and mineralogy, a layer; any species 
 of earth, .sand, coal, and the like, arranged in u flat 
 form, distinct from the adjacent matter. The thick- 
 er strata are called Beds ; and these beds are somts 
 times stratified. 
 
 2. A bed or layer artificially made. 
 STRA'TUS, 71. [L., from .«(<t7io, to spread or lay.] 
 
 In meteorology, a name given to one of the four fun- 
 damental cliiiids, from its being spread over the face 
 of the sky, either uniformly or in horizontal layers. 
 
 Olm.^ted. 
 
 STRAUGHT, pp. for Stretched. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 
 STRAW, 71. [Sax. streow, straw, and a stratum or bed ; 
 G. tttroh ; D. stroo ; Dan. straae; Sw. ^fro ; L. .*fra- 
 mrntuw, from sterno, strari, stratum. See Strew.] 
 
 1. The .stalk or stem of certain species of grain, 
 pulse, tec, chiefly of wheat, rye, oats, barley, buck- 
 wheat, anil peas. When used of single stalks, it ad- 
 mits of a plural. Straws. S(raie.« may show which 
 way the wind blows. We say of grain while grow- 
 ing, the straw is large, or it is rusty. 
 
 2. A mass of the stalks of certain species of grain 
 when cut, and after being thrashed ; as, a bundle or 
 a load of strain. In this .sense, the word admits not 
 the plural number. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER. VI"CIOUa — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 . __ . in;ii 
 
STR 
 
 STR 
 
 STR 
 
 3 Any thing proverbially worthless. I care not a 
 straw lor the play j I will not abate a straw. 
 
 Hiiitibras. 
 
 STRAW, V. t. To spread or scatter. [See Strew and 
 Strow.] 
 
 STRAW'BER-RY, n. [strain and berry ; Sax. straw- 
 berie,] 
 
 A plant and its fruit of the genus Fragaria. Straw- 
 berries are of various kinds, all delicious fruit. 
 
 SrRAWBER-RY-TREE, n. An evergreen shrub of 
 the genus Arbutus ; the fruit is of a fleshy substance, 
 like a strawberry. Lee. Jliller. 
 
 :<TRAW'-BUILT, ( bilt,) a. Constructed of straw ; 
 as, the suburbs of a straw-built citadel. Miltaii. 
 
 STRAVV'-eOL-OR, (-kuMur,) «. The color of dry 
 straw ; a beautiful yellowish color. 
 
 STRAW'-€OI.-OR -ED, ( kul-lurd,) o. Of a light 
 vellow, the color of dry straw. 
 
 StRA\V'-€RO\VN-£D, a. Covered with straw. 
 
 STRAW'-eUT-TER, n. An instrument to cut straw 
 for fodder. 
 
 STRAW'-DRaTN, 71. A drain filled with straw. 
 STRAW-HAT, ii. A hat made of braided strow. 
 STRAW'-ROOF-£D, (-rooft,) o. Having a roof of 
 
 straw. Hemans. 
 STRAW'-STUFF-iTD, (-stuft,) a. Stutfed with 
 
 straw. Jlall. 
 STRAW-WORM, (-wurm,) n. [strato and worm.] 
 
 A worm bred in straw. 
 STRAWY, a. Made of straw ; consisting of straw. 
 
 Boijtc. 
 
 2. Like straw ; light. 
 STRAY, V. i. [The elements of this word are not 
 certainly known. If they are Sirg, the word coin- 
 cides with Sax. strtetran, stret^aiijio scatter, to spread, 
 the L. stravi, Eng. to strow, strew, or straw, also with 
 G. strcicken, to wander, to strike ; both probably 
 from the root of reach, stretch. Possibly stray is 
 from the It. straviare, from L. extra and via. I am 
 inclined, however, to refer it to a Teutonic origin. 
 See Straggle.] 
 
 1. To wander, as from a direct course ; to deviate 
 or go out of the way. We say, to stray from tlie 
 path or road into the forest or wood. 
 
 2. To waiuier from company, or from the proper 
 limits ; as, a sheep strays from the flock ; a liorse 
 strays from an inclosure. 
 
 3. To rove; to wander from the path of duty or 
 rectitude ; to err ; to deviate. 
 
 We h;\ve erred and strayed. Com. Prayer. 
 
 4. To wander ; to rove at large ; to play free and 
 unconflned. 
 
 Lo, Uie glad gnles o'er all hi^r beatitips stray, 
 
 BreaUie on lit-r lips ami in her l^osoni pl iy. Pope. 
 
 5. To wander; to run a serpentine course. 
 
 Where Thames ainonj Ihe wanton valleys strays. Denham. 
 
 STRAY, V. t. To mislead, [.mil in use.] Shak. 
 STRAY, 71. Any domestic animal that has left an in- 
 closure or its proper place and company, and wan- 
 ders at large or is lost. The laws provide that strays 
 shall be taken up, impounded, and advertised. 
 
 Seein* him wander about, I took liiin up for a stray. Dryden. 
 2. The act of wandering. [Little used.] Shall. 
 STRAY'ER, 7t. A wanderer. 
 
 STRAY'ING, ppr. Wandering; roving; departing 
 from the direct course, from the proper inclosure, or 
 from the path of duty. 
 
 STRAY'ING, 71. The act of wandering away. 
 
 STReAK, (streek,) n. [Sax. strica, a line, direction, 
 course ; strican, to go ; stric, a stroke, a plague, and 
 slrec, a stretch ; G. streich, a stroke or stripe, and 
 strich, id. ; D. .streek, a course ; Dan. ."itretr, a stroke 
 or line ; strikke, a cord ; strd^, a stroke, a tract, a 
 row ; Svv. strak ; Ir. striae. These have all the same 
 elements, and the L. slria is probably a contraction 
 of the same word ; Sp. traca, without a prefix.] 
 
 1. A line or long mark, of a different color from 
 the ground ; a stripe. 
 
 What mean those colored streaks in heaven t lililton. 
 
 2. In a ship, a uniform range of planks on the side 
 or bottom, reaching from the stem lo the stern. 
 
 Mar. Vict. 
 
 rSometimes pronounced stroke.] 
 i). Ill mincraliigijj the color and appearance which 
 the surface of a mineral presents when scratched. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 STHi;AK, V. t. To form streaks or stripes in; to 
 Mripi- ; Id variet'ntc with lines of a difl'erent color, 
 or of dirtercnt colors. 
 
 A nnilc odiniralily slreaktd and dappled with while and black. 
 
 Haiiflye. 
 
 Now ttreakid an<l glowini; wiih ih" morning red. Prior. 
 
 2. To Htretch. [A'ol rlrnnnL] Ilnlliwdl. 
 STRRAK, c. i. To run KwilHy. Ilencc, perhaps, the 
 vulgar expression, to streak it, i. e., to stretch it, for 
 run Hwiflly. 
 
 8TRKAK'/;I), (streekt or Btreck'ed,) pp. or a. 
 
 Marked or variegated with Htrifies of a different 
 BTKloAK'ING, ;i/ir. Making streaks in. [color. 
 K'l'ltf;AK'Y, a. ilaviiig Hlripis ; striped; variegated 
 
 with lines of a different color. 
 
 STREAM, 7t. [Sax. stream; G. Strom; D. stroom ; 
 Dan. Strom ; Sw. strbm ; W. ystnjm ; Ir. sreamk or 
 .treav. If m is radical, this word belongs to Class 
 Rm.] 
 
 1. A current of water or other fluid ; a liquid sub- 
 stance flowing in a line or course, either on the 
 earth, as a river or brook, or from a vessel or other 
 reservoir or fountain. Hence, 
 
 2. A river, brook, or rivulet. 
 
 3. A current of water in the ocean ; as, the Gulf 
 Stream. 
 
 4. A current of melted metal or other substance ; 
 as, a stream of lead or iron flowing fnmi a furnace ; 
 a stream of lava from a volcano. 
 
 5. Any thing issuing from a source and moving 
 with a continued succession of parts ; as, a stream of 
 words ; a stream of sand. 
 
 A stream of beneficence. Atterbury. 
 
 6. A continued current or course ; as, a stream of 
 weather. [JVu( used.] Ralegh. 
 
 The stream of his life. SItak. 
 
 7. A current of air or gas, or of light. 
 
 8. Current ; drift ; as of opinions or manners. It 
 is difilcult to oppose the stream of public opinion. 
 
 a Water. 
 
 STREAM, V. i. To flow ; to move or run in a con- 
 tinuous current. Blood streams from a vein. 
 
 Beneath the banks where rivers stream. Milton. 
 
 2. To emit ; to pour out in abundance. His eyes 
 streamed with tears. 
 
 3. To issue with continuance, not by fits. 
 
 From opening skies my streaming glories shine. Pope. 
 
 4. To issue or shoot in streaks ; as, light streaming 
 from the east. 
 
 5. To extend ; to stretch in a long line ; as, a flag 
 streaming in the wind. 
 
 STRKAiNI, V. t. To mark with colors or embroidery 
 in long tracts. 
 
 Tlie herald's mantle is streamed w'ah gold. Bacon. 
 
 STRicAM'ER, 77. An ensign or flag; a pennon ex- 
 tended or flowing in the wind ; a poetic use of the 
 word. 
 
 Brave Rupert from afar appears, 
 Whose waving streamers the glad general knows. Dryden. 
 
 2. A luminous beam or column, sometimes called 
 auroral streamer ; one of the forms of the Aurora Bo- 
 realis. 
 
 STReAM'ING, ppr. 01 a. Flowing; running in a 
 current. 
 
 2. Emitting ; pouring out in abundance ; as, stream- 
 ing eyes. 
 
 3. Flowing; floating loosely ; as a flag. 
 
 S'i ReAM'LET, 71. A small stream ; a rivulet ; a rill. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 STReAM'-TIN, 71. Particles or masses of tin-ore 
 
 found in alluvial ground. Brande. 
 STReAM'Y, a. Abounding with running water. 
 
 Arcadia, 
 
 However streamy now, adusl and dry, 
 
 Denied the goddess water. Prior. 
 
 2. Flowing with a current or streak. 
 
 His nodding helm emits a streamy ray. Pope. 
 
 STReAM'-WORKS, 71. pi. Among Cornish miners, 
 alluvial deposits of tin-ore, usually worked in the 
 open air. l/re. 
 STREEK, 7). t. [Sax. streccan, to stretch.] 
 To lay out, as a dead body. [JVoi t7i use.] 
 
 Brande. 
 
 STREET, 77. [Sax. strate, strete ; G. strasse; D. 
 straat ; Sw. strdt ; Dan. stmde ; Ir. sraid ; W. ystryd ; 
 It. strada ; Sp. estrada; L. stratum, from stratus, 
 strewed or spread. See Strew.] 
 
 1. Properly, a paved way or road ; but in usage, 
 any way or roati in a city, chiefly a main way, in 
 distinction from a lane or alley. 
 
 2. Among the people of J^ew England, any public 
 highway. 
 
 3. Streets, pi. ; any public way, road, or place. 
 
 That there be no complaining in our streets — Ps. cxliv. 
 
 STREET'-WAEK-ER, (-wawk-,) «. [street and walk.] 
 A common prostitute tliat offers herself to sale in the 
 .streets. 
 
 STRERT'-WARD, 77. [street and ward.] Formerly, 
 an offirer who had the care of the streets. Cowel. 
 
 STUEIGIIT, (strate,) 7i. A narrow. [Obs.] [See 
 Stuvit.] * 
 
 STKEIGllT, arfu. Strictly. [Obs.] [See Strait.] 
 
 STREl/lTZ, 71. [Uuss.] A soldier of the ancient 
 Muscovite militia. Brande. 
 
 STRKNE.Ti. Race ; ofl'spring. [Ohs.] Chaucer. 
 
 STRENfJTII, 71. [Sax. strength, from streng, strung. 
 See STHo^^).] 
 
 I. That jiroperty or quality of an animal body by 
 which it is enabled to move itself or other bodies. 
 We say, a sick man has not strength to walk, or to 
 raise his head or his arm. We say, a man has 
 strength to liR a weight, or to draw it. This quality 
 is called also Power and Force. But force in also 
 used to denote the effect of strength exerted, or the 
 quantify of motion. Strength, in this sense, is posi- 
 
 tive, or the power of producing positive motion or 
 action, and is opposed to Weakness. 
 
 2. Firmness ; solidity or toughness; the quality of 
 bodies by which they sustain the application of force 
 without breaking or yielding. Thus we speak of 
 the strength of a bone, the strength of a beam, the 
 strength of a wall, the strength of a rope. In this 
 sense, strength is a passive quality, and is opposed lo 
 Weakness or Frangirilitv. 
 
 3. Power or vigor of any kind. 
 
 This act 
 
 Shall crush the strength of Satan. Milton. 
 SlrengtJ^ there iiuisl be eiUier ol love or war. Ilotyday. 
 
 4. Power of resisting attacks ; fastness ; as, the 
 strength of a castle or fort. 
 
 5. Support; that which supports ; that which sup- 
 plies strength ; security. 
 
 God is our refuge and strengUi. — Ps. xlvi. 
 
 6. Power of mind ; intellectual force ; the power of 
 any faculty ; as, strength of memory ; strength of rea- 
 son ; strength of judgment. 
 
 7. Spirit ; animation. 
 
 Mcthinks I feel new strength within me rise. Milton. 
 
 8. Force of writing ; vigor ; nervous diction. The 
 strength of words, of style, of expression, and the 
 like, consists in the full and forcible exhibition of 
 ideas, by which a sensible or deep impression is 
 made on the mind of a hearer or reader. It is dis- 
 tinguished from Softness or Sweetness. Strength 
 of language enforces an argument, produces convic- 
 tion, or excites wonder or other strong emotion ; soft- 
 ness and sweetness give pleasure. 
 
 And praise the easy vijor of a line, 
 
 Where Denhani's strength and Waller's sweetness join. Pope. 
 
 9. Vividness ; as, strength of colors or coloring. 
 
 10. Spirit ; the quality of any liquor which has the 
 power of affecting the taste, or of producing sensible 
 effects on olher bodies ; as, the strength of wine or 
 spirit ; the strength of an acid. 
 
 11. The virtue or spirit of any vegetable, or of its 
 juices or qualities. 
 
 12. Legal or moral force ; v.ilidity ; the quality of 
 binding, uniting, or securing ; as, the strmgtli of so- 
 cial or legal obligations ; the strcngtli of law ; the 
 strength of public opinion or custom. 
 
 13. Vigor ; natural force ; as, the strength of natu- 
 ral afltction. 
 
 14. That which supports ; confidence. 
 
 The allies, after a successful summer, ar« too apt, upon the 
 slrengOi of it, to neglect preparation for the ensuing cam- 
 paign. Adduon. 
 
 1,5. Amount of force, military or naval; an army 
 or navy ; number of troops or ships well appointed. 
 What is the strength of the enemy by land, or by 
 sea 
 
 16. Soundness ; force ; the quality that convinces, 
 persuades, or commands assent ; as, the strength of an 
 argument or of reasoning ; the strength of evidence. 
 
 17. Vehemence ; force proceeding from motion, 
 and proportioned to it ; as, the strength of wind, or a 
 current of water. 
 
 18. Degree of brightness or vividness ; as, the 
 strength of light. 
 
 19. Fortification ; fortress ; as, an inaccessible 
 strength. [JVof in use.] Mdton. 
 
 20. Support ; maintenance of power. 
 
 What they boiled would be a mischief to us, you are nroviding 
 shall be one of our principal strengths, [JVol used.] Spral. 
 
 STRENGTH, c. f. To strengthen. [ATot in use.] 
 STRENGTH'£N, fstrengtli'n,) ti. (. To make strong 
 or stronger ; to add strength to, either physical, legal, 
 or moral ; as, to strengthen a limb ; to strengthen an 
 obligation. 
 
 2. To confirm ; to establish ; as, to strengthen au- 
 thority. 
 
 3. To animate ; to encourage ; to fix in resolution. 
 
 Charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengtJten him, — 
 Dent, iii. 
 
 4. To cause to increase in power or security. 
 
 I.el noble Warwick, Cohham, and the rest, 
 
 With powerful policy strcngUicn llieirisclves, 57uijt, 
 
 STRENGTH'JCN, v. i. To grow strong or stronger. 
 
 The ilisease that sliail destroy at length, 
 
 Grows with his growlli, and strenguiens with his strength. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 STRENGTH'j:N-i!:D, pp. Made strong or stronger ; 
 confirmed. 
 
 STRENfiTH'/CN-ER, 7i. That which increases 
 strength, physical or inoriil. 
 
 2. In medicine, .somi thing which, taken into the 
 system, increases vital energy and strength of ac- 
 tion. 
 
 STRENGTir/CN-ING, ppr. or fl. Increasing strength, 
 physical or moral ; conlirriiing ; auiiiiating. 
 
 STREN(;T11'1,ESS, a. Wanting strength; destitute 
 of powi-r. 
 
 2. Wanting spirit. [Little used,] Boyle. 
 STREN'lJ-OUS, (slren'yu-us,) a. [L. strennu.',- ; It. 
 strenuo; W. trrn, force, also, inipettiotis. The sense 
 is, pressing, straining, or rushing forward.] 
 
 1. Eagerly jiressing or urgent ; zealous ; ardent ; 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WII^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK — 
 
 1092 
 
STR 
 
 as, a strenuous udvocnte for national rights ; a streii' 
 uoas oppiiser of African slavery. 
 
 2. Bold and active ; valiant, intrepid, and ardent ; 
 as, a strenuous defender of his country. 
 
 STUEN'U.-OUS-LY, ado. With eager and pressing 
 zeal i ardently. 
 Q. Doldly , vigorously ; actively. 
 STREN'LJ-OUS-NEtJS, n. EagernCFS ; eaniestncsg ; 
 active 2c<il ; ardor in pursuit of an object, or in opiHv- 
 sition to a measure. 
 STREI"ENT, a. fL. strrprns, strepo.] 
 
 Noisy; loud. [Little usM.] Shenstone. 
 STREP'ER-OUS, a. [L. strepo.] 
 
 Iioud; boisterous. [Little usr<l.] 
 STRESS, »i. f VV. trais, force, violence, oppression j 
 treissau), to force or drive; Ir. trcise, force; Ann. 
 tregzen^ a twist ; troieia^ trouczal. to truss, Fr. trous- 
 ser. Hence, tlistress, trestle, &.C.] 
 
 1. Force ; urgency ; pressure ; importance ; that 
 which bears with most weight ; as, the stress of a le- 
 gal question. Consider how much stress is laid on 
 the exercise of charity in the New Testament. 
 
 Tliis, on wliicli tlie ^'al stress of llie business liopt'iicls. Locke. 
 9. Force, or violence ; as, stress of weather. 
 
 3. Force ; violence ; strain. 
 
 Though the facuUicu of Ihe niintl are improved by exercise, yet 
 Uiey must not t^e put to a stress beyond Ijivir streiigtli. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 STRESS, r. t. To press ; to urge ; to distress ; to put 
 to dilficiilties. [Little used.] Spenser. 
 
 STRETCH, V. L [Sax. strecran ; D. .^trekhen : G. streek- 
 en ; Dan. strekker ; Sw. strdcka ; probably formed on 
 the root of reach, riffht, L. re^ro, &lc.] 
 
 1. To draw out to greater length ; to extend in a 
 line ; as, to stretch a cord or a rttpe. 
 
 2. To extend m breadth ; as, to .stretch cloth. 
 
 3. To spread ; to expand ; as, to stretch the wings. 
 
 4. To reach ; to extend. 
 
 Stretch thine haiul to the poor. — EccKii. 
 
 5. To spread ; to disjjlay ; as, to stretch lorth the 
 heavens. T'itlotson. 
 
 G. To draw or pull out in length ; to strain; as, to 
 stretch a tendon or muscle. 
 
 7. To make tense ; to strain. 
 
 So the stretched conl the shackled dancer triej. Smith. 
 
 8. To extend mentally ; as, to streteh the mind or 
 thoughts. 
 
 9. To exaggerate ; to extend too far ; as, to stretch 
 the truth ; to stretch one's credit. 
 
 STRETCH, r. i. To be extended; to be drawn out 
 in length or in breadth, or both. A wet hempen cord 
 or cloth contracts ; in drying, it strrtche.i. 
 
 2. To be extended ; to spread ; as, a lake stretches 
 over a hundred miles of earth. I,ake Erie stretches 
 from Niagara nearly to Hnron. Hence, 
 
 3. To streteh to, is to reach. 
 
 4. To be extended, or to bear extension, without 
 breaking, as elastic substances. 
 
 The inner membrane — because it would stretch and yield, re- 
 mained unbroken. Boyle. 
 
 5. To strain beyond the truth ; to exaggerate. A 
 man who is apt to stretch has less credit than others. 
 
 6. In nartigation, to sail ; to direct a course. It is 
 often understood to signify to sail under a great spread 
 of canvas close hauled. In this it differs from Si and, 
 which implies no press of sail. We were .ttandinfr to 
 the east, when we saw a ship stretching to the south- 
 ward. 
 
 7. To make violent efforts in running. 
 STRETCH, n. Extension in lengtli or in breadth ; 
 
 reach ; as, a great stretch of wings. Ray. 
 
 2. Effort; struggle; strain. 
 
 Those put lawful authority upon the stretch to the ahiise of power, 
 under color of prenigatire. L' Estrange. 
 
 3. Force of body ; straining. 
 
 By stretch of arnts the i!isu\nt shore to g^n. Dryden. 
 
 4. Utmost extent of meaning. 
 
 duolations, in their utmost streteh, can signify no more than thai 
 Luther lay under s>-vere agouics of tnind. Auerltury. 
 
 5. Utmost reach of power. 
 
 This is the utmost stretch tliat nature can. Graneilte. 
 
 6. In sailing, a tack ; the reach or extent of prog- 
 ress on one tack. Mar. Did. 
 
 7. Course ; direction ; as, the stretch of seams of 
 coal. Kinran. 
 
 STRETCH'Kn, (strecht,) pp. or o. Drawn out in 
 
 length ; extended ; exerted to the ntmast. 
 STRETCH'ER, n. He or that which stretches. 
 
 2. A brick or stone laid with its longer face in the 
 surface of the wall. OwilL 
 
 3. A piece of timber in building. 
 
 4. .\ narrow piece of plank placed across a boat 
 for the rowers to set their feet against. 
 
 Mar. nicL 
 
 STRETCH'ING, ppr. Drawing out in length ; ex- 
 tending ; spreading; exerting force. 
 
 STREW, (stru or stro,) r. (. [Goth, siratean ; Sax. 
 atreaaian, streoician ; G. sireuen ; D. strnoijen ; Dan. 
 strorr : Sw. sfro ; contracted from .itrtegan, which is 
 rctninett in the Saxon. The Latin has sfemo, slrnri ; 
 
 STR 
 
 the latter is our strca, straw. This verb is written 
 stratp, strefp, or strou) ; .strato is nearly tibsulete, und 
 straw is obsolescent Strew is generally used.] 
 
 1. To scatter ; to spreati by scattering ; always ap- 
 plied to dry subst.iiices separable into parts or parti- 
 cles ; as, to strew seed in beds ; to strew sand on or 
 over a floor ; to strew tiow ers over a grave. 
 
 2. To spread by being scattered over. 
 
 The snow which does the top of rin<lu8 streis. 
 U tliiuc alone the seed that strews tile plam i 
 
 Spenser. 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To scatter loosely. 
 
 And strewed his mangled limbs about the field. Dryden. 
 
 STREW'£D, (strude,) pp. Scattered ; spread by scat- 
 tering ; as, sand strewed on paper. 
 
 2. Covered or sprinkled with something scattered ; 
 as, a floor strewed with sand. 
 
 STREW'INC, ;)/)r. Scattering; spreading over. 
 
 STREW'INO, ?i. The act of scattering or spreading 
 over. 
 
 2. Anv thing fit to be strewed. Shak. 
 STREW'iSlENT, n. Any thing scattered in decora- 
 tion. [JVot u.sed.] Shak. 
 STRI'/E, >i. p/. [L. See Streak.] In naturaUiistjiry, 
 small channels or thread-like lines in the shells of 
 cockles ant) in other substances. 
 
 2. The fillets between the flutes of cidiimns, pilas- 
 ters, &c. Olo.--s. ofJlrehit. 
 STRI'ATE, j a. Formed with small channels ; 
 STRI'A-TED, \ chaniit-led. 
 
 2. In natural hLitury, streaked ; marked or scored 
 with superficial or very slender lines ; m.irked with 
 fine parallel lines. Mirtijn. Smith. 
 
 Striated fracture, in mineralogy, consists of long, 
 narrow, separable parts, laid on or beside each other. 
 
 Kincan. 
 
 STRI-A'TION, n. The state of being striated or 
 
 marked with fine parallel lines. 
 STRI'A-TIJRE, n. See Striatiox. TToodward. 
 STRICK, n. [Gr. <rf"(, L. .^trix, a screech-owl.] 
 
 A bird of ill omen. [JVot in u.vc] Spenser. 
 STRICK'/;N, pp. of Strike. Struck; smitten; as, 
 the stricken deer. [See Strike.] Spenser. 
 2. Advanced ; worn ; far gone. 
 Abrih.im was old and well stricken in age. — Gen. xxxiv. 
 [06..1 
 
 STRICK'LE. (strik'l,) n. A strike ; an instrument to 
 strike grain to a level with the measure. [In the 
 United States the word Strike is used.] 
 2. An instrument for whetting scythes. 
 
 STRICT, a. [L. strictus, from stringo ; Sax. striec. 
 See Strain.] 
 
 1. Strainctl ; drawn close; tight; as, a .strict em- 
 brace ; a .ttrict ligature. .^rbuthnoL Drydrn. 
 
 2. Tense ; not relaxed ; a-s, a strict or lax fiber. 
 
 .^rbuihnot. 
 
 3. Exact ; accurate ; rigorously nice ; as, to keep 
 strict watch. Observe the strictest rules of virtue 
 and decorum. 
 
 4. Severe; rigorous; governed or governing by 
 exact rules ; observing exact rules ; as, the father is 
 very strict in observing the Sabbath. The master is 
 very strict with his apprentices. 
 
 Rigorous ; not mild or indulgent ; as, strict 
 
 laws. 
 
 C. Confined; limited; not with latitude; as, to 
 understand words in a strict sense. 
 STRICT'LY, adv. Closely ; tightly. 
 
 2. Exactly; with nice accuracy; as, patriotism, 
 strictly so called, is a noble virtue. 
 
 3. Positively. He couimanded his son strictly to 
 proceed no further. 
 
 4. Rigorously ; severely ; without remission or in- 
 dulgence. 
 
 Examine thyself sInVr/y, whether thou didst not best at first. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 STRICT'NESS, n. Closeness; lightness; opposed to 
 Laxitv. 
 
 2. Exactness in the observance of rules, laws, 
 rites, and the like ; rigorous accuracy ; nice regu- 
 larity or precision. 
 
 1 could not grant too much or <listnist too little, to men that pre- 
 tended singular piety and religious strictness. K. CharUs. 
 
 3. Rigor; severity. 
 
 These commissioners pruceede,! with such strictness and leTerlty 
 
 as ilid much olecure the king's mercy. Bacon. 
 
 STRICT't^RE, (strikt'yur,) n. [L. strictnra. See 
 Strike and Stroke, which unite with L. stringo.] 
 
 1. .\ stroke , a glance ; a Hale. 
 
 2. A toucll of criticism ; critical remark ; censure. 
 
 1 have given myself the litierty of these strictures by way of 
 n-flection on evtry ]xu>s.ige. Jlommnntt. 
 
 3. A drawing ; a spastic or other morbid contrat> 
 tion of any passage of the body. jlrbuthnul. 
 
 STRIDE, n. (Sax. strtede, a step ; gestridan, to stride ; 
 bestridan, to bestride ; probably formed on the root 
 of I.. gra/Uar, Shemitic nT>, in Syr. to go, Ch. to 
 spread. Sax. strtSan, id.] 
 A long step. 
 
 Her voice theatrically lond. 
 
 Anil nutsculine her stride. Siri/l. 
 
 STRIDE, r. i. ; pret, Stkid, Strode; pp. Stbid, 
 Stridden. 
 
 STR 
 
 1. To walk with long steps. 
 
 Mars iu the middle of the shininr shk-ld 
 
 U grav.'il, and strides along Uic held. Dryleit. 
 
 2. To Straddle. 
 
 STRIDE, V. L To [KISS over at a step 
 See him stride 
 
 Valleys wide. <4rl>ulAnol. 
 
 STRID'ING, ppr. Walking with long tteps ; (assing 
 
 over at a step. 
 STKI'DOK, H. [L.] A harsh, creaking noise, or a 
 
 crack. Dryden. 
 STRII)'i;-I,OUS, 0. [L. .v(ri</i/(ii.».] 
 
 Making a small, harsh sound, or a creaking. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 STRIFE, II. [.\orm. «<r//. See Strivi." 
 
 1. Exertion or contention for superiority ; contest 
 of emulation, either by intellectual or physical ef- 
 forts. Strife may be carried on between students or 
 between mechanics. 
 
 Doting idxnit questions and stri/rs of wonls. — 1 Tim. vl. 
 'I'tius g( lis cunu-ndef 1 — nolile strife — 
 
 Who most should ease tie- wanu of life. Qingreve. 
 
 2. Contention in angi i or enmity ; contest ; stnig 
 glc for victory ; quarrel or war. 
 
 1 and my p<-uple were at great stri/e with the children of Ammon. 
 
 — Judgi-s sii. 
 These vuws, thus grant/'d, raised a stri/e above, 
 B<:twixt the god of war and queen of love. Dryden. 
 
 3. Opposition ; contrariety ; contrut. 
 
 I.iv 
 
 Artificial stri/e 
 in these touches livelier tliAM Hie. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 4. The agitation produced by dilTercnt qualities; 
 as, the strife of acid and alkali. [Little used.] 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 STRIFE'FIJL, 0. Contentious; discordant. 
 
 The ape WHS slrt/e/ol and ambitious, 
 
 And the fox guileful and most covetous. Spenser, 
 
 STRIOi'II,, 71. [T,.] Among the anrients, an instru- 
 nii'iit of inetnl, ivory, or horn, used for srraping the 
 skin at the hath. Smith's Diet. 
 
 STR KJ'.ME-Vr, n. [I,, strignienlum, from "(nniiro.] 
 Scraping; that which is straped off. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Brovm, 
 
 STRI-GoSE' ) 
 
 STRT'Co't'S ' \ ^ ^^''*?^'^t from strigo,] 
 
 In hoiany, a strigous leaf is one set with stiff 
 lanretilate bristles. Martyn. 
 
 STRIKE, I'. (. ; prcl. Struck ; pp. Strlh-k and Strick- 
 en ; hut struck is in the most coniuion use. Struck 
 is wholly obsolite. [Sax. astrican, to strike, D. 
 stryken, to strike, and to stroke, to smooth, to anoint 
 or rub over, to slitle ; G. streichcn, to pass, move, or 
 ramble, to depart, to toiirh, to stroke, to glide or 
 glance over, to lower OT strike, as sails, to curry, (L. 
 stringo, strigil,) to sweep together, to spread, as a 
 pl.ister, to play on a violin, to card, as wool, to strike 
 or w hip. as with a rtid ; strrich, strich, a stroke, 
 stripe, or l.ish. Eng. streak : Dan. streg, a stroke ; 
 stryger, to rub, to stroke, to strike, to trim, to iron, or 
 smooth, to strike, as sails, to whip, to play on a violin, 
 to glide along, to plane ; Sw. stryka, id. We see 
 that strike, stroke, and streak, and the L. .itringo, 
 whence strain, strict, stricture, &c., are all radically 
 one word. Strong is of the same family. Hence 
 we see the sense is, it» rub, to scraj)e ; but it includes 
 often the sense of thrusting. It is to touch or graze 
 with a sweeping or stroke. Hence our sense of 
 striking a measure of grain, and strike, strickle, and 
 a stroke of the pencil in painting. Hence the use of 
 stricken, applied to age, worn with age, as in the L. 
 strigo, the same word differently applied. Hence 
 also we see the propriety of the use of stricture, ap- 
 plied to criticism. It seems to be formed on the rtx^t 
 of rake and stretch.] 
 
 1. To touch or hit with some force, either with the 
 hand or an instrument ; to give a blow to, either with 
 the open hand, the fist, a stick, club, or whip, or 
 with a jHiinted instniinent, or with a ball or an 
 arrow discharged. An arrow .ttruck the shield ; a 
 ball strikes a ship between wind and water. 
 
 He at Philippi kept 
 His sword e'en like a dan&T, while 1 struck 
 The lean and wriiikbil C;usius. Shak. 
 
 9. To dash ; to throw with a quick motion. 
 Thev shall lake of the btotxl, and sfriJIre it on the two side-posts. 
 Ex. xii. 
 
 3. To stamp : to impress ; to coin ; as, to strike 
 coin at the mint; to strike dollars or iiovereigiis, 
 or copper coin. 
 
 4. 'i ll thrust in ; to cause to enter or penetrate ; 
 as, a tree .ttrikes its root tleep. 
 
 5. To punish ; to afllict ; as Smi tk is also used. 
 
 To piini*h the Just is not good, nor to sfriJte princes far «juity. — 
 
 6. To cause to sound ; to notify by sound ; as, the 
 clock strikes twelve ; the drums stri*e up a march. 
 
 Shak. Knolles. 
 
 7. In seamanship, to lower ; to let down ; as, to 
 strike sail ; to strike a flag or ensign ; to strike a yard 
 or a top-mast in a gale ; I that is, to run or slip down.] 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 8. To impress strongly ; to affect sensibly with 
 
 TCNE, BtJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 NNNN 
 
 10!W 
 
STR 
 
 STR 
 
 STR 
 
 strong emotion ; as, to slri!;e the minil with sur- 
 prise ; to strike witil wonder, alarm, dread, ur iior- 
 rur. 
 
 Nice works of art ttrVce and Burprise us moat on the first vi-'w. 
 
 Atterbury, 
 
 There please as beauties, here as wonders strike. Pope. 
 
 9. To make and ratify ; as, to .itrike a barsjain, L. 
 frdiu ferire. This eApressiun probably arose from 
 the practice of the parties striking a victim wlien 
 they conchided a bargain. 
 
 10. To produce by a sudden action. 
 
 Waving wide her myrtle wand, 
 She Btrikes a universal peace through sea and land. MUton. 
 
 11. To affect in some particular maimer by a sud- 
 den impression or impulse ; as, the plan proposed 
 strikes me favorably ; to strike one dead ; to strike 
 one blind ; to A'trtAe one dumb. Sludc. Dryden, 
 
 12. To li vel a measure of crain, salt, or the like, 
 by scraping off with a straiglit instrument what is 
 above the level of tin; top. 
 
 13. To lade into a cooler. Edwards, W. Indies. 
 
 14. To be advanced or worn with age ; xuie.d in the 
 participle ; as, he wai stricken in years or age ; well 
 struck in years. Skak. 
 
 15. To run on ; to ground ; as a ship. 
 
 To strike up ; to cause to sound ; to begin to beat. 
 
 Strike up the drums. Shak. 
 2. To begin to sing or play; as, to strike np a 
 tune. 
 
 To strike off; to erase from an account ; to deduct ; 
 as, to strike off the interest of a debt. 
 
 2. To impress ; to print; as, to siritcq^ a thousand 
 copies of a book. 
 
 3. To separate by a blow or any sudden action ;. 
 as, to strike off a man's liead with a cimeter; to 
 strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. 
 
 To strike out ; to produce by collision ; to force out ; 
 as, to strike out sparks witli steel. 
 
 2. To blot out ; to efface ; to erase. 
 
 To methodiie is as necessary as to strike out. Pope, 
 
 3. To form something new by a quick effort ; to 
 devise ; to invent ; to contrive ; as, to strike out a 
 new plan of finance. 
 
 STIUKE, V. i. To make a quick blow or thrust. 
 
 It pleased th'' king 
 To strike at me upon his misconstruction. Shak. 
 
 2. To hit; to collide; to dash against; to clash; 
 as, a hammer .-itrikes against the bell of a clock. 
 
 3. To sound by percussion ; to be struck. The 
 clock strikes. 
 
 4. To make an attack. 
 
 A puny 6ubj-'Ct strikes 
 At thy great glory. Shak. 
 
 5. To hit ; to touch ; to act on by appulse. 
 Hinder light Iroui stTiking on it, and its colors vanish. I-Mcke. 
 G. To sound with blows. 
 
 Whilst any trump did soinid, or drum struck np. Shak. 
 
 7. To run upon ; to be stranded. The ship struck 
 at twelve, and remained fast. 
 
 8. To p.ass with a quick or strong effect ; to dart ; 
 to penetrate. 
 
 Now and ihr-n a l>eam of wit or p:iSdion strikes through the 
 olwcurity of the poem. Dryden. 
 
 9. To lower a flag or colors in token of respect, 
 or to signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy. 
 
 10. To break forth ; as, to strike into reputation. 
 [J\rot in use.] 
 
 To strike in ; to enter suddenly ; also, to recede 
 from the surface, as an eruption ; to disappear. 
 
 To strike in witli ; to conform to ; to suit itself to ; 
 to join with at once. Soutk. 
 
 To strike out : to wander ; to make a sudilen ex- 
 cursion ; as, to stri/ie i/iti into an irregular course of 
 life. Collier. 
 
 To strike; among workmen in manufactories, in 
 Englaiul, is to quit work in a body, or by combina- 
 tion, in order to compel their employers to raise their 
 wagcH. 
 
 STltlKK, n. An instrument with a straight edge for 
 leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, for 
 ■craping off what is above the level of the top. 
 
 Jloicrica. 
 
 2. A bnshid ; four pecks, [fjical.] Tussrr. 
 
 3. A measure of four bushels or half a quarter. 
 [Local.] Kiictjc. 
 
 4. The act of combining and demanding higher 
 wagiw for work. [Modern F.nalish. ] 
 
 .1. In aeoloijrj, the direction in which the edge of a 
 8tratiirn appears tit the stirface. 
 
 .S7ri/ir of floL ; a handful that may bo hackled at 
 once, [Local.] 
 STKIKiZ-llLOCK, n. [strike and block.] A plane 
 iihorter than a jointer, used for shooting a short joint. 
 
 Moxon. 
 
 STRTK'ER, n. One that Htrikes, or that which 
 strikes. 
 
 2 In .Scnptarc, n quarrelsome man. TH.\. 
 STKIKMNc;, p/<r. Ililting with a blow ; imprenslng ; 
 ini|iriiiting ; punixhing ; lowering, an Hails, or a 
 Miast, &c, 
 
 2. a. AfT'Cting with iitrong einotionii ; surprising; 
 
 forcible; impressive; as, a stj-t/iiHo- representation or 
 image. 
 
 3. Strong ; exact ; adapted to make impression ; 
 
 as, a striking resemblance of features. 
 STRIK'ING-LY, ado. In such a manner as to affect 
 
 or surprise ; forcibly ; strongly ; impressively. 
 STKlK'ING-NESS, n. The quality of affecting or 
 
 surprising. 
 
 STRING, n. [Pax. string; D. and Dan. stren^ ; G. 
 Strang; also Dan. strikke ; G.striok; connectetf witil 
 strong, L. stringo, from drawing, strstching ; Ir. 
 srang, a string ; srcangaitn, to draw.] 
 
 1. A small rope, line, or cord, or a slender strip of 
 leather or other like substance, used for fastening or 
 tying things. 
 
 2. A ribbon. 
 
 Round Ormoiul's Itnee thou tyest the mystic string. Prior. 
 
 3. A thread on which any thing is filed ; and 
 hence, a lino of things ; as, a string of shells or 
 beads. Jiddison. 
 
 4. The cord of a musical instrument, as of a har|)- 
 sichoid, harp, or violin ; as, an iustruinent of ten 
 string.*!. Scripture. 
 
 5. A fiber, as of a plant. 
 
 6. A nerve or tendon of an animal body. 
 
 The string of his long-ue was loosed. — Mark vii, 
 [This is not a technical uord.] 
 
 7. The line or cord of a bow. 
 
 He twangs the quivering string. Pope. 
 
 8. A series of things connected or following in 
 succession; any concatenation of things ; as,tistring 
 of arguments ; a strnig of propositions. 
 
 9. In ship-building, the highest range of planks in 
 a ship's ceiling, or that between the gunwale and the 
 upper edge of the upper deck ports. J\Iar. Diet. 
 
 10. The tough substance that unites llie two parts 
 of the pericarp of leguminous plants; as, the strings 
 of beans. 
 
 11. Among Cornish miners, the name of small, 
 filanirntiuis ramifications of a metallic vein. Ure. 
 
 To have two strings to the bow ; to have two expedi- 
 ents fitr e.vi-cutiiig a project or gaining a [lurpose ; to 
 have a double tidvantage, or to have two views. [In 
 the latter sense, unusual.] 
 STRING, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Strung. To furnish 
 with strings. 
 
 lias not wise nature strung the legs and feet? Cay. 
 
 2. To put in tune a stringed instrument. 
 
 For liere the Muse so oft her harp has »:run^. Addison. 
 
 3. To file ; to put on a line ; as, to string beads or 
 pearls. Spectator. 
 
 4. To make tense ; to strengthen. 
 
 Toil strung the nerves and purified the blood. Dryden. 
 fi. To deprive of strings ; as, to .'String beans. 
 STRING'-lioARI), 71. A board with its face next the 
 well-hole, in a wooden staircase, which receives the 
 enil of the steps. Brande. 
 STRING'-t;oUl!SE, n. A projecting, horizontal 
 band or line of miildiiigs in a builiiing. 
 
 Oloss. of.areHt. 
 STRING'i^D, a. Having strings ; as, a stringed in- 
 strument. 
 
 2. Produced by strings; as, stringed noise. 
 
 Jililton. 
 
 STRIN'GRNT, a. Binding strongly ; urgent. 
 
 STRING'HAI/r, [string and halt.] A sudden 
 twitching of the hiniler leg of a horse, or an invol- 
 untary or convulsive motion of the muscles that ex- 
 tenil or bend the hough. far. Diet. 
 
 [This woril, in some of the United States, is cor- 
 rupted into Springhalt.] 
 
 STRING'I-NESS, ii. 'I'he state of being stringy. 
 
 STRING'ING, ppr. Furnishing with strings ; putting 
 In tune; tiling; making tense; depriving of strings. 
 
 STlUNG'LESa, a. Having no strings. 
 
 His tongue is now a stringtess instrument. Slink. 
 
 STRING'-I'lEUE, n. A piece of timber in bridges. 
 STRI NG'V, a. Ctinsisting of strings or small threads ; 
 
 librt)Us ; filamentous ; as, a stringy root. drew. 
 2. Ropy ; viscid ; gluey ; that may be drawn into 
 
 a thread. 
 
 STRIl', V. U [G. streifcn, to strip, to flay, to stripe or 
 streak, to graze upon, to swerve, ramble, or stroll ; 
 I), strerpen, to stripe, to reprimand ; D;in. .stribrr, to 
 stripe or streak, and stripper, to .itrip, to skin or tiay, 
 to riimble ; Hax. bestrtjpan. Some of the senses td' 
 these verbs stM^in to be derived from tin? noun .^tripr, 
 which is probably from stripping. Regularly, tliis 
 verb should be referred to the root of rip, E. rn;)io.] 
 
 1. To pull or tear off, as a covering; •.if, lo strip 
 the skin IVoni a beast ; to strip the bark from a tree ; 
 to strip the clothes from a man's back. 
 
 2. To deprive of a covering ; to skin ; to peel ; as, 
 to strip a beast of bis skin ; to strip a tree of its 
 bark ; to .itrip a man of his clothes. 
 
 3. To deprive ; to bereave ; to make destitute ; ns, 
 to .itrip a man of his possessions. 
 
 4. To divest ; as, to .itrip one of his rights and 
 
 privileges. Let us strip this subject of all its adven- 
 titious glare. 
 
 5. To rt)b ; tt) plunder ; as, robbers .itrip a house. 
 
 6. To bereave ; to deprive ; to impoverish ; as, a 
 man stripped of bis fortune. 
 
 7. To deprive ; to make bare by cutting, grazing, 
 or other means; as, cattle strip the ground of its 
 herbage. 
 
 8. To pull off htisks ; to husk ; as, to strip maize, 
 or the ears of maize. .America. 
 
 9. To press out the last milk at a milking. 
 
 Halliwrll. 
 
 10. To unrig ; as, to .itrip a ship. Locke. 
 
 11. To pare off the surface of land in strips, and 
 turn over the strips upon the adjoining surface. 
 
 To strip off'; to pull or takeoff; as, to strip off a 
 covering ; to strip off'ti mask or disguise. 
 
 2. To cast oft'. [JVvt in use.] Shak. 
 
 3. To separate from something connected. [JVot 
 in use.] 
 
 [We may observe the primary sense of this woril 
 is to peel or skin, hence to pull off in a long, narrow 
 piece ; hence stripe.] 
 STRIP, n. [G. strcif, a stripe, a streak; D. sfrec;), a 
 stroke, a line, a stripe ; D;in. stribe.] 
 
 1. A narrow piece, comjiaratively long; as, a strip 
 of cloth. 
 
 2. Waste, in a legal sense ; destruction of fences, 
 buildings, timber, &.C. [Norm, cstrippe.] 
 
 JIassachusetti. 
 STRIPE, n. [See Strip. It is probable that this word 
 is taken from stri|ipiiig.] 
 
 1. A line, or long, narrow division of any thing, of 
 a different color from the grf>und ; as, a stripe of red 
 on a green ground ; hence, any linear variation of 
 color. Bacon. 
 
 2. A strip, or Itmg, narrow piece attached to stune- 
 Ihing of a different color ; as, a long stripe sewed 
 ujioii a garment. 
 
 3. The wale, or long, narrow mark discolored by a 
 lash or rod. 
 
 4. A stroke made with a lash, whip, rod, strap, or 
 scourge. 
 
 Forty stripes may he give him, and not exceed. — Deut. xxv. 
 [A blow with a club is not a .itripe.] 
 
 5. AlHiction ; punishment; sufferings. 
 
 By his stripes we are healed. — Is. liii. 
 STRIPE, 1'. *. To make stripes ; to form with lines of 
 different colors ; to variegate with stripes. 
 2. To strike ; to lash. [Little «.«■</.] 
 STRIP'KD, (strlpt,) pp. Formed with lines of diffi;r- 
 ent colors. 
 
 2. a. Having stripes of different colors. 
 .STRIP'ING, ppr. Forming with stripes. 
 STKIP'LING, )i. [from strip, stripe ; primarily, a tall, 
 slender youth, one that shoots up suddenly.] 
 
 A youth in the state t)f adolescence, or just pass- 
 ing from boyhood to manhood ; a lad. 
 
 And the kin^said. Inquire thou whose son the strijiling is. — 1 
 Sam, xviii. 
 
 STRIP'P/^I), (stript,) pp. Pulled or torn off; peeled ; 
 skinned ; tli'iiriveil ; divested ; made naked ; im- 
 poverished ; husked, as maize. 
 
 STRIP'PER, n. One that strips. 
 
 STRIP'PING, ppr. Pulling off; peeling; skinning; 
 Having; depriving; divesting; husking. 
 
 STRIP'PINGSS, „. The last milk drawn from a 
 cow at a milking. JlalliiocU. [Vurioits diateets.] 
 
 JVcw F.nirland. 
 
 STRIVE, jj. i. ; pret. Strove ; pp. Striven. [G. strc- 
 ben ; I), strerven ; Sw. strafra ; Dan. stra'ber ; formed 
 pi rhaps on the Heb. 311. This word coincitlcs in el- 
 ements with driee, and the primary sense is nearly 
 the same. SeeRiv .i..] 
 
 1. To make efforts ; to use exertions ; to endeavor 
 with earnestness ; to labor hard ; applicable to eier- 
 tions of body or mind. A workman strirrs to per- 
 form his ttisk before anotlm r; a student striocs to 
 e.xcel liis fellows in improve^iient. 
 
 Was it for this that his ambition strove 
 
 To npi'd (a'sar lirst, and after Jove? Coirley. 
 Strive with me in your prayrs to t^od for me. — Rom. xv. 
 Strive to enter in at the strait gate. — I.uke xiii. 
 
 2. To contend ; to contest ; to .struggle in opposi- 
 tion to another ; to be in contention or dispute ; fol- 
 lowed by o'jainst or irilh before the person or thing 
 opposeil ; as, strive again.it temptation ; strive for the 
 truth. 
 
 My spirit slinll not always strive with man. — Gen. vi. 
 
 3. To oppose by contrariety of qualities. 
 
 Now i^riviite pity stove with public hate, 
 
 111 ason with rag-', and eliKpiena' with fate. Verham. 
 
 4. To vie ; to "be comparable to ; to emulate ; to 
 contend in excellence. 
 
 Not that sweet (Jrove 
 Of Daphne hv ()rolU--s, and the mj.pired 
 CaNtaliun H|U-uig, might with this paradisO 
 
 01 F.ib-n strive'^ AJllton. 
 
 STRIV'ER, 71. One that strives or contends; one 
 who maki's efforts uf body or mintl. 
 
 STRI V'INt;, Making elUirts ; exerting Ihe pow- 
 
 ers of body or mind with t.'arncslness ; contending. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIUD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IIQOK. 
 
 10<.)4 
 
STR 
 
 STRIV'IN(5, n. The act of making eflbrts ; contest ; 
 cuiilcitnoit. 
 
 Avoid Toolish questions, nnd prnralo^ea, and cuDtenlioiu, anil 
 tlneingt at^out the — Til. lu. 
 
 STRTV'I.\'G-LV, adc. With earnest efforts; with 
 slrti!;i»les. 
 
 STRIX, n. [L., an owl.] A channel in a lluted col- 
 
 tiinn or pillar. 
 STItfjA.M, c. i. To uandi r about idly and vacantly. 
 STKOU'IL, H. [L. .itrobitus.] 
 
 Ill 6»(iiii», an anient, tlie carpels of which are 
 
 scale-like, and spread open and hear naked seeds ; 
 
 soinclimes llie scales are thin, willi little cohesion ; 
 
 hut lliey are often woody, and colii re into a single 
 
 tuhercuiatud nia.ss. H.\ani|ile, the fruit of the pines. 
 
 lAmiley. 
 
 STRO-HIL'I-FORM, a. [L. strubilus and furma, su- 
 pra.) 
 
 Shaped like n $trohil. 
 STRo'CAI., / H. .\n instnimcnt used liy glass-makers 
 S'l'Ko'K.AL, \ to empty the metal from one pot to 
 aiiutlicr. Encyc. 
 
 stkook; i f"^ S"^ '-"- 
 
 STUoKlO, 71. [from slrikr.] ,\ blow ; the striking of 
 one body .'igainst another ; appliciiblf to a club ur to 
 ajit/ heunt butiij^ ur lu a rod^ whip^ or lash, A j-iece of 
 timber I'alliii'.; may kill a man by its j.(r«/.e ; a man, 
 when whipped, can hardly fail to tlinch ur wince at 
 every slrulie. 
 
 Tlie o.ir» yxrn silvpr, 
 \V!iich to Ihc time ot ttult's Iteitt stroke. J^iaJc. 
 
 S. A hostile blow or att.ack. 
 
 He enu-ntl and won Uie whole Itingdoin of N«i>l<'« vvilliout 
 Mril^iiif^ n elrokr. Bacon. 
 
 3. A sudden attack of disease or affliction ; calam- 
 ity. 
 
 At tliis onr gtroke the niun loolteil dead in Inw. Harle, 
 
 4. Fatal attack ; as, the .stroke of death. 
 
 5. The sound of the clock. 
 
 Whitl in *( o'clock? 
 L'poii the slrokf of (mir. 
 
 C. The touch of a pencil. 
 O, l.-tiiliiir as tlio«e colon mitv they sliine, 
 * itiy stroke, yet liuiltle.ss .i 
 
 Free o 
 
 1 thy 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Some [ttiis ol iny worit hitve ticuii bn^litcncd hy the atroKes of 
 your lordship's pencil. ^tidiUclon. 
 
 7. .\ touch; a masterly effort; as, the boldest 
 strokes of poetry. Dnjileii. 
 
 lie will give one of the fniishin^ ttro^et to it. Atldison. 
 
 8. .\n t^lTort suddenly or une.xpectedly produced. 
 
 9. Power ; efficacy. 
 
 lie hits a ^retti stroke with the reader, when he condemns any 
 of iny poems, to miike the world have a tjcttcr opinion of 
 them. Vryden. 
 
 [I brlirve Uus sense ob<olrte.'\ 
 
 10. St rics of operations ; as, to cnrry on a great 
 stroke in burliness. [^^ common itse of the tcord.] 
 
 11. A dash in writing or printing ; a line ; a touch 
 of the pen ; as, a liair-sfroAe. 
 
 12. fn seamen's laniriia^e, the sweep of an oar in 
 rowing ; as, to row with a long stroke. 
 
 STROK E, c. t. [Sax. siracan : Sw. stryka ; Riiss. .efro- 
 gayUj stru'jaytL, to plane. See Strike and Strict.] 
 1. To rub gi iitly with the hand, by way of express- 
 ing kindness or tenderness ; to soothe. 
 
 He dn'tl die f.illinjj ilrop«, and, yet niorx; kind, 
 
 He stroked her cheeks. Dryden. 
 
 S. To rub gently in one direction. Gaij. 
 3. To make smooth. 
 STRoK'El), (strokt,) pp. Rubbed gently with the 
 hand. 
 
 STltoK'KR, n. One who strokes ; one who pretends 
 to cure by stroking. 
 
 STUoKES'MAN, n. In rotcin^^ the man who rows 
 the aftmost oar, and whose stroke is to be followed 
 by the rest. Tottrn. 
 
 STRoK'I.NG, ppr. Rubbing gently with the hand. 
 
 STRol<I<, r. i, [Formcil probably on troll, roll.] 
 
 'I'o ritve ; to wandty on foot ; to ramble idly or leis- 
 urely. 
 
 These mothcn stroll to tx-g sustenance for their helpless inftnts. 
 
 Sin/t. 
 
 STRoTJ,, n. A wandering on foot ; n walking idly 
 and Ifisiirely. 
 
 STRoI.L'KR, II. One who strolls; a vagabond; a 
 vagrant. Swi/k. 
 
 STRol.l/IXO, pi>r. Roving idly ; rambling on fooL 
 
 S TROM, AT'lC, a. [Cr. nT,.iop.t.] 
 
 MHcellaneoiis ; composed of different kinds. 
 
 STROM'BITE, n. A petrified shell, of the genus 
 Stronihiis. [Obs.] Jameson. 
 
 STRO.M-UU'Ll-FORM, a. In geology, formed like a 
 top. 
 
 STROM'RL'S, n. [L.] A genus of marine ga>lropo- 
 dous mollusks, having the e.vternal border or lip dila- 
 ted into a wing. Cuvicr. 
 
 STROM'EY-ER-ITE, n. [from M. Siromeyrr.] 
 
 A steel-gray ore of silver, consisting of sulphur, sil- 
 ver, and copper. Dana. 
 
 S-TROND, n. The beach. [A'of much used.] [Sec 
 STR*riD.) ' 
 
 STRONO, a. [Sax. slronif, strau/r, or streng ; frimi the 
 latter is formed strength ; G. stren^r ; \). and Dan. 
 strenff; Sw. strdnir, strict, severe, rigid. As n is cas- 
 ual in this word, the original orthography was strag, 
 streg, or strog, coinciding with L. .vincdw, slringo. 
 The sense of the radical word is, to stretch, strain, 
 draw, and probably from the root of stretch ttnd rcacA. 
 We observe in all the kindred dialects on the con- 
 tiiit nt tliii sense (d" the word is .somewhat dillerent 
 from thu^Df the English. 'J'hc Russ. strogei, strict, 
 rigid, severe, retains the original orthography with- 
 out H.l 
 
 1. Having physical active power, or great physical 
 power ; having the power of exerting great bodily 
 force ; vigorous. A patient is recovering from sick- 
 ness, but is not yet strong enough to walk. A strong 
 man will lift twice his own weight. 
 
 Th;il onr oxen may Ije strong to labor. — Ps. exliv. 
 
 Onifs the strong to grvau.T sireliglh must yield. Drylen. 
 
 2. Having physical pa-ssive power ; having ability 
 to bear or endure ; tirin ; solid ; as, a Constitution 
 strong enough tt> bear the ftttigues of a campaign. 
 
 3. Well fortilieil : able to sustain attacks; not 
 easily subdued or taken ; as, a strong fortress ur 
 town. 
 
 4. Having great military or naval force ; powerful ; 
 as, a strung army or fleet ; a strong nation ; a iiiition 
 strong at se.a. 
 
 5. Having great wc.ilth, means, or resources ; as, 
 a strong house or ctuiipaiiy of merchants. 
 
 6. Moving with raiiiility ; violent ; forcible; iinpit- 
 uotis ; as, a strong current of water or wiinl ; the 
 wind was strong from the north-east ; we had a strong 
 tide against us. 
 
 7. Hale; sound; robust; as, a s(ro«<r constitution. 
 
 8. Powerful ; forcible ; cogent ; ailapt->d to make a 
 deep or effectual impression on the mind or imagina- 
 tion ; as, a strong argument ; strung reasons ; strong 
 evidence ; a strong example or instance. lie used 
 strong language. 
 
 9. Ardent ; eager ; zealous ; earnestly engaged ; as, 
 a strong partisan ; a .-itrong whig or tory. 
 
 Her mother, ever strong against that match. Sliak. 
 
 10. Having virtut^s of great etfic.icy ; or having a 
 particular quality in a great degree ; as, a strong 
 powder or tincture ; a strung decoction ; strong tea ; 
 strung coffee. 
 
 11. Full of spirit; intoxicating; as, sfronir liquors. 
 
 12. Affecting the sight forcibly ; as, strong colors. 
 
 13. Affecting the ta^te forcibly ; as, the strong fla- 
 vor of onions. 
 
 14. Affecting the smell powerfully ; as, a strong 
 scent. 
 
 15. Not of easy digestion ; solid ; as, strong meat. 
 Jlrb. V. 
 
 111. Well established ; firm ; not easily overthrown 
 or altered ; as, a ciistoiii grown strong by time. 
 
 17. Violent; vehement; earnest. 
 
 Who, in tJie days of his fl._'sh, when he oli'cretl up prayers with 
 siron* cry ing and tears. — Ileb. v. 
 
 18. Able ; furnished with abilities. 
 
 I was stronger in prophecy than in cnticism. Dryden. 
 
 19. Having great force of mind, of intellect, or of 
 any faculty ; as, a man o[ strung powers of minil ; a 
 man of a strong mind or intelltJct ; a m.an of strong 
 memory, judgment, or imagination. 
 
 20. liaving great force ; comprising much in few 
 words. 
 
 Like her sweet voice is thy h.armonions son^. 
 As hi^h, as sweet, as easy, and as strong. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 21. Uright ; glaring; vivid ; as, a sfrono^ light. 
 2:2. Powerful to the extent of force named ; as, an 
 arinv ten thousand strong. 
 STRciXG'-eOL-OR-KI), a. Having strong colors. 
 STRON'"GER, (strong'ger,) a. ; comp. of Stuoxu. Hav- 
 ing more strength. 
 STRO.V'GEST, (strong'gest,) a. ; superl of STno.'«o. 
 
 Having in(»st strength. 
 STRO.\G'-FIST-EI), a. [.strong and /if.] Il.iving a 
 
 strong hand ; muscular. ^rbnlhnvt. 
 STRO.NG'-IIA.VI), 11. [.sfron^ and /la/irf.] Violence; 
 force ; power. 
 
 It was their meaning to take what they neciled Ly stron^.hand. 
 
 liaUgk. 
 
 [-Vof properftt a compound jrord."] 
 STRONG'-IIA.ND-El), a. Having strong hands, or 
 
 having many hands, for the executitm of a work. 
 STRO.VG'llol.O, 71. [.«(ro/in- and AoW.] .\ fastness ; 
 
 a fort ; a fortified place ; a place of seciiritv. 
 STRO.N'G'LY, adr. With strength ; with great force 
 
 or power ; forcibly ; a word of eitensire application. 
 
 2. Firmly : in a manner to resist attack ; as, a town 
 strongly fortified. 
 
 3. Vehemently ; forcibly ; eagerly. The evils of 
 this measure were strongly represented to the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 STRUNG'-MIND-ED, a. Having a vigorous mind. 
 
 Scull. 
 
 STROXG'-SET, o. [strong and seL] Firmly set or 
 coniinrted. Swifi. 
 
 STRO.\G'-VOIC-£D, (strong'voist,) a. Having great 
 strength of voice. Scotf. 
 
 STRONG'-WA-TER, «• [strong and icalcr.] I)i»- 
 tiUi-d or artlfiit spirits. [J\'ut in use.] ttucun. 
 
 STRt>\'TI.\N, > 71. [from Utrontian, in Argyleshire, 
 
 STRON'TIA, i where it was first found.] 
 
 .Ai&eartli which, when pure and dry, is perfectly 
 white, and resembles bary ta in many of its proper- 
 ties. It is a compound of oxygen and a base to 
 which is given the name of .itrontium, in the propor- 
 tion of ^< of the former to 44 of the 1. titer. Dacy. 
 
 STRON'TIW I 
 
 STRON TIT'lC i ''6rt!>'"'"g 'o Btronlian. 
 
 STRfJ.\'TlAN-ITE, 71. Carbonate of strontian, a 
 mineral that tu'curs mn-ssive, fibrous, stellated, and 
 cr} slullijced in the form of a mudified rhombic prism. 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 Prismatic baryte, a species of heavy spar. Vre. 
 
 STR().\-TI'Tl~S, ,1. Stnmtiuni, which see. 
 
 STIto.N'TIL'.M, n. The base of strontian. Dacy. 
 
 STItOOIC, for Stiilck. [AVj< ih inc.] 
 
 STROP, 71. A strap. [Sec Straf.] This orthography 
 is particularly used lor a .strip of leather used for 
 sharpeiiing razors, anil giving them a fine, smooth 
 edge ; a razor-strop, lint STiise is preferable. 
 
 2. [Sp. cstroeo.] A piece of rope spliced into a 
 circular wreath, and put round a block fiir liaiigiiig 
 it. Mar. Diet. 
 
 STROP, r. t. To draw over a strop with a view to 
 sllarpc 11. Ourdnrr. 
 
 Sl'Ro'PIIE, 77. [Fr. strophe: It. strnfa, strufc ; Gr. 
 CTo'itltn-i a ttirii, troiii aroi^it'^ty to turn.] 
 
 Ill thr ancient theater, that part of a song Or fiance 
 aroiiiiil the altar wliiih was performed by turning 
 from llii' right to the lelt. It was succeeiled by the 
 anlisiroplie, in a contrary direction. Hence, in an- 
 cient Ij ric poetry, the Ibriiier of two stanzas was 
 called the siruphe, and the latter the antistrophe. To 
 these an rpodr was sometimes adiled. 
 
 STRa PIII-O LATE, i a. [L. strophium, a gar- 
 
 STR6'PlII-0-L.\-TED, i land.] 
 
 Furnished with a garland, or that which resembles 
 a garland. Smith, 
 
 STROUT, 7\ i. (ForSTRt;T.] To swell ; U> piilf out. 
 [.\'<if 171 use.] Bacon. 
 
 STROVE, prel. of Strive. 
 
 STR6W is only a different orthograjihy of Strew. 
 
 [Stx' Strew.] 
 STRoWL, for Stroll, is not in use. [See Stroll.] 
 STROV, for Destroy, is not in use. [See DEiTBor.] 
 STRl'CK, pnf. and ;//7. of Strike. [SccSirike.] 
 STRUCK'/;.\, the old pp. of Strike, is obsolete. 
 STRUe'Ti;R-AL, (strukt'yiir-al,) u. Petlaiiiing to 
 
 structure. Mtrshall Hall. 
 
 STRUC'Tt'RE, (strukt'yiir,) 71. [Fr., from L. .vfriicturo, 
 from siruo. (for strugo,) Iti set or lay ; It. .vfruffiirrt.] 
 1. Act of building ; practice of erecting buildings. 
 His son ttiiilds on, and never i» content 
 Till III- U.l ftrtiiiiij is ill structure speiiU Dryden. 
 {Rarely ustd.] 
 
 9. Manner i>f building; form; make; constric- 
 tion ; as, the want of insight into the structure and 
 coiisliliilioii of the ti rraipieous globe. H'oodinard. 
 
 .3. .Manner of organization of animals and vegeta- 
 bles, 4cc. 
 
 4. .\ btiililing of any kind, but chiefly a building 
 of some size or of magnificence ; an edifice. The 
 iron bridge over tlie Seine, in Paris, is a beautiful 
 structure. 
 
 Th( re slaiitls a sfruelure of ni.a}e&tic ftame. Pope. 
 
 5. In mineralugy, the particiil.ar arrangement of the 
 integrant particles or molecules of a mineral. 
 
 Brongniart. 
 
 STRf'DE ) 
 
 S TRollI'"' ( "■ ^ stock of breeding mares. Bailey. 
 
 STRL'G'GLE, (striig'gl,) r. i. [This word may be 
 formed on the rtuit of stretch, right. Sec, which sig- 
 nifies to strain ; or more directly on the same el- 
 ements in L. nigo, to wrinkle, and Eng. teriggle. In 
 W. ystreiglatp is to turn.] 
 
 1. Properly, to strive, or to make efforts with a 
 twisling, or with contortions of the body. Hence, 
 
 2. To use great efforts ; to labor hard ; to strive ; 
 to contend ; as, to struggle to save Iifi; . to struggle 
 with the waves ; to struggle against the stream ; to 
 strns<rle with atlversity. 
 
 3. To labor in pain or anguish ; to be in agony ; to 
 labor in any kind of dilliculty or distniss. 
 
 •Tis wisilom to Ijeware, 
 Anil Ix-tter shun the bail than struggle in the snare. Drylen, 
 
 STRUG'GI.E, 7». Great labor; forcible effort to ob- 
 t.'iiii an tdijert, or to avoid an evil ; properly, a vio- 
 lent effort with contortions of the body. 
 2. Content ; contention ; strife. 
 
 3. Agony ; contortions of extreme distress. 
 STRTG'GLEK, 11. One who struggles, strives, orcon 
 lends. 
 
 STRL'G'GLING, ppr. or a. Making great efforts ; 
 
 using violent exertions ; affected with contortions. 
 STRUG'GLl.N'G, 71. The act of striving ; vehement 
 
 or earnest elfort. 
 STRO'.MA.n. [L.] Scrofula ; the king's evil ; a 
 
 cific, morbid condition, considered by many as a. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
STU 
 
 peculiar sort of iiitlamii.':itiun, manifested, in very 
 many cases, by an inilnlent enlargement, wliicli soine- 
 tiiues supimrates, but .slowly and imperfectly, and 
 heals vvitli difficulty. 
 STIJu'MUUS, a. Scrofulous; having stnim^ 
 STRU.M'PET, n. [Ir. stribrid, striopach.] 
 A prostitute. 
 
 STRU.M'PET, a. Like a strumpet ; false ; inconstant. 
 
 Sliali. 
 
 STRUM'PET, t'. f. To debauch. Sliali. 
 
 STRU.NG, prct. of String. 
 
 STRUT, c. i. [G. strolieit; Dan. struttrrA 
 
 1. To walk with a lofty, proud gait and erect head ; 
 to walk with affected dignity. 
 
 Does he not lioltl up his head nnd strut in hia gait f ShaJe. 
 
 2. 'I'o swell ; to protuberate. 
 
 The Iwliyiii^ cmv;is strutted with the g.Je. Dryden, 
 {Not used.] 
 
 STRUT, n. A Itifty, proud step or walk with the head 
 erect; afl'ttlation of dignity in walking. 
 
 2. In arcluttrttire, :i piece of timber obliquelj' placed 
 from a king or queen post to support a rafter, some- 
 times called a Brace. Bramle. 
 
 STRu'THI-OUS, a. [h.striahio.] Pertaining to or 
 like the ostrich ; belonging to the ostrich tribe. 
 
 STRUT'TER, n. One who struts. Swift. 
 
 STRUT'TI.NG, ppr. Walking with a lofty gait and 
 erect head. 
 
 STRUT'TING, n. The act of walking with a proud 
 gait. 
 
 STRUT'TING-LY, adv. With a proud, lofty step ; 
 boastingly. 
 
 STRVeH'NI-A, ) n. [Gr. irTOVWof, an ancient 
 STRYCH'NI-NA, S Greek name for several plants, 
 STRV'eH'N'I.N'E, > most of which were narcotics. 
 A vegtdable alkaloid, the sole active _ principle 
 of Stryclinos Tieute, the most active of the Jtiva 
 poisons, and one of the active principles of 
 Stryclinos Ignatii, Str. Nux-vomica, Str. Colubrina. 
 etc. This alkaloid h;is an intensely l)ilter taste, leav- 
 ing an impression in the mouth similar to that from 
 certain metallic salts. It is a most valuable medi- 
 cine, nmch used at the present day. 
 STUli, H. steb ; Dan. ; Sw, 5(u&6c, a stock 
 
 or stern ; \j. stipes ; from setting, fixing. See Stop.] 
 
 1. The stuin[> of a tree ; that part of the stem of a 
 tree which remains fixed in the earth when the tree 
 is cut down. [.Sfafi, in the Uijited Stales, I believe, 
 is never used tor the slump of a herbaceous plant.] 
 
 9. A log ; a block. [J^^'ut in vsc] J/ilton. 
 STUn, I', f. To grub up by the roots ; to e.xtirp.ate ; 
 as, to .s(u6 np edible roots. Orrw. 
 
 2. To strike the toes against a stump, stone, or oth- 
 er fixed object. JVVio F.nirlaiid. 
 
 STUli'HED, a. Short and thick like something trun- 
 cated ; blunt; obtuse. [Sw. .-itubliifr.] 
 9. Hardy ; not nice or delicate. Brrkelcy. 
 
 STUH'BED-NESS, n. liluntness ; obtuseness. 
 
 STUB'BING, ppr. Grubbing up by the roots; extir- 
 pating. 
 
 STUli'BI.E, (stub'bl,) n. [D. and G. stnppel; Sw. 
 stubh ; L. stipule. It is a diininulive of .^tub.] 
 
 The stumps of wheal, rye, barley, oats, or buck- 
 wheat, left in the ground ; the part of the stalk left 
 by the scythe or sickle. 
 
 All'.T the first crop is oiT, tliey plow in tiie Btuhhle. Mortimer. 
 
 STUB'BLE-GOOSE,n. [stubble and ffoosc] A goose 
 
 fed among stitbhie. Ckaucr. 
 STUB'BLE-K.aKE, 71. A rake with long teeth for 
 
 rakiUL' tot'ether stubble. 
 STUB'BORN, a. [This word donblless formed on 
 
 the root of stub or stiff, and denotes fixed, firm. 
 
 Chancer writes it slihhonie, IM'.iS. liut the origin of 
 
 the latter sj liable is nut obvious.] 
 
 1. Unreasonably obstinate; inflexibly fixed in 
 opinion ; not to be moved or persuaded by reasons ; 
 indexible; as, a stubborn sou; a atubburu mind or 
 »ouI. 
 
 The queen U olwtin:i'« » 
 
 Stubb'jm lo jUKti&i. Shak. 
 
 2. Persevering ; persisting ; steady ; constant ; as, 
 gittbbttrn attriilion. Locke. 
 
 3. Stitf; not flexible ; as, a stubborn bow. 
 
 CUapnuin. 
 
 T.ike a pl.uit of Bluljlorn oalc. Dryden. 
 
 4. Hardy; firm; enduring without complaint ; as, 
 gtiibbnrit Stoics. Sw(ft, 
 
 .1. Marsh; rough; riiirged. [fMUewieil.] 
 (i. Refractory ; not eauily melted or ivorked ; as, a 
 stubborn ore or metal. 
 
 7. Refr.icUiry ; obstinately resisting command, the 
 goad, or the whip ; tin, n stubborn ass or horse. 
 STIIB'BOR.V-LY, adv. Obstinately ; inllexibly ; con- 
 tumaciously. 
 
 S'I'lJIl'liOK.V-NESfl, n. Perverse and iinre.asonable 
 obstinni y ; liillexibilily . contumacy. 
 
 Htubbornnest And oljillnatc []iM)t)«'lience rnuit hft rmuterr.*! with 
 
 2. SlifTneufi ; want of filianry. 
 
 3. Ilefractorinciis, on of oreB. 
 
 STUU'BY, a. [fruin irCufr.] Abounding with stiihH. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— 
 
 STU 
 
 2. Short and thick ; short and strong ; as, stubby 
 bristles. _ Orew. 
 
 STUB'-NaIL, 7i. [stub and nail.] A nail broken off ; 
 a short, thick nail. 
 
 STUe'eO, )i. [It. id.; Ft. stuc; Sp. estuco; allied 
 probably to stick, stuck.] 
 
 1. A general name for pl.ister of any kind used as 
 a coating for walls; parttcularhfy a fine plaster, com- 
 posed of lime or gypsum, with sand and pounded 
 marble, used for internal decorations, &,c. 
 
 2. Work made of stucco. 
 
 STUCCO, V. t. To plaster; to overlay with fine 
 plaster. 
 
 STUe'€o-£D,(-kode,)p;i. ora. Overlaid with stucco. 
 
 STUe'eO-ER, n. One versed in stucco work. 
 
 STUe'€0-ING, ppr. Plastering with stucco. 
 
 STUCK, prct. and pp. of Stick. 
 
 Stuck o'er Willi titles, and hung round with strings. Pope. 
 
 STUCK, n. A thrust. [JVut in use.] Sliuk. 
 
 STUCK'LE, (stuk'l,) n. [from stuok.] A number of 
 sheaves set together in the field. [Scottish.] [JVot in 
 use in the United States.] 
 
 STUD, 71. [Sax. stod, studa ; Ice. .5(0(2; D. s(Mt; Sw. 
 stud; G. stutze, a stay or prop ; stittzen, to butt at, to 
 gore ; Dan. sttider, to push, to thrust, G. sfos.s-en. The 
 sense of the root is, to set, to thrust. It coincides 
 with stead, place, Ir. stadam, to stay or stand, stid, a 
 prop.] 
 
 1. In building, a sm.ill piece of timber or joist in- 
 serted in the sills and beams, between the posts, to 
 support the beams or other main timbers. The boards 
 on the outside, and the laths on the inside, of a build- 
 ing, are also nailed to the studs, 
 
 2. A nail with a large head, inserted in work 
 chiefiy for ornament ; an ornamental knob. 
 
 A belt of straw, and ivy huds, 
 
 Willi coral cLisps and anil>er studs. Jtategk. 
 
 Crystal and niyrrhiiie cups, embossed with gems 
 
 And Btud£ of pearl. Urdton. 
 
 3. A collection of breeding horses and mares ; or 
 the place where they are kept. 
 
 In the studs nf Ireland, where care is tiken, we see horses bred 
 of excellent shape, vigor, and fire. Temple. 
 
 4. An ornamental button for a shirt bosom, &c. 
 STUD, V. t. To adorn with shining studs or knobs. 
 
 Their horses shall be trapped. 
 Their harness studded all with gold and pearl. Shale. 
 
 2. To set with detached ornaments or prominent 
 objects. 
 
 STUD'DED, pp. Adorned with studs. 
 9. Set with detached ornaments. 
 
 The sloping sides and summits of our hills, and the extensive 
 plains that stretch before our view, are studded with sub- 
 Btantial, neat, and commodious dwellings of freemen. 
 
 Bp. [lobart. 
 
 STUD'DING, ppr. Setting or adorning with studs or 
 shining knobs. 
 
 STUD'DIN'G-SaIL, 71. In navigation, a sail that is 
 set beyond the skirts of the principal sails. The 
 studtling-sails are set only when the wind is mod- 
 erite and steady. They appear like wings upon the 
 yard-arms. Mar, Diet. Totten. 
 
 STC'DENT, n. [L. studrns, sturleo. See Study.] 
 
 1. A person engaged in study ; one who is devo- 
 ted to learning, either in a seminary or in private ; 
 a scholar ; as, the students of an .academy, of a col- 
 lege or university ; a medical student : a law student. 
 
 2. A man devoted to books ; a bookish man ; as, a 
 hard student ; a close student. 
 
 Keep a gamester from dice, and a good student from his books. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 3. One who studies or examines ; as, a student of 
 nature's works. 
 
 STO'DENT-SIIIP, n. The state of being a student. 
 STUD'-IIORSE, n. [Sa.x. stod-hors; Low L. stota- 
 
 rius : Cliiiucer, stnt.] 
 
 A breeding horse ; a liorse kept for propagating his 
 
 kind. 
 
 STUI)'I-ED, (stud'did,) pp. [from studij.] Read ; 
 closely examined ; read with diligence and atten- 
 tion ; well considered. The book has been studied. 
 The subject has been well studied. 
 
 2. fl. Learned ; well versed in any branch of 
 learning ; qualified by study ; as, a man well .studied 
 in geometry, or in law, or medical science. Bacon, 
 
 3. Pr< meditated. 
 
 4. Having a particular inclination. [A''ot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 STUD'I-KD-LY, (stud'did-Ie,) orfr. Prcineditatedly. 
 STIJD'I-ER, n. [from studij.] One who studies; a 
 student. 
 
 Llpaius w.aj a great stutUer in llie slijical phllosopliy. Tillotson. 
 
 STfl'DI-O, n. [It.] The work-shop of n sculptor; 
 sometimes, though less properly, applit^l to the work- 
 shoj) of a painter. Joeclijn. 
 
 STO'DI-OUS, a. [Vr. Hindi rui. : \j. studiosus.] 
 
 1. Given to books or to learning; devoted to the 
 artpiisilion of knowledge from books ; as, a studious 
 scholar. 
 
 2. Contemplative; given to thought, or to the ex- 
 aoMimlion of subjects by contemplation. 
 
 3. Diligent; eager to discover Bomcthing, or to 
 
 STU 
 
 eflect some object ; as, be studious to please ; studi 
 ous lo find new friends and allies Ticlccl. 1 
 
 4. Attentive to; careful; with o/. 
 
 Divines must become studious of pious and reuerable antiquity. I 
 
 While. 
 
 5. Planned with study ; deliberate. 
 
 For the frigid villainy of studious lewdness, for the calm malignity 
 of labored impiety, what apology can be invented I ! 
 
 Rambler. I 
 
 6. Favorable to study ; suitablt; for thought antl ' 
 contemplation ; as, the studious shade. 1 
 
 Let my due feet never fail ! 
 To walk the studious cloister pale. Milton. | 
 
 [The latter signijication is forced^ and not much 
 
 used,] ' 
 
 STO'DI-OUS-LY, adv. With study ; with close at- I 
 
 tention to books. j 
 
 2. With diligent contemplation. Dryden, | 
 
 3. Diligently ; with zeal and earnestness. | 
 
 ,^ttcrbary, 
 
 4. CarefiiUv ; attentively. 
 STU'DI-OUS-NESS, 71. The habit or practice of 
 
 study ; addictedness to books. Men of sprightly 
 imagination are not generally the most remarkable 
 for .studiousness. 
 STUD'Y, 71. [Fr. etude: L. stadium, from stU(leo, lo 
 study, that is, to set the thoughts or mind. (See As- 
 siduous.) Studco IS connected with the English 
 stud, stead.] 
 
 1. Literally, a setting of the mind or thoughts upon 
 a subject; hence, application of mind to books, to 
 arts or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of 
 learning w hat is not before known. 
 
 Hammond generally spent thirteen hours of the d.ay-in study. 
 
 fell. 
 
 Study gives strenglli to the mind ; conversation, grace. Temple. 
 
 2. Attention ; meditation ; contrivance. 
 
 Just men they seerned, and all their study bi nt 
 
 To woi^liip tjod aright, and know his works. Milton. 
 
 3. Any particular branch of learning that is -stud- 
 ied. Let your studies be directed by some learned 
 and jiulicious frieml. 
 
 4. Subject of attention. 
 
 The Holy Scriptures, es]X-clally the New Testament, are h- r 
 daily study. Laic. 
 
 5. A building or an apartment devoted to study 
 or to literary em]ilo} inent. Clurentlnti. Dryden, 
 
 6. Deep cogitation ; perplexity. [Little used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 7. In painting and sculpture, a work undertaken 
 for improvement in the art, and usually left incom- 
 plete. 
 
 STUD'V, V, i. [L. stnileo,] 
 
 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject ; to 
 muse ; to dwell upon in thought. 
 
 1 found a moral first, and then studied for a fdjle. Sisift. 
 9. To apply the mind to books. He studies eight 
 hours in the day. 
 3. To endeavor diligently. 
 
 That ye study to be quiet and do your own business. — I 
 Thess. iv. 
 
 STUD'Y, II. «. To apply the mind to; to re.ad and 
 examine for the purpose of learning and understand- 
 ing; as, to study law or theology; to study lan- 
 guages. 
 
 2. To consider attentively ; to examine clo.sely. 
 Study the works of nature. 
 
 Study thyself; what ruik or wh it degree 
 
 Thy wise Creator li.is ordained lor thee. Dryden. 
 
 3. To form or arrange by previous thought ; to con 
 over ; or to commit to memory ; as, to study a 
 spia'ch. 
 
 STUD'Y-ING, ppr. Applying the mind to; reading 
 
 and examining closely. 
 STO'FA, n. [It., a stove.] A jet of steam issuing 
 
 from a fissure in the earth. 
 STUFF, 11. [D. stof, .itnffe ; G. staff; Dan. .^Wo ; Sw. 
 
 stoft ; Goth, stubyus ; It. stoffa ; Sp. cstofa, quilted 
 
 stuff; estofar, to quilt, to stea. See Stove and 
 
 Stew.] 
 
 1. A mass of matter, indefinitely ; or a collection 
 of .substances ; as a heap of dust, of chips, or of 
 dross. 
 
 2. The mailer of which any thing is formed ; ma- 
 terials. The ear|ii iili r and joiner speak of Ihc .lei/^ 
 with which they build ; nii cliaiiics pride themselves 
 on having their wares made of good stuff. 
 
 Time is tlie sdj/ which life is niatie of. ]Pranl;lin, 
 Degrailiiig prose exiilains his menninir ill. 
 
 And phows the sluj\ and not the workman's skill. Roscommon. 
 Cesar haUi wept ; 
 Ambition shouUl be made of sUTncr stujf. ShaJt. 
 
 3. Furniture; goods; domestic vessels in general. 
 He tocik away locks, and gave away Uie king's stuj'. [Nearly 
 
 obtolele.] Haymard. 
 
 4. That which fills any thing. 
 
 Cleanse the sliiHi'd Uisoni of that perilous sfuJT 
 
 'i'hat weighs ufioii the lleail. Shak. 
 
 !>. Essence ; clemi ntal part ; as, the stuff of the 
 conscience. 
 
 C. A medicine. [Vulgar.] Shak. 
 
 MRTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 
 
 1036 
 
STU 
 
 STU 
 
 STY 
 
 7. Cloth ; fabrics of tlin loom ; as, silk stuffs ; 
 \\oo\en stuffs. In tlii.s si iiso tlie word lias a plural. 
 Stuff coiiiprchcnds all clollis, tiut it signilies particu- 
 larly woolen cloth of slighl texture for lininjfs. 
 
 Kncttc. 
 
 8. Matter or thing ; particularlij, that which is 
 trilling or worthless; a very eztensivc use of the 
 ward, riiittery is fulsome stuff; poor poetry is mis- 
 erable stuff. 
 
 AnjiT would iiulilo 
 Such woful iluffat I or Sluilwcll wiilc. Dryden. 
 
 9. Among sca?iicn^ a ini'lted mass of turpentine, 
 tallow, &c., with which the masts, sides, and bot- 
 tom of a ship are smeared. Mar. Vict. 
 
 STUKK, V. t. To (ill ; as, to stuff a bedtick. 
 
 2. To fill very full ; to crowd. 
 Tltis crook (irrw hazel boiig^lis ndown, 
 
 And Mtujfed licr apron wide wilh nuu so brown. Gay. 
 
 3. To thrust in ; to crowd ; to press. 
 
 Pol rosi"ii into ft gliua wilh ii narrow moulli, slujjing tlicm close 
 togrllior. Bacon. 
 
 4. To fill by being put into any thing. 
 With inward arms llio dire macliinc they loiid, 
 
 And iron bowels ntujf tlie dftrii abode. Dryden. 
 
 5. To swell or cause to bulge out by putting some- 
 thing in. 
 
 Stuff me out wilh straw. Shak. 
 
 6. To fill with something improper. 
 
 For Uiee I dim Ihese eyes, and tluffti^a head 
 
 Wilh all such reading ns w;u never re.ui. Pope. 
 
 7. To obstruct, as any of the organs. 
 
 I'm Bluffed, coucin; I tin nol Bmeli. Siiak. 
 
 8. To fill meat with seasoning ; as, to stuff a. leg of 
 veal. 
 
 9. To fill the skin of a dead animal for presenting 
 and preserving liis form ; as, to stuff a bird or a 
 lion's skin. 
 
 10. To form by filling. 
 
 An Kaslern kinjr put a lud*e to death for an iniquitous sentence, 
 and urxlert^il his hitfe to be stuffed into a cushion, and placed 
 upon the tribunal. Su:i/t. 
 
 STUFF, V. i. To feed gluttonously. 
 
 Taught harmless man to cnim and stuff. Siei/l. 
 
 STUFF'iCD, (stuft,) pp. or a. Filled ; crowded ; 
 crammed. 
 
 STU FK' I NO, ppr. Filling; crowding. 
 STUFF'ING, n. That which is used for filling any 
 thing ; as, the stuffing of a saddle or cushion. 
 
 2. Seasoning for meat ; that which is put into 
 meat to give it a higher relish. 
 STOKE, for Stucco. [Aut in use.] 
 STULM, 71. A shaft to draw water out of a mine. 
 
 Bailci/. 
 
 STULP, n. A post. [Local.] HaUiwell. 
 STUL'TI-FI-£f), (-flik-,) pp. Made foolish. 
 STUL'Tl-FY, V. t. [L. slullus, foolish, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 1. 'I o make foolish ; to make one a fool. Burke. 
 
 2. In /rtw, to allege or prove to be insane, for 
 avoiding some act. Blackstonc. 
 
 STUL'TI-FY-ING, ppr. Making foolish. 
 STUI^TIL'O-aUENUE, n. [L. slultus, foolish, and 
 loqunttin, a trdking.] 
 
 Foolish talk ; a babbling. DicL 
 STUL-TII>'0-aUY, II. [L. stultiloqtiium, snpra.] 
 
 Foolish talk ; silly discourse ; babbling. Taylor. 
 STU.M, n. [D. stom, stum, dumb ; G. .''(uinm,I)an. and 
 Sw. stum, dumb, mute.] 
 
 1. Must ; wine unfcrmcnted. Addison. 
 
 2. New wine used to raise fermentation in dead or 
 vapid wines. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. Wine revived by new fermentation. Hudibras. 
 STUM, 1-. (. X'o renew wine by mi.ving must with it, 
 
 and raising a new fermeiitatiim. 
 
 Wc stum our wines to renew iheir spiriu. Ployer, 
 2. To fume a cask of liquor with burning brim- 
 stone. [Local.] 
 STUM'BLE, r. i. [\cc. stumra. This word is proba- 
 bly from a root that signifies to stop or to strike, and 
 may be allied to stammer.] 
 
 1. To trip in w.alking or moving in any way upon 
 the legs ; to strike the foot so as to fall, or to endan- 
 ger a fall ; applied to any animal. A man may stum- 
 tie, as well as a horse. 
 
 The way of the wicked U as darkness; they know not at wliat 
 they stumbts. — Prov. iv. 
 
 2. To err ; to slide into a crime or an error. 
 
 He that loTeth tiis brother, .abitlelh in the lii^l, and there Is no 
 occasion of slumhting in htin. — I John ii. 
 
 3. To strike upon without design ; to fall on ; to 
 light on by chance. Men often stumble upon valua- 
 ble discoveries. 
 
 Ond stumbUd by some Inadrertcnce upon Livia in a b«lh. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 "TUM'BIjE, t. t. To obstruct in progress ; to cause 
 to trip or stop. 
 
 2. To confound ; to puzzle ; to put to a nonplus ; 
 to perpiex 
 
 Ooe ininj more stumblts me In Uie rerr bundalion of this hy- 
 
 STU.M'BLE, ». A trip in walking or running. 
 a. A blunder ; a failure. 
 
 One sturnble is enough to deface llic character of an honomble 
 life. L^Eslrangs. 
 
 STUM'BIiKD, pp. Obstructed ; puzzled. 
 
 STUM'BLElt, «. One that stumbles or make; a blun- 
 der. Herbert. 
 
 STUM'BLING, ppr. or a. Tripping; erring; puz- 
 zling. 
 
 STUM'BLING-BI.OCK, ) n. [stumble, and block or 
 STU.M'BLING-STo.M;, j stone.] Any ciuse of 
 stumbling ; that which causes to err. 
 
 We preach Christ crucified, to the Jews a stumbling-block, and 
 
 to the Greeks footiahiiehs. — I Cor. i. 
 This stuffibling'Slone we hope to take away. Burnet, 
 
 STU.M'BLING-LV, adv. In a litumbling manner. 
 STUM'MKI), (stumd,) pp. Renewed by mi.ving must 
 
 with it, and raising a new fermentation. 
 STUMP, n. [Sw. and Dan.4-(iimp ; Dan. .•Jtuinpcr, Sw. 
 
 stijmpa, to mutilate ; D. stomp, a stump, ami blunt ; 
 
 G. stumpf.] 
 
 1. The stub of a tree ; the part of a tree remaining 
 in the earth after the tree is cut down, or the part 
 of any plant left in the earth hy the scythe or sickle. 
 
 2. The part of a limb or other body remaining af- 
 ter a part is amputated or destroyed ; ns, li-o xty;>ip 
 of a leg, of a finger, or a tooth. Dryden Sutft. 
 
 3. Stumps, pi. I legs; as, to stir one's f(-jTij.». 
 
 J{al:iir.ell. 
 
 To take the stump, or to slump it, denotes, in the 
 Western States, to make public addresses fjr elec- 
 tioneering purposes ; a phrase derived from the 
 s|ieaker's origin.ally mounting the stump of a tree 
 in making his address. 
 STU.MP, tJ. t. To strike any thing fixed and hard 
 with the toe. [yul'mr.] 
 2. To challenge, [yulgar.] 
 STUMP'i;i>, (stumpt,) pp. Struck hard with the toe. 
 
 2. Challenged. 
 STU.MP'-OR'A-TOR, ». A man who harangues the 
 populace from the stump of a tree, or other elevation. 
 
 America. 
 
 STUMP'-OR'A-TO-RY,7i. An electioneering speech 
 
 from a stump, or other elevation. America. 
 STUMP'Y, a. Full of stumps. 
 
 2. Hard ; strong. [Little used.] Mortimer. 
 
 3. Short and thick ; stubby. [Little used.] 
 
 Todd. 
 
 STUN, V. t. [Sax. stunian ; Fr. etonner. The primary 
 sense is, to strike or to stop, to blunt, to stupefy.] 
 
 1. To make senseless or dizzy with a blow on the 
 head ; as, to be stunned by a fall, or by a falling tim- 
 ber. 
 
 One hun^ a pole-ax at his s.addle.bow, 
 
 And one a he.ivy mace to slun the foe. Dryden. 
 
 2. To overpower the sense of hearing ; to blunt or 
 stnpefy the organs of hearing. To prevent being 
 stunned, cannoneers sometimes fill their ears with 
 wool. 
 
 3. To confound or make dizzy by loud and 
 mingled sound. 
 
 A universal hubbub wild 
 Of £(unnin^ sounds and voices ail contused. Milton. 
 
 STUNG, pret. and pp. of Stiko. 
 STUNK, pret. of Stink. 
 
 STUN'Ni;D, (stund,) pp. Having the sense of hear- 
 ing overpowered ; confounded with noise. 
 
 STUN'NING, ppr. or a. Ove/poweriug the organs of 
 hearing; confounding with noise. 
 
 STUNT, V. U [Ice. stunta; Sax. stintan, to stint; 
 «(unt, foolish, stupid. See Sti.vt.] 
 
 To hinder from growth ; applied to animals and 
 plants ; as, to stunt a child ; to .<(un( a plant. 
 
 Arbuthnot. Pope. Swift. 
 
 STUNT'ED, pp. or a. Hindered from growth or in- 
 crease. 
 
 STUNT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being stunted. 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 STUNT'ING, ppr. Hindering from growth or in- 
 crease. 
 
 ^TOPE, n. I'L. stupa, tow ; probably allied to stuff.] 
 Cloth or flax dipped in warm modicamenl-s and ap- 
 plied to a hurt or sore ; fomentation ; sweating bath. 
 
 Wiseman. Coze, 
 
 STOPE, V. U To foment. Wiseman. 
 STCPE, n. A stupid person. [JVol in itsc] 
 STU-PE-F ACTION, ii. [L. stupcfacio ; stupeo, whence 
 stupidus, and facio. .See Stop.J 
 
 1, The act of rendering stupid. 
 
 2. A stupid or senseless state ; insensibility; dull- 
 ness; tor|Kir; stupidity. 
 
 Resistance of Uic dictates of conscience brin^ a tianlness and 
 slupe/aclion upon it. South. 
 
 STU-PE-FAC'TIVE, a. Causing insensibility ; dead- 
 ening or blunting the sense of feeling or understand- 
 ing. 
 
 STC'PE-FI-KD, pp. or a. Made dull or stupid ; hav- 
 ing the perception or understanding blunted. 
 
 STO'PE-FI-ER, ri. [from stupefy.] That which 
 causes dullness or stupidity. 
 
 STO'PE-F?, V. L (Fr. stupefer ; L. stuprfacio.] 
 
 1. To make stupid ; to make dull ; to blunt the 
 faculty of perception or understanding ; to deprive 
 
 of .seiiKihility. It is a great ain to attempt to stupefy 
 the coiiHciciice. 
 
 The fumes of p:uMion inloziciln lib discemhig faculties, aa (bo 
 (unies of drink stupe/y Uie brain. jiouth. 
 
 2. To deprive of material motion. 
 
 It Is not inalicablc nor fluent, but slupe/ttd. [Not in use.] 
 
 Biicon. 
 
 STO'PE-FV-ING, ppr. or a. Rendered extremely dull 
 
 or insensible. 
 
 [It would be convenient to write Sti'pifactioh, 
 
 Stui'ifactive, and place these words after Srui'io- 
 
 ^Ess ns indicative of their meaning.] 
 STU-PEN'IJOUS, a. [Low L. atupcndus, from stupeo, 
 
 to astonish.] 
 
 Z.i(('ra//i/, striking dumb by its magnitude; hence, 
 astonishing; wonderful-, amazing; particularly, of 
 astonishing magnitude or elevation ; as, a stupendous 
 pile ; a stupendous edifice ; a stupendous nioiinlain ; a 
 stupendous bridge. Milton. Dnjdcn. 
 
 STU-l'r,.\'l)OUS-LY, adv. In a manner to cxiiite as- 
 tiinislinii'iit. 
 
 STU-I'EN'DOUS-NESS, n. The quality or state of 
 
 being sttipondotis or astonishing. 
 STu'PIU, a. [Vr.stupide; h. stupidu.i, from etupeo, to 
 
 be stupefied, properly to stop. See Stop.] 
 
 1. Very dull; insensible; senseless; wanting in 
 understanding ; heavy ; sluggish. 
 
 O that men should be so stupid ^own, 
 
 As to furs.ike the living Ciod. Milton. 
 
 W iih wild surprise, 
 A nibment stupid, moliunlcss he stood. Thomson. 
 
 2. Dull ; heavy ; formed without skill or genius. 
 
 Observe what loads of stupid rhymci 
 
 Oppre&j us in corrupted tiiiie«. Sioi/t. 
 
 STU-PII)'I-TY, n. [Fr. stupid iti ; L. «(BpiiZi(a.«.l 
 
 Extreme dullness of perception or understanding; 
 insensibililv ; sluggishness. Dntden. ' 
 
 STU'PI1)-I-V, adi: Willi extreme dullness ; w ith sus- 
 pension or inactivity of nnilerstanding ; sottislily ; 
 absurdly ; without the exercise of re.ison or judg- 
 nieiit. Milton. Dryden, 
 
 STu'PIIVNESS, n. Stupidity. 
 
 fiTu'POR, n. [L.] Great diminution or suspension 
 of sensibility ; suppression of sense ; numbness; as, 
 the stupor ut a limb. Arbuthnot. 
 
 2. Intellectual sensibility ; moral stupidity ; heed- 
 lessness or inattention to one's interests. 
 STU'PRaTE,d. f. [ h. stupro.] 
 
 To nivisli ; tt> debauch. 
 STU-PRa'TION, n. Rape ; vioLition of cliastity by 
 force. 
 
 STUR'I)I-LY, oiiti. [from sturdy.] Hardily ; stoutly ; 
 lustily. 
 
 STUK'DI-NESS, n. [from sturdy.] Stoutness ; hardi- 
 ness ; as, the sturdiness of a sclii^ol-boy. Locke. 
 2. Ilnital strength. 
 
 STUirilY, a. [G. stSrrig, connected with storren, a 
 stub.] 
 
 1. Hardy ; stout ; foolishly obstinate ; implying 
 coarseness or rudeness. 
 
 This must be done, and I would fuin see 
 
 Mortal ko sturdy its to g.uiisny. Hudibras. 
 A sturdy, hartteiicd sinner advances to the utmost pitch of im- 
 piety w ith less reluctance tiiau he took the first st'-p. 
 
 Atterbury. 
 
 2. Strong ; forcible ; lusty ; as, a sturdy lout. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 3. Violent ; laid on with strength ; as, sturdy 
 strokes. Spenser, 
 
 4. Stiff ; stout ; strong ; as, a sturdy oak. 
 
 lie was not of a delicate contexture, hta limbs raUier sturdy than 
 d.uiity. M'ouon. 
 
 STUR'DY, 71. A disease in sheep, marked by dull- 
 ness and stupor. Cyc. 
 
 STUR'CEON, (stur'juii,) n. [Fr. esturgeon : Sp. e.<tu- 
 rion ; It. storione ; Low L. sturio ; D. ateiir ; G. stiir ; 
 Sw. stiir ! the stirrer, one that turns up the mud ; 
 G. stbren.] 
 
 A large cartilaginous fish of the genus Acipenser. 
 Several species are toiintl in Northern Europe, in the 
 Black and Caspian Seas and tlieir tributaries, the 
 lakes of North America, &c. Its rtesh is valued for 
 foot!. Caviare is prepared from the roe, and isin- 
 glass from the air-bladder. F.ncyc. Am. P. Cijc. 
 STU-RI-o'NI-A.\, n. One of a family of cartilaginous 
 
 fishes, of which the sturgeon is the type. 
 STURK, n. [Sax. .vlyrc] 
 
 A voiiiig ox or heifer. [Scottish.] 
 STUT'TER, V. i. [D. stotlrren; G. stoUcm ; that is, 
 to stop. Stut is not ii.sed.] 
 'J'o stammer ; to hesitate in uttering words. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 STUT'TER, n. The act of stuttering. Smart. 
 STUT'TER-ER, n. A sUiiiimercr. 
 STUT'TER-I.\G, ppr. or a. Stammering; speaking 
 
 with hesitation. 
 STUT'TER-ING, n. The act of stammering. 
 STUT'TER-ING-LY, adc. With stammering. 
 STf, n. [Sax. stige.] 
 
 1. A pen or inciosiire for swine. 
 
 2. A pl.tce of bestial debauchery. 
 
 To roll wilh ple.aaure io a «rn.u. 1 .ly. MUUn. 
 
 3. An inflamed tumor on the edge of the eyelid. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IINITR — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; G as J ; g as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 NNNN* 
 
 1097 
 
STY 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 STY, V. t. To shut up in a sty. Shak. 
 ST"?', V. i. [Sax. sti^an ; GotJi. stei^an.] 
 
 To soar; to ascend. [JVot in use.] [See Stirrup.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 S'^Ve'A. 71. A Saxon copper coin of the lowest value. 
 
 Lealce. 
 
 SJ yG'I-AN, a. [-L. Stylus, Styi.] 
 
 Pertaining to Styx, fabled by the ancients to be a 
 river of hell over which the sliades of the dead 
 passed, or the region of the dead ; lience, hellish ; in- 
 fernal. 
 
 Al that so sudden blaze, the Stygian tlironj 
 Bent iJieir aspect. ^Tdlon. 
 STVI.NG, ppr. Shutting up in a sty. 
 STY-LA-GAL-MS'ie, a. or n. [Gr. ariiXos and aya\- 
 iia.'] 
 
 A term, in architecture, denoting figures which per- 
 form the office of columns. 
 STYLE, n. [L. stylus; D. and G. styl; It. stile; Sp. 
 estiln ; Ft. style or stile ; Gr. rt'X"?, a column, a pen, 
 or bodkin ; from the root of the Teutonic stcllen, to 
 set or place.] 
 
 1. Manner of writing with regard to language, or 
 the choice and arrangement of words ; as, a harsh 
 style ; a dry style ; a tumid or bombastic style ; a loose 
 style ; a terse style ; a laconic or verbose style ; a flow- 
 ing style; a lofty style: an elegant style; an episto- 
 lary stijle. The character of style depends chiefly on 
 a happy selection and arrangement of words. 
 
 Proper words in prxjiier places maJie Uie true definition of Btyle. 
 Yet let some lord but own the happy lines, 
 
 How the wit brightens and tlie elyle refines I Pope. 
 
 2. Manner of speaking appropriate to particular 
 characters ; or, in gener;S, the character of the lan- 
 guage used. 
 
 No etyte is held for base, where love well named is. Sidney. 
 Accortling to the usual style of dedications. MiddJeton. 
 
 So we say, a person addresses another in a style 
 of haughtiness, in a style of rebuke. 
 
 3. A characteristic or peculiar mode of e.\ecution 
 in the fine arts. 
 
 The ornamental style also possesses its ovm peculiar merit. 
 
 ReyTiolds, 
 
 4. A particular character of music ; as, a grave 
 style. 
 
 5. Title ; appellation ; as, the style of majesty. 
 
 Propitious hear our prayer, 
 Whether the sly:e of Tiun please ihee more. Pope, 
 
 6. Course of writing. [JVot in use.] Dryilen. 
 
 7. Style of court, is properly the practice observed 
 by any court in its way of proceeding. Jlyliffe. 
 
 8. In popular use, manner ; form ; as, the enter- 
 tainment was prepared in excellent stijle. 
 
 9. A pointed instrument formerly used in writing 
 on tables of wax ; an instrument of surgery, 
 
 10. Something with a sharp point, as a graver ; the 
 pin of a dial ; wrilten also Stile. 
 
 11. In Iwtany, the middle [lortion of the pistil, 
 connecting the stigma with the germ ; sometimes 
 called the Shaft. The styles n{ plants are capillary, 
 filiform, cylindric, subulate, or clavate. Martyn. 
 
 la. In chronology, a mode of reckoning time, with 
 regard to tlio Julian and Gregorian calendar. Style is 
 Old or A'Vro. The Old Style follows the Julian man- 
 ner of computing the months and days, or the calen- 
 dar as established by Julius Cesar, in which every 
 fourth year consists of 3ii6 days, and the other years 
 of 30,5 days. This is something more than 11 min- 
 utes in a year too much. Pope Gregory XIII. re- 
 formed the calendar by retrencliiiig 10 days in Octo- 
 ber, 1.582, in order to bring back the vernal equinox 
 to the same day as at the lime of the council of 
 Nice, A. l"). 395; this reformation was adopted by 
 act of parliament in Great Britain in 1751, by which 
 act 11 days in September, 1752, were retrenched, 
 and the third day was reckoned the fourteenth. This 
 mode of reckoning is call.^d JVew Style, according 
 to which every year tlivisible by 4, unless it is 
 divisible by 101), without being divisible by 400, has 
 Sfifi days, and any other year 3ii5 days. 
 
 P. Cyc. FJ. Kitcyc. 
 
 STVI.E, V. t. To call ; to name ; to denominate ; to 
 give a title to in addressing. The emperor of Rus- 
 sia is stilled autocrat ; the king of Great Britain is 
 aiylrd defender of the faith. 
 
 STVI,'/;i), pp. Named; denominated; called. 
 
 STVI.ET, 71. [from style,] A small poniard or dag- 
 ger. F.ncyc. 
 
 STV'IJ-FORM, a. [style and fonti.] Like a style, 
 pin or pen. 
 
 .f'rV l.'ING, ;(pr. Calling; denoniin.ating. 
 
 P'l'VI/IHII, a. Being in fashionable forui, or in high 
 Ktylft. [Colloquial.] 
 
 8T9'l,I'rK, II. [Gr. ^..Ao<, a column.] 
 
 In rcelrjim.ilical hiilnry, the .Stylitcs were a sect of 
 •olitaricfl, who utood motionleKH on columns or pil- 
 larH for the nxerclHe of their patience. 
 
 BTVm-BATK, n. (Gr. r. A..?, a pillar, and /Jnoif, 
 base.] In archittcturr, the iinmterrnpted or con- 
 tinuoufi bane below a range of columns. Drande. 
 
 BTY-I.O-BA'TIO.N, n. The pcdpmal of n column. 
 
 HT?-LO-GIlAPirif;, o. Pertaining to or n«ed In 
 
 stylography ; as, stylographic cards, cards which may 
 be written upon with a style. 
 
 Stylographic pencil ; a pencil or style fqr this kind of 
 writing. 
 
 STY-LOG'RA-PHY, n. A mode of writing or tracing 
 lines by means of a style or pointed instrument on 
 cards or tablets. 
 
 STY'LOID, a. [L. stylus and Gr. ctlo;.] 
 
 Having some resemblance to a style or pen ; as, 
 the styloid process of the temporal bone. Kncyc. 
 
 STYP'Tie, a. [Fr. slyptique ; L. stypticus ; Gr. s-vtr- 
 -iKog; from the root of L. stipo. Eng. stop.] 
 
 Astringent; that produces contraction; th.at stops 
 bleeding ; having the quality of restraining hemor- 
 rhage. 
 
 STYP'Tie, n. A medicine which has an astringent 
 quality. Styptics are mere astringents. 
 
 STYP-TIC'I-TY, (-tis'e-te,) n. The quality of as- 
 tringency. 
 
 STY'RAX, 71. [Gr. aTVfin^, the resin now called in 
 English Storax ; also the sharp iron at the lower 
 end of a spear ] 
 
 The name of a genus of plants, which is typical 
 of the natural order Styraceic, and to which it gives 
 name. Sprengel recognizes and describes seven 
 species of the genus Styrax, two of which furnish 
 articles of the materia medica, viz., S. officinalis, 
 (Linnffius,) growing in Syria, Palestine, Greece, 
 Peloponnesus, and the Levant generally, which 
 furnishes Storax ; and S. Benzoin, (Dryander,) 
 growing in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Siam, which 
 furnishes Benzoin. Tully. 
 
 STYTH'Y, V. t. To forge on an anvil. [.See Stitht.] 
 
 STYX, 71. [L. ; Gr. Sriif.] In ancient mythology, the 
 principal river of the lower world; which was to be 
 crossed in passing to the regions of the dead. The 
 divinity of the river, who dwelt in a rock palace, 
 was also called Styx. 
 
 Su-A-BIL'I-TY, 71. Liability to be sued ; the state of 
 being subject by law to civil process. Judge Story. 
 
 SU'A-BLE, a. [(n.m stie.] That may be sued ; sub- 
 ject by law to be called to answer in court. 
 
 SUaDE, for Persuade, is not in use. [Judge Story. 
 
 SUaGE, for Assuage, is not in use. 
 
 Su'ANT, a. [Fr. suivant, from suivre, to follow ; 
 Norm, sunnte.] 
 
 Even; uniform; spread equally over the surface. 
 [JVfW F.nirland, but local.] 
 
 SUa'SI-BLE, (swa'se-bl,) a. [L. suadeo.] 
 
 That may be persuaded or easily persuaded. 
 
 SUa'SION, i^swi'zhun,) 71. The act of persuading. 
 [See Persuade.] 
 
 SUa'SIVE, (swa'siv,) a. [L. suadeo.] 
 
 Having power to persuade. South. 
 
 SUa'.-^IVE-LY, adv. In a manner tending to per- 
 suade. 
 
 SUA'SO-RY, (swa'so-re,) a. [L. suasorius.] 
 
 Tending to persuade ; having the quality of con- 
 vincing and drawing by argument or reason. 
 
 JIvpkins. 
 
 SUAV'I-FI-ED, pp. Rendered afl^'able. 
 SUAV'I-F?, (swav'e-fj',) v. t. [L. suavis, sweet.] 
 
 To make affable. 
 SUAV'I-F?-ING, ppr. Making affable. 
 SUA-VIL'O-aUY, 71. [L. suavis and loquor.] 
 
 Sweetness of speech. 
 SU.^yi-TER IJVMO'DO, [L.] Agreeably or kind- 
 ly in manner. 
 
 SUAV'I-TY, (swav'e-te,) 71. [L. siinDitas ; Fr. 511a- 
 viti ; It. soavitd ; Sp. suuvidad ; from L. suacis, 
 sweet.] 
 
 1. Sweetness, in a literal sense. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Broion. 
 
 S. Sweetness, in a figurative sense ; that which is 
 to the mind what sweetness is to the tongue ; agree- 
 ableness; softness; jileasantness ; as, suavity of 
 manners ; suavity of language, conversation, or ad- 
 dress. 
 
 SUB ; a Latin preposition, denoting uniler or below, 
 used in English as a prefix, to express a subordinate 
 degree, or imperfect state of a quality. Before / 
 and p it is changed into those letters, as in suJJ'er 
 and suppose ; and before tti, into that letter, as in sum- 
 man. 
 
 SUB-ACID, a. [5116 and aciVi.] Moderately acid or 
 sour ; as, a subacid juice. Jlrbiithnot. 
 
 SUIl-AC'II), 71. A substance moderately acid. 
 
 SUB-AC'KIU, a. [sub a.ni acrid.] Motieratcly sharp, 
 pungent, or acrid. Floyer. 
 
 SUB-AGT', V. i. [L. subactus, subago ; sub and ago.] 
 To reduce ; to subdue. [JV'ot in use.] Bacon. 
 
 SUB-ACTION, 71. The act of reducing to any state, 
 as of mixing two bodies completely, or of beating 
 them to a powder. Bacon. 
 
 SUB-A-CfiTE', «. Acute in a moderate degree. 
 
 SUB-A-K'KI-AL, a. [sub and aerial.] Beneath the 
 sky, or in the open air ; opposed to Submarine ; as, 
 a subnf'rial volcano. Dana. 
 
 6UB-AG-I-TA'TION, 71. [L. subagitatio.] 
 
 Carnal knowledge. Ch. Relig. .Appeal. 
 
 pr'BAII, II. In a province or viceroysliip. 
 
 SO'BAH-DAR, II. In /lu/ia, a viceroy, or the govern- 
 or of n province ; also, a native of India, who ranks 
 as captain in the European companies. 
 
 Su'BXH SIIIP, 71. The jurisdiction of a subahdar. 
 SUB-AL'TERN, a. [Fr. suiia/tcrne; L. mb and al- 
 ternus.] 
 
 Inferior ; subordinate ; that in difTerent respects is 
 both superior and inferior ; as, a subaltern officer. ' It 
 is used chiefly of military officers. 
 
 SUB-AL'TERN, 71. A subordinate officer in an army 
 or military body. It is applied to officcis below the 
 rank of captain. 
 
 SUB-AL-TERN'ATE, a. [Supra.] Successive ; suc- 
 ceeding by turns. Hooker. 
 
 SUB-AL-TEKN-A'TION, 71. State of inferiority or 
 subjection. 
 2. Act of succeeding by course. 
 
 SUB-AN"GU-LAR, a. Slightly angular. 
 
 SUB-AP'EN-NINE, a. Under or at the foot of the 
 Apennine mountains. 
 
 2. In geology, a term applied to a series of tertiary 
 strata of the oitler pliocene period. Lyell. 
 
 SUB-A-QUAT'ie, / rr I. 1 . i 
 
 suB-A'auE-ous, ! °- ™* ""^ 
 
 Being under water, or beneath the surface of wa- 
 ter. Darwin. 
 SUB-AR-Ra'TION, 71. [Low L. subarrare.] 
 
 The ancient custom of betrothing. Ifhenlly. 
 SUB-AS'TRAL, a. [sub and as(raZ.] Beneath the 
 
 stars or heavens ; terrestrial. Warburton. 
 SUB-AS-TRIN'GENT, a. Astringent in a small de- 
 gree. 
 
 SUB-AU-D1"TI0N, (-aw-dish'un,) 71. [L. subauditw ; 
 sub and audio, to hear.] 
 
 The act of understanding something not ex- 
 pressed. Richardson. 
 
 SUB-AX'IL-L.\-RY, a. [L. sub and axilla, the arm- 
 pit.] 
 
 Placed under the axil or angle formed by the branch 
 of a plant with the stem, or by a leaf with the branch. 
 
 Darwin, 
 
 SUB'-BaSE, 71. In music, the deepest pedal stop, or 
 
 the lowest notes of an organ. 
 SUB-BicA'DLE, (-lie'dl,) 71. [sub and beadle,] An 
 
 inferior or under beadle. 
 SUB-BRIG-A-DlicR', n. An officer in the horse 
 
 guards, who ranks as cornet. Encyc. 
 SUB-eXR'BU-REr-ED, a. Consisting of a greater 
 
 number of equivalents of the base than of the 
 
 carbon. 
 
 SUB-eXR-TI-LAG'IN-OUS, a. Partially cartilagin- 
 ous. 
 
 SUli-CAU'DAL, a. Beneath the tail. 
 SUB-CE-LES'TIAL, ( les'cbal,) a. Being beneath 
 
 the heavens ; as, sub-celeMial glories. Olanville. 
 SUB-CKN'TRAL, a. Being under the center. Say. 
 SUB-CHaNT'ER, H. [sub awd chanter.] An under- 
 
 chanter ; a deputy of the precentor of a cathedral. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 SUB-€La'VI-AN, o. [L. sub and clavis, a key.] 
 
 Situated under the clavicle or collar-bone ; as, the 
 .subclaviitn arteries. 
 
 SUB-eOM JllT'TEE, 71. [sub and committee.] An 
 under committee ; a part or division of a coniiuittee. 
 
 SUB-eO.M-PRESS'i:D, (-prest',) a. Not fully com- 
 pressed. 
 
 SUB-€O.V-FORM'A-BLE, a. Partially conformable. 
 
 SUI)-CO.\'ie-AL, a. Conical in a slight degree. 
 
 SUB-CO.N-STEL-LA'TION, 71. A subordinate con- 
 stellation. Broicn. 
 
 SUB-eON'TRACT, 71. A contract under a previous 
 contract. 
 
 SUB-eON-TRACT'ED, a. [sub and contracted.] 
 
 Contracted after a former contract. Shak. 
 SUB-eON'TRA-RY, a. [sub and contrary.] Contra- 
 ry in an inferior degree. In geometry, a term applied 
 to a section of an oblique cone on a circular base by 
 a plane not parallel to the base, but inclined to the 
 axis, so that the section is a circle. Brandc. 
 SUB-eORD'ATE, a. [L. sub and cor, the heart.] 
 
 In shape somewhat like a heart. Martyn. 
 SUB-COS'TAL, a. [L. sub and casta, a rib.] 
 
 The stibcostat muscles are the internal, intercostal 
 mtiscles. fVinstoio. Cyc. 
 
 SUB-€RYS'TAL-LINE, a. Imperfectly crystallized. 
 
 Buffon. 
 
 SUB-CU-Ta'NE-OUS, a. [sub and cutaneous; h. 
 cutis, skin.] 
 Situated under the skin. 
 
 SUB-CU-TICII-LAR, a. [L. sub and euticula, cuti- 
 cle.] 
 
 Being under the cuticle or scarf-skin. Dartvin. 
 
 SUB-('YL-IN'I)RI€-AL, a. Imperfectly cylindrical. 
 
 SUB-I)r.A'eu.\, 71. [sub and deacon.] An umier dea- 
 con ; a deacon's servant, In the Roman Catholic 
 church. Jiyliffe. 
 
 SUB-Dl"; A'Cn.V RY, In. The order and office of 
 
 SUB-Dif.A'eON-SlllI', i subdeacon in the Roman 
 Catholic cbiircli. 
 
 SII|!-I)T' AN', n. [-1(4 and dean.] An under dean ; a 
 dean's substitute or viregerent. Jlyliffe. 
 
 SUIM)P.AN'F.K-Y, n. The office and rank of sub- 
 dean. 
 
 RUB-DECII-PLE, a. [L. .51/6 and decuplua I 
 
 Containing one part of ten. John.ton. 
 eUB-DENT'El), a. [sub and dent.] Indented be- 
 neath. F.ncyc. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY PINl',, MARYNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK — 
 
SUB 
 
 SUB-DE-POS'IT, n. That wliicli is deposited be- 
 
 iieatli soirietliiiiK else. Sckoulcraft. 
 SUB-IJICIM-SO'lll-OU.-', a. [L. aub nnd derijar.] 
 Ridiculing witli moderation or delicacy. Wot in 
 
 use.] Jlore. 
 SUU-UI-LA'TED, n. Partially dilated. 
 SUU-l)I-'ri"T10Ua, (-de-tlsli'us,) o. [L. subditUius, 
 
 from nubdo^ to sul)stitute.] 
 Put secretly in tiie place of something else. [Lit- 
 
 tie luieil,] 
 
 SUB l)I-VKRS'I-FI-ED, pp. Diversified again. 
 SUI! DI-Vi;ilS'I-I"?, I', t. [sub and divrrsifij.] To 
 
 diversily again what is already diversilied. (/.iltte 
 
 used.] Hate. 
 SUB-Dl-VERS'I-F?-ING, ppr. Diversifying again 
 
 what is already iliversified. 
 SUB-DI-Vri)i;'," u. (. [.lab and divide.] To divide a 
 
 part of a thing into more parts ; to part into smaller 
 
 divisions. 
 
 In the rise of eii;lit in tones, arc too half tones ; so ns if yon 
 (iivitle tiie tones er^1l,^lly, the eiijlit is but seven whole luul 
 equal notes ; Rnii it you eubtlivvlc th.it into half notes, as in 
 ttie stops of a lute, it makes the nuiiilier thirteen. Bacon. 
 
 The nro^eiiii-s of Chfvin anil Janhet svvanneti into colonies, and 
 those colonics were gubdieiaed into many others. Dryden. 
 
 SUB-Dt-VIDE', V. i. To be siU>divided. 
 SUB-L)[-VID'ED, pp. Divided again, or into smaller 
 parts. 
 
 SUB-DI-VID'ING, ppr. Dividing into smaller parts 
 that which is alretitly divided. 
 
 SUB-DI-VIS'I-BI,E, a. Susct ptible of subdivisitm. 
 
 SUB-D[-VI"SION, (-dc-vizh'un,) n. The act of sub- 
 dividing or separating a part into smaller part!i. 
 
 IVatts. 
 
 2. The part of a thing made by subdividing ; the 
 part of a larger part. 
 
 In the decimal uUe, the $ubdivieian» of the cubit, .aa span, palm, 
 and ili^t, are deduced from the shorter cubit. ArbuUtnot. 
 
 SUB'DO-LOUS, a. [L. subdoliis ; sub and do/its, de- 
 ceit.] 
 
 Ply; crafty; cunning; artful; deceitful. [Little 
 used.] 
 
 SUB-DOM'[-NANT, »i. In music, the fourth note 
 
 above the tonic, being under the dominant. 
 PUB-DU'A BLE, a. That may be subdued. fVard. 
 SUB-Du'AL.n. [from snitiue.] The act of subduing. 
 
 fVarburton. 
 
 SUB-DOCE', Iv.t. [L. subduco; sub and duco, to 
 SUB-DUCT', i draw.] 
 
 1. To withdraw ; to take away. 
 
 haps 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. To subtract by arithmetical operation. 
 
 If, out of that infiuile multitude of antecedent generations, wo 
 should tubduct ten. Uaie, 
 
 SUB-DOC'fID, (-dust/,) pp. Withdrawn; taken 
 awav. 
 
 SUB-DOC'IXG, ppr. Withdrawing; subtracting by 
 
 arithmetical operation. 
 SUB-DUe'TION, n. The act of taking away or 
 
 withdrawing. Hale. 
 2. Arithmetical subtraction. Hale. 
 SUB-DOE', (sub-du',) v. t. [This ig a compound word, 
 
 and the latter component part is contracted from 
 
 some word in Class Db or Dg ] 
 
 1. To conquer by force or the exertion of superior 
 power, and bring into permanent subjection ; to re- 
 duce under dominion. Thus, Cesar subdued the 
 Gauls; Augustus subdued Egypt; the English sub- 
 dued Canacla. Subduing implies conquest or van- 
 quishinrr ; but it implies, also, more permanence of 
 subjection to the conquering power than either of 
 these words. 
 
 I will tubdue rU thine enemies. — 1 Chron. xvii. 
 
 2. To oppress ; to crush ; to sink ; to overpower so 
 as to disable frtmi further resistance. 
 
 Notliin;; could hare tttbdited naturo 
 
 To such n lowness, but his unkind daughter*. ShaJe. 
 If au^ht were worthy to aubdut 
 
 The soul of man. MUioTU 
 
 3. To tame ; to break by conquering a refractory 
 temper or evil passions ; to render submissive ; as, 
 to sitbdue a stubborn child. 
 
 4. To conquer ; to reduce to mildness ; as, to sub- 
 due the temper or passions. 
 
 5. To overcome by persuasion or other mild me.ans ; 
 as, to subdue opposition by argument or entreaties. 
 
 6. To overcome ; to conquer ; to captivate ; as by 
 charms. 
 
 7. To soften ; to melt ; to reduce to tenderness ; 
 as, to subdue ferocity by tears. 
 
 8. To overcome ; to overpower and destroy the 
 force of; as, medicines subdue a fever. 
 
 9. To make mellow ; to break, as land ; also, to 
 destroy, as weeds. 
 
 «UB-DO'£D, pp. or a. Conquered and reduced to sub- 
 jection ; oppressed ; crushed ; tamed ; softened. 
 S1-K-D0E'ME\T, n. Conquest. Shak. 
 SUB-DO'EK, n. One who conquers and brings into 
 subjection ; a tamer. Spensrr. 
 2. That which subdues or destroys the force of. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 SUB-DO'ING, ppr. or a. Vanquishing and reducing 
 
 SUB 
 
 to subjection; crushing; destroying the power of 
 resistance ; softening. 
 SUB'DU-PI.E, a. [L. sub and duplus, double.] 
 
 Containing one part of two. frilUins. 
 SUB-DO'PLI-CATE, a. [sub and duplicate] Having 
 
 the ratio of the stpiare roots. Cyc. 
 RUB-E-LON"GATE, a. Not fully elongated. 
 SUB-K'UUAL, a. Nearly equal. Martyn. 
 SO'BER-ATE, n. [h. suber, cork.] 
 
 A salt formed by the suberic acid in combination 
 with a base. Chemt.-:trij. 
 SO'BER-ie, a. Pertaining to cork, or extracted from 
 
 it ; as, suberic acid. C/icinistnj. 
 SO'BE-RIN, n. [U. suber, the cork-tree.] 
 
 The cellular tissue t>f the thick, spongy epidermis 
 of (luercus Suber, (LinniEus,) freed from the ordi- 
 nary contents of its cells. It constitutes about seven 
 tenths of common cork. It is not quite certain that 
 it is a distinct individual vegetable proximate princi- 
 ple, since hitherto it has been but imperfectly exam- 
 ined. If it is not, it should not have the name of 
 such a principle. It is certainly not an alk.-iloid, and 
 at all events, should not have a name having the 
 form appropriated to distinguish that class of com- 
 poimds. TulUj. 
 SUB'ER oSE, a. [L. sub and crosus, gnawed.] 
 
 In butantj, having the appearance of being gnawed ; 
 appearing as if a little eaten or gnawed. Marltjiu 
 SO'BER-OUS, a. ffrom L. suber, cork.] 
 
 Corky ; soft ami elastic. 
 SUB-FUSC', a. [Ij. subfuscus ; sub a.ni fuscua.] 
 Duskish ; moderately dark ; brownish ; tawny. 
 
 Tatl'er. 
 
 SUB-GE-I,AT'IN-OUS, a. Imperfectly gelatinous. 
 
 SUB-OE-NER'ie, a. Pertaining to a subgenus. 
 
 SUB-CJK'NUS, n. A subdivision of a genus, compre- 
 hending one or more species. 
 
 SUB-GLO-BOSE', a. Not quite globose. 
 
 SUB-GLOB'ti-LAR,a. Having a form approaching to 
 globtilar. Sail. 
 
 SUB-GLLT-.MA'CEOUS, (-glu-mii'shus,) a. Somewh.it 
 glumaceous. Lindlnj. 
 
 SUB-GRAN'lJ-LAR, a. Somewhat granular. 
 
 SUB-HAS-TA'TION, n. [L. sub liasta, under the 
 spear.] 
 
 A public sale or auction, so called from the Roman 
 practice. Burnet. 
 SUB-HORN-BLEND'ie, a. Applied to rocks contain- 
 ing disseminated hornblende. PercivaVs Gent. 
 SUB-HV-DllO-SUL'PIIU-RET, n. A compound of 
 sulphureted hydrogen with a less number of equiva- 
 lents of the base than of the sulphureted hvdrogen. 
 SUB-IN-DI-Ca'TION, n. [L. sub and indic'o.] 
 
 The .act of indicating by signs. Barrow. 
 SUB-IN-DOCE', V. t. To insinuate ; to offer indirectly. 
 
 Sir K. ncriu't. 
 SUB-IN-FEU-DA'TION, n. [sub and infeudation. See 
 Feud.] 
 
 1. In law, the act of enfeoffing by a tenant or 
 feoffee, who holds lands of the crown ; the act of a 
 greater bartm, who grants land or a smaller manor 
 to an inferior jwrson. By 31 Edward III. all .>'u/j/n- 
 feudations previous to the reign of King Edward I. 
 were confirmed. Blackstone. 
 
 2. Under tenancy. 
 
 The widow Is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of eubtn- 
 feudation or under tenancy. BUtckttorte. 
 
 SUB-IN-GRES'SION, (-in-gresh'un,) n. [L. sub and 
 
 inirressus.] 
 
 Secret entrance. [JVot in use.] Boyle. 
 SUB-I-Ta'NE-OUS, a. [L. subitanevs.] 
 
 Sudden ; hasty. 
 SUB'I-TA-NY, a. Sudden. [JVotinusc.] 
 SV'BI-TO,[U.] In mu,«c, quick. 
 SUB-Ja'CEi\T, a. [L. subjacens ; juSand jacco, tolie.] 
 
 1. Lying under or below. 
 
 2. Being in a lower situation, though not directly 
 beneath. A man placed on a hill surveys the subja- 
 cent plain. 
 
 SUB'JEGT, a. [L. from subjicio: sub and 
 
 jacio, to throw, that is, to drive or force ; It. sugget- 
 to ; Sp. sujcto.] 
 
 1. Placed or situate under. 
 
 The eastern tower, 
 Whow> hight commands, as tubject, all th« vole, 
 To see Uie lighu Sliak. 
 
 2. Being under the power and dominion of anoth- 
 er ; OS, Jamaica is subject to Great Britain. 
 
 r tubjeet to Jacob, 
 
 Lodee. 
 
 3. Exposed ; liable from extraneous causes ; as, a 
 country subject to extreme heat or cold. 
 
 4. Liable from inherent causes ; prone ; disposed. 
 All human tliingi are tii^ect to decay. Drydtn. 
 
 5. Obedient. TiL iii. Col. ii. 
 
 SUB'JEGT, n. [L. aubjectus ; Ft. sujet ; It. .TOj^-f«o.] 
 1. One that owes allegiance to a sovereign, and is 
 governed by his laws. The natives of Great Britain 
 are subjects of the British government. The natives 
 of the United States, and naturalized foreigners, are 
 subject! of the federal government. Men in free 
 governinent.s arc subjects as well as citizens ; as citi- 
 
 SUB 
 
 zens, they enjoy rights and franchises ; as subjects, 
 they are bounil to obey the laws. 
 
 The tub)«et nnist obey his prince, because God commands It, nnd 
 Iniinan laws require il. Uta^t. 
 
 2. That on which any mental oix-ration is per- 
 formed ; that which is treated or handled ; as, a .lub- 
 ject of discussion before the legislature ; a subject of 
 negotiation. 
 
 This tubject for heroic sonf pteued me. ^fdlon. 
 
 3. In ioi'tc, the .tubject of a proposition is that con- 
 cerning which any thing is amrmcd or denied. 
 
 IVatt'. 
 
 4. That on which any physical operation or experi- 
 ment is [>erformefl ; as in mesmerism, &.c. 
 
 5. That in which any thing inheres or exists. 
 
 An^r is c/TIainly a kind of iHiseness, aj it appear* well in (he 
 weakness of those gubjecu in whom it rci^iis. Bacon, 
 
 C. The person who is treated of; the hero of a 
 piece. 
 
 Author* of biography arc apt to be prejudiced In favor of Iheir 
 tubject. Aliddleton. 
 
 7. In grammar, the nominative case to a verb pas- 
 sive. 
 
 8. In music, the principal melody or theme of a 
 movement. 
 
 0. In (Ac fine arts, that which it is the object and 
 aim of the artist to express. Brande. 
 
 10. In anatomy, a dead body for the purposes of 
 dissection. 
 
 SUB-JECT', V. t. To bring under the power or do- 
 minion of. Alexander subjected a great part of the 
 civilized world to his dominion. 
 
 FirmiieM of mind that subject* every ^atili&uion of sense to the 
 nile of ri^ht reason. Middietan. 
 
 2. To put under or within the power of. 
 In one short view tubfected to our eye, 
 
 Cods, emperors, ln'ro.'s, sa^es, beauties, lie. Pope. 
 
 3. To enslave ; to make obnoxious. 
 
 He is the most subjected, Uie most enslaved, who is io in hij 
 undensttndin^. Locke. 
 
 4. To expose ; to make liable. Credulity subjects 
 a person to impositions. 
 
 5. To submit ; to make accountable. 
 
 God is not hound to subji!cl his ways of operation to the scrutiny 
 of our thouf^lits. Locke. 
 
 6. To make subservient. 
 
 Subjected to his service angel wing*. Milton. 
 
 7. To cause to tindergo ; as, to subject a substance 
 to a white heat ; to subject it to a rigid test. 
 
 SUB-JE€T'E1), pp. Reduced to the dominion of 
 another ; enslaved ; exposed ; submitted ; made to 
 undergo. 
 
 SUR-JECT'I.N'G, ppr. Reducing to submission; en- 
 slaving; exposing; submitting ; causingto undergo. 
 
 SUB-JEC'TiO.N', 11. The act of subduing ; the art of 
 van(|uisliing and bringing under tiio dominion of 
 another. 
 
 The conquest of the kingrlom and the suhjecion of the rebels. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 2. The state of being under the power, control, 
 and giivernruent of another. The safety of life, lib- 
 erty, and propirty, dipenils on our .<nft/«(icm to the 
 law.s. 'i'ho isles of (he Wi st Indies are held in sub- 
 jection to the powers of Europe. Our ap|>etites and 
 passions should be in subjection to our reason, and 
 our will should be in entire subjection to the laws of 
 God. 
 
 SUB-JECT'IVE, a. An epithet applied to those inter- 
 nal states of thought or feeling of which the mind is 
 the subject: opposed to Orjective, which is applied 
 to things considered as separate from the mind, and 
 as objects of its attention. Thus, subjective truth or 
 reality is that which is verified by consciousness ; 
 objeetire truth or reality is that which results from 
 the nature and relations of things. A subjective mo- 
 tive is an internal feeling or propensity ; an objective 
 motive is something external to the mind, which is 
 suited to awiiken desire. Subjective views are those 
 which are produced or modified by internal feeling ; 
 objective views are those which are governed by ex- 
 ternal objects. That which is subjective in one rela- 
 tion may be objective in another. Thus, subjective 
 states of mind, when recalled and dwelt on for the 
 purpose of inspection or analysis, become objective, 
 Enctjc, .^mer. 
 
 SUB-JECT'IVE-LY, adv. In relation to tlie subject. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 SUB-JECT'IVE-XESS, n. St.ate of being subjective 
 SUB-JEGT-IV'I-TY, n. The state of being subject- 
 ive. 
 
 SUB'JECT-JIAT'TER, n. The matter or thought 
 presented for consideration' in some statement or 
 discussion. Blackstone. 
 
 SUB-J01.\', r. L [sub and join ; Ij. subjtiniro.] 
 
 To aild at the end ; to aild after something else has 
 been said or written ; as, to subjoin an argument or 
 reason. 
 
 [/( i> never used in a literal physical sense, to express 
 
 thejoininiT of material things.] 
 SUB-JOI.\'KI), pp. or a. Addc 
 said t>r written. 
 
 d after something cls« 
 
 TONE, Bl^LL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CI0US C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 1090 
 
SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB-JOIN'ING, ppr. Adding after something else 
 said or written. 
 
 SLW JP'DI-CE, [L.] Before the judge ; not decided. 
 
 SUIi'JU-GATE, V. t. [Ft. sulrjus-uer ; L. subjtigo ; sut 
 and ju^o, to yoke. See Yoke.] 
 
 To subdue and bring under the yoke of power or 
 dominion ; to conquer liy force, and compel to sub- 
 mit to the government or absolute control of another. 
 
 He subjugaud a kiii^, and called him his v;issal. Baker, 
 
 \ Subjugate differs from subject only in implying a 
 reduction to a more tyrannical or arbitrary sway ; but 
 the\' are often used as synonymous.] 
 
 SUli'JU-GA-TED, jip. or a. Reduced to the absolute 
 control of another. 
 
 SUB'JU -Ga-TING, ppr. Conquering and bringing 
 \inder the absolute power of another. 
 
 SUli-JL'-(;A'TION,n. The act of subduing and bring- 
 ing under the power or absolute control of another. 
 
 SUB-J UNCTION, n. The act of subjoining, or state 
 of being subjoined. Clarke. 
 
 SUB-JUNC'TIVE, a. [L. subjunctivus ; Fr. subjonctifi 
 It. soa-ginnto. See SuBjoipf.] 
 
 1. Subjoined or added to something before said or 
 written. 
 
 9. In grammar, designating a form of verbs which 
 follow other verbs or words expressing condition, 
 hypotliesis, or contingency ; as, " Veni ut me videos," 
 I came that you may see me ; " Si fecerint aequum," 
 If they should do what is just. 
 
 X Subjunctive is often used as a noun denoting the 
 subjunctive mode. 
 SUB-KING'DO.\I, n. A subordinate kingdom. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 eUB'LA-NATE, a. fL. sub and lana, wool.] 
 
 In botany, somewhat woolly. 
 SUB-LAP,Sa'RI-AN, / rr i 17 f in 
 
 SUB-LAPS'A-RY i [L- and io;<siis, fall.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Sublapsarians, or to their opinions. 
 
 Murdock. 
 
 SUB-LAP-Sa'RI-AN, n. An Infralapsarian ; one of 
 that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of 
 election as contemplating the apostasy as past, and 
 tlie elfct as being in a fallen and guilty state. The 
 doctrine of their antagonists, the Supralapsarians, 
 was, that the decree of election contemitlaled the 
 elect as to be created, and to apostatize with the rest 
 of the race, and then to be rescued and saved by 
 divine grace. The Sublapsarians considered the elec- 
 tion of grace as a reinethj for an eiisting evil ; while 
 the Supralapsarians viewed it as a part of God's orig- 
 inal p\irp(ise in regard to men. Murdoch. 
 
 SUB-La'TION, n. [L. sublalio.] 
 
 The act of taking or carrying away. Bp. Hall. 
 
 SUB-LET', V. t. [sub and' /f(.] To underlet ; to 
 lease, as a lessee to another person. [Unusual.] 
 
 Sntollctt. 
 
 SUB-LE-Va'TION, n. [L. sublevo.] 
 The act of raising on high. 
 
 SUB-Li-BUa'RI-AN, re. An under librarian. 
 
 SU1!-LIEU-TEN'A.NT, (-lu-ten'ant or -lef-ten'ant,) m. 
 An officer in the royal regiment of artillery and fusil- 
 eers, in which are no ensigns, and who is the same 
 as second lieutenant. England. 
 
 SUB-LI-Ga'TION, n. [L. subligo ; sub ami ligo, to 
 bind.] 
 
 The act of binding underneath. 
 
 SUB-LIiM'A-BLE, a. [from .niblime.] That may be 
 sublimated ; capable of being raised by heat into va- 
 por, and again condensed by cnbl. 
 
 SUB-LIM'A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of being 
 subhmable. 
 
 SUB'LI-MATE,r. «. [from snbliwe.] To bring a solid 
 substance, as camphor or sulphur, into the state of 
 vapor by heat, which, on cooling, returns again to 
 the solid st.ate. [See Sublimation.] 
 
 2. To refine and exalt; to higliten ; to elevate. 
 
 And tul his actions rose, no rjiae Ihey still Iheir vein^ 
 
 In words wlios^; weight Ix-st suils a etthUituLled stnun. Dryden. 
 
 SUB'LI-MATE, re. The product of a sublimation. 
 Corrosive sublimate is the prntorhlarid of mercury, a 
 valuable medicine, which, in excessive doses, pro- 
 duces poisonous effects, like every other medicine. 
 
 Blue sublimate is a preparation of mercury with 
 flowers of sulphur and sal ainmoniacuin ; used in 
 painting. 
 
 SUB'LI-.MATE, a. Brought into n state of vapor by 
 heat, and again contlensed, as solid substances. 
 
 SUB'LI-MA-TEI), pp. or a. Brought into a slate of 
 vapor by heat, as a solid substance ; refined. 
 
 SUB'M-MA-TING, ppr. Converting into the state of 
 vapor by heat, and condensing, as solid substances. 
 
 SUn-M-MA'TION, n. The o[H;ration of bringing a 
 solid siibntancc into the stale of vapor by heat, and 
 r^jndensing it again into a solid by cold. Sublima- 
 tion bears the same relation to n solid that distillation 
 does to a liquid. Ilolh procesws piiril'y the sub- 
 stances to which they arc severally applied, by sep- 
 arating them from the fixed anil grosser mailers with 
 which they are connecii'd. 
 
 ij. Kxaltatiun; elevation; act of liiglitening or im- 
 proving. 
 
 Rcll]^on, Iho perfection, refinement, niid tublirmtiun of niondity. 
 
 •VoiilA. 
 
 SUB-LI.ME', a. [L. sublimLs ; Fr. It. and Sp. sublime.] 
 
 1. High in place ; e.valled aloft. 
 
 Sublimt on these a tower of steel is reared. Dryden, 
 
 2. High in excellence ; exalted by nature ; ele- 
 vated. 
 
 Can it be that soids ^blime 
 Return to visit our terresuial cliine ? Dryden. 
 
 3. High in style or sentiment ; lofty ; grand. 
 
 Easy in style thy work, in sense sublime. Prior. 
 
 4. Elevated by joy ; as, sublime with expectation. 
 
 5. Lofty of mien ; elevated in manner. [.Milton. 
 His fair lar^ front and eye sublime declared 
 
 Absolute rule. Millon. 
 
 SUB-LIME', re. A grand or lofty style ; a style that 
 expresses lofty conceptions. 
 
 The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magnifi- 
 cence of words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the 
 plinise. Addison. 
 
 SUB-LliME', V. t. To sublimate, which see. 
 
 2. To raise on high. Denkain, 
 
 3. To exalt ; to highten ; to improve. 
 
 The son — 
 Which not alone the southern wit sublimes, 
 But ripens spirits in cold northern climes. Pope, 
 
 SUB-LIME', V. i. To be brought or changed into a 
 state of vapor by heat, and then condensed by cold, 
 as a solid substance. 
 
 Particles of antimony which will not eublime alone. iVeifffon. 
 SUB-LIM'£D, pp. Brought into a state of vapor by 
 
 heat, and, when cooled, changed to a solid state. 
 SUB-LIME'LY, adv. With elevated conceptions ; lof- 
 tily ; as, to express one's self sublimely. 
 In EnMish lays, and all sublimely ^eat, 
 Thy Homer chiu-ms with all his ancient heat. Parnell, 
 
 SUB-LIME'NESS, re. Loftiness of style or sentiment ; 
 sublimity. 
 
 SUB-LIM-I-FI-CA'TION, n. [L. sublimis and facio.] 
 
 The act of making sublime. Gilpin. 
 SUB-LIM'ING,ppr. Sublimating; exalting. 
 SUB-LIM'I-TY, n. [Fr ■ sublimite ! h. sublimitas.] 
 
 1. Elevation of place ; lofty hight. 
 
 2. Ilight in excellence ; loftiness of nature or 
 character; moral grandeur; as, God's incomprehen- 
 sible sublimity. Ralegh. 
 
 3. An elevated feeling, consisting of a union of 
 astonishment and awe, at the contemplation of great 
 scenes and objects, or of exalted excellence. 
 
 4. In oratory and composition, lofty conceptions, or 
 such conceptions expressed in corresponding lan- 
 guage ; loftiness of sentiment or style. 
 
 Milton's distinguishin«r excellence lies i 
 thoughts. 
 
 tlie su6/imify of his 
 Adaison. 
 
 SUB-LIN-E-A'TION, re. [L. sub and Zinpa.] 
 
 Mark of a line or lines under a word in a sentence. 
 
 Let. to Mp. Usher. 
 SUB-LIN"GUAL, (-ling'gwal,) a. [L. sub and lingua, 
 the tongue.] 
 
 Situated under the tongue; as, the sublingital 
 glands. Coze. 
 SUB-LO'NAR, ) a. [Fr. sublunaire ; L. sub and 
 SUB'LU-NA-RY, ( luna, the moon.] 
 
 Literally, beneath the moon ; but sublunary, which 
 is the word chiefly used, denotes merely terrestrial, 
 earthly, pertaining to this world. 
 
 All Uiings etiblunary are subject to change. Dryden. 
 
 SUB'LU-NA-RY, re. Any worldly thing. Fcltham. 
 SUB-LUX-A'TION, re. [.to4 and luxation.] 
 
 In surgery, an incomplete dislocation. 
 SUB-MA-KINE', (-ina-reen',) a. [L. sub and marinus, 
 from mare, the sea.] 
 
 Being, acting, or growing, under water in the sea ; 
 as, submarine navigators ; submarine plants. 
 SUB-MAX'IL-LA-RY, a. [L. sub and maxilla, the 
 jaw-bone.] 
 
 Situated under the jaw. J\fcd. Rrpos. 
 
 The submaxillary glands are two salivary glands, 
 situated, one on either side, immediately within the 
 angle of the lower jaw. fVi^lar. 
 SUB-Ml2.'DI-AL,a. Lying under the middle. Buffm. 
 SUB-Mic'DI-AN, a. Lying under or below the mid- 
 dle of_a body. 
 SUB-MK'DI-ANT, n. In music, the sixth nolo, or 
 middle note between the octave and subdoniinant. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 SUB-MERGE', (siib-merj',) u. U [L. snbmcrgo ; sub 
 and mrrgo, to plunge.] 
 
 2. To put under water; to plunge. 
 
 3. To cover or overflow with water; to drown. 
 
 So half my Egypt was submerged. SltaJe, 
 
 SUB-MERGE', (sub-merj',) v. i. To plunge under 
 water, as swallows. 
 
 SUB-MERG'Kl), pp. Put under water ; overflowed. 
 
 SUB-MERG'ENCK, n. I'lio act of submerging ; the 
 slate of being submerged. Lyell. 
 
 SUB-MF.RG'ING, ppr. Putting under water; over- 
 flowing. 
 
 SuIrMEllS'^n.Csub-merst',)! «• [I—'"""---] 
 Being or growing uiiiler water, as the leaves of 
 aquatic plants. 
 
 SUB-MER'SION, re. [Fr., from L. submersus.] 
 
 1. The act of putting under water or causing to be 
 overflowed ; as, the submersion of an isle or tract of 
 land. Hale. 
 
 2. The act of plunging under water ; the act of 
 drowning. 
 
 SUB-MIN'KS-TER, ) v. t. [L. subministro; sub 
 SUB-MIN'IS-TRATE, ( and ministro.] 
 
 To supply ; to afford. [JVot in u.'ie.] Hale. 
 SUB MIN'IS-TER, v.i. To subserve ; to be useful to. 
 
 Our passions — su6mimsfer to the best and worst of purposes. 
 
 L'Eetrange. 
 
 [JVot in use.] [See Minister and Administer.] 
 SUB-.MIN'IS-TRANT, a. Subservient; serving in 
 
 subordination. [J^ot in use.] Bacon. 
 SUB-.MIX-IS-TRA'TION, re. The act of furnishing 
 
 or supplying. [JVot in u.ie.] Wotton. 
 SUB-MISS', a. [L. submissus, submitto.] 
 
 Submissive ; humble ; obsequious. Milton. 
 [Rjtrelij used, and in poetry only.] 
 SUB-.MIS'SIiiN, (-mish'un,) n. [L. stibmissio, from 
 submitto ; Fr. soumi-^sion ; It. sommessione.] 
 
 1. The act of submitting ; the act of yielding to 
 power or authority ; surrender of the person and 
 power to the control or government of another 
 
 Submission, dauphin ! 'lis a mere French word ; 
 
 We English warriora wot not wh.al it means. Shajc 
 
 2. Acknowledgment of inferiority or dependence ; 
 humble or suppliant behavior. 
 
 In all submission and humility, 
 
 York doth present himself unto your highness. Shak. 
 
 3. Acknowledginentof a fault ; confession of error. 
 
 Be not as extreme in submission as in offense. ShaJc. 
 
 4. Obedience ; compliance with the commands or 
 laws of a superior. Submission of children to their 
 parents is an indispensable duty. 
 
 5. Resignation ; a yielding of one's will to the win 
 or appointment of a superior without murmuring 
 Entire and cheerful submission to the will of God is 
 a Christian duly of prime excellence. 
 
 SUB-MISS'IVE, a. Yielding to the will or power of 
 another ; obedient. 
 
 2. Humble; acknowledgingone's inferiority ; tes- 
 tifying one's submission. 
 
 Her at his feet, submissiee in distress, 
 
 He thus with peaceful words upraised. Milton, 
 
 SUB-MISS'IVE-LY, adv. With submission ; with 
 acknowledgment of inferiority ; humbly. 
 
 The goildess, 
 
 Soft in her lone, submissively replies. Dryden. 
 
 SUB-MISS'IVE-NESS, 71. A submissive temper or 
 disposition. 
 
 2. Humbleness; acknowledgment of inferiority. 
 
 3. Confession of fault. 
 
 Frailty gets pardon by submissiveneet. Herbert. 
 
 SUB-MISS'LY, orfi). Humbly; with submission. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Taylor, 
 
 SUB-MISS'NESS, n. Humbleness ; obedience. [Lit- 
 tle jLsed.] Burton, 
 
 SUB-MIT', 7). (. [L. submitto ; sub, under, and Tnifto, 
 to send ; Fi, soumettre; It. sommettere ; Pp. somcter.] 
 
 1. To let down ; to cause to sink or lower. 
 Sometimes the hill submits itself a while. Dryden. 
 
 [ Thi-i use of the word is nearly or wholly obsolete.] 
 
 2. To yield, resign, or surrender to the power, will, 
 or authority of another ; with the reciprocal pronoun. 
 
 Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hand. - 
 tien. XVI. 
 
 Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands. — Eph. v. 
 Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man. — 1 Pet. ii. 
 
 3. To refer; to leave or commit to the discretion 
 or judgment of another ; as, to submit a controversy 
 to arbitrators ; to submit a question to the court. 
 
 SUB-MIT', 7'. i. To surrender; to yield one's person 
 to the power of another; to give up resistance. 
 The enemy .submitted. 
 
 The revolted provinces presently stibmitted, Middleton, 
 
 2. To yield one's opinion to the opinion or au- 
 thority of another. On hearing the opinion of the 
 court, the counsel sujimiued without further argu- 
 nunl. 
 
 3. To bo subject ; to acquiesce in the authority of 
 anolliir. 
 
 To thv husband's will 
 Thine shall siAmit. Milton, 
 
 4. To bo submissive; to yield without murmuring. 
 Our religion reijuires us — to submit to pain, disgrace, m«l even 
 
 dealli. liogers. 
 SUB-MIT'TEI), pp. Surrendered; resigned; yielded; 
 rel'irreil. 
 
 SIIB-MIT'TKR, n One who submits. 
 SUB-MIT'TING, ppr. Surrendering; resigning; 
 
 yielding ; n l'i rriiig to another for decision. 
 SUIt-MON'ISII, 1'. I, [L. submonio.] 
 
 To suggest ; to prompt. 
 8UH-M()-Nl"TION, ( nish'iin,) n. Suggestion. 
 
 Granger. 
 
 SUB-MUL'TI-PLI', 71. [See Mri.Tiri.v.] A num- 
 ber or qiiaiility which is contained in another an ox- I 
 act iiuniber of limrs, or is an ali()Uot part of it. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MBITE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1100 
 
SUB 
 
 Thus 7 is the submnltiiitc of 5G, being contained in it 
 ci{;ht times. The word is used as an adjective also ; 
 as, a trubinKltipU number ; submiiUiple ratio. Ci/c. 
 SUIi-NAIl-eOT'ie, a. Moderalelv narcotic. Barton. 
 SUB-NAS'CENT, a. [L. sub and"«a,-.cor.] 
 
 Growing underneatli. 
 SUB-NEeT', V. t. [L. stibnecto.] 
 
 To tie, buckle, or fasten beneath. [JVot in use,] 
 
 Pope. 
 
 SUB-NOR'MAL, n. [L. sub and norma, a pile.] 
 
 In geometry, that part of the axis of a curve lino 
 which is intercepted between the ordinate and the 
 normal. Brande. 
 SUU-NC'RE', a. [L. sub and nudus, naked.] 
 
 In botaini, almost naked or bare of leaves. Lee. 
 SUB-OIi-SeORE'LV, adv. Somewhat obscurely or 
 
 darkly. Donne. 
 SUB-Oe-CIP'I-T.^L, a. Being under the occiput ; as, 
 
 the suboccipital nerves. Parr. 
 Sirn-Oe'TAVE, ( a. [L. sub and octavus, or octu- 
 SUU-Oe'TU-I'LE, ( pie.] 
 
 Containing one part of eight. 
 
 inikins. ArbuthnoU 
 SUB-OeMJ-LAR, n. [I,, sub and oculas.] 
 
 Being under the eye. Barrow. 
 SUB-OR-Bie'q-I-AK, ) a. [L. sub and orbUula- 
 SUB-OK-lilC'tJ-LATE, i tus.] 
 
 Almost orbiculate or orbicular ; nearly circular. 
 
 Martyn. Say. 
 SUB-OR'I)IN-A-CV, n. [See SunonmNATE.] The 
 slate of being subordinate or subject to control ; as, 
 to bring the imagination to act in suburdinanj to 
 reason. Spectator. 
 2. Series of subordination. [Little "sed.] 
 
 Temple. 
 
 SUB-OR'Dl.\-AN-CY, n. [JVot in use.] See Suboh- 
 ni N wr. 
 
 SUB-OR'DIN-ATE, a. [L. sub and ordinatus, from 
 ordn, order.] 
 
 1. Inferior in order, in nature, in dignity, in pow- 
 er, importance, &c. ; a.s, subordinate otlicers. 
 
 Il v/na Mubordinau, not enslared, to the undcntanding. South. 
 
 2. Descending in a regular series. 
 
 The several kinds i 
 clistiiiguiilicd. 
 
 nd tubordinate species of each are ensilj 
 Woodward. 
 
 SUB-OR'DIN-ATE, n. One who stands in order or 
 rank below another. Milton. 
 
 StJli-OR'DIN-ATE,».t. To place in an order or rank 
 below something else ; to make or consider as of less 
 value or importance ; as, to subordinate one creature 
 to another ; to .sii(ior(/i?ia(c temporal to spiritual things. 
 
 2. To make subject ; as, to subordinate the passions 
 to reason. Scotl. 
 
 SUB-OR'DIN-A-TED, pp. Placed in an inferior rank ; 
 considered as of inferior importance ; subjected. 
 
 SUB-Oll'DIN-A rE-LY,.a(/u. In a lower rank or of 
 inferior importance. 
 2. In a series regularly descending. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 SUB-OR-DIN-.5'TION, n. [Fr. See Subobdinate.] 
 The state of being inferior to another ; inferiority of 
 rank or dignity. 
 
 2. A series regularly descending. 
 
 Nalural crc-itures liiiviiiv a local suttordination. Holiday, 
 
 3. Place of rank among inferiors. 
 
 Persons who in (heir several tubordinaUont would be obliged lo 
 fuUow llie example ol Ihcir enperiors. Sun/i. 
 
 4. Subjection ; state of being under control or gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The most f;]orioa* military aehierements would tie a calamity and 
 a cune, if purchased at the expense of hobiu of sutiordina- 
 tton and love of order. J. Eoarlt. 
 
 fSi'BonDiNATEKEss IS not used.] 
 SUB-ORN', c. f. [Fr. suborner; It. subomare; Sp. 
 subomar ; L. subomo ; sub and orno. The sense of 
 orno, in this word, and the primary sense, is, lo piiC 
 on, to furnish. Hence, suborno, to furnish privately, 
 that is, to bribe.] 
 
 1. In law, to prornro a person to take such a false 
 oath as constitutes perjury. Blackstone. 
 
 2. To procure privately, or by collusion. 
 
 Or else tliou art tuAorrud afrainat his honor. Shak. 
 
 3. To procure by indirect means. 
 
 Those who by despair tubom their death. DryrUn. 
 
 SUB-OR-NA'TIO.V, n. [Fr.] In law, the crime of 
 procuring a person to take such a false oath as con- 
 stitutes perjury. Blackstone. 
 
 2. The crime of procuring one to do a criminal or 
 bad action. Shak. Swift. 
 
 SUB-ORN'f:D, pp. Procured to take a false oath, or 
 to do a bad action. 
 
 SUB-ORN'ER, n. One who procures another to take 
 a false oath, or to do a bad action. 
 
 SUB-ORN'ING, ppr. Procuring one to take a false 
 oath, or lo do a criminal action. 
 
 Sl'B-o'VAL, a. Somewhat oval. 
 
 SL B-()'VATE, 0. [L. sub and ocatus, from ovum, an 
 egg.] 
 
 Almost ovate ; nearly in the form of an egg, but 
 having the inferior extremity broadest. Martyn. 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB-PCF'NA j "■ ™* """^ pana, pain, penalty.] 
 A writ commanding the attendance in court of the 
 
 person on whom it is served, as witnesses, &c. 
 SUB-Pi";'NA, )v.t. To serve with a writ of subpena ; 
 SUB-rU>'NA, ! to command attendance in court by 
 
 a legal writ. 
 
 SUB-PP.'NA-BD, pp. Served with a writ of subpena. 
 
 SUB-Pk'NA-ING, ppr. Commanding attendance in 
 court bv a legal writ. 
 
 SUB-PEll-PEN-Die'U-LAR, n. [sub and perpendicu- 
 lar.] 
 
 A subnormal, which sec. 
 SUB-PET'I-O-LATE, a. [sub and petiole.} 
 
 In botany, having a very short peliohr. Martyn. 
 SUB-POR-P'HY-RIT'ie, a. Allied to porphyritic, but 
 containing smaller and less distinctly marked points 
 or crystals. Percival's Geol. 
 
 SUB-PUI'OR, «. [sub nni prior.'] The vicegerent of 
 a prior \ a claustral oflicer who assists the prior. 
 
 SoutJi. Ctfc. 
 
 SUB-PtJR'CIIA-SER, n. A purchaser who buys from 
 a purchaser. 
 
 SUB-UUAD'RATE, a. Neariy square. Say. 
 StlB-UUAD'RU-PLE, a. [sub nud quadruple.] Con- 
 taining one part of four ; as, subquadruple proportion. 
 
 lVilkin.i. 
 
 SUB-aUIN'aUE-FID, a. ^ub and quinquefid.] Al- 
 most quinqiiefid. Lee. 
 
 SUB-UUIN'TU-PLE, o. [sub and quintuple.] Con- 
 taining one part of five ; as, subquintuple pro|)ortion. 
 
 mikiiu,: 
 
 SUB-Ra'MoSE, ) a. [L. sub and ramosus, full of 
 SUB-Ra'MOUS, ( branches.] 
 
 In botany, having few branches. Lee. 
 SUB-RECTOR, 71. [sttb and rector.] A rector's dep- 
 uty or substitute. Walton. 
 SUB-REP'TION, n. [L. subrcptio, from subrepo, to 
 creep under.] 
 
 The act of obtaining a favor by surprise or unfair 
 representation, that is, by suppression or fraudulent 
 ctmcealment of facts. Diet. 
 SUB-Ri;P-Tl"TIOUS, ( tish'us,) j a. [L. surreptUius, 
 SUBRKP'TIVE, ( supra.] 
 
 Falsely crept in ; fraudulcnlly obtained. [See Sub- 
 
 REPTITIOUS.] 
 
 SUB-REP-TI''TIOUS-LY, adv. By falsehood ; by 
 stealth. Sherwood. 
 
 SUB'RO-G aTE, v. t. [L. subro^o.] 
 
 To put in the place of another. [JVbt in use.] [See 
 Surrogate^ 
 
 SUB-RO-Ga'TION, n. In (Ac civil law, the substitut- 
 ing of one person in the place of another, and giving 
 him his rights. Encyc. 
 
 SUB RO'S.H,[\^.] £i((TaHy, under the rose. Secret- 
 ly ; privately ; in a manner that forbids disclosure ; 
 the rose being, among the ancients, the symbol of se- 
 crecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that 
 nothing there said was to be divulged. Booth. 
 
 SUB-RO-TUND' a. [L. sub and rotundus. round.] 
 Almost round ; almost orbicular. Lee. 
 
 SUB-SAI--I\E', a. Moderately saline or salt. F.neye. 
 
 SUB'SAIjT, 71. A salt having an excess of the base. 
 
 SUB-S,\N-Na'TION, ;l [L. raAaaTino.] 
 
 Derision ; scorn. More. 
 
 SUB-SCAP'tl-LAR, a. [L. sub and scapula.] 
 
 The subscapular artery is the large branch of the 
 axillary artery, which rises near the lowest margin 
 of the scapula. Cijc. 
 
 SUB-S€RIB'A-BLE, a. That may be subscribed. 
 
 SUB-S€RIBE', D. t. [L. subscribo ; sub and scribo, to 
 write ; Fr. souscrire ; It. soscrivcre ; Sp. suiscribir.] 
 Literally, to write underneath. Hence, 
 
 1. To sign with one's own hand ; to give consent 
 to something written, or to bind one's self by writing 
 one's name beneath ; as, parties subscribe a covenant 
 or contract ; a man subscribes a bond or articles of 
 agreement. 
 
 2. 'i'o attest by writing one's name beneath ; as, 
 officers subscribe their official acts ; and secretaries 
 and clerks subscribe copies of records. 
 
 3. To promise to give, by writing one's name ; as, 
 each man subscribed ten dollars, or ten shillings. 
 
 4. To submit. [J^ot in use.] Shak. 
 SUB-SCRIBE', V. i. To promise to give a certain sum 
 
 by setting one's name to a paper. The paper was of- 
 fered, and many subscribed. 
 2. To assent ; as, I could not subscribe to his opinion. 
 SUB-SeKTB'J?D, pp. Having a name or names writ- 
 ten underneath. The petition is svhscribed by two 
 thousand persons. 
 
 2. Promised by writing the name and sum. A 
 large sum is subscribed. 
 SUB-SCRIB'ER, n. One who subscribes ; one who 
 contributes to an undertaking by subscribing. 
 
 2. One who enters his name for a paper, book, 
 map, and the like. 
 SUB-SCKIB'ING, ppr. Writing one's name under- 
 neath ; assenting lo or attcstinfby writing the name 
 beneath ; entering one's name as a purchaser. 
 SUB'SCRIPT, 71. Any thing underwrinen. BaUleu. 
 SUB-SCRIP'TION, 71. [L. snbscriptio.] 
 
 1. Any thing, particularly a paper, with names 
 subscribed. 
 
 SUB 
 
 2. The act of subscribing, or writing o'::'8 name 
 underneath ; name subscnbi^d ; sigiialure. 
 
 3. Consent or attestation given by undei writing 
 the name. 
 
 4. 'I'he act of contributing to any undertaking. 
 
 5. Sum subscribed ; amount of sumi subscribed. 
 We speak of an individual subscription, or of the 
 whole subscription to a fund. 
 
 fi. Submission ; obetlience. [JVot in rise.] 
 SUB-SECTION, 71. [L. sub and sectio.] 
 
 The part or division of a section ; a subdivision ; 
 the section of a section. Diet. 
 SUB-SECU-'l'IVE, a. [L. sub.iequor, mb.iecutus.] 
 
 Following hi a train or succession. [Little used.] 
 SIJB-SE.M'I-ToNE, 71. In miisic, the leading note, of 
 
 sharp seventh, of any key. Brande. 
 SUB-SEP''i'U-PLE, a. [L. sub and septuplus.] 
 
 t.'ontaining one of seven parts. fVilkins. 
 SUB'SE-UUE.VCE, 71. [L. subsequor, subscquens ; sub 
 and scquor, to follow.] 
 A following ; a state of coming after something. 
 
 Orete. 
 
 SUB'SE-CIUENT, a. [Fr., from L. subsequens, supra.] 
 
 1. Following in timo ; coming or being after some- 
 thing else at any time, indetinitcly ; as, subsequent 
 events; subsequent ag(-'s or years ; a period long sub- 
 sequent to the foundation of Rome. 
 
 2. Following in the order of place or succession ; 
 succeeding ; as, a subsequent clause in a trir.ity. What 
 is obscure in a passage may be illustrated by subse- 
 quent words. 
 
 SUB'SE-UUENT-LY, arfo. At a later time; in time 
 after something else. Nothing was done at the first 
 meeting ; what was subsequently transacted, I do not 
 know. 
 
 2. After something else fn order. These«difficul- 
 ties will be subsequently explained. 
 SUB-SERVE', (sub-serv',) v. L [L. subservio; rub 
 and servio, to serve.] 
 
 To serve in subordination ; to serve instriiinental- 
 ly. In most engines, we make the laws of matter 
 subserve the purposes of art. 
 
 Ni)t made Ut nil.-, 
 But to aubserve where wisdom bears command. Milton. 
 
 SUB-SERV'KD, pp. Served in subordination. 
 SUB-SEKV'I-E.\CE, j 71. Instrumental use ; use or 
 SUB-SERV'I-EN-CY, j operation that promotes some 
 purpose. 
 
 The body, whercin appears much fitness, use, and tubaervieney 
 
 to infinite functions. Bcnxleo. 
 There is a regular sutjonlination and tubstrviency amon^ all the 
 parts 10 benelicial ends. CHeyne, 
 
 SUB SERVI ENT, a. [L. s^ibserviens.] 
 
 1. Useful as an instrument to promote a purpose; 
 serving to promote some end. 
 
 Hammond had .-in incredible dexterity, scarcely ever reading any 
 tiling which he did nut make tubicrvi^nl in one kind or 
 oUicr. I-iu, 
 
 2. Subordinate ; acting as n subordinate instru- 
 ment. These are the creatures of God, subordinate 
 to liiiii, and subservient to his will. 
 
 These ranks of creatures are tutttcrvient one lo another. Bay, 
 
 SUB-SERV'I-ENT-LY, adv. In asubservient manner. 
 
 SUB-SERVING, ppr. Serving in subordination ; 
 serving instruincntally. 
 
 SUB-SES'SILE, ( ses'sil,) a. [L. .tai and .sessitis,] 
 In botany, almost sessile ; having very short loot- 
 stalks. Martyn. Lee. 
 
 SUB-SEX'TU-PLE, a. [L. sub and seztup'lus.] 
 
 Containing one part in six. IVilkins. 
 
 SUB-SIDE', V. 1. [L. subside ; mi and f 11/0, to settle. 
 See Set.] 
 
 1. To sink or fall to the bottom ; to settle ; as lees. 
 
 2. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; 
 to be raluied ; lo become tranquil. Let the passions 
 subside. The tumults of war will subside. Christ 
 commanded, and the storm subsided. 
 
 3. 'J'o tend downward ; to sink ; as, a subsiding 
 hill. The land .tubsides into a plain. 
 
 4. To abate ; to be reduced. 
 
 In cases of daii^r, pride and envy naturally tubtide, 
 
 Mutdlelon. 
 
 StIB-PT'DENCE, ) n. The act or process of sinking 
 SUB SI'DEN-CY, ( or falling, as in the lees of 
 liquors. 
 
 2. I'he act of sinking or gradually descending, as 
 ground. BumeL 
 SUB-SI D'l A-RY, a. [Fr. subsidiaire ; L. ^ufcii/iariiw. 
 See Subsidy.] 
 
 1. Aiding ; assistant ; furnishing help. Subsidiary 
 Iroiips are trinips of one nation hired by another U r 
 military service. 
 
 2. Furnishing additional supplies ; as, a subsidiary 
 stream. 
 
 SUB-SII)'I-.\-RY, 71. An assistant ; an auxiliary ; he 
 or that which contributes aid or atlditional su|iplies. 
 
 Stephenj*. 
 
 SUB'SI-DIZE, r. t. [from subsidy.] To furnish with 
 a subsidy ; to purchase the assistance of another by 
 the payment of a subsidy to him. Great Britain 
 snbsidiied some of the German powers in the late 
 war with France. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1101 
 
SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB'SI-DlZ-ED, pp. Engaged as an auxiliary by 
 
 means of a subsidy. 
 SUB'Sl-DIZ-INO, ppr. Purchasing the assistance of 
 
 by subsidies. 
 
 SUC'SI-DY, n. [Ft. subside ; L. subsidium, (lom sub- 
 sidu, literalty, to be or sit under or by.] 
 
 1. Aid in money ; supply given ; a tax ; something 
 furnished for aid, as by the people to their prince ; 
 as, the subsidies granted formerly to the kings of 
 England. 
 
 Subsidies were a tax, not immediately on property, 
 but on persons in respect of llieir reputed estates, af- 
 ter the nominal rate of 4s. the pound for lands, and 
 2s. 8d. for goods. Blachstone. 
 
 2. A sum of money paid by one prince or nation 
 to another, to purchase the service of auxiliary 
 troops, or the aid of such foreign prince in a war 
 against an enemy. Thus, Great Britain j>aid sub- 
 sidies to Austria and Prussia, to engage them to re- 
 sist the progress of the French. 
 
 SUB-SIGN', (sub-sine',) f. t. [L. subsig-no ; sub and 
 sig'iiOj to sign.] 
 
 To sign under; to write beneath. [Liltle used.] 
 
 Camden. 
 
 SUB-SIG-Na'TION, n. The act of writing the name 
 under something for attestation. [Little used.] 
 
 SUB S/-i£JV'r/-0, (-she-o,) [L.] In silence or se- 
 crecy. 
 
 SUB SIST', B. i. [Fr. subsister; It. sussistere; Sp. 
 sttbsistir; L. subsisto; sub and sisto; to stand, to be 
 fi.xedO 
 
 1. To be ; to have existence ; applicable to mailer or 
 spirit. 
 
 2. To continue ; to retain the present state. 
 
 Fiffn we subsist, but possible to swerve. I^lilton, 
 
 3. To live ; to be maintained with food and cloth- 
 ing. How many of the human race subsist on the 
 labors of others '. How many armies have subsisted 
 on plunder! 
 
 4. To inhere ; to liave existence by means of 
 something else j as, qualities tliat subsijit in sub- 
 stances. 
 
 SUB SIST', V. t. To feed ; to maintain ; to support 
 with provisions. The king subsisted liis troops on 
 provisions plundered from the enemy. 
 
 SUB-SIST'ENCE, )n. [Fr. subsistence; II. sussis- 
 
 SUB-SIST'E.\-CY, i tenza.] 
 
 1. Real being; as, a chain of differing subsist- 
 ertcies. Glanville. 
 
 Not only the thin^ had aubsisUnce, but the very iin.^jes were 
 of Bonie creatures existing. SliUineJleet. 
 
 2. Competent provisions ; means of supporting life. 
 His vicervy could on!y propose to himself a corarurlable subsist- 
 ence out of the plunder of his province. .itklison. 
 
 3. That which supplies the means of living; as 
 money, pay or wages. 
 
 4. Inherence in something else ; as, the subsistence 
 of qualities in bodies. 
 
 SUB-SIS'l''E.\T,o. [L. subsistens.] 
 
 1. Having real being ; as, a subsistent spirit. 
 
 Bromn. 
 
 9. Inherent; as, qualities iitJa-istoit in matter. 
 
 Beiitley. 
 
 SUB'SOIL., 7!. [sub and .wil] The bed or stratum of 
 earth which lies between the surface soil and the 
 base on which they rest. Cyc. 
 
 SUB-SPk'CIeS, (-spE'shuz,) n. [sub and s]jecies.] A 
 subordinate species ; a division of a species. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 SUB'STANCE, n. [Fr. ; II. sustanza; Pp. substancia ; 
 L. substAintia, substo ; sub and sto, to stand.] 
 
 1. In a treneral sensPy being something existing by 
 itself ; that which really is or exists ; equally applica- 
 ble to matter or spirit. Thus, the soul of man is 
 called an immaterial .fubstancr, a cogitative sub- 
 stance, a substance endued with thought. We say, 
 a stone is a hard substance; tallow is a soft sub- 
 stnnce. 
 
 2. That which supports accidents. 
 
 That which »ubsisu by ilwlf is c;illed subsUinee ; that which 
 ■ub»i8l» iu mid by anoUier is calkd a mode or manner of 
 king. WalU. 
 
 3. The essential part ; the main or material part. 
 In this epitome we have the substance of the whole 
 btjok. 
 
 'I'liis edition is the snme in $ubstanc« with the Latin. Burnet. 
 
 4. Something real, not imaginary; something sol- 
 id, not empty. 
 
 Heroic virtue did his netiona puide, 
 
 And he the subtUtnce, not tii appearance, chose. Drydtn. 
 
 .5. Body ; corporeal nature or matter. 
 
 The qualities of plant* arc more various than those of nninial 
 tuhstancta. AtbitUinol. 
 
 6. Goods; estate; means of living. JtiU^K substance 
 wot Kcvcn thousand sheep, three thousand camels, 
 ttc. Job i. 
 
 We arc — ezhatjstinf our tubstance, but not fur our own inten-st. 
 
 8Un-.STAN'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Belonging to sub- 
 Htance; real; actually existing. 
 
 If this atheist wouM have his chnnc- lo lie a real and aitbutnntitit 
 afent, he is more stupid Uiim the vulvar. ItenUty. 
 
 2. Real ; solid ; true ; not seeming or imaginary. 
 
 If happiness be a substanliai ^ood. Deribam. 
 The stibstatnial onianienta of virtue. VEsirange. 
 
 3. Corporeal ; material. 
 
 The niinbow appears like a eubslantiaX arch in the sky. Watts. 
 
 4. Having .substance; strong; stout; solid; as, 
 substantial cloth ; a substantial fence or gate. 
 
 5. Possessed of goods or estate ; responsible ; mod- 
 erately wealthy ; as, a substantial freeholder or farm- 
 er ; a substantial citizen. Addison. 
 
 SUB-STAN-TIAL'l Ty, ji. The state of real exist- 
 ence. 
 
 2. Corporeity ; materiality. 
 
 The soul is a stranger 10 such gross substantiality. Gtanvillt. 
 
 SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZE, v. t. To realize. 
 SUB-STAN'TIAL-lZ-£D, pp. Made real or solid. 
 SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Making real in sub- 
 stance. 
 
 SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY, adv. In the manner of a sub- 
 stance ; with reality of existence. 
 
 Iu him his Father shone, substantially expressed. Miiton. 
 
 2. Strongly ; solidly. Clarendon. 
 
 3. Truly ; solidly ; really. 
 
 The laws of this religion would make men, if they would tnily 
 observe them, substantially religious toward God, chaste and 
 temperate. TiUotson. 
 
 4. In substance ; in the main ; essentially. This 
 answer is substantially the same as that before 
 given. 
 
 5. With competent goods or estate. 
 SUB-STAN'TIAL-NESS, n. The slate of being sub- 
 stantial. 
 
 2. Firmness ; strength ; power cf holding or last- 
 ing ; as, the substantialness of a wall or column. 
 
 I'fotton. 
 
 SUB-STAN'TIALS, n.pf. Essential parts, jlyliffe. 
 SUB-STAN'TIATE, v. t. To make to exist. Aylije. 
 2. To establish by proof or competent evidence ; 
 to verify ; to make good ; as, to substantiate a charge 
 or allegation ; to substantiate a declaration. 
 
 CanniniT. Adams. Dexter. Ch. Obs. 
 SUB'STAN-TIVE, a. Betokening existence ; as, the 
 substantive verb. ArbutlinoU 
 2, Solid ; depending on itself. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Substantive color ; one which communicates its 
 color without the intervention of a mordant or base ; 
 opposed to adjective color. 
 
 SUB'STAN-TIVE, n. In grammar, a noun or name ; 
 the part of speech which expresses something that 
 exists, either material or immaterial. Thus man, 
 horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives. 
 [Better called name, L. nomen, or even noun, a cor- 
 ruption of nomen.] 
 
 SUB'STAN-TIVE-LY, ads. In substance; essen- 
 tially. 
 
 2. In grmtmar, as a name or noun. An adjective 
 or pronoun may be tised substantively. 
 SUB'STlLE, 71. See Substvle. 
 
 SUB'STI-TUTE, w. t. [Fr. substituer ; It. snstituire ; 
 Sp. substituir ; L. substituo ; sub and statuo, to set.] 
 To put in the place of another. 
 
 Some few verses are inserted or substituled in the room of others. 
 
 (Jon^eve. 
 
 SUB'STI-TUTE, n. One person put in the place of 
 another to ansiver the same purpose. A perstm may 
 be a substitute with full powers to act for another in 
 an olFice. Representatives in legislation are the .'sub- 
 stitutes of their constituents. The orthodox creed of 
 Christians is that Christ died as the substitute of sin- 
 ners. 
 
 2. One thing put in the place of another. If you 
 have not one medicine, use another as its substitute. 
 
 SUII'STI-TU-TED, Put in the place of another. 
 
 SUli'STI-TU-TINU, ppr. Putting in the place of 
 another. 
 
 SUB-STI-TO'TION, n. The act of putting one per- 
 son or thing in the place of another to supply its 
 place; as, tlie svb.slitution of an agent, attorney, or 
 representative, to act for one in his absence ; the sub- 
 stitution of bank notes for gold and silver, as a circu- 
 lating medium. 
 
 2. In grammar, syllejjsis, or the use of one word 
 for another. 
 
 SUB-S'l'l-Tu'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to substitutitm. 
 SUB-STRACT', i-. t. [L. subtralio, subtractum.] 
 To subtract. 
 
 A'off. — SuiisTBAcT was formerly used in analogy 
 with AnsTitacT. Hut in modern usage, it is written 
 according lo the Latin, Subtract. [See this word 
 and ils derivatives.] 
 
 SUB-STRAC'I'ION, n. In 2aic, the withdrawing or 
 withholding of some right. 'J'hus the substraction of 
 conjugal rights, i.s when either the husbantl or wife 
 withdraws from the other and lives separate. The 
 substruction of a legacy is the withholding or detain- 
 ing of it from lliu legatee by the executor. In like 
 manner, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, 
 or custom, is a substruction, for which the law gives a 
 remedy. Blachstone. 
 
 HUlt'STRATE, n. That which lies beneath; a siib- 
 Hlratum. Good. 
 
 SUB'STRATE, a. Having very slight furrows. 
 SUB-STRA'TUiM,7i. ; pi. Substrata. [L. substratus, 
 spread under ; sub and sterno.] 
 
 1. That which is laid or spread under ; a layer of 
 earth lying under another. In agrictUture, the sub- 
 soil. Cyc. 
 
 2. In metaphysics, the matter or substance supposed 
 to furnish the basis in which the perceptible qualities 
 inhere. 
 
 SUB-STRUC'TION, 7i. [L. substructio.] 
 
 Under building. JFotton, 
 
 SUB-STRUCT'URE, n. [L. sub and structure.] 
 An under structure ; a foundation. 
 
 SUB-ST? 'EAR, a. Substylar line ; the substyle, which 
 see. 
 
 SUB'STVLE, 71. [sub and stijle.] In dialing, a right 
 line, on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erect- 
 ed, being the common section of the face of the dial 
 and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the 
 style. Hutton. 
 
 SUB-SUL'PHATE, 7t. A sulphate with an excess of 
 the base. Thomson. 
 
 SUB-SUL'TIVE, j a. [from L. subsultus, a leap, 
 
 SUB-SUL'TO-RY, j from subsullo ; sub and .lalio.] 
 Bounding ; leaping ; moving by sudden leaps or 
 starts, or by twitches. 
 
 SUB-SUL'TO-RI-LY, adv. In a bounding manner ; 
 by leaps, starts, or twitches. Bacon, 
 
 SUB-SUL'TUS, 71. [L.] In medicine, a starting, 
 twilching, or convulsive motion; a.s, subsultus ten- 
 diitum. Coze. 
 
 SUB-SO.ME', V. t. [L. sub and .9umo.] 
 
 To assume as a position by consequence. [JVot 
 used.] Hammond. 
 
 SUB-TAN'GENT, 71. In geometry, the part of the 
 axis contained between the ordinate and tangent 
 drawn to the same point in a curve. 
 
 SUB-TEND', jj. (. [L. sub and tendo, to stretch.] 
 
 To extend under, or be opposite to ; as, the line of 
 a triangle which iuWciitis the right angle; tlie chord 
 which subtends an arch. 
 
 SUB-TEND'ED, pp. Extended under. 
 
 SUI!-TEND'ING, ppr. E.xtending under. 
 
 SUB-TENSE', (sub-tens',) 71. [L. sub and tensus.] 
 The chord of an arc. 
 
 SUB-TEP'ID, a. [L. sub and tcpidus, warm.] 
 Very moderately warm. 
 
 SUB'TER, a Latin preposition, signifies under. 
 
 SUB-TE-RF,TE', a. Somewhat terete or taper. 
 
 SUB-TER'FEU-ENT, ( a. [L. subterjluens, subter- 
 
 SUB-TER'FLU-OUS, ( fiuo.] 
 Running tinder or beneath. 
 
 SUB'TER-FUGE, 71. [Fr., from L. subter and fugio, 
 to fiec.J 
 
 Literally, that to which a person resorts for escape 
 or concealment ; hence, a shift; an evasion ; an ar- 
 tifice employed to escape censure or the force of an 
 argument, or to justify opinions or coiiduct. 
 
 Affect not titde sltifls and subterfuges, to avoid tlie force of an 
 argument. Waus. 
 
 SUB'TER-RaNE, 77. [Infra.] A cave or room under 
 ground. Bryant. 
 
 SUB-'1'ER-Ra'NE-AN, j a. [L. subter, under, and 
 
 SUB-TER-RA'NE-OUS, J te7Ta, earth ; Fr. soutcr- 
 rain ; It. sotterraneo.] 
 
 Being or lying under the surface of the earth ; sit- 
 uated within the e,aith or under ground ; as, subter- 
 ranean springs ; a subterraneous passage. 
 
 [Subterbaneal and Subterrany are not in use.] 
 
 SUB-TER-RAN'I-TY, n. A place under ground. 
 [JVot 171 use.] Brown. 
 
 SUB'TER-RA-NY,7i. What lies under ground. [JVo£ 
 177 use.] Bacon. 
 
 SUB'TER-ReNE, a. Subterraneous. Taylor. 
 
 SUH'TILE,a. [Vt. .'rubtil ; L.subtilis; It. snttile. This 
 word, except in the first two senses, is now gener- 
 ally pronounced sut'tl.] 
 
 1. Thin ; not dense or gross; as, suitife air ; sub- 
 tile vapor J a subtile medium. 
 
 2. Nice ; fine ; delicate. 
 
 I do distinirnish plain 
 Kach subtile lino ol her immortal f ice. Davies. 
 
 3. Acute; piercing; as, swjfi/c pain. Prior. 
 
 4. Sly ; artful ; cunning ; crafty ; insinuating ; as, 
 n subtile person ; a subtile adversary. 
 
 5. Planned by art ; deceitful ; na, a subtile scheme. 
 11. Deceitful ; treacherous. Shah. 
 7. Refined ; fine ; acute ; as, a subtile argument. 
 
 SUI!''1'II.E-LY, u(/e. Thinly; not densely. 
 
 2. Finely ; not grossly or thickly. 
 
 The opaipiest bodies, it su6u7</y divided — become perfri-tly traus- 
 piireiit. Aeioton. 
 
 3. Artfully ; cunningly ; craftily ; as, a scheme 
 subtitely contrived. 
 
 SUIi'TIEE-NESS, 71. Thinness; rareness ; as, the .vui- 
 tileness of air. 
 
 2. Fineness ; acutcncss ; as, the subtilcness of an 
 argument. 
 
 3. Cunning ; artfulness ; as, the subtileness of a foo. 
 SUB-TIL.'1-ATE, ti. t. To make thin. IJ^otinuse.] 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 SUB-TII^I-A'TION, 71. The act of making thin or 
 rare. [JVot 171 ii.vf.] Boyle. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PUfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1102 
 
SUB 
 
 sue 
 
 sue 
 
 Smeltie, 
 
 SUH-TIL-I-Za'TION, n. [from subtilize.] The act 
 of makiii{; subtile, tiiie, or thin. In t/te laboratory, 
 tlie operation of making so volatile as to rise in 
 stt'.im or vapor." Cheijne. 
 2. Uefinenient ; extreme acutencss. 
 
 SUB'TIL-I/E, V. (. [Fr. .-nbtiliscr, from I,, subtilh.] 
 
 1. To make thin or line ; to make less gross or 
 coarse. Clitijne. 
 
 2. To refine ; to spin into niceties ; as, to subliliie 
 nrgumenta. 
 
 SUli'TIL-IZE, f. i. To refine in argument; to make 
 very nice distinctions. 
 
 Ill whiilcvcr maimer the papUt mi^ht tuhtHize. Milntr. 
 
 SUB'TIL-IZ-ED, pp. Made thin or fine. 
 SUB'TIL-rZ-ING, ppr. Making Ihin or fine ; refining. 
 SUB'TIL-TY, n. [Vi. subtiiile ; L. xubtilitas.] 
 
 1. Thinness ; fineness ; exility ; in a pluj.^ical sense i 
 as, the sublilty of air or light ; the snbtilty of sounds. 
 
 Bacon. Qreic. 
 
 2. Refinement ; extreme acuteness. 
 
 Intelligible ilUcourscs arc apoiled by too much tubtiUy in nice 
 ilivisioQS, Locke. 
 
 3. Slyness in design; cunning; artifice. [This 
 word, except in the first sense, is now generally 
 pronounced siit'tl.'] 
 
 SUB'TLK, (siit'tl,) a. [See Subtile.] Sly in design ; 
 artful; cunning; insinuating; applied to persotis ; as, 
 a subtle foe. 
 
 2. Cunningly devised ; as, a subtle stratagem. 
 SUB'TLE-TY, (sut'tl-te.) See Subtiltv. 
 SUU'TLY, (sut'tle,) ado. Slily ; artfully; cunningly. 
 
 Tboii seest liow subUy to dcluin Ihce 1 dcvUo. Miicon. 
 
 2. Nicely ; delicately. 
 
 In the nice bee, wbttt sense so tublty true I 
 
 Pop*. 
 
 SUB-TON're. ( n. The semitone or note next 
 
 SUB-SE.M'I-TSNE, J below the tonic; the leading 
 note of the scale. 
 
 SLTIi-TRAeT', V. t. [L. subtralw, subtractus ; sub and 
 trahOy to draw.] 
 
 To withdraw or take a part from tlie rest; to de- 
 duct. Subtract 5 from 9, and the remainder is 4. 
 
 SUB-TRAeT'ED, pp. Withdrawn from the rest ; 
 deducted. 
 
 SUB-TRAGT'ER, 7i. »e that subtracts. 
 
 9. Tile number to be taken from a larger number. 
 [jVut i«n/.] [See Subtrahend.] 
 SlIB-TR Aet'ING, ppr. Withdrawing from the rest ; 
 SUB-TKAe'TION,n. [h. subtractio.] [deducting. 
 
 1. The act or operation of taking a part from the 
 rest. 
 
 2. In arithmetic, the taking of a lesser number or 
 quantity from a greater of the same kind or denom- 
 ination ; an operation by which is found the differ- 
 ence between two sums. 
 
 SUB-TRAGT'lVE, a. "Tending or having power to 
 subtract. 
 
 SUB-TR.A-IIEND', n. In arithmetic, the sum or num- 
 ber to be subtracted or taken from another. 
 
 SUB-TRANS-LO'CENT, <i. Imperfectly translucent. 
 
 SUB-TRANS-PAR'ENT, a. Imperfectly transparent. 
 
 SUB-TRI'FII), a. Slightly trifid. Martyn. 
 
 SUB-TRIP'LE, (-trip'l,) a. [.tui and triple.) Con- 
 taining a third or one |>art of three. IVtlkins. 
 
 SUB-TRIP'LI-CATE, a. A term applied to ratio, in- 
 dicating the ratio of the cube roots. A. D. Stanley. 
 
 SUB-TO'TOR, n. [sub and tutor.] An under tutor. 
 
 SUB'U-LATE, a. [L. subula, an awl.] In natural 
 history, awl-shaped ; linear ; very narrow, and taper- 
 ing gradually to a fine point from a broadish base. 
 
 Lintlley, 
 
 SUB-UN-Da'TION, 71. [L. sub and unda.] 
 
 Flood ; deluge. Huloet. 
 
 9UB-UN"GU.\L, (-ung'gwal,) a. [L. sub and unguis.] 
 Under the nail. 
 
 SUB'URB, n. s. ) [L. suburbium ; sub and urbs, a 
 
 SUB'URBS, 71. pi. \ city.] 
 
 1. A building without the walls of a city, but near 
 them ; or, more generally, the parts that lie without 
 the walls, but in the vicinity of a city. The word 
 may signify buildings, streets, or territory. Wes.ay, 
 a house stands in the.tuburbs; a garden is situated 
 in the suburbs of London or Paris. 
 
 2. The confines; the out part. 
 
 The suburb of tlicir strnw-built citadel. A/tlfon. 
 
 SUB-URB'NAL i [L. .fwf'«7-iani«. See Suburbs.] 
 
 Inhabiting or being in the suburbs of a city. 
 SI,'B'IIRB-£1), a. Bordering on a suburb ; having a 
 
 suburb on its out part. Carew. 
 .'iUn l-ltB-I-e.A'RI-A.\, I .„ , 1 1 - i 
 
 SUB-l'RB'I-eA-RY, ( iLow L. sufturJifOTnuj.] 
 Being in the suburbs ; an epithet applied to the 
 provinces of Italy which composed the ancient dio- 
 cese of Rome. Barrow. , 
 SUB-VA-RI'E-TY, 7i. [sub and variety.] A subordi- 
 nate variety, or division of a variety. jWineralogy. 
 [Such a distinction is not now made. J5ana.] 
 8UB-VEN-TA'NE-OUS, a. [L. subuentanem ; mb 
 and rnuiu.] 
 
 Addle ; windy. [Bad, and not in use.] Brmen. 
 
 SUB-VEN'TION, 71. [L. subernio.] 
 
 1. The act of coming under. 
 
 2. The art of coming to relief; sujiport ; aid. 
 [/.ittle u.^tfl.] Spenser. 
 
 SUB-VER.SE', (3ub-ver3',)». t. To subvert. [jYol in 
 li.sT.J Spenser. 
 
 SIJB-VER'SION, (-shun,) 7i. [Fr., from L. suboersio. 
 See SuiivEHT.] 
 
 Entire overthrow ; an overthrow of the founda- 
 tion ; utter ruin ; as, the .subrersian of a govoi menl 
 or suite ; the subversion of desjiotic power ; the sub- 
 versio7i of the constitution or laws; the subversioni>{ 
 an empire. 
 
 SUB-VERS'IVE, a. Tending to subvert ; having a 
 tendency to overthrow and ruin. Every immorality 
 is subversive of private happiness. Public corruption 
 of morals is suboer.-iive of public happiness. 
 
 SUB-VEllT', J'. L [I,, subvcrto i sub and verto, to 
 turn; Fr. and S[t. .•.ubvcrtir : It. sovvcrtcre.] 
 
 1. To overthrow from the foundation; to over- 
 turn ; to mill utterly. The nortlieru nations of Eu- 
 rope subverted 'he Roman empire. He is the worst 
 enemy of man, 'Vho eiidonvors to subvert the Chris- 
 tian religion. The elevation of corrupt men to of- 
 fice will slowly, but surely, subvert a rejiublicun gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 This wouUl $uboeTt the princ^lcs of all knowlcdije. Locke. 
 
 2. To corrupt ; to cimfound ; to pervert the mind, 
 and turn it from the truth 2 Tim. ii. 
 
 SUIi-VERT'ED, pp. Overthrown; overturned; en- 
 tirely destroyed. 
 
 SUB-VERT'ER, n. One who subverts ; an over- 
 thrower. 
 
 SUB-VERT'I-BLE, a. That may be subverted. 
 SUB-VERT'ING, ppr. Overthrowing; entirely de- 
 stroying. 
 
 SUB-WORK'ER, (-wurk'er,) 71. [sub and worker.] A 
 subordinate worker or helper. South. 
 
 SUe-CE-UA'NE-OUS, a. [h. suecedaneus; sub and 
 ccdo.] 
 
 Supplying the place of something else; being or 
 employed as a substitute. Boyle. 
 
 SUe-CE-DA'NE-U,\l, 71. [Supra.] That which is 
 used for something else; a substitute. Warburton. 
 
 SUC-CEED', V. t. SuccEDE is the more analogical 
 spelling, as in concede, recede. [Fr. succcder ; It. sue- 
 ccdere ; Sp. suceder ,• L. succcdo ; sub and cedo, to give 
 way, to pass.] 
 
 1. To follow in order ; to take the place which an- 
 other has left ; as, the king's eldest son succeeds his 
 fatheron the throne. John .\(Uim^ succeeded General 
 Washington in the presidency of the United States. 
 Lewis XVIII. of Fiance has lately deceased, and is 
 succeeded by his brother Charles X. 
 
 2. To follow ; to come alter ; to be subsequent or 
 consequent. 
 
 Those destructive efTcctJ tueceeded the curse. Brown. 
 
 3. To prosper; to make successful. [Rare.] 
 Succeed my wish, and second my desi|pi. Dryden. 
 
 SUe-CEED', V. t. To follow in order. 
 
 Not another comfort like to this 
 Sucee{dt m unknown fate. 
 
 Sbak. 
 
 2. To come in the place of one that has died or 
 quitted the place, or of that which has preceded. 
 Day succeeds to night, and night to day. 
 
 Knjoy till I return 
 Short pleasures ; for Ion j woes are to succeed. ' ]^fi!ton. 
 Revenge succeed* to love, and nige to ^ief. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To obtain the object desired ; to uccoinplish 
 what is attempted or intended ; to have a prosperous 
 termination. The enemy attempted to take the fort 
 by storm, but did not succeed. The assault was vio- 
 lent, but the attempt did not succeed. 
 
 It is almost impossible for pocU to succeed without ambition. 
 
 ' Uryden. 
 
 4. To terminate with advantage ; to have a good 
 effect. 
 
 Spenser endeavored imitation in the Shepherd's Kalendar ; b\it 
 neither will it succeed in English. Dryden. 
 
 5. To go under cover. 
 
 Or will you to tlie cooler cavo sucetedl Dryden. 
 [Not much used,] 
 
 SUt^CEED'ED, pp. Followed in order; prospered; 
 attended with success. 
 
 SUe-CEED'ER, 71. One that follows or comes in the 
 place of another ; a successor. [But the latter wprd 
 is generally u.sed.] 
 
 SUtJ-CEED'ING, ppr. or a. Following in order ; sub- 
 sequent; coming after; as, in all succeeding ages. 
 He attended to the business in every succeeding stage 
 of its progress. 
 
 2. Taking the place of another who h.TS quitted 
 the place, or is dead ; as, a son succeeding his father ; 
 an officer succeeding his predecessor. 
 
 3. Giving success ; prospering. 
 SUe-CEED'ING, 71. The act or st.nte of prospering 
 
 or having success. There is a good prospect of his 
 succeeding. 
 
 SUOCEN'TOR, 71. A person who sings the base in a 
 concert. 
 
 SUe-CESS', J.. [Fi. succis; L. successus, from succedo.] 
 
 1. The favorable or prosperous termination of any 
 tiling atteiiipti d , a leriiiiiialmn w hich aiiswrrs ilio 
 purpose iiil(;iideti ; properly 1/1 a good ^ense, but often 
 in a bad sense. 
 
 Or teach with more success her son 
 
 ■Tbe vic<*« 01 tit'- liiiic to *huM. • Waller. 
 Kvery re.-isoiiable man can nut but wish me success in Uiis 
 
 iiueinpt. Tillotson. 
 Be nut discourag>rd, In a laudable undenaking, at the ill success 
 
 of the first alU'itipt. Ation. 
 M ilitary successes, above all others, elevate the mluds of a t>.-ople. 
 
 AueTbury. 
 
 2. Succession. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 JVote. — Succcis, witliout an epithet, generally means 
 
 a prosperous issue. 
 
 SUe-CESS'FIJL, a. Terminating in accomplishing 
 wliiit is wished or intended ; having the desired ef- 
 fect ; hence, i<i a good sense, prosperous ; furtuiiate ; 
 happy; as, a application of medicine; a 
 
 succes.-iful experiment in chemistry or in agriculture ; 
 a succes.<fal enterprise. 
 
 2. In a bad sense ; aa, a succesfful attempt to sub- 
 vert the constitution. 
 
 SUe-CESS'FIJL-LY, adv. With a favorable termina- 
 tion of what is altempted ; prosperously ; favorably. 
 
 A reformation successfully carried on. S-Mi/t. 
 
 SUC-CE.SS'FyL-NESS, 71. Prosperous conclusion ; 
 
 favorable event ; success. Hammond. 
 SUe-CES'SION, (-sesh'un,) 71. [Fr., from L. sue- 
 
 cessio.] 
 
 1. A following of things in order ; consecution ; 
 series of things following one another, either in time 
 or place. Thus we speak of a I.s-uccrj>-.s'(«7i of events 
 in chronology, a sncces.iion of kings or bishops, and 
 a succession ft( words or sentences. 
 
 2. The act of succeeding or coming in the place of 
 another ; as, this liappeiied after the sueees:iion of 
 that prince to the throne. So we speak of the succes- 
 sion of heirs to the estates of their ancestors, or collat- 
 eral succession, 
 
 3. Lineage ; an order or scries of descendants. 
 
 A long succession must ensue. Milton. 
 
 4. The power or right of coming to the inheritance 
 of ancestors. He liolds the property by the title of 
 succession. 
 
 What people is so void of common sense, 
 
 To vole succession from a native prince. Dryden. 
 
 5. In music, the successive notes in meloily, in 
 distinction from the successive chords of harmony, 
 called progression. 
 
 .Apostolical succession, in theology, is the regular 
 and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial au- 
 thority, by a succession of bishops from the apostles 
 to any subsequent period. Jlook. 
 
 Succession of crops, in a/rricu/ture, is more generally 
 called rotation. 
 Sl'C CES'SION-AL, a. Noting a regular order or 
 successi<iii. 
 
 SUC-CES'SION-AL-LY, adv. In a successional man- 
 ner. 
 
 SUC-CESS'IVE, a. [Ft. .successif ; \U successivo.] 
 
 1. Following in order or uninterrupted course, as 
 a series of persons or things, and either in time or 
 place ; as, the successive revolutions of years or ages ; 
 the successive kings of Egypt. The author holds 
 this strain of declamation through seven successive 
 pages or chapters. 
 
 Send the successive ills through ages down. Prior. 
 
 2. Inherited by succession ; as, a successive title j a 
 successive empire. [Little used.] Shak. Ralegh. 
 
 SUG-CESS'I VE-LY, adv. In a series or order, one 
 following another. He left throe sons, who all 
 reigned successivelij. 
 
 The whiteiif 
 and viol 
 
 I a* length changed sueeessiuety into bluo, indigo, 
 Newton. 
 
 SUe-CESS'IVE-NESS, n. The state of being suc- 
 cessive. J/ale. 
 
 SUe CESS'LESS, a. Having no success ; unprosper- 
 
 ous; unfortunate; failing to accomplish what was 
 intended. 
 
 Successless all her soft cares^s prove. Pops. 
 
 Best iciiipi'ivd steel successless proved in field. Philips. 
 
 SUe-CESS'LESS-NESS, 71. Unprosperous conclu- 
 sion. Boyle. 
 SUe CESS'OR, n. [L.] One that .-succeeds or fol- 
 lows ; one that takes the place which another has 
 left, and sustains the like parlor character ; correla- 
 tive*to Predecessor ; a.s, the successor of a tleccased 
 king; the succejisor of a president or governor; a 
 man's son and successtn- 
 
 A gift to a corpomtion, cither of lands or of chattels, without 
 naming their successors, vests an absolute pruneny in tliem 
 so luiif OS Ute corpomtion siiLsists. Blackstons. 
 
 SUC-CID'U-OUS, a. [L. suceiduus ; suh and eado.] 
 
 Really lo fall ; falling. [Little used.] 
 SUe-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ^iicciu!, juice, and /er<7, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Producing or conveying sap. 
 SUC'CI-N.A'I'E, n. [from L. succinum, amber.] 
 
 A sail formed liv the succinic acid and a base 
 SUe'CI-.\A-TEU, a. Combined with Uie acid of am- 
 ber. 
 
 TONE, BULL, QNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € aa K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1103 
 
sue 
 
 SUG-CINGT', a. [L. succinctusi sub and cingo^ to 
 surroiinil.] 
 
 1. Tucked up; girded up; drawn up to permit 
 the legs to be free. 
 
 His habil fit tor speed succinct. [Little Msed.] Milton. 
 
 2. Compressed into a narrow compass ; short ; 
 brief ; concise ; as, a succinct account of the proceed- 
 ings of the council. 
 
 Let all your precepts be sitcdnct and clear, Jtoscomnton. 
 SUe-CINeT'LY, ailv. Briefly ; concisely. Tlie facts 
 
 were succinctly stated. 
 SUe-CINeT'NESS, n. Brevity ; conciseness ; as, 
 
 the sitccinctness of a narration. 
 SU€-CIN'ie, a. Pertaining to amber ; drawn from 
 
 amber ; as, the succinic aciil. 
 SUe'UI-NITE, n. [L. succinum, amber.] 
 
 A mineral of an amber color, considered as a vari- 
 ety of garnet. It frequently occurs in globular or 
 granular masses, about the size of a pea. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 SUe'CI-NOUS, 0. Pertaining to amber. 
 
 SUe'eOR, V. t. [Fr. sccourir; It. soccorrere ; Sp. 
 
 socorrer ; L. succurro ; sub and curro^ to run.] 
 
 Litcratlij, to run to, or run to support ; hence, to 
 
 help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress ; 
 
 to assist and deliver from suffering; as, to succor a 
 
 besieged city ; to succor prisoners. 
 
 He is al>le to succor tli"m that are tempteil. — Ileb. ii. 
 SUCCOR, 71. Aid ; help; assistance; particularly, 
 
 assistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, 
 
 want, or distress. 
 
 My father 
 
 Flying for succor to Ids servant Banister. Sfiak. 
 2. The person or thing that brings relief. The 
 city, when pressed, received succors from an unex- 
 jiected quarter. 
 
 The mighty succor which mad? glad the foe. Dryden. 
 SUe'eOR-ED, pp. Assisted ; relieved. 
 SUe'eOR-ER, n. He that affords relief; a helper ; a 
 deliverer. 
 
 SUe'eOR-IXG, ppr. Assisting; relieving. 
 SUe'eOR-LESS, a. Destitute of help or relief. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 SUe'eO-RY, 11. A plant of the genus Cichorium, 
 commonly called Chiccoby or Wild, Endive. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SUe'eO-TASH, v. in America, green maize and 
 beans boiled together. The disii, as well as the name, 
 is borrowed from the native Indians. 
 
 sue'eu-BA, ; r, , „j , i 
 sue'eu-Bus, i 
 
 A pretended kind of demon. Mir. for JiTa^. 
 
 SUe'eU-LENCE. j n. [See Succulent.] Juici- 
 SUe'eU-LEN-CY, i ness ; as, the succulence of a 
 peach. 
 
 SUe'eU-LENT, a. [Fr. ; L. succulcntus, from succus, 
 juice.] 
 
 Full of juice ; juicy. Su.rcuhnt plants are such as 
 have a juicy and soft stem, as distinguished from 
 such as are ligneous, hard, and dry. Thus the 
 gr.tsses are succulent herbs, as are peas, beans, and 
 the like. 
 
 SUe'eU-LENT-LY, adv. Juicily. 
 SUe-GUlIB', V. i. [L. succumbo ; sub and cumbo, cubo, 
 to lie down.] 
 
 1. To yield ; to submit ; as, to succumb to a foreign 
 power. 
 
 2. To yield ; to sink unresistingly ; as, to succumb 
 under calamities. 
 
 SUe eUMH'I.VG, ppr. Yielding : submitting ; sinking. 
 SUe-eiJS-.SS'TION, ;i. [L. smcusso, to shake.] 
 
 1. A trot or trotting. Brown. 
 
 2. A shaking; succiission. 
 SUe-eUS'SlON, (-kusli'im,) 71. [L. succnssio, from 
 
 succusso, to shake ; sub anil quass-o.] 
 
 1. The act of shaking; a sliake. 
 
 2. In medicine, an ague ; a shaking. 
 
 SUCH, 0. [It is possible that this word may be a con- 
 traction ot Sax. .■swelc, stoylc, G. solch, D. lolk. More 
 probably it is the Uilss. sitze, sitzev, our vulgar sichy, 
 or the old Scotch sicli. Q,u. Lat. sic] 
 
 1. Of that kind ; of the like kind. We never saw 
 melt a day ; we have never had siuli a time as the 
 present. 
 
 It has at before the thing to which it relates. Givt; 
 your children such precepts as tend to make them 
 Winer and better. 
 
 It is to be noted that the di finilive aiiji'ctive a 
 never precedes Hiich,h\H is placi-d bi-lwi eii it and the 
 noun to which it refi:rs ; as, such a man; such an 
 honor. 
 
 2. The name that. This was the state of tliokingi. 
 dom at 'uch lime as the enemy landed. 
 
 3. The Bamu lu what has been mentioned. 
 Th.it (holt art hnppy, ow to (iod ; 
 
 Th.1t thou coiitlnurftt such, owe to (hyielf. lijllttin. 
 
 4. Referring to what haw been spt'cified, I have 
 commanded my Hervant to be at such a place. 
 
 5. Such and auch, in used in reference to a person 
 or place of a certain kind. 
 
 The ■ov.-rrijrn kuthority may onAct a law, comnmndlnj; turh and 
 »urh an ««Uon. South, 
 
 SUD 
 
 SUCK, V. t. [Sax. sucan, succan ; G. saugen ; D. zui- 
 ^en : Sw. su^a ; Dan. siicr, contracted ; Ir. saghum ; 
 W. sugaw ; L. sugo ; Fr. sucer ; It. succiare, succhi- 
 are ; Sp. and Port, sacar, to draw out.] 
 
 1. To draw with the mouth ; to ilraw out, as a 
 liquid from a cask, or milk from the breast ; to draw 
 into the mouth. To suck is to exhaust the air of the 
 mouth or of a tube ; the fluid then rushes into the 
 mouth or tube by means of the pressure of the sur- 
 rou iding air. 
 
 1. To draw milk from with the mouth ; as, the 
 young of an animal suets the mother or dam, or the 
 breast. 
 
 3. To draw into the mouth ; to imbibe ; as, to suck 
 in air ; to suck the juice of plants. 
 
 4. To draw or drain. 
 
 Old ocean sucked through the porous globe. Thomson. 
 
 5. To draw in, as a whirlpool ; to absorb. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 6. To inhale. 
 
 To suck in ; to draw into the mouth ; to imbibe ; to 
 absorb. 
 
 To suck out ; to draw out with the mouth ; to empty 
 by suction. 
 
 To suck up ; to draw into the mouth. 
 SUCK, II. i. To draw by exhausting the air, as with 
 the mouth, or with a tube. 
 
 2. To draw tlie breast ; as, a child, or the young 
 of an animal, is first nourished by sucking. 
 
 3. To draw in ; to imbibe. Bacon. 
 SUCK, n. The act of drawing with the mouth. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 2. Milk drawn from the breast by the mouth. 
 
 Sltak. 
 
 SUCK'£D, (sukt,) pp. Drawn with the mouth, or 
 with an instrument that exhausts the air; imbibed; 
 absorbed. 
 
 SUCK'ER, n. He or that which draws with the 
 mouth. 
 
 2. The embolus or piston of a pump. Boyle. 
 
 3. A pipe through which any thing is drawn. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 4. The shoot of a plant from the roots or lower 
 part of the stem ; so called, perliaps, from its draw- 
 ing its nourishment from the root or stem. 
 
 5. A fish of the family Cyclopteridaj, one of which 
 is called the Lump-Sltcker or Lump-Fish, which see. 
 Also, the reniora, which see. 
 
 6. A fresh water fish of the carp family, and genus 
 Catostoinus. Storer^s Mass. Report, 
 
 7. A cant name for an inhabitant of Illinois. U. S. 
 SUCK'ER, V. t. To strip off shoots ; to deprive of 
 
 suckers ; as, to sucker maize. 
 SUCK'ET, 71. A sweetmeat for the mouth. 
 
 Cleaveland. 
 
 SUCK'ING, ppr. or a. Drawing with the mouth or 
 with an instrument; imbibing; absorbing. 
 
 SUCK'ING-BOT'TLE, ?i. A bottle to be filled with 
 milk, for infants to suck instead of the pap. Locke. 
 
 SUCK'ING-PUMP, 71. See Suction-Pump. 
 
 SUCK'LE, (suk'l,) 71. A teat. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 SUCK'LE, V. t. To give suck to ; to nurse at the 
 breast. Romulus and Remus are fabled to have been 
 suckled by a wolf. 
 
 SUCK'LEl), (suk'ld.) pp. Nursed at the breast. 
 
 SUCK'LING, ppr. Nursing at the breast. 
 
 SUCK'UNG, 71. A young child or animal nursed at 
 the breast. Ps. viii. 
 2. A sort of white clover. Cyc. 
 
 SUe'TION, (suk'shun,) 71. [Fr.] The act of suck- 
 ing or drawing into the mouth, as fluids. 
 
 Boyle. ArbuVinot. 
 2. The act of drawing, as fluids into a pipe or 
 other thing. 
 
 SUCTION-PUMP, n. The common pump, in which 
 the water is raised into the barrel by atmospheric 
 pressure. 
 
 SUe-To'RI-AL, 0. Adapted for sucking ; that live 
 by sucking ; as, the humming-birds are suctorial 
 birds. Swainson. 
 
 2. C.tpablo of adhering by suction ; as, the .sitctorial 
 fishes. P. Cue. 
 
 SUC-TO'RI-AN, 71. A name of cartitaginoiis fishes 
 with a mouth adapted for suction, as the l.imprey. 
 
 Brandc. 
 
 SUC-To'RI-OII.'^, a. Suctorial. [Rare] 
 SO'DAK, 71. A fish, a species of Perca. Toolte. 
 SO'JJA RY, 71. sudarium, from sudo, to sweat.] 
 A napkin or liandkerchief. f JVot in use] 
 
 Wielif. 
 
 SU-DA'TION, 71. [L. sudalio.] 
 A sweating. 
 
 S0'I).\-TO RV, 71. [L. sxuialorium, from sik/o, to 
 sweat.] 
 
 A hot-house; a sweating-bath. Herbert. 
 Pfi'l)A-TO-RY, «. Sweating. 
 
 .SUD'DION, a. [Sax. soden ; Fr. soudain ; Norm. othJ- 
 dain ; h. subitancits.] 
 
 I. Happening vvilhout previous notice ; coming un- 
 expectedly, or without the common preiiaratives. 
 
 And tuitdfn tear troiihleth thee. — Job xxii. 
 Kor when they itliidl it iv, F<!iic« and •aloty, then sutUIen dcNlruc- 
 tlon conieth upon tiu-ln. — l Thcu. v. 
 
 SUF 
 
 2. Hasty; violent; rash; precipitate; passionate. 
 [JVof iit use.] Shak. 
 SUD'DEN, 71. An unexpected occurrence ; surprise. 
 [Ao( in use.] 
 
 On a sudden ; sooner than was expected ; without 
 the usual preparatives. 
 
 ilow art thou lost, how on a sudden lost I Milton. 
 [Of a sudden, is not usual, and is less elegant.] 
 SUD'DEN-LY, atZii. In an unexpected manner; un- 
 expectedly ; hastily ; without preparation. 
 
 Therefore liis calamity shall come suddenly. — Prov, vi. 
 2. Without premeditation. 
 SUD'DE.N'-NESS, 7i. State of being sudden ; a com- 
 ing or happening without previous notice. The sud- 
 denness of the event precluded preparation. 
 SU-DOR-IF'ie, a. [Fr. sudorifique; L. sudor, sweat, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 Causing sweat ; as, sudorific herbs. Bacon. 
 SU-DOR-IF'ie, 7i. A medicine that produces sweat. 
 
 Coxe. 
 
 Su'DOR-OUS, a. [L. sudor, sweat] 
 
 Consisting of sweat. Brounu 
 Su'DRA, 71. [Often spelt Soodbah.] The lowest 
 
 of the four great castes among the Hindoos. 
 SUDS, n. sing. [Qu. W. suz, moisture, or its connec- 
 tion, seethe, sodden.] 
 
 Water impregnated with soap. 
 To be in the suds ; to be in turmoil or difBcuIty ; a 
 familiar phrase. 
 SuE, (su,) 1'. (. [Fr. suivre, to follow, L. sequor. See 
 Seek and Essay.] 
 
 1. To seek justice or right from one by legal pro- 
 cess ; to institute process in law against one ; to pros- 
 ecute in a civil action for the recovery of a real or 
 supposed right ; as, to sue one for debt ; to sue one 
 for damages in trespass. Mutt. v. 
 
 2. To gain by legal process. 
 
 3. To clean the beak, as a hawk ; a term of fal- 
 conry. 
 
 To sue out ; to petition for and take out ; or to ap- 
 ply for and obtain ; as, to sue out a writ in chancery ; 
 to sue out a pardon for a criminal. 
 Sue, v. i. To prosecute ; to make legal claim ; to seek 
 for in law ; as, to sue for damages. 
 
 2. To seek by request ; to apply for ; to petition ; 
 to entreat. 
 
 By adverse destiny constrained to sue 
 
 For counsel and redress, he sues to you. Pope. 
 
 3. To make interest for ; to demand. 
 
 Cesar came to Rome to sue for the double honor of a triumph 
 
 and die consulship. Middleton. 
 
 SO'ED, (sude,) pp. Prosecuted ; sought in law. 
 Su'ET, 71. [VV. swijv and swtjved, a surface, coating, 
 
 suet, yest, &-C.] 
 The fat of an animal, particularly the harder and 
 
 less fusible about the kidneys and loins. 
 
 Wiseman. 
 
 Su'ET-Y, a. Consisting of suet, or resembling it ; as, 
 a stiely substance. Sharp. 
 
 SUF'FER, V. t. [L. suffcro ; sub, under, and fcro, to 
 bear; as we say, to undergo; Fr. souffrir; It. so^'c- 
 rire; Sp. sufrir. See Bear.] 
 
 1. To feel or bear what is painful, disagreeable, 
 or distressing, either to the body or mind ; to un- 
 dergo. We suffer pain of body ; we suffer grief of 
 mind. The criminal suffers punishment ; the sinner 
 suffers the pangs of conscience in this life, and is 
 condemned to suffer the wrath of an offended God. 
 We often suffer wrong ; we suffer abuse ; we suffer 
 injustice. 
 
 2. To endure ; to support ; to sustain ; not to sink 
 under. 
 
 Our spirit and strength entire. 
 Strongly to suJJ^er and support our pains. Milton. 
 
 3. To allow ; to permit ; not to forbid or hinder. 
 Will you suffer yourself to be insulted .' 
 
 I siiJTer them to enter and possess. Milton. 
 Thou Shalt in any wise rebuke lliy neighbor, and not sujfer sin 
 upon hint. — Lev. xix. 
 
 4. To undergo ; to be affected by. Substances 
 suffer an entire change by the action of fire, or by 
 entering into new combinations. 
 
 5. To sustain ; to be affected by ; as, to suffer loss 
 or damage. 
 
 SUF'FER, ». I. To feel or undergo pain of body or 
 mind ; to bear what is inconvenient. We suffer with 
 pain, sickness, or sorrow ; we siijfrr with anxiety ; 
 we suffer by evils past, and by anticipating others to 
 come ; we suffer from fear and ftom disapjiointcd 
 liopes. 
 
 2. To undergo, as punishment. 
 
 The lather wa« first condemned to suffer on a day appointed, and 
 the son alterward, the day following. Claretulon. 
 
 3. To bo injured ; to sustain loss or damage. A 
 building suffers for want of seasonable repairs. It 
 is just that we should suffer for neglect of duty. 
 
 Public busiiieiia suffers by private Inftrmiliei. Temple. 
 
 SUF'FER-A-BLE, a. That may bo tolerated or per- 
 mitted ; allowable. 
 2. That may be endurt^d or borne. ffotton. 
 SUF'FER-A-BLE-NESS, n. Tolerablenoss. ScoU. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT MftTE, PRfiY PINE, MARKNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1104 
 
SUF 
 
 SUF'FER-A BLY, adv. Tolerably j so as to bo en- 
 dured. Mdiim. 
 SU1''KER-AN0E, n. Tlic bearing of pain; endur- 
 ance ; pain endured ; misery. 
 
 He nuiit not only lile, 
 Bill thy ui)l(iii(ln''u hIuiII (Ik- il«atll draw out 
 'VoUugKt'xwg tujj'tiance. Shale. 
 
 2. Patience ; moderation ; a bearing with patience. 
 Bill haely lioal tempering with tufftraiic* wige. Sptmtr. 
 
 3. Toleration ; perinis-sion ; allowance ; negative 
 consent by not forbidding or liindering. 
 
 In proccsi of time, sometimes by auj'erance, sometimes by special 
 leuve unj I'avor, they erected to Uieinseli 
 
 In their Irginniny, they are we«k n 
 But soon tliruu^li duferatict grow i 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 I fearful end. 
 
 Speneer. 
 
 jJn estate at sufferance, in law, is where a person 
 comes into possession of land by lawful tillt?, but 
 keeps it after the title ceases, without positive leave 
 of the owner. ' Black.'ilonr. 
 SL'F'KER-£D, pp. Borne; undergone; permitted; 
 allowetl. 
 
 SUi'"FEl£-ER, n. One who endures or undergoes 
 pain, eitlier of body or mind ; one who sustains in- 
 convenience or loss ; as, sufferers by poverty or .sick- 
 ness ; men are sufferers by fire or losses at sea ; (bey 
 are sufferers by the ravages of an enemy ; still more 
 are tliey sufferers by their own vices ami follies. 
 U. One that permits or allows. 
 
 SUF'FER-ING, p^r. or a. Bearing ; undergoing pain, 
 inconvenience, or damage ; permitting ; allowing. 
 
 SUF'FER-ING, n. The bearing of pain, inconven- 
 ience, or loss; pain endured ; distre.ss, loss, or injury 
 incurred ; as, sufferintrs by pain or sorrow ; sufferings 
 by want or by wrongs. 
 
 SUF'FER-ING-I-Y, arfr. With suffering or pain. 
 
 SUF-FICE', (suf-fize',) v. i. [Fr. suffirc ; L. sufficio; 
 sub and fucio.] 
 
 To be enough or sufficient ; to be equal to the end 
 prt>posed. 
 
 To recount nlmi*hty works, 
 What wonls or tongue of S(.-ra[ih can tujice ? Milton. 
 
 SUF-FICE', (suf-f Ize',) v. t. To satisfy ; to content ; 
 to be eqmil to the wants or demands of. 
 
 Let it tufice tltec ; speak no more to me of this matter. — 
 Dent. iii. 
 
 T.ord, slinw us the Fatlier, and it aufficeth us. — John xiv. 
 Kiith ii. 
 
 2. To afford ; to supply. 
 The power appeased, with wind gujieed the sail. 
 (.Vol in use.) 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SUF-FIC'i-'D, (suf-f izd',) pp. Satisfied ; adequately 
 supplied. 
 
 S(IF-FI"CrEN-CY, ( fish'en-.se,) ti. The state of be- 
 ing adequate to the end proposed. 
 
 His su^ieienry is such, that he bestows SldU possesses, his plenty 
 being nnexliausted. B*ryU. 
 
 2. Qualification for any purpose. 
 
 I am not so confident of my own su^Sciency as not willingly to 
 admit the counsel of others. A', Ciiariet. 
 
 3. Competence; adequate substance or means. 
 
 An elegant aujiciency, content. 7?iOfn*on. 
 
 4. Supply equal to wants ; ample stock or fund. 
 
 li'alU. 
 
 5. Ability ; adequate power. 
 
 Our sii^icienfy is frtim God. —2 Cor. iii. 
 
 6. Conceit ; self-confidence. [See Self-Suffi- 
 
 CIENCV.l 
 
 SUF-FI"C1ENT, ( fish'ent,) a. [U suffeiens.] 
 
 1. Enough ; equal to the end proposed ; adequate 
 to wants ; competent ; as, provision sufficient for the 
 family ; water sufficient for the voyage ; an army suf- 
 ficient to defend the country. 
 
 My giuee is eujlcient [or thee. — 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 3. Qualified; cimipetent; imssessing adequate tal- 
 ents or acconiplishmenis ; as, a man sufficient for an 
 otiice. Shak. 
 3. Fit ; able ; of competent power or ability. 
 Who is fu^cwnt for these things ? — 2 Cor. ii. 
 
 SUF-FI"CIENT-LY, (-fish'ent-ly,) adn. To a suf- 
 ficient degree ; enough ; to a degree that answers the 
 purpose, or gives content ; as, we are sufficimtliisup- 
 plied with food and clothing ; a man sufficiently qual- 
 ified for Ihe discharge of his official duties. 
 
 SUF-FrC'lNG,(^siif-fl7,'ing,) ppr. Supplying what is 
 needed ; sntislying. 
 
 SUF-FI'S.\i\CE, n. [Fr.] Sufficiency ; plenty. [A'ot 
 in use.] Spenser. 
 
 SUF'FIX, n. [L. suffixus; si{ffi^o ; sub anil Jtjfo, to 
 fix.] 
 
 A letter or syllable added or annexed to the end of 
 a word. Parkhnrst. jM. Stuart. 
 
 SUF-FIX', V. «. To add or annex a letter or syllable 
 to a word. 
 
 SI'F-FIX'£D, (-fixt',) pp. Added to the end of a word. 
 SIIF-FIX'ING, ppr. Adding to the end of a word. 
 SUF-FLAM'I-NaTE, r. (. [I,, sufflamrn, a slop.] 
 
 1. To retard the motion of a carriage hy prevent- 
 ing one or more of its wheels from revolving, either 
 by a chain or otherwise. 
 
 2. To atop ; to impede. [Aot in use.'] Barrow. 
 
 SUG 
 
 SUF-FL^TE', V. t. [L. sufflo ; sub and flo, to blow.] 
 To blow up ; to inlltite. [Little used.] Bailey. 
 
 SUF-Fl..;i'TIOlV, 71. [L. siifflatw.] 
 
 The act of blowing up or inflating. Coles. 
 
 St'F'FO-€ATE, v. I. [Fr. siiffuquer; It. suM'ut.'are ; 
 Sj). sufucar ; L. suffoco ; sub and focus, or its rt)Ol.] 
 
 1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration. Res- 
 piration may be stopped by the interceptitm of air, as 
 in hanging and strangling, or by the introduction of 
 smoke, dust, or mephitic air into the lungs. Men 
 may be suffocated by the baiter ; or men may be .tuf- 
 focttted in smoke or in carbonic acid gas, as in mines 
 and wells. 
 
 And let not hemp liis windpipe tufocate. SliaJe. 
 
 2. To stifle ; to destroy ; to extinguish ; as, to su^o- 
 cate fire or live coals. 
 
 A swelling discunlent is apt to euffocate and strangle without 
 pass;ige. Collier. 
 
 SUF'FO-CATE, a. Suffocated. Shak. 
 
 SUF'FO-CA-TEI), pp. Choked; stifled. 
 
 SUF'FO-CS-TING, ppr. or a. Choking ; stifling. 
 
 SUF'FO-Ca-TING-LY, adw. So as to sutlbcate ; as, 
 suffocatinirly ht»t. 
 
 SCF-FO-eA'TION, n. The act of choking or sti- 
 fling; a stopping of respiration, either by intercept- 
 ing the passage of air to and from the lungs, or by 
 inhaling smoke, dust, or air that is not respirable. 
 
 2. The act of stifling, destroying, or extinguish- 
 inz. 
 
 SUF'FO-eA-TIVE, n. Tending or able to choke or 
 stifle ; as, suffocative catarrhs. Jirhuthnot. 
 
 SUF-FOS'SION, (suf-fosh'un,) n. [L. svffossio ; sub 
 and fodio, to dig.] 
 
 A tliggiiig under; an undermining. Bp. Ilall. 
 
 SUF'FR.A-G.\N, a. [Fr. suffrafrnnt; It. suffrairuneo ; 
 Jj. suffragans, assisting ; suff'ragor, to vote for, to fa- 
 vor.] 
 
 Assisting ; as, a suffrarran bishop. 
 
 SUF'FRA-GAN, n. A bisliop considered as an assist- 
 ant to his metropolitan ; or, rather, an assistant bish- 
 op. By 26 Henry VIII. suffragans are to be denom- 
 in.'ited from so:iie principal place in the diocese of 
 the prelate whom they are to assist. . Bp. Barlow. 
 
 SUF'FRA-GANT, n. An assistant; a favorer; one 
 who concurs with. [06s.] Taylor. 
 
 SUF'FRA-GaTE, v. t. [L. suffragor.] 
 
 To vote with. [JVot in use.] JIale. 
 
 SUF'FRA-GA-TOR, n. [L.] One who assists or fa- 
 vors by his vote. Bp. of Chester. 
 
 SUF'FRAGE, n. [L. suffranum; Fr. suffrage; Sax. 
 frwgnan, to ask, ii. fraircn.] 
 
 1. A vote; a voice given in decitling a controvert- 
 ed question, or in the choice of a man for an otiice or 
 trust. Nothing can he more grateful to a good man, 
 than to be elevated to t)ffice by the unbiased suf- 
 frames of free, enlightened citizens. 
 
 Laclantius and St. Aiulin confirm by Uleir ruffraget the obser- 
 vation made by heathen writers. Atterbury. 
 
 2. United voice of persons in public prayer. 
 
 3. Aid ; assistance ; a fMtinisin. [.Yot in use."] 
 SUF-FRAG'IN-0U;5, a. [L. suffrage, the pastern or 
 
 hough.] 
 
 Pert.tining to the knee-joint of a be.ast. Brown. 
 SUF-FRU-TES'CE.NT, a. Moderately frutescent. 
 SUF-FRO'Tl-COSE, a. [L. sub and frutieosas ; fru- 
 tei, a shrub.] 
 
 In botany, under-shrubby, or part shrubby ; perma- 
 nent or woody at the base, but the yearly branches 
 decaying ; as sage, thyme, hyssop, &c. 
 
 Jifurtyiu Cyc, 
 SUF-FO'MI-G.^TE, v. t. PL. suffumigo.] 
 
 To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of the body, 
 as in medicine. 
 SUF-FO'.MI-G.^-TL\G, ppr. Applying fumes to the 
 
 parts of the bodv. 
 SUF-FU-MI-GA'tlON, n. Fumigation; the opera- 
 tion of smoking any thing, or rather of applying 
 fumes to the parts of Ihe botly. 
 
 2. A term applied to all medicines that are re- 
 ceived in the form of fumes. Cue. 
 SUF-F0'MI6E, n. .\ medical fume. Harvey. 
 SUF-FOSE', (suf-fuze',) v. U [L. saffu.ius, suffando ; 
 sub and fundu, to |>our.] 
 
 To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture; as, 
 eyes suffused with tears ; cheeks suffused with 
 blushes. 
 
 When purple light shall next tuffuie the skies. Pope. 
 
 SUF-FCS'KD, (siif-fiizd',) pp. Overspread, as with a 
 
 fliiiil or with color. 
 SUF-FOS'ING, ppr. Overspreading, as with a fluid 
 
 or tinclure. 
 
 SUF-FO'SION, (-zhun,) n. [Fr., from I., suffnsio.) 
 
 1. The act or operation of overspreading, as with 
 a fluid or with a color. 
 
 2. The state of being suffused or spread over. 
 
 To those that hare the Jaundice or like tuj^usion oi eyes, tibjects 
 appear of tiut color. Hay. 
 
 3. Tliat which is suffused or spread over. 
 SUG, n. ri,. sugo, to suck.] 
 
 A kind of worm. Walton. 
 SIJG'AR, (shug'ar,) n. [Fr, sncre; Arm. sucr : Sp. 
 azucar ; H. lucchero ; G. lucker ; D. suiker : Dan. 
 
 SUG 
 
 sokker, sukker ; S w. soeker ; VV. tugyr ; Ir. natra t 
 
 L. saccluirum; Gr. aaKXapov ; Pers. Ar. ^ *— i ^ 
 
 sukkar ; Sans. scJiarkara ; Slavonic, takar. It la also 
 in the Syr. and Eth.] 
 
 1. A well-known substance manufactured chiefly 
 from the sugar-cane, Saccharum oflicinarum ; but in 
 the United States, great quantities of Ibis article are 
 made from the sugar maple ; and in France, from 
 the beet. The saccharine liquor is concentrated by 
 boiling, which expels the water; lime is added to 
 neutralize the acid that is usually present ; the gross- 
 er impurities rise to the surface, and are separated in 
 the form of scum ; and finally, as the li<|uor cools, 
 the sugar separates friuii the mola.sses in grains. The 
 sirup or mola.sses is drained off, leaving Hie sugar in 
 the state known in commerce by ihe name of raw or 
 muscovado sugar. This was formerly purified by 
 means of clay, or more extensively by bullocks' 
 blood, which, forming a cuagulum, enveloped the 
 impurities. This process is now more iisu:tjly per- 
 formef] by means of animal charcoal or bone bl.-ick, 
 anil by steam. Thus clarified, it takes the names of 
 lump, Utnf, refined, &e., according t(» the diflereiit de- 
 grees of purification. Sugar is a proximate eleiiieiil 
 of the vegetable kingdom, and is found in most ripe 
 fruits, and many farinaceous roots. By ftrmenta- 
 tion, sugar is converted inio alcoliol, and hence lorms 
 the b.asis of those substanc<« which are used for 
 making intoxicaling liquors, as molasses, grapes, ap- 
 ples, malt, &c. 
 
 The ultimate elements of sugar are oxygen, carbon, 
 ami hydrogen. Of all vegetable priiiciplt;s, it is 
 considered by Dr. Rush as the most wholesome and 
 nutritious. P. Cyc. Stlttman. 
 
 2. An old chemical term ; as, the sugar of lead, 
 (acetate of lead,) so called because it has a close re- 
 sciiiblance to sugar in appearance, and tastes sweet. 
 
 Tally. 
 
 Sl,'G'.AR, (shug'ar,) r. t. To impregnate, season, 
 cover, sprinkle, or mix with sugar. Crasttaw. 
 2. To sweeten. 
 
 But (lattery Btill in tugared wonls betrays. Denham. 
 
 SyG'AR-BAIv'ER, ii. One who makes loaf-sugar. 
 
 Johnsttn^s Idler. 
 
 SlJG'.AR-e.AN'DY, n. [sugar and caiii;;;.] Sugar 
 clarified and concreted or cry.stallized. 
 
 SIJG'AR-CANE, h. [sugar and cane.] The cane or 
 plant from whose juice sugar is obtained ; Saccha- 
 rum oflicinarum. 
 
 SUG'AR-KI), (sliiig'ard,) pp. or a. Sweetened. 
 
 SjjG'AR-IIOUSE, H. A building in which sugar is 
 refined. 
 
 SyO'AR-KET'TLE, n. A kettle used in boiling 
 down the sup or juice from which sugar is made. 
 
 SJJG'AR-I.ESS, a. Free from sugar. 
 
 SljG'AR-I.n.M-', n. A conical mass of refined sugar. 
 
 s[,'G'AR-MA'I'IjE, I II. A species of maple, the Acer 
 
 SJjG'AR-TREE, ( sacchariiium, from whose sap 
 sugar is niailc by boiling. 
 
 SIJG'AR-MILL, n. A machine for pressing out the 
 juice of the sugar-cane. 
 
 SjjG'AR-MITE, 71. [.iiigar and mite.] 
 
 The Le))isuia saccharina is an apterous or wing- 
 less instict, covered wiih silvery scales. Kd. Encyc, 
 
 SyG'AR-PLUM, ji. [.vi/ifur and p/u7n.] A species of 
 sweetmeat in small balls. 
 
 Syo'AR-V, (shug'ar-e,) a. Tinctured or sweetened 
 with sugar ; sweet ; tasting like sugar. 
 
 2. FiMid of sugar, or of sweet things. Todd. 
 
 3. Containing sugar. jJ.vA. 
 
 4. Like sugar. Ash. 
 SU-GES'CENT, a. [L. sugcns, sucking.] 
 
 Relating to sucking. Palry. 
 SUG-<jEST', (sug-jest',) v. t. [L. suggero, suggestas ; 
 sub anti gcro: ll. suggcrire ; Fr. .^uggerer.] 
 
 1. To hint ; to iiitiiiiate or mentiiui in the first in- 
 stance ; as, to suggest a new mode of cultivation ; to 
 suggest a different scheme or measure ; to suggest a 
 new idea. 
 
 2. To offer to the mind or thoughts. 
 
 Some ideas are tuagested to the mind by all the ways of sensa- 
 tion ajid retlcctiun. Locke. 
 
 3. To seduce ; to draw to ill by insinuation. 
 Knowing that tender youth u soon euggeeud. Shak. 
 
 [.Vol in u*e.l 
 
 4. To inform secretly. 
 
 We must euggenl llie people. [.Vol in use.] Shak, 
 
 SUR-GEST'ED, pp. Hinted ; intimated. 
 
 SIIG-GEST'ER, 71. One that suggests. 
 
 SUG-GEST'I.Vt;, ppr. Hinting; intimating. 
 
 SUG-GES'TIO.\, (sug-Jest'yun,) n. [Fr. ; from sug- 
 gest.] A hint ; a first intimation, proposal, or men- 
 tion. The measure was adopted at the saggej^tton 
 of an eminent philosopher. 
 
 2. Presentation of an idea to the mind ; as, the 
 suggestions of fancy or imagination ; the suggestions 
 of conscience. 
 
 3. Insinuation ; secret notification or incitement. 
 
 ' Shak. 
 
 4. In law, information without oath. 
 
 TONE, B[;LL, qXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US e as K; G as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 oooo 
 
intimation. 
 
 Parker. 
 
 SUI 
 
 SIJG-GEST'IVE, o. Containing a hint or 
 SUG'OIL, ». £. [L. .■mfrgitlo.] 
 
 To defame. [JV«( in use.] 
 SUG'GIL-aTE, v. t. [L. smsirlth.] 
 
 To beat livid or black and blue. [JVot in tise.] 
 
 Wusevian. 
 
 SLTG-CIL-A'TION, n. A livid or black and blue 
 
 mark ; a blow j a bruise. [JVot in use.] 
 SC-I-CI'DAL, a. Partaking of the crime of suicide. 
 SO-I-CI'DAL-LY, aJc. In a suicidal manner. 
 SO'i-CIDE, n. [Fr., from L. suiciUium ; se and aedo, 
 
 to slay.] 
 
 1. Self-murder ; the act of designedly destroying 
 one's own life. To constitute suicide, the person 
 must be of years of discretion and al° sound mind. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. One guilty of self-murder ; a felo de se. 
 Su'l-CI-DISM, II. State of self-murdering. 
 SC'l-CIS.M, fcir SuicroE, is not in use. 
 
 SU J <}EJ\riER-IS, [L.] Of its own or peculiar kind ; 
 singular. 
 
 SU'IL-LAGE, (sQ'il-laje,) n. [Fr. souillage.] 
 
 Orain of filth. [0A<.] mtton. 
 Su'ING, ppr. of Sue. Prosecuting. 
 SO'ING, n. [Fr. suer, to sweat, L. sudo.] 
 
 The process of soaking through any thing. [JVot 
 in use.] Bacon. 
 Suit, (sute,) n. [Norm, .tuil or suyt ; Fr. suite, from 
 siiivre, to follow, from 1.. sequor. (See Seek.) In 
 Law Latin, secta is from the same source.] 
 
 Literally, a following ; and so used in the old Eng- 
 lish statutes. 
 
 1. Consecution ; succession ; series ; regular order ; 
 as, the same kind and suit of weather. [JVot now so 
 applied.] Bacon. 
 
 2. A set ; a number of things used together, and 
 in a degree necessary to be united, in order to an- 
 swer the purpose; as, a suit of curtains; a suit of 
 armor ; sometimes vvitli less dependence of the par- 
 ticular parts on each other, hut still united in use; 
 as, a suit of clothes ; a suit of apartments. 
 
 3. A set of the same kind or stamp ; as, a suit of 
 cards. 
 
 4 Retinue; a company or number of attendants 
 or followers ; attendance ; train ; as, a nobleman and 
 his suit. [This is sometimes pronounced .as a French 
 word, .sicfff ; but in all its senses, this is the same 
 word, and the afTectatron of making it French in one 
 use and English in another, is improper, not to say 
 - ridiculous. The French orthography Suite is re- 
 jected very properly by Jameson.] 
 
 5. A petition ; a seeking for something by petition 
 or application. 
 
 M.tny shull mn]ie suit lo ihec. — Job xi. 
 
 6. Solicitation of a woman in marriage ; courtship. 
 
 Sluilc. 
 
 7. In laic, an action or process for the recovery of 
 a right or claim ; legal application to a court for 
 justice ; prosecution of right before any tribunal ; as, 
 a civil suit ; a criminal snit ; a suit in chancery. 
 
 In EiieLiml, ttift sever.il euile, or rem»Hii:il instruments of justice, 
 are dUiiiigtiislietl iiitu Uiree liitids, tictiQus pers'>nnl, r^ut, nnd 
 mixed. Btaclcelone 
 
 8. Pursuit ; prosecution ; chase. Spenser. Cijc, 
 Suit and serinee ; in fcuiUtl /aw, the duty of feuda- 
 tories to attend the courts of their lords or superiors 
 in time tif peace, and in war to follow them and per- 
 form military service. Black.itone. 
 
 To bring suit ; a phrase in law, denoting literally 
 to bring secta, followers or witnesses to prove the 
 plaintitf's demand. The phrase is antiquated, or 
 rather it has changed its signification ; for to bring a 
 suit, now, is to institute an action. 
 
 Out of suits; having no correspondence. Shak. 
 
 Suil-coi>cnant, in law, is a covenant to sue at a cer- 
 tain court. Bailey. 
 
 Suit-court ; in lau>, the court in which tenants owe 
 attendance to thiMr lord. Bailey. 
 SOIT, V. I. To fit ; to adapt ; to make proper. Suit 
 the .action to the word. Suit the gestures lo the pas- 
 sion to be expressed. Suii the style lo the subject. 
 
 2. To become ; to be fitted to. 
 
 Ill tuiu hi* cloth the prniite of niiliiij well. Vryfien. 
 
 - h'T riolCB to thiit suhlime deffr-'C 
 Which Muiu II Bong of piety and tliee. Prior. 
 
 3. To dress ; to clothe. 
 
 Siidi n Sr-btiatiiin wa» my brother too ; 
 
 So went he tuiud to Ilia wutery tomb. Stiak. 
 
 4. To please ; lo make content. He is well suited 
 with hi^ place. 
 
 son*, V. i. To agree ; to accord ; as, to suit with ; to 
 9uit to. Pity suits with a noble nature. Dryden. 
 Give me not (\n ofiicfl 
 That »uiu <eWi me ill. >1*K«on. 
 The pliice itj/'lf wiu tuitinff to hU care. Dryden. 
 
 ri'he UHC of with after suit is now most frequent.] 
 SOIT'A-HIJ;, (nat'a-bl,) a. Fitting ; acconluig with ; 
 agreeable to ; propter ; becoming ; as, ornaments jriiif- 
 able to one'H character and Htation ; language suitable 
 to the Hiibject. 
 
 3. Adeqiintn. Wo can not make suitable returns 
 for divine mercies. 
 BOIT'A-BLE-NESH, n. Fitness; propriety; ngreea- 
 
 SUL 
 
 bleness ; a state of being adapted or accommodated. 
 Consider the laws, and their suitableness to our moral 
 state. 
 
 SulT'.A-BLY, adv. Fitly ; agreeably ; with propriety. 
 
 Let words be suitably applieil. 
 SmTE,(sweet,)>i. [Fr.] Retinue. [See Suit, n. No. 4.] 
 SulT'EL), pp. Fitted ; adapted ; pleased. 
 SCIT'ING, ppr. Fitting; according with ; becoming; 
 
 pleasing. 
 
 SuIT'OR, 71. One that sues or prosecutes a demand 
 of right in law ; as a plaintiff, petitioner, or appellant. 
 
 2. One who attends a court, whether plaintiff, de- 
 fendant, petitioner, appellant, witness, juror, and the 
 like. 'J'hese, in legal phraseology, are all included 
 in the word suitors. 
 
 3. A petititmer ; an applicant. 
 
 She butli been a suitor to ine for lier brother. ShoJt. 
 
 4. One who solicits a woman in marriage ; a woo- 
 er ; a lover. 
 
 SOIT'RESS, n. A female supplicant. Rowe. 
 IuL'Sa-'tED, I «■ sulcus, a furrow.] 
 
 In natural history, furrowed ; grooved ; scored with 
 deep, broad channels longitudinally ; as, a sulcated 
 stem. jyfartyn. 
 SULK, V. i. [Sax. solcen.] To be silently sullen ; to 
 
 be morose or obstinate. [Ods.] 
 SULK'I-LY, (ido. Sullenly ; morosely. Iron Chest. 
 SULK'I-NESS, n. [from sulky.] Sullenness; sour- 
 ness ; moroseness. 
 SULKS, n. pi. To be in the sulks, is to be sulky or dis- 
 contented and sullen. 
 SULK'Y, a. [Sax. .■solcen, sluggish.] 
 
 Sullen ; sour ; heavy ; obstinate ; morose. 
 While these animals remain in tiieir indosures, they are suJJnj. 
 
 As. Ites. 
 
 SULK'Y, 7!. A two-wheeled carriage for a single person. 
 SULL, 71. [Sax. siiiA.] A plow. [Obs.] Min.tmorth. 
 SUL'LAGE, 71. [See SuLLiAGE.] A dram of filth, or 
 
 filth collected from the street or highway. Cijc. 
 SUL'LEN, a. [Perhaps, set, fixed, and allied lo silent, 
 
 still, &c.] 
 
 1. Gloomily angry and silent; cross ; sour; affect- 
 ed with ill humor. 
 
 And sullen 1 forsook th* imperfect feajt. Prior. 
 
 2. Mischievous ; malign.anl. 
 
 Such sullen planets at iny birth did shine. Dryden, 
 
 3. Obstinate ; intractable. 
 
 Thin js are as sullen as we are. TUlotson, 
 
 4. Gloomy ; dark ; dism.al. 
 Why are thine eyes fixed to the sullen earth f 
 
 Nijlit with her sullen \ 
 No cheerfuj breeze ibis sullen i 
 
 S.'hak. 
 MiUon. 
 knows. Pope. 
 
 5. Heavy ; dull ; sorrowful. 
 
 Be thon ihe trumpet of our wrath, 
 
 And sullen prestige of your own decay. Shak. 
 
 SUL'LEN-LY, arfc. Gloomily; malignantly; intract- 
 ably ; with moroseness. Dryden. 
 
 SUL'LEN-NESS, 71. Ill nature with silence ; silent 
 moroseness ; gloominess ; malignity ; intr.ictableness. 
 
 J\Iilton. Temple. 
 
 SUL'LENS, 71. pi. A morose temper; gloominess. 
 [JVot in use.] S/iak. 
 
 SUL'LI-AGE, 71. [Fr. souillage.] 
 Foulness ; filth. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SUL'L[-£D, (sui'lid,) pp. Soiled ; tarnished ; stained. 
 
 SUL'LY, V. t. [Fr. souiller ; from the root of soil, G. 
 siile.] 
 
 1. U'o soil ; to dirt ; to spot ; to tarnish. 
 
 And 8t.atuea sullied yet widi sacrile^oua smoke. Roscommon. 
 
 2. To tarnish ; to darken. 
 
 Let Uiere be no spots to sully tlie brightness of this solemnity. 
 
 Atlerbury. 
 
 3. To stain ; to tarnish ; as the purity of reputa- 
 tion ; as, virtues sullied by slander; character jfuUierf 
 by infamous vices. 
 
 SUL'LY, V. i. To be soiled or tarnished. 
 
 Silvering will sully and c:inker moie than gilding. Baton. 
 SUL'LY, 71. Soil ; tarnish ; spot. 
 
 A nolile and triiirnphnnt merit breaks through litde spots and 
 sullies on his reputation. Specuitor. 
 
 StTL'LY-ING, ppr. Soiling; tarnishing; staining. 
 
 SUL'PIIATE, 71. [from .siil/)/iur.] A s.alt formed by 
 sulphuric acid in combination with any base; as, 
 sulpliute of lime. Lavoisier. 
 
 SUL'PIITTE, 77. [from sulphur.'l A salt formed by a 
 combination of sulphurous aciil with a base. 
 
 Lavoisier. 
 
 SUL-PIIO-C7-AN'ie ACID, 71. A compound of sul- 
 phur, carbon, bydrotren, and nitrogen. 
 
 SUI.-PIIO NAPif rHAL'ie ACIO, 71. a compound 
 of sulphuric acid and naphthaline. 
 
 SUL'PIIO-HALT, ) n. A double sulphuret, or a salt 
 
 SUL'PIIO-SEL, i containing sulphur in both the 
 arid and the base. Dona. 
 
 fiUL-PIIO-VIN'ie ACID, 71. An acid formi-d by the 
 action of Hulphiiric acid upon alcohol ; irnothionic 
 ncitl. Brande. 
 
 SUL'PIIUR, 7u [L., whence Fr. soufre; It. lolfo; Sp. 
 aiufre ; Port, enxnfre ; I). so(fer.] 
 
 SUM 
 
 A simple mineral substance, of a yellow color, 
 brittle, insoluble in water, but fusible by heal. It is 
 called also Bkimstone, that is, burn-stvuc, from its 
 great ronibuslibjiity. It burns with a blue (lame and 
 a peciilitir suffocating odor. Sulphur native or pris- 
 matic is of two kinds, common and volcanic. It is 
 an acidifying and basifying princi|ile. 
 
 JVicholson. Ure. 
 SUL'PIIU-RATE, a. [L. sulphuratus.] 
 
 Belonging to sulphur; of the color of sulphur. 
 [Little used.] Alore. 
 SUL'PHU-RaTE, v. U To combine with sulphur. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 SUL'PrtU-RA-TED, pp. or a. Combined or impreg- 
 nated with sulphur; as, sulphurated hydrogen gas. 
 fO^.s.] Lavoisier. 
 
 SUL'PHU-Ra-TING, ppr. Combining or impregna- 
 ting with sulphur. [Obs.] 
 
 SUL-PHU-Ra'TION, n. The subjecting of a thing to 
 the action of sulphur, especially wf sulphurous gas. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 SUL-PHU'RE-OUS, a. Consisting of sulphur ; hav- 
 ing the qualities of sulphur or brimstone ; impregna- 
 ted with sulphur. 
 
 Her siKikes untied, sulphureous waters drink. Pope. 
 
 SUI.,-PHu'RE-OUS-LY, adv. In a sulphureous man- 
 ner. 
 
 SUL-PHO'RE-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being sul- 
 phureous. 
 
 SUL'PIIU-RET, 71. A combination of sulphur with a 
 base ; as, a sulphuret of potassium. 
 
 Lavoisier. Hooper, 
 
 SUL'PIIU-RET-ED, a. Applied lo bodies having sul- 
 phur in combination. 
 
 Sulphurcted hydrogen is a colorless gas, with the fet- 
 id odor of rotten eggs, com|iosed of one equivalent 
 of sulphur and one of hydrogen ; also called hydro- 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 SUL-PHO'Rie, a. Pertaining to sulphur ; 77iore strictly, 
 designating an acitl formed by one etpiivalent of sul- 
 phur combined with three equivalents of oxygen ; as, 
 sulphuric acid, formerly called vitriolic acid, iir oil of 
 vitriol. Cliemistry. 
 Sulphuric ether; common ether. [See Ether.]' 
 
 SUL'PHUR-OUS, a. Like sulphur ; containing sul- 
 phur ; also, designating an acid formed by one trquiv- 
 alenl of sulphur combined with two equivalents of 
 oxvcen. This is called stUphurous acid. 
 
 SUL'PHUR-VVORT, w. An umbelliferous herb, hog's 
 fennel, of the gentis Peu(:edaniiin. 
 
 SUL'PHUR-Y, a. Partaking of sulphur ; having the 
 qualities of sulphur. 
 
 SUL'TAN, ji. [Qu. Ch. Syr. and Heb. chv, to rule.] 
 An appellation given to the emperor of Ihe Turks, 
 denoting ruler or commander. The title is sometimes 
 given to other Mohammedan sovereigns. 
 
 SUL-Ta'NA, ( 71. The queen of a sultan ; the em- 
 
 SUL'TAN-ESS, i press of the Turks. Clraveland. 
 
 SUL'TAN-FLOW-ER, 7i. A plant ; a species of Cen- 
 laiirea. 
 
 SUL'TAN-R Y, n. An eastern empire ; the dominions 
 of a sultan. Bacon. 
 
 SUL'TAN-SHIP, 71. The office or slate of a sultan. 
 
 SUL'TRI-NESS, 71. [from sultry.] The slate of be- 
 ing sultry ; heat with a moist or close air. 
 
 SUL'TRY, a. [G. schwi'il, sultry ; Sax. saolath, swole, 
 lie.at, G. scliwvle. See Swelteh.] 
 
 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya's 
 sultry deserts. Addison. 
 
 2. Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and 
 unelnstic ; as air or the atmosphere. A sultry air is 
 usually enfeebling and oppressive to the human body. 
 
 Such us, born lieneath the buniinijsky 
 
 And sultry sun, Ijolwixt die tropics lie. Dryden. 
 
 SUM, 77. [Fr. somme; G.suinmc; D. som ; Dan. .^Hm; 
 Sw. and L. .tumma, a sum ; Sax. somed, L. simul, to- 
 gether ; Sax. somnian, to assemble. Pliese words 
 may be from the root of (^h. OO, som, Syr. ^QIC) H"'''- 
 nits', shorn, to set or place.] 
 
 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, magni- 
 tudes, quantities, or particulars , the amount or whole 
 of any number of individuals or particulars added. 
 The ii-iim of 5 and 7 is 12. 
 
 How precious are thy ttioujrhts to me, God 1 how great ii the 
 
 sum of llieiii 1 — Ps. cxxxix. 
 Take the sum of all the congregation. — Num. I. 
 [Sum is now applied more generally to numbers, 
 and 7iiim*cr to persons.] 
 
 2. A quantity of money or currency ; any amount 
 Indefinitely. I sent him a sum of money, a small 
 sum, or a large sum. 1 received a large sum in bank 
 notes. 
 
 3. Compendium ; abridgment ; the amount ; the 
 substance. This is the sum of all the evidence in Iho 
 case. This is the sum and substance of all his objec- 
 tions. The sum of all I have said is Ihis. 
 
 'I'he phrase in sum is obsolete, or nearly so. 
 
 In sum, the gospel, considered as a law, prescribes tmrf virtlW 
 to our conduct, and lorbiila every sin. Rogers. 
 
 A, night ; completion. 
 
 'I'bUN have I told thee all wy state, and brought 
 
 My Hlory to [he «u7/( of earthly bliss. Mdton. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — MBTE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 IIOR 
 
SUM 
 
 SUM 
 
 SUN 
 
 SUM, V. t. To aild pnrticiilars into one whole ; to col- 
 lect two or more (> irticiilar miiiiheis into one num- 
 ber i to cast up i usually followed by uii, but it is su- 
 pcrtluous. Custom enables a man to num up a long 
 column of figures with surprising facility and cor- 
 rectness. 
 
 The hmr doth rather turn up the momenU, than divide the dny. 
 
 2. To bring or collect into a small compass ; to com- 
 prise in a few words ; to condense. He summed up 
 ills arguments, at the close of his speech, with great 
 force and eflcct. 
 
 io to the ant, thou «Iug;^nJ,* 
 inonil of thia fiiblr. 
 
 1 few wonls, tumt up [he 
 L^Eetrange. 
 
 3. In plconry, to have feathers full grown. 
 
 Witli proaperoiia wing full #umm«rf. [UnutuaL] A/i'lon. 
 
 SO'ALAt", / , ,,-,,„,t , ( Fr. sutnach; G. id. ; D.su- 
 SO'MAeH.i^"''";"'"''^"-! maki Ar. and Pers. 
 <J ^ ■> 
 
 1. A plant or shrub cf the genus Rhus, of many 
 species, some of which are used in tanning, some in 
 dyeing, and some in medicine. 
 
 2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young 
 branches, of certain species of the sumac plant, used 
 in tanning and dyeing. Ure. 
 
 SU.M'LESS, a. Not to be computed; of which the 
 amount can not be ascertained. 
 
 The tumlegB treasure of exhausted mines. Pope. 
 SUM'M A-RI-I,Y, adv. [from summary.] In a sum- 
 mary manner; brietly ; Cf>ucisely ; in a narrow com- 
 pass or in few words. Tin; Lord's Prayer teaches us 
 summarily the things we are to ask for. 
 2. In a sliort way or method. 
 
 When the piinics procf^ed tummarily, and thfy choow^ the ordi- 
 nary way of proceeding, tile cause is nKide plenary. 
 
 Aylije. 
 
 .SUM'MA-RY, a. [Fr. sommaire; from sum, or L. 
 summa. ] 
 
 Re<luced into a narrow compass, or into few 
 words; shoit; brief; concise ; compendious; as, a 
 summary sutement of arguments or objections ; a 
 summary proceeding or process, 
 SU.M'iM A-RY, «. An abridged account ; an abstract, 
 abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or 
 substance of a fuller account; as, the cotnprehen- 
 sive summary of our duty to God in the first table of 
 the law. 
 
 SU.M-.M.\'TION, n. The act of forming a sum or to- 
 tal amount. 
 2. An aggregate. 
 SUM'MKP, (siimd,) pp. [from mm.] Collected into 
 
 a total amount ; fully grown, as feathers. 
 SU.M'MER, n. One who casts up an account. 
 
 Sherwood. 
 
 PU.M'.MER, n. [Sax. sumcr, sumor; G. and Don. som- 
 mer ; D. lomer ; Sw. sommar ; Ir. sanJi, the sun, and 
 summer, and samJiradJi, summer.] 
 
 With us, the season of the year comprehended in 
 the months June, July, and August; during which 
 lime, the sun, being north of the equator, shines 
 more directly uptm this part of the earth, which, to- 
 gether with the increased length of the days, renders 
 this the hottest period of the year. In l.ititudes 
 south of the equator, just the opposite takes place, 
 or it is sunmier there when it is winter here. 
 
 The entire year is also sometimes divided into 
 summer and winter, the former signifying the warm- 
 er, and the latter the colder, pari of the year. 
 
 This word Is sometimes used as an adjective. 
 
 Indian summer ; in the United States, a period of 
 warm weather late in autumn, when, it is said, the 
 Indians go hunting to supply themselves with the 
 flesh of wild animals for provisions in the winter. 
 SUM'MER, V. i. To pass the summer or wann 
 season. 
 
 The fowls shall summer upon them. — Is. xviii. 
 
 SUM'MER, V. U To keep or carry through the sum- 
 mer. Shak. 
 
 SUM'MER, n, [Fr. sommier,a hair quilt, the sound- 
 board of an organ, the winter and head of a printer's 
 press, a large beam, and a sumpter-horse ; \V. su- 
 mer, that which supports or keeps together, a sum- 
 mer. From the l.itter explanation, we may infer 
 that summer is from the root of suvu] 
 
 1. A large stone, the first that is laid over columns 
 and pilasters, beginning to make a cross vault ; or a 
 stone laid over a column, and hollowed to receive 
 the first h.aunce of a platband. Cijc. 
 
 2. .\ large timber supported on two strong piers or 
 posts, serving as a lintel to a door or window, Sec. 
 
 Brand e. 
 
 3. A large timber or beam laid as a central floor 
 timber, inserted into the girders, and receiving the 
 ends of the joists and supporting them. This tim- 
 ber is seen in old buildings in America and in 
 France. In America, it is wholly laid aside. It is 
 called in England Summer-Tree. 
 
 SUM'.MEK-CoLT, n. The undulating state of the 
 air near the surface of the ground when heated. 
 [A*o( u^ed in Jlmerica.] 
 
 SUM'.MEK-CY'PRESS, n. An annual plant of the 
 genus Kochia. Loudon, 
 
 SU.M'AIER-KAL'LaW, n. [.'*ee Fallow.] A fallow 
 made during the warm months, to kill weeds. 
 
 Gardner. 
 
 SUM'MER-FAI.'LCVV, ». (. To plow and work re- 
 peatedly in summer, to prepare for wheat or other 
 crop. 
 
 SUM'MER-HOUSE, n. A house or apartment in a 
 garden to be used in summer. Pope. IVatts. 
 
 2. A house for summer's residence. 
 SU.M'MER-SET, n. [Corriiiition of Fr. soubresuut.] 
 A leap in \vhich the heels are thrown over the 
 head, and the person lights on his feet. 
 
 Hudibras. Walton. 
 SUM'.MER-VVHeAT, n. Spring whrat. 
 SUM'.MING, ppr. of Si-m. Adding together. 
 SUM'MIST, ji. One that forms an abridgment. [Lit- 
 tle used.] • Derintr, 
 SUM'MIT, n. [L. summitas, from summiui, highest.! 
 
 1. The top ; the highest point ; as, the summit of a 
 mountain. 
 
 2. The highest point or degree ; utmost elevation. 
 The general arrived to the summit of human fame. 
 
 3. In coneholotry, the most elevated part of the 
 shell, in which the hinge is placed. Humble, 
 
 Summit level; the highest level of a canal or rail- 
 road, &c., in surmounting an ascent. 
 SUM'MIT-LESS, a. Having no summit. //. Taylor. 
 SUM'MIT-Y, n. The hight or top of aisy thing. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 2. The utmost degree ; perfection. Halliwell. 
 SUM'MO.V, ». t. [L. submonco; sub and moneo ; Fr. 
 sommer. See Admonish.] 
 
 1. To call, cite, or notify, by authority to appear 
 at a place specified, oi to attend in person to some 
 public duly, or both ; as, to summon a jury ; 10 sum- 
 mon witnesses. 
 
 i writ or I'^lter. 
 
 Blacktlone. 
 Dryden. 
 
 The parliament is tummorud by the k 
 Nor trumpets summon him to war. 
 
 2. To give notice to a person to appear in court 
 and defend. 
 
 3. To call or command. 
 
 Love, duly, safety, aamman us away. Pope. 
 
 4. To call up ; to e.xcite into action or exertion ; 
 with up. Summon up all your strength or courage. 
 
 Stilli^n the sinews, sum;«on up the blood, Shak. 
 
 SUM'MON-ED, pp. Admonished or warned by au- 
 thority to appear or attend to something ; called or 
 cited by authority. 
 
 SUM'M6N-ER, h. One who summons or cites by au- 
 thority. In Enirland, the sherirt*'s messenger, em- 
 ployed to warn persons to appear in court. 
 
 SUM'.MON-liNG, ppr. Citing by authority to appear 
 or attend to something. 
 
 SUM'.MO.NS, »i. With a plural termination, but used 
 in the singular number ; as, a summons is prepared. 
 [L. subinoneas.] 
 
 1. A call by authority or the command of a supe- 
 rior to appear at a place named, or to attend to some 
 public duly. 
 
 This summon* he r^solred not to disobey. JF\U. 
 He Sfin lo)>uii>inon the sethiious and to otfcr pardon ; but neither 
 BUjnmone nor panlon was regarded. Hayward. 
 
 2. In law, a warning or citation to appear in court ; 
 or a written notification signed by the pro|ier ofiicer, 
 to be serveil on a person, warning him to appear in 
 court at a day specified, to answer to tlie demand of 
 the plaintiff, 
 
 SVM'MUM BO'^rUM, [L.] The chief good. 
 SU-MOO.M', n. A pestileniial wind of Persia. [See 
 Simoom. ] 
 
 SUMP, n. In metalhiriry, a. round pit of stone, lined 
 with c\ay, for receiving the metal on its first fusion. 
 [Rare] Ray. 
 
 2. A pond of water reserved for salt-works. 
 
 3. In minintr, a pit sunk beli>w the levels of the 
 mine, to circulate air, &c. [Rare.] Carr. 
 
 SUMPH, 71. A dunce. [Scottish.] John Wilson. 
 
 SU.MP'TER, n. [Fr.sommier; It. somaro,] 
 
 A horse th.n carries clothes or furniture ; a bag- 
 gage-horse ; usually called a Pack-Horse. Shak. 
 
 SUMP'TION, (sump'shun,) n. [L. sumo, sumptus.] 
 A taking. [JVot in u^e.] Taylor, 
 
 SUMPT'tJ-A-RY, a. [L. sumptuarius, from sumptus, 
 expense ; Fr. somptuaire.] 
 
 Relating to expense. Sumptuary laws or regula- 
 tions are such as restrain or limit the expenses of 
 citizens in apparel, food, furniture, Sec. Sumptuary 
 laws are abridgments of liberty, and of very difficult 
 execution. They can be justified only on the ground 
 of extreme necessity. 
 
 SUMPT-y-OS'I-TY, n, [from sumptuous.] Expen- 
 sivencss ; costliness. [JVot in use.] Ralegh. 
 
 SUMPT'LJ-OUS, a. [L. sumptuosits ; It. suntuoso ; 
 from sumptus, cost, expense.] 
 
 Costly ; expensive ; hence, splendid ; magnifi- 
 cent ; as, a sumptuous house or table ; sumptuotts 
 apparel. 
 
 We ATt too mag^iidcent and sumptuous in our tables nnd attend- 
 ance. AUSrtlury. 
 
 SUMPT'lJ-OUS-LY, ai/D. Expensively; splendidly; 
 
 with great magnificence. Bacon. SwifL 
 
 SU.MPT'II-OUS-NESS, n. Costliness; eipensiveiiesa. 
 1 will not fall out with those who can reconcile sumptuousntas 
 and chanty. itoyls. 
 
 2. Splendor ; magnificence. 
 SUN, 7t. [Sax. sunjia ; Goth, sunno ; G. sonne ; D. ton ; 
 Sans, sunah. The Danish has siiudag, Sunday, 
 Sclav, some. Qxt. W. tan. It, leine, fire, and shan, 
 in Betftshan.] 
 
 1. The splendid orb or luminary which, b.»ing in 
 or near the center of our system of worlds, gives 
 light and heat to all the phinels. The light of the sun 
 constitutes the tlay,and the darkness which prticeeds 
 from its absence, or the shade of the earth, consti- 
 tutes the niglit. Ps. cxxxvi. 
 
 2. In popular usarre, a sunny pftice ; a place where 
 the beams of the sun fall; as, to stand in the sun, 
 that is, to stand where the direct rays of the sun fall. 
 
 3. /\ny thing eminently splendid or luiiiiiioiis ; 
 that which is the chief source of light or honor. The 
 native Indians of America complain that 111* sun of 
 their glory is set. 
 
 1 will never consent to piil out the sun of aoyereigntv Io pos, 
 terity. A. Charles. 
 
 4. In Scripture, Christ is called the sun of righteous- 
 ness, as the .source of light, animation, and comfort 
 to his disciples. 
 
 5. The luminary or orb which constitutes the cen- 
 ter of any system of worlds. The fixed stars are 
 supposed to be suns in their respective systems. 
 
 Under the sun ; in the world ; on earth ; a proverbial 
 expression. 
 
 There is no new thin* under the sun. — Ccclcs. I. 
 SUN, r. f. To expose to the sun's rays; lo warm or 
 dry in the light of the sun ; lo insolate ; as, to sun 
 cloth ; to sun grain. 
 
 Then lo sun thyself in open air. Dryden. 
 SUN'BeAM, n. [sun and beam.] .\ ray of the sun. 
 Truth written with a sunbeam, is truth made obvi- 
 ously plain. 
 
 (jliding through the even on a sunbeam. ^lUton. 
 SUN'-RiSAT, o. [*nn and beat] Struck by the sun's 
 
 rays ; shone brightly on. Dryden. 
 SUN'-BRIGHT,(-brile,)a. [sun ani bright.] Bright 
 as the sun ; like the sun in brightness ; as, a sun^ 
 bright shield ; a sun-bright chariot. 
 
 Spenser. Milton, 
 
 How and which way I may bestow myself 
 
 To be rt."garded in her sun-brighl eye. Shak. 
 
 SUN'-BURN, V. L To discolor or scorch by the sun. 
 
 Oauden. 
 
 SUN'-BUR.\ED, a. [sm and burnt.] Discolored by 
 the heal or rays of the sun ; tanned ; darkened in 
 hue ; as, a sun-burnt skin. 
 
 Hun-burnt and swarthy though she be. Dryden. 
 2. Scorched by the sun's rays ; as, a sun-burnt soil. 
 
 SUN'-BURN-ING, n. [^sun and burning,] Thebiirn- 
 ing or Ian occasioned liy the rays of the sun on the 
 skin. Boyle, 
 
 SUN'-eL.\D, a. [sun and clad.] Clad in radiance or 
 brightness. 
 
 SUN'-I)A RT, ji. A ray of the sun. Hemans, 
 SUN'D.AY, II. sunna-dwg ; G. sonntag ; I), zon- 
 
 dag ; Dan. siSndag ; Sw. siindag; so called because 
 this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or lo its 
 worship.] 
 
 The Christian Sabbath ; the first day of the week, 
 a day consecrated to rest from secular employments, 
 and to religious worship. It is called also the Lord's 
 Day. Many pious persons, however, discard ihe 
 use of Sunday, and call the day the Sabbath. [See 
 Sarhath.] 
 
 SUN'D.AY, a. Belonging lo the Lord's day, or Chris- 
 tian Sabbath. 
 
 SUN'DAY-SCHOOL, n. A school for the religious 
 instruction of children and youth on ihe Lord's day. 
 
 SUN'DER, V. t. [Sax. sundrinn, syndrian ; G. son- 
 dern ; Dan. sbnder, torn in pieces ; Sw. sUndra, to di- 
 vide.] 
 
 1. "To part; to separate; to divide ; to disunite in 
 almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, or 
 breaking ; as, lo sunder a rope or cord ; lo sunder a 
 limb or joinl ; lo .tunder friends, or the ties of friend- 
 ship. 1 he executioner sunders the head from the 
 boily at a stroke. A mountain may be sundered by 
 an earthquake. 
 
 Brin^ me lightning, give me thunder; 
 
 Jove may kill, but iicVr shall sunder. Gtanvilis. 
 
 2. To expose lo Ihe sun. [Provincial in England.] 
 SUN'DER, n. In sunder : in two. 
 
 He cutteth the spear in sunder. — Ps. xlvi. 
 
 SUN'DER-f:D, pp. or a. Sep.arated ; divided ; parted. 
 
 SUN'DER-ING, ppr. Parting; separating. 
 
 SUN'-DEW, {sun'du,) 71. [sun and dew.] A plant of 
 the genus Drosera. Lee- 
 
 SUN'-DI-AL, 71, [sun and dial.] An instrument lo 
 show the time of day, by means of the shadow of a 
 gnomon or style on a plate, Locke. 
 
 SU.N'-DOG, n. A luminous spot occasionally seen a 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, yNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS, 
 
 - - __- 
 
SUP 
 
 few degrees from the sun, supposed to be formed by 
 tile intersection of two or more iialoes. Sometimes 
 tlie spot appears wlien the haloes tliemselves are in- 
 visilile. Olmsted. 
 
 SUX'DOWX, 71. Sunset ; sunsetting. 
 
 SUX'-Ultr-ED, (-dride,) o. [sun and dry.] Dried in 
 tlie nivs of the san. 
 
 SUX'DRV, o. [Sax. sunder, separate.] 
 
 Several ; divers ; more than one or two. 
 [This word, like several, is indefinite ; but it usu- 
 ally signifies a small number, sometimes many.] 
 
 I hwe composed eiindry collects. Saunderton. 
 SuTulry fot's Uie rural realm surround. Dryden. 
 
 SUX'FrSH, n. [sun and fish.] A large, soft-finned 
 sea-fish of the order Plectognathi, and genus Ortliag- 
 ori-iius, supposed to be so named from its nearly cir- 
 cular form and shining surface. These fishes look 
 more like the dissevered head of a fish, than the en- 
 tire animal. Jardi)\e^ s J^''at. Lib. 
 
 2. In tkc United States, a small, fresh-water fish, of 
 the perch family, bulonging to the genus Pomotis ; 
 also called Posd Perch. Eneyc. .^n. D, H. Storer. 
 
 3. A species of shark, Selachus maxiraus, the 
 basking shark. Jardine^s A^at. Lib. 
 
 SU.\'FLOW-ER, n. [sun and floirer.] A plant of 
 the genus Helianthus; so called from the form and 
 Cfilor of its flower, or from its habit of turning to the 
 sun. The bastard sunjiowcr is of the genus Heleni- 
 um ; the dwarf sunfiowcr is of the genus Rudbeckia, 
 and another of the genus Tetragonotheca ; the little 
 snnfinwer is of the genus Cistus. Fain, of Plants. 
 
 SVHG, pret. and pp. of Sing. 
 
 While to Ills h irp divine Amphion sung. Pope. 
 
 SUN'-GILT, a. Gilded by the rays of the sun. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 SUJiK, pret. and pp. of Sink. 
 
 Or losseit by hope, or sunk by care. Prior. 
 
 SUNK'£N, a. Sunk ; lying on the bottom of a river 
 
 or other water. 
 SU.V'LESS, a. [ran and Z«s.] Destitute of the sun 
 
 or its ravs ; shaded. Thomson. 
 SU.V'LKJHT, ( lite,) Ji. The light of the sun. 
 SUN'LIKE, a. [.van and iiie.] Resembling the sun. 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 SLT.X'LIT, a. Lighted by the sun. Tudd. 
 SUX'.VKI), pp. Exposed to the sun's rays. 
 SITi\-.\('AH, n. A name of the sect of Sunnites, 
 which see. 
 
 SU.\'.\"I\G, ppr. Exposing to the sun's rays ; warm- 
 ing in the light of the sun. 
 
 SL'.V'.MTES, n. pi. The orthodox Mohammedans 
 who receive the Sunna (a collection of traditions) as 
 of equal importance with the Koran. E:icyc.Am. 
 
 SL'N'NY, n, [from SUM.] Like the sun ; bright. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. Proceeding from the sun ; as, sunny beams. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 3. Exposed to the rays of the sun ; warmed by the 
 direct rays of the sun ; as, the sunny side of a hdl 
 or building. 
 
 Her blooniiri? mountruiis, and her tunny shores. Addison. 
 
 4. Colored by the sun. 
 
 Her Kunny locks 
 Hang on her temples like a golden fleece. Sliak. 
 
 SUiN'-PL.ANT, n. A plant cultivated in India and 
 
 Sum.atra, Crotalaria juncea, from whose fibers are 
 
 inad^ small ropes pnd twine. 
 SUiV'PROOF, c [sun and proof.] Impervious to the 
 
 ravs of the sun. Peele. 
 SU.V'RTSE, j n. [.Tun and rive] The first appcar- 
 SLIN'RIS LNG, j ance of the sun above the horizon 
 
 in the morning; or, more generally, the time of such 
 
 appearance, whether in fair or cloudy weather. 
 2. The cast. Ralegh. 
 SlT,N'-SeORCH£D, (-skorcht,) a. Scorched by the 
 
 sun. Coleridge. 
 SU.N'SET, ) n. [sun and set.] The descent of 
 
 SU.V'SET-TING, ( the sun below the horizon ; or 
 
 the time when the sun sets; evening. 
 
 Halerrh. Dryden. 
 SUN'.-:|II.\E, n. [.lun and .-thine.] The light of the 
 
 ."iun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of 
 
 the sun, or the place where they fall. 
 
 But all «un«Aine, ns wh<*n his tx>ains at noon 
 
 CulniinHte from the efpidlor. /ifilton. 
 
 2. A place warmed and illuminated ; warmth ; il- 
 lumination. 
 
 The man thai sits within a monaich*i hrarl. 
 Anr) rip'.Mii m the «un«/tine of tiia f-tvor. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 BUN'SIII.NE, I a. nright with the rays of the sun ; 
 SUN'3III.\-Y, I clear, warm, or pleasant ; as, a ,»«n- 
 shttitj day ; sunAhiny weather. Boyle. 
 2. Bright like the sun. 
 
 Klaahini; l^ms of that aunthiny shield. Spenttr, 
 
 SUN'-STROKE, n. A stroke of the sun, or his heat. 
 Stf'OJffnF., [L.l In one's oivn right. 
 Stro MAR'TE, [L.] By his own otrencth or exer- 
 tir>n. 
 
 BVP,v.L r^ax. lupani V. luipen; Fr. toupcr. See 
 Pour and Sir.] 
 
 SUP 
 
 To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid ; 
 to take or drink by a little at a time ; to sip. 
 
 There I'll eup 
 E.ilm and necuir in my cup. CrtLshaw. 
 
 SUP, V. i. To eat the evening meal. 
 
 When they had tupped, they brought Tobias in. ToUl. 
 SUP, t). (. To treat with supper. 
 
 Sup ihem well. [Not in use.\ Shab. 
 SUP, n. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth ; a 
 little taken with the lips; a sip. 
 
 Tom Thumb jot a little tup. Draylon. 
 SC'PER, a Latin preposition, [Gr. vtrco,] signifies 
 above, over, excess. It is much used in composition. 
 SU'PER-A-BLE, a. [L. superabilis, from supero, to 
 overcome.] 
 
 That may be overcome or conquered. These are 
 suprrable difficulties. • 
 
 SO PER-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being con- 
 querable or surmountable. 
 
 SCPER-A-BLY, adv. So as may he overcome. 
 
 SU-PER-A-BOUND', v. i. [super and abound.] To 
 be very abundant or exuberant ; to be more than 
 sufficient. The country superabounds with corn. 
 
 SU-PER-A-BOUi\D'lNG, ppr. or a. Abounding be- 
 yond want or necessity; abundant to excess or a 
 great degree. 
 
 SU-PER-A-BUND'ANCE, n. More than enough ; ex- 
 cessive abundance ; as, a superabundance of the pro- 
 ductions of the earth. IVoodward. 
 
 SU-PER-A-BUND'ANT, a. Abounding to excess ; 
 being more than is sufficient ; as, superabundant zeal. 
 
 SwifL 
 
 SU-PER-A-BUND'A.\T-LY, adv. More than suffi- 
 ciently. Cheyne. 
 SU-PER-A-CID'lI-LA-TED,<i. [super and acidulated.] 
 
 Acidulated to excess. 
 SU-PER-ADD', V. t. [super and add.] To add over 
 and above ; to add to what has been added. 
 2. To add or annex something extrinsic. 
 The strength of a living creature, in those external motions, is 
 Eojnething diktiuct from, and tuperadded to, lis natural 
 gravity. WiUcins, 
 
 SU-PER-.'YDD'ED, pp. Added over and above. 
 
 SU-PER-ADD'ING, ppr. Adding over and above; 
 adding something extrinsic. 
 
 SU-PER-AD-Dr'TION, (-ad-dish'un,) n. [super and 
 addition.] The act of adding to something, or of 
 adding something extraneous. Jilore. 
 2. That which is added. 
 
 This superaddilion is nothing but fat. Arbuthnot. 
 
 SU-PER-AD-Ve'NI-ENT, a. [L. sJtperadvenien.s.] 
 Coming upon ; coming to the increase or assistance 
 of something. 
 
 When a man has done bravely by the tuperadcenient aA^istance 
 of his God. More, 
 
 2. Coming unexpectedly. [TTtis word is little used.] 
 SU-PER-A.\-(SEL'ie, a. [super and angelic] Supe- 
 rior in nature or rank to the angels. One class of 
 Unitarians believe Christ to be a superangclic being. 
 SU-PER-AN'NU-aTE, v. U [L. super and annus, a 
 year.] 
 
 To impair or disqualify by old age and infirmity ; 
 as, a superannuated magistrate. Swift. 
 
 SU-PER-AN'NU-aTE, v. i. To last beyond the year. 
 [JVof in use.] Bacon. 
 
 SU-PER-A!V'NU-a-TED, pp. or o. Impaired or dis- 
 qualified by old age. 
 2. Having passed the regular term of service. 
 
 SU-PER-AN-NU-a'TION, 71. The state of being too 
 old for office or business, or of being disqualified by 
 old age. 
 
 SU-I'ERB', a. [Fr. superbe; L. superbus, proud, from 
 
 super.] 
 
 1. Grand; magnificent; as, a mperb edifice; a 
 superb colonnade. 
 
 2. Rich ; elegant ; as, superb furniture or decora- 
 tions. 
 
 3. Showy ; pompous ; as, a superb exhibition. 
 
 4. Rich; splendid; as, a iuperA enterlaiument, 
 ."j. August ; stately. 
 
 SU-PERB'LY, adv. In a magnificent or splendid 
 
 manner ; richlv ; elegantly. 
 SU-PER-€XR'GO, n. [sup'cr and carg-o.'\ An officer 
 
 or person in a merchant's ship, whose business is to 
 
 manage the sales and superintend all the commercial 
 
 concerns of tfie voytige. 
 SU-PER-CE-LES'TIAL, (-lest'yal,) a. [super and 
 
 celestial.] Situated above the firmament or great 
 
 vault of heaven. 
 
 Trans. Pausanias. Raletrh. IVoodward. 
 SU-PER-CHARGE', t). t. In heraldry, to place one 
 
 bearing on another. 
 SU-PER-CIIaRG'KI), pp. Borne upon another. 
 SU-PER-CHARG'L\G,/i/)r. Placing one bearing on 
 
 nnother. 
 
 SU-PER-CIL'IA-RY, a. [L. *iip<T and eilium, the 
 eyebrow.) 
 
 Situated or being above the eyebrow. .4.«ia(. 71m. 
 The .superciliary arch, is the bony superior arch of 
 the orbiL Cijc. 
 SU-PER-CIL'l-OU9,n. [h. supcrciliosus. Sec above.] 
 
 SUP 
 
 1. Lofiy with pride; haughty; dictatorial; over- 
 bearing ; as, a supercilious officer. 
 
 2. Manifesting haughtiness, or proceeding from it ; 
 overbearing ; as, a supercilious air ; supercilious be- 
 havior. 
 
 SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS-LY, adv. Haughtily; dogmat- 
 ically ; with an air of contempt. Clarendon. 
 
 SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS-NESS, n. Haughtiness ; an over- 
 bearing temper or manner. 
 
 SU-PER-eON-CEP'TION, n. [super and conception.] 
 A conception after a former conception. Brown. 
 
 SU-PER-eON'SE-aUENCE, n. [super and conse- 
 quence.] Remote consequence. [JV</( used.] Brown. 
 
 SU-PER-€RE.s'CE.\CE, n. [L. super and crescens.j 
 That which grows upon another growing thing. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 SU-PER-CRES'CENT, a. [Supra.] Growing on 
 some other growing thing. Juhnmen. 
 
 SU-PEU-UOM'l.\-A.\T, n. In mu^c, the sixth oT the 
 kev, in the desceiidmg scale. 
 
 SU-PER-EM'l-i\E.\CE, I rr -i 
 
 SU-PER-E.\I'I-NE.N-CY, \ ^P"" """"•''■] 
 
 Eminence superior to what is common ; distin- 
 guished eminence ; as, the supereminence of Cicero as 
 an orator; the supereminence of Dr. Johnson as a 
 writer, or of Lord Chatham as a statesman. 
 
 SU-PER-EM'l-i\Ei\T, a. Eminent in a superior de- 
 gree ; surpassing others in excellence ; as, a super- 
 eminent divine ; the supereminent glory of Christ. 
 
 SU-PER-E.M'I-NENT-LY, adv. In a superior degree 
 of excellence ; with unusual distinction. 
 
 SU-PER-ER'O-GANT, a. Supererogatory, which see. 
 
 Stackhouse. 
 
 SU-PER-ER'O-GaTE, v. i. [L. super and erogatio, 
 erogo.] 
 
 To Qo more than duty requires. Aristotle's follow- 
 ers have supererogated in observance. [Little used.] 
 
 Olanville. 
 
 SU-PER-ER-0-Ga'TIOi\, n. [Supra.] Performance 
 of more than duty requires. 
 
 There is no such thing as works of tuperero^alion. Tillotton. 
 
 Works of supererogation; in the Roman Catholic 
 church, those good deeds supposed to have been per- 
 formed by saints, over and above what is required 
 for their own salvation. Hook. 
 
 SU-PER-E-ROG'A-TIVE, a. Supersrogatory. [JVot 
 much used.] Stafford. 
 
 SU-PER-E R0G'.\-T0-RY, a. Performed to an ex- 
 tent not enjoined or not required by duty ; as, super- 
 erofratonf services. Howell. 
 
 SU-PER-ES-SEN'TIAL, ( sen'shal,) a. [super and 
 essential.] Essential above others, or above the con- 
 stitution of a thing. Pans niias. Trans. 
 
 SU-PER-EX-ALT', (-e^z-,) c. t. [super and ezalU] 
 To exalt to a superior decree. Barrow. 
 
 SU-PER-E.\-ALT-a'TION, n. [super and exaltation.] 
 Elevation above the common degree. Holiday. 
 
 SU-PER-EX-ALT'ED, pp. Exalted to a superior de- 
 gree. 
 
 SU-PER-EX-ALT'ING, ppr. Exalting to a superior 
 degree. 
 
 SU-PER-EX'CEL-LENCE, n. [super and ezcellence.] 
 Superior excellence. 
 
 SU-PER-E.\'CEL-LENT, a. Excellent in an uncom- 
 mon degree ; very excellent. Decay of Piety. 
 
 SU-PER-EX-€RES'CE.\CE, n. [super and ezcrej- 
 cence.] Something superfluously growing. 
 
 fVtseman. 
 
 SU-PER-FE eUND'I-TY, n. [si/;jfr and fecundity.] 
 Superabundant fecundity or multiplication of the 
 species. Paley. 
 SU-PER-FE'TaTE, r. i. [L. super nnd/<r(its.] 
 To conceive after a prior conception. 
 
 The female is said to tuperfetau. Crete, 
 SU-PER-FE-Ta'TIO.\, n. A second conception after 
 a prior one, and before the birth of the first, by which 
 two fetuses are growing at once in the same womb. 
 
 Howel. 
 
 SO'PER-FiiTE, r. i. To superfetate. [Litt/c used.] 
 
 Howell. 
 
 SC'PER-FicTE, V. t. To conceive after a former con- 
 ception. [Little used.] HowelU 
 
 SO'PER-FIUE, (su'per-fis,) n. Superficies; surface. 
 [Little, used.] [See Superficies.] 
 
 SU-PER-Fr'CIAL, (-fish'al,) a. [U. superfieiale; Sp. 
 superficial ; Fr. superficiel ; from superficies.] 
 
 1. Being on the surface ; not penetrating the sub- 
 stance of a thing; as, a superficial color; a superfi- 
 cial covering. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the surface or exterior part; as, 
 superficial measure or contents. 
 
 3. Shallow ; contrived to cover something. 
 
 This tuperficiat tale 
 Ip but a preface to her worthy praise. SbaJc, 
 
 4. Shallow ; not deep or profound ; reaching or 
 comprehending only what is obvious or apparent ; 
 as, a superficial scholar; superficial knowledge. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 SU-PER-FI"CI-AL'I-TY, (-fish-e-al'o-te,) n. The 
 qutility of being superficial. [A'ot much used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 SU-PER-FI"CI AL-LY, adv. On the surface only ; as, 
 a substance superficially tinged with a color. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fj^LL, WH^T METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 llOti 
 
r 
 
 SUP 
 
 2. On the surface or exterior p.irt only ; without 
 penetrating tlie substance or essence ; as, to survey 
 tilings superficially. Jililton. 
 
 3. Witliout Roinp deep or searching things to tlie 
 bottom ; sliglitly. He rc:isons supcrjiciallij. 
 
 1 hnve liiid down taperficially my preiciit thou^hu. Dry<ttn. 
 SU-PER-FI"CIAL-NESS, (-ftsh'al-ness,) n. Shallow- 
 ness ; position on the surface. 
 
 2. Slight knowledge ; shallowness of observation 
 or learning ; show without substance. 
 SU-l'ER-Fr'ClicS, (su-per-fish'ez,) n. [L., from ju- 
 per, upon, and/aciiw, face.] 
 
 The surface ; the exterior part of a thing. A su- 
 perficies consists of length and breadth ; as, the sil- 
 perficies of a plate or of a sphere. Superficies is 
 rectiline.ir, curvilinear, plane, convex, or concnve. 
 SO'PER-FINE, a. [super and fine.] Very fine or 
 most tine; surpassing others in fineness; :is^ super- 
 fine cloth, 'i'lie word is chiefly used of cloth, but 
 sometimes of liquors; as, superfine wine or cider; 
 and of other things, as iii;)er/inc wire, superfine flour. 
 SU-PEK'FMJ-ENCE, ii. [L. svprr and fluo, to flow.] 
 Superfluity; more than is necessary. [Little luied.] 
 Hammond. 
 
 SU-PER-FLO'I-TANCE, n. [L. super and fiuito, to 
 float.] 
 
 The act of floating above or on the surface. [Lit- 
 tle useJ.\ Brown. 
 
 SU-PER-FLO'l-TANT, a. Floating above or on the 
 surface. [Little used.] Brown. 
 
 SU-PER-FLu'f-TY, 71. [Ft. superfiuiti ; U. superflu- 
 itd ; L. superfluitas ; super and fluo, to flow.] 
 
 1. Superabundance ; a greater ipiantity than is 
 wanted ; as, a superfluitij of water or provisions. 
 
 2. Something that is beyond what is wanted ; 
 something rendered unnecessary by its abundance. 
 Among the superfluities of life we seldom number 
 the abundance of money. 
 
 SU-PEll'FLU-OUS, o. [L. superfluus, overflowing; 
 super and fluo, to flow.] 
 
 1. More than is wanted ; rendered unnecessary by 
 superabundance ; as, a superfluous supply of corn. 
 
 2. More than sufficient; unnecessary; useless; 
 as, a compositi(m abounding with superfluous words. 
 Superfluous epithets rather enfeeble than strengthen 
 description. If what has been said will not con- 
 vince, it would be suprrfluous to say more. 
 
 S-perfluous interval, in music, is one that exceeds a 
 true diatonic interval by a semitone minor. Cyc. 
 
 Superfluous poly iramy, (Polygaulia superflua ;) a 
 kind of inflorescence or compound flower, in which 
 the florets of the disk are hermaphrodite and fertile, 
 and those of the ray, though female or pisliliferous 
 only, are also fertile ; designating the second order 
 of the class Syngenesia of Linnaus. jMartyn. 
 
 Superfluous sound, or lone, is one which contains a 
 semitone minor more'than a tone. Cyc. 
 SU-PER'FL(;-OIJS-LV', ailv. With excess ; in a de- 
 gree beyond what is necessary. 
 SU-PER'FLU-OUS-NESS, n. 'The state of being su- 
 perfluous or beyond what is wanted. 
 SO'PER-FLU.\, «, [L. super and ^uxuj.l 
 
 That which is more than is wanted. [Little used.] 
 
 Shale. 
 
 SU-PER-FO-LI-A'TION, n. [super and foliation.] 
 Excess of foliation. f.A'oC used.] Broicn, 
 
 SU-PER-lly'MAN, o. [super and human.] Above or 
 beyimd wlial is human ; divine. 
 
 SU-PER-I. M-PEND'ING, ppr. Hanging over ; threat- 
 ening from above. 
 
 SU-PER-I.M-POSE', (su-pcr-im-poze',) v. t. [super and 
 impose.] 
 
 To lay or impose on something else ; as, a stratum 
 of earth superimposed on a different stratum. 
 
 ICirwan. 
 
 SU-PER-IM-PSS'ED, pp. or o. Laid or imposed on 
 something. Humboldt. 
 
 SU-PER-IM-POS'ING, ppr. Laying on something 
 else. 
 
 SU-PER-IM-PO Sl"TIO\, (-im-po.7.ish'un,) n. The 
 act of laying, or the state of being placed, on some- 
 thing else. Kirwan. 
 
 SU-PER-IM-PREG-NA'TION, n. [super and impreg- 
 nation.] 
 
 The act of impregnating upon a prior impregna- 
 tion ; impregnation when previously impregnated. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 SU-PER-IN-eUM'BENT, a. [super and ineumbenL] 
 Lvin;: or resting on something else. 
 
 SU-PER-I\-DOCE', V. t. [super and inrfucf,] To 
 bring in or upon as an addition to something ; as, to 
 superiniluee a virtue or quality upon a person not be- 
 fore possessing it. 
 
 Lonf cuitom of linniof euperinducei upon the soul n«w and 
 absunl dctir't. South. 
 
 SU PER-IN-DCiC'fD, (-in-dust',) pp. or a. Induced or 
 
 brnught upon something. 
 SU-PER-IN-DCC'ING, ppr. Inducing on something 
 
 else. 
 
 SU-PER-IN-DUe'TION, *. The act of supcrindue- 
 ing. 
 
 Tlw niptrinjucfion tt III baliib quiekl/ defuM Uw fini nid« 
 drauelil of Yinue. Soulft. 
 
 SUP 
 
 SU-Pi;U IN-FOSE', V. t. To infuse over. 
 
 SU-PEK-INJEC'TION, n. [super and injecdOTi.] An 
 injection succeeding another. Diet. 
 
 SU-PER-lN-SPEeT', r. (. [super and inject.] To 
 oversee; to superintend by inspection. [Little used.] 
 
 SU-PER-IN-STI-TO'TION, ji. [super and institu- 
 tion.] One institution upon another; as when A 
 is instituted and admitted to a benefice upon a title, 
 and U is instituted and admitted upon a presentation 
 of another. Bailey. 
 
 SU-FER-IN-TEL-LEeT'tJ-AL, o. [sTiperand i;i(c(iece- 
 ual.] 
 
 Being above intellect. Pausanias, Trans. 
 
 SU-PER-IiN-TENU', u. (. [super and iji(e>it/.] To have 
 or exercise the charge and oversight of; to oversee 
 with the power of direction ; to take care of with 
 authority ; as, an officer superintends the building of 
 a ship or the construction of a fort. God exercises a 
 superintendinir care over all his creatures. 
 
 SU-PER-IN-TEi\I)'ED, pp. Overseen ; taken careof. 
 
 SU-PER-IN-TEND'ENCE, ( n. The act of siiperin- 
 
 SIJ-PER-IN-TENU'EN-CY, i tending; care and 
 oversight for the purpose of direction, and with 
 authoritv to direct. 
 
 SU-PER-l"N-TENIJ'Ei\T, 71. One who has the over- 
 sight and charge of something, with the power of 
 direction ; as, the superintendent of an alms-house or 
 work-house ; the superintendent of public worki ; the 
 superintendent of customs or finance. 
 
 2. An ecclesiastical superior in some ProtMtant 
 churches. 
 
 SU-PEIl-IN-TEND'ER, 71. A superintendent. 
 
 HItewell. 
 
 SU-PER-IN-TEND'ING, ppr. or a. Overseeing with 
 the authority to direct what shall be done and how 
 it shall be done. 
 
 SU-PlC'RI-OR, o. [Sp. and L. from super, above ; Fr. 
 superieur ; It. superiore.] 
 
 1. Higher; upper; more elevated in place; as, the 
 superior limb of the sun ; the superior part of an im- 
 age. .PiTewtan. 
 
 2. Higher in rank or office ; more exalted in digni- 
 ty ; as, a superior officer ; a superior degree of nobil- 
 ity. 
 
 3. Higher or greater in excellence; surpassing 
 others in the greatness, goodness, or value of any 
 quality ; as, a man of superior merit, of superior bra- 
 very, of superior talents or understanding, of supe- 
 rior accomplishments. 
 
 4. Being beyond the power or influence of ; too 
 great or firm to be subdued or affected by ; as, a man 
 superior to revenge. 
 
 There is not on earth a apeclacle more worthy than a fireal min 
 tuperior to his luil'enngs. Spectator. 
 
 5. In botany, a superior flower has the receptacle of 
 the flower above the germ ; a superior germ is in- 
 cliiiled within the corol. Jlartyn. 
 
 SU-Pe'RI-OR, 71. One who is more advanced in age. 
 Old persons or elders are the superiors of the young. 
 
 2. One who is more elevated in rank or office. 
 
 3. One who surpasses others in dignity, excellence, 
 or qualities of any kind. As a writer of pure Eng- 
 lish, Addison has no superior. 
 
 4. The chief of a monastery, convent, or abbey. 
 SU-PE-Rl-OR'I-TY, 71. Preeminence ; the quality of 
 
 being more advanced or higher, greater or more ex- 
 cellent than another in any respect ; as, superiority 
 of age, of rank or dignity, of attainments or excel- 
 lence. The s«periori(y of others in fortune and rank, 
 is more readily acknowledged than superiority of un- 
 derstanding. 
 
 SU-PER-OX'YD, 71. [super and ort/rf.] An oxyd con- 
 taining more equivalents of oxygen than of the base 
 with which it is combined ; a hypcroxyd. 
 
 SU-PER-LA'TION, 71. [L. supcrlatio.] 
 
 Exaltation of any thing beyond truth or propriety. 
 fl believe not used.] B. Jtmson. 
 
 SU-PER'LA-TIVE,a. [Fr. superlatif; h.supertativus ; 
 super and UUio, latus,fero.] 
 
 1. Highest in degree ; most eminent ; surpassing 
 all other ; as, a man of superlative wisdom or pru- 
 dence, of super/aiice worth ; a woman of superlative 
 beauty. 
 
 2. Supreme ; as, the superlative glory of the divine 
 character. 
 
 3. In grammar, expressing the highest or utmost 
 degree ; as, the superlative degree of comparison. 
 
 SU-PER'LA-TIVE, 71, In grammar, the superlative 
 degree of adjectives and adverbs, which is formed 
 by the termination est, as meanest, highest, bravest ; 
 or by the use of 7nos(, as most high, most brave ; or 
 by least, as least amiable ; also a word in the super- 
 lative degree. 
 
 SU-PER'LA-TIVE-LY, o<Zt>. In a manner expressing 
 the utmost degree. 
 
 1 shall not ipeaM tuperlatirtly of them. Bacon. 
 2. In the highest or utmost degree. Tiberius was 
 superlatively wicked ; Clodius was superlatively prof- 
 ligate. 
 
 SU PER'LA-TIVE-NESS, n. The state of being in 
 
 the highest degree. 
 SU-PER-LO'NAR, ) a. [L. super and luna, the 
 SU-PER-LO'NA-RY, j moon.] 
 
 SUP 
 
 Being above the moon ; not sublunary, or of this 
 world. 
 
 I'he head thai lurnl at guptrlunar thinp. Pope. 
 
 SU-PER-.ME'DI-AL, o. Lying or being above the 
 midille. Buffon. 
 
 SU-PEll-MOLE'eULE, n. A compounded molecule, 
 or combination of two molecules of different sub- 
 stances. Prout. 
 
 SU-PER-MUN'DANE, a. [super and 7nunda7ie.] Be- 
 ini: above the world. Pans. 'Vrans. 
 
 SU-PER-NACU-LUM, 71. [L. super and G. nagel, a 
 nail.] 
 
 Good liquor, of which not enough is left to wet 
 on*;'s nail. Grose. 
 SU-PER'N.\L, a. [h. supemus, super.] 
 
 1. Being in a higher p\nce or region ; locally higher ; 
 as, the supernal orbs ; supernal regions. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Relaiiiig to things above; celestial; lieaveiily ; 
 as, supernal grace. 
 
 Not \ty the hulTrringi of tuptrnat power. Milton. 
 
 SU-PER-NA'TANT, a. [L. supernntans, supcmato; 
 super and nato, to swim.] 
 
 Swimming above ; floating on the surface ; as, oil 
 supernatant on water. Boyle. 
 
 SU-PER-NA-TA'TION, 77. The actof floatinL' tin the 
 surface of a fluid. Bacon. 
 
 SU-PER-NAT'U-RAL, a. [super and natural.] Be- 
 ing beyond or exceeding the powers or laws of 
 nature ; miraculous. A supernatural event is one 
 which is not produced according to the ordinary or 
 established laws of natural things. Thus, if iron has 
 more specific gravity than water, it will sink in that 
 fluid; and the floating of iron tm water must be a 
 supernatural event. Now, no human being can alter 
 a law of nature ; the floating of iron on water, there- 
 fore, must be caused by divine power specially ex- 
 erted to suspend, in tins instance, a law of nature. 
 Hence, supernatural events or miracles can be pro- 
 duced only by the immediate agency of divine 
 power. 
 
 SU-PEK-NAT'TJ-RAL-ISM, ) »i. The state of being 
 
 SU-PRA-NAT'lT-RAL-ISM, i supernatural. Carlylc. 
 2. The doctrine of a divine and supernatural 
 asency in the production of the miracles and revela- 
 tions recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which 
 renews and sanctifies men ; in opposition to the 
 dttclrine which denies the operation of any other 
 than physical or natural causes in these several 
 things. Murduck, 
 
 SU-PEU-NAT'lJ-RAL-IST, n. One who holds the 
 principles of supernatiiralism. 
 
 SU-PER-NAT'li-RAL-LY, adv. In a mannar ex- 
 ceeding the established course or laws of nature. 
 The prophets must have been supernaturally taught 
 or enlightened, for their predictions were beyond 
 human foreknowledge. 
 
 Si;-PER-NAT'l.;-KAI--NESS, 71. The state or quality 
 of being beyond the power or ordinary laws of 
 nature. 
 
 SU-PER-NO'MER-.\-RY, a. [Fr. supernuTTierotre ; L. 
 super and numerus, number.] 
 
 1. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed ; as, 
 a supernumerary officer in a regiment; a supernumer- 
 ary canon in the church. 
 
 2. Exceeding a necessary, a usual, or a round num- 
 ber ; as, supernumerary addresses ; snprrnumerary 
 expense. Addison. Fell. 
 
 SU-PER-.\0'.MER-A-RY, n. A person or thing be- 
 yond the nuiiibt r stated, or beyond what is neces- 
 sary or usu.1l. On the reduction of the regimenu;, 
 several supernumeraries were to be provided ftir. 
 
 SU-PER-PAR-TICq-LAR, a. [super and particular.] 
 Noting a ratio when the excess of the greater term 
 over the less is a unit ; as, the ratio of I to 2, or of 3 
 to 4. [JVo( III use.] Hnttun. 
 
 SU-PER-PAR'TIENT, (-pir'shent,) a. [L. super and 
 parlio.] Noting a ratio when the excess of the 
 greater term over the less is more than a unit ; to, 
 that of 3 to 5, or of 7 to 10. [AO.! in use.] Hitlton. 
 
 SO'PEK-PLANT, n. [super and plant.) A plant 
 grotving on another plant ; as the misletoe. [JVot 
 used. ] Bacon. 
 [We now use Parasite and Epiphyte.] 
 
 SO'PER-PLl^S. See Stnpi.t.s. 
 
 SO'PER-PLUS-AGE, n. [L. super and pliu.] That 
 which is more than enough ; excess. FeU, 
 [We nt>w use Surpi.l-saoe, which see.] 
 SU-PER-PON'DER-ATE, r. t. I L. super and pondero.] 
 
 To weiah over and above. [JVvt tuied.] Diet. 
 SU-PER-PoSE', (su-per-poze',) v. U [L. super and Fr. 
 poser, to lay.] 
 
 To lay upon, as one kind of rock on another. 
 SU-PER-POS'£I), pp. or a. Laid or being up n some- 
 thing. Humboldt. 
 SU-PER-Pf)?'ING, ppr. Placing upon something. 
 SU-PER-P0-SI"T10N, ( po-zish'iin,) n. [super and 
 position.] A placing above ; a lying or being situated 
 above or upon something ; as, the superposition 
 rocks. Humboldt, 
 
 2. That which is situated above or upon some- 
 thing else. 
 
 SO'PER-PRAISE, (su'per-prize,) ». ». To praise lo 
 excess. SAai. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — 6 as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH , TH as In THIS. 
 
 139* 
 
 ^ OOOO" 
 
 1100 
 
SUP 
 
 SUP 
 
 SUP 
 
 SU-PER-PRO-PoR'TIOX, ji. [super and proportion.] 
 Ovf rpliis of priiportion. Digby. 
 
 SU-PER-PUR-GA'TIO.V, n. [super and purgation.] 
 More pur<ration than is sufficient. Wiseman, 
 
 SU-PER-RE-FLEe'TlON, n. [super and rejiection.] 
 Tile reflection of an image reflected. Bacon. 
 
 SU-FER-RE-WARD', v. L To reward to excess. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 SU-PER-ROY'AL,a. [super and royal.] Larger than 
 roval ; denoting the largest species of printing paper. 
 
 SU-PER-SA'LI-EN-CY, n. [L. super and salio, to 
 leap.] 
 
 The act of leaping on any thing. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Brown, 
 
 SU-PER-Sa'LI-ENT, a. Leaping upon. 
 
 SU'PER-SALT, n. In chemiitnj, a salt with a greater 
 number of equivalents of acid than base. The 
 binoiatate and quotemozalate of potassa are supersalts, 
 
 SU-PER-^AT'II-RaTE, v. t. [L. super and saturo.] 
 To add to beyond saturation. 
 
 SU-PER-SAT'Ii-RA-TED, pp. or a. More than sat- 
 urated. 
 
 SU-PER-SAT'U-Ra-TING, ppr. More than satura- 
 ting ; filling to excess. 
 
 SU-PER-SAT-lI-R.^'TION, n. The operation of add- 
 ing beyond saturation, or the state of being thus 
 supersiitiirated. Fourcroy. 
 
 SU-PER-SeRlBE', r. t. [L. super and scribo] to 
 write.] 
 
 To write or engrave on the top, outside, or sur- 
 face ; or to write the name or address of one on tlie 
 outside or cover; as, to superscribe a letter. 
 
 SU-PER-?eRIB'KD, pp. Inscribed on the outside. 
 
 SU-PER-SCRIB'I.XG, ;>pr. Inscribing, writing, or en- 
 graving on the outside, or on the top. 
 
 SU-PER-SCRIP'TION, n. Tlie act of superscribing. 
 
 2. That which is written or engraved on the out- 
 side, or above something else. P/aller. 
 
 The tuptrscriptian of his accusalion was \vritten over, The King 
 of llie Jfws. — M.irii xv. Lake xxiij. 
 
 3. An impression of letters on coins. MatL xxii. 
 [Shakspeare uses Superscript.] 
 
 SU-PER-SEe'U-LAR, a. [super and secular.] Being 
 
 above the^ world or secular tiiings. 
 SU-PER-SeDE', tJ. t. [\,. superscdeo ; super and sedeo, 
 
 to sit.] 
 
 1. Literally, to set above ; hence, to make void, in- 
 cflicacious, or useless, by superior power, or by com- 
 ing in the place of ; to set aside ; to render unneces- 
 sary ; to suspend. The use of artillery in making 
 breaches in walls, has superseded the use of tile bat- 
 tering-ram. The eflecl of passion is to supersede the 
 workings of reason. Soatk. 
 
 Nothing is supposed that c 
 ml niotiuii. 
 
 1 superstde the known laws of natu- 
 BeiiVey. 
 
 2. To come or be placed in the room of ; hence, to 
 displace or render unnecessary ; as, an officer is 
 superseded hv the appointment of another person. 
 
 SU PF.R-SE''DE-,9S, 71. [L.] In law, a writ of super- 
 sedeas, is a writ or command to suspend the powers 
 of an officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings. 
 This writ does not destroy the power of an officer, 
 for it may be revived by another writ called a proce- 
 dendo. Blackstone. 
 
 SU-PER-SeD'OT, pp. Made void ; rendered unnec- 
 essary or jneffiracious ; displaced; suspended. 
 
 SU-PER-SeD'ING, ppr. Coming in the place of; set- 
 ting aside ; rendering useless; displacing; suspend- 
 in i;. 
 
 SU-PER-SkDTJRE, JI. The act of superseding; as, 
 the supersedure of trial by jury. [Weic] 
 
 Hamilton, Fed. 
 SU-PER-SEN'PI-BLE, a. Beyond the reach of the 
 senses; above the natural powers of perception. 
 
 Murdoch. 
 
 SU-PER PE\S'U-AL, a. Above the senses. 
 SU-PER-SERV'ICE-A-BLE, a. [super and scnUe- 
 •able.] 
 
 Over officious ; doing more than is required or 
 desired. fJVol in use.] Shak. 
 SU PER-SES'SION, (-scsh'un,) n. The act of super- 
 sedins. 
 
 SU-PER-STI"TION, (-stish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. 
 guper.ftitio, supersto ; super and sto, to stand.] 
 
 1. Excessive exactness or rigor in religious opin- 
 ions or practice ; exlnone and unnecessary scruples 
 in the observance of religious riles not commanded, 
 or of points of minor importance ; excess or extrav- 
 agance in religion ; the doin!! of things not required 
 hy God, or abstaining from things not forbiilden ; or 
 the belief of what is absurd, or belief without evi- 
 dence. Brown. 
 
 Sup9rttition hnt rpfeivnee to God, lo rell^on, or lo Mngs 
 ■up^hor to man. Enci/e. 
 
 2. False religion ; fal«e worship. 
 
 3. Rite or practice proceeding from excess of scru- 
 ples In religion. In this sense, it admits of a plural. 
 
 Th*-j th" innh 
 With tuperttUiont and trailiuoiis I'Unt. Milton. 
 
 4. Excessive nicety ; scrupulous exactness. 
 
 5. Belief in the direct agency of superifir powers 
 In certain extraordinary or singular events, or in 
 omens and prognostics 
 
 SU-PER-STI"TION-IST, n. One addicted to super- 
 stition. More. 
 
 SU-PER-STI"TIOUS, (-stish'us,) a. [Fr. supersti- 
 tieux ; L. superstitiosus.] 
 
 1. Over scrupulous and rigid in religious obser- 
 vances ; addicted to superstition ; full of idle fancies 
 and scniples in regard to religion ; as, superstitious 
 people. 
 
 2. Proceeding from superstition ; manifesting su- 
 perstition ; as, superstitious rites ; superstitious obser- 
 vance;!. 
 
 3. Over exact ; scrupulous beyond need. 
 Superstitious use ; in law, the use of land for a reli- 
 gious purpose, or by a religious corporation. 
 
 SU-PER-STI"TIOUS-Ly, orfr. In a superstitious 
 manner; with excessive regard to uncouiiuanded 
 rites or unessential opinions and forms in religion. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 2. With too much care ; with excessive e.iactness 
 or scruple. 
 
 3. With extreme credulity in regard to the agency 
 of superior beings in extraordinary events. 
 
 SU-PER-STI"T10US-NESS, n. Superstition. 
 
 SU-PER-STRaIN', c. t. [jT/;;fr and slraiii.] To over- 
 strain or stretch. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 SU-PER-STRAIN'ED.pp. Overstrained or stretched. 
 
 SU-PER-STRA'TUM, n. [super and stratum.] A 
 stratum or layer above another, or resting on some- 
 thing else. jisi/j£. Res. 
 
 SU-PER-STRUCT', v. U [L. suptrstruo: super and 
 stnto^ to lay.] 
 To build upon ; to erect. 
 
 This is the only proper basis on which to superatruct first inno- 
 cence and ttien virtue. [Liulexteed.] Decay of Piety. 
 
 SU-PER-STRUeT'ED, pp. Built upon. 
 SU-PER-STRUCT'I.NG, ppr. Building upon. 
 SU-PER-STRUe'TION, 7i. An edifice erected on 
 something. 
 
 My own profession hath taught me not to erect new superstruc- 
 dons on an old ruin. Denham. 
 
 SU-PER-STRUeT'IVE, a. Built or erected on some- 
 thing else. Hammoud. 
 
 SU-PER-STRUeT'IJRE, n. Any stnicture or edifice 
 built on something else ; particwiarZy, the building 
 raised on a foundation. This word is used to distin- 
 guish what is erected on a wall or foundation from 
 the foundation itself. 
 
 2. Any thing erected on a foundation or basis. In 
 education, we begin with teaching languages as the 
 foundation, and proceed to erect on that foundation 
 Ihe s^tperitrncture of science. 
 
 SU-PER-SUB-STAN'TtAL, a. [super and substan- 
 tial.] More than substantial ; being more than sub- 
 stance. Cijc. 
 
 SU PER-SUL'PH.\TE, n. Sulphate with a greater 
 niiinher of equivalents of acid than base. 
 
 SU-PER-SUL'PHU-RET-ED, a. Consisting of a 
 greater number of equivalents of sulphur than of 
 the base with which the sulphur is combined, .^ikin. 
 
 SU-PER-TER-ReNE', a. [super and terrene.] Being 
 above ground, or above the earth. IliU. 
 
 SU-PER-TER-RES'TRI-AL, a. Being above the 
 earth, or above what belongs to the earth. 
 
 Bucktninster. 
 
 SU-PER-TON'ie, n. In music, the note ne.\t above 
 
 the key-note. Busby. 
 SU-PER-TRAG'ie-AL, a. Tragical to e.tcess. 
 
 fVarton. 
 
 SU-PER-VA-CA'NE-OUS, a. [L. supervacaneus ; su- 
 per and vaco, to make void.] 
 
 Superfluous ; unnecessary ; needless ; serving no 
 purpose. Hotccll. 
 SU-PER-VA-GA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. Needlessly. 
 SU-PER-VA-CA'NE-OUS-NESS, n. Needlessness. 
 
 Bailey, 
 
 SU-PER-VE\E', r. i. [L. supertienio ; super and ve- 
 
 7110.] 
 
 1. To come upon as something extraneous. 
 
 Such a nmtii.d oravilaiion can never lu^eruene to mailer, unless 
 impressed liy divine power. Benliey. 
 
 2. To come upon ; to happen to. 
 
 SU PER Ve'NI-ENT, a. Coming upon as some- 
 thing additional or extraneous 
 
 Th.il bnuich of belief wna in him taptrvenient to Chiislian 
 
 priclice. Hamnionft. 
 DivorC'-s can ix erranted, a menga et foro, only for titperuenient 
 C..U.. ,. ° i. Sm/l. 
 
 SU-PER-VE.\'TI0X, 71. The act of supervening. 
 SU-PER-VI'SAL, (sii-per-vi'zal,) / n. [from su- 
 SU-PER-VI"SION, (su-per-vizh'iin,) i percisc.] The 
 
 act of overseeing ; inspection ; superintendence. 
 
 Tooke. WaLih, 
 SU-PER-VISE', (su-per-vize',) tu Inspection. [A'ot 
 
 used. ] Shak. 
 SU-PER-VISE', r. (. [L. .iwpcrand visus, video, to sec.] 
 To oversee for direction ; to superintend ; to in- 
 
 spiTt ; as, lo supervise the press for correction. 
 SU PER VTS'KI) (-vJzd',) pp. Inspected. 
 SU-PER- VIS'ING, ppr. Overseeing; inspecting; sii- 
 
 periiiloniliniE. 
 
 SU PER VT'SOR, n. An overseer; an inspector; a 
 8U|)erinlendeiit ; as, the supervisor of a ptinipblel. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 SU-PER-Vl'SO-RY, a. Pertaining to or having su 
 pervision. 
 
 SU-PER-VIVE', 71 L [L. .nipcr and vivo, to live.] 
 
 To live beyond ; to outlive. The soul will super- 
 vive all the revolutions of nature. [Little used,] 
 [See Sl'Rvive.] 
 SU-PI-NA'TION, 71. [L. supino,] 
 
 I. The act of lying, or state of being laid, with the 
 face upward. 
 
 9. The act of turning the palm of the hand up- 
 ward. ^ Lawrence^s LecU 
 SU-PI-Na'TOR, 71. In anatomy, a. muscle that turns 
 
 the palm of the hand upward. 
 SU-PL\E',a. [L. sKpiTiK.,-.] 
 
 1. Lying on the back, or with the face upward ; 
 opposed to Prone. 
 
 2. Leaning backward, or inclining with exposure 
 to the sun. 
 
 If the vine 
 
 On rising ground be pl.aced on hills supine. Dryden. 
 
 3. Negligent ; heedless ; indolent ; thoughtless ; 
 inattentive. 
 
 He became pusiUanimous and supine, and openly exposed to any 
 
 tenipuilion. Wooitward, 
 These men sutier by their supine credulity. K, OtarLes, 
 
 SO'PTNE, 71. [L. SMpi/iUTTi.] 
 
 In irrammar, a name of certain forms or modifica- 
 tioiis of the Latin verb ending in urn and u. 
 SU-PlNE'LY, adv. With the face upward. 
 
 2. Carelessly ; indolently ; drowsily ; in a heed- 
 less, tiioughtless state. 
 
 Who on beds of sin supinely lie. Sandys. 
 SU-PI.\E'NESS, 71. A lying with the face upward. 
 2. Indolence ; drowsiness ; heedlessness. Many 
 of the evils of life are owing to our own supinencss. 
 SU PI.\"I-TY, for SupiNENESs, is not used. 
 SUP'PAGE, K. [from sup.] What may be supped ; 
 
 pottage. [JVot in use.] Hooker. 
 SUP-PAL-Pa'TION, 71. [Usuppalpor; sub and pal- 
 por, to stroke.] 
 
 The act of enticing bv soft words. [JVot used.] 
 
 Hail. 
 
 SUP-PAR-.A-SI-TA'TION, 71. [L. supparasiior ; sub 
 and parasite.] 
 
 The act of flattering merely to gain favor. [JVot 
 in use.] Hall. 
 SUP-PAR'A-SITE, V. t. To flatter ; to cajole. 
 
 i>r. Clarke. 
 
 SUP-PAWN'. See Sep.^ws. 
 
 SUP'PiD, (supt,) pp. Having taken the evening 
 meal. 
 
 SUP-PE-Da'NE-OUS, a, [L. sub and pes, the foot.] 
 Being under the feet. Broirn, 
 SUP-PED'I-TATE, v. t. [L. suppedito,] 
 
 To supply. LXol used/] Hammond. 
 SUP-PED-I-TA'TION, n. [L. suppeditatio.] 
 
 Supply ; aid afforded. [Little used.] Bacon, 
 SUP'PER, 71. [Fr. souper. See Sup.] 
 
 The evening meal. People who dine late eat no 
 supper. The dinner of fashionable people would be 
 the supper of rustics. 
 SUP'PER-LESS, o. Wanting supper; being without 
 
 supper ; as, to go supprrless to bed. Spectator. 
 SUP-PLANT', V. I. [Fr. supplanter ; L. supplanto ; 
 sub and plania, the bottom of the foot.] 
 
 1. To trip up the heels. 
 
 Supplanted down he fell. JV/t?Ion. 
 
 2. To remove or displace by stratagem ; or lo dis- 
 place and take the place of ; as, a rival supplants 
 another in the aflectious of his mistres.s, or in the 
 favor of his prince. 
 
 Suspecting that Uie connier had supplanted the ftieod. Fell. 
 
 3. To overthrow ; lo undermine. 
 SUP-PLA.NT-A'TIO.N, >i. The .act of supplanting. 
 SUP-PLANT'ED, pp. Tripped up ; displ.aced. 
 SUP-PLANT'ER, n. One that supplants. 
 SUP-PLANT'ING, ppr. Tripping up the heels; dis- 
 placing by artifice. 
 
 SUP'PLE,' (sup'pl,) o. [Fr. souple ; Arm. soublat, 
 soublrin, to bend.] 
 
 1. Pliant ; flexiole ; easily bent ; as, supple joints; 
 supple fingers. Bacon. Temple. 
 
 2. Yielding ; compliant ; not obstinate. 
 
 If punishment makes not the will supple, it hanleni the offender. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 3. Bending to the humor of others; flattering; 
 fawning. Jiddison, 
 
 4. That makes pliant ; as, supple government. 
 
 S;ia/r. 
 
 SUP'PLE, (sup'pl,) ti. t. To make soft and pliant; 
 to render flexible ; as, to supple leather. 
 2. To make compliant. 
 
 SUP'PLE, V. i. To become soft and pliant ; na, stones 
 suppleil into softness. Dryden. 
 
 SUP'PLEI), (siip'pld,) pp. Made soft and pliant ; 
 made compliant. 
 
 SUP'PLE-LY, (siip'pl-lc,) adv. Softly ; pliantly ; mild- 
 ly, Cvtgrave. 
 
 SUP'PLi?.-MENT. TU [Fr., from L. supplementum, 
 suppleo ; sub and pleo, to fill.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, rj\LL, WHAT MRTE, PRBV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1110 
 
SUP 
 
 SUP 
 
 SUP 
 
 1. LUeraUij, a suiiply ; lience, an addition to any 
 tiling, by which its dufect.s are supplied, and it is 
 made more full and complete. The word ia particu- 
 larly used of an addition to a book or paper. 
 
 2. Store; supply. [JVot in tuie.] Ckapman. 
 
 3. In IrigoHumetry, the cpiantily by which an arc 
 or an anplc falls short of 180 degrees, or a semicircle. 
 
 SUl"PLe-»lENT, V. U To add somcthmg to a wri- 
 tiuf:, &c. 
 
 SUP PLk-MENT'AL, ) 0. Additional ; added tosup- 
 SUP-PLe-MENT'A-RY, i ply what is wanted ; as, a 
 
 supplemental law or bill. 
 SUP'PLE-MENT-ING, ppr. Adding a supplement. 
 
 Clialmer$, 
 
 SUP'PLE-NESS, (sup'pl-ness,) n. [from supple.] Pli- 
 ancy ; pliableness; flexibility; the cpiality of being 
 easily bent ; as, the supplcne-is of the joints. 
 
 2. Readiness of compliance ; the quality of easily 
 yielcliiis ; facility ; as, the supplenessoS the will. Locke. 
 
 SUP'PLi-TI VEy* I «• f™™ '"•'P''"' '"P'''^-^ 
 Supplying deficiencies ; as, a suppletoni oath. 
 
 illack.itojie. 
 
 SUP'PLE-TO-RY, n. That which is to supply what 
 
 is wanted. Ilammimd. 
 SUP-PLI'AL, n. The act of supplying. [JVu( used.] 
 
 JVarburton. 
 
 SUP-PLI'ANCE, ji. Continuance. [JVot in iise.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SUP'PLI-ANT, a. [Fr., from siipplier, to entreat, con- 
 tracted from L. supplicOt to supplicate ; sub and plico, 
 to fold. See CoMruv and Api'LV.) 
 
 1. Entreating ; beseeching ; supplicating; asking 
 earnestly and submissively. 
 
 Tlic rich grow tuppliant^ And Ihe poor grow proud. Drydtn. 
 
 2. Manifesting entreaty ; expressive of humble sup- 
 plication. 
 
 To bow ftini iiie for ^race with auppliant knee. MiUon. 
 SUP'PLI-ANT, n. A humble petitioner ; one who en- 
 treats submissively. 
 
 Spare tlii» life, and hoar thy aupplinnCa prayer. Drydtn. 
 SUP'PLf-ANT-LY, adi). In a suppliant or submissive 
 manner. 
 
 SUP'PLI-eANT, a. [h. supplicans.] 
 
 Entrentin!: ; asking submissively. Bp. Butt. 
 SUP'PLI-CANT, 71. Une that entreats; a petitioner 
 wlio asks earnestly and submissively. 
 
 Tlie wise supplieaTU left the event to God. Rogers. 
 SUP'PLI-e.\T, n. In the EnirtM universities, a peti- 
 tion ; particularly, a written application with a certif- 
 icate that the requisite conditions have been complied 
 with. 
 
 SUP'PLI-CaTE, tj. f. [L. supptico! sub and plico. See 
 
 SuPfLUNT.] 
 
 1. To entreat for ; to seek by earnest prayer ; as, 
 , to supplicate blessings on Christian efforts to spread 
 
 the gos[iel. 
 
 2. Til address in prayer ; as, to supplicate the throne 
 of cmce. 
 
 SUP'PLI-GATE, V. L To entreat ; to beseech ; to im- 
 plore; to petition with earnestness and submission. 
 A man c«n nut brook to Mupplicau or beg. Bacon. 
 
 SUP'PLI-CA-TING, ppr. or a. Entreating ; imploring. 
 SUP'PLI-eA-TING-LY, adr. By way of supplication. 
 SUP-PLI-Ca'TION, II. [Fr., from L. supplicutio.] 
 
 1. Entreaty ; humble and earnest pniyer in wor- 
 ship. In all Mir supplications to the Father of mercies, 
 let us remember a world lying in ignorance and wick- 
 edness. 
 
 2. Petition ; earnest request. 
 
 3. Ill Roman antiiiuitij, a religious solemnity ob- 
 served in consequence of^ some military success, and 
 also in times of distress and danger, to avert the an- 
 ger of the gods. Smith's Diet 
 
 SUP'PLI-CA-TO-RY, a. Containing supplication ; 
 humble ; submissive. Johnson. 
 
 SUP-Pl.I'ED, pp. [from supply.] Fully furnished ; 
 having a surticiency. 
 
 SUP-PLI'ER, n. He that supplies. 
 
 SUP-PLIES', n. •• pi. of Suppuv. Things supplied in 
 sulliciency. In England, moneys granted by parlia- 
 ment fur public expenditure. 
 
 SUP-PL?', V. L [L,. suppleo ; sub and pleo, disused, 
 to fill ; Fr. suppleer; Sp. suplir ; It. supptire.] 
 
 1. To fill up, as any deficiency happens ; to furnish 
 what is wanted ; to afford or furnish a sufficiency ; 
 as, to supplii Ihe poor with bread and clothing; to 
 supply the daily wants of nature ; to supply the navy 
 with masts and spars ; to supply the treasury with 
 money. The city is well supplied with water. 
 
 I wanted nothing fortune could supply. Drydtn. 
 
 % To serve instead of. 
 
 Bnrning ihipa Ihe banished lun supply. Waller. 
 
 3. To give ; to bring or furnish. 
 Nearer care supplies 
 
 Sighs to my breast, and sorrow to my eyes. Prxtr. 
 
 4. To fill vacant room. 
 The sun was set. and Vesper, to supply 
 His Rbarnt beams, h«d lighteil up the sky. Dryden. 
 
 5. To fill ; as, to supply a vacancy. 
 
 6. In general, to furnish ; to give or aflbrd what is 
 wanted. 
 
 Modern in(i*lclity supplies no such molivcs. Itob. Halt. 
 
 SUP-PLV, V. Sufficiency of things for use or want. 
 The poor have a daily supply of food ; the army has 
 ample supplies of provisions ami iniinitidiis of war. 
 Customs, taxes, and excise con.stitute the supplies of 
 revenue. 
 
 SUP-PLVING, ppr. Yielding or furnishing what is 
 
 wanted ; affording a stitflciency. 
 SUP-PL?'MENT, II. A furnishing. [JVot in use.] 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 SUP-PORT', V. t. [Fr. supporter: It. sopportare ; L. 
 supportn ; sub and porto, to carry.] 
 
 1. To bear ; to sustain ; to uphold ; as, a prop or 
 pill.ar sii;>;mrt>- a structure; an abutment »-ii;>;rortj an 
 arch ; the stem of a tree supports the branches. Ev- 
 ery edifice must have a foundation to support it; a 
 rope or cord support a weight. 
 
 2. To endure without being overcome ; as, to sup- 
 port pain, distress, or misfortunes. 
 
 This fuTCc demeanor and his insolenco 
 
 The piitience of a goil could not support. Dryden. 
 
 3. To bear; to endure ; as, to support fatigues or 
 hardships ; to support violent exertions. The eye 
 will not support the light of the sun's disk. 
 
 4. To sustain ; to keep from fainting or sinking ; 
 as, to support the courage or spirits. 
 
 5. To sustaiii ; to act or represent well ; as, to sup- 
 port the character of King Lear ; to support the part 
 a.ssigned. 
 
 6. I'o bear ; to supply funds for or the means of 
 continuing ; as, to support the annual expenses of 
 government. 
 
 7. To sustain ; to carry on ; as, to support a war or 
 a contest ; to support an argument or debate. 
 
 8. To maintain with provisions and the necessary 
 means of living ; as, to support a family ; to support 
 a son in college ; to support the ministers of the gos- 
 pel. 
 
 9. To maintain ; to sustain ; to keep from failing ; 
 as, to support life ; to support the strength by nour- 
 ishment. 
 
 10. To sustain without change or dissolution ; as, 
 clay supports an intense heat. 
 
 11. To bear ; to keep from sinking ; as, water swp- 
 ports ships and other botlies ; air supports a balloon. 
 
 12. To bear without being exhausted; to be able 
 to pay ; as, to support taxes or contributions. 
 
 13. To sustain ; to maintain ; as, to support a good 
 character. 
 
 14. To maintain ; to verify ; to make good : to sub- 
 stantiate. The testimony is not sufficient to support 
 the charges ; the evidence will not support the state- 
 ments or allegations ; the inipuachmeiit ia well sup- 
 ported by evidence. 
 
 15. To uphold by aid or countenance; as, to sup- 
 port a friend or a party. 
 
 If). To vindicate : to maintain ; to defend success- 
 fully ; as, to be able to .support one's own cause. 
 
 17. To act as one's aid t>r attendant on some pub- 
 lic occasion, by sitting or walking at his side ; as, 
 Mr. O'Connell left the prison, supported by his two 
 sons. England. 
 SUP-P6RT', n. The act or operation of upholding or 
 sustaining. 
 
 2. That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from 
 falling i as a prop, a pillar, a foundation of any kind. 
 
 3. That which maintains life ; as, food is liie sup- 
 port of life, of the body, of strcn|(h. 0.xygen, or vi- 
 tal air, has been supposed to be the support of respi- 
 ration and of heat in the blood. 
 
 4. Maintenance ; subsistence ; as, an income suffi- 
 cient for the support of a family ; or revenue for 
 the support of the army and navy. 
 
 5. Maintenance ; nn upholding ; continuance in 
 any st.ite, or preservation from falling, sinking, or 
 failing ; as, taxes necessary for the support of public 
 credit ; a revenue for the support of government. 
 
 6. In general, the maintenance or sustaining of any 
 thing, without suffering it to tail, decline, or lan- 
 guish ; as, the support of health, spirits, strength, or 
 courage ; the support of reputation, credit, &c. 
 
 7. That w hich upholds or relieves ; aid ; help ; suc- 
 cor ; assistance. 
 
 SUP-PORT' A-BLE, a. [Fr.] That may be upheld or 
 sustained. 
 
 2. Th.it may be borne or endured ; as, the pain is 
 supportable, or not supportable. Patience renders evils 
 supportable. 
 
 3. Tolerable ; that may be borne without resistance 
 or punishment ; as, such insults are not supportable. 
 
 4. That can be maintained ; as, the cause or opin- 
 ion is supportable. 
 
 SUP-PORT' A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being tol- 
 erable. Hammond. 
 
 SUP-PORT' A-BLY, adv. In a supportable manner. 
 
 SUP-PORT'ANCE, It. Maintenance ; support. [A'ot 
 til use.] 
 
 SUP-PORT-A'TION, n. Maintenance j support. [A'oJ 
 in use.] 
 
 SUP-PORT'ED, pp. Borne ; endured ; upheld ; main- 
 Uiined ; subsisted ; sustained ; carried on. 
 
 SUP-PORT'ER, «. One that supports or mainlains. 
 
 2. That which supports or upholds ; a prop, a pil- 
 lar, iLC. 
 
 The sockeu and supporters of fluwers are flared. Bacon. 
 
 3. Asu.stainer; a comforter. 
 
 The saints have a coinpiiiiun ami supporter In all Itielr mtserie«. 
 
 South. 
 
 4. A maintainer ; a defender. 
 
 Worthy supporters of such a reigning impiety. South. 
 
 5. One who maintains or helps to carry on ; as, 
 the supporters of a war. 
 
 6. An advocate ; a defender ; a vindicator ; as, the 
 supporters of religion, iiioralily, justice, &c. 
 
 7. An adherent ; one who takes part ; as, the sup- 
 porter of a party or faction. 
 
 8. One who siLs by or walks with another, on 
 some public occasion, as an aid or attendant. 
 
 9. Ill ship-building, a knee placed under the cat- 
 head. 
 
 10. Supporters, in heraldry, arc figures of beasts 
 that appear to support the arms. Johnson. 
 
 SUP-POltT'ryL, a. Abounding with support. [JV'ot 
 nsed.l 
 
 SUP-PoRT'ING, ppr. Bearing; enduring; uphold- 
 ing ; sustaining ; inaintuining ; subsisting ; vindi- 
 cating. 
 
 SUP-PORT'LESS, a. Having no support. 
 
 Battle of Frogs and Mice. 
 SUP-PORT'ME.\T, 71. Support. [JVol in use.] 
 
 mitton. 
 
 SUP-POS'A-BLE, a. [from suppose.] That may be 
 
 supposed; that may be imagined to exist. That is 
 
 not a supposabU case. 
 SUP-POS'AL, n. [from suppose.] Position without 
 
 proof ; the imagining of something to exist; supiio- 
 
 sition. 
 
 Interest witli a Jew never procvds b\it upon supposal, at li-ast, 
 
 ol a lirm and sulficirnt hultoin. [CUia.) South. 
 
 SUP-POSE', (sup-poze',) V. t. [Fr. supposer ; 1,. sup- 
 positus, suppono i It. supporre ; Sp. suponer ; sub and 
 pono, to put.] 
 
 1. To lay down or stale as a proposition or fact 
 that may exist or be true, though not known or be- 
 lieved to be true or to exist; or to imagine or admit 
 to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration. 
 Let us suppose the earth to be the i enter of the sys- 
 tem, what would be the consequence 
 
 Wiien we have ns ^e.it .issuranc* ttiat a thing is, !M we could 
 possiljly, supposing it were, we ought not to doubt of its 
 cxisu-nce. TiUoleon. 
 
 2. To imagine ; to believe ; to receive as true. 
 
 Let not my lord suppose that they liave slain all the young men, 
 the king's sons; tor Ainnon only is dead. — '2 S.iin. xiil. 
 
 3. To imagine; to think. 
 
 1 suppose. 
 
 If our propos.als onc« agnin were heard. J^fttlon, 
 
 4. To require to exist or be true. The existence of 
 things supposes the existence of a cause of the 
 things. 
 
 One fnlseliood supposes anoUier, and renders all you say su*. 
 
 peeled. F)cmaJe Quixote. 
 
 5. To put one thing by fraud in the place of an- 
 other, f Aoi in use.] 
 
 SUP-POSE', n. Supposition ; position without proof. 
 Fit to 1« trusted on a h:\rr suppose 
 'I'hal &he IS honest. [.Vol in use.\ Dryden. 
 
 SUP-POS'iCD, pp. or a. Laid down or imagined as 
 true ; imagined ; btdieved ; received as true. 
 
 SUP-POS'ER, n. One who siipptiscs. Shak. 
 
 SUP-PoS'liN'G, ppr. Laying down or imagining to 
 exist or be true ; stating as a case that may be ; im- 
 agining ; receiving as true. 
 
 SUP-PO-SI"TIO.\, ( po-zish'uni) n. The act of lay- 
 ing down, imagining, or admitting as true or exist- 
 ing, what is known not to be true, or what is not 
 proved. 
 
 2. The position of something known not to-be 
 true or not proved ; hypothesis. 
 
 This ia only an infallil.iliiy np.ui supposition, that if a thing be 
 true, it' is impossible lo be falw;. TV/olson. 
 
 3. Imagination ; belief without full evidence. 
 
 4. In muiic, the use of two successive notes of 
 equal length, one of which, being a discord, supposes 
 the other a concord. 
 
 SUP-PO-SI"TIOX-AL, o. Hypothetical. South. 
 
 SUP-POS-I-TI"TIOUS, (-poz-e-tish'us,) a. [L. «ip- 
 posititiu.^, from suppositus, suppotio.] 
 
 Put by trick in the place or character belonging to 
 another; not genuine; as, a supposititious child; a 
 supposititious writing. AddL-ion, 
 
 SUP-PO»-I-TI"TIOUS-LY, (-tish'us-,) adv. Hypo- 
 tlielically ; bv siipi»osition. 
 
 SUP-POS-I-Tr'TIOUS-.XESS, ( tish'us-,) n. The 
 state of being supposititious. 
 
 SUP-POS'I-TIVE, a. Supposed; including or imply- 
 ing supposition. Chilhngtrorth. 
 
 SUP-POS'I-TIVE, n. [Supra.] A word denirtiiig or 
 implying supposition. Hams. 
 
 SUP-POS'I-TIVE-LY, <u/o. Wilb, by, or upon sup- 
 position. Hammond. 
 
 SUP-POS'I-TO-RY, n. [Fr. suppositoirr.] 
 
 In medicine, a pill or bolus introduced into the rec- 
 
 TONE, BULL, qXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH a« SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1111 
 
SUP 
 
 SUR 
 
 SUR 
 
 turn to procure stools when clysters cannot be adniin- 
 islerpd. Parr. 
 SUP PRESS', r. t. [L. suppressus^ supprimo ; sab and 
 prenin, to press.] 
 
 1. 'J'o overptiwer and cnish ; to subdue ; to de- 
 stroy ; as, to suppress a rebellion ; to suppress a mu- 
 tiny or riot ; to suppress opposition. 
 
 Every rfb^llion, when il is sitpprttstd, maket the lubject weaker, 
 and Uie goTerumeiil wronger. Davits. 
 
 2. To keep in ; to restrain from utterance or vent ; 
 as, to suppress the voice ; to stippress sighs. 
 
 3. To retain without disclosure ; to conceal; not 
 to tell or reveal ; as, to suppress evidence. 
 
 She suppresset the uame, and UiU Ifeepi him in a plef(sinw sng. 
 pente. Broome. 
 
 4. To retain without communication or making 
 public ; us, to supprest a letter ; to suppress a manu- 
 script. 
 
 5. To stifle ; to stop ; to hinder from circulation ; 
 as, to suppress a report. 
 
 6. To stop; to restrain; to obstruct from dis- 
 clmrses ; as, to suppress a diarrhea, a hemorrhage, 
 ant! the like. 
 
 SrP-PRESS'/;D, (-prest',) ; p. or o. Crushed ; de- 
 stroyed ; retained ; conceal id ; stopped : obstructed. 
 
 SL'P-PRESS'ING, ppr. Subduing; destroying; re- 
 taining closely ; concealing; hindering from disclo- 
 sure nr publication ; obstructing. 
 
 SUP-PRES'SION, (sup-presh'un,) n [Fr., from L. 
 supprc-isio.] 
 
 1. The act of suppressing, crushing, or destroy- 
 ing; as, the suppression of a riot, insurrection, or tu- 
 mult. 
 
 2. The act of retaining from utterance, vent, or 
 disclosure ; concealuicnt ; as, the suppression of truth, 
 of reports, of evidence, and the like. 
 
 3. The retaining of any thing from public notice ; 
 as. the suppression of a letter or any writing. 
 
 4. 'i'be stoppage, obstruction, or morbid retention 
 of discharges ; as, the suppression of urine, of diar- 
 rhea, or other discharge. 
 
 .5. [u grammar or composilionj omission ; as, the 
 
 suppresnon of a Word. 
 SUP-PRESS'IVE, a. Tending to suppress ; subduing ; 
 
 concealing. Seward. 
 SUP-PRESS'OR, 71. One that suppresses ; one that 
 
 subdues ; one that prevents utterance, disclosure, or 
 
 coinniiinication. 
 SUP'PU-R.^TE, V. i. [L. suppuro ; sub and pus,puris ; 
 
 Fr. suppurer ; II. suppurare.] 
 To generate pus ; as, a boil or abscess suppu- 
 
 ratfs. 
 
 SUP'PU-R.\TE, r. t. To cause to suppurate. 
 
 Jlrbuthnot. 
 
 \In this senxe, unusual.] 
 SrP'Pn-RS-TING, 2'pr. Generating pus. 
 SUP-PU-RA'TION', ?i. [Fr., from L. suppuratio.] 
 
 1. The process of producing purulent matter, or of 
 forming pus, as in a wound or abscess ; one of the 
 natural terminations of phlegmonous inflammation. 
 
 Cfjc. Cooper. Wiseman. 
 9. The matter produced by suppuration. 
 SUP'PU-RA-']'IVE. o. [Fr. suppuralif.] 
 
 Tending to suppurate ; promoting suppuration. 
 SUP'PL'-RA-TIV'E, n. A medicine that promotes 
 suppuration. 
 
 SIj P-PIT-Ta''J'ION, 71. [L. supputatio, suppulo ; sub 
 anil piilo, to think.] 
 
 Reckoning ; account ; computation. Holder. 
 SL'P-PuTE', i: t. [L. supputo, supra.] 
 
 To reckon ; to compute. [A'o( in use.\ 
 SO'PI{.\; a Latin preposition, signifying above, over, 
 or betfond. 
 
 SL'-PR'A-AX'ir^LA-RY, a. [.^pra and azil.] In 
 botany, growing above the axil ; inserted above the 
 axil ; as a peduncle. [See Suprafoliaceocs.] 
 
 Lee. 
 
 SU-PRA-CIL'IA-RY, a. [L. supra and ciZiuTji, eye- 
 brow. ] 
 
 Situated above the eyebrow. Ure. 
 Si;-PRA-eRE-TA'CEOrS, ( , , ( a. [L. .■supra, 
 SU-PER-CRE-TA'CEOUS, j (-^"^^') j or super, and 
 crrfa.j 
 
 In geology, applied to rocks which lie above the 
 chalk. 
 
 SU-PRA-DE-eOM'POU.\D, a. [supra and deeom- 
 pouiid.] 
 
 .More than decompound ; thrirc compound. A 
 supra-decompouttd lenf, is wlii'U a petiole divided sev. 
 enil times, conncris many leaflets ; each part form- 
 ing a drcompounil leaf Martyn. 
 si: PRA FO-I,l A'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. supra and 
 folium, a leaf.] 
 
 In botany, iufiertrd into the stem above the leaf, or 
 petr(»lr, or axil, ai a p>'(luucl(! or flower. Martyn. 
 Rf-PRA-I,AP-SA'RI-A.N, ) a. [\.. supra and lapsus, 
 BL-PIIA-LAP HA-UV, ( fall.] 
 
 Pertaining to the Hupralapsarianx, or to Iheir opin- 
 ion'*. Murdoek. 
 St; PRA-LAP-SA'RI AN, ti. One of that clasn of 
 CalvinititH, who believed that God^t* decree of flec- 
 tion was a part of hiii original plan, nrrording to 
 which he determined to create men, anil that they 
 
 should apostatize, and that he would then save a 
 part of them by a Redeemer. [See Sublapsarian.] 
 
 jVurdock* 
 
 SU-PRA-MUN'flANE, a. [L. supra and mundus, the 
 world.] 
 
 Being or situated above the world or above our 
 system. 
 
 SU-PRA-NAT'lT-RAL-ISM, 7i. The same as Super- 
 naturalism, which see. Murdock. 
 
 SU-PUA-NAT'lT-RAL-IST, 7>. The same as Super- 
 naturalist, which see. 
 
 SU-PRA-ORB'IT-AL, a. [supra and orbit.] Being 
 above the orbit of the eye. 
 
 SU-PRA-Re'NAL, a. [L. supra and ren, renes, the 
 kidneys.] 
 Situated above the kidneys. 
 
 SU-PRA-Se.AP'lJ-L.\-RY, a. [L. supra and scapula.] 
 Being above the scapula. 
 
 SU-PRA-VUL'GAR, a. [supra and vulgar.] Being 
 above the vulgar or common people. Collier. 
 
 SU-PREM'A-CV, 71. [SeeSupREME.J State of being 
 supreme or in llie highest station ot power ; highest 
 authority or power ; as, the supremacy of the king of 
 Great Britain ; or the supremacy of parliament. 
 
 Tlie usurped power of the pope bein^ destroyed, the crown wai 
 restored to its euprcnULcy orer spiritual men and cuises. 
 
 BLa^kslone. 
 
 Oath of supremacy ; in Greaf Britain, an oath which 
 acknowlt;dges the supremacy of the king in spiritual 
 affairs, and renounces or abjures the supremacy of 
 the pope in ecclesiastical or temporal affairs. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SU-PRF-.ME', a. [L. suprcnms, from supra; Fr. su- 
 preme.] 
 
 1. Highest in authority ; holding the highest place 
 in government or power. In the United Slates, the 
 congress is supreme in regulating commerce, and in 
 making war and peace. The parliament of Great 
 Britain is supreme in legislation ; but the king is su- 
 preme in the administration of the government. In 
 the universe, God only is the supreme ruler and judge. 
 His commands are supreme, and binding on all his 
 creatures. 
 
 Q. Highest, greatest, or most excellent ; as, «i^>re<7ie 
 love ; supreme glory ; supreme degree. 
 
 3. It is sonictinies used in a bad sense ; as, supreme 
 folly or baseness, folly or baseness carried to the ut- 
 most extent. 
 
 [j^ bail use of the word.] 
 SU-PReME'LY, adv. VVith the highest authority. 
 He rules supremely. 
 
 2. In the highest degree ; to the utmost extent ; 
 as, supremely blest. Pope. 
 
 SUR, a prefix, from the French, contracted from L. 
 
 super, supra, signifies over, above, beyond, upon, 
 SUR-AD-DI"TIO.\, (-ad-dish'un,) 71. [Fr. sur, on or 
 upon, and addition.] 
 Something added to the name. [JVot used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Su'RAL, 71. [L. sura.] 
 
 Being in or pertaining to the calf of the leg ; as, 
 
 the sural artery. Wiseman. 
 SC'RANCE, for Assurance, is not used. Shak. 
 SUR'BASE, 71. [xur and base.] A cornice or series 
 
 of moldings on the top of the base of a pedestal, 
 
 podium, &:c. ' Francis. 
 
 SUR'BaS-£.'D, (snr'biiste,) a. Having a surbase, or 
 
 molding above the base. 
 SUR-BaSE'.MENT, 71. The trait of any arch or vault 
 
 which describes a portion of an ellipse. Klmes. 
 SUR-BaTE', v. t. [It. sobattere; either h. sub and 
 
 battere, or solea, sole, and battere, to beat the sole or 
 
 hoof.J 
 
 1. To bruise or batter the feet by travel. 
 
 Cliallty land surbaus and spoils oxen's feet. Mortimer. 
 
 2. To harass ; to fatigue. Clarendon. 
 SUR-B.aT'A'D, pp. Bruised in the feet; harassed; 
 
 fatigued. 
 
 SI'R-BaT'ING, p/7r. Bruising the feet of ; fatigued. 
 
 SUK-BkAT' or SUR-BET', for Suriiate, is not in use. 
 
 SUR-BED', 71. (. [.iiir and bed.] To set edgewise, as 
 a stone ; that is, in a position different from that 
 which it had in the quarry. Plot. 
 
 SUR-BEI)'I)ED, pp. Set edgewise. 
 
 SUR-BEL)'I)I\G, ppr. Setting edgewise. 
 
 SUR-CI'.ASE', 7'. I. [Fr. sur and cesser, to cease.] 
 
 1. To cease ; to stop ; to be at an end. Donne. 
 
 2. To leave off ; to practice no lunger ; to refrain 
 finally. 
 
 So nnyed he, whilst an anerl's roice from high 
 
 Biulc him turctajie to importune the sky. fTarte. 
 
 [This word is entirely useless, being precisely 
 Bviionj inous with Cease, and il is nearly obsolete.] 
 SUK-CKA.SE', v. t. To stop; to cause to cease. 
 10(1.,.]^ 
 
 SUR-CF.ASF.', 71. Cessation ; stop. [Ob.i.] 
 SUR-CIIARGE',ii.(. [Fr. surehargcr ; sur nnd charge.] 
 
 1. To overload ; to overburden ; as, to surcharge a 
 beast or a ship ; to surcharge n cannon. 
 
 Your head reclined, a* hidiiiir ifrief from view, 
 
 Droops like a rose iurcltargtd with nioriiitijr dew. DryiUn. 
 
 2. In law, to overstock ; to put more cattle into a 
 
 common than the person has a right to do, or more 
 than the herbage will sustain. Blackstone. 
 
 SUR-CHARGE', 71, An excessive load or burden ; a 
 load greater than can be well borne. Bacon. 
 
 SUR-CHXKC'KD, pp. Overloaded ; overstocked. 
 
 SUR-CHARG'ER, 71. One that overloads or over- 
 stocks. 
 
 SUR-CHAR6'ING, ppr. Overloading ; burdening to 
 excess; overstocking with cattle or beasts. 
 
 SUR'ChV'GLE, ( sing-gl,) n. [Fr. sur, upon, and U 
 cingulum, a belt.] 
 
 1. A belt, baud, or girth, which passes over a sad- 
 dle, or over any thing laid on a horse's back, to bind 
 it fast. 
 
 2. The girdle of a cassock by which it is fastened 
 round the waist. Marvel. 
 
 SUR'CI.N"GL£D, a. Girt ; bound with a surcingle. 
 SUR'GLE, (sur'kl,) 71. [L. surculu--:] 
 
 A little shoot ; a twig ; a sucker. 
 SUR'COAT, 71. [Fr. sur and Eng. coaL] 
 
 A short coat worn over the other clothes. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 SUR'CREVV, (sur'kru,) n. [s,ir and trea.] Addi- 
 tional crew or collection. [Aot in use.] tVotton. 
 
 SUR'CU-LaTE, I", f. [I., surcuio.] 
 To prune. [JVoi in use.] 
 
 SUR-eU-LA'TION, n. The act of pruning. [JVot in 
 use.] Broan. 
 
 SURD, a. [L. surdus, deaf] 
 
 1. Deaf; not having the sense of bearing. [JVot 
 used.] 
 
 2. Unheard. [JVof riseJ.] 
 
 3. Designating a quantity which can not be ex- 
 pressed in rational numbers. 
 
 SURD, 71. In algebra, a quantity which can not be ex- 
 pressed by rational numbers. Thus the square root 
 of 2 is a surd. 
 
 SURD'I-TY, 71. Deafness. [A'ot used.] 
 
 SURD'-.\U.M-BER, 71. A number that is incommen- 
 surate with unity. 
 
 SORE, (shure,) a. [Fr. stir, sear; Arm. sur; Norm. 
 seor, seur. In G. :icar signifies indeed, fo be sure, it 
 is true ; which le:uls ine to suspect sure to be con- 
 tracted from the root of sever, in L. assecero, and to 
 be connected with steear, and perhaps with L. 
 vcrus ; s being the remains of a prefix. But sure 
 may be a contraction of L. securus.] 
 
 1. Certain ; unfailing ; infallible. 
 
 The testimony of the Lonl is sure. — Ps. xii. 
 
 We have also a more sure word of prophecy. —2 Pet. I. 
 
 2. Certainly knowing ; or having full confidence. 
 
 We are tore that the jud'inenl of God is accordln<r to truth. — 
 Rom. n. 
 
 Now we are sure Uiat thou knowesl all thin^. — John ivi. 
 
 3. Certain; safe; firm; permanent. 
 
 Thy kinjriloin shall lie sur* to thee. — Dan. it. 
 
 4. Firm; stable; steady; not liable to failure, loss, 
 or change ; as, a sure covenant. 2 Saiii. xxiii. .VeA. 
 i.x. Is. xxviii. 
 
 Tlic LorU will make my lord a sur# house. — I Sam. xxr. 
 So we say, to stand sure, to be sure of foot. 
 
 5. Certain of obtaining or of regaining ; as, to be 
 sure of game ; to be sure of success ; to be sure of 
 life or health. 
 
 6. Strong ; secure ; not liable to be broken or dis- 
 turbed. 
 
 Go your way, make it as sure as ye can. — Matt. Tixvii. 
 
 7. Certain ; not liable to failure. The income is S7ire. 
 To be sure, ot be sure ; certainly. Shall you go.' 
 
 be sure I shall. 
 
 To make sure ; to make certain ; to secure so that 
 there can be no failure of the purpose or object. 
 
 Alnke sure of Cato. Addison. 
 
 A peac.- can not tail, provided we rruike sure of Spain. Temple. 
 
 Give all diligence to make your c*Uliiic and election surs. — 2 
 Pet. i. 
 
 SCRE, adv. Certainly ; without doubt ; doubtless. 
 
 Sure the queen would wish him stilt unknuw*n. Smith. 
 [But in this sense, Sukelt is more generally used.] 
 SORE'FOOT-EI), a. [.iure and foot.] Not liable to 
 
 stumble or fall ; as, a .surefooted horse. 
 SORE'LY, adv. Certainly j infallibly ; undoubtedly. 
 
 In tlie day thou eatest thereof, thou shall surely die. — Gen. fi. 
 lie that civaied soineihiiif out of nutiiiug, surety can ruise great 
 things out of small. iSoulh. 
 
 2. Firmly ; without danger of falling. 
 
 ffe that walked] uprightly walketh surely. — Pror. X. 
 
 SORE'NESS, (shQre'-,) n. Certainty. 
 
 For more sureness he repeats it. [Lillfc ussd.] Woodtaard. 
 
 SORE'TI-SIIIP, (shure'te-,) 7l [from surety.] The 
 state of being surely j the obligation of a person to 
 answer for another, and make good any debt ot loss 
 which may occur from another's delinquency. 
 
 He that hateth surstithip is sure. — Prov. il. 
 
 SORE'TY, (shure'te,) n. [Fr. .euretd.] 
 I. CerLiiiity ; intlubitableness. 
 
 Know of a surely, that Ihy seed shall bo a stranger In a land that 
 is not theirs. — Gen. xv. 
 
 2. Security ; safety. 
 
 Yet for the more surely they looked round abouL 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 __ _ 
 
SUR 
 
 SUR 
 
 SUR 
 
 3 Foundation of stabilily ; support. 
 
 Wc our •tiite 
 
 hold. M yoii yoiira, vvliilc ouroljcilifiict; lioUIs; 
 
 On jthrr turcly none. MiUon. 
 
 4. Evidence ; ratification ; confirmation. 
 
 She called tlio suiiita lo tiirety, 
 Thtit gho would ii'-vrr put il Iroui her fiii;i< r, 
 Unless ihe i^uvc it to younicll'. Shnk. 
 
 5. Security against loss or damage ; security for 
 payment. 
 
 Th'-re r''ni«iii» unp«M 
 A huniln'd llioimnd mi-ri-, in lurdij of llic which 
 One lurt of Aquiutin u liuund to us. Sfifik. 
 
 G. In law, one lliat is bnund with and for another ; 
 one \vh(» enters int(» a l)orui or recttfjnizanro to an- 
 swer for anttlher'fi appearance in court, or ftir iiis 
 payment of a debt, or for the performance of some 
 act, and wlio, in case of the principal debtor's fail- 
 ure, is compellable to pay the debt or damages ; a 
 bondsman ; a bail. 
 
 I!'' III. It is surettj for ft itnuiffcr shidi sm irt fnr it. — Fri>v. xi. 
 
 'riiy vrvtmt became surety lor the ltd to niy fiilller. — (ien. xliv, 
 
 7. In Scripture, Christ is called " the surety of a 
 better testament." llrh. vii. 02. He undertook to 
 make atonement for the sins of men, and thus pre- 
 pare the way«o deliver them from the punishment to 
 which they had rendered themselves liable. 
 
 8. A hostase. 
 
 SrUF, n. The swell of the sea which breaks upon 
 the shore, or upon sand-b.anks or rocks. 
 
 Mar. DIcU 
 
 2. In apiculture, the bottom or conduit of a drain. 
 
 r/.f.cH/.i 
 
 SUK'FACE, n. [Fr. sur, upon, and face.] 
 
 1. The exterior part of any thing that has length 
 and breadth ; one of the limits that terminates a sol- 
 id ; the superficies; outside; as, the surface of the 
 earth ; the surface of the sea ; the surface of a di- 
 amonrl ; the surface of the body ; the surface of a 
 cylinder; an even or an uneven surface; a smooth 
 or rough surface ; a spherical surface, 
 
 J^'nrton, Pope. 
 
 2. In ^fomrtrv, a magnitude that has length and 
 breadth without thickness. KucliU. 
 
 SUll'FlilT, (sur'fit,) V. L [Fr. sur, over, and fairc, 
 fait, to do, L. facia.] 
 
 1. To feed with meat or drink, so as to oppress 
 the stomach ami derange the functions of the sys- 
 tem ; to overfeed and produce sickness or uneasi- 
 ness. 
 
 2. To cloy ; to fill to satiety and disgust. He sur- 
 feits us with his eulogies. 
 
 SUR'FEIT, r. i. To be fed till the system is oppressed 
 and sickness or uneasiness ensues. 
 
 Thev np' ns sick that tur/eil with loo much, Ihcy that starve 
 'with nolliiiij. Slialc. 
 
 SUR'FEIT, 71. Fullness and oppression of the system, 
 occasioned by excessive eating and drinking. lie 
 has not recovered from a surfeit. 
 S. Excess in eating and drinking. 
 Now come* Uie sick hour thnt his surfeit mide. S7iaJc. 
 
 SUR'FEIT-ED, pp. Surcharged and oppressed with 
 
 eiUini and drinking to excess; cloyed. 
 SUR'FEIT-EK, re. One who riots ; a glutton. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 SUR'FEIT-ING, ppr. Oppressing the system by ex- 
 cessive eating and drinking; cloying; loading or 
 filling lo disgust. 
 
 SUlt'FEIT-ING, 71. The act of feeding to excess; 
 gliiltoiiv. AiiAexxi. 
 
 SUR'FEiT-VVA-TER, n. [s-urfeit and teatcr.] Wa- 
 ter for the cure of surfeits. Lorke. 
 
 SURGF, 77, [L. sur<ro, to rise ; Pans, surao, bight.] 
 
 1. A largo wave or billow ; a great, rolling swell of 
 water. 
 
 [/( is »io< applied to smalt tcaces, and is chiefly used in 
 poetry and eloquence.] 
 
 He flies nlofi, and, with Impetuous roar. 
 
 Pursues the foaininj^ targes to the ithore. Dryten. 
 
 2. In ship-buildini^, the tapered part in front of the 
 whelps, between the chocks of a capstan, on which 
 the messenger may surge. Cue. 
 
 SURCE, r. u To let go a portion of a rope suddenly. 
 
 .Surirf the messenger. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 SUUCE, D. i. To swell; to rise high and roll; as 
 
 waves. 
 
 The surging watem like a mountain rise. Spenser. 
 2. To slip bark ; as, the cable surires. 
 SUUGE'LESS, (surj'less,) o. Free from surges; 
 
 smooth ; calm. 
 SUR'GEON, (sur'jun,) 71. [Contracted from cAini7^ 
 e'on.] 
 
 One whose profession or occupation is to cure dis- 
 eases or injuries of the body by manual operation. 
 In a more general sense, one whose occupation is to 
 cure external diseases, whether by manual operation, 
 or by medicines externally or internally. 
 
 SL'IJ'GEO.\-CY, 71. The oflice or employment of a 
 siirgenn in the nav.il or military service. 
 
 SUR'GER-Y, 77. Proprrhi, the net of healing by man- 
 ual operation ; or Ihat'branch of medical science 
 which treats of manual operations mr the healing of 
 
 diseases or injuries of the body. In a more general j 
 seiue, the act or art of healing exierntil diseases by 
 manual operation, or by medicines ; or that brancii 
 of medical science which has for its principal object 
 the cure of external injuries. Cuopcr. 
 
 SUR'Gie-AL, a. Pertaining to surgeons or surgery ; 
 done by means of surgery. 
 
 SUR'GING, ppr. or a. Swelling and rolling, as bil- 
 lows. 
 
 Surging waves a^inat a solid rock. MiltAn. 
 
 SUR'GY, a. Rising in surges or billows ; full of 
 surges ; as, the suriry main. I'ope. 
 
 SO'lll-CATE, 71. A carnivorous African quailriiped, 
 allied to the ichneumon, and belonging to Ihe sub- 
 genus Ryz.-en.a. It is somewhat smaller than the do- 
 mestic cat. C. //. .Smi(/i. 
 
 SUK'Ll-LY, arfti. [from surly.] In a surly, 7n.)roso 
 manner. 
 
 SUR'Ll-NESS, n. Gloomy morosencss ; crabbeil 111 
 
 nature ; as, the surliness of a dm;. 
 SUR'LING, 71. A sour, morose fellow. [.Vul in jtsc] 
 
 Cutndcn. 
 
 SUR'LOIN, 71. See SiKLOiN. 
 
 SUR'LY, a. [\V. strr, surly, snarling; sutri, surli- 
 ness, sullenness. Uu. its alliance witli .loi/r.J 
 
 1. Gloomily morose; crabbed; snarling; sternly 
 sour ; rough ; cross and rude; as, a surly grooom ; a 
 surly dog. 
 
 That surly spirit, melancholy. Sliak. 
 
 2. Rough ; dark ; tempestuous. 
 
 Now softened into joy the surly storm. Thotiuon. 
 
 StlR-MIS'AL, 71. Surmise. [Au« 771 ji.vc.] 
 SURMISE', (stir-mlze',) r. (. [Norm, surmys, al- 
 leged ; surmitter, to surmise, to accuse, to suggest ; 
 Fr. sur and mettre, to put.] 
 
 To suspect; to imagine without certain knowl- 
 edge; to entertain thoughts that something does or 
 will exist, but upon slight evidence. 
 It wafted nearer yet, and then Kite knew 
 
 That what before she but surmised, was true. Drylen. 
 
 This change was not wronshl i)y ulterin^ the form or pei^ituai of 
 the earth, a» wtia surmised by a very Icurued man, but by 
 dissolving it. , Wvudtoard. 
 
 SUR-MISE', 71. Suspicion ; the thought or imagina- 
 tion th.at something may be, of which, however, 
 there is no certain or strong evidence ; as, the sur- 
 mises of jealousy or of envy. 
 
 We double honor gain 
 
 Prom his sur77ii,?e proved false. Milton. 
 
 No man ought to Iw! cliarged with principles he disowns, unless 
 hiK practices contradict his prolessions ; not upon small £ur' 
 mises. SiriJ'l. 
 
 SUR-!MIS'£D, }tp. Suspected ; imagined upon slight 
 evidence. 
 
 SUR-MIS'ER, n. One who surmises. 
 SUR-MIS'ING, j»|7r. Suspecting; imagining upon 
 
 slight evidence. 
 SUR-RIIS'Ii\G, 71. The act of suspecting; surmise; 
 
 as, evil sunnisini^s. I 7'i77i. vi. 
 SUR-MOUNT', V. t. [Fr. surmontcr; sur and 77i<77«tcr, 
 
 to ascend.] 
 
 1. To rise above. 
 
 The monntains of Olympus, Atho, and Atlas, «ur-T7iount all 
 winds and clouds. Jiaiegh. 
 
 2. To conquer ; to overcome ; as, to surmount dif- 
 ficulties or obstacles. 
 
 3. To surpass ; to exceed. 
 
 What suT-77ioun7s the reach 
 Of human sense. AfiJton. 
 
 SUR-JIOUNT'A-BLE, a. That may be overcome; 
 siipcrable. 
 
 SUR-.MOUNT'A-BLE-NESS, 71. The state of being 
 surmountable. 
 
 SUR-.MOUNT'ED, pp. Overcome ; conquered ; sur- 
 passed. 
 
 2. o. In architecture, used to denote an arch or 
 dome, which rises higher than a semicircle. 
 
 3. In heraldry, a term used when one figure is laid 
 over another. Brande. 
 
 SUR-.MOU.\T'ER, n. One that surmounts. 
 SUR-MOUiNT'lNG, ppr. Rising above ; overcoming; 
 surpassing. 
 
 SUR-MUL'LET, 77. A fish of the genus Miillus, Q\. 
 barbatus,) remarkable for the brilliancy of its colors, 
 and for the cbangi;s which they undergo as the fish 
 expires. The name is also applied to other species 
 of the genus, which belongs to the perch family. 
 
 Kil, Kacyc. Jardinc^s J^'*at. Lib, 
 
 SUR'MU-LOT, 71. [Fr.] A name given by Uiiiron to 
 the brown or Norway rat. FA. Enryc. 
 
 SUR'NaME, n. [ Fr. iur7io77> ; It. iopr<!7i7i07M<; ; Sp. so- 
 brenombre ; L. super and nomen.] 
 
 1. An additional name ; a name or appellation add- 
 ed to the baptismal or Christian name, and which 
 becomes a family name. Surnames, with us, origin- 
 ally designated occupation, estate, place of residence, 
 or some particular thing or event that related lo the 
 person. Thus, William Rufus, 01 red : Edmund Iron- 
 sides : Robert $7niM, or the £777i(A ; William Turner. 
 
 2. An appellation added lo the original name. 
 
 My furriarne Coriolanus. Shot. 
 SUR-NJME', c. (. [Fr. «(r7i<777i7n<;r.) 
 
 To name or call by an appellation added to Ihe 
 original name. 
 
 Another shall subscr^lx> with his hand lo the I.orO, aud fur7Vll7W 
 
 liiuiself by the name of Isrol. — Is. xliv. 
 And .Simon he tarnarmd Peter. — Mark ill. 
 
 SUR-NAM'ED, pp. Called by a name added to the 
 fhristian or original name. 
 
 SUR-X/TM'ING, ppr. Naming by an appellation add- 
 ed to the original name. 
 
 SUR-O.V'YI), 71. [ywr and <ir;/7i.] An oxyd containing 
 a greater number of eipiiv.denls of oxygen than of 
 the base with which il is coiAblncd. [French.] [ATo! 
 used.] 
 
 SUR-0.\'YD-ATE, r. f. To form a suroxyd. [JVot 
 u^eil. ] 
 
 SUR-I*/\SS', r. (. [Fr. surpasser; tur and passer, to 
 pass heyoinl.] 
 
 To e.xceed ; to excel ; lo go beyond In any thing 
 good or bad. Homer .mrpasses modern poets in sub- 
 limity. Pope surpasses most other poets in smontli- 
 ness of versification. .Achilles sitrpa.<^ed the other 
 Greeks in strength and courage. Clodiiis surpar^srd 
 all men in the prufligary of his life, Perlbips no man 
 ever .surpassed Washington in genuine patriotism 
 and integritv of life. 
 
 SUR l'ASS'A-HLE, a. That may he exceeded. Diet. 
 
 SUR-FASS't'D, (-past',) p;). Exceeded; excelled. 
 
 SUR-PASS'IN(;,;i;)r. Exceeding; going beyond. 
 2. a. E.\cellent in an eminent degree ; exceeding 
 others. 
 
 O thou, that with surpassing glory crowned. filUton. 
 
 SUR-PXSS'ING-LY, adi: In a very excellent man- 
 ner, or in a ilegree surj>ussing olhi^rs. '< 
 
 SUR-PASS'IN(;-NESS, 71. The state of surpassing. 
 
 SUll'PLICE, (siir'plis,) 71. [Fr. .»i/rp/7.< ; Sp. subrcpel- '■ 
 lii ; L. super pellicium, above the robe of fur.] , 
 A white garment worn over their other dress by I 
 the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, aiid 
 certain other churclies, in some of Uieir miiiislra- 
 tiims. 
 
 SUR'PLIC-A'D, (sur'plist,) a. Wearing a surplice. 
 
 Malln. 
 
 SUR'PI.ICE-FERS, 71. p/. [.^-urplice nnd fees.] Fees 
 paid lo the English clergy lor occasiontil duties, 
 
 IVarton. 
 
 SUR'PLUS, 71. [Fr. siir and plus, L. id., more.] 
 
 1. Overplus ; that Miich remains when use is sat- 
 isfied ; excess tieyond what is prescribed or wanted. 
 In the United States, the sttrplu^ of whe.at and rye 
 not required for consumption or exportation is dis- 
 tilled. 
 
 a. In law, the residuum of an est.ato after the debts 
 and legacies are paid. 
 SUP.'I'LUS-.AGE, 71. Stir|iliis; as, sii77(/7i,«a^c of grain 
 or goods beyond what is w:tnted. 
 
 2. In law, sjinething in the pleadings or proceed- 
 ings not necessary or relevant to the case, and which 
 may be rejected. 
 
 3. In accounU, a greater disbursement than the 
 charge of the accountant amounteth to. Rees. 
 
 SUR-PRIS'AL, (siir-prlz'al.) 71. [See SunrnME.] The 
 act of surprising, or coming npim stitldenly and un- 
 expectedly ; or the st.ate of being taken unawares. 
 
 SUR-PRISE', (sur-pri7,e',) 7-. t. [ Fr., from surprendrr, ; 
 jurand prendre, to Lake ; It. sorftresa, snrprrndere ; Sp. ■ 
 sorpresa, sorprchcndcr i L. super, supra, and prendo, 
 to ttike.J 
 
 1. To como or fall upon suddenly and unexpected- 
 ly ; to take unawares. 
 
 The Ciisile of M.icilnlV I will surprise. Sha'i. 
 Who can apeak 
 
 The niin^led pjissions that surprised his heart t Thomson. 
 
 2. To strike with wonder or astonishment by some- 
 thing sudden, unexpected, or remarkable, cither in 
 contluct, words, or slor\', or by the appearance of 
 something uiuisiial. Thus we are surprisetl at des- 
 perate acts of heroism, or at the narnition of won- 
 derful events, or at the sight of things of uncommon 
 magnilnile or curious structure. 
 
 3. To confuse ; lo throw ihe mind into disorder by 
 something suddenly presented to the view or to Ihe 
 mind. 
 
 Up he starts, *lii<overed and surprised. Milton, 
 SUR PRISE', 71. The act of coming upon unawares, 
 or of taking suddenly and without prep:ir.ation. The 
 fort was taken by surprise, ' 
 
 2. The stale of being taken unexpectedly. I 
 
 3. An emotion excited by something happening | 
 suddenly and unexpectedly, as something novel told 
 
 or presented to view. Nothing could exceed his - 
 prise at the narration of these adventures. It ex- 
 presses less than Wondf.r and Astonishment. 
 
 4. .\ dish with nothing in it. [A'o( in use.] Kl i^'. 
 SUR-PRIS'f;0, pp. Come upon or taken unawan . ; 
 
 struck with something novel or unexpected. ; 
 SUR-PRIS'I.\G, ppr. Falling on or taking suddenly ] 
 or unawares ; striking xvith sonietbing novel ; Uiking | 
 by a sudden or unexpected atuick. ; 
 
 2. a. Exciting surprise ; extraordinary ; of a na- 
 ture to excite wonder and astonishment ; as, surpris- 
 ing bravery ; surprising patience ; a surprising escape 
 from danger. 
 
 SUR-PRIS'ING-LY, adv. In « monnci or degree tial 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, tJNITE.— 
 
SUR 
 
 SUR 
 
 I excites surprise. He exerted himself surprisingly to 
 I save the life of liis cuinpaniun. 
 
 I SUR-PUIS'ING-NESS, Ji. St;ite of beins surprisins. 
 I SUR'aUED-RY, lu [sur and Norm. Fr. cuider, to 
 I think. Qu. Sp. cuidar, to heed. See Heed.] 
 
 Overweening pride ^ arrogance. [Aot in nse.'\ 
 \ Spenser. 
 1 SUR-R&BUT', V. i. {sur and rebut.] In le^al plead- 
 I tnn-s, to replv, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter 
 j SUR-RE-BUf'TER, n. Tile plaintiff's reply in plead- 
 I ing to a defendant's rebutter. Blackstone. 
 I SUR-RE-JOIN', I', i. [sur ani rejoin.'] In legal plead- 
 inits, to reply, as a plaintill' to a defendant's rejoin- 
 I der. 
 
 I SUR-RE-JOIN'DER, n. The answer of a plaintiff to 
 a defendant's rejoinder. 
 SUR-RE.\'DER, v. L [Fr. se rendre, to yield. Sur- 
 render is prol)ably a corruption of se rendre] 
 
 1. To yield to the power of another ; to give or 
 deliver up possession upon compulsion or demand ; 
 as, to surrender one's person to an enemy, or to com- 
 missioners of bankrupt ; to surrender a fort or a ship. 
 
 [To surrender up is not elegant.] 
 
 12. To yield ; to give up ; to resign in favor of an- 
 other ; as, to surrender a right or privilege ; to sur- 
 render a place or an office. 
 
 3. To give up ; to resign ; as, to surrender the 
 breath. 
 
 4. In law, to yield an estate, as a tenant, into the 
 hands of the lord for such purposes as are expressed 
 in the act. Blackstone. 
 
 5. To yield to any influence, passion, or power; 
 as, to surrender one's self to grief, to despair, to in- 
 dolence, or to sleep- 
 
 SUR-REN'DER, r. i. To yield : to give up one's self 
 into the power of anotiier. The enemy, seeing no 
 wav of escape, surrendered at the first summons. 
 
 SUR-REN'DER, ?i. The act of yielding or resign- 
 ing one's person, or the possession of something, 
 into the jiower of another ; as, the surrender of a 
 castle to an enemy ; the surrender of a right, or of 
 claims. 
 
 2. A yielding or giving up. 
 
 3. In law, tlie yielding of an estate by a tenant to 
 the lord, for such purposes as are expressed by the 
 tenant in the act. , BlarUstnne. 
 
 SUK-REN'DER-J=:D,p/). Yielded or delivered to the 
 power of another: given up; resigned. 
 
 SUK-RE.\-DER-EE', n. In lair, a iiersoii to whom 
 the lord grants surrendered land ; the cestuy que 
 use. 
 
 SUR-REX'DER-IXG, ppr. Yielding or giving up to 
 
 the power of another; resigning. 
 SUR-REX'DER-OR, n. The tenant who surrenders 
 
 an estate into the hands of his lord. 
 
 Till thft admittance of cestuy que uee, the lord takes notice of the 
 surrenderor as his tenant. B^ackstorte. 
 
 SUR-REX'DRY, n. A surrender. 
 
 [Surrender is the most elegant and best author- 
 ized.] 
 
 SUR-REP'TIOX, n. [L. surreptuSj surrcpo ; sub and 
 repo, to creep.] 
 
 A coming unperceived ; a stealing upon insensibly. 
 \ Little used.] 
 
 SUR-REP-TI''TIOUS, (-tisli'us,) a. [L. surreptitius, 
 supra.] 
 
 Done by stealth, or without proper authority ; made 
 or introduced fraudulently , as, a surreptitious passage 
 in a manuscript. 
 
 A corp'Ct copy of the Dunciad, Itie mrmv eurrejititious on^s have 
 rendered neceianry. Leiur Uj Publisher of Dunciad. 
 
 SUR.REP-TI"TlOUS-I,Y, (tish'us-le,) adv. By 
 stealth ; without authority ; fraudulently. 
 
 SUR'RO-GaTE, n. [Ij. surrogutus, surrofro, subroiro ; 
 sub and ro^o, to propose. Ilufro, to ask or projiose, 
 signifies primarily to reach, put, or thrust forward ; 
 and subrogo is to put or set in the place of another.] 
 In a rreneral sense, a deputy ; a delegate ; a sub- 
 stitute ; partieulnrhj, in Entrland, the deputy of an 
 ecclesi.'istical judge, most C' rninonly of a bishop or 
 his chancellor. In some of the United fiinlrs, an offi- 
 cer who presides over the probate of wills and testa- 
 mi-nt», and the settlement of csl.ttes. 
 
 SUR'RO-GATE, r. L To put in the place of another. 
 \f.iUle lued.] 
 
 BL'R-RO-GA'TIO.X, n. The act of substituting one 
 
 person in the place of another. [Little used.] 
 6UR-RO(JXI)', r. (. [mut and round, Fr. rond.] 
 
 1. To cncompans; to environ; to inclose on all 
 sides ; as, to nurround a city. Thi!y surrounded a 
 body of the enemy. 
 ; 2. To lie or be on all sides of; as, a wall or ditch 
 
 itnrrnund- till! city, 
 i| BtlR.IKJUXlt'ElJ, pp. Encompaoved ; inclo.scd : bc- 
 I ^et. 
 
 I HUK ROL'.N'D'ING, m»r or o. Encompassing ; inclos- 
 iiil!; lying on all sities of. 
 PI'K RfjirMVING, n. An I'nroinpasKing. 
 8UR SOI.'II), n. [itur and nolid or mrdeaalid.] In 
 ! minhrmalirt, the fifth ptiwer of a number ; or the 
 produri of the fourth miilliplicatinn of n number 
 'Ton-'iilered an the root. Tliim 3 X 3 = 9, the xipiare 
 of 3, and 9X3 = 37, the third power or cube, and 
 
 27x3 =81, the fourth power, and 81x3 = 243, 
 which is the sursolid of 3. 
 
 SUR-SOL'ID, a. . Denoting the fifth power. 
 
 Sursolid problem, is that which can not be resolved 
 but by curves of a higher kind than the conic sec- 
 tions. Bees. 
 
 SUR-TOUT', 71. [Fr. sur-tout, over all.] 
 
 A man's coat to be worn over his other garments. 
 
 SUR'TUR-BRAXD, n. Fibrous brown coal or bitu- 
 minous wood ; so called in Iceland. Ure. 
 
 SUR-yE[L'L.aJ<fCE, (sur-val'yans,) n. [Fr.] Watch ; 
 inspection. 
 
 SUR-VkXE', v.t. [Fr. survenir ; sur and tenir, to 
 come.] 
 
 To supervene ; to come as an addition ; as, a sup- 
 puration that survcnes lethargies. [Little itsed.] 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 SUR-VEY', (sur-va',) v. t [Xorm. surveer, surveoir; 
 sur and Fr. voir, to see or look, contracted from L. 
 video, videre.] 
 
 1. To inspect or take a view of; to view with at- 
 tention, as from a high place; as, to stand on a hill, 
 and surrey the surrounding country. It denotes 
 more particular and deliberate alteution than Look 
 or See. 
 
 2. To view with a scrutinizing eye ; to examine. 
 
 With such altered looks, 
 All pale and speechless, he surveyed me round. Dn/den. 
 
 3. To examine with reference to condition, situa- 
 tion, and value; as, to survey a building to deter- 
 mine its value and exposure to loss by fire. 
 
 4. To measure, as land ; or to ascertain thj con- 
 tents of land by lines and angles. 
 
 5. To examine or ascertain the position and dis- 
 tances of objects on the shore of the sea, the depth 
 of water, nature of the bottom, and whatever may 
 be necessary to facilitate the navigation of the waters 
 and render the entrance into harbors, sounds, and riv- 
 ers easy iind safe. Thus orticers are employed to 
 survey the coast and make charts of the same. 
 
 6. To examine and ascertain, as the boundaries 
 and royalties of a manor, the tenure of the tenants, 
 and the rent and value of the same. 
 
 7. To examine and ascertain, as the state of agri- 
 culture. 
 
 SUR'VEY, (sur'va,) n. [Formerly accented on the last 
 syllable.] 
 
 1. An attentive view ; a look or looking with care. 
 He took a survey of the whole landscape. 
 
 Under hia proud survey the city lies. Devham, 
 
 2. A particular view ; an examination of all the 
 parts or particulars of a tiling, with a design to as- 
 cerl;iin the condition, quantity, or quality ; as, a sur- 
 vey of the stores, provisions, or munitions of a ship. 
 So also a survey of roads and bridges is made by 
 proper officers ; a .^mey of buildings is intended to 
 ascertain their condition, value, and exposure to fire. 
 A survey of a harbor, sound, or coast, comprehends 
 an examination of the distance and bearing of points 
 of Land, isles, shoals, depth of water, course of 
 channels, &c. A survey of agriculture includes a 
 view of the state of property, buildings, fences, 
 modes of cultivation, crops, gardens, orchards, 
 woods, live stock, &c. And in general, survey de- 
 notes a particular--yievv and examination of any 
 thing. 
 
 3. The act by which the quantity of a piece of 
 land is ascertained ; also, the paper containing a 
 statement of the courses, distances, and quantity of 
 land. Bouvier. 
 
 4. In the United States, a district for the collection 
 of the customs, under the inspection and authority 
 of a particular officer. 
 
 "trigonometrical survey ; a survey on a large scale 
 by means of a series c f triangles, as for making a 
 geometrical map of a country, or for measuring an 
 arc of the terrestrial meridian. Brandc, 
 
 SUR-YEY'AL, n. Survey ; a viewing. 
 
 SUR-VgY'ED, (sur-vade',) pp. Viewed with atten- 
 ti<m ; examined ; measuretl. 
 
 SUR VgY'lXG, (sur-va'ing,) ppr. Viewing with at- 
 tention ; examining particularly ; measuring. 
 
 SUR-VBY'IXG,n. That branch of mathematics which 
 teaches the art of measuring land ; the act or busi- 
 ness of measuring land. 
 
 SUR-VEY'OR, (sur-vi'ur,) n. An overseer ; one 
 placed to superintend others. Shak. 
 
 2. Cine that views and examines for the purpose 
 of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of 
 any thing ; as, a surveyor of highways; surveyors of 
 ordnance. 
 
 3. One that measures land. 
 
 4. In Ike customs, n ganger ; an officer who ascer- 
 tains the contents of casks, and the quantity of 
 liquors subject to duty ; also, in the United States, 
 on olllcer who ascertains the weight and quantity of 
 goods Hulijcrt to duty. 
 
 BUR-VBY'(JR-GKX'ER-AI,, n. A principal survey- 
 or; ns, the surveyor general of the king's manors, or 
 of woodH and iiarks in Enclniid. In the United 
 States, the chief surveyor of lands ; as, the surveyor- 
 eer.eral of the L'lnted Stales, or of a particular State. 
 
 HPR-VBY'OH-SMIP, 71. The office of a surveyor. 
 
 sus 
 
 SUR-VIEW, (sur-vu',) v. t. To survey. [A'Vit i;i 
 use.] Spenser. 
 
 SUR-VIEVV, 71. Survey. [.'Vot in use.] ' 
 
 SUR-\TiSE', e. «. [Fr. sur and viser.] | 
 To look over, f JVuf in use.] B. JoTtson. ' 
 
 SUR-VIV'.\L, 71. [See Survive.] A living beyond ' 
 the life of another person, thing, or event ; an out- ' 
 living. i 
 
 SUR-VIV'AXCE, 71. Survivorship. [LUtieused.] ' 
 
 Hume. 
 
 SUR-VxVE', V. U [Fr. survivre ; sur and vivre, to 
 live; ll. sopravvivere ; Sp. sobrevivir i Ij. supervivo.] ' 
 
 1. To outlive; to live beyond the life of another; | 
 as, the wife survives her husband ; or a husband 
 survives his wife. 1 
 
 2. To outlive anything else; to live beyond any j 
 event. Who would wish to survive the ruin of his i 
 country Many men survive their usefulness or the 
 regular exercise of their reason. 
 
 SUR-ViVE', V. i. To remain alive. 
 
 Try pleasure, 
 Which, when no other pne.-ny «urvit>ec, 
 Still conquers all the conquerors, Dertham. 
 
 SUR-VIV'EX-CY, 71. A surviving ; survivorship. 
 SUR-VlV'ER, 71. One that outlives another. [See 
 
 SlRVIVOR.l 
 
 SUR VIVING, ppr. Outliving ; living beyond the 
 life of another, or beyond the time of some event. 
 
 2. a. Remaining alive ; yet living; as, surviving 
 friends or relatives. 
 
 SUR-VlV'OR, 71. One who outlives another. 
 
 2. In laie, the longer liver of two joint tenants, or ; 
 of any two persons who have a joint interest in any , 
 tiling. Blackstone. 
 
 SUR-VlV'OR-SHIP, 71. The state of outliving another. 
 2. In law, the right of a joint tenant, or other per- | 
 son who has a joint interest in an estate, to take the | 
 whole estate upon the death of the other. When 1 
 there are more than two joint tenants, the whole [ 
 estate remains to the last survivor by right of survi- 
 rorsUip. Blackstone. 
 
 SUS-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY, 7i. [from susceptible.] The 
 quality of admitting or receiving either something 
 additional or some change, affection, or passion ; as, 
 the susceptibility of color in a body ; .<:usceptibility of 
 culture or refinement ; susceptibility of love or desire, 
 or of impressions. 
 
 SUS-CEP'TI-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. suscipio, to take ; ' 
 sub and ccipio.] 
 
 1. Capable of admitting any thing additional, or 
 any change, affection, or influence; as, a body .^■t^5- 
 ceptible of color or of alteration ; a body susceptible 
 of pain ; a heart susceptible of love or of impression. 
 
 2. Tender ; capable of impression ; impressible. 
 The minds of children are more su^-ce/itifr/e than those 
 of persons more advanced in life. I 
 
 3. Having nice sensibility ; as, a man of a suscep- 
 tible heart. I 
 
 SU;?-CEP'T1-BLE-NESS, n. Susceptibility, which " 
 see. 
 
 SUS-CEP'TI-BLY, adv. In a susceptible manner. 
 SUS-CEP'TION, 71. The act of taking. [But little 
 
 used.] ^yliffe. 
 SUS-CEP'TIVE, a. Capable of admitting ; readily 
 
 admitting. Our niitures are susceptive of errors!. 
 
 Hatls. 
 
 SUS-CEP-TIV'I-TY, 71. Capacity of admitting. [Lit- 
 tle used.] fVollaston. 
 
 SUS-CEP'TOR, 71. [L.] One who undertakes ; a 
 godfather. 
 
 SUS CIP'I-EX-CY, 71. Reception ; admission. 
 SUS-CIP I-EXT, a. Receiving ; admitting. 
 SUS-CIP'I-EXT, 71. One who takes or admits; one 
 
 that receives. Bp. Taylor. 
 
 SUS'Cl-TATE, V. t. [Fr. susciter ; L. suscito ; sub and 
 
 cito.] 
 
 To rouse ; to excite ; to call into life and action. 
 SUS'C1-Ta-TI;1), ;>p. Roused ; excited. [Brown.. 
 SUS'CI-Ta-TIXG, ppr. Exciting ; calling into life 
 and actitui. 
 
 SUS-C1-T.\'TI0X, 71. The net of raising or exciting. 
 
 Pearson. 
 
 SUS'LIK, 71. A spotted animal, of the marmot kind. 
 A quadruped of the genus Aictomys, of a yellowish- 
 brown color, with small, white spots; the earless 
 iiiariiiot. Ed. Encye. 
 
 SUS-PECl'', r. L [L. su.^ectus, suspicio ; sub and spe- 
 cio, to see or view.] 
 
 1. To mi.-trust ; to imagine or have a slight opin- 
 ion 111 It soiuetlniig exists, but without proof, and 
 olleii upon weak evidence or no evidence at all. We 
 susprrl not tuily from fear, jealousy, or apprehension 
 of evil, but, ill modern usage, we siutpect things 
 which give us no apprehension. 
 
 Nothing makes u man suspect much, more tlian to know hale. 
 
 Ilfiron. 
 
 From her hand 1 could tuspset no 111. lilUtvn. 
 
 2. To imagine to bo guilty, but upon slight evi- 
 dence or without proof. When a theft is conniiitted, 
 we are apt to suspect a person who is known to have 
 been guilty of stealing ; but wo often suspect a per.soii 
 who is innocent of the crime. 
 
 3. To hold lo be uncertain ; to doubt ; to mistrust ; 
 ns, to suspect the truth of a story. 
 
 FATE. FAR, F^LU WH^T MpTE, PR^Y.-PIXE, MARINE. BIBD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1114 ■ ~ 
 
sus 
 
 4. To liolil to 1)0 doiiblfiil. Tlie vprar.ily of ii his- 
 torian, and till) iinpurlialily of a judge, should not 
 be su.fpecteJ. 
 
 5. To conjecture. Philosophy of Rhetoric. 
 SUS PECT', V. i. To imagine guilt. 
 
 If 1 tus])ect without cauic, why, then, let mf bo your Jc»t. ShaJi. 
 SUS-PECT', a. Doubtful. [JVot much used.] 
 
 Olanrilh. 
 
 SITS-PKCT', n. Snspicion. [Obs.] Bacon. Shak. 
 SUS-PECT' A-BLE, a. That may be suspected. [Lit- 
 tle il.wl.] 
 
 SUS-PECT'ED, pp. or o. Imagined without proof; 
 niistriisti'd. 
 
 SUS-PECT'ED-LY, arfi). So as to c.xcito suspicion; 
 
 so as to be suspertetl. 
 SUS-PECT'ED-NESS, n. State of being suspected or 
 
 dniibted. Hobinsoiu* 
 SUS-PECT'ER, n. One who suspects. 
 SUS-PECT'1'HL, a. Apt to suspect or mistrust. 
 
 Ii(ule\i. 
 
 SUS-PECTTNG, ppr. Imagining without evidence; 
 mistrusting upon slight grounds. 
 
 SUS-PP,eT'LESS, a. Not suspecting ; having no sus- 
 picion. Herbert. 
 f2. Not suspected ; not mistrusted. Bcaum. 
 
 SUS-PENU', V. t. [Vt. snspendre ; U. so!^cntlcre : Sp. 
 suspender ; Ij. siispendo ; sub and pendo, to hang.] 
 
 1. To hang ; to attach to something above ; as, to 
 suspend a ball by a thread ; to suspend the body by a 
 cord or by hooks ; a needle suspended by a lodestone. 
 
 2. To make to depend on. God hath suspended llic 
 primiise of eternal life on the condition of faith and 
 obedience. 
 
 3. To interrupt ; to intermit ; to cause to cease for 
 a time. 
 
 The gii.inl nor fights nor Hirs ; Ih^ir fatp so near ' 
 
 At once tuependa their counge anil tlicir t"e.ir. Denham. 
 
 4. To stay ; to delay ; to hinder from proceeding 
 for a time. 
 
 Suspend your indignation against my brother. Shtik. 
 I ausjiend ihcir doom. Milton. 
 
 5. To hold in a state undetermined ; as, to suspend 
 one's choice or opinion. Locke. 
 
 6. To debar from any privilege, from the execution 
 of an office, or from the enjoyment of incotne. 
 
 Goott men shuulil not l»e auepervted (torn the exercise of their 
 ministry and deprived ol their liveliliood, tor ccn-munii-s 
 which are acknowlcil^'U indillerent. ^rtdereon. 
 
 7. To cause to cease for a time from operation or 
 effect ; as, to suspend the habeas corpus act. 
 
 SUS-I'END'ED, pp. or a. Hung up ; made to depend 
 on ; causetl to cease fi>r .1 tiipe ; tielayed ; held unde- 
 termined ; prevented frt>m executing an ofiico or en- 
 jovins a right. 
 
 SUS-PEXD'ER, ji. One that suspends. 
 
 •2. Suspenders, pL: straps worn for holding up pan- 
 taloons, &c. ; braces. 
 
 SUS-PE.\D'I\G, ppr. Hanging up ; making to de- 
 pend on ; intermitting ; causing to cease for a time ; 
 holding undetermined ; debarring from action or 
 right. 
 
 SUS-PE.NSE', (sus-pens',) n. [L. .mspensus.] 
 
 1. A state of uncertainty ; indetermination ; indecis- 
 ion. A man's mind is in siu<i>ensc when it is balan- 
 cing the weight of different arguments or considera- 
 tions, or when it is uncertain respecting facts un- 
 known, or events not in his own power. 
 
 Ten (layi die prophet in aufpenae [i^maincd. Denham, 
 
 2. Stop ; cessiition for a time. 
 
 A cool autptnae from ple:«ure or from pain. Pope. 
 
 3. In /atfl, suspension ; a temporary cessation of a 
 man's right; as when the rent or other profits of 
 land cease hv unity of possession of land and rent. 
 
 SUS-PENSE','a. lield from proceeding. [Little used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 SUS-PENS-I-BIL'I-TV, n. The capacity of being 
 suspended, or sustained from sinking; as, the sus- 
 pensibilittt of indurated clay in water. Kirtran. 
 
 SUS-PE.\S'I-BLE, a. Capable of being suspended, or 
 held from sinking. 
 
 SUS-PEN'SION, (-shun,) n. [Fr., from L. suspcnsio. 
 See SusFKND.] 
 
 I. The act of hanging up, or of causing to hang by 
 being attached to something above. 
 
 9. The act of making to depend on any thing for 
 existence or taking place ; as, the su-pension of pay- 
 ment on the pcrforin;ince of a condition. 
 
 3. 'i"he act of delayifig ; delay ; as, the stLspen.tion 
 of a crimin'tl's execution, calletl a re.y-pite or reprieve. 
 
 4. Act of withholding or balancing the judgment ; 
 forbearance of determination ; as, the .tiufpension of 
 opinion, of judgment, of decisitm, or determination. 
 Suspension of judgment often proceeds from doubt or 
 ignorance of facts. 
 
 5. Tempor.iry cessation ; intcmiption ; intermis- 
 sion ; as, the su.tpcnjian of labor or of study ; the 
 suspension of pain. 
 
 6. Temporary privation of powers, authority, or 
 rights, usually intended as a censure or punishment ; 
 as, the suspension of an ei rli siastic or minister for 
 some fault. This may be merely a suspension of his 
 office, or it may be both of his office and his income. 
 
 .\ military or naval officer's smpension takes place 
 when lie is arrestetl. 
 
 7. Prevention or interruption of operation ; Bg, the 
 suspension ttf the liab(;:is corpus act. 
 
 8. In rhetoric, a keeping <d' the hearer in doubt and 
 in attentive expectalioii of what is to follow, or what 
 is to be the inference or conclusion from the argu- 
 ments or observations. 
 
 0. In Scots lam, ii stay or postponement of execution 
 of a sentence conilcmnatiiry, i>y nieaiis of letters of 
 suspension grantt^d on application to the lortl ordi- 
 nary Cyc. 
 
 10. In inrj-hanics, points of suspension in a balance 
 are the points in tin.' axis or beam where the weights 
 are applied, or from which they are suspemleil. 
 
 llulton. 
 
 11. In music, evrry sound of a chord to a given 
 base, which is continued to another base, is a sus- 
 pensiatt. Cyc. 
 
 Suspension of arjns ; in war, a short truce or cessa- 
 tion of operations agreed on by the commanders of 
 the contending parties, as for burj ing the dead, mak- 
 ing proposals for surrender or for peace, &c. Cite. 
 
 SUS-PE.N"SION-BRI0GE, n. A bridge supported by 
 chains or ropes, which pass over high piers or col- 
 umns at eacli end, and are secured below. Buchanan. 
 
 SUS-PENS'IVE, a. Doubtful. Beaum. If Fl. 
 
 SUS-PENS'OR, 71. In surgery, a bandage to suspend 
 the scrotum. 
 
 SUS-PE.\S'0-UY, a. That suspends ; suspending ; as, 
 a suspen.'torti muscle. 
 
 SUS-PENS'd-KY, n. That which suspends, or holds 
 up ; a truss. . 
 
 SUS'PI-CA-BI.E, a. [I,. su.'j>icor.] 
 
 That may be suspected ; liable to suspicion. [.Vol 
 irr use.] More. 
 
 SUS-PI''CIO.V, (sus-pish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. suspicio. 
 See Si;3rECT.] 
 
 The act of suspecting ; the imagin.ation of the ex- 
 istence of something without proof, or upon very 
 slight evidence, or upon no evidence at all. Suspicion 
 often proceeds from the apprehension of evil ; it is 
 tlic offspring or companion of jealt)usy. 
 
 Suspicions amon* thooglita are like Bats among binis ; they 
 ever fly by twilight. Bacon. 
 
 SUS-PI"CIOUS, (sus-pish'us,) a. [L. sttspiciosus.] 
 
 1. Inclined to suspect; apt to imagine without 
 proof. 
 
 Nature itself, after it has done an injury, will ever be suspicious, 
 and no man can love lite person he suspecu. South. 
 
 S. Indicating suspicion or fear. 
 
 We have a suspiaous, fearful, constrained countenance. Swift. 
 
 3. Liable to suspicion ; adapted to raise suspicion ; 
 giving reason to imagine ill ; as, an author of suspi- 
 cious innovations. Hooker. 
 
 I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud. Sliak. 
 
 4. Entertaining suspicion ; given to suspicion. 
 Many miscliievous insects are daily at work to make men of 
 
 merit suspicious of each other. Pops. 
 
 SU.S-PI"CIOUS-LY, adc. With suspicion. 
 
 2. So as to excite suspicion. Sidney. 
 SUS-PI"CIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being li.'ible 
 
 to suspicion, or liable to Jie suspected ; as, the suspi- 
 ciousness of a man's appearance, of his weapons, or 
 of his actions. 
 
 Q. The quality or state of being apt to suspect ; as, 
 the su.'rpiciousness of a man's temper or mind. 
 SUS-PI'UAL, ri. [L. suspiro, to breathe; sub and 
 spiro.] 
 
 1. A brcathing-hoIe ; a vent or ventiduct. Rces. 
 
 2. A spring of water passing under ground toward 
 a cistern or conduit. [Local.] Rees. 
 
 SUS-PI-F.A'TION, n. [L. suspiratio, suspiro, to sigh ; 
 
 sub and spiro, to breathe.] 
 The act of sighing or fetching a long and deep 
 
 breath ; a sigh. More. 
 SUS PIRE', V. i. [Supra.] To sigh ; to fetch a long, 
 
 deep breath ; to breathe. [Little used.] SliaJi. 
 SUS-PIR'£D, pp. or a. Wished for ; desired. [JVot in 
 
 use.] 
 
 SUS-TaIN', v. t. [L. sustineo; sub and teneo, to hold 
 under; Fr. soutenir; It. soslencre; Sp. sostcncr, sus- 
 t£ntar.] 
 
 1. To bear; to uphold ; to support; S', a founda- 
 tion sustains the superstructure; pillars sustain an 
 edifice ; a beast sustain.-^ a load. 
 
 2. To hidd ; to keep from falling; as, a ro|)e .rii.?- 
 tai7is a weight. 
 
 3. To supimrt ; to keep from sinking in despond- 
 ence. The hope of a better life sustains the alllicted 
 amiilst all their sorrttws. 
 
 4. To maintain ; to keep alive ; to support ; to 
 subsist ; as, provisions to sustain a family or an army. 
 
 5. To support in any condition by aid ; to assist or 
 relieve. 
 
 His son* who Kek Ibe lynnt to sustain. Drydtn. 
 
 6. To bear ; to endure without failing or yielding. 
 The mind stands collected, and sustains the shock. 
 
 Slnll Turnus then such endless toil rusltiin ? Drytl^n. 
 
 7. To suffer ; to bear ; to undergo. 
 
 Vou sliatt suaUun more new disgraces. Shak. 
 
 8. To maintain ; to support ; not to dismis.-. or 
 abate. Notwitli.slanding the plea in bar or 111 ubatc- 
 merit, (be court su-<tained the action or Nuit. 
 
 9. To maintain as a Hiiliicient ground. The testi- 
 mony or the evidence is not sullicient In sustain the 
 action, the accusation, the charges, or the impeach- 
 niint. , 
 
 111. In rnu.s'ic, to conlinne, nn the sound of notes 
 through their whole length. Uusbij. 
 Si;S-T'AI.\'', JI. That which upholds. [J\rol in use.] 
 
 Milton, 
 
 SUS-T,M\'A-BI,E, a. That may be sustained or 
 
 maiiilained. The action is not sustainable. 
 SUS-TAI.N'fJI), pp. Pome; upheld; maintained; 
 
 supported ; .subsisteil ; suffered. 
 SU.S-TAI.N'ER, n. He or that which sustains, iip- 
 
 holtls, (tr Sliders. 
 SUS-T.^ IN'I.NG, ppr. or a. Bearing; upholding; 
 
 maintaiiiini: ; siillering; subsisting. 
 SUS-TaI.\'.ME.\T, n. The act of sustaining; sup 
 
 ptirt. 
 
 SUS-TAI,'Tie, a. \(It. avaTa\TiKoi;.] 
 
 Mournful ; affecting ; an epithet given to a species 
 of music by the Greeks. Busby. 
 SUS'TE-NANCE, n. [.Norm. Fr. ; from .luslain.] 
 
 1. Support ; maintenance ; subsistence ; as, the 
 sustenance of the b'jdy ; l!ie sitstenanee of life. 
 
 2. That which supports life ; food ; victuals ; pro- 
 visions. This city has ample sustenance. 
 
 SUS-TEN'TA-CLE, n. [L. sustentaculum.] 
 
 Support. [JVu( IK U.1C,] More. 
 SUS-TEN-TA'TION, n. [Fr., from L. sustentalio, 
 sustento.] 
 
 1. Support ; preservation from falling. Boyle. 
 
 2. Use of food. Brown, 
 
 3. .Maintenance ; support of life. Bacon. 
 SU-SUR-RA'TIO.V, n. [L. susurratio ; susurro, to 
 
 whisper.] 
 A whispering ; a soft murmur. 
 
 SO'TIEE, (su'til,) a. [L. sutilis, from sua, to sew.] 
 Done by stitching. [.Yot in u.sc] Bosxceli. 
 
 SUT'LER, 71. [D. -.nctelanr, as if from loet, sweet. 
 But in German, sndclkoch is a paltry victualcr, as if 
 from sudeln, to soil ; sudler, a dirty fellow. In Dan- 
 ish, sudetkock is a pastry cook, from the same root ; 
 sudler, to soil. The Danish may be the original sig- 
 nification.] 
 
 A person who follows an army, and sells to the 
 troops provisions and litpiors. 
 SUT'LING, a. Belonging to sutlers; engaged in the 
 
 occupation of a sutler. Taller. 
 SUT-TEE', n. In the Sanscrit, or sacred lanffuagc of 
 tlic Hindoos, a female ileity. 
 
 2. A widow who immolates herself on the funeral 
 pile of her husband. 
 
 ;f. The sacrifice of burning a widow on the funeral 
 pile of her husband. 
 SUT-TEE'IS.M, 71. The practice of self-immolation 
 
 among widows in Ilindostan. 
 SUT'Tl.E, (sut'll,)a. Snttlc weirrht, in coTTimcrce, is the 
 weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is 
 yet to he allowetl.l McCulloch. 
 SUT'lfR-.AL, a. [L. sutura, a seam.] 
 Rel.iting to a suture or seam. 
 In botany, the dehiscence of a pericarp is ^titra^, 
 when it takes place at a suture. 
 SOT'^K-A-TED, a. Stitched; sewed or knit together. 
 
 Sinillu 
 
 SCT'lfRE, (sut'yure,) ji. [L. sutura, from suo, to 
 sew.] 
 
 1. Literally, a sewing ; hence, the uniting of the 
 parts of a wound by stitching. Coic. 
 
 2. The seam or joint which unites the bones of 
 the skull ; or the peculiar articulation or connection 
 of those bones ; as, the coronal suture ; the sagittal 
 suture. 
 
 3. In botany, the line or seam formed by the union 
 of two margins in any part of a plant. 
 
 90T'IIR-£D, a. Having sutures; knit or united to- 
 gether. 
 
 StfUM €UrQUE TRI-BC'TO, (-ki'kwe-,) [L.] 
 
 Give every one his due. 
 SO'ZE-R.MN-TV, ii. [Fr. ^u:craine(^, from m:erai>i, 
 
 a bird paramount.] 
 
 Paramount authority or command. F.nfantin. 
 SWAB, (swob,) 11. [iia\. .^cebban, to sweep; formed 
 
 perhaps on the root of wipe, as G. schwcben, to wave 
 
 or soar, is on that of trace, and D. iwcepen, on that of 
 
 whip.] 
 
 1. A mop for cleaning floors; on board of ships, a 
 large mop or bunch of old rope yarn, used to clean 
 the deck and cabin. 
 
 2. A bit of sponge fastened to a handle for cleans- 
 ing the mouth of the sick, or for giving them nour- 
 ishment. -Uillfr. 
 
 SWv^B, B. (. [Supra.] To clean with a mop ; to wipe 
 when wet or after washing ; as, to swab the deck of 
 a siiip. 
 
 SWAB'BCT), (swohd,) pp. Cleaned with a mop. 
 
 SWAB'BER, 71. [D. iwabber.] 
 
 One that uses a swab to clean a floor or deck ; on 
 board of ships of war, an inferior officer, whose busi- 
 ness is to see tiu.t the ship is kept clean. 
 
 SWAB'BI.N'G, ppr Cleaning with a mop. 
 
 TONE, B5;LL, liXITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G .is J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 in.'s 
 
II 
 
 SWA 
 
 SWA 
 
 SWA 
 
 SWAD, n. A pod, as of beans or peas. [Lorn/.] 
 2. A short, fat person. [ Ubs.] B. .lunson. 
 
 In JVeio England, a lump, mass, or buncli ; also, 
 a crowd, [yulffur.] 
 SWAD'DLE, (swod'dl,) v. t. [Sax. swathe, sKethd, a 
 border, fringe, or band ; beswcthan, to swathe ; D. 
 zwaad, G. schwadcn, a swatfl.] 
 
 I. To swathe ; to bhid, as with a bandage ; to bind 
 t![;ht ivith clothes ; used generally of infants ; as, to 
 6iratUilc a child. 
 
 Tliey sitaddled me in my night-gown. Addison, 
 
 •2. To beat; to cudgel. [Loio, and not in w^c."} 
 
 lludibraa. 
 
 SWAD'DLE, n. Clothes bound tight round the body. 
 
 'I'liey put me in bed in all my sicaddles. Addison. 
 S\y AD' OLED, pp. Swathed ; bound in tight clothes. 
 SVV.^D'DLING, ppr. " 
 
 A band or cloth wraji- 
 ped round an infant. 
 
 Swathing; binding in tight 
 
 clothes. 
 SWAD ■ DI,TNG-B AND, 
 SVVAU'DLIi\G-eLOTH, 
 Luke ii. 
 
 SWAG, u. i. [Clu. Sa.K. sigan, to fall; Ice. saeigia ; 
 Sw. svng ; Dan. id., feeble ; Dan. svtekker, to weaken. 
 See Weak.] 
 
 To sink down by its weight ; to lean. Grew. 
 SWAG'-BEL-LI .ED, (-bel-lid,) a. Having a promi- 
 nent, overhanging belly. Skuk. 
 SWaGE, v. t. [ Probably allied to swag and weak ; from 
 falling or throwing down.] 
 
 To ease ; to soften ; to mitigate. 
 
 Apt words hiive power to ticage 
 Tlie tumors of a troubled mind. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 [See As3UAOE, which is the word now used.] 
 SWAGE, n. Among workmen in sheet iron, a tool used 
 
 for making moldings upon sheet iron. 
 SWAGE, V. I. To use a swage ; to fashion a piece of 
 iron by drawing it into a groove or mold, having the 
 required shape. Haldeman. 
 SWAG'GER, V. i. [Pax. swegan, to sound or rattle.] 
 To bluster; to bully ; to boast or brag noisily ; to 
 tumultuously proud. 
 
 Wliat a pleasure it is to swagger at tlie bar ! 
 To l3e great is not to swagger at our footmen. 
 
 Arbxithnoi. 
 Collier. 
 
 SWAG'GER-ER, n. A blusterer ; a bully ; a boasiful, 
 noisy fellow. S/uik. 
 
 SWAG'GER-ING, ppr. or a. Blustering ; boasting 
 noisilv. 
 
 SWAG'GING, ppr. Sinking or inclining. 
 
 isWAG'GY, a. [from sicag.] Sinking, hanging, or 
 leaning by its weight. Brown. 
 
 FWAIN, n. [Sax. «<!cin, jwaii, a boy, a youth, a ser- 
 vant, a herdsman ; Sw. seen, a boy ; Dan. svend ; 
 (ce. seein.] 
 
 1. A young mtin. Speiuser. 
 
 2. A country servant employed in husbandry. 
 
 3. A pastoral youth. [Shak. 
 Blest sioains t whose nymphs in every grace excel. Pope. 
 
 lit is used chiefly in this sense, and in poetry.] 
 
 SWAIX'ISII, a. Rustic. JfUton. 
 
 SW.A I.V'Mn'l'E, \ n. [jjwain and mote, meeting.] In 
 
 SWiil.V'.Mf/rE, > JEiiWanf/, a court held before the 
 
 SWAN'I-JloTE, ) verdcrors of the forest as judges, 
 by the steward of the court, thrice every year ; the 
 swains or freeholders within the forest comjiosing 
 the jury. Its principal jurisdiction is to inquire into 
 the oppressions and grievances committed by the 
 otTicers of the forest. It rectdves and tries also pre- 
 sentments certified from the court of attachments 
 against olfenscs in vert anil venis in. This court is 
 incident to a forest, as a court of piepoudre is to a 
 fair. Blackstone. 
 
 SW.^IP, ». 1. To w.alk proudly. [Used in the north of 
 England for Sweep.] 
 
 SWALE, 71. [Probably from rah.'\ A local word in 
 JVcM) England, signifying an interval or vale ; a tract 
 of lowland. 
 9. In £;i<r!an'/, a shade. Cyc. 
 
 SWALE, To waste. [See Sweal.] 
 
 SWALE, c.t. To dress a hog for bacon, by singeing 
 or burning off his hair. [Local.] Cijc. 
 
 SWaL'LET, 71. [See Weli..] Among the tin- 
 miners, water breaking in upon the miners at their 
 work. Baileii. 
 
 SW.\L'LOW, (awoI'lB,) 71. [Sax. jwnZcwe ; D. jica- 
 ItLW ; G. .-ichtralhe ; Dan. xrale Sw. snala.] 
 
 A bird of the genus Ilirnndo, of many specien, 
 among which are tlie barn stvallow and the martin. 
 Swallows have great powers of flight, and feed mostly 
 on winged insects, which they seize while flying. 
 Tli'T liavirilK! tail forked. 
 
 HW.SL'LoW-FISII, n. A sea fish of the gentis 
 Trigia, callird in Cornwall Tuh Fihii ; remarkable 
 fiir the oize of itti gill-fins. It Is called ul.so the Sat- 
 rmiii NK Gorrw *nu. Cf/c. 
 
 SW A l/Lr)VV-TAIL, n. In joinery and carpentry, 
 the same n-t Di'vk-Tail. 
 
 SW.M,'Lr>W-TAIL, It. A dperies of willow. Baron. 
 
 SWAL'LriW-TAIL ED, a. DoVe-tail.,d, which s. e. 
 
 BWAl/LnW-WOUT, ( wiirt,) n. A phint of the 
 peniiH Ascleplas or Cynanrlmin. It growH in the 
 miiilhcrn pan of Euro[>c, and in Haiti to have been 
 
 successfully used as a medicine, chiefly in dropsical 
 cases. Cue. 
 The ..African ^tcallowwort is of the genus Stapelia. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 SW.\ L'LoW, V. t. [Sax. .^oclgan, sicilgan, to swallow, 
 to swill ; D. zwelgen ; Sw. srdija, to swallow ; svalg, 
 the throat ; Dan. smlger. Ciu. the Fr. acaler, with 
 a prefix, and the root of fall.] 
 
 1. To take into the stomach ; to receive through 
 the gullet or esophagus into the stomach ; as, to swal- 
 low food or drink. Food should be well cheH ed be- 
 fore it is swallowed. ' 
 
 9. To absorb ; to draw and sink into an abyss or 
 gulf; to ingulf ; usually followed by up. The Mael- 
 slrtun oil' the coast of Norway, it is said, will swul~ 
 low up a ship. 
 
 Ilfcbof^ sualloteed up and lost. Milton. 
 
 Tiie earth opened and swallowed llicm up. — Num. xvi. 
 
 3. To receive or embrace, as opinions or belief, 
 without examination or scruple ; to receive implicitly. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 4. To engross ; to appropriate. 
 
 Homer — has swallowed up tiie honor of those who succreded 
 him. Pipe. 
 
 5. To occupy ; to employ. 
 
 The necessary provision ot life swallows the greatest part of their 
 time. Locke. 
 
 6. To seize and waste. 
 Corruption 5ipa/;owtft£ what the liberal liand 
 
 Of bounty sc;Utered. Tliomson. 
 
 7. To engross; to engage completely. 
 
 The priest and the prophet have erred throui^h strong drink ; 
 tlicy are swallowed up of wine. — Is. xxvlii. . 
 
 8. To exhaust ; to consume. His expenses swallow 
 lip all his income. 
 
 SWAL'LoW, n. The gullet or esophagus; the 
 throat. 
 
 9. Voracity. South. 
 3. As much as is swallowed at once. 
 
 SWAL'LoVV-£D, pp. Taken into the stomach ; ab- 
 sorbed ; receiveti without scruple ; engrossed ; 
 wasted ; exhausted. 
 
 SWAL'LoW-ER, n. One who swallows; also, a 
 cliitton. Taller. 
 
 SW.\L'LoW-ING, ppr. Taking into the stomach ; 
 absorbing ; ingulfing ; receiving implicitly ; engross- 
 ing ; wasting ; exhausting. 
 
 SW.AL'LoW-ING, n. The act of taking into the 
 stomach or of absorbing ; the act of receiving im- 
 plicitly ; the act of engrossing. 
 
 SWAM, pret. of Swim. 
 
 SW.\MP, (swomp,)n. [Sa.x. sirnm, a fungus or mush- 
 rotun ; Goth, swamins, a sponge ; G. schwainin, D. 
 iwam, Dan. simmp ; Sw. id., a sponge, a fungus.] 
 
 Spongy land ; low grounti filled with water ; .soft, 
 wet ground. In JVew England, I believe this word 
 is never applied to marsh, or the boggy land made 
 by the overflowing of salt water, but always to low, 
 soft ground in the interior country; wet and spongy 
 land, but not usually covered with water. This is 
 the true meaning of the word. Swamps are often 
 mowed. In England, the word is explained in books 
 by boggy land, morassy or marshy ground. 
 
 SWAMP, (swomp,) v t. To plunge, whelm, or sink 
 in a swamp; hence, to overset or sink and be lost in 
 water. 
 
 2. To plunge into inextricable difficulties. 
 SW.\MP'ED, (swompt,) pp. Overwhelmed ; plunged 
 
 into difliculties. 
 SW.AMP'ING, ppr. Overwhelming; plunging into 
 
 inextricable difliculties. Quart. Bev. 
 
 SW.\MP'-oRE, n. In mineralogy, an ore of iron 
 
 found in swamps and morasses ; bog ore, or bog iron 
 
 ore. Cyc. 
 SWAMP'Y, a. Consisting of swamp ; like a swamp ; 
 
 low, wet, and spongy ; as, sicampij land. 
 SWAN, (swon,) n. [Sa.x. siran ; D. iwnan ; G. sehwan ; 
 
 Dan. seane; Sw. svan. Ciu. wan, white, with a i)re- 
 
 fi.v.] 
 
 A large, aquatic fowl of the genus Cygnus, ap- 
 parently intermediate between ducks and geese. 
 Swans have the neck viiy long, plumage close, 
 thick, soft, and light They are remarkable for 
 grace and elegance upon the water. The adults of 
 the common species are white, but an Australian 
 specie's is black. JVuttoll. P. Cyc. 
 
 SWANG, >i. A piece of low land or green swanl, 
 liable to be covered with water. [Local in Eng- 
 land.] 
 
 SW.\N'S'-D()WN, 71. A fine, soft, thick cloth of 
 wool mixed with silk or cotton. 
 
 Encyc% of Dom. Eenn. 
 
 SWAN'SKIN, 71. [s^ran nt\A skm.] A species of flan- 
 nel of a soil texture, thick and warm. 
 
 SWAP, (swop,) adi\ [Un. sweep.] Hastily ; at a 
 snatch. [.O low word, and local.]' 
 
 SWAP, (swop,) II. f. To exchange; to barter; to 
 swap, [.'^ee Swop.] [Tins word is not elegant, but 
 common in colloqunil lonifoagc in Jlnicrica.] 
 
 SWAI'i «• A blow ; a stroke. Bcanm. Si Fl. 
 
 .SWAPIC, n. [(iu. 6trccp.[ A pole supptu'tetl by n 
 
 fulcrum, on which it turns, used for raising water 
 from a well, for churning, &c. Ewrrbank. 
 
 [This Bailey spells Swipe, and in New England 
 it IS pronounced s-weep, as in well-swefp.] 
 
 SWAP'PKD, (swopt,) ;)/). Exchanged; battered. 
 
 SVV.^P'PING, ppr. Exchanging. 
 
 SWARD, 71. [Sax. sweard; Dan. svier ; D. iwoord; 
 G. schwarte, rind, skin ; W. gweryd, an excretion, 
 sward, moss.] 
 
 1. The skin of bacon [Local.] 
 
 2. The grassy surface of land ; turf; that part of 
 the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, form- 
 ing a kind of mat. When covered with green grass, 
 it is called Gkeen-Sward. 
 
 SWARD, V. t. To produce sward; to cover with 
 swar'd. Mortimer. 
 
 SWARD'-€UT-TER, 7i. An instrument for cutting 
 svvai d acrt)ss the ridges. 
 
 SWARD'ED, a. Covered with sward. Drake. 
 
 SWARD'Y, a. Covered with sward or grass; as, 
 sirardy land. 
 
 SWA RE, old pret. of Swear. [We now use Swore.] 
 SWARE, ( 71 A copper coin and money of ac- 
 SCIIWaRE, ( count in Bremen, value one fifth of a 
 groat, and 72 groats make a thaler, (rix dollar.) It is 
 therefore worth nearly ^ farthing sterling, or i cent. 
 
 McCulloch. 
 
 SWARM, 7!. [Sax. swfarm ; G. .s-c/iiMTTTi ; U. iwerm ; 
 Da.n. sh'crm J Sw. seana. This seems to be formed 
 on the root of warm. The Sp. Itereir, to boil, to 
 swarm, is the L. fcrveo, and boiling is very ex- 
 pressive of the motions of a swarm of bees. See 
 the verb.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a large number or body of 
 I small animals or insects, particularly when in mo- 
 tion ; but appropriately, a great number of honey 
 bees which emigrate from a hive at once, and seek 
 new lodgings under the directitm of a queen ; or a 
 like body of bees united and settled permanently in a 
 hive. The bees that leave a hive in spring, are 
 the young bees produced in the year preceding. 
 Exod. viii. Judges xiv. 
 
 2. A swarm or multitude ; parficw/uWi/, a multi- 
 tude of people in motion. Sicarais of norlliern na- 
 tions overran the south of Europe in the fifth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 j^ot.e. — The applicatitm of this word to inanimate 
 things, as swarms of adrajitages, by Sbakspetire, and 
 swarms of themes, by Young, is not legitimate, for 
 the essence of the word is motion. 
 SWAR.M, V. i. [Sax. swcarmian ; D. iwcrmpn ; (J. 
 sehwdrmen ; Dan. .vrfrmer ; Sw. scdrma, to swarm, to 
 rove, to wander, to swerve.] 
 
 1. To collect and depart from a hive by flight in a 
 boily, as bees. Bees swarm in warm, clear days in 
 summer. 
 
 2. To appear or collect in a crowd ; to run ; to 
 throng together ; to congregate in a multitude. 
 
 In crowds around the sicarming people join. Drydsn. 
 
 3. To be crowded ; to be thronged with a multi- 
 tude of animals in motion. The forests in America 
 often stearin with wilil pigeons. The northern seas 
 in spring swarm with herrings. 
 
 Kvery place swarms with soldiers. Spenser. 
 
 [Such phrases as life sicanns with ills,*' *' those 
 days sioarmed with fables," are not legitimate, or 
 wholly obsolete. Bi-own. Young.] 
 
 4. 'I'o breed multitudes. Milton. 
 
 5. To climb, as a tree, by embracing it witli the 
 arms and legs, and scrambling. 
 
 At the top was plaa tl'a piece of money, as a prize for those who 
 CouliI swarm up and seize it. Coj«'« Ruse. 
 
 JViitr. — This, by the common people in New Eng- 
 land, is pronounced .N-^Htrm or 51/iiHrm, and it is evi- 
 dently formed on ironn, indicttting that worm and 
 warm, on which sicarm ami squirm are formed, are 
 radically the same word. The primary sense is, to 
 bend, w ind, twist, as a worm or a swarm of bees. 
 It may be fonnetl on the root of veer, vary.] 
 
 SWARNi, 1'. t. To crowd or throng. [JVot m use.] 
 
 SWARM'f.'D, pp. of S« ARM. 
 
 SVVARM'ING, ppr. or a. from Swarm. [Sec the 
 veVb.l 
 
 SWAU P, ) a. [Sax. sirart, s-weart; Sw.sKart ! Dan. 
 SWARTII, I svwrte ; H. schwuri : D. iwart.] 
 
 1. Being of a dark hue; moderately black; 
 tawny. 
 
 A nation strange with visage swart. t^ptnser. 
 
 [I believi^ Swart and Swarth arc never used in 
 the I'uiied States, certainly not in New England. 
 .SwAKiiiv is a cotninoii word.] 
 
 2. (Jloomy ; inaligiiaul [JVut ?'« ii.vc] Milton. 
 SWAirr, 7.. (. 'I'll make lawny. Brown. 
 SW.AU ril, ( 71. An apjiarititui vt a person about to 
 SWXlUTII,! die. Oruse. 
 
 [jVot used in JVew Englnnd.] 
 ,'ARTiri-LY, u</», 
 
 SWAR TH'l-LY, oi/i). [from sifurt*!/.] Duskily ; with 
 a ta\\'ny hut;. 
 
 SVVAKTiri-NESS, 71. Tavvnincss ; a dusky or dark 
 complexion. 
 
 SWAUTIl'Y, a. [See Swabt.] Being of a dark hue 
 or (lusty ctuniilexiim ; tawny. In warm climates. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.- 
 
SWA 
 
 tlic complcviiiii (if men i" iiniviT<;illy .tvarthy or 
 black. Tlic Moors, J*|):uiiarcls, anil Italians, arc 
 more swarthy than the French, Guruuins, and Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 Tlieir cimrtAy hoau woulil darken nil uur ploini. AJ^iUon, 
 
 2. Ulack ; as, tlie atcarthy African. 
 SWART'l-.N'ES.'', ti. A lawny color. Sherwood. 
 SWART'lSll, o. Somewlial daik or tawny. 
 S\VAI!T'V, a. Swarthy ; tawny. Burton. 
 SWAllVK, V. i. To swerve. [JVot in use! 
 
 iyprnser, 
 
 S\V.\!?H, (swosh,) n. An oval fisnre, whose moldings 
 arc oblique to the axis of the work. .Voion. 
 [Ji cant uord. Johnson.^ 
 
 S\V.\rtll, (swosh,) II. A blustering noise ; a vaporing. 
 [A uf in uur, or vul^'nr.] 
 
 2. Impulse of water (lowing with violence. In 
 tile Southern States of Ami rica, swash or xwush is a 
 name given to a narrow sound or channel of water 
 lying within a sand-liank, or between that and the 
 shore. Many such are found on the shores of the 
 (;ari>linns. 
 
 SWASH, c. 1. [D. iwrtsra, to boast.J 
 
 To bluster ; to make a great noise ; to vapor or 
 brag. [JVot in use.'] Shak. 
 
 SWASII, i a. Soft, like fruit too ripe. [Loral.] 
 
 SWASII'Y, t Pe-r^rc. 
 
 SWAsH'-IilJCK-LER, n. A sword-player; a bully 
 or bragsadocio. [.Vw( in u.fc.] JIdtoit. 
 
 SWASH'ER, n. One who makes a blustering show 
 of valor or force of arms. [M)t in use.] Sliak. 
 
 i\V ATE {''•'• To sweat. [06s.] Chaucer. 
 
 SWATcil, n. A swath. [JVot in use.] Tasser. 
 
 SWATH, (swawth,) n. [Sax. steathe, a track, a border 
 or fringe, a band ; D. zwaad; G. schwaden.] 
 
 1. .\ line of grass or grain cut and thrown together 
 by the scythe in mowing or cradling. 
 
 2. The whole breadth or sweep of a scythe in 
 mowing or cradling ; as, a wide swatli. Fanners. 
 
 3. A band or fillet. They ivrapped me in a hun- 
 dred yards of swafh. Ouardian. 
 
 SWaTUE, v. L To bind with a band, bandage, or 
 rollers ; as, to swatfie a child. 
 2. To bind or wrap. 
 
 TlK'ir rlii)(ir>>n are never tteathed or bound aix>ut with any tiling 
 % hen Tint torn. Abbol. 
 
 SWaTHE, n. A bandage. 
 
 SVV.\'f H'M), pp. Bound with a bandage or rollers. 
 
 SWATH'ING, ppr. or a. Binding or wrapping. 
 
 SWa Y, v. t. [U. zwaaijen, to turn, to wii ld, to swing, 
 to sway. This word is probably formed on the root 
 of weigh, iruoe, Sax. totf^, wetr, and swa^, and proba- 
 bly smns is written for swig, and is of the same fam- 
 ily ; Ice. sweigia; Sw.sriga.] 
 
 1. To move or wave ; to wield with the hand ; as, 
 to swny the scepter. 
 
 2. To bias ; to cause to lean or incline to one side. 
 IjCt not temporal advantages svay you from (lie line 
 of duty. The king was swayed by his council from 
 the course he intended to pursue. 
 
 As bowls nin trtie by bpinj made 
 
 On pur(X)M f.ilbe, and u> be gwayed. tludibrat. 
 
 3. To rule ; to govern ; to influence or direct by 
 power and authority, or by moral force. 
 
 This wivs Uie race 
 
 To tipay the worM, and laml and sea sulxiue. Ory^en, 
 
 Slie coiitd not sway h>'r house. SliaJr. 
 
 Take liced I' St m««nn tieny 
 Thy Jndjrment to do augia which else free will 
 
 Would not admiu Milton. 
 
 SWAY, r. I. To be drawn to one side by weight ; to 
 lean. A wall sways to tlie west. 
 
 Ttie balance twayt on our part. Banm. 
 [This sense seems to indicate that this word and 
 sira^' are radically one.] 
 
 2. To have weight or influence. 
 
 The example of sundry churches — doth f wiy much. Hooker. 
 
 3. To bear nile ; to govern. 
 
 Hadst thou tuayed as Icin^ should do. Shak. 
 
 4. In seamen^s language, to hoist, particularly ap- 
 plied to the lower yards and to the topmast yards, 
 kc. 
 
 SWAY, n. The swing or sweep of a weapon. 
 
 To strike with hiigr two-hnndt^l #iAty. Milton, 
 3. Any thing moving with bulk and power. 
 Arf not von moved when all the *i0ay of earth 
 Shikes like a thin; onfinn I Shall. 
 
 3. Preponderation ; turn or cast of balance. 
 
 E»li-rt 
 
 When lo advance, or sl.-^nd, or turn tlie suuy of txittle. MVton, 
 
 4. Power exerted In governing; rule; dominion; 
 control. 
 
 W Ij.-n vice prevails, and impious men boar #"eny, 
 
 Tltc (vtst of honor is a private iLiliuii. AHi^on, 
 
 5. InHiience; weight or authority that inclines to 
 one side ; as, the stray of desires. All the world is 
 subject to the sway of fashion. 
 
 6. A switch us»:'d by (hatcbers to bind their work. 
 
 . llattncrU. 
 
 SWE 
 
 SWaY'KD, (swSde,) />;i. Wielded; inrlineil to one 
 side; ruled; governed; inlluenced ; biased. 
 
 SWaY'I.N'G, ppr. Wielding; causing to lean; bias- 
 ing ; ruling. 
 
 SWAY'I.N'G, n. Swaying of the bark, among beasts, is 
 a kind of lumbago, caused by a fall or by being over- 
 loail.d. Cyc. 
 
 SWk.AL, v. I. [Sax. swelan, sometimes written 
 Swale. In .America, it is pronounced as written, 
 swral itr sjoeel.] 
 
 1. To melt and run down, as the tallow of a can- 
 dle ; to waste away without feeding the name. 
 
 2. To blaze away, f.'^ee also Swale.] 
 SWk.AL'ING, ppr. "jMcltingand wasting away. 
 SWE.\R, (swSre,) v. i. ; prct. Swore, (formerly 
 
 SwARE ;) pp. Sworn. [.*^ax. sweriau, swcrigan ; 
 Goth, swaran ; D. iweeren ; G. schw'drm ; Sw. scdria, 
 to swear, and svara, to answer ; Dan. svwrgcr, to 
 swear, and srarer, to answer. The latter seems 
 to be from siarrer, to turn. Eng. veer. Swear seems 
 to be allied to aver and the L. assevcro, and to bc'oiig 
 to the root IVr.] 
 
 1. To allirm or utter a .solemn declaration, with an 
 ajipual to God for the truth of what is afTirnied. 
 
 Ye sh.ill not « wear by my name falsely. — Lev. xix. 
 But I say 10 you, i'lrear not at all. — Mall. v. 
 
 2. To promise upon oalli. 
 
 Jacob saitl, Sreear to me lliis day ; and he tieore to him. — 
 Uou. XKV. 
 
 3. To give evidence on oath ; as, to smear to the 
 truth of a statement. He swore tlial the prisoner 
 was not present at the riot. 
 
 4. To be [irofane ; to practice profaneness. Cer- 
 tain classes of men are accustomed to swear. For 
 men to swear is sinful, disreputable, and odious ; but 
 for females or ladies to swear appears more abomina- 
 ble anil scandalous. 
 
 SWEAR, t'.f. To utter or affirm with a solemn ap- 
 peal to God for the truth of the declaration ; as, to 
 swrar on oath. 
 
 [This seems to have been the primitive use of 
 swear ; that is, to atlirin.] 
 
 2. To put to an oath ; to cause to take an oath ; 
 as, to swrar witnesses in court ; to swear a jury ; the 
 witness has been sworn j the judges are sicorrt into 
 oflice. 
 
 ■1. To declare or charge upon oatli ; as, to swear 
 treason a'jainst a man. 
 4. To obtest by an oath. 
 
 Now, by Apollo, kinj, thou *ifcar'sf thy gods in vain. Shnk. 
 To swrar the praee against one ; to make oath that 
 one IS under the actual fear of death or bodily harm 
 from the person ; in which case the person must find 
 sureties of the peace, 
 SWEAR'ER, n. One who swears; one who calls 
 God to w itness for the truth of his declaration. 
 2. A profane person. 
 
 Th< n the liars and tioearerj arc foots. Shak. 
 
 SWEaR'ING, ppr.oTa. Allirming upon oath ; utter- 
 ing a declaration, with an appeal toGod for the truth 
 of it 
 
 2. Putting upon oath ; causing to swear. 
 SWE.\R'ING, 71. The act or practice of atfirming on 
 oath. Swearing in court is lawful. 
 
 2. Profaneness. .All swearing not required by 
 some law, or in conformity with law, is criminal. 
 False swearing, or perjury, is a crime of a deep 
 dve. 
 
 SWEAT, (swet,) n. [Sai. steat ; D. laeU G. schweiss ; 
 Dan. sveed ; Sw. svett ; L. sudor.] 
 
 1. The fluid or sensible moisture which is excreted 
 from the skin of an animal. 
 
 In tlie Mueax of thy face shall thou eat bread. — Gen. iii. 
 
 2. Labor ; toil ; dnidgery. Mlton. 
 
 3. Moisture evacuated from any substance ; as, 
 the swrul of hay or grain in a mow or stack. 
 
 SWE.VT, (swet,) v. i. : pret. and pp. Sweat orSwEAT- 
 ED. Swot is obsolete. [Sax. .fwiptan ; Sw. svetta ; 
 Dan. svecder j D. zwceten ; G. schwilien ; L. sudo ; Fr. 
 
 1. To excrete sensible moisture from the skin. 
 Horses sweat; oxen sweat little or not at all. 
 
 2. To toil ; to labor ; to drudge. 
 
 Ilc'd have the pwts streak M'aller. 
 
 3. To emit moisture, ns green plants in a heap. 
 SWEAT, (swet,) r. £. To emit or suffer to flow from 
 
 the pores ; to exude. 
 
 For liim the rich Arabia tteeau her irnms. Dryden. 
 2. To cause to excrete moisture from the skin. 
 His physicians att<'m|>ted to sweat him by the most 
 powerful sudorifics. 
 SWEAT' ER, n. One that c.nuses to sweat. 
 SWEAT'I-I,Y, (swet'e-le,) ado. So as to be moist 
 with sweat. 
 
 SWEAT'l-.NESS, (swet'c-ness,) n. The state of being 
 sW'-aly or moist with sweat. 
 
 SWEA'i'I.VG, (swet'ing,) ppr. Excreting moisture 
 from the skin ; throwing out moisture ; exuding. 
 2. Caiisinc to emit moisture from the skin. 
 
 SWEAT'l.NG-BATII. «. A sudatory ; a hath for pro- 
 ducing sensible sweat ; a hy|iocausl or stove. Cyc. 
 
 SWE 
 
 SWEAT'I.NG-IIOUSE. ii. A house for sweating per- 
 sons ill sickness. Cye. 
 
 SWEAT'I.NG-I UON, (swet'ing T imi,) n. A kind of 
 knife or a piece of a scythe, used lo scrape off sweat 
 from horses. Cyc. 
 
 SWEAT'I.NG-KOOM, n. A room for sweating |)cr- 
 sons. 
 
 2. In rural eennomy, a room for sweating cheese 
 anil carr\*ing off the siiperfluoiis juices. Cyc. 
 
 SWE.\T'L\(;-f:i('K'.\ESS, ». A febrile epidemic 
 disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, 
 but particularly in England, in the 15th and llith 
 centuries. Its first appearance was in the army of 
 the earl of liirlimond, al'lerward Henry VII., on 
 his landing at Milford llavcn, in I4B5. The invasion 
 of the flisease was siitlden, and usually marked by a 
 local affection producing the sensation of inttMise 
 heat, afterward difTiising itself over the whole body, 
 a. ■! immediately followed by profuse sweating, 
 which continued throiioh the whole course of the 
 (iisi nse, or till death, which oiten happened in a few 
 hours. C>ie. 
 
 SWEAT'Y, (swet'e,) a. Jloi.-t with sweat ; as, a 
 sicraty skin ; a sweaty garmeiit. 
 
 2. Consisting of sweat. 
 
 No noisy wliilTs or tteeaty streams. Swift. 
 
 3. Laborious ; ioilsome ; as, the sweaty forge 
 
 Prior. 
 
 SWcDI^, n. A n.ative of Sweden. 
 2. .\ Swedish turnip. 
 
 SVVE-DE.\-BOR'Gl-AN, n. A f.dlower of Emanuel 
 Swedenborg, who claimed to have habitual inter- 
 course with the world of spirits, and to have received 
 divine instructions from on high. He denied the 
 doctrine of the Trinity, and maintained that Jesus 
 Christ alone is God. He taught the doctrine of cor- 
 respondences, i. c, that there is a spiritual meaning of 
 the Scriptures lying b.ick of the literal one, which 
 constitutes the only true meaning. Encyc. Am. 
 
 SVVE-DEN-BOR'OI-A.N-lS.M, ii. The doctrines of 
 the Sweilenborgians. 
 
 SWi? D'ISII, a. Pertaining to Sweden. 
 
 SWkD'ISH-'I'UR'MP, n. The Brassica campcstrij 
 or rtita basa, a hard sort of tiiriii|), of two kinds, the 
 white and the yellow. The latter is most valued. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 SWEEP, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Swept. [Sax. swapan, 
 sweopan. It seems to be allied to .twab, and may be 
 formed on the root of wipe. G. schweifen,] 
 
 1. To brush or rub over with a brush, broom, or 
 besom, for removing loose dirt ; to clean by brush- 
 ing ; as, to sweep a chimney or a floor. When we 
 say, to sweep n room, we mean to .•nceep the floor of 
 the room ; and lo sweep the house, is to sweep the 
 floors of the house. 
 
 2. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging 
 motion ; to carry with pomp. 
 
 And like a p'-acock, ttcerp alon^ his tail. Shak. 
 
 3. To drivcor carry along or olTby a long, brushing 
 stroke or force, or by flowing on the earth. Thus 
 the wind sweeps the snow from the lops of the hills; 
 a river sweejis away a dam, timber, or rubbish ; a 
 flood sicceps away a bridge or a house. Hence, 
 
 4. To drive, destroy, or carry off many at a stroke, 
 or with celerity and violence ; as, a pestilence 
 stceeps off multitudes in a few days. The conflagra- 
 tion swept away whole streets of houses. 
 
 I have already ^wept tlie strikes. Dryden, 
 
 5. To rub over. 
 
 'I'bcir Ion* descending train. 
 With nilites «lged and sapphires, ateept llio ptuin. Dryden. 
 
 C. To strike with a long stroke. 
 
 Wnke into voice eoch silent sirinp. 
 
 And etsetp llie sounding lyre. Pope. 
 
 7. To draw or drag over ; as, to srcrrp the bottom 
 of a river with a nut, or with the bight of a rope, to 
 hook an anchor. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 SWEEP, II. i. To pass with swiftness and violence, 
 as something broad, or brushing the surface of any 
 thing ; as, a sireepiiig rain ; a sweeping flood. A fowl 
 that flies near the surface of land or water, is said to 
 sweep along near the surface. 
 
 2. To pass over or brush along with celerity and 
 force : as, the wind sweeps along the plain. 
 
 3. To p.'iss with pomp ; as, a person sweeps along 
 with a trail. 
 
 She eteeept it through the court with troops of ladle*. ShaJt. 
 
 4. To move with a long reach ; as, a sweeping 
 stroke. Dryden. 
 
 SWEEP, n. The act of sweeping. 
 
 2. The compass of a stroke ; as, a long sweep. 
 ,3. The conip.ass of any turning body or motion; 
 as, the sweep of a door. 
 
 4. The compass of any thing flowing or brushing ; 
 as, the flood carried away every thing within it* 
 sweep. 
 
 5. Violent and general destruction ; as, the swetp 
 of an epidemic disease. Oraunt. 
 
 6. Direction of any motion not rectilinear; as, the 
 sweep of a coni[}ass. 
 
 7. The mold of a ship when she beein5 to compass 
 in, at the rung he.ids ; also, any part of a ship shaped 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — e aa K ; <5 a» J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 140 
 
 PPPP 
 
 1117 
 
SWE 
 
 SWE 
 
 SWE 
 
 by the segment of a circle ; as, a flooi-sicccp ; a back- 
 sweep, &:c. 
 
 8. Aiming refinn-s of metals, tlie alinond-fiirnace, 
 
 9. Among seamen, a name given to large oars, used 
 in small vessels, to impel them during a calm, or to 
 increase their speed during a chase, &c. Totlen. 
 
 10. The pole or piece of timber moved on a ful- 
 crum or post, used to raise and lower a bucket in a 
 well for drawing water ; written by Bailey, Swife, 
 and in Yorkshire, England, Swape. 
 
 11. A chimney sweeper. 
 
 Swerp of the tiller; a circular frame on which the 
 
 tiller traverses in large ships. 
 SWEEP'ER, n. One that sweeps. 
 SWEEP'ING, ppr. or a. Brushini over ; rubbing with 
 
 a broom or bes()m ; cleaning with a broom or besom j 
 
 bru-^liiug along ; pnssing over ; dragging over. 
 SWEEl"l\G-LY, ado. By sweeping. 
 SVVEEP'INGS, n. p?. Things collected by sweeping ; 
 
 rubbish. The sweepings of streets are often used as 
 
 manure. 
 
 SVVEEP'-NET, V. [sicerp and net.] A large net for 
 
 drawing over a large compass. 
 SWEEP'STaKE, n. [sweep and slake] A man that 
 
 wins all ; usually Sweepstakes. Shah. 
 SWEEP'STaKES, 71. pi. The whole money or other 
 
 thin2s staked or won at a horse-race. 
 SWEEP'-WASH-ER, n. The person who e.xtr.acts 
 
 from the sweepings, potsherd^*, &c., of refineries of 
 
 gold and silver, the small residuum of precious 
 
 metal. Ure. 
 SWEEP'Y, a. Passing with speed and violence over 
 
 a great compass at once. 
 
 The braiich''6 bend before Ihcir sweept/ sway. Dryien. 
 
 2. Strutting. 
 
 3. Wavy. 
 
 SWEET, a. [Sax. .wefc; D. jort ; G. s^'iss; Bvi. sot; 
 Dan. sodi Sans, sioad. Clu. L. siiavis.] 
 
 1. Agreeable or grateful to the taste ; as, sugar or 
 honey is sweet. 
 
 2. Pleasing to the stnell ; fragrant ; as, a sweet 
 rose ; sweet odor ; sweet incense. F.z. xxvi. 
 
 3. Pleasing to the ear; soft; melodious; harmo- 
 nious ; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ ; 
 sweet music ; a sweet voice. 
 
 4. Pleasing to the eye ; beautiful ; as, a sweet face ; 
 a sweet color or complexion ; a sweet form. Skak. 
 
 5. Fresh ; not salt ; as, .^weet water. Baeon. 
 C. Not sour ; as, sweet fruits ; sw'eet oranges. 
 
 7. Mild ; soft; gentle. 
 
 CaiiPt thou bind the tieeel influences of Pb iailes ? — Job Txxviii. 
 
 8. Mild ; soft ; kind ; obliging; as, sweet manners. 
 
 9. Grateful ; pleasing. 
 
 Sweet iulerchnnire of hill and valley. AJiHon. 
 
 10. Making soft or excellent music ; as, a sweet 
 singer. 
 
 11. Not stale; as, sweet butter; the bread is 
 stteet. 
 
 19. Not turned ; not sour; as, sweet milk. 
 13. Not putrescent or putrid ; as, the meat is 
 sweeL 
 
 SWEET, n. Something pleasing or grateful to the 
 mind ; as, the sweets of domestic life. 
 
 A litde bitter iniuHed in our cup, leaves no relish of the sweet. 
 
 Liicke. 
 
 2. A sweet substance ; partinularlii, any vegetable 
 juice which is added to wines to improve them. 
 
 F.rieye. 
 
 3. A perfume. Prior. DnjUen. 
 
 4. A word of endearment. 
 
 5. Sweets, pi. ; home-made wines, mead, metheg- 
 lin, &c. McCnIlae-h. Also, cane juice, molasses, 
 or other sweet vegetable substance. 
 
 K'lwards, H^est Indies. 
 SWEET'- AP-PI.E, 71. [sweeta.m\ apple.] ThoAnona 
 
 squamosa, or sweet-sop, which sec. Lee. 
 SWEET'-BREAD, (bred,) n. [sweet and bread.] The 
 
 pancreas of a calf^, the pancre:is of any animal. 
 SWEET'-BRI-ER, n. [sieeet and hrier.] A shrubby 
 
 plant of the genus Rosa, cultivated for its fragrant 
 
 siniM. 
 
 SWEET'-BROOM, n. [sieeet and broom.] A plant. 
 
 ,')insworlh. 
 
 SWEET-CtC'E-LY, n. A plant of the genus Scan- 
 dix ; and annther of the genus Osmorrhiza. 
 
 BWEET-CIS'TUS, 71. An evergreen shrub, the Cis- 
 tufl. Mason. 
 
 SWEET'-eORN, 71. A variety of the maize, of a 
 sweet taste. 
 
 SWEET'f;N, (sweet'n,) v. t. To make sweet; as, to 
 sweeten tea or coffee. 
 
 2. To make pleasing or grnteful to the mind ; as, 
 to Mweeten life ; to i*weeten rrieiutship. 
 
 3. To make mild or kind ; as, to sweeten the 
 temper. 
 
 4. 'I'o make Icsi painful ; an, to sweeten the cares 
 of life. 
 
 5. To increase agreeable qualities ; as, to sweeten 
 the jovs or pleaHiires of life. 
 
 C. To soften ; to make delicate. 
 
 Oom-yeio h)ta frinde his ntinie lnimorl;d by the ilr^nj^h he hai 
 (ivcn tu his fig ur'-s, and by ttmlening bia liffhli iintt iitiades. 
 
 Drydtn. 
 
 1. To niiike pure and salubrious by destroying 
 noxious matter ; as, to sweeten rooms or npurtmeuts 
 that have been infected ; to sweeten the air. 
 
 8. To maVe warm and fertile ; as, to dry and 
 sweeten soils. 
 
 9. To restore to purity ; as, to sweeten water, butter, 
 or meat. 
 
 SWEET'£N, (swcet'n,) v. i. To become sweet. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 SWEET'EN-£D, pp. or a. Made sweet, mild, or 
 grateful. 
 
 SVVEET'iJN-ER, n. He or that which sweetens ; he 
 that palliates ; that which moderates acrimony. 
 
 SWEET'^:N-ING, ppr. IMaking sweet or grateful. 
 
 SWEET'£N-ING, n. The act of making sweet ; that 
 which sweetens. jlsk. 
 
 SWEET'-FLAG, 71. An aromatic plant of the genus 
 Acorus. 
 
 SWEET'-GUM, 71. A tree of the genus Liquidam- 
 bnr. 
 
 SWEETTIEART, 71. A lover or mistress. Shok. 
 SWEET'ING, 71. A sweet apple. Ascham. 
 
 2. A word of endearment. Shak. 
 SWEET'lSH, a. Somewhat sweet or grateful to the 
 
 taste. Encye. 
 SWEET'ISH-NESS, 71. The quality of being swcet- 
 
 isl). Berkeleii. 
 SWEET'-JOHNS, ( jonz,) 71. A plant, a species of 
 
 Dianlhus or pink. 
 SWEET'LY, adv. In a sweet manner; gratefully; 
 
 agreeably. 
 
 He sweetly tempered awe. Dryien. 
 No poet ever sweetly sunjr, 
 
 Unless he was, lilte Phoib'us, younf. Sioift, 
 
 SWEET-MSR'JO-RAM, 71. A very fragrant plant of 
 the genus Oricaniim. 
 
 SWEET-MAUD'LIN, 71. A species of Achillea, al- 
 lied to milfoil. Loudon. 
 
 SWEET'MeAT, 71. [sweet and meat.] Fruit pre- 
 served with sugar; as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, 
 orange peel, and the like. 
 
 SWEET'NESS, 71. The quality of being sweet, in 
 any of its senses ; as gratefulness to the taste, or to 
 the smell ; fragrance ; agreeableness to the ear, mel- 
 ody ; as, sweetness of the voice ; sweetness of elocu- 
 tion. Middleton. 
 
 2. Agreeableness of manners ; softness ; mildness ; 
 obliging civility ; as, sweetness of behavior. 
 
 3. Softness ; mildness ; amiableness ; as, sweetness 
 of temper. 
 
 SWEET'-PeA, 71. A pea cultivated for ornament, an 
 annual leguminous plant, of the genus Lathyriis. 
 
 Cye. 
 
 SWEET-PO-Ta'TO, 71. A plant and the esculent 
 part of its root, the Convolvulus Batatas, a native 
 of both Indies and of China. It is the potato of 
 Shakspeare and coteinporary writers. Loudon. 
 
 SWEET'-ROOT, n. The liquorice, or Glycyrrhiza. 
 
 SWEET'-RUSH, 71. Another name of the sweet-flag, 
 a species of Acorus. 
 
 SWEET'-SCENT-ED, a. [sweet and scent.] Having 
 a sweet smell ; fragrant. 
 
 SWEET'-SMELL-ING, a. [sweet and smell.] Hav- 
 ing a sweet smell ; fragrant. 
 
 S WEET'-SOP, 71. An evergreen shrub or tree, Anona 
 squamiisa, allied to the custard apple. It grows in 
 the West Indies, and bears a greenish fruit, sweet 
 and pulpy, covered with scales like a pine-apple. 
 
 P. Cve. 
 
 SWEET-SUL'TAN, 71. An annual flowering plant, 
 Cenlaurea moschata. 
 
 SWEET'-TEiM'PER .ED, a. Having a sweet dispo- 
 sition. 
 
 SWEET'-ToN-£D, a. Having a sweet sound. 
 
 SWEET'-WEED, n. A plant pf the genus Capraria, 
 and another of the genus Scoparia. 
 
 SWEET-WIL'LIAM, 11. The name of several spe- 
 cies of pink, of the genus Dianthus. Cyc. 
 
 The Dianthus Barbatus, a species of pink of 
 many varieties. Eneyc. Lee. 
 
 SWEET-WIL'LOW, 71. A plant, the Myrica gale, or 
 Dutc h mvrlle. Lrc, 
 
 SWEET'-WOOD, 71. A plant, a sjiecies of Laurus. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 SWEET'WORT, 71. Any plant of a sweet taste. 
 
 SWELL, V. i. ; pret. Swelled : pp. Swelleo. Swol- 
 len is nearly obsolete. [Sax. swellan; I), xwellen; 
 G. schwellen ; Dan. svaller 1 Sw. srdlla. (iu. is it not 
 from the verb to well, or its root.'] 
 
 1. To grow larger; to dilate or extend the exterior 
 surface or dimensions, by matter aildeil to the inte- 
 rior part, or by expansion of the inclosed substance. 
 ThUR, the legs siDetl in dropsy ; a bruiseil part swells; 
 a tumor swells ; a bladder swells by inflation. 
 
 2. To increase in size or extent by any addition ; 
 as, a river sieells, and overflows its baulks. 
 
 3. To rise or be driven into waves or billows. In 
 a tempest, the ocean swells into waves mountain 
 high. 
 
 4. To bo pufled up or bloated ; as, to swell with 
 pride. 
 
 5. To bo bloated with anger; to be exasperated. 
 He swells with rage. 
 
 C. To be inllntud ; to belly ; as, awellinjr sails. 
 
 7. To be turgid or bombastic; as, swellinfr words; 
 a swelling style. Roscommon. 
 
 8. To protuberate; to bulge out; as, a cask swells 
 in the middle. 
 
 9. To be elated ; to rise into arrogance. 
 
 Your equal mind yet swells not lnlost.ate. Dryrlen. 
 
 10. To grow more violent ; as, a moderate passion 
 may swell to fury. 
 
 11. To grow upon the view ; to become larger. 
 
 And inonarclis to behold l\\e swelling swue. Shtlk. 
 
 19. To become larger in amount. Many little 
 debts added, sioell to a great amount. 
 
 13. To become louder; as, a sound gradually 
 swells as it approaches. 
 
 14. To strut ; to look big. 
 
 Swelling like a turkey-cock. Shak. 
 
 15. To rise in altitude ; as, land swells into hills. 
 SWELL, V. t. To increase the size, bulk, or dimen- 
 sions of ; to cause tt> rise, dilate, or increase. Rains 
 and dissolving snow swell the rivers in spring, and 
 cause floods. Jordan is swelled by the snows of 
 Mount Libauus. 
 
 2. To aggravate ; to highten. 
 
 It is low ebb with the accuser, when sucll peccadillcs are put to 
 swell the cliarje. AOerbury, 
 
 3. To raise to arrogance ; as, to be swelled with 
 pride or haughtiness. 
 
 4. To enlarge. These sums swell the amount of 
 taxes to a fearful size. These victories served to 
 swell the fame of the commander. 
 
 ij. In music, to augment, as the sound of a note. 
 SWELL, 71. Extension of bulk. Skak. 
 
 2. Increase, as of sound ; as, the sipetl of a note, 
 or the increase and diminution of sound, crescendo 
 and diminuendo, in one continued note. 
 
 3. .\ gradual ascent or elevation of land ; as, an 
 extensive plain ;ibounding with little s-wells. 
 
 4. A wave or billow ; more generally, a succession 
 of large waves ; as, a heavy s-wcll sets into the liar- 
 bor. Swell is also used to denote the waves or fluc- 
 tuation of the sea after a storm, and the waves that 
 roll in and break upon the shore. 
 
 5. In an ornan, a certain number of pipes inclosed 
 in a box, which, being uncovered, produce a swell of 
 sound. Busby. 
 
 SWELL'KD, pp. or a. Enlarged in bulk ; inflated ; 
 tumefied. 
 
 SWELL'ING, ppr. Giwving or enlarging in its di- 
 mensions ; growing tumid ; inflating ; growing or 
 making loutler. 
 
 2. Tumid ; turgid ; as style or language. 
 
 SWELL'ING, 71. A tumor or any morbid enlarge- 
 ment of the natural size; as, a swelling on the hand 
 or leg. 
 
 2. Protuberance ; prominence. 
 
 The superficies of such plates are not even, but have many cavi- 
 ties and swellings. Newton. 
 
 3. A rising or enlargement by passion ; as, the 
 swellings of anger, grief, or pride. Taller. 
 
 SWELT, for Swelled, is not in use. Spenser. 
 SWELT, V. i. [Sax. sweltan; Goth, swiltan; ga-swil- 
 
 (ail, to perish, to die ; yirn/ifWi/, to fail, to swoon. Qu. 
 
 is not this formed on the root of wilt ?] 
 
 To faint ; to swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer. 
 SWELT, V. t. To overpower, as with heat ; to cause 
 
 to faint. [Obs.] [We now use Swelteb.] Hall. 
 SWELT'ER, II. i. [(rom swell.] To be overcome and 
 
 faint with heat ; to be ready to perish with heat. 
 SWELT'ER, r. (. To oppress with heat. Bentley. 
 SWELT'ER-f;n, pp. Oppressed with heat. 
 SWELT'ER-IN(;, ppr. Fainting or languishing with 
 
 heat ; oppressing with heat. 
 SWELT'RY, a. Sufl"ocating with heat; oppressive 
 
 with heat ; sultry. [See Sultry, which is probably 
 
 a contraction of Sweltuv.] 
 SWEPT, pret. and pp. of Sweep. 
 SWERl), for Sward, is not in use. 
 SWERVE, (swerv,) v. i. [D. iwerven, to swerve, to 
 
 rove, in sense it coincides with the verb to swarm, 
 
 and in German it is rendered seliwdrmcn. It seems 
 
 to be formed on warp, and all may spring from th» 
 
 root of veer. See Vary.] 
 
 1. To wander ; to rove. Sidney. 
 The stocreing vines on the tall elma prevail. Dryden. 
 
 9. To wander from any line prescribed, or fn in a 
 rule of duty ; to depart from what is established by 
 law, duty, or custom ; to deviate. 
 
 1 swerve luit from thy comniandmenn. Com. Prayer. 
 
 'I'hev swerve from tlie strict letter of the law. Clarendon. 
 ^l.u'ly who, through the contapun of evil exainjile, swtrv* 
 ex«;edingly Ironi the rules oi their holy religion. Auerllitry. 
 
 3. To bend ; to incline. Milton. 
 
 4. To climb or move forward by winding or turn- 
 ing. 
 
 The tn*e was hijjh ; 
 Yet nimbly up from I)OU)fh to bou^b 1 swerved, Dryuen. 
 
 (This use of the word coincides with that of Swarm, 
 which see.] 
 
 SWERVING, ppr. Roving ; wandering ; deviating 
 from any rule or standard ; inclining ; climbing or 
 moving by winding and turning. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH/kT METE, PRBV.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 — 
 
SWl 
 
 SWI 
 
 SWl 
 
 SWEUVINfi, 71. Tlie act of w;inil. ring; devialioii 
 rriim any rule, law, duty, or ^tuiidiiig. 
 
 PWK'VEN, n. A dream. mrlif. 
 
 SVVIK'I", a. [Sax. sjcift, (wm swifitn, to turn, to rove, 
 to wandiT, to whirl round ; U. ztcnocn, to rove, to 
 liovtT, to tliictiiate; Dan. mcoer ; Sw. sriyoa ; G. 
 scliicebni, to wave, soar, or liovi r. TUt) lalti>r ajjpcar 
 to be formed on the root of waoi: See Swivel and 
 VVakt.] 
 
 1. .^h^ving a great distance, or over a large space 
 ill a sliort time ; moving wiili ceh'riiy or velocity ; 
 fleet ; rapid ; quick ; speedy. We say, sir(tl winds, 
 a sicift stream, swiji lightnings, swift motion, swift as 
 thought, a fowl stfifl of wins, a man swifl of foot. 
 Swifi is applicable to any kind of motion, 
 
 2. Ready j prompt. 
 
 Ia'I ovi-ry m.in be tipi/l to licnr, slow to sp^iiik, vlow to wrnlli. — 
 
 J.tlllCli i. 
 
 3. Speedy ; that comes without <lelay. 
 
 Tlifn? flhiill bp fill*' te;iclK'nt «niong yuii, wliu sImII privily Ijrinjj 
 ill d.aniiiiil>le Ivreui?"*, fvi-ii di-nyiti^ ilif Lonl lti;\t liuiiglii 
 tliem, mid briii^ upon UiviMtclVL's twi/t di-iitructioii. — 'i 
 Pet. ii. 
 
 SWIFT, 71. The current of a stream, [f.ittlr usfU.] 
 
 IVulton. 
 
 2. In domestic affnirx, a reel or turning instrument 
 for winding yarn, f YVii.v iv u sai-tc direclltj frum the 
 Stixon verb.] 
 
 3. A bird, a species of swallow, so called from the 
 rapidity of its flight. Drrliam. 
 
 ■1. The common newt or efl, a species of lizard. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 SVVIFT'ER, ;i. In a xhip, a rope iiseil to confine the 
 bars of the capstan in llu ir sockets, while men are 
 turnini it ; also, a rope ust-d to encircle a boat longi- 
 tudinally, to strengllit n and drfend her sides from 
 the impulse of other boats. Swifters, also, are two 
 shrouds fixed on the starlmard anil larboard sides of 
 the lower masts, above all the olln r shrouds, to give 
 the ma-^ts additional seciirily 
 
 SVVIF I 'KK,!'. (. ']'o stri teh^ as shr Is by tackles. 
 
 SVVlFTER,a. f com;), of Sa iKi-.l .More swill. 
 
 SWIFT'EST, (I. [.vH/j. of ^;^vI^■T.] Mo.sl swift. 
 
 SWIFT'-FOOT, a. Nimble. 
 
 SWIFT'-IIEC;L-£1), «. SwilVfoot; rai>id. 
 
 SVVIFT'J.Y, oiic. Fleetly; rapidly; with celerity; 
 with quick motion or velocity. 
 
 SWIF'f'NESS, n. Speed; rapid motion ; quickness; 
 celerity ; velocity ; rapiility. Siri/tiir.s-.t is a word of 
 general import, applicable to every kind of motion, 
 and to every thing that moves ; as, the swj^iies.i of a 
 bird ; the siciftness of a stream ; .ftniftiic.^.t of descent 
 in a falling body ; .'^ciflni^.ts of thought, &c. 
 
 SWIG, 1'. /. or I. [Ice. .twiira. Q.U. .nick.] 
 
 To drink by large draughts ; to suck greedily. 
 
 Orose. 
 
 SWIG, n. A large draught, [yiili'iir.'j 
 
 2. In seamea^s Unitraa^f-jti pulley wuh ropes which 
 are not parallel. 
 SWIG, r. (. [Sax. steiiran^ to stupefy.] 
 
 To castrate, as a ram, by binding the testicles 
 tight with a string, so that they mortify and slougli 
 off. [Ltical.] Cyc. 
 SWIIjIj, v. t. [Sax. sicelfrajtj .tirw/o-urt, to swallow.] 
 
 1. To drink grossly or greedily ; as, to .twill down 
 gri^at quantities of liquors. .^rbullmot. 
 
 2. To wash ; to drench. Shak. 
 
 3. To inebriate; to swell with fullness. 
 
 I ch'.iild l]C luiih 
 To meot the rudeness and ttcUltd iiiaoleiice 
 Ol* such lute wiuisailcrs. rtfilton. 
 SWILL, r.i. To be intoxicated. [Obs.] f/hatehj. 
 SWI LL, n. Large draughts of liquor ; or drink taken 
 in excessive quantities. 
 
 2. The wash or mixture of liquid substances, 
 given to swine; called in some places Swillings. 
 SWiLL'ED, pp. Swallowed grossly in large quan- 
 tities. 
 
 SWILL'ER, 71. One who drinks voraciously. 
 SWILL'I.NG, ppr. Swallowing excessive quantities 
 
 of litpiors. 
 SVVILL'INGS, 71. p7. SwUI. 
 
 SWI.M, r. i. ; prrt. Swam; pp. Swum. [Sax. stoim- 
 man ; D. iwcinmcn, to swim ; zwijmen, to swoon ; G. 
 schwemmen, schwimmcn ; Dan. svimler, sviimmer ; Sw. 
 «niwa, to swtion.] 
 
 1. 'i'o float ; to be supported on water or other flu- 
 id ; not to sink. Most species of wood will airim in 
 water. Any substance will swim, whose specific 
 gravity is less than that of the fluid in which it is 
 immersed. 
 
 2. To move progressively in water by means of the 
 motion of the hands and feet, or of fins. In Paris, 
 boys are taught to 4-irim by instructors ajipoiuted for 
 that purpose, fs. xxv. 
 
 l.eup in with inc into this anjry flood, 
 
 And tieirn to yonder point. ShaJc. 
 
 3. To float ; to be borne alting by a current. In 
 all states there are men who will swim witli the tide 
 of popular opinion. 
 
 4. To glide along with a smooth motion, or with n 
 waving motion. 
 
 She with pietty nnd with #iiHmmin|r crnit. ShaJt. 
 A ho»crin; mi.i came lui.'/iniin; o'tr hu sisriil. Drytltn. 
 
 5. To lit? dizzy or vertiginous ; to have a waving 
 motion of the head, or a si nsalion of that kind, or a 
 rei'ling of the body. The head »'U'i7/i.>' when we walk 
 on high. 
 
 (i. 'i'o be floated ; to be overllowed or drenched ; 
 as, the earth swims in rain. Spectator. 
 
 Sitdd^ll ttie dildii's swell, tlie meftdows ttoim. Tt\um»itn. 
 All the ntirhl I iii.tke my bed to sioim ; I wider niy Cuucli with 
 my teiiiii. — Ps. vi. 
 
 7. To overll«w ; to abound ; to liave abundance. 
 
 They now siriin in Joy. Milton. 
 
 SWIM, 1'. f. To pass or move on; .is, to swim a 
 stream. Deer arc known to swim rivers and sounds. 
 
 Soiiietiines lie thought to swim Uic ptoniiy iniiin. Dnjdtn. 
 
 2. To immerse in water that the lighter parts may 
 swim ; as, to swim wheat ftir seed. Kitet/c. 
 
 SW1M.\I, H. 'I'he bladder of fishes, by which they arc 
 saitl to bo supported iu water. Orcie. 
 
 SWIM'.MEll, II. One that swims. 
 
 2. A protuberance on the leg of a horse. 
 
 JRir. nirl. 
 
 3. An order of birds that swim are called swim- 
 niojs. 'J'hey are wehfooled, as the duck and goose. 
 
 SWI.M'.MI.\<;, ppr. or a. Floatingou a fluid ; moving 
 on a fluid ; having a waving or reeling motion ; 
 overflowing ; abounding. 
 
 SWI.M'.MI.NG, H. 'I'he act or art of moving on the 
 water by means of the liiubs ; a floating. 
 2. Dizziness. 
 
 SWIM'.MiNG-LY, mlv. Smoothly; without obstnic- 
 titiii ; with great success. [J\'oi eln'unt.] 
 
 SWIN'DI.E, (swin'dl,) v. I. [D. iwcmlflni.] 
 
 'I'o cheat and defraud grossly, or with deliberate 
 artifice ; as, to swindle a man out of his property. 
 
 SWI.N'DLKD, pp. Grossly cheated and dt:fraiHk-d. 
 
 SWl.N'DLER, 71. [G. scliwimiler.] 
 
 A cheat ; a rogue ; one wiio defrauds grossly, or 
 one wlio makes a practice of defrauding others by 
 imposition tir deliberate artifice. 
 
 SW I .'V'DI.I.N'f!, ;)pr. or «. Cheating; defrauding. 
 
 S\VI.\'l)Lh\'(;, 11. The act of defrauding ; knavery. 
 
 SWl.N'F,, n. .<iHw. and pi. [Sax. xiciii ; Sw. and Daii. 
 sriii ; D.zirijii; (J. scliwein i L. suiiiiis. It is found in 
 the Fr. iiiiirsiiuiu, a porpoise ; L. niarr, the sea, and 
 swine ; the seahog ; Port, siiiiw, pertaining tt> swine ; 
 Polish, sciiiia : llohemian, swine; Vovu. swijnia.] 
 
 A hog ; a pachydermatous mammal of the genus 
 Siis, which furnishes man with a large |)ortion of his 
 most nourishing food. The fat or lard of this animal 
 enters into various dishes in cookery. The swine is 
 a heavy, stupid animal, and delights to wallow in the 
 mire. 
 
 SWINE'-DREAD, (-bred,) n. A kind of plant, truflle. 
 
 Bailcii. 
 
 swiNE'-e.^sR, ) 4 , . , ■. 
 
 SWr\l;'-€oA'l',J "'r/ '"g-s'y i a pen f"r swmc. 
 SWTNE'-CROEiJ [^""'O 
 
 SWi.\E'-(;R.\SS, o. A plant, knot-gras.s. .^insworth. 
 
 SWiNE'lIERD, 71. [swine and herd.] A keeper of 
 swine. Tnsser. 
 
 SWIi\E'-o.\T, 71. [sicine and oat.] A kind of oats, 
 cultivated for the use of pigs, as in Cornwall ; the 
 Avena niula of botanists. Cyc. 
 
 SWI.\E'-PlPE, 71. [s-iriiie and pipe.] A species of 
 thrush, the red-wing. Ed. F.ncyc. 
 
 SWINE'-POX, 71. A variety of the chicken-pox, with 
 acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid ; the 
 water-pox. Qaod. 
 
 SVVI.\E'S'-eRESS, 71. A species of cress, of the 
 genus Coronopiis or Cochlearia. 
 
 SWlNE'-S'l'oNE, 71. \swine and .tf()7ip.] A name 
 given to those kinds ot limestone which, when rub- 
 bed, emit a fetid odor, resembling that of naphtha 
 combined with sulphureted hydrogen ; also called 
 Stinkstone. Cijc. 
 
 SWI.\E'-ST?, 71. A sty or pen for swine. 
 
 SWINE'-TIIIS-TLE, (-this'l,) lu A plant, the sow- 
 thistle. Cijc. 
 
 SWING, r. i. ; pret. and pp. Swuno. [G. .ichwiiifren, 
 to swing, to brandish, to beat with a swingle-.sfaff ; 
 D. iwittirelen, to beat ; Sw. svinga; Dan. scinirer, to 
 swing, to brandish, to soar. It seems that tlii.s'is the 
 Sax. swiniran, to beat, strike, flagellate, wlieiice to 
 swinirle tlax. Swing seems to be formed on the root 
 
 of lC«i'.] 
 
 1. To move to and fro, as a body suspended in tlie 
 air ; to wave ; to vibrate. 
 
 1 tried if .1 pendulum would Mujing faster, or continue tteiniring 
 longer in our rvcciver, if cxhjusu>«l. Buyle. 
 
 2. To practice swinging; as, a man swings for 
 health or pleasure. 
 
 3. To move or float ; also, to turn round an an- 
 chor ; as, a ship swings witli tlie tide. Mar. Diet. 
 
 4. To be hanged. l). treb.ster. 
 SWI.VG, r. f. To make to pl.ay loosely ; to cause to 
 
 wave or vibrate ; as a body suspended in the air. 
 
 2. To whirl round in the air. 
 
 Sieittg thee in air, Uicn dash lliee down. Milton, 
 
 3. To wave ; to move to and fro ; as, a mnn 
 sicings his arms when he walks. 
 
 He tuingt his Uil, and swinly Uims him round. DryJen. 
 
 4. To brandish ; to flourish. 
 
 SWI.NG, 71. A waving or vibratory motion; oacilla- 
 tion ; as, the string of a pendulum. 
 
 2. Motion from one siile to the other. A haughty 
 man struts or walks with a swinir. 
 
 3. A line, coril, or other thing siispended and 
 hanging loose ; also, an apparatus suspended for 
 persons to string in, 
 
 4. Inlliieiice or power of a body put in motion. 
 'J'he r.iiii ttint tatters down the wall, 
 
 >'ur die ga'al tinng and rudeness of his poise. Shai. 
 
 5. Free course ; unrestrained liberty or license. 
 
 Take Ihy $u>inff. Dryilen. 
 To prevent any thing w hich may prove an obstacle to tlie full 
 tuting of his ^-nius. Burke. 
 
 Ci. The sweep or compass of a moving body. 
 7. Unrestrained tendency ; as, the prevailing swing 
 of corrupt nature ; the swing of propensities. 
 
 ■> S<nif/i. Qlanrille. 
 
 SWI.N'G'-nRIDCiE, 11. [.vicinir and AnV/iV.] .\ bndgo 
 
 that niay In* moved by swinging; usetl on canals, 
 S^VI.\(_'; i;, (swiiij,) ;■. /. [Sax. swirigan, supra.] 
 
 1. 'I'o beat soiiiiilly ; to whip; to bastinado; to 
 chastise ; to piiuisli. 
 
 You ttriiii^ed me for my love. ShaJc. 
 And twinge* his ow ii vices in his son, Orydtn. 
 
 2. To move as Vish, [M'ot in lue.] .Milton. 
 [ '/'/lis verb is ubsole.-.ccnt and vulgar.] 
 
 S^VINfjE, (swinj,) n. .\ sway ; a siving; the sweep 
 of any thing in motion. [jVul in use.] Waller. 
 
 SWL\OH'-HLfCK-I,ER,(swiiij'biick-ler,)K. A bully ; 
 one who pretends to feats of arms. [J^ul in use.] 
 
 SKak. 
 
 SWI.\"GKL,(swing'gl,)ii, That part ofa flail which 
 falls oil the grain in threshing, [ fariouj dialects.] 
 
 Jlalhwrll. 
 
 SWIIVG'ER, 71, One wlio swings ; one who Imrls, 
 
 SWliNG'I.NG, ;ipr, or a. [from .virin^.] Waving ; vi- 
 brating ; brandishing. 
 
 SWINfi'I.N'G, H, The act of swinging; an exercise 
 for health or pleasure. 
 
 SWI.N'O'ING, ppr. of Swinoe, Keating soundly, 
 2. 17, lliiae ; verv large. [Fiilirnr.] 
 
 SWL\<5'I.\(;-LY, a//e, Vastiv ; hugely, [Vulgar.] 
 
 SWI.\'"G I,E, (swing'gl,) c. i. ' [from swing.] To dan- 
 gle ; to wave hanging, 
 2. To swing for pleasure. [JVol in use.] 
 
 SWI.'VGLE, (swing'gl,) v. t. [Sax. stctngan, to beat. 
 See SwiNo.J 
 
 I'o beat ; to clean flax by beating it with a wooden 
 
 instrument resembling a large knife, and called in 
 
 New England a .SwiN<:Li.-«o-K.virE. Flax is first 
 
 broke anil then swingled. 
 SVVIN"G1.E, 77. In wire-works, a wooden spoke 
 
 fixed to the barrel that draws the wire ; also, a 
 
 crank. Cite. 
 SW1N"GLKD, (swing'gld,) pp. Deat and cleaned by 
 
 a swingling-knife, 
 SWIN"GLE-TKEE, 77, A whiffle-tree or whipple- 
 
 tree. [.See Sinole-Tree.] 
 SWI,\"GLI.\G, ppr. lieating and cleaning, as flax. 
 SWIN"GI,ING-KNIFE, ( n. A wooden instrument 
 SWIN"GLE, i lilKj a large knife, about 
 
 two feet long, with one thin edge, used for cleaning 
 
 flax of the sliives, 
 SWIN"Gl,ING-ToW, n. The coarse part of flax, 
 
 separated from the finer by swingling and liatcb- 
 
 eliiig, 
 
 SWING'-PLOW, ; 71. A plow without a foro- 
 SWING'-PLOUGII, i wheel under the beam, 
 
 f?(ir^/ficr, 
 
 SWING'-TREE, n, [string and tree.] The bar of a 
 carriage to w hich the traces are fastened. In Jimcr- 
 ica, it is often or generally called the WHiFyLE-TaEE, 
 or Whipple-'I'ree, 
 
 SWING'-W HEEL, n. [string and irlieel.l In a time- 
 piece, the wheel which ilnves the pi'iidulum. In a 
 watch or balance clock, it is called the Cbowk- 
 Wheel, Cyc. 
 
 SWI.\''ISII, II, [from swine.] Refitting swine ; like 
 swine; gross; hoggish; brutal; as, a ineiituA drunk- 
 ard or sot ; swiniih gluttony, 
 
 .SWI.\'IS1I-I.Y, adv. In a swinish manner. 
 
 SWI.VK, V. i. [Sax, sirinean.] 
 
 To labor ; to tod ; to drudge, [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 SWI.NK, e, (, To overlabor, [Obs.] JUilton. 
 
 SWINK, 71, Labor ; toil ; drudgery, [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 SWINK'EK, n. A laborer ; a plowman, [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer, 
 
 SWIPE, n. A swapc or sweep, which see, 
 SWIP'PF.R, a. (Sax, stripun, to move quick,] 
 
 Nimble; quick, [jN'ut iii use.] 
 SWISS, 71. A native of Switzerland or Swisscrland, 
 
 2. The laiizuase of Switzerland. 
 SWITCH, n. [Sw. sregf.) 
 
 1, A small, flexible twig or rod, 
 
 Oo the metlal, Maurit-mia lea'ls a horve by » tliread with ont 
 hand, and in Uie otiler holds a tmtch. Addison. 
 
 2. On railways, a movable part of the rail for 
 transferring a car from one track to another. 
 
 SWITCH, r. t. To strike with a sin.oll twig or rod ; 
 to beat ; to lash. Chapman. 
 
 SWITCH, r.i. To walk with a Jerk. ' Ob.<olete or lo- 
 cal.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, tINITE.-AN"GER, VI"C10L'a-e as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; 'f H as m THIS. 
 
9 
 
 swo 
 
 SYL 
 
 SYM 
 
 SVVITCII'EL, n. A beverage made of molasses and 
 water. JV'cw England. 
 
 SVV[V'£L, (swiv'l,) n. [from Sa.T. sicifan, tii turn or 
 whirl round ; or from the root of whiffle, which see. 
 In D. wetfelcn is to p;ilter, to waver, to whiffle.] 
 
 1. A ring which turns upon a staple ; or a strong 
 link of iron used in mooring ships, and which per- 
 mits [he bridles to be turned round ; any ring or sta- 
 ple that turns. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A small cannon or piece of artillerj', carrying a 
 shot of half a pound, fi.i:i d in a swivel or in a socket 
 on the top of a ship's side, stern, or bow, or in her 
 tops, in such a manner as to be turned in any direc- 
 tion. .War. Diet. Brande. 
 
 SVVI V'£L, (swiv'l,) t'. i. To turn on a staple, pin, or 
 pivot. 
 
 SWIV'£L-HOOK, n. A hook that turns in the end 
 of an iron block strap, for the ready taking the turns 
 out of a tackle. Cyc. 
 
 SWOB, n. A mop. [See Swab.] 
 
 SWOB, V. U To clean or w ipe W'ith a swob. [See 
 
 SWAB.I 
 
 SWOB'flER, 71. One who swabs or cleans with a 
 mop. [See SwAPTir.B.] 
 
 2. Swabbers : four privileged cards, only used inci- 
 dentally in betlin*: at the game of whist. SwtfU 
 
 SWoLL'£N, j ;(/>. of Swell; irregular and obsolescent. 
 
 SWoLN, j The regular particijjle. Swelled, is 
 to be preferred. 
 
 SWO.M, aid pret. of Swim, is obsolete. We now use 
 Swum and Swam. 
 
 SWOON, V. i. [Sax. ast€unan. Qu. wane, vain, van- 
 ish.] 
 
 To faint ; to sink into a fainting fit, in which there 
 is an apparent suspension of the vital functions and 
 mental powers. 
 
 Tlie most in years tioooned first away for pain. Dryden. 
 
 He seemed ready lo swoon away in itic surprise of jny. Taller. 
 
 SWOON, n. A fainting fit ; lipothymy ; syncope. 
 
 Coze. 
 
 SVA'OON'ING, ppr. Fainting away. 
 SWOOX'ING, H. The act of fainting ; syncope. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 SWOOP, V. t. [This is probably from sweep, or the 
 same root.] 
 
 1. To fallen at once and seize ; to catch while on 
 the wing; as, a hawk .'nconps a chicken; a kite 
 swoops up a mouse. 
 
 2. To seize ; to catch up ; to take with a sweep. 
 
 GlanviUe. 
 
 3. To pass with violence. [JVoi in u-ie.] Draijton. 
 SWOOP, V. i. To piss with pomp. Drayton. 
 SWOOP, n. A falling on and seizing, as of a rapa- 
 cious fowl on his prey. 
 
 The easle fell — and carried away a whole litter of cubs at a 
 ti£OQp, Li* Estrange. 
 
 SWOP, P. t. To exchange; to barter; to give one 
 commodity for another. 
 
 [."^ee Swap.] Tliis is a common word, but not in 
 elegant use. 
 
 SWoRI), (sword or sord,) ru [Sax. sword, sweord : G. 
 sckwert; D. iwaard ; svierd ; S\\, seard.] 
 
 1. An offensive weapon worn at the side, and 
 used by hand either for thrusting or cutting. 
 
 2. FiguralieeUj, destruction by war. 
 
 1 will brinu a smord upon you. — Li^v. rutvi. Is. 11, 
 
 3. Vengeance or justice. 
 
 She quits the i).il ince, and resijiis the sieord. Drylen, 
 
 4. Emblem of authority and power. 
 
 Ttje ruler — twarctli not Uio gword in vain. — Horn. xiii. 
 
 5. War ; dissension. 
 
 I came not to s.'nd peace, but a eword. — Matt. x. 
 C. Emblrin of triumph and protection. 
 
 Th - I.oril —tin ewurd of thy eiolli-nce. — Dcut. Illiii. 
 
 SWoRD'-BEa R-ER, v. [sword and bear.] An officer 
 in the city of London, who carries a sword as an 
 emblem of justice before the lord mayor when lie 
 goes abroad. 
 
 SWOIID'-BELT, n. [sword and belt.] A belt by 
 which a sword is suspended and borne by the side. 
 
 S\V6Rl)'-BL.\l)i;, n. [..«..rJ and Worfc] The blade 
 or culling part of a swtiril. 
 
 SWoUD'EI), (I. Giriled with a sword. Milton. 
 
 SWORU'ER, ri. A soldier ; a cut-throat. [JVal in use.] 
 
 Sliok. 
 
 SWORD'-FIf;iI'r,(-fIte,)n. [.tword nn<\ ft M.] Fenc- 
 ing; a combat or tri.'il of skill with swtirds. 
 
 SWORD'FISU, n. [sword .fish.] A genus of fish- 
 en, called, in iciilhyology, Xii'HiAa ; so named from 
 the nose, snout, or upper jaw, which is shaped like 
 a Kword. Cijc. 
 
 SWORD'-GRXSS, ;.. [sword and /rrass.] A kind of 
 Beilge glnder ; the sweet rush, a s|iccieK of Acorns. 
 
 Jiutsicorth. ClJC. 
 
 SWOUD'-KNOT, f-nol,) n. [sword and knot.] A 
 riMioii tied to Ihe liilt of a swnrd. Pope. 
 
 SUTlRD'-LAW, 71. [staurd and law.] Violence ; gov- 
 erninent tiy force. Mtltan, 
 
 SW<Mtl)'I..ESS, a. DcHlitiite of n sword. 
 
 KWriHD' M \N, n. [smurd and mail.) A xoldicr; a 
 fighting man. Shak. 
 
 SWoRn'-PL.\Y-ER, 71. [sTiord and player.] .\ fen- 
 cer ; a gladiator; one who exhibits his skill in the 
 use of the sword. Hakewill. 
 
 SWoUD'-SHAP-£n, (-shiipt,) a. [sword and shape.] 
 Ensiform ; shaped like a sword ; as, a sword-shaped 
 leaf. Martyn. 
 
 SWoRE, pret. of Swear. 
 
 SWoRN, pp. or a. from Swear. The officers of gov- 
 ernment are sworn to a faithful discharge of their 
 duty. 
 
 Sworn friends is a phrase equivalent to determined, 
 close or lirui friends. 
 
 I am sicor 
 To grim necessity. 
 
 I brother, sweet. 
 
 iSTiol-. 
 
 Sworn enemies are determined or irreconcilable en- 
 emies. 
 
 SWOLTND, K. i. To swoon. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 SWU.\[, pret. and pp. of .Swim. 
 SWUNG, pret. and pp. of Swing. 
 
 I^g^'ja. [Sa.\.] Related by blood. [Obs.] 
 
 SYB'.\-RlTE, 71. [from Sybaris, an ancient Italian 
 town.] 
 
 A person devoted to luxiiiy and pleasure. 
 SYB-.VRIT'ie, I a. [From Sijharita; inhabitants 
 SYB-.'V-RIT'ie-AL, i of Sybaris, in Italy, who were 
 proverbially voluptuous.] 
 
 LUMirious ; wanton. Bp. Hall. 
 
 SYe'A-.MIXE. See Svcamore. 
 
 SYG'.-V-MORE, 71. [Gr. cv'iaiiii'o^, ovKupopo^, from 
 avtoi, a fig, and p-ip-i^.] 
 
 A species of fig-tree. The name is also incorrectly' 
 given to the Acer pseudo-platanus, a species of ma- 
 ple. Cyc. Lee. 
 
 The sycamore, (falsely so called,) or plane-tree of 
 Norlh America, is the Platanns occidentalis of Lin- 
 naeus, commonly called Button-Wood, or Cotton- 
 
 SVe' XmORE-JIOTH, ti. a large and beautiful moth, 
 or night-buttcrily, so called because its caterpillar 
 feeds on the leaves of the svcamore. Cite. 
 
 SY-CEE', ) H. In China, silver in the form 
 
 SY-CEE'-SIL'VER, ( of small half globes, bearing 
 the stamp of the office that issues it, and used as a 
 currency. Vincent. Brandc. 
 
 SY€'lTE, 71. [Gr. o-nico;, a fig.] 
 
 Fig-stone ; a name which some authors give to 
 nodules of flint or pebbles which resemble a fig. [J\"ot 
 used.] Cyc. 
 
 SY-eo'iM.\, 71. [Gr. avKnv, a fig.] 
 A tumor shaped like a (ie. 
 
 SY€'0-P11AN-CY, 7!. [Infra.] Oriirinnlhi, informa- 
 tion of the clandestine e.vportation of figs ; hence, 
 mean tale-bearing ; obsequious flattery ; servility, 
 
 SY€'0-PH.\NT,7i. [Gr. aiKoijiavrr, ; ovkos, a fig, and 
 ipaipoj, to discover.] 
 
 Originally, an informer against those who stole 
 figs or exported them contrary to law, &c. Hence, in 
 time it came to signify a tale-bearer or informer, in 
 general ; hence, a parasite ; a mean flatterer ; espe- 
 cially, a flatterer of princes and great men ; hence, 
 a deceiver ; an impostor. Its most general use is in 
 the sense of an obsequious flatterer or parasite. 
 
 Encyc. Patterns Aniiq. 
 
 SVe'O-PHANT, ) V. t. To plav the sycophant ; 
 
 SYC'O I'lIAN T-IZE, i to flatter meanly and ofii- 
 cioiislv ; to inform or tell tales for gaining favor. 
 
 SYfi-O-PHANT'ie, n. Tale-bearing ; more ircnerally, 
 obsequiously flattering; parasitic; courting favor by 
 mean adulation. 
 
 2, Sycophantic plants, or parasites, are such as ad- 
 here to other plants, and depend on them for sup- 
 port. 
 
 SVe'O-PHANT-RY.n. Mean and officious tale-bear- 
 ing tir adulation. Barrow. 
 
 SY-€o'SIS, H. A tubercular eruption upon the scalp, 
 or bf.irdeil part of the face. 
 
 SYt)-N'l'.'Ai\, ) a. Denoting a species of white earth 
 
 SYD-.Nic'IAN, S brought from Sidney Cove, in South 
 Wales. Kiripan. 
 
 SY'I',.\-I TE, 71, A compound granular rock composed 
 of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, of a grayish 
 color ; so called because there are many ancient 
 monuments consisting of this rock, brought from 
 Syene, in Upper Egypt. It differs from granite only 
 in containing hornblende instead of mica. 
 
 I.unier. Dana. 
 
 SYKE, 71, A small brook or rill in low ground. [A..i- 
 cal.] 
 
 SYL-l,AI)'ie, ) a. [from stillublc.] Pertaining to 
 SYL-LAI!'1€-AL, i a syllabit; or syllables; us, syi- 
 tabic accent. 
 
 2. Consisting of a syllable or syllables ; as, a .syl- 
 labic augment. 
 
 SVL-LAII'IC AL LV, adr. In a syllabic manner. 
 
 SVL-LAH-I-CA' I KIN, >i. The act of forming sylla- 
 lilirs ; the act or method of dividing words into sylla- 
 bles. M. 
 
 SYL'LA-BLK, 71. [I,, ayllaba; Gr. avXXaffn, from 
 u/iXX i/i/^ynvu, to comprehend; trvv and Aaf/yuiu, to 
 take.] 
 
 1. A letter, or a combination of letters, uttered to- 
 gether, or at a aiiigle ellnrt or impulse of the voico. 
 
 A vowel may form a S} liable by itself, as a, the de- 
 finitive, or in atnrii; e in eren; o in aver, aiid the 
 like. A syllabic may also be formed of a vouel and 
 one consonant, as in go, do, in, o^; or a syllable may 
 be formed by a vowel with two articulations, one 
 preceding, the other following it, as in can, but, tun; 
 or a syllable may consist of a combination of conso- 
 nants, with one vowel or diphthong, as strong, short, 
 camp, voice. 
 
 A .syllable sometimes forms a word, and is then 
 significant, as in go, run, write, sun, moon. In other 
 cases a syllable is merely a part of a word, and by 
 itself is not significant. Thus ac, in active, has no 
 signification. 
 
 At least one vowel, or open sound, is essential lo 
 the formation of a syllable ; hence in every word 
 there must be as many .syllables as there are single 
 vowels, or single vowels and diphthongs. A Word 
 is called according to the number of syllables it con- 
 tains, viz. : — 
 
 Monosyllable ; a word of one syllable. 
 Dissyllable : a word of two syllables. 
 Trisyllabic : a word of three syllables. 
 Polysyllable : a word of many syllables. 
 2. A sm.iU part of a sentence or discourse ; some- 
 thing very concise. This account contains not a syl- 
 lable of truth. 
 
 Before a eyllahlc of thp law of God was written. Hooker. 
 SYL'LA-BLE, v. t. To utter ; to articulate. [J\o( 
 
 used.] Milton. 
 SYL'LA-BUB, 71. A compound drink made of wine 
 
 and milk ; a different orthography of Sillabub. 
 SYL'LA-BUS, 71. [L., from the same source as sylla- 
 ble.] 
 
 An abstract ; a compendium containing the heads 
 of a discourse, &.c. 
 SYL-LEP'SIS, II. [Gr. trnXXiitf/i?. See Svllable.] 
 
 1. In grammar, a figure by which we conceive the 
 sense of words otherwise than the words import, 
 and construe them according to the intention of the 
 author ; otherwise called Substitution, 
 
 2. 'J'he agreement of a verb or adjective, not with 
 the word next to it, but with some other word in the 
 sentence, to which a preference is given ; as, rez et 
 regina brati. J3ndrews ^ Stoddard. 
 
 SYL'LO-GIS.M, 71. [L. syllogUmus : Gr. avXXay la'/jof ; 
 avi', with, and Af) oi, to speak ; Aoj-t^o^di, to think.] 
 
 A form of reasoning, or argument, consisting of 
 three propositions, of which the two first are called 
 the prcmi.ies, and the last the conclitsivn. In this ar- 
 gument, the conclusion necessarily follows from the 
 premises ; so that if the two first propositions are 
 true, the conclusion must be true, and the argument 
 amounts to demonstration. Thus : 
 
 A plant has not the power of locomotion ; 
 
 An oak is a plant ; 
 
 Therefore an oak has not the power of locomotion. 
 These propositions are denominated the major, the 
 minor, and tlie conclusion. 
 SYL-LO-GlS'Tie, )a. Pertaining to a syllogism ; 
 SYL-LO-GIS'Tie-AL, j consisting of a syllogism, 
 or of the form of reasoning by syllogisms ; as, syllo- 
 gistic argiimenls or reasoning. 
 SYL-LO-GIS'Tie-AL-LY, ado. In the form of a syl- 
 logism ; by means of syllogisms ; as, to reason or 
 prove syllogu'tieally. 
 SVL-LO-'GI-ZA'TION, 7i. A reasoning by syllogisms. 
 
 Harris. 
 
 SYL'LO-GlZE, t". t. To reason by syllogisms. 
 
 Men hiwe endeavored lo leach boys to syllo^ze, or lo fnme 
 argiimenU uiid n-l'ule them, without real knowledge. V.'aiU. 
 
 SYL'LO-GlZ-ER, 71. One who reasons by syllogisms. 
 SYL'LO-GI/.-ING, ppr. Reasoning by syllogisms. 
 SYLPH, (silt,) 71. [Fr. sytphide; Gr. aiXtpy, a moth, a 
 beetle.] 
 
 An imaginary being inhabiting the air, 
 SYLPIl'Il), n. [l"f. sijiphide.] [Temple. Pope. 
 
 A diminutive of Svlph. 
 SYLPH'-LIKi;, a. Resembling a sylph. 
 SYL'VA, 71. [L., a wood or forest.] In poetry, a po- 
 etical piece composed in a start, or kind of trans|ii)rt. 
 
 2. A collection of poetical pieces of various kinds, 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 3. A work containing a botanical description of the 
 forest trees of any region or country ; as Michaux's 
 Siilra Jimerieiina. 
 
 '1. The forest trees themselves of any region or 
 coiintrv. 
 SYL'VAN. Sec Silvan. 
 
 SYL'VAN, 71. A fabl.d deity of the wood ; a satyr; 
 a faun ; sometimes, perhajis, a rustic. 
 Ifer private orchardK, wulleil on every side, 
 To lawlras tytvane all itcceu denied. Pope. 
 
 SYL'VAN-ITE, ti. Native tellurium, a metallic sub- 
 stance discovered in Transylvania. Did, Ure. 
 
 SYL' V ATE, 71. A compound of sylvic acid with a 
 base. 
 
 SYL'VIC ACID, 71. A cryslallizable substance ob- 
 tiiineii from colophony, or common rosin, by the ac- 
 tion of tilcoliol. Coolcij. Gra/iarn' 
 
 SV.M'llAL. Si'c Omiial. 
 
 SYM'BOL, 71. [L. symbuhim ; Gr. avpfiahiv ; nvv, with, 
 and /y<iAA"<, to throw ; avp/iiiWi-', to compare J 
 
 FATE, FXE, PALL, WU^kT. — METE, PREY. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1120 
 
SYM 
 
 1 The sign or representation of any moral thing 
 by the images or properties ol' natural tliin;;s. Tluis 
 tlie lion is the sijmbul of courage ; thu lamb is the 
 symbol of meekness or patience SyinbolM are of va- 
 rious kinds ; as types, enigmas, parables, fables, al- 
 legories, emblems, hieroglyphics, &.c. Kncijc. 
 
 2. An emblem or representation of something else. 
 Thus in the eucharist the bread and wine are called 
 symbols of the body and blood of Christ. 
 
 3. A letter or character wliich is significant. The 
 Chinese letters are most of them si/mboU. The sym- 
 bols in algebra are arbitrary. 
 
 4. In virduh, a certain mark or figure representing 
 a being or thing ; as a trident is the symbol of Nep- 
 tune, the iieacock of Juno, 6lc. 
 
 5. Among Chrisliaiut, an abstract or compendium ; 
 the creed, or a summary of the articles of religion. 
 
 linker. 
 
 6. Lot; sentence of adjudication. [JSlit in use.] 
 
 Taiflor. 
 
 SYM-BOL'ie, ) a. Representative ; exhibiting or 
 SYM-BOL'IC-AL, j expressing by resemblance or 
 signs ; as, the figure of an eye is symbolical of sight 
 and knowledge. The ancients had their symbolical 
 mysteries. 
 
 The sacramen*. is a repr^s'*ntAtion of Cliriit't death, l>y iiicU 
 symbolical actions as lie ap)>ointr(l. Taylor. 
 
 Symbolical philosophy is the philosophy expressed 
 by hieroglyphics. 
 SYM-BOL'ie-AL-LY, adv. By representation or re- 
 semblance of properties ; by signs ; typically. Cour- 
 age is siimbolically represented by a lion. 
 SYM-BOL'ies, n. The science of creeds. 
 SVM'BOL-ISM, n. Among chemists, consent of parts. 
 
 Kitct/c. 
 
 SYM-BOL-r-Z.^'TION, n. [See Svmiioliie.] The 
 act of symbolizing ; resemblance in properties. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 SYM'BOL-IZE, V. i. [Ft. symboUser.] 
 
 1. To have a resemblance of qualities or proper- 
 ties. 
 
 The plcasin» of color eymbolizeth with the pIi'.Tsinff of a single 
 tone to tiie ear ; but tlie pleasing of ortier tlotli syjnbahze 
 with hi\rnu>ny. Bacon. 
 
 They Ijoth sy^ribolize in this, th^t thf-y love to look upon lliem- 
 Belves tlirougli multiplying glasses. HoircLl. 
 
 2. To agree ; to hold the same faith or religious be- 
 lief. 
 
 The beliovera in pretended miracles hare alw.-iys previously sym- 
 bolized with llie perforntera of them. G. t^iher, 
 
 SYM'BOL-IZE, V. t. To make to agree in properties. 
 2. To make representative of something. 
 
 Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colors. liroten. 
 
 SYM'BOL-tZ-f;n, pp. Made to agree in properties. 
 
 SY.M'BOL-IZ-L\G, ppr. Representing by some prop- 
 erties in common; making to agree or resemble in 
 properties. 
 
 SY.M-BOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. <rt>>i/?oXof and Xoj of.] 
 The art of expressing by symbols. 
 
 SY!M'ME-TR.\L, a. [from symmetry.] Commensura- 
 ble. _ More. 
 
 SYM-Mf,'TRI-AN, ( n. [from s^immetry.'] One emi- 
 
 SY.M'ME-TRIST, j nently studious of proportion 
 or symmetry of parts. Sidney. IVotton. 
 
 SYiM-MET'Rle-AL, a. [from .symmetry.] Proportion- 
 al in its parts ; having its parts in due pro|)ortion as 
 to dimensions ; as, a symmetrical body t>r builtling. 
 
 2. In botany, tiowens are symmetrical when the seg- 
 ments of the calyx, the petals, and the stamens, are 
 regular, equal, and alike. Lindlcy. 
 
 Symmetrical solids: a name given by Legendre to 
 solids which, though equal and similar, can not be 
 brought to coincide with each other, or to occupy the 
 same p irtion of space. A man's two hanils alTord 
 an example of symmetrical solids. Brande. 
 
 SYM-MET'Rie-AL-LY, adv. With due proportion of 
 parts. 
 
 SYM-MET'RIC-AL-NESS, n. State or quality of be- 
 ing symmetrical. 
 
 SYM'ME-TKIZE, f. L To make proportional in its 
 parts ; to reduce to symmetry. Burke. 
 
 SY.M'ME-TRIZ-^;l), pp. Made proportional. 
 
 8YM'ME-TRIZ-1\G, ppr. Reducing to symmetry. 
 
 SYM'.ME-TRY, n. [Gr. ct'(ifi£r,oia ; avy, with, to- 
 gether, and \itToov, mexsure ; pcTiicoj, to measure ; 
 Fr. symetrie: it. and Sp. simetria.] 
 
 A due proportion of the several parts of a body to 
 each other ; adaptation of the dimensions of the sev- 
 eral parts of a thing to each other ; or the union and 
 conformity of the members of a work to the whole. 
 Symmetry arises from the pro|>ortion, which the 
 Greeks call analo^j, which is the relatiim of con- 
 formity of all the parts to a certain measure ; as, the 
 «jrninie<ri/ of a building or an animal body. Cyc. 
 
 Uniform stjmmetry, in architecture, is where the 
 same ordon|iance reigns throughout the whole. 
 
 Respective symmetry is where only the opposite 
 •ides arc equal to each other. Cyc. 
 
 SYM-PA-TllET'ie, ) a. [Kr. .^jmpathique. See 
 
 SYM PA-TllET'ie-AL, ( SvsifATHT.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to sympathy. 
 
 2. Having common feeling with another; suscep- 
 tible of being afl'ected by feelings like those of an- 
 
 SYM 
 
 other, or of feelings in consequence of what another 
 feels ; as, a sympathetic heart. 
 
 3. In medicine, the term sympathetic is applied to 
 symptoms and affections which occur in parts inure 
 or less remote from the primary scat of disease, and 
 are occasioned by some nervous connection of the 
 parts. A disease which is immediately preceded and 
 occasioned by another disease is sometimes said to 
 be sympathetic, in contradistinction from idiupnlhic, 
 which is applieil tt> a disease not preceded or occa- 
 sioned by any other ; but, in this case, the term symp- 
 tomatic is not only more appropriate, but more com- 
 monly employed. 
 
 4. Among alchemists, an epithet applied to a kind 
 of powder, [mssessed of the wonderful property that, 
 if spread on a cloth dipped in the blood of a wound, 
 the wound will be healed, though the patient is at a 
 distance. This opinion is discarded as charlatanry. 
 
 This epithet is given also to a species of ink or 
 liquor, with which a person may write letters which 
 are not visible till something else is applied. [See 
 Ink.1 
 
 5. In anatomy, the term sympathetic is applied to 
 that system of nerves which takes its origin from the 
 semilunar ganglion in the centre of tlie epigastrium, 
 and is sent to the whole nutritive system, and also to 
 the organs of reproduction. 
 
 SYM-PA-THET'ie-AL-LY, adi\ With sympathy or 
 common feeling ; in consequence of sympathy ; by 
 communication from stuiiethiiig else. 
 
 SYM'PA-TIIIZE, u. i. [Vt. sympathiser. See Sympa- 
 
 THV.l 
 
 1. To have a common feeling, |13 of bodily pleasure 
 or pain. 
 
 The mind will sympathize so much with the anguish and debility 
 of tlie tx)dy, that it will he too distracted to lix its'-ll in tiiedi- 
 tatiou. liadimittsier . 
 
 2. To feel in consequence of what another feels ; 
 to be affected by feelings similar to those t)f another, 
 in consequence of knowing the pt'rstm to be thus af- 
 fected. We sympathize with our frienils in distress; 
 we feel some pain when we see them pained, or 
 when we are informed of their distresses, even at a 
 distance. 
 
 It is generally and properly used of suffering or 
 pain, antl not tif pleasure or joy. It may be some- 
 times used with greater latitude. 
 
 3. To agree ; to fit. [JVot in use.] Dn/den. 
 SYM'PA-THlZ-INt;, ppr. or a. Feeling mutually, or 
 
 in consequence of whtit another feels ; tender ; com- 
 passionate. 
 
 SYM'P.\-T1IY, n. [Gr. ovpvadcta; avpTraBcoi ; avi>, 
 with, and ttuBo!, passion ] 
 
 1. Fellow-feeling; the quality of being affected by 
 the atfection of another, with feelings corriispondent 
 in kind, if not in degree. We feel sympathy for an- 
 other when we see hini in distress, or when we are 
 informetl ti^his tlistnrsses. This sympathy is a corre- 
 spondent feeling of {lain or regret. 
 
 Sympathy is produced tlirough tlie medium of organic impres- 
 sion. Chipsnan. 
 
 I Talue myself upon sympathy; 1 hato and despise niys'-lf for 
 envy. Kiimes. 
 
 2. An agreement of aflcctions or inclinations, or a 
 conformity of natural temperament, which makes 
 two persons pleased with each other. Encyc, 
 
 To such associations may be attributed most of tlie sympathies and 
 aiitipitthies of our natuiv. Anon. 
 
 3. In medicine, a correspondence of various parts of 
 the body in similar sensations or alTections ; or an 
 affection of the whole body, or some part of it, in 
 consequence of an injury or disease of another part, 
 or of a local affection. Thus a contusion on the 
 head will produce nausea and vomiting. This is 
 said to be by sympathy, or consent of parts. Cijc 
 
 4. In riaturni history, a propension of inanimate 
 things to unite, or to act on each other. Thus we 
 say, there is a sympathy between the lodestone and 
 iron. Cyc. 
 
 SYM-PHo'NI-OUS, a. [from sijmphony.] Agreeing 
 in sound ; accordant ; harmonious. 
 
 Sounds 
 
 Symphonious of ten thous.and harps. MUlon. 
 
 SYM'PIIO-i\IST, n, A composer of symphonies or 
 
 instrumental music. 
 SYM'PIIO-NY, (sim'fo-ne,) ti. [U symphonia; Fr. 
 
 symphonic ; Gr. Qvptptovia ; aov, with, and ipoivrj, 
 
 voice.] 
 
 1. A consonance or harmony of sounds, agreeable 
 to the ear, whether the sounds are vocal or instru- 
 mental, or both. 
 
 The trumpets sound, 
 And WftrUke sympltony is heard around. Drydsn. 
 
 2. A musical instrument mentioned by French 
 writers. 
 
 3. A musical composition for a full band of instru- 
 ments ; formerly synonymous with Overture. 
 
 P. Cyc 
 
 4. Also, a term applied to the instrumental intro- 
 ductions, tcriuin.itions, ice, of vocal compositions. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 SYM'PHV-SIS, R. [Gr. <ni/r0i(ri5; iriii', together, and 
 i^vw, to grow.] 
 
 SYN 
 
 1. In anatomy, the iinitni of bones by cartilage ; a 
 connection of bones without a movable joint. 
 
 Coze. Cyr.. 
 
 2. In surgery, a coalescence of a natural passage ; 
 also, the first intentitm of cure in a wound. Coze. 
 
 SYM-PI-E-SOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ffv/rni^w, to com- 
 press, and piTiiuv.] 
 
 An instrument employed, like the barometer, for 
 measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. A col- 
 umn of oil supplies the pl.ace of the mercurial col- 
 umn in the barometer^ while hydrogen gas occupies 
 the place of the Torricellian vacuum. The instru- 
 ment, for certain purposes, is preferred to the barom- 
 eter, being smaller and more |>ortablc, and not liable 
 to derangement by the motions of a ship at se.i. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 SYM'PLO-CE, n. [Gr. ff.i(i7rXo«>).] 
 
 In irrutnmar, the repetition of a word at tlie^iegin- 
 ning and aiiotiier at the end of successive clauses. 
 .SYM-Po'Sl-A€, a. [Gr. avpTuaia, a drinking togeth- 
 er ; ovv, together, and niv'^, to drink.] 
 
 Pertaining to compotatinns and rncrry-making ; 
 happening where company is drinking together ; as, 
 symposiac meetings. Brown. 
 
 iSymposiaf disputations. {Not much used.'\ ATbuthnot. 
 
 SYM-Po'SI-AC, n. A conference or conversation of 
 philtistipliers at a banquet. Plutarch. 
 
 SY.M-Po'SI-ARCH, 71. [Gr. irti^/Trixrio.. and u.oxoj.] 
 In ancient Greece, the master of a feast. 
 
 SYM Po'SI-UM, n. [Supra.] A drinking together; 
 a merry feast. Warton. 
 
 SYMP'TO.M, 71. [Fr. symptome : Gr. trvprrroypa, a fall- 
 ing, or accident, from avi , with, and irirroi, to fall.] 
 
 1. Properly, something that happens in concurrence 
 with another thing, as an attendant. Hence, in med- 
 icine, any affection which accompanies disease; a 
 pereepltble change in the body or its functions which 
 indicates disease. The causes of disease often lie 
 beyond our sight, but we learn the nature of them 
 by the .'^jmptoms. Particular symptoms which more 
 uniformly ariKimpany a morbid state of the body, and 
 are characteristic of it, are called paUiog-nomonic or 
 diagnostic symptoms. 
 
 2. A sign or token ; that which indicates the ex- 
 istence of something else ; as, open murmurs of the 
 people are a stjmptom of (lisaffection to law or gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 SYMP-TO-MAT'ie, ) a. Pertaining to symptoms ; 
 
 SYMP-TO-MAT'ie-AL, ( happening in concurrence 
 with something ; indicating the existence of some- 
 thing else. 
 
 2. In medicine, a stjmptomatic disea.se Is one which 
 proceeds from some prior disorder in some part of 
 the body. Thus a symptomatic fever may proceed 
 from local injury or local inflammation. It is o[>- 
 posed to loiopATHic. Encyc. Coze. 
 
 3 According to symptoms ; as, a symptumatical 
 classification of diseases. 
 
 SY.MP-TO-MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. By means of symp- 
 toms : in the nature of symptoms. IViseman. 
 
 SYMP-TO-MA-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. cvp-T'ofia and 
 A") discourse.] 
 
 The doctrine of symptoms ; that part of the science 
 of medicine which treats of the s} niptoms of dis- 
 eases. Coze. 
 
 SYN-.(ER'E-SIS, (sin-er'e-sis,) n. [Gr. tn-i- and at- 
 pe<o.] 
 
 In grammar, a figure by which two vowels that 
 are ordinarily separated are drawn together into one 
 s\ llalile ; the opposite of Di^iresis. 
 
 SY\-A-GOG'ie-AL, a. [from synagogue] Pertain- 
 ing to a synagogue. Did. 
 
 SYN'A-GOGLJE, (sin'a-gog,) n. [Fr., from Gr. awa- 
 yoiyn: <"'' ) together, and a) u, to drive ; pro|ierly,an 
 assembly.] 
 
 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews met for the 
 purpose of worship, or the perlormancc of religious 
 rites. 
 
 2. The house appropriated to the religious worship 
 of the Jews. 
 
 3. The court of tlie seventy elJers among the 
 Jews, called the Great Svnaoogue, or Sanhedbih. 
 
 Cye. 
 
 SYN-A-Lk'PHA, 71. [Gr. avva^oiQr,.] 
 
 In grammar, a contraction of syllables by ^uppre3s- 
 ing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, 
 before another vowel or diphthong; as, iW eoc, for 
 itle ego. 
 
 SYN-AI^LAG-.M.VT'IC, a. [Gr. an and aXXanaoi.] 
 An epithet applied, in the civil law, to a contract 
 which imposes reciprocal obligations upon the par- 
 ties. Bouvier, 
 SYN'AR-eilY', 11. [Gr. trvi-apxia.] 
 
 Joint nile or sovereignty. Stackhouse. 
 SYN-XR-THR<5'SIS, n. [Gr. avf, with, ond aoO^uu, 
 to articulate.] 
 
 Union of bones without motion ; close union ; as 
 in sutures, symphysis, and the like. Core. 
 SY-.\AX'IS, If. [Gr., from omayu, to congregate; 
 ffi'i' and ay tu.] 
 
 .\ congregation ; also, a term formerly used for the 
 Lord's supper. Saxon Lavs. 
 
 SYN-exRP'Ol S, a. [Gr. »ti. and zaprof, fruit.] 
 
 TO.NE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 141 
 
 pppp. 
 
 1121 
 
In botany, having the carpels of a compound fruit 
 conipltlely united ; as in tlie apple anil pear. 
 
 LintUey. 
 
 SYN-CAT-E-GO-RE-MAT'ie, n. [Gr. <tvv and Karr)- 
 3 oprlii.l.] 
 
 In /oo-ic, a word which can not be used as a term 
 by itself ; as an adverb or preposition. 
 SYN-€HON-DKO'SlS, n. [Gr. gvv and x'"'Spos, car- 
 likvKe.] 
 
 Tlie connection of bones by means of cartilage or 
 gristle. IViseman, 
 SYN'CHRO-NAL, a. [Gr. am, with, and XP"""!, 
 time.] 
 
 Happening at the same time ; simultaneous. 
 
 SYN'eHRO-NAL, n. [Supra.] That which happens 
 at the same time with something else, or pertains to 
 Ihe^ame time. More. 
 
 SYN-eilRON'ie-AL, o. [See Stnchkonism.I Hap- 
 pening at the same time ; simultaneous. Boyle. 
 
 SYN'CHRO-NISM, n. [Gr. aw, with, and xi""'os, 
 time.] 
 
 1. Concurrence of two or more events in time ; 
 siniultaneonsncss. Hale. 
 
 2. Tlie tabular arrangement of history according 
 to dates, cotemporary persons or things being brought 
 together. Brande. 
 
 SYN-CHRO-NI-Za'TION, 71. The concurrence of 
 
 events in respect to time. 
 SYN CHRO-NIZE, c. t. [Supra.] To agree in time; 
 
 to be simultaneous. Robinson. 
 SYN'eilllO-NOUS, a. Happening at the same time ; 
 
 simultaneous. Arbuthnot. 
 SYN'eHRO-NOUS-LY,a<it>. [Supra.] At the same 
 
 time. 
 
 SYN'€HY-SIS, n. [Gr. <;i.>. and xfw-] 
 
 Confusion ; derangement ; confusion of words in 
 a sentence ; derangement of humors in the eye. 
 SYN-CLI'NAL, a. [Gr. cvyKXtvw.] Inclined down- 
 ward from opposite directions, so as to meet in a 
 common point or line ; 0])posed to Anticlinal. 
 Synclinal valley ; a valley formed by such a dip. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 SYN'eO-PATE, w. f. [See Syncope.] To contract, 
 as a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables 
 from the middle. 
 
 2. In 7nnsic, to prolong a note begun on the unac- 
 cented jiart of a bar, to the accented part of the next 
 bar ; or to connect tlie last note of a bar with the first 
 of the following ; or to end a note of one part, in the 
 middle of a note of another part. 
 
 SYN'CO-Pa-TED, pp. or a. Contracted by the loss ol 
 a letter from the middle of the word. 
 2. Inverted, as the measure in music. 
 
 SYN'eO-PA-TlN'G, ppr. Contracting by the loss of a 
 letter in the middle of a word. 
 
 SYN-CO-PA'TION, ?!. The contraction of a word 
 bv taking a letter, letters, or a syllable from the mid- 
 die. , 
 
 2. In mH.iic, an interruption of the regular meas- 
 ure ; an inversiim of the order of notes ; a prolong- 
 ing of a note begun on the unaccented part of a bar, 
 to the accented part of the next bar; also, a term 
 used when a note of one part at the beginning of a 
 measure or half measure ends in the middle of a note 
 of another part, and is followed by two or more 
 longer notes before another short note occurs, of equal 
 length with the first note, to make the number even. 
 
 Encyc. Brande. 
 
 SYN'eO-PE, 71. [Gr. rrvyKO-n, from avyKonroj ; aw 
 
 ■ and iroTTr.', to cut off.] 
 
 1. In music, the same as Syncopation; the di- 
 vision of a note introduced when two or more notes 
 of one part answer to a single note of another. 
 
 2. In grammar, an elision or i^etrenchment of one 
 or more letters or a syllable from tlie middle of a 
 word. 
 
 3. In medicine, a fainting or swooning; a diminu- 
 tion or interruption of the motion of the heart, and 
 of respiration, accompanied with a suspension of the 
 action of the brain and a temporary loss of sensa- 
 tion, volition, and other faculties. Cue. 
 
 SYN'ef/-PIST, 71. One who contracts words. 
 SY.N'CO-PIZE, ti. L To contract by the omission of a 
 
 'irtter or syllable. 
 SYN'eRE-tiSM, 71. [Gr. <TV, KO,ja,f.] 
 
 Attempted union of principles or parties irrecon- 
 cilably at variance with each other. Murdock. 
 He !■ pliittinf; a carnul tyncredem, and aUemplinff Ihi^ n-concile- 
 rr,. nt of Christ .MiJ llnzlrr. 
 
 SYX'CRE-TIST, 7>. An appellation given to George 
 CalixtuH and other Germans of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, who sought to mitigate the asperities of the 
 Pr te<tant seem toward each other and toward the 
 Roman (,'alholic8, and thus occasioned ii long and 
 violent controversy in the Lutlieran church. 
 
 Murdoek. 
 
 SYN-GRE-TIST'ie, a. Pertaining to the Syncro- 
 tisls. 
 
 SYN-DAG'TYI,, ri. [Gr. <7i.i. niid I'afri'Aot.] Any 
 perching bird which has the irxtcrnal and middle 
 toes united no far aa the iiecond joint. Hrandr. 
 HYN DAC TYI/IC, (a. Having tho cbaraeteris- 
 HYN-DAe'TYL-OUS, ( tica of the syndactyls. 
 
 Partington. 
 
 SYN-DES-MO'SIS, n. [Gr. >ivvf'ai,„s.] The union 
 of one ^one with another by ligaments. Brande. 
 
 SYN'Die, 71. [ L. .«!/;i(/i<;i« ; Gr. aoi'dixos ; aui/, with, 
 and (5iM), justice.] 
 
 An officer of government, invested with different 
 powers in different countries ; also, one chosen to 
 transact business for others ; as in France, syndics 
 are appointed by the creditors of a bankrupt to man- 
 age tlie property. In Geneva, the syndic is the chief 
 magistrate. Almost all the companies in Paris, the 
 university, &c., have their stjndics. The university 
 of Cambridge has its syndics, who are chosen from 
 the senate to transact special business, as the regu- 
 lation of fees, forming of laws, Sec. 
 
 Cam. Calendar. 
 
 SYN'DIC-ATE, 7i. A council, or body of syndics ; a 
 branch of government. Burnet. 
 
 SYM'DIC-ATE, v. t. To judge, or to censure. 
 
 SYN'DRO-SIE,7i. [Gr. uui'iipofii), a running together.] 
 
 1. Concurrence. Qlanmlle. 
 
 2. In medicine, the concourse or combination of 
 symptoms in a disease. Cyc. 
 
 SYN-EC'DO-CHE, n. [Gr. avvcKSuxn ; avf and ckScxo- 
 jiai, to take.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a figure or trope by which the wliole 
 of a thing is put for a part, or a part for the whole ; 
 as the genus for the species, or the species for the 
 genus, &c. Cyc 
 SYN-Ee-DOCH'ie-AL, a. Expressed by synecdo- 
 che ; implying a synecdoche. Boyle, 
 SYN-EC-DOeil'ie-AL-LY, adv. According to the 
 
 synecdochical mode of speaking. Pearson. 
 SYN-E'CHI-A, 71. [Gr. gwcxm.] 
 
 A disease of the eye, in which the iris adjjeres to 
 the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 SYN-EC-PHO-Nk'SIS, 71. [Gr. <rw«0tJi';)(ri5.] A 
 
 contraction of two syllables into one. jilason. 
 SYN'E-PY, 7f. [Gr. avfi-ncta, union of sounds.] 
 
 The interjunction of words in uttering the clauses 
 of sentences. Smart, 
 SYN-ER-GET'ie, a. [Gr. ffUMpj-Tjnxo?.] 
 
 Cooperating. Dean Tucker. 
 
 SYN'EK-GIST, n. [Gr. avfepya^ofiai.] 
 
 In the Lutheran church, one who held that divine 
 grace required a correspondent action of the will to 
 make it effectual. Brande. 
 SYN-ER-GIST'ie, a. Cooperating. Dean Tucker. 
 SYN-GE-Ne'SIA, 71. [Gr. avf, with, and ycveais, 
 generation, origin.] 
 
 In botany, a class of plants whose stamens are 
 united in a cylindrical form by the anthers. 
 SYN-GE-Ne'SIAN, I a. Pertaining to the class Syn- 
 SYN-GE-Ne'SIOUS, i genesia. 
 SYN'GRAPH, 71. [Gr, am and ypaifin,] 
 
 A writing signed by both parties to a contract or 
 bond. 
 
 SYN-I-Ze'SIS, 71. [Gr.] An obliteration of the pupil 
 of the eye ; a closed pupil. Brande. 
 
 SYN-NEU-Ro'SIS, 71. [Gr. am and vcvpov, a nerve.] 
 In anatomy, the connection of parts by means of 
 ligaments, as in the movable joints. Coze. Parr. 
 
 SYN'O-CHA, 71. [Gr.] A simple continuous phlogis- 
 tic fever, not becoming atonic or asthenic in its 
 course and progress. 
 
 SYN'O-CHUS, 7!. [Gr.] A simple continuous fever, 
 commonly said to be phlogistic in its early stage, and 
 atonic or asthenic in its progress. 
 
 SYN'Ol), 7^ [Gr. aviio6os, a convention ; am and uSos, 
 way.] 
 
 1. In church history, a council or meeting of eccle- 
 siastics, to consult on matters of religion. Synods 
 are of four kinds : 1. General, or ecumenical, which 
 are composed of bishops from different nations. 2. 
 J^alional, in which the bishops of one nation only 
 meet, to determine points of doctrine or disci|iline. 
 2. Provincial, in which the bishops of one province 
 only meet. This is called a Convocation, i. Dio- 
 cesan. 
 
 Among Presbyterians, a synod is composed of sev- 
 eral adjoining presbyteries. The members are the 
 ministers and a ruling elder from each parish. 
 
 2. A meeting, convention, or council ; as, a synod 
 of gods. 
 
 3. In astronomy, a conjunction of two or more 
 phincts or stars in the same optical place of the 
 heavens. [J\roi used.] Encye. 
 
 SYN'OD-AL, 71. Anciently, a pecuniary rent paid to 
 the bishop or archdeacon, at the time of his Easter 
 visitation, by every parish priest; a jirocuration. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 .^jnofials firp due of common ri^ht to tlic bi-ihop only, liibson. 
 
 2. Constitutions made in provincial or diocesan 
 synods are sometimes called synoduls. Kncyc. 
 
 SYN'OD-AL, a. Pertaining to or occasioned by a 
 synod. Fuller. 
 
 SYN-On'ie, j a. Pertaining to n synod ; trans.act- 
 
 SYN-OD'IC-AI/, I cd in a synod ; as, synodical pro- 
 ceedings or forms ; a synodical epistle. Slillinrrfleel. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the period in which two heavenly 
 bodies pass from one conjunction to another ; as, a 
 minodienl month. [See Month.] Olmsted. 
 
 BYN-OD'lC-AI,-LY, ado. By the outliority of a syn- 
 od. Sanderson. 
 
 SYN-OM'O-SY, 71. [Gr. amoiixoaia ; avp, with, and 
 Lz/ii't-'if, to swear.] 
 
 SwoMi brotherliood ; a society in ancient Greece 
 nearly resembling a modern political club. 
 
 Mi(ford. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MAL-LY, ado. Synonymously. Spelman. 
 SYN'O-NYM, 71. [Gr. amioi/u/jios ; avu, with, and ui/- 
 i)//o, name.] 
 
 .\ noun, or other word, having the same significa- 
 tion as another, is its synonym. Two words contain- 
 ing the same idea are synonyms. 
 
 He has extricated tl/e synonyms of formei authors. 
 
 Coie^s Russ. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MA, 71. pi. Words having the same sig- 
 nification. But Synonyms is a regular English word. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MAL, a. Synonymous. [J^ot m use.] 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MIST, 71. One who collects and e.iplains 
 synonymous words. 
 
 2. Among botanists, a person who collects the dif- 
 ferent names or synonyms of plants, and reduce.s 
 them to one another. ' Cyc. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MIZE, v. t. To express the same meaning 
 in different words. Camden. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MiZ-/;D, pp. Expressed in different words. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MIZ-ING, ppr. Expressing the same thing 
 in different words. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MOUS, a. Expressing the same thing ; 
 conveying the same idea. We rarely find two words 
 precisely synonymous. Wave and billow are sometimes 
 synonymous, but not always. When we speak of the 
 large rolling swell of the sea, we may call it a wave 
 or a billow ; but when we speak of the small swell of 
 a pond, we may call it a xcave, but we may not call 
 it a bUlow. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MOUS-LY, adv. In a synonymous man- 
 ner ; in the same sense; with the"same meaning. 
 Two words may be used synonymously in some cases, 
 and not in others. 
 
 SYN-ON'Y-MY, 71. The quality of expressing the 
 same meaning by different words. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, a figure by which synonymous 
 words are used to amplify a discourse. 
 
 SYN-OP'SIS, 71. [Gr. amoxpig; cm, with, and oi/<ij, 
 view.] 
 
 A general view, or a collection of things or parts 
 so arranged as to exhibit the whole or the principal 
 parts in a ceneral view. 
 
 SYN-OP'TIC, ) a. Affording a general view of 
 
 SYN-OP'TIC-AL, t the whole, or of the principal 
 parts of a thing ; as, a synoptic table Bucklaud. 
 
 SYN-OP'Tie-AL-LY, adi). In such a manner as to 
 present a general view in a short compass. 
 
 SYN-O'VI-A, 71. In anatomy, the fluid secreted into 
 the cavities of joints, for the purpose of lubricating 
 them. Cyc. 
 
 SYN-o'VI-AL, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to synovia ; 
 secreting a lubricating fluid ; as, the synovial mem- 
 brane ; .synovial gland. Cyc. 
 
 SYN-TAC'Tie, ) a, [See Syntax.] Pertaining 
 
 SYN-TAC'TIC-AL, j to syntax, or the construction 
 of sentences. 
 2. According to the rules of syntax or construction. 
 
 Enc'ic. 
 
 SYN-TAC'Tie-AL-LY, adv. In conformity to "syn- 
 tax. ,, 
 SYN'TAX, j 71. [L. siintaxisi Gr. avfrnln ; am, 
 SYN-TAX'IS, j together, and nraau, to put.] 
 
 1. In grammar, the construction of sentences ; the 
 due arrangement of words in sentences, according to 
 establishetl usage. Syntax includes cimcord and 
 regimen, or the agreement and government of 
 words. Words, in every language, have certain 
 connections and relations, as verbs and adjectives 
 with nouns, which relations must be observed in the 
 formation of sentences. A gross violation of the 
 rules of syntax is a solecism. 
 
 2. Connected system or order; union of things. 
 [J^Tot in use.] Glanvillc. 
 
 SYN-TE-Re'SIS, 71. [Gr. am and i-rjotw.] 
 
 Remorse of conscience. Bp. JVard. 
 
 SYN-TE-RET'IC, a. Preserving health. 
 SYN-TET'ie, a. Wasting with consumption. 
 SYN-TEX'IS, 71. [Gr.] A deep consumption. 
 SYN'THE-SIS, 71. [Gr. amdcats ! aw, and riOi)/ii, to 
 put or set.] 
 
 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more 
 things together, as in compound medicines. Cyc. 
 
 2. "ln logic, composition, or that process of reason- 
 ing in which we advance by a regular chain from 
 principles before established or assumed, and projio- 
 sitiuns already proved, till we arrive at the conclu- 
 sion. Synthesis is the opposite of analysis or resolu- 
 tion. Encyc. 
 
 3. In surgery, the operation by which divided 
 parts are reunited. Cyc. 
 
 4. In cheniMry, the uniting of elements into a 
 compound; the opposite of analysis fwUivh is the 
 separation of a compound into its constituent parts. 
 'J'hat water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, is 
 proved both by analysis and si/nlhesis, 
 
 SYN-TIIET'ie, j J. Pertaining to synthesis ; con- 
 8YN-'1'HET'I€-AI>, j sisting in synthesis or compo- 
 sition ; ns, the synthetic inethoil of reasoning, as op- 
 [losed to the analytical. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
TAB 
 
 TAB 
 
 TAB 
 
 SYN-THET'ie-AL-LY, orfo. By synthesis; by com- 
 position. 
 
 SYN'TIIE-TIZE, II. t To unite in regular structure. 
 \jVot much used.] 
 
 SYN'TO-MY, n. [Or. awroina.] 
 Brevity ; conciseness. 
 
 SYN-TON'ie, a. [Gr. aw, witli, and rovoi, tone.] 
 In miixic, sharp ; intense. Rous.irau. ^ 
 
 SYPIl'l-LlS, (sife-lis,) n. [A term coined by Fracas- 
 toriiis, and introduced into nosology by Sauvages. 
 Us etymology is unknown.] A disease character- 
 ized by ulcers of a peculiar cliaractur on the genitals, 
 succeeded by inguinal bul>oos. So far, tiie disease 
 is local. The indications of a constitutional alVec- 
 tion are ulcers in the throat, copper-colored eruptions 
 on the skin, pains in the bones, nodes, &.c. This 
 malady is exclusively contagious. 
 
 SYPH-I-LIT'ie, a. Pertaining to syphilis. 
 
 SY'PIIO.V, H. [Gr. <T,^,M.] 
 
 A tube or pipe. More correctly Siphon, which see. 
 
 S?'REi\. See Siren. 
 
 SYR'I-Ae, w. 'J'he language of Syria, especially the 
 ancient language of that country. 
 
 SYR'I-Ae, a. [from Syria.] Pertaining to Syria, or 
 its language ; as, the Sijriac version of the Penta- 
 teuch ; Siirittc Bible. 
 
 SYR'I-A-CIS.M, n. A Syrian idiom. Milton. 
 
 SYR'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Syria. 
 
 SYil'l-AN-ISM, H. A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity 
 in the Syrian language. Palcy. 
 
 SYR'I-ASM, n. The same as Sykianism. 
 
 IVarbiLrton. Stuart. 
 
 SY-RIN"GA, n. [Gr. o-i'pii f , avpiyyof, a pipe.] 
 .\ genus of plants, the lilac. 
 
 SYR'INGE, (su'iiij,) H. [Supra.] An instrument 
 for injecting liiiuids into animal bodies, into wounds, 
 &.C. ; or an instrument in tlie form t>f a pump, serv- 
 ing to draw in any fluid, and then to e.\pel it with 
 force. 
 
 SYR'INGE, V. t. To inject by means of a pipe or 
 syringe ; to wash and cleanse by injections from a 
 syringe. 
 
 SYR'INtS-iSD, pp. Injected by means of a pipe or 
 
 syringe. 
 
 SY-RIN"GO-I)EN'0UON, n. [Gr. <rvpty(, a pii>e or 
 tube, and dcvSixiv, tree.] 
 
 A fossil plant ; applied to many species of sigill.a- 
 ria, from the parallel, pipe-shaped llulings that ex- 
 tend from the tup to the bottom of their trunks. 
 
 Buckland. 
 
 SYR-IN-GOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. avptyl, a pipe, and 
 rtiii'oj, to cut.] 
 The operation of cutting for the fistula. Ci/c. 
 SYR'MA, (sur'ma,) 71. [<Jr.] A long dress, reaching 
 
 to the floor, worn by tragic actors. 
 SYRT, (surt,) «. [L. ii/riii-.] A quicksand j a bog. 
 
 Younir. 
 
 SYR'TIS, n. [L.] A quicksand. [JVut £;iWi.vA.] 
 
 SYll'UP. See Sirup. IMiltim. 
 
 SYS-SAR-Co'SIS, II. [Gr.] The junction of bones 
 by intervening muscles. Brandc. 
 
 SYS'TA-S(S, 71. [Gr. o-utn-airic.] 
 
 The consistence of a thing ; constitution. \T,itlle 
 v.trd.] BnrUfi. 
 
 SYS'TEM, 71. [Ft. systime ; h. systcma ; Gr. avarrijia ; 
 aw and larij/ii, to set.] 
 
 I. An as.seinblage of things adju.sted into a regular 
 whole ; or a whole plan or scheme consisting of 
 many parts connected in such a manner as to create 
 a chain of mutual dependencies ; or a regular union 
 of principles or parts forming one entire thing. 'J'hus 
 we say, a stj.item of logic, a system of philosophy, a 
 system of government, a system of principles, the 
 solar system, the Copernican system, a system of di- 
 vinity, a system of law, a system of morality, a sys- 
 tem of husbandry, a system of botany or of ciiemistry. 
 3. Regular metlioil or order. 
 
 3. In iiiiisic, rin interval compounded, or supposed 
 to be coiiipounded, of sev(;r:il lesser intervals, as the 
 fifth, octave, ii.c., the elements of which arc called 
 diastems. Busby. 
 SYS-TE.M-AT'ie, ) a. Pertaining to system ; con- 
 SYS-TEM-AT'ie-AL, j sisting in system ; method- 
 ical ; formed with regular connection and adaptation 
 
 or subordination i»f parts to each other, anil to tii^ 
 design of' l! e whole ; as, a systematic arrangi'iiienl of 
 plants or animals ; a sysirmntic course of •.ludy. 
 
 2. Proceeding .iccording to system or regular meth- 
 od ; as, a siisteiiiatic writer. 
 
 SYS-TE.M-A'r'ie-AI^LY, adv. In the form of n sys- 
 tem ; methodically. Buyle. 
 
 SYS''i'E.M-A-TIST, n. One who forma a system, or 
 reduces to system. 
 
 SYS''I'E.M-A-TIZE, j r. (. fSysTEMizE would be pref- 
 
 SY.S'TEM-I'/.E, j erahle, as it is the niore simple 
 form.] To reduce to system or regular method ; as, 
 to sifstemize plants or fossils. 
 
 SYS"i'i;.M-A-TI7,-f:0, j Reduced to system or 
 
 SYS' r):M-IZ-/.l), i method. 
 
 SYS'TR.M-A-TIZ-ER, ( n. One who reduces things 
 
 SYS' l'K.M IZ-KR, i to system. 
 
 SY3'Ti'M-A-TfZ-ING, j p/ir. Reducing to system or 
 
 SYS'TEM-IZ-I.NG, ( due method. 
 
 SYS-TEM-I-Z.\'TION,7i. [from s-ystemiir.] The act 
 or operation of systemizlngi the reduction of tilings 
 li! .-ystein or regular nietliod. 
 
 3YS''i l>M-,M.AK-KR, 71. t)iie w ho forms a system. 
 
 SYS'TK.M-.M0.\"G1CR, ( niuiig'ger,) 11. One given to 
 the forming of systems. Chesterfield. 
 
 SYS'TO-LE, 71. [Gr. avaTo^r), from ouanAAu, to 
 contract ; nvn and ariWo), to send.] 
 
 1. Ill grammar, the shortening of a long syllable. 
 
 3. In anatomy, the contraction of the heart and 
 arteries, for expelling the blood, and carrying on the 
 circulation. [See Diastole.] 
 
 SYS-T()L'1€, a. Pertaining to systole or contraction. 
 SYS'T?LE,H. [Gr. aw, with or together, and aruXus, 
 a column.] 
 
 In archtteeture, the manner of placing columns, 
 where the space between the two shafts consists of 
 two diameters or four modules. OiciU. 
 SVTIIE.K. See Si^THt. 
 
 SYZ'Y-GY,7i. [Gr. (ii'sD> 01 ; oii- and to join.l 
 
 A common name for the period both of new and 
 full moon, wlien the sun, the moon, and the earth, 
 arc in one line. Olmsted. 
 
 T. 
 
 ri1 IS the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, and 
 X a close consonant. It represents a close joining of 
 the end of the tongue to the root of the upper teeth, 
 as may be perceived by the syllable at, et, ot, ut, in 
 atteiupting to pronoui^ce which, the voice is com- 
 pletely intercepted. It is therefore numbered among 
 the mutes, or close articulations, and it differs from 
 d chiefly in its closeness; for in pronouncing ad, ed, 
 we perceive the voice is not so suddenly and entirely 
 intercepted, as in pronouncing at and el. T, by itself, 
 has one sound only, as in take, turn, bat, bolt, smile, 
 bitter. So we are accustomed to speak ; but in real- 
 ity, t can be hardly said to have any sound at all. Its 
 use, like that of all mute articulations, is to modify 
 the manner of uttering the vocal sound which pic- 
 cedes or followa it. 
 
 When t is followed by h, as in think and that, the 
 combination really forms a distinct sound, for which 
 we have no single character. This combination has 
 two sounds in English ; aspirated, as in tJiink, and 
 vocal, as in that. 
 
 The letters (i, before a vowel, and unaccented, 
 usually pass into the sound of as in nation, motion, 
 partial, substantiate ; which are pronounced nashon, 
 moshon, parshal, substanshate. In this case, I loses 
 entirely its proper sound or use, and being blended 
 with the subsequent letter, a new sound results from 
 the combination, which is in fact a simple sound. 
 In a few words, the combination ti has the sound of 
 the English eh, as in Christian, mixtion, ifucstion. 
 
 T is convertible with d. Thus the Germans write 
 tag, where we write day, and gut, for good. It is 
 also convertible with « and :, for the Germans write 
 toasser, for water, and :a/iin, for tame. 
 
 T., as an abbreviation, slariiis for theologia ; as, S. 
 T. D., sancliB Iheoloiri^ doctor, doctor of divinity. 
 In ancient monuments and tcritinfrs, T. is an abbrevia- 
 ture, which stands for Titus, Titius, or Tulltus. 
 
 As a numeral, T, among the Latitis, stood for 160, 
 and with a dash over the top, T, for IC0,O00. Encyc. 
 
 In music, T is the initial of tenor, vocal and in- 
 Gtnimental ; of tacet, for silence, as ailagio tacet, 
 when a person is to rest during the whole movement. 
 In concertos and symphonies, it is the initial of tiit^i, 
 the whole band, after a solo. It sometimes stands 
 for It. or (ri//u, a shake. 
 TAR, n. The latchet of a shoe fastened with a string 
 or otherwise. [Local.] Forby. 
 
 2. The end of a lace ; a tag. Forby. 
 
 3. A cup. [Local.] 
 
 TAB'ARD, n. [VV. tabar, from t&b, a spread or sur- 
 face ; It. tabarra.] 
 
 A sort of tunic or mantle formerly worn, covering 
 the body before and behind, and reaching below the 
 loins, but open at the sides, from the shoulders down- 
 ward ; a herald's coat. Brunde. 
 
 TAB'ARD-ER, 71. One who wears a tabard. 
 
 TAB'A-RET, n. A stout, satin-striped silk, used for 
 furniture. 
 
 TAB-A-SIIEER', n. A Persian word signifying a con- 
 cretion found in the joints of the bamboo, which has 
 been found to be pure silex. It is highly valued in 
 the East Indies as a medicine, for the cure of bilious 
 vomitings, lilooilv tliix, piles, &c. Kncyc. Thomson. 
 
 TAIi'BI-A'O, (tab'bid,) pp. or a. Watered; made 
 wa\y. 
 
 TAB'BI-NET, 71. A more delicate kind of tabby. 
 
 TAB'BY, a. [See the noun.] Briiided; brindled; 
 diversified in color ; as, a tubby cat. .Addison. 
 
 TAB'BY, 71. [Vr.tabis ; It. Sp. and Port, tabi; Dan. 
 tabin ; 1). tabbyn ; G. (o6iii ; Ann. tajlas, taffeta, liu. 
 Fr. tai eler, to spot.] 
 
 1. A kind of waved silk, usually watered. It is 
 manufactured like taffeta, but is thicker and 
 stronger. Tlie watering is given to it by the calen- 
 der. Cijc. 
 
 Q. A mi.xture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones 
 in equal proportions, with an equal proportion of 
 wati r, forming a mass, which, when dry, becomes 
 as hard as rock. This is used m Morocco instead of 
 bricks for the walls of buildings. It was used for- 
 merly in Georgia, U. S. Spalding. 
 
 TAB'BY, 1'. (. To water or cause to look wavy; as, 
 to tabby silk, mohair, ribbon, This is done by a 
 calender without water. Cyc. 
 
 TAB'BY-ING, 71. The p.i3sing of stuffs under a cal- 
 ender to givi! them a wavy appearance. 
 
 TAB-E-FAC'TION, 71. [L. tabeo, to waste, and/acio, 
 to make. See Tabefv.] 
 
 A wasting away ; a gradual losing of flesh by dis- 
 ease. 
 
 TAB'E-F?, v. I [Ileb. and Ch. awn, to pine ; or Ar. 
 
 DbJ 
 
 tabba, to be weakened, to perish. Class 
 
 consume ; to waste gradually ; to lose flesh. 
 [^Little used.] Harvey. 
 TA-BELL'ION, (-bel'yiin,) 71. A 9ccret.ir>' or notary 
 under the Roman empire, or in France during the 
 old monarchy. Brandc. 
 
 TAB'ERU. See Tauabd. 
 
 TAB'ER-NA-€LE, >i. [L. tabemacuJum, a t<-nt, from 
 tuberna, a shop or shed, from tabula, a board ; or 
 rather from its root. See Tahle.] 
 
 1. .\ tent. JV'uHi. xxiv. Matt. xvii. 
 
 2. A temporary habitation. Milton. 
 
 3. Among the Jews, a movable building, so con- 
 trived as to be taken to pieces with ease and recon- 
 structed, for the convenience of being carried during 
 the wanderings of the Israelites in the wilderness. 
 It was of a rectangular figure, thirty cubits long, ten 
 broad, and ten high. The interior was divided into 
 two rooms by a vail or curtain, and it was covered 
 with four different spreads or carpets. Cruden. 
 
 It is also applied to the temple. P.-,: xv. 
 
 4. A place of worship ; a sacred place. .Addison. 
 
 5. Our natural body. 2 Cor. v. 2 Pel. i. 
 
 C. God's gracious presence, or the tokens of it 
 Rev. xsi. , 
 
 7. An ornamented erection or representation of an 
 edifice placed on Roman Catholic altars as a recepta- 
 cle of the consecrated vessels. 
 
 Owilt. Otoss. of .Archil. 
 T.\B'ER-.\.\-eLE, T. i. To dwell ; to reside for a 
 time ; to be housed ; as we say, Christ tabernacled in 
 the Mesh. 
 
 T.^B-ER-NAC'lI-LAR, o. Latticed. Ifarton. 
 
 Ta'BkS, 71. [E.j A dyslhetic or cachectic disease, 
 characterized by a graduiUly progressive emaciation 
 of the whole body, accompanied with languor, de- 
 pressed spirits, and, for the most p.irt, imperfect or 
 obscure hectic, without any tiipical aO'ection of any 
 of the viscera of the head, chest, or belly. Tabes 
 and consumption are ditfeient diseases. 
 
 TA-BET'ie, a. Tabid ; alfectcl w ith tabes. 
 
 TAB'ID, a. [Fr. tabide : L. tabidus, from tabeo, to 
 waste.] 
 Wasted by disease. 
 
 In tabid persona, milic if llie bctl rratontire. 
 
 ArtmlllnoL 
 
 T.^B'ID-NEPS, 71. State of being wasted by disease. 
 
 TAB'I-TUDE, 71. [L. tabitudo.] The state of one af- 
 fected with tabes. 
 
 T.\B'LA-TliRE, n, [from table.] Painting on walli 
 and ceilings , a single piece comprehended in one 
 view, and formed according to one design. 
 
 Johnson. Lonl Shaflctbury. 
 2. In music, the expression of sounds or notes of 
 composition by letters of the alphabet or ciphers, or 
 other characters not used in niixlern music. In a 
 stricter sense, the manner of wnling a piece for the 
 
 TOXE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — Ai\"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 1123 
 
TAB 
 
 liitp, theorbo, guitar, base viol, or the like ; which is 
 (lone by writing on several parallel lines (each of 
 which represents a string of the instrument) certain 
 letters of the alphabet, referring to the frets on the 
 neck of the instrument, each letter directing how 
 some note is to be sounded. Cijc. 
 
 3. In anatomy, a division or parting of the skull 
 into two tables. Cyc. 
 TA'BLE, n. [Fr., from L. tabula; It. tavola; Sp.. 
 tdbla ; \V. tavell, a flat mass, a tablet, a slice, a 
 siiread ; tUb, tdo, a spread, an extended surface ; 
 tavia, to throw, to project ; tavu, to spread or over- 
 spread ; Sax. Uejl, a die, a table-man ; D. tafel, a 
 board, a table, whence in ships, tafferel ; G. and Sw. 
 tafel, a board or table ; Russ. id. ; Fr. tableau, a pic- 
 ture.] 
 
 1. A flat surface of some extent, or a thing that 
 has a flat surface ; as, a table of marble. 
 
 2. An article of furniture, consisting usually of a 
 frame with a surface of boards or of marble, sup- 
 ported by legs, and used for a great variety of pur- 
 poses, as for holding dishes of meat, for writing on, 
 &c. 
 
 The nymph the table spread. Pope. 
 
 3. Fare or entertainment of provisions ; as, he 
 keeps a good table. 
 
 4. The persons sitting at table or partaking of 
 entertainment. 
 
 I drink to the ^neral joy of the whole table. Shak. 
 
 5. A tablet ; a surface on which any thing is writ- 
 ten or traced. The ten commandments were written 
 on I wo Uibles of stone. Elzod. xxxii. 
 
 Wnueii — not on tables of stone, but on fleshly tahles of the heart. 
 — 2 Cor. iii. 
 
 6. A picture, or something that exhibits a view of 
 any thing on a flat surface. f 
 
 Saint Anthony has a table that hangs up to him from a poor 
 pe:isaut. Addison. 
 
 7. Among Christians, the table, or Lord's table, 
 is the sacrament, or holy communion of the Lord's 
 supper. 
 
 8. The altar of burnt-ofl^ering. Mai. i. 
 
 9. In architecture, a smooth, simple member or or- 
 nament of various forms, most usually in that of a 
 long square. 
 
 10. In perspective, a plain surface, supposed to be 
 transparent and perpendicular to the horizon. It is 
 called also Perspective Pl.ine. Cijc. 
 
 11. In anatomy, a division of the cranium or skull. 
 The cranium is composed of two tables or lamins, 
 with a cellular structure between them, called the 
 meditullium or diploe. Cyc. tVistar. 
 
 12. In the trla.^,-i manufacture, a circular sheet of fin- 
 ished glass, usually about four feet in diameter, each 
 weighing from ten to eleven pounds. Twelve of 
 these are called a sule or crate of irtass. 
 
 13. In literature, an index ; a collection of heads 
 or principal matters contained in a bonk, with ref- 
 erence to the pages where each may be found ; as, a 
 table of contents. fValts. 
 
 14. A synopsis ; many particulars brought into one 
 view. B. Joiuion. 
 
 15. The palm of the hand. 
 
 Mistress of a fiurr table 
 
 Il.uh not history nor fable. B. Jonson. 
 
 16. Draughts; small pieces of wood shifted on 
 squares. 
 
 We are in the world lilic men playing at tables. Taylor. 
 
 « 17. In matjiematics, tables are systems of numbers 
 calculated to be ready fur expediting operations; as, 
 a table of logarithms ; a multiplication table. 
 
 18. Jlstronomical table.^, are computations of the 
 motitms, places, and other plienoincna of the plan- 
 ets, both primary and secondary. Cyc. 
 
 19. In chemistry, a list tir catalogue of substances 
 or their propjTties ; as, a table of known acids; a 
 table of aciditiablo bases ; a table of binary combina- 
 tions ; a foA/p of specific gravities. Lavoisier. 
 
 20. In general, any series of numbers formed on 
 mathematical or other correct principles. 
 
 21. A division of the ten commandments ; as, the 
 first and second tables. The first table comprehends 
 our more immediate duties to Cod ; the second table 
 our more immediate duties to each other. 
 
 22. Among jewelers, a t.ilile diamond or other pre- 
 cioiia stone, is one whose upper surface is tpiite Hat, 
 and the sides only cut in angles. Cyc. 
 
 %\. A list or catalogue ; -as, a table of stars. 
 
 Raised table ; in scalpturc, an embossment in a 
 frontispiece for an inscription or other ornament, 
 supposed to be the abacus of Vitruvius. Cyc. 
 
 Round table. Knights of the round table are a 
 military order, instituted by Arthur, tin- first king of 
 the Britons, A. U. ."ilt). [Hee Ki.umo Taiii.e.] 
 
 Tieelve tables ; the laws of the Komans, so called, 
 probably, berauNO engraved on so many tables. 
 
 To turn the tAhles ; to cliaiigt; the condition or for- 
 tune of contending parties ; a metaphorical oxpros- 
 siiin taken from lliu vicissitudes of fortune in gaming. 
 
 IJryden. 
 
 To serve tables ; lo provide fur the poor ; or to dis- 
 
 TAB 
 
 tribute provisions for their wants. Acts vi. [See 
 Tables.] 
 
 TA'BLE, V. i. To board ; to diet or live at the table 
 of another. Nebuchadnezzar tabled with the beasts. 
 
 South. 
 
 Ta'RLE, v. t. To form into a table or catalogue ; as, 
 to table fines. In England, the chirographer tables 
 the fines of every county, and fixes a copy in some 
 open place of the court. Cyc. 
 
 2. To board ; to supply with food. 
 
 3. To let one piece of timber into another by alter- 
 nate scores or projections frtim the middle. 
 
 4. In the Presbyterian church, to enter upon the 
 docket ; as, to table charges against some one. 
 
 TAB'LEAU, (tab'lo,) n. [Fr.] A picture ; a striking 
 and vivid representation. 
 
 TJ}B'LE.1UX yl'VAJ^TS, (tab'lo ve'ving,) [Fr.] 
 Living pictures ; au amusement in which groups of 
 persons, in proper dresses, in a darkened room, rep- 
 resent some interesting scene, usuaUy one described 
 by authors. 
 
 Ta'BLE-BED, 71. [table and bed.'] A bed in the form 
 of a table. 
 
 TA'BLE-BEER, n. [table and Jeer.] Beer for the 
 
 table, or for common use ; small beer. 
 TA'BLE-BELL, n. A small bell to be used at table 
 
 for calling servants. 
 TA'BLEi-BQOK, n. [table and book.] A book on 
 
 which any thing is traced or written without ink ; 
 
 tablets. » 
 
 Pot into your table-book whatever you judge worthy. Dryden. 
 
 Ta'BLE-CLOTH, n. [table and cloth.] A cloth for 
 
 covering a table, particularly for spreading on a table 
 
 before the dishes are set for meals. 
 TA'BLE D'HOTE, (tabl-dot,) [Fr.] A common 
 
 table for guests at a French hotel ; an ordinary. 
 Ta'BLKD, pp. Formed into a table. 
 TA'BLE-LAND, 71. Elevated flat land. 
 Ta'BLE-MAN, 71. [table and ma7t.] A man at 
 
 draugiils ; a piece of wood. Bacon. 
 TA'BLER, 71. One who boards. Ainsworth. 
 TA'BLES, (ta'blz,) 71, pi. An old game resembling 
 
 bac.kgair.mon. Qifford, 
 TA'BLB-SPAR, n. The same as Tabular Spar, 
 
 which see. 
 
 TAB'LET, 7!. A small table or flat surface. 
 
 2. Something flat on which to write, paint, draw, 
 or engrave. 
 
 The pillared marble and the tablet brass. Prior. 
 
 3. A medicine in a square form. Tablets of arse- 
 nic were formerly worn as a preservative against the 
 plague. Bacon. 
 
 4. A solid kind of electu.ary or confection, made 
 of dry ingredients, usutJly with sugar, and formed 
 into little flat squares; called also Lozemoe and 
 Troche. Cyc. 
 
 Ta'BLE-TALK, (tawk,) 7t. [table and talk.] Con- 
 versation at table or at meals. 
 
 TA'BLING, ppr. Boarding ; forming into a table ; 
 letting one timber into another by scores. 
 
 TA'BLING, n. A forming Into tables ; a setting down 
 in order. 
 
 2. The letting of one timber into another by alter- 
 nate scores or projections, as in ship-building. Cyc. 
 
 3. In sail-making, a broad hem made on the skirts 
 of sails by turning over the edge of the canvas, and 
 sewing it down. Cyc. 
 
 TA BOO', 7!. In tlie isles of the Pacific, a word de- 
 noting prohibition or religious interdict, which is of 
 great force among the inhabitants. 
 
 TA-BOO', V. t. To forbid, or to forbid the use of; to 
 interdict approach or use; .is, to taboo the ground 
 set apart as a sanctuary for criminals. Tabooed 
 ground is held sacred and inviolable. 
 
 Ta'BOR, ji. [VV. tabwri; It. tabar ; Old Fr. tabour. 
 This, in some languages, is written tambour and tim- 
 brel. The atabul of the Spaniards is probably of the 
 same family. It is probably named from striking, 
 beating ; Eng. tap, Gr. tvtttoi, Syr. "\oi^ tabal. At. 
 
 ^xls tabaa. Class Db, No. 28.] 
 
 A small drum used as an accompaniment to a pipe 
 or fife. Cyc. 
 TA'BOR, 1). t. To strike lightly and frequently. 
 
 Iter mai<ls shnll lead her as with the voice of doves, laboring 
 upon their biva^ts. — Nahum ii. 
 
 3. To play on a tabor or little drum. 
 TA'BOR-ER, 71. One who beats the t.tbor. Shak. 
 TAn'0-RET,n. [from (aior.] A small tabor. Spectator. 
 TAH'O-IUNE, ) ri- , , f ,11 
 
 TAB'O-RIN i "■ t tabourtn; from tabor.] 
 
 A tabor ; a small, shallow drum. Shak. 
 
 TA'BOR-ITE, 71. A name given to certain Bohemian 
 reformers who sulfered persecution in the 15th cen- 
 tury, named from Tabor, n hill or fortress where they 
 encamped during a part of their struggles. Rrande. 
 
 TAB'OU-RET. 71. [I'r.] A convex seat without arms 
 or back, mailo of gilt wood, cushioned and stuffed, 
 covered with silk cloth, and ornttmcnted with silk 
 lace, fringe, tassels, &,c. 
 
 TAC 
 
 TAB'RERE, n. A laborer. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 TAB'RET, n. [See Tabor.] A tabor. 1 Sum. xviii. 
 TAB'LI-LAR, a. [L. tabniaris, from tabula, table.] 
 
 1. In the form of a table ; having a flat or square 
 surface. 
 
 2. Having the form of laminse or plates. 
 
 3. Set down in tables ; as, a tabular list of sub- 
 stances. 
 
 4. Set in squares. Johnson. 
 Tabular crystal ; one in which the prism is very 
 
 short. Phillips. 
 
 Tabular spar; a mineral consisting of silica and 
 lime, occurring in rather brittle, laminated masses, 
 the surface of thelaminx having a fibrous and pearly 
 appearance. It is usually white or bluish-wliite. It 
 is the schaalstein of Werner. Dana. 
 
 TAB'U-L.aTE, o. (. To reduce to tables or synopses. 
 2. To shape with a flat surface. Johnson. 
 
 TAB'IJ-La-TED, pp. or a. Having a flat or square 
 flat surface ; as, a tabulated diamond. Orew. 
 
 TAe-A -MA-HA'CA, j 71. The popular name of Icica 
 
 TAe'.\-MA-HAe, ( Tacainahaca, a tree of South 
 America ; also of Calophyllum Tacainahaca, a tree 
 of Madagascar and the Isle of Bourbon ; and ac- 
 cording to the younger Michaux, (but probably by 
 mistake,) of Populus balsamifera, a tree of North 
 America. 
 
 2. There are two sorts of rc.!i7i which bear this 
 name, one of them said to be the produce of Calo- 
 phyllum Tacainahaca above mentioned ; and the 
 other of Elaphrium tonieiitosum, sometimes called 
 Fagara octandra, a tree of the island of Cura^oa, and 
 other islands in its neighborhood. 
 
 TA'CE, [from L. tacco.] A term used in Italian music, 
 directing to be silent. 
 
 TARGET, [L.] in 7fin.vtc, is used when a vocal or in- 
 strumental part is to be silent during a whole move- 
 ment. . Cyc. 
 
 TACH, ) ji. [See Tace.] Somi^hing used for tak- 
 
 TACUE, i ing hold or holding ; a catch ; a loop ; a 
 button. It is found in Scripture, but I believe is not 
 now used in discourse or writing. Eiod. xxvi. 
 
 TA-CHO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. ruxos, speed, and ficr- 
 poi:] 
 
 An instrument employed for measuring the veloci- 
 ty of machines, by means of the depression occasioned 
 in a column of fluid by the centrifugal force, which 
 causes the fluid in the cistern (with which the grad- 
 uated column is connected) to sink in the center 
 more and more with every increase of velocity. 
 Thus the graduated column falls on the scale as the 
 velocity is augmented, and rises as the velocity is 
 diminished. Olmsted. 
 TAeil-Y-DRo'MI-AN, 7t. [Gr. rami's and 
 swift course.] 
 
 One of a family of wading birds, allied to the 
 plovers ; also, one of a tribe of saurian reptiles. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TACH-Y-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Written in short hand. 
 TACH-Y-GRAPH'ie-AL, ( Oliddon. 
 TA-eilYG'RA-PHY, 71. [Gr. raxvs, quick, and jpa^u, 
 to write.] 
 
 The art or practice of quick writing. 
 [We now use Stenographt and Short Hard 
 Writing.] 
 
 TACIT, (tas'it,) a. [Fr. (ociee ; L. tacitus, from taceo, 
 to be silent, that is, to stop, or to close. See Tack.] 
 Silent ; implied, but not expressed. Tacit consent 
 is consent by silence, or not interposing an objection. 
 So we say, a tacit agreement or covenant of men to 
 live under a particular government, when no objec- 
 tion or opposition is made ; a tacit surrender of a 
 part of our natural rights ; a tacit reproach, &c. 
 TAC'IT-LY, odu. Silently; by implication; without 
 
 words ; as, he tacitly assented. 
 TAC'I-TURN, a. [L. taciturnus.] 
 
 Habitually silent ; not free to converse ; not apt to 
 talk or speak. SmolletL 
 TAC-I-TURN'I-TY, 71. [Fr. taciturTiit^, from L. taci- 
 turnitas, from taceo, lo be silent.] 
 Habitual silence or reserve in speaking. 
 Too great lotiuacilj and too great tadlurnity by fits. 
 
 Arbuthnot. 
 
 TAC'I-TURN-I,Y, adv. Silently; without conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 T.4CK, V. t. [fir. raatra, to set, place, ordain, the 
 root of which was myo), as appears from its de- 
 rivatives, rayct^, ni} /III. Hence, Fr. attachtr. It. 
 altaccare, Sp. atacar, W. tagu, to stop, Sp. taco, n 
 stopper. (See Attach.) The primary sense is ])rob- 
 ably to thrust or send.] 
 
 1. To fasten ; to attach. In the solemn or grave 
 style, this word now appears ludicrous ; as, to get a 
 coinniendain tacked to their sties. Swift. 
 
 And tack tlic center to the sphere. HerberL 
 
 2. To unite by stitching together ; ns, to tack to- 
 gether the sheets of a book ; to tack one piece of 
 cloth lo another. [In the familiar style, tliis word is in 
 good use.] 
 
 3. To fasten slightly by nails ; as, to tack on a 
 [board or shingle. 
 
 TACI^-, i t''^- 
 
 A spot. [JVot used.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH*T. — METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1124 
 
TAC 
 
 TAI 
 
 TAI 
 
 TACK, n. [Ir. taca ; Arm. lack.] 
 I. A small nail. 
 
 a. A rope used to confine the foremost lower cor- 
 ners of the courses and stay-sails, when the wind 
 crosses the ship's course obliquely ; also, a rope em- 
 ployed to pull the lower corner of a studding-sail to 
 the boom. Hence, 
 
 3. The part of a sail to which the tack is usually 
 fastened ; the foremost lower corner of the courses. 
 Hence, 
 
 •1. The course of a ship in regard to the position of 
 her sails ; as, the starbonrd tacli, or larboard tack ; the 
 former when she is close-hauled with the wind on 
 her starboard, the latter when close-hauled with 
 the wind on her larboard. Mar. Diet. 
 
 To hold tuck ; to last or hold out. Tasscr. 
 
 Tack of a flair; a line spliced into the eye nt the 
 bottom of the tabling, for securing the flag to the 
 halliards. 
 
 TACK, J), t. To change the course of a ship by shift- 
 ing the tacks and position of the sails from one side 
 to the other. Mar. DicU 
 
 TACK, n. In rural economy, a shelf on which cheese 
 is dried. [Local.] 
 
 Tack of land i the term of a lease. [Local.'\ 
 
 TACK'ER, n. One who tacks or makes an addition. 
 
 TACK'KT, n. A small nail. Barrel. 
 
 T.^CK'ING, ppr. Changing a ship's course. 
 
 TACK'ING, 11. In law, a union of securities given nt 
 different times, .all of which must be redeemed be- 
 fore an intermediate purchaser can interpose his 
 claim. Bouvier. 
 
 TACK'LE, (tak'l,) n. [D. takel, a pulley and tackle; 
 lakelen, to rig ; G. takcl, takrln ; Sw. tackel, tackla ; 
 Dan. taJikcl,takter ; W. (adu, to put in order, to dress, 
 deck, set right; tactan, t.ackling; accouterments ; 
 laci/l, a tool. This seems to belong to the family of 
 tack, Gr. rnaaa. The primary sense is, to put on, or 
 to set or to put in order.] 
 
 1. .\ machine for raising or lowering heavy 
 weights, consisting of a rope and blocks called a 
 pulley. Mar. DicL 
 
 2. Instruments of action ; weapons. 
 
 She to her tadtU fell. Hudibraa. 
 
 3. An arrow. Chaucer. 
 
 4. The rigging and apparatus of a ship. 
 Tackle-fall ; the rope, or rather the end of the rope 
 
 of a pulley, which falls and by which it is pulled. 
 
 Ground-tackle ; anchors, cables, &c. 
 
 Oun-taeklc ; the Instruments for hauling cannon in 
 or out. 
 
 Tack-iaekle ; a small tackle to pull down the tacks 
 of the principal sails. Jlfar. Diet. 
 
 TACK'LE, (tak'l,) v. t. To harness; as, to tackle a 
 horse into a gig, sleigh, coach, or wagon. [A legiti- 
 mate and eommon use of the word in America.] 
 
 2. To seize ; to lay. hold of; as, a wrestler taektes 
 his antagonist ; a dog tackles the game. This is a 
 common popular use of the word in New England, 
 though not elegant. But it retains the primitive 
 idea, to put on, to fall or throw on. [See Attack.] 
 
 3. To supply with tackle. Beaum. ^- Fl. 
 TACK'I.CT, (tak'ld,) pp. or a. Harnessed; seized. 
 
 Q. Made of ropes tacked together. 
 
 My mnn .hill 
 
 Brin^ thM cords, made like a tackled stair. 57ta^. 
 
 TACK'LING, pyrr. Harnessing ; putting on harness ; 
 
 seizing ; falling on. 
 TACK'LING, n. Furniture of the masts and yards of 
 
 a ship, as cordage, sails, &.c. 
 
 2. Instruments of action ; as, fishing tackling. 
 
 Walton, 
 
 3. Harness; the instruments of drawing a car- 
 riage. 
 
 TACKS'MAN, n. One who holds a tack or lease of 
 land from another ; a tenant or lessee. [Local.] 
 
 TACT, n. [L. tactus, from tango, (for tago,) to touch ; 
 Fr. tact ; It. tatto : Sp. tacto.] 
 
 1. Touch ; feeling ; fonnerly, the stroke in beating 
 time in music. (Dan. tttgu] 
 
 2. Peculiar skill or faculty ; nice perception or 
 discernment. Am. Rev. 
 
 TACTIC, ) a. [See Tactics.] Pertaining to the 
 
 TAC'Tie-AL, ! art of military and nav.il disposi- 
 tions for battle, evolutions, &,c. 
 
 TAe-TI"ClAN', (-tish'an,) n. One versed in tactics. 
 
 TAC'TieS, n. [Gr. ronrnof, from Tuacui, rarrut, to 
 set, to appoint; ra^i;, order; Fr. tactiqtie. See 
 TackJ 
 
 1. The science and art of disposing military and 
 naval forces in order for battle, and performing mili- 
 tary and naval evolutions. In the most extensive 
 sense, tactics, la grande taclimie of the French, com- 
 prehends every thing that rel.ites to the order, forma- 
 tion, and disposition of armies, their encampments, 
 Uc. 
 
 2. The art of inventing and making machines for 
 throwing darts, arrows, stones, and other missile 
 weapons. Cye. 
 
 TACTILE, (-til,) a. [Fr. tactile, from L. tarti/is, from 
 tango, to touch.] 
 
 Tangible ; susceptible of touch ; that may be felt ; 
 as, tactile sweets ; tactile qualities. Hale. 
 
 TAC-TIL'I-TY, n. Tangibleness ; perceptibility of 
 touch. 
 
 TACTION, n. [Fr., from L. tactio, tango, to touch.] 
 
 The act of touching ; touch. 
 TAeT'I.E.-^.S, a. Destitute of tact. Kc. Rev. 
 
 TACT'IJ AL, a. Pertaining to touch; consisting in 
 
 or derived from touch. Chalmers. 
 TA-I)OK'NA, 71. [Sp.tadorno.] 
 
 The sheldrake. Cyc. 
 TAD'PoLE, n. [Sax. farfc, toad, with pola, coinciding 
 with I., fullas, young.] 
 
 A frog in its first state from the spawn ; a por- 
 wiggle. 
 
 TjE'Dl-UM,n. [L.] Tedium, which see. 
 
 Ta:dium viUe ; weariness of life ; a mental disorder. 
 
 TaEL, (tile,) j(. In China, :i denomination of money 
 worth nearly seven shillings sterling, or about a dol- 
 lar and a half; also, a weight of one ounce and a 
 third. McCulloch. 
 
 Ta'KN, (tfir.e.) The poetical contraction of Ta^kn. 
 
 TAF'EL-SPATII, n. [G.] Tabular spar, which see. 
 
 i\af'f'kail''' i " f™'" 
 
 The upper part of a ship's st(>.n, which is flat like 
 a table on the top, and sometimes ornamented with 
 carved work. Mur. Diet. Cue 
 
 TAF'FE-TA, ; n. [Fr. tafeta.i ; tajfelas : tafelan; 
 
 TAF'FE-TY, ( It. taffetta ; D. tof: G. taffct.] 
 
 A fine, smooth stiilf of silk, having usually a re- 
 markable wavy luster, imparted by pressure and 
 heat with the application of an acidulous fluid, to 
 produce the effect called watering. 
 
 Encyc. of Dom. Kcon. 
 
 T.\F'I-A, n. A variety of rum, so called by the 
 French. Ure. 
 
 TAG, n. [.Sw. tagg^ n point or prickle ; Ice. tag ; Dan. 
 tagger, takker. The primary sense is probably a 
 shoot, coinciding with the first syllable of L. digitus, 
 (see Toe ;) or the sense is from putting on, as in 
 tackle. In Goth, taga is hair, the liair of the head, 
 that which is shot out, or that which is thick. The 
 latter sense would show its alliance to the \V. tagu, 
 to choke.] 
 
 1. A metallic point put to the end of a string. 
 
 2. Something mean and paltry ; the rabble. [Vul- 
 gar.] 
 
 ro»-rag peopl'r did not clsp him. S?tak. 
 
 Will you heuce 
 Bi'fore the lag return i SlioJi. 
 
 3. A young sheep of the first year. [Local] 
 
 JfalliKell. 
 
 TAG, V. t. To fit with a point ; as, to tag lace. 
 
 2. To fit one thing to another ; to append to. 
 
 His courteous host 
 Tagt every seotonce Willi some fiiwninf word. Dryden, 
 
 3. To join or fasten. SwifL 
 To tag after one; to follow closely, as it were an 
 
 appendage. 
 
 TAG, n. A play in which the person gains who tags, 
 that is, touches another. This was a common sport 
 among boys in Connecticut formerly, and it may be 
 still. The word is inserted here for the sake of the 
 evidence it affortis of the alfinity of languages, and 
 of the original orthography of the L. tango, to touch, 
 which was tago. This vulgar tag is the same word ; 
 the primitive word retained by the common people. 
 It is used also as a verb, to tag. [See Touch.] 
 
 TAG'GJCD, pp. or a. Fitted with a point appeniied to. 
 
 TAG'GING, ppr. Fitting with a point; fitting one 
 thing to another. 
 
 T.\GL'IA, (tal'yl,) n. [It.] In m«Aam'M, a particu- 
 lar combin:»tion of pulleys. Brande. 
 
 TAGL-IA-€0'TIAN,(t.al-ya-k3'shan,)a. [from Tagli- 
 acozzi, a Venetian surgeon.] 
 
 Rhinoplastic ; applied to the surgical operation for 
 restoring the nose. 
 
 TAG'RAG, n. or a. A term applied to the lowest class 
 of people. [Low.] * S/iak. 
 
 TAG'-SoRE, n. A disease under the tail of a sheep. 
 
 Cije. 
 
 TAG'TaIL, n. [tar and tail.] A worm which his its 
 tail of another color. Walton. 
 
 TAIL, (tale.) n. [Sax. tagl ; Ice. tagl ; dim. of tag, a 
 shoot, or from Goth, tarra, hair.] 
 
 1. "The part of an animal which terminates its body 
 behind. In many quadrupeds, the tail is a shoot or 
 projection covered with hair, hanging loose from the 
 extremity of the vertebne. In birds, the tail consists 
 of feathers, or is covered with them, which serve to 
 assist in the direction of their flight. In fishes, the 
 tail is formed usually by a gradual sloping of the 
 body, ending in a fin. The tail of a fish may assist 
 the animal in sttrering, but its principal use is to pro- 
 pel the fish forward. It is the instrument of swim- 
 
 2. The lower part, noting inferiority. [ming. 
 The I>onl wUl mnke thee tlic head, and not the toi^.— Deut. 
 
 xxviii. 
 
 3. Any thing hanging long ; a catkin. Harvey. 
 A. The hinder part of any thing. Butler. 
 5. In anatomy, that tendon of a muscle which is 
 
 fixed to the movable part. Ci/c. 
 
 G. In botany, the tad of a seed is a downy or feath- 
 ery appendage to certain seeds, formed of the perma- 
 nent elongated style. Cyc. 
 
 7. Ilorse^s tail, among the Tartars and Chineye, is 
 an ensign or flag ; among the Turk.'*, a standard boriio 
 hi fore the grand vizier, biiviaw.s, and the sangiacs. 
 For this purpose it is filled t'j a halfpike with a gold 
 button, and is called Touo. There are bashaws of 
 one, two, and three tails. Cyc. 
 
 8. In heraldry, the tail of a hart. 
 
 9. In music, the part of a note running upward or 
 downward. 
 
 10. The extremity or last end ; as, the tail of a storm. 
 Tail of a comet; aluminous train extending from 
 
 the nucleus or body often to a great distance, and 
 usually in a direction opposite to the sun. OUn^ed. 
 
 Tu turn tail is to run away ; to llee. 
 
 y'ui( of a lock, on a canal, the lower end, or en- 
 trance into the lower pond. 
 TAIL, n. [Fr. tatller, S[i. tallar. It. tagliare. Port, tal- 
 liar, Ir. tallam, to cut off; VV. toil, to curtail, to sepa- 
 rifc'e, to deal out, from tawU a sending or thrtiwing, a 
 cast or throw, a separation, diminution, interruption. 
 This is from the suiiie rout as deal. Cla^ Dl, No. 15. 
 See Deal.] 
 
 In law, an eslnle in tail is a limited fee ; an estate 
 limited to certain heirs, and from which the other 
 heirs are precluded. Estates tail are general or spe- 
 cial; general, where lands and teneiiit.-iils are given 
 to one, and to the heirs of his body begotten ; special, 
 where the gilt is restrained to certain heirs of the 
 donee's body, as to his heirs by a particular woman 
 named. [See Entail.] Blackstone. 
 TAIL, t). (. To pull by the tail. Uudibras. 
 To tail in; in architecture, to fasten by one of the 
 ends into a wall, as a timber. Brande. 
 
 tal'l'i^\ge, i ■•■ """''•' """-^ 
 
 Literally, a .share ; hence, a lax or toll. [Ohs.] 
 Blackstone. 
 
 TaIL'KD, a. Having a tail. Orcw. 
 
 TaIL'INGS, 71. p/. [from (oi7.] The lighter parts of 
 grain blown to one end of the heap in winnowing. 
 [r,ocal.] Cyc. 
 
 T.aILLE, (tile,) 71. The fee which is opposite to fee- 
 simple, because it is so minced or pared that it is not 
 in Ins free power to be disposed of who owns it ; 
 but it is, by i\ie first giver, cut or divided from all 
 other, and lied to the issue of the donee. Cowel, 
 
 TaIL'LKSS, a. Having no tail. Lawrence. 
 
 TaI'LOK, n. [Fr. tailteur ; from tailler, to cut. It. ta- 
 gliare, Ir. tallam.] 
 
 One whose occupation is to cut out and make 
 men's garments. 
 
 TAl'LOR, r. i. To practice making men's clothes. 
 
 (h-een, 
 
 TAI'LOR-ESS, 71. A female who makes garments for 
 men. 
 
 TAI'LOR-JNG, 71. The business of a tailor. 
 TaIL'-PIkCE, 71. A piece at the end, as of a series 
 of engravings. 
 
 2. Ill a riolin, a piece of ebony att.iched to the end 
 of the instrument, to which the strings are fa.stened. 
 
 Cye. 
 
 TaiL'-RaCE, 71. The stream of water which runs 
 from the mill after it has been applied to produce the 
 motion of the wheel. 
 
 TaIL'ZIE, 71. In Scottish law, an entailment or deed 
 whereby the legal course of succession is cut utf, and 
 an arbitrary one substituted. Brande. 
 
 TAINT, V. t. [Fr. teindre, to dye or stain ; L. tingo ; 
 Gr. TC}yo>, to dye, literally, to dip, primarily, to 
 thrust, the sense of L. tango; and n not being rad- 
 ical, the real word is tego or tago, coinciding with 
 Eng. duct; hence its sense in eztinguo. See D»<, 
 Attaint, and Tinge.] 
 
 1. To imbue or impregnate, as with some extra- 
 neous matter which alters the sensible qualities of 
 the substance. 
 
 2. More generally, to impregnate with something 
 odious, noxious, or poisonous ; as, putrid substances 
 taint the air. 
 
 3. 'I'o infect ; to poison. The breath of consump- 
 tive lungs is said to taint sound lungs. Ilarcey. 
 
 4. To corrupt, as by incipient putrefaction ; as, 
 tainted meat. 
 
 5. To stain ; to sully ; to tarnish. Shak. 
 
 6. To corrupt, as blood ; to attaint. [A'ot in u^c] 
 [See Attaint.]' 
 
 TAINT, r. i. To be infected or corrupted ; to be 
 touched with something corrupting. 
 
 1 cau not taint with fe&r. Shak, 
 
 2. To be affected with incipient putrefaction. Meat 
 soon taints in warm weather. 
 TAINT, 71. Tincture; stain. 
 
 2. Infection ; corruption ; depravation. Keep chil- 
 dren from the (aint of low and vicious company. 
 
 3. A stain ; a spot ; a blemish on reputation. Shak, 
 
 4. .\n insect ; a kind of spider. Brown. 
 TAINT'ED, pp. or a. Impregnated with something 
 
 noxious, (tisagreeable to the senses, or poisonous; 
 
 infected ; cornifited ; stained. 
 TAINT'-FREE, o. [tahit and free.] Free from taint 
 
 or guilt. Ilrath. 
 TAINT'ING, ppr. Impregnating with something foul 
 
 or imisonous ; infecting ; corrupting ; staining 
 
 ■J 
 
 TONE, BtJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
TAK 
 
 TaINT'LESS, a. Free from tainl or infection ; pure. 
 
 Sicift. 
 
 TAINT'LESS-LY, adv. Without taint. 
 
 TAiiN'T'tTRE, 71. [L. linctura.] 
 
 Taint ; tinge ; defilement ; stain ; spot. [JVo( much 
 used.] Sliak. 
 
 TA-JA'eU, ) n. The pecc.iry or Mexican ho"; the 
 
 TA-JAS'SU, ( Dicoljles torquatus, a pachyderma- 
 tous mammal inhabiting the eastern side of South 
 America. 
 
 TAKE, r. t. ; prct. Took ; pp. Taken. [Sax. tacan, to 
 take^ and to teach ; also, thiaran, to take, as food ; Sw. 
 tagai Dan. ta<rer ; Ice. taka : Gr. ^£\u/iat L. doceo. 
 This word seems to be allied to th'mk^ for we say, I 
 think a thing to be so, or I lake it to be so. It seems 
 also to be allied to Sax. teoffon, to draw, to tug, L. 
 duco : for we say, to take a likeness, and to draw a 
 likeness. We use takinir also for engaging, attract- 
 ing. We say, a child takes to his mother or nurse, 
 and a man takes to drink ; which seem to include 
 attaching and holding. We observe that take and 
 teach are radically the same word.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, to get Iiold or gain possession 
 of a thing in almost any manner, either by receiving 
 it wlien offered, or by using exertion to obtain it. 
 Take differs from seize, as it does not always imply 
 h.iste, force, or violence. It more generally denotes 
 to gain or receive into possession in a peaceable man- 
 ner, either passively or by active exertions. Thus, 
 
 2. To receive what is offered. 
 
 Then I took the cup al the Lord's hand. — Jer. xxv. 
 
 3. To lay hold of; to get into one's power for keep- 
 ing. 
 
 No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge. — 
 Dent. XXIV. 
 
 4. To receive with a certain affection of mind. He 
 takes it in good part ; or he takes it very ill. 
 
 5. To catch by surprise or artifice ; to circumvent. 
 
 Men ill their loeae, unguarded hours they take ; 
 
 Not that Uiemselves are wise, but others weak. Pope. 
 
 6. To seize ; to make prisoner. The troops en- 
 tered slew and took three hundred janizaries. 
 
 Knolles. 
 
 This man was taken by the Jews. — Acts xiiii. 
 
 7. To captivate with pleasure ; to engage the affec- 
 tions ; to delight. 
 
 Neither let her take thee with her eyelids. — Prov. vi. 
 Cleombrolus was so tMken with Itiis prospect, that he had no 
 patience. Wake. 
 
 8. To get into one's power by engines or nets ; to 
 entrap ; to insnare ; as, to take foxes with traps j to 
 take fishes with nets, or with hook and line. 
 
 9. To understand in a particular sense ; to receive 
 as meaning. I take your meaning. 
 
 You take me rijht. Bafon. 
 Charity, taken fn its largest extent, is nothing else but the sin- 
 cere love to Goil and ©ur neigiiljor. M'ake. 
 
 10. To exact and receive. 
 
 Take no usury of liitii or increase. — Lev. xxv. 
 
 11. To employ; to occupy. The prudent man 
 always takes time for deliberation, before lie passes 
 judgment. 
 
 12. To agree to ; to close in with ; to comply with. 
 
 1 take thee al thy word. Rowe, 
 
 13. To form and adopt ; as, to take a resolution. 
 
 Ciarendon. 
 
 14. To catch ; to embrace ; to seize ; as, to take 
 ^ne by the haml ; to tiike in the arms. 
 
 15. To admit ; to receive as an impression ; to suf- 
 fer ; as, to take a form or shape. 
 
 Vet thy moist clay is pliant to command ; 
 
 Now take the mold. Dryden. 
 
 16. To obtain by active exertion ; as, to take re- 
 venge or satisfaction for an injury. 
 
 17. To receive; to receive intt) the mind. 
 
 They took Itnowledge ot tlicm that they hati been with Jesus. — 
 Acu» iv. 
 
 It n]>p' ar'-d in his face that he took great contentment in this our 
 qiK-stion. Bacon. 
 
 18. To swallow, as meat or drink ; as, to take 
 food ; to take a glass of wine. 
 
 19. To swallow, as medicine ; as, to talie pills ; to 
 talie stimulants. 
 
 QO. To choose ; to elect. Take which you please. 
 But the sense of choosing, in this phrase, is derived 
 from the connection of take with pfemc. So we say, 
 take your choice. 
 
 21. To copy. 
 
 Beauty •lune could beauty take so right. Dnjden. 
 
 28. To fasten on ; to seize. The frost has taken 
 the com ; the worms have taken the vines. 
 
 23. To acrept ; not to refuse. lie offered me a 
 fee, but I would not talie it. 
 
 Ye shall takt no salisraction for the life of a murderer. — Num. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 24 To adopt. 
 
 I will Udu you I* rae for n people. — Ex. vl. 
 
 TAK 
 
 25. To admit. 
 
 Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore. — 
 1 Tmi. T. 
 
 26. To receive, as any temper or disposition of 
 mind ; as, to take shame to one's self; to take de- 
 light ; to take pride or pleasure. 
 
 27. To endure ; to bear without resentment ; or to 
 submit to without attempting to obtain satisfaction. 
 He will take an affront from no man. Can not you 
 take a jest.^ 
 
 28. To draw ; to deduce. 
 
 The firm lielief ofa future judgment is the most forcible motive to 
 a good 111.?, beciuse taken from this consideration of the most 
 lasting happiness and misery. TUlotson. 
 
 29. To assume ; as, I take the liberty to say. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 30. To allow ; to admit ; to receive as true, or not 
 disputed ; as, to take a thing for granted. 
 
 31. To suppose ; to receive in thought ; to enter- 
 tain in opinion ; to understand. This I take to be 
 the man's motive. 
 
 He took that for virtue and affection which was notliing but vice 
 
 in disguise. South. 
 You'd doubt his sex, and Ixike him for a girl. Tate. 
 
 32. To seize ; to invade ; as, to be taken with a 
 fever. 
 
 33. To have recourse to ; as, the sparrow takes a 
 bush ; tlve cat takes a tree. [In this sense, we usu- 
 ally say, the bird takes to a bush, the squirrel takes to 
 a tree.1 
 
 34. To receive into the mind. 
 
 Those do best who take material hints to be judged by history. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 35. To hire ; to rent ; to obtain possession on 
 lease ; as, to take a liouse or farm for a year. 
 
 3fi. To admit in copulation. 
 
 37. To draw ; to copy ; to paint a likeness ; as, a 
 likeness taken by Reynolds. 
 
 38. To conquer and cause to surrender ; to gain 
 possession of by force or capitulation ; as, to take an 
 army, a city, or a ship. 
 
 39. To be discovered or detected. He was taken 
 in the very act. 
 
 40. To require or be necessary. It takes so much 
 cloth to make a coat. 
 
 To take away ; to deprive of ; to bereave ; as, a bill 
 for talitng away the votes of bishops. 
 
 By your own law I take your life away. Dryden. 
 
 2. To remove ; as, to take away the consciousness 
 of pleasure. Locke. 
 
 To talie care ; to be careful ; to be solicitous for. 
 Doth God take care for oxen f — I Cor. ix. 
 
 2. To be cautious or vigilant. Take care not to 
 exjiose your health. 
 
 To lake care of; to superintend or oversee ; to have 
 the charge of keepin'^ or securing. 
 
 To take a course i to resort to ; to have recourse to 
 measures. 
 
 The viul'Mice of storming is the course which God is forced to 
 lake for the destroying of sinners. Hammond. 
 
 To take one^s own course ; to act one's pleasure ; to 
 pursue the measures of one's own choice. 
 
 To take down: to reduce; to bring lower; to de- 
 press ; as, to lake down pride, or the proud. 
 
 2. To swallow ; as, to take down a potion. 
 
 3. To pull down ; to pull to pieces ; as, to take 
 down a house or a scaffold. 
 
 4. To write ; as, to take down a man's words at the 
 time he utters them. 
 
 To take from ; to deprive of. 
 
 1 will smite thee, and bike thine head from thee. — 1 Sam. xvii. 
 
 2. To deduct ; to subtract ; as, to take one number 
 from another. 
 
 3. To detract ; to derogate. Dryden. 
 To take heed ; to be careful or cautious. 
 
 Take heed what doom against yourself you give. Dryden. 
 
 To take heed to i to attend to with care. Take heed 
 to thy ways. 
 
 To take hold; to seize ; to fix on, 
 
 7't; take in ; to inclose ; to fence. Mortimer. 
 
 2. To cm umpass or embrace ; to comprise ; to 
 comprehend. 
 
 3. To draw into a smaller compass ; to contract ; 
 to brail or furl ; us, to Oike in sail. 
 
 4. To cheat ; to circumvent ; to gull ; to deceive. 
 [JV'ot elrgnnt.'j 
 
 5. To admit; to receive ; as, a vessel will take in 
 more w.iter ; the landlord said ho could take in no 
 more lodgers. 
 
 6. To win by conquest. [JVot in use.] Fclton. 
 
 7. To receive into the mind or understanding. 
 
 Some bright gen 
 
 ■ can take in a lung tram of propositions, 
 
 Warn. 
 
 To take in hand: to undertake ; to attempt to exe- 
 cute any thing. Luke i. 
 
 'i'o take notice ; to observe ; or to observe with par- 
 ticular attention. 
 
 2. To show hy some act that observation is made ; 
 to make remark upon. He heard what was said, 
 but took no notice of it. 
 
 TAK 
 
 To take oath ; to swear with solemnity, or in a ju- 
 dicial manner. 
 
 To take off; to remove, in various ways ; to re- 
 move from the top of any thing ; as, to take off a 
 load ; to take ozone's h.it, &c. 
 
 2. To cut of}"; as, to lake off the head or a limb. 
 
 3. To destroy ; as, to take off life. 
 
 4. To remove , to invalidate ; as, to lake off the 
 force of an argument. 
 
 5. To withdraw ; to call or draw away. 
 
 Keep foreign ideas from taking oj?" tlie mind from its present 
 pursuit. Locke. 
 
 6. To swallow ; as, to take off a glass of wine. 
 
 7. To purchase ; to take from iii trade. 
 
 The Spaniards having no commodities that we will faKre off. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 8. To copy. 
 
 Take off all their models in wood. Adi^on. 
 
 9. To imitate ; to mimic. 
 
 10. To find place for ; as, more scholars than pre- 
 ferments can take off. 
 
 To take off from ; to lessen ; to remove in part. 
 This takes off from the deformity of vice. 
 
 To take order with; to check. [Aut much used.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 To take out; to remove from within a place; to 
 separate ; to deduct. 
 
 2. To draw out ; to remove ; to clear or cleanse 
 from ; as, to take out a stain or spot from cloth ; to 
 take out an unpleasant taste from wine. 
 
 To take part; to share. Tuie ;>ar£ in our rejoicing. 
 
 To takepart with ; to unite with ; to join with. 
 
 To take place ; to happen ; to come, or come to 
 pass. 
 
 2. To liave effect ; to prevail. 
 
 Where arms take place, all other pleas are vain. Dryden. 
 To take effect; to have the intended effect ; to be 
 efficacious. 
 
 To take root ; to live and grow, as a plant. 
 2. To be established, as principles. 
 To take up ; to lift ; to raise. 
 
 2. To buy or borrow ; as, to take up goods to a large 
 amount ; to take up money at the bank. 
 
 3. To begin ; as, to take up a lamentation. Ezek. 
 xix. 
 
 4. In surgery, to fasten with a ligature. 
 
 5. To engross ; to employ ; to engage the atten- 
 tion ; as, to take up the time. 
 
 6. To have final recourse to. 
 
 Amobius asserts that men of llie finest parts took up their rest in 
 the Christian religion. Addison. 
 
 7. To seize ; to catch ; to arrest ; as, to fate up a 
 thief ; to take up vagabonds. 
 
 8. To admit. 
 
 The ancients took up experiments upon credit. Baeon. 
 
 9. To answer by reproof ; to reprimand. 
 
 One of his relations took him up roundly. L' Estrange. 
 
 10. To begin where another left off. 
 
 Soon as the evening shades prevail, 
 
 The moon lakes up tlie wondrous tale. Addison. 
 
 11. To occupy ; to fill ; as, to taJce up a great deal 
 of room. 
 
 12. To assume ; to carrj' on or manage for another ; 
 as, to take up the quarrels of our neighbors. 
 
 13. To comprise ; to include. 
 
 The noble poem of Palemon and Arcite takes up seven ye.ars. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 14. To adopt; to assume; as, to take up current 
 opinions. 
 
 They take up our old trade of conquering. Dryden. 
 
 15. To collect ; to exact a tax. Knolles. 
 Hi. To pay and receive ; as, to take vp a note at 
 
 the bank. Johnson^s Reports. 
 
 To take up arms ; ) to begin war ; to begin rcsist- 
 
 To take arms ; \ ance by force. 
 
 7'o take up the gauntlet. See Gauntlet. 
 
 To take the field ; in military language, to encamp , 
 to commence the operations of a campaign. 
 
 CampbeWs Military Diet. 
 
 To take upon ; to assume ; to undertake. He takes 
 upon himself to assert that the fact is capable of 
 proof. 
 
 2. To appropriate to ; to admit to be imputed to; 
 as, to take upon one's self a piinisbinent. 
 
 To take side ; to join one of two differing parties ; 
 to take an interest in one party. 
 
 7'u lake to heart ; to be sensibly affected by ; to feel 
 any thing sensibly. 
 
 To take adoantage of; to catch by surprise ; or to 
 make use of a favorable state of things, to the prej- 
 udice of another. 
 
 To take the adcantage of; to use any advantage 
 offered. 
 
 To take air ; to be divulged or made public ; to be 
 discloscfl ; as a secret. 
 
 To take tlie air; to expose one's self to the open 
 air. 
 
 To take a course; lo begin a ccrL-.n direction or 
 way of proceeding. 
 
 To take trace ; to bid adieu or farewell. 
 
 FATE, FAH, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, HQQK. — 
 
TAL 
 
 TAL 
 
 To take breatli ; to rest ; to be recruited or re- 
 freshed. 
 
 To ta/ie aim ; to direct the eye or a weapon to a 
 particular object. 
 
 To Uike alon^ i to carr>', lead, or couvey. 
 
 To lake a way ; to begin a particular course or di- 
 rection. 
 
 TAKE, vfi. To move or direct the course ; to resort 
 to, or to attach one's self ; to betake one's self. The 
 fo.\, being hard pressed, took to the hedge. IMy friend 
 has left Ins music, and talien to books. 
 
 The (U'tluxion, taking to his breast, wusteU hii luiis^. Baeon. 
 
 2. To please ; to gain reception. Tlie play will 
 not take, unless it is set off with proper scenes. 
 
 Each wit may prnijfe it for his own ilenr s-ikc, 
 
 Anil bint he writ it, if thf thii)<; sliouid lake. Addison. 
 
 3. To have the intended or natural effect. 
 
 In impressions from miiul to mint!, tin" impression takelh. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 4. To catch ; to fix, or be fixed. lie was inocu- 
 lated, but the infection did not take. 
 
 Wlien flame tatetA ontl openeth, it jjivoth n noise. Bacon. 
 
 To lake after : to learn to follow ; to copy ; to imi- 
 tate ; as, he takes after a good pattern. 
 
 2. To resemble ; as, the son takes after his father. 
 
 To take in with ; to resort to. Bacon. 
 
 To take for; to mistake j to suppose or think one 
 thing to be another. 
 
 The lord of the innd took us for spies. — Gen. xlii. 
 
 To lake on ; to be violently affected ; as, the child 
 takes on at a great rate. 
 
 2. To claim, as a character. 
 
 I lake not on me here as a physici.in. ShaJi. 
 
 To take to ; to apply to ; to be fond of; to become 
 attached to ; as, to take to books ; to ta/ie to evil 
 practices. 
 
 9. To resort to ; to betake to. 
 
 Men of lr.imin?, who bLireV business, dischar^ it generally with 
 greater honesty thai) roea of the world. Addison. 
 
 To take up ; to stop. 
 
 iSinners .it last take up and settle in a contempt of alt p^Ii^'on. 
 [.Vol in use.] TUlolson. 
 
 2. To reform. [JVot in use.] Locke. 
 
 To take up with ; to be contented to receive ; to re- 
 ceive without opposition ; as, to take up with plain 
 fare. 
 
 In affairs which m.ay hare an extensive influence on our future 
 happiness, we stiould not take up leiih proUibililies. Walls. 
 
 2. To lodge ; to dwell. [JVot in use.] South. 
 To take with ; to please. The proposal takes well 
 with him. 
 
 TaK'£N, (tSk'n,) pp. of Take. Received; caught; 
 
 apprehended ; captivated, &.c. 
 TAK'ER, n. One th.nt takes or receives; one who 
 catches or apprehends. 
 
 2. One that subdues and causes to surrender ; as, 
 the laker of captives or of a city. 
 TaK'I.NG, ppr. Receiving; catching; getting pos- 
 session ; apprehending. 
 2. a. Alluring ; attracting. 
 TAK'ING, n. The act of gaining possession ; a seiz- 
 ing ; sieizure ; apprehension. 
 2. Agitation ; distress of mind. 
 
 What a taking was he in, when your husband asked what was 
 in the tAsket I Shak. 
 
 TAK'ING-LY, ado. In a taking or attractive manner. 
 
 Beaitm. ^- Fl. 
 
 T.XK'IN'G-NESS, n. The quality of pleasing. Taylor. 
 
 T.\L'A-POI.N, I n. In Siam and Burmah, a name 
 
 TEL'.\-l'OI.\, i given, by some European nations, 
 to a priest. Also, a species of monkey. 
 
 TAL'BOT, n. A sort of dog, noted for his quick 
 scent and eager pursuit of game. [The figure of a dog 
 is said to be borne in the arms of the Talbot family.] 
 Cijc. Johnson, 
 
 T.ALC, n. [G. talk, isinglass ; tal/r, tallow ; Sw. talk, 
 lalg, id. ; ban. ttlg, taUj, tallow, and talk, talrrsteen, 
 tallow-stone ; D. talk, tallow ; Port, and Sp. talco.] 
 
 A magnesian mineral, consisting of broad, flat, 
 smooth lamins or plates, unctuous to the touch, of a 
 shining luster, translucent, and often transparent. 
 Ry the action of fire, the lamins open a little, the 
 fragment swells, and the extremities arejvith diffi- 
 ctilly fused into a white enamel. When rubbed 
 with resin, talc acquires positive electricity. Its 
 prevailing colors are white, apple-green, and yellow. 
 
 Cijc. Kirwan. 
 
 TALCK'ITE, n. A species of talc of a loose form ; 
 nacrile. 
 
 T.^l.e'oSE, ) a. Talcky ; pertaining to or composed 
 TALC'OUS, ! of talc. 
 
 TALCK'Y, a. Like talc ; consisting of talc ; as, a 
 talcky feel ; a talcky substance. 
 2. Containing talc. 
 
 TALE, n. [See Tkll.] A story ; a narrative ; the 
 rehearsal of a scries of events or adventures, com- 
 monly some trifling incidents ; or a fictitious narra- 
 tive ; as, the tale of a tub; .Marmontel's tales; idle 
 tales. Luke xxiv. 
 
 We spend our years as a tale thst is told. — Ps. xc. 
 
 2. Oral relation. Shak. 
 
 3. Reckoning ; account set down. Kzod. v. 
 
 In packing, Ilii-y keep a Just talt of the iiun^T. Carew. 
 
 4. Ntimber reckoned. ~ 
 
 Til'.- iftnortiit who nii-.-isiire by tale, not by weight. Hooker. 
 
 5. A telling ; information; disclosure of any thing 
 secret. 
 
 Birds are aptest by their voice to telt tales what they And. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. In law, a count or declaration. [Tale, in this 
 sen.sc, is obsolete.] 
 
 7. In commerce, a weight for gold and silver in 
 China and other parts of the Ea.st Indies; also, a 
 money of account. In China, each tale is 10 maces 
 =r ino candareeiis = 1000 cash. Cije. 
 
 TALK, r. i. To tell stories. [Obs.] Guwer. 
 
 TALE'lii:.AR-ER, 71. [tale aniX bear.] A person who 
 oflicioiisly tells tales; one who inipertinenlly ctim- 
 mtinicales intelligence or anecilotes, and makes inis- 
 cliief in society by his oflicioiisncss. 
 
 Where thei-e is no talebearer, tlie strife ceaseth. — Prov. ixvi. 
 
 TALE'REAR-IXG, a. Officiously communicating in- 
 formation. 
 
 TALE'IiEAR-IXG, n. The act of informing oflicious- 
 ly ; cominunication of secrets maliciously. 
 
 TALE'I'JJL, a. .Abounding with stories. Thomson. 
 
 TAL'ENT, n. [L. tatcnturn ; Or. raXafrnv, from ra- 
 Xaio, to bear, allied to L. tallo. The word is said to 
 have originally signified a balance or scales.] 
 
 1. Among the ancient Greelcs, ,i weight and de- 
 nomination of money equal to CO mins or COOO 
 drachma,'. The Attic t.ilent, as a weight, was nearly 
 equal to 57 lbs. avoinlupois ; as a denomination of 
 silver money, £243 15 s. sterling, or more than 
 §1100. Smith's Did. 
 
 2. Among the Hebrews, a weight and denomi- 
 nation of money equivalent to 3000 shekels. 
 -As a weight, therefore, it was equal to about 93{ 
 lbs. avoirilupois ; as a ilenoniiiiation of silver, it has 
 been variously estimated at from £340 to £396 ster- 
 ling, or from about $1500 to SIHOO. The highest 
 value is that given by the latest atithorilies. 
 
 ' jirbuthnol. P. Cue. JIussey. 
 
 3. Faculty; natural gift or endon iiient ; a nut.i- 
 phorical application of the word, said tci be borroweii 
 from the scriptural parable of the talents. Matt. .\xv. 
 
 He is chi'-fly to l)e consid'-red in liis three ditrerent lalenls. as a 
 critic, a satirist, and a writer of odes. Urydsn. 
 
 4. Eminent abilities ; superior genius ; as. he is a 
 man of talents. 
 
 [Talent, in the singular, is sometimes used in a 
 like sense.] 
 
 5. Particular faculty ; skill. He has a talent at 
 drawing. 
 
 6. [Sp. talante, manner of performing any thing, 
 will, disposition.] Quality ; disposition. Swift. 
 
 TAL'ENT-EO, a. Furnished with talents ; possessing 
 skill or talents. C'l. Spectator. 
 
 [This word is formed like a participle, but without 
 a verb, like Bigoted, Turreted, Tarceteo,] 
 TA'Le?, n. pi. [L. talii, pi. tales.] 
 
 In law, tales ac circutnstantihus, S|)ectators in court, 
 from whom the sheriff is to select men to supply any 
 defect of jurors who are iinpanneled, but who may 
 not appear, or may be challenged. 
 TALES'.MAN, n. A person summoned to act as a 
 juror from among the hy-standers at court. Such 
 persons were called, in law, tales de circumstantibus. 
 
 Bouvier. 
 
 TALE'TELL-ER, n. One who tells tales or stories. 
 
 Ouardian. 
 
 TA'LI-O.V, n. Law of retaliation. Scoff. 
 TA-Lf-O'JV/S, LEX Ta-LI-O'.VIS, [L.] In law, the 
 
 law of retaliation. [See Retaliate.] 
 TAL'I-PEO, n. [L. talus, an ankle, and pes, a foot.] 
 The disease called club-foot ; also, a person alfect- 
 
 cd with this disease. 
 TAL'IS-.MAN, 71. [Gr. Tt\ia;ia, tribute, or rcXeiriios, 
 
 accomplishment, both from rcXcio, to terminate. A 
 
 term introduced into medicine by Apollonius of Ly- 
 
 dana. Spreniret.] 
 
 1. A magical figure cut or engraved under certain 
 superstitious observances of the configuration of the 
 heavens, to which wonderful effects are ascribed ; 
 or it is the seal, figure, character, or image, of a 
 heavenly sign, constellation, or planet, engraven on 
 a sympathetic stone, or on a metal corresponding to 
 the star, in order to receive its influence. The talis- 
 mans of the Sainothr.acians were pieces of iron, 
 formed into images and set in rings, &c. They were 
 held to be preservativesagainst diseases and ali kinds 
 of evil.s. ■ Cue. 
 
 Talism.ins are of three kinds, astronomical, mairical, 
 and mixed. Hence, " 
 
 2. Something that produces extraordinary effects ; 
 as, a tali.'man to destroy diseases. Swift. 
 
 TAL-IS-M.-\.N'ie, a. Magical; having the properties 
 of a talisman, or preservative against evils by secret 
 influence. Mdison. 
 
 TALK, (tawk,) v. L [Dan. talker ; Sw. tolka, to inter- 
 pret, translate, explain ; D. (oa«n, id. ; Rtiss. to/Amyii, 
 id. This is probably the s.anie word differently ap- 
 
 plied. 'J'he word is formed from tell. See Tell, 
 fur the Danish anil Swedish.] 
 
 1. To conver:<e ftiiiiliarly ; to Hpenk, as in fimiliar 
 discourse, whcHi two or more persons interchange 
 thoughts. 
 
 1 will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you; but I wilt not 
 cat with you. 6*A<Ur. 
 In JFjson's time 
 
 When ntt tilings talked, and talked in rhy me. TVum^uff. 
 I will coine down and talk with tliee. — Num. xi. 
 Did not our hearts burn within us, while be talked with us ty the 
 way i — Luke xxiv, 
 
 2. To prate ; to speak impertinently. Milton. 
 
 3. To talk of; to relate ; to tell ; to give account. 
 Authors talk of the wonderful remains of Palmyra. 
 
 The naturnt histories of Switu-rland talk much of the fall of 
 
 thi's*' rocks, and the great damage done. Addison. 
 So shall I talk o/Uiy wondrvaia works. — Ps. czlx. 
 
 4. To speak ; to reason ; to confer. 
 
 L-'t me talk with thee of thy Judgments. — Jer. xij. 
 
 To talk to ; in familiar lan^uQtre, to advise or ex- 
 hort ; or to rejirove gently. I will talk to my son 
 respecting his conduct. 
 TALK, (tawk,) ti. F.amiliar converse ; mutual dis- 
 course ; that which is uttered by ime person in fa- 
 miliar conversation, or the mutual converse of two 
 or more. 
 
 Should a man full of tnlk be Justified f — Job xi. 
 
 Ill various talk ih' instructive houn they passed. Pops. 
 
 2. Report ; rumor. 
 
 I h'-ar a taJk up and down of raising money. Locks. 
 
 3. Subject of discourse. This noble achievement 
 is the talk of the whole town. 
 
 4. Among the Indians of Mrrtk America, a public 
 conference, as respecting iieace or war, negotiation, 
 and the like ; or an official verbal ctmimunication 
 made from them to another nation or its agents, or 
 made to them by the same. 
 
 TALK, a mineral. [See Talc.] 
 
 TALK' A-TI VE, (tawk'a-tiv,) a. Given to much talk- 
 ing ; full of prate ; loqiiacititis ; garrulous. One of 
 the faults of old age is to be talkative. 
 
 TALK'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In a talkative manner. 
 
 TALK'.\-TlVE-i\'ESS, (tawk'a-tiv-ness,) n. Lo- 
 quacity ; garrulity ; the practice or habit of speaking 
 much in conversation. Swift. 
 
 TALK'ER, (tawk'er,) n. One who talks ; also, .a lo- 
 quacious person, male or female ; a prattler. SAoJt. 
 2. A boaster. Taylor. 
 
 TALK'ING, (tawk'ing,) ppr. Conversing; speaking 
 in familiar conversation. Malt. xvii. 
 
 2. a. Given to talking ; liKjuacious ; as, talking 
 age. Ooldsmil}!. 
 
 TALK'ING, (tawk'ing,) ji. The act of conversing 
 familiarly ; as, foolish talking. Eph. v. 
 
 TALL, (tawl,) a. [\X. tali lalau, to grow tall. The 
 primary sense is, to stretch or extend ; W. tellu, to 
 stretch ; Sp. fa//a, raised work, also stature ; talU, 
 shape, size ; tnllo, a shoot or sprout ; lalludo, tall, 
 slender; talon, the heel, that is, a shoot ; Port, talo, 
 
 a stalk; taludo, stalky; Ar. jUa taula,to be long, 
 
 to spread, to be e.xtended, to defer or del.iy, that is, 
 to draw out in time, Eng. dally, Cla.ss Dl, Xo. 20 ; 
 allied, probably, to L. (oi7o, Gr. rcXXoi. In Sw. tall 
 is a pine-tree.] 
 
 1. High in stature ; long and comparatively slen- 
 der ; applied to a person, or to a standing tree, mast, 
 or pole. Tall ahv.iys refers to something erect, aad 
 of which the diameter is small in projiortion to the 
 hight. We say, a tall man or woman, a tall boy for 
 his age ; a tall tree, a tall pole, a tall mast ; but we 
 never say, a tall house oi a (<i// mountain. The ap- 
 plication of the word to a palace or its shadow, in 
 Waller, is now improper. 
 
 Dark shadows ciut, and as his p:\tace tall. Waller. 
 
 2. Sturdy ; lusty ; bold. [Unugual.] Shak. 
 T \L'LL\GE [fr. taiUer, tocutoff. SeeTAii.] 
 
 .IncicnUy, a certain rate or tax paid by barons, 
 knight-s, and inferior tenants, toward the public ex- 
 penses. When it w.as paid out of knight's fees, it 
 was called Scutaoe ; when by cities and burghs, 
 Tali.iaoe; when upon lands iiot held by military 
 tenure, IIioage. Blackslane. 
 
 TAL'LAGE, r. (. To lay an impost. Bp. F.llis. 
 
 TAL'LI-/:!), (tal'lid,) pp. Scored with correspondent 
 notchtrs ; fitted ; suited. 
 
 TAL'LI ER.n. One who keeps tally. Pope. 
 
 TALL NESS, JI. Hight of stature [See Talu] 
 
 TAL'LOW, II. [Dan. Uelg; D. talk; G. and Sw.talg; 
 
 Eth. mA A talal, to be fat ; Ar. ^Js talla, to be 
 moist. Class Dl, No. 21.] 
 
 .\ sort of animal fat, particularly that which is ob- 
 tained from animals of the sheep and ox kinds. 
 We speak of the tallow of an ox or cow, or of shei p. 
 This substance grows chielly about the kidneys, and 
 on the intestines. The fat of »wine we nevrr call 
 tallow, but lard. I see, in English lnHiks mention is 
 
 TONE, BULL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
TAL 
 
 made of t!ie tallow of hogs, (see Cijctojiedia^ article 
 Tallow : ) but in America I never heard the word 
 thus applied. It may be applied to tlie fat of goats 
 and deer. The fat of bears we call bear's ^ease. 
 Tallow is applied to various uses, but chiefly to the 
 manufacture of candles. 
 
 TAL'LoW, V. t. To grease or smear with tallow. 
 
 2. To fatten ; to cause to have a large quantity of 
 tallow ; as, to tallow sheep. Farmers. 
 
 TAL'LoW-CAN'DLE, n. A candle made of tallow. 
 
 TAL'LoW-CHAND'LER, n. [Cluindler is generally 
 supposed to be from the Fr. chandelier^ and the word 
 to signify tallow-candler, a maker of candles ; for in 
 Fr. c/iajuieder is a tallow-chandler. See Corn-Chand- 
 
 LER.] 
 
 One whose occupation is to make, or to make and 
 sell, tallow candles. 
 
 T.\L'Lo\V-£D, pp. Greased or smeared with tallow. 
 2. Made fat ; filled with tallow. 
 
 TAL'LoVV-ER, n. An animal disposed to form tallow 
 iiuernally. Ctic. 
 
 T.\L'LOVV-FaC-M), (-faste,) a. Having a sickly 
 complexion ; pale. Burton. 
 
 TAL'LoW-ING, ppr. Greasing with tallow. 
 
 9. Causing to gather tallow ; a term in airricuHure. 
 
 TAL'LoW-ING, n. The act, practice, or art, of caus- 
 ing animals to gather tallow ; or the property in ani- 
 mals of forming tallow internally ; a term in agricul- 
 inre. Cyc. 
 
 TAl.'l^CiW ISH, o. Having the properties or nature 
 of tallow. 
 
 T.\I/I.()W TREE, n. The Stillingia sebifera, a tree 
 of China and other parts. It takes this name from 
 its producing a substance like tallow, and which is 
 applied to the same purposes. The Vateria Indica, 
 a tree of Uindostan, affords a substance, in its gen- 
 eral properties, intermediate between wax and tal- 
 low, and called Piney Tallow. P. Cyc. 
 
 TAL'L6\V-Y, a. Greasy; having the qualities of 
 tallow. 
 
 TAL'LY, n. [Fr. tailler. Port, talhar, Sp. tMlar, to 
 cut. See Tail.] 
 
 1. A piece of wood on which notches or scores are 
 cut, as the marks of number. In purcliasing and 
 selling, it is customary for traders to have two sticks, 
 or one stick cleft into two parts, and to mark with a 
 score or notch, on each, the number or quantity of 
 goods delivered ; the seller keeping one stick, and 
 the purchaser the other. Before the use of writing, 
 this, or something like it, was the only method of 
 keepingaccounts, and are received as evidence 
 in courts of justice. In the English exchequer are 
 tallies of loans, one part being kept in the exchequer, 
 the other being given to the creditor in lieu of an 
 obligation for money lent to government. Cyc. 
 
 2. One thing made to suit another. 
 
 They were fnimed the tallies for each other. Dryden. 
 
 TAL'LY, V. t. To score with correspondent notches ; 
 to fit; to suit ; to make to correspond. 
 
 They aj8 not so Wf-11 tallied to the prcsTit juncture. Pope, 
 2. In seamanship, to pull aft the sheets or lower 
 corners of the main ami fore-sail. 
 T.^L'LY, V. i. To be fitted ; to suit ; to correspond. 
 
 I found pieces of Ules that exactly tallied with the cliannel. 
 
 ,'lddison. 
 
 TAL'LY, ado. Stoutly ; with spirit. [Obs.] 
 
 Biaum. 4- Fl. 
 
 TAL'LY-Ho i the huntsman's cry to his liounds. 
 • Booth. 
 TAL'LY-ING, ppr. Fitting to each other ; making to 
 correspond. 
 
 2. Agreeing; corresponding. 
 
 3. Hauling aft ths corners of the main and fore- 
 sail. Mar. Diet. 
 
 TAL'LY-MA.V, n. [tally a.ni man.] One who sells 
 for w eekly payment. Diet. 
 2. One "wild keeps the tally, or marks the sticks. 
 TAL'LY-SIlOP, n. A shop at which goods or articles 
 are sold to customi^rs who agree to pay for them by 
 certain weekly or monthly installments. 
 
 McCnlloeh. 
 
 TAL'MIJD, n. fCh., from To'? lamad, to teach.] 
 
 'I'lie body of the Hebrew laws, trailitions, and ex- 
 planations, or the bf)(>k that contains them. The 
 Talnuid contains the laws, and a compilation of ex- 
 positions of duties impositd on the people, cither in 
 Scripture, by Irailition, or by authority of their doc- 
 tors, or by cunIiiiii. It consists of two parts, the 
 MLichna and the Climiira ; the former being the 
 Krilten law, and the latter a collection of traditions 
 and rommentN of Jewish doctors. Kticyc. 
 
 TAL-.MUD'IC, j a. Pertaining to the Talmud; 
 
 TAL-.VIU)J'ie-AL, i contained in the 'I'alinud ; aa, 
 'J'almailtc fableil. Kiifield. 
 
 TAI/.MIID-I.'i'i', n. C)ne verned in the Talmud. 
 
 TAL-MI'D-IKT'IC, a. Pertaining to the Tulmud ; 
 reKembliiig the Talmud. 
 
 TAI/ilN,n. (Fr. and Hp. (n/on, the heel, that in, a 
 Hlioot or protulHrrnnci*. Sec 'I'all.J 
 
 1. The cinw of a fowl. Bacon. 
 
 2. In archilcrlare, a kind of molding, concave at 
 the bottom and convex at the top. When the con- 
 
 TAM 
 
 cave part is at the top, it is called an inverted talon. 
 
 It is usually called by workmen an ogee, or O O, 
 
 and by author^ an upright or inverted cymatinm. 
 
 «f Cyc. 
 TAL'PA, 71. [L.] In zoology and surgery, a mole, 
 
 which see. 
 Ta'LUS, 71. [L. talius, the ankle.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the astragalus, or that bone of the 
 foot which is articulated to the leg. 
 
 2. In architecture, a slope ; the inclination of any 
 work. 
 
 3. In /or(i/ica(io?i, the slope of a work, as a bastion, 
 rampart, or parapet. 
 
 4. Ill geology, a sloping heap of broken rocks and 
 stones at the foot of any cliflT. Lyell. 
 
 TaM'A-BLE, a. [from tame.] That may be tamed ; 
 capable of being reclaimed from wildness or savage 
 ferociousness; that mav be subdued. 
 
 TaM'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being tamable. 
 
 TAM'A-RACK, n. The American larch ; hackma- 
 tack. 
 
 TAM' A-RIN, 71. The name of several species of small 
 South American monkeys, of the genus Midas, with 
 long, squirrel-like tails. Jardine. 
 
 TA.M'A-RIND, 7i. [Sp. tamarindo ; Fort. -pi. tamarin- 
 dos i It. tamarino, tamarindi ; Fr. tamarin ; said to be 
 a compound of TQn, the palm-tree, and indus or ind, 
 the root of India.] 
 
 A tree of the genus Tamarindiis, which yields the 
 fruit called Tamarinds. Two species are recognized, 
 one of which is a native of the East Indies, and of 
 Arabia and Egypt ; the other a native of the West 
 Indies and of South America. It is cultivated in 
 both the Indies for the sake of its shade, and for its 
 cooling, grateful acid fruit, the pulp of which, dried 
 either alone or with salt, or mixed with boiled sugar, 
 is imported into northern countries. The stem of 
 the tree is lofty, large, and crowned with wide- 
 spreading branches ; the flowers are in simple clus- 
 ters, terminating the short lateral branches. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 TAM' A-RINDS, 71. pi. The preserved seed-pods of the 
 tamarind, which abound with an acid pulp. Cyc. 
 
 T.^.M' A-RI.SK, 71. A tree or shrub of the genus i'am- 
 arix, of several species. Cyc. 
 
 T.^M'B.^C, 71. An alloy of copper. [See Tombac] 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 2. Agallochum or aloes- wood. [See Agallochum.] 
 
 Booth. 
 
 TAM'BOUR, 71. [Sp. and Port, tambor, a drum ; It. 
 tamburo. The m is probably casual. See Taror.] 
 
 1. A small drum, used by the Biscayans as an ac- 
 companiment to the flageolet. Cyc. 
 
 a. In architecture, a term applied to the vase or 
 naked ground of the Corinthian and Composite cap- 
 itals, which bears some resemblance to a drum ; 
 also, the wall of a circular tein|ile surrounded with 
 coluiuiis ; also, the circular vertical part above or be- 
 low a cupola. Owilt. 
 
 3. A lobby or vestibule, inclosed with folding 
 doors, to break the current of wind from without, 
 as at the entrance of a church, banking-house, &c. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 4. A round course of stones, several of which 
 form the shaft of a pillar, not so high as a di- 
 ameter. 
 
 5. In the arts, a species of embroidery in Vfhich 
 threads of gold and silver are worked in leaves, 
 flowers, cfcc. ; also, a frame resembling a drum, on 
 which it is worked. llebert. 
 
 T.\iM'liOIJR, V. t. To embroider with a tambtmr. 
 TAM-BOUR-IME', 7i. [Fr. tambourin, from tambour, 
 tabor ; Sp. tamboril. See Tabor.] 
 
 1. A small drum. At present, it is a shallow drum 
 with only one skin, jilayed on with the hand, and 
 having bells at the sides. 
 
 2. A lively French dance, formerly in vogue in 
 operas, Cyc. 
 
 Ta.ME, a. [Sax. tarn; Dan. and D.. (am; Sw. (am, 
 lamd : G. zahm. See the verb.] 
 
 1. That has lost its native wildness and shyness; 
 mild ; ai customed to man ; domestic ; as, a tame 
 deer ; a tame bird. 
 
 2. Crushed ; subdued ; depressed ; spiritless. 
 And you, tatne alavt-i of the lal)oriuus plow. iioitcomTnort. 
 
 3. Spiritless; unanimated ; as, a tatnc poem. [JVot 
 elegant, nor in use.] 
 
 Ta .\1 E, r. t. [Sax. tamian, getemian ; Goth, ga-tamyan ; 
 Dan. tieminer ; Sw. tdmia ; D. tammen ; (». zahnien ; 
 I,, domu ; Gr. f'n^d'.i; Fr. domptcr; Sp. and Port. 
 domar ; It. do mare ; Cli. and lleb. BIT, to be silent, 
 
 dumb ; or .\r. 
 
 katJtama, to restrain, to stop, 
 
 shut, silence, subdue, tame. Sec Class Dm, No. 3, 
 25, and No. 23, 24.] 
 
 1. To reclaim ; to reduce from a wild to a domes- 
 tic state ; to make gentle and familiar; as, to tame a 
 wild bea.st. 
 
 2. To civilize ; as, to tame the ferocious inhabitants 
 of the forest. 
 
 .1. 'J'u subdue ; to conquer ; to depress ; as, to tame 
 the pride or passions of youth. 
 
 TAN 
 
 4. To subdue ; to repress ; as wildness or licen- 
 tiousness. 
 
 The tongue can no man tame. — James iii. 
 
 TaM'£D, p/). or a. Reclaimed from wildness; domes- 
 ticated ; made gentle ; subdued. 
 
 Ta.ME'LESS, a. Wild ; untamed ; untamable. [Abt 
 much used.] Hall. 
 
 TaME'LY, adv. With unresisting submission ; 
 meanly ; servilely ; without manifesting spirit ; as, 
 to submit tamely to oppression ; to bear reproach 
 tamelii. 
 
 TaME'NESS, 71. The quality of being tame or gen- 
 tle ; a state of domestication. 
 
 2. Unresisting submission; meanness in bearing 
 insults or injuries ; want of spirit. Rogers. 
 
 TaM'ER, 71. One that tames or subdues; one that 
 reclaims from wildness. ' Pope. 
 
 Ta.M'ING, ppr. Reclaiming from a wild state ; civil- 
 izing ; subduing. 
 
 TA.M'INE, ) 71. A strainer or bolter of hair. 
 
 TAM' MY, \ Cotgrave. 
 2. The same as Tamis. 
 
 TAM'IS, 71. A worsted cloth used for the purpose of 
 straining sauces. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. 
 
 TAM'KIN, 71. A stopper. [See Tampion.] 
 
 TAilP, ». u To fill up a hole bored in a rock for 
 blasting. 
 
 TAM'PER, V. i. To meddle ; to be busy ; to try little 
 experiments ; as, to tamper with a disease. 
 
 2. To meddle ; to have to do with without fitness 
 or necessity. 
 
 'Tis dangerous tampering with a muse. Roscommon. 
 
 3. To deal ; to practice secretly. 
 
 OtliTS tampered 
 For Fleetwood, Desborough, and Lambert. Hudibras. 
 
 TAM'PER-ING, ppr. Meddling; dealing; practicing 
 secretly. 
 
 TAM'PER-ING, 7i. The act of meddling or practicing 
 secretly. 
 
 T.^MP'ING, 71. [Allied probably to tame, dam, stem, 
 stamp, &c.] 
 
 The filling up of a hole in a rock for the purpose 
 of blasting ; also, the matter used in thus filling up. 
 TAM'PI-ON I 
 
 TOM'PI-On' i "" ^'"P""' ' Arm. topoTi.] 
 
 The stopper of a cannon or other piece of ord- 
 nance, consisting of a cylinder of wood. Mar. Dirt. 
 
 TAM'PoE, 71. A fruit of the East Indies, somewhat 
 resembling an apple. It is eaten by the n.atives, and 
 called sometimes Mangoustan, though a difierent 
 fruit, and less agreeable to the taste. Cue. 
 
 TA.M'TAM, 71. A large, flat drum used by the Hin- 
 
 dons. 
 
 TAN, V. t. [Fr. tanner, to tan ; tannc, a little black 
 spot on the face ; It. tone, tawny color. Gregoire, in 
 his Armoric dictionary, suggests that this may be 
 from tan or dan, which, in Leon, signifies an oak. 
 But this is very doubtful. In Ir. tionus signifies a 
 tan-house, and tionsonaim is to drop or distil. Spot- 
 ting is often from sprinkling, and dyeing from dip- 
 ping. In Gaelic, dean is color. It seems to be allied 
 to tatcny, and perhaps to dun.] 
 
 1. In t/ie arts, to cimvert animal skins into leather 
 by steeping them in an infusion of oak or some other 
 bark, by which they are impregnated with tannin or 
 tannic acid, an astringent substance whicli exists in 
 several species of bark, and thus reiylered firm, du- 
 rable, and, in some degree, iiujiervious to water. 
 
 2. To make brown ; to iinbrown by exposure to 
 the rays of the sun ; as, to tan the skin. 
 
 TAN, 11. The bark of the oak, &c., bruised and broken 
 by a mill for tanning hides. It bears this name be- 
 fore and after it has been used. Tan, after being 
 used in tanning, is used in gardening for making 
 hotbeds ; and it is also made into cakes and used as 
 fuel. 
 
 T.\N'A-GER, 71. The name of certain American 
 birilj allied to the finches and sparrows. 
 
 Sirai7i507i. 
 
 TAN'-BED, 71. [fan and bed.] In gardening, a bed 
 
 made of tan ; a bark bed. 
 T.AN'-HOL'SE, 71. [tan and house.] A building in 
 
 which tanner's bark is stored. 
 TAN'-PIT, 71. [tan and pit.] A bark pit; a vat in 
 
 which hides are laid in tan. 
 TAiN'-SPIJD, )i. [tan and s-piirf.] An instrument for 
 
 peeling the bark from oak ami other trees. [I.ucal.] 
 T.AN'-SToVE, 71. [tan and sfocc] A hothouse with 
 
 a bark bed. 
 
 TAN'-VAT, 71. [fan and t'a(.] A vat in which hides 
 arc steeped in liquor with tan. 
 
 TAN'-YAKI), n. An iuclosure where the tanning of 
 leather is carried on. 
 
 T.\N'DEM. [Horseman's Latin.] Horses are liar- 
 nessed tandem, when they are placed single, one be- 
 fore another, lint tandem properly refers to lime, and 
 not to length of line. 
 
 TANt;, 71. [Gr. ra))r), rancor; 70)705, rancid; It. 
 tanfo.] 
 
 1. A strong taste ; pardcii/nr/y, atasto of something 
 extraneous to the thing it.self ; as, wine or cider has 
 a txing of the cask. Locke. 
 
 2. Uelisli ; taste. [JVot elegant.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PREY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
TAN 
 
 3. Sometliins! (IkiI leaves a sting or pain behind. 
 
 She li:nl .-v toiif^u*' with a tatig. SfiaJi. 
 
 4. Sound ; tune. [JVuI in vse.] Holder. 
 TAN'G, 1-. 1. ']'o riiis « itll. [-Vut in ksc] Sliak. 
 
 (^Tliis inny lie allied to (/i.ii'-, i/oiii'.] 
 
 TA.\'i;K,\'-lJY, )i. A contact or toucliiiiR. 
 
 TAN'G IC\T, H. [Vx. tungciitc ; L. taH^rcrti, touching. 
 See Touch.] 
 
 In seometrtj, a right line which touches a curve, 
 but which, when produced, does not cut it. In fn>- 
 onomctry, the tangent of an arc is a riglit line touch- 
 ing the arc at one extremity, and terminated by a 
 secant pa>;sing through the other vxtremity. 
 
 TAN-GEN'TI.AL, a. Tanactitial force; a force which 
 acts so as to give a trndeni y to a revolving body to 
 flv ofl' in a tangent to its orbit. Olmsu'd. 
 
 TAN-GEi\'TIAL-LY, ado. In the direction of a tan- 
 gent. Olmsted. 
 
 TA.\-Gt-ntI/I-TY, )n. [from Mnj-/Wf.] Tlieiiual- 
 
 T.\N'Gr-l!LE-NE.SS, ( ity of being perceptible to 
 the touch or sense of feeling. 
 
 TAN'GI-BLE, a. [from L. tan<;o, to touch.] 
 I. Perceptible by the touch ; tactile. 
 9. That may be possessed or realized. 
 
 TAN'Gl-nLY, 'adv. Perceptibly to the touch. 
 
 TAN"GLE, (tang'gl,) i'. t. [This word, if n is casual, 
 seems to be allied to the W. tagit, to choke, Goth. 
 
 ta^a, hair; from crowding together. In Ar. 
 dajraa, signifies to involve.] 
 
 1. To implicate ; to unite or knit together con- 
 fusedly ; to interweave or interlock, as threads, so 
 as to make it ditheult to ravel the knot. 
 
 2. To insnare ; to entrap; as, to be tangled in the 
 folds of dire necessity. Milton. 
 
 Tangled in amorous nrts. bliiton. 
 
 3. To embroil ; to embarrass. 
 
 Whrii my simplf wcakuoss struys, 
 
 Tangled in rurbiditcii ways. Crashaw, 
 
 [Entangle, the compound, is the more elegant 
 word.]^ 
 
 TAN"GLE, V. i. To be entangled or united con- 
 fusedly. 
 
 TA.N"GLE, (tang'gl,) n. A knot of threads or other 
 things united confusedly, or so interwoven as not to 
 be easily disengaged ; as, liair or yarn in tangles. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. A kind of sea-weed. 
 ■ TA\"Gl,En, pp. or a. United confnsedlv. 
 TA\"GLING, jipr. Uniting without order. 
 TA\"GL1NG-LY, adn. In a tangling manner. 
 TAN'-IIOUSE,»i. A building in which tanner's bark 
 is stored. 
 
 TAN'IST, n. [Gaelic, tanahle. a lord, the governor of 
 a country ; in Ireland, the heir apparent of a prince ; 
 probably from tan, a region or territory, or from the 
 Gr. ('ill iiiTTi)j, a lord, whic h is from iw.iiuu, to be 
 powerful or able, the root of the Gaelic diiine, a man. 
 But both may be of one family, the root tan, ten, Gr. 
 Ttiv.>, L. leneo, W. tannu, to stretch, strain, or 
 hold.] 
 
 Among the descendants of the CelLt in Ireland, a 
 lord, or the pro|)rietor of a tract of land ; a governor 
 or captain. This office or rank w.as elective, and 
 often obtained by purchase or briberv. Dacics. 
 TAN'IST-RY, n. [Gaelic, tanaislcach'd.] In Ireland, a 
 tenure of lands by which the proprietor had only a 
 life estate, and to this he was .idmitled by election. 
 The primitive intention seems to h.ive been that the 
 inheritance should descend to the oldest or most 
 worthy of the blood and name of the deceased. 
 This was, in reality, giving it to the strongest, and 
 the practice often occasioned bloody wars in families, 
 Uavic.'t. Cue. 
 
 TA\K, 71. [Ft. etang, a pond; Sp. e.-.tanq}te ; I'ort. 
 tAnque ; Sans, tanghi ; Japan, tange. This seems lo 
 be trom the root of sUmch, to stop, to hold.] 
 A large basin or cistern ; a reservoir of water. 
 
 Drnden. 
 
 TANK'ARD, n. [Ir. tancaird ; Gaelic, tancard ; tank 
 and ard.] 
 
 A large vessel for liquors, or a drinking vessel, 
 with a cover. 
 
 Manns was th - first who ilnnk out of a silver tankard, nftrr the 
 liiAnncrwr Btccliiis. Arbu:hnot. 
 
 TAXK'ARD-TUR-XIP, n. A sort of liiniip that 
 stands high above the ground. Cyc. 
 
 TAN'LING, n. One tanned or scorched bythc he.it 
 of the sun. 
 
 TAN'NATE, n. A compound of t.annic acid and a 
 base. Brande. 
 
 TAN'NED, (tand,) pp. or a. [from tan.] Converted 
 into leather. [See Tax.] 
 2. Harkened by the rays of the sun. 
 
 TAN'NER, n. One whose occupation i-s to tin hides, 
 or rmivert them into leather by the use of tan. 
 
 TAN'NER-Y, n. The house and apparatus for tan- 
 nine. 
 
 TAN'NIC ACID, It. The principle of astringency in 
 vjigelahlcs, as, f..r example, the bark of the oak, 
 chestnut, and gall-nuts. It is the substance used lo 
 change niw hides into leather. 
 
 TAN'NI-ER, II. One of the popular niinics of ilic 
 Arum esculentum, an esculent root. Mea-se. 
 
 TAX'XIN, II. The name formerly tipplicd lo the tan- 
 nic acid, before its acid character wua known and 
 understood. 
 
 TAN'MNti, p/w. Converting raw hides into leather. 
 
 TA.\'i\liNG, II. The practice, operation, and art of 
 converting the raw hides of animals into leather by 
 the use of tan. 
 
 TAN'KEC, i n. The popular name of the several 
 
 TEN'REC, > species of the insectivorous niam- 
 
 TE.N'DRAe, ) malian genus Centeiies, of v. hich 
 there are three species. They are small tpiadrupeds, 
 inhabiting Aladagiiscar and the I.sle of Eraiicc. 
 
 T.A.N'SY, II. [I"r. tanaisie ; It. and Sp. lunaccto : L. 
 ttinticetiim. Uu. Gr. at),ii'aatii, immortality. This 
 is doiilitfiil, and rather improbalile.] 
 
 A plant of the genus 'i'aiiacetum, of many species. 
 It is extremely bitter to the taste, and used for iiie- 
 diriiial and culinary purposes. Cur. 
 
 TA.NT, n. A small spider with two eyes and eight 
 lonii legs, and of an elegant scarlet color. Cyc. 
 
 TA.\'TA-LIS.\I, II. [Sec 'J'axtai.izk.] The punish- 
 ment of Tanlalus ; a teasing or tormenting by the 
 hope or near appro.ich of good which is nut attaina- 
 ble. 
 
 Is tiot such a proTision like tanlnfism to tlils p*>oplA ? J. Quincy. 
 T.\N'TA-LITE, n. Another name for the mineral 
 called CoLUMBiTE, which is found in New England 
 and in Europe. 
 TA\-TA-LI-Za'TIOX, n. The act of tanl.ali/.ing. 
 TAN'TA-LIZE, i,'. t. [from Tantalus.] To tease or 
 torment by presenting some good to the view and 
 exciting desire, but continually frustrating the ex- 
 pectations by keeping that gooil out of reach ; to 
 tease ; to torment. 
 
 Thy vi\iti cifsir»?s, nt strife 
 Within thcms-.'Ivt-s, have tantalized lliy life. Dryden. 
 
 TA.N"TA-LIZ-£D, pp. Teased or tormented by the 
 disappointiiieut of the hope of good. 
 
 TA.\'TA-LlZ-ER, n. One that tantalizes. 
 
 TAN'T.\-LIZ-Ii\(;, ji/ir. or a. Teasing or tormenting 
 bv presenting to the view some unattainable gooil. 
 
 TAN'TA-LTZ-IXG-LY, ado. Ity tantalizing. 
 
 TAN'TA-IAJ.M, n. A name once used for (;iii.i;.mhium, 
 the metallic basis of the mineral called Tantalite 
 or CoLUMinTE. 
 
 TA.\'TA-LUS, n. [L., from Gr.] In fabulous history, 
 a Lydian king who was condemned to be plunged 
 in water, with choice fruits hanging over him, with- 
 out the power of reaching them to satisfy his hunger 
 or his thirst. 
 
 TAN'TA-.MOUNT, a. [L. tanlus, so much, and 
 amount.] 
 
 Equal ; equivalent in value or signification ; as, a 
 sum tantamount to all our expenses. Silence is some- 
 times tantamount to consent. 
 
 TA.V'J'IV-Y, ado. [Said to be from the note of a 
 hunting-horn ; L. taiiCa ci.] . 
 Tti ride tantivy, is to ride with great speed. John.ion. 
 
 TANT'LLNt;, n. [See Tastali/.i;. 1 One sei/.ed 
 with the hope of pleasure unattainable. S/ia/i. 
 
 T.\P, i: t. I Fr. taper; Arm. tapa, tapein : Dan. tapper, 
 to throb; Gr. t\i-tm, tdtt «. See Class l)b. No. US.] 
 To strike with something small, or to strike a very 
 gentle blow ; to touch gently ; as, to tap one with 
 the hand ; to tap one on the shoulder with a cane. 
 
 T.\P, V. i. To strike a gentle blow. He lapped at the 
 door. 
 
 T.\P, V. t. [Sa.T. ttrppan ; Sw. lappa; Dan. tapper ; D. 
 lappen ; G. lapfen.] 
 
 1. To pierce or broach a cask, and insert a tap. 
 
 2. To open a cask and draw liquor. Addison. 
 
 3. To pierce for letting out fluid ; as, to tap a tu- 
 mor ; to lap a dropsical person. Sharp. 
 
 4. To box, or bore into ; as, lolapdi maple-tree to 
 obtain the sap for making sugar. Mease. 
 
 T.\P, II. A gentle blow ; a slight blow with a small 
 thing. 
 
 She give* her rishl-hand woman a tap on the shoulder. 
 
 AddUan. 
 
 2. A spile or pipe for drawing liquor from a cask. 
 [But in Sp. lapar is to stop, and a lap may be a 
 stopper. In this case, the verb lo lap should follow 
 the noun.] 
 TAPE, II. [Sax. to'ppe.] 
 
 A narrow fillet or band ; a narrow piece of woven 
 work, used for strings and the like; .as, curtains tied 
 with tape. Pope. 
 TAPE'I.I.\E,n. .\ painted tape, marked with inches, 
 &.C., and inclosed in a case, used by engineers, ice, 
 in measuring. 
 
 TA'PER, n. [Sax. taper, tapur. Qu. It. doppierc, a 
 torch, \V. tampyr.] 
 
 A small wax candle ; a small lighted wax candle, 
 or a small light. 
 
 Gel me a taper in my study, Lucius. Sha^:. 
 
 TA'PER, a. [Supposed to be from the form of a ta- 
 per.] 
 
 Regularly narrowed toward the point ; becoming 
 small toward one end; conical; pyramidical ; as, 
 (a;ifr fingers. Dnjdciu 
 
 TA'PEK, t>. i. To diminish or become gndiially 
 Hiualler toward one end ; as, a sugar loaf tupcra to- 
 ward a point. 
 
 'I'.^'I'I'.R, e. t. To make gnidually smaller in diameter. 
 
 TA'PEIUXG, ppr. Making gradually Hinaller. 
 
 2. a. lieciuiiing ri giilarly smaller in diameter to- 
 ward one end ; gradu,allv diminishing toward a jioinl. 
 
 TA'PKK-I.\'(M,Y, ailr. In a tapering manner. 
 
 TA'PEIl-NI'.SS, n. The st.atc of being taiK'r. 
 
 TAP'E.S-Tlil-Ji.'D, |ip. Ornamented with tapestry. 
 
 TAP'ES-TRY, II. [Fr. tapi.i, a car|«'t ; lapisscrie, 
 hangings, tapestry ; I., tapes, tap<:stry ; Fr. se tapir, 
 to crunch, to lie tlal ; Sp. tapii, tapestry, and a grass- 
 plot ; It. (u'lyicfj, a carpet ; tappezzeria, tapestry ; Arm. 
 (a;i(f I, a carpet ; (a;jif zirj/ apcstry. Uu. from weav- 
 ing or spreading.] 
 
 A kind of woven h' gings of wool and sllk^ often 
 enriched with gold and sil%'er, representing hgurcs 
 of men, animals, landscapes, JStc. 'I'he most ccle- 
 brati.'d were the GobeUns, so called from a manufac- 
 turer in Paris. Cyc. 
 
 TAP'E.«-TRY, V. t. To tidorn with tapestry. 
 
 T.AP'ET, H. [Supra.] Worked or ligured stiifT. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 TAP'E-TI, (tnp'e-te,) n. An animal of the hare kind ; 
 the Lepus Brasiliciisis, a rodent mammal inhabiting 
 South America. 
 
 TAPE'-VVOR.M, (-wurm,) n. [tape and worm.] A 
 worm bred in the liiiiiian intestines. The popular 
 name of various worms infesting the alimentary 
 canal of different aniiiials. They are piircnchyma- 
 tous cntozoa, of the tcnioid family. The broad tape- 
 worm is the Botliriacephaliis latus ; the common 
 tape-worm is the Tienia Solium. Both of these in- 
 fest the human species, and are destroyed by the oil 
 of turpentine in cathartic doses. 
 
 T.AP'-HOUSE, n. [tap and house.] A house where 
 liquors are retailed. 
 
 TAI'-I-O'CA, II. The popular name of the fecula ob- 
 tained by scraping and w ashing the roots of the cas- 
 sava or cassada plant, the Maiiihot Cannahina of the 
 intertropical parts of America. It is made into a 
 kind of bread. It was an important article of food 
 amoni; the Caribs when they were first discovered by 
 Europeans. They called it Yloa. 
 
 TA'PIR, n. The name of two quadrupeds, which 
 constitute a genus of iKichydermatous mammals, the 
 one inhabiting South .\nierica genenilly, and the 
 otiier Suniatr.a. These animals are allied to the rhi- 
 noceros, but are much smaller, and likewise to the 
 hog. 
 
 Ta'PIS, n. [Fr.] Tapestry ; formerly the cover of a 
 council-table. J7/io« the tapis ; under consideration, 
 or on the table. 
 
 TAP'Pf;!), (tapt,) ])p. Broached ; opened. 
 
 TAP'PI.\G,p;)r. Broaching; opening for the discbarge 
 of a fluid. 
 
 TAP'-ROOT, n. [lap and root.] The nrnt of a ptant, 
 which penetrates the earth directly downward to a 
 considerable depth without dividing. Loudon. 
 
 TAP'STER, n. One whose business is to draw ale or 
 other liquor. Smifl. 
 
 TAR, n. [Sax. tare, tiir, tijrma ; D. leer : G. theer; Sw. 
 tiara: Dan. tiere: (J.aelic, (can-. In l>. tcercn signi- 
 fies to smear with tar or pitch, and to pine, waste, 
 consume, digest, prey, subsist, feast ; and leer is ten- 
 di r, as well as tar. The D. teeren is the G. zehren, 
 Dan. tairer, Sw. fcira, to fret, gnaw, consume ; Eng. 
 tare, in commerce. Tar, then, is from flowing, or 
 from wasting, perhaps in combustion.] 
 
 1. A thick, impure, resinous substance, of a dark 
 brown or black color, obtained from pine and fir- 
 trees, by burning the wood with a close, smothering 
 heal. Encyc. Cyc. 
 
 Tar inspissated is called Pitch, and is much used 
 in ships and cordtige. Cyc. 
 
 2. A sailor; so called from his tarred clothes. 
 Mineral tar; a soft, native bitumen. 
 
 TAR, V. t. To smear with tar ; as, to tar ropes. 
 
 2. [Sax. Uran, tyrian.] To stimulate ; to provoke. 
 [J\ of in u-te.] Shak, 
 
 T.AR'.\-NIS, n. A Celtic divinity, regarded as the 
 evil principle, but confounded by the Romans with 
 Jupiter. Brandt. 
 TA-RA.\'TU-LA, n. See Tarestula, which in the 
 
 most correct orthography. 
 TAR-DA'TIO.N, II. [}.. iardo. Pee Tardt.] 
 
 The act of retarding or delaying. [J^Tot used.] [We 
 use, fir this. Retardation.] 
 TAR'DI-GRADE, jo. [I,, lardi-rradus ; tardus, 
 TAR'Dl-GRA-DOUS, j slow, and gradu..; step.] 
 Slow-paced ; moving or stepping slowly. 
 
 ^roirn. 
 
 TAR'DI-GRADE, n. The t.ardiaradcs are a section of 
 edentate mammals or quadrupeds, including the 
 Bradypus or sloth, and so naiiictl from the slowness 
 of their motions on the ground. 
 
 TAR'DI-LY, arfc. [from farJi,.] Slowly ; with slow 
 pace or motion. Shatc 
 
 TAR'DI-NESS, n. [from tardy.] Slowness, or the 
 slowness of motion or pace. 
 
 S. Unwillingness; reluctance manifested by slow- 
 ness. 
 
 3. Lateness ; as, the lardi»et3 of witnesses or ju- 
 
 TONE, BULL, q.MTE. — AX"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 142 
 
 QQQQ 
 
TAR 
 
 TAR 
 
 TAS 
 
 rors in attendance ; the tardiiicss of students in at- 
 tending prayers or recitalion. 
 
 TAR'DI-TY.'ii. [L. tarjitas.] 
 
 Slowness; tardiness. [JVut «sii7.] 
 
 TXR'DO, [It.] In mitsic, uenotins a slow movement. 
 
 TAR'DY, a. [Ft. turdif; Sp. and It. Uirdu, from L. 
 tardus ; from W. Uiriaw, to strike af;ainst, to stop, to 
 stay, to tarrtjf whence tartret; tar, a shock; taran, 
 tliat gives a shock, a clap of thunder ; taraiin, to 
 thunder. We see the word is a derivative from a 
 root signifying to strike, to clash, to dash against, 
 hence, to retard or stop.] 
 
 1. Slow ; with a slow pace or motion. 
 
 And check Ihe lartfy of time. Sandys. 
 
 2. Late ; dilatory ; no b;;ing in season. 
 
 Th'^ tardy plants in our culd o. 'ani! placed. Waller, 
 You may freely cfiusure bini foi ■iiig tardy in his payitienis. 
 
 Arbuthnot. 
 
 3. Slow ; implying reluctance. 
 
 Tardy to vengeance, iiiid witli niercy hrave. Prior. 
 
 4. In colleges, late in attendance on a public exer- 
 cise. 
 
 5. Unwary. [.Vo< in use] Uudibras. 
 
 6. Criminal. [J\''ot in m.sc.] Collier. 
 TAR'DY, V. i. [Ft. tarder.] 
 
 To delay. r.V.^f in usr.] 
 TAR'nY-GAIT"ED,o. [(urrfy and ^ai(.] Slow-paced; 
 having a slow step or pace. 
 
 Tlie Mieilo'.v horn 
 Cliides the lardy-gail£d morn. Clifton. 
 
 TARE, n. [I know not the origin of this word. See 
 the next word.] 
 
 1. A weed that grows among corn; alleged by 
 modern naturalists to be the Lolium temulentum, or 
 Darnel. Locke. 
 
 Declare to us the parable of the tares of the field. — Mtat. xiii. 
 
 2. Tare is the popular name of Vicia saliva, and 
 also of most of the species of Ervum, both genera 
 being leguniinose plants. 
 
 3. In airnculturc, a plant of the vetch kind, of 
 which there are two sorts, the pttrple-thwcrctl sprijitr 
 or summer tare, and the purp^e-Jlowered wi/ti aT winter 
 tare. It is much cultivated in England for fodder. 
 
 Ctjc. 
 
 TARE, n. [Ft. id. ; It. and Sp. tara; D. tarra: It. la- 
 rare, to abate ; Dan. tijerer, to waste, Sw. tdra, D. 
 teeren, G. zcliren.] 
 
 In commerce, deficiency in the weight or quantity 
 of goods by reason of the weight of the cask, hag, or 
 other thing containing the commodity, and which is 
 weighed with it ; hence, the allowance or abatement 
 of a certam weisln or ipiantity from thii weight or 
 quantity of a commodity sold in a cask, chest, hag, 
 or the like, which the selkr makes to the buyer on 
 account of the weight of such cask, chest, or bag ; 
 or the abatement may be tm the price of the com- 
 modity sold. When the tare is deducted, the re- 
 maintlcr is called the net or neat weight. 
 
 TARE, V. U To ascertain or mark the amount of tare. 
 
 Law:i of Penn. 
 
 TARE, old prct. of Tear. Wc now use Torb. 
 
 TAK'F.Xi, pp. Having the tare ascertained and marked. 
 
 TA-REN'TISM ) 
 
 R^N'TIsiu' \ f-^* ^^^^^^^^^1 from taretitum.'] 
 A fabulous disease supposed to be produced by the 
 bite of a certain spider, the Lycosa Tarentula, and 
 considered to be incai>al)le t)f cure except by jirotract- 
 ed dancing to .".ppropriatc music. On some subjects 
 the bite of the tarentula produces no effect ; and on 
 others it is about equal to the sting of a wasp. 
 
 TA-REN'TU-LA, j ji. [L. diminutive of Tarcntum, 
 
 TA-RAN'TU-LA, | now 'I'aranto, in the kingdom 
 of Naples.] 
 
 A species of spider, or citigrade pulmonary arach- 
 nid, the Lycosa Tarentula. Its bite simietimes pro 
 duces a trifling effect, about equal to the sting of a 
 wasp. 
 
 TA KOE, for Target, is obsolete. Spensrr. 
 
 TA R'GET, n. [Sax. targ, tarna ; Fr. targe ; It. tarf/a ; 
 W. tarrred, froni taratOy to strike, whence tariad, a 
 striking against, or collision, a stopping, a staying, a 
 tamjinjr ; tariai/t, to strike against, to slop, to tarry. 
 We see that target is that which stops ; hence, a de- 
 fense ; and from the root of larrij and tardy.] 
 
 1. A shield or biirkb r of a small kind, used as a 
 defensive weapon in war. 
 
 2. A mark for Ihu ariilh'ry to fire at in their prac- 
 tice. 
 
 TAR'GET-ED, a. Furnished or armed with a target. 
 
 Oauden. 
 
 TAK-GET-EER', n. One armed with a targ. t. 
 
 Ckttpman. 
 
 TAR'GIJM, n. [Ch. D>J-\n, targum, Inti^rprctation.] 
 A translation or paraphrase of the sacri il Scrip- 
 tures in Ihe (Jhnldee language or dialect. Of llii sc, 
 the Targum of Jonnthan, and that of Onkelos, are 
 held in niOHt esteem by the Ji^wh. 
 TAR'GUM-IHT, n. The writer of a Targnm. 
 
 Parkhur.'it. 
 
 TAR'IFF, n. [Fr. Inrif : It. tariffa: Sp. Tarifa,s\ town 
 in Spain, at llie enlraiice of the Straitt* of (>il>r.'tltar, 
 where diitieH were formerly collected. Ilenco the 
 proper apelling would be 'J'ahik.] 
 
 1. Properly, a list or table of goods with the duties 
 or customs to be paid for the same, either on impor- 
 tation or e.xportation, whether such duties are im- 
 posed by the 'government of a country, or agreed on 
 by the princes or governments of two countries hold- 
 ing commerce with each other. 
 
 2. A list or table of duties or customs to be paid 
 on goods imported or exported. 
 
 TAR'IFF, V. t. To make a list of duties on goods. 
 
 TAR'IN, 11. [Fr.] A European bird, of the gross- 
 beak kind, kept in cages for its beauty and fine 
 notes. Cyc. 
 
 TAR'ING, ppr. Ascertaining or marking the amount 
 of tare. 
 
 TARN, n. [Ice. tiorn.] 
 
 1. A lake. HalUwell. 
 
 2. A bog ; a marsh ; a fen. Bay. 
 TAR'NISH, V. t. [Fr. temir, ternissant.') 
 
 1. To sully ; to soil by an alteration induced by the 
 air, or by ilii>t, and the like ; to diminish or destroy 
 lusler ; a-;, to titrni.ih a metal ; to tarnish gilding ; to 
 tarni.-li the brightness or beauty of color. 
 
 2. To diminish or destroy the purity of; as, to 
 tarnish reputation or honor. 
 
 T.KR'NISII, V. i. To lose luster ; to become dull ; as, 
 polished substances or gilding will tarnish in the 
 course of time. Metals tarnish by o.xydation. 
 TAR'NISU-£D, (tir'nisht,) pp. or a. Sullied ; having 
 lost its brightness by oxydation, or by some altera- 
 tion induced by exposure to air, dust, and the like. 
 Gold and silver, when tarnished, resume their brightness by 
 setting Ibein over ceruiin lyes. Copper and pewter, &c., 
 tarnished, recover their luster wiUi tripoli and potashes. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TSR'NISH-ING, ppr. Sullying ; losing brightness. 
 
 TA'KO, 71. A plant of the genus Arum, having leaves 
 like a water-lily, and large, thick, olilong roots, 
 which, when baked, are useil as food in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Loudon. 
 
 TAR-PA U'LIN, re. [from tar.] A piece of canvas 
 covered with tar, or a composition, to render it 
 water-proof, used for covering the hatches of a ship, 
 hammocks, boats, &,c. 
 
 2. A name given to hats covered with painted or 
 tarred cloth, worn by sailors. Totten. 
 
 3. A sailor ; in contempt. Dennis. 
 TAR'QUIN-ISH, a. Like Tarquin, a king of Rome ; 
 
 proud ; haughty. Quart. Rev. 
 
 TAR'RACE. See Trass. 
 
 TAR'RA-GON, re. A plant of the genus Artemisia, 
 (A. dracunculus,) celebrated for perfuming vinegar 
 in France, Kd. Kncyc. Mease. 
 
 TAR'RAS, n. See Trass. 
 
 TaRRE, !!. (. To stimulate or set on. Shak. 
 
 'VaU'RF.D, (tird,) pp. or a. Smeared with tar. 
 
 TAR'RI-ANCE, n. [from tarry.] A tarrying; delay ; 
 lateness. [JVut in use.] 
 
 TAR'R[-j;D,(tar'rid,)pp. Waited for ; staid ; delayed. 
 
 TAR'RI-ER, n. A dog. [See Terrier.1 
 
 2. [from iarry.] One who tarries or delays. 
 [" Tarrier, in a poet contemporary with Shaks- 
 peare, appears with a marginal explanation, as being 
 an unusual word." 
 
 fVcst. Rev. No. 27, p. SC. — E. IL Barker.] 
 
 TXR'RING, ppr. Smearing with tar. Shnk. 
 
 TAR'ROCK, 71. A sea-fowl, of the gull kind, the Ea- 
 rns tridactylus. It is of the size of the ciunmon 
 pigeon, and is remarkable for having no hind toe, 
 but in lieu of it a small protuberance. Cyc. 
 
 'I'he tarrock is now considered the young of the 
 kittiwake gull, Lams rissa. Jardine. 
 
 TAR'RY, V. i. [W. tariaw, to strike against any thing, 
 to stop, to stay, to tarry ; Ir. and Gaelic, tairisim. It 
 is of the same family as tardy anil target, 'J'he pri- 
 mary sense is, to thrust, or drive, hence, to strike 
 against, to stop ; W. tarw, L. taarus, a bull, is from 
 the same root.] 
 
 1. 'J'o stay ; to abide ; to continue ; to lodge. 
 
 Tarry all night and wash your feel. — Gen. HiX, 
 
 2. To stay behind. Ezod. xii. 
 
 3. To stay in expectation ; to wait. 
 
 7'arryye here for na, tilt we come again to you. — Kx. xxiv. 
 
 4. To delay ; to put otT going or coming ; to defer. 
 
 Come down to me, tarry not. — Gen. xiv. 
 
 5. To remain ; to stay. 
 
 He Oiat lelleth lies shall not forry in my ti^hl. — Ps. ci. 
 TAR'RY, ti. (. To wait for. 
 
 I cm nol Inrry dinner. (A'cl iji use.] Slink. 
 
 TAR'RY, 71. Stay ; stop ; delay. [Ohs.] Rich. Dirt. 
 'i'AIt'RY, a. [from tar.] Consisting of tar, or like 
 
 tar. More. 
 TAR'RY-ING, ;>/,r. Slaying; delaying. 
 TAR'KY-I.Vi;, ». Delay. Ps.\\. 
 
 [This tciird i.i in respectable w.vc] 
 TAR'SAL, a. Pertaining to the taisus. 
 TXRSE, n. [Fr. ; Gr. t-iioitos.] 
 
 The tarsus, which sei'. Branile. 
 TAR'SEL, )i. A male hawk. [See Tercel.] Stiak. 
 TX It'ST, 71. ;>/. The feet in msects, which are arlicii- 
 
 lated, and foriiii d of five or n h.'ss number of jointji. 
 TAR'SUS, 1. [(;r. ra^a.if ; Fr. larse.] 
 
 That part of the foot to which the leg is articula- 
 ted, the front of which is called the Instep. Cyc. 
 TART, a. [Sax. teart! D. taurtig. See the next 
 word.] 
 
 1. Acid; sharp to the taste; acidulous; as, atari 
 apple. 
 
 2. Sharp ; keen ; severe ; as, a tart reply ; tarl 
 language ; a tart rebuke. 
 
 TART, n. [D. taart : Sw. taH ; Fr. taric ; It. turta ; 
 G.torte; Sp. tarta. The Italian and German orlbog- 
 rapliy seems to connect this word with tiirto, L. tortus, 
 twisted ; and this may be the primary sense of tart, 
 acid, sharp, and hence this noun, something acid or 
 made of acid fruit. But qu.] 
 
 A species of pie or paslry, consisting of fruit 
 baked on paste. 
 TAR'TAN, 71. Woolen cloth, checkered or cross- 
 barred with threads of various colors. [Scottish.] 
 ,7amiesan''s Diet. 
 A checkered worsted stuff, called Tartan or Plaid, 
 is made in various parts of England. 
 
 Kncyc. of Dom. Kcon, 
 TAR'TAN, 71. [Sp. and It. tartatia.] 
 
 A small coasting vessel with one mast and a bow- 
 sprit, and the jiriiicipal sail, which is very large, ex- 
 tended by a lateen-yard. Mar. Did. 
 TAR'TAR, 71. [Fr. tartre ; Sp. tarlaro ; from tart, 
 acid.] 
 
 1. An acid concrete salt, deposited from winea 
 completely fermented, and adhering to Ine sides of 
 the casks in the form of a hard crust. It is white or 
 red, the white being most esteemed. In its crude 
 state, under the name of argal or argol, it is much 
 used as a tlux in the assaying of ores. 
 
 JVicliolson. Cyc. 
 The tartar of wine is a bitartrate of potassa, i. e., 
 common cream of tartar. 
 
 2. A popular name for the concretion which often 
 incrusts the teeth, consisting of salivary mucus, ani- 
 mal matter, and phosphate of lime. Brande. 
 
 3 A person of a keen, irritable temper. 
 4. A native of Tartary. 
 
 To catch a Tartar; to lay hold of or encounter a 
 person who proves too strong for the assailant. 
 
 TAR'TAR, 71. [L. Tartarus.] 
 
 Ilell. [Jfot in -use.] Shak. 
 
 TAR-Ta'RE-AN, ) a. Hellish ; pertaining to Tarla- 
 
 TAR-Ta'RE-OUS, ( rus. Milton. 
 
 TAR'TAR E-iMET'ie, 7i. A double salt, consisting 
 of tartaric acid in combination with potassa and 
 protoxyd of antimony. Brande. 
 
 TAR-TA'RE-OUS, a. Consisting of tartar ; resem- 
 bling tartar, or partaking of its properties. Grew. 
 
 TA RT^R'IC i 
 
 TAR TA'RE-AN i P^i'^'fifS Tartary in Asia. 
 
 Tartaric acid ; the acid of tartar. 
 TAR'TA-RIN, ?i. [from tartar.] Fixed vegetable 
 
 alkali or potassa. 
 TAR'TA-RI-Na-TED, a. Combined with tartarin. 
 T.\R'TAR-IZE, 7). (. To im|)iegnate with tartar; to 
 
 refine by means of the salt of tartar. Ctic. 
 TAR'TAR-IZ-iCD, pp. or a. Impregnated with tartar ; 
 
 refined hy tartar. 
 TAR'TAR-IZ-ING, ppr. Impregnating with tartar ; 
 
 refining by means of the salt of tartar. 
 TAR'TAR-OUS, a. Containing tartar; consi»ting of 
 
 tartar, or partaking of ils qualities. 
 TAR'TA-RiriM, 71. A preparation of tartar, called 
 
 Petrified Tartar. Cyr. 
 TAR'TA-RUS, 71. [Gr. Taprapof.] 
 
 The name of the infernal regions, over which Pluto 
 
 or Haiies ruled. 
 TABT'lSII, a. [from fnr(.] Somewhat tart. 
 TART'LY, ai/o. Sharply; with acidity, 
 
 2. Sharply; with poignancy; severely; as, to 
 reply or rebuke tartly. 
 
 3. With sourness of aspect. Shnk. 
 TART'NESS, h. Acidity ; sharpness to the taste ; as, 
 
 the tartness of wine or fruit. 
 2. Sharpness of language or manner; poignancy; 
 
 keenne.->s ; severity ; as, the tartness of rebuke. 
 TAR'TRATE, 71. [from tartar.] A salt formed by 
 
 the combination of tartaric acid with a base ; as, tar- 
 
 Irnte of pnlassa ; tartrate of soda. 
 TAR-TRO-VL\'IC AC'ID, 71. An acid composed of 
 
 tartaric acid in combination with the eb mi nls of 
 
 rllur. Brande. 
 TaH-TITFFE', 71. [Fr. tart»fe.'\ A nickname from 
 
 the French f.r a hypocritical devotee, derived from 
 
 the name of the hero in Moliuro's celebrated ronn dy. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TAR-TUFF'ISII, a. [Fr. tartiiffe, a hypocrite.) 
 
 Precise; liMiocritical. [M'ot in usi\.] SIrrne. 
 TXR'-WA-Tlil!, 11. [Mrnnd vuler.] A cold infusion 
 
 of lar ill wall r, used as a medicine. Cijc. 
 TASK, II. [Fr. Inche; \V. tasg, a bonil, a pledge, that 
 
 which is si llli-d or agreed tn be done, a job, 
 
 tusk ; Gaelic and Ir. laig, task, and tasgaire, a slave ; 
 
 II. tassa. The sense is, that which is set or fixed, 
 
 from llirowiiig or pulling on.] 
 
 1. liiisiness imjioseil by aiinther, often a definilo 
 
 quantily or ninoiinl of labor. I'acb man has his fii.vA 
 
 When he has peil'oriiied his ta.-k,\\\>i time is hisown 
 
 Kiud. V. 
 
 FATP, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1130 
 
TAS 
 
 2. Business; einpluymciit. 
 
 Hit iiieiiuU )H>wers wtTC equal to gn'alcr bitks. Atlcrbury, 
 
 3. Bm Jensoiiiu einployiiieiit. 
 
 To lalte to t(L<k : to reprovu ; to reprimanil ; ;is, to 
 Uihe Olio to tii-'^k fur idleness. Aildison. 
 Task, I), t. [\V. tanirii, to bind, to rate, to task, to 
 sprins;, start, luap hack, to ursu.] 
 
 1. 'I'o impose a tiisk ; to assign to one a definite 
 amount of i>tisines9 or labor. 
 
 a. To bnrden with some employment; to rerpiirc 
 to perform. 
 
 Th'-p- task l)iy maiils, and exercise the loom. rtryden. 
 TXPK'/'.'D, (t^Ukt,) pp. Required to perform some- 
 lliins. 
 
 TASK'I'.R, n. One that imposes a task. 
 T.\SK'I.\G, ppr. Imposing a task on ; reqairing to 
 pfrform. 
 
 TASK'iMXS-TER, n. [task and maMrr.] One who 
 imposes a task, or burdens with labor. Sinful pro- 
 pensities and appetites are mcn*s most unrelenting 
 ta-ikmnsters. They condemn us to unceasing drndg- 
 or)', and rewani us with pain, remorse, and poverty. 
 Nest to our sinful propensities, fashion is the most 
 oppressive taskmaster. 
 
 2. One whose ofiice is to assign tasks to otiiers. 
 Krod. i. iii. 
 
 TAS'!?EL, n. [W. tasel, a sash, a bandage, a fringe, a 
 tassel ; tiuiiaw, to tie ; to.--, that binds or hems in ; It. 
 tasselh, the collar of n cloak.] 
 
 1. A sort of pendent ornament, attached to the 
 corners of cushions, to curtains, and the like, ending 
 in loose threads. 
 
 2. .\ small ribbon of silk sewed to a book, to be 
 put between the leaves. Cijc. 
 
 3. In bnildiii^, tassels are the pieces of boards that 
 lie under the mantel-tree/ 
 
 4. A bur. [See Teasel.] 
 
 5. A male hawk ; properly terzol, It. terzuolo. [See 
 Tekce-l.] 
 
 T.XS'SEL-ED, a. Furnished or adorned with tassels ; 
 
 as, the t(L-sdcil horn. Milton. 
 TAS'SES, n. pi. Armor for the thighs ; appendages 
 
 to the ancient corslet, consisting of skirts of iron tliat 
 
 covered the thighs. They were listened to the 
 
 cuirass with hooks. 
 TaST'A-BI.E, <i. [from (ostc.] That may be tasted ; 
 
 savory ; relishing. 
 TASTE, t>. L [Fr. ttter, to feel; It. tastare ; Norm. 
 
 taster, to touch, to try ; G. and D. tasten ; Dan. tasser. 
 
 The Dutch has toeLien, to touch, to try, to text ; Dan. 
 
 t(i4er and, to attack or assault. This shows that the 
 
 primary sense is to thrust or drive ; allied perhaps to 
 • dask; hence, to strike, to touch, to brini; one thing in 
 
 contact with another.] 
 
 1. To perceive by means of the tongue ; to have a 
 certain sensation in c*nise(iuence of something ap- 
 plied to the tongue, the organ of taste ; as, to taste 
 bread ; to taste wine ; to taste a swe't or an acid. 
 
 2. To try the relish of by the perception of the 
 organs of taste. 
 
 3. To try by eating n little ; or to eat a little. 
 
 Because I tastid a little of this hoccy. — 1 Sam. xiv. 
 
 4. To essay first. Dnjden. 
 
 5. To have pleasure from. Carew. 
 
 6. To experience ; to feel ; to undergo. 
 
 That he, by the grace of God, should taste death for CTCry man. 
 — Hrl). ii. 
 
 7. To relish intellectually ; to enjoy. 
 
 Thou, Adam, wilt uute DO pleasure. MUton, 
 
 8. To experience by shedding, as blood. 
 
 When Commodus had once tatud humau l>Iood, he became inca- 
 palile of pity or remorse. Gibbon. 
 
 TASTE, V. i. To try by the mouth ; to eat or drink ; 
 or to eat or drink a little only ; as, to taste of each 
 kind of wine. 
 
 2. To have a smack ; to excite a particular sensa- 
 tion, by which the quality or flavor is distinguished ; 
 as, butter tastes of garlic ; apfles boiled in a brass 
 kettle, stunetimes ta<te of brass. 
 
 3. To distinguish intellectually. 
 
 Scholars, when 5i>o<t sense describing, 
 
 C»dl it casting and imUbin*. Sim/t 
 
 4. To try the relish of any thing. Taste of the 
 fruits ; taste for yourself. 
 
 5. To be tinctured ; to have a particular qualitj' or 
 character. 
 
 Every idl», nice, and ft-anfon reason 
 Shall, to the king, msu of tins action. 
 
 Sbat. 
 
 6. To experience ; to have perception of. 
 
 Ttie valiant never taste of death but once. Shak, 
 
 7. To take to be enjoyed. 
 
 Of nature's bounty men forbore to tast£. WaUer. 
 8 To enjoy sparingly. 
 
 For age hut tasus of pleasures, youth devours. Dryden. 
 9. To have the experience or enjoyment of. 
 They who have tasted of Uie heavenly mft, and the good word 
 ol Uod. — Hcb. vi. 
 
 TASTE, n The act of tasting ; gustation. Milton. 
 2. A particular sensation excited in an animal by 
 
 the application of a substance to the tongue, the 
 proper organ ; as, the taste of an orange or an ap- 
 ple ; a hitter taste ; an acid ta-^tc ; a sweet tasl'-. 
 
 3. The sense by which we perceive the relish of a 
 thing. This sense appears to reside in the Iiuiguc 
 or its papilla-. Men have a great variety of taslis. 
 In the inlliieii/.a of 17W, the taste, for some days, 
 was entirely extinguished. 
 
 4. Iiitelluctuiil relish ; as, he had no taste of true 
 glory. Jiddison, 
 
 I have no lasts 
 Of pepular applanje. Dryden. 
 
 j\'ite, — In this use, the word is now followed by 
 fur. " lie had no Inste for glory." When followed 
 by of, the sense is ambiguous, or ratlier it denotes 
 experience, trial. 
 
 5. JiiilgnienI ; discernment; nice perception, or 
 the power of perceiving and relishing excellenci^ in 
 human performances ; the faculty of discerning 
 beauty, order, congruily, proportion, symmetry, or 
 whatever coii.<titutes excellence, particularly in thi; 
 fine arts and belles lettrcs. 7'a.vfe is not wholly the 
 gift of nature, nor wholly the effect of art. It de- 
 pends much on culture. We say, a good taste, or a 
 fine tiiste. Gerard. 
 
 6. Style; manner, with respect to what is pleas- 
 ing ; as, a poem or music composed in good taste. 
 
 C'le. 
 
 7. Essay ; trial ; experiment. [JVot in use.] Sluik. 
 
 8. A small poitimi given as a specimen. 
 
 9. A bit ; a little piece tasted or eaten. 
 II). A kind <d° narrow ribbon. 
 
 T.aST'ED, pp. Perceived by the organs of tasto ; e.\- 
 perienced. 
 
 T.^STE'FIJL, a. Having a high relish; savory; as, 
 tasteful herbs. Pope. 
 2. Having good t.iste. 
 
 TaSTE'FUL-LY, ado. With good taste. 
 
 TASTE'Fi;i,-NESS, n. The state of being tasteful. 
 
 TA.STE'LESS, a. Having no taste ; insipid ; as, taste- 
 less fruit. 
 
 2. Having no power of giving pleasure ; as, tatte- 
 less ainuseinents. 
 
 3. Ilitving no power to perceive taste. [J^ot used.] 
 
 4. Having no intellectual gust. [Little ttsrd.] 
 T.ASTl-yi.ICSS-l.V, ado. In a tasteless manner. 
 TaSTI'.' I.Ef^S-N ESS, ji. Want of taste or relish ; in- 
 sipidness : as, the tiistclessness of fruit. 
 
 2. Want of perception of taste. [A'ot in u-te.] 
 
 3. Want of intellectual relish. [JVuL in use.] 
 TaST'ER, n. One who tastes. 
 
 2. One who first tastes food or liquor. 
 
 Thy tutor be thy taster, e'er thou eat. Dryden. 
 
 3. A dram-cup. Jlinsviortlu 
 TaST'I-EY, adv. With good taste. 
 TaST'ING, ppr. Perceiving by the tongue. 
 
 2. Trying; experiencing; enjoying or sufTering. 
 TAST'liXG, n. The act of perceiving hy the tongue. 
 2. The sense by which we perceive or distinguish 
 
 savors ; or the perception of external objects through 
 
 the instrumentality of the tongue or organs of taste. 
 T.9S'T0 SO'tO, [It.] in miwic, denotes that the p.ns- 
 
 sage should be performed with no other chords than 
 
 unisons and octaves. 
 TaST'Y, o. Having a good taste, or nice perception 
 
 of excellence ; applied to persoits ; as, a tasty lady. 
 2. Being in conformity to the principles of good 
 
 taste ; elegant ; as, tastij furniture; a tastij dress. 
 TAT'TA, 71. In India, a bamboo frame or trellis over 
 
 which water is suffered to trickle, with a view of 
 
 ctMiling the air as it enters the windows or doors. 
 TAT'TER, r. t fCiu. Sax. toUeran ; compounded of 
 
 teraii, to tear, and the prefix to, or D. tod, Scot, dud, 
 
 a rag.] 
 
 To rend or tear into rags. [JVo« «t»«i acept in Uie 
 
 participle.] 
 
 TAT'TER, 11. A rag, or apart torn and hanging to 
 
 the thing ; chiefly used in the plural. Tatters. 
 TAT-TER-DE-.MAL'IO.\, (-de-inal'yun,) n. A rag- 
 ged fellow. VEstranire. 
 TAT'TER-ED, pp. or o. Rent; torn; hanging in 
 rags ; as, a tattered garment. 
 
 \Vh;Te waved the tattered ensigns of Rag-fair. Pope. 
 TAT'TLE, (tat'tl,) c. i. [D. tateren ; It. tattamrllare.] 
 J. To prate ; to talk idly ; to use many words with 
 little meaning. 
 
 Excuse it by the tattling quality of age, which is alwavs narra- 
 tive. Dryden. 
 
 2. T« tell talcs; to communicate secrets; as, a 
 tatilinir girl. 
 
 TAT'TLE, n. Prate ; idle talk or chat ; trifling talk. 
 
 They told the Bit's of die day. Swift. 
 
 TAT'TT.ER, n. One who tattles ; an idle talker ; one 
 that tells tales. 
 
 TAT'Tl.ER-Y, n. Idle tilk or chat. 
 
 TAT'TLl.NG, ppr. Talking idly ; telling tales. 
 2. n. Given to idle talk ; apt to tell tales. 
 
 TAT'TLI.\G-LY adr. In a tattling, telltale manner. 
 
 T.\ I'-TOO', n. [If this word was originally taptoo or 
 tapto, it is from the Fr. tapotcr, to beat ; tapotex tons, 
 beat, all of you ; from taper, Gr. ruirrw. Eng. tap.] 
 A beat of drum at night, giving notice to soldiers 
 
 to retreat, or to repair to their quarters in garrison, 
 
 or to their tenl-s in camp. Cijc. 
 
 TAT-TOO', r. (. In Uie South Sta isles, to prick the 
 f kin, and stain the punctured spots with a ctdoreil 
 fluid or substance, forming lint^s and figure.H U|ion 
 the body. In some isles, the inhabitants tattoo th« 
 face, in others, only the body. 'I'lie bamc practice 
 exists among other rude nations. 
 
 Barrow. Makeniie. 
 
 TAT-TOO', n. Figures on the body, made by punc- 
 tures and stains in lines and figures. 
 
 TAT-TOO'j!:D,(Uit-tood',) ora. Marked by stained 
 lilies anil figures on the body. 
 
 TAT-TOO'ING, ppr. Alarking with various figures 
 by stained lines. 
 
 TAT-TOO'I.NG, n. The operation or practice of prick- 
 ing the skin and staining the punctured spots with a 
 coloreil substance, so as to form lines and figures on 
 the body. /'. Ci/c. 
 
 TAL'Giri', (tawt,) a. [from the root of (i^Al.] Tight; 
 stretched ; not slack. Totten. 
 
 TAUGHT, (tawt,) pret. and pp. of Teach. [L. doe- 
 tus.] 
 
 Experience taught him wisdom. He has been 
 tnut^ht in the seluiol of experience. 
 TAUNT, a. Among *-fa7nc/i, a term signifying very 
 
 high or tall, as the masts of a ship. Totten. 
 TaL'AT, (tint,) V. t. [Ciu. Fr. (a/iccr, to rebuke or 
 
 o _ , ^ 
 
 chide ; W. tantiaw, to stretch"; or Pers. • 
 <au/>ni(/uu, to pierce with words.] 
 
 1. To rejiroach with severe or insulting words ; to 
 revile ; to upbraid. 
 
 Wlicn 1 had at my pleasure taunted her. Shak. 
 
 2. To exprobrate ; to censure. 
 
 Rait thou in Kulvia's phrase, and taant my faults. Shak. 
 
 TAUNT, n. Upbraiding words ; bitter or sarcastic re- 
 proach ; insulting invective. 
 
 With scofl's and scorns, and contumelious taunts. Shak. 
 With sacrilegious taunt and impious Jest. Prior. 
 
 TAUNT'ED, pp. Upbraided with sarcastic or severe 
 words. 
 
 TXUNT'ER, n. One who taunts, reproaches, or up- 
 braids, with sarcastic or censorious reflections. 
 
 TXUNT'ING, ppr.ota. Treating with severe reflec- 
 tions ; upbraiding. 
 
 TSUNT'ING-EY, adr. With bitter and sarcastic 
 words ; insiiltinglv ; scoflingly. 
 
 TAU-RI-eoRN'OUS,a. [\.,.taurus, a bull, and comu, 
 horn.] 
 
 Havins horns like a bull. Broien. 
 TAU'RI-FOR.M, a. [L. tuurus, a bull, and form.] 
 
 Having the form of a bull. Faber. 
 TAU'RI.XE, a. f L. (uuriis, a bull.] 
 
 1. Relating to a bull. 
 
 2. Relating to the Taurus Urus, the species to 
 which the common hull, or ox, and cow belong, 
 and for which there is no peculiar name in Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 TAU'RO-COL, n. A gluey substance made from a 
 
 bull's hide. 
 TAU'RdS, 71. [L. ; W. tarn,.] 
 
 1. The Bull ; one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, 
 and the second in order, or that next to Aries. 
 
 2. The I.innxan name of the species to which the 
 common bull, or ox, and cow belong, and for which 
 there is no peculiar name in English. 
 
 TAUT, a. Tight. [See Tauoht.] Totten. 
 
 TAU'TO-eilRONE, 7i. [Gr. rdvra and xpovm.] 
 
 A curve line of such property that a heavy body 
 descending along it by the action of gravity will al- 
 ways arrive at the lowest point in the same time, 
 wherever in the curve it may begin to fall. Brande. 
 
 TAU-TO(;', II. A fish found on the coast of New 
 England, (Labnis Americanos,) valued forfixxl ; also 
 called Blackfish. Storcr*s Mass. Rep. 
 
 TAU'TO-I.ITE, 71. A velvet-black mineral occurring 
 in volcanic, feldspathic rocks. 
 
 TAU-TO-LOG'ie, ( a. [See Tautolocv.] Re- 
 
 TAU-TO-LOG'ie-AL, ( peating the same thing ; 
 liaving the same signification ; as, a tautological ex- 
 pression or phrase. 
 
 Tautological echo ; an echo that repeats the same 
 sound or syllable many times. 
 
 TAU-TOI.'O-GIST, 71. One who uses different words 
 or phrases, in succession, to express the same sense. 
 
 TAU-TOL'O GIZE, c. i. To repeat the same thing 
 in different words. 
 
 TAU-TOL'O-GOUS, o. Tautological. DieishL 
 
 TAU-TOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. rnvTo\.yia; raira, the 
 same, and \oyof, word or expression.] 
 
 A repetition of the same meaning in difTerent 
 words ; needless repetition of a thing in dilferent 
 words or phrases ; or a representation of any thing 
 as the cause, condition, or consequence of itself, as 
 in the following lines. Cyc 
 
 The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers, 
 
 And heavily in clouds bnngs on the day. Adduon, 
 
 TAU-TO-PIION'ie-AL, a. Repeating the same 
 sound. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z j CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
TAX 
 
 TAU-TOPH'0-i\Y, (tau'-tof o-ne,) n. [Gr. rdi^ru, the 
 same, ami (iiMi/17, voice.] 
 
 Rc'ijeiiiioii of tlie same souml. 
 
 TAV'ERN, 11. [Fr. taocrAe; VV. tararn ; L. taberiia ; 
 lab, tlie root of table, a board, and Sa\. urn, place.] 
 
 Ahouse licensed to sell liquors in small quantities, 
 to be drank on the spot. In some of the United 
 States, tavern is synonymous with inn or liotct, and 
 denotes a house for the entertainment of travelers, 
 as well as for the sale of liquors, licensed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 TAV'ERN-ER, ) ji. One who keeps a tavern. 
 
 TAV'ERN-KEEP-ER, ( In the United States, one 
 who is licensed to sell liquors to be drank in liis 
 house, and to entertain tr.ivelers and lodgers, to- 
 gether with the liorses or oxen composing their 
 teams. Taververs are by law to be j)rovidr(I with 
 suitable beds fur their guests, and with f idikr for 
 horses and cattle. of Cunn.. 
 
 TAV'ERN-HaUNT-ER, n. [tavern a\n\ haunt.] One 
 who frequents taverns ; one who spends liis time 
 and substance in tippling in taverns. 
 
 TAV'ER.V-ING, n: A feastin); at taverns. Hall. 
 
 TAVERN-MAN, n. [tavern and man.] The keeper 
 of a tavern. [JVo« in iwe.] 
 2. A tippler. 
 
 TAW, V. t. [Sax. tawian ; D. touwen. In Sax. teaman 
 
 has the like signification. In Persic, 
 tauidan, is to scrape and currj' hides.] 
 
 To dress white leather ; to dress and prepare skins 
 in white, as the skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and 
 kids, for gloves and the like, by imbuing them with 
 alum, salt, and other mutters. Cyc. 
 
 TAW, n. A marble to be played with; a gnnie at 
 marbles. Swift. 
 
 TAW'DRI-I.Y, adv. In a tawdry manner. 
 
 TAW'DRI-NE?S, 71. [from tawdry.] Tinsel in dress ; 
 e.\cessive finery ; ostentatious finery without ele- 
 gance. 
 
 A clumsy pereon mnkcs his unj^ccfulness more niiffrnceful by 
 Jaiodniiess oi Unres. Kicliardson. 
 
 TAW'DRY, a. Very fine and showy in colors, with- 
 out taste or elegance ; having an excess of showy 
 ornaments without grace ; as, a tawdry dress ; taw- 
 dry feathers ; tawdry colors. 
 
 He Troin morning to ni^lit at 1 
 courtiers. 
 
 need fops and taiodry 
 SjiecUilor. 
 
 TAW'DRY, 71. A slight ornament. Drayton. 
 TAVV'£0, (tawd,) pp. or a. Dressed and made while, 
 as le.nthcr. 
 
 TAW'Ea, 71. A dresser of white leather. 
 
 TAW'EK-Y, n. A place wliere skins are tawed or 
 dyed with alum. Maunder. 
 
 TAWING, ppr. Dressing, as white leather. 
 
 TAW'I.MG, 71. The art and operation of preparing 
 skins, and forming them into white leather, by im- 
 buing thcni with alum, salt, and other matters. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TAW'NI-NESS, 71. The quality of being tawny. 
 
 TAW'NY, a. [Fr. tanne, from tanner, to tan.] 
 
 Of a yellowish-dark color, like things tanned, or 
 persons who are sunburnt ; as, a tawny Moor or Span- 
 iard ; the tawny sons of Numidia ; the tawny lion. 
 
 Jlddi.s-un. Milton. 
 
 TAX, 71. [Fr. tare ; Sp. tnsa ; It. tassa ; from L. tazo, 
 to tax. if from the Gr. Ta{if, rairo-i.i, the root was 
 (an-o, the sense of which was to set, to thrust on. 
 But this is doubtful. It may be allied to task.] 
 
 1. A rate or sum of money assessed on the person 
 or property of a citizen by government, for the use 
 of the natiim or state. Tuxes, in free governments, 
 are usually laid upon the property of citizens accord- 
 ing to their income, or the value of their estates. 
 Tuz is a term of general import, including almost 
 every species of imposition on persons or property 
 for supplying the public treasury, as toils, tribute, 
 subsidy, excise, impost, or customs. liut more gen- 
 erally, lax is limited to the sum laid upon polls, 
 lands, houses, horses, cattle, professions, and occu- 
 p.alions. So we speak of a land torn, a window tax, 
 u tax on carriages, &c. Taxes are annual or perpet- 
 ual. 
 
 2. A sum imposed on tlie persons and property of 
 citizens to defray the expenses of a corporation, so- 
 ciety, parish, or company ; as, a city tax, a county 
 tax, a parish tax, and the like. So a private associa- 
 tion in.ay lay a lax on its members for the use of the 
 association. 
 
 3. 'i'liat which is imposed ; a burden. The atten- 
 tion that he gives to public business is a heavy tax 
 on hia time. 
 
 4. Charge ; censure. Clarendon. 
 
 5. Task. 
 
 VAX, V. t. [L. tazo ! Fr. taziri It. tassare.] 
 
 1. To lay, impose, or assess upon citizens a certain 
 Slim of money or amount of property, to be paid to 
 the public tre.-uiury, or to the treasury of a corpora- 
 tion or company, to defray the cx|>ciise« of the gov- 
 ernment or coriHiration, &c. 
 
 We Br*? more lirnvily Inxed by our Idlonoai, pride, and fully, than 
 wc Rre tased by government. J-^nklin. 
 
 TEA 
 
 2 To load with a burden or burdens. 
 The iianator — never taxes our faitli beyond Uje obvious hounds 
 ol pruUibility. Sparka. 
 
 3. To assess, fix, or determine judiciallv, as the 
 amount of cost on actions in court j as, the court tax^ 
 es bills of cost. 
 
 4. To charge ; to censure ; to accuse ; usually fol- 
 lowed by witJt ; as, to tax a man with pride. He was 
 taj:cd with presumption. 
 
 Men's virtues 1 h;ive commended as freely as 1 have taxed their 
 crimes. Uri^din. 
 
 [To tax of a crime, is not in use, nor to tax fur. 
 
 Both are now improper.] 
 TAX-A 4!!L'I-TY, v. The state of being taxable. 
 TAX'A-IiEE, a. That may be taxed ; liable by law to 
 
 the assessment of taxes ; as, taxable estate. By the 
 
 laws of some States, polls are not (axaWe after the age 
 
 of seventy . 
 
 2. That may he legally charged by a court against 
 the [ilaintitr or defenilaiit in a suit ; as, taxable costs. 
 T.\X'A-BLE-NESS, 7!. The state of being taxable. 
 TAX'A-IiLY, adv. In a taxable manner. 
 TAX-.\''1'I< )N, 71. [Fr., from L. taxatio.] 
 
 1. A tiiving; the act of layinji a tax, or of impos- 
 ing taxi's on the subjects of a state, by government, 
 or on the members of a corporation or (•onipany by 
 tlic- iiioper authority. Taxation is probably the most 
 dilKcult subject of legislation. 
 
 2. Tax ; sum imposed. [Little used.] 
 
 He ihiily such f/ixations did exact. DanUl. 
 
 3. Charge ; accusation. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 4. The act of taxing or assessing a bill of cost. 
 TAX'ED, (takst,) pp. or a. Rated ; assessed ; ac- 
 cused. 
 
 TAX'ER, n. One who taxes. 
 
 2. In Cambridge, A'li^Iaiiii, the name of two officers 
 chosen \'early to see the true gauge of weights and 
 measures observed. [See Taxor.] Cyc. 
 
 TAX'I-;\.ReH, ji. [Gr. T-a^mpx'fS )■ ''"J'S') order, and 
 u/jX')J, chief.] 
 
 An Athenian military oflicer commanding a taxis 
 or baltalion. Mitford. 
 
 TAX'I-eOKNS, 71. pi. [L. tazus and comu.] 
 
 A family of coleopterous insects whose antennce 
 are larL'est at the apex. Curier. 
 
 TAX-I-DER'Mie, a. Belonging to the art of preparing 
 and preserving the skins of animals. 
 
 TAX'I-DER-.MLS'J', 71. A person skilled in preparing 
 and preserving the skins of animals, so as to repre- 
 sent their natural appearance. 
 
 TAX'I-DER-MY, n. [Gr. ra^is, order, and 6ep^La, 
 skin.] 
 
 The art of preparing and preserving the skins of 
 animals, for cabinets, so as to represent their natural 
 appearance. 
 
 TAX'ING, ppr. Imposing a tax ; assessing, as a bill 
 
 of cost ; accusing. 
 TAX'ING, n. The act of laying a tax: taxation. 
 
 Lake ii. 
 
 TA.X-ON'O-MY, 71. [Gr. raf if, order, and vo^ot, law.] 
 
 1. That department of natural history which treats 
 of the laws and principles of classificiUion. 
 
 2. The laws or principles themselves of classifica- 
 tion. 
 
 TAX'OR, 71. In the university of Cambridge, England, 
 an oflicer appointed to regulate the assize of bread, 
 t^lie true gauge of weights, &c. Ca77i. Col. 
 
 Tic.\, (tee,) 71. [Chinese, (cAa, or tAa. Orosier. Kuss. 
 tskai ; Sp. te ; It. ti ; Fr. the.] 
 
 1. The leaves of the tea-tree as dried and import- 
 ed. There are several kinds of tea ; as inijierial tea, 
 hyson and young hyson, called green teas ,■ souchong 
 and boliea, called black teas, &c. 
 
 2. A decoction or infusion of tea-leaves in boiling 
 water. Tea is a refreshing beverage. 
 
 3. Any infusion or decoction of vegetables; !is, 
 sage tea ; chamomile tea, &.c. 
 
 TkA, i>. !. To take or drink tea. Halliieell. 
 _ [ Various dialects of England.] - 
 
 Ti;A'-liOARD, 71. [tea and board.] A board to put 
 tea furniture on. 
 
 TkA'-CAN-IS-TER, 71. [tea and canister.] A canis- 
 ter or box in which tea is ke|)t. 
 
 TEA'-CUP, n. [tea and cii/i.J A small cup in which 
 tea is dj;ank. 
 
 Tk.'\'-I)1';AI,-ER, 71. A merchant who sells teas. 
 TkA'-L)RINK-ER, 71. [lea and drinker.] One who 
 
 drinks much tea. 
 TkA'-J'LANT, 71. The tca-shrnb. Camellia Thea. 
 TkA'-POT, n. [tea and pot.] A vessel with n spoilt 
 
 in which tea is made, and from w hich it is poured 
 
 into lea-cups. 
 
 TP.A'-SAU-CER, n. [tea and saucer.] A small sau- 
 cer in which a tea-cup is sot. 
 
 TlcA'-SPOON, n. [lea and spoon.] A small spoon 
 used in (Irmkiiig tea and coffee. 
 
 TlCA'-TA-BEE, 71. (fra and triWc] A table on which 
 tea-fiiriiitnre is set, or at which tea is drank. 
 
 Tl~;A'-TKEIO, 71. [tea and tree.] The shrub or plant, 
 Camellia Thoa, that produces tho leaves which are 
 imported and ralli il Ira. It is a native of China, 
 Japan, and Tompiin, but has recently been intro- 
 duced into South America. Kncyc. 
 
 TEA 
 
 TkA'-URN, 71. A vessel in the form of a vase, for 
 supplying heated water for tea. 
 
 Kncyc, of Dom. Econ. 
 
 TeACH, (teech,) v. t. ; pret. and pp. Tau<;ht. [Sax. 
 tiBcan, to teach, and to tuke ; L. doceo ; Ir. drachtaini, 
 to teach, to dictate ; Gaelic, £/caf/i(/(im, which seems 
 to be the L. dico, dicto, and both these and the Gr. 
 lUiKw, to show, may be of one family ; all implying 
 sending, passing, communicating, or rather leading, 
 drawing.] 
 
 1. To instruct; to inform; to communicate to an- 
 other the knowledge of that of which he was before 
 ignorant. 
 
 rill Widk in his paths. — 
 taught his disciples. — 
 
 He wHl teach us of his ways, and we ■ 
 
 Lonl, ttach us to pray, as John alsi 
 Luke IX. 
 
 2. To deliver any doctrine, art, principles, or 
 words for instruction. One sect of ancient philoso- 
 phers taught the doctrines of stoicism, another those 
 of epicureanism. 
 
 In vahi Ihfy worship me, teaching for doctrines the command- 
 Hunts of men. — M.ilt. xv. 
 
 3. To tell ; to give intelligence. Tusser. 
 
 4. To instruct, or to practice the business of an in- 
 structor ; to use or follow the employment of a pre- 
 ceptor ; as, a man teachr.^ school tor a livelihood 
 
 5. To show ; to exhibit so as to impress on the 
 mind. 
 
 1( some men teach wicked thina^s, it must be that others may 
 practice Iheni. .S'oul/i. 
 
 6. To accustom ; to make familiar. 
 
 They have laught their tongue to speak lies. — Jer. ix. 
 
 7. To inform or admonish ; to give previous no- 
 tice to. 
 
 For he taught his disciples, and said. — Mark ix. 
 
 8. To suggest to the mind. 
 
 For Ilie Holy Spirit shall tetifh you in that same hour what yc 
 ought to say. — Luke Mi. 
 
 9. To signify or give notice. 
 
 He teachelh with his fingers. — Prov. vi. 
 
 10. To counsel and direct. Ilab. ii. 
 
 Te.'VCH, v. i. To jiractice giving instruction ; to per- 
 form the business of a preceptor. 
 
 The heads thereof jud^e for reward, ami the priests thereof teach 
 for hire. — Micih iii. 
 
 TEACH, n. [Ir. and Gaelic, leagham, to heat.] 
 In sugar worlis, the last boiler. 
 
 Edwards, W. Ind. 
 TeACH'A-BLE, (teech'a-bl,) a. That may be taught ; 
 apt to learn ; also, readily receiving instruction ; do- 
 cile. 
 
 Wc ouirht to bring our minds free, unbiased, and teachoite, to 
 learn our religion from tlie word o'. God. trail*. 
 
 TEACH'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being ca- 
 pable of receiving instruction ; more generally, a will- 
 ingness or readiness to be informed and instructed ; 
 docility ; aptness to learn. 
 
 TeACH'ER, 71. One who teaches or instructs. 
 
 2. An instructor ; a preceptor ; a tutor ; one whose 
 business or occupation is to instruct others. 
 
 3. One who instructs others in religitm ; a preach- 
 er ; a minister of the gospel. 
 
 The teach^rg in all the churches assembled themselves. JRa/egh. 
 
 4. One who preaches without regular ordination. 
 
 SwifL 
 
 Th.-VCII'ING, ppr. Instructing ; informing. 
 TeACH'ING, 71. The act or business of instructing. 
 
 2. Instruction. 
 TEACH'LESS, a. Unteachable ; indocile Shelley. 
 
 T|A^.j7i. [L.f..a.] 
 
 A torch ; a flambeau. [JVui in use.] Spniser. 
 TeAGUE, (teeg,) 71. An Irishman ; in contempt. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Teak, ) n. A tree of the East Indies, which fiir- 
 
 TEEK, i nishes an abundance of ship timber. It is 
 the tectonia giandis. 
 
 TeAE, (teel,) n. [D. txiling.] 
 
 A web-fciotcd water-fowl, nearly allied to the 
 common duck, but smaller. The common teal is 
 the Bosch.as (Anas, Linn.) crecca. Smainson. 
 
 Team, (teem,) n. [Sax. team, oflspring, progeny, 
 race of descendants, hence a suit or long series ; ty- 
 man, to teem, to bear, to bring forth, also to call, to 
 siiinmon. The ))riinary sense is to shoot out or ex- 
 tend.] 
 
 1. Two or more horses, oxen, or other beasts har- 
 nessed together to the same vehicle for drawing, as 
 to a coach, chariot, wagon, cart, sled, sleigh, and 
 tho like. It has been a great qiiestiiui whelher 
 teams of horses or oxen are most advantageously ein- 
 plnycil in agriculture. In land free from stones and 
 stumps, and of easy tillage, it is generally agreed 
 that horses are preferable for teams. 
 
 2. Any number passing in u line ; a long line. 
 I.iku a long tiam of snowy swans on hij^h. Vryden. 
 
 [ This is the primary .icnse, but is rarely used.] 
 Tr;AM'STER, 71. [(cam and ster.] One who drives a 
 team. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WUyi' — METE, I'KBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 1132 
 
TEA 
 
 TED 
 
 TEl 
 
 TkAM'-WOKK, (Ifcm'wiirk,) m. {tram and wort.] 
 \V<irk (lone by u team, as distiiigiiisliviJ from per- 
 sonal labor. AVu) Kn-'lanU. 
 
 Tk.VR, (leer,) ii. [Gaelic, dear, dear: Uolh. (u^t, 
 contracted in Sax. (cur ; G. idlire ; S\v. tar : Dan. 
 taare; W-daiffi/r; Gt. 6aKpv j from flowing or pour- 
 ing forth i Ar. oLj tauka, to burst forth, as tears. 
 
 or Oi^ vaJaka, to drop or distil. See Class Dg, 
 
 No. 16, 24, 48, fi3.] 
 
 1. Tears are the limpid fluid secreted by the laery- 
 mal gland, and appi arins in the eyes, or llowin^ 
 from them. A tra', in the singular, is a drop or a 
 small quantity of tliat fluid. Tears are exrited by 
 passions, particularly by Rrief. This fluid is also 
 called forth by any injury done to the eye. It serves 
 to moisten the cornea and preserve its transparency, 
 and to remove any dust or fine substance thai enters 
 the eye and gives pain. 
 
 2. Something in tlie form of a transparent drop of 
 fluid matter. 
 
 TEAR, (lire,) v. t ; prcL Tore ; pp. Tobji ; old prct. 
 Tare, obs. [Sax. taran, to tear ; tiran, t\tran, tijriatiy 
 ti/ri^raii, to fret, gnaw, provoke ; Russ. dera, to tear. 
 In Sw. tdra is to fret, consume, waste ; Dan. tierer, 
 id. ; D. terren, G. lehren, id. These are probably the 
 same word varied in signification, and they coincide 
 with L. trro, Gt. rtimo. In VV. tori. Arm. torri. 
 Corn, trrhi, is to break; Ch. and Syr. Vm, to tear, 
 to rend. Class Dr, No. 42, 51.] 
 
 1. To separate by violence or pulling; to rend ; to 
 lacerate ; as, to tear cloth ; to tear a garment ; to tear 
 the skin or tiesh. We use tear and rip in difl'crent 
 senses. To ffar is to rend or separate the triture of 
 cloth ; to rip is to open a seam, to separate parts 
 sewed together. 
 
 2. To wound ; to lacerate. 
 
 The wonvm beat Ihctr breasts, their checks they tear, ShaJe. 
 
 3. To rend ; to break ; to form fissures by any vio- 
 lence ; a?*, torrents tear the ground. Dryden. 
 
 4. To divide by violent measures ; to shatter ; to 
 rend ; as, a state or government lorn by factions. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 5. To pull with violence ; as, to tear the hair. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 6. To remove by violence ; to break up. 
 
 Or oil rou^h seas tmn their foundation torn, Dryden. 
 
 7. To make a violent rent. 
 
 In the niiilst, a tearing groan diU break 
 
 TIte naine of Aulouy. Shnk. 
 
 To tear from ; to separate and take away by force ; 
 03, an isle torn from its possessor. 
 
 Tlie hand of fato 
 Has torn thee/rom me. Addison. 
 
 To tear off; to pull ofl" by violence ; to strip. 
 To tear out ; to pull or draw out by violence ; as, 
 to tear out the eyes. 
 
 To tear up ; to rip up ; to remove from a fixed suite 
 by violence ; as, to tear up a floor ; to tear up the 
 foundations of government or order. 
 TK.\R, (tare,) v. i. To rave; to rage; to rant; to 
 move and act with turbulent violence ; as a mad 
 bull. E^tran<re, 
 TEAR, (tare,) n. A rent ; a fissure. [Liltte u.^ed.'] 
 TEAR'ER, n. One who tears or rends any Ihing. 
 
 2. One that niges or raves with violence. 
 TEAR'-FALL-ING, (tcer'fawl-,) a. [(ear and /a//.] 
 Shedding tears ; tender ; as, tear-falling pity. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Te.\R'-FILL-£D, (tcer'fild,) o. Filled with tears. 
 
 Fraser. 
 
 TE.^R'PrL, (teer'-,) a. [tear and fait.] Abounding 
 with tears; weeping; shedding tears; as, tearful 
 eyes. S/iak. 
 
 TEaR'ING, (tare'-,) ppr. [from (car, to rend.] Rend- 
 ing; pulling apart ; laccrHling : violent; raging. 
 
 TeAR'LESS, (leer'-,) a. Shedding no tears ; without 
 te.ars ; unfeeling. Sandijs. 
 
 Tli.^SE, (tee/.e,) v. t. [Sax. («.«an, to pull or tear.] 
 
 1. To comb or card, as wool or rta.\. 
 
 2. To scratch, as cloth in dressing, for the purpose 
 of raising a nap. 
 
 3. To vex with imporlunity or impertinence ; to 
 harass, annoy, disturb, or irrit.ite, by felly reipiests, 
 or by jests and raillery. Parents are often teased by 
 their children into unreasonable compliances. 
 
 My friends teaje me about him, tycause he has no estate. 
 
 Hyectalor. 
 
 Ti>AS'£D, (_teezd,) pp. Carded. 
 
 a. Vexed ; irritated ; annoyed. 
 TEA'S£1>, (tee'zl,) n. [Sax. Lrsl] 
 
 1. .V plant of the genus Dipsacus, one kind of 
 
 which hears a large bur, which is used for raising a 
 
 nap on wtmlen cloth. Hence, 
 
 _ 2. The bur of the plant. 
 TE.\'SKL. ». L To cut and gather teasels. 
 TE.\ SKLrF.R, n. One who uses the teasel for raising 
 
 a nap on cloth. Krlham. 
 
 TEA'?KI.-ING, ppr. Galheriiig teasels ; as a noun, 
 
 ilie cutting and galherins of li-asels. 
 TE ASS'KR, (leez't r,) n. One that teases or vexes. 
 Tf;AS'I.N'(i, ppr. Combing; carding; scratrliiiig for 
 
 the purpose of raising a nap ; vexing with inipor- 
 
 Uinily. 
 
 Tk.\T, j 71. [Sax. (i(, (I'U, as it is usu.allv pronounced 
 TIT, j to this day; G. idie ; 1). (r(; VV. titli: 
 Corn. (1(1 ; Ir. did ; liasqiie, (ida ; G.aclic, did: I"r. 
 letoii, breast, It. tetta ; I'oit. and Sp. trta : Gr. rirS is. 
 It coincides with tontli, teeth, in elements, and radi- 
 cal sen.sc, which is a shoot.] 
 
 The projecting part of the female breast ; the dug 
 of a bea.st ; the pap of a woman ; the nipiile. It 
 consists of an elastic erectile siihslance, eiiiliraciiig 
 the lactiferous ducts, w liieli tertninate on its surface, 
 and thus serves to convey milk to the young of ani- 
 nials. 
 
 Tf, ATIIE, »i. The soil, manure, or fertility, left on 
 
 lands bv feeding them. [Local.] 
 Tl-.ATIIE, t>. t. To feed and enrich by live stock. 
 
 [Locnl.]^ 
 
 Ti;A'Zl,r,, n. Teasel, which see. P. Cije. 
 
 TEl'iri-LY, ade. [from tcrliii, so written for Touchy.] 
 
 Peevishly ; fretfully ; frowardly. 
 TECIl'I-.NESS, II. Peevishness; fretfulness. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 TRCirNie, ) a. [h.teehnicus ;Gr.TC\viKii,{{otn 
 TEeir.NlC-AI., i Ti\i'ti, art, artilicc, from rtux-.i, 
 
 to fabricate, make, or prepare. This word and 
 
 Tuo-fff i have the same elements.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to art or the arts. A teelmienl word 
 is a word that belongs properly or exclusively to an 
 art ; as the verb to smelt belongs to metallurgy. So 
 we say, trcknical phras(!S, trchnical language. Every 
 artificer has his trclinical terms. 
 
 2. belonging to a parlicular profession ; as, the 
 words of an indictment must be technical. 
 
 Blackstone, Index. 
 
 It is of the utmost lmport.anw clearly to understand the fecftni- 
 cat urms used by the Iwstcrn theoloifiaiis. Pro/. Lee. 
 
 TECH'Nie-.AL-LY, adv. In a technical manner ; ac- 
 cording to the signification of terms of art or the 
 professions. 
 
 TEeirNie-.\L-i\ESS, l «. The quality or state of 
 
 TECH-Nie-AL'I-TV, j being technical or peculiar 
 to the arts. Forster. 
 
 TECH'NieS, 71. The doctrine of arts in general; 
 such branches of learning as respect the arts. 
 
 TECII-NO-LOG'ie-AL, a. [See Tf hnology.] Per- 
 taining to technology. Bcddoe.i. Touke. 
 2. Pertaining to the arts ; dLS,Uchnolo!rical institutes. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 
 TEeH-N'0L'0-GIST,7i. One who discourses or treats 
 of arts, or of the terms of art. 
 
 TEeil-XOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. tcxvi, art, and Xoyo;, 
 word or discourse.] 
 
 1. A description of arts ; or a treatise on the arts. 
 
 2. An explanation of Ihe terms of the arts. 
 
 Crabbe. 
 
 TECH'Y, a. [So written for Touchy.] Peevish ; fret- 
 ful ; irritable. [.More correctly Tout hy.] Shnk. 
 
 TEe-TI-BRANeil'I-ATE, o. or 7t. [L. tego, tectum, 
 and brauchitr.] 
 
 A term denoting an order of gastropodous mol- 
 lusks, having the hranchiiE or gills covered more or 
 less hy the mantle, which almost always contains in 
 its thickness a small shell. Cucicr. 
 
 TEe-TO.N'ie, a. [Gr. tcktuviko!, from tlvx<j>, to 
 fabricate.] 
 
 Pertaining to building. Bai!e^|. 
 
 TEC'TRI-CE-S, 71. pi. [from L. tego, tectum.] The 
 feathers of a bird which cover the quill feathers and 
 other parts of the wing; the coverts. Brande. 
 
 TEl), V. £. [W. tei and tti, {tetA,) a spread ; teda, to 
 distend.] 
 
 Among farmers, to spread ; to turn new mowed 
 grass from the swath, and scatter it for drying. [Lo- 
 cal.] Mortimer. MiUon. 
 
 TEU'DED, pp. or a. Spread from the swaili ; as, 
 tedded crass. .Milton. 
 
 TED'DER, It. [W. firf, a chain ; Ir. tead, tcidin ; 
 Gaelic, tcad, teidia, tend, a chain, cord, or rope ; Sw. 
 tiuder; prob.ibly from extending. See Ted.] 
 
 1. A rope or chain by which an animal is tied that 
 he may feed on the ground to the extent of the rope 
 and no further. Hence the popular saying, a person 
 has gone to the length of his tedder, 
 
 2. That by which one is restrained. Child. 
 TED'DER, v.'t To tie with n tedder ; to permit to 
 
 feed to the length of a rope or chain. 
 2. To restrain to certain limits. 
 
 TED'DER-i;D, pp. Tied with a tedder ; restrained to 
 certain limits. 
 
 TED'ni.N'O, ppr. Spreading from the swath. 
 
 7'A' DE'UM, n. [L.] A hymn to be sung in churches 
 or on occasions of joy ; so called from the first words, 
 '* Te Drum laudamiu-t," thee, God, we praise. 
 
 TE'DI-OUS, a. fSp. and IL tedioso, from (crfio, L. 
 tadium : probably connected with VV. ted, tedder, 
 from the sense of drawing out.) 
 
 I. Wearisome ; tiresome from continuance, pro- 
 lixity, or slowness which causes prolixity. We say. 
 
 a man is tedinus in relating a story ; a mini'ter ll 
 tediiiits in 111" sermon. We say also, n disrcnirse h 
 tedious, when it wearies by its leiiglli or dullness. 
 2. Slow ; as, a tedious course. llarte. 
 
 TE'DI-Ol'S-LY, ade. In such a manner as to wi'ary. 
 
 TE'DI OUS-NESS, n. Wearisoiiieiiess by length of 
 continuance or by prolixity ; as, the tedioumess of an 
 oration or argument 
 
 2. Prolixity ; length. Shak. 
 
 3. Tiresomeness ; quality of wearying ; as, the 
 tediousness of delay. 
 
 4. Slowness that wearies. 
 TE'DI-U.M, 71. [L. Uedium.] 
 
 Irksoiiieness ; wearisomencss. Coteper, 
 TE'ni-U.M-STRICK-£.\, a. Struck with irksome- 
 
 ness. F.d. Rev. 
 
 TEE.M, r. i. [Pax. tyman, to bring forth, to bear; 
 (cam, offspring ; also, tijman, teaman, to call, to sum- 
 ii. -n ; I). Uemon, to whine, to cant, tliat is, to throw.] 
 
 1. To bring forth, as young. 
 
 If she must teem. 
 Create her child of spU>eii. Shak. 
 
 9. To be pregnant ; to conceive ; to engender 
 young. 
 
 Teeming buds and cheerful preiis appear. Dryden. 
 
 3. To be full ; to be charged ; as a breeding ani- 
 mal ; to be prolific. Every head teems with politics. 
 
 Adduion. 
 
 4. To bring forth ; to produce, particularly in abun- 
 dance. The earth teems with fruits ; the sea ttcnu 
 with fishes. 
 
 TEE.M, V. L To produce ; to bring forth. 
 
 What's the newest grief f 
 E.-tch minute teeme a new one, Sftak. 
 
 [This transitive sense is nut common.] 
 
 2. To pour. [JVo( 111 ii.-r.] Swift 
 TEE.M'ER, 11. One that brings forth young. 
 TEE.\rF!,'I., a. Pregnant ; prolific. 
 
 2. Rriinful. AitimortA, 
 TEE.M'ING, ppr. or a. Producing }'Oung ; fruitful ; 
 prolific. 
 
 TEE.M'LESS, a. Not fruitful or prolific ; barren j ai, 
 
 the teemless earth. Dryden* 
 TEEN, 71. [Infra.] Grief ; sorrow. [.Vo( in «i.sc.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 TEEN, V. t. [Sax. teonan, tynan, to irritate.] 
 To excite ; to provoke. [A"</( in use.] 
 
 TEENS, 71. pi. [from (crn, ten.] The years of one's 
 age having the termination teen. These years begin 
 with thirteen, and end with 7iinc(ccn. Miss is in her 
 teens. 
 
 TEE'TER, V. i. or v. U To ride on the ends of a bal- 
 anced plank, &c., as chililren do for sport [This 
 Word, which is common in America, is the same as 
 Titer, a provincial word in England. See UoUo- 
 way.] 
 
 TEETII, 71. : pi. of Tooth, which see 
 
 In tlie tccUi ; directly ; in direct opposition ; in 
 front 
 
 Nor strive with all the tempest in my tetth. Pop«. 
 TEETH, r. i. [from the noun.] To breed teeth. 
 TEETH'ING, ppr. Breeding teeth; undergoing den- 
 tition. 
 
 TEETH'I.NG, ti. The operation or process of the first 
 growth of teeth, or the process liy which they make 
 tlieir way through the gums, called Demtitioh. 
 
 TEE-TO'TAL-EK. 71. One pledged to entire absti- 
 nence from all intoxicating drinks ; a cant word 
 formed in England, from the initial letter of temper- 
 ance and the adjective totoL Hence, Teetotalism 
 and Tef,tota[_ 
 
 TEE-'ro''rU.M, 71. A child's toy somewhat resem- 
 bling a top, and twirled by the fingers. Dickens. 
 
 TEG'.MEN, 71. ; pJ. Teg'mi-na. [L.J A tegument or 
 covering. Brande. 
 
 TEG'l^L AR, a. [L. tegula, a tile, from ff^o, to cover 
 or make close.] 
 
 Pertaining to a tile ; resembling a tile ; consisting 
 of tiles. 
 
 TEG'U-LAR-LY, adv. In the manner of tiles on a 
 roof. Kinean, 
 
 TEG'(;-ME.\T, fi. [L. tegumentum, from Ugo, to 
 cover.] 
 
 A cover or covering ; seldom used except in refer- 
 ence to the covering of a living body. [See I.nteo- 
 ument.J 
 
 TEG-U-MENT'A-RY, a. Pertaining to teguments, or 
 
 consisting of teguments. 
 TE-IIEE' ; a sound made in laughing. 
 TB-HEE', r. i. To laugh. [A cant icord.'l 
 
 TElb-TREE,! [I- Ir.fcJc] 
 
 The lime-tree, otherwise called the Li:<Dst<. 
 
 TEI.N DS, 71. pi. In Scotland, tithes. 
 
 TEI.N'O-SeOPE, n. [Gr. rnnu and ir/torns.] An in- 
 strument called also the Prism Telescofe, formed 
 by combining prisms so that the chromatic aberra- 
 tion of the light is corrected, and the linear dimen- 
 sions of objects seen through them increased or 
 diminished. Brande. 
 
 TEINT, (lint,) n. [Ft. teint, from teindre, L. «i«^o, to 
 dye.] 
 
 Color; tinge. [See Tiht.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SII ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 142* 
 
 QQQQ' 
 
 1133 
 
TEL 
 
 TEL 
 
 1 
 
 TEL-A-Mo'Nf.S, 71. pi. [L., Gr.] Figures of nun 
 
 supporting entablatures, as caryatides of women. 
 TEL'A-RY, a. [L. (f/a, a web.]' 
 
 1. Pertaining to a wet'. 
 
 2. Spinning webs; as, a tdanj spider. [Little 
 used,] Brown. 
 
 TEL'E-GRAPH, (tel'e-graf,) n. [Gr. rr/Xt, at a dU- 
 tance, and j oa^ i, to writi'.] 
 
 .\ machine for communicalin? intelligence from a 
 distance by various signals or movements previously 
 agreed on ; wliich signals represent letters, words, 
 or ideas which can be transmitted from one station 
 to another, as far as tlie signals can be seen. This 
 macliine was invented by the French about the year 
 1793 or 1794, and is now adopted bv other nations. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 Efe^tro-mairjicfic tde^rapk : an instrument or ap- 
 paratus for comniunicatinc words or language to a 
 distance by the use of electricity. [See Electro- 
 Magnetic Telegraph.] 
 TEL'E-GIiAPH, v. U To convey or announce by tel- 
 egraph. 
 
 TEL-E-GRAPH'ie, a. Pertaining to the telegraph ; 
 made by a telegraph ; as, tdc^^rupkic movements or 
 signals ; trlr^mphic arL 
 
 a. Communicated by a telegraph ; as, telegraphic 
 intelligence. 
 
 TEL-E-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY, adv. Bv the telegraph. 
 
 TEIj-EG'RA-PHV, ?i. The an or practice of commu- 
 nicating intelliixence bv a telrgrajih. 
 
 TE-LE-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertain-ng to teleology. 
 
 TE-LK OL'O-CY, n. [Gr. rcXoi, end, and Auj i/j, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 The science of the final causes of thinss. 
 TE-LE-O-SAU'RUS, n. [Gr. rtAa.-s, perfect, com- 
 plete, and &.ivna^ a lizard.] 
 
 A genus of fossil saurians, with long and narrow 
 snouts. Hi. HUaire, 
 
 [Sometimes written Teleosauu.] 
 TEL-E-PHO.\'ie, a. [Gr. Tr,Xc and fiMr,.'] 
 
 Far sounding ; that propels sound a great distance. 
 TEL'E-SeOPE, n. [Fr., from Gr. rt V .s, end, or Tr,>-t, 
 at a distance, probably the latter, and aKu-e:^', to see ; 
 ft. and Sp. tdesctipio.] 
 
 An optical instrument employed in viewing distant 
 olijects, as liie lieavenly bodies. It assists the eye 
 chiefly in two ways ; first, by eniarging the visual 
 angle under which a distant object is seen, and thus 
 magnifying lliat object ; and secondly, by collecting 
 and conveying to the eye a larger beam of light than 
 would enter the naked organ, and thus rendering 
 objects distinct and visible which would otherwise 
 be indistinct tir invisible. Its essential parts are the 
 ofe/ccNWrt-;.?, or conc.nve mirror, whicl: collects the 
 beam of light, and forms an image of the object, and 
 the cije-glass, which is a microscope, by which t:ie 
 image is magnified. 
 
 R'fiectini; telescope ; a telescope in which the image 
 is formed by a concave speculum, instead of an ob- 
 ject-glass. 
 
 Refracting telescope ; a telescope in wliich the im- 
 age is formed liy an object-glass. 
 
 Galilean telescope; a refracting telescope in which 
 the eye-glass is a concave instead of a convex lens. 
 This was the construction originally adopted by Gal- 
 ileo, the inventor of the instrument. 
 
 Gretrorian telescope ; a rrfiecting telescope of the 
 form invented by James Gregory, of Edinburgh, in 
 which two concave mirrors are combined. It has, 
 for the most part, given place to the llerschelian tel- 
 escope. 
 
 Hcrselielian telescope ; a reflecting telescope of the 
 form invented by Sir William Herschel, in which 
 only one speculum is employed, by means of which 
 an image of the objrxt is formed near one side of the 
 op»n end of the tube, and to this the eye-glass is ap- 
 plied directly. 
 
 J\''cwUmian telescope; a reflecting telescope of tli;; 
 form invented by Sir Is,->ac .S'cwton, in which, by 
 means of a plane mirror, the imag'; is reflected to the 
 eye through one side of the tube, where it is viewed 
 by the eve-glass. Olmsteil. 
 
 TEL'IvSt'OPE-SIIF-LL, n. In concAo/og-y, a s|Hcies 
 of Turbo with plane, striat'-d, and numerous spires. 
 
 TEI^E-.-'eoP'ie, \a. Pertaining to a telescope ; 
 
 TEL-E-St OP'IC-AL, i performed by a tele.scope ; 
 as, a Irlf^ieopic view. 
 
 Q. Kein or discoverable only by a telescope; as, 
 telrgr.oftir stars. 
 
 TEI,-E SCDP'IC-AI, I,V, adv. liy the tclcscopR. 
 
 TIM-K'SI A, n. Sai)|ihirc. U-t. 
 
 TEI.'ESM, n. [Ar.J A kind of amulet or magical 
 charm. (Jrc'rortt. 
 
 TEI, ES-MAT'ie, Ja. Pert.iiiiiiig to telesms ; 
 
 TEL-ES-MAT'lC-AI,, ( magical. Orezorij. 
 
 TE-LES'TieH, (tc lcB'tik,) n. [Gr. rtUf, end, and 
 (rrivot, n verdc.J 
 
 A poem in which the final letters of the lines 
 maki' a name. I'uhs. Tmns. H. Jonson, 
 
 TEI/IC, 0. [Gr. TiXnf, end.) Deiiotrne the final end 
 or purpose. Thim iia, oti.k, dr., when tran'l.ited 
 " in order that,'* are said lo be tthr^ as di.^tingtilshed 
 from their ecbatic use, when they denote •' no IliaU" 
 
 Gililis. 
 
 TELL, r. t. : jirct. and pp. Told. [Sax. tellnu : G. zalt- 
 Icu ; D. tcUeit, to count, number, i r tell ; Uan. C(/?/cr, 
 to count; talr,r,Ui talk, speak, reason; Sw. tala, to 
 speak, to talk -.'tal, talk, discourse, speech, number; 
 Dan. tale, Ice. tala, id. Tile primary sense is, to throw- 
 
 er drive, L. telum, At. dalla. Class Dl, No. 6. 
 
 So L. appelli) and peal, L. pello, Gr. /jfaXAu.] 
 
 1. To utter; to express in words; to communicate 
 to others. 
 
 1 will not e.-xl till I have toid my emnd. — Gen. xxiv, 
 9. To relate ; to narrate ; to rehearse iiarticiilars ; 
 as, to tell a story. Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 AnJ iii't ,1 niiin appears lo tell their f.xle. Pope. 
 
 3. To teach ; lo iufiirm ; to make known ; to show 
 by words. Tell us the way. 
 
 Why diilst Ihoii not tell me thai she was thy wife? — Gen. xii. 
 
 4. To discover; to disclose ; to betray. 
 
 Tli<"y will teU it to the inhabilaiits of tliis land. — Num. xiv. 
 
 5. To count ; to number. 
 
 Look now toward heaven, and UU the stare. — Gen- xv. 
 C. To relate in confession ; to confess or acknowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Tell mc now what thon hast done. — Josli. viL 
 
 7. To publish. 
 
 Tell it r.ot hi Galh. — 2 Sam. i. 
 
 8. To unfold ; to interpret ; to explain. Eirk. 
 XX iv. 
 
 9. To make excuses. 
 
 Tush, neTer leU me. [Not elegant.] Shak. 
 
 10. To make known. 
 
 Our feeliiii^ leU us how long they ou|:ht tc have submitted. 
 
 Junius. 
 
 11. To discover; to find ; to discern. The colors 
 are so blended that I can not tell where one ends and 
 the other begins. 
 
 To trll off: to count ; to divide. W. Scott. 
 
 Tell, though eipiivalent, in some respects, to speak 
 and say, Jias not always the same application. VVe 
 say, to tell this, that, or what, to tell a story, to tell a 
 w'ord, to tell truth or falsehood, to tell a number, to 
 tell the reasons, to f-H something or nothing; but we 
 never .say, to tell a speech, discourse, or oration, or to 
 tell an argument or a lesson. It is much used in com- 
 mands. Trll me the whole story ; tell me all you 
 know, or all that was said. Tell has fretpiently the 
 sense of narrate, which .<^eak and say have not. 
 TELL, V. u To give an account; to make report. 
 
 That I may poblbll w ith the voice of th inl;s Jiviii J, and teli of jjl 
 thy \\ oudrous works. — Ps. xxvi. 
 
 2. To take eflect ; as, every shot tclU 
 
 :i. To produce some elfcct ; as, every expression 
 tdls. 
 
 To tell of, ) to inform. You must not disobey; I 
 To tell on ; \ will tell o/you if you do. 
 This is a common popular use of the word. To 
 tell on, is quite vulgar, as well as impropt r. 
 TELL'ER, n. One that tells, relates, or communi- 
 cates, the knowledge of something. 
 
 2. One who numbers. 
 
 3. In tlie eicliei/ucr of England, there are four i^ffi- 
 cers called tellers, w^hose business is to receive all 
 moneys tlue to tlie crown, and throw down a bill 
 through a pipe into the tally-court, where it is re- 
 ceived by the auditor's clerks, who write the words 
 of the bill on a tally, and deliver it to be entered by 
 the clerk of the pell. The tally is then split by the 
 two deputy chamberlains, who have their seals, and 
 while tile senior deputy reads the one part, the junior 
 examines the other with the other two clerks. Cyc. 
 
 [This word is supposed to be from tally, being in 
 ancient records written Tallieb.] 
 
 4. All olficer of a bank, who receives and p.ays 
 money on checks. 
 
 TELL'ER-SIUP, n. The office or employment of a 
 teller. 
 
 TEL-LI'.N'A, n. A genus of bivalve mollusks, having 
 
 shells rather thin and delicate. 
 TELL'ING, ppr. Uttering; relating; disclosing; 
 
 counting. 
 
 TEL'LI-NITE, n. [from trllinu, a genus of testaceous 
 animals.] 
 
 A petrified or fossil biv.alve shell of the genus Tcl- 
 lina. [0/is.] * Kirtran. 
 
 TEI-L'-TaLE, a. Telling tales ; bribhling. Shall. 
 
 TELL'-TaLE, 71. [till and tale.] One who officious- 
 ly coiiiiiiuuicates iiit'orinatioii of liie private concerns 
 of intlividiials ; out; « ho tells that wliirli prudence 
 should suppress, and which, if told, of^en tloes mis- 
 chief among neighbors. Jlilton. Shak, 
 
 2. A movable piece of ivory or lead on a chamber 
 organ, that gives notice when the wind is exhausted. 
 
 Busby. 
 
 3. In seamanship, n small piece of wood, traversing 
 in a groove across the tVont of the poop deck, and 
 which, by comiiiiinir.-iiing with a small barrel on the 
 axis of the Klec riiig wheel, indicates the iHisilioii or 
 situation of the helm. Jifar. DicL 
 
 TEL'LU-RAL, a. [L. teltus.] 
 
 Pertaining to the eartii. 
 TEL'LU RATE, n. A compound of telluric acid and 
 a base. 
 
 TEL'LU-RET ED, «. Telliireted hydrogen is hydro- 
 gen combined with tellurium in a gaseous form. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 Tellarited hydro'^en is an old name for an acid, 
 coniptjsed of hydrogen and tellurium, in which the 
 former is the base and the latter the acidifying prin- 
 ciple. 
 
 TEL-Lu'Rie, a. [L. Ullujs, the earth.] 
 
 Pertaining to the earth or proceeding from the 
 earth , as, a dise.isc of telluric origin. 
 TEL-LU'RIG ACID, n. An acid composed of one 
 
 equivalent of tellurium, and three of oxygen. 
 TEI,-Lu'RI-0.\, w. .An instrument for showing the 
 operation of the causes « hich produce the succession 
 of day and night, and the changes of the seasons. 
 
 Eranci-i. 
 
 TEL'LU-RlTE, n. A compound of tellurous acid 
 and a base. 
 
 TEL-Lu'UI-UM, 71. A metal discovered by Miiller in 
 17¥-2, combined with gold and silver in the ores, and 
 received from the Uaniiat of Temeswar. The ores 
 are denominated nattce, graphic, yellow, and black. 
 The native tellurium is of a color between tin and 
 silver, and sometimes inclines to a steel gray. The 
 graphic tellurium is steel gr.ay, but somet.ines yvhite, 
 yellow, or lead gray. These ores are found massive 
 or crystallized. Cue 
 
 TEL'LU-ROUS AC'iD, n. An acid composed of imo 
 equivalent of tellurium and '."iree of o.xygen. 
 
 TE.M-E-K.a'RI-O US, a. [Fr. (cmfraire ; h. temcrarius ; 
 from the root of time, tempest, which see. Tlie sense 
 is, rushing or advancing forward.] 
 
 1. Rash; headstrong; unreasonably adventurous ; 
 despising (langer ; as, temerarious folly. UE.stranfre, 
 
 2. Careless ; heedless ; done at random ; as, the 
 temerarious dash of an unguided pen. Ray. 
 
 [ This word is not much used.] 
 TEM-E-Ra'RI-OUS-LY, adc. Rashly; with excess 
 
 of boldness. Smift. 
 TE-.MEIl'I-TY, M. ["L. tcmeritas ; properly, a rushing 
 
 forward. See Time.] 
 
 1. Rashness; unreasonable contempt of danger; 
 as, the temerity of a commander in war. 
 
 2. Extreme boldness. 
 
 The fiijun-^s ar^: hold even to temerity. Coieley. 
 
 TEM'IN, Ti. A money of account in Algiers, equiva- 
 lent to 2 carubes, or 29 aspers, about 3 cents, or 1 '.d. 
 st.-lliliir. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 TE.M TKlt, V. t. [L. tempero, to mix, or moderate ; It. 
 trniperare; Sp. templar, to temper, to soften, or mod- 
 eiate, to anneal, as gl.ass, to tune an instrument, to 
 trim sails to the wind ; Fr. tempcrcr, to temper, allay, 
 or abate; W. tymperu, to temper, to mollify; tym, 
 space ; tymp, enlargement, birth, season. The latter 
 unites this word with time. Tlie sense of this woril 
 is probably from making seasonable or timely ; hence, 
 to make suitable.] 
 
 1. To mix so tliat one part qualifies the other; to 
 bring to a moderate state; as, to temper justice with 
 mercy. Milton. 
 
 2. To compound ; to form by mixture ; to qualify, 
 as by an ingredient ; or, in general, to mix, unite, or 
 combine two or more things, so as to reduce the ex- 
 cess of the qualities of either, and bring the whole to 
 the desired consistence or state. 
 
 Thou shall make it a pcrhnne, a conlection after the art of the 
 apoditctry. tc.npercd together, pure and holy. — Ex. xxx. 
 
 3. To unite in due proportion ; to render symmet- 
 rical ; to adjust, as parts to each other. 
 
 God hath tempered the body together. — 1 Cor. xli. 
 
 4. To accommodate ; to modify. 
 
 Thy sustenanc, servinar to the appetite of the eater, tempered 
 itself to every inairs liking. tfuJofn. 
 
 5. To soften ; to mollify ; to assuage ; to soothe ; 
 to calm ; to reduce any violence or excess. 
 
 SoUiii — I ilx.r.-d to temper the warlike courages of the Athenians 
 Willi sweet drligliu of leamiiifT. Spenser. 
 V>'oinaii ! naturx; made thee 
 To temper man ; we tia.1 been brutes without you. Ottcay. 
 
 C. To form to a proper degree of hardness ; as, to 
 temper iron or steel. 
 
 The tempei-C'l nictali Clayh, and yield a silver sound. Dnrten. 
 
 7. T(»J^i'crn. [A I,alimsm.] [J\'ot in one.] 
 
 Spensrr. 
 
 8. In mu.iie, to modify or amend a false or imper 
 feet concord by tra isferring to it a part of the beauty 
 of a perfect one, that is, by dividing the tonijs. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 TE.M'PF.R, »i. Due mixture of diflerent qualities ; or 
 the slate of any conipouiiil .substance which results 
 from the mixture of various ingredients ; as, the 
 temper of mortar. 
 
 2. (Constitution of body. [In this sense we more 
 generally use Temi'kramknt.1 
 
 3. Disposition of minil ; itie constitution of the 
 mind, pnrliriilarly w ith regard lo the passions and 
 Hll'ectioiis ; as, a calm temper: a hasty temper; a frel- 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PKBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQpK.— 
 
 * 
 
TEM 
 
 ful temper. This is applicable to beasts as well as to 
 man 
 
 H^'mcmbor with wlmt mild 
 And fTAcioua temper \k boilj h-'urtl und Jmlged. AJUlon. 
 
 4. Culinness ufniind; inuderaliuii. 
 
 Rector" yuurs'-lvn lo your temfjcrg, fallieni. B. Joueon. 
 
 To l.ill Willi diffiiiiy, wiUi tcmptr ris'*. Vope. 
 
 5. Heat of niinii or passion ; irritation. The hay 
 showed a great deal of temper when I rci)rovi d him. 
 
 So we say, a man of vioUiit temper^ wiicn we 
 speak of his irritahihty. [This use of the word is 
 eommoiij Uiotii^h a deoiatiun from its original and genu- 
 ine meaningS\ 
 
 6. The slate of a metal, particularly as to its hard- 
 ness ; as, the temper of iron or stf*;!. Sharp. 
 
 7. Middle course ; moan, or niedium. Swift. 
 
 8. In sugar worksy while lime or other snbstance 
 stirred into a clariher fillt'd witli cane-juici*, to ncu- 
 trali/.e the superahundant aciil. Edwards^ W. Indivs. 
 
 TEM'PEU-A-MENT, n. [Er., from L. temprramen- 
 tain.] 
 
 1. Constitntion ; state with respect to the prt dom- 
 inanro of any quality j as, tlie temperament of the 
 body* 
 
 Builie* nre df nominated hot and co!d, in proporlion to th"? pres- 
 ent tcmperarncnl ol th.il pari ot our buJy lo which ihcy tire 
 upplii-d. Locke. 
 
 3. Medium ; due mixture of different qnalitied. 
 
 The coininun l;iw — Uws rvilnccd the khigdoin to its Just aiMc and 
 temperament. Hate. 
 
 3. In music, temperament is an operation which, hy 
 means of a slifiht alteration in Uic intervals, causes 
 the dirterence between two conlij;uoiissounils to dis- 
 appear, and makes each of them appear identical with 
 the <»ther. Ruussrau. 
 
 Temperament is llie accommodation or adjustinciit 
 of the imperfect suuuds, hy irausfi-rriiif; a part of ihcir 
 defects to the more pi rfcct ones, to remeiiy in part 
 the false intervals of iu^truments of tixed sounds, as 
 llie Or^an, harpsichord, pianoforte, Ulc. Busby. 
 
 Tho hiirshnessof n givt-n conconl iiicrcaaes with Ih" temprmment. 
 
 Prof. Ftshfr. 
 
 TEM-PER-A-MENT'AL, a. Constitutional. 
 
 much used.] Bnijcii. 
 TE.M'PER-ANCE, w. [Fr., from L. temperantia, from 
 
 tempero. ] 
 
 1, Moderation ; particularly, habitual moderation 
 in regard to the intiul*;cnce of tiie natural appetites 
 and passions ; restrained or modorate indul;:ence ; 
 as, temperance in eatiuj; and drinking; ; tenipcranee in 
 the indulgence (»f joy or mirth. Temperance in eat- 
 ing and drinkin<: is o|ii)osed to gluttony and drunken- 
 iiesSj and in other induWences to excess. 
 
 2. Patience y calmness ; scdaleness ; moderation of 
 passion. 
 
 TEM 
 
 Ue &il<iic(1 t)U wratli wilji goodly temjurance. 
 
 Spcnter. 
 
 TEM'PER-ATE, a. [L. lempfratm.] 
 
 1. Muikriite ; iiol uxcessjvu ; as, temperate heat ; a 
 iemiirmtp c\\\\y,\lc lempprate :\\r. Bacon, 
 
 Moiii-rate in the indiil^L'iice of the nnpetitcs and 
 passions ; as, temjicratc in eating and drinkin;; ; tem- 
 perate in pleasures ; temperate in speech. 
 
 Be soIkt hikI temperate, and you will be liL'iilthy. PranJiUn. 
 
 3. Cool ; calm ; not marked with passion ; not vi- 
 ohMit ; as, a temperate discourse or address ; temperate 
 language. 
 
 4. Proceeding fronj temperance j as, teni/jerntc sleep. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 5. Free from ardent passion. 
 
 Slio ia iiol hut, bill temperate as the mom. SfiaJe. 
 Temperate zone ; the space on the earth between 
 the tropics and the polar circles, wiiere the heat is 
 less tlian in the tropics, and tlie cold less than in the 
 polar cirrler 
 
 TEiM'PEll ATE-LY, adv. Moiierately ; without ex- 
 cess or extravasarce. 
 
 Q. Calmly j without violence of passion ; as, to re- 
 prove one temperatelii. 
 3. With moderate force. 
 
 Winds that temperntety blow. Addison. 
 
 TE.M'PER-ATE-NESS, n. Moderation ; freedom from 
 excess ; as, the tempcrateness of tho weather or of u 
 climate. 
 
 9. (,'ahiiness ; coolness of mind. Daniel. 
 TEM'PER-A riVE, a. Having the |K)wer or quality 
 
 of teiitperini!. 
 TEM'PEll-A-TURE, ii. [Fr., from L. le^eralura.] 
 
 1. In phiisics, the state of a hody with regard to 
 heat or cold, as indicated by the thermometer; or 
 the degree of free caloric which a body possesses, 
 when compared with other hoilies. When a body 
 applied to another expanils that body, we say it is of 
 a hifrhcr temperature, that is, it possesses int>re free 
 caloric. When it conlr.acts another body, it is said 
 lo be of a lower temperature. Thus we speak of the 
 temperature of air, of water, of a climate, &c. ; two 
 countries of the same temperature. 
 
 2. Constitution ; state ; degree of any quality. 
 Memory depends upon the consistence and temperature of tbc 
 
 3. Moderation j freedom from iiiiinoderate passions. 
 
 Ill lint proud |Hirl, wliich tier «o j-ootlly ;^.icclb, 
 iVlosl ^odly Ixinperature you may descry. 
 [Sot in use.] 
 
 TEM'PER-/;D, pp. or a. Duly mixed or modified ; re- 
 duced lo a proper state ; softened ; allayed : hardened. 
 "J. Adjiisti'd by musical temperament. 
 3. a. Disposed ; as, a well-ifm^crcf/, good-(cm;;trfd, 
 or Imd-^^'/ji/icrer/ nian. 
 
 TE.M'PEK-ING, ppr. Mixing and qualifying; quali- 
 fying by mixture; sollening ; mollifying; reducing 
 to a slate of moderation ; iKirdening. 
 
 TEM'PEST, 71. [Fr. tempclc ; L. tempeslas ; Sp. tern- 
 pestad ; It. iempe.sta; from L. tempus, time, season. 
 The pritnary sense of tempus, time, is a falling, or 
 that which falls, conjos, or hajipens, from some verb 
 which signifies to fall or conie suddenly, or rather, 
 to drive, to rush. Time is, properly, a coming, a sea- 
 son, that which presents itself, or is present. The 
 sense of tempest is from the .sense of rushing or driv- 
 ing. See TE.MERITV and Tkmerarious.] 
 
 1. An extensive current of wind, rushing with 
 great velocity and violence, and commonly attended 
 with rain, hail, or snow; a storm of extreme vio- 
 lence. We usually apply tlie word to a violent 
 storm of considerable duration ; but we say also of a 
 tornado, it blew a tempest. The currents of wind 
 are named, according to their respective degrees of 
 force or rapidity, a breeze, a uale, a storm, a tempest, a 
 hurricane; but irate is also used as synonymous \vith 
 storm, and storui with tempest. Oust is usually ai>- 
 plied to a sudden blast of short duration. 
 
 We, CiXii^Iil in a fiery tempest, sliiiU be hurled 
 
 Kach on Ills ruck tr.uiarixed. ^riUon. 
 
 2. A violent tumult or commotion ; as, a popular 
 or polftical tempest; the tempest of war. 
 
 3. Perturbation ; violent agitation ; as, a tempest of 
 the passions. 
 
 TEM'PEST, i>. «. To disturb as by a tempest, ll.ililc 
 
 used.] Milton. 
 TE.M'PEST, ti. I. [Fr. tempestcr.] To storm. Sandys. 
 
 2. To pour a tempest on. /i. Jonson. 
 
 TEM'PEST-I!i.:AT-7lN, a. [tempest i^iid beat.] HeatSn 
 
 or slialtered with storms. Drtjden. 
 TEM PEST'lVR, a. Seasonable. 
 TE.M-PEST-I V'l-TY, Ji. [ L. tempcstivus.] 
 
 Seasnnahleness. [JsTot in use.] Brown. 
 TEM'PEST-TOST, a. [tempest and tost.] Tossed or 
 
 driven abmit by tempests. SItalt, 
 TEM-PEST'(i-OUS, (tem-pest'yu-iis,) a. [Sp. tern- 
 
 pestuoso ; It. tempestoso ; Fr. tempHuetix.] 
 
 1. Very stormy ; turbulent ; rough with wind ; as, 
 tempestuous weather ; a tempestuous night. 
 
 2. Blowing with violence ; as, a (cm/)c.tK<iin wind. 
 TEM-PEST'tJ-OUS-LY, ado. With great violence of 
 
 wind or great commotion ; turbulentlv. .Vdion. 
 
 TEM-PES'i''IJ-OL'S-N'ESS, n. Storminess ; the state 
 of being tempestuous or disturbed by vitilenl winds; 
 as, the tempcstuousness of the winter or of weather. 
 
 TE.M'PLAIl, n. [fioni the Temple, a house near the 
 Thames, which originally belonged to the Knights 
 Templars. The latter took their denomination from 
 an apartment of the palace of Baldwin II., in Jeru- 
 salem, near the temple.] 
 
 1. A student of the law. Pope. 
 
 2. Templars, KnighLi of the Temple; a religious mil- 
 itary order, first established at Jerusalem ill favor of 
 pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land. The order 
 originated with some persons who, in II 18, devoted 
 themselves to the service of God, promising to live 
 in perpetual chastity, obedience, and poverty, alter 
 the manner of canons. In 1228, this order was 
 confirmed in the council of Troyes, and subjected to 
 a rule of discipline. It fiourished, became immensely 
 rich, and its members became so insolent and vicious, 
 that the Older was su]>presscd by the council of Vi- 
 enne, in KI12. Cijc. 
 
 TEM'PLATE, n. See Temi-let. 
 
 TE.M'PLE, (teni'pl,) n. [Fr. ; L. temptum; It. tempio ; 
 Sp. tempio ; W. Irmyt, temple, tiiat is extciidetl, a 
 seat ; temlu, to form a seat, expanse, or temple ; 
 Gaelic, teampul.] 
 
 1. A public edifice erected in honor of some deity. 
 Among pagans, a building erected to some preteniled 
 deity, and in which'the people assembled to wor- 
 ship. Originaltij, temples were open places, as the 
 Stonehenge in England. In Rome, some of the 
 temples were open, and called sacella; others wi re 
 roofed, and called adcs. The most celebrated of the 
 ancient pasan temples were that of llelus in B.iliy- 
 lon, that of Vulcan at Memphis, that of Jupiter at 
 Thebes, that of Diana at Epiiesus, that of Apollo in 
 Miletus, that of Jupiter Olympius in Athens, and 
 that of Apollo at Delphi. Tiie most celebrated and 
 magnificent temple erected lo tho true God, was 
 that built by Solomon in Jerusalem, which is often 
 called, by way of eminence, tJie temple. 
 
 In Scripture, the tabernacle is sometimes called by 
 this name. I Sam. i. — iii. 
 
 2. A church ; an edifice erected among Christians 
 as o place of public worship. 
 
 Can he, whose life is a p'rpeiiial insult to tlie anilionty of Go<i. 
 enter wiili any pliMsurc a U/ny;/. coiiM-crated lo devotion and 
 saiictifi d by pr.iyer I BucJcminster. 
 
 TEVM 
 
 3. A place in wliitji the divine presence specially 
 resides; the church as a collective body. Kplu li. 
 
 4. Ill England, the Temple consists of two inns of 
 court, thus called because anciently the dwellings of 
 the Knights Tenifilars. They aru called the In.vkb 
 anti the Middle Temple. 
 
 TE.M'PLE, n. [L. tempus, tempora. The primary 
 sense of the root of this word is to fall. See 
 Time.] 
 
 1. Literally, the fall of the head ; the part where 
 the Ili ad slopes from the top. 
 
 2. In anatomy, the anterior and lateral part of the 
 heati, where tlie skull is covered by the temporal 
 muscles. C;/f. 
 
 TE.M'PLE, tj. t. To build a temple for; to appropriate 
 a temple to. [Little used.] FelUiam. 
 
 TV.Wl'ljF.U, a. Furnished with a temple ; inclosed 
 in a temple. 
 
 TEM'PI.ET, n. In masonry, a mold used by brick- 
 layers and masons in cutting or setting out their 
 wirk. 
 
 2. .\ mold used by mill-wrights for shaping the 
 teeth of wheels. 
 
 3. A short piece of timber under a girder or other 
 beam. Brande. 
 
 TE,M'PO,n. [It.] In 7nii-Wc, lime. Brande. 
 O TIl\PPO RA, O MO'RES, [L.] O the times, O 
 the manners. 
 
 TEM'PO-KAL, a. [Fr. tcmporel; from L. temporalis, 
 from tempus, time.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to this life, or this world, or the hody 
 only ; secular ; as, trntporal concerns ; temporal af- 
 fairs. In this sense, it is opposed to Spibiti'al. 
 Let not temporal allairs or employmenls divert the 
 mind from spiritual concerns, which are far more 
 important. 
 
 In this sense also it is opposed to Ecclesiasti- 
 cal ; as, temporal pf)wer, that is, secular, civil, or po- 
 litical power ; Irmporul courts, those which tjike 
 cognizance of civil suits. Tempornl Jurl^dlction is 
 that which regards civil and political afiairs. 
 
 2. .Measured or limited by time, or by this life or 
 this slate of things; having limited exi.stence ; op- 
 ptisetl to Eter.nal. 
 
 The thiiiija which arc si'en an- temporal, but the things which are 
 not ceeii are eterii.il. — Cor. iv. 
 
 3. In grammar, the temporal augment is the short 
 initial vowel of a verb, lengthened, in certain tenses, 
 into the corresponding long one. 
 
 4. [Vr. temporal.] Pertaining to the temple or tem- 
 ples of the head ; as, the teoiporal bone ; a temporal 
 artery or vein ; temporal muscle. 
 
 TE.M-PO-RAL'I-TIES, ( n. pi. Secular possessions ; 
 
 TE.\I'PO-RALS, i revenues of an ecclesiiLstic 
 
 proceeding from lands, tenements, or lay-fees, 
 tithes, and the like. It is opposed lo Si>iritualities. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TEM'PO-RAL-LY, adv. With resjiect to time or this 
 
 life only. South. 
 TEM'PO-UAL-.N'ESS, n. Worldlincss. [JVui used.] 
 TE.M'PO-KAL-TY, It. The laity. [Little used.] 
 2. Secular possp»sions. [See Temporalitie*.] 
 TEM-PO-RA'i\E-()US, a. Temporary. [Little used.] 
 TE.M'PORA-RI-LY, a</B. For a time only; not per- 
 petually. 
 
 TE.M'Pl)-RA-RI-NESS, ti. [from temporary.] The 
 stale of being Icmpor.'irv ; oppost*il lo Perpetuity. 
 
 TE.M'PO-RA-RY, a. [L. tetnporarius.] 
 
 Lasting for a time only ; existing or continuing 
 for a liiiiilcil time ; as, the patient h:ts obtained tem- 
 porary relief. There is a temporary cessation of hos- 
 tilities. There is .a temporary supply of prtivisions. 
 In times of great danger, Rome a|ipointed a tempo- 
 rant dietalor. 
 
 TEM'-PO-RI ZA'TION n. The act of temporizing. 
 TE.M'PO lUZE, B. i. [Fr. tcmporiser; from L. tempus, 
 tinie.l 
 
 1. To comjily with the time or occasitm ; to 
 liiuiior or yield to the current of opinion or to cir- 
 ciiiiislances ; a conduct that often indicates obset/uioas- 
 jiess. 
 
 They nnifht their prVvnnce inwanlly camplain, 
 
 But otitwanlly tiley nee«U intist ttmporize. Daniel. 
 
 2. To delay ; to |irocr,astinate. 
 
 Wi II, you will umporize with tlie hours. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 3. To com|)lv. [.Viir in use.] Sfiak. 
 TEM'PO-UrZ-ER, n. One who yields to the time, or 
 
 compiles with the prevailing opinions, fashions, or 
 ticcasions ; a trimmer. S'inli. 
 
 TEM'PO-RIZ-I.NG, ppr. or a. Complying with the 
 time, or with the prevailing humors and opinions of 
 men ; time-si-rviiig. 
 
 TEM'PO-RIZ-I.VG, n. .\ yielding to the lime ; a com- 
 plying with the prevailing opinions, fashions, or oc- 
 casiiiiis. Jfolland. 
 
 TE.M'PO-RIZ-ING-LY, adc. In a temporizing man- 
 ner. 
 
 TE.MPT, r. f. [Ann. tempti; L. trnto ; Fr. tenter ; IL 
 tentare; Sp. trutnr. It is from the root of L. tcneo, 
 Gr. rta w, and the primary sense is, lo strain, urge, 
 pressj 
 
 1. "To incite or solicit to an evil art ; to entice to 
 something wrong by presenting arguments that are 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1135 
 
 J 
 
TEN 
 
 plausible or convincing, or by the offer of some 
 pleasure or apparent advantage as the inducement. 
 
 My Lady Gniy tempts him to lliU harsh extreinity. Shak. 
 Every man is tempted, when he is drawn away by his own lust 
 aiid enticed. — James i. 
 
 2. To provoke ; to incite. 
 
 Tempt not the brave and neody to despair. Dn/den. 
 
 3. To solicit; to draw ; without the notion of evil. 
 
 Still his strength concealeilj 
 Which tempted onr attempt, and wrought our tail. hTiltan, 
 
 4. To try ; to venture on ; to attempt. 
 
 Ere leave be given to tempt the nether sky. Dryilen. 
 
 5. In Scripture, to try ; to prove ; to put to trial for 
 proof. 
 
 Ged did tempt .\bnhani. — Gen. xxii. 
 Ye shall n*l ternpt the Lord your Ciod. 
 
 - Deut. ri. 
 
 TEMPT' A-BLE, a. Liable to be tempted. Sw/ft. 
 TE.MPT-A'TION, n. The act of tt nipting ; entice- 
 ment to evil by arguments, by flattery, or by the 
 otfer of some real or apparent good. 
 
 When the devil had ent!*-d all the temptation, he deptuted from 
 him for a seiisou. — Luke iv. 
 
 2. Solicitation of the passions ; enticements to evil 
 proceeding from the prospect of pleasure or advan- 
 tage. 
 
 3. The state of being tempted or enticed to evil. 
 When by hitmtin weakness yuu are led into tempta- 
 tion, resort to prayer fur relief. 
 
 4. Trial. 
 
 Lead us not into temptation. LoTrl^s Prayer. 
 
 5. That which is presented to the mind as an in- 
 ducement to evil. 
 
 Dare to be great w ithout a guilty crown ; 
 
 View it, and lay the bright temptation down. Dryden. 
 
 6. In colloquial laiifruan-e, an alhirement to any 
 thing indifferent, or even good. 
 
 TEMPT-A'TlON-LESr!, a. Having no temptation or 
 
 motive. [Little u.^ed.] 
 TE.\lPT'ED,;jp. Enticed to evil; provoked; tried. 
 TE.MPT'ER, ;i. One that solicits or entices to evil. 
 
 Those who are lient to do wickedly will never want tempters to 
 urge them on. Tillul^un. 
 
 2. The great adversary of man ; the devil. Malt. iv. 
 TEMPT'ING, ppr. Enticing to evil ; trying. 
 
 2. a. Adapted to entice or allure ; attractive ; as, 
 
 temptinrr pleasures. 
 TE.MPT'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to entice to evil ; 
 
 so as to allure. 
 TE.MPT'ING-NESS, n. The state of being tempting. 
 TEMPT'RESS, it. \ female who entices. 
 TE.MSE, n. A sieve. [Written also Tems and 
 
 Tempse.] 
 
 TE.\1SE'-1!READ, (tems'bred,) j n. [Fr. tamiser, 
 TEMS'i'D-BKEAD, (tem.-t'bred,) S It. tamisare, 
 
 tnmigiare, to sift ; Fr. turnip. It. taini^o, tamigio, a 
 
 sieve.] 
 
 Bread made of flour better sifted than common 
 flour. [I know uot tpkere tfiis Word is used.] Johnson. 
 
 TE.M'U-LENCE, 
 TE.M'I]-LE.\UV, 
 
 n. [L. tetnulentia.] 
 
 Intoxication; inebriation; drunkenness. [JVot 
 
 used.] 
 
 TE.M'U-LENT, a. [L. temulcntus.] 
 Intoxicated. [JVyi in use.] 
 
 TE.M'U-LENT-IVE, a. Drunken ; in a state of ine- 
 briation. [Aoi in use.] 
 
 TE.V, a. [iia\. Iijn ; D. tien : G. zelin ; Dan. tie ; Sw. 
 tio. I suppose this wortl to be contracted from the 
 Gothic tiguns, ten, fron (i>, ten. If so, this is the 
 Greek 6tKii, L. decern, W. defr, Gaelic, deicU, Fr. dir. 
 It. dieci, Sp. diez.] 
 
 1. Twice five ; nine and one. 
 
 With twice ten sail I eross-.d the Phrygian Sea. Dryden. 
 
 2. It ia a kind of proverbial number. 
 
 Ther»-''ii a proud modesty in merit, 
 
 Aveme Im h-gging, an<l resolved to pay 
 
 Ten times the gill it asliS. Dryden. 
 
 The meaning in this use is, a great deal more, 
 indefinitely. 
 
 TE.N'A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. tctieo, to hold. See 
 Tenant.] 
 
 That may be held, maintained, or defi nded against 
 an assailant, or against altempts to take it ; as, a 
 tenable fortress. The works were not deemed tena- 
 ble. 'J'hc ground taken in the argument is not 
 tenable. 
 
 TE.\'A-HI.E-.\'ES.'J, 1 „,, .. ... , ,, 
 TKN-A-BII/I-TY ( of being tenable. 
 
 TE.N'AC'E, n. In vthist, the state of holding the first 
 
 and third hcst cards. Smart. 
 TENA'CIOCS, (te-nii'shus,) a. [L. tenax, from 
 
 tenco, to holil ; Fr. tenarr.] 
 
 1. Holding faxt, or ini:liticd to hold fast ; inclined 
 to rctam whut is in po-isession j as, men tenacious of 
 their jiiHt rights. Mi n are iisually tenacious of their 
 opinion!, an well ilh of their prop'-rly. 
 
 Locke. Jlrhuthnot. 
 
 2. Retentive; apt to retain long what is com- 
 mitted to it ; nn, a Ir.nucious memory. /,(ic/(c. 
 
 3. Adbenive ; apt to adhere to another substance ; 
 
 TEN 
 
 as oily, glutinous, or vi.scous matter. Few sub- 
 stances are so tenacious as tar. 
 4. Niggarilly ; close-listed. Ainsworth. 
 TE-Na'CIOUS-LY, a:lu. With a disposition to hold 
 fast what is possessed. 
 
 2. Adhesively. 
 
 3. Obstinately; with firm adlierence. 
 TE-Na'CIOUS-NESS, n. The ijuality of holding 
 
 fast ; unwillingness to quit, resign, or let go ; as, a 
 man's tenaciousness of his rights or opinions. 
 
 2. Adhesiveness ; stickiness ; as, the tenaciousness 
 of clay or glue. 
 
 3. Retentiveness ; as, the tenaciousness of memory. 
 TE-N.\C'I-TY, (te-nas'e-te,) n. [Fr. tenacite i L. 
 
 tenacitas, from teneo, to hold.] 
 
 1. Adhesiveness ; that quality of bodies which 
 makes them stick or adhere to others ; gliitinousness ; 
 stickiness; as, the tenacity of oils, of glue, of tar, of 
 starch, ami the like. 
 
 2. That qiitiiity of bodies which keeps them from 
 parting without considerable force; cohesiveness ; 
 the effect of attraction ; opposed to Brittleness or 
 Fragility. Ct/c. 
 
 TE-NAC'lf-LUM, n. [L.] A surgical instrument by 
 which the mouths of bleeding arteries are seized and 
 drawn out. 
 
 TEN'A-CY, n. Tenaciousness. [JVotinuse.] 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 TE-NaILLE', 71. [Fr. tenaille, from tenir, L. teneo, to 
 hold.] 
 
 In fortification, a rampart raised in the main ditch, 
 in front of the curtain, between two bastions, having 
 two ftices parallel to tliose of the bastions, and often 
 a third face, which forms a curtain. P. Cyc. 
 
 TE-NAIL'LON, (te-nal'yun,) n. In fortification, te- 
 naillons are works constructed on each side of the 
 ravelins, like the lunets, to increase the strengtli of 
 the ravelins, jirocure additional ground beyond the 
 ditch, or cover the shoulders of the bastions. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 TEN'AN-CY, n. [Sp. tencueia; Fr. tenant; L. te- 
 ■ncns.] 
 
 In law, a holding or possession of lands or tene- 
 ments ; tenure ; .as, tenancy in fee-simple ; tenancy in 
 tail ; tenancy by the courtesy ; tenancy at will. Ten- 
 ancy in common happens where there is a unity of 
 possession merely. Blachstone. 
 TEN'ANT, 71. [Fr. tenant, from tenir, to hold ; L. 
 teneo; Or. ritviii, to strain, stretch, extend ; W. (aii- 
 7i«, to stretch ; tynu, to pull ; tijn, a stretch ; ten, 
 drawn ; It. tenere, Sp. tencr, to hold.] 
 
 1. A person holding land or other real estate under 
 another, either by grant, lease, or at will ; one who 
 has the occupation or ttunjiorary possession of lands 
 or tenements, whose title is in another ; as, a tenant 
 in tail ; tenant in common ; tenattt by tlie courtesy ; 
 tenant in parcenery ; tenant for life ; tenant at will ; 
 tenant in dower. 
 
 2. One who has possession of any place ; a dwell- 
 er. 
 
 The happy tenant of your shade. Cowley. 
 
 Tenant in capite, or tenant in chief, by the laws of 
 Englanil, is one who holds immeiliately of the king. 
 According to the feudal system, all lands in England 
 are considered as held immediately or mediately of 
 the king, who is styled lord paramount. Such ten- 
 ants, however, are considered as having the fee 
 of the lands and permanent possession. 
 
 Btackstone, 
 
 TEN'ANT, V. t. To hold or possess as a tenant. 
 
 Sir Rog'-r's esuite is tenai\ted by persons who have s rved him 
 or tiis ancestors. Addison. 
 
 TE.\'A.\T-.\-BLE, a. Fit to be rented ; in a state of 
 rcp:iir suitable Itir a tiMitiiit. 
 
 TE.\'A.\'l'-i;i), ;;/). Held bv a tenant. 
 
 TEN'ANT-LNG, ppr. Holding as a tenant. 
 
 TEN'.\NT-LErfS, a. Having no tenant ; unoccu- 
 pied ; ;is, n tenantless mansion. Thodcy. 
 
 TEN'ANT-RY, ii. The body of tenants ; as, the 
 tenantry of a manor or a kingdom. Palry. 
 2. 'J'l.nnncy. [JVut in ii.ve.] Ridley. 
 
 TE.\'ANT-SAW. See Tenon-Saw. 
 
 TE.\(jH, n. (Ft. tenche ; Sp. tenca; E. tiiicfl.] 
 
 A European fresh-water' fish, of the carp ftimily, 
 very tiuiacious of life. 
 
 TENL), 0. t. [Contracted from attend, L. attendo ; ad 
 and tendo, to stretch, \V. tannit. Alleiitioii denotes a 
 straining of the mind.] 
 
 1. To wtitch ; to guard ; to accompany as an as- 
 sistant tir protector. 
 
 And naming ministers lo watch and tend 
 
 'I'hi-ir rartl.fv cliarg.-. MUton. 
 
 There is a pl'-nhun- in thai simplicity, in Uholding priuc s Intd- 
 
 iug thnr llocks. /'c;<c. 
 
 2. To hold and take care of; as, to tend a child. 
 
 3. 'J'o bo atttmtive to. 
 
 Unsucked of lamb or kid lliat tend their piny. Milton. 
 
 4. To tend a vessel, Ifl to cause her to swing, at 
 single anchor, ho as not to ftiul the cable rt>uiitl the 
 stock or dukes of the aut hor. Tottcn. 
 
 TE.\Ii, II. i. [ \j. tcnilo ; Fr. lendre i It. tendere i formed 
 on L. teneo, Gr. Ttii/w, Sans, tan.] 
 
 TEN 
 
 1. To move in a certain direction. 
 
 Having overheard two gentlemen tending towiml that liffhL 
 
 WolKin, 
 
 Here Oardaniia was born, and hidier tetidt. Dryrien. 
 
 2. To be directed to any end or purpose ; to aim 
 at ; to have or give a leaning. 
 
 The laws of our religion t^nd to the universal happiness of 
 mankind. ' TUlolson. 
 
 3. To contribute. Our petitions, if granted, might 
 tend to our destruction. Hammond. 
 
 4. [For .Attend.] To attend ; to wait as attend- 
 ants or servants. 
 
 He tenfie upon my father. ICoUoquial.^ Shak. 
 
 5. To attend as something inseparable. [JVut in 
 use.] Skak. 
 
 fi. To wait ; to expect. [A'ot in -use.] Shak. 
 TEXD'.\NCE, 71. .Mtendance ; state of expectation. 
 
 2. Perst>ns atlemling. SItak. 
 
 3. Act of waiting ; attendance. Shak. 
 
 4. Care ; act of temling. Milton. 
 [This word is entirely obsolete in all its senses. 
 
 We nt)W use Attendance.] 
 TEND'ED, Attended; taken care of; nursed ; .as 
 
 an infant or a sick person. 
 TEND'EN-CY, n. [from tend ; L. tcndens, tending.] 
 Drift ; direction or ctitirse toward any place, ob- 
 ject, effect, or result. Read such books only as have 
 a good nioi al tendency, ilild language has a tendency 
 to allay irritation. 
 
 Writings of this kind, if conducted with candor, have a more 
 particular tendency to the good of their country. AdtRson. 
 
 TEND'ER, n. [from tend.} One that attends or takes 
 care of ; a nurse. 
 
 2. A small vessel employed to attend a larger one, 
 for supjilying her with provisions and other stores, 
 or to convey intelligence, and the like. Mar. Diet. 
 
 3. On railroads, a car which attends on locomo- 
 tives, to supply the fuel. 
 
 4. [Fr. tendre, to reach.] In law, an offer, either 
 of money to pay a debt, or of service to be performed, 
 in order to save a penalty or forfeiture, which would 
 be incurred by non-payment or non-performance ; 
 as, the tender of rent due, or of the amount of a note 
 or bond with interest. To constitute a legal tender, 
 such money must be offered as the law prescribes ; 
 the offer of bank notes is not a legal tender. So also 
 the tender must be at the time and place where the 
 rent or debt ought to be paid, and it must be to the 
 full amount due. 
 
 There is also a tender of issue in pleadings, a ten- 
 der of an oath, &c. 
 
 .5. Any oft'er for acceptance. The gentleman made 
 me a tender of his services. 
 
 C. The thing offered. This money is not a legal 
 tender. 
 
 7. Regard ; kind concern. [JVoJ ire use.] Shak. 
 TEND'ER, V. t. [Fr. tendre, to reach or stretch out ; 
 L. tendo.] 
 
 1. To offer in words; or to exhibit or present for 
 acceptance. 
 
 All contlltions, all minds, tender down 
 
 Their service to Lorxl Timon. ShaJc. 
 
 2. To hold ; to esteem. 
 
 Tender yourself mote dearly. [Not in use.] Shak. 
 
 3. To offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, 
 for saving a penalty or forfeiture ; as, to tender the 
 amount of rent or debt. 
 
 TEN'DER, a. [Fr. tendre; It. tenero ; Port, tinro ; Ir. 
 and Gaelic, tin ; W. tytier ; L. tener ; allied probably 
 
 to tliin, L. tenuis, W. tcnau; Ar. wadana, to 
 
 be soft or thin. Class -Dn, No. 12, and see No. 
 25.] 
 
 1. Soft; easily impressed, broken, bruised, or in- 
 jured; not firm or hard; as, tender plants; tender 
 flesh ; tender grtipes. Deut. xxxii. Cant. ii. 
 
 2. Very sensible to impression and pain ; easily 
 pained. 
 
 Our bodies are not naturally more tender than our faces. 
 
 L'i:."s£rang«. 
 
 3. Delicate ; effeminate ; not hardy, or able to en- 
 dure hardship. 
 
 The teiKter and delicite woman among you. — Deut. xxviii. 
 
 4. \Veak ; feeble ; as, tcniter age. Oen. xxxiii. 
 .5. Young and carefully etiucatetl. Prov.-'iV 
 
 C. Susceptible of the softer passitms, as love, com- 
 passion, kindness; compassionate; pitiful; easily 
 alli cttjd by the distresses of another, or aiiviotis for 
 aiiotlier's good ; as, the tender kindness of the church ; 
 a trndrr henlt. 
 
 7. Compa.ssionate ; easily excitcil to pity, forgive- 
 ness, or favor. 
 
 The Lord Is pitiful, and of tender mercy. — Jumea v. Luko I. 
 
 8. Exciting kind concern. 
 
 I love Valentine ; 
 Ilia life '> as Umfcr to me as Ins soul. Sliai. 
 
 9. Exjiressive of the softer passions ; aa, a tender 
 strain. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/^hh, WH/kT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BQQK.— 
 
 1136 
 
TEN 
 
 10. Careful to siivc iiiviol.ite, or not tii injure ; 
 with of. lie tender uf your nciglibor's reputatiun. 
 
 The civil authority sliould be Undtr of the bunor or Uoil and 
 nli^ion. TVXaUon, 
 
 11. Gentle; mild; unwilling to pain. 
 
 You, tli;U uri-" mi Uivler oVt hid follicB, 
 
 Will iiovur do hiin good. 57i<i*. 
 
 1?!. Apt to eive pain ; as, tliat is a Irnder subject ; 
 thiuKs Hint are lender and uuple.isin(!. Bncon. 
 
 i;t. Adapted to excite leelinj! or sympathy ; patliet- 
 ic ; a-*, tender expressions ; tender ex|)ostulation8. 
 TE.\D'i;il-Kl), ;./). Otrered for acceptance. 
 Ti:.\'l)t;R-IIEART'EO, (-lUrt'od,) a. [tender and 
 heart.] Havins great sensibility ; susceptible of im- 
 pressions or inriiience. 
 
 Whr-ii ll''liotHijiin wna yooii?- nml teiider-hearted, niul could not 
 witlijitiiiiJ thfiii. — i Chroii. xiii. 
 
 2. Very susceptible of the softer passions of love, 
 pily, or kindness. 
 
 B'- ye kind oiif to .inolhT, and tender-hearted. — Kph. Iv. 
 TKi\'I)ER-IIEXRT'EU-LY, a</t>. With tender affec- 
 tion. 
 
 TEN"1)ER-HE.\RT'ED-NESS, ii. Susceptibility of 
 
 the Sidler passions. 
 TEi\'l)ER-llEFT-ED, a. Having great tenderness. 
 
 Sliuk. 
 
 TEND'ER-ING, ppr. OlVerinz for acceptance. 
 
 TE.\'l)ER-LING, «. A fondling; one made tender 
 by tt)o much kindm ss. 
 2. The first liorns of a deer. 
 
 TEN'I)ER-IA)1N, n. A tender part of flesh in the 
 hind quarter of beef, the Psoas muscle. 
 
 TE.\'UER-LY, adi;. Willi tenderness ; mildly; gen- 
 tly ; softly ; in a manner nut to ijijure or give pain. 
 
 Bnitiis Urvierttf n-proves. Poji§. 
 2. Kindly ; with pitv or affection. 
 
 TEN'DER-.MOUTIl->;i), a. Havini; a tender mouth. 
 
 TEN'l)Ell-NESe!, n. The state of lieins; lender or 
 easily broken, bruised, or injured ; softness ; bnttle- 
 ness ; as, the tenderness of a thread ; the tenderness of 
 flesh. 
 
 2. The state of heinc easily hurt ; soreness ; as, 
 the tenderness of flesh U'lien bruised or inflamed. 
 
 3. Susceptibility of the softer passions ; sensibility. 
 Well \v(* know your tetvlerneaa of heart. Shak. 
 
 4. Kind attention ; anxiety for the good of anotlier, 
 or to save him from pain. Baeon. 
 
 5. Scrupulousness; caution; extreme care or ctm- 
 ccrn not to give or to commit offense ; as, tenderness 
 of conscience. South. 
 
 6. Cautious care to preserve, or not to injure ; as, 
 a tenderness of reputation. Ouv. of the Tongue. 
 
 7. t'oflness of expression ; pathos. 
 
 TEND' ERS, n. pi. Proposals for performing a service. 
 TE.N'D'l.N'tl, /(//r. Having a certain direction'; taking 
 TE.N'D'I.N'G, H. The act of attending. [care of. 
 
 TE.\U'l\(i, n. In seamen's lanirua^e, a swinging 
 
 rouuil or movement of a ship upon her anchor. 
 TE.\'L)IN-OUS, a. [Fr. (CH(/iiici<i ; It. tou/iiioso ; from 
 
 L. tcndinesj tendons, from tcndo, to stretch.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a tendon ; partaking of tlie nature 
 of tendons. 
 
 2. Eull of tendons ; sinewy ; as, nervous and tcn- 
 dinnns parts. fVisenian. 
 
 TE.N'D'ME.NT, n. Attendance ; care. [Obs.] Hall 
 TEN'DON, H. [L. tem/u; Gr. tcvuv ; from rtivw, L. 
 teneo^ tendu.] 
 
 In anntomti, a hard, insensible cord or bundle of 
 fibers, by which a muscle is attached to a biuie. 
 TEN'DR AC, wi. The popular name of three insec- 
 TEN'REC, > tivoroiis mammals, <if the genus Cen- 
 T.\N'REC, ) tenes. They are small quadrupeds, 
 
 foil ml in .Madagascar anil the Isle of France. 
 TEN'DRU,, ?i. [Fr. (/m/nin, from (raiV, to hold.] 
 
 A filiform, spiral shoot of a plant that winds round 
 another body for the purpose of support. TendriU, 
 or claspers, are given to plants that have weak stalks. 
 
 Ra<j. 
 
 They are also given to creeping vines which re- 
 quire support on ttie earth. 
 
 A tendril, in most c,L<es, is a peculiar modification 
 of a petiole ; though sometimes it is a modification 
 of some part of the inflorescence, as in the vine. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 TEN'DRIL, a. Clasping; climbing; as a tendril. 
 
 Dt/er. 
 
 TEND'RY, n. Proposal to acceptance ; tender. 
 
 Ileylin. 
 
 TEND'SO.ME, (ten'siim,) a. Requiring much attend- 
 ance ; as, a tenilsome child. 
 
 TE.\'E-l!KOUS, ) a. !L. tenebrosus, from tcnebra, 
 
 TE-NK'lilU-OUS, i darkness.] 
 
 Dark ; gloomy. Young, 
 
 TE.VE-RROUS-.VESS, ) „ 1 1 
 
 TE.V'-lvllROS'I-TY i "• I'''"''*"''^^ i gloom. 
 
 TEN'E-.ME.NT, n. '[Fr. ; Low L. tcncmcntum, from 
 teneo, to hold.] 
 
 1. In common acceptation, a house ; a building for a 
 babitntiim ; or an apartment in a building, used by 
 one family. 
 
 2. A house or lands depending on a manor; or a 
 fee farm depending on a superior. Cye. 
 
 TEN 
 
 3. In (uKi, any species of permanent piiipierty that 
 may bt; hehl, as binds, houses, rt-nts. '.ominoiis, an of- 
 fice, an advowson, a fraiicliise, a fgbl of coiuimui, a 
 peerage, &,c. These are called /rc*f i». frank tenements. 
 
 Tbo thio^ Ill-Id 1" II unenunly iiml thi^ poHj-nsor of it i» tenant, and 
 tiie iniuiii'-r of poKi. BBioii IB c;ttk-d ttii'tr^. Btackalotte. 
 
 TEN-E-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining Li> tenanted lands; 
 that is or may be held by tenants. 
 
 TenemenuU luiidi they diBlributcd ainon^ tbnr teoniiti. 
 
 Btaektlont. 
 
 TEN-E-MENT'A-RY, a. That is or m.ay be leased ; 
 
 held bv tenants. Spelntan, 
 Ti;-NER'I-TY, II. Tenderness. [JV- t in use.] 
 TE-NES'MUS, ?i. [L. ; literally, a sfaiiiing or stretch- 
 ing.] 
 
 An urgent, distressing, and almost painful sensa- 
 tion, as if a discharge from the iiites'ines must take 
 place immediately ; always referred to the lower ex- 
 tremity of the rectum. 
 TEN'ET, n. [U. tenet, he holds.] 
 
 Any opinion, principle, dogma, or doctrine, which 
 a person believes or maintains a.i fin- ; as, tlie tenets 
 of Plato or of Cicero. 'I'he fciirt. uf Christians are 
 adopted from the Scriptures ; but <l''fereiit interpre- 
 tations give rise to a great iliversiry ti*" tenets. 
 TE.N'FOLl), a. [ten and fold.] Ten times more. 
 
 Fire kindled imo tenfold nige. Alilton. 
 Tl".'NI-OII>, a. A term applied to a fimily of paren- 
 cliyiiiatoiis ento/.oa, comprising vi\i.\l are commonly 
 called Tapkworms. 
 TE.\'NA.\T-tTE, n. [from Smith«<':i Tcnnnnt.] A 
 blackish, lead-gray ore of coppc. , from Cornwall, 
 consisting of copper, iron, arsenic, aiiJ sulphur. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 TEN'NtS, n. [If this word is from L. tenco, Fr. fcnir, 
 it must tie from the sense of holding on, continuing 
 to keep in motion.] 
 
 A play in which a ball is driven continually or 
 kept III iiiiitioii liv rackets. 
 
 TE.WMS, e. f. To drive a ball. Spenser. 
 
 TE.X'Nls eOL'RT, ii. A place or co'irt for playing 
 tlm game of tennis. Rich. Diet. 
 
 TE.\'.MS-KI), (ii n'iiist,) pp. Driven, as a ball. 
 
 TEN'NIS-ING, ppr. Driving, as a ball 
 
 TEN'O.N, «. [Fr., froiii tenir, L. tenet, to hold.] 
 
 In buildintr and cabinet work, tne end of a piece 
 of timlier, which is reduced in its dimensions so 
 as to be fitted into a mortise for i'lsertion, tir in- 
 serted, fur fastening two pieces of timber together. 
 The form of a tenon is various, as square, dove- 
 tailed, &c. 
 
 TEN'ON-SAW, II. A saw with a brass or steel back, 
 for cutting tenons. GwtlL 
 
 TEN'OR, II. [L. tenor, from tcneo, to liold ; that is, a 
 holding on in a continued course j Fr. tencur i It. 
 tenore ; Sp. fciior. ] 
 
 1. Continued run or currency ; whole course or 
 strain. We understand a speaker's intention or 
 views from the tenor of his conver-ation ; that Is, 
 from the general course of his ideas, or general pur- 
 port of his speech. 
 
 Dois not the whole tenor of the divine la'V positively require 
 humility and meekness to all men f Sprat. 
 
 2. Stamp; character. The conv-rsation was of 
 the same tenor as that of the precedifig day. 
 
 This Bucceas would look like chance, if it wer^ Dot perpetual and 
 ulways of the aame tenor, Dry'ten. 
 
 3- Sense contained ; purport ; sub'-iance ; general 
 course or drift ; as, close attention t(. the tenor of the 
 discourse. Warnmt-s arc to be execiued according 
 to their form and tenor. Locke, 
 Bid me tear (he twn'l, 
 \Vhen it is paid according to the tenor, Shak. 
 
 4. [Fr. reiior.j In mii.sic, the most common nat- 
 ural pitch of a man's voice in singing, or the higher 
 of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult 
 males; hence, the part of a tune adapted to tliis 
 voice, the second of the four parts in the scale of 
 sounds, reckoning from the base ; an i originally the 
 air, to which the other parts were auxiliary. 
 
 5. Tlie persons who sing the tenor, or the instru- 
 ment that plays it. 
 
 TE-NOT'O-.MY, n. [Gr. rrviov and to^i;.] In *u»^ 
 
 spni, the division or the act tif divid.pg a tendon. 
 TE.N'KEC, ii. The name of three small insectiv- 
 orous quadrupeds, of the genus Cen'cnes, allied to 
 the liedgehog, and found in -Madagasc.nr and the Isle 
 of France. [/\lso written Tanrec ai d Tendrac] 
 TENSE, (tens,) a. [L. tensus, from Irndo, to stretch.] 
 Stretched; strained to stiffness; rigid; not lax ; 
 as, a tense fiber. 
 
 For the free p-awajp* of Ihe louDd into tho ear, It is requisite tliat 
 the tyinp.tnuiu fie tent; Holder. 
 
 TENSE, (tense,) ii. [Corrupted from Fr. temps, L. 
 tempus.] 
 
 in grammar, time, or a particular form of a verb, 
 or a rombination of words, used to express the time 
 of action, or of that which is affirmed; or tense is an 
 infiection of verbs, by which they are mado to sig- 
 nify or distinguish the time of actions or events. 
 
 'i'he primar}' simple tenses are three — those which 
 express time past, present, and future ,* but these 
 
 TEN 
 
 admit of .nodificutions, wliicli differ in different lan- 
 guages. Tlie Eiii;lisli laimuage is rich in iciuea, be- 
 yond any other language in Europe. 
 Tf-:NSE'LY, alio. With tension. 
 
 TE.VSE'NliSS, (tens'iiess,) n. The state of being 
 tense or stretched to stiffness ; stiffness ; opposed to 
 Lai.mess ; <is, the tenseness of a string or fiber ; feii.,«- 
 ness of tf.e skin. Sharp. 
 
 Ti:.\S-I-lir^'I-TY, n. The state that admits tension. 
 
 TENS'I-GLK, a. Capable of being extended. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TENS'ILE (ten'sil,) a. Capable of extension. 
 TE.\'SK)\, ten'sliuii,) n. (Fr., frtiiii L. tensto, tendo.] 
 
 1. The act of stretching or straining ; as, the leii- 
 «ioit of ',ne mii.scles. 
 
 2. The state of being stretched or strained to stifT- 
 ness ; i.r the state of being bent or strained ; as, dif- 
 ferent deL'.ees of tension in chords give different 
 sounils ; the greater the iciisioii, the more acute the 
 sound. 
 
 3. Th- stretching or degree of stretching to which 
 a wire, cord, piece of timlier, &c., is strained by 
 drawing ii m ttie direction of its length; strain. 
 
 4. Dist.ntioii. [Gutilt. 
 TENS'IVE, a. Giving the sensation of tension, stiff- 
 ness or CO itraction ; as, a ffii^iee pain. Fiouer. 
 
 TEN'.-^OMf.. See Tendsome. 
 
 TE.N'S'OK, II. \n anatomy, a muscle that extends or 
 
 stretches i part. 
 TEN'SlJkE ; the same as Te.nsion, and not used. 
 
 Bncun. 
 
 TENT, 71. [W. tent, from fen, (yii, stretched ; Fr. 
 tente : .Sp. tienda ; L. tentorium, from tindo, to 
 stretch.] 
 
 1. pavilion or portable lodge consisting of can- 
 vas or o'iiiT coarse cloth, stretched and sustained liy 
 poles; used for sheltering peisoiis from tile weailier, 
 parttcularl'f soldiers in camp. Tlie watiitering .-Xrabs- 
 and Tar'.irs lodge in tents. The Israi-Iites lodged in 
 tents forty years, while they were in tlie desert. 
 
 2. In SI' irrro, a roll of lint or linen, used to dilate 
 an opeiii'ig in the flesh, or to prevent tlie healing of 
 an i>|ii'ning from which matter or other fiuid is dis- 
 charged. Cijc. 
 
 TENT, II. fp. tiiifo, deep colored, from L. tinctus,] 
 .1 kind of .vine of a deep red color, cliierty from 
 Galicia ni .Malaga in Spain. 
 
 TE.N'T, V. i. To lodge as in a tent ; to tabernacle. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TE.N'T, ti. '. To probe ; to search as with a tent ; as, 
 lo tent a wjund. 
 
 I'll tent him to the qiiich. Sfuik. 
 9. To keep open with a tent. Itlseman. 
 TENT'-lil'.i). 71. .\ high-post bedstead, having cur- 
 idins in an arched form above. 
 
 Kncyc. of Dam. Econ, 
 TKN'TA-ei.E, ) 7 IT 1 , , , , 1 
 TEN-TAC"( LA, ( "' P'' L^ech. L. tcntacula.] 
 
 A filifjr'u process or organ, simple or branched, 
 on the li.idies of various animals of the Linn.a-an 
 class Vermes, and of Cuvier's Mollusca, Annelida, 
 EchinodoiOiata, Actinia, Medusa;, Polypi, &c., either 
 un organ of feelini;, prehension, or motion, some- 
 times round the mouth, sometimes on tither part^ of 
 tfie body. 
 
 TE.\-TAe'lJ-LAR, a. Pertaining to tentacles. 
 TEN-TA€'IJ-LA-TED, a. Having tentacles. 
 TEN-TA-ei[-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. tciifucu/um and 
 fero, to bear.] 
 
 Producing tentacula or tentacles. Kirby. 
 TENT'.-\GE, II. An encampment. [Unusual.] 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 TEN-Ta'TIO.V, n. [Fr., from L. tciitafio; Unto, to 
 try.] 
 
 Trial ; teniptafion. [Little used.] Broten. 
 TENf'A-TIVE, a. [Fr.J 'I'oing ; essaying. 
 TENT'A-TIVE, II. An ess,ay ; trial. Berkeley. 
 TENT'ED, a. Covered or furnished with tents, as 
 soldiers. 
 
 2. Covered with tents ; as, a tented field. 
 TE.XT'ER, II. [I,, tendo, tentus, to stretch.] 
 
 A machine for stretching cloth, by means of hooks, 
 called Temer-IIooks. llrbrrL 
 
 To be on the tenters ; to be on the stretch ; to be in 
 distress, uneasiness, or suspense. Iludibras, 
 TE.VT'ER, V. U To hang or stretch on tenters. 
 TE.NT'ER, V, i. To admit extension. [Bacon. 
 
 Woolen cloUis wi 1 tenter. Baton, 
 
 TEXT'ER-KD, pp. Stretched or hung on tenters. 
 TENT'ER-tJROUXD, ii. Ground on which tenters 
 are erected. 
 
 TENT'ER-HOOK, ti. A sharp, hooked nail, used in 
 stretching cloth on the frame called Tenter. 
 
 TE.NT'EK-ING, fpr. Stretching or hanging on tent- 
 ers. 
 
 TENTH, a, [from ten.] The ordinal of ten ; the 
 
 first after the ninth. 
 TE.\TH,n. The tenth part. 
 
 2. Tithe ; the tenth part of annual pnidiice or in- 
 crease. The tcntli of income is payable lo the clergy 
 in England, as it was to the priests among the Isra- 
 
 3. In music, the octave of the ihinl ; an interx il 
 
 TCNE, BI;LL, liNITE. — AN' GER, VF'CIOUS — C ai K ; G a-s J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH a-s in THIS. 
 
 113;' 
 
TER 
 
 TER 
 
 TER 
 
 comprehenilini; nine conjoint degrees, or ten sounds, 
 nialonically divided. Basby. 
 
 TK.Vi'lI'LY, ailv. In the tenth place. 
 
 TEN-TIO'IN-OUS, a. [L. teiUigo, a stretching.! 
 Stiff; stretclied. [J\'%i in wa'c. ] Diet. 
 
 TENT'ING, ppr. Probing; keeping open with a 
 tent. 
 
 TENT'O-RY, J!. FL. tentorium.] 
 
 The awning of a tent. Enehjn, 
 TENT'WORT, (-wiirt,) n. [tent s.nA wort.] A plant 
 
 of the genus Asplenium. 
 TEN'l|-A'J'E, r. «. [Ij. tenuo.] 
 
 To make thin. 
 TEN'U-A-TEn, pp. Made thin. 
 TEN'U-A-TIXG, ppr. Making thin. 
 TEN q-[-Fo'LI-OUl!i, a. [L. (en«i,s- and folium.] 
 
 Ilavinf; thin or narrow leaves. 
 TE-NC'l-OUS, a. Rare or subtile ; opposed to 
 Dense. 
 
 TE.\-U-I-ROS'TERS, v. pi [L. tennis and rostrum.] 
 A tribe of insessorial or perching birds, including 
 those which have a long and slendrr bill. Brando. 
 TEN-U-I-ROS'TRAL, a. Thin-bdled ; applied to 
 birds with a slender bill, as the humming birds. 
 
 Swainson. 
 
 TE-Xu'I-TY, n. [Fr. tenuiti ; L. tcnuitas, from tenuis, 
 thin. See Thin.J 
 
 1. Thinness ; s mallness in diameter ; exility ; thin- 
 ness, applied to a broad substance, and slenderness, 
 applied to one that is long ; as, the trniiitij of paper 
 or of a leaf; the tenuity of a h.air or tilanient. 
 
 2. Rarity ; rareness ; thinness ; as of a fluid ; as, 
 the tenuity of the air in the higher regions of the at- 
 mosphere; the (cHinVy of the blood. Bacon. 
 
 3. Poverty. [JVut in use.] K. Cluirles. 
 TEN'U-OUS, a. [L. tenuis.] 
 
 1. Thin; small; minute. Brown. 
 
 2. Rare. 
 
 .TEN'lIllE, (ten'yur,) n. [Fr,, from tcnir, L. leneo, to 
 hold.] 
 
 1. A holding. In En^/isA /aic, the manner of hold- 
 ing lands and tenements of a superior. All the 
 species of ancient tenures may be reduced to four, 
 three of which subsist to this day. I. Tenure by 
 knight service, which was the most honorable. 
 This is now abolished. 2. Tenure in free socage, or 
 by a certain and determinate service, which is either 
 free and honorable, or villein and base. 3. Tenure 
 by copy of court roll, or copyhold tenure. 4. Tenure 
 in ancient demain. There was also tenure in 
 frankalmoign, or free alms. The tenure in free and 
 couimon socage has absorbed most of the others. 
 
 Bluckstone. 
 
 In the United States, almost all lands are held in 
 fee-simple ; not of a superior, but the whole right 
 and title to the property being vested in tile owner. 
 
 Tenure in general, then, is the particular manner 
 of holding real estate, as by exclusive title or owner- 
 ship, by fee-simple, by fee-tail, by courtesy, in 
 dower, by copyhold, by lease, at will, &c. 
 
 2. 'i'he consideration, condition, or service which 
 the occupier of land gives to his lord or superior for 
 the use of his land. 
 
 3. Manner of holding in general. In absolute 
 governments, men hold their rights by a precari- 
 ous tenure. 
 
 TE-O-GAL'LE, n. Literally, God's house ; a pyramid 
 fi.r the worship of the gods among the Mexicans and 
 other aborigines of America. Humboldt. 
 TEP-E-FAt;'TH)N, n. [L. Icpefacio; tepidus, warm, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 'J'he act or operation of warming, making tepid or 
 moderately warm. 
 TEP'E-FT-iiD, (-fide,) pp. Made moderately warm. 
 TEP'E-F?, V. t. [L. teprfacio.] 
 
 To make moderately warm. Ooldsmith. 
 TEP'E-Fy, V. i. To become moderately warm. 
 TEPH'RA-.MAN-CY, (tef'ra-man-se,) /(. [Gr. rcppa 
 and pavTtni.] 
 
 Divination by the ashes on which the victim had 
 been consumed in sacrifice. Swart. 
 TEP'ID, o. [L. Icpidus, from tepeo, to be warm; 
 Kuss. lophju.] 
 
 Miiilerately warm; lukewarm; as, a tepid bath; 
 tcpiti rays ; tepid vapors. 
 
 'I'rpid mineral xoaler.i, are such as have less sensible 
 cold than common water. Cite. 
 TEP'ID-.VEjS.S, ( n. Moderate w.trmth ; lukew'arm- 
 'I'E-PlD'l-'l'Y, ( noss. Ramblrr. 
 TK'POU, n. [I,.] Gentle heat ; moderate warmth. 
 
 .^rbuthnot. 
 
 TEU'APII, (ter'nf,) n. [Heir.] .'^opposed by some to 
 be an idol ; by others, to be a charm or amulet. 
 
 .Smart. 
 
 TER'A-PIII.M, 71. pi. [Heb.] Household deities or 
 images. 
 
 TER-A-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. rcp'ts, a prodigy, and 
 Aovot, discourse.] 
 
 I. 'I'hat [lart of phyniology which treats of mnlfor- 
 mnlions and monstrosities. 
 
 3. liombaitt in language; affectation of auhllmity, 
 [^<>t nitcd.] Biiileij. 
 TF.R(;E, (ters,) n. [8p. tereiai Fr. tiers, tierce, n 
 lljird.] 
 
 A cask whose contents are 42 gall oils, the third of 
 a pipe or butt.] 
 TER'CEL, n. [Fr. tiers, third; so named for his 
 siiiallness.] 
 
 The male of the common falcon, Falco peregrinus. 
 
 Ell. Eiicyc. 
 
 The name tercel is also given to the male of every 
 species of falcon or hawk, when he has no other in- 
 dividual designation. Booth, 
 TERCE'-Ma-JOR, 71. A sequence of the three best 
 cards. 
 
 TER'CINE, (ter'sin,) n. [L. tertius.] 
 
 In botany, the outer coat of the nucleus of the 
 ovule of a plant. Linillev. 
 TER'E-BINTH, n. [Fr. terebinthe ; Gr. reoeHiv'iui.] 
 The turpentine tri'e. Spenser. 
 TER-E-BIN'TIIIN-ATE, a. Terebinthine ; impreg- 
 nated with the (pialities of turpentine, Ramsay. 
 TER-E-BIX'THLNE, (-thin,) a. [L. terebinl/unus, 
 from terebinViina. turpentine.] 
 
 Pertaining to turpentine; consisting of turpentine, 
 or partaking of its qualities. 
 TER'E-IiR.\TE, v. t. [L. terebro, tero.] 
 
 To bore ; to perforate with a gimlet. [Little used.] 
 
 Dcrham. 
 
 TER'E-BRa-TING, ppr. or a. Boring; perforating; 
 applied to mollusks, which form lioles in rocks, 
 wood, &c. Humble. 
 TER-E BR.5'TI0N, n. The act of boring. [Little 
 
 used.] Bacon. 
 TER-E-BRAT'lJ-LA, 7i. A genus of bivalve mollusks, 
 of the class Riachiopoda, in which one of the valves 
 is perforated for the transmission of a sort of tendi- 
 nous ligament, by which the animal fixes itself to 
 submarine bodies. P. Cyc. 
 
 TER-E-BRAT'q-LITE, 7i. Fossil terebratula, a kind 
 
 of shell. [Obs.] 
 TER'E-DINE, (-din,) n. [See Teredo.] A borer ; 
 
 the teredo. 
 TE-RE'DO, 71. [L., from tero, to wear.] 
 
 A genus of acephalous testaceous mollusks that 
 bore and penetrate the bottom of ships, and other 
 submersed wood. 
 TE-Rl~;TE', a. [Uteres.] 
 
 Cylindrical and tapering; columnar; as some 
 stems of jilants. Martyn. 
 TER-GE.M'I.N-AL, ) „ . i 
 TER-GE.M'I.\-ATE, l^- t^rseminus.] 
 
 Tlirire doiildc ; as, a terireminate leaf. Martyn. 
 TER-GE.M'L\-OUS!, u. [Supra.] Threefold. 
 TER-GIF'E-ROUS, a. [L. tergum, the back, and 
 fern, to bear.] 
 
 Tergiferons plants, are such as bear their seeds on 
 the back of their leaves, as ferns. Cyc. 
 TER'Gl-VER-BATE, (ter'je-ver-sSte,) v. i. [L. ter- 
 guni, the back, and verto, to turn.] 
 
 To shift ; to practice evasion. [Little used.] 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 TER-GI-VER-Sa'TION, 71. A shifting; shift ; sub- 
 terfuge ; evasion. 
 
 Wrilin^ is to he pn;ferr-d before verbal conferences, as beinj 
 more free Iroin passion and tergiversation. Bramhall. 
 
 2. Change; fickleness of conduct. 
 TJie colonel, after alj lii:> tergiversation, lost his life in the king's 
 service. Clarendon. 
 
 TER'GUM, 71. [L., the back.] In entomolog-y, the 
 upper surface of the abdomen. Brande. 
 
 TERM, 71. [Gr. rcpjia ; Fr. terme ; It. termine; Sp. 
 tcrmino; L. terminus, A limit or bound.ary ; W. ten, 
 termjn, frtun tero, extreme.] 
 
 1. A limit; a bound or boundary; the extremity 
 of any thing; that which limits its extent. 
 
 Corruption is a reciprocal to generation, and lliey two are as 
 nature's two lernis or IxjiintLitios. Bacon. 
 
 2. The time for which any thing lasts ; any limited 
 time ; as, the term of five years ; the term of life. 
 
 3. In geometry, a point, line, or superficies, that 
 limits. A line is the term of a superficies, and a su- 
 perficies is the term of a solid. 
 
 ■1. In law, the limitation of an estate; or rather 
 the whole lime or duration of an testate ; as, a lease 
 for the term of life, for the term of three lives, for the 
 term of twenty-one years. 
 
 5. In lair, the time in w hich a court is held or open 
 for the trial of causes. In England there are four 
 terms in the year; Hilary term, from .laniiary 23d to 
 February lith ; Easter term, from Wednesday, 
 fortnight alter Easter, to the Monday next alter 
 Ascension-day ; 'i'rinity term, from Friday next after 
 Trinity Sunday to the VVednesilay fortnight after; 
 and I\lirhaeliiias term, from November (ith to the 
 2Htli. These terms are observed by the courts of 
 King's Bench, the Common Pleas and F.xcheipier, 
 but not by the parliament, the chancery, or by inferior 
 courts. The rest id' the year is called 7)aca£(Vin. In 
 the United States, the terms to be observed by the 
 tribunals of justice, are prescribed by the statutes of 
 congress and of Ilic several Slates. 
 
 {>. In uniccrsit.iis and colleges, the time during 
 which inslnictiiui Is regularly given to Ktiidents, who 
 arc obliged by the statutes and laws of the institution 
 to attend to the recitations, lectures, and other exer- 
 cises, i 
 
 7. In grammar, a word or expression ; that which 
 fixes or determines ideas. 
 
 In paintingr, tiie greatest beauties can not be always expressed 
 for waul of enns. Oryden. 
 
 8. In the artv, a word or expression that denotes 
 something peculiar to an art ; as, a technical term. 
 
 9. Ill foiWc, la syllogism embraces three terms, the 
 major, the minor, and the middle. The predicate of 
 the conclusitm is called the 7Hn/or term, because it is 
 the most general, and the subject of the conclusion is 
 called the 7n(/ior tern), because it is less general. 
 These are called the extremes; and the third term, 
 introduced as a common measure between them, is 
 called the merin or middle term. Tlius in the follow- 
 ing syllogism : — 
 
 Every vegetable is combustible ; 
 
 Every tree is a vegetable ; 
 
 'i'lierefure every tree is combustible ; 
 Ciimbiistible is the predicate of the conclusion, or the 
 major term ; every tree is the minor term ; vegetable 
 is the middle term. Hedge's Logic. 
 
 III. In architecture, a kind of pillar or column, 
 adorned on the top with the figure of a head, either 
 of a man, woman, or satyr. The pillar part fre- 
 quently tapers downward, or is narrowest at the base. 
 Terms rudely carved were used for landinnrks or 
 boundaries. p. Cyc. Oir.ilt. 
 
 11. Among the ancients, terms, termini iniliares, 
 were the heads of certain divinities placed on square 
 landmarks of stone, to mark the several stadia on 
 roads. These were dedicated to Mercury, who was 
 supposed to preside over highways. Cue. 
 
 12. In algebra, a member of a compound quantity ; 
 as, a, in a -f b ; or ab, in ab 4- cd. Daif. 
 
 13. Among physicians, the monthly uterine secre- 
 tion of females is called terms. Baileii. 
 
 14. In contracts, terms, in the plural, are condi- 
 tions ; propositions stated or promises made, which, 
 when assented to or accepted by another, settle the 
 contract and bind the parties. A engages to build a 
 hou.se for B for a specilic sum of money, in a given 
 time ; these are his terms. When I! promises to 
 give to A that sum for building the house, he has 
 agreed to the terms ; the contract is completed and 
 binding upon both parties. 
 
 Terms of proportion ; in mathematics, the four mem- 
 bers of wiiicli it is composted. 
 
 7'o make terms ; to ctiine to an agreement. 
 
 To come to terms ; to agree ; to come to an agree- 
 ment. 
 
 To bring to terms; to reduce to submission or to 
 conditions. 
 
 TER.M, !). (. To name ; to call ; to denominate. 
 
 Afen term wliat is beyond tlie limits of the iniiverae imaerinary 
 space. Locke. 
 TER'MA-GAN-CY, 71. [from termagant.] Turbu- 
 lence ; tuniultuousness ; as, a violent termagancy of 
 temper. Buhcr. 
 TER'MA-GANT, a. [In Sax. tir or tijr is a deity. 
 Mars or Mercury, and a prince or lord. As a prefix, 
 it augments the .sense of words, and is equivalent to 
 chief or very great. The Sax. niagan. Eng. may, is a 
 verb denoting to be able, to prevail ; from the sense 
 of straining, striving, or driving. Qii. the root of stir,] 
 Tumultuous ; turbulent ; boisterous or furious ; 
 quarrelsome ; scolding. 
 
 termagant^ imperious, prodigal, profligate 
 Arbutltuol. 
 
 Tlie eldest was 
 weucli. 
 
 TER'MA-GANT, 7t. A boisterous, brawling, turbu- 
 lent woman. It seems in Phakspeare to have been 
 used of men. In ancient farces and puppet-shows, 
 Termagant was a vociferous, tumultuous deity. 
 
 Siie lltrew bis periwig into the fire. " Well," said he, ** ilinu art 
 
 a brave termagant.'^ Taller. 
 The sprites of fiery Icrmagnnts in flame. Pope. 
 
 TER'MA-GANT-LY, axlv. In a turbulent or scolding 
 maimer. 
 
 TERM'/;n, pp. Called; denominated. 
 TERM'ER,7i. One who travels to attend acourtterm. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 S. One who has an estate for a term of years or 
 for life. 
 
 TER'MkS, 77.; p?. Teh'mi-tes. [Gr. t£/>;oi, the end, 
 bi^cause this insect destroys every thing it attacks.] 
 
 A iieuropteroiis insect, coiiiuionly called White 
 Ant. It is inoslly found within the tropics. It de- 
 stroys every thing it attacks. It will reduce a house 
 of wood to a mere shell in a very short lime. 
 
 TERM'-FEE, 71. Among liiityers, a fi'e or certain 
 sum charged to a suitor for each term his cause is in 
 court. 
 
 TERM'IN-A-BLE, a. [from term.] That may be 
 bounded ; liiiiilable. Diet. 
 
 TERM'IN-A-ULE-NESS, 71. The state of being ter 
 iiiinable. 
 
 TEKM'IN-AL, a, [from L. f«ri7iin«.s-.] In botany, 
 growing at the end of a bi-ancli or stem ; termina- 
 ting ; as, a terminal scape, llower, or spiki'. JMarlyn. 
 
 2. Forming the end or extremity ; as, a terminal 
 ci\ ge. 
 
 TEll-MIN-A'I.I-A, 71. p/. [li.] Annual festivals hold 
 by the Romans in February in honor of Terminus, 
 the god of boundaries. Brande, 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
TER 
 
 TERM'IN-ATE, ». «. [Fr. termintr i L. termino ; Sp. 
 tenititifir; h. termiiiare ; from l,.trrmiitu.'iy\V.ternpt^] 
 
 1. To linuiul ; to limit -, to set tli« extreme point or 
 side of a tliiii); ; ns, t» terminate n surface by u line. 
 
 2. To end ; to put axi end to ; as, to terminate a 
 controver^v. 
 
 TER.M'l.\-ATE,t). i. Tobc limited ; to end ; to come 
 to the furllie!<t point in space ; as, a line terminates 
 at the »quator ; tlie torrid zone tenniiiatej at the 
 tropics. 
 
 0. To end ; to close ; to come to a limit in time. 
 The sessKtn of ronijress, every second year, must 
 terminate on the third of March. 
 
 Tlie wis'iom of t)iis worlil, it^tlesigtis and eflicncy, terminitte on 
 tittk iid'i b«*;ivi;n. ^ SouUt. 
 
 TERM'l.N'-.T-TED, p;;. Limited; bounded; ended. 
 TEI{.M'l.\-.\-Tl.\G, ppr. or a. Limiting; ending; 
 citiK-hidine. 
 
 TEli.M-I.N'-A'TION, K. The act of limiting or setting 
 bounds ; the art of ending or concluding. 
 
 2. Iloiiiid . limit in space or extent ; as, the termi- 
 nation (if a Ime. 
 
 :t. Enil ill tiiiip or existence ; as, the Imninntion of 
 .the year or uf life ; the termination of happiness. 
 
 4. In grammar, the end or ending of a word ; the 
 syllaldi; or letter that ends a word. Words have 
 different terniinatii)n.t to express number, time, and 
 
 5. End ; conclusion ; result. [sex. 
 t). Last purpose. IVIiitr. 
 7. Wont; term, f-'^'''' '" ""•] Slink. 
 
 TEU.M-I.\-A'TIOX-.\L, a. Pertaining to, or forming, 
 
 the end or roncludiiig s\-llalile. IVaUcer, 
 TER.MM.\-A-T1 VE, a. Directing termination. 
 
 Bp. Ru.<t 
 
 TERM'I.\-.A-TIVE-LY, adv. Absolutely ; so as not 
 til respect any thing else. Taijlur. 
 
 TERM'I.V-.A-TOK, H. In a.s?ro7iom«, the dividins line 
 between the enlightened and the unenlightened part 
 of the moon. Olmsted. 
 
 TER.M'I.\'-ER, n, A determining; as, in oyer and 
 tenniiier. 
 
 TERSI'l.NG, p/ir. Calling; denominating. 
 
 TER.M'I.\-IST, n. In ecclesiastical histnrtj, one of a 
 class of theologians who maintain that God has fixed 
 a certain term for the probation of individual per- 
 sons, iliiring which period, and no longer, they have 
 tin- orter of L'race. Murdock. 
 
 TER M-l N-OI '() V ) 
 
 TER.M-(i\-OI/O-0V, i [^'■- ^■'''"^•l 
 
 1. The doctrine of terms ; a treatise on terms. 
 
 2. In natural liistartj, tliat branch of the science 
 which explains all the terms used in the description 
 of natural objects. F.d. F.ncijc. 
 
 TER-.MI.\'THUS,n. [Gr. nnfttve ^f, a pine nut.] 
 
 In medicine, a sort of carbuncle, spreading ill the 
 shape, and assuniiiig.lhe figure and blackish green 
 color of the fruit of the pine, called Pine-Nct. 
 
 Good. 
 
 TER'MIN'-US, ». ; pi. Termim. [L.] A boundary; 
 a column ; tlie extreme point at eitlier end of a rail- 
 road, &c. Among tlie Ramans, the deity that pre- 
 siileil over boundaries. 
 
 TER'.MITE, 71.; pi. Termites. The white ant, 
 Trrmrs. 
 
 TER.M'LEPS, a. Unlimited; boundless; as, termless 
 (iiys. Riilcsh, 
 
 Ti'.R.M'LV, a. Occurring every term; as, a termbj 
 fee. Bacon. 
 
 TERM'LY, arfr. Term by term ; every term ; as, a 
 fee ternity cit'en. Bacon. 
 
 TER.M-ON'-OL'O-Oy, n [Gr. rto/icir, a term, and 
 I A..V .(.] 
 
 i This is a more correct word than Tebminologt, 
 and is preferred by the best authors. 
 TER.M'OR, n. One who h.as an estate for a term of 
 
 years or life ; spell also Termer. Bladistone. 
 TER.V, II. [L. sterna,] 
 
 A common name of certain long-winged aquatic 
 fowls of the genus Sterna, of Liiina;us, closely allied 
 to the culls ; as the great or common tern, or sea- 
 swallnw, (.S. I/irundo,) the black tern, the lesser 
 tern.or hoodi d tern,tc. The brown tern, or brown 
 gull, is cimsidered as the young of the pewit gull or 
 sea-crow, (Larns ridibundus,) before molting. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 TERN', a. fL. ternus.^ 
 
 Threefold ; consisting of three. 
 
 Tern Irures ; in threes, or tdree by three ; express- 
 ing the number of leaves in each whorl or set. 
 
 Tern peduncles ; three growing together from the 
 same axil. 
 
 Tern floicers ,* growing three and three together. I 
 
 -Martyn. 
 
 TER\'A-RY, a. [L. Irrnarlns, of three.] 
 
 Proceeding by threes ; rimsisting of three. The 
 ternani number, in antiquity, was esteemed a sym- 
 bol of perfection, and held in gre.at veneration. Cijc. 
 
 TER'Xl-ON \ I- tcrnanus, ternio.j 
 
 The number three. Holder. 
 TER.N'ATE, a. [L. tmus, trrni.] 
 
 In buianij, a ttrnote leaf is one that has three leaf- 
 lets on a petiole, as in trefoil, strawberry, bramble. 
 
 TER 
 
 kc. There are leaves also biternate and triternale, 
 having tlirce tcrnato or tliree biternate leaflets. 
 
 JUnrti/n, 
 
 These leaves must not be confounded wiih'/u/i'o 
 terna, which are leaves that grow three together in a 
 whorl, on a stem or bnnch. 'J'hese are, however, 
 more correctly called Vkiitkmlla i i>ternate. Cite, 
 
 Tcrnate bat; a species of bat of a large kind, found 
 in the isle Ternate, and other East India isles. [See 
 V'ampvre.I 
 
 TERP-Sieir-0-RE'.\iV, a. Relating to Terpsichore, 
 
 the muse who presided over dancing. 
 TER'R.VCE, 71. [Fr. terra..-se ; It. terraizo ; Sp. ter- 
 
 rado ; from L. terra, the earttl.] 
 
 1. .\ raised level space or platform of earth, sup- 
 ported on one or more sides hy a wall or bank of 
 turf, &c., used either for cultivation or for a prome- 
 nade. 
 
 2. A balcony or open gallery. Johnson. 
 
 3. The flat roof of a lioiise. All tlio buildings of 
 the Oriental nations are covered with terraces, where 
 lieopie walk or sleep. 
 
 TER'R.XCE, V. t. To form into a terrace. 
 
 2. To ojien to the air and light. tVotton. 
 
 TER'U/\C-/;n, (ter'raste,) pp. or a. Formed into a 
 terrace ; having a terrace. Thomson. 
 
 TER'lt.\(MNG, pyjT-. Forming into a terrace; open- 
 ing to the air. 
 
 TER'RA for TjJ, 71. [It.] Literally, baked cl.ay ; a 
 name given to statues, architectural decorations, 
 fiiinres, vases, &c., modeled or cast in a paste made 
 of pipe or potter's clay and a fine colorless .sand. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TER-RA-eUL'XyR-AL, o. Denoting tillage of the 
 carlli. 
 
 TER-RA-eUL'TtIRE, ti. [L. tCT-ra and cu/turo.] 
 
 Cultivatiiiii of the earth. 
 TER'KM FlL'l-US,n. [L.] ForTner/iy, one appointed 
 
 to write a satirical Latin poem at tlie public acts in 
 
 the university of Oxford ; not unlike the prevaricator 
 
 at Cambridze, England. 
 TER'RJi FlR'.V.a, n. [L.] Firm or solid earth. 
 TER'Rjl 1JV-€00'J\'-I-7j1, n. [L.J. An unknown 
 
 recion. 
 
 TKR'R.^ J-^-PO.V/-^.^, 71. [L.] The same as Ca- 
 techu, a substance ohtaiiu^d from the juice of a spe- 
 cies of acacia. It was formerly supposed to be a 
 kind of eartli from Japan ; hence the name. 
 
 TER'R^ LK.U'jXI-A, n. [L.J A species of red, 
 biliary earth. 
 
 TER'UA-PIN, 71. A name given to a species of tide- 
 water tortoise. 
 
 TER RA POA'--DE-R0'SJi,n. [L.J Darytes or heavy 
 spar. Ure. 
 
 TER-RA'aUE-OUS, a. [L. terra, earth, and aqua, 
 ivator; W. tir, Sans, dara, earth.] 
 
 Consisting of land and water, as the globe or earth. 
 This epithet is given to the earth in regard to the 
 surface, of which more than three fifths consist of 
 water, and the remainder of eartli or solid materials. 
 
 TKIl'RAR, n. A register of lands. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Cowel. 
 
 TER'RAf , 77. Fee Trass. 
 
 TER'RA sr-E.V'.\':i,n. [It.] A brown bole or ochre 
 from Sienna, in Italy, used as a pigment. 
 
 TERRE'-HLOE, (tire'blu,) n. [Fr. terre, earth, and 
 blue.] 
 
 A kind of earth. TVoodirard. 
 TERRE'-MOTE, (tare'inote,) 7i. [L. terra, earth, and 
 inotus, motion.] 
 
 An earthquake. [A'ct in use.] Qowcr. 
 TBRKE'-PLEIN, (tare'pline.) [Fr. terre, earth, and 
 plein, full.] 
 
 In fort\lication, the top, platform, or horizontal 
 surface of a rampart, on which the caiinoa are 
 placed. 
 
 TEURE-TE.N"ANT, ) rr, . , .^ 
 
 TER-TEN'ANT, \ "' t^'' «"t«-'"""'<-] 
 
 One who has the actual possession of land ; the 
 occupant. 
 
 TERRE'-VERTE, (tare'vartc,) n. [Fr. terre, e.arth, 
 and rerd, rerte, green.] 
 
 A species of olive-green earth, used by painters, 
 coiitainins oxyd of iron, silica, potash, and water, 
 with other variable ingredients 
 TER-REEN', n. (Fr. trrrine, from L. terra, earth.] 
 An earthen or porcelain vessel for table furniture, 
 used often for containing soup. A similar vessel of 
 metal. 
 
 TER'REL, n. [from terra.] Little earth, a magnet 
 of a just spherical ficiire, and so placed that its 
 poles, equator. Ace, correspond exactly to those of 
 the world. 
 
 TER-Rl'..\E', a. [L. tcrrenus, from fC7TB, \V. tir, 
 earth.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the earth ; earthy ; as, terrene sub- 
 stance. 
 
 2. Earthly ; terrestrial. 
 
 God «et befon hiin a mortal .md ln)inon.il liic, a natup? wli-rtiiU 
 and (rrrtTW. JSa/egh. 
 
 TER'RE-OL'S, a. [L. terreus, from terra, earth.] 
 
 Earthy ; consisting of earth ; as, terreous sub- 
 stances ; terreous particles. Brown. 
 
 TER 
 
 TER-RES'TRI-AL, a. [L. Urrutris, from Urra,Uui 
 eart!).] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the earth ; existing on the e.arth ; 
 as, {fT^cvtrm/ animals ; bodies terrestrtaL 1 Cer. xv. 
 
 2. Consisting of earth ; as, the terrestrial globe. 
 
 3. Pertaining to the world, or to the present stale ; 
 sublunary. Death puts an end to all terrestrial 
 sciMies. 
 
 TER-RES'TRI-AL-LY, adv. After an earthly man- 
 ner. Mure. 
 
 TER-RES'TRI-OUS, a. Earthy. [Litile used.] 
 
 2. Pertaining to the earth ; being or living on the 
 earth ; terrestrial. Brown. 
 
 TER'RI-IILE, a. [Fr., from L. terribilis, from tc'rto, 
 to friEliteii.] 
 
 1. Friahtlul ; adapted to e.xcitc terror ; drcadfUI ; 
 formidable. 
 
 Prudi-nt in rvac, and terrible in w.ir. Prior. 
 Till lorm of tlic imrxg^; wa» Urribli. — Daii. li. 
 
 2. Adapted to impress dread, terror, or solemn awe 
 and reverence. 
 
 The Lord thy God is anion? you, a mighty God and terrible.— 
 D«ul. vii. 
 
 Let them praiM Uiy gnat aiid terrible name, for il la hoty. — 
 Pa. xcix. 
 
 He hiilll ilune fur thee these ^reat and terrible thin^, u hkb 
 llliiie t-yes h.ive *eeii. — Dcie.. x. 
 
 3. ade. Severely ; very ; so as to give pain ; as, 
 terrible cold ; a colloquial phrase. 
 
 TER'RI-IILE-NESS, 71. Dreadfulness ; foriiiidable- 
 ness ; the quality or state of being terrible ; as, the 
 tcrribleness of a sight. 
 TER'UI-HLY, adi;. Dreadfully ; in a manner to excite 
 terror or fi iglit. 
 
 Wh'-n he ariaclh to ah:ike terribly llic carlh. — la. li. 
 2. Violently ; very greatly. 
 
 Tlie poor man wjnalled terribly. Stei/t, 
 TER'RI-ER, 71. [Fr., from terra, earth.] 
 
 1. .\ dug or little hound, that creeps into the 
 ground after animals that burrow. ]>ryden. 
 
 2. A lodge or hole where certain animals, as 
 foxes, rabbits, badgers, and the like, secure them- 
 selves. Cye. 
 
 3. Orijrinally, a collection of acknowledgments of 
 the vassals or tenants of a lordship, containing the 
 rents and services they owed to the lord, &c. ; at 
 present, a book or roll in which the lands of private 
 persons or corporations arc described hy their site, 
 boundaries, number of acres, &c. Cyc. 
 
 4. A wimble, auger, or borer. [L. tcro.] 
 
 .^msworth. 
 
 TER-RIF'ie, a. [I,, tcrrificus from (erreo, fCTTor, and 
 
 facio.] 
 
 Dreadful; causing terror; adapted to excite great 
 fear or dread ; as, a terrific form ; terrific sight. 
 TER'RI-KT-/;D, pp. or a. Friglili'ned ; affrishted. 
 TER'Rl-F?, 1;. t. [L. terror and /acio, to make.] 
 To frighten ; to alarm or shock with fear. 
 Th-y wore terrified and «llrighi.-d. - Luke ixiir. 
 Wlvn ye ah.dl h-ar of war* uiid coniniutioiia, te not terrified. — 
 Luke xxi. Jeh vii. 
 
 TEU'RI-FY-ING, /i;<r. or a. Frightening ; affrighting. 
 TER-RlG'E.\-OUS, a. [L. Icrrigena, one born of the 
 
 earth ; terra and sif^noA 
 
 Earth-liorn ; produced by the earth. 
 TER-RI-'l'O'RI-AL, a. (from territory.] Pertaining 
 
 to territory or land ; as, territorial limits ; territnrial 
 
 jurisdiction. Tooke. 
 2. Limited to a cerLain district. Rights may be 
 
 personal or territorial. 
 TER-RI-To'RI-AL-LY, a<h'. In regard to territory; 
 
 by means of territory. E. EceretL 
 
 TER'RI-TO-RI-iCD, a. Possessed of territory. Selden. 
 TER'RI-TO-RY, H. [Fr. terrifo ire ; II. and Sp. tcrri- 
 
 torio ; L. tcrritortum, from terra, earth.] 
 
 1. The extent or compass of lanu within the 
 bounds, or behmging to the jurisdiction, of any state, 
 city, or other body. 
 
 Linger not in my ierrijorirt. Sfink, 
 Th'-y en-ctwl 11 hoit»e willitii theirown territory. ilayiturd. 
 Arts and »ci'-nces look their rise and lluiimhcd only in Uiu*^ imall 
 terrilorite where Uie people wert free. Sieift. 
 
 2. \ tract of land belonging to, or under the do- 
 minion of, a prince or state, lying at a distance from 
 the parent country or from the scat of government ; 
 as, the tcmtorie* of the East India Conifiany ; the 
 territories of the United States ; the territory of .Mich- I 
 igan ; Xorlh-west territory. These districts of coun- 
 try, when received intotlie Union and acknowledged 
 to be Stales, lose the ap|)ellation of territory. 
 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 TER'ROR, 71. [L. terror, from ttrreo, to frighten ; Fr. 
 terreur ; It. terrarf. J 
 
 1. Extreme fear ; violent dread ; fright ; fear tbat 
 agitates the body and mind. 
 
 The aword without and terror within. — Dent. xxxi!. 
 The Urrort of God do let Uienuelvea in amy ajainat me. — 
 Joli T. 
 
 Aniaje and lerror seiznl the rebel boat. MiUon, 
 
 2. That which may excite dread ; the cause of ex- 
 treme fear. 
 
 Kuleta are not a terror to good worita, but to the eril. — Ron. 
 
 Thoac enonnoua l^rrora of the Nile. 
 
 Prior. . 
 
 TONE, BI.LL, 1;MTE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1130 
 
TES 
 
 TES 
 
 TES 
 
 3. In Scripture, the sudden judgment? of GuJ are 
 cnllfd trrriirs. Ps. Ixxiti. 
 
 4. Tlie tlireatpnings of wicked men, ci evil appre- 
 hended friini them. 1 Pet. iii. 
 
 5. Awful majesty, calculated to impreos fear. Q 
 Cor. V. 
 
 G. Death is emphatically styled the king of ter- 
 rors. 
 
 Rritrn of terror i in French history, lhr*t period 
 duriMS the revolution when e.xecutions were most 
 numermis, and the people were kept in t^e greatest 
 f<:ar hv tiK'ir rulers. This extended fr m Octoher, 
 17i«, to July, 1794. Brande. 
 
 TEK'IIOR-ISM, n. A state of being te.-rified, or a 
 stale impressing terror. Jefferson. 
 
 TER'Rl)K,iyT, n. A name given to the agents and 
 partisans (if the revolutionary tribunal riuring the 
 reign of terror in France. Brande. 
 
 TKR'ROR-LE.'J.S, a. Free from terror. 
 
 TER'ROR-SMIT'T£i\, a. Smitten with terror. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 TER'ROR-STRUC'K, a. Stricken with terror. 
 TKRSE, (ters,) a. [L. tersus, from tergo, to wipe.] 
 Cleanly written ; neat ; elegant without pompous- 
 ness J as, terse language ; a terse style. 
 
 Difiused, yet terse, poetical, though pl;uD, JJarte. 
 
 TERSE'l.Y, (ters'ly,) adv. Neatly. 
 
 TERSE'NESS, (ters'ness,) n. Neatness of style; 
 
 smo'ithness of lanuuage. IFarton. 
 TER-SUL'PHU-RET, n. A sulphuret containing 
 
 three eipiivalents of sulphur. 
 TER-TE.V'ANT, n. [Fr. terre and tenant.] 
 
 The occupant of land. 
 TER'TI.Alj, a. A term applied to the quills growing 
 
 on the last or innermost joint of a bird's wiwg. 
 
 '^tDainson. 
 
 TER'TIAI.S, (-shalz,) 7i. pi. In ornitholooy, the tpiill? 
 or large feathers which grow near the junction of the 
 wing with the body. 
 
 TER'TIAN, a. [h.'tertianns, from tcrtius, third.] 
 Occurring every (»ther day ; as, a tertian f» ver. 
 
 TER'Tl.^N, n. A disease or fever whose paroxysms 
 return every other day; an intermittent whose par- 
 oxysms occur after intervals of a little loss than 
 forty-eight hours. Cijr. One. 
 
 2. A measure of 84 gallons, the third p-^rt of a tun. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 TER'TIA-RY, a. Third ; of the third formation. 
 
 Teniarij fnrmtttion ; in geology, a series of strata, 
 more recent than the chalk, consisting of sandstones, 
 clay beds, limestones, and frequently containing nu 
 inerous fossils, a few of which are identical wilh ex- 
 isting species. It has been divided into Eocene, 
 MiocEf E, and Pliocene, which see. Dana. 
 
 TER'TIATE, (ter'shite.) r. t. [L. tertius, third ; 
 tertio, to do every third day.] 
 
 1. To do any thing the third time. Johnson. 
 
 2. To examine the thickness of the metal at the 
 muzzle of a gun ; or, in general, to examine the 
 thickness to ascertain the strength of ordn.ince. 
 
 TER'TlA-TED, pp. Done the third time. 
 
 TF.R'TIUM Q £///), [L.] A third something. 
 
 TER'ZJi wrj/.i, (tert'sa re'mi,) n. [It.j Literally, 
 a peculiar and complicated system of vrsification, 
 borrowed by the early Italian poets from the Trouba- 
 dours. Brande. 
 
 TER-ZF.T'TO, (tert-set'to,) n. [It.] In viu.<ic, a 
 composition in three parts. Brande. 
 
 TES'SEL-AR, o. Formed in squares. 
 
 TES' - EL,-aTE, v. I. [ I,, tessela, a little square stone.] 
 To form into squares or checkers ; lo lay with 
 checkered work. 
 
 TES'SEL-A-TEI), pp. or a. Checkered ; formed in 
 little squares or mosaic work ; as, a tcaiclated pave- 
 ment. 
 
 2. In botany, spotted like a chess-board ; as, a tes- 
 selited leaf. " Martyn. 
 TES'.-^Eb-A-TING, ppr. Forming in little squares. 
 TES SEI.-S'TION, n. Mor^aic work, or the oprration 
 
 of making it. Forsyth, Italn. 
 
 TF.S SE-R^, n. ; pi. Tesser*. [Gr.] A six-sided die, 
 like nioilern dice, used among the Romans as a to- 
 ken, and in architecture in laying tessclated work. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TES-SE-RS'ie, a. TL. tessera, a square thing.] 
 
 Diversified by squares ; tessclated. Mcyns. 
 TES'SE-RAL, a. Pertaining to or containing tessera;. 
 2. In crystallography, a tern» applied lo crystals 
 having equal axes, like the cube. 
 TES'SU-LAIl, a. Related to the cube, or having 
 
 equal axes like the cube. 
 TEST, n. [h.lesta,an earthen pot; It. testa or fcsto ; 
 Fr. lei.) 
 
 1. In metallurgy, a large cupel, or a vessel in 
 the nature of a cupel, fmined of wood ashes and 
 finely powdered brick dii»t, in which metals are 
 melted for trial and rctineiuent. Cyc. 
 
 2. Trial ; examination hy the cupel ; hence, any 
 critic'il trial and examination. 
 
 T)iy vlnu*-, prinor, hiu itoofl Ui*- t*at of tortuna 
 
 Liif p<iri-sl f<>M. Addlaon. 
 
 3. M< anH of trial. 
 
 F>ich tffi anil tfi-ry llj(ht her mu¥s will tjear. Drytlen. 
 
 4. That wit'ii which any thing is compared for 
 proof of its genuineness ; a standard. 
 
 Life, torce, aril oeauly must lo all impart, 
 At once ihe.dource, the end and test oi art. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 5. Discriminative characteristic ; standard. 
 
 Our test exol-des your tribe from benefit. Dryden, 
 C. Judgment ; distinction. 
 
 Who would eiiy., when few can make a test 
 Betwixt inditf:rent writing and Uie best f Dryden. 
 7. In chemistry, a substance emploj ed to detect any 
 unknown const'f jent of a compound, by causing it 
 to exhibit somt,- known property. Thus ammonia is 
 a test of copper, because it strikes a blue color with 
 that metal, by w*iich a minute quantity of it can be 
 discovered wb^u in combination with other sub- 
 stances. Olmsted. 
 TEST, 71. [L. test's, a witness, properly one that af- 
 firms.] 
 
 In England, an oath and declaration against tran- 
 substantiiitinn, which all officers, civil and military, 
 were formerly oh.'ged to take within six months after 
 their adiiiissior,. They were obliged also to receive 
 the sacrament, according to the usage of the Church 
 of England. Tfese requisitions were made by stat. 
 25 Charles II., Atiich is called the test act. The re- 
 ceiving of the sacrament is now dispensed with, and 
 a declaration subitiiuted, by a law passed in 1828. 
 
 Brande. Blackstone. 
 TEST, r. t. To compare with a standard ; to try ; to 
 prove the truth rr genuineness of any thing by ex- 
 periment or by 's>.me fixed principle or standard ; as, 
 to test the soundness of a principle ; to test the valid- 
 ity of an argument. 
 
 The true way of tcslitig its character, is lo suppose if [the system] 
 will be persevered in. ^din, Remeio, 
 
 Experience is the surest suandard by which to test the real tend- 
 ency uf llie exSung constitution. Washington's Address. 
 
 To test this positi'--,. Hamilton, Rep, 
 
 In order to test '.ne '■-orreclness of this system. Adams's Led. 
 
 This expedient ha .jeeii already Walsh, Reo. 
 
 2. To attest and date ; as, a writing tested on such 
 a day. 
 
 3. In metaUurgr, to refine gold or silver by means 
 of lead, in a 'cs', by the vitrification, scorification, 
 &c.. of all extrai <;oiis matter. 
 
 TES'TA, n. [L.J The shelly covering of testaceous 
 animals. Humble. 
 2. In britanv, V integuments of a seed. Lindlcy. 
 
 TEST'A-BLE,"o. [L. tcslor. See Testament.] 
 
 That may be ''i^vised or given bv will. Blackstone. 
 
 TES-Ta'CEA, Shelled animals. [See Tes- 
 
 TES-Ta'CEAN?., ( taceous.] 
 
 TES-Ta-CE-(JG". A-PIIY. See Testaceology. 
 
 TES-Ta-CE-OL uY, 7!. [L. Ustacea, or testa, and 
 Gr. Xoyas.] 
 
 The science n testaceous mollusks, or of those 
 soft and simple animals which have a testaceous 
 covering ; conc^ology. 
 
 [Words tlius f ruled of two languages are rather 
 aniimalous.j 
 
 TES-Ta'CEOUS, (-ta'shus,) a. [L. testaceu.-!, from 
 testa, a siiell. VI e [irimary sense of testa, testis, tes- 
 tor, &c., is, to thrust or drive; hence the sense of 
 hardness, compa. mess, in tes(a and testis: and hence 
 the sense of attest, contest, detest, testator, testament, 
 all implying a sending, driving, &-c.] 
 
 Pertaining to si.ells ; consisting of a hard shell, or 
 having a hard, continuous shell. Testaceous animals 
 are such as have a strong, thick, entire shell, as oys- 
 ters and clams : and are thus distinguished from 
 cnestaceous anirtals, whose shells are nitire thin and 
 soft, and consist i,f several pieces Jointed, as lobsters. 
 
 Test/icco7is med cines, are all preparations of shells 
 and like substai<t.es, as the powders of crab's claws, 
 pearl, &c. Ci/c. Eneyc. 
 
 TEST'A-MENT, n. [Fr., from L. testainentum, "from 
 testor, to make a will.] 
 
 1. A solemn, a;ithentic instrument in writing, by 
 which a person declares his will as to the disposal of 
 his estate and elects after his death. This is other- 
 wise called a VV.ll. A testament, lo be valid, must 
 be made when the testator is of sound mind, and it 
 must he subscribed, witnessed, and published in such 
 manner as the law prescribes. 
 
 A man in certain cases may make a valid will by 
 words only, and such will is called Nunci'pative. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. The name of each general division of the ca- 
 nonical books of the sacred Scriptures ; as, the Old 
 Testament ; the New Testament. The name is 
 equivalent to Covenant, and in our use of it, we 
 apply it to the hooks which contain the old and new 
 dispensations — that of Moses, and that of Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 TEST-A-MENT'A-RY, n. Pertaining to a will or to 
 wills ; as, testamentary causes in law. 
 
 2. neqiieatliid hy will; given by testament; ns, 
 testamentary chanties. Attcrbnry. 
 
 3. Done by testament or will. 
 
 Testamentary gi>nrdian of a minor. Is one appointed 
 by the deed or will of a father, until the child be- 
 comes of nee. 
 
 TEST-A-MENT-A'TION, n. The act or power of 
 giving by will. [LMlc used.] Burke. 
 
 TEST' ATE, a. [L. testat,Ls.] 
 
 Having made and left a will ; as, a person is said 
 to die testate. 
 TEST-a'TION, n. [L. tcstatio.] 
 
 A witnessing or witness. Bp. Hall. 
 
 TEST-A'TOR, n. [L.] A man who makes and 
 
 leaves a will or testament at death. 
 TEST-a'TRIX, n. A woman who makes and leaves 
 
 a will at dealii. 
 TEST'ED, pp. Tried or approved hy a test. 
 
 Shak. ParkhursL 
 
 TES'TER, 71. [Fr. tSte, head.] 
 
 The top covering of a bed, consisting of some 
 species of cloth, supported bv the bedstead. 
 
 TES'TER, ) 71. An old coin, of the value of about 
 
 TES'TON, i sixpence sterling, originally eighteen 
 pence, then ninepence. Tuone. 
 
 TES'TERN, 71. A sixpence; a tester. 
 
 TES'TERX, (. To present with a sixpence. [Obs.] 
 
 TES'TI-CLE, (tes'te-kl,) n. [L. testiculus ; literally, a 
 hard mass, like testa, a shell.] 
 
 The testicles are the glands which secrete the sem- 
 inal fluid in males. 
 
 TES-Tie't|-LATE, a. In botany, shaped like a tes- 
 ticle. Lee. 
 
 TEST-I-FI-eA'TION, jt. [L. testifieatio. See Tes- 
 tify.] 
 
 The act of testifying or giving testimony or evi- 
 dence ; as, a direct testification of our homage to God. 
 
 So«(/i. 
 
 TEST'I-FI-€a-TOR, 71. One who gives witness or 
 evidence. 
 
 TEST'I-Fr-£D, (-fide,) pp. [from testify.] Given in 
 evidence ; witnessed ; published ; made known. 
 
 TEST'I-FI-ER,7i. [(iim testify.] One who testifies ; 
 one who gives testimony or bears witness to prove 
 any thin?. 
 
 TEST'I-FV, c. i. [L. testificor ; testis and facio; It. 
 testifcare ; Sp. testifcar.] 
 
 1. To make a solemn declaration, verbal or writ- 
 ten, to establish some fact ; to give testimony for 
 the purpose of communicatiii!! to others a knowledge 
 of something not known to them. 
 
 Jesus needed not tfiat any should testify of man, for he knew 
 what was in man. — juhn ii. 
 
 2. In judicial proceedings, to make a solemn dec- 
 laration under oath, for the purpose of establishing 
 or making proof of some fact to a court ; to give tes- 
 timony in a cause depending before a tribunal. 
 
 One witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to 
 die.— Num. ijxv. 
 
 3. To declare a charge against one. 
 
 O Israel, 1 will testify against thee. — Ps. 1. 
 
 4. To protest; to declare against. 
 
 1 testified against them in Uie day wherein they sold provisions. — 
 Nell, xiii, 
 
 TEST'I-FY, V. t. To affirm or declare solemnly, for 
 the purpose of establishing a fact. 
 
 We speak that we do know, and Ustify that we have seen. — 
 John iii. 
 
 2. In la7D, to affirm or declare under oath before a 
 tribunal, for the purpose of proving some fact. 
 
 3. To bear witness to; to support the truth of by 
 testimony. 
 
 To testify the gospel of the grace of God. — Acu xx. 
 
 4. To publish and declare freely. 
 
 Testifying both to the Jews, anil also lo Ihe Greeks, repentance 
 toward Uod and laith lowartl our Lord Jesus Christ. — Acu 
 
 XX. 
 
 TEST'I-FY-ING, ppr. Affirming solemnly or under 
 oath, fur the purpose of establishing a fact; giving 
 teslinidiiv; bearing witness ; declaring. 
 
 TEST'I-I,V, adv. [from testy.] Fretfully ; peevishly ; 
 Willi petulance. 
 
 TEST-I-MO'NI-AL, 7i. [Fr., from L. testimonium.] 
 A writing or certificate in favor of one's character 
 or good conduct. Testimonials are required on many 
 occasions. A person must have testimonials of his 
 learning and good cimduct before he can obtain li- 
 cense to preach. Tcittimonials are to be signed by 
 persons of known respectability of character. 
 
 TEST-I-.Mo'Nl-AL, a. Relating to or containing tes- 
 timony. 
 
 TEST'I-MO-NY, 71. [L. te.v(irao7ii7ir7i.] 
 
 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for 
 the purimse of establishing or proving some fact. 
 Such affirniatiim, in judicial proceedings, niav be 
 verbal or written, but must he under oalh. Trstimo- 
 Tii/diflTers from rridenee; testimony is the declaralion 
 of a witness, and evidence is the effect of that decla- 
 ration on the mind, or the degree of light which it 
 alfiartls. 
 
 2. Aifirmation ; declaration. These doctrintis are 
 supported by the uniform testimony of tlie fathers. 
 The belief of past facts must depend on the evi- 
 dence of human testimony, or I ho testimony of histo- 
 
 3. Open attestation ; profi'ssion. [rian». 
 Tlinii, for the testitnony of truth, hiuit tioriie 
 
 UiiiMcnul ri'proach. Hilton. 
 
 4. Witness ; evidence ; proof of some fact. 
 Shake off the dust under your feet, fur a Isitlimoriy against Ihein. 
 
 Mark vl. 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WHAT METE, PRJJY PTNE, MARINE, DIKD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1140 
 
TET 
 
 5. fn Scriiiture, the two tables of tlie law. 
 
 Thuii shiilc put into the ark the Ugtiinony which I shrill ffire thcc. 
 
 6. The hook of the law. 
 
 lie l>i-oiif;lii fon\\ the kmg's son — and gave him the testimony. — 
 ■2 Kiiigj li. 
 
 7. The gospel, which testifies of Christ, and de- 
 clares the will of God. 1 Car. ii. 2 Tim. i. 
 
 l<. The ark. F.rml. xvi. 
 
 9. The word of God ; the Scriptures. 
 
 The tet:timony of the Lord ia mn, limiting wise the simple. — 
 
 10. The laws or precepts of God. " I love thy Us- 
 (imtKiirs." " I have kept thy trstimonics." P.ialms. 
 
 11. That which is equivalent to a declaration ; 
 manifestation. 
 
 12. Evidence suggested to the mind ; as, the tcsti- 
 mo/iv i>f cnnscionce. 2 Ciir. i. 
 
 13. Alteslntion ; confirmation. 
 TEST'r-.MO-.\Y, V. t. To witness, [^rot in usr.'\ 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TEST' [-NESS, 71. [from teafi/.] Fretfulncss ; peevish- 
 ness ; petulance. 
 
 Te.iliiiess is .1 disposition or aptness to be ait^?. Locke. 
 
 TEST'ING, jipr. [from (cs(.] Trying for proof ; prov- 
 ing by a standaril or by experiment. 
 
 A plan for testing alltalics. (fre. 
 
 TEST'IXG, n. The act of trying for proof. 
 
 2. In metallur!_ni, the operation of refining l.-irge 
 quantities of gold or silver by means of lead, in the 
 vessel called a test. In this process, the extraneous 
 matter is vitrified, scorified, or made to change its 
 form, and the metal left pure. This operation is per- 
 fortned in the manner of cupellation. Ci,c. 
 
 TES-TOON', 71. silver coin in Italy and Portug;il. 
 The Koman testoon is worth Is. rid. sterling, or 29 
 cents ; the Portuguese, 6d., or about II cents. Kclhj. 
 
 TEST'-Pa-PER, ;i. A paper impregnated with a 
 clieniiral reaeent, as litmus, &c. Parke. 
 
 TES-Tu'DI-N.AL, a. Pertaining to the tortoise, or re- 
 setnliling it. Fleming. 
 
 TES-TU'1)I-NATE, ) , , 
 
 TES-TC'Dl-NA-TEI), i '"""^'-^ 
 
 Shaped like the back of a tortoise ; roofed ; arched ; 
 vaulted. 
 
 TES-TU-DIN'E-OUS, a. Resembling the shell of a 
 tortoise. 
 
 TTES-TU'DO, n. [L.] A tortoise. Among the Ro- 
 man.', a cover or screen which a hotly of troops 
 furmod with their shields or targets, by holding them 
 over their beads when standing duse to eaeli other. 
 This cover resembled the back of a tortoise, and 
 served to shelter tlie.flien from darts, stoni;s, and 
 other missiles. A similar defense w,a.s sometimes 
 formed of boards and moved on wheels. 
 
 2. In inedicitir, a broad, soft tumor between the 
 skull and the skin, called also Talpa or .Mole, as re- 
 sembling the subterraneous windings of the tortoise 
 or mole. Ctic. 
 
 TEST'Y, a. [from Fr. teste, tSte, the head, or from 
 the same root.] 
 
 Fretful ; peevish ; petulant ; easily irritated. Pyr- 
 rhus cured his testy courtiers wilh a kick. 
 
 Must I stand and crouch uiidrr Jour testy liumor I Shak. 
 
 TE-TAN'ie, 11. Pertaining to or denoting tetanus. 
 
 TET'A-NUS, 71. [Gr. Tjr iK)5, stretched.] [P. Ctjc 
 A disease chiiract' rized by paroxysms of timic 
 spasms in the miiscli^a of voluntary motion, produ- 
 cing incurvation of the body. 
 
 TB^TXIl'TO-PRlS-MAT'ie,n. [Gr. r£rncro?, fourth.] 
 One fourth prismatic ; applied to oblique rhombic 
 pri^m.f. JiIoh.<. 
 
 TE-T A UG', 71. The name of a fish on the coast of New 
 England ; called also Black Fish. (See Tautoo.] 
 
 TETClI'l-.NESS, j See TEniijiEss, Techy. [Cor- 
 
 TETCII'Y, ) riipted from touehti, (oucAinr.-x.] 
 
 TgTE, (tite,) 71. [Fr., head.] False liair ; a kind of 
 wig or cap of false hair. 
 
 TFTFJ^-TKTE\ (t."ite'a-tate',) ti. [Fr.] Head to 
 head ; private conversation ; in private. 
 
 TETF.'-DF^POjrr', (tate'de-potig',) 71. [Fr.] A 
 work thrown up .at the entrance of a bridge, for cov- 
 ering the communication across a river. 
 
 Campbell's Mil. DieU 
 
 TETH'ER, 71. [See Teddeb.] A rope or chain by 
 which a beast is confined for feeding within certain 
 limits. 
 
 TETH'ER, r. f. To confine, as a beast, with a rope 
 or chain, for feeding within certain limits. 
 
 [It would be well to write this word uniformly 
 Teoder.] 
 
 TETM'ER-ED, pp. Confined with a rope. 
 
 TE-TII5'L)ANS, 71. pi. [(Jr. rr« {.] 
 
 .■\n order of arephalmis molliiscan animals, cov- 
 ered by a tunic, and not by a shell. 
 
 TE|TI1YS, n. [Gr.] ,\ gel.alinous animal of the nu- 
 dihranchiale gastrt)|7od tribe, having an envelope or 
 mantle that extends above and beyond the head, 
 fringed or undulated at the margin. JCirbtj. 
 
 TET 
 
 TET'RA-eilOUI), 11. [Gr. Ttrreipu, four, and x<'.»''')i 
 a chord.] 
 
 In ancient imiMc, a diatessartm ; a series ttf four 
 sounds, of which the extremes, or first and last, con- 
 stituted a fourth. These extremes weri^ immutable j 
 the two middle sounds were changeable. Cyc. 
 TET'R.AD, 71. [Gr. rfrpof, the number four.] 
 
 The number four; a collection of four things. 
 TET RA-D.AC'TYL, n. [Gr.] An animal having 
 
 four toes. Kirby. 
 TET-RA-DAG'TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. rcrna and ia^TV- 
 Xoi.\ 
 
 Il.aving four toes. 
 TET-RA-DI-A-PA'SON, n. [Gr. rtr/ia, four, and dla- 
 pasoTt.] 
 
 Qu.adniple diapason or octai'e ; a musical chord, 
 otherwise called a Quadbuple Ei<;hth or Twentv- 
 NlMTII. Cijc. 
 TET'RA nRACIIM, (-dram,) j 71. [Gr. rcroa and 
 TET-RA-I)RAeiI'.MA, ( (V''V("/.J 
 
 In ancient coinajse, a silver coin worth ftiur drach- 
 mas. The Attic tctradrachm was cipial to 3s. 3d. 
 sterling, or 75 cents. Smith's Diet. 
 
 TET-RA-DY-Na'.MI-A, n. [Gr. rcrpn and cmapts, 
 power, sv.-ength.] 
 
 In botany, \ class of plants having six stamens, 
 four of which are looL'er than the oihers. 
 TET-RA-DY-N.^'iMI-A.V, j a. Having six stamens, 
 TET-RA-DYN'A-MOUS, i four of which are uiii- 
 
 fiirmly longer than the others. 
 TET'RA-GON, n. [Gr. TcrimyMV.^ ; rcrna, for rca- 
 (Ttiotc, four, and j oji't!!, an angle.] 
 
 1. In rcumelry, a plane figure having four angles; 
 a quadransle ; as a square, a rhombus, Alc. 
 
 2. In n.itruloinj, an aspect of two planets with re- 
 gard to the earth, when they are distant fn-m each 
 other ninety degrees, or the fourth of a circlr 
 
 jrnllon. 
 
 TE-TRAG'ON-AL, a. Pertaining to a tetragoi. ■ hav- 
 ing four angles or sides. Thus a square, a parallelo- 
 gram, a rhombus, and a trapezium, are tetragonal 
 figures. 
 
 2. In botany, having prominent longiludin.al an- 
 gles, as a stem. .Varttin. 
 
 TET'RA-GO-NIS.M, 71. The quadrature of the circle. 
 [Utile iLsed.] Cue. 
 
 TET-R.VGRAM'JIA-TON, n. [Gr. rcrfia and y'oup- 
 pa.] 
 
 Among several ancient nation.':, the name of the 
 mystic number four, which was often symbolized to 
 represent the Deity, whose name was expressed by 
 four letters. Brande. 
 TET-RA-GYN'I-A, 7t. [Gi. rcrpa, four, and }iwn, a 
 female.] 
 
 In botany, an order of monoclinous or hermaphro- 
 dite plants having four styles. Linnau.i. 
 TET-RA GYN'I-AN, j a. Being monoclinous or her- 
 TE-TRAG'YN-OUS, j mapliroditc, and having 
 four styles. 
 
 TET-RA-Hic'nRAL, fl. [See Tetbahedron.] Hav- 
 ing four etpial triangles. Hniley. 
 2. In 4(rf«tiw, having four sides. Martyn, 
 
 TET-RA-Hlc'DRON, ». [Gr. rtrpa, four, and to.na, 
 side.] 
 
 In geometry, a solid figure comprehended under 
 four eqiiilati ral and equal triangit s ; or one of the 
 five regular Platonic btulitfs of that figure. Cyc. 
 TET-RA-HE.\-A-1I£'DRAL, a. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and 
 heznhedral. ] 
 
 In cry.-talloirraphy, exhibiting four ranges of faces, 
 one above another, each range containing six 
 faces. 
 
 TET-R.V-IIEX-A-Hk'DRON, 71. [Gr. rsrpa, four, if, 
 six, and -i'lin, face.] 
 
 A solid hounded liy twenty-four equal faces, four 
 corresponding to each face of the cube. Dana. 
 TE-TRA1/0-6Y, H. [Gr. rcron and Xoyof.] 
 
 A collection of four tlrnmatic pieces, of which 
 three were tragedies and one a satiric piece, repre- 
 sented on the same occasion at Athens. 
 
 Smith's Diet. 
 
 TE-TRAM'E-TER, 71. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and ^crpov, 
 measure.] 
 
 In ancient poetry, a verse consisting of four meas- 
 ures, i. e., in iainhii;, trochaic, and anapestic verse, 
 of eight feet ; in other kinds of verse, of four feet. 
 
 LiddcU t,- Scutt. 
 TE-TUAN'DRI-A, n. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and afnp, a 
 male.] 
 
 In botany, a class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite 
 plants having lour stantens. LinniBus. 
 TE-TRA\'I)RI-.\N, j a. Heing monoclinous or her- 
 TE-TRA.V'DROUS, j niaphrodite, and having four 
 stamens. 
 
 TE-TRa'O-NID, a. or 71. A term denoting a bird be- 
 longing to the tribe of which the tetruo is the type ; 
 as the grt)use, partridge, quail. &c. 
 
 TET-RA-PET'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and 
 iTcr'iXof, leaf.] 
 
 In botany, cimtaining four distinct petals or flower 
 leaves ; as, a tetrapetnlotL' corol. JIartitn. 
 
 TET-R.VPHAR'.M.A-eON, n. [Gr.] A comlnnation 
 of w.ax, resin, lard, and pitch, composing an oint- 
 ment. Brande. 
 
 TEX 
 
 TE TIIAPH'YL-LOU.S, a. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and 
 
 0e,\X..i', li^af.] 
 
 In botany, having four leaves; consisting of four 
 
 ilislintt leaves or lealh ts. JIarlyn. 
 TET'RA-PLA, 71. [Gr. rcrpa, or rtaoapn, and 
 
 A Bible consisting of four different versions ar- 
 ranged in four columns, as by Origt'U. Brande. 
 
 TE-TRAP'TER-ANS, 71. pi. Insects which have four 
 wings. Brande. 
 
 TE TRAP'TER-Otja, a. Having four wings. 
 
 TET'RAP-TOTE, 71. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and Trriootf, 
 case.] 
 
 In trrammar, a noun that has four cases only ; as, 
 L. a.<tH.i, &c. 
 
 TE'TRXRCII, 71. [Gr. rirpapxrif; rcrpa, four, and 
 apxn, rule.] 
 
 A Koinau governor of the fourth part of a prov- 
 li.'e ; a subordinate prince. In time, this word 
 came to denote anv petiv king or sovereiL'U. 
 TE-TR.\RCirATE,"n. The fourth part of a province 
 under a Rouian tetrarch ; or the olfice or jurisdiction 
 of a tetrarch. 
 
 TE-TRARCII'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to a tetrarchy. 
 
 llerbe'rU 
 
 TET'RARCH-Y, n. The same as Tetbabciiate. 
 TET-R.\-SP.\S'TO.\, 71. [Gr. rirpa, fuur, and trraw, 
 to pull.] 
 
 A machine in which four pulleys act together. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TET-RA-SPERM'OUS, a. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and 
 oTTCopa, seed.] 
 
 In botany, having four seeds. Martyn. 
 A tetra.'pennoii.i plant, is one which produces four 
 seeds in each flower, as the rough-leaved or verticil- 
 late plants. Martijn. 
 TE-TUAS'TICH, (te-tras'tik,) n. [Gr. rcroar-xaSI 
 nrna, four, and r'\o5, verse.] 
 
 A stanza, cpigraiu, or poem, consisting of four 
 verses. Pope. 
 TET'RA-STYLE, 71. [Gr. rcrpa, four, and rfAoj, 
 column.] 
 
 In ancient architecture, a building with four columns 
 in front. Brando. 
 TET-RA-SYL-LAIi'IC, ) a. Consisting of four 
 TET-RA-SYL-LAB'ie-AL, i syllables. Cue. 
 TET-RA-SYL'LA-BLE, 71. [Gr. rcrua, ftmr,'and 
 avXSa/ii:, syllable.] 
 .•\ word consi.siing of four syllables. 
 TET'Rie, ) 
 TET'RIC-AE, So. [h. tetricus.] 
 TET'RIC-OUS, ) 
 
 Froward ; perverse; harsh; sour; rugged. [JVot 
 in use.] Knolles. 
 TET'Rie-AI^NESS, 71. Frowardness ; perverseiiess. 
 [.Wit used.] 
 
 TE-TRIU'I-TY, (te-tris'c-te,) 7i. Crabbedness ; per- 
 verseiiess. [A*(7/ 171 HSC] 
 
 TET'TER, 71. [Sax. tetcr, tetr ; allied perhaps to L. 
 
 tilillo.] 
 
 1. In medicine, a vague nair-- ,f several cutaneous 
 disea.ses. 
 
 2. In farriery, a cutaneous tiisease of animals, 
 which spreads on the btidy in tlilierent directions, 
 and occasions a troublestuiie itching. Cyc. 
 
 TET'TER, V. U To alVect with the disease called 
 'I'kttkbs. 
 
 TET'TISH, a. [au. Fr. tHr, head.] 
 Captious; testy. [A'of m itsf.] 
 
 TEr-'l'O.N"ie, a. Pertaining to the Teutons, a people 
 of Germany, or to their language ; as a 7101/11, the 
 language of the Teutons, the parent tif the German, 
 Dutch, and Anglo-Saxon or native English. 
 
 Teutonic order ; a military religious ortler of knights, 
 established toward the clo.se of the twelfth century, 
 in imitation of the Templars anil Hospitalers. It 
 was compospil chiefly of Teuttms or Germans, who 
 marrliecl to the llcily Land in the crusades, and was 
 establishetl in that ccnintry for charitable piir[K>ses. 
 It incre.asetl in numbers and strength till it became 
 master of all Prussia, I.ivonia, anil Poinerania. Cyc. 
 
 TEW, (lu,) I', t. To work ; to sofken. [JWit in use.'] 
 [See Taw.] 
 2. To work ; to pull or tease ; among seamen. 
 
 TEW, (ti"i,) 7;. [probably tote.] Materials for any 
 thing. [AVf III u-vr.] Skinner. 
 2. .An iron chain. [.Yot in iwf.] .Sinsicorth. 
 
 TEVV'EL, (tu'cl,) 71. [Fr. tuyau.] 
 
 A pipe or funnel, .as for smoke ; an iron pipe in 
 a forgo to receive the pipe of a bellows. Moron 
 
 TEW'TAW, (tu'taw.) r. t. To beat ; to break. [jVot 
 ill use.] [See Tew.] .Mortimer. 
 
 TEXT, n. [Fr. Uzte; I>. ttitus, woven; It. tcjto. 
 See Texti'be.] 
 
 1. A tliscourse or composition on which a note or 
 commentar>' is written. Thus we s|>i'ak of the tezt 
 or original of the Scripture, in relation to the com- 
 ments upon it. Infinite pains have been taken to 
 ascertain and establish the genuine original teit. 
 
 2. .\ verse or passage of Scripture which a preach- 
 er selects as the subject of a discourse. 
 
 How on, when P.uit hii ^.-rr^^I us with » text. 
 
 Has Kpict- tus, I'l.il... Tully prrache.1 I Cbwr. 
 
 3. Any particular passage of Scri|itiire, u«ed as 
 
 TONE, B}JLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS 6 as K ; as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 143* 
 
 RRRR 
 
 1141 
 
TH A 
 
 THA 
 
 THA 
 
 authority in argument for proof of a doctrine. In 
 modurn sermons, texts of Scripture are not as fre- 
 quently cited as tliey were formerly. 
 
 4. !n ancient law authors, the four Gospels, by way 
 of eminence. Cyc. 
 TEXT, V. t. To write, as a text. [JVoJ much used.] 
 
 Beaxim. S[ Fl. 
 
 TEXT'-RQOK, n. In universities and colleges, a 
 cSassic autiior written with wide spaces between tlie 
 lines, lt» give room fur the observations or interpreta- 
 tion dictated by the master or re^'ent. Cijc. 
 
 2. A hook containing the leading principles or 
 most important points of a science or branch of 
 learning, arranged in order for the use of students. 
 
 TEXT'-HANl), n, A large hand in writing; so 
 called because it was the practice to write tlie text 
 of a book in a large hand, and the notes in a smaller 
 hand. 
 
 TE.XT'ILE, (tekst'il,'! a. [L. textilis.1 
 
 Woven, or capable of being woven. 
 TEXT'ILE, (tekst'il,) n. That which is or may be 
 
 woven. Bacon. Wilkiiis. 
 
 TEXT'-M.'VN, n. A man ready in the quotation of 
 
 texts. Saundcrson. 
 TEX-TO'RT-AL, a. [L. teitor.] 
 
 Pertaining to weaving. 
 TEXT'RINE, (teksl'rin,) a. Pertaining to weaving; 
 
 as, the textrine art. Derham. 
 TEXT'lJ-AL, (tekst'yu-al,) a. Contained in the text. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Serving for texts. Bp. Hall. 
 
 TEXT'I^-AL-LY, ado. In the text or body of a work ; 
 
 in accordance with the text. 
 TEXT'U-AL 1ST, ) 
 
 TEXT'll-A-RlST, S n. [Fr. tcxtuaire, from texte.l 
 TEXT'lJ-A-RY, ) 
 
 1. One who is well versed in the Scriptures, and 
 can readily quote cexts. 
 
 2. One who adheres to the text. 
 TEXT'll-A-RY, a. Te.Wual ; contained in the text. 
 
 Brawn. 
 
 2. Serving as a text ; authoritative. OhinviUe. 
 TEXT'li-IST, 71. One ready in tlie quotation of 
 texts. 
 
 TEXT'IJRE, (tekst'yur,) 71. [L. textura, tcxtus, from 
 teio, to weave.] 
 
 1. The act of weaving. 
 
 2. A web J that which is woven. 
 
 OlIirTs, fnr on tlm grassy dale, 
 Th^ir liumijie texture weave. Thomson. 
 
 3. The disposition or connection of threads, fila- 
 ments, or other slender bodies interwoven; as, the 
 texture of cloth or of a spider's web. 
 
 4. The disposition of the several parts of any body 
 in connection wilh each other; or the manner in 
 which the constituent parts are unKed ; as, the tex- 
 ture of earthy substances or fossils ; the texture of a 
 plant ; the teriure of paper, of a hat or skin ; a loose 
 texture : or a close, "^cnpact texture. 
 
 .5. In anatoin>. boc 'I'issue. 
 THACK, for THATCflf, Is l.ical. [See Thatch.] 
 THX'LER, n. [L. t/ialrrus.] 
 
 The German spelling of Dollar. 
 THA-Ll'A, 11. [Gr.] In mijtkuUiirij, the muse who 
 presided over pastoral and comic iioetry, and who 
 was regarded as the patroness of agriculture. 
 THAL'I-I)A\, 71. (Gr. OuAoi, bloom.] 
 
 That group of segregate naked acephalous mollus- 
 cans, of which the genus Thalia is the type. They 
 have a small crest or vertical tin near the posterior 
 extremity «)f the back. 
 THAL'MTE, 11. [Gr. SuAXoj, a green twig.] 
 
 A varietv of epidote. 
 THAM'MUZ, Ji. The tenth month of the Jewish 
 civil year, containing 29 days, and answering to a 
 part of .lune and a part of July. 
 2. The name of a deity among the Phoenicians. 
 THAN, wle. or conj. [Sax. tlianne ; Goth, tliaii; D. 
 dan. This word signifies also Uien, both in English 
 and Dutch. The Germans express the sense by 
 u/.(, as.] 
 
 This word is placed after some comparative adjec- 
 tive or adverb, to express com|>arison between what 
 precedes and what follows. Thus Elijah said, I am 
 not better llian my fathers ; wisdom is better than 
 Btrciigtli ; Israel loved Joseph more than all his chil- 
 dren ; all nations arc counted less than nothing ; I 
 who am less than the least of all saints ; the last 
 error shall be worse tlian the first; he that denies the 
 faith is worse than an infidel. 
 
 After more, or an ci|uivnlent termination, the fol- 
 lowing word implies less, or wome, ; after /c.vy, or an 
 rcpiivalcnt Urrinination, it implies ynore or better. 
 TIIANE, n. [.Sax. Wif^'n, tlKr.gn, a minister ur servant ; 
 thrirnian, tJienian, to serve ; I), and G. dicncn, to 
 serve ; Kw. tiena, to serve ; ticnnre, a servant ; I)an. 
 tiencr, Ui serve ; tiener, a servan!. If g is radical, 
 thin word belongs to Class Dg ; if not, to Cla.sa Dn, 
 No. 10.] 
 
 The thanes In England were formerly persons of 
 ■oniH dignity; of these Iherc were two orders, the 
 king's thanes, who attended the Sa.\on and Danish 
 k:ni;<i In their court*, and held lands immediately of 
 
 tliem, and the ordinary thanes, who were lords of 
 manors, and who had a particular jurisdiction within 
 their limits. After the Conquest, this title was dis- 
 used, and baron took its filace. 
 TllANE'DO.M, n. The property or jurisdiction of a 
 thane. 
 
 TH aN'E'-LANDS, 71. pi. Lands granted to thanes. 
 
 THaNE'SHIP, 71. The state or dignity of a thane ; 
 or his seigniory. 
 
 TIIA.NK, V. t. [Sax. thancian ; G. and D. danken ; Ice. 
 thaeka ; Sw. tacka ; Dan. takker. We see by the 
 Gothic dialects that 71 is not radical. To ascertain 
 tlie primary sense, let us attend to its compounds ; 
 G. aMai//iCH, (which in English would be off-thank,) 
 to dismiss, discharge, discard, send aw.ay, put off, to 
 disband or break, as an officer ; veriianken, to owe or 
 be indebted ; D. afdanken, to cashier or discharge. 
 These senses imply a sending. Hence, thank is 
 probably from the sense of giving, that is, a render 
 or return.] 
 
 1. To express gratitude for a favor; to make ac- 
 knowledgments to one for kindness bestowed. 
 
 We are bound to tltattk God always for you. — 2 Thcss. i. 
 Joab bowed liimself and dianked tlie king. — 2 Sam. xiv. 
 
 2. It is used ironically. 
 
 Wei^h the danger wilh the dnnhtfiil bliss, 
 
 Aiul dmnk yourself, it augbt should tall amiss. Dryden. 
 
 THANK, n. ) Generally in the plural. [Sax. tlianc ; 
 
 THANKS, 71. pi. \ Gaelic, Ininc] 
 
 Expression of gratitude ; an acknowledgment 
 made to express a sense of favor or kindness re- 
 ceived Gratitude is the feeling or sentiment ex- 
 cited by kindness ; thanks are the expression of that 
 sentiment. Luke vi. 
 
 Thanks he to fjod who ^vnth us the victory. — 1 Cor. XV. 
 Tliniiks be to God for his unspeakable gitt. — 2 Cor. ix. 
 He look t'rcad and gave diaruis to God. — Acts x xvii. 
 
 TIIANK'iCD, (thankt.) pp. Having received expres- 
 sions of gratitude. 
 
 THANK'FUL, a. [Sax. thnncfidl : Gaelic, taincal.] 
 Grateful ; impressed with a sense of kindness re- 
 ceived, and reatly to ackno\N'ledge it. The Lord's 
 supper is to be celebrated with a thankful remem- 
 brance of his sufferings and death. 
 
 Be Ointik/ut imto biin and bless his name, — Ps. c. 
 
 TH.A.NK'F!JL-LY, adv. With a grateful sense of favor 
 or kindness received. 
 
 If yuu have lived, lake thank/uVy the past. Dryden. 
 
 THANK'FIJL-NESS, n. Expression of gratitude; 
 acknowleilginent of a favor. 
 2. Gratitude ; a lively sense of good received. 
 
 The C'lebr^lion of these holy mysteries brin^ ended, F'lire with 
 all thank/uhiess of heart for having been adniiued to that 
 heavenly I'eitsl. Taylor. 
 
 TIIANK'ING, Expressing gratitude for good re- 
 ceived. 
 
 TH.\NK'LE.''S, a. Unthankful ; ungrateful ; not ac- 
 knowledging favors. 
 
 That she may feel 
 How stiarper than a aeriient's tooth il ii 
 To have a tliajil.less cliilj. Sliak. 
 
 2. Not obtaining thanks, or not likely to gain 
 thanks ; as, a thankless office. tVoUon. 
 Til ANK'LESS-LY, aiiti. With ingratitude ; unthank- 
 fullv. 
 
 THANK'LESS-NESS, 7i. Ingratitude; failure to ac- 
 knowledge a kindness. Donne. 
 
 TIIANK'-OF-FER-ING, 7t. [thank mi\ offering.] An 
 offering made in acknowledgment of mercy. Watts. 
 
 THANKS-GIVE', (tbanks-giv',) v. t. [tJianks and 
 give.] To celebrate or distinguish by solemn rites. 
 [J^'nt in use.] Jllede. 
 
 TH ANKS-GIV'ER, 71. One who gives thanks or ac- 
 knowledges a kindness. Bnrrow. 
 
 THANKS-GIVING, pi>r. Rendering thanks for good 
 received. 
 
 THANKS-GIVING, n. The act of rendering thanks 
 or expressing gratitude for favors or mercies. 
 
 Every creature of God is i^ood, and nothing to be refused, if 
 received witii thankitgioing. — 1 Tim. iv. 
 
 2. A public celebration of divine goodness; also, 
 a day set apart for religious services, specially to ac- 
 knowledge the goodiKJss of God, eillier in any re- 
 markable deliverance from calamities or danger, or 
 in the ordinary dispensation of his bounties. The 
 practice of appointing an annual tlianksgiving origi- 
 nated in New I'^iiglaiid. 
 
 TIIANK'WOR'THI-NESS, (-wur'the ness,) 71. The 
 stall" of beiiii; thankworthy. 
 
 THANK'WOR-'FIIY, (-wur'the,) a, [thank and wor- 
 f/ii/.l Deserving thanks ; meritorious. 1 Pel. ii. 
 
 TllXllVI, II. [Sax. thearm: G. and D. diirm.] 
 Intestines twistetl intti a cord. [Loral.] 
 
 THAT, on adjrrfioe, pronoun, or substitute. [Sax. tho't, 
 that; Goth. Uiata : U.dat; G. das; Dan. dct i Sw. del. 
 (ill. Gr. Tfinrot. This word is called in Saxon and 
 German an article, for it sometimes signifies t/ie. It 
 is called also in Saxon a pronoun, equivalent to >>/, 
 istud, ill Latin. In Swedish and Danish, it is called 
 a pronoun of llie neuter gender. Hut these distiiic- 
 tiiiiis are groundless and of no use. It is probably 
 from the sense of setting.] 
 
 1. That is a word used as a definitive adjective, 
 pointing to a certain person or thing before men- 
 tioned, or supposed to be understood. Here is tAat 
 book we have been seeking this hour ; here goes 
 that man we were talking of. 
 
 It shall be more tolenble for Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of 
 judgment, than lor Uiat city. — Malt. x. 
 
 2. 77iat is used definitively, to designate a specific 
 thing or person emphatically. 
 
 Tlie woman was made whole from that hour. — Matt. ix. 
 
 In these cases, that is an adjective. In the two 
 first examples, the may be substituted for it. Here is 
 the book we have been seeking ; here goes tlie man 
 we were talking of. liiit in other cases, the can 
 not supply its place, and that may be considered as 
 more emphatically definitive than the. 
 
 3. That is used as the refireseiitative of a noun, 
 either a person or a thing. In this use, it is often a 
 pronoun and a relative. When it refers to persons, 
 it is equivalent to who, and when it refers to a thing, 
 it is equivalent to which. In this use, it represents 
 either the singular number or the plural. 
 
 He Ihtit reprnveih a scnnier gett'-lh to himsidf shame. — Prov. ix. 
 Thev Otal hale ine without a Ciiuse .ore more Ui lu the hairs of my 
 
 head.— Ps. Ixiii. 
 A judgment thai is equal and impartiid must incline to the ^ater 
 
 probabiliii-s. WUkina. 
 They shall gather oul of his kingdom all things Ijiat otleod. ~ 
 
 Matt. xiii. 
 
 4. That is also the representative of a sentence or 
 part of a sentence, and often of a series of sentences. 
 In this case, that is not strictly a pronoun, a word 
 standing for a noun, but is, so to sjieak, a pro-scn- 
 trnce, the substitute for a sentence, to save the repe- 
 tition of it. 
 
 And when Moses heard that, he was content. — Lev. x. 
 That here stands for the whole of what Aaron had 
 said, or the whole of the preceding verse. 
 
 I will know your business, that I will. Shak. 
 Ye detrauil, and Otat your brelliren, — 1 Cor. vi. 
 
 That, sometimes, in this use, precedes the sen- 
 tence or clause to which it refers. 
 
 77ial lie fir from Ihee, to do alter this manner, to slay the right- 
 eous wiUi die wicked. — lieu, xvlii. 
 
 That here represents the clause in Italics. 
 
 5. That sometimes is the substitute for an adjec- 
 tive. You allege that the man is t;i7tocen( ; Vial iie 
 is not. 
 
 6. That, in the following use, has been called a 
 conjunction. I heard that the Greeks had defeated 
 the Turks. But in this case, that has the same 
 character as in No. 4. It is the representative of the 
 part of the sentence which follows, as may be seen 
 by inverting the order of the clauses. The Greeks 
 h.ad defeated the Turks ; I heard that. It is not 
 that I love you less. That here refers to the latter 
 clause of the sentence, as a kind of demonstrative. 
 
 7. That was formerly used for that which, like 
 what. 
 
 We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen. — 
 John iii. 
 
 This use is no longer held legitimate.] 
 . T/iat is used in opposition to this, or by way of 
 distinction. 
 
 If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this or that. — James iv. 
 
 , 9. When this and that refer to foregoing words, > 
 tliis, like the Latin hie and Fr. ccci, refers to the lat- 
 ter, and Uiat to the former. It is the same with tlicse 
 and those. 
 
 Sel^-love and reason to one end aspire, 
 
 Paiu their aversion, pleasure their ilesire ; 
 
 But greedy that, its object would devour, 
 
 This t;isle the honey, and nut wuuiid the flower. Pope. 
 
 10. That sometimes introduces an explanation of 
 something going before. "Religion consists in liv- 
 ing up to those principles ; that is, in acting ill con- 
 formity to them." Here, that refers to the whole 
 first clause of the sentence. 
 
 11. "Things are preached, not in that they are 
 taught, but in that they are published." Here, that 
 refers to the words which follow'it. 
 
 So when that begins a sentence. " That we may 
 fully understand the subject, let us consider the foi- 
 lowing proiKisitions." That tlenotes purpose, or rath- 
 er introduces the clause expressing jiurpose, as will 
 appear by restoring the sentence to its natural order. 
 " Let us consider the following propositions, that [for 
 the purpose expressed in the following clause] we 
 may fully understand the subject." " Attend that 
 you may receive instruction." Her^i, also, f/iii( ex- 
 presses piir|)ose elliplically : " Attend for the purpose 
 that you may receive instruction;" t/mt referring to 
 the last member. 
 
 This ellijitical use of that is very frequent; the 
 preposition for being iinderstootl. " A man travels 
 tliat he may regain his health." Ho travels for Uiat 
 purpose, be may regain his health. The French 
 often retains the preposition in such cases; ;wii7- 
 que. " Do all things without iiiuriniirliigs and dis- 
 putings, that ye may be blameless ,,id harmless." 
 Phil. ii. 14. Do nil things without miirmiirings, for 
 that purpose, to that effect, yo may be blameless. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi>T. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W<^LF, BQQK — 
 
 1143 
 
THE 
 
 In that; phrase dpnotin:? conscqnonce, cause, 
 or reason ; tJiat referrmi; lo the lullowing sentence. 
 Jleh. V. 7. 
 
 TIIATC'II, n. [Pax. thac, connected with theccnn, thf- 
 cnn, to cover ; L. Irgo, En?, ikck ; G. Uach, a roof ; I). 
 link; P\v. ink ; Dan. la^, lirkke; Gaelic, tunlic, tniijhe. 
 The primary sense is, to put on, to spread over, or 
 make close,] 
 
 Straw or other substance used to cover the roofs 
 
 of bnildinss, or stacks of hay or grain, for securing 
 
 them from rain, &c. 
 TII.VTCII, V. t. To cover with straw, reeds, or some 
 
 similar substance ; as, to tkatcli a liouse, or a stable, 
 
 or a stack of grain. 
 TUATCII'EI), (thacht,) pp. or a. Covered witli straw 
 
 or thatch. 
 
 TIIATCII'UR, n. One whose occupation is to tliatch 
 
 houses. 
 
 TIIAT<;iI'I\n, p;>r. Covering with straw or thatch. 
 
 TIIATCII'ING, ;i. The act or art of covering build- 
 ings will) thatch, so as to keep out water ; the mate- 
 rials used for this purpose. 
 
 THAtT'.MA-TROPE, n. [Gr. S/i. ,,a and rooroj.l 
 
 An optical toy or instrument for showing the dura- 
 tion of an impression of light upon the eye after the 
 luminous object is withdrawn. . Thus thi' rapid rev- 
 olution of a card having a chariot represented on one 
 side, and a charioteer i^n the other, causes the two 
 fmures to appear together, the charioteer driving the 
 chariot. Olmsted. 
 
 TIIAtl-MA-TrR'rtlC, la. fSee Thaumatlrgy.] 
 
 TllAU-MA-TUK'Ciie-AL, j Exciting wonder. 
 
 Burton, 
 
 TIIAU'MA-TUR-GIST, n. One who deals in won- 
 ders, f»r believes in them. 
 
 THAL'-.M.VTUK'GU.^, n. [Gr. ?-n.„.i and rpynv.] 
 A miracle-worker. A title given by the Roman 
 Catholics to some of their saints. Buchanan. 
 
 THAU'.MA-TUR-CiY, n. [Gr. iav^a, a wonder, and 
 £01 -ii; Work.] 
 
 .T(ic act of performing something wonderful. 
 
 Warton, 
 
 THAW, I'. !. [Sax. thaican ; G. thniien ; D. dooijen ; 
 Dan. tiicr ; Sw. Ida ; Gr. toku. Class Dg.] 
 
 1. To melt, dissolve, or become Huid, as ice or 
 enow. 
 
 [It is remarkable that this word is used only of 
 things that congeal by frost. We never say, to thaio 
 metal of any kind.] 
 
 2. To become so warm as to melt ice and snow ; 
 v.ted of weather, 
 
 THAW, i>. (. To melt ; to dissolve ; as ice, snow, 
 
 hail, or frozen earth. 
 THAW, n. The multing of ice or snow ; the resolu- 
 
 tiim of ice into the slate of a fluid ; liquefaction by 
 
 heat of any thing congealed by frost. 
 TH.AW'KI), (thawd,) ]>p:' Melted, as ice or snow. 
 THAW'l.VG, ppr. Dissolving ; resolving into a fluid ; 
 
 liquefying ; as any thing frozen. 
 THE, an ailirctirr, or definitive adjective. [Sax. the; D. 
 
 de. du. Oil. HI.] 
 
 1. This adjective is used as a definitive, that is, 
 before nouns which are specific or understood ; or it 
 is used to limit their signification to a sfiecific thing 
 or things, or to describe them ; as, the laws of the 
 twelve tables. The independent tribunals of justice 
 in our country are tJie security of private rights, and 
 the best bulwark against arbitrary power. The sun 
 is the source of light and heaL 
 
 This lio Milt Ihe pn-nchin J of th" cross. Simeon. 
 
 2. The is also used rhetorically before a noun in 
 the singular number, to denote a species by way of 
 distinction ; a single thing representing the whole. 
 The fig-tree putteth forth her green figs ; the almond- 
 tree shall flourish ; the grasshopper shall be a bur- 
 den. 
 
 X In poetry, the sometimes loses the final vowel 
 before another vowel. 
 
 Tlie atloriiinj ih'f! with so much art, 
 
 Is Lttit a UirbArous xl<ill. Coteley. 
 
 4. The is used before adjectives in the comparative 
 and superlative decree. The lonacr we continue in 
 sin, the more dijficult it is to reform. The most stren- 
 vous exertions will he used to emancipate Greece. 
 TTie most we can do is to submit ; tJie best we can do ; 
 Me ifor-f that can happen. 
 THE-A.\'DU1C, a, [Gr. Oms, God, and omp, a 
 man.] 
 
 Designating the union of divine and human opera- 
 tion in Christ, or the joint agency of the divine and 
 human nature. ' .Vurdock. 
 
 THE-AN'TllRO-PrsM, n. [Gr. Gioj and .o tf,);..7r)j.] 
 
 A state of being God and man. Colcridne. 
 THK'AR-eilY, n. [Gr. Otot, God, and ap\n, rule.] 
 Government by God ; more commonly called Thb- 
 oeBACT. Ch. Rel. .AppeaL 
 
 THif.'A-TER, ) n, [Fr. theatre ; 1,. tlieutrum ; Gr. Jto- 
 TUk.'.\-TRE, \ roee, from Jfno„.ii, to see.] 
 
 1. Among the ancient.-; an edifice in which specta- 
 cles or shows were exhibited for the amusement of 
 spectators. 
 
 2. In modem times, a house for the exhibition of 
 dramatic perfonnances, as tragedies, comedies, and 
 
 THE 
 
 farces ; a playhouse, comprehending the stage, the 
 pit, the boxes, galleries, and orchesier. 
 
 13. Among the Italians, an assemblage of buildings 
 which, by a happy disposition and elevation, repre- 
 stMits an agreeable scene to the eye. Cyc. 
 
 4. A place rising by steps or gradations, like the 
 seats of a theater. 
 
 Shitdc above shntle, a woody theater 
 
 Ot BtAU'Iicsl vit-vv. MUton. 
 
 5. A place of action or exhibition ; as, the Vieater 
 of the world. 
 
 C. A building for the exhibition of scholastic exer- 
 cises, as at Oxford, or for other exhibitions. 
 
 7. In medical institutions, a room with circular 
 seats, anil a table in the centre turning on a pivot, 
 for anatomical demonstrations. Cyc. 
 THif.'A-TlNS, II. pi. All oriler of Italian monks, es- 
 tablished, ill 15C4, expressly to oppose the Reforiiia- 
 tiiui, and to raise the tone of piety among Roman 
 (Jatiuilics. They hold no properly, nor do they beg, 
 but depend on what I'rovidence sends. Their chief 
 employment is preaching and giving religious in- 
 struction. .\l one tune, they attempted missions to 
 Taitary and Georgia, in .Asia, but soon abandoned 
 them. Their name, 'Thealins, is derived from The- 
 ate, or Chieti, a city <if Naples, the archbishop of 
 which was a principal fouiuler of the order. But 
 they bore various names ; as Regular Clerks of the 
 Community, Pauline Monks, .Apostolic Clerks, and Reg- 
 ular Clerks of the Divine Providence. Tile order never 
 floiirislied much out of Italy. Murdoch. 
 TII|.:'.A-TKAL,a. Belonging to a theater. [Aut inu.te.] 
 TIIE-AT'IUe, j a. Pertaining to a theater, or to 
 THE-AT'Uie-.\L, ( scenic representations; resem- 
 bling the manner of dramatic performers ; as, theat- 
 rical dress ; theatrical performances ; Vieatrical ges- 
 tures. 
 
 THE-AT'Rie-AL-LV, ailv. In the manner of actors 
 
 on the stage ; in a manner suiting tin; stai;e. 
 THE-AT'Rie-ALS, n. pi. Dramatic perfonnances. 
 T M K W E / 
 
 TIIa VE ' ! A ewe of the first year. [_Local,] 
 THk'UAN-Ve.AR, 71. In ancient chTondlogy,\\\e Egyp- 
 tian vear of 3(i3 days anil 6 hours. Bryant. 
 TIUi CA, II. [L., from Gr. Oiikl] 
 
 A sheath or case. 
 THK'eA-I'HUUE, 11. [Gr. inx'i, a case or cover, and 
 tpon£t<i, lo bear or carry.] 
 
 In botany, the pedicel or stipe of an ovary, when 
 it has one, called also Gvnophore, Basiovnium, and 
 PoDOiJVMUM. Lindlvy. 
 THll'eO-DO.NTS, 71. pi. [Gr. Si/<ti) and <:iovs.] 
 
 A tribe of extinct saurians, having the teeth im- 
 planted in sockets. Owen. 
 THEE, pron.: obj. case of Tiiou. [('ontracted from 
 Sax. tlicc; Cinib. thig ; Francic, thcc ; Goth, thuk. 
 See Thou.J 
 THEE, r. i. [Goth, thihan: Sax. thcan.] 
 
 To thrive ; to prosper. [OA.-J Chaucer. 
 THEFT, 71. [;f:\\. ViiiJIhe. See Thief.] 
 
 1. The act of ste.aiing. In lam, the private, unlaw- 
 ful, felonious taking of another person's goods or 
 movab'es, with an intent to sti al them. To consti- 
 tute theft, the taking must be in private, or %vithoiit 
 the owner's knowledge ; and it must be unlawful or 
 felonious, that is, it must be with a design to deprive 
 the owner of his property privately and against his 
 will. Thefl dillers from robbery, ns the latter is a 
 violent taking from the person, and of course not 
 private. 
 
 2. The thing stolen. F.zod, xxii. 
 THEFT'-UoTE, n. [tArft and Sax. Jotf , compensa- 
 tion.] 
 
 In late, the receiving of a man's goods again from 
 a thief j or a compensation for them, by way of com- 
 position, and to prevent the prosecution of the thief. 
 This in England subjects a person to a heavy fine, as 
 by this means the punishment of the criminal is pre- 
 vented. 
 
 THlC'I-FOR.M, a. Having the form of tea. 
 TIIit'l.N', 71. A principle obtained from tea. It is 
 
 identical with Cafkein, which see. 
 THEIR, (thire,) a. pron, [Sax. hiora ; Ice. theirra.'J 
 
 1. Their has the sense of a pronominal adjective, 
 denoting of tfiem, or the possession of two or more ; 
 as, their voices ; their garments j their houses j Oieir 
 land ; their country. 
 
 2. Theirs is used as a substitute for the adjective 
 and the noun to which it refers, and in this case, it 
 may be the nominative to a verb. " Our land is 
 the most extensive, but theirs is the best cultivated." 
 Here theirs stands as the representative of tlieir land, 
 and is the nominative to ii. 
 
 Nolhin^ but ihr nr\me of nppo:\r» 
 
 'Twixl our best actions anil the worst of Iheirt. Dctxham. 
 
 In this tise, theirs is not in the possessive case, for 
 then there would be a double possessive. 
 TIlic'IS.M, n. [from Gr. Ot -,, God.] 
 
 The belief or acknowledgment of the existence of 
 a God, .as opposed to Atheism. Theism dirt'ers from 
 deism, for although deism implies a belief in the ex- 
 istence of a Goil. yet it sicnifiei, in modern usage, a 
 denial of revelation, which theisir. does not. 
 
 THE 
 
 THS'IST, It. One who believes in the existence of s 
 God. 
 
 TME-IST'IC, )a. Pertaining to theism, or to a 
 THE-IS'I''IC-AL, j theist ; according to ihe doctrine 
 of theists. 
 
 THE.M, pron., the objective ease of Thet, and of both 
 genders. [In our mother tongue, Uiem is an ad- 
 jective, answering to tJie, in the dative and ablative 
 case."* of both numbers, 'i'lie common people con- 
 tinue to use it in the plural number as an adjective, 
 for they say, bring tliem liurses, or them horses are to 
 be led to water.] 
 
 Go yc to them time wll, and buy for yourselves. — Mall. XXT. 
 
 Tia-ii shall the kin^ say to tJietn on his ri^bt hand, Conie, ye 
 blessed of niy t ather. — MaU. 
 
 THEME, n. [L. thema; Gr. ^ipa, from riOnpi, to set 
 or place.] 
 
 1. A subject or topic on which a person writes or 
 speaks. The preaclier takes a text for the tlieme of 
 his discourse. 
 
 When a soldier was the theiru, my namo 
 
 Was not far oil'. Shak, 
 
 2. A short dissertation composed by a student. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. In grammar, a radical verb, or the verb in its 
 primary absolute state, not modified by inflections ; 
 as, the infinitive mode in English. But a large |ior- 
 tion of the words called themes in Greek, are not the 
 radical words, but are themselves derivative forms 
 of the verb. 'J'lie fact is the same in other languages. 
 
 4. In 7/iM.sic, a series of notes selected as the text 
 or_suhj<x't of a new composition. 
 
 TIIii'.MIS, 71. [Gr.] In the mythology of the Greeks, 
 the goddess of law. 
 
 THE.M-SELVES', a compound of them and selce^, and 
 added to they by way of emphasis or pointed distinc- 
 tion. Thus we say, Uiey themselves have done the' 
 mischief; they can not blame others. In this case, 
 t/iemselves is in the nominative ca.se, and may be coh- 
 sidered as an emphatical pronoun. 
 
 In some cases, themselves is used without they, and 
 stands as the only nominative to the following verb. 
 Themselves have done the mischief. 
 
 This word is used also in the objective case after a 
 verb or preposition. Tilings in themselves innocent, 
 may, under certain circumstances, cease to be so. 
 They open to themseht$ at length the way. Milton, 
 
 THEN, adv. [Goth, tlianne ; Sax. thanne ; G, dann ; 
 D, dan. See Thence.] 
 
 1. At that time, referring to a time specified, either 
 past or future. 
 
 And the Can.-ianite was then in the land. — Gen. xii. 
 
 That is, when Abram migrated and came into 
 Canaan. 
 
 Now I knovt in part, but then shall I know even as I ajn knowD. 
 1 Cor. lii. 
 
 2. Afterward ; soon afterward or immediately. 
 First be irconcilt'd to tliy broUicr, and then come and offer ihy 
 
 gift. — .Matt, r, 
 
 3. In that case ; in consequence, Oal. iii. Job iii. 
 If all tliis be so, then man has a natural freedom. Locke. 
 
 4. Therefore ; for this reason. 
 
 Now, Ultn, be ull tliy weighty cares away. Dryden. 
 
 5. At another time ; as, now and CAcn, at one time 
 and another. Milton. 
 
 C, That time. 
 
 Till t*en who knew 
 The force ol those dire arms ? MUlon. 
 
 Then is often used elliptically for the «Afn existing; 
 as, the then administnition. Burke, 
 THENCE, (thens,) aiiv. [Sax, thanan, thanon; G. 
 danncn ; from than, cfaim, then, supra. Then signi- 
 fies, properly, place, or set time, from setting, and 
 thence is derived from it. So the Germans say, von 
 dannen. from Uience,] 
 
 1. From that place. 
 
 When vou deivul thence, shake off the dull of your (etU — 
 Mark vi. 
 
 It is more usual, though not necessar}', to use from 
 before thence. 
 
 Then will I send and fetch Ihee/rom Ihtnc*. — Geo. xxrii. 
 
 2. From that time. 
 
 There sliall be no more tf,enet an infant of days. — Is. Ixr. 
 
 3. For that reason. 
 
 Not to sit i'lIe with so erral a grift 
 
 Us'-leas, and lAenc« ridiculous about him. AfUftm. 
 
 THENCE'FoRTH, (tfiens'forth,) adv. [thence and 
 forth.] From that time. 
 
 If the sail halh losl its savor, it is thtnct/orth good for notbiof . 
 — Mau. V. 
 
 This is also preceded by from, though not from any 
 necessity. 
 
 And from IhenerfariX Pilate sought to release hiin. — John xlx. 
 THENCE-FOR'WARD, adv. [OteTue and forward.] 
 
 From that time onward. Kettlactll 
 THENCE FROM', adv. [thence and from.] From 
 
 that pl.ace. [.Vut in use.] Smith. 
 
 TONT:, bull, IfXITE.— AN"GER, V1"CI0US € as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 1143 
 
THE 
 
 THE 
 
 THE 
 
 THE-O-lil'.O'MA, n. [Gt. Oios and iipu,ia.] 
 
 1. Tlie iKiine of a genus of plants producing the 
 cacau or cliuculate nut. 
 
 2. A superior preparation of tlie cacao or cocoa. 
 
 Luuiloiu 
 
 THE-0-GHR[?T'ie, a. [Gr. Oius and xp'^ros.] 
 Anoiiiiin*; bv God. 
 
 THE-Oe'KA CY, n. [Fr. thcocracie ; It. teocrazia ; Sp. 
 teucrncia : Gr. Qcos, God, and Kparoi, power ; /c/ju- 
 rfi', to hold.] 
 
 Giivernnit-nt of a state by the immediate direction 
 of God ; or tlie .<tate thus governed. Of this soccies 
 the Israelites furnish an illustrious example. The 
 tkeocracii lasted till the time of Saul. 
 
 THE'o eitA-SY, n. [Gr. Q:of and Kpauis, mixiiire.] 
 In ancimi p/iilosopky, an intimate union of the soul 
 with Goil in contemplation. 
 
 THE-O-eKAT'ie, j «. Pertaining to a theocracy ; 
 
 TIlE-u eilAT'ie-AL, i administered by the imme- 
 diate direction of God ; as, the tfieocraticat state of 
 the Israrliles. The government of the Israelites 
 WHS thrMCratic. 
 
 TlIE-OU'l-CY, 71. [Fr. Vieodicee, from Gr. 0fos, God, 
 and dtKTi, justice.] 
 
 A vindication of the justice of God in regard to 
 the natural and moral evil that exists under his gov- 
 erumenl. Leibnitz. 
 
 THE-OD'O-LlTE, n. [Q\i. Gr. Stu, to run, and 6o- 
 XiXiif, long.] 
 
 A surveyor's compass furnished with a small tele- 
 scope for the more accurate measurement of angles. 
 
 Oliruited. 
 
 THE-OG'O-iVIST, n. A writer on theogony. 
 
 THE-OG'O-NY, n. [Fr. theosonie; Gr. ^toywm ; 
 Qeoi, God, and yopr), or ytvoix ti, to be born.] 
 
 In mythulo^y, the generation of the gods ; or that 
 branch of heathen theology which taught the gene- 
 alogy of their deities. Hesiod composed a [loem 
 concerning that theogony, or the creation of the 
 world and the descent of the gods. 
 
 THE-OL'O-GAS-TER, n. A kind of quack in divin- 
 ity ; as, a quack in medicine is called Medicaster. 
 
 Burton. 
 
 THE O-Lo'GI-AN, n. [See Theologv.] A divine ; 
 a person well versed m theology, or a professor of 
 divinitv. Milton. 
 
 THE-O-LOG're, j a. [See Theology.] Pertain- 
 
 THE-O-LOG'ie-At,, j ing to divinity, or the science 
 of God and of divine things; as, a t/ieoloiricat trea- 
 tise ; theoUiirical criticism. Swift.. Cyc. 
 
 THE-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, oJt). According to the prin- 
 ciples of theology. 
 
 THE-OL'O-GIST, n. A divine; one studious in the 
 science of divinity, or one well versed in that sci- 
 ence. 
 
 TUE-OL'O-GIZE, V. t. To render theological. 
 
 Glanvitle. 
 
 2. V. i. To frame a system of theology. [Little 
 uspd. ] 
 
 THE-OL'O-GlZ-KD, pp. Rendered theological. 
 THE-OL'O-GlZ-ER, n. A divine, or a professor of 
 
 theology. [ Unu---ual.] Boyle. 
 THE-OL'O-GlZ-ING, ppr. Rendering theological. 
 TIlE'O-LOGUE, ( log,) for Tiieologist, is nut in use. 
 THE-OL'O-GY, n. [Fr. theoh>L't' : It- and Sp. tenlo- 
 gw ; Gr. iin^oyia ; Ht'<f,Go(l, ami > -j .s, discourse.] 
 Divinity ; the science of (iod and divine things ; 
 or the science which teaches the existence, charac- 
 ter, and attributes of God, his laws and government, 
 the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we 
 are to practice. Theology consists of two branches, 
 natural and revealed. JVatnral tkcotoiry is the knowl- 
 edge we have of God from his works, by the light of 
 nature and reason. Rcneuled theology is that which 
 is to be learned only from revelation. 
 
 Moral llieology teaches us the divine laws relating 
 to our manners and actiims, that is, our moral duties. 
 
 Speculative tUeology teaches or explains the doc- 
 trines of religion, as objects of faith. 
 
 Scholastic tlieology is that which proceeds by rea- 
 soning, or which derives the knowledge of several 
 divine things from certain established principles of 
 faith. Ttllotsuji. Cyc. 
 
 TIIE-OM'A eillST, (-kist,) 71. [Gr. Oti-s, God, and 
 Ijaxn, combat.] 
 One who fights against the gods. Bailey. 
 TIlE-OM'A-eilY, 71. [Supra.] A fighting against the 
 gods, as the battle of the giants with the gods, 
 2. Opposition to the divine will. 
 TIIK'O-.MAN-CY, 71. [Gr. O os and iiavrcia.] 
 
 A kind of divination drawn from the responses of 
 oracles among heathen nations. 
 TIIE-O-PA-TIIET'ie, a. Pertaining to theop.athy. 
 
 /fartley. 
 
 THE OP'A-TIIV, 71. [Gr. eco(, God, and ttoWoj, pas- 
 Hion.] 
 
 Sympathy with the divine nature ; like feelings to 
 those of God. Hartley. 
 THE-OPH'A-NY, 7t. [Gr. Gioj and ./.airo(/ai, to ap- 
 pear.] 
 
 A manifestation of God to man by actual appear- 
 ance. 
 
 THE O-PHI-LAN'THHO PI.S T, ti. [Or. Ocos and ^i- 
 XavOpujirof.] 
 
 A title assumed by some persons in France during 
 the revolution. Their object was to establish reason 
 in the place of Christianilv. 
 THE-OP-NEOST'lC, a. [Gr. 6ro5 and TTvcvarinos.] 
 
 Given byjhe inspiration of the Spirit of God. 
 THe'OP-NECST-Y, 71. Divme inspiration ; the mys- 
 terious power whicJi the divine Spirit exercises in 
 making men to know and communicate the truth. 
 
 Oaussen. 
 
 THE-OR'BO, 71. [It. tiorha; Fr. tuorbe, or teorbe.] 
 A musical instrument made like a large lute, but 
 with two beads, to each of which some of the strings 
 were attached. It was also called the Abchlute, 
 and was used chietiy, if not only, as an accompani- 
 ment to the voice. It has long fallen into disuse. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 THe'O-REM, 71. [fr. theoreme; Sp. and It. tcorema; 
 Gr. ^'.Muriiia, from Stw/zt'.', to see.] 
 
 1. In mathcinatie.'', a theorem is a proposition to be 
 proved by a chain of reasoning. A theorem is some- 
 thing to be proved ; a problem is something to be 
 done. Day. 
 
 2. In algebra or analysUs, it is sometimes used to 
 denote a rule, particularly when that rule is ex- 
 pressed by symbols. Cyc. 
 
 A universal Wieorm extends to any quantity with- 
 out restriction. 
 
 A particular theorem extends only to a particular 
 quantity. 
 
 A negative theorem expresses the impossibility of 
 any assertiim. 
 TllE-O-RE-MAT'ie, ) a. Pertaining to a theo- 
 THE-O-RE-iMAT'ie-AL, \ rem ; comprised in a tlie- 
 TUE-O-REM'ie, ) rem ; consisting of theo- 
 
 rems ; as, theoremic truth, Greic, 
 THE-O-RET'It;, j a. [Gr. ScupnTiKo;. See The- 
 THE-O-RET'ie-AL, ( orv.] 
 
 Pertaining to theory ; depending on theory or spec- 
 ulation ; speculative ; terminating in theory or spec- 
 ulation ; not practical; as, theoretical learning; Oieo- 
 retic sciences. The sciences are divided into theoret- 
 ical, as theology, philosophy, and the like, and prac- 
 ticnl, as medicine and law. 
 THE-O-RET'ie-AL-LY, adv. In or by theory; in 
 speculation ; speculatively ; not practically. Some 
 things appear to be theoretically true which are found 
 to be practically false. 
 THE'O-Rie, 11. Speculation. Shali. 
 THE-OR'ie, o. Pertaining to the theorica. 
 
 2. Theoretic. [Obs.] Smith's Diet. 
 
 THE-OR'I-eA, II. [Gr. Sct.iptKo;.] 
 
 A term applied to the public moneys expended at 
 Athens on festivals, sacrifices, anil public entertain- 
 ments, particularly Ihealiical performances, and in 
 largesses among the people. Smith's Diet. 
 
 THE-OR'ie-AL-LY, adv. Speculatively. [Ao« used.] 
 THR'O-RIST, ) 71. One who forms theories; one- 
 THE'O-RIZ-ER, j given to theory and speculation. 
 The greatest Iheonsts have ^iven the prefereuce to such a ^o?- 
 ertimrnt as Uial of tliis kingdom. Addison. 
 
 THe'O-RIZE, v. i. To form a theory or theories ; to 
 speculate ; as, to theorize on the existence of phlogis- 
 ton. 
 
 THe'O-RiZ-ER, 71. A theorist. 
 THe'O-RIZ-ING, ppr. I'orming a theory. 
 THe'O-RY, 71. [Fr. theorie ; It. teoria ; L. theoria ; Gr. 
 iiMpta, from -S-cwotw, to see or contemplate.] 
 
 1. Speculation ; a doctrine, or scheme of things, 
 which terminates in speculation or contempl.ition, 
 without a view to practice. It is here taken in an 
 unfavorable sense, as imjilying something visionary. 
 
 2. An exposition of the general principles of any 
 science ; as, the theory of music. 
 
 3. The science distinguished from the art; as, the 
 theory and practice of medicine. 
 
 4. The philoso|ihical explanation of phenomena, 
 either physical or moral ; as, Lavoisier's theory of 
 combustion ; Smith's theory of moral sentiments. 
 
 Theory is distinguished from hypothesis thus : a 
 tAsori/ is founded on inferences drawn from princi- 
 ples which have been established on independent 
 evidence ; a hyjiotliesis is a proposition assumed to 
 account for certain phenomena, and has no other ev- 
 idence of its truth than that it aft'urds a satisfactory 
 explanation of those phenomena. Olmsted. 
 TIlE-O-SOI'll'ie, )a. Pertaining to tlicosophv. 
 TllE-O-SOPiriC-AE, j Murdoch. 
 THE O.S'O-PllISM, II. [Gr. Gtns, God, and ainjnaiia, 
 comment ; tjoiJ>o^, wise.] 
 
 Thi-osophv, or a process of it. Murdoek. 
 TIlE-OS'O PillST, 71. One addicted to theosophy. 
 
 Murdoch. 
 
 THE-OS'O-PHIZE, v. i. To practice Iheo.sophy. 
 
 Murdoch. 
 
 THE-OS'O-PIIV, 71. [Gr. 0cof, God, and (7.)(/.i.i, wis- 
 dom.] 
 
 Supposed Intercourse with God and superior spirits, 
 and consequent attainment of suprrhuinan knowl- 
 edge, by physical processes ; as by the theurgic oper- 
 ations of siune ancient Platonists, or by the chemical 
 processes of the German fire philosophers. Murdoch. 
 THER-A-PEO'TIC, n. [iir. »inanivTtxoi, from Sipa- 
 Trtii'.i. to nurse, »ervi% or cure.] 
 
 Curative ; that pertains lo the healing art ; that Is 
 
 concerned in discovering and applying remedies for 
 diseases. 
 
 Medicine is mstlv distrili>it«(i iiilo propliyiactic, or die art of pre- 
 serving hetUUi, and t'lerapeuuc, or Uie an yl restoring it. 
 
 U alls. 
 
 THER-A-PEO'TieS, 7i. That part of medicine which 
 respects the discovery and ap)}lication of remedies 
 for diseases. Therapeutics teaches the use of diet 
 and of medicines. Cyc. 
 
 2. A religious sect described by Philo. They were 
 devotees to their religious tenets. 
 
 THERE, (thare,) adv. [Sax. tA<£r ; Goth, thar ; D. 
 daar : Sw. dar ; Dan. der. This word was formerly 
 used as a pronoun, as well as an adverb of place. 
 Thus, in Saxon, tluerto was to him, to her, or to it.] 
 
 1. In that place. 
 
 The Lord God {Planted a ^rden eastward in Eden, and thtre he 
 pul itie man whom he had torined. — Gen. ii. 
 
 2. It is sometimes opposed to Here ; there denoting 
 the place most distant. 
 
 Darkness Iherz niiglu well seem twilight here. Milton. 
 
 3. Here and there ; in one place and another ; as, 
 here a little, and there a little. 
 
 4. It is sometimes used by way of exclamation, 
 calling the attention to something distant ; as, Utere, 
 there I see there! look there.' 
 
 5. There is used to begin sentences, or before a 
 verb ; sometimes pertinently, and sometimes with- 
 out signification ; but its use is so firmly established 
 that it can not be dispensed with. 
 
 Wheiever ihere is sense or perception, Uiere some idea u actually 
 produced. Locke. 
 
 There li.ive been thai have delivered themselves from their ills by 
 their gooti lonone or virtue. Suckling. 
 
 And there came a voice from heaven, saying, Thou an my 
 beloved Son. — Mark i. 
 
 6. In composition, there has the sense of a pronoun, 
 as in Saxon ; as tliereby, which si;(iifies by that. 
 
 THERE-A-BOUT', j comp. [there and abouU The 
 THERE-A-BOUTS', j latter is less proper, but most 
 commonly used.] 
 
 1. Near that place. Shak. 
 
 2. Nearly ; near that number, degree, or quantity ; 
 as, ten men, or thereabouts. 
 
 3. Concerning that. [J^'ut much used.] Lukew'w. 
 THERE-AFT'ER, comp. [there at\il ajler. Sax. t/ucr- 
 
 a:ftcr, after that.] 
 
 1. According to that ; accordingly. 
 
 When you can draw the head inditTerenlly well, prnporlion the 
 botly thcrea/ter. Petuliarn. 
 
 2. After that. Spenser. 
 THERE-AT', comp. [there and of.] At that place. 
 
 Wide is the rate, and broad is ihe way, that leadetli to deslrufr 
 tion, ancf many there be wliicli go in lliereat. — Matt. vii. 
 
 2. At that ; at tliat thing or event ; on that ac- 
 . count. 
 
 Kvery error is a stain to tlie beauty of nature ; for which cause it 
 bhislieth thereat. Hooker. 
 
 THERE-B?', comp. [there and by.] By that ; by that 
 means ; in consequence of that. 
 
 Acijuiiint now thyself with him, and be at peace ; lA^rcfcy good 
 shall come unto thee. — Job xxii, 
 
 THERE FOR', comp. [there and for.] For that, or 
 this, or it. 
 
 THERE'FORE, (tlier'fore or thare'fore,') eomp. [there 
 and for.] For that ; for that or this reason, referring 
 to something previously stated. 
 
 1 have married a wife, and Iheie/ore 1 can not come. — Luke xiv. 
 
 2. Consequently. 
 
 He blushes ; tJiere/ore he is guilty. Spectator. 
 
 3. In return or recompense for this or that. 
 
 Whatshill we have, t)ierf/or« .' — Mall. xix. 
 
 THERE-FROM', comp. [there and from.] From this 
 or that. 
 
 Turn nut aside Viere/rom to the right hand or to the left. — Josh, 
 xxiii. 
 
 THERE IN', comp. [there and in.] In that or this 
 place, lime, or thing. 
 
 Bring forth abuiidanUy in the earth and multiply therein. — 
 
 Ye shall keep the Sabbatli — whosoever docth any work therein 
 
 — Iliat soul shall be cut oil. — Kx. xxxi. 
 TVierein our letters do not well agree. Sha!:. 
 
 T HERE-IN-TO', comp. [tliere and into.] Into that. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 THERE-OF', comp. [there and of.] Of that or this. 
 
 In the day tliou eatest Oiereo/, tliou shall surely die. — Gen. ii. 
 
 THERE ON', comp. [there and oti.] On that or this. 
 
 Then the king said. Hang him thereon. — Esther vii. 
 
 THERE-OUT', comp. [(Acre and ou(.] Out of that or 
 this. Lev. ii. 
 
 TllfiRE-TO', ) comp. [(Acre and (o, or u7i(o.] To 
 THERE-UN-TO', j that or this. 
 
 Add the filth pan Iherelo. — Ixi. v. 
 THERE-IIN'DER, eo77ip. [there and under.] Under 
 
 that or this. Ralegh. 
 THERE-UP-ON',eofflp. [there and upon.] Upon that 
 
 or this. 
 
 Tlio remnant of the house of Jnduh, they shall feed thereupon. 
 Zeph. II. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MKTE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1144 
 
THE 
 
 2. In consequence of tliiit. 
 
 lie lioprs 10 flnrl you forward, 
 And thereupon ho Kiiils you litis <;ooiL iicwi. 
 
 57.0.V. 
 
 Immcdintrly 
 
 TIlEllE-WlilLE', comp. [there and while.] At llie 
 same Mini'. [Oiis.] H'ictif. 
 
 TIIEllE-VVlTii', comp. [there nnd with.] Willi that 
 or tills 
 
 I h:vvo l»*:\ni«i in wliataocvcriUte I om, tttereiritft to confnl. 
 — Phil. W. 
 
 THERE-WITII-AL', comp. [(Acre and wiW/a/.] Over 
 and nhoVR. 
 
 2. At the same time. 
 
 3. With tliat. [Thi.i word i.i obnolc'r.] 
 
 [The foresoins com|H)iiiicls of there u itli the prrp- 
 osillons are for the most part deemril iiu lcjaiit and 
 olisolrte. Some of them, however, are in gintd use, 
 and particniarlv in the law style.] 
 
 THERF'-lUtEAb, (tlierf'bred,) n. fSax. thurf, iheorf, 
 unfermenled.l 
 
 Unleavened bread. [JVnt in use.] Ifidif. 
 
 T[lK'lU-Ae, I n. [L. theriaca, Gr. Smim;,, tiea- 
 
 THE-RI'A-eA, i cle.] 
 
 A name "liven by the ancient!^ to various rompo- 
 sitions esteemed cHicaciotis against the effects of 
 poison, but afterward restrained cliieliy to what lias 
 l)epu called Theriaca Androhachi, or Venice 
 Treacle, which is a compound of sixty-four ilriiss, 
 prepared, pulverized, and reduced by means of honey 
 to an electuary. Cijc. 
 
 TIIk'RI-.A€, ) a. Pertaining to tlieriac ; me'dici- 
 
 THE-RI'AC-AL, i nal. Bacon. 
 
 TIIER'.M.\L, a. [ L. Werniic, warm baths ; Gr.St^/fiai, 
 from ^ri,(,t, to warm.] 
 
 Pertainini; to heat ; warm ; a term applied chiefly 
 to warm springs ; as, tlwrmal waters. 
 
 TIIER'.MI UOR, n. [Gr. ?c(jn warm.] Tlie name 
 of the mil month of the French republican year, 
 comui 'ncini; .lulv 10, and ending August 17. 
 
 TIIER'.MO-E-I,Ee-TRIC'I-TY, n. [Gr. Swf and 
 electricitif.] Electricity developed by heat. Lyell. 
 
 TIIER'MO-GEN, n. [Gr. i'-iinn, tieat, and ytvaf, 
 ytioitu'^ to generate.] 
 
 The elementary matter of heat ; caloric; a term 
 applied chitrtlv lo warm springs. Good. 
 
 THEU'.MO-LA'MP.ii. [Gr.Sc/</iuf, warm, from hp^r], 
 huat, anil tamp.] 
 
 An instrument for furnishing light by means of 
 inflammable gas. ' Med. Repo^. 
 
 TIIER-.MOM'E TER, n. [Gr. ^cpiin^, warm, from 
 Si/./ii/, heat, and nCTimn, measure.] 
 
 An instriinient for measuring heat ; founded on 
 the property which heat possesses of expanding all 
 bodies, the rate or quantity of expansion being sup- 
 posed proporl'ional lo the degree nf heat applied, and 
 hence indicating that degree. The Iherniuineter in- 
 die lies only the sen.<iblc heat of bodies, and gi\'es us 
 no information respecting the quantity of latent heat, 
 or of combined heal, which those bodies may con- 
 tain. [See also Differe.ntial Ther.mometer.] 
 
 Olnistrd. 
 
 THER-MO-MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to a tlier- 
 niomeler ; as, the thermomHrical scale f>r tube. 
 
 9. Made by a therinoineter ; as, tliermomclrical ob- 
 servations. 
 
 TIIER-MO-MET'RI€-AI^LY, ada. By means of a 
 thfrnnmieter. 
 
 TilER'.MO-SCOPE, n. [Gr.5rp/ii), he.at,and aKomw, 
 to see. ] 
 
 An instrumrnt contrived by Count Riimford for 
 measuring minute differences of tempeiiitiire. As 
 modified by Professor Leslie, it was afterward called 
 the Different! AL Thehhometer. Olni.<tpd. 
 THER-.\10-SeOP'ie, a. Pertaining to the therino- 
 scope. 
 
 THER'MO-STAT,n. [Gr. ?f(),iof and I-Trr,,!).] A self- 
 acting physical apparatus for regulating temperature, 
 by the unequal expansion of dilTerent metals by 
 heat. Ure. 
 
 THER-MO-STAT'ie, a. Pertaining to the thermo- 
 stat. Ure. 
 
 THER-MO-TEN'SION, n. [Gr. drp/ii?, liot, and L. 
 tensio, a stretching.] 
 
 Litrralhi, a stretrhing hy heat. This word is ap- 
 plied by Professor Johnson to a process of increasing 
 the direct cohesion of wrought iron. It consists in 
 heating the metal to a determinate temperature, 
 generally from 5'JO to fiOO degrees Fahrenheit, and in 
 Ih.at slate giving to it, by appropriate machinery, a 
 mechanical strain or tension in the directiini in which 
 the strength is afterward to be exerted. The degree 
 of tensile force applied is determined befnreliand by 
 trials on the same quality of nielal at ordinary at- 
 mospheric temperature, lo ascirtain what force 
 W'ould, in th.at case, have been suHirieiil lo break the 
 piece which is lobe submitted lo thermotensioii. If 
 this process should succeed, it may be of great use 
 in giving strrngth to chain cables. 
 
 TUKSE, (thee/.,) pron. ; pi. of Th IS ; used as an adjec- 
 tive or substitute. These is opposed to those, as this 
 is to iAo£ ; and when two persons or things, or col- 
 lections of things, are named, these refers to the 
 
 Till 
 
 things or persons which are nearest in place or or^ 
 der, or which are last mentioned. 
 
 Somf! pt.icc die bliss in nctioil, some in cnrc ; 
 
 T/iune cill il pleieiiro, mill coiili-ntmciit ihete. Pope. 
 
 Here these is a substitute for these persons, and for 
 the persons last mentioned, who place their bliss in 
 ease. 
 
 TIIE'SIS, n. [I., thesis ; Gr. Scai{, a position, from 
 TtOiifit, to set.] 
 
 1. A positi(m or proposition which a person ad- 
 vances and offers to maintain, or which is actually 
 maintained by argument ; a theme ; a subject; par- 
 ticularhj, a subject or proposition for a school or uni- 
 versity exercise, or the exercise itself. 
 
 2. In lo!;ie, every proposition may be divided into 
 thesis and hypotkesis. Thesis contains the thing af- 
 firmed or denied, and hypothesis the conditions of 
 the affirmation or negation. Cije. 
 
 X In MK.sic, the unaccented or unpercussed part of 
 till? me.asure, which the Greeks expressed by the 
 downward beat. 
 
 TIlF.S'.MO-Tlir.TE, n. [Gr. $€aii:if>erm.] A law- 
 giver; a legislator; one of the six inferior nrchons 
 
 TilES'PI-AN, a. [from Thespis.] [at Athens. 
 
 A term applied to tragic acting. 
 
 TIIK' TA, n. [Gr. ((.] 
 
 The unlucky letter of file Greek alphabet, so called 
 from being used by the judges in passing condemna- 
 tion on a prisoner, it being the first letter of the Greek 
 lli\-nT i(, death. 
 
 TllET'ie-AI., a. [from Gr. icrticos. See Thesis.] 
 Laid down. More. 
 
 TIIE-lJR'Gie, ( a. [from thcurery.] Pertaining 
 
 TllE-Ull'Glt'-AL, i to theurgy. 
 
 7'henrrric htimns; songs of incantation. 
 
 TIIfi'UK-ClS'l", n. OiieWhopretends to or isaddicted 
 to theurgy. JIallywell. 
 
 TIlK'UR-GY, n. [Gr. Seovpyia; Ocoj, God, and 
 cpyi'V, work.] 
 
 Among the F.iryptian Platonists, an imaginary 
 science and art. As a science, it was supposed to 
 have been revealed to men by the gods themselves 
 in very ancient times, and to have been handed 
 down traditionally by the priests. As an art, it was 
 the ability, by means of certain acts, habits, words, 
 and symbols, of moving the gods to impart to us 
 secrets which surpass the powers of reason, lo lay 
 open to us the future, and lo render llieniselves 
 visible. See JambLichtis dc Mystcriis F.trijpt, I. c. 
 21" — 29. Murdock. 
 
 THEW, (thu,) n. [Sax. theaw : Gr. tfl.if.] 
 
 1. Manner; custom; habit; form of behavior. 
 [JVot in nse.] Spenser, 
 
 2. Muscle or strength. [JVe( in use.] Shak. 
 THEVV'£D, (tliQde,)a. Accustomed ; educated. [JVo« 
 
 in nse.] Spenser. 
 THEY, (lha,) pron. pi. ; objective case, Them. [Sax. 
 tluTf^c: Goth, thai, thaim.] 
 
 1. Tlie men, the wiuncn, the animals, the things. 
 It is never used adjectively, but always as a pronoun 
 referring to persons, or as a substitute referring to 
 things. 
 
 They and their fnthcra have transgressed against me. — Ezck. ii. 
 They of Inly salute yon. — llelj. xiti, 
 
 Bk*»aed are Oiey wliicli do hunger and Ulirst alter ri^llteousness. 
 — .MiUt. V. 
 
 2. It i.s used indefinitely, as our ancestors used 
 ma", and as the French use on. 'Iliry say, (on dit,) 
 that is, it is said by persons indefinitely. 
 
 Tilt'liLE, II. A slice; a skiniiuer; a spatula. [JVot 
 in use, or local.] Minswmrth. 
 
 Tlll(;iv, a. [Sax. thic, tliieea; G. dick, dicht: D. dik, 
 di'jl; Sw. tiock ; Dan. tyk and diirt, thick, tight; 
 Gael, and Ir. tiwjh: \V. roc, contracted. See Glass 
 l)g. No. :i, 8, 10, 22, 3(i, ii". The sense is probably 
 taken from driving, forcing together, or pressing.] 
 
 1. Dense ; not thin ; as, thick vapors ; a thick fog. 
 
 2. Inspissated ; as, the paint is too thick. 
 
 3. Turbid ; muddy ; feculent; not clear; as, the 
 water of a river is thick after a rain. 
 
 4. Noting the diameter of a body ; as, a piece of 
 timber seven inches thick. 
 
 My Imie lirtjer sh.Ul be thicker than my father's loins. — I 
 Kin^ xii. 
 
 5. Having more depth or extent from one surface 
 to its opposite than usual; as, a Uiick plank; Uiick 
 cloth ; (Aic<: paper. 
 
 (i. Close ; crowded with trees or other objects ; as, 
 a thick forest or wood ; tJiick grass ; UiUIi corn. 
 
 The p- ople were ^uhcrrd Oitck togellier. Lock*. 
 
 7. Frequent ; following each other in quick suc- 
 cession. The shot flew thick as hail. 
 
 Wotton. 
 Dn/den. 
 
 8. Set with things close to each other; not easily 
 pervious. 
 
 Black was tlic forest, thick with beech it stood. Dryden. 
 
 9. Not having due distinction of syllables or good 
 articulation ; as, a thick utterance. He speaks too 
 tAifi. 
 
 10. Dull ; somewhat deaf ; as, tAici of hearing. 
 
 11. Intimate. [Kurioiu dialects.] 
 
 Favors cinie tliick upon him. 
 
 Not thicker tjdluws \jenl the Libyan main. 
 
 Tin 
 
 THICK, 71. The thickest part, or the time when any 
 thing is thickest. 
 
 la the thick of the dust and smoke he presentlr entered ht« meo. 
 
 KnoUds. 
 
 2. A thicket. [J\'ot in use.] Drayton. 
 Thick and Utin ; whatever is in the way 
 
 Tlirou<j;li tliick and thin she followed him. HudSrra*. 
 THICK, adv. Frequently ; fast. 
 
 1 liear the trampling of Odck beating feet. DnjrUn. 
 
 2. Closely; as, a plat of ground thick sown. 
 
 J^Torris, 
 
 3. To a great depth, or to a thicker de|)th than 
 usual; as, a bed covered tAicA with tan; land cov- 
 ered thick with manure. 
 
 Thick and threefold; in quick succession, or in 
 great numbers. [JVot in u.ie.] L'ilstrun^e. 
 THICK, V. i. To become thick or dense. [JVot used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 TIIICK'KN, (thik'n,) r. (. [Sax. fAiecian.] 
 
 1. To make thick or dense. 
 
 2. To make close ; to fill up interstices ; as, to 
 thicken cloth. 
 
 3. To make concrete ; to inspissate ; as, to tliicken 
 paint, mortar, or a liquitJ. 
 
 4. To strengthen ; to confirm. 
 
 And this may hrtp to thicken other proofs, [Not uted.\ Shak. 
 
 5. To make frequent, or more frequent ; as, to 
 thicken blows. 
 
 C. To make close, or more close; to make more 
 nunieroiis ; as, to thicken the ranks. 
 THICK'/;N, (thik'n,) v. i. To become thick or more 
 thick ; tt> become detisc ; as, the fog thickens 
 
 2. To become dark or obscure. 
 
 Thy hisVT thickent 
 When he sliiii<'s by. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. To concrete ; to be consolidated ; as, the juices 
 of plants thicken into wood. 
 
 4. To be inspissated ; as, vegetable juices tliicken 
 OS the more volatile parts are evaporated. 
 
 5. To become close, or more close or numerous. 
 The press of people thickena to the court. Dryden. 
 
 6. To become quick and animated. 
 
 The combat tjiiikent. Addison. 
 
 7. To become more numerous ; to press ; to be 
 crowded. Proofs of the fact thicken upon us at 
 every step. 
 
 THICK'/i;N-£D, (thik'nd,) pp. or a. Made dense, or 
 
 more dense; made more close or compact; made 
 
 nitire frequent ; inspissated. 
 THICK'iCN ING, ppr. Making dense, or more dense, 
 
 more close, or more frequent ; inspissating. 
 THICK'KN-ING, n. Something put into a liquid or 
 
 mass to make it more thick. 
 THICK'ER, a. comp. More thick. 
 THICK'EST, a. superl. Mo.st thick. 
 TIIICK'ET, n. A wood or collection of trees or 
 
 shrubs closely set; as, a ram caught in a thicket. 
 
 Gen. xxii. 
 
 TIlICK'llEAD-ED,(-l;ed-,)a. Having a thick skull; 
 
 dull ; stupid. 
 TIIICK'ISII, a. Somewhat thick. 
 TIIICK'I.Y, ai/r. Deeply ; to a great depth. Boyle. 
 
 2. Closely ; compactly. 
 
 3. In quick succ(^ssion. 
 
 THICK'NESS, n. The state of being thick ; dense- 
 . ness ; density ; as, the thickness of fog, vajxir, or 
 clouds. 
 
 2. The state of being concrete or inspissated ; 
 consistence ; s|)issitiide ; as, the thickness of paint or 
 mortar ; the tliickness of honey ; the thickness of the 
 blood. 
 
 3. The extent of a body from side to side, or from 
 surface to surface ; as, the thickness of a tree ; the 
 tliickness of a board ; the tliickness of the hand ; the 
 titiekncss of a layer of earth. 
 
 4. Closeness of the parts ; the state of being 
 crtiwded or near ; as, the thickness of trees in a for- 
 est ; the thiekncis of a wood. 
 
 5. The state of being close, dense, or impcr\'iou8 ; 
 as, the tliickness of shades. Addison. 
 
 I). Dullness of «hc sense of hearing ; want of 
 quickness or acuteness ; as, thickness of hearing. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 THICK'SET, a. [tAicA and «ct] Close planted ; as, 
 
 a thickset wot>tl. Dryden. 
 2. Having a short, thick body. 
 TIIICK'SKI.N', n. [thick and skin.] A coarse, gross 
 
 person : a blockhead. F.ntick. 
 TIIICK'SKIILL, n. [thick and skull.] Dullness ; or 
 
 a dull person ; a blockhead. F.ntick. 
 THICK'SKULL-/;D, a. Dull ; heavy ; stupid ; slow 
 
 to learn. 
 
 THICK'.SPRIING, a. [thick and sprung.] Sprung up 
 close together. Fntiek. Shak. 
 
 THIeF, (theef,) n. ; pi. Thieves. fSax. theof; Sw. 
 finf, D. dief; G. dieb : Goth. Viiubs Daw. tyc.] 
 A person guilty of theft. 
 
 1. One who secretly, unlawfully, nnd feloniously 
 takes the goods or perstmal properly of another. 
 The thief takes the property of another privaU-ly ; 
 the robber by open force. Blackstone, 
 
 TO.NE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 144 
 
 RRRR* 
 
 1145 
 
THI 
 
 THI 
 
 THI 
 
 2. One who takes the property of another wrong- 
 fully, eitlier secretly or by violence. Job xxx. 
 
 A C('naiu man went ilown frpni Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell 
 anion? iliieveSt who slripped him of his raiment. — Luke X. 
 
 3. One who sediice.s hy false tioctrine. John x. 
 
 4. One who makes it his business to cheat and de- 
 fraud i as, a den of thieves. Matt. xxi. 
 
 5. An excrescence or waster in the snuff of a can- 
 dle. Jlfai/. 
 
 THlKF'-€ATCn-ER, n. [thief and catch.] One 
 who catches thieves, or whose business is to detect 
 thieves and brinK them to justice. 
 
 THIkF'-LeAD-ER, n. [thief and lead.] One who 
 leads, or takes or leads away a thief. [JVuf vnich 
 
 TIUEF'-TaK-ER, n. [thief ani talceT.] One whose 
 business is to find and take thieves, and bring them 
 to jjistice. 
 
 TIIIRVE, (theve,) V. i. To steal ; to practice theft. 
 THIeV'EU-Y, 7i. The practice of stealing; theft. 
 [See Theft.] 
 Amon J the Spartans, thievery v 
 honest. 
 
 a That which is stolen. Shah. 
 THIEVISH, a. Given to stealing; addicted to the 
 practice of theft ; as, a thievish boy. 
 
 Or with a base and Ijoisterous sword enforce 
 
 A thievish Hviug on tlie common road. Shdk. 
 
 2. Secret ; sly ; acting by stealth ; as, thievish min- 
 utes. Shak. 
 
 3. Partaking of the nature of theft; as, a thievish 
 pr.Tctice. 
 
 THIeV'ISH-LY, adv. In a thievish manner; by 
 theft. 
 
 THlK V'ISH-NESS, n. The disposition to steal. 
 
 2. The practice or habit of stealing. 
 THIGH, (till,) 71. [Sax. tliea-h, theo, or theoh ; D. dye ; 
 G. dick-bein, thick-bone. The German explains the 
 word ; tJiiirh is thick.] 
 
 That prirt of men, quadrupeds, and fowls, which 
 is between the leg and the trunk. As the word sig- 
 nifies, it is the thick part of the lower limbs. 
 THiGH'-BoNE, n. The bone of the thigh. 
 THILK, peon. [Sax. thtlc] 
 
 The same. [OAs.] Spenser, 
 THILL, n. [Sax. thil or thill.] 
 
 The shaft of a cart, pig, or other carriage. The 
 thills are the two pieces of timber extending from 
 the body of the carriage on each side of tlie; last 
 horse, by which the carriage is supported in a hori- 
 zontal position. 
 THILL'ER, ) ji. The horse which goes be- 
 
 THILL'-HORSE, i twetn the thills or shafts, and 
 supports them. In a team, the last horse. 
 
 Ci/c. Shak. 
 
 THIM'BLE, (thim'bl,) re. [I know not the origin or 
 primary sense of this word. Possibly it may be 
 from iJtumb. In Gaelic, temeheal is a cover.] 
 
 1. A kind of cap or covta for the finger, usually 
 made of metal, used by tailors and seamstresses for 
 driving the needle through cloth. 
 
 9. In sea lanintaire, an iron ring with a hollow or 
 groove round its whole circumference, to receive the 
 rope which is spliced about it ; used to keep the eye 
 of the rope from being chafed. Totteiu 
 
 TIIIM'RLE-RIG, re. A sleight of hand trick played 
 with three small cups, shaped like thimbles, and a 
 small ball. 
 
 THI.ME. See Thyme. 
 
 THIN, n. [Snx. Uunn, thynn ; G. diinn ; D. dun; Sw. 
 titnn ; Dun. tynd ; W. tenaUy teneu j L. tenuis ; Gaelic, 
 tanadh ; Russ. toiikei. (in. Gr. orti/yj, narrow. It 
 appears to be connected with W. ten, tan, stretched, 
 
 extended, Gr. Tctnoi. Qu. Ar. wadana. In 
 
 sense it is allied to Syr. Heb. Ch. and Eth. |Bp, hut I 
 know not whcthei the first consonant of this word 
 is a prefix. See Class I)n, No. 12, 25.] 
 
 1. Having little thickness or extent from one sur- 
 face to the opposite ; as, a thin plate of metal ; tliin 
 paper; a thin board ; a thin covering. 
 
 2. Rare ; not dense ; applied to fluids or soft mix- 
 tures ; as, tJiin blood ; thin milk ; thin air. 
 
 In the day when the air is more tltin. Bacon. 
 
 3. Not close ; not crowded ; not filling the space ; 
 not having the individuals that compose the thing in 
 a close or compact state ; as, the trees of a forest are 
 thin ; the corn or grass is thin. A thin audience in 
 church is not uncommon. Important legislative 
 business shi.iilil not be transacted in a Utin house. 
 
 4. Not full or well grown. ' 
 
 S. v.-n lAin earn. —Gen. ill. 
 
 5. Slim ; small ; sleniler ; lean. A person becomes 
 tAin by disease. Home animals are naturally Viin. 
 
 0. Exile; small; fine; not full. 
 
 Thin, hollow lounds, and lam«ntahlc icreamt. Drytltn. 
 
 7. Not thick or close ; of a loose texture ; not im- 
 pervious to the ciptil ; as, a lliin vail. 
 
 8. ,\dt crowded or well stocked ; not abounding. 
 
 Kerram U very larjfr, bnl eiiremely of p-ople, Atldiwn. 
 
 9. Slight ; not sutlicient for a covering ; as, a thin 
 disguise. 
 
 THIN, adv. No' thickly or closely; in a scattered 
 
 state ; as, seed sown thin. 
 
 Spain is thin sown of people. Bacon. 
 THIN, 1). «. [Sax. thinnian ; Russ. tonyu; L. tenuo. 
 
 See Attenuate.] 
 
 1. To make thin ; to make rare or less thick ; to 
 attenuate ; as, to thin the blood. 
 
 2. To make less close, crowded, or numerous ; as, 
 to thin the ranks of an enemy ; to thin the trees or 
 shrubs of a thicket. 
 
 3. To attenuate ; to rarefy ; to make less dense ; 
 as, to thin the air ; to thin the vapors. 
 
 TIIIN'-OUT, V. i. In geoloiry, strata are said to thin 
 
 out when they gradually diminish in thickness until 
 
 tliev disappear. Brande. 
 THL\"-SKIN-N£D, a. Having a thin skin ; hence, 
 
 unduly sensitive. 
 THiNE, pronominal adj. [Goth, theins, tlieina: Sax. 
 
 thin ; G. dein ; Fr. tien ; probably contracted from 
 
 tlii<jen. See Thou.] 
 Thy; belonging to thee; relating to thee; being 
 
 the property of thee. It was formerly used for thy, 
 
 before a vowel. 
 
 Then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill, at thine own pleasure. — 
 Deul. xxii. 
 
 But in common usage, thy is now used before a 
 vowel in all cases. 
 
 The principal use of thine now is when a verb is 
 interposed between this word and the noun to which 
 it refers. I will not take any thing that is thine. 
 Thine is the kingdom, and tho power, and the 
 glory. 
 
 In the following passage, thine m used ai a substi- 
 tute for thy ri^lUeousness. 
 
 I will make mention of thy righteousness, e?2n of thins on\y. — 
 Ps. Ixxi. 
 
 In some cases it is preceded by the sign of the 
 possessive case, like nouns, and is then also to be 
 considered as a substitute. 
 
 If any o/ Vdne be driven out to the utmost parts of he.aven. — 
 Deut. XXX. 
 
 It is to be observed that thine, like thou, is used only 
 in the solemn style. In familiar and common lan- 
 guage, your and yours are always used in the singular 
 number as well as the plural. 
 THING, 71. [Sax. thing, a thing, a cause ; for his 
 thingon, for his cause or sake ; also, thing, and ge- 
 thing, a meeting, council, or convention ; thingan, 
 tliingian, to hold a meeting, to plead, to supplicate ; 
 thingere, an intercessor ; thingung, intercession ; G. 
 ding, a thing, a court; dingen, to go to law, to hire 
 or linggle ; Dingstag, Tuesday, (thing's day .) beding, 
 condition, clause ; dedingen, to agree, to bargain or 
 contract, to cheapen ; D. ding, thing, business ; din- 
 gen, to plead, to attempt, to cheapen ; dingbunk, the 
 bar ; dingdagen, session-days ; dinger, dingster, a 
 pleader ; dingtaal, plea ; Dingsdag, Tuesday ; beding, 
 condition, agreement ; bedingen, to condition ; Sw. 
 ting, thing, cause, also a court, assizes ; tinga, to 
 hire, bargain, or agree ; Dan. ting, a thing, affair, 
 business, case, a court of justice ; tinger, to strike up 
 a bargain, to haggle ; tingbog, records of a court, 
 {thing-book ,) tingdag, the court day, the assizes ; 
 tinn-AoW, jurisdiction ; ti«o-7«<E;id, jurors, jury, {thing- 
 men;) tinrrsag, a cause or suit at law, {thing- 
 sake.) The primary sense of tiling, is that which 
 comes, falls, or happens, like event, from L. 
 cvcnio. The primary sense of the root, which is ti> 
 or thig, is to press, urge, drive, or strain, and hence 
 its application to courts, or suits at law ; a seeking 
 of right. We observe that Dingsday, Dingdag, in 
 some of the dialects, signifies Tuesday, and this from 
 the circumstance that that day of the week was, as it 
 still is in some states, the day of ojiening courts ; 
 i\\;\t i'A, litigation day, OT suitors' day, a day of striv- 
 ing for justice; or perhaps combat day, l\\e day of 
 trial by battle. This leads to the unfoUiing of anoth- 
 er ftict. Among our ancestors. Tig, or Tiig, was the 
 name of the deity of combat and war, the Teutonic 
 Mars; that is, strife, combat deified. This word was 
 contracted into tiw or tu, and hence Titoes-dwg or 
 Tues-dag, Tuesday, the day consecrated to Tiig, the 
 god of war. liiit it seems this is merely the day of 
 commencing court and trial ; litigation day. This 
 Tiig, the god of war, is strife, and this leads us to the 
 root of thing, which is, to drive, urge, .strive. Sorc.<, 
 in Latin, is connected with rcu.<, accused. For words 
 of like signification, sec Sake antl Cai'se.] 
 
 1. An event or action ; that which happens or falls 
 out, or that which is dune, told, or proposed, 'i'his 
 is tho general signification of the word in the Scrip- 
 lures ; as, sifter these things, that is, events. 
 
 And the thing wiis very ^riL'Vous in Abraham's sight, because of 
 
 iilss 
 
 -Gei 
 
 1'hen I.Lit>.in and lUrlliuel nnawered and said, The Otirig pro. 
 
 cedeth from the Lord.— Uen. x»i». 
 And Jarot) said, Alt these thing* are acainst me. — Gen. xtii. 
 ! will ti'lt yon liy wlint atilhority I do these things. — Malt. xxl. 
 'I'hese tilings said hls.il.ia when he saw his glory. — John xii. 
 Ill teaming Fnfiich, choose tuch books OS will teach yun things 
 
 aj well as laiitfiijge. Jay to LtlUejtage. I 
 
 2. Any substance ; that which is created ; any 
 particular article or commodity. 
 
 He sent after this manner ; ten asses ladeu with the good things 
 
 ol Eirypt. — G-n. xlii. 
 They took the Viinga which Micah had made. — Judges xviii. 
 
 3. An animal ; as, every living thing ; every creep- 
 ing thing. Oen. i. 
 
 [ Thi^ application of the word is improper, but common 
 in popular and vulgar langnage,] 
 
 4. A portion or part ; something. 
 
 Wicked men who understand any thing of wisdom. TiUotson. 
 
 5. In contempt. 
 
 I have a thing in prose. Sisift. 
 
 6. Used of persons in contempt or disparagement. 
 
 See, sons, what tilings you are. Shak. 
 Tlie poor thing si^h d. Addison. 
 I'll be this abject tJting no more. Cranoitie. 
 
 7. L^sed in a sense of honor. 
 
 I see thee here, 
 Thou noble Uiing I 
 
 Shak. 
 
 8. Things, pi. ; clothes. [Colloquial.] 
 
 Waller Scott. 
 
 THINK, t). i. ; pret. and pp. Thought, (thatit.) 
 [Sax. thincan, thcncan ; Goth, thagkyan ; Sw. tycka 
 and tatika; Dan. tijkker and ttenker ; D. denken, lo 
 think, and gcdagt, thought ; G. denken, to think, and 
 geddchtniss, remembrance; gedanke, thought; nach- 
 dcnken, to ponder or meditate ; Gr. S iKtoi ; Syr. and 
 Ch. pn ; allied to L. duco. We observe 71 is casual, 
 and omitted in the participle thought. The sense 
 seems to be, to set in the mind, or to draw out, as in 
 meditation. Class Dg, No. 9.J 
 
 1. To h.ive tlie minil occupied on some subject ; to 
 have ideas, or to revolve ideas in the mind. 
 
 For that 1 am 
 
 I know, because I tliink. Dryden. 
 These are not matters to be slightly thought on. TUtotson. 
 
 2. To judge ; to conclude ; to hold as a settled opin- 
 ion, f think it will rain to-morrow. I tliiuk it not 
 best to proceed on our journey. 
 
 Let them marry to whom they think best. — Num. xxxvi. 
 
 3. To intend. 
 
 Thou tlio'ight'st to help me. Shak. 
 I Utought to promote thee unto ^at honor. — Num. xxiv. 
 
 4. To imagine ; to suppose ; to fancy. 
 
 Edmund, I think, is gone » 
 In pitv of his iiiisL-ry, to dispatch 
 
 His 'n'ighted life. ShaJt. 
 Let him that thinketh he stondeth, Lake heed lest he fall. — I 
 Cor. X. 
 
 5. To muse ; to meditate. 
 
 While Peter thought on the vision. — Acts x. 
 
 Think much, speak little. Dryden. 
 
 6. To reflect ; to recollect or call to mind. 
 
 And when Peter thought th.'reun, he wept. — Mark xiv. 
 
 7. To consider; to deliberate. Think how this 
 thing could happen. 
 
 He titought within himself, saying, What sh.all I do ? — Luke xn. 
 
 8. To presume. 
 
 Think not to sav within youi^lvcs, We have Abraham to ottr 
 father. — Mall. iii. 
 
 9. To believe ; to esteem. 
 
 To think on or upon : to muse on ; to medit.ate on. 
 If theif lie anv virtue, if there be any praise, think on 'Jiese 
 things. — Phil. iv. 
 
 2. To light on by meditation. He has just thought 
 on an expedient tliat will answer the purpose. 
 
 3. To remember with favor. 
 
 77i(ttj!: upon me, my God, for good. — Neh. v. 
 To think of; to have ide.as come into the mind. 
 He thought of what you told him. I would h.ave 
 sent the books, but I did not think of it. 
 
 To think well of; to hold in esteem ; to esteem. 
 THINK, V. t. To conceive ; to imagine. 
 
 Charity thinketh no evil. — 1 Cor. xiii. 
 
 2. To believe ; to consider ; to esteem. 
 
 Nor think superfluous others' aid. ^ftlton. 
 
 3. To seem or appear, as in the phrases, me think- 
 eth or metliinlcs, and metliought. These are genuine 
 Saxon phrases, etpiivalcnt to it seems to me, it seemed 
 tome. In these expressions, me is actually in the 
 dative case ; almost the only instance remaining in 
 the language. Sax. genoh thuht," satis visum est^ 
 it appiared enough or sufficient; "me OiinrXA," mihi 
 vidctur, it seems to me ; I perceive. 
 
 To think much ; to grudge. 
 
 He thought not much lo olothe his enemies. Milton. 
 To think much of; to hold in high esteem. 
 To think scorn ; to di.sdain. Esih. iii. 
 THINK'ER, n. One who thinks; but chiefly, one 
 who thinks in a particular manner ; as, a close 
 tliinker ; a deep thinlicr ; a coherent thinker. 
 
 Locke. Swift. 
 
 THINK'ING, ppr. Having ideas; supposing; judg- 
 ing; imngiiiiiig: intending; iniditating. 
 
 9. fl. Having the fatiilly of thought ; cogitative; 
 capable of n regular train of ideas. Man is a tAin*- 
 ing being. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T, — METE, PttBY.-PINE, MARINE. BIRU.-N6TE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nOQK-- 
 1146 ~ ■ ~ 
 
THI 
 
 IHINK'ING, n. Imagination ; cogitation ; judjinent. 
 
 1 lii'Vinl A Itinl no ainp, 
 Whose music, to my Utinking, plumt^-il Ui<: kiiijj. Sliak. 
 
 TIIINK'IN(M-Y, ai/ti. Hy tliousht. 
 
 TIIIN'LY, aih'. [from (Aiii ] In a loose, scattercil 
 
 manner ; not thickly ; as, p'rotinil tliinly planted with 
 
 trees ; a country tliinlij inliabitoil. 
 TlllN'NKI), pp. Made thin ; made rare or less thick. 
 TIIIN'NKSJ^, «. The state of lieins thin ; smalliicss 
 
 of extent from one side or surface to tlio opposite ; 
 
 as, tlie Utinnrss of ice ; the titinncss of a plate ; the 
 
 thinnesx of the skin. 
 9. Tenuity ; rareness ; as, the thinness of air or 
 
 other fhiid. 
 
 3. A state approaching to fluidity, or even fluidity ; 
 opposed to SrissiTUuE ; as, the Uiiiincss of honey, of 
 wliiteivash, or of paint. 
 
 4. Exility ; as, the iJiinness of a point. 
 
 5. Rareness ; a scattered state ; paucity ; as, the 
 thinness of trees in a forest ; the thinness of inhahit- 
 nnts. 
 
 TIIIN'NING, ppr. Making thin, rare, or less thick; 
 altenuating. 
 
 THIRD, rihurd,) a. [Sav. thridila ; Goth, thridija ; G. 
 dritle; 1). dtrdr ; S»'. and Dan. tredie; Fr. tiers; L. 
 tcrtiits ; Gr. rojru, ; V\'. tnjdij.] 
 
 Tlie first after the second ; the ordinal of three. 
 The third hour in the day, among the ancients, was 
 nine o'clock in the uiorning. 
 
 Third estate, in the British nalinn, is the commons ; 
 or, in the legislature, the liouse of commons. 
 
 Third orller, aiming the Roman Cathnlics, is a sort 
 of religions order attached to the Franciscans, Car- 
 nii'lites, &.r., composed of associates, not bound by 
 vows, hut conforming, to a certain extent, to tlie 
 gem ral designs of the order. Bninde. 
 
 Third point, or tierce point ; in arekitectnre, the point 
 of section in the vertex of an equilateral triangle. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 Tliird rate, in navies. A third-rate ship carries 
 from (14 to SO guns. 
 
 Third sound, in musir. Pee the noun Tninn. 
 THIRD, (ihurd,) h. The third part of any tiling. A 
 man takes laiul and tills it for one third of tlio prod- 
 uce, the owner taking two thirds. 
 
 2. The sixtieth part of a second of time. 
 
 3. In musir, an interval containing three diatonic 
 sounds ; the major, coni|)osed of two tones, called by 
 the Greeks Ditomk, and the minor, called IIemidi- 
 TOK£, consisting of a tone and a half. 
 
 Roiisscan. Busby. 
 THIRD'-IIOR-OUGH, (thurd'bur-ro,) n. [third and 
 borou^rh.] 
 
 An under constable. Johnson. 
 
 THIRD'I.N'GS, H. />/. The third part of the corn or 
 grain growing on the around, at the ti uaiit's death, 
 due to the lord for a heriot, within the manor of Tur- 
 fat in Herefordshire. Ci/c. 
 
 THIRD'LY, a>/f. In the third place. Bacon. 
 
 THIRDS, (ihurdz,) ». pi. The tliiril part of the estate 
 of u dece:i.sed husband, which, by law, the widow 
 is entitled to enjoy during her life. JVcw England, 
 
 THIRL, (thurl,) o. U [Sax. tliirlian.] 
 
 To bore ; to perforate. It is now written Drill 
 and Thrii l. [t'ec these words, and see Nostril.] 
 
 THIRL' AGE, (thurl'aje.) 71. In EnsHih customs, the 
 right which the owm r of a mill possesses, hy contract 
 or law, to compel the tenants of a certain district to 
 bring all their grain to his mill for grinding. Cue. 
 
 THIRST, (thurst,) n. [Sax. thurst, thijrst; G. </iir,«( ,• 
 I). di>r,.t ; Sw. (or.«J; Dan. (or.vf, from for, dry; tHr- 
 rcr, to dry, I), dorren, h. torreo, Sw. torka.] 
 
 1. A painful sensation of the throat or fauces, oc- 
 casioned by the want of drink. 
 
 WhenYore is it th;tt tlioii hnst broii^lit us out of Kgypt, to kill m, 
 aiitl our ctiiiilrei), and our &\lt[i>i wuli thiret i — Kx. xvii. 
 
 2. A vehement desire of drink. Ps. civ. 
 
 3. A want and eager desire after any thing. 
 
 Thirst of worltUy ffood. Fnirftix. 
 Thirat of knowii'dge. MUton. 
 Thirst lit pr.iiw*. GranviUe. 
 Ttdrst .u'icr h.xppincss. Cftct/ne. 
 
 But for is now more generally used after tJtirst; 
 as, a f/iir..f for worldly honors j a tJtirst /ur^raise. 
 
 4. Dryness ; drought. 
 
 - Til? mpiil curn-nt, tliroii^i vrins 
 Of i»rous f'xrth with kindly thirst updniwn, 
 Kose i\ trv9h founUiii. ARJton, 
 THIRST, (thurst,) v. i. [Sax. thiirstan; D. dorsten; 
 G. dursten : Sw. tbrsta ; Dan. forafer.] 
 
 1. To experience a painful sensation of the throat 
 or fauces, for want of drink. 
 
 Thi* people thirsted tliere for water. — Ex. x»ii. 
 
 2. To have a vehement desire for any thing. 
 
 My soul ihirsisth for the living God. — P». xllt. 
 THIRST, V. t. To want to drink ; as, to thirst blood. 
 
 [Aof Engthh.] . Prior. 
 TIIIRST'ER. n. One who thirsts. 
 T11IRST'1-I>, ado. In a thirslv manner. 
 TIlIRST'I-NdSS, n. [from thirstij.] The state of 
 
 being thirsty ; thirst. IVoUon. 
 THIRST'ING, opr. Feeling pain for want of drink j 
 
 having eager clesire. 
 
 THI 
 
 TIIIRST'Y, a. [from thirst.] Feeling a painful sen- 
 sation of the tliroat or fauces, for want of drink. 
 
 Give Ml'- n littlo wnter, fur 1 ftiu thirsty. — Ju'l<"a i». 
 I wiui tliirsty, mul yo f ave iiic uu drnik. — iM.iU. XXV, 
 
 2. Very dry ; having no moisture ; parched. 
 
 The thirsty huid Bind] become springs of water. — U. xxxv. 
 
 3. Having a vehement desire of any thing ; as, in 
 blood-(Ai>.</j/. xliv. Ixv. 
 
 TIIIR' I'EICN, (thur'teeu,) a. [Sax. threottijne ; thret 
 and fen ; Sw. tritton ; (!. dretjzehn ; I), dertien.] 
 Ten and three ; as, thirteen times. 
 
 TIlBi'TEEiNTH, (tliiir'teenth,) «. [Supra.] The 
 third after the tenth ; the ordinal of thirteen ; as, 
 the Ihirlrrnlh day of the nioiilli. 
 
 TllIR"ri:K.NTII,'(lhiir'teentli,) 7i. In music, an inter- 
 val fiirmiiig the octave of the sixth, or sixth of the 
 octave. Busbxj. 
 
 TIIIR'TI ETII, (thiir'te-eth,) a. [from thirty; Sax. 
 thrittijfotha.] 
 
 The teulli threefidd ; the ordinal of tliirty j as, the 
 thirtieth day of the month. 
 TIIIR'TY, (thur'te,) a. [Sax. Ihrittis ; G. dreissig ; 
 D. dertiir.] 
 
 Thrice ten ; ten three times repeated ; or twenty 
 and ten. The month of June consists o{ thirty days ; 
 Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before 
 Pharaoh. 
 
 THIS, driinitire adjective, or substitute; pi. These. 
 [Sax. this; Dan. pt. disse ; Sw. dessa, desse ; G. das, 
 dcssen : I), dceze, dit.] 
 
 1. This is a definitive, or definitive adjective, de- 
 noting .something that is present or near in place or 
 time, or soinetliiiig just mentioned. Is this your 
 youngi'r brotlicr.' VVhat trespass is this which ye 
 liave comiiiitted ? 
 
 Who did l/un nmii or his p;xrenls, that he w.aii bom blind — 
 Jolui ix. 
 
 When tliey heaitl tjiis, they were pricked to the lietirt. — Acts ii. 
 In the latter passage, this is a substitute for what 
 had preceded, viz., the discourse of Peter just deliv- 
 ered. In like manner, fAiioflon represents a word, a 
 sentence, or clause, or a series of sentences or events. 
 
 In some cases, it refers to what is future, or to be 
 immediately related. 
 
 But know this, that if tho good man of the house had known in 
 what watch tlie thief would come, he would have watched, 
 and would not have tulleicd his iiouse to be broken up. — 
 Matt. xxiv. 
 
 Here this refers to the whole subsequent member 
 of the sentence. 
 
 2. By thii, is used elliptically for by tliis time ; as, 
 by Uiis the mail has arrived. 
 
 3. 77iw is used with words dtuioting time past ; as, 
 I have taken no snutf for this mouth ; and ol^en with 
 plural words. I have not wept this forty years. 
 
 In this case, this, in the singular, refers to the 
 whole term of time or period ; (Ai* period of forty 
 
 4. This is opposed to Uiat. [years. 
 
 This way .".nil that tlie wavering sails they bend. Pope. 
 A body of tJtis or tjuit deiiomiu ition is produced. Boyle. 
 
 This and tliat, in this use, denote difl'erenco indef- 
 initely. 
 
 5. When this and tliAt refer to diflerent things be- 
 fore ex|iressed, this refers to the thing la.st men- 
 tioned, and that to the thing first mentioned. [See 
 These.] 
 
 Their Judgement in this we may not, and in that we need not, 
 follow. hooker. 
 
 6. It is sometimes opposed to other. 
 
 Consider the ar<runients which the author had to write this, or to 
 design the other, bofon? you arr.ugn him, Dryden. 
 
 THIS'TLE, (this'l,) n. [Sax. thistel ; G. and D. distel; 
 Sw. lisUl.] 
 
 The common name of numerous prickly plants of 
 the class Syngenesia, and several genera ; as the 
 common corn thistle, or Canada thistle ; the spear 
 thistle; the milk thistle, of the genus Carduus ; the 
 blessed thistle, of the genus Ceiitaurea ; the globe 
 thistle, of the genus Ecliinops ; the cotton thistle, of 
 the genus Onopordon ; and the sow thi.stle, of 
 the genus Sonchiis. The name is also given to other 
 prickly plants not of the class Syngenesia ; as the 
 fuller's thistle or tea.«cl. of the genus Dipsacus, and 
 the melon thistle, and torch thistle, of the genus 
 Melocactus. Lee. Biselow. 
 
 One species of thistle (Carduus arvensis) grows 
 in fields among grain, and is extremely troulile.some 
 to farmi'rs. Itiscallcdiu America the Ca.iao* This- 
 tle, as it first appeareil in Canaila, where it was prob- 
 ably introduced from France, as it abounds in Nor- 
 mandy, and al.so in England. A larger species in 
 America (Carduus lanceolaliis) is indigenous, but 
 it spreads slowly, and gives no trouble. 
 
 Thorns also and thistles thai] it brin^ forth to thee. — Gen. iil. 
 
 The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 THIS'TLY, (this'ly,) a. Overgrown with thistles ; 
 
 as, thL^iht ground. 
 TIIITH'ER, adv. [Sax. tiiider, thtider.] 
 1. To that place ; opposed to Hither. 
 
 This city is near : O, let me escape thither. — Gen. xix. 
 Where I am, thither ye c-Ui not come. — John vii. 
 
 THO 
 
 2. To that end or point. 
 
 Uithrr and thither ; to this place and to that ; one 
 wav and another. 
 THlTU'ER-'rO, aJu. To that [loint ; so far. [Aot in 
 
 use.] 
 
 Tlll'f H'ER-WARD, adv. [UuUier and ward.] To- 
 ward that place. 
 
 They shall ask the way to Zion, with Iheir facet thit/nrward. — 
 Jer. I. 
 
 TIIO ; a contraction of Tnot/aH. [See Thoi oh.] 
 2. TAo, for Sa.x. tAonne, then. [ JVbt in ii.«e. ] 
 
 iSpenser. 
 
 TIIOLE, n. [Sax. tJtol ; Ir. and Gaelic, data, a pin or 
 peg.] 
 
 1. .\ pin inserted into tho gunwale of a boat, to 
 keep the oar in tho row-lock, when used in rowing. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. The pin or handle of a scvthe-snath. 
 THOLE, I'. (. [Sax. tholian ; Goth, t'lulan ; G. and 
 
 D. dulden ; Sw. tola; L. tollo, tolero.] 
 To bear ; to endure ; to undergo. [Oii«.] 
 
 Oower. 
 
 THOLE, p. t. [Supra.] To wait. [Local.] 
 
 THOLE, 71. [L. tholus.] 
 
 The roof of a temple. [JVot used, or local.] 
 
 THOL'O-IiATE, 71. [Gr. ioXof ami liatv'' , i')aa,(.] 
 The substructure on which a dome or cupola rests ; 
 a term pro[>osed by Mr. Hosking. Gloss, of Jlrchit. 
 
 THO-.M/E'.AN, j 71. A name given in Europe to the 
 
 THO'MITE, ( ancient church of Christians estab- 
 lished on the Malabar coast of India, and thought to 
 have been originally founded by St. Thomas. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TIIo'MA-rsM, j 71. The doctrine of Pt. Thoin.as .Aqui- 
 TllO'MIS.M, j n.ts with respect to predestination 
 and gr:ice. 
 
 TIIo'.MlST, 71. A follower of Thoma.s Aquinas, in 
 tipposilion In the Scotists. 
 
 THO.M'SON-ITE, (tom'suu-,) 71. [from r/iom.wn.] A 
 mineral of the zeolite family, occurring generally in 
 mas.-ies of a radiated structure, and glassy or vitreous 
 luster. It consists of silica, alumina, and lime, with 
 some soda, and 14 ptT cent, of water. 
 
 The mineral Comptonite is identical with this spe- 
 cies. Dana. 
 
 THONG, 71. [Sax. thwans.] 
 
 A strap of leather, used for fastening any thing. 
 
 And nails for loosened spears, and thongs for iliields, provide. 
 
 Oryilen. 
 
 THOR, 71. In Scandinavian mytholotri/, the son of Odin 
 and Freya, and tho deity that presitled over all mis- 
 chievous spirits in the elements. This deity was 
 consideretl the god of thunder. From his name, 
 Tkor, we have Thursday, and from his attribute as 
 god of thunder, the Germans have their Donnersta:;. 
 f See Thch^da v.] Brattde. 
 
 TIlO-RAC'ie, (tho-ras'ik,) a. [L. (Aoror, the breast.] 
 Pertaining to the thorax or breast; as, the thoracic 
 arteries. Core. 
 
 The thoracic duct, is the trunk of the ab.sorbent 
 vessels. It runs up along the spine from the recep- 
 tacle of the chyle to the left subclavian vein, in 
 which it termin.ites. Ciie. Parr. 
 
 TIIO-RAC'ieS, 71. pi. In ichthyoloiry, an order of bony 
 fishes, respiring by means of gills only, the character 
 of which is, that the bronchia are ossiciilated, and 
 the ventral fins are placed underneath the tliornr, or 
 beneath the pectoral fins. Linnttus. Cyc. 
 
 THo'RAL, a. [L. (uriw.] 
 
 Pertaining to a bed. JJyllJr. 
 
 THo'KA.X, 71. [L.] In anatomy, that part of the 
 human skeleton which consists of the bones of the 
 chest ; also, the cavity of the chest. Cyc. 
 
 2. In entomoloiry, the second segment of insects ; 
 that [lart of the boily between the head and the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 3. A breastplate, cuirass, or corselet. 
 TIIo'RI-.\, j 11. A white, eartliv substance, obtained 
 THO-RrNA, ( by Berzeliiis, in lSSO, from the min- 
 eral called titoritr. It is an oxyd of thorium. 
 
 TIlo'Rl'I'E, 71. .\ massive and compact mineral, 
 ftnind in Norway, and resembling gadolinittr. It con- 
 tains .>S per cent, of the rare earth thoria, combined 
 with silica. Dana. 
 
 TlIo'lU-I'M, f 7L The metallic ba.se of thoria. It 
 
 TIlO-RrNU.M, i is of a gr.ayish color. 
 
 THOR.N, 71. [S^\. tliorn : G. dorn ; 1). donrn ; Dan. 
 tornr ; Slav, fern; (Jolll. thnurntts ; \V. dram, Qu. 
 is not the latter contracted from the Gaelic dreag- 
 hum 1] 
 
 1. A tree or shriih armed with spines, or sharp, lig- 
 neous sliools ; as, the black thorn, white thorn, liaw- 
 thorn, buckthorn, &c. The word is souietiiiies in- 
 correctly applied to a bush with prickles ; as, a rose 
 on a thorn. 
 
 2. .\ sharp, ligneous, or woody shoot from the stem 
 of a tree or shrub ; a sharp process from the woody 
 part of a plant ; a spine. 7'A<»7-7i diflers from 
 prickle; the latter being applied to the sharp t»'ints 
 issuing from the baik of a plant, and not attached to 
 the wood, as in the rose and bramble. Itiit, in com- 
 mon nsnee, thorn is applied to the prickle of the rose, 
 and, in fact, the two words are used promiscuously. 
 
 TONE, B5;LL, I;N1TE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1147 
 
TIIO 
 
 .1 Any tiling troublesome. St. Paul had a tliorji in 
 tlie flesh. 2 Cor. xii. jVhm. xxxiii. 
 
 4. In Scripture, great difficulties and impediments. 
 
 I will hetlge up Ihy way wiUi thorns, — Hos. ii. 
 
 5. Worldly cares ; things which prevent the growth 
 of good |>rinciples. Alatt. xiii. 
 
 TIIORN'-.AP-PLE, (-np-pl,)n. [thorn and apple-l An 
 aiinii:il plaint of the genus l);Uura ; a popular name 
 of the Datura Stramonium and Datura Tatiila. 
 
 BifTclow. 
 
 THORN'BACK, n. [thorn and back.'] A fish of the 
 
 ray kind, which has prickles on its back. Cyc. 
 TM6RN''-BUSH, n. A shrub that produces tliorns. 
 THOllN'BUT, n. A fish, a hurt or turbot. 
 
 .^iiLfjoorth. 
 
 TIIOUN"-HED(5E, n. [thorn and hedffe.] A hedge 
 
 or fence consisting of tliurn. 
 TH()I!.\'LESS, a. Destitute of thorns ; as, a thornless 
 
 sjinilj or tree. MuJUenberg. 
 Till )R.V'-SET, a. Set with thorns. 
 TiiOli.VY, a. Full of thorns or spines ; rough with 
 
 thorns ; as, a thorny wood j a Vioriiy tree ; a tJwrity 
 
 diadem or crown. Drydeii. Ratcifh. 
 
 2. Troublesome ; vex.atioiis ; harassing ; perplex- 
 ing ; as, tJiurny care ; the thorny path of vice. 
 
 3. Sharp; pricking; vexatious; as, tftoriii/ points. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 THORN'Y REST'-HAR-ROW, n. A plant. Cue. 
 
 THORN'Y-TRe'FOIL, n. A prickly plant of the 
 genus Fagonia. Lee. 
 
 THOR'OUGH, (thur'ro.) a. [Sax. Ihnrh : G. diirch ; 
 D. door. In these languages, the word is a preposi- 
 tion ; but as a |)reposition, we write it Vtruugh. (See 
 this word.) It is evidently from the root of door, 
 which signifies a passage, and the radix of the word 
 signifies to pass.] 
 
 1. Literally, passing through or to the end ; hence, 
 complete ; perfect ; as, a thorough reformation ; thor- 
 ough work ; a thorough translator ; a thorough poet. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. Passing through ; as, thorough lights in a house. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TtiOR'oUGH, (thur'ro,) prep. From side to side, or 
 
 from end to eiid. 
 
 2. Rv means of. [Mit now used.] [See Through.] 
 TII0R'6UG[I, (thur'ro,) n. An inter-furrow between 
 
 tun ridses. Ciic. 
 TIIOR'oIJGII-BaSE, (thur'robase,) n. [thorough 
 
 and base.] 
 
 In music, an accompaniment to a continued base 
 bv figures. [See Base, 7I., No. 14.1 
 TIIOR'oUGH-BRED, (tliur'ro-bred,) a. [thorough 
 and bred.] 
 
 1. In horsemanship, bred from the best blood, as 
 horses. 
 
 2. Completely bred or accomplished. 
 THOR'oUGII-FARE, (thur'ro-lVire,) )!. [thorough and 
 
 fare.] 
 
 1. A passage through ; a passage from one street 
 or opening to another ; an unobstructed way. 
 
 2. Power of passing. Milton. 
 THOR'OUGII-Go-ING, a. Going .all lengths. 
 
 Ining, 
 
 THOR'oUGII-LIGHT-En,(thnr'ro-lit-ed,)a. A term 
 applied to a room which has windows on opposite 
 sides. Qmilt. 
 
 TIIOK'oIJGII-LY, (thur'ro-le,) adv. Fully ; entirely ; 
 completely ; as, a room thoroughly swept ; a business 
 thoroughly performed. Let the matter be thoroughly 
 sifted ; let every jiart of the work be thoroughly fin- 
 ished. 
 
 TIIOK'OUGII-.VESS, (thur'ro-ness,) n. Complete- 
 ness ; perfectness. Stoice. 
 
 TIIOR'oUGII-PaC-KD, (thur'ro-pSste,) o. [thorough 
 and paced.] Perfect in what is undertaken ; com- 
 plete ; going all lengths ; as, a thorough-paced tory or 
 whig. Swift. 
 
 TFOIl'oUGII-SPED, (thur'ro sped,) a. [thorough and 
 sped.] Fully accomplished ; tlioroUL'h-paced. Swift. 
 
 TIIOH'OUGH-STITCII, (thur'ro-stich,) ado. [thor- 
 ough and .stitch.] Fully; completely; going the 
 whole length of any business. [JVol elegant.] 
 
 L^ Estrange. 
 
 TIIOR'oUGII-WAXj (thiir'ro-wax,) n. [thorough and 
 war.] An uiiibellilcrous plant i.f the genus liupleu- 
 riim. Lee. 
 
 THOIl'oUGII-WcjllT, (thur'r.)-wurt,) n. The pojiu- 
 lar n.'inie of a plant, the Eiipatoriiim perfoliatuin, 
 also called Boneskt, a native of North America. It 
 ifi medicinal. 
 
 THORP, Sax. thorpe: D. dorp; G. durf: S\v. and Dan. 
 torp I \V. Irer : (Jaellc, Ir. Ireabh ; h. tribus. The 
 word in Widsh i<ignin<!s, a dwelling-place, a home- 
 stead, a hamlet, a town. When applied to a single 
 lifUMe, it answers lo the S.-ix. hum, a house, whence; 
 hamlet and home. In the Teutonic dialects, it denotes 
 n village. The prim iry sense is, probably, a house, 
 a habitation, from lixednesn ; hence, a hamlet, a vil- 
 lage, a tribe; an in rude iigi^s the dwelling of the 
 head of a family wan soon siirrounilcd by the 
 hoiiiu;K of hia children and descendants. In our 
 language, it occurs now only in nanieii of places 
 and iwrsons. 
 
 THO 
 
 THOSE, pron. : pi. of That ; as, those men ; those tem- 
 ples. When those and these are used in reference to 
 two things or collections of things, those refers to the 
 first-mentioned, as these does to the last-mentioned. 
 [See These, and the example there given.] 
 
 THOTH, 71. Among the ancient Egyptians, the god of 
 eloquence, and supposed to be tlie inventor of wri- 
 ting and philosophy. He corresponded to the Mer- 
 curii of the Romans. 
 
 THOU, pron.; in the obj. Thee. [Sax. thu ; G. Sw. 
 and Dan. du ; L. Fr. It. Sp. Poll, and Russ. tu ; S.ans. 
 tuam. The nominative case is probably contr.'tf ted, 
 for in the oblique cases it is in Sw. and Dan. eng, in 
 Goth, thuk. Sax. thee. So in Hindoo, tu in the nom- 
 inative makes in the dative tiiAo ; Gipsy, tu, take. 
 In Russ. the verb is tuknyu, to thou.] 
 
 The second personal pronoun, in the singular 
 number; the pronoun which is used in addressing 
 persons in the solemn style. 
 
 Art thou he that should come? — Malt. xi. 
 
 I will fear no evil, for thou art with ine. — Ps. jxiii. 
 
 Thou is used only in the solemn style, unless in 
 very familiar language and by the Cluakers. 
 THOU, V. t. To treat with familiarity. 
 
 II thou Oiouest liim some thrice, it shall not be amiss. Shak. 
 
 THOU, V. i. To use thou and tJiee in discourse. 
 
 THOUGH, (tho,) V. i. [Sax. theah ; Goth, lhauh ; G. 
 doch ; Sw. dock ; D. and Dan. dog. This is the im- 
 perative of a verb ; Ir daighim, to give, D. dokken.] 
 
 1. Grant; admit; allow. "If thy brother be 
 waxen poor, thou shalt relieve him ; yea, though he 
 be a stranger." Oratit or admit the fact that he is a 
 stranger, yet thou shalt relieve him. Lev. xxv. 
 
 Tltough he slay me, yet will 1 trust iu him. — Job xiii. 
 That is, grant or admit that he shall slay me, yet 
 will I trust in him. 
 
 Though hand join in band, the wicked shall not be unpunished. 
 — Prov. xi. 
 
 That is, admit the fact that the wicked unite their 
 strength, yet this will not save them from punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Not that I so a fiinn, though so it seem. Milton. 
 That is, grant that it seems so, yet I do not so af- 
 firm. 
 
 2. Used with as. 
 
 In the vine were three branches, and it was as though it budded. 
 Gen. xl. 
 
 So we use as if; it was as if it budded ; and if is 
 gif, give. The appearance was like the real fact, if 
 admitted or true. 
 
 3. It is used in familiar language, at the end of a 
 sentence. 
 
 A good cause would do well though. Dryden. 
 This is generally or always elliptical, referring to 
 some expression preceding or understood. 
 
 4. It is compounded with all in Although, which 
 see. 
 
 THOUGHT, (thawt,) pret. and pp. of Think. 
 THOUGHT, (thawt,) 71. [Primarily the passive parti- 
 ciple of think, supra ; Sax. theaht.] 
 
 1. Properly, that which the mind thinks. Thought 
 is either the act or operation of the mind, when at- 
 tending to a particular subject or thing, or it is the 
 idea consetiuent on that operation. We say a man's 
 thoughts are employed on government, on religion, 
 on trade or arts ; or his thoughts are employed on his 
 dress or his means of living. By this we mean that 
 the mind is directed to that particular subject or ob- 
 ject ; that is, according to the literal import of the 
 verb thinlc, the mind, the intellectual part of man, is 
 set iiptm such an object, it holds it in view or con- 
 templation, or it extends to it, it stretches to it. 
 
 Thought can not be superadded to matter, so as in any sense to 
 render it true that matter Citn become cogitative. Dwight. 
 
 2. Idea ; conception. I wish to convey my thoughts 
 to another person. I employ words that express my 
 tlioughls, so that he may have the same ideas ; in this 
 case, our thought's will bo alike. 
 
 3. Fancy; conceit; something framed by the im- 
 agination. 
 
 Thoughta come crowding in so fast upon me, that my only dilit- 
 cully is 10 choose or reject. Dryden, 
 
 4. Reflection ; particular consideration. 
 
 Why do you keep alone, 
 tTsing those thoughts which should have died 
 With them they IhiJik on ( Shak. 
 
 5. Opinion ; judgment. 
 
 Thus Bethel spoke, who always 8]y-aks his thought*. Pope, 
 (>. Meditation ; serious consideration. 
 
 Pride, ol sll others the most dangerous fault, 
 
 Proceeils Iroin Want of sense or want of thought. Hoscommon, 
 
 7. Design ; purpose. 
 
 All lli'-ir thoughtt arc against me for evil. — Ps. Ivl. xxxiil. 
 Jer. xxix. 
 
 R. Silent contcmpl.ation. Shak. 
 'J. Solicitude; care; concern. 
 
 Ilawls was put in trouble, and died with tliought and nnffuish 
 t>efore his business came lo uii end. Hacon. 
 
 THR 
 
 10. Inward reasoning 
 science. 
 
 Their thoughn the 
 aiiolirer. — Horn. 
 
 the workings of con- 
 
 Afliile accusing or else excusing one 
 
 11. A small degree or quantity ; as, a thought long- 
 er ; a tliought better. [JVot 1/1 use.] /looker, Sidney. 
 To take thought ; to be solicitous or anxious. 
 
 j\rott. VI, 
 
 THOUGllT'FUL, a. Full of thought ; contemplative ; 
 employed in meditation ; as, a man of tlioughlful 
 mind. 
 
 2. Attentive ; careful ; having the mhid directed 
 to an object ; as, thoughtful of gain. Philips. 
 
 3. Promoting serious thought ; favorable to musing 
 or meditation. 
 
 War, horrid war, your tjiougldful walks invades. Pope. • 
 
 4. Anxious ; solicitous. 
 
 Around lic-r crowd distrusl, and doubl, and fear, 
 
 And thout^hl/ul foresight, and lurineiiling care. Prior, 
 
 THOUGHT'FUL-LY, adu. With thought or consid 
 
 eralion ; with solicitude. 
 THOUGHT'FyL-NESS, 71. Deep meditation. 
 
 Blaekmore. 
 
 2. Serious attention to spiritual concerns. 
 
 3. Anxiety; solicitude. 
 THOUGHT'LESS, a. Heedless ; careless ; negligent 
 
 Thoughtless of the future. Rogers. 
 
 2. Gay ; dissipated. ■ 
 
 3. Stupid ; dull. 
 
 Tltoughtless as monarch oaks that shade the plain. Dryden, 
 
 THOUGHT'LES.S-LY, adv. Without thought ; care- 
 lessly ; stupidly. Ourth, 
 
 THOUGHT'LESS-NESS, 71. Want of thought ; heed- 
 lessness ; carelessness; inattention. 
 
 THOUGHT'-SICK, a. [thought and sick.] Uneasy 
 with reflection. Shak. 
 
 THOU'SAND, a. [Sax. thusend; Goth, thusund ; G. 
 tausend ; D. duizend ; Sw. tusend ; Dan. tusinil.] 
 
 1. Denoting the number of ten hundred. 
 
 2. Proverbially, denoting a great number indefi- 
 nitely. It is a thousand chances to one that you suc- 
 ceed. 
 
 THOU'SAND, 71. The number of ten hundred. 
 
 Thousand is sometimes tised pluralhj, without the 
 plural teriuinatitm, as in the passage above, ten thou- 
 sand: but it often takes the plural termination. In 
 former times, how many Viousands perished by fam- 
 ine ! 
 
 THOU'SAND-FoLD, a. Multiplied by a thousand. 
 THOU'SANDTH, a. The ordinal of thousand ; as, the 
 
 thousandth part of a thing ; also, proverbially, very 
 
 numerous. 
 
 THOU'SANDTH, n. The thousandth part of any 
 
 thing ; as, two thousandtlts of a tax. 
 TlloWL. See Thole. 
 
 THRACK, V. U To load or burden. [jVo« in use.] 
 
 South. 
 
 THRALL, 71. [Sax. thrall, a slave or servant; Dan. 
 trirl ; Sw. tr'dl ; Ice. trocl ; Ir. trail ; Gaelic, trailL] 
 
 1. A slave. 
 
 2. Slavery. [Ob.i.] 
 
 THRALL, ».£. To enslave. [OJs.] [Enthbali, is in 
 use.] 
 
 THRALL'DOM, (thrawi'dum,) 7t. [Dan. trasldom,] 
 Slavery ; bondage ; a state ol servitude. The 
 Greeks lived in tliralldom under the Turks nearly 
 four hundred years. 
 
 He shall rule, and she in thralldom lire. Dryden. 
 [This word is in good use,\ 
 THRAL'LESS, a. Having no thralls. 
 THRX'NITE, 71. [Gr. Si,a„<rrii.] 
 
 The uppermost of the three classes of rowers in 
 an Athenian trireme. Brande. 
 TIIRAP'PLF, (thrap'pl,) 71. The windpipe of an an- 
 imal. [JVot an English word.] Scott. 
 THRASH, !). (. [Sax. thttr,tcan, or ther.tcnn ; G. drcs- 
 chcn ; D. dorschen ; Sw. trdska ; Ice. therskia. It is 
 written Thrash or Thresh. The common pronun- 
 ciation is thra.-sh,] 
 
 1. T<) beat out grain from the husk with a Hail ; 
 as, to thrash whi^at, rye, or oats. 
 
 2. To beat Indian corn olf from the cob or spike ; 
 BS, to thrash maize. 
 
 3. To beat soundly with a stick or whip ; to drub. 
 
 Shok. 
 
 THRASH, V. I. To practice thrashing; to perform 
 the business of thrashing ; as, a man who thrashes 
 well. 
 
 2. To labor ; to drudge. 
 
 I raUier would be Mcvius, thrash for rhymes. 
 
 Like his, the scorn and scandal of the limes. Dryden, 
 
 TIIRASII'ED, (thr.isht,) pp. Beaten out of tho husk 
 or olf the ear. 
 2. Freed from the grain by beating. 
 THRASU'ER, 71. One who thrashes grain. 
 
 2. 'Mie fox shark or sea-fox, Alu|iias Vulpe.s, n 
 large species of shark. 
 
 3. Urown thrasher; an American singing-bird of 
 the thrush family, Turdiis rufus; the brown thrush. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Vf^UL, WHAT. — METE, PUBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
 1148 
 
THIl 
 
 TIIIIAHH'ING, pi>r. Beatinpr out of the liiisk or off 
 
 tlie rar ; hratiiig soiindiv willi !i stick or wliip. 
 TIlllAyiriNG, n. The iict of beatiiij; out grain with 
 
 a Hail ; a sound (Iriililiiiig. 
 TIlKASH'tNG-FLOOR, n. [ikrash and floor.] A 
 
 Hoor (ir area on which L'rain is bi alcn out. Vn/ilen. 
 TH11ASI1'ING-1MA-C111(NE',( slicen',) ii. [thrash and 
 
 niackini:] A macliiiio or apparatus for st- p;iiatin(; 
 
 srain fniin tlie straw. Brande. 
 TIlIlA-SON'ie-AL, a. [from Thraso, a boaster in old 
 
 conudy.] 
 
 1. Iloiistins; given to brasRinR. 
 
 2. lioaslfiil ; implying ostentatious display. Shak. 
 THRA-SON'ie-AL-l'.Y, adv. Boastfully. Johnson. 
 TIIUaVE, n. [Sax. </r<i/; a drove.] 
 
 A drove ; a herd. [J^ot in use.j 
 TIIR.A VE, n. [W. dreva, twenty-lour ; drcv, a bundle 
 or tie.] 
 
 1. The number of two dozen. 
 •J. Tvventy-filur (in some places, twelve) sheaves 
 of wheat. [.Vorlh of Euirlaiid.] Hallimcll. 
 THKEAl), (thrcd,) n. [.Sax. Ihred, tlmrd ; D. draad; 
 tiw.trdd: Dan. traad: probably from dravviii^.] 
 
 1. .\ very small twist of Max, wool, cotton, silk, 
 or other fibrous substance, drawn out to considera- 
 ble length. 
 
 2. Tlie filament of a flower. Botany. 
 'I'he lilaiiient of any fibrous substance, as of 
 
 bark. 
 
 4. A fine filament or line of Rold or silver. 
 
 h. .iir-l!ircnds ; the fine, white liiaments which 
 are seen (lo.iting in the air in summer, the produc- 
 tion of spiders. 
 
 t). Something continued in a long course or tenor j 
 as, the thread of a discourse. Bumct. 
 
 7. The prominent spiral part of a screw. 
 THUE.Af), (thred,) ii. t. To pass a thread through the 
 eye ; as, to thread a needle. 
 
 Q. To p;iss or pierce through, as a narrow way or 
 channel. 
 
 'I'li-y would not thread thf ffilfs. ShaJc. 
 Hf iti^y tr.uliiig sliips — thrending the Bospliorus. J^IiiJ'ord. 
 
 TIIUEAD'llSRE, a. [thread and bare] Worn to 
 the ntiked thread , having the nap worn off ; as, a 
 threadbare coat j threadbare clothes. 
 
 Spenser. Dnjdcn. 
 2. Worn out ; trite ; hackneyed ; used till it has 
 lost its novelty or interest ; as, a threadbare subject ; 
 stale topics and threadbare quotations. Stcift. 
 TIIRCAD'R.^RE-NESS, n. The state of being thread- 
 bare or trite. 
 
 TIIREAD'K.X, (thred'n,) a. Made of thread ; as, 
 threaden sails. [Little used.] Shak. 
 
 TllRE.VD'-Sll.^l'-SD, (thred'shapt,)a. In ftotani/, fili- 
 ftiriii. 
 
 THRE.VD'Y, (tlired'e,) a. Like thread or filaments; 
 slender. .. Oran^er. 
 
 2. (;ontaining thread. Dijcr. 
 THRK.AP, f. (. [Sax. tltreapmn, or rather tlireaftan,] 
 
 To chide, contend, or argue. [Local.] .^iiisworth. 
 THRE.AT, (tliret.) n. (Sax. i7ircn(. See the verb.] 
 ,\ menace ; denunciation of ill ; declaration ot an 
 intention or determination lo inflict punishment, 
 loss, or pain on another. 
 
 Th'^re is no U'rror, C.issins, in your threntt. ShaJi, 
 THREAT, (thret,) v. U To threaten, which sec. 
 
 Threat is used only in poetry. Dryden. 
 THRE.\T'f;N, (tliret'n,) f. (. [Sa.x. threatian, from 
 Uircal. But threat appears to be contracted from 
 threagan, which is written also threawian ; D. drei- 
 gen ; G. drohen ; Dan. tretcer^ to chide, to scold, dis- 
 pute, wrangle.] 
 
 1. To declare the purpose of inflicting punish- 
 ment, pain, or other evil on another, for some sin or 
 offense ; to menace. God Oircatens the finally im- 
 penitent with everlasting banishment from his pres- 
 ence. 
 
 2. To menace ; to terrify or attempt to terrify by 
 menaces ; as for e.xtorting money. To send threat- 
 ening letters is a punishable olfense. 
 
 3. To charge or enjoin with menace, or with im- 
 plied rebuke ; or to charge strictly. 
 
 L/:'. us slriiily threalfn (hfin, ihal Ihcy spcnk hcnwforth to no 
 m.in in t'liia n.^mc. — Acts ir. 
 
 4. To menace by action ; to present the appearance 
 of coming evil ; as, rolling billows threaten to over- 
 whelm us. 
 
 5. To exhibit the appearance of something evil or 
 unpleasant approaching ; as, the clouds threaten us 
 with rain or a storm. 
 
 THREAT'f;i\-£D, (thrct'nd,) pp. or a. Menaced 
 with evil. 
 
 THREAT'£N-ER, (thret'n-er,1 n. One that threatens. 
 
 Jifilton. 
 
 THREAT'EN-ING, (thret'n-ing,) ppr. Menacing ; de- 
 nouncing evil. 
 
 2. a. Indicating a threat or menace ; as, a threat- 
 ening loiik. 
 
 3. Indicating something impending ; .as, the weath 
 er is threatening ; the clouds have a threatening as- 
 pect, 
 
 THRE.\T'£\-I.\G, (thret'n-ing,) n. The act of men 
 Being; a menace; a denunciation of evil, or decl.t- 
 
 THR 
 
 r.'ition of a purp^ise to inflict evil on n person or 
 country, usually for sins and olfeiiscs. The proph- 
 ets are filled with (Jod's threatenings against the re- 
 bellious Jews. ./Sets iv. 
 
 TI1REAT'£N-ING-LY, (thret'n-ing le,) adv. With a 
 threat or menace; in a threatening manner. Shak. 
 
 TIIKEAT'E^L, (thret'ful,) a. Full of threats ; hav- 
 ing a menacing appearance ; minacious. Spenser. 
 
 THREE, a. [Sax. threo, thri, Vtry, anil thrift; Sw. 
 and Uan. tre ; G. drei; D. drie; Fr. tnn.-i ; It. Ire; 
 Sp. and L. tres : Gael, and W. (ri ; Gipsy, (rc; Gr. 
 r/jCK >* Sans. /rrja, trt. I know not the last radical, 
 nor the primary sense of three. Owen, in his \Vi Isli 
 Dictionary, suggests that it signifies fied, Jirm, But 
 see Extricate and Tnic-K. It is probably contracted 
 from thrig.] 
 
 1. Two and one. 
 
 1 offer tlice Oiree tliinjs. — 2 S.im, xxiv. 
 Q. It is often used, like other adjectives, without 
 the noun to which it refers. 
 
 Atlsli.ii — .ittniiiril not unto thf? first tAr«. —2 Sam. xxiii. 
 3. Provrrbiathjy a small nutnbcr. 
 
 AWiiy, llioil Iftrfe-incliwl fuol. Sl.alc. 
 [I belteve ohsoleu.] 
 
 THREE -eAP'SOL-£D, a. Tricapsular; having three 
 capsules. 
 
 THREE'-CELLr-£D, a. Trilocular ; having three 
 
 cells. 
 
 TIIREE'-CLEFT, a. Trifid ; being thrice cleft. 
 THREE'-eoR-NER-£I), 0. [(/tree and corner.] Hav- 
 ing three corners or angles ; as, a three-cornered hat. 
 
 2. In botany, having three prominent, longitudinal 
 angles, as a stem. Martyn. 
 
 TIIREE'-EOG-KD, (-ejd,) a. Having three edges. 
 
 THUEE'-FLO\V-ER-£D, «. [(/tree and^ioiflcr. ) Bear- 
 ing three flowers together. JMartijn. 
 
 THREE'FoED, a. [Utree and fold.] Three-double ; 
 consisting of three ; or thrice repeated ; as, threefold 
 justice. Ralegh. 
 A threefold corxt is not quickly broken. — Eccles. iv. 
 
 TIIREE'-GRaIN-£D, a. Tricoccous; having three 
 
 kernels. 
 
 THREE'-Lf.AF-ED, ( leeft.) a. [three ani leaf.] Con- 
 sisting of three distinct leaflets. Mort'in. 
 
 TIIUEE'-LoB £0, a. [three am\ lobe.] A Ihree-'lobed 
 leaf is one that is divided to the middle into tlirre 
 parts, standing wide from each other, and having 
 convex marcins. JIartyn. 
 
 THREE'-NERV-£D, a. [three and nerve.] A thrce- 
 nerecd leaf has three distinct vessels or nerves run- 
 ning longitudinally without branching. Marlj/n. 
 
 THREE'-P.^RT-EU, a. [three and parted.] Tripar- 
 tite. A titree^partcd leaf is divided into turce parts 
 down to the base, but not entirely separate. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 THREF/PENCE, (thrip'ense,) 71. [three and pence.] 
 A small silver coin of three times the value of a 
 penny. Shak. 
 
 THREE'PE.V-NY, (thrip'cn-nc,) a. Worth three 
 pence only ; mean. 
 
 THREE'-PET-AL-£D, a. [three nnd petal.] Tripet- 
 aluus ; consisting of three distinct petals ; as a corol. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 TIIREE'-PIIiE, n. [three and pile.] An old name 
 
 for liood velvet. Shak. 
 TI1R£E'-1'IL-£D, a. Set with a thick pile. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 THREE'-PL?, a. [three and Fr. plier, L. plico.] 
 
 Threefold ; consisting of three thicknesses, as cloth 
 or carpeting. 
 
 THREE'-POINT-ED, a. Tricuspidate ; having three 
 
 lengthened p>iints ending in a bristle. 
 TllREE'-RIB-BKD, a. Having three ribs. 
 THREE'SCoRE, a. [three and scare.] Thrice 
 
 twenty ; sixty ; ,as, threescore years. 
 THREE'-SEED-ED, u. [three and seed.] Having 
 
 three seeds ; a.<, a three-seeded capsule. Botanti. 
 TllREE'-SID-EU,a. [three and side.] Having Hiree 
 
 plane sides; as, a three-sided stem, leaf, pi'tiole, 
 
 peduncle, scape, or pericarp. Jll.irltm. 
 TIIREE'-VALV-£D, a. [lArce and valve.] Trival- 
 
 viilar; consisting of three valves; opening with 
 
 three valves ; as, a three-valced pericarp. 
 TIIRENE, n. [Gr. .^/i-ivkj.] [Lee. Martyn. 
 
 Ivamentation. [J^''ot used.] 
 THRE-.NET'ie, a. Sorrowful ; mournful. Shale. 
 THRE.N"0-DY, n. [Gr. ipn^os, lamentation, and oj^ii, 
 
 ode.] 
 
 A song of lament.ation. Herbert. 
 
 THRESH, V. L To thrash. [See THn.nH.] The 
 Latter is the popular pronunciation, but the word is 
 written THnAjH or Thresh, indifferemly. [See the 
 derivation and definitions under Thbash.I 
 
 THRESH'ER, n. A thrasher, which see. 
 
 THRESII'OEn, n. [Sax.thrarsewald; G. tMirschieellf ; 
 Sw. triiskrl ; Ice. throsulldnr. The Saxon and Swedish 
 words seem by their orthography to be connected with 
 thrash, thresh, and the last syllable to be leaW, wood ; 
 but the German word is obviously compounded of 
 (AMr, door, and schaelle, sill ; door-sill.} 
 
 1. The door-sill; the plank, stone, or piece of 
 timber which lies at the bottom or under a door, par- 
 
 THR 
 
 ticiil.irly of a d» elling-house, church, temple, or the 
 like ; hence, entrance ; gate ; door. 
 
 2. Entrance ; the place or point of entering or be- 
 ginning. He is now at the t/ireslwld of his argu- 
 ment. 
 
 Many inrn thit Btumblo Rt the Ihrethold. Shak. 
 THREW, (thrQ,);)re(. of Throw. 
 THRICE, adn. [from three; perhaps three and L. 
 tJtfc ; or a change cf Fr. tiers.] 
 
 1. Three times. 
 
 Bt forf Ute c .k crow, tiiou sinit deny rne thrice. — M.itt. xxvl, 
 
 2. Some'.imcs used by way of amplification ; very 
 
 77i ictf noble lord, let me entre;it of you 
 
 To jurtion me. ShaJt. 
 
 TIIRTCE'-Fa-VOR-£D, 0. Favored thrice ; highly 
 
 favored. Irving. 
 TI'UII), ». [W. (rmiaw, to penetrate ; lreiduiw,lo 
 Cv.''rse, to range.] 
 
 T o slide through a narrow pass.age ; lo slip, shoot, 
 or run tliiougli, as a needle, bodkin, or the like. 
 
 Some thri/1 tlie nitizy ringleu of her hair. Pop*. 
 THRin'DED, pp. Slid through. 
 
 Tint ID'UI.VG, /);)r. Sliding through ; causing to paM 
 tllroilt:!). 
 
 THRIFT, n. [from (Artec.] Frugality ; good hus- 
 bandry ; economical nianagemenl in regard to prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Tiic reat — willing 10 Tall lo thr\ft, prove very g^ooti hii»t>-'»nil». 
 
 Spenttr. 
 
 2. Prosperity ; success and advance in the acqui- 
 sition of property; iiicrea.se of worldly goods; gain. 
 
 I huve a iniiid prvaagi.'S me such tltri/t. Skak. 
 
 3. Vigorous growth, ,as of a plant. 
 
 4. In botany, a name of sevenil species of flowering 
 plants of the genera Statice and Ariiieria. London. 
 
 THRIFT'I-LY, a(/i). Frugally ; with parsimony. 
 2. With increase of worldly goods. 
 
 THRIFT'I-NESS, n. Frugality; good husbandry; 
 as, (/iri/li/icsi to save ; thnfliness in preserving one's 
 own. IVottoii. Sprnser. 
 
 2. Prosperity in business ; increase of property. 
 THRIFT'l.ESS, a. Having no frugality or good 
 
 management; profuse; extravagant; not thriving. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 THRIFT'LESS-LY, adv. Without thriving ; extrav- 
 agantly. 
 
 THRIFt'LESS-NESS, 71. A state of being thrifllcss. 
 THRIFT'V, a. Frugal ; sparing ; using economy and 
 good management of property. 
 
 1 am gt.til he Ins so much youth and rigor left, of wltich he hM 
 not Ijeen Uiri/ty. Suiift. 
 
 9. Jihrc generally, thriving by industry anti fru- 
 gality ; prosperous in the acquisition of worldly 
 goods ; increasing in wealth ; as, a thrifty farmer or 
 mechanic. 
 
 3. Thriving; growing rapidly or vigorously; as a 
 plant. 
 
 4. Well husbanded. 
 
 I have five hundred crowns, 
 The thrifly hire I s-ivcd under your f.ilher. ^uiJr. 
 
 THRILL, n. (See the verb.] A drill. 
 
 2. A warbling. [See Trill.] 
 
 3. A breathing pl.ace or hole. Herbert. 
 
 4. ,\ thrilling sensation ; as, a thrill of horror. 
 THRILL, ti.«. [S:ix. thyrlian, Utirlian; U. drMcn,\t\ 
 
 drill, to bore; tnlten, lo shiver, pant, quaver; G. 
 drillcn, to drill ; Irdler, a shake ; trillrrn, to trill; Dan. 
 driller, to bore, to drill; trilder, Sw. trttla, lo roll; 
 Dan. trille, a trill; W. Iroliau), to troll or roll ; all 
 proliably of one family, from the root of roU, Sec 
 Drill.] 
 
 1. To bore; to drill; to perforate by turning a 
 gimlet or other similar instrument. 
 
 But in the literal sense, Drill is now chiefly or 
 wholly used. Spenser used it literally in the cKause 
 " witii thrilling point of iron brand." 
 
 2. To pierce ; to penetrate ; as something sharp. 
 The cruel woni her lender henrl so thrilled, 
 
 Th.it sudden cold did run ihruugh every vein. ^teiver. 
 A s'!rvant that he bred, Ihrilted with Krmune. £AaJb. 
 
 THRILL, V. i. To pierce ; to penetrate ; as something 
 sharp ; particularly, to cause a tingling si-n.sation 
 that runs through the system with a slight shivering ; 
 n.s, a sharp sound Virills through the whole frame. 
 
 .^ddi-^on. 
 
 A faint, cold fe.ar thrillt thron;jh my veins. Shak. 
 2. To feel a 8har|>, shivering sensation running 
 through the body. 
 
 To seek sweet saf'IT out 
 In v.-vutu and prisons ; and to thrill and shake. Shak. 
 
 TIIRTLL'KD, (thrild,) pp. Penetrated ; pierced. 
 TURIl.L'ING, ppr. or a. Perforating; drilling. 
 
 2. Piercing ; penetrating ; having the quality of 
 penetrating ; pa.ssing with n tingling, shivering sen- 
 sation. 
 
 3. Feeling a tingling, shivering sensation running 
 through the system. 
 
 THRILL'ING-LY, adv. With thrilling sensations. 
 THRILL'ING-NESS, n. The quality of being thrill- 
 ing. 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — € as K ; <S as J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 144 « 
 
 1149 
 
THR 
 
 THR 
 
 THR 
 
 THRILL'INGS, n. pi. Tlirilling sensations. 
 
 THRING, 1). L To press, crowd, or throng. [JVot 
 v<ed.] Chaucer. 
 
 THIUPS, n. [L. ; Gr.] A small spotted fly. 
 
 Harris. Herrick. 
 
 THRIS'SA, 71. A fish of the shad and herring kind, 
 whose flesh is considered as being sometimes poison- 
 ous. It is found in the waters of intertropical 
 America, India, &c. 
 
 THRIVE, V. i. ! prct. Thrived ; pp. Thrived, Thriv- 
 E."*. [Dan. trii'es, to thrive, to increase ; Sw. trlfcas. 
 It may belong to the family of trip, to hasten, or to 
 that of drive.] 
 
 1. To prosper by industry, economy, and good 
 management of property ; to increase in goods and 
 estate. A farmer thrioes by good husbandry. When 
 the body of laboring men tlirive, we pronounce the 
 state prosperous. 
 
 Dili^^nce aiij humility is Ihe way to thrive in the richf'S of the 
 uinlerelandinj, as well as in gold. Watts. 
 
 2. To prosper in any business ; to have increase or 
 success. 
 
 O son, why sit we here, each other viewin* 
 
 Idly, while Satan, our great autlior, thrives? Milton. 
 
 They by vices tlirive. . Sajulijs. 
 
 3. To grow ; to increase in bulk or stature ; to 
 flourish. Young cattle thrive in ricli pastures ; and 
 trees thrive in a good Sfiil. 
 
 4. To grow ; to advance ; to increase or advance 
 in any thing valuable. 
 
 THRIV'ER, n. One that prospers in the acquisition 
 of property. 
 
 THRIVING, ppr. Prospering in worldly goods. 
 
 2. a. Being prosperous or successful ; advancing 
 in wealth ; increasing ; growing; as, a thrieini; me- 
 chanic ; a thrivins trader. 
 
 THRIV'ING-LY, adv. In a prosperous way. 
 .THKIV'ING-NESS, ( n. Prosperity; growth; in- 
 
 THUlV'ING, \ crease. Decay of Piety. 
 
 THRO' ; a contraction of Throuoh. [JVo( now tised.] 
 
 THROAT, (thrSte,) n. [Sax. Uiruta, throte ; U. strote ; 
 Riiss. griid.] 
 
 1. The anterior part of the neck of an animal, in 
 which are the gullet and windpipe, or the passages 
 for the food and breath. 
 
 In medicine, the fauces ; all that hollow or cavity 
 in the part of the mouth which may be seen when 
 the mouth is wide open. Cijc. 
 
 2. The throat of a chimney is the part between the 
 gathering, or portion of the funnel which contracts 
 in ascending, and the flue. Gioilt. 
 
 3. In ienmoi's langiw<re, Ihnt end of agafl"wliich 
 is next the mast ; also, the rounded angular point 
 where the arm of an anchor is joined to the shank. 
 
 Tottcn. 
 
 4. In ship-buildinff,thc inside of the knee-timber at 
 the middle or turns of the arms. 
 
 Throat-brails ; brails attached to the gaff close to 
 the mast. 
 
 Throat-halliards are those that raise the throat of 
 the gaff. Mar. Vict. 
 
 THRoAT, r. t. To mow beans in a direction against 
 tiieir bending. [Local.] Ciic. 
 
 THRoAT'-LATC'H, n. A strap of a bridle, halter, 
 &c., passing under a horse's throat. 
 
 THROAT'-PIPE, 71. [throat and pipe.] The wind- 
 I)ipe, weasand, or trachtra. 
 
 THROAT' WORT, (throtc'wiirt,) ;i. [//iron( and 7m7^.1 
 A i)lant of the genus (,^ampanula, a perennial vveetl 
 common in pasture-ground ; also, a plant of the 
 genus Tracheliuin. Cyc. Lee. 
 
 THROAT'Y, a. Guttural. Hoircll. 
 
 THROB, V. i. [Perhaps allied to drive and to drub ; at 
 least its elements and signification coincide ; Gr. 
 /?£■.,.] 
 
 To beat, as the heart or pulse, with more than 
 usual force or rapidity ; to heat in consequence of 
 agitation ; to palpitate. The heart throbs with joy, 
 desire, or fear; tlie violent action of the heart is per- 
 ceived by a throbbing pulse. 
 
 My tiearl tlirobs to know one thing. Sliak. 
 Wc apply the word also to the breast. 
 Here may hi* head live on my throbbing breast. ShnJe. 
 
 TIIROn, 71. A beat or strong pulsatitm ; a violent 
 beating of the heart and arteries ; a palpitation. 
 
 Thou tiilk'.l like one who n-»er f It 
 
 Th' linp:illenl llirobt and lon{;ings of a »oul 
 
 That punts and reach'-i alter disuint i^ood. Atblison. 
 
 THROIl'HING, ppr. or a. Beating with unusual force, 
 an the heart and pulse ; palpitating. 
 
 THROB'lll.VC;, n. The art of bi aliiic with unu.sual 
 force, a« the heart anil pulse ; palpitation. 
 
 TIIR0I)'I)A;N, v. i. 'I'o grow ; to thrive. [JVo< in use, 
 or hiral.] Grose. 
 
 TMRr)i;, (thr5,) n. [Sax. throwiaii, to suffer, to ago- 
 nize ; but this is the same word as throw, and the 
 oenxe is to xtrain, as in twinting, to «truggle.] 
 
 Extreme pain; violirnl pang; ancuish ; ngony. 
 It is partlriihirly applied w tlio anguish of travail in 
 childbirth, or parturition. 
 
 My throe* came thicker, and niy cries Incrriised. Pryden. 
 
 1 I lie greater than thou. — Gen. xli. 
 i forever. — Ps. ilv. 
 
 THUoE, V. i. To agonize; to struggle in extreme 
 pain, 
 
 THRoE, 7). «. To put in agony. Shak. 
 
 THROM'BUS, 71. [Gr. S j v'/^"?.J A small tumor 
 which sometimes ensues from the escape of blood 
 into the cellular membrane in the operation of bleed- 
 ing. Brandt. 
 
 THRoNE, 71. [L. thronus ; Gr. J,ooi/oj ; Fr. tronc.] 
 
 1. A royal seat ; a chair of state. The throne is 
 sometimes an elegant chair richly ornamented with 
 sculpture and gilding, raised a step above the floor, 
 and covered with a canopy. 
 
 2. The seat of a bishop. Jlyliffe. 
 
 3. In Scripture, sovereign power and dignity. 
 Only in the Oirone \ 
 Thy throne, O Uod 
 
 4. Angels. Col. i. 
 
 5. The place where God peculiarly manifests his 
 power anti glory. 
 
 T he heaven is my throne, and tlie earth is my footstool. — Is. Ixvi. 
 THRoNB, 7;. t. To place on a royal seat ; to en- 
 throne. 
 
 2. To place in an elevated position ; to give an 
 elevated place to; to exalt. 
 
 True image of the Father, whether throned 
 
 In the bosoin of bliss ami light of light. Milton. 
 
 THRoN'£D, pp. Placed on a royal seat, or on an 
 
 elevttted seat ; exalted. 
 THRoA'E'LESS, a. Having no throne. 
 THRONG, 71. [Sax. thrang ; Ir. drong ; G. and D. 
 
 drang. See the verb.] 
 
 1. A crowd ; a multitude of persons or of living 
 beings pressing or pressed into a close body or as- 
 semblage ;-as, a throng of people at a playhouse. 
 
 2. A great multitude ; as, the heavenly throng. 
 THRONG, V. i. [Sax. thringan ; D. dringen ; G. dr'dn- 
 
 gen; Dan. tnsnger ; Sw. trdnga. If ji is not radical, 
 this word coincides with Sw. tnjka, Dan. trykker, to 
 press, to print. Class Rg.] 
 
 To crowd together ; to press into a close body, as 
 a multitude of persons ; to come in multitudes. 
 
 I have seen 
 
 The dumb men throng to see hiui. Shak. 
 
 THRONG, I), t. To crowd or press, as persons ; to 
 oppress or annoy with a crowd of living beings. 
 
 Much people followed him, and thronged him. — Mark v. 
 
 THRONG '£D, pp. or a. Crowded or pressed by a 
 multitude of persons. 
 
 THRONG'ING, /i/ir. or a. Crowding together ; press- 
 intr with a multitude of persons. 
 
 THRONG'ING, n. The act of crowding together. 
 
 THRONG'LY, ofit). In crowds. [Mt in'nse..] More. 
 
 THRoN'ING, ppr. Placing on a royal seat ; enthron- 
 ing. 
 
 THROP'PLE, (throp'pl,) ti. The windpipe of a horse. 
 [Local. Cyc. 
 
 THROS'TLE, (thros'l,) ti. [Sax. thorstle ; G. drossel.] 
 A bird of the thrush kind, Morula inusica, ( Tardus 
 musicus, Liiuna;iis ;) also called Sono Thrush. It is 
 found in all the countriesof Europe. Jardine. P. Cite. 
 
 THROS'TLE, (thros'l,) 71. A machine for spinning, 
 which makes the wool smooth and wiry. 
 
 Encyc. of Dom. Kcon. 
 
 THROS'TLING,7i. A disease ol cattle of the ox kind, 
 occasioned by a swelling under their throats, which, 
 unless checked, will choke them. Cue. 
 
 THRO T'TLE, (thiot'tl,) 71. [from throat.] The wind- 
 pipe or tiachea. Broton. 
 
 THROT''i'LE, V. i. To choke; to suffocate; or to 
 obstruct so as to endanger suffocation. JJnjdrn. 
 2. To breathe liard, as when nearly suffocated. 
 
 THROT'TLE, v. t To utter with breaks and inter- 
 ruptions, as a person half suffocated. 
 
 ntr ottle (heir practiced accents in tlieir li-ars. Sliok. 
 
 THROT'TL/CD, (throt'tld,) pp. Uttered with breaks 
 
 and interruptions. 
 2. Choked ; suffocated. 
 THR(n''TI,lNG, ppr. Choking; suffocating. 
 TilRi^UGH, (throii,) prep. [Sax. (/iMi7t ; D. door; G. 
 
 diirek ; \V. trwy or frw, whence Irioyaw, to pervade ; 
 
 Ir. trenghdham, Gaelic, Irraghaim, to pierce or bore.] 
 
 1. Eroiu end to end, or from side to side ; from 
 one surface or limit to the opposite; as, to bore 
 tltrongh a piece tif timbirr, or through a board ; a ball 
 passtis through the side of a ship. 
 
 2. Noting passage ; as, to pass through a gate or 
 avenue. 
 
 Through the gate* of ivory he dUmiascd 
 
 His valiant ollspring. Dry^en. 
 
 3. By transmission, noting the means of convey- 
 ance. 
 
 Throogh these hands this science has passed with great applause. 
 
 TeiniUe, 
 
 Material things are presented only tlirough the senses, Chtyne. 
 
 4. By mt;ans of; by the agency of; noting instru- 
 mentality. This signification is a derivative of the 
 last. 
 
 Through the scent of water It will htid. — Job xiv. 
 
 Some tiLroufh ninliltlon, or through thimt of gold, 
 
 Have aUin their broMirrs, anil tl.e.r countrv sold. Dryden. 
 
 Sanctify them through thy truth. — John xvii. 
 
 The j|iit uf God b eleriinj 111c tjirough Jesus Christ our Lortl. — 
 
 5. Over the whole surface or extent ; as, to ride 
 through the country. 
 
 Their tongue walketh tl.rough the eurlh. — Ps. Uxiii. 
 
 6. Noting passage among or in the midst of ; as, to 
 move through water, as a fish ; to run through a 
 thicket, as a ileer 
 
 THROUGH, (throo,) adv. Prom one end or side to 
 the other ; as, to pierce a thing through. 
 
 2. Eroin beginning to end ; as, to read a letter 
 thro ugh. 
 
 3. To the end ; to the ultimate purpose ; as, to 
 carry a project through. 
 
 To carry through ; to complete ; to accomplish. 
 To go tlirough ; to prosecute a scheme to the end. 
 2. To undergo; to sustain ; as, to go through hard- 
 ships. 
 
 THROUGH' -BRED should be Thorough-bred. 
 THROUGH'-LlGHT-ED should be Thorough- 
 lighted. [N'ot used.] 
 THROUGH'LY, (throo'le,) ailv. Completely; fully; 
 wholly. Bacon. 
 2. Without reserve ; sincerely. TiLlotson. 
 [For this Thoroughly is now used.] 
 THROUGH-OUT', (throo-out',) prep, [through and 
 out.] 
 
 finite through ; in every part ; from one extremity 
 
 to the other. This is the practice throughout Ireland. 
 
 A general opinion prevails throughout England. 
 
 Throughout the whole course of his life, he avoided 
 
 every species of vice. 
 TIIKOUGH-OUT', (throo-out',) adv. In every part. 
 
 The cloth was of a piece throatrhout. 
 THROUGH'-PAC-£D,(throo'paste.) [JVotused.] See 
 
 Thorough-paced. More. 
 THROVE, old pret. of Thrive. 
 
 THROW, (thro,) v. t. ; pret. Threw ; pp. Thrown. 
 [Sax. thrawan ; perhaps D. draaijcn, to turn, wind, 
 twist, whirl ; G. drchen ; W. troi. The Saxon word 
 signifies to twist, to turn, to curl, throw, and to re- 
 volve. It is contracted, and probably coincides in 
 elements with Gr. rpcxw, to run, for this was applied 
 primarily to wheels, as we see by its derivatives, 
 Tpox'if, a wheel, rpoxiAoj, a top, L. trochilus.] 
 
 1. Properly, to hurl ; to whirl ; to fling or cast in 
 a winding direction. 
 
 2. To fling or ciist in any manner ; to propel ; to 
 send ; to drive to a distance from the hand or from 
 an engine. Thus we tliroio stones or dust with the 
 hand ; a cannon f/irow.s- a ball ; a bomb/iirtJUJA- a shell. 
 The Roman balista t/irew various weapons. A fire- 
 engine throws water to extinguish flames. 
 
 3. To wind ; as, to throw silk. 
 
 4. To turn ; as, to throw balls in a lathe. [JVot in 
 general use.] 
 
 5. To venture at dice. 
 
 Set less than thou throwest. ShaJe. 
 
 6. To cast ; to divest or strip one's self of; to put 
 off; as, a serpent tlirows his skin. Shak. 
 
 7. To cast ; to send. 
 
 I have thrown 
 
 A brave defiance in King Henry's teeth. Sl\ak. 
 
 8. To put on ; to spread carelessly. 
 
 O'er his fair liinla a flowery vest he threw. Pope. 
 
 9. To overturn ; to prostrate in wrestling ; as, a 
 man throws his antagonist. 
 
 10. To cast ; to drive by violence; as, a vessel or 
 sailors thrown upon a rtick. 
 
 To throw atciy : to lose by neglect or folly ; to 
 spend in vain ; as, to Uirow away time ; to throw 
 away money. 
 
 2. 'J'o bestow without a compensation. 
 
 3. To reject ; as, to throw away a good book, or a 
 good offer. Taylor. 
 
 To throw by ; to lay aside or neglect as useless ; as, 
 to thrno by a garment. 
 
 To throw down ; to subveit; to overthrow ; to de- 
 stroy ; as, to throio down a fence or wall. 
 
 2. To bring down from a high station; to depress. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 To throw in ; to inject. 
 
 2. To put in ; to deposit with others ; also, to give 
 up or relintiuish. 
 
 To throw off; to expel ; to clear from ; as, to throw 
 off a disease. 
 
 2. To reject ; to discard ; as, to Utrow off all sense 
 of shame ; to throiv off a dependent. 
 
 To throw on ; to cast on ; to load. 
 
 To throw out ; to cast out ; to reject or discard ; to 
 expel. Swift. 
 
 2. To utter carelessly ; to speak ; as, to throio out 
 insinuations or observations. 
 
 3. To exert ; to bring forth into act. 
 
 She throws out thrilling shrieks. Spenser. 
 
 4. To distance ; to leave behind. Mdison. 
 
 5. To exclude ; to reject. The bill was thrown out 
 on the seconil reading. 
 
 To throw up ; to resign ; as, to throw up a commis- 
 sion. 
 
 2. To resign angrily. 
 
 Bad givmes an- thrown up too soon. Iluitibras. 
 
 3. To ilisclmrge from the stomach. .^rbulhnoL 
 To throw one's self down ; to lie dtiwn. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/^LL, W^i^T METE, PRgY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1150 
 
THR 
 
 To throw one's self on ; to rt'sijin one's self to the 
 favor, clemency, or sustaining power of amither ; to 
 repose. Tuijlor. 
 
 To throw silk, is to twist /.ingles into a "onl ill a 
 diriction contrary to Iliat in wliicli tlie singles of 
 wliicli it is composed are twisted. 
 THROW, V. i. To pi rfomi tlie act of tlirowing. 
 
 2. To cast dice. 
 
 To throw about ; to cast about; to try expedients. 
 rjVu< much used.] Speiiscr. 
 TllKoVV, n. The act of hurling or flinging ; a cast ; a 
 driving or propelling from the liand or from an 
 engine. 
 
 IIi^ ho:\vp(l a stonr, and, rislnj to Ihe throw, 
 
 He viit il ill a wlurlwiiid at tUu I'uc. Addison. 
 
 9. A cast of dice ; and the manner in which dice 
 fall when cast ; as, a good throw. None but a fool 
 hazards all upon one throw. 
 
 3. The distance which a missile is or may be 
 thrown ; as, a stone's tliroa. 
 
 4. A stroke ; a blow. 
 
 Nor shiL-Id ilefeiid the thunder of his throws. Spenser. 
 
 5. Effort ; violent sally. 
 
 Your youth admire* 
 The throws and swelling of a lloman soul. Addison. 
 
 6. The agony of travail. [See Throe.] 
 
 7. A turner's lathe. [Local.] 
 
 THUoW'ER, 71. One that throws; one that twists 
 
 or throws silk ; a throwster. 
 THROWING, p;>r. Casting; huiiing ; flinging. 
 THROWN, pp. of Throw. Cast; hurled ; Wound or 
 
 twisted. 
 
 THRoWN'-SlLK, n. Silk consisting of two or more 
 singles twisted together like a rope, in a direction 
 contrary to that in which the singles of which it is 
 composted are twistetl. McCulloch. 
 
 THRoW'STER, h. One that twists or winds silk. 
 
 THRUM, II. (Ice. tliranm; G. trumni ; D. drom, the 
 end of a thing; Gr. ^pu/i/in, a fragment ; ^(idtt-u), 
 to break.] 
 
 1. The ends of weavers' threads. 
 
 2. Any coarse yarn. Bacon. 
 
 3. Thrums; among •rardencrx, the thread-like, in- 
 ternal bushy parts of flowers ; the stamens. 
 
 THRUM, I), i. (U. (rum, a drum.] 
 
 To play coarsely on an instrument with the fingers. 
 
 ^ Dnjden. 
 THRUM, V. t. To weave ; to knot ; to twist ; to 
 fringe. Cavsndish. 
 
 2. Among seamen, to insert short pieces of rope 
 yarn or spun yarn in a sail or mat. Diet. 
 THRUM'MING, ppr. Playing coarsely on an instru- 
 ment. 
 
 2. Weaving; knotting; twisting. 
 THRUSH, n. [Sax. thrisa G. drossel; W. tresgkn ; 
 Sw. tra^t.] 
 
 1. A dentirostral singing bird of various species, as 
 the missel-thrush, (Morula viscivora of Selby, 
 Turdiis viscivorus of Linnwus,) the song-thrush or 
 throstle, (.Merula musica or Turdus musicus,) Ihe 
 brown thrush or thrasher, (Turdus rufiis,) &c. 
 Thrushes are nearly omnivorous, are found in every 
 quarter of the world, and some of them are remark- 
 able for the melody of their notes. Jurdine. P. Cijc. 
 
 2. [Clu. thriuit.] An affection of the inflammatory 
 and suppurating kind, in the feet of the horse and 
 some other animals. In the horse it is in the frog. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 3. In medicine, (L. aphtha,) minute ulcers in the 
 mouth and fauces. Coze. JirbuUtnot. 
 
 .\ (Ijsease chamcterized by roundish granular 
 vesicles of a pearl color, aflecling the lips and mouth, 
 and sometimes the whole alimentary canal, termina- 
 ting in curd-like sloughs ; occasionally occurring in 
 successive crops. Oood. 
 THRUST, V. t. i preL and pp. Thrust. [L. trudo, trusum, 
 
 trusito! Ch. "l-iO; Ar. i tarada. Class Rd, No. 
 63.] ~ 
 
 1. To push or drive with force ; as, to thrust any 
 thing with the hand or foot, or with an instrument. 
 
 Neither sh.ill one thrust another. — Joel ii. Jolin xx. 
 
 2. To drire ; to force ; to impel. 
 
 To thrust away or from ; to push away ; to reject. 
 jJcf.i vii. 
 
 To tJtru.H in ; to push or drive in. 
 
 Thrust in thy sickle and reap. — RcT. xW. 
 
 To thrust on ; to impel ; to urge. Shak. 
 To thrust off; to push away. 
 
 To thrust through ; to pierce ; to stab. JVum. xxv. 
 2 Sam. xviii. 
 
 To thrust out ; to drive out or away ; to expel. 
 Eiod xii. 
 
 To thrust one's self; to obtrude ; to intrude ; to 
 enter where one is not invited or not welcome. Locke. 
 To thrust together ; to compress. 
 THRUS T, V. i. To make a push ; to attack with a 
 painted weapon ; as, a fencer thrusU at his antago- 
 nist. 
 
 2. To enter by pushing ; to squeeze in. 
 
 And thrust between my fiitber ant! Uie god. Dryden. 
 
 THU 
 
 3. To intrude. Rotef. 
 
 4. To push forward ; to come with force ; to press 
 on. 
 
 Vouiiw, old, dtrust th'Te 
 In miglity cuncourae. Clinjiman. 
 
 THRUST, n. A violent push or driving, as with a 
 ))oiutefl weapon, or with the liand or foot, or with 
 any instrument ; a word much used in fencing. 
 
 Polilea Pyrrhus with his lance pursues, 
 
 And often reaches, and his tfirusts renews. Dryden. 
 
 3. Attack ; assault. 
 
 There Is one lArtist at your pur«, pretended mechanism. Mors. 
 In architecture, a horizontal, outward pressure, as 
 of an arch against its abntiiients, or of rafters against 
 the walls which support tht?m. Brandc. 
 
 JVote. Push anil shuve do not exactly express the 
 sense t)f f/(r«i(. The two former imply the applica- 
 tion of force by one body already in contact witii the 
 hotly to be impelli il. Thrust, on the contrary, olti n 
 implies the impulse or applicatitm of ftirce by a 
 moving liotly, a body in motion before it reaches the 
 boily to lie impelled. This distinction does not ex- 
 ten tl to every case. 
 THRUST'ER, 71. One who thrusts or stabs. 
 THRUST'ING, ppr. Pushing with force; driving; 
 
 impelling ; pressing. 
 THRUST'ING, n. The act of pushing with force. 
 2. In dairies, the act of squeezing curd with the 
 hand, to expel the whey. [Local.] Ci/c 
 TIIKUST'INGS, n. pi. In cheisc- making, the white 
 whey, or that which is last pressed out of the curd 
 by the hand, anil of which butter is sometimes made. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 [The application of this word to checse-viaking is, I 
 
 beltrre, riitirehf unknown in AVw England.] 
 THUUST'ING-SCREW, (-skru,) n. A screw for 
 
 pressing curd in clieese-making. [Local.] 
 TIIRUS'TI.E, n. The thrush. [See Thiiostle.] 
 TIlR^'FAI^I.oW, V. t. [thrice and fallow.] To 
 
 give the third plowins; in summer. Tusser. 
 THUG, n. [Hindoo, (/ii/irnii, to deceive.] 
 
 One of an association of robbers and murderers in 
 
 India. 
 
 THu'l,i5, n. The name given, in early history, to the 
 northernmost part of the habitable world, as Norway, 
 or, more probably, Iceland ; hence the Latin phrase 
 ultima thulc. 
 
 THu'I.ITE, n. A variety of cpidote, of a peach-blos- 
 som color, found in Norway. Ure. 
 
 THU.MB, (tliuin,; «. [Sax. Ihuma; G. daumen ; D. 
 diiioi ; Dan. tomme ; Sw. tummc] 
 
 The short, thick finger of the human hand, or the 
 corresponding ntember of other animals. 
 
 [The preferable orthography would be Tiu m.] 
 
 THUMli, (tliuni,) V. t. To handle awkwardly; to 
 pl.iy with the fingers ; as, to Uiumb over a tune. 
 2. To soil with the fingers. 
 
 TIIU.MH, (Ihiim,) c. i. To play on with the fingers. 
 
 THU.Mli'-llANl), 71. [thumb aud band.] A twist of 
 any thing as thick as the tliumh. Mortimer. 
 
 THUMli'/..!), (thumd,) a. Having thumbs. 
 
 THU.Mli'Kl), pp. Handled awkwardly; soiled with 
 the fingers. 
 
 THUMIi'lNG, ppr. Soiling with the fingers. 
 
 THUMB'KI.V, j n. An instrument of torture for 
 
 TIIU.MH'-SGREW, ( compressing the thumb. 
 
 TIIU.Mli'-RING, n. A ring worn on the thumb, fihak. 
 
 THU.MIi'-STALL, 11. [(AumA and sfnH.l A kind of 
 thimble or ferule of iron, horn, or leather, for pro- 
 tectins the thumb in making sails, &c. Cue. 
 
 THU.M'ER-SToNE, n. The same mineral with Axi- 
 NiTE, which see. Dana. 
 
 THUM'MI.M, 71. pi. A Hebrew word denoting perfec- 
 tions. The Urim and Thnmmim were worn in thi^ 
 breastplate of the high-priest ; but what they were, 
 h.ts never been satisfactorily ascert.iined. 
 
 THUMP, 71. (It. Wiimifto.] 
 
 A heavy blow given with any thing that is thick, 
 as with a club, or the fist, or with a heavy liaminer, 
 or with the breech of a gun. 
 
 The watchman gave so great a thump at my door, that T aw-aked 
 at the knock. Taller, 
 
 THUMP, r. f. To strike or beat with something thick 
 
 or heavy. SItak. 
 THU.MP, v. i. To strike or fall on with a heavy blow. 
 .1 watchman at niglit thumps with his pole. Sicift. 
 
 TIIUMP'SD, (thumpt,) pp. Struck with something 
 heavy. 
 
 THUMP'ER, n. The person or thing that thumps. 
 THU.MP'ING, TTpr. Striking or beating with some- 
 thing thick or blunt. 
 
 2. a. Heavy. 
 
 3. yulgarly, stout ; fat ; large. 
 TIIUN'DER, n. (Sax. (Aiimier, (Aitnor ; G. donner: D. 
 
 doiutcr ; Sw. dander; Dan. dundrcn; h. toailru, from 
 
 tano, to sound ; Fr. tonnerre ; It. tuono ; Pers. . JsjLj 
 thondor, or thundur.] 
 
 1. The sound which follows a flash of lightning ; 
 the report of a discharge of atmospheric electricity. 
 Thunder is caused by the sudden separation and 
 
 THU 
 
 reunion of the air through which the lightning 
 
 passes. Olm.iled 
 
 [ Thunder is not lightning, but the eflect of iU See 
 Johnson's Dictionary, under Thunoer.] 
 
 There were thunders anil Iiglitiiiiigs. — Kx. xix. 
 
 2. Thunder is used for lightning, or for a thunder- 
 bolt, either originally through ignorance, or by way 
 of metaphor, or because the lightning and thunder 
 are closely united. 
 
 The rr»engin<r gods 
 'Gainst parricides all the Diuwler bend. Shak. 
 
 3. Any loud noise ; as, the thunder of cannon. 
 
 Sons of thundsr. — Mark ill. 
 
 4. Denunciation published ; as, the thunders of the 
 
 Vatican. 
 
 TIIUN'DER, 17. i. To sound, rattle, or roar, as an ex- 
 plosion of electricity. 
 
 Canst Uiou thunder with a volc« like him t — Job zl. 
 
 2. To make a loud noise, particularly a heavy 
 sound of some continuance. 
 
 His iln-adful voice no more 
 Would thumler m my c.irs. Mdton. 
 
 3. To rattle, or give a heavy, rattling sound. 
 
 And roll the thundering chariot o'er the ground. J. Trumbull. 
 
 TIIUN'DER, V. t. To emit with noise and terror. 
 
 Oracles si:vere 
 
 Were daily thundered In our ge-neml's car. Dryden. 
 2. To publish any denunciation or threat. 
 
 Au archde.acon, as being a prelate, may thunder out an ecclesi- 
 aslical c<.Misure. Aylijf'e. 
 
 THUN'DER-m.XST'ED,n. Blasted by thunder. .Scoff. 
 
 THUN'DER-nCET, 71. ((/iiini/cr and bolt.] A shaft 
 of lightning ; a brilliant stream of the electrical fluid, 
 passing fioin one part of the heavens to anotlii r, 
 and particularly from the clouds to the earth. Ps. 
 Ixxviii. 
 
 2. Figuratioehj, a daring or irresistible hero ; as, 
 the Scipios, those ViunderbolU of war. Dryden. 
 
 3. Fulininatiun ; ecclesiastical denunciation. 
 
 He severely threatens such with Uic Uiunderholt of excommuni* 
 caiun. HakewUl. 
 
 4. In mineralotrii, thunder-stone. Spectator. 
 THUN'DKR-HUKST, u. A burst of thunder, llrmans. 
 TllUN'DER-GLAP, II. [t/iiim/er and cfiip.] A burst 
 
 of thunder; sudden re|Hirt of an e.\plosioa of elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 When suddenly the thunder-clap was heanl. Dryden. 
 
 THUN'DER-€LOUD, 71. [thunder and cloud.] A 
 cloud that -produces lightning and thunder. 
 
 TllUN'DER-ER,n. He that llMiiiders. H'aller. Dn/den. 
 
 THU.N'DER-HOUSE, «. An iii>irunieiit for illustra- 
 tini; the manner in which buildings receive damage 
 by ligliliiiiig. Cijc. 
 
 THUN'DKR-ING, ppr. or 0. Making the noise of an 
 electrical explosion ; uttering a loud sound ; fulmina- 
 ting denunciations. 
 
 TIIUN'DER-ING, 71. The report of an electrical ex- 
 plosion ; thunder. 
 
 Entp-al the l.onI tliat there be no more mighty thurulerings and 
 hail. — Kx. ix. 
 
 THUN'DER-OUS, a. Producing thunder. 
 
 How he I.-fore the thunderous Lhronc dulh lie. hfdlon. 
 [Liltte used.\ 
 
 TIIUN'DER-SHOW-ER, n. [(Ai/nrfer and sWer.] A 
 shower accompanied with thunder. 
 
 THU,\'DER-.ST6NE, 71. A stone, otherwise called 
 Bro.vtia. Cijc. 
 
 THUN'DER-STORM, 71. [thunder and .«(orm.] A 
 storm accoinpnnietl with ligliliiing and thunder, 
 Thunder-clotitis are tiften driven by violent winds. 
 In America, the vitilence of the winil at the com- 
 nienceini iit is sometimes equal to that of a hurri- 
 cane, and at this time the explosions of electricity 
 are tlie most terrible. This violence of the wind 
 si'ldom ciiiitiniies longer than a few minutes, and 
 after this subsides, the rain continues, hut the jieals 
 of tliiiiider are less frequent. These violent showers 
 sometimes conlintie for hours ; more generally, they 
 are of shorter duration. 
 
 TIIUN'DER-STRIKE, r. t. [thunder and strike.] To 
 strike, blast, or injure, by lightning. Siduey. 
 [Little u/ted in its literal .sert,.r. ] 
 2. To astonish, or strike dumb, as with something 
 [Little ii.verf, ricrpt in the participle.] (terrible. 
 
 THUN'DER-STRUCK, pp. or 17. Astonished ; amazed ; 
 struck dumb by something surprising or terrible sud- 
 denly presentetl to the mind or view. 
 [ This is a word in common use.] 
 
 THU.V'DER-Y, a. Accompanied with thunder. [Little 
 used. ] 
 
 TIlC'KI-IiEE, n. [L. thuribulum, from thus, Ihuris, 
 
 frankincense.] 
 .\ censer of metal, usually in the form of a vase, 
 
 with a cover perforated to allow the fumes of the 
 
 burning incense to escape. Oloss. qf jirchit. Cowel. 
 TIIU-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [I,, thurifer ; thus and /era, to 
 
 bear.] 
 
 Producing or bearing frankincense. 
 THU-RI-FI-t A'TIO.\, n. [L. thus, thuris, and facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE AN"GER, V1"CI0US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as §H ; TH as in THia 
 
 1151 
 
THY 
 
 TIC 
 
 TID 
 
 The art of fuming with incense ; or, the act of 
 bHriHng incense. StilUnsflfel. 
 THIJRL., )i. A short communication between ailiis in 
 
 mines. Brande. 
 THURS'DAY, n. [V)an. Torsdag; that is Thur'^- day, 
 the day consecrated to Tlwr, the god of tluinder, an- 
 swering to tlie Jove of the Greeks and Romans, L. 
 died Jovis ; It. Giovedi ; Sp. Jiicve^ ; Fr. Jciidi, So in 
 G. dottnerstag, D. dondcrdag, thunder-day. This Thor 
 is frt)rn tlie rout of \V. taran, till' ider ; taraio^ to 
 strilse, liit, or produce a shock ; Gat lie and Ir. tuirn, 
 a great noise; toirnms, tliunder. The root of tlie 
 word signifies, to drive, to rush, to strike, la Sw. 
 thbrtlon is thunder.] 
 
 The fifth day of the week. 
 THUS, H. [Gr. tliio), to sacrifice.] 
 
 The resin of tlie spruce fir, so called from its use. 
 THUS, ado. [Sa.v. tlius ; D. dus.] 
 
 1. In this or that manner; on this wise; as, thus 
 saith the Lord ; the Pharisee prayed Wilis. 
 
 TJlus iliil NojIi, according lo all Lhil God command^ him. — 
 Geii. vi. 
 
 9. To this degree or extent ; as, Wiiis wise ; thus 
 peaceable. Hohjday. 
 
 TJius f.vt ciilend, thus far thy bounds. Aii.'lon. 
 
 3. In the phrase tkiis much, it seems to be an ad- 
 jective, equivalent to this much. 
 THWACK, !•. t. [du. Sa.\. tliacnan, to feel or stroke 
 lightly. It does not well accord with this verb. The 
 word twit is the Sax. tEthttitan, or othfcitan, a com- 
 pound of mth, or oth, to, or at, and wi'nn. In like 
 manner, thwack may be formed from our vulgar icA^icA, 
 
 which is precisely the Eth. 
 
 h. wakea, Ar. 
 
 wakan, to strike.] 
 To strike with something flat or heavy ; to bang ; 
 
 to bt-at or thrash. Jirbuthnot. 
 THWACK, n. A heavy blow with something flat or 
 
 liL'avy. .^ddisoUt 
 THWACK'IN'G, ppr. Striking with a heavy blow. 
 THWAI'i'E, 71. A fish ; a species of the shad. [Sec 
 
 TWAITE.] ClJC. 
 
 2. A plain parcel of ground, cleared of wood and 
 stumps, inclosi-d and converted to tillage. [Local.'\ 
 THWART, (Ihwort,) a. [D. dwars ; IJan. tm-r, tvcrt, 
 terrs ; Sw. tvars, tonrt; probably a compound of Sax. 
 atlt, oth, to, and the root of vefr, L. vcrto, versus.] 
 Transverse ; being across something else. 
 
 Moveil coiur.iry wkh Ihtoart obliqiiiti' s. . AlUton. 
 THWART, (thwort,) v. t. To cross; to be, lie, or 
 come across the direction of something. 
 
 Swift as a shooting star 
 In antinnn thwarts l\w nijlit. Aii/lon. 
 
 2. To cross, as a purpose ; to oppose ; to contra- 
 vene ; hence, to frustrate or defeat. We say, to 
 thwart a purpose, design, or inclination ; or to thwart 
 a person. 
 
 If crookfd fortune had not thwarted me. Sliak, 
 The pro[Wsal3 of llie one never thwarted the incIin.atioiis of the 
 other. Soudi. 
 THWART, V. i. To be in opposition. 
 
 A proposiuon th'it shaft tliwart at all with these internal oracles, 
 ^ijiiusnat aivl improper .\ 
 
 THWART, «. The seat or bench of a bo.at on which 
 the rowers sit, placed athwart the boat. Tollen. 
 
 THW.'MIT'KD, /ip. Crossed; opposed; frustrated. 
 
 THWART'ER, n. A distfase in sheep, indicated by 
 sliakins, trcMibling, or convulsive motions. Cijc. 
 
 THWART'ING, ppr. Crossing; contravening; de- 
 franVlL'. 
 
 THW.ART'I.XG,?!. The act of crossing or frustrating. 
 Til WART'lXG-LY, arfi). In a cross direction ; in op- 
 posit ion. 
 
 Til WART'NESS, n. Untowardness ; perversencss. 
 
 TIIVV.\R'r-SHIPS,ar/B. Across the ship. Mar. Did. 
 
 TIlWt'rE, V. I. [Sax. Ihwitan.] 
 
 To cut or clip with a knife. [Lncal.'] Cliaucer. 
 
 TIIWIT'TLE, (thwit'tl,) v. t. To whittle. [See 
 Whittle.] Chaucer. 
 
 TII?,a. [Contracted from (/iinc, or from some other 
 derivative of f'lim. It is probable that the [ironuun 
 w.iH originally thiir, thug, or thuk, and the atljective 
 thijrrn. See Thoi; j 
 
 Thy is the adjective of t/i«H, or a pronominal ad- 
 jective, signifying, of tliee, or, belonging to thee, like 
 tuuji, in Latin. It is used in the solemn and grave 
 style. 
 
 Th*"**! are t}nj works, Parent of jood. Milton, 
 THVTXE-WQQI), ;i. a pricioiis wood, mentioned 
 Hn\ xviii., probably the wood of Caililris tpiadri- 
 valvis, formerly called V'liiijti, or Tlniia articulata, 
 known to the Romans by a name signifying CiTnort- 
 Woon. Tliid tree is a native of llarbary, allied to 
 the pines, and is thought to jiroduce the sandurac of 
 commerce. Kitto. P. Cijc. 
 
 THV.ME, (usually pronounced, irregularly, (imc,) n. 
 [Fr. tlitim : L. thymus ; Gr. ^I'ftof.] 
 
 A plant of the genuii Thymus. The garden thyme 
 is a warm, pungent aromatic, much unuA to give a 
 rrliHh to xc-uionings and soups. 
 TIIV'MUS, n. tGr. Oii,i<j$.] 
 
 In auatomij, a glantliilar body, divided into lobes, 
 situated behind the sternum in the duplicatiire of 
 the mediastinum. It is largest in the fclus, dimin- 
 ishes after birth, and in adults often entirely disap- 
 pears. It has no excretory duct, and its use is un- 
 known. In calves it is called SivEEriREAD; but 
 the term sweetbread is also applied to the pancreas, a 
 very different organ. Hooper. IVistar, Parr. 
 
 TII?'M V, (ti'iiie,)a. Abounding with thyme : fragrant. 
 
 THY'ROID, a. [Gr. ivoiot, a shield, and e:^ ,i, form.] 
 Resembling a shield ; applied to one of the carti- 
 lages of the larynx, so called from its figure, to a 
 gland situated near that cartilage, and to the arteries 
 and veins of the gland. Cijc. 
 
 The thyroid cartilage constitutes the anteritir, su- 
 perior, and largest part of the larynx, and is some- 
 times popularly called Adam's Apple. Hooper. 
 
 The tliyroid gland is situated on the sides and 
 front of the lower part of the larynx, and the upper 
 part of the trachea. It is copiously supplied with 
 blood, but is not known to furnish any secretion. 
 It is tiie seat of the bronchocele, or goiter. 
 
 Hooper. Parr. 
 
 TTIYRSE, (thurs,) ) n. [L. thyrsus ; Gr. ^vp- 
 
 TIIYU'-SUS, ithur'sus,)! o-nj.] 
 
 In 6()?it/(i^, a species of inflorescence ; a panicle, very 
 compact, with the lower branches shorter than those 
 of the middle, as in the lilac. Lindley. 
 
 THYR'SOID, (thur-,) a. Having somewhat tlie form 
 of a thvise or thyrsus. 
 
 THYR'SUS, (thur-,) n. [Gr. evpfios.] A staff en- 
 twined with ivy, which formed part of the accoutre- 
 ment of a Bacchanal, or performer in the orgies of 
 Hacclius. Brande. 
 
 THYS-AN-IJ'RANS, n. pi. [Gr. Siitrai/otipoj, having 
 a long, busily tail.] 
 
 An order of apterous insects, supported by six feet, 
 that undergo no metamorphosis, and have in addition 
 particular organs of motion, either on the sides or at 
 the extremity of the abdomen. Cuvier. 
 
 THV-SELF', pron. [thy anil self.] A pronoun used 
 after thou, to express distinction with emphasis. 
 " 77ioit thyself Shalt go ; " that is, thou shalt go, and 
 no other. It is sometimes used without thou, and in 
 the nominative as well as objective case. 
 
 Tl-.\'RA, n. [Fr. Hare; L. Sp. and It. tiara; Gr. na- 
 pa ; Sax. tyr. See Syr. > chadar, Class Dr, No. 
 
 15, and Heb. nioy atar. No. 34. From the former 
 probably the Latins li id their cidaris, and tiara from 
 the latter; the same word with different prefixes.] 
 
 1. An ornament or article of dress with which 
 the ancient Persians covered their heads ; a kind of 
 turban. As different authors liescribe it, it must 
 have been of different forms. The kings of Persia 
 alone had a right to wear it straight or erect : the 
 lords and priests wore it depressed, or turned down 
 on the fore side. Xenojihon says the tiara was en- 
 compassed with the diatiem, at least in ceremonials. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 2. An ornament worn by the Jewish high priest. 
 Ezod. xxviii. 
 
 3. The pope's triple crown. The tiara and keys 
 are the badges of the papal dignity ; the tiara of his 
 civil rank, and the keys of his jurisdiction. It was 
 formerly a round, high cap. It was afterward en- 
 compassed with a crown, then with a second and a 
 third. Cyc. 
 
 TI-A'R.\-£D, (ti-a'rad,) a. Adorned with a tiara. 
 
 TIB'I-.A, n. [L.J The shin-bone; the larger of the 
 two bones which form the second segment of the 
 leg. Brande. 
 
 TIB'I-.AL, a. [L. tibia, a flute, and the large bone of 
 the leg.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the large bone of the leg ; as, the 
 tibial artery ; tibial nerve. Med. Rcpos. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a pipe or flute. 
 TIR'U-RO, 71. A fish of the shark kind. 
 
 Tl€ bOU-LOU-Rt.UX', n. [Fr.l A painful affec- 
 tion of a nerve, coming on in sutliien attacks, usually 
 in the head. 
 
 TICE, for Entice. fJV'of in use.'] Bcanm. ^- Fl. 
 TieirOR-RllINE, 71. [Gr. r£i\ns: and pii.] 
 
 A fossil rhinoceros, with a midiUe, vertical, bony 
 septum or wall supporting the nose. Brande. 
 TICK, 71. [In Gaelic, doigh is trust. But I 'suspect 
 tick to signify a cut, a notch, W. tire, from the man- 
 ner (if keeping accounts among unlettered men. See 
 Dock and Ticket.] 
 
 Credit ; trust ; as, to buy upon tick. Locke. 
 TICK, 71. [Fr. tii/ue; G. zecke : It. iccca.] 
 
 A little insect, of a livid color and globose-ovate 
 form, that infi-sts sheep, dogs, goats, cows, &c., a 
 species of .Acanis. Cye. 
 TICK, 71. [D. leek, tijk ; probably from covering, L. 
 (r;Tij, Eng. to deck ; Riiss. lik, tent-cloth.] 
 
 The cover or case of a bed, which contains the 
 feathers, wool, or other material. 
 TICK, 11. i. [from (ir/.-, credit.] To run upon score. 
 
 2. 'I'o trust. .^rbuthnot. 
 TICK, V. I. [I), tikken. It coincides in elements with 
 L. tango, tago. ] 
 
 'I'o beat ; to pat ; or to make a small noise by beat- 
 ing or otherwi.<e ; as a watch. 
 
 TICK'-Bk.'V.N, 71. A small bean employed in feeding 
 horses and other animals. Ci.c. 
 
 TICK'E.M, II. Cloth for bed-ticks, or cases for beds. 
 
 TICK'ET, n. [i''t. etiquette; W. tocyn, a short piece 
 or si p, a ticket, frtiiii tociaw, to curtail, to clip, to 
 dock. We have dock and docket from the same root. 
 It denotes a piece or slip of paper.] 
 
 \. A piece of paper or a card which gives the 
 holder a right of admission to some place; as, a ticket 
 for the playhouse, or for other exhibition. 
 
 2. A piece of paper or writing acknowledging 
 some debt, or a certificate that something is due to 
 the holder. Spenser. 
 
 3. A piece of paper bearing some number in a lot- 
 tery, which entitles the owner to receive such prize 
 as may be drawn against that number. When it 
 draws no prize, it is said to draw a blank, and the 
 holder has nothing to receive. 
 
 TICK'ET, 7'. (. To distinguish by a ticket. Bentlcy. 
 TICK'ET-E», pp. Distinguished by a ticket. 
 TICK'ET-ING, ppr. Distinguishing by a ticket. 
 TICK'ET-PoRT'ER, 71. A licensed porter wearing a 
 ticket, by which he may be identified. [England.] 
 
 Dickcus. 
 
 TICK'ING, ppr. Beating; patting. 
 2. Trusting ; scoring. 
 
 TICK'ING, 71. A closely-woven cloth used to contain 
 the feathers or other materials of beds. 
 
 TICK'LE, (tik'l,) u. (. [dim. of JoiicA ; perhaps direct- 
 ly from £icA', to pat, or it is the l5. titillo, corrupted.] 
 
 1. To touch ligjytly, and cause a peculiar thrilling 
 sensation, which can not be described. A slight sen- 
 sation of this kind may give pleasure, but when vio- 
 lent it is insuffotable. 
 
 2. To please by slight gratification A glass of 
 wine may tickle the palate. 
 
 a nature 
 
 Shai. 
 
 TICK'LE, (tik'l,) v. i. To feel titillation. 
 
 He with secret joy therefore 
 Did Uckle inwardly in every vein. j^ensfr. 
 
 TICK'LE, a. Tottering ; wavering, or liable to waver 
 and fall at the slightest touch ; unstable ; easily over- 
 thrown. 
 
 Thy head sUinds so tickle on thy shoulders, that a milkmaid, if in 
 luve, may sijii it oli'. Shak. 
 The suite of Normandy 
 Stands on d tickle point. Shdk. 
 
 [This word is wholly obsolete, at least in New 
 England. Ticklish is the word used.] 
 TICK'LE-NESS, 71. Unsteadiness. [A^ot in use.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 TICK'LER, 71. One that tickles or pleases. 
 TICK'LING. ppr. Affecting with titillatiim. 
 TICK'LING, 71. The act of affecting with titillation. 
 TICK'LISH, a. Sensible to slight touches ; easily 
 
 tickled. The bottom of the foot is very ticklish, as 
 
 are the sides ; the palm of the hand, hardened by 
 
 use, is not ticklish. 
 2. Tottering ; standing so as to be liable to totter 
 
 and fall at the slightest touch ; unfixed ; easily 
 
 moved or affected. 
 
 Ireland was a tichlish aad unsettled st.ate. 
 
 Sacon. 
 
 3. Difficult; nice; critical; as, these are ticklish 
 times. SwiJ't. 
 
 TICK'LISH-LY, adi: In a ticklish manner. 
 
 TICK'LISH-NESS, 71. The state or quality of being 
 ticklish or very sensible. 
 
 2. The state of being tottering or liable to fall. 
 
 3. Crilicalness of condition or state. 
 TICK'SEED, 71. A plant of the genus Corispermum. 
 * The tick.seed sunflower is of the genus Coreopsis. 
 
 Z,011l/o71. 
 
 TICK'-TACK, 71. A game at tables. [See Trick- 
 track.] 
 TID, a. [Sax. tyddcr.] 
 
 Tender ; sol^ ; nice. 
 TID'AL, 17. Pertaining to tides; periodically rising 
 and falling, or flowing and ebbing ; as, tidal waters. 
 
 Modem English. 
 TID'BIT, 71. [tid and bit] A delicate or tender piece 
 of any thing eatable. 
 
 Tll)'I)}'li' j '■ '"^^ 'findorness ; to fondle. 
 TID'I)L/ii), pp. Fondled. 
 
 TIDE, 71. [Sax. tidnn, to happen; lid, time, season, 
 opportunity, an hour ; G. :ri( ; I), tyd ; Sw. and Dan. 
 tid. This word is from a root that signifies to come, 
 to happen, or to fall or rush, as in betide ; ciurespond- 
 ing in sense with time, season, hour, opportunity. 
 7'id, time, is the fall, the occasion, the event. Its 
 original meaning is entirely obsolete, except in com- 
 position, as in Shrovetide, WHirsfNTiDt.] 
 
 1. Time ; season. 
 
 Which, at the appointed tide, 
 
 Kach one did make hiii liride. Spenter. 
 [ITlie sense is obsolete.] 
 
 2. The alternate rising and falling of the waters of 
 the ocean, and of bays, rivers, &r., connected there- 
 with. The tide ebbs' and flows twice in a little more 
 than twenty-four hours. It is occasioned by the at- 
 traction of the sun and moon, (the influence of the 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQpK.— 
 
TIE 
 
 TIG- 
 
 TIL 
 
 1 
 
 [See, also, ! 
 '3. Slrcuiii ; 
 
 latter being three times that of tlie former,) acting | 
 uiieqiially on the wali rs in dilTi rent parts of the 
 earlli, thus disturbing their equilibrium. 
 
 Oimstrtl. 
 
 We commonly distinpuish the (low or rising of the 
 water by the name of Flood Tiuc, and the reflux 
 by that of Kub Tide. 
 
 I Sprin^j-Tide and Neak-Tidi;.] 
 ; course ; current ; as, tlio tidt 
 
 times. 
 
 Time's ung^iUlo Ude, Byron. 
 
 4. Favorable course. 
 
 There U a tiiU in llie nlTiin of men, 
 
 VVIiicli, taken at llic Huud, li-.ula on to Torlnne. S}iak. 
 
 5. Violent confluence. [.Vut in «.«■.] Bmon. 
 G. Among miners-, the period of twelve hours. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 7. Current ; flow of blood. 
 
 And life's rcJ tide rini* eUiing from tlie woiiivl. 
 
 IxuCe 0/ Pi a; J ami A/ire. 
 
 TIDE, r. <. To diive with the stream. Drijdcn. 
 
 TIDK, I', i. To work in or out of a river or harbor by 
 favor of the tide, and anchor wlien it btconies ad- 
 vei-se. Tutten, 
 
 TIDK'-GATE, n. A gate through which water passes 
 into a basin when the tide Hows, and which is shut, 
 to retain the water from llowina back at the irbb 
 
 2. Among seamen, a place wliere the tide runs with 
 great velocity. Tottm. 
 
 TIlJE'-GAL'CiK, n. A contrivance for reuisterini! the 
 state of the tide continuously %t every instant of 
 time. Brandc. 
 
 TTDE'LE.SS, a. Having no tide. 
 
 TIDE'-.MILL, n. [tiiU and mill.] A mill th.-it is 
 moved by tide-water ; also, a mill for clearing 
 l.an<ls from tide-water. 
 
 TIUES'-.M AN, fi. An officer who remains on board of 
 n merrlinnt's ship till the goods are landed, to pre- 
 vent tlie evasion of the duties. 
 
 TI1)1V-VV.A|T-ER, II. [tidt and waiter.] An officer 
 who watches the landing of goods, to secure the 
 payment of duties. 
 
 TIDE'-WaV, II. [tide and way.] The channel in 
 which the tide sets. Mar. Diet. 
 
 TI'I)I-KI), (ti'did,) pp. Made tidy. 
 
 TI'DI-LY, ac/c. [from fii/y.] Neatly ; with neat siin- 
 piicity ; as, a female tidilij dressed. 
 
 TI'UI-NESS, II. Neatness without richness or ele- 
 gance ; neat simplicity ; as, the tidiness of dress. 
 2. Neatness ; as, the tidiness of rooms. 
 
 TT'DING-LESS, a. Having no tidings. 
 
 TI'Ul.N'tJS, II. pi. [Sw. tidning ; Dan. firfoide, news. 
 It is the participle of Sax. tidan, to happen, or some 
 other verb connected with tide, and denotes coming, 
 or th.at wiiich arrives.] 
 
 News ; advice ; information ; intelligence ; ac- 
 count of what has tak'en place, and was not before 
 known. 
 
 I shiitl niiike mjr muter gl-ij wiUi these tidings, Shai. 
 £«}iold. I l.niig jon ^o«o lidings 01 ga*at joy, uiikh shall l» (o 
 all people. — LiiKe li. 
 
 TI'DV, a [from tide, time, season ; Dan. and Sw. 
 
 tiilig, seasoimble.] 
 
 1. In it^i primary sense, seasonable ; favorable ; 
 being in proper time ; as, weather fair and tidy, 
 
 7'asscr. 
 
 2. Neat ; dressed with neat simplicity ; as, a tidy 
 lass; the children are tidy; their dress is tidy ; that 
 is, primarily, proper for the time or occasion. 
 
 3. Neat ; being in good order. The apartments 
 arc well furnished and tidy. 
 
 TI'DV, e. (. To make neat ; to put in gtxid order. 
 TrDV-INU, ppr. Making tidy. 
 
 TIE, I V. t. [&ix. tian, for fi^i-uii, to bind ; tig, tige, a 
 TtE, j tie, a purse. The primary sense is to strain, 
 
 anil hence its alliance to tag, to draw, Sw. tiga, L. 
 
 tacro, to be silent. The Gr. h --t may be the same 
 
 word. On account of the participle tying, it might 
 
 be Well to write the verb Vje.] 
 
 1. To bind ; to fasten with a band or cord and 
 
 knot. 
 
 M> son, keep diy fath-r's commandnirnts — Isnd tbem continu- 
 ally up<-n thine liuart, and Ct« them about Ui/ neck 
 
 Prov. vi. 
 
 3. To fold and make fast ; as, to tie a knot. 
 
 3. To knit ; to complicate. 
 
 We do Dot this knot with au intention to puzxle tbc argument. 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 4. To fasten ; to hold ; to unite so as not to be 
 easily parted 
 
 In bond of rtrtuous loTe together tied. Fairfax. 
 
 5. To oblige; to constr.tin ; to restrain ; tocontinc. 
 People, in their jealousy, may tie the hands of their 
 minister!! and public agents, so as to prevent them 
 from doing good. 
 
 Not &td to rules of policy, Tou find 
 
 Revenge less sweet than a forgiving mind. DryUn. 
 
 6. In mu.<ie, to unite notes by a crtiss line, or by a 
 curve line dmwn over them. 
 
 To tie up : to confine ; to restrain ; to hinder from 
 motion or action ; as, to tie up llie tongue ; to lie up 
 the bands. Mdi^mi. 
 
 I , - ■ , W^j. Hound; fasted with a knot; 
 i ^ ' " ( confined ; restrained ; united, as 
 
 To tie down ; to fasten so as to prevent from rising. 
 2. To restrain ; to confine ; to hinder from action. 
 TIE, II. A knot; fastening. 
 
 2. Bond ; obligation, moral or legal ; af, the snored 
 tics of friendship or of duty ; the tica of allegiance. 
 
 3. A k||ot of iinir. Young. 
 
 •1. In architecture, n piece of timber or metal for 
 binding two bodies together. 
 
 5. In music, a character to connect syncopated 
 notes. 
 
 6. An equality in numbers, as of votes, &c., which 
 prevents either party from being victorious. 
 
 TIE'-BkAM, II. The beam which connects the bot- 
 tom of a pair of principal rafters, and prevents them 
 from thrusting out the wall. Guilt. 
 
 TVKl), 
 
 r'i'EU, 
 
 notes, . 
 
 TI i'U, (leer,) n. [Ileb. -ivj t,tr. Class Dr, No. t.M. 
 Sec TinE.) 
 
 A rov/ ; a rank ; parlirubrly when two or more 
 rows are placed one above another ; a<, a lii r of seats 
 ill a church or tlieati r. 1'liiis, in sliips of war, the 
 rauce of guns on one deck and one side of a sliip 
 is called a fur. 'i'hose on the lower deck are called 
 the lower fifr, and those above, tlie middle or upper 
 tiers. Ships with three tiers of guns are three- 
 deckers. 
 
 The tiers of a cable are the ranges of fakes or 
 windings of a cable, laid one within another when 
 coiled. 
 
 7'ier, in organs, is a rank or range of pipes in tlic 
 front of the instrument, or in the interior, when the 
 compound stops have several ranks of pipes. Cyc. 
 TIERCE, (lers or tecrs,) ii. [Fr., from tiers, third.] 
 
 1. A cask whose content is one third of a pipe, 
 that is, forty gallons ; or it may be the iiie.asure. 
 
 2. In Ireland, a weight by which provisions are 
 sold. The tierce of beef for the navy is 304 lb., and 
 for India, SSUlb. 
 
 3. In miusic, a third. 
 
 4. In gaining, a sequence of three cards of the 
 same color. 
 
 5. A thrust in fencing. 
 
 6. In heraldry, a field divided into three parts. 
 TIER'CEL, j «. In falconry, a name given to the 
 TIERCE'LET, j male hawk, as being a third part 
 
 less than the female. Cyc, 
 TlEll'CET, (teer'set,) ii. [from fierce] In poetry, a 
 
 triplet ; three lines, or three lines rhviiiing. 
 TIERS'-ErTAT',{tccn'a.-Vji',)n. [Fr.J In Frniirr, 
 
 the third branch, or commonalty, answering to the 
 
 commons in Great Britain ; [lilcralbj, the third estate.] 
 TIFF, H. [Uu. tipple, tope.] 
 
 1. Liquor; or rather a smalj draught of liquor. 
 [Vulgar.] Philips. Ilaltitnll. 
 
 2. A pet or fit of peevishness ; u slight altercation. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 [I knou) not where this word is used in Uie loiter 
 sense.] 
 
 TIFF, ». i. TobeinapeL [Lovs.] Jo!in.ion. 
 TIFFjt). f. To dress. [JVot in m.sc] 
 TIF'FA-NV, n. [According to the Italian and S|ian- 
 ish dictionaries, this word is to be referred to 1'af- 
 
 FETA.] 
 
 A species of gauze or very thin silk. 
 
 TIFFE-DE-M ER', ii. A species of sea-plant, so called 
 by Count .Marsigli, from its resemblance to the heads 
 of the Typha patu.^tris, or cat's tail. It has a siiiouth 
 surface and a velvety look. It prows to two feet in 
 higlit, and is elegantly branclied. It grows on 
 rocks and stones, and when first taken out of tlic 
 sea, is full of a yellow, viscous w.iter ; but wIh ii 
 tliis is pressed out, and the substance is dried, it be- 
 comes of a dusky-brown color. Cye. 
 
 TIF FIN, n. A word introduced from India, denoting 
 a lunch or slight repast between breakfast and din- 
 ner. Jilalcoin, Blackxcood, 
 
 TIG, n. A play. [SeeTao.] 
 
 TIGE, (teej,) «. [Fr., a stallt.] The shaft of a col- 
 umn from the astragal to the capital. Bailey. 
 
 Ti'GER, n. [l Y. fi>re : It. fi^r^u ; h. tigris ; said to be 
 from ■CJ 5-ir, a dart ; whence "fSTi tiger.]- 
 
 1. A fierce and rapacious animal of the genus Fe- 
 lis, (F. f'Vriji,) one of the largest and most terrible 
 of the genus, iiilialiiting Asia. American tiger is a 
 name sometimes given to the jaguar, (Felis jaguar.) 
 
 2. A servant in livery, who rides with his master 
 or mistress. 
 
 TI'GER-e.\T, 71. A name sometimes given to the 
 lesser striped and spotted feline quadrupeds, not in- 
 cluding the timers, leopards, and panthers. P. Cue 
 
 TI'GER-FQOT-EU, a. Hastening to ilovour ; furious. 
 
 Entick. 
 
 TI'GER ISII, 0. Like a tiger. 
 
 TI'GER'S-FOOT, n. A pl.iut of the genus Iponitra 
 or Convolvulus. J^fr. 
 
 TI'GER-SIIELL, 71. [tigrrand shell.] A name given 
 to a red shell with large white spots. In the Lin- 
 nxan system, the tiger-s/icU is a species of Cj jiiaia. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TIGII, (ti,) 77. In iTriil, a close or inclosnrc. 
 TIGHT, (tite,) a. [G. dicJit : I). .Sw. and Dan. digt ; 
 allied to tAic* and fie, and to Sw. fi^'u, to be silent, 
 
 L. taceo ; that is, close, closely compreased ; fiusa. 
 tugei, stiff. See Tack.] 
 
 1. Close ; compact ; not loose or open ; having the 
 joints so close that no fluid can enter or escape ; not 
 leaky ; as, a fiVAl ship, or a fi>/if cask. 
 
 2. Close ; got admitting much air ; as, a ti^iU 
 room. 
 
 3. Silting close to the body ; as, a tigld coat or 
 other g;irnient. 
 
 4. Close ; not having holes or crevices ; not loose ; 
 applied to many vessels, &c. 
 
 5. Close ; hard ; as, a tight bargain. [In common 
 %tse ill Jlrnerica.] 
 
 6. Close; parsimonious; saving; as, a man tiglu 
 in his dealings. [In common u.-ic in .America.] 
 
 7. Closely dressed ; not ragged. 
 
 I'll spill and card, and keep our children tigbL Gay. 
 
 8. Hardy ; adroit. Skak. 
 
 9. Not slack or loose ; applied to a rope extended 
 or stretched out. 'I'oUen. 
 
 JVote. — This is the foul or taught of seamen, 
 applied to a rope stretched. The primary sense is, 
 strained. 
 
 TIGiri''/;.\, (lit'n.) r.t. To draw tighter; to straiten ; 
 to make more close in any manner. 
 
 TIGHT'£N-i;U, pp. or a. Drawn tighter ; strait- 
 ened. 
 
 TIGHT'7!.\-ING, ppr- Drawing tighter ; making 
 
 more close in any manner. 
 TIGIIT'ER,n. A ribbon or string used to draw clothes 
 closer. [^Vof u.ird.] 
 2. (7. More tight. 
 TIGHT'LY, adB. Closely; compactly. 
 
 2. Neatly ; adroitly. 
 TIGHT'NESS, 71. Closeness of joints ; (^onipactneFS ; 
 straitness. 
 
 2. Neatness, as in dress. 
 
 3. Parsiinonioiisness ; closeness in dealing. 
 TI'GRESS, n. [from fiifrr.l The female of the tiger. 
 Tl'GRI.NE, (tl'grin,) a. Like a tiger. 
 Tl'GRI.-<II, o. Resembling a tiger. Sidney. 
 TIKE, 71. A tick. [See Tick.) 
 
 TIKE, 71. [Celtic, tiak, liae, a plowman ; Arm. liee, a 
 housekeeper.] 
 
 1. A countryman or clown. 
 
 2. A .log. Sliak. 
 TIL'BU-RV, 71. A kind of gig or two-wheeicd car- 
 riage, without a top or cover. Scoff. 
 
 TILE, 71. [Sax. ligcl; D. tegel or tichgel; G. lie^ei ; 
 Dan. and Sw. tegel ; L. ttgula ; It. tegola ; Sp. fe;a, 
 contracted. This word is undoubtedly from the 
 root of L. tego, to cover, Eng. to deck.] 
 
 1. A plate or piece of baked clay, used for cover- 
 ing the roofs of buildings. 
 
 The pins for fastening uiet are made of oak or fir. Moron. 
 
 2. In mftallurgy, a small, flat piece of dried earth 
 or earthenware. Used to cover vessels in which met- 
 als are fused. 
 
 3. A piece of baked clay used in drains. 
 TILE, ('. I. To cover with tilts ; as, !o tile a house 
 
 2. To cover, as tiles. 
 
 The muecle, sinew, ond tHu, 
 
 Wliich die this house, will come ogalu. Donne. 
 TIL'f;!), pp. or a. Covered with tiles. 
 TILE'-EAKTH, (-erth,) 71. A species of strong, 
 clayey earth ; still' and stubborn land. [Local.] 
 
 Cye. 
 
 TILE'-oKE, 71. A variety of octahedral red copper 
 ore. Urc. 
 
 TIL'ER, n. A man whose occupation is to cover 
 buildin:;s with tiles. Bacon. 
 
 TTI/I.Nt;, ppr. Covering with tiles. 
 
 TIL'I.NG, 71. A roof covered with tiles. Lnke v. 
 9. Tiles in general. 
 
 TILL, II. A vetch ; a tare. [iMal.] 
 
 TILL, 71. A money-box in a shop ; a drawer. 
 
 TILL, prqi. or adc. [Sa.x. fii, fi7/< ; Sw. and Dan. til ; 
 Sax. altllan, to reach or come to. This word in Sw. 
 and Dan., as in Scottish, signifies to or at, and is 
 the principal word used where we use to. The pri- 
 mary sense of the verb is expressed in the Saxon.] 
 
 1. To the time or time of. I did not see the man 
 till the last lime he came ; I wailed for him till four 
 o'clock ; 1 w ill wait till next week. 
 
 7'i71 iioir ; to the present time. I never heard of 
 the fact till now. 
 
 Till then ; to that time. I never beard of the fact 
 tilt then, 
 
 2. It is used before verbs and sentences in a like 
 sense, denoting to the time specified in the sentence 
 or clause following. I will wait tdl you arrive. 
 
 He s.iitl to them. Occupy tili I come. — Luke xix. 
 
 Ct-rtun Jews — tMUna Ihen^elves under a curse, saving Uiat 
 
 Uiey would neither cat nor dimk uU they had killed Paul. — 
 
 Acis xxui. 
 
 Meditate so loug ItU TOU make some aa of prayer to God. 
 
 Tlrylor. 
 
 A'atr. — In this use, till is not a conjunction; it 
 does not connect sentences like and, or like or. It 
 neithi r denotes union nor separation, nor an alterna- 
 tive. It has always the same oflice, except that it 
 precedes a single word or a single sentence ; the 
 time to which it refers being in one case expressed 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, liNlTE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C aa K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
 14.T 
 
 sssa 
 
 11. 
 
TIL 
 
 by a single word, as now, or then, or time, with this, 
 or that, &.C., and in the otlicr by a verb witli its ad- 
 juncts ; as, occupy till I cnme, Ijiat is, to 1 cotne. !n 
 the latter use, till is a preposition preceding a sen- 
 tence, like mrainst, in the phrase, against 1 come. 
 TILL, r. f. [Sax. tilian, tiligan, to work, to toil, to 
 cultivate, to prepare; \V. (elu, to strain. In G. Ae.s- 
 tellen, from stcllen, to set, to |>ut in order, has the 
 sense of tilling, cultivating. These words are doubt- 
 less of one family.] 
 
 1. To labor ; to cultivate ; to plow and prepare 
 for seed, and to dress crops. This word includes 
 not only plowing, but harrowing, and whatever is 
 done to prepare ground for a crop, and to keep it free 
 from weeds. 
 
 • The Loni God sent him forth from the garden of IMen, to li^ the 
 ground from wbfiice he was taiien. — Geo. iii. 
 
 9. In the most general sense, to till may include ev- 
 ery species of husbandry, and this may be its sense 
 in Scripture. 
 
 TILL'.\-BLE, a. Capable of being tilled ; arable ; Ht 
 for the plow. Carew. 
 
 TILL' AGE, 71. The operation, practice, or art of pre- 
 paring land for seed, and keeping the ground free 
 from weeds which might impede the growth of crops. 
 Tillage includes manuring, plowing, harrowing, and 
 rolling land, or whatever is done to bring it to a" 
 proper state to receive the s"ed, and the operations of 
 plowing, harr()wing, and hoeing the ground, to de- 
 stroy weeds and loosen the soil after it is planted ; 
 culture; a principal branch of agriculture. Tillage 
 of the earth is the principal, as it was the first, oc- 
 cupation of man, and no employment is more honor- 
 able. 
 
 TILL' ED, (tild,) pp. Cultivated ; prepared for seed 
 and kept clean. 
 
 TILL'ER, n. One who tills ; a husbandman ; a culti- 
 vator ; a plowman. 
 
 2. The bar or lever employed to turn the rudder of 
 a ship. 
 
 3. A small drawer ; a till. 
 
 4. Among farmers, the shoot of a plant, springing 
 from the root or bottom of the origin.al stalk ; also, 
 the sprout or young tree that springs from the root or 
 stump. 
 
 5. A voting timber tree. [Local.] 
 
 TILL'ER, V. i. To put forth new shoots from the 
 root, or round the bottom of the original stalk ; as, 
 we say, wheat or r>'e tillers; it spreads by tillering. 
 The common orthography is Tiller. Sir Joseph 
 Banks writes it Tillow. 
 
 TILL'ER-L\G, ppr. Sending out new shoots round 
 the bottom of the orisinal stem. 
 
 TILL'ER-I.N'G, ji. The act of sending forth young 
 shoots from the root, or around the bottom, of the 
 original stalk. 
 
 TILL'ER-RoPE, n. The rope which forms a commu- 
 nication between the fore end of the tiller and the 
 wheel. JIar. Diet. 
 
 TILL'LVG, ppr. Cultivating. 
 
 TILL'ING, 71. The operation of cultivating land ; cul- 
 ture. 
 
 TILL'.M.AX, 7!. A man who tills the earth; a hus- 
 bandman. [Oft.-J.] Tilsstr. 
 TILL'Y-FAL-LY, ( adv. or a. A word formi-rly used 
 TILL'Y-VAL-LY, ( when any thing said was re- 
 jected as trifling or impertinent. [04s.] 
 TIL'MUS, 71. [Gr. tiAAm.] 
 
 Picking of trie bi'd-clothes, or floccillation ; a symp- 
 tom of the fatal termination of some disorders. 
 
 Brantle, 
 
 TILT, n. [Sax. Uld; Dan. tell; Ice. tiald; VV. tela, to 
 stretch over.] 
 
 1. A tent ; a covering over head. Denham. 
 
 2. The cloth covering of a cart or wagon. 
 
 3. The cover of a boat ; a small canopy or awning 
 of canvas or other cloth, extended over the stern- 
 sheets of a boat. Mar. Did. 
 
 TILT, V. U To cover with a cloth or awning. 
 
 PhilVps. 
 
 TILT, n. [See the verb.] A thrust ; as, a till with a 
 lance. Jlddison. 
 
 2. Formerly, a military exercise on horseback, in 
 which the coinb.itaiits attacked each other with 
 lances; nt, lijij and toiirnainents. 
 
 3. A large hammer; a tilt-hammer ; used in iron 
 nianufacttireH. 
 
 4. Inclination forward ; as, the tilt of a cask ;' or a 
 cask is a-till. 
 
 TILT, r. (, [ffnj. traltinn, to lean, to incline, to nod ; 
 Dan. tijlder, to pour out. In decant. In I), tilirn s'g- 
 nifies to lift, L. tullo. This is probably a derivative 
 verb.] 
 
 I. 'To incline ; to raise one end, as of a cask, for 
 discharging liipior; as, to tilt a barrel. 
 2i To point or thrust, as a lance. 
 
 fiiiu% npnlnml ftlh'-n tilt tli-- fiuil liinc. Philipt. 
 
 3. To hammer or forge with a tilt-hammer or tilt ; 
 lu, to lilt atcei to render it more ductile. Cijc. 
 
 4. To cover with a tilt. 
 
 TILT, V. i. 'I'o run, or ride, and thrust with a lance ; 
 tn practice the military ifainu or BXctcina of Ihrusling 
 at each other un horseback. Mdion. 
 
 TIM 
 
 2. To fight with rapiers. 
 
 Swonls oi'i uiid ti.'tiitg ujie at otiier's breast. Sftak. 
 
 3. To riishY.ts in combat. Collier. 
 
 4. To play unsteadily ; to ride, float, and toss. 
 
 The fleet svvifi ti!Uftg o'er Uie surges flew. Pope. 
 
 5. To lean ; to fall, as on one side. 
 
 The trunk of the body is kept from li.'nn^ forward by the mueclee 
 of the back. Grew. 
 
 TILT'-BoAT, Tt. A boat covered with canvas or 
 other cloth. 
 
 TILT'ED, pp. Inclined; made to stoop; covered 
 with cloth or awning. 
 2. flrimniered ; prepared by bealins, as steel. 
 
 TILT'ER, 71. One who tilts ; one who uses the exer- 
 cise of pushing a lance on horseback ; one who 
 fights. 
 
 Let me alone to match your titter. , GranvilU. 
 2. One who hammers with a tilt. 
 TILTH, II. [Sax. tilth ; from till.] 
 
 1. The state of being tilled or prepared for a crop. 
 We say, land is in good tilth, when it is manured, 
 plowed, broken, and mellowed, for receiving the 
 seed. VVe say, also, ground is in bad fi7t/i. When 
 we say, land is in tiltk, we mean, in good condition 
 for the seed ; 7in( in tilth, in a bad condition. 
 
 2. That which is tilled ; tillage ground. [JVot in 
 itse.] 
 
 TILT'-H.\M-MER, ti. [tilt and hammer.] A heavy 
 liammer, used in iron-works, whicli is lifted by a 
 wheel. 
 
 TILT'IXG, ppr. Inclining; causing to stoop or lean ; 
 using the game of thrusting with the lance, on horse- 
 back ; also, hammering with a tilt-liamincr. 
 
 TILT'ING, 71. The process by which blistcr-steel is 
 rendered ductile. This is done by beating with the 
 tilt-hammer. Buchanan. 
 
 TI.M'BAL, 71. A kettle-drum. [See Tvmbal.] 
 
 TI.M'BER, 77. [Pax. fim/jfr, wood, a tree, structure; 
 (i'miriaii, to build, to edify, in amoral sense; Goth. 
 timbryan, to construct ; Sw. timiner, wotid fit ftir 
 building ; timra, to build, to Irame ; Dan. tommer, 
 timber,. tomrFr,lo build; D. ('wiiHcr, an apartment; 
 timber, a crest ; timmeren, to build ; timnierhout, tim- 
 ber ; G. zimmer, an apartment; zimmern, to stpiare, 
 fit, fabricate ; zimmerholz, timber. If m is radical, 
 which is probable, this word coincides with Gr. h- 
 pio, L. damns, a house, and Gr. oc/jaf, the body. The 
 primary sense is, prtibably, to set, lay, or fouiifl.] 
 
 1. That sort of wood which is proper for buildings 
 or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, 
 ships, and the like. We apply the word to stand- 
 ing trees which are suitable foi the tises abtive men- 
 tioned ; as, a forest contains excellent timber; or to 
 the beams, rafters, scantling, boards, planks, &.C., 
 hewed or sawed from such tiees. Of ;ill the spe- 
 cies of trees useful as timber, in our climate, the 
 white oak, and the white pine, hold the lirst place 
 in importance. 
 
 2. The body or stem of a tree. ShaJc. 
 
 3. The materials ; in irony. 
 
 Such dispositions — are the fittest tijniier to make politics of. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 4. A single piece or squared stick of wood for 
 building, or already framed. 
 
 Many of tlie ttmbert were decayed. Coze's Sioitz. 
 
 5. In ships, a timber is a ril; or curving piece of 
 wood, branching outward from the keel in a vertical 
 direction. One timber is composed of several pieces 
 united in one frame. JIar. Diet. 
 
 Timber, or timmer, of furs, as of martens, ermines, 
 sables, and the like, denotes forty skins ; of other 
 skins, one hundred and twenty. 
 
 Lnies of Ed. Confessor. 
 Timbers of ermine, in heraldrij, tieiiote the ranks or 
 rows of ermine in noblemen's coats. 
 TI.M'BER, V. U To furnish with timber [See Tim- 
 
 BCREO.J 
 
 TI.M'BER, V. i. To light on a tree. [JVuf in use.] 
 
 L'Estrange. 
 
 2. In f>tlconrij, to make n nest. Cyc. 
 TIM'BER-A.'I), pp. or a. Furnished with timber; as, 
 a weU-timbrrcd house. In tJie United States, we say, 
 land is well timbered, when it is covered with good 
 timber-trees. 
 
 2. Built, funned; contrived. [Little used.] 
 
 IViitton. 
 
 TIM'BER-IIEAn, ( bed,) 71. [timber nniS head.] In 
 ships, the top end of a timber, rising above the gun- 
 wale, and serving for belaying ropes, Ulc. ; otlierwi.se 
 call -il Kkvkl-IIi:ao. Mar. Vict. 
 
 TIM'BI'.K-IN'G, ppr. Furnishing with timbir. 
 
 TI.M'BER SOVV, «. A worm in wood. Baron. 
 
 TI.M'BER-TREE, n. [timber and tree] A tree suita- 
 ble for timber. 
 
 TI.M'BER-WniiK, ( wiirk,) n. [timber and work.] 
 Wtiik forrnetl of wood. 
 
 TIM'BER-YARI), 71. |fii7iftfr and i/ari/.] .'\ yard or 
 place where tinilior is depositeil. 
 
 TI.M'lIRE, (lim'bi r,) ii. [I), limbrr.] 
 
 A crest on a coat of arms, ll ought to be written 
 Timiii:h. 
 
 TI.M'BREL, n. [Sp. tamboril, a tabor or drum ; It. 
 
 TIM 
 
 tamburo ; Ft. tamhoiirin, tambour; Ir. tiompan ; fi. 
 tijmpanum i Gr. r' n-'iy :i'. 'I'iiis is probably tli^; same 
 as tabor, or from the same root; 7/1 being casual. It 
 is from lieatinu ; Gr. TfTrrtj.] 
 
 An instrument of music; a kind of drum, tabor, 
 or tabret, which has been in use from the highest 
 antiquity. 
 
 And Miriam took a 6mhrel hi her hantl — and at] the women 
 went out after her with timbrels and with dances. — Ex. xv. 
 
 TIM'BREL-£D, o. Sung to the sound of the timbrel. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 TI.ME, rt. [Sax. tim, tima, time in general ; Dan. time, 
 Sw. timme, an hiuir; L. tcmpu.^ ; It. and Port, tempo; 
 Sp. tiempo ; Fr. temps, time in general ; all from the 
 root of the Sw. tima, to happen, to come, to befall ; 
 but the root, in some of its applicaticms, must have 
 signified, to rush with violence. Hence the sense of 
 temples, L. tempora, the falls of the head, also tempest, 
 &.C. (See Te.mpest.) Time is primarily equivalent to 
 season ; to the Gr. ojoa, in its original sense, opportu- 
 nity, occasion, a fall, an event, that which comes.] 
 
 1. A particular portion or part of duration, wheth- 
 er past, present, or future. The time was ; the time 
 has been ; the time is ; the time will be. 
 
 Lost time is never found a^iii. i^Vantfin, 
 G.^d, who, at sundry times and in divers manners, siiaiie iu time 
 past unto the I'.utiere by the prophets. — Heb. i. 
 
 2. A proper time ; a season, 
 
 Tliere is a time to every purpose. — Eccles. iii. 
 The time ol li^s was not yet. — Mark xi. 
 
 3. Dur.ation. 
 
 The equal and uniform flux of time do?s not alfect our scns-s. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 Time is absolute or relative ; absolute time is con- 
 sidered without any relation to bodies or their n\i>~ 
 tion.s. Relative time is the sensible measure of any 
 portion of duration, by means of motion. Thus, the 
 diurnal revolution of tlie sun measures a space of 
 time or duration. Hence, 
 
 4. A space or measured portion of duration. We 
 were in Paris two months, and all that time enjoyed 
 good health. 
 
 5. Life or duration in reference to occupation. One 
 man spends his time in idleness ; another devotes all 
 his time to useful purposes. 
 
 Believe nip, your lime is not your own ; it belongs to God, to 
 reli^oii, to mankind. Bucl:ir.inster. 
 
 6. Age ; a part of duration distinct from other 
 parts ; as, ancient times ; motltrrn times. The Sp:in- 
 ish Armada was defeated in the fime of Queen Eliz- 
 abeth. 
 
 7. Hour of travail. 
 
 Stie was within one month of her time. Clarendon. 
 B. Repetition ; repeated iierforinance, or mention 
 with reference to repetition. The physician visits 
 his patient three times in a day. 
 
 9. Repetition; doubling; addition of a number to 
 itself ; as, to double cloth four times ; four (iwies- four 
 amount to sixteen. 
 
 10. Measure of sounds in music ; as, common 
 time, and treble time. In coni erts, it is all impor- 
 tant that the performers keep time, or exact time. 
 
 11. The state of things at a particular period; as 
 \t hen we say, good times, or bad times, hard times, 
 dull times for traile, &.C. In this sense, the plural is 
 generally used. 
 
 12. Tiic present life; as, in time or eternity. 
 
 13. In grammar, tense. 
 
 In time; in good seasim ; sufficiently early. He 
 arrived 171 time to see the exhibition. 
 
 2. A considerable space of duration ; process or 
 continuation of duration. You must wait patient- 
 ly ; you will ill time recoverj'oiir health anil strength. 
 
 .4( tiu:es ; at distinct intervals of duration. Mt 
 times he reads ; at tit her times he rides. 
 
 The S;iiri; began to inov,- hiin al limes. — Juiiges xiii. 
 
 Time enough ; in season ; early enough. 
 
 Sliinley, at Boswortli lield, c;ime lime enough to sive liis life. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 To lose time ; to delay. 
 
 2. To go too slow ; as, a wittrh or clock loses time. 
 
 Jlpparent time : in astronomy, true solar time, regu- 
 lated by the apparent motions of the sun. 
 
 Mean time: a mean or average of apparejit time. 
 It is iiidii ated by a clock which moves with entire 
 exartnes.s. 
 
 Sidereal time, is that which is shown by the ap- 
 parent diurnal revolutions of the stars. 
 
 Jl.^lrnnoniieal lime if day, is the time past infoii noon 
 of that d.ay, and is reckoned on to twenty-four hours 
 in mean time. Branile. 
 TI.ME, c. (. To adapt to the time or occasion; to 
 bring, begin, or perform at the proper season or time ; 
 as, the measure is well-tiiii"', or ill-/imri/. .\o small 
 part 1 f political wi.sdom consists in knowing how to 
 time propositions and measures. 
 
 Mercy ii good, bul king* mistike ita liming. Dryden. 
 
 2. To regulate as to time ; as, he time^l the stroke. 
 
 .addison. 
 
 3. To measure ; as in music or harmony. Shak. 
 TIM '/■;!), pp. Adapted to the season or tKcasioii. 
 
 KATE, FAR, F^VLL, WH^T MKTE, PRJjy. .r- PINE, MAIU.VE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1154 
 
TIN 
 
 TIN 
 
 TIN 
 
 TIJIE'FlJIi, n. Rpasouable ; timely ; stitlicicntly early. 
 
 \.Viil milth ll.s'f//.] Hilltall. 
 
 TIMF>'-ll()\-01l-£D, (-on'urd,) o. lIonorEd for a 
 hirii! lime. 
 
 TI \I i;' Iri T, II. In music, a pcrforinrr who keeps r< od 
 liiiio. Buiibij. 
 • One who conforms with the times ; a tiine- 
 
 1 I.ME'-KB1:P-ER, n. [time and kerprr.] A clock, 
 
 vviitcli, or otlior chronometer. 
 TIMiy-l<II,I.-ING, a. Ad,i|)ti d to kill time. 
 TIMIVLKSS, a. Unseasonable ; done at an improper 
 
 time. 
 
 Nor fits it to prolong thp heaTciiif loajl 
 
 Timtte»9, [No! uttd.] Pope. 
 
 9. Untimely ; immature ; done or suffered before 
 the proper time ; as, a «ime/«.M grave. [OJs.] Slink. 
 
 TiME'l.K.SS-LY, arfi). Unseasonably. Millun. 
 
 TIMK'LI-NES.S, »i. [Crum timet ij.] Seasonableness ; 
 a bfihi; in good time. 
 
 TIVIE'IjV, a. Seasonable; being in (rood time ; suf- 
 ficiently early. The defendant lud timely notice of 
 this motion. 
 
 2. Keeping time or measure. [JVot ti.ieil.] Spenser. 
 TI.ME'LY, ailv. Early ; soon ; in good season, 
 
 7\mely nilvLicii, the coming evil almn. Prior, 
 
 TI.ME'OUS LY, o. Seasonably; in good time. 
 
 IVatt.t. 
 
 TIME'-PlF.rE, n. [/imc and piece.] A clock, watch, 
 or other instrument to measure or sliow the progress 
 of time; a chronometer. 
 
 TI.ME'-I'LkAS-ER, II. [time nnil please.] One who 
 complies with the prevailing opinions, whatever they 
 mav be. Sliak. 
 
 TI.ME'-SAiNe-TIO.\-£D, a. Sanctioned by long use. 
 
 CAaiiHi/i«-. 
 
 TIME'-SrORN-ER, n. One who scorns time. 
 
 TI.ME'-SERV-Elt, ii. [time and serve.] One who 
 adapts his opinions and manners to the times ; one 
 who obse()uiously complies with llie ruling power. 
 
 IJall. 
 
 >TIME'-SERV-I\G, a. Obsequiously complying with 
 Jhe humors of men in power. 
 
 TI.ME'-SER V-ING, n. An obsequious compliance 
 with the humors of men in power, which implies a 
 surrender of one's independence, ;ind sometimes of 
 one's intogritw 
 
 TIME'-VVaS I'-ING, a. Wasting time. 
 
 TIME'-VVoRX, a. Impaired by time. Irvin<;. 
 
 TI.M'ID, a. [Kr. timiite i L. tiinidus, from timeo, to 
 fear; Gaelic, (im, time, fear; S\\ trmlitnr, to shake 
 with fear ; trmrr, to fear. The sense is, probably, to 
 shake, or to fail, fall, rerede, or shrink.] 
 
 Fearful : wanting courage to meet danger ; tim- 
 orous ; nut bold. 
 
 Poor is (he triumph oV(4lic timid han. 
 
 TTiomson. 
 
 TI-MIDT-TY, 71. (Fr. timiditi ; L. timidita.i.] 
 
 Fearfulness ; want of courage or boldness to face 
 danger ; timorousness ; habitual cowariliro. Timid- 
 ity in one person may be a' good trait of character, 
 while in another it is a deep reproach. 
 
 TIM'll) l.Y, arfu. In a timid manner; weakly ; with- 
 out courage. 
 
 TI.M'ID-NES!^, n. Timidity. 
 
 TI.M'I.NG, ppr. Adapting to the season or occasion. 
 TIM'TST. Sec Timeist. 
 
 TI-MOe'RA-UY, II. [Gr. ri>ii), honor, worth, and 
 xparcf.i, t<i hold.] 
 
 Government by men of property, who are pos- 
 sessed of a certain income. OiUies's Aristotle, 
 TIM-O-NEER', n. [Fr. timon ; L. tcmo.] 
 
 A hi'lmsinan. Jlfar. Diet. 
 
 /riM'OR-OUS, a. [It. (iinoroso ,• from L. (iiiutr. See 
 Timid.] 
 
 1. Fearful of danger ; timid ; destitute of cour- 
 age ; as, a timorous female. 
 
 2. Indicating fear; full of scruples; a!>, timorous 
 doubts ; timorous beliefs. Broipn. Prior. 
 
 TI.M'OR-OUSLY, adv. Fearfully; timidly; without 
 boldness ; with much fear. 
 
 Let duitirtj souls be timoroutiy wise. Philipt, 
 
 TIM'OR-OUS-NESS,n. Fearfulness ; timidity ; want 
 
 of courage. Sirifl, 
 T(M'0-T11Y GRX?S,n. A valuable grass. the Phleum 
 
 pratense, or cal's-tail grass, much prized in America 
 
 for fiMlder. Farm, tlncve. 
 
 TI'.MOUS, a, [from time.] Early ; timely. [J\"ot in 
 
 «-■«.] Bacon. 
 TI'MOUS-LY, adv. In good sca-son. f.Vot in ii.«.l 
 CA. Rrli.j. AppraL 
 TIN, n. [Sax. (in; I), (in; G. iiim; Sw. teim; Dan. 
 
 tin, pewter, and tinblik, tin, that is, tin-plate: Ir. 
 
 Stan ; \V. ystaen, that is, spread or is sprinkled over, a 
 
 stain, and tin ; Corn, staen : Ann. stran ; Fr. rtain ; 
 
 L. A'faiinuiii ; Sp. estano ; Port, estanho ,- It. sta^no. 
 
 The Latter signifies tin, pewter, and a pond, L. 
 
 sta^num.] 
 
 1. A white metal, with a slight tinge of yellow. 
 It is soft, non-elastic, very mnlb\nble, and when a bar 
 of it is bent near the ear, distinguished bv a crack- 
 ling sound called the er^of tin. It is used for culina- 
 ry vessels, being for this purpose usually combined 
 
 with lead, forming prmirn and, alloyed with small 
 proportions of aiitim ny, copper, and bismuth, is 
 formed into various wares reseiiibling silver, under 
 the names of hlock-tin, hritiniiiiu, &.c. Eipial parts of 
 tin and lead compose sodrr. Tin, muled wuli copper 
 in dirterent proportions forms bmnir, belt-me'ut, and 
 speculum-metal. Tinfiiil ctiated U'illi <|uicksilver forms 
 the reflecting surface of glass mirrors. 
 
 Olmsted. Ure. 
 9. Thin plati'S of iron covered with tin. 
 
 TIN, V. t. To cover with tin, or overlay with tinfoil. 
 
 TING'AL, 11. A name of crude borax, as it is im- 
 ported from the East Indies, in yellow, gre;isy crys- 
 tals. Ure. 
 
 TIN'CIIEL, 71. A circle of sportsmen, who, by sur- 
 rounding an extensive space, and gradually cit>sing 
 in, bring a number of deer and game within a nar- 
 row compass. Waller Scott, 
 
 TIM( 'T, V. t. [ h. tiniro, tinelus.] 
 
 To stain or color ; to imbue. [OJs.] 
 
 TI.\eT, n Stain ; color. 
 
 [ Obsiilete, Wo now use Tinge and TiNCTi'nn.] 
 
 TINC-TO'RI-AL, a. Tiactvriul matter is coloring 
 matter. Ure, 
 
 TINCTURE, (tinkt'yur,) M. [h. tinctura ; Fi,Uinture. 
 See TiMoi:.] 
 
 1. The finer and more volatile parts of a substance, 
 separated by a solvent ; or iin extract of a part of the 
 substance of a body, communicated to the solvent. 
 Hence, 
 
 a. In mrr/iciiic, a spirituous solutiim of such of the 
 proximate principles of vegetabU^s and animals as are 
 soluble in pun; alcidiol, or jiroof-spirit ; spirit con- 
 taining medicinal substances in solution. 
 
 Ci/c. Coxe. 
 
 3. A tinge or shade of color ; as, a tincture of 
 red. 
 
 4. Slight taste superadded to any substance ; as, a 
 ttiictiirc of onmge-peel. 
 
 5. Slight quality added to any thing ; as, a tincture 
 of French manners. 
 
 All mnnnera take a Hneturg from our own. Pope. 
 
 fi. In heraldry, a term applied to metals, colors, 
 and furs. Brande. 
 TINCTURE, ». t. To tinge ; to communicate a 
 slight foreign color to ; to impregnate with some ex- 
 traneous matter. 
 
 A lilUe black p-iinl will tincture and spoil twenty gay colors, 
 
 H'alU. 
 
 2. To imbue the mind ; to communicate a portion 
 of any thing foreign ; as, a mind tinctured with 
 skepticism. 
 
 TINe'T^R-KD, (tinkt'yurd,) pp. Tinged; slightly 
 impregnated with snmutliing foreign. 
 
 TINe'TlJR-INO, ppr. Tinging; imbuing; impreg- 
 nating with a foreign substance. 
 
 TIiN'l), V. U [Sax. tendan, tijnan, to kindle; Goth. 
 tfindynn ; Sw. tdnda ; Dan. ucnder ; Eng. tine ; tinder, 
 G. lunder ; probably allied to Ir. and Gaelic, triHC 
 fire, W. Corn, and Ann. tan; and perhaps our word 
 sun is of the same family.] 
 To kindle. [Obs.] Hut hence, 
 
 TIN'DER, II. [Sax. tyndre.] 
 
 Something very inllaminable, used for kindling 
 fire from a spark, as scorched linen. Swift. 
 
 TIN'DER-noX, n. [tinder and box.] A box in 
 which tinder is kept. Alterbunj. 
 
 TIN'DER-l.TKE, a. [(inrfcr and W.C.] Like tinder ; 
 verv inllamm:ilile. Shak. 
 
 TINE, I), t. [Sax. tynnn.] 
 
 To kindle ; to set on fire. [04*.] [See Ti>o.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 TI.XE, r. t [Sax. tijnan ; I,, teneo.] 
 
 To shut or inclose ; to till. [A''ot in u.ie, or local.] 
 n.NE, II. [.~^ax. tinder: Ice. tindr; probably the L. 
 
 dens, G. zahn, VV. dant, a tooth ; at any rate, it is a 
 
 shoot.] 
 
 1. 1 be tooth or spike of a fork ; a prong ; also, the 
 tooth of a harrow or tirap. 
 
 2. 'J'rouble ; distress. (JVut in tise.] Spenser. 
 TINE, If. L [Sax. tynan, from teine, tnn, fire, supra.] 
 
 To rage ; to smart ; to fight. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 TIN'KD, a. Furnished with tines : as, a thrce-tiiied 
 fork. 
 
 TINE'.M AN, 71. Anciently, an officer of the forest in 
 England, who had the nocturnal care of vert and 
 venison. Ciic. 
 
 TT'.NET, n, [tine, to shut, supra,] In old writers, 
 briishwtxid and thorns for making and repairing 
 heilgps. Cue. 
 
 TIN'-FOIL, n. [(in and l../olium, a leaf.] 
 Tin reduced to a thin leaf. 
 
 TLNG, II. A sharp sound. 
 
 [A'ot in ute. Children use Dino, Dono.] [See 
 
 TiNOLE.] 
 
 TING, V. i. To sound or ring. [AVit in vsr,] 
 TI.N'GE, r. L [L. tingo: Gr. rt>>w, Sax. deai^an : 
 Eng. to dye ; G. lunAen, to dip ; Fr. teindre, to stain. 
 
 See Dve. Ar. ^^Ua <aic/ia, to perish, to die, to tinge. 
 Class Dg, No. 40. See also No. 8, and 19. Tinging 
 
 is from dipping. The primary sense of the verb l» 
 to plunge, or to throw down, to thrust, and InlraiiSi- 
 tively to f;ill ; hence we see the words to dir, that is, 
 to fall or perish, and to dye, or color, may be from one 
 root.] 
 
 To imbue or impregnate with something foreign ; 
 to comniiiiiicate the ipialities of one substance, in 
 8i>ine degree, to another, either by inixtiiie, or by 
 adding them to the surface ; as, to tin^re a blue 
 color with red ; an infusion tinned with a yellow 
 color by salfion ; to tinge a ilecoction with a bttUr 
 taste. The jaunilice tinges the eyes with yellow. 
 
 Th^ virtuos of Sir Ro^r, us well as his iiiiperfcctiout, nf tinged 
 w ith rxtrav.^i^uucc. Atidieon. 
 
 TINGE, n. Color; dye; taste; or rather a slight 
 degree of some cobir, taste, or something foreign, 
 int'iised into another substance or mixture, or added 
 to it; tincture; as, a red color that has a tinire of 
 blue ; a dish of food that has a tinge of orangc-peel 
 in its taste. 
 
 TISCs'FA), (tinjd,) pp. Inihued or impregnated with 
 
 a small portion ol^ something foreign. 
 TING'E.N"!', a. Having the power to tinge. 
 
 As for ill" whili' pirl, it ttptieiirfil much less enriched with the 
 (indent property. [LiUte uBed ] Boyte, 
 
 TlNG'I.Nt;, ppr. Imbuing or impregnating with 
 
 stinielbing foreign. 
 TI.\'-G l.A.SS, II. Uisnmth, which see. 
 TIN"GI.E, (ting'gl,) ti. t. [W.tinciul, tincian, or tin- 
 
 ciaw, to tiiik, to tinkle, or tingli;, to ring, to draw, 
 
 or drain the last drop. Uu. D. lintclcn, Fr. tinier, I.. 
 
 tinnio.] 
 
 1. To feel a kind of thrilling sound. 
 
 At which both ttic ears of every one that hearclb it shall tingle. 
 — 1 tJain. iii. 
 
 2. To feel a sharp, thrilling pain. 
 
 The pale boy soimtor yet tingling stamls. Pope. 
 
 3. To have a thrilling sensation, or a sharp, slight, 
 penetrating sens;itioii. 
 
 Th<'y suck pollution through tlieir tingling veins. Ticket. 
 
 TIN"GLI.\G, ppr. Having a thrilling sensation. 
 TIN"G1.I.\G, (ting'gliiig,) n. A thrilling sensation. 
 TINK, V. i. [W. tineinw, supra.] 
 
 To make a sharp, shrill noise; to tinkle. [TTu 
 
 latter is irenerally usr4.] 
 TI.NK'EK, n. [VV. linccri, the ringer, from tinciaie, to 
 
 ring.] 
 
 A mender of brass ki ttles, pans, and the like. 
 TINK'Ell-l.NG, 71. Tlie act or cmployineiit of a 
 tinker. 
 
 TINK'ER-LY, adv. In the manner of a tinker. 
 
 i/ucAenn-i//. 
 
 TI.NK'EE, (tink'l,) v. i, [\V. tincial, supra, under 
 
 tingle.] 
 
 1. '1 o make small, quick, sharp sounds, as Dy 
 striking on metal ; to clink. 
 
 Ami have not charity, I am Ijecomc as sounding brass, or a 
 
 tinkling cyniUal. — I Cor. xiii. Is. iii. 
 The spriBThtly horse 
 Moves to the music of hm linkUng b'lls. DoiUley. 
 The moni'-iu the money Unkiee in the diest, the soul momiu out 
 
 01* purgatory. Ttuci in AlUner. 
 
 2. To hear a small, sharp sound. 
 
 And Itis can unklcd, mid hts color tied. ZhyiUn. 
 TINK'LE, r. u To cause to clink or make sharp, 
 
 quick sounds. 
 TINK'LER, n. A tinker. [J\rorth of England.] 
 TINK'Ll.NG,ppr. or a. Making a small, quick, sharp 
 
 noise. 
 
 TINK'LLNG, n. A small, quick, sharp sound. 
 
 Making a UnkUn^ wiUl Ihnr icit. — Is. iii. 
 
 TIN'MAN, n. [tin and man.] A manufacturer of tin 
 vessels ; a dealer in tin ware. Prior. 
 
 TI.\'-iMI.\E, n. [(in and mine] A mine where tin is 
 obtained. 
 
 TIN'.\f;I), (tind,) pp. or a. Covered with tin. 
 TIN'.NER, n. [from (in.] One w ho works in the tin 
 
 mines. Bacon, 
 TIN'NI-ENT, a. Emitting a clear sound. [Obs.] 
 TI.N'.M.NG, ppr. [from (in.] Covering with tin or 
 
 tinfoil. 
 
 Tl.N'NI.VG, n. The act, art, or practice of covering 
 or lining any thing with melted tin, or with tinfoil, 
 as kilelieii utensils, lucks, bits, &.C. 
 2. The covering or lining thus put on. 
 TIN'NY, n. .MioundiiiR with tin. Drayton. 
 T1.\'-PE.N'-.N Y, II. [(in and penny.] .\ customary 
 duty in England, formerly paid to tilliingmen. 
 
 Bniley. 
 
 TIN'-PLaTE, n. Thin sheet-iron coated with tin. 
 TI.\-Py -RI'TkS, n. A native siilpliuret of tin, 
 usually containing some copper, and sometimes iron. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 TIN'-STfiNE, n. A native o.xyd of tin, found in 
 
 Cornwall. Buchanan. 
 TI.N'SEI,, n. [Fr. ^(incfJ/f, a spark.] 
 
 1. Something very shining and gaudy ; something 
 siiperfici:tlly shining and showy, or having a false 
 luster, and more gay than valuable. 
 
 Who cAn discern the linjet from the yold I Drylan, 
 II the man will loo eunonsly examuie the superficial t''***^ (f«"i 
 he undeceives hinis- a to his cost. Norru. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; 6 as J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SI! ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 ll.->5 
 
TIP 
 
 Fairfax, 
 
 2. A kind of shining cloth. 
 'i. A Itind of lace. 
 TIN'SEL, 0. Gaudy ; showy to excess ; specious ; 
 superticial. 
 
 TIN'SEL, V. t. To adorn with something glittering 
 and showy, witliout much value j to make gaudy. 
 She, tinseled o'er in robes of varying hues. Pope. 
 
 TIN'SKL-£D, j>p. Decorated with gaiuly ornaments. 
 
 TIN'SEL-ING, ;i;)r. Adorning with imsel or superfi- 
 cial luster. 
 
 TINT, 71. [U.tiiita; Fr. tcint; from L. tinctus, tingo. 
 See Tinge.] 
 
 A dye ; a color, or rather a slight coloring or 
 tincture distinct from the ground or principal color ; 
 as, red with a blue tint, or tii:t of blue. In painting, 
 tints are the colors considered as more or less bright, 
 deep, or thin, by the due use and intermixture of 
 whicli a picture receives its shades, soilness, and 
 variety. 
 
 Or blend in beauteous tint Uie colored mass. Pope. 
 Tiieir vigor sickens, and their lijits decline. Harle. 
 
 TINT, V. t. To tinge ; to give a slight coloring to. 
 
 Seward. 
 
 TIN-TA-MXU', n. [Fr. tintamarre; L. tinnitus and 
 Mars. Ash.] 
 
 A hideous or confused noise. [Jv'ot in vse.] 
 
 TINT'ED, pp. Tinged. 
 
 TINT'ING, ppr. Giving a slight coloring to. 
 
 TINT'ING, 71. A forming of tints. 
 
 TIN-TIN-NAB'I^-L.\-KY, a. [L. tintinnabulum, a lit- 
 tle bell.] 
 
 Having or making the sound of a bell. 
 TIN'-WOR.M, (-wurm,) n. [tin and worm.'] An in- 
 sect. Bailey. 
 TIN'Y, a. [from the root of thin, which see.] Very 
 small ; little ; puny. [jI word used by children, and 
 in burlesque] 
 
 When thai I was a little tiny boy. iSTiafr, 
 TIP, 71. [D. tip, a different orthography of top ; G. 
 lipfel; that is, a shoot or extension to a point. Uu. 
 
 Eth. thybc, the nipple.] 
 
 1. The end ; the point or extremity of any thing 
 small; as, the (ip of the finger; the dp of a sjiear ; 
 the tip of the tongue ; the tip of the ear. 
 
 j^ddison. Pope. 
 
 2. One part of the play at ninepins. Drydcn. 
 
 3. In botany, an anther. ff'ithering. 
 TIP, V. t. To form a point with something : to cover 
 
 the tip, top, or end ; as, to lip any thing with gold or 
 silver. 
 
 With truncheon &pped widi iron head. Hudihras. 
 
 Tipped with Jet, 
 Fair ermines spollcss as the snows they press. Thomson. 
 
 2. [For Tap.] To strike slightly, or with the end 
 of any thing small ; to tap. 
 
 A tliird rogue tips me by the eII)ow, Swift, 
 
 3. To lower one end, or to throw upon the end ; 
 as, to tip a cart for discharging a load. jXcw -England, 
 
 To tip the wink; to direct a wink, or to wink to an- 
 other for notice. Pope. 
 TIP, V. i. In the phrase, to tip off, that is, to fall head- 
 long ; hence, to die. 
 
 TIPT ' i H.iving the end covered. 
 TIP'p'eT, 71. [Sax. ta:ppct. It seems to be formed 
 
 from tiTjipr, tape.] ^ 
 A narrow gnrnient or covering for the neck, worn 
 
 by females. It is now made of fur, though formerly 
 
 of some kind of cloth. Bacon, 
 TIP'PING, ppr. Covering the end or tip. 
 
 2. In miisicj a distinct articulation given to the 
 
 flute, by striking Die tongue against the roof of the 
 
 mouth. 
 
 TIP'I'LE, (lip'pl,) V. I. [Qii. T>. luipen ; Fr. toper. 
 This word and are probably of one family, and 
 I suspect them to be from the root of dip. t5ee 
 VmrtK.] 
 
 To drink spiritons or strong liquors habitually ; to 
 indulge in the frequent and imjiroper use of spirit- 
 ons liquors. When a man begins to tipple, let his 
 crc ditors secure their debts. 
 TIP'PLE, V. U To drink, .'is strong liquors, in luxury 
 or excess. 
 
 Himself for saving charges 
 A peeled, sliced onion cats, and tipples verjuice. Dnjdcn. 
 
 TIP'PLE, 71. Drink ; liquor taken in tippling. 
 
 L'Estrange. 
 TIP'PLED, (tip'pld,) pp. Drank in excess. 
 
 9. o. Intoxicated ; inebriatcil. Dryden. 
 TIP'PI.ER, n. One who liabitiially indulges in the 
 
 excessive use of spiritous litpiors. It often signifies 
 
 a person who h.iliilually drinks strong liijuors, vvith- 
 
 onl nb->*iiliite drunkenness. 
 TIP'PI,IN(;, ypr. Inibilging in the habitual use of 
 
 strong rir spiritoiH liquors. 
 TIP'PMNG, n. The habitual prartlcc of drinking 
 
 strong f>r spiritoiin liquors ; a drinking to excess. 
 TII"n,ING-llOIJSE,7i. [Ilpidr:mi\ A<m.»r.] A house 
 
 Id which li>|iiors are sold in drams or Niiiall iiniiuii- 
 
 tics, and wliere men nro ncciistomed to vpenii tlieir 
 
 time and money in excessive drinking. 
 
 TIS 
 
 TIP'SI-LY, ado. In a tipsy manner. 
 TIP'STaFK, 7!. [(,;, and staff.] An officer who 
 bears a staff tipped with metal ; a constable. 
 2. A staff tipped with metal. Bacon. 
 TIP'SV, a. [from tipple.] Fuddled; overpowered 
 
 willi strong drink ; intoxicated. 
 TIP'ToE, 71. [tip and tue.] The end of the toe. 
 
 Upon his tiptoes stalketh stately by. Spenser, 
 To be or to stand a tiptoe ; to be awake or alive to 
 any thing; to be roused ; as, to be a tiptoe with ex- 
 pectatiim. 
 
 TIP'TOP, 71. The hishest or utmost degree. 
 TIP'lJ-LA-RY, a. [L. tipula.] 
 
 Pertaining to insects of the genus Tipula or crane 
 fly._ Humboldt. 
 TI-IIaDE', 71. [It. tirata ; Fr. tirade, a train or series, 
 from tircr, to draw.] 
 
 1. Formerly, in French music, the filling of an in- 
 terval by the interniediate diatonic notes. Cijc, 
 
 9. In modern usage, a strain or flight; a series of 
 violent declamation. 
 
 Here he delivers a violent tirade against all persons who profess 
 to itnow any Uiilig about angels. Quart. Iteview. 
 
 TI-RAlL'LEUR,{te-ri\'ym,)n, A French skirmish- 
 ing soldier, often put in f^ront of the line, to annoy 
 the enemy. Smart. 
 
 TIRE, 71. [Ileb. 1113 titr, a row or series. See Class 
 Dr, No. 2-1, 31, 35, 38, and No. 1.5.] 
 
 1. A tier ; a row or rank. This is the same word 
 as TiEii, diffi iently written. [See Tier and Tour.] 
 
 2. A liead-iliess ; something that encompasses the 
 head. [See Ti aba.] £:<-A-. xxiv. Is, '\\\, 
 
 On her head she wore a tire of gold. Spenser, 
 
 3. Furniture; apparatus; as, the tire of war. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 A, .Attire. [See Attire.] 
 
 5. A band or hoop of iron, used to bind the fellies 
 of wheels, to secure them from wearing and break- 
 ing; as, cart-fire ,■ wagon-firc. This tire, however, 
 is sometimes formed of difl'erent pieces, and not one 
 entire hoop. 
 
 TIRK, II. (. To adorn; to attire; to dress; as the 
 hoail. [OA.S.] [See Attire.] Kings \\, 
 
 TIRE, V, t, [Sax. trorian, ateorian, gcleorian, to fail. 
 In D. teeren signifies to tar, to pine, to waste or con- 
 sume, to digest; Gr. rtipoi; L. tero. In Ir. and 
 Gaelic, tor, toras, tuirse, is weariness ; tuirsighim, to 
 weary, to tire.] 
 
 1. To weary ; to fatigue ; to exhaust the strength 
 by tpil or labor ; as, to tire a horse or an ox. A long 
 day's work in summer will tire the laborer. 
 
 Tired with toil, all hopes of safely p.ast. Dryden, 
 
 2. To weary ; to fatigue ; to exhaust the power of 
 attending, or to exhaust patience with dullness or te- 
 diousness. A dull advocate may fire the court and 
 jury, and injure his cause. 
 
 To tire out ; to weary or fatigue to excess ; to har- 
 ass. TickcL 
 
 TIRE, V, i. To become weary; to be fatigued; to 
 have the strength fail ; to have the patience exhaust- 
 ed. A feeble body soon tires with hard labor. 
 
 TIR'KD, pp, or a. Wearied ; fatigued. 
 
 TIR'iSD-NESS, 71. The state of being wearied ; weari- 
 ness. Hakcwill, 
 
 TIRE'SOME, (tire'sum,) a. Wearisome ; fatiguing ; 
 exliausting the strength ; as, a tiresome day's work ; 
 a f'rc-ij/of journey. 
 
 2. Tedious; exhausting the patience; as, a fiVe- 
 sovie discourse. The debates in congress are said to 
 be sometimes very tire.'^ome, 
 
 TIRE'SO.ME-NESS, 71. The act or quality of tiringor 
 exhausting strength or p.atience; wearisomeness ; 
 tediousness; as, the tircsomeitess of work, or of a 
 dull speaker. 
 
 TIRE'WiDM-AN, n. [tire and wommt.] A woman 
 whose occupatitm is to make head-dresses. Locke. 
 
 TIIl'ING, ppr. Wearying; fatiguing; exhausting 
 strength or patience. 
 
 TIR'I.N'G-IIOUSE, / 71. The room or place where 
 
 TIR'ING-ROOM, ] players dress for the stage. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 TI-RO'NI-AN, a, Tironinn notes; the slioitliaiiil of 
 Rtuiiaii antitinity. Brande, 
 
 TIR'KIT, 71. Terror ; affright. Shak, 
 
 TIR'WIT, 71. A giallatory bird, the Tringa Vanellus, 
 ns large as a tiigeon, of a bronze-black, with a Ittiig 
 and slender crest. It arrives in Europe in the spring, 
 biiiltis its nest in the fields and meadows, anil de- 
 parts in the autumn. Its eggs are esteemed a great 
 delicacy. It is found also in Asia and Africa. 
 
 N. It. The lapwing is called 'j'EEWixin Scollaijd, 
 (F.d, F.nctjc) and is the same bird. 
 
 'Tl."*, a contraction of it is. 
 
 TIS'lC, la. [Tor Pirriiisic, Phthisical.] Ciui- 
 TIS'lf'-AL, j 8iiiii|)live. 
 
 TIf'IC, 71. [Supra.] (Jonsuniption : niorbiil wasti'. 
 
 TIS'KI, (ti/.'ri,) 11. 'I'he first Hebrew moiilli of the 
 civil year, and the seventh of the' ^■(■(■l^^^asIl(■al ; an- 
 swering to a part of our September and a part of Oc- 
 loher. 
 
 TIW'SIIE, (tish'yii,) 71. [Fr. fi'.v.™, woven ; tisser, to 
 lay the groundwork of lace, to weave.] 
 
 TIT 
 
 1. Cloth interwoven with gold or silver, or with 
 figured colors. 
 
 A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wir*. Dryden. 
 
 2. In anatomy, texture or organization of parts. 
 The peculiar, intimate structure of a part is called its 
 tissue. A part of a fibrous structure is called a 
 fibrous tissue. The organs of the body are made up 
 of simpler elements, some generally diffused through 
 the body, and others pecuii.ar to particular organs. 
 These simpler structures are called the tis.-<ues of the 
 body; as, the cellular tissue, the mucous tissue, &c. 
 The cellular tissue is the cellular membrane. 
 
 Bichul. Cye. 
 
 3. A connected series ; as, the whole story is a tis- 
 sue of forgeries or of falsehood. 
 
 Tissue paper ; very thin, gauze-like paper, such as 
 is used to prt)tect engravings in books. 
 TIS'SUE, (tish'yu,) v, t. To form tissue ; to inter- 
 weave ; to variegate. 
 
 The ch.triot was covered with cloth of gold tissued upon blue. 
 
 Btuon. 
 
 TIS'SU-ED, (tish'yiide,)pp. Interwoven ; formed with 
 variegated work. 
 
 TIS'SU-ING, (tish'yu-ing,) ;)pr. Interweaving; form- 
 ing with variegated work. 
 
 Tl'I', 71. A small horse, in contempt; a woman, in con- 
 tempt ; a small bird ; a titintiuse or tomtit. 
 
 TI-T AN-IT'ie j Pertaining to titanium. 
 
 TI-TAN-1F'Er'-OUS, a. [titanium and L. fero,] 
 
 Containing or afJording titanium ; as, tilaniferous 
 pyrites._ Cleaeeland, 
 
 Tl'TAN-lTE, 71. The same mineral with sphene, 
 which see. Dana. 
 
 Tl-TA'NI-UM, 71. In mineralogy, a metal discovered 
 by Gregor, in 1T91, in Cornwall, England. It is of a 
 dee|)-blue color. It occurs in different states of oxy- 
 dation or intermixture, in various parts of the world. 
 The ores of this metal are called menachanite, from 
 Mcnachan, in Cornwall, where it was originally 
 found ; iserinr, frniii the River Iser, in Silesia ; 711- 
 grine, from its black color; sphene, rutile, and octahe- 
 drite, 
 
 TIT'lilT, 71. A tender piece. [See Tidbit.] 
 TITII'A-BLE, 0. Subject to the payment of tithes. 
 
 Sic//(. 
 
 TITHE, 71. [.Sax. teotha, probably contracted from 
 teoiretha, as the verb is Uighthian, to decimate. See 
 Ten.] 
 
 The tenth part of any thing ; but appropriately, the 
 tenth part of the increase annually arising from the 
 profits of land and stock, allotted to the clergy for 
 their supptnt. Tithes are personal, predial, or tntxcd ; 
 personal, when accruing from labor, ait, trade, anil 
 navigation ; predtal, when issuing from the earth, as 
 hay, wood, and fruit ; and mized, when accruing 
 from beasts which are fed from the ground. 
 
 Blaekstone, 
 
 TITHE, 1). f. To levy a tenth part on ; to tax to the 
 amount of a tenth. 
 
 When tliuu hast made an end of titldng all the tithes of thine 
 
 increase. — Dejit. xxvi. 
 Ye tithe niint and rue. — Luke xi. 
 
 TITHE, 71. i. To pay tithes. Tusser. 
 TIT iri';D, (tlthd,) pp. Taxed a tenth. 
 TiTHE'-FREE, a. E.xeinpt from the payment of 
 tithes. 
 
 TiTHE'-PaY-ING, a. Paying tithes; subjected to 
 pay tithes. Franklin. 
 
 TIT'H'ER, 71. One who collects tithes. 
 
 TITll'ING, ppr. Levying a tax on to the amount of 
 a tenth. 
 
 TITll'ING, 71. A decennary; a number or company 
 of ten householders who, dwidling near each other, 
 were sureties or free pledges to the king for the good 
 behavior of each other. The institution of tilhings 
 in England is ascribed to Alfred. Blaekstone. 
 
 TIT H'ING-MAN, 71. [tithing and man.] 'I'he chief 
 man of a tithing; a headborough; one elected to 
 preside over the tithing. Blaekstone. 
 
 2. A peace officer ; an under constable. 
 
 3. In J^'cto England, a parish oliicer annually elect- 
 ed to preserve good order in the cluircli during divine 
 service, and to make complaint of any disorderly 
 ciuidiict. 
 
 TI-TIION'IC, 17. [Gr. Tiflwi/of.] 
 
 Peilaining to or denoting those rays of light which 
 produce cbeniical edects. 
 TI Tll O-.MC'I-TV, 11. A name given to that properly 
 of light by which it pnuliices chemical ell'ects ; siip- 
 jiosed by .some to be a distinct, imponderable agent. 
 
 Draper, 
 
 TITH'Y-M.AL, 11. [Fr. tithymale; Gr. rtrti/iuAoj, from 
 7-ir()<i{, the breast.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Euphorbia. 
 Tl'I"! I.-I.aTE, d. i. [L. litillo.] 
 To tickle. 
 
 The piniir^nl f rotnt of titilUtting dust. Pope. 
 
 TIT'II, I.A-TING, ppr. or a. Tickling. 
 Tri'-ll. I.A'TION, 11. [I'r., from }.. Iitillalio.] 
 
 1. The act of tickling ; or the stale of being tick- 
 led. Baron. .Srbulhnat. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT. — METE, PHBY. — PINE, MARINE, UIUD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, DQQK — 
 
 1156 
 
TO 
 
 3. Any slight pleasure. 
 
 The prmlncu o( Uiose UtiUation* l)i:it rc.ich no tii^)i'T thim ili>- 
 ecnHO*. GUittcUle, 
 
 TIT'LXRK, 7!. [tit and lurk.] A small bird, a spe- 
 
 oi("s of Alaiida, or lai k. 
 TI'T1,E, (ti'tl,) II. [Ij.tilntus! It. tiloto. This may 
 
 belong to the family of Gr. to set or put ; Sax. 
 
 tit/iian, to give.] 
 
 1. An inscription put over any thing as a name by 
 which it is known. 
 
 2. The inscription in the beginning of a book, con- 
 taining the subject of the work, and sometimes the 
 author's name. 
 
 ;i. Ill Ike civil and cano/i taios, a chapter or division 
 of a btittk. 
 
 4. An appellation of dignity, distinction, or pre- 
 eminence given to persons ; as duke, marquis, and 
 the like. Cijc. 
 
 5. A name ; an appellation. 
 
 Ill worthy 1 snch title 8lioiiUt belong 
 
 To mc irans^cssor. Mifton. 
 
 6. Right ; or that which constitutes a just cause of 
 c.tclusive possession ; thai which is the foundation 
 of ownership ; as, a good title to an estate ; or an 
 imperfect title. The lowest <legree of title is naked 
 possession, then comes the right of possession, and 
 lastly the right of property, all which united com- 
 plete the title. BlnrkMiine. 
 
 But pusscfsion is not essential to a coin|)lete title. 
 A title to personal property may be acquired by oc- 
 cufiancy. A claim is not a title. 
 
 7. The instrument which is evidence of a riiibt. 
 
 8. In tite canon lau), that by which a beneliciary 
 holds a benefice. This is true and valid or cnlurulile. 
 A valid title gives a right to the benefice. A colora- 
 ble title appears to be valid, but is not. Cijc. 
 
 9. In ancient church records, a church to which a 
 priest was ordained, and where he was to reside. 
 
 Cowel. 
 
 TI'TLE, V. t. To name : to call ; to entitle. Milton. 
 TI'TLKD, (ti'tid,) pp. Called ; named. 
 
 2. a. Having a title. 
 TI'TLE-LIiSS, a. Not having a title or name. [J^ot 
 
 in uxe.] Shale. 
 TI'TLE-PaGE, 71. [(We and page.] The page of a 
 
 book which contains its title. 
 TI'TLING, ppr. Calling; denominating; entitling. 
 TIT'MOUSE, n. ; pi. Titmice, [til, small, and mouse.] 
 A small bird of the genus Parus, of Linnaeus. 
 There are numerous species, which feed on insects, 
 seeds, &.C. Their notes are shrill and wild. 
 
 Dnjden. Jardine. 
 TIT'TER, V. i. To laugh with the tongue striking 
 against the root of the upper teeth ; to laugh with 
 restraint. Pope. 
 TIT'TER, n. A restrained laugh. 
 
 2. A weed. 
 TIT'TER-IXG, 71. Restrained laughter. 
 TIT'TLE, (tit'll,) 71. [from tit, small.] A small par- 
 ticle . a minute part ; a jut ; an iota. 
 TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE, n. [tattle doubled.] Idle, tri- 
 fling talk ; empty prattle. Pnor. 
 2. An idle, tritling talker, [icss proper.] 
 TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE, v. i. To talk idly ; to prate. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 TIT'TLE-TAT'TLING, 7i. The act of prating idly. 
 TIT'U-BATE, c. i. [U titabo.] 
 
 To sliinible. 
 TIT-U-B.A'TION, 71. [L. titubo, to stumble.] 
 
 The act of stiinibling. 
 TIT'lJ-LAR, o. [Fr. titulaire ; from L. titiUun.] 
 
 1. Existing in title or name only ; nominal ; having 
 or conferring the title only ; as, a iituliir king or prince. 
 
 2. Having the title to an office or dignity without 
 discharging the duties of it. 
 
 Both Valerius tind Austin were tUutar bistiopa. Ayli^e. 
 TIT'U-I,.\R, j 71. A person invested with a title, in 
 TIT'll-LA-RV, i virtue of which he holds an office 
 
 or benefice, whether he performs the duties of it or 
 
 not. Cijc. 
 TIT-IJ-LAR'I-TY, n. The state of being titular. 
 TIT'U-LAR-LV, ode. Noininallv ; by title only. 
 TIT'lj-LA-RY, a. Consisting in a title. Bacon. 
 
 2. Pertaining to a title. Bacon. 
 TIV'Ell, ;i. A kind of ocher which is used in niark- 
 
 inc sheep in siuiie parts of Enuland. [Loral.] Cue. 
 TIV'ER, V. t. To m irk sheep with tiver, in different 
 
 ways and for diflerent purposes. [/.ofu/.J 
 TIV'ER-I.NG, /i/ir. Marking with tiver. [Anro;.] 
 TI V'ER-I.NG, n. The act or practice of marking with 
 
 tiver. [Local.] Cue. 
 TIV'Y, ailv. [f'ec Taktivt.] With great speed ; a 
 
 huntsman's word or sound. Dnjden. 
 T.Mf.'SIS, n. [Gr.] A figure by which a compound 
 
 word is separated, by the intervention of one or 
 
 more words'; as qiue meo cutique animo, fur guacunqiie 
 
 meo animo. 
 
 TO, prep. [Sax. to ; D. te, or toe : G. :ii ; Ir. and Gaelic, 
 do ; Corn. tho. This is probably a conlracteil wtirtl, 
 bill from what verb it is not easy lo ascertain. The 
 sense is obvious; it denotes p.assing, moving toward. 
 The pronunciation is to or too, and this depends 
 much on its application or its emphasis.] 
 
 TO 
 
 1. .Noting motion towaril a place ; ofiposed lo 
 I'loiM, or plaet il after aiiiilhcr word expressing mo- 
 tion Inward. Me is coini; (ii cliiirell. 
 
 2. Noting !uotiiui loward a stale or eonililion. He 
 is going lo a trade ; he is rising lo w eallli aiitl honor. 
 
 a. Noting accord or ailaptation ; as, an iiceiipatiiin 
 suited to his t-asle ; she has a liiisliaiiil lo her mind. 
 
 4. Noting address or conipellatioii, or the diri t tiiui 
 of a discourse. Tlieso remarks were addressed to a 
 large audience. 
 
 To yoti, my noble Ion! of Westmoreland ; 
 
 1 plod^ yoor ffnice. Shak. 
 
 5. Noting attention or application. 
 
 Go, Idickic 10 the law. Dryden. 
 Mciiinttf oil these thiiijp ; give thyself wholly to Ihcin. — 1 
 Tim. iv. 
 
 6. Noting addition. 
 
 AiM to yoor (ailh virtue — 2 Pet. I. 
 
 Wistloiii lu' h;ui, ami lo his wisiloiii, courage. Denham. 
 
 7. Noting opposition. They engaged hand hand. 
 
 8. Noting amount, rising to. They met us to the 
 number of three hundred. 
 
 9. Noting proportion ; as, three is to nine as nine 
 is to twenty seven. It is ten to one that you will 
 oll'end by your officioiisness. 
 
 10. Noting possession or appropriation. We have 
 a gooti setit ; let us keep it to ourselves. 
 
 11. Noting perception; as, a substance sweet lo 
 the taste ; an event painful to the miuil. 
 
 12. Noting the subject of an attirnialion. 
 
 1 have a king*s oritli to the contrary. Shak. 
 
 13. Noting the subject of remark ; as, I shall speak 
 to one point only. Lord ChulJiain. 
 
 14. In comparison of. 
 
 All that they iliil w;is piety to lliij. J3. Joneon. 
 
 15. As far as. 
 
 Few of the f>quiinaux can count to leo. Quart. Iteuicio, 
 
 16. Noting intention. 
 
 Marks aiul points out each man of us fo slaughter. B. Jonton. 
 [In this sense. For is now used.] 
 
 17. After an adjective, noting the object; as, deaf 
 to the cries of distress ; alive to the sutlerings of the 
 poor. He was attentive to the coinjiany, or to the 
 discourse. 
 
 18. Noting obligation ; as, duty to God, and to our 
 parents. 
 
 19. Noting enmity ; as, a dislike to spiritous 
 liquors. 
 
 20. Toward ; as, she stretched her arms to heaven. 
 
 Urtjden. 
 
 21. Noting effect or end. The prince was flattered 
 to his ruin. He engaged in a war to his cost. Vio- 
 lent factions exist to the prejudice of the state. 
 
 NuntU rs were crowiIcU to dt-ath. Qarendon. 
 
 22. To, as a sign of the infinitive, precedes the 
 radical verb. Sometimes it is used instead of the 
 ancient forni,/ur lo, noting purpose. D^vid in his 
 lifetime intiMided to build a temple. The legisla- 
 ture assembles annually Ui make and amend laws. 
 The court will sit in February to try some important 
 causes. 
 
 23. It precedes the radical verb after adjectives, 
 nnling the object ; as, ready to go ; prompt to obey ; 
 quick to hear, but slow to censure. 
 
 24. It precedes the radical verb, noting the object. 
 The delay of our hopes teaches us lo mortify our d'-sires. 
 
 SriuiUridge. 
 
 25. It precedes the radical verb, noting conse- 
 quence. 
 
 I have done my utmost lo lead my life so pleasantly as lo forget 
 my iit'isforluiics. Pope. 
 
 2fi. It notes extent, degree, or end. He languishes 
 to death, even to death. The water rises to the 
 hight of twenty feeL The line extends from one 
 end to the other. 
 
 27. After the substantive verb, and with the radi- 
 cal verb, it denotes futurity. The construction, we 
 are to meet at ten o'clock, every man at death i.s to 
 receive the reward of his deeds, is a particular form 
 of expressing future time. 
 
 28. Alter have, it denotes duty or necessity. I 
 have a debt to pay on Saturday. 
 
 29. To-daij, lo-niuht, to~morroiD, are peculiar phrases 
 derived from our ancestors. To, in the two first, has 
 the sense or force of this; this day, this night. In 
 the last, it is equivalent to in or oh ; in or on the 
 morrow. The words may be considered as com- 
 pounds, to-day, to-nisrht, to-morroic, and usually as 
 adverbs. But soniutiines they are used as nouns; 
 ns, fo day is ours. Coiclry. 
 
 To anil fro; backward and forward. In this phrase, 
 to is adverbial. 
 
 To the face ; in presence of ; not in the absence of. 
 
 1 withstood him fact to fact. — Gal. ii, 
 
 To-tiMTToa, to-inorroto, aiul lo-iTiorroi:' ; 
 
 Cret'ps ill this pt-tly pac- from day to day. ShaJc. 
 
 JVoff. — In the foregoing explanation of to, it is to 
 be considered that the definition given is not always 
 the sense of to by itself, hut the sense rather of tile 
 word preceding it, or connected with it, or of to in 
 
 TOC 
 
 coniieelinn with other words. In general, to is used 
 in till- sense of iimving toward a place, or loward an 
 objerl, or it expresses direction foiodri/ a place, end, 
 obji ct, or |iiir|Hise. 
 
 7*0 is tifleii used adverbi.'illy to modify the seii^e of 
 verbs; as, to co//ic to ; tohturrto. The sense of such 
 phrases is explained under lite verbs res|H'clively. 
 
 In popular jilirases like the following, " I will not 
 come ; you shall lo or too," a genuine Saxon phrase, 
 to denotes moreover, besides, L. insuper, 
 
 TOAD, n. [Sax. tade, ladfje.] 
 
 A paddoc ; n batrachiaii reptile, of the genus Biifo, 
 a small, clumsy animal, the body warty and thick, 
 perfectly harmless, and indeed it is said to be useful 
 in gardiMis by feeding on noxious iiisi cls. 
 
 ToAD'-E.\T-ER, n. A vulgar iiaine given to a fawn- 
 ing, obsequious parasite; a mean sycophant. 
 
 ToAD'-FlSH, n. [toad and./«//.) A fish of the genus 
 wtraclius, allied lo the fishing frog or nngler. 
 
 Stvrer'n Jta.is. Rep. 
 
 ToAD'-FLAX, 71. [load and flac] A plant, the 
 Linaria vulgaris or calves' snout. 
 
 ToAD'ISH, a. Like a toad. [jVot used.] Stafford. 
 
 TO.\I)'-STONi;, n. [fo«</ and .vlo'ir.] \n mineraloiry, 
 a variety of irap rock, of a brow nisli-gray color. 
 The toad-stone of Derbyshire is cenerally a dark- 
 brown basaltic ainygtlaloid, coiupused of basalt and 
 green earth, and c. ntaining oblong cavities filled with 
 calcarc'ous spar. Cyc. 
 
 ToAD'-STOOL, n. [toad and stool.] A mushroom, 
 a plant which comniuiily grows in moist and rich 
 grutinds. 
 
 ToAD'V, n. A to.ad-eater. [k'ulgar.] fT. Scott. 
 To.AST, t>. t. [Sp. and Port, lostur, to toast or roasL 
 Qu. are these (rom the L. tostus 1 ] 
 
 1. To dry and scorch by the heat of a fire; as, to 
 toast bread or cheese. 
 
 [It is chiifiy limited in its application to tlicse two 
 articles ] 
 
 2. To warm thoroughly; as, to toast 'he feet. 
 [JVot much lu/ed.] 
 
 3. To name » hen a health is drank ; to drink to 
 the health in honor of ; as, to fuu^f a lady. Addi.son 
 writes " to toast the health ; " a form of expression, 
 I believe, not now used. 
 
 To.AST, n. Bread dried and scorched by the fire ; or 
 such bread dipped in melted butter, ur in some 
 liquor. Dry toast is bread scorched, ur it is scorched 
 bread with butter spread upon it. Soft toast is made 
 by iinniersing to:>.sted bread in melted butler, and 
 callcti dipped toast. 
 
 2. A female w hose health is drank in honor or re- 
 spect. 
 
 Tlie wise man's p.as.sinn, and the vain man's loasf. Pope. 
 
 3. He or that which is named in honor in drinking. 
 To.AST'ED, pp. or a. Scorched by heat ; named in 
 
 drinking the heallh. 
 ToAST'ER, ;i. One who toasts. 
 
 2. An instrument for toasting bread or cheese. 
 To.AST'lNG, /);)r. Scorching by fire ; drinking lo the 
 
 honor of. 
 
 TO-BACeO, 71. [Perhaps from Tahaco, a province of 
 Yucatan, in Spanish America, where it was first 
 found by the Spaniards. Bui this account of its 
 origin is very doubtful. Las Casas says that in the 
 first voyage of Columbus the Spaniards saw in Caba 
 many persons smoking dry herbs or leaves rolled up 
 in tubes called tabacos. Charlevoix, in his History 
 of St. Uuniinique, says that the inslrumant used in 
 smoking was called tabaco.] 
 
 A plant, a native of America, of the genus Nico- 
 tiana, much used for smoking, antt chewing, and in 
 snuff. As a medicine, it is narcotic, emetic, and 
 cathartic ; and it possesses two additional powers at 
 least, if not more. Tobacco has a strong disagree- 
 able smell, and an acrid t.aste. When first used, it 
 sometimes occasions vomiting, &c. ; but Ihe practice 
 of using it in any form soon conquers distaste, and 
 forms a relish for it that is strong and almost un- 
 conquerable. 
 
 TO-li AC'CO-.VTNG, n. Smoking tobacco. Bp. mil. 
 TO-l!.\€'eO-NIST, n. A dealer in tobacco; also, a 
 
 manufacturer of tobacco. 
 TO-BAe'€0-PIPE, rt. [tobacco and pipe.] A pipe 
 
 used for smoking tobacco, often made of clay and 
 
 b.'iked, siinu-tiines of other material. 
 TO-BAC'CO-PfPE CL.aY, n. A sjiecies of clay used 
 
 in ni-'ikirii: Inhaeco pipes; called also Cimolite. 
 TO-BAC €l)-PIPE FISH, n. A name of the Syng- 
 
 iiathus Acus, of Linna:us ; called also Nkedle-Fish. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TO-BAe'eO-STOP'PER,7i. An instrument for press- 
 ing down the tobacco as it is smoked in a pipe. 
 
 To'BINE, (-bin,) >i. A stout twilled silk, used for 
 dresses ; it much resembles the Florentine. 
 
 TO€-€A' T.I, Ji. [It.] In mii.MC, a prelude. 
 
 TOCK'AY, n. A species of geeks or spotted lizard in 
 India. Cyc 
 
 TO-eOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. roitoj, and X'-yof.] 
 
 The science of obstetrics or midwifery ; or that 
 department of medicine which lieaLs of parturition. 
 
 TOe'SI.N, n. [Fr. , Armoric, torv, a stroke, from the 
 root of touch, and sonn or seing, sound.] 
 
 TONE, BI;LL, liNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 145 
 
 ssss* 
 
 1157 
 
TOI 
 
 An alarm hell, or the ringing of a bell for the pur- 
 pose of alarm. 
 TOI), n. [In tiaelic, tod is a cloil, a mass.] 
 
 1. .-\ b:ish ; a thick shrub. [Ot*.] Spenser. 
 
 2. A quantity of wool of twenty-eight pounds, or 
 two stone. 
 
 3. A fo.\. B. Jonson. 
 TOD, V. L To weigh ; to produce a tod. [JWl in 
 
 usr.] SftaJct 
 
 TO UaY', n. [to and day.} The present day. 
 
 TOD'DLE, (tod'dl,) v. i. To walk with short stops, 
 as a child. HaUitcptt. 
 
 TOD'OY, H. A juice drawn from various kinds of the 
 palm in tlie E;ist Indies ; or a spiritous liquor pre- 
 |)ared from it. 
 
 2. .\ mixture of spirit and water sweetened. 
 Tiiddij ditfers from gro^ in having a less proportion 
 of spirit, and in being sweetened. 
 
 To'DV", n. The popular name of an insectr\'orous 
 genus of passerine birds of America, somewhat re- 
 sembling the king^shers. „ 
 
 ToE, (to,) n. [Sax. ta: G. icke ; Sw. ta ; Dan. taae; 
 Fr. dai^t du pied ; L. digitus. Toe is contracted 
 from fti^, the primary word on which L. digitus is 
 formed, coincidmg with dut;, and signifying a shoot. 
 Class Dg.] 
 
 1. One of the small members which form the ex- 
 tremity of the foot, corresponding to a finger on the 
 hand. The toes, in their f jrra and structure, reseni- 
 ble ttie fingers, hut are shorter. 
 
 2. The fore part of the hoof of a horse, and of 
 other hoofed animals. 
 
 3. The member of a beast's foot corresponding to 
 the toe in man. 
 
 To'jEH, (tode,) a. In compounils, having toes ; as, nar- 
 
 row-^jp^; tiiick-tofd ; slender-ifc/. Hitchcock. 
 TO-FoRE', prep, or ado. [Sa.v. toforan; to and fi<re.] 
 
 Before; formerly. [04s.] Skak. 
 TOFT, 71. [Probably from the root of fii/J.] 
 
 1. A prove of trees. Cyc. 
 
 2. [Dan. tofle or tomt.'] In law 'book^, a place 
 where a messuage has stood, but is decayed. 
 
 To'FUS, 71. See Ti'FA. [Cowel. C>/c. 
 
 To'GA-TED, jo. [L. toga, a gown ; tog'atus, 
 
 To'G/JD, i gowned.] 
 
 Gowned ; dressed in a gown ; wearing a gown ; 
 as, tarred consuls. Sfuik. 
 
 rO'OA Vl-RTUS, [L.] The manly gown. This 
 was assumed by Roman boys about the time of com- 
 pletins their fourteenth year. Smit)i's Dirt. 
 
 TO-GETII'ER, ndB. [Sa.'!. to^iethre; to and trather.] 
 
 1. In c(Kn[>any. We walked (y^^c(.'*cr to the wood. 
 
 2. In or into union. 
 
 The liiiisj joineil huni;init7 and policy together. Bacon. 
 
 3. In the same place ; as, to live together in one 
 house. 
 
 4. In the same time ; as, to live together in the 
 same age. 
 
 5. In concert ; as, the allies made war upon France 
 together. 
 
 t). Into junction or a state of union; as, to sew, 
 knit, pin, or fasten two things together ; to mi.\ 
 things together. 
 
 Together with. ; in union with ; in company or mix- 
 ture with. 
 
 T.tke the bad together with the ^ooii. Drytlen. 
 
 TOG'GKL, n. A small wooden pin tapering toward 
 both ends. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 TOG'GER-Y, n. [L. toga.] Clothes; garments. 
 {Sportive or hir.] 
 
 TOG'GLE-JOINT, n. An elbow or knee-joint, con- 
 sisting of two bars so connected that they may be 
 brought into a straight line. 
 
 TOIL, V. i. [Sax. teolan, tiotan, to strive, strain, urge, 
 to prepare, to heal, to toil, and tilian, tiligan, to pre- 
 pare or provide, to tilt, to toil, to study or be solicit- 
 ous ; Russ. dialatja. The primary sense is e.tpressed 
 in the Saxon, to strain, to urge. Class Dl.] 
 
 'I'o labor ; to work ; to exert ."trength with pain 
 and fatigue of body or mind, particularly of Ihc body, 
 with efforts of some continuance or duration. 
 
 TOIL, V. t. To toil out; to labor ; to work out. 
 
 Toiled out my uncouth pius.ige. Tifilton. 
 
 2. To weary ; to overlabor ; as, toiled with works 
 of war. [.Vot in use, nor proper.] Shak. 
 
 TOM,, n. Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that 
 oppresses the body or mind. Toil may be the labor 
 of the field, or the workshop, or of the camp. What 
 toiU men endure for the acquisition of wealth, power, 
 and honor I Gni. v. 
 
 TOIL, ;t. [Fr. toilei, snare, trap ; tr. did, n snare or 
 |!in : L. tela, a web ; from spreading, extending, or 
 laying.) 
 
 A ni t or iinare ; any thread, web, or string spread 
 for taking prey. 
 TOIL'Elt, 71. One who toil", or labors with pain. 
 TOIL'KT, n. [Fr. toilette, from lode, cloth.] 
 
 I. A covering or cloth of linen, silk, or tapestry, 
 ppread over a table in a chamber or dressing-rooiii. 
 Hence, 
 
 S. A dreswing-lable. Pope. 
 
 3. Mode of drcHsmi; ; as, her toilet la perfect. 
 
 TOL 
 
 To malcc one\< toilet ; to adjust one's dress with 
 care. 
 
 TOl-LI \ETTE', 71. [Fr.] A cloth, the weft of 
 which is of woolen yarn, and the warp of cotton 
 and silk. It is used for waistcoats. 
 
 F.ncifc of Dom. Econ. 
 
 TOIL'ING, ppr. Laboring with pain. 
 
 TOIL'LESS, «. Free from toil. 
 
 TOIL'SO.ME, a. Lal)orious ; wearisome; attended 
 with fatigue and pain ; as, toilsome work ; a toiUome 
 task. 
 
 \Vh.-\t can tie toilsome in these pleasant walks ? MiUon, 
 
 2. Producing toil ; as, a toiUome dav or journey. 
 TOIL'SOME-LY, a<iii. In a toilsome manner. 
 TOIL'SO.ME-XESS, n. Laboriousness ; wearisome- 
 
 ness. 
 
 TOISE, (toiz,) 71. [Fr.] A fathom or Ion; measure in 
 France, containing six French feet, or about six and 
 a half English feet. It is equal to two meters. 
 
 Edia. Eiiciic. McCnlloch. 
 
 TO-KaY', 71. A kind of wine produced al Tokay in 
 Hungary, made of white grapes. It is distinguished 
 from other wines by its aromatic taste. It is not 
 good till it is about three years old, and it continues 
 to improve as long as it is kept. 
 
 TC>'K.E\, (to'kn,) 7U [Sax. tacn, taeen ; Goth, taikn.t ; 
 D. teekrn ; Dan. tegn ; Sw. teckn ; G. zeie/ten. This 
 may be the same word as the L. signum, dialectically 
 varied, or from the s ame radix ; Gr. ^tiK' e/ii.] 
 
 1. A sign ; something intended to represent or in- 
 dicate anothertliing or an event. Thus the rainbow 
 is a token of God's covenant established with Noah. 
 The blood of the paschal lamb, sprinkled on the 
 doors of the Hebrews, was a token to the destroying 
 angel of God's will that h« should pass by those 
 houses. Oen. ix. Eiud. xii. 
 
 Show nie a token fur good. — Ps. Ixuxvi, 
 9. A mark. In pestilential di.sea~<es, tokens are 
 livid spots upon the hiidy, which indicate the ap- 
 proach of death. Cye. 
 
 3. A memorial of friendship ; something by which 
 the fi icndsliip of another person is to be kept in mind. 
 
 S/l<7/£. 
 
 4. In coinage, tokens were coins struck in the 
 reign of Elizivbeth in the cities of Bristol, Oxford, 
 and Worcester, and also by private persons, which 
 Were put into circulation, and upon being returned, 
 the issuer gave the value of them in current money. 
 
 Ci/c. 
 
 5. In printing, ten quires of paper ; an extra quire 
 is iisu:illy added to every other token, when counted 
 out for the press. 
 
 T6'K£.V, V. L To make known. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 To'KEN-ED, a. Being marked with spots. Shak. 
 To'KEN-lNG, p;ir. Making known; marking with 
 
 spots. 
 ToL, r. t. [L. tollo.] 
 
 To take away ; a law term. [See Toll.] Cijc. 
 To'LA, 71. In India, a weight for gold and sdver, but 
 
 different in ililTerent places. 
 ToL'-BO(5Tll. .See ToLL-BooTH. 
 ToLD, pret. and pp. of Tell. 
 
 Who toid th'-e th.it thou wast nuked ? — G^n. iii. 
 Thou h;i5l iiiiickeii iiie, and told nie li 3. — xvi. 
 Sheep and oxeti that could not be toUi. — 1 Kin^ viii. 
 
 ToLE, I'. (. [I know not from what source we have 
 
 this word ; but it coincides with the Ar. J>i dalla, 
 
 to draw. The Ethiopic has TA© talwaf taloOy to 
 
 follow, and atalno. to cause to follow. It 
 
 is a legiliiuate word, and in good use.] 
 
 To draw or cause to follow by presenting some- 
 thing pleasing or desirable to view; to allure by 
 some bait, 'i'hus our farmers tole sheep and make 
 them follow, by htiltliiig to them a measure of corn 
 or some portion of fodder. In J^'Vw England, it is 
 applied only to the alluring of beasts. Locke h.as 
 applied it tti men. 
 
 ToL'KI), pp. Drawn ; allured ; induced to follow. 
 
 TO-Ll-'.'DO, It. A sword of the finest temjier ; so 
 called from Toledo, in Spain, once famous for its 
 swords. B. ./oiison. 
 
 TOL'ER-A-BLE, a. [Fr., fvm L. tolcrabilU See 
 Tolerate.] 
 
 1. That may be home or endured ; supportable, 
 either physically or mentally. 'I'he cold in Canada 
 is severe, but taUrohlr, 'I'iie insults and indignities 
 of our enemies are not tolerable. 
 
 It shall he more tofernble lor the land of Sodotn and Gomomdl in 
 tlie da> of jiidffineiit, than for tiMl city. — M.itt. X. 
 
 2. Moileratel)' good or agreeable ; not contempti- 
 ble ; not very exrellriit or pleasiiii;, but such as can 
 he borne or received without disgust, resenlini nt, or 
 opposition ; as, n tolerolde translation ; a tolerable en- 
 tertainment ; a fii/Tiiifp administration. Sirift. 
 
 TOL'ER-A ULE-NESS, 71. 'I'he state of being tolera- 
 ble. 
 
 TOL'ER- ABLY, ado. Supportably; in a manner to 
 be endured. 
 
 o. Enduring ; indulgent ; favoring 
 
 TOL 
 
 2. .Moderalely well ; p.assably ; not perfectly : as, a 
 constitution tolerably firm. The advocate speaks fi7l- 
 erabln well. 
 
 TOL ER ANCE, 71. [L. tolerantia, from tolero, to 
 
 bear ] 
 
 'I'he power or capacity of enduring ; or the act of 
 eniluriug. 
 
 Diojr'ii-s, one freely niorinn?, came to the markel-plac* , shak- 
 in?, to show his to'erartce. Bacon. 
 
 [Little used. But I.ntolebance is in common 
 use ] 
 TOL'ER-ANT, 
 toleration. 
 
 TOL'ER-aTE. v. t. [Fr. tolerer ; L. tolero, from tollo, 
 to lilt ; Ch. Vn, to lilt or raise. Class Dl, No. 3, and 
 see No. fi, 7, 18, 20, 28, 33.] 
 
 To suffer to be or to be done without prohibition 
 or hiuderauce ; to allow or permit negatively, by not 
 preventing; not to restrain ; as, to fo/mife opinions 
 or jjractices. The Protestant religion is tolerated in 
 France, and the Romish in Great Britain. 
 
 Cryina: should not Ix- lo/erare'/ in children. Ijjeke. 
 
 Tlie l.tw of love tolcraus no vice, and pttroniz-s evry viiiite. 
 
 O. .Spring. 
 
 TOL'ER-A-TED, pp. Suffered ; allowed ; not pro- 
 hibited or restrained. 
 
 TOL'ER-A-TIXG, ppr. Enduring ; suffering to be or 
 to be done; allowing; not restraining. 
 
 TOL-ER-A'TION, 71. [L. tolerotio.] 
 
 The act of toleratin2 ; the allowance of that which 
 is not «iiolly approved ; appropriately, the allowance 
 of religious opinions and moties of worship in a 
 state, when contrary to or different from those of the 
 established church or belief. Toleration implies a 
 right in the sovereign to control men in their tipin- 
 ions and worship, or it implies the actual exercise of 
 power in such control. Where no power exists, or 
 none is assumed, to establish a creed and a mode of 
 worship, there can be no toleration, in the strict sense 
 of the word, for one religious denomination iias as 
 good a right as another to the free enjoyment of its 
 creed and worship. 
 
 ToL'ING, ppr. Drawing away ; inducing to follow. 
 
 TOLL, 71. [.^ax. toll: D. tol : Sw. tn!l : Dan. tohl: G. 
 loll : W. toll, a fraction, a toll ; toli and toliaic, to cur- 
 tail, to diminish, to take away, to spare or save, to 
 deal out, from tawl, a throw, a casting off, a separa- 
 tion, a cutting off ; f»//i, from toll, to subtract, to take 
 toll ; Gr. t X 15, toll, custom, and end, exit, from cut- 
 ting off ; Fr. taillrr, to cut off, (see Tail ;) Ir. deilim, 
 to separate ; dail, a share. Eng. dole; diolain, to sell, 
 to exchange, to pay toll. This is from the rout of 
 deal. See De.il, Sax. bedmlan. Class Dl, No. 12.] 
 
 1. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, partic- 
 ularly for the privilege of passinsover a bridge or on 
 a hii.'hway, or for that of vending goods in a fair, 
 market, or the like. 
 
 2. A liberty to buy and sell within the bounds of a 
 manor. Ci(c. 
 
 3. A portion of grain taken by a miller as a com- 
 pensation for grindins. 
 
 TOLL, V. i. To pay toll or tallage. Shak. 
 
 2. To take toll, as by a miller. TtiM.frr. 
 Toll, v. i. [W. tol, tolo, a loud sound, a din ; Pers. 
 tJ , - 
 
 J^iXj^Lj talidan, to sound, to ring. We see that 
 
 W. tairl, supra, is a throw or cast, a driving, and 
 this is the radical sense of Sound.] 
 
 To souiiil or ring, as a bell, with strokes uniformly 
 repeated at iiiterv;ils, as at funerals, or in calling as- 
 semblies, or to announce the death of a person. 
 
 Now sink ill sorrows with a tolling bell. Pope. 
 
 TOLL, ». (. [Supra.] To cause a bell to sound with 
 strokes, slowly anti uniformly repeated, as for sum- 
 moning public bodies or religious congregations to 
 their meetings, or for announcing the deatli of a per- 
 son, or to give solemnity to a funei.il. Tolling is a 
 different thing from ringing. 
 
 TOLL, e. f. [L. f«//<i.] 
 
 1. To take away; to vacate; to annul; a law 
 term. 
 
 2. To draw. [See Tole.] Baeon. 
 TOLL, II. .\ particular sounding of a bell. [See the 
 
 verb.] 
 
 TOLL'-B.XR, 71. [ of/and bar.] A bar or beam used 
 for stop|iinL' boats on a canal at the toll-house, or on 
 a road for slopping pas-engers. 
 TOLL'-BOOTIl, II. [f,,// and ftniifA.] A place where 
 goods are weighed to ascertain the duties or toll. 
 9. A prison. Jilnsworlh. 
 TOLL'-BOOTII, V. t. To imprison in a loll-hooih. 
 
 CorbrL 
 
 ToLL'-BRIDGE, 71. A bridge where toll is paid for 
 jiassiug it. 
 
 TOLL'ER, 71. One who collects taxes ; a toll-gatherer. 
 
 BarrcL 
 
 2. One who tolls a bell. 
 T';!.!/ DISH n. A dish for measuring toll in mills. 
 ToLL'-GATR, 71. A gate where toll ' taken. 
 TOLl.'-G ATll-ER-i;i;, ti. The man who takes toll. 
 T(')Lli'-IIOI/SE, 11. A house or M\vi\ placed by a road 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T. — METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, nQOK — 
 
 1158 
 
TON 
 
 near a toll-Bate, or at the end of a toU-brulse, or by a 
 canal, where the man wlio lakes the toil remains. 
 TOLI/ING, ppr. or a. Causing to sound in a slow, 
 grave manner. 
 
 2. Takins away ; removing. 
 
 3. 8uun(lin|z, ns a hell. 
 TOI.T, H. [I.. tollU, t„llo.] 
 
 Ill Eii^'li^li court.i, the precept of a sheriff, l>y wliii h 
 a wrii of rlL'lil is removed from the court baron into 
 the oonntv court. Bluckslone. 
 
 TO-Lr' IIAL'SA.M, n. A resin, or oleo-resin, pro- 
 duced by a tree of South America, the Myrospermum 
 toluiferum. It is said to have been first broui;hl from 
 a place railed Tolu. In mnllcinr, it is called BaUam 
 
 TOL-U-TA'TION, ;i. [L. t,:liilo.] [of Tula. 
 
 A pacing or ambling. [Au( u.<ril.'] 
 
 IlrowH. Iltidihras, 
 
 TOM'A-IIAWK, 71. An Indian hatelut. 
 
 TO.M'A-IIAWK, t!. «. To cut or kill with a hatchet 
 called a ioui ihawk. 
 
 TO.M'A-IIA\VK-f;n, (-hawkt) pp. Smitten or killed 
 with a tomahaw k. 
 
 TO.M'A-IIAWIC-ING, jipr. Striking or killing with a 
 tomahawk. 
 
 TO-MA'TO or TO-MX'TO, n. A plant and its fruit, 
 the Lycopersicum esculentum of late botanists, and 
 the Solanuin lycopersicum of the older ones. It Is 
 called sometimes the Love- Apple. 
 
 TOMli, (toom,) H. [Yr.tombp^toinbran ; W. tom^tovten^ 
 ttom, tiomp, a mound, a heap ; Ir. tiioma; Sp. lumba ; 
 L. lumuliis, a heap or hillock ; linnro, to swell ; Gr. 
 Ti<iiii,i!. Class Dm. This name was pivcn to a 
 place for the dead by men who raised a heap of earth 
 over the dead.] 
 
 1. A grave ; a pit in which the dead body of a hu- 
 man being is deposited. 
 
 A3 one (IcLiJ ill tlie Ixjttoin of a lomb. Shak. 
 
 2. A house or vault formed wholly or partly in the 
 earth, with walls and a roof for the reception of the 
 dead. 
 
 3. A monimient erected to preserve the memory of 
 the dead. 
 
 TOM It, I'. (. To bury ; to inter. [See Kntomb.] 
 
 TOM'BAC, n. .\» alloy of copper and zinc, or a spe- 
 cies of brass, with an excess of zinc. When arsenic 
 is added, it is white tintibac. Brande. 
 
 TOMIi'Kl), (toomd,) a. Deposited in a tomb. 
 
 TO.Mli'LEss, (to 'less,) a. Destitute of a tomb or 
 
 sepulchral monument. 
 
 TfiMB'NOlMlY, II. A Shetland bird, the pulTin. 
 
 TOM'ltOY, II. [Tom, Tlioma.i, and boij.] .\ rude, 
 bolsternus boy ; also, in sarcasm, a romping girl. 
 I Vul 'ar.\ 
 
 TO.MIi'STONE, (toom'-,) n. [tomb and stone.] A 
 stone erected over a giave, to preserve the memory 
 of the deceased ; a numnnient. 
 
 TOM'eOD, n. .\ smaH American fish of the cod kind, 
 about ten or twelve inches long. Storrr. 
 
 ToME, II. [Fr., from G. r /;i j, a piece or secti<m, 
 from r.<-(ii'6i. to cut olf.] 
 
 A bcKik ; as many writings as are bound in a vol- 
 ume, formin;; the part of a larger work. It may be 
 applied to a siiiL'le volume. 
 
 TO-ME\'TOUS ' i t'"" '"""^'"'""i <l»"-n.] 
 
 In /wMni/, downy ; nappy; cottony; or florky ; 
 covered with hairs so cluse as scarcely to be discern- 
 ible, or with a whitish down, like wool ; as, a tomm- 
 tou.< stem or leaf. Martyn. Lee, 
 
 TOM'FOOL, II. A great fool ; a triflcr. 
 
 TOM-FOOI.'ER-Y, n. Foolish trifling. Ee. Ri-v. 
 
 T(1.M'-.VOI)-l)Y, n. A sea-bird, the puffin. Booth. 
 
 TO-.MOR'UoVV, n. [to and tmrniic] The day after 
 the present. 
 
 Oiif totliy U worth two Uyinorroui. FrankUii. 
 
 TO.M'PI-OX, II. [Fr. tampon, a stopple.1 
 
 1. The stopper of a cainion. [Sei- 'J a.mpio?c.] 
 
 2. The iron bottom to which srape-shot are fixed 
 TOM'RIG, n. .\ rude, wild, wanton girl. DcHiiis. 
 TO.M'TIT, II. A little bird, the titmouse. 
 
 TO .M 'TOM, II. Same as Tamtam, a large, flat drum, 
 used by the Hindoos. 
 
 TO.N, the terniinatiou of names of place.s, is town, a 
 hill or fortress. [See Town-.] 
 
 TO.N, II. [Fr.] The prevailing fashion. 
 
 T0.\, (inn,) II. [Sax. (uiiiio; Fr. tonne; Sp. tonci, a 
 cask, a tun or butt ] 
 
 The weiiihl of twenty hundred gross, or 2240 
 pounds. In scune of the United States the ton is es 
 tiinaled at 2001) pounds. The orlboiiraphy TfN would 
 be preferable, as more accordant with the derivation. 
 The word is from the Saxon (iiiiiin, a cask, and the 
 sense of weight is t.aken from that of a cask or butt 
 
 TO.NE, n. [Fr. (uii; Sp. (mio ; It. (iioiio ; Sw. and fi. 
 t^iii ; D. fdoit ; Dan. fiHic ; 1^. teiiiiv Gr. roi- K, sound 
 L. tvno, Gr. r'j' "W, to sniind, iVom the root of rfu-f.i 
 to strain or stretch. The L. sonus is girobably til 
 same word in a diflerent dialect.] 
 
 1. Sound, or a modification of sound ; any impulse 
 or vibration of the air which is p-Tceptible by the 
 ear; as, a low tone, hiixh ^iii'*, or loud tone t a grave 
 tone : an acute tone ; a sweet tone ; a harsh tone. 
 
 2. Accent; or rather, a particul.ar inMcclion of the 
 
 TON 
 
 voici', adajited to express emotion or passion ; a 
 rhtturical sense of the word, E, Porter, 
 
 F-^ig'^r tiia lone, Hiiil anlciil were Ilia ey«i. Dryttsn. 
 
 3. A whining sound ; a whine; a kind of mourn- 
 ful strain of voice ; as, children ollcn read with a 
 tone, 
 
 4. .An atTected sound in speakinir. 
 
 5. In i««.-if, an interval of sound ; as, ilie dilTer- 
 ence between the tiUh or diapento and f 'iirtli or di- 
 atessaron, is a (uiif. Of tones there are two kinds, 
 major and minor. The time major is in the ratio of 
 8 to ;>, which results from the dill'erence betwei'n the 
 fourth and fifth. The time minor is as 9 to 10, re- 
 sulting from the diflerence between the minor third 
 and the fourth. Cijr. 
 
 f). The (uiie of an instrument, is its pociiliar 
 sound with regard to softness, evenness, and the 
 like. Ciic 
 
 7. In jnerfic/nr, that state of a body, in which the 
 animal functions are healthy and piTformed with due 
 vigor. Tone, in its primary signification, is tension, 
 and tension is the primary signification of stren:;Ih. 
 Ilenci' its application to tiie natural healtliy state of 
 animal organs. Tone, tlierefiire, in medicine, is the 
 strength and activity of the organs, from which pro- 
 ceed healthy functions. So wi: say, the body is in a 
 sound state, the health is sound or. /inn. 
 
 8. In painting, the harmonious relation of the col- 
 ors of a picture in liijht and shade. The term is 
 often used to tpialily, or as synonymous with. Depth, 
 Richness, and Spi.ENnoii, in pictures. It has also 
 more recently been used to denote the characteristic 
 expression of a picture, as distinguished by its color. 
 In musical science the word Key performs a similar 
 office, Jocdtjn, 
 
 TO.N'E, V. t. To utter with an affected tone. 
 
 2. To tune. [See Tune.] 
 TON'/;!), a. Having a tone ; used in composition ; a.«, 
 
 hii;h-fiiiii''/ ; sweet-fmicf/. 
 To.VE'I.ESS, a. Having no tone ; nninnsical. Entick. 
 TO.NE'-SYL-LA-BLE, n. An accented svllable. 
 
 'M. Stuart, 
 
 TONG, (tuns;,) n. [See Toncs.] • The catch of a 
 buckle. [JVot nsed.] [See Tdngi.'e.] Spenser. 
 
 TONGS, n. pi. [Sax. tan^; Dan. and tang ; G. 
 zange ; Sw. ; Ice. fniuio' ; Gaelic, (rniij-as. This 
 seems by its orthography to be the same word as 
 tongue, tongue,-!, and to signif> projections, shoots.] 
 
 An instrument of metal, consisting of two parts or 
 long shafts j<iined at one end ; used for handling 
 tilings, particularly fire or heated metals. We say, 
 a pair of tongs, a smith's tongs. 
 
 TONGUE, (tung,) [Sax. tang, tjivga : Goth, tnggo : 
 Sw. tunga : Dan. tnnire : D. tong ; G. zunge ; Ir. and 
 Gaelic, tranga: Ant. Ij. tingua. We see by the 
 Gothic, that n is not radical ; the word belongs to 
 Cl.iss Dg. It signifies a shoot or extensi.m, like L. 
 digitus and dug. Tunu would be the preferable 
 orthography, in accordance with the etymology.] 
 
 1. In man, one of the instriuueuls of taste, and 
 also one of the instruments of speech ; and in other 
 animals one of the instruments of taste. It is also 
 an instruiueut of deglutition. In some animals, the 
 toniiiie is used fir drawing the food into the mouth, 
 as in animals of the bovine genus, ^c. Other ani- 
 mals lap their drink, as dogs. 
 
 The tongue is covered with membranes, and the 
 outer one is full of papillie of a pyrarnidical figure, 
 under w hich lies a thin, solt, reticular coat, perfor- 
 ated with iniluinerable holes, and always lined with 
 a thick and white or yellowish mucus. Ci/c. 
 
 2. Speech ; discourse ; sometimes, fluency of 
 speech. 
 
 Mud] tongiit ami niucb Jutlginciil acUlom go toji'ttKr. 
 
 J.'luslran^e. 
 
 3. The power of articulate utterance ; speech. 
 
 PiirruU iiniutin^ htiiimn fon^u<. Drydtn. 
 
 4. Speech, as well or ill used ; mode of speaking. 
 
 K'-t'p a oro!,<l tongue in thy h-'tul. Shale, 
 The tongue ot the wine i» IumIUi. — Prov. xii. 
 
 5. A language ; the whole sum of words used by a 
 particular nation. The English tongue, within two 
 liunilred vcars, will probably be spoken by two or 
 three hundred millions of people in North America. 
 
 I). Speech i words or decl.trations only ; opposed to 
 Thovciits or Actions. 
 
 Let m not I.iv" in wont, neither in tongue, but in deed and in 
 truth. — I John iii. 
 
 7. A nation, as distinguished by their language. 
 
 I will ^tther ntl nation! and languet, — Is. Ixvi. 
 
 8. A point ; a projection ; as, the tongue of a 
 buckle or of a balance. 
 
 9. A projection on the side of a board which fits 
 into a grtiove. 
 
 10. A point, or Ions, narrow strip of land, project- 
 ins from the main into a sea or a lake. 
 
 11. The taper part of any thing; in the rilling of 
 a ship, a short piece of rope spliced into the upper 
 part of standing backstays, &c., to the size of the 
 niast-h'ad. 
 
 To hold the tongue ; to be silent. .Addison, 
 
 TOO 
 
 TONGUE, (tung,) v. t. To chide ; to scold. 
 
 How nii^^ht she tongue me. Sl'oJr. 
 
 TONGUE, (tung.) v. i. T'. talk ; to prate. Shak. 
 TONGU'/."U, (tiingd,) a. Having a tongue. 
 
 Tongued like the night-crow. Donne. 
 
 TONGUE'-GRXFT'ING,(tung'-,) n A mode of graft- 
 ing by inserting the end of a ciun in a particular 
 manner. 
 
 TO.\<;UE'LESS, (lung'-,) a. Having no tongue. 
 
 2. Speechless ; as, a tonguetesn block. 
 
 3. Unnamed ; not spoken of. 
 One gowl deed dyin<; tonguetese. [Not uted.] 
 
 TONGUE'-PAO, (tung-,) n. A great talker. 
 
 Sluik, 
 
 Sliak. 
 [.Vut in 
 
 w-r. I Tatter, 
 TONGUE'-SIIaP-KD, (tung'-shfipt,) a. In botany, a 
 tongue-shaped leaf, is linear and lleshy, blunt at the 
 end, convex underneath, and having usually a car- 
 tilaginous border. jVarttjn. 
 TONGUE'-TIK, (tnng'ti,) v. t, [tongue and lie.] To 
 deprive of speech or the power of speech, or of dis- 
 tinct articulation. Goodman. 
 TO\GIIE'-Tia;I), (tiins'tlde,) a. Destitute of the 
 power of tlistiiict articulation ; having an impedi- 
 ment in the speech. Holder. 
 2. Unable to speak freely, from whatever cause. 
 
 Love iuul tougue-tied »iinpliciiy. ShaSt. 
 
 TON'ie, 0. [from Gr. r L. (uniij. See Tone.] 
 
 1. Literutlij, increasing tension ; heuce, increasing 
 ' strength ; as, (oiiic power. 
 
 2. In medicine, iiicreasinfr strength, or the tone of 
 the animal system ; obviating the elTects of debility, 
 and restoring healthy functions. 
 
 3. Relating to tones or sounds. 
 
 4. Extelldetl. [J^'ot in m-si*.] Broitne. 
 
 Tonic spasm, in mnlicine, is a steady and continu- 
 ous spastic contraction enduring for a comparatively 
 long time. It is opposed to a dome spa^m, in 
 which the muscular fibers contract and relax alter- 
 nately in very quirk snrcessinn, proiliicing the 
 appearance of agitation. In Ionic spasms, however, 
 there is always alternate contraction and rehixation. 
 Tin; s-pasms of tetanus are Ionic. 
 
 TO.N'ie, ?i. A medicine that increases the strength 
 and gives vigtir of action to the system. 
 
 2. In music, the key-note or orincip:d sound which 
 generates all the rest. [Fr. 'jitit/ue.] Cyc. 
 
 3 In music, a certain tlegree of tension, or the 
 sound produced by a vocal string in a given degree 
 of tension. • 
 
 TO.N'KA-I!v-..AN, j n. The fruit of the Dipteris 
 TO.N'UUIN-Bk.V.N, I odorata, a shruWiy plant of 
 
 Guiana. It has a peculiarly agreeable smell, and is 
 
 employeil in the scenting of sniitf. Buchanan. 
 TO-.\iGHT', 71. [to and night.] The present night, 
 
 or the nii-'ht alter the present day. 
 TON'N.AGE, (tun'-,) ii. [from tun.] The wejght of 
 
 goods carrieil in a boat or ship. 
 
 2. The cubical content or burthen of a ship in 
 tuns ; or the aiiioiint of weight which »he may carry 
 
 3. A duty or impost on ships, estimated per tun ; 
 or a duty, toll, or rate payable on goods |ier tun, 
 Iransporietl on canals. 
 
 TON'SII., n. [h. lonsillir. This word seems to be 
 formed from tonsus, toodeo, to clip.] 
 
 In anatomy, a glaiitlular body in the throat or 
 fauces. The tonsils are called also, from their shape, 
 amygdala, and, in popular language, almonds. The 
 ton.sils have several excretory ducts opening into the 
 month. die. Hooper. 
 
 TO.N'SII.F,, (-sil,) a. That may be clipped. -Voson. 
 
 TO.N-So'Rl-AL, a. Pertaining to a barber or to shav- 
 
 iUL'. 
 
 TON'SURE, (ton'shure,) n. [Fr., from L. lonsura, 
 from tonsus, shaved ; tondfn, to clip or shave.] 
 
 1. The act of clippiiii; the hair, or of shaving the 
 crown of the head ; or the state of being shorn. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 2. In the Roman Catholic church, tonsure is the first 
 ceremony nsed for devoting a person to the service 
 of God and the church ; the first degree of the rleri- 
 cate, iiivcn by a bisliop, who cuts olf a part of Ins 
 hair with prayers anil benedictions. Hence tnn.^ure 
 is used to denote entrance or admission into holy 
 orders. Cyc. 
 
 3 In the Roman Catholic church, the corona or 
 crown which priests wear as a mark of their order 
 and of their rank in the church. Cue. 
 TON-TJ.NE', (tiui-teen') n. [Fr. tontine; said to be 
 from its inventor, Tonti, an Italian.] 
 
 An annuity or surviv«irship ; or a loan raised on 
 life-annuities, with the benefit of survivorship. Thus 
 an annuity is shared among a number, on tlie prin- 
 ciple that the share of each, at his death, is enjoyed 
 by the survivors, until at last the whole goes to the 
 hist survivor, or to the last two or three, according to 
 the terms on which the money is advanced. 
 TO NY, «. .A simpleton. [Ludicrous.] Dryden. 
 TOO, nih. [Sax, Ui.] 
 
 I. Over ; more than enough ; notinE excess ; as, a 
 thing is loo loiiz, loo short, or too wide ; too high ; 
 too many ; too much. 
 
 Hii will too itroii^ to bend, loo proud to kun. Oomttf, 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE,— AN"GER, VI"CIOU3, — C as K ; G as J ; » as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 iir.9 
 
TOO 
 
 TOP 
 
 TOP 
 
 2. Likewise; also; in addition. 
 
 A courtier and a patriot too. P:pe. 
 
 L' t t'lose eyfs that view 
 The d-iring crime, behold the vei; jeaiice loo. Pope. 
 
 3. Too, too, repeated, denotes excess empliatically ; 
 but Ihis repetition is not in respectable use. 
 
 [The original application of to, now too, seems to 
 have been to a wi "I signifying a sreat quantity ; as, 
 spealiing or giving to much; that is, to a great 
 amount. To was thus used by old authors.] 
 TOOK, pret. of Take. 
 
 Enocli was not, for God look him. — Gen. t, 
 TOOL, n. [Sax. tot. ftu. Fr. outil. In old Law 
 Latin, we hnd attitc, a///7(a, stores, tools, implements, 
 (iu. artillery, by corruption.] 
 
 1. An instniment of manual operation, particu- 
 larly such as are used by farmers and mechanics ; as, 
 the tools of a joiner, smith, or shoemalver. 
 
 2. A person used as an insirumeut by another per- 
 son ; a word of reproarh. .Men ol' intrigue always 
 have their (oo.'s, by wiiose agency tliey accomplish 
 their purposes. 
 
 TOOL, V. U To sliape with a tool. F.ntick. 
 
 TOOL'ING, n. Workmanship performed witli a tool. 
 
 TOO.M, a, Emptv. [.Vol in mr.] mdif. 
 
 TOO.N'-VVgOD, /!. A wood of a rertdish-bmwn col- 
 or, employed in India for cabinet-work. It is the 
 Cedrela Toona nf botanists. P. Ci/c. 
 
 TOOT, V. i. [Sax. totian, to shoot, to project"; D. 
 toeten, to blow the horn ; toet-horn, a bugle-horn ; G. 
 dvteti i Sw. tittta. This word corresponds in ele- 
 ments with Or. -iOniii and W. doili, to put, set, lay, 
 give ; L. do, dcJi. The Saxon expresses the primary 
 sense.] 
 
 1. To stand out or Be prominent. [J^ot in vse.] 
 
 Howell. 
 
 2. To make a particular noise with the tongue, ar- 
 ticulating with the root of the ui)|ier teeth, at the be- 
 ginning and end of the sound ; also, to sound a horn 
 in a particular manner. 
 
 This writer should wear a tooting horn. Ho-JieU. 
 
 3. To peep ; to look narrowly. [JVot in ukc, and 
 prohably a mistaken intcrprptation.'] Speiuer, 
 
 TOOT, V. U To sound ; as, to tool the horn. 
 TOOT'ER, n. One who plays ui)on a pipe or horn. 
 
 B, Joiison, 
 
 TOOTH, 71. ; pi. Teeth. [Sax. toth, pi. teth. It cor- 
 responds with \V. did and tSth, a teat, Gaelic, did, 
 deiul, and with toot, supra ; signifying a shoot. If n 
 is not radical in the L. dens, Gr. o6ovs, oSjvtos, this 
 is the same word.] 
 
 1. A bony substance growing out of the jaws of 
 animals, and serving as the instrument of mastica- 
 tion. The teeth are also very useful in assisting per- 
 sons in the uttrranre of words, and when well- 
 formed anil sound, they are ornamental. The teeth 
 of animals dilfr in shape, being destined fir dilTt-r- 
 ent offices. The front teeth, in men and quadru- 
 peds, are called inci.wr^, or incisive, or cutting teeth; 
 next to these are the pointed teeth, called luniarti, ca- 
 nine, or do!! teeth; and on the sides of Uie jaws are 
 tile molar teet/i or trrinders. 
 
 2. Taste ; pal.ile. 
 
 These ai^ not dishes for thy dainty toalh. Dryien. 
 
 3. A tine; a prong; something pointed and re- 
 sembling an animal tooth ; as, the tontk of a rak", a 
 comb, a card, a harrow, a saw, or of a wheel. The 
 teeth of a wheel are sometimes called Cons, and are 
 destined to catch correspondiyg p.'uts of other 
 wheels 
 
 Tooth and nail ; [by biting and scratching,] with 
 one's utmost power; by all possible means. 
 
 L^E^trantrc. 
 
 To Vie teeth ; in open opposition ; directly to one's 
 face. 
 
 Thai I ihall live, and Idl hini to his teeth. Slta-i. 
 
 To co.«t in the teeth ; to retort reproachfully ; to in- 
 sult to the face. Uookrr. 
 
 In spite of the teeth; in defiance of oppositiim ; in 
 opposition to every effort. Shak. 
 
 To show the teeth ; to threaten. 
 
 Wiien the Law glioied her lerlh, I ut dares not Iiite. Vouns". 
 
 TOOTH, e. t. To furnish with teeth ; as, to /.oo(/i a 
 rake. 
 
 2. To indent ; to cut into teeth ; to jag ; as, to 
 tooth a Raw. 
 
 3. To lock into each otliT. Miron. 
 TOOTIIMCHE, (tooth'ike,) n. [tooth nnd ache.] Pain 
 
 m the teeth. 
 
 TOOril'ACIIF.-TI!F.F,, n. An evergreen slinih of 
 the genus Xanlhf'Wluui. /,re. 
 
 TOf)Tir-I)UA\V.i:it, n. [lonth and draw.] One 
 whose business is to extract teeth with instruments. 
 
 tVitrinan. 
 
 TOOTn'-nitAW-ING, 71. The net of extracting a 
 liiiilh ; the practice of extracting teeth. 
 
 TOO'rH'Kf), (tnotbl,) pp. or a. Having teeth or jags. 
 Ill botany, dentate ; h.'tving projecting points, remote 
 from e:irli ntliiT, about the edge. .Mortim. Smith. 
 
 TOOTirKDGK, ( ej.) n. [fm,(/iaiid ril.se.] The seina- 
 tinn eiriled liy grating sounds, and by the tniirh ofi 
 certain substances. Oaricin. I 
 
 Tiniiling uneasiness, almost amountinz to pain, in 
 the teeth, from stndulotis sounds, vellication, or acid 
 or acrid substances. Ooud. 
 TOOTH'Ff^-L, a.' Palatable. [jXot in use.] 
 TOOTH'LESS, fl. Having no teeth. Dryden. 
 TOOTH'LET-ED, a. In botany, denticulate ; having 
 very small teeth or projecting points ; as a leaf. 
 
 jMartyn. 
 
 TOOTH'PICK, ) 71. [tooth and pick.] An iiistru- 
 
 TOOTH'PICK ER, ( nient for cleaning the teeth of 
 substances lodged between them. Shak. 
 
 TOOTH'SO.ME, (tooth'suin,) a. Palatable; grateful 
 to the taste. Curew. 
 
 TOOTH'.SOME-NESS, 7i. Pleasantness to the taste. 
 
 TOOTH'WORT, (tooth'wurt,) 71. A plant whose 
 roots resemble human teeth, such as the Lathnea 
 squaniaria, various species of Dentaria, the Coral- 
 lorrliiza innata, &c. This name is also given to the 
 lead-wort, of the genus Plumbago, from its toothed 
 corol. Cue. 
 
 TOOTH'Y, a. Toothed ; having teeth. Croikl. 
 
 TOOT'ING, ppr. Sounding in a particular manner, as 
 a horn. 
 
 TOP. 71. [Sax. «op; D. and Dan. top; Sw.topp; W. 
 lob or top ; topiaw, to top, to form a crest.] 
 
 1. Tlie highest part of any thing; the upper end, 
 edge, or extremity ; as, the tap of a tree ; the top of 
 a spire ; the top of a house ; the top of a mountain. 
 
 2. Surface ; upper side ; as, the top of the ground. 
 
 3. The highest place ; as, the top of preferment. 
 
 Locke. Swift. 
 
 4. The highest person ; the chief. Shak. 
 
 5. The utmost degree. 
 
 The top of my anititiou is to contribute to lhat work. Pope. 
 If you attain the top of your desires in fame. Pope. 
 
 6. The highest rank. Each boy strives to be at 
 the top of his class, or at the top of the school. 
 
 7. The crown or upper surface of the head. Shak. 
 
 8. The hair on the crown of the head ; the fore- 
 lock. Shak. 
 
 9. The head of a plant. Watts. 
 
 10. [G.tiipf] An inverted conoid which children 
 play with by whirling it on its point. One sort has 
 its motion continued by means of a whip. Shak. 
 
 11. }u ship-buitdintr, a sort of platform, surround- 
 ing the head of the lower mast, and projecting on all 
 siiles. It serves to extend the slirotuls, by W'hich 
 means they more etiectually support the mast ; and, 
 in ships of war, the top furnishes a convenient 
 stand for swivels and small arms to annoy the ene- 
 my. Cyc. 
 
 TOP'-.XR-JIOR, 77. In .?/»>s, a railing on the top, sup- 
 ported by stanchions and equipped with netting. 
 
 TOP'-l!LOCK, 11. In ships, a block hung to an eye- 
 bolt ill the cap, used in swaying and lowering the 
 top-mast. 
 
 TOP'-CHaIN, 71. In .«/ii;is, a chain to sling the lower 
 yards in time of action, to prevent thi'ir falling, 
 when the ropes by which they are hung are shot 
 away. 
 
 TOP'-GLOTH, 71. In ships, a piece of canvas used 
 to cover the hammocks which are lashed to the top 
 in action. 
 
 TOP'-DR.\lN IXG, 71. The act or practice of drain- 
 
 in'j the surface of land. 
 TOP'-HRESS-IXG, 71. A dressing of manure laid on 
 
 the surface of land. Ct/c. 
 TnP'FI L, a. [lop nni fall.] Full to the brim. 
 TOP-G.\L'LAN'i', a. [See Top-Sail.] [Watts. 
 2. Highest ; elevated ; splendid ; as, a top-gallant 
 
 spark. UEstranrrc. 
 TOP'-IIEAV-Y, (top'hev-e,) a. [top and heamj.] 
 
 Having the top or upper part too heavy for the lower. 
 
 Wutton. 
 
 TOP'-KNOT, (-not,) 71. [top and knot.] A knot worn 
 
 liy females 011 the top of the head. 
 TOP'LESS, a. Having no top ; as, a topless hight. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 TOP'JIAN, 71. [(0/7 and 771071.] The man who stands 
 above in sawing. 
 9. In ships, a man standing in the top. 
 
 TOP'.M.\S r, 71. In .ihip.^i, the secimd mast, or that 
 which is next above the lower mast. Above lhat is 
 the top-u'allanl-mast. 
 
 TOP'.MoST, a. [top and 77ins(.] Highest; upper- 
 most ; as, the topmost dill"; the topmost branch of a 
 tree. Dryden. .^ililtson. 
 
 TOP'-PROUn, a. [top and proud'.] Proud to the 
 highest degree. Shak. 
 
 TOP'-ltriPF., 71. A rope to sway up a topmast, &.c. 
 
 TOP'-SAIL, 71. A sail extended across the toji-inast, 
 above which is the top-gallant-sail. 
 
 T0P'-SIIAP-/;D, (-shSpt,) a. In bolanii, turbinate, 
 i. e., inversely conical, with a contraction toward the 
 point. 
 
 TOP'-SOIL-I\G, 71. The act or art of taking off the 
 top-soil of laud, before a canal is begun. 
 
 TOP'-STri.N'E, 71. .\ stone that is placed on the top, 
 or whirli foriii" the ti^p. 
 
 TOP'-TA(,'K-Li:, (tak'l,) 77. A large tackle hooked 
 to the lower end of the topmast top-ropi' and to the 
 deck. .Uilr. niel. 
 
 TOP, 1). 1. To rise aloft ; to bo cinini iir; as, lofty 
 ridges and (I'/ij'/ii^r mountains. Derhnm. 
 
 2. To predominate ; as, topping passions ; topping 
 uneasiness. 
 
 3. To excel ; to rise above others. 
 
 But wr'.le thy best and Io;>. Hrydtn. 
 TOP, c. L To cover on the top ; to tip ; to cap. 
 
 A mount 
 
 Of alabaster, topped with goId':n spires. Milton. 
 M'junlaiiis topped with snow. Waiter. 
 
 2. To rise above. 
 
 A goiinl — climliing by the bougha twined about them, till it 
 
 lopped and covered ibe tree. L'J^nlrange. 
 To]*]mig alt oUiers in tioaslinj. Shak. 
 
 3. To outgo ; to surpass. 
 
 4. To crop ; to take olT the top or upper part. 
 Tup your rose-trees a little with your knife near a leaf-hud. 
 
 Eve!yn. 
 
 So in America we say, to top corn, that is, maize, 
 by cutting otT the stalk just above the ear. 
 
 5. To rise to the top of ; as, he topped the hill. 
 
 Denfiain. 
 
 fi. To perform eminently. [Aot in ti.w.] 
 To'P.W, II. A name of the horned Indian rhinoceros 
 bird, the Buceros rhinoceros, of tlie Passerine ordiT. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 To'PSReil, 71. [Gr. To-os, a place, and apx^s, a 
 chief.] 
 
 The principal man in a place or country. 
 To'PAReil-Y, 71. A little state, consisting of a few 
 cities or towns ; a petty country governed by a to- 
 parcli. Judea was formerly divided into ten ioparchr- 
 ies. 
 
 To'PAZ, 71. [Gr. TOTra^ioi'.] 
 
 A mineral, said to be so called from Topazes, a 
 small isle in the Arabic Gulf, where the Romans ob- 
 tained a stone which they called by this name, but 
 which is the chrysolite of the moderns. Topaz is 
 one of the gems. It occurs in rhombic prisms, and 
 is generally of a yellowish color and pellucid ; but 
 is also met with colorless, and of greenish, bluish, 
 or brownish shades, and sometimes massive and 
 opaque. It consists of silica, alumina, and Huoric 
 acid. _ Dana. 
 
 TO-P,\Z'0-LlTE, 71. A variety of precious garnet, of 
 a topaz yellow color, or an olive green. 
 
 Ure. Cleaveland. 
 ToPE, 71. A fish of the shark family, and genus Ga- 
 leus, resembling the dog-tish in its general aspect. 
 
 Jardine^s JVat. Lib. 
 2. In Hindostan, a grove or clump of trees. 
 
 Jilalcom, 
 
 TOPE, r. i. [Fr. toper. On. dip.] 
 
 To drink hard ; to drink strong or spiritous li- 
 quors to excess. 
 
 If you tope in form, and treat. Dryden. 
 To'PER, 7!. One who drinks to e.xcess ; a drunkard ; 
 a sot. 
 
 TOP'ET, 71. A small bird, the crested titmouse. 
 
 N. B. — The crested titmouse of Latham, Parus 
 bicolor, is the toupet titmouse of Pennant. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 TOPH, I 71. [from the Latin tophus.] A kind of 
 TOPH'IN, I sandstone. 
 
 TO-PHA'CEOUS, (to-fa'shus,) a. Gritty; sandy; 
 rough : stony. ArbuthnoL 
 
 To'PIICT, (tb'fct,) 71. [Ileb. nsn tophct, from sn, 
 toph, a drum.] 
 
 Hell ; so called from a place east of .Tcrusalem, 
 where children were burnt to Moloch, and where 
 drums were used to drown their cries. 
 
 TOP'I-A-RY, a. [L. topiarius, ornamented.] 
 
 Shaped by cutting; as, topiary work, which con- 
 sists ill giving all kinds of fanciful forms to arbors 
 and thicket.s, trees and hedges. Francis. 
 
 TOP'ie, 71. [Gr. To-ros, place; L. topicus, lopica; 
 Sans, topu.] 
 
 1. .^iiy subject of discourse or amument. The 
 Scriptures furnish an nnlimiti d number of topics tot 
 the preacher, and topics infinitely interesting. 
 
 2. In rhetoric, a probable argument drawn from 
 the several circumstances and places of a fact. 
 Aristotle wrote a book of topics. Cicero defines 
 topics to be the art of finding arguments. Cyc. 
 
 3. Principle of persuasion. 
 
 Contumacious pcnionii whom no topics can work upon. 
 
 irru-in». 
 
 4. In medicine, an external remedy ; a remedy to 
 be applied outwardly to a particular part of the body, 
 as a plaster, a poultice, a blister, and the like. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TOP'ie, ) 17. [Supra.] Pertaining to a place ; 
 TOP'IG-AL, j limited ; local ; as, a topical remedy, 
 2. Pertaining to a topic or subject of discourse, or 
 
 to a general head. 
 TOP'ie-.\L-LY, adr. Locally; with limitation to n 
 
 part. 
 
 2. With application to a particular part ; as, a rem- 
 edy topieollii applied. 
 TO-i*i)(;'R.\-PIIER, 71. [Sec Topoobaphy.] Ono 
 who describes a particular place, towni, city, or tract 
 of land. 
 
 TOP 1) (JRAI'll'ir, ) 0. Pertaining to topogra- 
 'I'Ol' (;RA1'II'1C-AL, ( phy ; descriptive of o 
 place. 
 
 FATE, FAR, TfiLl., WH/kT MRTE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1160 
 
TOR 
 
 TOP-O GKAPlI'ie-AL-LY, adc. In tlie iiinnner of 
 tupd^rapliv. 
 
 TO l'OCJ'RA-PIIY, n. fGr. roffoj. place, and ypaipri, 
 de:«cri|)ti()ii.J 
 
 TliK dosrription of a particular place, city, town, 
 manor, parish, or tract of land. It is of more lim- 
 ited application tlian Chorooraphv. 
 
 TOP'P/'.'U, (to|)t,) j ;»/). or a. (;ov<Ted on the top; 
 
 TOP'I', j capped ; surpassed ; cropped ; 
 
 havinii the top cut off. 
 
 TOI"l'[.\G, ppr. Covering the top; capping; sur- 
 p-assinn; croppirt)!; lopping. 
 
 2. a. Fine ; ^allniil. Johtison. 
 [But Jultii,son^i< definition is probably incorrect^] 
 
 3. Proud; assuming si'.periority. [T/iix is the 
 sense ill which the cuiiiinoii peiipte of JVcio Kti^fttind u.s-c 
 the word, and 1 believe the true dense ; but it is not ele- 
 sniil.] 
 
 TOP'PlNG, n. \n seamen's lanrpia^e, t\\e act of pull- 
 ing one extremity of a yard higher than the otiier. 
 
 Mir. Diet. 
 
 TOP'PI.VG-LIFT, n. A large, strong taciile em- 
 ployed to suspend or top the outer end of a gair, or 
 of the boom of a main-sail, in a brig or schooni r. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 TOP'PLNG-LY, adv. Proudly ; with airs of disdain. 
 [JVat an elt'frant leord, nor unich usfd.\ 
 
 TOP'PLt;, (lop'pl,) l: i. [from top.] To fall for- 
 ward ; to pitch or tumble down. 
 
 Tlioti;;h caatli'* I0}tjile on their wnnlere' lipnds. Sliok. 
 
 [This word is used chiejlij of children when beginning 
 to wnlh.] 
 
 TOP'Pl.ING, ppr. Falling forward. 
 
 TOP'SV-TUR' VY, oi'o. In an inverted posture; with 
 the top or head downward ; as, to turn a carriage 
 ti'psif'titrvif. SoittJi. 
 
 TOUUK, (tbk,) ) n. [Fr., a cap.] A kind of 
 
 TO-UL'ET', (to-kii',) ! bonnet or iiead-dro.ss for 
 women. 
 
 TOK, n. [Sav. tor : L. lurris.] 
 
 A tower ; a turret; also, a high, pointed hill ; used 
 in names. 
 
 TORCH,?!. [It. torcia; Sp. antoreha; Fr. torche ; D. 
 toorts ; prob.ihiy a twist ; It. torciare, to twist, S|). 
 torcSry VV. torci, L, torqueo, tortus.] 
 
 A light or luminary formed of some combustible 
 suhstance, as of resinous wood; a large candle or 
 tlumbeau. 
 
 Tii-^y liglil die nuptial torch. Mi'ion. 
 
 TORCH'-BEaR-ER, 7t. [torcli anA bear.] One whose 
 
 ottice is to carry a torch. Sidncij. 
 TORCH'ER, H. One that gives light. [JVot ih k.<c. ] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TORCII'-LIGHT, (-lite,) «. [torch and light.] The 
 liglit of a torch or of ttirclies. 
 2. A light kindled to supply the want of the sun. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TORCir-THIS-TLE, '(-this-l,) «. A plant of the genus 
 Cereus. Lee. 
 
 Tile common name of a genus of the order Cacta- 
 ce.T, called cereus, troiii cera, wax, frt>in the resem- 
 blance of the stems to a wax candle. Torch-thistle 
 is from the prickly stems used by the Indians for 
 torches. Cijc. 
 TORCirWORT, (-wurt,) n. A plant. More. 
 Tore, prct. of TcAR. He tore his robe. 
 ToKE, H. [Perhaps from tear ; W. ton, to break.] 
 The dead grass th it remains on mowing land in 
 winter and spring. [Used in JVew England.] 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 TORE, rt. [L. torus.] 
 
 In architecture, a large, round molding tui the 
 base of a column ; a turns. Olo.<s. of Jirehit. 
 
 TO-REU-.MA-TOG'RA-PIIY, n. [Gr. Tuoti/tu, sculp- 
 ture, and yn:i.pii, description.] 
 
 A description of ancient sculptures and basso- 
 relievtis. Ci/c. 
 TO-REi;-,MA-T0L'0-GY, n. [Gr. Tonevpa, sculpture, 
 and \ ly Kj.] 
 
 'J'he art or description of sculpture and bas-relief. 
 TO-RE0"l"ie, a. [(Jr. mo v-o,, ix.lished.] 
 
 In sculpture, highly finished or polished; applied 
 properlti to figures in liard wood, ivory, J(*c. Brande. 
 TOR'Mli.VT, H. [Fr. tourment; L. tormeutum ; It. 
 and Sp. tormrnto ; probably from the rtxit of L. tor- 
 tjueo, torn, Eng. tour ; that is, from twisting, strain- 
 ing.] 
 
 1. Extreme pain ; anguish ; the utmost degree of 
 misery, either of body or mind. 
 
 The more I lee 
 Pletunre about me, so much I feci 
 
 Torment within nv', Milton. 
 Lest thry aUu come into tliil place of torment. — l.ukc xvi. 
 Rev. ix. xiv. 
 
 2. That which gives pain, vexation, or misery. 
 
 They brought unto him all sick peoi.!* that were taj^cn with tliren 
 (lisCAJ«-» anil tortnents. — Ivliitt. iv, 
 
 3. An engine for casting stones. FJyoL 
 TOK-M E.NT', ». (. To put to exln? me pain or nngiiish ; 
 
 to intllct excruciating pain and misery, cither of body 
 or mind. 
 
 An Ummi come hither to torment ui liefore the lime f — MfUU TiiL 
 He ahall U; lormtuted with lirv aiul bhi»»toni'. — Rc». xit. 
 
 TOR 
 
 2. To pain ; to distress. 
 
 I.onI, iny Brrv.tnt li -lh nl home sick of the pnliy, frievouaty tor* 
 meiiutt. — Mntt. viii. 
 
 3. To tease ; to vex ; to harass ; as, to be tormented 
 with iinportiinities, or with petty annoyances. 
 
 '1. To put into great ngilatioii. 
 
 They, aonrin^ on main wiiir^, 
 7'ormenleti nli the air. \lfttitauai.] MUton. 
 
 TOR-MENT'EU, pp. Pained to extremity ; teased ; 
 harassed. , 
 
 TOK'MEN-TIL, n. [Fr. tormentitle ; It. tormentilla.] 
 The scplfiiil, Potentilla Tormentilla. The root is 
 usetl in medicine as a powerful astringent, and for 
 alleviating gripes or tormina in cases of diarrhea, 
 whence its name. Cyc. 
 
 TOR-MENT'Ii\(J, ppr. or a. Paining to an extreme 
 degree ; inflicting severe distress and anguish ; leas- 
 ing; vexing. 
 
 TOR-MENT'ING, n. In ttgrieullurc,an imperfect sort 
 
 of horse-hoeing. Cue. 
 TOR-.\lENT'I.\G-LY, adv. In a manner tfendirig to 
 
 prtniiice distress or anguish. 
 T(JR-ME.\T'OR, j 71. lie or that which torments: 
 TOR-iMEi\T'El(, i one who inllirts penal anguish 
 
 or tortures. Milton. Dnjdcn. 
 
 2. In agriculture, an instriinienl for reducing a stiff 
 
 soil, resembling a harrow, but running upon wheels, 
 
 HeberU 
 
 TORN, pp. or a. [from tear.] 
 
 Nfitli'T shall ye eat any flesh that is torn by the bc:uU in the 
 llrM. — Ex. xxil. 
 
 TOR-NS'DO, 71. [from the root of (iirTi; that is, a 
 whirling wind. The Sp. and Port, tornada is a re- 
 turn.] 
 
 .\ violent gust of wind, or a tempest, distinguished 
 by a whirling motion. Tornadoes of this kind hap- 
 pen after extreme heat, and sometimes, in the United 
 States, lend up fences and trees, anti in a few in- 
 stances have overthrown houses and torn them to 
 pieces. Tornatloes are nsiially accoiiipaiiied with 
 severe Ihiiiiiler, lightning, and torrents of rain; but 
 tlipv are of short iliiralion, and narrow in breadth. 
 
 TO-lioSE', ) , , 
 
 TO'KOUS, ( «■ t'- <<"-"«"■•] 
 
 In botany, protuberant ; swelling in knobs, like the 
 veins ^iid imisdes ; as, a torous pericarp. Martyn. 
 
 TOR-Pk'DO, 71. [ L., from tvrpco, to he iimiib.] 
 
 1. The cramp tish or electric ray. Tliis name 
 designati!s a genus of fishes of several species, which 
 are t-oniiiionly confounded with each other. 'J'hese 
 fishes are usually taken in forty fathoms water, on 
 the coast of France anil England, niid in the Medi- 
 terranean, A touch of thtMii occasions a niiiiibness 
 in the 'iiiib, acconip.'inietl with an iiidescribtible and 
 painful -ensation, and is really an electric shock. 
 When de.id, they lose the power of producing this 
 sensation. Cyc. 
 
 2. An engine invented for the purpose of destroy- 
 ing ships by blowing tliein up. 
 
 TOR'PE.XT, a. [I., lorpcus, lorpeo.] 
 
 Deniinibed ; torpid ; liaviiig no motion or activity ; 
 incapable of motion. 
 
 A fr.iil and lorpent memory. Evelyn. 
 TOR'PE.XT, 71. In medicine, that which diminishes 
 
 the exertion of the irritative iiuitions. Darwin. 
 TOR-PErt'CE.N'CE, h. A state of insensibility ; tor- 
 
 [lidness ; iiiiiiibness: stupldltv. 
 TOR-PES'CENT, a. [I,, torpeicens.] 
 
 Heconiing torpid or numb. Shm.Hone. 
 TOR'PIl), a. [L. torpidus, torpco ! perhaps VV. t</rj7, a 
 lump.] 
 
 1. Having lost motion or the power of e.xertion and 
 feeling ; numb ; as, a torpid limb. 
 
 Without heal all thin:^ would be torpid. Hay. 
 
 2. Dull ; stupid ; sluggish ; inactive. The mind, 
 as well as the body, becomes torpid by indolence. 
 Impenitent sinners remain in a state of torpid se- 
 riirilv. Barrington. 
 
 TOR.PID'I-TY, n. Torpidness. 
 
 ToR'PIl) I.Y, ado. In a liiill, inactive manner. 
 
 TOR'PIl) NESS, j 71. The st.ite of being torpid; 
 
 TOR'PI-TUUE, 1 numbness. Torpidness may 
 amount to total insensibility or loss of sensatitm. 
 9. Dullness; inactivity; sluggishness; stupidity. 
 
 TOR'PI FI-f;i), ( fide,) Rendered torpid. 
 
 TOK'PI F?, r. (. To make torpid. 
 
 TOIt'PI Ft-ING, ppr. Rendering torpid. 
 
 TOR'POR, 11. [L.j N'liiiibiiess ; inactivity; loss of 
 motion, or of the power of motion.' Torpor may 
 amount to a total loss of sensation, or complete in- 
 sensibility. It may, however, be applied to the state 
 of a living body which has not lost all power of 
 feeling and motion. 
 9. Dullness; laziness; sluggishness; stupidity. 
 
 TOR PO-RIF'ie, a. [L. torpor and /ucio.] 
 Tending to produce torpiir. 
 
 TOR RE KAC'TION, n. [Fr., from L. torrefacio ; 
 torrtdu.< and focio.] 
 
 1. The operation of drying by a fire. 
 
 2. In metallurgy, the operation of roasting ores. 
 
 3. In />/i«riniic/(, the drying or roasting of drugii on 
 a metalline plate, placed over or before coals of Ore, 
 
 TOR 
 
 till they become friable to the fingers, or till Home 
 oilier desireil ell'cct Is produced. Cyc. 
 
 TOR'RE-FI-/;i), ( fide,) pp. or a. Dried ; roasted; 
 scorched. Torrefied earth, in airriruiture, Is that 
 ivlilcli has undergone the action ul fire. Cyc, 
 
 TOR'Ri:-F?, V. t. [L. torrefacio; L. lorridus, torreo, 
 and fueio ; Fr. tarrefier.] 
 
 1. I'o dry by a fire Brown. 
 
 2. In metallurgy, to roast or scorch, tm metallic ore.<i. 
 
 3. In pharmacy, to dry or parch, as drn^s, on a 
 metalline plate till they are friable, or are reiluced to 
 aiiv slate tiesired. 
 
 TOli'RE-FS-ING, ppr. Drying by a fire; roasting; 
 parching. 
 
 TOK'REiN'T, 71. [L. <«7Tcn.«. This is the participle of 
 torreo, to parch. Ihil the sense of the woril torrent 
 allies it to the \V. tori, to break, and the Eng. tear. 
 'i'liey ve all of one family, denoting violent ac- 
 tion.] 
 
 1. A violent rushing stream of water or other 
 fluid ; a stream suddenly raised and running rapidly, 
 as down a precipice ; as, a torrent of lava. 
 
 2. A violent or rapid stream ; a strung current ; 
 as, a torrent of vices and follies; a torrent of cor- 
 ruption. 
 
 Erasmus, that ffreat, Inlurfd name, 
 Slommed the wjKl lorTeot of a bnroitroua age. Pope. 
 
 TOR'RENT, a. Rolling or rushing in a rapid etream ; 
 as, w.aves of torrent fire. 
 
 TOR-RI-CEL'EI-AN, a. Pertaining to Torricelli, an 
 Italian philosopher and matlieniallcian, who discov- 
 ered the true principle on wliicli the barometer is 
 constructed. 
 
 Torricellian tube, is a glass tube thirty or rrwre 
 inches in length, open at one enil, and hermetically 
 sealed at the other, such as is used in the barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Torricellian vacuum ; a x'acunm produced by filling 
 with mercury a tube liernielically closed at one end, 
 and, after iiiiiiiersing the other end In a vessel of 
 mercury, allowing Ilie Inclosed mercury to descend 
 till it is counti:r balanced by the weight of an etiual 
 column of the atmosphere, as in the barometer. 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 TOR'RID, a. [L. torridu.i, from torreo, to roast.] 
 
 1. Parched ; dried with beat ; as, a torrid plain or 
 desert. 
 
 2. Violently hot ; burning or parching ; as, a torrid 
 lieat. Milton. 
 
 Torrid lone: in geography, that space or broad 
 belt of the earth included between the tropics, over 
 wliii li the sun Is vertical at some period every year, 
 and where the heat is always great. 
 TOR'RID-iNESS, n. The state of being very hot or 
 parched. 
 
 TOltSE, 71 [Fr. torse; L. tortus.] 
 
 In heraldry, a wreath. 
 TOR'SEL, 71. " [Supra.] Any thing in a twisted form ; 
 
 as, torsrls for mantel-trees, Mozon. 
 TOR'SION, 71, [L. Uirsio, from torqueo, to twist,] 
 The act of turning or twisting. 
 Torsion balance, an instrument for estimating very 
 
 minute forces by the motion of an Index atlaclied to 
 
 the ends of two fine wires or threads, which twist 
 
 around each other. Olmstrd. 
 TOR'SO, II. [It.j The trunk of a statue itilated 
 
 of head and limbs ; as, the tors^ of Hercules. 
 TORT, 71. [Fr., from L. tortus, twisted, from tfirquco. 
 
 The primary sense is, to turn or strain'; hence, to 
 
 twist.] 
 
 1. In law, any wrong or injury. Torts are inju- 
 ries done to the person or property of another, as 
 trespass, assault and battery, defamation, and the 
 like. Blacli.-itune. 
 
 2. Mischief ; calamity. Speii.ser. 
 [Ercept in tlte legal sense above explained, it is ob- 
 solete.] 
 
 TOR'TE AU, (tor'to,) n. In heraldry, a red roundel. — 
 
 K. H. Barker. 
 TORT'ILE, (tort'il,) a. [L. tortilis.] 
 
 Twistetl ; wreathed ; colled. In botany, colled 
 like a rope ; as, a tortile awn. Martyn. 
 TOR'TIO.V, (tor'shiin.) n. [L. tortus.] 
 
 Torment; pain. [j\'ot in use.] Bacon. 
 TOR'TIOUS, ^tor'shus,) a. [from tart.] Injurious; 
 done by wrong. 
 
 2. In law, implying tort, or injury for which the 
 law gives damages. 
 TORT'IVE, a. [U tortus.] 
 
 Twistetl ; wreathed. Shak. 
 TOR'TOISE, (tor'tis,) n. [from L. (or(ii.«, twisted.) 
 
 1. An animal of llie order Tesludinatji, or Clielo- 
 nia, covered with a shell or crust. 
 
 2. In (Af niiiitari/ art, a defense used by tlieancients, 
 formed by the troops arrnncing themselves in close 
 order and placing their bucklers over their heads, 
 making a cover resembling a tortoise-shell. 
 
 TOR'TOISE-SHEIJ,, n, [lortoL-'e and shell.] The 
 shell, or horny scutes or plates of the tortoi-e, used 
 in inlaying and in various manufactures ; particu- 
 larly, the shell of a species of sea turtle, the hawk's 
 hill turtle, Clielone iiiibricala, Brande. 
 
 TOKT-U-OSE , a. Wreallied ; twisted ; winding, 
 
 Lautlon* 
 
 TO.N'E, BgLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; 8 a« Z ; fH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
 146 
 
 1161 
 
TOS 
 
 TORT-TJ-OS'I-Ty, n. [Uom tortuous.] Tile state of 
 being twisted or wreatlicd ; wreatli ; flexure. 
 
 Broipn, 
 
 TORT'U-OUS, a. [L. torluosus ; Fr. tortueux.] 
 
 1. Twisted ; wreathed ; windiiie ; as, a tortuotu 
 train ; a toTtuuus leaf or corul, in botany. 
 
 Mtltoii. Jtlartyn. 
 
 2. Tortious. [J'/ot used.] [See Tortious.] 
 
 Spejiser. 
 
 TOKT'U-OUS-LY, adv. In a winding manner. 
 TOIiT'U-OUS-NESS, n. Tlie state of being twisted 
 TORT'URE, (tort'yur,) n. [Fr. torture; It. and Sp. 
 
 toriura; from L. tortus, torqucOj to twist, \V. torgi; 
 
 probably from tlie root of turn. See Tour.] 
 
 1. Extreme pain ; anguisli of body or mind ; pang; 
 agony ; torment. 
 
 Gh;ully spasm or nickiiij torlure. i Milton. 
 
 9. Severe pain inflicted judicially, either as a pun- 
 ishment fur a crime, or for tlie purpose of e.xtorting 
 a confession from an accused person. Torture may 
 be, and is, inflicted in a variety of ways, as by water 
 or by fire, or by the boot or thiimbkin. But the most 
 usual mode is by the rack or wheel. Paleij. Cue. 
 TORT'URE, V. t. To pain to extremity ; to torment. 
 
 2. To punish with torture ; to put to the rack ; as, 
 to torture an accused person. 
 
 3. To vex ; to harass. .Addison. 
 
 4. To keep on the stretch, as a bow. [JVu( in use.] 
 
 Bac n. 
 
 TORT'tTR-£D, (tort'yurd,) pp. Tormented ; stretched 
 
 on the wheel ; harassed. 
 TORT'UR-ER, n. One who torments ; a tormenter. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TORT'UR-IXG,ppr. Tormenting; stretching on the 
 
 rack ; vexins. 
 TORT'UR-ING-LY, adv. So as to torture or torment. 
 
 Beaum. t{ Fl. 
 TORT'TJR-OUS, a. Tormenting. [.Vut in tu^e.] 
 
 More. 
 
 TOR-U-LoSE', a. In botany, cylindrical, with several 
 swells and contiactiuns. 
 
 To'RUS, 71. [L.] In architecture, a large molding 
 used in the bases of columns. Its profile is semicir- 
 cular. Brande. 
 
 2. In botany, the receptacle, or part of the flower 
 on which the carpels are seated. Lindley. 
 
 TUU'Vl-TY, n. [L. torvitas ; from twisting, supra.] 
 Sourness or severity of countenance. 
 
 TOR'V'OUS, a. [L. tortus, from the root of torqueo, 
 to twist.] 
 
 Sour of aspect; sl^rn ; of a severe countenance. 
 
 Derham. 
 
 To'RY, n. [Said to be an Irish word, denoting a rob- 
 ber ; perhaps from tor, a bush, as the Irish banditti 
 lived in the mountains or among trees.] 
 
 The name given to an adherent to the ancient con- 
 stitution of England and to the ecclesiastical liierar- 
 chy. The tories form a party which are charged with 
 supporting more arbitrary principles in government 
 than the whigs, their opponents. 
 
 In America, during the revolution, those who op- 
 posed the war, and favored the claims of Great Brit- 
 ain, were called tories. 
 
 To'RY, n. Pertaining tn the tories. 
 
 To'RY-ISM, n. The principles of the tories. 
 
 ToSE, V. t. To tease wool. in u.ie, or local.] 
 
 TOSS, r. L ; pret. and pp. Tossed or Tost. [W. tosiam, 
 to toss, to jerk. (Iti. G. .sto.tsen, to thrust.] 
 
 1. To throw with the hand ; particularly, to throw 
 with the palm of the hand upward, or to throw up- 
 ward ; as, to toss a ball. 
 
 2. To throw with violence. Shak. 
 
 3. To lift or throw up with a sudden or violent 
 motion ; as, to toss thfc head ; or to toss up the head. 
 
 11*: tossed hU ivrin aloft. Adtlison. 
 
 4. To cause to rise and fall ; as, to be tcssed on the 
 waves. 
 
 We (jcing exceedingly lotsed wilh a lempeet. — Acta xxvii. 
 
 5. To move one way and the other. Prov. xxi. 
 
 6. To agitate ; to make restless. 
 
 Calm n-ffion once, 
 And full of peace, now tost and tiirtjiilent. Milton. 
 
 7. To keep in play ; to tumble over ; as, to spend 
 four years in tossing the rules of grammar, .^scham. 
 
 To loss the oars, in a boat, is to throw them with 
 their blades up, in a perpendicular direction, as a sa- 
 lute. 
 
 TOSS, r. t. To flinK ; to roll and tumble ; to writhe ; 
 to be in violent cuminotiun. 
 
 To tost and Ring, and to Ije reklieaa, only frcla and enra^ra our 
 
 P^dn. Tulofon. 
 2. To he tossed. Shak. 
 7* o toss up, is to throw a coin Into the air, and wa- 
 ger on what side it will fall. Bramp.ilon. 
 TOSS, n. A throwing upward or wilh a jerk ; the act 
 of toHrting ; an, the toss of a ball. 
 
 2. A throwing up of the lnr,\i\ ; a particular man- 
 ner of rai..iing the head with a jerk. It ii miirh np- 
 plii'd til liorrteH, and may hi^ applied to an affected 
 ninniier of raising the head in nion. 
 TOSS'AJ), ftont,) pp. Thrown iipwnrd Hiiddenly or 
 Willi a jerk ; made to ri.ne and fall Ninlilenly. 
 
 TOU 
 
 TOS'SEL. See Tassel. 
 TOSS'ER, n. One who tosses. 
 
 TOSS'ING, ppr. Throwing upward with a jerk ; rais- 
 ing suddenly ; as the head. 
 
 TOSS'IXG, /(. The act of throwing upward ; arising 
 and falling suddenly ; a rolling and tumbling. 
 
 Dire was the tossing, tljep tlie groans. Milton. 
 
 TOSS'POT, 71. [toss and pot.] A toper ; one habit- 
 ually given to strong drink. 
 TOST, prct. and pp. of Toss. 
 
 In a troubled sea of passion tost. Mitlon. 
 
 To'TAL, a. [Fr. ; L. totalis, totus ; W. tw:.] 
 
 1. Whole; full; complete; as, total darkness; a 
 total departure from the eviilence ; a total loss ; the 
 total sum or amount. 
 
 2. Whole ; not divided. 
 
 Myself llic total crinne. Milton. 
 
 TO'TAL, 71. The whole ; the whole sum or amount. 
 These sums added make the grand total of five mil- 
 lions. 
 
 TO-TAL'I-TY, 71. [Fr. totalite.] 
 
 The whole sum ; whole quantitv or amount. 
 
 T6'TAL-LY, ado. Wholly ; entirely ; fully ; com- 
 pletely ; as, to be totally exhausted ; all hope totally 
 failed ; he was tolallii absorbed in thought. 
 
 To'TAL-NESS, ti. Entireness. 
 
 ToTE, V. t. To carry or bear. 
 
 [A word used in slaveholding countries; said to 
 have been introduced by the blacks. This word is 
 said also to be the same as Tolt, which see, the I 
 being omitted. It is most used in the Southern and 
 Middle United States, is occasionally heard in New 
 Eniiland, and is said also to be used in England.] 
 
 ToTE, 71. [L. totus.] 
 
 The entire body, or all ; as, the whole tote. [Hal- 
 liwell says still in iise.] [ Colloquial.] 
 
 ToT'ED, pp. Carried or borne. 
 
 T'OTII'ER ; a vulgar priuiiinciation of the other. 
 
 TOT'l-DEM VER'BIS, [L.] In so many words; in 
 the very words. 
 
 TO'TI-ES QUO'Tl-SS, (to'she-eez-k wo'she-eez,) 
 [L.] As often as one, so ofXen the other. 
 
 TO'TO C(E'Z,0, (-see'lo,) [L.] By the whole hemi- 
 sphere ; as opposite as possible. 
 In toto, [L.] In the whole. 
 
 TOT'TER, V. i. [This may be allied to titter.] 
 
 1. To shake so as to threaten a fall ; to vacillate ; 
 as, an old man totters with age ; a chilil totters when 
 he begins to walk. 
 
 2. To shake : to reel ; to lean. 
 
 As a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a loMerin^ fence. — Ps. 
 Ixu. 
 
 Troy nods from high, and toUers lo her fall. Drydsn. 
 
 TOT'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Shaking, as threatening a 
 
 fall ; vacillating ; reeling ; inclining. 
 TOT'TER-ING-LY, a&i. In a tottering manner. 
 TOT'TER-Y, ) a. Shaking ; trembling or vacillating, 
 TOT'TY, i as if about to fall ; unsteady. [JVot 
 
 in itse.] 
 
 [Spenser wrote Tottle, as the common people of 
 New England still pronounce it.] 
 TOU'CAN, 71. A bird of tropical America, of several 
 s[>ecies, belonging to the genus Ramphastos, remark- 
 able for the large size of its bill. The feet of tou- 
 cans, like those of parrots, are formed for grasping. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A small modem constellation of the southern 
 hemisphere. Hutton. 
 TOUCH, (tuch,) V. t. [Fr. toucher: Arm. touicha, tou- 
 chan, or touchcin : Goth, tckan, attekan; G. ticken; D. 
 tckticn; Sp. and Port, tocar ; Il.toccare; Gr. Siyoj; L. 
 tango, originally tago, (our vulgar tag ;) pret. tetigi, 
 pp. taclus. The sense is, to thrust or strike. Class 
 Dg. It appears by the laws of Numa Pompilius, 
 that, in his days, this word was written without ti. 
 " Pellcx aram Junonis ne tagito "] 
 
 1. To come in contact with ; to hit or strike 
 against. 
 
 He touched the hollow of his thi^fh. — Gen. xrxii. Matt. ix. 
 Esliier drew near and touched Uic lop of the scepter. — Esth. v. 
 
 2. To perceive by the sense of feeling. 
 
 Nothing but body can be touched or touch, Creech. 
 
 3. To come to ; to reach ; to attain to. 
 
 The god vindictive doometl Ih'-m never more, 
 
 Ah, men unbl'.'ssed I to touch that naUd slioro. Pope. 
 
 4. To try, as gold with a stone. 
 
 Wherein 1 nnean to touch your love indeed. Shak. 
 
 5. To relate to ; to concern. 
 
 TJie qtmri^'I touchetlt none but thee alona. Shak. 
 [This sense is vow nearly obsolete.] 
 (!. To handle slightly. Urown. 
 
 7. 'J'o meddle with. I have not touched the books. 
 
 8. To affect. 
 
 What of sweet 
 
 Ilatli touched my senw, flat seems to this. Milton, 
 0. To move ; to soften ; to melt. 
 The tender sire was touched willi what ho said. Addison. 
 10. To mark or ilelinonle slightly. 
 
 The lines, ilH.iitfh touched but faintly. Pope. 
 
 TOU 
 
 11. To infect ; as, men touched with pestilent dis- 
 eases. [Litlle 11,-rif.] Bacon. 
 13. To make an impression on. 
 
 Its face must be — so hard that the file will not toucA it. Moxon. 
 
 13. To strike, as an instrument of music ; to 
 play on. 
 
 They touched then- golden harps. Milton. 
 
 14. To influence by impulse ; to impel forcibly. 
 
 No decree of mine, 
 To toucA with lightest momeal of impulse 
 His free will. Milton. 
 
 15. To treat slightly. In his discourse, he barely 
 touched upon the subject deemed the most interest- 
 ing. 
 
 16. To afflict or distress. Oen. xxvi. 
 
 To touch up: to repair; or to improve by slight 
 touches or emendations. .Addison. 
 
 To tottcli the wind: in scamen''s language, is to keep 
 the ship as near the wind as possible. 
 TOUCH, (tuch,))!. t. To be in contact with ; to be in 
 a state of junction, so that no space is between. 
 Two spheres touch only at points. Johttson. 
 
 2. To fasten on ; to lake effect on. 
 
 Strong waters will Ujuch upon gold, that will not foucA silver. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 3. To treat of slightly in discourse. Addison. 
 
 4. Among seamen, the sails are said to toitcA when 
 they are braced so sharp, or so near the wind, that 
 they begin to shake. Tutten. 
 
 To touch at ; to come or go to, without stay. The 
 ship touched at Lisbon. 
 
 The next day we touched at Sidon. — Acis xxvii. , 
 To touch on or upon ; to mention slightly. 
 If the an[iqii:uies have touched upon it, they have immediately 
 
 quilted iu Ad/lieon. 
 2. In the sense of touch ai. [Little used.] 
 TOUCH, (tuch,) 77. Contact; the hitting of two 
 bodies ; the junction of two bodies at the surface, so 
 that there is no space between them. The mimosa 
 shrinks at the slightest touch. 
 
 2. The sense of feeling or common sensation, one 
 of the five senses. We s.ay , a thing is cold or warm 
 to the touch ; silk is soft to the toucli. 
 
 The spider's toucli, liow exquisitely fine ! Pope. 
 
 3. The act of touching. The toucA of cold water 
 made him shrink. « 
 
 4. The state of being touched. 
 
 That never touch was welcome to thy hand 
 
 Unless 1 touched, Shak. 
 
 5. Examiii.ation by a stone. Shak. 
 G. Test ; that by which any thing is examined. 
 
 Equity, the true toucA of all laws. Carem. 
 
 7. Proof ; tried qualities. 
 
 My friends of noble touch, Shak. 
 
 8. Single act of a pencil on a picture. 
 
 Never give the least toucA with your pencil, till you hare well 
 examined your design. Vryden, 
 
 9. Feature ; lineament. 
 
 Of many fices, eyes, and hearts, 
 
 To have the touches dearest prized. Shak. 
 
 10. Act of the liand on a musical instrument^ 
 
 Soft 
 
 Become llie K 
 
 11. Power of exciting the affections. 
 
 Not alone 
 
 The deaUi of Fulvia, wiUi more urgent touches 
 Do stroug^ly speak l' tis. 
 
 12. Something of passion or affection. 
 
 He both makes intercession to God for sinnera, and exercises 
 dominion over all meu, with a true, natural, and sensible 
 touch of mercy. Hooker, 
 
 13. Particul.ar application of any thing to a person. 
 
 Six'cch of touch toward otiiere should be sp;iringly used. [Obs.\ 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 14. A stroke; as, a tflucA of raillery ; a satiric (nucA. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 15. Animadversion; censure; reproof. 
 
 I never bore any touch of conscience with greater regret, 
 
 K. CharUt. 
 
 IG. Exact performance of agreement. 
 
 1 keep foucA wilh my promise. [06s. J 
 
 17. A small quantity intermixed. 
 Madam, I have a loucA of your conscience. 
 
 18. A hint ; suggestion ; slight notice 
 A small lourA will put him in mind of them. 
 
 19. A cant word for a slight essay. 
 
 Print mv prrfice in such fonn as. in the booksel 
 make a six|H-nny lourA. {Sot in use.] 
 
 20. In viiisic, the resistance of the keys of an in- 
 strument to the fingers; as, a heavy tuucA or light 
 touch. 
 
 21. In 77iu.eic, an organ is snid to have a good touch 
 or slop, when the keys close well. 
 
 22. In ship-building, touch is the hrt.adest part of a 
 plank worked top and butt ; or the middle of a plank 
 worked anchor-stock fashion ; also, the angles of the 
 stern limbi'rs at the ct)unters. Cyc 
 
 ;illness and t)ie night 
 ■.dies of sweet harmony. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 More. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 It's phrase, will 
 iftrt/t. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, QQQK 
 
 I 
 
TOU 
 
 TOW 
 
 TOUCII'A-BLE, (tuch'a-bl,) a. That inny be touched ; 
 
 t.msible. 
 
 TOUClI'lIoI-E, (liicli'hSIc,) V. [toiuh and Iwle.] 
 The vt'tn (tt" a caniiuri or other sjn'cirs of tiri-arnis^ 
 by which lire is (.'oiiiiiiiiiiicated to tlie powder of tlic 
 cliarge. It is now called tlie Vent. 
 
 TOUCIl'I-LY, (tuch'e-le,) adv. .With irritation ; 
 pecvislilv. 
 
 TOUCiri-NESS, (tiich'c-ncss,) n. [from touchij.] 
 I'eevishnpss ; irritability ; irascibility. 
 
 K. Charles:. 
 
 TOUCiriNG, (tuch'inj,) ppr. Coming in contact 
 with; hitting; striking'; allodiiij. 
 
 2. Concerning; relating to; witli respect to. 
 
 Now, US touciiiitg tiling* oflercd to idols. — 1 Cor. vLi. 
 
 3. a. .Affectini ; moving; pathetic. 
 TOUCH'I.N'G, (tuch'ing,) n. Touch; the scnise of 
 
 feeling. 
 
 TOUCiriNG-TA', (tuch'ing-lc,) adv. In a manner to 
 move the passions ; feelinirlv. Garth. 
 
 TOUCII'-.ME-NOT, II. A piant of the genus Impa- 
 tiens, and anotlier of the genus Moinordica. 
 
 TOUCH'-NKE-ULE, (tuch'uee-dl,) ii. [tuuc/iand nee- 
 dle] 
 
 Totich-iieedle.i are small bars of gold and silver, 
 some of which are pure, and others alloyed with 
 various definite proportions of coijper, prepared Ibr 
 trying gold and silver by the tourhsiou^', by compar- 
 ison with the mark they leave njitui it. 
 TOIICll'STo.VE, (tnch'stonej n. [tonclt and .stone] 
 I. A variety of^ e.vtremely compact siliciiius schist, 
 ahni>st as close as tltnt, used for ascertaining the 
 purity of gold and silver by the streak impressed on 
 the stone; also called Ijvdian .'^tIink. 
 
 ■J. Any test or criterion by which the qualities of a 
 thing are tried ; as, nuuiey, the tonchAttnir tif common 
 honesty. Eslruiiirc. 
 
 Irish touchstone, is the basalt, the stone which 
 composes the Giant's Causeway. 
 TOUCII'WOOD, (tuch'wood) «. [to'ich and wood.] 
 Decayed wood, used like a match for taking lire 
 from a spark. IfotarU. 
 TOU(;iI'Y,(tuch'e,)n. [Vulgarly Techv.1 Peevish; 
 irritable; irascible; apt to take lire. [JVot elegant.] 
 
 .^rbuilmvt. 
 
 TOtIGH, (tnf,) a. [Sa.\. toh; D. taai; G. lUhc. Qu. 
 tight, thick.] 
 
 1. Having the quality of flexibility without brittle- 
 ness ; yielding to force witlioiit breaking. The liga- 
 ments of animals aiul India rubber are remarkably 
 lough. Tough timber, like youns ash, is the most 
 proper for the shafts and springs of a carriage. 
 
 3. Firm ; strong ; not easily broken ; able to en- 
 dure iiardship ; as, an animal of a tough frame. 
 
 Dnjdcn. 
 
 3. Not easily separated ; viscous ; clanuuy ; tena- 
 cious ; ropy ; as, tough phlegm. 
 
 4. Stiff; not flexible. 
 
 TOUGII'iCN, (tuf'n,) t;. i. To grow tough. 
 
 jl/orfiiricr. 
 
 TOtJGir^;N', (tuf'n,) V. t. To make tough. 
 
 TOtJGir/,"X-EI), pp. Made or become tough. 
 
 TOUGH'/Ci\-ING, ppr. Making tough. 
 
 TOUGtriSII, (tuf'ish,) a. Tough in a slight degree. 
 
 TOUGII'LY, (tuf'le,) ado. In a tough manner. 
 
 TOUtJll'NESS, (tuf'iiess,) ii. The quality of a sub- 
 stance which renders it in some degree flexible, 
 without brittleness or liability to fracture ; flexibility 
 with a firm adhesion of parts ; as, the toughness of 
 steel. Drijden. 
 
 2. Viscosity; tenacity; clamminess; glutinous- 
 ness ; as, the toughness of mucus. 
 
 3. Firmness; strength of constitution or texture. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TOU-PEE', I -, . j n. [Fr. toupct, from touffe, 
 
 TOU-PfiT', i j a (,(/), or its root.] 
 
 A little tuft ; a curl or artificial lock of hair. 
 TOUR, (toor,) n. [Fr. tour, a turn; D. toer; Heb. 
 
 Tin, -Ar.^lj taiira, to go round. Class Dr, No. 38.] 
 
 1. Litrralhi, n going round ; hence, a journey in a 
 circuit; as, the tour of Europe; the tour of France 
 or England. 
 
 2. A turn ; a revolution ; its, the (our* of the heav- 
 enly bodies. [vVtif noiD in use.] 
 
 3. A turn ; as, a tour of duty ; a military use of 
 the word. 
 
 4. A tress or circular Iwrder of hair on the head, 
 worn sometimes by both sexes. Cijc. 
 
 5. .\ tower. [Aot in ««•.] 
 TOUR-lilL'LION, (toor-bil'yon,) n. An ornament.al 
 
 firework, peculiar for turning round, when in the air, 
 so as to present the appearance of a scroll of fire. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 TOUR'IST, (toor'ist,) n. One who makes a tour, or 
 
 performs a journey in a circuit. 
 TOUR'.M A-LIN, j n. [Probably a corruption of Tour- 
 TUR'.MA-LIN, \ NAMAL, a iiaiiie given to this stone 
 
 in Ceylon.] 
 
 A mineral occurring usu.ally in black three-sided 
 or six-sided prisms, terminated by three-sided pyra- 
 mids. It also presents brown, blue, green, and red 
 
 colors. The blue has been called I ivoicolitk ; the red, 
 lloKKLLiTi:. B<ith the green iiiid red varieties are high- 
 ly esteemed in jewelry, when clear and of a large 
 size. The black tourmalin was formerly called 
 Schorl. 
 
 Cryst,als of tourmalin, when heated, are remarka- 
 ble for exhibiting electric polarity. Dana. 
 
 TOURN, K. The sheriff's turn or court ; also, a spin- 
 ning-wlieel. [J^ot Jlmrrican.] 
 
 TOURN'A-MENT, (turn'a-inent,) n. [from Fr. fonr- 
 ner, to turn.] 
 
 A mock-fight or military sport, in which quite a 
 number of combatants were engaged as an exhibition 
 of their address and bravery, it differed from the 
 joust, which was a trial of skill between one man 
 and another. 
 
 TOURN'l-tiUKT, (turn'e-ket,) n. [Fr.] A surgical 
 instrument or bandage which is straitened or re- 
 la.\ed with a screw, and used to check heinorrhagcs. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 TOURN'EY, (tnrn'e,) n. A tournament. [Supra.] 
 TrtURN'EY, (tnrn'e,) v. i. To tilt; to perform 
 
 tournaments. ' Spenser. 
 TOUIi-J^OIS' , (toor-nwa',) n. A Here tonrnois was a 
 
 French money of acctuint worth 20 sous, or a franc. 
 
 It was thus called in distinction from the Paris livre, 
 
 which contained 25 sous. Diet, de V.^cad. 
 
 TOUR-J^DRE',n. [Fr.] Turn ; contour. 
 TOIISE, w. A pulling ; a disturbance. JIaltiiccU. 
 TOUSE, (tonz,) o. t. [G. lauscn, to pull.] 
 
 To pull ; to haul ; to tear. [Ilence Towseh.] 
 As a bc:\T, whom hungry curs have tousid. Spenaer. 
 
 TOU'ST.E, j ,,„,„„ > \v.t. The same as Touse ; to 
 
 TOLT'Si'L, i j put into disorder; to tum- 
 
 ble; to tangle. [Used by tlie common people of J\\w 
 England.] 
 
 TOU'J', K. I. To toot, which see. 
 
 2. To ply or seek for customers. Ilence, a touter 
 is one who touts for an inn. [Various DiulccU.] 
 
 Smart. JIalliwclt. 
 
 TfjVV, t. [Sax. trogan, tcon ; Fr. toucr ; O. liehcn, 
 to pull ; iitj-, a pulling, a tug i h. duco. See Class 
 Ug, No. 02, G4.] 
 
 To drag, as a boat or ship, through the water by 
 means of a rope. Towing is performed by another 
 boat or ship, or by men on shore, or by horses. Bouts 
 on canals are usually towed by horses. 
 
 TOW, H. [Sax. (mo ; Fr. e(oH;ic ; Ij. stupa; U-stoppa; 
 Sp. estopa. It coincides with stuff.] 
 
 The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp, sepa- 
 rated from the finer part by the liatchel or swingle. 
 
 ToWAGE, II. [from toio, the verb.] The act of tow- 
 ing. 
 
 2. The price paid for towing. tVulsh. 
 To'\V.-\RI), (to'ard,) prep. [Sa.\. toward ; to and ward, 
 
 weard ; L. versus, vertu.] 
 I. In the direction to. 
 
 He set his face lowai-ii the wiMerness. — Num. xxiv. 
 Q. With direction to; in a moral sense; with re- 
 spect to ; regarding. 
 
 H is f-ye sliiill be evil toioiird his brother. — Dent, xjtviii. 
 
 lieruin do I exercise invBi'li to li ive idways a conscience void of 
 
 oll'-nai- toiMr'f Uod and totrard men. — Acts xxiv. 
 Hcarini^ ot thy love and failli which thou hast lomnrd the Lord 
 
 Jt'sus Christ, and toioard all saints. — Phileiuou 5. 
 
 3. With ideal tendency to. 
 
 This was the first alarm England receivcU toward any tronble. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 4. Nearly. 
 
 1 toward nine years older sincfl I left you. 
 
 To'WARD, adv. Near ; at hand ; in a state of prepa- 
 ration. 
 
 To'\V.\RD, o. Re.ady to do or learn; not froward ; 
 
 apt ; as, a toward youth. 
 To'WARD-LI-NESS, n. [(torn towardly.] Readiness 
 to do or learn ; aptness ; docility. 
 
 The beauty aixl touiardlinesa of Ibcic childreo moved her breth. 
 ren to envy. liaUgh. 
 
 To'WARD-LY, a. Ready to do or learn ; apt ; do- 
 cile ; tractabit* ; ctuiipliant with duty. Bacon. 
 To'WARD-NES.<, n. Docility; towardliness. 
 
 South. 
 
 ToW'-BoAT, 71. A boat which is tovred, or drawn 
 by a tow-line. 
 
 TOWEL,!!. [Fr. touaille : GacUc, Utbailt ; U. tota- 
 gliai Port, toatha ; .Arm. tounilhon ; Sp. tobnlla,tobnja, 
 touja,OT toaUa. in Italian, the word signifies a table- 
 cloth.] 
 
 A cloth used for wiping the hands, and for other 
 thincs. 
 
 TOW'EL-ING, n. Cloth for towels. 
 
 TOWER, 71. ['^:\\. tor, tirre ; \r. lor ; Fr. and Arm. 
 tour; Sp. It. anil Port, torre ; W. Iwr, a heap or pile; 
 Corn. id. ; G. thurm ; D. form ; L. tuiyis ; Gr. Tv^jat j ; 
 Ileh. miia. Class Dr, No. 24.] 
 
 1. A biiildint:, either round or square, rai.sed to a 
 cimsiderable elevation, and ctmsistiiig of several sto- 
 ries. When towers are erected with other biiihlings, 
 ns they usually are, they rise above the main edifice. 
 They are generally flat im the top, thus differing from 
 steeples or spires ; and hence the lowcrofa church is 
 that part which contains the bells. Before the in- 
 
 vention of guns, pl.aces were fortified with towrra, 
 and attacked with movable towers nioiiiiled on 
 wlii'els, which placed the besiegers on a level with 
 the walls. Cyc. 
 
 2. A citadel ; a fortress. Ps. Ixi. 
 
 3. A high head-dress. Hadibra-f. 
 
 4. High flight ; elevation. Johnson. 
 Tower bastion ; in fortiftcution, a small tower in tlie " 
 
 form of a bastion, with rooms or cells underneath 
 for men and guns. Cyc. 
 
 Tower of London ; a collection of buildings in the 
 eastern part of London, formerly containing a state- 
 prison, and now used as an arsenal and repository of 
 various objects of public interest. P. Cyc. 
 
 Round tower. Set? Rui;nu Tower. 
 TOWER, V. i. To rise and fly high ; to st^ar; to be 
 lofty. 
 
 Sublime thoughts, which tower above the clouds. Locke. 
 TOWER-ED, a. Adorned or defended by towers. 
 
 .Milton. 
 
 TOWER ING, ppr. Rising aloft ; mounting high ; 
 soaring. 
 
 2. a. Verv high ; elevated ; as, a toirm'no" height. 
 
 TOWER-Mtj'S-TARI), 71. [tower nuA mustard.] An 
 annual phiiit of the geiAis Turrltis, whose leaves 
 and seeds give the stt^ni a pyramidal form, /.oudon. 
 
 TO WER-Y, a. Having towers ; adorned or defended 
 by towers ; as, lowery cities. Pope. 
 
 TOWING, ppr. Drawing on water, as a boat. 
 
 TOW-LINE, n. [tow and iinc] A Bnuill hawser, 
 used to tow a ship, &c. 
 
 TOW-PATH, in. .V path used by men or horses 
 
 TOWING-PATH, ( that tow boats. 
 To wit ; to know ; iianielv. 
 
 TOWN, n. [Sax. tun ; W. din, dinas, a fortified hill, a 
 fort ; G;ielic, dun ; .Sax. dun, dune, a hill, whence 
 doitns. The Sax. tun signifu^s an inclosiire, a gar- 
 den, a village, a town, and tynun is to shut, to make 
 f:i>t ; G. zaun, a hedce ; D. tun, a garden. If the 
 original word signified a hill, the sense is a mass or 
 collection. But probably the original word signified 
 fortified, and the rude fortifications of uncivilized 
 men were formeil with hedges and stakes ; hence 
 also a garden. (See Garden and Tun.) Sax. /rac- 
 tune, a garden, that is, leek-town, an inclosure ftir 
 leeks, that is, plants. This shows that the primary 
 sense of town is an inchisure for defense.] 
 
 1. Originally, a Walled or fortifitid place ; a collec- 
 tion of houses inclosed with walls, hedges, or pick- 
 ets for safety. Rahab's house was on the town wall. 
 Josh. ii. 
 
 .\ loirn that hath gates and bars. — 1 Sam. xxiii. 
 
 2. Any collection of houses ftirger than a village. 
 In this use the word is very indefinite, and a town 
 may consist of twenty houses or of twenty thou- 
 sand. 
 
 3. In England, any number of houses to which be- 
 longs a regular market, and which is not a city or 
 the see of' a bishop. Johnson. 
 
 A town, in modern times, is general^ without 
 walls, which is the circumstance that usually distin- 
 guishes it from a city. Cyc. 
 
 In the United States, the circumstance that distin- 
 guishes a town from a city, is, generally, that a city 
 is incorporated with special privileges, and a town is 
 not. But a city is often called a town. 
 
 4. The inhabitants of a town. The (oicn voted to 
 send two representatives to the legislature, or they 
 voted to lay a tax for repairing the highways. [A'eie 
 England.] Chapman. 
 
 5. In popular lutoge, in .^mfrica, a township; the 
 whole territory within certain limits. 
 
 G. In England, t\ie court end of London. Pope. 
 
 7. The inhabitants of the metropolis. Pope. 
 
 8. The metropolis. The gentleman lives in Imm 
 in winter; in summer, he lives in the country. The 
 same form of expression is used in regard to other 
 populous towns. 
 
 TOWN'-€LERK, 71. [town and eterk.] An officer 
 
 who keeps the records cf a town, and enters all its 
 
 otliei.-il proceedings. 
 TOW.X-CRI'ER, 71. [town and en/.] A public crier ; 
 
 ont^ who makes proclamation. Shak. 
 TOWN'-IIALL, n. A public room or building for 
 
 transacting the business of a town. 
 TOWN'-HOUSE, 71. [t:nru and Aoa.«r.] The house 
 
 where the public business of the town is transacted 
 
 by the inhabitants, in legal meeting. 
 
 JWic England. 
 2. .\ house in town ; in opposition to a house in 
 the country. 
 
 TOW.N'ISH, a. Pertaining to the inhabitants cf a 
 town ; like the town. 
 
 TOWN'LESS, a. Having no town. Ilowftl. 
 
 TOWN'SHIP, n. The district or terriIor>' of a town. 
 In jVrie England, the States are divided into town- 
 ships of five, six, seven, or perhaps ten miles square, 
 and the inhabitants of such tow nships are invesU-d 
 with cert;iin powers for regulating flu ir own affairs, 
 such as repairing roads, providing for the |i<«ir, 4cc. 
 
 TOWNS'.M.\N, n. [town and man.] An inlinbitani 
 of a place ; or one of the same town with nnolher. 
 2. A selectman ; an oflicer of the town in New 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — e as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. 
 
 1163 
 
.1 
 
 TRA 
 
 Enilanil, wlio assists in managing the affairs of tlie 
 
 ti'WM. [See Selei tmen.] 
 TOWX'-'l'AI.K, ( tavvk,) 71. The common tallf of a 
 
 (liace, or itie subject of common conversation. 
 ToW'-Kol'K, n. [tnw and rope.] Any rope used in 
 
 towing sliips or hoats. Mar. Diet. 
 
 TOWS' KH. n. [from touse.] The name of a dog. 
 TOX'i eAI,, a. [Gr. roj. 
 
 Poisonous. [LtUle lued.] 
 TOX-l-eO-LOG'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to toxicology. 
 TOX-l-eO-L06'ie-AL-LY, Olio. In a toxicological 
 
 manner. 
 
 TOX-l-eor>'0-(5TST, n. One who treats of poisons. 
 
 TOX-l-euL'U-GY, 71. [Gr. to^ikov, pertaining to an 
 arrow ; and as arrows were frequently poisoned, 
 hence, a poison: and A / s, a treatise.] 
 
 Tiiat branch of medicine which treats of the mor- 
 bid and deleterious effects of excessive and inordi- 
 nate doses and quantities of medicines, commonly 
 called ptii<oning. 
 
 T0X'O-D0i\, 71. [Gr. rojof, a bow, and oiovq, a 
 tooth.] 
 
 A gigantic, pachydermatous quadruped, now ex- 
 tinct, having teeth bent like a bow. Brande. 
 TOX-OI'il'l-LITE, 71. [Gr. to^uv, a bow or an ar- 
 row, aiul ipiX i;, a lover.J 
 
 A lover of archery. Smart. 
 TOY, 71. [Qu. D. (i/oi, tire, ornament.] 
 1 A plaything for children ; a bawble. 
 
 2. A tritie; a thing for amusement, but of no real 
 value. 
 
 3. An article of trade of little value. 
 
 They exchan^ juld and pearl for loyt. Abbot. 
 
 4. Matter of no importance. 
 
 Nor liglil oiwl idle toys my lines may vainly swell. Zhayton. 
 
 .5. Folly ; trifling practice ; silly opinion. 
 
 C. Aiuiirnus dalliance ; play; sport. Milton. 
 
 7. An old story ; a silly tale. Sliak. 
 
 8. Slight representation ; as, the toy of novelty. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 9. Wild fancy ; odd conceit. S/iak. 
 TOY, V. i. [Dan. tiiver, Sw. (o/i'a, to stay, to tarry, to 
 
 dally. This seems to be Ilie true origin of t07j, supra.] 
 To dally amorously ; to trifle ; to play. 
 
 TOY, V. t. To treat foolishly. [JVut used.] Bering. 
 
 TOY'ER, 71. One wlio toys ; one who is full of tri- 
 fling tricks. 
 
 TOY'FIJL, a. Full of trifling play. Donne. 
 TOY'ING, ppr. Dallying; trifling. 
 TOY'ISH, a. Trifling ; wanton. Crowley. 
 TOY'ISH-NESS, 71. Disposition to dalliance or tri- 
 fling. 
 
 TOY'AIAN, 71. [toy and tjioti.] One that deals in 
 tovs. 
 
 TOY'SHOP, 71. [toy and shop.] A shop where toys 
 are sold. 
 
 TnZE, ». t. To pull by violence. [See Touse.] 
 TRa'UE-A, 71. [L.] in Roman history, IX robe worn 
 
 by kings, consuls, and augurs. 
 TRA-nE-A'TION, 71. [L. irubs, a beam.] 
 
 In architecture, the same as Entablature. 
 TRACE, H. [Fr. id. ; It. traccia : Sp. traza : L. tractus, 
 tracto. See Track, and the verb Trace.] 
 
 1. A mark left by any thing passing ; a footstep ; a 
 track ; a vestige ; as, the trace of a carriage or sled ; 
 the trace of a man or of a deer. 
 
 a. K( mains ; a mark, impression, or visible ap- 
 pearance of any thing li ft when the thing itself no 
 longer exists. We are told that there are no traces 
 of ancient Babylon now to be seen. 
 
 'J'tie shady empire shall retain no trnce 
 Oi war or blood, but in [he sylvan ch.ise. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 TRACE, 71. [Fr. tirasse ; or W. tres. See Trestle.] 
 Traces, in a harness, are the straps, chains, or 
 ropes by which a carriage or sleigh is drawn by 
 liorscs. [LocaH)/, these arc called Tugs ; Sax. teogan, 
 to draw.] 
 
 TRACE, V. t. [Fr. (rnerr ; It. trar.eiare ; Sp. trazare ; 
 L. trur.to, from traho. Eng. to draw, to drag.] 
 
 1. 'i'o mark out; to draw or di-lineate with marks ; 
 a?, to truce a figure with a pencil ; to trace the outline 
 of any thing. 
 
 2. To follow by some mark that has been left by 
 something which lias preceded ; to follow by foot- 
 elep.4 or trucks. 
 
 You nity trarx the tlehij^e quite round the globe. Burnet. 
 
 1 feel (by power 10 Iroc* Oic ways. 
 Of highest agents, Milton. 
 
 3. To follow with cxactnesa. 
 
 Thai s'Tvile poth thou nobly dost decline, 
 
 01 tracing word by word, and line by line. DenJiam. 
 
 4. To walk over. 
 
 We do tract this alley up and down. Shak. 
 TRXCE'A-ULE, a. That may be traced. 
 
 />7*Hm7nft7irf. 
 
 TRACE' A-BLE-NE9S, n. Tho state of being tracea- 
 h\i: 
 
 TKACE'A-ITIyy, ado. In n traceable manner. 
 I'RA'CA'U, (trut,) pp. Marked out ; delineated ; fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 TRA'CER, n. One that trncen nr follows by marks. 
 TRA'CER-Y, »i. In Gothic architecture, nn ornaniental 
 
 TRA 
 
 divergency of the niullions, in the he.ad of a window, 
 into arches, curves, and flowing lines, enriched with 
 foliations; also, the subdivisions of groined vaults, 
 &c. Owilt. 
 
 TRA'eHE-A, (tra'ke-a,) 71. [Low L., from Gr. rpa- 
 XI'!, rough.] 
 
 In anatomy, the windpipe. 
 
 TRa'CIIE-jE, 71. pi. The spiral vessels of leaves and 
 insects. 
 
 TRA'eilE-AL, a. Pertaining to the trachea or wind- 
 pipe ; as, the tracheal artery. Coze. 
 TRA-€HEL'I-POD, ;i. [Gr. rpaxeXos, the neck, and 
 
 TTOl'J, foot.] 
 
 A univalve mollusk with a spiral shell, having the 
 foot proceeding from or joined to the neck. 
 TRA-eHEL-IP'O-llOUS, a. Having the foot united 
 with the neck; having the characters of a trachel- 
 ipod. 
 
 TRA'eHE-O-CELE, 71. [trachea and Kri\r,, a tumor.] 
 An enlargement of the thyroid glanti ; bronchocele 
 or goiter. Cifc. 
 TRA^eilE-OT'O-M Y, 71. [trachea and rt/ii/w, to cut.] 
 In surgery, the operation of making an opening 
 into the windpipe. Cyc. 
 TRA'CllYTE, (tra.'kitR,) 71. [Gr. Tonx'is, rough.] 
 A nearly compact, fi ldspathic, volcanic rock, break- 
 ing with a rough surface, and often containing crys- 
 tals of glassy feldspar, with somethnes hornblende 
 and mica. Dana. 
 TRA-CH YT'ie, a. Pertaining to trachyte, or consist- 
 ing of it. 
 
 TRa'CING, ppr. [from trace.] Marking out ; draw- 
 ing in lines ; following by marks or footsteps. 
 
 Tracintr lines, in a ship, are lines passing through a 
 block or thimble, and used to hoist a thing higher. 
 TRA'CING, 71. Course^ regular track or path. 
 
 Davies. 
 
 TRACK, 71. [It. traccia; Sp. traia; Fr. trace. (See 
 Trace.) Track is properly a mark made by draw- 
 ing, not by stepping ; the latter is a derivative 
 sense.] 
 
 1. A mark left by something that has passed along ; 
 as, the track of a ship, a wake ; the track of a me- 
 teor ; the track of a sled or sleigh. 
 
 2. A mark or impression left by the foot, either of 
 man or beast. Savages are said to be wonderfully 
 sagacious in finding the tracks of men in the forest. 
 
 3. A road ; a beaten path. 
 
 Behold Tonjiiatus the same tract: pursue. Drydtn. 
 
 4. Course ; way ; as, the track of a comet. 
 TRACK, V. t. To follow when guidetl by a trace, or 
 
 by the footsteps, or marks of the feet ; as, to track a 
 
 deer in the snow. 
 2. To tow ; to draw a vessel by a line reaching 
 
 from her to the shore. 
 TRACK' AftE, 71. A drawing or towing, as of a boat. 
 TRACK'£D, (tnikt,) pp. Followed by the footsteps. 
 TRACK'ING, ppr. Following by the impression of 
 
 the feet ; drawing a boat ; towing. 
 TRACK'LESS, a. Having no track ; marked by no 
 
 footsteps ; untrodden ; as, a trackless desert. 
 TRACK'LESS-LY, adv. So as to leave no track. 
 TRACK'LESS-NESS, 71. The stale of being without 
 
 a track. 
 
 TRACK'-RoAD, 71. [track and road.] A towing- 
 path. Cijc. 
 TRACK'-SeOUT, 71. [track and D. .tchuit, boat.] 
 A boat or vessel employed on the canals in Hol- 
 land, usually drawn by a horse. See Tbeckschuyt.] 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TRACT, 71. [L. tractu.t; It. tratto ; Fr. trait, from L. 
 traho, Fr. traire, to draw.] 
 
 1. Something drawn out or extended. 
 
 2. A region, or quantity of land or water, of in- 
 definite extent. We may apply tract to the sandy 
 and barren deserts of Syria and Arabia, or to the nar- 
 row vales of Italy and Sardinia. We say, a rich tract 
 of land in Connecticut or Ohio, a stony tract, or a 
 mountainous tract. We apply tT-act to a single farm, 
 or to a township or state. 
 
 3. A treatise ; a written discourse or dissertation 
 of indefinite length, but generally not of great extent. 
 
 4. In hunting, the trace or footing of a wild beast. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 5. Treatment ; exposition. [JVot in use.] ShaL 
 C. Track. [JVot in use.] 
 
 7. Continuity or extension of any thing ; as, a 
 tract of speech. [A"k( much used.] 
 
 8. Continued or protracted duration ; length ; ex- 
 tent ; as, a long tract of time. Milton. 
 
 TRACT, V. t. To trace out ; to draw out. [JVot in 
 use] 
 
 TRAeT-A-niL'I-TY,n. [from (ractnWc.l The qual- 
 ity or state of being tractable or docile; docility; 
 tractalilcness. Beddoes. 
 
 TRAGT'A-HLE, a. [L. tractabilis, from tracto, to 
 handle or load ; Fr. trtiitnbte; It. trattahile.] 
 
 1. That Miny be easily led, taught, or managed ; 
 docile ; manageable ; governable ; as, tractable chil- 
 dren ; a tractable learner. Locke. 
 
 3. Palpable ; such us may be handled ; as, tractable 
 measures. Holder. 
 
 TRACT' A-RLE-N ESS, 71. Tho state or quality of 
 
 TRA 
 
 being tractable or manageable ; docility ; as, the 
 trartableness of children. Locke. 
 TRACr'A-BLY, ado In a tractable manner; with 
 
 ready compliance. 
 TRACT-A'RI-AN, n. A term applied to the writers of 
 
 the Oxford tracts in favor of Puseyism, which see. 
 TRACT' ATE, 71. [L. traclatus.] 
 
 A treatise ; a tract. [jVoi 71010 in use.] 
 
 Brown. Hale. 
 
 TRACT-A'TION, ti. [L. tractalio.] 
 
 Treatment or handling of a subject ; discussion. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 TRACT-a'TRIX, 71. In geometry, a curve line. 
 TRACT'ILE, (trakt'il,) a. [L. tractus.] 
 
 Capable of being drawn out in length ; ductile. 
 
 Eoiiies are tractile or inlractile. Bacon. 
 TRACT-IL'I-TY, 71. The quality of being tractile ; 
 
 ductility. Derliam. 
 TRACTION, (-shun,) 71. [L. tractus, traho.] 
 
 1. The act of drawing, or state of being drawn ; 
 as, the traction of a muscle. Holder. 
 
 2. Attraction ; a drawing toward. Cyc. 
 TRAe-TI"TIOUS, ( tish'us,) a. Treating of; han- 
 dling. 
 
 TRACT'OR, 71. That which draws, or is used for 
 drawing. Journ. of Science. 
 
 The metallic tractors of Perkins were two small, 
 pointed bars of brass ami steel, wliich, being drawn 
 over diseased parts of the body, were supposed to 
 give relief through the agency of electricity or mag- 
 netism. 
 
 TRA€T'0-RY, ) rr , i. i 
 TUACT'RIX, i "• "■'^"•J 
 
 A curve whose tangent is always equal to a given 
 line. 
 
 TRADE, 71. [Sp. and Port, trato; tratar, to handle, to 
 trade ; It. tratbi, trattare ; from L. tracto, to handle, 
 use, treat. The Fr. traite, trailer, are the same 
 words.] 
 
 1. The act or business of exchanging commodities 
 by barter ; or the business of buying and selling for 
 money; commerce; traffic; barter. Trade compre- 
 hends every species of exchange or deahng, cither 
 in the produce of lantl, in manufactures, in bills, or 
 money. It is, however, chiefly used to denote the 
 barter or purchase and sale of goods, wares, and 
 merchandise, either by wholesale or retail. Trade is 
 either foreign or domestic, or inland. Foreign trade 
 consists in the exportation and importation of goods, 
 or the exchange of the commodities of difl'en nt 
 countries. Domestic or home tratle is the exchange 
 or buying and selling of goods within a country. 
 Trade is also by the wholesale, th.it is, by the pack- 
 age or in large quantities, or it is by retail, or in 
 small parcels. The carrying trade is that of trans- 
 porting commodities from one country to another by 
 water. 
 
 2. The business which a perstm has learned, and 
 which he carries on, for procuring subsistence, or for 
 profit; occupation ; particularly, mechanical employ- 
 ment ; distinguished from the liberal arts and learned 
 professions, and from agriculture. Thus we speak 
 of the trade of a smith, of a carpenter, or mason ; but 
 we never say, the trade of a farmer, or of a lawyer, 
 or physician. 
 
 3. Business pursued ; occupation; in contempt: as, 
 piracy is their trade. 
 
 Hunting their sport, and plundering was their trade. Dryden. 
 
 4. Instruments of any occupation. 
 
 The shepherd bears 
 His house and household goods, his trade of war. Dryden, 
 
 5. Employment not manual ; habitual exercise. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. Custom ; habit ; standing practice. 
 
 Thy sin 's not accidental, but a trade. Shak. 
 
 7. Men engaged in the same occupation. Thus 
 booksellers speak of the customs of the trade. 
 
 8. The trades ; the trade-winds. 
 
 TRADE, 1). i. To barter, or to buy and sell ; to deal in 
 the exchange, purchase, or sale of goods, wares, and 
 merchandise, or any thing else ; to traflic ; to carry 
 on commerce as a business. Thus, American mer- 
 chants trade with the English .it London and at Liv- 
 erpool ; they trade with the French at Havre and 
 Bordeaux, and Ihey trade with Canada. The coun- 
 try shopkeepers trade with London merchants. Our 
 banks are permitted to trade in bills of exchange. 
 
 2. To buy and sell or exchange properly, in n sin- 
 gle instance. Thus we say, a man treats with an- 
 other for his farm, but can not trade with him. A 
 traded with B for a horse, or a number of sheep. 
 
 3. 'I'o act merely for money. 
 
 How dill you dare 
 To trnrfe and trallic with MacbcUi? l^ak. 
 
 A. To have a trade-wind. 
 
 Tliey on the trading flood ply toward the pole. [C^'nucuitf.] 
 
 Miiton. 
 
 TRADE, 11. t. To sell or exchange in commerce. 
 
 They traded the persotis of men. — V.iek. xxvii. 
 [This, I apiirehend, must be a mistake ; at least, 
 it IS not to be vindicated as a legiliinato use of the 
 verb.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, DIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
TRA 
 
 TRAD'KD, a. Versed ; practiced. [JVot in use.) 
 
 S/tak. 
 
 TRADE'F}JL, a. Commercial ; busy in traffic. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 TR.'in'ER, ti. One engaRCd in trade or commerce ; a 
 dealer in buyinR and selling or barter; as, a trader 
 to the East Indies; a trader lo Canada; a country 
 trader. 
 
 TRaUE'-SaLE, n. An auction by and for booksell- 
 ers. 
 
 TRaDES'FoLK, n. People employed in trade. [Mot 
 in u.ie. 1 Swifl.. 
 
 TRaDES'MAN, n. [(raiZe and mail.] A shopkeeper. 
 A niercliant is called a trader, but not a tradesman. 
 
 Jotnison. 
 
 [In .America, a shopkeeper is usually called a rt- 
 tailer.] 
 
 TR.Al)ES'VVOM-AN, n. A woman who trades or is 
 skilled in trade. 
 
 TRaDE'-VVIND, n. [trade and wind.] A name given 
 to winds in the torrid zone, and often a little beyond 
 it, which blow from the same quarter throughout the 
 year, unless when affected liy local causes. Their 
 general direction is from N. E. to S. VV. on the north 
 side of the equator, and from S. E. to N. VV. on the 
 south side of the equator. Olmsted. 
 
 TRaD'INO, ppr. Trafficking j exchanging commod- 
 ities by barter, or buying and selling them. 
 
 2. a. Carrying on commerce ; as, a trading com- 
 pany. 
 
 TUaD'ING, n. The act or business of carrying on 
 
 commerce. 
 
 TRA-l)l"TION', (-dish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. traditio, 
 from Irado, to deliver.) 
 
 1. Delivery ; the act of delivering into tlie hands 
 of another. 
 
 A deed Uikrs elTect only from tlic tradiHon or dclivt^ry. 
 
 BInckttone. 
 
 The «aIc of ft moTable is compleled by «imple tradiuon. Cyc. 
 
 2. The delivery of opinions, doctrines, practices, 
 rites, and custiinis, from lather to .son, or from an- 
 cestors to posterity ; the transmission of any opin- 
 ions or practice from forefathers to descendants by 
 oral communication, without written memorial. 
 Thus, children derive their vernacular language 
 cliietly from tradition, Most of our early notions are 
 received by tradition from our parents. 
 
 3. That which is handed down from age to age by 
 oral communication. The Jews pay great regard to 
 tradition in matters of religion, as do the Roman 
 Catholics. Protcstanu reject the authority of tra- 
 dition in sacred things, and rely only on the written 
 word. Traditions may be good or bad, true or false. 
 
 Sund fnst, and lioUl ttie traditions which ye iiave been laug;lit, 
 whfUicr by word or uiir epiBiK*. — 'i Thess. ii. 
 
 Wliy do ye ulso tnms^^M the commandment of God by your 
 traditions ? — Muu. xv. 
 
 TRA-Dl"TION-AL, ' ) , ,. . ,„„ , j a. Delivered 
 TRA-l)l"TlON-A-UY, i j orally from fa- 
 
 ther to son ; communicated from ancestors to descend- 
 ants by word only ; transmitted from age to age with- 
 out writing; as, traditional opinions; traditional evi- 
 dence ; the traditional expositions of the Scriptures. 
 The nrvi^rii'i of ihc Talmud, fi coHi'ciion of Jewish tradilionary 
 uilerpululiuns, .ire unriv;iled in Uic regions of ubiuirdiLy. 
 
 BucJitninsler. 
 2. Observant of tradition. [JVot tis*(/.l 
 TRA-D1"TI0N-AL-LV, (-dishorn-,) adv. By trans- 
 mission from father to son, or from age to age; as, 
 an opinion or doctrine traditionallij derived from the 
 apostles is of no authority. 
 TRA-DI"TION-A-RI-LY, ( dish'un-,) adv. By tradi- 
 tion. DwiTlit. 
 TR.\-DI"TION-A-RY, ( dish'un-,) n. Among t/ieJeic.?, 
 one who acknowledges the authority of traditions, 
 and explains the Scriptures by them. The word is 
 used in opposition to Cairite, one who denies the 
 authority of traditions. 
 TRA-DI"TIO.\-ER, \ , .j^h'nn 1 ! 0"e «ho "d- 
 1KA-UI"TI0N-IST, i I"'-" """'^ j heres to tradi- 
 tion. Oregory. 
 TRAD'I-TIVE, a. [Fr., from L. trade] 
 
 Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, 
 or from age to age, by oral conimuniLation. 
 
 Suppose we on thinefs Iradilivt divide. Dryden. 
 
 TRAD'I-TOR, n. [L.] A deliverer; a name of in- 
 famy given to Christians who delivered the Scrip- 
 tures or the goods of the church to their persecutors, 
 to save their lives. Jlldner. 
 
 TRA-DOCE', V. u [L. tradueo : trans, over, and duco, 
 to lead ; Fr. traduire : It. tradurrc] 
 
 1. To represent as blamable ; to condemn. 
 
 The best ilnitn^m thai Salnn ha'h, is by traducing the form nnd 
 manner of the dcTout prayers of Go<l's church. Hooker. 
 
 2. To calumniate; to vUify ; to defame; willfully 
 to misrepresent. 
 
 As lon^ MS men are malic-'ous and desi^nin^, th''y will be tra- 
 
 during. Gou. of ttu Toneut. 
 
 Ho had die baseness lo Induce m: in libel. Dryden. 
 
 3. To propagate ; to continue by deriving one from 
 another. 
 
 Froni th'se only the nice of perfect animals was propaFnted and 
 Iraductd over the earth. [iVol in use.) Halt. 
 
 TRA 
 
 TRA-DOC'KD, (tra-dust',) pp. .Misrepresented ; ca- 
 lumniated. 
 
 TRA-UOCE'SIENT, 71. Misrepresentation; ill-found- 
 ed censure ; defamation; calumny. [Little ii.^rd.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TRA-DO'CENT, a. Slandering ; slanderous. 
 
 Kntick. 
 
 TR.A-DOC'ER, n. One that traduces ; a slanderer ; a 
 calumniator. 
 
 TRA-»0'C1-BLE, a. That may be orally derived or 
 propagated. [LiUlHtised.] Hale. 
 
 TKA-DOC'ING, Slandering; defaming; calum- 
 niating. 
 
 TRA-UOC'ING-LY, adv. Slanderously; by way of 
 
 tlefimation. 
 TUA-UUCT', V. t. [L. traductus, tradueo.] 
 
 To ilerive. [JVot u.ied.] FoUierby. 
 TRA-DUe'TION, n. [L. traditctio.] 
 
 1. Derivation from one of the same kind ; propaga- 
 tion. 
 
 If bv Iraduction came thy mind, 
 Our wonder is tlie less lo fnul 
 
 A soul so ciiurniing from n stuck so good. Dryden. 
 
 2. Tradition; transmission from one to another; 
 as, traditional coiniuunicatiun and traduction of truth. 
 [Little used.] I/iile. 
 
 3. Conveyance ; transportation ; act of transter- 
 ring ; as, the traduction of animals from Europe to 
 America by shipping. Hale. 
 
 4. Transition. Bacon. 
 TRA-DUCT'IVE.a. Derivable; that may be deduced. 
 
 H'arburton. 
 
 TRAF'FIC, n. [Fr. trafic; It. trnffico ; Sp. trafago i 
 a compound of L. frnii.--, Celtic (ra, and facio, or some 
 other verb of the like elements.] 
 
 1. Trade ; commerce, either by barter or by buy- 
 ing and selling. This worti, like Trade, compre- 
 hends every species of dealing in the exchange or 
 passing of goods or inercliantlise from hand to liand 
 for an equivalent, unless the business of retailing 
 may be excepted. It signifies approjiriately foreign 
 trade, but is not limited to th.at. 
 
 My father, 
 
 A merchant of ^reat lra_fie tlirou^li the' world. lihak. 
 
 2. Commodities for market. Oay. 
 TRAF'Fie, V. i. [Fr. trufiquer ; It. trafficarej Sp. 
 
 trajicar or trafagar.] 
 
 1. To trade ; to pass goods and commodities from 
 one person to anotlier for an etpiivalunt in goods ttr 
 money ; to barter ; to buy anil sell wares ; to carry 
 on commerce. The English and Americans traffic 
 with all the world. Oen. xlii. 
 
 2. To trade meanly or mercenarily, Shak. 
 TRAF'FIC, V. I. To e.xchange in traffic. 
 TRAF'Fie-A-BLE, a. Marketable. [J^'ot in use.] 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 TRAF'FICK-£D, (traf'fikt,) j>p. Exchanged in 
 tiartic. 
 
 TRAF'FICK-KR, n. One who carries on commerce ; 
 
 a trader ; a merchant. /.-■. viii. Shak. 
 TRAF'FICK-1.\G, ppr. Trading; bartering; buying 
 
 and selling goods, wares, and commodities. 
 TH AF'FlC-l.E.-^S, a. Destitute <d trade. 
 TRAG'A-CANTll, n. [L. tragacaiithum ; Gr. rpaya- 
 
 KanOa; Tfi'iym, a goat, and aKavOa, thorn.] 
 
 1. Goat's thorn ; a plant of the genus Astragalus, 
 of several species, growing in Syria, Candia, &c., 
 almost all of which were included by Linnaeus in the 
 tragacanthas, and all of which produce the gum 
 tragacantli. 
 
 2. .•\ gum obtained from the goat's thorn. It 
 comes in small, contorted pieces, resembling worms. 
 It is of different colors ; that which is white, clear, 
 smooth, and vermicular, is the best. It is sume^vliat 
 soft to the touch, but only imperfectly soluble. It is 
 softening, and used in coughs and catarrhs. 
 
 _ JVicAo/son. Cijc. 
 
 TRA-GU'DI-AN, n. [I,, tragadus. See Tragedv.] 
 
 1. A writer of tragedy. StiUmgjlcet. 
 
 2. More generallii, an actor of tragedy. Drtjden. 
 TRAG'E-DY, 71. [Fr. tragedie; It. and Sp. tragedia ; 
 
 Gr. Tf)aYii)6ia i said to be com[iosed of rpayn^, a 
 go.at, and coin, a song, because originally it consisted 
 in a hymn sung in honor of Bacchus by a chorus 
 of music, with dances and the sacrifice of a 
 goat.] 
 
 1. A dramatic poem representing some signal ac- 
 tion performed by illustrious persons, and generally 
 having a fatal issue. jEscliylus is called the father 
 of tragedy. 
 
 All our tragedies are of kinjs and priaces. Taylor. 
 
 2. A fatal and mournful event ; any event in 
 which human lives are lost by human violence, 
 more particularly by unauthorized violence. 
 
 TRAG'ie, jo. [L. tragicusi Ft. tragique ; It. 
 TRAG'I€-AL, \ tragteo.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to tragedy ; of the nature or charac- 
 ter of tragedy ; as, a Ira^c poem ; a tro»-ic play or 
 representation. Shak. 
 
 2. Fauil to life ; mournful ; sorrowful ; calamitous ; 
 as, the tragic scenes of Hayti ; the tragic horrors of 
 Scio and Missilunghi ; the tragical fate of the 
 Greeks. 
 
 TRA 
 
 3. Motirnriil ; expressive of tragedy, the loss of 
 life, or of sorrow. 
 
 I now must clianj^e those notes lo tragic. MUlon. 
 
 TRAG'ie- A L-LY, adv. In a tragical manner; with 
 fatal issue ; mournfully ; sorrowfully. Tlie play 
 ends trairicalhi. 
 
 TRAG'ie-AL-NESS, n. Fatality; mournfulness ; 
 sadness, 
 
 Wc moralize the fable In the tragicalnest of the event. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 TRAG-I-COM'E-DY, n. [Fr. tragi-comcdie ; tragedy 
 ami rMmrdij.] 
 
 A kind of dramatic piece representing some action 
 passed among eminent persons, the event of which 
 is iM)t unhappy, in which serious anri comic scenes 
 arc blended ; a species of composition not now used, 
 or held in little estimation. Cyr. 
 T;: 'VG-l-eo.M'lC, fa. Pertaining to tragi-ccunc- 
 TRaJ-I-COM'IC-AL, i dy ; partaking of a mixture 
 
 of grave and ciunic scenes. 
 TRAG-l-eoM'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a tragi comical 
 manner. 
 
 TR.^ II,, (tr."ile,) v. t. [VV. rhel, a (lagging, a trailing ; 
 rhrUjiD, a trail ; t<p. tntdlar, to level tile croitnd ; trai- 
 lla, a leash, packthread, an iiisitriiiiieiit fir leveling 
 the ground ; VV. fraiV, a drawing over, a trail, a turn, 
 as if from traigyl, a turn or revolution ; treilliaw, to 
 turn, to roll, to traverse, to dredge ; (;aelic, (rm/fnm, 
 to go, to walk, (qii. travel;) Port, frnf/iii, a fishing 
 net, as if from drawing, L. traho ; 1). treillrn, lo draw, 
 to tow ; Norm, trnillcr, to search for. The Welsh 
 seems to accord with troll: the others appear lo be 
 formed on drag, L. traho. Clu.J 
 
 1. To hunt by the track. [See the Norman, 
 supra.] 
 
 2. '1 o draw along the ground. Trad your pikes, 
 
 Aiul huntr his li'-ad, and trailed liis le^rs along. Dryden. 
 They sh.dl not frait ine through die sovets 
 Like a wild beasl. Mi'ton. 
 Tlial long behind he froi/« his pompous robe. Pojje. 
 
 3. To lower ; as, to trail arms. 
 
 4. In .America, to tread down grans by walking 
 through ; to lay flat ; as, to trad grass. 
 
 TRAII,, (trale,) v. i. To be drawn out in length. 
 
 Wlien ilia lirultier saw the red bluod trait. Speraer. 
 TRaIL, n. Track followed by the hunter ; scent left 
 on the ground by the animal pursued. 
 
 How clieerfully on llie false trail Ihey cry ! ShaJc. 
 
 2. Any thing drawn to length ; as, the frai; of a 
 meteor ; a trail of smoke. Driidrn. 
 
 When lightning shoots in glittering trails a!on_^. Rotse. 
 
 3. Any thing drawn behind in long undulations; 
 a train. 
 
 And drew liehind a radiant trail of hair. Poj>t. 
 
 4. The entrails of a fowl; applied sometimes to 
 those of sheep. Smollett, 
 
 Trail-boariU, in ship-building, a term for the carved 
 work between the cheeks of the head, at the heel of 
 the figure. Cue. 
 
 TRAIL'/'.D, pp. or a. Hunted by the tracks ; laid Mat ; 
 drawn along on the ground ; brought to a lower |io- 
 sition ; as, trailed arms. 
 
 TRAIL'ING, ppr. or a. Hunting by the track ; draw- 
 ing on the ground ; treading down ; laying tlat ; 
 bringing to a lower position ; drawing out in 
 length. 
 
 Since the flames pursued the trailing smoke. Dryien. 
 Swift men of foot, whose bro.ad-set tMcks ibeir trailing h-iir did 
 liide. Ctiapman. 
 
 TRAIN, V. t. [Fr, trainer; It trainare, tranare, to 
 draw or drag ; Sp. traina, a train of gunpowder. Clu. 
 drain ; or is it a contracted word, from L. traho, to 
 draw ?] 
 
 1. lo draw along. 
 
 In hollow cube he (rained 
 His devilish en^ruiery. Ardton, 
 
 2. To draw ; to entice; to allure. 
 
 If but twelve French 
 Were there in arms, tht v wutild W ns a call 
 To train ten thuus.uid hnglish to their side. Shak. 
 
 3. To draw by artifice or stratagem. 
 
 O, train me nut, sweet inermaiil, with thy note. Shak. 
 
 4. To draw from act to act by persuasion or prom- 
 ise. 
 
 We dsl fpoin him on. STiak. 
 
 5. To exercise ; to discipline ; to teach and form by 
 practice; as, to train the militia to the manual exer- 
 cise ; to train soldiers to the use of arms and to 
 tactics. Abram armed his trained servants. Oen. 
 xiv. 
 
 The warrior home here bred he's lauglit to train, Dryden. 
 C. To break, tame, and accustom to diTiw, as 
 oxen. 
 
 7. In gardening, to lead or direct and form to a 
 wall or espalier; to form to a proper shajie by 
 growth, lopping, or pruning ; as, to (jain young 
 trees. 
 
 8. In mining, to trace a lode or any mineral ap- 
 pearance to its head. 
 
 To train a gun, is to point it at some object either 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 146 
 
 TTTT 
 
 1165 
 
TRA 
 
 forward or else abaft the beam, i. e., not directly on 
 Uie side. Tottcn. 
 
 To train or train up ; to educate ; to teach ; to form 
 by instruction or practice ; to bring up. 
 
 Train up a child in Ihe way he should go, and when he is old 
 
 he will not depart from it. — Prov. xxii. 
 The first Christians were, by great hardsliips, trairifd up for 
 glorj. TiLlotson. 
 
 TRaIN, n. Artifice ; stratagem of enticement. 
 
 Now to my clianns, 
 And to my wily Irai/is. MUtan, 
 
 2. Something drawn along behind, the end of a 
 gown, &c. ; as, the train of a gown or robe. 
 
 3. Tlie after part of a gun carriage. Totlcn. 
 
 4. The tail of a bird. 
 
 The train steers their flight, aiid turns their bodies, like the rud- 
 der uf a sliip. Ray. 
 
 5. A retinue ; a number of followers or attend- 
 ants. 
 
 My train ate men of choice and rarest parts. 
 The king's daughter with a lovely train. 
 
 fll:rtk. 
 Adtlison. 
 
 6. A series ; a consecution or succession of con- 
 nected things. 
 
 Rivers now stream and draw their humid train. Milton. 
 Other truths p^quire a train of ideas placetl in order. Locke. 
 The train of ills our love would draw behind it. Addisun. 
 
 7. Process ; regular method ; course. Things are 
 now in a (rain for settlement. 
 
 If things were once in this Imin — our duty would take root in 
 our nature. Sutijt. 
 
 8. A company in order ; a procession. 
 
 Fairest of sUtrs, last in the (rain of night. Aftlton. 
 
 9. The number of beats which a watch makes in 
 any certain time, Ci/c. 
 
 in. A line of gunpowder, laid to lead fire to a 
 charge, or to a quantity intended for execution. 
 
 II. A continuous line of cars on a railroad. 
 
 Train of artillery ; any number of cannon, mor- 
 tiirs, &c., with the attendants and carriajes which 
 follow them into the field. Campbell'.^ Mil. Diet, 
 TR.5I.\'A-BLE, a. That may be trained. [Little 
 
 TR.^1N'-HAND, 71. [train and band.] A band or 
 company of militia. Train-bands, in tlie plural i mili- 
 tia ; .«o called because trained to military exercises. 
 
 TRa[N'-BE.\R-ER, Ti. [(rai)i and iifarcr.] One who 
 liolils up a tram, 
 
 TRaIN'/:D, pp. or a. Drawn ; allured ; educated ; 
 formed by instruction. 
 
 TRaIN'ER, n. One who trains up ; an in.structor. 
 
 Msh. 
 
 9. One who trains or prepares men, horses, &c., 
 for atlili^tic exercises. 
 TRaI.N'IIS'G, ppr. Drawing; alluring; educating; 
 
 teaching and forming by practice. 
 TRaIN'ING, h. The act or process of drawing or ed- 
 ucating ; education. 
 
 9. The act of preparing men for athletic exercises, 
 or horses for the race. 
 
 3. The disciplining of troops. 
 
 4. In gardening, flie operation or art of forming 
 young trees to a wall or espalier, or of causing them 
 to grow in a shape suitable for that etui. dir. 
 
 TR.aIX'-OIL, [train and oil] The oil procured 
 frciiii the blubber or fat of whales by boiling. Cijc. 
 
 TKa1\'-Ro.\D, 71. [train and road.] In TTiinps, a 
 slight railway for small wagons. Cue 
 
 TRaI.V'-T.ACK-I.E, h. A tiickle hooked to the train 
 (if a gun, to hold it to its place. Tottcn. 
 
 TKaLN'Y, a. Belonging to train-oil. [J^ot in vse.] 
 
 Gaij. 
 
 TRAIPSE, (trapse,)!), t. To walk sluttishly or care- 
 lesslv. [A low tcord.] Pirpe. 
 
 TRaIT, (trite,) n. [I'r. trait, from traire, to draw; 
 L. Iractux. See Tr.(ct and Tke.it.] 
 
 1. A stroke ; a touch. 
 
 By this single trait, Horner makes an essential dilTercnc/* between 
 the lli.id and Odyssey, JJrooine. 
 
 2. A line ; a feature ; as, a trait of character. 
 TR.^I'TOR, 7). [Fr. Iraitre ; Ann. treitre, trcytor ; Sp. 
 
 traidur : from L. traditur ; trado, to deliver.] 
 
 1. One who violates his allegiance and betrays his 
 country ; one guilty of treason ; one who, in breach 
 of trust, delivers his country to its enemy, or any 
 fort or place intrusted to his defense, or who surren- 
 ders an army or body of troops to the enemy, unless 
 when vanquished ; or oni^ who takes arms and lev- 
 ies war against his country ; or one who aids an en- 
 emy in conquering his country. [See I'deason.] 
 
 2, One who betrays his trust. 
 TRAI'TOR-LY, a. Treacherous. [Mot in use.] 
 TRAI'TOR-OUH, a. Guilty of treason ; treacherous ; 
 
 perfidiouii; faithless; as, a traituroiu olhcer or sub- 
 ject. 
 
 2. Consisting In treason ; partaking of treason ; 
 implying breach of allegiance ; as, a traitorous 
 «ch( iii^ir conspirncy. 
 TRArTOR-0(J.S-l,V, udi: In viol.ation of allegiance 
 and trust ; treacherously ; perfidiously. 
 
 'I'h''y liad traitoroutlj/ eudeuvoreU to subvert the fniidnmenlAl 
 IttWi. Clarendon. 
 
 TRA 
 
 TR.\I'TOR-OUS-NESS, ;i. Treachery; the quality 
 of^ being treasonable. Scott. 
 
 TRaI'TRESS, 71. A female who betrays her country 
 or her trtist. ' Drydcn. 
 
 TRA-JECT', I). £. [L, trajectus, trajicio ; trans and 
 jacin, to throw,] 
 
 To throw or cast through ; as, to traject the sun's 
 light through three or more cross prisms. J\rewlon. 
 
 TR.^J'EGT, 71. A ferry ; a passage, or place for pass- 
 ing water with boats. SItalc. 
 
 TRA-JECT'ING, ppr. Casting through. 
 
 TR.A-JEC'TION, (tra-jek'shun,)«. The act of cast- 
 ing or darting tlnough. Boyle. 
 
 2. Transportation. 
 
 3. Emission. Brown. 
 TRA-JECT'O-RY, 7i. The curve which a body de- 
 scribes in space, as a planet or comet in its orbit, or 
 a stone thrown upward obliquely in the air. 
 
 Braiide, 
 
 TRA-La'TION, 71. [from L. translatio.] 
 
 A change in the use of a word, or the use of a 
 word in a less proper but more significant sense. 
 
 Bp. Hall. 
 
 TRAL-A-TI"TI0US, (tral-a-tish'us,) a. [L. transta- 
 tus, transfero.] 
 
 Metaphorical ; not literal. 
 TRAL-A-TI"TI0US-LY, (tral-a-tish'us-le,) adv. Met- 
 aphorically ; not in a literal sense. Holder. 
 TRA-LIN'E-aTE, v. t. [L. trans and tinea, line.] 
 To deviate from any direction, [A'ot in u.^e.] 
 
 Drtiden. 
 
 TRA-Lu'CENT, a, [L, traluccns ; trans and luceo.] 
 Transparent ; clear, Dacies. 
 
 TRAM, 71. A name given to coal wagons m some 
 parts of England, especially at Newcastle. 
 
 TRAM'-AVaY, ) n. A road laid with narrow tracks 
 
 TRAM'-RoAD, j of stone, wood, or iron, for trams, 
 or wagons. The iron tram-rail has a Hange on the 
 side, to prevent wagons from running olT the track, 
 thus differing from the eUge-iixil of our common rail- 
 roads. Brandc. 
 
 TR.\.M'MEL, 71. [Fr. tramail, a drag-net ; tra and 
 mail. In Sp, traba is a fetter, Fr. cntraccs. This 
 seems to be a different word.] 
 
 1. A kind of long net for catching birds or 
 fishes. 
 
 The trammel differs not much from the shape of the bunt. 
 
 Careiff. 
 
 9. A kind of shackles used for regulating the mo- 
 tions of a horse and making him amble. 
 
 3. An iron hook, of variotis forms and sizes, used 
 for hanging kettles and other vessels over the fire. 
 
 4. In mechanics, a joiner's instrument for drawing 
 ovals upon boards. One part consists of a cross 
 with two grooves at right angles to each other; the 
 other is a beam carrying two pins which slide in 
 those grooves, and also the describing pencil. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 TR.\M'MEL, V. t. [Sp. trabar, to join, to seize, to 
 shackle. Qu.] 
 
 1. To catch ; to intercept. Sliak. 
 
 2. To confine ; to hamper ; to shackle. 
 TRAM'.MEL-£D, pp. Caught; confined; shackled. 
 
 2. In the manege, a horse is said to be trammeled, 
 when he has blazes or white marks on the fore and 
 hind fc»ot of one side. Cyc. 
 TRA.M^^tEL-I^'G, yiir. Catching; confining ; shack- 
 ling. 
 
 TRA-MON'TANE, 71. One living beyond the moun- 
 tain ; a stranger. 
 
 TRA-.M(),\'T.\.\E, o. [It. tramontana ; Ira, L, trans, 
 beyond, and mnns, mountain.] 
 
 'Litrrnllij, lying or being beyond the mountain ; 
 foreign ; barbarous. The Italians sometimes use 
 this epithet for ii;«rrtnio«(aiif, and apply it to the coun- 
 tries north of the Alps, as France aiii Germany, and 
 particularly to their ecclesiastics, jurists, painters, 
 &c, ; and a north wind is called a tramontane wind. 
 The French lawyers call certain Italian canonists 
 tramontane ^^r ultramontane dticttu's ; considering them 
 as favoring too much the court of Rome, [See Ui.- 
 TRAMoNTANi:.] Brandc. Cyc. 
 
 TR.A.MP, !i. (. [Sw. t'ampa.] 
 To tread. 
 
 TRAM I', r. i. To travel , to wander or stroll. 
 
 TUAMP'Ell, 71. A stroller, a vagrant or vagabond. 
 
 TRAM'PLE, (train'pl,) v. t. [G. trampeln, trampen ; 
 Dan. tramper; Sw. trampa. If m is casual, as I su[>- 
 pose, these words are the D. trappcn, to tread ; trap, 
 a step.] 
 
 1. To tread under foot; especially, to tread upon 
 with pride, contempt, triumph, or scorn. 
 
 Neither cast ye your pearls b4*fore swine, lest they trample them 
 under dair feet. — Matt. vii. 
 
 2. To tread down ; to prostrate by treading ; as, to 
 trample grass. 
 
 3. To treat with pride, contempt, and insult. 
 TRAi\I'PLE, 1-. i. To tread in contempt. 
 
 Diogenes trampled on PliUo's pride with creater of his own. 
 
 Ooo. o/rte Tongue. 
 2, To tread with force and rapidity. Dryde.n, 
 TRAM'PI.E, 71. 'J'he act of treading under ftuit with 
 contempt. Milton. 
 
 TRA 
 
 TRA.M'PLKD, pp. Trod on ; trodden under foot 
 TR.V.M'PLER, 71. One that tramples; one that treads 
 down. 
 
 TR,\iM'PLING, ppr. Treading under foot , prostrat- 
 ing by treading; treading with contempt and insult. 
 
 TRAM-POOSE', t'. (. [See Trami'Le.] To walk with 
 labor, or heavily. 
 
 TRAM-POOS'ING, ppr TraveUng heavily. 
 
 TRA-Na'TION, 71. [L. trano.] 
 
 The act of passing over by swimming. [JVot in 
 use.] 
 
 TRANCE, 71. [Fr. transe ; supposed to be from the L. 
 transitus, a passing over ; iranseo, to pass over ; fran.s 
 and eo. The L. trans seems to be the W. tra, It. 
 tra and tras, Sp. tras, and Fr. trcs, very ; so that it 
 may be inferred that ii is not radical.] 
 
 1. An ecstasy ; a state in which the soul seems to 
 have passed out of the body into celestial regions, or 
 to be rapt into visions. 
 
 My soul was ravished quite as in a trance. Spenser. 
 While tliey made rcadj', he fell into a (ranee, and siiw heaven 
 opened. — Acts x. 
 
 2, In 7ncdicine, catalepsy, i. e , total suspension of 
 mental power and voluntary motion ; pulsation and 
 breathing continuing ; muscles flexible ; body yield- 
 ing to and retiiiuing any given position not'incom- 
 patible with the laws of gravitation. Trance, or 
 catalepsy, differs from ecstasy in the circumstance 
 that in the latter the muscles are rigid, and the body 
 erect anil inrte.xible. Good. 
 
 TRANC'jED, (triinst,) a. Lying in a trance. 
 
 And there I left him tranced. Shale. 
 
 TRAN'GRAM, ti. An odd thing intricately contrived. 
 
 ^rbutftnot. 
 
 [ft is said to be a cant word, and is not used.] 
 TRAN'NEL, used by Moxon, is a mistake for Tree- 
 nail, pronounced by ship-builtlers trnn'nd. 
 TRAN'CiUIL, (trank'wil,) a. [Fr. tranquille ; L. tran- 
 quillus.] 
 
 Quiet ; calm ; undisturbed ; peaceful ; not agitated 
 The atmosphere is tranquil. The state is tranquil. A 
 tranquil retirement is desirable ; but a tranquil mind 
 is essential to happiness. 
 
 TRAN-QUIL-I-Za'TION, 71. The act of tranquiliz- 
 ing, or state of being tranquilized. JiTewman. 
 
 TR.-VN'aUIL-iZE, (trank'wil-Ize,) v. t. To quiet ; to 
 allay when agitated ; to compose ; to make calm and 
 peaceful ; as, to tranquilne a slate disturbed by fac- 
 tions or civil commotions ; to tranqntlize tile mind. 
 
 TRAN'aUIL-lZ-£D, (trank'wil-izd,) pp. Quieted; 
 calmed ; coniposed, 
 
 TRAN'aUIL-lZ-EU, n. A kind of chair, in which a 
 raving maniac may be so fixed as to be motionless. 
 It is used for the production of tranquillity, in a par- 
 oxysm of raving, 
 
 TRAN'aUIL-IZ-ING, ppr, or a. Quieting; compos- 
 ing. 
 
 TRAN'QUIL-IZ-ING-LY, ado. So as to tranquilize. 
 
 TRAN-QUIL'LI-TY, n. [L. tranquillitas.] 
 
 Quietness ; a calm state ; freedom from disturb- 
 ance or agitation. We speak of the tranquillity of 
 public affairs, of tlie state, of the world, the tranquil- 
 lity of a retired life, the tranquillity of mind proceed- 
 ing from conscious rectitude. 
 
 TRAN'QUir^LY, ade. Quietly; peacefully, 
 
 TRAN'QUIL-NESS, 71, Quietness ; peaccfiilne.ss, 
 
 TR-^JyS, a Latin preposition, used in English as a 
 prefix, signifies over, beyond, as in transalpine, be- 
 yond the Alps, Hence, in a moral sense, it denotes a 
 complete change ; as, to transform; also,/r£i)n one to 
 another; as, to traii,s/cr, 
 
 TRAXS-ACT', V. t [L, transactus, transigo ; trans 
 and ago, to act or drive through,] 
 
 To do ; to perform ; to manage ; as, to transact 
 commercial business. We transact business in per- 
 son or by an agent. 
 
 TR.\NS-AeT', V. i. To conduct matters ; to treat ; to 
 manage. South. 
 
 TRANS-ACT'ED, pp. Done; performed; managed. 
 
 TRANS-ACT'ING, ppr. Managing; performing. 
 
 TK.\NS-Ae'TION, 71. The doing or performing of 
 any business ; management of any all'air. 
 
 2. That which is done ; an all'air. We are not to 
 expect in history a minute dt^tail of every transaction. 
 
 3. In the civil law, an adjustment of a dispute 
 between parties by mutual agreement. 
 
 TRANS-ACT'OR, n. One who performs or conducU 
 any business, Otrham. 
 
 TRANS-AL'PINE, (-al'pin,) a. fL, trans, beyond, 
 and Jilpine, of the Alps,] 
 
 Lying or being beyontl the Alps in regard to Rome, 
 that" is, on the north or west of the Alps ; as. Trans- 
 alpine Gaul ; opposed to Cisali-ine. 
 
 TRA.\S-A.\'1-MA'1'K, v. t. [Irnns and animate.] To 
 animate by the ctmveyance of u soul to another body. 
 
 King. 
 
 TR.\NS-AN'I-MA-TED, pp. Animated by the con- 
 veyance of the soul from one body to another. 
 TRA.\S-AN-I-MA'TION, 71. [L. (rnii.i and niiimn.] 
 Conveyance of the .soul from one body to another; 
 trnnsinigrntion. Broicn. 
 [ The latter is the word generally used.] ^ 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T.— METE. PREY PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 1166 
 
JL 
 
 TRA 
 
 TRANS-AT-LAN'Tie, a. [L. trans, beyond, and 
 
 Lying or being beyond tlie Alhintic. When 
 used by a person in EiiropL* or Africa, transatlantic 
 signifies being in America ; wlion by a person in 
 Anivricn, it denotes being or lying in Europe or Afri- 
 ca. W'e apply it cliietly to sonictbing in Kiirope. 
 TKANS-CENI)', (trans-send',) v. t. [L. trunsccndo ; 
 trans and scanilo, to climb.] 
 
 1. To rise above ; to snrinonnt ; as, lii^Iits in the 
 heavens transcending tlie region of the clouds. 
 
 2. Ty pass over ; to go beyond. 
 
 It U a dangerous opiiiiou to such bopci ni sh.'\U tranecfnd Ihclr 
 liniiis. Bacon. 
 
 3. To surpass ; to outgo ; to excel ; to exceed. 
 How much llcr worth transcended till her kind, Dnjden. 
 
 TRANS-CEND', v. i. To climb. [JVuJ in use] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 TR.\NS-CEND'ED, pp. Overpassed; surpassed ; ex- 
 ceeded. 
 
 TUANS-CEND'ENCE, j n. Superior excellence ; 
 TRANS-CENI)'EN-CY, j supereminence. 
 
 2. Elevation above truth ; exaggeration. Bacon. 
 TR.\.\S-CEND'ENT, a. [L. transccndcns.] 
 
 1. Very excellent ; superior or supreme in excel- 
 lence ; surpassing others; as, transcendent watlh \ 
 transcendent valor. 
 
 Clothed with trtintcendcnt brlglitncs?. I^rtUon, 
 
 2. In the Kantian philosopliti, transcending or going 
 beyond the hounds of human knowledge ; applied to 
 basrless or iltnsorn knowletl^e. Murdoch. 
 
 TRANS-CEND-ENT'AL, a. Supereminent ; surjjass- 
 ing others; as, transcendental being or qualities. 
 
 Grew. 
 
 2. In the Kantian philosophy, pertaining to ih.at 
 which can he determined a prion in regard to the 
 fundau)ental principles of all human knowledge. 
 What is (ra;wccn(ic«(/i/, therefore, transcends empiri- 
 cism ; hut it does not transcend all human knowl- 
 edge, or become transcendent. Murdock. 
 
 Transcendental qnantitij ; in algebra, a quantity 
 which can not be represented by an algebraic expres- 
 sion of a finite numher of terms. 
 
 Transcendental c</untion; an equation into which a 
 transcendental quantity enters. 
 
 Transcendental curve; a curve defined by a trans- 
 cendental equation. Brandc. 
 TRANS-CEND-ENT'AL-ISM, n. In the Kantian 
 philosophy, the transcending or going beyond empiri- 
 cism, and ascertaining a priori the fundamental prin- 
 ciples of human knowledge. Hut, as Schelling and 
 Hegel claimed to have discovered the absolute iden- 
 tity of the objective and subjective in human knowl- 
 edge, or of things and human conceptions of them, 
 the Kantian distinecion between transcendent and 
 transcendental ideas can have no place in their philoso- 
 phy. And hence, with them, transcendentalism 
 claims to have a true knowledge of all things, mate- 
 rial and innnaterial, human and divine, so far as the 
 mind is capable of knowing them. Aiul in this sense 
 tlie word transcendentalism is now most use<l. 
 
 Miirdock. 
 
 The word is also sometimes used for that which Is 
 vague and illusive in philosophy. 
 TRANS-UE.\l)-ENT'AL-IST, n. One who believes 
 
 in transcendentalism. 
 TRAN.<-(;E.ND-ENT'AL-LY, adv. In a transcend- 
 ental manner. 
 TRANS-CEiMVENT-LY, adv. Very e.TccIlently ; 
 supereminently; by way of eminence. 
 
 The law of Chnslianity b emiiiPiiUy and trangcendently called 
 the woixl of truth. jb'outA. 
 
 TRANf'-CEND'ENT-NESS, n. Superior or unusual 
 excellence. 
 
 TRA.N'S-CE.VD'ING, ppr. Rising above; surmount- 
 
 ini; ; surpassine. 
 TRANS'eO-LATE, c. L [L. tran3 and eolo, to 
 
 strain.] 
 
 To stniin ; to cause to pass through a sieve or col- 
 ander. Harvey. 
 TRA.\S'eO-LA-TING, ppr. Straining through a 
 sieve. 
 
 TRAN-SeuinE', V. t. [L. transeribo ; trans, over, and 
 
 scribo, to write.] 
 To copy ; to write over again or in the same words ; 
 
 to write a copy of any thing ; as, to transcribe Livy 
 
 or Tacitus : to tran.tcribc a letter. 
 TRAN-Sei!Tn'f;D, pp. Copied. 
 
 TRAN-seRIIJ'ER, 7i. A copier; one who writes 
 from a copv. Mdison. 
 
 TRAN'-SeRf B'ING, ppr. Writing from a copy ; writ- 
 ing a copy. 
 
 TRAN'SCRIPT, n. [L. transeri,;tum.] 
 
 1. A copy ; a writing made fnun and according to 
 an original ; a writing or composition consisting of 
 the same words with the original. 
 
 Tlie decalogue of Mosef wjis but a (ron#crip(, not oil ori?innl. 
 
 South. 
 
 2. A copy of any kind. 
 
 The Romoo learuiog waj a tranteripi of the Grecian. 
 
 GlanvilU. 
 
 TRA 
 
 TRAN-SeniP'TION, (irau-skrip'shun,) ». [Fr.l The 
 act of copying. Corruptions creep into books l>y re- 
 peated transcriptions. 
 
 TKAN-SeRll'T'lVE-LY, adv. In manner of a copy. 
 
 Broicn. 
 
 TRANS-GUR', «. i. [Ij. transcurro; trans a.\\ii carro, 
 to run J 
 
 'I'o run or rove to and fro. [Little used.] Bacon. 
 TRA.N'S-CUR'REiVCE, «. A roving hither and 
 thither. 
 
 TRANS-eUR'.SION, (trans-kur'shnn,) n. [.Supra.] 
 A rambling or ramble ; a passage beyond certain 
 limits ; extraordinary deviation ; as, the transcnrsion 
 of a comet. More. 
 
 I am to make of^cn tntnecuntions into the niMgiiborinjj fon-Hts a« 
 1 piifia tilung. ^ Howell. 
 
 [Excursion ha^ in a great measure superseded 
 this word.) 
 
 TRANS-OUe'TION, 7i. [I., fraii^ and duco.] 
 
 The act of conveying over. Kntick. 
 TR.XNSE, H. Ecstasy. [See Trance.] 
 TUANS-EL-E-MENt-A'TION, n. [trans and ele- 
 ment.] 
 
 The change of the elements of one body into those 
 of auotluT, as of the bread :ind wine into the actual 
 body and blood of Christ ; transnbslantiation. 
 
 Bnrnet. 
 
 TRAN'SEPT, ;i. [L. Irons and .septum.] The trans- 
 verse portion of a cruciform church, being one of the 
 arms projecting each way on the side of the stem of 
 the cross. Qwilt. 
 
 TRA.\-.<E.\'IO.\, (-sck'shiin,) n. Change of sex. 
 
 TRAi\'S-l'"ER', v. (. [h. Iransfero ; trans and /cro, to 
 carry.] 
 
 1. '1 o convey from one place or person to another ; 
 to transport t)r remove to another place or jierson ; 
 as, to transfer the laws of one country tf) another. 
 'J'he seat of government was transferred from New 
 York to Albany. We say, a war is trnnsfirrcd from 
 France to Germany. Pain, or the s(;at of disease in 
 the body, is often transferred from one part to an- 
 other. 
 
 2. To make over ; to pass ; to convey, as a right, 
 from one person to another ; to sell ; to give. The 
 title to land is transferred by deed, 'i'lie property of a 
 hill of exchange may be transferred by indorsement. 
 K^tocks are transferred by assignnieiit, or entering the 
 same under the name of the purchaser in the proper 
 books. 
 
 TR.iiNS'FER, n. The removal or conveyance of a 
 thing friun one place or person to another. 
 
 2. The conveyance of right, title, or property, ei- 
 ther re.il or personal, from one person to another, ei- 
 ther by sale, by gift, or otherwise. 
 TRAN.S-FER'A-ULE, a. That may be transferred or 
 conveyed from <uic place or person to another. 
 
 2. Negotiable, as a note, bill of exchange, or other 
 evidence of properly, that may bo conveyed from ime 
 person to another by indorsement or other writing. 
 The stocks of the public, and of com|)anies, are 
 transfrrnlile. 
 
 TRANS-FliR'R/;D, pp. Conveyed from one to an- 
 other. 
 
 TRA.\S-FER-REE', n. The person to whom a trans- 
 fer is made. Hamilton. 
 
 TRANS-FER'RE.\CE, n. Act of transferring. 
 
 TUANS-FER'RER, n. One who makes a transfer or 
 conveyance. 
 
 TRANSi-FER'RING, ppr. Removing from one place 
 or person to another; conveying to another, as a 
 right. 
 
 TRANS-FIG-IT-RA'TtON, n. [Ft. See TnANsFin- 
 UBE.] A change of form ; particularly, the sui)ernal- 
 ural change in the personal appearance of our Savior 
 on the mount. See Matt. xvii. 
 
 2. A feast held by the Roman Catholic church on 
 the Gth of Aueust, in commemoration of the miracu- 
 lous change above mentioned. Cyc. 
 
 TRANS-FIG'IJRE, (-fig'yur,) v. U [L. trans and fi- 
 ffurn; Fr. transfgurer.] 
 
 To transform ; to change the outward form or ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Ami was transfigured before dicm. — M.att xvii. 
 
 TRANS-FIG'TJR-KD, pp. Changed in form. 
 TRANS-FIG'tJR-ING, ppr. Transforming; changing 
 
 the external form. 
 TR.\NS-FlX',r. t. [L. tranj^fixus, traiwifigo; tran.«and 
 
 Jig"-] 
 
 1 o pierce through, as with a pointed weapon ; as, 
 to transfir one witli a dart or spear. Dryden. 
 
 TRA.\S-FlX'f;D, ( fiksl',) pp. Pierced throimh. 
 
 TRA\S-FI.\'I\G, ppr. Piercing through with a point- 
 ed weapttu. 
 
 TRANS'FO-RaTE, r. fc [L. transforo.] 
 To bore throuch. 
 
 TRANS'TO-Ra-TED, pp. Pierced; perforated. 
 
 TKA.NS'FO-RA-TING, ppr. Boring through. 
 
 TRANS-FOR.M', r. t. [Ft. transformer ; L. trans and 
 forma A 
 
 1. To change the form of ; to change the shape or 
 appearance ; to metamorphose ; as, a caterpillar 
 transformed into a buttertiy. 
 
 2. To change one substance into another ; to 
 
 TRA 
 
 TRANS-FORM', v. i. To bo changed in form ; to be 
 nietamorphosetl. 
 
 Ihi hair transforms to down. Addison. 
 
 TRANS-FOR.M-A'TIO.N, n. The act or operation of 
 changing the form or external appearance. 
 
 2. i'^letamorphosis ; change of form in insects; as 
 froui a caliTpillar to a butterfly. 
 
 3. Traiisuiiitation ; the change of one metal into 
 another, as of copper or tin into gold. 
 
 4. The change of the soul into a divine substance, 
 as among the mystics. 
 
 5. Transuhstaiitialion. 
 
 (>. In theology, a change tif heart in man, by which 
 his disposititMi and temper are conformed to tin; tli- 
 vine image ; a change from enmity to holiness and 
 love. 
 
 7. In algebra, the change of nn equaticm into one 
 of a dilTerent form, without destroying the Pipialily of 
 its ineiiiliers; a change into another form without al- 
 tering the v.ilue. Jl. D. Stanlrii. 
 
 TRANS-FOK.M'A-TIVE, a. Having power or a le'nd- 
 enrv to traiisronii. Ducirs. 
 
 TKA.NS-FOR.M'i;D, pp. Changed in form or exter- 
 nal appearance; nietainoipiiosed ; transmuted; re- 
 newed. 
 
 TRANS-FORM'ING, ppr. Changing the form or ex- 
 ternal appearance; meUiinorphosing ; transmuting; 
 renewiii!;. 
 
 2. a. Elfecting, or able to effect, a change of form 
 or state ; as, the transforming power of true rcligiim. 
 
 TRANS-FREIGHT', (traiis-frate',) v. i. To pass over 
 the sea. [JVot in vse.] Waterland. 
 
 TRAN.S-FRE-Ta'T10.\, n. [L. trans and fretum, a 
 strait.] 
 
 The passing over a strait or narrow sea. [Little 
 used.] Davies. 
 TRANS-FUND', r. «. [L. tramfundo.] 
 
 To pour from one vessel into another. [Aut used,] 
 TRANS-FIJND'EI), pp. Transfused. 
 TRANS-FUNIl'ING, ppr. Transfusing. Barrow. 
 TRANS-FCSE', (trans-fuze',) v. U [L. traiisfusus, 
 transfundo : trans ',nn\ fnndo.] 
 
 1. To pour, as liquor, out of one vessel into an- 
 other. 
 
 2. To transfer, as blood, from one animal to an- 
 other. 
 
 3. To cause to pass from one to another ; to cause 
 to be instilled or imbibed ; as, to tran.ifase a spirit of 
 pnirioiisin from one to aiiotlier; to lrnii^u« a love 
 of letters. 
 
 TRANS-FC'S'i^D, pp. Poured from cue vessel into 
 another. | 
 
 TRANS-FO'SI-BLE, (-(u'zc-bl,) a. That may be , 
 transfused, &c. Boyle, \ 
 
 TRANS-FCS'l.NG, ppr. Pouring out of one vessel into 
 another; transferring. 
 
 TRANS-Fu'SlON, (trans-fu'zhun,) n. The act of 
 pouring, as liquor, out of one vessel into nnollier. 
 In chemistry and pharmacy, (ran.N/i<,>i«nj' of liquors 
 are frequent. Cyc. 
 
 2. The act or operation of transferring the bimid of 
 one animal into the vascular system of another by 
 means of a tube. Cyc. ' 
 
 TR.\.\S-(;RKSS', ». (. [Fr. franso're.'Sfr ; L. f rims o-rM- 
 
 trnnsgredior i trans and gradior, to pass.] ( 
 
 1. To pass over or beyond any limit ; to surpass. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. In a moral sen.'se, to overpass any rule prescribed 
 as the limit of duty ; to break or violate a law, civil or 
 moral. To transgress a divine law, is sin. Legis- 
 lators should not trans^css laws of their own 
 making. 
 
 TRANS-GRESS', r. i. To ofTcnd by violating a law ; 
 
 to sin. 1 Chron. ii. 
 TRANS-CRESS'£D, (trans-grest',) pp. Overpassed; 
 
 violated. 
 
 TRANS-GRESS'ING, ppr. Passing beyond ; surpass- 
 
 ini ; vinlatins : sinning. 
 TRA.NS-tJKES'SION, (-gresh'un,^ n. [Fr.] The act 
 
 of passing oyer or beyond any law or rule of moral 
 
 duty ; the violation of a law or known principle of 
 
 rectitude ; breach of command. 
 
 He mournrd because of th" tmnsgreieion of the^ that iwd been 
 
 c.rri.^l away. — Eiri X. 
 Forgive Uiy people all Ui'-ir transgressions, — I King* Tul. 
 
 2. Fault ; otTcDse ; crime. Skak. 
 
 transmute. The alchemists sought to trannform 
 lead into gold. 
 
 Ill theology, to change the natural disposilion 
 and leuipi r of man finiii a stale ol eiiiiniy in (;ihI 
 ami Ins law into tlie image of Gml, or into a dispo- 
 sition and temper conformed to tiie will of God. 
 
 Be ye tmns/ormut by the rem-wiiig of your iniuj. — Horn. xlj. 
 
 4. In the Roman Catholic church, to change the ele- 
 ments, bread and wine, into the llesh and blood of 
 Christ. 
 
 ."i. Among the mystics, to change the contemplative 
 soul into a divine substance, by which it is lost or 
 swallowed up in the divine nature. 
 
 G. In algebra, to change an equation into another 
 of a ditl'erent form, tvillioiit destroying the equality 
 of its iiienihers ; to change into another form with- 
 out altering the value. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — A.\"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 _____ - j-jg7 
 
TRA 
 
 TRAAS-GRES'flON-AI-, (-gresh'uii-al,) a. Tbat vi- 
 olntcs a law or rule of duty. 
 
 TRANS-GIIESS'IVE, a. Faulty; culpable; apt to 
 transgress. Brown. 
 
 TRA.\S-GRESP'IVE-LY, adv. Bv transgressing. 
 
 TRANS-GRESS'OR, n. One who breaks a law or vi- 
 olates a command ; one who violates any known rule 
 or principle of rectitude ; a sinner. 
 
 The way of transgressors is hard. — Prov. xiii. 
 
 TRAN-SHIP', r. «. [trans and ship.] To convey from 
 one siiip to another ; a commercial iportl. 
 
 TRA.N'-SlllP'MENT, n. The act of transferring, as 
 go(]ils, from one ship to another. 
 
 TRA.\-SII1P'P£D, {-ihipt',) pp. Carried from one ship 
 to anoIli^T. 
 
 TRA^'-^^H1P'PING, ppr. Carrying from one ship to 
 another. 
 
 TR A.\ 't^l ENT, (tran'shent,) a. [L. transiens, transeo ; 
 tran.-i and eo.] 
 
 1. Passing ; not stationary ; henre, of short dura- 
 tion ; not permanent ; not liisting or durable. How 
 transient are tile pleasures of this life I 
 
 Measured this Iransient worlti. J\ri!ton. 
 
 2. Hasty ; momentary ; imperfect ; as, a transient 
 view of a landscape. 
 
 TravMcnt person : a person that is passing or trav- 
 eling through a place ; one without a settled habita- 
 tion. .America. 
 
 Transient ejfect, in painting, is a representation of 
 appearances in nature produced by causes which are 
 not stationary, as the shadows cast by a passing 
 cloud. The term Accidenh has often the same 
 sigiiilication. Jocehm. 
 TRAN';?1ENT-LY, (-shent-,) ailv. [.Supra.] In' pas- 
 sage ; for a short time ; not with continuance. 
 
 1 touch here I)iit transiently — on some few of those many rules 
 
 of imitating nature, which Arislolte drew from Homer. 
 
 nryden. 
 
 TRAN'SIENT-NESS, (-shent-,) n. [Supra.] Shoit- 
 
 Tiess of continuance ; speedy passage. 
 TRAN-SIl/I-ENCE, )n. [h. trausuiens, transiUo ; 
 TRAN-SIL'l-EN-CY, ( trans and i^alio.] 
 
 A leap from thing to thing. [^Vo( muck used.] 
 
 OlanviUe. 
 
 TRANS'IT, n. [L. transitas, from tranxeo.'j 
 
 1. A passing ; a passing over or through : convey- 
 ance ; as, the transit of goods throuL'h a country. 
 
 D. i'he passing of an inferior planet across the 
 sun's di»k. I witnessed the transit of Venus over 
 the sun's disk, June 3, ITtiO. When a smaller body 
 passes behind a larger, it is said to suffer an occulta- 
 tion. 
 
 3. The culmination or passage of a heavenly body 
 over the meridian of a place. 
 
 TRANS'IT, e. t. To pass over the disk of a heavenly 
 hml V. Cijc. 
 
 TRANS'IT-DO'TY, v. A duty paid on goods that 
 pass through a country. 
 
 TRAXS'IT-ED, pp. Passed over the disk of a heav- 
 enly hotly. 
 
 TRAN-SI"TION, (tran-sizh'un,) n. [L. transitio.] 
 
 1. Passage from one place or state to another ; 
 change; as, the transition of the weather from hot 
 to cold. Sudden transitions are sometimes attended 
 witli evil effects. 
 
 The spotR are of the same eolor Ihronfjhoul, there bein^ an im- 
 mediate Iraiisilion from white to Muck. ^Vooduiard. 
 
 2 In rhetoric, a passing from one subject to an- 
 other. This should be done by means of some con- 
 nection in the parts of the discourse, so as to appear 
 natural and easy. 
 
 He wiUi transition sweet new speech resumei. Milton, 
 3. In mnsic, a change of key from major to minor, 
 or the contrary ; or, in short, a change from any one 
 genus or key to another ; also, the softening of a dis- 
 junct interval by the introduction of iiilerinediate 
 titiiinds. Cijc. Biishij. 
 
 Transition rocks ,' in geoloiry, a name formtTly ap- 
 plied to the lowest uncrystalline stratified rocks, siip- 
 posetl to contain no fossils, and so called because 
 thought to have been formed when the world was 
 paiisiug from an uninhabitable to a habitable state. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 TRAN-SI"TION-AL, (-sizh'un-,) a. Containing or 
 
 denoting transition. 
 TttAN.S'I-Tl VE, a. Having the power of passing. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. In frrnmmar, a transitive verb is one which is or 
 may be followeil by an ohjrrt ; a verb expressing an 
 nction which passes from the agent to an <dijcct,froni 
 the subject which i/ors to the object on which it is 
 done. Thu«, " Cicero ^rrnle letters to Atticiis." In 
 this sentence, the act of writing, perfurmed by Cice- 
 ro, the agent, terininntcs on letters, the object. All 
 verbs not passive mtiy bo arranged in two classes, 
 tranjiirive and intransittve. In Kiiglish, this division 
 is correct and complete, 
 
 TRA.N'.S'l-Tl VE-I.V, adv. In a transitive manner. 
 TRANS'I»riVlv.NE.SH, n. .state of being Iraiisilivc. 
 TRA\S'l-TO-RI-I,y, odr. [.Sec Tii* xsiTouv.] With 
 
 HbnrI Cfintiimiince. 
 TUANS'I-TO RI-NES.S, n. A pafwinK with ohort con- 
 
 TRA 
 
 tinuance ; speedy departure or evanescence. Who 
 is not convinced of the traiusitoriness of all sublui.ary 
 happiness 
 
 TRAiNS'l-TO-RY, a. [L. transitorius.] 
 
 1. P.issing witiiout continuance ; continuing a short 
 time; fleeting; speedily vanishing. 
 
 O Lont, comfort and succor ail tliem who, in this transitory life, 
 are in truul^Ie. Com. Prayer. 
 
 2. In law, a transitory action is one which may be 
 brought in any county, as actions for debt, detinue, 
 slantler, and the like. It is opposed tn local action. 
 
 Blackstone. Bouvier. 
 TRANS-LaT'A-BLE, a. [from translate.] Capable 
 of being translated or rendered into another lan- 
 guage. 
 
 TR.'\NS-LaTE', ». (. [L. translatits, from transfero ; 
 «ra«s, over, and /iro, tobear; Sp. trosladar ; ll.tras- 
 latirc.] 
 
 J. To bear, carry, or remove, from one place to 
 snotlier. It is applied to the removal of a bishop 
 from one see to another. 
 
 The bishiip of Rochester, when the kin j would have translated 
 him to a Ijetter Ijialiopric, refused. Camden. 
 
 2. To remove or convey to heaven, as a human 
 being, without death. 
 
 By fiith Enoch was translated, that he should not see death. — 
 Heu. xvi. 
 
 3. To transfer ; to convey from one to another. 2 
 Sam. iii, 
 
 4. To cause to remove from one part of the body 
 to another ; as, to translate a disease. 
 
 5. To clinnge. 
 
 Happy is your grace, 
 That can translate the stuljboriiness of fortune 
 Into so quiet and so sweet a style. Shaft. 
 
 6. To interpret ; to render into another language ; 
 to express the sense of one language in the words of 
 another. The Old Testament was translated into the 
 Greek lansuage more than two hundred years before 
 Christ. The Scriptures are now translated into most 
 of the languages of Europe and Asia. 
 
 7. To explain. 
 
 TRANS-LaT'ED, pp. Conveyed from one place to 
 another ; removed to heaven without dying ; ren- 
 dered into another language. 
 
 TRANS-LaT'ING, ppr. Conveying or removing from 
 one place to another; conveying to heaven without 
 dying ; interpreting in another language. 
 
 TRAiN'.S-La'TIO.N, 71. [Fr., from L. translatio.] 
 
 1. The act of relieving or conveying from one 
 place to another ; removal ; as, the translation of a 
 disease from the foot to the breast. 
 
 2. The removal of a bishop from one see to an- 
 other. 
 
 3. The removal of a person to heaven without 
 subjecting him to death. 
 
 4. The act of turning into another language; in- 
 terpretation ; as, the translation of Virgil or Homer. 
 
 5. Th;it which is proiliiced by turning into another 
 language ; a version. We have a good translation of 
 the Scriptures. 
 
 TRANS-LA-T1"TI0US, (-tish'us,) a. Transposed; 
 transported. 
 
 TRANS-La'TIVE, a. Taken from others. 
 
 TRANS-La'TOR, h. One who renders into another 
 language ; one who expresses the sense of wortls in 
 one language by etpiivalent words in another. 
 
 TR ANS'LA-TO-RY, a. Transferring ; serving to trans- 
 late. Arbathnot. 
 
 TRANS-La'TRESS, n. A female translator. 
 
 TRANS-LO-Ca'TION, n. [L. trans and lucatio. loco.] 
 Removal of things reciproctilly to each other's 
 places ; or rather substitution of one thing for an- 
 other. 
 
 There happened certain transloailions of animal and vegetable 
 enbst^uices at the deluge. Woodmard. 
 
 TRANS-I.C'CEN-CY, j 71. [L. translucens ; trans, 
 TRAXS-LO'CENCE, j through, and luceo, to 
 shine.] 
 
 1. 'J'he property of transmitting rays of light with- 
 out permitting objects to be setMi. 
 
 2. Transparency. 
 
 TRANS-LO'CENT, a. Transmitting rays of light 
 without permitting objects to be seen. 
 2. Transparent ; clear. 
 
 Itcplenislicd from the cool, fran«Zucenf springs. Pope. 
 
 TRANS-LO'CENT-LY, ado. In a translucent man- 
 ner. 
 
 TRAiVS-LO'ClI), 0. [L. translncidu.^, supra.] 
 Transparent; clear. [See Tk*nslucent.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TRAN.S-MA-RtNE', (-ma-reen',) n. [1.. transmartnus ; 
 
 trans and vtartnus : mare, sea.] 
 
 Lying or being beyond the sea. Howell. 
 TRANS-MEW, ( niu',) v. t. [Fr. transmucr; L. trans- 
 
 vivto.] 
 
 To transmute ; to transform ; to metamorphose. 
 [A'ol in use. ) Upenscr. 
 
 TUANS'.Ml-GRANT, a. [See TnANsMioitATK.] Mi- 
 gratin^r; passing inio aiioiher coiinlry or state fur 
 residence, or into another form or body. 
 
 TRAN.S'MI-GRANT, n. One who migrates, or leaves 
 
 TRA 
 
 his own country and passes into another for sellle- 
 nient. Bacon. 
 9. One who passes into another st.ite or body. 
 TRA.N'S'JM-GRa I E, V. i, [L. transmigro ; trans and 
 miirro, to migrate.] 
 
 1. To migrate ; to pass from one country or juris- 
 diction to another, for the purpose of residing in it; 
 as men or families. Brown. 
 
 2. To pass from one body into another. 
 
 Tlieir souls may transmigrate into eacli otiier. Howell. 
 
 TRANS'MI-GRa-TING, ppr. Passing from one coun- 
 try, state, or body, into another. 
 
 TRAxNS-MI-GRA'tlON, ». The passing of men from 
 one country to another for the purpose of residence, 
 particularly of a whole people. 
 
 2. The passing of a thing into another state, as of 
 one substance into another. Hooker. 
 
 3. The passing of the soul into another body, ac- 
 cording to the opinion of Pythagoras. 
 
 TRANS'MI-GRa-TOR, n. One who transmigr.ates, 
 
 FMis. 
 
 TRANS-MI'GRA-TO-RY, a. Passing from one place, 
 
 body, or state, to another. Fubrr. 
 TRANS-MIS-SI-BIL'I-TY, n. [from transmissible.] 
 
 The quality of being transmissible. 
 TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE, a. [See Transmit.] That 
 may be transmitted or passed from one to another. 
 
 Blackstonc. Burke. 
 2. That may be transmitted through a transparent 
 body. 
 
 TRANS-MIS'SION, (trans-mish'un,) n. [Fr., from I, 
 
 transmissio.] 
 
 1. Tlie act of sending from one place or person to 
 another; as, the trun.^-mission of letters, writings, 
 papers, news, and the like, from one country to an- 
 other : or the trans7nis.<ivn of rights, titles, or privi- 
 leges from father to son, and from one generation to 
 another. JVewton. Bacon. 
 
 2. The passing of a substance through any body, 
 as of light through gl.ass. 
 
 TRANS-MIS'SIVE, a. Transmitted; derived from 
 one to another. 
 
 Itself a Sim, it with transmissiee light 
 
 Enlivens worlds deiucd to human sight. Prior. 
 
 TR,\NS-MIT', v.t. [L, transmitto ; trans and mitto, to 
 send.] 
 
 1. To send from one person or place to another ; 
 as, to transmit a letter or a memoritil ; to tran..,-mit 
 dispatches; to, transmit money or bills of exch.-inge 
 from one city or country to another. Light is trans- 
 mitted from the sun to the earth ; sound is transmitted 
 by means of vibrations of the air. Our civil anil re- 
 ligious privileges have been transmitted to us from 
 our ancestors ; and it is our duty to transmit them to 
 our children. 
 
 2. To suffer to pass through ; as, glass transmits 
 light ; metals transmit electricity. 
 
 TRANS-.MIT'TAL, 7i. Transmission. Sirift. 
 
 TRANS-MIT'TED, pp. or a. Sent from one person or 
 place to another ; caused or suffered to pass through. 
 
 TRANS-.MIT'TER, n. One who transmits. 
 
 TRANS-MIT'TI-BLE, a. Tli.at may be transmitted. 
 
 TRANS-RIIT'TING, pjir. Sending from tine person 
 or place to aniithi r ; suffering to pass through. 
 
 TRANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY, n. [See Transmute.] 
 Susceptibility of change into another nature or sub- 
 stance. 
 
 TRANS-Mu'TA-BLE, a. [from transmute.] Capable 
 of being changed into a different substance, or into 
 something of a different form or nature. 
 
 The fluiils antl solitis of an animal body are transmutable into 
 one anotlier. Artiutlinot. 
 
 TRAN.S-Mu'TA-BLY, adv. With capacity of being 
 
 clianged into another substance or nature. 
 TRANS-MU-Ta'TION, n. [L. trunsmutatio.] 
 
 1. The change of any thing into another substance, 
 or into something of a different nature. For a long 
 time, the fraii.s'»iufafiti7i of base metals into golti was 
 deemed practicable, but nature proved refractory, 
 and the alchemists were frustrated. 
 
 2. In geometry, the change or reduction of one figure 
 or body into another of the same area or solidity, but 
 of a different form, as of a triangle into a square. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 3. The change of colors, as in the case of a decoc- 
 tion of the nephritic wood. Cyr. 
 
 4. In the vriretable ecanomy, the change of a plant 
 into another form, as of wheat into chess, according 
 to the popular opinion. [See Chess.] 
 
 TR ANS-.M U-'1'a'T1UN-IST, 7i, One who believes in 
 the transmutation of metals. Lijcll. 
 
 TRANS-MOTE', v. U [L. transmuto ; trans and'mufo, 
 to change.] 
 
 To change from one nature or substance into an- 
 other. Water may |)C transtnnted into ice, and ice 
 into water; the juices of plants are transmuted into 
 solid substances ; but human skill has not been able 
 to transmute lead or copper into goltl. 
 
 A holy conscli'nce Bubllmatcs every thing; it transmutes lh« 
 cuiiunoii ntluini of hii] into acu of soleiim woraliip tn (lod. 
 
 J. M. Mason. 
 
 The carrsies of pnrentj and tlio blanililhmenU of Iriends Iran*. 
 rnuu UN into idoU. liuckmtniter. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
TRA 
 
 I'RANS-MCT'KI), ;)/). Clianged into another sub- 
 stance or natiirf. 
 
 TKANS-,\1C'I"KI{, n. One th;it transmutes. 
 
 'I'KANS-MOT'IN'O, ppr. Clianuing or transforming 
 jnt(» anotlier nature or substance. 
 
 TIIAN'SO.M, n. [L. transeniia, from trans, over, 
 across.) 
 
 1. A beam or timber extended across the stern post 
 of a ship, to strengthen tlio afl-part and cive it due 
 form. Jilar. Diet. 
 
 2. In architecture, a horizontal niullion or cros.s-l)ar 
 in a u'inilow ; or a lintel over a door ; tlie vane of a 
 cross-statf. Ci/c. Jnhiuuit, 
 
 TKAN.S'1'A-DANE, a, [L. trans aiid PaUus, the 
 Kiver I'o.] 
 
 Being lieyond the River Po. Stephens. 
 TRA.\.S-l'Al{'i;.\-CY, n. [See TnANsPAHENT.] That 
 stale or property of a body by winch it sutfers rays of 
 liglit to pass through it, so that objects can be dis- 
 tinctly seen through it; diaphaneity. This is a 
 property of glass, water, and air, which, when clear, 
 admit the free passage of light. Transparency is op- 
 posed to "PAtifENESS. 
 
 2. .\ picture prepared on very thin cloth, and with 
 semi-transparent materials, to be exhibited by light 
 passing Ihrougli it from behind. 
 TUA.\S.1*.\R'KNT, a. [Fr. id. ; L. trans and pareo, to 
 appear.] 
 
 1. Having the property of transmitting rays of light, 
 so that bndies can be distiiu-lly seen through ; pervi- 
 ous to light; diaplianoiis ; pellueid ; as, traiiyparent 
 glass . a transparent diamond ; opposed to OpvquE. 
 
 2. Admitting the p;issage of light ; open : porous ; 
 as, a transparent veil. Oniden. 
 
 TKA.\S.|'All'ENT-LY, adc. Clearly; so as to be 
 seen through. 
 
 TIlA.N.-^-l'All'ENT-.N'BPS, n. The quality of being 
 
 transpireiit , transparency. 
 TKA.\.-!-l'XSS', u. J. [truMs and To pass over. 
 
 [A'V'? f» M-r.] Grei^ortl. 
 TU.ANS-l'ASS', 0. 1. To pass by or away. [JVdt in 
 
 n<e.] D .nicl. 
 
 TUA.N.'^-l'ie'tZ-OUS, n. [I., trans unA spccio,Xo see.] 
 Transparent ; pervious to the sight. 
 
 Tlie w ill' , lranJ;y!fuou» ftir. Milton. 
 
 TRA.VS-PFf.RCE', (-peers',) v. t. [Fr. transpereer.] 
 To pierce through ; to penetrate ; to permeate , to 
 pass through. 
 
 Ilia forc'fiil gpr.ir the sidos trampUrceil . Dryden. 
 
 TRANS-PI eRC'£D, (-peerst',) pp. Pierced through; 
 penetrated. 
 
 TRA.\S-PIF;RC'I.\G, p/.r. Penetrating; passing 
 throiiijh, 
 
 Tl{ \.\S-l'TR'A-ni,F,, a. [Fr. ; from (raii.»piVc.] 
 
 ('ap:it»le of being emitted through pores. 
 'J'RA.NS-PI-R.\'TIO.\, II. [Ki. ; from Iranspirc.'] 
 
 The act or process of passing otf through the excre- 
 tories of the skin ; cutaneous exhalation ; as, the 
 fm/iA7ji>///ifl/i of obstructed iltiids. Sharp. 
 TR A.NS-I'IRE', II. L [Fr. transpirer ; L. traiuipiro ; 
 trans and spiro.] 
 
 To emit through the excretories of the skin ; to 
 send otf in vapor. 
 TRA.VS-I'TRF.', e. i. To be emitted through the ex- 
 cretories of the skin ; to exhale ; to pass olT in insen- 
 sible perspirati(ui ; as, lluids transpire from iheiiuman 
 body. 
 
 ■3. To escape from secrecy ; to become public. 
 The proceedings of the council liave not yet (raii*- 
 pirrtl. 
 
 3. To happen or come to pass. 
 TRA\f!-l'IR'/;D, pp. Emitted through the excretories 
 
 of the skin ; evhalcd. 
 2. Escaped from secrecy. 
 
 TRAN'SPIR'I.NG, p/ir. Exhaling; passing olT in in- 
 sensible perspiration ; becoming public. 
 
 TRA.N'S-PI^ACE', r. (. [tra«i and ;;;ace.J To remove ; 
 to put in a new place. 
 
 U w.tji transpiactd ln>m ih** Ifft •idf of the Vatican to A more 
 eii.tiiriit pNc-'. [Lilde UMed.\ Wilkitu. 
 
 TRANS-PLANT', v. U [Fr. transplanter; trans and 
 plant, li. planto,] 
 
 1. To remove and plant in another place ; as, to 
 transplant trees. 
 
 2. To remove and settle or establish for residence 
 in another jilace ; as, to transplant inhabitants. Sal- 
 uianeser transplanted the Cuthites to Samaria. 
 
 3. To remove. Clarendon. Atitton. 
 TRANS-PbA.N'T .\'TIO\, n. The act of transplant- 
 ing ; the removal of a plant or of a settled inhabitant 
 to a different place for growth or residence. 
 
 2. Removal ; conveyance from one to another. 
 Formerly men believed in the transplantation of dis- 
 eases. Bakrr. Cue. 
 TRANS-PLANT'ED, pp. or a. Removed and planted 
 
 or settleil m another place. 
 TRA.N'S-PLA.NT'ER, n. One who transplants. 
 
 2. A machine for transplanting trees. 
 TRANS PL,VN'1"I.\G, ppr. Removing and planting 
 
 or settling in another place. 
 TRAN-Sl'LEND'EN-CY, ». [L. Irani and s;>lCTirfn«. 
 See Splendor.] 
 
 Supereminent splendor. JUore. 
 
 TRAN SPLEND'ENT, o. Resplendent in the highest 
 
 degree. 
 
 TKAN-SPLEND'E.NT-LY, adc. With eminent splen- 
 dor. Mure. 
 
 TK,\NS-P5RT', V. L [L. transporto ; trans and piirto, 
 to carry.] 
 
 1. To carry or convey from one p'^ce to another, 
 either by means of be.asis or vehicles on land, or by 
 ships on w.aler, or by balloons in air; as, to transport 
 the baggage of an army ; to transport goods from one 
 country to anotlier ; to transport troops over a river. 
 
 2. To carry into banishment, ns a rriiiiiiial. Crim- 
 inals are transported as a piintshuient for their crimes, 
 wliich often amounts to tiaiiishiiieiit. 
 
 3. To hurry or carry away by violence of passion. 
 
 Tii'-y Iiiuirh as if iramported with »onie fit 
 Of p;l»»iuil. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 4. To ravish with pleasure ; to hear away the soul 
 in ecstasy ; as, to be transported with joy. Millon. 
 
 .5. To remove from one place to another, as a ship 
 by means „( hawsers and anchors. Mar. Diet. 
 TR.\.\S'l'ORT, 71. Transportation; carriage; con- 
 veyance. 
 
 The Uoiimnt stipulnti'd with (he CarthagiiiLins to furnish them 
 u itli alti^oi lur Irandport aiitl war. ^r-bulAiiot. 
 
 2. A ship or vessel employed for transporting ; par- 
 ticularly for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, or pro- 
 visions, from one place to another, or to cimvey con- 
 victs to the place of their destination. 
 
 3. Rapture ; ecstasy. The news of the victory 
 was received with transports of joy. 
 
 4. A convict transported or sentenced to exile. 
 TRANS-PCRT'A-liLE, a. That may be Iraiispurted. 
 
 Beddoes. 
 
 TRANS-PoRT'ANCE, ii. Conveyance. [A'oi m u-r.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 TRA.\S-PoR-T.^'TION, n. The act of carrying or 
 conveying from one place to another, either on 
 beasts or in vidiicles, by land, or water, OT in air. 
 Goods, in Asia, are 'ransported on camels; in Europe 
 and America, either on beasts or on carriages or 
 sleds. But transportation by water is the great means 
 of commercial intercourse. 
 
 2. Banishment for felony. 
 
 3. Transmission ; conveyance. Dryden. 
 
 4. Transport ; ecstasy. [Little used.] South. 
 
 5. Removal from (Uie country to another ; as, the 
 transportation of plants. 
 
 TRANS-l'oRT'EI),;);). Carried ; conveyed ; removed ; 
 
 ravished with di'light. 
 TRANS-PoRT'KI)-LY, adv. In a state of rapture. 
 TRANS-PORT'ED-NESS, n. A state of rapture. 
 
 lip. Hall. 
 
 TRANS-PORT'ER, n. One who transports or re- 
 moves. 
 
 TRANS-PoRT'ING, ppr. Conveying or carrying from 
 one place to another; removing; banishing fur a 
 crime. 
 
 2. a. Ravishing with delight; bearing away the 
 soul in pleasure ; ecstatic; as, transportintr juy. 
 
 TRANS-l'nK T'ING I.Y, adv. Ravisliiiigly. 
 
 TRANS-PoRT'iMENT, n. Transportation. [/.i<f/c 
 used.] llall. 
 
 TR.AN.S-PoS'AL, (trans-poz'al,) Ji, [from (ran..;iu,e.] 
 'I'he act of changing the places of things, and put- 
 ting each in the place vvhicii was before occupied by 
 the other. 
 
 TRANS-PoSE', (trans-poze',) v. U [Fr. transpaser: 
 trans and poser, to put.] 
 
 1. To change the jilace or order of things hy put- 
 ting each ill the place of the other ; as, to transpose 
 letters, words, or propositions. Locke. 
 
 2. To put out of place. Slink. 
 
 3. In altrrbra, to bring any term of an eipiatioii 
 from one side over to the otlier, without destroying 
 the etpiation. Thus, if a -H /) = c, and we make a = c 
 — b, then b is said to be transposed. 
 
 4. In trrammar, to change the natural order of 
 5 In mK-ic, to change the key. [words. 
 
 TRANS-PftS'KI), (traiis-p6/.d'.) pp. Being clianged 
 in place, and one put in llie place of the other. 
 
 TRA.NS-PfiS'IN(;, ;);/r. Changing the place of things, 
 and putting each in the place of the other. 
 
 2. Bringing any term of an equation from one side 
 over to the other. 
 
 3. Changing the natural order of words. 
 TRANS-PO-Sl"TION, (-zish'un,) n. [Fr., from L. 
 
 transpnsitio. ] 
 
 1. A changing of the places of things, and putting 
 each in the place before occupied by the other; a*, 
 the trttii.-.position of words in a sentence. 
 
 2. The state of being reciprocally changed in place, 
 
 iVoodtrard. 
 
 3. In algebra, the bringing of any term of an eipi.a- 
 tion from ime side over to the other, without destr. y- 
 ing the equation. 
 
 4. In oTO»nmar, a change of the natural order of 
 words in a sentence. The Latin and (;reek lan- 
 guages admit transposition without inconvenience to 
 a much greater extent than the English. 
 
 5. In mitMC, a change in the coiii|)nsition, either in 
 the transcript or the performance, by which the whole 
 is removed into another key. Bushu. 
 
 TRAN.-^-PO sr'TION-AL, ( zish'un al.) o. Peniiiii- 
 
 ing to (rtii-position, Peiiijt. 
 
 TRA.\S-P<iSI-TIVE, a. Made by trans|Mwiiig ."cun- 
 sisiiiig in transposition. 
 
 TRA.NS-SII A PE', 0. (. [trans ani shape.] 7'o chanjje 
 into another form. 
 
 TRANS-SllAl"/'.-!), ( shapl',) pp. Transformed. 
 
 TRA.\S-.s!|I AP'ING, ppr. Transforming. 
 
 TKANS-SIIIP', r. t. .See Tkanship. 
 
 TRAN-SI;B-STAN'TIATE, ». t. [Fr. lran.-mbstan- 
 tier ; trans and substance.] 
 
 To change to another substance ; as, to traninib- 
 stanstiate the sacraiiienMiI elements, breail and wine, 
 into the llesh and blood of Christ, according to the 
 Roman Catholic doctrine. 
 
 TRAN-Sl.'li-STAN'T1A-TED, pp. Clianged to an- 
 other substance. 
 
 TRAN-Si;H-STAN'TIA-TING,;>;.r. Changing to an- 
 other Sllbstauci;. 
 
 TRAN-SL'B-STAN-TI-A'TION\(-sian-she-i'shun,) n. 
 Change ttf substance. 
 
 In the liomun CatJiidie thenlotrij, the siipfHised con- 
 version of the bread and wine in the eucharisl into 
 the Imilv and blood of Christ. Ci/r. 
 
 TRAN-Si.'B-STAN'TIA 'I OR, n. One who main- 
 tains the Roman Catholic doctrine of Iransiilisiaiitiu- 
 
 tioll. Barroio, 
 
 TRA.\'-SIJ-I)A'TK)N, n. (from traiwide.] The act 
 or process of passing otf through the pores of a sub- 
 stance, as sweat or otln-r tin id. Boole. 
 
 TRAN-SC'DA TtJ-RY, n. Passing bv transudatii.ii. 
 
 TR.\N-SCI)K', e. I. [I,. Irnos anil ./«</.,, to sweat.] 
 To pass ttiroiii:h the pores ur iniersliees of texture, 
 as iierspiialite matter or other tliiid as, liquor may 
 frff/rvi/*/** tlirniigh leather or IlirniiL'li wiKid. 
 
 TRA.\-SC'U'1\(;, ppr. I'assiiiL' tliiciiigh the pores of a 
 siitistanee, as svi-eat or other lliiid. 
 
 TRA.V-SOAIE', V. t. [L. transutnu; trans and sumo, to 
 take.] 
 
 To take from one to another. [Little lued.] 
 TRA.N-SL'.MP T', (-siiiiit',) n. A copy ur exeniplitica- 
 
 riiui of a reenrM. [J\'ot in use,] llerhrrt, 
 TRAN-.s|,'.MI"'ri().\, (-sum'shnn,) it. The act of 
 taking rroiit one phice to another. [Little u.vrr/. ] 
 
 South, 
 
 TRAN-STMPT'IVE, a. Taking from one to another. 
 TRANS- VEC'TION, ii. [L. tronsnetw.] 
 
 The act of conveying or carrying over. 
 TR.^NS-\'ERS'AL, a. [Fr., from L. Iraiw and ver- 
 sus,] 
 
 Running or lying across ; as, a transversal line. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 TRANS- VERS' A L, 7i. In geometry, a straight or 
 curved line which traverses or intersects any system 
 of other lines; as a line interseciiiig the three sides 
 of a triangle. Brande. 
 
 TRANS- VERS'AL-LV, adv. In a direction crosswise. 
 
 n'tlkins. 
 
 TRANS-VERSE', (-vers',) a. [V.. tram-mt^sus : trans 
 and versus, verto.] 
 
 1. Lying or being across or in a cross direction ; as, 
 a transverse diameter or axis. 
 
 2. In botanij, a transverse partition, in a pericarp, 
 is at right angles with the valves, as in a sihque. 
 
 Martifn. 
 
 TRANS' VERSE, n. The longer axis of an ellipse. 
 TRANS- VERSE', {-vers',) ». /. To oveilnrn. [LittU 
 
 used.] 
 
 TItANS-VERS'KD, (-verst',) pp. Overturned. 
 TRANS-VERSE'LV, ( vers'le,) adv. In a cross di- 
 rection ; ns, to cut a thing transrcrsrlij. 
 
 At Stuiicli< iii^-, Ule stutiea lie Iransvrrnett/ iipuli each ntlier. 
 
 HutUurtleeL 
 
 TRANS-VERS'ING, ppr. Overturning. 
 TR.AN'TER, n, A carrier, [yarwus dialects in F.nir- 
 
 Innd.] llallimrll. 
 TRAP, n. [Snx.trapp, trepp; Fr. trape ; lu trupula; 
 
 Sp. tranipa.] 
 
 1. All engine that shuts suddenly or with a spring, 
 used for taking game ; as, a trap for foxes. A trap n 
 a very diHereut thing from a snare : though the lat- 
 ter word may he iiseil in a figurative sense for a trap. 
 
 2. .All engine for catching nun. [S'ut used in the 
 Vnded Slulrs.] 
 
 3. An auiliush ; a stratagem ; any device hy which 
 men or other animals may be caught unawares. 
 
 Iv'l (li' ir LiLIe !«• iii;utc a tiiare aii<l .i Imp. ~ Rutn. xl. 
 
 4. .\ play in which a hall is thnm n up into the air 
 by striking the end of a balanced stick on m h:rh it 
 rests, and is then struck with a bat. Stmlt. 
 
 TR.\P, n. [."sw. trappu, Dan. trnppe, a stair, because 
 the rocks of this class often occur in large, tabular 
 masses, rising one above another, like steps.] 
 
 A heavy, igneous rock, of a greenish-black or gray- 
 ish color, consisting of an intimate niivliire of feld- 
 spar and hornblende. When the horiiblenile is re- 
 pl.aceil by angite, it is termed Bamai.t ; and when, in 
 addition, the feldspar is replaced by I»nbr.idorite, the 
 rock is called Dolerite. GREENaTOMC is another 
 name for the rock. Onna, 
 
 TRAP, B. L To catch in a trap : as, to trap foxes or 
 beaver. 
 
 2. To insnnre ; to take hy stratagem. 
 
 I trapped ihe foe. f>^»i#n. 
 
 TONE, C},'LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as Sll ; Tll as in THIS. 
 
 147 
 
 TTTT' 
 
TRA 
 
 TRA 
 
 TRA 
 
 3. To adorn ; to dress with ornaments. [See 
 Trappings.] [2"Ae verb is little used in this sense] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 TRAP, B. f. To set traps for game ; as, to trap for 
 beaver. 
 
 TKA-PAN', V. U [Sax. treppan ; from trap.] 
 
 To insnare ; to catch by stratagem. South. 
 
 TRA-PA.N"', n. A snare ; a stratagem. 
 
 TR.\-PA.\'XER, n. One who insnares. 
 
 TRA-PA.VXIAG, ppr. Insnanng. 
 
 TRAP'-DoOR, 71. [trap and duor.] A door in a floor, 
 which shnts cidse like a valve. Ray. 
 
 TRA PE, V. i. To traipse ; to walk carelessly and slut- 
 tislily. [JVot much used.] 
 
 TR.^PES, n, A slattern ; an idle, sluttish woman. 
 
 TRA-Pis'ZI-AN, a. [See Trapezium.] In crystal- 
 lography, having the lateral planes composed of tra- 
 peziiini-i situaled in two ranges, between two bases. 
 
 TRA-Pe'ZI-FORM, a. Having the form of a trape- 
 zinm._ * 
 
 TRA-Pe'ZI-U.M, n. ; pi. Trapezia or Trapeziums. 
 [L., from Gr. Tri,a-ntC,iov, a little table.] 
 
 1. In ireometry, a plane figure contained under 
 four right lines, of which both the opposite pairs are 
 not parallel. Ilutton. 
 
 2. In anatomy, a bone of the carpus. 
 TRAP-E-ZO-llE'DRON, n. [Gr. TpaJTe!;wv and iSpa, 
 
 side.] 
 
 A solid bounded hy tweniy-four equal and similar 
 trapeziums. Clcavclaud. 
 TRAP'E-ZOID, n. [Gr. r/jaTtCioi' and ekSoj.] 
 
 A plane, four-sided figure, having two of the op- 
 posite sides parallel to each other. Olinstcd. 
 TR.AP-E-ZOIU'AL, a. Having the form of a trape- 
 zoid. 
 
 2. Having the surface composed of twenty-four 
 trapeziums, all equal and similar. Cleavcland. 
 .TRAP'PE-AN, a. Pertaining to or denoting trap or 
 trap-rock. 
 
 TRAP'P^I), (trapt,) pp. Caught in a trap ; insnared. 
 TRAP'PER, n. [from Trap.] One who sets traps to 
 
 catch beavers and other wild animals, usually for 
 
 furs. Irciiig. 
 TR.^P'PING, ppr. Setting traps for wild animals; 
 
 rised also as a 7wun, 
 TRAP'PINGS, 71. pi. [from trap. The primary sense 
 
 is, that whicji is set, spread, or put on.] 
 
 1. Ornaments of Jiorse furniture. 
 
 Capirisons and steeds, 
 Bases and liusel trappings. Ait/ton. 
 
 2. Ornaments ; dress ; external and superficial 
 decorations. 
 
 These but the trappings and the suits of woe. Shak. 
 Trappings of lite, for orniimenl, not use. Drytien. 
 Afi'ccuniuu is jurt ot the trappings of lully. RainbLer. 
 
 TR.VP'PIST, 71. One of a very strict religious order 
 founded in IHO, in the valley of La Trappe, and still 
 existing in Normandy. 
 
 TRAP'POUS, a. [from trap, in geology. It ought to 
 be Tbappv.] 
 
 Pertaining to trap ; resembling trap, or partaking 
 
 of its form or qualities. Kirwan. 
 TRAP.S, ;i. pi. Goods, furniture, &c. Ilaltiwill. 
 TRAP'STICK, 71. A stick used by boys at the game 
 
 of trap ; hence, a slender leg. .Addison. 
 TRAP'-Tu-F.\, I n. A kind of sandstone made up 
 TRAP'-TUFF, i of fragments and earthy materials 
 
 from trap-rocks. Dana. 
 TRAi^H, n. [In G. dri'ise Is a gland ; drusen, dregs. 
 
 In Sw. (7-aj.a is a rag. Tlie word may be allied to 
 
 thrash.] 
 
 1. An)' waste or worthless matter. 
 
 Who stc.ils my purse, sle-ils trash. ShaJe. 
 
 2. Loppings of trees ; bruised canes, &c. In the 
 West Indies, the decayed leaves and stems of canes 
 are cn]U:t\ firld-trash ; the briiist^d or macerated rind 
 of ctines is called cane-trash ; and both are called 
 trash. Kilicards, W. Indies. 
 
 3. Fruit or other matter improper fur food, but 
 eaten by children, Slc It is used particularly of un- 
 ripe fruits. 
 
 4. A worthless person. [J^^it proper.] Shale. 
 
 5. A piece of k atlier or other thing fastened to a 
 dog's neck, to retard his speed. 
 
 TRASH, r. t. To lop ; lo crop. fVarburton. 
 
 2. To strip of leaves ; as, to trash raloons. 
 
 Kdwards, W. Indies. 
 
 3. To crush ; to humble ; as, to trash the Jews, 
 
 Hanunond. 
 
 4. To clog ; to encumber; to hinder. Shak. 
 TRASH, V. i. To follow with violence and trampling. 
 
 Todd. 
 
 TRASII'f;D, (trasht,) pp. Lopped ; stripped of leaves. 
 TKASU'Y, o. Waste; rejected; worthless; usele.ss. 
 
 Ih-yden. 
 
 TRASS, 71 A Volcanic earth or sand-rock resembling 
 puzzulana, uacd as a remont ; or si coarse sort of 
 plaster or mortar, durable in water, and u«;d to line 
 cisterns and other reservoirs of water. 'I'he Dutch 
 trasB is made of a soft mr k stone, fuitml near C'ol- 
 len, on the lower part of the Rhini'. It is burnt like 
 lime, and reduced to powder in mills. It is of a 
 (rayish color. Cije. 
 
 TRAU'LISJI, V. A stammering. [JVut in use.] 
 TUAU-.MAT'ie, a. [Gr. rpai'fia, a wound.] 
 
 1. Pertaining^ or applied to wounds. Coze. 
 
 2. Vulnerary ; adapted to the cure of wounds. 
 
 tf'tsernan. 
 
 TRAU-.MAT'ie, 71. A medicine useful in the cure of 
 wounds. 
 
 TRAVAIL, (trav'il,) v. i. [Fr. travailler; W. tra- 
 vaelu, to toil ; a compoitnd of VV. tra, that is, tras, L. 
 trans, over, beyond, and 7itiic;, work. Eng. 7«iHi; It. 
 travajrliare ; Sp. trabajur.] 
 
 1. To labor with pain ; to toil. 
 
 2. To suffer the pangs of childbirth; to be in par- 
 turition. Ocn. WW. 
 
 TRAVAIL, V. t. To harass ; to tire ; as, troubles 
 sufficient to traiiail the realm. [JVut in use.] 
 
 Ilayward. 
 
 TRAVAIL, 7!. Labor with pain ; severe toil. 
 
 As every tiling of price, so Joth this require travail. [Obs,] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. Parturition ; as, a severe traiiail ; an easy 
 travail. 
 
 TRA VAIL-JCD, pp. Harassed ; labored in childbirth. 
 TRAVAIL-ING, ppr. or a. Laboring with toil ; being 
 
 in parturition. Is. xlii. 
 TR.^VE, ( 7t. fSp. traU ; Fx. entraves. See Tram- 
 TKAVIS, j MEL.] 
 
 1. A wooden frame to confine a horse while the 
 smith is setting his s„oes. This is not used fur 
 hor.ses in America, but a similar frame is used for 
 confining oxen for shoeing. 
 
 2. A beam ; a lay of joists ; a traverse. Wood. 
 TRAVEL, !). 1. [A ditfe-ent orlhography and applica- 
 tion of Travail.] 
 
 1. To walk ; to go or march on foot ; as, to travel 
 from London to Dover, or from New York to Phila- 
 delphia. So we say, a man ordinarily travels three 
 miles an hour. 
 
 [This is the proper sense of the word, which 
 implies toil.] 
 
 2. To journey; to ride to a distant place in the 
 same country ; as, a man travels for his health ; he 
 is travtlin:; to Virginia. A man traveled from Lon- 
 don to Edinburgh in five days. 
 
 3. To go to a distant country, or to visit foreign 
 states or kingdoms, either by sea or land. It is cus- 
 tomary for men of rank and property to travel for 
 improvement ; EnglisL.nen travel to France and 
 Italy ; some men travel for pleasure or curiosity ; oth- 
 ers travel to extend their knowledge of natural 
 history. 
 
 4. To pass ; to go ; to move. News travels with 
 rapidity. 
 
 Ticne travels in divera paces with divers peraons. Shak. 
 
 5. To labor. [See Tkavail.] 
 
 6. To move, walk, or pass, as a beast, a horse, ox, 
 or camel. A horse travels fifty miles in a day ; a 
 camel, twenty. 
 
 TRAVEL, V. t. To pa's; to journey over; as, to 
 travel the whole kingdom of England. 
 
 1 travel tliis profound. J\ri!ton. 
 2 To force to journey. 
 
 The corparations — shall not be traveled forth from their fran- 
 chisL-s. [Nal used.] Sjienser. 
 
 TRAVEL, 71. A passing on foot ; a walking. 
 
 2. Journey ; a passing or riding from place to 
 place. 
 
 His travels ended at Iiis country-seat, Dryrfen. 
 
 .1. Travel or travels; a journeying to a distant 
 country or countries. The gentleman has just re- 
 turncil from his travels. 
 
 4. The distance which a man rides in the ])erform- 
 ance of his official duties; or the fee paid for passing 
 that distance ; as, the travel of the sheriff is twenty 
 miles ; or that of a representative is seventy miles ; 
 his travel is a dollar for every twenty miles. 
 
 United States. 
 
 i5. Travels, in the plural ; an account of occur- 
 rences and observations made during a journey ; as, 
 a bttok of travels ; the title of a book that relates oc- 
 currences in traveling ; as, travels in Italy. 
 
 G. Labor; toil; parturition. [See Travail.] 
 TRAVEL-/;D, pp. Gaii.ed or made by travel; ns, 
 (rni'cW observations. [Unusual.] Quart. Rev. 
 
 2. n. Having made journeys. IVutton. 
 TRAVEL ER, 71. One v. ho travels in any way. Job 
 xxxi. 
 
 2. One who visits foreign countries. 
 
 3. In sAip.<, an iron ring made to travel on a rope 
 or boom. Tutten. 
 
 TRAV'EL-ER'S JOY, 71 The Clematis vitalha, a 
 climbing plant with white ffowers. London. 
 
 TRAV'EL-ING, ppr. Walking; going; making a 
 journey. Mutt. xxv. 
 
 2. a. Pertaining lo or connected with travel; as, 
 a travelinrr companion, expenses, fees, &.C. 
 
 TRAVEL ING, 71. A pi.ssing from place to place; 
 the art of periorining a journey. .^.ih. 
 
 TRAVEI..-TAINT El),a [travel anAtuinted.] Har- 
 assed ; fatigued with travel. [jVot in use.] Shak. 
 
 TRAVERS, [Fr.] [See Travebse.J Across; 
 
 athwart. [JVot used.] S/tak. 
 
 TRAV'ERS-A-liLE, a. [See Traverse, in law.] 
 That may be traversed or denied ; as, a traversable 
 allegtition. 
 
 TRAVERSE, ado. [Ft., a traverse.] Athwart ; cross- 
 wise. 
 
 The ridges of the field lay traverse. Hayirard, 
 TRAVERSE, prep. [Supra.] Tlirough ; crosswise 
 He traverse 
 
 The whole battalion views their order due. [Little used.] 
 
 Mllon. 
 
 TRAVERSE, a. [Fr. traverse; tra, tras, and L. ver- 
 sus ; transvcrsus.] 
 
 Lying across ; being in a direction across some- 
 thing else ; as, paths cut with traverse trenches. 
 
 Ilayward. 
 
 Oak — may be trusted in traverse work for summers. WoUon. 
 
 TRAVERSE, 71. [Supra.] Any thing laid or built 
 across. 
 
 There is a traverse placed in the lyft where she sittelh. Bacon. 
 
 2. Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs ; 
 a cross accident. He is satisfied he should have suc- 
 ceeded, had it not been for unlucky traverses not in 
 his power. 
 
 3. In fortification, a trench with a little parapet for 
 protecting men on the flank ; also, a wall raised 
 across a work. Cyc. 
 
 4. In architecture, a gallery or loft of communica- 
 tion in a church or other large biiililing. Owilt. 
 
 5. In naviiration, traverse sailing is the mode of 
 computing the place of a ship by reducing several 
 short courses made by sudden shifts or turns, to one 
 lunger ct>urse. Olmsted. 
 
 G. In law, a denial of what the opposite p.arty has 
 advanced in any stage of the pleadings. VVhen the 
 traverse or denial comes from the defendant, the 
 issue is tendered in this manner, " and of this he 
 puts himself on the country." When the traverse 
 lies on the plaintiff", he prays "this may be inquired 
 of by the country." Blackstone. 
 
 'I'he technical words introducing a traverse, are 
 absque hoc, without this ; that is, without this which 
 follows. 
 
 7. A turning ; a trick. 
 TRAVERSE, v. t. To cross ; to lay in a cross direc- 
 tion. 
 
 The parts should be often traversed or crossed by the flowing of 
 the lolds. Drxjden. 
 
 2. To cross by way of opposition ; to thwtirt ; to 
 obstruct. 
 
 Frog thought to traverse this new project. Arbuthnot. 
 
 3. To wander over ; to cross in traveling ; as, to 
 traverse the habitable globe. 
 
 What seas you traversed, and what fields you fought. Pope. 
 
 4. To pass over and view ; to survey carefully. 
 
 My purpose is to traverse the nature, principles, and properties 
 of this detestiible vice, ingratitude. SouUi, 
 
 5. To turn and point in any direction ; as, to trav- 
 erse a cannon. Cyc. 
 
 G. To plane in a direction across the grain of the 
 wood ; as, to traverse a board. Cyc. 
 
 7. In law plcadinjTs, to deny wh.at the opposite 
 party has alleged. When the plaintiff' or defendant 
 advances new matter, he avers it to be true, and 
 travcr.ies what the other party has affirmed. So to 
 traverse an indictment or an office, is to deny it. 
 
 To traverse a yard, in sailing, is to brace it aft. 
 TR.W'ERSE, V. i. In fencing, to use the posture or 
 motions of opposition or counteraction. 
 
 To see thee fight, to see thee traverse. Shak. 
 
 2. To turn, as on a pivot ; to move round ; to 
 swivel. 'I'he needle of a coinjiass traverses ; if it does 
 not traverse well, it is an unsafe guide. 
 
 3. In the manege, to cut the thread crosswise, as a 
 horse that throws his croup to one side and his head 
 to the other. Cyc. 
 
 TRAVERSE-PoARD, 71. [trarerse and board.] In 
 a ship, a small board to be hung in the steerage, and 
 bored full of holes upcm lines, showing the points of 
 compass upon it. liy moving a peg on this, the 
 steersman keeps an account of the number of glasses 
 a ship is steered on any point. Cyc. Mar. Diet. 
 
 TRAVERS-ER, 71. A term in law for one who trav- 
 erses or opposes a plea. 
 
 TRAVERSE-TA-liLE, 71. [traverse and table.] In 
 navigation, a table of diff'erence of latitude and de- 
 parture. 
 
 TRAVERS-ING, ppr. Crossing ; passing over ; 
 thwarting; turning; denying. 
 
 TRAVER-TIN, 71. A while concretionary limestone, 
 usually hard and semi-crystalline, deposited from 
 the water of springs holding lime in solution. 
 
 Lyell. 
 
 TRAVES-TI-J;D, (trav'es tid,) pp. Disguised by 
 dross; turned into ridicule. 
 
 TRAVES-TY,a. [Infra.] Having an unusual dress ; 
 disguised by dress so as to be ridiculous. It is ap- 
 plied to n book or composition translated in a manner 
 to make it burlesque. 
 
 TRA VES-TY, 71. A parody; a burlesque translation 
 of a work. Travesty may be intended lo ridicniv ab- 
 
 FATE, FAB, FAUU Wn;ST, — METE, PBBV — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 " 1170 
 
TRE 
 
 siirility, or to convert a grave performance into a 
 hiiiniiruus one. 
 TKA\"ES-TY, 11. t. [Fr. trartMir; It. Iravestire ; tra, 
 trax, over, and Fr. vc.ttir, vllir, to clothe.] 
 
 To tr:insl:ite into sucli langiiage aa to render ridic- 
 ulous or ludicrous. 
 
 I i. BatUiU Lftlii tmvertied Virgil, or lumM tilm into lulian biii^ 
 Ifwiiie vfTHj. Oyc. Good's ^ktcred Idylt. 
 
 TRAV'BS-TY-ING, ppr. Turning into ridicule. 
 TKAW'L'EK, ;i. A lishini; vessel wliicU trails or 
 
 draps a net lieliind it. [£'1^'.] 
 TRaY, 71. [Sw. tratr. Sax. troir, Dan. trtur, a traxi<;h. 
 
 It is the same word as Thouch, dillerenlly written ; 
 
 L. Inta.] 
 
 .\ .small troiifh or wooden vessel, sometimes 
 scooped out of a piece of timber and made hollow, 
 used for making bread in, chopping meat, and other 
 domestic purposes. 
 
 TKAY'-TUII", n. A kind of play. Shah. 
 
 TRIOACII'ER, ) 
 
 TRK.\CirET-OUR, J (trecli-,) n. [Fx. trichmrA 
 
 TREACll'OUR, ) 
 
 A traitor. [O&a*.] Spenser. 
 
 TREACU'ER-OUS, ftrcch'er-us,) a. [See Treach- 
 F.KY.] Violatini allegiance or faith pledged ; faith- 
 less ; traitorous to the slate or sovereign ; perfidious 
 in private life ; betraying a trust. A man miiy be 
 trcacfiernux to his country, or tretiehcrous to his friend, 
 bv violating his engagements or his faith pledged. 
 
 TREACH'ER-()U.«-LY, (trech'er-us-ly,) adv. By 
 violating allegiance or faith pledged ; by betraying a 
 trust; faithlessly; perfidiously; as, to surrender a 
 fort to an enemy treacherously ; to disclose a secret 
 treaehcrouslij. 
 
 You treadtgrous!y pniclicetl to undo me. Otioay. 
 
 TREACH'ER-OUS-NESS, (trech'er-us-nes,) n. 
 Brcacli of allegiance or of faith ; faithlessness ; pcr- 
 fidiousness. 
 
 TREACH'ER-Y,(trech'er-e,)n. [Fr. <ric/itric, a cheat- 
 ing ; triclier, to cheat. This word is of the family of 
 tricky intriirue. iutricate.'\ 
 
 Violation of allegiance or of faith and confidence. 
 The man who betrays his country in any manner, 
 vidl.Ttes his allegiuiir c, and is guilty of trmchrnj. 
 This is treason. The man who violates his faith 
 pledged to his friend, or betrays a trust in which a 
 promise of fidelity is implied, is guilty of Ircuchrrij. 
 The disclosure of a secret committed to one in con- 
 fidence, is treachery. This is perfidy. 
 
 TRicA'eLE, (trC'kl,) 71. [Fr. tlieriaque; It. teriaca; 
 Pp. triaca ; L. tlieriaca; Gr. ^rtfua^Tj, from ^iip, a 
 wild beast; ^TjptaKtx (paoptiKa.] 
 
 1. A viscid, uncrystallizable sirup, which drains 
 from the sugar-refiner's molds, sometimes called t*v- 
 OAn-IIousE MoLASSiis. Moljisscs is the drainings of 
 crude sugar. The word treacle, however, is often 
 used for molasses. 
 
 2. A saccharine fluid, consisting of the inspissated 
 juices or decoctions of certain vegetables, as the sap 
 of the birch, scyamore, etc. Cijc. 
 
 3. A medicinal compound of various ingredients. 
 [Pee THFRiAe.l 
 
 TRF.A'eLE-MUS'TARD, n. A plant of the genus 
 Thinpsi, whose seeds are used in the theriaca ; 
 Milhridate miist:ird. Cyc. 
 
 TRkA'CEE-WA'TER, 71. A compound cordial, dis- 
 tilled with n spiritous menstruum from any cordial 
 and sudorific drugs and herbs, with a mixture of 
 Venice treacle. Cyc. 
 
 TREAD, (tred,) r. i. ; prel. Trod ; pp. Trod, Trod- 
 den. [Sax. Inedan, trcdan ; Goth, tnidan ; 1). tred, a 
 step ; treeden, to tread ; G. (rctC7i ; Dan. trader ; Sw. 
 Irada : Gaelic, troidh, the foot ; W. (rocrf, the foot ; 
 troediaic, to use the foot, to tread. It coincides in 
 elements with L. t'-udo.] 
 
 1. To set the foot. 
 
 WlirreVr you tread, llic liltiahing flowprs ihall rise. Pope, 
 Fouls rush in where nii^U fe^ir to tread. Burke. 
 
 2. To walk or go. 
 
 Evriy place whereon the «oIei of your feet liiaU tread, shall te 
 yonr*. — Deut. zi. 
 
 3. To walk with form or state. 
 
 Ye that Btntely tread, or lowly crvvip. Milton. 
 
 4. To copulate, as fowls, Shak. 
 To tread or tread on ; to trample ; to set the foot on 
 
 in contempt. 
 
 Thou ihatt (read upon dieir htgh place*. — Deuk xxxiil. 
 TREAD, (tred,) v. u To step or walk on. 
 
 Korbid to tread tlie promised laud he saw. Prior. 
 
 2. To press under the feet. 
 
 3. To beat or press with the feet ; as, to tread a 
 path ; to tread land when too light ; a vreM-trodden 
 path. 
 
 4. To walk in a formal or stately manner. 
 
 lie thought she Irod die grounj with greater prttce. Dryden, 
 .■>. To crush under the foot; to trample in con- 
 tempt or hatred, or to subdue. Ps. iliv. Ix. 
 t). To ciunpress, as a finvl. 
 
 To tread the stage : to act as a stage-player ; to per- 
 form a part in a drama. 
 
 To tread or tread out! to press out with the feet ; 
 to press out wine or wheat; as, to tread out grain 
 with cattle or horses. 
 
 Tlu^y tread their wine-presies acd luffer thirst. — Job xxW, 
 TREAD, (tred,) 11. A step or stepping ; pressure with 
 the foot ; as, a nimble tread ; cautious tread ; doubt- 
 ful tread. Milton. JJnidcn. 
 
 2. Way • track ; path. ILiltle used.] Slwk. 
 
 3. The act of copiihtlion in birds. 
 
 4. Manner of stei)pingi as, a liorse has a good 
 tread. 
 
 rt. In architecture, the horizontal part of a step, on 
 which the foot is placed. Braude. 
 
 TRKAD'ER, (tred'er,) 11. O.ie who treads. /.-■. xvi. 
 
 TREAD'INt;, (tred'mg,) ptr. Stepping; pressing 
 with the foot ; walking on. 
 
 TREAD'I.Vt;, II. Act of pressing with the foot. 
 
 TRIOAD'LE, j , (71. The part of a loom or 
 
 TKED'DLi;, i '■"'^'^ S other machine which is 
 moved by the tread or foot. 
 
 2. The albuminous cords which unite the yelk of 
 the egg to the white. 
 
 TRE.\I)'-.^IILL, (Ired'mill,) n. A mill worked hyper- 
 sons treading on steps upon the periphery of a wide 
 horizontal wheel. It is used chielly as a means of 
 prist>n tliscipline. 
 
 TRK.'VGUE, (treeg,) 71. [Gc;h. tn'^j^ica; It. trcfiio ; 
 Ice. triffd, a truce, a league ] 
 
 A truce. [ Obt.] Spenser. 
 
 TRKA'SON, (trC'zn,) 71. [Fr. trahison ; Norm, fra- 
 hir, to draw in, to betray, to comuiit trea.son, Fr. 
 traliir, L. tralio. See Draw and Drag.] 
 
 Treason is the highest crime, of a civil nature, of 
 which a man can be guilty Its signification is dif- 
 ferent in ditfercnt countries. In srcucral, it is the of- 
 fense of attempting to overihrow the government of 
 the state to w hich the olfcnder owes allegiance, or of 
 betraying the state into the hands of a foreign power. 
 In m»7inrc/ij>.s-, the killing ol the king, or an attempt to 
 take his life, is treasiui. lu Kii^/aiK;, to imagine or 
 compassthe lieath of the k'lg, or of tlie prince, or of 
 the queen consort, or of the heir apparent of the 
 crown, is high treason; as are many other otl'cnses 
 created liy statute. 
 
 In the Uiuted States, treason is ccmfined to the ac- 
 tual levying of war against the United Statics, or in 
 adhering to their enemit^s, uivinsr them aid and com- 
 fort. Canstitv^ion of the United States. 
 
 Treason, in f?rca( Britain, is of two kinds, lii^h 
 trea-ton aiiti petit treason, biak treason is a crime that 
 immediately affects the kipjOr state ; such as the of- 
 fenses just enumerated. Petit treason involves a 
 breach of fiilelity, but affecis individuals. Thus, for 
 a wife to kill her husband, a servant his master or 
 lord, or an ecclesiastic his lord or ordinary, is petit 
 treason. But in the United St.ates this crime is un- 
 known ; the killing, in the latter cases, being mur- 
 der only. 
 
 TREA'S5 0.\-A-BEE, (tre'zn-a-bl,) a. Pertaining to 
 treason; consisting of treason; involving the crime 
 of treason, or partaking of 'ts guilt. 
 
 Most men's hea'ls had been intoxicated with imawinntions of 
 plots uiid treasonable piuctivcs. Clarendon. 
 
 TRl",A'SON-A-BLE-NESS, 77. Quality of being trea- 
 sojiable. 
 
 TRr.A'SON-A-BLY, orfTj. In a treasonable manner. 
 TRl-.A'¥0.\-OUS, for Treajjnahle, is not in use. 
 TREAS'lIRE, (trezh'iir,) n. [Fr. tresor; Sp. and It. 
 tesauro ; L. thesaurus; Gr. ^jjaauooy.] 
 
 1. Wealth accumulated ; particularly, a stock or 
 store of money in reserve. Henry VII. was frugal 
 and penurious, and collected a great treasure of gold 
 and silver. 
 
 2. A great quantity of any thing collected for fu- 
 ture use. 
 
 We have treasures in tli'' fietil. jf wheat and of barley, and of 
 oil and of honey. — Jer. xli 
 
 3. Something very much valued. Ps. cxxxv. 
 
 Ye shall be a [peculiar treasure to me. — Ex. xix. 
 
 4. Great abundance. 
 
 In whorii arc hid All tlie treasures of wisdom and Iinowle<I'»'e. — 
 Col.li. 
 
 TREAS'^RE, (trezh'ur,) B. /, To hoard; to collect 
 and reposit, either money or other things, for future 
 use ; to lay up ; as, to treasvre gold anti silver ; usu- 
 ally with up. Sinners are said to treasure up wrath 
 against the dav of wrath. Horn. ii. 
 
 TREAS'tJRF.-(;lT-Y, (trezh'ir-sil-e,) n. A city for 
 stores and magazines. Kr. i. 
 
 TREAS'I.m-KD, (trezh'urd,) pp. Hoarded ; laid up 
 for future use. 
 
 TREAS'I'RI^-HOt'SE, (Irczh'ur lious,) n. A house 
 or building where treasures and stores are kept. 
 
 Tar /I or. 
 
 TREA$'tJR-ER, (trezh'ur-er.1 n. One who has the 
 care of a treasure or treasury ; an oflicer who re- 
 ceives the public money arising from taxes and du- 
 ties, or other sources of revenue, takes charge of the 
 same, and disburses it iipcui onlers drawn by the 
 proper authority. Incorporated companies and pri- 
 vate societies have also their treasurers. 
 
 In Enirland, the lord high treasurer is the principal 
 
 olficer of the crown, under whoso cliargo is all the 
 national revenue. 
 
 The treasurer of the household, in the nbicnce of 
 the lord-steward, has power with the coiiiridli r and 
 other officers of the Green-cloth, and the stewaril ri.' 
 the Marshalsea, to hear and deteriiiiiie treasons, fel- 
 onies, and other crimes cominilteil within the kiiig'n 
 palace. There is also the treasurer of the navy, and 
 tli<' treasurers of the county. Cue. 
 
 TREAS'^R-ER SHIP, (trczh'ur-cr-sliip,) 71. The of- 
 fice of treasurer. 
 
 TREAS'UR-ESS, (trezh'ur-ess,) n. A female who 
 has charge of a treasure. J)irin^. 
 
 TREAS'IiRE-TROVE, (lrczh'ur-tr6ve,) 71. [treasure j 
 and Fr. trouri, foiinil.] 
 
 Any money, bullion, and the like, found in the 
 earth, the owner of which is not kiitjwn. /■.'«/,'. Law. 
 
 TREAS'Ull-ING, ;)/7r. Hoarding; laying up for fu- 
 ture use. 
 
 TRE.\S'UR-Y, (trezh'ur-c,) 71. A place or building 
 in which stores of wealth are reposited ; particularly, 
 a place whe-re the public revt-'iiues are deposited and 
 ke|it, and where money is disburs< il to defray the ex- 
 penses of government. 
 
 2. A biiililing apprii|iriated for keeping public mon- 
 ey. John viii. Also for keeping accounts of public 
 money. 
 
 3. The olTiccr or olliccrs of the treasury depart- 
 ment. 
 
 ■l. A repository of abundance. Ps. cxxxv. 
 TRkAI', (trei t,) K. f. [fr. truitrr ; It. IraUure ; Sp. 
 tratar ; L,. trarto ; Sax. trahtian.] 
 
 1. 'I'o hamlle ; to manage ; to use. Subject.s are 
 usually faithful or treacherous, according as tlu^y 
 are well or ill treated. To treat prisoners ill, is the 
 characteristic of barbarians. Let the wife of your 
 bosom be kindly treated. 
 
 2. To discourse on. This s^ulhor treats various 
 subjects of morality. 
 
 3. To handle in a particular manner, in writing or 
 speaking ; as, to treat a subject dillusely. 
 
 4. To give food or drink, especially the Latter, as a 
 compliment or expression of regard ; as, to treat the 
 whole conipanj'. 
 
 ."i. To negotiate ; to settle ; as, to treat a peace. 
 [JVot in use.] Dryden. 
 
 I). To manage in the application of remedies ; as, 
 to treat a disease or a patient. 
 
 7. To subject to the action of ; as, to (rtot a sub- 
 stance with sulphuric acitl. Ure. 
 TREAT, V. i. To discourse ; to handle in writing or 
 speaking ; to make discussions. Cicero treats of the [ 
 nature of tlie gods; lie treats of old age and of du- ; 
 ties. 
 
 2. To come to terms of accommodation. i 
 
 Inform us, — will the emperor treat ? S:e{/1. | 
 
 3. To give food or drink, especially the latter, as a ' 
 comiiliment or expression of regaril. 
 
 To treat rrith ; to negotiate ; to make and receive 
 proposals for adjusting differences. Envoys were 
 appointed to treat with France, but without success. 
 TKh.VT, n. An entertainment given as an expression 
 of regard ; as, a parting trtaf. Dryden. 
 2. Something given for entertainment; as, a rich 
 ^. Emphatically, a rich entertainment. [treaL 
 TRE.\T'A-BLE, a. .Moderate ; not viident. 
 
 Tlie heats or the colds of s^Ni&ons ore less treatahle than with us. 
 [iVotmuse.] Temple. 
 
 TRk.VT'A-BLY, adv. Moderately. [JVof in use.] 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 TRkAT'ED, p;.. Handled; managed; used; dis- 
 
 ciuirsed on ; entertained. 
 TKi;AT'ER, 71. One that treats ; one that handles or 
 
 discourses on ; one that entertains. 
 TRE.\T'1.\G, ppr. Ilanilliiig; managing; using; 
 
 discoursing on ; entertaining. 
 TREAT ISE, (treet'is,) 71. [I,, tractatus.] 
 
 ■\ tract ; a written composition on a particular 
 
 subject, in which the principles of it are iliscussed 
 
 or explained. A treatise is of an indefinite length ; 
 
 but it implies more form and method than an essay, 
 
 anil less fullness or copiousness than a system. Cyc 
 TRE.\T'IS-ER, 71. One who writes a treatise. [jVot ■ 
 
 used.] Featley. 
 TREAT'MENT, 71. [Fr. traitrmcnt.] 
 
 1. Management ; manipulation ; manner of mix- 
 ing or combining, of decomposing, and the like; as, 
 the (r/'A/ment of substances in cheiiiicai experiments. 
 
 2. Usage; manner of using ; good or bad behavior 
 toward. 
 
 Accept such treatment a* a swain affortls. Pope. 
 
 3. Manner of applying remedies to cure : mode or 
 course pursued to check and destroy ; as, the treat- ■ 
 f7ie7i« of a disease. I 
 
 4. Manner of applying remedies to; as, the treat- 
 ment of a patient. 
 
 TRe.XT'Y, 71. [Fr. trai(<?; It. trattalo.] 
 
 1. Negotiation ; act of treating for the adjustment 
 of differences, or for forming an agreement ; as, a 
 treaty is on the carpet. 
 
 He cast by rreoTy and by ttftin* 
 
 Her to prreuailo. Spenser , 
 
 2. An agreement, league, or contract, between two 
 
 TONE, RUl'U IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; t5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1171 
 
A cucking-stool : a tumbrel. 
 
 TRE 
 
 or iTKire natinns or sovt-reigns, fiifinally signed by 
 cornnnssioiu-rs properly aulliorized, and snlcnmly 
 latilifd by the several sovereigns, or the supreme 
 power of eacli state. Treaties are of various kinds; 
 as trcattps for regulating cotnniercial intercourse, trea- 
 ties of alliance, offensive and defensive, treaties for 
 hiring troops, treaties of peace, &.C. 
 3. Entreaty. [A"u( in u.~e.] Sliak. 
 
 TRF.A'r'Y-MAK-ING, a. Authorized to make or form 
 treaties. The treat y-makinrr power is lodged in the 
 executive Bovernnient. In monarchies, it is vested 
 in lire king or emperor; in the United States of 
 America, it is vested in the president, by and with 
 the rt}n.ieiit of the senate. 
 
 TRER'LE, (trib'l,) a. [Vr. triple : L. triplei, trip! us ; 
 tres, three, and plexus, fold. This should be written 
 
 TbI RLE.] 
 
 1. Threefold ; triple ; as, a lofty tower with treble 
 walls. Drtjden. 
 
 2. In music, acute ; sharp ; as, a treble sound. 
 
 Bacnn. 
 
 3. That plays or sings the highest part or most 
 aculp situnds ; that plays or sings tlie treble ; as, a 
 treble violin or voice. Cvc. 
 
 TREH'LE, (trib'l,) «. The highest of the four pr'inci- 
 pf»! parts in music; the part usually sung by females, 
 'i'his is sometimes called the Tiust Trehle, to dis- 
 tinguish It fnun the Second Treble, which is sung 
 h\- Iiiwer female voices. 
 
 TR'EU'LE. (trib'l,) V. t. [L. triplico; Fr. tripler.] 
 
 Tn make thrice as much ; to make threefold. 
 Compound iiiterest soon trebles a debt. 
 
 TREIi'l.E, (trib'l,) !). i. To become threefold. A debt 
 al compound inte est soon trebles in amount. 
 
 TREB LE-.\ESS, (trih'l-ness,) n. The state of being 
 treble ; as, the trebleness of tones. h(ieon. 
 
 TREB'LV, (trib'le,) ado. In a threefold number or 
 q'lantilv ; as, a gpod deed trebly recompensed. 
 
 TRjf'lUIt'K-ET, ( 
 
 TREB'U-CIIET, ( 
 2. A kind of trap. 
 
 TRF.CIC-SCMUYT, n. [D., track-bo.tt.] A covered 
 boat for goods and passengers on the Dutch and 
 Flemish canals. Brande. 
 
 TREE, I). [Pax. treo, treow; Dan. tree : Sw. trd, wood, 
 and trdd, a tree; Gr. (ipnf.- Slav, drevn : Sans, dru/i, 
 or drus. Qu. VV. dar, an oak ; Sans, tnru, a tree. It 
 is not easy to ascertain the real original orthogra- 
 phy ; most probably it was as in the Swedish or 
 Greek.] 
 
 1. A plant whose stem or stock is woody, branched, 
 and perennial, and above a certain size. Trees and 
 shrubs differ (uily in size, and there is no absolute 
 limit between them. VV'hen a pbinl of the above de- 
 scription is more than eight or ten feet high, aiui not 
 climhing, \- is generally called a tree. When it is less 
 than this, it is called n sUrub; but there are many ex- 
 cepti(ms to this, on both sides. 
 
 Trees are of various kinds ; as nuciferous, or nut- 
 bearing trees; bacciferous, or berry-bearing; cotiifer- 
 oiiv, or cone-bearing, &c. Some are /orf.t/.-frc ra-, and 
 nsefid for timber or fuel ; others are fruit-trees, and 
 cultivated in L'lrdens and orchards; others are used 
 clHetly for shade and ornament. 
 
 2. Something resembling a tree, consisting of a 
 stem or stalk and branches ; as, a genealogical tree. 
 
 3. In ship-building, (lieces of timber are called chess- 
 trees, crn.-ts-trees, roif-trees, tressel-trees, &cc. 
 
 4. In Scripture, a cross. 
 
 J'-airg, whom ihey slew and lianj^'d on q tree. — Acts x. 
 
 5. Wood. [OAs.] IViclif 
 TREE, V. t. To drive to a tree ; to cau.se to ascend a 
 
 tree .*\ dog trees a squirrel. 
 
 TREE'-FRoG, n. [tree and froir.] ) A batrachian rep- 
 
 TREE'-ToAl), n. [tree nmi tond.] \ tile, differing 
 from proper frogs in having the extremities of their 
 toes expanded inti> a rouniled, viscous surface, tii.at 
 enables them to adhere to bodies, and to climb trees, 
 where they remain all summer, living upon insects. 
 There are numerous species. Their generic name in 
 natural history is /Ivla. 
 
 TREE'-GER-MAN'DER, n. A plant of the genus 
 Teiicriiim. Cyc. 
 
 TREE'l.ESS, a. Destitute of trees. Byron. 
 
 TREE'-l,OUSE, n. [tree and louse.] An insect of 
 the genus Aphis. 
 
 TREE -.MOSS, n. A species of lichen. Cyc. 
 
 TRBEN, a. Wooden; made of wood. [OS.?.] 
 
 Camden. 
 
 TREEN, n. The old plural of Tree. [Obs.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 TREE'NA IL,(<:o?nmonfi/pronounccii trun'nel,) 7i. [tree 
 and <iad.\ 
 
 A long, wooden pin, used in fastening the planks 
 (■f a xliip lo the timbi rri. Mar. Did. 
 
 TREE'-'»i"-EIFE', n. An evergreen tree of the gc- 
 iiin Tliiiia. 
 
 TREE'-TAaD, B. [free nnd tonrf.l Sec Tbee-Fkoo. 
 
 TRK'KOII,, n. IFr. Irt^e : L. tnfulium ; tres, three, 
 and fnlium, leaf. J 
 
 I. The rommon name for many Hperies of Trifo- 
 liiim, a genus of pljiits incltiding white rbiver, red 
 clover, tLC, ; also, a |ilanl of the medic and lucern 
 
 TRE 
 
 kind, the .Medicago Lupuliiia, or nonesuch, cultivat- 
 ed for fodder. Cyc. 
 
 2. In architecture, an ornament of three cusps in a 
 circle, resembling three-leaved clover. Brande. 
 TREIL'LAGE, (trel'laj,) re. [Fr., from trei/iii, trel- 
 lis.] 
 
 In gardenintr,^ sort of rail-work, consistingof light 
 posts and rails for supporting espaliers, and some- 
 times for wall-trees. Cijc. 
 
 TREL'LIS, n. [Fr. treillLt, grated work.] 
 
 A structure or frame of cross-barred work, or lat- 
 tice-work, used for v.arious purposes, as for screens 
 for siipportina i)lants. 
 
 TREL'LIS-£D, (irel'list,) a. Having a trellis or trel- 
 lises. Herbert. 
 
 TRE-M.^JV'DO, [It.] Trembling; applied, in music, 
 to a general shaking of the whole chord. Brande. 
 
 TRE.M'BLE, (trem'bl,) v. i. [Fr. trembler; L. tremo ; 
 Gr. Tpf, »aj; It. tremare; Sp. tremer.] 
 
 1. To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or 
 weakness ; to quake ; to quiver ; to shiver ; to shud- 
 der. 
 
 Frighted Turiius trembled as he spoke. Dryden. 
 
 2. To shake ; to quiver ; to totter. 
 
 Sinai's gr.iy top shall tremble. Milton. 
 
 3. To quaver ; to shake, as sound ; as when we 
 sav, the voice trembles. 
 
 TREM'BLE-.MENT, lu In French music, a trill or 
 shake. 
 
 TRE.M'BLER, n. One that trembles. 
 TRE.M'BLLNG, ppr. or a. Shtiking, as with fear, cold, 
 
 or weakness; quaking; shivering. 
 TRE.M'BLING, n. The act or slate of shaking invol- 
 
 iintarilv. 
 
 TRE.M'liLI\G-LY, ado. So as to shake; with shiv- 
 ering or quaking. 
 
 Tremblmghj she stood. Shale. 
 
 TREM'BLING-POP'LAR, n. The aspen-tree, so 
 called ; Popiilus treiiiula. 
 
 TRE-.MEL'EA, n. A fungus of a gelatinous consist- 
 ence ; the name of a genus of fungi found in moist 
 grounds. 
 
 TRE-.MEN'DOUS, a. [L. tremendus, from trcmo, to 
 tremble.] 
 
 1. Such as may excite fear or terror; terrible; 
 dreadful. Hence, 
 
 2. Violent ; such as may astonish by its force and 
 violence ; as, a tremendous wind ; a tremendous 
 shower ; a tremendous shock or fall ; a tremendous 
 noise. 
 
 TRE-.M EN'DOUS-LY, adi\ In a manner to terrify or 
 astonish ; with great violence. 
 
 TRE-MEN'lJOUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of 
 heins tremendous, terrible, or violent. 
 
 TRE.M'O-LlTE, n. A mineral, so called from Tremo- 
 lo, a valley in the Alps, where il was discovered. It 
 is a white vtiriely of liorublemle, in long, lihide-like 
 crystals, and coarseh filirous mtisses. Dana. 
 
 TRfe'.MoR. n. [E., from tremo.] 
 
 An invtiluntary Ireiiihling ; a shivering or shak- 
 ing ; a quivering or vibrtitory motion ; as, the tremor 
 of a person who is weak, infirm, or old. 
 
 Hf fell into a univiTs.il Uetnor. Harvey. 
 
 TRE.M'lJ-LOUS, a. [L. tremulus, from tremo, to trem- 
 ble.] 
 
 1. Trembling ; affected with fear or timidity ; as, a 
 treiiiblni^r Christian. Decoy of Piety. 
 
 2. Shaking , shivering ; quivering ; ,as, a tremulous 
 limb ; a treonilous niolion of the hand or the lips ; the 
 tremulous leaf of the poplar. Holder. Thomson. 
 
 TRE.M'I|-LUUS-LY, ado. With quivering or trepida- 
 tion. 
 
 TRE.M'IJ-LOUS-NESS, n. The state of trembling or 
 
 quivering ; as, the tremulousness of an aspen-leaf. 
 THEN, n. A fish-spear. .^msworth 
 TRE.N'CII, V. t. [Fr. trnncher, to cut; It. trincen, a 
 trtmch ; trineiare, to cut ; Sp. trincar, trtnchear ; Arm. 
 trouclia ; VV. try^n.] 
 
 1. To cut or dig, as a ditch, a channel for water, 
 or a long hollow in the earth. We trench land for 
 draining. 
 
 [ This is the appropriate sense of the ipord.] 
 
 2. To fortify by cutting a ditch and raising a ram 
 part or breastwork of earth thrown out of the 
 ditch. 
 
 [In this sense. Entrench is more generally used.] 
 
 3. To furrow ; to form with deep furrows by plow- 
 ing. 
 
 4. To cut a long gash. [JVot in u.ie.] Shak. 
 TRENCH, I', i. To encroach. [See Entrench.] 
 TRENCH, n. A long, narrow cut in the earth ; a 
 
 ditch ; as, a trench for draining land. 
 
 2. In forti^ficotion, a deep dilch cut ftir defense, or 
 to iiilerriipl the approach of an enemy. The wall or 
 breaslwork formed by the earth thrown out <if the 
 ditch, is also calletl a trench, as alst> any raised work 
 formeil with bavins, gabions, wool-parks, or other 
 solid materials. Hence the phrases, to mount the 
 trenches, to guard the trenches, to clear Oie trenches, 
 &c. 
 
 To open the trenches ; to begin to dig, or to form the 
 lines of approach. 
 
 TRE 
 
 TRENCH'ANT, a. [Fr. tranchant.] 
 
 Ciittini! ; sharp. [Little used.] Spenser. 
 TRENCH'SD, (trencht,) pp. Cut into long hollows 
 
 or ditches ; furrowed (leep. 
 TRENCH'ER, n. [Fr. tranchoir.] 
 
 1. .\ wooden plate. Trenchers were in use among 
 the common people of New England till the revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 2. The t.ible. ShaL 
 
 3. Food ; pleasures of the table 
 
 It would lie no ordiinry declnnsion thai would hrin^ some men 
 to place their summum iionum upon their trenchers. 
 
 South. 
 
 TRENCII'ER-FE?, ii. [trennher and fly.] One 
 that haunts the tables of others ; a parasite. 
 
 KUrantre. 
 
 TRENCH'ER-FRIEND, ( frend,) n. [trencher and 
 friend.] One who frequents the tables of others ; a 
 sponger. 
 
 TRENCH'ER-MAN, n. [trencher and man.] A feed- 
 er ; a great eater. Shak. 
 2. A cook. [Obs.] 
 
 TRENCH'ER-MaTE, n. [trencher and mate.] A ta- 
 ble companion ; a parasite. Hooker. 
 
 TRENCH'ING, ppr. Cutting into trenches ; digging ; 
 ditching. 
 
 TRENCH'ING, n. The preparation of soils by digging 
 two or more spades deep, and exposing the soil. 
 
 Gardner. 
 
 TRENCH'-PLOW, ) n. [trench and ploic] A 
 TRENCH'-PLOUGH, j kind of plow for opening 
 land to a greater depth than that of commt>n fur- 
 rows. Cue. 
 TRE.NCH'-PLOW, ) v. t. [trench and plow.] To 
 TRE.NCH'-PLOnGH, ) plow with deep furrows. 
 TRENCH'-PLOW-ING, / n. The practice or op- 
 TRENCH'-PLOUGII-ING, j eratitm of plowing 
 with deep furrows, for the purpose of loosening the 
 land to a greater depth than usual. Cye. 
 TREND, V. i. [This word seems to be allied to (r«i!- 
 dle or to run.] 
 
 To run ; to stretch; to tend ; to have a particular 
 direction ; as, the shore of the sea trends to the 
 .south-west. 
 
 TRE.NI), n. Inclination in a particular direction ; as, 
 the trend of a coast. li'Ukes. 
 
 TREiND, r. (. In rural economy, to free wool from its 
 fillii. [Local.] Cyc. 
 
 TRE.N'D'ER, n. One whose business is to fiee wool 
 frcun its filth. [Local.] Cyc. 
 
 TREND'ING, ppr. Running; tending. 
 2. Cleaning wool. [Local.] 
 
 TRE.ND'l.NG, )i. Incliiiatitui ; stretching. 
 
 2. The operation of freeing wool from filth of va- 
 rious kinds. Cyc. 
 
 TREN'DEE, n. [Sax. ; probably connected with 
 trundle; Sw. trind, round; that is, round, with a 
 prefix.] 
 
 Any thing roimd used in turning or rolling ; a little 
 wheel, 
 
 TRE.\'TAL, n. [Fr. trente, thirty; contracted from 
 L. tri<riiita, It. trenfa.] 
 
 All orticc fiir the dead in the Roniiui Catholic 
 service, consisting of thirty masses reb'-arsed for 
 thirty days successively after the party's death. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TREPAN', 71. [Fr. trepan; It. trapano ; Gr. rpiirii- 
 
 voi', from Tfivn 1(0, to bore ; T(si-r:a, a hole ; rpoot. 
 
 Uu. L. tero, Icrcbra, on the rout Rp.] 
 
 In surirrry, a circular saw for perforating the 
 
 skull. It resembles a wimble. Ci/r. 
 TRE PAN', V. t. To perforate the skull and take out 
 
 a piece ; a surgical operation for relieving the brain 
 
 from pressure or irritalion. Cyc. 
 TRE PAN', a snare, and TRE PAN', to insnnie, are 
 
 from trap, and written Trapan, which see. 
 TRE-PA.N'Nf.'l), ;);;. Having the skull perforated. 
 TRE-PAN'NER, n. One who trepans. 
 TRE-PAN'NING, ppr. Perforating the skull with a 
 
 trepan. 
 
 TRE-PAN'NING, v. The operation of making an 
 opening in the skull, for relieving the brain from 
 compressitm or irritation. Ci/c. 
 
 TRE-PHINE' or TRE-PHtNE', n. [See TnEi'AN.] 
 An instrument for trepanning, more modern than 
 the trepan. It is a circular or rylimlrieal saw, with 
 a handle likir that of a gimlet, and a little sharp per- 
 forator, called the center-pin. P. Cyc. 
 
 TRE PHINE', V. t. To perlbrate with a trephine ; to 
 tri paii. P. Cyc. 
 
 TRE-PIIIN'/'.D, (tre-f Ind',) pp. Trepanned. 
 
 TREP'll), a. [I,, trrpidus.] 
 
 Treinliling ; quaking. [JVot used.] 
 
 TREP-I-Ua'TION, 71. [I,, tripidatio, from trepido, to 
 tremble ; Russ. trcpcg, a trembling ; trepcichu, to 
 tremble.] 
 
 1. An involuntary trembling ; a quaking or quiv- 
 ering, particularly from fear or terror ; hence, a state 
 of terror. The men were in great trrpidalom. 
 
 2. A trembling of the limbs, as in paralytic affec- 
 tions. 
 
 3. In the old astronomy^ a libration of the eighth 
 sphere, or a motion winch the Ptolciimic system 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/^Lh, Wll^kT.— MKTE, PRgV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1172 
 
TRl 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 ascribes l<> the firiiKinirnt, lo nrcoiiiit for the clinnges 
 and niotiiMi u( tlir axis iif tlie wurlii. HuUon, i 
 4. Hiirry ; confused haste. 
 TRGS'PASS, r. i. [Norm, trespasser; trfs, L. trans, , 
 beyond, and passer, lo pass.] 
 
 1. LittralUi, to pass beyond ; hence, jtrimarihj, to 
 pass over the boundary hne of another's land ; to 
 enter nnlavvfiilly a\>on the hind of another. .■\ man 
 may trespass by walkinj over tlie gronnd of another, 
 and the law gives a remedy for damages .sustained. 
 
 2. To commit any offense, or lo do any art that in- 
 jures or annoys another ; lo violate any rule of recti- 
 tude, to the injury of another. 
 
 If anv m!\ii ■li.ii: tretptut n^.iinit hi> n'-iglibor, nnd nn oath be 
 l.<itl upon liiiii. — 1 Kiiig> vlii. Sc<f Luke ivii. 3 iinti 4. 
 
 3. In a moral sense, to transgress voluntarily any 
 divine law or command ; to violate any known rule 
 of duty. 
 
 In til'* lim« or his diieoie did he trttpatt yet more. — 2 Cbron. 
 xxviir. 
 
 We have tresptuied A^inst our God. — Ezra x. 
 
 4. To Intrude ; to go too far ; to put to inconveni- 
 ence by demand or importunity ; as, to trespass upon 
 the time or patience of another. 
 
 TRES'PA^'f, n. In law, an unlawful act, committed 
 with force and violence (ri et armu<) on the person, 
 property, or relative rights of another. Btackstone. 
 
 2. Any injury or offense done to another. 
 
 If ye forgive not m-n ihpir tretpasiet, neither will your Fnlher 
 forjive your trespcuset. — M.ui. vi. 
 
 3. .\ny voluntary transgression of the moral law ; 
 any violation of a known rule of duty ; sin. Cot. ii. 
 
 You h-ith he quit^ned, who were dead in tretpatut and siua. 
 — Kph. ii. 
 
 TRES'P.APS-ER, «. One who commits a trespass ; 
 one who enters upon another's land, or violates his 
 rights. 
 
 2. A transgressor of the moral law ; an offender; a 
 sinner. 
 
 TRES'P.AfS-IXG, ppr. Entering another man's in- 
 cli>sure; injuring or annoying another j violating the 
 divine law ttr moral duty. 
 
 TRESS, n. [Ft. and Dan. tresse: Sn: tress, a lock or 
 wefl of hair ; Dan. tresser, Sw. trasa, Russ. tresuyu, 
 10 weave, braid, or twist. The Sp. htis trenza, and 
 the Port, trauma, a tress. The French tresse may pos- 
 sibly be from the It. treccia, but probably it is from 
 some dialect of the north of Europe.] 
 A knot or curl of hair ; a ringlet. 
 
 F.iir tresee* ni:in'& ini]>-n»I nice iu^nare. Pope, 
 
 TRESS'KD, (trest,) a. Having tresses. 
 
 9. f'tirled ; formed into ringlets. Spenser. 
 
 TRF.-;s'f:i,, n. See Trestle. 
 
 'rHI'.>^S'rKE, n. In herabtnj, a kind of border. 
 
 TUI'.S' TLE, (tres'l,) n. [Fr. Ir^tran, for (M.<£eait ; W. 
 tr(s, a trace, a chain, a stretch, l.ibor ; tresiam, to 
 labor, that is, to strain ; trestijl, a strainer, a trestle. 
 This Mill occurs in stre'si and dUtress.] 
 
 1. The frame of a table, [tiu. D. driestal, a three- 
 legged stool.] 
 
 2. A movable form for supporting any thing. 
 
 3. In briilges, a frame consisting of Hvo posts with 
 a he.ad or cross beam and braces, on which rest the 
 string-pieces. [This is the use tif the word in New 
 England. It is vulgarly pronounced triissel or 
 trassl.] 
 
 Trestle -tree', in a ship, are two strong bars of tim- 
 ber, fixed horizontally ttn the opposite sides of the 
 iiiast-head, to supjiurt the frame of the top. 
 
 TiMen. 
 
 TRET, n. [Probably from L. tntu.'i, tero, to wear.] 
 In commerce, an allowance to ptirch.xsers, for waste 
 or refuse matter, of 4 pounds on every 104 pounds 
 of suitle weight, or weight after the tare is deducted. 
 
 McCuUocfu 
 
 TRETiri.NGS, n. pU [\V. trlth, a tax; treMii, to 
 tat.] 
 
 Taxes ; imposts. Johnson. 
 
 [ / knoio nut where used. It is unknown, J believe, in 
 the Uniled S:ate.<.] 
 TREV'ET, n. [three-feet: tripod; Fr. Irepird.] 
 
 .\ stool or other Uiing that is supported by three 
 leirs. 
 
 TREY, trS,) n. tres, Eng. lAree, Fr. trois.] 
 
 A three at cards ; a caril tif three spitls. Shak. 
 TRI, a prefix in words of Greek and Latin origin, sig- 
 nifies three, from Gr. t-jch. 
 TRI'A-BLE, a. [{mm tni.] That may be tried ; that 
 may be subjected to trial or lest. Boyle. 
 
 2. That m.ay undergo a judicial examination ; that 
 may properly ciune under the co:;nizance of a court. 
 .A cause may be triable before one court, which is 
 not triable in another. In England, testamentary 
 causes are triable in the ecclesi.istical courts. 
 TRI'A-nLE-.VES;?, n. The stale of being triable. 
 TRI-A eO.N-TA-IlE'DRAL, a. [Gr. Ty<li«o^ra, thir- 
 ty, and J*po, side.] 
 
 Having thirty sides. In mineraiogy, bounded by 
 tbiny rhombs. CleactUmd, 
 TRI'A-eO.N-TER, n. [Gr. Toinrofrno-Jt.] 
 
 In ancient Greece, a vessel of thirty oars. Mitford. 
 TRI AD, n. [L. trias, from tres, three.] 
 The union of three ; three united. 
 
 In music, the commim chord, consisting of a note 
 .sounded along with its third and fifth, with or with- 
 out I he octave. Cnllcotu EUt. F.ncyc. 
 TRI'.AL, n. [from try.] Any elfort or exerlitm of 
 strength for the purpose of ascertaining its effect, or 
 \vh:it can be done. A man tries to lift a stone, and 
 on trial finds ho is not able. A team iitleiiipts to 
 draw a load, and after unsuccessful (ri<i/, the attempt 
 is relinquished. 
 
 9. Examination by a test; experiment; as in 
 chemistry and metallurgy. 
 
 3. Experiiiieut ; .act of examining by experience. 
 In gardening and agriculture, we learn by trial what 
 land will produce ; and olU<n repeated trioi^ arc 
 necessary. 
 
 4. Experience ; suffering that piiLs strength, pa- 
 tience, or faith to the lest ; altlicliims or tempta- 
 tions that exercise and prove the graces or virtues 
 of men. 
 
 Otheri had trial of cruel mocking and scotirjinjfl. — Ueb. xi. 
 
 5. In law, the examination of a cause in contrtv 
 versy between parties, before a proper tribunal. Tri- 
 als are civil or criminal. Tri.al in civil causes may 
 be by record or inspection ; it may be by witnesses 
 and jury, or by the court. By the laws of England 
 and of the United States, trial by jury, in criminal 
 cases, is held sacred. No criminal can be legally de- 
 prived of that privilege. 
 
 6. Temptation ; test of virtue. 
 
 Every slHtion is exposed to lomc Iricl*. Rogert. 
 
 7. State of being tried. Shak. 
 TRT-.\L'I-TY, Ti. [from Viree.] Three united ; state 
 
 of being three. [Little used.] Wharton. 
 TRI-A.\'DUI-A, n. [Gr. rpti;, three, and aiijo, a 
 male.] 
 
 A class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, 
 having three distinct and equal stamens. 
 
 Linnipus. 
 
 TRT-AN'DRI-AN, ) a. Having three distinct and 
 TKI-A.X'DROUS, ( equal stamens, in the same 
 
 flower with a pistil or pistils. 
 TRI'.\.\"GLE, (tri'ang-gl,) n. [Fr., from Ij. triansu- 
 
 lum ; tres, tria, three, and anirulus,-^ corner.] 
 
 1. In ircomctry, a figure bounded by three lines, 
 and containing three angles. The three angles of a 
 plane triangle are equal to two right angles, or 180', 
 the number of degrees in a semicircle. 
 
 If the tlirec lines or sides of a triangle are all right, 
 it is a plane or rectilinear triangle. 
 
 If all the three sides are equal, it is an equilateral 
 triangle. 
 
 If two of the sides only are equal, it is an isosceles 
 or eqnicrural triangle. 
 
 If all the three sides are unequal, it is a scalene or 
 scalenous triangle. 
 
 If one of the angles is a right angle, the triangle 
 is rectangular. 
 
 If one of the angles is obtuse, the triangle is called 
 obtiisantrular or amblygonous. 
 
 If all the angles are acute, the triangle is acutetn- 
 gular or orygunous. 
 
 If tlie three lines of a triangle are all curves, the 
 triangle is said to be curriliiiear. 
 
 If some of the sides are r ght and others cur»'e, 
 the triangle is said to be miztilinear. 
 
 If the sides are all arcs of great circles of the 
 sphere, the triangle is said to be spherical. Cue. 
 
 2. An instrument of (lercussion in music, made of 
 a rod of polished steel, bent into tlie form of a tri- 
 ancle. 
 
 3. In militani puni.ihments, three halberts stuck in 
 the ground and united at the top, to wliicli soldiers 
 are bound when tlogged. 
 
 TRI'A.V'GI.EI), a. Having three angles. 
 TIlI-Ai\"GU-LAR, a. Having three angles. 
 
 In botany, a triangular stem has three prominent 
 longitudinal anglt^s ; a /riani»'«'arff<^/* has three prom- 
 inent angles, without any reference to their measure- 
 ment or direction. Martyn, Smith. 
 
 Triangular numbers ; the series of nuiiibers formed 
 by the successive sums of the terms of an arithmetic- 
 al progression, of wliich the common difference is 1. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 TRT-AN"GU-LAR-LY, adv. After the form of a tri- 
 angle. Harris. 
 
 TRI-A\"GU-L.^'TION, n. The use of a series of 
 triangles in a trigonometrical survey ; or the series 
 of triangles thus used. D. Stanley. 
 
 TRI'XReil-Y, ». [Gr. r/j'tt and aoxn-] 
 Government by three persons. 
 
 TRT-A'RI-AN, a. [I., Iriani.] 
 
 Occupying the third [lost or place. Cowley, 
 
 TRI'AS, n. A name sometimes given to the upper 
 new red sandstone. I.yell. 
 
 TRI-.AS'SIf, a. Pertaining to or composed of trias. 
 
 TRT'BAL, a. Belonging to a tribe. 
 
 TRIBE, n. [W. tree ; Gael, treabh ; Sax. thorpe, D. 
 dorp, G. dorf; Sw. and D.an. tirrp, a hamlet or vil- 
 lage ; L. tribus. \Ve have tribe from the last. In 
 Welsh, the word signifies a dwelling-place, home- 
 stead, hamlet, or town, as does the Sax. thorpe. The 
 Sax. trirf is a tent ; Russ. derevni, an esLUe, a h;im- j 
 leu From the sense of house, the word came tosig- I 
 
 nify a family, a race of descenthints from one pro- 
 genitor, who originally settled round him and formed 
 a village.] 
 
 1. A family, race, or scries of generations, de- 
 scending from the same progenitor, and kept dis- 
 tinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, de- 
 scended fnun the twelve sons of Jacob. 
 
 2. A division, class, or distinct [Hirtion of people, 
 from whati^ver cause that distinction may have orig- 
 inated. The city of Athens was divided into ten 
 tribe.1. Rome was originally diviiled into three 
 tribes ; nllerward the people were disiribiiled into 
 thirty tribes, and afXerward into thirty-five. 
 
 Rinnan Hist. 
 
 3. A number of things having certain characters 
 or res«Miiblaiices in common ; as, a tribe of plants ; a 
 tribe of animals. 
 
 LinntEus distributed the vegetable kingdom into 
 C'ree tribes, viz., .Monocotyledonoiis, Dicotyledonous, 
 and Acotyledonoiis plants, and these he siibtlivuled 
 into gentes or natitms. JMartyn. 
 
 By recent natiirahsts, tribe has been used for a di- 
 vision of animals or vegetables, intermediate be- 
 tween order and genus. Ctivier divides his orders 
 into familie^-i, and his families into tribes, including 
 under the latter one or more genera. Leach, in his 
 arrangement of insects, makes his tribes, on the cim- 
 trary, the primary subilivisiiuis of his ortlers, and his 
 families subordinate to them, and immediately in- 
 cluding the genera. Curier. Fid, Enrye. 
 
 Tribes of planU, in gardening, are such as are re- 
 lated to each other by some natural airinityor resem- 
 blance ; as by their duration, the annual, biennial, 
 and perennial tribes ; by their roots, as the butbims, 
 tuberous, and fibrou,i-rooted tribes ; by the loss or re- 
 tention of their leaves, as the deciduous and crer- 
 green tribes ; by their fruits and seeds, as the leiru- 
 minous, baccifcrous, coniferous, nuciferous, ani\ pomifer- 
 ous tribes, &c. Cyc 
 
 4. .\ division ; a number considered cxdiectively. 
 
 5. A nation of savages ; a body of rude people 
 united under one leader or government ; as, the 
 tribes of the six nations ; the Seneca tribe in Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 6. A number of persons of any character or pro- 
 fession ; in conle7n|;t ; as, the scribbling tribe, 
 
 Rnsrommon. 
 
 TRIBE, r. t. To distribute into tribes or cl.asses. [A'ot 
 
 much u-sc//.] Bp, AlckoUon. 
 
 TRIB'LET, j n. A goldsmith's tool for making 
 TRIB'O-LET, i rings. .^insworth. 
 TRI-HO.M'E-TER, n. [Gr. t/)i/3w, to rub or wear, and 
 
 pero measure.] 
 
 An instninient to ascertain the degree of friction 
 
 in riibbins surfaces. Brande. 
 TRI'ltKA€lI, n. [Gr. rotij, three, and iJuaxvs, 
 
 short.] 
 
 In ancient prosody, a poetic foot of three short syl- 
 lables, as miriiis. 
 TRI-BRAC'TE-.-VTE, a. Having three bracts. 
 
 Dreandolle. 
 
 TRIB-fT-LS'TION, n. [Fr., from L. tribulo, to thrash, 
 to beat.] 
 
 Severe affliction ; distresses of life ; vexations. In 
 Scripture, it often denotes the troubles and distresses 
 wliich proceed from persecution. 
 
 When tritiulation or p m-cuiion aria^th became of the word, by 
 and by a oe'Hnd. d. — MjIU xiu. 
 
 In the world ye •h.tll h:ive tribulation. — John xvl. 
 
 TRI-BC'N.AL, n. [I,, tribunal, from triiunui, a trib- 
 une, who administeretl justice.] 
 
 1. Properly, the seat of a judge; the bench on 
 which a judge and his associates sit for administer- 
 ing justice. 
 
 2. Jli/re generally, a court of justice ; as, the house 
 of lords in England is the highest tribunal in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 3. [Ft. tribunel.] In France, a pnllery or eminence 
 in a church or other pl.ace, in w hich tlie musical per- 
 formers are pbiced ftir a concert. 
 
 TRIB'Q-.\.A-RY, a. [from triiiin*.] Pertaining to 
 tribunes. 
 
 TRIR'I-.NE, (trib'yunc,) n. [Fr. tribun ; L. tribunus, 
 from tribus, tribe ; Sp. and It. tribuno,] 
 
 1. In ancient Rome, an officer or magistrate chosen 
 by the people, to protect them from the oppression of 
 the patrici;ins or nobles, and lo defend their liberties 
 against any attempts th.at might be made upon 
 them by the senate and consuls. These magistrates 
 were at first two, but their number was incre-ased 
 ultimately to ti n. There were also military tribunes, 
 officers of the army, of whom there were from fmr 
 to six in each legion. In the year of Rome 731, the 
 senate transferred the authority of the tribunes to 
 Augustus and his successors. There were also other 
 officers called tribunes ; as, tribunes of the treasury, 
 &c. Cyc, Smith's IhcL 
 
 2. A bench or elevated place, from which speeches 
 were delivered. 
 
 3. In France, a pulpit or elevated place in the 
 chamber of deputies, where a speaker stands lo 
 address the assembly. 
 
 TRIB'I'NF.-SIIIP, ( n. The office of a tribune. 
 TRIB'U-NATE, ( Mdisatt. 
 
 TONE, BULL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 147* 
 
 1173 
 
TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRIB-U-NI"CrAN, (trili-yu-iiisli'an,) ) a. Pertaining 
 
 TRlB-y-NI"TIAL, (irib-yu-iiish'al,) ( to tribunes ; 
 as, tribunician power or authority. Middleton. 
 2. Suiting a tribune. 
 
 TRIB'U-TA-RI-LY, adv. In a tributary manner. 
 
 TRIB'li-TA-RI-NESS, n. The state of being tribu- 
 tary. 
 
 TRIB'lf-TA-RY, a. [from tribute.] Paying tribute to 
 another, either from compulsion, as an acI<nowle(ig- 
 ment of submission, or to secure protection, or for 
 tile purpose of purchasing peace. The republic of 
 Ragusa is tribiitarij to the grand seignior. Many of 
 the powers of Europe are tributarij to the Barbary 
 Stales. 
 
 2. Subject; subordinate. 
 
 He, to 2T-'Ce liis Iribitlary jods. MUlon. 
 
 3. Paid in tribute. 
 
 No flaitery lunes tliese tributary lays. Concanen, 
 
 4. Yielding supplies of anything. The Ohio has 
 many large tributary streams, and is itself tributary 
 to the Mississippi. 
 
 TRlIi'U-TA-RY, n. One that pays tribute or a stated 
 sum to a conqueting power, for the purpose of secur- 
 ing peace and protection, or as an acknowledgment 
 of submission, or for the purchase of security. VYhat 
 a reproach to nations, that they should be the tributa- 
 ries of Algiers ! 
 
 TRIB'UTE, (trib'yute,) n. [Fr. tribut; L. tributum, 
 from tribuo, to give, bestow, or divide.] 
 
 1. An annual or stated sum of money or other 
 valuable thing, paid by one prince or nation to an- 
 other, either as an acknowledgment of submission, 
 or as the price of peace and protection, or by virtue 
 of some treaty. The Romans made all their con- 
 quered countries pay tribute, as do the Turks, at this 
 day ; and in some countries the tribute is paid in 
 children. Cijc. 
 
 2. A personal contribution ; as, a tribute of re- 
 spect. 
 
 ;). Something given or contributed. 
 TRIB'U'I E, ». (. To pay as tribute. 
 TRIB'U-TEI), pp. Paid as tribute. 
 TRIB'IJ-Tl.N'G, ppr. Paying as tribute. 
 TRl-CAP'SU-LAR, a. [L. tres, three, and capsula, a 
 little chest.] 
 
 In baOtny, three-capsuled ; having three capsules 
 to each flower. Marlijn. 
 
 TRICE, II. (. To haul up by means of a rope. 
 
 TRICE, 71. A very short time; an instant; a mo- 
 ment. 
 
 If they get rieTer so ^reat spoil at any time, they waste the same 
 
 in a trice. 13pen8er. 
 A man shall make his fortune in a trict. Young. 
 
 TRI-CEN'NI-AL, a. [L. triccnmum.} 
 
 Denoting thirty years, or what pertains to that 
 number. 
 
 TRI-eHOT'O-MOUS, (tri-kot'o-mus,) a. [See Tri- 
 chotomy.] Divided into three parts, or divided by 
 threes ; as, a trichotoinous stem. Martyn. 
 
 TRl-€HOT'0-MY, (tri-kot'ivme.) n. [Gr. rpixa, 
 thrice, and rt/n w, to cut or divide.] 
 
 Division into three parts. Watts. 
 
 TRI'eHRO-ISM, n. [Gr. rntu and xpnpi.i.] 
 
 The quality of presenting different colors in three 
 different directions. Dana. 
 
 TRICK, 71. [D. (/fi, a pull or drawing, a (r/ci ; trek- 
 ken, to draw, to drair ; bedrie'ren, to cheat ; drie^en, to 
 tack or baste ; G. trieijen, to deceive ; trug, betrug, 
 fiaud, trick; Dan. trekke, a trick ; trehker, to draw, 
 to entice ; Fr. tricher, to cheat ; It. treceare, to cheat ; 
 trecca, a huckster ; i reccia, a lock of hair, from fold- 
 ing, involving, Gr. b/n^ ; Sp. trica, a quibble ; L. Iri- 
 cor, to play tricks, to trifle, to bafile. VVe see the 
 same root in the Low L. intrico, to fold, and in in- 
 trirrue. Trick is from drawintr, that is, a drawing 
 aside, or a folding, interweaving, implication.] 
 
 1. An artifice or stratagem for the purpose of de- 
 ception ; a fraudful contrivance for an evil purpose, 
 ur an underhand scheme to impose upon the world ; 
 a cheat or cheating. We hear of tricks in bargains, 
 and tricks of state. 
 
 lie comes to me for counsel, and 1 show him a trick. South. 
 
 2. A dextrous artifice. 
 
 On one nice Iricit depends the general fate. Pope. 
 
 3. Vicious practice ; as, the tricks of youth. 
 
 4. The sly artifice or legerdemain of a juggler; as, 
 Ihc tricks of a merry -andrew. 
 
 5. A parcel of cards falling to a winner at one 
 turn. 
 
 6. An unexpected event. 
 
 Some Iric* not worth nn rgg. [UnutuaL] Slink. 
 
 7. A particular habit or manner; as, he has a trick 
 of driimiiiini; with his fingers, or a trick of frowning. 
 
 [ This word is in common use in .America, and by no 
 means vulvar.] 
 
 H. Among ieamm,lhc period spent by a sailor at 
 the helm. Tnllrn. 
 TRICK, 0. f. To deceive; to Impose on ; to defraud ; 
 
 to cheat ; as, to trick another in the sale of a horse. 
 TRK'K, r. t [W. treciate, to furnish or harness, to 
 trick out ; tree, an iinjilement, haniesn, gear, from 
 
 Wief, a breaking forth, properly a throwing or ex- 
 tending. This may be a varied application of the 
 foregoing word.] 
 
 To dress ; to decorate ; to set off; to adorn fantas- 
 tically. 
 
 Trick her off in air. Pope. 
 It is often followed by up, off, or out. 
 People ai^ lavish in tricking up their children in fine clothes, yet 
 starve their minds. Locke. 
 
 TRICK, V. u To live by deception and fraud. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 TRICK'£D, (trikt,)pp. Cheated ; deceived ; dressed. 
 
 TRICK'ER, ) n. One who tricks; a deceiver; a 
 
 TRICK'STER, j cheat. 
 
 TRICK'ER, >i. A trigger. [See Tbiogeb.] 
 
 TRICK'ER- Y, 71. The art of dressing up; artifice; 
 stratagem. Parr. Burke. 
 
 TRICK'IN'G, ppr. Deceiving; cheating; defraud- 
 ing. 
 
 2. Dressing ; decorating. 
 TRICK'ING, 71. Dress ; ornament. Shak. 
 TRICK'ISH, o. Artful in making bargains ; given to 
 
 deception and cheating ; knavisii. Pope. 
 TRICK'ISH-LY, adv. Artfully ; knavishly. 
 TRICK'ISH-NESS, 71. The state of being tiickish or 
 
 deceitful. 
 
 TRICK'LE, (trik'l,) v. i. [Allied perhaps to Gr. rptxoi, 
 to run, and a diminutive.] 
 
 To flow in a small, gentle stream ; to run down ; 
 as, tears trickle down the cheek; water trickles from 
 the eaves. 
 
 Fast be.-ide tliere trickled soRly down 
 
 A gentle stream. Spenser. 
 
 TRICK'LING, ppr. Flowing down in a small, gentle 
 stream. 
 
 TRICK'LING, 71. The act of flowing in a small, gen- 
 tle stream. 
 
 He wakened by the trickling of his blood. ^ViBenuln. 
 
 TRICK'MENT, 71. Decoration. [JVot used.] 
 TRICK'SY, a. [from trick.] Pretty; brisk. [JVot 
 
 much u.-ied.] Shale. 
 TRICK'-TRACK,, 71. A game resembling backgam- 
 
 mim. 
 
 TRie'LI-NATE, 71. [Gr. t/)ij, threefold, and kXwu, 
 to incline.] 
 
 In mineralogy, a term applied to crystals in which 
 the three axes are all obliquely inclined to one an- 
 other, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. Dana. 
 TRi-CLIN'I-A-RY, a. [L. tric^iniaris, from triclinium, 
 a couch to recline on at dinner.] 
 
 Pertaining to a coticli for dining, or to the ancient 
 mode of reclining at table. 
 TRI-€WV'I-UM, 71. [L., from Ires and clino.] 
 
 Among t^ie Roinan.i, a couch for reclining on at 
 meals, usually fur tiirce persons ; also, a diuing- 
 roou!, furnished with such couches on three sides. 
 
 SmithKi Diet. 
 
 TRT-eOCeOUS, a. [L. tres, three, and coccus, a 
 berry.) 
 
 A tricoccous or three-grained capsule is one 
 which is swelling out in three protuberances inter- 
 nally divided into three cells, with one seed in each ; 
 as in Euphorbia. Martyn. 
 
 TRI'eOL-OR, 71. The national French banner, of 
 three colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at the 
 first revolution. 
 
 TRl'eOL-OR-£D, a. Having three colors ; a term ap- 
 plied to the [irescnt flag of France. 
 
 TRi eOR-NlG'ER-OUS, a. [L. tres and C07viii.] 
 Having three horns. 
 
 TEi eoR'PO-RAL, a. [L. tricorpor ; tres and 
 corpus.] 
 
 Having three bodies. Todd. 
 
 TRieUSP'ID, a. Having three points; as, the tri- 
 cuspid valve, i. e., the valve of the right ventricle of 
 the heart. Brande. 
 
 TRi-eUSP'I-DATE, a. [L. tres, three, and ciispis, a 
 point.] 
 
 In botany, three-pointed ; ending in three points ; 
 as, a tricu^infiate stamen. 
 TRI-DAC'TYL-OUS, o. [Gr. rpeis, three, and (Jasru- 
 AiM, a toe.] 
 
 Having three toes. 
 TRIDE, a. Amtmg Imnters, short and ready; fleet; 
 
 as, a tride pace. Bailnj. Cyc. 
 
 TRI'DlvNT, n. [Fr., from L. tridcns ; tres, three, and 
 rfriiv, tot)th.] 
 
 In mytholotry, a kind of scepter or spear with three 
 prongs, which the fables of antiquity put into the 
 hands of Neptune, the deity of the ocean. 
 TUT'DKNT / 
 
 TKI'DrNT-I'D ( 'IivinB 'hree teeth or prongs. 
 TRI DENT'ATE, a. [L. tres and dens, tooth.] 
 
 Having three teeth. Lee, 
 TRM)ENT'INE, a. [from L. Tridmlam.] 
 
 I'erlaiiiing to Trent, or the celebrated council held 
 in lhal city. Knci/c. .^m. 
 
 TRI-DI-A-PA'SON, 71. [Iri und diapason.] In 77m.«ic, 
 
 a trtpli? octave or twenty-second. Bu.iby. 
 TRI'DING. See Tkitming. 
 
 TRi nO DEC A-Hk'DRAL, a. [Gr. rptif, three, and 
 dodecahedrat.] 
 
 In crystallo^aphy, presenting three ranges of faces, 
 one above another, each containing twelve faces. 
 TRID'lJ-AN, a. [L. triiUum ; tres and dies, day.] 
 
 Lasting three days, or happening every third day. 
 [Little used.] 
 
 TRI-EN'NI-AL, a. [Fr. triennal; L. triennis, trienni- 
 u.n ; tres, three, and annus, year.] 
 
 1. Continuing three years ; as, triennial parlia- 
 ments. 
 
 2. Happening every three years ; as, triennial elec- 
 tions. Trieiiuial elections and parliaments were es- 
 tablished in England in 1G95; but these were discon- 
 tinued in 1717, and septennial elections and parlia- 
 ments were adopted, which still continue. 
 
 TRi-EN'NI-AL-LY, adi'. Once in three years. 
 TRT'iWS, 71. [L.] A Roman copper coin, equal to 
 
 one third of the as. 
 TRI'ER, 7!. [from try.] One who tries ; one who 
 
 makes experiments ; one who examines any thing 
 
 by a test or standard. 
 
 2. One who tries judicially ; a judge who tries a 
 person or cause. [See Trior.] 
 
 3. A name given to persons appointed according to 
 law, to try whether a person challenged to the favor 
 is qualified to serve 011 a jury. Bonvier. 
 
 4. A test ; that which tries or approves. Shak. 
 TRl'ER-ARCH, 71. [Gr. rpinpris, a trireme, and u/jx"Si 
 
 a chief.] 
 
 In ancient Greece, the commander of a trireme ; 
 particularly at .Athens, one who, at his own expense, 
 equipped the vessel, kept it in repair, and procured 
 the crew. Smith's Diet. 
 
 TRI'EU-AReH-Y, 71. The office or duty of a trierarch. 
 
 Smith's Diet. 
 
 TRl-E-TER'ie-AL, a. [L. trictcricus ; tres, three, and 
 Gr. trof, year.] 
 
 Triennial ; kept or occurring once in three years. 
 [Little used.] Gregory, 
 TRI FAL-LoW, 11. f. [L. tres, three, and fallow.] 
 To plow land the third time before sowing. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 TRl'FAL-LoVV-£D, pp. Plowed the third tune before 
 sowing. 
 
 TRI FAL-LoW-ING, ppr. Plowing the third time 
 
 before sowing. .^sh. 
 TRI-Fa'RI-OUS, a. Arranged in three 'ows. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 TRi'FID, a. [L. trijidus ; tres, three, and fndo, to 
 divide.] 
 
 Ill botany, divided half way into three parts by 
 linear sinuses with straight margins ; three-cleft. 
 
 Marliin. 
 
 TRI-FIS'TU-LA-RY, o. [L. tres and ^tuJa, a pipe.] 
 
 Having three pipes. Brown. 
 TRi'FLE, (tri'fl,) 71. [It coincides with TuiTiii,, 
 which see.] 
 
 1. A thing of very little value or importance ; a 
 word applicable to any tiling and every tiling of this 
 character. 
 
 With such poor triJleK playin*. Drayton. 
 Moments make the year, and trifles, life. I'ouji^. 
 Trifles 
 
 Are to the jealous confirmation strong, Sliak. 
 
 2. A dish composed of alternate layers of sweet- 
 meats and cake, with syllabub. 
 
 .3. A cake. 
 
 TRI'FLE, V. i. To act or talk without seriousness, 
 gravity, weight, or dignity ; to act or talk with lev- 
 ity. 
 
 2. To indulge in light amusements. Law. 
 
 To trifle with ; to mock ; to play the fool with ; to 
 treat without respect or seriousness. 
 
 To trifle with, t to spend in vanity ; to waste to no 
 
 To trifle amy i \ miod purpose; as, to trifle with 
 time, or to trifle away time ; to trifle with advantages. 
 TRI'FLE, V. t. To make of no importance. [jVot in 
 vsr. ] 
 
 TRI'FLER, 71. One who trifles or acts with levity. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TRI'FLING, ppr. or a. Acting or talking with levity, 
 or without seriousness or being in earnest. 
 
 2. 0. Being of small value or importance ; trivial ; 
 as, a trifling debt ; a trifling alTair. 
 
 TRI'FLING, 71. Emjiloyment about things of no im- 
 porlanco. 
 
 TRI'FLING-LY, adr. In a trifling manner; with 
 
 levity 1 without seriousness or dignity. Locke. 
 TRI'FLING-NESS, 71. Levity of manners ; lightness. 
 
 F.ntick. 
 
 2. Smnllness of value ; emptiness; vanity. 
 TRI-FLO'ROUS, a. [L. tres, three, and flos, floris, 
 flower.] 
 
 Three flow-ered ; bearing three flowers; as, a fri- 
 flonius peiluncle. Marli/n. 
 TRI-FO'LI-ATE, a. [L. tres, three, and/oii«m, leaf.] 
 
 Having three leaves. IJiirte. 
 TRI-FO'Ll-O-LATE, a. Having three foliolcs. 
 
 Decantlolle. 
 
 TRI'FO-LY, 71. Sweet trefoil. [See 1 refoil.] 
 
 Jl/risn71. 
 
 TRI-FO'RI-UM, 71. [L.] The gallery or open space 
 
 FiTE, FAR, FALL, WII^lT.— METE, PRfiV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1174 
 
TRI 
 
 between tlie vaulting and tlie ruof of the aisles of a 
 
 cliiircli. Owilt. 
 TRI'FCJK.M, a. [L. tr{formis ; trcs and fortna.] 
 
 Ilavinf* a triple form or shape; as, the triform 
 
 countenance of the moon. MiUon. 
 TRI FUK'eA-TED, a. Having three branches or 
 
 forks. 
 
 TUIU, ». t. [W.tritrauL See TaiocEn.] To fill ; to 
 stuir. [JVui in u.<».] 
 3. To stop, as a wheel. Baitey. 
 TRIG, a. Full ; trim ; neat. [JVot in use.] 
 TKiG'A-MOI'S, a. [C,t. r.pfit and i nfios, marriage.] 
 In bulanij, having three sorts of (lowers in the same 
 head, male, female, and herniaplirodite. Brandt. 
 TRIG'A-.MY, lu [Gr. r^i£i$, three, and jo/zoj, mar- 
 riage ] 
 
 State of being married three times ; or the state of 
 having three husbands or three wives at the same 
 time. Herbert. 
 TRIG'GF.R, n. [W. trigaw, to stop; Dan. (rp/.Acr, to 
 draw ; tnt/ilcer, to press or pinch ; or trytrircr^ to make 
 sure ; trug^ Sw. tnjgg, satV*, secure ; trycka^ to press. 
 This is the Eng. true, or from the same root.] 
 
 1. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a de- 
 clivity. 
 
 2. The catch of a musket or pistol ; the part which, 
 being pulled, looses the lock for striking tire. 
 
 TRI Gl.N TALS, n. pi. [L. triginla.] 
 
 Trenlals. [Sec Trehtal.] 
 TRIG'LYIMI, (trig'lif,) n. [Gr. rpcij, three, and y\v- 
 ifiri, sculpture.] 
 
 .■\n ornament in the frieze of the Doric column, 
 repeated at equal intervals. Each triglyph consists 
 of two entire gutters or channels, cut to a right an- 
 gle, railed glyplts, and separated by three interstices, 
 called femora. Cl/c. 
 TRt-GLYI'H'ie, (a. Consisting of or pertaining 
 TRI-GI-Yl'irie-AL, t to triglyphs. 
 
 2. Containing three sets of characters or sculp- 
 tures. Qiidilon. 
 TRI'GON, n. [Gr. rotit, three, and j umo, angle.] 
 
 1. A triangle ; a term used in astrology for a divis- 
 ion consisting of three signs ; also, trine, an aspect 
 of two planets distant 120 degrees from each other. 
 
 JIulton, 
 
 2. A kind of triangular lyre or harp used among 
 the ancients. 
 
 TRIG'O-NAL, )a. Triangular; having three angles 
 
 TRIG'0-\OUS, i or corners. 
 
 S. In botany, having three prominent longitudinal 
 ansles. J\Iartipi. 
 
 TRIG-0-.\0-MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to trigo- 
 nometry ; performed by or according to the rules of 
 trigonometry. 
 
 TRIG-O-NO-MET'Rie-AL-LY, adv. According to 
 the rules or principles of trigonometry. 
 
 ^siat. Ren. 
 
 TRIG-O-NOM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. rpiyaivos, a triangle, 
 and ^ir(t€i,ij to measure.] 
 
 The measuring of triangles ; the science of deter- 
 mining the sides and angles of triangles, by means 
 of certain parts which are given. When this science 
 is applied to the solution of plane triangles, it is 
 called plane trigonometry ; when its application is to 
 spherical triangh s, it is called .■■•phcricai trigonometry. 
 
 TRI f;n A.M-MAT'ie, a. Containing three sets of 
 fliar;u:(ors or letters. OUddoiu 
 
 TUI-CJRA.M'iMie, o. [Gr. rptif, three, and ypappia, a 
 letter.] 
 
 Consisting of three letters. 
 TRI'GRAPII, (-graf,) n. [-iitif and ypo-^.] 
 
 A name given to three letters having one sound. 
 TRI-6YN'I-A, n. [Gr. rptif, three, and yvvn, a fe- 
 male.] 
 
 In boltiny, an order of plants having three styles. 
 TRt-GY.\'I-A.V, ( a. In botany, having three 
 TRIG'Y.V-OUS!, i stvles. 
 
 TKI IlK'niiAL, a. [See Trihedron.] Havingthrce 
 
 e(iiial side-* (tr faces. 
 TRMlK'DROX, n. [Gr. rntif, three, and tcpo, side.] 
 
 A ligure having three equal sides. 
 TRM'U-GOUS, a. [L. (re..-, three, and jugvm, yoke.] 
 In botany, having three pairs of leatlets. A triju- 
 gotLs leaf is a pinnate loaf with three pairs of leaflets. 
 
 Jifartyn. 
 
 TRT-LAT'ER-AL, a. [Fr., from L. tres, three, and 
 
 lalus, side.] 
 
 Having lliree sides. 
 TRM.AT'ER-AI^LY, adv. With three sides. 
 TRI-LIN"GUAL, ( ling'gwal,) a. [L. tres and tin- 
 
 gua.] 
 
 Consisting of three languages or tongues. 
 TRI-LIT'ER^AL, a. [L. (r«, three, and lUera, let- 
 ter.] 
 
 Consisting of three letters ; as, a Irilitcral root or 
 word. 
 
 TRT-LIT'ER-.\L, n. A word consisting of three let- 
 ters. 
 
 TRIL'I-THO.\, n. [Gr. rpcif, three, and AiSof, a 
 sttmc] 
 
 Three stones placed together like door posts and a 
 lintel. 
 
 TRILL, n. [It. triUo ; Dan. trillr ; G. triller : W. treil- 
 liate, to turn, to roll. But the latter may be con- 
 
 TRl 
 
 tracted from treiglato, to turn ; frai(/, traiipjl, a turn 
 or roll, from the root of draw, dra^r. Trill coincides 
 with Ihirl and drill ; D. drilicn. tiu. reel.] 
 
 A quaver ; a shake of the voice in singing, or of 
 the sound of an instrument. [See Shake.] 
 TRILL, o.t. [n.triaarc] 
 
 To utter with a quavering or tremulousness of 
 voice ; to shake. 
 
 Tlic •oU;r-(*iiUed iongstn'M trills Iicr lay. ThomMon. 
 TRILL, V. i. To flow in a small stream, or in drops 
 rapidly succeeding each other ; to trickle. 
 
 Am) ni'W niul Itien, an Hiiiple tear trilled down 
 
 lior tlcliwle cliffk. Sltak. 
 
 2. To shake or quaver ; to play In tremulous vibra- 
 tions of sound. 
 
 To jiitige of trilling notca and trippinj fccU Dryden. 
 TRILL'£D, pp. Shaken ; uttered with rapid vibra- 
 tions. 
 
 TItlLL'ING, ppr. Uttering with a quavering or 
 sha-ke. 
 
 TRILL'IO.\, {tril'yun,) n. [A word formed arbitra- 
 rily of three, or Gr. rfiiTut, and million.] 
 
 According to the Enirlish notation, the product of a 
 million involved to the third power, or the product 
 of :i million multiplied by a million, and that product 
 multiplied by a iiiillKm ; the product of the square of 
 a million multiplii'd by a million. Thus, 1,0Q0,000 
 X I, ll(m,0()l) = 1,0(10,000,000,01)1), and this product 
 multiplied by a million - 1,0 0,000,000,000,000,000. 
 
 According to the French notation, the number ex- 
 pri!ssed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed = 
 1,000,000,000,000. 
 
 TRM,6'ltATE, a. [L. tres and lobus.] 
 
 Having three lobes. Journ. of Science. 
 
 TRI'LO-lilTE, 71. [Gr. rpcij, three, and Xo/ios, a 
 lobe.] 
 
 One of an extinct family of Crustacea, found in the 
 earliest fossiliferous strata. 
 
 TRI-LOCy-LAR, a. [ L. Ires and /oru.s-, a cell.] 
 
 In botany, tlirce celled ; having three cells for 
 seeds ; as, a trilocular capsule. 
 
 TRIL'O-GY, n. [Gr. rptij and Xoyoj.] A series of 
 three dram.as, which, although e.ich of them is in 
 one sense complete, yet bear a mutual relation, and 
 form but parts of one historical and poetical picture. 
 Phakspeare's Henry VI. is an example. 
 
 TRI-LO'.MIN-AR, ( a. [L. Ires and Inmen, light.] 
 
 TRI-LU'MIN-OUS, ( Having three lights. 
 
 TRIM, a. [Sax. trum, firm, stable, strong, secure; 
 tryman, getrymian, to make firm, to strengthen, to 
 prepare, to order or dispose, to exhort, persuade, or 
 animate. The primary sense is, to set, to strain, or 
 to make straight.] 
 
 Firm; compact; tight; snug; being in good or- 
 der. We say of a ship, she is trim, or trim-built ; ev- 
 ery thing about the man is (rim. We say of a per- 
 son, he is trim, when his body is well-shaped and 
 firm ; and we say his dress is trim, when it sits 
 closely to his body and appears tight and snug; and 
 of posture we say, a man or a soldier is trim, when 
 he stands erect. It is particularly applicable to sol- 
 diers, and in Saxon, (ruma is a troop or body of sol- 
 diers. 
 
 TRI.M, V. t. [S'ax. (rwminn, trymian, to make firm or 
 strong, to strengthen, to prepare, to put in order.] 
 
 1. In a general sen.<e, to make right, that is, to put 
 in due order for any purpose. 
 
 The liermil trimmed liia liule fire. Goldsmith. 
 
 2. To dress ; to put the body in a proper state. 
 
 1 wo* trimmed in Juli.\'« gown. Sltok. 
 
 3. To decorate ; to invest or embellish with extra 
 ornaments ; as, to trim a gown with lace. Dryden. 
 
 4. To clip, as the hair of the head ; also, to shave ; 
 th.1t is, to put in due order. 
 
 5. To lop, as superfluous branches ; to prune ; as, 
 to trim trees. Mortimer. 
 
 G. To adjust for use ; as, to trim a lamp. 
 7. To make neat ; to adjust. 
 
 I found her trimming op ihe diiulem 
 On hrr dvud inioirvM. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 8. In carpentry, to dress, as timber; to make 
 smooth. 
 
 9. To adjust the cargo of a ship, or the weight of 
 persons or goods in a boat, so equally on each side of 
 the center and at each end, that she shall sit well on 
 the water and sail well. Thus we say, to trim a ship 
 or a boat. 
 
 10. To rebuke ; to reprove sharply ; a popular use 
 of the leord. 
 
 11. To arrange in due order for sailing ; as, to trim 
 the sails. 
 
 To trim in : in carpentn/jU) fit, as a piece of timber 
 into other work. Mozon. 
 
 To trim up ; to dress ; to put in order. 
 TRI.M, V. L To balance ; to fluctuate between parties, 
 
 so as to appear to favor each. SoulJt. 
 TRIM, n. Dress; gear; ornaments. Dryden. 
 
 2. The state of a ship or her cargo, ball.ist, masts, 
 tc, by which she is well prepared for sailing. 
 
 7'rim of the masts, is their position in regard to the 
 ship and to each other, as near or distant, far forward 
 or much aft, erect or raking. .^ar. Diet. 
 
 TRI 
 
 7Vim of sails, is that position and arrangement 
 which is best adapted to impel the ship forward. 
 
 Mar. DicL 
 
 TRI-MES'TER, n. [L. trimastru), tres, three, and 
 mensii, month.] 
 
 A term or period of three months. 
 
 Ger. UHiotrnititH. 
 TRIM'E-TER, n. A poetical division of verse, con- 
 sisting of three measures. Loath. 
 TRI.M'E-TER, (a. [Gr. rpi'^crpof, three mcas- 
 TRI-MET'Rie-AL, i ures.] 
 
 (Consisting of three poetical measures, forming an 
 iambir of six feet. Roscommon. 
 TRI-.MET'Rie, a. [Gr. ro.j, threefold, and ptrijai/, 
 measure.] 
 
 In mineralogy, crystals with the axes of three 
 kinds, the three being unequal, as the rectangular 
 and rhoniliic prisms. Dana. 
 TRI.M'LY, aJd. Nicely; neatly; in good order. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 TRIM'M/^D, (triind,) pp. Put in good order ; dressed ; 
 
 ornauieiited ; clipped; shaved; balanced; rebuked. 
 TRI.M'.MER, n. One that trims ; a linie servcr. 
 
 2. A small beam, into which are framed the ends 
 of several joists, as when a well-hole is to be left for 
 stairs, or to avoid bringing joists near chimneys, &c^oUL 
 
 (Iwilt. »|J' 
 
 TRIM'MING, ;ipr. Putting in due order ; dressing ; 
 decorating; pruning; balancing; fluctuating be- 
 tu'ccn parties. 
 
 TRI.M 'MING, n. Ornamental apiiendages to a gar- 
 ineiit, ns lace, ribbons, and the like. 
 
 TUI.M'.Ml.VG-LY, ado. In a trimming manner. 
 
 TKI M'.\ lO.-'S, 71. Neatness; snugness; the state of 
 being close and in good order. 
 
 TRI'NAL, a. [L. trinus, three.] Threefold. Milton. 
 
 TRINE, a. Threefold ; as, trine dimensions, that is, 
 leiiL'th, breadth, and thickness. 
 
 TRI.NF,, ji. (^Siipra.] In u.v(™;/ini/, the aspect of plan- 
 ets distant trom each other liO degrees, or one third 
 of the zodiac. Brande. 
 
 TRI.NE, I). (. To put in the aspect of a trine. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 TRIN'KD, pp. Put in the aspect of a trine. 
 
 TKI-.N'ERV'ATE, a. [L. tres and nervus.] 
 
 In botany, having three unbranched vessels extend- 
 ing from tile base to the ape.x of the leaf 
 
 TRI NERVE, j a. In botany, a Irinervcd or three- 
 
 TRl'NER V-A'D, \ nerved leaf, has three unbranched 
 vessels extending from the base to the apex or 
 point. 
 
 TRIN"GLE, (tring'gle,) n. [Fr.] In architecture, a 
 little stpiare member or ornament, as a listel, reglet, 
 platband, and the like, but particularly a little mem- 
 ber fixetl exactly over every triglyph. Cye. 
 
 TRIN-I-Ta'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Trinity, or 
 to the doctrine of the Trinity. 
 
 TRIN-1-Ta'RI-AN, 71. One who believes the doctrine 
 of the Trinity. 
 
 2. One of a religions order who made it their 
 business to redeem Christians from Turks or infi- 
 dels. 
 
 TRIN-I-Ta'RI-AX-IS.M, n. The doctrine of Trinita- 
 rians. 
 
 TRIN'I-TV, 71. [L. trinitas ; tres and urnu, unitas, 
 one, unity.] 
 
 In theology, the union of three persons in one God- 
 head, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. 
 
 In my whoW ess.-iy, there ia not Kay tiling lilte an olij'-clion 
 against the TVinily. Locke. 
 TRIN'I-TY-HOUSE, 7i. An institution in London 
 for the promotion of commerce and navigation, by 
 licensing pilots, ordering and erectiii" beacons, 4cc. 
 TRINK'ET, 71. [If ;i is casual, this isfrom W'.treciaa, 
 to furnish. See Thick.] 
 
 1. A small ornament, as a jewel, a ring, and the 
 like. Drydrn. Smifl, 
 
 2. A thing of little value ; tackle ; tools. 
 
 Tusser. Kstrangt. 
 TRINK'ET RY, n. Ornaments of dre.ss ; trinkets. 
 TRI-No'MI-AL, a. [L. (rf.«and nomrii.] 
 
 In mathtmaticji , a trinomial quantity is a quantity 
 consisting of three terms, connected by the signs 4- 
 or — . Thus I -)- 1/ -t- :, or a -H A — e. 
 TRI-No'MI-AL, n. A quantity consisting of three 
 terms. 
 
 TRI'0, 71. Three united. 
 
 2. In 77IUSIC, a composition in three parts; often 
 pronounced trVo. Brande. 
 TRI-OH'O-LAR, ) a. [I., triobolaris ; tres and obo- 
 TRI-OH'0-LA-RY, ( lu.i.j 
 
 Of the value of three oDoli ; mean ; worthless. 
 
 Cheyne. 
 
 TRT-Oe-TA-HF.'DRAL, a. [(ri and ortaA^W.) In 
 crystallography, presenting three ranges of faces, one 
 above another, each range containing eight fact s. 
 
 TRI-Oe'TILE, 71. JL. tres, three, and octo, eight.] 
 In astrology, an aspect of two planets with regard 
 to the earth, when they are three oclanus or three 
 eighths of a circle, that is, 135 degrees, distant from 
 each other. llutton. 
 
 TRIN'I-TY-SUN'DAY, ti. The Sunday next after 
 Whitsunday ; so called from the feast held on Uiat 
 day in honor of the Holy Trinity. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH aj SH ; TU as^in THIS. 
 
 1175 
 
t 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRT'O LF.T, H. A stiin/.a of eight liiius, in wliich tlie 
 fir<l line is tlirire rppeuted. Brandc 
 
 TKI'OR, («. [from tr?,.] In /aw, a person appointed 
 
 TKI Ell, i bv the court to examine whi ther a chal- 
 leiise to a panel of jurors, or to any juror, is just. 
 The triors are two indifferent persons. C;,c. 
 
 TRIP, ». I. [G. trippdii ; D. (ri>/ie« ; Sw. trippa ; Dan. 
 tripper : W. tripimo, to trip, to stumble ; from rhip, a 
 skipping. See r|-'I3 and in Caslell.] 
 
 1. To supplant , to cause to full by striking the feet 
 suddenly from un(. T tlie person ; usually followed 
 by up ; .as, to trip up a man in wrestling ; to trip up 
 the heels. Shak. 
 
 2. To supplant ; to ov>>rtlirow' by depriving of sup- 
 port, Bratiihall. 
 
 3. To catch ; to detect. Shuk. 
 
 4. To loose an anchor from the bottom by its cable 
 or buoy -rope. -Wur. DM. 
 
 TRIP, r. 1. To stuittble; to strike the foot against 
 something, so as to lose the step and come near to 
 fall ; or to stumble and fall. 
 2. To err ; to fail ; to mistake ; to be deficient 
 
 TRIPH'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. Tf.4is, three, and ^uAAot, 
 leal'.' 
 
 Virjil prcienda tometiineB to trip. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 TRIP, V. i. [Ar. wvjja tariba, to move lightly; al- 
 lied perhaps to Sw. trappa, Dan. trappe, G. treppe, 
 stairs.) 
 
 To 
 
 1 
 
 step 
 
 run or step lightly ; to walk with a light 
 
 She boundpd by and tripped so li^iit 
 They had not lime lo Uke a sle.idy siyht. 
 Thus from the lion trips the treinbliti^ doe. 
 
 Dryden. 
 Dn/den. 
 
 2. To take a voyage or journey. 
 TRIP, Ji. A stroke or catch by which a wrestler sup 
 plants his antagonist. 
 
 And watclies with a trip his foe to foil. Dryden. 
 
 2. A stumble by the loss of foothold, or a strikiu! 
 of the foot against an object. 
 
 3. A failure ; a mistake. 
 
 Fiiruratively, a slight error arising from haste or in 
 consideration. 
 
 Each seeniinf trip, and each di^ssive stirl. Harte. 
 
 4. .K brief journey, or a voyage ; an excursion or 
 jaunt. 
 
 I look a trip to London on the death of the queen. Pope. 
 
 5. In navigation, a single board in plying to wind- 
 ward. ° Cyc. 
 
 6. Among farmers, a small flock of sheep, or a 
 small stock of them. [Local] Ciic. 
 
 TIUP'.'VR-TITE, a. {Ft., from L. triparlitus ; tres, 
 three, and partitus, divided ; partior.] 
 
 1. Divided into three parts. In botany, a tripnrtiU 
 leaf is one which is divided into three parts down to 
 the base, but not wholly separate. Marlyn. 
 
 2. Having three corresponding parts or copies ; as, 
 indentures tripartite, 
 
 TRl-PA.K-TI"TION, ( tish'un,) 71. A division by 
 three, or the taking of a third part of any number or 
 quantity. Q"<^- 
 
 TRII'K, n. [Ft. id. : Sp. tripa : It. trippa ; G. tripp ; Russ. 
 trrbacha ; \V. tripa, from rkip, from rhib, a streak or 
 driblet. In Sp. tripe, Uan.«n>, is shag, plush. This 
 word is probably from tearing, ripping, like .strip.] 
 
 1. Propcrtii, the entrails ; but in common iu^a:re, 
 the large stomach of ruminating animals, prepared 
 for fond. 
 
 2. In ludicrous lan^uaire, the belly. 
 TRIP'E-DAL, <j. [L. trwand pes.] 
 
 Having three feet. 
 TRIPB'-M AN, n. A man who sells tripe. 
 
 TRi:pl'N'NATE,' \ "■ '"'"""•^ 
 In botami, a tripinnate leaf is a spi cies of supradc- 
 
 conipoiind leaf, wnen a petiole has bipinnale leaves 
 
 ranged on each side of it. Martyn. 
 TRI-PKR'.-:Oi\-AL, a. [h. tres nud persona.] 
 
 Cimsisting of tliree persons. Milton. 
 TRI-PER-SON-AL'I-TV, n. The state of existing in 
 
 three persona in (me Godhead. Milton. 
 TRT-PKT'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. r/jtis, three, and fftroAor, 
 
 leaf.] 
 
 In botany, thrce-petaled ; having three petals or 
 flower leaves. 
 TRIP'-HAM-MER, n. 
 forces. 
 
 TRI'PII WE, n. [Gr. roeif and fawo).] 
 
 A mineral, spodumene. 
 TRIPH'TIIONG, (irif'thong,) n. [Gr. 
 and <plt 'I, Bound.] 
 
 A coalition of three vowels in one compound 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 A large hammer used in 
 
 Ure. 
 three, 
 
 goiind. or in one Rvllable. as in adieu, rye. 
 TRIPH-THON"GAI,, (trif thong'gal,) n. Pertaining to 
 
 a Iriplilhong ; consiHling of a Iriplilliong. 
 TRIPH'V-LI.N'E, (-lin,) n. [Gr. r^m, threefold, and 
 <pvXn, family, in alluuion U> ita containing three 
 phf>sphates. j 
 
 A mineral of a grayish-green or bluish color, con- 
 flating of ths |ihuii|ibatvs of iron, inangaiiese, and 
 lilliia. '■'""'^ 
 
 In botany, three-leaved ; having three leaves. 
 TRIP'LE, (trip'l,) a. [Fr., from L. triplex, triplus ; 
 tres and plico, to fold.] 
 
 1. Threefold ; consisting of three united ; as, a 
 triple knot ; a triple tie. 
 
 By Uiy triple shape as th m an seen. Dryden. 
 
 2. Treble ; three times repeated. [Pee Treble.] 
 Triple salt : in cltemistni, a salt in which two bases 
 
 are combined with one acid ; more properly regarded 
 as a double salt. Brande. 
 
 Triple time, in music, is that in which each bar is 
 divided into three measures or equal parts, as three 
 minims, three crotchets, three quavers, &.c. 
 TRIP'LE, V. t. To treble; to make threefold, or 
 thrice as much or as many. [Usually written 
 Treble.] 
 
 TRlP'LE-€ROWN-ED, a. Having three crowns. 
 TIUP'LJ=;D, (trip'ld,) pp. Made threefold. 
 TRIP'LE-HEAD-ED, a. Having three heads. 
 TRIP'LET, 71. [from triple.] Three of a kind, or 
 three united. 
 
 2. In poetry, three verses rhyming together. 
 
 3. In music, three notes sung or played in the time 
 of two. 
 
 TIUP'Li eATE, a. [L. triplicatus, triplico ; tres and 
 plico, to fold.] 
 
 JIade thrice as much ; threefold. 
 Triplicate ratio is the ratio wliich cubes be.ar to 
 each other. Cyc. 
 TItlP'LI-eATE, 71. A third paper or thing correspond- 
 ing to two others of the siiine kind. 
 TRIP'LI-e.'VTE-TERN'ATE, a. In botany, thrice 
 
 ternate. The same as Triternate, which see. 
 TRIP-L1-€a'T[ON, 77. The act of trebling or making 
 threefold, or adding three together. Olaiiville. 
 
 2. In the cicil law, the same as surrejoinder in 
 common law. 
 
 TRI-PLIC'I-TV, (tri-plis'e-te,) 77. [Fr. tripUciti ; from 
 L. tripler.] 
 
 Trebleness ; the state of being threefold. Watts. 
 TRIP'LING, 71. Making threefold. 
 TRIP'LITE, 71. An imperfectly crystallized mineral, 
 of a very dark-brown color, consisting of phosphoric 
 acid anti the oxyds of manganese and iron. Dana. 
 TRIP'1.V-RIB-B£D, (-ribd,) a. [triple and rib.] In 
 botanii, iLiving a pair of large ribs branching off froni 
 the main one .ibove the base, as in the leaves of 
 many species of sunflower. Smith. 
 TRIP'-M.AD-AM, 71. A |)lant. jVur(ii7ier. 
 TRI'POD, 71. [L. tripus, Iripodis ; Gr. Tpmovi ; rptis, 
 three, and ttkus, foot.] 
 
 A bench, stool, or seat supported by three legs, on 
 which the priest and sibyls in ancient times were 
 placed to render oracles. Dryden. Cyc. 
 
 TIIIP'O-LI, (trip'o-le,) n. In mineralogy, an earthy 
 substance origin.ally brought from Tripoli, used in 
 polishing stones and metals. It has a dull, argilla- 
 ceous appearance, but is not compact. It has a fine, 
 hard grain, but does not soften by w.ater, or mix 
 with it. It is principally silica, and has been found 
 to consist almost wholly of the cast shells of micro- 
 scopic animalcules. Dana. Cyc. 
 TRIP O-LINE, (-lin,) a. Pertaining to tripoli. 
 TRI POS, n.; pi. Triposes. A tripos pajier, which 
 
 2. One who prepares a tripos pajier. 
 TRl'POS P.\'PER 71. .\\. the unii^ersitii of Cambridge, 
 Entiland, a printed list of the successful candidates for 
 muUHiii.iiical honors, accompanied by a piece in 
 Latin verse. There are two of these, designed to 
 coinmcinorate the two Tripos days. The first con- 
 tains the names of the wrangh rs and senior op- 
 times, and the second the names of the junior o|)- 
 times. The word tripos is supposed to refer to the 
 three-legged stmd, formerly used at the examinations 
 for these honors, though some derive it from the 
 three brackets formerly printed on the back of the 
 paper. C..^. Bristed. 
 
 Classical tripos eiamination ; the final university 
 examination for classical honors, optional to all who 
 have taken the mathematical honors. 
 
 C. j3. Brxstcd. 
 TRIP'PKD, (tript,) pp. [from trip.] Supplanted. 
 TRIP'PER, 71. One who trips or supplants ; one 
 
 w nlks iiiiiiblv. 
 TRIP'PING, ppr. Supplanting; stumbling ; falling ; 
 stepping nimbly. 
 2. a. Qiiick ; nimble. Mdlon. 
 TRIP'PI.VG, 71. The act of tripping. 
 
 2. A light dance. Milton. 
 
 3. The loosing of an anchor from the ground by 
 its cable or liiioy-ropc. 
 
 TKIP'PINXJ-LY, adv. Nimbly ; with a light, nimble, 
 quick step ; with agility. 
 
 connection with the use of the hot hath, which is 
 
 com n in Egypt, Turkey, Greece, and Russia, in 
 
 modern times, and which was practiced by the an- 
 cients. It is used in India without the bath. In 
 modern Greek, it is called tripsimon. It is also called 
 Shampooing. 
 
 TRIP'TOTE, 77. [Gr. rneis, three, and Trrutri?, case.] 
 In erainmar, a name or noun having three cases 
 only. , Clarke. 
 
 TRI-PU'DI-A-RY, o. [L. (ripurfiuTn.] 
 
 Pertaining to dancing ; performed by dancing. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 TRi-PU'DI-aTE, c. i. [L. tripudio.] 
 
 To dance. Cockeram. 
 TRI-PU-DI-a'TION, 71. [L. tripudio, to dance.] 
 
 Act of (lancing. Johnson. 
 TRI-QUe'TROUS, a. [L. triquetrus, from triijuetra, 
 a triangle.] 
 
 Three-sided ; having three plane sides. Encyc 
 TRI-Ra'DI-a-TED, a. [L. tres and radius.] 
 
 HavinL' three rays. 
 TRI'RE.ME, 71. [L. triremis ; tres and remus.j 
 
 A galley or vessel with three benches or ranks of 
 oars on a side. Mitford. 
 TRT-RH0M-B0ID'.\L, o. [tri and rhomboidai.] Hav- 
 
 iii" three rhombic faces or sides. 
 TRI-SAG-RA-MENT-A'RI-AN, 71. [L. tres, three, 
 and sacrament.] 
 
 One of a religious sect who admit of three sacra- 
 ments and no more. Cyc 
 TRIS-A'GI-ON, 77. [Gr. rpcis, three, and ayior, 
 
 ''"a hymn in which the word holy is repe.tted three 
 times. Cyc. 
 TRi-SEeT', V. t. [L. tres, three, and seco, to cut.] 
 
 To cut or divide into three equal parts. Mien. 
 TRi-SEeT'ED, pp. Divided into three equal parts. 
 TKI-SEGT'ING, ppr. Dividing into three equal parts. 
 TRI-SEe'TION, 71. [L. tms and srctio, a cutting ] 
 The division of a thing into three parts ; purticu- 
 larly, in acometry, the division of an angle into three 
 equal par°ts. Hutlon. 
 TRi-SEP'A-LOUS, 0. In botany, having three sepals, 
 
 or small bracts of a calyx. DecandoUe. 
 TRIS-Oe-T.\-Hi5'DRON, 71. [Gr. rpif, three times, 
 oKTi.i, eight, and tt^.m, face.] 
 
 A solid bounded by twenty-four equal faces, three 
 corresponding lo each face of an octahedron. Dana. 
 
 TRI-SPASn'oN, ( "• f^'- ''""'•^ 
 In mechanics; a machine with three pulleys for 
 raising great weights. Brande. 
 TRI-SPER.M'OUS, a. [Gr. rptif, three, and tm-fipa, 
 seed.] 
 
 Three-seeded , containing three seeds ; as, a Iri- 
 .vpermons capsule. 
 ^rIsT'fUL l"- ll^-tristis,s^d.] 
 
 that 
 
 Shiff aii<l d.uif'; it trippingly, 
 iipvak llic ■p.:txh Irippingty c 
 
 Shale. 
 
 the tongue, 
 
 TRIP'SIS, 71. [Gr. TP'tpif, friction, the act of rub- 
 bing, from rpi/yi.i, to rub.] 
 
 The process of rubbing and percussing the whole 
 surface of the body, and, at the same tune, flexing 
 ond extending the limbs, and racking the joints, in 
 
 Sad ; sorrowful ; gloomv. [JVot used.] Shak. 
 TRIST'FUL-LY, adv. Sadlv. 
 TRIS-TI''TIaTE, (-tish'ite,) v. t. [L. tristitm.] 
 
 To make sad. [Aot used.] Feltham. 
 TRI'SIILC, 71. [L. triiulcus.] 
 
 Something having three furrows. [JVot m use.] 
 
 Brown, 
 
 TRT-SULC'.'VTE, a. Having three furrows. 
 
 TRlS-YL-LAB'ie, j a. [from trisyllable.] Per- 
 
 TRIS-YL-L.\B'ie-AL, ( taining lo a trisyllable ; con- 
 sisting of three syllables ; as, a trisyllabic word or 
 root. , „ , 
 
 TRIS-YL'LA-BLE, 71. [L. tres, three, and syllaba, 
 syllable.) 
 
 A word consisting of three syllables. 
 
 TRITE, a. [L. Iritu.<, from tero, to wear.] 
 
 Worn out; common; used till so common as to 
 have lost its novelty and interest ; as, a trite remark ; 
 a trite subject. 
 
 TUl TE'LY, adv. In a common manner. 
 
 TRlTE'NESS, 71. Cimiinoiincss ; staleness ; a state 
 of being worn out; as, the triteness of an observa- 
 tion or a subjert. 
 
 TRi-TERN'ATE, a. [L. tres, three, and ternate.] 
 
 Three times ternate ; applied to a petiole which 
 separates into three, and is again divided at each 
 point into three, and on each of these nine points 
 bears Ihree leaflets. 
 
 TRI'TIIE ISM, 71. [Fr. trithei.^me ; Gr. rptij, three, 
 and Oruf, God.) , .. , o •. 
 
 The opinion that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, 
 are three beings or Gods. Miirdock. 
 
 TRI'TIIE-IST 71. One who believes th.it Ihe three 
 persons in the Godhead are three distinct beings or 
 (;iids. • Murdock. 
 
 TRT-THE-IST'ie, a. Pertaining to tritheism. 
 
 TRI'TIIE ITE, 71. A tritheist. 
 
 TRI'TIIING 71. [from (/ircr.) One of Ihe divisions 
 of the county of York, in England, which is divided 
 into three parts. It is now called Run no. 
 
 Bliickstone. 
 
 TRIT'ie-AL,a. [fromlrilf.] Trite ; common. [JVo( 
 
 171 «.*f .] „. . , , 
 
 TRIT'IC-AL-NESS, 71. Triteness. [JVtif used.] 
 
 H'arton. 
 
 TRI'TON, 71. In mytholo/ry, a fabled sea denii-god, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.- METE, PREY. -PINE, MARINE, BIRD— NOTE. DOVE, MOVE. WQLF, BQQK.- 
 
 1176 
 
TRI 
 
 supposed to be tlie trumpeter of Neptune. He is 
 represented by poets and painters as lialf man and 
 half fish. Ciic. 
 
 2. According to Linna?us, a penus of !\Iollusca 
 compreliendiiif; only one species, wliicli inhabits the 
 cavities uf sul>marine rocks in Italy. 
 
 3. According toCuvier, a genus of Ratrncliinn rep- 
 tiles, or aquatic salamanders, comprehending numer- 
 ous S[)ecies. 
 
 TRI'TONE, n. [L. ires and (ohiw.I 
 
 In music, a false concord, or dissonant interval, 
 consisting of three tones, or of two tones and two 
 8emit<tnes, Cyc. 
 
 TRI-TO.X'YD, n. [Gr. rpiroi, third, and oTijd.] 
 
 In clicmistrij, a nun-acid compound of one ecjuiva- 
 lent of a base, with three equivalents of oxygen. 
 
 TKIT'll-RA-liLE, a. fSee Tritubati:.] Capable of 
 being reduced to a fine powder by pounding, rub- 
 bing, or grinding. Bromi. 
 
 TKIT'lJ-KATE, i>. t. [L. Irlluro, from trilus, tcru, to 
 wear.] 
 
 To rub or grind to a very fine powder, and prop- 
 erly to a finer powder than that made by pulveriza- 
 tion. 
 
 TRIT'I^-Ra-TED, pp. or a. Reduced to a very fine 
 (Kjwder. 
 
 TRIT'l!-RA-TING, ppr. Grinding or reducing to a 
 
 very fine powder. 
 TRIT-IJ-RA'TION, ti. The act of reducing to a fine 
 
 powder l)y grinding. 
 TRIT'URE, n. A rubbing or grinding. [^Totvsed.] 
 
 Ckcync. 
 
 TRT-TC'RI-UM, n. A vessel for separating liquors of 
 
 different densities. 
 TRI'L!.MI'H,Ti. [Vt.triomphe; It.trionfo; Sp. (riun/u ; 
 
 L. triumplius; Gr. S(/(a/;/?«$.] 
 
 1. Among the ancient Romans, a pompous cere- 
 mony performed in honor of a victorious general. 
 He was allowed to enter the city crowned with a 
 wreath of laurel, bearing a scepter in one han<l, and 
 a branch of laurel in the otiier, riding in a circular 
 chariot, of a peculiar form, drawn by four horses. He 
 was preceded by the senate and magistrates, musi- 
 cians, the spoils, the captives in fetters, &c., and 
 followed by his army on foot in marching order. 
 The procession advanced in this manner to the Cap- 
 itoline liill, where sacrifices were offered and the vic- 
 torious commander entertained with a public feast. 
 The honor of a triumph was granted by the senate 
 only to a dictator, consul, or prelor, and after a de- 
 cisive victory or the complete subjugation of a prov- 
 ince. The ovation vi ns an honor inferior toa triumph, 
 and less imposing in its ceremonies. Smitli^s Diet, 
 
 2. State of being victorious. 
 
 Hprciilra fr«m Spain 
 A rriveil in triumpk, from Gt'ryyn •tain. Dryden, 
 
 3. Victory ; con<|ues(. 
 
 The Tnin coqiiiMd's the trifling triumpha bonst. Log;ie, 
 
 4. Joy (ir exultation for success. 
 
 Great triumph and rejoicing was in heaven. Milton, 
 
 5. A card that lakes all others ; now written 
 Tbump, which see. 
 
 TRI'UMPH, V. i. To celebrate victory with pomp; to 
 rejoice for victory. 
 
 How long ihall the wickwl triumph 7 — Pi. xcitr. 
 
 2. To obtain victory. 
 
 There fix thy faith, ami triumph o'er the world. Roiee, 
 AttirttI with itam, we shall furcver tit 
 
 Triumphing over deatii. Milton, 
 
 3. To insult upon an advantage gained. 
 
 Liet not my enemiea triumph over me. — P». XXT. 
 
 Sorrow on all the pitck ol you 
 
 That triumph thus upon my mijery. Shak. 
 i. To be prosperous ; to flourish. 
 
 Where eominerec Iriumpheti on the faTorin* p-atei. TrumbuU. 
 
 To triumpli oter; to succeed in overcoming; to 
 fturniount ; as, to triumpli over all obstacles. 
 TRI-UMPirAL, a. [Kr., from L. triumphalLo.] 
 
 Pertaining to triumph ; used in a triumph ; as, a 
 triumpluil crown or car ; a triumphal arch. 
 
 Pope. Sicift, 
 
 TRT-UMPirAL, n. A token of victory. Milton. 
 TRI-U.MPH'ANT, a, [L. triumplians.] 
 
 1. Celebrating victory ; as, a triumphant chariot. 
 
 South, 
 
 2. Rejoicing as for victor)'. 
 
 Succestiful beyond hope to lead you forth 
 
 Triumphant out of Uiis inlernal pit. Milton. 
 
 3. Victorious ; graced with conquest. 
 
 So ihalt it be in the church triumphant, Perkint, 
 Athena, war's tnumphnnl inaiit. Pope, 
 
 4. Celebrating victory ; expressing joy for success ; 
 as, a triumphant song. 
 
 TRI-UMPll'ANT-I,V,arfr. In a triumphant manner; 
 with the Joy and exultation that proceeds from vic- 
 tory or success. 
 
 Tbroufh armed moki triumphantly she drive*. GlanvilU. 
 
 2. Victoriously ; with success. 
 
 Triumphantiy tread on thy country's rriio. Shak, 
 
 3. With insolent exultation. South. 
 
 TRO 
 
 TRI'Ui\Il'II-ER,n. One who triumphs or rejoices for 
 victory ; one who vanquishes. 
 2. Une whj was honored with a triumph in Rome. 
 
 Pearham. 
 
 TRI'UMPH-ING, ppr. Celebrating victor)' with |)omp; 
 vani|iiishing ; rejoicing for victory; insulting on an 
 advantage. 
 
 TRI UM'VIR, n. ; pt. Trium'vibi or Trium'virs. [L. 
 £rM, three, and vir, man.] 
 
 One of three men united In office. The tri- 
 umvirs (L. triumviri) of Rome were three men 
 who jointly obtained the sovereign power in Rome. 
 The first of these were Julius Cesar, Crasstis, and 
 Ponipey. 
 
 TRI-UM'VI-RATE, n. A coalition of three men ; 
 particularly, the union of three men who obtained 
 the government of the Roman em|)ire. 
 2. Government by three men in coalition, 
 TRI'lJNE, (tri'yiinc,) a. [L. tres and ii/iits.] 
 
 Three in une ; an epithet applied to God, to express 
 the unity of the Godhead in a trinity of persons. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TRI-tJ'NI-TY, n. Trinity. 
 
 TUI-VALV'li-LAR, a. Three-valved ; having three 
 valves. 
 
 TRIV'ANT, n. A truant. Burton. 
 
 TRi-VERiri-AL, a. [I,, triverbium.] 
 
 Triverbial days, in the Roman calendar, were ju- 
 ridical or court days, days allowed to the pretor for 
 hearing causes; culled also Dies Fasti. There were 
 only twenty-eight in the year. Cyc. 
 
 TRIVET, «. A three-legged stool. [See Tbevet.] 
 
 TRIV'I-.AL, a. [Fr., from L. triralis, probably from 
 theGr. rpi/ioi, L. tcro,trivi, to wear, or from Irivium, 
 a liighway.] 
 
 1. Trifling; of little worth or importance; in- 
 considerable ; as, a trivial subject ; a trivial aflair. 
 
 Drtjdcn. Pope, 
 
 2. Worthless ; vulgar. Roscommon. 
 Trivial name ; in natural histonj, the name for the 
 
 species, which adtled to th«; generic name forms the 
 complete dent>ininati<M) of the plant , me specific 
 name. Thus in Lathtjrus aphaca, luthtjrns is the 
 generic name, and apltaca the trivial or specific name, 
 and the two combined form tiie complete denomina- 
 tion of the plant. Linnaeus at first applied the 
 phrase sprcijic name to the essential character of the 
 species, now called the sjtcci^fic definition or difference; 
 but it is now ajtplied solely to the trivial name. 
 
 Martyn. Cyc. 
 
 TRIV-t-AI-'I-TV, 71. Trivialness. [JVot much used.] 
 
 TRIV'I-AL-LY, adv. Commonly ; vulgarly. 
 
 2. Lightly ; inconsiderably ; in a trifling degree. 
 
 TRIV'I-A1.-NESS, )i. Commonness. 
 2. Lightness; unimpttrttince. 
 
 TRiy'l UM, n. [L.] The three arts of grammar, 
 logic, and rhetoric. Sti the quadrivium was the 
 four arts, music, arithmetic, geometry, astrontimy. 
 Tliese are the seven liberal sciences. Brandc. 
 
 TRoAT, t". i. To cry, as u buck in rutting time. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 TR6AT, n. The cry of a buck in rutting time. 
 TRO'GXR, n. [Fr. un trois quart, expressive of its 
 
 triangular point.] 
 
 A surgical instrument for tapping dropsical persons 
 
 and the like. 
 
 TRO-eHA'ie, )a. [See Trochee.] In poetry, 
 
 TRO-GII A'lC-AL, ( consisting of trochees; as, tro- 
 chaic measure or verse. 
 
 TRO-CIIAN'TER, ( kan'ter,) n. [Gr. TpoxavTiip.] 
 In anatomy, the trochanters are two processes of 
 the thigh-bone, at its upper end, called major and mi- 
 nor, the tnajor on the outside, and the minor on the 
 inside. Coze. Cyc. 
 
 TRO'eilE, (tro'kC,) n. [Gr. rpoyn, a wheel.] 
 
 A form of medicine in a circular cake or tablet, or 
 a stiff paste cut into proper portions and dried. It 
 is made by mixing the meilicine with sugar and mu- 
 cilage, and is intended to be gradually dissolved in 
 the mouth and slowly swallowed, as a demulcent. 
 
 TRO'eilEE, (tro'kee,) n. [L. trodiaxLa; Gr. Tpoxui"f, 
 from rfj£x<J.J 
 
 In verse, a foot of two syllables, the first long and 
 the second short. 
 
 TRO-€IHL'ie, a. Having power to draw out or turn 
 roll ml. 
 
 TRO-eillL'ieS, n. [Gr. rpoxiXio, from rptxw i L. 
 irochilus.'\ 
 The science of rotary motion. 
 TROeH'l-LUS, I n. [L. lro(;Ai/i« ; Gr. rpoYiXoj, from 
 TRO'CHIL, 1 r-jrx-.., to run.] 
 
 1. In laHlo/pj, the humming-bird or honey-siicker, 
 a kind of beautiful little birds, natives of America. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 2. In orcAif<c(iir«, a hollow ring round a column ; 
 called also Scotia, and by workmen the Casehe:it. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 3. An aqu.atic bird, a swift runner, with long legs, 
 which is said to get its meat out of the crocodile's 
 mouth. Sir T. Herbert. 
 
 4. A name given to the golden-crowned wren. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TRO'eillNGS, (tro'kingz,) n. pL The small branches 
 on the top of a deer's liead. Cyc. 
 
 TRO 
 
 TRO'eillSClI, (trS'kish,) n. [Gr. r,)„Y"r«"t.] 
 A kind of tablet or lozenge. [See TRocnr.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 TROeil'LE-A, (trok'-,) n. [L., a pulley, from Gr. 
 Tpc\(o, to run.] 
 
 A pulley-like cartilage, through which the tendon 
 of the trochlenrv muscle passes. Core. Parr, 
 TROeU'LE-A-RV, a. [from L. trochlea.] 
 
 Pertaining to the trochlea; as, the froc/i/r/iry mus- 
 cle, the superior oblique muscle of the eyt; ; the trueh- 
 leary nerve, the pathetic nerve, which goes to that 
 muscle. Parr. 
 TRO'CHOID, (iro'koid,) n. [Gr. Tpox°fi L. Iroehiu, 
 from rptxto, to run, and ciini.] 
 
 In gromrtry, the curve described by any point in a 
 wheel rolling straight forward on a level ; a cycloid. 
 
 Brande, 
 
 TROD, pret. of Tread. 
 TROD, I f ,„ 
 
 TROD'DK.V, i J^"':*''' 
 TRfiDE, old pret, of Tbead. 
 
 TR6DE, n. Tread ; footing. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 TROG'LO-DTTE, n, [Gr. r/JujA/), a cavern, and 
 6vM, to enter.] 
 
 One dwelling in a subterraneous cave ; applied by 
 the ancients to certain tribes living far up the Nile. 
 TROLL, p. (. [G. trollen ; W. troliaw, to troll, to roll ; 
 troelli, to turn, wheel, or wliirl ; froeU, a ivheel, a 
 reel ; trol, a roller. It is probably formed on roll.] 
 
 To move in a circular direction ; to roll ; to move 
 volubly ; to turn ; to drive about. 
 
 They k-am to roll the eye, and IroU the tongue. Anon, 
 
 TRoLL, V. i. To roll ; to run about ; as, to troll in a 
 coach and six. SicifU 
 
 2. Among anglers, to fish, as fi>r pikes, with a rod 
 whose line runs tui a wheel or pulley. Oay. Cyc. 
 
 TRCilA.'F.n, pp. Ridleil ; turned about. 
 
 TRoLL'ING, ppr. Rolling; turning; driving about; 
 fishing with a mil anil reel. 
 
 TROL'LOr, «. (<;. trulle ; from troll, strolling.] 
 
 A stroller; a loiterer; a woman loosely dressed ; a 
 slattern. Milton. 
 
 TROL LOP-EE', n. Formerly a loose dress for fe- 
 males. [Ohs.] OoUsmiVl, 
 
 TROL'MV'-DAiMES, n. [Fr. trou-madame.] 
 
 The game of nine-holes. Shak. 
 
 TRO.M'HoNE, n. [It.] A deep-toned instriinieiit of 
 the trumpet kind, consisting of three tubes ; the first, 
 to which the mouth-piece is attached, and the third, 
 which terminates in a bell-shaped orifice, are placed 
 side by side ; the middle tube is doubled, and slides 
 into the other two like the tube of a telesco|>e. liy 
 the slitlc of the tube it cunimaiitls every semitone 
 throughout its whole compass, and surpasses every 
 other instrument in admitting, like the violin or the 
 voice, the introduction of the slide. K. 'J'. Filch. 
 
 TROiMP, ;i. [See Tbl'mpet.] A blowing machine 
 formed of a hollow tree, used in furnaces. 
 
 TROMP'IL, n. An aperture in a tromp. 
 
 TRO'N.'V, n. A native sest|iiicarbonatc of soda, found 
 on the banks of the soda lakes of Sukena, in Af- 
 rica. Brande. 
 
 TRo'NAGE, n. Formerly, a toll or duty paid for 
 weighing wool. Cijc. 
 
 TRO-NA'TOR, 11. An officer in London whose busi- 
 ness was to weigh wool. 
 
 TRON'eO, n. [L. truncus.] 
 
 A term, in Italian music, directing a note or sound 
 to be cut short, or just uttered and then discontin- 
 ued. Cye. 
 
 TRS.NE, n. A provincial word, in some parts of Eng- 
 land, for a small drain. Cyc 
 
 TRONEsi"- A steelyard. [JTorth of England.] 
 TRON'-U EIGHT, n. A weight formerly used in 
 Scotland. A pound in this weight varied from 21 to 
 28 ounces avoirdupois. Brande. 
 TROOP, II. [I'r. troupe; It. truppa; Sp. anil Port, tro- 
 pa; Daii. and D. frop ; G. trupp : Sw. tropp. The 
 Gaelic trapan, a bunch or cluster, is probably the 
 same word. The sense is, a crowd, or a moving 
 crowd.] 
 
 1. A collection of people ; a company ; a number ; 
 a multitude. Oen, xlix. 2 Sam. xxiii. IIos. vii. 
 
 That which should accompany old a^, 
 
 As honor, love, obedience, Iroops ot Inendj, 
 
 1 mu»t nut look to have. Shak. 
 
 2. A body of soldiers. But, applied to infantry, it 
 is now used in the plural, troops : and this word signi- 
 fies soldiers in genenl, whether more or less numer- 
 ous, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery. We ap- 
 ply the word to a company, a regiment, or an army. 
 'J'he captain ordered his troops to halt ; the coliuiel 
 commanded his troops to wheel, and take a position 
 on the flank ; the general ordered his troops to at- 
 tack ; the troops of France amounted to 400,000 men. 
 
 3. Troop, in the singular ; a small body or com|iany 
 of cavalry, light horse, or dragoons, commanded bj 
 a captain. 
 
 4. A company of stage-players. C«xe'» Rusa, 
 TROOP, V. i. To collect in numbers. 
 
 Armies, at the call of trumpet. 
 Troop to their standanl. Millo*. 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, UNITE. — AiV'GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; Cll as SII ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 148 
 
 vvvu 
 
 1177 
 
TRO 
 
 TRO 
 
 TRO 
 
 2. To march in a budy. 
 
 I do not, as an enemy to ivnce, 
 
 Troop in the throngs of military men. Shale. 
 
 3. To march in liaste or in company. 
 
 Shak. Chapman. 
 TROOP'ER, 71. A private or soldier in a body of cav- 
 alry ; a horse-soldier. 
 TROOP'ING, ppr. Moving togetlier in a crowd ; 
 
 marching in a body. 
 TRoPE, 71. [L. tropus : fir. ro.jTrnf, from tocttoi, to 
 turn ; VV. troua, a turn, a tropic; trov&u, to turn.] 
 
 In rhetoric, a word or expression used in a differ- 
 ent sense from tliat .vhich it properly signifies ; or a 
 word changed from its original signilication to an- 
 other, for the sake cf giving life or emphasis to an 
 idea ; as when we call a stupid fellow an ass, or a 
 shrewd man a fox. 
 
 Tropes are chielly of four kinds ; metaphor, meton- 
 yrjnj, synecdoche, and irony. Some authors make fig- 
 ures the genus, of which trope is a species ; others 
 make them different things, delining trope to be a 
 cliange of sense, and figure to be any ornament, ex- 
 cept what becomes so by such change. 
 TRo'PHI, 7!. pi. [Gr. rp.jc^os, one who feeds.] 
 
 In eiitomoUigit, the parts employed in feeding. 
 TRo'PHI-£D, (tro'fid,) a. [from trophy.} Adorned 
 with tropliies. 
 
 The Irophied arches, storied linlls invade. Pope. 
 
 TRO-PHO'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Grecian archi- 
 tect Trophonius, or his cave, or his architecture. 
 
 DwighU 
 
 TROPH'O-SPERM, 71. [Gr. rpo-pos, one who feeds, a 
 nurse, and o-^eofta, seed.] 
 
 In botany, that part of the ovary from which the 
 ovules arise. It is most commonly called Placenta, 
 sometimes Spermaphore, and sometimes Recepta- 
 cle of ttie seeds. Lindley. 
 
 TRo'PHY, (tro'fe,) 7!. [L. tropieum ; Gr. rpov.atov ; 
 Fr. Irophee ; Sp. and It. trofeo.} 
 
 1. Among (Ac ancient?, a pile of arms, taken from 
 a vanquished enemy, raised on the field of battle by 
 the conquerors, oden placed on Ihe trunk of a tree, 
 fixed on an elevation ; also, the representation of 
 such a pile in marble, on medals, and the like. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. Any thing taken and preserved as a memorial 
 of victory ; as arms, flags, standards, and tlie like, 
 taken from an enemy. , 
 
 Around the posts hun^ helmets, dirts, and spean, 
 
 And cipiive chiriuta, axes, sliiflds, and liars, 
 
 And broken beiiks of ships, the trophita of their wars. Dryden. 
 
 3. In architecture, an ornament representing the 
 stem of a tree, charged or encompassed with arms 
 and military weapons, offensive and defensive. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 4. Something th;it is evidence of victory; memo- 
 rial of conquest. Present every liearer to Christ as a 
 trophii nf grace. 
 
 TRo'PUY-MO.V-EY, (trS'fc-mun-ne,) 71. A duty paid 
 in England annually, by hcjusekeepers, toward pro- 
 viding harness, drums, colors, &c., for the militia. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TROP'ie, 71. [Fr. Iropiqne; L. tropicus; from the Gr. 
 rpn-nri, a turning ; t/jctw, to turn.] 
 
 1. In aslronomi/, a name given to two parallels of 
 latitude, one (the tropic of Cancer) being 23° 28' 
 north of the equator, and the other (the tropic of 
 Capricorn) being 23° 28' south of the equator. They 
 mark the point at which the sun turns again toward 
 the equator from its utmost declination to the north 
 or south. The space lying between the tropics is 
 called the torrid zone. Olmsted. 
 
 TROP'ie-AL, o. Pertaining to the tropics ; being 
 within the tropics ; as, tropica; climates ; (ropicanati- 
 tudes ; tropical heat ; tropical winds. 
 
 2. Incident to the tropics ; as, fro/iiVai diseases. 
 
 3. [from trope.} Figurative ; rhetorically changed 
 from its projier or original sense. 
 
 The foundation of all paral-les is some analo!^ or simililjule 
 bftween the tropicnj or allusive part of the iiartble and the 
 tiling Intended by it. South. 
 
 Tropical writins, or hieroglyphic, \a such as repre- 
 sents a thing by qualities which resemble it. 
 
 IVarburton, 
 
 TROP'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a tropical or figurative 
 manner. Enfield. 
 
 TR(JP'IC-AI,-Yr.AR, 7!. The period occupied by 
 Ihe sun in pa^jsing from one tropic, or one eqtti- 
 nox, to the other. On account of the precession of 
 the equinoxes, it ia 20 m. 20 s. shorter than the si- 
 dereril year. Olmsted. 
 
 TROP'IC-HTRn, ( hnrd,) n. An atpiatic fowl of Ihe 
 genus Pha tnii, having Very Iring wings and two long 
 clender tail fcathers, found in or near the torrid zone. 
 
 Fd. y.ncyc. 
 
 TRA'PIST, 71. [from Inrpe.} One who explains tho 
 Scriptures by tropes and figures of speech ; one wlio 
 deals in IrnpeH. ^ 
 
 TROP-f) I,fj6'IC-AI., 0. [Pee Thopoloot.] Varied 
 by tr»|M?s ; changed from the original import of tho 
 words. 
 
 TRO-POL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. rpoToj, trope, and Xnyos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes, or 
 change from the original import of tlie word. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 TROSS'ERS, 7t. pi. Trowsers. [JVot used.] [See 
 Trowsers.] Shak. 
 
 TROT, V. L [Fr. trotter ; G. troUen, to trot, to tread ; 
 It. trottare ; Sp. and Port, trotar ; allied probably to 
 tread and to strut.] 
 
 1. To move faster than in walking, as a horse or 
 other quadruped, by lifting one fore foot and the 
 hind foot of the opposite side at the same time. Cyc. 
 
 2. To walk or move fast; or to run. 
 
 He that rises hte must trot all day, and will scarcely overtake 
 his business at ni^ht. I^-anklvi, 
 
 TROT, 71. The pace of a horse or other quadruped, 
 when he lifts one fore foot and the hind loot of the 
 opposite side at the same time. This pace is the 
 same as that of a walk, but more rapid. The trot is 
 often a jolting, hard motion ; but in some horses, it is 
 as easy as the amble or pace, and has a more stately 
 appearance. 
 2. An old woman ; in contempt. 
 
 TROTH, 71. [Sax. ircothc; the old orthography of 
 truth. See Tkijth.] 
 
 1. Belief; faith ; fidelity ; as, to plight one's troth. 
 [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 2. Truth ; verity ; veracity ; as, in troth ; by my 
 troth. [ Obs.] 
 
 TROTH'LESS, a. Faithless ; treacherous. [Obs.] 
 
 Fairfax. 
 
 TROTH'-PLIGIIT, (-pllte,) v. t. To betroth or affi- 
 ance. [ Obs.] 
 
 TROTII'-PLIGHT, (-pllte,) o. Betrothed ; espoused ; 
 affianced. [Ob.-;.] ' Shak. 
 
 TROTH'-PLlGUT, (-pllte,) n. The act of bctrolhing 
 or plighting faith. 
 
 TROTH'-PLIGHT-ED, a. Having fidelitv pledged. 
 
 TROT'TER, 71. A beast that trots, or that usually 
 trots. 
 2. A sheep's foot. 
 
 TROT'Tli\G, ;i;ir. or a. Moving with a trot ; walking 
 fast, or running. 
 
 TR<)U'BA-DO(JR, 71. [from Fr. tnnwrr, to find.] 
 
 Oneofaschoid of poets who flourished from the 
 eleventh to the latter end of the thirteenth century ; 
 principally at Proveme, in the south of France, and 
 also in the nortli of Italy. Brande. 
 
 TROUli'LE, (trub'l,) «. t. [Fr. troublrr; It. turbare: 
 Sp. and Port, turbar ; Ij. turbo; Gaelic, treabhlaim, 
 which seems to he cunnerted with (rt'd/i/iam, to plow, 
 that is, to turn or to stir, W. torva, L. turba, a crowd, 
 and perhaps trova, a turn ; Gr. t'>;-(ii. The primary 
 sense is, to turn or to stir, to whirl about, as in L. 
 turbo, turbinis, a whirlwind. Hence the sense of 
 agitation, disturbance.] 
 
 1. To agitate; to disturb; to put into confused 
 motion. 
 
 God, looking- forth, will trouble all his host. Milton, 
 An an;^*l went down at a certain season into the pool, and 
 troubled the water. — John v. 
 
 2. To disturb ; to perjilex. 
 
 Never tro»6/e your8<-l( about those faults which age will cure. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 3. To afflict ; to grieve ; to distress. 
 
 Those ih.it trouble me rejoice when I am moved. — Ps. xili. 
 
 4. To busy ; to cause to be much engaged or anx- 
 ious. 
 
 Martha, thou art careful, and troubled about manr things. — 
 l.uke X. 
 
 5. To tease ; to vex ; to molest. 
 
 The boy so troubles rue, 
 'Tis past eniiurinij. Shak. 
 
 6. To give occasion for labor to. I will not trouble 
 you to deliver the letter. I wdl not trouble myself in 
 this affair. 
 
 7. To sue for a debt. He wishes not to trouble his 
 debtors. 
 
 TRf)IJB'LE,-(trub'l,)n. Disturbance of mind ; agita- 
 tion ; commotion of spirits ; perplexity ; a word of 
 very extensive application. 
 
 2. Afiliction ; calamity. 
 
 He shall ilelivcr thee in six troublee. — Job T. 
 
 Hedeein Israel, O God, out of all hia trouhlee. — Ps. JIT. 
 
 3. Molestation; inconvenience; annoyance. 
 
 I,est [he fiend some new Irou6/e raise. Milton. 
 
 A. Uneasiness; vexation. Milton. 
 5. That which givi?s disturbance, annoyance, or 
 vexation ; that which afflicts. 
 TROUli'I,KI), (Irub'ld,) pp. or a. Disturbed; agi- 
 tated; alllictcd ; annoyed; molested. 
 TROUli'I.ER, (trub'lcr,) n. One who disturbs ; one 
 who afflicts or molests; a disturber; as, a troubler of 
 tho peace. 
 
 Thn rich troulilere ttt tho world's repose. Waller. 
 
 TROIin'I.E-HOMI",, (ttub'l siim,)fl. Giving trouble or 
 disturbance; molesting; annoying; vexatious. In 
 warm climates, insects are very trouble.'{o?nc. 
 2. ISurdenHome ; tiresome ; wearisome. 
 
 My inoUier will never I* troubleeome to me. Pope. 
 
 3. Giving inconvenience to. I wish not to be 
 troublesome as a guest. 
 
 4. Teasing ; importunate ; as, a troublesome appli- 
 cant. 
 
 TROUB'LE-SOME-LY, (trub'l-sum-le,) adv. In a 
 
 manner or degree to give trouble ; vexatiously. 
 TROUB'LE-SOME-NESS, (trub'l-sum-nes,) n. Vexa- 
 trousness; the quality of giving trouble or of molest- 
 ing. Bacon. 
 2. ITnseasonable intrusion ; importunity. 
 TROUB'LE-STaTE, 71. A disturber of the commu- 
 
 nitj'. [JVot used.] 
 TROUB'LING, (trub'ling,) ppr. Disturbing; agitat- 
 ing ; molesting ; annoying ; afflicting. 
 TROUB'LING, (trub'ling,) n. The act of disturbing 
 or putting in commotion. John v. 
 2. The act of afflicting. 
 TRfiUB'LOUS, (trub'lus,) a. Agitated; tumultuous; 
 full of commotion. 
 
 A tall ship tossed in troublous seas. Speneer. 
 2. Full of trouble or disorder ; tumultuous; full of 
 affliction. 
 
 The street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troubloue 
 times. — Dan. ix. 
 
 TROUGH, (travvf,) [Sal. trog ; D. and G. trog ; Dan. 
 trug ; It. truogo.] 
 
 1. A vessel hollow longitudinally, or a large log or 
 piece of timber excavated longitudinally tm the upper 
 side ; used for various purposes. 
 
 2. A tray. [ IVtls is tlie same word dialectically 
 altered.] 
 
 3. A canoe ; the rude boat of uncivilized men. 
 
 Mbot. 
 
 4. The channel that conveys water, as in mills. 
 Trough of the sea; the space between two high 
 
 waves. 
 
 TRoUL, for Troll. See Troll. 
 TROUNCE, (trouns,) ti. t. [Qu. Fr. tron^em, tron;on- 
 ncr.] 
 
 To punish, or to beat severely. [j3 low word.] 
 
 TROUiVC'ING, ppr. Beating severely. 
 
 TROUNCING, n. A severe beating. 
 
 TROUSE, (trowz,) ti. [See Tbowsehs.] A kind of 
 trowsers worn by children. 
 
 TROU'SERS, 71. pi. See Trowsers. 
 
 TROUS-SEAU', (troo-s6',) 71. [Fr.] The collective 
 lighter equipments of a lady when about to be mar- 
 ried. 
 
 TROUT, 71. [Sax. truht ; Fr. truite ; It. trota ; D. truit ; 
 L. trutta ; Sp. trucha. Trout is contracted from 
 trocta.] 
 
 A name applied to various fresh-^vater fishes of the 
 genus Salino, variegated with spots, and esteemed as 
 most delicate fttod. 
 TROUT'-eOL-OR-™, (-ktil-lurd,) o. White with 
 spots of black, bay, or sorrel ; as, a trout-colored 
 horse. 
 
 TROUT'-FISH-ING, 71. The fishing for trouts. 
 TROUT'-STREAM, 71. A stream in which trout 
 breed. 
 
 TRO'VER, »i. [Fr. trouver. It. trovare, to find ; S\v. 
 trdffa, to hit ; Dan. trrffer, to meet with ; truf, an ac- 
 cident ; D. and G. treffen, to meet, to hit.] 
 
 Trover is, properly, the finding of any thing. 
 Hence, 
 
 1. In law, the gaining possession of any goods, 
 whether by finding or by other means. 
 
 2. An action which a man has against another 
 who has found or obtained possession of any of his 
 goods, and who refuses to deliver them on demand. 
 This is called an action of trover and conversion. In 
 this case, the trover or finding is an immaterial fact ; 
 but the plaintiff must prove his own property, and 
 the possession and conversion of the gotids by the 
 defendant. BUickstone. 
 
 TR("5VV, V. i. [Sax. treowian, trrowan, to believe, to 
 trust; G. traiicn; Sw. tro ; Dan. trocr ; contracted 
 from trogan, and coinciding with the root of (rutA. 
 See Tri/e.] 
 
 To believe ; to trust ; to think or suppose. [ Obs.] 
 Spenser. Hooker. 
 TRfiW is used in the imperative, as a word of inquiry. 
 
 What moans the fool, trowl 
 TROVV'EU, n. [Fr.truellc;'L.trulla;'D.troffel. Qu. 
 D. and G. treffen, to hit, to strike, hence to put on.] 
 
 1. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing 
 mortar, and breaking bricks to shape them. 
 
 2. A gardener's tool, somewhat like a trowel, made 
 of iron and scooped ; used in taking up plants, and 
 for other purposes. Cyc. 
 
 TR0WEI,-A;1), a. Formed with a trowel ; as, /roto- 
 clcd stucco, i. e., stucco laid on and rtady for the re- 
 ception of paint. 
 
 TROWSERS, rt. ;)/. [Gaelic, triusan ; Fr. truus.ie, a 
 
 truss, a bundle; W. trws, n gar nl that covers; 
 
 trouse, dress; tnvsa, a trii.ss. a packet; trwsiaw, to 
 dress ; Gaelic, (riLsam, to piril or (rnss uji.] 
 
 A loose garment worn by males, extending from 
 the waist to the knoo or to the ankle, and covering 
 the lower limbs. 
 
 TROY, j n. [Said to have been 
 
 TROV'-WglGHT, ( vvfite,) j na d from Troyes. ln 
 
 France, where it was first adopted in Europe. 'I'he 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiV PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 
 
 117« 
 
TRU 
 
 troy ounce is supposed to liave been brought from 
 Cairo during the crusades. Some persons, however, 
 say that tlie original name was (row.] 
 
 The weight by which gold and silver, jewels,med- 
 kines, &c., are weighed. In this weiglit, 20 grains 
 = a scruple, 3 scruples = a dram, 8 drams = an ounce, 
 and 12 ounces=onc pound. In weighing gold, sil- 
 ver, &c., scruples and drams are not used, hut the 
 pennytaeight, which is 24 grains, is employed in their 
 stead ; the pennyweight is not used in weighing 
 medicines. 
 TRO'A.\T, o. [Fr. truanil.) 
 
 Idle ; wandering from business ; loitering ; as, a 
 truant boy. 
 
 Wliilc truant 3ovf, in infant pride, 
 
 PliiyoJ barclbot on Olympus' siile. Trumbull. 
 
 TRO'.ANT, n. An idler ; an idle boy. Dnjden. 
 
 TKC'ANT, f. i. To idle away time ; to loiter or be 
 absent fr<im employnienL Shak. 
 
 TRO' ANT-LY, ado. Like a truant ; in idleness. 
 
 TRO'ANT-SIIir, n. Idleness j iieglett of employ- 
 ment. Ascham. 
 
 TRUBS, n. An herb. ^insworUi. 
 
 TRUB'T.^ IL, 71. A short, squat woman. [Obs.] 
 
 ^tnsiDorth. 
 
 TROCE, 71. [Goth, triggioa; li. tregua; Norm, trewe : 
 Ice. Iriird: Cinibric, trugth; properly, a league or 
 pact, from the root of trick, to make last, to fold. See 
 Teue.] 
 
 1. In jcar, a suspension of arms by agreement of 
 the commanders ; a temporary cessation of hostili- 
 ties, either for negotiation or other purpose. 
 
 2. Intermission of action, pain, or contest; tempo- 
 rary cessation ; short quiet. 
 
 Tii>-n> he mny find 
 TVuce to his rvBtieu llionjhls. Mi'ton. 
 TRCCE'-BREAK-ER, n. [(nice and breaker.] One 
 who violates a truce, covenant, or engagement. 2 
 Tim. ill. 
 
 TRUCH'.MAN, n. An interpreter. [See Draooman.] 
 TRU-CI-Da'TION, 71. [L. trucido, to kill.] 
 
 The act of killing. 
 TRUCK, V. i. [Fr. troquer; Sp. and Port, trocar; al- 
 lied probably to \V. trwc, L. trochus, a round thing. 
 Eng. truck ; Gr. rpoxni, Tf>cx<o.] 
 
 To exchange commodities ; to barter. Our traders 
 truck with the Indians, giving them whisky and trin- 
 kets for skins. [Truck is now vulgar.] 
 TRUCK, V. t. To exchange ; to give in exchange ; to 
 barter ; as, to truck knives for gold dust. [Kulwar.] 
 
 Sifi/(. 
 
 TRUCK, 71. Permutation ; exchange of commodities ; 
 barter. 
 
 2. A small, wooden wheel, not bound with iron ; 
 a cylinder. 
 
 3. A small wheel ; hence trucks, a low carriage for 
 carrying goods, stonft^ &.c,, either on common roads 
 or on railroads. Indeed, this kind of carriage is often 
 called a trucA', in the singular. 
 
 4. A small, wooden cap, at the summit of a flag- 
 BtafTor mast-head. 
 
 Truck .--ijstem ; the practice of paying workmen in 
 goods, instead of money. McCuUoch. 
 TRUCK' AGE, 71. The practice of bartering goods. 
 
 jVilton. 
 
 TRUCK'ER, »u One who traffics by exchange of 
 goods. 
 
 TRUCK'IXG, jrpr. Exchanging goods ; bartering. 
 TRUCK'LE, (truk'I,) n. A small wheel or caster. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 TRUCK'LE, r. i. [dim. of truck.] To yield or bend 
 obsequiously to the will of another; to submit; to 
 creep. Small states must truckle to large ones. 
 
 Religion iuelf is forc-d to truckle w ilb worldly policy. Norrij. 
 
 TRUCK'LE-DED, ii. [truckle and bed.] A bed that 
 runs on wheels and may be pushed under another ; 
 a trundle-bed. 
 
 TRUCK'LI.\G,;)pr. Yielding obsequiously to the will 
 of another. 
 
 TRCeU-LENCE, n. [L. truculmtia, from truz, fierce, 
 savage.] 
 
 1. Savageness of manners; ferociousness. 
 
 2. Terrihleness of countenance. 
 TRO'€U-LEi\T, a. Fierce ; sa\'age ; barbarous ; as, 
 
 the truculent inhabitants of Scytliia. Ray. 
 
 2. Of a ferocious aspect. 
 
 3. Cruel ; destructive ; as, a truculent plague. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 TRCeU-LEXT-LY, arfr. Fiercely ; destnictively. 
 
 TRUDGE, t. i. To travel on foot. The father rode ; 
 the son trudged on behind. 
 2. To travel or march with labor. 
 
 And trudged to Rome upon mv n:d(ed feet. Dryden. 
 
 TROE, (tru,) a. [Sax. (reoir, treowe, faithful, and, as 
 a noUn, faith, trust ; Sw. tro, Dan. tree : G. trru ; D. 
 trouw, trust, loyalty, fidelity, faith ; trouicen, to mar- 
 ry ; Goth, triggus, faithful ; triggiea, a pact or league, 
 a (nice. This is the real orthography, coinciding with 
 Sw. trygg, Dan. (nii^, safe, secure, and W. Irigiate, 
 to stay, to tarry, to dwell, that is, to stop, to set. The 
 primary sense of the root is, to make clo*e and fast, 
 to set, or to stretch, strain, and thus make straight 
 and close.] 
 
 TRU 
 
 1. Conformable to fact ; being in accordance with 
 the actual state of things ; as, a true relation or nar- 
 ration ; a true history. A declaration is (riir, when 
 it states the facts. In this sense, true is opposed to 
 fuLse. 
 
 2. Genuine ; pure ; real ; not counterfeit, adulter- 
 ated, or false ; as, true balsam ; the (nie bark ; true 
 love of country ; a true Christian. 
 
 The true liglit which lighleth every man that ( 
 world. — Joint i. 
 
 letli into Uie 
 
 3. Faithful ; steady in adhering to friends, to prom- 
 ises, to a prince, or to the state ; loyal ; not false, 
 fickle, or perfidious ; as, a true friend ; a true lover ; 
 a man true to his king, iriie to his country, true to 
 his word ; a husband true to his wife ; a wife true to 
 her husband ; a servant true to his master ; an officer 
 (me to his charge. 
 
 4. Free from falsehood ; as, a (nie witness. 
 
 5. Honest ; not fraudulent ; as, good men and true. 
 
 If King Kdward he as (rue and Just. Shak. 
 
 6. Exact ; right to precision ; conformable to a rule 
 or pattern ; as, a true copy ; a true likeness of the 
 original. 
 
 7. Straight ; right ; as, a true line ; the true course 
 of a ship. 
 
 8. Not false or pretended ; real ; as, Christ was the 
 (7*116 Messiah. 
 
 9. Rightful ; as, George IV. is the true king of 
 England. 
 
 TRCE'-UILL, 71. In /cio, these words are indorsed 
 on a bill of indictment, when a grand jury are of 
 opinion that there is sufficient cause for putting the 
 accused on trial. Bouvier. 
 
 TRCE'-HLOE, n. An epithet applied to a person of 
 inflexible honesty and fidelity ; from the true or Cuo- 
 enrrii blue, forinetly celebrated for its unchanging 
 color. Toone. I/alliwcU. 
 
 TROE'-BORN, 0. [(rue and Aoni.] Of genuine birth ; 
 having a right by birth to any title ; as, a true-born 
 Etiglisliman. Shak. 
 
 TRuE'-BREU, fl. [true a\u\ bred.] Of a genuine or 
 right breed ; as, a true-bred beast. ■ Dryden. 
 
 '2. Being of genuine breeding or education ; as, a 
 true-bred gentleman. 
 
 TROE'-HEXRT'ED, o. [tnie and Ararf.] Being of a 
 faithful heart; honest; sincere; not faithless or de- 
 ceitful : as, a true-hearted friend. 
 
 TKOE'-IIEART-EU-NESS, 7i. Fidelity ; loyalty ; sin- 
 cerity. 
 
 TRuE'-LOVE, (tru'luv,) n. One really beloved. 
 2. A plant, the herb Paris. 
 
 TRUE'-LOVE'K.NOT, (tri'i'luv'not,) 7i. [ftu. is not 
 this from the Dan. truluver, to betroth, to promise in 
 marriage ; (roe, true, and lover, to promise; the knot 
 of faithful promise or engagement.] 
 
 .■V knot composed of lines united with many invo- 
 lutions ; the emblem of interwoven afl'ection or en- 
 gagements. 
 
 TRC'E'NESS, 71. Faithfulness; sincerity. 
 
 2. Reality ; genuineness. 
 
 3. Exactness ; as, the (niene^s of a line. 
 TROE'PEN-.N'Y, n. [(nie and penny.] A familiar 
 
 phrase ftir an honest fellow. Bacon, 
 
 TRuF'FLE, (trufl,) n. [Fr. triiffe ; Pp. trufa, deceit, 
 imposition, and truffles ; and if this vegetable is 
 named from its growth under ground, it accords with 
 It. traffare, to deceive.] 
 
 A subterraneous vegetable production, a kind of 
 mushroom, of a fleshy, fungous structure and round- 
 ish figure ; an esculent substance, much esteemed. 
 It is of the genus Tuber. Cyc. 
 
 TROF'FLE-WOR.M, (trufl-wurm,) n. A worm found 
 in truffles, the larva of a fly. Cue. 
 
 TRUG,7i. Ahod. This is our TnounH and Tray the 
 original primunciation being retained in some parts 
 of England. The word was also used formerly for a 
 measure of wheat, as much, I suppose, as was car- 
 ried in a trough ; three trugs making two bushels. 
 
 TRC'ISM, n. [from true.] An undoubted or self- 
 evident truth. 
 
 Triilin^ Iruismt clothed in great, fwellin^ words of vanity. 
 
 J. P. Snuth. 
 
 TRULI,, 77. [W. troliarr, to troll or roll, whence stroll ; 
 or truliaic, to drill, tin. Or. fiorptjAAi/.] 
 A low, vagrant strumpet. 
 TRUL-LI-ZA'TIO.N, n. IL. trullisso.] 
 
 The laying of strata ol^ pla-ster with a trowel. 
 TRCLY, adv. [from true.] In fact; in deed ; in re- 
 ality. 
 
 2. According to truth ; in agreement with fact ; 
 as, to see things truly, the facts are (riify repre- 
 sented. 
 
 3. Sincerely ; honestly ; really ; faithfully ; as, to 
 be truly attached to a lover ; the citizens are truly 
 loyal to their prince or their country. 
 
 4. Exactly ; justly ; as, to estimate truly the weight 
 of evidence. 
 
 TRU.MP, n. [It. tromba; Gaelic, trompa. See 
 Tblmi-et.] 
 
 I. A trumpet ; a wind instrument of music ; a po- 
 etical word usetl for Trvmfet. It is seldom used in 
 prose, in common disctiurse, but is used in Scripture, 
 
 TRU 
 
 where it seems peculiarly a|ipropriata to the grandeur 
 of the subject. 
 
 At tile lust Irum;! ; for the trumpet thai! i/iund, and the dead 
 tlmit he r-iiwid. — 1 Cor. xv. 1 Tliiia. ir. 
 
 2. [Contracted from triumph ; It. trionfo, Fr. tri- 
 omphe.] A winning card ; luio of the suit of cards 
 which takes any of the other suits. 
 
 3. An old game with cards. 
 
 To put to the Irmnp.-i ; t to reduce to the last expe- 
 To put on the trumps i \ dleiit, trf to the utmost 
 exertion of power. 
 TRUiMP, V. t. To take with a trump card. 
 
 2. To obtrude ; also, to deceive. [Fr. tromper.] 
 [.>V('( in use.] 
 
 To trump up; to devise ; to seek and collect from 
 
 every quarter. 
 TRU.MP, B.I. To blow a trumpet. fiklif. 
 TRU.MP'iD, (truiiipt,) pp. Taken with a trump 
 
 card. 
 
 TRU.MP'ER-Y, 71. [Fr. tromperie.] 
 
 1. Falsehood ; em|ity talk. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Useless mailer ; things worn nut and cast aside. 
 [This is the sense of the word in jVcuj Knglantt.] 
 
 TRUMP'ET, 71. [It. tromba, trombcUa ; Sp. trompa, 
 tromptta; Fr. trumpcUc; Glivlic, trompa, trumjjaid ; G. 
 tromptle; I), and Hw.trompct ; Dan. trbmprlle ; Arm. 
 trompett. 'I'he radical letters and the origin are not 
 ascertained.] 
 
 1. A wind instrument of music, used chiefly in 
 war and military exercises. It consists of a long 
 metallic tube, nearly in the form of a parabolic 
 conoid, with a bill-shaped opening at one end for the 
 emission of sound. 
 
 The trumpeCa loud ciao^r 
 
 Excites us to uriiu. Dryden. 
 
 2. An instrument for conveying or receiving artic- 
 ulate sounds with increased force, called in the ftir- 
 nier case a Speaki.vq Thuufet, and in the latter an 
 Ear Trl'Mpet. 
 
 3. In the military style, a trumpeter. 
 
 He wiicly desired that a trumpet naghl be firrt aent for a jmm. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 4. One who praises or propagates praise, or is the 
 instrument of propagating it. A great politician 
 was pleased to be the trumpet of his praises. 
 
 TRU.MP'ET, f. (. To publish by sound of tmnipet; 
 also, to proclaim ; as, to trumpet good titliiigs. 
 
 They did nothing but publish nnd trumpet all tlie reproaclies tlicjr 
 could device against Uie Irish. Uaeon. 
 
 TRU.MP'ET-€ALL, n. A call at the sound of the 
 trumpet. 
 
 TRUMP'ET-ED, p;). Sounded .abroad ; proclaimed 
 TRUilP'ET-ER, 71. One who sounds a trumpet. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. One who proclaims, publishes, or denounces. 
 
 These men are goo<l trum^tetere. Bacon. 
 
 3. A bird, a variety of the domestic pigeon. Also, 
 a bird of South .America, the agami, of ilic genus 
 Psoptiia, about the size of the domestic fowl, and 
 siunewhat resembling both the plie;usants and the 
 cranes ; so called from its uttering a htillow noise, 
 like that of a trumpet. It is sometimes domesti- 
 cated. P. Cyc. Kd. F.ncye. 
 
 THU.MP'ET-FISII, n. A sea-fish, so named from its 
 tubular muzzle, the Centriscus scolopax, called also 
 the Sea -Snipe. Jardinc''s JVaL Lib. 
 
 TRU.MP'ET-FLOW-ER, 71. A flower of Ihe genus 
 Bignonia, another of the genus Tecoina, and another 
 still of the genus Lonicera. Cwc. 
 
 TRU.MP'ET-IION'EY-SUCK-LE, (-hun'ne-suk-i.) n. 
 A twining plant of the genus Cnprifoliuin or loni- 
 cera, with trumpet-shaped flowers. fjoudon. 
 
 TRUAIP'ET-IISG, J7ir. Blowing the trumpet; pro- 
 claiming. 
 
 TRUMP'ET-SIIELL, n. The name of a genus of 
 univalvular shells, of the form of a trumpet, (Bucci- 
 num, I.iiinteiis.) Cre. 
 
 TRU.MP'ET-TO-VGU-KD, ( tungd,) a. Having a 
 tongue vociferous as a trumpet. Shak. 
 
 TRU.MP'I.NG, ppr. Taking with a tnimp card. 
 
 TRUMP'LIKE, a. Re.«eiiibling a trum|pet. Chapman. 
 
 TRUNe'.\L, a. Pertaining to the trunk or body. 
 
 TRUNCATE, v. t. [L. trunco, to cut off; \V. tryfu. 
 Arm. troucha; coinciding with Fr. Irancher.] 
 To cut off ; to lop ; to maim. 
 
 TRUNCATE, a. In botany, appearing as itout ofl^at 
 the tip; ending in a transverse line; as, a trancalt 
 leaf. .Mariyn. 
 
 TRUNC A-TED, pp. or o. Cut off ; cut short ; maimed. 
 A truncated cone is one whose vertex is cut ofl' by a 
 plane parallel to its base. 
 
 2. In mineralogy, replaced by a plane equally In- 
 clined to the adjoining faces ; as, a truncated edge. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 TRUNCA TING, ppr. Cutting off. 
 TRUN-CA'TIO.X, n. The act of lopping or cutting 
 ofr. 
 
 2. A state of being tninc.ited. 
 
 3. In mineralogTi, the replacement of nn edge by a 
 plane equally inclined to the adjoining faces. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 TONE, Bt'LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
TRU 
 
 TRU 
 
 TRY 
 
 TRUN'CirEON, (tiun'slmn,) n. [Fr. trun^on, from 
 tronc^ trunk) L. iruncus.] 
 
 1. A short staff; a club ; a cudgel. 
 
 2. A baton, or military staff of command. 
 
 The laarshal's truncheon nor the judge's robe. Shak, 
 
 3. A name given to stent stems of trees, with the 
 branches lopped off, to produce rapid growth. 
 
 Oardner, 
 
 TRUN'CIIEON, (trnn'shun,) v. U To beat with a 
 tniiirheon ; to cudgel. Shak. 
 
 TKUi\-CllEON-EER', n. A person armed with a 
 triinrhe(m. 
 
 TRUN'DLE, (trun'dl,) i'. i. [Sax. trcendle; trendle, 
 any round body; D;in. and Sw. triad, round; W. 
 tr^n, a circle, a nmnd, a throne ; Irdni, to rim ; from 
 the root of randle, round.] 
 
 1. To roll, as on little wheels ; as, a bed trundles 
 under anothe.^ 
 
 9. To roll, as a hoop. 
 
 TRUN'DLE, ». (. To roll, as a thing on little wheels ; 
 as, to trundle a bed or a gun-carriage. 
 
 TRUN'DLE, 71. A round body ; a little wheel, or a 
 kind of low cart with small wooden wheels. 
 
 TRUN'DLE-liED, n. A bed that is moved on trun- 
 dles or little wheels ; called also Tbuckle-Bed. 
 
 TRUN'DLKD, pp. Rolled. 
 
 TRUN'DLE-HEAD, (trun'dl-hed,) n. The wheel 
 
 that turns a mill-stone. 
 TRUN'DLE-TaIL, n. A round tail ; a dog so called 
 
 from his tail. Shak. 
 TRUN'DLING, ppr. Rolling, as a thing on little 
 
 wheels. 
 
 TRU.VK, n. [Fr. trojic : It. troncone; Sp. tronco; L. 
 Iruncus, (torn trunco, to cut off. The primitive Celtic 
 word of this family is in Fr. traticker, It. trinciare, 
 Sp. triiicar, trinchar. The n is not radical, for in 
 Arm. the word is troucha, W. fr^fit.] 
 
 1. The stem or body of a tree, severed from its 
 roots. This is the proper sense of the word ; but, 
 surprising as it may seem, it is used most improper- 
 ly to signify the stem of a standing tree or vegetable 
 in general. Milton. Drijden. 
 
 2. The body of an animal without the limbs. 
 
 Slialc. 
 
 3. The main body of any thing ; as, the trujik of a 
 vein or of an artery, as distinct from the branches. 
 
 4. The snout or proboscis of an elephant ; the limb 
 or instrument with which he feeds himself. 
 
 5. The proboscis of an insect. [Obs.] 
 
 6. That segment of the body of an insect which 
 is between the head and abdomen, and bears the 
 organs of motion. 
 
 7. In architecture, the shaft of a column. 
 
 8. A long tube through which pellets of clay are 
 blown. Ray. 
 
 9. A box or chest covered with skin, for contain- 
 ing clothes, &c. 
 
 10. A watercourse made of planks, and generally 
 to conduct the water from the race to the water- 
 wheel. 
 
 Fire-trunks ; in fire-ships, wooden funnels fixed 
 under the shrouds, to convey or lead the flames to 
 the masts and rigging. 
 TRUNK, V. t. To lop off; to curtail ; to truncate. 
 
 [jVof in use.] Spenser. 
 TKUNK'^;D,(trnnkt,) pp. Cut off ; curtailed. [Obs.] 
 
 2. a. Having a trunk. Howell. 
 TRUNK'-HoSE, n. [trunk AnA hose.] Large breech- 
 es formerly worn. Prior. 
 TRUN'NIO'N, (trun'yiin,) n. [Fr. trognon.] 
 
 The trunnions of a piece of ordnance are two 
 kmbs which project from the opposite sides of a 
 piece, whether gun, mortar, or howitzer, and serve 
 to support it on the cheeks of the carriage. 
 
 Jlfar. Did. 
 
 TRU^'NION-PLATE, n. The trunnion-plates are two 
 plates in guns h.'iving traveling carriages, mortars, 
 and howitzers, which cover the upper parts of the 
 siile-pieces, and go under the trunnions. Cyc. 
 TRUN'N ION-RING, it. A ring on a cannon next be- 
 fore the trunnions. 
 TRu'SION, (tru'zhun,) n. [L. trudo.] 
 
 The act of pushing or thrusting. Bentley. 
 TRUSS, n. fFr. trousse ; Dan. trossr., a cord or rope ; 
 Sw. tross; W. trwsa, a truss, a packet. See Tbow- 
 
 • £RS.I 
 
 1. in > 
 
 1 a general sense, a bundle ; as, a truss of hay 
 or straw. A truss of hay, in England, is half a hun- 
 dred. A truss of straw is of different weights in dif- 
 ferent places. 
 
 2. In surfrery, a bandage or apparatus used in cases 
 of hernia, to keep up the rctluced parts and hinder 
 further protrusion, and for other purposes. Cyc. 
 
 3. Among botanuts, a truss or bunch is a tuft of 
 flowers formed at the top of the main stalk or stem 
 of certain plants. Cyc. 
 
 4. In reari^rotion, the rope used to keep the c< nter 
 of a yard to the mast. 7'otten. 
 
 5. In architecture, a framed assemblage of timbers 
 fur fastening or binding n beam, or for supporting a 
 rcKjf, tcc. 
 
 a. [See Trouse.] 
 TRUSS, V. t. To bind or pack close. ShaJi. 
 
 2. To skewer ; to make fast. 
 
 To truss up : to strain ; to make close or tight. 
 
 TRUSS'ED, (trust,) /ip. Packed or bound closely. 
 
 TRUSS'ING, ppr. Packing or binding closely. 
 
 TRUST, 71. [Dan. trost, consolation ; troster, to com- 
 fort, that is, to strengthen ; mistriister, to distrust, to 
 discourage ; Sw. trdst, confidence, trust, consolation ; 
 trUsla, to console ; mistrSsla, to distrust, to despair. 
 The Saxon has trywsiun, to trust, to obligate. <iu. 
 Gr. ^aoaoj,] 
 
 1. Confidence ; a reliance or resting of the mind 
 on the integrity, veracity, justice, friendship, or other 
 sound principle of another person. 
 
 He that puucth his trust in the Lord shall be safe. — ProT. xxii. 
 
 2. He or that which is the ground of confidence. 
 
 Lord God, thou art my trust from my youth. — Ps. Ixxi. 
 
 3. Charge received in confidence. 
 
 Reward them welt, if they observe their trust. Denham. 
 
 4. That which is committed to one's care. Never 
 violate a sacred trust. 
 
 5. Confident opinion of any event. 
 His trust was with th' Eternal to be deemed 
 
 Equal ill slrenjlh. MUton. 
 
 6. Credit given without examination ; as, to take 
 opinions on trust. 
 
 7. Credit on promise of payment, actual or im- 
 plied ; as, to take or purchase goods on (ritst. 
 
 8. Something committed to a person's care for use 
 or management, and for which an account must be 
 rendered. Every man's talents and advantages are 
 a trust committed to him by his Maker, and for the 
 use or employment of which he is accountable. 
 
 9. Confidence ; special reliance on supposed hon- 
 esty. 
 
 10. State of him to whom something is intrusted. 
 
 1 serve him truly, that will put me in trust, ShaJc. 
 
 11. Care; management. 1 Tim.\\. 
 
 12. In law, an estate, devised or granted in confi- 
 dence that the devisee or grantee shall convey it, or 
 dispose of the profits, at the will or for the benefit of 
 another ; an estate held for the use of another. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 TRUST, V. t. To place confidence in ; to rely on. 
 We can not trust those who have deceived us. 
 He that trusts every one without reserve, will at last be deceived. 
 
 Rambler. 
 
 2. To believe ; to credit. 
 
 Trust me, you look well. Shak. 
 
 3. To commit to the care of, in confidence. Triist 
 your Maker with yourself antl all your concerns. 
 
 4. To venture confidently. 
 
 Fooled by thee, to trust thee from my side. Milton. 
 
 5. To give credit to; to sell to upon credit, or in 
 confidence of future payment. The merchants and 
 manufacturers trust their customers annually with 
 goods to the value of millions. 
 
 It is happier to be sometimes cheated, than not to trust. 
 
 HciMer. 
 
 TRUST, V. i. To be confident of something present 
 or future. 
 
 1 trust to come to you, and speak face to face. — 2 John xii. 
 We trust we have a good conscience. — Heb, xiii. 
 
 2. To be credulous ; to be won to confidence. 
 Well, you may fear tt>o far — 
 Safer than trust loo far. Shalt. 
 
 To trust in ; to confide in ; to place confidence in ; 
 to rely on ; a use frequent in the Scriptures. 
 
 Trust in the Lord, and do good. — Ps. xxxvii. 
 Thi y shall be greatly ashamed th.at tru«l in graven imaj^es. — 
 Is. xlii. 
 
 To trust to ; to depend on ; to have confidence in ; 
 to rely on. 
 
 The men of Israel — trusted to the liera in wait. — Judjes XX. 
 
 TRUST'ED, pp. Confided in; relied on; depended 
 on ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Sold on credit, as goods or property. 
 
 3. Delivered in confidence to the care of another ; 
 as, letters or goods trusted to a carrier or bailee. 
 
 TRUST-EE', 71. A person to whom property is legally 
 committed in trust, to be applied either for the ben- 
 efit of specified individuals, or for public uses. 
 
 TRUST'ER, 71. One who trusts or gives credit 
 
 TRUST'FUl,, a. Faithful. 
 
 TRU.ST'fIJL-LY, adv. In a trustful manner. 
 
 TRUST'FiJi.-NESS, n. Faithfulness. 
 
 TRUST'l-LY, ai/ii. [from (7Tis<y.] Faithfully ; hon- 
 estly ; with fidelity. 
 
 TRUST'l-NESS, 71. [from tnuity.] Th.at quality of n 
 p<;rson by which he ihwerves the confidence of oth- 
 ers ; fidelity; faithfulness; honesty; as, the trusti- 
 ness of a servant. 
 
 TRUS'i''lNG, ppr. Confiding in ; giving credit ; rely- 
 ing on. 
 
 TRUST'ING-LY, adv. With trust or implicit confi- 
 dence. 
 
 TRUST'LESS, a. Not worthy of trust ; unfaithful. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 TRURT'I.KSa-NESS, n. Unworthiness of trust. 
 TRIJST'WOR TIII-NESS, (-wur-the-nes,) n. Uuality 
 of being trustworthy. 
 
 TRUST'WOR-THY, a. Worthy of trust or confi- 
 dence. 
 
 TRUST'Y, a. That may be safely trusted ; that just- 
 ly deserves confidence ; fit to be confided in ; as, a 
 trusty servant. Mdison. 
 
 2. That will not fail; strong; firm; as, a trusty 
 sword. Spenser. 
 
 TROTH, 71. [Sax. treowth, truth, and troth ; G. treue ; 
 D. getrouwheid, fidelity, from trouw, trust, faith, 
 fidelity, whence trouwen, to marry.] 
 
 1. Conformity to fact or reality ; exact accordance 
 with that which is, or has been, or shall be. The 
 friitA of history constitutes its whole value. We re- 
 ly on the truth of the scriptural prophecies. 
 
 My mouth shall speak truth. — Prov. viii. 
 
 Sanclily them through tliy trutji ; thy word is truth. — John xvii. 
 
 2. True st.nte of facts or things. The duty of a 
 court of justice is to discover the truth. Witnesses 
 are sworn to declare the truth, the whule truth, and 
 nothing but thi' truth. 
 
 3. Conformity of words to thoughts, which is called 
 moral truth. 
 
 Shall Truth fail to keep her word f Milton. 
 
 4. Veracity ; purity from falsehood ; practice of 
 speaking truth ; habitual disposition to speak truth ; 
 as when we say, a man is a man of trulL 
 
 5. Correct opinion. Harte. 
 
 6. Fidelity ; constancy. 
 
 Song. 
 
 7. Honesty ; virtue. 
 
 It must appear 
 That malice bears down truth. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 8. Exactness ; conformity to rule. 
 
 Plows, to go true, depend much on the truth of the iron work. 
 [Not in use.] Mm-tiiner, 
 
 9. Real fact or just principle; real state of things. 
 There are innumerable trutlis with which we are not 
 acquainted. 
 
 10. Sincerity. 
 
 God is a spirit, and they that worahip him must worship him in 
 spirit and in truth. — John iv. 
 
 11. The truth of God is his veracity and faithful- 
 ness. Ps. Ixxi. 
 
 Or his revealed will. 
 
 1 have walked in thy truth. — Ps. xxvi. 
 
 12. Jesus Christ is called the truth. John xiv. 
 
 13. It is sometimes used by way of concession. 
 She said, Truth, Lord ; yet the dogs eat of the crumbs, — Matt. 
 
 XV. 
 
 That is, it is a truth ; what you have said I admit 
 to be true. 
 
 /" truth! in reality; in fact. 
 
 Of a truth! in reality ; certainly. 
 
 To do truth, is to practice what God commands 
 John iii. 
 
 TROTH'FUL, a. Full of truth. Barrinalon. 
 TROTH'FijL-LY, adv. In a truthful manner. 
 TRCTIl'FjjL-NESS, n. The state of being true, or 
 the truth. 
 
 TRuTH'LESS, a. Wanting truth ; wanting reality. 
 
 2. Faithltss. Fulln-. 
 TRCTH'LESS-NESS, n. The stateof being truthless. 
 TKuTII'-SPeAK-ING, a. Uttering truth. 
 TROTH'-TELL-ER, n. One who tells the truth. 
 TRU-TI-Na'TION, n. [L. trutiua, a balance ; tniti- 
 
 nirr, to weigh.] 
 
 The .let of weighing. [JVo( used.] Brown, 
 TRUT-TA'CEOUS, (-sbus,) a. [from L. trutia, trout.] 
 Pertaining to the trout ; as, lish of the truttaceous 
 
 genus. Diet. JVat. Hist. 
 
 TRY , c. «. [This word is from the root of Dan. trekker, 
 
 to draw, or trykker, Sw. trycka, to press, to urge; 
 
 tracht^, to seek or strive to obtain ; D. tragten, to 
 
 endeavor ; Dan. tragtcr, id. The primary sense of 
 
 all these words is, to strain, to use effort, to stretch 
 
 forward.] 
 
 To exert strength ; to endeavor ; to make an effort ; 
 to attempt. TVy to learn ; try to lift a weight. The 
 horses (rifrf to draw the load. 
 
 [ These phrases give tlte true sense.] 
 TR?, II. (. To examine ; to make experiment on , to 
 prove by experiment. 
 
 Come, try upon yourselves what you have seen me. Shak. 
 
 2. To experience ; to have knowledge by expe- 
 rience of. 
 
 Or try the Libyan heat, or Scythian cold. Dryden. 
 
 3. To prove by a test ; as, to try weights and 
 measures by a standard ; to (ry one's opinions by the 
 divine oracles. 
 
 4. To act uptm as a test. 
 
 The tire seven times tried this. Shak. 
 
 5. To examine judicially by witnesses and the 
 principles of law ; as, causes tried in court. 
 
 6. To essay ; to attempt. 
 
 L,et us try adventurous work. Milton. 
 
 7. To puriiy ; to refine ; bs, silver seven time* 
 tried. 
 
 8. To search carefully into. Ps. xi. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WUfy.T — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BC^K. 
 
 iiiS 
 
TUB 
 
 TUF 
 
 T U M 
 
 9. To use as means; as, to Cry remedies fur n 
 disease. 
 
 10. To slr.iin ; as, to try the eyes ; the lileral sense 
 of the word. 
 
 Til try on ; to put on a gnrmeiit to see if it Hts tlie 
 person. 
 
 To try tallow, &c., is to melt and separate it from 
 the inetntiranes. 
 
 To try out ; to pursue efforts till a decision is ob- 
 tained. 
 
 TU?'(JON, n. [Gr. rpvyiiv, a sort of fish.l 
 
 The name ol a genus of tishes, to which the sting- 
 ray belongs. 
 
 TR?'I\0, ppr. Exerting strength ; attempting. 
 
 2. E).\amining by searching or comparison with a 
 test; proving; using; straining, dec. 
 
 3. a. Adapted to try, or put to severe trial. 
 TRY'-SaIL, n. A sail used by a ship in a storm; 
 
 literally, the iitrain-.-iaLl. 
 TUB, 71. [D. <«66e; G. iiiJer; Gaelic, (u&a».l 
 
 I. An open wooden vessel formed with staves, 
 beading, and hoops ; used fur various domestic pur- 
 poses, as for washing, for making cheese, &c. 
 
 3. A state of salivation ; so called because the 
 patient was formerly sweated in a tub. [JVut in tisc] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. A certain quantity ; as, a tub of tea, which is 
 60 pounds ; a tub of camphor, from 56 to 80 pounds ; 
 a tub of vermilion, from 600 to 400 pounds. [Local.] 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 A. A wooden vessel in which vegetables are 
 planted, for the sake of being movable and set in 
 a house in cold weather. 
 5. A small cask. 
 
 TUB, r. (. To plant or set in a tub. 
 
 TUB'BER, 71. In Cornwall, a mining instrument called 
 in other places a Beele. The man who uses this 
 tool is called Tubber-Maw or Beel-Mah. Cyc. 
 
 TUB'BIXG, ppr. Setting in a tub. 
 
 TUB'BY, a. [from tuA.J Wanting elasticity of sound ; 
 a term in music. Percival. 
 
 Tube, ji. [Fr. tube; h. tubus.] 
 
 1. A pipe ; a siphon ; a canal or conduit ; a hollow 
 cylinder, either of wood, metal, or glass, used for 
 the conveyance of tluids, and for various other pur- 
 poses. 
 
 9. A vessel of animal bodies or plants, which con- 
 veys a fluid or other substance. 
 
 3. In botany, the narrow, hollow part of a monopet- 
 alous corol, by which it is fixed to the receptacle. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 4. In artillery, an instrument of tin, used in quick 
 firing. Cyc. 
 
 TOBE, V. U To furnish with a tube; as, to tube a 
 
 spring. J nurn. of Science, 
 Tfilff-I), pp. Furnished with a tube. 
 TC'llE'FOK.M, a. In (he form of a lube. 
 TC'liER, 71. [I,.] In botany, a knob in roots ; a fleshy, 
 
 rounded stem or root, usually containing starchy 
 
 matter, as the potato or arrow-root. 
 
 Jtfartyn. Louflon. 
 TO'BER-eLE, (tu'ber-kl,) 71. [Fr. tubercule, from L. 
 
 tubrrculum, from tuber, a bunch.] 
 
 1. A pimple ; a small push, swelling, or tumor, on 
 animal hndles. In cutaneous diseases, it is a small, 
 hard, superficial tumor, circumscribed and perma- 
 nent, or suppurating partially. A scrofulous or stru- 
 mous tubercle is a tumor containing a curdy and 
 often a little ichorous matter. Bateman. Tully. 
 
 3. A little knob, like a pimple, on plants: a little 
 knob or rough point on the le.'vves of some lichens, 
 supposed to be the fructification. Martyn. 
 
 TU-BER'eU-LAR, (a. Full of knobs or tubercles. 
 
 TU-BER'eU-l,OUS, i Fourcroy. 
 
 2. Air«-cted with tubercles. Joum. of Science. 
 TU-BER'eU-LATE, a. Having small knobs or tuber- 
 cles, as a plant. Lee. 
 
 Ti;-BER-IF'Ell-OlJS, a. Producing or bearing tubers. 
 
 TOBE'KCSE or Tu'BER-OSE, 71. [A corruption of 
 L. tuberosa, knobby.] A plant with a tuberous root 
 and a liliaceous flower; the Polianthrs tuberosa. 
 
 TU-liER-OS'I-TY, 71. The state of being knobbed or 
 protuberant. 
 
 TO'BER-OUS, a. (from L. tuber, a bunch.] 
 
 Knobbed. In boraTiy, consisting of rouniiish, fleshy 
 bodies, or tubers, connected into a bunch by inter- 
 vening threads, as the roots of potatoes. Marlyn. 
 
 TUB'-F.\ST, n. An old mnde of treatment for the 
 venereal disease, by sweating in a close place or 
 tub, and fasting. IVarburton on ShaJt. 
 
 TIIB'-FISH, 71. [(H* and ./?.»».] A species of Trigia 
 or Gurnard, sometimes called the Kl»ino-Fuh. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TC'Bi eORN, 71. [L. tubus nnd comu.] 
 
 One of a family of ruminant animals having horns 
 composed of a horny axis, covered with a horny 
 sheath. Brande. 
 
 TCB'ING, ppr. Furnishing with a tube. 
 
 TO'BI-POKE, n. [tube blM pore.] One of a genus of 
 coral zoophytes ; organ-pipe coral. The coral con- 
 sists of a cluster of small tubes, and has a red color. 
 
 TP'BI-PO-RITE, 71. A fossil tubipore. 
 
 TUB'-MAN, 71. Inthe eiche([ueT, a barrister so called. 
 
 England. 
 
 TO'BU-LAR, a. [from L. tubus.] 
 
 Having the form of a tube or pipe ; consisting of a 
 pipe ; fislular ; as, a tubular snout ; a tubular calyx. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 TO'BU-La-TED, i a. Made in the form of a small 
 TO'BU-LOUS, i tube. Fife. 
 2. Furnished with a small lube ; as, a tubulated 
 retort. 
 
 TO'BULE, 71. [U lubulus.] 
 
 A small pipe or fistular body. Woodward. 
 TO'BU-LI-FUR.M, a. Having the form of a small 
 
 tu be. Kirwan, 
 TC'BU-LOUS, a. Lonfitudinally hollow. 
 
 2. Containing small tubes ; composed wholly of 
 tubulous florets ; as, a tubulous compound flower. 
 
 3. In botany, having a bull-shaped border, with 
 five reflex segments, rising from a lube; as, a tubu- 
 lous floret. Marlyn. 
 
 TUCII, 71. A kind of marble. Herbert. 
 TUCK, 71. [Gaelic, tuca ; VV. Iteca ; from the sense of 
 
 cutting or thrusting, and the root of dock. The It. 
 
 has stocco, and the Fr. estnc] 
 
 1. A long, narrow sword ; a rapier. Ilalliwell. 
 
 2. A kind of net. Carew. 
 
 3. [from the verb following.] In a ship, the part 
 where the ends of the bottom planks are collected 
 under the stern. Cyc. 
 
 4. A horizontal fold made in the garment, tu ac- 
 commodate it to the height of a growing person. 
 
 HalltwclL 
 
 5. A pull ; a lugging. See Too. 
 
 TUCK, V. t, [In G. lucken signifies to stir, to stoop, to 
 shrug. In some parts of England, this verb signifies 
 to full, as cloth ; Ir. tucalam,] 
 
 1. To thrust or press in or together ; to fold under ; 
 to press into a narrower compass ; as, to tuck up a 
 bed ; to tuck up a garment ; to tuck in the skirt of 
 any thing. Jiddison. 
 
 2. To inclose by pushing close around ; as, to 
 tuck a child into a bed. Locke. 
 
 3. To full, ,is cloth. [Local] 
 
 TUCK, V. i. To contract ; to draw together. [JVot 171 
 use.] Sharp, 
 
 TUCK'A-HoE, 71. A curious vegetable of the South- 
 ern States on the Atlantic, growing under the sur- 
 face of the ground, like the iruttle of Europe. Some- 
 times called 1^D1AN Breao or Indian Loaf. 
 
 Farm. Encyc. 
 
 TUCK'ED, (tukt,) pp. Pressed in or together. 
 
 TUCK'ER, 71. A small piece of linen for shading the 
 breast of women. Addison. 
 2. A fuller, whence the name. [iocaZ.l 
 
 TUCK'ET, 71. [It. tocofo, a touch.] 
 
 1. A slight flourish on a trumpet. Halliwell. 
 
 2. [It. tocehrtto.] A steak ; a collop. 
 TUCKfET-So-NAN'CE, 71. The sound of the tucket. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 TUCK'ING, ppr. Pressing under or together; fold- 
 ins. 
 
 TOE' FALL, 71. A building with a sloping roof on one 
 side only. England. 
 
 TOES'DAY, (tuze'dy,) 71. [Sw. Ti^rfa^ ; Dan. 7Vr.<- 
 rfn;' ; D. Dins^sdaa ; G. Dingslarr ; Sax. Tiwtcsdtrg or 
 Tuesdieg, from Tig, Tiig, or Tuisco, the Mars of our 
 ancestors, the deity that presided over combats, 
 strife, and litigation. Hence Tuesday is court day, 
 assize day ; the day for combat or commencing liti- 
 gation. See Thino.1 
 The third day of tlie week. 
 
 TU'FA, ) 71. [It. tufo, porous ground ; Fr. t^f, soft 
 
 TUFF, j gravel-stone or sandstone ; G. to/.] 
 
 1. A soft or porous stone formed by depositions 
 from water, usually calcareous. 
 
 2. A volcanic sand-rock, rather friable, formed of 
 agglutinaied, volcanic earth or scoria; also, a similar 
 rock of trap or basaltic material. Dana. 
 
 TU-FA'CEOUS, (tu-fa'shus,) a. Pertaining to tufa; 
 
 consisting of tufa, or resembling it. 
 TUFF, 71. See Tupa. 
 
 TUF-FOON', n. [.A corruption of (ypAo7i.] A violent 
 tempest or tornado with thunder and lightning, fre- 
 quent in the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Tonquin. 
 
 TUFT, 71. [W.twf: Vt. touffe, toupet ; Sw. <(;/»■; S p. 
 tupe, a tuft ; tupir, to press together ; (»;7a, satiety.] 
 
 1. A collection of small things in a knot or bunch ; 
 as, a tuft of flowers; a tuft of feathers; a tuft of 
 grass or hair. A tif/l of feathers forms the crest of a 
 bird. Dryden. Addison. 
 
 2. A cluster; a clump; as, a tuft of trees ; a tufi 
 of olives. Skak. 
 
 3. In botany, a head of flowers, each elevated on a 
 partial st;ilk, and all forming together a dense, round- 
 ish ma.ss. The word is sometimes applied to other 
 collections, as little bundles of leaves, hairs, and the 
 like. Cyc. 
 
 TUFT, r. t. To separate into tufts. 
 
 2. To adorn with tufts or with a tuft. Thomson. 
 TUF-TAF'FE-TA, 71. A villous kind of silk. [JVot 
 in use.] 
 
 TUFT'ED, pp. or a. Adorned with a tuft; as, the 
 tufted duck ; growing in a tuft or clusters ; as, a tufted 
 grove. JHillon. Pope. 
 
 TUFT'-HUNT-ER, 71. A cant term in the English 
 universities for a hanger-on to noblemen and per- 
 
 sons of quality. So called from the ti^( in the capof 
 the latter. Ilalliwell. 
 TUFT'ING, ppr. Separating into tufts ; adorning with 
 tufts. 
 
 TUFT'V, 0. Abounding with tufts ; growing in clus- 
 ters ; busby. Thomson. 
 
 TUG, V. t [Sax. teogan, teon; G. tiehen, to draw; 
 lug, n tug; Ft. touer ; h. duco. See Tow, to drag.] 
 
 1. To pull or draw with great effort ; to drug along 
 with continued exertion ; to haul along. 
 
 TliTC iwciil, Ihffc itniin, tug tht laburiou* o.u. lioMcommon. 
 
 2. To pull ; to pluck. 
 
 To raM the p\in, 
 Hii tugged fan tuflVrrd wKlt a striun. Itud'ibra*. 
 
 TUG, ». 1. To pull with great effort ; as, to tug at the 
 oar ; to tug against the stream. 
 
 2. To labor; to strive ; to struggle. 
 They limf wn-stlril fiiiit atrt-iiuoualy lugged for thoir liberty. — 
 [TAu i» nol elecaiU.] Home. 
 
 TUG, n. [G. 111^.] 
 
 1. A pull with the utmost effort. 
 
 M th<- tug \v fulls — 
 V.iit ruiiii COMIC along. Dryden. 
 
 2. A sort of carriage, used in some parts of Eng- 
 land for conveying bavins or fagots and other things. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 3. A steam-ve.ssel used to tow ships ; a steam-tug. 
 
 4. In .•i07ne parts of JVVto England, the traces of a 
 harness are called tugs. 
 
 TUG'G/;l), pp. Pulled with great effort. 
 TUG'GER, n. One who tugs or pulls with great ef- 
 fort. 
 
 TUG'GING, ppr. Pulling or dragging with great ex- 
 ertion ; hauling. 
 TUG'GINfJ, 71. Laborious pulling. 
 TUG'GING-LY, adv. With laborious pulling. 
 
 Bailey. 
 
 TU-I"TION, (tu-ish'un,) 71. fL. tuilio, from luror, to 
 see, behold, protect, &c. This verb is probably con- 
 tracted from tui'o, Ir. tuighim. If so, it coincides 
 with the Dan. tugl, education, tugter, to chastise, D. 
 fii^l, G. lucht. In this case, it coincides nearly with 
 L. duco, to lead.] 
 
 1. Guardianship; superintendingrare overayoung 
 person ; the particular watch and care of a tutor or 
 guardian over his pupil or ward. 
 
 2. More especially, instruction ; the art or business 
 of teaching the various branches of learning. We 
 place our children under the preceptors of ac.ailemies 
 for tuition. [This is now the common acceptation of the 
 word.] 
 
 3. The money paid for instruction. In our col- 
 leges, the tuition is from thirty to forty dollars a year. 
 
 TU I"TION-A-RY, ( isli'un-,) a. Pertaining to tu- 
 ition. 
 
 TO'LIP, 71. [Fr. tulipe; L. («h>a; U.tulipanoi Sp. 
 tulipan; D, tutp ; G. tulpe; Sw. tulpan; Dan. tuli- 
 pan.] 
 
 A bulbous plant and a flower of the genus Tiilipa, 
 of a great variety of colors, and much cultivated for 
 its beauty. 
 
 T0-LIP-O-.M.\'NI-A, 71. A violent passion for th« ac- 
 quisition or cultivation of tulips. P. Cyc. 
 
 TO'LIP-TREE, 71. An American tree, growing to a 
 large size, an<i bearing flowers resembliiic the tulip, 
 the Liriodendron Tiilipifera; also called White- 
 wood. Lee. 
 
 TuLLE, 71. [Fr.] A kind of silk open work or lace. 
 
 TUL'LI-AN, a. Belonging to Tully or Cicero. 
 
 TUM'BLE, f. i. [Sax. /umAian, to tiunble, to dance ; 
 Sw. lumla, to fall, to tumble ; Dan. tuniirr, to shake, 
 toss, reel, tumble ; Fr. tombrr ; Sp. tninbar, to tumble, 
 roll, keel, as a ship, to throw down ; tuinba, a tomb, a 
 vault, a tumble or fall ; L. tumulus, tumultus, tumeo ; 
 It. lomare, to fill ; tombolare, to tumble ; W. twmp, a 
 hillock ; (;. taumrlu, to reel.] 
 
 1. To roll; to roll about by turning one way and 
 the other ; as, a person in pain tumbles and tosses. 
 
 Shak, 
 
 2. To fall ; to come down suddenly and violently ; 
 as, to tumble from a scaffold. 
 
 3. To roll down. The stone of Sisyphus is said to 
 have tumbled to the bottom, as soon as it was carried 
 up the hill. Addison. 
 
 4. To play mountebank tricks by Tarious libra- 
 lions and movements of Ihe body. Rowe. 
 
 TU.M'BI.E, e. t. To turn over; to turn or throw 
 about for examination or searching ; sometimes with 
 orcr ." as, to tumble orer books or papers ; to tumble 
 oeer clothes. [To tumble over in thought, is not ele- 
 gant.] 
 
 2. To disturb ; to rumple ; a.«, to tumble a bed. 
 To tumble out ; to throw or roll out ; as, to tumble 
 out casks frimi a store. 
 
 To tumble down ; to throw down carelessly. 
 
 Locke, 
 
 TUM'BI.E, n. A fall. L'F.-trange. 
 TUM'BLED, pp. Rolled ; disturbed ; rumpled ; 
 
 thrown down. 
 TUM'BI.ER, 71. One who tumbles; one who playi 
 
 the tricks of a mountebank. Pope, 
 
 2. A large drinking glass. 
 
 3. A varietv of the domestic pigeon, »o called from 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 148' 
 
 UUUU' 
 
 1181 
 
TUM 
 
 his practice of tumbling or turning over in fliplit. It 
 is a sliort-bodied pigeon, of a plain color, black, blue, 
 or white. Cijc. 
 
 4. A sort of dos, so called from his practice of tum- 
 bling before he attacks his prey. Swan. 
 
 TUM'BLIN'G, ppr. Rolling about; falling; disturb- 
 ing; rumpling. 
 
 Titmbling-liomc, in a ship, is the inclination of the 
 top sides from a perpendicular, toward the center of 
 the ship ; or the part of a shjp which falls inward 
 above the extreme breadth. Ci/c. Mar. Diet. 
 
 TUM'BLING, n. The act of tumbling; the perform- 
 ances of a tumbler. 
 
 TUM'BLING-BaY, n. In a conal, an overfall or weir. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 TUM'BREL, n. [Fr. tomhereau, from tomber. See 
 Tumble.] 
 
 1. A ducking-stool for the punishment of scolds. 
 
 2. A rough cart ; a dung-cart. Tuaser. Tatter. 
 
 3. A cart or carriage with two wheels, which ac- 
 companies troops or artillery, for conveying the tools 
 of pioneers, cartridges, and the like. 
 
 TUM'BIUL, n. A contrivance of the basket kind, or 
 a kind of cage of osiers, willows, &.C., for keeping 
 hay and other food for sheep. Ctjc. 
 
 TU-ME-FAC'TION, n. [L. lumefacio, to make tumid. 
 See Tumid.] 
 
 The act or process of swelling or rising into a tu- 
 mor; a tumor; a swelling. 
 
 TU'JIE-FI-£D, (ta'me-f Ide,) pp. or a. [from tumrfy.'] 
 Swelled ; enlarged ; as, a tumefied joint. TViseman. 
 
 TO'ME-Fy, V. t. tumefacio ; tumidus, tuineo, and 
 faclo.] 
 
 To swell, or cause to swell. 
 Tu'ME-FV, V. i. To swell ; to rise in a tumor. 
 TC'ME-FY-ING, ppr. iSwelhng; rising in a tumor. 
 Tu'MIU, a. [L. tumidius, from tiimco, to swell.] 
 
 1. Being swelled, enlarged, or distended ; as, a tu- 
 mid leg ; tumid flesh. 
 
 2. Protuberant ; rising above the level. 
 
 So higii as heaved the tumid liills. Milton, 
 
 3. Swelling in sound or sense; pompous; puffy; 
 bombastic ; falsely sublime ; as, a ttnnid expression ; 
 a tumid style. Boyle. 
 
 Tu'MID-LY, adv. In a swelling form. 
 Tu'MID-NESS, n. A swelling or swilled state. 
 Tu'MOR, 71. [L., from tumeo, to swell.] 
 
 1. In suri^trT/, a swelling ; a morbid enlargement 
 of any part of the body ; a word of very comprehen- 
 sive .signification. 
 
 The morbid enlargement of a particular part, with- 
 out being caused by inffainmution. Parr. 
 
 Any swelling which arises from the growth of 
 distinct superduous parts or substances, which did 
 not make any part of the original structure of the 
 body, or from a inorbiil increase in the bulk of other 
 parts, which naturally and always existed in the hu- 
 man frame. Cyc. 
 
 The term tumor is limited, by Abernethy, to such 
 swellings as arise from new productions, and in- 
 cludes only the sarcomatous and encysted tumors. 
 
 Parr. 
 
 An encysted tumor is one which is formed in a 
 membrane called a cyst, connected with the sur- 
 rounding parts by the neighboring cellular substance. 
 There are also fatty tumors, called lipomatous or adi- 
 pose, (adipose sarcoma,) formed by an accumulation 
 of fat in a limited e.xteiit of the cellular substance. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 2. Affected pomp; bombast in language; swelling 
 words or expressions ; false magniticence or sublim- 
 ity. {Little used.] IVotton. 
 
 Tu'.MOR-/;D, a. Distended ; swelled. Junius. 
 TO'MOR OUS, a. Swelling; protuberant. IVoUon. 
 2. Vainly pompous ; bombastic ; as language or 
 
 style. [Little used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 TUMP, n. [Infra.] A little hillock. 
 Tir.MP, r. (. [VV. ticnip, a round mass, a Iiillock ; L. 
 
 tumalus. .See Tomii.] 
 
 In irardenina, to form a mass of earth or a hillock 
 
 round n plant ; as, to lump teasel. [This English 
 
 phr.ase is not used in America, but it answers nearly 
 
 to our HiLLinG. See Hill.] 
 TUMP'a:D, (tumpt,) pp. Surrounded with a hillock 
 
 of earth. 
 
 TU.MP'l.N'G, ppr. Raising a mass of earth round a 
 plant. 
 
 TO'iM(J-LAR, a. [L. tumulus, n Iicap.] 
 
 Consisting in a heap ; formed or being in a heap or 
 hillock. Pinkcrton. 
 TO'.MIM-ATE, t). K To swell. [J\rot in use.] 
 TU-MIJ-LOS'I-TV, 71. [Intra.] llilliness. Bailey. 
 T0'MU-I,O(JS, a. [U. tumulosus.] 
 
 Full of hills. Bailey. 
 TCMULT, n. [L. tumullus, a derivative, from tuineo, 
 to swell.] 
 
 1. 'I'he commotion, disturbance, or agitation of a 
 multitude, uxunlly nccimipanied with great noise, 
 uproar, and confusion of voices. 
 
 Willi m'-anfUi ihe noli*- of Ihb tumuU7 — I Bam. It. 
 'nil in luiiil lumuJI nil Uie (ip i'iii al<»T. Pt^t. 
 
 2. Violent commotion or ngitntion, with confusion 
 of Hounds; an, the tumult of the elements. Spectator. 
 
 TUN 
 
 3. Agitation ; high excitement ; irregular or con- 
 fused motion ; as, the tumult of the spirits or pas- 
 sions. 
 
 4. Bustle ; .stir. 
 
 Tu'AIULT, V. i. To make a tumult ; to be in great 
 commotion. Milton. 
 
 TU-MULT'y-A-RI-LY, adv. [from tumultuary.] In 
 a tumultuary or disorderly manner. 
 
 TU-MULT'l|-A-RI-N'ESS, 71. Disorderly or tumultu- 
 ous conduct ; turbulence; disposition to tumult. 
 
 K. Charles. 
 
 TU-MULT'IJ-A-RY, a. [Fr. tumuttuaire ; from L. tu- 
 multus.] 
 
 1. Disorderly ; promiscuous ; confused ; as, a tu- 
 multuary conrtict. K. Charles. 
 
 2. Restless ; agitated ; unquiet. 
 
 Men, who live without religion, live always in a tumultttary and 
 rcsllfss suite. AUerbury. 
 
 TU-MULT'IJ-aTE, v. i. [L. tumult'uo.] 
 
 To mtike a tumult. [JVot used.] South. 
 
 TU-MIJLT-II-A'TION, 71. Commotion; irregular or 
 disorderly movement ; as, the tumultuation of the 
 parts of a fluid. Boyle, 
 
 TU-.MULT'Ii-OUS, (-mult'yu-us,) a. [Fr. lumul- 
 tueux.] 
 
 1. Conducted with tumult ; disorderly ; as, a tu- 
 multuous conrtict ; a tumultuous retreat. 
 
 2. Greatly agitated ; irregular ; noi.sy ; confused ; 
 as, a tumultuous assembly or meeting. 
 
 3. Agitated ; disturbed ; as, a tumultuous breast. 
 
 4. Turbulent ; violent ; as, a tumultuous speech. 
 
 5. Full of tumult and disorder; as, a tumultuous 
 state or citv. Sidney. 
 
 TU-MULT'U-OUS-LY, adv. In a disorderly man- 
 ner ; bv a disorderly multitude. 
 
 TU-MULT'lI-OUS-NESS, 71. The state of being tu- 
 multuous ; disorder ; commotion. 
 
 TVMU-LUS, 71. [L.] An artificial hillock raised 
 over those who were buried in ancient times. 
 Hence toTiiA. 
 
 TUN, 71. [Sax. tiiTiTia, Sw. tunna, a cask ; Fr. tonne, 
 touneau ; Ir. tonna; Arm. ionnel ; Sp. and Port, tonel, 
 tonelada : G. (oimc ; D. ton ; W. tynell, a barrel or tun. 
 This word seems to be from the root of L. teneo, to 
 hold, Gr. r£ii/r.', to stretch, W. tijn, stretched, strained, 
 tight, tyn&u, to strain, to tighten ; and this seems 
 also to be the Sax. tun, a town ; for this word signi- 
 fies also a garden, evidently from inclosing, and a 
 class, from collecting or holding.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a large cask ; an oblong ves- 
 sel bulging in the mitJdle, like a pipe or puncheon, 
 and girl with hoops. 
 
 2. A certain measure for liquids, as for wine, oil, 
 
 3. A quantity of wine, consisting of two pipes or 
 four hogsheads, or 232 gallons. In different coun- 
 tries, the tun differs in quantity. 
 
 4. In commerce, the weight of twenty hundred 
 gross, each hundred consisting of 112 lbs. =2240 lbs. 
 But by a law of Connecticut, passed June, 1827, 
 gross weight is abolished, and a tun is the weight of 
 21)00 lbs. It is also a practice in New York to sell by 
 2000 lbs. to the tun. 
 
 5. A certain weight by which the burden of a ship 
 is estimated ; as, a ship of three hundred tuns, that 
 is, a ship that will cany three hundred times two 
 thousand weight. Forty-two cubic feet are allowed 
 to a tan. 
 
 6. A certain quantity of timber, consisting of forty 
 solid feet, if round, or (ifty-four feet, if square. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 7. Proverbially, a large quantity. Shak. 
 
 8. In burlesque, a drunkard. Dryden. 
 
 9. At the end of names, tiiii, (on, or don, signifies 
 (017171, village, or hill. 
 
 TUN, 77. (. To put into casks. Bacon. Boyle. 
 
 TuN'A-BLE,a. [from (iiiic] Harmonious ; musical. 
 
 And tunnhle as sylvan pipe or song. Mitton. 
 
 2. That may be put in tune. 
 TTN'A-BLE-NESS, 71. Harmony; melodiousness. 
 TON'A-III.Y, ai/i'. Harmoniously; musically. 
 TUN'-BEI.-M-KD, a. [tun and belly.] Having a 
 
 laree, protuberant belly. Enticlc. 
 TUN'-DISH, 71. [(nil and di-sA.] A tunnel. 
 TONE, 71. [Fr. tun: It. tuono ; D. (oo« ; W. ton; Ir. 
 
 to77a; L. (01111.V. It is a different spelling of Tone, 
 
 which see.] 
 
 1. A series of musical notes, in scmie particular 
 measure, and consisting of a single series, for one 
 voice or instrument, Ihe effect of which is melody ; 
 or a union of two or more series or parts to be sung 
 or played in concert, the effect of which is harmony. 
 Thus we say, a merry tune, a lively tune, a grave 
 tunc, a poalm (uiir, a martial tunc. 
 
 2. Sound ; note. Shall. 
 
 3. Harmony; order; concert of parts. 
 
 4. The stale of giving the proper sound.'! ; as when 
 we say, a harpsichord is in tune: that is, when the 
 several chords are of that tension, that each gives 
 its proper sound, and the sounds of nil are at due in- 
 tervals, both of tones and semitones. 
 
 TUN 
 
 5. Proper state foi use or application ; right dispo- 
 sition ;'fit temper or humor. The mind is not in 
 (u7ie for mirth. 
 
 A child will learn three times as fast when he ii in tunt, as he 
 will when he is dragged to his task. JUoclce. 
 TONE, 71. t. To put into a state adapted to produce 
 the proper sounds ; as, to tune a piano-forte; to tune 
 a violin. 
 
 Tune your h-trps. Dryden. 
 
 2. To sing with melody or harmony 
 Fountains, and ye that warhle as yc flow 
 
 Melodious iriurnluri, warbling tune his praise. Milton. 
 
 So we say of birds, they time their notes or lays. 
 
 3. To put into a state proper for any purpose, or 
 adapted to produce a particular effect. [Little used.] 
 
 TuNE, V. i. To form one sound to anotlier. [Shak. „ 
 While tuning to the waters' fall, 
 
 The small birds sang to her. Drayton. 
 2. To utter inarticulate harmony with the voice. 
 TuN'£D, pp. Uttered melodiously or harmoniously ; 
 
 put in order to produce the proper sounds. 
 TuNE'FJJL, a. Harmonious; melodious; musical; 
 
 as, tuneful notes ; tuneful birds. Milton. I>niden. 
 TuNE'FlJL-LY, (k/d. Harmoniously; musically. 
 TuNE'LESS, a. Unmusical ; unharmonious. 
 
 2. Not employed in making music ; as, a tuneless 
 harp. 
 
 TON'ER, 71. One who tunes. Sliak. 
 2. One whose occupation is to tune musical instru- 
 ments. 
 
 TUNO'STATE, 71. A salt formed of tungstic acid and 
 
 TUNG'STEN, 71. [Sw. and Dan. tung, heavy, and 
 sten, stone.] 
 
 1. A metal discovered by D'Elhiiyart, in 1781. It 
 has a grayish-white color, and considerable luster. 
 It is brittle, nearly as liard as steel, and less fusible 
 than manganese. Its specific gravity is near I7.G. 
 When heated to redness in the open air, it takes fire, 
 and is converted into tungstic acid. It is sometimes 
 
 called WoLFRAMIUM. 
 
 2. An obsolete name for the mineral tungstate cf 
 lime. 
 
 TUNG-STEN'ie, a. Pertaining to or procured from 
 tungsten. [Obs.] 
 
 TUNG'STie ACID, 71. Ab acid composed of one 
 equivalent of the metal tungsten, and Uwe equiva- 
 lents of oxygen. 
 
 Tu'Nie, 71. [Fr. tuiiiyue ; L. tunica. See Town and 
 TuN.j 
 
 1. An under garment worn by both sexes in ancient 
 Rome and the East, reaching to or below the knees. 
 
 Smithes Diet. 
 
 9. In the Roman Catholic ckureh, a long under gar- 
 ment worn by the officiating clergy. Cyc. 
 
 3. In anatomy, membrane that covers or composes 
 some part or organ ; as, the tunics or coats of the 
 eye ; the tunics of the stomach, or the membranous 
 and muscular layers which compose it. Cyc. 
 
 4. A natural covering ; an integument ; as, the 
 tunic of a seed. 
 
 Tu'Nie-A-RY^, n. [from (iiiiic] An animal of the 
 molluscan tribe, enveloped with a double tunic. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 Tu'NI€-S-TED, a. In botany, covered with a tunic, 
 or membranes ; coated. 
 
 A tunicated bulb, is one composed of numerous con- 
 cenlric coats, as an onion. Murtyn. 
 
 TC'Ni eLE, (IQ'ne-kl,) 71. [from tuTitc.] A natural 
 covering ; an integument. Ray. Bcntley. 
 
 TC'N'ING, ppr. Uttering harmoniously or melodi- 
 ously ; putting in due order for making the proper 
 sounds. 
 
 TCN'ING-FORK, n. A steel instrument consisting of 
 two prongs and a handle ; used for tuning instru- 
 ments. Bushy. 
 
 TON'ING-HAM-MER, 71. A tool for tuning instru- 
 ments of music. Busby. 
 
 TUNK'ER, 71. [G. tiiriirn, to dip.] 
 
 The Tunkers are a religious sect in Pennsylvania, 
 of (ierman origin, resembling the English Baptists. 
 
 TUN'NAGE, 71. [from tun.] The amount of tuns 
 that a ship will carry ; the content or burden of a 
 ship. A ship pays tliity according to her tannage. 
 
 2. The duly charged on ships according to their 
 burden, or the number of tuns at which they are 
 rated. U. States^ Laws. 
 
 3. A duty laid on liquors according to their meas- 
 ure. Cyc. 
 
 4. A duty paid to mariners by merchants for un- 
 loading their ships, after a rate by the Iiin. Cyc. 
 
 5. The whole amount of shipping, estimated by the 
 tuns. 
 
 TUN'NEL, 71. [Fr. tonnelle.] 
 
 1. A vessel with a broad month at one end, and a 
 pijie or tube at the other, for conveying liquor into 
 casks, bottles, ic. 
 
 2. The opening of a chimney for the passage of 
 smoke ; called generally a Fonnel. 
 
 3. An artificial arch or passage for conducting 
 canals or railroads under elevated ground, for the 
 forinntlon of roads under rivers or canals, and th» 
 construction of sewers, drains, &c. llebert. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WIl^T METE, PRgY PINE, MARJNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
 1183 
 
TUR 
 
 TUN'NEL, I'. (. To I'Driii like a tunnel ; as, to funnel 
 flbrous plants into nest^s. Derham, 
 a. 'I'o catch in a net called a tnnnel-net. 
 
 3. To form with net-work, Dcrham, 
 
 4. To make an opening or way for pastage, 
 throush a hill, or mountain, or under a river. 
 
 TlIN'NEL-£l)j pp. Formed like a tunnel i penetrat- 
 ed liy an arlihcial opening for a passage. 
 
 TUN'NElr-ING, p/ir. Forming like a tunnel; pene- 
 trating' liy a subterraneous passage. 
 
 TUiN'NEL-Kll.N, (-kil,) n. A lime-kiln in which coal 
 is hurut, as distinguished from a Fl^me-Kiln, in 
 which wood or peat is used. Cijc. 
 
 TUN'NEL-NET, ii. A net with a wide mouth at one 
 end and narrow at the other. Cue. 
 
 TUN'NEI^PIT, n. A sliart sunk from the lop of the 
 ground to the level of an intended tunnel, for draw- 
 ing up the earth and stones. 
 
 TUN'NING, ;);jr. I'utting into casks. 
 
 TU.N'NY, 71. [It. fu;i«o; Fr. tkon; G. thunfisdi ; L. 
 tlLyniiiis.'\ 
 
 A fish of the genus Thynnus, of the mackerel fami- 
 ly. Its form is similar to that of the mackerel, hut 
 much larger, rounder, and with a shorter snout. It 
 is one of the largest of fishes, tunnies weighing 1000 
 pounds not lieing rare in the Mediterranean. Tlie 
 tunny is considered e.vcellent food. 
 
 TUP, 11. Aram. [Local.] [Jardinc's JVat. Lib. 
 
 TUP, V. t. [Gr. rmrio.] 
 
 1. To but, as a rani. [Local.) 
 9. To cover, as a ram. [Local.] 
 
 TO'PE-LO, n. A North American tree of the genus 
 Nyssa. Some of the species are called Ulack-Gum, 
 Sour-Gum, Gum-Tbee, &c. Drayton. Mea.sc. 
 TUP'-iMAN, n. A man who deals in tups. [Local.] 
 TUR'U.W, n. [Ar.] A head dress worn by the Ori- 
 entals, consisting of a cap, and a sash, scarf, or 
 shawl, usually of cotton or linen, artfully wound 
 about the cap, and sometimes hanging down the 
 neck. Brande. 
 
 The name is also applied to a head-dress worn by 
 ladies. 
 
 2. In concholomj, the whole set of whirls of a shell. 
 
 Ci/c. 
 
 TUR'B.\N-eROVVN-£D, a. Crowned with a turban. 
 
 fVc.1t. Rev. 
 
 TUR'BAN-£D, a. Wearing a turban ; as, a turbaned 
 Turk. Sluik. 
 
 TUR'HAN-SIIELL, n. A popular name given to 
 Echini, or sea-urchins, when deprived of their spines, 
 from stinie resemblance to a turban. Dana. 
 
 TUK'l!A.N-TOP, n. A plant of the genus Helvella ; a 
 kind of t'lingus or inushroum. Ci/c. 
 
 TUll'BA-RY, II. [from turf : Latinized, tnrbaria.) 
 
 1. In lam, a riglit of digging turf on another man's 
 land. Common of turbary, is the liberty which a 
 tenant enjoys of digging turf on the lord's waste. 
 
 2. The place where" turf is dug. Cowel. 
 TUR'BIU, a. [L. turbidus, from turbo, to disturb, 
 
 that is, to stir, to turn.] 
 
 Properly, having the lees disturbed ; hut in a more 
 general sense, muddy ; foul with extraneous matter ; 
 thick, not clear ; used of liquids of any hind ; as, turbid 
 water ; turbid wine. Streams running on clay gen- 
 erally appear to be turbid. This is often the case 
 with the River Seine. 
 
 TUU'BID-LV, adv. Proudly ; lutughtily ; a Latinism. 
 [JViit in iise.] Young, 
 
 TUR'lilU-NESS, n. Muddiness ; foulness. 
 
 TUR-Iill.L'ION, (-bil'yun,) n. [Fr. tourbiUon.] 
 
 A whirl ; a vortex. Spectator. 
 
 TUU'BIN-ATE, to. [L. <«rAina(««, formed like a 
 
 TUR'I!IN-A-TED, j top, from turbo, turbcn, a top.] 
 
 1. In concholoiry, spiral, or wreathed conicnlly from 
 a larger base to a kind of apex ; as, turbinated shells. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 2. In botany, shaped like a top or cone inverted ; 
 narrow at the base, and broad at the apex ; as, a 
 turbinated genn, nectary, or pericarp. Lee. 
 
 3. Whirling. [Little used.] 
 TUR-BI\-A'T10>I, n. The act of spinning or whirl- 
 ing, as a top. 
 
 TUR'BLN'-ITE, ) n. A petrified shell of the genus 
 
 TUR'lilTE, i Turbo. [Obsolete] Cyc. Kirwan. 
 
 TUR'BIT, n. A variety of the domestic pigeon, re- 
 markable for its short beak ; called by the Dutch 
 kort-brak, short beak. Cyc. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 2. The turbot. ^ Cyc. 
 
 TUR'BITH, 71. An incorrect spelling of Tdrfeth, 
 which see. 
 
 TUR'BOT, 77. [Fr.l A flat-fish of the genus Rhom- 
 bus of Cuvier, (Pleuronectes, Linn.,) with a body 
 nearly circular. It grows to the weight of twenty or 
 thirtv pounds, and is much esteemed by epicures. 
 TUR'ifU.LENCE, ) n. [See Turbulent.] A dis- 
 TUR'BU-LE.\-CY, ( turbed state; tumult; confu- 
 sion ; as, the turbulence of the times ; turbulence in 
 political aflairs. Milton. 
 
 2. Disorder or tumult of the passions ; as, turbu- 
 lence of mind. Dryden. 
 
 3. Agitation ; tumultuousnesa ; as, turbulence of 
 blood. SwifL 
 
 4. Disposition to resist authority ; insubordination ; 
 as, the turbulence of subjects. 
 
 TUR 
 
 TUR'HU-LENT, a. [L. turbulentus, from tu7-6u, to 
 disturb.] 
 
 1. Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; being in 
 violent commotion ; as, the turbulent ocean. 
 
 Cnlm irgion one*, 
 Ami full of p«ucr, now tusjiud und turbuUnt. 
 Tho turbuUnt niirtli of wine. 
 
 Vrydtn. 
 
 2. Restless ; unquiet ; refractory ; disposed to in- 
 subordination and disorder; as, turbulent spirits. 
 
 3. Producing commotion. 
 
 Whose hCiiilB Uiut turliulenl liquor filli willi fumes. Millon. 
 
 TUR'BU-LENT-LY, a(/t). Tumiiltuously ; with vio- 
 lent agitation; with refractoriness. 
 
 TUR'CiSM, 71. The religion of the Turks. 
 
 TU-REEN', 71. [Fr. terrine.] 
 A vessel for holding soup. 
 
 TURF, 71. [Sax. tijrf ; D. turf; G. and Sw. torf; Fr. 
 tourbc ; Ir. tarp, a clod. The word seems to signify 
 a collection, a mass, or perhaps an excrescence.] 
 
 1. That upper stratum of earth and vegetable 
 mold, which is filled with the roots of grass anil 
 other small plants, so as to adhere and form a kind 
 of mat. This is otherwise called Sward and Sod. 
 
 2. Peat ; a peculiar kind of blackish, fibrous, veg- 
 etable, earthy substance, used as fuel.] 
 
 [Dryden and Addison wrote Turfs, in tho plural. 
 But when turf or peat is cut into small pieces, the 
 practice now is to call them Turves.] 
 
 3. Race ground ; or horse-racing. 
 
 The honors of Uie rur/are all our own. Cowper. 
 
 TURF, V. t. To cover with turf or aod ; as, to turf a 
 
 bank or the border of a terrace. 
 TURF'-CLAD, o. Covered with turf. 
 TURF'-t;5V-ER-£D, a. Covered with turf. Tooke. 
 TURF'-DRAIN, n; A drain filled with turf or peat. 
 
 Cue 
 
 TURF'£D, (turfl,) pp. Covered with turf or g"reen 
 sod. 
 
 TURF'iC.V, a. Made of turf; covered with turf. 
 TURF'-IIEDCE, 71. A hedge or fence formed with 
 
 turf and plants of dillerent kinds. Ciic 
 TURF'-IIOUSE, 71. A house or shed formed of "turf, 
 
 coinmuii in the northern parts of Europe. 
 
 Cyc. Tooke. 
 
 TURF'I-NESS.Ti. [(mmlurfy.] The stale of abound- 
 ing with turf, or of having the consistence or qualities 
 of turf. 
 
 TUKF'l.VG, ppr. Covering with turf. 
 
 TURF'ING, 71. The operation of laying down turf, or 
 
 covering with turf. 
 TURF'ING-I-RON, 7i. An implement for paring off 
 
 turf. 
 
 TURF'ING-SPaDE, n. An instniment for under- 
 cutting turf, when marked out by the plow. Cyc. 
 
 TURF'-MOSS, 71. A tract of turfy, mossy, or boggy 
 land. Cyc. 
 
 TURF'-SPADE, n. A spade for cutting and digging 
 turf, lunger and narrower than the common spade. 
 
 Cyc 
 
 TURF'Y, a. Abounding with turf. 
 
 2. Having the qualities of turf. 
 TUR'GENT, a. [L. tureens, from turgeo, to swell.] 
 Swelling ; tumid ; rising into a tumor or puffy 
 state ; as, when the humors are turgenL 
 
 Oov. of the Tongue. 
 TUR-GES'CENCE, ) rr , t 
 TUR-GES'CEN-CY, i "• l-L- turgescens.] 
 
 1. The act of swelling. 
 
 2. The state of being swelled. Brown. 
 
 3. Empty pompousncss ; inllalion : bombast. 
 TUR-OES'CENT, a. Swelling ; growing big. 
 TUR'OII), a. [L. targidws, from turgeo, to swell.] 
 
 1. Swelled ; bloated ; distended beyond its nat- 
 ural state by some internal agent or expansive force. 
 
 A bladder held by Uie fire grvvf turgid. Boyle. 
 
 More generally, the word is applied to an enlarged 
 part of the body ; as, a turgid limb. 
 
 2. Swelling in style or language ; vainly ostenta- 
 tious; tumid; pompous; inflated; bombastic; as, a 
 turgid style ; a turgid manner of t.alking. Watts. 
 
 TUR-GID'I-TY, n. Slate of being swelled ; tumid- 
 ness. 
 
 TUR'GID-LY, arft). With swelling or empty pomp. 
 TUR'GID-NESS, 71. A swelling or swelled suateofa 
 
 thing ; distention beyond its natural stale by some 
 
 internal force or agent, as in a limb. 
 2. Poinpousne.ss ; inflated manner of writing or 
 
 speaking; bombast; as, the (ui-g-tdnejs of language 
 
 or style. 
 
 TU-RI-O-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. turio, a shoot, and 
 
 fero, to bear.] 
 
 Producing shoots. Barton. 
 TUR'KEY,7i. [.\s this fowl was not brought from 
 
 Turkey, it would be more correct lo write the name 
 
 TuRKr, as it is written in the Encyclopedia Brilan- 
 
 nica.] 
 
 A large gallinaceous fowl, the Meleagris g.allopavo. 
 It is a native of America, and its flesh furnishes 
 most delicious food. Wild turkeys abound in the 
 foresu of America, and domestic turkeys are bred in 
 other countries, as well as in America. There is an- 
 
 TUR 
 
 other species, the Meleagris ocellata, found about tho 
 Hay of Honduras. 
 TUR'KEY-llU'/,'/,ARD, 71. In America, a common 
 species of vulture, having a distant reseiiiblaiice lo a 
 turkey, and remarkable fur its graceful lliglil lu the 
 higher regions of the air. It is the C'atharies aura. 
 
 Ilaldeinan. 
 
 TUR'KEY-RED, 71. A fine, durable red, dyed with 
 madtler upon calico or woolen cloth. Brande. 
 
 TUK'KEY-STO.NE, n. Another name of the oil- 
 stone, from Turkey. 
 
 TURK'ISH, a. Pertaining to the Turks. 
 
 TURK'ISH-LY, ado. In Ihe niamur of the Turks. 
 
 TUR-K(JIS', (-koiz' or-keez',) 71. [Fr. turquoise i from 
 Turkey.] 
 
 A mineral, called also Calaite, brought from Per- 
 sia, of a peculiar bluish-green color, occurring in reni- 
 foriii masses, with a bolryoidal surface. It \» suscepti- 
 ble of a high polish, and is used in jewelry, and when 
 highly colored is much esteemed as a gein. Dana. 
 
 TURK'S'-CAP, 71. A plant of ihe genus Lilium ; and 
 also of the genus Melocactiis. 
 
 TURK'S'-IIEAD, ( hed,) 71. A name of plants of the 
 genera Maiiiiiiillaria and Melocactus. 
 
 TURK'S'-TUR-BAN, 71. A plant of the genus Ra- 
 nunculus. 
 
 TUR'LU-PLN'S, 71. p(. In French ecclesiastical history, 
 a nickname for the precursors of Ihe reformation, 
 corresponding to Lollards, &.c. Brande. 
 
 TURM, 71. [L. (i(r77m.] 
 
 A troop. [.Vot English.] Milton. 
 
 TUR'MA-LLN, 71. An electric stone. [Sec Toubma- 
 
 1,1 N.J 
 
 TUR'.SlER-ie, n. [It. turtumaglio. Thomson says, 
 iSaiis. and Pers. lur, yellow, and 77(iricA, pepper.] 
 
 A medicinal root brought from the East Indies, the 
 Ciirciiiiia longa. It is externally grayish, but inter- 
 nally of a deep, lively yellow or saffron color. It has 
 a slight aromatic smell, and a bitterish, slightly acrid 
 Taste. It is used for dyeing, and as a medicine. 
 This name is sometimes given to the blood-ro<it 
 (Sanguinaria (Canadensis) of America, and also to 
 the Hydrastis Canadensis. Cyc. Bigcloic. 
 
 TUR-.MOIL', 71. [I know not the origin of this word ; 
 but it is probably from the root of the L. (ur6a, tur- 
 bo, turma, or of turn.] 
 
 Disturbance ; tumult ; harassing labor; trouble; 
 molestation by tumult. 
 
 Thcrt- I'll p'st, aa after much turmoil 
 A blessed soul dolh in Llysiuin. 
 
 Shai. 
 
 TUR-MOIL', I'. (. To har.ass with commotion. 
 
 It is tier faul misfortune — to be miserably bussed and turmoiltd 
 with these storms of allliction. Sjitnter. 
 
 2. To disquiet ; to weary. Milton. 
 
 TUR-MOIL', V. i. To be disquieted ; to be in com- 
 motion. Milton. 
 
 TUR-MOIL' A"D, pp. Ilar.assed with commotions. 
 
 TURN, r. t. [Sax. turnan, tyman; L. toriio ; Gr. 
 Titpvoio I Fr. toumer ; Arm. turncin i It. torno, a 
 wheel, Ij. turnus ; torniare, to turn; tomare, to re- 
 turn ; torneure, tomire, to turn, lo fence round, to 
 till ; torniamento, loiiruament ; Sp. torno, tornear ; G. 
 turnier, a till ; Sw. tornera, to run tilt, Dan. turnerer ; 
 W. (irrn, ttirn, from (iir, a turning ; Gaelic, turna, a 
 spinning wheel ; turnoir, a turner. This is probably 
 
 a derivative verb from the root of Ar. jli daura, 
 
 to turn. Class Dr, No. 3, and see No. 15, 13, 18, 
 
 38.] 
 
 1. To cause to move in a circular course; as, to 
 turn a wheel ; to turn a spindle ; to fiirii the body. 
 
 2. I'o cnange or shit^ sides; to put the upper side 
 downward, or one side in the place of the other. It ( 
 is said a lirn (iiriu her eggs ullen when sitting. 
 
 3. To alter, as a posit^n. 
 
 Expert 
 
 When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway of battle. Milton. 
 
 4. To cause to preponderate ; to change the state 
 of a balance ; as, to furTi the scale. Dryden. 
 
 To bring the inside out ; as, to (urn a coat. 
 
 6. To alte^ as the posture of Uie body, or direction 
 of the look. 
 
 The monarch turru him to hii royal gucsL Popt. 
 
 7. To form on a l.allie ; to make round. 
 
 8. To form ; to shape ; used in the participle ; as, a 
 body finely turned. 
 
 His timU now tumtd. Pop*. 
 
 9. To change ; to transform ; as, to (urn evil to 
 good ; to turn goods into money. 
 
 InipatienoT (urns an ague into a feTer. Thytor. 
 I pniy the-, lurfi tiie counid of Atiilbophel into fooUsbneas. — 3 
 Sam. I«. 
 
 10. To metamorphose ; as, to (utti a worm into a 
 winged insect. 
 
 11. To alter or change, as color ; as, to turTi green 
 to blue. 
 
 12. To change or alter in any manner ; to vary. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 13. To translate ; as, to turTi Greek Into English. 
 
 Who lurn* a Persian tale for half a cnjwn. ^7*. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
TUR 
 
 14. To change, as the manner of writing ; as, to 
 turn prose into verse. 
 
 15. To change, as from one opinion or party to an- 
 otlier ; as, to turn one from a tory to a whig ; to turn 
 a Mohammedan or a pagan to a Christian. 
 
 16. To change in regard to inclination or temper. 
 Turn ihee to me, and have mercy on me. — Ps. ixt. 
 
 17. To change or alter from one purpose or effect 
 to another. 
 
 God will make ihes? evils the occasion of greater e^ood, by (um- 
 tfij lliein to our advantage. TUtolson. 
 
 18. To transfer. 
 
 Therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom to David. — I 
 Chron. X. 
 
 19. To cause to nauseate or loathe ; as, to turn the 
 stonhtch. 
 
 20. To mal<e giddy. 
 
 Eastern priesta in giddy circles run, 
 And turn their heaits lo imitate the SUD. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 21. To infatuate ; to make mad, wild, or enthusi- 
 astic ; as, to turn the brain. ..Addison, 
 
 22. To change direction to or from any point ; as, 
 to turn the eyes to the heavens ; to turn the eyes 
 from a diszusting spectacle. 
 
 23. To direct by a change to a certain purpose or 
 object ; to direct, as the inclination, thoughts, or 
 mind. I have turned my mind to the subject. 
 
 My thoughts are turned on peace. Addison. 
 
 24. To revolve ; to agitate in the mind. 
 
 Turn those ideas about in your mind. Watlt. 
 
 25. To bend from a perpendicular direction ; as, to 
 turn the edge of an instrument. 
 
 26. To move from a direct course or straight line ; 
 to cause to deviate ; as, to turn a horse frtun the road, 
 or a ship from lier course. 
 
 27. To apply by a change of use. 
 
 When the passage is open, land will be turned most to cattle. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 28. To reverse. 
 
 The L.ord thy Gofi will turn thy captivity, and have compassion 
 on thee. — D. ut. xxx. 
 
 29. To keep passing and changing in the course of 
 trade ; as, to turn money or stock two or three times 
 in the year. 
 
 30. To adapt the mind ; chirjlij in the participle. 
 
 He was perfectly well turned for trade. Addison. 
 
 31. To make acid ; to sour ; as, to turn cider or 
 wine ; to turn milk. 
 
 32. To persuade to renounce an opinion ; to dis- 
 suade from a purpose, or cause to change sides. 
 You can not turn a firm man. 
 
 To turn aside ; to avert. 
 
 To turn away ; to dismiss from service ; to discard ; 
 as, lo turn away a servant. 
 
 2. To avert ; as, to turn away wrath or evil. 
 
 To turn back : to return ] as, to turn back goods to 
 the seller. [Little used.] SJtak. 
 
 To turn dawn ; to foltl or double down. 
 
 To turn in ; to fold or double ; as, to turn in the 
 edge of cloth. 
 
 To turn off: to dismiss contemptuously ; as, to turn 
 off a sycophant or parasite. 
 
 2. To give over ; to resign. We are not so wholly 
 turned off frum that reversion. 
 
 3. To divert ; to deflect ; as, to turn offtXie thoughts 
 from serious subjects. 
 
 To be turned of : to be advanced beyond ; as, to be 
 turned of sixty-six. 
 
 To turn out : to drive out ; to expel ; as, to turn a 
 family out of doors, or out of the house. 
 
 2. To put to pasture, .as cattle or horses. 
 
 To turn over: to change sides ; to roll over. 
 
 2. To transfer ; as, to (arn over business to another 
 hand. 
 
 3. To open and examine one leaf after another ; 
 as, to turn over a Concordance. Swift. 
 
 4. To overset. 
 
 To turn to ; to have recourse to. 
 Helvetiiia'fl Libb-a may be turned to on all occasions. Locke. 
 To turn upon ; to retort ; to throw bark ; as, to 
 turn the arguments of an opptment u;wn himself. 
 
 .^tterburtf. 
 
 To turn Ike back ; to flee ; to retreat, flxod. xxiii. 
 To turn Ike back upon ; to quit with contemj>t ; to 
 forsake. 
 
 To turn the die or dice : to change fortune. 
 TURN, r. i. To move round ; lo have a circular mo- 
 tion ; as, a wheel turns on its axis ; a spindle tumj 
 on a ptvol ; a man turm on his heel. 
 
 2. To be directed. 
 
 The undenlandiiig turns inwar) 
 o|yr.l...r.i. 
 
 3. To show regard by directing the look toward 
 any thing. 
 
 Turn, mirhty monnrcll, turn ttiis way ; 
 
 Do not rililaf! to hear. Dryden. 
 
 4 To move the body round lie turned to me 
 with a nmile. 
 
 5. To move ; to change posture. I^'t your body 
 be at rest ; do not turn in the leoHl. 
 
 TUR 
 
 6. To deviate ■, as, to turn from the road or course. 
 
 7. To alter; to be changed or transformed; as, 
 wood turns to stone ; water turns to ice ; one color 
 turns to another. 
 
 8. To become by change ; as, the fur of certain 
 animals turns in winter. 
 
 Cygnets from gray turn white. Bacon. 
 
 9. To change sides. A man in a fever turns oflen. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 10. To change opinions or parties; as, to turn 
 Christian or Mohammedan. 
 
 11. To change the mind or conduct 
 
 Turn from thy fierce wrath. — Ex. ixxS. 
 
 12. To change to acid ; as, milk turns suddenly 
 during a thunder-storm. 
 
 13. To be brought eventually ; to result or termi- 
 nate in. This trade has not turned to much account 
 or advantage. The application of steam turns to 
 good account, both on land and water. 
 
 14. To depend on for decision. The question 
 turns on a single fact or point. 
 
 15. To become giddy. 
 
 I'll look no more, 
 Lest my brain turn. Shak. 
 
 16. To change a course of life ; to repent. 
 
 Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways, for why will ye die t — 
 E^-k. xxxiii. 
 
 17. To change the course or direction ; as, the tide 
 turns. 
 
 To turn about ; to move the face to another quar- 
 ter. 
 
 To turn away ; to deviate. 
 
 2. To depart from ; to forsake. 
 
 To turn in i to bend inward. 
 
 2. To enter for lodgings or entertainment. Gen. 
 xix. 
 
 3. To go to bed. 
 
 To turn off; to be diverted ; to deviate from a 
 course. The road turns off to the left. 
 To turn on or upon ; to reply or retort. 
 2. To depend on. 
 
 To turn out ; to move from its place, as a bone, 
 
 2. To bend outward ; tt) project. 
 
 3. To rise from bed ; also, to come abroad ; to 
 prove in the result. 
 
 To turn over; to turn from side to side; to roll ; to 
 tumble. 
 
 9. To change sides or parties. 
 
 To turn to ; to be directed ; as, the needle turns to 
 the magnetic pole. 
 
 To turn under ; to bend or be folded downward. 
 
 To turn up ; to bend or be doubled upward. 
 TURN, n. Thi: act of turning ; movement or motion 
 in a circul.tr direction, whether horizontally, verti- 
 ciUy, or otherwise ; a revolution; as, the turn of a 
 wheel. 
 
 2. A winding ; a meandering course ; a bend or 
 bending ; as, the turn of a river. Addison. 
 
 3. A walk to and fro. 
 
 I will take a turn in Jonr garden. Dryden. 
 
 4. Change ; alteration ; vicissitude ; as, the turns 
 and varieties of passions. Hooker. 
 
 Too well the turns of mortal chance 1 know. Pope. 
 
 5. Successive course. 
 
 Noblen-'ss and bounty - 
 nature. 
 
 which virtues had their turnM in the king's 
 Bacon. 
 
 6. Manner of proceeding; change of direction. 
 This affair may take a different turn from that which 
 we expect. 
 
 7. Chance; hap; opportunity. 
 
 Every one has a fair turn to be as great as he pleases. Collier. 
 
 8. Occasion ; incidental opportunity. 
 
 An old dog, falling from his speed, was loaded at ever^ turn with 
 blows and reproaches. L'Lstrange. 
 
 9. Time at which, by successive vicissitudes, any 
 thing is to be had or done. They take each other's 
 turn. 
 
 His turn will come to laugh at you again. Denham. 
 
 10. -Action of kindness or malice. 
 
 Thatiks ari» half lost when good tarns are delayed. Fairfax. 
 Some malicious nalua-s place their delight in doing ill turns. 
 
 L'Eetrange. 
 
 11. Reigning inclination or course. Religion is 
 not to be ailapletl to the turn and fashion of the age. 
 
 12. A step off the ladder at the gallows. Butler. 
 
 13. Convenience; occasion; purpt>se ; exigence; 
 as, this will not serve his turn. 
 
 Clarendon. Temple. 
 
 14. Form; cast; shape; manner; in a lilt;ral or 
 figurative sense ; as, the (imi of thought ; a man of 
 a sprightly turn in conversation. 
 
 The turn of hit thoughts and expression Is unharmonions, 
 
 nniden. 
 
 Female virtues are of a domestic turn. Addison. 
 The Kontan poeu, in their il'-scrlptlun of ft beautiful man, often 
 mention the turn of his neck and arms. Afldtson. 
 
 l,*). Manner of arranging words in n sentence. 
 IC. Change ; new position of things. Some evil 
 hapiwns at every turn of afftiirs. 
 
 TUR 
 
 17. Change of direction ; as, the turn of the tide 
 from flood to ebb. 
 
 18. One round of a rope or cord. 
 
 19. In mining, a pit sunk in some part of a drifL 
 
 Cye. 
 
 20. Turn, or toum, in law. Tlie sheriff's turn is a 
 court of record, held by the sheriff twice a year in 
 every hundred within his county. England, 
 
 By turns; one after another; alternately. They 
 assist each other by turns. 
 
 2. At intervals. 
 
 They feel 6y turns the bitter change. MUton. 
 
 To take turns ; to take each other's place alter- 
 nately. 
 
 TURN'-BENCH, n. [turn and icjic/i.] A kind of 
 iron lathe. Mozon. 
 
 TURN'-CAP, n. A chimney-top which turns round 
 with the wind. Francis. 
 
 TDRN'CoAT, n. [turn and coaf.] One who forsakes 
 his party or principles. Slmk. 
 
 TURN'ED, pp. Moved in a circle ; changed. 
 
 TURN'ER, n. One whose occupation is to form 
 things with a lathe ; one who turns. 
 
 TURiN'ER-lTE, n. A rare mineral, occurring in small 
 crystals of a yellowish-brown color, externally bril- 
 liant and translucent. Phillips. 
 
 It somewhat resembles sphene in its crystals, but 
 differs from sphene in containing alumina, lime, mag- 
 nesia, and a little iron, but no titanium. Dana. 
 
 TURN'ER-Y, n. The art of forming solid substances 
 into cylindrical or other forms by means of a lathe. 
 2. Things made by a turner or in the lathe. 
 
 TURN'ING, ppr. Moving in a circle ; changing ; 
 winding. 
 
 TURN'ING, n. A winding; a bending course; flex- 
 ure ; meander. 
 
 2. Deviation from the way or proper course. 
 
 3. Turnery, or the act of forming solid substances 
 into various forms by means of a lathe. 
 
 TURN'ING-NESS, n. Quality of turning; tergiver- 
 sation. [JVut in nse.] Sidney. 
 
 TURN'ING-POINT, n. The point which decides a 
 case. 
 
 TUR'NIP, n. [A compound of tur, round, and Sax. 
 TUPpe, L. napus, a turnip, j 
 
 ■I'he common name of two bulbous roots or plants, 
 Brassica rapa and Brassica campestris, distinct spe- 
 cies, bntli of great value for food. 
 
 TURN'KkY, n. A person who has charge of the keys 
 of a prison, for opening and fastening the doors. 
 
 TURN'OUT, n. [turn and out.] The act of coming 
 forth ; a quitting of employment. 
 
 2. The place in a railway where cars turn out of 
 the wav ; applied also to an equipage. 
 
 TURN'PiKE, n. [(urn and pike.] Strictly, a frame 
 consisting of two bars crossing each other at right 
 angles, and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the 
 passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass be- 
 tween the arms. 
 
 2. A gate set across a road to stop travelers and 
 carriages till toll is paid fur keeping the road in re- 
 pair. 
 
 3. A turnpike road. 
 
 4. In military affairs, a beam filled with spikes to 
 obstruct passage. Cyc. 
 
 TURN'PIKE, V. t. To form, as a road, in the manner 
 of a turnpike road ; to throw the path of a ruati into 
 a rounded form. Med. Repos. Knowles. 
 
 TURN'PlK-ED, ( plkt,) pp. Formed in the manner 
 of a turnpike-road. 
 
 TURN'PIKE-RoAD, n. A road on which turnpikes 
 or toll-gates are established by law, and which are 
 made and kept in repair by the toll collected from 
 travelers or passengers who use the road. Ci/c. 
 
 TURN'-SERV-ING, n. [turn and srrpc] The actor 
 practice of serving one's turn, or promoting private 
 interest. Bacon. 
 
 TURN'SICK, a. [(urn and siei.] Giddy. Bacon. 
 
 TURN'.SOLE, n. [turn and L. sol, the sun.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Heliotropium, so named be- 
 cause its flower is supposed to turn toward the sun ; 
 the heliotrope. 
 
 TURN'SPIT, n. [turn and spit.] A person who 
 turns a spit. 
 
 His loptsliip is his majesty's turnspit. Burke. 
 2. A variety of the dog, so called from turning the 
 spit. 
 
 TURN'STILE, n. [turn and stile.] A revolving 
 frame in a footpath. Gay. 
 
 TURN'SToNE, n. [(urn and .vfnnt.] A bird, called the 
 Sea-1)ottcrkl, of the genus Strepsilas, ('I'ringa mo- 
 rinella, l.inn.,) a little larger than nn English black- 
 bird. This bird takes its name from its practice of 
 turning up small stones in search of mollusks, &c. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 TURN'-TA BLE, n. A large revolving platform, for 
 turning railroad cars, locomotives, &c., into a differ- 
 ent direction. It is also called Tubn-Platl. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 TUR'PEN-TINE, n. [L. terebinlliina : Sp. and It. tre- 
 menlina: G. trrpentin. I know not the origin of this 
 woril ; the first syllable nniy coincide with the root 
 of tar.] 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1184 
 
TUT 
 
 An olpo-rpsinmis sulislnncc, flowing naturally or 
 by iMi ision froin several sjiecii's of trees, as from the 
 pine, larch, fir, pistiiria, CciinnKin turpentine is 
 of alxnit tile consistence of honey ; but there are sev- 
 eral varieties. Cijr. 
 
 TUR'PEN-TINE-TREE, n. A tree of the senna I'ia- 
 tacia, a native of tlie eastern continent, whieli j ielils 
 turpentine, and produces not only its proper fruit, but 
 a knid of horny substance which prows on Ilie sur- 
 face of its leaves. 'J'his is an excrescence, thi- effect 
 of the puncture of an insert, and is produced in the 
 same manner as the galls of other filants. P. Cijc. 
 
 TUR'PE'I'II, 11. [\.. turiietum : Gr. riiivj^fr.] 
 
 The name of the root of Iponieca Turpethum, a 
 plant of Ceylon, Malabar, and New Holland, wliich 
 has a cathartic power. It is sometimes called Vp.ct- 
 TiiKLE TuBi-ETH, to distinguish it from Mineral Tuu- 
 
 PETH. 
 
 TUIM'ETir-M[.\'ER-AL, ix. A name applied to the 
 diprotosulphalo of mercury, a salt composed of two 
 equivi>leuts of tlie protoxyd of mercury and one 
 eipiivolcnt of sulphuric arid. It is a good emetic. 
 
 TUU'l'I-TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. turpitado, from tur- 
 pis, ftail, base.] 
 
 1. Inherent baseness or vilenosa of principle in the 
 human heart; extreme depravity. 
 
 2. Baseness or vileness of words or actions; shame- 
 ful wickedness. Soiit/i. 
 
 TVR'RKU, n. A tool used by coopers. Skcrwuod. 
 TURiRET, n. [L. turrU:] 
 
 1. .'V little tower ; a small eminence or tower at- 
 tached to a building and rising above it. 
 
 And lift her turrets neartT to the sky. Pope. 
 
 2. In the art of war, movable turrets, used formerly 
 by the Romans, were buildings of a stjuare form, 
 consisting of ten or even twenty stories, and some- 
 times one hundred and twenty cubits high, usually 
 moved on wheels. They were employeil in ap- 
 proaches to a fortified place, for carrying soldiers, 
 engines, ladders, casting-bridges, and other necessa- 
 ries. Smith's Dirt. CiJC. 
 
 "^'UR'HET-ED, a. Formed like a tower; as, a titrret- 
 ed lamp. Bacon. 
 2. Furnished with turrets. 
 
 '''UR RIL-I I'E, n. A fossil belonging to an extinct 
 genus of turreted chambered shells, allied to the am- 
 monites. Ltirll. 
 
 TUR'TLE, (tur'tl,) it. [Sax. id. ; Fr. touHerd'le ; L. 
 tartar ; Gaelic, turtair ; It. tortora, tortola, tortorclla.] 
 
 1. A gallinaceous bird, the Coliimba Turtur, culled 
 also the Turtle-Dove and Turtle-Pigeon. It is a 
 wild species, frequenting the thickest parts of the 
 woods, and its note is plaintive and tender. 
 
 Kil. Enciic. 
 
 2. The name sometimes given to the common tor- 
 toise. 
 
 3. The name given to the large sea-tortoise. Cye. 
 TUR'TI,E-1)0VE, (tur'tl-diiv,) ». A sjiecies of the 
 
 genus Columba, celebrated for the constancy of its 
 
 affection. ISiee Turtle.] 
 TUR'TLE-SHEIJ,, n. [turtle and shell.] A shell, a 
 
 beautiful species of Aluiex ; also, tortoise-shell. 
 TUS't;.\N,a. Pertaining to Tuscany in Italy; an ep 
 
 ithet given to <me of the orders of architecture, the 
 
 most ancient and simple. 
 TUtf'e.W, ;i. An inhabitant of Tuscany. 
 Tl'.-^U : an exclamation indicating check, rebuke, or 
 
 ci.'itrnipt. Tosh, tujih! never tell me such a stor>- 
 TUSIl, H. [Sax. tuz.] [as that ! 
 
 .\ tooth. 
 TUSK, H. [.«ax. <i(j.l 
 
 The long, pointed tooth of certain rapacious, car- 
 nivorous, or fighting animals ; as, the (lists of the 
 
 boar. 
 
 TUSK, r. i. To gnash the teeth, as a boar. [Ois.] 
 
 B. Jon.-'-on. 
 
 TUSK .KO, (tuskt,) ) a. Furnished with tusks ; as, the 
 TUSK'V', j taskij boar. Dryden. 
 
 TUri'SLE, (lus'sl,) n. A struggle ; a conflict, [yul- 
 
 gnr.] [."^ee TousE.] 
 TUS'SUCK, ( n. A tuft of grass or twigs. \Obs.^ 
 TU.S'SOCK, i Oreu>. 
 TUT; an exclamation, used for checking or rebuking. 
 TUT, n. .\n imperial ensign of a golden globe witlia 
 
 cross on iL 
 
 Tut bartrain ; among miners, a bargain by the 
 lump. UXn. L. tutas.] Q/c 
 TO'TEL-ACE, n. [from L. tutela, protection, i'rom 
 tiuoT, to del'end.] 
 
 1. Gu;irdianship ; proteclicm ; a/ip/iVd to the person 
 proteaing ; as, the king's right of seignior)- and tuU- 
 
 Bacoiu 
 
 a. State of being under a guardian. 
 TC"TE-LAR, ( ri , , 7 
 TC'TE-LA-RY i ^ tutclarts, supra.] 
 
 Having the guardianship or charge of protecting a 
 person or a thing ; guardian ; protecting ; as, tutelary 
 6«"",; ;«'''<i'-y goddesses. Temple. Dryden. 
 
 TOJTE-.N'AG, «. Chinese copper, an alloy of copper, 
 zinc, and nickel. 
 
 2. .\ name given, in India, to zinc or spelter. 
 
 TC'TOR, n. [L.,froin tueor, to defend ; Fr. lutrurl] 
 
 TWA 
 
 1. Ill the eiril luiB, a guardian ; one wlio has the 
 charge of a child or pupil and his rstale. 
 
 2. One who has the l are <•( iiisimctiiig another in 
 various branches or in any branch of human learn- 
 ing. Some gcntleniin ein|iloy a tutor to teach in 
 their families, others to attend a son in his travels. 
 
 3. In Knirlish nnirersities and colleges, an officer or 
 member of some hall, who has the charge of hearing 
 tile lessons of the students, and otherwise giving 
 them instruction in the sciences and various branches 
 of learning. 
 
 In the jimrrican colleges, tutors are graduates 
 selected by tlie trustees, fur the instruction of under- 
 graduates of Ihe three first years. The}' artr iistinliy 
 ofticers of the instit'ition, who have a share, with 
 the president and professors, in the government of 
 the students. 
 
 TO'TOR.iJ. (. To teach ; to instruct. Slial;. 
 
 2. To treat with authority or severity. Mduiou. 
 
 3. To correct. 
 
 TO'TOR-.\OE, n. In the civil law, guardianship ; the 
 charge of a pupil and his estate. In France, (wtorai'e 
 does not expire till the pupil is twenty-five years of 
 age. 
 
 2. The authority or solemnity of a tutor. [Little 
 used. ] / 
 
 TO'TOR-KD, pp. Instructed ; corrected ; disciplined. 
 
 TO'TOR ESS, H. A female tutor ; an instructress; a 
 governess, More. 
 
 TU-TO RI-AL, a. Belonging to or exercised by a 
 tutor or instructor. 
 
 TO'TOR-ING, ;)pr. Teaching; directing; correct- 
 ing. 
 
 Tu'TOR-ING. n. The act of instructing ; t-nication. 
 Tu'TOR-SlIlP, »L Otiire of a tutor. IlaoUer. 
 2. The care of one who is unable to take care of 
 himself. 
 
 TC'TRIX, i>. A female guardian. Smollett. 
 
 TUT'SAN, n. A plant, park-leaves, of the genus Hy- 
 pericum. Lee. 
 
 TUVrr, (toot'tc,) 71. rit.,o7/; L, toti.1 
 
 In Italian music, a ciirection for all to play in full 
 concert, 
 
 TUT'TY, ji. [It, tutia; Low L. (Kti'a.] 
 
 An impure protoxyd of zinc, collected from the 
 chimneys of smelling furnaces. It is said, also, to 
 have been found native in Persia. Buchanan. 
 
 TUZ, n. [Uu. fouic] A lock or tuft of hair. [JVot in 
 use. ] Dryden. 
 
 TVVAD'DI.E, (twod'dl,) ti. i. [Sax. twade.] 
 
 'j'o prate much in a weak and silly manner, like 
 one whose faculties are decayed. 
 
 TVVAD'DLER, «. One who prates in a weak and 
 sillv manner, like one whose faculties are decayed. 
 
 TVVAD'DUING, >i. Silly talk, as of one whose facul- 
 ties are decayed, 
 
 TVVAD'OY, )i. Idle trifling; insignificant dis- 
 course. 
 
 TWAIN, a. or n. [Sax. tmegen; Sw. tvenne ; Dan. 
 ti^ende, for tregende. Whether two is contracted from 
 tioeg, is not apparent, but wo see in the Danish tcendc 
 the first syllable of twenty ; twen-tig, two tens.] 
 Two. 
 
 When ol<l winter splits the rocks in twain. Dryden. 
 [JVearlu obsolete in common discourse, but used in 
 poetry and hurlestpie.] 
 TWaITE, n. A fish, a species of shad, Alosa finta, 
 found on the liritish coast. Yarrell. 
 
 2. In old writers, wood grubbed up and converied 
 into arable land. [Local.] Cyc. 
 TWANG, r. i. [D, dwang, Dan. tmng, Sw. tvang, G. 
 twang, force, compulsion ; G. zwdngen, twingen, D. 
 dwingen, Sw. tringa, Dan. tvinger, to constrain,] 
 
 To sound with a quick, sharp noise ; to make the 
 sound of a string which is stretched and suddenly 
 pulled ; as, the twanging hows. Philips. 
 TWANG, r. f. To make to sound, as by pulling a 
 tense string anil letting it go suddenly. Shak. 
 SouikI the tougli horn, twang 111,' ritiiverin^ string. Pope. 
 TWANG, n. A sharp, quick sound ; as, the twang of 
 a bowstring ; a (wuni'of the nose, Butler. 
 
 2, An allVcted modulation of the voice; a kind of 
 nasal soiiml. 
 
 H'' hns a ttean^ in his discourse, Arbitthnot. 
 TWANG'ING, ppr. Making a sharp sound. 
 
 2. a. Conteinptilily noisy. Shak. 
 TWAN"GLE, (twang'gl,) ». i. To twang. Shak. 
 TWA.N'K ; a corruption of Twang. Mdison. 
 TWA.N'KAY, n. A sort of green tea. McCulloclu 
 'TWAS ; a contraction of It waj. 
 TW.\T''1"LE, (twot'tl,) r. i. [G. achwat-.cn, with a 
 dilTi rent prefix. See Twitter.] 
 
 To prate ; to talk much and idly; to gabble; to 
 chatter; as, a (iffiW/iwi,'- gossip. L' Ilttran rre. 
 
 TWAT'TLE, r. L To pet ; to make much of. [Local.] 
 
 Oru.vf. 
 
 TWAT'TLING, p?r. or a. Prating; gabbling; chat- 
 tering. 
 
 TWAT'TI.ING, n. The act of prating ; idle talk. 
 TWA Y, for Twain, two. [JVut in «.«f.] S/)r«.srr, 
 TWaY'-BUaDE, j n, [tway and blade.] A plant, 
 TWY'-ULAUE, j Listera ovata, growing in Urit- 
 nin. 
 
 TWI 
 
 TWk.A<}, j r. t. [Sax, twiccian, to twitch ; G. laicken ; 
 TWloAK, I D.- iwikken. It is radically the i<aine 
 
 W(<rd as Twitch, and of the same >iLiiilic:ttiiin,J 
 1*0 twitch ; tt) pinch and pull with a sudden ji-rk ; 
 
 as, to tweag or tweak the nose. Shuk. Swift 
 
 TWkAG, h. Distress; a pinching condition. [A'ot 
 
 1/1 use,] .Srbuthnot. 
 TWEE'DLE, (twe'dl,) v. t. To handle lightly , used 
 
 of awkward fiddling. [Ciu.J Jlddi.<on. 
 TWEEL, V. t. To weave with multiplied li a>lii s in 
 
 the harness, by increasing the number of llireails in 
 
 each split of the reed, and the number of treddles, 
 
 Sec. ; to twill. Cyc. 
 TWEER, 11. [Fr. luyau.] 
 
 In a smelting furnace, the point of the blast-pipe. 
 
 It is sometimes written Twier or Tuver. 
 TWEE'ZER-CaSE, n. A case for carrying tweezers. 
 TWEE'ZEKS, «. pi. [This seems to be formed on 
 
 the root of iii.<f, an instrument for pinching.] 
 Nippers , small pincers used to pluck out hairs. 
 TWELFTH, a. [fax. tice(fla ; tiw. tolftc; D-jlII. tolcte ; 
 
 I), twaalfdc: G. -.wulfle.] 
 The second afti r the tenth ; the ordinal of twelve. 
 TWELFTH'-TII)E,«. [t,ce(;'lh ai\d tide.] The twi lfth 
 
 day after Christmas, or Epiphany ; called, also, 
 
 Twelfth-Dav ; so twelfth-night is the evening of 
 
 Epiphany. 7'u.wrr. 
 TWELVE, (twelv,) a. [Sax. twelf; D. twaalf; G. 
 
 iwdlfi Sw, tolf ; Dan, toh. Uu, two left afler ten,] 
 The sum of two and ten; twice six; a dozen. 
 
 Twelve men compose a petit jury. 
 TWELVE'MONTH, (twelv'niiinth,) n. [twelve and 
 
 month.] A year which consists of twelve calendar 
 
 moiit.'is. 
 
 I bImH laii^h at this a taetpemonth hence. Shak. 
 TWELVE'PE.NCE, v. [twelve and pence.] A shil- 
 ling. 
 
 TWELVE'PEN-NY, a. Sold for a shilling ; worth a 
 
 shilling ; as, a twelreitcnmj gallery. Dryden. 
 TWELV E'SCORE, a. [twelve and .icore.] Twelve 
 
 times twenty ; two hundred and forty. Dryden. 
 TVVE.V'TI-E'i'H, a. [Sax. twcntigtha, twcntogotha. 
 See Twenty.] 
 The ordinal of twenty ; as, the twentietli year. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 TWEN'TY, a. [."ax. twenii, Iwentig ; composed of 
 twend, twenne, tW(Sn, Iwo, anti Goth, ti^', ten,Gr. iiKu, 
 L. decern, W. dcg. See Twain.] 
 
 1. Twice ten ; as, twenty men ; twenty years. 
 
 2. Proverbially, ait indefinite number. 
 MaxiniilKin, upon iwenty respects, could not have oeeo the miin. 
 
 liacon. 
 
 TWEN'TY-FOLD, a. Twenty times as many. 
 TVVI'lilL, n. [£ifo and bit.] A kind of mattock, and 
 a lialhert. 
 
 TWICE, adv. [from two.] Two times. 
 
 He turice essayed to Citst lus son in gold, Dryden. 
 
 2. Doubly ; as, (icicc the sum. He is (icice as fortu- 
 nate as his neighbor. 
 
 3. Twice is iisetl in composition ; as in tiricc-told, 
 twice-\n\T\\, tirifc-planled, (imVr-conquered. 
 
 TWID'LE, for Tweeule. S(;e Tweedle. 
 TWI'FAL-LoW, c (. [twi, two, and fallow.] To 
 
 jilow a si cond time land that is fallowed, 
 TWI'FAL-L0W-£1), /i;). Plowed twice, as summer 
 
 faljow, 
 
 TWi'FA1/-LoW-ING, ppr. Plowing a .second time. 
 TWi'FAL LoVV-LXG, ii. The operation of plowing 
 
 a second time, as fallow land, in preparing it for 
 
 seed. 
 
 TWi'FoLD, a. Twofold. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 TWK;, n. [Sax. finV; D. twyg ; G. iwcig. Qu. L. 
 
 vigeo, with a prefix.] 
 
 A small shoot or branch of a tree or oilier plant, of 
 
 no definite length or size. 
 
 illow tieigt, corertHi on the 
 RaleiK. 
 
 TWIG'GK.V, a. Made of twigs ; wicker. Orcw. 
 TWIG'GV, a. Full of twigs; abounding with shoots. 
 
 Kvflyn. 
 
 TWI'LIGIIT, ( lite,) n. [Sax. tweon-leohl, doubtful 
 light, from tweon, twcogan, to doubt, from twegen, 
 two.l 
 
 1. The faint light which is reflected upon the 
 earth after sunset and before sunrise ; crepuscular 
 light. In latitudes remote from the equator, the 
 twilight is of much hinger duratitm than at and near 
 the equator. 
 
 2. Dubious or uncertain view ; as, the twilight of 
 probability. I^ke. 
 
 TWI'LIGliT, a. Obscure ; imiierfectly illuininuted ; 
 shaded. 
 
 O'er the tteilighl proves and dusky cares Pope. 
 9. Seen or done by twilight. Milton. 
 TWILL, c. f. To weave in ribs or ridges ; to quill. 
 
 [^See UuiLu] 
 TWILL'/.D, pp. or a. Woven in ribs or ridges. 
 TWILT, n. A quilt. [Uea!.] lirost. 
 TWIN, 71. [Sax. tifiaan, to twine ; from two.] 
 
 1. One of twoyouiig produced at a birth by an an- 
 imal that ordinarily brings but one ; used mostly in 
 the plural, twins ; applied to the young of beasts, as 
 well as to human beings. 
 
 The Brilrins had boats made of ' 
 outride with hi.li-s. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, qNlTE. — A.V'GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; «S as J ; S as Z ; CII as SlI ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 149 
 
 1185 
 
TWl 
 
 2. The Ticins, jil. ; a sign of the zodiac ; Gemini. 
 
 Thuinsan, 
 
 3» One very much respmbling another. 
 TWIN, a. Noting one of two l3orn at a birth ; as, a 
 tain brother or sister. 
 
 2. Very much resembling. 
 
 3. In botany, swelling out into two protuberances, 
 as an anther or germ. Martijn. 
 
 4. In mincraloiTti, a term applied to a crystal com- 
 posed of two united cr\'stals. Dana, 
 
 TWIN , V. i. To be born at the same birth. SImk. 
 
 2. To bring two at once. Tu-iser. 
 
 3. To be paired ; to be suited. Sandys. 
 [This verb is little used.] 
 
 TWIN, V. t. To separate into two parts. Chaucer. 
 TWIN'-BORN, a. [twin and burn.] Born at the same 
 birth. 
 
 TWiNE, V. t. [Sax. ticinan ; D. twynm ; Sw. tviiina ; 
 Ban. tcinder ; from tico.] 
 
 1. To twist ; to wind, as one thread orcord around 
 another, or as any flexible substance around another 
 body ; as, fine twined linen. Ezod. xxxix. 
 
 2. To unite closely ; to ding to ; to embrace. 
 
 3. To gird ; to wrap closely about. 
 
 Let wreaths of triumph now my temples limine. Pope. 
 TWINE, V. i. To unite closely or by interposition of 
 parts. 
 
 Friends now fast sworn, who tiptn« in love. Shak. 
 
 2. To wind ; to bend ; to make turns. 
 
 As rivers, though tltey bend and tteine. Swi/L 
 
 3. To turn round ; as, her spindles twine. 
 
 Oiapman. 
 
 TWINE, 71. A strong thread composed of two or 
 three smaller threads or strands twisted together, 
 used for binding small parcels, and for sewing sails 
 to their bolt-ropes, &.c. Twine of a stronger kind 
 is used for nets. 
 
 2. A twist ; a convolution ; as Typhon's snaky 
 twine. Milton. 
 
 3. Embrace ; act of winding round. Philips. 
 TWIN'ED, pp. Twisted ; wound round. 
 TWINGE, (iwinj,) v. t. [Sw. tviii^ra, D. dwingen, 
 
 Dan. tvinger. G. zwingen, to constrain ; but the 
 sense is primarily to twttck. See Twang, Tweak, 
 Twitch.] 
 
 1. To affect with a sharp, sudden pain ; to tor- 
 ment with pinching or sharp pains. 
 
 The gnat ttringed the lion till he made him tear himself, nnd so 
 he mastered liim. L'Eslronge. 
 
 2. To pinch ; to tweak ; to pull with a jerk ; as, 
 to tteinire one by the ears and nose. Hudihras. 
 
 TWINGE, (twin],) v. i. To liave a sudden, sharp, 
 local pain, like a twitch ; to suffer a keen, darting, 
 or shooting pain ; as, the side twinges. 
 
 [This is'tlie sense in which this word is generally 
 used within the limits of my acquaintance.] 
 
 TWINGE, (twinj,) n. A sudden, sharp pain ; a dart- 
 ing, local pain of momentary continuance; as, a 
 twinge in the arm or side. 
 
 2. A sharp rebuke of conscience. 
 
 3. A pincii ; a tweak ; as, a twinge of the car. 
 
 L'Estrange. 
 
 TWING'IXG, ppr. SiifTi'ring a sharp, local pain of 
 
 short continuance ; pinching with a sudden pull. 
 TWING'ING, 71. The act of pinching with a sudden 
 
 twitch ; a sudden, sharp, local pain. 
 TWi.V'I.N'G, ppr. or a. Twisting; winding round; 
 
 uniting closely to ; embracing. 
 2. In botany, ascending spir.ally around a branch, 
 
 stem, or prop. Jlartvn. 
 TWINK. See Twinkle. 
 
 TWINK'LE, (twink'l,) v. i. [Pax. twinelian: most 
 probably formed from wink, with the prefix etJi, ed, 
 or oth. like twit.] 
 
 1. To sparkle ; to flash at intervals ; to shine with 
 a tremulous, intermitted light, or with a broken, 
 quivering light. The fi.ved stars twinkle ; the planets 
 do not. 
 
 These «tars do not tmnkte, when viewed through telescopes that 
 hdve lurge iipcrtures. t^eiclon. 
 
 2. To open and shut the eye by turns ; as, the 
 twinkling tiwl. L'Kstrange. 
 
 3. To play irregularly ; as, her eyes will twinkle. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 TWINK'LE, ( ji. A sparkling ; a shining with in- 
 TWI.NK'LI.VG, 1 tcrinitled light; as, the twinkling 
 of the ritars. 
 
 2. A motion of the eye. Drijden. 
 
 3. A motion ; an instant ; the time of a wink. 
 
 ]n a tnoiitf-nt, In the tmnkVing of nn eye, ut the last trump — the 
 denil ah-iU in raistd iiic<'rruplilile. — 1 Cor. xv. 
 TWINK'MNG, ppr. ora. Sparkling. 
 TWIN'-LTKE NES.-<, n. Near resemblance. 
 TVVI.\'M.N(;, «. (fromdoin.J A twin lamb. r«.»sor. 
 TVVIN'N/;D, a. [from twin.] Produced at one birth, 
 
 like twinx ; united. Milton. 
 TWIN'.N'Ell, n. [from firm.] \ A breeder of twins. 
 
 Tusser. 
 
 TWI.N'TER, 71. [two and winter.] A heant two win- 
 terH tild. [Local.] Grose. 
 
 TWritE, r. i. To take short flighln; to flutter ; to 
 quiver; to twitter. [Aot in luie.] Bmam. If Ft. 
 
 TWI 
 
 TWIRL, (twurl,) r. t. [D. dwarlcn : G. querlen : 
 formed on whirl. The German coincides with our 
 vulgar quirb,] 
 
 To move or' turn round with rapidity; to whirl 
 round. 
 
 See ruddy maids, 
 Some taught with dextrous hand to lurirl the wheel. Dodstey. 
 
 TWIRL, V. i. To revolve with velocity ; to be whirled 
 round. 
 
 TWIRL, 71. A rapid, circular motion ; quick rotation. 
 2. Twist ; convolution. Woodward. 
 
 TWIRL'/oD, pp. Whirled round. 
 
 TWIRL'ING, yipr. Turning with velocity; whirling. 
 
 TWIST, V. t. [Sax. gctwtstan. ; D. tiouitra, to dispute, 
 Sw. teista ; Ran. tvistrr, to dispute, to litigate ; G. 
 iwist, a dispute. In all the dialects except ours, this 
 word is used figuratively, but it is remarkably ex- 
 pressive and well applied.] 
 
 1. To unite by winding one thread, strand, or oth- 
 er flexible substance round another ; to form by con- 
 volution, or winding separate things round each oth- 
 er ; as, to twist yarn or thread. So we say, to double 
 and twist. 
 
 2. To form into a thread from many fine filaments ; 
 as, to twist wool or cotton. 
 
 3. To contort ; to writhe ; as, to twist a thing into 
 a serpentine form. Pope. 
 
 4. To wreathe ; to wind ; to encircle. 
 
 Pillars of smoke twisud about with wreaths of (lame. Burnet. 
 
 5. To form ; to weave ; as, to twist a story. Shak. 
 6- To unite by intertexture of parts ; as, to twist 
 
 bays with ivy. IValhr. 
 
 7. To unite ; to enter by winding; to insinuate; 
 as, avarice twisu itself into all human concerns. 
 
 8. To pervert ; as, to twUt a passage in an author. 
 
 9. To turn from a straight line. 
 
 TWIST, V. i. To be contorted or united by winding 
 round each other. Some strands will twist more ea- 
 sily than others. 
 
 TWIST, 71. A cord, thread, or any thing flexible, 
 formeil by winding strands or separate things round 
 each other. 
 
 2. A cord ; a string ; a single cord. 
 
 3. A contortion ; a writhe. .Addison. 
 
 4. A little roll of tobacco. 
 
 5. Manner of twisting. ^rhuthnot. 
 (1. A twig. [JVT/f in -use.] 
 
 TWIST'ED, pp. or a. Formed by winding threads or 
 
 strands round each other. 
 TWIST'ER, 71. One that twists. 
 
 2. The instrument of twisting. Wallis. 
 TWIST'ING, ppr. W'inding different strands or 
 
 threads round each other; forming into a thread 
 
 by twisting. 
 
 TWIT, V. U [Sax. othwitan, edwitan, atwitan, to re- 
 proach, to upbraid ; a compound of ad, teth, or oth, 
 and witan. The latter verb signifies to know. Eng. 
 to wit, and also to impute, to ascribe, to prescribe or 
 appoint, also to reproach; and with ge, a different 
 prefix, gewitan, to depart. The original verb tlien 
 signifies to set, send, or throw. We have in this 
 word decisive evidence that the first letter, t, is a pre- 
 fix, the remains of leth or oth, a word that probably 
 coincides with the Ij. ad, to; and hence we may 
 fairly infer that other words, in which t precedes w, 
 are also compound. That some of them are so, ap- 
 pears evident from other circumstances.] 
 
 To reproach ; to upbraid ; as for some previous act. 
 He twitted his friend of falsehood. 
 
 With this these scoffers tteiUed the Christians. Tillotson. 
 
 JE^op minds men of their errors, witliuut tioitdng them tor what 
 IS ainifis. L*Eetrange. 
 
 TWITCH, J). (. [Sax. twiccian. See Twang.] 
 
 To pull with a sudden jerk ; to pluck with a short, 
 
 quick motion; to snatch; as, to lirilch one by the 
 
 sleeve ; to twitch a thing out of another's hand ; to 
 
 twitch off clusters of gra|ies. 
 TWITCH, 71. A pull with a jerk; a short, sudden, 
 
 quick pull ; as, a twitch by the sleeve. 
 
 2. A short, spastic contraction of the fibers or mus- 
 cles ; as, a twilcli ill the side ; convulsive twitches. 
 
 Sharp. 
 
 TWITtni'En, (twitcht,) pp. Pulled with a jerk. 
 
 TWITCH' ER, 71. One that twitches. 
 
 TWITCH'-GUASS, 71. Couch-grass; a species of 
 grass which it is diflicult to exterminate. Tins term 
 is applied to various specii!S of grass that are difficult 
 to pull out of the ground. PjUt qu. is not this word a 
 
 corruption iif (iuiTCH-GRASS, or <It'ICII-(jRA38 
 
 TWrrCH'ING, ppr. or a. Pulling with a jerk ; suffer- 
 ing short spastic contractions. 
 
 TWI'J'CII'ING, 71. The act of pulling with a jerk; 
 the art of suffering short spasmodic contractions. 
 
 TWIT'TKI), pp. Upbraided. 
 
 TWIT'TER, I). (. [D. kwelteren ; Dan. quidrer ; Sw. 
 quittra.] 
 
 I. To make a succession of small, tremulous, In- 
 termitted noises ; as, the swallow twiUers, Drydcn. 
 9. To have a slight trembling of the nerves. 
 
 3. To make the sound of a half-suppressed laugh ; 
 to litter. 
 
 TWIT'TER, 71. [from twit.] One who twits or ro- 
 proacIieH. 
 
 TYM 
 
 TW'T'TER, 71. A small, intermitted noise, as in 
 half-suppressed laughter ; or the sound of a swal 
 low. 
 
 2. A slight trembling of the nerves. 
 TWIT'TER-ING, ppr. or a. Uttering a succession of 
 
 small, interrupted sounds, as in a half-suppressed 
 
 laugh, or as a swallow. 
 TWIT'TING, ppr. Ujibraiding ; reproaching. 
 TWIT'TING-LY, ajr. With upbraiding. Junius. 
 TWIT'TLE-TWAT'TLE,{twil'tl-twot'tl,) n. Tattle; 
 
 gabble. [ Vulgar.] U Estrange. 
 
 'TWIXT ; a contraction of Betwixt, used in poetry. 
 TWO, (too,) a. [Sax. twa ; Goth, twa, twai, twos ; D. 
 
 twee ; G. zicei ; Sw. tva ; Ir. and Gaelic, da or do ; 
 
 Russ. tva, tvoe ; Slav, dwa ; Sans, dui, dwoja ; Gipsy, 
 
 duj; Hindoo, Ch. and Pers. du; L. duoi Gr. 6vo ; 
 
 It. due ; Sp. dos ; Port, dous ; Fr. deux.] 
 
 1. One and one. Two similar horses used together 
 are called a span, or a pair. 
 
 2. Two is used in composition ; as, in tuto-legged. 
 JIan is a two-legged animal. 
 
 In two : into two parts ; as, cut in two. 
 TWO'-eAP-SuL-£D, (too'kap-suld,) a. Bicapsular; 
 
 having two distinct capsules. 
 TWO'-CELL-£D, a. Bilociilar ; having two cells. 
 TWO'-CLEFT, a. Bifid ; divided half way from the 
 
 border to the base into two segments. 
 TWO'-EDG-f;D, (too'ejd,) a. Having two edges, or 
 
 edges on both sides ; as, a (iro-edged sword. 
 TW0'-FLOW-ER-£D, a. Bearing two flowers at the 
 
 end, as a peduncle. 
 TWO'FoLD, a. [tico and fold.] Two of the same 
 
 kind, or two different things existing together; as, 
 
 twiifold nature ; a twnfidd sense ; a twofold argument. 
 
 2. Double ; as, twofold strength or desire. 
 
 3. In botany, two and two together, growing from 
 the same place ; as, twofold leaves. Martyn. 
 
 TWTj'FoLD, adv. Doubly ; in a double degree. MatL 
 xxiii. 
 
 TWO'-FORK-ED, (too'forkt,) a. Dichotomous ; divid- 
 ed into two parts somewhat after the manner of a 
 fork. 
 
 TWO'-HAND-ED, a. H.aving two hands. 
 
 2. Used with both hands; as, a two-handed sword. 
 
 3. An epithet used as equivalent to Labge. Stout, 
 and Strong. Milton. 
 
 TWO'-LeAV-£D, a. Diphyllous; having two dis- 
 tinct leaves. 
 
 TWO'-LoB-£D, a. Bilobate ; having two distinct 
 lobes. 
 
 TWO'-MSST-ED, a. Having two masts. 
 
 TWO'-PXRT-ED, a. Bipartite; divided from the 
 border to the base into two distinct parts. 
 
 TWO'-PENCE, 71. A small coin. SJtak. 
 
 TWO'-PEN-NY, a. Of the value of two-pence. 
 
 TWO'-PET-AL-£D, a, Dipet.alous ; having two per- 
 fectly distinct petals. 
 
 TWO'-PLY, a. [two and Fr. plier, L. plico.] 
 
 Double ; consisting of two thicknesses, as cloth. 
 
 TWO'-SEED-ED, a. In botany, disperinous ; con- 
 taining two seeds, as a fruit ; having two seeds. 
 
 Martyn. 
 
 TWO'-TIP-PED, (too'tipt,) a. Bilabiate ; divided in 
 
 such a manner as to resemble the two lips when the 
 
 mouth is more or less open. 
 TWO'-TONGU-£D, (too'tungd,) o. Double-tongued ; 
 
 deceitful. Sandys. 
 TWO'-VALV-£D, a. Bivalvular, as a shell, pod, or 
 
 glume. 
 
 TY-€HON'ie, a. Pertaining to Tycho Brahe, or des- 
 ignating his system of astronomy. ll'ilbtrforce. 
 
 TtE. (tl,) V. t. [See Tie, the more usual orthography, 
 and Tviso.] 
 To bind or fasten. 
 
 TYE, 71. A knot. [See Tie.] 
 
 2. A bond ; an obligation. 
 
 By tlie soft tye and snored name of friend. Pope. 
 
 3. In ships, a runner or short, thick rope. 
 TVER, 71. One who ties or unites. Fletcher. 
 TV'GER. See Tiger. 
 
 TV'ING, ppr. [See Tie and Tye.] Binding ; fa.sten- 
 ing. 
 
 [As this participle must be written with y, it 
 niifht be well to write the verb Tvk.] 
 TYKE. 71. A dog ; or one as contemptible as a dog. 
 
 ' S/i«/.-. 
 TVM'BAL, 71. [Fr. timhale; It. taballo ; Sp. timbal. 
 M is probably not radical. It is from beating, Gr. 
 
 TV-T- '.] 
 
 A kind of kettle drum. 
 A tymbdl'l sound were Utter than my voice. Prior. 
 TYM'PAN, 71. [L. tympanum. See Tymral.] 
 
 Among priiifiTs a frame covereil with parchment 
 or cloth, im which the blank sheets are put, in order 
 to be laid on the form to bo impresseil. 
 TYM-PAN-I'TkS, II. In 7nn/iciiie, a flatulent disten- 
 tion of the belly ; tympany. Cye. 
 TYM-P.'VN-IT'IC, a. Relating to tympany or tym- 
 
 paniles ; affected with tympany or tynipaniles. 
 TV.M'PAN-IZE, r. i. To act the part of a drummer. 
 TYM'PAN TZE, r. U To stretch, as a skin over the 
 head of a drum. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WU.^T — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, DQQK.— 
 
u 
 
 TY.M'P.\N-TZ-KD,pp. Stretched, aa a skin over tlie 
 
 lieiiil (if a iliuin. 
 TYM'I'AN-IZ-IXn, ppr. Ptrctcliing, ns a skin over 
 
 tlie lii atl nf a drum. 
 TYM'l'AN-UM, n. [I,.] The drum of tlie i-ar. 
 
 2. In mechanics, a wlii'ol placed rdiiiid an axis. 
 
 3. The area of a pediment ; also, tlio part of a ped- 
 estal railed tlie Truxk or Dve. Cijc. 
 
 4. Tlie panel of a door. 
 
 ."). A trianjinlar spare or table in the corners or 
 sides of an arcli, usually oniiclied with lisures. 
 
 TY.M'1'AN-Y, n. A tlatulont distention of the belly. 
 [See Tymp\nitks.] 
 
 TYN'Y, a. Small. [See TiNV.] 
 
 T9I'K, H. [Vr. type ; h. tijpus ; Gr. nmn;, from the 
 rout i<( tap, Gr. rurT' i, to" beat, strike, impress.] 
 
 1. The mark of something; an emblem; that 
 which represents something el.se. 
 
 Thy emblem, pracious qneon, the nritishrose, 
 
 Tyj>e of AWL'tt rule ;iiiii penile iiuij'-tly. Priur. 
 
 2. A sign ; a symbol ; a figure of something to 
 come ; as, .Abraham's sacrifice and the paschal lamb 
 were types of Christ. To this word is opposed Anti- 
 type. Christ, in this case, is the antitype. 
 
 3. A model or form of a letter in metal, or other 
 hard material ; used in printing. 
 
 4. In medicine, some peculiarity in the form of a 
 disease. 
 
 5. In natural history, that which combines most 
 prominently the several characteristics of a group. 
 Thus, a particular individual may be the type of a 
 species ; a species the type of a genus ; a genus of a 
 family, &c. Dana. 
 
 fi. A stamp or mark. Sliak. 
 
 T?PE, r. t. To prefigure ; to represent by a modei or 
 symbol beforehand. fLttllc White. 
 
 Tf'l'E'-IMET-jiL, 71. A compound of lead and anti- 
 mony in the proportion of three to one ; useil in 
 making types. Turner. 
 
 TV-PnP:'.\.\, (2. Pertaining to Typlioeus, the fabled 
 ciant with a hundred heads. 
 
 TS'PHOII), a. [typhus and Gr. ci6:>!, form.] 
 
 Resembling typhus ; weak ; low. Say. 
 
 TVPHON, ji. The evil genius in Egyptian mythol- 
 ogy. Brandc. 
 
 T?-i'IIOON', n. [Gr. ru^Mi'.] 
 
 The name given to a violent tornado or hurricane 
 in the Chinese seas. Brande. 
 
 T-f'PHOUS, a. Relating to typhus. 
 
 Tt'PHUS, II. [Gr. TV >><><-,>, to render stupid, to burn 
 with a smothered fire, and with more smoke than 
 flame ; hence rvip 'i, stupor or coma.] 
 
 A genus nf simple, continuous fevers, essentially 
 attended with a greater or less degree of atony or 
 exhaustion, throughout their whole course, and from 
 beginning to end. A preternatiinilly weak pulse 
 always attends all tlifcse fevers. They are liable to 
 be attended with coma in some of their stages. 
 
 TY'P'ie, fa. Emblematic ; fiiurative ; rcpresent- 
 
 TYP'IC-AL, t ing something future by a form, mod- 
 el, or resemblance. Abraham's otl'ering uf his only 
 
 UBI 
 
 son, Isaac, was typical of the sacrifice of Christ. The 
 bra/.en serpent was typical of the cross, 
 
 2. In natural /ii,s(ori/, pertaining to or constituting a 
 type. 
 
 7'i/;i/c/(-!'cr, is one that is regular in its attacks; 
 ofiposod to erratic fever. Cye. 
 
 TVP'IC-.AL-I.Y, nr/e. Inn typical manner; by way 
 of image, .syiiiliol, or resemblance. 
 
 TYP'IC-.AL-NESS, n. The state of being typical. 
 
 'V\'P'l-VJ-El>, pp. Represented liysyiiiliol oreinlilem. 
 
 TYP'I-E?, V. t. To represent by an image, form, 
 model, or resemblance. The washing of baptism 
 typifies the cleansing of the soul from sin by the lilimd 
 of Christ. Our Savior was typified by the goat that 
 was slain. Hroitn. 
 
 TYP'I-FV-I.N'G, ppr. Representing by model or em- 
 
 TYP'O-eOS-.MY, n. [Gr. Ti.rr-.f and /cut^i..,.] [''Icm. 
 A representation of the world. [JVnf much useil.\ 
 
 Camden. 
 
 TY POG'U.V-PIIER, B. [SeeTvpoGRAPHY.] A printer. 
 
 JVartitii. 
 
 TV PO-GRAPirie, j a. Pertaining to printing; 
 T?-PO-GR.\Pirie-AL, ( as, the lypu<rraphic art. 
 
 a. Emblematic. 
 T?-PO-GRAPII'ie-AI,-LY,«iJo. By means of types; 
 atler the manner of printers. 
 
 2. Emblematically; figuratively. 
 Ty-POG'RA-PUY, 71. [Gr. tvttus', type, and ypm/iw, 
 to write.) 
 
 1. Tile art of printing, or the operation of impress- 
 ing letters and words on forms of types. 
 
 2. Emblematical or hieroglyphic represent.ation. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 TYP'O-LITE, 71. [Gr. tvt"s, form, and \ifl:i(, stone.] 
 In natural history, a stone or fossil which has on it 
 inipressioRs or figures of plants and animals. Cye. 
 TV'R.W, 71. A tyrant. [A'uf iii ii-c] Spenser. 
 TYR'AN-NESS, n. [from tyrant.] A female tyrant. 
 
 Spenser. Akenside, 
 TV-U.\N'Nie, ( a. [Fr. tyrannique ; Gr. rvpav- 
 T5-RA.\'Me-AL, i t.] 
 
 Pertaining to a tyrant ; suiting a tyrant ; arbitra- 
 ry ; unjustly severe in government ; imperious ; 
 despotic : cruel ; as, a tyrannical prince ; a tyrannical 
 m.Tster; tyrannical government or power. 
 
 Our Bocts a inon: fyrnnnic power assume. Jtoecommon. 
 Til' opijrr^or uiK-d tyrannic wliep; lie diiret. Pops. 
 
 Tt-RAN'Nie--AL-I,Y, ado. With unjust exercise of 
 
 power ; arbitrarily ; oppressively. 
 T?-RAi\'Nie-AL^NESS, 71. Tyrannical disposition 
 
 or practice. Ch. Relitr. .Appeal. 
 
 TY-RAN'M-CU)E, 71. [L. lyrannus, tyrant, and ca:do, 
 
 to kill.] 
 
 1. Tlie act of killing a tyrant. 
 
 2. One who kills a tyrant. Hume. 
 TYR'AN-NING, ppr. or a. Acting as a tyrant, [Aut 
 
 used.\ Spenser, 
 TYR'AN-NIZE, v. i. [Fr. «yra7i7ii.<pr.] 
 
 To act the tyrant ; to exercise arbitrary power ; to 
 rule with unjust and oppressive severity ; to exercise 
 power over others not permitted by law or required 
 
 UGL 
 
 by justice, or with a severity not necessary to the 
 ends of justice and giivernnieiit. A prince will often 
 tyranniie over his subjects; republican legislatureji 
 sometimes tyrannize over their feltow-eili/.ens ; 
 masters sometimes tyrannize over their Hifrvaiils or 
 apprentices. A husband may not tyrannize over bis 
 wile and rliililren. 
 TYR'Ai\-NIZ-i.l), pp. Ruled with oppressive se- 
 verity. 
 
 TYU'.\.N-.\IZ-ING, ppr. Exercising arbitrary power ; 
 
 ruling with unjust severity. 
 TYR'.X.VNOUS, o. Tyrannical; arbitrary; unjustly 
 
 severe ; ilespotic. Sidney. 
 TVK' A.\-.\ Y, 71. (Fr, f!/ra7iiiic; from tyran.] 
 
 1. Arbitrary or despotic exercise of power ; the 
 exercise of power over subjects and others with a 
 rigor not aiitliori/ed bylaw or justice, tir not reipiisile 
 for the purposes of government. Hcnro tyranny is 
 oflen synonymous with Cnt'Ki.TV and (_)pphession. 
 
 2. Cruel government or discipline ; as, the tyranny 
 of a master. 
 
 3. Unresisted and cruel power. 
 
 4. Absolutti monarrliy cruelly administered. 
 
 5. Severity ; rigor ; inclemency. Shak. 
 TVK ANT, 77. [L. tyrannic; Gr. Tvpavvf. The 
 
 Welsh has teyrn, a king or sovereign, which Owen 
 says is compounded of te (that spreads) and tryrn, 
 imperious, supreme, from iryr,;\ drivin;;. The (iaelic 
 has liarna and ti^'hearna, a iord, prince, or ruler, from 
 tigh, a house ; indicating that Ihe word originally 
 signified the master of a family merely, or the heail 
 of a clan. There is some uncertainty as to the real 
 origin of the word. It originally signified merely a 
 chief, king, or prince ] 
 
 1. A iiionarcli or other ruler or master, who uses 
 power to oppress his subjects ; a person who exer- 
 cises unlawful authority, or lawful authority in an 
 unlawful manner ; one who by taxation, injustice, 
 or cruel punishment, or the demand of unreasonable 
 services, imjioses burdens and hardships on Ihuse 
 under his control, which law and humanity do not 
 authori/.e, or wliich the purjioses of government do 
 not require. 
 
 2. A despotic ruler ; a cruel m.aster ; an oppressor. 
 Luve, to a yictJiiig licvn, '\» a king, 10 a rc»i<tiiig heart, i« a 
 
 tyrant. .Stfiney. 
 
 T?RE. See Tire. JIakewiU. 
 TYRE, i>. i. To prey upon. [See Tire.] 
 TYK'l-AN, 71. A native of Tyre. 
 TVR'I-AN, a. Pertaining to the ancient Tyre. 
 
 2. lleing t)f a iHirple ctilor, 
 TY'RO, n. [li. tiro: Sp, (iron, from tirar, to draw, 
 tug, pull ; Port, (irar ; Fr. tirrr. Hence L. tirocinium.] 
 
 1. A beginner in learning; a novitiate; one who 
 tugs in the rudiments of any branch of study. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. .\ person imperfectly acquainted with a subject. 
 TVTHE. See Tithe. 
 
 T?Tiri.\G. See Tnmso. 
 
 TZAR, (zlir,) 71. The emperor of Russia. [Sec Czar.] 
 TZAK-('.\.\, (7.ir-£'iii,) n. The empress of Russia. 
 [See CzARi.NA.j 
 
 UIS the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel in 
 the English alphabet. Its true primary sound, in 
 Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in 
 most of the languages of Europe ; that of 00 in cn<i(, 
 tool, answering to the French ou in tour. This 
 sound was changed, probably under the Norman 
 kings, by the attempt maile to introduce the Norman 
 French language into common use. However this 
 fact may be, the first or long and proper sound of 11, 
 in English, is now not perfectly simplif, and it can 
 not be strictly called a vowel. The sound seems to 
 be nearly that of eu, shortened and blendi d. This 
 sound, however, is not precisely that of eu or yu, 
 except in a few words, as in unite, union, uniform ; 
 the sound does not begin with the distinct sound of 
 e, nor end in the distinct sound of 00, unless when 
 prolonged. It can not be well expressed in letters. 
 This sound is heard in the unalTected prtmunci.ation 
 of annuity, numerate, brute, mute, dUpute, duke, true, 
 truth, ride, prudence, opportunity, infusion. 
 
 Some modern writers make a distinction between 
 the sound of 11, when it follows r, as in rude, truth, 
 and its sound when it follows other letters, as in 
 mule, duke : making the former sound equivalent to 
 00 ; rood, trooth 1 anil the latter a diphthong equiva- 
 lent to eu or yu. This is a mischievous innovation, 
 and not authorized by any generil usage either in 
 England or the United St.ates, The dilference, very 
 nice indeed, between the sound of u in mule and in 
 Tvde, is owing entirely to the articulation which pre- 
 cedes that letter. For example, when a labial, as 771 
 
 or p, precedes w, we enter on its sound with the lips 
 closed, and in opening them to the position required 
 for uttering 11, there is almost necessarily a slight 
 sound of e formed before we arrive at the proper 
 sound of M. When r precedes u, the mouth is open 
 before the sound of u is commenced. But in both 
 cases, « is to be considered as having the same sound. 
 
 In some words, as in bull, full, pull, the sound of « 
 is that of the Italian ii, the French ou, but shortened. 
 This is a vowel. 
 
 U has another short .sound, as in tun, run, sun, 
 turn, rub. This also is a vowel. 
 IJ'BER-OUS, a. [I., ubrr.] 
 
 Fruitful; copious. [Little used.] 
 y'BER-TY, 71. [L. ubertas, from uber, fruitful or co- 
 pious.] 
 
 Abundance ; fruitfiilness. [Little used.] 
 
 {i:^{'f:TY;"-"''|»- tL.«M, where.] 
 
 The state of being in a place ; local relation, f JVnt 
 much used.) GlaurilU. 
 
 II'lil-tiriST, (vu'be-kwist,) j 11. In c/nirc/i Ai-v- 
 
 U-BIU-UI-Ta'RI-AN, (yii-bik'we-,) i ferr, the Ubi- 
 qiiists were a schtMil of Lutheran divines, so called 
 from their tenet that the body of Christ is present in 
 the eiicharist, in virtue of his omnipresence. Brandc. 
 
 U-BI(i'UI-TA-RI-NESS, (yu-bik'we-,) n. Existence 
 every where. [Liillr «>c</.] Fuller. 
 
 U-BICi'UI-TA-RY, (yu-bik'wo-ter-re,) a. [L. ubique, 
 from ubi, where.] 
 Existing every where, or in all places, HoicelL 
 
 lI-RICi'UI-TA-RY,(yu-bik'wc-tcr-re,)?i. [Supra.] One 
 that exists every where. Hall. 
 
 t[-BIU'UI-TOUS, a. Existing or being every where. 
 
 IJ-ItlU'Ul-TY, (yu-bik'we-te,) 71. [L. ubique, every 
 where.] 
 
 Existence in all places or every where at the same 
 time ; omnipresence. The tibiynity of God is not 
 disputed by those who admit his existence. 
 
 SoutJL. 
 
 VBI SC'PR.i, [\..] In the place above mentioned ; 
 noting reference to some passage or page before 
 named. 
 
 II'DAI,, fvri'dal,)7i. A freehold in the Shetland Isles, 
 II'UAI,-ER, 71. A freeholder in the Shetland Isles, 
 
 without feudal dependencies. Jamteson. 
 UU'DER, n. [Sax. udcr ; G. tHter; 1). uycr; (Jr. 
 
 011^(7/..] 
 
 The breast of a fem.ale ; but the word is applied 
 chiellyor wholly to the glandular orcan of female 
 breasts, in which the milk is secreted and retained 
 for the nourishment of their yoiinc, commonly called 
 the Bao, in cows and (>lher quadrupeds. 
 
 UI)'I)ER-/;I), a. Furnished with udders. Oay. 
 
 i;-DO,M'E-TER, n. fGr. Wuip and ,i;t.).,i..] 
 
 7\n in-trunient for measuring the quantity of 
 w.ati r which falls from the atmosphere ; a raio- 
 gaiige. 
 
 UG'LI-LY, adv. In an ugly manner ; with deformity. 
 UG'LI-NESS, n. [from u;rhj.] Total want of beauty ; 
 deformity of person ; as, old ngc and ugliness. 
 
 Dn/Sen. 
 
 TONE. BIJIX, tTNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 1187 
 
ULT 
 
 2. Turpitude of mind ; moral depravity ; loatlie- 
 somrness. 
 
 Vtitir dull ribal(li7 must be offensive to any one who does not, for 
 tlie sake of the an. pardon the uglinets of its circumsumces. 
 
 South. 
 
 Vd'hY, a, [W. Aao', a cut or gash ; hagyr, ugly, 
 rough. See Hack.] 
 
 Deformed ; offensive to the sight ; contrary to 
 heauty ; hateful ; as, an uglij person j an ugly face. 
 
 0, I have p,\ssed a niiseraljle niglit, 
 
 So lull of ugly sight.'*, of ghastly dreams. Shak, 
 
 IJ-KaPE', 71. In Russia, a proclamation or imperial 
 order published, having the force of law. Brande. 
 
 U'L.-\XS, II. pi. A certain description of militia among 
 the modern Tartars. Jones. 
 
 UL'CER, n. [Fr. ulcere; It. ulcera; L. ulcus; Gr. e\- 
 
 A sore ; a solution of continuity in any of the soft 
 parts of the body, either open to the surface or to 
 some natural cavity, and attended with a secretion 
 of pus or some kind of discharge. Cooper. 
 
 UL'CEK-aTE, v. i. To be formed into an ulcer ; to 
 become ulcerous. 
 
 UL,'OER-ATE, v. t. [Fr. ulcerer : L. ulcero.] 
 
 To affect with an ulcer or with ulcers. Harvey. 
 
 UL'CER-A-TED, pp. or a. Affected with ulcers. 
 
 UL'CER-A-TIi\G, ppr. Turning to an ulcer ; generat- 
 ing ulcers. 
 
 UL-CER a'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. ulceratio.'] 
 
 1. The process of lurming into an ulcer ; or the 
 process of becoming ulcerous. 
 
 2. .\n ulcer; a morbid sore that discharges pus or 
 other fluid. Jlrbulhnnt. 
 
 UL'CER-£It, a. Having become an ulcer. Temple. 
 UL'CER-OUS, a. Huving the nature or character of 
 an ulcer ; discharging purulent or other matter. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 9. Affected with an ulcer or with ulcers. 
 UI/L'ER-Or.S-LV, adr. In an ulcerous manner. 
 UL'CER-OUS-NESS, ji. The state of being ulcerous. 
 UL-CUS'GULE, 71. [L. ulcuscultuiij from ulcus.] 
 
 A little ulcer. 
 
 IJ-liK'MA, 71. In Turkey, a corporation composed of 
 the hierarchy, viz., the imans, or ministers of relig- 
 ion, the muftis, or doctors of law, and the cadis, or 
 administrators of justice. 
 
 ULE'-TREE, 71. In botany, a tree whose milky juice 
 yields that kind of elastic gum called by the Mexi- 
 cans Ule. Cyc. 
 
 tJ-LlG'IN-OUS, a. [L. uliginosus, from iiligo, oozi- 
 ness.] 
 
 •Muddy; oozy; slimy. Woodward. 
 
 Uli'LAGE, 71. In cummerce, the wantage of casks of 
 liipior, or what a cask wants of being full. Cyc. 
 
 UL'Mie ACID, 71. [L. i/Zmu.?, an elm.] 
 
 A vegetable acid, exuding spontaneously from the 
 elm, the chestnut, the oak, and various other trees. 
 It is a dark-brown and nearly black solid, insipid, 
 inodorous, and very sparingly soluble in water and 
 alcohol. It constitutes the essential ingredient of 
 peat, &c. It appears to constitute what is usually 
 callitd vegetable vmnare. Tk. Thomson. Turner. 
 
 UL'-MIN, n. An exploded name of iiliuic acid, applied 
 before its salifying powers had been discovered. 
 
 UL'NA, 71. [L.] The larger of the two bones of the 
 fore-arm, which forms the point of the elbow. 
 
 UI..'.N.\GE. See Alnage, AuNACE. 
 
 UL'NAR, a. [L. ulna.] 
 
 Pertaining to the ulna or cubit ; as, the ulnar 
 n-vc. Coze. 
 
 T^-Lo-DEX'DRON, ti. [Gr. nvlnf and ncv!ioov.] 
 
 A genus of trees now extinct, and fuuntl only in a 
 fossil state. 
 
 ULT. Last : a contrartiim from Ultimo. 
 
 UL-Te'RI-OR, a. [I,., comparative.] Further; as, 
 ulterior demands ; ultrrior propositions. What ulte- 
 rior measures will be adopted is uncertain. SmolleU. 
 
 9. In geography, being or situated beyond or on 
 the further side of any line or boundary ; opposed to 
 C'lTEBioR, or hither. 
 
 UL'Tl-M.i HA' n o, [L.] The last reason or argu- 
 ment. 
 
 VL TI-.M.II RA'TI-0 RE'Oa^r, [h.] The last rea- 
 son of kinu's is war, force of arms. 
 UL'TI-.MATE, a. [L. n/dmi/.v, furthest.] 
 
 1. Furthest ; most remote ; extreme. We have 
 not yet arrived at the ultimate point of progri!Ssion. 
 
 2. Final ; being that to which all the rest is di- 
 rected, as to the main object. The ultimate end of 
 our actions should be the glory of God, or the displ.-iy 
 of his exalted exci llence. The ultimate end and aim 
 of men is to be happy, and, to attain to this end, we 
 must yield that obedience which will honor the law 
 and clinracter of God. 
 
 3. Last in a train of conscqucn(x:s ; intended in 
 the last resort. 
 
 Many unions sj* to procure fiime are not conducive to this our 
 uMmaU happiness. AMiMon. 
 
 4. Laat ; terminating ; being at the furthest point. 
 
 Darwin. 
 
 5. The ln«t Into which a substance can he re- 
 ■ulved ; conslitiient. IMncin. 
 
 KJUimate anulyniA, In ehemvttry, in the resolution of 
 
 UMB 
 
 a substance into its elements ; opposed to the proxi- 
 mate analysis. 
 
 Ultimate ratio ; the ratio of evanescent quantities. 
 
 UL'TI-AIATE-LY, adv. Finally ; at last ; in the end 
 or last consequence. Afflictions often tend to cor- 
 rect immoral habits^ and ultimately prove blessings. 
 
 VL'TI-MA THD'LE, [L.] The utmost stretch or 
 boundary. [See Thule.] 
 
 UL-TI-Ma'TUM, 7!. [L.] In diplomacy, the final 
 propositions, conditions, or terms, offered as the ba- 
 sis of a treaty ; the most favorable terms that a nego- 
 tiator can offer, and the rejection of which usually 
 puts an end to negotiation. It is sometimes used in 
 the plural, ultimata. 
 2. Any final proposition or condition. 
 
 UL-TIi\I'I-TY, 7i. The last stage or consequence. 
 [Little used.] Bacon. 
 
 UL'TI-MO, 71. [L. ultimo mense.] 
 
 The last month preceding the present ; as, on the 
 first ultimo. 
 
 UL'TRA, a. [L.] Beyond; hence, extreme ; as, itJ- 
 tra principles ; used also to denote a person who ad- 
 vocates extreme measures. 
 
 UL'TR.VIS.M, II. The principles of men who advo- 
 cate extreme measures, as a radical reform, &c. 
 
 H. More. 
 
 UL'TRA-IST, 71. One who pushes a principle or 
 measure to extremes. 
 
 UL-TRA-MA-RINE', (-reen',) a. [L. ultra, beyond, 
 and viarinus, marine.] 
 
 Situated or being beyond the sea. .^insinorth. 
 
 UL-TRA-MA-RINE', 71. [Supra.] A beautiful and 
 durable sky-blue ; a color formed of the mineral 
 called lapis lazuli. 
 
 Acconiing to Gmelin of Tubingen, sulphuret of 
 sodium is tiie coloring principle of lapis lazuli, to 
 which the color of ultramarine is owing. He has 
 succeeded in preparing artificial ultramarine byheat- 
 inz sulphuret of sodium with a mixture of silicic acid 
 and alumina. An. de Ch. 
 
 2. Azure-stone. 
 
 Ultramarine askes ; a pigment which is the residu- 
 um of lapis lazuli, after the ultramarine has been ex- 
 tracted. Their appearance is that of the ultrama- 
 rine, a little tinged with red, and diluted with white. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 UL-TRA-IMON'TANE, a. [Ft. ; L. ultra and inonta- 
 
 71 us.] 
 
 Being beyond the mountains, or .Alps, in respect 
 to the one who speaks. This term was first applied, 
 somewhat contemptuously, by the Italians, to the 
 nations nortli of the Alps, especially Germany and 
 France, their painters, jurists, &;c. At a later period, 
 the French and Germans applied it to the Italians. 
 It is now more jiarticularly used in respect to religious 
 matters ; and ultramontane doctrines, when spoken of 
 north of the Alps, denote the extreme views of the 
 pope's rights and supremacy maintained by Bellar- 
 min and other Italian writers. Diet, de VAcad. 
 
 UL-TRA-MON'TANE, 71. A foreigner; one who re- 
 sides bevond the mountains. 
 
 UL-TRA-MON'TA-NIS.M, 71. A term applied, north 
 of the Alps, to those who maintain e.xtreme views as 
 to the pope's supreinacv. Enciic. Am. 
 
 UL-TRA-MON'TA-NIST, n. One who holds to ul- 
 tra inontanism. 
 
 UL-TRA-MUN'DANE, a. [L. ultra and mundus, 
 world.] 
 
 Being beyond the world, or beyond the limits of 
 
 our system. 
 
 UL-TliO'NE-OUS, o. [L. ultra, of one's own ac- 
 cord.] 
 
 Spontaneous ; voluntary. [A'ot u-sed.] 
 UL'If-LATE, V. i. [L. ululo, to howl.] 
 
 To howl, as a dog or wolf. Herbert. 
 UL-n-LA'TIO.M, 71. A howl, as of the wolf or dog. 
 U.M'BEL, 71. [L. umbella, a screen or fan.] 
 
 In botany, a particular mode of inflorescence or 
 flowering, which consists of a number of flower- 
 stalks or rays, nearly equal in length, spreading from 
 a ciunmon center, their summits farming a level, con- 
 vex, or even globose surface, more rarely a concave 
 one, as in the carrot. It is simple or compound ; in 
 the latter, each peduncle bears another little umbel, 
 umbellet, or uinbelliile. Cyc JMartyn. 
 
 Umbel is stmietimcs called a rundlc, from its round- 
 ness. 
 
 U.M'BEL-LAR, a. Pertaining to an umbel ; having 
 
 the form of an umbel. 
 UM'BEL-LATE, ) a. Bearing umbels ; consisting 
 Ui\l'BEL-LA-TED, ( of an umbel; growing on an 
 
 iimliel ; as, umbdhite |ilants or flowers. 
 UM'BEL-I.ET, ) II. A little or partial umbel. 
 UM'liEL-LIJLE, i Martyn. 
 UM-I!EL'LI-FEU, ii. [I,, umbella and /mi.] 
 
 In holanii, a plant producing an umbel. Lindley. 
 UM-BEL-LIF'ER-UUS, a. [L. umbella and fcro, to 
 
 bear.] 
 
 I'rodiiriiig the infloresceni:e called an umbel; bear- 
 ini; umbels ; as, nmhilltj'rrou.i plants. 
 U.M'IIER, II. In niinrrol<igy, nn ocherous ore of iron, 
 of a brown, yello« i>h, or blackish brown color, so 
 railed from Onibna, in Italy, whi re it was first ob- 
 tained. It is iised ill painting. A specimen from 
 
 UMP 
 
 Cyprus afforded, of a hundred parts, 48 parts of oxyd 
 of iron, 20 of oxyd of manganese, the remainder ei- 
 lex, alumina, and water. Cijc. 
 
 Also, a variety of peat or brown coal, of a similar 
 color, and used for a similar purpose. Brande, 
 UM'BER, 71. The Scopus unibretta, a bird of the gral- 
 lic order and heron family, inhabiting Africa. 
 
 Sl^a 1715071. 
 
 UM'BER, 71. A fish of the salmon family, called the 
 Gravling, or Thymallus vulgaris, a fresh-water fish 
 of a fine taste. Cyc. 
 
 UM'BER, V. t. To color with umber; to shade or 
 darken. Sliak. 
 
 UxM'BER-KD, a. [h. umbra, a shade.] 
 
 1. Shaded ; clouded. Shak. 
 9. [from umber.] Painted with umber. 
 
 UM-BIL'ie, 71. [Infra.] The navel ; the center. 
 
 HerberL 
 
 UM-BIL'ie, ) rr II- .. n 
 UM-BIL'ie-AL i ['-'• '""'"'"^"■') "'6 navel.] 
 
 Pertaining to the navel ; as, umbilical vessels ; um- 
 bilical region. 
 
 Umbilical points ; in mathematics, the same as fnci. 
 Umbilical vessels, in vegetables, are the small ves- 
 sels which pass from the heart of the seed into the 
 side seed-lobes, and are supposed to imbibe the sac- 
 charine, farinaceous, or oily matter which is to sup- 
 port the new vegetable iu its germination and infant 
 crowth. Cyc. Darwin. 
 
 UAl-lilL'IC, 71. In coiicAo/ooT/, a conical depression at 
 the base of a univalve shell. 
 
 UM-BIL'ie-ATE, la. Navel-sh.aped ; formed in 
 
 UiM-BIL'ie-A-TED, t the middle like a navel ; as 
 flower, fruit, or leaf. Martun. Cyc. 
 
 UM'BLES, (um'blz,)ii.pZ. [Fr.] The entrails of a ileer. 
 
 UM'BO, 71. [L.] The boss or protuberant part of a 
 shield. Cyc. Swift. 
 
 2. In conchology, the point of a bivalve shell im- 
 mediately above the hinge. 
 
 UM'BO-i\ATE, j a. In botmiy, having a boss or el- 
 UM'BO-Na-TED, i evated point in the middle. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 UM'BRA,?!. [L.] A shadow. In osirOTiorai/, a term 
 applied to the dark cone projected from a planet or 
 satellite, on the side opposite to the sun. Brande. 
 
 UM-BRAe'U-LI-FORM, a. Having the form of an 
 uinhraculiim or arbor. 
 
 UM'BRAGE, 7t. [Fr. 077i>rag-<, from 077i6re ; h. umbra, 
 a shade.] 
 
 1. A shade ; a screen of trees ; as, the umbrage of 
 woods. JMilton. 
 
 2. Shadow; shade; slight appearance. 
 
 The opinion c.irri^s no show of truth nor umbrage of reason on 
 lis side. [Obs.] [See S'liadouj.] Woodward. 
 
 3. Suspicion of injury ; offense ; resentment. The 
 court of France totik umbrage at the conduct of 
 Spain. 
 
 UM-BRa'GEOUS, (-jus,) a. [Fr. ombrageuz.] 
 
 1. Shading; forming a shade ; as, U7ii6ra^peH.« trees 
 or foliage. Thomson. 
 
 2. Shady ; shaded ; as, an umbrageous grotto or 
 garden. 
 
 Umbrageous grots and ctrcs of cool recess. ^ftlton. 
 
 3. Obscure. JVotton. 
 UM-BRa'GEOUS-LY, adv. In an umbrageous manner. 
 U.M-BRA'GEOUS-NESS, 71. Shadiness ; as, the iiiti- 
 
 bratreousness of a tree. Ralegh. 
 UM'BRATE, I), t. [L. umbro, to shade.] 
 To shade ; to shadow. [Little used.] 
 U.M'BRA-TED, pp. Shadctf ; shadowed. 
 
 Ch. Relig. Appeal. 
 UM-BRAT'ie, ) rt y ,■ ^ 
 UM-BRAT'ie-AL, \ C^" 
 
 1. Shadowy ; typical. Barrow. 
 
 2. Keeping in the shade or at home. B. Joiison. 
 U.M'BRA-TILE, (-til,) a. [L. umbratilis.] 
 
 1. Being in the shade. Johnson. 
 
 2. Unreal ; unsubstantial. B. Jonsoiu 
 
 3. Being in retirement ; secluded ; as, an umbra- 
 tile We. [iMtleuscd.] Bacon. 
 
 UM-BRA'TIOUS, (-shus,) a. [See Umbrage.] Sus- 
 picious ; apt to distrust ; captious ; disposed to take 
 uintirage. [Little used.] ff'otton. 
 
 UJI-liREL' is nearly obsolete. 
 
 UM-BREL'LA, n. [from L. 7i77iJrn, shade.] 
 
 A shade, screen, or guard, carried in the hand for 
 sheltering the person from the rays of the sun, or 
 from rain or snow. It is formed of silk, cotton, or 
 other cloth extended on strips of whahrhorie, or other 
 elastic material, inserted in or fastened to a rod or 
 stick. [See Parasol.] 
 
 UM-BRIERE', (-breer',) n. The visor of a helmet. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UM-RRIF'ER-OUS, o. [L. umbra and fero.] 
 
 Casting or making a shade. 
 UM'ltHOSE, a. Shady. 
 U.M-liROS'l TY, 71. I L. umbrosus.] 
 
 Shadiness. [Little used.] Brawn, 
 UM'PI-RAGE, II. [from iiiiipirr.] The power, right, 
 or authority of an umpire to deciile. 
 
 Pre.iident'a Message, Oct. 1803. 
 9. The decision of an umpire. 
 
 FATE, FAR, Fi^LL, WH;>T. — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1188 
 
UNA 
 
 UNA 
 
 UNA 
 
 U.M'I'IRK, H. [Sorm. impere i L. iniperium, contracted 
 as in empirt.] 
 
 1. A person to whose sole decision a controverny 
 or question between parlies is refi rred. Thus, the 
 emperor of Russia was constituted umpire lietween 
 Great Britain and tlie United .States, to decide the 
 controversy res|»-clMit! the slaves carried from the 
 States by the Uritish troops. 
 
 2. In \aw, a third person called in to decide a con- 
 troversy or question submitted to arbitrators, when 
 the arbitrators do not agree in opinion. BlacLitonc. 
 
 UM'l'IlUj, c. t. To arbitrate J to decide as umpire; 
 to settle, as a dispute. [Little iia'd.] Bacon. 
 
 UN, a prefix or inseparable preposition, [Sax. uii or on, 
 usually an, G. un, 1). o«. Sans, an,] is the same word 
 as the L. in. It is a particle of negation, giving to 
 words to which it is prefixed a negative significa- 
 tion. We use uit or in indifferently for this purpose ; 
 and the tendency of modern usage is to prefer the 
 use of in, in some words, where u« was formerly 
 used. Un admits of nochangcof n into i, m, or r, as 
 1/1 does, in iUnininatr^ imrnense, irresolute. It is pre- 
 fixed generally to adjectives and participles, and al- 
 most at pleasure. In a few instances, it is prefixed 
 to verbs, as in ujibentl, utibinily unfiarne.'^.'i. Ah the 
 compounds formed with un are so common and so 
 well known, the composition is not noticed under 
 the several words. For the etymologies, see the 
 simple words. 
 
 UN-.\-ll.\N' DON-ED, o. Not abandoned. 
 
 UN-.\-B.AS'f;D,(-l)aste',)a. Not abased ; not humbled. 
 
 UN-A-B.\Sir£U, (-basht',) a. Not abashed ; not ccm- 
 fused with shame, or by modesty. Pope. 
 
 U.N-.-V-BAT'KD, a. Not abated; not diminished in 
 strength or violence. The fever remains unabated. 
 
 UN-A-UAT'ING, u. Not abating ; continuing in full 
 force, or wiiboiit alli viation or diminution. 
 
 UN-AB-BllE'VI-A-TED, a. Not abbreviated; not 
 shortened. 
 
 U-V-A-BET'TED, a. Not abetted ; not aided. 
 lJ.\-.\-KID'I.\'l}, o. Not abiding or permanent. 
 UN-A-nfD'(NG-LY, ado. Mot abidingly. 
 UN-.^-BID'ING-NESS, n. State of being not perma- 
 nent. 
 
 UN-A-nrLT-TY, ( n. Want of ability. [JVut used.] 
 UN-a'BLE-NESS, ( [We use InAnii-iTV.] 
 UN-.AB-JuR'i"D, a. Not abjured ; not renounced on 
 oath. 
 
 UN-A'BLE, (-a'bl,) a. Notable; not having sufficient 
 strength or means ; impotent ; weak in power, or 
 poor in substance. A man is unable to rise when 
 sick; he is unaMr to labor; he unable to support 
 his family or to purchase a farm ; he is unable for a 
 particular enterprise. 
 
 2. Not having adequate knowledge or skill. A man 
 is unable to paint a good likeness ; lie is unable to 
 command a ship or an army. 
 
 U.VA BOL'Ir^H-A-BLF;, a. Not abolishable ; that 
 may not be abolished, annulled, or destroyed. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-A-BOL'ISH-ED, (-a-bol'isht,) a. Not abolished; 
 not repealed or annulled ; remaining in force. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 UN-.\B-R.KD'ED, a. Not abraded or worn by friction. 
 
 ManUll. 
 
 UN-A-BRIDG'ED, a. Not abridged ; not shortened. 
 U.\-AB'RO-Ga-TED, a. Not abrogated; not an- 
 nulled. 
 
 U.N-.\B-SOLV'£D, a. Not absolved ; not acquitted 
 or forgiven. 
 
 (JN-AB-SORB'A-RLE, a. Not absorbable ; not capa- 
 ble of being absorbed. Damj. 
 
 UN-AB-SORB'ED, a. Not absorbed ; not imbibed. 
 
 U.N-.A-BCS'ED, (-a-buzd',) a. Not abused. [Davy. 
 
 U.\-Ae-CEL'ER-A-TED, a. Not accelerated ; not 
 hastened. 
 
 UN-AC-CENT'ED, a. Not accented ; having no ac- 
 cent ; as, an unaccented syllable. Holder. 
 
 UN-Ae cEPT'.VBLE, a. Not acceptable ; not pleas- 
 ing; not welcome; not such as will he received 
 with plea-siire. Clarendon. 
 
 UN-Ae-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of not 
 pleasing. Collier, 
 
 UN-Ae-CEPT'A-BLY, adv. In an unwelcome or un- 
 plcasing manner. 
 
 UN-.\€-CEPT'ED. a. Not accepted or received ; re- 
 jected. Prior. 
 
 UN-Ae CES.S'I-BLE, a. Inaccessible. 
 [T^Ais lattrr tcord is now used.] 
 
 CN-AC CE.SS'I-BLE-NESS, n. State of not being 
 appmachable ; inaccessibleness. 
 ( The latter is the word noto used. ] 
 
 UN-.\e-CESS'I-BLY, adv. In an unaccessible man- 
 ner. 
 
 IIN-Ae-eLI'M.^-TED, n. Not inured to the climate. 
 
 UN-AC-eO.M'.MO-DA-TED, a. Not accommodated ; 
 not furnished with external conveniences!. Sltak. 
 2. Not fitted or adapted. Mitford. 
 
 UN-Ae-eO.M'.MO-DA-TING, a. Not accommodating ; 
 not readv to oblige ; uncompliant. 
 
 UN-Ae-eOM'PA-NI-ED, ( kum'pa-nid,) a. Not at- 
 tended ; having no attendants, companions, or fol- 
 lowers. Hayaard. 
 2. Having no appendages. 
 
 UN-Ae eo.MTI.ISll-ED, (-ak-kom'plishi,) a. Not ac- 
 complished ; not finished ; incomplete. Dryden. 
 
 2. Not refined in manners ; not furnished with el- 
 egant literature or with polish of iiiannrrs. 
 
 UN-Ae-eo.M'PLISH-.MEi\T, w. Want of accom- 
 plishment or execution. Milton. 
 
 UN-Ae eoRD'ANT, a. Not accordant or harmo- 
 nious. 
 
 UN-Ae-eORD'ING, a. Not according ; not agreeing. 
 
 Fearn. 
 
 UN-AC eOUNT-A-BIL'I-TY, ji. The state or quali- 
 ty of not being accountable ; or the state of being 
 unaccountable fiir. Swift. 
 
 UN-Ae eoUNT'A-BLE, a. Not to be accounted for. 
 Such folly is unaccountable. 
 
 2. Nut explicable ; not to be solved by reason or 
 the light possessed ; not reducible to rule. The 
 union of sonl and body is to us unaccountable. Swijl. 
 
 3. Not subject to account or control ; not subject 
 to answer ; not responsible. 
 
 UN-AC-eOUNT'A-BLE-NESS, n. Strangeness. 
 
 2. Irresponsibility. 
 UN-Ae-eOUNT'.\-liLY, ado. In a manner not to 
 
 be explained ; strangely. MdLion, 
 UN-Ae-eRED'IT-En, a. Not accredited ; not re- 
 ceived ; not authon/.ed. The minister or the consul 
 remained unaccredtted. 
 UN-Ae'eU-R.VTE, o. Inaccurate ; not correct or ex- 
 act. Boyle. 
 [But IxAccfmxE is now used.] 
 U.\-Ae'eU-R.\TE-NESS, n. Want of correctness. 
 [But we now use Isaccurateness or Inacci;- 
 
 RACV.] 
 
 UN-.\e-euS'ED, (-ak-kuzd',) a. Not accused; not 
 charged with a crime or fault. 
 
 UN-AG-eUS'TO.M-fiD, a. Not accustomed ; not used ; 
 not made familiar ; not habituated ; as, a bullock un- 
 accustomed to the yoke. Jer. xxxi. 
 
 2. New ; not usual ; not made familiar; as, unac- 
 eustomed air ; unaccustomed ideas. fVatts. 
 
 UN-A-CHIkV'A-BLE, a. Tliat can not be done or 
 acconiplis^ied. Farindon. 
 
 UN-A-t'IIIi;V'ED, a. Not achieved; not accom- 
 plished or performed. 
 
 UN-AeiI'I.\(;, (-ik'ing,) a. Not aching ; not giving 
 or feeling pain. Shah. 
 
 UN-Ae-KNOWL'EDG-ED, (-nol'ejd,) a. Not ac- 
 knowledged ; not recognized ; as, an unacknowledged 
 agent or consul. 
 
 2. Not owned ; not confessed ; not avowed ; as, 
 an nnacknowledned crime or fault. 
 
 UN-.ie-aUAINT'A.\CE, n. Want of acquaintance 
 or familiarity; want of knowledge; followed by 
 with i as, an utter unacquaintance with hi3 design. 
 
 liiouth. 
 
 U-VAC-aUAINT'ED, a. Not well known ; unusual. 
 And Ui' unacquainted light be;^n tu fc.-ir. [xVoI in ute.\ 
 
 iSyenstr. 
 
 2. Not having familiar knowledge ; followed by 
 with. 
 
 My <*an are unaejuainttd 
 Wilh Biich bold tniUis. Dcvham. 
 
 UN-A€-aUAlNT'ED-NESS, n. Want of acquaint- 
 ance. Whiiton. 
 
 UN-AG-aUIR'ED, a. Not acquired ; not gained. 
 
 U.\-Ae-QUIT'TED, a. Not acquitted; not declared 
 innocent. 
 
 UN-.\eT'ED, a. Not acted ; not performed ; not exe- 
 cuted. Shak. 
 UN-AGT'IVE, a. Not active ; not brisk. 
 [We now use Inactive.] 
 
 2. Having no employment. 
 
 3. Not busy ; not diligent ; idle. 
 
 4. Having no action or erticacy. [See Ihactite.] 
 UN-AGT'Ii-A-TED, a. Not actuated ; not moved. 
 
 OlanciUe. 
 
 UN-A-DAPT'ED, a. Not adapted ; not suited. 
 
 MUford. 
 
 UN-A-BAPT'ED-NESS, n. Unsuitableness. 
 UN-AD-DICT'ED, a. Not addicted ; not given or de- 
 voted. 
 
 UN-AL)-DRE.SS'ED, (-drest',) a. Not addressed. 
 UN-AI)-Hk S1VE, a. Not adhesive. 
 U.N-.^D-JUDG'ED, a. Not adjudged; not judicially 
 decided. 
 
 UN-AR-JUST'ED, a. Not adjusted ; not sclUcd ; not 
 regulated : as, differences unadjtuted. 
 
 2. Not settled ; not liquidated ; as, unadjusted ac- 
 counts. 
 
 tr.VAD-MIX'IS-TER-ED, a. Not administered. 
 
 UN-AD- .MIR'El), a. Not admired ; not regarded with 
 great afferlion or respect. Pope. 
 
 ITN-AD-iMIR'lNG, a. Not admiring. 
 
 U.V-AD-MON'ISH-ED, (-mon'isht,) a. Not admon- 
 ished ; not cautioned, warned, or advised. Milton. 
 
 UN-.A-DOPT'EU, a. Not adojiled ; not received as 
 one's own. 
 
 UN-A-DOR'ED, a. Not adored ; not worshiped. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-.\-DOR.\'ED, a. Not adorned ; not decorated ; 
 not embellished. Mdton. 
 
 UN-A-DUiyTER-A-TED, a. Not adulterated ; genu- 
 ine : pure. Addison. 
 
 UN-A-DUL'TER OUS, a. Not guilty of adultery. 
 
 UN-A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY, adv. Without being guilty 
 of adultery. 
 
 UN-AD-VEN'TITR-OUS, o. Not adventurous ; not 
 bold or resolute. Mtlton. 
 
 UN-AD- VIS'A-BLE, a. Not advisable ; not to be rec- 
 ommended ; not expedient ; not pmdent. 
 
 UN-AD- VIS'.V-BLY, ailv. In an unadvisable man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-AD- VIS'ED, (-vizd',) a. Not prudent; not dis- 
 creet. Shak. 
 
 2. Done without due considenition ; rash ; as, an 
 unadvised measure or proceeding. Shak. 
 
 UN-AD- V'IS'ED-LY, adv. Imprudently ; indiscreetly ; 
 rashly ; without due consideration. Hooker. 
 
 UN-.M)-VIS'EI)-.\ESS, n. Imprudence; rashness. 
 
 UN-A'ER-A-TED, a. Not combined with carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 UN-AF'F.V-BLE, a. Not affable; not free to con- 
 
 % -rse ; reserved. 
 UN-AF-FEe T'ED, a. Not affected ; plain ; natural ; 
 
 not labored or artificial ; simple ; as, unajftcted case 
 
 and grace. 
 
 2. Real ; not hypocritical ; sincere ; as, unaffieted 
 sorrow. Dryden. 
 
 U. Not moved ; not having the heart or passions 
 touched. .Men otlen remain unaffected under all the 
 solemn monitions of Providence. 
 UN-AF-FECT'ED-LY, adv. Really; in sincerity; 
 withimt disguise; without attempting to produce 
 false appearances. He was unaffectedly cheerful. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 UN-AF-FEeT'ED-NESS, n. State of being unaf- 
 fected. 
 
 UN-AF-FEGT'I-BLE, a. That can not be affected. 
 
 Cudworlh, 
 
 UN-AF-FECT'ING, a. Not pathetic ; not adapted to 
 movi' the passions. 
 
 UN-AF-FEt;'TION-ATE, a. Not affectionate ; want- 
 ing affection. 
 
 U.V-.AI'-FIRM'ED, a. Not affirmed ; not confirmed. 
 U.V-AF-FLieT'ED, a. Not alllicted ; free from 
 trouble. 
 
 UN-AF-FRIGHT'ED, (-frit'ed,) a. Not frightened. 
 UN-AG'GRA-VA-TED, a. Not aggravated. 
 UN-.\G'I TA-TED, a. Not agit.aled ; calm. 
 UN-A-GREE'.V-BLE, a. Not consistent; unsuitable. 
 
 .»/i/(on. 
 
 UN-A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS, n. Unsuitableness ; in- 
 consistency with. Decay of Pietu. 
 
 UN-A-GREE'A-BLY, ado. In an unagreeable iiian- 
 ncr. 
 
 UN-AID'A-BLE, a. Not to be aided or assisUd. [JVot 
 
 used. ] 
 
 UN-AID'ED, a. Not aided ; not assisted. Blaekmore. 
 U\-AI.M'ING, a. Having no particular aim or direc- 
 tion. OlanvtlU. 
 i:.\-AIR'ED, a. Not aired. 
 
 UN-A-L.\Rjr£D, a. Not alarmed; not disturbed 
 with fear. Cowper. 
 
 U.V-A-LX R.M'ING, a. Not alarming. 
 
 U.\'-aL'IEN-A-BLE, (-il'ycn-a-bl,)a. Not alienable ; 
 that can not be alienated ; that may not be trans- 
 ferred ; as, unalienable rights. SwifL 
 
 UN-AL'IE.\-.\-BEY, <i(ie. In a manner that admits 
 of no alienation ; as, property unalicnably vested. 
 
 UN-aL'IE.\-ATE, (-al'yen-ate,) a. N'ot alienate. 
 
 //. Taiilor. 
 
 UN-AL'IEN-a-TED, a. Not alienated; not 'trans- 
 ferred ; not estranged. 
 
 U.N'-.\L-LaY'£D, a. Not allayed ; not appeased or 
 quieted. 
 
 2. For U:«Ai.LovED. [See Uhalloyed.] 
 UN-.\L-Lf;'VI-A-TED, a. Not alleviated; not miti- 
 gated. 
 
 UN-.\L-LT'.\-BI,E, a. That can not be allied or con- 
 nected in amity. Chryne. 
 
 UN-.AIy-LI'ED, (-al-llde',) a. Having no alliance or 
 connection, cither by nature, marriage, or treaty ; as, 
 unallied families, or nations, or substances. 
 2. Having no [wwerfiil relation. 
 
 U.\-AL-L0W'A-BLE, a. That may not be allowed. 
 
 UN-.AL-LOW'/.'D, a. Not allowed ; not permitted. 
 
 U.\-.\L-LOY'/;i), a. Not alloyed ; not reduced by 
 foreign admixture ; as, metals unalUnjed. 
 
 I pojoyrij unajloyed a:itiaf.icuoii in bia company. Mit/ord. 
 
 UN-Al^Lf'R'ED, a. Not allured ; not enticed. 
 
 UN-.AL-LCR'ING, a. Not alluring ; not tempting. 
 
 ' MUford. 
 
 I7N-AL-I,rR'ING-I,Y, adv. Not alluringly. 
 
 U.VXL.MS'ED, (un-iimzd',) a. Not having received 
 alms. [Bad.] PoUok. 
 
 UN-AI,'TER-.\-nLE, a. Not alterable; unchangea- 
 ble ; immutable. Sauth. 
 
 UN-AL'TER-A-BLE-NEPS, ( n. Unchangeableness ; 
 
 UN-AL-TER-A-BIL'I-TY, j immuuibilily. 
 
 H'oodwnrd. 
 
 UN-AL'TER-A-BLY, adv. Unchangeably ; inimuta- 
 hlyV 
 
 UN-AL'TER-ED, a. Not altered or changed. 
 
 Drydm, 
 
 U.\-AL'TER-I\G, a. Not altering. Wiseman. 
 UN-A-MAZ'£D, o. Not amazed ; free from astonish- 
 ment. MUtmi, 
 
 TONT;, bull, liNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US e as K; G as J; S as Z; CH as SH; Til as in THIS. 
 
 149' 
 
 WW 
 
 1189 
 
UNA 
 
 UNA 
 
 UNA 
 
 UN-AM-BIG'lI-OUS, a. Not ambiguous ; not of 
 doubtful meaning ; pl.iin ; clear ; certain. 
 
 Chesterjteld. 
 
 Ui\-AM-BIG'lI-OUS-LY, adv. In a clear, explicit 
 manner. 
 
 UX-.\M-BIG'lT-OUS-NESS, I n. Clearness; e.xplicit- 
 
 (JN-AM-Bf-GC'I-TV, j ness. 
 
 UN-AM-BI"TrOL'S, (-am-bish'us,) a. Not ambitious ; 
 free from ambition. 
 
 9. Not affecting shew ; not showy or prominent ; 
 as^ uttatnbitioiig ornaments. 
 
 UN-.\M-BI"TIOlj!5-LY, mlv. Not ambitiously. 
 
 UN-A.M-BI"TIOUS-NESS, n. Freedom from ambi- 
 tion. _ 
 
 UN-.A-Mf,'N A-BLE, a Not amenable or responsible. 
 UN-A-IIEND'A-BLE, a. Not capable of emendation. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-A-MEND'ED, a. Not amended ; not rectified. 
 
 UN-a',AII-A-BLE, a. Not amiable : not conciliating 
 love ; not adapted to gain affection. Spectator. 
 
 UN-A'.MI-A-BLE-NESS, n. Want of amiableness. 
 
 UN-A-MuS'^D, (-muzd',) a. Not aumsed ; not en- 
 tertained. 
 
 UN-AMCS'ING, a. Not amusing; not affording en- 
 tertainment. Roscoe. Mitford. 
 
 UN-A-.MCS'IN'G-LY, adv. Not amusingly. 
 
 LrN-A-Mu'."^IV'E, a. Not affording amusement. 
 
 tJ\-AN-A-LOG'ie-AL, a. Not analogical. 
 
 UN-A-NAL'O-GOUS, a. Not analogous ; not agreea- 
 ble to. Daririn. 
 
 UN-AN'A-I,yZ-?:D, a. Not analyzed; not resolved 
 into siin[)le part-^. Botile. 
 
 UN-AXeH'OR-iD, a. Not anchored ; not moored. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-A-NeL'£D, a. Not having received extreme unc- 
 tion. [See Akele.] Shak. 
 
 UN-AN"GU-LAR, (-ang'gu-Iar,) a. Having no an- 
 gles. 
 
 UN-AN'I-MAL-IZ-£D, a. Not formed into animal 
 matter. 
 
 UN-AN'I-Ma-TED, a. Not animated ; not possessed 
 of life. 
 
 2. Not enlivened ; not having spirit ; dull. 
 VN-AN'I-.MA-TING, a. Not animating ; dull. 
 Q-N.i-NI.M'I-Ty, (yu-na-nim'e-tc,) v. [Fr. unani- 
 
 intte ; L. ttnus^ one, and animus^ mind.] 
 
 Agreement of a number of persons- in opinion or 
 
 determination ; as, there was perfect unanimUij among 
 
 the members of the council. 
 IJ-.VAN'I-JIOUS, (yu-nan'e inus,) a. Being of one 
 
 mind ; agreeing in opinion or determination ; as, the 
 
 house of assembly was unanimous; the members of 
 
 the council were unanimous. 
 
 9. Formed bv unanimity : as, a unanimous vote. 
 y-NAN'I-MOUS-LY, adv. ' With entire agreement of 
 
 minds, j3ddi.<on. 
 XI-X A.\'I-MOUS-NEPS, n. The state of being of one 
 
 mind. 
 
 2. Proceeding from unanimity ; as, the unanimous- 
 
 ness of a_vote. 
 UN-AN-NlsAL'i^D, a. Not annealed; not tempered 
 
 by heat ; sudiienly cooled. 
 UN-AN-NEX'£D, ( an-nekst',) a. Not annexed ; not 
 
 joined. 
 
 UN-AN-Nl'HI-LA-BLE, o. That can not be annihi- 
 lated. 
 
 UN-AN-NOUN'C£D,(-an-nounst',)a. Not announced 
 
 or proclaimed. 
 tI.\-.\.\-.N'Oy'£D, a. Not annoyed or incommoded. 
 UN-A-NUINT'El), a. Ncjt anointed. 
 
 2. Not having received extreme unction. Shak. 
 UN-AN'SWER-A-BLE, (-an'ser-a-b!,) a. Not to be 
 
 satisfactorily answered ; not capable of refutation ; 
 
 as, an unansinfrnble argument. 
 UN-A.\'SWER-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being 
 
 unanswerable. 
 UN-AN'SWER-A-BLY, arfc. In a manner not to be 
 
 answered ; beyond refutation. South. 
 UN-.AN'SWER-KD, a. Not answered; not opposed 
 
 by a reply. Milton. 
 9. Not refuted. Hooker. 
 X Not suitably returned. Dryden. 
 UN-AN-'ri(,"I-PA-TEI), a. Not anticipated. 
 UN-ANX'IOUS, (-ank'shuD,) a. Free from anxiety. 
 UN-A-I'OG'RY-rHAL, a. Not apocryphal; not of 
 
 duiihtful authority. Milton. 
 UN-AP-I'AM,';;i), (-ap-pawld',) a. Not apiiallod ; not 
 
 daunted ; not impressed with fear. 
 
 With iry':% erccl, uiid viaiifc unnppalled, SmiOi. 
 
 UN-AP-PAR'EL-£D, a. Not appareled ; not clothed. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 UN-AP-PAR'ENT, a. Not apparent, obscnre ; not 
 
 visible. Milton. 
 UN-AP PF;AI,'A-ni-E, a. Not appealable ; admitting 
 
 no nppr al ; that can not be carried to a higher court 
 
 by aiipeal ; as, an unoppr.nlahle cause. 
 UN-AP-PkAS'A HI,E, a. Not to bu appeased or paci- 
 
 fie<l ; as, an unnjiprasahle clamor. 
 
 2. Not placable ; as, unappranaldr wrath. 
 UN-AI'-PkAS'A'I), ( ap pe/.d',) Not ap|>eased ; not 
 
 pacified. J>njden. 
 UN^P-PI-AUD'EI), a. Not applauded. 
 
 UN-AP-PLAUD'IN'G, a. Not applauding. 
 UN-AP-PLAU'SIVF., a. Not applauding. 
 UN-AP-PLl'A-BLE, a. Inapplicable. [Littie used.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-AP'PLI-CA-BLE, a. Inapplicable ; that can not 
 be applied. [We now use Inapplicable.] 
 
 UN-AI'-Pt,l'£D, a. Not applied ; not used according 
 to the destination ; as, unapplied funds. 
 
 UN-APTO-SITE, (-ap'po-zit,) a. Not apposite ; not 
 suitable. Oerard, 
 
 UN-AP-PRK'CIA-BLE, a. Not appreciable. 
 
 UN-AI'-PRE'ClA-TEO, a. Not duly estimated or val- 
 ued. 
 
 UN-AP-PRE-IIEND'ED, a. Not apprehended ; not 
 taken. 
 
 9. Not understood. Hooker. 
 UN-.\P-PRE-HEN'SI-BLE, a. Not capable of being 
 
 understood. Smith. 
 UN-AP-PRE HEN'SI-BLE-NESS, n. State of being 
 
 unapproheii-^ilile. 
 UN-.\P-PRE-HE\'.''IVE, a. Not apprehensive; not 
 fearful or suspecting. 
 9. Not intelligent ; not ready of conception. South. 
 UN-AP-PRE-IIEN'SIVE-LY, adv. Not apprehen- 
 
 UiVAP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS, n. State of being 
 
 unapprehensive. 
 UN-AP-PRIS'£D, a. Not apprised ; not previously 
 
 informed. 
 
 UN-AP-PRoACH'A-BLE, a. That can not be ap- 
 proached : inaccessible. 
 
 UN-AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS, n. Inaccessibleness. 
 
 UN-AP-PUoACH'A-BLY, adv. So as not to be ap- 
 proachable. 
 
 UN-AP-PRoACH'£D, (-ap-procht',) a. Not ap- 
 proached ; not to be approached. Milton. 
 UN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE, a. Inappropriate. 
 UN-AP-PRo'PRI-A-TEn, a. Not appropriated ; not 
 applied or directed to be applied to any specific ob- 
 ject ; as money or funds. Hamilton. 
 
 2. Not granted or given to any person, company, 
 or corporation ; as, unappropriated lands. 
 
 B. Trumbull 
 
 UN-AP-PROV'£n, (-ap-proovd',) a. Not approved ; 
 
 not having received approbation. Milton. 
 UN-AP-PKOV'INfi, a. Not approving. 
 UN-AP-PROV'ING-LY, adv. With disapprobation. 
 UN-APT', a. Not apt ; not ready or propense. 
 
 A soldier, unapt to weep. ShaJc. 
 
 2. Pull ; not ready to learn. 
 
 3. Unfit ; not qualified ; not disposed ; with to be- 
 fore a verb, and for bul'tire a noun ; as, unapt to ad- 
 mit a conference with reason. Hooker. 
 
 Unapt for noble, wise, spiritual ejnployments. Taytor. 
 
 4. Improper ; unsuitable. Johnson. 
 I'N-APT'LY, adv. Unfitly ; improperly. Orcw. 
 UN-APT'NESS, n. Unfitness; unsuitableness. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. Dullness ; want of quick apprehension. Shak. 
 
 3. Unreadiness ; disqualificatitm ; Wiint of pro- 
 pension. The mind, by excess of exertion, gets an 
 unaptness to vigorous attempts. Locke. 
 
 UN-XR'GU-£D. a. Not argued ; not debated. 
 
 2. Not disputed ; not opposed by argument. 
 
 Jl/i(t071. 
 
 3. Not censured ; a Latinism. [JVot used.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 UN-.\RM', V. t. To disarm ; to strip of armor or 
 
 arms. [JVot used.] [See Disarm.] Shak. 
 UN-ARM'£D, a. Not having on arms or armor ; not 
 
 equipped. Man is born uHarroed; it is mean to attack 
 
 even an enemy unarmed. 
 9. Not furnished with scales, prickles, or other 
 
 defense, as animals and plants. 
 UN-AR-RaIGN'£U, a. Not arraigned; not brought 
 
 to trial. Daniel. 
 UN-AR-RaNG'£D, a. Not arranged; not disposed in 
 
 order. 
 
 UN-AR-RaY'£D, a. Not arrayed ; not dressed. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 9. Not liisposed in order. 
 UN-AR-RI".S'1''ED, o. Not stopped ; not apprehended. 
 UN-AR RIV'£D, a. Not arrived. [Ill formed.] 
 
 Younir. 
 
 UN-XRT'ED, a. Ignorant of the arts. [J^'oi in use.] 
 
 IVoterhouse. 
 
 UN-XRT'FIIL, a. Not artful; artless; not having 
 cunning. DrijiJen. 
 2. Wanting skill. [Little nseil.] Chnme. 
 
 UN-AR'I''FIJL-LY, adv. Without art ; in an unartful 
 mannir. Swift. 
 
 [In lieu of these words. Artless and Artlessly 
 are g<?nerallv used.] 
 
 UN-AR-Tie'i;-LA-TED, a. Not articulated or dis- 
 tinctly pronounced. Knciie. 
 
 UN-AR-T1-FI"CI AL, (-ar-te-fish'al,) a. Not artificial ; 
 not formed by art. 
 
 UN-AR-TI-FI"CIAI, LY, adv. Not with art; in a 
 manner rontrnrv to nit. Detham. 
 
 UN-AR'TIST-I.IKE, a. Not like an artist. 
 
 irN-A!< ('ENI)'EI), a. Not asri iided. 
 
 UN-AS-(;Ei\I)'M1EE, o. That ran not be ascended. 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 UN-AS-CER-TAIN'A-BLE, a. That can not be ascer- 
 tained, or reduced to a certainty; that can not be 
 certainly known. 
 
 Tlie mistees are unascertainabte. U7i*alort'» Rep. 
 
 UN-AS-CER-TaIN'^D, a. Not reduced to a certain- 
 ty ; not certainly known. Hamilton. 
 
 UN-A-SHAJI'£D, a. Not ashamed. 
 
 UN-ASK'£D, (un-askt',) a. Not asked ; unsolicited ; 
 as, to bestow favors unasked ; that was an unasked 
 favor. 
 
 9. Not sought by entreaty or care. 
 
 The tieanled corn ensued 
 From earth unoBked. DryrUn. 
 
 UN-AS-PEGT'IVE, a. Not having a view to. Felthnm. 
 UN-AS'PI-Ra-TED, a. Having no aspirate. Parr. 
 UN-AS-PiR'ING, a. Not aspiring ; not ambitious. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 UN-AS-PiR'ING-LY, adv. In an unaspiring manner. 
 UN-AS-SaIL'A-BLE, 0. Not assailable ; that can not 
 
 be assaulted. Shak. 
 UN-.\S-S.UL'A-BLY, adv. So as to be unassail.ible. 
 UN-AS-SaIL'£D, a. Not assailed ; not attacked by 
 
 violence. 
 
 To keep my life and honor unassailed. MilU}n. 
 UN-AS-SAULT'ED, a. Not assaulted ; not attacked. 
 UN-AS-SaY'£D, (-as-sade',) a. Not essayed ; not at- 
 tempted. [We now use Unessaved.] 
 2. Not subjected to assay or trial. 
 UN-AS-SEM'BL£D, a. Not assembled or congre- 
 gated. 
 
 UN-AS-SERT'ED, a. Not asserted ; not affirmed ; 
 
 not vindicated. 
 trN-AS-SESS'£D, (-as-sest',) a. Not assessed ; not 
 
 rated. 
 
 UN-AS-SIGN'A-BLE, a. J>fot assignable ; that can 
 not be transferred by assignment or indorsement. 
 
 Junes. IVheaton. 
 
 UN-AS-SIGN'A-BLY, adv. In an unassignable man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-AS-SlGN'£D, ( sind',) a. Not assigned ; not de- 
 clared ; not transferred, 
 
 UN-AS-Sl.M'I-LA-TED, a. Not assimilated ; not 
 made to resemble. 
 
 2. In phijsiulogy, not united with, and actually 
 made a part, either of the proper fluids or solids of 
 the body ; not animalized, as food. 
 
 UN-AS-SISI'l-LA-TING, a. Not assimilating. 
 
 UN-AS-SIST'ED, a. Not assisted ; not aided or 
 helped ; as, unassisted reason. Ro/rers. 
 
 UN-AS-SIST'I_NG, a. Giving no help. Drydeu. 
 
 UN-AS-So'ClA-TED, a. Not associated ; not united 
 with a society. 
 
 9. In Connecticut, not united with an ecclesiastical 
 association ; as, an unassoeiated church. 
 
 UN-AS-SORT'El), a. Not assorted ; not distributed 
 into sorts. 
 
 UN-AS-SUaG'£D, a. Not appeased. 
 
 UN-AS-SuM'£D, a. Not assumed. 
 
 UN-AS-SuM'ING, a. Not assuming; not bold or for- 
 ward ; not making lofty pretensions ; not arrogant ; 
 modest ; as, an ujiassuminff youth ; unassuming man- 
 ners. 
 
 UN-AS-SuR'£D, (-ash-shurd',) a. [See Sure.] Not 
 assured ; not confident ; as, an unassured c()unte- 
 nance. Olnnville. 
 
 2. Not to be trusted ; as, an unassured foe. 
 
 Spensf^. 
 
 3. Not insured against loss ; as, goods unassured. 
 UN-A-ToN'A-BLE, a. Not to be appeased ; not to be 
 
 reconciled. Milton. 
 
 UN-A-ToN'£D, a. Not expiated. 
 
 A brother's tlood yet urtatoned. Rowe. 
 
 UN-AT-TACH'£D, (-tacht',) a. Not attached ; not ar- 
 rested. Junius. 
 
 2. Not closely adhering ; having no fi.xed interest ; 
 as, unattached to any parly. 
 
 3. Not united by aflection. 
 UN-AT-TACK'A RLE, a. Not attackable. 
 UN-A'I'-TACK'£D, (-at-takt',) a. Not attacked ; not 
 
 assaulted. 
 
 UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE, a. Not to be gained or ob- 
 tained ; as, unattainable good. 
 
 UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being 
 bej ond the reach of power. I.nrke. 
 
 UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLY, adv. In an un.attalnable man- 
 ner. 
 
 nN-AT-TAlN'£n, a. Not attained or reached. 
 
 UN-AT-Ta1N'IN(;, a. Not attaining. 
 
 UN-AT-TAINT'EI), a. Not attainted ; not r^riupt(;il. 
 
 UN-AT-TEM'PER-£D, a. Not tempered by mixture, 
 
 UN-AT-TEMPT'ED, a. Not attempted; not tried; 
 not essayed. 
 
 Tilings unatlfmpled yet in prose or rhyme. liliHon. 
 
 UN-AT-TEND'El), a. Not attended ; not accompa- 
 nied ; having no retinue or attendance. Milton. 
 
 2. Forsaken. Shak. 
 
 3. Not medically attended ; not dressed ; as, unat- 
 tendril wounds. Mitford. 
 
 UN-AT-TEND'ING, a. Not attending or listening; 
 not being attentive. 
 
 Ill Is lost thst pniso 
 Thnt is nddri'Bsi'il to iinaneruting uiira. MUlon. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALI,, WHAT MP.TE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1190 
 
UNB 
 
 tJN-AT-TEi\"J'IVE, a. .\c>t regarding; iiialleiitive. 
 J Tlif latter ward u vow used.} 
 
 UN-AT-TKN'U-A-TEU, «. Nut iitteimatfil. 
 
 UN-AT-TEST'ED, a. Not attested; liavinj no at- 
 teslatiuii. Barrow, 
 
 ITN-A'I'-TIK'KD, a. Not attired ; not adorned. 
 
 UN-AT-TKACT'EU, a. Not attracted ; not affected 
 hy altrariitiM. 
 
 UN-AT-TJIACT'IVE, a. Not attractive. 
 
 IJ-NAU', H. An i di'ntate inaniiiial, the Bradypns di- 
 daelylus, or two-toed sloth. This animal is laryer 
 by one lialf tlian a cat ; is of a niiiform grayish- 
 brown color, sometimes with a reddish ti4it. It is 
 fuuntl (inlv in the hot parts of Sonlli America. 
 
 [JN-.\Ul)'rr-El), n. Not audited or adjusted. 
 
 UN-AUG-.ME.\T'EI), n. Not augmented or increased ; 
 in grammar, having no augment, or additional sylla- 
 ble. Richarilson. 
 
 U.\-AU-TIIEN'Tie, a. Not authentic ; not genuine 
 or true. 
 
 UN-AU-TIIEN'Tie-.\-TED, a. Not authenticated ; 
 
 not made certain hy auttiority. 
 UN-AU-TllOll'l-TA-TIVE, a. Not authoritative. 
 
 Cainpbdl, 
 
 UN-AU-TIIOR'I-TA-TIVE-LY, ado. Without au- 
 thority. 
 
 UN-AU'THOR TZ -KD, n. Not aiilhorized ; not war- 
 ranted by proper authority ; not duly commissioned. 
 
 UN-A-VAIL'A 1!U:, o. Not available ; not having 
 sufficient power to produce the intended effect ; not 
 ctrectual ; vain ; useless. Hooker. 
 
 UN-A-VaIL'A-ULE-NESS, n. Inefficacy ; useless- 
 ness. Sandys 
 
 UN-A-VaIL'A-BLY, adv. Without availing or suc- 
 cess. 
 
 UN-A-VaIL'ING, a. Not having the effect desired 
 ineffectual ; useless ; vain ; as, unavailing efforts ; 
 unurniJiii^ prayers. 
 
 UN-.\-VAlL,'lNG-LY, adv. Without effect. 
 
 UN-A-VEN(5 E' A-IiLE, a. Not avengeable. 
 
 UN-A-VE.\<5'KI), a. Not avenged ; not having ob- 
 tained satisfaction ; ai*, a person is unaccnircd. 
 2. Not punished ; as, a crime is unavenged. 
 
 UyS-AVK-SV-KD, a. tiaviiig no avenue. Pollok. 
 
 U.\-A-VER'r'EI), a. Not averteil ; not turned away. 
 
 C/'-V^i FO'Cf;, [L.] With one voice ; unanimously. 
 
 UN-.\-VOIU'A-ULE, a. That can not be made null 
 or void. Bladiistiinr. 
 
 2. Not avoidable ; not to be shunned ; inevitable; 
 as, unavoidable evils. 
 
 3. Not to be missed in ratiocination. Locke. 
 UN-A-VOII)'A-BLE-NES.S, n. The state of being 
 
 unavoidable ; inevitablencss. Olanville. 
 UN-A-VOIl)'A-ULY, adv. Inevitably; in a manner 
 
 that prevents failure or escape. 
 IIN-A-VOID'EIJ, a. Not avoided or shunned. 
 
 2. Inevitable. [J^ol legitimate.] B. Jon.ton. 
 
 US-A-VOW KU, a. Not avowed ; not acknowledged ; 
 
 not owned ; not confessed. 
 U.\-A-\V.aK'/':1), ) a. Not awakened ; not roused 
 UN-A-VVAK'f;.\-f:n, j from sleep. 
 
 2. Not roused from spiritual slumber or stupidity. 
 
 ScotL 
 
 UN-A-WaK'KN-ING, a. Not awakening. 
 UN-.VWaUE', a. Without thought ; inattentive. 
 
 Siei/t, 
 
 UN-A-WaRE', ) adv. Suddenly; unexpectedly; 
 U.\-A-WaRES', ) without previous preparation. 
 The evil came upon us iinaHiarf.«. 
 
 2. Without premeditated design. He killed the 
 man unawares. 
 
 .Ht unawares ; unexpectedly. 
 
 Ht' bn*;ik8 at ujiairaret upon our walVs. Dryden. 
 UN-A W'/;D, o. Not awed ; not restrained by fear ; 
 
 undaunted. Dryden. 
 UN-IiACK'£D, (-hakt',) a. Not having been backed ; 
 OS, an unbacked colt. 
 
 2. Not tamed ; not taught to bear a rider. Shak. 
 
 3. Unsupported ; left without aid. Daniel. 
 UN-ItAF'Fl,KD, a. Not defeated ; not confounded. 
 UN-H.aK'KI), (-Imkt',) a. Not baked. 
 U.N'-IIAL'ANC-KI), (-bal'anst,) a. Not balanced ; not 
 
 poised ; not in equipoise. 
 
 Let E.irtb unbalanced irom her orbit fly. Pope. 
 
 2. Not adjusted ; not settled ; not brought to an 
 equality of debt and credit; as, an unbalanced ac- 
 count. 
 
 3. Not restrained by equal power ; a.s, unbalanced 
 parties. J. Mams. 
 
 UN-liAI/LAST, II. 1. To free from ballast; to dis- 
 charge the ballast from. ToUen. 
 
 UN-BAL'LAST-EI), pp. Freed from ballast. 
 
 2. a. Not furnished with ballast; not kept steady 
 by ballast or by weight ; unsteady ; its, unballantcd 
 wits. 
 
 " Unballast vessel," for unballasted, in Addison, is 
 
 an unauthorized phrase. 
 UN-nAN'DAG-£D, a. Not bandaged. 
 UN-BAND'ED, a. Stripped of a band ; hanng no 
 
 band. Shak. 
 UN-BA\'.\ER-KD, a. Il.aving no banner. Pollok. 
 UN-BAP-TI7.'^:i), a. Not baptized. Hooker. 
 UX-BAP-TIZ'ING, a. Not baptizing. Colendge. 
 
 UNB 
 
 UN-B.\U', ». t. To remove a bar or bars from; to un- 
 fasten ; to open ; as, to unbar a g:ite. 
 UN-BXRM'Kl), a. Not shaven. [JVut in u.s-e.] SItak. 
 UN-UARK'£;U, (-bilrkt',) a. Stripped of its bark. 
 
 Bacan. 
 
 [We now tise Barked in the same sense.] 
 UN-l!AR'R£L),(-bird',) pp. Having its bars removed ; 
 unfastened. 
 
 UN-BAR'RING, ppr. Removing the bars from; un- 
 fastening. 
 
 UN-B.\SH'FUL., a. Not bashful ; bold ; impudent. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-B.\S[I'FUL-LY, adv. Boldly ; impudently. 
 UN-BaT'ED, a. Not repressed ; not blunted. [M'ot 
 in use.] 
 
 UN-BaT H'KD, a. Not bathed ; not wet. Dryden. 
 UN-BAT'TEK-A'D, a. Not battered ; not bruised or 
 
 injureii by blows. Sliak. 
 UN-BAY', V. L To open ; to free from tlie restraint of 
 
 mounds. 
 
 1 oujjlit to unbay the current of my pawjioni. NorrU. 
 {.\ot in use.] 
 
 UN-BESR'.\-BLE, a. Not to be borne or endured. 
 UN-BkARD'ED, (un-berd'ed,) a. Having no beard ; 
 beardless. 
 
 UN BEAK'ING, a. Bearing or producing no fruit. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UN-Bi;AT'£N, a. Not beaten; not treated with 
 
 blows. Corbet. 
 2. Untrod ; not beaten by the feet ; as, unbeaten 
 
 paths. Roscommon. 
 UiV-BEA0'TF--OUS, ) , , .,, , I Not beautiful; 
 UN-BEAC'TI-F}JL, i V"""'®-'^"- j having no 
 
 beauty. Hammond. 
 UN-BEAO'TE-OUS-LY, ado. In an uiibeauteous 
 
 manner. 
 
 UN-HEACi'TI-FI-^;D a. Not beautified or adorned. 
 UN-BEAO'TI-FIJL-LY, adv. In an uiibeautiful man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-BE-eOME', (-be-kuni',) v. t. Not to become ; not 
 to be suitable to ; to misbecome. [.Yot used.] 
 
 Sherlock. 
 
 UN-BE-eOM'lNG, (-kum'ing,) a. .Unsuitable; im- 
 proper for the person or character ; indecent ; in- 
 decorous. 
 
 My frief lets unbecoming apeeches fall. Dryften. 
 
 UN-BE-eOM'ING-LY, adv. In an unsuitable man- 
 ner ; indecorously. Barrow. 
 
 UN-BE-eO.M'I.VG-"NESS, 71. Unsuitableness to the 
 person, character, or circumstances; impropriety; 
 indecorousiiess. Locke. 
 
 UN-BED', ». u To raise or rouse from bed. 
 
 Eels unbed tliemselvi-a and stir at llie noise of lliiuuler. Walton. 
 
 UN-BEll'DEI), pp. Raised from bed ; disturbed. 
 
 UN-BE1)'DING, ppr. Raising from bed. 
 
 UN-BE-FIT'TING, a. Not befitting ; unsuitable ; un- 
 beeominu. Swift-. 
 
 UN-BE-FRIEND'ED, (-bc-frend'ed,) a. Not befriend- 
 ed ; not supported by friends ; liaving no friendly 
 aid. " KUlingbeck. 
 
 UN-BE GET', B. «. To deprive of e.Tistence. Dryden. 
 
 UN-BEGOT', j a. Not generated ; eternal. 
 
 UN-BE-GOT'TKN, \ StUlingJleet. 
 
 2. Not yet generated. Shak. 
 
 3. Ni't begotten ; not generated. South. 
 UN-BE-GUII,E', 1-. t. To undeceive ; to free from the 
 
 influence of deceit. 
 
 Then unbeguiU tliyaelf. Donne. 
 
 UN-BE-GlTTL'Kn, pp. Undeceived. 
 UN-BE-GUIL'ING, ppr. Undeceiving. 
 U.\'-BE-GUN', a. Not begun. Hooker. 
 UN-BE-HELD', a. Not beheld ; not seen ; not visible. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-Bk'ING, a. Not e.Tisting. [JVot in u.ie.] Brown. 
 UN-BE-LIicF', (-be-leef,) n. [Sax. ungelec^a.] 
 
 1. Incredulity; the withholding of belief ; as, itn- 
 belief is blind. jMiUon. 
 
 2. Infidelity; disbelief of divine revelation. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. In the JVew Testament, disbelief of the truth of 
 the gospel, rejection of Christ as the Savior of men, 
 and of the doctrines he tsiiight ; distrust of God's 
 prcmiises and f;iithfulness, &c. Matt. xiii. Mark xvi. 
 Heb. iii. Rom. iv. 
 
 4. Weak faith. Mark ix. 
 UN-BE-LIEVE', V. L To discredit ; not to believe or 
 
 trust. ffoUon. 
 2. Not to think real or true. Dryden. 
 UN-BF--LlKV'Kl),pp. Not believed; disci-edited. 
 UN-BE-LIiiV'ER, n. An incredulous person; one 
 who does not believe. 
 
 2. An infidel ; one who discredits revelation, or 
 the mission, character, and doctrines of Christ. 
 2 Cor. vi._ 
 
 UN-BE-LU;V'I.\G, a. Not believing ; incredulous. 
 2. Infidel ; discrediting divine revelation, or the 
 mission, character, and doctrines of Christ ; as, the 
 unbelicrinj Jews. Acts xiv. Rev. xxi. 
 
 UN-BE-L1£V'ING-LY, adv. In an unbelieving man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-BE-LIe V'ING-NESS, n. State of being unbeliev- 
 ing. 
 
 UNB 
 
 UN-BIC-LOVAD, ( luvd',) u. .Not loved. Dryden. 
 UN-BE-MOAN'/'JI), a. Not laineiiteil. I'oUok. 
 UN-BENU', V. L To free from flexure; to make 
 stniglit ; as, to unbend a bow. Dryden. 
 
 2. To relax ; to remit fr'oui a strain or from exer- 
 tion ; to set at ease for a time; as, to unbend the 
 mind from study or care. Dcniiam. 
 
 3. To relax effeminately. 
 
 You unbend your noble itirn^h. iSTuiJIr. 
 H. In seamanship, to take the sails from their yardH 
 and st;iy3 ; also, to cast loose a cable from the an- 
 chors ; also, to untie one rope from another. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 UN-BEND'ING, ppr. Relaxing from any strain ; re- 
 mitting ; taking from their yards, ti-c, as sails. 
 
 2. a. Not suffering llexiire. 
 
 3. Unyielding; resolute; \nl\ex\h\c \ applied to per- 
 sons. 
 
 4. Unyielding; inflexible; firm; applied to things ; 
 as, unbending truths. J. M. Mason. 
 
 5. Devoted to relaxation. 
 
 1 iiope ii may enberLiin your lonlship an unbending hour. 
 
 liOiM. 
 
 UN-BEND'ING-LY, adv. Without bending; obsti- 
 nately. 
 
 UN-BE'N'E-FIC-ED, (-ben'e-fist,) a. Not enjoying or 
 
 liaving a benefice. Dryden. 
 UN-BEN-E-FI"CIAL, (-fish'al,) a. Not beneficial. 
 UN-BEN'E-FIT-EI), a. Not having received benefit. 
 UN-BE-NEV'O-LENT, a. Not benevolent ; not kind. 
 
 ■ Rogers. 
 
 UX-BE-NEV'O-LENT-LY, adv. In an unbenevolent 
 nianner. 
 
 UN-BE-NIGHT'ED, (-nlt'ed,) a. Never visited by 
 darkness. Milton. 
 
 UN-BE-NIGN', a. Not benign ; not favorable or pro- 
 pitious ; malignant. Milton, 
 
 UN-BE.NT', ;>/). of Unbend. Relaxed; remitted; re- 
 lieved from strain or exertion. Denltam. 
 
 2. In seamen's language, taken from the yards; 
 loosed ; as, the sails are unbent; the cable is unbent. 
 
 3. Not strained ; unstrung; as, a bow unbent. 
 
 4. Not crushed ; not subdued ; as, the soul is unbent 
 by woes. 
 
 UN-BE-UUE.\Tirf;D, (-be-kweethd',) a. Not be- 
 
 queallieil ; not given by legacy. 
 UN-1!E-SHEM'1NG, a. Unbecoming; not befitting; 
 
 uusuitilble. 
 
 UN-BE-SEE.M'ING-LY, adv. In an unbecoming 
 m;inner. 
 
 UN-BE-SEEM'ING-NESS, n. State of being unbe- 
 seeming. 
 
 UN-liE-SOUGIIT', (un-be-sawt',) a. Not besought ; 
 
 not soiiuht by petition or entreaty. Milton. • 
 
 UN-ltE-Sl'olv'£N, a. Not bespoken, or ordered be-. 
 
 forehand. 
 
 U.\-BE-STAR'RED, (-stard',) a. Not adorned or dis- 
 tinguished by st.irs. Pollok. 
 
 UN-liE-SToW'£U, a. Not bestowed ; not given ; 
 not disposed of. 
 
 U.\-BE-TRAY'KD, a. Not betrayed. Daniel 
 
 UN-BE-WAlL'i'.'D, a. Not bewailed ; not lamented. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-BE-WITCH', V. t. To free from fa-scination. 
 
 South. 
 
 UN-BI'AS, V. U To free from bias or prejudice. 
 
 The tniest service a private man CJin do hid couiiiry, is to unUas 
 his mind, tu much as possiUe, between the tivaI powers. 
 
 Sai/l. 
 
 UN-RI'AS-£D, (-bi'ast,) pp. Freed from prejudice or 
 bins. 
 
 2. a. Free from any undue partiality or prejudice; 
 imiiartial ; as, an unbiased mind : unbiased opinion or 
 decision. 
 
 UN-BI'AS-£D-LY, ado. Without prejudice ; impar- 
 tially. 
 
 U.\-Bi'.\S-£D-NESS, n. Freedom from bias or preju- 
 
 dici!. Bp.UaU. 
 UN-BID', ) a. Not bid ; not commanded. 
 UN-liID'D£N, i Milttm. 
 
 2. Spontaneous ; as, thorns shall the earth produce 
 unhid. Milton. 
 
 3. Uninvited ; not requested to attend ; as, unbid- 
 den guests. Shak. 
 
 UN BIC'OT-ED, a. Free from bigotry. MdL<on. 
 
 UN-BI.Nl)', F. t. To untie; to remove a band from; 
 to unfasten; to loose; to set free from shackles. 
 Unbind your fillets ; unbiTid tlio prisoner's arms ; un- 
 bind the load. 
 
 UN-BI.N1)'ING, ppr. Untying; setting free. 
 
 UN-BISH'OP, ti. L To deprive of episcopal orders. 
 
 South. 
 
 UN-BISH'OP-ED, (-bish'opt,) pp. Deprived of epis- 
 co|t.al orders. 
 
 UN-BIT', a. Not bitten. Younf. 
 UN-BIT', V. t. In seamanship, to remove the turns of 
 
 a cable from otf the bitts. ToUen. 
 2. To unbridle. 
 UaV-BIT'TED, pp. Removed from the bitts ; unbridled. 
 UN-BIT'TING, ppr. Unbridling ; removing from the 
 
 bitts. 
 
 UN-BLaM'A-BLE, o. Not bl.amablc ; not ciilrable ; 
 innocent. Bmon. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IINITE. — AN 'GER, VI' CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH aa SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1191 
 
UNB 
 
 UN-BLaM'A-BLE-NESS, n. Stale of being chargea- 
 ble with no blame or fault. JTure. 
 
 UN-I!LaM'A-BLY, adv. In such a manner as to incur 
 no blame. 1 Tkcss. ii. 
 
 UN-BLa.M'£D, a. Not blamed ; free from censure. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-BLXST'ED, a. Not blasted ; not made to wither. 
 
 Pcacham. 
 
 UN-BLkACH'£D, (-bleecht',) a. Not bleached; not 
 whitened. 
 
 UN-HLEED'IXG, a. Not bleeding ; not suffering loss 
 of blood. Byron. 
 
 UN-1!LE.M'ISH-.\-BLE, a. Not capable of being 
 blemished. .Milton. 
 
 UN-BLE.M'ISII-A-BLY, adv. Without being blem- 
 ishable. 
 
 UN-BLEM'ISII-CT, (-hiem'isht,) a. Not blemished ; 
 not stained ; free from turpitude or reproach ; in a 
 moral sense : as, an unblemished reputation or life, 
 2. Free from deformity. 
 UN-1!LENCH'£1), (-blendit',)<i. Not disgraced ; not 
 injured by any stain or soil j as, unblenched majesty. 
 
 Millon. 
 
 UN-BLENCH'ING, a. Not shrinking or flinching ; 
 firm. 
 
 UN-BLEND'ED, a. Not blended ; not mingled. 
 
 niancille. 
 
 UN-BLEST', a. Not blest ; excluded from benediction. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. WrPtched ; unhappy. Prior. 
 UN-BLIGIIT'ED, a. Not blighted ; not blasted. 
 
 Coirper. 
 
 UN-BLtGHT'ED-LY, adv. Without being blighted. 
 UN-HLIND ED, a. Not blinded. 
 U\-liLOCK-AD'ED, a. Not blockaded. 
 UN'-1!I,OOU'E», a. Not stained with blood. Shak. 
 UN-BLOOD'Y, a. Not stained with blood. 
 
 2. Not shedding blood ; not cruel. Dryden. 
 UN-BLOS'SOM-I.\G, a. Not producing blossoms. 
 UX-BLOT'TED, a. Not blotted. [Mason. 
 HN-BLoVVN', a. Not blown ; not having the bud ex- 
 panded. Sliak. 
 
 2. Not extinguished. More. 
 
 3. Not intiated with wind. Sandys. 
 UN-BLUNT'ED, a. Not made obtuse or dull ; not 
 
 blunted. Cowley. 
 UN-BLUSH'ING, a. Not blushing ; destitute of shame ; 
 
 impudent. Thomson. 
 UN-BLUSH'ING-LY, adv. In an impudent manner. 
 UN-BoAST'ED, a. Not boated. 
 UN-Bo.AST'FJJL, a. Not boasting ; unassuming , 
 
 modest. Thomson. 
 UN-BoAST'FUL-LY, adv. Without being boastful. 
 UN-B0D'[-£DV (-bod'id,) a. Having no materia! 
 * body ; incorporeal ; as, unbodied spirits. fVat^t. 
 
 2. Freed from the body. Spenser. 
 UN-BOIL'£D, a. Not boiled ; as, unboiled rice. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 UN-B6LT', V. t. To remove a bolt from ; to unfasten ; 
 
 to open ; as, to unbolt a gate. Shak. 
 UX-BOLT'ED, pp. or a. Freed from fastening by 
 
 bolts. 
 
 2. Unsifted ; not bolted ; not having the bran or 
 coarse part separated by a bolter ; as, unbolted meal. 
 UN-BoLT'ING, ppr. Freeing from fastening by bolts. 
 UN-BO.\'.VET-El), a. Having no bonnet on. Shak. 
 UN-BOOK'I.SH, a. Not addicted to books or reading. 
 
 2. riot cultivated by erudition. Shak. 
 UN-BOOT', i: I. To take off boots from. 
 UN-BOOT'En, pp. Stripped of boots. 
 
 2. a. Not having boots on. 
 UN-BOOT'I.\(;, ppr. Taking off boots. 
 UN-BOUN', ) a. [It is accented either on the first or 
 UN'BORN, i second syllable.] 
 
 Not born ; not brought into life ; future. 
 Some unborn sorrow, riiv in fortune's womb. Shale, 
 'Vhr woi-» to comf tiie children yet unborn 
 SiiM fee] thti day. Shak, 
 
 UN-BOR'RoW-£D, a. Not borrowed ; genuine ; 
 original ; native ; one's own ; as, unborrowed beau- 
 ties ; unborrowed gold ; unborrowed excellence. 
 
 UN BO'SO.M, V. t. To disclose freely one's secret 
 opinions t)r feelings. Milton. 
 2. To reveal in confidence. 
 
 UN-BO'SO.M-£U, pp. Disclosed, as secrets ; revealed 
 in confidence. 
 
 U.\-BO'SO.M-ING. ppr. Disclosing, as secrets; re- 
 vealing in confiilcnce. 
 
 UN-BOT'TO.M-£D, a. Having no bottom ; bottom- 
 less. 
 
 The dnrlr, unbotlomed, Infiiiltff ahyu. Mttton. 
 2. Having no Htdid foundation. Itammond. 
 UN-BOUGHT', (iin-bawt',) a. Not bought ; obtained 
 without money or purchtiKe. 
 
 The unhought (hiimi''« of th-T poor. DnjfUn. 
 
 2. Not havipK a purchaser. I.oeke. 
 UN-BOUND', a. Not bound ; loose ; wanting a cover ; 
 
 as, unbound hooku. 
 S. Nut bound by obligation or covenant. 
 
 3. pret. of 
 
 UN-BfJf/ND'EI), a. Having no bound or limit; un- 
 limited in extent; infinite; interminable; uh, un- 
 bonded Hpace ; unbound' d power. 
 
 UNB 
 
 2. Having no check or control ; unrestrained. The 
 young man has unbounded license ; his extravagance 
 is unbounded. 
 
 UN-BOUND'ED-LY, atfc. Without bounds or limits. 
 UN-BOUND'ED-NESS, n. Freedom from bounds or 
 
 limits. Cheyne. 
 UN-BOUN'TE-OUS, o. Not bounteous ; not liberal. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 UN-BoW', J), t. To unbend. Fuller. 
 UN-BoW£D, a. Not bent. Shak. 
 UN-BoW'£D, a. Not arched. 
 
 UN-BO W'EL, V. t. To deprive of the entrails ; to ex- 
 
 enterate ; to eviscerate. Decay of Piety. 
 
 UN-BOVV'EL-£D, pp. Eviscerated. 
 UN-BOW'EL-ING, ppr. Taking out the bowels. 
 UN-BRaCE', v. t. To loose ; to relax ; as, to unbrace 
 
 a drum ; to unbrace the arms ; to unbrace the nerves. 
 UN-BRaC'£D, (-brist',) pp. Loosed ; relaxed. 
 UN-BRaC'ING, ppr. Loosing; relaxing. 
 UN-BRaID', v. t. To separate the stranils of a braid ; 
 
 to disentanale. 
 UN-BRAlD'ED,pp. Disentangled, as the strands of a 
 
 braid. 
 
 UN-BRaID'ING, ppr. Separating the strands of a 
 braid. 
 
 UN-BRa\CH'£D, (-brincht',) a. Not ramified ; not 
 
 shooting into branches. 
 UN-BKaNUH'ING, a. Not dividing into branches, 
 
 Ooldsinith. 
 
 UN-BREAST', (un-brest',) v. t. To disclose or lay 
 open. P. Fletcher. 
 
 UN-BREAST'ED, pp. Disclosed ; laid open. 
 
 Ux\-HKEAST'ING, ],pr. Disclosing. 
 
 UN-liRjiA'f II'A-BLE, a. Not breathable or respira- 
 ble. 
 
 UN-BRKATn'£D, (-brethd',) a. Not exercised. 
 
 Oor unbreatlied iticmories. Shak. 
 
 UN-BREATH'ING, a. Unanimated; as, unbreathing 
 stones. Shak, 
 
 UN-BRED', a. Not well bred ; not polished in man- 
 ners ; ill-educated ; rude ; as, unbred minds ; unbred 
 servants. Locke. 
 2. Not taught; as, HnJrcrf to spinning. Dn/den. 
 
 UN-BREECH'£D, a. Having no breeches. Shak, 
 
 UN-liREW'£D, (-brude',) a. Not mixed ; pure ; gen- 
 uine. Youn'r. 
 
 UN-BRIB'A-BLE, a. That can not be bribed. 
 
 Feltham, 
 
 UN-BRIB'£D, a. Not bribed ; not corrupted by mon- 
 ey J not unduly influenced by money or gifts. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UN-BRIDG'£D, a. Not furnished or crossed by a 
 
 bridge ; as, an unhridgcd stream. 
 UN-BUr'DLE, 1-. t. To free from the bridle. 
 UN-liRl'DL£D, pp. Loosed from the bridle. 
 
 2. a. Unri'sirained ; licentious ; as, u«6ri(iZc(J lust ; 
 
 unbridled boltltiess ; unbridled passituis. 
 UN-BRIG HT'£N-£D, a. Not brightened. 
 UN'-HRtiKE', j a. Ntd broken ; not violated. Pre- 
 UN-BRoK £X, j serve your vows unbroken. 
 
 2. Not weakened ; not crushed ; not subdued. 
 How broAti liis shooMera spread, by oge unbroke. Pope, 
 
 3. Not tamed ; not taught ; not accustomed to the 
 saddle, harness, or yoke ; as, an unbroken horse or ox. 
 
 UN-BROTH'ER-LV, (-bruth'er-le,) a. Not becoming 
 a brother ; not suitable to the character and relation 
 of a brother; unkind. 
 
 [Unhrotherlike is not used,] 
 
 UN-BRuIS'£D, (-bruzd',) a. Not bruised; not crushed 
 or hurt. Shak, 
 
 UN-BUCK'LE, (-buk'l,) v, t. To loose from buckles ; 
 to unfasten; as, to unbuckle a shoe; to unbuckle a 
 girtlle ; to unbuckle a helm. Skak. 
 
 UN-BUGK'L£D, pp. Loosed from buckles; unfast- 
 ened. 
 
 U.N-BUCK'LING, ppr. Loosing from buckles ; un- 
 fastening. 
 
 UN-BUl LD', f-bild',) v. t. To demolish what is built ; 
 to raze ; to tlestroy. Milton, 
 
 U.N-IUJII,T', (-hilt',; a. Not yet built; not erected, 
 
 UN BUr)Y'£D, (-bwnyd',) a. Not buoyed or borne up. 
 
 UN-B^R'^£^'-^^5.ME, a. Not oppressive. 
 
 UN-BUR'I-£D, (un-ber'rid,) a. Not buried : not in- 
 terred. Driidrn, 
 
 UN-BURN'£D, j a. Not burned; not consumed by 
 
 UN-BUR,\T', j fire. 
 
 2. Not injured by fire ; not scorched. 
 
 3. Not baked, as brick. 
 UN-BURN'ING, a. Not consuming away by fire. 
 UN-BUK'TH£.\, j f. t. To rid of a lt)ad ; to free 
 UN-BUR'D/'.'N, ( from a burden; to ease. Shale. 
 
 2, To throw off. Shak. 
 
 3. To relieve the mind or heart by disclosing what 
 lies heavy tui it. ShaJc. 
 
 UN-BUR'T11£N-£D, ) pp. Freed from a load ; thrown 
 UN-BUR'I)£N-£1), ( off; eased ; relieved. 
 UN-nUR'TllKiN-l.N'G, ) ppr. Freeing from a load or 
 UN-BUR'D£N-ING, j burden ; relieving from wliat 
 is n burden. 
 
 UN-I1US'I-£D, (un-biz'zid,) a. Not busied ; not em- 
 ployed ; idle. Bp. Rainbow. 
 TIN -BUS'l-NESS-LTKE, a. Not business-like, 
 UN BUS'Y, (un-bi/.'zy,) a. Not busy. 
 
 UNC 
 
 UN-BUT'TON, V. t. To loose from being fastened by 
 
 billions ; to loose buttons. Shak. 
 UN-BUT'TON-£D, pp. Loosed from buttons. 
 
 .^dtlisoTU 
 
 UN-BUT'TON-ING, ppr. Loosing from bultons, 
 UN-CaGE', v. t. To loose from a cage. 
 UN-€aG'£D, pp. Released from a cage or from con 
 finement. 
 
 UN-eAL-CIN'£D, a. Not calcined. [See Calcine,] 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-eAL'eU-LA-TED, a. Not subjected to calcula- 
 tion, ./. Barlow. 
 
 UN-eAL'€U-LA-TING, a. Not making calculations. 
 
 UN-eAL'eU-LA-TING-LY, adv. Without calcula- 
 tion. 
 
 UN-eALL'£D, (-kawld',) a. Not called ; not sum- 
 mimed ; not invited. Milton. 
 
 Uncalled for ; not required ; not needed or de- 
 manded, 
 
 UN-CALJI', ( kim',) », <, To disturb. [J^Tot in use, 
 and an ill word.'] Dryden. 
 
 UN-eA-LU.M'NI-A-TED, a. Not calumniated or de- 
 famed. 
 
 UN-eAN'CEL-A-BLE, a. That can not be can- 
 celed. 
 
 UN-eAN'CEL-£D, a. Not canceled; not erased; 
 
 not abrogated or annulled. Dryden. 
 UN-CAN'DID, a. Not candid ; not frank or sincere ; 
 
 not fair or impartial. 
 UN-€AN'DID-LY, ado. In an uncandid manner. 
 UN-CA-NON'ie-AL, a. Not agreeable to the canons ; 
 
 not acknowledged as authentic. Barrow. 
 UN-eA-NON'ie-.'VL-LY, adv. In an uncanonical 
 
 manner. 
 
 UN-GA-NON'ie-AL-NESS, n. The state of being 
 uncanonical. Lloyd. 
 
 UN-CAN'ON-IZE, t;, t. To deprive of canonical au- 
 thority. 
 
 2. To reduce from the rank of a canon or saint. 
 UN-eAN'0-PI-£D, a. Not covered by a canopy. 
 UN-€AN'VASS-£D, ( kan'vast,) a. Not canvassed 
 UN-GAP', r.t. To remove a cap or cover ; to open. 
 UN-Ga'PA-BLE, a. Incapable. [The latter word has 
 
 superseded Uncafable.] 
 UN-GaPE', v. t. Among sportsmen, to let loose, or 
 
 to let out of a bag ; as, to uncape a fox, Shak. 
 UN-eAP'P£D, ( kapt',) ;»;). Ojiened, 
 UN-GAP'TI-Va-TED, a. Not captivated. Rambler. 
 UN-GaR'ED fiir, a. Not regarded ; not heeded. Hooker. 
 UN-GA-RESS'£D, (-ka-rest',) a. Not caressed. 
 UN-€aR'NATE, a. Not fleshly. Brown. 
 UN-GAR'PET-ED, a. Not covered with a carpet. 
 UN GASE', ». f. To disengage from a covering; to 
 
 lake off or out. 
 
 2. To flay ; to strip. L'Estrangc, 
 UN-GAS'£D, (-kaste',) pp. Stripped of a covering or 
 
 case. 
 
 UN-GaS'ING, ppr. Disengaging from a cover, 
 
 UN-GAS'TRa-TED, a. Not castrated. 
 
 UN-GAT'E-CHIS-£D, (-kat'e-klzd,) a. Not cate- 
 chised ; iinlaught. Milton. 
 
 UN-GAUGHT', (un-kawl',) a. Not yet caught or 
 taken. Shak. 
 
 UN-GAUS'£D, a. Having no precedent cause ; ex- 
 isting without nn author. 
 
 UN-€AU'T10US, a. Not cautious ; not wary ; heed- 
 less._ [Incautious is now generally used.] Dryden. 
 
 UN-CeAS'ING, a. Not ceasing; not inlermitiing ; 
 continual. 
 
 UN-GeAS'ING-LY, adv. 'Without intermission or 
 cessation ; continually, 
 
 UN-GeD'ED, a. Not ceded ; not granted or trans- 
 ferred. 
 
 UN-GEL'E-BRa-TED, a. Not celebrated; not sol- 
 emnized. Milton. 
 UN-CE-LES'TIAL, (-lest'yal,) a. Not heavenly. 
 
 FclUiam. 
 
 UN-CE-MENT'CD, a. Not cemented. 
 UN-CEN'SIJR-A-BLE, a. Not worthy of censure. 
 
 Dwijiht. 
 
 UN-CEN'SyR-A-BLY, adv. In nn uncensurable man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-CEN'STTR.£D, a. Not censured; exempt from 
 
 blame or reproach. 
 
 Whose ri^ht It is uneenMUred to be dull. Pope. 
 UN-CEN'TRie-AL, a. Not central ; distant from the 
 
 center. 
 
 UN-t,"ER-E-Ma'NI-AL, a. Not ceremonial, 
 UN-CER-E-Mo'Nl-OUS, a. Not ceremonious ; not 
 formal. 
 
 UN-GER-E-Mo'NI-OUS-LY, adv. Without ceremony 
 or form. 
 
 UN-GER'TAIN, (-ser'tin,) a. Not certain ; doubt- 
 ful ; not certainly known. It is uncertain who will 
 be the next president. 
 
 2. Doubtful ; not having ccrtnin knowledge. 
 Man, without the protection of u puiwrior Eeinjj — is unetrtain 
 
 of every thing thet lie lioiK-s for. TiUotMon. 
 
 3. Not sure in the conseipicnce. 
 
 Or wliistling slings dismissed th* uncertain stone. Qay, 
 
 4. Not sure ; not exact. 
 
 Soon bent Ills bow, uneeriMn in Ills i\im. DrytUn, 
 
 5. Unsettled ; irregular. Hooker. 
 
 FATE, PAR, PALL, WHAT METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK,— 
 
 1102 
 
UNC 
 
 UN-CEIl'TAIN-LY, adv. Not surely ; not certainly. 
 2. Not confidently. [Dnjden. 
 StAiul.mlti tint c:u) nut be known at ult, or but inip(.'r1tH:tly nnU 
 uncerlAiuty, Locke, 
 
 UN-CER'TAIN-TY, n. Doubtfiilncss ; diibloiisneiis ; 
 The triitli is not ascerlnini-d ; tlic latest accounts 
 have not removed the uncertainty. 
 
 2. Want of certainly ; want of precision ; as, the 
 uncn-taiiitij of the signification of words. 
 
 3. Contingency. 
 
 Steadf.isUv gnupiii^ the ffrvatest find moil alippcry uncertainiet. 
 
 Soulk. 
 
 4. Something unknown. 
 
 Our shepii-'ni's case is every man's case Ibat quits a ceruiinty for 
 an uncertainty. L^tlstrange. 
 
 UN-CES'SANT, a. Continual j Incessant. 
 
 [ 77ie latlmr is tlic word now used. ] 
 UN-CES'SANT-LY, a./f. Incessantly. [06s.] 
 UN-CHaIN', b. t. To free from chains or slavery. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 UN-CHAlN'jBD,pp. Disengaged from chains, shackles, 
 or slavery. 
 
 UN-CHaIN'ING, jjpr. Freeing from chains, bonds, 
 or restraint. 
 
 UN-CHAL'LEN6E-A-BLE, a. That can not be chal- 
 lenged. Scott. 
 
 UN-CHAL'LENGE-A-BLY, adv. So as to be unchal- 
 lengeable. 
 
 UX-CIIJNGE'A-nLE, o. Not capable of change; 
 
 iininiitable ; not subject to variation. God is an un- 
 
 chantreaiile being. 
 UN-CHaNGE'A-BLE-NEPS, n. The state or quality 
 
 of being subject to no change; immutability. 
 
 UN-C1IaNGE'.\-BLY, adv. Without change ; im- 
 miitablv. 
 
 UN-CIIANG'KD, a. Not changed or altered. 
 
 Drtjdcn. 
 
 2. Not alterable. 
 UN-CI1aNG'1i\G, a. Not changing ; suffering no al- 
 teration. 
 
 UN-CHaNG'ING-I-Y, adv. Without changing. 
 UN-eUAR-Ae-TEK-IS'Tie, a. Not characteristic; 
 
 not exhibiting a cliaractcr. Qregonj. 
 UN eilAR-Ae-TER-IS'Tie-AL-LY, adv. Not in a 
 
 characteristic manner. 
 UN-CHXRGE', i;. t. To retract an accusation. [JVoJ 
 
 use,l.\ 
 
 UN-CHXRG'f:D,<!. Not charged; not loaded. Shak. 
 
 UN-CHAR'I-TA-ULE, a. Not charitable ; contrary 
 to charity, or the universal love prescribed by Chris- 
 tianity ; as, uncharitable opinions or zeal. 
 
 UN-CHAR'I-TA-llLE-NESS, n. Want of charity. If 
 we hate our enemies we sin ; we are guilty of un- 
 charitablenegs. 
 
 UN-CHAR'I-T.\-BLY, adv. In a manner contrary to 
 charity. 
 
 UN-CHARM', V. t. To release from some charm, fas- 
 cination, or secret power. Bcaunu 
 
 UN-CHARM'AO, a. Not charmed ; not fascinated. 
 
 UN-CI1.\R.M'1NG, a. Not charming; no longer able 
 to charm. Dnjden. 
 
 UN-CHART'ED, a. Not described or delineated on a 
 chart. 
 
 UN-CHXRT'ER-£n, a. Having no charter. 
 UN-CHaR'Y, o. Not wary ; not frugal. [JVut used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-CHaPTE',' a. Not chaste ; not continent ; not 
 
 pure ; libidinous ; lewd. Sidney. .Milton. 
 
 UN-CHaSTE'LY, adv. Incontinently ; lewdly. 
 
 Alilton. 
 
 UN-CHAS-TIS'A-BLE, a. [See Chastise.] That 
 
 can not be chastised. Milton. 
 UN-CHAS-TIS'£D, a. Not chastised ; not punished. 
 
 2. Not corrected ; not restnined. 
 UN-CH AS'TI-TY, n. Incontinence; lewdness; un- 
 lawful indul^'ence of the sexual appetite. 
 
 IVbodaard. 
 
 UN-CHi?AT'ED, a. Not cheated. 
 
 UN-CHECK'£D, (-chekt',) a. Not checked ; not re- 
 strained ; not hindered. jMilton. 
 2. Not contradicted. Shak. 
 
 UN-CHECK'ER-£D, a. Not checkered ; not diversi- 
 fied. 
 
 UN-CHEER'™, a. Not cheered. 
 
 UN-CIIEER'FJJL, a. Not cheerful ; sad. Shak. 
 
 UN-CHEER'Kl'L-I,Y, adv. In an uncheerful manner. 
 
 UN-CIlEER'FljL-NESS, n. Want of cheerfulness; 
 sadness. Spectator. 
 
 UN-CIIEER'Y, a. Dull ; not enlivening. Sterne. 
 
 UN-CI1EW'£D, (-chude',) a. Not chewed or masti- 
 cated. Dnjden. 
 
 UN-CHID'ED, a. Not chided or rebuked. 
 
 UN-CHILD', V. t. To bereave of children. [jVot in 
 un-l Shak. 
 
 UN OllIV'AL-ROUS, ( shiv'al-nis,) a. Not accord- 
 ing to the rules of chivain'. 
 
 UN-PllIV'AI^ROUS-LY, adv. Not chivalrously. 
 
 UN-eHOI/ER-ie, a. Not choleric. Carlisle. 
 
 UN-eiIRlS'TA;.\-£D, a. Not baptized and named. 
 
 UN-eilRlSTIAN, (-krist'yan,) a. Contrary to the 
 laws of Christianity ; as, an uiicAmlian reflection ; 
 unchristian temper or conduct. 
 
 UNC 
 
 2. Not evangelized ; not converted to the Christian 
 faith ; infidel. 
 
 UN-CHRUS'I'l AN, i: I. To deprive of the constituent 
 t|ualities of ( 'lirislianity. Smilh. 
 
 UN-CIIRIS'TIAN-IZE, r. t To turn from Hie Cliris- 
 tian faith ; to cause lo degenerate from the belief 
 and profession of Christianity. Burhitnan. 
 
 UN-CHRIS-TIAN-T/. /Jl), /i/'. Not Christianized. 
 
 UN-CHIU.SI'I A.V-l.IKF., a. Not like a Christian. 
 
 UN-CIIUIS'TIAN I.V, «. (•"iitiary to the laws of 
 ('hristianity ; unttfcoining Cliri.-.Iians. .Milton. 
 
 UN-CHItIS'i'lA\ l,V, adr. In a manner contrary to 
 Christian principles. Hrdcll. 
 
 UN-CHRIl^'TIAN-NliSS, n. Contrariety to Chris- 
 tianilv. K. Chnrlrs. 
 
 UN-t"HRON'I-CI.,f;D, a. Not recorded in a chronicle. 
 
 UN-ClU'RCir, r. (. To expel from a cliurcli ; to de- 
 prive of the character and rights of a church. 
 
 Milnrr. 
 
 UN-CHl'RCII'KI), (-churcht',) pp. Expelled from a 
 church. 
 
 U.\-(;I1I;RCI1'ING, ppr. Expelling fmm a church. 
 UN'CIAI,, (un'shal,) a. [I,, uncialis.] 
 
 rertaining to or denoting letters of a largo size, 
 used in ancient nianusrri|i's. 
 UN'CI.\L, 71. An uncial letter. 
 
 UN'CI-KtJR.M, a. Having a ciir\-ed or hooked form. 
 UN'CI-.\.\TE, «. [I.. uiiciHatu.i, from uncus, a hook.] 
 
 In botany, hooked at the end. Murtyn. 
 UN-CIR'CU-L.\R, a. Not circular or spherical. 
 
 Chandler. 
 
 UN-CIR'eU.M-CIS-£D, a. Not circumcised. 
 
 Scripture. 
 
 UN-CIR-eUM-CI".«ION, ( sur-kuin-sizh'un,) ;i. Ab- 
 sence or want of circumcision. Hammond. 
 
 2. In Scripture, the (ientiles who did not practice 
 circumcision. Rum. iv. 9. 
 
 [JN-CIR'CU.M-SCRIH-A;I), a. Not circumscribed ; 
 not bounded ; not limited. 
 
 Wlicre the prince i* undrcunucriltedf obedience oiiRht to be 
 unlimited. Addtnon. 
 
 UN-CIR'eUM-SPE€T, o. Not circumspect ; not cau- 
 tious. Iltnjirard. 
 
 UN-CIR'eU.M-SPECT-LY, adv. Without circum- 
 spection. 
 
 UN-CIR-CUM-STAN'TIAL, a. Not important. [JVot 
 
 ill u.-ip.] Brown. 
 L'.V-CI V'lL, a. Not civil ; not complaisant ; not cour- 
 
 leiius in manners ; applied to persons. 
 2. Not polite; rude; applied to manners; as, un- 
 
 rifil beha\'ior. 
 I'.X-l'IV-lI^lZ.x'TION, n. A state of savageness ; 
 
 rude state. Did. 
 l'N-('l\''IL-iZ-CT), a. Not reclaimed from savage 
 
 life ; as, the uncivilized inhabitants of Canada or 
 
 New Zealand. 
 2. Coarse ; indecent ; as, the most uncivilized words 
 
 in our language. [A'ot in use.] .^ddisun. 
 UN-CI V'lL-LY, adv. Not coniplaisantly ; not courte- 
 ously ; rudely. Brown. 
 U.V-€L.\I)', a. Not clad ; not clothed. 
 UN-t'LAlM'£D, a. Not claimed ; not ileinandcd ; not 
 
 called for ; as, unclaimed dividends of a bank. 
 UN-€1,AR'I-Fl-/:U, a. Not purified ; not fined ; not 
 
 depurated by a separation of feculent or foreign 
 
 matter. 
 
 (JN-€LaSP', t!. t To loose a clasp ; to open what is 
 fastened with a clasp; as, to uncla.^p a book. Shak. 
 
 lTX-('l..\sr'I.\(;, p;»r. Loosing a clasp. 
 
 l'.\-CLA!r'.SlC, j a. Not classic; not according 
 
 UN-CLASiSie-.\L, ) to the best models of writing. 
 2. Not pertaining to the classic writers ; as, un- 
 elassic ground. 
 
 I'N-CLA.S'Sie-AL-LY, adv. Not according to the 
 classics. 
 
 L'.N'CLE, (unkl',) n. [Fr onele; contracted from L. 
 avunculus. 
 The hrother of one's father or mother. 
 U.\-eLl-..\N', a. Not clean ; foul ; dirty ; filthy. 
 
 2. Ill the Jewish law, ceremonially impure ; not 
 cleansed by ritual practices. AVm. xix. Lev. xi. 
 Rom. xiv. 
 
 3. Foul with sin. Matt. x. 
 
 That hu'y pluoe where no unclean thing shall enter. Rogers. 
 
 4. Not in covenant with God. 1 Cor. vii. 
 
 5. Lewd ; unchaste. 
 
 AJulu-ry of the heart, consisting; of inordinate and unclean 
 a;l.-i-llon.. Perkins. 
 
 Ko unclean person — hath any inheritance in the kin»;du(n ol 
 Christ and of God. — Eph. v. 
 
 UN-eLl";AN'A-BLE, a. That can not be cleansed. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 U.\-eLEANiLI-NE.SS, (un-klcn'le-ness,) n. Want of 
 
 cleanliness ; filthiness. Clarendon. 
 UN-eLE.\N'LY, (un-klen'ly,) a. Foul ; filthy ; dirty. 
 
 Shuk. 
 
 3. Indecent ; unchaste ; obscene. 
 It is a pity that these harmonious writers have indulged any thing 
 uncleanly or impure to defile Iheir paper. tt'alls. 
 
 UN-CLEAN'NESS, n. Foulness; dirtiness; filthi- 
 ness. 
 
 Be not troublesome to ihysalf or to others by uncleannett. 
 
 UNC 
 
 2. Want of ritual or cereinonini purity. Ln. xv. 
 
 3. Moral iiiipurily ; defilenieiit by sin ; i>infiilii«89. 
 1 will s.iTe you from lUt your uncleanneai. — V.vk. ixxtI. 
 
 4. Lewdness ; incontinence. Od. in. 2 fri. ii. 
 UN-eLEANS'£D, (-klenzd',) a. Not cleansi il ; not 
 
 purified. Bacon. 
 UN-eLKAV'A-BLE, a. That can not be cleaved, 
 
 split, or divided. 
 UN-CLEW', e. t. To undo; to unwind, unfold, ol 
 
 untie. 
 
 UN-CLEWED, pp. Undone; unwound, or untied. 
 UN-CLINCH', 0. t. To ol>eii the closed hand ; as, to 
 
 unclineh the fist. Garth. 
 UN-ei.INCH'AU, r-klinclil',) pp. Opened; unclosed. 
 UN-CLn"l'KD,(-klipt',) a. Not clipped ; not cut ; not 
 
 duninished or shortt-iied by clipping; as, undipped 
 
 nitmey ; undipped hair. 
 W-€Ij01',v. t. To disencumber of difficulties and 
 
 obstructions ; to free from eiicunibrances, or any 
 
 tiling that retards motion. 
 UN-CLOG'Gf;!), ( klogd',) pp. or a. Disencumbered ; 
 
 set free from obstructions. 
 UN-eLOG'GfN(;, ppr. Disencumbering. 
 UN-CLOIS'TER, v. t. To rclea.se from a cloister or 
 
 from confinement ; to set at liberty. J\'urris. 
 llN-eLOIiS'TER-f;0, pp. Released from a cloister or 
 
 from coiifiiitMiient. 
 UN-CLOLS'TER-ING, ppr. Releasing from confine- 
 ment. 
 
 UN-eLOK'£D, (-kI6kt',)a. Not covered or disguised. 
 llN-CLOSE', v. t. To open ; to break tlie seal of; as, 
 to unclose a letter. Pope. 
 2. To disclose ; to lay open. 
 UN-€LoS'KD, ( klozd',) pp. Opened. 
 
 2. a. Not separated by inclosures; open. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 3. Not finished ; not concluded. Madisutu 
 
 4. Not closed ; not sealed. 
 UN-CLOS'I.N'G, ppr. Opening; breaking the seal of. 
 IJN-CLoTlIE', t). (. To strip of clothes; to make 
 
 naked ; to divest. 
 
 I'o have a diatinct knowledge of Uiings, we must uncfolAe them. 
 
 H'aUB. 
 
 UN-€LoTH'£D, pp. Stripped of clothing or covering. 
 
 Not for lliat we would be unclothed, but clothed upon. — 2Cor. r. 
 
 2. a. Not clothed ; wanting clothes. 
 UN-CLoTH'ED-LY, mlv. Without clothing. Bacon. 
 UN-€LoTiriNG, ppr. Stripping of clothing. 
 
 2. n. Act of taking off clothes. 
 ITN-CLOUD', j;. L To unvail ; to clear from obscurity 
 or clouds. 
 
 UN-CLOUD'ED, a. Not cloudy; free from clouds; 
 
 clear ; as, an unclouded sky. 
 2. Not darkened ; not obscured. 
 UN-CLOUD'ED-NESS, n. Freedom from clouds; 
 
 clearness. 
 
 2. Freedom from obscurity or gloom. Boyle. 
 UN-CLOUD'ING, ppr. Clearing from clouds or ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 UN-CLOUD'Y, «. Not cloudy; clear; free from 
 
 clouds, obscurity, or gloom. Oay. 
 UN-CLUTCH', V. L To open something closely shut. 
 
 Undutch his griping h-ind. Decay of Piety. 
 
 UN-CO-AG'lI-LA-BLE, a. That can not be coagu- 
 lated. Good. 
 
 UN-CO-AG'U-La-TED, a. Not coagulated or con- 
 creted. 
 
 UN-CoAT'ED, a. Not coated ; not covered with a 
 coat. 
 
 UN-eOCK'£D, (-kokt',) a. Not cocked, as a gun. 
 
 2. Not made into cocks, as hay. 
 
 3. Not set up, as the bnni of a hat. 
 UN-eOF'FIN-£D, a. Not furnished with a coffin. 
 UN-Co'GENT a. Not cogent or forcible. BojUt. 
 L/N-eOIF', t). «. To pull the cap off. JlrbiiUinot. 
 irN-COIF'A'D, (-koifl',) a. .Not wearing a coif. 
 UN-COIL', V. t. To unwind or open, as the turns of 
 
 a rope or other line. 
 
 f'N-eoiL'KD, pp. Opened; unwound. 
 
 UiV-COIL'I.NG, ppr. Opening; unwinding. 
 
 UN-eOlN'£D, a. Not coined ; as, uncoined silver. 
 
 UN-COL-LECT'ED, a. Not collected ; not received ; 
 as, uncollected taxes ; debts uncollected. 
 
 2. Not collected ; not recovered from confusion, 
 distraction, or wandering ; as, the mind yet uncol- 
 lected. ' 
 
 UN-COL-LECT'ED-NESS, n. A state of not being 
 collected. 
 
 UN-COL-LECT'I-BLE, a. Not collectible ; that can 
 not be collected or levied, or paid by the debtor; as, 
 uncollectible taxes ; uncollectible debts. IfolrotL 
 
 U.N-COL'OR-AD, (-kul'lurd,) a. Not colored ; nu« 
 stained or dyed. Bacon. 
 2. .Not higlilencd in description. 
 
 UN-eoMB'£U, (komd',) a. Not combed ; not dressed 
 with a comb. Drydm. 
 
 UN-COM-HIN'A-nLE, a. Not capable of combining 
 or of being combined. Davy. 
 
 U.N'-eOM-BlN'A-BLY, adv. In an uncombinable 
 manner. 
 
 UN-COJI-BIN'£D, a. Not combined ; separate ; sim- 
 ple. 
 
 TCNE, Bt;LL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 150 
 
 WW* 
 
 1193 
 
UNC 
 
 UNC 
 
 lIX-eOME'LI-NESS, (-kiini'le-ness,) 71. Want of 
 coiiieliiieis ; want of beauty or grace; as, uiicumeli- 
 Ttcss of person, of dress, or behavior. 
 
 Locke. Wotton. 
 UN-eOME'LY, (-kum'Ie,) a. Not comely ; wanting 
 grace ; as, an uncomely person ; uncomely dress ; wn- 
 comely manners. 
 2. Unseemly; unbecoming; unsuitable. 
 IJ.\-eO.M'FORt-A-BLE, (-lium'fort-,) a. Affording 
 no comfort ; gloomy. 
 
 Chrislmas — the most uncom/ortal'.e time of the year. Addison. 
 
 2. Giving uneasiness ; as, an uncomfortable seat or 
 condition. 
 
 UX-eOM'FORT-A-BLE-NESS, (-kum'fort-,) n. AVant 
 of comfort or cheerfulness. Taylor. 
 2. Uneasiness. 
 
 UN-eO.M'FORT-A-BLY, adv. In an uncomfortable 
 manner ; without comfort or cheerfulness ; in an un- 
 easy state. 
 
 UN-t'OM-MSND'En, a. Not commanded ; not re- 
 quired by precept, order, or law ; as, uncommonded 
 austerities. South. 
 
 UN-eOiM-.\IEM'0-RA-TED. a. Not commemorated. 
 
 E. Eoerett. 
 
 UN-€OM-MEND'A-BLE, a. Not commendable ; not 
 
 worthy of coniniendation ; illaudabie. Feltham. 
 UN-€OM-MEND'ED, a. Not praised ; not commended. 
 
 South. 
 
 UN-flOM-lIER'CIAL, (-mer'shal,) a. Not commer- 
 cial : not carrying on commerce. 
 
 UN-eOM-.MER'CIAL-LY, adv. Not according to 
 commercial usage. 
 
 UN-eo.M-JIIS'ER-A-TED, o. Not commiserated ; not 
 pitied. 
 
 UN-eo.M-MIS'SION-ED, (-mish'und,) o. Not com- 
 missioned ; not having a commission. Tooke. 
 UN-CO JI-.MIT'TED, a. Not committed. Hammond. 
 
 2. Not referred to a committee. 
 
 3. Not pledged by any thing said or done. 
 UN-eOM'MON, a. Not common ; not usual ; rare ; 
 
 as, an uncommon season ; an uncommon degree of 
 
 cold or heat ; uncommon courage. 
 2. Not frequent ; not often seen or known ; as, an 
 
 uncommon production. 
 UN-€0M'J10N-LY, adv. Rarely ; not usually. 
 
 2. To an uncommon degree. 
 UN-GO. M'. MO N-N ESS, ?i. Rareness of occurrence ; 
 
 infrequency. The uncommonness of a thing often 
 
 renders it valuable. 
 UN-eO.M-:*10'NI-€.A-TED, a. Not communicated; 
 
 -not disclosed or delivered to others. 
 
 2. Not imparted to or from another ; as, the uncom- 
 
 municalcd perfections of God. 
 UN-eo.M-MC'NI-eA TING, a. Not making commu- 
 nication. 
 
 UN-eo.M-MU'.M-eA-TIVE, a. Not communicative ; 
 
 not free to communicate to others ; reserved. 
 UN-eOM-PA€T', a. Not compact ; not firm; not of 
 
 close texture ; loose. Jlddison. 
 UN-eO.M-P.-ieT'ED, a. Not compact ; not firm. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 UN-eOAI-PAeT'ED-LY, adv. Not compactedly. 
 UN-€O.M'PA-NI-£D, ( kum'pa-nid,) a. Having no 
 
 companion. Fairfax. 
 rUNACcoMPAMro is mostly used.] 
 U.V-eOM-PAN'ION-.\-BLE, a. Not companionable 
 
 or sociable. 
 
 U.N-eO.M-PAS'SIO\-ATE, (-pash'un-,) a. Not com- 
 passionate ; having no pity. Shale, 
 
 UN-eO.M-PAS'SION-£U, (-pash'und.) a. Not pitied. 
 
 UN-eO.M-PEL'LA-BLE, a. Not compellable; that 
 can not be forced or compelled. Feltham. 
 
 UN-eOM-PELL'£D,a. Not forced; free from com- 
 pulsion. Pope. 
 
 UX-€O.M-PEN'S.\-TED, a. Not compensated ; unre- 
 warded. 
 
 UN-eO.M-PLAl.\'ING, a. Not complaining; not 
 
 murmuring ; not disposed to murmur. 
 UN-eO.M-PLAIN'lNG-LY, ado. Without complain- 
 
 UN-eO.M-PLAIX'ING-NESS, n. An uncomplaining 
 slate. 
 
 UN-eOM'PLAI-SANT, a. Not complaisant ; not 
 civil ; not courteous. Locke. 
 
 UN-CO.M'PLAI-SANT-LY, adv. Uncivilly ; discour- 
 teously. 
 
 UN-€O.M-PI,F.TE', a. Not complete ; not finished ; 
 
 not pfrfert. fDut I.xcompi.ete is chiefly used.] 
 U.\-eo.M-PI,E'l''EI), a. Not finished ; not completed. 
 UN-eOM'Pf.l eA-TED, a. Not complicated ; simple. 
 UN-COM-PI,r-MENT'A-RY, a. Not complimentary. 
 UN-eo.M-PL?'I.\G, a. Not complying ; not yielding 
 
 to recpieAl or rnmniand ; unbending. 
 UN-eO.M-POS'A.I), a. Not coui|Kistd. 
 UN-eOM-POUNIi'ED, a. Not compounded ; not 
 
 mixed. 
 
 Hanln'-M ma/ be Ircjconed the prupcny of nil unajmpourvitd 
 
 nijiliiT. Niwton. 
 Q. Pimple : not Intric.ite, Hammond. 
 UN-CO.M POUND'EU LY, adv. Wilhoul being com- 
 pouriileil. 
 
 U.V-eo.M-POUND'ED-NESS, n. Freedom from mix- 
 ture; aimplicity of iu balance. Hammond. 
 
 UN-eO.M-PRE-HEN'SIVE, a. Not comiirehensive. 
 
 2. Unable to comprehend. South. 
 UN-€O.M PRESS'EU, (-koni-prest',) a. Not com- 
 pressed ; free from compression. Bovle. 
 UN-eO.M'PRO-.AIIS-ING, a. Not admitting of "com- 
 promise ; not agreeing to terms ; not yielding. 
 
 RevieiB. 
 
 UN-€OX-CeAL'A-BLE, a. Not concealable. 
 UN-eON-CEAL'£D, a. Not concealed. 
 UN-eON-CEIV'A-BLE, a. Not to be conceived or 
 understood ; that can not be comprehended. Locke. 
 [But Inconceivable is chiefly used.] 
 UN-eC'N-CElV'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state or qual- 
 ity of beinj; inconceivable. [Little useU.] Locke. 
 UN-eO.\'-CElV'£D, a. Not thought ; not imagined. 
 
 Creech, 
 
 UN-eON-CERN', 71. AVant of concern ; absence of 
 
 anxiety ; freedom from solicitude. Swift, 
 UN-€ON-CERN'£)D, a. Not concerned ; not anxious ; 
 feeling no solicitude. He is unconcerned at what has 
 happened. He is unconcerned about or for the future. 
 H:.ppy mort-ils, unconcerned for more. Dryden, 
 [It has at sometimes before a past event, but aJoiit 
 or for is more generally used before a past or future 
 event.] 
 
 2. Having no interest in. He is unconcerned in the 
 events of the day. 
 
 UN-eON-CERN'ED-L Y, adv. Without interest or af- 
 fection ; without anxiety. 
 
 And uncancernedly cast his ejrea around. Dryden. 
 
 UN-eON-CERN'ED-NESS,n. Freedom from concern 
 or anxiety. South. 
 
 UN-€ON-CERN'ING, a. Not interesting ; not affect- 
 ing; not belongina to one. L/Vul t/se^/.] Mdison. 
 
 UN-€ON-CERN'MENT, ti. The state of having no 
 share. [J\"u( n.<ed.] South, 
 
 U.\-€ON-CERT'ED, a. Not concerted. 
 
 UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TED, a. Not reconciled. 
 
 UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TING, a. Not conciliating ; not 
 adapted or disposed to gain favor, or to reconcilia- 
 tion. 
 
 UN-€0N-CIL'I-A-T0-RY, a. Not tending to concili- 
 ate. Jefferson. 
 
 UN-eON-€LuD'I-BLE, a. Not determinable. [Mt 
 used.] More. 
 
 UN-eON-€LuD'ING, la. Not decisive; not infer- 
 
 UN-eO.\-eLuD'ENT, ) ring a plain or certain con- 
 clusion or consequence. [Little used.] 
 
 Hale, Locke, 
 [In the place of these. Inconclusive is generally 
 used.] 
 
 UN-eO.\-€LuD'ING-NE3S, n. Quality of being in- 
 conclusive. [JVo( used,] Boyle, 
 UN-eO.\-eLt5'SIVE, a. Not decisive. Uammotid. 
 
 [But Inconclvsite is now used.] 
 UN-eON-eoeT'ED, a. Not concocted ; not digested. 
 
 Brown, 
 
 UN-eON-DE.MN'£D, (-kon-demd',) a. Not con- 
 demned ; not judged guilty. 
 
 A man that is a Roman and uncondemned. — Acta xxii. 
 5. Not disapproved ; not pronounced criminal ; as, 
 a practice yet uncondemned. Locke. 
 UN-eON-DE.\S'A-BLE, a. That can not be con- 
 densed. 
 
 UN-eO.V-DENS'A-BLE-NESS, n. A state of being 
 incapable of condensation. 
 
 UN-eO.\-DE.\S'£D, (-kon-denst',) a. Not con- 
 densed. 
 
 UN-eo.\-DI"TIO\-AL, (-kon-dish'un-,) a. Abso- 
 lute ; unreserved ; not limited by any conditions. 
 AVe are required to make an unconditional surrender 
 of ourselves to our Maker. The king demanded an 
 unconditional submission. 
 
 O, pis9 not, LonI, an altsoiiile d«ree, 
 
 Or liiid thy sentence uncomiitionai. Dryden. 
 
 UN-eON-ni"TION-AL-I.Y, adv. Without condi- 
 tions ; without terms of limitation ; without reserva- 
 tion. The troops did not surrender unconditionally^ 
 but by rapitulatitm. 
 UN-e().\-!)OC'I.N'f;, a. Not leading to. Phillips, 
 UN-eO.\-DUeT'ED, a. Not led; not guided. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 UN-eO.V-FESS'£D, (-kon-fest',) a. Not confessed ; 
 
 not acknowledged. 
 UN-eO\-FESS'lNG. a. Not making confession. 
 UN-€ON-FIN'A-BLE, (-kon-f in'a-bl,) a. Unbound- 
 ed. r.V"t used.] Shali. 
 2. That can not be confined or restrained. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-eON-FT.N'KD, a. Not confined ; free from re- 
 straint ; free from control. Pope. 
 2. Having nolmiita; illimitable; unbounded. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 UN-CON-FIN'ED-LY, adv. Without confinement or 
 limitation. Barrow. 
 
 UN-eo.V FIRM'£D, ( kon-furmd',) a. Not fortified 
 by rcsohiliim ; weak ; raw ; as, troops unconfirmed 
 by experience. 
 
 2. Not confirmed ; not strengthened by additional 
 testimony. 
 
 Ilia wilnrM uricon/rmfd. t^itlton. 
 
 3. Not confirmed according to the church ritual. 
 
 UN-eON-FORM', a. Unlike ; diss milar; not analo- 
 gous. [J\';( in use.] Milton. 
 UN-fON-FOR.M'A-BLE, a. Not consistent ; not 
 agreeable ; not conforming. 
 
 Mora] evil is an action uncon/ormablt to Che rule of our ilnty. 
 
 Wiuis. 
 
 2. In geology, not lying in a parallel position, as 
 strata. " Mantell. 
 
 UN-€ON-FORM'A-BLY, arfo. In an unconformable 
 manner. 
 
 UN-€ON-FORM'I-TY, n. Incongruity; inconsisten- 
 cy ; want of conformity. South. 
 
 UN-eoN-FOUND'ED, n. Not confounded. 
 
 UN-eON-FOUND'EU-LY, adv. AA'ithout being con- 
 founded. 
 
 UN-eON-FuS'£D, a. Free from confusion or disor- 
 der. Locke. 
 2. Not embarrassed. 
 UN-eON-FuS'ED-LY, adv. AVithout confusion or 
 
 disorder. Locke. 
 UN-€ON-FuT'A-BLE, a. Not confutable ; not to be 
 refuted or overthrown ; that can not be disproved or 
 convicted of error ; as, an unconfutable argument. 
 
 Sprat. 
 
 UN-eON-GE.'X.L'A-BLE, a. Not capable of being 
 ctmgealed. 
 
 UN-eON-GKAL'£D, a. Not frozen ; not congealed ; 
 
 not concreted. Brown. 
 UN-eON-Gi'.'NI-AL, a. Not congenial. 
 UN-€ON'JU-GAL, a. .Not suitable to matrimonial 
 
 faith ; not befitting a wife or husband. .Villon. 
 UN-eON-JUNG'TIVE, a. That can not be joined. 
 
 [Little used.] .Hilton. 
 U.N-eON-NECT'ED, a. Not connected ; not united ; 
 
 separate. 
 
 2. Not coherent ; not joined by proper transitions 
 or dependence of parts; loose; vague; desultory; 
 as, an unconnected discourse, 
 
 UN-eON-NI\''lXG, a. Not conniving ; not o%'erlook- 
 ing or winking at. MUton. 
 
 UN-eON'QUER-.\-BLE, a. Not conquerable; invin- 
 cible ; that can not be vanquished or defeated ; that 
 can not be overcome in contest ; as, an unconquera- 
 ble foe. 
 
 2. That can not be subdued and brought under 
 control ; as, niiconqnerahle passions or temper. 
 
 UN-€ON'aUER-A-liLY, adv. Invincibly ; insupera- 
 bly ; as, foes unconqiirrabhj strong. Pope. 
 
 UX-€ON'aUER-£U, (-konk'erd,) a. Not vanquished 
 or defeate<l. 
 
 2. Unsubdued ; not brought under control. 
 
 3. Invincible; insuperable. Sidney. 
 UN-eON-SCl-EN'TlOUS, (-kon-she-en'shus,) a. Not 
 
 conscientious ; not regulated or limited by conscience. 
 
 Kent. 
 
 UN-eON'SCION-A-BLE, a. Unreasonable ; exceed- 
 ing the limits of any reasonable claim or expecta- 
 tion ; as, an unconscionable request or demand. 
 
 L^Estrange, 
 
 2. Forming unreasonable expectations. You can 
 not be so unconscionable as to expect this sacrifice on 
 my part. 
 
 3. Enormous ; vast ; as, unconscionable size or 
 strides. [A'ot elegant.] 
 
 4. Not guided or influenced by conscience. 
 
 South. 
 
 UN-eON'SCIO.\-.\-BLE-NESS, n. Unreasonable- 
 ness of hope or claim. 
 
 UN-€ON'SCION-A-BLY, adv. Unreasonably ; in a 
 manner or degree that conscience and reason do not 
 justify. Hudibras. 
 
 UN-CON'SCIOUS, a. Not conscious; having no 
 mental perceptitui ; as, unconscious causes. 
 
 Blackmore. 
 
 2. Not conscious ; not knowing; not perceiving; 
 as, unconscious of guilt or error. 
 
 UN-eON'SCIOUS-LY, adv, AA'ithout perception ; 
 without knowledge. 
 
 UN-eON'SUIOUS-NESS, n. AA'ant of perception ; 
 want of kn(>wledge. 
 
 UN-eoN'SE-eRATE, v, t. To render not sacred ; to 
 desecrate. [^Vof rued.] South. 
 
 UN-eON'SE-CRA-TEL), a. Not consecrated ; not set 
 apart for a sacred use by religious ceremonies ; not 
 dedicated or devoted; as, a temple unconsecratcd ; 
 uneonsecrated bread. 
 
 UN-eON'SE-eRA-TED-NESS, n. A state of being 
 iinconsec rated. 
 
 UN-eON-SENT'ED to. Not consented to; not yield- 
 ed ; not agreed to. Wake. 
 
 UN-eON-SE.N'T'ING, a. Not consenting; not yield- 
 ing consent. 
 
 UN-€0.\-SIU'ER-£D, a. Not considered ; not at- 
 tended to. Shak. 
 
 UN-eON-SlD'ER-ING, a. Not considering. 
 
 UN-t;0.\-Sf5L'£l), a. Not consoled ; \u>\ tnmforted. 
 
 UN-eON-SOL'I-DA-TED, o. Not consolidated or 
 made solid. 
 
 UN-eoN-SOL'ING, a. Not consoling ; affording no 
 ctinifitrt. Bochminster 
 
 UN-eON'SO-NANT, a. Not consonant ; not consist- 
 ent ; inconcruous ; unfit. Hooker, 
 
 U.\-ef).N-SPie'II-OUS, a. Not open to the view ; not 
 connpicuoiis. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WH.^T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MAIUNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
UNC 
 
 UN-eON-SPIR'ING-NES;S, ji. Absence of plot or 
 conspiracy, [^n ill-farmed word, and not used.] 
 
 Boiile. 
 
 UN-eON'STANT, o. Not constant; not stcaAy or 
 fiiithful; fickle; clmngeable. Sluk. 
 [Inconstant is now used.] 
 
 UN-eOi\-STl-T0'TU)N-AI,, a. Not aErceal.lc to the 
 constitution ; not aulhorizcil by the constitution ; 
 contrary to the principles of the constitution. It is 
 not unconstitutional for the king of Great Britair to 
 declare war without the consent of parliament ; but 
 for tile president of the United Slates to declare war, 
 without an act of congress autliori/.ing it, would he 
 unconstitulionat, 
 
 UN-eON'-STI-'I'U-TION-AL'I-TY, n. Tlic quality of 
 beiiij; unautliori/.cd by the cnustitiition, or contrary 
 to its provisions or principles. Tlie Supreme Court 
 ho-s power to decide ujioti ttie uncoiutitutionalitij of a 
 law. 
 
 U.\-eON-STI-TC'TION-AL-I,Y, adv. In a manner 
 
 not warranted by or contrary to the constitution. 
 UN-eON-STRAlN'/';i), a. Free from constraint ; act 
 in^ voluntarily ; voluntary. JJnjilen. 
 2. N<tt proceedinj; from constraint, as actions. 
 UX eON-STKAI.N'ED-LY, aih: Williout force or 
 constraint; freely; spontaneously; voluntarily. 
 
 Si)«(A. 
 
 UN-eON-STR.^INT', n. Freedom from constraint; 
 
 ease. Felton. 
 ITN-CO\-SUT,T'ED, o. Not asked or consulted. 
 UN-eON-SULT'INU, a. TakiiiR no advice ; rash ; 
 
 imprudent. Sidncij. 
 UN eoX SO.M'KD, a. Not consumed ; not wasted, 
 
 expi-nded, or dissipated ; not deslroved. Milton. 
 UN-eON-SUM'.MATE, a. Not consummated. 
 
 Drriden. 
 
 UN-eON-TEMN'CT, (-temd',) a. Not despised. 
 UN-eo.\-TEM'PI-.A-TED, a. Not contemplated. 
 UN-eO.V-TENl)'EU, u. Not disputed. Drydcn. 
 Uncontcnded for ; not contended for; not urged 
 for. 
 
 U-V-eON-TENO'ING, a. Not contending ; not con- 
 testins : not disputing. 
 
 UN-eoN-TENT'ED, a. Not contented ; not satis- 
 fied. Driiden. 
 
 UN-eON-TENT'lNG-NESS, n. Want of power to 
 satisfy. [JVnA in use.] Boi/lc. 
 
 UN-eON-TEST'A-BI,E, a. Indisputable ; not to be 
 controverted. [Incontestable is the word now 
 used.] 
 
 UN-eON-TEST'ED, a. Not contested ; not disputed. 
 
 2. Evident ; plain. Btackmnre. 
 UN-eON-TRA-DieX'A-BLE, a. That can not be 
 
 contradicted. Fitch. 
 UN-eON.TR.\-DieT'ED, a. Not contradicted; not 
 
 denied. Pearson. 
 UN-eON'TRITE, a. Not contrite ; not penitent. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 UN-eON-TRIVBD, a. Not contrived ; not formed 
 
 bv design. Du>ii;ht. 
 UN-eON-TRIV'lNG, a. Not contriving ; improvident. 
 
 aoldsmiUi. 
 
 UN-eON-TROLL'A-BLE, a. That can not be con- 
 trolled ; ungovernable ; that can not be restrained ; 
 as, an nncontroltabte temper ; uncontrollable subjects. 
 
 2. That can not be resisted or diverted; as, un- 
 controtlable events. 
 
 3. Indisputable; irrefragable; 3is,at\uncontrollnblc 
 maxim ; the king's uncontrollable title to the English 
 throne. 
 
 UN-eoN-TROLL'A-BLY, adv. Without power of 
 opposition. 
 
 2. In a manner or degree that admits of no re- 
 straint or resistance ; as, a stream uncontrollably vio- 
 lent. 
 
 UN-eON'-TROLL'JoD, a. Not governed ; not sub- 
 jected to a superior [wwer or autliority ; not re- 
 strained. 
 
 2. Not resisted ; unopposed. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Not convinced ; not refuted. [Unusual.] 
 
 Hatrward, 
 
 UN-eON-TROLL'ED-LY, adv. Without control or 
 restraint ; without elTectual ojiposition. 
 
 Dcca^-of Piety. 
 UN-eo\'TRO-VERT-ED, a. Not disputed ; not 
 contested ; not liable to be called in question. 
 
 OlanvWe. 
 
 UN-€ON-VERS'.\-BLE, a. Not free in conversation ; 
 
 not social ; reserved. 
 2. Not suited to conversation. Rogers. 
 UN-CON'VER-PANT, a. Not conversant; not fa- 
 
 niiliarlv acquainted with. .MUford. 
 UN-eo.X-VERT'EI), a. .Not converted ; n<itchang..d 
 
 in opinion ; not turned from one faith to another. 
 
 2. Not persuaded of the truth of the Christian re- 
 ligion ; as, unconverted pagans. .Addison, Hooker. 
 
 3. Not renewed ; not regenerated ; not having the 
 natiiml enmity of the heart subdued, and a principle 
 of grace implanted. Baxter. 
 
 4. Not turned or changed from one form to an- 
 other. 
 
 UN-CON- VERT'I-BLE, a. That can not be convert- 
 ed or changed in form. Lead is unconvertible into 
 silver. 
 
 UNC 
 
 UN-eC)N-VI.\'C/CD, C-kon-vinst',) a. Not convinced ; 
 not persuaded. Locke. 
 
 UN roN-VI\'CING, a. Not sufficient to convince 
 
 UN-t'0.\-VULS'iCn, (-kon-vulsl',) n. Not convulsed. 
 
 UN-€ (JRD', V. t. To loose from cords ; to unfasten 
 or unbind ; as, to uncord a bed ; to uncord a pack- 
 age. 
 
 UN eORD'ED, pp. Loosed from cords ; unbound. 
 UN-rORD'I-AL, a. Not cordial ; not heartv. 
 UN-eoRD'ING, ppr. Unfastening ; iinbinilin!!. 
 UN-COKK', II. t. To draw the Cork from ; as, to un- 
 cork a bottle. 
 
 UN-eoRK'/jn, ( korkt',) pp. Not having the cork 
 drawn. 
 
 UN-eORK'ING, ppr. Drawing the cork from. 
 UN-eOR'O-NET-EL), a. Not lionored with a coronet 
 
 or title. Pollok. 
 UN-euR'PIJ-LENT, a. Not corpulent ; not fleshy. 
 
 PoUok. 
 
 UN-eOR-REGT'EO, a. Not corrected ; not revised ; 
 not rendered exact ; as, an uncorrected copy of a 
 writing. 
 
 2. Not reformed ; not amended ; as, life or man- 
 ners uncorrected. 
 
 UN-COU'RI-Cil-BLE, a. That can not he corrected ; 
 depraved beyond correction. 
 
 [ For this, Incohkioihle is now used.] 
 
 U.\-ei)R-ROB'0-RA-'i'El), a. Not conlirmed. 
 
 UN-euR-KUPT', a. Not corrupt ; not depraved ; not 
 perverted ; not tainted with wickedness ; not influ- 
 enced by iniquitous interest ; as, aii uncorriipt judg- 
 ment ; «iici>rr«;»« manners. /looker. 
 
 UN-eOR-RUPT'EI), a. Not corrupted ; not vitiated ; 
 not depraved ; as, the dictates of iiHriirTH/>(/'</ reason ; 
 uncorrupted records. Onidcn. Locke. 
 
 UN-eOR-RUPT'EU-NESS, n. State of being uncor- 
 rupted. Milton. 
 
 UN-COR-RUPT'I-BLE, a. That can not be cor- 
 rupted. 
 
 [But Incorruptible is the word now used.] 
 UN-fOR-RUPT'LY, ado. With integrity ; honestly. 
 
 Cti. Relig. Appeal. 
 UN-eOR-RUPT'NESS, n. Integrity ; uprightness. 
 Til. ii. 
 
 UN-eOUN'SEL-A-BLE, a. Not to be advised ; not 
 consistent with good advice or prudence. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-eOUN'SEL-£D, a. Not having counsel or ad- 
 vice. Burke. 
 
 UN €OUNT'A-BLE, a. That can not be counted ; 
 innumenible. Ralegh. 
 
 UN-eOUNT'ED, a. Not counted ; not nunibere<l. Shah. 
 
 UN-COUN'TE-NANC-£l), (-kouu'te-nanst,) a. Not 
 encouraged. 
 
 UN-COUN-TER-AGT'ED, a. Not counteracted ; not 
 cfTectually opposed. JV. W. Taiilor. 
 
 UN-CUUN'TER-FEIT, a. Not counterfeit ; not spu- 
 rious ; genuine ; as, uncountcrfeit zeal. Sprat. 
 
 UN eOUN'TER-FEIT-EI), a. Not counterfeited. 
 
 UN-CdUN-TER-.MAND'En, a. Not countermanded. 
 
 UN-COUP'LE, (un-kup'pl,) ij. t. To loose dogs from 
 their couples ; to set loose ; to disjoin. 
 
 Shah. Dnjden. 
 
 UN-eOUP'Li'D, (un-kup'pld,) pp. Disjoined ; set 
 free. — 
 
 UN-eOUP'LING, (un-kup'pling,) ppr. Disuniting; 
 settins free. 
 
 UN-eOURT'E-OUS, a. Uncivil; unpolite ; not kind 
 and complaisant. Sidnetf. 
 
 UN-eOI,'RT'E-OUS-LY, adv. Uncivilly; impolitely. 
 
 UN-eOURT'E-OUS-NESS, 7U Incivility; disobliging 
 trealincnt. 
 
 UN-CoURT'LI-NESS, n. Unsuitableness of man- 
 ners to a court; inelegance; as, uncourtlincs.t of 
 manners or phrases. .^dJison. 
 UN-€OURT'LY, a. Inelegant in manners; not be- 
 coming a court ; not refined ; not polite ; as, uncourt- 
 ly behavior or language. Swift. 
 2. Not courteous or civil ; as, an uneourtly speech, 
 .f. Not versed in the manners of a court. 
 UN-eOUTIl', ( kooth',) n. [Sax. uncuth, unknown.] 
 Odd; strange; unusual; not rendered pleasing by 
 familiarity ; as, an uncouth phrase or expression ; un- 
 couth manners ; uncouth dress. 
 UN-eOUTir-LOOK-lNG, o. Having uncoutii looks. 
 
 Irrinir. 
 
 UN-eOUTII'LY, adv. Oddly ; strangely. Driiden. 
 
 UN-€OUTH'NE!fS, (-koolh'ness,) n. Odilncss ; 
 strangeness ; want of agreeableness derived from 
 familiarity ; as, the uncouthness o( ti word or of dress. 
 
 UN-eOV'E-NANT-ED, a. Not promised by cove- 
 nant ; not resting on a covenant or promiiie. 
 
 S. MMer. 
 
 UN-eOV"ER, (un-kiiv'er,) ». «. To divest of a cov- 
 er ; to remove any covering from ; a aord if general 
 use. 
 
 2. To deprive of clothes ; to strip ; to make naked. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. To unroof, as a building. 
 
 4. To lake off the hat or cap ; to bare the head. 
 
 5. To strip of a vail, or of any thing that conceals ; 
 to lav open ; to di.-^close to view. 
 
 UN-< OV'ER-KD, (-kuv'erd,) pp. Divested of a cov- 
 ering or clothing ; laid open to view ; made bare. 
 
 UNC 
 
 UN COV'ER-ING, ppr. Divesting of a cover or of 
 cliitlies : stripping of a vail ; laving open to view. 
 
 UN-COWL', r. L To dejirive of a cowl. 
 
 UN-CO\\ L'/;i), i)p. Deurived of a c(jwl. 
 
 UN-CRA.MP'A'D, (-krniiipl',) a. Not cramped ; not 
 confined or fettered ; free from consiraiiii. 
 
 Kd. Rev 
 
 UN-GRE-ATE', v. I. To annihilate ; to deprive of 
 existence. 
 
 Who CM) unerenle lh^*», thou ■lialt know. Milton. 
 
 UN-eRE-AT'ED, pp. Reduced to nothing; deprived 
 of existence. 
 
 2. a. Not yet created ; as, misery uncreated. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. Not produced by creation. Go<l is an uncreated 
 beinir. Locke. 
 
 UN-CRE-AT'I.NG, ppr. Depriving of existence. 
 UN-CRED'I-ULF,, a. Not to be believed ; not entitled 
 
 to creilit. f Fomliis, Increoiule is used.] 
 UN-CRE1)'IT-A-BLE, a. Not in good credit or repu- 
 tation ; not reputable. Hammond. 
 2. Nut for the credit or reputation. Miiford. 
 UN-CREU'ri'-A-BLE-NESS, n. Want of reputation. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 2. The quality of being disreputable. 
 UN-CRED'IT-EU, a. Not believed. Warner. 
 UN-CRIT'IC-AL, a. Not critical. 
 
 2. Not according to the just rules of criticism. 
 
 .V. StuarU 
 
 UN-CRIT'ie-AL-LY, adr. Not crilicallv. 
 
 UN-CROP'PAI), (-kropt',) a. Not cropjied ; not gath- 
 ered. Milton. 
 
 UN-CRO.SS'BD, (-krost',) a. Not crossed ; not can- 
 celed. 
 
 2. Not thwarted ; not opposed. 
 
 UN CROWU'F.I), a. Not crowded ; not Compressed; 
 not straitened for want of room. 
 
 UN-CROWN', 0. £. To deprive of a crown ; to de- 
 throne. 
 
 2. To pull off tile crown. Drydm. 
 
 UN-eRO\V.\'f;D, pp. Deprived of a crown. 
 2. a. Not crowned ; havinj; no crown. 
 
 UN-CROWN'ING, ppr. Depriving of a crown. 
 
 UN-CRU.SII'BD, ( krusht',) «. Not crushed. 
 
 UN-eRYS'TAl.^LT.\E, a Not crystalline; not hav- 
 ing the character of a crystal ; not prcsentiiiK a dis- 
 tinct crystalline texture. Dona. 
 
 UN-CRYS'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE, a. Not susceptible of 
 crystallization. Ure. 
 
 UNfRY.S'TAL-LlZ-CT, a. Not crystallized. 
 
 UNCTION, ;i. [Fr. onction : L. unctio, from ungo, to 
 anoint.] 
 
 1. The act of anointing. Hooker. 
 
 2. Unguent ; ointmenl. [Unusual.] Dnjden. 
 
 3. The act of anointing medically ; as, mercurial 
 unction. .drbuUinot. 
 
 4. Any thing softening or lenitive. Shak. 
 
 5. That fervor and tenderness of address which 
 excites piety and devotion. Johnson. 
 
 C. Ricliness of gracious afTcctions. 
 
 7. Divine or sanctifying grace. 1 ./ohn i. 
 
 Extreme unction ; the rite of anointing in the last 
 hours ; or the application of sacred oil to tlie head, 
 the hands, and the feet, of a dying |H>rson. 
 
 Kneijc. jjm. 
 
 UNCT-T^-OS'I-TY, n. Oiliness ; fatness ; the quality 
 
 of being greasv. Brown. 
 UNCT'U-OUS, a. Fat ; oily ; greasy. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 2. Having a resemblance to oil ; as, tlie unctuou* 
 fee] of a stone. 
 UNeT'^-OUS-NESS, n. Fatness; oiliness. 
 
 2. The quality of resembling oil. 
 UN-eULL KI), a. Not gathered. 
 
 2. Not separated ; not selected. 
 UN-eUL'P.V-BLE, a. Not blamable ; not faulty. 
 
 Ho'okcr. 
 
 U.N-eULT', a. [un and L. cuttus.] Uncultivated; 
 
 rude ; illiterate. [.Vot in use.] Cb. Reli^r. .ippeal. 
 UN-CUL'Tl-VA-BLE, a. Not capable of being tilled 
 
 or cnltivaleJ. 
 
 UN-eUL'TI-VA-TED, a. Not cultivated ; not tilled ; 
 not used in tillage ; as. an uncultivated tract of land. 
 
 2. Not instructed ; not civilized ; rude ; rough in 
 manners ; as, an uncultivated natirn or ace. 
 
 Locke. Roseomm.*n. 
 UN eUL'TI-VA-TED-NESS, n. An uncultivbted 
 state. 
 
 UN-CU.M'BER-ED, a. Not burdened ; not emb .r- 
 rassed. Drydrn. 
 
 UN-CCR'A-BLE, a. Incurable. [The latter is mostly 
 used. ] 
 
 UN-COR'A-BLY, adv. Incurably. 
 
 U.N'-ei'RB'A-BLE, a. That can not be curbed or 
 checked. lAuI i;i use.] Shak. 
 
 UN eURB'/;l), a. Not curbed ; not restrained ; licen- 
 tious. Shak. 
 
 UN-CURL', V. L To loose from ringleU. 
 
 The lion uncur/j hij angry mane. DryiUn. 
 
 UN-CURL', r. i. To fall from a curled stale, as ring- 
 lets ; to become straight. Shak. 
 
 UN-CURL'ED, pp. Loosed from ringlets. 
 2. a. Not curled ; not formed into ringlets. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 111)5 
 
UND 
 
 I'N-eURL'ING, ppr. Loosing from ringlets. 
 
 DN eUR'RE.VT, a. Not current ; not passing in com- 
 mon payment ; as, uncurrent coin or notes. Shak, 
 
 UN-eURSE', (un-kurs',) v. L To free from any exe- 
 cration. [jVot used.] Shak. 
 
 VS-€VRS'ED, I a. Not cursed ; not execrated. 
 
 UN-CURfT', \ K. Charles. 
 
 (JN-ei'R-TAIL'£D, a. Not curtailed ; not shortened. 
 
 UN-Cl'R'TAIN, V. t. To remove a curtain or cover 
 ins from. 
 
 UN-eUS'TOJI-A-RI-LY, adv. In an unusual man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-eUS'TOM-A-RI-NESS, n. State of being not 
 CMstomarv. 
 
 UN-eUS'TOSI-A-RY, a. Not customary ; not usual. 
 
 Dwigkt. 
 
 UN-€US'TOJl-£D, a. Not subjected to customs c 
 
 duty. jJsA. 
 9. That has not paid duty, or been charged will, 
 
 customs. Smollett. 
 UN-eUT', a. Not cut ; as, trees uncut Waller. 
 UN-DAM', V. t. To free from a dam, mound, or ob 
 
 struction. Dnjderu 
 IjP1-DAM'AG-£D, a. Not damaged ; not made worse j 
 
 as, nndamatred goods. 
 UN-DAiM'M£D, pp. Freed from a dam, mound, or 
 
 obstruction. 
 
 UN-DAMP'£D, (-dampt',) a. Not damped ; not de- 
 pressed. 
 
 UN-Da N'GER-OUS, o. Not dangerous. Thomxon. 
 
 UN-DXRK'£N-£D, a. Not darkened or obscured. 
 
 UN'DA-TED, a. [L. undalus ; unda, a wave.] 
 
 Waved ; rising and falling in waves toward the 
 margin, as a leaf. Lee. 
 
 UN-DaT'ED, a. Not dated ; having no date. 
 
 UN-DXUNT'A-BLE, a. Not to be daunted. Ilarmar. 
 
 UN-D.iiUNT'ED, a. Not daunted ; not subdued o- 
 depressed bv fear ; intrepid. Dryden. 
 
 UN-DA UNT'ED-LY, a(7c. Boldly ; intrepidly. South. 
 
 UN-DAUNT'ED-NESS, n. Boldness; fearless brav- 
 ery ; intrepidity. Pope. 
 
 UN-DAWN'ING, a. Not yet dawning; not growing 
 light ; not opening with brightness. Cowper. 
 
 UN-DAZ'ZL£D, (-daz'zld,) a. Not dazzled ; not 
 ciinfuspd by splendor. Milton. Boyle. 
 
 UN-DeAF', (-deef ' or -def ',) v. U To free from deaf- 
 ness. [JVot m use.] 
 
 UN-DE-BAR K£D, (-bard ,) a. Not debarred. 
 
 UN-DE-BaS'£D, (-biste',)a. Not debased; not adul- 
 terated. 
 
 UN-DE-BAUCH'BD, (-bawcht',) a. Not debauched ; 
 
 not corrupted ; pure. Drijden. 
 UN-DEC A-GON, n. [L. undecim, eleven, and Gr. 
 
 yuivta., angle.J 
 A figure of eleven angles, and consequently of 
 
 eleven sides. 
 
 UN-D&e.AY'££), a. Not decayed ; not impaired by 
 age or accident ; being in full strength. Dryden. 
 
 UN-DE-CaY'ING, a. Not decaying ; not sulfering 
 diminution or decline. 
 9. Immortal: as, the uHf/rMy/wtr joys of heaven. 
 
 UN-DE-CkIT'F!;L, a. N(.t deceitful. 
 
 UN-DE-Cl'.IV'A-BLE, a. That can not be deceived ; 
 Not subject to deccpti(m. Holder. 
 
 UN-DE-Cr.IVE', r, t. To free from deception, cheat, 
 fallacy, or mistake, whether caused by others or by 
 ourselves. If we rely on our ownVorks foKsalva- 
 tioii. tlie_Scriptures ma^' undeceive us. 
 
 UN-I)E-Ui-.IV'£D, pp. 'Disabused of cheat, decep- 
 tion, or fallacy. 
 9. Not_deceivcd ; not misled or imposed on. 
 
 U\-DE-Clil V'ING, j);)n Freeing from deception or 
 fallacv. 
 
 UX-Dk'CE.V-A-RY, 0. [L. nnderim, eleven.] 
 
 Eleventh ; occurring once in every period of eleven 
 
 years. Pres. Stiirs. 
 
 UN-Dk'CEN-CY, 71. Unbecomingness ; indecency. 
 
 [The latter word is nmc used.] 
 UN-DR'CENT, o. Not decent ; indecent. [ThelaUer 
 
 is the_v!ord used.] 
 U.\-Di-,'CENT-LY, adv. Indecently. [The latter is 
 
 the leord vjied.] 
 UN-DE CEPTIVE, a. Not deceptive. 
 UN-DE-CID'A-BLE, a. That can not be decided. 
 
 Soi/(/i. 
 
 UN-DE-CrO'ED, a. Not decided ; not determined ; 
 
 not settled. llnuker. 
 U.\-DE-CID'ED-LY, ado. In an undecided man- 
 
 UN-DE-CI PIIER-A-BLE, a. That can not be deci- 
 phered. 
 
 UN-DE-CT'PIIER-A-BLY, ado. So as not to be deci- 
 pherable. 
 
 UN-DE-CrPIIER-£D, a. Not deciphered or ex- 
 plained. 
 
 UN-DE-Gt'SIVE, o. Not decisive; not conclusive; 
 not determining the controversy or contest. 
 
 Olanrille. 
 
 UN-DF,f'K', B. L To divest of ornaments. Shak. 
 UN-DECK'£D, (-dekt',) pp. Deprived of ornriineiits. 
 
 2. a. Not decked ; not adorned. Mtlion. 
 UN-DF,-ei,AR'A'D, <. Not declared ; not avowed. 
 UN-DE €LIN'A-BLE, a. That can not be derlini d. 
 
 2. Not lo be avoided. Ilarkelt. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN-DE-CLTN-JED, a. Not deviating ; not turmil 
 from the right way. Sandys, 
 
 9. Not varied in termination ; as, a noun unde- 
 dined. 
 
 UN-DE-eLTN'ING, a. Not declining. 
 
 UN-DE-eO.M-PoS'A-BLE, a. Not admitting decom- 
 position ; that can not be decomposed. Chemistry. 
 
 UN-DE-eOM-PoS'£D, o. i\ot decomposed ; not sep- 
 arated ; as constituent particles. Chemistry. 
 
 UN-DE-eOM-POUND ED, a. Not decompounded . 
 
 Dacy. 
 
 UN-DEe'O-RA-TED, a. Not adorned ; not embel- 
 lished ; plain. 
 
 To leave ilie rharacler of Christ undecoraledy to mnlte its own 
 impn-ssioii, Buikmirisler. 
 
 UN-DED'I-€a-TED, a. Not dedicated; not conse- 
 crated. 
 
 9. Not inscribed to a patron. 
 UN-DEED'ED, a. Not signalized by any great action. 
 
 Shok. 
 
 9. Not transferred by deed ; as, undeeded land. 
 [Local.] 
 
 UN-DE-FaCE'A-BLE, a. That can not be defaced. 
 UN-DE-FaC'£D, (-fiste',) a. Not deprived of its 
 
 form ; not disfigured ; as, an undefaced statue. 
 UN-DE F aC'ED-NESS, 71. State of being undefaced. 
 UN-DE-FkAS-I BL.E, a. Not defeasible. 
 
 tBut INDEFEASIBLE is chicfiv Used.] 
 IE-FEN D'ED, a. Not defended ; not protected. 
 9. Not vindicated. 
 
 3. Open to assault ; being without works of de- 
 fense. 
 
 UN-DE-FEND'ING, a. Not making defense. 
 UN-DE-FI'£D, (-fide',) a. Not set at defiance ; not 
 
 challenged. Spenser. 
 UN-DE-FIL'£D, a. Not defiled ; not polluted ; not 
 
 vitiated. Milton. 
 UX-DE FlX'.\-BLE, a. Not definable ; not capable 
 
 of being described or limited ; as, the undefinable 
 
 bounds of space. Orcw. 
 2. That can not be described by interpretation or 
 
 definition. 
 
 Simple itlens are undefinabte. Locbe. 
 
 UX-DE-FIX'.\-Bt,E-NESS, 71. The quality or state 
 
 of beinL' undefinable. £. 7'. Fitrh. 
 
 UN-DE-FIX'£D, a. Not defined ; not described by 
 definitiim or explanatioti. 
 •J. not having its limits described. 
 UX-DE-FLOUR'£D, a. Not debauched ; not vitiated. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-DE-FORM'ED, a. Not deformed ; not di^fi•_'ured. 
 UX-DE-FKAUD'ED, «. Not defrauded. [Pope. 
 r.N'-DE-FUA V'£r), a. Not defrayed ; not [taid. 
 II.N-DE-GRaD'ED, a. Not degraded. 
 1;X-Dk'I-FI-£D, pp. Reduced from the state of deity. 
 UN-Di','I-FV, 11. L To reduce from the state of deity. 
 
 Addison.' 
 
 I'X-DE-LaY'£U, (-de-lade',) a. Not delayed. 
 UN-DE-LaY'IXG, a. Not making delay. 
 UN-DELiE-Ga-TED, a. Not delegated ; not deputed ; 
 
 not granted ; as, undelegated authority ; undelegated 
 
 ptiWers. 
 
 UX-DE-LtB'ER-ATE, a. Not deliberate. 
 
 UN-DE-LIB'ER-A-TED, a. Not carefully considered ; 
 as, an undelibcratcd measure. [JVai correct.] 
 
 Clorrndoji. 
 
 IIN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS, 71. Want of delibera 
 tion. 
 
 UN-DE-IJB'ER-A-TIXG, a. Not deliberating ; not 
 hesitating ; hasty ; prompt. 
 
 UX-DE-LIGHT'ED, a. Not delighted; not well 
 pleased. Milton. 
 
 UX-DE-LIGHT'FIJL, a. Not giving delight or great 
 pleasure. Clarendon. 
 
 UN-DE-LlGHT'FllL-LY, adv. Without giving de- 
 light. 
 
 UN-DE-LIV'ER-£D, a. Not delivered ; not commu- 
 nicated. 
 
 r;N DF,-I,uD'ED, a. Not deluded or deceived. 
 UN-DIM, C'SIVE, a. Not delusive. 
 UN-DE-Lli'SIVE-LY, ado. Not delusively. 
 UN-DE-LO'SIVE-NESS, 71. State of being not delu- 
 sive. 
 
 UN-DE-MAND'ED, a. Not demanded ; not required. 
 UN-DE-.MOL'l.';il-£D, ( de-mol'isht,) a. Not demol- 
 ished ; not pulled down. Sicifl. 
 9. Not di-stroved. 
 UN-DE-MON'StRA-BLE, a. Not capable of fuller 
 
 evidence. Hooker. 
 9. Not capable of demonstration. 
 UN-DF^MON'S TRA-BLY, adv. Without proving by 
 
 demonstration. 
 UN-DE-MON'STRJ-TED, a. Not proved by demon- 
 
 strali<m. Chalmers. 
 UN-DE-NI'A BLE, a. That can not be denied ; as, 
 
 undeniable evidence. 
 UN-DE-M'A-HI..Y, aih. So plainly as to admit no 
 
 contradiction or dcniiil. Dri/den. 
 UN-DE-I'END'ING, a. Not dependent. MUlan. 
 UN-DF, P1.0R'£D, a. Not lamented. Dryden. 
 UN-DE-POS'A BLE, a. Thtit can not be deposed 
 
 from office. Milton. 
 UN-»E-PRAV'£D, a. Not corrupted ; not vitiated. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN-DEP'RE-Ca-TED, a. Not deprecated. 
 
 UN-DE-PRk'CIa-TED, a. Not depreciated ; not low- 
 ered in v.ilue. Walsh. 
 
 UN-DE-PRiV'£D, a. Not deprived; not divested of 
 by authority ; not stripped of any possession. 
 
 UN'DER, prep. [Goth, undar ; Sax. under; D. onder; 
 G. unler; probably compounded of on and nether; on 
 the nether side.] 
 
 I. Beneath ; below ; so as to have something over 
 or above. lie stood under a tree ; the carriage is hh- 
 der cover. We may see things under water ; we have 
 a cellar under the whole house. 
 
 9. In a state of pupilage or subjection to ; as, a 
 youth under a tutor ; a ward under a guardian ; colo- 
 nies under the British government. 
 
 1 also am a man under aulhorily, having solJicre vmUr me. — 
 M.iU. viii. 
 
 3. In a less degree than. The effect of medicine 
 is sometimes under and sometimes above or over its 
 natural strength. Hooker. 
 
 4. For less than. He would not sell the horse un- 
 der forty pounds. 
 
 5. Less than ; below. There are parishes in Eng- 
 land under forty pounds a year. 
 
 6. With the pretense of ; with the cover or pretext 
 of. He does this under the name of love. This ar- 
 gument is not to be evaded under some plausible dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 7. With less than. 
 
 Several Joung men could never leave the pulpit under half a 
 dozen conceits. Swift. 
 
 8. In a degree, state, or rank inferior to. 
 
 It was too ^eat an honor for any man under a duke. Ad^on. 
 
 9. In a state of being loaded ; in a state of bearing 
 or being burdened ; as, to travel under a heavy load ; 
 to live under extreme oppression. 
 
 10. In a state of oppression or stibjection to ; the 
 state in which a person is considered as bearing or 
 having any thing laid upon him ; as, to have forti- 
 tude under the evils of life ; to have patience under 
 pain, or under misforttmes ; to behave like a Christ- 
 ian under reproaches and injuries. 
 
 II. In a state of liability or obligatiorL No man 
 shall trespass but under the pains and penalties of 
 the law. Attend to the condition under which you 
 enter upon your office. We are under the necessity 
 of obeying the laws. Nuns are under vows of chas- 
 tity. \\'e all lie under the curse of the law untU re- 
 deemed by Christ. 
 
 19. In the state of bearing and being known by ; 
 as, men trading under the firm of Wright & Co. 
 
 13. In the state of ; in the enjoyment or possession 
 of. We live under the gospel dispensation. 
 
 14. During the time of. The American revolution 
 commenced under the administration of Lord North. 
 
 15. Not having reached or arrived to ; below. He 
 left three sons under age. 
 
 16. Represented by ; in the form of. Morpheus is 
 represented under the figure of a boy asleep. [But 
 morph, in Ethiopic, signifies cessation, rest.] 
 
 17. In the state of protection or defensej Under 
 favor of the prince, our author was promoted. The 
 enemy landed under cover of their batteries. 
 
 18. As bearing a particular character. 
 
 Tlie dul<e may be mentioned undgr Uie double capacity of a poet 
 and a divuie. FetU)n. 
 
 19. Being contained or comprehended in. 
 
 Under tliis head may be mentioned the contest* between the popea 
 and the secular princes. Lesley. 
 
 20. Attested by ; signed by. Here is a deed under 
 his hand and seal. 
 
 He has letl us evidence under his own hand. Locke. 
 
 91. In a state of being handled, treated, or dis- 
 cussetl, or of being the subject of. The bill is now 
 MTiiifr discussion. We shall have the subject M7id<T 
 consideration next week. 
 
 99. In subordination to. C7iuferGod, this is our 
 only safety. 
 
 93. In subjection or bondage to ; ruled or influ- 
 enced by ; in a moral sense ; within the dominion of. 
 They are all under sin. — Rom. iii. 
 
 Under a signature ; bearing, as a name or title. 
 
 Under the lee; to the leeward ; as, under the lee of 
 the hind. 7V<(/cn. 
 
 Under way ; in seamen's language^ moving ; in a 
 condition lo make progress. 
 
 7*0 keep under ; to hold in strtijection or control ; to 
 restrain. 
 
 I itrep under my botly. — 1 Cor. ix. 
 UN'DER, a. Lower in degree ; subject ; subordinate ; 
 as, an under officer ; under sheriff. 
 
 Under is much used in composition. For the et- 
 ymologies, see the princi|Hil words. 
 UN-DER-Ae'TIO\, 71. Subordinate action; action 
 not essential to the main story. 
 
 The least epidodei or undemcdonM — are parta nece^anrv lo the 
 main dt'Hl^n. Drydtn. 
 
 UN-DER-A'GENT, n. A subordinate agcnU South. 
 UN-DE-RAN(5'£D, a. Not deranged. 
 UN-DER-BEAR', v. I. To support ; to endure. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 FATE, FAE, F^LL. WHAT. — METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. -NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1196 
 
UND 
 
 9. To line ; to guard ; as, cloth of gold vnderborne 
 with liliie tinsel. [Ois.J Sliak. 
 
 UN-I)ER-HKAR'ER, ?.. In funerals, one who sus- 
 ta'ns the porpse. 
 
 Ui\-JEU-Hm', V. t. To bid or ofTer less than anoth- 
 er, as in auctions, when a contract or service is 
 set lip to the lowest bidder. 
 
 UN-DER-Hin'DING, ppr. Bidding less than another. 
 
 UN-DER-IIORNE', pp. Supiwrted. 
 
 UN-DER-ltOUGHT', (-bawt',) ;>/). Bought at less than 
 a thins: is worth. 
 
 UN'DEll-KREl), a. Of inferior breeding or manners. 
 
 UN'TlER-liUUSII, n. Shrubs and small trees in a 
 wood or forest, growing under large trees. 
 
 UN-DER-nU?', V. t. To buy at less than a thing is 
 wortli. rjVoi vseilA Bcaum. S( Fl. 
 
 UN-DER-CHaM'BER-LAIN, n. A deputy chamber- 
 lain of tlie exchequer. 
 
 UN'DER-eLAY, n. A stratum of clay lying beneath 
 other strata. Lycll. 
 
 UN'DER-eijERK, it. A clerk subordinate to the prin- 
 cipal rlt'rk. 
 
 UN'l)ER-€ROFT, n. A vault tinder the choir or 
 chancel of a church ; also, a vault or secret walk 
 under ground. BiMokar. 
 
 UN-DER-eUR'RENT, n. A current below the surface 
 of the water, frequently contrary to that on the sur- 
 face. Tottcn. 
 
 UN-DER-DITCU', v. t. To form a deep ditch or 
 trench to drain the surface of land. 
 
 UN-DER-DO', V. t. To act below one's abilities. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 2. To do less than is requisite. Grew. 
 
 UN-l)ER-I)ONE', jip. Done less than is requisite. 
 
 UiX'Dr.R-DoSE, 71. A quantity less than a dose. 
 
 UN'-DER-DOSE', c. i. To take small doses. Chrrine. 
 
 UN'nER-DR.^IN, 11. A drain or trench below the sur- 
 face of the ground. 
 
 UN-DER-I)R.aK\', !>. t. To drain by cutting a deep 
 channel below the surface. 
 
 UN-DER-I)RAlN'i5D, pp. Drained by cutting a deep 
 channel below the surface. 
 
 UN-DER-FAe'TION, n. A siibordin.ate faction. 
 
 UN-DER-FX R.M'ER, n. A subordinate farmer. 
 
 UN'DER-FEL-LoW, n. A mean, sorry wretch. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 UN-DER-FILL'ING, n. The lower part of a building. 
 
 Wulton. 
 
 UN-nER-FONG', v. t. fangan, to seize.] 
 
 To take in hand. [Ois.] Spen.^er. 
 UN-DER-FOQT', adv. Beneath. Milton. 
 UN-DER-FOQT', a. Low ; base ; abject ; trodden 
 
 down. ' ' Milton. 
 UN-DER-FUR'NISri, c. t To supply with less than 
 
 enough. Collier. 
 UN-DER-FUR'NISH-ED, (-fur'nisht,) pp. Supplied 
 
 witli less than enough. 
 UN-DER-FUR'NISII-ING, ppr. Furnishing with 
 
 less than enoush. 
 UN-DER-FUR'RoVV, ado. In airrimilture, to sow un- 
 
 dtrfitrroiD, is to plow in seed. This phrase is applied 
 
 to other operations, in which something is covered 
 
 by the furrow-slice. 
 UN-DER-GIRD', (-gurd',) r. t [SeeGiBi>.] To bind 
 
 below ; to gird round the bottom. Acts .xxvii. 
 UN-DER-GIRD'h\G, ppr. Binding below ; girding 
 
 round the bottom. 
 UN-DER-Go', V. L To suffer; to endure something 
 
 burdensome or painful to the body or the mind ; as, 
 
 to undergo toil and fatigue ; to unrfcrn-o pain ; to un- 
 
 dergo grief or anxiety ; to undergo the operation of 
 
 amputation. 
 
 2. To pass through. Bread in the stomach under- 
 goes the process of digestion ; it undergoes a material 
 alteMtion. 
 
 3. To sustain without fainting, yielding, or sink- 
 ing. Can you undergo the operation or the fatigue .' 
 
 4. To be the bearer of ; to possess. 
 
 Virtii''s — 
 
 Al Infinite u man majr undergo. ^Not in ute.] ShaJc. 
 
 5. To support ; to hazard. 
 
 I ha»e nioTed crrLiin Romans 
 
 To undergo with me an enU'rpriif. {0&«.] Shak. 
 
 6. To be subject to. 
 
 CI vuiiio undergoet my challenge. [Ob*.] ShaJt. 
 
 UN-DER-Go'I.\G, ppr. Suffering ; enduring. 
 
 UN-DER-GONE', (iin-der-gawn',) pp. Borne , suf- 
 fered ; sustained ; endured. Who can tell how 
 many evils and pains he has undergone 7 
 
 UN-DER-GRAD'U-ATE, n. A student or member of 
 a university or college, who has not taken his first 
 degree. 
 
 UX-DER-GRAr>'i;-.'VTE-SHIP,n. The state of being 
 
 an iinilernradnate. Life of Palry. 
 
 U.N-DER-GROUND', n. A place or space beneath the 
 
 surface of the ground. Sliak. 
 UN'DER-GROIJND, o. Being below the surface of 
 
 the grnund ; as, an underground story or apartment. 
 UN-nER-GROUiND', adv. Beneath the surface of the 
 
 earth. 
 
 UN'DER-GROVVTH, n. That which grows under 
 trees ; shrubs or small tree* growing among large 
 ones- Milton. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN'I)ER-HANU, ode. By secret means; in a clan- 
 destine manner. Hooker. 
 2. By fraud ; by fraudulent means. Dnjden. 
 UN'DER-IIANI), a. Secret ; clanilitstine ; usually 
 implying meanness or frauil, or bulli. lie obtained 
 the place bv underhand practices. 
 UN-DER-H.\NI)'En, a. Underhand ; clandestine. 
 [yViw is the word in more general u.se in the United 
 Stales.] 
 
 UN-DER-IIAND'ED-LY, adv. Secretly ; clandestinely. 
 
 UN-DER-IIEVV, V. t. To hew a piece of timber 
 which should be square, in such a manner that it 
 appears to contain a greater number of cubic feet 
 than it really does. Ilaldnnan. 
 
 UN-DE-RIVKD, a. Not derived ; not borrowed ; not 
 received from a foreign source. 
 
 UN-DER-KEE1"ER, n. \ subordinate keeper. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 UN-DER-LA'BOR-ER, n. \ subordinate workman. 
 
 mikin.-.: 
 
 UN-DER-LXID', pp. or o. [from underlay.] Having 
 something lying or laid beneath ; as, saiiu underlaid 
 with clay. 
 
 UN-DER-LSY', v. t. To lay beneath ; to support by 
 
 something laid under. 
 UN-DER-LaY'ING, ppr. Laying beneath ; support- 
 ing by laying something under. 
 UN'DER-LEAF, n. A sort of apple good for cider. 
 
 Ci/c. Mortimer. 
 UN-DER-LET', v. t. To let below the value. 
 
 Smollett. 
 
 2. To let or lease, as a lessee or tenant ; to let 
 under a lease, 
 
 ll is a mailer of much imporUncc — that llie tenant tboulil have 
 power to underlet his farms. Cyc. 
 
 UN-DER-LET'TER, n. A tenant who leases. 
 UN-DER-LET'TING, ppr. Letting or leasing under 
 
 a lease, or by a lessee. 
 UN-DER-LET'TING, n. The act or practice of let- 
 ting lands by lessees or tenants. 
 
 fTliis is called also Sublettino.] 
 N-DER-LTE', 1). i. To lie beneath. 
 
 UN 
 
 U.\-DER-LI.\i;', I', t. To mark with a line below the 
 words; sometimes called Scoring. 
 9. To inHuencc secretly. [JVot u.icd.] Wotton. 
 yN-DER-LI.N'£D, pp. Marked witii a line under- 
 neath. 
 
 UN'DER-LING, n. An inferior person or agent ; a 
 
 mean, sorry fellow. Milton. 
 UN-DER-LIN'ING, ppr. Marking with a line below. 
 UN'DER-LOCK, 71. A lock of wool hanging under 
 
 the belly of a sheep. Ci;c. 
 UN-DER-MSST'ED, a. Denoting vessels which have 
 
 masts under the usual dimensions. Tolten. 
 UN-DER-MXS'TER, n. A master subordinate to the 
 
 principal inaster. Lotctli. 
 UN'DER-MliAL, n, A repast before dinner. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 UN-DER-MINE', r. u To sap ; to excavate the earth 
 beneath, for the purpose of suffering to fall, or of 
 blowing up; as, to undermine a wall. 
 
 2. To excavate the earth beneath. Rapid streams 
 often undermine their banks and the trees growing 
 upon them. 
 
 3. To remove the foundation or support of any 
 thing by clandestine means ; as, to undermine reputa- 
 tion ; to undermine the constitution of the State. 
 
 1 who are like to linrfermine him. Locke. 
 
 He should be 
 
 UN-DER-MTN'£D, pp. Sapped ; having the founda- 
 tion removed. 
 
 UN-DER-Mr.\'ER, n. One that saps, or excavates the 
 earth beneath any thing. 
 
 2. One that clandestinely removes the foundation 
 or support ; one that .secretly overthrows ; as, an un- 
 dermiuer of the church. 
 
 UN-DER-MIN'I.\G, ppr. Sapping; digging away the 
 earth beneath ; clandestinely removing the supports 
 of 
 
 UN'DER-MOST, a. Lowest in place beneath others. 
 2. Lowest in state or condition. 
 
 The party that is undermost. Addieon. 
 
 UN'DERN, n. [Pax.] The third hour of the dav, or 
 
 nine o'clotjt. [JVoi in use.] Chaucer. 
 U.N-DER-NeATII', adv. [under and ncaUi. See 
 Nether.] 
 Beneath ; below ; in a lower place. 
 Or Buil'-n mole thai runneth undemealh. Aftlton. 
 The slate dill not lie flat upon it, but left a free passaire untier- 
 nealh. Addiion. 
 
 UN-DER-NeATH', prfp. Under; beneath. 
 Underneath this stone doth lie 
 
 As much beauty aj could die. B, Joneon. 
 
 UN-DER-OF'FI-CER, n. A subordinate officer. 
 UN-DE-ROG'A-TO^RY, a. Not derogatory. BoyU. 
 U.\'I)ER-PXRT, n. A subordinate part. Dryden. 
 UN-DER-PET'TI-COAT, n. A petticoat worn under 
 
 n shirt or another petticoat Spectator. 
 U.N-DER-PIN', r. t. To lay stones under the sills of 
 
 a building, on which it is to rest. 
 2. To support by some solid foundation ; or to 
 
 place something underneath for support. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN DER l'IN'N/;l), (-pind',) pp. Supported by stonei 
 
 or a foundation. 
 UN-I)ER-PIN'NING, ppr. Placing stones under the 
 
 sills for support. 
 UN-DER PIN'NLNG, n. The act of Laying stones 
 
 under sills. 
 
 2. The stones on which a building iiniuediatcly 
 rests. 
 
 UN'DER-PLOT, n. A series of events in a play, 
 proceeding collaterally with the main story, and 
 subservient to it. Dryden. 
 2. A clandestine scheme. 
 UN-DER-PRaISE', v. U To praise below desert. 
 
 Driiden. 
 
 UN-DER-PRIZE', r. (. To value at less than the 
 worth ; to iindrrv;ilue. Shak, 
 
 UN-1)EK PRI7/A;n, pp. Undervalued. 
 
 UN-DER-PRI'/'IN(;, ppr. Undervaluing. 
 
 UN-DER-PRtiP', V. t. To support ; to u))hold. 
 
 And underprop the head that bears the crown. /Vnton. 
 
 UN-DER-PRO-P0R'TION-£D, a. Having too little 
 proportion. 
 
 Scanty and underproportioned returns of ciTility. Cottier. 
 UN-DER-PR0P'P/:D, ( propt',) pp. Supported; up- 
 held. 
 
 2. a. Having props underneath. Barter. 
 
 UN-DER-PyLL'ER, «. An inferior puller. [JVol in 
 use.]^ Collier. 
 
 UN-DER-RaTE', v. t. To rate too low ; to rate be- 
 low the value : to undervalue. Buck. 
 
 UN'DER-RaTE, n. A price less than the worth ; as, 
 to sell a thing at an underrate. 
 
 U.\-DER-RAT'ED, pp. Rated too low ; undervalued. 
 
 UN-DER-RU.\'', V. t. To pass under in a boat ; as, to 
 underrun a cable. Totten. 
 
 To underrun a tackle ; to separate its parts and put 
 them in ordi r. ^V<ir. Diet. 
 
 UN-DER-SAT'U-Ra-TED, a. Not fully saturated ; a 
 chemical term. 
 
 UN-DER-SaY', v. t. To say by way of derogation or 
 coiitrailiction. [JVot in iL-te.] Spenser. 
 
 UN-DER-SCoRE', v. L To draw a mark under. 
 
 UN-DER-SeoR'/:i), pp. Marked underneath. 
 
 UN-DER-St oR'IN(J, ppr. .Marking unilerneath. 
 
 UN-DER-SEC'RE-TA-RY, n. A secretary subordi- 
 nate to the principal secretary. Bacon. 
 
 UN-DER-!SE1.L', V. t. 'I'o sell the same articles at a 
 lower price than another. 
 
 UN-DER-SELL'INC, ppr. Selling at a lower price. 
 
 UN-DER-SERV'ANT, n. An inferior servant. 
 
 UN-DER-SET', r. t. To prop ; to support. Bacon. 
 
 UN'DER-SET, ii. A current of water below the 
 surface. Mar. Diet. 
 
 UN-DER-SET'TER, n. A prop; a pedestal; a sup- 
 port. I Kin^.i vii. 
 
 U.N-DER-SET'TING, ppr. Propping; supporting. 
 
 UN-DER-SET'TING, 11. The lower part ; the pedestal. 
 
 IVoltan. 
 
 UN-DER-SIIER'IFF, 71. A sheriff's deputy. 
 
 UN-DER-SUER'IFF-RY, )i. The office of an under- 
 sheriff. [.^■|/^ in use.] 
 
 UN'DER-SllUT, a. Moved by water passing under 
 the wheel ; opposed to Overshot ; as, an undershot 
 mill or mill-wheel. 
 
 UN'DER-SIHlUB, 71. A low shrub, permanent and 
 woody at the base, but the branches decaying yearly. 
 
 Barton. Murtyn. 
 
 UN-DER-SlGN', r. t. To write one's name at the 
 foot or end of a letter or any legal instrument. 
 
 UN-DER-SlGN'£D, pp. Written or subscribed at the 
 bottom or end of a writing. 
 
 UN-DER-.«I(;.\'/:D, «. One who undersigns. 
 
 UN-DER-SKJN'ING, ppr. Subscribing. 
 
 UN-DER-SIZ'£D, a. Being of a size less than com- 
 mon. 
 
 UN'DEK-SOIL, 71. Soil beneath the surface ; subsoil. 
 
 JisiaL Rev. 
 
 UN-DER-SoLD', pp. Sold at a lower price. 
 UN'DER-SONG, 7i. Chorus ; burden of a song. 
 
 Mennlcas shall sustain his undertong. Dryden. 
 
 UN-DER-SPAR'RED. See Undermasted. 
 UN-DER-STAND', v. t. : pret. and pp. Ukderstood 
 
 [under and stand. The sense is, to support or hold in 
 
 mind.] 
 
 1. To have just and adequate ideas of; to com- 
 prehend ; to know ; as, to understand a problem in 
 Euclid ; to understand a proposition or a declaration. 
 
 2. To have the same ideas as the person who 
 speaks, or the ideas which a person intends to com- 
 municate. I understood the preacher ; the court per- 
 fectly understand the advocate or his argument. 
 
 3. To receive or have the ideas expressed or in- 
 tended to be conveyed in a writing or book ; to know 
 the meaning. It is important that we should under- 
 stand the sacred oracles. 
 
 4. To know the meaning of signs, or of any thing 
 intended to convey ideas ; as, to uii</oritaiM/ a nod, 
 a wink, or a motion. 
 
 5. To suppose to mean. 
 
 The most learned Interpreters understood the word* of sin, and 
 not of Abel. i.oc**. 
 
 6. To know by experience. Milton. 
 
 TONE, BJILL, UNITE. -AN"GER, VI' CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 150 • 
 
 1197 
 
UND 
 
 7. To know by instinct. 
 
 Amorous intent, well undeTstood. RRLion. 
 
 8. To interpret, at least mentally. Stillinirfleet. 
 
 9. Tt) know another's meaning. J^lilton. 
 
 10. To hold in opinion witli conviction. Milton. 
 
 11. To mean without expressing. 
 
 War tli'^n, war, 
 Open or un-ierslood, most be resolved. Millan. 
 
 12. To know what is not expressed. Milton. 
 
 I brin^ them to receive 
 From thee their namei, and pay thee fealty 
 With low subjecttou : underslaitd the eame 
 Of lish. Milton. 
 
 13. To learn ; to be informed. I understand that 
 confijess have passed the bill. 
 
 UN-DER-STAND', v. i. To have the use of the intel- 
 lectual faculties ; to be an intelligent and conscious 
 being. 
 
 All my soul be 
 Imp'\radis'?d in you, in whom alone 
 I und£rsuind, and grow, and see. Donne. 
 
 2. To be informed by another ; to learn. 
 
 I understood of tiie evil that Eliashib did. — Nth. xiii. 
 
 UN-DER-ST.\.\D'A-BLE,a. That can be understood. 
 [JVut muck used.] ChillinrnDorth. 
 
 UN-DER STA.VD'ER, n. One who underswnds or 
 knows hv experience. [Little used.] Beaum. S[ Fl. 
 
 UN-DER-STA.XD'ING, ;;;<r. Comprehending; appre- 
 hending the ideas or sense of another, or of a writ- 
 ing ; learning or being informed. 
 
 2. a. Knowing ; skillful. He is an understanding 
 man. 
 
 UN-DER-STAND'ING, n. The faculty of the human 
 mind by which it apprt hends the real state of things 
 presented to it, or by which it receives or compre- 
 hends the ideas which others express and intent! to 
 communicate. The understanding is called also the 
 intellectual faculti/. It is the faculty by means of 
 wliich we obtain a great part of our knowledge. 
 Luke xxiv. Eplu i. 
 
 By understanding , I m^-an that facalty wh-^reby we ar^ enabled 
 to apptvhend the objects of knowledge, generals or particu- 
 lars, absent or preeeot, and to jud^ of their truth or false- 
 hood, good or evil. Walts. 
 There ia a spirit in man, and the inspinition of the Ahnighty 
 gfivetb liim understand ng. — Joi> xxxii. 
 
 2. Knowledge ; exact comprehension. 
 
 Right understanding consists in the perception of the visible or 
 probable agreement or disagreement of ideas. Locke. 
 
 3. Intelligence between two or more persons ; 
 agreement of minds ; union of sentiments. There is 
 a good understanding between tlie minister and his 
 people. 
 
 U.\DER-STAND'ING-LY, adv. Intelligibly; with 
 full knowledge or comprehension of a question or 
 subject ; as, to vote upon a question undcrstandinghj ; 
 to act or judge understandingly. 
 
 The gospel may be n«glec*.cd, but it can not be understfindingly 
 dislx'lieved. J. Hau;es. 
 
 UN-DER-STaTE', v. U To state or represent less 
 strongly than the truth will bear. 
 
 UN-DER-STOOD', prf(. and pp. of Understand. 
 
 UN'DER-STRAP-PEK, n. A petty fellow ; an infe- 
 rior agent. " SioifL 
 
 UN-DER-STRS'TUM, 71. Subsoil ; the bed or layer 
 of earth on which the moltl or soil rests. Cyc. 
 
 UN-DER-STRr>KE', v. t. To underline. SiDift. 
 
 U\-DER-TaK'A-1JLE, a. That may be undertaken. 
 [.Vof in CliiUingworth. 
 
 UN-I)ER-TaKE', r. t. ; prct. Undertook; pp. Un- 
 dertaken, [under and take.] 
 
 1. To engage in ; to enter upon ; to fake in hand ; 
 to begin to perform. When I undertook this work, I 
 had a very inadequate knowledge of the extent of 
 my labors. 
 
 2. To covenant or contract to perform or execute. 
 A man undertakes to erect a house, or to make a mile 
 of canal, when he enters into stipulations for that 
 purpose. 
 
 3. To attempt ; as, when a man undertakes what 
 he can not perform. 
 
 4. To assume a character. [JJ'ot in use.] Shak. 
 
 5. To engage with ; to attack. 
 
 Your lorilship should not undertake every companion you olfend. 
 (Nolinusj.) Sliak. 
 
 6. To have the charge of. 
 
 Who undertakes you to your end. [iVot in use.] Sltak. 
 
 UN-DER-TAKE', r. i,' To take upon or assume any 
 butiinesi^ or province. 
 
 l.ord, I am oppfvMed ; unilertake for me. — Is. xxxviii. 
 
 2. To venture ; to hazard. They dare not under- 
 take. 
 
 3. To promi.ic ; to be bound. 
 
 1 d ire unitertaJce they will not lose their labor. Woodieard. 
 
 To undertake for; to be bound ; to become surety 
 for. 
 
 tJ,\-DER-TAK'f:N, pp. of Undebtake. The work 
 
 wnH undertaken at his own expense. 
 UN-DER-TAK'ER, n. One who undertakes; one 
 
 who engages in any project or businexs. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UND 
 
 2. One who stipulates or covenants to perform any 
 work for another. Sioift. 
 
 3. One who manages funerals. Young. 
 UN-DER-TAKJING, ppr. Engaging in ; taking in 
 
 hand ; beginning to perform ; stipulating to exe- 
 cute. 
 
 UN-DER-TaK'ING, n. Any business, work, or proj- 
 ect which a person engages in, or attempts to per- 
 form ; an enterprise. The canal, or the making of 
 
 ■ the canal, from the Hudson to Lake Erie, a distance 
 of almost four hundred miles, was the greatest uti- 
 dcrtaking of the kind in modern times. The attempt 
 to find a navigable passage to the Pacific round 
 North America, is a hazardous undertaking, and 
 probably useless to navigation. 
 
 UN-DER-TE.\'ANT, n. The tenant of a tenant; 
 one wIjo holds lands or tenements of a tenant. 
 
 UN'DER-TlME, 7!. Undern-tide ; the time after din- 
 ner, or in the evening. [JV'ot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 UN-DER-TOOK', pret. of Undertake. 
 
 UN'DER-ToVV, tj. [under and tow.] A current of 
 water below, in a different direction from that on 
 the surface. 
 
 UN-DER-TREAS'lJR-ER, (un-der-trezh'ur-er,) ti. A 
 subordinate treasurer. 
 
 UN-DER-VAL-IJ-A'TION, n. The act of valuing be- 
 low the real worth ; rate not equal to the worth. 
 
 UN-DER-VAL'IJE, v. t. To value, rate, or estimate 
 below the real worth. 
 2. To esteem lightly ; to treat as of little worth. 
 
 I undervalued all 
 Atterbury. 
 
 In comparison of the discharge of my du 
 designs of authority. 
 
 3. To despise ; to hold in mean estimation. 
 
 I write not this with the least intention to underoalue the other 
 parts of poetry. Dryden. 
 
 UN-DER-VAL'TJE, 7i. Low rate or price ; a price 
 less than the real worth. Hamilton. 
 
 UN-DER-VAL'U-£D, pp. Estimated at less than the 
 real worth ; slighteti ; despised. 
 
 UN-DER-VAL'li-ER, n. One who esteems lightly. 
 
 Jf'alton. 
 
 UN-DER-V.\L'IT-ING, ppr. Estimating at less than 
 
 the real worth ; slighting ; despising. 
 UN-r)ER-WEx\T', pret. of Undergo. He undenoent 
 
 severe trials. 
 
 UN'DER-VVOOD, 7i. Small trees that grow among 
 large trees ; coppice. Mortimer. 
 
 UN'DER-VVORK, (iin'der-wurk,) 71. Subordinate 
 work ; petty affairs. Mdison. 
 
 U.\-DER-\VORK', (un-der-wurk',) v. t. To destroy 
 by clandestine measures. Shak. 
 
 2. To work or labor upon less than is sufficient or 
 proper. Dryden. 
 
 3. To work at a less price than others in the like 
 employment ; as, one mason may underwork anoth- 
 er ; a shoemaker can not umlencork a joiner. 
 
 UN'DER-WORK-ER, 7i. One who underworks ; or 
 a subordinate workman. 
 
 UN-DER-VVORK'ING, ppr. Destroying clandestine- 
 ly ; working at less price than others in the like em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Ui\-DER-VVORK'MAN, 71. A subordinate workman. 
 UX-DER-WRITE', (-rite',) i\ t. [See Write.] To 
 write under something else. 
 
 The change 1 have made, I have here underwritten. 
 
 Saunderson. 
 
 2. To subscribe. We, whose names are undertcrit- 
 ten, agree to pay the sums expressed against our re- 
 spective names. 
 
 3. To subscribe one's name for insurance ; to set 
 one's name to a policy of insurance, for the purpose 
 of becoming answerable fur loss or damage, for a 
 certain premium per cent. Intlivitluals underwrite 
 policies of insurance, as well as companies. 
 
 The broker who procures Insurance, ought not, by underwriting 
 tlie policy, to deprive the parties of bis unbiased t-'stiniony. 
 
 Marshail. 
 
 UN^-DER-WRlTE', t). 1. To practice insuring. 
 
 UN'DER-WRIT-ER, 71. One who insures; an in- 
 surer ; so called because he underwrites his name to 
 the conditions of Ilie policy. 
 
 UN-DER-WRIT'ING, ppr. Writing under some- 
 thing. 
 
 2. Subscribing a policy ; insuring. 
 
 UX'DER WKIT-ING, 71. The act or practice of in- 
 suring ship"i, poods, houses, &.c. 
 
 U.NDER-WRIT'TA'N, pp. Written under; sub- 
 scribed. 
 
 UN-l)E-S('ENI)'I-nLE, a. Not descendible ; not ca- 
 pable of ilcsrending to lieirs. 
 
 UN DE-SeRIli'A-BLE, a. That can not be de- 
 scribt;tl. 
 
 UN'-DE-SeRIR'/CI), a. Not described. Hooker. 
 U.\'-DE-SeRI£l)', a. Not descried ; not discovered ; 
 
 not seen. Wollaston. 
 UN-I)E-SERV'£D, a. Not deserved ; not merited. 
 
 Sidnni. 
 
 UN DE-SERV'ED-LY, ado. Without desert, either 
 
 gooti or evil. Milton. Dryden. 
 
 UN-Oi: SERV'ED-NESS, 7t. Want of being worthy. 
 
 JVVwCon. 
 
 UN DE-SERVER, 71. One of no merit. Shak. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN-DE-SERV'ING, a. Not deserving; not having 
 merit. God continually supplies the wants of bis 
 undeserving creatures. 
 
 2. Not meriting, with of; as, a man undeserving of 
 happiness, or of punishment. Sidney. Pope. 
 
 UN-DE-SERV'ING-LY, ado. Without meriting any 
 particular advantage or harm. Milton. 
 
 UN-DES'IG-Na-TED, a. Not designated. IVartcn. 
 
 UN-DE-SIGN'£D, (-sind',) a. Not designed ; not in- 
 tended ; not proceeding from purpose ; as, to do an 
 undesigned injury. 
 
 UN-DE-SlGN'ED-LY, adv. Without design or inten- 
 tion. 
 
 UN-DE-SlGN'ED-NESS, n. Freedom from design or 
 
 set purpose. Palcy. 
 UN-DE-SlGN'IN'G, a. Not acting with set purpose. 
 2. Sincere; upright; artless; having no artful or 
 
 fraudulent purpose. It is base to practice on uiitie- 
 
 signing minds. 
 UN-DE-SlR'A-BLE, a. Not to be desired ; not to be 
 
 wished \_ not pleasing. Miltnn. 
 UN-DE-SlR'£D, a. Not desired, or not solicited. 
 UN-DE-SIR'ING, a. Not desiring; not wishing. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 UN-DE-SIR'OUS, a. Not desirous. 
 UN-DE-SPaIR'ING, a. Not yielding to despair. 
 
 Dyer. 
 
 UN-DE-SPOIL'SD, a. Not despoiled. 
 
 UN-DES'TIN-jED, a. Not destined. 
 
 UN-DE-STROY'A-BLE, a. Indestructible. [JVot in 
 use.] Boyle. 
 
 UN-DE-STRO\''.ED, a. Not destroyed ; not wakted ; 
 not ruined. Locke. 
 
 UN-DE-TACH'ED, (un-de-tacht',) a. Not detached ; 
 not separated. 
 
 UN-DE-TE€T'ED, a. Not detected ; not discovered ; 
 not laid open. R. O. Harper. 
 
 UN-DE-TERII'IN-A-BLE, a. That can not be deter- 
 mined or decided. Locke. 
 
 UN-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE, a. Not determinate; not 
 settled or certain. [But Indeterminate is now 
 generally used.l 
 
 UN-DE-TERM'IN-ATE-NESS, n. Uncertainty ; un- 
 settled state. 
 
 UN-DE-TER.M-IN-A'TION, 71. Indecision; uncer- 
 tainty of mind. [See Indetermination, which is 
 chiefly used.] 
 
 UN-DE-TERM'IN-£D, a. Not determined ; not set- 
 tled ; not decided. Locke. 
 2. Not limited ; not defined ; indeterminate. 
 
 Hide. 
 
 UN-DE-TER'R£D, a. Not deterred ; not restrained 
 
 by fear or obstacles. .Milfurd. 
 UN-DE-TEST'ING,a. Not detesting ; not abhorring. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-DE-VEL'OP-£D, (-de-vel'opt,) a. Not opened or 
 unft)lded. 
 
 UN-De'VI-A-TING, a. Not deviating ; not depart- 
 ing from the way, or from a rule, principle, or pur- 
 pose ; steady ; regular ; as, an undeviating course of 
 virtue. Pimopiist. 
 2. Not erring ; not wandering ; not crooked. 
 
 Cotoper. 
 
 UN-De'VI-A-TING-LY, adv. Without wandering; 
 steadily ; regularly. 
 
 UN-De'VI-OUS, a. Not devious. 
 
 UN-DE'VI-OUS-LY, adv. Not deviously. 
 
 UN-DE-V^oT'ED, a. Not devoted. ' Clarendon. 
 
 UN-DE-V0UR'£D, a. Not devoured. 
 
 UN-DE-VOUT', a. Not devout; having no devo- 
 tion. 
 
 UN-DEX'TROUS, a. Not dextrous ; clumsy. 
 UN-1)I'A-DEM-£D, a. Not adorned with a diadem. 
 UN-Dl-APU'A-NOUS, a. Not transparent ; not |)el- 
 
 lucid. Boyle. 
 UN-DID', pret. of Undo. 
 
 UN-DIF-FCS'ED, (-dif-fuz'ed,) o, Not diffused. 
 UN-DIG'E-NOUS, (-dij'e-nus,) a. [L. u«</o, wave, 
 and Gr. jfiot, kind.] 
 
 Generated by water. Kirtron. 
 UN-DI-GEST'ED, a. Not digested; not subdued by 
 
 the stouiuch ; crude. .^rbtitJinot. 
 UN-DIGHT', (-dite',) v. t. To put off. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UN-DIG'NI-FI-£D, (-fide,) 0. Not dignified ; com- 
 mon ; mean. Sir///. 
 
 UN-DI-MIN'ISH-A-BLE, a. Not capable of diminu- 
 tion. Scott. 
 
 UN-DI-MIN'ISII-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be diniin- 
 ishable. 
 
 UN-DI-MIN'ISH-£D, ( de-min'isht,) a. Ni>l dimin- 
 ished ; not lessened ; unimpaired. Miltnn. Drvdcn. 
 
 UN-I)I-MIN'ISI1-I.\G, a. Not diminishing; not be- 
 coming less. 
 
 UN-DIM'M£D, a. Not ninde dim ; not obscured. 
 
 Mien. 
 
 UN-DINE', n. [L. unda.] A name given by the 
 C'abalists to a class of spirits residing in the waters. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 UN-DINT'ED, a. Not impressed by a blow. Shak. 
 UN-l)ll'-LO-M.\T'ie, a. Not according to the rules 
 
 of diplomatic btidies. 
 UN-DIP'P£D, (-dipt',) a. Not dipped ; not plunged. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WH/IT. — METE, PUfiV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 
 
 119» 
 
UND 
 
 UN-DI-RECT'ED, a. Not directed ; not guided ; left 
 without directiou. 
 y. Not addressed ; not superscribed ; as a letter. 
 UN-UIS-Al'-POINT'ED, a. Not disappointed. 
 
 Elphinstonu 
 
 UN-DIS-I!AND'KD, a. Not disbanded. 
 
 UN-UIS-CEIIN'£U, (-diz-zernd',) a. Not discerned ; 
 not seen ; not observed ; not descried ; not discov- 
 ered ; as, trutlis undisccrned. Brown. 
 
 UN-1)IS-CERN'ED-LY, (-diz-7.ern'cd-lc,) ado. In 
 sucli a manner a.H not to be discovered or seen. 
 
 Boiile. 
 
 UN-DIS-CRRN'I-BLE, (-diz-zem'e-bl,) a. Tliat can 
 not be discerned, seen, or discovered ; invisible ; as, 
 undiscernibla objects or distinctions. Rogers. 
 
 UN-DIS UEUN'I-llLE-NESS, (-diz-zern'-,) ?i. The 
 state or (pialitv of being undiscernible. 
 
 UN-I)IS Ci:ilN''I-ULY, adn. In a way not to be dis- 
 covered or seen ; invisibly ; imperceptibly. South. 
 
 UN-DIS-CERN'I.\G, (-diz-zern'-,) a. Not discerning ; 
 not malting just distinctions ; wanting judgment or 
 the power of discrimination. 
 
 UN-DIS-UERN'ING, n. Want of discernment. 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 UN-DIS-CHXRG'KD, a. Not discharged. 
 
 UN-DIS'CI-PI,IN-f;U, a. Not disciplined ; not duly 
 exercised and taught ; not subdued to regularity and 
 order ; raw ; as, utidisciplined troops ; uniHsc.iplincd 
 valor. Mndiion. 
 
 3. Not instructed ; untaught ; as, undisciplined 
 minds. 
 
 UN-DIS-ei,OSE', (nn-dis-kloze',) v. t. Not to dis- 
 cover, bad word.] Daniel. 
 
 UN-DI.S-eLOS'KD, a. Not disclosed ; not revealed. 
 
 UN-DIS-eOL'OR-£D, (-dis-kul'liird,) a. Not dis- 
 colored. 
 
 UN-DIS-eON-CERT'ED, a. Not disconcerted. 
 UN-UrS-eORD'ANT, a. Not discordant. 
 UN-DIS-CORD'ING, a. Not disagreeing ; not jarring 
 in nmsic ; harmonious ; as, unducording voices. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 UN-nif-eOIJR'AG -KD, a. Not disheartened. 
 
 UN-DIS-eOV'EU-A BI-E, (-kuv'cr-,)ff. That can not 
 be discovered or found out ; as, undiscoccrable prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 UN-DIS-eOV'ER-A-BLY, adv. In a manner not to 
 
 be discovered. 
 UN-DI.S-eOV'ER-ED, (-kuv'erd,) a. Notdiscovered ; 
 
 not seen ; not descried. Drydcn. 
 UN-iys eRED'IT-ED, a. Not discredited. 
 
 fVarburton. 
 
 UN-niS eREET', a. Not discreet ; not prudent or 
 
 t Instead of this. Indiscreet is used.] [wise. 
 (IS-CREET'LY, adv. Indiscreetly. [Sea In- 
 discreetly. ] 
 UN-DIS-eRnrI.\-A-TI.VG, a. Not discriminating. 
 UN-DlS-eUSS'£D, (-dis-kust',) a. Not discussed; 
 
 not argued or debated. Du Ponceau. 
 
 UN-1)IS-GRaC'£D, (-dis-grast',) o. Not disgraced or 
 dishonored. 
 
 U.N-DIS-GIIIS'A-RLE, a. That can not he disguised. 
 UN-DIS-GUIS'£D, ( gizd',) a. [.See Guise.] Not 
 
 disguised ; not covered with a mask, or with a false 
 
 appearance. Dnjden. 
 2. Open ; frank ; candid ; plain ; artless. Rogers. 
 UN-l)IS-IIEXRT'£\-K», a. Not discouraged. 
 UN DlS-lION'OR-ftD, f-diz-on'urd,)a. [See Honor.] 
 
 Not dishonored ; not disgraced. Shak. 
 UN-DIS-MaY'KD, (made',) a. Not dismayed ; not 
 
 disheartened by fear ; nut discouraged ; as, troops un- 
 
 di.-imftyed. 
 
 UN-DIS-O-BLIG'ING, a. Inoffensive. \fLitlte used.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 UN-DIS-OR'DER-ED, a. Not disordered; not dis- 
 turbed. 
 
 UN-DIS-PENS'£D, ( dis-penst',) a. Not dispensed. 
 
 2. Not freed fr<mi obligation. 
 UN-DIS-PENS'ING, a. Not allowing to be dispensed 
 
 with. jMillon. 
 UN-DIS-PERS'£D, (-dis-pcrst',) a. Not dispersed; 
 
 not scattered. Boyle. 
 UN-DIS-PI,SY'£D, n. Not displayed ; not unfolded. 
 tJN-DlS-PoS'£D, ( dis-pozd',) a. Not disposed. 
 
 Undisposed of; not disposed of ; not bestowed ; 
 not parted with ; as, einploymonkj undisposed of. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 UN-DIS-POS'ED-NESS, n. Indisposition; disincU- 
 nation. 
 
 UN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE, a. Not disputable. 
 
 [Bill the word now used is Indisputable.] 
 UN-blS'PU-T.V-BLE NESS, n. A state of not being 
 disputable. 
 
 U.\-UIS-POT'ED, a. Not disputed; not contested; 
 not called in question; as, an undLfputed Xil\*i ; un- 
 
 disputed truth. 
 UN-DIS-aUI'ET-ED, a. 
 
 turhed. 
 UN-DIS-SEM'BL£D, a. 
 
 Dryden. 
 Not disquieted ; not dis- 
 Tooke. 
 
 Not dissembled ; open ; un- 
 
 disguised ; unfeigned ; as, undisscmbled friendship 
 
 or piety. 
 UN-DIS:SEM'BLING, a. 
 
 fVarton. AtUrbvry, 
 Not dissembling ; not ei 
 liibiting a false appearance ; not false. Thomson. 
 UN-DIS'SI-PA-TED, a. Not dissipated ; not scattered. 
 
 Bmjle. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN-DIS-SOI.V'A-BLE, a. [See Dissolve.] That 
 can not he dissolved or melted. Greenhill. 
 
 2. That may not be loosened or broken ; as, the un- 
 dissoltmble ties of friendship. 
 UN-l)IS-SOLV'£D, a. Not dissolved ; not melted. 
 
 Cowper. 
 
 UN-DIS-SOLV'ING,a. Not dissolving ; not melting; 
 
 as, the unilissolvintr ice of the Alps. 
 UN-D[S-TEiM'PER-£D, a. Not diseased ; free from 
 
 malady. 
 
 2. Free from perturbation. Temple. 
 
 UN-DIS-TENI)'E1), a. Not distended ; not enlarged. 
 
 UN-UIS TIL1.'£1), n. Not distilled. 
 
 UN-DIS-TIN"0U1SII-A-HLE, ( ting'gwish-a-bl,) o. 
 That can not be distinguished by the eye; not to be 
 distinctly seen. Shak. 
 
 2. Not to be known or distinguished by the intel- 
 lect, by any peculiar property. Locke. 
 
 UN-DIS-TIN"GUISII-A-BLY, adv. Without distinc- 
 tion ; so as not to be known from each other, or to be 
 separately seen. Barrow. 
 
 UN-l)IS-TIN"GUISn-ED, (-dis-ting'gwisht,) a. Not 
 distinguished ; not so marked as to be distinctly 
 known from each other. 
 
 Undistinguished seeds of good nnd ill. Ihyden. 
 
 2. Not separately seen or descried. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Not plainly discerned. Swift, 
 
 4. Having no intervenient space. Shak. 
 
 5. Not marked by any particular property. 
 
 * Dcnham, 
 
 6. Not treated with any particular respect. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 7. Not distinguished by any particular eminence. 
 UN-DIS-TIN"GU1SI1-ING,B. iMaking no diliereiice ; 
 
 not discriminating ; as, undistingnishing favor. 
 
 Undistinguiehing iliitril^ution of good and evil. Addison. 
 UN-DIS-TORT'ED, a. Not distorted ; not perverted. 
 
 More. 
 
 UN DIS-TRACT'ED, a. Not perplexed by contra- 
 riety or confusion of thoughts, desires, or concerns. 
 
 Boiilc. 
 
 UN-DIS-TRACT'ED-LY, adv. Without disturbance 
 from contrariety of thoughts or multiplicity of con- 
 cerns. Boiile. 
 
 UN-DIS-TRAeT'ED-NES.«i, n. Freedom from dis- 
 turbance or interruption from contrariety or multi- 
 plicity of thoughts and concerns. Boyle. 
 
 UN-l)IS-TRIU'lJ-TEI),a. Not distributed or allotted. 
 
 UN-DlS-TURB'il), «. Free from interruption ; not 
 molested or hindered ; as, undisturbed with com- 
 pany or noise. 
 
 2. Free from perturbation of mind ; calm ; tran- 
 quil ; placid ; serene ; not agitated. To be undii- 
 ttirbed by danger, by perplexities, by injuries re- 
 ceived, is a most desirable object. 
 
 3. Not agitated ; not stirred ; not moved ; as, the 
 surface of water undisturbed. Dryden. 
 
 UN-DIS-TURB'ED-LY, arfw. Calmly; peacefully. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 UN-DIS-TURB'ED-NESS, n. Calmness; tranquil- 
 lity i freedom from inolest.ition or agitation. 
 
 UN-l)IS-TURIi lAG, a. Not disturbing. 
 
 UN-DI-VERS'l-FI-£D, a. Not diversified ; not va- 
 ried ; uniform. Roscoe. 
 
 UN-DI-VERT'ED, a. Not diverted; not turned aside. 
 2. Not annised ; not entertained or pleased. 
 
 UN-UI-VID'A-BLE, a. That can not be divided ; not 
 separable ; as, an undividuble scene. j'Shok, 
 
 UN-DI-VID'ED, a. Not divided ; not separated or 
 disunited ; unbroken ; whole ; as, undivided atten- 
 tion or affections. 
 2. In Jufnnu, not lobed, cleft, or branched. Cijc. 
 
 UN-Dl-VID'ED-LY, adv. So as not to be parted. 
 
 Feltham. 
 
 UN-DI-VoRC'£D, (-dc-vorst',) a. Not divorced. 
 
 Younir, 
 
 UN-DI-VULC;'£D, a. Not divulged ; not revealed or 
 disclosed ; secret. Belknap. Robertson. 
 
 UN-DO', V. U ; pret. Undid ; pp. Undone. To reverse 
 what h.as been done ; to annul ; to bring to naught 
 any transaction. We can mido many kinds of work ; 
 but we can not undo crimes, errors, or faults. 
 To-morrow, f re ihe •citing 6ini, 
 
 Sbe'd ull undo wli.-il she liud done. Swi/t. 
 
 2. To loose ; to open ; to take to pieces ; to un- 
 ravel ; to unfasten ; to untie ; as, to undo a knot. 
 
 rVaUer. 
 
 3. To ruin ; to bring to poverty ; to impoverish. 
 Many are undone by unavoidable losses ; but more 
 und<i themselves by vices and dissipation, or by in- 
 dolence. 
 
 4. To niin, in a mor.al sense ; to bring to everlast- 
 ing destruction and misery. 
 
 5. To ruin in n piilation. 
 
 U.N-DOCK', V. U To take out of dock ; as, to undock 
 a ship. Encije. 
 
 UN-DO'ER, 71. One who undoes or brings destruc- 
 tion ; one who reverses what has been done ; one 
 who ruins the reputation of another. 
 
 UN-DO'ING, ppr. Reversing what has been done ; 
 ruining. 
 
 UN-UO'ING, 71. The reversal of what has been done. 
 2. Ruin ; destruction. Hooker. 
 
 UND 
 
 UN-I)(J-.ME.S'Tie, a. Not domestic. 
 UN-UO-.MES'TIt;-A TEI), a. Not domesticated ; not 
 accustomed to a family life. CluUmtrs. 
 2. Not tamed. 
 UN-UO.NE', (un-dun',) TO. Reversed; annulled. 
 
 2. Ruined ; destroyed. 
 
 When tiiL- li^gialalurc b Cuirupted, Uie people are unilonM. 
 
 J. Aflamt. 
 
 3. a. Not done ; not perfonned ; not executed. 
 Wi! are apt to leave undone what we ought to do. 
 
 UN DUUHT'EU, (un-doul'ed,) a. Not doubled ; not 
 c:ille(T in question; iniliibilaltle ; indisputable; as, 
 undottbleil \ttm( ; undoubted tnHU. Jlilton. 
 
 UN-l)OUHl''EI).I,Y, (uii-dout'ed-ly,) orfii. Without 
 doubt ; without question ; indubitably. Tillolson. 
 
 U.N'DOUliT'FlJL, (un-dout'ful,) a. Not doubtful; 
 not ambiguous ; plain ; evident. Shak. 
 
 U.N-DOUBT'ING, (iin-doiit'ing,) a. Not doubting; 
 not hesitating respecting facts ; not fluctuating in 
 uncertainty ; as, an undoubting believer; an undoubt- 
 ing faith. Hiioimond. 
 
 tJN-UOUBT'I.\G-LY, adv. Without doiiljliiig. 
 
 UN-I)RaIN'£U, a. Not drained; not freed from 
 water. 
 
 UN-I)RA-MAT'ie, fa. Not dramatic; not ac- 
 
 UN-DRA-MAT'ie-AL, j cording to the rules of the 
 drama, or not suited to the drama. Young. 
 
 UN-I)RaP'£D, (-drapt',) a. Not covered with drapery. 
 
 UN-DRAWN', a. Not drawn ; not pulled by an ex- 
 ternal i'orce. JtlUton. 
 
 2. Not allured by motives or persuasion. 
 
 3. Not taken from the box ; as, an undrawn ticket. 
 UN-DREAD'ED, (un-dred'ed,) a. Not dreaded ; not 
 
 feared. JMUton. 
 UN-nREAD'LN'G, a. Not dreading ; fearless. 
 UN-DR£A.M'£D, a. Not dreamed ; not thought of. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-DRESS', ». U To divest of clothes; to strip. 
 
 .^ddtson. 
 
 2. To divest of ornaments, or the attire of osten- 
 tation ; to disrobe. Prior. 
 UN'DRESS, n. A loose, negligent dress. Dryden. 
 
 2. Anioiig soldiers, dress worn when not on duty. 
 U.\-DRESS'£D, (un drest',) pp. Divested of dress; 
 disrobed. 
 
 2. a. Not dressed ; not attired. 
 
 3. Not prepared j as, meat undressed. 
 
 4. Not pruned; not trimmed; not put in order; 
 as, an undressed vineyard. 
 
 UN-DRI'£D, (-dride',) a. Not dried ; wet ; moist ; as, 
 
 undried cloth. 
 2. Not dried ; green ; as, undried hay ; undried 
 
 liops. .Mortimer. 
 UN-DRILL'ED, a. Not drilled. 
 UN-DRINK' A-BLE, a. Not drinkable. 
 UN-DRI V'£N, a. Not driven ; not impelled. Dryden. 
 UN-DROOP'ING, a. Not drooping ; not sinking ; not 
 
 despairing. Thomson. 
 UN-DROSS'Y, a. Free from dross or recrement. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 U.\-DROWN'£D, a. Not drowned. Shak. 
 UN-DC lil-TA-BLE, a. Not to be doubted; unques- 
 tionable. 
 
 [But the word now used is Indubitable.] 
 UN-DuE', a. Not due ; not yet demandable by right; 
 as, a debt, note, or bond undue. 
 
 2. Not right; nut legal; improper; as, an undue 
 proceeding. 
 
 3. Not agreeable to a nile or standard, or to duty ; 
 not proportioned ; excessive ; as, an undue regard to 
 the externals of religion ; an undue attacliiiient to 
 forms ; an undue rigor in the f;\eculion of law. 
 
 UN-DCKE', r. t. To deprive of dukedom. Swift 
 UN'DU LA-RY, a. [L. undula, a little wave.] 
 
 Playing like waves ; waving. Brown. 
 UN'DU-L.\TE, j a. Wavv ; waved obtusely up and 
 U.\'DU-La-TED, i dovvn,'near the margin, 'as a leaf 
 
 or cored. Lee. Smith. 
 
 UN'DU-L.aTE, v. t. [h. undula, a little wave ; undo, 
 a wave ; Low I., undulo.] 
 
 To move back and lurth, or up and down, as 
 waves ; to cause to vibrate. 
 
 Breath vocalized, th;i( ta, vil;nite<l and ujulalaUd. Holdtr. 
 
 UN'DU-LaTE, f. i. To vibrate ; to move back and 
 forth ; to wave ; as, undulating air. Pope. 
 
 UN'DU-La-TING, ppr. Waving ; vibrating. 
 2. a. Wavv ; rising and falling. 
 
 UN'DU-La-TING-LY, adv. In the form of waves. 
 
 UN-DU-L.A'TION, 71. [from iinrf«/a(p.] A waving 
 motion or vibration ; as, the undulatiojis of a fluid, 
 of water, or air; the undulations of sound. The 
 unilulations of a fluid are propagated in concentric 
 circles. 
 
 2. In medicine, a particular uneasy sensation of an 
 undiilatury motion in the heart. Cyc. 
 
 3. In 7nii.s-ic, a rattling or jarring of sounds, as 
 when discordant notes are sounded together. It is 
 called also Beat. Cyc 
 
 4. In surgtTy,yi certain motion of the matter of an 
 abscess when pressed, which indicates its fitness for 
 opening. Cyc 
 
 UN'DU-LA-TO-RY, a. [from vnrfuiaTtl Moving in 
 the manner of waves ; or resembling the motion of 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
UNE 
 
 UNE 
 
 UNE 
 
 waves, which successively rise or swell and fall. We 
 speak ol the iimlulalory motion of" water, of air, or 
 other lluid, and this uttdnlutury motion of air is sup- 
 posed to he the cause of sounds. Tiiis is sometimes 
 called vibratory i but undulatury secuis to be most 
 correct. 
 
 Undnlatory theory ; in optics, the theory that the 
 phenoinena of light are prtiduced by the undulations 
 of an independent medium, set in motion by the lu- 
 minous body; opposed to the theory of emanations, 
 according to which light is a material fluid of ex- 
 treme suhtilty. According to tlie former theory, the 
 fluid is only the medium of light, as air is the me- 
 dium of sound, and the impression is conveyed from 
 the radiant to the eye by successive undulatiims of 
 this medium; according to the latter, the motion is 
 simply that of a chain of particles moving in right 
 lines. Olmsted. 
 
 UN-DULL', !\ (. To remove dullness or obscurity ; to 
 clear ; to purify. [JVut used.] fVhitlock. 
 
 UN-l)0'LY, ado. Not according to duty or propriety. 
 9. Not in proper proportion ; excessively. His 
 strength was unduly exerted. 
 
 UN-DuR'A-BLE, a. Not durable ; not lasting. [JVot 
 in use.] Amway. 
 
 UN-DUST', !). t. To free from dust. [JVo( in use.] 
 
 Mountague. 
 
 UN-Du'TE-OUS, a. Not performing duty to parents 
 and superiors ; not obedient; as, an unduteous child, 
 apprentice, or servant. Dryden. 
 
 UN-fiU'TI-FUL, a. Not obedient ; not performing 
 duty ; as, an unduliful son or subject. Tillotson. 
 
 UN-Du'Tl-FUL-LY, adv. Not according to duty ; in 
 a disobedient manner. Dryden. 
 
 UN-Du'TI-FlJL-NESS, n. Want of respect , viola- 
 tion of duty ; disobedience ; as, the undutifulness of 
 children or subjects. 
 
 UN-DY'ING, a. Not dying ; not perishing. 
 
 2. Not subject to deatli ; immortal ; as, the undying 
 souls of men. 
 
 UN-EAKN'£D, (-emd',) o. Not merited by labor or 
 services. 
 
 Hoping Heaven will bless 
 Thy siif^hted fniits, and give Ihce bread unearned. Philips. 
 
 UN-EARTH', (un-erth',) v. t. To drive from the 
 
 earth ; to uncover. 
 UN-EARTH'£D, (-ertht',) a. Driven from a den, 
 
 cavern, or burrow. Thomson. 
 UN-EARTtI'LY, (-erth'le,) a. Not terrestrial. Shal:. 
 UN-eAS'I-LY, ado. Witli uneasiness or pain. 
 
 He livrs uneasify under the burden. L'Estrange. 
 9. With difliculty ; not readily. Boyle. 
 UN-EAS'I-NESS, n. A moderate degree of pain; 
 
 restlessness ; want of ease ; disquiet. 
 
 2. Unquietness of mind ; moderate anxiety or per- 
 turbation ; disquietude. 
 
 3. That which makes uneasy or gives trouble ; 
 ruggedness ; as, the uneasijiess of tlie road. [Unu- 
 sHol.] Burnet. 
 
 UN-kAS'Y, a. Feeling some degree of pain ; restless ; 
 disturbed ; unquiet. The patient is uneasy. 
 
 2. Giving some pain ; as, an uneasy garment. 
 
 3. Disturbed in mind ; somewhat anxious ; un- 
 quiet. He is uneasy respecting the success of his 
 project. 
 
 The soul, uneany and confined from home, 
 
 Rests and expnuatea in a life lo come. Pope. 
 
 4. Constraining ; cramping ; as, uneasy rules. 
 
 Roscommon, 
 
 5. Constrained; stiff; not graceful ; not easy ; as, 
 an uneasy deportment. Locke. 
 
 6. Giving some pain to others; disagreeable; un- 
 pleasing. 
 
 A sour, untractahle nature makes him uneaty to those who 
 approach hint. Spectator, 
 
 7. Diflicult. 
 
 Things — so umaey to be satisfactorily understood, [Not tn tise.] 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 U.N-EAT'A-BLE, a. Not eatable ; not fit to be eaten. 
 
 Miller. 
 
 UN-EAT'£N, a. Not eaten ; not devoured. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-E.ATH', adv. [un and Sax. eath, easy.] 
 
 I. Not easily. ]jVot in use.] Shak, 
 Q. Beneath ; below. [JVut m use.] [See Neither 
 and Bene*th.] Spenser. 
 UN-EBB'ING, a. Not ebbing. 
 UN-ECirO-IN(;, ( ck'o ing,) a. Not echoing. 
 UN-E-CLI1'S'£0, (-klipst',) a. Not eclipsed ; not ob- 
 Hcured. 
 
 UN i; ei)-\OM'ie-AL, o. Not economical. Qu. Rev. 
 
 UN-E1)'I-F9 ING, o. Not edifying; not improving 
 to the mitiil. Jltterburii. 
 
 DN-ED'I-FY-ING-LY, adv. Not in an edifying man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-KD'H-GA-TED, a. Not cdiirated ; illiterate. 
 UN-EF FA'Ci-'D, ( f iHtc',) n. Not cHaced ; not oblit- 
 
 erati-il. Cheyne. 
 UN EF FECT'F.D, a. Not em cted or performed. 
 U,\ EF-FEe'J''IJ-AL, a. Ineflectual. [The tatter is 
 
 the word nojn used.] 
 UN E-LAB'OR A'l'E, a. Fininhcd with little labor or 
 
 •tudy. 
 
 UN-E-LAS'Tie, a. Not elastic ; not h.tving the prop- 
 erty of recovering its original state, when bent or 
 forced out of its form. 
 
 UN-E-LAS-TIC'I-TY, n. State of being unelastic. 
 
 UN-E-LaT'ED, a. Not elated ; not puffed up. 
 
 UN-EL'BoAV-£D, a. Not attended by any at the el- 
 bow. Pope. 
 
 UN-E-LECT'ED, o. Not elected ; not chosen ; not 
 preferred. Shak. 
 
 UN-EL'E-GANT, a. Not elegant. [JVot used.] [See 
 Inelegant.] 
 
 UN-EL'I-GI-BLE, a. Not proper to be chosen ; ineli- 
 gible. [ The latter is the -word now used.] 
 
 UN-E-MAN'CI-Pa-TED, a. Not emancipated or lib- 
 erated from slavery. 
 
 UN-EM-BXL.M'BD, a. Not embalmed. 
 
 UN-E.M-BAR'RASS-£D, ( rast,) a. Not embarrassed ; 
 not perplexed in mind ; not confused. The speaker 
 appeared unejnbarrassed. 
 
 2. Free from pecuniary difficulties or encumbrances. 
 He or his property is unembarrassed. 
 
 3. Free from per|ilexing connection ; as, the ques- 
 tion comes before tlie court unembarrassed with irrel- 
 evant matter. 
 
 UN-E,M-B0D'[-ED, a. Free from a corporeal body ; 
 
 as, unembodied spirits. Elliott, 
 2. Not embodied; not collected into a body; as, 
 
 unembodied militia. Smollett. 
 UN-EIM-BR0ID'ER-£D, a. Not embroidered. ./3s/i. 
 UN-EJI-PIIAT'ie, a. Having no emphasis. 
 UN-EM-PHAT'ie-AL-LY, ado. Without energy or 
 
 emphasis. 
 
 UN-EM-PLOY'KD, a. Not employed ; not occupied ; 
 not busy ; at leisure ; not engaged. ,Sddison. 
 
 2. Not being in use ; as, unemployed capital or 
 money. 
 
 UN-EM-P0W'ER-£D, a. Not empowered or author- 
 ized. 
 
 UN-E.\IP'TI-A-BLE, a. Not to be emptied ; inex- 
 haustible. [JVot in use] Hooker. 
 
 UN-EIM'lf-LA-TING, a. Not emulating ; not striving 
 to excel. Ruffhead, 
 
 UN-EN-CHXNT'ED, a. Not enchanted ; that can 
 not be enchanted. Mdton, 
 
 UN-EN-eOUNT'ER-£D, a. Not encountered. 
 
 UN-EN-eU.M'BER, v, t To free from encumbrance. 
 
 UN-EN-eUM'BER-SD, pp. Disengaged from encum- 
 brance. 
 
 2. a. Not encumbered ; not burdened. 
 
 UN-EN-DEAR'ED, a. Not attended with endear- 
 ment. Milton. 
 
 UN-EN-DEAV'OR-ING, (-dev'-,) a. Making no effort. 
 
 UN-END'ED, o. Not ended. Bcnlham. 
 
 UN-ENI)'ING, a. Not ending. JV. Ji. Rev. 
 
 UN-EN-DOW'£D, a. Not endowed ; not furnished ; 
 not invested ; as, a man unendowed with virtues. 
 
 2. Not furnished with funds ; as, an unendowed 
 college or hospital. 
 
 UN-EN-UuR'A-BLE, o. Not to be endured ; intoler- 
 able. 
 
 UN-EN-DuR'A-BLY, adv. So as not to be endured. 
 
 UN-EN-DuR'ING, a. Not lasting ; of temporary du- 
 ration. Dwigkt. 
 
 UN-E-NERVa-TED, a. Not enervated or weak- 
 ened. Beattie. 
 
 UN-EN-FEE'BL£D, a Not enfeebled. 
 
 UN-EN-GaG'jEO, a. Not engaged ; not bound by cov- 
 enant or promise ; free from obligation to a particu- 
 lar person ; as, a lady is unengaged. 
 
 2. Free from attachment that binds ; as, her affec- 
 tions are unengaged. 
 
 3. Unemployed ; unoccupied ; not busy. 
 
 4. Not appropriatetl ; as, unengaged revenues. [We 
 generally say, unappropriated revenue or money.] 
 
 UN-EN-GaG'ING, fl. Not adapted to engage or win 
 
 the attention or affections ; not inviting. 
 UN-EN"GLISH, (-ing'glish,) o. Not English. 
 
 If est. Rev, 
 
 UN-EN-JOY'£D, a. Not enjoyed ; not obtained ; not 
 
 possessed. Dryden. 
 UN-EN-JOY'ING, a. Not using ; having no fruition. 
 
 Creek. 
 
 UN-EN-LXRG'£D, a. Not enlarged ; narrow. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 UN-EN-LIGHT'EN-£D,( lIt'nd,)a. Not enlightened ; 
 not illuminated. jStterbuni. 
 
 UN-EN-Ll V'KN-KD, a. Not enlivened. Moore 
 
 UN-EN-SLAV'/:i), a. Not enslaved ; free. Mdison. 
 
 UN-EN-TAN"GI,E, (-tang'gl,) r. t. To free from 
 complication or perplexity ; to disentangle. Donne, 
 
 UN EN-TAN"GLA;D, pp. Disentangled. 
 
 2. a. Not entangletl ; not complicated ; not per- 
 plexed. 
 
 UN-EN'TER-PRIS-ING, a. Not enterprising; not 
 adventurous. 
 
 I;N-EN'TER-PRI»-ING-LY, adv, Witlmut enterprise. 
 
 UN-EN-TER-TAIN'iNG, a. Not entertaining or 
 amusing ; giving no delight. Pope, 
 
 UN-EN-TER-TAIN'ING-LY, ado. Without enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 UN-EN-TER-TAIN'ING-NESS, n. The quality of 
 
 being tinentertaining or dull. 
 UN-EN-TIIHALL'£D, a. Not enslaved ; not reduced 
 
 to Ihralldom. 
 
 UN-EN-TOMB'£D, (-toomd',) a. Not buried ; not in- 
 
 terreil. Dryden. 
 UN-EN-TO-MO-LOG'ie-AL, a. Not entomological. 
 
 Kirby. 
 
 UN-E-Nu'MER-A-TED, a. Not numbered ; not in- 
 cluded among enumerated articles. 
 UN-EN'VI-A-BLE, a. Not enviable. Byron, 
 UN-EN' VI-£D, o. Not envied ; exempt from the envy 
 of others, 
 
 UN-EN'VI-OUS, a. Not envious ; free from envy. 
 UN-EN'VY-ING, a. Not envying. Ed. Rev, 
 
 UN-E-PIS'eO-PAL, a. Not episcopal. Ed. Rev. 
 UN-EP'I-TAPH-£D, (-e-taft,) a. Having no epitaph. 
 
 Pollok. 
 
 UN-K'QUA-BLE, a. Different from itself; different 
 at diflerent times ; not uniform ; diverse ; as, une- 
 quable motions ; unequable months or seasons. 
 
 UN-K'Q.UAL, a, [L. inaqualis,] [Bentley, 
 
 1. Not equal ; not even ; not of the same size, 
 length, breadth, quantity, &c. ; as, men of unequal 
 stature ; houses of unequal dimensions. 
 
 2. Not equal in strength, talents, acquirements, 
 &c. ; inferior. 
 
 3. Not equal in age or station ; inferior. 
 
 4. Insuflicient ; inadequate. His strength is une- 
 qual to the task. 
 
 5. Partial ; unjust ; not furnishing equivalents to 
 the different parties ; as, an unequal peace ; an une- 
 
 6. Disproportioned ; ill-matched. [quul bargain. 
 
 Against unequal arms to light in pain. Milton. 
 
 7. Not regular; not uniform; as, unequal pulsa- 
 tions. Dryden, 
 
 8. In botany, not having the two sides symmetri- 
 cal. Lindley, 
 
 UN-E'QUAL-A-BLE, a. Not to be equaled. Boyle. 
 
 UN-£'CiUAL-£D, a. Not to be equaled ; unparal- 
 leled ; unrivaled ; in a good or bad sense ; as, une- 
 quated excellence ; unequaled ingratitude or baseness. 
 
 UN-E'Q,UAL-LY, adv. Not equally ; in different de- 
 grees ; in disproportitm to each other. 
 
 9. Not witli like sentiments, temper, or religious 
 opinions or habits. 2 Cor, vi. 
 
 UN-E'tiUAL-NESS, n. State of being unequal ; in- 
 equality. Temple, 
 
 UN-E-aUIP'P£D, (-kwipt'j) a. Not equipped. 
 
 UN-EQ'UI-TA-BLE, (-ek'vve-ta-bl,) a. Not equita- 
 ble ; not just. 
 
 2. Not impartial. [Inequitable is generally 
 used.] 
 
 UN-E-UUIV'O-GAL, a. Not equivocal ; not doubt- 
 ful ; cle.'ir ; evident; as, uiicryuieoro^ evidence. 
 
 2. Not ambiguous ; not of doubtful signification ; 
 not admitting different interpretations ; as, uiLcqtiivo- 
 cal words or expressions. 
 
 UN-E-QUIVO-CAL-LY, adv. Without doubt ; with- 
 out room to doubt ; plainly ; with full evidence. 
 
 UN-E-aUlVO-CAL-NESS, n. State of being un- 
 equivocal. 
 
 UN-E-RAD'I-eA-BLE,a. Th.it can not be eradicated. 
 
 .^Uen. 
 
 UN-E-RAD'I-Ca-TED, a. Not eradicated ; not ex- 
 terminated. 
 
 UN-ER'RA-BLE, a. Incapable of erring ; infallible. 
 
 Sheldon. 
 
 UN-ER'RA-BLE-NESS, n. Incap.icity of error. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 UN-ERR'ING, a. Committing no mistake ; incapable 
 of error ; as, the unerring wisdom of God. 
 
 9. Incapable of failure ; certain. He takes unerr- 
 ing aim. 
 
 UN-ERR'ING-LY, arfo. Without mistake. Otanville, 
 
 UN-ES-CHEW'A-BLE, a. Unavoidable. [JVot in 
 use.] Carew. 
 
 UN-ES-eUTCH'EON-£D, (-kuch'und,) a. Not hav- 
 ing a coat of arms or ensign. Wordsworth. 
 
 UN-ES-PI'£D, (-es-pide',) a. Not espied ; not dis- 
 covered ; not seen. Dryden, 
 
 UN-ES-SaY'£D, a. Not essayed ; unattempted. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 UN-ES-SEN'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Not essential ; not 
 absolutely necessary ; not of prime importance. 
 
 2. Not constituting the essence. 
 
 3. Void of real being ; as, unessential night. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-ES-SEN'TIAL, n. Something not constituting 
 essence, or not of absolute necessity. Forms are 
 among the unesscntials of religion. 
 
 UN-ES-SEN'TIAL-LY, adv. Not essentially. 
 
 UN-I'.S TAli'LlSII, 1'. f. To unfix; to deprive of cs- 
 tablishliieiit. [Little used.] Milton. 
 
 UN-ES-TAII'LISH-£D, a. Not establi-shed ; not per- 
 manently fixed. 
 
 UN-EO-eilA-RIST'ie-AL, a. Not cucharistical. 
 
 £c. Rev. 
 
 UN-E-VAN-GEL'ie-AL, a. Not orthodox; not ac- 
 cording to the gospel. Milner. 
 UN-E-V.AN'GEL-I/.-£D, a. Not evangelized. 
 UN-E-VAP'O RA-TED, a. Not evaporated. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 UN-E'V£N, (un-C'vn,) a. Not even ; not level ; 88, 
 un uneven road or «'ay ; uneven ground. Addison, 
 2. Not t^qiuil ; not of etpiiil length. 
 
 Hebrew vers.- consists of un«i>sn feet. Peadiam, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1200 
 
UNE 
 
 UNF 
 
 UNF 
 
 3. Nut uiiilunn ; ax, an uiievcii temper. 
 Uneven nuinbcr ; a number ni(t divisible by two 
 witlinnt a remainder; un odd number. 
 UN-K'V£.N-LY, ado. In an uneven manner. 
 UN-I'yVfiX-NES.-^, ?i. Surface not level ; inequality 
 of surface ; as, tlie unevennens of ground or of ruadd. 
 
 Raij. 
 
 2. Turbulence; change; want of uniformity; as, 
 the unciirHiiu'^ of King Edward's reign. [Unusual.] 
 
 Hale. 
 
 3. Want of uniformity ; as, unevenncss of temper. 
 
 4. Want of smoothness. 
 UN-E-VE.\T'Fyi,, a. Not eventful. SohMo/. 
 UN-EV'I-T.\-BLE, a. Not to be e.-;caped ; unavoida- 
 ble. [The word now used is Inevitaiile.] 
 
 UN-E-VOLV'£U, pp. Not evolved. 
 
 UN-E-X-ACT', (-eR/.-,) a. Not e.\act. [Sec Inexact, 
 
 which is cenerally used.] 
 U.\-EX-.\eT'ED, (-egz-,) a. Not exacted ; not taken 
 
 bv force. Dryden. 
 UN"-EX-.VG'GER-A-TED, o. Not exaggerated. 
 
 Budiminstcr. 
 
 UN-EX-A6'GER-A-TING, a. Not enlarging in de- 
 scription. 
 
 UN-EX-AM'IN-A-BLE, a. Not to be examined or in- 
 quired into Milton. 
 
 UN-EX-AM'IN-£D, a. Not examined ; not interro- 
 gated strictly ; as a witness. 
 
 3. Not inquired into; not investigated; as a ques- 
 tion. 
 
 3. Not discussed ; not debated. 
 
 UN-EX-.\M'IN-ING, a. Not examining ; not given to 
 examination. j^llen. 
 
 UN-E.X-A.M'PLED, (-egz-,) a. Having no example or 
 similar case ; liaving no precedent; unprecedented; 
 unparalleled ; as, the unexampled love and sufferings 
 of onr Savior. 
 
 UN-EX-CEPT'ED, a. Not excepted. Chalmers. 
 
 UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-ItLE, a. Not liable to any ex- 
 ception or objection ; unobjectionable ; as, unexcep- 
 tionable conduct ; unexceptionable testimony. 
 
 UN-EX-CEP'TIO.N-A-BLE-NESS, n. Slate or qu.al- 
 ity of being nnexceplinnable. .More. 
 
 UN-EX-CEP'T10N-A-1!LY, adv. In a manner lia- 
 ble to no objection ; as, a point unexceptionabUj 
 proved. 
 
 UN-E.X-CIS'£:D, (-cks-slzd',) a. Not charged with the 
 duty of excise. 
 
 UN-EX-CIT'ED, a. Not excited ; not roused. Brown. 
 
 UN-EX eLCD'ED, a. Not excluded. Wurd-^eorVt. 
 
 UPi-EX-CLf 'SIVE, a. Not exclusive. Ed. Reo. 
 
 UN-EX-eoG'I-T.\-BLE, a. Not to be found out. 
 [A'lit in use.] Ralegh. 
 
 UN-EX-eO.M-MO'NI-eS-TED, a. Not excommuni- 
 cated. Scutt. 
 
 UN-EX eOS'A-nLE, a. Not excusable. [We now use 
 I.xi;xcus*BLE.) 
 
 UX-EX-eC'S'A-BLE-NESS, n. Inexcusableness, 
 wliicll see. 
 
 UN-E.X'E-eU-TED, 8. Not performed; not done; 
 
 as, a task, business, or project unexecuted. 
 
 2. Not signed or sealed ; not having the proper at- 
 testations or forms that give validity ; as, a contract 
 
 or deed unexecuted. 
 UN-EX'E.M-PLA-KV, (-egz'-,)a. Not exemplary ; not 
 
 accordini; to example. Swift. 
 UN-EX-EM'PLI FI-A-D,(-«gz-em'pIe-fidc,)a. Notex- 
 
 emplitied ; not illustrated bv example. Boyle. 
 UN-EX E.MPT', (-egz-,) a. is'ot exempt ; not free by 
 
 privilese. Milton. 
 UN-E.\'ER-CIS-£D, a. Not exercised ; not practiced ; 
 
 not disciplined ; not experienced. Dryden. 
 UN EX-EIIT'ED, (-<;gz-,) a. Not called into .action; 
 
 not exerted. Brown. 
 U.N'-EX-IIAUST ED, ( egz-,) a. Not exhausted ; not 
 
 drained to the bottom, or to the last article. .Addison. 
 2. Not s(>ent ; as, unexhausted patienc<- or strength. 
 U.N-EX-IST'ENT, (-egz-,) a. Not existing. Brawn. 
 UN-E.X-IST'1.\G, ( egz-,) «. Nut existing. Brown. 
 UN-E.X'OR-CIS-£D, a. Not exorcised ; not cast out 
 
 by exorcism. 
 
 UN-EX-PAND'ED, a. Not expanded ; not spread ouL 
 
 BUickinore. 
 
 UN-EX-PEeT-A'TIO.V, n. Want of foresight. [jXol 
 in «.-•<•.] Bp. Hall. 
 
 UN-E.\-PEeT'ED, a. Not expected ; not looked for ; 
 sudden ; not provided against. Hooker. 
 
 UN-E.X-PEGT'ED-LY, adv. At a time or in a man- 
 ner not expected or looked for ; suddenlj'. 
 
 UN-E.V-PEeT'ED-NES!?, n. The quality of being 
 unexpected, or of coming suddenly and by surprise. 
 
 UaU.-i. 
 
 UN-EX-PEe'TO-RA-TING, a. Not expectorating; 
 
 not discharging friim the lungs. 
 tJ.\-EX-PE'DI-ENT, a. Not expedient. [But I.hex- 
 
 PEDiENT is the word now used.] 
 UN-EX-PEND'ED, a. Not expended ; not laid out. 
 
 There is an unexpended balance of the appropriation. 
 UN-EX-PENS'IVE, a. Not expensive ; not costly. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-EX-Pe'RI-ENC-£D, (-eks-pC're-ensI,) a. Not 
 experienced ; not versed ; not acquainted bv trial or 
 practice. Dryden. 
 2. Untried ; appltcd ta (Ainffj. [Unusual.] Cheyne. 
 
 Not having tlie power of ex- 
 
 UN-EX-PER-I-MENT'AL, a. Not e.\pLriineiital. 
 
 Kd. Rer. 
 
 UN-EX-PERT', a. Wanting skill ; not ready or dex- 
 trous in performance. Prior. 
 U,\-EX-PI:RT'LY, U'/e. Inexpertly; without skill. 
 U.\-EX-PIR'/CI), a. Nut expired ; not ended. 
 UN-E.X-PL.^IN'A-BLE,a. That can not be explained. 
 
 Med. Itepos. 
 
 UN-EX-PLSIN'ED, a. Not explained ; not inter- 
 preted ; not illustrated. 
 UN-EX-PLOR'£U, a. Not explored ; not searched or 
 examined by the eye ; unknown. 
 2. Not examined intellectuallv. 
 UN-EX-PI.O'PI VE, a. Not explosive. 
 UN-E.X-PoRT'El), a. Not exported or sent abroad. 
 UN-EX-P6S'/;i), a. Not laid open to view ; concealed. 
 
 R. n. Harper. 
 
 2. Not laid o|M'n to censure. 
 UN-EX POUND ED, a. Not expounded ; not ex- 
 plained. 
 
 UN-E.X-PRESS'KD, ( eks-prest',) a. Not expressed ; 
 
 not mentioru'd or n.-iinc J ; not exhibited. 
 UN E.X-PRES.S'1-1!LE, a. That can not bcexpressed. 
 
 [But iNEXi'UEsjiMLt: is the word now used.] 
 UN-EX-PRESS'l-ULY, ado. Inexpressibly. [The 
 
 latter i.v most used ] 
 UN-EX-PRESS'IVE, 
 
 pressing. 
 
 2. Inexpressible ; unuttenible. Shak. 
 UN-EX-PRESS'lVE-LY, ado. Inexpressibly; unut- 
 terably. 
 
 UN-EX-PtrNG'KD, a. Not expunged. 
 UN-EX-TE\D'ED, a. Occupying no assignable 
 
 space ; having no dimensions ; as, a spiritual, an un- 
 
 extended subst;ince. Locke. 
 UN-EX-TINGT', a. Not extinct ; not being de- 
 
 .stroved ; not having perished. 
 U.\-EX-TIN"GU1SI1.A-BLE, f-eks-ting'gwish-,) a. 
 
 That can not be cxtinguislieu ; unquenchable ; as, 
 
 unextinirui-ihahlc (ire. 
 2. That can not be annihilated or repressed ; as, 
 
 an unextiniTuishabte thirst for knowledge. [But Ir»- 
 
 EXTiNcuisHABLE is uiore g<!nerally used.] 
 UN-EX-TIN"GUISII-A-Bl,Y, ado. in a manner or 
 
 decree that precludes extinction. Johnson. 
 UN-EX-TIN"GU1SH-£D, ( cks-ting'gwisht,) a. Not 
 
 extinguished ; not quenched ; not entirely repressed. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 UN-EX-TIR'Pa-TED, a. Not extirpated ; not "rooted 
 out. 
 
 UN-EX-TORT'ED, a. Not extorted ; not wrested. 
 UN-EX-TRAeT'ED, a. Not extracted or drawn out. 
 UN-FAD'ED, a. Not faded ; not having lust its 
 strength of co^r. 
 
 2. Unwitliered, as a plant. Dryden. 
 UN-FaD'I.NG, a. Not liable to lose strength or fresli- 
 ness of coloring. 
 2. Not liable to wither ; as, u?i/ii£jiW laurels. Pope. 
 UN-FaD'1\G-LY, ado. In an unfading manner. 
 UN-FaD'ING-NESS),7i. The state or quality of being 
 
 unfading. Hall. 
 UN-Fa IL'A-BLE, a. That can not fail. [A'o< in use] 
 
 Hall. 
 
 U.N-F.AlL'.\-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being nn- 
 
 failable. [JVot in use.] Hall. 
 UN-FaIL'L\G, a. Not liable to fail; not capable of 
 
 being exhausted ; as, an unfailing spring; unfailing 
 
 sources of supply. 
 2. That does not fail ; certain ; as, an unfailing 
 
 promise. 
 
 U.\-FA1L'ING-I,Y, ado. Without failure. 
 
 UN-FAIL'ING-NESS, 71. The state of being unfail- 
 ing. Hall. 
 
 UN-FaI.\T'ING, a. Not fainting; not sinking; not 
 failing under toil. Sandys. 
 
 UN-FAIR', a. Not honest ; not imparti.al ; disingenu- 
 ous ; using trick or artilice ; as, an ui\fair dealer. 
 
 2. Not honest; not just; not equal; as, unfair 
 practices. 
 
 3. Proceeding from trick or dishonesty ; as, unfair 
 advantages. 
 
 UN-F.AlR'LY, ado. Not in a just or equitable manner. 
 
 Parndt. 
 
 UN-F.\IR'NE?S, n. Dishonest or disingenuous con- 
 duct or practice : use of trick or artifice ; applied to 
 persons. He is noted for his unfairness in dealing. 
 
 2. Injustice; want of equitableness ; as, tlie un- 
 fairness of a proceeding. 
 
 U.V-FAITH'FljL, a. Not observant of promises, 
 vows, allegiance, or duty; violating trust or confi- 
 dence ; treacherous ; perfidious ; as, an unfaiiJiful 
 subject ; an unfaithful husband or wife ; an u^faitltfal 
 servant ; an unfattlifnl bailee or agent. 
 
 2. Not performing the proper duty. 
 
 My feet throu^ti wine unfaithful to their weighL Pope. 
 
 3. Impious ; infidel. Milton. 
 
 4. Negligent of duty ; as, an unfaithful workman. 
 UN-FAITH'FIJL-Ly, ado. In violation of promises, 
 
 vows, or duty ; tre.acherously ; perfidiously. Bacon, 
 2. Negligently ; imperfectly ; as, work unfaithfully 
 done. 
 
 UN-FA ITH'FUL-NESS, n. Neglect or violation of 
 vows, promises, allegiance, or other duty ; breach of 
 
 cuiifiileiice or trust repo.sed ; perfidiuusness ; treach- 
 ery ; as, the unfaithfulness of a subject lo Ins prince 
 or the stale ; the unfaithfulness of a husband to his 
 wife, or of a wife to her husband ; the unfailhfulneu 
 of an agent, servant, or officer. 
 
 UN-FAL'eA-TED, a. Not curtailed ; having no de- 
 ductions. Swift. 
 
 U.V-FAI.L'EN, a. Not fallen. Young. 
 
 UN-F.\L'EOW-£D, a. Not fallowed. Philips. 
 
 UN-FAL'TER-ING, a. Not faltering; not failing; 
 not hesitating. 
 
 UN-KAI.'TER-ING-LY, adp. Without faltering ; un- 
 hesitatiiiL'ly. 
 
 UN-F.\-.M1L'I.\R, a. Not accustomed ; not common ; 
 
 not reiidi red agreeable by frequent use. IVarlon. 
 UN-FA-.MIL-IAR'I-TY, n. Want of familiarity. 
 
 Johnsotl. 
 
 UN FA .MII/IAR-I,Y, ado. Not familiarly. 
 
 UN-FA.S'UIN-A-TEI), a. Not fascinated. 
 
 UN-FA.S'(;iN-A-TI\G, a. Not fascinating. 
 
 UN-FA.'^II'ION-A-BLE, a. Not fashionable; not ac- 
 cording to the prevailing mode ; as, unfashionable 
 dress or language. 
 
 2. Not regulating dress or manners according to 
 the reigning custom ; as, an unfashionable man. 
 
 UN-FASU'ION-A-BLE-NESS, n. Neglect of the pre- 
 vailing mode ; deviation from reigning custom. 
 
 Ijicke. 
 
 UN-FASH'ION-A-BLY, ado. Not according to the 
 fashion ; as, to be unfashionably dressed. 
 
 U.\-F.-\SIl'IO.\-£D, a. Not modified by art; amor- 
 phous ; shapeless ; not having a regular form ; as, a 
 lifeless hiinp unfashioned. Dryden. Oood. 
 
 UN-FXST', a. Not safe ; not secure. 
 
 UN-FA.ST'£.V, ( fls'n,) v. t. To loose ; to unfix ; to 
 unbind ; to untie. 
 
 U.\-F.\ST'£N-f:D, pp. Loosed; untied; unfixed. 
 
 UN-F.\ST'ING, a. Not fasting. 
 
 UN-FA'TIH:R-£1), a. Fatherless. Shak. 
 
 UN-Fa 'THER-LY, a. Not becoming a father ; un- 
 kind. Cowper. 
 
 UN-FATirOJI-A-BLE, a. That can not be sounded 
 by a line ; as, an unfaViomable lake. Mdison, 
 
 2. So deep or remote that the limit or extent can 
 not be found. The designs of Providence arc often 
 unfathomable. 
 
 U.\-FATll'O.M-A-BLE-NESS, >i. The state of being 
 
 unfalhoniahle. .iVorris. 
 UN-FATiroM-A-BLY, ado. So as not to be capable 
 
 of beinc sounded. Thomson. 
 U.N-FATll'OJI-£D, a. Not sounded; not to be 
 
 souniled. Dryden. 
 UN-FA-TIGU'jED, C-fa-teegd',) a. Not wearieil ; not 
 
 tired. Philips. 
 UN-FAUL'TY, a. Free from fault ; innocent. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-FA'VOR-A BEE, a. Not favorable ; not propi- 
 tious ; not disposed or adapted to countenance or 
 su|)port. We found the minister's opinitju unfioora- 
 ble to our project. The committee made a report un- 
 fao&rable to the petitioner. 
 
 2. Not propitious ; imt adapted to promote any ob- 
 ject ; as, weather unfaoorablc for harvest. 
 
 3. Not kind ; not obliging. 
 
 4. Discouraging ; as, unfavorable prospects. 
 UN-Fa'VOR-A-BLE-NESS,7i. Unpropitiousness; un- 
 
 kindness; want of disposition to countenance or 
 promote. 
 
 UN-FA'VOR-.\-BLY, ado. Unpropitiously ; unkindly ; 
 
 so as not to countenance, support, or promote ; in a 
 
 mannt^r to discourage. 
 UN-FA' VOR-£D, a. Not favored ; not assisted. 
 
 QoldsmitJl. 
 
 UN-FeAR'£D, a. Not affrighted ; not daunted. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 2. Not feared ; not dreaded. Milton. 
 UN-Ff..\R'FUL, a. Not fearful ; courageous. 
 U.N-FE.AR'ING, a. Not fearing. Monti'omery. 
 UN-Fr.AR'I.\G-LY, ar/r. Without fear. Coleridge. 
 U.\-Fi5.\S'I-BLE, a. That c;in not be done ; imprac- 
 ticable. 
 
 UN-FEATI1'ER-£D, a. Having no feathers ; un- 
 fledg('d ; implumous; naked of feathers. Druden. 
 
 UN-Fic.\T'UR-£D, o. Wanting regular fe» tures ; de- 
 formed. 
 
 Vii-T»e rouyh, 
 Deformed, unjeatarrd. Dryden. 
 
 UN-FED', a. Not fed ; not supplied with food. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UN-FEED', a. Not feed ; not retained by a fee. 
 
 2. Unpaid ; as, an unfeed lawyer. Shak. 
 UN-FEEL'ING, a. Insensible ; void of sensibility. 
 
 2. rruel ; hard. 
 UN-FEEL'ING-LY, adv. In an unfeeling or eruel 
 manner. 
 
 UN-FEEL'ING-NESS, n. Insensibility ; hardness of 
 heart ; cniclty. Darwin. 
 
 U.\-F6IGN'£D, (-fund',) a. Not feigned ; not coun- 
 terfeit ; not hypocritical ; real ; sincere ; as, uit- 
 feigned piety to God ; unfeigned love to man. 
 
 UN-FfilGN'ED-LY, adv. Without hypocrisy ; really ; 
 sincerely. 
 
 He pardonrth all them th>t truly repent, aaJ un/rifntdly t»lieie 
 hia holy £o*pel. (Mm. Pn^/ar. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, ITNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THia 
 
 151 
 
 WW WW 
 
 1201 
 
UNF 
 
 UN-FE-LIC'I-Ta-TIXG, a. Not producing felicity. 
 
 r Unusual.] J, Lathrop. 
 
 UN-FEL'LoW-£D, a. Not matched. 
 UN-FELT', a. Not felt ; not perceived. Dnjden. 
 UN-FEM'I-NINE, a. Not feminine ; not according to 
 
 the female character or manners. RdbcrUi. 
 UN-FENCE', (-fens',) v. u To strip of fence ; to re- 
 move a fence from. SonOi. 
 UN-FENCED, (-fenst',) pp. Deprived of a fence. 
 2. a. Not fenced ; not inclosed ; defenseless ; as, 
 
 a tract of land uufenced, 
 UN-FER-MENT'ED, a. Not fermented ; not having 
 
 undergone the process of fermentation ; as liquor. 
 2. Not leavened ; as bread. 
 U.\-FER'TILE, (-fer'til,) a. Not fertile; not rich; 
 
 not havins the qualities necessary to the production 
 
 of good crops. 
 
 2. liarren ; unfruitful; bare; waste. 
 
 3. Not prolific. 
 
 [This word is not obsolete, but Infertile is much 
 used instead of it.) 
 UN-FER'TILE-NESS, n. State of being unfertile. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 UN-FET'TER, v. t. To loose from fetters ; to un- 
 chain ; to unshackle. 
 
 2. To free from restraint ; to set at liberty ; as, to 
 unf'ttfT the mind. 
 UN-FET'TER-ED, pp. Unchained ; unshackled ; 
 freed from restraint. 
 2. a. Not rt slrained. 
 U.\-FET'TEU-iXG, ppr. Unchaining ; setting free 
 
 from restraint. 
 UN-FIG'l^R-£D, a. Representing no animal form. 
 
 li'utton. 
 
 UN-FIL'I.AL, (-fil'yal,) a. Unsuitable to a son or 
 child; undiitiful; nut becoming a child. Shak. 
 
 UN-F1L'I.\L#-LY, adv. In a manner unbecoming a 
 child. 
 
 UN-FILL'£D, a. Not filled ; not fully supplied. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 UN-FILM'£D, a. Not covered with a film. 
 
 Brit. Spy. 
 
 UN-FIN'ISH-ED, (un-fin'isht,) a. Not finished ; not 
 complete ; not brought to an end ; imperfect; want- 
 ing the last hand or touch ; as, an unjinuihed house ; 
 an iiufinL-ihed painting. Dryden. 
 
 UN-FiR'JvD, o. Not fired ; not inflamed. 
 
 UN-FIR.M', a. [See Firm.] Not firm ; weak ; fee- 
 ble ; infirm. 
 
 J^'iifc. — When we speak of the weakness of the 
 human fmme, we use Infirm. When we speak of 
 the weakness of other things, as a bridge, wall, and 
 the like, we say, it is Unfirm. 
 
 2. Not stable'; not well ti-xed. 
 
 Wilh feel u/i/jrm. Diydcn. 
 
 UN-FtRM'NESS, n. A weak state ; instability. 
 
 U.\-FIT', a. Not fit ; improper ; unsuitable. Milton. 
 2. Unqualified ; as, a man vnft for an office. 
 
 U.V-FIT', 11. t. To disable; to make unsuitable; to 
 deprive of the strength, skill, or proper qualities for 
 any thing. Sickness unjifs a man for labor. 
 
 2. To disqualify ; to deprive of the moral or men- 
 tal qualities necessary for any thing. Sin unfits us 
 for the society of holy beings. 
 
 UN-F[T'LY, adv. Not properly ; unsuitably. 
 
 UN-FIT'NESS, 71. Warn of suitable powers or quali- 
 fications, physical or moral ; as, the uyifitness of a 
 sick man for labor, or of an ignorant man for oflice ; 
 the unfitness of sinners lor the enjoyment of heaven. 
 
 2. VVaiit of propriety or adaptation to character or 
 place ; as, unfitness of behavior or of dress. 
 
 UN-FIT'TED, pp. Rendered unsuitable; disquali- 
 fied. 
 
 UN-FIT'TING, ppr Rendering unsuitable ; disqual- 
 ifying. 
 
 2. «. Improper; unbecoming. 
 UX-FIX', r. (. 'j'o loosen from any fastening; to de- 
 tach from any thing that holds ; to unsettle ; to un- 
 hinge ; as, to unfit the mind or atfectious. 
 2. 'I'o make fluid ; to dissolve. 
 
 Nor cm the riain j *un 
 Vnfii Uieir fro»u. Dryden. 
 
 UN-FIX'jrn, (-fikst',) pp. Unsettled ; loosened. 
 
 2. a. Wandering ; erratic ; inconstant ; having no 
 settled habitation. 
 
 n. Having: no settled view or object of pursuit. 
 
 UN-FIX'I'.I)-.\'ES.-J, n. The state of be ing unsettled. 
 
 UN-FIX'IXG, ppr. Unsettling ; loosening. 
 
 UN-FI.AG'GI.NC;, a. Not flagging; not drooping; 
 mnintainine strength or spirit. South. 
 
 UN-FLAT' l ER-f.D, a. Nut flattered. YounT. 
 
 UN-FLAT'TER-IXG, o. Not flattering; not gratify- 
 ing with obseipiious behavior; not coloring the truth 
 to please. 
 
 2. Not afTiirding a favorable prospect ; as, the 
 weather in unjlallrnng. 
 UN FLAT'TER.I\(; LY, adv. Without nnllery. 
 UN-FI.AW'£D, (-flawd',) a. Il.ivint' no flaw. 
 UN-FI<t;i)G'£D, a. Not yet fiirni»lied with feathers ; 
 impliiinoUH ; as, nn unfiedired bird. 
 2. Young ; not having attained to fuF. growth. 
 
 IJN-FLESH'KD, (-flcuht',) a. Not ncBlicd ; not »ea- 
 
 UNF 
 
 Foned to blood ; raw ; as, an unfieshcd hound ; un- 
 ficslud valor. Shale 
 
 UN-FLINCH'ING, o. Not flinching; not shrinking; 
 determined. ' Allen. 
 
 UN-FLIT'TIXG, a. Not flitting. E. Irving. 
 
 UN-Fl.OAV'ER-ING, a. Not flowering. .Montgomery. 
 
 UN-FOIL'£D, a. Not vanquished ; not defeated. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 UN-FoLD', V. t. To open folds ; to e.\pand ; to spread 
 out. 
 
 2. To open any thing covered or close ; to lay open 
 to view or contemplation ; to disclose ; to reveal ; as, 
 to ui}foId one's designs ; to unfold the principles of a 
 science. 
 
 3. To declare ; to tell ; to disclose. 
 
 Unfold llie passion of my love. Shak. 
 
 4. To display ; as, to unfold the works of creation. 
 
 5. To release from a fold or pen ; as, to unfold 
 sheep. Shak. 
 
 UX-FoLD'ED, pp. Opened ; e.xpanded ; revealed ; 
 displayed ; released from a fold. 
 
 UN-FOLD'ING, ppr. Ope'iing; expanding; disclos- 
 ing ; displaying; releasing from a fold. 
 
 UN-FoLD'ING, ru The act of e.vpandjng, displaying, 
 or disclosing ; disclosure. 
 
 UN-FOL'LoVV-£D, o. Not followed. Scott. 
 
 U.N'-FOOL', c. u To restore from folly. [.Vbf in use.] 
 
 UN-FOR-BEaR'ING, a. Not forbearing. 
 
 U.X-FOR-BID', a. Not forbid ; not prohibited ; 
 
 UN-FOR-BID'D£N, j applied to persons. Milton. 
 2. .Allowed; permitted; legal; applied totkincrs. 
 
 UN-FOR-BID'D£X-NESS, ii. The state of being 
 unforbidden. [.Vot in use.] Boyle. 
 
 UN-FoRC'£D, ( lorst',) a. Not forced ; not com- 
 pelled ; not constrained. Dryden. 
 
 2. Not urged or impelled. Donne. 
 
 3. Not feigned ; not higlitened ; natural ; as, un- 
 forced passions; unforced expressions of joy. 
 
 4. Not violent ; easy ; gradual ; as, an easy and 
 unforced ascent. Dcnham. 
 
 5. Easy ; natural ; as, an unforced posture. 
 UN-FoR'Cl-BLE, a. Wanting force or strength ; as, 
 
 an unforcible expression. Hooker. 
 UN-FoRD'A-BLE, a. Notfordable; that can not be 
 
 forded, or passed by wading ; as, an nnfordable 
 
 river. Whitnker. 
 UN-FoRE-B(5D'ING, a. Giving no omens. Pope. 
 UN-FoRE-KNoWN', a. Not previously known or 
 
 foreseen. Milton. 
 UX-FoRE-PEE'A-BLE, a. That can not be foreseen. 
 
 [j? bad word^ and uot in use.] SoutA. 
 UN-FoRE-SEEN', o. Not foreseen ; not foreknown. 
 
 * Druden. 
 
 UN-FoRE-SEE'INC, a. Not foreseeing. South. 
 
 UN-FoRE'SKIX-N£D, a. Circumcised. [Bad.] 
 
 UN-FoRE-TOLD', a. Not predicted. [Mdton 
 
 UN-FoRE-WARN'£D, a. [See Warx.] Not pre- 
 viously warned or admonished. 
 
 UN-FOR'FEIT-ED, a. Not forfeited. Rorrers. 
 
 UN-FOR-GET'FUL, a. Not forgetful. Ifilson. 
 
 UN-FOR-GIV'£.\, a. Not forgiven ; not pardoned. 
 
 UN-FOR-GIV'IXG, a. Not forgiving ; not disposed to 
 overlook or pardon offenses ; implacable. Dryden. 
 
 UN-FOR GOT', ) a. Not forgot ; not lost to 
 
 UN-FOR-GOT'T£N, j memory. Knolles. 
 2. Not overlooked ; not neglected. 
 
 UN-FOR.\l', V. t. To destroy ; to unmake ; to decom- 
 pose or resolve into parts. Good. 
 
 UN-FOR.M'AL, a. Not formal. Blackwood. 
 
 UN-FOR.M'£D, pp. Decomposed or resolved into 
 parts. 
 
 2. o. Not molded into regular shape ; as, unformed 
 matter. Spectator. 
 
 UN-FOR-SaK'£N, a. Not forsaken ; not deserted ; 
 not entirely neglected. 
 
 UN-FOR'TI-FI-£D, ( fide,) a. Not fortified ; not se- 
 cured from attack by walls or mounds. Pope. 
 
 2. Not guarded ; iiot strengthened against tempta- 
 tions or trials ; weak ; exposed ; defenseless ; as, an 
 unfortified mind. 
 
 3. Wanting securities or means of defense. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 UN-FOR'TTI-NATR, a. Not successful , not pros- 
 perous ; as, an unfortunate adventure ; an unfrrtunatc 
 voyage ; unfortunate attempts ; an unfortunate man ; 
 an unfortunate commander ; unfortnnate business. 
 
 UN-FOR'Tq-NATE-LY, adn. VVilhout succe.ss ; un- 
 successfully ; unhappily. The seheiiio unfortunately 
 miscarried. 
 
 UN-FOR'TIJ-NATE-NESS, n. Ill luck ; ill fortune ; 
 
 failure of success. Sidney. 
 UN-FOS'SII^r/ £1), a. Not fossilized. 
 UN-FOS'TER £1), a. Not fostered ; not nourished. 
 
 2. Not countenanced by favor; not patronized. 
 UN-FOUGHT', ( fawt',) a. Not fought. Knolle.i. 
 UN-FOUL'£I), a. Not fouled; not polluted; not 
 
 Roiled ; not corrupted ; pure. Young. 
 UN-FOUND', o. Not found ; not met with. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UN-FOUND'ED, o. Not founded ; not built or estab- 
 lished. 
 
 3. Having no foundation; vain; idle; a», un- 
 founded expectations. 
 
 UNG 
 
 UN-FOUND'ED-LY, adv. In an idle or unfounded 
 manner. 
 
 UN-FRa'GRANT, o. Not fragrant. 
 UN-FRa.AI'A-BLE, a. Not to be framed or molded. 
 
 [Aot ill use.] Hooker. 
 UN-FRa.M'.A-BLE-NESS, 71. The quality of not be- 
 ing framable. [JVot in use.] Sanderson. 
 UN-FR.\.M'£D, a. Not framed ; not fitted for erec- 
 tion ; as, unframed timber. 
 2. Not formed ; not constructed ; not fashioned. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UN-FRA-TER'NAL, a. Not brotherly. 
 UN-FRA-TER'NAL-LY, adv. In an unbrotherly 
 manner. 
 
 UN-FREE', 0. Not free; as, un/rec peasants. Tooke. 
 
 UN-FRE'aUEN-CY, n. The state of being unfre- 
 quent. Cotepcr. 
 
 UN-FRe'QUENT, a. Not frequent ; not common ; 
 not happening often ; infrequent. Brown. 
 
 UN-FRE-aUEXT', v. t. To cease to frequent. [JVo« 
 in use.] Philips. 
 
 UN-FRE-aUENT'ED, a. Rarely visited ; seldom re- 
 sorted to by human beings ; as, an unfrequented place 
 or forest. Addison. 
 
 UN-FRli'aUENT-LY, adv. Not often ; seldom. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 UN-FRI'A-BLE, a. Not easily crumbled. Paley. 
 
 UN-FRIEND', 71. One not a friend. [Bail] Scott. 
 
 UN-FRIEXD'ED, (un-frend'ed,) a. Wanting friends ; 
 not countenanced or supported. Shak. 
 
 UN-FRIEND'Ll-NESS, (-frend'le-ness,) 71. Want of 
 kindness ; disfavor. Boyle. 
 
 UN-FRIEND'LY, a. Not friendly ; not kind or be- 
 nevolent ; as, an unfriendly neighbor. 
 
 2. Not favorable ; not adaptecl to promote or sup- 
 port any object ; as, weather unfriendly to heidtli. 
 
 UiX-FRIEND'SHIP, n. State of being unfriendly. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 UN-FROCK', V. t. To divest Hard. 
 UN-FROCK'£D, (-frokt',) pp. Divested of a gown. 
 UX-FRoZ'£N, a. Not frozen ; not congealed. Boyle. 
 UN-FRU'G.AL, a. Not frugal ; not saving or econom- 
 ical. 
 
 UN-FRUIT'FTJL, a. Not producing fruit; barren; 
 as, an unfruitful tree. 
 
 2. Not producing oflspring ; not prolific; barren; 
 as, an unfruitful female. 
 
 3. Not producing good effects or works ; as, an un- 
 f mil fid life. 
 
 4. Unproductive; not fertile; as, an unfruitful 
 soil. 
 
 UN-FRuIT'FyL-LY, adv. Without [iroducing fruit. 
 UN-FRurr'FjjL-XESS, n. Barrenness; infeciindi- 
 
 ty ; unproductiveness ; applied to persons or thini's. 
 UN-FRUS'TR.\-BLE, a. That can not be frustrated. 
 
 I-UIwards. 
 
 UN-FUI^FILL'£D, a. Not fulfilled ; not accom- 
 plished ; as, a prophecv or prediction unfulfilled. 
 
 UN-FuM'£D, <7. Not fumigated. 
 
 2. Not exiialing smoke ; not burnt. Milton. 
 
 UN-FIIND'EI), 0. Not funded; having no permanent 
 funds for the jiayment of its interest ; as, an unfunded 
 debt. Hamilton. 
 
 UN-FURL', v. t. To loose and unfold ; to expand ; to 
 open or spread ; as, to unfurl sails. 
 
 UN-FURL'£D, pp. Unfolded ; expanded. 
 
 UN-FURL'lNG,p/ir. Unfolding; spreading. 
 
 UN-FUR'XISH, V. t. To strip of furniture ; to di- 
 vest ; to strip. 
 2. To leave naked. Shak. 
 
 UN-FUR'NISII-£D, f-fur'nisht,) pp. Stripped of fur- 
 niture ; degariiisheu. 
 
 UN-FUR'XISH-£D, ( fnr'nisht,) a. Not furnished ; 
 not supplied with furniture ; as, an unfurnished room 
 or house. 
 
 2. Uiisupplied with necessaries or ornaments. 
 
 3. F.m|>tv ; not supplied. 
 UN-Ff'S'£lj, a. Not fuzed ; not melted. 
 UN-FUS'I-BLE, a. Infusible. [The latter word is 
 
 generally used.] 
 
 UN-GaI.\'A-BLE, a. That can not be gained. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Pierce. 
 
 UN-GAIN'FUL, a. Unprofitable; not producing gain. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 UN-G.XIX'FJ.II,-LY, adv. UnpKvfitably. 
 UX-G.XIN'l.i-.\ESS. 71. Clumsiness; awkwardness. 
 UN-G.Al.N'LY, (1. l.'Sax. ungicgne.] 
 
 Not esprit or dextrous ; clumsy : awkward ; un- 
 coiilli ; as, an ungainly strut in walking. Swift. 
 [1 bi-lifve 1'm:ain is nut used.] 
 UX-(;A1,'I,ANT or UN-GA1, LA.NT', a. Not galhuil. 
 
 [Sec Gallant.] F.d. Rev. 
 
 UN-GAI.'LAXT-LY or UN-GAL-LANT'LY, adv. 
 
 Not L'allantlv. 
 UN-<;AI,I.'£D, 0. Unhurt ; not galled. Shak. 
 UN-GXR'L.VXD ED,a. Not crowned with a garland. 
 
 Mrs. Bnllrr. 
 
 UN-GXR'NIPn-£D, (-gUr'nisht,) a. Not garnished or 
 fiirnisheil ; unadorned. 
 
 UN-GAR'RI-SOiN' KD, a. Not garrisoned; not fur- 
 nished with troops for dV'fense. 
 
 UN-GAR'TI;R-^;1), fl. Being without garters. Sliak. 
 
 UN-G.A'fll'ER £1), a. Not gathered; not rropiied ; 
 not picked. Dryden. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT — M£TE, PREY PINK, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1202 
 
UNG 
 
 UN-CkAR', r. ^ To iinliiirnesa ; to strip uf gear. 
 
 UN Gk.\K'/;1), /);). Uiiliiiriiesscd. 
 
 UN (ii'.AK'ING, ppr. IStrippiiiK of lnuncss or Rear. 
 
 UN OK.\'KR-a-TED, o. iluvjiig 110 btgiiiiilni,' ; uii- 
 bedottpn. halei'h. 
 
 UN-OKN'ER-A-TIVE, a. Not capable of bcRi lting a 
 c!iil(l ; as, *'a motion tliat^s unirencrativcy^^ i. e., a 
 iiiort' puppet, incapable of generation. Sftak. 
 
 UN-CEN'EK-OUS, a. Not of a noble mind ; not lib- 
 eral ; applied to persons ; tx^, an uiiffcncrous man or 
 prince. 
 
 2. Not noble ; not liberal ; applied to tilings ; as, an 
 UHiTCnrroHS act. Pope, 
 X Uislionorable ; ignominious, 
 
 Tlip victdr n(?vcr will impose OH Cato 
 
 Vnscntroaa ternru. Aflilison, 
 
 UN CE.N'EK OUS-LY, adv. Unkindly ; dishonora- 
 bly. 
 
 U.\-(5e'NI-AL, a. Not favorable to nature or to nat- 
 ural growth f as, ungenial air ; unrreiiial soils. 
 
 Sultcn seas thai washed III' utigeniat pole. Thomson. 
 
 UN-GEN-TEEL', a. Not genteel; vscd of persons ; 
 not consistent with polite manners or good breed- 
 ing ; used of manners. 
 
 UN GEN-TEEL'LY, a</». Uncivilly; not with good 
 manners. 
 
 UN-O.K\'TLE, <7. Not gentle ; harsh ; rude. Shak. 
 UN-GEN'TLE-M AN-LIKE, a. Not like a gentleman. 
 
 Chesler/ield. 
 
 UN-GEN'TLE-MAN-LI-NESS, n. The quality of be- 
 ing ungentlemanlike. Quart. Rev. 
 
 U.\ i;E.\'TLE-M,\.\-LY, a. Not becoming a gentle- 
 man. 
 
 UN-GEN'TLE-NESS,n. Want of gentleness ; harsh- 
 ness ; severity ; rudeness. Tusser. 
 2. Unkindness ; incivility. Shak. 
 
 UN-6EN'TLY, arfo. Harshly; with severity; rude- 
 ly. Sliak. 
 
 UN-GE-O-MET'Rie-AL, a. Not agreeable to the 
 rules of geometry. Cheyne. 
 
 UN-GIFT'EI), a. Not gifted; not endowed with pe- 
 culiar faculties. .irbuthnot. 
 
 UN-oIlT''^^' i silt ; not overlaid with gold. 
 
 UN-GII.D'ING, a. Not gilding. 
 
 UN-GIRD', (-gurd',) D. (. [See GtBo.] Tolooscfroin 
 
 a girdle or band ; to unbind. Oen. xxiv. 
 UN-GIRD'ED, pp. Loosed from a girth or band. 
 UN-GTRD'ING, ppr. Loosing from a girdle or band. 
 UN-GIRT', ( gurt',) pp. Unbound. 
 
 9. a. Loosely dressed. Waller. 
 UN-GIV'KN, a. Not given or bestowed. 
 UN-GIV'ING, a. Not bringing gifts. Dnjden. 
 UN-GI,AD'DK.\-ED, a. Not gladdened. 
 UN-GLaZE', b. t. To strip of glass; to remove the 
 
 glass from windows. 
 UN-GLSZ'ED, a. Destitute of glass: not furnished 
 
 with glass ; as, the windows are unglaicd ; the house 
 
 is yet unglazed. 
 
 2. Wanting glass windows. 
 
 3. Not covered with vitreous matter ; as, unglazed 
 potter's ware. 
 
 UN-G LAZ'LN'G, ppr. Depriving of glass in windows. 
 
 UN-GLO'RI-Fr-£D, (-fide,) a. Not glorified; not 
 honored with praise or adoration. 
 
 UN-GLo'Rf-F?, I'. (. To deprive of glory. fVatts 
 
 UN-GLO'Rl-OUS, a. Not glorious; bringing no glory 
 or honor. J. Lathrop. 
 
 UN-GLOVE', (-gluv',) V. t. To take off the gloves. 
 [JVo« ill use.] Beaum. If FL 
 
 U.\-G LOVED, a. Without glove or gloves. Bacon. 
 
 UN-GLOE', V. t. To separate any thing that is glued 
 or cemented. Sici/(. 
 
 U.\-GLO'ED, pp. Loosed from glue or cement. 
 
 UN-GI.O'ING, ppr, Sepaniting what is cemented. 
 
 U.V-GoAD'ED, a. Not goaded. Coleridge. 
 
 UN-GOD', V. t. To divest of divinity. Dnjdeit. 
 
 UN-GOD'LI-LY.arfo. Impiously; wickedly. 
 
 Oov. of the Tongue. 
 
 UN-GOD'LI-NESS, n. Impiety ; wickedness ; disre- 
 gard of God and his comm.nnds, and neglect of his 
 worship ; or any positive act of disobedience or ir- 
 reverence. 
 
 UN-GOD'LY, a. Wicked ; impious ; neglecting the 
 fear and worship of God, or violating his commands. 
 1 Pet. iv. 
 
 2. Sinful ; contrary to the divine commands ; as, 
 ungodly deeds. Jude iv. 
 
 3. Polluted by wickedness ; as, an ungodly day. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 U.V-G5R'£D, a. Not gored; not wounded with a 
 horn. 
 2. Not wounded. 
 UN-GORG'£D, a. Not gorged ; not filled ; not sated. 
 
 Dnjden. 
 
 UX-GOT', ) j<, , ■ A 
 UN-GOT'TEN ( gained. 
 
 2. Not bego'tten. SAaA-. 
 UN-GOV'ERN-A-BLE, (-giiv'em-,) a. That can not 
 be governed ; that can not be ruled or restrained. 
 
 UNG 
 
 3. Licentious; wild, unbridled; as, ungovernable 
 passions. JiUerhuni. 
 
 UN-(;OV'ERN-.\-ULY,ndu. So as not to be governed 
 or resi rained. Goldsmith. 
 
 UN-GO V'ER.V-ED, a. Not being governed. 
 
 2. .Not subjected to laws or principles; not re- 
 strained or regulated; unbridled; licentious; as, 
 ungooernrd appetite ; ungoverncd passions. 
 
 UN-(iO\VN', V. I. To strip of a gown, as a clergy- 
 man. 
 
 UN-GOWN'ED, a. Not having or not wearing a 
 gown. Polloli. 
 
 U.\-GOVVN'ING, ppr. Depriving of a gown. 
 
 UN-GRaC'EI>, (-grist',) a. Not graced. SeoU. 
 
 UN-GRACE'I' l.'l., a. Not gract ful ; not marked with 
 ease and dignity ; wanting beauty and elegance ; as, 
 ungraceful manners. Without politeness, learning 
 is ungracffal. Locke. Addison. 
 
 Ux\-GRACE'E5JL-I'Y, adv. Awkwardly ; inele- 
 gantly. 
 
 UN-GRACE'FJ.IL-NESS, n. AVant of gracefulness; 
 want of case and dignity ; want of elegance ; awk- 
 wardness ; as, ungracrfulness of manners. 
 
 UN-GUA'CIOUS, a. Wicked ; odious; hateful. 
 
 SItak. Dryden. 
 
 2. Offensive ; unpleasing ; as, ungracious manners. 
 
 3. Unaccejitable ; not well received ; not favored. 
 
 Any thine o' grnce loward the Irifcli flIicIs was as un^acinut til 
 Ox'oixl fis ul Lon^lon. Ciareiuion, 
 
 UN-GRA'CIOUS-LY, ado. With disfavor. The pro- 
 posal was received ungraciously. 
 2. Not in a pleasing manner. 
 UN-GUAM-I\IAT'I€-AL, a. Not according to the es- 
 tablished and correct rules of gruminar. 
 UN-GRA.M-MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a manner con- 
 trary to the rules of grammar. 
 UN-GRaNT'ED, a. Not granted ; not bestowed ; not 
 transferred by deed or gift; as, ungranteii lantls. 
 
 U. States. Ilantilton. 
 0. Not granted ; not yielded ; not conceded in ar- 
 gument. 
 
 UN-GRATE', a. Not agreeable ; ungrateful. [Mot in 
 use.] Taylor. Swift. 
 
 UN-GRATE'FJJL, a. Not grateful ; not feeling thank- 
 ful fur favors. 
 
 2. Not making returns, or making ill returns for 
 kindness. South. 
 
 3. Making no returns for culture ; as, an ungrate- 
 ful soil. 
 
 4. Unpleasing ; unacceptable. Harsh sounds are 
 ungrateful to the ear. 
 
 UN-GRA'TE'FyL-LY, atio. With ingr.ititude. Wake. 
 
 2. Unpleasingly ; unacceptably. 
 UN-GRATE'FIJL-NESS, n. Ingratitude ; want of 
 due feelings of kindness for favors received ; ill re- 
 turn for good. 
 2. Disagreeableness ; unpleasing quality. 
 UN-GRAT'I-FI-ED, (-fide,) a. Not gratified ; not 
 compensated. 
 
 2. Not pleased. 
 
 3. Not indulged; as, unorafi/iei appetite. 
 UN-GRaVE'LY, adv. Without gravity or seriousness. 
 UN-GRE-GA'RI-OUS, a. Not gregarious. Good. 
 UN-GRoAN'ING, a. Not groaning. Byron. 
 UN-GROUND'ED, a. Having no foundation or sup- 
 port ; ,13, ungrounded hopes or confidence. 
 
 UN-GROUND'ED-LY, adv. Without ground or sup- 
 port ; without reason, Kay. 
 
 UN-GROUND'ED-NESS, n. Want of foundation or 
 support. Steele. 
 
 UN-GRUDG'ED, a. Not grudged. Dwiirlit. 
 
 UN-GRUDG'IN(;, a. Not grudging ; freely giving. 
 
 UN-GRUDG'ING-LY, adv. Without ill will ; heartily ; 
 cheerfullv ; as, to bestow charity ungrudgingly. 
 
 UN"GU.\L, (ung'gwal,) a. [L. unguis.] 
 
 A term applied to such bones of the feet as have 
 attached to them a nail, claw, or hoof. Humble. 
 
 UN-GUXRD'ED, a. Not guarded ; not watched. 
 
 2. Not defended ; having no guard. 
 
 3. Careless; negligent; not attentive to danger; 
 not cautious ; as, to be unguarded in conversation. 
 
 4. Negligently said or done ; not done or spoken 
 with caution ; as, an unguarded expression or action. 
 
 UN-GUAUD'ED-LY, adv. Without watchful atten- 
 tion to danger ; without caution ; carelessly ; as, to 
 speak or promise unguardedly. 
 
 UN'GUE.N'T, (un'gwent,) n. [L. ungueiUum, from 
 ungo^ to anoint.] 
 
 Ointment ; a soft composition used as a topical 
 renii^dy, as for sores, burns, and the like. An un- 
 guent is stiffer than a liniment, but softer than a ce- 
 rate. Ci/f. 
 
 UN-GUENT'OUS, ) a. Like unguent, or partaking 
 
 UN'GUEN-TA RY, j of its qu.alities. 
 
 UN-GJJESS'ED, (-gest',) a. [See Guest.] Not ob- 
 tained by guess or conjecture. Spenser. 
 
 UN-GUEST' LIKE, a. [See Guest.] Not becoming 
 a guest, Milton. 
 
 UN"GUIC-AL, (ung'gwik-al,) a, [L. unguU, a claw.] 
 Pertaining to a claw ; like a claw. " Mantell. 
 
 UN-GUie'lJ-LAR, a. [L. unguis, the nail.] 
 
 In botany, the lengtli of the human nails, or half 
 an inch. Lee. Martyn. 
 
 UNH 
 
 UN-GUie'U-LATE, \ ~ '. ! I 
 
 UN-GUIf'lj-LA-TED, ( l"^ v^guu, a claw.] 
 
 1. Clawed; having claws. Encyc 
 
 2. In botany, clawed ; having a narrow base ; OA 
 the petal in a polypetalous corol. Martyn. 
 
 UN-GUID'ED, a. Not guided ; not led or conducted, 
 
 2, Not regulated, 
 UN-GUII)'EI) LY, adr. Without a guide, 
 UN"GUI-FOR.M a. Shaped like claws. 
 UN-GUILT'I LV, a</e. Withmit guilt. 
 UN GUILT'Y, (un-gilt'y,) a. Not guilty ; not stained 
 
 with crime ; innocent. Spenser. 
 UN'GUI.N'-OUS, (un'gwin-us,) a. [L. unguinosus.] 
 Oily ; unctuous ; coiin'isting of fat or oil, or resem- 
 bling it. Foster, JVorth. Ftyugci. 
 UN"GU-LA,n. [L., a hoof,] In /j-pomrfrw, a section 
 or part of a cyliniler, cone, or other soliil of revolu- 
 tion, cut off by a plane oblique to the base, 
 
 Brande. 
 
 UN"GU-LATE, a. Shaped like a hoof, 
 UN-IIAI!'IT-A liLE, a, [Fr. inhabitable ; L. inhabitab- 
 
 ilis, inhuliilo.] 
 Thai rail not be inhabited by human beings ; un- 
 
 inhaliilable. 
 
 {The Utttrr word is generally usejl.] 
 UN-HA-mT'U-A-TED, a. Not habituateil ; not ac- 
 
 ciistomeil. Tookc. 
 UN-HACK'ED, (hakt',) a. Not hacked; not cut, 
 
 notched, or mangled. Shak. 
 UN-HACK'NEY-£D, a. Not hackneyed; not much 
 
 used or practicetl, 
 UN-HALE',_o. Unsound; not entire ; not healthy, 
 UN-II.\L'Lo\V, r. (. To profane ; to desecrate. 
 
 'I'lic canity unlialloioa th<. vliniie. L*Ealrange. 
 
 UN-HAL'LoW-£D, pp. Profaned ; deprived of its 
 sacretl character. 
 2. 0. Profane ; unholy ; impure ; wicked. 
 
 Milton. Dryderu 
 la liie cause of truth, no unhalloiaed violence — is either neee». 
 nry or adiiii»*iljle. E. D. Grijin. 
 
 UN-IIAL'LoW-ING, p/rr. Profaning; desecrating, 
 UN-HAND', 0. t. To loose from the hand ; to let go, 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-HA.ND'ED, pp. Loosed from the hand ; let go. 
 UN-IIAND'I-LV, adv. Awkwaiilly ; clumsily. 
 UN-IIAND'I-NESS, n. Want of dexterity; clumsi- 
 ness. 
 
 UN-HAND'LED, a. Not handled ; not treated ; not 
 touched. SkaJi. 
 
 UN-1IAND'S0.ME, (-han'sum,) a. Ungraceful; not 
 beautiful, 
 
 I cm not admit that llicrc is any thing; unhandsomt or irn'^ular 
 in llie glulie. Woodward. 
 
 2, Unfair ; illiberal ; disingenuous. 
 
 3, Uncivil ; unpolite, 
 UN-HAND'SO.ME-LY, adv. Inelegantly; ungrace- 
 fully. 
 
 2. Illiberally ; unfairly. 
 
 3. Uncivilly ; uiipolitoly. 
 UN-HAND'SO.ME-NESd, 71. Want of beauty and el- 
 egance. 
 
 2. Unfairness; disingcnuoiisncss, 
 
 3, Incivility, 
 
 UN-HAND'Y, a. Not dextrous; not skillful; not 
 ready in the use of the hands; awkward ; as, a per- 
 son unhandy at his work, 
 
 2. Not convenient ; as, an unhandy posture for 
 writing. 
 
 UN-H.ANG', V. U To divest or strip of hangings, as a 
 room, 
 
 2. To take from the hinges ; as, to unhang a gate. 
 UN-IIANG'£D, j o. Not hung or hanged ; not pun- 
 UN-HUNG', ( ished by hanging. SAaA. 
 UN-IIAP', n. Ill luck ; misfortune. [.Vot in use ] 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 UN-IIAP'PI-£D, a. Made unhappy. [Mot in use.] 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-IIAP'Pl-LY, adv. Unfortunately ; miserably ; ca- 
 lamitously, MUlon. 
 U.\-UAP'PI-NESS,7i, Misfortune; ill luck. Burnet. 
 
 2. Infelicity; misery. 
 
 It is our ^-at unJinppinett, when any cUumities tall upon us, 
 tlinl we are unciu>y and disa;itUJied. naJte. 
 
 [Rut it usually expresses less than Misert or 
 Wretchedness.] 
 
 3. Mischievous prank. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 UN H.VP'PY, a. Unfortunate; unlucky. He has 
 
 been unhappy in his choice of a partner. Affairs 
 have taken an unhappy turn. 
 
 2. Not happy ; in a degree miserable or wretched. 
 She is unhapim in her marriage. Children some- 
 times render Ihcir parents unhappy. 
 
 3. Evil ; calamitous ; marked by infelicity ; as, an 
 unhapjty day. 
 
 This unhappr/ mom. ^Filum. 
 
 4. Mischievous ; irregular, Shak. 
 UN H.Ml'ASS-ED, (-har'ast,) a. Not harassed ; not 
 
 vexed or troubled, TrumbuU. 
 UN-HAR'BOR, r. L To drive from harbor or shelter. 
 UN-HAR'BOR-£D, a. Not sheltered, or Blfording nu 
 
 shelter. MiUom, 
 U.N'-HXR'nOR-ING, a. Not harboring. Scott 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE, — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1203 
 
UN II 
 
 UNI 
 
 UN-HARD'£x\-£D, (-hird'nd,) a. Mot hardened ; 
 not indurated ; as metal. 
 2. Not hardened J not made obdurate ; as the heart. 
 
 Slmk. 
 
 UN-HARD'Y, o. Not hardy ; feeble ; not able to en- 
 dure fatigue. 
 2. Not having fortitude ; not bold ; timorous. 
 
 MUloiu 
 
 UN-HARM'£D, a. Unhurt; uninjured; unimpaired. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 UN-H.KRM'FJJL, o. Not doing harm ; harmless ; in- 
 noxious. 
 
 Themselves urtharm/ul^ let them live unharmed. Dryden. 
 
 UN-HA R-Mo'NI-OUS, a. Not having symmrtrj- or 
 congruity ; disproportionate. JUillon. 
 2. Discordant ; unmusical ; jarring ; as sounds. 
 
 SwifL 
 
 UN-HAR Mo'NI OUS-LY, arfc. With jarring ; dis- 
 cordaiilly. 
 
 UN-HAR'NESS, v. t. To strip of harness ; to loose 
 from harness or gear. 
 2. To disarm ; to divest of armor. 
 
 UN-HAR'NESS-£D, (-har'nest,) pp. Stripped of har- 
 ness i divested of armor. 
 
 UN-HAR'NESS-ING, ppr. Stripping off harness or 
 gear. 
 
 UN-H.ITCU'ED, (-hacht'O a. Not hatched ; not hav- 
 ing left the egg. 
 
 2. Not matured and brought to light ; not dis- 
 closed. 
 
 UN-HAZ'ARD-ED, a. Not hazarded ; not put in dan- 
 ger ; not exposed to loss ; not adventured. Milton. 
 
 UN-HAZ'ARl)-OUS, a. Not hazardous. ColerUlfe. 
 
 UN-HEAD', (-hed',) ii. (. To take out the head of; 
 as, to unhead a cask. 
 
 UN-HEAD'ED, (-hed'ed,) pp. Having the head taken 
 out. 
 
 UN-HE AD'ING, ( hed'-,) ppr- Taking ont the head of. 
 
 UN-HE.\LTH'FI,1L, (-helth'-,) a. Not healthful ; in- 
 jurious to health ; insalubrious ; unwholesome ; 
 no.xious ; as, an unhcaWiful climate or air. 
 
 2. Abounding with sickness or disease ; sickly ; 
 as, an unheaWifid season. 
 
 UN-HEALTH'FJJL-LY, adv. In an unhealthful man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-HEALTH'FBL-NESS, (-helth'-,) a. Unwhole- 
 sonieness; insalubriousncss ; noxiousness to health. 
 
 2. The state of being sickly ; as, the unhealt/if ill- 
 ness of the autumn. 
 
 UN-HEALTH'I-LY, (-helth'-,) adv. In an unwhole- 
 some or unsound manner. Milton. 
 
 UN-IIEALTH'I-NESS, (-helth'-,) n. Want of health ; 
 habitual weakness or indisj)osition ; applied to per- 
 sons. 
 
 2. Unsoundness; want of vigor; as, the unhealth- 
 iness of trees or other plants. 
 
 3. Unfavorableness to health ; as, the unhcaltliiness 
 of a climate. 
 
 UN-HEALTH'Y, (-helth'e,) a. Wanting health ; 
 wanting a sound and vigorous state of body ; 
 habitually weak or indisposed ; as, an unhealthy 
 person. 
 
 2. Unsound ; wanting vigor of growth ; as, an un- 
 healthy plant. 
 
 3. Sickly ; abounding with disease ; as, an un- 
 hcaWty season or city. 
 
 4. Insalubrious ; unwholesome ; adapted to gen- 
 erate diseases ; as, an unhealthy climate or country. 
 
 5. Morbid ; not indicating health. 
 UN-HEARD', ( herd',) a. Not heard ; not perceived 
 
 by the ear. Mdton. 
 
 2. Not admitted to audience. 
 
 What pan^ I feel, unpiticti and uijieard t Dryden. 
 
 3. Not known in fame ; not celebrated. 
 
 Nor was his name unheard. Milton. 
 
 4. Unheard of; obscure ; not known by fame. 
 
 OranviUe. 
 
 Unheard of; new ; unprecedented. Sicifi. 
 UN-HEART', r. t. To discourage; to depress; to 
 
 dishearten. [A"u( in nse.] Shiili. 
 UN-HkAT'ED, a. Not heated; not made hot. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-HEAV'KN-LY, (-hev'n-le,) a. Not heavenly. 
 UN-HEDG'iiD, a. Not hedged ; not surrounded' by a 
 hedge. 
 
 UN-HEED'ED, a. Not heeded; disregarded; neg- 
 lected. 
 
 The wortd's great viclor pnised unheeded bj. Pope. 
 
 UN-HEED'ED-LY, adv. Without being noticed. 
 
 fiijron. 
 
 UN-IIEED'FUL, a. Not cautioug ; inattentive; care- 
 les". Bcaum. 
 
 UN-IIEED'F!JL-LY, a/h. Not heedfully. 
 
 UN-IIEED'ING, a. Not heeding; carelenn ; negli- 
 cent. Dryden. 
 
 UN-IIEED'INn-LY, adv. Without giving hecil. 
 
 UN HEED' Y, a. Prccipilale ; Budden. Spenser. 
 
 UN-lIiiLE', V. t. To uncover. [JVut in rise.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UN-HEI.M', V. t. To deprive of a helm or guide. 
 
 ScotL 
 
 UN-HELM'£D, pp. Deprived of a helm. 
 
 2. a. Having no helm. Pollok. 
 UN-HELM'ET, ». (. To deprive of a helmet. Scott. 
 UN-HELM'ET-ED, pp. Deprived or destitute of a 
 helmet. 
 
 UN-HELM'ING, ppr. Depriving of a helm. 
 
 UN-HELP'JED, (-helpt',) a. Unassisted ; having no 
 aid or auxiliary ; unsupported. Dryden. 
 
 UN-HELP'FJJL, a. Affording no aid. Shak. 
 
 UN-HEI.P^FlJL-LY.arfi'. In an unhelpful manner. 
 
 UN-HE-Ro'I€, o. Not heroic ; not brave. Pope. 
 
 UN-HES'I-Ta-TING, a. Not hesitating ; not remain- 
 ing ill doubt ; prompt ; ready. Eclcc. Review. 
 
 UN-HES'I-TA-TING-LY, adv. Without hesitation or 
 doubt. 
 
 UN-HEWN', (-hune',) a. Not hewn ; rough. 
 
 Dniden. 
 
 UN-HlDE'BOUND, a. Not hidebound; capacious. 
 
 [JVuf used.] Mdton. 
 UN-HIN'DER-ED, a. Not hindered ; not opposed ; 
 
 exerting itself freely. S. Clarke. 
 
 UN-HINGE', (un-hinj',) t. t. To take from the 
 
 hinges ; as, to unhinge a door. 
 
 2. To displace ; to unfix by violence. Blackmore. 
 
 3. To unfix ; to loosen ; to render unstable or 
 wavering ; as, to unhinge the mind ; to unhinge opin- 
 ions. 
 
 UN-HING'ED, pp. Loosed from a hinge or fastening. 
 
 UN-1IL\GE'.MENT, n. The act of unhinging or state 
 of bi'iiia unhinged. [Unusual.] Chalmers. 
 
 UN-IlIi\G'lNG, ppr. Loosening from a hinge or fast- 
 ening. 
 
 UN-HIR'^D, a. Not hired. 
 
 UN-lllS-TOR'ie-AL, a. Not historical. Park. 
 UN-IliVE', »'. (. To drive from a hive. 
 
 2. To deprive of habitation or shelter, as a crowd. 
 UN-inV'£D, pp. Driven from the hive or shelter. 
 
 JVeal. 
 
 UN-H0.4RD', V. t. To steal from a hoard ; to scatter. 
 UN-HoARD'ED, pp. Stolen from a hoard ; scattered. 
 UN-HoARD'ING, ppr. Scattering. 
 UN-IIO'LI-LY, adv. In an unholy manner. 
 UN-Ho'LI-NESS, n. Want of holiness; an unsanc- 
 
 tified state of the heart. 
 2. Impiety ; wickedness ; profaneness. Ralrrrh. 
 UN-Ho'LY,a. Not holy; not renewed and sanctified. 
 
 Tim. iii. 
 
 2. Profane ; not hallowed ; not consecrated ; com- 
 mon. JItb. X. 
 
 3. Impious ; wicked. 
 
 4. Not ceremonially purified. Lev. x. 
 UN-HON'EST, (-on'est,) a. [See Honest.] Dis- 
 honest; dishonorable. [Obs.] jischam. 
 
 UN-HON'OR-SD, (-on'urd,) a. [Pee Honor.] Not 
 honored ; not regarded with veneration ; not cele- 
 brated. Dryden. 
 
 UN-HOOK', V. U To loose from a hook. 
 
 UN-H06k'£D, ( hookt',) pp. Loosed from a hook. 
 
 UN-H66P', j). (. To strip of hoops. J3ddison. 
 
 UN-H66P'£D, (-ho9pt',) pp. Stripped of hoops. 
 
 UN-H6P'£D, (-hopt',) a. Not hoped for ; not so prob- 
 able as to excite hope. 
 
 Willi unhoped success. Dryden. 
 
 Unhoped for ; unhoped, as above. 
 UN-HoPE'FUL, a. Such as leaves no room to hope, 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-HoPE'FpL-LY, adv. In an unhopeful manner. 
 UN-HURN'£'b, a. Having no horns. Tooke. 
 UN-HORSE', (-hors',) ti. t. To throw from a horse ; 
 
 to cause to dismount. Shak. 
 UN-HORS'£D, (-hojst',) pp. Thrown from a horse. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UN-HORS'ING, ppr. Throwing from a horse ; dis- 
 mounting. 
 
 UN-IIOS'PI-TA-BLE, a. Not kind to strangers. 
 
 [Rut Inhospitaiile is the word now used.] 
 UN-IIOS''J'lLE, (-hos'til,) a. Not belonging to a pub- 
 lic enemy. Philips. 
 UN-HOUSE', (-houz',) v. U To drive from the house 
 or liahitation ; to dislodge. Milton. 
 2. To di privc of shelter. 
 UN-HOUS'£D, (-houzd',) pp. Driven from a house 
 or habitation. Shak. 
 
 2. a. Wanting a house ; homeless. Shak, 
 
 3. Having no settled habitation. Shak. 
 
 4. Destitute of shelter or co\'er. Cattle in severe 
 weather should not be left unhoused. 
 
 UN-110US'EL-£D, o. Not having received the sacra- 
 ment. ShaJi. 
 
 (IN-llOUit'ING, ppr. Driving from a habitation. 
 
 UN-llf"MAN, a. Inhuman. 
 
 llJut Inhuman is llie word now used.] 
 
 UN-llO'iMAN-IZE, D. «. To render inhuman or bar- 
 barous. J. Bnrloic. 
 
 UN-IIU.M'RLKD, a. Not humbled; not allected 
 will) shame or confusion ; not contrite in s|)irit. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 9. In theology, not having the will and the natural 
 cnniitv of the heart to (i<id and his law subdued. 
 IJN-nUNG', a. Not hanged. 
 UN-nUNT'ED, a. Not hunted. 
 
 UN-IlUR'l'', a. Not hurt; not harmed; free from 
 wound or injury. Dryden. 
 
 UN-HURT'FUL, a. Not hurtful ; harmless ; innoxious 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-HURT'FUL-LY, adv. Without harm ; harmlessly. 
 
 UN-HUS'BAND-ED, a. Deprived of support; neg- 
 lected. Browne. 
 2. Not managed with frugality. 
 
 UN-HUSK'£D, (-huskt',) a. Not being stripped of 
 husks. 
 
 TJ-NI-AX'AL, a. Having but one axis. 
 l|-NI-e.\P'SU-LAR, a. [L. ujius, one, and eapsula, 
 chest.] 
 
 Having one capsule to each flower. Wartyn. 
 X^'NI-CORN, n. [L. unicornis ; units, one, and comu, 
 horn.] 
 
 1. An animal with one horn; the monoceros. 
 This name is often applied to the rhinoceros. 
 
 2. The unicorn, in heraldry, is the fabulous unicorn, 
 represented with the figure of a horse and a single 
 horn issuing from its forehead. Brande. 
 
 3. The «ea umcorn, called nanral, is of the whale 
 kind, and is remarkable for a horn growing out at 
 his nose. Cyc. 
 
 4. A bird. Qrew. 
 FossU unicorn, or fossil unicornis ham ; a substance 
 
 formerly of great repute in medicine, a terrene crus- 
 taceous spar, nametl from having been supposed to 
 be the bone or born of the unicorn. Rees. Cyc. 
 
 lJ'NI-€ORN-ROOT, n. A popular name of two plants, 
 viz. Chamffilirium Carolinianuin, to which this name 
 was first applied, and Aletris farinosa, to which it 
 has been subsequently applied ; both used in medicine. 
 
 tJ-NI-€ORN'OUS, a. Having only one horn. Brown. 
 
 UN-I-Df?'AL, a. Not ideal ; real. Johnson. 
 
 IJ-NI-Fa"CIAL, a. Having but one front surface ; 
 thus, some foliaceous corals are unifacial, the polyp- 
 mouths being confined to one surface. Dana. 
 
 IJ-NI-FLo'ROUS, a. [h. wins, one, and flos, flower.] 
 Bearing one flower only ; as, a uniflorous pedimcle. 
 
 .^lartyn. 
 
 IJ'NI-FORM, a. [L. uniforinis ; unus, one, and forma, 
 form.] 
 
 1. Having always the same former manner; not 
 variable. Thus we say, the dress of the Asiatics is 
 uniform, or has been uniform from early ages. So we 
 say, it is the duty of a Christian to observe a uniform 
 course of piety and religion. 
 
 2. Consistent with itself; not different; as, one's 
 opinions on a particular sulijert have been uniform. 
 
 3. Of the same form with others; conscmant ; 
 agreeing with each other ; conforming to one rule or 
 mode. 
 
 How f.ir churches are bound to be uniform in their ceremonies is 
 doubled. hooker. 
 
 4. Having the same degree or state ; as, uniform 
 temperature. 
 
 Uniform motion ; the motion of a body is uniform 
 when it passes over equal spaces in equal times. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 Uniform matter, is that which is all of the same 
 kind and texture. Cyc. 
 
 li'NI-FOR.M, 71. A dress of the same kind, by which 
 persons are purposely assimilated who belong to the 
 same body, whether military, naval, or any ether. 
 We say, the uniform of a company of militia, the uni- 
 form o( the artillery or matross comjiauies, the uni- 
 form of a regiment, &c. niis dress is called a uni- 
 form, because it is alike among all those composing 
 the class or bodv. 
 
 IJ-NI-FORM-l-TA'RI-AN, n. A term applied to theo- 
 rists in geology, who believe that existing causes, act- 
 ing in the same manner as at the present time, are 
 sutlicient to account for all geological changes. Dana. 
 
 li-NI-FORiM'I-TY, 71. Resemblance to itself at all 
 times ; even tenor ; as, the uniformity of design in a 
 poem. 
 
 2. Consistency; sameness; as, the uni/urmiVy of a 
 man's opinions. 
 
 3. Cimformity to a pattern or rule; resemblance, 
 consonance, or agreement ; as the uniformity of dif- 
 ferent churches in ceremonies or rites. 
 
 4. Similitude between the parts of a whole ; as, 
 the uniformity of sides in a regular figure. Beauty is 
 said to consist in uniformity with variety. Cyc. 
 
 5. Continued or unvaried sameness or likeness, 
 jjr/ of uniformity ; In England, the act of parliament 
 
 by which the form of public prayers, administration 
 of sacraments, and other rites, is jircscribi'd to be ob- 
 si'rved in all the churches. 1 £/ii. and 13 and 14 
 Car. II. 
 
 tl'NI-FORM-LY, adv. With even tenor ; without 
 
 variation ; as, a temper uniformly mild. 
 2. Without diversity of one from another. 
 II-NI-GEN'I-TQRE, 71. [L. unigenitus ; unus and 
 
 genitns.] 
 
 The state of being the only begotten. 
 IJ-NIG'E-NOUS, a. [L. uJiigena.] 
 
 Of one kind ; of the same genus. Kinran. 
 IJ-NI-LA'BI-ATE, o. In botany, having one lip only, 
 
 as a corol. Martyn. .^siat. Res. 
 
 IJ-NI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [L. Hnii.v, one, and /adi.i, side.] 
 
 1. Being on one side or parly only. [Unusual.] 
 
 2. Having one side. 
 
 A unilateral raceme, is when the flowers grow only 
 on one side of the common peduncle. Martyn. 
 
 FATE, FAB, F^LL, WHAT. — MftTE, PRBY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 1204 ■ 
 
UNI 
 
 IJ-NI-LIT'ER-AL, a. [L. unus, one, and litera, 
 letter.] 
 
 Cdiisistina of one letter only. 
 UN-IL-1,0'MIN-S-TED, a. Not illumiiiiitcd ; not en- 
 lightened ; d.irk. 
 •2. Iffiiorant. 
 UN-tl.-LC'M'IN-KD, a. Not illumined. 
 UN II, I.US'TRA-TED, a. Not illustrated ; not made 
 
 |)l:iin. Oood. 
 UN-II.-UJS'TR.\-TIVE, a. Not illustnitive. 
 IJ-Nl-LOenj-LAR, ryu-ne-lok'yu-liir,) a. [L. anus, 
 one, and /ocm/h.v, cell.] 
 
 IlavinR one cell or chamber only ; as, a unilocular 
 pericarp or shell. ^ 
 UN-nt-.\G'IN-.\-RLE, a. Not to be imajrined ; not 
 
 to be conceived. TilUitsoii. 
 UN-IM-AC'IN-.-V-BLY, adu. To a degree not to be 
 
 imagined. Boyle. 
 UN-I.M-A(5'IN-A-TIVE, a. Not imaginative. 
 
 IVordsworth, 
 
 UN-IM-A<j'IN-ED, a. Not imagined ; not conceived. 
 UN-I.M-lilT'TER-SD, a. Not inibittered ; not aggra- 
 
 val(Hl. Roscor. 
 U.\'-I.M l!0'f;n, a. Not imbued : not tinctured. Drake, 
 UN-l.M'l-TA-HI,E, a. Tlint can not Le imitated. 
 
 I liut the word now used is Inimitable.] 
 UN-LM'I>rA-TEn, a. Not imitated. Joknson. 
 UN-I.M-.MOR'TAL, a. Not immortal ; perishable. 
 
 Mtllon. 
 
 UN-IM-PaIR'A-HLE, a. Not liable to waste or dimi- 
 nution. Unkncill. 
 
 UN-I.M PaIR'ED, a. Not impaired ; not diminished ; 
 not enfeebled by time or injury j as, an unimpaired 
 constitution. 
 
 U.\-!.M-PAS'SION-ATE, a. Not impassionate. 
 
 UN-IM-PAS'SION-ATE-NESS, n. A state of being 
 uniuipassionalc. 
 
 UN-I.M-PAS'SION-JCD, a. Not endowed with pas- 
 sions. Tliumson. 
 
 2. Free from passion ; calm j not violent ; as, an 
 vnimpassioncd address. 
 
 UN-I.M-PkACH'A-BLE, a. That can not be im- 
 peached ; that can not be accused ; free from stain, 
 guilt, or fault; as, an unimpeachable reputation. 
 
 2. That can not be called in question ; as, an un- 
 imptachahlf. claim or testimony. 
 
 UN-I.M-Pl-.ACU'A-BLY, adv. So as not to be im- 
 ))eachahj^e. 
 
 UN-I.M-PKACn'£D, (-im-peecbt',)a. Not impeached ; 
 not charged or accused; fair; as, an uninipcacficd 
 character. 
 
 2. Not called in question ; as, testimony unim- 
 prachrd 
 
 IIN-I.M-PeD'ED, a. Not impeded ; not hindered. 
 
 Ratrle. 
 
 UN-TM'PLr-e.\-TED, a. Not implicated; not in- 
 volved. Mitfurd, 
 
 UN-I.M PLI'KD, (-im-pllde',) a. Not implied ; not in- 
 cluded bv fair inference. Madison. 
 
 UN-fiM-PLoK'fiD, a. Not implored ; not solicited. 
 
 Mdton, 
 
 UN-IM-PORT'ANCE, n. Want of importance. 
 
 Dwight. 
 
 UN-IM-PORT'ANT, a. Not important; not of great 
 moment. 
 
 2. Not assuming airs of dignitv. Pope. 
 UN-IM-PORT'ANT-LY, ado. Without weight or 
 importance. 
 
 U.\-1.M-POR-TON'£D, a. Not importuned ; not soli- 
 cited. 
 
 UN-IM-POS'ING, a. Not imposing ; not commanding 
 respect. 
 
 2. Not enjoining as obligatory ; voluntarj'. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-IM-PREG'N.^-TED, a. Not impregnated. 
 UN-IM-PRESS'I-HLE, a. Not impressible. 
 UN-I.M-PRESS'IVE, a. Not impressive; not forci- 
 ble ; not adapted to affect or awaken the passions. 
 
 Bcddofs. 
 
 UN-IM-PRESS'lVE-LY, adv. Unforcibly ; without 
 impression. 
 
 UN-l.M-PRIS'ON-ED, a. Not confined in prison. 
 
 UN-I.M-PRo'PRI-S-TED, a. Not impropriated. 
 
 UN-I.M PROV'A-HLE, (-im-proov'a-bl,) a. Not capa- 
 ble of improvement, melioration, or advancement to 
 a better condition. Rambler. 
 2. Incapable of beinc cultivated or tilled. It'olenlt. 
 
 UN-IM-PROV'A-I!LE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 not iinprov:;ble. Hammond. 
 
 UN-I.M-PROV'A-BLY, adv. Without being improva- 
 ble. 
 
 UN-I.M-PROV'KD, (-im-proovd',) a. Not improved; 
 not niaile better or wiser ; not advanced in knowl- 
 edge, manners, or excellence. 
 
 Rattle. Pope. Olanrille. 
 
 2. .\ot used for a valuable purpose. How many 
 advantages unimproccd have we to regret ! 
 
 As. Reiearrh. I. x. 
 
 3. Not used ; not employed. Hamilton. Ramsap. 
 
 4. Not tilled ; not cultivated ; as, unimproved land 
 or soil ; unimproved lots of ground. 
 
 Latos of Penn. Franklin. Ramitay. 
 
 5. Uncensured ; not disapproved. [This sense, 
 from the L. improbo, is entirely obsolete.] 
 
 UNI 
 
 UN-IiM PROVING, a. Not improving; not tending 
 to advance or instruct. Jalin.mn. 
 
 UN-I.M-PO T'A-ULE, a. Not imputable or chargea- 
 ble to. 
 
 lI-Nl-.MUS'eU-I,AR, a. Having one muscle only, 
 and one muscular impression, as a bivalve mollus- 
 can. Kirby. 
 
 UN-IN-eXR'NATE, a. Not incarnate. 
 
 UN-IN-CENS'iiD, (-senst',) a. Not incensed or angry. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 UN-IN-CIT'ED, a. Not incited. Wordewurih. 
 UN-IN-CLOS'A.T), a. Not inclosed. 
 UN-lN-enR'PO-liA-TrOl), a. Not incorporated. 
 UN-IN-€Rlc.\S'A-liLE, a. Admitting no increase. 
 
 [J^Tiit in use] Suijle. 
 UN-lN-eRE.'<S'£D, (-kreest',) a. Not increased. 
 
 A.fh. 
 
 UN-IX-eU.M'nER-£D, a. Not encumbered ; not bur- 
 dened. 
 
 2. I'ree from any temporary estate or interest, or 
 from mortgage, or other charge or debt; as, an es- 
 tate uneiicumhrrrd with dower. 
 UN-I.\-nEllT'EI), (■-det'-,) n. Not indebted. 
 
 2. Not borroweu. [Unusual.] Youn/r. 
 UN-IN-DIF'EER-ENT, a. Not indirtercnt ; not unbi- 
 
 aseil ; partial ; leaning to one party. Hooker. 
 UN-L\ DORS'iJD, a. Not indorsed; not assigned; 
 
 as, an unindorsed note or bill, 
 UN-lN-DCiC'/^D, (-duste',) a. Not induced. 
 UN-IN-lJUS'TRl-OUS, a. Not industrious; not dili- 
 gent in labor, study, or other pursuit. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 UN-IN-nUS'TRI-OUS-I-Y, adv. Without industry. 
 UN-IN-KECT'EI),a. Not infected ; not contaminated 
 or affected by foul, infectious air. 
 2. Not corrupted. 
 UN-IN-l'Ee'TlOUS, a. Not infectious; not foul; 
 
 not capable of communicating disease. 
 UN-IN-FEST'ED, a. Not infested. 
 DN-IN FLaM'£D, a. Not inflamed ; not set on fire. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 9. Not highly provoked. 
 
 UN-IN-FLAM'MA-RLE, a. Not iriflammable ; not 
 capable of being set on fire. Boyle. 
 
 UN-IN'FI.U-ENC-ED, (-in'llu-enst,) a. Not influ- 
 enced ; not persuaded or moved by others, or by for- 
 eign considerations ; not biased ; acting freely. 
 
 2. Not proceeding from influence, bias, or preju- 
 dice ; as, uninfluenced conduct or ac'ions. 
 
 UN-IN-FLU-EN'TIAL, a. Not having influence. 
 
 UN-IN-FORM'£D, a. Not informed ; not instructed ; 
 untaught. Jlilton. 
 2. Unanimated ; not enlivened. Spectator. 
 
 UN-IN-FURM'ING, a. Not furnishing information ; 
 iininstriictive. Mitford. 
 
 UN-lN-Gi?.N'IOUS, a. Not ingenious ; dull. Burke. 
 
 UN-IN-Gi?N'IOU.S-I.,Y, adv. Without ingenuity. 
 
 UN-IN-GEN'U-OUS, a. Not ingenuous; not frank 
 or candid ; disingenuous. Decay of Piety. 
 
 UN-IN-GEN'lJ-OUS-LY, adv. Not ingenuously. 
 
 UN-IN-GEN'U-OUS-NESS, n. Want of ingenuous- 
 ness. 
 
 UN-IN-HAB'IT-A-BLE, a. Not inhabitable; that in 
 which mea can not live ; unfit to be the residence of 
 men. Raleirh. 
 
 UN-lN-IIAB'IT-.\-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being 
 uninhabitable. 
 
 UN-IN-HAB'IT-EI),a. Not inhabited by men ; hav- 
 ing no inhabitants. Stcifl. 
 
 UN-IN-I"TIATE, (-ish'ate,) ) , „ , ;„-„-„,„j 
 
 UN-IN-I"T1A-TEIJ, f-ish'a ted,) j ^ot initiated. 
 
 UN-IN'JUR-£D, a. Not injured ; not hurt; suffering 
 no harm. Mdton. 
 
 UN-IN-JU'RI-OU9, a. Not injurious. 
 
 UN-lN-aUIR'ING, a. Not inquiring or disposed to 
 inquire. 
 
 UN-IN-UUIS'I-TIVE, a. Not inquisitive ; not curi- 
 ous to search and inquire. IVarton. 
 
 UN-IN-StRrB'iiU, a. Not inscribed ; having no in- 
 scription. Pope. 
 
 UN-IN-SI'IR'£D, a. Not h.aving received any super- 
 natural instriirli<m or illumination. Locke. 
 
 UN-IN-tiPlR'IT-ED, a. Not inspirited. 
 
 UN-IN'STI-TU-TED, a. Not instituted. TVithcrspoon. 
 
 UN-IN-STRUeT'ED, a. Not instructed or taught ; 
 not educated. 
 
 2. Not directed by superior authority ; not fur- 
 nished with instructions. 
 
 UN-I.\-STRlJeT'ING, a. Noting acting. 
 
 UN-IN-STRIJCT'IVE, a. Not instructive; not con- 
 ferring improvement. Addison. 
 
 UN-IN-STRUCT'IVE-LY, adv. Not instnictively. 
 
 UN-IN'.SU-La-TEI), a. Not insulated ; not being 
 separated or detached from every thing else. lire. 
 
 UN-IN SIJLT'EU, a. Not insulted. 
 
 UN-IN-SCR'A'D, (-shurd',) a. [See Sure.] Not in- 
 sured ; not assured against loss. 
 
 UN-IN-TEL-LECT'U-AL, a. Not intellectual. 
 
 Good. 
 
 UN-IN-TEL-LEGT'TJ-AL-LY, adv. Not intellectually. 
 UN-IN-TEL'LI-GENT, a. Not having reason or con- 
 sciousness ; not possessing understanding. 
 
 BeT\tley. 
 
 2. Not knowing; not skillful ; dull. Locke. 
 
 UNI 
 
 UN-IN-TKI/M-GENT LY, adv. Not intelligenlly. 
 UN-I.\-TEL-I,I-Gl-UIL'I-TY,ii. The quality of being 
 
 not illtelligihlo. Burnet. 
 UN-IN-TKL'U GI-BLE, a. Not intelligible ; that 
 
 can not be undiTstooil. Smrt. 
 UN-IN-TEL'LI-GI-BLE-NESS, n. State of being 
 
 u nintelligible. 
 
 UN-IN-'I'EL'LI-GI-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be 
 understood. 
 
 UN-1N-TE.\D'ED, a. Not intended ; not designed. 
 
 Loeke. 
 
 UN-IN-TEN'TION-AL, a. Not intentional ; not de- 
 signed ; done or happening without design. Bmile. 
 
 UN IN TEN'TION-AL-l-Y,aJt;. Without design or 
 ptlrpi>se. 
 
 UN-IN'TER-EST-ED, a. Not interested ; not having 
 any interest or property in; having nothing at 
 stake ; as, to be uninterested in any business or ca- 
 Itt/xily. 
 
 2. Not having the mind or the passions engaged ; 
 
 as, to be uninterested in a discourse or narration. 
 UN-IN'TER-E.ST-ING, a. Not capable of exciting an 
 
 interest, or of engaging the mind or passions; as, 
 
 an uninterestinir story or poem. 
 UN-IN'TER-EST-I\G-LY, ado. So as not to excite 
 
 iiilerest. 
 
 UN-IN-TER-MIS'SION, (-mish'un,) n. Defect or 
 failure of intermission. Parker. 
 
 UN-IN-TER-iMri''TED, a. Not inlermitted ; not in- 
 terrupted ; not suspended for a time ; continued. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 UN-IN-TER-JIIT'TED LY, adv. Without being in- 
 termitted. 
 
 UN-IN-TER-MIT'TING, o. Not intermitting; not 
 
 ceasing for a time ; continuing. 
 
 UN-IN-TER-.MIT'TING-LY,a</f. Without cessation ; 
 continiiallv. Mitford. 
 
 UN-IN-TEli-MIX'KD.a. Not intermixed ; not mingled. 
 
 UN-IN'TER-PO-LA-TED, a. Not interpolated ; not 
 inserted at a time subsequent to the original writing. 
 
 UN-IN-TER'PRET-ED, a. Not explained or inter- 
 preted. 
 
 UN-IN-TER'RKH, a. Not buried. Pollok. 
 
 UN-IN-TEK-KUPT'ED, a. Not interrupted ; not 
 broken. Addison. 
 2. Not disturbed bv intrusion or avocation. 
 
 UN-IN-TER-RUP'i''E"l)-LY, adv. Without interrup- 
 tion ; without disturbance. 
 
 UN-IN-TOX'I-e.\-TING, a. Not intoxicating. 
 
 UN-IN-TRENCH'AD, (-in-trencht',) a. Not in- 
 trenched ; not defended by intreiicliments. Pope. 
 
 UN-IN'TRI-eA-TED, a. Not periilexed ; not obscure 
 or intricate. [J^utinusc.] Hammond. 
 
 UN-IN-TRO-DuC'iCI), (-iii tro-duste',) a. Not intro- 
 duced ; not properly conducted ; obtrusive. Young. 
 
 UN-IN-OR'£D, a. Not inured ; not hardened by use 
 or practice. Philips. 
 
 UN-IN-VaD'ED, a. Not invaded. 
 
 UN-IN-VE.\T'ED, a. Not invented ; not found out. 
 
 UN-IN-VENT'IVE, a. Not inventive. [Milton. 
 
 UN-IN-VENT'IVE-LY, adv. Not inventively. 
 
 UN-IN-VEST'ED, a. Not invested ; not clothed. 
 
 Dwight. 
 
 2. Not converted into some species of property less 
 fleeting than money ; as, money uninvested. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 UN-IN- VES'TI-GA-BLE, a. That can not be inves- 
 tigated or searched out Ray. 
 
 UN-IN-VES'TI-Ga-TED, a. Not investigated. 
 
 UN-IN-VES'TI-GA-TIVE, a. Not adapted or given 
 to investigation. 
 
 UN-IN-VIl>'I-OUS, a. Not invidious. 
 
 UN-IN-VIT'ED, a. Not invited ; not requested ; not 
 solicited. Philips. 
 
 UN-IN- VIT'ING, a. Not inviting. Sl^irart. 
 
 UN-IN- VOK'£D, (-in-vokt',) a. Not invoked. 
 
 IJ'NI-O, n. [L.] A genus of fresh-wuter bivalves, 
 commonly called Fkesh-Wateb Clams. Dana. 
 
 IJN'ION, (yun'yun,) n. [Fr. union; It. uniane ; L. 
 unwy to unite, from unus^ one.] 
 
 J. 'J'he act of joining two or more things into one, 
 and thus forming a compound body or a mixture ; or 
 the junction or coalition of things thus united. 
 Union diflera from conneetton^ as it implies the 
 bodies to be in contact, without an intervening 
 body ; whereas things may be connected by the inter- 
 vention of a third body, as by a cord or chain. 
 
 One kiiig^tom, Joy nnd union withoul end. Mitton. 
 
 2. Ctmcord ; agreement and conjunction of mind, 
 will, affections, or inlerest. Ilapfiy is the family 
 where perfect union subsists between all its mem- 
 bers. 
 
 3. The junction or united existence of spirit and 
 matter; as, the union of soul and body. 
 
 4. .Among painters^ a symmetry and agreement 
 betweim the several parts <if a paiiiliiig. Cye. 
 
 5. In arcMUcture, harmony between the colors in 
 the materials of a building. Cy' 
 
 C. In ecclesiastical affairs, the combining or consoli 
 dating of two or more churches into one. This can 
 not be done without the consent of the bishop, th» 
 patron, and the incumbent. Uniim is by «cfj.«ioii, 
 when the united benefice becomes an accessory of 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll as SH ; Til as in THIS. 
 
 151 * 
 
 W W W W * 
 
 1205 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 UN J 
 
 the principal ; by eovfusion^ wiiere tlie two titles are 
 suppressed, and a new one created, incliidinfi both ; 
 and by equality, where the two titles subsist, but are 
 equal and independent. Cyc. 
 
 7. States united. Thus the United States of 
 America are sometimes called the Union. 
 
 Marshall. Hamilton. 
 
 8. A pearl. [L. unio.'] [JVu( in use.] 
 
 9. In Vie JUitr of the United States, a square portion 
 at the upper left-hand corner, in which the stars are 
 united on a blue ground, denoting the union of the 
 States. Totten. 
 
 The British flag has a similar union, composed of 
 the three crosses of St. George, St. .•Andrew, and St. 
 Patrick, denoting the union of the three kingdoms. 
 
 Olynn. 
 
 Union dotoniBard ; a signal of distress at sea made 
 by reversing the flag, or turning its union rlownwanl. 
 
 Union, or act of union ; the act by which Scotland 
 was united to England, or liy which the two king- 
 doms were incorporated into one, in 1707. 
 
 LegULUive union ; the union of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, in 1800. 
 
 Union by the first intention ; in surgery, the process 
 by which the opposite surfaces of recent wounds, 
 when they are kept in contact with each other, grow 
 together and unite without suppuration ; tlie result 
 of a wonderful self-healing power in living bodies. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 Q-Xir'A-ROUS, a. [L. unus, one, and pario, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Producing one at a birth. Brown. 
 TJ-NiaUE', (yu-neek',) a. [Fr.] Sole ; unequaled ; 
 
 single in its kind or excellence. 
 lJ-Nt(iUE'LY, adv. In a unique manner. 
 U-NI-Ra'DI-a-TED, a. Having one ray. Eneijc. 
 UN-IR'RI-Ta-TEI), a. Not irritated ; not fretted. 
 
 2. Not provoked or angered. 
 UN-IR'RI-Ta-TIXG, a. Not irritating or fretting. 
 
 2. Not provoking. 
 
 3. Not exciting. Beddoes. 
 UN-IR'RI-Ta-TING-LY, adv. So as not to irritate. 
 IJ-NI-Se'RI-ATE, a. Having a single line or series. 
 U-NI-Se'RI-ATE-LY, adv. In single line or series. 
 U-NI-SEX'lJ-AL, a. In botany, having one sex only. 
 l^'NI-SON, n. [L. unus, one, and sonu3, sound.] 
 
 1. In music, an accordance or coincidence of 
 sounds proceeding from an equality in the nutnbeF 
 of vibrations made in a given time by a sonorous 
 body. If two chords of the same matter have equal 
 length, thickness, and tension, they are said to be in 
 uni.^on, and their sounds will be in unison. Sounds 
 of very dilferent qualities and f irco may be in uni- 
 son : as the sound of a bell may he in unison with a 
 sound of a flute, t/'nijoii then consists in sameness 
 of degree, or similarity in respect to gravity or acute- 
 nc.ss, and is applicable to any sound, whether of in- 
 struments or of the human organs, ice. 
 
 2. A single, unvaried note. Pope. 
 In unison ; in agreement ; in harmony. 
 
 IJ'NI-SON, a. Sounding alone. 
 
 Sounds inleriiiixcd with voice, 
 Ciionl or uniMon. Anon. 
 
 IJ-NIS'O-NANCE, n. Accordance of sounds. 
 
 What constitufs unisOTVinee is tli^ f*miilily of thp nunil)<»r of 
 vibr.ilioDS of s^tioruiis bodies, in ti^o i'qu.il times. Cyc. 
 
 TJ-NIS'O-NANT, a. Being in unison ; having the 
 
 same degree of gravity or acuteness. 
 tJ-NIS'O-NOUS, a. Being in unison. BiiaJ;/. 
 IJ'NIT, (yu'nit,) n. [L. unus, one ; unltas, unity.] 
 
 1. One ; a word which denotes a single thing or 
 person ; the least whole number. 
 
 Unitt are Ihe integral parts of any large number. WaUe. 
 
 2. In mathematics, any known determinate quantity, 
 by the constant repetition of which, any other quan- 
 tity of the same kind is measured. [See UniTv.] 
 
 Olm.iUd. 
 
 IJ-NI-TA'RI-A.V, n. [L. unitas, unu.".] 
 
 One who denies the doctrine of the trinity, and 
 ascribes divinity to God the I'ather only. 'J'he .Ariari 
 and .Sucinian are both comprehended in the term 
 Unitarian. 
 
 II-NI-TA'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Unitarians. 
 lT-.M-TA'RI-AN-ISM,n. The doctrines of Unitarians, 
 
 who deny the divinity of Christ. 
 IJ-NITE', ti. L [L. unio, uuitus ; Fr. and Sp. unir ; It. 
 
 unire.] 
 
 1. To put tog(rther or join two or more things, 
 which make one compound or mixture. Thus we 
 uni(>^ the parts of a buililing to make one structure. 
 The kingdoms of England, Scollanil, and Ireland 
 united, form one empire. So we unite spirit and 
 water and other liquors. We unite strands to make 
 n rope. The States of North America, united, form 
 one nation. 
 
 2. To join ; to connect in a near relation or alli- 
 ance ; an, to unite families by marriage j to unite 
 naiionH by treaty. 
 
 3. To make to agree or be uniform ; as, to unite a 
 kingdom in one form of worships to unite men in 
 opinions. Clarendon. 
 
 4. To cause to adhere ; an, to unite bricks or stones 
 by cement. 
 
 5. To join in interest or fellowship. Ocn. xlix. 
 
 6. To tie; to splice; as, to unite two cords or 
 ropes. 
 
 7. To join ill afl'ection ; to make near ; as, to unite 
 hearts in love. 
 
 [ Unite is followed by to or with. To unite to, is to 
 join. Oen. xlix. vi. To unite icith, is to associate ; 
 but the distinction is not always obvious or impor- 
 tant.] 
 
 To unite the heart; to c.iuse all its powers and afl^ec- 
 tions to join with order and delight in the same ob- 
 jects. Ps. Ixxxvi. 
 TJ-NlTE', V. i. To join in an act ; to concur ; to act 
 in concert. All parties united in petitioning for a 
 repeal of the law. 
 
 2. To coalesce ; to be cemented or consolidated ; 
 to combine ; as, bodies unite by attraction or af- 
 finity. 
 
 3. To grow together, as the parts of a wound. 
 
 The spur of a young coclt, gnifled inlo the comb, will untie and 
 grow. Duhamel. 
 
 4. To coalesce, as sounds. 
 
 5. To be mixed. Oil and water will not unite. 
 U-NTT'ED, pp. or a. Joined ; made to agree ; ce- 
 mented ; mixed ; attached by growth. 
 
 United Brethren ; a religious community commonly 
 called Moravians. 
 
 United flowers, are such as have the stamens and 
 pistils in the same flower. Cyc. 
 
 TJ-NIT'ED-LY, adv. With union or joint efl'tirts. 
 
 lJ-.\IT'ER, 71. The person or thing that unites. 
 
 IJ-.\IT'ING, ppr. Joining; causing to agree ; consoli- 
 dating; coalescing; growing together. 
 
 lJ-NI"TION, (yu-nisli'un,) n. Junction; act of unit- 
 ing. [JVu' in use.] Wiseman. 
 
 IJ'NI-TIVE, a. Having the power of uniting. [JVof 
 used.'] JVorris. 
 
 IJ'.VIT-JXR, 71. A small, insulated Leyden jar, placed 
 between the electrical machine and a larger jar or 
 battery, so as to announce, by its repeated dis- 
 charges, the number of them which have passed 
 into the larger jar. Brande. 
 
 IJ'NI-TY, (yu'ne-te,) ti. [L. it7ii(as.] 
 
 1. The state of being one ; onene.'S. Unify may 
 consist of a simple substance or existing being, as the 
 soul ; but usually it consists in a close junction of 
 particles or parts, constituting a body detached from 
 other bodies. Unity is a thing undivided itself, but 
 separate from every other thing. School Philosophy. 
 
 2. Concord; conjunction; as, a uTiiti/ of proofs. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Agreement ; uniformity ; as, utiity of doctrine ; 
 unity of worship in a church. Hooker. 
 
 4. In Chriitian theology, oneness of sentiment, af- 
 fection, or behavior. 
 
 How gootl and how pleasant il is for brethren to dwell together 
 in unity I — Ps. cxxxiii. 
 
 5. In mathematics, the abstract expression for any 
 unit whatsoever. The number 1 is u)ii(i/ when it 
 is not applied to any particular object ; but a unit, 
 when it is so applied. Olmsted. 
 
 6. In poctftj, the principle by which a uniform tenor 
 of story and propriety of representation is preserved. 
 In the Greek drama, the three unities required were 
 those of action, of time, and of place ; in other woriis, 
 that there should be but one main plot ; that the 
 lime supposed should not exceed twenty-four hours ; 
 and that the [dace of the .action before the spectators 
 should be one and the same throughout the piece. 
 
 7. In music, such a combination of parts as to con- 
 stitute a whole, or a kind of symmetry of style and 
 character. Rousseau. 
 
 8. In law, the properties of a joint estate are de- 
 rived from its unity, which is fourfold ; unity of in- 
 terest, unity of title, unity of tine, and unity of pos- 
 session ; in other words, joint-tenants have one and 
 the same interest, accruing by one and the same ctm- 
 veyance, commencing at the same time, and held 
 by one and the same undivided possession. 
 
 Blaclcgtone. 
 
 9. In laiv, unity of possession is a joint possession 
 of two rights by several titles, as when a man h.as a 
 lease of land upon a certain rent, and afterward buys 
 the fe(!-simple. This is a unity of possession, by whicit 
 the lease is extinguished. 
 
 Unity of faith is an equal belief of the same truths 
 of Goil, and possession of the grace of faith in like 
 form and degree. Brown. 
 
 Unity of spirit is the oneness which subsists be- 
 tween Christ and his saints, by which the same spirit 
 dwells in both, and both have the sanifMlisposition 
 and aims . ami it is the oneness of Christians amotig 
 themselves, united under the same hi!;id, having the 
 same spirit dwelling in them, and possessing the 
 same graces, faith, love, hope, &c. Brown. 
 
 II'NI-VAI..VE, rt. [ L. M7IW.V, one, and ?'a/jV7'.] 
 Having one valve luily, as a shell or pericarp. 
 
 IJ'NI-VAIiVE, 71. A shell having one valve <mly ; 
 a molliisk whose shell is composed of a single piece. 
 The univalves form one of the three divisions into 
 which shells are usually divided. I.inno'us. 
 
 y-NI VALV'lJ-I.AU, a. Having one valve oidy ; as, 
 a univalvular pericarp or shell. Miirtijn. Cyc. 
 
 II-NI- VERS' AL, a. [ L. universalis : unus and ver.tor.] 
 
 1. .Ml; exlcridiiig to or coiiiprehendiiig the whole 
 number, quantity, or space; as, universal ruin ; uni- 
 versal good ; universal benevolence. 
 
 The unieereal cause 
 Acts not by partial, but by general laws. Pope. 
 
 2. Total ; whole. 
 
 From harmony, from heavenly harmony. 
 
 This univerBiil frame began. Dryltn. 
 
 3. Comprising all the particulars ; as, universal 
 kinds. Davics. 
 
 4. In botany, a universal umbel is a primary or gen- 
 eral umbel ; the first or largest set of rays in a com- 
 pound umbel ; opposed to partial. A universal in- 
 volucre is not unfretpiently placed at the foot of a 
 universal umbel. Martya. 
 
 Universal dial is a dial by which the hour may he 
 found by the sun in any part of the world, or under 
 any elevation of the pole. 
 
 Universal joint : a contrivance employed to give 
 motion obliquely to certain instruments, as the tele- 
 scope. Two universal joints are so combined as to 
 give motion separately, in directions at right angles 
 to each other, e. g., one horizontally and the other 
 vertically ; but, when both act together, the motion 
 is oblique between the two separate directions. It 
 usually consists of two arms terminating in semicir- 
 cles, connected by pins or shafts at right angles to 
 each other. Olmsted. 
 
 Universal proposition ; one in which the subject is 
 taken in its widest extent, and the predicate applies 
 to every thing which the subject can denote. 
 
 Whately. 
 
 IJ-NI-VERS'AL, 71. [See the adjective.] lnlogic,a. 
 universal is complex or incomplex. A complex universal 
 is either a universal proixisition, as " every wiiole is 
 greater than its parts," or whatever raises a mani- 
 fold conception in the mind, as the definition of a 
 reasonable animal. 
 
 An incomplex universal is what produces one con- 
 ception only in the mind, and is a simple thing re- 
 specting many ; as human nature, which relates to 
 every individual in which it is found. Cyc. 
 
 2. The whole ; the general system of the universe. 
 rAo( in use.'\ 
 
 IJ-NI-VERS'AL-ISM, n. In theology, the doctrine or 
 belief that all men will be saved or made happy in a 
 future life. 
 
 II-NI-VERS'AE-IST, n. One who holds the doctrine 
 that all men will be saved. 
 
 2. One who afl'ecls to understand all particulars. 
 [Obs.] Beiiilcy. 
 y-NI-VER-SAI,'I-TY, 71. The state of extending to 
 the whole ; as, the universality of a proposition ; the 
 universality of sin ; the universality of the deluge. 
 
 fPoodward. 
 
 y-NI-VERS'AL-iZE, c. t. To make univers.al. 
 
 Colcridirc. 
 
 II-NI- VERS'AL-IZ-£D, pp. Rendered universal. 
 
 More. 
 
 IT-NI-VERS'AL-lZ-ING, ppr. Rendering universal. 
 
 Howe. 
 
 [J-NI-VERS'AL-LY, adv. With extension to the 
 whole ; in a manner to comprehend all ; without ex- 
 ception. Air is a fluid universally dilTused. God's 
 laws are universallif binding on his creatures. 
 
 IJ-NI-VERS'AE-NESS, 7i. Universality. 
 
 JVofc. — Universal and its derivatives are used in 
 cominnn discourse for General. This kind of uni- 
 versality is by the schoolmen called moral, as admit- 
 ting of some exceptions, in distinction from TJirta- 
 physiral, which prerludes all exceptions. 
 
 tl'Nl-VERSE, 71. [Vr.univcrsi L. universitns.] 
 
 The collective name of heaven and earth and .all 
 that belongs to thein ; the whole system of created 
 things ; the to trau of the Greeks, and the mundus of 
 the Latins. 
 
 tJ-NI-VERS'I-TY, 71. An assemblage of colleges es- 
 tablished in any place, with professors for instructing 
 students in the sciences and other branches ttf learn- 
 ing, and where degrees are conferred. A univer.iity 
 is properly a universal school, in which are taught 
 all branches of learning, or the four faculties of the- 
 ology, medicine, law, and the sciences and arts. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 IJ-NIV'O-e.Mi, n. [I,, units, one, and vox, word.) 
 
 1. Having one meaning (uily. A univocal word is 
 oppo.scil to an equivocal, which has two or more sig- 
 nifications. Watts. 
 
 2. Having unison of sounds, as the octave in mu- 
 sic anti its rt'plicales. Rousseau. 
 
 3. ('erlain ; regular ; pursuing always one tenor. 
 [Little M.<fi/.] Brown. 
 
 U-NI VU-CAL-LY, adv. In one term ; in one sense. 
 
 How Is sin unipom/Zv distinguished inlo venial and mortal, if the 
 
 venial b<; not sin? Uale. 
 2. In one tenor. [Little used.] Ray. 
 y-NIV-tJ-CA'TION, n. Agreement of name and 
 
 me.'ining. Cyc. 
 U.\ JXR'RING, a. Not discordant. 
 UNOEAI.'OUS, (-Jel'us,) a. Not mistrusting. 
 t;N-J()IN'/;I), n. Not joined. llookrr. 
 UN-JOINT', I'. (. To disjoint. Fuller. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftLL, WH^P METE, PRBY.-PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — N0T15, DOVE, MOVE, W(.n,F, BQQK.— 
 
 laoT 
 
UNL 
 
 I'N-JOINT'ED, ;»/«. Disjointed ; separated. Milton. 
 2. a. Having no juiiit or urlicululiuii ; aa, uii ««- 
 jointed t^ltm. Botany. 
 ON-JOY'OUS, a. Not joyous; not gay or rlicerl'iil. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-JOY'nrS-LY, adv. Uncliecrfully ; not joyously. 
 
 UN-JUDO'Kl), (jujd',) a. Not judged; not judicially 
 delirrninc'd. Prior. 
 
 UN-JUST', a. Not just ; acting contrary to tile stand- 
 ard ofrii-lit e.-italilislied liy the divine law ; not equi- 
 table ; as, an unjust man. 
 
 2. Contrary to justice and rislit ; wrongful ; as, an 
 unjust sentence ; an unjust demand ; an unjust accu- 
 sation. 
 
 UN-JUST'I-FI-A BLE, n. Not justifiable ; that can 
 not be proved to be rif;lit ; not to be vindicated or 
 defended ; as, an unjustijiubtc motion or action. 
 
 Jlttcrbiiry. 
 
 UN-JUST'r-FI-.\-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of not 
 beins justitialile. Clorendon. 
 
 UN-JUST'I-FI-A-HLV, (k/h. In a manner that can 
 not be justified or vindicated. 
 
 TTN-JUST'I-FI-£D, (-fide,) a. Not justified or vindi- 
 cated. 
 
 2. Not pardoned. J. M. Mason. 
 
 UN-JUST'LY, ado. In an unjust manner; wrong- 
 fully. 
 
 UNK'ED, I for Uhcouth. Odd; strange. [A'ot i« 
 U.NK'll), i h.nc] 
 
 UN-Ki:.M'MKU, j a. Uncombed; unpolished. 
 UN-KE.MPT', i Spenser. 
 
 [ Obsotrte ficeiit in poetry.] 
 UN-KEN'NEL, v. t. To drive from his hole; as, to 
 unkennel a fox. Sfiak. 
 
 2. To rouse from secrecy or retreat. Shak. 
 
 3. To release from a kennel. 
 U.N-KE.N'.NEL-Kn, pp. Driven or let loose from con- 
 
 linemont, as a fo.v or dog. 
 UN-KENT', a. [un and toi, to know.] Unknown. 
 
 [OA,-;.] Spenser. 
 U.V-KEP I", a. Not kept ; not retained ; not preserved. 
 2. Not observed ; not obeyed ; as a command. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 UN-KEU'CIIIEF-KD, (-ker'chift,) a. Not having on 
 a kercliief, 
 
 UN K i:ilN'EI>-ED, n. Destitute of a kernel. Pollok. 
 UN-KI.MJ', a. Not kind ; not benevolent ; not f.ivor- 
 uble ; nut olili^ing. Shak. 
 2. Unnatural. * . Spenser. 
 
 UN-KIND'LI-NESS, n. Uiifavorahleness. 
 UN-KI.\I)'LY, a. Unnatural ; contrary to nature ; as, 
 an unkindly crime. Spenser. 
 2. Unfavorable ; malignanl ; as, an unkindly fog. 
 
 J)idlMn. 
 
 UN-KT.\D'I,Y, ai/t). Without kindness; without af- 
 fection ; as, to treat one unkindly. 
 2. In a manner contrary to nature ; unnaturally. 
 Alt works or n:\(iir^, 
 Aborltvi?, moiulrouj, or unkiivtty inixed. Miilon. 
 
 U.\-KIND'NESS, n. Want of kindness ; want of nat- 
 ural alfection ; want of good will. 
 2. Disobliging treatment ; disfavor. 
 UN-KINC;', r. To deprive of loyalty. Shak. 
 1'N-KIN(J' LIKE, j a. l.'iibecoining a king; not no- 
 I^N-KINIJ'LY, t hie- MUner. Shak. 
 
 UN-KISS' /:D, (-kist',) a. Not kissed. Shak. 
 UNK'I.E. See U.ncle. 
 
 UN-KNEIJ/KD, (-neld',) n. Untolled. Byron. 
 U.\-K.\'T(;HT'I.Y, a. Unhocoming a knight. Sidnmi. 
 UN-K.MT', (-nit',) u. I. 'i'o separate threads that are 
 knit ; tu open ; to loose work that is knit or knotted. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. To open. , Shak. 
 
 UN-K.\()T', (-not',) V. t. To free from Irnots ; to untie. 
 U.\ KNOT'TED, pp. Freed from knots ; untied. 
 UN-K.NoW', (-no',) v. U To cease to know. [JVoJ in 
 tur.] 
 
 U.\-K.\6W'.\-BLE,a. That can not be known. l\'att.i. 
 UN-K.NoWING, a. Not knowing; ignorant; with 
 of. 
 
 Unknoteing of Acw'A. Popt. 
 UN-KN6W'ING-LY, a//o. Ignorantly ; without knowl- 
 
 cd:;e or design. jjddi<on. 
 UN-K.NoWN', a. Not known. The author of the 
 inventitin is unknown. 
 2. Greater than is imagined. Bacon. 
 n. Not having had cohabitation. Sliak. 
 
 4. Not having rominunicatiop. ^dilison. 
 UN-L,.\'liOR-/;D, a. Not produced by labor ; as, un 
 
 labored harvests. Dn/den. 
 
 2. Not cultivated by labor ; not tilled. Blackmore. 
 
 3. Spontaneous ; voluntary ; that olTcrs without 
 effort ; natural. 
 
 Anil from the thpiDC unlabortd t^uUet rise. Ticket. 
 
 4. Easy; natural; not stiff; as, an uiUoiored style. 
 
 Roscoe 
 
 UN-LA-BO'UI-OUS, a. Not laborious ; not ditlicult to 
 be done. Milton. 
 
 UN-I..\-I!6'RI.0US-LY, adv. Without labor. 
 
 UN-LaCE', v. L To loose from lacing or fa.stening by 
 a cord or strinis p,-issed through loops and holes ; as, 
 to un/ore a helmet or a garment. 
 2. l o loose a woman's dress. 
 
 UNL 
 
 3. To divest of ornaments. Shak. 
 
 4. In sea tanirua^e^ to loose and take off a bonnet 
 from a sail, or to cast off any lacing in any part of 
 the riggini; of a vessel. Totlcn. 
 
 UN-LAC'KD, (-liste'j) p^. Loosed from lacing; un- 
 fastened. 
 
 UN-L.XC'I.VG, ppr. Loosing fVoin lacing or fastening. 
 UN-LACK'EY-i;D, (-lak'id,) a. Unattended by a 
 
 lacki'y. • Coicper. 
 
 UN-LADE', ». (. To unload; to take out the cargo 
 
 of; as, to unlade a ship. 
 2. To unload ; lo remove, as a load or burden. 
 
 .^cls xxi. 
 
 UN-LAD'KN, pp. of L»dl'. Unloaded. 
 U.\-LAD'ING, ppr. Removing the cargo from a ship. 
 UN-La'DY-LIKK, a. Not ladylike. 
 UN-LAID', a. Not placed ; nut fixed. Hooker. 
 
 2. Not allayed ; not pacified ; not suppressed. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. Not laid out, as a corpse. B. Junson. 
 UN-L.\-MENT'ED, a. Not lamented; whose loss is 
 
 not deplored. 
 
 Tims unlamented pass the proud nw&j. Pope. 
 
 UN-L.KNCII'KD, a. Not lanchcd. 
 
 UN-LAP', II. t. To unfold. 
 
 UN-LAP'PKD, (-lapt', pp. Unfolding. 
 
 UN-LAP'PLNG, /v<r. Uiil.ililing. 
 
 UN-LXKD'ED, a. Not intermixed or inserted for im- 
 
 provrunnt. Chesterfield. 
 U.N- LA TCH', V. i. To open or loose by lifting the 
 
 latih. 
 
 UN-L.\TCII'lNG,p;;r. Opening or loosing by lifting 
 the latch. 
 
 UN-LXUNCII'JCD, (-lilncht',1 a. Not launched. 
 UN-LAU'IIEL-^;D, a. Not crowned with laurel ; not 
 
 honored. Byron. 
 UN-LAV'ISII, a. Not lavish; not profuse; not 
 
 wasteful. 
 
 UN-LAV'ISII-ED, (-lav'isht,) a. Not lavished; not 
 
 spent wasti?fully. 
 UN-L.\W', V. L To deprive of the authority of law. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-LAW'FIJL, a. Not lawful ; contrary to law ; 
 
 illegal ; not permitted by law. Dryden. 
 Unlawful assembly ; in law, the meeting of tiiree or 
 
 more persons with intent mutually to assist each 
 
 other in the execution of .some enterprise of a private 
 
 nature with force anil violence. Buucier. 
 UN-LAVV'FU'L-Ly,a<;i). In violation of law or right; 
 
 illegally. Taylor. 
 2. Illegitimately; not in wedlock; as, a child un- 
 
 laiefulhi born. .Hddison. 
 UN-LAVV'FIJL-NESS, n. Illegality ; contrariety to 
 
 law. South. 
 2. Illegitimacy. 
 UN-LA W'LIKE, a. Not lawlike. 
 UN-LKACII'ED, (-leeclit',) a. Not leached; as, u«- 
 
 leached ashes. 
 
 UN LEARN', (-Icin',) r. «. To forget or lose what 
 has been learned. It is most important to us all to 
 unlearn the errors of our early education. 
 
 1 li;vd IcarucU liuthin^ riglit ; I had to unteam everything. 
 
 Luther in Milner, 
 
 UN-LEAIl.\'£D, (pp. pron. un-Iernd', and a. un-Ierii'- 
 ed,) pp. Forgotten. 
 
 2. a. Not learned ; ignorant ; illiterate ; not in- 
 structed. Dryden. 
 
 3. Not gained by study ; not known. Milton. 
 
 4. Not suitable to a learned man ; as, unlearned 
 verses. Shak. 
 
 UN-LEAR.V'En-r,Y, adv. Imorantly. Brown. 
 UN-LEARN'ED-NESS, n. Want of le.arning ; illiter- 
 
 atent;ss. Sylvester. 
 UN-LEARN'ING, ppr. Forgetting what one has 
 
 learned. 
 
 UN-LEAV'KN-ED, (-lev'nd,) a. Not leavened ; not 
 raised by leaven, barin, or yea.st. Exod. xii. 
 
 UN-LEe'TIJIl-/CD, a. Not taught by lecture. Young. 
 
 UN-LF;D', a. Not led or conducted. 
 
 UN-LEIS'I;R-£D, (-leezh'urd or -lezh'urd,) a. Not 
 havini; leisure. [.Vuf in iise.] Milton. 
 
 UN-LENT', a. Not lent. 
 
 UN-LESS', conj. [Sax. onlesan, to loose or relea.se.] 
 Except ; that is, remove or dismiss the fact or 
 thing stated in the sentence or clause which follows. 
 " We can not thrive unless we are industrious and 
 frugal." The sense w ill be more obvious w ith the 
 clauses of the sentence inverted. Unless [remove 
 this fact, suppose it not to exist] we are indu.'<trious 
 and frut^al, we can not thrive. C/n/cvv, then, answers 
 for a negation. If ^'e are not industrious, wc can 
 not thrive. 
 
 UN-LESS'EN-ED, a. Not diminished. 
 
 UN-LES'SON-SD, a. Not taught ; not instructed. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-LET'TER-jED, a. Unlearned ; untaught ; ieno- 
 
 rant. Dri/dcn. 
 UN-LET'TER-£D-NESS, ju Wont of learning. 
 
 lyatrrhouse. 
 
 UN-LEV'EL-£D, a. Not leveled ; not laid even. 
 
 Ticket. 
 
 UN-LI-BID'I.V-OUS, a. Not libidinous ; not lustful. 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 UNL 
 
 UN-LI'CEN.S-ED, ( li'sensl,) a. Not licensed ; not 
 liaving permission by authority ; us, an unlicented 
 innkeeper. 
 
 The veiidinfT of aitliTiit spirits, in ptsMs Itccascd or unlirenttd, 
 
 is a tremendous evil. L. Uttdier. 
 
 UN-LICK'£D, ( likt',) a. Shapeless ; not formed to 
 
 Hiiioolliness ; as, an untickrd bear whelp. Sliak. 
 UN-LIGHT'ED, a. Not lighted ; not illuininaled. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 2. Not kindled or set on fire. 
 UN-LIGiri''.><0.\IK, (-lite'suin,) o. Dark ; gloomy ; 
 
 wantiii!; ligliL MUttm, 
 U.N-LIKE', a. Dissimilar; lia»ing no resemblance. 
 
 Never were two men more unlike. Tlie cases arc 
 
 entirely unlike. 
 2. Improbable ; unlikely. Bacon. 
 UN-LIKE'LI-IIOQD, j ii. Improbability. 
 UN-LIKi:'LI-NESS, j South. I^cke. 
 
 UN-LIKE'LY, a. Improbable; such as cannot be 
 
 reasonably expected ; as, an unlikely event. The 
 
 tliini; you nu-ntion is very unlikely. 
 2. Not promising siicce.ss. He employs very un- 
 
 likelii means to effect his object. 
 U.N'-LlKH'LY, ade. Improbably. Addison. 
 U.N-LIKE'NKSS, n. Want of resemblant^ ; dissimil- 
 itude. Dryden. 
 U.\-LlM'nER, a. Not limber; not flexible; not 
 
 yieldinj;. 
 
 UN-LIM'liER, I'. (. In military /ain'i/o^f, to take off 
 
 the limbers ; ns, lo unlinibrr the gnus. 
 UN-LI M'HER-KI), pp. Freed from the limbers. 
 UN-LI.M'I!ER-ING, ppr. Takinj; off the limbers. 
 U.N'-LIM'I'l'-A-IiLE, u. Admitting no limits; bouiid- 
 [We now use Illimitable.] [less. 
 U.N-LI.M'IT-ED, a. Not limited ; having no bounds; 
 
 boundless. Boyle. 
 
 2. Undefined ; indefinite ; not bounded by proper 
 exceptions; a.s, uH/irwi/r-ri terms, 
 
 3. Unconflned ; not restrained. 
 
 AkgHN* not to God such no unluniitd exercise of merer as may 
 d.->lroy his JiiBtice. Kogert. 
 
 Untimiled problem, is one which is capable of an 
 infinite number of solutions. Cyc 
 
 UN-LI.M'IT-ED-LY, ado. Without bounds. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 
 UN-LIM'IT-ED-NESS, n. The state of being bound- 
 less, or of being undeiiried. Johnson. 
 
 UN-LIN'E-AL, a. Not in a line; not coming in the 
 order of succession. Shak. 
 
 UN-LINK', V. t. To separate links ; lo loose ; to un- 
 fasten ; to untwist. Shale. 
 
 U.\-Lia'UI-DA-TED, (-lik'we-di-ted,) a. Not li(|ui- 
 daled ; not settled ; not having the exact amount 
 ascertained ; as, an unliquidated debt ; unlii/nidated 
 accounts. J/nrutlttm. 
 2. Unpaid ; tinadjiisted. H'lieaton. 
 
 U.VLia'UI-FI-ED, (-llk'we-fidc,) a. Unmelted ; not 
 dissolved. .Sildi'^on. 
 
 U.N-LKi'UOR-ED, ( lik'iird,) a. Not moistened ; not 
 smeared with liijuor ; not filled »vitli liquor. 
 
 Bp. Hull. Milton. 
 
 U.\-LIS'TEN-ING, a. Not listening; ntit hearing; 
 not reuardiii::. Thomson, 
 
 UN-LIVE'LI-NESP, n. Want of life ; dullness. 
 
 U.\-LIVE'LY, a. Not lively ; dull. [MUton. 
 
 U.V-Lo.AD', V. t. To take the load from ; to discharge 
 of a load or cargo ; as, to unload a ship ; to unload a 
 cart. 
 
 2. To disburden ; as, to unload a beast. 
 
 3. To disburden ; to relieve from any thing oner- 
 ous or troublesome. Shak. 
 
 UN-LO.\D'ED, pp. Freed from a load or cargo; dis- 
 burdened. 
 
 U.V-Lo.VD'ING, ppr. Freeing from a load or cargo ; 
 
 disbiirdenins ; relievina of a burden. 
 UN-Lo'eA-TED, a. Not placed ; not fixed in a 
 
 place. 
 
 2. In .America, iinlocated lands are such new or 
 wild lands as have nut been siirveyeil, appropriated, 
 or designated by marks, limits, or boundaries, to 
 some individual, company, or corporation. 
 U.\-L01;K', v. U To mifaslcn what is lucked ; as, to 
 unlock a door or a chest. 
 2. To open, in general ; to lay opti. 
 
 Uiiloek your sprinys, and oficn all your shades. Pop*. 
 U.N'-LOCK'ED, ( lukl',) pp. Opened. 
 2. a. Not locked ; not made fast. 
 Unlooked for: not expected ; not foreseen. Bacon. 
 U.N-LOOSE', (iin-loos',) c. U To ltM>se. 
 
 Shak. John i. 27. 
 [This word is unnecessary, the idea being ex- 
 pressed by Loose] 
 U.N'-LOOSE', (iin-lo<is',) v. i. To fall in pieces ; to 
 lose nil connertioii or union. [See above.] Collier. 
 UN-LOS'A-BLE, a. That can not be lost. yVot in 
 
 use.] Boyle. 
 I.'N-LOV'ED, (-hivd',) a. Not loved. Sidney. 
 U.N'-LOVE'LI-NESS, n. Want of loveliness ; una- 
 miablenesa ; want of th» qualities which attract 
 love. Silney. 
 UN I.OVE'LY. ( luv'Ie,) a. Not lovely ; n.it amia- 
 ble ; destitute of the qiiiilities which attract love, or 
 possessing qualities that excite dislike. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE — AN 'GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1207 
 
UNM 
 
 UNM 
 
 UNM 
 
 UN- LOVING, a. Not loving ; not fond. Sliak. 
 UN-LOV'ING-LY, adv. In an unloving manner. 
 UN-LO'BRI-eA-TED, a. Not lubricated. 
 UN-LUCK'I-LY, 0(/«. Unfortunately, by ill fortune. 
 
 UN-LUCK'I-NESS, n. Unfortunateness ; ill fortune. 
 
 2. Miscliievousness. [./IJdi.son. 
 UN-LUCK'Y, a. Unfortunate ; not successful ; as, 
 an unliickij man. 
 
 2. Unfortunate ; not resulting in success ; as, an 
 unlucky adventure; an ujilaclcy throw of dice ; an 
 unlucky game. 
 
 [This word is usually applied to incidents in which 
 success depends on single events, to games of haz- 
 ard, Sec, rather than to things which depend on a 
 long series of events, or on the ordinary course of 
 providence. Hence we say, a man is unlucky in 
 play or in a lottery ; but not that a farmer is unlucky 
 in his husbandry, or a commander unlucky in the re- 
 sult of a campaign.] 
 
 3. Unhappy; miserable; subject to frequent mis- 
 fortunes. Spenser, 
 
 4. Slightly mischievous ; mischievously waggish ; 
 as, an unlucky boy ; an unlucky wag. 
 
 5. Ill-omened ; inauspicious. 
 
 Haunt me not with that unlucky face. Dryden, 
 
 UN-LUS'TROUS, a. Wanting luster ; not shining. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-LUS'TROUS-LY, adv. With want of luster. 
 UN-LUST' Y, a. Not lusty ; not stout ; weak. 
 UN-LCTE', V. t. To separate things cemented or 
 
 luted ; to take the lute or clay from. 
 UN-LUT'ED, -pp. Separated, as luted vessels. 
 UN-LuT'ING, ppr. Separating, as luted vessels. 
 UN-LUX-U'RI-OUS, a. Not luxurious. 
 UN-.M.\D'D£N-£:D, a. Not maddened. 
 UN-MaDE', pp. Deprived of its form or qualities. 
 
 fVoodward. 
 
 2. a. Not made ; not yet formed. Spenser. 
 
 3. Omitted to be made. Blackmore. 
 UN-MAG-NET'ie, a. Not having magnetic proper- 
 ties. Cavallo. 
 
 UN-MaID'£N-LY, a. Not becoming a maiden. Hall. 
 
 UN-MAIM'£I), a. Not maimed ; not disabled in any 
 limb ; sound ; entire. Pope. 
 
 UN-MAIN-TaIN'A-BLE, a. That can not be main- 
 tained or supported. Story. 
 
 UN-MaK'A-BLE, a. Not possible to be made. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Grew. 
 
 UN-MaKE', c. <. To destroy the form and qualities 
 which constitute a thing what it is. 
 
 God does not make or unmake things to try experiments. 
 
 Buriut. 
 
 2. To deprive of qualities before possessed. 
 
 UN-.MaK'ING, ppr. Destroying the peculiar proper- 
 ties of a thing. 
 
 UN-MA-LI"CI0U.'', (-lish'us,) a. Not malicious. 
 
 UN-MAL-LE-A-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality or state of 
 being unmalli able. 
 
 UN-MAL'LE-A-BLE,n. Not malleable ; not capable of 
 being hammered into a plate, or of being e.vteuded by 
 beating. 
 
 UN-iMAN', V. t. To deprive of the constitutional 
 qualities of a liimian being, as reason, &c. South. 
 
 2. To deprive of men ; as, to uninan a ship. 
 
 3. To emasculate ; to deprive of virility. 
 
 4. To deprive of the courage anfl fortitude of a 
 man; to break or reduce into irresolution; to dis- 
 hearten ; to deject. Dryden. Pope. 
 
 5. To dispeople ; as, towns unmanned. Goldsmitli. 
 UN-.MAN'AGE-A-BLE, a. Not manageable ; not ea- 
 sily restrained, governed, or directed; not controll- 
 able. 
 
 2. Not eaiily wielded. Locke. 
 UN-MAN'AGE-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be man- 
 ageable. 
 
 UN-MAN'A-G£D, a. Not broken by horsemanship. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 2. Not tutored ; not educated. Felton. 
 UN-MAN'LTKE, j a. Not becoming a human being. 
 UN-.MAN'LV, ( Collier. 
 
 2. Unsuitable to a man ; effeminate. 
 
 Unmanly warmth and tcnilernt-Bi of love. Adtliton. 
 
 3. Not Worthy of a noble mind ; ignoble ; base ; 
 ungenerous ; cowardly. 
 
 UN-MAN'Lr-NES.S, n. State of being unmanly. 
 U.\-M AN'N£I), pp. Deprived of the qualities of a 
 man. 
 
 UN-.MAN'NER TCn, n. Uncivil ; rude. B. Jonson. 
 UN-MAN'NER-r,l-M;ss, n. Want of good man- 
 ners; breach of civility ; rudeness of behavior. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 UN-MAN'NER LY, a. Ill brcd ; not having good 
 manner*; rude in behavior; as, an unmannerly 
 youth. 
 
 2. Not according to good manners; as, an unman- 
 nerly jegt. Sivift. 
 
 UN->1AN'NER LY, ado.* Uncivilly. Shuk. 
 
 UN-MAN'NING, ppr. Depriving of the powers or 
 qiialitieR of a man. 
 
 UN-M AN'TLKD, a. Not covered or furnished with a 
 mantle. 
 
 UN-MAN-II-FAe'Ti;R-£D, a. Not manufactured j 
 not. wrought into the proper form for use. 
 
 UN-M.VNuR'^D, a. Not manured ; not enriched by 
 manure. 
 
 2. Uncullivatt^d. Spenser. 
 UN-MARK'£D, t-mairkt',) a. Not marked ; having no 
 mark. 
 
 2. Unobserved ; not regarded ; undistinguished. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-MAR'R£D, a. Not marred; not injured; not 
 spoiled ; not obstructed. 
 
 UN-MAR'RI-A-BLE, a. Not marriageable. [Little 
 used. ] Milton. 
 
 UN-MAR'RIAGE-A-BLE, (-mar'rij-a-bl,) a. Not fit 
 to be married. 
 
 UN-MAR'RIA6E-.\-BLE-NESS, n. The state or con- 
 dition of not being tit to be married. 
 
 UN-IMAR'RI-/.D,(-mar'rid,) a. Not married ; having 
 no husband or no wife. Bacon. 
 
 UN-MAIi'RY, D. f. To divorce. Milton. 
 
 UN-M;\R'SH.\L-£D, a. Not disposed or arranged 
 in due order. 
 
 UN-MAS'eU-LSTE, v. t. To emasculate. Fuller. 
 
 UN-.MAS'€U-LINE, (-lin,) a. Not masculine or man- 
 ly ; feeble ; effeminate. Milton. 
 
 UN-MAS'eU-LLNE-LY, adv. In an unmasculine 
 manner. 
 
 UN-MASK', V. t. To strip of a mask or of any dis- 
 guise ; to lay open what is concealed. Roscommon. 
 
 UN-iMASK', V. i. To put off a mask. 
 
 UN-MaSK'£D, (-miiskt',) pp. Stripped of a mask or 
 disguise. 
 
 2. a. Open ; e.-?posed to view. Dryden. 
 UN-MaSK'ING, ppr. Stripping off a mask or dis- 
 guise. 
 
 UN-MAS'TER-A-BLE, a. That can not be mastered 
 
 or subdued. [JVyE in use.] Brown. 
 UN-MS.S'TER-£D, a. Not subdued; not conquered. 
 2. Not conquerable. 
 
 He can not liis unmastered grief sustain. Dryden. 
 UN-MAS'TI-eA-BLE, a. Not capable of being 
 chewed. 
 
 UN-.MATCH'A-BLE, a. That can not be matched ; 
 
 tliat can not be equaled ; unparalleled. Hooker. 
 UN-.M.\TCH'ED, (-inatcht',) a. Matchless ; having 
 
 no match or equal. Dryden. 
 UN-MkAN'ING, a. Having no meaning or significa- 
 tion ; as, unmeaning words. 
 
 2. Not expressive ; nut indicating intelligence ; as, 
 an unmeaning face. 
 
 There pride sits blazoned on th' unmeaning brow. Trumbull. 
 UN-Me.\N'I.NG-LY, a/lv. Without significance. 
 UN-Me.VN'ING-NESS, n. Want of meaning. 
 
 Dr. Campbell. 
 
 UN-MEANT', (un-ment',) a. Not meant ; nut in- 
 tended. Dnjdcn. 
 UN-MEAS'1;R-A-BLE, (-mezh'ur-a-W,) a. That can 
 not be measured ; unbounded ; boundless. Swift. 
 [For this, Immeasubarle is generally used.] 
 UN-MEAS'1|R-A-BLY, udi\ Beyond all measure. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 UN-MEAS'rR-£D, a. Not measured ; plentiful be- 
 yond measure. Milton. 
 2. Immense; infinite; as, ujimcosared space. 
 
 Blackmore. 
 
 UN-ME-eHAN'I€-AL, a. Not mechanical ; not ac- 
 cording to the laws or principles of mechanics. 
 
 UN-.ME-eHAN'ie-AL-LY, adv. Not according to the 
 laws of mechanics. 
 
 UN-.ME€H'AN-IZ-£D, a. Not formed by design, art, 
 or skill. Foley. 
 
 UN-I\IEU'DL£D WITH ; not meddled with ; not 
 touched ; not altered. Carew. 
 
 UN-.MEO'DLING, a. Not meddling; not interfering 
 with the concerns of others ; not otiiciuiis. 
 
 Clieslerjicld. 
 
 UN-MED'DLING-LY, adv. Without meddling. 
 
 UN-MED'DIJNG-NESS, n. Forbearance of interpo- 
 sition. [JVot in iLse.] Hull. 
 
 UN-.MED'l-TA-TED.a. Not meditated ; not prepared 
 by previous thought. Milton. 
 
 UN-MEET', a. Not fit; not proper; not worthy or 
 suitable. Milton. Prior. 
 
 UN-MEET'LY, adv. Not fitly; not properly; not 
 suitablv. .S/if/i,ffr. 
 
 UN-MEET'NES.=!, n. Unfitness; nnsuitablem ss. 
 
 Milljni. 
 
 UN-MEL'Lf5W-£D, a. Not mellowed; not inWy 
 matured. Skak. 
 
 UN-ME-Lf^'DI-OUS, a. Not melodious; wanting 
 melody ; harsh. HerberL 
 
 UN-M1«:-L0'II1-<)US-LY, adv. Without meloilv. 
 
 UN-ME-LO'DI-OUS-NESS, n. State of being desti- 
 tute of me lody. 
 
 UN-MELT'El), a. Undissolved ; not melted. 
 
 tVullcr. 
 
 2. Not Boftenctl. 
 UN-1MELT'E1)-NE.><S, n. State of being unmelted. 
 UN-ME.M'BER, v. t. To deprive of membership in a 
 rliurrh. 
 
 UN-.MEM'BER-KD, pp. Deprived of membership. 
 UN-MEN'A-C"£D, (-men'ust,) a. Not threatened. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 UN-MEN'A-CING, a. Not threatening. 
 UN-MEN'A-CING-LY, adv. Without menacing. 
 UN-MEN'TION-A-BLE, a. Not to be mentioned. 
 
 £c. Rev. 
 
 2. 71. As a noun, a garment not to be named. 
 UN-MEN'TION-£D, a. Not mentioned ; not named. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-MER'eAN-TILE, (-til,) a. Not according to the 
 customs and rules of commerce. 
 
 UN-MER'CE-NA-RY, a. Not mercenary ; not hired. 
 
 UN-MER'CHANT-A-BLE, a. Not merchantable; 
 not of a quality fit for the market. 
 
 UN-.MER'CI-F}JL,a. Not merciful ; cruel, inhuman 
 to such beings as are in one's power ; not disposed 
 to spare or forgive. Rogers. 
 
 2. Unconscionable ; exorbitant ; as, unmerciful de- 
 mands. Pope. 
 
 UN-.MER'CI-FIJL-LY, adv. Without mercy or ten- 
 derness ; cruelly. Mdison. 
 
 UN-MER'CI-FUL-NESS, 71. Want of mercy ; want 
 of tenderness and compassion toward those who are 
 in one's power ; cruelty in the exercise of power or 
 punishment. Taylor. 
 
 UN-.MER'IT-A-BLE, a. Having no merit or desert 
 [JVot in use.] Sbak. 
 
 UN-MER'IT-ED, a. Not merited ; not deserved ; ob- 
 tained without service or equivalent ; as, unmerited 
 promotion. 
 
 2. Not deserved ; cruel ; unjust ; as, unmerited 
 sufferings or injuries. 
 UN-.MER'IT-ED-LY, adv. Not deservedly. 
 UN-MER'IT-ED-NESS, n. State of being unmerited. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-MET', a. Not met. B. Jonson. 
 
 UN-.ME-TAL'Lie, a. Not metallic; not having the 
 
 properties of metal ; not belonging . i metals. Encyc. 
 UN-MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL, a. Not metaphysical ; riot 
 
 pertaining to metaphysics. 
 UN-.METH'OD-lZ-£D, a. Not methodized. 
 
 H. Taylor. 
 
 UN-JIlGIIT'Y, (-mite'-,) a. Not miglity ; not pow- 
 erful. 
 
 UN-MILD', a. Not mild ; harsh ; severe ; fierce. 
 UN-MILD'LY, arfo. Not mildly ; harshly. 
 UN-MILD'NESS, 7i. Want of mildness; harshness. 
 
 Mdlon. 
 
 UN-MIL'I-TA-RY, a. Not according to military rules 
 or customs. 
 
 UN-MILK'£D, (-milkt',) a. Not milked. Pope. 
 
 UN-MILL' £D, a. Not nulled ; not indented or grained ; 
 as, unmilled coin. 
 
 UN-MlND'EI),a. Notminded; not heeded. Milton. 
 
 UN-MlND'FtJL, a. Not mindful; not heedful; not 
 attentive ; regtirdless ; as, unmindful of laws ; vn- 
 mindfiil of health or of duty. Milton. 
 
 UN-MlND'FUL-LY, adv. Carelessly ; heedlessly. 
 
 UN-MIND'FtjL-NESS, n. Heedlessness ; inatten- 
 tion ; carelessness. 
 
 UN-MIN"GLE, (-ming'gl,) v. t. To separate things 
 mixed. Bacon. 
 
 UN-MIN"GLE-A-BLE, a. That can not be mixed. 
 [J^ot in use.] Boj/le. 
 
 UN-.M[N"GL£D, (-ming'gld,) a. Not mingled'; not 
 mixed ; pure. Pope. 
 
 2. Pure ; not vitiated or alloyed by foreign admi-x- 
 ture : as, unminrrled }oy. 
 
 UN-MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL, a. Not ministerial. 
 
 UN-MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL-LY, adv. Unsuitably to a 
 minister. 
 
 UN-MI-RA€'U-L0US, a. Not miraculous. 
 UN-MI-RAe'l|-LOUS-LY, adv. Without a miracle. 
 UN-MIR'Y, a. Not miry ; not muddy ; not foul with 
 
 dirt. Gay. 
 UN-MISS'ED, (-mist',) a. Not missed; not perceived 
 
 to be gone or lost. Gray. 
 UN-MI.-^-TaK'A-BLE, a. That can not be mistaken. 
 
 [Little used.] Ckeyne. 
 UN-MIS-TaK;'£N, a. Not mistaken ; sure. 
 
 7'rii7ii4H7;, 
 
 UN-MI.S-TRUST'ING, a. Not mistrusting ; nut sus- 
 pecting; unsuspicious. 
 
 UN-MIT'1-GA-BLE, a. Not capable of being miti- 
 gated, softened, or le.ssened. ' Shak. 
 
 UN-MIT'I-Ua-TED, a. Not mitigated ; not lessened ; 
 not soflcni'd in severity or harshness. Stiak. 
 
 U.N-MIX'El), I a. Not mixed; not mingled; pure; 
 
 UN-MIXT', i unadulterated; unvitiated by for- 
 eign admixture. Bacon. 
 2. I'll re ; un.illoyed ; as, wnmu:cii pleasure. 
 
 UN-Mf)A\'£l), fl. Not lamented. Shnk. 
 
 UN-M()I)'I-FI-A-BLE, a, Tliiit can not be inodilied 
 or altered in form ; that can not be reduced to a 
 niori' ai'ceplalile or desired form, 
 
 UN-M()l)'l Ff-£1), ( fide,) a. Not modified; not 
 altered in form ; not qualified in meaning, 
 
 UN-MOD'ISII, a. Not modish ; not according to cus- 
 tom, I'l'l'O- 
 
 UN-MOD'T^-La-TED, a. Not modulated. Shelly. 
 
 UN-MOIST', a. Not moist ; not hiiinid ; dry. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 UN-MOIST'£N £D, a. Not made moist or humid. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-MOLD', ) ti. t. To change the form ; to reduce 
 UN-MOULD', j from any form. 
 
 FATE, PAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRBY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK,— 
 
 12U8 
 
UNN 
 
 UN-MOLD'ED, PI). Not changed in form. 
 'J. a. Not riiolileii ; not shapfd or funned. 
 
 UN-.MoI.U'EU-I.NtJ, a. Not cruniblin;; or wasting 
 a\v:iv. Bniaut. 
 
 UN-MO-LEST'EU, a. Not molested ; not disliirbi-d ; 
 free from disturbance. Pope. 
 
 U.N-AION'EY-fil), (-inun'nid,) a. Not liavinu uinnev. 
 
 U.\-.MO-NOI"0-LIZE, a. To recover from being 
 nion poliKed. [jVoi t« itsc] JMillun. 
 
 Ui\-.MO-.N'Ul"0-LIZ-i;D, v. U Not monopolized. 
 
 UN-.MOUK', V. I. In sea language, to briiii; to the state 
 of ridniR with a single anclior, after having been 
 moored by two or more cables. C<jc. 
 2. To Uiiise from anchorage. yupe. 
 
 U.\-.MOOIl'f.l), pp. Loosed from anchorage, or 
 liroiiiiht to ride with a single anchor. 
 
 U.N-.MUOR'I.N'U, ppr. Loosing from anchorage, or 
 bringing to ride with a single anchor. 
 
 UN-.MOH'.\L-IZ-£I), a. Untutored by morality ; not 
 conformed to gwd morals. A'orrii. 
 
 UN-.MOKT'G.\G-£l), (-mor'gajd,) a. [See Mort- 
 gage.] Not mortgaged ; not pledged. 
 
 Mdison. Drydm. 
 
 UN-MOR'TF-FI .ED, a. Not mortified ; not shamed. 
 2. Not subdued by sorrow ; as, unmort{tied sin. 
 
 UN-MO'f ll'ER-LY, a. Not becoming a mother. 
 
 UN-.MoIJLI)'. To change the form. [See Unmold.] 
 
 UN-MOUNT'ED, a. Not mounted. £/;imuu«(«J dra- 
 goons are such as have not horses. 
 
 UN-.MOUllN' /■;!), a. Not lamented. Rogers. 
 
 UN-MOV'A-BLE, (-inoov'a-bl,) a. That can not be 
 moved or shaken ; firm ; fixed. Locke. 
 [Immovable is more generally used.] 
 
 UN->10V'A-BLY, o</r. Unalterably. EllLi. 
 
 UN-MOVi'D, (-moovd',) a. Not moved ; not trans- 
 ferred from one place to another. Locke. 
 
 2. Not changed in purpose; unshaken ; firm. 
 
 Mlton. 
 
 3. Not affected ; not having the passions excited ; 
 not touched or impressed. Pope. 
 
 4. Not altered by passion or emotion. Drydcn. 
 UN-.M<3V'EI)-LY, arfe. Without being moved. 
 UN-.MOV'ING, a. Having no motion. Cheijne. 
 
 2. Not exciting emotion ; having no power to af- 
 fect the passions. 
 UN-MUF'FLE, ( muf'fl,) v. t. To take a covering 
 from the face. Milloa. 
 9. To remove the muffling of a drum. 
 UN-MUF'FLED, pp. Uncovered. 
 UN-MUF'FLING, ppr. Removing a covering. 
 "UN-.MUR'JIUU-£D, a. Not murmured at. 
 
 Bcauin. 4- Fl. 
 
 UN-MUR'MUR-ING, a. Not murmuring; not com- 
 plaining ; as, unmurmuring patience. 
 
 U.\-.MIJK'MUR-ING-LY, adr. Uncomplainingly. 
 
 UN-.MO'Sie-.VL, a. Not musical ; not harmonious or 
 melodious. 
 
 2. Harsh ; not pleasing to the ear. B. Jonson. 
 UN-MC"Sie-AL-LY, adc. Without harmony ; harsli- 
 U.\-.Ml!'SI.VG, a. Not musing. [ly. 
 UN-M0'S1.\G-LY. adv In an unmusing manner. 
 UN-.MO'TI-LA-TED, a. Not mutilated ; not deprived 
 
 of a member or part ; entire. 
 UN-MUZ'7,LE, r. (. To loose from a muzzle. Shak. 
 UN-.MUZ'ZL£D, pp. Loosed from a muzzle. 
 UN-NaM'£U, a. Not named; not mentioned. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-NA'TION-AL, (-na'shun- or -nash'un-,) a. Not 
 n!ttion:il. 
 
 UN-Na'TIVE, a. Not native ; not natural ; forced. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-NAT'II-R,AL, a. Contrary to the laws of nature ; 
 contrary to the natural feelings. L'Estrange. 
 
 2. .'\cting without the alTections of our common 
 nature ; as, an unnatural father or son. 
 
 3. Sot in conformity to nature ; not agreeable to 
 the real state of persons or things ; not representing 
 nature ; as, afi'ected and unnatural thoughts ; unnot- 
 ural imases or descriptions. 
 
 UN-NAT' U-RAL-IZE, ti. t. To divest of natumi fcel- 
 ines. Hales. 
 
 UN-NAT'IT-RAL-IZ-£D, pp. Divested of natural 
 feelings. 
 
 2. a. Not naturalized ; not made a citizen by au- 
 thority. 
 
 UN-.\.\T'U-R.AL-LV, adc. In opposition to natural 
 
 feelings and seiiltiiicnts. 7'iUotson. 
 UN-NAT'U-R.\L-NESS, n. Contrariety to nature. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 UN-NAV'I-GA-BLE, a. Not navigable. 
 
 [But iNNAVinARLE is more generally used.] 
 
 UN-NA V'l-GA-TED, a. Not navigated; not passed 
 over in ships or other vessels. Cook's Voyages. 
 
 UN .\EC'ES-SA-R1-LY, adc. Without necessity; 
 needlessly. Hooker. 
 
 U.\-.\EC'ES-S.\-RI-.\ESS, nu The stateof being un- 
 iicressary ; needlessnesd. 
 
 U.N-.NEC'KS-SA-RY, a. Not necessary; needless; 
 not required by the circnmsUinces of the case ; use- 
 less ; as, unntcfj-sary labor or care ; unn«cs.«ari/ rigor. 
 
 ryrydrn. 
 
 UN-\E-CES'SI-TA-TED, a. Not required by neces- 
 U.N-XEED'ED, a. Not needed. 
 
 UNO 
 
 UN-NEED'FJJL, a. Not needful ; not wanted ; need- 
 less. Milton. 
 
 UN-NEED'FUL-LY, arfr. Not needfully. 
 
 UN-NBI(iiri!UR-LY, ( iia'bor-le,) a. Not suitable to 
 the duties of a neigiilior; not becoming persons liv- 
 ing near each other ; not kind and friendly. 
 
 UN-NEIGII'UOR-LY, ado. In a manner not suitable 
 to a neighbor ; in a manner contrary to the kindness 
 and friendship which should subsist among neigh- 
 bors. Shak. 
 
 UN-NER\''.\TE, a. Not strong; feeble. [A«( in use] 
 
 Broome. 
 
 UN-NERVE', (un-nerv',) v. t. To deprive of nerve, 
 force, or strength ; to weaken; to enfeeble ; as, to 
 nnneroc the arm. Addvion. 
 
 UN-.\ERV'£D, pp. Deprived of strength. Ultak. 
 2. a. Weak ; feeble. 
 
 UN-NERVING, ppr. Depriving of strength. 
 
 UN-NETH', j ui/r. Scarcely ; hardly. [04s.] [See 
 
 UN-.N'lTI'HES', i Uneath.] Spenser. 
 
 UN-.\ K0''1'R.\L, a. Not neutral ; not unintt sted. 
 
 U.\-NO'BLE, a. Not noble; ignoble; mean. Shuk. 
 
 UN-.VOT'ED, a. Not noted ; notobserved; not heed- 
 ed ; not regarded. Pope. 
 2. Not honored. 
 
 UN-N'o'TIC-£D,(-n5'tist,) a. Notobserved; not re- 
 garded. 
 
 2. Not treated with the usual marks of respect ; 
 
 not kindly and hospitablv entertained. 
 UN-NO'TIC-Ii\G, a. Not taking notice. 
 UN-NUM'BER-£l),a. Not numbered ; innumerable; 
 
 indefinitely numerous. Prior. 
 UN-NUK'TUR-£D, a. Not nurtured ; not educated. 
 UN-NU-TRl"TIOUS, (-trish'us,) a. Not affording 
 
 nourishment. 
 
 UN-0-liEY'£D, (-o-bade',) a. Not obeyed. J>/i7(«». 
 
 UN-O-HEY'I.NG, a. Not yielding obedience. 
 
 UN-Oli-JEGT'ED, a. Not objected ; not charged as a 
 fault or error. AUcrbunj. 
 
 UN-OB-JEC'TION-A-BLE, a. Not liable to objec- 
 tiim ; that need not be condemned as faulty, false, 
 or improper. Stephens. 
 
 UN-(JU-JEe'TION-.\-BLY, adv. In a.manner not li- 
 able to objection. 
 
 UN-0-BLIG'£D, a. Not obliged. 
 
 UN-O-BLlG'ING, a. Not belonging or disposed to 
 oblige. 
 
 UN-OH-LIT'ER-A-TED, a. Not obliterated or ef- 
 faced. 
 
 UN-OH-NOX'IOUS, a. Not liable ; not exposed to 
 harm. Milton. 
 
 UN-OB-NOX'IOUS-LY, adv. In an unobnoxious 
 manner. 
 
 UN-OB-seuR'£D, a. Not obscured ; not darkened. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-OB-Se'QUI-OUS, a. Not obsequious; not ser- 
 
 vilelv submissive. 
 UN-OB-SE'aUI-OUS-LY, adc. Not with servile sub- 
 
 niissivcness. 
 
 U.\-OB-SK'uUI-OUS-NESS, n. Want of servile sub- 
 missiveness or compliance ; incompliance. 
 
 UN-OB-SERV'.\-BLE, a. That is not observable ; 
 not discoverable. Boyle. 
 
 UN-OB-SERV'A.\CE, n. Want of observation ; in- 
 attention ; regardlessness. Whitlock. 
 
 UN-OB-SER V'ANT, a. Not observant; not atten- 
 tive ; heedless. OlanvUlc. 
 2. Not obsequious. 
 
 UN-OB-SER V'ANT-LY, adv. Not obscn-antly. 
 
 U.\-()B-SERV'£D, a. Not observed; not noticed; 
 not seen ; not regarded ; not heeded. Bacon. 
 
 UN-OB-SERV'ED-LY, adv. Without being observed. 
 
 UN-OB-SERV'ING, a. Not observing; inattentive; 
 heedless. Drijdcn. 
 
 U.N-OB-SERV'ING-LY, adc. Inattentively. 
 
 UNOB-STRUCT'ED, a. .\ot obstructed ; not filled 
 with impediments ; as, an unobstructed stream or 
 channel. 
 
 2. Not hindered ; not stopped. Blackmore. 
 UN-OB-STKUCT'ED-LY, adv. Without being ob- 
 structed. 
 
 UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE, a. Not presenting any obsta- 
 cle. Blackmore. 
 
 UN-OB-STRUeT'IVE-LY, adr. Withcul obstruc- 
 tion. 
 
 UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE-NESS, n. State of being not 
 obstructive. 
 
 UN-OB-TAl.N".\-nLE, a. That can not be obtained ; 
 not within reach or power. 
 
 UN-OB-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being un- 
 obtainable. 
 
 UN-OB-TAIN'£D, a. Not obtained ; not gained ; not 
 acquired. Hooker. 
 
 UN-UB-TRO'SIVE, a. Not obtrusive ; not forward ; 
 mildest. Vounir. 
 
 UN-UB-TRO'SIVE-LY, a/lr. Modestly. 
 
 UN-OB-TRu'SIVE-NESS, n. Slate of being unob- 
 trusive. 
 
 UN-OB' VI-OUS, a. Not obvious; not readily occur- 
 ring to the view or the understanding. Boyle. 
 
 UN-Oe'eU-PT-£D. a. Not occupied ; not possessed ; 
 as, unoccupied land. 
 
 2. Not engaged in business ; being at leisure. The 
 man is unoccupied. 
 
 UNP 
 
 3. Not employed or taken up ; a.*, lime unoccupied. 
 UN-OF-FEND'ED, a. Not offended ; not having 
 
 tiken offense. 
 UN-OF-FE\D'ING, a. Not offending; not giving 
 
 2. Not sinning ; free from sin or fault. [otl'ense. 
 
 3. Harmless ; innocent. 
 UN-OF-FENS'IVE, a. Not offensive; giving no of- 
 fense ; harmless. 
 
 [For this, Inofkehkite is more generally used.] 
 
 UN-OF'FER-£D, a. Not offered ; not pro|H)»ed to ac- 
 ceptance. Clarendon. 
 
 UN OF FICIAL, (-fish'al,) a. Not official ; not per- 
 taining to office. 
 
 2. Not proceeding from the proper officer or from 
 due authority ; as, unofficial news or notice. 
 
 UN-OF-Fl"CIAL-LY, ode. Not officially ; not in the 
 course of otlicial duty. The man was wwfficiallij in- 
 formed liv the sheriff or commander. 
 
 UN-OF-FI'''CIOUS, (-fish'us,) a. Not officious; not 
 forward or intermeddling. 
 
 U.\-OF-Fl"CIOUS-LY, adv. Not officiously. 
 
 UN-OF-Fl"CIOUS-NESS, n. The slate of not being 
 officious. 
 
 UN-OFT'£N, (-ciffn,) adr. Rarely. [A'ot ii.«ed.] 
 UN-OIL', ?•. t. To free from oil. Dryden, 
 UN-OIL' £1), pp. Freed from oil. 
 
 2. a. Not oiled ; free from oil. 
 UN-6'P£N-£D, (-6'pnd,) a. Not opened ; remaining 
 
 fast, close, shut, or sealed. Chesterfield. 
 UN-0'I'£.N'-ING, a. Not opening. Pope. 
 U.N-OP'ER-A-TIVE, a. Not operative ; producing no 
 
 effect. South, 
 [But Inoperative is generallv used.] 
 UN-0-l'ER'€U-LA-TEU, a. Having no cover or 
 
 operculum. 
 
 UN-0I'-I'oS'£D, a. Not opposed ; not resisted ; not 
 meeting with any obstruction ; as, an army or stream 
 unopposed. J}ryden. ' 
 
 UN-OH-l*RESS'£I), ' <jp-presl',) a. Not oppressed; 
 not unduly burdened. 
 
 L'lN'-OP-I'RESS'. VE, a. Not oppressive. 
 
 UN-OR'DER fcU, a. Not ordered. 
 
 UN-OR'DEll-LY', a. Not orderly; disordered; irreg- 
 ular 
 
 [Disorderly is more generally used.] Sanderson, 
 UN-OR'Dl-NA-RY, a. Not ordinary ; not cnminon. 
 
 [.Vot in use.] Locke. 
 U.N-OR'G.\N-IZ-£D, a. Not organized ; not having 
 organic structure or vessels for the preparation, se- 
 cretion, and distribution of nourishment, &.C. .Pet- 
 als are unoriraniied bodies. 
 
 [This word is in use, but I.noroan'ieo is also 
 used.] 
 
 UN-O-RI-E.VT'AL, a. Not oriental. Byron. 
 UN-0-RlG'I.\-AL, a. Not original ; derived. 
 
 2. Havins no birth ; ungenerated. .Vj7(on. 
 UN-O-RIG'I.N-A-TED, a. Not originated; having no 
 birth or creation. 
 
 Gml is underived, unongiiuLted, and K-If^^iistrnL Stephens. 
 
 UN-OR-.NW-MENT'AL, a. Not ornamental. IVcsU 
 
 U.\-OR'.\A-.ME.\T-KD, a. Nut ornamented ; not 
 adorned ; plain. Cocentry. 
 
 UN-OR'THO-UOX, a. Not orlhodoi ; not holding the 
 genuine doctrines of the Scriptures. Decoy of Piety 
 
 UN-OU'THO-DOX-LY, adr. Not orthodoxly. 
 
 UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS, a. Not ostenialious ; not 
 boastl'iil : not making show and parade ; inodesL 
 
 2. Not glaring ; not showy ; as, unostentatious col- 
 oring. 
 
 UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS-LY, odr. Without show, 
 
 parade, or ostentation. 
 UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS-NESS, n. State of being 
 
 free from ostentation. 
 UN-0\V'£l), (-ode',) a. Not owed ; not due. 
 UN-oWN'£I), a. Not owned ; having no known 
 
 owner ; ni.t claimed. 
 2. Not avowed ; not acknowledged as one's own; 
 
 not admitted as done by one's self. 
 UN-OX'Y-Da-TED, 1 
 
 UN-OX'V-DIZ-£U, la. Not having oxygen in 
 UN-OX' Y-GEN-A-TED, f combination. 
 UN-OX'Y-GE.\-IZ-£D, J 
 
 UN-P.\-CIF'IG, a. Not pacific ; not dispased to peace ; 
 
 not of a peaceable disptisition. iVarton. 
 UN-P.\-CIF'ie-AULY, adr. Not pacificallv. 
 UN-P.\(;'1-FI-£D, (-pas'e-fide,) a. Not (Kicified ; not 
 
 appeased ; not caliiied. Browne. 
 UN-P.ACK', V. t. To open, as things packed ; as, to 
 unpack gouds. 
 2. To disburden. [Little ujsed.] Shak. 
 UN-PACK'£D, (-pakl',) pp. Opened, as goods. 
 
 2. a. Not packed ; not collecled by unlawful arti- 
 fices : as. an unpacked jurj*. Hudibras. 
 UN-PAt'K'ING, ppr. Opening, as a packace. 
 UN-PAID', a. Not paid ; not discharged ; as a debt. 
 
 .MiUon. 
 
 9. Not having received his due ; as, unpaid » nrk- 
 men. Pope. 
 Unpaid for: not paid for ; taken on credit. 
 UN-PA1N'£D, a. Not pained ; suffering no pain. 
 
 MiltDn. 
 
 UN-PaINTUL, a. Not painful ; giving no pam. 
 
 Licke. 
 
 TONE, Bl^^LL, XJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 152 
 
 1209 
 
UNP 
 
 UNP 
 
 UNP 
 
 U.\'-r.\I\'FlJL-LY, adv. Without pain. 
 ;T\ I'a1.\T'EI), 0. Not painted. 
 
 UN P.\L'A-TA-BLE, a. Not palatable ; disgustinff to 
 
 the laste. Cultier. 
 2. Not such as to be relished ; disagreeable ; as, an 
 
 nvpulatnble law. Drijden. 
 UN-l'AL'A-TA-BLY, adv. So as not to be relished. 
 U.\-l'ALb'/CD, a. Not deadened. 
 UN-l'AN'0-PI.I-i:D, (-paii'o-plid,) a. Destitute of 
 
 patioply or complete armor. Pullolc. 
 tTN-PAR'A-DISE, ». «. To deprive of happiness like 
 
 that of paradise ; to render unhappy. Young. 
 UN-I'AR'A-GON-£D, a. Unequaled ; unmatched. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 UN-PAR'AL-LEL-£D, a. Having no parallel or 
 equal ; unequaled ; unmatched. Addison. 
 
 Tlie unparalleled perseverance of Uie armies of (he Uniled 
 States, under every sali'ering aiid discoura^-menl, w;is little 
 short of a miracle. Washirtgtun, 
 
 UN-P.\R'DON-A-BLE, a. Not to be forgiven; that 
 can not be pardoned or remitted ; as, an unpardona- 
 ble sin. Rogers. 
 
 UN-Pa R'DON-A-BLY, adv. Beyond forgiveness. 
 
 Aiterbury. 
 
 UN-PXR'DON-£D, a. Not pardoned ; not forgiven ; 
 as, unpardonrd offenses. Rogers. 
 
 2. Nut having received a legal pardon. The con- 
 vict returned unpardoned. 
 
 UN-PAR'DON-ING, a. Not forgiving; not disposed 
 to pardon. Drydcn. 
 
 UN-P>iR-LrA-MENT'A-RI.LY, adv. Not according 
 to the rules of parliament. 
 
 UN-PA R-LIA-MENT'A-;iI-NESS, n. Contrariety to 
 the rules, usages, or constitution of parliament. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-PaR-LIA-.MENT'A-FY, a. Contrary to the usages 
 or rules of proceeding in parliament. 
 
 2. Contrary to the rules or usages of legislative 
 bodies. 
 
 UN-PaRT'ED, a. Not parted ; not divided ; not sep- 
 arated. Prior. 
 
 UN-PAR'TIAL, a. Not partial. [Mt in use.] [See 
 Impartial.] 
 
 UN-PXR'TIAL-LY, orfc. Fairly ; impartially. [JVot 
 used.] 
 
 UN-PAR-TIC'I-PA-TED, a. Not participated or shared. 
 
 Allen. 
 
 UN-PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TING, a. Not participating. 
 
 UN-PASS' A-BLE, a. Not admitting persons to pass ; 
 impassable ; as, unpassable roads, rivers, or moun- 
 tains. 
 
 [Impassable is more generally used.] 
 2. Not current ; not received in common pay- 
 ments ; as, unpassable notes or coins. 
 
 [ln>;lead of this, Uncubri;nt and Not Current 
 are now used.] 
 UN-PAS'SION-ATE, ) a. Calm ; free from pas- 
 UN-PAS'SION-a-TED, S sion ; inip,artial. 
 
 [Instead of these words, Dispassionate is now 
 uspd.] 
 
 UN-PAS'SrON-ATE-LY, adv. Without passion ; 
 
 calmly.- K. Charles. 
 
 [For this, Dispassionately is now used.] 
 UN-PAS'SION-£D, a. Not e.vcited by passion ; cAm. 
 UN-PAS'TOR-AL, a. Not pastoral; not suitable to 
 
 pastoral manners. IVarton. 
 UN-PAT'ENT-ED, a. Not granted by patent. Crunch. 
 U.N-PATH'iCD, (-pathd',) a. Unmarked by passane ; 
 
 not trodden. Shuk. 
 2. Not being beaten into a path ; as, unpathed 
 
 SIK>W. 
 
 UN-PA-TtlET'ie, a. Not pathetic ; not adapted to 
 move tile passions or excite emotion. IVurton. 
 
 UN-PA-THET'IG-AL-LY, adv. Without moving the 
 passions or exciting emotion. 
 
 UN PA-TRI-OT'ie, / .T , , ■ ,■„ 
 
 UN-PA-TRI-OT'ie-AL, 1 I'-it"""'- 
 
 UN-PS-TRI-OT'ie-AL-LY, adv. Not patriotically. 
 
 UN-PA'l"RON-rZ-/;D, a. Not having a patron ; not 
 supported hy friends. Johnson. 
 
 UN-PAT'TERN-£D, a. Having no equal. 
 
 Beaum. S[ Fl. 
 
 UN-PA V'KD, a. Not paved ; not covered with stone. 
 UN-PA WN'£D, a. Not pawned ; not pledged. Pope. 
 UN-Pa Y', To undo. in use.] SItalc. 
 
 2. Not to pay or coinpi^nsate. [JVot used.] 
 UN-PaY'ING, a. Neglecting payment. 
 UN-PaY'ING-LY, adv. Unprofitablv. 
 UN-PkACE'A-ULE, a. Not peaceable ; quarrelsome. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 UN-PeACE'A-BLE-NESS, 71. Unquietness ; quarrel- 
 someness. Parker. 
 
 UN-PF:ACE'A-nLY, adv. Unquictly. 
 
 UN-Pf:ACE'F!;L, a. Not pacific or peaceful ; un- 
 quiet. Cowley. 
 
 UN-Pl":ACR'FIJI^I.Y, ado. Not pe.vefiilly. 
 
 UN-Pr;ACF,'F|JI,-NEK.S, 7,. Disquiet; inquietude. 
 
 UN-PED'I-GREED, a. Not distinguished by a pedi- 
 Rree. PolM. 
 
 UN-PKG', V. t. To loose from pegs ; to open. 
 2. 'I'o pull out till- peg from. 
 
 UN-PEG'GKI), p/j. I.onxed from pegs; opened. 
 
 UN-PIXT'ED, a. Not pelted; not assailed with 
 stones. 
 
 UN-PEN', V. t. To let out or suffer to escape by 
 breaking a dam or opening a pen. 
 
 If a man unpens another's water. Blaclcstone. 
 
 UN-Pe'NAL, a. Not penal ; not subject to a penalty. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-PEN'E-TRA-BLE, a. Not to he penetrated. 
 
 [But Impenetrarle is chiefly used.] 
 UN-I'EN'E-TRa-TED, a. Not entered or pierced. 
 UN-FEN'I-TENT, a. Not penitent. 
 
 iliiit Impenitent is the word now used.] 
 'EN'NSD, pp. Unfastened ; let out. 
 UN-PEN'iVING, ppr. Suffering to escape ; unlocking. 
 UN-PEN'SI0N-£;D, «. Not pensioned ; not rewarded 
 by a pension ; as, an unpensioned soldier. 
 
 2. Not kept in pay ; not held in dependence by a 
 pension. Pope. 
 UN-PEO'PLE, ( pg'pl,) V. t. To deprive of inhabit- 
 anlsj to depopulate ; to dispeople. Jililton. Drydcn. 
 UN-PeO'PLjED, (-pe'pld,) pp. Depopulated ; dispeo- 
 pled. 
 
 UN-PiiO'PLING, (-pG'pling,) ppr. Depopulating. 
 UN-PER-CiilV'A-BLE, a. Not to be perceived ; not 
 perceptible. 
 
 UN-PER-CeIV'A-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be 
 perceived. 
 
 UN-PER-CkIV'ED, a. Not perceived; not heeded; 
 not observed ; not noticed. MilUm. 
 
 UN-PER-CeIV'ED-LY, adv. So as not to be per- 
 ceived. Boyle. 
 
 UN-PER'FECT, a. Not perfect ; not complete. 
 [But the word now used is Imperfect.] 
 
 UN-PER'FECT-ED, a. Not perfected; not com- 
 pleted. Hammond. 
 
 UN-PER'FEGT-NESS, n. Want of perfectuess ; in- 
 completeness. [Imperfectness and Imperfection 
 are now used.] 
 
 UN-PER'FO-RA-TED, a. Not perforated ; not pene- 
 trated by openings. 
 
 UN-PER-FORM'£D, a. Not performed ; not done ; 
 not executed ; as, tlie business remains unperformed. 
 2. Not fulfilled ; as, an unperformed promise. 
 
 Tanlor. 
 
 UN-PER-FORM'ING, a. Not performing; not dis- 
 charging its office. Dryden, 
 
 UN-PER'ISH-A-BLE, a. Not perishable ; not subject 
 to decay. [The word now used is Imperishable.] 
 
 UiV-PER'ISH-A-BLY, adv. Imperishably. 
 
 UN-PER'ISH-ING, a. Not perishing ; durable. 
 
 UN-PER'ISH-ING-LY, adv. Not perisliingly. 
 
 UN-PER'JUR-£D, a. Free from the crime of perjury. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UN-PER'MA-NENT, a. Not permanent ; not durable. 
 UN-PER-iMIT'TED, a. Not permitted. Southey. 
 UN-PER-PLEX', V. t. To free from perplexity. 
 
 Donne, 
 
 UN-PER-PLEX'£D, (-per-plekst',) a. Not perplexed ; 
 not har.assed ; not embarrassed. 
 2. Free from perplexity or complication ; simple. 
 
 UN-PER'SE-eC-TED, a. Free from persecution. 
 
 UN-PER-SPIR'A-BLE, a. That can not be perspired, 
 or emitted through the pores of the skin. ArbullmoU 
 
 UN-PER-SUaD'A-BLE, a. That can not be per- 
 suaded, or influenced by motives urged. Sidney. 
 
 UN-PER-TURB'£D, a. Not disturbed. Scott. 
 
 UN-PE-RuS'ED, a. Not read. 
 
 UN-PER-VERT'ED, a. Not perverted ; not wrested 
 
 or turiifil to a wrong sense or use. 
 UN-PET'RI-Fl-£D, ( pet're-flde,) a. Not petrified; 
 
 not converted into stone. 
 UN-PHIL-AN-THROP'ie, a. Not philanthropic. 
 U.N-PHIL-O-SOPH'ie, la. Not according to the 
 UN-PllIL-O-SOPIl'ie-AL, i rules or princiiiles of 
 
 sound philosophy ; contrary to philosophy or right 
 
 reason. Mcwlon. 
 UN-PHlL-O-SOPH'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a manner 
 
 contrary to the principles of sound philosopliy or 
 
 right reason. South. 
 UN-PHlE-0-SOPH'I€-AL-NESS, n. Incongruity 
 
 with philosophy. J^orrit. 
 UN-PHI-I,OS'0-PHTZE, v. t. To degrade from the 
 
 character of a philosopher. Pope. 
 UN-PHl-LO.S'O-PIIIZ-iSD, pp. or a. Degraded from 
 
 the rank cf a philosopher. 
 2. Not sophisticated or perverted by philosophy ; 
 
 ns, unphilosophized revelation. Oood. 
 UN-PHRi;-NO-LOC:'ie-AL, a. Not pertaining to 
 
 pIirennIog\'. 
 
 UN-PIIYS'klK-KD, (-fi/.'ikt,) a. Not influenced by 
 
 inedirine ; not pliysicked. [JVof used.] Iloiceil. 
 UN-Pie-TUIl-ESCiUE', C-esk',) a. Not picturesque. 
 UN-PlERCE'A-BLE, a. That can not be pierced. 
 
 Southey. 
 
 UN-PIeRC'KD, f-peerst',) a. Not penetrated. Gay. 
 UN-PIL'LAR-KI), a. Deprived of pillars; as, an ««- 
 
 pillared temple. Pope, 
 UN-PIL'LOW-£D, a. Having no pillow ; having the 
 
 head not supporttjd. J\hlton, 
 UN-PI'LOT-ED, a. Not steered by a pilot. 
 UN-PIN', r. t. To loose from pins ; to unfasten what 
 
 is held together by pins ; us, to unpin u frock ; to u/i- 
 
 pin the frame of a building. 
 UN-PlNK'iOD, f-pinkt',) a. Not pinked ; not marked 
 
 cr set with eyelet holes. Shak. 
 
 UN-PIN'NED, pp. Loosed from pins. 
 UN-PIN'NING, ppr. Unfastening what is held to- 
 gether by pins. 
 UN-PIT'l-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be pitied. 
 UN-PIT'I-£D, (-pit'id,) a. Not pitied ; not coinpas 
 sionated ; not regarded with sympathetic sorrow. 
 
 Dryden. Pope, 
 UN-PIT'I-FJJL, a. Having no pity; not merciful. 
 
 Daoies, 
 
 2. Not exciting pity. 
 
 UN-PIT'I-FIJL-LY, adv. Unmercifully ; without 
 mercy. Shak. 
 
 UN-PIT'Y-ING, a. Having no pity ; showing no com- 
 passion. Orunvdlc. 
 
 UN-PLa'CA-BLE, a. Not to be appeased. 
 [Implacable is the word now u.sed.] 
 
 UN-PL.'i'C£D, (-pliste',) a. Having no office or em- 
 ployment under the government. Pope. 
 
 2. Undetermined as to place; as, unplaced kings, 
 wiiose position in the series of Egyptian kings is un- 
 determined. Oiiddon. 
 
 UN-PLAGU'£D, (-plagd',) a. Not plagued ; not har- 
 assed ; not tormented. Shak. 
 
 UN-PLANT'ED, a. Not planted; of spontaneous 
 growth. Waller. 
 
 UN-PLAS'TER-£D, a. Not plastered. 
 
 UN-PLAUS'I-BLE, a. Not plausible ; not having a 
 fair appearance ; as, arguments not unplausiblc. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-PLAUS-I-BEY, adv. Not with a fair appearance. 
 
 Sioift. 
 
 UN-PLAU'SIVE, a. Not approving; not applaud- 
 ing. 
 
 UN-PLeAD'A-BLE, a. That can not be pleaded. 
 
 South, 
 
 UN-PLEAS'ANT, (un-plez'ant,) a. Not pleasant; 
 
 not aflbrding pleasure ; disagreeable. Hooker, 
 UN-PLEAS'ANT-LY, (un-plez'ant-ly,) adv. In a 
 
 manner not pleasing; uneasily. Pope. 
 UN-PLEAS'ANT-NESS, (un-plez'ant-ness,) n, Dis- 
 
 agreeableness ; the state or quality of not giving 
 
 pleasure. Hooker. 
 UN-PLisAS'£D, a. Not pleased ; displeased. 
 
 _ Dryden. 
 UN-PLeAS'ING, a. Offensive ; disgusting. 
 
 _ Milton. Dryden. 
 
 UN-PLeAS'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to displease. 
 UN-PLeAS'ING-NESS, 71. Want of qualities to 
 
 please. Milton. 
 UN-PLEAS'llR-A-BLE, a. Not pleasurable. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 UN-PLEDCi'ED, a. Not pledged ; not mortgaged. 
 UN-PLi'A-BLE, a. Not pliable ; not easily bent. 
 UN-PLl'A-BLY, adv. In an unpliable manner. 
 UN-PLI'ANT, a. Not pliant ; not easily bent ; stiff. 
 
 fVotton. 
 
 2. Not readilv yielding the will ; not compliant. 
 UN-PLl'ANT-LY, adv. Not pliantly ; stiffly. 
 
 UN^PLOUGH^l'D, i V^owed. Mortim r, 
 
 UN-PLUMB', (-plum',) a. Not perpendicular 
 
 Burke. 
 
 UN-PLuME', V, U To strip of plumes or feathers ; to 
 
 degrade. Otanvitle. 
 UN-PLu.M'£D, pp. or a. Deprived of plumes ; desti- 
 tute of plumes. 
 UN-PLUN'DER-£D, a. Not plundered or stripped. 
 UN-PO-ET'ie, ( a. Not poetical ; not having the 
 UN-PO ET'ie-AL, i beauties of verse. 
 
 2. Not becoming a poet. Corbet. 
 UN-PO-ET'ie-AL-LV, flrfi'. In a manner not com- 
 porting with the nature of poetry. 
 2. In a manner unbecoming a poet. 
 UN-POINT'ED, a. Having no point or sting. 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 2. Not having marks by which to distinguish sen- 
 tences, members, anil clauses in writing. 
 
 y. Not having the vowel points or marks ; as, an 
 unpointed manuscript in Hebrew or Arabic. 
 
 M. Stuart. 
 
 UN-POIS'£D, ( poizd',) a. Not poised ; not balanced. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-POIS'ON, V. t. To remove or expel poison. 
 
 South. 
 
 UN-Po'LAR-IZ-£D, a. Not polarized ; not having 
 polarity. 
 
 UN POL'I-CI-£D, (-pol'e-sid,) a. Not having civil 
 polity, or a regular form of government. 
 
 UN-P6L'ISII-£I), (-pol'isht,) a. Not polished ; not 
 made smooth or bright by attrition. Stillingfleel. 
 
 2. Not refined in manners ; uncivilized ; rude ; 
 plain. Dnjden, 
 
 UN-PO LITE', a. Not refined in manners ; riot ele- 
 gant. 
 
 2. Not civil; not courteous; rude. [See Impo- 
 lite.] 
 
 UN-PO-LITE'LY, adv. In an uncivil or rude man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-PO-LITE'NESS, n. Want of refinement in man- 
 ners ; rudeness. 
 
 2. Inrivilily ; want of courtesy. 
 UN-POL'I-TIC, a. Impolitic. [The latlir is used.] 
 UN-Pr)lili'£l), a. Not registered as a voter. 
 
 2. Unplundered ; not stripped. Fansliav. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 viui 
 
UNP 
 
 UN-POL-I,CT'ED, a. Not polluted ; not defiled ; uot 
 corrupti'il. 
 
 UN-roH'C-LAU, a. Not popular; not having the 
 public favor ; an, an unpupular niai;i.<lratc. 
 2. Not pleasing the people ; as, an unpopular law. 
 
 UN-POP-U-LAIl'I-TY, n. The state of not enjoying 
 the public favor, or of not pleasin;: the people. 
 
 UN-POP'U-LAK-LY, a<li\ Not popularly. 
 
 Ui\-PoRT'.\-liLF,, a. Not to be carried. Ralr!:h. 
 
 Ui\'-PoK'TIO\-KI), a. Not endowed or furnislied with 
 a |K>rIion or fortune ; as, an unportionrd daughter. 
 
 UN-PollTT.-OUS, a. Having no ports. Burke. 
 
 UN-POS-.^Ef'S'KI), (-pos-sest',) a. Not possessed ; 
 not lield ; nut ocrupied. Milton. 
 
 UN-P()S-sr,SS'ING, a. Having no possessions. SItak. 
 
 UN-P(1S'S1 ULK, a. Not possible. [Ofo.] 
 f'riie W(»rd now used is [.Mros^iiiLL.] 
 
 UN-Po'TA-HLIO, a. Not drinkable. 
 
 UN-POWDER./'JD, a. Not sprinkled with powder. 
 
 UN-PR.\e'Tl-eA-BLE, a. Not feasible; that can 
 not be performed. 
 
 [The word now used is Impracticable.] 
 
 UN-PR.\e'TlC-£U, (-prak'iist,) a. Not having been 
 taught by practice ; not skilled ;'not having experi- 
 ence ; raw ; unskillful. Sliak. 
 2. Not known ; not familiar by use. [J\uf v.--ril.] 
 
 Prior. 
 
 UN-PR.AIS'£D, (-prazd',) a. Not praised ; not cele- 
 brated. Jliltou. Drijilen. 
 
 UN-PRk.\CII'ING, a. Not preaching ; as, vnprtach- 
 intr prelates. //. J\liirc. 
 
 UN-PUE-CA'RI-OUS, a. Not dependent on another ; 
 not uncertain. Blackmore. 
 
 UN-PRE-CkD'ED, n. Not preceded. 
 
 UN-PREC'E-DENT-ED, a. Having no precedent or 
 example ; not preceded by a like case ; not h.iving 
 the authoritv of prior example. Stnfl. 
 
 UN-PR EC E-DENT-ED-LY, adv. Without precedent. 
 
 UN-PRE-CTSE', o. Not precise; not exact. IVarton. 
 
 UN-PRE-DES'TIN-SD, a. Not previously determined 
 or destined. jMittun. 
 
 UN-PRE-DICT', V. U To retract prediction. Milton. 
 
 UN-PR E-FER'R£D, (-ferd',) a. Not preferred ; not 
 advanced. Collier. 
 
 UN-PREG'NANT, a. Not pregnant. 
 
 2. Not prolific ; not quick of wit. Sliak. 
 
 UN-PREJO'Di-eATE, a. Not prepossessed hysettled 
 opinions. [Little used.] Taylor. 
 
 UN-PREJ'lJ-blC-£D, (-pred'ju-dist,) a. Not preju- 
 diced ; free from undue bias or prepossession ; not 
 preoccupied by opinion ; impartial ; as, an unpreju- 
 diced mind. Mdiion. 
 
 2. Not warped by prejudice ; as, an unprejudiced 
 judgment. 
 
 UN-PREJ'U-DIC-£D-NESS, n. State of being un- 
 prejudiced. Clarke. 
 UN-PRE-LAT'ie-AL, Unsuitable to a prelate. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-PRE-LAT'fe-AL-LY, adv. Unlike or unsuitably 
 to a prelate. 
 
 UX-PRE-.MED'I-TATE, ) a. Not previously medi- 
 UN-PRE-JIED'I-Ta-T£D, j tated or prepared in the 
 mind. 
 
 2. Not previously purposed or intended ; not done 
 bv design. 
 
 UN-PRE-MED'I-Ta-TED-LY, adv. Without pre- 
 meditation. 
 
 UX-PRE-OCeU-PI-ED, o. Not preoccupied. 
 
 UN-PRE-P.\R'£D, a. Not prepared; not ready; not 
 litted or furnished by previous measures. Milton. 
 
 2. Not prepared, by holiness of life, for the event 
 of death and a happy imnmrtalitv. Roscommon. 
 
 UN-PRE-PaR'EI)-L.Y, ode. Without pre|iaration. 
 
 UN-PRE-PAtt'ED-NESS, n. State of being unpre- 
 pared. 
 
 UN-PRE-POS-SESS'ED, ( pos-sest',) a. Not prepos- 
 sessed ; not biased by previous opinions ; not partial. 
 
 Soiii/i. 
 
 UN-PRE POS-SESS'ING, a. Not having a winning 
 appearance. 
 
 UN-PRE-SERV'A-BLE, a. That can not be pre- 
 served. 
 
 UN-PRESS'JCD, ( prest',) a. Not pressed. 
 
 Slink Ticket. 
 
 2. Not enforced. Clarendon. 
 UN-PRE-SU.M'IXG, a. Not too confident or bold. 
 UN-PRE-SU-MPT'^-OUS, a. [See Presume.] Not 
 presumptuous; not rash; modest; submissive. 
 
 Cowper. 
 
 UN-PRE-SU.MPT'II-OUS-LY, adc. Without pre- 
 sumption. 
 
 UN-PRE-TEND'ING, a. Not claiming distinction ; 
 
 modest. Pope. 
 UN-PRE-TEXDTNG-LY, adv. Without pretension. 
 UN-PRE-VaIL'IXG, a. Being of no force ; vain. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-PREV'A-LEXT, a. Not prevalent 
 UN-PRB-VEXT'A-BLE, a. Not preventable. 
 UN-PRE-VENT'ED, a. Not prevented ; not hindered. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 2. Not preceded bv anv thing. [06*.] Milton. 
 UN-PRIEST', V. L To deprive of the orders of a 
 
 pries'. Miltnn. 
 UN PRIEST'LY, a. Unsuitable to a priest. Bate. 
 
 UNP 
 
 UN-PRIXCE', (iin-priiis',) v. t. To deprive of princi- 
 pality or sovereignty. Strifl. 
 
 U.V-PRIXCE'LY, ''Pi-prins'ly,) a. Unbecoming a 
 prince; not reseinoliiig a prince. A'. Charles. 
 
 UN-PRI.\'CI-PLKI),a. ?:nt having settled principles ; 
 as, souls unprincipxcu in virtue. Milton. 
 
 2. Having no gcHid moral principles ; destitute of 
 virtue; not restrained bv conscience ; protiig.tte. 
 
 UX-PRIX'CI-PLAD-NESS, «. Want of principle. 
 
 UN-PKIXT'ED, a. Not printed, as a literary work. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. Not stamped with figures ; white ; as, unprinted 
 cotton. 
 
 UN-PRIS'OX-JED, (-iiri/.'nd,) a. Set free from con- 
 fineliietit. Donne. 
 
 U.N'-PRI V'l-LEG-rn, a. Not privileged; not enjoy- 
 ing a particular immiinily. JeJ'erson. 
 
 U.X-PRI7.'.\-BLE, a. .Not valued ; not of estimation. 
 
 UX-PKT/'KD, a. Not valued. Sliuk. 
 
 UN-PRD-ei.Al.M'KD, a. Not proclaimed; not noti- 
 fied liv public declaration. Milton. 
 
 UN-PRO-OUe'TlVE, a. Not productive ; barren. 
 
 Burke 
 
 2. More rrpnernlbj^ not producing large crops ; not 
 making profitable returns for labor; as, unproductive 
 land. 
 
 3. Not profitable ; not producing profit or interest ; 
 as capital ; as, unproducttee funds or stock. 
 
 '1. Not eflicient ; not producing any effect. 
 UN-PRO-UUe'TIVB-LY, adv. Barrenly; without 
 profit. 
 
 UX-PRO-DUe'TIVE-XESS, ti. The state of being 
 
 unpr<idiictive, as land, stock, capiuil, labor, &c. 
 UN-PRO-1-'aX'£;D, a. Not profaned ; not violated. 
 
 I}rijden. 
 
 UX-PRO-FEPS'KD, (-pro-fest',) a. Not professed. 
 
 UN-PKO-FES'SIOX AI,, (-fesh'un-al,) a. Not per- 
 taining to one's profession. Beddocs 
 2. Xut heloiiciug to a profession. 
 
 UX PRO-l'ES'SlOX-AL-LY, adv. In opposition to 
 professional practice. 
 
 UX-PR()-KI"UIEN-CY', (-fish'en-se,) n. Want of 
 prolicieiicv or improvement. Hall. 
 
 UN-PROF'IT-.'V-BLE, n. Bringing nri profit ; produc- 
 ing no gain beyond the labor, expenses, and interest 
 of capital ; as, unprojitable land ; unprojitable stock ; 
 unprofitable einployiiienl. 
 
 2. Producing no improvement or advantage ; use- 
 less ; serving no purpose ; as, an unprojitable life ; 
 unprofitable study. Job xv. 
 
 3. Not useful to others. 
 
 4. Misiniproving talents ; bringing no glory to 
 God ; as, an unprofitable servant. Mail. xxv. 
 
 UN-PROF'IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of pro- 
 ducing no profit or good ; uselessness ; inutility. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 UN-PROF'IT-A-BLV, adv. Without profit ; without 
 clear gain ; as, capital unprofitabhj employed. 
 
 2. Without any good effect or advantage ; to no 
 good purpose. Addison. 
 
 U.X-PROF'IT-ED, a. Not Imving profit or gain. Shak. 
 
 UX-PRO-GRESS'IVE, a. Not advancing. 
 
 UN-PRC)-HIB'IT-ED, a. Not prohibited ; not forbid ; 
 lawful. 
 
 UX-PRO-JEGT'ED, a. Not planned ; not projected. 
 
 South. 
 
 UN-PRO-LIF'ie, a. Not prolific; barren; not pro- 
 ducing young or fruit. Hale. 
 2. Not producing in abundance. 
 
 tTN-PRO.M'l-NEXT, a. Not prominent. 
 
 UX-PR().M'IS-£D, (-prom'ist,) a. Not promised or 
 engagi.-d. 
 
 UX-PRO.M'IS-IXG, a. Not promising; not affording 
 a favonible prospect of success, of excellence, of 
 profit, &c. ; as, an unpromising youth; an unprom- 
 isinir season. 
 
 UN-PROMPT'ED, a. Not prompted ; not dicUited. 
 2. Xot excited or instigated. 
 
 UN-PRO-XOUNCE'A-BLE, (un-pro-nouns'a-hl,) a. 
 That can not be pronounced. Walker. 
 
 UN-PRO-XOUXC'£I), ( pro-nounst',) a. Not pro- 
 nounced ; not uttered. Milton. 
 
 UN-PROP', r. t. To remove a prop from ; to deprive 
 of support. 
 
 UN-PROP'ER, a. Not fit or proper. [04s.] 
 
 [Improper is the word now used.] 
 UX-PROP'ER-LY, adv. Unfitly. [Obs.] [See Im- 
 
 PRnPERLV.J 
 
 UX-PRO-PHET'ie, ) a. Not foreseeing or not 
 U\-PRO-PHET'ie-AT,, j predicting future events. 
 UX-PROPIl'f:T-LIKE, a. Not like a prophet. 
 UX-PRO-PI"TIOi;s, (-pish'us,) a. Not propitious ; 
 not favorable ; not disposed to promote ; inauspicious. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY, adv. Unfavorably ; un- 
 kindly. 
 
 UN-PRO-PI"TIOUS-NESS, iu State or quality of 
 
 being nil propitious. 
 UN-PKO-POR'TION-A-BLE, a. W^anting due pro- 
 
 fMirti<m. 
 
 UX-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLY, adv. Not in due pro- 
 (lorlion. 
 
 UN-PRO-POR'TION-ATE, a. Wanting proportion ; 
 disproportionate ; unfit.- 
 
 UNQ 
 
 UN-PR()-P0R'TION-£D, a. Not proportioned ; ni< 
 
 suitable. Sliak. 
 UN-PRO-P0S'£D, a. Not proposed ; not ofTen-d. 
 
 Vrifdrn, 
 
 UN-PROP'P£D, (■-propt',) a. Not propped ; not sup- 
 ported or upheld. MiUon. 
 UN-PROS'E-L?-TED, a. Not made a convert. 
 
 ScotL 
 
 U.\-PROS'PER-OUS,a. Not prosperous ; not attended 
 Willi success; unfortunate. Pope. 
 
 UN-PROS'PER-OUS-LY, adv. Unsuccessfully ; iin- 
 tortuiiiitelv. Taylor. 
 
 UN-PROJi'PER-OUS-NESS, n. Want of success; 
 failure of the desired result. Hammund. 
 
 UX-PROS'TI-TU-TED, a. Not prostituted ; not do- 
 based. 
 
 UN-PRO-TEeT'ED, a. Not protected ; not defended. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. Not countenanced ; not supported. 
 UN-PRO-TEGT'EU-LY, adv. Without being pro- 
 tected. 
 
 UN-PttO-TEeT'ING, a. Not protecting ; not defend- 
 ing. 
 
 UX-PRO-TRACT'ED, a. Not protracted ; not drawn 
 out in length. 
 
 UX-PROV"£U, (-proovd',) a. Not proved ; not known 
 by trial. Spenser. 
 
 2. Not established as true by argument, demon- 
 stration, or evidence. 
 UN-PRO- VIDE', V. U Tounfurnish ; to divest or strip 
 
 of qualilicatioiis. Southern. 
 UN-PRO- VID'ED, pp. Divested of qualifications. 
 2. a. Not provided ; unfurnished ; unsupplied. 
 
 Drijden. 
 
 IJN-PROV'I-DEXT, a. Improvident. [Obs.] 
 
 UN-PRO-VI"SION-£D, (-jiro-vizh'und,) a. Not fur- 
 nished with provisions. Pollok. 
 
 UN-PRO- VoK'£l), (-pro-vokt',) a. Not provoked.; 
 not incited ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Xot proceeding from provocation or just cause; 
 as, an unprorokrd attack. Addison, 
 
 UN-PRO- VOK'ING, a. Giving no provocation or 
 offense. Ftctticood. 
 
 UN-PRO- VoK'IXG-LY, adv. Without giving provo- 
 cation. 
 
 UN-PRU-DEN'TIAL, a. Imprudent. [jXot used.] 
 
 Mdton. 
 
 UX-PRuN'£D, a. Not pruned ; not lopped. Sluik. 
 UN-PCB'LIG, a. Not public; private; not generally 
 
 seen or known. Taylor. 
 UN-PUB'LISH-£D, ( pub'lisht,) a. Not made public ; 
 
 secret ; private. Sluik. 
 2. Not published ; as a manuscript or book. Pope. 
 UN-PUNC'TU-AL, (-punkt'yu-al,) a. Not punctual; 
 
 not exact in time. Pope. 
 
 U^:?rSc'TU:A{:Nns, i of punctuality. 
 
 UX-PUXe'TlT-AL LY, adv. Not punctuallv. 
 UN-PUXt;'TU-A-TEt), a. Not punctuated ; not 
 
 pointed. Busby. 
 UN-PUX'ISH-A-BLE, a. That may not be punished. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-PUN'ISH-£D, (-pun'isht,) a. Not punished ; suf- 
 fered to pass without punishment or with impunity ; 
 as, a lUitf unpunished ; an unpunuthed crime. Dryden. 
 
 U.X-PUX'ISH-IXG, a. Not punishing. 
 
 UN-PL"R'CH.VS-A-BLE, a. That can not be bought. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 UN-PUR'CHAS-£D, (-pur'chast,) a. Not purchased ; 
 not bought. Denham. 
 
 UX-PPRE', a. Not pure ; impure. [Ois.] [See Im- 
 pure.] 
 
 UX-PURG'£D, a. Not purged ; unpurified. Milton. 
 UX-PU'RI-Fi-£D, (-fide,) a. Not purified ; not freed 
 from recrement or foul matter. 
 2. Not cleansed from sin ; unsanctified. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 UN-PUR'POS-£D, (-pur'pust,) a. Not intended ; not 
 
 designed. Shak, 
 UN-PURS'£D, (-purst',) a. Robbed of a purse. 
 
 Pollok, 
 
 UX-PrR-SO'£D, a. Not pursued ; not followed ; not 
 
 prosecuted. Milton. 
 UX-Pu'TRE-FI-£D, a. Not putrefied ; not corrupted. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 UN-aUXFF'£D, (-kwaft',) a. Not quaffed ; not drank. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 UN-CiU.AlI..'IXG, a. Not failing ; not sinking ; firm. 
 UN-UUaK'ING, a. Not shaking or trembling. 
 
 frd.-on. 
 
 UN-aUAL'I-FT-ED, (-kwoPe-ride,) a. Not qualified ; 
 not fit ; not having the requisite talents, abilities, or 
 accoinplisliiiients. Sirifi, 
 
 2. Not having taken the requisite oath or oaths. 
 
 3. Not modified or restricted by conditions or ex- 
 ceptions ; as, unmialilted praise. • 
 
 U.\-UU.^L'I-FI-£U-LY, adv. In a manner so as not 
 to be qiinlified. 
 
 UN-Ql'AL'l-FI-£D-NESS, n. Condition of being un- 
 qualified. 
 
 UX-(iUAL'I-FY, p. I. To direst of qualifications. 
 
 [But' instead of this, DuqUAiipr is now used.] 
 UX-UUAL'l-Ft-ING, ppr. Divesting of qualifica- 
 tions. 
 
 TOXE, BIJLL, yXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
UNR 
 
 I;N-QUAL'1-TI-£D, (-k« ol'e-tid,) a. Deprived of the 
 usual facilities. [JVo( in use.] Shak. 
 
 UN-aUAU'KRL-A-BLE, a. TbM can not be iin- 
 [iiiL'nf(i. [.Vol in use.] Brown. 
 
 UN-UUEEN', V. t. To divest of the dignity of queen. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-aUELL'A-BLE, a. That can not be q\ielled. 
 UN-aUELL'£D, o. Not quelled ; not subdued. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-aUEXCH'A-BLE, a. Tliat can not be quenched ; 
 
 tlip.t will never be extinguished; inextinguishable. 
 
 .Man. iii. /.nke iii. 
 UN-UUE.\CH'A-BLE-.\ES3, n. The state or quality 
 
 of heiuL' inextinguishable. HakewilU 
 Ui\-ai'E.\CH'A-BLY, ode. In a manner or degree 
 
 so as not til be quencliea. 
 UN-aUE.\'CIl'£U, (-kwencht',) a. Not extinguished. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 UN-atIES'TION-.4-BLE, a. Not to be questioned ; 
 not to be doubted ; indubitable ; certain ; as, unques- 
 tionable evidence or truth ; unquestionable courage. 
 
 .^ddtson. 
 
 UN-atlES'TION-A-BLY, adv. Without doubt ; in- 
 duliitaiilv. SpraL 
 
 UN-QIIES'TION-£D, a. Not called in question ; not 
 doubted. 
 
 2. Not interrogated ; having no questions asked ; 
 not examined. Dnjden. 
 
 3. Indis[iiuable ; not to be opposed. B. Jonson. 
 UN-aUES'TION-ING, a. Not calling in question; 
 
 nut ilonliting ; unhesitating. J.M.Mason. 
 UN-CiUrCK', a. Not quick ; slow. 
 
 2. Not alive ; motionless. [JVof in use.] Daniel. 
 UN-aUICK'SN-ED, a. Not animated ; not matured 
 
 to vitality ; as, unqnickened progeny. Blackstone. 
 UN-UUl'iiT, a. Not quiet; not calm or tranquil; 
 
 restless ; uneasy ; as, an unquiet person ; an unquiet 
 
 mind. 
 
 2. Agitated; disturbed by continual motion; as, 
 tlie unquiet ocean. 
 
 3. Un-^atisfied ; restless. Pope. 
 UN-aUl'ET, V. t To disquiet. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 UN-QLTET-LY, adv. In an unquiet state ; without 
 
 rest ; in an agitated state. Shak. 
 UN-aUI'ET-NESS, n. Want of quiet; want of 
 tranquillity ; restlessness ; uneasiness. 
 
 Taylor. Denham. 
 9. W.ant of peace ; as of a nation. Spenser. 
 3. Turbulence; disposition to make trouble or ex- 
 cite disturbance. Dnjden. 
 UN-QUT'E-TUDE, n. Uneasiness ; restlessness. 
 [Ob.s.] 
 
 [For this, Disqi'iETUDE and IsquiETuoE are used.] 
 UN-RACK'ED, (-rakt',) a. Not racked; not poured 
 from the lees. 
 
 [JN-R.\IS'£D, a. Not elevated or raised. Coleridge. 
 UN-RaK'£D, (-rakt',) a. Not raked ; as, land un- 
 raked. 
 
 2. Not raked together ; not raked up ; as fire. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-R.'4XG'£D, a. Not ranged ; not reduced to order. 
 UN-RAN"'SACK-£D, (-ran'sakt,) a. Not ransacked ; 
 not searcheil. 
 9. Nut iiillaged. KnoUes. 
 UN-RAN'.S(5.M-£0, a. Not ransomed ; not liberated 
 from captivity or bondage by payment for liberty. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-R.iSH', a. Not rash ; not presumptuous. 
 
 Clare7}dnn. 
 
 UN-RAV'AG-£D, a. Not w.astcd or destroyed. Burke. 
 UN-RA V'£I>, ti. (. To disentangle; to disengage or 
 separate threads that are knit. 
 
 1. To free; to clear from complication or diffi- 
 culty, .dddhon. 
 
 3. To separate connected or united parts ; to throw 
 Into disorder. 
 
 N.iturc all unraveled. Dryden. 
 
 4. To unfold, as the plot or intrigue of a play. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 LrN-RAV'£L, ■». i. To be unfolded ; to be disen- 
 tiinjled. 
 
 UN-KAV'£L-A-BLE, a. That can not be disentan- 
 Elerl. 
 
 U.\-RAV'£E-£D, ;>p. Unfolded; disentangled. 
 UN-RA \ '£L-1.\G, jrpr. Disentangling; unfolding; 
 
 clearing from difficulty. 
 UN-RAV'£L-.\IENT, n. The development of the 
 
 plot in a play. Mickcl. 
 U\-RA"/OR-£n, a. Unshaven. MUton. 
 UN-Rr:A(;il'£D, ( reecht',) a. Not reached ; not atr 
 
 taiiiPil lo. Dnjden. 
 UN-READ', (-red',) a. Not read; not recited; not 
 
 pi.TUied. /looker. Dry/en. 
 
 2. L'nt.aught ; not learned in books. IJrijden. 
 UN-Jir;AD'A-ULE, a. Not legible; that can not be 
 
 read. 
 
 UNREADT-LY, (rcd'c-le,) ado. Not promptly; not 
 clii-irl'iillv. Mitford. 
 
 I;N-REAI)'I-NE8S, (-red'c-ness,) n. Want of rcadi- 
 nen i want of proniptiicsH or dexterity Hooker. 
 9. Want of |)reparation. Taylor. 
 
 UN-READ'Y, (-rcd'o,) a. Not ready; not prepired ; 
 nut fit. ' Shak. 
 
 4JNR 
 
 2. Not prompt ; not quick. Brown. 
 
 3. Awkward ; ungainly. Bacon. 
 UN-Re'AL, a. Not real ; not ssbstantial ; having ap- 
 pearance only. jr Milton. Sliak. 
 
 UN-RE-AL'I-T Y, 7t. Want of icality or real existence. 
 
 Fearn. 
 
 UN-Re'AL-IZ-ING, a. Not realizing ; not making 
 real._ 
 
 UN-ReAP'£D, (-reept',) a. Not reaped ; as, un- 
 
 reaprd wheat ; an unrcaped field. 
 UN-Rk.A'SON, (-re'zn,) n. Want of reason. 
 UN-Re A'S ON- A-BLE, a. Not agreeable to reason. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. Exceeding the bounds of reason ; claiming or 
 insisting on more than is fit ; as, an unreasonable de- 
 mand. 
 
 3. Immoderate ; exorbitant ; as, an unreasonable 
 love of life or of money. 
 
 4. Irrational. [In this sense, see Irrational.] 
 UN-REA'SON-A-BLE-NESS, n. Inconsistency with 
 
 reason ; as, the unreasonableness of sinners. 
 
 2. Exorbitance; excess of demand, claim, passion, 
 and Uie like ; as, the unreasonableness of a proposal. 
 UN-Re A'S ON- A-BLY, ado. In a manner contrary to 
 reason. 
 
 2. Excessivelv ; immoderately ; more than enough. 
 UN-ReA'SON-£D, a. Not reasoned. Burke. 
 
 2. _Not derived from reasoning. Chalmers. 
 UN-ReA'SON-ING, a. Not reasoning; not having 
 
 reasoning faculties. Everett. 
 UN-RE.\VE', V. t. [See Reave, Unbeeve, and 
 Ravel.] To unwind ; to disentangle ; to loose. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 9. Not to rive ; not to tear asunder ; not to unroof. 
 
 [Mt in u.9e. ] Hall. 
 UN-RE-BAT'£D, a. Not blunted. Hakewill. 
 UN-RE-BuK'A-BLE, a. Not deserving rebuke; not 
 
 obnoxious lo censure. 1 Tim. vi. 
 UN-RE-BUK'A-BLY, ado. Not rebukablv. 
 UN-RE-BuK'£D, (-bukt',) a. Not rebuked. 
 Tri\-RE-€ANT'ED, a. Not retracted. 
 UN-RE-CErV'£D, a. Not received ; not taken ; as, 
 
 sacraments unreceived. 
 
 2. Not come into possession ; as, a letter unreceived. 
 
 3. Not adopted ; not embraced ; as, opinions unre- 
 ceived. 
 
 UN-RECK' ON-£D, a. Not reckoned or enumerated. 
 
 Bp. Gardiner. 
 
 UN-RE-€LaIM' A-BLE, a. That can not be reclaimed, 
 reformed, or domesticated. 
 
 UN-RE-CLaIM'A-BLY, adv. So as not to be reclaim- 
 able. 
 
 UN-KE-CLAlM'fiD, a. Not reclaimed ; not brought 
 to a domestic state ; not lamed ; as, a wild beast un- 
 reclaimed. 
 
 2. Not reformed ; not called back from vice to vir- 
 tue. Bothers. 
 
 UN-RE-€LaIM'ING, a. Not reclaiming. 
 
 UN-RE-CLtN'ING, a. Not reclining or resting. 
 
 UN-RE-eOG'NI-Z.\-BI,E, a. That can not be recog- 
 nized. [See Recognizable.] Coleridge. 
 
 UN-REe'OG-NIZ-£D, a. Not acknowledged or 
 known. 
 
 UN-RE€'OM-PENS-£D, (-rek'om-penst,) a. Not rec- 
 ompensed ; not rewarded. 
 
 UN-REe-ON-CIL'A-BLE, a. That can not be recon- 
 ciled ; that can not be made consistent with ; as, 
 two unrcconciUible propositions. 
 
 [In this sense, Irreconcilable is generally used.] 
 
 2. Not reconcilable ; not capable of being ap- 
 peased ; implacable. Sliak. 
 
 3. That can not be persuaded to lay aside enmity 
 or opposition, and to become friendly or favorable ; 
 as, unrrconcilable neighbors. [Irreconcilable is 
 
 generally used.] 
 
 M-CIL'A-1 
 
 rilable. 
 
 UN-REG-ON-i 
 
 BLY, adv. So as not to be recon- 
 
 UN-REe'ON-CrL,-£D, o. Not reconciled ; not made 
 consistent. 
 
 2. Not appeased ; not having become favorable. 
 
 3. In a theolo^rical sense^ not having laid aside op- 
 position and eniiiity to God ; not having made peace 
 with (Jod through faith in Christ. 
 
 UN-RE-eORl)'EI), a. Not recorded ; not registered ; 
 as, an unrecorded deed or lease. 
 
 2. Not kept in remembrance by public monuments ; 
 not rccordeil in the rolls of fame. Pope. 
 UN-RE-CUUNT'EI), a. Not recounted; not told; 
 
 not related or recited. Skak. 
 UN-RE-COV'ER-A-BEE, ( kuv'er-a-bl,) a. That can 
 not be recovered ; past n covery. Fcllliam. 
 2. That can not be regained. 
 UN-RE-eOV'ER-£D, a. Not recovered ; not recalled 
 into possession ; not regained. Drayton. 
 2. Not restored to health. 
 UN-RE-eR01T'A-liI,E,a. That can not be recruited. 
 2. Incapable of recruiting. [Bad, and not u.ir.d.] 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN REe'TI-FI-£D, a. Not rectified ; not corrected 
 or set right. 
 
 UN-RE eUM'BENT, a. Not reclining or reposing. 
 UN-RE-eOH'ING, a. That can not bo cured. [JVo( 
 
 in use. J ShaJi. 
 UN-RE CUR'RING, a. Not recurring. 
 
 UNR 
 
 UN-KE-DEE.^I'A-BLE, a. That can not be re- 
 deemed. 
 
 UN-RE-DEEM'£D, a. Not redeemed ; not ransomed. 
 2. Not paid ; not recalled into the treasury or bank 
 by payment of the value in money ; as, unredeemed 
 bills, notes, or stock. 
 UN-KE-DRESS'£D, (-drest',) a. Not redressed ; not 
 relieved from injustice ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Not removed ; not reformed ; as, unredressed 
 evils. 
 
 UN-RE-DuC'£D, (-duste',) a. Not reduced ; not les- 
 sened in size, quantity, or amount. 
 UN-UE-Du'CI-BLE, a. Not capable of reduction. 
 
 UN-RE-DC'CI-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of not 
 being capable of reduction. South. 
 
 UN-REELi'£U, a. Not reeled, or wound on a reel, 
 from cocoons 
 
 UN-REEVE', (un-recv',) v. t. To withdraw or take 
 out a rope from a block, thimble, &c. [See Un- 
 reaveJ 
 
 UN-RE-FIN'£D, a. Not refined ; not purified ; as, 
 unrrjined sugar. 
 2. Not refined or polished in manners. 
 UN-RE-FOk.M'A-BLE, a. Not capable of being put 
 into a new form. Hammond. 
 2. That can not be reformed or amended. 
 
 Cowper. 
 
 UN-RE-FORM'£D, a. Not reformed ; not reclaimed 
 from vice; as, an unreforme/l youth. 
 
 2. Not amended; not corrected; as, unrefomed 
 manners ; vnreformed vices. 
 
 3. Not reduced to truth and regularity ; not freed 
 from error ; as, an unreformed calendar. Holder. 
 
 UN-RE-FRAeT'ED, a. Not refracted, as rays of 
 light. 
 
 UN-RE-FRESH'£D, (-re-fresht',) a. Not refreshed; 
 not relieved from fatigue ; not cheered. 
 
 UN-RE-FRESH'FIJL, a. Not adapted to refresh. 
 
 UN-RE-FKESH'ING, a. Not refreshing ; not invig- 
 orating ; not cooling; not relieving from depression 
 or toil. Beddoes. 
 
 UN-RE-FCS'ING, o. Not rejecting ; not declining to 
 accept. 
 
 UN-RE-FuT'ED, a. Not proved to be false. 
 
 UN-RE-G.\RD'ED, a. Not regtirded ; not heeded ; 
 not noticed ; neglected ; slighted. Dryden. Swift. 
 
 UN-RE-GARU'FIjL, a. Not giving attention; heed- 
 less ; negligent. 
 
 UN-RE-GaRD'FUL-LY, adv. Not regardfiilly. 
 
 UN-RE-OEN'ER-A-CY, n. State of being unregener- 
 ate or unrenewed in heart. Hammond. 
 
 UN-RE-GEN'ER-ATE, a. Not regenerated ; not re- 
 newed in heart ; remaining at enmity with God. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 UN-RE-GEN-ER-A'TION, n. Want of regeneration. 
 
 //. Martxin. 
 
 UN-REG'IS-TER-£D,a. Not registered ; not recorded. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-RE-GRET'TED, a. Not lamented. 
 UN-REG'IJ-La-TED, a. Not regulated ; not reduced 
 
 to order. Mtlner. 
 UN-RE-HEARS'£D, (un-re-herst',) a. Not recited or 
 
 repeated, as words. 
 UN-REIN'£D, (un-rand'j) a. Not restrained by the 
 
 bridle ; unchecked. Milton. 
 UN-RE-JOIC'ING, a. Unjoyous ; gloomy ; sad. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 UN-RE-JOIC'ING-LY, adv. Unjovously ; gloomilv. 
 
 UN-RE-LaT'£D, a. Not related by blood or affinity 
 2. Having no connection with. 
 
 UN-REL'A-TIVE, a. Not relative; not relating; 
 having no relation to. Chesterfield. 
 [Irrelative is more generally used.] 
 
 UN-REL'A-TIVE-LY,ado. Without relation to. [Lit- 
 tle used.] Bolingbrokc. 
 
 UN-RE-LAX'ING, a. Not slackening ; not abating 
 in severitv or attention. 
 
 UN-RE-LAX'ING-LY, adv. Without relaxation. 
 
 UN-RE-LENT'ING, a. Not relenting; having no 
 pity ; hard ; cruel ; as, an unrelenting heart. 
 
 2. Not yielding to pity ; as, unrelenting cruelty. 
 
 3. Not yielding to circumstances ; intlexibly rigid ; 
 as, an unrclentinir rule. Palcy. 
 
 U.\-RE-EE\'T'ING-LY, aiip. Without relenting. 
 UN-RE-L1eV'.\-BLE, a. Admitting no relief or suc- 
 cor. Boyle. 
 UN-RE-LIeV'£D, (-re-Iecvd',) a. Not relieved ; not 
 eased or delivered from pain. 
 
 9. Not succored ; not delivered from confinement 
 or distress ; as, n garrison unrelieved. 
 
 3. Not released from duty ; as, an unrelieved senti- 
 nel. 
 
 IIN-RF^LI6'I0US, a. Not religious. 
 
 UN-RE-LUeT'ANT, a. Not unwilling. 
 
 UN-RE-l.UeT'ANT-I,Y, arfn. Willingly. Scott. 
 
 UN-RE-AIARK'A-BLE, a. Not remarkable ; not wor- 
 thy of particular notice. 
 2. Not capable of being observed. Digby. 
 
 IJN-RE-MARK'A-BLY, adv. Not remarkably. 
 
 UN-RE-MARK'£D, (rc-milrkt',) a. Nut remarked; 
 unobserved. Mclmoth. 
 
 UN RE-l\lK'DI-.\-BI,E, a. That can not be cund ; | 
 admitting no remedy. Sidney. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH.^T METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1212 
 
UNR 
 
 tJN-lU;-.MK'I)I-A-ni.Y, aih. Without ri-nwcly. 
 UN-Kli.M'li-Ul-j;U, o. Nut cured; not reiiitdioil. 
 
 MiUon. 
 
 UN-RE-MEM'BER .ED, «. Not remembered ; not re- 
 tained in the mind ; not recullccted. IVuUuiu 
 
 UN-RK-.MKM'llEU-ING, a. Having no memory or 
 recnilerlion. Drtjttcn, 
 
 UN-RE-IIE.M'BRANCE, n. Forgetfulness ; want of 
 reinenilirancc. [JVo( in i«c] IVatls. 
 
 UN-RE-AirND'EO, a. Nut put in mind. 
 
 UN-RE-MIT'TED, o. Not remitted ; not forgiven ; 
 as, punislnnent unremitteil. 
 
 2. Not liaving a temporary relaxation ; as, pain 
 unremitted. 
 
 3. Not relaxed ; not abated. 
 UN-RE-MIT'TING, a. Not abating; not relaxing 
 
 for a time ; incessant ; continued ; tis, unremitting 
 exertions. 
 
 UN-RE-MIT'TINQ-LY, orfu. Without abatement or 
 cessation. Ficmini;. 
 
 UN-RIO-iMIT'TING-NESS, n. State of being unre- 
 mitting. 
 
 UN-RE-.MOV'A BLE, o. That can not be removed ; 
 
 fixed. aiiak. 
 UN-RE-MOV'A-I!LE-NESS,w. The state or quality 
 
 of being fixed and not capable of being removed. 
 
 HM. 
 
 UN-RE-MOV'A-BLY, Of/i). In a manner that admits 
 
 of no removal. Shak. 
 UN-RE-MOV'Kl), a. Not removed ; not taken away. 
 2. Not cap.ible of being removed. 
 
 Liku AUaa uHremoved. Milton. 
 
 UN-RE-NEWJCl), a. Not made anew ; as, the lease 
 is unrenewed. 
 
 2. Not regenerated ; not born of the Spirit ; as, a 
 
 heart unrenewed. 
 UN-RE-NOWN'£D, a. Not celebrated or eminent. 
 Ui\-UE-I'AID',a. Not repaid; nut compensated ; not 
 
 recompensed ; as, a kindness unrejiaid. Johnson, 
 UN-RE-l'AIR'/vD, a. Not repaired or mended. 
 UN-KE-I'kAL'A-BLE, a. That can nut be repealed. 
 UN-KE-Pi:.\L'i;i), a. Not repealed ; not revoked or 
 
 abrogated ; remaining in force. 
 UN-RE-Pff.AT'El), a. Not repeated. 
 UN-RE-I'icAT'ING, a. Not repeating. 
 UN-RE- PENT'ANCE, n. State of being impenitent. 
 
 [LitUe u.^ed.] IVartun. 
 1;N-RE-PENT'ANT, J 0. Not repenting; not peni- 
 UN-RE-PENT'ING, \ tent ; not contrite for sin. 
 
 Uryden. 
 
 UN-RE-PENT'ED, a. Not repented of. Hooker. 
 
 UN-RE-PENT'ING-LY, adv. Without repentance. 
 
 UN-RE-PIN'ING, a. Not repining ; not pei^vishly 
 murmuring or complaining. Rowe. 
 
 UN-RE-PI\'ING-LY, ads. Without peevish com- 
 plaints. 
 
 UN-RE-PLEN'tSri-£D,- f-plen'isht,) a. Not replen- 
 ished ; not filled ; not adequately supplied. Boyle. 
 
 UN-RE PoRT'ED, a. Not reported. 
 
 UiN'-RE-PoS'/;i), a. Not reposed. 
 
 UN-REP-RE-SENT'ED, a. Not represented ; having 
 no one to act in one's stead. 
 
 UN-RE-PRESS'£;D, (-presf,) a. Not crtished; not 
 subdued. 
 
 UN'-RE-PREPP'I-BLE, a. That can not be repressed. 
 UN-UE-PRlEV'.\-BLE,a. That can not be reprieved 
 
 or rf'spiicd Jrom death. 
 U.N-KE-PRIkV'ED, a. Not reprieved ; not respited. 
 UN-RE-PRf)ACirA-BLE, o. Not deserving reproach. 
 UN-UE PR0ACI1'A-BLE-NESS, tu State of being 
 
 unrcproachable. 
 Ui\-RE-PR5ACirA-BLY, adv. So as not to be re- 
 
 I)roarhable. 
 
 UN-RE-PROACII'£D, (re-procht',) a. Not upbraided ; 
 
 not reproached. 
 UN-RE PRoACiriNG, a. Not reproaching. 
 UN-RE-PROV'A-BLE, a. Not deserving reproof; 
 
 thai can not be justly censured. Col. i. 
 UN-RE-PRO V'£D, a. Not reproved ; not censured. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 9. Not liable to reproof or blame. Milton. 
 UN-RE-PUG'NANT, a. Not repugnant ; not op|)osite. 
 UN-REP'U-TA-BLE, a. Not reputable. [Hooker. 
 
 [For tliis, DisREruTAHLE is generally used.l 
 UN-REP'II-TA-UEY, adv. Disreputably. 
 UN-RE-aUEST'ED, a. Not requested ; not asked. 
 
 Knolle.'. 
 
 UN-RE-CIUTR'OT, a. Not demanded ; not needed. 
 UN-RE-aUIT'A-BLE, a. Not to be retaliated. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-RE-QUIT'ED, a. Not requited ; not recompensed. 
 UN-RES'€U-jED, a. Not rescued ; not delivered. 
 
 PoUok. 
 
 UN-RE-SENT'ED, a. Not resented ; not regarded 
 
 with anuer. Rogers. 
 UN-RE-SENT'ING, a. Not regarding with anger. 
 UN-RE-SERVE', (-re-zerv',) n. Absence of reserve ; 
 
 frankness; freedom of comnmnication. fVarton. 
 UN-RE SERVED, a. Not reserved ; not retained 
 
 when a part is granted. 
 2. Not limited; not withheld in part ; full; entire; 
 
 oa, unreserved obedience to God's commands. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 UNR 
 
 3. Ojien ; frank; cuncealius or williholiling noth- 
 ing ; free ; as, an unreserved disc-Insure of farts. 
 UN-RE-SERV'ED-LY, adv. Without limitation or 
 reservation. Boyle. 
 
 2. With open disclosure ; frankly ; without con- 
 cealment. Pope. 
 UN-RE-SERV'ED-NESS, n. Frankness; openness; 
 freedum of coiiimuiiication ; uiiliinitedness. 
 
 Boyle. Pope. 
 
 UN-RE-SIGN'£D, a. Not git en up ; not surrendered. 
 
 2. Nut siibiiiissivc to God's will. 
 UN-RE-SIST'ED, (-re-zist'ed,) a. [See Resist.] Not 
 resisted ; not op|iosed. Beniley. 
 
 2. Resistless; such as can not be successfully op- 
 posed. Pope. 
 UN-RE-SIST'I-BLE, a. Irresistible. Temple. 
 UN-KE-SI.ST'ING, a. Not making resistance ; yield- 
 ing to physical force or to persuasion. Uryden. 
 2. Submissive; humble. Buekminster. 
 UN-RE-SIST'ING-LY, adv. Without resistance. 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 UN-RE-SOLV'A-BLE, a. That can not be solved or 
 
 resolved. Sontli. 
 UN-RE-S0LV'/;D, a. Not resolved ; not determined. 
 
 Shnk. 
 
 2. Not solved ; not cleared. I.oeke. 
 UN-RE-SOLV'ED NESS, 11. State of being undeter- 
 mined ; irresdliiliun. 
 UN-RE-SOLV'ING, a. Not resolving ; undetermined. 
 
 Ihnjden. 
 
 UN-RE-SPECT'A-BLE, a. Not respectable. [JVot 
 
 used.'] jil'alone. 
 UN-RE-SPECT'ED, a. Not respected ; not regarded 
 
 with respect. iihak. 
 UN-RE-SPEGT'IVE, a. Inattentive; taking little 
 
 notice. LV(/< in use.] Shak. 
 UN-RE-PPlR'A-BLE, a. That can not be breathed. 
 UN-RES'PIT-ED, a. Not respited. 
 
 2. Admitting no pause or intermission. Jililton. 
 UN-RE-^P<JNS'I-BLE,a. Nut answerable ; not liable. 
 2. Not able to answer ; not having the property to 
 
 respond. 
 
 iluREspoNsinLE Is ajso used in the like sense.] 
 tE-SI'ONS'iVE, a. Not responsive. 
 UN-REST', 71. Unquietness; uneasiness. [Little 
 
 used.] Spenser. Wotton. 
 
 UN-REST'ED, a. Not rested ; not laid on for support. 
 
 £. Ervinir. 
 
 UN-REST'ING, a. Not resting ; continually in mo- 
 tion. Byron. 
 
 UN-REST'ING-LY, adv. Without rest. 
 
 UN-RE-SToR'KD, a. Not restored; not having re- 
 covered health. 
 
 2. Not restored to a former place, to favor, or to a 
 former condition. 
 
 UN-RE-STRAIN' A-BLE, a. That can not be re- 
 strained. Varjcin* 
 
 UN-RE-STRAIN'£D, a. Not restrained ; not con- 
 trolled ; not confined ; not hindered. Dryden. 
 
 2. Licentious ; loose. Shak. 
 
 3. Not limited; as, an unrestrained power; mtre- 
 strained truth. 
 
 UN-RE-STRAINT', n. Freedom from restraint. 
 UN-RE-STRieT'ED, a. Not restricted ; not limited 
 
 or confined. Smollett. 
 UN-RE-TRACT'ED, a. Not retracted ; not recalled. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 UN-RE-TR ACT'ILE, a. That can not be withdrawn. 
 UN-RE-TURN'AI), a. Not returned. 
 UN-RE-VEAL'£D,a. Not revealed ; not discovered ; 
 
 not disclosed. Pope. 
 UN-RE-VeAL'ED-NESS, n. State of being uiire- 
 
 vealed. Bajter. 
 UN-RE-VENG'£D, a. Not revenged ; as, an injury 
 
 unrerenged. 
 2. Not vindicated by just punishment. 
 
 Scipio'i ghost walk* unrevenged. Additon. 
 
 UN-RE-VENGE'F}JL, (-re-venj'-,) a. Not disposed 
 to revenge. Hacket, 
 
 UN-RE-VENGE FJJL-LY, adv. Without revenge. 
 
 UN-REV'E-NO-£D, (-rev'e-nOde,) a. Not furnished 
 with a revenue. Pollok. 
 
 UN-RE-VkR'£D, a. Not revered. 
 
 UN-REV'ER-EN-C£D, (-rev'er-enst,) a. Not rever- 
 enced. 
 
 UN-REV'ER-END, a. Not reverend. 
 
 2. Disrespectful ; irreverent ; as, an unrevrrend 
 
 tongue. Sliak. 
 UN-REVER ENT, a. Irreverent 
 
 [ The latter is ehiefiy used.] 
 UN-RE VER-ENT-LY, adv. Irreverently, which sec. 
 UN-RE-VERS'£D, (-re-verst',) a. Not reversed ; not 
 
 annulled by a counter decision ; as, a judgment or 
 
 decree ttnreverseU. 
 UN-RF-VERT'ED, o. Not reversed ; not turned back. 
 UN-RE- \'IS'£D, a. Not revised ; not reviewed ; not 
 
 corrected. 
 
 UN-RE-VIV£D, a. Not revived ; not recalled into 
 life or force. 
 
 UN-RE-VoK'£D, (-re-vokt',) a. Not revoked ; not 
 recalled ; nut annulled. Milton. 
 
 UN-RE-WARD'ED, a. Not rewarded; not compen- 
 sated. Pope. 
 
 UNR 
 
 UN-RE-WARU'ING, a. Nut r. compeii«ing. 
 UN-RHE-TUR'lf-AI.,(-r.!-tor'ik-al,)a. Nut rlieU.rical. 
 UN-RIIE-TOR'ie-AL-LY, adv. Not in u rlictorical 
 manner. 
 
 UN-RII?M'£D, a. Not put Into rhyme. Kd. Ret. 
 UN-RI1)'U£N, a. Not nd.Ieii. 
 
 UN-RID'DLE, t). f. To solve or explain; as, to un- 
 riddle all enigma or mystery. 
 2. 'i'o explain. 
 
 And wliirc you cao'l unriddtt, lewm to Inist. Pamtll. 
 
 UN-RII)'I)LKD, Explained; interpreted. 
 UN RID'DLER, n. One who explains an enigma. 
 UN-RlI)'DhIN(;, /vr. Solving; explaining. 
 UN-R!-DI€'t;-LUUS, a. Not ridiculous. 
 UN-RI'FL£D, a. Not rified ; not robbed ; not stripped. 
 
 JIume. 
 
 UN-RIG', r. t. To strip of both standing and running 
 rigging ; as, to unriir a ship. Totten. 
 
 U!V-RKi'(J£D, pp. Stripiwii of rigging. 
 
 UN-RIG'GING, ppr. Stripping of rigging. 
 
 UN-RIGHT', ji. Not right ; wrong. [Ubs.] 
 
 UN-RKJHT'EOUS, (un-ri'chus,) a. [Sax. unrildvoia ; 
 that is, not right-wise.] 
 
 1. Not lighteuiis ; not just; not conformed in heart 
 and life to the divine law ; evil ; wicked ; used of 
 persons. 
 
 2. Unjust ; contrary to law and equity ; as, an un- 
 righteous decree or sentence. 
 
 UN-RIGIIT'EOUS-LY, (iin-ri'chus-ly,) adv. Un- 
 justly ; wickedly ; sinfully. Unjden. 
 
 UN-RIG nT'EOUS-NE:?S, (un-ri'chiis-noss,) n. In- 
 justice ; a violation of the divine law, or <if the plain 
 principles of justice and equity; wickedness. Un- 
 righteousness may consist of a single unjust art, but 
 more generally, when applied to |>ersons, it denotes 
 un habitual course of wickedness. Mom, i. vi. 2 
 Cor. vi. 
 
 Every Iransffression of Ihe law is unrigKleoutnett. Hail. 
 
 list. Shak. 
 
 UN-RIG IIT'FIJL, a. Not rightful ; not j 
 UN-RI(;I1T'FI;L-LY, adv. Wrongfully. 
 U.V-RIGIlT'FfjL-NESS, n. Stale of being unrightful. 
 UN-RING', V. L To deprive of a ring or of rini;s. 
 
 Hudibras, 
 
 UN-RING'ING, jrpr. Depriving of a ring or rings. 
 UN-RI'UT-ED, a. Free from rioting. [jVot used.] 
 
 Mail. 
 
 UN-RIP', V. t. To rip. Baeo'n, 
 [This word is unnecessary, the idea being ex- 
 pressed by Rip.] 
 
 UN-RIPE', a. Not ripe ; not mature ; not brought to 
 a state of perfection ; as, unripe fruit. Shak, 
 
 2. Not seasonable ; not yet proper. 
 
 lie fijied hi* unripe Tengc.iiice to defer. Dn/den. 
 
 3. Not prepared ; not completed ; as, an unripe 
 scheme. 
 
 4. Too early ; as, the unrip$ death of Dorilaus. 
 [Unusual.] Sidney, 
 
 UN-RlP'£N-£D, a. Not ripened ; not matured. 
 
 ,1ddison. 
 
 UN-RTPE'NESS, n. Want of ripeness ; immaturity ; 
 
 as, the unripeness of fruit or of a [iroject. 
 UN-RIS'£N, (-riz'n,) a. Not risen. .Ycele. 
 UN-RI'VAL-£D, a. Having no rival ; having no 
 competitor. Pope, 
 2. Having no equal ; pecrlcs. 
 UN-RIVET, V. L To loose from rivets ; to unfasten. 
 
 /rale. 
 
 UN-RIV'ET-ED, pp. Loosed from rivets ; unfastened. 
 UN-RIV'ET-ING, jijjr. Unfastening; loosing from 
 rivets. 
 
 UN-R6BE', V. t. To strip of a robe ; to undress; to 
 disrobe. Young, 
 
 UN-RoH'£D, pp. Undressed ; disrobed. 
 
 UN-Rol!'ING, 7>;>r. Divesting of robes; undressing. 
 
 UN-R01L'£D, a. Not rendered turbid ; not disturbed 
 in mind. 
 
 UN-RoLL', r. (. To open what is rolled or convolved ; 
 as, to unroll cloth. 
 2 To display. Dryden, 
 UN-R6LI.'£D, pp. Opened, as a roll ; displayed. 
 U\-RoLL'ING, ;ipr. Opening, , is a roll; displaying. 
 UN-Ro'M AN-I/.-£D, a. Not subjected to Roman .arms 
 or customs. Whduker, 
 
 2. Not subjected to the principles or usages of the 
 Roman Catliulic church. 
 UN-RO-MA.N'Tie, a. Not romantic ; not fanciful. 
 
 SirijX, 
 
 UN-RO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY, arfp. Not romantically. 
 UN-ROOF', V. L To strip olfthe roof or covering of a 
 
 house. 
 
 UN-ROOF'ED, (-roofl',) pp. Stripped of tlic roof. 
 
 U.N-ROOF'I.N'G, ppr. Stripping of the roof. 
 
 UN-ROOST'ED, a. Driven from the roost. Shak, 
 
 UN-ROOT', V. t. To tear up by the roots ; to extir- 
 p.ite ; to eradicate ; as, to unroot an oak. Dryden. 
 
 UN-ROOT', r. i. To be torn up by the roots. 
 
 UN-ROOT'ED, pp. Extirpated ; torn up by the roots. 
 
 UN-ROOT'ING, ppr. Tearing up by the roots ; extir- 
 pating. 
 
 UN-ROUGH', (un-rufT,) a. Not rough; unbe.yded; 
 
 smooth. Shak, 
 UN-ROUND'ED, a. Not made round. Donne. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Tll as in THIS. 
 
 xxxx 
 
 1213 
 
UNS 
 
 UN-ROUT'ED, a. Not routed; not thrown into dis- 
 firdi-r. Bciium, 
 
 UN-ROY'AL, a. Not royal ; iinprincelv. Sidnni. 
 
 UN-ROY'AL-LY, a. Not like a king ; "not bftconiing 
 a kine- Potter. 
 
 UN-RUF'FLE, (-ruf'fl,) v. i. To cease from being 
 ruffled or agitated ; to subside to smoothness. 
 
 JSildi.'ion, 
 
 UN-RUF'FLED, a. Calm ; tranquil ; not agitated. 
 
 Calm and unruled as a Bummer's sea. Addison. 
 2. Not disturbed ; not agitated ; as, an unruffled 
 temper. 
 
 UN-RuL'£D, a. Not ruled ; not governed ; not di- 
 rected bv superior power or authority. Spoiler. 
 
 UN-RU'Li-NESS, 71. [from iin7-«;i/.] Disregard of 
 restraint ; licetitiou,-:ness ; turbulence ; as, the unru- 
 liiiess of men, or of their passions. 
 
 2. The dispi>sitiou of a beast to break over fences 
 and wander from an inclosure ; the practice of break- 
 ing or leaping over fences. 
 
 UN-RO'LY, a. Disregarding restraint; licentious; 
 disposed to violate laws; turbulent; ungovernable; 
 as, an unruly youth. 
 
 The tongue can no man tame ; it is an unruly evil. — James iv. 
 
 2. Accustomed to break over fences and escape 
 from inclosures ; apt to break or leap fences ; as, an 
 unruly ox. 
 
 Tlie owner of the unruly ox paid a sum of money, as a civil 
 jienidly for the ransom of his life. iS. E. Dtoight. 
 
 UN-Ru'.MI-Na-TED, a. Not well chewed ; not well 
 digested. BuUnirbroke. 
 
 UN-RU.M'PLE, V. U To free from rumples ; to spread 
 or lav even. Addison. 
 
 UN-RUM'PLi!D, pp. Freed from rumples. 
 
 UN-SAB'BATH-LIKE, a. Not according to usage on 
 the Sabbath. 
 
 UN-SAD'D£N, (un-sad'n,) v. t. To relieve from sad- 
 ness. fVhitlock. 
 UN-SAD'DSX-M), pp. Relieved from sadness. 
 UN-SAD'DiJN-ING, jypr. Relieving from sadness. 
 UN-SAD'DLE, ( sad'dl,) v. t. To strip of a saddle ; 
 
 to take the saddle from ; as, to unsaddle a horse. 
 UN-SAD'DLED, pp. Divested of the saddle. 
 
 2. a. Not saddled ; nut having a saddle on. 
 UN-SAFE', a. Not safe; not free from danger; ex- 
 posed to harm or destruction. Milton. Dryden. 
 2. riazardous ; as, an unsafe adventure. 
 UN-SaFE'LY, o<;». Not safely ; not without danger ; 
 in a state exposed to loss, harm, or destruction. 
 
 Orem. 
 
 UN-SaFE'NESS, n. State of being unsafe. nUlL-:. 
 UN-SaFE'TY, n. State of being unsafe ; exposure to 
 
 danger. Bacon. 
 UN-SAID', (un-sed',) jtp. or a. Not said ; not spoken ; 
 
 not uttered. Dryden. 
 UN-SAINT', V. t. To deprive of saintship. South. 
 UN-SaINT'ED, pp. Not sainted. 
 UN-SAINT'LY, a. Not like a saint. 
 UN-SAL' A-BLE, a. Not salable ; not in demand ; 
 
 not meeting a ready sale ; as, unsalable goods. 
 UN-SALT'ED, a. Not salted ; not pickled ; fresh ; 
 
 as, unsalted meat. 
 UN-SA-I.OT'EI), n. Not saluted ; not greeted. 
 UN-SANe-TI-FI-CA'TION, n. A state of being un- 
 
 sanctified, 
 
 UN-SANC'TI-FT-iSD, (-fide,) a. Not sanctified ; un- 
 holy. Tlwdcy. 
 2. Not consecrated. 
 UN-SANC'TION-ED, a. Not sanctioned; not rati- 
 fied ; not approved ; not authorized. Walsh. 
 UN-SAN'DAL-£D, a. Not wearing sandals. 
 UN-SAT'ED, a. Not sated ; not satisfied or satiated. 
 
 Shenstone, 
 
 UN-Sa'TIA-BLE, a. That can not be satisfied. 
 
 [But Insatiable is gcnerallv tised.] 
 UN-Sa'TIATE, a. Not satisfied. [0/w.] More. 
 
 (I>5ATiATK is the word now used. J 
 UN-Sa'TIa-TING, a. Not satiating. Tucker. 
 UN-SAT'INO, a. Not sating or tilling. 
 UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TION, n. Dissatisfaction. Brmm. 
 UN-SAT-IS-FAe'TO-RI-LY, ado. So as not to give 
 satisfaction. 
 
 UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS, n. The quality or 
 state of not being satisfactory ; failure to give satis- 
 faction. Bntfle. 
 
 UN-SAT-IS-FAG'TO-RY, a. Not giving satisfaction ; 
 not c«»nvincing the mind. 
 
 2. .\ol giving content; as, an unsatisfactory cam- 
 pensaiion. 
 
 UN-SAT'lS-FI-A-BLE, a. That can not he satisfied. 
 
 Tattlor. 
 
 UN-SAT' IS FI-KD, a. Not satisfied ; not having 
 enough ; not filled ; not gratified to the full ; a^, un- 
 aatisfird appetites or ilrsircs. 
 
 2. Not content ; not plcniied ; ns, to be nnsatisfed 
 with the ch<iico of an officer ; to br untati^ied with 
 the wages or compensation allowed. 
 
 3. Not settled in opuiion ; not resting In confidence 
 of the truth of any thing ; as, to be uuitattuficd as to 
 the freedom of the will. 
 
 4. Not convinced or fully persuaded. The Judges 
 appeared to be unsali.'t/ied with the evidence. 
 
 UNS 
 
 5. Not fully paid. 
 
 An execution returned unsatisfied. Daggett, Whealon's Rep. 
 
 UN-SAT'IS-FI-ED-NESS, n. The state of being not 
 satisfied or content. 
 
 UN-SAT'IS-FV-ING, a. Not afl'ording full gratifica- 
 tion of appetite or desire ; not giving content ; not 
 convincinii the mind. Addison. 
 
 UN-SAT'IS-F^-ING-NESS, n. Incapability of grati- 
 lying to the fill. Bp. Taylor. 
 
 UN-SAT' y-RA-TED, a. Not saturated ; not supplied 
 to the full. Chemistry. 
 
 UN-SAV'£D, 0. Not saved ; not having eternal life. 
 
 Pullok. 
 
 UN-Sa'VOR-I-LY, adv. So as to displease or disgust. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-SA'VOR-I-NESS, n. A bad taste or smell. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 UN-SA'VOR-Y, a. Tasteless ; having no taste. Job vi. 
 
 2. Having a bad taste or smell. Milton. Brown. 
 
 3. Unpleasing; disgusting. Hooker. Skak. 
 UN-SAY', V. t. ; pret. and pp. Unsaid. To recant or 
 
 recall what has been said ; to retract ; to deny some- 
 thing declared. 
 
 S.iy, and unsay, feign, flatter, or abjure. Milton. 
 
 UN-SGa'LY, a. Not scaly ; having no scales. Oay. 
 UN-SeAN'N£D, a. Not measured ; not computed. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-Se.\R'i?D, a. Not scared ; not frightened awav. 
 
 UN-f^CA R'RKD, a. Not marked with scars or wounds. 
 
 UN-^^eATH'EI), (-skatht',) a. Uninjured. [Shak. 
 
 UN-SeAT'TER-£D, a. Not scattered ; not dispersed ; 
 not thrown into confusion. 
 
 UN-SCEP'TER-£D, a. Having no scepter or royal 
 authority ; not crowned as king. 
 
 UN-S€H6l'AR-LY, (-skol'ar-le,) a. Not suitable to 
 a scholar. Asiat. Res. 
 
 UN-St'HO-LAS'Tie, a. Not bred to literature ; as, 
 unsckolastic statesmen. Locke. 
 2. Not scholastic. 
 
 UN-SeHOOL'£D, a. Not taught; not educated ; il- 
 literate. Hooker. 
 
 UN-SCI-EN-TIF'ie, a. Not scientific; not according 
 to the rules or principles of science. 
 2. Not versed in science. Mantell. 
 
 UN-SCI-EN-TIF'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a manivjr con- 
 trary to the rules or principles of science. 
 
 UN-SCIN'TIL-La-TING, a. Not sparkling ; not 
 emitting sparks. J. Barlnc. 
 
 UN-SeuUeH'£D, (-skorcht',) a. Not scorched ; not 
 aftected by fire. Shak. 
 
 UN-Seo'Ri-FI-£D, a. Not scorified ; not converted 
 into dross. 
 
 UN-SeoUR'ED, a. Not scoured ; not cleaned by rub- 
 bing ; as, unsconred armor. Shak. 
 
 UN-SeRATCH'£D, (-skracht',) a. Not scratched; 
 not turn. Sliak. 
 
 UN-S€REEN'£D, a. Not screened ; not covered ; not 
 sheltered ; not protected ; not sifted. Boyle. 
 
 UN-S€REW', (-skru',) v. t. To dravy the screws 
 from ; to loose from screws ; to unfasten. Burnet, 
 
 UN-SCREW£D, pp. Loosed from screws. 
 
 UN-SeREVV'lNG, ppr. Drawing the screws from. 
 
 Ui\-SeRlP'TqR-AL, a. Not agreeable to the Scrip- 
 tures ; not warranted by the authority of the word of 
 God ; as, an unscriptural doctrine. 
 
 UN-SCRIP'TUR-AL-LY, adv. In a manner not ac- 
 cording with the Scriptures. 
 
 UN-SeRu'PU-LOUS, a. Not scrupulous ; having no 
 scruples. Mil ford. 
 
 UN-S€Ru'PU-LOUS-LY, atlv. In an unscrupulous 
 maniK^r. 
 
 UN-SCRCPU-LOUS-NESS, n. Want of scrupulous- 
 ness. Miiford. 
 
 UN-SeRu'TA-BLE. See InscnnTASLE. 
 
 UN-SeiILP'T(TR-£D, pp. Not engraved. 
 
 UN-S€UTUII'EO.N-£D, (-skuch'uiid,) a. Not hon- 
 ored with a coat of arms. ' Pollok. 
 
 UN-Si'f.AL', V. t. To break or remove the seal of; to 
 open whtit is sealed ; as, to unseal a letter. 
 
 UN-S|7:AL'£I), pp. Opened, as something sealed. 
 2. a. Not sealed ; having no seal, or the seal 
 broken. Shak. 
 
 UN-Sl"?.AL'ING, ppr. Breaking the seal of; opining. 
 
 UN-SkAM', v. t. To rip; to cut open. Shak. 
 
 UN-SkAiM'£D, pp. Ripped; cut open. 
 
 U.N-S1:aRC11'A-IILE, (-serch'a-bl,) a. That can not 
 be searched or explored ; inscrutable ; hidden ; mys- 
 terious. 
 
 The counsels of God ar« to ns unsearcAa&/«. Rogers. 
 
 UN-SE ARCH'A-BLE-NESS, (-serch'a-bl-ness,) n The 
 quality or state of being unsearchable, or l)i>ytuid the 
 power of man to explore. Branihall. 
 
 UN-SEARCII'A-BLY, (-scrch'a bly,)arfu. In a man- 
 ner HO as not to be explored. 
 
 UN-SEARCir£D, ( sercht',) a. Not searched ; not 
 explored ; not critically examined. 
 
 UN SKARCH'ING, a. Not searching; not penetrat- 
 ing. 
 
 UN-SI-.AR'£D, n. Not seared ; not hardened. Pollok. 
 
 UN-SkA'S5()N A RLi;, ( sC'zn-a-bl,) a. Not seasona- 
 ble ; not being in the prfi|H'r setison or time. He 
 called at an unseasonable hour. 
 
 UNS 
 
 2. Not suited to the time or occasion ; unfit; un- 
 timely ; ill-timed ; as, unseasonable advice ; an unrea- 
 sonable digression. 
 
 3. Late ; being beyond the usual time. He came 
 home at an unseasonable time of night, 
 
 4. Not agreeable to the time of the year ; as, an 
 UJiseasonable frost. The frosts of 1816, in June, July, 
 and August, in New England, were considered tin- 
 seasonable, as thev were unusual. 
 
 UN-SEA'S ON- A-liLE-NESS, n. [Supra.] The qual- 
 ity or state of being unseasonable, ill-timed, or out 
 of the usual time. 
 
 UN-SkA'SO.\-A-BLY, arfe. Not seasonably ; not in 
 due time, or not in the usual time ; not in the time 
 bestjidaptcd to success. Dniden. Arbulhnot. 
 
 UN-Sl.:A'SON-£D, (-sE'znd,) a. Not seasoned; not 
 exhausted of the natural juices, and hardened for 
 use ; as, unseasoned wood, boards, timber, &,c. 
 
 2. Not inured; not accustomed; U't fitted to en- 
 dure any thing by use or habit ; as, men unseasoned 
 to tropical climates are exposed to fevers. 
 
 3. Unformed ; not qualified by use or experience ; 
 as, an unseasoned courtier. Shak. 
 
 4. Not salted ; not sprinkled, filled, or impregnated 
 with any thing to give relish ; as, unseasoned meat. 
 
 5. _Unseasonable. [JVo« in use.] Shak. 
 UN-SkAT', II. (. To throw from the seat. Cowper. 
 UN-SEAT'ED, pp. Thrown from the seat. 
 
 2. a. Not seated ; having no seat or bottom. 
 
 3. Not settled with inliabitants ; as, unseated lands. 
 [^ye usually say Unsettled.] [fVolcott. 
 
 UN-tr-;AT'ING, ppr. Throwing from a seat. 
 UN-SicA'VVOR-THI-NESS, n. The state of being 
 
 unable to sustain the ordinary violence of the sea in 
 
 a tempest. Kent. 
 UN-SiiA'WOR-THY, a. Not fit for a voyage ; not 
 
 able to sustain the violence of the .sea; as, the ship 
 
 is nnsraworthy. 
 UN-SECOND ED, a. Not seconded ; not supported. 
 
 The motion was unseconded ; the attempt was unsec- 
 
 onded. 
 
 2. Not exemplified a second time. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Brown. 
 
 UN-SE'CRET, a. Not secret ; not close ; not trusty. 
 
 Slwk. 
 
 UN-SE'CRET, jj. «. To disclose; to divulge. [JVot 
 u.ied.] Bacon. 
 
 UN-SEC-TA'RI-AN, a. Not sectarian ; not intended 
 or adapted to promote a sect. Buckham. 
 
 UN-SEC'U-LAR, a. Not worldly. 
 
 UN-SEC'U-LAR-IZE, v. t. To dstach from secular 
 things ; to alienate from the vrorld. CA. Obs. 
 
 UN-SE-CORE', a. Not secure ; not safe. 
 [But Insecure is generally used.] 
 
 UN-SE-CUR'£D, a. Not secured. 
 
 UN-SED'EN-TA-RY, a. Not accustomed to sit much. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 UN-SE-DCC'£D, f-dust',) a. Not seduced ; not drawn 
 or persuaded to deviate from the path of duty. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-SEED'ED, a. Not seeded ; not sown. 
 
 Ash. Cotcper. 
 UN-SEE'ING, a. Wanting the power of vision ; not 
 
 seeing. Shak. 
 UN-SEEM', V. i. Not to seem. [JVot in iwc] SItak. 
 UN-SEEM'LI-NESS, 71. Uncomeliness ; indecency; 
 
 indecorum ; impropriety. Hooker. 
 UN-SEE.M'LV, a. Not fit or becoming; uncomely; 
 
 unbecoming ; indecent. 
 
 My sons, let your unseemly discord cease. Dryden. 
 
 UN-SEEM'LY, adv. Indecently ; unbecomingly. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 UN-SEEN', a. Not seen ; not discovered. Milton. 
 
 2. Invisible ; not discoverable ; as, the unseen God. 
 
 3. Unskilled ; inexperienced. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-Sk.IZ'£D, a. Not seized ; not apprehended. 
 
 2. Not possessed ; not taken into possession. 
 U\-SEL'DOM, nrfii. Not seldom. [Dniden. 
 UN-SE-LECT'ED, a. Not selected ; not separated by 
 choice. 
 
 UN-SE-T,E€T'ING, a. Not selecting. 
 
 UN-SELF'1S|{, a. Not selfish; not unduly attached 
 to one's own interest. Spectator. 
 
 ITN-SKLF'ISII-I,Y, adv. Without selfishness. 
 
 UN-SEXS'£D, (-senst',) a. Wanting a distinct mean- 
 ing ; without a certain signification. Puller. 
 
 UN SE.XS'I-BLE, a. Not sensible. 
 [But Insensihle is now used.] 
 
 UN-SE\S'l^-AL-I7.-£D, a. Not sensualized. 
 
 UN-SENT', a. Not sent; not dispatched ; not trans- 
 mitted. 
 
 Unsent for; not called or invited to attend. 
 UN-PE\'TIENT, (-seu'shent,) a. Not sentient. 
 UN-SEN'T1-NEL-£D, o. Without a sentinel. 
 
 F.d. Rev. 
 
 UN-SEP'A RA-BLE, a. That can not be parted. 
 
 [But iNsEPAnAHLE is noiv used.] 
 UN-SEP'A-RA-TED, a. Not separated or parted. 
 UN-SKP'UL-eilER-£D, j a. Having no grave ; un- 
 UN-SEP'UL-CIIRKl), \ buried. Chapman. 
 UN-SEP'ni, Ti;R-£D, a. Unburied. 
 UN-SERV'£D, a. Not served. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1214 
 
UNS 
 
 UNS 
 
 UNS 
 
 UN-SERV'ICE-A-HLK, a. Nnt serviceable ; not 
 brinsing advaiUiiKC, use, prnlit, nr coiiveiiieni e ; 
 useless ; as, an un<arr'ierahle ulensil or parnirnt ; an 
 unsPrrirrabU tract of land ; nnstrvict'tittle niti>k('la. 
 
 U.\-SEKV'l(,'E-A-nLK-i\KSS, «. The quali'y or 
 slate of being useless ; unfitness for use. 
 
 Stiitder.ton, 
 
 UN-SERV'ICE-A-BLY, adv. Without use ; without 
 advantage. It'oodwarJ. 
 
 UN-SKT^ a. Not set ; not placed. Jlouker. 
 2. Not sunk below the hori/.on. 
 
 UN-.SET'TLE, V. I. To unfix j to move or loosen 
 from a fixetl state; to unhinge ; to make uncertain 
 or fluctuating; as, to unsettle doctrines and opin- 
 ions. 
 
 2. To move from a place. UKstratige. 
 
 3. To overthrow. Fleetwood. 
 UN-?ET'TI.E, B. i. To become unfixed. Shak. 
 UN-SET'TLf,"D, pp. Unfixed ; unhinged ; rendered 
 
 fluctuating. 
 
 2. a. Not settled ; not fixed ; not determined ; an 
 doctrines, questions, opinions, and the like. 
 
 3. Not established. Dnjden. 
 
 4. Not regular; unequal; changeable; as, an un- 
 settled season ; unsettled weather. Bentleij. 
 
 5. Not having a legal settlement in a town or par- 
 ish. 
 
 6. Having no fixed place of abode. Hooker. 
 
 7. Not having deposited its fecal matter; turbid; 
 as, unsettled liquor. 
 
 8. Having no inliabitants ; not occupied by perma- 
 nent inhabitants ; as, unsettled lands in America. 
 
 Belknap. Hamilton. 
 UN-SET'TLKD-NEPS, n. The state of being un- 
 fixed, unsettled, or undetermined. 
 
 2. Irresolution ; fluctuation of mind or opinions. 
 
 3. Uncertainly. 
 
 4. Want of fixedness ; fluctuation. South. 
 UN-PET'TLE-.MENT, n. Unsettled state; irreso- 
 lution. Barrow. 
 
 UN-SET'TLING, ppr. Unfixing; removing from a 
 settled state. 
 
 UN-SK-Vi-.RE', a. Not severe. Potlok. 
 
 UN-gEV'ER-£D, a. Not severed ; not parted ; not 
 divided. Shak. 
 
 UN-SEX', V. t. To deprive of the sex, or to make 
 otherwise than the sex commonly is. Shak. 
 
 U.\-SEX'£l), (-sekst',) pp. Jlade otherwise than the 
 sex commonly is. 
 
 UN-SIIACK'LE, (-shak'l,) v. t. To unfetter ; to loose 
 from bonds ; to set free from restraint ; as, to un- 
 sliaekle the hands ; to uiu^hackle the mind. 
 
 UN-SHACK'LED, pp. Loosed from shackles or re- 
 straint. 
 
 UN-SHACK'LING, ppr. Liberating from bonds or 
 restraint. 
 
 UN-SHAD'ED, a. Not shaded; not overspread with 
 shade or darkness. Boyle. 
 2. Not clouded ; not having shades in coloring. 
 UN-.^HAD'OW-ED, a. Not clouded ; not darkened. 
 IIN-SII.A'DY, a. Not shady. 
 
 UN-SH.5K'.-V-BLE, a. That can not be shaken. [.Vot 
 in h.ncJ Shak. 
 
 VS-SU.\K'FX>, for Unshaken, is not in use. Shak. 
 
 UN-SH.^K'E.\, a. Not shaken; not agitated; not 
 moved : firm ; fixed. 
 
 2. Not moved in resolution ; firm ; steady. 
 
 3. Not subject to concussion. 
 UN-SH.\.M'£D, a. Not shamed; not ashamed; not 
 
 abashed. Dniden. 
 
 UN-SHa.ME'Fa-C£D, (-fastc,) a. Wanting modes- 
 ty ; impudent. 
 
 UN-SI1aME'Fa-C£D-NESS, n. Want of modesty ; 
 impudence. Chalmers. 
 
 UN-SllAP'.\-nLE, a. That can not be shaped. Oood. 
 
 UN-SIIaPE', r. £. To throw out of form or into dis- 
 order ; to confound ; to derange. [Little used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-SHaP'jEN, a. Misshapen ; deformed ; ugly. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 UN-Sn.\R'ED, a. Not shared ; not partaken or en- 
 jiiyed in common ; as, unshared bliss. .Milton. 
 
 UN-SIIaV'KD, a. Not shaved. Tuoke. 
 
 UN-SHr.ATHE', v. L To draw from the sheath or 
 scabbard. 
 
 Unsheathe thy sword. 
 
 ShaJc, 
 
 To unsheathe the sieord ; to make war. 
 UN-PIIKATII'KD, pp. Drawn from the sheath. 
 UN-.«He.\TH'ING, ppr. Drawing from the scab- 
 bard. 
 
 UN-SHED', a. Not shed ; not spilt ; as, blood unshed. 
 
 Milton, 
 
 UN-.«IIEET'ED, a. Not furnished with sheets. 
 U.\-glIEL'TER-£D, a. Not sheltered ; not screened ; 
 not defended from danger or annoyance. 
 
 Decay of Piety. 
 UN-SIIEL'TER-rNG, a. Not protecting ; not defend- 
 
 t 
 
 U 
 
 ing from danger or annoyance. 
 TN SllEN'T', a. Not spoiled ; not disgr 
 j.N SlUif.LD'ED, a. Not defended by i 
 
 sgraced. 
 
 shield ; not 
 
 P."''; '"'ed ; exposed. Dnjdcn. 
 UN-flHFT'lNG, a. Not changing place, position, or 
 expedients. £. Erring. 
 
 UN-.SIIIP', ». (. To take out of a ship or other water 
 
 craft ; as, to unship goods. 
 2. 'i'o rtmove I'nim the place where it is fixed or 
 
 fitted ; as, to unship an oar ; to unship capstan bars ; 
 
 to unship the tiller. J/./r. Diet. 
 
 V N-irllll" I' KD, (sltipl',) pp. Removed from a ship 
 
 or from its place. 
 2. Destitute of a ship. 
 UN-SHlllT'ED, a. Not covered with a shirt. 
 UN-Slll V'ER-KI), a. Not shivered or split. 
 U.\-PIIIV'ER-1N«, a. Not shivering. 
 UN-Slll V'ER-ING LY, a/ie. Without shivering. 
 U.\-S1II.V'ER-I.\G-NESS, n. State of being unshiv- 
 
 erin;;. 
 
 UN SIIOCK'ED, (-shokt',) a. Not shocked ; nol dis- 
 gusted ; not aslonislK'd. Ticket. 
 U.\-SilOD', a. Not sliod ; having no shoes. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 UN-SHOOK', a. Not shaken ; not agitated. I'ope. 
 UN-SHoIlN', a. Not shorn ; not sheared ; not clipped ; 
 
 as, unshorn locks. Milton. 
 UN-tJHG'i'', a. Not Iiit by shot. Waller. 
 
 2. Not shot ; not discharged. 
 UN-SHOUT', ti. t. To retract a shout. [jVo( m j/ar.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-SHOW'ER-ED, a. Not watered or sprinkled by 
 
 showers ; as, unshowercd grass. Milton. 
 UN-SIlRlN'£D, a. Not deposited in a shrine. 
 
 Soulhe7f. 
 
 UN-SHRINK'ING, a. Not shrinking ; not withdraw- 
 ing from danger or toil ; not recoiling ; as, unshrink- 
 ing firmness. 
 
 UN-SH1U.\K'1XG-LY, arfe. Witliout shrinking. 
 
 UN-Slll!I\ 'f;\, n. Not shriven. 
 
 UN-Slll!()(JU'i;i), a. Not shrouded or covered. 
 
 UN-SIIROi:i)'ING, a. Not shrouding. 
 
 UN-SHRUNK', a. Not shrunk ; not contracted. 
 
 U.X-SI1UN'\A-I!LE, a. That can not be shunned; 
 inevitable. [J\u( in use.] Shak. 
 
 UN-.-^II l'.\'Ni;D, a. Not shunned ; not avoided. 
 
 tJ.\ SHUT', a. Nut shut; open; unclosed. 
 
 UN-SI FT'ED, a. Not sifted ; not separated by a 
 sieve. May. 
 2. Not rriticallv examined ; untrted. 
 
 UN-StGHT' UN-SEEN'; a vulgar phrase, denoting un- 
 seeiuir unseen, or unseen repeated ; as, to buy a thing 
 nnsiirht unseen, that is, without seeing it. jiudibras. 
 
 UN-SIGH'ING, (-si'ing,) a. Not sighing. Buron. 
 
 UN-SiGHT'ED, (-sit'ed,) a. Not seen; invisible. 
 [ Obs.] Shak. 
 
 U.N-SiGHT'LI-NESS, n. Disagreeableness to the 
 sight; deformity; ugliness. Wiseman. 
 
 UN-SIGHT'LY, (-sit'le,) a. Disagreeable to the eye ; 
 ugly ; deformed. Milton. 
 
 UN-SIG'NAL-IZ-£;D, a. Not signalized or distin- 
 guished. 
 
 UN-SIG-NIF'I-eANT, a. Having no meaning. [Obs.] 
 
 [See Insion^ficant.] 
 UN-SIG'NI-Fi-£D, a. Not made known by words or 
 
 signs. 
 
 UN-S1L'VER-£D, a. Not covered with quicksilver; 
 
 as, an un.tihercd mirror. Ure. 
 UN-SIN-CKRE', a. Not sincere ; hypocritical. [See 
 
 Insincere.] 
 
 2. Not genuine; adulterated. Boyle. 
 
 3. Not sound ; not solid. 
 
 [Obsolete in the two liust significations, and for the 
 first. Insincere is generally used.] 
 UN-SIN-CER'I-TY, n. Insincerity; cheat. [jVot 
 
 used.] [See Insin* ehity.] 
 UN S I N'EW, V. U To depr 
 
 prive of strength. Dryden. 
 UN-SIN'EW-£D, pp. or a. Deprived of strength or 
 
 force : weak ; nerveless. S/iak. 
 UN-SIN'EVV-ING, ppr. Depriving of strength; en- 
 feebling. 
 UN-SIN'FIJL, a. Not sinful. 
 
 UN-SIN'Fl.L-NESS, n. St.ate of being unsinful. 
 UN-SING'£D, (-sinjd',)a. Not singed ; not scorched. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 UN-SIN'GL£D, a. Not singled ; not separated. 
 
 Drydeti. 
 
 UN-SINK'A-BLE, a. That can not be sunk. 
 UN-SINK'I.\G, a. Not sinking ; not failing. 
 UN-SIN'NING, a. Committing no sin ; impeccable ; 
 untainted with sin; as, unsinning obedience. 
 
 Roirers. 
 
 UN SIS'TER-LY, ado. or a. Not like a sister. 
 UN-SIZ'.\-HLE, a. Not being of the proper size, 
 
 masnilude, or bulk. Smollett. 
 UN-SIZ'£D, a. Not sized or stifltned ; as, unsized 
 
 paper. 
 
 UN-SKILL'£D, a. Wanting skill ; destitute of readi- 
 ness or dexterity in performance. Pope. 
 2. Destitute of practical knowledge. Dryden. 
 
 UN-SKILL'FfJL, a. Nol skillful ; wanting the 
 knowledge and dexterity which are acquired by ob- 
 serv.aiion, use, and experience; as, an unskillful sur- 
 geon : an unskillful mechanic ; an unskillful logician. 
 
 UN-SKILL'FyL-LY, adv. Without skill, knowledge, 
 or dexleritv ; clumsilv. Shak. 
 
 UN-SKILL'FyL-NESS, n. Want of art or knowl- 
 edge ; want of that readiness in action or execution, 
 which is acquired by use, experience, and observa- 
 tion. Taylor. 
 
 UN-SLACK'£I), (iin-slnkl',) a. Not saturated with 
 
 v^'ater , as. unslacked liiiio. 
 UN-SI, ACK'£N-£1), a. Not slackened. 
 I'N-SLAIN', «. N. . I slam ; ntil killed. pryden. 
 UN-SLAK'£D, ( slakt',) a. Nol slaked ; unqueiiclied ; 
 
 as, unslakid lliirst. 
 UN-SLEEP'ING, a. Not sleeping ; ever wakeful. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UN-SLEPT', a. Not slept. 
 
 UN-SLI.\G', r. f. In seamcn^s laniruarre, lo take off 
 the slings of a yard, a cask, tcc. ; to release fnnii the 
 slings. Totten. 
 
 UN-SLIP'PING, a. Not slipping ; not liable to slip. 
 
 Sliak. 
 
 UN-SLOW', a. Not slow. [JVot in use.] 
 UN-SLU.M'IiER-ING, a. Never sleeping or slumbei^ 
 
 ing ; alwavs watching or vigilant. Thodey. 
 UN-SLU.M'ItF.R-ING-LY, arfr. Wiihout slumbering. 
 UN-S.MIRCH'f-.D, (-smurcht',) a. Not stained; nol 
 
 soiled or blacked. Shak. 
 UN-S.MIRK'ING, a. Not smirking. Chesterfield. 
 UN-SMoK'£D, (-sinOkl',) a. Not smoked ; not dried 
 
 in smoke. 
 
 2. Not used in smoking, as a pipe. Swift 
 UN-S.MOOTH', a. Not smooth ; not even ; rough. 
 
 Milton* 
 
 UN-SMOOTH'£D, a. Not made smooth. ScvtL 
 UN-So'HER, a. Not sober. [JVot used.] 
 UN-SO'CIA-BLE, a. .Not suitable lo society; not 
 having the qualities whicli are proper for society, 
 and which render it agreeable ; as, an unsociable 
 temper. 
 
 2. Not apt to converse ; not free in conversation ; 
 reserved. 
 
 UN-SO'CI A-BLF^NESS, / n. Slate of being unsocia- 
 UN-SO-CIA-BIL'l-TY, ( bic. 
 UN-So'CIA-BLY, adv. Not kindly. 
 
 2. With reserve. 
 UN-So'ClAL, a. Not adapted to society ; not benefi- 
 cial to society. Shenstvne. 
 UN-SOCK'ET, V. I, To loose or take from a socket, 
 
 Siri/t 
 
 UN-SOD'ER, r. L To separate what is sodered. 
 UN-SOFT', a. Not soft ; hard. [jVot u.'^ed.] Chaucer. 
 UN-SOFT', arfr. Not with softness. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 U.\-S( )F r'£X-£n, a. Not softened. 
 UN-SOIL'£D, a. Not soiled ; not stained ; unpolluted. 
 
 jjryden, 
 
 2. Not disgraced ; not tainted ; as character. 
 UN-SOL'AC-£D, a. Not comforted or consoled. 
 UN-SoLD', a. Not sold ; not transferred for a con- 
 sideration. 
 
 UN-SoL'DIER-£D, a. Not having the qualities of a 
 
 soldier. [J^'^ot in use.] Beaum. 
 UN-SoL'DIER-LIKE, ( a. [See Soldier.] Unbe- 
 UN-SoL'DIER-LY, ( coming a soldier. Broome. 
 UN-SOL'EJIN, a. Not sacred, serious, or grave. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 UN-SO-LIC'IT-ED, a. Not solicited ; nol requested ; 
 
 unasked. Halifax. 
 2. Nol asked for ; as, an unsolicited favor. 
 UN-SO-LIC'IT-ED-LY, adv. Without being earnestly 
 
 requested. 
 
 UN-SO-LIC'IT-OUS, o. Not solicitous ; not anxious ; 
 not very desirous. 
 
 UN-SOL'ID, a. Not solid ; not firm ; not substantial ; 
 as, unsolid arguments or reasoning ; an unsolid found- 
 ation. 
 
 2. Fluid. Locke. 
 
 UN-SOLV'A-BLE, a. That can not be solved ; inex- 
 plicable. More. 
 
 LTN-SOLV'£D, a. Nol solved ; not explained. Watts. 
 
 U.\-So'XA-BLE, a. That can not be sounded. [Obs.] 
 
 UN-SO.N'SIE, a. Unlucky; not fortunate. r&oftwA,] 
 
 UN-SOOT', for Unsweet. [04^.1 Spenser. 
 
 UN-SO-PIIIST'ie-A-TED, a. Not adulterated by 
 mixture ; not counterfeit ; pure ; as, unsophisticated 
 drugs ; un.wphistieated arguments. Locke. 
 
 UN-i30R'RoW-£D, a. Not lamented ; not bewailed. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 UN-SORT'ED, a. Not separated into sorU; not dis- 
 tributed according lo kinds or classes ; as, unsorted 
 tvpes ; unsorted ideas. Walts. 
 
 UN-SOUGHT', ( sawi',) a. Not sought ; not searched 
 for. 
 
 2. Had without searching ; aa, unsought honor ; 
 unsought ideas. Locke. 
 
 UN-S5UL', V. L To deprive of mind or understand- 
 ing. Shelton. 
 
 UN-SOUND', a. Not sound ; defective ; as, unsound 
 timber. 
 
 2. Infirm ; sickly; as, unsound in health ; an un- 
 tound constitution. 
 
 3. Nol orthodox ; defective ; as, unsound in faith ; 
 unsound doctrine. Mdner. 
 
 4. Not Sound in character; not honest ; not faith- 
 ful ; not to be trusted ; defective ; deceitful. Shak. 
 
 5. Not true ; not solid ; nol real ; nol substantial ; 
 as, unsound pleasures ; un.iound delights. Spenser. 
 
 6. Nol close ; not compact ; as, unsound cheese. 
 
 Mortimer 
 
 7. Not sincere ; not faithful ; as, uiisound love. 
 
 Oay. 
 
 6. Not solid ; not material. Spenser. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
UNS 
 
 9. Erroneous ; wrong ; deceitful ; sophistical ; as, 
 uiisoutid arguments, 
 
 10. Nut strong ; as, unsound ice. 
 
 11. N(il fast ; not calm ; as, wi-wimd sleep. 
 
 12. Not well established ; defective : questionable ; 
 as, unsound credit. Hamilton. 
 
 UN-SOUND'Kl), a. Not sounded ; not tried with the 
 lead. 
 
 UN-SOUND'LY, adv. Not with soundness ; as, he 
 reasons unsoundUj ; he sleeps mtsoundly. 
 
 UN-SO(JND'NESS, n. Defectiveness; as, the un- 
 soundness of limber. 
 
 2. Uefectivi-ness of faith ; want of orthodoxy. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. Corruptness ; want of solidity ; as, the unsound- 
 ness of prhiviples. Hooker. 
 
 4. Defectiveness; as, the wiiioiiiiAieois of fruit. 
 
 5. Infirmity ; weakness ; as of body ; as, the ««- 
 soundness of the body or constitution. 
 
 UN-S01IR'£;D, a. Not made sour. Bacon. 
 
 2. Not made morose or crabbed. Drijdcn. 
 UN-SoVV'ivD, I a. Not sown ; not sowed ; as, unsown 
 UN-SoVVN', \ or unsowed ground. Bacon. 
 
 2. Not scattered un land for seed ; as, seed unsown, 
 
 3. Not propagated by seed scattered ; as, unsown 
 flowers. Dniden. 
 
 UN-SPaR'£D, o. Not spared. MMon. 
 UN-SPAR'ING, a. Not parsimonious ; liberal ; profuse. 
 
 .Mdlon. 
 
 2. Not merciful or forgiving. Milton. 
 UN-SPaK'ING-LY, a</B. In at]Undance ; lavishly. 
 UN-SPaR'ING-NESS, n. The quality of being lib- 
 eral or profuse. Mdford. 
 
 UN-SPAUK'LING, a. Not emitting sparks ; not glit- 
 tering^ Wdson. 
 
 UN-SPeAK', v. t. To recant; to retract what has 
 been spoken. Shak. 
 
 UN-SPe.AK'A-BLE, a. That can not be uttered ; that 
 can not be expressed ; unutterable ; as, unspeakable 
 grief or rage. 2 Cor. xii. 
 
 Joy unspeakable and full of glory. — 1 Pet. i. 
 
 UN-SPeAK'A-BLY, adr. In a manner or degree that 
 can not be expressed ; inexpressibly ; unutterably. 
 
 UN-SPkAK'ING, a. Not uttering words. 
 
 UN-SPEC'I-FI-fn5, (-spes'e-f ide,) a. Not specified ; 
 not particularly mentioned. Brown. 
 
 UN-SPk'CIOUS, (-spe'shus,) a. Not specious : not 
 plausible. ,Ssiat. Res. 
 
 UN-SPe'CIOUS-LY, adv. Not speciously. 
 
 UN-SPEG'lJ-LA-TIVE, a. Not speculative or theo- 
 retical. 
 
 UN-SPED', a. Not performed ; not dispatched. [OAs.] 
 
 Garth. 
 
 UN-SPENT', a. Not spent ; not used or wasted ; as, 
 water in a cistern unspent. 
 9. Not exhausted'; as, strength or force unspent. 
 
 3. Not having lost its force or impulse ; as, an un- 
 spent ball. 
 
 UN-SPlir:RE', V. U To remove from its orb. Sliak. 
 UN-PPHkR'£D, pp. Removed from its orb. 
 UN-SPl'£D, n. Not searched ; not explored. .Milton. 
 
 2. Not seen ; not discovered. Ticket. 
 UN-SPILT', a. Not spilt ; not shed. 
 
 2. Not spoiled. [jVof in use.] Tusser. 
 UN-SPIR'IT, V. t. To depress in spirits ; to dispirit; 
 to dishearten. [Little used.] [The word used is 
 Dispirit.] 
 UN-SPIR'IT-ED, pp. Dispirited. 
 UN-SPIR'IT-IJ-AL, o. Not spiritual; carnal ; worldly. 
 
 Sioift. 
 
 UN-SPIR'IT-lJ-AL-rZE, v. t. To deprive of spiritu- 
 ality. Snnth. 
 
 UX-SPIR'IT-tT-AL-TZ-ED, pp. Deprived of spirituality. 
 
 I'.\ SPIIl'IT-i:-AE-LV, ui/f. AVorldly ; carnally. 
 
 UN-SPLIT', a. Not split ; as, unsplit wood will not 
 season. 
 
 UN-SPOIL'ED, «. Not spoiled ; not corrupted ; not 
 ruined ; not n-ndered useless. Pope. 
 2. Not plundered ; not pillaged. 
 
 UN-SPoK'KN, a. Not spoken or uttered. 
 
 UM-SPoKTS'MAN-LrKK, a. Not like a sportsman. 
 
 UN SPf)T'TED, a. Not stained ; free from spot. 
 
 Q. Free from moral stain; untainted with guilt; 
 unbleinisht'd ; immaculate ; as, unspotted reputation. 
 
 UN-SPC)T'TED-NESS, n. State of being free from 
 stain or guilt. Feltham. 
 
 UN-SPREAD', (-spred',) n. Not stretched or extend- 
 ed ; not Pel and furnished with provicions. 
 
 UN-SClUAIl'JEl), o. Not made square; as, un.iquarcd 
 timber. — 
 
 2. Not rBBular; not formed. fihttk. 
 UN-SaL'IRE', V. I. To divert of the title or privilege 
 
 of an e>iquire. Swift. 
 UN-8TA'ltLE, a. [ L. in'lahdi,.] 
 1. Not iitahle ; not (i\oA. 
 
 9. Not iil«ady ; inconstant ; irresolute ; wavering. 
 .hmm i. 
 
 UX-STA'BLE-NESfl, n. Instability. 
 
 UN-STAID', a. Not slendy ; mtitalile ; not settled in 
 
 Jiidgmenl ; volatilo ; fickle; un.ituid youth. H/mk. 
 UN-STAID'NESS, n. Unfixed or volatile mate or dis- 
 
 poKitiim ; mutability ; ficklencxii ; indiscretion. 
 
 3. Uncertain motion ; unsteadinens. Hidnmj. 
 
 UNS 
 
 UN-STaIN'KD, o. Not stained ; not dyed. 
 
 2. Not polluted ; not tarnished ; not dishonored ; 
 as, an unstained character. 
 
 UN-STA.MP'£D', (-staiut',) a. Not stamped or im- 
 pressed. 
 
 UN-STANCH'ED, (-stincht',) o. Not stanched ; not 
 stopped ; as blood. 
 
 UN-STaTE', ti. «. To deprive of dignity. Shak. 
 
 UN-STATES'MAN-LlK£, a. Not becoming a states- 
 man. 
 
 UN-STa'TION-£D, a. Not stationed. 
 
 UN-STAT'U-TA-BLE, a. Contrary to statute; not 
 warranted by statute. Swift. 
 
 UN-STaY'£D, a. Not stayed ; not stopped or re- 
 tarded. 
 
 UN-STEAD'FAST, (-sted'fast,) a. Not fixed; not 
 standing or being firm. 
 2. Not firmly adiiering to a purpose. 
 UN-STEAD'F.\"ST-LY, adv. Not steadfastly. 
 UN-STEAD'FAST-NESS, (-sted'fast-ness,) n. Want 
 of steadfastness ; instability ; inconstancy. 
 
 K. James. 
 
 UN-STEAD'I-£D, (-sted'id,) a. Not supported ; not 
 kept from shaking. 
 
 UN-STEAD'I-LY, ( sted'e-le,) adv. Without steadi- 
 ness : in a wavering, vacillating manner. 
 
 2. Inconstantly; in a fickle manner. 
 
 3. Not in the same manner at different times ; va- 
 riously. Locke. 
 
 UN-STEAD'I-NESS, (-sted'-,) n. Unsfableness ; in- 
 constancy ; want of firmness ; irresolution ; muta- 
 bleness of opinion or purpose. Mdison. 
 2. Frequent change of place ; vacillation. 
 
 UN-STEAD'Y, (-sted'e,) a. Not steady ; not constant ; 
 irresolute. Denham, 
 
 2. Mutable; variable; changeable; as, unsteady 
 winds. 
 
 3. Not adhering constantly to any fixed plan or 
 business. 
 
 UN-STEEP'£:D, (un-steept',) a. Not steeped ; not 
 soaked. Bacon. 
 
 UN-STIG'MA-TIZ-ED, a. Not marked with disgrace. 
 
 UN-STIM'IT-La-TED, a. Not stimulated ; not excit- 
 ed ; as, unstimuinted nature. L. Beecker. 
 
 UN-STIM'lJ-LA-TING, a. Not exciting motion or 
 action. 
 
 UN-STING', V. t. To disarm of a sting. South. 
 
 Elc^nt dissertations on virtue and vice — will not unBting 
 ciliimity. /. M. Mason. 
 
 UN-STI\G'£D, pp. Deprived of its sting. Pollok. 
 UN-STINT'ED, a. Not stinted ; not limited. Skclton. 
 UN-STIR'R£D, (-sturd',) a. Not stirred ; not agita- 
 ted. Boyle. 
 UN-STIR'RING, a. Not moving ; not agitating. 
 UN STITCH', u. t. To open by picking out stitches. 
 
 Collier. 
 
 UN-STITCH'£D, (-sticht',) a. Not stitched. 
 UN-STITCiriNG, ppr. Opening by picking out 
 stitches. 
 
 UN-STOOP'ING, a. Not stooping ; not bending ; not 
 yielding ; as, unsto(Tpin^ firmness. Shak. 
 
 UN-STOP', V. t. To free from a stopple, as a bottle 
 or cask. 
 
 2. To free from any obstruction ; to open. Boyle. 
 UN-STOP'P£D, C-stopl',) pp. Opened. 
 
 2. a. Not meeting any resistance. Drydcn. 
 UN-STOP'PING, /)/"•• Taking out a stopper; open- 
 ing; freeing from obstruction. 
 UN-SToR'£D, a. Nut stored ; not laid up in store ; 
 ntJt warehoused. 
 
 2. Not supplied with stores ; as, a fort unstored 
 with provisions. 
 UN-STo'RI-£D, pp. Not related in story. 
 UN-STORM'£D, a. Not assaulted; not taken by as- 
 sault. .Addison. 
 UN-STRaIN'£D, a. Not strained ; as, uMsfraiiirri oil. 
 2. Easy ; not forced ; natural ; as, an unstrained 
 derivation. UaUnrdl. 
 UN-STRAIT'£N-£D, a. Not straitened ; not ctm- 
 tracted. 
 
 UN-STRAT'I-FI-ED, a. Not stratified; not formed 
 or being in strata or layers. Clcavcland. 
 
 UN-STRENGTII'£N-£b, a. Not strengthened ; not 
 supported ; not assisted. Hooker. 
 
 UN-STRING', V. t. To relax tension ; to loosen ; as, 
 to nnstrintr the nerves. 
 
 2. To deprive of strings ; as, to unstring a harp. 
 
 3. To loose ; to untie. 
 
 4. To take from a string ; as, tt) unstring beads. 
 LTN-STRING'ING, ;)pr. Depriving of strings; loosing 
 
 frtun a siring. 
 
 UN-STRUCK', a. Not struck ; not imprcsspti ; not 
 afl'ecli'd ; as, unslrurk with horror. Philips. 
 
 UN-STRUNt;', pp. Relaxed in tension; loosed; un- 
 tied ; taken fnnn a string, as bi'atls. 
 
 UN-STU1)'I-£1), (-stud'id,) a. Not studied ; not pre- 
 medilalod. Drytlrn. 
 
 2. Not labored ; easy ; natural ; as, an unstudied 
 Btyle. 
 
 UN'STO'DI-OUS, a. Not studious; not diligent in 
 stiiilv. Dwiaht, 
 
 UN S-i lTFF'£D, (-stuft',) a. Not stuffed ; not filled ; 
 not crowded. Shak, 
 
 UNS 
 
 Ui\-STUNG', ;;p. Not stung. 
 
 UN-SUB-DO'£D, a. Not subdued ; not brought into 
 subjection ; not conquered ; as, nations or passions 
 
 unsubdned. 
 
 UN-SUB'JEGT, a. Not subject ; not liable ; not ob- 
 noxious. 
 
 UN-SUB-JECT'ED, a. Not subjected ; not subdued. 
 
 UN-SUB'JU-GA-TED, a. Not subjugated. 
 
 UN-SUB-.MISS'IVE, o. Not submissive ; disobedient. 
 
 UN-SUB-MISS'IVE-LY, adv. Not submissively. 
 
 UN-SUB-MIT'TING, a. Not submitting; not obse- 
 quious ; not readily yielding. Thomson, 
 
 UN-SUB-OR'DI-NA-TED, a. Not subordinated or 
 reduced to subjection. 
 
 UN-SUB-ORN'£D, a. Not suborned ; not procured 
 by secret collusion. Jish. Hume. 
 
 UN-SUB-SCRIB'ING, a. Not subscribing. Cowper. 
 
 UN-SUB'SI-DIZ-£D, a. Not engaged in another's 
 service by receiving subsidies. 
 
 UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Not substantial , 
 not solid. Milton, 
 2. Not real ; not having substance. ,^ddison, 
 
 UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-£D, a. Not made substan- 
 tial. 
 
 UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY, adv. Without solidity or 
 substance. 
 
 UN-SUB-VERT'ED, a. Not overthrown ; not entire- 
 ly destroyed. 
 
 UN-SUe-CEED'ED, a. Not succeeded ; not followed 
 
 Milton, 
 
 UN-SUe-CESS'F{JL, a. Not successful ; not prodi;- 
 cing the desired event; not fortunate. .Addison. 
 
 UN-SUe-CESS'FUL-LY, adv. Without success ; with- 
 out a favorable issue ; unfortunately. South. 
 
 UN-SUe CESS'FUL-NESS, n. Want of success or 
 favorable issue. 
 
 UN-SUe-CESS'IVE, a. Not proceeding by a flux of 
 parts or by regular succession. Hale, 
 
 UN-SUCK'£D, (un-sukt',) a. Not having the breasts 
 drawn. Mdton, 
 
 UN-SUF'FER-A BLE, a. Not sufltrable ; not to be 
 endured ; intolerable. 
 
 [But the word now used is Insufferable.} 
 
 UN-SUF'FER-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be endured. 
 [For this, Insufferablt is chiefly used.] 
 
 UN-SUF'FER-ING, a. Not sutfering ; not tolerating. 
 
 Youn^, 
 
 UN-SUF-FI"CIENCE, (-fish'ens,) n. Inability to an- 
 swer the end proposed. 
 [For this, Insufficieptct is used.] 
 UN-SUF-FI"CIENT, (-fish'ent,) a. Not suflicient; 
 inadequate. 
 
 [For this, Insufficieut is now used.] 
 UN-SIJG'AR-£D, a. Not sweetened with sugar. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 UN-SuIT'A-BLE, a. Not suitable ; unfit; not adapt- 
 ed ; as, timber unsuitable fiir a bridge. 
 
 2. Unbecoming ; improper ; as, a dress unsuitable 
 for a clerg>inan ; unsuitable returns for favors. 
 
 UN-StlT'A-BLE-NESS, n. Unfitness ; incongruity ; 
 impropriety. South, 
 
 UN-SuIT'A-BLY, adv. In a manner unbecoming or 
 improper. 
 
 2. Incongruously ; as, a man and wife unsuitably 
 matched. 
 
 UN-SuIT'ED, a. Not suited; not fitted; not adapt- 
 ed ; not accommodated. 
 UN-SuIT'ING, a. Not fitting ; not becoming. Shak, 
 UN-SUL'LI-£D, a. Not sullied ; not stained ; not 
 tarnished. 
 
 2. Not disgraced ; free from imputation of evil. 
 UN-SUL'LI-£D-LY, adv. Without being sullied. 
 UN-SUNG', a. Not sung ; not celebrated in verse ; not 
 
 recited in verse. Addison, 
 UN-SUN'N£D, a. Not having been exposed to the 
 
 sun. Milton, 
 UN-SU-PER'FLU-OUS, a. Not more than enough. 
 
 Mdton, 
 
 UN-SUP-PLANT'ED, a. Not supplanted ; not over- 
 thrown by secret means or stratagem. 
 
 UN-SMP-PLT'A-BLE, a. That can not be supplied. 
 
 UN-SUP-PLI'£D, a. Not supplied ; not furnished 
 with things necessary. Dniden. 
 
 UN-SUP-PoRT' A-BI/E, a. That can not be su|iported ; 
 intolerable, [But Insupportaiile is geiierallj' used.] 
 
 UN-SUP-PdRT'A-BLE-NESS, h. Insujiportableness. 
 [The hitler is chirflii UJiCd.] 
 
 UN-SUP-PoKT'A-liLY, adv. Insupportably, [The 
 latter is oeneralhi used.] 
 
 UN SUP-PoRT'ED, a. Not supported; not -iplield ; 
 not sustained. Mdlim. 
 2. Not roiiiiti nanced ; not assisted. Brown. 
 
 UN-SUP-l'l!i:sS';;i), -sup-prest',)a. Not supjiressed ; 
 not subdiii il ; not extinguished. 
 
 UN-SUP'PU-RA-TIVE, a. Not suppurating. 
 
 UN-SOKE', (-shure',) a. [See Sure.] Not fixed ; not 
 certain. Pope. ' 
 
 UN-SUR'GIC-AL, a. Not in n surgical manner; not 
 according to the principles and rules of surgery, 
 
 U.\-SltR-MI«'/;D, a. Not surniisetl. 
 
 UN-SIJR-MOIJNT'A BLE, a. That can not be sur- 
 mounted or overcome ; insuperable. Locke. 
 
 UN-SUR-PASS'£D, (-sur-pAjit',) a. Not surpassed; 
 not exceeded. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FftU,, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARtNE, BJUD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF BOOK.— 
 
 1216 
 
UNT 
 
 (rN-.«UK-KK\'I)EK-£U, a. Not suriendcreil ; not 
 
 virldt'd ti) (ilhors. Stonf, 
 
 UN-Sirs.<'KI>"l"[-BLK,</. NotsMsccptiblo ; n(>tc;ipa- 
 l)le (if ailniitliii« or ifcciviiig ; as, a lifart i/M-ii.vcc/jfi- 
 blt K>f imprcssiotis ; a substaiicti unsusceptible ot'chaiigc 
 (ir (It periiiaiiciit colors. 
 
 Ui\-.<US-CI;1"TI-BM;-NESS, J «. Want of sucepti- 
 
 UX-S(JS-CEI'-TI-l!II-'l-TY, ( bllity. 
 
 nN-SnS-('Kr"l'I-liLY, adv. VVitlioiit susceptibility. 
 
 UN SITS-I'ECT', for Unsuspected, is not in use. 
 
 U.V-SUS PHCT'El), a. Not suspected ; not consid- 
 ered as likely to have done an evil act, or to liave a 
 disposition to evil. Swi/t. Drijdcn. 
 
 UN-s!US-l'i;€T'EL)-LY, ailv. In a manner to avoid 
 suspicion. P(j;jf. 
 
 UN-SUS-PEeT'ING, a. Not imagining tliat any ill 
 is designed ; free from suspicion. Pope. 
 
 UN-SUS-l'Ee'r'IN(;-LV, adv. Without suspicion. 
 
 U.\-SUS.Pl"CIOU.s, (-sus-pisli'us,) u. Having no 
 suspicion ; not indulging tlio imagination uf evil in 
 others ; as, an unsuspieiuus youth. 
 2. Not to be suspected j as, u/wu^T^tcious testimony. 
 
 JMilfurd. 
 
 UN-!=iUS-PI"CIOUS-I,Y, adv. Without suspit-iou. 
 
 UN-SUS-TAIN'A-ULE, a. Not sustainable ; that can 
 not be maintained or supported ; as, unsustainable 
 pain ; a suit in law unsustainable. 
 
 UN-SUS-TAIN'A'D, a. Not sustained ; not supported ; 
 not seconded. 
 
 UN-SUS-TaIN'ING, a. Not sustaining. 
 
 UN-SWaT HE', r. t. To take a swathe from ; to re- 
 lieve fnun a bandage. Mdison. 
 
 UiN-SWATil'KD, pi>. Relieved from a bandage. 
 
 UN-SWAY'A-BLG, a. That can nut be swayed, gov- 
 erned, or inlluenced by another. [Little used.] 
 
 Shall. 
 
 UN-SWaY'KD, (-swSde',)a. Not swayed ; not wield- 
 ed ; as a .scepter. 
 2. Not biased ; not controlled or influenced. 
 UN-SWaY'ED-NES.S, ji. Steadiness; state of being 
 
 nngoverned by another. Ifale. 
 UN-SWEAR', V. L To recant or recall an oath. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UN-SWEAT', (-swet',) v. L To ease or cool after e.x- 
 
 ercise or toil. Milton. 
 UN-SWEAT'INfi, (-swet'ing,) a. Not sweating. 
 
 Dnjdcn. 
 
 UN-SWEET', a. Not sweet. [Little used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UN-SWEPT', a. Not cleaned with a broom ; not 
 
 swept ; not brushed. Shak. 
 UN-SUS-PENI)'ED, a. Not hung up; not delayed; 
 
 not held undetermined. H'ordsworth. 
 UN SWERVING, a. Not roving ; not deviating from 
 
 any rule or standard. 
 UN-SWERV'I.NG-LY, arfu. In a firm, undeviating 
 
 manner. 
 
 UN-SWORN', a. Not "sworn ; not bound by an oath ; 
 not having taken an oath ; as, the witness is uti- 
 stcarn. 
 
 UN-SY.M-MET'RIC-AL, a. Wanting symmetry or 
 due proportion of parts. 
 
 9. In botany^ unsyminelrical flowers are such as 
 have not the segments of the caly.\ and corolla, and 
 the sepals and petals, and also the stamens, regular 
 and similar. Lindley. 
 
 U^-SY.M-.MET'UIe-AL-LY,C(^I!. Not symmetrically. 
 
 UN-SYM'PA-TIIIZ-ING, a. Not sympathizing. 
 
 UN-SY.M'PA-THIZ-ING-LY,a(ie. Without sympalhv. 
 
 UN-SYS-TEM-AT'ie, ) a. Not systematic ; not 
 
 UN-SYS-TE.M-AT'ie-AL, i h.tving regular order, 
 distribution, or arrangement of parts. .Smes. 
 
 U.\-SYS-TE.M-AT'ie-AI,-LY, adv. Without system. 
 
 UN-SY.-^'TEM-A-TI'/-£D, j a. Not svstemized ; not 
 
 UN-SYS'TE.M-IZ-ED, j arranged in due order ; 
 not formed into system. 
 
 UN-TACK', V. U To separate wh.at is tacked ; to dis- 
 join ; to loosen what is fast. Jtlilton. 
 
 UN-TAIXT'ED, a. Not rendered impure by admix- 
 ture ; not impregnated with foul matter; as, un- 
 tainted air. 
 
 2. Not sullied ; not stained ; unblemished; as, un- 
 iaintrd virtue or reputation. 
 
 3. Not rendered unsavory by putrescence ; as, un- 
 tainted meat. 
 
 4. Not charged with a crime ; not accused ; as, he 
 lived nntaintrd. Shak. 
 
 U.\-TAINT'EI)-I,Y, adr. Without spot; without 
 
 blemish; without miputation of crime. 
 UN-TAINT'ED-\ESS, n. State or quality of being 
 
 untainted: purity. Hull. 
 UN-TAK'KN, (-tik'n,) a. Not taken ; not seized ; 
 
 not apprehended ; as, a thief untaken. 
 
 2. Not reduced ; not subdued ; as, untaken Troy. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. Not swallowed. 
 
 Untaken away ; not removed. 2 Cor. iii. 
 Untaken up ; not occupied ; not filled. Boyle. 
 UN-TALK'S!) of: not talked of; not made the sub- 
 ject of conversation. 
 UN-TAM'A-BI,E, a. That can not be tamed or do- 
 mesticated ; that can not be reclaimed from a wild 
 stale- Oreic. 
 2, Not to be subdued or reduced to control. 
 
 UN-Ta.M'A-BLY, adv. Not t.amably. 
 
 UN-Ta.M'/;D, a. Not rerlaiiiu-d from wildness; not 
 
 domeslicati'd ; not made familiar with nmn ; as, an 
 
 untamed beast. 
 
 2. Not subdued ; nut brought under control ; as, a 
 turbul(-nt, untamrd mind. Dryden. 
 
 3. Not sol'tened or rendered mild bycultur(-; as, an 
 untamed people, Spenser. 
 
 IJN-TAN'GI-BI.Y, adv. Intangibly. 
 UN-'i'AN"GLE, ( taug'gl,) i\ (. To disentangle ; to 
 
 loose from tangles or intricacy ; as, to untangle 
 
 thread. 
 
 Untansle this cnu-I cliain. Prior. 
 
 UN-TAN"GLCT), (-tang'gld,) pp. Disentangled. 
 UN-TAN"GLING, ppr. Disentangling. 
 UN-T.!iR'NISH-f;i), (-tilr'nislit,) a. Not soil;.!; not 
 
 tarnished ; not stained ; unblemished ; an,unlur7UsUd 
 
 silk ; untarnished reputation. 
 UN-TXSK'Kl), (-tUskt',) a. Not tasked. 
 U.N-TAST'ED, u. Not tasted ; not tried by the taste 
 
 or tongue. 
 2. Not enjoyed ; as, vntastrd pleasures. 
 UN-TASTE' I'l^'L, a. Having no taste ; being without 
 
 taste. 
 
 UN-TaSTE'FIJL-LY, adv. Without taste or grace- 
 fulness ; in bad taste. Br. liev. 
 L'N-'l'AST'lNG, a. Not tasting; nit perceiving by 
 
 the taste. Smith. 
 UN-TAUGHT', (-tawt',) a. Not taught ; not instruct- 
 ed ; not educated ; unlettered; illiterate. J)rydrn. 
 2. Unskilled; new; not having use or practice. 
 A loiigLie untaught to plead for favor. .Shalt. 
 
 UN-TAX'Ji:D, (-takst',) a. Not taxed : not charged 
 with taxes. 
 2. Not accused. 
 UN-Tk.\CII', r. (. ; prrt. and pp. Untaught. To 
 cause to forget or lose what has been taught. 
 
 Experience will unteach us. Broien. 
 
 UN-TkACH'A-BLE, a. That can not be taught tir 
 instructed ; indocile. Milton. 
 
 UN-TioACH'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of not 
 readily receiving instruction ; indocility. Scutt. 
 
 UN-Tl'^E.M'ING, a. Not producing j'ouiig; barren. 
 
 UN-TEM'PER-A'l'E, a. Intemperate. 
 [Tltr latter ict now used.] 
 
 UN-TEM'PER-£I), a. Nut tempered ; not duly mixed 
 for use ; nut durable or strong. 
 
 UN-TE.MI'T'ED, a. Nut tempted ; not tried by en- 
 ticements or persuasions ; not invited by any thing 
 alluring. 
 
 UN-TE.MPT'ING, a. Not tempting; not ada|)ted to 
 tempt, invite, or allure. Bacun. 
 
 UN-TE.MPT'ING-LY, adv. Not in !i tempting man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-TEN' A-BLE, a. Not tenable; that can not be 
 held in po.ssession ; as, an untenable post (U' fort. 
 
 Dryden. Clarendon. 
 2. Th.it can not be maintained or supported ; not 
 defensible ; as, an untenable doctrine ; untenable 
 ground in argument. 
 
 UN-TEN'ANT-A-ULE, a. Not fit for an occupant; 
 not in suitable repair or conditicyi for a tenant. 
 
 UN-TE.\'ANT-ED, a. Not occupied by a tenant ; not 
 inhabited. Temple. 
 
 UN-TEND'ED, a. Not tended; not having any at- 
 tendant. JVionison. 
 
 UN-TEN'OER, a. Not tender ; not soft. 
 
 2. Wanting sensibility or affection. Shak. 
 
 UN-TE.\D'ER-£r), a. Not tendered ; not offered ; as, 
 untrndcrrd money or tribute. Shak. 
 
 UN-TEN'DER-LY, adv. Without tenderness. 
 
 UN-TE.\T', II. L To bring out of a tent. [Little 
 used.] Shak. 
 
 UX-TE.\T'ED, a. Not tented ; not having a tent ap- 
 plied. Shak. 
 
 U.N-TERM'IN-a-TING, a. Not limiting ; not ending. 
 
 UN-TER'RI-FI->;n, (-re-f ide,) a. Not terrified ; nut 
 afl'righlc d ; not daunted. Milton. 
 
 UN-TEST'ED, a. Not tested ; not tried by a stand- 
 ard. Mams^s Lett. 
 
 UN-THA.VK'ED, ( thankt',) a. Not thank(,-d ; nut re- 
 'paid with acknowledgments. Dryden. 
 
 2. Not received with thankfulness ; as, an un- 
 thanked reprieve. [Unusual.] Drtfden. 
 
 U.N-THANK'Ft;L, a. Not thankful ; ungrateful ; not 
 making acknowledgments for good received. 
 For be is kind to Uic unthankful and to tlic evil. — Luke vi. 
 
 UN-THANK'FIJL-LY, adv. Without thanks ; with- 
 out a grateful acknowledgment of favors. Bot/le. 
 
 UN-TIIANK'F}JL-NESS, n. Neglect or omissum of 
 acknowledgment for good received ; want of a sense 
 of kindness or benefits ; ingratitude. 
 
 Idimotlenite f;ivora breed first unthank/uiiutg, and ufterw^inl 
 liitte. ilnywarti. 
 
 [See Tatitu.i'3 Jinn, iv. 18.] 
 
 UN-THA\V'£D, a. Not thawed ; not melted or dis- 
 solved ; as ice or snow. Pope. 
 
 UN-THE-O-RET'IC, j a. Not depending on the- 
 
 UN-THE-O-RET'ie-AL, j ory or speculation ; not 
 Bpeciilative. , Coleridge. 
 
 UN-THL\K', r. ^ To dismiss a thought. Shak. 
 
 UN-TIIINK'IN(;, a. Not thinking ; not hcedfuJ j 
 tlionghtlcss ; inconsiderate ; ns, unlhinkinft youth. 
 
 2. Not indicating ihoiightor reflection ; iLs, a round, 
 unthinkinif face. I'ope. 
 
 UN-THINK'ING-LY, adv. Without reflection ; 
 thoughtlessly. 
 
 UN-TlliNK'ING-NE.-JS, n. Want of thought or re- 
 flection ; habitual tlioughtlcssnes"". Halifax. 
 UN-TIIORN'Y, a. Not thorny ; free frimi thorns. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 UN-TIIOUGHT'FI.'L, ( thawt'ful,) a. Thoughtless; 
 
 heedless. Cowley. 
 UN-TH()I'(;HT' </; not thought of; not reganfed ; 
 
 not heeded. Shak. 
 UN-THUEAI)', ( thred',) B. «. To draw or take out 
 
 a tliread Ironi ; as, to unOiread a needle. 
 
 2. 'i'd loose. .Milton. 
 UN-Til KEAU'En, pp. Deprived of a thread. 
 I'.N-TllUEAD'lNi;, ppr. Depriving of a thread. 
 UN-THKEAT'A,\-/.D, (-thret'nd,) a. Not threat- 
 ened ; nut menaced. K. Charles. 
 UN-TIIKE.\T'K.N-I.\G, a. Not indicating a mt^nace. 
 UN'TIIUIFT, n, A prodigal; one who wastes his 
 
 estate by e.\tra\"agance. Dryden. 
 UN-TilRIFT'l l,Y, adc. Without frugality. Collier. 
 UN-TIlKIFT'I-.NEf^S, ii. Waste of property without 
 
 necessity or use ; prodigality; profusion. Ilaywurd. 
 UN-THRIFT'Y, a. Prodigal"; lavish ; profuse ; sjiend- 
 
 ing property without necessity or use. Sidney. 
 
 2. Ntjt thriving ; not gaining property ; as, an un- 
 thrifty farmer. 
 
 3. Not gaining flesh ; as, an unthrifty ox. 
 
 4. .Not vigorous in growth, as a plant. 
 
 UN THllI V'lNG, a. Not thriving ; not prospering in 
 temporal ntfairs ; not gaining property. 
 
 UN-THKo.NE', r. t. To remove from a tlironc, or 
 from supreme authority ; to dethrone. 
 
 U.N-THKoN'A'D, pp. llenioyed from a throne; de- 
 posed. 
 
 tI.N-TIIKO.NG'£:n, a. Not crowded by a multitude. 
 
 lI.\-Tri)I-LV, adv. Ill an untidy manner. 
 
 UN Ti'DI-NE.SS, n. Want of tidiness or neatness. 
 
 2. Unseusonableness. 
 UN-TI'1)Y, a. Not tidy ; not seasonable ; not ready. 
 
 2. Not neatly dressed ; not in good or(ier. 
 UN-TIi;'| T,, t. To loosen, as a knot ; to disengage 
 the [larts that form a knot. Untie the knot. 
 
 2. To unhiiid ; to free from any fastening ; as, to 
 untie iron chain. Waller. 
 
 3. To loosen from coils or convolution ; as, snakes 
 untied. Pope. 
 
 4. To loose ; to separate something attached ; as, 
 to untie the tongue. 
 
 5. To resolve ; to unfold ; to clear. fVatts. 
 UN-TI'f;n, (-tide',) pp. Loosed, as a knot ; unbound ; 
 
 separated ; resolved. 
 
 2. a. Not tied ; not bound or gathered in a knot ; 
 loose. 
 
 3. Not fastened with a knot. 
 
 4. Not held by any tie or band. 
 
 UN-TIL', prip. [un and till. See Till.] To; used 
 of time. 
 
 Ue and his sons were priests of the triU: of Dan, until the day 
 of Uie captivity. — Judges xviii. 
 
 2. To; used of objects. [Obs.] Spcn.^er. 
 
 3. Preceding a sentence" or clause, to; that is, to 
 the event mentioned, or the time of it ; as, until this 
 hour ; until this year. 
 
 The scepter shall not depart from Juduh — unlii Sliiloh come. — 
 Gen. xlix. 
 
 4. To the point or place of. 
 
 In open prospect nothing bounds our eve, 
 
 VnUt die earth seems joined unto the sky. Dryden. 
 
 5. To the degree that. 
 
 Tlion slt;Ut push Syria, unti/ tliey be consumed. — 2 Chroii. 
 xviij. 
 
 J^ote. — Until is always the same part of sjieech in 
 fact, and has the same signification. The only dif- 
 ference is, that it is followed sometimes by a single 
 word denoting time, and in other cn.ses by a verb de- 
 noting an event, or a word denoting place or degree. 
 The sense is in all cases to ; and tiU may be u.sed .as 
 its substitute, and in modern usage it is most com- 
 nnm. 
 
 U.N-TII.E', r. (. To take the tiles from ; to uncover 
 
 by reniuving tiles. Swift. 
 UN-TIL'A"D, pp. or a. Stripped of tiles ; not tiled. 
 r.N-TTI/ING, ppr. Slrip|iing of tiles. 
 U.\-TI1,L'£U, a. Not tilled ; not cultivated. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 UN-TLM'BER-A;D, a. Not furnished with timber. 
 
 ShaJi. 
 
 2. Not covered with timber-trees ; as, unttmbcred 
 l.inil. 
 
 U.N-TI.ME'LY, a. Happening before the usu.-il time; 
 03, untimely frost. 
 
 2. Map|H-ning before the natural time; premature; 
 as, untimely death ; untimely fate. Dryden. 
 UN-TI.ME'LY, adv. Before the n.itural time. 
 
 \Vh.it Is untimely done. Shai. 
 UN-TI.\C'TI;U-/:D, a. Not tinctured ; not tinged, 
 stained, mixed, or infected. GoldsmitA. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, yNITE.- AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — G as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH xs SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 153 
 
 X XX X- 
 
 121" 
 
UNT 
 
 UNT 
 
 UNV 
 
 UN-TINe'£D, (-tinjd'O a. Not tinged ; not stained ; 
 
 not discolored; as, water untingcd; uniiiigcd beams 
 
 of light. Buyh. 
 2. Not infected. Sxift 
 UN-TTR'A BLE, a. That can not be wearied ; inde- 
 
 fatigahle; unwearied. Skak. 
 UN-TIll'A-BLE-.\ES.S, 71. The state of being untira- 
 
 ble. 
 
 UN-TlR'£D, 0. Not tired ; not exhausted by labor. 
 
 Drydetl. 
 
 I/N-TIR'IXG, (I. Not becoming tired or exhausted; 
 as, iniiirin<T patience. 
 
 UN-TTR'ING-LY, niZc. Indefatigably. 
 
 1 fN-TIT H'£l), a. Not subjected to tithes. Pnllnli. 
 
 'fN-TI'TL£D, a. Having no title; as, an untitled ty- 
 rant. Skak. 
 
 UN'TO, prep. [^Compound of un, not, and to.'] It is 
 used instead ot to, but it is not in our mother tongue, 
 nur is it used in popular discourse or in mudern 
 writing-". It is therefore to be rejected, as obsolete 
 and nut legitimate. 
 
 UN-ToLD', a. Not told ; not related ; not revealed. 
 
 Waller. Drydetl, 
 9. Not numbered ; as, money untold. 
 
 UN-TOMB', (-toorn',) t>. (. To disinter. Fulhr. 
 
 UN-T0MB'£;D, (-toomd',) pp. disinterred ; removed 
 from a tomb. 
 
 UN-TOOTH'SOME, a. Not nleasant to the taste. 
 
 UN-TOR-.MEXT'EI), a. Noi put in pain ; not teased. 
 
 UN-TOSS'£D, (-tost',1 a. Not tossed. 
 
 UN-TOUCH'A-BLE,(-tuch'a-bl,)a. Not to be touched. 
 
 Fclt/iam. 
 
 UN-TOUCH'£D, (un-tucht',) a. Not touched ; not 
 reached ; not hit. Stephens. 
 
 2. Not moved ; not affected ; as, the heart un- 
 touched. 
 
 3. Not meddled with ; as, books untouched for 
 years. 
 
 UN-To'\V.^RD, a. Froward; perverse ; refractory ; 
 not easily guided or taught. Afcs ii. 
 2. Awkward ; ungraceful ; as, untoward words. 
 
 Creech. 
 
 S.'Inconvenient ; troublesome; unmanageable; 
 as, an untoward vow. Iludibras. 
 
 UN-To'VVARD-LY, arZo In a froward or perverse 
 manner; pi-rversely ; ungainly. Tiliotson. 
 
 UN-To'\V.\RU-LY, a. Awkward ; perverse ; fro- 
 ward. Loeke. 
 
 UN-To'\VARD-NESS, n. Awkwardness ; froward- 
 ness ; perverseness. Bp. IViUon. 
 
 UN-TOVV'ER-SD, n. Not defended hv towers. 
 
 U.N-TRACE'.V-BLE, a. That can not be traced or fol- 
 lowed. Sovtk. 
 
 UN-TR.\C'£:D, (un-traste',) a. Nut traced; not fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 2. Not marked by footsteps. Denham, 
 
 3. Not marked out. 
 
 irN-TRAC:K'£D, ( trakt',) a. Not tracked ; not 
 marki'd by footsteps. 
 2. .Not followed by the tracks. 
 UN-TRAeT'A-BLE, a. [L. intractabilh.] 
 
 1. Not tractable ; not j'ielding to discipline ; stub- 
 born ; indocile ; ungovernable ; as, an untractable 
 son. Locke. 
 
 2. Rough ; difficult. MUton. 
 
 3. Not yielding to the heat or to the hammer, as 
 an ore. 
 
 [iNTnArTABLE is more generally used.] 
 UN-TRACT' A-liLE-NESS, «. Refractoriness ; stub- 
 bornness ; (mwilliijguess to be governed, controlled, 
 or managed. Locke, 
 UN-TRAD'ING, 0. Not engaged in commerce ; as, an 
 
 untrad'fia country or city. 
 UN-TR.AlX'y:;!), a. Not trained ; not disciplined ; not 
 skillful. MUton. 
 2. Not educated ; not instructed. 
 
 My wit aiUrained. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 3. Irregular; ungovernable; as, untrained hope. 
 
 Herhert. 
 
 UN-TRAM'MEL-BD, a. Not tranuncled ; not shack- 
 led. Herbert. 
 
 UN-TRAM'PLCT, a. Not trod upon. 
 
 UN-'J'RA.\g-FER'A-BI.E, a. That can not be trans- 
 fcrreil or passed from one to another ; as, jiower or 
 right untran.-^frrabte. 
 
 UN-TRANS-FER'RKD, a. Not transferred ; not con- 
 veyed or assigned to another ; as, title.s or rights un- 
 trnnsfrrrrd. 
 
 UN-TRANS-FOR\I'£n, a. Not metamorphosed ; not 
 transmuted. 
 
 UN-TUANS-L.KT'A-BLE, a. Not capable of being 
 translated. Gray. 
 
 UN-TRANS-I,.^'I"KI), o. Not translated or rendered 
 into another language. 
 
 UN-TRANH'.MI-(JRA-TED, a. Not transmigrated. 
 
 Scott, 
 
 UN-TRANS-MIT'TF,n, a Not transmitted. 
 UN-TUANH-.MOT'A -llI,E,o. 'I'liatcan not beclianged 
 
 into a diff'-rent Nulntance. 
 UN-TRANH rSR'ENT, a. Not transparent ; not di- 
 
 aiilianous ; op upii' ; not permeable by light. Ilonlc, 
 UN-'1'KANS-I'IR'£I), a. Not liaving escaped from 
 
 •ccrecy. 
 
 UN-TRANS-PoRT'A-BLE, a. That can not be trans- 
 ported. Kd. Rcc. 
 
 UN-TRANS-PoRT'ED, a. Not transported. 
 
 UN-TRAN.S-PoS*£D, (un-trans-p5/.d',) a. Not trans- 
 posed ; having the natural order. Rambler. 
 
 UN-TRAV'EL-£D, a. Not traveled ; not trodden by 
 passengers ; as, an untrnveled forest. 
 
 2. Having never seen foreign countries ; as, an un- 
 trareled Enclisbnian. Jlddi.son. 
 
 UN-TRAV'ERS-SD, (-trav'erst,) a. Not traversed ; 
 not passed over. 
 
 UN-TREAD', {un-tred',) c. t. To tread back ; to go 
 back in the same steps. Shuk, 
 
 UN-TREAS'UR-KD, (un-trezh'urd,) a. Not treas- 
 ured ; not laid up ; not reposited. Shak. 
 
 UN-TRkAT'A-BLE, a. Not treatable ; not practica- 
 ble. [JVo( i/sc//.] Decay of Pietii. 
 
 UN-TREM'BLING, a. Not trembling or shaking ; 
 firm ; steadv. Jlontiroment, 
 
 UN-TREM'BLING-LY, adv. Without trembling ; 
 firmly. 
 
 UN-TRENCn'£D, ( trencht',) a. Not cut into long 
 hollows. 
 
 UN-TRES'PASS-ING, a. Not violating another's 
 rieht. 
 
 UN-TRI'£D, a. Not tried ; not attempted. Milton. 
 
 2. Not yet exp-rienced ; as, aji/ri>(; sufferings. 
 
 3. Not having passed trial ; not heard and deter- 
 mined in law. The cause remains untried. 
 
 UN-TRIM'.M£D, a. Not trimmed; not pruned; not 
 
 dressed ; no! put in order. 
 UN-TRIT'I'-RA-TED, a. Not reduced to powder by 
 
 riibhins or grinding. Journ. Sci. 
 
 UN-TRI'U.MPH-A-IILE, a. That admits no triumph. 
 
 \Barbaronft, and not itse.d.'^ Hudibras. 
 U.N-TRI'UMPII-£D, (-tri'umft,) a. Not triumi.lied 
 
 over. 
 
 TJN-TROD', ) a. Not having been trod; not 
 UN-TROD'D£N, j passed over ; not marked by the 
 
 feet. Milton. .Iddison. 
 
 UN-TRoLL'£D, a. Not bowled ; not rolled along. 
 
 Driiden. 
 
 UN-TROUB'L£D, (un-trub'ld,) a. Not troubled ; not 
 disturbed by care, sorrow, or business ; free from 
 trouble. Shak. 
 
 2. Not agitated; not ruffled 1 not confused ; free 
 from passion ; as, an untroubled mind. Mdton. 
 
 3. Not agitated ; not moved ; as, an untroubled 
 lake. 
 
 4. Not disturbed or interrupted in the natural 
 course ; as, untroubled nature. Spenser. 
 
 5. Not foul; not turbid; clear; as, an untroubled 
 stream. 
 
 UN-TROUB'LED-NESS, n. State of being free from 
 trouble; unconcern. [J^otused,'\ Hammond. 
 
 U.N-TROE', a. Not true; false ; contrary to the fact. 
 The story is untrue. 
 
 2. Not faithful to another ; not fulfilling the duties 
 of a husband, wife, vassal, &,c. ; false ; disloyal. 
 
 3. Inconstant, as a lover. [Dryden. 
 UN-TRO'LY, adv. Not truly ; falsely ; not according 
 
 to reality. 
 
 UN-TRUSS', V, t. To untie or unfasten ; to loose 
 from a truss ; to let out. Dryden, 
 
 UN-TRUSS'£D, ( trust',) a. Not trussed; not tied 
 up. 
 
 UN-TRUST'I-NESS, n. Unfaithfulness in the dis- 
 charge of a trust. 
 
 UN-TRUST'\VOR-THY, a. Not deserving of confi- 
 dence. 
 
 UN-TRUST'Y, a. Not trusty ; not worthy of confi- 
 dence ; unfaithful. 
 UN-TROTir, n. Contrariety to truth ; falsehood. 
 
 2. Want of veracity. Sandt/s. 
 
 3. Treachery ; want of fidelity. [Oii.] Shak, 
 
 4. False assertion. 
 
 No untruth can possibly avail Uie patron and defender lonp. 
 
 Hooker, 
 
 UN-TRPTH'FTJL, a. Wanting in veracity. 
 UN-TRf'TII'FlJI^LY, ado. Not iruthfullv ; falsely. 
 UN-TR0T11'FI]L,-NESS, n. Want of voracity or 
 fidelity. 
 
 UN-TUCK', r. f. To unfold or >indo a tuck. ,^sh. 
 UN-TUCK'ER-£D, a. Having no tucker; as, an vn- 
 
 tnckrred neck. Jiddison, 
 UN-TU.M'BL£D, a. Not rolled : not rumpled. 
 UN-TON'A-BLE, a. Not harmonious ; not musical. 
 
 Biteon, 
 
 9. Not capable of making music. Tatter. 
 
 3. Not capable of being tuned or brought to the 
 proper pitch. 
 UN-'I'ON'A-llI.E-NEPS, 71. Want of harmony. 
 UN-TON' A-Ur.Y, wlr. Inhannoniously. 
 UN-TC'.NE', II. t. To make incapable of harmony. 
 
 Vntuot Unit tU'm£. Slink. 
 
 2. To disorder. 
 
 Untuned and jarrinjr iPni^f. Shak. 
 UN-TON'£D, pp. Mtide incapable of producing har- 
 mony. 
 
 UN-TUR'BAN-KD, a. Not wearing a tnrbnn. 
 
 .*<oulhejj, 
 
 UN.TURN'£D, a. Not turned. He left no stone un- 
 turned. 
 
 UN-Tu'TOR-£r), a. Uniustructcd ; untaught; as, 
 
 untntnred intancy. Prior, 
 UN-TWINE', 1:. t. To untwist. Waller, 
 
 2. To open ; to disentangle. Bacon. 
 
 3. To separate, as that « hich winds or clasps. 
 
 ./i.vcAam. 
 
 UN-T\V^N'ED, pp. Untwisted ; disentangled. 
 UN-TWIST', V. t. To separate and open, as threads 
 twisted ; or to turn back that which is twisted. 
 2. To open ; to disentangle ; as intricacy. 
 UN-TWIST'ED, pp, Separateil ; opened. 
 UN-TWIST'ING, ppr. Separating ; disentangling. 
 UN-Ty. See Untie. 
 
 UN-U'NI-FOR.M, a. Not uniform ; wanting uniform- 
 
 ity. [Little used,] 
 UN-U-IVTT'ED, a. Not united. Cudworth. 
 UN-UP-|!RaIO'ING, a. Nut upbraiding. 
 UN-UP-HELD', a. Not upheld ; not sustained. 
 
 Pollok. 
 
 UN-UP-LIFT'ED, a. Not raised up. 
 
 UN-UR(;'£D, (-urjd'j) a. Not urged ; not pressed 
 with solicitation. Shak. 
 
 UN-US'£D, (-yuzd',) a. Not put to use; not em- 
 ployed. 
 
 2. That has never been used. 
 
 3. Not accustomed ; as, liands unused to labor ; 
 hearts unused to deceit. 
 
 UN-IJSE'FJJL, a. Useless ; serving no good purpose. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 UN-US'lJ-AL, (-yu'zhu-al,) a. Not usual ; not com- 
 mun ; rare ; as, an unusual season ; a person of unu- 
 sual graces or erudition. 
 
 UN-lJS'lJ-AL-LY, (-yu'zhii-al-le,) adv. Not common- 
 ly ; not frequently ; rarely. This summer, 1838, has 
 been unusually rainy. 
 
 UN-IJS'LI-AL-NESS, 71. Unconimonness ; infrequen- 
 cy ; rareness of occurrence. Broome, 
 
 UN-UT'TER-A-BLE, a. That can not be uttered or 
 expressed ; ineffable ; inexpressible ; as, unutterable 
 anguish ; unutterable joy. 
 
 UN-Va'Ca-TED, a. Not made vacant. H. Clay. 
 
 UN-VaIL', V, t. To remove a vail fnun ; to uncover ; 
 to disclose to view. She unvailcd her face. 
 
 UN-Va[L'£D, a. Stripped of a vail ; disclosed. 
 
 UN-VaIL'ING, a. Removing a vail from ; uncover- 
 ing ; disclosing. 
 
 UN-V'.AL'U-A-BLE, a. Being above price ; inv.iluable. 
 [But Invaluable is the word now used.j 
 
 UN-V,\L'[J-£D, ( varyude,) a. Not valued ; not 
 prized ; neglected. Shak. 
 
 2. Inestimable; not to be valued. Shak. 
 
 3. Not estimated ; not having the value set. 
 UN-VAN'aUISH-A-BLE, a. That can not be con- 
 quered. Bp, Kinir, 
 
 UN-VAN'aUISII-£D, (-vank'wisht,) a. Nut con- 
 quered ; not overcome. Milton. 
 
 Ui\-Va'RI-A-BLE, a. Not vari.able ; not changeable 
 or alterable. [But Invariable is the word now 
 used.] 
 
 UN-Va'RI-£D, a. Not varied ; not altered ; not di- 
 versified. 
 
 UN-Va'RI-E-Ga-TED, a. Not variegated; nut di- 
 versified. 
 
 UN-VXR'NISH-£D, (-vdr'nisht,) a. Not overlaid with 
 varnish. 
 
 2. Not artificially colored or adorned ; not artftilly 
 embellished ; plain. 
 
 1 will a round, unvarnUhed tale deliver. Shak. 
 
 UN-V.A'RY-ING, a. Not altering; not liable to 
 change ; uniform. Lorke. 
 
 UN-VA RY-ING-LY, adi: Without being liable to 
 change. 
 
 UN-\ EH/, (-vale'.) See Unvail. 
 UN-VEIL'ED-LY, urfp. Plainlv ; without disguise. 
 [Little used,] 
 
 UN-VEN'ER-.\-BLE, a. Not venerable ; not worthy 
 of veneratiim. Shak. 
 
 UN-VEN'TI La-TED, a. Not fanned by the wind; 
 not purified by a free current of air. 
 
 UN-VI;R'D.\NT, a. Not verdant ; not green ; having 
 no verdure. Conirreve, 
 
 UN-VER'I TA-BLE, a. Not true. [A"i;(inu.Nc] 
 
 Braipn, 
 
 UN-VI'US'£D, (-versi',) a. Not skilled ; not versed ; 
 
 unaciiuaiiili'il ; as, 7/iii'cro-e(/ in spinning. Hlackmore, 
 UN-VI'.X'KI), ( vekst',) a. Not ve.xed ; not lionlilcd ; 
 
 nut liisturlied or irritated. Drnden, 
 UN-VIN'l)l-€.x-TEl>,(!. Not defended. 
 UN-VI'O-La-TED, u. Not violated; not injured ; as, 
 
 unriolatri/ Inmur. 
 2. .Not broken ; not transgressed ; as. laws unvio 
 
 hiled. 
 
 U.\-VIR'TIT-OUS, ( vurl'yu-ua,) a. Not virtuous ; 
 
 destiliiteof virlne. Shak, 
 UN-VIH'TU-OUS-LY, adi\ Not virtuously. 
 UN-VIS'Altl), r. (. To unmask. Milton, 
 UN-VIS'IT-El), a. Not visited ; not resorted to ; not 
 
 frcqinnted. 
 
 UN-VI'TAL, a. Not vital : not affecting life. 
 
 Med. Repns. 
 
 |rN-VI"TIA-TEn, ) f.vis,,/ii.,ed ) [ »■ • 
 UN-VI"CIA-TED, i ' i not corrupted. 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 FATE. FAR, F^LL, WHAT — METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1218 
 
UNW 
 
 UN-VIT'RI-FI-/:D, o. Not vitrified; not converted 
 illtn El.-iss. 
 
 UN-VOI/.\-TII,-IZ-/:l), a. Not volatili/.ed. ^liiii. 
 
 UN-Vo'l'K', I'. (. 'I'ci coiitrnvene by voto a t'ormcr 
 Vote ; to iinniil a former vote. Butke. 
 
 (J\-V'OU('ll'f;i), (-voiiclil',) a. Not fully attested. 
 
 UN-V(J\V'f."D, a. Not consccrnted by solemn prom- 
 ise. IIoo'in\ 
 
 tJ.N'-VOW'KI/ Er), (I. Havins no vowels. Skinnrr. 
 
 UN-VOY'.\Gt;-.\-llLK, n. Not to be navigated ur 
 pas-!ed t)ver on a fluid. [JVot tt^cd,] ^Icltan, 
 
 U.\-VIJL'(5AR, a. Not common. B. Joiisaii. 
 
 UN-VUL'NKIl A-nLK, a. Not vulnerable; that can 
 n{it be wounded. [Ir^vuLNERAnLE is mostly used.] 
 
 UX-U'AIT'EI) on ; nut attended. 
 
 UN-WAK'fi.V f:D, a. Not awakened; not roused 
 from sleep or stupidity. 
 
 UN-\VAlX'/-'Il, a. Not surrounded, fortified, or su|>- 
 ported by a wall. A'/iof/r.<. 
 
 1;N-VVA\T'ED, a. Not wanted. Mi:/ord. 
 
 UN-WAKKS', ailit. Unexpectedly. 
 [For tbis, Unawares is used.j 
 
 UN-\V.\'UI-hV, ado. Without vigilance and cau- 
 tion ; heedlessly. Dt^/bij. 
 
 UN-VVa'RI-NESS, n. Want of vigilance; want of 
 caution ; carelessness ; heedlessness. Spectator. 
 
 UN-WAR'UKE, a. [See Wab.] Not fit for war; 
 not used to war ; not military. IValler. 
 
 UN-WAR.M'£D, a. [.^ee Warm.] Not warmed. 
 2. Not excited ; not animated. ^ddifon. 
 
 UN-WARN'KD, a. [See Wahn.] Not cautioned j 
 not previously admonished of danger. Locke. 
 
 UN-WARP', V. t. [See Wabp.] To reduce back 
 what is warped. Ere-lyn. 
 
 U.\-WARP'7;i), f-worpt',) a. Not warped ; not bi- 
 ased ; not turned from the true direction ; impartial. 
 
 T/iom^on. 
 
 UN-WARP'ING, a. Not bending; unyieldins;; not 
 deviatinff. Dwi^ht. 
 
 U.\-W \R'RANT-A-BLE, a. Not defensible; not 
 vindicabid ; not justifiable ; illegal ; unjust ; im- 
 proper. South. 
 
 UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS, 71. State of being 
 unwarrantable. 
 
 U.\-WAR'RANT-.VBLY, adv. In a manner that can 
 not be justified. fVake. 
 
 UN-WAR'RANT-ED, a. Not warranted ; not au- 
 thorized. 
 
 2. Not ascertained ; not assured or certain. 
 
 3. Not covenanted to be good, sound, or of a cer- 
 tain quality ; as, an uinDarrmitcd horse. 
 
 UN-W.\'RY, a. Not vigilant against danger ; not 
 cautious ; unziiarded ; precipitate. Locke. Dnjdcn. 
 2. Unexp-Tted. [06.-.-.] 
 UN-WASH'f;r), (-wosht',) ) a. Not washed ; not 
 UN-W.\SU'i:N, \ cleansed by water. 
 
 Mull. \v. 
 
 UN-W.AST'ED, a. N'ot lost by extravagance or neg- 
 ligence ; nitt lavished away ; not dissipated. 
 
 2. Not consumed by time or violence. 
 
 3. Not lost by e.xiiaustion, evaporation, or other 
 means. 
 
 UN-WAST'ING, a. Not growing less ; not decaying. 
 
 PojlC. 
 
 U\-WaST'INO-LY, adv. Without waste. 
 U.\-W >TCI1'£1), (-wotcht',) a. Not guarded with 
 vinjlance. 
 
 UN-WATCII'F^'L, a. Not visilant. Scott. 
 UN W,VTER-£D, a. [See Watkb.] Not watered ; 
 
 dry. Pope. 
 UN-Wa'VER-INC;, a. Not wavering or unstable; 
 
 firm ; not Huctuatin?. 
 UN-WA'VER-1.\(;-LY, ado. With firm constancv. 
 UN WAY'KI), ( wide',) a. Not used to travel. [Bad, 
 
 and not 1 Suckling. 
 U.\-Wf.AK'£.\-£D, a. Not weakened; not 'cn- 
 
 fe<blert. Boyle. 
 UN-VVEALTH'Y, (un »velth'y,) a. Not wealthy. 
 
 Lonf^hiiriie. 
 
 UN-Wf.AN'ED, a. Not weaned; not withdrawn 
 
 from the mother's milk. 
 UN-WEAP'0.\-£D, (un-wcp'nd,) a. Not furnished 
 
 with weapons or otTensive arms. Ralfh. 
 U.\-Wr.A'RI-A-liLi;, o. That can not be wearied; 
 
 indefjitinalile. [Little ti.ie/l.] Huokcr. 
 UN-WE.\'R1-£D, a. Not tired ; not fatigued. 
 
 T)rtjden. 
 
 2. Indefatisable ; conlinnni ; that does not tire or 
 sink under fatigue ; as, unwearied pi-rsevernnce. 
 
 Roifrr.f. 
 
 UN-Wif,A'RI-£D-LY, adv. Without tiringor sinking 
 under fatit'iie. 
 
 UN-WeA'R1-£D-.\ESS, n. Stale of being unwea- 
 ried. Baxter. 
 
 U\-Wi"?.A'RY, (-wee're,) a. Not weary ; not tired. 
 
 UN-WEA'RY, ti. t. To refresh after fatigue. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 UN' WkA'RY-ING, o. Not making wean-. 
 UN-Wi? AVE', r. f. To unfold; to undo what has 
 
 been woven. Sandiii. 
 UN-WEAVING, ppr. Undoing what has been 
 
 woven. 
 
 UX VVEn', a. Unmarried. Skak. 
 U\-WED'DED, o. Unmarried; remaining single. 
 
 UNW 
 
 UN-WEI)GE'A-liLE, (un-wedj'a-bl,) a. Not to be 
 split with wedgi's. [Barliuroiu-,-, and nut used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 UN-WEED'ED. a. Not weeded; not cleared of 
 weeds. Shak. 
 
 UN-WERP'£n, (-weepf.) ."ec Unwept. 
 
 UN-WEET'ING, a. [See AVeet and Wit.] Igno- 
 rant ; unknowing. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 UN-WEET'ING-LY, arfu. Ignorantly. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UN-Wf,rGH'EU,(-wSde',)a. Not weighed ; not hav- 
 ing the weight ascertained. 
 
 Solomon Iffl ihe vcs3'?l« untoeighed. — 1 Kings vii. 
 
 2. Not deliberately considered and examined ; as, 
 to leave arguments or testimony iniwri-rlied. 
 
 3. Not considerate ; negligent ; as, words umreitrhed. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-WEIGIl'ING,(-wri'ing,)<?, Inconsiderate ; tliought- 
 
 Icss. Shak. 
 UN-VVEI/eOME, a. Not welcome; not grateful; 
 
 not pleasing; not will received; as, unwelcome 
 
 news ; an utnreleume guest. 
 U.N-WF.I/COME-I.Y, adv. Not in a welcome manner. 
 UN-WELL', a. Not well ; iiulisposed; not in good 
 
 health. 
 
 [It expresses Ics than Sick.] 
 UN-WELL'NESS, n. Stale of being indisposed. [JiTot 
 
 in use.] Chesterfield. 
 UN-WEi'T', a. Not lamented; not mourned. The 
 
 protiisate lives ilespised, and dies unwept. 
 U\-WET', n. Not wet or moist. Dn/dcn. 
 U.\-WHIP'P£D, (-whipt',) / a. Not whipped; not 
 UN-WHIPT', i corrected with the rod. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-WIirS'PER-£n, a. Not whispered. 
 U.\-WI1(>LE', a. [See Whole ] Not sound; infirm. 
 [JK'ot in use.] 
 
 UN-WilOLE'^SOME, ( hol'sum,) a. Not wholesome ; 
 unfavorable to health; insalubrious; as, unwholesome 
 air or food. Bacon. 
 2. Pernicious ; as, Vfurhotesomc advice. 
 UN-WIIoLE'SOME-NESS, n. Insalubrity; state or 
 quality of being injurious or noxious to he.dth ; 
 as, the umrholesomeness of a climate. 
 UN-WIELU'I-LY, arfo. Heavily; with difiicnlty. 
 
 Dnjdcn. 
 
 UN-WIK.LD'I-NEPS, n. Heaviness ; difficulty of be- 
 ing moved ; as the unwieldiness of a corpulent body. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 UN-WIkLD'Y, a. That is moved with difficulty; 
 
 unmanageable; bulky; ponderous; as, an miwieldij 
 
 bulk ; an umrieldy rock. 
 U.\-WILL'£D, a. Tiot willed ; not produced by the 
 
 will. 
 
 UN-WILL'ING, a. Not willing; loath; disinclined; 
 reluctant ; as, an unwilling servant. 
 
 UN-WILL'ING-LY, adv. Not with good will; not 
 cheerfully ; reluctantly. 
 
 UN-WILL'ING-NESS, lu Loathncss ; disinclination ; 
 reluctance. 
 
 UN-WILT' ED, a. Not wilted ; fresh. 
 
 UN-VVlNl)', r. t. ; pret. and pp. U.Nwot ND. To wind 
 otT; 10 loo.se or sepamte what is wound or con- 
 volved ; as, to miKind thread or a ball. 
 2. To disentangle. Hooker. 
 
 UN-WT.N'D', 1'. I. 'I'o admit evolution. Mortimer. 
 
 UN-\\7.\D'1NG, n. Not winding. 
 2. ppr. Winding off. 
 
 UN-WI\(;'£D, a. Not provided with wings. 
 
 UN-WIP'£1), (-wipt',) a. Not cleaned by rubbing. 
 
 SImk. 
 
 UN-\\^SE', a. Not wise; not choosing the best 
 
 means for the end ; defective in wisdom ; as, an un- 
 
 viise man ; unieLie kings. 
 2. Not dicLiled by wisdom; not adapted to the 
 
 end ; as, umcise measures. 
 UN-WISE'LY, a</e. Not wisely; not prudently; as, 
 
 nnwisely rigid ; unicisrlji studious, 
 UN-\\'ISII', V. t. To wish that which is not to be. 
 
 [JViil in use.] SkaJi. 
 UN-WISH'£D, (-wisht',) a. Not wished ; not sought ; 
 
 not desired. Pope. 
 U\-WIST',a. Not known. [Ofo.j Spenser. 
 UN-WIT', V. t. To deprive of understanding. [JVu« 
 
 in use.] Shak. 
 UN-WITII-nRAW'I.VG, a. Not withdrawine; con- 
 
 tinuallv liberal. Milton. 
 U\-WrfirF.K-£n, a. Not withered or faded. 
 UN-WITU'ER ING, a. Not liable to wither or fade. 
 
 Cuwper. 
 
 UN-WITII-STOOD', a. Not opposed. Plulipn. 
 UN-\Vrr'.N'ESS-£D, (-wit'liest,) a. Not witnessed; 
 
 not attested by witnesses ; wanting testimony. 
 UN-WI I 'TI-LY, a/ir. Without wit. Cowley. 
 UN-WIT'l'ING-LY, adv. Without knowledge or 
 
 consciousness ; ignorantly ; as, he has unwittingly 
 
 injured himself, or his neighbor. 
 UN-WIT'TY, a. Not witty ; destitute of wit. 
 
 Shen stone. 
 
 UN-WlV'KD, 0. Having no wife. [A'utused.] Selden. 
 UN-\VO.\I'.VN, V. L To deprive of the qualities of a 
 
 woman. Sundys. 
 UN-WOM'AN-LY, a. Unbecoming a woman. 
 
 UP 
 
 UN-Wrt.VT', ) ,„.,,„,, X (a. Unaccustomed; iin- 
 UN-^\■0.^•T'ED, ( f used; not m;,Je fa- 
 
 miliiu by practice; as, a cliilil unwonted to sir.m- 
 gers ; eea calves unwonted to f resh water. May. 
 
 2, Uncommon ; unusual ; infrequent ; rare ; as, 
 an Hnir**;(/f(/ meteor ; unwe/i^frf changes. Drydm. 
 UN-WO.NT'EU-LY, adv. In an unaccustomed man- 
 ner. 
 
 UN-WONT'ED-NESS, n. Uncommonness ; rareness. 
 
 7'atdor. 
 
 UN-WOOD'ED, a. Destitute of trees, liinlier, or 
 wood'; not producing trees. The prairies of tlie west 
 are unitoudcd. 
 
 UN-WO()'£U, a. Not wooed ; not courted. Shak. 
 
 UN-WORK'LNG, n. Living without labor. Locke. 
 
 UN-WfiRK'.MAN-LTKE, a. Unskillful. 
 
 UN-Wf)RLD'LI-NESS, n. State of being unworldly. 
 
 UN-WOKLD'LY, (-wurld'le,) a. Not worldly. 
 
 UN-WOR.M'£U, a. Not wormed. [Ml used.] 
 
 Beaum. 4* ^l. 
 
 UN-WoRN', a. Not worn ; not iinpain d. Young. 
 
 UN-WOR'RI-/:i), (-wiir'riil,) a. Not worried. 
 
 UN-VVf)R'SIIIP-£U, (-wur'shipt,) a. Not worshiped ; 
 not adored. Milton. 
 
 UN-WOR'SIIIP-ING, a. Not worshiping ; habitually 
 neclectini the worship of God. J. M. Maliheios. 
 
 UN-WOR'TIII-LY, (-wur'the-le,) adv. [Sec Wobtht 
 and Worth.] Not according to desert ; without due 
 regard to merit ; as, to treat a man unworthily. 
 
 UN-WOR'THI-NESS, )i. Want of worth or merit. 
 
 UN-WOR''f IIY, (-wur'the,) a. Not di serving ; fol- 
 lowed by of. As sinners, we arc utterly unworthy of 
 the divine favor. 
 
 2. Not deserving ; wanting merit. Receive your 
 unworthy son into favor. One great evil of govern- 
 ment is, that unworthy men are elected or appointed 
 to fill important offices. 
 
 3. Unbecoming; vile; base; as, unworthy usage 
 or treatment. Drydtn. 
 
 4. Not suitable ; inadequate. This opinion is un- 
 worthii of its author. 
 
 U.V-WOUND', pp. of Unwind. Wound off; untwist- 
 ed. Mortimer. 
 UN-WOUND'ED, a. Not wounded ; not hurt ; not 
 injur«'d in body ; as, nnwonndcd enemies. Milton. 
 2. Not hurt ; not olTended ; as, unwounded ears. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 UN-WOUND'ING, a. Not hurting. 
 UN-WoVE', pret. of Unweave. 
 U.\-WoV'£N, a. Not woven. 
 
 UN-WR.\P', (-rap',) v. t. To open what is wrapped 
 or folded. 
 
 UN-WReATHE', v. U To untwist or untwine. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 UN-WRENCII'£D, (-rencht',) a. Not strained ; not 
 distorted. Cowpcr. 
 
 UN-WRINK'LE, (rink'l,) v.L To reduce wrinkles ; to 
 smooth. j9nacJtarsis. 
 
 UN-WRINK'LED, a. Not shrunk into furrows and 
 rillues. 
 
 UN-WRTT'ING, a. Not writing ; not assuming the 
 character of an author ; as, an unwritintr citizen. 
 
 UN-WRIT'T£.\, (-rit'n,) a. Not written ; not re- 
 duced to writing ; verbal. 
 2. Blank ; containing no writing. South. 
 Unwritten doctrines, in religion, are such as have 
 been handed down by word of mouth ; oral or tradi- 
 tional doctrines. 
 
 Unwritten lajcs, are such as liave been delivered 
 down by tradition or in songs. Such were the laws 
 of the early nations of Europe. 
 
 The unwritten taw (L. lez non scripta) of England 
 and of the United States, called common law. is such 
 as has not the authority of statutes, not having origi- 
 nated from any legislative act, or oricinatine from 
 some act not now extant. This law is now contained 
 in the re|K>rLs of judicial decisions. 
 
 UN-WRONG'£D, a. Not treated unjustly. 
 
 UN-WROUGHT', (-rawt',) a. Not labored; not 
 manufactured ; not reduced to due form. Drvden. 
 
 UN-WRU.N"G', {-rung',) o. .Not pinched. Shak. 
 
 UN-YIkLD'ED, (-yeeld'ed,) a. Not yielded; not 
 conceded ; not given up. Drvden. 
 
 UN-YIf:LD'ING, a. Not yicldine to force or persua- 
 sion ; unbending; nnpliani; still; firm; obstinate. 
 
 Med. Repos. 
 
 2. Not givinc place. Thomson. 
 UN-YIkLI)'I.\'(; I.Y, ndr. Unhendinclv ; obstiii.atelv. 
 UN-Ylr.LD'I.NtJ-Ni:S.S, n. State of being unyield- 
 ing. 
 
 UN-YoKE', r. t. To loose from a yoke ; to free from 
 a yoke. 
 
 Unyoke Ihe itccrs. Shak. 
 2. To part ; to disjoin. Shak. 
 UN-Yf)K'£I), C-yckt',) pp. Freed from the yoke. 
 
 2. a. Not having worn the yoke. Dryden, 
 
 3. Licentious ; unrestrained. Shak, 
 If.\-YoK'ING, ppr. Freeing from the yoke. 
 U.\-Zo.\'£D, a. Not bound with a girdle ; as, an 
 
 loned bosom. Prior, 
 UP, B(/r. [Sa.T. up, upp ; G. anf ; D. and Dan. op ; 
 Sw. up.] 
 1. Aloft ; on high. 
 
 But up or don'D. MiUom, 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
Tlie g'enile arcUliishop of York is up. 
 My soal is up in arms. 
 
 UPB 
 
 2. Out of bed. He is not up. Sliak. 
 
 3. Having risen from a seat. 
 
 sir Roger was up. Addison. 
 
 ■1. From a state of concealment or discumbiture. 
 5. In a state of being built. 
 
 Up with my tent. Shdk. 
 6 Above the horizon. The sun is ■uji. 
 
 7. To a state of excitement. He was wrought Hp 
 to a rage. 
 
 8. To a state of advance or proficiency. 
 
 Till have wrought ourselves up to this degree of Christiao 
 iiiuilletence. AtteTbury. 
 
 9. In a state of elevation or exaltation. 
 
 Those that were up kept others low. Spenser. 
 
 10. In a state of climbing or ascending. We went 
 up to the city or town. 
 
 11. In a state of insurrection. 
 
 Shak. 
 Dryden. 
 
 12. In a state of being increased or raised. The 
 river is xip ; the flood is up. Dryden. 
 
 13. In a state of approaching ; as, up comes a fox. 
 
 UEstrani^e. 
 
 14. In order. He drew up his regiment. 
 
 15. From younger to elder years ; as, from his 
 youth up. 
 
 Up and down ; from one place to another ; here and 
 there. 
 
 2. From one state or position to anotlier; back- 
 ward and forward. 
 
 Up to ; to an equal liiglit vt'ith ; as, up to the chin 
 in water. 
 
 2. To a degree or point adequate. Live up to the 
 principles professed. 
 
 Up with; raise ; lift; as, i<p with the fist; up with 
 the timber. 
 
 Up is much used to modify the actions expressed 
 by verbs. It is very often useful and necessary, verj' 
 often useless. 
 
 To brar up ; to sustain. 
 
 To ffo up ; to ascend. 
 
 To lift up : to raise. 
 
 To iret up ; to rise from bed or a seat. 
 
 To bind up; to bind together. 
 
 To blow up ; to inflate ; to distend ; to inflame. 
 
 To g-nm up ; to grow to mritiirity. 
 
 Up stream; from the mouth toward the head of a 
 stream ; against the stream ; hence, «p is in a direc- 
 tion toward the head of a stream or river ; as, vp the 
 country. 
 
 Up sound; in the direction from the sea; opposed 
 to down sound, that is, in the direction of Ihe ebb tide. 
 
 Up is used elliptically for fret up, expressing acom- 
 nand or exhortation. 
 
 Up, let us be goittg. — Judges xii. 
 
 U ?, prep. From a lower to a higher place. Go up the 
 lill. Bneon. 
 
 n. A tree common in the forests of Java and 
 t f the neighboring isles, the secn tions of which are 
 jioisonous. It has been fabulously reported that the 
 itmosphere surrounding it is deleterious. 
 
 P. Cijc. Brande. 
 \ P-BESR', ». t.; p««. Upbore; pp. Uieobne. [wp 
 and bear. See Bear.] 
 
 1. To raise aloft ; to lift; to elevate. Milton. 
 
 2. To sustain aloft ; to support in an elevated sit- 
 uation. 
 
 Upborne they fly. Pope. 
 
 3. To support; to sustain. Spenser. 
 UP-IilNIV, V. t. To bind up. Collins. 
 UP-BLoW, V. t. To blow up. [JVo* used.] Spenser. 
 UP-liRAID', V. t. [Sax. up^eiredun, to reproach; 
 
 frebrw.dan, to roast, to dilate or extend, to ilraw, as 
 a sword ; bredan, to braid ; Dan. bebrejdcr, to up- 
 braid.] 
 
 1. To charge with something wrong or disgrace- 
 ful ; to reproach ; to cast in the teeth ; followed by 
 with or for, beforn the thing imputed ; as, to upbraid 
 a man for his folly or his intemperance. 
 
 Yet do not 
 
 Upbraid nil vith our distri^M. Sha/c. 
 lit: upbrauUd them with their unbcli'rf. — Mall. xvl. 
 
 [The use of to and of, after upbraid, — as, to up- 
 braid a man of his gain by iniquity, to upbraid to a 
 man his evil practices, — has been long discontin- 
 ued.] 
 
 2. To reproach ; to chide. 
 
 God, who j^ivcth to all men libcriilly, and upbraidcth not. — 
 JuDics i. 
 
 3. To reprove with severity. 
 
 Then h" ln-gan to upbra'ul the citiei wherein most of his mighty 
 works were done. — Mall. xi. 
 
 4. To bring reproach on. Mdison. 
 How much doUi thy kindn'-M upbraid my wickedness I Sidney, 
 fi. To trent with cimti inpl. [0A>.] Spenser. 
 
 UP-liKAID'KO, pp. ('barged with nomething wrong 
 
 or dingrfici ful ; n proarlied ; reproved. 
 irP-lillAll)'i;i{, n. One who iii>braid« or reproves. 
 UP-IIRAII)'IN(;, ppr. Accusing; casting in the teeth ; 
 
 reproaching ; reproving. 
 
 UPO 
 
 UP-BRaID'ING, H. A charging with something wrong 
 or disgraceful; the act of reproaching or reproving. 
 
 I have too long borne 
 Tour-blunl upbraiding. Shak. 
 
 2. The reproaches or accusations of con.=cience. 
 UP-BRaID'ING-LY, ado. In an upbraiding manner. 
 UP-BRAY', for UpBRiiD, to shame, is not in use. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UP-BROUGHT', (up-brawt',) a. Brought np; edu- 
 cated. [JVti^ in use.'] Spenser. 
 UP'CAST, a. Cast up ; a term in bowling. 
 2. Thrown upward ; as, with upcast eyes. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 UP'GAST, ?!. In Jmr/innr, a cast ; a throw. Sliak. 
 UP-€UI L'KD, a. JIade into a coil. IVordsrrnrth. 
 UP-eOlL'ING, a. Winding into a coil. Soulliey. 
 UP-DRAW, J). (. To draw up. [JVot in use.] 
 UP-DRAWN", pp. Drawn up. [Milton. 
 UP-FILL'ING, a. Filling up. 
 UP-FLU.\G', a. Thrown U]). 
 UP-GATH'ER, V. t. To contract. [JVot in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 UP-GROW', ». i. To grow up. [Jy'ot in use.) 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UP'HAND, a. Lifted by the hand. Moxon. 
 UP-1I1CAV'.'\L, n. A heaving or lifting up. 
 UP-HkAVE', !). t. Til heave nr lift up from beneath. 
 UP-!li;AV'£D, pp. or a. Heaved or lifted up from 
 beneath. 
 
 UP-IIif.AV'ING, ppr. Heaving or lifting up. 
 UP-HELD', pret. and pp. of Uphold. Sustained ; sup- 
 port-d. 
 
 UP'IIEKS, n. pi. In architecture, a name given to 
 poll s used in scafliilding. Brande. 
 
 UP'llILL, a. Diffii ult, like the act of ascending a 
 hill ; as, uphill labor. Clurissa. 
 
 UP-IIoARD', !). «. To hoard up. [Jfot used.] 
 
 Spenser. Shah. 
 
 UP-HOI.D', V. f. ; pret. and pp. Upheld. [Upholden 
 is obsdIetP.] 
 
 1. To lift on high ; to elevate. Dniden, 
 
 2. To support ; to sustain ; to keep from falling or 
 slippiag. 
 
 Honor shall uphold the humble in spirit. — Prov. xxix. 
 
 3. To keep from declension. Merbury. 
 
 4. To support in any state. Raleirh. 
 
 5. To continue ; to maintain. Hooker. 
 G. To keep from being lost. 
 
 Faulconbridge, 
 In spite of spite, alone upholds the day. Shak. 
 
 7. To continue without failing. Holder. 
 
 8. To continue in being. Hahewill. 
 UP-HoLD'ER, )i. One that upholds ; a supporter ; a 
 
 defender ; a sustainer. Sioift. Hale. 
 
 £. An undertaker ; one who provides for funerals. 
 
 Oati. 
 
 UP-HoL'STER-ER, n. [from up and hold.] One 
 who furnishes houses with beds, curtains, and the 
 like. Pope. 
 
 UP-Hc)L'STER-Y, n. Furniture supplied by uphol- 
 sterers. 
 
 UP'LAND, n. [np and land.] High land ; ground el- 
 evated above the meadows and intervals which lie 
 on the banks of rivers, near the sea, or between 
 hills ; land which is generally dry. It is opposed to 
 Meadow, Marsh, Swamp, Interval, &.c. Uplands 
 are particularly valuable as affording pasture for 
 sheep. 
 
 UP'LAND, a. Higher in situation ; being on upland ; 
 as, upland inhabitants. 
 
 2. IVrlaining to uplands ; an, upland pasturage. 
 UP-LAND'lSIl, a. Pert.aining to uplands ; dwelling 
 
 on high lands or mountains. Chapman. 
 UP-LAY', V. t. To lay up ; to hoard. [JSTot in use.] 
 
 Donne. 
 
 UP-LicAD', V. t. To lead upward. Milton. 
 UP-LED', pp. Led upward. 
 
 UP-LIFT', 71. /. To raise aloft; to raise; to elevate ; 
 as, to uplift the arm. It is chiefly used in the jiarti- 
 ciple ; as, uplifted eyes ; uplifted arms. 
 
 Milton. Sirlft. 
 
 UP-IiIFT'r,D, pp. or a. Raised high ; lifted ; ele- 
 vated. 
 
 UP-LIFT'ING, ppr. Lifting up ; elevating. 
 UP-LOOK', V. t. To look up. fJVut in use.] Sliak. 
 UP'MoST, a. [up and most.] Highest ; topmost. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 [Little used. We generally use Uppermost.] 
 UP-O.N"', prep, [iiiix. ufm, Jifon, or ufe. This is prob- 
 ably up and on; the Sax. ii/e being the G. up ] 
 On. Upon has the sense of on, and might perhaps 
 be wholly dispensed with. 
 
 1. Resting or being on the top or surface ; as, be- 
 ing upon a hill, or upon a rock ; upon a flt'ld ; upon a 
 table ; upon n rivv.r ; 7/pfjrt the altar ; upon llie roof. 
 He has his coat upon his back ; his hat is upi>» his 
 head. 
 
 2. In a state of resting or deiiendcnce ; as, upon 
 this condition ; he will cimlrart with you 7/po/i these 
 terms. Upon our repentance we hope to be for- 
 given. 
 
 3. Denoting resting, as a burden. Impose upon 
 yourself this task. 
 
 UPR 
 
 4. In the direction or part of; as;, upon the right 
 hand. 
 
 5. Relating to. They are now engaged upon the 
 afi"airs of the bank. 
 
 (i. In consideration of ; as, upon the whole matter. 
 
 Z>ryden. 
 
 7. Near to ; as, a village 7;po7t the Thames. 
 
 8. With, or having received. He came «po;i an 
 hour's warning. 
 
 9. On the occasion of ; engaged in for the execu- 
 tion of. He sent the officer upon a bold enterprise. 
 
 10. In ; during the time of ; as, upon the seventh 
 day ; upon the first of January. 
 
 11. Noting security; as, to borrow money upon 
 lands, or upo7i mortgage. 
 
 12. Noting approach or attack. 
 
 The Phitistiiies be upon Ihce, Samson. — Judges xvi. 
 
 13. Noting exposure or incurring some danger or 
 loss. You (To tliis upon pain of death, or upon the 
 penalties of the law. 
 
 14. At the time of; on occasion of. What was 
 their conduct upon this event.' 
 
 1. 'i. By inference from, or pursuing a certain sup- 
 position. Upon his principles, we can have no stable 
 government. t 
 
 Hi. Engaged in. What is he i/pira ? Locke. 
 17. Having a particular manner. The horse is now 
 upon a hard trot. Dryden. 
 
 15. Resting or standing, as on a condition. He is 
 put upon his good beliaviur. 
 
 19. Noting means of subsistence or support. Cat- 
 tle live upon grass. 
 
 20. Noting dependence for subsistence; as, pau- 
 pers come upon the parish or town. 
 
 To take upon ; to assume. 
 
 Til assume upon ; in lain, to promise ; to undertake. 
 UP'PER, a. [camp, from up.] Higher iu place ; as, 
 the upper lip ; the upper side of a thing. An upper 
 story is a higher one ; the upper story is the highest. 
 So the 7/ppcr deck of a ship. 
 
 2. Superior in rank or dignity ; as, the upper house 
 of a legislature. 
 
 Upper-works ; in a ship, the parts above water 
 when the ship is properly balanced for a voyage ; or 
 that part which is above the main wale. Ci/c. 
 
 UP'PER-LEA'f H'ER, (-leth'er,) n. The leather for 
 the vamps and quarters of shoes. 
 
 UP-PER-H AND', »i. Ascendency ; superiority. 
 
 UP'PER-I\IoST, n. siipcrl. [upper and 7/io..(.] 
 
 1. Highest in place ; as, the uppermost seats. 
 
 2. Highest in power or authority. 
 
 Whatever faction happena to be uppermCBl. Siri/t. 
 
 3. Predominant ; most powerful. Dryden. 
 UP-PTL'ED, a. Piled upward. Wordsworth. 
 UP'PI.'^H, (I. Proud ; arrogant. [J} lou) word.] 
 UP-RAISE', V. t. [up and raise.] To raise ; to lift up. 
 UP-RAIS'ED, pp. Lifted up. 
 
 UP-RAIS'ING, 71. A raising or elevation. 
 
 UP-ReAR', v. t. [up and rear.] To rear up; to 
 raise. Qay. 
 
 UP-RkAR'£D, pp. Reared up; raised. 
 
 UP'RIGHT, (up'rlte,) a. [up and riV/i«. This word 
 is markeil in books with the accent on the first 
 syllable. But it is frequently pronounced with the 
 accent on the second, and the accent on either syl- 
 lable of its derivatives is admissible.] 
 
 1. Erect; perpendicular to the plane of the hori- 
 zon ; as, an upright tree ; an upright post. Among 
 ■mechanics, plumb. 
 
 2. Erected ; pricked up ; shooting directly from 
 the body. 
 
 All have their ears upright. Spenser. 
 With chattering leelli and bristling hair upright. Di-yden! 
 
 3. Honest; just; adhering to rectitude in all social 
 intercourse ; not deviating from correct moral priii- 
 cijiles ; as, an upright man. Job i. 
 
 4. Conformable to moral rectitude. 
 Conscience rewards upright conduct with pleasure. 
 
 J. AJ. Mason. 
 
 UP'RIGHT, 71. In architecture, a representation or 
 draught of the front of a building ; called also an 
 Ji-EVATioN, or Orthography. [Little used.] 
 
 Cyc. Gwill. 
 2. Something standing erect or perpeiidicular. 
 UP-RIGHT' EOUS-LY, (-rl'chus-,) otic. In an upright 
 
 or just manner. Sliah. 
 UP'|tii;in'-HEART'ED, a. Having an upright heart. 
 UP'RKillT-LY, a(/u. In a direction perpendicular t<? 
 the plane of the horizon ; in an erect position. 
 
 2. Honestly; with strict oliservaiice of rectitude, 
 as, to live uprightly. Dryden. 
 lie thai walketh ujnishlly wnlkoth surely. — Prov. x. 
 
 UP'RIGHT-NESS, 7i. Perpendicular erection. 
 
 Waller. 
 
 2. Iliinesly ; integrity In principle or practice ; 
 conformity to rectitude and justice in social dealings. 
 
 The truly upright man is iiiflexUiIe in his uprightness. 
 
 All^rbtir^. 
 
 UP-HT!*E', V. i. ; pret. Uprose ; pp. Uprisen. To rise 
 friini bed or from a seat. 
 
 Uprose the virgin with the morning light. Pope. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WJl^T. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1220 
 
URA 
 
 3. To ascend abiive the horizon. 
 
 t'jirose \Uo iun. CtjMr.'^y. 
 3. T(i ascend, as a hni. [OIi.*.] ' Shak. 
 UP-UISE', n. A rising; appearance above the liori- 
 
 zc.ii. IO/«.] Sliuk. 
 UP-KIS'I.NG, ppr. Rising; ascending. 
 Ul'-IIIS'ING, n. The act of rising. 
 
 Ttiou kjjowm mj down-ftiuing and niiiio upruing. — P«. 
 cxxxix. 
 
 UP'RO.AR, n. [D. oproer; G. nii/rulr; aitf, up, and 
 rii/tren, to stir, to beat, D, roereii^ Hw. rora, uprar. 
 In verse, it is sonietitiios accented i n tlie second 
 syllable.) 
 
 Great tumult ; violent disturbance and noise ; 
 bustle and clanmr. 
 
 Tlie Jinvs w'lo believed not — «et all Ihe clly in an uproar. — 
 Acts xvit. 
 
 Horror Ihus prevailed, 
 And wild uproar. Philipf. 
 
 UP-RO.\R', V. L To throw into confusion. [A'ot in 
 
 ust: I 
 
 UP-Ko.\R'I-OUS, a. Making a great noise and tu- 
 mult. 
 
 UP-R(1AR'I-0US-LY, adv. With great noise and 
 tumult. 
 
 UP-KoLL', V. L [up and roll.] To roll up. Milton. 
 VP-Rol-U ED, pp. Rolled up. 
 
 UP-KOO'l"', V. t. [up and root.] To root up; to tear 
 up by the roots ; as, to uproot the hills or trees. 
 
 DnjUen. 
 
 UP-ROOT'ED, pp. Torn up by the roots. 
 
 UP-K(JUSE', (up-rou/.',) v. u' [up aiid rouse.] To 
 rouse fr(un sleep ; to awake. Shak. 
 
 VP-llOVS'F.l), pp. Roused from sleep. 
 
 IJP-KorjS'lNG, ppr. Rousing from sleep. 
 
 UP-i^ET', V. t. [u/i and scL] To overturn; to over- 
 throw ; to overset ; as a carriage. 
 
 UP-SET', n. An overturn ; an overthrow ; as of a 
 carriage. 
 
 UP'fHOT, n. [up and shot.] Final issue ; conclu- 
 sion ; end ; as, the up.^hot oi the matter. 
 
 Here 19 Uie upshot und result of all. Burnet. 
 
 Vpxide. itoicii ; the upper part undermost. As a 
 pAra^'f, this denotes in confusion; in complete dis- 
 order. Sout/i. 
 UP-SNATCH'ING, o. Snatching up ; seizing. 
 
 .^tfiprstonr. 
 
 UP'SPRING, n. [up and spring.] An upstart. [JVut 
 
 in usp.'l Shak. 
 UP-SPrLN'O', v. L To spring up. [JVot in use] 
 
 SackvUle. 
 
 UP-STAND', r. u To be erected. [AVt used.] 
 
 .May. 
 
 UP-STXRT', v. i. [up and start.] To start or spring 
 
 up suddenly. Dnjden. 
 UP'STXRT, n. One that suddenly rises from low 
 life to wealth, power, or honor. Spenser. 
 2. Something that springs up suddenly. 
 
 Milton. Bacon. 
 
 UP'STXRT, a. Suddenly raised. Shak. 
 
 UP-STAV, b. t [up and stay.] To sustain ; to sup- 
 port. Milton. 
 
 UP-ST.\Y'ING, ppr. Supporting. 
 
 UP-SWAR.M', c. U [See Swarm.] To raise in a 
 swarm. [J^^ol in itsf.J Shak. 
 
 UP-TaKE', v. t. [up and take.] To take into the 
 hand. [J^oi in use.) Spenser. 
 
 UP-TE.\R', V. U [up and tear.] To tear up. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 UP-TRAIX', r. t. [up and train.] To train up ; to 
 
 educate. [A'ut in use.] Spenser. 
 UP-TURN', V. L [up and (urn.] To turn up ; to 
 
 throw up ; as, to upturn Ihe ground in plowing. 
 
 M'dlon. Pope. 
 UP'WARD, 0. [up and toarrf. Sax. weard, L. rfT.«its.] 
 Directed to a higher place ; as, with upward eye ; 
 
 with upward speed. Dnjdcn. Prior. 
 
 UP'WARD, n. The top. [A^jf in mav.] S/ia!:. 
 UP'\V.\RD, adv. Toward a higher place ; opposed to 
 
 Downward. 
 
 Upward I lift my eye, Waas. 
 
 2. Toward heaven and God. 
 
 L^kin' inw.inl, we arc strudc dumb ; looking upuard. we apeak 
 and prevail. Hooker. 
 
 3. With respect to the higher part. 
 
 UpiMrd man, 
 Downwarl fish. ^futon. 
 
 4. More than, indefinitely. Upward of ten years 
 have elapsed ; upward of a hundred men were 
 present. 
 
 5. Toward the source. Trace the stream upward. 
 And trace the muses upward to th-'ir spring. Pope. 
 
 UP-WHIRL', (-hwurl',) r. i. [up and whirl.] To 
 rise npwRrd in a whirl ; to whirl upward. Milton. 
 
 UP-VVIITRL', V. L To raise upward in a whirling 
 direction. 
 
 UP-\\1ND', r. f. [up and wind.] To wind up. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 U'RAN'-GLIM'MER, n. Uranite, which see. 
 U-RA'\I-A, n. In mntholo^j^ the muse of astronomy. 
 li'RA.S'-ITK. n. An ore of uranium, of a bright green 
 
 URG 
 
 or yellow color, and foliated like mica. The green 
 variety consists of oxyd iif ur.iiiiitm. phosphoric acid, 
 ami copper, and is called <'HAt.Liii,iTE or CorpEii 
 Uramte. The yellow contains lime instead of 
 copper, and is called Lime Uranite. Dana. 
 U-RA.\'-IT'ie, a. Pertaining to uranite, or resem- 
 "bliiig it. 
 
 IJ-R A'.\I-UM, n. [Gr. oDoacof, heaven, or a planet so 
 called.] 
 
 A metal discovered in 1789 by Klaprolh, in the 
 mineral called pitchblende. It is occasionally found 
 native in urau-ocher and uran-niica ; but more gen- 
 erally it is obtained from pitchblende, in which it ex- 
 ists with iron, copper, lead, and sonictiines with 
 arsenic, cobalt, and zinc. Uranium is of a reddish- 
 brown color, has a metallic luster, and is coiiinioiily 
 obtained in a crystalline form. It suffers no change 
 from exposure to the air at common temperatures, 
 but when heated in open vessels, it absorbs oxygen, 
 and is converted into a protoxvd. Jlenrtj. 
 
 IJ'RAX-.MI'eA, n. Uranite, which see. 
 
 IT'KA.X-o'eilER, ) 71. A yellow, earthy incrustation, 
 
 IJ'R.-V.X-O'CHRE, i supposed to be the oxyd of ura- 
 nium, combined with carbonic acid. This name is 
 also applied to pitchblende, which see. Dana. 
 
 U-RAN-OG'RA-PIIY, n. [Gr. oupucoj and ypa,poi.] 
 A description of the lieavcns. 
 
 tJ-R.\N-OL'0-<jV, n. [Gr. ovpavos, heaven, and 
 Ao) OS, discourse.] 
 A discourse or treatise on the heavens. MitchilL 
 
 IJ-RAN-OS't'O-PY, n. [Gr. ov/iapus, heaven, and 
 OAOTCtj, to view.] 
 
 Contemplation of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 U'R.\-N'US, n. [L.] One of the "iirimary planets. It 
 is about 1,800,000,000 miles from the suii, about 
 35,01)0 miles in diameter, and its period of revolution 
 round the sun is nearly 84 of our years. It has also 
 been called IIerschel and Geuruilu Sidi's. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 IJ-R.\'0, n. The native name of a sesqiiicarboiiate of 
 soda found in Mexico and South America; the same 
 with Trqna. Ure. 
 
 U.'R.A'I'E, n. A compound of uric acid and a base. 
 
 UR'BAN, a. [L. itrbanus, from urhs, a city.] 
 Belonging to a city ; as, an urban population. 
 
 UR-Ba.VE', a. [.See above.] 
 
 Civil ; courteous in manners ; polite. 
 
 UR-ItA.\'I-TY, n. [Fr. urbanile ; L. urbanitas, from 
 urbs, a city.] 
 
 1. That civility or courtesy of manners which is 
 acquired by associating with well-bred people; po- 
 liteness ; polished manners. Dnjden. Brown. 
 
 2. Facetiousness. L'Estrange. 
 UR'BAN-IZE, 1). t To render civil and coiirtenus ; 
 
 to polish. HowelL 
 UR'CE-O-LATE, a. [L. urceolus, urceus, a pitcher.] 
 In botany and concholotry, shaped like a pitcher ; 
 swelling out like a pitcher, as respects the body, and 
 contracted at the orifice ; as a calyx or corol. 
 
 Martyn. Lee. 
 UR'CHIN, n. [Arm. AeurPucAin ; \j. erinaccus.] 
 
 1. A name given to the hedgehog 
 
 2. A name of slight anger given to a child ; as, the 
 little urehin cried. 
 
 IJRE, n. Use; practice. [Obsolete, but retained in 
 
 IsiRE.] 
 
 II'KE-A, n. An animal substance obtained from 
 urine. It is crystalline, transparent, and colorless, 
 and of a pearly luster. It lias the form of a tetralie- 
 dral prism. It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, ni- 
 trogen, and o.xygen, and is a salifiable base. 
 
 l^-Rii'TER, 71. [Gr. ovpirtip, from owpEw. See 
 Urime.] 
 
 The excretory duct of the kidney, a tube convey- 
 ing the urine from the kidney to the bladder. There 
 are two ureters, one on each side. Coie. Quincy. 
 IJ-Re'TURA, n. [Gr. uvpn^i^a, from ovpeui. See 
 Ubine.] 
 
 The canal by which the urine is conducted from 
 the bladder and discharged. Coie. 
 
 IJ-Re'THRAL, o. Pertaining to the urethra. 
 
 URGE, c. (. [L. ur^eo. 'i'his belongs probably to the 
 family of Gr. itpyi.', and L. arceo.] 
 
 1. To press ; to push ; to drive ; to impel ; to apply 
 force to, in almost any manner. 
 
 And f re.\t Act)ill''-s urge Uif Trojan fate. Dryden. 
 
 2. To press the mind or will ; to press by motives, 
 arguments, persuasion, or importunity. 
 
 My brother 
 
 Did urge me in liis :icL ShaJc. 
 
 3. To provoke ; to exasperate. 
 
 L'rge not niy father's anger. ShaJt. 
 
 4. To follow close ; to impel. 
 
 \t<-'ir urgee heir, like wave impelling wave. Pope. 
 
 5. To labor vehemently ; to press with eagerness. 
 
 Thn>iigh the thick deaeru headlong urged his flight. Pope. 
 
 6. Tt> pre.ss ; as, to ur^-e an argument ; to urge a 
 petition ; to i/r^e the necessity of a case. 
 
 7. To imp«irtune ; to solicit earnestly. He urged 
 his son to withdraw. 
 
 8. To apply forcibly ; as, to ur^e an ore with in- 
 tense heat. 
 
 USA 
 
 URGE, r. L To press forward ; as, be strives to ur^e 
 upward. 
 
 VHCS'F.l), pp. Pressed; iin|). lied ; importuned. 
 URG'I:!.\'-CY, n. Pressure; iiii|H>rtuiiity ; earnest ao- 
 licilalion ; as, the urgency of a reipiest. 
 
 2. Pres-sure of necessity ; as, the urgency of want 
 or distress ; the urgency of the occasion. 
 URCE.N'T, a. Pressing with iiiiiiortunity. Eiod. xii. 
 2. Pressing with necessity; violent; vehement; 
 as, an ur>rfnt case or occasion. 
 URG'E.\"r i,Y,a(/ii. With pre-sing imjiortunity ; vio- 
 
 liMilly ; vehemently ; forcibly. 
 URft'Eli, n. One who urges; one who importunes. 
 URGE'-WO.\-UER, (-wuii-der,) n. A sort of grain. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 URG'ING, ppr. Pressing; driving; impelling. 
 2. a. Pressing with solicitations ; importunate. 
 
 L"l^-'f'ie^AC'iD, i [^'- """"-^ 
 
 An acid contained in urine, and in gouty concre- 
 tions. It is white, tasteless, and inodorous. It 
 forms salts, which are called Urates or Litiiatei. 
 
 T^'RIM, (vQ'riin,) 7i. 'IM). 0>-iiN.] 
 
 'i'he Uriui and 'rnumiiiiiii, among the Israelites, 
 signify lights and perfections. These were a kind of 
 oriiain(*nt beloitgiiig to the habit t>f the high priest, 
 in virtue of winch he gave orariilar answers to the 
 people ; hut what they were has not been satisfacto- 
 rily ascertained. Cyc 
 
 X|'Ri.\-AL, 7^ [Fr. urinal; L. urinalis, from urina, 
 urine.] 
 
 1. A bottle in which urine is kept for inspection. 
 
 2. A vessel for containing urine. 
 li'RIN-A-RY, a. [from urine] Pertaining to urine ; 
 
 as, the urinary bladder ; urinary calculi ; urinary ab- 
 scesses. 
 
 TJ'RIN-A-RY, }n. In asriculture, a reservoir or 
 
 Ij-RIN A'Rl-UM, j place for the reception of urine, 
 &c., for manure. Cye. 
 
 IT'RIN-A-TI VE, a. Provoking urine. Bac^n. 
 
 i;-RI.\-A'TOR, n. [L., from unno, to dive.] 
 
 A diver; one who plunges and sinks in water in 
 search of something, as for pearls. Ray. 
 
 IJ'RINE, (yii'rin,) n. [L. urina; Gr. ovpov, from 
 ovpiGi ; ii. harn, harnen.] 
 
 An animal fluid or liquor secreted by the kidneys, 
 whence it is conveyed into the bladder by Ihe ure- 
 ters, and through the urethra discharged. The urine 
 of beasts is sometimes called Stale. 
 
 U'RI.N'-ATE, ) V. i. [Supra.] To discharge urine. 
 
 U'RINE, i Bacon. 
 
 li'RIX-OUS, a. Pertaining to urine, or partaking of 
 its qn.alities. .^rbuthnot. 
 
 IJ'RITII, n. The fle.\ible rods bound around hedges. 
 [Provincial.] Farm. Encuc, 
 
 UR.\, 71. [L. urnn.] 
 
 1. ,A kind of vase of a roundish form, largest in 
 the middle ; used as an ornament. Cyc. 
 
 2. A vessel for water. 
 
 3. A vessel in which the ashes of the dead were 
 formerly kept. 
 
 4. A Roman measure for liquids, containing about 
 three gallons and a half, wino measure. It was half 
 the amphora, and four times the congius. Cue. 
 
 UR.\'-SIIaP-£D, (urn'shapte,) a. Having the shape 
 of an urn. 
 
 i;-ROS'eO-PV, n. [nr. otmoi' and (ntfirrw.] 
 
 The judgment ol diseases by inspection of urine. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 UR'RY, n. A sort of blue or black cKay, lying near a ■ 
 
 vein of coal. Mortimer. 
 UR'SA, n. [L.] A bear. 
 
 Ursa major; the Great Bear, one of the most con- 
 spicuous of the northern constellations, situated 
 near the pole. It contains the stars which form the 
 Dipper, or Charles's IVain. 
 
 Ursa Minor ; the constellation nearest the north 
 pole. It contains the pole-star, which is situated in 
 the extremity of the tail. Olmsted. 
 UR'SI-FORM, a. [L. ur.<a, bear, and form.] 
 
 In the sha|>e of a bear. 
 UR'SI.VE, (iir'sin,) a. [L. ursinus.] 
 
 Pertaining to or resembling a bear. 
 UR'SU-I,I.\'E, a. Deiititing an orderof nuns, socallcd 
 from their institutress, St. Ursula, who devole them- 
 selves to the succor of poverty and sickness, and 
 the educ.ttion of the young. Used also as a noun. 
 
 {j;{VF«.jn. [L.ur«.,.] iCy- 
 
 1. The wild bull. 
 
 2. In natural histonj, the trivial or specific name of 
 the species of Bos or Taurus, to which the common 
 bull or ox and cow belong. In its wild stale, it for- 
 merly inhabited Ihe central parts of Europe. 
 
 US, pron. ; objective case of We. 
 
 Give ue this day our daily bre.ad. Lord'a Prayer. 
 
 U. S. ; an abbreviation for United States. V. S. A., 
 ftir United Statfs of .America. 
 
 t:'.«A-l!LE, a. That may be used. 
 
 li'SAGE, n. [Fr., from user, to use. See Use.] 
 
 1. Treatment ; an action or series of actions per 
 formed by one person toward another, or which di- 
 rectly alfecl him; as, pood usage; ill usage; hard 
 
 TO.N'E, BI;LL, unite. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CII as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 153 
 
 1221 
 
USE 
 
 USU 
 
 UTM 
 
 usai'c. Gentle usa^e will often effect wlwit haisli 
 UNdi'-e will nut. The elephant may be goveineii by 
 mild usase* 
 
 9. Use, or ong-continued use ; custom ; practice. 
 Uninterrupted usage for a Ions time, or inimemnrial 
 vsa<re^ constitutes prescription. Custom is a local 
 u.-iaire: prescri|>tion is a personal usage. In language, 
 u.-ittge is the foundation of all rules. 
 
 of ihiii^ once received and coiifirinej by use, long usi^e is a 
 li\w surtiaeiit. lloo'^er. 
 
 3. Manners; behavior. [Oi,>-.] Sprnser. 
 IJ'SAO-ER, (yu'za-jer,) n. [Kr.] One who has the 
 use of any thing in trust for another. [JVoJ in use.] 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 IJ'SANCE, (yu'zans,) n. [Fr.] Use ; proper employ- 
 ment. Spenser. 
 
 2. Usury ; interest paid for money. SliaJi. 
 
 3. [n commerce, the time wiiicli, by usai^e or cus- 
 tom, is allowed in certain countries for tlie payment 
 of a bill of exchange. This time may be one, two, 
 or three months after the date of the bill, according 
 to the custom of the places between which the ex- 
 changes run. Bouvier. 
 
 ySE, (yuse,) re. [L. usus; It. uso; Fr. us, pi.] 
 
 1. The act of handling or employing in any man- 
 ner, and for any purpose, but especially for a profita- 
 ble purpose; as, the vse of a pen in writing ; the 
 use of books in study ; the use of a spade in digging. 
 Use is of two kinds — that which employs a thing 
 without destroying it or its forju, as the use of a book 
 or of a farm; or it is the employment of a thing 
 which destroys or wastes it, as the use of bread for 
 provision ; the use of water for turning a mill. 
 
 2. Employment; application of any thing to a pur- 
 pose, good or bad. It is our duty to make a failliful 
 use of our opportunities and advantages for improve 
 ment. 
 
 Books can never teacti the use of books. Bacon. 
 
 3. Usefulness ; utility ; advantage ; production of 
 benefit. The value of a thing is to be estimated by 
 its use. His friendship has been of use to me. 
 
 'Tis use alone that sanctilies expense. Pope. 
 
 4. Need of employment, or occasion to employ. I 
 have no further use for this book. 
 
 5. Power of receiving advantage. [Unusual.] 
 
 Drydeiu 
 
 6. Continued practice or employment. 
 
 Sweetness, Inilh, aiui every gr.xce, 
 
 Wliich time ami use are wont to teach. Waller. 
 
 7. Custom ; common occurrence, 
 
 Cesar, tliese thin^ are beyond all use. [Unusual.] Sltalc. 
 
 8. Interest; the premium paid for the possession 
 and employment of borrowed money. Snutli. 
 
 9. In lam, the benefit or profit of lands and tene- 
 ments. Use imports a trust and confidence reposed 
 in a man for the bidding of lands. He to whose use 
 or benefit the trust is intendeil, shall enjoy the 
 profits. An estate is granted and limited to A for 
 tlie use of B. 
 
 Statute of M.5CS; in Enslami, the Stat. 27 Henry 
 VIII., cap. 10, which transfers uses into possession, 
 or wliioli unites the use and possession. 
 
 Cestui/ que use ; in (aw, the person who has the use 
 of lands and tenements. 
 
 Contingent use, in law. A contingent or springing 
 use, is where the use is suspended on a future 
 event. 
 
 Resulting use, is one which, being limited by the 
 deed, expires or can not vest, and results or returns 
 to him who raised it, after such expiration. 
 
 SeconiUirii or shifting use, is that whicli, though ex- 
 ecuted, may change from one to another by circum- 
 stances, Black.stone. 
 
 In use ; in employment ; as, the book is now in 
 use. 
 
 2, In customary practice or ob.<crvancc. Such 
 words, rites, and ceremonitis, have long been in use. 
 IJSE, (yuzc,) B. «, [Fr, user; It, usare ; Sp, u.tar ; L. 
 utor, usus : Gr. cOnn] 
 
 1. To employ ; to handle, hold, occupy, or move, 
 for some purpose ; as, to use a plow ; to u.$e a chaT ; 
 to Mvc a book ; to use time. Most men use the rigiit 
 hand with more convenience than the left, and 
 hence its name, right. 
 
 2. T(» waste, consume, or exhaust, by employment ; 
 as, to use fioiir for foocl ; to use beer fi)r drink; to 
 use water for irrigation, or for turning the wheel of 
 a mill. 
 
 To accustom; to habituate; to render familiar 
 by practice ; as, men usrd to cold and liuntier; sol- 
 diers used to hardships and danger. Jiihlisnn. Sioift. 
 
 4. 'I'o treat ; as, to lue one well or ill ; to use peo- 
 ple with kindneaii and civility ; to use a beast with 
 cruelly. 
 
 Cato has utt'I me ill, Aihtiion. 
 
 T>. To practice customarily. 
 
 l/ae h(j«pilnlity one to aiiolher. — I Pel. Iv. 
 To use one's self; to behave, [ OA.V.J Shak. 
 \\%E,v.i. To be accustomed ; to practice customarily. 
 The/ ute to place hirn ttiat shall bo their capuin on n ■tune. 
 
 9. To be wont. 
 
 Fears used to be represented in an imaginary fishion. Bacon, 
 
 3. To frequent ; to inhabit, 
 
 Wiiere never foot did use, Spenser, 
 
 XIS'F.T), (yuzd,) pp. Employed ; occupied ; treated. 
 
 USE'FyL, (yuse'ful,) a. Producing or having power 
 to produce good ; beneficial ; profitable ; helpful to- 
 ward advancing any purpose; as, vessels and instru- 
 ments useful in a family ; books useful for improve- 
 ment ; useful knowledge ; useful arts. 
 
 IJSE'FUL-LY, arfii. In such a manner as to produce 
 or advance some end; as, instruments or time 
 fully employed. 
 
 IJSE'FIJL-NESS, 77. Conduciveness to some end, 
 properly to some valuable end ; a.s, the usefulness of 
 canal navigation; the usefulness of machinery in 
 manufactures. 
 
 IJSE'LESS, a. Having no use ; unserviceable ; pro- 
 ducing no good end ; answering no valuable piir|)ose ; 
 not advancing the end proposed j as, a iwc/cs-v gar- 
 ment ; useless pity, Oiiii. 
 
 XJSE'LESS-LY, adv. In a useless manner ; without 
 profit or advantage, Locke. 
 
 II.SE'LES.S-1\ESS, re. Unserviceahleness ; unfitness 
 for any valuable purpose, or for the purpose intended ; 
 as, the uselessness of pleasure. 
 
 US'ER, n. One who uses, treats, or occupies, 
 
 USH'EK, re. [Fr. kuissier, a door-keejicr, from htiis. 
 It. uscio, a door.] 
 
 1. Properhj, an offirer or servant who has the care 
 of the door of a court, hall, chamber, or the like; 
 hence, an olhcer whose business is to introduce 
 strangers, or to walk before a person of rank. In 
 the king's household there are four gentlemen-ushers 
 of the privy ch;imher. Tiiere is also an usher of the 
 excheiiuer, who attends the barons, sherifl's, juries, 
 &c. [England.] Cije. 
 
 2. An under-teacher or assistant to the preceptor 
 of a school. 
 
 USH'ER, r. t. To introduce, as a forerunner or har- 
 binger ; to forerun. 
 
 The stars, that usher evenin?, rosi?. IMVton. 
 The J-ixaminer w^is ushered into the world by a letter, selling 
 forth the great genins of the author. Addison. 
 
 USH'ER-OT, pp. Introduced. 
 USiI'ER-I.\G, ppr. Introducing, as a forerunner. 
 USH'ER-SHIP, 71. The oflice of an usher. 
 US'QUE-BAUGH, (us'kwe-baw,) 7t, [Ir, uisge, 
 
 water, anil bagh, life.] 
 A compound distilled spirit. From this word, by 
 
 contraction, we have Whiskv, 
 US'TION, (ust'yiin,) re. [Fr, ustion ; L. M.<(io, from 
 
 uro, ustns, to burn.] 
 The ^ict of burning ; the state of being burnt. 
 US-To'RI-OUS, a. [Supra.] Having the quality of 
 
 burning. fVutts. 
 US-TU-La'TION, re. [L. nstuhitus.] 
 
 1. The act of burning oi- scaring. Petty. 
 
 2. In metullargy, ustulation is tlie operation of ex- 
 pelling one substance from another by heat, as sul- 
 phur and arsenic from ores, in a muffle. 
 
 3. In pharmacy, the roasting or drying of moist 
 substances so as to prepare them for pulverizing ; 
 also, the burning of wine. Cyc. 
 
 liS'U-AL, (yu'zhu-al,) a. [Fr. usuel; from luc] 
 
 Customary ; common ; frequent : such as occurs 
 in ordinary practice or in the ordinary course of 
 events, Kainy weather is not usual in this climate, 
 
 Consnltalion with oracles was formerly a thing very usual. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 US'TJ-AL-IjY, adi\ Commonly ; customarily ; ordina- 
 rily. Men usually find some excuse for their vices. 
 It is usually as cold in North America in the fortieth 
 degree of latitude, as it is in the west of Europe in 
 the fiftieth. 
 
 TTS'lJ-AL-NESS, 71. Commonness; frequency, 
 li-SU-CAP'TION, 71, [L, usus, use, and ca;<io, to 
 take,] 
 
 In the civil lam, the same as Prkscription in the 
 common law ; the acquisition of the title or right to 
 property by the uninterrupted and unilispiitetl pos- 
 session of it for a certain term prescribed liy law. 
 IJ'SU-FRUCT, n. [L. usus, use, and fructus, fruit.] 
 In law, the right of enjoying a thing which be- 
 longs to another, and of deriving from it all the 
 profit or benefit it m.ty produce, provided it be with- 
 out nllering the substance of the tiling. Bouricr. 
 IJ-SU-FRUeT'y-A-RY, re. A person who has the use 
 and enjoyment of property for a time, without hav- 
 ing the title or property. .lohnson. 
 IIS'lJRE, i>. i. To practice usury. [Kotinuse.] 
 
 Shah, 
 
 IJS'tJ-UER, (yi'zhii-rer,) n. [See tlsenv.] Formerly, 
 
 a person who lent money and took interest fiir it. 
 9. In present usage, one who lends money at a rale 
 
 of interest beyond that established by law, 
 TJ-SO'Rl-Oirs, (yu-zu'rp-us,) a. Practicing usury ; 
 
 taking exorbitant interest for the use of money ; as, 
 
 a u,turious person. 
 2, Partaking of usury ; containing usury ; ns, a 
 
 usurious conlract, which by statute is void. 
 IJ-SO'lU-OUH-LY, atto. In a usurious manner. 
 
 IJ-Su'RI-OUS-NESS, re. The state or quality of being 
 usurious. 
 
 IJ-SURl", (yu-ziirp',) ti, t, [Fr, usurper ; L. usurpo.] 
 To seize and hold in possession by force or with- 
 out right ; as, to usurp a throne ; to usurp the pre- 
 rogatives of the crown ; to usurp power. To iisurp 
 the right of a patron, is to oust or dispossess him. 
 
 Vice sometimes usurps the place of virlue. Denham. 
 
 [Usurp is not applied to common dispossession of 
 private propertv.] 
 
 lJ-SURP-A'TIOi\', re. [Supra.] The act of seizing or 
 occupying and enjoying the power or property of 
 anotiier without right ; as, the usurpationof a throne ; 
 the usurpation of the supreme power. Usurpation, 
 in a peculiar sense, denotes the absolute ouster and 
 dispossession of the patron of a church, by present- 
 ing a clerk to a vacant benefice, who is thereupon 
 adiuilted and instituted. Cyc, 
 
 U-SURP'A-TO-RY, a. Usurping; marked by usurpa- 
 tion. 
 
 y-SURP'ED, (yu-zurpt',) pp. or a. Seized or occu- 
 pied and enjoyed by violence, or without right. 
 
 IJ-SURP'ER, 71. One who seizes or occupies the pow- 
 er or property of another without right ; as, the 
 usurper of a tiuone, of power, or of the rights of a 
 patron. Shale. Dryden. Cyc. 
 
 IJ-SURP'ING, ppr. or a. Seizing or occupying the 
 power tir property of another without right. 
 
 XJ-SURP'ING-LY, at/«, Dy usurpation; without just 
 riglit or claim. Shall. 
 
 I^S'U-RY, (yii'zhu-re,) n. [Fr, usure; L, usura, from 
 utor, to use.] 
 
 1. Formerly, interest ; or a premium paid, or stipu- 
 lated to be paid, for the use of money, 
 
 [Usury formerly denoted any legal interest; but in 
 this sense, the word is no longer in use.] 
 
 2. In present usage, illegal interest; a premium or 
 compensation pain, or stipulated to be paid, for the- 
 use of money borrowed or returned, beyond the rate 
 of interest established by law. 
 
 3. The praitice of taking interest, [Ohs.] Bacon. 
 USUS LO-Q,UEjY'D[, [L.J The usual mode of 
 
 speaking. 
 
 UT ; the first note in Guidu's musical scale ; now usu- 
 ally superseded by Do. 
 
 IJ-TEN''.SIL, re. [Fr. utensile. This seems to be formed 
 on the participle of the L. utor.] 
 
 An instrument ; that which is used ; particularly, 
 an instrument or vessel u.sed in a kitchen, or in do- 
 mestic and farming business. 
 
 U'TER-[.\E, (yii'ter-in,) a. [Fr, uterine; L, uterinus, 
 from uterus.] 
 
 Pertaining to the womb. Uterine brother or sister, 
 is one born of the same mother, but by a dilli rent 
 father. Ci/c. 
 
 IJ-TE-RO-GES-TA'TION, re. Gestation in the womb 
 from conception to birth. PrUchard. 
 
 IJ'TE-RUS, re. [L.] The womb. 
 
 U'TILE, (yu'til,) u. Profitable; useful. 
 
 U'Tl-LE DUL'CI, [L.j The useful with the agree- 
 able. 
 
 IJ-TIL-I-Ta'RI-AN, n. Consisting in or pertaining to 
 utility ; pertaining to utilitarianism, 
 
 y-TIL-I-TA'RI-AN, n. One who holds the doctrine 
 of utilitarianism. 
 
 IJ-TIL-l-TA'RI-AN-ISM, re. The doctrine that the 
 greatest liapi>iness c f the greatest nuinber should be 
 the end and aim of all social and political institu- 
 tions. J. Brntham. 
 
 2. The term has also been applied to the doctrine 
 of llumc, that utility is the sole standard of moral 
 conduct; or that evtiry thing is right which appears 
 to be useful, irrespective of God's decision on the 
 subject in liis Woril. 
 
 3. 'J'lie term has also sometimes been applied to 
 the doctrine that virtue is founded in utility ; or that 
 the practice of virtue is enjoined by God solely on llie 
 ground of its tendency to promote the highest happi- 
 ness of the universe, 
 
 T.J-TII/I-TY, (yu-til'e-te,) re. [Fr, utiliti ; L, utilitas, 
 from i('"i-, to use.] 
 
 Usefulness; production of good; profitableness to 
 some valuable end ; as, the utility of maiiures upon 
 land; the iifidfi/ of the sciences; the of medi- 
 
 cines. . . 
 
 n-TlL-I-7.A'TION, re. A making prnfitable ; a gaining, 
 IJ'TIL-IZE, V. t, [It. utdiuarc; Sp. uldizar ; from 
 utile, util, iisefuH 
 
 1. To gain iirolit ; to acquire, Joum, of Science. 
 
 2. To Iiirn to profitable account or use, 
 IT'T1I.-I'/-A;n, ;>;i. Made profitable. 
 ti'TIL-IZ-lN(;,;i;'i-. Rendering profilabic ; gaining. 
 U'7'I P0S-SI-1)E''I'1S, [I-., as you possess.] In 
 
 politics, the basis or principle of a treaty which leaves 
 belligerents mutually in possession of what Ihey have 
 acquired by their arms during tlie war. Brande. 
 U'TIS, n. [Fr. huit.] 
 
 1. An ancient law term, signifying the eighth nay 
 after any festival ; it also denotes the festival itself, 
 
 7 ()(I7IC. 
 
 2. Hustle ; stir. Sludt. 
 UT'MO.ST, a. [Sax. ulma:tt, ulmesi : ut, out, and 
 
 mest, most, that is, to the outermost point.] 
 
 FATE, FAIl, F^VLL, WH^T METE, PUBY,— PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, HQQK — _ 
 
VAC 
 
 VAC 
 
 VAD 
 
 I. Extreme ; being al Ilic fiirtliust point or ex- 
 tremity ; as, the utmo.tt limit uf Nurlli America ; the 
 ulmiist limits uf tlio land ; tlic utnKul extent uf human 
 knowledge. 
 
 a. IJcing in the greatest or highest degree ; as, tho 
 utiiwsL assiduity ; the utmost harniuny ; the utmost 
 misery or lia|i|)iness ; the utmost peril. Sftak. 
 UT'.MtjST, 71. The most that can lie; the greatest 
 P'uver, degree, or effort, lie lias dune his utmost. 
 Try your utmost, 
 
 I will he frPB 
 
 Kvt-n to ihe utmost as 1 pk-anc in vvonls. Shale. 
 
 tJ-To'Pl A, n. A term invented by Sir Thomas More, 
 [Iriim the Gr. oir.^T.n, no place,] and applieil to an 
 iuKtginary isle, wliich he represents ;vs enjoying the 
 greatest perfection in politics, laws, &c. 'J'lie word 
 is Tiow used in all the languages of Europe, to sig- 
 nify a state of idi al perfection. Hrande. 
 
 y-TO'PI-AN, n. [from iMore's Utopia.] Ideal ; chi- 
 merical ; fanciful ; not well founded. 
 
 l|-'l'0'l'l-.Ai\-IS.M, n. Chimerical schemes in theory 
 or practice. . Chalmrrs. 
 
 U'Tltl-CLE, (yu'tri-kl,) n. [L. ufricu/iis, a little bag or 
 buttle.) 
 
 1. A little bag or bladder ; a little cell ; a reservoir 
 in plants to receive the sa[>. Fonrcroy. J)Iarti/n. 
 
 2. A capsule of one cell, and containing a solitary 
 seed, often very thin and semi-transparent, con- 
 stantly destitute of valves, and falling with the seed. 
 
 0(Ertner, Cijc. Sinitfl. 
 IJ-TRie'lI LAR, a. Containing utricles ; furnished 
 
 with glandular vessels li!;e small bags ;^s plants. 
 UT''1'1'.K, a. [Sax. ; that is, outer.] Situated mi the 
 
 outside or remote from the center. J\IiUon. 
 
 'J. I'laced or being beyond any compass ; out of 
 any place ; as, the uttrr deep. Miitmi. 
 
 1. i;.Mreme ; excessive ; utmost ; as, uller darkness. 
 
 4. Complete ; total ; final ; as, nlicr ruin. 
 
 5. Peremptory ; absolute ; as, au utter refusal or 
 denial. 
 
 0. Perfect; mere; quite; as, i/Kcr strangers. 
 
 Uttrr barrister ! one recently admitted as barrister, 
 who was accnstoun'd to plead without the bar, as 
 distinguished t'roin the bcncliers, wliu were permitted 
 to pli ad within the bar. Cowei. 
 UT'TEK, V. t. Tu speak ; to pronounce ; to express ; 
 as, to ii//fr words ; to tiJfcr sounds. Mdison. 
 
 'J. To disclase ; to discover; to divulge; to pub- 
 lish. He never utters a syllable of what 1 suppose to 
 be intended as a secret. 
 
 3. To sell ; to vend ; as, to utter wares. 
 [Thii u ohstiletr, unless in the law style.] 
 
 4. To put or semi into circulation ; to put ofT, as 
 currency, or caust^ to pass in commerce ; as, to vtter 
 com or notes. A man utters a false note, who gives 
 it in payment, knowing it to be false. 
 
 UT'TER-A-liLE, a. Tiiat may be uttered, pro- 
 nounced, or expressed. 
 
 UT'TER-ANCE, k. 'I'he act nf uttering words ; pro- 
 nunciation ; manner uf speaking ; as, a good or bad 
 utterance. 
 
 Tbcy l»>^n to ipenk with other toii^og, na the Spirit g.ire tliriii 
 utterance. — Acl» ii. 
 
 2. Emission from the mouth ; vocal e.rprcssion ; 
 as, the utterance uf sounds. 
 
 3. (Fr. outrancc.] Extremity ; furthest part. [JV'oi 
 oi itse.] Shuli, 
 
 V'V'TFAl-F.D, pp. Spoken; pronounced; disclosed; 
 published; put into circulation. 
 
 UT''I"EU EK, n. Une who utters; one who pio- 
 iiuiinces. 
 
 2. t)iii; who divulges or discloses. 
 
 3. One who puts into circulation. 
 
 4. A seller ; a veiiib r. 
 
 UT'TER-I.NG, pfir. Pronouncing; disclosiiig ; put- 
 ting into circulation ; selling. 
 
 UT"I'EK LY, aitv. 'i'o the full extent : fully ; perfect- 
 ly ; totally : as, utlerhj 'ired ; uttrrly debased ; ullerhj 
 lost tu all sense uf Kliaiiie ; it is utterly vuin ; ulierly 
 out I f my [lower. 
 
 U'J''TEK-.\loST, a. [ii«cr and most.] Extreme ; be- 
 ing ill the furthest, great! st, or highest degree ; as, 
 the utlrnnnsl extent or end ; the uttermost distn ss. 
 
 UT'TER-.MoST, M. The grvutesU 'i'he uUermost we 
 can do is to be patient. 
 
 V'o the uttermost ; in the most extensive degree ; 
 fully. Urb. vii. 
 
 U' V'E-()L'.'<, (yQ've-us,) a. [L. una, a grape.] 
 
 1. Resembling a grape. Ray. 
 
 2. The ut^euHs coat of the eye, or iieca, is the pos- 
 terior lamina of the iris ; so called by liie ancients, 
 because in the animals which they dissected, it re- 
 sembles an unripe grape. Parr. 
 
 tl'VU-LA, 71. [I. .J .\ soft, roiiiid, spongy body, sus- 
 pended from the palate near the foraiiiiiia uf the 
 nostrils, over the glottis. lyuiemun. 
 
 The small conical body projecting from the middle 
 of Jhe soft palate. Cyc. 
 
 UX-O'RI-OUS, a. [I.. uTorius, from uzor, wife.) 
 Siibiuissively fond of a wife. Bacon. 
 
 UX-O'RI-OUS-LY, ado. With fond or servile submis- 
 sion to a wife. Drydi-'H. 
 
 UX-0'RI-OlJS-i\ESS, u. Connubial dotage; foolish 
 fondness for a wife. .Mure. 
 
 V. 
 
 VIS the twenty-second letter of the English al|)ha- 
 bet, and a labial articulation, formed by the Junc- 
 tion of the upper teeth with the lower lip, as in pro- 
 nouncing av, fi), on, vain. It is not a close articula- 
 tion, but one that adniitsof some sound. It is nearly 
 allied to /, being formed by the same organs ; but 
 V is vocal, and / is aspirate, and this constitutes 
 the principal difference between tliein. y and u 
 were formerly the same letter, derived, no doubt, 
 from the Oriental vau or wato ; but they have now as 
 distinct uses as any tw;o letters in the alphabet, and 
 are therefore to he considered as different letters, f 
 has one sound only, as in vent, vote, larisk. 
 
 As a numeral, V stands for 5. \Vitli a dash over 
 it, in old books, V, it stands for 5000. 
 
 V. K., among IJtc Roman.t, stood for M(i roffas, as 
 you desire : V. C. for vir con.iularis ; V. G. for verbi 
 ^atia ; V. L. for ridelicit. 
 
 In music for iiisfrumcHts, V. stands for violin; V. 
 V. for riolitis. 
 
 VaCVN-CV, n. [L. vaeans, from men, to he empty ; 
 Fr. vacancc ; It. racan:a; Sp vaeaneia ; W. gtoa^ ; 
 Heb. p3, to empty. Class Bg, No. 28.] 
 
 1. Empty space ; vacuity. 
 
 [In Ibis sense, Vacuity is now generally used.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 2. Chasm ; void space between bodies or objects ; 
 as, a i-acancy between two beams or boards in a 
 building; a vacancy between two buildings; a ra- 
 caney between words in a writing. IValts. 
 
 3. The st.ate of being destitute of an incumbent ; 
 want of the regular olficer to othciate in a place. 
 Hence, 
 
 4. The office, post, or benefice which is destitute 
 of an incumbent ; as, a vacancy in a parish ; racart- 
 eies in the treasury or war office. There is no ca- 
 caney on the brnch of the Supreme Court. 
 
 5. Time of leisure ; freedom from employment ; 
 intcrmi.ssion of hu.siness. 
 
 Those liltle vacanc\et from toil* .ire sweet. Drydtn. 
 
 6. Eiflllessness ; emptiness uf thought. IVotton. 
 
 7. A place or office not occupied, or destitute of a 
 person to till it ; as, a vacancn in a school. 
 
 VA'GA.NT, a. [ Fr.. from L. racaii.*.] 
 
 1. Empi^' ; not filled ; void of every substance ex- 
 cept air ; as, a vacant space between houses ; vacant 
 room. .Villon. 
 3. Empty ; exhausted of air ; as, a i-acan( receiver. 
 
 Bnyle. 
 
 3. Free ; unencumbered ; unengaged with busi- 
 ness or care. 
 
 Pluluwiphy i» the inten-nt of Ihoie onljr who are vacant from the 
 aliiiin ol the world. More. 
 
 4. Not filled or occupied with an incumbent or 
 possessor ; as, a vacant throne ; a vacant parish. 
 
 5. Iteing unoccupied with business ; as, vacant 
 hours ; vacant moments. .^ddi^on. 
 
 6. Empty of thought ; thoughtless; not occupied 
 with study or reflection ; as, a vacant mind. 
 
 7. Indicating want of thought. 
 
 The liiike li;ui n pli-is,-\nt ftml vacant face. Wotton. 
 
 8. In law, abandoned ; having no heir; as, vacant 
 effects or goods. 
 
 Va'CANT-LY, adv. In a vacant manner. 
 Va'CaTE, c. U To annul ; to make void ; to make 
 of no authority or validity ; as, to vacate a commis- 
 Biun ; to vacate a charter. 
 
 The nec-ssily of olaervin* tlie Jewish 8.-ihhith was vacated hy the 
 iipostoiiwl iiiBUtutiou of the Loril's lUy. Nelson. 
 
 2. To make vacant ; to quit possession and leave 
 destitute. It was resolved by parliament that James 
 had racatcd tlie throne of England. 
 
 3. To defeat ; to put an end to. 
 
 He tacaies iny n?»en^. [t/nusuat.] Dryden. 
 
 VA'€a-TED, pp. Annulled ; made void ; made va- 
 cant. 
 
 Va'Ca-TING, ppr. Milking void ; making vacant. 
 VA-Ca'TIO.V, n. [Fr., from L. vaeatio.] 
 
 1. The .act uf making void, vacant, or of no valid- 
 ity ; a^, the vacation of a charier. 
 
 2. Intermission of judicial proceedings; the space 
 of time between the end of one term and the begin- 
 ning of the next ; non-term. 
 
 3. The intermission of the regular studies and ex- 
 ercises of a college or other seminary, when the stu- 
 dents have a recess. 
 
 4. Interinissiim of a stated employment. 
 
 5. The time when a see or other spiritual dignity 
 is vacant. 
 
 During the Kirvilion of n hisliopric, the dcin ami chipt'-r nre 
 goiinliaiis o! tlif Bpintii.iliiii-3. Cye. 
 
 6. Leisure ; freeilom from trouble or per|)lexity. 
 [JVnw ttttle used.] Hammond. 
 
 V.\e'eA.RY, n. ( L. rncca. a cow.] 
 
 An old word signifying a cow-liouse, dairy-house, 
 or a cow pasture. Bailey. Cue. 
 
 VAC'CI.N-aTE, {vak'sin-5te,)». t [L. vncc.a, a ciiw.] 
 To inoculate with the cow-pox, or a virus taken 
 from cows, called vaccine matter. 
 
 CotC'poz is small-poT, niotlined by the fact uf its 
 having been cominunic.ated to a cow. 
 V.ACCI N-A-TEI), pp. Inoculated with the row-pox. 
 V.'\e'CIN-A-TIN'G, ppr. Inoculating with the cow- 
 pox. 
 
 VAC-CIN-A'Tin.N, n. The act, art, or practice of in- 
 oculating persons with the cow-pox. 
 VAC'CIN-A-TOR, ( n. One who inoculates with the 
 VAecl.N-IST, ( cow-pox. 
 
 VACCINE, (-sin,) a. [L. raecinits, from vaeen, a cow.] 
 Pertaining to cows; derived from cows; as, the 
 vnreine disease or cow-pox. 
 VAC lI ER-V, (vash'er-y,) n. [Fr. vache, a cow.] 
 A pen or inclusiire for cows. Flint. 
 
 VAC'IL-LAN-CV, (vas'sil Ian .sc,) n. [L. racHlans, 
 from vacitlo, to waver, Eng. to teaggie, from the 
 rout of teag, which see.] 
 A state of wavering; fluctuation; inconstancy. 
 
 More. 
 
 VAC'IL-LANT, a. [Supra.] Wavering ; niirluating ; 
 
 unsteaily. Smrlhe. 
 VAC'Il.-L.^TE, V. i. [I., racillo : G. irackeln ; Eng. to 
 
 waggle, a diiuiuiilive uf trug. See Wag.] 
 
 1. To w aver ; to move une way ami the otIlcr ; to 
 reel or stagger. 
 
 2. To fluctuate in mind or upiniun ; to waver j to 
 be unstt^atly or inconstant. 
 
 V.\C'IL-La-T1.\G, ppr. Wavering; reeling; fluctu- 
 ating. 
 
 2. a. Unsteady ; inclined to fluctuate. 
 VAC'II,-L.A-TI.\G-LV, adv. I'nstcadilv. 
 VAC-IL-La'TIO.\, n. [Fr., from I., ra'cllatio.] 
 
 1. A wavering ; a moving one way and the other; 
 a reeling or staggering. 
 
 2. Fliictii.'itiiui uf mind ; unsteadiness ; change 
 from une object to another. S. Lee. 
 
 VAe-U-A'TIO\, 71. [ L. eaeun.] 
 
 The .act of emptying. [Little used.] [See Evicu- 
 
 ATION.) 
 
 VAG't'-IST, 71. [from rafU7/7n.] One who holds to 
 the doctrine of a vacuum in nature ; opposed to a 
 Plemst. Boyle, 
 
 VA eO'l-TY, n. [E. vaeuilas, from rncHiis.] 
 
 1. Emptiness ; a slate tif being unfilled. 
 
 Honker is such a timr ot vaeuily as to rr^qiiirv a fresh supply. 
 
 ArttulknoL 
 
 2. Space unfilled or unoccupied, or occupied with 
 an invisible fluid only. 
 
 A iHiiruiry is iiUersp<-nK-(l Kmon^ th? panicles of mailer. 
 
 Benlley. 
 
 3. Emptiness ; void. 
 
 Goil only can tilt every vaeuity ot the soul. liogers. 
 
 4. Inanity ; emptiness ; want of reality. 
 
 <}ranrille, 
 
 .5. Vacuum, which see. 
 VACT-Ol'S, a. Empty ; tinfilled ; void. .Vi.'fe/i. 
 VAe'li-OCS-N'ESS, 71. The state of bring eiiipiy. 
 
 " .Minttita'fne. 
 
 V.Ae'T!-UM, 71. [I,.] Spare empty or devoid of all 
 matter or bmly. Whi ther there is siirh a thing as 
 an absolute vacuum in nature, is a question which 
 lias been much ciuitrovcrted. The Peripatetics as- 
 sert that nature abluirs a vacuum. 
 
 Torrteellinn racuum ; the vacuum produced by suf- 
 ficiently filling a lube with mercury, nnil allowing it 
 to dt'scelid till It is counterbalanced hy the weight of 
 the atliiusphere, as in the barometer invented l>y Tor- 
 ricelli. 
 
 VaOE, v. i. [I,, ro-/..] 
 
 To vanish . to pass away. [A'ot in use.] IFoUeii. 
 
 VA'DE-.ME'eC.M, 71. [U, go with me.] A book or 
 
 TONE, BIv'LL, IJNITE. — A.V'GER, VI"CIOUS C 03 K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SI! : TH as in THIS. 
 
 1223 
 
VAI 
 
 VAL 
 
 VAL 
 
 other tliinff that a person carries with liim as a con- 
 stant companion ; a manual. 
 
 Va'FROUS, a. [L.vofer.] 
 
 Crafty ; ciinnnig. More. 
 
 VAG'A-BOXU, a. [L. va^aburtdus, from va^or, to 
 wander; from tlie root of ma^.] 
 
 1. Wandering; moving from place to place with- 
 out any settled liabitation ; as, a vagabond exile. 
 
 Shall. 
 
 2. Wanderin;;; floating about without any certain 
 direction ; driven to and fro. 
 
 Like to a vagabond flag upon the stream. SftaJt. 
 
 VAG'.A-BO.VD, H. [Supra.] A vaprant; one who 
 wanders frcpui town to town or place to place, having 
 no certain dwelling, or not abiding in it, and usually 
 without the means of honest livelihood, liy the 
 laws of England and of the Unit! d States, vagabonds 
 are liable to be taken up and punished. 
 
 VAG'A-B8N'Dmri "■ of """""'"S 
 
 VA0'1bSnD-KY • \ i""-'"''^''- 
 VAG'A-BOND-IZE, v. t. To wander about in idle- 
 ness. 
 
 VA-GA'RY, 71. [L. vagus, wandering.] 
 
 A wandering of the thoughts; a wild freak; a 
 whim ; a whimsical purpose. 
 
 Tlify cliaiijeii their mimls, 
 lid into strange oagarits lull. 
 
 Flew ofr, 
 
 Va'GI-EN'T, a. [L. ragiens.] 
 
 Crving like a child. [JVot in tise-l More. 
 VA-Gl'NA, 71. [L., a sheath.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, the canal which leads from the e.x- 
 ternal orifice to the uterus or womb. For.fiftk. 
 
 2. In botany, the leaf-stalk of those plants in 
 which it becomes thin and rolls round the stem, to 
 which it then forms a sheath. Brande. 
 
 VAG'I-NAL, (vaj'e-nal,) a. [L. vagina, a sheath. 
 See Wain.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a sheath, or resembling a sheath ; 
 as, a vaginal membrane. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the. vagina. 
 VAG'I-NANT, a. [L. i-au-ina.] 
 
 In botany, sheathing ; as, a vaginant leaf, one in- 
 vesting the stem or branch by its base, which has 
 the form of a tube. Martiin. 
 VA6'I-NA-TEr), a. In botany, sheathed; invisted 
 by the tubular liase of the leaf; as a stem. Martiin. 
 VAG-I-NO-PE.V'NOUS, a. [L. vagina and pcji«a.j 
 Having the wings covered with a hard case or 
 sheath, as some insects ; sheath-winged. 
 Va'GOUS, a. [L. rag-iis; Fr. I'ag-ae.] 
 
 Wandering ; unsettled. [Little vscd.'\ Jlyliffe. 
 Va'GRAN CY, 71. [from vagrant.] A state of wan- 
 dering without a settled home. Vagraoey, in idle 
 strollers or vagabonds, is punishable by law. 
 Va'GR.\NT, a. [L. ragor.] 
 
 1. Wandering from place to place without any set- 
 tled habitation ; as, a vagrant beggar. 
 
 2. Wandering ; unsettled ; moving without any 
 certain direction. 
 
 Tiiat bcautrons Kmma vagrant courses took. Prior. 
 
 Va'GR.WT, 71. [Norm. frirrur««(.] 
 
 An idle wanderer ; a vagtiboutl ; one who strolls 
 from place to place ; a sturdy beggar ; one who has 
 no settled habitation, or who does not abide in it. 
 Vagrantt and outlaws shiill olTcnd Uiy view. Prior. 
 VA'GR.^NT-LY, adv. In a wandering, unsettled 
 manner. 
 
 VaGUE, (vag,) a. [Fr., from L. vagus, wandering.] 
 
 1. VVandering; vagrant; vagabond; as, i-airuc vil- 
 lains. [//I thiii litertd sen-ir, not u.^ed.] Hayirard. 
 
 2. Unsettled; unfi.ed; undetermined; inil^fi- 
 nite. He appears to have very tiu^'ue ideas of this 
 subject. 
 
 3. Proceeding from no known authority ; flying; 
 uncertain : as, a vague report. 
 
 VAII<, 71. [Fr. voile : It. vrlo : L. velum, from veto, to 
 Cover, to spread over ; Gaelic, folac.k, a vail. It is 
 correctly written Vail, for e, in Latin, is our a.] 
 
 1. Any kind of cb tli which is used for intercept- 
 ing the view antl hiding something ; as, the vail of 
 the temple among the Isrtieliti s. 
 
 2. A piece of thin cloth or silk stufl', used by fe- 
 males to hide their faces. In some Ea-^tern countries, 
 certain classes of females never apjiear abroad with- 
 out vails. 
 
 A cover ; that which conceals; as, the vail of 
 oblivion. 
 
 4. In botanu, the membranous covering of the per- 
 men in the Miisci and liepaticu: ; the calypler. Cye. 
 
 5. VaiU i money given to nervants. [J^'ot n.-ird in 
 America. ] JJryden. 
 
 VAII., «. I. [h-vrlo.] 
 
 To cover ; to hide from the night ; as, to rail the 
 face. 
 
 VAIL, ». L [Fr.avaJer.] 
 1. To let fall. 
 
 Ttiej ■nniv refused to vail (heir bonneU. Cat fui. 
 
 {1 luliitl wttollj/ obtolltr.] 
 
 Q. To let fall ; to lower ; lui, to vail the top-sail. 
 [Obt.J 
 
 3. To let fall ; to Rink. [Obs.] Sliak. 
 
 VaIL, f. 1. To yield or recede ; to give place ; to 
 show respect by yielding. 
 
 Thy convenience must vail to thy neighbor's necessity. (Otij.] 
 
 Soul/t. 
 
 VaIT/SD, pp. or a. Covered; concealed. 
 VaIL'EK, 71. One who yields from resjiect. [Ok.] 
 
 OverbuTy. 
 
 V.\1L'ING, ppr. Covering; hiding from the sight. 
 VAlN,a. [Fr. rain; H. vano : L. 7'aiiuv> ; Gaelic, /arm, 
 
 weak ; /ao;i, void ; W. gwan ; Sans, vana ; probably 
 
 allied to Eng. wan, wane, traiif.] 
 
 1. Empty ; worthless ; having no substance, value, 
 or importance. 1 Pet. i. 
 
 To your vain answer will you have recourse. Blackmore. 
 Every man walketh in a wiirt show. — Ps. xxxix. 
 Why do llie people imagine a vain thing ? — Ps. ii, 
 
 2. Fruitless ; ineftectual. All attempts, all eflbrts 
 were vain. 
 
 Vain is the force of man. Dryden. 
 
 3. Proud of petty things, or of trifling attainments ; 
 elated with a high opinion of one's own accomplish- 
 ments, or with things more showy than valuable ; 
 conceited. 
 
 The minstrels played on every side, 
 Fain of their art. Dryden. 
 
 4. Empty ; unreal ; as, a rain chimera. 
 
 5. Sliowy; ostentatious. 
 
 L-oad some vain church with old theatric stale. Pope. 
 
 6. Light ; inconstant ; worthless. Prov. xii. 
 
 7. Empty; unsatisfying. The pleasures of life 
 are vain. 
 
 8. False ; deceitful ; not genuine ; spurious. 
 James i. 
 
 9. Not eff'ectual ; having no eflicacy. 
 
 Bring no more vain ohlatioiis. — Is. !. 
 In vain ; to no pufpose ; withoBt effect ; Ineflfect- 
 ual. 
 
 In vain do they worship me. — Matt. xv. 
 To take the name of Ood in vain ; to use the name 
 of God with levity or profaneness. 
 VAI.\-GLo'RI-OU'S, a. [vain and glorious.] 
 
 1. Vain to excess of one's own achievements ; 
 elated beyond due measure ; boastful. 
 
 Vainglorious man. Spenser. 
 
 2. Boastful ; proceeding from vanity. 
 
 Arrogant and vainglorious expression. Hale. 
 
 VaIN-GL6'RI-OUS-LY, adv. With empty pride. 
 
 JVfi7(o7i. 
 
 VaIN-GLo'RY, 71. [Dai;i and o-fori/.] Exclusive van- 
 ity excitetl by one's own performances ; empty pride ; 
 undue elation of mind. 
 
 He halh nothing of vainglory. Baron. 
 Let iioiiiiiig Ije done tlirongli strife or vainglory. — Phil. it. 
 
 V.aIN'LY, ar/(i. Without effect ; to no purpose ; inef- 
 fectually ; in vain. 
 
 In weak complaints you wunly waste your breath. Drytlfn. 
 
 2. Boastingly ; with vaunting; proudly; arro- 
 gantly. 
 
 Humility teaciies us not to Uiink vainly nor vauntingly of our- 
 selves. Delany, 
 
 3. Idly ; foolishly. 
 
 Nor vainly \\o\tt to be inviilnenible. Milton. 
 
 VAIX'N'ESS, 71. The state of being vain ; hieflicacy ; 
 inellVclualiiess ; as, the vainness of efforts, 
 2. Empty pride ; vanity. 
 
 VaIR, (a. In AcraUTT/, charged withvair; varie- 
 
 VaIR'Y, i gated with argent and azure colors, when 
 the term is 7'air_i/ proper; and with other colors, when 
 it is voir or vairy composed. 7^odd. 
 
 VaIR, 71. A kind of fur [of frequent occurrence in 
 early heraldry ; it is not now known of what ani- 
 mal. It is represented by little bell-shaped pieces al- 
 ternately of two colors, and usually white and blue. 
 — K. 11. Barker.] 
 
 VaI'VODE, n. [Pclav.] A prince of the Daciafn 
 provinces ; sometimes written VVaiwode, for this is 
 the iirominciatioii. 
 
 V.\L'Ai\'CE, 71. [(iu. Fr. avataat, falling; Norm. 
 valaunt, descending.] 
 
 A piece of drapery hanging round the tester and 
 heail of a bed, and also from the head of window- 
 curtains. Swift. 
 
 VAL'ANCE, ti. «, To decorate with hanging fringes. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 VAL'AN-Cf;D, (val'anst,) pp. Decorated with hang- 
 ing fringes. 
 
 VALE, H. [Fr. i-n« ; It. valle; L. vallis. Qu. W. 
 fficocl, low, anil Eng. to fall, Fr. avaler.] 
 
 1. A tract of low ground or of land between hills ; 
 a valley. [Ku/c is u.si^d in poetry, and i^allcy in prose 
 and commtin discourse.] 
 
 In those fair vales, \>y nature formed to plenie. Ilarte. 
 
 2. A little trough or canal ; as, a pump vale to car- 
 ry off the water from a ship's pump. 
 
 H. Fa/r".« money given to servants, [araif.".] [^"ol 
 used in .America.] 
 VAL E-DIG'TIO.N, 71. [L. valcdico ; vale, farewell, 
 und dico, to say,] 
 
 A farewell ; a bidding farewell. 
 
 VAL-E-Uie-To'RI-AN, 7i. The student of a college 
 who pronounces the valedictory oration at the an- 
 nual commencement. 
 
 VAL-E-mC'TO-RY, a. Bidding farewell , as, a raj- 
 edictonj oration. 
 
 VAL-E-DI€''1'0-RY, 71. In American colleges, an ora- 
 tion or address spoken at comnienceinent, by a mem- 
 ber of the class which receive the degree of bachi lor 
 of arts, and take their leave of college and of each 
 other. 
 
 VAL'EN-TINE, 71. A sweetheart or choice made on 
 Valentine's day. IVolton. 
 
 2. A letter containing professions of love or ati'ec- 
 tion, sent by one young person to another on Valen- 
 tine's day. Barton. 
 
 VAL'E.\'-TiNE'S-UaY, 71. A day sacred to St. Val- 
 entine, the 14th of February. It was a very old no- 
 tion, alluded to by Shakspeare, that on this day birds 
 begin to couple. Hence, perhaps, arose the custom 
 of sending on this day letters containing professions 
 of love and affection. 
 
 VA-Le'RI-.\N, 71. A plant of the genus Valeriana, 
 of many species. The root of the otiicinal valerian 
 ( Valeriana qflicinalis) has a strong smell, is very at- 
 tractive to cats and rats, and is much used in medi- 
 cine. P..Cj/c. 
 
 VAL'ET, (val'et or val'li,) ti. [Fr. ; formerly writ- 
 ten Vadlet, Valect, Vallet, &.C.] 
 
 1. A waiting servant ; a servant who attends on a 
 gentleman's person. 
 
 2. In the manege, a kind of goad or stick armed 
 with a point of iron. Cyc. 
 
 VAL'ET HE CHAM'BRE, (val'la de sham'br,) [Fr.] 
 
 A bodv servant or personal attendant. 
 VAL-E-TU DI-N'a'RI-AN, ) a. [L. valetudinari^is, 
 V.\L-E-TO'DI-NA-RY, j from valetado, from 
 
 valeo, to be well.] 
 Sickly; weak; infirm; seeking to recover 
 
 health. 
 
 VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-AN, j 71. .\ person of a weak, 
 VAL-E-Tu'DI-N.\-RY, j infirm, or sickly con- 
 stitution ; ime who is seeking to recover health. 
 Valetudinarians must live where they can command and scold, 
 
 Sioi/I. 
 
 VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-.\N-IS.M, 71. A state of feeble 
 health ; infirmity. C/i. Sprctator. 
 
 VAL-IIAV LA, n. In the Scandinnrian myt'i.ilogy, the 
 palace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of he- 
 roes slain in battle, Brande, 
 
 VAL'I.'\NCE, (val'yans,) 7i. Bravery; valor. [JVot 
 in use.] Spenser. 
 
 VAL'IANT, (val'yant,) a. [Fr. oaiV/anf, from valoir, 
 L. valeo, to be strong.] 
 
 1. Primarily, strong; vigorous in body ; as, a val- 
 iant fencer. fValton. 
 
 2. Brave; courageous ; intrepid in danger ; heroic ; 
 as, a valiant soldier. 
 
 Be tlion valiant fur me, and fight the Lord's biUtles. — 1 Sam. 
 xviii. 
 
 3. Performed with valor; bravely conducted ; he- 
 roic ; as, a valiant action or achievement ; a valiant 
 combat. J\''f/.fo«. 
 
 VAL'I.AiN'T-LY, ado. ■ Stoutly; vigorously; with per- 
 sonal strength. ' 
 2. Courageously ; bravely ; heroically. 
 VAL'IANT-NESS, n. Stoutness; strength. 
 
 2. Most generally, valor; bravery; intrepidity in 
 danger. 
 
 Achiinetps, havin* won the top of the walls, by the valiantnest 
 of Uie defeiid;iiits was forced to retire. KnoUes. 
 
 VAL'ID, a. [Fr. valide ; L. validus, from ruleo, to be 
 strong. The primary sense of the root is, to strain or 
 stretch.] 
 
 1. Having sufficient strength or force ; founded in 
 truth ; sound ; just ; good ; that can be siipportiid ; 
 not weak or defective ; as, a valid reason ; a valid 
 argument ; a valid objection. 
 
 2. Having legal strength or force ; eflicacious; 
 executed with the proper formalities; that can not 
 be rightfully overthrown or set aside ; supportable by 
 law or right; as, a valid deed; a t<a(i(/ covenant ; a 
 valid instrument of any kind ; a valid claim or title ; 
 a r^alid marriage. 
 
 3. Strong ; powerful ; tn a literal soise ; as, fafiii 
 arms, [.Kot in use.] 
 
 VAL-II)-A'TION, n. The act of giving validity to. 
 
 Knowles. 
 
 VA-I,in'I-TY, 71. [Fr. validity ; fiimi valid.] 
 
 1. Strength or force to convince ; justness; sound- 
 ness; as, tlie iin/ii/ifi; of an argument or proof; the 
 validity of an objection, 
 
 2. Legal strength or force ; that quality of a thing 
 which renders it supportable in law or equity ; as, 
 the validity of a will ; the validity of a grant ; the 
 tia/iditv of a claim or of a title. Certain forms and 
 solemnities are usually requisite to give validity to 
 contrai ls and conveyances of rights. 
 
 3. Value. [J^ot in use.] Slia'.. 
 VAL'IO-LY, adv. In a valid manner; In such 
 
 manner or degree as to make firm or to convince. 
 VAL'in-N'ESS, n. Validity, « hu h see, 
 VAL'LN'CII, n, A tube for drawing liquors from tt 
 
 cask by the bung-hole. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— METE, PRBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK,- 
 
 1224 
 
VAL 
 
 VA-UrtK', (V!i-lees',) n. [Fr.] A siikiM leather sack 
 
 ur c:ist;, upeiiiiiK <>n the side, for cuniamhi^ tlie 
 
 clcitlies, &c., of a traveler. 
 VAL LAN'CY, n. [from valance] A large wig tlint 
 
 BliaclcH the face. DnjUcii. 
 VAI,-LA'TIOi\, H. [L. vallatu.1, from vallum, a wall.] 
 
 A rnnpart or entreticliniciit. fVart^)/!. 
 VAL'LEY, H.; p(. Valleys. [Fr. vallie ; L. valtis. 
 
 See Vale,] 
 
 1. A hollow or low tract of land between liills or 
 moti mains'. 
 
 2. A low, extender! plain, usually alluvial, pene- 
 trated or washed by n river. Tin; vallnj of the Con- 
 necticut is remarkable for its fertility and beunty. 
 
 Ye rnoiintiins, sink ; yp valieys, rise : 
 
 Pn-'piiPe llie LoiU |U4 w.^)'. Watlt, 
 
 3- In buHdimr, the gutter or internal angle formed 
 by lwi> inclined sides of a roof. liramle. 
 VAL'LU.M, H. [L.] A rampait, trench, or wall. 
 
 Warion. 
 
 V.^-LO'NI-.A, n. A species of acorn, produced in the 
 Morea and the Levant, and used by tanners. 
 
 McCuUoch. 
 
 V.\I/OR, n. [L. valor : Fr. valctir ; from L. valco, to 
 be strong, to be worth.] 
 
 Strength of mind in regard to danger ; that quality 
 which enables a man to encounter danger with firm- 
 ness ; personal bravery ; courage ; intrepidity ; prow- 
 ess. 
 
 When valor piyyt on renson, 
 
 It e.iu the xwont it hghta wiih. Sliak, 
 Kor coiilcmpl.itioii lieund valor formed. Rlillon. 
 
 VJI-LO' REM, [f,.] [n commerce, according to 
 the valine ; as, an a*/ valorctn duty. 
 
 VAL'OK-OUS, a. Brave; courageous; stout; in- 
 trepid ; as, a valorous knight. 
 
 VA Ij'OR-O US-LY, a//i>. In a brave manner; heroic- 
 allv. 
 
 VA1.'U- A-RI,E, a. [Fr. valahle ; from ra/iic] 
 
 1. Having value or worth ; having some good 
 qtialities which are useful and esteeinetl ; precious ; 
 as, a imlaahU horse ; valuable land ; a valuable house. 
 
 Worthy ; estimable ; deserving esteem ; as, a 
 valuable friend ; a valuable companion. 
 VAI,-I!-.^'TION, 71. [from value.] The act of esti- 
 mating the valui; or worth ; the act of setting a 
 price ; t;:-, the just valuation of civil and religious 
 privileges. 
 
 2. Apprizemcnt ; as, a valuation of lands for the 
 purpose of taxation. 
 
 3. Value set uptm a thing ; estimated worth. 
 
 So sligtit a ealaation, Stiak. 
 
 VAI,-II-A'TOR, n. One who sets a value ; an ap- 
 pri/er. 
 
 VAI/I'E, (val'yu,) n. [Fr. raloir, valu ; from L. vaior, 
 from valrn, to be worth j. It. vatore ; Sr>. valor.] 
 
 1. Worth ; that property or those , roperties of a 
 thing which render it useful or estimaole ; or the rie- 
 gri'e of that proi>erty or iif such properties. The real 
 value of a thing is its utility, its power or capacity of 
 procuring or producing good. Hence, the real or in- 
 trinsic value of iron is far greater than that of gold. 
 But there is, in [iiany things, an estimated value, de- 
 pending on opinion or fashion, such as the value of 
 precious stones. The ralue of land depends on its 
 fertility, or on its vicinity to a market, or on both. 
 
 2. Price ; the rate of worth set upim a commodity, 
 or the amount for which a thing is sold. We say, 
 the rahie of a thing is what it will bring in market. 
 
 3. Worth ; applied ta persons. 
 
 Ye ur" all pliysici;ins of no valut. — Job xiii. 
 
 Ye of iiioK v<Uue thuji many iparrowa. — Mntt. x. 
 
 4. High rate. 
 
 O'sMf i« w.'ll acquainted with your rirtue, 
 And Uiervfure seu this value on your life. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 5. Importance; efficacy in producing etfects ; as, 
 considerations of no value. 
 
 Before events sh.ill have decided on the value of the mensnres. 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 6. Import ; precise signification ; as, the value of a 
 word or phra.se. Milfurd. 
 
 VAI/I;e, (val'yu,) v. U To estimate the worth of; to 
 rate at a certain price ; to apprize ; as, to i-ufuc lands 
 or goods. 
 
 2. To rate at a high price ; to have in high esteem ; 
 as, a va/tieJ poem or picture. .\ man is apt to value 
 his own performances :it too high a r.'it:; ; he is even 
 disfiosed to value himself for liis humility. 
 
 3. To esteem ; to hohl in respect and estimation ; 
 M, to value one for his works or virtues. 
 
 4. To take account of. 
 
 The mind doih value every moment. Bacon. 
 
 5. To reckon or estimate with respect to number 
 or power. 
 
 The queen is valued thirty thous-and strong. ShaJc. 
 
 6. To consider with respect to importance. 
 
 The kine must t.al(e it ill, 
 So tllghtiy valued in his inesseii^.T. Shale. 
 Nei[h,.r of ihein valued Uieir pruuiisea acconlinf to the rul'.-s of 
 honor or inlc^ty. Ctarttuton. 
 
 VAN 
 
 7. To raise to estimation. 
 
 Some mine iliemaelves lo their country hy jecilomies to llie crown. 
 [.Vol in ute.\ Temiile. 
 
 8. To be worth. [JVut in use.] Sliak. 
 VAI/U-Kl), (v.il'ytide,) or a. Estimated at a cer- 
 tain rate ; appri/.ed ; esteetned. 
 
 VAI/IJE-LEtirf, a. Being of no value ; having no 
 worth. 
 
 VAL'IJ-EU,n. One who values; an apprizor; one 
 who hulits in esteem. 
 
 VALM J-INt;, ppr. Setting a price on ; estimating the 
 worth of; esteeming. 
 
 VAijV'ATE, a. [See Valve.] Having or resembling 
 a valve ; consisting of valves ; valvular. 
 
 VALVE, (valv,) n. [L. valvee, folding doors ; coincid- 
 ing with iii;/('i<.] 
 1. A folding door. 
 
 Swift ihrougli tlie valvet the visonory fair 
 Repassed. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. A lid or cover to an npertnrej so formed as to 
 open a communication in one tlirection, and close it 
 in the f)lher. Thus the valve of a common pump 
 opens upward to admit the water, and closes down- 
 ward tti prevent its return. 
 
 3. In anatomy, a membranous partition within the 
 cavity of a vessel, which opens to allow the passage 
 of a fluid in one direction, und shuts to prevent its 
 regurt;itati(M). I'arr. 
 
 4. In botany, n name given tothe pieces into which 
 a pericarp naturally separates when it bursts ; also to 
 similar parts in other organs, as the anther. Brande. 
 
 ,5. One of the pieces or tlivisiuns in bivtilve and 
 miiltivalve shells. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 VALV'Kl), n. Having valves ; composed of valves. 
 VALV'LET, j ;(. A little valve; luie of the pieces 
 V.ALV'LJLE, ( which comjiuse the outer covering of 
 
 a pericarp. 
 VALVy-LAR, a. Containing valves. 
 
 Moor. Med. Diet. 
 VA.'^I'BRaCE, n. [Fr. avnnt-bras.] 
 
 In plate armor, the piece which protected the arm 
 beli'W the elbow. ■ Brandr. 
 
 VA.Ml", II. [VV. gieam, that incloses, m goes partly 
 round.] 
 The upper leather of a shoe. 
 VA.MP, I'. (. To piece an old thing with anew part; 
 to repair. 
 
 I h;nl never mucli hopes of your vamped p!.iy. SwifL 
 
 VAMP'/^D, (vampt,) /jp. Pieced; repaired. 
 
 VAJIP'EK, n. One who pieces an old thing with 
 something new. 
 
 VAMP'I.N'C!, Pin-. Piecing with something new. 
 
 VA.M'PlRE, n. [G. vampijr.] 
 
 1. In mythology, an imaginary demon, which was 
 fabled to suck the blood of^ persdus diirinc the night. 
 
 9. In -.oolony, the Liiina>an trivial or ipecilic name 
 of Pteropiis Eihvardsii, or the great bat of iM;iilagas- 
 car ; also, the jiopiilar name of I'liyllostoma spectrum, 
 or the Vampyre bat of .New Spain ; also, the po|iular 
 name of the genus of bats named Vaiiipyriis. The 
 Piiyllostoina spectrum has been accused of causing 
 the death of men and brute animals, by sucking 
 their blood. The length of this bat is about six 
 inches, ami the wound which it makes is very small. 
 It can h;irdly, therefore, ilo serious injury. There 
 can be little dnulit thai the ancient fable has crept 
 into the works of some of the naturalists. 
 
 VA.M'PIR IS.M, n. 'I'lie actions of a vampire; the 
 practice of blood-sucking ; Jiirarativelij, tlie practice 
 of extorti(»n. 
 
 VA.M'I'L.^TE, n. A round plate of iron on a tilling 
 spe;tr, to [iriitect the hand. FosbroUe. 
 
 VA.\, 11. [The radical word from which is formed the 
 Fr. avant, avanrer, Eng. adranee, advantarre. It is 
 from the root of L. vcnio, the primary sense of which 
 is to pass.] 
 
 1. The front of an army ; or the front line or fore- 
 most division of a fleet, either in sailing or in battle. 
 
 2. Among farmers, a fan for winnowing grain. 
 [This in New England is alwttys pronoti.Tccd Fa.n, 
 which see. But the winnowing machine has nearly 
 supcrsedeil the use of it ] 
 
 3. In miniiii', the cleansing of ore or tin stufT by 
 means of a shovel. Cyc. 
 
 4. A wing with which the air is beaten. 
 
 He wheeled in air, and strvtcli-'d his van* in viiin. Dryden. 
 
 5. In England, a large, light, covered wagon for the 
 transportalMUi of goods, &c. 
 
 V.\N, V. U [Fr. vanncr.] 
 
 To faiL [JVut in use.] [See Faft.] 
 
 V.\\'.\-n ATE, ( n. A compound of vanadic acid 
 
 VA-.NA'UI-ArE, j and a base. 
 
 V.A-.XAD'ie .VC'ID, n. A compound of vanadium 
 and oxygen in the pro|)onMin of one equivalent of 
 vanailiiiiii and three of oxyzen. Berielius. 
 
 VA-.N AD'IN-ITE, n. The miiieml vanadate of lead, 
 occurring in yellowish and brownish hexagonal crys- 
 tals. ■ Vnna. 
 
 VA-.\A'DI-UM, n. [from Vanadis, a Scandinavian 
 deity.] 
 
 A inet.al discovered by Scfstriim in This 
 metal has a white color, and a strong metallic luster. 
 
 VAN 
 
 coiisiilerably resembling silver, but still mote like 
 niolyliileniim. It is extremely brittle. It is imt nx- 
 ydized either by air or wafer, lhoii<;h by conliiiiioiis 
 cipiisiire lo the atmosphere, lU luster grows weaker, 
 and it acquires a redilish tint. 
 VA\-C01J'RI-EKS, ( koo're-crz,) n. pi. [Fr. avantr 
 coureurs.] 
 
 In armies, light-armed soldiers sent before armies 
 to beat the road upon the approach of an enemy; 
 precursors. Cijc. 
 
 VAN'DAL, n. [It signifieg a wanderer.] The name 
 of one of the most barbarous of the northern na- 
 tions that invaded Rome in the 5tli century, notori- 
 ous for destroying the monuments of art and litera- 
 ture. Hence, 
 
 2. One hostile to the arts and literature ; one who 
 is ignorant and barbarous. 
 
 VAN-DAL'ie. n. Pertaining to the Vandals; desig- 
 nating till! south shore of the Baltic, where once 
 lived the Vandals, a nation of ferocious barliariaiis ; 
 hence, ferocious ; rude ; barbarous. 
 
 VAN'D.AL-IS.M, ri. The spirit or conduct of Vandals ; 
 ferocious cruelty; hostility to the arts and literature. 
 
 lianisay. 
 
 VAN-DYKE', 71. A small, round covering lor the 
 neck, worn by females, as seen in the portraits of 
 persons painted by Vandyke in the reign of Charles I. 
 
 VANE, 71. [V). vaan. The [iriinary sense is, extend- 
 ed.] 
 
 1. A plate or thin slip of metal, wood, &c., placed 
 on a spindle at the top of a spire, for the purpose of 
 showing, by its turning and direction, which way the 
 wind blows. In ships, apiece of bunting is used for 
 the same purpose. 
 
 2. The thin, membranous part or web of a feather 
 on the side of the shaft. Paley. 
 
 VAN'FOS.S, 71. A ditch on the outside of the coun- 
 terscarp. Cyc. 
 
 VANG, n. The vangs of a ship are a sort of braces to 
 steady the peak of a gaff. Tutten. 
 
 VAN'-GUARD, 71. [laji and guard.] The troops 
 who march in front of an army ; the first line. 
 
 VA-N1L'L.'\, a. A genus of orchidaceous plants, na- 
 tives of tro|iical America. The capsule of Vanilla 
 arumatica is remarkable for its fnigraiit odor, and for 
 the vol.itile, odoriferous oil extracted from it. As a 
 medicine, it is supposed to possess powers analogous 
 to valerian, while, at the same time, it is far more 
 grateful. Cyc. 
 
 VAN'ISH,r.i. \Xj. vanesco Tr.evanouir; \l. scauire ; 
 from L. vanus, vain, or its root ; Eng. to wane. 'J'he 
 primary sense is, lo withdraw or depart.] 
 
 1. To d i.sappear ; to pa-ss from a visible to an in- 
 visible state ; as, vapor eaiiw/icv from the sight by be- 
 ing dissipated. Light vanishes when Ihe riys of the 
 illiiminaling body are intercepted ; dufkiicss vanishes 
 before the rising sun. 
 
 2. To disappear ; to pass beyond the limit of vision ; 
 as, a ship vanishes from the sight of specttitors on 
 land. 
 
 3. To disappear; to pass away ; to be annihilated 
 or lost. How cheering is the well-founded hope of 
 enjoying delights which can never vanish! 
 
 VAN'iSll, H. A sound that gradually becomes weak- 
 er till it ceases. Rush. 
 VA.\'ISII-A"U, (van'islil,) a. Having no peneplible 
 
 existence. Pupe. 
 VA.\"ISI1-ING, ;ipr. Disappearing; passing from the 
 sight or possession ; departing forever. 
 
 Vanishing line; in persprclire, the intersectiim of 
 the parallel of any original plane and the picture. 
 
 Vanishing point: the point to which all parallel 
 lines in the same plane tend in the representaliim. 
 
 OicilU 
 
 VAN'ISH-MENT, 71. A vanishing. Qainey. 
 V,\.\'I-TY, 71. [Fr. vaniti; L. vanitas, from ranus, 
 vain.] 
 
 1. Emptiness ; want of substance to satisfy de- 
 sire ; uncertainty ; inanity. 
 
 Vanily of vamties. Siiith the pn*actier ; all iA vanity. — Eccle*. L 
 
 2. Fruitless desire or endeavor. 
 
 Vanity possesseih luiiny who an: d'>»iroui to know the c^rlnlnty 
 01 tiling to come. Sidney. 
 
 3. Trifling labor that produces no good. Ralegk. 
 
 4. Emptiness ; untruth. 
 
 Here I nmy well eliuw the vanity of what is reported in the stoiy 
 of \Vi\Ujiigh.uii. IJavtee. 
 
 5. Empty ph^asure ; vain pursuit ; idle show ; un- 
 substantial enjoyment. 
 
 Sin with vanity had filled the works of men. filillon. 
 Think nut when wonun's transient brc.ith is (led, 
 That all her oantlies at onc<^ ap* d'-ad ; 
 
 Succeeding vaiiiut* slie sliil if gnrds. Pop*. 
 
 6. Ostentation ; arrogance. Ratrglu 
 
 7. InlUalion of mind upon slight grounds : empty 
 pride, inspired by an overweening conceit of one's 
 personal attainments or decorations. Fops cau not 
 be cured of their ru;iily. 
 
 Yamty is the (00.I of fo<il8. Strifl. 
 
 No niaii •vnipittliizi's with tite sorrows of vaMly. Johiuvn. 
 VAN'aUISH, (vank'wish,) ». t. (Fr. vainere: h. 
 vinco ; It. vinrrre ; Sp. vincer ; probably allied lo L. 
 rirjci0, to bind.] 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 154 
 
 Y Y YY 
 
VAP 
 
 VAR 
 
 VAR 
 
 To conquer; to overcome ; to subdue in battle ; 
 as an enemy. 
 
 Tliey Kin<piished Ute rebels id all eDCOunten. Clarendon, 
 2. To defeat in any contest ; to refute in argument. 
 
 VAN'QUISH, (vank'wish,) n. A disease in slieep, in 
 
 wliich they pine away. 
 VAi\'aUISH-A-BLE, a. That may be conquered. 
 
 Oayton. 
 
 VAN'aUISil-ED, fvank'wisht,) pp. or a. Overcome 
 in battle ; Auluhied ; defeated. 
 
 VA.\'Ul'IPH-EIl, n. A conqueror ; a victor. Milton. 
 
 VAX'tlUI:?H-lNC;, ppr. Conquering; subduing; de- 
 feating ; refuting. 
 
 VAN'SIRE, n. In zoology, the Mangusta galera, a 
 digitigrade, carnivorous mammal ; a sntall quadru- 
 ped, somewhat resembling a weasel, of a deep-brown 
 color, speckled wilh yellow, the tail of equal size its 
 whole length ; inhabiting Madagascar and the Isle of 
 France. 
 
 VXNT, V. i. fFr. vanter.] 
 
 To boast. [This is the more correct orthography. 
 See Vaunt.] 
 
 VAN'TA6E, n. [Sp. ventaja ; from the root of L. ve- 
 nio. See Advantage and Van.] 
 
 1. Gain ; profit. [Obs.] 
 
 2. Superiority ; state in which one has better means 
 of action or defense than another. 
 
 [This, I believe, is used only in the compound, 
 Vantage-Ground.], 
 
 3. Opportunity; convenience. [OJi.] SItak 
 VAN'TAGE, B. (. To profits [J^'ot in use.] 
 VaN'TAGE-GROUND, 7!. Superiority of state or 
 
 place ; the place or condition which gives one an ad- 
 vantage over another. 
 
 VANT'BRASS, n. [Fr. avant-bras.] 
 
 Armor for the arjn. [Obs.] Milton. 
 
 VAP'ID, a. [h. vapidus. The radical verb is not in 
 the Latin, but the sense must be, to pass or fly off, to 
 escape ; or to strike down, L. vapulo. It is probably 
 allied to vapor.] 
 
 1. Having lost its life and spirit; dead ; spiritless ; 
 flat ; as, vapid beer ; a vapid state of the blood. 
 
 2. Dull ; unanimated. 
 V.AP'ID-LY, adv. In a vapid manner. 
 VAP'ID-NESS, ) n. The .'^tate of having lost its life 
 VA-PID'I-TY, ( or spirit; deadness ; flatness; as, 
 
 the vapidncss of ale or cider. 
 2. Dullness ; want of life or spirit. 
 VA'POR, 7i. [L. and Sp. 7'«/>or ; V v. vapeur ; It. vapore. 
 It is probably from a verb signifying to depart, to fly 
 off.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, an invisible, elastic fluid, ren- 
 dered aeriform by heat, and capable of being con- 
 densed, or brought hack to the liquid or solid state 
 by cold. The vapor of water is distinguished by the 
 name of Steam, which sec. 
 
 2. A visible fluid floating in the atmosphere. All 
 substances which impair the transparency of the at- 
 mosphere, as smoke, fug, &c., are in common lan- 
 guage called vapors, though the term vapor is tech- 
 nically applied only to nn invisible and condensible 
 substance, as in Xo. 1 ; fog, &c., being vapor con- 
 densed, or water in a minute state of division. Ka- 
 por rising into the higher regions of the atmosphere, 
 and condensed in large volumes, forms cloud.i. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 3. Substances resembling smoke, which sometimes 
 fill the atmosphere, particularly in America during 
 the autumn. 
 
 4. Wind ; flatulence. Bacon. 
 
 5. Mental fume ; vain imagination ; unreal fancy. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 6. Vapors ; a disease of nervous debility, in which 
 a variety of strange images float in the brain, or ap- 
 pear as if visible. Hence hypochondriacal affections 
 and spleen are called vapors. 
 
 7. Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory. 
 
 For wlijit i» your life ? Il is cvt-n a vapor, that nppcarvlh for a 
 li'.llc liine, and itirn variinheUi tvway. — James iv. 
 VA'POR, V. i. [L. vaporo.] 
 
 1. To pass otr in fumes, or a moist, floating sub- 
 stance ; to steatn ; to be exhaled ; to evapomte. 
 
 [In this sense, EvArouATE is generally used.] 
 
 2. To emit fumes. 
 
 Running; water vaport not so much as standing water. [Littlt 
 uted.] Bacon. 
 
 3. To bully ; to boast or vaunt with a vain, osten- 
 tatious display of worth ; to brag. 
 
 [Thii is the most usual signification of the aord.] 
 And whnl in rcai v.iiue 'n wauling, 
 
 l:iuppl/ witit vaporing and ranliup. Hfidlbrat, 
 
 VA'POR, r. t. To emit, cast off, or scatter in fumes 
 or uteain ; a«, to tia;/or away a heated fluitl. 
 
 Another, sigtiin^, vaport Torlh liui suul. B. Jonton. 
 
 VAP-0-UA-I!IL'I-TY, n. The quality of being capa- 
 ble iif vaporization. Dispensalonf. 
 
 VAP'O-RA liI.E, a. Capable of being converted into 
 vajKir bv the agency of caloric. 
 
 VAP'O-RATE, t». 1. To emit vapor. [See Etapo- 
 
 RATR.] 
 
 VAP-O RA'TION, n. [U raporatio.] 
 
 The act or process of converting into vapor, or of 
 passing off in v.apor. 
 Va'POR-BaTH^ h. [vapor and bath.] The applica- 
 tion of vapor to the body in a close place ; also, the 
 place itself. 
 
 2. In chemistry, an apparatus for heating bodies by 
 the vapor of water. Cyc, 
 VA'POR-ED, a. Moist ; wet with vapors. 
 
 2. Splenetic ; peevish. Oreen. 
 VA'POR-ER, 71. A boaster; one who makes a vaunt- 
 ing display of his prowess or worth ; a braggart. 
 VAP-O-RIF'ie, a, [L. fa;)or and /acio, to make.] 
 Forming into vapor ; converting into steam, or ex- 
 pelling in a volatile form, as fluids. 
 Va'POR-ING, ppr. Boasting; vaunting ostentatious- 
 ly and vainly. 
 V.^'POR-ING-LY, adv. In a boasting manner. 
 VA'POR-ISH, a. Full of vapors. 
 
 2. Hypochondriac ;. splenetic ; affected by hyster- 
 ics. 
 
 VAP'O-Rl-ZA-BLE, a. Capable of being converted 
 into vapor. 
 
 VAP-O-RI-Za'TION, 71. The artificial formation of 
 vapor. 
 
 VAP'OR-IZE, v. t. To convert into vapor by the ap- 
 plication of heat or artificial means. 
 VAP'OR-IZE, V. i. To pass off in vapor. 
 VAP'OR-lZ-£D, ;>;>. E.vpelled in vapor. 
 VAP'OR-IZ-ING, ;);)r. Converting into vapor. 
 VA'POR-OUS, a. [Fr. vaporenz.] 
 
 1. Full of vapors or exhalations ; as, the vaporous 
 air of valleys. Derkam. 
 
 2. Vain ; unreal ; proceeding from the vapors. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 3. Windy ; flatulent; as, vaporous food is the most 
 easily digested. Jlrbnthnot. 
 
 Va'POR-OUS-NESS, 7!. State of being full of vapors. 
 
 VA'POR-Y, a. Vaporous ; full of vapors. Thomson. 
 2. Hypochondriac; splenetic; peevish. Thomson. 
 
 VAP-1!-La'TIOi\', 71. [L. vapulo.] 
 
 The act of beating or whipping. [A'ot in use.] 
 
 VaRE, 7!. [Sp. 7-ara.] 
 
 A wand or staff of justice. [JVot in use.] Howell. 
 
 VAR'EC, 7!. The French name for kelp or incinera- 
 ted sea-weed ; wrack ; Fucus vesiculosus. Ure. 
 
 Va'RT, >t. In zoology, the Prosimia catta, a quadrii- 
 manous mammal, the ring-tailed lemur, a quadruped 
 having its tail marked with rings of black and white ; 
 a native of Madagascar. The vari of Buffon is the 
 black maucauco, Prosimia nigra, with the neck beard- 
 ed like a ruff. Cyc. Ed. F.ncyc. 
 
 VA'RI-A-BLE, a. [Fr. See Vary.] That may vary 
 or alter ; capable ot alteration in any manner ; change- 
 able ; as, variable winds or seasons ; variable colors. 
 
 2. Susceptible of change ; liable to change ; nnita- 
 ble ; fickle; unsteady ; inconstant; .as, the affections 
 of men are variable ; passions are variable. 
 
 His heart 1 Itnow, how variable and vain I liTtUon. 
 
 3. In mathematics, subject to continual increase or 
 decrease ; in opposition to Constant, retaining the 
 same value. 
 
 Va'RI-A-BLE, 77. In mathematics, a quantity which 
 is in a state of continual increase or decrease. Tlie 
 indefinitely small quantity by which a variable is 
 cotitinually increased or diminished is called its dif- 
 ferential, and the method of finding these quantities 
 the differential calculus. Hutton. 
 
 VA'RI-A-BLF^NESS, j 7!. Sttsccptibility of change ; 
 
 V.A-Rl-A-BIL'I-TY, j liableness or aptness to al- 
 ter ;' changeablenesa ; as, tlie variableness of the 
 weather. 
 
 2. Inconstancy; fickleness ; unsteadiness ; levity; 
 
 as, the variableness of human passions. 
 VA'RI-A-BLY, adv. Changeably ; with alteration ; in 
 
 an inconstant or fickle manner. 
 VA'RI-ANCE, 71. [See Vary.] In law, an alteration 
 
 of sometliitig formerly laid in a writ ; or a difference 
 
 between a declaration and a writ, or the deed on 
 
 which it is grounded. 
 
 2. Any alteration or change of condition. 
 
 3. Dil'"erence that produces dispute or controversy ; 
 disagreement ; dissetision ; discord. A mere variance 
 may become a war. Without a spirit of condescen- 
 sion, there will be an everlasting variajicc. 
 
 M variance; in disagreement; in a state of differ- 
 ence or want of agreement. 
 
 2. In a sttite of dissension or controversy ; in a 
 Btate of enmity. 
 VA'UI-ANT, a. Different ; diverse. Rawle. 
 VA'RI-ATE, v. t. To alter; to make different. 
 
 ICin-T. 
 
 2. To vary. [.4 bad word.] 
 VA-RI-A'TION, 71. [Fr., riom L. variatio. See 
 Vary.] 
 
 1. Alteration ; a partial change in the form, posi- 
 tion, statt!, or qualities of the same thing; as, a 7'a- 
 riation of color in different lights ; a variation in the 
 size of a plant from day to day ; the unceasing, 
 though slow, variation of language ; a variation in a 
 noil from year to year. Our opinions are subject to 
 continual variatiotvi. 
 
 'J'lic essences of thing* are conceived not cnpahte of such txirintion. 
 
 Lacks. 
 
 2. Difference ; change from one to another. 
 
 In BOnie oth<T p!;tces pre Iwrti more females lhan males ; which, 
 upon tliis varialian of proportion, 1 recommend lo the curious. 
 
 CiVounl. 
 
 3. In grammar, change of termination of nouns 
 and adjectives, constituting what is called case, num- 
 ber, and gender ; as, the variation of words. 
 
 4. Deviation ; as, a variation of a transcript from 
 the original. Dniden. 
 
 5. In astronomy, the variation of the moon is an in- 
 equality of the moon's motion, depending on the an- 
 gular distatice of the moon from tiie sun. Brande. 
 
 C. In geography and navigation, the deviatitm of 
 the mtignetic needle from the true north point ; called 
 
 also DEtLlNATlON. ClfC. 
 
 The variation of the needle at New Haven, in 1819, 
 as ascertained from the mean of numerous observa- 
 tions made by Professor Fisher, was 4° 23' 25" west ; 
 and from that lime to 1847 it was increasing at the 
 rate of about 4' annually. Olmsted. 
 
 7. In Tiiusic, the different manner of singing or 
 playing the same air or tune, by subdividing the 
 notes into several others of less value, or by adding 
 graces, yet so that the tune itself may be discovered 
 tiirough all its embellishments. Cyc. 
 
 Calculus of variations ; a branch of mathematics 
 whose principal object is to solve certain classes of 
 questions respecting maxima and minima, which can 
 not be solved by the ordinary processes of the differ- 
 ential calculus. Brnnde. 
 
 V.'VR'i eO-CliLE, 71. [L. varii, a dilated vein, and 
 Gr. Kr]\n, a tumor. A bad term, being part Greek 
 and part Latin. Cir90cele is the correct term, and 
 is that which is nmcli the most commonly used.] 
 
 In surgery, a varicose enlargement of the veins of 
 the spermatic cord ; or, more rarely, a like enlarge- 
 ment of the veins of the scrotum. Cyc. 
 
 VAR'I-CoSE, ) a. [L. varicosus, having enlarged 
 
 VAR'I-eOUS, i veins.] 
 
 Preternaturally enlarged, or permanently dilated ; 
 applied only to veins. 
 
 VA'RI-£D, (vii'rid,) pp. or a. from Vart Altered ; 
 partially changed ; changed. 
 
 VA'Rt-£D-LY, ado. Diversely. 
 
 Va'RI-E-GaTE, v. t. [It. varieggiare ; from L. vario, 
 varius. See Vary.] 
 
 To diversify in external appearance ; to mark with 
 different colors ; as, to variegate a floor wilh marble 
 of different colors. 
 
 The shells are filled with a white spar, which txlrie^les and adds 
 
 to the beauty of the stone. Woodunrd. 
 toadies liite variegated tulips sliow. Pope. 
 
 Va'RI-E-G.^-TED, pp. or a. Diversified in colors or 
 external appearance. 
 
 Variegated leaves, in botany, are such as are irreg- 
 ularly marked with white or yellow spots. Cyc. 
 
 VA'Rl-E-GA-TING, ppr. Diversifying wilh colors. 
 
 VA-RI-E-Ga'TION, 71. The act of diversifying, or 
 stale of being diversified, by difterent colors ; diver- 
 sity of colors. 
 
 VA-Ri'E-TY, 71. [Fr. varicte ; L. varietas, from vario, 
 to vary.] 
 
 1. Intermixture of different things, or of things 
 different in form ; or a succession of different things. 
 
 Variety is notliin^ else but a continued novelty. .^oitlh. 
 The variety of colors depends on the composition of lijlit. 
 
 iVemton. 
 
 2. One thing of many which constitute variety. 
 In this sense, it has a plural ; as, the varieties of a 
 species. 
 
 3. Difference ; dissimilitude. 
 
 There is a variety in the tempeia of good men. Atlerbury. 
 
 4. Variation ; deviation ; change from a former 
 stale. Hale. 
 
 5. Many and different kinds. The shopkeeper 
 has a great variety of cottons and silks. 
 
 lie wants to do a variety of good things. Laa. 
 C. In natural history, a difference not permanent 
 or invariable, hut occasioned by nn accidental change; 
 as, a variety of any species of plant. 
 
 Naturalists formerly eired very much in supposing 
 an accidental variety of plants, animals, or minerals, 
 to be a distinct species. Ray has established a gooii 
 test for farictios in botany. A plant is distinct, which 
 propagates itself in its own form by its seed ; but 
 when the difference disappears in the new plant, it 
 is only a variety. Variety, th^n, is a difference be- 
 tween individuals, not permanent nor important ; 
 such as in size, fullness, curling, &c. 
 
 7. Different sort ; as, I'arirties of soil or land. 
 Va'RI-FORM, n. Having difterent shapes or forms. 
 Va'RI-FORM-£D, a. Formed with diirerent shapes. 
 VA'Rl-FORM-ING, ppr. Waking of dilll-rent forms. 
 VA'UI-O-LITE, 77. [L. fariiw and Gr. A. Out, stone.] 
 A kind of porphyrilic rock, in which the inibeddcd 
 substances are imperfectly crystallized, or are rounded, 
 giving the stone a spotted appearance. Cyc. 
 VA'RI-O LOll), 71. [L. Dario/«', and Gr. tu!of, forin.l 
 A name recently given to a parlicul.ir variety of 
 the small pox. 
 VA-Rt'O-LOUS, a. [L. varioLe, from rario, to di- 
 versify.] 
 
 Porlaming to or design.aling the small-pox ; having 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAl.— METE, PREY. — PINU, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, B(.)QK.— 
 
 1826 
 
VAR 
 
 pits or sunken imprcssiuns like those of the small- 
 ■ po.v. 
 
 yA-Hl-O'RUM, [L.] Variorum tJition.i of the classics 
 are those cont^iinin^ tlic notes of various cuiiiinentu- 
 tors« cttin notis variurum, Brande, 
 VA'Kl-OUS, a. [L. varius.] [See Vabv.] 
 
 1. DitrereiTt ; several ; iiianifiild ; as, men of vari- 
 ous names and various' occupation!^. 
 'J. Changeable ; uncertain ; unfixed. 
 The luuncs of mixed modcA — are very various and doubtfiil. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 3. Unlike each other ; diverse. Drijdcn. 
 So many and so vnrioue laws arc given. Milton. 
 
 4. Varieirated ; diversified. Milton. 
 VA'RI-OUS-LV,a</i'. In dlHerent ways ; with change; 
 
 Willi diversity ; as, (jbjects varion.shj represented j 
 flowers carwusly colored. 'I'lie human system is va- 
 n'oH.'.fi/ affected by different medicines. 
 VA'IIIX, K. [L ] An uneven and permanent dilata- 
 tion of a vein. 
 VAR'LET, 7(. [Old Fr. See Valet.] .Anciently, a 
 servant or footman. Tu-iscr. 
 2 A scoundrel ; a rascal ; as, an impudent varlet. 
 
 Mdi.ion. 
 
 VAR'LET-RY, ii. The rabble; the crowd. [JVot in 
 usr.] thak. 
 
 VAK'NISH, n. [Fr. rcrnis; Sp. barniz; Port, verniz ; 
 It. vernice ; Low L. ve. nii. ; (.i. _liritiss ; D. vernis,] 
 
 1. A thick, viscid, glossy liquid, consisting of a 
 solution of resinous matter, lai I on work by paint- 
 ers and others, to give it a smooth, hard surface, and 
 a beautiful gloss. Varnishes are made of diffi-rent 
 materials, and for different purposes. Amber var- 
 nish is made of amber, lintseed oil, litharge, and 
 turpentine. Ulack varnish, for japanning wood and 
 leather, is made by mixing lauiphlaek u ilh a proper 
 quantity of a strong solution of lac in spirit of wine. 
 
 Ciic. 
 
 5. An artificial covering to give a fair appearance 
 to any act or conunrt. 
 
 VAU'iMSH, V. I. [Fr. rcrnisser, i^cniir.] 
 
 1. To lay varnish on ; to cover willi a liquid, for 
 giving any thing a glossy surface ; as, to vartiis/i a 
 sideboard or table. 
 
 2. To cover with something that gives a fair ex- 
 ternal appearance. 
 
 Close ambition, vamiehed o'er wiih ical. Milton. 
 
 3. To give a fair external appearance in words ; to 
 give a fair coloring to ; as, to varnish errors or de- 
 formity. 
 
 Ca(o'» voice was ne'er employed 
 To clear xhe f iiiliy, and to varnish crimes. Addigon. 
 Atid bow the knee to pomp lliut [oven to pamuh e^ilt. Byron, 
 
 VAR'NISH-ED, (vir'nisht,) pp. Covered with var- 
 nish ; made glossy. 
 2. Rendered fair in external appearance. 
 
 VAR'Nltfll-F.R, n. On"e who varnishes, or whose oc- 
 cupation is to varnish. 
 
 2. One who disguises or palliates ; one who gives 
 a fair external appearance. Pu/ie. 
 
 VXIt'NISH-[NG, 7i;<r. Laying on varnish ; giving a 
 fair external appearance. 
 
 VXR'NISll-ING, n. The act of laying on varnish. 
 
 VAR'.MSH-TRKE, n. The popular English name of 
 Rhus veriiicifera, a large shrub, or small tree, of 
 Japan, nearly resembling the North American Rlius 
 venen.ata, or swamp sumac. 
 
 VART'A-BED, n. One of an order of ecclesi.istics in 
 the Armenian church. They differ from tlie priests 
 by living in seclusion and in celibacy. They also 
 preach, while the priests do not. The bishops are all 
 taken from the order of Vartabeds, and are ordained 
 by them. Coleman. 
 
 VXR'VELS, ) , r„ 
 
 VER'VELsM "-P'- [Fr. rm-c?.] 
 
 Silver rings about the legs of a hawk, on which 
 the owner's name is engraved. Diet. 
 
 VA R'VI-CITE, a. An ore of manganese. Brandt. 
 
 Va'RV, v. t. [L. vario ; Fr. varier ; Sp. variar ; It. 
 rariare; probably allied to Eng. veer, Sp. birar, L. 
 
 vrrto, Etli. bari, whence to alter- 
 
 nate. See Class Hr, No. 11, and No. 23.] 
 
 1. To alter in form, appearance, substance, or po- 
 sition ; to make different by a partial change ; as, to 
 rory a thing in dimensions; to vary its properties, 
 proportions, or nature ; to nary the posture or attitude 
 of a thing ; to vary one's dress. 
 
 2. To change to something else. 
 Goda, that never change their state, 
 
 Vary oil their love anil hale. WaHer. 
 We are to vary the customs according to the liroo and country 
 where the scene of action li -s. Dryden. 
 
 3. To make of different kinds. 
 
 God hath varied the inclinaliuns of men, Kccordio; to the variety 
 of actions to be perl'ormed. Brount. 
 
 4. To diversify ; to variegate. 
 
 Gal hath here 
 
 Varitd bis bounty so with nt;w delights. A/iVlon. 
 VA'RV, v. i. To alter or be altered in any manner ; 
 to suffer a partial change. Colors often vary when 
 held in different positions. Customs rari/ from one 
 age to another, until they are entirely changed. 
 
 VAS 
 
 2. To bo changeable ; to alter ; as, the varying 
 hues iif the clouds ; the varyin'r plumage of a dovi'. 
 
 3. To differ or be different; to be unlike. The 
 laws of different countries rury. The laws of France 
 vary frimi those of England. 
 
 4. To be changed ; to become different. The 
 man varies in his opinions ; his opinions vary with 
 the times. 
 
 5. To become unlike one's self ; to alter. 
 
 He varies from himself no loan. Pops. 
 
 6. To deviate ; to depart ; as, to vary from the 
 law ; to vary from the rules of justice or reason. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 7. To alter or change in succession. 
 
 While fear and any^r, with alternate grace. 
 
 Pant in her breast, and vary in her liice. Addison. 
 
 8. To disagree; to be at variance; as, men wary 
 in opinion. 
 
 VA'RY, n. Alteration; change. [JVotinusc.] Sliak. 
 Va'RY-ING, ()^r. Altering; changing; deviating. 
 VAS'GU-LAli, a. [L. vasculutny u vessel, from vas, 
 id.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the vessels of anim.al or vegetable 
 bodies ; as, the vaseular functions. 
 
 2. Full of vessels ; consisting of animal or vege- 
 table vessels, as arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like ; 
 as, the ra.tciilar system. Animal tlesh is all vascular, 
 none of it parenchymous. Cyc. 
 
 VAS-eU-LA'RES,;i. pi. Plants which have staniens, 
 pistils, anil spiral vessels, and bear proper flowers. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 VAS-eU-LAR'I-TY, n. The state of being vascular. 
 
 Jiled. Rcpos. 
 
 VAS-eU-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. vasculum and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 y<isculif<rous plants, are such as have seed-vessels 
 diviilcd into cells. Cye. 
 VASE, n. [Fr., from L. rat, vasa, a vessel ; It. vaso.] 
 
 1. A vessel for domestic use, or for use in tem- 
 ples ; as, a ca.«c for sacrifice, an urn, &.c. 
 
 •2. ancient vessel dug out ot^ the ground or 
 from rubbish, and kept as a curiosity. 
 
 3. In architecture, an ornament of sculpture, placed 
 on socles t)r [ledestals, representing the vessels of the 
 ancients, as incense-pots, rtower-pots, &c. They 
 usually crown or finish facades or frontispieces. 
 
 Ciic. 
 
 4. The body or naked ground of the Corinthian 
 and Composite capital ; called also the Tamdour or 
 Drum. 
 
 5. Among y!ori,<t£s, the calyx of a plant. Cyc. 
 
 6. Among goldsmitlis, the middle of a church can- 
 dlestick. Cyc. 
 
 7. A solid piece of ornamental marble. Johnson. 
 [Down to the time of Walker, this word was 
 
 made to rhyme with ba.<e, case, &c., and is still so 
 pronounceil, to a great extent, in the United States. 
 In England, it is more commonly pronounced, as 
 Walker gives it, vaze, though by some vdz, and by a 
 few roioz. — £</.] 
 VAS'SAL^n. [Fr. vassal; It. vassallo ; Sp. vasallo ; 
 VV. gic&s, a boy or youth, a page, a servant ; gwasau, 
 to serve.] 
 
 1. A fcud.atory ; a tenant ; one who holds land of 
 a superior, and who vows fidelity and homage to 
 him. A rear vassal is one who holds of a lord who 
 is himself a vassal. 
 
 2. A subject; a dependent. Hooker. 
 
 3. A servant. Shnk. 
 
 4. In common language, a bondman ; a political 
 slave. We will never be the vassals of a foreign 
 prince. 
 
 VAS'SAL, V. t. To subject to control ; to enslave. 
 VAS'S.\L-AGE, n, [Vr. vasselagc; vasalage.] 
 
 1. The state of being a vassal or feudatory"! 
 
 2. Political servitude ; dependence ; subjection ; 
 slavery. The Greeks were long held in vassalage by 
 the Turks. 
 
 VA S'SAL-ED, pp. or a. Enslaved ; subjected to ab- 
 solute power ; as, a va.<!saled land. Trumbull. 
 
 VAST, a. [L. fa.<tu^' ; Fr. vaste ; IL tia^-(o. The pri- 
 mary sense of the root must be, to part or spread, as 
 this is connected with the verb to waste ] 
 
 1. Being of great e.xtent; very spacious or large ; 
 as, the vast ocean ; a vast abyss ; the vast empire of 
 Russia ; the vast plains of Syria ; the vast domains 
 of the Almighty. 
 
 2. Huge in bulk and extent ; as, the vast iiv>un- 
 tains of Asia ; the vast range of the Andes. 
 
 3. Very great in numbers or amount; as, a vast 
 army ; vast numbers or multitudes were slain ; tiait 
 Slims of money have been expended to gratify pride 
 and ambition. 
 
 4. Very great in force ; mighty ; as, vast efforts ; 
 vast labor. 
 
 5. Very great in importance ; as, a subject of vast 
 concern. 
 
 VAST, n. An empty waste. 
 
 Through the vast of heaven it sounded. MUon. 
 The watery vasL Pops. 
 
 VAS-TA'TION, n. [L. vastatio, from rasto, to waste.] 
 A laying waste; waste; depopulation. 
 [Devastation is generally used.] 
 
 VAS-TII)'I-TV, n 
 
 English.] 
 VAST'I-TUDE, n. 
 
 VAU 
 
 Vastness; immensity. [J\'ol 
 Shuli. 
 
 Vastness ; immense extent. 
 
 fo^lrr. 
 
 VAST'LY, adv. Very greatly ; to a great extent or 
 degree ; as, a space vastly cxt.-sndtd. Men differ 
 va-itly ill their opinions anil manners. 
 
 VAST'NESS, n. Great extent; immensity; as, the 
 vastness of the ocean or of space. 
 
 2. Immense bulk and extent ; as, the vajlnes$ of a 
 mountain. 
 
 3. Iniiiicnse magnitude or amount ; as, the va.itness 
 of an army, or of the sums of money necessary to 
 support it. 
 
 4. Immense importance. 
 
 VAST'Y, a. Being of great extent ; very spacious. 
 
 1 can call spiiitd from Uie vasty deep. [Little used.] Sluik. 
 V.\r, n. [D. vat : Sax. fat ; G. fuss.] 
 
 1. A large vesT'l or cistern for holding liquors in 
 an immature state ; as, vats for wine. 
 
 Let him produce bis vals and tubs, In opposition to heap* of arms 
 and staiidarda. Addison. 
 
 2. .\ square box or tistern in which hides arc laid 
 for steeping in tan. 
 
 3. All oil measure in Holland ; also, a wine meas- 
 ure. 
 
 4. A square, hollow place on the back of a cal- 
 cining furnace, where tin-ore is laid to dry. Cyc. 
 
 VAT'I-CAN, 71. [L. vates.] 
 
 In Home, a magnificent palace of tlio pope on the 
 Vatican hill, adjoining the celebrated church of St. 
 Peter, containing vast repositories of the arts, &c. 
 From its being the pope's residence, wo have the 
 phrase, the thunders of Ike Vatican, lucanilig the 
 anathemas or denunciations of the pope. 
 
 VAT'l-CIDE, 11. [L. vates, a prophet, and cado, to 
 kill.] 
 
 'I'he murderer of a prophet. Pope, 
 V.\-TIC'I-N.\L, (va-tis'e-nal,) a. [L. valUinor, to 
 prophesy.] 
 
 Containing prophecy. Wartort. 
 VA-TIC'l-NATE, v. i. [L. vaticinar, from vates, a 
 prophet.] 
 
 To prophesy ; to foretell ; to practice prediction. 
 [Little tused.] Hoicell. 
 VA-TIC-I-NA'TION, n. Prediction ; prophecy. 
 
 Benllty. 
 
 VAUDE'VIL, (vode'vil,) n. [Fr.] A song common 
 among the vulgar, and sung about the streets. A 
 ballad ; a trivial strain. 
 
 In the French theater, a vandrrillc is a piece whose 
 dialogue is intermingled with light or comic songs. 
 
 Diet, de I'Acad. 
 VAULT, 71. [Fr. rofife; It. volta, a vault; volto,t.\\e 
 face, visage, and a vault, L. viiltus ; a derivative of 
 L. Volvo, volutus ; Sp. voltear, to turn, to tumble.] 
 
 1. A continued arch, or an arched roof Vaults 
 are of various kinds, circular, elliptical, single, 
 double, cross, diagonal, Gothic, Ace. Cyc. 
 
 2. A cellar. 
 
 To banish rats that haunt our vault. Saifl. 
 
 3. A cave or cavern. 
 
 The silent vaults of death, uiiknowu lo light. Sandys. 
 
 4. A repository for the dead. Sluik. 
 
 5. In tlie manege, the leap of a horse. 
 VAULT, t'. (. To arch ; to form with a vault ; or to 
 
 cover with a vault; as, to vault a passage to a court. 
 VAULT, [Sp. tio/lMr ; It. vollure ; Fr. rautrer.] 
 
 1. To leap ; to bound ; to jump; to spring. 
 Vaulting ambition, which o'erlcaps itself. Shak. 
 Leaning on his lance, he vaulted on a tree. Dryden. 
 Lucin vaulted upon Pegasus with ol! the heat and intr>-pidity of 
 
 youth. Addison. 
 
 2. To tumble; to exhibit feats of tumbling or leap- 
 ing. 
 
 VAULT'AGE, 71. Vaulted work; an arched cellar. 
 
 [jViit in use.] Sliak. 
 VAULT'ED. pp. or a. Arched ; concave ; as, a 
 
 vaulted roof. 
 
 2. Covered with an arch or vault. 
 
 3. a. In botany, arched like the roof of the mouth, 
 as the upper lip of many ringentjUowcrs. .Vartim. 
 
 VAULT'ER, II. One that vaults; a leaper; a tum- 
 bler. 
 
 VAULT'ING, ppr. Arching ; covering with an arch. 
 
 2. Leaping; tumbling; exhibiting feats of leaping. 
 VAULT'Y,a. Arched; concave. [JVut in ] Shak. 
 VAUNT, I?, i. [Fr. vanter ; It. rrtiitar^fi, from ranto, a 
 boasting, from raiio, vain, L. vanas. This ought to 
 be written Vant.] 
 
 To boast ; to make a vain display of one's own 
 worth, attainments, or decorations ; to talk witli 
 vain ostentation ; to brag. 
 
 Phde — prompts a m&n to vaunt and overvalue w itat he is. 
 
 Gov. o/ ths Tonlus. 
 
 VAUNT, V. ^ To boast of; to make a vain display of. 
 My vanquisher, spofled of his vaunUd spoil. Millan. 
 Charily vaunUlh nol ilsell". — 1 Cor. a in. 
 
 VAUNT, 71. Boast ; a vain display of what one is, or 
 has, or has done ; ostentation from vanity. 
 
 Ilim I tedncrd 
 With other vaunts and other promises. ATOitm, 
 
 TONE, BULL, liNlTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 12127 
 
VEG 
 
 VEIl 
 
 VEL 
 
 VAUNT, (v.inl,) n. [Fr. nranf.J 
 
 Thi- lirst p:irt. [.Vol vsi-il.] Sliak. 
 VAU.\'f-eOU'Rl-EK, (-koo're-er,) n. [Ft. avant- 
 
 Cimrnlr.] 
 
 A prMcnrsor. Sltak. 
 VAU.VT'EU, pp. or a. Vainly boas -il of or dis- 
 pl'iyed. 
 
 VAL'.N'T'ER, 7!. A vain, conceited boaster; a brag- 
 purl : a man given to vain ostentation. Spp.7iser. 
 
 VA U.VT'FUL,, a. Boastful; vainly ostentatious. 
 
 VAU.VT'I.Vt;, jrpr. Vainly boasting; ustentatiously 
 Sftt n^' f.irtli wliat one is or lias. 
 
 VAU.N' T'IN'O, n.' Vain-glorious boasting. 
 
 VArNT'lN'G-LY, <u/i). Boastfully; with vain osten- 
 tation. Shak. 
 
 VAUNT'-MuRE, 7!. fFr. avant-nur.] 
 
 \ false wall ; a work raised in front of the main 
 wall. Camden. 
 
 VAUaUE'LIN'-TTE, (voke'lin-Ite,) n. Chroniate of 
 copptT and lead, ureen, of varittus shades. Urc 
 
 VAV'A-.SOR,H. [This word, in old books, is variously 
 wriltHU, V'alvasor, Vatasol-r, Valvasour. It is 
 said to be frojn r««a/. I!ut qu.] 
 
 Camden iKilds that the rava.<or was next below a 
 baron. Du Cange maintains that there were two 
 sorts of vavasors ; the greater, who held of the 
 king, surh as barons and counts; and the lesser, 
 called raipasini, who held of the former. 'J'he dig- 
 nity or rank is no longer in use, and the name is 
 know'n only in books. C)jc. 
 
 V.\V'A-SO-i!V, II. The quality or tenure of the fee 
 hell! bv a vavasor. Cue. 
 
 VA'WAKD.n. [can and ward.] The fore part. [ Ois.] 
 
 SImk. 
 
 V. D. M. ; an abbreviation for L. verbi Dei minister, 
 
 niinister of God's word. 
 VkAL, n. [Fr. vcau, a calf; probably contracted 
 from L. vit.ellii.i,] 
 The flesh of a calf killed for the table. 
 VEe'TIO.\, n. [h. vrctio, from vrho, to carrj'.] 
 
 The act of carrying, or state of being carried. 
 VEe-TI-TA'T10.\' n. [L. vectito.] 
 
 A carrying. [JVot in use.] Arbuthnol. 
 VEG'TOR, 71. [L., from i:r/io, to carry.] 
 
 In astronomy, coninionly called Radiui Vector, 
 \^'hich see. 
 
 VE€'TURE, 71. [L. vectura, from veho, supra.] 
 
 A carrying ; carriage ; conveyance by carrying. 
 [r.ittle used.] Bacon. 
 
 VE'I) \,n. The generic name of the four oldest sa- 
 cred books of the Hindoos, viz.. Rig, Yajust, Saman, 
 and Atliarvan, which were considered as directly 
 revealed by Brahma. These are divided into four 
 parts or vedas. The word is sometimes written Ve- 
 DAM. S'r fy. Jones. Colebrouke. 
 
 VE-DETTE', n. [Fr. vedeUe ; It. vedetta, from vedere, 
 L. tjideo, to see.] 
 
 A sentinel on horseback ; a dragoon or horseman 
 stationed on the outpost of an army, to watch an en- 
 emy and give notice of danger. 
 
 VEEU, r. i. [Fr. vircr : Sp. birar ; D. vieren; allied 
 probably to L. rario and rerto. See Ware ] 
 
 To turn ; to change direction ; as, the wind veers 
 to the west or north. 
 
 And .-xs he leads, the foUowinj nary veera. 
 Ami turn your veering heart with every gale. 
 
 Dryrien. 
 Roscommon. 
 
 To veer and haul, as wind ; to alter its direction. 
 VEER, V. t. To turn ; to direct to a diflerent course. 
 To veer ont ; to sufi'er to run or to let out to a 
 greater length ; as, to crer ont a rope. 
 
 To veer away ; to let out ; to slacken and let run ; 
 as, to rf^r airny the cable. I'his is called also pay- 
 ing out the cable. 
 
 To veer and fuul ; to pull tight and slacken alter- 
 natclv. 7\>ttcn, 
 VEER'A-BLE, a. Changeable; shifting. [JVot in 
 
 use.] Randolph. 
 VEER' ED, (vecrd,) pj). Turned; changed in direc- 
 tion ; Ift out. 
 
 VEER'ING, ppr. Turning; letting out to a greater 
 h-niiih. 
 
 VERR'I\G-LV, a</7'. Chaniinglv ; shiftinply. 
 VEG-E-TA-lilE'l-TY, 71. [from vrrrrtablc.] Vegeta- 
 ble nature; the quality of growth without sensation. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 VEft'E-TA-BLE, 7i. [Fr., from vegetcr, L. vigco, to 
 grow.] 
 
 1. A plant; an orianized body destitute of sense 
 and voluntary motion, deriving its nourishment 
 through pores on il.4 outer surface or vesseN, in most 
 instances ndhermg to some other bony, ns the earth, 
 and in general, propagating itself by seeds. Some 
 vegetJibles have spontaneous motion. Vegetables 
 alone have the power of deriving nourishmi nt from 
 inorganic matter, or organic matter entirely de- 
 comprmed. 
 
 y. In a more limited srn.te, vegetables are Kuch 
 plantH !UH are uned for culinary purpoHe<i and cult! 
 vated in gardens, or arc destined for feeding cattle 
 and Kheep. Vegetables, for thesB uses, are such as 
 nre of a more soft and flrBhy substance than trees 
 and shrubs ; such as cabbage, caulillower, turnips, 
 potatoes, pens, beans, Ice. 
 
 VEG'E-TA-BLE, a. Belonging to plants ; as, a vege- 
 table nature ; vegetable qualities ; vegetable juices. 
 
 2. Consisting of plants ; as, the vegetable king- 
 dom. 
 
 3. Having the nature of plants ; as, a vegetable 
 body. 
 
 Vegetable marrow; the fruit of a species of gourd, 
 Cucurbita ovifera, a n.ative of Persia. It is used for 
 culinary purposes, and is named from the peculiar 
 tenderness and soilness of its liesh. Fann. F.ncyc. 
 
 Vegetable inory ; a close-grained, and very liard 
 veg;aable substance, resembling the hnest ivory in 
 te.Mure and color, and often vrought into ornamental 
 work. It is the product of a species of palm, the 
 Phytelephas macrocarpa, in the form of a nut called 
 IvuRv Ni'T, often as large as a hen's egg. Silliman. 
 
 VEG'E-'J'AL, a. Having power to cause growth. As 
 a noun, a vegetable. [JVui in use.] 
 
 VEG'E-TATE, V. i. [L. vegelo ; Fr. vegeter ; from L. 
 vigeo, to llourish.] 
 
 I'o sprout ; to germinate ; to grow ; as plants ; to 
 grow and be enlarged by nutriment imbibed from the 
 eaith, air, or water, by means of roots and leaves. 
 Plants will not vegetate without a certain degree of 
 heat ; but serine plants vegetate with less heat than 
 others. Potatoes will vegetate after they are pared, 
 provided what are called the eyes or chits are not 
 removed or injured. 
 
 See dyiii": ve^t-iblcs life sustain, 
 See life dissulving vegetau ag.iin. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 VEG'E-Ta-TING, ppr. Germinating; sprouting; 
 growing ; as plants. 
 
 VEG-E-TA'TION, n. [Fr.] The process of growing, 
 as plants, by means of nourishment derived from the 
 earth, or from water and air, and received through 
 roots and leaves. We observe that vegetation de- 
 pends on heat and on certain substances which con- 
 stitute the nutriment of plants. Ra\>\A vegetaiionis 
 caused by increased heat and a rich soil. 
 
 2. Vegetables or plants in general. In June,t)e^c- 
 tatiOTi in our climate wears a beautiful aspect. 
 
 Vegetation of salti, so called, consists in certain 
 crystalline concretions formed by salts, after solution 
 in water, when set in the air for evaporation. These 
 concretions appear round the surface of the liquor, 
 affixed to the sides of the vessel. 
 
 VEG'E-TA-TIVE, a. [Fr. vegetatif.] 
 
 1. Growing, or having the power of growing, as 
 plants. Ralegh. 
 
 2. Having the power to produce growth in plants ; 
 as, the verretatire |)roperties of soil. Broome. 
 
 VEG'E-TA^TIVE-NESS, 7t. The quality of produ- 
 cing growth. 
 VE-GETE'.a. [U vegetu.'!.] 
 
 Vigorous ; active. [Utile ii.^ed.] WaJlis. 
 VEG'E-TIVE, a. [L. vegeto, vigeo.] 
 
 Vegetable ; having the nature of plants ; as, vege- 
 tine life. [Little iLscd.] Tiisser. 
 VEG'E-TIVE, n. A vegetable. [Aot in use.] 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 VEG'E-TO-AN'I-MAL, a. Partaking of the nature 
 both of vegetable and animal matter. J^fgeto-animal 
 matter, is a term formerly apjilied to vegetable gluten, 
 which is found in the seeds of certain plants, in a 
 state of union with fecula or starch. It is remarka- 
 bly elastic, and when dry, semi-transparent. By dis- 
 tillation it affords, like animal substances, ammonia, 
 and an empyreuniatic oil. Cyc. Fourcroy. 
 
 VEG'E-TOUS, a. Vigorous; lively; vegete. [JVot 
 in use.] B. Jonson, 
 
 VK'HE-MEN'CE, ) 71. [Fr. wAcmeTice; from I., vehe- 
 
 Ve'HE-MEN-CV, j 7716115, from veho, to carry, that 
 is, to rush or drive.] 
 
 1. Violence ; great force ; properly, force derived 
 from velocity ; as, the vehemence of wind. But it is 
 applied to any kind of forcible action; as, to speak 
 with vehemence. 
 
 2. Violent ardor ; great heat ; animated fervor ; as, 
 the vehemence of love or atfection ; the vehemence of 
 anger or other passion. 
 
 I tremble at his vehemence of temper. Addison. 
 
 VE'HE-MENT, a. [Fr., from E. vehement.] 
 
 1. Violent; acting with great force ; furious; very 
 forcible ; ns, a vehement wind ; a veliement torrent ; a 
 vehement fire or heat. 
 
 2. Very ardent ; very eager or urgent ; very fer- 
 vent ; as, a vehement afTi-ction or passion ; vehement 
 desire ; rrhemrnl eloquence. Jilitton. 
 
 Vk'IIE-MENT-LY, adv. With great force and vio- 
 lence. 
 
 2. Urgently ; forcibly ; with great zeal or pathos. 
 
 7'i7/o«.s-on. 
 
 VP.'HI-eEE, (vc'he-kl,) 7«. [Tt. vehicule ; L. vehieu- 
 lum, from ve/io, to carry.] 
 
 1. That in which any thing is or may be carried ; 
 any kind of carriage moving on land, either on 
 wheels or runners. 'J'his word comprehends coaches, 
 chariots, gigs, sulkies, wagons, carts of every kind, 
 sleighs, ami «leds. These are all vehicles. But the 
 word is more generally applied to wheel carriages, 
 and rarely, I believe, to water craft. 
 
 2. Thai which is used as the instrument of con- 
 veyance. Language is the vehicle which conveys 
 
 ideas to others. Letters are vehicles of communica- 
 tion. 
 
 A simple style forms the t)est velacle of thought to a mopular 
 assembly. Wtrl. 
 
 3. A substance in which medicine is taken. 
 
 4. A menstruum in which paints, gums, &c., are 
 dissolved and prepared for use. 
 
 Vif.'HI-eL£U, a. Conveyed in a vehicle. Orcen. 
 
 VE-llie'U-LAR, a. Pertaining to a vehicle. 
 
 VicIl'Mie, a. Vehniic courts were the tribunals of a 
 secret society in Germany during the middle ages, 
 which for a time held a powerful sway over the peo- 
 ple by their terrible e.tecutions. Braude. 
 
 VElL,Vvale,) ii. [L. velum.] 
 
 1. A cover ; a curtain ; something to intercept the 
 view and hide an object. 
 
 2. A Cover ; a disguise. [See Vail. The latter 
 orthography gives the Latin pronunciation as well as 
 the Eiigli>h, and is to be pit f'-rred.] 
 
 VEIL, (vile,) V. t. 'I'o cover with a veil ; to conceal. 
 
 2. To invest ; to cover. 
 
 3. To hide. [See Vail.] 
 
 VEIN, 71. [Fr. veine : L. vena, from the root of venio, 
 to come, to pass. The sense is, a passage, a conduit.] 
 
 1. A vessel in animal bodies, which receives the 
 blood frtim the extreme arteries, and returns it to the 
 heart. The veins may be arranged in three divis- 
 ions. (1.) Those that commence from the capilla- 
 ries all over the body, and return the blood to the 
 heart. (2.) The pulnumary veins. (3.) The veins 
 of the vena portie, in which the blood that has circu- 
 lated through the organs of digestion is conveyed to 
 the liver. Cijc. 
 
 2. In plants, a tube, or an assemblage of tubes, 
 through which the sap is transmitted along the leaves. 
 'J'he term is more properly applied to the finer and 
 more complex raniificatitms, which interbranch with 
 each other like net-work; the larger and more di- 
 rect assemblages of vessels being called Rms and 
 Nerves. Veins are also found in the calyx and coiol 
 of flowers. Cyr. 
 
 The vessels which branch or variously divide over 
 the surface of leaves are called Veins. jVartyn. 
 
 3. In geology, a seam of any substance, more or 
 less wide, in'tersecting a rock or stratum, and not 
 corresponding with the stratification., Dana. CtjC. 
 
 4. A streak or wave of different color, appearing 
 in wood, marble, and other stones ; variegatitm. 
 
 5. A cavity or fissure in the earth or in other sub- 
 stance. 
 
 6. Tendency or turn of mind ; a particular dispo- 
 sition or cast of genius ; as, a rich vein, of wit or 
 humor ; a satirical vein. 
 
 Invoke the muses, and improve my vein. ^VaUer. 
 
 7. Current. 
 
 He can open a vein of true and noble thinking. Stoi/L 
 
 8. Humor; particular temper. Shak. 
 
 9. Strain ; quality ; as, my usual vein. Oldham. 
 VEIN'£D, (vand,) a. [from vein.] Full of veins ; 
 
 streaked ; variegated ; as, veined marble. 
 2. In botany, having vessels branching over the 
 
 surface, as a leaf. 
 VEI.N'ING, (van'ing,) a. Forming veins. 
 VEIN'LESS, a. In botany, having no veins ; as, a 
 
 vcinless leaf. Barton. 
 VEIN'-SToNE, 71. The rock or mineral material 
 
 which accompanies or incloses ores in veins ; the 
 
 gangue. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 VEIN'Y, (van'e,) a. Full of veins ; as, veiny marble. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 VE-LIF'EU-OUS, o. [L. velum, a sail, and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 Bearing or carrying sails. Evelyn. 
 VEL-I-TA'TION, 7i. [L. velitatio.] 
 
 A dispute or contest ; a slight skirmish. [JVot in 
 use.] Burton. 
 VE-LIV'O-LANT, a. [L. velum and volo.] 
 
 P.assing under full sail. 
 VELL, 71. [Uu. fell, a skin.] 
 
 A rennet bag. [Local.] 
 VELL, r. t. [Uu. /■//, a skin.] 
 
 To cut off the turf or sward of land. [Local.] 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 VEL-Lf;'I-TY, 71. [Fr. vellcile : from L. velle, to will.] 
 A term by which the schools express the lowest 
 degree of desire. Locke. 
 VEL'LI-CaTE, v. t. [L. vellico, from vello, to pull. It 
 may be from the root of pull.] 
 
 To twitch ; to stimulate ; applied to the muscles and 
 fbcrs of animals ; to cause to twitch convulsively. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 VEL'IJ-CA-TED, pp. Twitched or caused to twitch. 
 VEL'LI-CA-TING, 7V"-. Twitching; convulsing. 
 VEL-LI-Ca'TIDN, n. The act of twitching, or of 
 
 causing to twitch. 
 2. A twitching or convulsive motion of a muscular 
 
 fiber. 
 
 VEI/LI-CA-TIVE, ... Having the power of vclhcn- 
 ling, plucking, or twitching. , „ „ 
 
 VEL'LIIM, 71. [Fr. tic'iii. It coincides with /i</, U. 
 vcl, skill ; probably from the root of L. vello.] 
 
 A finer kind of parchment or skin, rendered clear 
 and while for writing. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT METE, PRBY PINE, MAKINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1228 
 
VEN 
 
 VEL'I^UJl-POST, K. A peculiar sort of superior 
 «ritiiit'-(ia|iiT. 
 
 VEL'l.U.M-Y, a. Resembling vullum. 
 
 yE-/.0'CK, (vr\-l5'clii,) fit.] In im/.-ic, (|uick. 
 
 VE-LOC'I-I'KDE, n. [L. viloi, swift, anil pes, foot.] 
 A carriajie for one person, having two wlieels 
 placed one liefore tlie other, in the same lino, and 
 connected by a iH'am, on which the person sits 
 astride, ni,id propels the vehicle by striking the tips 
 of his toes acainsi the earth. 
 
 Vi;-LOC'l-TY,(-los'e-le,)n. [Fr.vdociti; h.vclocUas, 
 from relor, swit^, allied to vuto, to fly.] 
 
 1. Swiftness ; celerity ; npidity ; as, the velocity of 
 wind ; th r vclocilij of a planet or comet in its orbit or 
 course ; the velocity of a cannon-ball ; the vrlucity of 
 light. Ill these phrases, velocity is more generally 
 used than crlcrity. We apply celerity to animals ; as, 
 a horso or an ostrich runs with celerity, and a stream 
 runs with rapidity or velocity; but bodies moving in 
 the air or in ethereal space move with greater or le«3 
 velocity, not celerity. This usage is arbitrary, and 
 perhaps not nniversnl. 
 
 2. In philosophy, velocity is that affection of motion 
 by which a body moves over a certain space in a cer- 
 tain time. Velocity is in direct proportion to llie 
 space over which a body moves. Velocity is absolute 
 or relative : absolute, when a body moves over a cer- 
 tain space in a certain time ; relative, when it has 
 respect to another moving body. Velocity is also 
 uniform or equal : or it is uuequal, that is, retarded or 
 
 VEL'IJRE, n. [Fr. «ic(i)urs.] [accelerated. 
 Velvet. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 VEL'VET, 71. [It. relluto; Sp. velludo ; Fr. velours; 
 L. vellus, hair, nap.] 
 
 A rich, silk stutf, covered on the outside with a 
 close, short, line, soft shag or nap. 
 
 Cotton velvet: an imitation of velvet, made of cot- 
 ton ; also called relveteeu. 
 
 VEL'VET, c. (. To paint velvet. Pcacham. 
 
 VEL'VET, ) a. Made of velvet ; or soft and del- 
 
 VEL'VET-Ef), j icate, like velvet. 
 
 VEL-VET-EE.N', n. A kind of cloth made of cotton, 
 in iniit.-ition of velvet ; cotton velvet. 
 
 VEL'VET-ING, H. The fine shag of velvet. Cyc. 
 
 VEL'VET-PaV-£D, a. Paved with velvet. 
 
 VEL'VET-V, a. ^lade of velvet, or like velvet ; soft j 
 snuKith ; delicalfJ. Med. Hepos. 
 
 Ve'N AL, a. [L. veta, a vein.] 
 
 Pertaining to a vein or to veins ; contained in the 
 veins; as, venal blood. [See Venous, which is gen- 
 erally used.] 
 
 VE'NAL, a. [L. vcnal'is, from veneo, to he sold.] 
 
 1. Mercenary ; prostitute ; that may be bought or 
 obtained for money or other valuable consideration ; 
 as, a venal muse ; venal services. 
 
 2. That may be sold ; set to sale ; as, all offices are 
 venal in a corrupt government. 
 
 3. Piircha.sed ; as, a tenal vote. Junius. 
 VE-NAL'I-TV, n. Mercenariness ; the state of being 
 
 inllnenced by money ; prostitution of talents, ollices, 
 or services, lor money or reward ; as, the venality of 
 a corrupt court. 
 VEN'A-RY, o. [L. venor, to hunt.] 
 
 Relatins to hunting. 
 VE-NAT'ie, j a. [L. venatieus, from venor, to 
 VE N.\T'IC-AL, ( hunt.] 
 
 Used in hunting. 
 VE-Na'TIOiN, II. [L. venalio, from venor, to hunt.] 
 
 1. The act or practice of hunting. Brown. 
 
 2. The state of being hunted. Brown. 
 
 3. In botany, the manner in which the veins of 
 leaves are arranged. Lindley. 
 
 VE.N'D, r. t. [L. vendo; Fr. vendre; It. vendcre; Sp. 
 vender. ] 
 
 To sell ; to tninsfer a thing and ihe exclusive right 
 of posse.ssing it to another person, for a pecuniary 
 equivalent; as, to vend goods; to vend meat and 
 vegetables in market. Feuding dilfers from barter. 
 VV*e vend for mimey ; we barter for commodities. 
 Vend is applicable only to wares, merchandise, or 
 other small articles, not to lands and tenements. We 
 never say, to vend a farm, a lease, or a bond, a right, 
 or a hearse. 
 
 VEND'ED, pp. Sold ; transferred for money ; as 
 goods. 
 
 VEN'll-EE', n. The person to whom a thing is sold. 
 
 VEND'ER, n. [Fr. vendeur.] 
 
 A seller ; one who transfers the exclusive right of 
 paise.ssing a thing, either his own, or that of anoth- 
 er as his agent. Auctioneers are the venders of goods 
 for other men. 
 
 VE.\n-r-BIL'I-TV, (n. The stale of being vendible 
 
 VEND'I-BLE-NESS, i or salable. ' 
 
 VE.\D'I-BLE,«. L. [rtndibUis.] 
 
 Salable ; that may be sold ; that can be sold ; as, 
 vendible goods. Vendible dilTers from marketable ; the 
 latter signifies proper or Jit for market, according to 
 the laws or customs of a place. Vendible has no 
 reference to such legal fitness. 
 
 VEND I-BLE, n. Something to be sold or offered for 
 siile. Mitford. 
 
 VEND'I-BLV, adv. In a s.alable manner. 
 
 VEN-DI-Ta'TIO.\, n. [ L. vrnditatia.] 
 
 A boastful display. [A'ut m use.] B. Jonson. 
 
 VEN 
 
 VE\-DI"T10N, (ven-disli'un,) n. [Ft., from L. ven- 
 dilio.] 
 
 The act of selling ; s.ilc. 
 
 VF,Nl)'Oll, n. A vender ; a seller. 
 
 VEN -DOE', 71. [Fr. venda, sold.] 
 
 Auction ; a public sale of any thing by outcry, to 
 the liiu'liest bidder. 
 
 VEN-DuE'-.M.\S'TER, n. One who is authorized to 
 make sale of any property to the highe.st bidder, by 
 notification and public outcry ; an auctioneer. 
 
 VE NEER', v. t. [Vt.fumieniu This word seems to 
 be t'rom the root of famish, the primary sense of 
 which is, to put on ] 
 
 To lay, or fix firmly, thin leaves of a fine or supe- 
 rior wood over a coarse or inferior wooil, so as to 
 give the latter the appearance of a solid mass of the 
 former. Ilebcrt. 
 
 VE-NEEIl', n. A thin leaf of a superior wood for 
 overlaying an inferior wooil. 
 
 VE-NEER'KU, pp. Overlaid with a thin leaf of a su- 
 perior wood. 
 
 VE NEER'ING, ppr. Overlaying with a thin leaf of 
 
 a superior wood. 
 VE-NEER'I.\G, n. The act or art of overlaying a 
 coarse or inferior w<iod with thin leaves of superior 
 wood ; the covering thus laid oil. 
 VEN'E-FICE, (-fis,) n. [L. eciif/iciiim.] 
 
 The practice of poisoning. [JVut i;i use.] 
 VEN-E-FI"CIAI„ f-fish'al,) j r, c ■ i 
 VEN-E-FI"ClOUS, (-fish'us.) I 
 
 Acting by poison ; bewitching. [Little used.] 
 
 Brotrn. 
 
 VEN-E-FI"CIOUS-LY, adv. By poison or witchcraft. 
 
 [f.ittlc used.] Brown. 
 VEN'EM-Ol/S. See Venomous. 
 
 VE.N'E-NaTE, 1-. I. [L. veneno ; venenum, poison ; W. 
 gwrnxcyn ; from r.'iging.] 
 
 To poison : to infect with poison. Harvey. 
 VEN-E-\A'TION, 71. The act of poisoning. 
 
 2. Poison J venom. Brown. 
 VE-Nl"o\E', ) 1 
 VEN'E-NoSE, i '"•"""'■r-] 
 
 Pois(uioiis ; venomous. [.\'ol uned.] Harvey. 
 VEN-ER-A-BIL'I-TV, 71. State or qaality of being 
 
 venenible. JJVot u^ed.] More. 
 VEN'EK-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. venerabilis, from 
 veneror, to honor, to worshij).] 
 
 1. Worthy of veneration or reverence ; deserving 
 of honor and respect; as, a venerable magistrate ; a 
 venerable parent. 
 
 2. Rendered sacred by religious associations, or 
 being consecrated to God and to his worship; to be 
 regarded with awe and treated with reverence ; as, 
 the venerable walls of a temple or church. 
 
 The pl.iccs when? 8Aiiit» have tufrere'l for Uie lesUmony of Christ 
 — rendered venerabt* by ihcir death. Hooker. 
 
 VF,N'ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state or quality of 
 being venerable. South. 
 
 VEN'ER-A-BLY, air. In a manner to excite rever- 
 ence. 
 
 An awt^l pfle I itands venerably great. Addison. 
 
 VEN'ER-aTE, V. t. [Fr. venerer ; L. veneror.] 
 
 To regard with respect and reverence ; to rev- 
 erence ; to revere. We venerate an old, faithful 
 magistrate ; we venerate parents and elders ; we 
 venerate men consecrated to sacred offices. We 
 tifiifrate old age or gray hairs. We ccTterafe, or ought 
 to venerate, the gospel and its precepts. 
 
 And seemed to venerate the sacred shade. Dryden. 
 
 VEN'ER-a-TED, pp. or a. Reverenced ; treated with 
 honor and respect. 
 
 VE.\'ER-A-TING, ppr. Regarding with reverence. 
 
 VEN-ER-a'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. vcneratw.] 
 
 The highest decree of respect and reverence ; re- 
 spect mingled with some degree of awe ; a feeling or 
 sentiment excited by the dignity and superiority of a 
 person, or by the sacrediiess of his character, and 
 with regard to place, by its consecration to sacred 
 services. 
 
 We find a wcret nwe nnd venenHon Tot one who moves about 
 us in a re^lar and ilUistrious course of virtue. Adilison. 
 
 VE\'ER-A-T0R, 71. One who venerates and rever- 
 ences. 
 
 VE-.Nk'RE-AL, a. [L. venereus, from Venu.t ; W. 
 Ginener, from ^wen, w hite, fair. See Ve.nus.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to sexual intercourse. 
 
 2. Connected with sexual intercourse ; as, a vene- 
 real disease ; venereal virus or poison. 
 
 X Adapted to Ihe cure of venereal diseases ; as, 
 venereal medicines. 
 
 4. Adapted to excite venereal desire ; aphrodisiac. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 5. Consisting of or pertaining to copper, formerly 
 railed by chemists Vemus. [04s.] Boyle. 
 
 VE-Nl-:'RE-AN, a. Venereal. [JVot used.] IIoicelL 
 VE-Nf;'RE-OUS, a. [h. venereus.] 
 
 Lustful ; libidinous. Dcrliam. 
 VEN'ER-Oirs, for Vemereoos. [JVnf used.] 
 VEN'ER-Y, n. [from J'e7iu*.] Sexual intercourse. 
 
 Contentment, without the pleasure of lawful renery, is ccnli- 
 nence; of unlawful, chastity. Grcie. 
 
 VEN 
 
 VE.N'Eli-V, /I. [Vi.venrrie; from Li. venor, lo hunt, 
 that is, to drive or rush.] 
 
 The act or exercise of hunting ; the sports of the 
 chase. 
 
 Ik'asts of venery and fishes. JJrottn. 
 
 VEN-E-SEG'TION, n. [L. re7ia, vein, and aecUo, a 
 cutting.] 
 
 'I'lie net or operation of opening a vein for letting 
 lilond ; blood-letting ; phlebotomy. Cyc. H'iseman, 
 VE-Nl";'TIAN, a. Belonging to Venice. 
 
 Venetian chalk; a white, compact talc or steatite, 
 used for marking on cloth. Sic. Dana. 
 
 Vcnttian door: a door having long, narrow win- 
 dows on the sides. 
 
 Venetian window : one consisting of a main win- 
 dow with a long and narrow window on eai h side. 
 
 Venetian blind : a blind for windows, iloors. Sec, 
 made of thin slats set in a frame, movable 011 end- 
 piiis, and so disposed as to overlap each when rbise, 
 and to show a series of open spaces for the admis- 
 sion of air and light when in the other position. 
 VEN'EV, 71. [Fr. venez, from venir, to come.] 
 A bout ; a thrust ; a hit ; a turn at fencing. 
 Tlin-e veneyg tor a dUh of stewed prunes. [Obt.] SItak. 
 [Soint'times spelt Venew.] 
 VENGE, (venj,) v. t. [Fr. vender.] 
 
 To avenge ; to punish. [JVi/t in usf.] [See Ave:vc;e 
 nnd Revenoe.] Shak. 
 VENGE'A-ULE, (venj'a-bl,) a. [from rfnj»f.l Rt^ 
 veiigct'ul ; as, vengcuble despite. [JVwt in use.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 VE.VGE'ANCE, (vcnj'ance,) 71. [Fr., from vcn^'cr, k: 
 revenge, L. vindico.] 
 
 The infiirtion of pain on another, in return for an 
 injury or offense. Such infliction, when it proceeds 
 from malice or mere resentment, and is not neces- 
 sary fiir the purposes of justice, is revenge, nnd a 
 most hoinoiis crime. When such infliction proceeds 
 from a mere love of justice, and the necessity of 
 punishing ofieiulers fur the support of the laws, 
 it is rentreanec, and is warrantable and just. In 
 this case, vengeance is a just retribution, recom- 
 pense, or punishment. In this latter sense the 
 word is used in Scripture, and frequently ap- 
 plied to the punishments inflicted by Uod on sin- 
 ners. 
 
 To me lylonfffth vengeance and recompense. — Dent, xsiii. 
 The Lord will ulte vengeance on his advers-irit-s. — N.tliuin i. 
 With a venrreance, in familiar lanirttage, signifies 
 with great violence or vehemence; as, to strike one 
 with a ren'reancc. 
 
 Formerly, what a vengeance, was a phrase used for 
 what emphatical. 
 
 But irhat a vengeance makes thee fly ! tlodibrru. 
 VENGE'FJjL, (venj'ful,) a. Vindictive ; retributive ; 
 as, God's venireful ire. Milton. 
 2. Revensefiil. 
 VENGE'FIJL-LY, adv. Vindictively. 
 VENGE'.ME.NT, (venj'ment,) n. Avengcment ; penal 
 retribution. 
 [AvENOEMENT is generally used.] 
 VE.NG'ER, 71. An avenger. [Ao( i;i use.] Spenser. 
 VE'JVT, Vi'Dt, vrcl. [L.] I came, I saw, I 
 conquered. These were the words which Cesar 
 used when he informed the Roman senate of his 
 victories in Gaul. 
 Vi;'NI-A-BI>E, a. [See Vewial.] Venial ; pardon- 
 able. [A'"<i( 771 use.] Brown. 
 V£'NI-A-BLY, ado. Pardonably; excusably. [Jfol 
 
 K.«</.] Brown. 
 ViC'NI-AL, a. [It. veniate; Sp. venial: Fr. veniel; 
 from L. veuia, pardon, leave to depart, fnim the niot 
 of I'cnin, and signifying literally a giung or pa.ssiiig.] 
 
 1. That may be fiirgiven ; pardonable ; as, a venial 
 fault or transgression. The reformed churches 
 liolil all sins to be venial, through the merits of the 
 Redeemer; but the most trifling sins not to be venial, 
 e\cept through the righteousness and atonement of 
 Christ. 
 
 Venial sin, in the Roman Catholic church, a sin 
 which weakens, but does not whtilly destroy, sancti- 
 fying grace, like mortal or deadly sins. It docs not, 
 tiierefore, exclude from absolution and communion, 
 when there is evidence of re[M-ntance. 
 
 Brande. Kneyc. Mm. 
 
 2. In familiar laniruatre, excusable ; thai may be 
 allowetl or |>erniittcd to pass without censure; as, a 
 venial slip or fault. 
 
 3. Allowed. 
 
 Permitdn? him the while 
 Veniat discourse unUaincd. Milton, 
 
 Vk'NI-AL-LY, adv. Pardonably. 
 Ve'NI-.AL-NESS, 71. Slate of being excusable or par- 
 donable. 
 
 VE^YI'RE F.^'Cr-JiS, or VE-JVPRK, [I..] In law, 
 a writ or precept directed to the sherilT, requirini; him 
 to summon twelve men, to try an issue between par- 
 ties. It is .-'so a writ in the nature of the summons 
 to cause the party indicted on a penal statute to afh 
 pear. 
 
 VEN'I-SON, (ven'e-7.n or ven'zn,) n. [Fr. renouim, 
 from L. rf7in7io, a hunting, from rrnor, to hunL] 
 The flesh of edible be.asts of chase. 
 
 TONE, BULL, UNITE. — A.\"GER, VF'CIOUS € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS 
 
 154 
 
 \ Y YV - 
 
VEN 
 
 VEN 
 
 VER 
 
 In England, the word is more especially applied 
 to the (iesli of deer, hares, and certain birds called 
 game. Booth. 
 
 It is, in the United States, applied exclnsively to 
 the flesh of the deer or cervine genus of animals. 
 VEN'O.M, 71. [Fr. Denm; U. veni^no ; L. Bnicnum ; W. 
 g^neuiDijn. It appears by the Welsh word and its 
 affinities, that the primary sense is ragins, furious ; 
 and hence it is to be referred to the root of L. veiior, 
 to hunt, to drive, or chase ; vmio, to come. See 
 Venus, &c.] 
 
 1. Poison ; matter fatal or injurious to life. Ven- 
 om is generally used to express noxious matter that is 
 applied e.viernally, or that is discharged from animals, 
 ns that of bites and stings of serpents, scorpions, &c. ; 
 and poison, to express substances taken into the 
 stontach. Ctjc. 
 
 2. Spite ; malice. 
 
 VEN'O.M, J). (. To poison ; to infect with venom. 
 
 [Little used, but Envenom is in use and elegant. 
 Venom may be elegantly used in poetry.] 
 
 VEX'O.M-i;b, -pp. Poisoned ; infected with poison. 
 
 VEX'O.M-OUS, a. Poisonous ; noxious to anim il life ; 
 as, the bite of a serpent m.ay be vennmotis. The sack 
 at the base of the rattlesnake's teeth contains ven- 
 omous matter. 
 
 2. Noxious; mischievous; malignant; as, a ven- 
 omous progeny. Ilroion. 
 
 3. Spiteful ; as, a venomous writer. 
 VEN'O.M-OUS-LY, adc. Poisonously ; malianantly; 
 
 spitefully. Drvilen. 
 
 VEN'O.M-OIJS-NESS, 71. Poisonousness ; noxious- 
 ness to animal life. 
 2. iMalignity ; spitefulness. 
 
 VE'NOUS, a. [L. vcnostis, from vena, a vein.] . 
 
 1. Pertaining to a vein or to veins ; contained in 
 veins; as, venous blood, which is distinguished from 
 arterial blood by its darker color. 
 
 2. In botany, veined. A venous leaf has vessels 
 branching, or variously divided, over its surface. 
 
 MartTjn. 
 
 VENT, 71. [Fr. vente, Sp. venta, sale, from rcndre, Sp. 
 vender ; from the root of L. venio. Eng. wind,&.c. ; 
 properly, a passage.] 
 
 1. A small aperture ; a hole or passage for air or 
 other fluid to escape ; as, the vent of a cask. 
 
 2. The opening in a cannon or other piece of artil- 
 lery, by which fire is communicated to thi' charge. 
 
 3. Passage from secrecy to notice ; publication. 
 
 notion. 
 
 4. The act of opening. Philips. 
 
 5. Emission; passace ; escape from confinement; 
 as, his smothered passions urge for vent. 
 
 6. Discharge; utterance; means of discharge. 
 
 H.kI like grief been dewed in te;irs, 
 
 Without the vent of words. Milton. 
 
 7. Sale ; as, the vent of a thousand copies of a trea- 
 tise. Pope. 
 
 8. Opportunity to sell ; demand. 
 
 There is no vent for any commodity except wool. Temple. 
 
 9. [Sp. venta.] An inn ; a baiting place. [JVu£ in 
 use.] 
 
 10. In birds, the place fur the discharge of excre- 
 ment. 
 
 To ffive vent to ; to suffer to escape ; to let out ; to 
 pour forth. 
 
 VENT, V. I. To let out at a small aperture. 
 
 2. To let out ; to suffer to escape from confinement ; 
 to utter ; to pour forth ; as, to vent passion or com- 
 plaint. 
 
 The queen of heaTcn did lAuB her fury vent. Dryden. 
 
 3. To Utter ; to report. [Mt in use.] Stephens. 
 
 4. To publish. 
 
 The secl.ito™ did gnnOy enrich their inventions hy venting the 
 stolen tnriifiures of tlivine letters. [Not used.] Hategh. 
 
 5. To sell. 
 
 Therefore did those n.iUons vent such spice. [Not in itite.] 
 
 Italcgh. 
 
 [Instead of vent, in the latter sense, we use Vend.] 
 VENT, 7!. i. To snuff. [.^Tot in use.] Spenser. 
 VENT'AGE, 71. A small hole. [Molinuse.] Shall. 
 VENT'AIL,- 71. [Fr., a folding door.] That part of a 
 helmet maile to be lifted up; the part intended for 
 the admission of air, or ft)r breathing ; the visor of a 
 VEN-TAN'NA, 71. [Sp. vrntana.] [helmet. 
 
 .\ window. [JVuf KnjrlLsh.] Dn/tlen. 
 VENT'EK, n. One who utters, reports, or publishes. 
 
 Barroto. 
 
 VENT'EU, 71. [L.] In anatomy, the abdomen, or 
 lower belly ; fTirmerly applied to any large cavity 
 containing viscera, as the head, thorax, and abilu- 
 men, railed the three renters. Purr. 
 
 2. The womb; anil hence, mother. A has a son 
 B hy one venter, and a tlaughter (J bv another 7J/rrt(cr ; 
 children by dillerent nenlrrs. Late Lan^ruaifc. 
 
 '.i. 'I'he belly of a muscle. 
 VK.N'TI-IXJGT, n. [L. ventus, wind, and ductus, a 
 canal ; It. venttdiitti!] 
 
 In biulding, a passage for wind or air ; a passage or 
 pipe for veniilnting apartinenLs. Omili. 
 VE.V'TI I.ATE, 0. ^ [L. vcntilo, from vrntiu, wind ; 
 Fr. venlUer.] 
 
 1. To fan with wind ; to open .and expose to the 
 free passage of air or wind ; as, to ventilate a room ; 
 to ventilate a cellar. 
 
 2. To cause the air to pass through ; as, to ventilate 
 a mine. 
 
 3. To winnow ; to fan ; as, to ventilate wheat. 
 
 4. To examine; to discuss; that is, to agitate; 
 as, to ventilate questions of policy. [JVot now in use.] 
 
 VE.N'T [-La-ted, pp. Exposed to the action of the 
 
 air; fanned; winnowed; discussed. 
 VEN'TI-La-TING, ppr. Exposing to the action of 
 
 wind ; fanning ; discussing. 
 VEN-TI-LA'TION, Ji. [Fr., from L. ventilatio.] 
 
 1. The act of ventilating ; the act or operation of 
 exposing to the free passage of air, or of causing the 
 air to pass through any place, for the purpose of ex- 
 pelling impure air and dissip.ating any thing no.x- 
 ious. 
 
 2. The act of fanning or winnowing, for the pur- 
 pose of separating chaft' and dust. 
 
 3. Vent ; utterance. [JV"i)( i;i use.] Wotton. 
 
 4. Refrigeration. [JVoE in use.] Haroey. 
 VEN'TI-La-TOR, 71. A contrivance or machine for 
 
 drawing off or expelling foul or stagnant air from any 
 close place or apartment, and introducing that which 
 is fresh and pure. Ventilators are of very dilferent 
 constructions and sizes. 
 
 VE.VT'I.NG, ppr. Letting out; uttering. 
 
 VEN-TOS'I-TY, 71. [Fr. ventosite; from L. vento- 
 s».^.] 
 
 Windiness ; flatulence. Bacon. 
 VEN'TRAL, a. [from L. venter, belly.] 
 Belonging to the belly. 
 
 The ventral fins, in fishes, are placed between the 
 anus and the throat. Ed. Enctic 
 
 VEN'TRI-t LE, (ven'tre-kl,) 71. [L. ventriculus, ifiom 
 venter, belly.] 
 
 In a ireneral sense, a small cavity in an animal 
 body. It is applied to the stomach. It is also applied 
 to two cavities of the heart, which propel the blood 
 into the arteries. The word is also applied to cavi- 
 ties in dilferent [)art3 of the brain. Cije. 
 VE.V'TRI-eOSE, j a. [L. veniricostis, from venter, 
 VEN'TRI-eOUS, i belly.] 
 
 In natural history, bellied ; distended ; swelling out 
 in the middle; as, a ven^ricoi/s perianth. Martyn. 
 VEN-TRie'U-LAR, a. Pertaining to ventricle. 
 
 Tully. 
 
 VEN-TRie'lJ-LOUS, a. [Supra.] Someivhat dis- 
 tended in the niidtlle. 
 
 VEN-TRI-LO-eO'TION, n. A speaking after the 
 manner of a ventriloquist. 
 
 VE.\'-TRI-LO'aUI-AL, a. Pertaining to ventrilo- 
 quism. 
 
 VE.M-TRIL'O-ftUISM, ) 71. [L. venter, belly, and 
 VEN-TRIL'O-aUY, ( loquor, to speak.] 
 
 The act, art, or practice of speaking in such a man- 
 ner that the voice appears to come, not from the per- 
 son, but from some ilistant place, as from the oppo- 
 site side of the room, from the cellar, &c. 
 VE.N'-TRIL'O-aUIS'P, 7i. One who speaks in such a 
 manner that his voice appears to come from some 
 distant place. 
 
 Tlie ancient ventriloquiatt seemed to speak from their bellies. 
 
 Encyc. 
 
 VEN-TRIL'O-aUOUS, a. Speaking in such a man- 
 ner as to make the sound appear to come from a 
 place remote from the speaker. 
 
 VEN'TIIRE, (vent'yur,) 71. [Fr. aventnre ; It. and 
 Sp. Ventura i from L. venio, ventus, ventitrus, to 
 come.] 
 
 1. A hazard ; an undertaking of chanco or dan- 
 ger; the risking of something upon an event which 
 can not be foreseen with tolerable certainty. 
 
 I, in tliis venture, double gains piinjue. Dryrien. 
 
 2. Chance ; hap ; contingency ; luck ; an event 
 that is not or can not be foreseen. Bacon. 
 
 3. The thing put to hazard ; particularly, some- 
 thing sent to sea in trade. 
 
 My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shak. 
 Jit a venture; at hazard ; without seeing the end 
 or mark ; or without foreseeing the issue. 
 
 A bargain at a venture made. Hudihras. 
 A certain man drew a bow at a venture. — t Kings xxii. 
 
 VEN'TIJRE, T). i. To dare; to have courage or pre- 
 sumption to tlo, untlertake, or say. A man ventures 
 to mount a lailtler ; Uc ve.iturcs into battle; he titn- 
 lures to assert things vv'hicli he docs not know. 
 2. To run a hazard or risk. 
 
 Who frvights IV siiip to venture on tlie seas. Drij'ien. 
 To venture at, ) to tiare to engage in ; to at- 
 
 To vcntiire on or upon; \ tempt without any certainty 
 of success. It is rash to venture upon such a project. 
 And whi'ii I venture at the comic style. Waller. 
 
 VEN'TIiRE, 7). t. To expose to hazard ; to risk ; as, 
 to venture one's person in a balloon. 
 
 2. To put or send on a venture or chance ; ns, to 
 venture n horse to the West Indies. 
 
 Vi;.\''i'IJIl.*;i), pp. Put to the hazard : risked. 
 
 VEN'TIJR EU, II. One who ventures ur puts to haz- 
 ard. 
 
 VEN'TIIRE SO.ME, (vent'yur-sum,) o Bold; dar- 
 ing; intrepid ; as, a venturesome boy. 
 
 VE.V'TIJRE-SO.ME-LY, adv. In a bold, daring man- 
 ner. 
 
 VEN'TT'R-ING, ppr. Putting to hazard ; daring. 
 VEN'TLjR-ING, 71. The act of putting to risk ; ahaz- 
 ardintr. 
 
 VEN'TITR-OTJS, o. Daring; bold; hardy ; fearless ; 
 intrepid ; adventurous ; as, a venturous soldier. 
 
 With vcn(uroi« ann 
 lie plucked, he tasted. 
 
 lilUton. 
 
 VEN'TUR-OUS-LY,arfi). Daringly; fearlesslv ; bold- 
 ly- Bacon. 
 
 VEN'TUR-OUS-NESS, 7t. Boldness; hardiness; 
 fearlessness; intrepidity. The event made them re- 
 pent of their venturousness. 
 
 VEN'UE, ) ri ■ ■ ■ A- 1 
 
 VJSNE i [L. Titcmia ; r«orm. TJisnc] 
 
 In taw, a neighborhood or near place ; the place 
 where an action is laid. In certain cases, the court 
 has power to change the venue. Cye. 
 
 The twelve men who are to try the cause, must be of the same 
 venue where tlie demand is made. DLackstone. 
 
 VEN'lJE, 71. A thrust. [See Veney.] 
 VEN'q-LtTE, 71. A petrified shell of 
 nus. [JVo( used.] 
 
 the genus Ve- 
 
 Vk'NUS, 71. [L. ; W. Otoener, from gwen, white, fair, 
 the feminine of gwyn, white, fair, that affords hap- 
 piness ; also ^ci/H, rage, violent impulse of the mind, 
 lust, smart; gicyniiu, to whiten; gieynt, \\''\nt\, L. 
 ventas ; gwynawg, full of rage ; gioent, an open coun- 
 try ; gwenii, to smile ; gtcenwtjn, poison, L. veneytitm. 
 Eng. venom : gwcnjcynaw, to poison, to fret or irritate. 
 These aflinities lead to the true origin of these words. 
 The primary sense of the root is, to shoot or rush, as 
 light or wind. From light is derived the sense of 
 white, fair, Venus, or it is from opening, parting; 
 and from rushing, moving, comes toind, anti the sense 
 of raging, fury, whence L. venenum, poison, that 
 whicli frets or causes to rage. These words all coin- 
 cide with L. venio, which signifies to rush, to fall, to 
 happen ; venor, to hunt, &.c. 'I'fie Greeks hail the 
 same idea of the goddess of love, viz., that her name 
 signified fjiirness, whiteness, anil hence the fiilile that 
 she sprung from froth, whence her Greek name 
 Ai[)OoStTt], from ai^ou^, froth. But Venus may be 
 from lust or raging.] 
 
 1. In mytholoiry, the goddess of beauty and love; 
 that is, beauty or love deified ; just as tile Gaelic and 
 Irish cliana, swiftness, impetuosity, is denominated 
 the goddess of hunting. 
 
 2. In astronomy, one of the inferior planets, whose 
 orbit is between the Earth and Mercury. As morn- 
 ing star, it was called by the ancients Lucifer; as 
 evening star, Hesperus. Its disttince from the sun 
 is about 68,000,000 of miles ; its diameter, 770 1 miles; 
 and its period of revolution round the sun, 224 days. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 3. In the old chemLHry, a name given to copper. 
 
 4. In conchology, a genus of bivalve mollusks, in- 
 cluding the common clam. 
 
 Vli'NUS'S €oMU, 71. An annual plant of the genus 
 Scandix; shepherd's needle. Lee. 
 
 Vis'NUS'S FL?'-TRAP, n. A plant, Dionoea mils- 
 cipula. It seizes and holds fast insects which brush 
 against its leaves. 
 
 VE'NUS'S LOOK'ING-GLXSS, 71. An annual plant 
 of the genus Campanula, allied to the bell-flower. 
 
 VE'NUS'S Na'V£L-VVORT, 71. A plant of the 
 genus Omphalodes or Cynoglossum, so named from 
 the shape of its seetls. Loudon. 
 
 VE-NUST', a. [L. vennstus.] 
 Beautiful. [JVof used.] 
 
 VE-R.A'CIOLTS, a. [L. verax, from wriis, true.] 
 
 1. Observant of truth ; habitually disposed to speak 
 truth. 
 
 2. True. [Little used.] Pinkcrton. 
 VE-Ra'CIOUS-LY, adv. Truthfully. 
 VE-RAC'I-TY, (ve-r.as'c-te,) «. [It. veracitd ; from L. 
 
 verax, from verus, true.] 
 
 1. Habitual observance of truth, or habitual truth; 
 as, a man of veracity. His veracity is not called in 
 question. The question of the court is, whether you 
 know the witness to bo a man of veracity. We rely 
 on history, when we have confidence in the veracity 
 and industry of the historian. 
 
 '• Tlie veracity of facts," is not correct language. 
 Truth is applicable to men and to facts ; veracity to 
 men only, or to sentient beings. 
 
 2. Invariable expression of truth; as, the iicracity 
 of our senses. Kuines. 
 
 VE R.AN'DA, 71. An Oriental word denoting a kind 
 of open portico, formed by extending a sloping roof 
 beytuid the main budding. Chalmers. 
 
 VE-Ra'TUINE, ) 
 
 VE-RAT'IM-NA, S ji. [L. veratrum.] 
 
 VE-KA'TKI-A, > 
 
 A vegetable alkaloid, obtained from Asagrtsn 
 oflii inalis, and culled Vebatbine from a mistake 
 of the analyst, who supposed lie \v» analyzing the 
 seeds of Veratrum Saliadilla. Although called 
 veratrine, it is not known to be containod in any 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIIj>T. — METE, PREY -PINE, MARKNE, BIRD. — NoTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1230 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 VER 
 
 species of tlie qeniis veratriim. This alkaloid is re- 
 
 iiiarli:il)le for its slormitatnry powers. TttlLy. 
 VE-Ka'TUUJI, ti. A genus of plants having very 
 
 poisonous qualities. 
 VKIIH,H. verbum; Fr. vcrbe; Pp. and It. verba; 
 
 U.feiirb ; probably from the root of L./cro.] 
 
 1. In frrummar, a part of speech that expresses 
 action, motion, being, suffering, or a request or com- 
 mand to do or forbear any thing. The verb aliirms, 
 declares, asks, or commands; as, I write; he runs; 
 the river Jlows ; they sleep ; we see ; they are deceived ; 
 depart; >rn ; eome ; write; docs he improve 1 
 
 When the action expressed by a verb is exerted on 
 tin object, or terminates upon it, the act is considered 
 us (Hissing to that object, and the verb is called (raii- 
 sittve; as, I read Livy. When the act cxiyessed by 
 the verb terminates in the agent or subject, the verb 
 is called intransitive ; as, I ran ; \ walk ; I sleep. 
 
 When the agent and oliject change places, and the 
 agent is considered as the instrument by which the 
 object is affected, the verb is called passive; as, 
 Goliath was slain by David. 
 
 2. A word. South. 
 VERIi'AL, a. [Fr. ; L. rerbalis-^i 
 
 1. Spoken ; expressed to the ear in words ; not 
 written ; as, a verbal message ; a verbal contract ; 
 verbal testimony. 
 
 2. Oral ; uttered by the mouth. Shale. 
 
 3. Consisting in mere words ; as, a verbal reward. 
 
 4. lles|)ectiug words only ; as, a verbal dispute. 
 
 5. Minutely exact in words, or attending to words 
 only ; as, a verbal critic. 
 
 ti. ijiteral ; having word answering to word j as, 
 a verbal translation. 
 
 7. In grammar, derived from a verb ; as, a verbal 
 noun. 
 
 8. Verbose; abounding with words. Sliak. 
 VEKD'AL, II. In grammar, a noun derived from a 
 
 verb. Srande. 
 VKRIi'AI^ISM, ji. Something expressed orally. 
 VEKB-.'\L'I-TY, n. Mere words ; bare literal expres- 
 
 si(uis. Brown. 
 VERU'AL-IZE, r. (. To convert into a verb. 
 VERB'.\L-LY, adv. In words spoken; by words 
 uttered onilly. SoutJt. 
 2. Word for word ; as, to translate vcrbalhi. 
 
 Dn/den. 
 
 VER-Ba'TIM, adv. [L ] Word for word ; "in the 
 same words ; as, to tell a story verbatim as another 
 has rcjated it. 
 
 VER-Ue'i\.'\, n. Vervain ; a genus of plants. Two 
 sorts are extensively cultivated, one for its lenton- 
 scenli-d foliage, and the other fi>r the great beauty of 
 its (lowers. Mead. 
 
 VER'IiEN-ATE, v. t. [L. verbena, vervain.] 
 .Strewed with vervain. 
 
 VER'HEN-A-TED, pp. Strewed or .s.inctilicd with 
 vervain, according to a'custoin of tlie ancients. 
 
 VER'I5EN-.^-TL\G, ppr. Strewing with vervain. 
 
 Drake. 
 
 VER'BER-aTE, v. t. [L. verbcro.] 
 
 To b-at ; to strike. [JVut in luse.] 
 VER-BEU-A'TION, ji. A beating or striking blows. 
 
 ^irbuthnot. 
 
 2. The impulse of a body, which causes sound. 
 
 Oje. 
 
 VERB'I-.\CE, n. [Fr.] Verbosity ; use of many 
 words without necessity; superabundance of words. 
 
 VEK-BOSE', «. [L. verbosus.] 
 
 Abounding in worils ; using or containing more 
 w'ords tli;in are necessary ; prolix ; tedious by a 
 innltiplicily of words; as, a verbose speaker; a rcr- 
 hiisc ar!;uun*nt. 
 
 VEit-UOSE'LV, adv. Wordily. 
 
 VER-BOS'l-TY, In. Emplo\ment of a snperabund- 
 VER-BoSE'NESS, i ance of words; the use of 
 
 more words than are necessary ; as, the verbosity of a 
 
 speaker. 
 
 2. Su|ierabundance of words ; prolixity ; as, the 
 vrrbosUii of a discourse or argument. 
 VER'DAN-CY, h. [See Veudapit.J Greenness. 
 
 J^''orris. 
 
 VER'DAN'T, a. [Fr. verdoijant; L. viridans, from 
 viridi.<, from vireu, to bo green. The radical sense 
 of the verb is, to grow or advance with strength.] 
 
 1. Green ; fresh ; covered with growing plants or 
 grass ; as, verdant fields ; a verdant lawn. 
 
 S. Flourishing. 
 
 VER'DAi\T-LY, arfti. Freshly; flourishingly. 
 
 VERU-,\N-TmUE',(verd-an-teek',)n. [Fr.] Ancient 
 green ; a term given to a green incrustation on an- 
 cient coins, brass or copper. It is a hydraled dicar- 
 bonate of copper. Turner. 
 
 2. A mottled-green serpentine marble; also, a 
 green porphyry, used as marble, and called Oriental 
 VEfiD-ANTiquE. Dana. 
 
 VER'DER-ER, j n. [Fr. verdier, from verd, green ; or 
 VER'DER-OR, ( Low L. viridarius.] 
 
 An officer in England, who has the charge of the 
 king's forest, to preserve the vert and venison, keep 
 the assizes, view, receive and enroll attachments 
 and presentments of all manner of trespasses. 
 
 BlacLitone. 
 
 VER'DIGT, a. [L. eerum dictum, true declaration.] 
 
 1. The answer of a jury given to the court con- 
 cerning any matter of fact in any cause, civil or 
 criminal, committed to the-ir trial and examination. 
 In criminal causes, the jury decide the l.jw as well as 
 the fact. Verdicts are trenrral or special ; /reneral, 
 when they decide in general terms, or in the terms 
 of the general issue, as no wrontr, nu disseisin ; special, 
 when the jury find and state the facts at large, and 
 as to the law, pray the judgment of the court. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 2. Decision ; judgment ; opinion pronounced ; as, 
 to be condemned by the verdict of the public. 
 
 Tiicflfl cnoriniuca were coiidciniicU by Uic verdict of common 
 tiiiinanily. .S'oulA. 
 
 VER'DI-GRIS, (vur'de-grees,) n. [Fr. verd and gris ; 
 green-gray.] 
 
 Disacet.ite of copper. In an impure state, it is 
 much used .as a preen pigment. In a pure state, it is 
 employed in medicine. 
 VER'DI-TER, H. [verde-terrc, green earth ; terreverte.] 
 A fine a'/.ure-bluo mineral. It is a liydrated sub- 
 sesqnicarhonate of copper. It is prepared artificially, 
 but the process is kept secret. It is sometimes used 
 as a pigment. Thomas Thomson. 
 
 VER'UI-'i'l.'RE, n. The faintest and palest green. 
 VERD'qRE, (verd'yur,) 71. [Fr. ; from L. vireo.] 
 
 Green ; greeniurss ; freshness of vegetation ; as, 
 the verdure of the meadows in June ; the verdure of 
 sjiring. 
 
 VERU'lJR-OUS, a. Covered with green; clothed 
 w ith the fresh color of vegetables ; as, verdurous pas- 
 tures. Philips. 
 
 VER'E-CU.N'D, a. [L. verrciindas.] 
 
 Bashful ; modest. [J\'ol much used.'] JVutlon. 
 
 VER-ECUND'I-TY, n. Bashfulness ; modesty; 
 blushing. [A'ot m niMcA use.\ 
 
 VERGE, (verj,) n. [Fr. ; It. verga, L. virga, a rod, 
 that is, a shoot.] 
 
 1. A rod, or something in the form of a rod or 
 staff, carried as an emblem of authority ; the mace 
 of a dean. Swift. 
 
 2. The stick or wand with which persons are ad- 
 milted tenants, by holding it in the hand, and 
 swearing fealty to the lord. On this account, such 
 tenants are called tenants by the verge. 
 
 Cye. Knr^land. 
 
 3. In law, the compass or extent of the king's court, 
 within which is bounded the jurisdiction of the lord 
 steward of the king's hou.sehold ; so called from the 
 verge or stalV which the marshal bears. Cowcl. 
 
 4. The extreme side or end of any thing which has 
 some extent of length; the brink; edge; border; 
 mamin. 
 
 [This seems to be immediately connected with the 
 L. vergo.] 
 
 5. Among gardeners, the edge or outside of a 
 border; also, a slip of grass adjoining to gravel- 
 walks, and dividing them from the borders in the 
 paiterre-garden. Cye. 
 
 G. A part of a timepiece 
 VERGE, v. i. [I,, vergo.] 
 
 1. To tend downward ; .t leni ; to slope ; as, a 
 bill verges to the north. 
 
 S. To tend ; to incline ; to approach. 
 I find mysi'lf verging to lli;it perioU of lilc wliich Is to M Ir\bor 
 and sorrow. Sm/t. 
 
 VERG'ER, 71. He that carries the mace before the 
 bishop, dean, &c. Farijuhar. Cye. 
 
 2. An officer who carries a white wand before the 
 justices of either bench in England. Cyc. 
 
 3. A pew-opcner or attendant at a church. 
 VERG'ING, ;j/ir. Bending or inclining ; tending. 
 VEK'GOU-LEOSE, n. A variety of pear ; contracted 
 
 to Vebgaloo ; written also Veroalieu. 
 
 VE-RID'IC-AE, a. [L. veridicus; verus and dico.] 
 Telling truth. [JVot used.] 
 
 VER'l-FI-.\-BLE, o. [from verify.] That may be 
 verified ; that may be proved or confirmed by in- 
 contestable evidence. Sauth. 
 
 VER-I-FI-e.\'TION, n. [Fr. See Verify.] The 
 act of verifying or proving to be true ; the act of 
 confirming or establishing the authenticity of any 
 powers granted, or of any transaction, by legal or 
 competent evidence. 
 
 VER'I-FI-ED, (ver'e-fide,) pp. Proved ; confirmed 
 by competent evidence. 
 
 VER'I-FI-ER, II. One that proves or makes appear 
 to be true. 
 
 VER'I-F?, V. L [Fr. verifier; L. verus, true, nnd 
 faeio, to make ; G. wahr, D. waar, W. ^-iriV, pure, 
 true, ether, purity ; gwiraw, to verif^'.] 
 
 1. To prove to be true ; to confirm. 
 
 This ii vrrijied by a number of examplci. Bacon. 
 
 2. To fulfill, as a promise ; to confirm the truth of 
 a prediction ; to show to be true. The predictions 
 of this venerable patriot have been ver(l'ied. Oen. 
 xlii. 1 Kings viii. 
 
 3. To confirm or establish the authenticity of any 
 thing by examination or competent evidence. The 
 first act of the house of represenLitives is to verify 
 their powers, by exhibiting their credentials to a 
 committee of ^le house, or other proper authority. 
 
 United States. 
 
 VER'I-r?-I.N'G, 7</?r. Proving to be true ; connrmliig ; 
 estuhlisliing as aiilhenlic. 
 
 VER'I-LY, aJu. [IVoiu very.] In truth; in fact; cer- 
 tainly. 
 
 2. Really ; truly j with great confidence. It waa 
 verily thought the entefprise would succeed. 
 VEK I-.SI.M'I-I.AR, a. [L. verisimilis ; verus, true, 
 and siinitis, like. ] 
 
 Having the appearance of truth ; probable ; likely. 
 
 H'hile. 
 
 VER-I-SI-MIL'I-TUDE, n. [L. »fri<iiiii;i(ii<;D. ] 
 
 The appearance of truth ; probability ; likelihood. 
 Verinimi/itude and opinion nrn rii e.iay purcIi.uo: bul truB 
 iinowlrd!,'^ is dfiir mid diincult. OlanviUe. 
 
 VER-I-SI-.MIL'I-TY, for Verisiuilitude, is not in 
 use. 
 
 VER'I-TA-BLE, a. [Fr.] True ; agreeable to fact. 
 
 ■ " ■ ■ ■ ■ Sliak. 
 
 [Little used.] 
 VER'I-TABLY, 
 
 ! cin ^orem while 
 South. 
 
 adv. In a true manner. [Obs.] 
 VKR'I-TY, n. [Fr. veriti ; L. Veritas, from verus, 
 true ; W. gwirtz; Sans, wartha.] 
 
 1. Truth ; consonance of a statement, proposition, 
 or other thing to fact. 1 Tim. ii. 
 
 It is a proposiiion of eternal verity, lliat ni 
 lie is dc-spised. 
 
 2. A true assertion or tenet. 
 
 By tliia it Bcein.-. to iv; a verity, Davieg. 
 
 3. Moral truth ; agreement of the words with the 
 thoughts. Johnson. 
 
 VER'JulCE, (-juse,) n. [Fr. verjus, that is, verd jus, 
 the juice of green fruits.] 
 
 A liquor expressed from crab-apples, sour grapes, 
 &c., used in sauces, ragouts, and the like. It is 
 used also in the purification of wax for candles, in 
 poultices, See.. Cyc. 
 
 VER'MEIL. See Vermilion 
 
 VEK-.ME-OL'O-GIST, n. [Infra.] One who treate 
 of vermes. 
 
 VER-ME-OL'O-GY, n. [L. vermes, worms, and Gr. 
 Xoyos, discourse.] 
 
 A discourse or treatise on vermes, or that part of 
 natural history which treats of vermes. [JWt used.] 
 [IIelminthologv is the legitimate term.] 
 VER'.MI'.S, n. pi. IE.] Worms: this is the same 
 
 word, varied in ortliogiaphv. 
 VER-.MI-CEI/Ll, (ver-ine-chel'Iy or ver-me-sel'ly,) n. 
 [It. vermicello, a little worm, L. vcrmiculus, from ver- 
 niii, a worm.] 
 
 In cookery, little rolls or threads of paste, or a com- 
 position of flour, eggs, sugar, and saffron ; used in 
 soups and pottages. 
 VER-MI"(:;E0US, (ver-mlsh'us,) a. [L. vermes.] 
 
 Pertaining to worms ; wormy. 
 VER-.MIC'lJ-LAR, a. [L. vcrmiculus, a little worm, 
 from vermis, a worm.] 
 
 Pertaining to a worm ; resembling a worm ; par- 
 ticularly, resembling the motion of a worm ; as, the 
 vermicular motion of the intestines, called also Peri- 
 staltic. Cyc 
 Vermieiilar work. See Vermicx'lated. 
 VER-MIC'IJ-LaTE, r. t. [h. vcrmicuUilus.] 
 
 To inlay ; to form work by inlaying which resem- 
 bles the motion or the tracks of worms. 
 VEIl-.Mie'lJ-LA-TEO, or a. Formed in the like- 
 ness of the motion of a worm. 
 
 fermiculiited work; rustic work so wrought as to 
 have the appearance of having been eaten into or 
 tracked by vvorins. OwilU 
 VER-Mie'U-I.A-TIN'G, ppr. Forming so as to resem- 
 ble the motion of a worm. 
 VER-.MIC-IJ-EA'TION, ii. The art or operation of 
 moving in the form of a worm ; continuation of mo- 
 tion from one part to another, as in the peristaltic 
 motion of the intestines. Hale. 
 
 2. The act of forming so as to resemble the mo- 
 tion of n worm. 
 VER.M'I-eULE, n. [L. vcrmiculus.] 
 
 A little worm or grub. Derham. 
 VER-MIC'tI-Lt")SE, ( r, • , i 
 
 VER-MIC'U-LOUS, [L-^rmicuW.] 
 
 1. Full of worms or grubs. 
 
 2. Resembling worms. 
 
 VER.M'I-FOR.M, a. [L. vermis, a worm, nnd forma, 
 form.] 
 
 Having the form or shape of a worm ; as, the 
 
 vermiform process of the cerebellum. 
 VER.M-IF'i;-GAL, a. Tending to prevent or destroy 
 
 vermin, or lo expel worms. Lindley. 
 VER.M'I-FUGE, 71. [L. vermis, a worm, and fago, to 
 
 expel.] 
 
 A medicine or snbsl.ance that expels worms from 
 animal bodies ; an anthelmintic. 
 VER'.MIL, lu [Fr. vcrmeiL] Vermilion. [Obs.] 
 
 Sprnsrr. 
 
 VER-MIL'ION, (ver-mil'yiin,) n. [Fr. rermrd, ver- 
 milion; It. vrrmigliane ; from L. vcrmiculus, rrnnes ; 
 a name sometimes improperly given to tfie kernies. 
 See Crimson.] 
 
 1. A bright-red sulphiirct of mercury, consisting of 
 sixteen parts of sulphur anil one hundred p.irts of 
 mercurj'. It is sometimes found native, of a red or 
 brown color, and is then called Cinnabar. It is 
 used as a pigment. Dana. 
 
 TONE, ByLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z , CH as SH ; TH a.i in THIS. 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 VER 
 
 'J. Tlie cuchiiieul, a small insect found on a paitic- 
 ulnr iiliiiii. 
 
 I liitiirtiper or obsolcte.'\ 
 
 3. All} heniitifiil red color. In blushing, the deli- 
 cate ciii-ek is covered w ith vermilion. 
 
 VEK-MlIVIOiN, (vor-niil'yun,) i). t. To dye red ; to 
 
 cover with n delicate red, 
 VEK-.MIL'10N-£U, pp. or a. Dyed or tinged with a 
 
 liriffht red. 
 
 VER.M'liV, n. sino-. anJ pi. ; used chiefly in the plu- 
 ral. [Fr. and It. vtrmine: from L. vermes, worms.] 
 
 1. All sorts of small anin.als which are destructive 
 to grain or oilier produce ; all noxious little animals 
 or insects, as squirrels, rats, mice, worms, grubs, 
 flies, &.C. 
 
 TtH-se vermin do great injuriM in the field. Mortimer, 
 
 2. Used of noxious human beings in contempt; as, 
 base vfrmin. Hadibras. 
 
 VER.M'I.N'-aTE, v. i. [L. vermino.'i 
 
 To breed vermin. 
 VER.M-lN-A'TIOiV, B. The breeding of vermin. 
 
 Vcrham. 
 
 2. A griping of the bowels. 
 VER.M'I.N'-LY, adv. or a. Like vermin; of the na- 
 ture of vermin. 
 VEUM'IN-OUS, a. Tending to breed vermin. 
 
 The verminous dlBposiuoii of the body. Harvey. 
 
 VER-.MIP'A-ROUS, a. [L. verges, worms, and pario, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Producing worms. Brown. 
 VER-.MI V'O-ROUS, a. [L. vermes, worms, and voro, 
 to devour.] 
 
 Devouring worms ; feeding on worms. Vermivo- 
 rniis birds are very useful to the farmer. 
 VER-N'Ae'LJ-LAR, a. [L. veruaculiis, born in one's 
 house, from vernu, a servant.] 
 
 1. .Native; belonging to the country of one's birth. 
 English is our verimcnlar language. Tiie vrritucalar 
 idiotii is seldom perfectly acquired by foreigners. 
 
 2. Native ; belonging to the person by birth or na- 
 ture. Mdner. 
 
 A vernacular disease is one which prevails in a par- 
 tinilar country or district ; more generally called En- 
 
 DK.-MIC. 
 
 VKR-.N Ae'TT-LAR-lSM, n. A vernacular idiom. 
 VEK-\Ae't;-LAR-LY, a<ic. In agreement with the 
 
 vi riiacular manner. 
 VER-NAC'U-LOUS, a. [Supra.] Vernacular ; also, 
 
 scoffing. [OAs.] Bruicn. Spenser. 
 
 VERONAL, a. [L. ventalis, from rer, spring.] 
 
 1. Ilelonging to the spring; appearing in spring; 
 as, vernal bloom. 
 
 Vernal flowers .ire preparilives to autumu.-il fruits. Rambler, 
 
 9. Belonging to youth, the spring of life. 
 Vernal siifiis ; the signs in which the sun appears 
 in the spring. 
 
 Vernal eqninox ; the equinox in spring or IMarcIl : 
 opp:iseil to the autiintnal equinur, in ??e|)teinber. 
 VER'NANT, a. [L. vernans ; verno, to llourisli,] 
 Flourishing, as in spring; as, vcrnant flowers. 
 
 Jlltllon. 
 
 VER'NaTE, f. I. To become young again. [JVu( in 
 
 VEr11i.\' TIO.V, 71. [L. verno.] 
 
 fu botany, the dispt>sition of the nascent leaves 
 within the bud. [It is called also Foliation or 
 LEAKINf: ] Martljn. 
 VER'NIK.R, n. [from the inventor.] A contrivance 
 attached to the graduated limb of an instrument, for 
 the [lurpo.se of measuring aliquot parts of the small- 
 est spaces into which the instrument is divided. 
 
 Olmsted. 
 
 VER-Nri.'I-TY, n. [L. vrmilis, from verna, a slave.] 
 .'^ci vility ; fawning behavior, like that of a slave. 
 [JVHt in u--tr.'\ Bailey. 
 VE-UO.\'l-€A, n. [vera-icon, true image.] 
 
 1. A portrait or representation of the face of our 
 Savior on handkerehiefs. 
 
 2. In botany, a genus of plants. Speedwell. 
 VEIl'RU-Go.'^E, } a. [L. verrnca, a wart ; vemicosus, 
 VER'lUI-eoU.S, i full of warts.] 
 
 Warty ; having little knobs or warts on the sur- 
 face; a«, a rprr/icoMjj capsule. Martyn. 
 VEH-RO'eU-LoSE, a. Having minute, wart-like 
 prominences. 
 
 VERS-A-niE'I-TY, )n. [L. versabilis, {mm vcrsor, 
 VERS'A-ULE-MES.'J, ( to turn.] 
 
 Aptness to be turned round. [JVuf u-iprf.] Dirt. 
 VER.S'A-RLE, n. [Supra.] That may be turned. [JVut 
 tijied. ) 
 
 VKRS'AIi, for (JNivrnmi,. [JVot used, or verij vulirttr.l 
 Vr.RS'ANT, a. Familiar. 
 
 VER.S'A-TII,E, (vers'a-til,) a. [I,, versalilis, from 
 versnr, to turn.] 
 
 1. 'i'hat may be turned round ; as, a versalile boat 
 or Hpilidle. //arte. 
 
 2. I.ialile to be turned in opinion ; changeable; va- 
 riable ; unsteady ; as, a man of rer^atdr disposition. 
 
 .'). Turning with ease from one thing to aiiolher ; 
 readily applied to a new t.ask, or to various subjects ; 
 aR, a man of rernatdc genius. 
 
 4. ill natural Ai^fori/, ca{mble of revolving; freely 
 
 movable ; as, a versatde ■.iiiXUer, which is fi.ved at one 
 
 point, but freely movable. Lindlerj. 
 VERS' A-TI l,E-LY, ado. In a versatile manner. 
 VERP-A-Tll,'l-'I'Y, In. The quality of being vers- 
 VERS'A-TILE-NESS, i atile ; ajitness to change; 
 
 readiness to be turned ; variableness. 
 2. The faculty of easily turning one's mind tc new 
 
 tasks or subjects; as, the versatility o( genius. 
 VERSE, (vers,) ji. [L. versus ; Fr. vers - from L. ver- 
 
 to, to turn.] 
 
 1. In poetry, a line ctmsisting of a certain number 
 of long and siiort syllables, disposed according to the 
 rules of the species of poetry which the author in- 
 tends to compose. Verses are of various kinds, as 
 hexameter, pentameter, and tetrameter, &,c., accorttiiig to 
 the number of feet in each. A verse of twelve syl- 
 lables is called an Jilexandrian or Aleiandriae. Two 
 or more verses form a stanza or strophe 
 
 2. Poetry ; metrical language. 
 
 Virlue w.TS taii^hl in verse. 
 Verse enitKilins virlue. 
 
 Prior. 
 Dwne. 
 
 3. A short divisiim of any composition, particular- 
 ly of the chapters in tlie J-criptnres. The author of 
 tile division of the Old Testament into versm is not 
 ascertained. The New Testament was divided into 
 verses by Robert Ste|)hcns. 
 
 4. A piece of poetry. Pope. 
 
 5. A poitiim of an anthem to be peiformed by a 
 single voice to each part. 
 
 Blank verse ; poetry in which the lines do not end 
 in rhymes. 
 
 Heroic verse usmiWy consists ot ten syllables, or, in 
 English, of five accented syllables, con:>tituting five 
 feet. 
 
 VERSE, V. t. To tell in verse ; to relate poetically. 
 
 Pljyinj oil pipes of corn, and versing love. Sfiak. 
 To be versed, [L. versor ;] to be well skilled ; to be 
 acquainted with ; as, to be versed in history or in ge- 
 ometry. 
 
 VERS'KO, (verst,) pp. Skilled. 
 VERS'Kll SINE. See Pine. 
 
 VERSE'-HON'OR-ING, a. Doing honor to poetry. 
 
 Lamb, 
 
 VERSE'MAN, ) n. A writer of verses ; in /iir;;- 
 
 VI;RSE'.M0N"GER, i crous lanirua^re. Prior. 
 VERri'ER, 71. A maker of verses ; a versifier. 
 
 B. ./oiison. 
 
 VERS'I-eLE, (vers'e-kl,) n. [L. versiculus.] 
 
 A little verse.' 
 VERS'l-eOE-OR, r-knl-liir,) ) „ ■ , -i 
 
 V£RS'i-eoi.-oRlf;ij, (-kui-iurd,) i t^- ''«'-™''''»--] 
 
 llavinu various colors ; changeable in color. 
 
 VER-SICQ-LAR, u. Pertaining to verses ; designat- 
 ing distinct divisions of a writing. 
 
 VEK-SI-FI-eA'TiON, n. [Fr , from versifier.] 
 
 The act, art, or practice of coniposiiig poetic verse. 
 Versification is the result of art, labor, and rule, 
 rather than of invention, or the fire of genius. It 
 consists in adjusting the long and short syllables, 
 and forming feet into harmonious measure. Cyc. 
 
 VERS'I-Fi eA-TOR, 71. A versifier. ILittle used.] 
 [See Vkrsipier.J 
 
 VERS'I-FI-£D, (-tide,) ;);;. from Vkrsify. Formed 
 into verse. 
 
 VERS I-FI-ER, 71. One who makes verses. Not ev- 
 ery versifier is a poet. 
 
 2. One who converts into verse ; or one who ex- 
 presses the ideas of another written in prose ; as. Dr. 
 Watts was a versifier of the Psalms. 
 
 VERS'I-P'9, r. i. To make verses. 
 
 I'll versify in spite, and do tny best. Dryden. 
 
 VERS'I-FV, V. U To relate or describe in verse. 
 
 I'll rer*//y the truth. Daniel, 
 2. To turn into verse ; as, to versify the Psalms. 
 VERS'I-FY-ING, pirr. Converting into verse. 
 VER'SION, (ver'shun ) 71. [Fr., from L. rcr.--iD.] 
 
 1. A turning ; a clinuge or transformation ; as, the 
 ver.iioii of air into water. [Unusual.] Bacon. 
 
 2. Change of direction ; as, the version of the 
 beams of light. [Unusual,] Bacon. 
 
 3. The act of translating ; the rendering of thoughts 
 or ideas, expres.sed in one language, into words of 
 like signification in another language How long 
 was Pope engaged in the version of Homer.' 
 
 4. 'i'ranslation ; that which i.s rendered from an- 
 other language. We have a good version of the 
 Scriptures. 'I'here is a good fmion of the Penta- 
 teuch ill the Samaritan. The Septuagint vrr,sion of 
 the Old Testament was made for the benefit of the 
 Jews in Alexandria. 
 
 VERS T, 71. A Russian measure of length containing 
 1111(15 yards, or 3500 feet; about two thirds of an 
 English mile. 
 
 yjlH'aUS, [I..] Against ; as, John Doe versus Richard 
 Roe. 
 
 VF.R SuTE', «. Crafty; wily. 
 VERT, 71. [Fr. vrrd, grtren, L. riridis.] 
 
 1. In the forest /fimi, every thing that grows and 
 btN'irs a green leaf within tile forest. To preserve 
 vert and venison is the duty of the vcrderer. 
 
 ^ England. 
 
 2. In heraldry, a green color. 
 
 VERT'E-I!ER, ) „ 
 VERT'E-HKe! j Vehtebra. 
 VERT'E-KRA, 7i. ; pi. Vebtebrje. [L. vertebra, from 
 verto, to turn.] 
 
 A Joint of the spine or back-bone of an animal. 
 VERT'E-liRAL., a. Pertaining to the joints of the 
 spine or back-hone. 
 
 2. 1 laving a back-bone or spinal joints ; as, vertebral 
 animals. 
 
 VERT'E-BRAL, n. An animal of the class which 
 
 have a baek-Iione. 
 VERT'E-BRATE, 71. An animal having a spine with 
 
 joints. 
 
 VERT'E-BRaTE, ) rr 
 
 VERT'E-BRA-TED, \ t^" 
 
 Having a back hone, or vertebral column, contain- 
 ing the sjiinal marrow, as an animal ; as man, quad- 
 rupeds, birds, anipliibia, and fishes. Curier. 
 
 VERT'E-BRaTES, ( 71. pi. Vertehrated animals, in- 
 
 VERT-E-BRa'TA, i eluding niammals, birds, rep- 
 tiles, and fishes. 
 
 VERT'E-BRE. See Vertedra. 
 
 VERT'EX, 71. [L., from verto, to turn ; primarily, a 
 round point.] 
 
 1. The crown or top of the head. Coze. 
 
 2. The top of a hill or other thing ; the point of a 
 cone, pyramid, angle, or figure ; the pole of a glass, 
 in optics. 'I'lie vertex of a curve is the point from 
 which the diameter is drawn, or the intersection of 
 the diameter and the curve. 
 
 3. In astronomy, the zenith ; the point of the heav- 
 ens perpendicularlv over the head. Cue. 
 
 VERT'I-CAL, a. [Fr., from L. vertex.] 
 
 1. Placed or being in the zenith, or perpendicularly 
 over the head. The sun is vertical to the inhabitants 
 within the tropics at certain times every year. 
 
 2. Being in a position perpendicular to the plane of 
 the horizon. 
 
 Vertical leaves, in botany, are such as stand so erect 
 th.at neither of the surfaces can be called the upper 
 or under. 
 
 Vertical anthers are such as terminate the fila- 
 ments, and, being inserted by their base, stand no 
 less upright than the filaments themselves. Cyc. 
 
 Vertical angles; in geometry, the opposite angles 
 formed by two insecting straight lines. Brandr. 
 
 Vertical circle in astronomy, a great circle passing 
 through the zenith and the nadir. The meridian of 
 any place is a vertical circle. The vertical circles are 
 called azimuth circles. Hutimi. 
 
 Vertical line; in dialing, a line perpendicular to the 
 horizon ; in eonics, a right line drawn on the vertical 
 plane, and passing through the vortex of the cone. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 Vertical plane, in coHicf, is a plane passing through 
 the vertex of a cone, and through its axis. 
 
 Prime vertical ; a great circle of the sphere, per- 
 pendicular to the horiz./n, and passing through the 
 zenith and the east and west points 
 VERT'l-CAI^EY, adv. In the zenith. 
 VERT'I-€AL-NESS. n. 'J'he state of being in the ze- 
 nith, or perpendicularly over the head. [Vektical- 
 ITV is ntit used.] 
 VEKT'1-CIE, 71. [I.. verticiUus, from vertex, supra.] 
 In botany, a little whirl ; a mode tif intlorescence, 
 in which tlie flowers surround the stem ill a kind of 
 ring. Cyc. 
 VER-TIC'IL-LATE, a. [.«upra.] In botany, vertic- 
 illate flowers are such as grow in a whirl, around 
 the stem or in rings, one above another, at eai h 
 joint. The term is also applied in this sense to leaves 
 and branches. Vcrticillate plants are such as bear 
 whirled flowers. Martyn. Lee. 
 
 VER-TIC'I-TV, (-tis'c-te,) ti. [from vertex, supra.] 
 The power of turning ; revolution; rotation, /.oekc, 
 2. That property of the loadstone by which it turns 
 to some particular point. 
 
 The Btlr;>ction of the magnet was known long before its vertuity. 
 
 VER-Tl6'IN-OUS, a. [L. verti^inosus,] 
 
 1. Turning round ; whirling; rotary; as, a 7>frti^ 
 inous motion. Bcntlry. 
 
 2. Oidtiv ; alfected with vertigo. Wooditard. 
 VER-TIG'IN-OUS-LY, adv. With a whirling or gid- 
 
 dini^ss. 
 
 VER-TlCi'IN-OUS-NE.SS, 71. Giddiness ; a whirling, 
 
 or sense of whirling ; unsteadiness. Taylor. 
 VERT'I-GO, 71. [1,., from verto, to turn.] 
 
 Giddiness; dizziness or swimming of the head; 
 an atfertimi of the head, in which objects appear to 
 move in various directions, tliougli stallonaiy, and 
 the person afl'ected finds it ditiicult to maintain an 
 erect posture. 
 
 [This woril is also pronounced by some vcr-lVgo, 
 and by others ver-ti'go.] 
 VER'VAI.N, 71. A plant; the poiiul.ar name of some 
 
 species of the genus Verbena. 
 VER'VAIN-MAI/EOW, n. A specie! of Mallow, the 
 VER'VELS, 71. [ft. vcrvcUc.] [Malva alcea. Cj/e. 
 
 Labels tied to a hawk. .^iusaortlt. 
 VER'Y, a. [Fr. vrai; L. ocrii* ; G. wahr ; 0. icuar.] 
 'J'ruu ; real. 
 
 Wheilier thou be my very ion Eiau or not. — Oen. xjivii. 
 
 1 lu Ihiil repeateth ft mutter, nepiir.ilelh very irieiidft. — ProT. TtJU. 
 
 FITE, PAR, FALl". WHAT METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK._ 
 
 7232 ' ~ ~ 
 
 ,1 
 
VKS 
 
 VES 
 
 VEX 
 
 Si) we say, in renj liet'il, in the rcrrj licavens, tliis 
 is tin; very niiin we want. In tlirse plirasi-s, very ih 
 enipliatical \ tint its si^^niticatiun is tntfy real. 
 
 VKIl'Y, As an nilvirli, or nimlifiur of adjectives 
 
 anil adverlis, very denotes in a great degree, an emi- 
 nent or higli degree, but not generally the highest ; 
 as, a very great nionntain ; a very bright sun ; a vtry 
 cold day ; a very pernicious war; a very benevolent 
 di>*positi(in ; the river Hows very rapidly. 
 
 VES'l-CAflT, n. [Inl'ra.J A blistering application ; 
 an epispastic. Biselow. 
 
 VES'I-CaTE, I'. (. [L. rcsica, a little bladder; Gr. 
 ^tvtJKT)^ from 'guffaw, to inllate.] 
 
 To blister ;' to raise little bladders, or ."separate the 
 cuticle by inllaining the skin. Celsus recommends 
 to vesicate the external parts of wounds. Wiseman. 
 
 VES'I-CA-TKI), pp. Blistered. 
 
 V1:S'I-€a-TI.\'(;, ppr. Blistering. 
 
 VES-I-€A'TION, «. The process of raising blisters or 
 little cuticular bladders on the skin. 
 
 VES'l-GA-TO-RY, n. [Kr. vc-ticaloire.] 
 
 A blistering application or plaster ; an epispastic. 
 
 VEST-GLE, (ves'e-kl,) n. [L. vesicula. See Vesi- 
 cate.] 
 
 1. A little bladder, or a portion of the cuticle sep- 
 arated from the skin and filled with some humor. 
 
 2. Any small, membranous cavity in animals or 
 vegetables. Tlie lungs consist of vesicles admitting 
 air. Ray. Cyc. 
 
 VE-SIC'IJ-LAR, ) a. Pertaining to vesicles; con- 
 VE-SIU'II-LOUS, j sisting of vesicles. 
 
 9. Hollow ; full of interstices. Cheyve. 
 
 3. Having little bladders or glands on the surface, 
 as the leaf of a plant. 
 
 VE-Sie'lI-LATE, a. B'addery ; full of bladders. 
 VES'PEU, 71. (L. This word and Hesperus are 
 
 probably of one origin, and both from the root of 
 
 wcsf. ] 
 
 The evening star ; Venus ; also, the evening. 
 VES'l'ERS, K. ;)(. The evening song or evening ser- 
 vice in tlie Roman ('ntliolic church. 
 
 Sicilian rexpers : the era of tho general massacre 
 of the French in Sicily, on Easter evening, iiSi, at 
 the loll of the bell for vespers. 
 VES'PEIl-TI.MC, a. [L. vespertinux. See Vesper.] 
 I'ertaining to the evening ; happening or being in 
 the evening. 
 
 VES'l'I-A-RY, n. The nest or habitation o{ wasps, 
 hornets, &C.C. 
 
 VES'SEL, n. f ft. vasfllo, from va.io, a vase or vessel ; 
 Fr. raisseaiL ; Sp. vasija ; from L. vas, vasis. This 
 word is probably the Eng. v<U, in a diflerent dialect ; 
 O. f'L^s, a vat ; irefdss, a vessel ; fo-^sen, to hold ; al- 
 lied probably to fast. fa.iten. 'l"he Sp. vasija is from 
 the Latin ; but the Spanish has also huiel, a general 
 name of all floating buildings ; probably of Celtic 
 origin.] 
 
 1. A cask or utensil proper for holding liquors and 
 other things, as a tun, a pipe, a puncheon, a hogs- 
 head, a barrel, a firkin, a bottle, a kettle, a cup, a 
 A\>\\, &c. 
 
 2. In anatomy, any tube or canal, in which the 
 blood anil other humors are contained, secreted, or 
 cirrnlaled, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, sper- 
 matics, &c. Cyc. 
 
 3. In tlie pkysioloiry of plants, a canal or tube of 
 very small bore, in which the sap is contained and 
 conveyed ; also, a bag or utricle, filled with pulp, and 
 serving as a reservoir for sap; also, a spiral canal, 
 usually of a larger bore. Martyn. Grew. 
 
 4. Any structure ni.ide to float upon the water, for 
 purposes of connnerce or war, whether impelled by 
 wind, steam, or oars. Tutten. 
 
 5. Something containing. jVdton. 
 Vessels of wratk,\n Scripture, nre such persons as 
 
 are to receive the full eir-cts of (Jod's wrath and in- 
 dignation, as a punishment for their sins. 
 
 yessels of mercy, are persons who are to receive 
 the eflects of God's mercy, or future happiness and 
 glory. 
 
 Clwsen vessels: ministers of the gospel, as appoint- 
 ed to hear the glad ncivs of salvation to others ; 
 called also fartAett vessels, on account of their wirak- 
 ness and fmilty. 
 VES'SEI^, V. £. To put into a vessel. [J^ot in itse.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 VES'SETS, n. A kind of cloth. On. 
 VES'Sie- -VOX. ;i. [ r-. vesica.] 
 
 A soft swelling on a horse's leg, called a VVimd- 
 GALL. Cyc. 
 VEST, n. [Fr. vejste; It. testa ; L. reMis, a coat or gar- 
 ment ; vestio, to cover or clothe, Goth, vestyan ; W. 
 gioisff.] 
 1. An outer garment. 
 
 Over his Iiiciil armi 
 A miliuiry vest of purple fluwcil. 
 
 2. A waistcoat or body garment for men, without 
 sleeves, and worn under the coat. 
 
 [This word, in the latter sense, has passed from 
 France into the United States, and has chiefly taken 
 the place of Waistcoat. In F.itirland, on the con- 
 trary, the latter word is the ■only one in common use. 
 — tUl.] 
 
 VEST, r. t. To clothe ; to cover, surround, or encom- 
 pass closely. 
 
 Willi rllicr vettrdauii n purj)!*' eky. Dryten. 
 
 3. To dress ; to clothe w itii a long garment ; as, 
 the vested jiriest. JMiltan. 
 
 3. In laie, to give an immediate, fixed right of 
 present or future enjoyment ; as, an estate is vested 
 in possession. Bauvier. 
 
 To vest witk ; to clothe ; to furnish with ; to invest 
 with ; as, to vest a man with authority ; to vest a 
 court with power to try cases of life and death; to 
 vest one witit the right of seizing slave ships. 
 
 Had I been vested tcilli llic ino:i:in;li'« jiowcr. Prior. 
 
 To vest in; to put in possession of ; tofurnish with ; 
 
 to clothe with. 'I'he supreme ex(!cutive power in 
 
 England is ve.':tcd in the king; in the United States, 
 
 it is vested in the iiresident. 
 2. To clothe with another form ; to convert into 
 
 another substance or species of property^ as, to vest 
 
 money in goods ; to vest money in land of houses ; to 
 
 vejt money in bank stock, or in six per cent, stock ; 
 
 to vest all one's property ih the public funds. 
 VEST, V. i. To come or descend to ; to be fixed ; to 
 
 take eflect, as a title or right. Upon the death of the 
 
 ancestor, the estate, or the right to the estate, vests 
 
 in the heir at law. 
 VES'T.A, n. [L.] In mytltolo^j, tho virgin goddess 
 
 of the hearth or fire. 
 2. In astronomy, one of the asteroids, discovered 
 
 by Dr. Olbers in ISUT. 
 VEST'AL, a. [L. vcstalis, from festa, the goddess of 
 
 fire, Gr. ttrnn.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to Vesta, the goddess of ijro among 
 the Romans, and a virgin. 
 
 9. Pure ; chaste. Shak. 
 
 VEST'AL, H. A virgin consecrated to Vesta, and to 
 the service of watching the sacred fire, which was 
 to be perpetually kepi burning upon her altar. The 
 Vestals were six in number, and they made a vow of 
 perpi tual virginity. 
 
 VEST'El), pp. Clothed ; covered ; closely encom- 
 passed. 
 
 2. a. Fixed; not in a state of contingency or sus- 
 pension ; as, vested rights. 
 
 Vested legacy : in law, a legacy the right to which 
 commences in presenti, and does not depend on a 
 contingency, as a legacy to one, to be paid when he 
 attains to twenty-one years of age. This is a vested 
 legacy, and if the legatee dies before the testator, his 
 representative shall receive it. Blackstone. 
 
 Vested remainder, is where the estate is invariably 
 fixed, to remain to a determined person, after the 
 particular estate is spent. This is called a remainder 
 executed, by wliicli a jiresent interest passes to tl;e 
 party, though to be enjoyeil in future. Blackstone. 
 VES'r'I-A RY, H. A wardrobe. 
 
 VE.S-TIB'U-LAR, a. Pertaining to or like a vestibule. 
 
 VES'TI-RULE, H. [Kr. ; L. vestibuliim.] 
 
 1. The porch or entrance into a house, or a large 
 open space before the door, hut covered. Vestibules 
 for magnificence are usually between the court and 
 garden. 
 
 9. A little antechamber before the entrance of an 
 ordinary aparlinent. 
 
 3. An apartment in large buildings, which leads 
 into a hall or suit of rooms or offices. An area in 
 which a magnificent staircase is carried up is some- 
 times called a vestibule. 
 
 4. In anatomy, a cavity belonging to the labyrinth 
 of the ear. Cyc. 
 
 VES'TI-G.5TE. See Investioate. 
 [Vestioate is not in use.) 
 
 VES'TIGE, (ves'tij,) 71. [Fr. ; h. vcstiirium. This 
 word and vestibule show tliat some verb signifying 
 to tread, from which they are derived, is lost ] 
 
 A track or footstep ; the mark of the foot left on the 
 earth ; but mostly used for the mark or remains of 
 something else ; as, the rcjjdVfj of ancient magnifi- 
 cence in Palmyra; cc.vfi^M of former population. 
 
 VEST'ING, />;/r. [from vest.] Clothing; covering; 
 closely encompassing ; descending to and becom- 
 ing permanent, as a right or title ; converting into 
 other species of property, as money. 
 
 VEST'ING, 7». Cloth for vests; vest p.itterns. 
 
 United States. 
 
 VEST'MENT, 71. [L. vestimentum, from vestio, to 
 clothe ; Fr. vStement.] 
 
 .\ covering or garment ; some part of clothing or 
 dress ; especially some part of outer clothing ; but it 
 is not restricted to any particular garment. 
 
 Tbc Kulptur could nut ^ve vtttrntnu suiuible to the qiinlity of 
 Ihe p>-nions repivsciikd. Dryden. 
 
 VEST'RV, n. [L. vestiariiem ; Tf^esliaire.] 
 
 1. A room appendant to a church, in which the 
 sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are kept, 
 and where parochial meetings are held. 
 
 2. In the church of y.nnland, a parochial assembly, 
 so called because held in a vestry. Clarendon. 
 
 3. In the Episcopal church of the United States, a 
 committee chosen annually by the parish, who, in 
 conjunction with the church-wardens, manage its 
 teiiipor.il concerns. Crosioell. 
 
 VEST'RV-ei-EKK,i.. [crslry nni\ rierk.] An ulTirer 
 chosen by the vestry, who keeps the |iari.ili uccoiiiiiji 
 and bonks. Cyc. 
 
 VEST'RY-.MA.X, n. In the Kpiseopal chvrch, one be- 
 longing to a sirlect number of persons in each panr>h, 
 who manage its teiiipural concerns. [See Vestbv.J 
 
 VEST'URE, (ve.st'yiir,) n. [Fr. vHure. See Vstr.] 
 
 1. A garment ; a robe. 
 
 Their polished cllcnlJ eiilbroitlercd veglure gruc/jd. Pop*. 
 
 2. Dress; garments in generar; habit; clothing; 
 vestment ; as, the vesture of priests. 
 
 3. Clothing ; covering. 
 
 RociiH, precip'Cea, ami ffvilfi, appareled wldi a vetlare of planti. 
 
 BenlJeo. 
 
 And jrild (he huiiiMc o€«ture$ of the plain. TrurntjuU. 
 
 4. In old law books, the corn with which land was 
 covered ; as, the vesture of an acre. 
 
 ."j. \n old books, »fi^iu . possession. [06.*.] 
 VE-SO'VI-A.\, a. Pertaining to Vesuvius, a volcano 
 near Naples. 
 
 VE-SO'VI-AN, n. In mineralogy, tho same with Ido- 
 CRASE, which see. Dana. 
 
 VETCH, 71. [Fr. vesee; It. reccia; L. vicia ; Sp. oeza ; 
 I), wik, wtkke, vetch, and a weight ; wikken, to weigh ; 
 G. wic/ic, a vetch ; wickel,n rtiiier ; iric/i/i^', weighty ; 
 wickeln, to wind up. We see vetch is from the root 
 of weiirh, wair, wi^'^rle, and signifies a little niller.] 
 
 A leguminous plant of the genus Vicia. It is a 
 coininon name of most species of the genus. The 
 name is also apjilied, with various epithets, to many 
 other leguminous plants of dilferent genera ; as, the 
 chichting vetch, of the genus Lathyrns ; the horse- 
 shoe vetch, of the genus lii|ipocrepis ; the inilk vetcli, 
 of the genus Astragalus, Ate. Lee. 
 
 VETCII'LI.NG, H. (from velrh.] In botany, a name 
 of a leguniiiioiis plant, the Lalliyrus aphaca, expres- 
 sive of its diminutive size. Tile meadow vetehling 
 is a wild plant coiiiinoii in meadows, which makes 
 good bar. 
 
 VETCli'V, o. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw ; 
 as, a vetch y bed. Spenser. 
 9. AbciiiiMling with vetches. 
 
 VET'EK-AN, a. [I<. vetcranus, from vetero, to grow 
 old, from vetus, old.] 
 
 liaving been long exerci.sed in any thing; long 
 practiced or experienced ; as, a veteran oflicer or sol- 
 dier ; veteran ^kiW. Thomson. 
 
 VET'ER-A.V, 71. tine who has been long exercised in 
 any service or art, particularly in war; one who has 
 grown old in service, and has hail much exiierience. 
 Kiidiirns ihiil pierceil Ihe foe's reinolfsi Iine«, 
 The hardy vruran with leani reaigii*. Addiaon. 
 
 VET-ER-I-Na'RI-AN, 71. [L. veteriuarias.] 
 
 One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic 
 animals. B-^own. 
 
 VET'ER-I-N.\-RV, a. [.Supra.] Pertaining to the art 
 of healing or treating the diseases of domestic ani- 
 mals, as oxen, horses, sheep, &c. A veterinary col- 
 lege was established in England in I7ihi, at .St. Pan- 
 eras, in the vicinity of l.oniUui. The ini|iroveinent 
 of the veterinary art is of great importance to the ng- 
 riciiltnral interest. 
 
 VE'TO, 71. ; pi. Vetoes, (ve'toze.) [L. t-rto, I forbid.] 
 I. The pov> er possessed by the executive bruich 
 of a legislative body, as a king, president, governor, 
 &,c., to neg.itive a bill which lias passed the other 
 branches of the legislature. Also, the act of exer- 
 cising this power. Boncier. 
 9. In a looser scn.ie, any authoritative prohibilion. 
 
 VK'TO, 0. t. To withhold assent to a bill for a law, 
 and thus prevent its enactment. 
 
 VE'TO-f;D, (-loile,) prel. and pp. of Veto, which see. 
 
 VE''1'0-ING, ppr. Withholding assent to and pre- 
 venting the enactment of. 
 
 VET-TU'RjI, n. An Italian four-wheeled carriage. 
 
 VET-TU-RPjVO, n. In Italy, one who carries travel- 
 ers from one place to another in a vettura, or four- 
 wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. 
 
 VEX, r. t. [Ij. veio ; Fr. vezer ; It. vessare ; Sp. 
 verar.] 
 
 1. To irritate ; to make angry by little provoca- 
 tions ; a popular use of the word. 
 9. To plague ; to torment ; to liarasa ; to afflict. 
 Ten lhou5.-\nd tormenu vis my he:>rt. Prior. 
 
 3. To disturb ; to disquiet ; to agitate. 
 
 White curl Uie whvcj, nod the vezed ocean ro.in. Popi. 
 
 4. To trouble ; to distress. 
 
 1 will also PCX Uie hearu of many people. — Y,v\. xxxii. 
 
 5. To persecute. Acts xii. 
 
 G. To stretch, as by hooks. [.AVf in use.] 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 VEX, V. i. To fret ; to be teased or irritated. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 VEX-.A'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. veiatio.] 
 
 1. The act of irritating, or of troubling, disquiet- 
 ing, and harassing. 
 
 2. State of being irritated or disturbed in mind. 
 
 3. Disquiet ; agitation ; great uneasiness. 
 
 Pauioni too violent — attorvl u« vxnaon and pain. Tmplt. 
 
 4. The cause of trouble or disquiet. 
 
 Vonr chtldr-n weiv vesnlion to your youth. Shak. 
 
 TONE, BKLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUe. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 
 
 155 
 
 L [ 
 
VIB 
 
 6 Afflirtions ; great troubles severe judgments. 
 The Lord shall send on Ihee cursi..^, vexaiion, and rcbuke. — 
 Deul. zxviii. 
 
 6. A harassing by law. Bacon. 
 
 7. A slight, teasing trouble. 
 VEX-A'TIOUS, (vek-sa'shus,) o. Irritating ; dis- 
 turbing or agitating to the mind ; causing disquiet ; 
 afflictive J as, a vexatious controversy j a vexatious 
 neighbor. 
 
 2. Distressing; harassing; as, vexatious wais. 
 
 South. 
 
 3. Full of trouble and disquiet. 
 
 He leads a vsxa^ous life. Digby. 
 
 4. Teasing; sliglitly troublesome ; provoking. 
 
 A vexatious suit, i" 'aw, is oue commenced for the 
 purpose of giving trouble, or without cause. 
 
 VEX-A'TIOCS-LY, adc. In a manner to give great 
 trouble or disquiet. 
 
 VEX-.\'TIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of giving great 
 trouble and disquiet, or of teasing and provoking. 
 
 VEX'f;D, (vext,) pp. or a. Teased ; provoked ; irri- 
 tated ; troubled ; agitated ; disquieted ; afflicted. 
 
 VEX'ER, 71. One who vexes, irritates, or troubles. 
 
 VEX IL'LUM S "■ '-'''■'^'""'"i standard.] 
 
 A flag or standard. In botany, the upper petal of 
 
 a papilionaceous tiower. JMartyn. 
 VEX'IL-L.\-RY, II. A standard-bearer. 
 VEX'IL.-L.-V-RV,a. Pert.iiiiing to an ensign orstand- 
 
 ard. 
 
 VEX-IL-L.X'TIO\, 7!. [L. rexillatio.] 
 
 A company of troops under one ensign. 
 VEX'ING, ppr. Provoking; irritating; afflicting. 
 VEX'ING-LY, adu. So as to vex, tease, or irritate. 
 
 Tatler. 
 
 Yl'.K, n. [L.] A way Fia Albany, by the way of 
 Albany. 
 
 \TA-BLE, a. [Fr. vie, life, from L. vivo, to live.] 
 Capable of living, as a new-born infant or prema- 
 ture child. T. Miner. 
 
 Vl'A-DU€T, 71. [L. via, way, and duco, to lead. 
 See Duke.] 
 
 A structure made for conveying a carriage way 
 from one road to another, either by perforation 
 through hills, by leveling uneven ground, or by rais- 
 ing mounds or arched supports across rivers or 
 rnarshes. Sanckeij on Railroads. 
 
 Vl'AL, 71. [Fr. viole ; Gr. fia^n ; L. phiala.] 
 
 A phial ; a small bottle of thin glass, used partic- 
 ularly by apothecaries and druggists. 
 
 Samuel took a vial of oil, and pouted it on his head. — I Sam. x. 
 
 yials of God's wrath, in Scripture, are the execution 
 of his wrath upon the wicked for their sins. Mev. 
 jvi. 
 
 Vl'AL, v. t. To put in a vial. jMilton. 
 VI'AL-EI), pp. Put in a vial. 
 VI'AI^I\G, Inclosing in a vial. 
 Vl'A.\D, 71. [Fr. viande; from It. vicanda ; h. viven- 
 dus, vivo, to live.] 
 Meat dressed ; food. 
 
 Viands of various Itiiids allure the taste. Pope. 
 \It is used chiejiy in Hie plural.] 
 Vl'.'\-RY, a. Happening in roads. 
 VI-AT'lG, a. [L. viaticum, from via, way.] 
 
 Pertaining to a journey or to traveling. 
 VI-AT'I-eU.M, 71. [L. supra.] Provisions for a jour- 
 ney. 
 
 2. Among the ancient RoTiians, an allowance to 
 officers who were sent into the provinces to exercise 
 any office or perform any service, also to the officers 
 and soldiers of the army. Cyc. 
 
 3. In tite Roman Catholic church, the communion or 
 encharist given to persons in their last moments. 
 
 VI' BR ATE, c. 1. [L. vibro ; It. cibrare. This word 
 belongs to the root of Eng. wabble; W. irmibiaw, to 
 wander, to move in a circular or serpentine direc- 
 tion.] 
 
 1. To swing ; to oscillate ; to move one way and 
 the other ; to play to and fro ; as, the pendulum of a 
 clock vibrates more or less rapidly, as it is shorter or 
 longer ; the chords of an instrument vibrate when 
 touched. 
 
 2. To quiver ; as, a whisper viirates on the ear. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. To pass from one state to another ; as, a man 
 vibrates from one opinion to amither. 
 
 VI'BRATE, v. L To brandish ; to move to and fro ; 
 to swing ; as, to vibrate a sword or staff. The pen- 
 dulum of a clock vibrates seconds. 
 2. To cause to quiver. 
 
 Breath vocaliiet), that is, vit^raled or undulated, may difTercntl^ 
 atlecl the lip«, and imprew a swi/t, tremulous motion. 
 
 Holdtr. 
 
 VT'UnA-TED, pp. Brandished ; moved one way and 
 the olher. 
 
 VI'BRA-TILE, (-til,)a. Aflapted to or used in vibrato- 
 ry motion ; as, the vibratile organs of certain insects. 
 
 Say. 
 
 VT-llRA TIL'I-TY, n. Disposition to preterniiltirnl 
 vibration or motion. [JVril murh used.] Hush. 
 
 VT'IIKA-TING, ppr. Brandishing; moving to and 
 fro, a* a peniiiilum or musical chord. 
 
 VIC 
 
 VI-BRA'TION, 71. [Fr., from L. nbro.] 
 
 1. The act of brandishing ; the act of moving or 
 state of being moved one way and the other in quick 
 succession. 
 
 2. In mechanics, a regular, reciprocal motion of a 
 body suspended ; a morion consisting of continual 
 reciprocations or returns ; as of the pendulum of a 
 time-keeper. This is frequently called Oscillation. 
 The number of vibrations in a given time depends on 
 the length of the vibrating body ; a pendulum three 
 feet long makes only ten vibrations, while one of nine 
 inches makes twenty. The vibratiojis of a pendu- 
 lum are somewhat slower at or near the equjitor than 
 in remote latitudes. The vibrations of a pendulum 
 are isochronal, whether performed in larger or smaller 
 arcs. Hutton. 
 
 3. In physics, alternate or reciprocal motion ; as, 
 the vibrations of the nervous fluid, by which sensa- 
 tion has been supposed to be produced, by impres- 
 sions of external objects propagated thus to the brain. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 4. In music, the motion of a chord, or the undu- 
 lation of any body, by which sountl is produced. 
 The acuteness, elevation, and gravity of sound, de- 
 pend on the length of the chord and its tension. 
 
 VI-BRA'TI-UN-€LE, (-unk-1,) 7i. A small vibration. 
 
 Chambers. Cyc. 
 
 VT'BRA-TIVE, a. That vibrates. JVewton. 
 
 Vl'BR.\-TO-RY, a. Vibrating; consisting in vibra- 
 tion or oscillation ; as, a vibratory motion. 
 2. Causing to vibrate. 
 
 VICAR, 71. [Fr. vicairc; It. vicario ; L. vicarius, from 
 vicis, a turn, or its root.] 
 
 1. In a general sense, a person deputed or author- 
 ized to perforin the functions of another ; a substi- 
 tute in office. The pope claims to be vicar of Jesus 
 Christ on earth. He has under him a grand vicar, 
 who is a cardinal, and whose jurisdiction extends 
 over all priests, regular and secular. 
 
 2. In the canon law, the priest of a parish, the 
 predial tithes of which are impropriated or appropri- 
 ated, that is, belong to a chapter or religious house, 
 or to a layman, who receives thein, and only allows 
 the vicar the smaller tithes or a salary. Cyc. 
 
 .Apostolic vicar, in the Rowan Catholic church, is an 
 officer of high standing, who has received power 
 from the pope to decide in certain cases without in- 
 structions. Encyc. Jim. 
 
 Vie'AR-AGE, 71. The benefice of a vicar. .4 vicar- 
 age, by endowment, becomes a bentfice distinct from 
 the parsonage. Ctjc. 
 
 Vie'.\R-GEi\'ER-AL, 71. A title given by Henry 
 VIII. to the earl of Essex, with power to oversee all 
 the clergy, and regulate all church affairs. It is now 
 the title of an office, which, as well as that of offi- 
 cial principal, is united in the chancellor of the dio- 
 cese. The business of the vicar-general is to exer- 
 cise jurisdiction over matters purely spiritual. Cyc. 
 
 Vl-eA'RI-.\L, a. [from cit-ar.] Pertaining to a vicar; 
 small ; as, vicarial tithes. 
 
 VI €A'I{I-.\TE, a. Having delegated power, as vicar. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 \^-eA'R^ATE, ti. a delegattid office or power. 
 Vl-eA'RI-OUS, a. [L. vicarius.] [Lord J^'orth. 
 
 1. Deputed ; delegated ; as, vicarious power or au- 
 thority. 
 
 2. Acting for another ; filling the pKace of another; 
 as, a vicarious agent or officer. 
 
 3. .Substituted in the place of another; as, a cica- 
 rious sacrifice. The doctrine of vicarious punishment 
 lias occasioned much controversv. 
 
 Vi eA'RI-OUS-LY, adv. In the place of another ; by 
 substitution. Burke. 
 
 VICAR-SHIP, 71. The office of a vicar; the ministry 
 of a vicar. 
 
 VICE, 71. [Fr. vice; It. vizio; Sp. vicio ; L. vitium; 
 \V. gjpyd.] 
 
 1. Properly, a spot or defect ; a fault ; a blemish ; 
 as, the vices of a political constitution. Madison. 
 
 2. In ethics, any voluntary action or course of con- 
 duct which deviates from the rules of moral recti- 
 tude, or from the plain rules of propriety ; any moral 
 unfitness of conduct, either from defect of duty or 
 from the transgression of known principles of recti- 
 tude. Fice differs from crime in being less enor- 
 mous. We never call murder or robbery a cicc ; but 
 every act of intemperance, all falsehood, duplicity, 
 deception, lewdness, and the like, is a vice. The 
 excessive indulgence of passions and appetites, which 
 in themselves are innocent, is a vice. The smoking 
 of tobacco and the taking of snuff may, in certain 
 cases, be innocent, and oven U-seful ; but these prac- 
 tices may be carried to such an excess as to become 
 vices. This word is also used to denote a habit of 
 transgressing ; as, a life of vice. Vice is rarely n sol- 
 itary invader ; it usually brings with it a frightful 
 train of followers. 
 
 3. Depravity or corruption of manners ; as, an age 
 of vice. 
 
 M'hen vie* prevaili, and Impious men bear tway, 
 
 'I'lie post of honor u a private station. AdJiton. 
 
 4. A fault or bad trick in a horse. 
 
 r>. In </ie old F.nirliih drama, (the mysteries, &.C.,) 
 
 VIC 
 
 a buffoon wearing a cap with ass's ears, whose office 
 was to torment and belabor another buffoon who 
 represented the devil. P. Cyc. 
 
 6. An iron press with a screw, for holding articles 
 fast when filed, &c. [This would more properly be 
 written Vise, like the French vis, a screw.] 
 
 7. A gripe or grasp. [ Obs.] Shak. 
 VICE, V. t. To press or screvi vp to a thing by a 
 
 kind of violence. [JVot in use.] [See Vise.] Shak. 
 
 VICE [L. vice, in the turn or place] is used in compo- 
 sition to denote one ?iii vicem gerit, who acts in the 
 place of another, or is second in authority. 
 
 ViCE-AD'.MI-RAL, 7i. In the navy, the second officer 
 in command. His flag is displayed at the fore top- 
 gallant mast heatl. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A civil officer, in Great Britain, appointed by the 
 lords commissioners of the admiralty for exercising 
 admiralty jurisdiction within their respective dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 VICE-AD'.\lI-RALr-TY, 7i. The office of a vice-ad- 
 miral ; a vice-admiralty court. 
 
 VlCE-A'GENT, 71. [vice and agent.] One who acts 
 in the place of another. Hooker, 
 
 VlCE-CHAM'I!ER-LAIN, (-lin,) 71. An officer in 
 court next in command to the lord-chamberlain. 
 
 Entrland. 
 
 VICE-CHSN'CEI.rLOR, 71. An officer in a univer- 
 sity, in En<.'land, a distinguished member, who is 
 annually elected to manage the affairs in the absence 
 of the chancellor. Cyc. 
 
 VICE-eON'SUL, 71. One who acts in the place of a 
 consul. 
 
 VI'C£D, (vist,) a. Vicious ; corrupt. [J^otinuse.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 ViCE-DoGE', 71. .\ counselor at Venice who repre- 
 sents the doge when sick or absent. Ciic. 
 
 VICE-Ge'REN-CY, 71. [See Vicegerent.] The of- 
 fice of a vicegerent ; agency under another ; dejiiited 
 power ^ lieutenancy. South. 
 
 \1CE-Ge'RENT, 71. [L. viccm gerens, acting in the 
 place of another.] 
 
 A lieutenant; a vicar; an officer who is deputed 
 by a superior or by proper authority to exercise the 
 powers of another. Kings are sometimes called 
 Ood's vicegerent':. It is to be wished they would al- 
 ways d_eserve the appellation. 
 
 VICE-Ge'RENT, a. Having or exercising delegated 
 power ; acting by substitution, or in the place of an- 
 other. Jtlilton. 
 
 ViCE-LEG'.4TE, 71. An officer employed by the pope 
 to perform the office of spiritual and temporal gov- 
 ernor ill certain cities, when there is no legate or car- 
 dinal to command there. Cyc. 
 
 VIC'E-NA-RY, a. [L. Kiceiiariits.] 
 Beloiising to twenty. 
 
 VlCE-PRES'I-DEi\-CY, 71. The office of vice-presi- 
 dent. Stonj. 
 
 VICE-PRES'I-DENT, 71. An officer next in rank be- 
 low a president. United State.'i. 
 
 VICE-Re'GAL, a. Pertaining to a viceroy or vice- 
 rovaltv. 
 
 VICE'ROY, 71. [Fr. viceroi.] 
 
 The governor of a kingtlom or country who rules 
 in the name of the king with rcgti! authority, as the 
 king's substitute. Swift. 
 
 VICE-ROV'AL-TY, 71. The dignity, office, or juris- 
 diction of a viceroy. 
 
 VICE'ROY-SHIP, 71. The dignity, office, or jurisdic- 
 tion of a viceroy. 
 
 VICE-SUP-PRESS'ING, a. Adapted to suppress 
 vice. 
 
 VI'CE-TY, 71. Nicety ; exactness. B. Jonson. 
 
 [JV(i( in use; probably a viistakc] 
 VI'CE VEH'SA, [L.] The terms or the case being 
 reversetl. 
 
 VI"CI.\TE, (vish'ate,) v. t. [L. vitio. This verb is 
 usually written Vitiate ; but as vice, from L. vitium, 
 is e.-itablished, it would be well to write the verb 
 ViciATE, as we write Api-keciate and DErnEciATE, 
 from Ij. prctium.] 
 
 1. To injure the substance or properties of a thing 
 so as to impair its value, and lessen or destroy its use; 
 to make less pure, or wholly impure ; to depr.ave, in 
 a physical or moral sense; as, to viciatc the blood ; to 
 viciaie taste or style ; to viciate morals. 
 
 2. To rentier defective, and thus destroy the valid- 
 ity of; to invalidate by defect ; as, loiiciate a deed 
 or bfuitl. 
 
 V1"C1A-TED, (vish'i-ted,) pp. or a. Depraved ; iin- 
 pairetl in substance or quality ; rendered defective 
 and void. 
 
 V1"CIA-TIXG, ppr. Injuring in substance of proper- 
 ties ; rendering defective ; making void. 
 
 VI"CI-A'TION, n. Depravalitm ; corruption. 
 
 VIC'IN-AGE, 71. [from L. ticinia, neighborhood ; vi- 
 cious, near.] 
 
 Neighborhood ; the place or places atljoining or 
 near. A jury must be of the vicinage, or body of the 
 coiintv. 
 
 In Inw, common because of vicinage is where the 
 inhabitants of two townships contiguous lu each 
 other have usually intercoiiimuned with (me anoth- 
 er ; the beasts of one stmying into the other's fieldi 
 without molestation from either. Btackstone. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PUgY PINU, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
VIC 
 
 VIE 
 
 VIG 
 
 VIC'I-NAL, j a. Near ; neighboring. [Litlle used.] 
 VIU'INE, OlaiwiUe. 
 VI-CIN'I-TY, n. [I,. vicinila.i.-\ 
 
 1. Nenrness in place ; as, the vicinity of two coun- 
 try seats. 
 
 3. Ncieliborliood ; as, a seat in the vicinity of the 
 nu'tropolm. 
 
 3. Neiglihoring country. Vecetablcs produced in 
 tho vicinilij of the city arc daily brought to market. 
 The vicinitti is full of gardens. 
 VI"CI-OS'I-TY, n. Depravity ; corruption of man- 
 ners. ^ 
 [But ViciousNEss is generally used.] 
 VI"C10Uf, (vish'us,) (I. [Pr. vicieuz ; L. vitiosus.] 
 
 1. Drfi'ctive ; imperfect ; as, a system of covcrn- 
 nient vicious and unsound. llartc. 
 
 2. Addicted to vice ; corrupt in principles or con- 
 duct ; depraved ; wicked ; habitually transgressing 
 the moral law ; as, a vicious race of men ; vicious pa- 
 rents ; vicious children. 
 
 3. Corrupt ; contrary to moral principles or to rec- 
 titude; as, t'l'cioiis examples ; vicious conduct. 
 
 4. Corrupt, in a physical sense; foul ; impure ; insa- 
 lubrious ; as, vicious air. 
 
 5 Corrupt; not genuine or pure; as, vicious lan- 
 guage ; vicioiis idioms. 
 
 6. Unruly ; refractory ; not well tamed or broken ; 
 OS, a vicious liorse. Smart. 
 VI"CIOUlS-LY, adv. Corruptly ; in a manner con- 
 trary to rectitude, moral principles, propriety, or pu- 
 rity. 
 
 a. Fatillily ; not correctly. Burnet. 
 VI"C10l'S-NESS, n. Addictedness to vice ; corrupt- 
 ness of moral principles or practice ; habitual viola- 
 tion of the moral law, or of moral duties ; depravity 
 in principles or in manners. 
 
 \Vh:il iii.ikt'i* ti governor Jually do^pl^d, id tttciousnes» niul ill 
 mor.vlH. Soutfi. 
 
 5. Unruliness; refractoriness; as of a beast. 
 
 JVcw Rngland. 
 VI-CIS'SI-TUDE, 71. [L. vieissitudo ; from vicis, a 
 turn.] 
 
 1. Kegulnr change or succession of one thing to 
 another ; as, [he vicissitudes of day and night, and of 
 winter and summer; the vicitsitudes of the seasons 
 
 2. Change ; revolution ; as in human affairs. We 
 are exposed to continual vicissitudes of fortune. 
 
 VI-CIS-SI-TU'DI-NA-RY, o. Changing in succes- 
 sion. Donne. 
 Vl-eON'TI-EL, a. [h. vice-comitalia. See Viscount.] 
 In old lam books, pertaining to the sheriff. 
 yiconticl rents, arc certain rents for which- the sher- 
 iff pays a rent to the king. 
 
 Vieontirl writs, are such as are triable in the coun- 
 ty or sheriff court. Cue. 
 VI-eO\'TI EI.S, n. pi. Things belonging to the sher- 
 iff; particularly, farms. for which the sheritf pays rent 
 to the king. Cyc, 
 VITtJUNT, n. [L. vice-comes.] 
 
 1. In law books, the sheriff. 
 
 2. .\ degree of nobility next below a count or carl. 
 IPee Viscount.] Cfc. 
 
 Vie'TI.M, H. [L. victima ; Fr. victime.] 
 
 1. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the 
 performance of a religious rite ; usually, some beast 
 slain in sacrifice ; but human beings have been slain 
 by some nations, for the purpose of appeasing the 
 wrath or concili.atin" the favor of some deity. 
 
 2. A person or thing destroyed ; a perscm or thing 
 sacrificed in the pursiiil of an object. How many 
 persons have fallen victims to jealousy, to lust, to 
 ambition ! 
 
 Vie'TI.M-ATE, V. U To sacrifice. [J^ot in «.«c.l 
 
 Bullokar. 
 
 VIC'TIM-IZE, t;. t. To m.ike a victim of ; to sacri- 
 fice or destroy. [.^ cant, but common word.] 
 
 VICTOR, «. [L., from vinco, victus, to conquer, or 
 the same root. A" not being radical, the root is vico 
 or vigo ; Sax. iri;^, iciirtr, war ; wirra, a warrior, .a he- 
 ro, a victor ; uigan, to war, to tight. The prim.iry 
 sense is, to urge, drive, or strive ; hence, lo-suhduc.J 
 
 1. One who conquers in war ; a vanquisher ; one 
 who defeats an enemy in battle. Victor diirL,rs from 
 conqueror. We apply conqueror to one wjio subdues 
 countries, kingdoms, or nations ; as, Alexander was 
 the conqueror of .\sia or India, or of many nations, or 
 of the world. In such phrases, we can not substi- 
 tute cicfor. Hut we use victor whep wo speak of one 
 who overcomes a particular enemy, or in a particular 
 battle ; as, Ce>ar was victor at I'barsalia. The duke 
 of Wellingloii was nctor at Waterloo. Victor, then, 
 is not fidlowed by the possessive case; for we do not 
 say, Alexander was the victor of Darius, tliou;:li we 
 say, he was eictor at Arbela. Johnson. 
 
 2. One who vanquishes another in private combat 
 or contest ; as, a nctar in the Olympic games. 
 
 3. One who wins or gains the advantage. 
 
 In love, the eictorc from the Taiiqtiished fly ; 
 
 Tif v lijr ih.tl wounil, nod Ihi-y poniie that die. WcOltr. 
 
 4. Master ; lord. 
 
 These ririor of liii h'allh, his rottuiie, frieniU. Popt. 
 [Sot luual, nor tegiumau.] 
 
 Vlfc'TOR-ESS, n, A female who vanquishes. Spenser. 
 
 Vie-TO'RI-OUS, a. [Fr. rictorieux.] 
 
 1. Having ctmquered in ballle or contest ; having 
 overcome an enemy or antagonist ; conquering ; van- 
 quishing ; as, a victorious general ; victorious troops ; 
 a victorious admiral or navy. 
 
 2. That produces conquest ; as, a victorious day. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. Emblematic of conquest ; indicating victory ; 
 as, brows bound with victorious wreaths. Sliali. 
 
 Vie-TO'RI-OUS-LY, nJti. With conquest ; with de- 
 feat of an enemy or antagonist ; triuniplinnlly ; us, 
 grace will carry us victoriously through all dill'iculties. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 VIC-TO'RI-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being victo- 
 rious. 
 
 VIC'I'O-R Y, ti. [L. victoria, from vinco, victvs, to con- 
 quer ; Fr. victoire.] 
 
 1. Conquest ; the defeat of an eni'iiiy in liatlle, or 
 of an nntagonist in contest ; n gaining of the superi- 
 ority in war or combat. Victory stijiposes the power 
 of an enemy or anlagoiiist to prove inferior to that 
 of the victor. Victory, however, depends not al- 
 ways on superior skill or valor ; it is often gained by 
 the fault or mistake of the vanquished. 
 
 Victory tn.iy he hoiiumhle to lliu urma, hut Bhanicfvil to the coun- 
 HiTs of a nation. liohn^broke, 
 
 2. The advantage or superiority gained over spiril- 
 u.il enemies, over passions and appetites, or over 
 temptations, or in any struggle or competition. 
 
 VICTRESS, II. A female that coiuiuers, Sha!i. 
 
 VICT'UAL. See Victuals. 
 
 VICT'UAL, (vit'l,) r. t. [from victual, the noun.] 
 
 1. To supply with provisions for subsistence ; as, 
 to victual an army ; to victual a garrison. 
 
 2. To store with provisions ; as, to victual a ship. 
 VICT'OAL-fiD, (vit'ld,) pp. Supplied with provis- 
 ions. 
 
 VICT'UAL-ER, (vit'ler,) n. One who furnishes pro- 
 visions. 
 
 2. One who keeps a house of entertainment. 
 
 3. A provision-ship ; a ship employed to carry ^iro- 
 visions for other ships, or for supplying troops at a 
 distance. 
 
 VICT'UAL-ING, (vit'ling,) ppr. Supplying with pro- 
 visions. 
 
 VICT'UAL-ING-HOUSE, n. A house where provis- 
 ion is inatle ftir stranger.-, to eat. 
 
 VICT'UALS, (vit'tlz,) n. [Fl. victuailles ; It. vello- 
 vaglia : Sp. vitualla; from L. I'lcfu*-, food, from the 
 root of vivo, which was vigo or vico, coinciding with 
 vigeo ,• Basque, vicia, life. This word is now never 
 used in the singular.] 
 
 Food for human beings, prepared for eating; that 
 which supports liuiiian life; (irovisions ; meat; sus- 
 tenance. We never apply this word to that on 
 which beasts or birds feed, and we apply it chiefly 
 to food for men when cooked or |irepared for the ta- 
 ble. We do not now give this name to flesh, corn, 
 or flour in a crude st.ate ; but we say, the victuals are 
 well cooked or dressed, and in great abundance. 
 We s,ay, a man eats his victuals Willi a good relish. 
 
 Such phrases as, to buy victual for the army or 
 navy, to lay in victuals for the winter, &c., are now 
 obsolete. We say, to buy provisions ; yet we use the 
 verb, to victual an army or ship. 
 
 VlDAMtJ , n. Ill French feudal iurv^mdence, a name 
 given to a class of officers who represented the bish- 
 ops, and who subseipiently erected their offices into 
 fiefs, and became feudal nobles. Brandc. 
 
 Vl'PF., [L.] See. 
 
 V1-I)EI,'1-CET, adv. [L., for vidcre licet.] 
 
 To wit; namely. An abbreviation for this word 
 VFDE UT SOfflL^, [\j.] See as above. [is riz. 
 VID'tJ-AL, a. [I., viduus, deprived.] 
 
 Belonging to the slate of a widow. [JVol used.] 
 VI-DC'l-TY, H. [L. viduiuts.] 
 Widowhood. \^jVot used.] 
 VIE, V. i. (S.ix. xctgan, to war, to contend, that is, to 
 strain, to urge, to press. See Victor.] 
 
 To strive for superiority ; to couieii'l ; to use effort 
 in a race, contest, competition, rivalship, or strife. 
 How delislitfiil it is to see children pie with each 
 other in diligence and in duties of obedience ! 
 
 In ft trading nation, the younger ions may he placed in a way of 
 lile to vxe with Uic hctt ot' their family. Addison. 
 
 VTE, r. t. To show or practice in competition ; as, to 
 vie power; to vie ch-ifilies. [J^ot legitimate] 
 2. To urge ; to press. 
 
 She hunsr ahoiil my neck, and kisi and kiss . 
 
 She vied so fast. [.Vol t;i use,\ Shak. 
 
 VK-ELLE', (ve-yel',) n. [Fr.] .\ stringed instrument 
 played upon with a wheel ; a hurdy-gurdy. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 VI FT AR'MrS, [L.] In Ian, with force and arms ; 
 words expressive of a trespass. Bouvicr. 
 
 VIEW, (vii,) r. t. [Fr. rue, from voir, to see, con- 
 tracted from L. vidcre, Russ. rij'ir. Sans. vid. The pri- 
 mary sense is, to reach or extend to.] 
 
 1. To survey ; to examine with the eye ; to look 
 on with attention, or for the purpose of examining j 
 to inspect; to explore. View dilfers from look, see, 
 and behold, in expressini more partiriilar or contin- 
 ued attciilinn to the thing which is the object of 
 
 sight. We ascended .Mount ilolyoke, and viewed the 
 charming landscape below. We viewed with delight 
 the rich valleys of the Connecticut about the town 
 of Northampton. 
 
 Go up and viea the country. — Josh. vii. 
 1 vitiDtd tlic walls of Joru»alein. — Nch. vii. 
 
 2. To see ; to [lerceive by the eye. Pope. 
 
 3. To survey intellectually : to examine with the 
 mental eye ; to consider. View the subject in all its 
 aspects. 
 
 VIEW, (vu,) n. Prospect ; sight; reach of the eye. 
 
 'riie walls of Pluto's paLice urc in vieir. Dryden. 
 
 2. Tlie whole extent seen. Vast or cxiensive 
 views present themselves to the (-ye. 
 
 3. Sight ; potver of seeing, or limit of sight. The 
 mountain was not within our view. 
 
 4. Intellectual or mental sight. These things give 
 US a just ricio t»f the d-'signs of Provitlenct;. 
 
 5. Act of seeing. The facts nienlioned were veri- 
 fied by actual ricio. 
 
 C. Sight ; eye. 
 
 Ot)J'-cu near our wieir are ttioujjtit greater than thoao of larger 
 siw-, Uiat are more remote. Locke. 
 
 7. Survey ; inspection ; examination by the eye. 
 The assessors took a view of the premises. 
 
 Surveying nature w-itti too nic« a vieut. Oryden. 
 
 8 Intellectual survey ; ment.al examination. On 
 a just view of all the arguments in the case, the law 
 appears to be clear. 
 
 9. Ap|)earance ; show. 
 
 O races — 
 Which, by tlie splendor of her vieia 
 Darded, ix fore we never kocw. H'aiUr. 
 
 10. DispLiy ; exhibition to the sight or mind. 
 
 To give a rijht view of this mistaken part of liberty. l.ocke. 
 
 11. Prospect of interest. 
 
 No man sets htriiself about any thing, but upon some vieiB or 
 other, which serves him fur a rc.uiun. Locke. 
 
 12. Intention ; purpose ; design. With that view 
 lie began the expedition. With a view to commerce, 
 he pa.ssed through Ijgypt. 
 
 13. Opinion; manner of seeing or understanding. 
 These are my viciis of the policy which ought to be 
 pursued. 
 
 ViriB of frankpledge; in law, a court of record, 
 held in a hundred, lordship, or manor, before the 
 steward of the leet. Blarkstone. 
 Point of view .- the direction in which a thing is seen. 
 VIEVV'KD, (vude,) /);). Surveyed ; examined by the 
 
 eye ; inspected ; ctuisidered. 
 VIEWER, (vQ'cr,) n. One who views, surveys, or 
 examines. 
 
 2. In jVew England, a town officer whose duty is 
 to inspect something ; as, a viewer of fences, who 
 inspects them to deleimine whether they are suffi- 
 cient in law. 
 
 VIEW'I.\(J, (vu'ing,) ppr. Surveying; examining 
 by the eye or by the mind ; inspecting ; exploring. 
 
 VIEWING, (vu'ing,) n. Tlie act of beholding or sur- 
 vt>ying. 
 
 VIEWLESS, (vQ'less,) a. Th.it ran not be seen ; 
 not being perceiv.ible by the eye; invisible; as, 
 viewless winds. SItak. 
 
 Swift through the valves the visionary fair 
 Repassed, and vieieless mixed with connnon air. Pope. 
 VIEWLY, (vu'le,) a. Striking to the view. 
 VI-GES-I-Ma'TIO.\, 71. [L. vigcnmus, twentieth.] 
 The act of putting to death every twentieth man. 
 
 Bailetj. 
 
 VIG'IL, (vij'il,) 71. [L. vigilia ; Fr. rigile : L. vigil, 
 waking, watchful ; vigilo, to watch. This is formed 
 on the root of Eng. iro/.-c. Sax. W(Pcan, wccan. The 
 primary sense is, to stir, or excite, to rouse, to agitate,] 
 ). Watch ; devotion performed in the customary 
 hours of rest or sleep. 
 
 So Ihev in heaven tjieir odes and vigilt tuned. firilion. 
 
 2. Ill church affairs, the eve or evening before any 
 feast, the erclesi.Tstical day b- ginning .at six o'clock 
 in the evening, and continuing till the same hour 
 the following evening ; hence, a religious Service 
 performed in file evening precetling a holiday. Cye. 
 
 3. A fast observed on the day preceding a holiday ; 
 a wake. Ciic 
 
 4. Watch ; forbearance of sleep ; as, the rigils of 
 the card-table. .Addison. 
 
 Vigils or watchings of flowers ; a term used by 
 Linnieus to exjiress a peculiar faculty belonging to 
 the flowers of certain plants, of opening and closing 
 their petals at certain hours of the day. Ct/c 
 VIG'I-LA.VCE, 71. [Fr., from L. n>i7«7i,->. See Vioil.] 
 
 1. Forbearance of sleep ; a stale of being awake. 
 
 Purr. 
 
 2. Watchfulness ; circumspection ; altentiim of 
 the mind in discovering and guarding against dan- 
 ger, or providing for saft-ty. Vigilance k a virtue of 
 prime importance in a general. The vigilance of the 
 dog is no less remarkable than his fidelity. 
 
 3. Guard ; watch. 
 
 In at this gate none p-is^ 
 The rigiiuics here placed, (t/iuuaa/.) MOUm. 
 VlG'I-LAN-CY, for Vioilauce, is not \iaei. 
 
 TCNE, BULL, IJNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S aa Z ; CU as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
VIL 
 
 VIL 
 
 VIN 
 
 Vlft'I-LANT, a. [Fr., fri.m L. vi:,'ilnn^.} 
 
 VVKtcliful ; circumspect ; iittentive to discover and 
 avoid danger, or to provide for safety. 
 
 T^e your places and be vigHani. Shak, 
 Be sober, be vigila.nl. — 1 Pel. v. 
 
 VIG'I-LANT-LY, adv. [Supra.] Watchfully; with 
 attention to danger and the means of safety ; cir- 
 cnin-^pectlv- 
 
 VI-<5l.\-TIV'r-RATE, n. [L. tnn-mfi and tiiri.] 
 
 A body of officers of government, consisting of 
 twenty men. Murphy. 
 
 VIG-NET'J'E', {cmnmonhj pronounced vin'yet,) n. [Fr. 
 vignette.^ from vigne^ a vine.] 
 
 "a name given to small engraved embellishments 
 with which books, bank notes, &c., are ornamented. 
 Such embellishments were originally painted on the 
 margins of manuscripts, usually in the form of small 
 vines, {vi^nntlrs,) whence the name. Properly, there- 
 fore, a cignette is a design which is not surrounded, 
 like ordinary pictures, with a border. 
 
 Luaier. Landsecr on Engravinfr. 
 
 VIG'OR, n. [L., from vifreo, to be brisk, to grow, to 
 be strong ; allied to vivo, rnxi, to live, and to Sax. 
 wigan, to carry on « ar, and to wake.] 
 
 1. Active strength or force o( body in animals ; 
 physical force. , 
 
 The vigor or this arm was never vain. Drt/rJen. 
 
 2. Strength of mind ; intellectual force ; energy. 
 We say, a man possesses vigor of mind or intellect. 
 
 3. Strength or force in animal or vegetable motion ; 
 cs a plant grows with vigor. 
 
 4 Strength ; energy ; efficacy. 
 
 !n llie fruitful earth 
 His Ix-ams, onactive else, Uieir vigor find. Milton. 
 
 VIG'OR, V. t. To invigorate. [JVo( in use.] FeWiam. 
 
 VlO-0-RO'SO, [It.] In music, with energy. 
 
 VIG'OR-OUS, a. Full of physical strength or active 
 force ; strong ; lusty ; as, a vigorous youth ; a vigor- 
 ous body. 
 
 Q. Powerful ; strong ; made by strength, either of 
 body or mind; as, a vigorous attack ; vigorous exer- 
 tions. The enemy expects a vigorous campaign. 
 
 I'he b^^inninjs of confederacies have been vigorous and suo- 
 wssful. Daoenant. 
 
 VIG'OR-OUS-LY, adv. With great physical force or 
 strength; forcibly; with active exertions; as, to 
 prosecute an enterprise vigorously. 
 
 VIG'OR-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being vigor- 
 ous or possessed of active strength. 
 
 [Vigor and all its derivatives i.mply active strength, 
 or the power of action and exertion, in distinction 
 from passive strength, or strength to endure.] 
 
 VIL^ED j l^"*^"' '""'^ Spenser. 
 
 VILE, a. [L. vilis; Fr. and Sp. vil; IL vile; Gr. 
 0aitA'<5.] 
 
 1. Base ; mean ; worthless ; despicable. 
 
 The inhabiuiiu account gold a vUe thing. Ahhot. 
 A man in viU raiment. — James ii. 
 
 Wherefore are v^e counted aa beasts, and reputed as vile in your 
 sight? — Job xviii. 
 
 2. Morally base or impure ; sinful ; depraved by 
 sin ; wicked ; hateful in the sight of God and of good 
 men. The sons of Eli made themselves vile. 1 
 Sam. iii. 
 
 Behold, 1 am vile ; what shall I answer ? — Joli xl. 
 VIL'ED, a. Abusive; scurrilous; defamatory. [JVo( 
 
 in usp.] Ilinjicard. 
 VILE'LY, adv. Basely; meanly; shamifully ; as, 
 Hector vilehj dragged about the walls of Troy. 
 S. In a cowardly manner. 2 Sam. i. [Philips. 
 The Volscians viUty yiol<lcd the town. Skak. 
 
 VILE'NESS, 71. Baseness ; meanness ; despicable- 
 ness. 
 
 His vileness us sh^dl never awe. Drayton. 
 2. Moral baseness or depravity ; degradation by 
 sin ; extreme wickedness; as, the riifdcw of man- 
 kind. Prior. 
 Vlh'EST, a. Most vile. Burrow. 
 VI!^I-FI-CA'TIO.\, M. The act of vilifying or de- 
 faming. 
 
 VII/I-FI-ED, (vil'e-flde,) pp. [from vilify.] De- 
 famtMl ; traduced ; debased. 
 
 VII/I-FI-ER, n. One who defames or traduces. 
 
 VIL'I-FV, V. t. [from vile.] To make vile ; to de- 
 base ; to degrade. 
 
 Their Mulc-r's image 
 Fonook them, when themielvci the/ mliJUd 
 To icrve ungovemed appetite. Milton. 
 
 2. To defame ; to traduce ; to attemj)! to degrade 
 by dander. 
 
 Many piusioni dinpowr us to depreas and vili/ij llie merit of one 
 ruing ill Ih" c»u:ein of inankiinl. AtUIiaon. 
 
 [Thv* in the moat unval .trnne of thr ?irr6.] 
 VIL'I-FY ING,ppr. Debasing; defaming. 
 VII.'l Pi;.Nn, V. L [L. vilipemla.] 
 
 To (leHnlHe. [JVot in une.] 
 VIL I I'END'EN-CY, n. Uisestcem ; slight. [JTotin 
 
 UMf.] 
 
 VIL'f-TY, n. Vilencss; baseness. [Jfolinvse.] 
 
 KenntU 
 
 VILL, II. [L. villa; Fr. ville.] 
 
 A village ; a small collection of houses. Hale. 
 The statute of Exeter, 14 Edward I., mentions 
 entire-vitls, deifii-vills, and hamlets. Cyc. 
 VIL'LA, n. [L. villa ; Fr. ville.] 
 
 A country-seat ; usually one for the residence of a 
 wealthy person. 
 VIL'LAGE, n. [Fr., from tii7/a.] A small assem- 
 blage of houses, less than a town or city, and in- 
 habited chiefly by farmers and other laboring people. 
 In England, it is said that a village is distinguished 
 from a town by the want of a market. Cijc. 
 
 In the United Slates, no such distinction exists, and 
 any small assemblage of houses in the country is 
 called a village. 
 VIL'LA-GER, n. An inhabitant of a village. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 VIL'LA-6ER-Y. Ji. A district of villages. Shak. 
 
 VIL'L.\IN, H. [Fr. vilain ; It. and Sp. villano ; Norm. 
 vilainU According to the French orthography, this 
 word is formed from vile ; but the ortliography in 
 other languages connects this word with vill, village, 
 and this is probably the true origin.] 
 
 1. In feudal law, a villain, or villein, is one who 
 holds lands by a base or servile tenure, or in viU 
 lenage. Villains were of two sorts : villains regard- 
 ant, that is, annexed to the manor, aiLscriptitii glebce ; 
 or villtiins in gross, that is, annexed to the person of 
 their lord, and transferable from one to another. 
 
 Blackstone 
 
 2. A vile, wicked person ; a man extremely de- 
 praved, anti capable or guilty of great crimes. We 
 call by the name of villain the thief, the robber, the 
 burglarian, the murderer, the incendiary, the rav- 
 isher, the seducer, the cheat, the swindler, &c. 
 
 Calm, thinking villains, whom no faiUi could fix. Pope. 
 
 VIL'LAIN-OUS, a. [from villain.] Base ; very vile. 
 
 2. Wicked ; extremely depraved ; as, a villainous 
 person or wretch. 
 
 3. Proceeding from extreme depravity; as, a vil- 
 lainous action. 
 
 4. Sorry; vile; mischievous; in a familiar sense; 
 as, a villainous trick of the eye. Shak. 
 
 Villainous judgment; in old law, a judgment that 
 casts reproach on the guilty person. 
 
 VIL'LAIN-OUS-LY, adv. Basely; with extreme 
 wickedness or depravity. 
 
 VIL'LAIN-OUS-NESS, n. Baseness; extreme de- 
 pravity. 
 
 VIL'LAIN-Y, n. Extreme depravity ; atrocious wick- 
 edness ; as, the villainy of the thief or the robber ; 
 the villainy of the seducer. 
 
 The commendation is not in his wil, but in his villainy. Shak. 
 
 2. A crime ; an action of deep depravity. [In this 
 sense, the word has a plural.] 
 
 Such vittainies roused Homce into wrath. Dryden. 
 
 VIL'LA-KIN, 71. A little village. [j1 word used by 
 Oay.] 
 
 VIL'LAN-ACE, 71. The state of a villain ; base ser- 
 vitude. 
 
 2. A base tenure of lands ; tenure on condition of 
 doing the meanest services for the lord, usually writ- 
 ten VlLLENAfiE. 
 
 3. Baseness; infamy. [See Villainy.] 
 VIL'LAN-IZE, ti. «. To debase; to degrade; to de- 
 fame ; to revile. 
 
 Were virtue by descent, a noble name 
 Could never villanize his father's lame. Dryden. 
 [LitUe ueed.] 
 
 VIL'LAN-IZ-£D, pp. Defamed; debased. [Little 
 used. ] 
 
 VIL'LAN-TZ-ING, ppr. Defaming; debasing. [Lit- 
 tle used.] 
 
 VIL'LAiV OUS, a. [frnm villain. It is desirable that 
 this and the three following words should be spelt 
 with I, as villainous, &c., as given above, because 
 they come regularly from villain.] 
 
 1. Base ; very vile. 
 
 2. Wicked ; extremely depraved ; as, a villanous 
 person or wretch. 
 
 3. Proceeding frtmi extreme depravity ; as, a vil- 
 lanous action. 
 
 4. Sony ; vile ; mischievous ; in a familiar sense ; 
 as, a villanous trick of the eye. Shak. 
 
 Villauous judgment; in old law, a judgment that 
 casts reproach im the guilty perstm. 
 
 VII/LAN OMS-IA', drfn. Basely ; with extreme 
 wickedness or depravity, 
 
 VII,'LAN-OUS-NESS, n. Baseness; extreme de- 
 pravity. 
 
 VII/I/.\N-Y, 71. Extreme depravity; atrocious wick- 
 edne.is; as, the villnny of the thief or the robber; 
 the villany of the seducer. 
 
 The commeiidaliun la not In his wit, but in his villary, A'halc. 
 2. A crime ; an action of deep depravity. In this 
 sense, the word has a plural. 
 
 Such vUlaniet rmined Horace Into wrath. Dryden. 
 
 VIL-LAT'ie, a. [L. viUaticus.] 
 Pertaining to a village. 
 
 Tame, oiltelic fowl. Mitlon. 
 
 VIL'LEN-AGE, 71. [{rum villain.] A tenure of lands 
 
 and tenements by base services. Blackstone. 
 VIL'LI, 71. pi. [L., from villus.] 
 
 1. In anatomy, fine, small fibers. 
 
 2. In botany, fine hairs on plants. 
 VIL'LOUS, a. [L. villostis, from villus, hair, Eng. 
 
 wool.] 
 
 1. Abounding with fine hairs or wooly substance ; 
 nappy ; shaggy ; rough ; as, a villous coat. 
 
 Tlie villous coat of the stomach and intestines is 
 the inner mucous membrane, so called from the in- 
 numerable villi or fine fibrils with which its internal 
 surface is covered. Cyc. Parr. 
 
 2. In botany, covered with soft hairs. 
 VIM'IN-AL, «. [L. viminalL^.] 
 
 Pertaining to twigs; consisting of twigs; produc- 
 ing twigs. 
 
 Vl-MIN'E OUS, a. [L. vimincus, from vimai, a 
 twig.] 
 
 Made of twigs or shoots. 
 
 In the hive's vimineous dome. Prior. 
 
 VI-Na'CEOUS, (vi-ni'shus,) a. [L. vinaceus.] 
 
 1. Belnnging to wine or grapes. White. 
 
 2. Of The color of wine. 
 VIJV-Al-GRETTBl ,n. [Fr.] A small box of silver, 
 
 &,c., with perforations on the top, for holding aro- 
 matic vinegar contained in a sponge, and used like a 
 smellinii-botlle. 
 VIN'CI-liLE, a. [from L. vinco, to conquer. See 
 Victor.] 
 
 Conquerable ; that may be overcome or sub- 
 dued. 
 
 He not vincible in spirit. Haymard, 
 
 VIN'CI-BLE-NESS, ) 71. The capacity of being con- 
 VIN-CI-BIL'I-TY, I quered; conquerableness. 
 
 Diet. 
 
 VINC'TURE, 71. [L. vinetura.] 
 A binding. [J^ot in use.] 
 
 VINe'U-LU.M, 7i. [L.] A bond of union ; particu- 
 larly, in mathematics, a straight mark placed over 
 several members of a compound quantity, which are 
 to be subjected to the same operation. Day. 
 
 VIN-De'MI-AL, a. [L. vindemialis, from vindcmia, 
 vintage ; vinea and demo.] 
 
 Belonging to a vintage or grape harvest. 
 
 VIN-De'MI-aTE, v. i. [Supra.J To gather the vin- 
 tage. Evelyn. 
 
 VIN-DE-MI-a'TION, 71. The operation of gathering 
 grapes. Bailey. 
 
 VIN-DI-eA-BIL'I-TY, 71. The quality of being vin- 
 dicable, or capable of support or jtistification. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 
 VIN'DI-eA-BLE, a. [Infra.] That may be vindi- 
 cated, justified, or supported. Lhoight. 
 
 V1N'DI-€aTE, v. t. [L. vindico.] 
 
 1. To defend ; to justify; to support or maintain 
 as true or correct, against denial, censure, or objec- 
 tions. 
 
 When the respondent denies any proposition, the opponent must 
 
 vindicate it. tt'atts. 
 Laugli wtiere we must, he candid where we can ; 
 But vindicate the ways of God to man. Pope. 
 
 2. To assert ; to defend with success ; to maintain ; 
 to prove to be just or valid ; as, to vindicate a claim or 
 title. 
 
 3. To defend with arms, or otherwise ; as, to vin- 
 dicate our rights. 
 
 4. To avenge ; to punish ; as, a war to vindicate or 
 punish infidelity. Bacon. 
 
 Ood is more powerful to exact subjection and to vindicate rebel- 
 lion. Pearson. 
 
 [This latter use is entirely obsolete.] 
 
 VIN'DI-eA-TED, pp. Defended ; .supported ; main- 
 tained ; proved to be just or true. 
 
 VIN'DI-e.\-TlNG,;)/;r. Defending ; supporting against 
 denial, censure, charge, or impeachment; proving to 
 be true or just ; defending bv force. 
 
 VIN-D1-€a'TION, n. [Fr , from L. vindico.] 
 
 1. The defense of any thing, or a justification 
 against denial or censure, or against objections or 
 accusations; as, the t'iiii/icntion of opinions or of a 
 creed ; the vindication of the Scriptures against the 
 objections and cavils of infidels. 
 
 2. The act of supporting by proof or legal process; 
 the proving of any thing to bo just ; as, the vindica- 
 tion of a title, claim, or right. 
 
 3. Di'fense by force or otherwise ; as, the vindica- 
 tion of the rights of man ; the vindication of our 
 liberties or the rights of conscience. 
 
 VIN'DI-GA-TIVE, a. Tending to vindicate. 
 2. Revengeful. 
 
 [This is now generally VinDicTiri.] 
 VIN'Oi eA-TOR, 71. One who vindicates; one who 
 
 justifies or maintains ; one who defends. Dryden. 
 VIN'DI-GA-TO-RY, a. Punitory ; inflicting punish- 
 ment ; avenging. 
 
 The alTlicliuiis of Job were not uinrfimlory punishmenls. 
 
 liramhalt. 
 
 2. Tending to vindicate ; justificatory. 
 VIN DICTIVE, a. [Kr. vindicatif.] 
 Revengeful ; given tt) revenge. 
 
 I am viruiictive enough to repel force by force. Dryilen, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PIIBV — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. - NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, B99K.— 
 
VIO 
 
 VI.\-Die'TIVE-LY, adv. By way of revenge; re- 
 veiiRefiTllv. 
 
 VIN Die'f IVE MESS, n. A revengeful temper. 
 
 9. RevL'iiycfulness. 
 VTNE, n. (b. vinea; Fr. visrne; from the It. t>i>na, 
 
 S|>. I'ina, ii vineyard ; \V. gwinien, vine, and gwin, 
 
 wine. t<ee Wine.] 
 
 1. A woody, climbing plant, that produres prapcs, 
 of the (lenus Vitis, and of a great number of varie- 
 ties. 
 
 2. The Ions, slender stem of any plant, that trails 
 on the (.'round, or climl>:< and supiuirts itself by wind- 
 ing round a fixed object, or by seizing any fixed thing 
 with its tendrils or cl.asper.s. Thus we speak of tlie 
 hop vine, the bean eine, the vines of melons, squashes, 
 pumpkins, and other cucurbitaceous plants. 
 
 Vi.VE'-eLAlJ, a. Clad or covered with vines. 
 
 # Coleridge. 
 VIN'ED, a. Having leaves like those of the vine. 
 
 IVutlon. 
 
 VINE'-UREfS-ER, n. [vine and dresser.] One who 
 dresses, trims, prunes, and cultivates vines. 
 
 VINE'-FKET-TEU, n. [vine and freL] A small 
 insect that injures vines, an aphis or puceron. 
 
 V1N'E-G.\ll, 71. [Fr. vin, wine, and aigre, sour.] 
 
 1. An acid liquor obtained from wine, cider, beer, 
 &c., I)y the acetous fermentation. Vinegar may dif- 
 fer indefinitely in the degree of its acidity. VVhen 
 highly concentrated, it is called Radical Vinegar. 
 The acid of vinegar is the acetic. 
 
 2. Any thing really or metaphorically sour. [JVot 
 in use.] Skak. 
 
 VI.\E'-(.RUn, n. [vine and grtib.] A little insect 
 that infests vines; the vine-freiler or puceron. Cijc. 
 
 VI.\'ER, n. An orderer or trimmer of vines. Ilaloet. 
 
 VI'NER-Y, II. In gardening, an erection for supjwrt- 
 ing vines and exposing them to artificial heat, con- 
 sisting of a wall with .=toves and Hues. 
 
 VI.\E'YAIIU, (vin'yard,) ;i. [Sax. vingcard; It. fiong- 
 horL The correct ortliograpliy, from the Saxon, is 
 
 Vl NVARD.] 
 
 A plantation of vines producing grapes ; properly, 
 an incldsure or yard for grape-vines. 
 VIN'NEVV-£D, a. [»a\.f,jnig.] 
 
 Molily ; niustv. [JVo£ in use] JVctc/on. 
 Vr.\'NE\V-f;i)-N"ESS, n. Musliness; moldiness. 
 
 [Aot in itse.j Barret. 
 VIN'NY, a. [.Supra.] Moldy ; musty. [JVut i« uic.l 
 VIN'O-LE.V-CY, n. [Ji. vinolcnlia, from vmum, vvine.J 
 
 Drunkenness. [JV'of used.] 
 VIN'O-I.ENT, a. Given to wine. [Mused.] 
 VI-NOS'l-TY, n. State or quality of being vinous. 
 
 ScoU. 
 
 VI'NOUS, a. [Fr. vineux, from L. rinum, wine.] 
 
 Having the qualities of wine ; pertaining to wine ; 
 as, a vinous taste ; a vinous Havor; vinous fernicnta- 
 tiini. 
 
 VINT'AftE, n. [Fr. vendange, from L. vindemia.] 
 
 1. The produce of the vine for the season. The 
 vintage is abundant. 
 
 2. The time of gathering the crop of gnpes. 
 
 3. The wine produced by the crop of grapes in one 
 season. Cyc. 
 
 VI.\T'A-CER, M. One that gathers the vintage. 
 VI.\T'AGE-tfl*RI.\G, 7i. .\ wine-fount. 
 VINT'NER, 71. Cine who deals in wine; a wine- 
 seller. 
 
 VINT'RY, n. A place where wine is sold. 
 
 Ainsworth. 
 
 VI'NY, a. Belonging to vines; producing grapes. 
 
 2. .\bonnding in vines. P. Fletcher. 
 
 VI'OL, 711 [Kr. viole ; It. and Sp. viola ; Ir. bioL] 
 
 1. A strmged musical instrument, of the same 
 form as the violin, but larger, and having formerly 
 six strings, to be struck with a bow. Viols are of 
 different kinds. The largest of all is the base viol, 
 whose tones are deep, soft, and agreeable. The 
 violin now takes the pl.ace of the old viol. 
 
 Mc fofler airi befit, and njflcr string* 
 
 or lute, or oiot, atill mon apt tor niuumrut tliingf. MiUon. 
 
 2. Among seamen, n large rope sometimes used in 
 weighing anchor ; also written Vovol. Totten. 
 
 VI'O-LA, 71. [It.] A larger kind of violin ; a tenor 
 violin. 
 
 VT'0-L.\-BLE, a. ['L. vialabUis. See Violate.] 
 
 That may be violated, broken, or injured. 
 VI-O-La'CEOUS, a. [L. viola, a violet.] 
 
 Resembling violets in color. Encye. 
 VI'O-LATE, e. t. [Fr. vioUr ; L. violo ; It. violare 
 Sp. violar.] 
 
 1. To break upon in a violent manner; to injure; 
 to burt ; to interrupt ; to disturb ; as, to violate sleep. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 KIndnesi for ntAn, and pity for hi* fitte, 
 
 Mny mix with bliu, and yd not violau. Drydtn. 
 
 2. To set aside in a violent manner ; to break ; to 
 infringe ; to transgress ; as, to violate the laws of the 
 state, or the rules of gnoil breeding ; to violate the 
 divine commands ; to violate one's vows or promises. 
 Promises and commands may be violated negatively, 
 by non-observance. 
 
 3. To injure ; to do violence to. 
 
 Fortid to oiotau the tacretl fruit. 3/i/Ion. 
 
 VIO 
 
 4. To treat with irreverence; to profane; aa, to 
 
 violate the sanctity of a httly place. 
 
 5. To ravish ; to compress by force. 
 VTO-LA-TEI), pp. or a. Injured ; broken ; trans- 
 gressed ; ravished. 
 
 VI'0-La-TL\G, 7>;)r. Injuring ; infrinciiig ; ravishing. 
 VI-O-LS'TION, 71. [Fr.] The act of violating or in- 
 juring ; inlerruplioii, as of sleep or peace. 
 
 2. Infringement ; transgression ; non-observance ; 
 as, the violation of law or positive comnianil ; a vio- 
 lation of covenants, engagcment^i, and promises; a 
 violation of vows. 
 
 3. Al t of irreverence ; profanation or contemptu- 
 ous treatment of sacred things ; as, the violation of a 
 church. 
 
 4. Ravishment ; rape. 
 
 VI'O-I.A-TI VE, a. Violating, or tending to violate. 
 VI'O-La-TOR, 71. One who violates, injures, inter- 
 rupts or disturbs ; as, a violator of repose. 
 
 2. One who infringes or transgresses ; as, a violator 
 of law. 
 
 3. One who profanes or treats with irreverence ; 
 as, a violator of sacred things. 
 
 4. A ravishcr. 
 VI'O-LENCE, 71. [L. violentia.] 
 
 1. Physical force ; strength of action or motion ; 
 as, the violence of a storm ; the violence of a blow or 
 of a conflict. 
 
 2. IMoral force ; highly excited feeling ; vehemence. 
 The critic attacked the work with violence. 
 
 You nsk with violence. ShaJc. 
 
 3. Outrage ; unjust force ; crimes of all kinds. 
 
 4. Highly-excited action ; vehemence ; as, the 
 violence of the disease. 
 
 5. Injury ; infringement. Offer no violetice to the 
 laws, or to the rules <if civility. 
 
 I">. Ravishment ; rape. 
 
 7't> do violence to or on ; to attack ; to murder. 
 
 But, as it seemi, dirt violence on lierwif. ShaJe. 
 To do violence to ; to outrage ; to force ; to injure. 
 He does violence to his own opinions. 
 VT'O-LENCE, V. t. To assault ; to injure ; also, to 
 bring by violence. [Little used.] 
 
 B. Jonson. FcWiam. 
 Vl'0-LE.\T, a. [Ft. ; L. violcntus.] 
 
 1. Forcible ; moving or acting with physical 
 strength ; urged or driven with force ; as, a violent 
 wind ; a i-iolent stream ; a violent assault or blow ; a 
 violent conflict. 
 
 2. Vehement ; outrageous ; as, a violent attack on 
 the niinistt r. 
 
 3. Produceil or continued by force ; not spontane- 
 ous or natural. 
 
 No violent state can be perpetu.\]. Barrul. 
 
 4. Produced by violence ; not natural ; as, a violent 
 death. 
 
 5. Acting by violence ; a.ssailant ; not authorized. 
 Rome violent liaiida were laid un Humphry's life. ShaJc. 
 G. Fierce ; vehement ; as, a violent philippic ; a 
 
 violent remonstrance. 
 
 We niiglil be reckoned fierce and violent. Hooker. 
 
 7. Severe ; extreme ; as, violent pains. 
 
 8. Extorted ; not voluntary. 
 
 Vows made in pain are violent and void. fiJUton. 
 T^tolent presumption, in law, is presumption that 
 arises from circumstances which necessarily attend 
 such facts. Such circiimst.ances being proved, the 
 mind infers with confidence that the fact has taken 
 t)lace, and this confidence is a violent presumption, 
 which amounts to proof. 
 VI'O-LEiNT, 71. An as.sailant. [JVot iti twc.J 
 VI'O-LE.NT, v. t. To urge with violence [JVot 
 
 used.] Fuller. 
 VI'0-I.ENT-I,Y, adv. With force; forcibly; vehe- 
 mently ; as, the wind blows violently. 
 
 Forfeiture* must not be exacted violenlly. Taylor. 
 
 VI O-LES'CENT, a. Tending to a violet color. 
 
 VI'O-LET, 71. [l^r. violctte ; \t. violctto ; L. viola.] A 
 plant and flower of the genus Viola, of many spe- 
 cies. They are genenilly low, herbaceous plants, and 
 the flowers of many of the species are of some shade 
 of blue, 
 
 VI'O-LET, a. Dark blue, inclining to red. 
 VI-O-LIN', n. [It. viotmo : Fr. violon ; from viol.] 
 .\ musical instrument with four strings, played 
 with a bow ; a fidille; one of the most perfect and 
 most powerful instruments that has been invented. 
 
 O/e. 
 
 VI-O-LIN'IST, n. A person skilled in playing on a 
 
 violin. Farcy. 
 VI'O-MST, ?i. A plaver on the viol. 7'oiUL 
 Vl-0-I.O.\-CEL'LIst,?i. One who plays on the vio- 
 loncello. 
 
 VT-0-LO.\-CEL'LO, (ve-o-lon-chel'lo or ve-o-lon- 
 sel'lo,) 71. [It.] .\ stringed instrument of music; 
 a base viol of four strings, or a base violin with long, 
 large strings, giving sounds an octave lower than the 
 tenor violin. Encnc. P. Cyc. 
 
 VIR 
 
 yl-O-LO'M'E, n. A large base violin, called a Dou- 
 ble Base, whose strings lie an octave below the 
 viuliincello. Branile. 
 
 VI PER, 71. [Ij. vipera; Fr. vipere ; \\ . giviber, (ttm 
 gtoib, n quick course, a driving, flying, or ser|»enline 
 motion, a wanttering.] 
 
 1. A European serpent, the Vipera Beriis, whose 
 bite is venomous. 'J'wo harmless snakes are, in this 
 country, culled improperly by this name. 
 
 A viper came out uf the heat, and fajtened on his hand, — Acu 
 xxix. 
 
 2. A iierson or thing mischievous or malignant. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 VI'PER-INE, a. [I., riperinus.] 
 
 Pertaining to a viper or to vipers. 
 VI'PEROi;.-;, a. [I,, vipercus.] 
 
 Having the qualities of a viper; malignant; ven- 
 '■•iious ; as, a viperous tongue. Sliak. 
 VI' 1 Kit's HO'GLOSS, 71. A plant of the geuuv 
 EchiiiiM. 
 
 VI'PER'S GU.>iSH,n. A plantofthe gi niisScor/.onera. 
 VI RA-OI.\'l-A.\, 11. Ilavingtliequnlitiesiif a virago. 
 VI-R.A-GI.N'I-TS', 71. The iiu.alities of a virago. 
 VI-Ra'(;(), 71. [L., from vir, a man.] 
 
 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, and 
 courage ; a female who has the robust body and mas- 
 culine mind of a man ; a female warrior. 
 
 To arms 1 to anna 1 tlio fierce pira^o cnes. Pope. 
 
 2. In common language, a bold, impudent, turbu- 
 lent woman ; a teriiiagaiit. 
 
 VIRE, (veer,) 71. [Hp. uiru.] 
 
 An arrow. [Obs.] Oower. 
 VIR'E-LAY, 71. [Fr. virelni, from virer, to turn.] 
 
 -An ancient French song or short poem, derived 
 from Provence, of a peculiar measure, and usually 
 of a sportive character. The modem rinlay turns 
 upon two sets of rhymes, the first of w hich pre- 
 vails throughout the piece, and the other occurs 
 only from time to time, to produce variety. 
 
 Diet, de VAcad. Lunier. 
 
 To which a lady sung a mrelay. Dryden. 
 
 VI'RENT, a. [L. virens, from vireo, ta flourish, or be 
 green.] 
 
 (Jreen ; verdant ; fresh. Brown. 
 VI-RES'CENT, a. Slightly green ; beginning to be 
 green. 
 
 VIR'GATE, (nearly vur'g.lte,) a. [L. virga, a rod.] 
 In botany, having the shape of a rod ur wand ; as, 
 n virgate stem. 
 VIR'GATE, n. A yardland. WarUm. 
 VIRGE. See Veboe. 
 
 VIR-GIL'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Virgil, the Roman 
 poet. 
 
 2. Resembling the style of Virgil. Young. 
 VIR'GIN, {nearly vur'jin,) n. [It. virgint ; Sp. vir- 
 gcn f Fr. viergc ; L. virgo.] 
 
 1. A woman who has had no carnal knowledge of 
 man. 
 
 2. A woman not a mother. [Unusual.] MilOin. 
 
 3. A person of either sex who has not been mar- 
 ried. 1 Cor. vii. 2.). 
 
 4. The sign Virgo. [See Vibro.) JUilton. 
 VIR'GIN, a. Pure; untouched ; as, mVn-iTi gold. 
 
 JVoodu^ard. 
 
 2. Fresh ; new ; unused ; as, virgin soil. 
 
 Belknap. 
 
 3. Becoming a virgin ; maidenly ; modest ; indi- 
 cating modesty ; as, a virgin blush ; virgin shame. 
 
 4. Pure; chaste. [Cowley. 
 VIR'(5L\, r. i. To play the virgin ; a cant word. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 VIR'GIN-AL, a. Pertaining to a virgin ; maidenly ; 
 as, virginal chastity. Hammond. 
 
 V1R'GI.\-AL, 71. A keyed instrument of one string, 
 jack and qiiill to each note, like a spinet, but in 
 shape resembling Uie forte piano ; out of use. 
 
 Cyc. Bacoru 
 
 VIR'CIN-AL, v.i. To pat ; to strike as iin a virginal. 
 
 [A cant word.] Shak, 
 VIR-CI.N"I-TY, 71. [L. virginita.1.] 
 
 Maidenhood ; the state of having had no carnal 
 
 knowletlge of man. 
 VIR'GIN'S BOWER, 71. A plant of the genus 
 
 Clematis. 
 
 VIR'GO, 71. [L.] A sign of the zodiac which the sun 
 enters in August ; a rnnstellation of the /.odiuc. 
 
 VIR'GO-LEC'SE, n. [Fr.] A variety of pear of an 
 excellent quality ; with us pronounced cirgoloo, or 
 vergohm. [See Vekgoulei'se, the correct orthog- 
 raphy. ] 
 
 VI-Rli)'l-TY,ii. [L. cirirfitiM, fromrir«,lo begreen.] 
 Greenness; verdure; the color of fresh vc^itables. 
 
 y.relyn. 
 
 VT'RILE, (vl'ril,) a. [L. virilis, from vir, n niiiii, Sax 
 irrr; .'^aiis. rira, strong ; from the root of I., rirfa.l 
 
 1. Pertaining to a man, in the eminent si nse of tne 
 word, (not to iTian, in the sense of the huni.an race ;) 
 belonging to the male sex ; as, virile age. 
 
 2. .Masculine ; not puerile 01 feminine ; as, r«ril« 
 strenclh or vigor. 
 
 VI RIL'l-TY, II. (Fr. ririliti : L. ririlUas.] 
 
 I. .Manhood ; the state of the male sex, which has 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH a-i SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 155* 
 
 ZZZZ 
 
 123" 
 
r- 
 
 VIR 
 
 arrived to the maturity and strength of a man, and 
 to the power of procreation. 
 
 2. The power of procreation. 
 
 3. Cliaracter of man. [ Unu.'su.a!.'] 
 
 VIR'Ti;, n. [It. tiiXtt.] A love of the fine arts; a 
 tasle for curiosities. Clitsterfield. 
 
 VIR'TU-AL, (vurt'yu -al,) a. [Fr. viriuel; from vir- 
 ttie. See Virtue. ] 
 
 1. Potential ; h.-iving the power of acting or of in- 
 visible efficacy without the material or sensible part. 
 
 Every kind that iives, 
 Fomented by )iis virtual power, and warmed, Milton, 
 Neitiier an uctuitl nor rirtuat intention of the mind, but only that 
 which may be g.ittiered from the outwartl acts. SlilUngJleeL 
 
 2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact ; as, the 
 virtual presence of a man in his agent or substitute. 
 
 Virtiiid focus i in optics, the point from which rays, 
 having been rendered divergent by reflection or re- 
 fraction, appear to isstie. 
 
 Virtual velocitij ; in mcclianics, the velocity which a 
 body in equilibrium would actually acquire during 
 the first instant of its motion in case of the equilibri- 
 um being disturbed, Brande. 
 
 VIR-TU-AL'I-TY, n. Efficacy. Broicn. 
 
 VIR'TU-AL-LY, ade. In efficacy or efltct only ; by 
 means of some virtue or influence, or the instru- 
 mentality of something else. Thus, the sun is lAr- 
 tuallij on earth by its light and heat, Tlie citizens of 
 an elective government are virlualUj present in the 
 legislature by tlieir representatives. A man inayrir- 
 tualhj agree to a proposition by silence or withholding 
 objections. Addison. CifC. 
 
 VIR'TU-aTE, v. t. To make eflicacious. [J^'ot in 
 M,ve.] Harvey. 
 
 VIR'TUE, (vurt'yu,) n. [Fr. vertu; It. virtu j Sp. 
 vertudi L. virtus, from vircOy or its root. (See 
 Worth.) The radical sense is strength, from strain- 
 ing, stretching, extending. This is the primary sense 
 of L. rir, a man. Class Br.] 
 
 1. Strength ; that substance or quality of physical 
 bodies, by which they act and produce etfocts on oth- 
 er bodies. In this literal and proper sense, we 
 speak of the virtue or virtues of plants in medicine, 
 and the virtues of drugs. In decoctions the virtues 
 of plants are extracted. By long standing in the open 
 air, the virtues are lost. 
 
 2. Bravery ; valor. This was the predominant 
 signification of virtue among the Romans. 
 
 Trust to thy single virtues. Shalt. 
 [This sense is nearly or quite obsolete."] 
 
 3. Moral goodness ; the practice of moral duties 
 and the abstaining from vice, or a conformity of life 
 and conversation to the moral law. In this sense, 
 virtue may be, and in many instances must be, distin- 
 guished from reliirion. Tlio pr.actice of moral duties 
 merely from motives of convenience, or from com- 
 pulsion, or from regard to reputation, is virtue, as 
 distinct from religion. The practice of moral duties 
 from sincere love to God antl his laws, is virtue and 
 religion. In this sense it is true, 
 
 Th:tt virtue only makes our bli^ below. Pope. 
 Virtue is nothing but voIunLiry obedience (o truth. Durigltt. 
 
 4. A particular moral excellence ; as, the virtue 
 of temperance, of chastity, of charity. 
 
 Remember all his virtues. Adtlieon. 
 
 5. Acting power ; something efficacious. 
 
 Jesus, knowing that virtue had ffone out of him, turned. — 
 M.irk iii. 
 
 6. Secret agency ; efficacy without visible or mate- 
 rial action. 
 
 She moves the body which she doth possess ; 
 
 Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue's touch. Davies. 
 
 7. Excellence; or that which constitutes value and 
 merit. 
 
 Terence, who thought the sole grace and virtue of th'-ir frible the 
 sucking in of Bfiiteiices. B. Jonson. 
 
 8. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. 
 
 Thrones, dominations, princedoms, rirlues, powers, Milton. 
 
 9. Efficacy ; power. 
 
 He used to travel thron<rh Gn.'ece by virtue of this feble, which 
 pr(jcun_-d him rca-piiun in all the towns. Addison. 
 
 10. Legal efficacy or power ; authority. A man 
 administers the laws by virtue of a commission. 
 
 In virtue ; in consequence ; by the efficacy or au- 
 thority. 
 
 This they shall ntliln, partly in virtue of Iho prpmise of God, and 
 partly ifi i;irlue of piety. Atterbury. 
 
 VtR'TIIE-LESS, (vurt'yu-,) a. Destitute of virtue. 
 2. Destitute of efficacy or operating qualities. 
 
 Virtuelest she wished nil her herbs nn<l ch irms. Fairfax. 
 
 VIR-TIJ-O'HO, n. [It,] A man skilled In the fine 
 arts, particularly in music ; or n man skilled in an- 
 tiquities, curlosllieH, and the like. 
 
 Firluoso the Italians call n man who loves the noble nrts, and is 
 a critic in ihciii. Dryden. 
 
 VIR TU O'SO-SHIP, It. The pursiilta of a virtuoso. 
 
 Hard. 
 
 VIR'TU-OUS, (vurt'yu-UB,; a. Morally good ; nrllng 
 in conformity to the mural law ; practicing tlie mor- 
 
 VIS 
 
 al duties, and abstaining from vice ; as, a virtuous 
 man. 
 
 2. Being in conformity to the moral or divine law ; 
 as, a utrtuoiw action ; a virtuous life. 
 
 The mere performance of virtuous actions does not denominate 
 an agent virtuous. Price. 
 
 3. Chaste ; ajiplicd to women. 
 
 4. Efficacious by inherent qualities ; as, virtuous 
 herbs ; virtuous drugs. [JVof in use.] C/iapinan. 
 
 5. Having great or powerful properties ; as, virtu- 
 ous steel ; a virtuous stafl"; a virtuous ring. [JVot in 
 use.] JMillon. Spenser, 
 
 6. Having medicinal qualities. [JVot used.] 
 
 BacoTu 
 
 VIR'TU-OUS-LY, adv. In a virtuous manner; in 
 conformity with the moral law or with duty; as, a 
 life virtuously spent. Venltani. 
 
 A child virtuously educated. Addison. 
 VIR'TU-OUS-NESS, n. The state or character of 
 
 being virtuous. Spenser. 
 VIR'U-LENCE, j n. [from virulent.] That qu.ality 
 VIll'U-LEN-CY, \ of a thing which renders it ex- 
 tremely active in doing injury; acrimony; malig- 
 nancy ; as, the virulence of poison. 
 
 2. Acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or ma- 
 lignity ; as, the virulence of enmity or malice ; the 
 virulence of satire ; to attack a man with virulence. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 VIR'U-LENT, a. [L. virulentus, from virus, poison, 
 that Is, strength, from the same root as vir, vireo. 
 See Venom.] 
 
 1. Extremely active in doing injury ; very poison- 
 ous or venomous. No poison is more uiriiicnt than 
 that of some species of serpents. 
 
 2. Very bitter in enmity ; malignant; as,a»ir«;enf 
 invective. 
 
 VIR'U-LENT-LY, adv. With malignant activity; 
 with bitter spite or severity. 
 
 Vl'RLTS, n. [L. See Virulent.] Active or conta- 
 gious matter of an ulcer, pustule, &c. ; poison. 
 
 VIS, n. [L.] Force; power; as, vis vita, the vital 
 force. The term, however, is used chiefly in me- 
 chanics. 
 
 VIS'AGE, (viz'aj,) n. [Fr. ; from ll. visaggio; from 
 Ij. visus, video.] 
 
 The face ; the countenance or look of a person, or 
 of other animal; chiefly applied to human beings; 
 as, a wolfish visage. Shak. 
 
 Love and beauty still that visage grace. Waller. 
 His visage was so marred, more than any man. — Is. lii. 
 
 VIS'A-G£D, a. Having a visage or countenance. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 VIS'ARD, 71. A mask. [See Visor.] 
 VIS'ARD, V. t. To mask. 
 
 VIS'A-VIS', (viz'a-vS'j) n. [Fr., opposite, face to 
 face.] A carriage in which two persons sit face to 
 face. 
 
 VIS'CE-RA, 71. ; pi. of Vi9cD3. [L.] The bowels ; 
 the contents of the abdomen, thorax, and cranium. 
 
 In its most general sense, the organs contained in 
 any cavity of the body, particularly in the three 
 venters, the head, thorax, and abdomen. 
 
 Cyc. Parr. 
 
 VIS'CE-RAL, a. [L. viscera.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the viscera. 
 
 2. Feeling; having sensibdity. [Unusual.] 
 
 Reynolds. 
 
 VIS'CER-aTE, II. t. [Supra.] To exenlerate ; to 
 embowel ; to deprive of the entrails or viscera. 
 [Eviscerate is generally used.] 
 VIS'CID, a. [h. viscidus ; wt.vctt.s", birdlime.] 
 
 Glutinous ; sticky ; tenacious ; ntit readily sepa- 
 rating ; as, turpentine, tar, gums, &c., are more or 
 less viscid. 
 
 VIS-CID'I-TY, n. Ghitinousness ; tenacity; sticki- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Glutinous concretion. Floyer. 
 VISeOS'l-TY, In. Gliitinoiisness ; tenacltv ; vls- 
 VIS'COUS-iXESS, i cidlty ; that quality of soft sub- 
 stances which makes them adhere so us not to be 
 easily parted. 
 
 VLS'eOUiN'T, (vi'kount,) 71. [L. vice-comes; Fr. 
 vicointe.] 
 
 1. An officer who formerly supplied the place of 
 the count or earl ; the sherilf of the county. 
 
 England. 
 
 2. A degree or title of nobility next in rank below 
 an earl. Cowel. England. 
 
 VIS'COU NT-ESS, (vi'kount-ess,) II, The lady of a 
 viscount ; a peeress of the fourth order. Johnson. 
 
 VIS'COUNT-SlllP, (vi'kount-ship,) ( 71. The quality 
 
 VIS'€OUNT-Y, (vl'kount-y,) \ and office of 
 
 a viscount. fVilliams. 
 
 VlS'eOUS, a. [Fr. vist/ucux ; from L. viscus, bird- 
 lime.] 
 
 Gliitlntms ; clammy ; sticky ; adhesive ; tena- 
 cious ; as, a viscous juice. 
 VIS'CIJ.'', n. : 7>/. Viscera. [I..] An entrall, one of the 
 
 contents of the cranium, tliorax, or abdomen. 
 VISK, 71. [Fr. t)i>, a screw.] 
 
 An engine or instrument for griping and holding 
 things, closed hy a screw ; used by arlifierrs. 
 yl-SK', (vec-za',) [Fr.] Litcrully, seen ; an indorse- 
 
 VIS 
 
 ment made by the police officers in large towns of 
 France, Belgium, &c., on the back of a passport, de- 
 noting that it has been examined, and that the per- 
 son who bears it is permitted to proceed on his jour- 
 ney. Hence, travelers speak of getting their pass- 
 ports visaed. 
 
 VISII'XU, n. In the Hindoo mythology, the name of 
 one of the chief deities of the trimuiti or triad. He 
 is the second person of this unity, and a personifica- 
 tion of the preserving powers. Cyc. Encyc. 
 
 VIS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [from visible: Fi. risibilite.] 
 
 1. The state or quality of being perceivable to the 
 eye ; as, the visibility of minute particles, or of dis- 
 tant objects. 
 
 2. The state of being discoverable or apparent ; 
 conspicuousness ; as, the perpetual vuiibitity of the 
 church. Stillingfleet. 
 
 VIS'I-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. vi-iibilis.] 
 
 1. Perceivable by the eye ; that can be seen ; as, a 
 visible st^r ; the least spot is visible tm white paper; 
 the fine dust or other matter in air, agitated by heat, 
 becomes visible ; as in the air near a heated stove, or 
 over a dry, sandy pl.iin, appearing like pellucid 
 waves. 
 
 Virtue made visible in outward grace. Young. 
 
 2. Discovered to the eye ; as, visible spirits. Shale. 
 
 3. Apparent ; open ; conspicuous. Factions at 
 court became more visible. Clarendon. 
 
 Visible church ; in theology, the apparent church of 
 Christ ; the whole body of professed believers in 
 Christ, as contradistinguished from the real or invisi- 
 ble church, consisting of sanctified persons. 
 
 Visible horizon ; the sensible horizon. [See Hori- 
 zon, No. 1.1 
 
 VISS'l-BLE-NESS, 71. State or quality of being visi- 
 ble ; visibility. 
 
 VIS'I-BLY, ai/o. In a manner perceptible to the eye. 
 The day is visibly governed by the sun ; the tides are 
 visibly governed by the moon. 
 
 VIS'I-GOTH, 71. The name of the Western Goths, or 
 that branch of the Gothic tribes which settled in 
 Dacia, as distinguished from the Ostrogoths, or East- 
 ern Goths, who had their seats in Pontus. 
 
 Encuc. Am. 
 
 VIS-I-GOTH'IC, a. Pertaining to the Visigoths. 
 
 VIS IJ\r-ER'TlJE,n. [L.] The resistance of matter 
 to change as respects motion. There are four con- 
 ditions under which matter resists change as re.^pects 
 motion ; as, 1, when It is brought from rest to mo- 
 tion ; 2, when it is brought from motion to rest ; 
 3, when the direction of the motion is changed ; 
 and, 4, when the velocity Is changed. Vis inertu£ 
 and inertia are not strictly synonymous. The former 
 implies Ihe resistance itself, which is given, while the 
 latter implies merely the property, by which it is 
 given. Gravitation is always exactly proportioned 
 to inertia. 
 2. Inertness ; inactivity. 
 
 VI"SION, (vizh'un,) 7t. [Fr., from L. visio, from vi- 
 deo, visas.] 
 
 1. The act of seeing e.\ternal objects ; actual sight. 
 Faith liere is turned into vision there. Hammond. 
 
 2. The faculty of seeing; sight. Vision is far 
 more perfect and acute in some animals than in 
 man. 
 
 3. Something Imagined to be seen, though not re- 
 al ; a phantom ; a specter. 
 
 No dreams, but visions strange. Siflney. 
 
 4. In Scripture, a revelation from God ; an a|ipear- 
 ance or exhibition of something siiperiiaturally pre- 
 sented to the minds of the prophets, hy which they 
 were informed of future events. Such were the 
 visions of l.saiah, of Amos, of Ezeklel, &c. 
 
 5. Something imaginary ; the production of fancy. 
 
 Loclce. 
 
 6. Any thing which is the object of sight. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 VI"SION-AL, (vizh'un-,) a. Pertaining to a vision. 
 Vl'SlON-A-Rl -NESS, )i. Thequalily of being vision- 
 ary. 
 
 VI"SION-A-RY, (vizh'un-,) a. [Fr. viMonnaire.] 
 
 1. Affected by phantoms; disjioscd to ri!ceive im- 
 pressions on the Imagination. 
 
 Or hill to n-st tin- visionary maid. Pope. 
 
 2. Imaginary ; existing in imagination only ; not 
 real ; having no solid foundation ; as, a visionary 
 prospect ; a visionary scheme or project. 
 
 Vl"SION-A-RY, 71. One whose imagination is dis- 
 turbed. 
 
 2. One who forms impracticable schemes ; one 
 who is confident of success in a project which oth- 
 ers perceive to be idle and fanciful, 
 
 [V1810NIST, in a like sense, is not used.] 
 VI"$ION-LESS, a. Destitute of visions. 
 
 -Mrs. Butler. 
 
 VIS'IT, V. t, [I<. visito ! Fr. vLiiter; It. visitarr : from 
 li. n\(), to go to see ; W. gtctst, gwesta, to visit, to 
 go about; irw«.v( a going, a visit ; nieii.v, that is go- 
 ing or moving. We see the sense is, to go, to move 
 to.] 
 
 f. To go or come to see ; to attend. The phy- 
 sician visits his patient and prescribes. One friend 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL,' WHAT. — METE, PRgV PINE, MARl.NE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. 
 
 1238 
 
VIS 
 
 visits another fmm respect or afft'Ction. and 
 Bariiabus visited the churches they had planted, to 
 know their stale and cont'irm their faith. Men visit 
 Enghind, France, or Italy in tlicir travels. 
 
 2. To so or conic to see for inspection, examina- 
 tion, correction of nhnses, &c. ; as, a bishop visits 
 his diocc-ie ; a superintendent visits those persons or 
 works wliich are under his care. 
 
 3. To SiUute with n present. 
 
 Samson insited his wife with a kkl. — Jtuljjca xv. 
 
 4. To go to and to use ; as, to visit the springs. 
 
 5. In naval affairs, to enter on hoard a vessel for 
 the purpose of ascertaining her character without 
 searching her. 
 
 To visit in mercy; in scriptural lnntrun<re, to be pro- 
 pitious ; to grant requests ; to deliver from trouble ; 
 to support and comfort. It is thus God visits his peo- 
 ple. Oen. xxi. Zrch. x. Luke xii. 
 
 To visit rvitk the rod: to punish. Ps. Ixxxix. 
 
 To visit in icruthj or visit iniquity or sins upon ; to 
 chastise; to bring judgments on; to afflict. Exod, 
 
 XX. 
 
 To visit the faifierlrss and widow, or tlie sick and im- 
 prisoned : to show them regard and pity, and relieve 
 their wants. Jl«£f. xxv. James i. 
 VIS'lT, II. i. Tokeepupthe interchange of civilities 
 and salutations ; to practice going to see others. We 
 ought not to visit for pleasure or ceremony on the 
 Pablialh. 
 
 VIS'lT, n. The act of going to see another, or of 
 calling at his house ; a waiting on ; as, n visit of ci- 
 vility or respect; a visit of ceremony; a short cuit ; 
 a long vi^it i a pleasant visit. 
 
 2. 'I'lie act of going to see ; as, a visit to Saratoga 
 or to Niagara. 
 
 3. A going to see or attending on ; as, the visit of 
 a physician. 
 
 4. The act of going to view or inspect ; as, the 
 visit of a trustee or inspector. 
 
 VIS'IT-.\-BI,E, a. Liable or subject to be visited. 
 All hospitals in England, built since the reforma- 
 tion, are visitable by the king or lord chancellor. 
 VIS'I r-.\NT, n. One that goes or comes to see an- 
 other , one who is a guest in tlie house of a friend. 
 NVlicn the vigitaiu comes ugaiii, he is no more n elnmgcr. South. 
 VIS-IT-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. visito.] 
 1. The act of visiting. 
 
 Nothing but peace nnil gentle visitation. 
 2. Object of visit. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 O flowers 1 
 
 My early vititation antl my LuU [UnuBuat,] Milton. 
 
 3. In laiv, the act of a superior or superintending 
 oflicer, who visits a corporation, college, church, or 
 other house, to examine into the manner in vvliich it 
 is coiuliict«-il, and see that its laws and regulations 
 are duly observed and, executed. In Knzlaiid, the 
 visitation of the diocese belongs to the bishop ; pa- 
 rochial visitation belongs peculiarly to the archdea- 
 cons. Cyc. 
 
 4. In Scripture, and in a relifrious setise, the send- 
 ing of afflictions and distresses on men to punish 
 them for their sins, or to prove them. Hence afflic- 
 tions, calamities, and jutigments are called visita- 
 tions. 
 
 NVhat will ye tlo in the day of visitation ? — Is. x. 
 
 5. Communication of divine love ; exhibition of 
 divine goodness and mercy. Hooker. 
 
 (i. In naval affairs, the act of a naval commander 
 who visits or enters on board of a vessel belonging to 
 another nation, for the purpose of ascertaining her 
 character and object, but without claiming or exer- 
 cising a right of searching the vessel. 
 
 7. A church festival in honor of the visit of the 
 Virgin Mary to Elizabeth, celebrated on the second 
 of July. Brande. 
 VIS'IT-ED, pp. Waited on ; attended ; inspected ; 
 subjected to sulforings; favored with relief or 
 mercy. 
 
 VIS'IT-ING, ppr. Going or coming to see ; attending 
 on, as a physician ; inspecting otiicially; afflicting; 
 showing mercy to. 
 
 2. a. Authorized to visit and inspect ; as, a visit- 
 ins committee. 
 
 VIS'IT-I.NG, n. The act of going to see or of attend- 
 ing : visitation. 
 
 VIS'IT-OR, n. [Fr. visitrur.] 
 
 1. One who comes or goes to see another, as in 
 civility or friendship. 
 
 2. A superior, or persim authorized to visit a cor- 
 poration or any institution, for the purpose of seeing 
 that the laws and regulations are observed, or that 
 the duties and conditions prescribed by the founder, 
 or by law, are duly performed and executed. 
 
 The king is tlie pi^tor ol all lay corponitions. B'.ackstont. 
 
 VIS-IT-0'RI-.\L, a. [from visitor; improperly writ- 
 ten Visitatorial.] Belonging to a judicial visitor or 
 superintendent. 
 
 Ad michdcACon luu vititorial power in parishes. Aylifft. 
 VI'SIVE, a. [from L. vis-us.] 
 
 Pertaining to the power of seeing; formed in the 
 act of seeing. [Ao( in use.] Brown. 
 
 VIT 
 
 V1.SNE, (veen,) n. [Norm., from Ij. oicinia.] 
 
 Neighbi>rhood. [See Vem'E.] 
 VIS'NO M Y, ji. [A barbarous contraction of physiog- 
 nomy.] 
 
 Fiice ; countenance. [JVot in use.] Spenser, 
 VIS'OK, n. [Fr. ri.vtVrc; It. visiera; from L. visus, 
 video; written also Visauo, Visar, Vizard.] 
 
 1. A perforated part of a helmet. Sidney. 
 
 2. A jiead-piecu or mask used to disfigure and dis- 
 guise. 
 
 My weaker govenimcnt since makes you pull olF the t?i*or. 
 
 .SV/ney. 
 
 Swarms of knaves the risor quite disgrace. Voun^. 
 VIS'OR-£D, a. Wearing a visor j masked ; dis- 
 guised. .Milton. 
 VIS'TA, n. [It., sight ; from L. visn.'i, video.] 
 
 A view or prospect through an avenue, its between 
 rows of trees ; hence, the trees or other things that 
 form the avenue. 
 
 The liiiisheil garden to the view 
 
 lu vistas optMis and iu alleys green. Thomson. 
 VIS'U-AL, (vizh'yu-al,) a. [Fr. visuel ; It. visuale; 
 from L. w(A-Kjf.] 
 
 Pertaining to sight ; used in sight ; serving as the 
 iustrumeiit of seeing ; as, the visual nerve. 
 
 Bacon. Jililton. 
 
 The nir, 
 
 Nowhere go clear, sharpened his visuat ray. Milton. 
 Visual angle; in »;i(ics, the angle under which an 
 object is seen ; the angle formed at the eye by the 
 rays of light coining from the extremities of the ob- 
 ject. Brande. 
 
 Visual point ; in perspective, a point in the horizon- 
 tal line ill which the visu:il ra>s unite. Qwilt. 
 
 Visual ray ; a line tif light supposed to come from 
 n point of the object to the eye. Oicilt. 
 VIS'q-AL-I'/E, v. t. To make visual. 
 VIS'tr-AL-IZ-f.-D, pp. Ilendered visual. Coleridge. 
 VI'TAL, a. [L. vilal'is, from vita, life. This must be 
 a contraction of victa, for vivo forms vixi, victus: Gr. 
 jSi'ij, from fiiotii, coiitractcil.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to life, cither animal or vegetable; 
 as, vital energies ; vital powers. 
 
 2. Ciintributing to life ; necessary to life ; as, vital 
 air ; vital blootl. 
 
 3. Containing life. 
 
 Spirits that live throughout, 
 Vital in cvi-ry part. JV/i7on. 
 And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth. Milton. 
 
 4. Being the seat of life ; being that on which life 
 depends. 
 
 The dftit flew on, and pierced a vital part. Pope. 
 
 5. Very necessary' ; highly important ; essential. 
 Religion is a business of vital concern. Peace is of 
 vital importance to our ctmntry. 
 
 C. So disposed as to live. 
 
 Pythagoras and Hippocrat'-s aflirm the birth of the seventh month 
 to be vital. [Ltttle used.] Brown, 
 
 Vital air ; oxygen gas, which is essential to ani- 
 mal life. 
 
 VI-TAL'I-TY, n. [from vital.] The principle of ani- 
 mation, or of life ; as, the vitality of vegetable seeds 
 or of eggs. Ray. 
 2. The art of living ; animation. 
 
 VI-TAL-I-Z.\'TION, n. The act or process of in- 
 fusing the vital principle. C. Caldicelt. 
 
 VI'TAL IZE, V. t. To give life to. Trans. Pausania.i. 
 2. To furnish with the vital principle ; as, vitalized 
 blood. Caldieetl. 
 
 VI'TAL-IZ-£D, p2). or a. Supplied with the vital 
 principle. 
 
 VrTAI.,-IZ-IXG, ppr. Furnishing with the vital 
 principle. 
 
 VI'TAL-LY, adv. In such a manner as to give life. 
 The organic structure of human bodies, by which they ore fitted 
 to liv^nd move, anil to he vitally iitfornn'^i by the soul, is 
 the wlrkinunship of a most \vi»e and beneficent Maker. 
 
 lientley. 
 
 2. Essentially ; as, vitally iniportanL 
 WTAhS, n. pi. Parts of animal bodies essential to 
 life, such as the viscera dependent upon the great 
 sympathetic nerve. Prior. 
 
 2. The part essential to life, or to a sound state. 
 Corruption of manners jireys upon the vitals of a 
 state. 
 
 VIT'EL-LA-RY, n. [L. vitellus, the yelk of an egg.] 
 The place where the yelk of an egg swims in the 
 white. [Little used,] Brown. 
 VI"TIaTE, (vish'ate,) r. L [L. vitio. See Vice and 
 
 ViCIATE.J 
 
 1. To injure the substance or qualities of a thing, 
 so as to impair or spoil its use and value. Thus we 
 say, luxury vitiates the humors of the body ; evil ex- 
 amples vitiate the morals of youth ; language is vi- 
 tiated by foreign idioms. 
 
 This uuili>tinguis!iing corapluiunce will vitiate the taite of rradcrs. 
 
 Garth. 
 
 2. To render defective ; to destroy ; as the validity 
 or binding force of an instrument or transaction. 
 Any undue influence exerted on a jury vitiates their 
 verdict. Fraud vitiates n contract. 
 
 VI"TlA-TED, (vish'S-ted,) pp. or a. Depraved ; ren- 
 dered impure ; rendered defective and void. 
 
 VIT 
 
 VI"TIA-TING, ppr. Depraving; rendering of no va- 
 lidity. 
 
 VI"TI-A'TION, (vish-e-a'shuii,) 71. The act of vi- 
 tiating ; deprivation ; corruption ; as, the vitiation of 
 the blood. Harvey, 
 
 2. A rendering invalid ; as, the vitiation of a con- 
 tract. 
 
 VIT-I-LIT'I-GATE, r. i, (L. i>i(iW» and liligo.] 
 
 To contend in law litigiously or cavilously. [Abt 
 
 in use.] 
 
 Vrr-I-LIT-I-GA'TION, It. Cnvilous litigation. [JVot 
 111 use.] Uuilibras. 
 
 VI"TI-OS'I-TY, (vish-e-os'e-te,) n. A corrupted 
 stale ; depravation. 
 
 Vr'TIOUS, ) 
 
 VI"TIOUS-LY, J See Vicious and its derivatives. 
 VI"TIi)Uf!-NESS. ) 
 
 Vl'l''UE-0-E-LEe'TRie, a. Containing or exhibit- 
 ing positive electricity, or that which is excited by 
 riilibing glass. Ure, 
 
 VIT'UE-OIJS, a. [L. vitreus, from vitrum, glass or 
 xvoad ; VV. gtrydyr, glass, a greenish-blue color.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to ghiss. 
 
 2. Consist! Ill" of glass ; as, a vitreous substance. 
 
 3. Resemtfliiig glass ; as, the vitreous humor of the 
 eye, so called from its resembling melted glass. [See 
 Humor.] » 
 
 VIT'KE-OUS-NESS, 71. The quality or state of being 
 vitreous; resemblance of glass. 
 
 VI-TRES'CENCE, n. [from L. Difriim, glass.] 
 
 Gl.'issiness, or the quality of being capable of con- 
 version into glass ; susceptibility of being formed 
 into glass. Kirwan. 
 
 VI-TRES'CENT, a. Capable of being formed into 
 glass ; tending to become glass. 
 
 VI-TnE.-<'CI-BLE, a. That can be vitrified. Encyc. 
 
 VIT-Rl-FAC'TION, 71. [See Vitrikv.] The" act, 
 process, or operation of converting into ghass by- 
 iieat ; as, the vitri/action of sand, flint, and pebbles 
 with alkaline salts. 
 
 VIT'KI-FI-A-BLE, a. [from 7,i(n/y.l Capable of 
 being converted into glass by heal and fusion. Flint 
 and alkalies are vitrifiable. 
 
 VI-TRIF'ie-A-BLE, for Vitrifiari.e. [A^ut used.] 
 
 VIT'UI-FI-CaTE, for Vitrifv. [.Vut tuied.] Bacon. 
 
 VIT-UI-FI-eA'TION, for Vitrifaction. [See Vix- 
 RiFAcTioN, which is generally used.] 
 
 Vrr'UI-I''i-/'.'l), pp. or a. Converted into glass. 
 
 VlT'lU-FOK.M, a. [L. vitrum, glass, and form.] 
 Having the form or resemblance of gla.ss. 
 
 Fourcroy. 
 
 VIT'UI-F?, v. t. [L. vitrum, glass, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 To convert into glass by fusion or the action of 
 he.it ; as, to vitrify sand and alkaline salts. 
 VIT'RI-Fy, r. i. To become glass ; to be converted 
 into glass. 
 
 Chemists make vessels of animal substances calcined, which wUl 
 not vitrify in the fire. Arbulhnot. 
 
 VIT'RI-FV-ING, ppr. Converting into glass. 
 
 VIT'RI-OL, n. [Fr. vitriol ; It. vUriuolo : Sp. vUriola ; 
 from L. vitrum, glass ; from their crystalline form or 
 their translticeiicy, or iierliaps from their color.] 
 
 A soluble sulphate of either of the metals. Cop- 
 peras or green sulphate of iron is called green vitriol; 
 a red sulphate of iron is red vitriol, or vitriol of jVars; 
 sulphate of copper has a blue color, and is called 
 blue vitriol ; a white sulphate of zinc is called white 
 vitriol ; a sulphate of cobalt is cobalt vitriol. 
 
 Oil of vitriol is sulphuric acid. Dana. 
 
 VIT'RI-O-LATE, r. (. To convert into a vitriol ; as 
 iron pj rites by the absorption of oxygen, which re- 
 duces the iron to nn oxyd, and the sulphur to sul- 
 phuric acid. Thus the sulphuret of iron, when viiri- 
 oluted, becomes sulphurate of iron or green vitriol. • 
 
 VIT'RI-O-La-TED, pp. Converted into a sulphate or 
 a vitriol. 
 
 VIT'RI-O-LA-TING, ppr. Turning into a sulphate 
 or a vitriol. 
 
 VIT-RI-O-LA'TION, 71. The act or process of con- 
 verting into a sulphate or a vitriol. 
 
 VIT-RI-OL'ie, a. Pertaining to vitriol ; having the 
 qualities ot vitriol, or obtaiiietl from vitriol. 
 
 Vitriolic acid, in modern chemistry, is denominated 
 sulphuric acid, the base of it being sulphur ; one 
 equivalent of sulphur combined with three equiva- 
 lents of oxvgen. 
 
 VIT'RI-OL TZ-A-RLE, o. Capable of being con- 
 verted into a vitriol. 
 
 VIT-RI-OL-I-ZA'TION. See Vitriolatioh. 
 
 VIT'RI-OL-IZE. See Vitriolate. 
 
 VIT'RI-OL-IZ-f;D. See Vitriolated. 
 
 VlT'RI-OL-IZ-L\G. See Vitbiolatino. 
 
 VIT'LJ-LINE, a. [L. ritu/iiii«.] 
 Belonging to a calf, or to veal. 
 
 VI-TC"PEK-A-BLE, a. [See Vituperate.] Blame- 
 worthy ; censurable. [JSTot used.] 
 
 VI-TO PEU-ATE, r. t. [L. vUupero.] 
 To blame ; to censure. 
 
 VI-TU-PER-A'TION, 7u [L. vUuperatio.] 
 Blame ; censure. 
 
 VI-Tu'PER-A TI VE, o. Uttering or writing censure ; 
 containing censure. Pope 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, yNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH aa SU ; TH as in THIS. 
 
VIV 
 
 voc 
 
 vol 
 
 VI-Tu'PER-A-TIVE-LY, adv. With vituperation. 
 yl- FA' CE, (ve-vi'chdi.) In mujic, brisk anil livetj'. 
 VI-Va'CIOUS, a. [L. viraz, from vivo, to live.] 
 
 1. Lively ; active j sprightly in temper or conduct. 
 
 HmDcll. 
 
 2. Long lived. [Aot in use.'\ Bentley. 
 
 3. Having vigorous powers of life ; as, vivacious 
 plants. JJ/cd. Rcpo9, 
 
 VI-Va'CIOUS-LY, adv. With vivacity, life, or spirit. 
 Vl-VA'CIOUS-.NESS, n. Activity ; liveliness; spright- 
 liness of temper or behavior; vivacity. Dr-jden. 
 2. Powci of living ; also, long life. [J\'"o( in nse.'[ 
 Brown. Boyle. 
 VI-VAC'I-TY, 71. [Fr. vivacite ; L. vivacitas.] 
 
 1. Liveliness ; sprighlliness of temper or behavior; 
 as, a lady of great vivacity. 
 
 2. Air of life and activity; as, ru'acifi/ of counte- 
 nance. 
 
 3. Life ; animation ; spirits ; as, the vivacity of a 
 discourse. 
 
 4. rower of living. [JVot itsed.^ Boyle. 
 
 5. Longevity. [Wofin«^e.] Brown. 
 VI'VA-RY, M. [L. vivarium, from vivo, to live.] 
 
 A warren ; a place for keeping living animals, as a 
 pond, a p:irk, &c. Cowel. 
 ri'VAT RES-PUB'LI--e.a, [L.] Long live the T<y 
 public. 
 
 VI'VJIT REX, [L.] Long live the king. 
 
 yi'y.,ir RE-OI'X'A, [L.] Long live the queen. 
 
 VI 'VA VO'CE, [L.] By word of mouth ; as, to vote 
 viva voce. 
 
 VIVE, a. [Fr. rif: L. vivus.] 
 
 Lively ; forcible. [JVot in use.'] Bacon. 
 
 VIVE, (veev,) [Fr.] Long live ; success to ; as, vive 
 le roi, long live the king ; vive la bagatelle, success to 
 triHes or sport. 
 
 VTVE'LY, adv. In a lively manner. LVoi used.] 
 
 VI'VEX-CY, n. [L. vivens, from vivo.] 
 
 Manner of supporting life or vegetation. [Kot in 
 use.] Brown. 
 
 ViVES, n. A disease of brute animals, particulirly 
 of horses, seated in the glands under the ear, where 
 a tumor is formed which sometimes ends in suppu- 
 ration. _ Cyc. 
 
 VIV'I-AN-lTE, n. A phosphate of iron, of various 
 shades of blue and green. Phillips. 
 
 VIVID, a. [L. vividus, from vivo, to live.] 
 
 Bright ; strong ; exhibiting the appearance of life 
 or freshness ; as, the vivid colors of the rainbow ; the 
 vivid green of flourishing vegetables. 
 
 Arts which pn*sent. with all the vivid charms of paintin*. the 
 liuii).tn t^ic« and human form divine. Bp. Holart. 
 
 2. Lively ; sprightly ; forming brilliant images, or 
 painting in lively colors ; as, a vivid imagination. 
 VIV'ID-LY, adv. With life ; with strength. 
 
 Sensitive obj'-cts affect a man much more vietdly than those 
 which alfect only his mind. South. 
 
 2. With brightness ; in bright colors. Boyle. 
 
 3. In glowing colors ; with animated exhibition to 
 the mind. The orator vioidly represented the mise- 
 ries of his client. 
 
 Vi\'ID'i"tY^' j strength; sprightliness. 
 
 2. Strength of coloring ; brightness. 
 VI-VIF-'e-AL, j SeeV.virv.] 
 
 Giving lile ; reviving ; enlivening. Bailey. 
 VI-VIF'I-CaTE, v. L [L. vivifco ; vivus, alive, and 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 1. To give life to; to animate. [See Vivirr.] 
 
 More. 
 
 2. In chemistrrj, to recover from such a change of 
 form as seems to destroy the essential qualities ; or 
 to give to natural bodies new luster, force, and vigor. 
 [Rare.] [See Retivb and Kculce, llie terms now 
 used.] Cyc. 
 
 VIV-I-FI-Ca'TION, n. The act of giving life ; revi- 
 val. Bacon. 
 
 2. Among chemisLi, the act of giving new luster, 
 force, and vigor ; as, the viv^cation of mercurj*. [See 
 Revivification, which is more used.] Cyc. 
 VI VI-FI-Ga-TIVE, a. Able to animate or give life. 
 
 Alore, 
 
 VIV'I-FI-ED, pp. Revived ; endued with life. 
 VIV'I-FV, £>. (. [Fr. vivijier; L. vivijico ; vivus, alive, 
 
 and /uciu, to maKc.l 
 To endue with life ; to animate ; to make to be 
 
 living. 
 
 sitting on cggt doth vivify, not nouruh. Bacon. 
 VIV'I-F?-ING, ppr. Enduing with life ; comniuni- 
 citing life to. 
 
 VI- VIP'.^-ROUS, a. [L. vivus, alive, and pario, to 
 bear.] 
 
 1. Prodiicini; young in a living slate, ns nil mam- 
 mifcrs, OS diKtingiiinhf d from Oviparous, producing 
 egg'*, as fowN. If fowls were vtriparous, it is dif- 
 ciilt to aee how the female would tly during preg- 
 nancy. 
 
 2. Ill botany, producing its otfipring alive, either 
 by bulbs instead of HCfilii, or by the seeds themselves 
 gerniiiiating on the plant, instead of falling, as they 
 Ufiuallv do : nn, a viviparous plant. Murtyn, 
 
 VI V-l-«Ee'TION, n. [ L. vii'u.- and $eeo.] 
 
 The dissection of an animal while alive, for the 
 purpose of making some physiological discovery. 
 VIX'£\, II. [Vixen is a she-fox, or a fox's cub.] 
 
 A froward, (urbulent, quarrelsome woman. Shak. 
 VIX'£N-LY, a. Having the qualities of a vLxen. 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 VIZ., [a contraction of videlicet.] To wit ; that is, 
 namclv. 
 
 VIZ ARD. See Visor. 
 
 VIZ'IER, (viz'yer,) n. [Ar., from wazara, to 
 
 bear, to sustain, to administer. Sometimes spelt Vis- 
 
 lER or ViZER.] 
 
 A councilor of state ; the grand vizier is the chief 
 minister of the Turkish empire. Brande. 
 
 VIZ'lER-ATE, n. The office of vizier. 
 
 VIZ-Ili'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to or issued by the viz- 
 ier. 
 
 Vo'€.\-BLE, n. [L. vocabulum; It. vocaholo. See 
 Voice.] 
 
 A word ; a term ; a name. .Ssiat. Res. 
 
 VO-€AB'U-LA-RY, n. [Fr. vocabulaire, from L. vo- 
 cabulum, a word.] 
 
 A list or collection of the words of a language, ar- 
 ranged in alphabetical order and explained ; a dic- 
 tionary or lexicon. We often use vocabulary in a 
 sense somewhat tlifTerent from that of dictionary, re- 
 strictrng the signification to the list of words ; as 
 when we s,ay, the vocabulary of Johnson is more full 
 or extensive than that of Entick. We rarely use the 
 word as synonymous with dictionary; but in other 
 countries the corresponding word is so used, and this 
 mav be so used in En^'lish. 
 
 VO-eAB'lJ-LIST, n. The writer or former of a vo- 
 cabulary ; a lexicoaraphcr or linguist. Oliddon. 
 
 Vo'CAL, a. [Fr., fium L. vocalts. See Voice.] 
 1. Having a voice. 
 
 To hill or valley, fountain or fresh shade. 
 Made vocal by my son^. 
 
 MiUon. 
 
 2. Uttered or modulated by the voice; as, vocal 
 melody ; vocal prayer ; vocal praise. 
 
 Vocal music ; music made by the voice, in distinc- 
 tion from instrumental tnusic ; hence, music or tunes 
 set to words, to be performed by the human voice. 
 Vo'e.^L, M. Among the Roman Catholics, a man who 
 
 has a right to vote in certain elections. Cyc. 
 VO-€.AL'ie, a. Consisting of the voice or vowel 
 sounds. 
 
 Vo'CAL-IST, 71. A public singer distinguished for ex- 
 cellence of voice. 
 
 VO-CAL'I-TV, 71. [L. vocaliia.1.] 
 
 Ciualily of being utterable by the voice ; as, the 
 vocjility of the letters. Holder. 
 
 Vo'C4L-IZE, v. t. To form into voice ; to make vo- 
 cal. 
 
 It is one thing to give impulse to breath alone, and another to 
 vocalize that breath. Holder. 
 
 Vo'C.\L-IZ-ED, pp. Jl.ide vocal ; formed into voice. 
 VC)'e.\L-lZ-I.\G, ppr. Forming into voice or sound. 
 Vo'e.\L-LY, adv. With voice ; with an audible 
 sound. 
 
 2. Ill words ; as, to express desires vocally. Hale. 
 V0-€a'T10N, n. [Fr., from L. vocatio, from voco, to 
 call. See Voice.] 
 
 1. Among divines, a calling by the will of God ; or 
 the bestowment of God's distinguishing grace upon 
 a person or nation, by which that person or nation is 
 put in the w.iy of salvation ; as, the vocation of the 
 Jews under the old dispensation, and of the Gentiles 
 under the gospel. 
 
 2. Summons ; call ; inducement. 
 
 What can be urred for them who, not having tlie vocation of 
 poverty to scribble, out of mere wantonness' maiie thcinselves 
 ridiculous ! Oryden. 
 
 3. Designation or destination to a particular state 
 or profession. 
 
 None is to enter the ecclesiastic or monastic state, without a par. 
 ticul ir vocation. Cyc. 
 
 4. Employment; calling; occup;ition ; trade; a 
 word that includes professions as well as mechanical 
 occupations. Let every divine, every physician, ev- 
 ery lawyer, and every mechanic, be faithful and dili- 
 gent in his vocation. 
 
 VOe'.\-Tl VE, n. [Vt.rocttlif : \.. vocativus.] 
 
 Relating to calling; denoting that case of the noun 
 in which a person is addresseil ; as, the vocative case 
 in grammar. 
 
 VOC'A-'l'lVE, 71. In fframmar, the fifth case or state 
 of nouns in the Latin language ; or the case, in any 
 language, in which a wonl is placed when the per- 
 son is addressed ; as, Domine, O Lord. 
 
 VO-CIF'ER-.aTE, r. i. [L. vocifcro ; vor and fero.] 
 To cry out with vehemence ; to exclaim. 
 
 VO-CIF'ER-ATE, r. L To utter with a loud voice. 
 
 VO-CIF'ER-S-TI.NG, p;>r. Crying out with vehe- 
 mence : utterins with a loud voice. 
 
 VO-CIF-ER-A'TIO.N, n. A violent outcry ; vehement 
 utterance of the voice. .SrbulhnoL 
 
 VO-CIF'ER-OUS, a. Making a loud outcry; clnnior- 
 oiiH ; noiHy ; as, vociferous heralds. Chapman. 
 
 VO-CIK'ER-OU.S-LY, adv. With great noise in call- 
 ing, shouting, &c. 
 
 VO-CIF'ER-OUS-NESS, 71. Clainoroiisness. 
 
 VoGUE, (vog,) 71. [Fr. vogue, a rowing ; It. vo^a, a 
 rowing, mode, fashion ; vognre, to row ; Sp. voga ; 
 Togar, to row. This word belongs to the family of 
 Bg, Wg. (See Wag and Wav.) The sense of vogue 
 is way, or the going of the world.] 
 
 The way or fashion of people at any particular 
 time ; temporary mode, custom, or practice ; popular 
 reception for the time. We say, a particular form of 
 dress is now in vogue; an amusing writer is now in 
 vogue; such opinions are now in vogue. The phrase, 
 the vogue of the world, used by good writers formerly, 
 is nearly or quite obsolete. 
 Use may revive the olKioletesl word, 
 
 And bauish tiiose that now are most in vogue. Roscommon. 
 VOICE, 71. [Fr. voix ; L. vox; It. voce; Sp. voz ; 
 Gaelic, bagh, ,a word ; baigham, to speak to ; Ir. 
 focal, a word ; Sans, vach, to speak, L. voco. The 
 sense of the verb is, to throw, to drive out sound ; 
 and foice is that which is driven out ] 
 
 1. Sound or audible noise uttered by the mouth, 
 either of human beings or of other animals. We say, 
 the voice of a man is loud or clear ; the voice of a 
 woman is soft or musical ; the Twice of a dog is loud 
 or harsh ; the voice of a bird is sweet or melodious. 
 The voice of human beings is articulate ; that of 
 be.asts. inarticulate. The voices of men are differ- 
 ent, and, when uttered together, are often dissonant. 
 
 2. Any sound made by the breath ; as, the trum- 
 pet's voice. 
 
 3. A vote ; suffrage; opinion or choice expressed. 
 Originally voice was the oral utterance of choice, but 
 it now signifies any vote, however given. 
 
 Some laws onLtin, and some attend the choice 
 
 Of holy senates, and elect by ooicc. Dryden. 
 
 I have no words ; 
 My voice is in my sword. Shak. 
 
 4. Language; words; expression. 
 
 f .et us call OD God in the voice of his church. Fill, 
 
 5. In Scripture, command ; precept. 
 
 Ye would not be obedient to the voice of the Lord your God. — 
 Reut. viU. 
 
 6. Sound. 
 
 After the (ire, a still, small voice. — 1 Kin*s xix. 
 Canst thou thunder with a voice like Hiin ? — Job xl. 
 The floods have lifted up their voice. — Ps. xciii. 
 
 7. Language; tone; mode of expression. 
 
 I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice. — 
 Ual. iv. 
 
 8. In grammar, a particular mode of inflecting or 
 conjugating verbs ; as, the active voice ; tlie passive 
 voice. 
 
 VOICE, V. U To rumor ; to report. 
 
 It was voiced that the ting purposed to put lo death E<iward 
 PUmageiieL [Lkule used.\ Shak. 
 
 2. To fit for producing the proper sounds ; to regu- 
 late the tone of ; as, to voice the pipes of an organ. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 3. To vote. 
 
 VOICE, ». i. To clamor ; to exclaim. fOfts.] Bacon. 
 VOIC'£D, (voist,) pp. Fitted to produce the proper 
 tones. 
 
 2. a. Furnished with a voice. Denham. 
 VOICE'LESS, (vois'less,)a. Having no voice or vote. 
 
 Coke. 
 
 VOICING, ppr. Fitting the pipe of an organ for pro- 
 ducing its proper quality of tone. 
 
 VOICING, 71. The act of giving to an organ-pipe its 
 proper quality of tone. 
 
 VOID, a. [Fr. vuide ; \t. veto ; L. vidnus ; Sw. Sde ; 
 G. and Dan. ode, waste, which seems to be the Eng. 
 wide ; so waste and vast are from one root. It coin- 
 cides with Gr. tSioi, and the root of L. divido, .\r. 
 
 4\j badda, to separate. Class Bd, No. 1. See also 
 No. 48.] 
 
 1. Empty; vacant; not occupied wilh any visible 
 matter ; as, a void space or place. 1 Kings xxii. 
 
 2. Empty ; without inhabitants or furniture. 
 Oen. i. 
 
 3. Having no legal or binding force; null; not 
 effectual to bind parties, or to convey or support a 
 right ; not suflicient to produce its effect. Thus a 
 deed not duly signed and sealed is void. A fraudu- 
 lent contract is void, or may bo rendered void. 
 
 My wonl shall not return to inc void, but it tli:ill accomplish that 
 
 which 1 please. — Is. Iv. 
 I will malte void the counsel of Judah and Jcruialeni In this place. 
 
 — Jer. lii. 
 
 4. Free ; clear ; as, a conscience void of offense. 
 .Sets xxiv. 
 
 5. Destitute ; as, I'oiii of learning ; void of reason 
 or common sense. 
 
 lie that u void of wistiom despiselh his neighbor. — Prov. xl. 
 fi. ITnsupplied ; vacant ; unoccupied ; having no 
 incumbent. 
 
 Divers offices that had b?«n long void. Camdin. 
 7. Unsubstantial ; vain. 
 
 I^ifeless Idol, poi<f and v»ln. Pope. 
 
 Void space ; in physics, a vacuum. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1240 
 
VOL 
 
 To make void ; to violate ; lo transgress. 
 
 T1k7 have jiia/U voi/t ihy law, — cxix. 
 2. To reniU'r useless or of no elTuct. Rum. iv. 
 VOID, ji. An empty space ; a vacuum. 
 
 Pri<le, wlirre wit »tepi in to our dct'enie, 
 Ami lilU up III! tho iiiiglily void ol tcnie. Pope. 
 Til' illiiiiiuiLile void. Tho: 
 
 VOID, V. t. To quit ; to leave. 
 
 Bill tlipin come down, 
 Or mid the ti>-lil. Shak. 
 
 2. To emit ; to send out ; to evacuate ; as, to void 
 excreinentitioiis mattt r ; to void worms. 
 
 3. 'i'o vacate ; to annul ; lo nullify ; to render of 
 no validity t>r effect. 
 
 U htxt b-'cocne a practice — 10 tJoiJ the tccurity given for money 
 borrwwctl. Clareixdon. 
 
 4. To make or leave vacant. 
 
 VOID, B. i. To 1)6 emitted or evacuated. Wi.irman. 
 VOID'A-BLE, a. Tiiat may be annulled or made void, 
 or that may bo adjudged void, invalid, or of no force. 
 Sucli ndniiiiititration is not voij, but voidable by sentence. 
 
 Aylife. 
 
 2. That may be evacuated. 
 VOID'A.NUE, 71. The act of emptyinff. 
 
 2. The act of ejectinj; from a bem lice ; ejection. 
 
 3. Vacancy; want of an incumbent. Cijc. 
 
 4. Evasion ; subterfuge. Bacon. 
 VOID'El), />p. Thrust out ; evacuated. 
 
 2. fl. Ill hcrahtnj^ [an ordinary is said to bei'oiV/crf, 
 when the inner part is cut away, and only the out- 
 side strips left. — F,. H Barker.] 
 VOID'ER, II. A basket in which broken meat is car- 
 ried from the table. Clcavdand. 
 
 2. One who evacuates. 
 
 3. One who nullilic!!. 
 
 4. In hrraldnj, one of the ordinaries, whose figure 
 Is much like that of the tlanch or flasqiie. 
 
 [This word is scarcely recognized in the nomen- 
 clature of heraldry. — E. II. Barker.] 
 
 5. In agriculture, a. provincial name of a kind of 
 shallow basket of open work. Kngland. 
 
 VOID'I.NG, ;</jr. Ejecting; evacuating. 
 
 2. .Making or declaring void, or of no force. 
 
 3. Quitting ; leaving. 
 
 4. a. Receiving wiiat is ejected j as, a voiding 
 lobby. Shak. 
 
 VOID'iVESS, n. Emptiness; vacuity; destitution. 
 
 2. Nullity; inetficacy ; want of binding force. 
 
 3. Want t)f substantiality. HukcwiU. 
 VOIR nlRFJ, (vwor deer',) [Law l,. verum dicere.] 
 
 In laie, an oath administered to a person intended 
 as a witness, requiring him to make true answers 
 to qoestitms as to preliminary or collateral points, 
 before he is allowed to testify as to the main point at 
 issue. It is often atlministered to such as are sup- 
 posed to be interested, «r lo have funned opinions to 
 bias the mind. Bourier. 
 VOI'TIIRE, n. [Fr. irf. ; It. vcltura, from L. vectus, 
 velio. ] 
 
 Carriage. [JVui F.nrli^h.] Arbuthnot. 
 VO-L.\'CI()OS!, a. [I,, colo.] 
 
 Apt or fit to tlv. 
 VOL-AI,'KA-L(, (-al'ka-ll or -le,) n. Volatile alkali ; 
 
 bij contraction. Kirwan, Geol. 
 
 VO'LAXT, a. [Fr., flying, from voler, L. volo, to 
 fly.] 
 
 1. Flying; passing through the air; as, ro/ant au- 
 tomata. Ifilkins. 
 
 2. .Nimble ; active ; as, rolant touch. Milton. 
 
 3. In kcraldnj, represented as flying or having the 
 wings spreail. 
 
 VOL'.V-TILE, a. [Fr., from L. votatilis, from volo, to 
 fly.] 
 
 1. Flying ; passing through the air on wings, or by 
 the buoyant force of the atmosphere. 
 
 2. Having the power to fly ; as, birds are volatile 
 animals. Ratj. Bacon. 
 
 3. Capable of wasting away, orof e.tsily passing into 
 the neriforui st;ite. 'I'hus substances which affect the 
 smell with pungent or fragrant odors, as musk, harts- 
 horn, and essential oils, are called volatile substances, 
 because they wa.ste away on e.vposure to tin; atmos- 
 phere. AlrolKil and ether are called volatile liquids 
 for a similar reason, and because they easily pass into 
 the slate of vapor on the application of heat. On the 
 contrary, gold is a fixed substance, because it does not 
 suffer waste, even when exposed to the heat of a 
 furnace ; anil oils are called fixed when they do not 
 evaporate on simple e.xposure to the atmosphere. 
 
 4. Lively ; gay ; full of spirit ; airy ; hence, fickle ; 
 apt to change ; as, a volatile temper. tVatis. 
 
 You «re lis givMy and volatile ah ever. Sie\fl. 
 Volatde alkali ; an old name of aminnnia. 
 VOL'A-TILE, n. A wiuged animal. [Liule m.w/.] 
 
 Broton. 
 
 VOL'A-TILE-NESS, ) , , 
 
 VOL-A-TIL'I-TY, ( ""'"'''"^O 
 
 .1. Disposititm to e.xhale or evaporate ; the quality 
 of being capable of evaporation ; that property of a 
 substance which disjioses it lo rise and float in the 
 air, and thus to be dissipated ; as, the rolalditij of 
 rtuid.s. Ether is remarkable for its volalilitij. Many 
 
 VOL 
 
 or most si>lid bodies are susceptible uf toUilitity by 
 
 the action of intense heat. 
 
 By the spirit of a plant, we tinderxtand that pure, el.ihnrnted oil, 
 witiol), by reitdOII of iu exlrellie volalility, exlinlei ■poiitiine- 
 ously, and In which Uie odor or ■inell conaisu. ArbuOinoL 
 
 2. Great spriglitliness ; levity ; liveliness ; whence, 
 mutability of mind ; fickleness ; as, the volatility of 
 youth. 
 
 VC)1.'A-TIL-I7-A-HLE, n. That may be volatilized. 
 
 VOL-A-TIL-I-ZA'TIO.\, ji. [from ro/ri(i7i:f.] The 
 act or process of rendering volatile, or rather of caus- 
 ing lo rise and Moat in the air. Boyle. 
 
 VOL'A-TIL IZE, II. (. [Fr. volatiliser.] 
 
 To render volatile ; to cause to e.xhale or evapor- 
 ate ; to cause to pass oft" in vapor or invisible efliu- 
 via, and to rise and float in the air. 
 
 The water — diijtolving Uie oil, and volatilizing It by the nction. 
 
 A'emlon. 
 
 VOL'A-TIL-IZ-ED, pp. Rendered volatile; caused 
 to rise and float in air. 
 
 VOL'A-TIL-IZ-LNG, p;ir. Rendering volatile ; caus- 
 ing to rise and float in air. 
 
 VOL-e.AN'ie, a. [from volcano.] Pertaining to vol- 
 canoes ; as, volcanic heat. 
 
 2. Protliiced by a volcano ; as, volcanic tufa. 
 
 3. Changed or affected by the heat of a volcano. 
 VOL-CAN'-IC'I-TY, (-ia'e-tc,) «. State of bein gvol- 
 
 canic ; volcanic iK)wer. Humboldt, 
 VOL'e.\N-IST, 71. [from volcano.] One versed in 
 the history and phenomena of volcanoes. 
 
 2. One who believes in the effects of eruptions of 
 fire in the formation of mountains. 
 VOL-GAN'I-Ty, H. The state of being volcanic, or of 
 
 volcanic origin. 
 VOL-eAN-I-Z.\'TIOX, n. [from volcanizc.] The 
 process of undergoing volcanic heat, and being af- 
 fected by it. 
 
 VOL'GAN-IZE, r. t. To subject to or cause to under- 
 go volcanic heat, and to be allecled by its action. 
 
 Spallanzani. 
 
 VOL'CAN-IZ-ED, pp. Affected bv volcanic heat. 
 VOL-€.\'NO, H. [It., from Vulcan.] 
 
 1. In geology, an opening in the surface of the 
 earth, or in a mountain, from which smoke, flames, 
 stones, lava, or other substances, are ejectetJ. Such 
 are seen in Etna and Vesuvius, in Sicily and Italy, 
 and Hecia, in Iceland. It is vulgarly called a burn- 
 ing mountain. 
 
 2. The mountain that ejects fire, smoke, &c. 
 VoLE, ;t. [Fr., from voler, to fly.] 
 
 A deal at cards that draws all the tricks. Swift, 
 VO-LEE', (vo-la',) n. [Fr., a flying.] A rapid flight 
 
 of notes in«niusic. 
 Vo'LER-V, 71. [Fr. iioZcrie, from uoJer, to fly.] 
 
 1. A flight of birds. Locke. 
 
 2. A large bird-cage in which the birds have room 
 to fly. Cyc, 
 
 VOL-I-Ta'TION, 71. [L. volito, dim. of volo, to fly.] 
 The ac t of flying ; flight. Brown, 
 VO-LI"TIO.\, (-lish'un,) n. [L. volitio, from volo, to 
 will. See Will.] 
 
 1. The act of willing ; the act of determiningchoice, 
 or forming a purpose. There is a great difference 
 between actual volition and the approbation of judg- 
 ment. Sull(/l. 
 
 Yoli^n is the actual exercise of the power which the mind liaj 
 of considering or furbe.irin^ to consider an idea. Locke. 
 
 2. The power of willing or determining. 
 VOL'I-TIVE, a. Having the power to will. 
 
 They not only perfect the intellectual faculty, but the volitive. 
 
 Hate. 
 
 VOL'LEY, 71. ; pi. Vollets. [Fr. volee, a flight, from 
 voler, to fly, L. volo.] 
 
 1, A flight of shot j the discharge of many small 
 arms at once. Waller. 
 
 2. A burst or emission of many things at once ; as, 
 a volley of words. S/iak. 
 
 But rattling nonsense in full votteyt breaks. Po}>e. 
 
 VOL'LEY, r. t. To discharge with a volley. 
 VOL'LEY, V. i. To throw out or discharge at once. 
 
 .Via/.-. 
 
 VOL'LEY-KD, (vol'lid,) a. [from volley.] Displod- 
 ed ; discharged with a sudden burst ; as, volleyed 
 thunder. jMtlton. Philip.i. 
 
 VoLT, 71. [Fr. volte, a ring ; It. voUa, a turn ; from L. 
 volutu.i, rolvo.] 
 
 1. A round or circular tread ; a gait of two treads 
 ni:idc by a horse going sideways round a center. 
 
 Far. Diet. 
 
 2. In fencing, a sudden movement or leap to avoid 
 a tbrii.st. 
 
 VOL'T.I, in Italian music, signifies that the part is to 
 be repeated one, twtt, or more times. 
 
 VOL-TA'ie, a. Pertaining to Volta, the discoverer of 
 voltaism ; as, the voltaic pile. 
 
 Voltaic apparatus; the apparatus used for accumu- 
 lating galvanic electricity. The agent itself is de- 
 ntiminated ffalvanism, after its discoverer, Oalcani, 
 while the instruments used for exciting and accumu- 
 lating it are called voltaic, in honor of Volta, who first 
 contrived this kind of apparatus. 
 
 Voltaic pile ; a column formed by successive pairs 
 
 VOL 
 
 of metallic disks, as silver and zinc, with liiDlKteiied 
 clolh between every Iwii coiiliguniis (laim. 
 
 Voltaic electricity : llie kind of eleclricily which it 
 ev(>lved by voltaic apparatus. 
 
 Voltaic battery ; the larger forms of vollalc appara- 
 tus, used for accumulating galvanic elertncily. 
 
 VOL'TA-IS.M, n. [from Volta, mi llalian.] 
 
 That branch oi electrical scieiue which has its 
 source in the chemical action between iiietals and 
 dilferent liquids. It is more (iropcrly called (;alv«n- 
 isM, from Oalcani, who first proved or brought into 
 notice its remarkable influence on nniiiials. 
 
 VOL-TAM'E-TER, h. [ Volta and iilt,, n:] 
 
 An instrument for measuring the voltaic electricity 
 passing through it. 
 
 V0IJT1, [It.] In mu.iit, turn over. 
 
 VOL'TI-CEIjR, (-zhur,) n. A light-horseman or dra- 
 goon. In the army of the United Stales, each dra- 
 goon or horsemtiii has a ftiut-soldier atlaelieil to him, 
 who, in case of necessity, iiiouiits behind on the 
 same horse ; thus presenting, whenever they meet 
 the enemy, a line of infantry and of dragiuuis in the 
 same regiment. Crittenden. 
 
 VOL'TI SC'RI-TO, [It.] Turn over quicklv. 
 
 VO-LCHlIz-ATE, la. In gardening, a voliibilalc stem 
 
 VOL'Q-BILE, ( is one that climbs by winding or 
 twining round another body. Cyc 
 
 VOL-I.J-BIL'1-TY, 71. [Fr. volubilitii L. votubUitas, 
 from volco, to roll.] 
 
 1. The capacity of being rolled ; aptness to roll ; 
 as, the oolubilitii of a bowl. lyattj, 
 
 2. The act ol" rolling. 
 
 By irregular volubiliti/. Hooker. 
 
 3. Ready motion of llie tongue in speaking ; flu- 
 ency of speech. 
 
 She rin over the catnlo^ie of divnnions with rich n eoIu£t/i.*y 
 of tongue, as drew a genUe repriimuid from her fiither. 
 
 Female Quixote. 
 
 4. Mutability ; liableness to revolution ; as, the 
 volubilitii of human affairs. [Unusual.] Fstraufre. 
 
 VOL'y-H"LE, (vol'yu-bl,) a. [L. volubdis.] 
 
 1. Formed so as to roll with ease, or to be easily 
 set in motion ; apt to roll ; as, voluble particles of 
 matter. Boyle. 
 
 2. Rolling ; having quick motion. 
 
 This less voluble earth. Milton. 
 
 3. Nimble ; active ; moving with ca.se and smooth- 
 ness in uttering words ; fluent ; as, a flippant, volu- 
 ble tongue. 
 
 4. Fluent ; flowing with ease and smoothness ; as, 
 a voluble speech. SJiak. 
 
 5. Having fluency of speech. 
 
 Cassio, a knave very voluble. Shak. 
 
 VOL'IJ-RLY, ade. In a rolling or fluent manner. 
 
 Ifadibras, 
 
 VOL'lJME, (vol'yum,) n. [Fr., from L. voluinen, a 
 roll ; volvo, lo roll. To make u long, in this word, is 
 palpably wrong.] 
 
 1. Primarily, a roll, as the ancients wrote on long 
 strips of bark, parchment, or other material, which 
 they formed into rolls or folds. Of such volumes, 
 Ptolemy's library in Alexandria contained three or 
 seven hundred thousand. 
 
 2. A roll or turn ; .as much as is included in a roll 
 or coil ; as, the volume of a serpent. Dryden, 
 
 3. Dimensions ; ctmipass ; sjiace occupied ; as, the 
 volume of an elephant's body ; a volume uf gas. 
 
 Daricin, Parke. 
 
 4. A swelling or spherical body. 
 
 The undulating billows rolling their silver volumta. Irving. 
 
 5. A book ; a collection of sheets of paper, iisiinlly 
 printed or written paper, folded and bound, or cov- 
 ered. A book consisting of sheets once folded is 
 called a folio, or a folio volume: of sheets twice f-ild- 
 ed, a quarto : and thus, according to the number of 
 leaves in a sheet, it is called an ortavo or a duodecimo. 
 The Scriptures, or sacred writings, bound in a single 
 volume, are called Ihe Bible. The number of volumfj 
 in the Royal Library, in Rue de Richelieu, at Paris, is 
 variously estimated. According to the returns in 
 183U, there were more than 7l)U,0O0 volume^. 
 
 An o<ld volume of a set of books bean Dot the value of lis pro- 
 portion to the set. FranJctin. 
 
 6. In mu.tic, the comp.nss of a voice from grave to 
 acute : the tone or power of voice. Busbii. 
 
 V0L'II.M-/;D, (vol'yumd,) o. Having the form of a 
 volume or roll ; as, voliimed mist. Percy's .Ma.tque, 
 
 VO-L0'.MI.\-OL'S, a. Consisting of many coi!< or 
 coiuplicatiuns. 
 
 The serpent rolled tra'urmnous awl v.-isl. MUton. 
 
 2. Consisting of many volumes or books. The 
 collections of Alumtori and of the Byzantine history 
 are very voluminous. 
 
 3. Having written much, or made many volumes ; 
 as, a voluminous writer. 
 
 4. Copious ; dilTusive. He was too voluminous in 
 discourse. [A'bt in use,] 
 
 VO-Ltj'ML\-OUS-LY, adv. In many volumes ; very 
 copiously. Oranrille. 
 
 VO-LO'MI.N'-OUS-NES.S, it. State of being bulky or 
 in many volumes. 
 
 TCNE, BIJLL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SIl ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1 
 
 ZZZZ' 
 
 1241 
 
VOL 
 
 VOll 
 
 VOU 
 
 ely to voliinUlTy notion, is tlie 
 N. W. Taylor. 
 
 VOL'lJ-MIST, n. One who writes a voltinie ; an au- 
 thor. [M't in iiseA Milton. 
 
 VOL'UN-TA-Rl-LY, adv. [from voluntarxj.'] Spon- 
 taneously ; of one's own will ; w ithout being niovetl, 
 intluenced, or inipelleii, by others. 
 
 To be n^pnu volMnlirily .a our own destroctioD, is asrainst God 
 and iijtui*. 'Hooker. 
 
 VOL'UN-TA-RI-NESS, n. The state of being volun- 
 tarv or optional. 
 
 VOL'UN-TA-RY, a. [Fr. volontaire ; L. voluntarius, 
 from voluntas, will, from volo. Voluntary is applica- 
 ble only to beings that have Tcill ; spontaneouf^ is ap- 
 plicable to physical caiises, as wSll as to the will of an 
 agent.] 
 
 1. Actinc hy choice or spontaneously ; acting with- 
 out being infliienceil or impelleti by another. 
 
 2. Free, or having power to act by choice ; not be- 
 ing under restraint ; as, man is a voluntary agent. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 3. Proceeding from choice or free will 
 
 Tliat sill or ^lill pirtuiiis excluj 
 true principle of orthodoxy, 
 
 4. Willing ; acting with willingness. 
 
 She tell to lust a volunlary prey. Pave. 
 
 5. Done by design ; purposed; intended. Ifamar> 
 kills another by lopping a tree, here is no voluntary 
 murder. 
 
 C. Done freely, or of choice ; proceeding from free 
 will. He went into voluntary exile ; he made a vol- 
 untary surrender. 
 
 7. Acting of his own accord ; spontaneous ; as, 
 the voluntary dictates of knowledge. 
 
 8. Subject to the will ; as, the voluntary motions 
 of an anim A. Thus the motion of a leg or an arm 
 is voluntary, but the motion of the heart is imolun- 
 tary. 
 
 A voluntary escape, in law, is the escape of a pris- 
 oner by the express consent of the sheriff. 
 
 Voluntary jurisdiction, is that which is exercised 
 in doing tliat which no one opposes; as in granting 
 dispensations, &.c. 
 
 Voluntary affidavit or oath, is one made in an extra- 
 judicial matter. 
 
 Voluntary waste, is that which is committed by 
 positive acts. 
 
 VOL'UN-TA-RY, n. One who engages in any affair 
 of his own free will ; a volunteer. [In this sense, 
 VoLUNTEEB is now generally used.] 
 
 2. In music, a piece played by a musician, often 
 extemporarily, according to his fancy. In the 
 Philosophical Transactions, we have a method of 
 writing voluntaries as fast as the musician plays the 
 notes. This is by a cylinder turning under the keys 
 of the organ. Cyc. 
 
 3. .\ composition for the organ. 
 VOL-UN-TEEK', n. [Fr. volontaire.] 
 
 A person who enters into military or other service 
 of his own free will. In inilitary affairs, volunteers 
 enter into service voluntarily, but when in service, 
 they are subject to discipline and regulations like 
 other soldiers. They sometimes serve gratuitously, 
 brit often receive a compensation. 
 
 VOL-UN-TEER', a. Entering into service of free 
 will ; as, vulmitfcr comp.anies. 
 
 VOL-UN-TEER', v. t. To offer or bestow voluntarily, 
 or without solicitation or compulsion ; as, to volun- 
 teer one's services. 
 
 VOL-UN-TEER', v. i. To enter into any service of 
 one's free will, without solicitation or compulsion, 
 lie volunteered in that undertaking. 
 \ These verbs are in respectable luie.] 
 
 VO-LUI"TU-A-RY, (vo-lupt'yu-a-ry,) n. [L. voluptu- 
 arius, from volnptas, pleasure.] 
 
 A man addicted to luxury or the gratification of 
 the appetite, and to other sensual ple.asutes. 
 
 Jittcrbury. 
 
 VO LUP'TU-OUS, (vo-Iupt'yu-us,) a. [Fr. volup- 
 tueuz; \j. voluptuonus,] 
 
 Given to the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure ; 
 indulging to excess in sensual gratitirations. 
 
 Soffned with ptenure and coluptiwui life. Afi/Ion. 
 
 VO-T,i;i' TU-OUS-LY, adv. Lnxuriotisly ; wilh free 
 Indulgence of sensual pleasures ; as, to live voluptu- 
 ouslii. 
 
 VO-LUP'TU-OUS-NESS, n. Luxuriousness ; nddict- 
 edness to pleasure or sensual gratification. 
 
 Where no voluptaoutnettf yet nil delight. Donne. 
 VOL-TJ-TA'TIO.N, n. [L. volutatio, from valuta, from 
 Volvo, Eng. to wallow.] 
 
 A wallowing ; a rolling of the body on the earth. 
 [Bee VVallow.1 
 VO-LCTE', n. [Ft.voluU; It. voUua ; from L. vola- 
 
 tUA, Volvo.] 
 
 1. In archilrr.ture, a kind of spiral scroll, used in 
 the Ionic and Composite capitals, of which it is a 
 principal ornament. The number of volutes in the 
 Ionic order is four ; in the Composili', eight. There 
 arc also eight angular voliitea in the Corinthian cap- 
 ital, accompanied with eight smaller ones, called 
 Helices. Cyc. 
 
 'J. In natural history, n name given to the moltM.-.kn 
 of the genus Vuluta. 1'hey have opirnl, unilocular 
 
 shells, with the pillar or culuinella plaited, and are 
 
 prized for their beauty and rarity. P. Cyc. 
 
 VO-LuT'ED, o. Having a vtdiite or spiral scroll. 
 VO-Lu'TION, n.' A spiral turn or wreath. 
 VOL'U-TITE, 71. A petrified shell of the genus 
 
 Volii'ta. [JVot used.] Jameson. 
 VOM'I-CA, 71. [L.] An abscess in the lungs. 
 VO:<I'ie-NUT, 71. [L. vomica, emetic, and nux, a 
 
 nut.] 
 
 The seed of the Strychnos mix vomica, a medium- 
 sized tree growing in various parts of India ; com- 
 monly called Nt'x Vomica. The fruit is of the size 
 of a small orange, and of the same color, covered 
 with a tough rind, and filled with a pulp, in which 
 the seeds are imbedded. Almost all parts of this 
 tree are medicinal, but more especially the seeds. 
 They are not emetic, however, as their name im- 
 plies. The snake-wood docs not belong to this tree, 
 as some have asserted, but to Strychnos colubrina, 
 another species of the same genus. 
 VO.M'IT, I', i. [L. t'uwio; Fr.vomir; It. fomiVc ; Sans. 
 vamathu. Probably the Gr. t/Jtw is the same word, 
 with the loss of its first letter.] • 
 
 To eject the contents of the stomach by the mouth. 
 Some animals vomit with ease, as cats and dogs ; but 
 horses do not vomit. Cyc. 
 VOM'IT, V. t. To throw up or eject from the stomach ; 
 to discharge from the stomach through the mouth. 
 It is followed often by up or out, hut without neces- 
 sity, and to the injury of the language. In the yel- 
 low fever, the patients often t>07nit dark-colored mat- 
 ter, like coffee grounds. 
 
 The fish vomited out Jonah upon the dry land. — Jonah ii. 
 
 2. To eject with violence from any hollow j lace. 
 Volcanoes vomit flames, ashes, stones, and liquid 
 lava. 
 
 VOiU'IT, n. The matter ejected from the stomach. 
 
 Sandys. 
 
 2. That which excites the stomach to discharge its 
 contents ; an emetic. 
 
 Black tmnit: a copious vomiting of dark-colored 
 matter, resembling coflee grounds ; one of the most 
 fatal attendants of the yellow fever. 
 VOiM'IT-ED.p^. Ejected from the stomach through 
 the mouth, or from any deep place through an open- 
 ing. 
 
 VO.M'IT-ING, ppr. Discharging from the stomach 
 through the mouth, or ejecting from any deep pl.ace. 
 
 VO.M'IT-ING, 11. The act of ejecting the contents of 
 the stomach through the mouth. Vomiting is essen- 
 tially an inverted action of the stomach and esoph- 
 agus. Cyc. 
 
 2. The act of throwing out substances with vio- 
 lence from a deep hollow, as a volcano, &c. 
 
 VO-MI"TION, (vo-niish'un,) n. The act or power of 
 vomiting. Orew. 
 
 VO.M'I-TIVE, a. [Fr. vomitif.] 
 
 Causing the ejection of matter from the stomach 
 emetic. Brown. 
 
 VO-MI'TO, (vo-me'to,) 71. [Sp.] The yellow fever 
 in its worst form, when it is usually attended with 
 the black vomit. 
 
 VOM'I-TO-RY, a. [L. vomitorius.] Procuring vom- 
 iting ; causing to eject from the stomach ; emetic. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 VO.M'I-TO-RY, 71. An emetic. Uirvey. 
 2. A principal door or entrance of a large building, 
 
 as of an ampiiitheater. Oibbon 
 VO-Ra'CIOUS, (-shus,) a. [Fr. and It. vorace; L. 
 
 voroJT, from voro, to devour ; Heb. and Ch. "lya, to 
 
 clear away, to consume ; Gr. liopa, food. Class Br, 
 
 No. U.] 
 
 1. Greedy for eating ; ravenous ; very hungry ; as, 
 a voracious man or appetite. 
 
 2. Rapacious; eager to devour; as, voracious ani- 
 mals. 
 
 3. Ready to swallow up ; as, a voracious gulf or 
 whirlpool. 
 
 VO-R.A'CIOUS-LY, aifo. With greedy appetite ; rav- 
 enoiislv. 
 
 VO-Ra'CIOUS-NES.S, n. Greediness of appetite ; 
 
 nivenoiisness ; eagerness to devour ; rapaciousness. 
 VO-RAC'I-TY, (-ras'e-te,) n. Greediness of appetite ; 
 voraciousness. 
 
 Cre«tur<'s, by their voradty pernicious, have commonly fewer 
 young. Verham. 
 
 V0-R.M5'1N-0US, o. [L. voraffinosus, vorago.] 
 
 Full of gulfs. SeotU 
 VOR'TEX, 71. ; pi. Vortices or Voutexes. [L., from 
 verto, aiit. vorto, to turn.] 
 
 1. .\ whirlpool ; a whirling or circular motion of 
 water, forming a kind of cavity in the center of the 
 circle, and in some instances drawing in water or 
 absorbing other things. 
 
 2. A whirling of the nir ; a whirlwind. Cyc. 
 
 3. In the Cartesian system, a collection of particles 
 of matter, forming an ether or lluid endowed with a 
 rapid rotary motion around an axis. Ity means of 
 these vorlice,i, Desc.irtcs nltempted to account for the 
 foriii.'ition of the universe. Brande. 
 
 VOIt'TI-CAL, a. Whirling; turning ; ns, n vortical 
 
 motion. JVewton. Bentley. 
 
 VOR'TI-CEL, 71. The name of certain wheel-animal- 
 
 cules, which, by the rapid rotary motion of the organs 
 roiiml the mouth, create a vortex in the water, and 
 obtain their food. Kirby. 
 Vo'TA-RESS, 71. A female devoted to any service, 
 worship, or st,ate of life. 
 
 No rosary tliis volarese needs. Cleaveland. 
 
 Vo'TA-RIST, 71. [See Votart.] One devoted or 
 given up to any person or thing, to any service, wor- 
 ship, or pursuit. 
 
 I am no idle votanst. Shale. 
 [Votary is now used.] 
 Vo'TA-RY, a. [from L. votus, from voveo. See 
 Vo«-.] 
 
 Devoted ; promised ; consecrated 1)y a vow or 
 promise ; consequent on a vow. 
 
 VoUiry resolution is ni,^de equipollent to custom. Bacon. 
 
 Vo'TA-RY, 71. One devoted, consecrated, or engaged 
 by a vow or promise ; hence, more generally, one de- 
 voted, given, or addicted to some particular service, 
 worship, study, or state of life. Every goddess of 
 antiquity had her votaries. Every pursuit or study 
 has now its votarieji. One is a votary to mathemat- 
 ics, another is a uotori/ to music, and alas! a great 
 portion of the world tire votaries of sensual pleas- 
 ures. 
 
 It was the coldness of the votary, not the prayer, wliich was ia 
 fault. Fell. 
 
 Vote, 71. [It. and Sp. voto ; L. votum, from voveo, to 
 vow. Votum is properly wish or will.] 
 
 1. Suffrage ; the expression of a wish, desire, 
 will, preference, or choice, in regard to any measure 
 proposed, in which the person voting has an iiite.'est 
 in common with others, either in electing a man to 
 office, or in passing laws, rules, regulations, and the 
 like. This vote or expression of will may be given 
 by holding up the hand, by rising and standing up, 
 by the voice, (viva voce,) by ballot, by a ticket, or 
 otherwise. All these modes and others are used. 
 Hence, 
 
 2. That by which will or preference is expressed 
 in elections, or in deciding propositions ; a ballot ; a 
 ticket, &c. ; as, a written vote. 
 
 3. Expression of will hy a majority ; legal decis- 
 ion hy some expression of the iniiids of a number ; 
 as, the vote was unanimous. 
 
 4. United voice in public prayer. 
 
 VOTE, 71. i. To express or signify the mind, will, or 
 preference, either viva voce, or by ballot, cStc, in 
 electing men to office, or in passing laws, regula- 
 tions, and the like, or in deciding on any proposition 
 in which one has an interest with otli<_rs. In elec- 
 tions, men are bound to vote for the best men to fill 
 oirices, according to their best knowledge and be- 
 lief. 
 
 To vote for a duelist, is to assist 
 indirectly to encourage the c 
 
 1 the prostration of justice, nnd 
 ine. L. Beecher. 
 
 Vote, v. t. To choose by suffrage ; to elect by some 
 expression of will ; as, the citizens cufcii their candi- 
 date into office with little o|)position. 
 
 2. To enact or establish by vote or some expres- 
 sion of will. The legislature voted the resolution 
 unanimously. 
 
 3. To grant by vote or expression of will. 
 Parliament voted them a hundred thousand pounds, Stoifl. 
 
 VOT'ED, pp. Expressed by vote or suffrage ; deter- 
 mined. 
 
 VoT'ER, 71. One who has a legal right to vote or 
 give his suffrage. 
 
 VOT'ING, ppr. Expressing the mind, will, or prefer- 
 ence ill election, or in determining questions pro- 
 posed ; giving a vote or suffrage ; electing, deciding, 
 giving, or enacting by vote. 
 
 VoT'lNG, 71. The act of expressing the mind, will, 
 or preference by vote or suflVage. 
 
 VO'TIVE, a. [Fr. vol if i L. votivus, from votus, 
 vowed.] 
 
 Given by vow ; devoted ; as, votive offerings. A 
 votive medal is one struck in grateful coiiiiiiemoration 
 of some auspicious event ; a votive offering is u tab- 
 let, picture, &c., dedicated in consequence of the 
 vow of a worshiper. 
 
 Venus, take my votive glass. Prior, 
 
 Vo'TIVE-LY, adv. liy vow. 
 
 VOUCH, II. (. [Norm, voucher ; L. voco. See Voice.] 
 
 1. To call to witness ; to obtest. 
 
 Anil vouch the silent stars and conscious moon. Dryden. 
 
 2. To declare ; to aliirm ; to attest ; to warrant ; to 
 maint.iin by affirmations. 
 
 'I'hey iimdo him inhaiiHHl 10 vouch the Irulli of the lelatinn, lind 
 attervvanl to credit it. AtUrliury. 
 
 3. To warrant ; to confirm ; to establish proof. 
 The consistency of the discourse — vouchee it to bi* worthy of tlie 
 
 great apostle. Locke. 
 
 4. In law, to call into court to vvarriinl and defend, 
 or to make good a warranty of title. 
 
 He vouchee Ijio tenant in t.iii, who vouchee over the conunon 
 vouchee. * C'ficitslorl*. 
 
 VOUCH, II. t. To bear witness ; to give testimony or 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
w 
 
 full iittestntion. 1 can not voucA fur tlie truth of the 
 report. 
 
 He cVd.ires he Vfill nol lelievc hor» till the elector of Ilnnover 
 ■li.ill uoucA for ttio trutU of wUut llte hna ao •ulenmly al- 
 nnned. Sjri/l. 
 
 VOdCH, n. Warrant ; attestation. Sliak. 
 VOUCH'F.D, (voucht,) pp. Called to witness; af- 
 
 firineil or fully altcsleiJ ; called into court to make 
 
 pmd a warranty. 
 VOIICII-KK', n. In laa, the person who is vouched 
 
 or called into court to support or make good ins 
 
 warranty of title in the process of coniinon recovery. 
 
 Blackvtone. 
 
 VOUCIl'ER, n. One who gives witness or full attes- 
 lalton to any thing. 
 
 The srri'nt wrilers of that i 
 cacli other's reputation 
 
 ' stund up togethe 
 
 1 vouehera for 
 iS'^ectotor, 
 
 3. In law, the net of calling in a person to make 
 good his warranty of title. 
 
 3. A book, paper, or document which serves to 
 vouch the truth of accounts, or to confirm and estab- 
 lish facts of any kind. The merchant's books are his 
 vouclierj for the correctness of his accounts. iNotes, 
 bonds, receipts, and other writings, are used as 
 t'liuclirrs ill proving facts. 
 VOlJt'Il'ER, j H. Ill /tiir, the tenant in a writ of right ; 
 VOUCIl'OK, i one who calls in another to establish 
 his warranty of title. In common recoveries, there 
 may be a single vouckcr, or double voucher.^: 
 
 Blackstonc. 
 
 VOUCH'ING, ppr. Calling to witness; attesting by 
 atfirmalion ; calling in to maintain warranty of 
 title. 
 
 VOUCH-SSFE', t). t. [vouch and sqfe; to vouch or 
 answer for safety.] 
 
 1. To permit to he done without danger. 
 
 2. To condescend to grant. 
 
 Shall I vouehta/e your worship a wont or two ? Sftak. 
 It U not KlU by the ivpo^tlc that (lod voucfita/ed to the he:il)icn 
 the means of i.tlvatioii. South. 
 
 VOUCH-SAFE', V. i. To condescend ; to deign ; to 
 yield. 
 
 Voucftsn/e, illuflrious Ormond, to behold 
 
 WhiU power the churnis ot beauty hatl of old. Dryden. 
 
 VOUCH-SAF'£D, (-stia',) pp. Granted in condescen- 
 sion. 
 
 VOUCH-SaFE'MENT, 71. Grant in condescension ; 
 as, God's greatest coniinunicated voudisafcments. 
 
 Boijle. 
 
 VOUCIl-SAF'ING, ppr. Condescending to grant ; 
 deigning. 
 
 yOUS'SOfR', (voos'wor',) n. [Fr.] A wedge-like 
 stone forming part of an arch. Gwilt. 
 
 VOW, n. [Fr. ttrit ; It. voto ; L. votum, from vocco, to 
 vow ; probably a contracted word.] 
 
 1. A solemn promise matio to God, or by a pagan 
 to his deity. Tlie Roman generals, when they went 
 Co war, sometimes niatle a voie that they would builit 
 a temple to some favorite deity, if he would give 
 them victory. A vote is a promise of something to 
 bo given or done hereafter. 
 
 .\ person is constituted a religions by taking three 
 rotes, of chastity, of poverty, and of obedience. 
 Among the J.rraelitci, the mtns of children were not 
 binding, unless ratified by the express or tacit con- 
 sent of their father. JVam. xxx. 
 
 2. A solemn promise ; as, the mips of unchangea- 
 ble love and fitlelity. In a mtiral and religititis sense, 
 votes are promises to God, as they appeal to Gtid to 
 witness their sincerity, and the violation of them is 
 a most heinous offense. 
 
 VOW, V. I. [Fr. votier; h. voveo.] 
 
 1. To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God by a sol- 
 emn promise. When Jacob went to Mesopotamia, 
 
 WIS the twenty-third letter of the English alpha- 
 bet. It takes its written form and its name from 
 the union of two Fs, this being the form of the Rt>- 
 nian capital letter which we call V. The name, 
 double u, being given to it from its form or compo- 
 sition, and not from its sound, ought not to be re- 
 tained. Every letter should be named from its sound, 
 especially the vowels. Wis properly a vowel, a sim- 
 ple sound, formed by opening the minith with a close, 
 circular configuration of the lips. It is precisely the 
 OM of the French, and the ii of the Spaniards, Ital- 
 ians, and Germans. With the other vowels it forms 
 diphthongs, which are of easy pronhnciatinn ; as in 
 veil, leant, will, dtoeli ; pronounced oori, ooant, ooill, 
 daoelL In English, it is always followed by another 
 vowel, except when followed by A or r, os in irAcn, 
 tereek ; but this case is an exception only in writing, 
 
 w 
 
 he votecd to God n tenth of his substance, and liis 
 
 own future devotion to his service. Otn. xxviii. 
 Wtieii Ui'ju vuireat a vow, defer not to pay It. — Kccloi. t. 
 2. To ilevote. Spenstr. 
 VOW, V. i. To make vows or solemn promise.s. He 
 
 that vows, must be careful to perform. 
 VOW'A'D, pn. Solemnly promised to God ; given or 
 
 consecrated by solemn promise. 
 VOW'ELi, n. [Ij. vocaltD, from vocv ; Fr. voijelle : It. 
 
 voealc] 
 
 1. In irrammar, a simiile sound ; a sound uttered 
 by simply opening the mouth or organs ; as the sound 
 of a, f, 0. 
 
 2. The letter or character which represents a sim- 
 ple sound. 
 
 VOW'KIj, a. Pertaining to a vowel ; vocal, 
 V0W'EL-/:D, n. Furnished with vowels. 
 VOW'ER, n. One who makes a vow. 
 VOW'-FEL-LOVV, n. [rote und /Mote.] One bound 
 
 by the same vow. [Ijittlc tt:ied.] 
 VOWING, ppr. Mailing a vow. 
 VOY'AGE, tt. [Ft., from voir, or the same rotit, Eng. 
 
 tcaif, Sax. teie-r, tectr. See Wao and Way.] 
 
 1. A passing by sea or water from one jilace, port, 
 or country to another, especially a passing or jour- 
 ney by wtiter to a distant place or country. Captain 
 L. made more than a hundred voyages to the West 
 Indies. A votia/^e over Lake Superior is like a votj- 
 age to Bermuda. 
 
 2. The practice of traveling. [Aof iii use.] 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 VOY'AGE, v. i. To sail or pass by water. Pope. 
 VOY'AGE, v. t. To travel ; to jiass over. 
 
 I with Twill 
 
 VoyngedlW unreal, vait, unlxiundeu de'-p. MUion. 
 VOY'.V-GER, n. One who sails or passes by sea or 
 water. 
 
 A private voynger 1 p.iiia the main. Pope. 
 
 yOrA-GF.UR',(,vwA'y'X-/.]mr',)n. [Fr.] LtleralU,,n 
 traveler ; the Canadian name of a class of men em- 
 ployed by the fur com]>aiiies, &c., in transporting 
 goods by the rivers and across the land, to and from 
 the remote stations at the north-west. 
 
 VOY'Oli, n. Among seamen, a large rope, sometimes 
 used in weighing the anchor ; also written Viul. 
 
 VOX, «. [L.] A voice. [ToUcn. 
 Voz piipittt ; the voice of the people. 
 ytiT Dei ! the voice of God. 
 
 VUL'C.AN, 71. [I,. I'lticaHiis.] In mtjthnlo^tj, the god 
 who presided over the working of metals. The hus- 
 band of Venus. 
 
 VUL-C a'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Vulcan, or to works 
 in iron, &c. Umart. 
 
 As an epithet, in geolo^j, the same as Plutoxia ji, 
 which see. Smart. 
 
 VUL'CAN-IST. See Volcasist. 
 
 VUL-€a'NO. Sec Volcano. 
 
 VUL'GAR, a. [Fr. vulirairc ; It. vulgare ; L. vulstiris, 
 from vtil^us, the common people, that is, the crowd. 
 Eng. /<,;/.•.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to the common, unlettered people ; 
 as, vtiiirar lite. 
 
 2. Used or practiced by common people ; as, rtil^nr 
 
 3. Vernacular; national. [sports. 
 It mi^ht be mure U8eful to the English reader to write in our 
 
 vulgar language. Fell. 
 
 4. Common ; used by all classes of people; as, the 
 vtilgar version of the Scriptures, 
 
 5. Public ; as, vulgar report. 
 
 G. Mean j rustic ; rude ; low ; unrefined ; as, vul- 
 gar niinds; vulgar manners. 
 
 7. Consisting of coinmon persons. 
 
 In rc.-i(lin(^ an account of a txittle, we follow the hero with our 
 whole attcotion, but leldom rcAecl on the witgar hea)>i of 
 slaughter. HatnbUr. 
 
 w. 
 
 and not in pnmnnciation, for A precedes te in utter- 
 ance ; trhen being pronounced hooen. In Welsh, te, 
 which is sounded as in English, is used without an- 
 other vowel, as in ftel, a fo d ; dtcn, dun ; dteb, mor- 
 tar ; gien, a gun and a gown. 
 
 It is not improbable that the Romans pronounced 
 V as we do te, for their votro is our teallote ; and voto, 
 velle, is the English will, G, teollen. But this is un- 
 cer.ain. The German c h.as the sound of the Eng- 
 lish/, and IB that of the English v. 
 
 IV, at the end of words, is often silent after a and 
 0, as in late, sate, lote, soti^. In many words of this 
 kind, te represents the Saxon g ; in other ctises, it 
 helps to form a tliphthong, as in note, row, new, strew. 
 
 As an abbreviation, W. stands for teest ; VV. N. 
 W. for teest-north-teejt ; W. S. W. for viesl-sotUh- 
 tecst. Sec. 
 
 WAC 
 
 y ulirar fractions ; in ariUtmetic, fractionv expreosed 
 by a numerator and denominator ; thus, j. 
 VUL'GAR, n. The common people. 
 
 [U has tio plural tcriniiiation, btU has often a plural 
 verb.] 
 
 The vulvar imairliie the Pretender to have been a ehllil impoted 
 on the nation. ^'w\/l. 
 
 VUL'GAR-ISM, 71. Crossness of manners; vulgar- 
 ity. [Little ti.ied.] 
 2. A vulgar phrase or cx|iression. 
 [This U the usual /cense of the word.] 
 
 VUI^GAR'I-TY, j «. .Mean condititm of life ; the 
 
 VUL'GAR-NESS, j state of the lower chusscs of so- 
 ciety. Brown. 
 
 2. Grossness or clownisliness of manners or lan- 
 guage ; as, rultrartty of behavior ; vulgarilij of ex- 
 prt^ssittn tir l:inguage. JJrtiden, 
 
 VL'I,'GAK-r/E, r. (. To make vulgar. Foster. 
 
 VUL'(;AR-IZ-KI), pp. .Made vulgar. 
 
 VUL'G,\R-I7,-Ii\G, ppr. lienil. ring vulgar. 
 
 VUL'GAR-LY, ailr. Commonly ; in the ordinary 
 manner among the common people. 
 
 Such one we vulgarly c-dl a i\''s[r:r.iU: person. Uarnmaiid. 
 
 2. Meanly ; rudely ; clownishly, 
 
 VUL'GATE, n. Avery ancient Latin version of th<! 
 Scrijitures, and the only one w hich the Roman Cath- 
 olic chinch admits to be authentic. It is so calleil 
 from its common use in the Latin church. Cyc. 
 
 VUL'CVTE, a. Perttiiiiing to the old Latin version 
 of the Scriptures. 
 
 VUUNER-A UIL'I-TY, n. The state of being vul- 
 nerable. 
 
 VUL'.\KR-A-BLE,a, [Fr.,from L. eu/nfro, to wound, 
 from ruliitis, a wound.] 
 
 1. That may be wounded ; susceptible of wounds 
 or external injuries ; as, a vtUneraile botly. 
 
 Acliill- H waa vulnerable in his heel ; and there w ill never b« 
 wauling a Tans to infix the dart. Dwight. 
 
 9. Liable to injury ; subject to be affected injuri- 
 ously ; as, a vulnerable reputation. 
 VUL'NER-A-RY, a. [Fr. uuf/icraire; L, vulncr(t- 
 rius.] 
 
 Useful in healing wounds ; adapted to the cure of 
 external injuries; as, vulnerary plants or [Kitions. 
 
 Ctjc. 
 
 VUL'NER-A-RY, 71. Any plant, drug, or composi- 
 tion, useful in the cure of wounds. Certain un- 
 guents, balsams, and the like, are used as vulncraries. 
 VUL'iNER-ATE, v. t. [L. vtilttero.] 
 
 To wound ; to hurt. JAut in u.-c] Olanville, 
 VUL-NER-A'TIOX, h. The act of wounding. [JVot 
 ' 171 use. 1 Pearson. 
 VUL'PINE, (viil'pin,) a. [L. vulpinu.t, from viiloes, a 
 fox. Vulpes is our English wolf, the same word ap- 
 plied to a ilill'erent animal.] 
 
 Pertaining to the fox ; cunning ; craftv ; artful, 
 VUL'Pl.N-ITE, 77. [from Fu(;)i7io, in Itaiy.) A vari- 
 ety of Anhydrite, containing stime silica, and pre- 
 senting a grayish-white color and high luster. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 VUL'TtJRE, (vult'yur,) 71. [L. )-77/(ur.] 
 
 An accipitriiH? bird of the genus Vtiltiir. Vultures 
 have a large and strong beak, the nostrils pierced 
 transversely to its base ; the head and neck without 
 feathers or caruncles, and a collar of long feathers, 
 or of down, .at the root of the neck. Proper vultures 
 have hitherto been found only on the eastern conti- 
 nent. Cuvier. 
 
 VUL'TtJR-IN'E, (vult'yiir-in,) a. [L. vuLurintis.] 
 Belonging to the vulture ; having the qualities of 
 the vulture ; resembling the vulture ; rap.aciuus, 
 
 VUL'TITR-ISII, a. Like a vulture. 
 
 VUL'TUR-OUS, o. Like a vulture ; rapacious. 
 
 VS'ING, ;7;77-. Competing; emulating. 
 
 W.^B'BLE, (wob'bl,) ti. i. [W. ^liiauj, 10 wander, 
 to move in a circular form.] 
 
 To move from one side to the other ; to vacillate ; 
 as a turning or whirling body. So it is said a top 
 wobbles, when it is in motitm, and deviates from a 
 perpendicular directiim ; a spindle wabbles, when it 
 moves one way and the other A millstimc in mo- 
 tion, if not well balanced, will wabble. 
 
 [ This word is applied chiefly to bodies when turning 
 with a circular motion, and its place can not be supplitd 
 by any other word in the language. It is neither low 
 nor barbarous.] 
 
 WAB'BLE, n. A hobbling, unequal motion. 
 
 WAB'BLING, ppr. or o. Having an irregtilar motion, 
 backward and forward. 
 
 WACK'E, j 71. A rock nearly allied to basalt, of which 
 
 WACK'Y, 1 it may be regarded as a more soft and 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, tINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; a« J ; S aa Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1243 
 
WAF 
 
 WAG 
 
 AVAI 
 
 earliiy varic'ty. ll-> color is a gre s nish-nray, brown, 
 or black. It is opaque, yields easily to the knife, and 
 has often a p-easy feel. Lijdl. Cijc. 
 
 Gratj-wacke is a name given to certain hard sand- 
 stones, or grit-rocks, and the associated ^rata occur- 
 rina below the coal formation. Dana. 
 
 WAD, (wod,) n. [G. waUe ; Dan. vat, a wad ; that is, 
 a mass or collection.] 
 
 1. A little mass of some soft or fle.\ible material, 
 such as hay, straw, tow, paper, or old rope yarn, 
 used for slopping tlie charge of powder in a gun and 
 pressing it close to the sliot, or for kee])ing the pow- 
 der anil sliot close. 
 9. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. 
 
 W.SP, In. In miiieni!o<rij, an earthy oxyd of nian- 
 
 VV.\DD, i ganese, of wliich there are four varieties ; 
 fibrous, ochery, pulverulent ochery, and dendritic. In 
 some places, plumbago, or black lead, is called wad 
 or watlfl. Cyc. 
 
 W AD'DED, a. Formed into a wad or mass. 
 
 WAD'DING, 71. [G. watte] 
 
 1. A wad or the materials for wads ; any pliable 
 substance of which wads may be made. 
 
 2. .\ kind of soft stuff of loose texture, used for 
 stuffing garments ; also, sheets of carded cotton pre- 
 pared for the same purpose. y 
 
 WAD'DLE, (wod'dl,) !). i. [This seems to be a di- 
 minutive formed on the root of wade, L. vado, to go ; 
 G. waten, to wade ; wat-ichHn, to waddle.] 
 
 1. To move one way and the other in walking ; to 
 deviate to one side and the other ; to vacillate ; as, a 
 child waddlci when he begins to walk ; very fat peo- 
 ple walk with a kind of waddling pace. So we say, 
 a duck or a goose waddle:^. 
 
 2. To walk with a waddling motion. 
 
 And iiardly waddles forth to cool. Swift. 
 
 WAD'DLER, (wod'dler,) n. One that waddles. 
 WAD'DLING, ppr. or u. Moving from side to side in 
 walking. 
 
 WAD'DLING-LY, adv. With a vacillating gait. 
 
 Entick. 
 
 W.^DE, V. i. [Sw. vada; D. waaden; G. XDaten ; Dan. 
 vader; Fr. i^tieer, for ffuedtrr ; It. truadare ; Sp. vade- 
 ar; L. l ado, to go. du. Heb. avad, to go.] 
 
 1. To walk through any substance that yields to 
 the feet ; as, to wade through water ; to wade through 
 sand or snow. To rtade over a river, is to walk 
 through on the bottom. Fowls that wade have long 
 legs. 
 
 2. To move or pass with difficulty or labor ; as, 
 judges wade through an intricate law case. It is not 
 my purpose to waile through these controversies. 
 
 The king's atlmirable conduct has waded through all tlipsfl diffi- 
 
 ciliLs. Dactnant. 
 And loades through fumes, and gropes his way. Dryden. 
 
 WADE, V. t. To pass by walking on the bottom ; as, 
 to wade a river. 
 
 [This is a common expression, but elliptical for, to 
 wade tbruugh a river.] 
 WaD'ER, 71. One that wades. An order of birds 
 
 that wade in water for their prey are called waders. 
 WaD'ING, ppr. or a. Walking through a substance 
 
 that yields to the feet, as through water or sand. 
 WaD'ING-BIRD. See Wader. 
 WAD'SF.TT, 71. [Sax. wied, teed, a pledge.] 
 
 In Scottish law, a kind of pledge or mortgage. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 WAD'SETT-ER,n. One who holds by wadsett. Cijc. 
 WAD'Y, ( vnd'e,) n. [.^r.] The channel of a water- 
 course, which is dry except in the rainy season. 
 
 Rabiii.'ion. 
 
 Wa'FER, 71. [D. wafel; G. waffel ; Van. vaffel ; Sw. 
 vo£la: Riiss. vnphel: Fr. .^auffre.] 
 
 1. A thin cake or leaf ; as, a wafer of bread given 
 by the Rinnan Catholics in the eucliarist. 
 
 2. A thin leaf of |Kiste, or a composition of flour, 
 the white of eggs, isinglass, and yeast, spread over 
 with gum-water and dried ; used in sealing letters. 
 
 Wa'FEK, I'. (. To seal or close with a wafer. 
 WS'FER-A;D, pp. Sealed with a wafer. 
 W.\K'F1,K, (wof'fl,) 71. [D. wafel, G. waffel.] 
 
 A thin rake baked hard and rolled, or a soft in- 
 dented cake baked in an iron utensil on coals. 
 WA^"'FI,^%I RON, (wof 'fl l-urn,) 71. A utensil for 
 
 b:iking wallles. 
 WAFT, V. t. [Perhaps from wave; if so, it belongs to 
 the riKit of wa^r.'j 
 
 1. 'I'd bear through a fluid or buoyant medium ; to 
 convey through water or air ; as, a balloon was wafl- 
 ed over the channel. 
 
 Sprfd Ih" soft Intereonme from soul to soul, 
 
 And ua/l ii si^h from Indus tu the pole. Pope. 
 
 Q. To convey, as nhipn. Cije, 
 
 3. To buoy ; to cause to float ; to keep from sink- 
 ing. Brown. 
 
 4. To beckon ; to give notice liy something in mo- 
 tion. [JViil in une.] 
 
 (ThiH verb Is regular. But wafl was formerly used 
 hy Kome wiilers for waflrd.] 
 WXFT, r. I. To float; to be moved or to pass In a 
 buoyant medium. ' 
 
 And now the shouts wafl near the citnilcl. Dryden. 
 
 WAKT, 71. A filiating body; also, a signal displayed 
 from a ship's stern, by hoisting an ensign furled in a 
 roll to the heatl of the staff. Cyc. 
 
 WAFT'AGE, 71. 'Conveyance or transportation through 
 a buoyant medium, as air or water. Shale. 
 
 WAFT'ED, pp. Borne or conveyed through air or 
 water. 
 
 WAFT'ER, n. He or that which wafts; a passage- 
 boat. 
 
 2. The conductor of vessels at sea. [jin old word,] 
 WAFT'ING, ppr. Carrying through a buoyant me- 
 dium. 
 
 WAFT'ING, 77. A bearing or floating in a fluid. 
 WAFT'URE, n. The act of waving. [JVot in use.] 
 
 SJuik. 
 
 WAG, V. L [Sax. warrian and wecgan ; G. bewegen ; D. 
 beweegen, to move, io stir ; weegen, to weigh G. wd- 
 gen, to weigh ; Sw. vdga, Dan. vajer, to wag, to weigh. 
 This is the radix of the L. vaciUo, En^. fickle, wagon, 
 wain, way, wave, waggle, &.C.] 
 
 To move one way and the other with quick turns ; 
 to move a little way, and then turn the other way ; 
 its, to wag the head. 
 
 [Wag expresses particularly the motion of the 
 head and body used in buffoonery, mirth, derision, 
 sport, and mockery. It is applied also to birds and 
 beasts ; as, to leag the tail.] 
 WAG, V. i. To be quick in ludicrous motion ; to stir. 
 
 'Tis merry in h 'll, wh'Te ii-nrds wag all. ShaJc. 
 Tremble and start at waggirtg of a strav. Shak. 
 
 2. To go ; to depart ; to pack off. 
 
 I win provoke him to 't, or let him wag. Shak. 
 
 3. To be moved one way and the other. 
 
 The resty sieve wagged ne'er the more. Dryden. 
 WAG, 71. [from the verb.] A droll ; a man full of 
 low sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow. 
 
 We wink at wags, when they ortend. Drytlen. 
 The counselor never pleaded without a niec<^ of packthn-ail in his 
 h.»nd, which he used to twist about nis finger all the while he 
 was speaking ; tile Mgt used to call it Uie thread of his dis- 
 course. ' Addison, 
 
 W5GE, ». t. [G. wagen; D. aaagen; Sw. vaga, to 
 venture, to dare, to wage ; Fr. gager, for guager, to 
 lay or bf t : from the root of wag. The sense is, to 
 throw, to lay or throw down, as a glove or gaunt- 
 let.] 
 
 1. To lay ; to bet ; to throw down, as a pledge- ; to 
 stake ; to put at hazard on tlie event of a contest. 
 This is the common popular sense of the word in 
 New England ; as, to wage a dollar; to wage a 
 horse. 
 
 2. To venture ; to hazard. 
 
 To wake and wage a danger profitless. iS7taJl:. 
 
 3. To make ; to begin ; to carry on ; that is, to go 
 forward, or advance to attack, as in invasion or ag- 
 gression ; used in the phrase to wage war. He waged 
 war with all his enemies. 
 
 He pondered, which of all his sons was fit 
 
 To rei^n, and wage ininiurtal war wiUi wit. Dryden. 
 
 4. To set to hire. 
 
 Thou must wage 
 Thy works for weallli. [A'ol in use.'] Spenser. 
 
 5. To take to hire ; to hire for pay ; to employ for 
 wages; as, 7/>7i'/fd soldiers. He was well waced and 
 rewarded. [Fr.] [Ofo.] Rulegh. 
 
 To wage one^s law ; to give security to make one's 
 law. The defenilant is then to swear that he owes 
 nothing to the plaintiff, and eleven neighbors, called 
 cnmpiirgatiir.i, are to avow upon their oaths that they 
 believe in their consciences that he has declared the 
 truth. This is called wager of law. Blackstone. 
 
 Wa'G£D, 71/1. Laid ; deposited, as a pledge ; made or 
 beuiin, as war. 
 
 Wa'GER, 71. Something deposited, laid, or hazarded, 
 on the event of a contest or some unsettled question ; 
 a bet. 
 
 Besides these plates for horsc-nccs, tlie wagert may tie as the 
 persons pl'-iise. Teinjtle. 
 
 If any nlheisl c;in stake his soul for a wager against such an 
 inexhaufltihle diaproportiun. Bentley. 
 
 2. Subject on which bets arc laid. Sidney. 
 
 3. In law, an offer to make oath of innocence or 
 non-indebtedness ; or the act of making oath, to- 
 gether with the oaths of eleven compurgators, to for- 
 tify the defi ndant's oath. 
 
 H'ager of battle, is when the tenant in a writ of 
 right offers to prove his right by the body of his 
 champion, and, throwing down his glove as a gage 
 or pli^dge, thus Wiiges or stipulates battle with tiii; 
 champion of the demandant, who, hy taking up the 
 glove, accepts the chrdlenge. The champions, armed 
 with batons, enter the list, and, taking each other by 
 the hand, each swears to the justice of the cause of 
 the parly for whom he appears ; they then fight till 
 the stars, appear, and if the champion of the tenant 
 can defend himself till that time, his cause prevails. 
 
 Blackstone. 
 
 The wager of battle, which has long been in dis- 
 use, was abolisheil by law in England in Witt. 
 
 IVndr. 
 
 Wa'GER, r. t. To lay ; to bet ; to hazard on the is- 
 sue of a contest, or (Ui some question that is to be 
 decided, or on some casualty. Dryden. 
 
 Wa'GER-KI), pp. Laid ; pledged ; as a bet. 
 
 Wa'GEK-ER, 71. One who wages or lays a bet. 
 
 Wa'GER-LM;, /ipr. Laying; betting. 
 
 Wagering policy ; in commerce, a policy of insur- 
 ance, insuring a sum of money when no property is 
 at hazard ; as a policy to insure money on a ship 
 when no property is on board ; that is, insurance, in 
 terest or no interest; or a wagering policy may be a 
 policy to insure property which is already in-sured. 
 Such policies, in England, are, by statute 19 Geo 
 III., made null and void. 
 
 Wa'GES, 71. Plural in termination, but singular in 
 signification. [Fr. gage, gages.] 
 
 1. Hire ; reward ; that which is paid or stipulated 
 for services ; but chiefly for services by manual labor, 
 or for military and naval services. We speak of 
 servant's wages, a laborer's wages, or soldier's wages ; 
 but we never apply the word to the rewards given to 
 men in office, which are called feejs or salary. The 
 word is, however, sometimes applied to the compen- 
 sation given to representatives in the legislature. 
 
 United Stutes. 
 Tell me, what shall thy wages he F — Geo. xxix. 
 Be content^ with your wages. — Luke iii. 
 
 2. Reward; fruit; recompense; that which is 
 given or received in return. 
 
 The wages of sin is death. — Rom. vi. 
 
 W.AG'GEL, ) 71. A name given in Cornwall to the 
 
 WAG'EL, i young of the great black-backed gull, 
 Larus marinus ; formerly considered a distinct spe- 
 cies, and called Larus na;rius. Jardine. 
 
 WAG'GER Y, 71. [from wag.] Mischievous merri- 
 ment ; sportive trick or gayety ; sarcasm in good hu- 
 mor ; as, the waggery of a school-boy. Locke, 
 
 WAG'GISH, a. Mischievous in sport; roguish in 
 merriment or good humor ; frolicsome ; as, a com- 
 pany of waggish boys. L^Estrange. 
 
 2. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for sport ; as, 
 a teanrgish trick. 
 
 WAG'GISII-LY, adv. In a waggish manner ; in 
 sport. 
 
 WAG'GISH-NESS, 71. Mischievous sport; wanton 
 
 merriment. Bacon. 
 WAG'GING, ppr. Moving the head one way and the 
 
 other with quick turns. 
 WAG'GLE, (wag'gl,) v. i. [D. waggelen ; G. wackeln ; 
 L. vacillo, dim. of wag.] 
 To waddle ; to reel or move from side to side. 
 Why do you go nodding and waggling so 1 Estrange. 
 
 WAG'GLE, V. t. To move one way and the other ; 
 as, a bird waggles his tail. 
 
 WAG'ON, n. [D. and G. wagen; Sw. vagn; Sax. 
 W(Cgn, wan; VV. gwain, a wagon, wain, or sheath, 
 L. vagina, the Latter being from wag, and signifying 
 a passage ; Gaelic, baighin, a wagon ; Malabar, wag- 
 ahani ; Sans, wahana. The old orthography, Wag- 
 gon, seems to be falling into disuse. See Wao.] 
 
 1. A vehicle moved on four wheels, and usually 
 drawn by horses ; used for the transportation of 
 heavy commodities. In America, light icagons are 
 used for the conveyance of families, and for carry- 
 ing light commodities to market, particularly a very 
 light kind drawn by one horse. 
 
 2. A chariot, [^'ot in use.] Spen.^er. 
 WAG'ON. v. t. To transport in a wagon. Goods are 
 
 wagonea from Ix)ndon to the interior. 
 W.'VG'ON, V. t. To practice the transportation of 
 
 goods III a wagon. 'I'he man loagons between Phil- 
 
 adelpliia and Pittsburgh. 
 WAG'ON-AGE, ti. Money paid for carriage in a 
 
 wagon. 
 
 WAG'0\-KD, pp. Transported in wagons. 
 WAG'ON-ER, 7t. One who conducts a wagon. 
 
 2. A constellation, Charles's Wain. 
 WAG'ON-ING, ppr. Transjiorting in a wagon. 
 WAG'ON-ING, 71. The business of transporting in a 
 wagon. 
 
 WAG'TAIL, »i. [7r(7ir and faiV.] A small bird of sev- 
 eral species, beloiigiiig to the genus Motacilla, 
 (Linn.,)and named from the incessant motion of its 
 long tail. 
 
 WA-IIA BEE, 71. A follower of Abdel Wahab, a re- 
 former of Moliammedanism, about 17G0. His doc- 
 trines prevail particularly among the Bedouins, and 
 the sect, tluiiigh checked in its influence, exiends to 
 most parts of Arabia. Brande. 
 
 WAII). a. Crushed. [JVot in u.ie.] Shak. 
 
 WAIF n. [.Norm, wef, wrif: from waive.] 
 
 Goods found, of which the owner is not known. 
 These were originally such goods as a thief, when 
 pursued, threw away to prevent being apprehended. 
 They belong to Ihe king, unless the owner makes 
 fresh suit ol tlie felon, takes hiin, and brings him to 
 justice. Blackstone. 
 
 WAIL. V. I. Ice.virla; It. guaiolare; Gaelic, gnilam 
 or uaill ; \V. gioylaw and wylaw ; Arm. goela, to 
 liowl. lleb. and Ar. SiN ami] 
 To lament ; to moan ; to bewail. 
 
 Or if no rnon' net ..Uenl loni she leoiis. Pope. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — WOTE, DOVE, MOVE \\(}\.V, BfpQK. 
 
 1244 
 
WAI 
 
 WAIL, »;. (. To weep ; to express sorrow audibly. 
 Tlicrefore 1 will wail and howl. — Miaih I. 
 
 WAIL, n. Loud weepins ; violent Inincntation. 
 WAlI/Ft.'L, a. Sorrowful ; niournnil. Sliak. 
 WAIL'l.NG, ppr Litinentiiig with audible cries. 
 WAIL'ING, K. Loud cries of sorrow i deep lamenta- 
 tion. 
 
 There gh.^l be walling and gutuhing of teelli. — Malt. xu\. 
 
 WAIL'INO-LY, adv. In a wailing manner. 
 WAIL'I\IE>JT, n. Lamentation. JIacket. 
 WAIN, n. [Sax. toien, W. ffteain; contracted. See 
 Wagon.] 
 
 1. A wafon ; a carriage for the transportation of 
 goods on wheels. 
 
 2. A constellation, Charles's Wain. 
 W.^I\'A6_K, n. A finding of carriages. .9insworllu 
 WAIN'-BoTE, n. Tnnber for wagons or carts. 
 
 Entr. Law. 
 
 WAIN'-HOUSE, n. A house or shed for wagons and 
 
 carts. [Local.] 
 WAIiN'-RoPE, n. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 A rope for binding a load on a 
 waaon ; a cart-rope. Sliak. 
 WAIN'SeOT, n. [D. wa^rnsckot.] 
 
 In building, a wooden lining or boarding of walls 
 made in panels. 
 WAl.\'SeOT, V. L To line with boards; as, to wain- 
 scot a hall. 
 
 Music douiicU bcUer in cUamb^ra wainscoted than hanged. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 S. To line with different materials. 
 
 The ether ia wainscoted with looltin^-glau. Addison. 
 
 WAIN'SeOT-ED, pp. Lined with boards or panels. 
 WAlN'SeOT-I.\G, ppr. Linins with boards. 
 W.aIR, n. A piece of plank two yards long, and a 
 
 foot broad. [1 knoto not wher* tised.] Smart. 
 W.KIST, n. [W. /rw&sir, pressure, squeeze, the waist, 
 
 tile part where tlie girille is tied ; allied to jjiyufcif.] 
 
 1. That part of the human body which is iiiinietli- 
 ately below the ribs or thorax ; or the small part of 
 the body between the thorax and hips. 
 
 2. That part of a ship which is between the qu.ir- 
 ter-deck and forecastle. But in many ships now 
 built, there is no quarter-deck, and in such the waist 
 is the middle part of the ship. 
 
 WaIST'BAND, «. The band or upper part of breeches, 
 trowsers, or pantaloons, which encompasses the 
 waist. 
 
 WAIST'CLOTIIS, n. Coverings of canvas or tarp,-\u- 
 ling for the hammocks, stowed on the gangways, bt^ 
 tween the quarter-deck and the forecastle. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 WAIST'CoAT, 71. [wai.it and coat.] A short coat or 
 garment for men, extending no lower than the hips, 
 and covering the waist ; a vest. This under gar- 
 ment is now generally called in .'\inerica a Vest. 
 
 WAIST'ER, n. In ships, waisters are men who are 
 stationed in the waist in working the ship. 
 
 Mar. DicU 
 
 WAIT, e. i. [Fr. guelter; It. ^alare ; W. g-wcitiaw, 
 to wait; yn^/iai//, attendance, ^he sense is, to stop, 
 or to continue.] 
 
 1. To stay or rest in expectation ; to stop or remain 
 stationary, till the arrival of some person t>r event. 
 Thus we say, I went to the place of meeting, and 
 there waited an hour for the moderator or chairman. 
 I will go to the hotel, and there wait till you come. 
 We will icnit for the mail. 
 
 2. To stay proceedings, or suspend any bnsincss, 
 in eftpectation of some person, event, or the arrival 
 of some hour. The court was obliged to wait for a 
 
 . witness, 
 
 3. To rest in expect.ition and patience. 
 
 All the dayi of niy appointed tiinc will 1 trail, til] my change 
 cuiiie. — Jul> XI*. 
 
 4. To stay ; not to depart. 
 
 Haste, mj dear £ither ; *tu no time to wait. Dn/den. 
 
 5. To Stay ; to continue by reason of liindrance. 
 £. To lie in ambush, as an enemy. 
 
 Such amUuh wailed to inler^pt tliy way. Milton. 
 
 To wait on or upon ; to attend, as a servant ; to per- 
 form menial services for ; as, to wait on a gentleman ; 
 to wait on the table. 
 
 Til wait on ; to attend ; to go to see ; t<i visit on 
 business or for ceremony. Tell the gentleman I will 
 wait on him at ten o'clock. 
 
 2. To pay servile or submissive attendance. 
 
 3. To follow, as a cimseqiience ; as, the ruin that 
 wails on such a supine temper. 
 
 [Instead of this, we use Await.] 
 
 4. To look watchfully. 
 
 It ia a puint of ciinnii<? to wail on him with whom you apeak 
 with your eye. \Vnusuat.\ Bacon. 
 
 5. To attend to ; to perform. 
 
 Aaron and hia lona ah.all waU on their priett'a office. — Num. iii. 
 <lli. Ruin. lii. 
 
 6. To be ready to serve ; to obey. Ps. xxv. 
 Pron. XX. 
 
 To wait at ; to attend in service ; to perform ser- 
 vice au 1 Cot. ix. 
 
 To wait for; to watch, as an enemy. Job xv. 
 
 WAK 
 
 WAIT, V. t. To stay for ; to rest or remain stationary 
 in expectation of the arrival of. 
 
 Awed with theie worda, in campa ttiey adll abide, 
 
 And trail with longing eyea their pruuiiaed guide. Dryden. 
 
 [Elliptical for Wait fob.] 
 
 9. To attend ; to accompany with submission or 
 respect. 
 
 lie choae a thousand horae, the (lower of all 
 
 Ilia watiike trooj-a, to trail the fui.enil. Dryden. 
 
 [This use is not justi/iiiblc, but by poetical license.] 
 3. To attend as a consequence of something. 
 
 Such doom trail* luxury. Philips. 
 
 [JVut in use.] [Ill this sense, we use Attend or 
 Attend on ] 
 
 WAIT, 71. Ambush. As a uovn, this word is used 
 only in certain phrases. To lin in wait, is to lie in 
 ambush ; to be secreted in i rder to fall by surprise on 
 an enemy ; hence, fiauraliveUi, to lay snares, or to 
 make insidious attempts, or tti watch for the purpose 
 of insnariiig. Josh. viii. 
 In wait is used in a like sense by Milton. 
 To lait wait; to set in ambush. Jer. ix. 
 WAIT'Eb.pp. Stayed for; attended. 
 WAIT'ER, 71. One who waits ; an attendant ; a ser- 
 vant in attendance. 
 
 The trailer* stand in miilta ; the yeomen cry, 
 
 " >lake room," aa if a duke were paiiaing by. Swift. 
 
 2. A server or salver; a vessel on which tea fur- 
 niture, &.C., is carried. 
 
 WAIT'ING, ppr. or a. Staying in expectation. 
 
 WaifiiiT on; attending; accompanying; serving. 
 Waiting for; staying for the arrival of. 
 Waiting at ; staying or attending at in expectation 
 or in .service. 
 
 In waiting ; in attendance. 
 
 WAIT'ING, 71. The act of staying in expectation ; 
 attendance. 
 
 WAIT'INC-LY, adv. By waiting. 
 
 WAIT'I.NG-.MAII), (71. An upper servant who 
 
 WAIT'ING-WCM-AN, ( attends a lady. 
 
 [Waiting-Gentlewoman is sometimes, though 
 less commoiilv, used.] 
 
 WAITS, 71. ;)/. '[Goth, ton/it*, watch.] 
 
 These were formerly minstrels or musical watch- 
 men, who attended on great men, and soiiiuled the 
 watch at night. They have now degeiurrated into 
 itinerant musicians, who give notice of the approatli 
 of Christmas. Fosbmke. 
 
 WAI VE, 71. A woman put out of the protection of the 
 law. Cyc 
 
 WAIVE, r. U [from waif.] To relinquish, not to in- 
 sist on or claim. [See \\ aye.] 
 
 WaIV'KU, pp. Rellnipiished, as a claim. 
 
 WAIVER, 71. In /am, the act of waiving or not in- 
 sisting on some right, claim, or privilege. 
 
 WAIVING, ppr. Rellni|tiishing, as a claim. 
 
 VV.Al'VVODE, n. In the Turkish empire, the governor 
 of a small province or town ; a general. Cyc. 
 
 WAKE, V. i. [Goth. waAaii : Sax. witcan ; G. waehen; 
 1). waaken, wekken; Sw, vdcka, up-vdcka ; Dan. va^k- 
 kcr ; L vigil, vigito. The root wok is allietl to wag. 
 The primary sense is, to stir, to rouse, to excite. 
 The transitive verb, in Saxon, is written vcxecan, ice- 
 can ; but both are from one root.] 
 
 1. To be awake ; to continue awake ; to watch ; 
 not to sleep. Ps. cxxvii. 
 
 The father wrdceOi for the ciMighter. Ecelus. 
 
 I'liou^h wisiluiii wakes, sns|<iciun atreps. AJUton. 
 
 I c;in not think any time, waJnng or sleepin|^, w*ithoul tt.-ing 
 
 6en9il>le of it. Locke. 
 
 2. To be excited or roused from sleep ; to awake ; 
 to be awakened. He ieal.cs al the slightest noise. 
 
 3. To cease to sleep ; to awake. 
 
 4. To be quick ; to be alive or active. Dryden. 
 
 5. To be exciteil from a torpid state ; to be iitit in 
 motion. The dormant powers of nature wake from 
 their frosty slumbers. 
 
 Cientle aiia to fan the eonli now uaktd, MiUon, 
 
 WAKE, V. U To rouse from sleep. 
 
 The angel that talked with me, came again and waked me. — 
 Zech. iv. 
 
 2. To arouse ; to excite ; to put in motion or ac- 
 tion. 
 
 Prepare war, vake up the mighty men. — Joel iii. 
 
 [The use of up is common, but not necessary.] 
 
 To wake tlie auul by tender strokes of art. Pope. 
 
 3. To bring to life again, as if from the sleep of 
 death. 
 
 To second life 
 
 Waked in the renoration of the Just. Milton. 
 
 WAKE, n. The annual commemoration of the dedica- 
 tion of a church, formerly kept by watching all 
 night. Dryden. King. 
 
 2. Vigils ; state of forbearing sleep. 
 
 Their merry wakes and pastimes keep. Milton. 
 
 3. The setting up of persons with a dead body, 
 usually attended with drinking. Ireland. 
 
 4. Act of waking. Old Song. 
 Wake of a ship; the track it leaves in the water, 
 
 formed by the meeting of the water, which rushes 
 
 WAL 
 
 from each side to fill the space which the «hip makes 
 in pa -sing through it. 
 
 To be in the walir of a ship, is to be in her track or 
 in a line with her keel. 
 WAK'f-'D, (wikt,) pp. Roused from sleep; put in 
 action. 
 
 WAKE'FJJL, a. Not sleeping ; indisposed to sleep. 
 Dijs'Mnbiing sleep, but wakeful with the fright. Dryilsn. 
 2. Watchful ; vigilant. 
 WAKE'KIJL-LV, n</ij. With watching or sleeplessness. 
 VVAKE'I'j^L-.NESS, n. Indisposition to sleep. 
 
 2. Forbearance of sleep ; want of sleep. Baron. 
 WAK'fi.N, (wiik'n,) d. i. [This seems to be the .Saxon 
 infinitive retained.] To wakie ; to cease to sleep ; to 
 be awakened. 
 
 K.irly TurnUB iroXrenin; with the light. Dryden. 
 
 WAK'£.\, (wak'n,) v. t. To excite or rouse from 
 sleep. 
 
 Go, troJIren Ere. Milton. 
 
 2. To excite to action or motion. 
 
 Thru Homer's and Tyrueus* martial muse 
 
 ^Vakencd tlie world. Roscommon. 
 
 3. To excite ; to produce ; to rouse into action. 
 
 Th-'y inlrotluce 
 
 Their s.acred song, and waken raptures liigh. Milton. 
 WXK'E^-EO, (wak'Dd,)fp. Roused from sleep; ex- 
 cited into action. 
 VVAK'£N-ER, 7i. One who rouses from sleep. 
 
 Ei'llhnm. 
 
 WAK'£N-ING, ppr. Rousing from sleep or stupidity ; 
 
 calling into action. 
 WAK'ER, 71. One who watches; one who rouses 
 
 from sleep. B. Jonson. 
 
 WAKE'-ROB-IN, 71. A plant; Arum mactilatuin, of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 W.\K'ING, ppr. Being awake ; not sleeping. 
 
 2. Rousing from sleep; exciting into motion or 
 act'on. 
 
 Waking hours : the hours when one is awake. 
 WAK'l.XG, 71. The period of being awake. Butler. 
 
 2. Watch. [Obs.] 
 WAL-DEN'SkS, 71. pL A .sect of Christians profess- 
 iiig substantially Protestant principles, who never 
 submitted to the Roman Catholic church. They re- 
 side in the valleys of Piedmont. 
 WALE, 71. [This may be the W. gTcia/en, a rod or 
 twig, from the same root.] 
 
 1. In cloth, a ridge or streak rising above the rest. 
 We say, cloth is wove with a wale. 
 
 2. A streak or stripe ; the mark of a rod or whip 
 on animal Hesh. 
 
 Wales of a ship ; an assemblage of strong planks, 
 extending along a ship's sides, throughout the whole 
 length, at dilferent liights, and serving to strengthen 
 the decks and form the curves. They are distin- 
 guished into the main wale and the channel wale. 
 
 Jiliir. Diet. 
 
 WALE, r. (. To mark with stripes. Smart, 
 
 WAL'KD, a. Marked w ith wales. 
 
 WALK, (wauk,) ». L [Sax. wealcan, to roll or revolve ; 
 trcalcere, a fuller, whence the name Walker: D. 
 watken, to work a hat ; G. walken, to full, tt> felt hats ; 
 walker, a fuller, Sw. valkare ; Dan. valkrr, to full or 
 mill cloth; valker, a fuller; valke,a pad or stuffed 
 roll ; G. wallen, to stir, to be agitated, to rove, to 
 travel, to wander. From the same root are Riiss. 
 ralyu, G. walien, to roll, and wcUsch, foreign, Celtic, 
 Welsh, that is, wanderers. The primary sense is, 
 simply, to move or press, but appropri.itely, to roll, to 
 press by rolling, as in hatting, and this is the origin 
 of trnlker, ft»r the practice of felting hats must have 
 preceded that of fulling cloth in mills. Our ances- 
 tors appropriated the verb to moving on the feet, and 
 the word is peculiarly expressive of that n Ming or 
 wagging motion which marks the walk of clownish 
 people. Uu. Heb. iSv] 
 
 1. To move slowly on the feet; to step slowly 
 along; to advance by steps moderately repeated ; as 
 animals. Walking, in men, differs from running only 
 in the rapidity and length of the steps ; but in quad- 
 rupeds, the motion or order of the feet is sometimes 
 changed. 
 
 At the end of twelve months, he walked in the poiaca of the 
 
 kingdom of Babylon. — Dan. ir. 
 Allien Peter had come down out of the ship, he walked on the 
 
 water, to go Vi J. aus. — Matt, xiT. 
 
 2. To move or go on the feet for exercise or amuse- 
 ment. Hundreds of students daily walk on Dow ning 
 terrace, in Cambridge. 
 
 3. To appear, as a specter. 
 
 The spirits of the dead 
 May walk again. Shak. 
 
 4. To net on any occasion. 
 
 Do you Uiiuk I'd iM^ in any plot f t^*! B. Jonson. 
 
 5. To be in motion, as a clamorous tongue. 
 
 Her tongue did walk 
 In foul reproach. [06».| Spenser. 
 
 6. To act or move on the feet in sleep. 
 
 When waa it she la»l walked 7 SKak. 
 [But this is unusual. When we speak of somnam- 
 buialion, we say, to walk in sleep.] 
 
 TONE, BfJLL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10US. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 156* 
 
 1245 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 WAN 
 
 7. To range ; to be stirring. 
 
 Affairs that vaVc, 
 As they say spirits do, at mithiighl, [UnusvaL] Shak. 
 
 8. To move off; to depart. 
 
 When he comes forth, he will make their cows aod ^rnins tealk. 
 INol elegant.] Spenser. 
 
 9. In Scripture, to live and act or behave ; to pur- 
 sue a particular course of life. 
 
 To walk icWi Qod ; to live in obedience to his com- 
 mands, and have communion with him. Orn. v. 
 
 To walk in darkness : to live in ignorance, error, 
 and sin, without comfort. 1 John i. 
 
 To walk in the liald : to live in the practice of reli- 
 gion, and to enjoy its consolations. 1 John i. 
 
 To walk by faiUi: to live in the firm belief of the 
 gospel and its promises, and to rely on Christ fur sal- 
 vation. 2 Cor, V. 
 
 To walk Virough the fire; to be exercised with 
 severe afflictions. Isa. xliii. 
 
 To walk after tlie flesh ; to indulge sensual appetites, 
 and to live in sin. Rom. viii. 
 
 To walk after Vie Spirit ; to be guided by the coun- 
 sels and influences of the Spirit and by the word of 
 God, and to live a life of holy deportment. Rom. 
 viii. 
 
 To walk in the flesh ; to live this natural life, which 
 is subject to infirmities and calamities. 2 Cor. x. 
 
 To walk in ; to enter, as a house, tfalk in, gentle- 
 men. 
 
 WALK, (wauk,) v. t. To pass through or upon ; as, 
 to walk the streets. 
 
 [Tliis is elliptical for to walk in or through the 
 streets.] 
 
 2. To cause to walk or step slowly ; to lead, drive, 
 or ride with a slow pace. He found the road so bad, 
 he was obliged to walk his horse. The coachman 
 walked his horses from VVoodbridge to Princeton. 
 WALK, (wauk,) n. The act of walking; the act of 
 moving on the feet with a slow pace. 
 
 2. The act of walking for air or e.xercise ; as, a 
 morning walk ; an evening walk. Pope. 
 
 3. Planner of walking ; gait ; step. We often 
 know a person in a distant apartment by his ira/t. 
 
 4. Length of way or circuit through which one 
 walks; or a place for walking: as, a longwa/t; a 
 short walk. The gardens of the Tuileries and of the 
 Luxembourg are very pleasant waUis, 
 
 5. .\n avenue set «'ith trees. Milton. 
 
 6. Way ; road ; range ; place of wandering. 
 
 The mountains are his lealks. Snndys. 
 The sLarry watks above. Dryilen, 
 
 7. Region ; space. 
 
 He opened a boundless leaUc for liis imagination. Pope, 
 
 8. Course of lifK or pursuit. This is not within 
 the walk of the historian. 
 
 9. The slowest pace of a horse, ox, or otlier quad- 
 ruped. 
 
 10. A fish. [.V mistake for Whelk.] .^insworth. 
 
 11. In the fVcst Indies, a planlafiim of canes, &;c. 
 
 Edwards's fV. Ind. 
 A sheep walk, so called, is high and dry land 
 where sheep are pastured. 
 WALK'.\-BLE, (wauk'a bl,) a. Fit to be walked on. 
 
 [jVot much used.'\ Sioift, 
 WALK'ER, (wauk'er,) n. One who walks. 
 
 2. In our mother timgue, a fuller. 
 
 3. In law, a forest officer appointed to walk over a 
 certain space for inspection ; a forestt;r. 
 
 4. One who deports himself in a particular man- 
 ner. 
 
 5. A fulling-mill. [»VoI in use, or loeal.l 
 WALK'ING, (wauk'ing,) ppr. Moving on the legs 
 
 with a slow pace ; moving ; ciuiducting one's self. 
 
 WALK'ING, (wauk'ing,) n. The act of moving on the 
 feet with a slow pace. 
 
 WALK'[.\G-STAFF, ) n. A staff or stick carried in 
 
 WALK'I.VG-STICK, ( the hand for support or 
 amusement in walking. 
 
 WALK'-.MILL, (wauk'mill,) «. A fulling-mill. 
 J /.oca/.] Cyc. 
 
 WALL, 71. [L. vallum; Sax. weal; D. wal; G. wall; 
 Tr. and Gaelic, balla and fal ; Russ. val ; W. ffiral. 
 In L. rallus is a stake or post, and probably vullum 
 was originally a fence of stakes, a p.ilisadc or stock- 
 ade ; the first rude fortification of uncivilized men. 
 The primary sense o( vallum is a shoot, or that which 
 is set, and the latter may be the sense of wM, 
 whether it is from rallu.i, or from some otlii-r root.] 
 
 I. A work or structure of stone, brick, or ot^ier 
 materials, raisi'.t to some hipht, and intended for a 
 defense or security. Walls of stone, with or without 
 ccineni, arc much used in America for fences on 
 fnrmn ; wals are laid as the foundations of houses 
 and the security of cellars. WalU of stone or brick 
 form the exterior of biiilclings, and they are often 
 raised round cities and forts as a defense against 
 enemies. 
 
 % Ifatls, in the plural, is used for fortifications in 
 general ; works fur defense. 
 
 I rush undaunted to defend the iealU. Drydtn. 
 
 3. A defense ; means of security or protection. 
 1 Sam. XXV. 
 
 To take the wall ; to take the upper or most hon- 
 orable place. 
 
 I will take die irall of any man or maid of Montague's. Shak. 
 
 WALL'-CREEP-ER, n. A small bird of the genus 
 Certhia, Linn., which frequents rocks and walls, 
 and feeds on insects ; the spider-catcher. 
 
 FjI. Encyc. 
 
 WALL'-CRESS, n. [wall and cress.] The name of 
 plants of the genus Arabis. They grow on walls 
 and in dry, stony places. P. Cyc. 
 
 2. A plant of the genus Turritis. Lee. 
 
 WALL'-E'tE, 71. [wall and eye.] In horses, an eye 
 in which the iris is of a very light gray or whitish 
 color. Booth. 
 
 [Johnson has defined wall-eye to be ** a disease in 
 the crystalline humor of the eye ; glaucoma." But 
 glaucoma is not a disease of the crystalline humor, 
 nor is wall-eye a disease at all, but merely a natural 
 blemish. Tally. In the JVorth of England, ns lirock- 
 ett states, persons are said to be wall-eyed when the 
 white of the eye is very large and distorted, or on 
 one side. Richardson derives wall in this case, and 
 also whall, wltally, whally-eyed, from the Anglo-Saxon 
 kwelan, to wither, to pine away, in allusion to the 
 faded color or unnatural appearance of such eyes. — 
 Ed.] 
 
 WALL'-EV£D, (-Ide,) a. In horses, having an eye of 
 a'very light cray or whitish color. Booth. 
 
 9. Shakspeare, in using wall-eyed as a term of re- 
 proach, as " tea/i-cyed rage," a wall-eyed wretch," 
 alludes probably to the idea of unnatural or distorted 
 vision. [See VVall-Eve.] It is an eye which is 
 utterly and incurably perverted, an eye that knows 
 no pity. 
 
 WALL'-FLOW-ER, 71. [wall and flower.] A plant 
 of the genus Cheiranthus, which grows in old walls, 
 &c. ; a stock gillyflower. 
 
 WALL'-FRCIT, 7!. [wall and fruit.] Fruit which, 
 to be ripened, must be planted against a wall. 
 
 WALL'-KNOT, 7t. A single wall-knot is made by un- 
 twisting the ends of a rope, and making a bight with 
 the first strand ; then passing the second over the end 
 of the first, and the third over the end of the second, 
 and through the bight of the first. The double is made 
 by passing the ends, singly, close underneath the 
 first wale, and thrusting them upward through the 
 middle, only the last end comes up under two bights. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 WALL'-LOUf E, 71. [wall and louse] An insect or 
 small bug. Ainsworth. 
 
 WALli'-M0Si3, 71. A species of moss growing on 
 walls. 
 
 WALL-PEN'NY-WORT, n. A plant of the genus 
 Cotyledon. 
 
 WALL'-I'EP-PER, 71. A plant of the genus Sedum. 
 WALL'-I'lE, 71. A plant, a species of Asplenium. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 WALL'-SID-ED, a. Having sides nearly perpendicu- 
 lar, as a ship. 
 
 WALL'-SPRIXG, 71. A spring of water issuing from 
 
 stratified rocks. 
 WALL'-WORT, 71. A plant, the dwarf elder or dane- 
 
 wort ; Sambucus Eliulus. 
 WALL, V. t. To inclose with a wall ; as, to wall a 
 
 city. 
 
 2. To defend by walls. 
 
 And terror of his name that waits us in 
 
 From d^tn^r. Dcnham. 
 
 3. To fill up with a wall. 
 
 WALL'£D, pp. or a. Inclosed or fortified with a 
 wall. 
 
 WALL'ER, 71. One who builds walls in the country. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 WAL'LER-ITE, 71. A mineral, or variety of clay, 
 ftiund in small compact masses of the si/.e of a nut, 
 white and opaque, or yellowish and translucent. [.Vot 
 iisrrf.] Clcareland. 
 
 WAL'LET, (wol'let,) 71. A hag for carrying the neces- 
 saries for a journey or march ; a knapsack. Also, a 
 pocket-book or place for keeping money about one's 
 person. 
 
 2. Any thing protuberant and swagging ; as wat- 
 hts of flesh. Shak. 
 
 WAI.L'ING, ppr. Inclosing or fortifying with a wall. 
 
 WALL'LNG, H. Walls in general; materials for 
 walls. 
 
 WAL'I.OP, (wol'lop,) f. I. [formed on G. loallen. 
 Sax. wealan, to boil or bubble ; D. opwallcn ; Eng. to 
 well. See Wei.i..] 
 
 1. To boil with a continued bubbling or heaving 
 and rolling of the liquor, with noise. Broekctt. 
 
 2. To move in a rolling, cumbersome manner. 
 
 Forby. 
 
 WAL'LOP-ING, ppr. or a. Boiling with n heaving 
 
 and noise ; moving in a cumbersome manner. 
 WAL'LOW, (wol'lu,) ti. I. [Sax. wealwian; Sw. vHlf- 
 
 va ; Goth, walu^an : G. wahrn. The latter is the 
 
 Eng. welter, but of the same family ; L. tolro : Sp. 
 
 volrer ; Russ. ralyu, baliayu. This verb seems to be 
 
 connected with well, walk, &c.] 
 
 1. To roll one's body on the earth, in mire, or on 
 
 other sulwlnnre ; to tumble and roll iu water. Swine 
 
 teiMou) in the imro. 
 
 2. To move heavily and clumsily. 
 
 Part huge of bulk, 
 Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, 
 Tempest the ocean, [t/nueucl.] Millon. 
 
 3. To live in filth or gross vice ; as, man wallow- 
 ing in his native impurity. South. 
 
 WAL'LOW, V. t. To rull one's body. 
 
 11 au'oio thyself in asiies. — Jer. vi. 
 W.\L'LoW, 71. A kind of rolling walk. 
 WAL'LoW-BD, pp. Rolled in the inire. 
 WAL'LoW-ER, n. One that rolls in mire. 
 
 2. A wheel that turivs the trundle-head in a mill. 
 W.\L'LoW-ING, ppr. Rolling the body on any 
 tiling. 
 
 WALL'-PEL'LI-TO-RY, 7i. A plant, Parietaria of- 
 ficinalis, growing on old tvalls, &c., in Europe ; for- 
 merly esteemed medicinal. P. Cyc. 
 
 WALL'-PLaTE, II. A piece of timber placed hor- 
 izontally upon a wall, on which joists, &c., rest. 
 
 WALL'Fv.OE, 71. An herb, Asplenium ruta-muraria. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 W.\L'NUT, 71. [D. walnoot; Sax. walh, foreign, and 
 hnnta, nut. The Germans call it walschc nujs, Welsh 
 nut, that is, foreign or Celtic nut.] 
 
 A tree, and its fruit, of the genus Juglans. This 
 genus comprehends six species, of which three are 
 natives of the United States, viz., Juglans nigra, or 
 black walnut, J. cinerea, or butternut, and J. Fra.x- 
 inifolia or ash-leaved walnut. Juglans regia, Per- 
 sian walnut, is cultivated in America. J. pterocarpa 
 grows on Mount Caucasus, and J. baccata in Jamai- 
 ca and Hispaniola. 
 
 In America there are several species of Carya or 
 hickory called by this name. 
 
 W.\L'RUS, n. [G. wall, as in wallflsch, a whale, and 
 ross, a horse.] 
 
 The morse, sea-e'ephant, sea-horse, or sea-cow, an 
 amphibious, carnivorous mammal, inhabiting the arc- 
 tic seas. It is the Trichecus Rosmarus, the only spe- 
 cies of its genus. It surpasses the largest ox in size, 
 attaining to the length of twenty feet. It is covered 
 with short, yellowish hair. It is sought for on ac- 
 count of its oil and tusks, the ivory of which, though 
 rough-grained, is employed in the arts. The skin is 
 used fttr coach-braces. The seals are the only utiier 
 amphibious luainiiials at present known. Cuvier. 
 
 WAL'TROX, 71. Another name of the walrus. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 WALTZ, 71. [Ger. wal-.en.] A German national 
 diince, and also the species of music by which it is 
 accompanied. 
 
 WALTZ, V. i. To dance a waltz. 
 
 WALTZ'ER, 71. A person who waltzes. 
 
 WALTZ'ING, 71. The act of dancing a waltz. 
 
 WAM'BLE, (wom'bl,) i'. 1. [D. wemelen; Dan. uotti- 
 ler; Sw. vamjas.] 
 
 To be disturbed with nausea ; as, a aamilinir stom- 
 ach. [ yulirar.] VEstrange. 
 
 WAM'BLE-eROP-P£D, (-krcpt,) a. Sick at the 
 stomach. [Vulgar.] 
 
 WA.M-PEE', 71. A tree of the genus Cookia, and its 
 fruit. The fruit is about the size of a pigeon's egg, 
 grows in bunches, and is much esteemed in China. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 WAM'PU.M, 71. Small beads made of different colored 
 shells, used by the North American Indians as mon- 
 ey, and also wrought into belts, &.C., as an ornament. 
 
 7V«m4ii//. 
 
 WAN, a. [Sa.x. wan, wann, deficient ; wanion, to fail, 
 toiciinc; wan, pale, that is, deficient in coloA; allied 
 probably to laiii. Ciu. W. gaan, weak, and gwyn, 
 white. The primary sense is, to withdraw or de- 
 part.] 
 
 Pale ; having a sickly hue ; languid of look. 
 
 Sivd to view, his visa^' pale and i«ln. Spenser. 
 ^^■hy so p.ale antt lijan, loud lover i Suckling. 
 
 WAN, for Won ; pret. of Win. [OAs.] 
 W.^ND, (wond,) n. [D. caaTirf.l 
 
 1. A small stick ; a rod. If a child runs away, a 
 few strokes of a wand will bring him back. 
 
 2. A stair of authority ; as, a silver wand. 
 
 Millon. 
 
 3. A rod used by conjurers or diviners. 
 
 Picus bore a bucVIer in liis hand ; 
 
 Ills other waved a long divini.ng wand. Dryden. 
 
 WAN'DER, ti. I. [Sax. wandrian; D. wnndelrn, to 
 walk ; G. wandeln, to wander, to walk, to change, 
 exchange, or transform ; Sw. vanda, to turn : randra, 
 to wamler; n:\n.randler, to walk, to wander, to 
 trade ; vandcl, behavior, deportment, conversatitui ; 
 It. andare, Sp. and Port, andar, to go ; Sans, andara, 
 a wanderer.] 
 
 1. To rove ; to ramble here .and there without any 
 certain course or object in view ; as, to wander over 
 the fields ; to wander about the town, or about the 
 country. Men may sometimes wander for amuse- 
 ment or exercise. Persons sometimes wander be- 
 cause lliey have no home and arc wretched, and 
 sometimes because they have no occupation. 
 
 They wnnilered alioul In sheep-skins and gval-skius. — Ucb. xi. 
 He teandereth ntjrtiad for lirroii. — Job sv. 
 He was vamttring in the (l< ld. — Ueli. xxsvli. 
 
 PATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PEfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1246 
 
WAN 
 
 2. To leivve home ; to depart ; to migrate. 
 
 Whoii (toil ciiusoil ino to vatuler from my frttlier'f house. — 
 U. ii. XX. 
 
 3. Til (lep.'irt from the subject in discussion ; as, to 
 wander from the point. 
 
 •1. In a moral snt.ie, to stray ; to deviate ; to depart 
 from duty or rectitude. 
 
 0. Icl me not wnntUr from Ihy commantimrntt. — Pi. cxix. 
 
 5. To be delirious ; not to bo under the guidance of 
 reason ; as, llie miiid wanders. 
 WAN'DEK, V. t. To travel over without a certain 
 course. 
 
 Waritlering many a famoul re.-ilm. {Elliptical.] Milton. 
 
 VVAN'DKR-f;i), pp. Kamblcd ; traveled over roving- 
 ly ; deviali'd from duty. 
 
 VVaN'DKR-EK, 11. A rambler; one that roves; one 
 tiiat deviates from duty. 
 
 W.XN'DlCR-I.XfJ, ppr. or a. Roving; rambling; de- 
 viatin;; from duty. 
 
 W.\N'DEK-I.\(;, n. Peregrination ; n traveling with- 
 out a settled course. 
 
 ?. Aberration; niLstaken way ; deviation from rec- 
 titude ; as, a wandering from duty. 
 
 3. A roving of the mind or thoughts from the point 
 or business in which one ought to be engaged. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 4. The roving of the mind in a dream. 
 .">. The roving of the mind in delirium. 
 
 G. Jjucertaintv ; want of being fixeil. Locke. 
 WAN'I)ER-ING-LY, aJij. In a wandering or un- 
 
 sieadv m:inner. Taylor. 
 \V.\N-i)ER-00', n. A b.ihoon of Ceylon and Mala- 
 bar, the Mac.acus silenus of I,acepede. It has a lung 
 beard or mane of a grayish or whitish color sur- 
 rounding the face. P. Cijc. Jardine. 
 W^ND'Y, a. Long and flexible, like a wand. 
 
 Briickelt. 
 
 VVa.N'E, v. i. [Sax. wanian, to fail, fall otT, or de- 
 crease.) 
 
 1. To be diminished ; to decrease ; particularly 
 applied to the illuniiiiated part of the moon. We 
 say, the moon wanes, that is, the visible or illunii- 
 nati'd part decreases. 
 
 H'ani/ig moons tlvir fietllcil ptTiod* keep. Addison. 
 
 2. To decline ; to fail ; to sink ; as, the icaniiirrage 
 of life. 
 
 You saw but sorrow In its waning form. Dryden. 
 Land and trade ever will wax and iMne toother. Child. 
 
 IViNE, V. U To cause to decrease. [Obs. ] 
 
 B. Jonson, 
 
 VVSNE, n. Decrease of the illuminated part of the 
 moon to thi? eye of a spectator. 
 
 2. Decline ; failure ; diiniitution ; decrease ; de- 
 clension. 
 
 You are cost upon an nge ir>u*hich die churctt is in i 
 
 South. 
 
 WAN'ED, pp. Caused to decrease ; diminished. 
 VVANO, n. [Sax. wantr, weng, wong.'] 
 
 1. The jaw, jaw-bone, or cheek-bone. [Little 
 used, or vulgar.] 
 
 2. The latcliet of a shoe. (Sax. sceo-lhwang, shoe- 
 thong.l [Aut 111 use.'] 
 
 WAN-<;EE', n. A species of tough, flexible cane, im- 
 ported from China, sometimes called the Japan Cane. 
 
 McCulloch. 
 
 WANG'-TOOTH, n. A jaw-tooth. Cijc. 
 W.XN'liaPE, 71. Want of hope. [Kot used.] 
 VVAN'UORN, II. A plant of the genus Kajinpferia. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 Wa.\'I.\G, ppr. Decreasing; failing; declining. 
 
 WAXK'LE, (wonk'l,) a. Weak; unstable; not to be 
 ilepended on. Orose, 
 
 WAN'I.Y, adv. In a pale manner; palely. 
 
 W.\\'NKD, a. M.ide wan or pale Shak. 
 
 WAN'NE.^S, n. Paleness ; a sallow, dead, pale col- 
 or ; as, the wanness of the cheeks after a fever. 
 
 WAN'NlSH,a. Somewhat wan ; of a pale hue. 
 
 Fairfaz. 
 
 WANT, (waunt,) n. [Sax. wan, supra; iraiiian, .to 
 fail ; Goth, tcoii, deliciency, want. This seems to be 
 primarily a participle of wane.] 
 
 1. Deficiency; defect, the absence of that which 
 is necessary or useful ; as, a icaii^ of power or knowl- 
 edge for any purpose ; want of food and clothing. 
 The want of money is a common want. 2 Cor. 
 viii. ix. 
 
 Prom having wishes in consequence of our watitt, we oflen feel 
 u<inls in cuim^ucncc of our wishes. Rambler. 
 
 2. Need ; necessity ; the effect of deficiency. 
 Pride is as loud a l«^gJa^ as uanl, and more saucjr. I\ankUn. 
 
 3. Poverty ; penury ; indigence. 
 
 Nothing is so han] for those who abound iu riches, as to conceive 
 how oiIkts cxrt be in tranl. Sir\/L 
 
 4. The state of not having. I can not write a let- 
 ter at present for want of time. 
 
 5. That which is not possessed, but is desired or 
 necessary for use or pleasure. 
 
 Habitual superfluities become actual uianu. Paley. 
 
 6. A mole. [Obs.] Heidin. 
 " A^T, (waunt,) r. t. To be destitute ; to be de- 
 
 WAN 
 
 ficicnt in ; not to have ; a word of general applica- 
 tion ; as, to want knowledge ; to waiif judgment ; to 
 want learning; lo want food and clothing; to wuiit 
 money. 
 
 2. 'i'o he defective or deficient in. Timber may 
 want strength or soliility to answer its purpose. 
 
 3. To fall short ; not to ciuitaiii or have. The 
 sum wants a dollar of the amount of debt. 
 
 Nor ttiiiilt, tiiouf;)! men were none, 
 
 'I'hiit heaven would aant sjic-ctaton, God want praise. MUlon. 
 
 4. 'J'o be without. 
 
 Tlip unliappy never uanl enemies. Richardson. 
 
 5. Tt> need ; to have occasion for, as useful, proper, 
 or reijuisito. Our inannurs want correction. In win- 
 ter we want a fire ; in summer we want cooling 
 brei'/.es. We all icuiit more public spirit and more 
 virtue. 
 
 li. To wish for; to desire. Every man want* a lit- 
 tle prctiminence over his neighbor. Many want that 
 which they can not obtain, and which, if they could 
 obtain, would certainly ruin them. 
 
 What wants my son 1 Addison. 
 
 WANT, (waunt,) i>. i. To be deficient ; not to be suf- 
 ficient. 
 
 Am in bodies, thus in souls, we 6nd 
 
 Wh.it wants in blood and spirits, swelled with wind. Pops. 
 
 2. To fail ; to be deficient ; to bo lacking. 
 
 No time shall fun] me ti?antin^ to my truth. Dryden. 
 
 3. To be missed ; not to be jiresent. The jury was 
 full, wanting one. 
 
 4. To fall short ; to be lacking. 
 
 Twelve, wanting one, he slew. Dryden. 
 WANT' .ACE, 71. Deficiency; th.at which is wanting. 
 WANT'EI), pp. Needed ; desired. 
 WANT'ING, ppr. Needing; lacking; desiring. 
 
 2. (1. Absent ; deficient. One of the twelve is 
 wanting. We have the means, but the application is 
 wanting. 
 
 3. Slack ; deficient. I shall not be wanting in ex- 
 ertion. 
 
 WANT'LESS, a. Having no want ; abundant ; fruit- 
 ful. tVarncr. 
 
 W.VN'TON, a. [W. gwantan, apt to run off, variable, 
 fickle, wanton ; gwantu, to thrust, to sever; allied 
 probably to wander.] 
 
 1. Wandering or roving in gayety or sport ; sport- 
 ive ; frolicsome; darting asiile, or one way and the 
 other. IVantvn boys kill flies for sport. 
 
 Note a wild and inanlon herd. Shak. 
 
 2. Jloving or flying loosely ; playing in the wind. 
 
 She 
 
 Her unadomcl golden tresses wore 
 
 Oiahcveleii, but in wanton ringli-ts waved. Milton. 
 
 3. Wandering from moral rectitude ; licentious ; 
 dissuliilc ; indulging in sensuality without restraint; 
 as, men grown icanlvn by prosperity. Roscommon. 
 
 My plenteous joys. 
 Wanton in I'ullneas. Shak. 
 
 4. More appropriately, deviating from the rules of 
 chastity ; lewd ; lustful ; lascivious ; libidinous. 
 
 Thou arl frowartl by nature, enemy lo peace, 
 I.itscivious, wanton. Shak. 
 Ye have lived in pleasure on the earth, and been wanton. — 
 James v. 
 
 5. Disposed to unchastity ; indicating wantonness. 
 Isa. iii. 
 
 C. Loose ; unrestrained ; running to excess. 
 
 How does your tongue grow tcanlon in her praise I Addison. 
 
 7. Luxuriant ; overgrown. 
 
 What we by <lay lop overgrown, 
 One ni*ht or two wiUi tMinlon growth deride*. 
 Tending to wild. Milton. 
 
 8. Extravagant ; as, wanton dress. Milton. 
 
 9. Not regular ; not turned or formed with regu- 
 larity. 
 
 The quaint mazes in the wanton green. Milton. 
 WAN'TON, n. A lewd person ; a lascivious man or 
 woman. South. Shak. 
 
 2. A trifler ; an insignificant flutterer. Sliak. 
 
 3. A word of slight endearment. 
 
 Pence, my wanlon. [Little used.] B. Jonson. 
 
 W.\N'TON, V. i. To rove and ramble without re- 
 straint, rule, or limit ; to revel ; to play loosely. 
 Nature here 
 
 Wantoned as in her prime. Milton. 
 Her g.'lden tresses tMsnfon in the wind. Anon. 
 
 2. To ramble in lewdness ; lo play Lasciviously. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 3. To move briskly and irregularly. 
 WAN'TO.\-ING, ppr. Roving; flying loosely ; play- 
 
 ini without restraint ; indulging in licentiousness. 
 VV.ekN'TO.\-IZE, V. i. To behave wantonly. [JVot 
 in use.] 
 
 VV.\N'TON-LY, adr. Loosely ; without regularitv or 
 restraint ; sportively ; g.ayly ; playfully ; lasciviou'sly. 
 \VA.\'TON-NESS, n. Sportiveiiess ; gayety ; frolic- 
 somencss ; wagger>'. 
 
 As sad as ni^hl 
 Only for t^anlonncss. Shak. 
 
 WAR 
 
 2. Licentiousness; negligence of restraint. 
 
 The tumults threatened lo abuso alt ecu of grace, and turn 'hem 
 iiitu wantonness. K. Charles. 
 
 3. Lasciviousness ; lewdness, Rom. xiW. 2 Prt. ii. 
 WAN'I''-WIT, n, [wanf and wit.] One destitute of 
 
 wit or sense; a fool. [J^ot in much use.] Shak. 
 
 WAN'TY, n. [D. wanf, cordage, tackling. Clu.] 
 
 A broad strap of leather, used for binding a load 
 upon the hack of a beast. [Local.] 'I'ussir. 
 
 WAl"A-f IJT, 71. The spotted owl of Hudson's Hay, 
 Sirix Wapaciitliu, a noctiirnul accipitrine bird o( 
 P'ey, about two feet long. 
 
 Wa'PFA), (wapt,) a. [from the root of L. vnpulo, to 
 strike, and aiohap, whap, whit!h the common people 
 in New England use and pronounce whop,] 
 
 Dejected ; cast down ; crushed by misery. [JVof 
 in use.] Shak. 
 
 W.\P'E.\-TAKE, j n. [Sax. wiepen-tnc ; but it is rather 
 
 WAP'EN-TAC, i Gothic, as this divisiim of a 
 county was peculiar to the northern counties; w<r- 
 jicn, a weapon, and tac, lace, touch; Goth, tekan. 
 (See Touch.) This name had its origin in a custom 
 of touching lances or spears when the hundrcder or 
 ;hief entered on his otticc. "Cum quis accipieb.at 
 prajfectiiram wapentachii, die staliito in loco ubi 
 consueverant congregari, omiies majores iiatn contra 
 eum conveniebant, et descendentc eo de equu suo, 
 omncs assiirgebant ei. Ipse vero erecta lancea sua, 
 ab omnibus secundum morcin fiediis accipiebat ; 
 onines enim qiiotqiiot vcnisseiit cum lanceis suis ip- 
 siiis hastain langehant, et ila se confirinabant per 
 contactuui arinorum, pace palam concessa. Wiepnti 
 enim anna sonat ; tac, tactus est — hac de causa 
 totus illo conventus dicitur Wapmtac, eo quod per 
 tacttim arinorum suonini ad invtcem confitderati 
 sunt." /./,. Kdward Confessor, 33. Wtlkins. 
 
 hye seems to doubt this explanation of the word 
 wapentac, because the word tac is not found in the 
 Saxon. He seems not to have considered that the 
 word is known only in the north of EngKand, where 
 the Giilhic dialects prevailed ; and surely the word 
 niiist have been understood in the age of Edward 
 the Confessor.] 
 
 In some northern counties of England, a division 
 or district, answering to the IIunoreo or Cantred 
 in oilier counties. Yorkshire is divided into wapen- 
 takes, instead of hundreds. The name was first 
 given to the meeting, supra. 
 
 Selilen. Blarkstone. Wilkins. 
 
 WAP'IN-SCHAW, 71. An exhibition of arms, accord- 
 ing to the rank of the individual, made at certain 
 seasons in each district. [Scottish.] Jainieson. fV. Scott, 
 
 WAP'I-TI, 71. This word is iisetl in books for the 
 North American stag, (Cervus Canadensis.) But in 
 America, the animal is incorrectly called Elk. The 
 true elk is the Cervus Alces, often called .Moose. 
 
 WAPP, n. In a ship, the rope with which the shrouds 
 are set taught in wale-knots. Ctjc. 
 
 WAP'PE, II. A species of cur, said to be so called 
 from his voice. His only use is to alarm the family 
 by barking, when any person approaches the house. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 WAP'PEN-£D, a. The wappened widow, in Tiinon 
 of Athens, is one who, though her charms have 
 been enjoyed by another, can wed again because she 
 has gold. Stuens. 
 
 WAP'PER, 71. A fish ; a name given by some to the 
 smaller species of the river gudgeon. Cyc. 
 
 WAR, (waur,) n. [Sax. war; Fx. guerre ; It. Sp. and 
 Port, gurrra ; D. warren, to quarrel, wrangle, entan- 
 gle ; Dan. rirrrr ; G. verwirren, to perplex, embroil, 
 ilisturb. The primary sense of the root is, to strive, 
 struggle, urge, drive, or to turn, to twist.] 
 
 1, A contest between nations or states, carried on 
 by force, cither for defense, or for revenging insults 
 and redressing wrongs, n>r the extension of com- 
 merce or acquisition of territory, or for obtaining and 
 establishing the superiority and dominion of one over 
 the other. These objects are accomplished by the 
 slaughter or capture of troops, and the capture and 
 destruction of ships, towns, and property. Among 
 rude nations, war is often waged and carried on for 
 plunder. As war is the contest of nations or states, 
 it alw.ays implies that such contest is authorized by 
 the monarch or the sovereign power of the nation. 
 When war is commenced by attacking a nation in 
 peace, it is called an offrn.fice war, and such attack 
 is aggressive. When war is undertaken to repel in- 
 vasion or the attacks of an enemy, it is called defen- 
 sive, and a defensive war is considered as justifiable. 
 Very few of the wars that have desolated nations 
 and deluged the earth with blood, have been justifia- 
 ble. Happy would it be for mankind, if the preva- 
 lence of Christian principles might ultiinalely extin- 
 guish the spirit of war, and if the ambition to be 
 great, might yield to the ambition of being good. 
 
 2. In poetical language, instniments of war. 
 
 His complement of storvs, and total isor. Prior. 
 
 3. Poeticallij, forces ; army. 
 
 O'er the erobnldeil ranks the waves return, 
 
 And ovcrwh'-Im their war. 
 
 truttm. 
 
 TCNE, BJJLL, IGNITE — AN'GEK, VfCIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1247 
 
WAR 
 
 4. Tlie profession of arms ; art of war ; as, a fierce 
 man of war. Is. ii. WisJum. 
 
 5. Hostility ; state of opposition or contest ; act of 
 opposition. Skak. 
 
 6. Enmity ; disposition to contention. 
 
 The worb of his mouth were »mooUier Uiaii bulter, bul leor was 
 ill his he.irt. — Pa. It. 
 
 Man-of-war; in naval affairs, a national ship of 
 large size, armed and ecjuipped for attack or de- 
 fense. 
 
 Hohj war; a crusade ; a war undertaken to deliver 
 the Holy Land, or Judea, fruni infiilels. These /wty 
 wars were carried on by most unlioly means. 
 WAR, r. i. To make war ; to invade or attack a na- 
 tion or state witli force of arms ; to carry on hostili- 
 ties ; or to be in a state of contest by violence. 
 
 He Ie:tchelh my h^nds to iKlr. — 2 Sam. xxii. 
 
 Ami ihev tcarred a^.tinst tlie Midianitps — Num. xxxi. 
 
 Why shioia I uMr without the walls of Troy ! Shak. 
 
 2. To contend ; to strive violently ; to be in a state 
 of opposition. 
 
 Lusls which irar against the sotll. — I PeL ii. 
 
 WAR, V. t. To make war upon ; as, to war the Scot. 
 [S-ot used.'] 
 2. To carry on a contest. 
 
 That thou mightest war a good warfare. — I Tim. i. 
 
 WAR'-BeAT, ) a. [war and beat.} Worn down 
 WAR'-BeAT-EX, i in war. J. Barlow. 
 
 WAR'-BE-ReAV'£D, a. Bereaved by war. 
 
 Hoicitt, 
 
 WAR'BLE, (wor'bl,) v. t. [Gr. wirbcln, to turn, 
 wliirl, warble ; iririe/, a whirl, a vortex ; wirbelbein, 
 a turning-bone or joint, L. vertebra ; Dan. kcirvler, 
 Eng. to icliirl. These words are all of one family ; 
 L. verto, Eng. veer, vary, &,c.] 
 
 1. To quaver a sound or the voice ; to modulate 
 with turns or variations. Certain birds are remark- 
 able for warbling their songs. 
 
 2. To cause to quaver. 
 
 And touch the icarbled strine. Milton. 
 
 3. To utter musically ; to be modulated. 
 
 If she be right invoked with tearbled song. 
 Warbling sweet the nuptial lay. 
 
 Trumbull. 
 
 WAR'BLE, V. i. To be quavered or modulated. 
 
 Such strains ne'er warble in the linnet's throat. Gatf. 
 
 2. To be uttered melodiously ; as, warbling lays. 
 For warbling notes from inward cheering fluw. Sidney. 
 
 3. To sing. 
 
 Binls on the branches aarbting. . Milton. 
 WAR'BLE, n. A quavering modulation of the voice ; 
 
 a song. Gray. 
 WAR'BLED, pp. Quavered; modulated; uttered 
 
 musically. 
 
 WAR'BLER, n. A singer; a songster; used of 
 birds. 
 
 In lullin* EtiTuns the feathered iflar6.'er* woo. Ticket. 
 2. The common name of a genus of small birds, 
 (Sylvia,) comprising most of the smtdl woodland song- 
 sters of Europe and North America. They feed on 
 insects, and are very lively and active, 'riie blue- 
 bird is arranged by some as a species of the genus. 
 
 Ell. Encrjc. ff^tlson. 
 WAR'BLES, (wor'blz,) n. In farriery, small, hard 
 tumors on the backs of horses, occasioned by the 
 heat of the saddle in traveling, or by the uneasiness of 
 its situation ; also, small tumors produced by the lar- 
 vas of the gadHv, in the b.icks of horses, cattle, &c. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 WAR'BLIN'G, ppr. Quavering the voice; modu- 
 lating notes ; singing. 
 
 2. o. Filled with musical notes ; as, the warbling 
 glade. Trumbull. 
 
 WAR'BLI.VG, n. The act of sh.iking or modulating 
 notes : singing. 
 
 WAK'BLING-LY, adv. In a warbling manner. 
 
 WAK'-eOU.V-CIL, 71. A council of war. 
 
 WARD, in composition, as in toward, homeward, is the 
 Sax. wrard, from the root of L. verto, &,c. It corre- 
 Hponds to the L. versiLs. ^ 
 
 WARD, (waurd,) v. t. [Sax. treardian; Sw. varda; 
 Dan. ricrirrr ; probably from Sax. warian, wrrian ; 
 Goth, wnryan ; I), wccrcn, to defend, guard, prevent ; 
 W. gwaru, to fend ; allied to wary, airare ; Fr. /rar- 
 drr, for guarder. It. ffiiardare, Sp. iruardar. 'i'hc pri- 
 mary Hcnsc 19, to repel, to keep off ; hence, to stop; 
 hence, to defend by repelling or other means.] 
 
 1. To guard ; to keep in safety ; to watch. 
 Wh<»e ett' I h'r found tut shut, no living wighl 
 
 To irarrf tl,.; r>,.Mi.-. Sprnter. 
 
 [In this sense, ward Is obsolete, as we have adopted 
 the French of the same word, to fruard, ^Ve now 
 nirver apply ward to the thing to Im- defended, bul al- 
 ways to the thing against which it is to he defended. 
 We ward off a blow or dagger, and we ^uard a per- 
 «on or pliH i'.] 
 
 2. To defend ; to protect. 
 
 T>-II him it wns a hand that uarded him 
 
 From thuuMod djinfn. ShaJc. 
 
 [Oht.] [See the remark, Bupra.] 
 
 WAR 
 
 3. To fend off ; to repel ; to turn aside any thing 
 iniscI)ievou;9 that approaches. 
 
 Now ward* falling blow, now Btrikes again. Daniel. 
 
 The pointed Weliii warded ojfhis, rage. Addisun. 
 Il iiisirucLs f -> Bcliol:\r in the v^mous methods of warding qff the 
 
 force of jjeciions. Walts. 
 
 [This is the present use of ward. Totcardoff Ss 
 now the more general expression j nor can I, with 
 Johnson, think ii less elegiant.] 
 WARD, (waurd,) c. i. To be vigilant ; to keep guard. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 2. To act on the defensive with a weapon. 
 
 She drove the stran^r to no other shift, than to xeard and go 
 
 Uiclt. Sidt^ey, 
 And on their varding arms li^ht bucklers bear. JJryden. 
 
 WARD, n. Watch ; act of guarding. 
 
 Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. Spenser. 
 
 2. Garrison; troops to defend a fort; as, small 
 wards left in forts. [JVwt in use.] Spenser. 
 
 3. Guard made by a weapon in fencing. 
 
 For want of other ward. 
 He lifted up his hand liis front to guard. Dryden. 
 
 4. A fortress ; a strong hold. Shak. 
 
 5. One whose business is to guard, watch, and de- 
 fenil ; as, a fire-ward. 
 
 6. A certain district, division, or quarter of a town 
 or city, committed to an alderman. There are twen- 
 ty-six wards in London. 
 
 7. Custody ; confinement under guard. Pharaoh 
 ptit his butler and baker in ward. Gen. xl. 
 
 8. A minor or person under the care of a guardian. 
 See Blackstone's chapter on the rights and duties of 
 guardian and ward. 
 
 9. The state of a child under a guardian. 
 
 I must attend his majesty's commands, to whom 1 am now in 
 icard. Shak. 
 
 10. Guardianship ; right over orphans. 
 
 It is inconvenient in Ireland, that the leards and marriages of jen- 
 tlemen's children should be in the dis|)oeal of any of those 
 lords. Spenser. 
 
 11. The division of a forest. 
 I'X The division of a hospital. 
 
 13. A part of a lock which corresponds to its prop- 
 er kev. 
 
 WARD'ED, pp. Guarded. 
 
 hoarded off; prevented from attacking or injuring. 
 WARD'£N, 71. .A keeper; a guardian. 
 
 2. An olficer who keeps or guards ; a keeper ; as, 
 the warden of the Fleet or Fleet prison. 
 
 3. A large pear. 
 
 Warden of the cinque ports ; in England, an officer 
 who has the jurisdiction of the cinque ports, with a 
 salary of £3000 a year. Brande. 
 Warden uf a aillege, is the master or president. 
 WARD'£N-SHIP, ( n. The office or jurisdiction of a 
 WARD'£N-RY, i warden. 
 WARD'ER, 7!. A keeper ; a guard. 
 
 Tlie warders of the gate. Dryden. 
 
 2. A truncheon by which an officer of arms forbade 
 fight. Shak. 
 
 Wardens of the Totcer ; officers who attend state 
 prisoners. 
 
 WARD'I.N'G, ppr. Guarding; defending. 
 
 WARD'-MoTE, n. [ward and Sax. 7n£j(c, meeting.] 
 In London, a meeting of the ward ; also, a court of 
 the ward, whose province is to present defaults in 
 matters relating to the watch, [mlice, &c. 
 
 P. Cyc. Brande. 
 
 WARD'RoBE, n. [ward and robe; Fr. garde-robe.] 
 
 1. .\ room or apartment where clothes or wearing 
 apparel is kept. 
 
 2. A portable closet for hanging up clothes. 
 
 3. Wearing apparel in general. 
 WARD'ROO.NI, 7t. [ward and room.] In a ship, a 
 
 room over the gunroom, where the lieutenants and 
 other principal officers sleep and mess. JIar. Diet. 
 WARD'SIIIP, n. Guardianship ; care and j)rotection 
 oi' a ward. 
 
 2. Right of guardianship. 
 
 Wardship is incident to tenure in socage. Blaekstone. 
 
 3. Pupilage ; slate of being under a guardian. 
 
 AT. Charles. 
 
 WARD'-STAFF, 7t. A constable's or watchman's 
 staff. 
 
 WARE, prct. of Wiab. [Obs.] [It is now written 
 Wore.] 
 
 WARE, a. [Sax. war; Dan. r<rr. It belongs to the 
 root of ward. We never use ware by itself ; hut we 
 use il in iiware, beware, and in wary. Il was formerly 
 in use.] 
 
 1. Being in expectation of; provided against. 2 
 Tim. iv. 
 
 2. Wary ; cautious. Milton. 
 WARE, t). i. To take heed of. 
 
 Then ware a rising lemiK'st on Uie main. [O&i.] Dryden. 
 [We now use ilEvrARs as a single word, though 
 in fact it is not.] 
 WARE, ». t \n .iramanship. See Wear, No. 5. 
 WARE, n. ; pi. Warks. [Sax. ware; D. waar; G. 
 waare ; Sw. I'flra ; Dan. rare.] 
 Goods ; conmiodities ; merchandise ; usually in the 
 
 WAR 
 
 plum but we say, China ware, earthen ware, pot- 
 ters .rare. It was formerly used in the singular, and 
 mn . be so used siill. 
 
 L.et the dark shop commend the loare. Cteaceland. 
 Sea ware ; a marine plant, a species of Fucus. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 WaRE'FIJL, a. [from icare, war)'.] Wary; watch- 
 ful ; cautious. [JVut used.] 
 
 WaRE'FUL-NESS, n. Wariness ; cautiousness. 
 [Obs.] • 
 
 WARE'HOUSE, n. [ware a.nii house.] A storehouse 
 
 for goods. Addison. 
 WaRE'IIOUSE, ( houz,) v. U To deposit or secure 
 
 in a warehouse. 
 2. To place in the warehouse of the government 
 
 or custom-house stores, to be kept until duties are 
 
 paid. 
 
 WARE'HOUS-ED, (-houzd,) pp. Placed in a store 
 
 for safe keeping. 
 WARE'IIOUS-IXG, ppr. Repositing in a store for 
 
 safe keeping. 
 
 WaRE'HOUS-ING, n. The act of placing goods in 
 a warehouse, or in a custom-house store. 
 
 Warehousing system ; an arrangement for lodging 
 imported articles in the custom-house stores, without 
 payment of duties, until they are taken out for home 
 consumption. If reexported, they are not charged 
 with a duty. P. Cyc. 
 
 WaRE'LES'S, a. Unwary ; incautious. [ Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. Suffered unawares. [Obs.] 
 WARE'LY, aJo. Cautiously. [Obs.] [See Warily.] 
 WAR'FaRE, 71. [war and fare. Sax. faran, to go.] 
 
 1. Military service; military life; war. 
 
 The Philistines gathered their armies for war/are. — I Sam. 
 xxviii. 
 
 2. Contest ; struggle with spiritual enemies. 
 
 The weapons of our war/are .are not carnal. — 2 Cor. X. 
 
 WAR'FaRE, v. i. To lead a military life ; to carry 
 on continual wars. 
 
 In that credulous, i«ir/ann^ age. [Little used.] Camden. 
 
 WAR'FIeLD, 71. Field of war or battle. 
 
 WAR'HA-BLE, a. [war and L. habdis.] 
 
 Fit for war. [JVoI in use.] Spenser. 
 
 WAR'WHOOP, 71. [war and whoop.] The savage 
 j^ell of war; a yell uttered on entering into battle. 
 
 Wa'RI-LY, adv. [from wary.] Cautiously; with 
 timorous prudence or wise foresight. Great enter- 
 prises are to be conducted warily. Change of laws 
 should be warily proceeded in. Hooker. 
 
 WAR'INE, 71. A species of monkey of South Amer- 
 ica, belonging to the group of sapajous. 
 
 Diet. JVat. Hist. 
 
 Wa'RI-NESS, 71. Caution ; prudent care to foresee 
 and guard against evil. The road was so slippery, 
 and the danger so great, that we were obliged to 
 proceed with wariness. 
 
 To determine what are little things in religioij, great wariness is 
 to be used. Sprat. 
 
 WaR'ING, ppr. Turning a ship by her stern to the 
 wind. 
 
 WAR'-IN-SOR'ANCE, 7i. Insurance on vessels in 
 
 time of war, which enhances premiums. Jefferson. 
 WARK, 71. Work ; a building. Spenser. 
 
 [It is obsolete, except in Bulwark.] 
 WAR'LiKE, a. [war and like.] Fit for war; dis- 
 posed for war ; as, a warlike state. 
 
 Old Siward with ten thousand warlike men. Shak. 
 
 2. Mililarj' ; pertaining to war; as, warlike loil. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. Having a martial appearance. 
 
 4. Ihtving tbe appearance of war. 
 WAR'LlKE-XESS, ii. A warlike disposition o. char- 
 acter. [Little used.] Sandys. 
 
 WAR'LING, 71. One often quarreled with ; a word 
 coined, perhaps, to rhyme with darling. [JiTot in 
 use.] Camden. 
 WAR'LOCK, j 71. [ Wa-r-loga, in Saxon, signifies per- 
 WAR'LUCK, J fiilious, false to covenants. Q.u. Ice. 
 vard-lookr.] 
 
 .\ male witch ; a wizard. Dryden. 
 
 il^hU word is not in use.] 
 i.M, (w.iurin,) o. [Goth. D. and G. warm > Sax. 
 wcarm ; Sw. and Dan. varm ; Ant. L. forinus. This 
 word is probably a derivative from the root of L. 
 fcrveo, whence fcrmentum. Eng. barm. See Swarm.] 
 
 1. Having heat in a mt)derate tlegree ; not cold ; 
 as, warm blood ; warm milk. The flesh of living an- 
 imals is warm, if their bitiod is warm. But some ani- 
 mtils have not warm blood. 
 
 2. Subject to heat ; having prevalence of heat, or( 
 little or no winter; as, Iho warm clinnile of Eg)pt. 
 
 3. Zealous ; ardent ; as, to be warm in the cause 
 of our country or of religion. 
 
 Each wann wish springs mutual from the heart. Pope. 
 
 4. Habitually ardent nr passionate ; keen ; irrita- 
 ble ; as, a warm temper. 
 
 5. Easily excited or provoked ; irritable ; as, tcunii 
 passions. 
 
 G. Violent ; furious ; ns, a warm contest We 
 shall have irar77i work to-diiy. 
 
 FATE, FAR, PALL, WH^T — METE, PRBY PL\E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
 1248 
 
WAR 
 
 7. Busy in action ; boated in action ; anient, lie 
 warm in li^zht. 
 
 ti. FnnQifiil ; entliusiastic ; a^i, a warm Iiead. 
 
 y. Vigorous ; sprightly. 
 
 Now uyirm in youlli, now wilhirinj in lliy blouiii, 
 
 Lupl in tt coavf nl'ii soliufy gloom. Fope. 
 
 10. IVarm colors, in paintinir, arc those which have 
 yellow or yellow-red for llieir basis, and are opposed 
 to cold colors, whicil are blue and its compounds. 
 
 Jocflijn. 
 
 WARM, t". t. [Pan. iBcarmian ; Goth, warjiiijaii.] 
 "l. To coninninicate a moderate degree of lu at to ; 
 as, a stove aarms an apartment ; the sun in suuiuier 
 jcarms the earth, and gives life to vegetation. 
 
 2. To make engaged or earnest ; to interest ; to 
 engage ; to e.vrite ardor or zeal in j as, to warm the 
 liearl with love or zeal. 
 
 1 forin?rly tcarmed niy hc.id with rending controversial writings. 
 
 WAUM, r. i. To become moderately Iieated. The 
 earth soon icarms in a clear day in summer. 
 
 2. To become ardent or animated. The speaker 
 should warm as he proceeds in the argument, for as 
 he becomes animated, he excites more interest in his 
 au(iionce. 
 
 WAR.M'£D, pp. Moderately heated; made ardent; 
 excited. 
 
 WAR.M'-HEXRT-ED, a. Noting lively interest or 
 atlection ; cordial ; sincere ; hearty. 
 
 WAR.M'ING, ppr. Making nmdcrately hot; making 
 ardent or zealous. 
 
 WAR.M'li\G-PAN, n. [innrm and pan.] A covered 
 pan with a long handle, for warming a bed with ig- 
 nited roali. 
 
 VVAtt.M'l.VG-^To.VE, II. [warm anil slonc] A stone 
 diig in Cornwall, which retains heat a groat while. 
 
 liaij. 
 
 WARM'I.Y, ado. With gentle heat. J\rilt„n. 
 2. Eagerly ; earnestly ; ardenlly ; as, to espouse 
 warml(i the cause of Bible societies. 
 WAR.M'NESS, j n. Gentle heat; as, the warmth of 
 VVAR.MTII, j the blood. 
 
 2. A state of lively and excited interest ; zeal ; 
 ardor ; fervor ; as, the tcarmlh of love or of piety. 
 
 3. Earnestness; eagerness. The cause of the 
 Greeks has been espoused with warmth by all parties 
 in free countries. 
 
 4. Some degree of anger or rcsenlmcnt ; excite- 
 ment ; animation ; as, the warmth of passion. The 
 preacher declaimed with great warmth against the 
 vices of the age. 
 
 5. Fancifulness ; enthusiasm ; as, warmth of head. 
 
 Temple. 
 
 6. In painlinfr, that glowing effect which arises 
 from the use of warm colors, [see Warm,] and also 
 from the use of transparent colors, in the process of 
 glazing; opposed to le;^len coldness. Jucctijn. 
 
 WAR.V, (waurn,) v. U [Sax. warnian; Sw. varna ; 
 6. uarneii ; formed on the root of ware, wary, Sax. 
 warian. This i.s our garnish, as used in law, Norm. 
 garuisher; a\so garner, for guarner, to warn, to ad- 
 monish or give notice.] 
 
 1. To give notice of approaching or probable dan- 
 ger or evil, that it may be avoided ; to caution against 
 any thing that may prove injurious. 
 
 Jtltnrnn trtzrrt* tlie DauillAn diicf 
 
 or Laitsufi' dAnf^-T. Dnjtlen. 
 Biiag iMrned l>y Ciod in a drc;\ni, that th''y shouUI not rcnirn to 
 
 Ili?m<!, they departed into tlioirown country another wav, — 
 
 M.ilt. ii. 
 
 2. To caution against evil practices. 1 Thcss. v. 
 
 3. To admonish of any duty. 
 
 Cornfliiia — waa trarrud from Oi-d by a holy ang«'I to ecnd for 
 Uiee. — Acta x. 
 
 4. To inform previously ; to give notice to. Shak. 
 
 * Warned of tlic cn«nin» lijlit. Dn/Jen. 
 
 5. To notify by authority ; to summon ; as, to 
 warn the citizens to meet on a certain day ; to icarii 
 soldiers to appear on parade. 
 
 6. To ward olf. [A'ot in vsc.'j Spenser. 
 WARS' ED, pp. Cautioned against danger; admon- 
 ished of approaching evil ; notified. 
 
 WAR.N'ER, 11. An admonishcr. 
 
 VVARN'ING, ppr. Cautioning against danger; ad- 
 monishing; giving notice to ; summoning to meet or 
 appear. 
 
 WAR.N'I.VG, n. Caution against danger, or against 
 faults or evil practices which incur danger. 
 
 Could toarniitg nialte tlie world mor.' just or wise, Dryden. 
 Hear til" worl at niy luouUi, and give them earning from me. 
 — Ezck. iii. 
 
 2. Previous notice ; as, a short warning. Fie had a 
 month's warninfr. Driiiten. 
 
 VVAR'-OF-FICE, n. An office in which the military 
 aifiiirs of a country are superintended and managed. 
 
 Warp, (waurp,) «. [Sax. wcarp ; D werp, a cast or 
 tlirow. See the verb.] 
 
 1. In manufaciurcs, tne threads which are extended 
 lengthwise in the loom, and crossed by the woof. 
 
 2. In osAip, a rope employed in drawing, towing, 
 or removing a ship or boat ; a towing-line. 
 
 Mar. Dirt. 
 
 3. In agriculture, a slimy substance deposited on 
 
 WAR 
 
 land by marine tides, by wliich u rich alluvial soil is 
 formed. [Local.] Lyell. 
 
 ■I. In coKJji, n premature casting of the young. [See 
 the verb ] [Local.] 
 WARP, V. I. [Sax. v>eorj)an, wurpan, wyrpan, to throw, 
 to return ; G. werfen, to cast or throw, to wlielji ; 1). 
 werpen, to throw or fling, to whelp, kitten, or litter ; 
 Dan. vwrper, to lay eggs ; varper, to low ; S«'. vdrpii, 
 to lay eggs ; Ir. and Gaelic, yinruKi, to bend, twist, in- 
 cline.] 
 
 1. To turn, twist, or be twisted out of a straight 
 direction ; as, a board warps in Beasuning, or in the 
 heat of the sun, by shrinking. 
 
 Tli'.y cl;iinp one jiiece of wood to the end of anotli r, to Iteep it 
 from c.i&tin£ or isarping. .1/ojron. 
 
 S. To turn or incline from a straight, true, or projicr 
 course ; to deviate. 
 
 There's oura)nirr:r.>:p.ii, 
 Prom which wc would not li.ive vihi i^arp. Sh.r.U. 
 
 y MetJni.ki ' 
 My favor here begins \o i^irp. S/iaJe. 
 
 3. To fly with a bending or waving motiim ; to 
 turn and wave, like a lloci; of birds o,r insects. The 
 following use of warp is inimitably beautiful : 
 
 Afi wlieii the potent rod 
 Of Amrnui's «on, in Kj^ypt's evil day, 
 Wuv.'.| round tin! coast, up called a pitchy cloud 
 Of locubls, varying on the eastern wind. Milton. 
 
 4. To slink ; to cast the young prematurely ; as 
 cows. 
 
 lu an Inclosure, near a do^'kennel, ci^^ht heifers out of twenty 
 vyarped. [Loail.] t'l/c. 
 
 WARP, t>. (. To turn or twist out of shape, or out of 
 a straight direction, by contraction. The heat of the 
 sun warjis boards and timber. 
 
 2. To turn aside from the true direction ; to cause 
 to bend or incline ; to pervert. 
 
 This first avowed, nor fjlly warped iny miittl. Drytlen. 
 1 h ive no private considerations (o toarp Ine in this controversy. 
 
 A Idiion. 
 
 Zc.al, to a tlega-c of warmUi altle to iMr;> the sacred rule of Goal's 
 wonl. Locke. 
 
 3. In jteamcii's language, to tow or move with a 
 line or warp attached to buoys, to anchors, or to 
 other ships, &c., by which means a ship is drawn 
 usually in a bending course, tir with various turns. 
 
 4. In rural economy, to cast the young prematurely. 
 [Local.] 
 
 5. In agriculture, to let in the tide, for the purpose 
 of fertilizing the ground by a deposit of warp or 
 slimy substance. IVarp here is the tkrotc, or that 
 which is cast by the water. [Local in Lincolnshire 
 and Yorlcshire, Kng.] Cijc. 
 
 G. In rnpe-making, to run the yarn off the winches 
 into hauls to be tarred. 
 
 To warp water, in Shakspcare, for freeze it, is forced 
 and unusual ; indeed, it is not English. 
 WARP'KD, (worpt,) pp. Twisted by shrinking or 
 seasoning ; turned out of the true direction ; per- 
 verted ; moved with a warp ; enticlied with warp, 
 as land. 
 
 W.\RP'ING, ppr. Turning or twitting ; causing to 
 incline ; perverting; moving with a warp; enriching 
 with warp, as land. 
 
 WARP'ING-IIQOK, n. A hook used by rope-makers 
 for hanging the yarn on, when warping into hauls 
 for tarring. Ci'c. 
 
 WARP'lNG-PoST, n. A strong post used in warping 
 rope yarn. Cijc. 
 
 WAR'-PLU.ME, M. A plume worn in war. 
 
 WAR'-PROOF, n. .[war and /woo/.J Valor tried by 
 war. 
 
 WAR'RANT, (wor'rant,) v. t. [Gaelic, barantas, a 
 warrant or pledge ; baranta, a warrantee or surety ; 
 VV. gwarantn, to warrant or guaranty ; gttarar.t, war- 
 rant, attestation, authority, security ; said to be from 
 gwar, smooth, placid, secure ; Norm, garranty, w;ir- 
 ranted, proved ; garren, {guarren,) a warren ; Fr. 
 
 f'arantir, (^guarantir,) to warrant ; garenne, a warren ; 
 t. guarcntire. 'J'his is from the root of guard, war- 
 ren, and wary. The primary sense of the root is, to 
 stop or hold, or to repel, and thus guard by resisting 
 danger ; as we say, to keep off. Hence the sense 
 of security. The Welsh sense of smonth, placid, is 
 derivative, eilher from security, or from repressing. 
 See GfAiiD and GAUni^oN.] 
 
 1. To authorize ; to give authority or power to do 
 or forbear any thing, by which the person authorized 
 is secured or saved harmless from any loss or damage 
 by the act. .A commission warrants an olliccr tosel/.e 
 an enemy. VVc arc not warranted to resist legitimate 
 government, except in extreme cases. 
 
 2. To maintain ; to support by authority or proof. 
 
 Rcuoii ttarranU it, and we may safely r-C. ive it as tru-*. 
 
 .Inon. 
 
 3. To justify. 
 
 Tnie fortitude is se^n in ^nt exploits, 
 
 Tiiat Justice uarranu, and that wisdom guides. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 4. To secure ; to exempt ; to privilege. 
 
 I'll iKirranl him from drowninjr. SJujt. 
 In a place 
 
 Ix-«s uvirmnud than tills, or less sec:ire, 
 
 1 cjui not be. A/i-'Ijn. 
 
 WAR 
 
 5. Tu declare with assurance. 
 
 My neck is as smoolh as silk, 1 unrrani je. L'Ettrctngt, 
 
 6. In law, to secure to a grantee an estate granted ; 
 to assure. 
 
 7. To secure to a purchaser of goods the title to 
 the same; or to indeiiinify him against loss. 
 
 8. To secure to a xiiircliascr the good quality of the 
 goods sold. [See WARnsMTv.] 
 
 <J. To assure that a thing is what it appears to be, 
 which im[)lies a covenant to make good any defect 
 or \<>r':< incurred by il. 
 W.\R'R AN T, n. .\n act, instrument, or obllg.atlon, 
 by which one person authorizes another to do some- 
 thing which he has not otherwise a right to do ; an 
 act or iiistninieiit investing one with a right or au- 
 tlitirity, and thus securing him from loss or damage ; 
 a ircrd of general application, 
 
 2. A precept aulliorizing an officer to seize an of- 
 fender and bring him to justice. A general warrant 
 to seize suspected persons is illegal. 
 
 3. Authority ; power th.it authorizes or justiflca 
 any .act. Those who preach the gospel have the war- 
 rant of Scripture. Wc have the warrant of natural 
 right to do what the laws do not furbiil ; but civility 
 anil propriety may sometimes render things improper 
 which ii.'ttural right warrants. 
 
 4. .\ commission that gives authnritv, or that ju8- 
 tifi's. 
 
 .5. A voucher; that which attests or proves. 
 G. Right ; legality. 
 
 Which steals it;f'.ll wli.: 
 
 I lll^t tlie.l 
 no inercy l.-ft. 
 
 I0i>s.] SbaJc. 
 
 7. .A writing which authorizes a person to receive / 
 money or other thing. 
 
 Warrant of attorney; written authority given by a 
 client to his attorney, to appear for hiin in court, and 
 to suiter judgment to pjLss against him by confessioii 
 in favor of some specified person. Bouvier. 
 
 Land-jcarrant ; a warrant isstietl at the local land- 
 oflici-s of the United States to purchasers of public 
 lanils,oii the surrender of which at the general land- 
 olhce at Washington, they receive a conveyance 
 from the government. 
 
 Search-warrant ; a precept authorizing a person to 
 enter houses, shops, &.C., to search for a criminal, or 
 for stolen or smuggled goods. 
 
 Ifarrant officer ; an olficer holding a warrant from 
 the navy-board, such as the master, surgeon, purser, 
 &c., of a ship. 
 WAll'RANT-.A-BI.E, o. Authorized by commission, 
 precept, or right ; Justifiable ; defensible. The seiz- 
 ure of a thief is always warrantable by law and jus- 
 tice. Falsehood is never warrantable. 
 
 His meals are coarse and short, his employment icarrantable. 
 
 South. 
 
 WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being 
 justifiable. Sidney. 
 
 W.^R'R.ANT-A-nLY, adc. In a manner that may be 
 justified ; juslifiably. fi'ake. 
 
 WAR'RA.Vi'-ED,/!;;. Authorized ; justified ; secured ; 
 assured by covenant or by implied oblig.ition. 
 
 WAR-R.AN-TEE', 71. The person to whom land or 
 other thing is warranted. Ch. Justice Parsons. 
 
 WAR'R.ANT-ER, n. One who gives authority or 
 legally empower.?. 
 
 2. One who assures, or covenants to assure ; one 
 who contracts to secure another in a right, or to 
 make good any defect of title or quality ; as, tlie 
 warranter of a horse. 
 
 WAR'R.ANT-IN(^, ppr. Authorizing ; empowering. 
 ' 2. Assuring ; securing to another a right, or cov- 
 enanting to make good a defect of title in lands, or 
 of qualitv in goods. 
 
 WAR'UAN-TISE, n. Authority ; security. [JVof in 
 use.] SAaA. 
 
 WAU-RANT-OR', n. One who warrants. 
 
 WAR'R.AN-TY, 71. In /uio, a promise or covenant by 
 deed, made by the bargainer for himself and bis 
 heirs, to warrant or secure the bargiiinee and bis 
 heirs against all men in the enjoyment of an estate 
 or other thing granted. Such warranty passes from 
 the seller to the buyer, from the feoffor to the feoffee, 
 and from the releaser to the releasee. Warninty is 
 real, when annexed to lands and tenements granted 
 in fee or for life, &.C., and is in deed or in l.iw ; 
 and personal, when it respects goods sold or tbeir 
 quality. 
 
 In the contract of insurances there are also certain 
 warranties which induce the insurer to enter into 
 it, as that the vessel is seaworthy, &c. 
 
 In common recoveries, a fictitious person is called 
 to warranty. In the sale of goods or personal pro|)- 
 crty, the seller warrants the title ; for warranty Is 
 express or implied. If a man sells goods which are 
 not his own, or which he has no right to sell, the 
 purchaser may have s.atisfaction for the injury. And 
 if the seller expressly warrants the goods to bo sound 
 and not defective, and they prove to be otherwise, be 
 must indemnify the purchaser. Hut the warranty 
 must be at the time of sale, and not afterward. In 
 general, there is no implied warranty of the uuality 
 of the goods sold. Blackstont 
 
 I 
 
 TO.VE, BJJIX, XJNITE Ai\"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as In THIS. 
 
 A A A A A 
 
 1910 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 2. Authority ; justificatory mandate or precept. 
 
 II they disobey any pn^ccpt, that is no excuse to us, nor givf6 as 
 any warranty to disobey likewise. KeUleujeU, 
 
 [In tliis sense, Warrant is now used.] 
 
 3. Security. 
 
 The stamp was a warranty of the public. Lodes. 
 WAR'RAN-TY, v. t. To warrant ; to guaranty. 
 WAr'RaV, v. I. [Fr. guerroyer, from ffuerre.] 
 
 To make war upon. [ Obs.] Spenser, 
 VVARRE, (wor,) a. [Sax. wiirra, for wicrso.] 
 
 Worse. [ 06s.] iipenser, 
 VVAR'REN, (wor'ren,) n. [from the root of wear, an 
 inclosed place; Fr. garenne; D. waarande; Goth. 
 warijan, Sax. waritiii, to defend. See Guard, War- 
 rant, and Wary.] 
 
 1. A piece of ground appropriated to tlie breeding 
 and preservation of rabbits. 
 
 2. In law, a francliise or place privileged l)y pre- 
 scription or grant from the king, for keeping beasts 
 and fowls. Tlie warren is the next franchise in de- 
 gree to the park ; and a forest, which is the highest 
 in dignity, compreliends a chase, a park, and a free 
 warren. Cijc. 
 
 3. A place for keeping fish in a river. Cyc. 
 W^R'REN-ER, n. The keeper of a warren. 
 
 Jo/inson. 
 
 WAR'EI-AN"GLE, (-ang'gl,) n. A hawk. 
 
 Jiinsworth. 
 
 WAR'RIOR, (vvar'yur,) n. [from war : Fr. gucrricr ; 
 It. guerriere ; Sp. guerrero, guerreador.] 
 
 1. In a general seiifie, a soldier ; a man engaged in 
 military life. 
 
 2. Emphatically, a brave man; a good sohlier. 
 WAR'RIOR-ESS, n. A. female warrior. Spenser. 
 WART, n. [Sax. weart ; D. wrat ; G. wane; Sw. 
 
 vdrta ; L. verruca; Fr. verrue.] 
 
 1. A firm, arid, harsh, insensible extuberance of 
 the common integuments ; found chietly on the 
 hands. OooU. 
 
 2. In korses, warts are spongy excrescences on the 
 hinder pasterns, which suppurate. Cyc. 
 
 3. A sessile gland or protuberance on trees. 
 
 Ltndlcy. 
 
 WART'ED, a. In botany, having little knobs on the 
 surface ; verrucose ; as, a wartcd capsule. Martyn. 
 
 WART'LESS, a. H:iving no ivart. 
 
 WAR'-TORCII, n. The torch that kindles war. 
 
 WART'WORT, n. A plant of the genus Euphorbia, 
 which is studded with hard, warty knobs ; also, a 
 plant of the genus Heliotropium, and antpther of the 
 genus Lapsana. Cyc. Lee. 
 
 WART'Y, a. Having warts ; full of warts ; over- 
 grown with warts ; as, a warty leaf. Lee. 
 2. Of the nature of warts. 
 
 WAR'-WaST-ED, a. Wasted by war. Coleridge. 
 
 WAR'WHOOP, n. The Indian yell in war. [See 
 WarhoopJ 
 
 WAR'-WoRN, a. [war and worn.'] Worn with mil- 
 itary service ; as, a war-worn coat ; ^war-worn soldier. 
 
 WA'RY, a. [Sax. weer; Ice. var. See Ware and 
 Warn.] 
 
 Cautious of danger ; carefully watching and guard- 
 ing against dece|>tk)n, artifices, and dangers; scru- 
 pulous ; timorously prudent. Old men are usually 
 more wary than the young. It is incumbent on a 
 general in war to be always wary. 
 
 WAS, (woz,) the past tense of the substantive verb ; 
 Sax. wesan ; Goth, wejian ; L. esse, for vesse, to be, to 
 exist, whence Eng. is, in the present tense, and was. 
 In the past ; as, I was ; he was. 
 
 WASH, (wosh,) V. t. [Sax. wmscan; G. waschen; D. 
 wasschen.] 
 
 1. To cleanse by ablution, or by rubbing in 
 water ; as, to wash the hands or the body ; to wash 
 garments. 
 
 2. To wet ; to fall on and moisten ; as, the rain 
 leashes the flowers or plants. 
 
 3. To overflow. The tides wash the meadows. 
 
 4. To overflow or dash against ; to cover with 
 water ; as, the waves 7cash the strand or shore ; the 
 sea wa-^hes the rocks on the shore or beach. 
 
 5. To scrub in water ; as, to wash a deck or a floor. 
 
 6. To separate extraneous matter from ; as, to 
 viash ore ; to wash grain. 
 
 7. In water-color painting, to spread or float colors 
 thinly over broad masses or spaces of a picture. 
 Thus work is washed with a pale red to imitate brick, 
 &c. Jocclyn. 
 
 8. To rub over with sonic liquid substance j as, to 
 vash trees for removing inscxts or diseases. 
 
 D. To squeeze and cleanse in water ; na, to wash 
 wool, Hu sheep are said to be washed, when thiiy are 
 immersed in water and their wool scpieezed, by 
 which means it is clean ^ed. 
 
 10. To cleanse by a current of water ; as, sIiowits 
 viash the streets. 
 
 11. To overlay with a thin coat of metal ; as, steel 
 XBoshed with silver, 
 
 12. To purify from the pollution of sin. 
 
 But ye are aathed, but ye nre miiclift' <l. — 1 Cur. vl. 
 To wash a ship ; to bring all her guns to one side 
 to make her heel, and then to wash and scrape her 
 side. 
 
 W/kSH, (wosh,) V. i. To perform the act of ablution. 
 Wash iu Jordan seven times. — 2 Kings v. 
 [Elliptical.] _ 
 
 2. To perforin the business of cleansing clothes in 
 water. 
 
 She can toash and scour. Shak. 
 To wcLst off; in calico printing, to soak and rinse 
 pritited calicoes, to dissolve and remove the gum and 
 paste. Cyc. 
 WASH, (wosh,) 71. Alluvial matter; substances col- 
 lected and deposited by w.iter ; as, the wash of a river. 
 
 2. A bog ; a marsh ; a fen. 
 
 3. A cosmetic ; as, a wash for the face, to help the 
 complexion. 
 
 4. A lotion ; n medical liquid preparation for ex- 
 ternal application. 
 
 5. A superficial stain or color. Collier. 
 
 6. Waste liquor of a kitchen for hogs. 
 
 7. The act of washing the clothes of a family ; or 
 the whole quantity washed at once. There is a 
 great wash, or a small wash. 
 
 8. With distillers, the fermented wort from which 
 the spirit is extracted. In the distillery of malt, the 
 wash is made by mixing the water hot, with the 
 malt ground into meal. Ure. 
 
 9. The shallow part of a river, or arm of the sea ; 
 as, the washes in Lincolnshire. Cyc. 
 
 10. The blade of itn oar ; the thin part which 
 enters the water, and by whose impulse the boat is 
 moved. 
 
 11. A color spread or floated thinly over broad 
 masses or spaces of a picture. 
 
 12. A substance laid on boards or other work for 
 beauty or preservation. 
 
 13. A thin coat of metal. 
 
 14. In the fVest Indies, a mixture of dunder, mo- 
 lasses, water, and scummings, for distillation. 
 
 Edwards^s fVest Indies. 
 
 WASH'-BALL, n. [wash and ball.] A ball of soap, 
 to be used in washing the hands or face. 
 
 W.\SH'-BoARD,7!. [wash antl board.] A broad, thin 
 plank, fixed occasionally on the top of a boat or 
 other small vessel's side, to prevent the sea from 
 breaking over; also, a piece of plank on the sill of 
 a lower deck port, for the same purpose. Mar. Diet 
 2. A board in a room, next to the floor. 
 
 WASH'£D, (vvosht,) pp. Cleansed in water; pu- 
 rified. 
 
 2. Overflowed ; dashed against with water. 
 
 3. Covered over with a thin coat, as of metal. 
 WASII'ER, n. One who washes. 
 
 2. An iron ring between the nave of a wheel and 
 the linchpin. 
 
 3. A piece of iron, leather, &c., at the base or head 
 of a screw, to prevent the surfaces from being in- 
 jured, or to render the junction tight. BranSe. 
 
 WASH'ER-WOM-AN, n. A woman that washes 
 
 clothes for others, or for hire. 
 WASH'ING, ppr. Cleansing with water; purifying; 
 
 overflowing ; overspreading. 
 WASH'ING, n. The act of cleansing with water; 
 
 ablution. Hcb. ix. 
 2. A wash ; or the clothes washed. 
 WASH'ING-MA-CHJNE', (wosh'ing-nia-sheen',) n. 
 
 A m.achine fiir washing clothes. 
 WASH'-LEATH-ER, ( leth-er,) n. The same as 
 
 Shammv ; a preparation of leather which will bear 
 
 to be washed, 
 
 WASII'-POT, n. A vessel in which any thing is 
 washed. Cowley. 
 
 WASII'-TUB, n. A tub in whicji clothes are washed. 
 
 WASH'Y, (wosh'e,) a. [from wash.] Watery ; damp ; 
 soft ; as, the washy ooze. Miltitn. 
 
 2. Weak ; not solid. fVotton. 
 
 3. Weak ; not firm or hardy ; liable to sweat pro- 
 fusely with labor ; as, a washy horse. [JVew Eng- 
 land.] 
 
 Wasp, (wosp,) n. [Sax. wa;sp or wa^ps; D. wesp ; G. 
 tDftrpe ; h.ve.'tpa; hr.guipe; S[i.avispa; Pott, besjia.] 
 In entomology, the popular name of certain hymen- 
 opterous insects of the genus Vespa. The mouth is 
 horny ; the upper wings plicated ; the abdomen joined 
 to the thorax by a thread-like pedicle, and the sting 
 concealed. W.asps construct combs, and rear their 
 young in the cells. The sting is painful. Cyc. 
 
 WASP'-BITE, n. The bite of a wasp. 
 
 WjjlSP'ISH, (wosp'ish,) a. Snappish ; petulant ; ir- 
 ritable ; irascible ; quick to resent any trifling af- 
 front. 
 
 Much do I BulTer, much, to keep in pence 
 Tills JealuuB, watipLiit, wrunj;.head, rhyniins^ race. Pops. 
 2. Having a very slender waist, like a wasp. 
 WASP'lSll-l.Y, orfo. Petulantly; in a snappish inan- 
 nir. 
 
 WASP'ISH-NESS, 71. Petulance ; irascibility ; snap- 
 pishness. 
 
 WAS'.SAIL, (wos'sil,) 71. [Sax. wiis-lunl, health be to 
 you.] 
 
 1. A liquor made of apples, sugar, and ale, for- 
 merly much used by English goud-fi llows. Johnson. 
 
 2. A drunken bout. Shak. 
 
 3. A iiurrry stuig. .^insworth. 
 [ This word is unknoirn in America.] 
 
 WAS'SAIL, (wos'sil,) v. i. To hold a merry, drinking 
 meeting. 
 
 WAS'SAIL-BoWL, 71. A bowl for holding wassail. 
 WAS'SAIL-€UP, (wos'sel-kup,) 71. A cup in which 
 
 wassail was carried to tlie company. Cyc. 
 WAS'SAIL-ER, 71. A toper; a drunkard Milton. 
 WAST, (wost,) past tense of the substantive verb, in 
 
 the second person ; as, thou wast.^ 
 WASTE, V. «. [Sax. westan, awestan; G. verw^tstrn; 
 
 D. verwoesteii ; L. vaslo ; It. guastare; Sp. and Port. 
 
 gastar, for guastar ; Fr. gdier ; Arm. goasta. The 
 
 W . gwasgaru, to scatter, seems to be compound. The 
 
 primary sense is, probably, to scatter, to spread. Class 
 
 Bz, No. 2.] 
 
 1. To diminish by gradual dissipation or loss. 
 Thus, disease wastes the patient ; sorrows waste the 
 strength and spirits. 
 
 2. To cause to be lost ; to destroy by scattering or 
 by injury. Thus, cattle waste their fodder when fed 
 iu the open field. 
 
 3. To expend without necessity or use ; to destroy 
 wantonly or luxuriously ; to squander ; to cause to 
 be lost through wantonness or negligence. Careless 
 people waste their fuel, their food, or their property. 
 Children waste their inheritance. 
 
 And wasted his substance with riotous living. — Luke xv. 
 
 4. To destroy in enmity ; to desolate ; as, to waste 
 an enemy's country. 
 
 5. To suffer to be lost unnecessarily; or to throw 
 away ; as, to waste the blood and treasure of a na- 
 
 6. To destroy by violence, [tion. 
 
 The Tiber 
 
 Insults our walls, and wa.'^tes our fruillul grounds. Dryden. 
 
 7. To impair strength gradually. 
 
 Now waeling years my former strength confounds. Broome. 
 
 8. To lose in idleness or misery ; to wear out. 
 
 Here condemned 
 To loaste eternal days in woe and pain. Milton. 
 
 9. To spend ; to consume. 
 
 O, were I able 
 
 To wast£ it all myself, fjati leave you none I Milton. 
 
 10. In law, to damage,' impair, or injure, as an es- 
 tate, voluntarily, or by suflering the buildings, 
 fences, &c., to go to decay. [See the noun.] 
 
 1 1. To exhaust ; to be consumed by time or mor- 
 tality. 
 
 Till your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness. — Num. xiv. 
 
 12. To scatter and lose for want of use or of occu- 
 piers. 
 
 Fall many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Gray. 
 
 WASTE, V. i. To dwindle ; to be diminished ; to lose 
 bulk or substance gradually ; as, the body wastes in 
 sickness. 
 
 The barrel of meal shall not waste. — 1 Kings xvK. 
 
 2. To be diminished or lost by slow dissipation, 
 consumption, or evaporation ; as, water wastes by 
 evapur.ition ; fuel wastes in combustion. 
 
 3. To be consumed by time or mortality. 
 
 But man dieth, and wastelh away. — Job xiv. 
 WASTE, a. Destroyed ; ruined. 
 
 The Sophi leaves all waste in bis retreat. Milton. 
 
 2. Desolate; uncultivated; as, a wo.sfe country ; a 
 waste, howling wilderness. Dent, xxxii. 
 
 3. Destitute ; stripped ; as, lands laid waste, 
 
 4. Sujierfluous ; lost for want of occupiers. 
 
 And strangled with her toasts fertility. Milton. 
 
 5. Worthless ; that which is rejected, or used only 
 for mean purposes ; as, iraste wood. 
 
 G. That of which no account is taken, or of which 
 no value is found ; as, waste paper. 
 7. Uncultivatt^d ; untilled ; unproductive. 
 
 There is yet much waste land in England. Cyc. 
 Laid waste; desolated ; ruined. 
 WASTE, n. The act of squandering ; the dissipation 
 of property through wantonness, ambition, extrava- 
 gance, luxury, or negligence. 
 
 For all Ihis toasts of wealth, and loss of blood. Milton. 
 
 2. Consiiniptitm ; loss; useless expense; any loss 
 or destruction which is neither nece.s.sary nor promo- 
 tive of a good end ; a loss for which there is no 
 equivalent ; as, a waste of goods or money ; a toaste 
 of time ; a waste of labor ; a lou.vHc of words. 
 
 Little toastes in gr'-iU estattlishnienta, constantly occurring, may 
 delL-at llio energies of a mighty capital. L. Besitier. 
 
 3. A desolate or uncultivated country. The plains 
 of Arabia are niosilv a wide waste, 
 
 4 Land untilli d, though capable of tillage ; as, the 
 wastes in England. 
 
 5. Ground, space, or place unoccupied ; as, the 
 ethereal waste. 
 
 In the dead watts and middle of the night. Shak. 
 
 6. Region ruined and deserted. 
 
 All the leid"y nation sinks at last. 
 
 And Vulcan ridc'i in triumph o'er thn toasts. Drydsn. 
 
 7. IMischief ; destruction. 
 
 He will never, 1 think. In the way of toasts, attempt ut "^J^* 
 
 FATE, FAR, Ff^lA., WH^T — MftTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
WAT 
 
 8. In lair, spoil, destruction, or injury done to 
 liduses, Hoixls, fi nces, lands, &.C., by a tenant for 
 liff or fur years, to tile prejudice of the heir, or of 
 lliin in ri'vcrsion or remainder. Waste is voluntarrj, 
 as hy piiUin? down buildings; or permissive, by 
 sulfcring tdom to fall for want of necessary repairs. 
 Whatever dues a lasting damage to the freehold, is 
 a wa.-ite. BlaekMoue. 
 
 W.aSTE'-ROOK, n. Among mercAaiit.-, a book in 
 which rou^h entries of transactions are made, pre- 
 vious to their being carried into the journal. 
 
 WSST'EI), i>p. Expended without necessity or use ; 
 lost tlirougli negligence ; 6(]uaudered. 
 
 2. Uiniiiiishcd ; dissipated ; evaporated ; ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 3. Desolated ; ruined ; d^troyed. 
 WASTE'FIJL, a. Lavish; prodigal ; expending prop- 
 erty, or that which is valuable, without necessity or 
 use ; applied to persons. 
 
 2. Destructive to property ; ruinous ; as, leaslrful 
 practices or negligence ; inasleful expenses. 
 
 3. Desolate ; unoccupied ; untilled ; uncultivated. 
 [Ofc.] 
 
 In witdernesi and vatteful deserts stmycd. Spenter. 
 
 WASTE'FIJL-LY, adv. In a lavish manner; with 
 prodigality ; in useless expenses or consumption. 
 
 Her U-ivish hi\nii is vKutefuUy profuec. Dryden. 
 
 WASTE'FyL-NESS, n. Lavishness ; prodigality; 
 
 the act or practice of expending what is valuable, 
 
 without necessity or use. 
 WaSTE'-GaTE.ii. a gate to let the water of a pond 
 
 pass otr when it is not wanted. Cyc. 
 W.\S'TEL, (wos'tel,) n. A particular sort of bread ; 
 
 fine bread or cake. Lotcth. Cyc. 
 
 WASTE'NESS, 71. A desolate state ; solitude. 
 
 That cUy is a day of wrath, a diiy of trouble and dUtress, n day 
 of watlenesM. — Zeph. i. 
 
 WaSTE'-PIPE, n. A pipe for conveying off waste 
 water, &c. 
 
 WaST'ER, n. One who wastes ; one who squanders 
 property ; one who consumes extravagantly or with- 
 out use. 
 
 He also that ie stntlifid in his work, is brother to him who is a 
 
 ffnjat waster, — Prov, > viii. 
 Scones atf g^rtfat toascert of cindles. Swi/t. 
 
 2. .\ kind of cudgel. Beaum. 
 
 WaSTE'THRIFT, n. [v),isU and thrift.] A s|H'nd- 
 
 llirift. _ Beaum. 
 
 WaSTE'-WkIR, n. An overfall or wier for the su- 
 
 perlliiuiis water of a canal. Cyc. 
 
 WAST'IN'G, ppr. Lavishing prodigally; expending 
 or consuming without use ; diminishing by slow dis- 
 sipation ; desolating; laying waste. 
 
 Watting and ndrittl.'ss war ha« inadf rava-r^s, with hut few and 
 short inl<-rniiteii)n», front i h<^ days of the tyrant Nimrod down 
 to the Ninirod of onr'own age. J, Lyman. 
 
 2. a. Diminishing by dissipation or by great de- 
 struction ; as, a u>a.iting disease. 
 WaST'REL, 7t. A state of waste or common. [Lo- 
 cal.] 
 
 WASr'REL, ) 7!. Waste substances; anv thing 
 WAST'O-REL, i cast away as bad. [Local.] 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 WAT, (woi,) II. A Siamese term for a sacred place, 
 within which are pagodas, monasteries, idols, tanks, 
 &-C. Malcom. 
 
 W.\TCH, (wotch,) n. [Sax. wircca, from wiecan, 
 Vixccan, to wake; Sw. vacht or rakt, watch, guard ; 
 vackla, to watch : Dan. ragt. It is from tile same 
 rot)t as leake, which see.] 
 
 1. Forbearance of sleep. 
 
 2. Attendance without sleep. 
 
 All the long^ night Ihfir mournful uMtch they keep. Addison. 
 
 3. Attention ; close observation. Keep waUh of 
 the suspected man. 
 
 4. Guard ; vigilance for keeping or protecting 
 against danger. 
 
 He kept both uatck and ward. Spenser. 
 ."). A watchman or watchmen ; men set for a guard, 
 either one person or more, set to espy the approach 
 of an enemy or other danger, and to give an alarm 
 or notice of such danger; a sentinel ; a guard. He 
 kept a watch at the gate. Bacon. 
 
 Ve have a lealeh ; go your way, make it as sure as ye can. — 
 Matt, xxvii. 
 
 6. Among seamen, a certain number of men who 
 attend together to the working of the ship. When 
 there are but two divisions of this kind, they are said 
 to take it watch and watch. ToUen. 
 
 7. The place where a guard is kept. 
 
 He upbraids Ia»o, that he made bira 
 
 Brave me upon the uateh. ShaJc, 
 
 8. Post or office of a watchman. 
 
 As 1 did stand my valch upon the bill. ShaJc. 
 
 9. A period of the night, in which one person or 
 one set of persons stand as sentinels ; or the time 
 from one relief of sentinels to another. This period, 
 among the Israelites, seems to have been originally 
 four hours, but was afterward three hours, and there 
 were four w.itches during the night. Hence we read 
 
 in Scripture of the morning watch, and of the sec- 
 ond, third, and fourth watch; the evening watch 
 commencing at six o'clock, the second at nine, the 
 third at twelve, and the fourth at three in the morn- 
 ing. Kiod. xiv. Matt. xiv. Luke xii. 
 
 10. A small timepiece or chronometer, to he car- 
 ried in the pocket or about the person, in which the 
 machinery is moved by a spring. 
 
 11. At sea, the space of time during which one set 
 or division of the otiicers and crew remain on deck 
 to perform the nece.ssary duties. This is dilVerent in 
 diliereiit nations. Cyc. 
 
 To be on llic watch; to be looking steadily for some 
 evi-nt. 
 
 WATCH, (wotch,) I), i. [Sax. wacian, wacan ; Sw. vdcka, 
 uprdcha; Dan. rttliker ; G. wachm ; Uiiss. rttchayn.] 
 
 1. To be awake ; to be or continue without sleep. 
 
 1 have two ni^lils watched with you. ii'fi'tk. 
 
 2. To be attentive ; to look with attenticm or stead- 
 iness. IVatek anil see whi n the man passes. 
 
 3. To look with expectation. 
 
 My soul wail' th for the I.onl more than they that iratch Cur the 
 iiioriiiiig. — Ps. cxxx. 
 
 4. To keep guard ; to act as sentinel ; to look fur 
 danger. 
 
 He ^ve si^al to the minister that loatched. MUton. 
 
 5. To be attentive ; to be vigilant in preparation 
 for an event or trial, the time of whose arrival is un- 
 certain. 
 
 H'afeA , therefore : for ye know not what hour your Lord doth 
 come. — Malt. xxiv. 
 
 C. To be insidiously attentive ; as, to watch for an 
 opportunity to injure another. 
 
 7. To attend on the sick during the night ; as, to 
 watch with a man in a fever. 
 
 Til watch over; to be cautiously observant of ; to 
 inspect, superintend, and guard from error and dan- 
 ger. It is our duty constantly to watch over our own 
 conduct and that of our children. 
 WATCH, V. t. To guard ; to have in keeping. 
 
 Flaming ministers viatcft and lend their charge, Milton, 
 
 2. To observe in ambush ; to lie in wait for. 
 
 Saul also sent messengers to David's house to toatch him, and to 
 slay him. — 1 Sam. xix. 
 
 3. To tend ; to guard. 
 
 Paris watched the flocks in the groves of Ida. Broome, 
 
 4. To observe in order to detect or prevent, or for 
 some particular purpose ; as, to watch a suspected 
 person ; to watch the progress of a bill in the legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 WATCH'ED, (wotclit,) pp. Guarded ; observed with 
 
 steady vigilance. 
 WATCH'ER, (wotch'er,) n. one who sits up or con- 
 tinues awake ; particularly, one who attends upon 
 the sick during the night. 
 
 2. A diligent observer ; as, an attentive watcher of 
 the works of nature. [jVof in ytse.] More, 
 WATCH'ET, (wotch'-,) a. [Sax. wcBced, weak.] 
 Pale or light blue. 
 
 Who slares in Germany at vatchel eyes ? Dryden, 
 [iVot in use.] 
 
 W.\TCH'FIJL, a. Vigilant; attentive; careful to ob- 
 serve ; observant ; cautious. It has of before the 
 thing to be regulated ; as, to be watchful of one's be- 
 havior ; and avainst before the thing to be avoided ; 
 as, to be watchful against lUe growth of vicious habits. 
 
 Locke, Law. 
 
 WATCH'FUL-LY, adv. Vigilantly ; heedfully ; with 
 careful observation of the approach of evil, or atten- 
 tion to dutv. Boyle. 
 
 WATCH'FI]L-NESS, n. Vigilance; heedfolness; 
 heed ; suspicious attention ; careful and diligent ob- 
 servation for the purpose of preventing or escaping 
 danger, or of avoiding mistakes and misconduct. 
 
 2. VVakefulness ; indisposition or inability to 
 sleep. 
 
 M'atch/ulness — ollen precedes too great sleepiness. Arbuthnot, 
 
 WATCH'-GLXSS, n. [teaUh and pIoss.] In ships, a 
 half-hour glass, used to measure the time of a watch 
 on deck. 
 
 2. A concavo-convex glass for covering the face or 
 dial of a watch. 
 W.\TCH'-HOUSE, n. [watch and house.] A house 
 
 in which a watch or guard ispLaced. Gay. 
 W.ATCH'I.N'G, ppr. Hcing awake ; guarding ; attend- 
 ing the sick ; carefully observing. 
 WATCH'ING, 71. Wakefulness ; inability to sleep. 
 
 fyij:eman. 
 
 W.\TCn'-LIGHT, (wotch'lite,) ti. [watch and light.] 
 A candle with a rush wick. .Addison. 
 
 VVATCH'.MAK-ER, n. [watch and maker.] One 
 whose occupation is to make and repair watches. 
 
 W;^TCII'.MAN, n. One .set for a guard in an armed 
 place, especially by night ; a sentinel. 
 
 2. One who guards the streets of a city or a large 
 building by night. 
 
 Jl watchman's rattle, is nn instniment having .-it tlie 
 end of a handle a revolving arm, which, hy the ac- 
 tion of a strong spring upon cogs, produces, when in 
 motion, a loud, harsh, rattling sound. 
 
 7<» .tiiring a rattle, is to put this instniment in mo- 
 tion for the sake of calling in the aid of other watch- 
 men. 
 
 WATCH'TOW-ER, ii. [watch and lower.] A tower 
 on which a sentinel is placed to watch fur enemies 
 or the approach of danger. Bacon. 
 
 W.STCirWORU, (wotch'wurd,) n. [watch and word.] 
 The word given to senlineN, and to such as have oc- 
 casion to vi:>il the guards, used as a signal by which 
 a friend is known from an enemy, or a person who 
 has a right to pass the watch, from one who has 
 not. 
 
 WA'TEK, (waii'ter,) n. [Sa.t. wa't'r, was ; I), water ; 
 <;. was.-ier ; Dan. vatrr ; Sw. vattea ; Goth, wato ; 
 Russ. I'orfu. 'i'his m.iy he from the root of i/rf, Gr. 
 vcrnf. Sans. udum. In Ar. waili signihes a stream, 
 or the channel where water flows in winter, but 
 which is dry in summer; a tiling common on the 
 plains of .Syria and Arabia.] 
 
 1. A fluid, the most abundant and most necessary 
 for living beings of any in nature, except air. Water, 
 when pure, is colorless, de.stilute of taste and smell, 
 pondi rous, transparent, and in a very small degree 
 compressible. It is repositcd in the earth in inexhaus- 
 tible (|iiaiitities, where it is preserved fresh and cool, 
 anil from which it issues in springs, which fiirni 
 streams and rivers. But the great reservoirs of wa- 
 ter on the globe are the ocean, seas, and lakes, which 
 cover more than three fifths of its surface, and from 
 which it is rai.sed by evaporation, and uniting with 
 the air in the state of vapor, is wafted over the l anh, 
 ready to be precipitated in the form of rain, snow, or 
 hail. 
 
 Water, by the abstraction or loss of heat, becomes 
 solid, or, in othe r words, is converted into ice or snow ; 
 and by heat it is converted into steam, an elas- 
 tic vapor, one of the most imwerful agents in nature. 
 Water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen ; two 
 volumes or measures of hydrogen gas, and one of 
 oxygen g.as. The proportion of the ingredient-s in 
 weight, is 8S.9 parts of oxygen to 11.1 of hydrogen. 
 
 Bcr:clius. 
 
 2. The ocean ; a sea ; a lake ; a river ; any great 
 collection of water; as in the phrases, to go by 
 water, to travel by water. 
 
 3. Urine ; the animal liquor secreted by the kidneys 
 and discharged from the bladder. 
 
 4. The color or luster of a diamond or pearl, some- 
 times, perhaps, of other precious stones ; as, a dia- 
 mond of the first water, that is, perfectly pure and 
 transparent. Hence the figurative phrase, a man or 
 a genius of the ,4rst water, IhiU is, of the first excel- 
 lence. 
 
 5. fVater is a name given to several liquid sub- 
 stances or humors in animal bodies ; as, the water of 
 the pericardium, of dropsy, Slc. Cyc. 
 
 Water of crystallization ; the water forming a con- 
 stituent of many s.tlts, so called because considered 
 essential to their crjstallization. The term is going 
 out of use. Dana. 
 
 Mineral waters are those waters which arc so im- 
 pregnated with foreign ingredients, such as ga-seous, 
 sulphureous, and saline substances, as to give them 
 medicinal, or at least sensible properties. Most nat- 
 ural waters contain more or less of these foreign 
 substances, but the proportion is generally too minute 
 to affect the senses. Olm.<ted. 
 
 To hold water ; to be sound or tight. [ Otisolrte or 
 vulgar.] L'Eslrange. 
 
 VVA'TE'R-BaIL'IFF, 71. An officer of the customs, 
 iii England, for searching ships. 
 
 W<\'TER-BEAR-ER, 71. [water and bearer.] In <w- 
 tronomy, a sign of the zodiac, called also AquABiL's, 
 from L. a7tia, water. 
 
 WA'TER-liEAT-£.N, a. Beaten by water or the 
 waves. 
 
 WA'TER-BEL'LOWS, 71. [water and bellows.] A 
 liiachine for blowing air into a furnace, by means of 
 a column of water falling through a vertical tube. 
 
 WA'TER-BoRNE, a. Borne by the water ; floated ; 
 liaving water sufficient to float ; as, ships water-borne 
 by the flowing tide. Smollett. 
 
 WA'TER-CAL'A-MINT, 71. [water and calamint.] A 
 species of mint or Mentha. Cyc. 
 
 WA'TER-CAR'RIAGE, 7i. [water and carriage,] 
 I'ransportation or conveyance by water, or the 
 means of transporting bv water. 
 2. A vessel or boat. [jVot in use,] JirbuthnoU 
 
 WA'TER-GART, n. [ifn(<T and cnrf.] A cart bear- 
 ing a large cask of water, which is conveyed into a 
 cylinder full of holes, by means of w hich the water 
 is sprinkled upon the ground. 
 
 WA'TER-CEM'EXT, ti. A cement made of a pecul- 
 iar kind of lime, which hardens beneath water. 
 
 WA'TER-CIR'CLKD, (-sur'kld,) \ a. Surrounded by 
 
 WA'TER-r;iRD'Li;D, ( gur'dld,) ( water. SeotU 
 
 WA'TER-eLOCK, n. [mater and eioek.] The clep- 
 sydra ; an instrument or machine serving to meas- 
 ure time by the fall of a certain quantity of water 
 
 Kncyc. 
 
 WA'TER-€LOS'ET, n. A closet for easing natt.re, 
 having a contrivance for carrying off the discharges 
 by a stream of water through a waste-pipe below. 
 2. In sttamboau, a privy. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. 
 
WAT 
 
 WA'TER-eOL-OR, (-kul-lur,) 71. [water and ailor.] 
 Watci-coUirs, in paiiUing or limning, are colors mixed 
 with cuni-water, and made up into small cakes. 
 ^Vater-colors are so called in distinction from oil- 
 ci^lors. Eiictjc. 
 
 WA'TER-CoURSE, Ti. [water and course.] A stream 
 of water ; a river or brook. Isa. .\liv. 
 
 2. A channel or canal fur the conveyance of water, 
 particularly in draining lands. 
 
 WA'TER-CRXFT, n. Vessels and boats plying on 
 water. 
 
 WA'TER-CRESS, n. [water and cress.] A small, 
 creeping plant growing in watery places ; applied 
 particularly to t.he Nasturtium otTiciiiale a plant of an 
 agreeable riavor, much cultivated in Europe as a rel- 
 ish for breakfast. Loudoru 
 
 WA'TER-€RoVV'FOOT, ji. [Koter and croafuot.] A 
 plant, the Ranunculus; aquatilis, on which cows arc 
 said to be fond of feeding. Cijc. 
 
 VVA'TER-DRaIN, 71. A drain or channel for water 
 t.i run off". 
 
 WA'TER-DRaIN'AGE, n. The draining off of 
 w ater. 
 
 WA'TER-DROP, 71. [water and drqt.] A drop of 
 
 water. Skak. 
 WA'TER-DROP'WORT, n. A plant of the genu^ 
 
 CEiianthe. Lcc. 
 VVA'TER-EL'E-PHANT, »i. A name given to the 
 
 hippopotamus. 
 WA'TER-EN'GINE, 71. [xcater and engine.] An 
 
 engine to raise water ; or an engine moved by 
 
 water. 
 
 WA'TER-FALL, n. [water and fall.] A fall or per- 
 pendicular descent of the water of a river or stream, 
 or a descent nearly perpendicular ; a cascade ; a cat- 
 aract. But the word is generally used of the fall of 
 a small river or rivulet. It is particularly used to ex- 
 press a cascade in a garden, or an artificial descent 
 of water, designed as an ornament. Cue. 
 
 VVA'TER-FLAG, 71. [water and fiag.] Water flower- 
 de-luce, a species of /ris. 
 
 WA'TER-FLOOD, (-tlud,) 71. [water ^ni Jiood.] A 
 liood of water: an inundation. 
 
 WA'TER-FLY, 71. [loater and ^1/.] An insect that 
 is seen on the water. 
 
 WA'TER-FOVVL, »i. [water and fg^d.] A bird that 
 frequents the water, or lives about rivers, lakes, or 
 on or near the sea ; an aquatic fowl. Of aquatic 
 fowls, soipe are waders, or furnished with long legs ; 
 others are swimmers, and are furnished witi. w ebbed 
 feet. 
 
 WA'TER-FOX, 71. [water and fox.] A name given 
 to the carp, on account of its cunning. IValton. 
 
 \VA'TER-FUR'Ro\y, n. [water and fnrrnw.] In 
 agricuUure, a deep furrow made for conducting w'ater 
 from the ground and keeping it dry. 
 
 WA'TER-FUK'RoW, v. t. To plo\y or open water- 
 furrows. 
 
 WA TER-GAGE, ) 77. [water and ga'rc.] An in- 
 
 WX'TER-GUaGE, i strunient for measuring or as- 
 certaining the depth or quantity of water. 
 
 WA'TER -GALL, 71. A cavity made in the earth by 
 a torrent of water. 
 2. An appearance in the rainbow. .'ftevens. 
 
 WA'TER-GER-MAN'DER, 71. A plant of the genus 
 'i'eucrium. Ctjc. 
 
 VVA'TER-GILD-IXG, ji. The gilding of metallic 
 surfaces by covering them with a thin coating of 
 amalgam of gold anil then volatilizing the mercury 
 by heat. Brande. 
 
 WA'TER-GOD, n. [water and god.] A deity that 
 presides over the water. 
 
 VVA'TER-GRU'EL, Ti. [water and gniel.] A liquid 
 food, composed of water and a small portion of meal 
 or other farinaceous substance bbilcd. 
 
 VVA'TER-II.^IR'GKXt-S, 71. A species of grass, the 
 Aira aquatica. Ci/c. 
 
 WA'TER-IIAiM'MER, 71. A column of water "in a 
 vacuum, which not being supported as in the air, 
 falls against the end of the vessel with a peculiar 
 noise. It may be formed by corking a vessel of 
 water while it is boiling. The vapor condensing as 
 it cools, a vacuum is formed. 
 
 VVA'TER-IIEMP-AG'RI-MO-NV, 71. A plant of the 
 genus Hidens. J^ee. 
 
 WA'TER-I1E.\, 71. [water and Acii.] A water-fowl 
 of the genus Gallinula of Latham, closely allied to 
 the Railn, and named from its quaint resei'nblance to 
 the common domestic fowl; al?o called Gallimt,e. 
 Several species of this genus, and also the Soree, or 
 common K.ail of America, are called Gallinijles or 
 VV'ATr.ii-llr.<u. A'uttall. 
 
 VVA'TER-IIOG, 77. [water and hog.] A quadruped 
 ol HoulU America, the llydroclurrua capybara, a ro- 
 dent mnmmal, inlialiiting the shores of liio gri.at riv- 
 < r» of South America, its length is about three feet. 
 Naturalists consider it as neatly allied to the cobaya 
 or iTuiitea-pig 
 
 W A''i EU-L.ASH-£;D, (-lasht,) a. Lashed by the 
 water. 
 
 W A'TKO-LAU'REL, n. fi/iufpr and (aurr/.] A plant. 
 WA'TER-LkAF, 71. [iratrr nnA leaf.] All American 
 
 ulant of the genus Il\ diopliylliim. Arc. 
 W'A'TER-LES.S, a. iJestilulc of water. Tuukr. 
 
 WAT 
 
 W^V'TER-LEV'EL, a. {toater and level.] The level 
 formed by the surface ol still water. 
 
 WA' TER-LIL'Y, 71. [water and lily.] The common 
 name of the a()uatic plants of the genera Nymphma 
 and Nuphar, distinguished for tlieir beautiful ilow- 
 ers and large, floating leaves. P. Cyc. 
 
 WA'TER-LINE, 71. [water and line.] A horizontal 
 line supposed to be drawn about a ship's bottom, at 
 the surface of the water. Tliis is higher or lower, 
 according to the depth of water necessary to float 
 her. .Mar. Diet. Cue. 
 
 WA'TER-LOG-GED, a. [water and log.] Lying 
 like a log on the water. A ship is said to be water- 
 logged, when, by leaking and receiWng a great quan- 
 tity of water into her hold, she has become so heavy 
 as not to be manageable by the helm, and to be at 
 the mercy of the waves. Brande. 
 
 WA'TER-M.-\N, 7!. [jcater and man.] A boatman; a 
 ferryman ; a man wJio manages water-craft. Oay 
 
 VVA'TER-IM;\RK, 77. [water and mark.] The mark 
 or limit of the rise of a flood. Drydrn. 
 
 WATER-.MEL'ON, 7!. [water and -melon.] A plant 
 and its fruit, of the genus Cucurbita or Cucumis, 
 (C. citrullus.) This plant requires a warm climate 
 to bring it to perfection. It also requires a dry, 
 sandy, warm soil, and will not grow well in any 
 other. The fruit abounds with a sweetish liquor re- 
 sembling w.-xter in color, and the pulp is remarkably 
 rich and delicious. 
 
 WA'TER-IIILL, 71. [water and 77!i7/.] A mill whose 
 liiachinery is moved by w ater, and thus distinguished 
 from a wind-mill. • 
 
 VVA'TER-MINT. See VVatzr-Calamint. 
 
 WA'TEK-NEVVT, 71. [water and 7icw(.] An animal 
 of the lizard tribe, (Lacerta aquatica of Linnaeus.) 
 
 WA'TER-OR'DE-AL, n. [water and ordeal.] A ju- 
 dicial trial of persons accused of crimes, by means 
 of water ; formerly in use among illiterate and super- 
 stitious nations. 
 
 WA'TER-OU'SJEL, n. [water and ousel.] A bird al- 
 lied to the thrushes, the Cinctus aquaticus, found in 
 Europe and parts of Asia. It frequents streams of 
 water. P. Cyc, 
 
 The water-ousel is the turdus cinctus of Latham. 
 
 Ed. Encyc. 
 
 WA'TER-PaRS'NEP, «. [water and 2'arsncp.] A 
 jilant of the genus Sium. Lre. 
 
 WA'TER-PLANT, h. A plant that grows in water ; 
 an aquatic plant. 
 
 WA'TER-Po'A, 71. A valuable species of grass, the 
 I'oa aquatica, which is cultivated in England for fod- 
 der. Loudon. 
 
 WA'TER-POISE, 71. [water and poise.] A hydrom- 
 eter, or instrument for ascertaining the specific grav- 
 ity of diiFereiit liquids. Francis. 
 
 WA'TER-POT, 71. [icater and pot.] A vessel for 
 holding or conveying water, or for sprinkling water 
 on cl th in bleaching, or on plants. &c. 
 
 VVA'TER-PROOF, a. [water and proof.] Impervious 
 to water ; so firm and comjiact as not to admit wa- 
 ter ; as, water-proof cloth, leather, or felt. 
 
 WA'TER-RAD'ISII, 71. [ica(cr and radish.] 
 
 A species of Sisymbrium, Lee. 
 
 WA'TER-RaIL, 71. [icatcr and rai7.] A wading bird 
 ol' the genus Rallus. 
 
 WA'TER-RA.M, 71. A machine by which water is 
 raised much above its level by the momentum of a 
 larger stream than the one which is raised. Francis. 
 
 WA'TER-RAT, 71, [water and rat.] An animal of 
 tiie genus Arvicola (Mus, Linn.,) which lives in the 
 banks of streams or lakes. 
 
 WA'TER-ROCK-iiD, ( rokt,) a. Rocked by the 
 waves. 
 
 WA'TER-ROCK'ET, 71. [water and rocket.] A spe- 
 cies of Sisymbrium. Johnson. 
 2. A kind of firework to be discharged in the water. 
 
 WA'TER-ROT, v. L [water ami rat.] To rot by 
 steeping in water; as, to wnler-rot hemp or flax. 
 
 WA'TER-ROT-TED, pp. Rotted by being steeped in 
 water. 
 
 WA'TER-ROT-TING, ppr. Rotting in water. 
 WA'TER-.SaIL, 71. [water and sail.] A small sail 
 tised under a studding sail or driver boom. 
 
 jifar. Diet. 
 
 WA'TBU-SAP'PHIRE, (-saff ire 07--sarfer,) 71. lolite, 
 
 a kind ot p!ue precious stone. 
 WA'TER-SeoR'PI-ON, 71. [water and .■teorpivn.] 
 
 A name given to aquatic, hemiiiteroiis insects of 
 the fiimily Nepida; (gi nus Nepa, Linn.) fron their 
 fore legs being somewhat similar to those of tiiC scor- 
 pion. They feed on other ai|uatic insects. 
 
 Partington. 
 
 U'A'TER-SIIEI), n. A range of high land that casta 
 
 tlie water in dilli rcnt directions. RtiOinson. 
 WA'TER-SIIOOT, 71. [icu^r and s/ioot.l A sprig or 
 
 slioot from the root or stock of a tree, [/.oeal.] 
 VVA'TER-SN.aKE, 71. [water and snalic.] A snake 
 
 tliiit frequents the water. 
 VVA'TER-SOAK.u. t. [water and MoA,] To soak or fill 
 
 tiie interstices with water. 
 VVA'TER-SOAK-J'JI), (-sokt,) pp. or a. Soaked, or 
 
 liiiviiig its interstices filled with water; an, waUr- 
 
 .tonked wood ; n watrr-soalied hat. 
 VVA'TER-SOL'UIER, (-sol'jcr,) 71. An aquatic plant 
 
 WAT 
 
 of the genus Stratiotes, with long, sword-like k avcs, 
 and flowers resembling plumes of white feathers. 
 
 London. 
 
 WA'TER-SP.\N'IEL, f-span'ycl,) n. [water and 
 spaniel.] A dog so called. (■ulnn,. 
 
 WA'TER-SPOUT, 71. A remarkable natural plienbm- 
 cnon usually observed over the sea, but .sometimes 
 over the land. It usually consists of a dense, black 
 cloud, depending from the sky in a conical firm t(v 
 ward the earth. Sometimes it unites with a corre- 
 sponding portion ascendingfrom below, thus forming 
 a continuous column from the surface of theear.h to 
 the cloud. It often discliaiges great quantities of 
 water, whence its name. Olmsted. 
 
 WA'TER-STAND'ING, a. Wet with water; as, 
 a water-standing eye. " Ci/c. Sliak. 
 
 WA'TEK-Ta'BLE, 71. [traier and table.] In ar- 
 cliitectnre, a strong, coarse molding, or other projec- 
 tion, in the wall of a building, to throw ott" the water. 
 
 Bacluinan. 
 
 WA'TER-TATII, 71. In England, a species of coarse 
 grass growing in wet grounds, and supposed to be 
 injurious to sheep. Cyc. 
 
 WA'TER-THER-MOM'E-TER, n. An instrument 
 for ascertaining the precise degree of cold at which 
 water attains its niaxinium density. This is about 
 40' of Fahrenheit ; and from that point down to 32°, 
 or the freezing point, it expands. Water thus forms 
 a remarkable exception to the general law of expan- 
 sion by heat and contraction by cold. Olmsted. 
 
 WA'TER-TIGHT, (-tite,) a. [water and tight.] So 
 tight as to retain or not to admit water. IVhewell. 
 
 WA'TER-TRE'FOIL, n. A jilaut, Menyanthes tri- 
 foliala. 
 
 WA'TER-VI'O-LET, 71. [water and violet.] An 
 aquatic plant of the genus Hottonia. Mdler. Lee. 
 
 WA'TER-WaY, 71. [irater and Way.] In a ship^s 
 deck, a ijiece of timber, forming a channel for con- 
 ducting wat.-r to the scuppers. 
 
 WA'TER-WHEEL, 71. [water and wheel.] A wheel 
 moved by water. 
 2. An encine for raising water in large quantities. 
 
 WA'TER-\VIL'LoVV, 71. [water and wdlow.] A 
 plant. jJinswoHk. 
 
 WA'TER-WINGS, 71. pi. Walls erected on the banks 
 of rivers, next to bridges, to secure the foundation 
 from the action of the current. Francis. 
 
 WA'TER-WITH, 11. [water and with.] A plant. 
 
 Derham. 
 
 WA'TER-WORK, (-wur!;,) 71. [water and irorA.] 
 VVater-works are Iiydraulic machines or engines, 
 particularly such as form lutificial fountains, spouts, 
 and the like^ 
 
 WA'TER-WoRN, a. Worn by the force of water. 
 
 WA'TER-WORT, ti. An aquatic plant of the genus 
 Elatine. Lee. 
 
 WA'TER, (wau'ter,) c. t. To irrigate ; to overflow 
 with water, or to wet with water ; as, to icaterkind. 
 Showers water the earth. 
 
 2. To supply with water. The hilly lands of New 
 England are remarkably well watered witli rivers and 
 rivulets. 
 
 3. To supply with water for drink ; as, to wa!er 
 cattle and horses. 
 
 4. To diversify; to wet and calender; to give a 
 ■wavy appearance to ; as, to water silk. 
 
 WA'TER, (wau'ter,) v. i. To shed water or liquid 
 matter. His eyes l)egan to water. 
 
 2. To get or take in water. The ship put into port 
 to water. 
 
 The mouth waters ; a phrase denoting that a person 
 has a longing desire. 
 WA'TER-AGE, 71. Money paid for transportation by 
 water. 
 
 WA'TER-JED, pp. or a. Overspread or sprinkleil with 
 water ; made wet ; supplied with water ; made lus- 
 trous by being wet and calendered. 
 
 WA'TER-ER, 71. One who waters. Careu). 
 
 WA'TER-I-NESS, 11. [from ira/rri/.] Moisture ; hu- 
 midity ; n state of abounding with water, .^rbuthn-'^t. 
 
 WA'TER-ING, ;ipr. Overflowing; sprinkling or wet- 
 ting with water; supplying witli water; giving wa- 
 ter for drink ; giving a wavy appearance to. 
 
 WA'TER-INC;, n. The act of overflowing or sprink- 
 liiig with water ; the act of supplying with water for 
 drink or other purposes ; the act of wetting and cal- 
 endering tor giving luster to, as cloth. 
 2. The place where water is su|)plied. 
 
 WA'TER-ING-PLAGE, 71. A place where water may 
 be obtained, as for a sliip, for cattle, &.C. 
 
 2. .\ place to which people resort fur mineral wa 
 ter, or for the use of water in some way or other. 
 
 WA'TER-ING-TROUGll, ij-tiauf,) 71. A trough in 
 which cattle and horses drink. 
 
 WA'TER-ISH, a. Resembling water; thin, as n 
 liquor. fhryden. 
 a. Moist ; somewhat watery ; ns, wulerish land. 
 
 /late. 
 
 WA'TER-ISH-NEPS, 71. Thinness, as of a liquor ; ro- 
 sembliiiicc to water. 
 
 WnUHthnesi, which U hkc llic nrrmUy of mir blooil. /■loyw. 
 
 WA'TER-LESa, a. Destitute of water. Milford. 
 WA'TER-MEAS'IJRE, (-niezh'ur,) 71. A measure 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PK6Y. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BOpK.— 
 
 1252 
 
i 
 
 WAV 
 
 WAY 
 
 WAY 
 
 for arlifles hroiiKlU hy water, as coals, oysters, &c. 
 This bushel is larjier than the Winchester measure. 
 WA'TEU-Y, a. Uesemblin^ water ; thin or transpa- 
 rent ; as u liquid ; as, watery huuiora. 
 
 The oily uiid uMtery piiru of tilo cleinclil. Arbuthnoi. 
 
 2. Tasteless ; insipid ; vapid ; spiritless ; as, wa- 
 terij turnips. - Pliilipi. 
 
 3. Wet ; abounding with water ; as, watery land ; 
 watery eyes. Prior. 
 
 4. Pertaining to water; as, the watery god. 
 
 Dryihn. 
 
 5. Consisting of w.atcr; as, a watery desert. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 WAT'TLE, (wot'tl,) n. [Sax. tr«(e/, a twig; allied 
 perlia|is to witlie, L. pifij.', tli:it is, a shoot.] 
 
 1. Properly, a twig or flexible rod ; and hence, a 
 hurdle made of sucli rods. 
 
 2. The fleshy excrescence that grows under the 
 throat of a cock or turkey, or a like substance on a 
 tish. Cijc. Hiilton. 
 
 3. A rod laid on a roof to support the thatch. 
 WAT'TLE, I', t. To bind with twigs. 
 
 2. To twist or interweave twigs one with anoth- 
 er ; to plat ; to form a kind of net work with flexible 
 branches ; as, to wattle a hedge. ,Mortimrr. 
 
 WAT'TLED, pp. Bound or interwoven with twigs. 
 
 WAT'TLING. ppr. Inter\v;caving with twigs. 
 
 WAUIj, ??. i. To cry as a cat. 
 
 WAITL'ING, ppr. Crying as a cat. 
 
 WAVE, n. [Sax. weg, tcirir, a wave, a way ; both the 
 same word, and both coinciding witli the root of 
 «?(!«■, wairou, vacillate, ireiir/i, &.C. The sense is, ago- 
 ing, a moving, appropriately ii moving one way and 
 the other ; G. woi;e ; Svv. x>ag ; It. biiaice.] 
 
 1. A moving swell or volume of u'ater ; u.fftnlhj, 
 a swell raised and driven liy wind. A pebble thrown 
 into still w.ater i)roducc3 wauM, which form comen- 
 tric circles, receding from the point where the pebble 
 fell. But wavc.^ are generally raised and driven by 
 wind, and the word comprehends any moving swell 
 on the surface of water, irom tlie smallest ripple to 
 the billows of a tempest. 
 
 Thi: wave Ijchiiid impels the wave before. Pope. 
 
 2. Unevenness; inequality of surface. JVncton. 
 
 3. The line or streak of luster on cloth waten d and 
 calendered. 
 
 W.^VE, K. I. [Sa.t. wajian; probably u corrupt or- 
 thography.] 
 
 1. To play loosely ; to move like a wave, one way 
 and the other ; to float ; to undulate. 
 
 Ilis purple rotx's Wdved urele^ to iho wiiida. Trumbull. 
 
 2. To be moved, as a signal. B. Jonson. 
 
 3. To fluctuate ; to waver; to be in an unsettled 
 Slate. [ Ob.i.] 
 
 WAVE, p. (. [See Wavhi.] To raise into inequali- 
 ties of surface. Slink. 
 
 2. To move one way and the other ; to brandish ; 
 as, to wave the hand ; to waue a sword. 
 
 JMilton. Drydcn. 
 
 3. To waft ; to remove any thing floating. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 A. To beckon ; to direct by a waft or waving mo- 
 tion. Shak. 
 W.\VE, 7\f. [Norm, ifryrcr, to ware or waive; waif- 
 nei, waived ; Trc/,-, we(fs, waifs, j 
 
 1. To put ofl" ; to cast oH"; to cast away ; to reject ; 
 as, to wave goods stolen ; usually written Waive. 
 
 2. To quit ; to depart from. 
 
 He resolved not to wave hts way. WoUon. 
 
 3. To put oflT; to put aside for the present, or to 
 omit to pursue ; as, to wave a motion, ile offered to 
 wave the subject. 
 
 [ TAis is the usual sense.'^ 
 
 4. To relinquish, as a right, claim, or privilege. 
 [Generally written Waive.] 
 
 WAV'JCD, pp. Moved one way and the other; bran- 
 dished. 
 
 2. Put off; omitted. 
 
 3. n. In heraldry, indented. 
 
 4. Variegatj^d in luster ; .as, waved sWk. 
 
 5. In natural histitni, having on the margin a suc- 
 cession of arched segments or incisions. Humble. 
 
 WaVE'LESS, a. Free from waves ; undisturbed ; 
 
 iinagit.ited ; as, the wavele.^.^ sea. 
 W.^ VE'-LIKE, a. Resembling a wave ; undulating. 
 WA'VEI>-I.ITE, n. [from Jfact/, the discov rer.] 
 A phosphate of nliiiiiina, occurring usually in 
 
 hemispherical conorelions, consisting of tine, radiated 
 
 fibers ; and nirely in distinct crystals secondaries to 
 
 a rhombic prism. Dana. 
 WAVE'-I.OAF, n. [irare and loaf.] A loaf for a 
 
 wave-ofli'rinff. 
 VVAVE'-OF'FER-ING, n. An oflering made with 
 
 waving toward the four cardinal points. JVum. 
 
 xviii. 
 
 VVA'VER, e. i. [Sax. wnfan ; Dan. srirver, from 
 raver, to weave, that is, to move one way and the 
 otherj 
 
 1. To plav or move to and fro ; to move one way 
 and Ihe other. Boyle. 
 
 2. To fluctuate ; to be unsettled in opinion ; to 
 
 vacillate ; to be undcteriiiined ; as, to waver in opin- 
 ion ; to waver ill faith. 
 
 Let UB tiold Tiisl tlic profcsainn of our fiiith without wareriuff. — 
 Heb. I. 
 
 3. To totter ; to reel ; to bo in danger of falling. 
 
 Iloltjday. 
 
 WA'VER, n. A name given to a sapling or young 
 timber-tree in England. [Loral.] 
 
 WA'VER-Ell, 71. One who wavers ; one who i>i un- 
 settled in doctrine, faith, or opinion. 
 
 VVA'VER-ING, ppr. or a. Fluctuating; being in 
 tloiibt ; iinileteriuined. 
 
 WA'VER h\G-LY, adv. In a fluctuating, doubtful 
 manner. 
 
 WA'VEiMXG-NESS, n. State or quality of being 
 wavering. Jiluuntnrrue, 
 
 WAVE'SON, 71. A name given to goods which, after 
 shipwreck, appear floating tui the sea. Bourier. 
 
 WAVE'-.SUB-JEeT'EU, a. Subject to be overflowed. 
 
 Oold.<mitli. 
 
 WAVE'-WORN, a. [wooc and icorn.] Worn by the 
 waves. 
 
 The shore that o'er hid wave.wom basis bowed. Slink. 
 
 WAVING, ppr. or a. Moving as a wave ; playing to 
 
 and fro ; brandishing. 
 WAV'ITRE, 71. The act of waving or putting ofl". 
 
 n. Perl. 
 
 W.\'VY, a. [from wave.] Rising or swelling in 
 waves ; full of waves ; as, the wary sea. Chapman. 
 
 2. Playing to and fro ; undulating. 
 
 Let her glad valleys smile with wavy corn. Prior. 
 
 3. Undulating on the border or on the surface ; a 
 hotaiiicrti it.s'c. 
 
 WAWES or WAES, (wawz,) for Waves. [JVotin 
 
 n.ic.J 
 
 W.'\X,7i. [Sax. wti'x, ircx ; G. waclis ; D. wasch ; Sw. 
 vaz i Russ. vaksa ; E. vu/cus, riVcum.] 
 
 1. .\ thick, viscid, tenacious substance, excreted 
 by bees from their bodies, and employed in the ctm- 
 siruction of their cells ; usually called Bees' Wax. 
 Its native color is yellow, but it is bleached for can- 
 dles, &.C. 
 
 2. .\ thick, tenacious substance excreted in the 
 ear. 
 
 3. A substance secreted by certain plants, forming 
 a silvery powder on tlie leaver and fruit, as in the 
 wax-palm anu wax-isyrtle. Cyc. 
 
 4. A substance used ir. sealing letters ; called Seai.- 
 iwg-Wax or Spa«i9h-Wax. This is a compttsition 
 of lac and resin, colored with some pigment. Cyc. 
 
 5. A thick substance used by shoemakers ftir rub- 
 bing their thread. 
 
 IVax, mineral. See Ozocerite. 
 
 WAX, 71. t. To smear or rub with wax ; as, to wax a 
 thread or a table. 
 
 WAX, r. i. : pret. W^axed ; pp. Waxed or Waxe!^. 
 [ Sax. weazan ; G. wachsen ; Sw. vaza ; allied proba- 
 bly to L. auiTco, atui, Gr. af(aj, and iiii^/.t.j 
 
 1. To increase in size ; to grow ; to become larger ; 
 as, the waiini; and the walling moon. HakewUl. 
 
 2. To pass from one state to another ; to become ; 
 as, to war strong ; to wax warm or ctild ; to wax fee- 
 ble ; to wax hot ; to wax old ; to wax worse anil 
 worse. Scripture. 
 
 WAX '-CAN-DEE, ti. [wax and candle.] 
 
 A caiidli^ made of wa.T. 
 WAX'-CH.\M)-LER, 7i. [wax and chandler.] A 
 
 maker of wax-candles. 
 WA.X'£D, (wakst,) pp. Smeared or rubbed with 
 
 wax. 
 
 VVAX'£N, a. Made of wax ; as, waxen cells. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 2. Resembling wax. A'rf. Encyc. 
 
 WAX'-E.M), I n. ,\ thread pointed with a bristle 
 
 VVAX'i."U-END, j and covered with shoemaker's 
 wax ; used in sewing shoes. Brockett. 
 
 WAX'ING, ppr. Growing; increasing; becoming; 
 smearing with wax. 
 
 WAX'-.MOTII, 71. The bee-moth, which see. 
 
 W AX'-M YR-'I'LE, 7i. The Myrica cerifera, a shrub of 
 North America ; also called Ca:«dleberrv-Tree and 
 Bavhekrv, the berries of which are covert>d with a 
 greenish wax, called myrtle-wax or bayberry talloir. 
 
 Bitrclow. 
 
 WAX'-PALM, (-p'lm,) 77. A species of palm, the 
 Ceroxylon andicola, a native of the Andes, the stem 
 of which is covered with a secretion, consisting of 
 two thirds resin and one third wax. 
 
 Bonpland. Vauquelin. 
 
 VVAX'WING, 71. A bird of the genus Bombycilla, 
 abiiiit six or eight inches long. There are several 
 beautiful species so named, because most of them 
 have sm.all, oval, horny appendages on the seconda- 
 ries of the wings, of the color of red sealing-wax. 
 
 P. Cijc. Jardine. 
 
 WAX'-WORK, (-work,) 71. Figures formed of wax, 
 in imiuitiiin of real beings. 
 
 WAX'Y, a. Soft like wax ; resembling wax ; viscid ; 
 adhesive. 
 
 WAY, 71. [Sax. wag, weg ; G. and D. weg ; Dan. vrj ; 
 Sw. ran- ; I,, and It. na ; Fr. voie ; coinciding in ori- 
 gin with wag, weigh, wagon, vogue, &.C.] 
 
 1. Litrrallij, a passing ; hence, a [lassage ; the place 
 of passing ; hence, a road of any kind ; a hmhwiiy ; 
 a private road ; a lane ; a street ; any place fur the 
 passing of men, cattle, or other aniiiiuis ; n word of 
 very campreheiusive signijication. 
 
 2. Lenuth ot space ; as. a great way; a little way. 
 
 3. Course ; direction of inolitui or travel. What 
 way A'ui he take.' Which way ^WM 1 go ? Keep iu 
 the way of truth and knowledge. 
 
 M.irk what way I noilte, Sliak. 
 
 4. Passage; room for passing. ^lake way for Ihe 
 jury. 
 
 5. Course or regular course. 
 
 And let cteninl ju.«tice Uihe the way. Dryden. 
 
 6. Tenilency to any meaning or act. 
 
 I'liere is iiotbiii^ in the wunis that touiiils <Jiat wsy. AtUrbury. 
 
 7. Sphere of observation. 
 
 i.'lc general ullici--n» and the public niliiUten! that fell in my teau. 
 
 TempU. 
 
 8. Manner of doing any thing ; method; means of 
 doing. Seek the best way of learning, and pursue it. 
 
 By nulile isayt we (X^nquesls will pn^pare. Dryden. 
 
 9. Method ; scheme of management. 
 
 What impious wayg my wisle s tt)ol<. Prior. 
 
 10. Manner of thinking or behavior; particular 
 turn tif opinion ; determination or humor. Let him 
 have his waij, when that will not injure him, or any 
 other person. Itiil iniiUiluiles of children are ruined 
 by being periuittril to have their way. 
 
 11. iMaiiner; mode. In no way docs this matter 
 belong to iiie. We admire a person's way of express- 
 ing his iili as. 
 
 12. Method ; manner of practice. Find, if you 
 can, the easiest waij to livi-. 
 
 Having lust Uie way of nobleness. Sidnty. 
 
 13. Method or plan of life and conduct. Instruct 
 your children in the right way. 
 
 Her wayt are tt>a^« of pleasantness, and all her paths ore pnce. 
 
 Prov. iii. 
 
 All fl' sh had corrupted his leny. — Gen. vj. 
 
 14. Course ; process of things, good or bad. Things 
 are in a prosperous way. 
 
 15. Right method to act or know. 
 
 We are tiuite out of the iray. Lockt. 
 
 16. General scheme of acting. 
 
 Men who go orit of the way to hint free tbinj^a, must be gnilty of 
 absurdity or rudeness. Claritta. 
 
 17. Sect ; denomination of a particular faith, creed, 
 or worship. jJcts- xix. 23. 
 
 18. IVay ; among seamen, progress ; as, a ship has 
 
 way. 
 
 19. Ifay.i, pi. ; the timbers on which a ship is 
 launched. 
 
 To make way; to give room for passing ; or to make 
 a v.acancy. 
 
 To give way ; to recede ; to make room ; or to 
 yield ; to ctmcetie the place or tiiiinion to another. 
 
 To make one^s way ; to advance in life by elfurts ; to 
 advance successfully. 
 
 By the way ; en passant ; as we proceed ; a phrase 
 introducing sonu'tliiiig in discourse not immediately 
 connected with the subject. 
 
 To go one^s way, or to come one'^s way ; to go or come 
 along. Shale. 
 
 To go the way of all the earth ; to die. 
 
 In the way: a phrase noting obstruction. What is 
 there 171 Uie way of your success 
 
 In Scripture, the ways of God are his providential 
 government or his works. Rom. xi. Job xl. 
 
 lyay and ways are used in certain phrases in the 
 sense of wise, tie is no ways a match for his antag- 
 onist. 
 
 'Tis no way the interest even of the priestiiood. Popt. 
 
 To be under way ; in seamen^s language, to be in 
 motion, as wlien a ship begins to move. So a ship 
 is said to have headway, when she moves forward in 
 her course, and sternwatj, when she is driven astern. 
 She is said also to gattier way, or to lose way. lee- 
 way is a movement of a ship aside of her course, or 
 to the leeward. 
 
 Milky way ; in astronomy, the galaxy ; a broad, lu- 
 minous belt or space in the heavens supposed to be 
 occasioned by the blentled light of an immense num- 
 ber of stars. 
 
 Covert way; in fortification, a passage covered from 
 the enemy's fire. 
 
 fVays and means ; in Irgi.slation, means for raising 
 money ; resources fur revenue. 
 
 Waii-gotng crop, among farmers, is the crop which 
 is taken from the ground the ^ar the tenant leaves 
 the farm. England. Cyc. 
 
 WAY'-BAG'GAGE, »i. The baggage or luggage of a 
 
 way-passenger on a railroad, &c. 
 WAY'-BILL, 71. A list of passengers in a public ve- 
 
 liicle. United Stairs. 
 
 WAY'-BREAD, ( bred,) 71. A name given to the herb 
 
 plantain, (Plantago iii.ijor.) Loudon. 
 WAY'FAR-EK, ii. [way and fare, Sax. faran, to go 1 
 A traveler : a jiassenger. Carew. 
 
 TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOTJS. — € as K ; C as J ; S as 7, ; CH as Sll ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1." 
 
 A A A A A' 
 
 12.53 
 
WEA 
 
 WE A 
 
 WEA 
 
 VVaY'FaR-ING, a. [Supra.] Traveling; passing; 
 
 heinz on a jnurney. Judges xix. 
 WaY'FaR-ING-TREE, n. A shrub, a species of Vi- 
 burnum. Cyc. 
 VVAY'LAID, pp. Watched in the way. [See Wav- 
 
 l-AY.] 
 
 WaY'LaY, v. 
 
 t. [way and tay.] To watch insid- 
 iously in the way, with a view to seize, rob, or slay ; 
 to beset in ambush ; as, to waylay a traveler. 
 
 Milton. Dryden. 
 [In this word there is little difference of accent.'] 
 VVaY'LaY-ER, n. One who waits for another in 
 
 ambush, with a view to seize, rob, or slay him. 
 WaY'-LeAVE, 71. A provincial term for the ground 
 purchased for a wagon-way between coal-pits and a 
 ru'er. [Local.] Cyc. 
 W.AY'LESS, a. Having no road or path ; pathless; 
 
 trackless. Drayton. 
 \Va Y'-.MaK-ER, n. One who makes a way ; .1 pre- 
 cursor. Bacon. 
 VV.aY'-.MXRK, 7!. [tcay and mark.] A mark to guide 
 
 in travelinj. Jcr. xxxi. 
 WaY'.MENT, v. i. [Sax. wa, woe.] 
 
 To lament. [JVot in itse.] Spenser. 
 WaY'-P.^iNE, n. A slip left for cartage in watered 
 land. [Local.] Cyc. ' 
 
 WaY'-PAS'SEX-GER, 71. A passenger on a railroad 
 or in a stage-coach, taken up at some intermediate 
 place between the principal stopping-places. 
 WaY'-THIS-TLE, (-this-1,) n. A troublesome plant 
 
 or perermi:il weed. Cyc. 
 VVa\''\VARD, a. [way and ward.] Froward ; peev- 
 ish ; perverse ; liking his own way. 
 
 \Vayu)ftrd beauty doth not fancy move. Fair/ax. 
 
 VVaY'-WARD-^N, 71. In local usage, the surveyor of 
 a roati. 
 
 WaY'\VARD-LY, orfp. Frowardly; perversely. 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 WaY'VVARD-NESS, 7t. Frowardness; perverseness. 
 
 H^otton. 
 
 Wa Y'VVlS-ER, 71. An instrument for measuring the 
 distance which one has traveled on the road ; called 
 also Perambulator, and Podometer or Pedome- 
 ter. Cyc. 
 
 WaY'WODE, I 77. [Slav, voyna. war, and vodit, to 
 
 WaI'WODE, ( lead.] 
 
 A name originally given to military commanders 
 in various Slavonic countries, and afterward to gov- 
 ernors of towns or provinces. It was assiinieil for a 
 time by the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia, who 
 are now called Hospodar-;, and has also been given 
 to some inferior Turkish officers. P. Cyc. 
 
 WaY'VVODE-SHIP, 71. The province or jurisdiction 
 of a «'ayvvode. ££077. 
 
 WAY'WORN, a. Wearied by traveling. 
 
 We, pron. ; pi. of I ; or rather a difTi rent word, denot- 
 ing the person speaking and another or others with 
 him. / and .lohn the speaker calls we, or / and Johji 
 and Thomas ; or / and many others. In the objective 
 case, 715. 
 
 We is used to express men in general, including 
 the speaker. 
 
 Vice 8''en to» oft, familiar with lier face, 
 
 We firat endtire, then pity, then emUnic«. Pope. 
 
 WeAK, (week,) a. [Sax. wane, wace ; G. wrick, 
 schwach ; D. iwak ; Dan. vecg, vtrtr ; Sw. vck. The 
 primary sense of the root is, to yield, fail, give way, 
 recede, or to be soft.] 
 
 1. Having little pliysical strength ; feeble. Chil- 
 dren are born weak; men are rendered wcali by dis- 
 ease. 
 
 2. Infirm ; not healthy; as, a weak constitution. 
 
 3. Not able to bear a great weight ; as, a weak 
 bridge ; weak timber. 
 
 4. Not strong ; not compact; easily broken ; as, a 
 weak ship ; a weak rope. 
 
 5. Not able to resist a violent attack ; as, a weak 
 
 6. Soft ; pliant ; not stiff. [fortress. 
 
 7. Low ; small ; feeble : as, a weak voice. 
 
 8. Feeble of mind ; wanting spirit ; wanting vigor 
 of understanding ; as, a weak prince ; a weak magis- 
 trate. 
 
 To think every thinjj dinputAbli 
 captious o-inper. 
 
 9. Not much impregnated with ingredients, or with 
 things that excite action, or with stimulating and 
 nourishing substances ; as, weak broth ; weak tea ; 
 weak ttiddy ; n weak solution ; a weak decf)Ction. 
 
 10. Not politically powerful ; as, a weak nation or 
 
 StiltC. 
 
 11. Not having force of authority or energy ; as, a 
 wcat piivernmenl. 
 
 J2. Not having moral force or power to convince ; 
 not well supported by truth or reason ; as, a weak ar- 
 gument. 
 
 1.'). Not well supported by argument ; aa, weak rea- 
 son in g. 
 
 H. Unfortified ; accessible ; impressible ; as, the 
 ioeaJc side of a pcrsttn. 
 
 15. Not having full conviction or confidence ; as, 
 weak in faith. 
 
 Id. fVeak land. Is land of light, thin soil. Cyc. 
 
 [/ betievt never uned in JVeic England.] 
 
 I proof of a vtcnk mind and 
 Btauie. 
 
 Weak, 71. (. To make weak. [JVu( used.] 
 WE.-iK, V. i. To become weak. [JVue used.] 
 
 __ ^ Chaucer. 
 
 WeAK'KN, (week'n,) tJ. U [Sax. wacan, to languish, 
 to vacillate.] 
 
 1. To lessen the strength of, oi- to deprive of 
 strength ; to debilitate ; to enfeeble ; as, to weaken 
 the body ; to weaken the mind ; to weaken the hands 
 of the magistrate ; to weaken the force of an objection 
 or an argument. 
 
 2. To reduce in strength or spirit ; as, to weaken 
 tea ; to weaken anv solutit)n or dectjction. 
 
 WeAK'£N-£D, pp'. Debilitated ; enfeebled ; reduced 
 in strength. 
 
 WeAK'£N-ER, 71. He or that which weakens. 
 
 WeAK'£N-ING, ppr. Debilitating; enfeebling; re- 
 ducing the strength or vigor of any thing. 
 
 2. a. Having the quality of reducing strength. 
 
 WeAK'-E?-£D, f-ide,) a. Having weak eyes. 
 
 WeAK'-HEAD ED, a. Having a weak intellect. 
 
 WeAK'-HEART-ED, a. Having little courage ; dis- 
 piritetl. 
 
 WeAK'LING, 71. A feeble creature. Sliak. 
 WeAK'LY, adv. Feebly ; with little physical strength ; 
 faintly ; not forcibly ; as, a fortress weakly defended. 
 
 2. With want of efficacy. 
 
 Wa3 plighted fAith so weakly sealed above f Dryden. 
 
 3. With feebleness of mind or intellect; indis- 
 creetly ; injuriously. 
 
 Beneath pretended Justice weakly fall. Dryden. 
 
 _4. Timorously ; with little courage or fortitude. 
 WeAK'LY, a. Not strong of constitution ; infirm ; 
 as, a weakly woman ; a man of a weakly constitution. 
 
 Ralegh. 
 
 Wi5AK'NESS, 71. Want of physical strength ; want 
 of ftirce or vigor; feebleness; as, the weakness of a 
 child ; the weakness of an invalid ; the weakness of a 
 w.all or bridge, or of thread or cordage. 
 
 2. Want of sprightliness. 
 
 Soft, without weakness ; without glarings, gay. Pope. 
 
 3. Want of steadiness. 
 
 By such a review, we shall discern and strenetheo our weak' 
 nesses. Rogers. 
 
 4. Infirmity; unhealthiness ; as, weakness of con- 
 stitution. Temple. 
 
 5. Want of moral force or efTect upon the mind ; 
 as, the weakness of evidence ; the weakness of argu • 
 ments. 
 
 G. Want of judgment ; feebleness of mind ; fool- 
 ishness. 
 
 All wickethiess is uienknees. Millon. 
 7. Defect; failing; fault; with a plural. 
 
 Many take pleasure in spreading abroad the weaknesses of an 
 exalteil cliaracter. Spectator. 
 
 WeAK'SIDE, n. [weak and side.] Foible ; defi- 
 cience ; failing ; infirmity. Temple, 
 
 WeAK'-SiGHT-ED, a. Having weak sight. 
 
 WeAK'-SPIR'IT-ED, a. Having weak spirits. 
 
 We.'\L, 71. [Sax. wela; G. wohl ; Dan. vcl ; from the 
 same root as well, Sw. vdl ; L. valeo, to be strong, to 
 avail, to prevail. The primary sense of weal is 
 strength, soundness, from the sense of straining, 
 stretching, or advancing.] 
 
 1. A sound stale of a person or thing ; a state 
 which is prosperous, or at least not unfortunate, not 
 declining; prosperity; happiness. 
 
 As we love tlie went of our souls and bodies. Bacon. 
 Tlie treat or woe in thee is placed. Mitton. 
 
 So we say, the public weal, the general weal, the 
 weal of the nation or state. B. TVumbull. 
 
 2. Republic ; state ; public interest. 
 
 [Hut we now use Commo.nwealth, in the sense 
 of state.] 
 
 WeAL, 71. The mark of a stripe. [See Wale.1 
 WEALD, WALD, WALT, WOLD, in Saxon and 
 other Teutonic dialects, signifies a wood or forest. 
 It is found in names, as in Walt-ham, wood-house; 
 corruptly pronouncetl Wal-tham. 
 WeALD'EN, a. A term applied in England to cer- 
 tain strata of the upper part of the oolitic series. 
 
 Mantcll. 
 
 WeALS'MAN, n. [meal and man.] A name given 
 
 sneerinnly to a luilitician. Skak. 
 WEALTH, (welth,) 71. [from weal; Sax. welcga, 
 welga, rich.] 
 
 \. Prosperity ; external happiness. [Obs.] 
 2. Riches ; largt^ possessions of mtmcy, gotjds, or 
 land ; that abundance of worldly est.nte which ex- 
 ceeds the estate of the greater j)art of the commu- 
 nity ; atlluence ; opulence. 
 
 Kach day new wealth without their care provide*. Dryrlen, 
 
 WEALTir oiV-ING, a. Yielding wealth. 
 WKAI/ril'l-EU, o. ciimp. .More wealthy. Borrow. 
 WEALTll'I LY, (welth'e-le,) arfi). Rirlily. Sltak. 
 WEALTH'LNESS, 71. State of being wealthy ; rich- 
 ness. 
 
 WEAIiTH'V, (welth'c,1 a. Rich, having large poa- 
 flessitins in lantis, gootls, money, or securities, or 
 largerthan the generality of men ; opulent; atiluent. 
 Ah wtN'illh ia a coniparative thing, a man may be 
 wenlihy in one place, and not bo in another. A man 
 
 may be deemed wealthy in a village, who would not 
 be so considered in London. 
 WeAN, (ween,) v. t. [Sax. wenan, gewmnan, to ac- 
 custom ; from the root of wont, wont; gewunian, to 
 delay ; D. wenan, afwejian ; G. entwbhncn ; Sw. vdnja. 
 See Wont.] 
 
 1. To aciaistom and reconcile, as a child or other 
 young animal, to a want or deprivation of the 
 breast. 
 
 And the child grew and was weaned. — Gen. xii. 
 
 2. To detach or alienate, as the affections, from 
 any object of desire ; to reconcile to the want or loss 
 of any thing ; as, to wean the heart from temporal 
 enjoyments. 
 
 Wf;AN'£D, pp. or a. Accustomed or reconciled to 
 the want of the breast or other object of desire. 
 
 WeAN'EL, j 71. A child or other animal newly 
 
 WeAN'LING, i weaned. Milton. 
 
 WeAN'ING, jj/ir. Accustoming or reconciling, as a 
 young child or other animal, to a want of the breast ; 
 reconciling to the want of any object of desire. 
 
 WEAP'ON, (wep'n,) 7!. [Sax. wa!pn,wepn; D. and G. 
 wapen ; Dan. vaabcn ; Sw. vapen. This word seems 
 to be from some root signifying to strike, L. vapula, 
 our vulgar whap, awhap.] 
 
 1. Any instrument of offense ; any thing used or 
 designed to be used in destroying or annoying an en- 
 emy. The -weapons of rude nations are clubs, stones, 
 ami bows and arrows. Modern weapons of war are 
 swords, muskets, pistols, cannon, and the like, 
 
 2. An instrument fur contest, or for combating 
 enemies. 
 
 The weapons of our warfare are not carnal. — 2 Cor. x. 
 
 3. An instrument of defense. 
 
 4. fVeapons, in btdany, arms ; thorns, prickles, and 
 stings, with which plants are furnished for defense ; 
 enumerated among the fulcres by LinuEUS. 
 
 Jifartyn. 
 
 WE.\P'ON-KD,(wep'nd,)a. Armed; furnished with 
 
 weapons or arms ; equipped. Hayward, 
 WEAP' ON-LESS, a. Unarmed; having no weapon. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 WEAP'ON-PALVE, (-s4v,) 77. [weapon and salve.] 
 A salve which was supposed to cure the wound, 
 by being applied to the weapon that made it. [ Obs.] 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 WEaR, (ware,) !). t. ; pre(. Wore ; pp. Worn, [W. 
 gwariaw, to spend or consume ; Sax. weran, werian, 
 to carry, to wear, as arms or clothes.] 
 
 1. To waste or impair by rubbing or attrition ; to 
 lessen or diminish by time, use, or instruments. A 
 current of water often wears a channel in limestone. 
 
 2. To carry appenilant to the body, as clothes or 
 weapons ; as, to wear a coat or a robe ; to wear a 
 sword ; to wear a crown. 
 
 On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore. Pope. 
 
 3. To have or exhibit an appearance ; to bear ; as, 
 she wears a smile on her countenance. 
 
 4. To affect by degrees. 
 
 Tri,als ifefir us into a liking of what posalbly, in tlie first essay, 
 displeased us. Locke. 
 
 To wear away; to consume; to impair, diminish, 
 or destroy, by gradual attrition or decay. Dryden. 
 
 To wear off; to diminish by attrition or slow de- 
 cay. Sontk. 
 
 To wear out; to consume, to render useless by at- 
 trition or decay ; as, to irrar out a coat or a bmik, 
 
 2. To consume tediously ; as, to wear out life in 
 idle projects. 
 
 3. To harass ; to tire. 
 
 He shall wear out the saints of the Most Hijh. — Dan. vii, 
 
 4, To waste the strength of; as, an old man worn 
 out in the service of his country, 
 
 5, In navigation, to wear (originally veer) is to put 
 the ship on the other tack, by turning her round, 
 stern toward the wind. Mar. Dirt. 
 
 WEAR, (ware,) v. i. To be wasted ; to be diminished 
 by attrition, by use, or by time. 
 
 Thou wilt surely wear away. — Ex. xviii. 
 
 2. To bo tediously spent. 
 
 Thus loore out ni^ht. Milton. 
 
 3. To be consumed by slow degrees. It is better 
 to wear out than to rust out. 
 
 To wear off; to pass away by degrees. The fiillics 
 of youth wear off with age. 
 WEAR, (ware,) ri. The art of wearing; diminution 
 by friction ; as, the tocar and tear of a garment. 
 2. The thing worn. 
 
 tVear and tear; the loss by wearing, .as of niacliin- 
 ery in use. 
 
 Wear, (weer,) n. [Sax witr, wer ; from the root of 
 werian, to hold, defend, protect ; D. wnnren or weeren ; 
 ofltm written uJicr, See Warren and Guard.] 
 
 1. A dam in a river to stop and raise the water, 
 for conducting it to a mill, fir taking fish, &.c. 
 
 2. A fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for 
 catching fish. 
 
 [This word is also spelt Weir or Uier.] 
 WEAR'A-nLE, a. That can be worn. Swift 
 WEARD, Sax., a warden, in names, denotes watch- 
 
 FATB, PAR, P/\LL, WHAT,— Me'IE, PRfiY.— PINE, MARINE, DIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, IIQQK.- 
 
 1354 
 
I 
 
 WEA 
 
 WEA 
 
 WED 
 
 fulne.ss or cnre ; but it must not be confjunded with 
 ward in toward 
 
 WBAR'EU, n. [from wear.'] One who wears or car- 
 ries as appendant to tlic body ; as, tlie vjcarcr of a 
 clonk, a sword, or a crown. 
 _Q. That whicli wastes or diminishes. 
 
 VVv:A'RI-f:D, (wO'rid,) pp. or a. Tired ; fatigued. 
 
 VVf.A'RI-LY, ai/r. In a tired or weary manner. 
 
 VVe.\'R1-NESS, )i. [from icion/.l The stiitc of be- 
 ing weary or tired ; that hissitiide or exhaustion of 
 strength whicli is induced l>y labor; fatigue. 
 
 With aearineet iiml wine oppn'aaod. Dryden. 
 
 1. Lassitude ; uneasiness proceeding from contin- 
 ued waiting, disappointed expectation, or exhausted 
 patience, or from other cause. 
 
 WEaR'ING, ppr. Bearing on or appendant to the 
 person ; diminishing by friction; consuming. 
 
 2. a. Denoting what is worn ; as, wfarinir ap- 
 pajrel. 
 
 WEAR'ING, n. Clothes ; garments. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 VVEaR'ISH, 0. Boggy ; watery. [JVui irt u^r.] 
 
 2. Weak ; wasliy. [jYut in use/] Carew. 
 
 Wk.\'RI-SO.ME, (we're-sum,) a. [from wcanj.] Caus- 
 ing weariness ; tiresome ; tedious ; fatiguing; as, a 
 wtarUome march ; a wearisome day*s work. 
 
 Wearitomt ni;rliu i\re ;»ppointi-tl to mc. — Job vil. 
 
 Wf.A'RI-POME-LY, adv. Tediously ; so as to cause 
 weariness. Uute^h. 
 
 VVEA'RI.SO.ME-NESS,n. The quality of exhausting 
 strength or patience ; tiresomeness ; tediousness ; as, 
 the wearu!iomene:iS of toil, or of waiting long in anx- 
 ious expectation. 
 
 WliA'RY, (we're,) a. [.Sa.T. «>m» ; allied perhaps to 
 icear.] 
 
 1. Having the strength much exhausted by toil or 
 violent exertion ; tired ; fatigued. 
 
 [It should be observed, however, that this word 
 expresses less than Tired, particularly when applied 
 to a beast ; as, a tired horse. It is followed by of 
 before the cause of fatigue ; as, to be weary of march- 
 ing ; to be weary of reaping ; to be weary of 
 study. 
 
 2. Having the patience exhausted, or the mind 
 yielding to discouragement. He was weary of asking 
 for redress. 
 
 3. Causing weariness ; tiresome; as, a weary way ; 
 a weary life. Spenser. Sbak. 
 
 WeA'RY, ti. (. [from the adjective.] To reduce or 
 exhaust the physical strength of the body ; to tire ; 
 to fatigue ; as, to weary one's self with labor or trav- 
 eling. 
 
 The people shall weary themselves for very vanity. — Hub. ii. 
 3. To make impatient of continuance. 
 
 I stuy too long by thee ; I weary thee. Shale. 
 
 3. To harass by any thing irksome ; as, to be 
 wearied of waiting for the arrival of the post. 
 To weani out: tti subdue or tixhaust by fatigue. 
 
 We.\'RY-I.\(J, ppr. Exhausting the strength of the 
 body ; fatiguing. 
 
 Wf.A'S.A.XI), / >i. [Sax. wasend, wxsend; perhaps 
 
 We'S.A.MD, S from the root of wheeic, and Goth. 
 and, Dan aande, breath.] 
 
 The windpipe or trachea ; the canal through which 
 a^r passes to anti from the lungs. 
 
 WeA'SA;L, j n. [Sax. wisle : Dan. rrsel ; G. wiesel : 
 
 WEE'S£L, ( D. wcczel. I know not the meaning of 
 this name. In G. wiese is a nit-atlow.] 
 
 A small qu.-idruped of the genus .Miistela, which 
 lives under the roots of tret>s, or in other holes, and 
 feeds on small birds, but particularly cm mice. It 
 has a long, slender body, and short legs. A weasel 
 that frequents barns and corn houses, frees them 
 from rats and mice, and is sometimes deemed a very 
 useful inmate. 
 
 WeA'SEL-COOT, n. The red headed sinew, or Mer- 
 gus miniitus. Ci/c. 
 
 WEA'SKL-FAC-Kn,(-<riste,)<i. Having a thin, sharp 
 face, like a weasel. [Spelled, also, Weezel and 
 We»7.es.1 
 
 WEATH'ER, (weth'er,) n. [Sax. wedrr, wander, or 
 wether ; G. wetter ; O. weder or werr ; Dan. rejr : S w. 
 vdder ; Sans, widara, a storm, 'i'he |iriinary sense of 
 this word is air, wind, or atmosphere; probably the 
 Gr. iiHri", whence ethrr.] 
 Properly, the air ; hence, 
 
 1. The state of Ilie air or atmosphere with respect 
 to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, 
 clearness or cloudiness, or any other ineteorohigical 
 phenomena ; as, warm weather ; cold weather ; wet 
 weaVier ; dry weather; ei\\in weather; tempestuous 
 weather; fait weatJtcr I cloudy lefo/Acr ; hazy weather ; 
 and the like. 
 
 3. Change of the state of the air. Bacon. 
 
 3. Storm ; tempest. Dryden. 
 
 [These last sitrn{fication3 are net now iji itsc, unless 
 by a poetic license.] 
 
 Stress of weather; violent winds; force of tem- 
 pests. 
 
 WEATH'ER, (weth'er,) r. L To air ; to expose to 
 the air. [Rarely used.] Spmser. Tusser. 
 
 2. In seamen's language, to sail to the windward of 
 
 something else ; as, to weallier a cape ; to weather 
 another ship. As this is often difficult, lience, 
 
 3. To bear up against and resist, though with 
 difficulty ; as, to weather the storm. Hale. 
 
 To weather a point; to gain or accomplish it against 
 opposit itin . J3ddison. 
 
 To wrallicr out ; to encounter successfully, though 
 with difficulty ; as, to weather out a storm. 
 
 Weather is used with several words, either as an 
 adjective, or as forming part of a compound word. 
 
 WEATU'ER-BicAT'^;.'^, (weth'er bi et'n,) a. Bi alen 
 or harassed by the weather. J\hltun. lirnnde. 
 
 WEATH'EU-BIT, n. A turn of the cable about the 
 end of the winillass, without the knight-heads. 
 
 WEATIl'ER-BoARI), ii. That side of a ship which 
 is toward the wind ; the windward side. So, in 
 other words, weather sigiiilies towaril the wiiul or 
 windward ; as in weuthcr-Xmw , icraf/trr-braces, wenth- 
 fr-gage, weutJirr-\'\{\s, ?rfrtt/;(T-quarter, weather- 
 shroiitls, weuthrr-s\Ac, wcfl(/ifT'Shore, &c. 
 
 2. .\ hoard forming a close junction between the 
 shingling of a roof and the side of the building be- 
 neath, tisuallv at the ends where there is no cornice. 
 
 VVE.Vf H'ER-l'iflARn, r. (. To nail hoards lapping 
 one over another, in order to exclude rain, snt>w,&.c. 
 
 GtDilt. 
 
 WEATH'ER-BOARn I.N'G, 71. The act of nailing up 
 boards lapping one over another; or the boards them- 
 selves. 
 
 WEATII'ER-BoARnS, n. pi. Pieces of planks 
 placed in the ports of a ship, when laid up in ordi- 
 narv. vVur. Diet. 
 
 VVE.<TirER-nOUND, a. Delayed by bad weather. 
 
 WEATH'ER-CEO'f IIS, «. pi. Long pieces of canvas 
 or tarpaiiling used to preserve the hammocks from 
 injury by the weather when stowed, or to defend 
 perstuis from the wind and spray. .Mar. Diet. 
 
 WEATlI'ER-eOCK, 11. [weather nnA cock.] A vane 
 or we.tther-vane ; something originally in the shape 
 of a cock, placed on the top of a spire, which, by 
 turning, shows the direction of the wind. 
 
 2. Any thing or person that turns easily and fre- 
 quently ; a fickle, inconstant person. Dri/den. 
 
 WEATII'ER-nRIV-i^N, (weth'er-driv-n,) 71. [wratli- 
 er and driven.] Driven by winds or storms ; forced 
 by stress of weather. Carew. 
 
 WEATH'ER-FEND, v. U [weather and fend.] To 
 shelter. 
 
 WEATH'ER-GALL, n. A secondary rainbow, said 
 to be a sign of bad weather. [Mirth of F.njriand.] 
 
 WEATH'ER-GaGE, 71. [weather anA gaite.] A ship 
 is said to have the wrathrr-trage of another, when 
 she is at the windward of her, and thus has the ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Hence, in JIudibras, 
 
 To veer, nnil tnck, anil Bleer a ctuse 
 Affjinst Uie weat/ier-gage uf laws, 
 
 denotes to evade sheer force by dextrous shifts. 
 WEATH'ER-GL.^ISS, 71. [7<ir«;/ier and ^?u.w.] An 
 instrument to indicate the state of the atmosphere. 
 This word includes the barometer, thermometer, 
 hygrometer, manometer, and anenioineter. 
 
 Ilatton. 
 
 WE.\TH'ER-HELM, 71. [wrnllier and helm.] A ship 
 is said to carry a weather-helm, when she is inclined 
 to come too near the winil. Mar. Diet. 
 
 WEATH'ER-ING, 71. In geoloirij, the action of the 
 elements on a rock in altering its color, texture, or 
 composition, or in roiiniliiig off its edges. Dana. 
 
 WEA'i'H'ER-.MOST, a. [wcallter and most.] Being 
 furthest to the windwarif. 
 
 WEATII'ER-I*ROOF,a. [weather and proof.] Proof 
 against rough weather. 
 
 WEATH'ER-RoLI., «. [weather roll.] The roll 
 of a ship to the windward ; opposed to LEE-Lt'nrH. 
 
 WE.ATH'ER-SPV, n. [weather and ^-py.] A star- 
 gazer; one that foretells the weather. [Little used.] 
 
 Donne. 
 
 WEATH'ER-TlDE, n. [weather and tide.] The tide 
 which sets against the lee-side of a ship, impelling 
 her to the wiiulward. Mar. Diet. 
 
 WEATII'ER-TINT-ED, a. Tinted by the weather. 
 
 WEA'f H'ER-WISE, a. [weather and wise.] Skillful 
 in foreseeing the changes or state of the weather. 
 
 WE.'^'f H'ER-WIS-ER, 71. Something that foreshows 
 the weather. [JVut used.] Dcrham. 
 
 WE.VTH'ER .ED.pp. Passed to the windward ; passed 
 with dilhciilly. 
 
 2. a. In mineralogy, a term applied to a specimen, 
 when the surface is altered in color, texture, or com- 
 position, or the edges are rounded olf by exposure to 
 the elements. Dana. 
 
 WEA'f ll'ER-ING, ppr. Passing or sailing to the 
 windward ; passing with difficulty. 
 
 Wl~;AVE, (weev,) v. t. ; prrt. Wove; pp. Woven, 
 Wove. The regular form, Weaveo, is rirely or 
 never used. [Sax. wefan ; G. weben ; D. weeven ; Sw. 
 vafca; Dan. rtreer; Vkxs. baftan ; Gr. I't/xito.] 
 
 1. To unite threads of any kind in such a manner 
 as to form cloth. This is done by crossing the 
 threads by means of a shuttle. The inoiles of weav- 
 ing, and the kinds of texture, are various. The 
 threads tirst laid in length are called the Warp ; 
 
 those which cross thein in the direction of the 
 breailth arc called the Weft or Woof. 
 
 2. To unite any thing flexible ; as, to weave twigg. 
 
 3. To unite by intermixture or close connection ; 
 as, a form of religion woven into the civil govi^n- 
 ment. Mdison. 
 
 4. To interpose ; to iiiserL 
 
 This weavee itself perforirc ii)l« my buainets. Sliak. 
 Weave, ». i. To practice weaving ; to work with s 
 It^om. 
 
 VVe.\ V'ER, 71. One who weaves ; one whose occu- 
 pation is to weave. 
 
 3. The common name of the genus Ploceiis, of 
 several S|)ecies, passerine birds, natives of Africa 
 and the East Indies ; so called because they con- 
 struct curious ^nd often pensile nests, by interweav- 
 ing twigs and fibers. Ed. Kncyc. 
 
 WeAV'ER-I'ISH, ;i. A fish of the perch family. 
 [See Weever.] 
 
 Weaving, /»;7r. Forming cloth by intermixture of 
 threads. 
 
 WeA VLNG, 71. The act or art of forming cloth in a 
 loom, by the union or intertexture of threads. 
 2. The task or work to be done in making cloth. 
 
 We.'V'ZA'N, (we'zn,) a. Thin; sh.irp ; as, a iriarm 
 face. Dickens. 
 
 WEI!, 71. [Sax. irci ; Sw. rS/. See Weave.] 
 
 1. Texture of threads ; plexus ; any thing woven. 
 Penelope devised a web to deceive her wooers. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 2. Locally, a piece of linen cloth. 
 
 Entrland. Ireland. 
 
 3. A dusky film that forms over the eye and hin- 
 ders the sight ; siidusion. Shak. 
 
 4. Some part of u sword. Qu. net-work of the 
 handle or hilt. Shak. Fairfax. 
 
 .'). In ship-buiUlinir, the thin partilitm on the inside- 
 of the rim and between the spokes of a sheave. 
 
 Cye. 
 
 C. In ornitholony, the mcinbranc which unites the 
 
 toes of many water-fowls. 
 
 Spider^s web : a plexus of very delicate threads or 
 
 lilaiiients which a spidi'r spins fi't>m its bowels, and 
 
 which serves as a net to catch Hies or other insects 
 
 for its food. 
 
 IVcb of a coulter, is the thin, sharp part. 
 WEB'B£1), (webd,) n. [from web.] Having the toes 
 
 united by a membrane, or web ; as, the webbed feet 
 
 of aquatic fowls. 
 WEB'BING, 71. A strong fabric of hemp, two ortliree 
 
 inches wide, made fur supporting the seats of stulfed 
 
 chairs, sofas, &.c. 
 WEB'-FOOT-ED, a. [web and fool.] Having webbed 
 
 feet ; p:iluiiped. A goose or duck is a webfooted 
 
 fowl. 
 
 WED, r. t. [Sax. weddian, to covenant ; to promise ; 
 to marry ; Sw. voilja ; Dan. vedder, to wager ; W. 
 gwezH ; h. rador, to give bail, or fa^dus, a league ; 
 probably both are of one family.] 
 
 1. To marry ; to take for husband or for wife. 
 
 Since the (lay 
 
 I saw thee first, and weddtd Ihet. ^lUlon. 
 
 2. To join in marriage. 
 
 Ami Adam, weddtd to anetlier Eve, 
 
 Shall live wiUi her. Milton. 
 
 3. To unite closely in affection ; to attach firmly. 
 We are apt to be wedded to our own customs and 
 opinions. 
 
 Men are wedded to llieir Instj. TiUolton. 
 
 4. To unite forever. 
 
 TliDU art icedded to calamity. ShaJe. 
 
 5. To espouse ; to take part with. 
 
 They wedded his cause. [Otit.] Ctarendon. 
 WED, V. i. To marry ; to contract matrimony. 
 
 When shrill I leeii.' Shalt. 
 WED, 71. A pledge 
 
 WED'DED, pp. or a. Married ; closely attached. 
 WED'DING, ppr. Marrying; uniting with in niatri- 
 niiuiy. 
 
 WED'DING, 71. Marriage ; nuptials ; nuptial ceremo- 
 ny ; nuptial festivities. 
 
 I.et her tjeauly be her tpedding dtwet, Shak. 
 
 WED'DING-ei.oTHES, 71. Iwedding and clothes.] 
 Garments for a bride or a briae{ruom, to be worn a( 
 marriage. 
 
 WED'DING-DAY, n. [wedding and day.] The daj[ 
 of marriage. 
 
 WED'DING-FeAST, 71. [wedding and feast.] A 
 feast or entertainment prepared for the guests at a 
 wedtling. 
 
 WEDGE, (wej,) 71. [Sax. tnecg, wircg; Dan. veg; 
 Sw. vigg; D. wig. This word signifies a mass, a 
 lump.] 
 
 1. Am.-tssof metal ; as, a wedge of gold or silver. 
 Josh. vii. 
 
 2. A piece of metal, particularly iron, thick at one 
 end and sloping to a tliin edge at the other, used in 
 splitting wood, rocks, &.C. This is one of the five 
 mechanical powers. A like piece of wiKxI is by 
 some persons called a wedge, or a glut. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOi;S C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 
 
WEE 
 
 WEI 
 
 3. In geometry^ a solid fif five sides, viz., a rectan- 
 gular base, two rhotnbi)id:il sides meeting in an edge, 
 and two triansnlar ends. Day, 
 
 4. SometliinE in the form of a wedge. Some- 
 times bodies of troops are drawn up in the form of a 
 
 WEDGE, (wej,) v.t. To cleave with a wedge; to 
 rive. {LitUe used.] 
 
 2. To drive as a wedge is driven ; to crowd or 
 compress closely. We were wedged in by tlie 
 crowd. 
 
 3. To force, as a wedge forces its way ; as, to 
 wedge one's way. Milton, 
 
 4. To fasten with a wedge or with wedges ; as, to 
 wedge on a scj'Ihe ; to wedge in a rail or a piece of 
 
 5. To fix in the manner of a wedge. [timber. 
 Wedgtd in the rocky shuiUs, and sticking fast. Dryden. 
 
 WED6'£D, (wejd,) pp. Split with a wedge ; fast- 
 ened with a wedse ; closely compressed. 
 
 WEDGE'-Sn.^P-£D, (wej'shapt,'! a. [wedge and 
 sliape.] Having the shape of a wcdiie ; cuneiform. 
 
 A wedge-shaped leaf is broad and truncale at the 
 summit, an<l tapering down to the base. Smith. 
 
 WEDG'WOOD-W.^RE, n. [from the name of the 
 inventor.} A kind t)f semi-vitrified potter>', withi*(it 
 much superficial glaze, but capable of receiving all 
 kinds of colors by nit^ans of metallic oxyds and 
 ochers. Admirable imitations of Etruscan and otiier 
 vases liave been eiiecuted in this ware. Ure. 
 
 WEDG'I.N'G, p/ir. Cleaving with a wedge ; fastening 
 with wedses ; compressing closelv. 
 
 WED'LOCK, 71. [au. wed and lii^k, or Sa.t. lae, a 
 gift.] 
 
 Marriage ; matrimony. Jlddison. 
 
 WED'LOCK, r. (. To niarrv. [Little naed.] Milton. 
 
 WED'LOCK-SD, (wed'lokt,) pp. United in mar- 
 riase. [Little used.] Milton. 
 
 WEDXES'DAY, (wenz'de,) n. [Sax. JVndensdieg, 
 Woden's da>' ; Sw. Odensdag or Onsdag ; from 
 Wodin or Odin, a deity or chief among the north- 
 ern nations of Europe.] 
 
 The fourth day of the week ; the next day after 
 Tuesday. 
 
 WEE, a. [Contracted from G. ?ccniV.] 
 
 Small ; little. [.Vo£ in use.] 
 WEECH'ELM, ) . ^ , d 
 
 WITCH'-ELM i A species of elm. Bacon. 
 
 WEED, n. [S.a.v. weorl.] 
 
 1. The general name of any plant that is tiseless 
 or troublesimie. The word, therefire, has no defi- 
 nite application to any particular plant or species of 
 plants ; hut whatever plants grow among corn, 
 grass, or in hedges, and which are either of no use 
 to man or injurious to crops, are denominated weeds. 
 
 2 .Any kind of unprofitable substance among ores 
 in mines, as mundic or marcasite. [Local.] 
 WEED, 71. [Sax. tcicd, wada, a vesluient, any gar- 
 ment, that which is put on.] 
 
 1. Properly, a garment, as in Spenser, but now 
 used only in the plunil, weeds, fur tile mourning ap- 
 parel of a female ; as, a widow's weeds. MilVm. 
 Q. An upper garment. [Ol)s.] Chapman. 
 WEED, r. (. [Sax. wrodian : D. treeden.] 
 
 1. To free from noxious plants j as, to weed corn or 
 onions ; to weed a garden. 
 
 2. To take away, as noxious plants ; as, to weed a 
 writing of invectives. 
 
 3. To free from any thing hurtful or offensive ; as, 
 to weed a kingdom of bad subjects. 
 
 4. To root out vice ; as, to weed the hearts of the 
 young. Locke, .ischnm. 
 
 WEED'ED, pp. Freed from weeds or whatever is 
 noxious. 
 
 WEED'ER, 71. One that weeds or frees from any 
 thinz noxious. 
 
 WEED'ER-Y, n. Weeds collectively ; a place full of 
 weeds or for the growth of weeds. 
 
 WEKD -GRfiW.V, a. Overgrown with weeds. 
 
 WEED'-HOOK, j 71. [weed and hook.] A hook 
 
 WEED'I.\C;-HOOK, j used for cutting aw.ay or ex- 
 tirpating weetfs.' Tiisser. 
 
 WEED'ING, ppr. Freeing from weeds or wliatevcr 
 is noxious to growlh. 
 
 WEED'ING, 71. The operation of freeing from nox- 
 ifius weeds, as a crop. Cue. 
 
 WEED'Ii^G-CIIIS'EL, n. A to.d with a divided 
 chisel pouit, for cutting the roots of large weeds with- 
 in the ground. Cyr.. 
 
 WEED'ING-FOU'CEPS, ( n. An instrument for 
 
 WEKD'I.NG-TO.VGS, j taking up some sorts of 
 plants in weedinjr. 
 
 WEED'I.NG-KORK, n. A strong, three-pronged fork, 
 used in clearing trround of weeds. 
 
 WEE»'I.\G-RIIIM, n. An implement somcwhatlikc 
 the frame of a whi-el-barrow, used for tearing up 
 weeds on summer fallows, &.c. ; used in Kent, Eng- 
 land. Cue. 
 
 WEED'LESS, 0. Free from weeds or noxious matter. 
 
 JJrytlen. 
 
 WEED'Y, a. Consisting of weeds; as, wtr'ihi tro- 
 phies. Shak.' 
 
 3. Abounding with weeds ; as, weedy grounds ; a 
 weeAy garden ; weedy corn. 
 
 WEEK, 71. [Sax. weoc ; D. week ; G. woche ; Dan. ugc ; 
 Sw. vecka.] 
 
 1 . Tiie space of seven days. 
 
 1 fast twice in the ireek. — Luke xviii. 
 
 2. In Scripture, a prophetic week, is a week of 
 years, or seven years. Dan. ix. 
 
 WEEK'-DaY, ;i. [week and d<iy.] Any day of the 
 
 week except the Sabbath. Pope. 
 WEEK'LY, n. Coming, happening, or done once a 
 
 week ; hebdomadary , as, a weekly payment of bills ; 
 
 a weekly gazette ; a weekly allowance. 
 
 Dryden. Sicifl. 
 WEEK'LY, adv. Once a week ; by hebdomadal pe- 
 
 rioils ; as, each performs service weekly. Jiyliffe. 
 WEEL, 71. [See Well. Sax. wal, from weallan, to 
 
 boil.] 
 
 A wliirlpool. [,^'<^^ in use.] 
 WEEL, I 71. A kind of twiggen tfap or snare for 
 WEEL'Y, i fish. Carew. 
 WEEN, V. i. [Sax. wenan, to think, suppose, or hope, 
 and to irean. The sense is, to set, fix, or hold in the 
 mind ; G. wnhnen, to imagine ; D. iraaiicii.j 
 To think ; to imagine ; to fancy. 
 
 Speiiscr. Milton. 
 
 [Ob-.olete, ercept in bHrle.sque.] 
 WEES'lSG, ppr. Thinking; imairining. [Olis.] 
 WEEP, r. 1.; pret. and pp. Wept. Weeped, I believe, 
 is never used. [.Sax. wepan ; evidently the same 
 word as whoop. (See Whoop.) The primary sense 
 is, to cry out.] 
 
 1. To express sorrow, grief, or anguish by outcrj'. 
 This is the original sense. But in i)resent usage, to 
 manifest and express grief by outcry or by shedding 
 tears. 
 
 They all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck, and kissed iiini. — 
 Acls XX. 
 
 Phociun u-as rarely seen to weep or to laugh. i^lit/ord. 
 
 2. To shed tears from any passion. Persons some- 
 times weep for joy, 
 
 3. To lament ; to complain. JVum. xi. 
 \VEEP, V. t. To lament ; to bewail ; to bemoan. 
 
 We, watulering. go 
 Through dreary wastes, and i^eep eacti other's woe. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 2. To shed moisture ; as, to weep tears of joy. 
 
 Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gum and bidin. ^lUton. 
 
 3. To drop ; as, the weeping amber. Pope. 
 
 4. To abound with wet ; as, weeping grounds. 
 
 Mortimer. 
 
 WEEP'£D, (weept,) pp. Lamented ; bewailed ; shed 
 tears. 
 
 WEEP'ER, 71. One who weeps ; one who sheds tears. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. A white border on the sleeve of a nmurning 
 coat. Johnson, 
 
 3. A species of monkey, of the sapajou group, 
 found in Guiana, the Cebus Apella. 
 
 Jardine, P, Ci't. 
 
 WEEP'IN'G, p;7r. or a. Lamenting; shedding tears. 
 WEEP'I.NG, 71. Lamentaticm. 
 WEEP'L\G-LY, adv. In a weeping manner. 
 WEEP'IXG-KOL'K, 7i. [weep and rock.] A porous 
 
 rock frnni which water graduallv issues. 
 WEEP'IXG-SPRLNG, n. A spring that slowly dis- 
 
 charces water. 
 WEEP'I.NG-WIL'LoW, n. A species of willow 
 
 whose brmclies grow very long and slender, and 
 
 ham down nearly in a perpendicular direction. 
 WEER'ISH, a. Insipid; weak; w.ashy ; surly. [J\'ot 
 
 io iisr.] j9scham. 
 WEE'S/;L; the more proper spelling of Weasel. 
 WEET, 1!. I. ; pret. Wot. [Sax. witan ; D. weeten ; Sw. 
 
 reta ; G. wissen ; Rtiss, vidayu ; allied jirobably to L. 
 
 video, Gr. Cii5oJ.] 
 
 To know. [Obs.] 
 
 WEE'I 'LESS, a. Unknowing. [Ohs.] 
 
 WEE'VER, 71. A kind of fish belonging to the perch 
 family, a species of Tracliinus, of which about fiuir 
 species are well known. They intiict wounds with 
 the spines of their first dorsal fin, which are much 
 dreaiied. Their fiesh is esteemed. 
 
 WEE'V/L, 71. [Sax. wrfl ; G. wibcl.] 
 
 .\ small insect of the bi^etle tribe, with a long 
 snout. It is destructive to many buds and fruits, 
 and also to magazines of grain. F.. C, Jlrrrick, 
 
 WEE'V/L-Y, a. Infested with weevils. 
 
 WEK'ZKL, n. Thin; sharp ; as, a wceie; face. [F.o- 
 c'll.] [.*^e(^ VVkasel.J Smart. 
 
 WKFT, old pret, of Wave. Spenser. 
 
 WEFT, 71. [friun uicnvc.] The woof of cloth ; the 
 threads that cross the warp from selvedge to selv- 
 edge. 
 
 2. A web ; a thing woven. Cyr. 
 
 WEFT, 71. A thing waved, waived, or cast away. 
 [JVo7 iLied.] [See Wai7-.] 
 
 WEFT' AGE, II. Texture. [JVot used.] Grew. 
 
 WEIGH, (wi,) f. (. [Sax. wieg, weg, a balance ; wx- 
 gnn, to Weigh, to bear, to carry, L. veho ; D. weegen, 
 wikken ; G. wdgen ; Sw. vdga ; Dan. vejer, to weigh ; 
 
 Riiss. vaga, a balance ; Amharic, awaki, 
 weight. See Wao.] 
 1. I'n examine by (he balance ; to ascertain the 
 
 weight, that is, the force with which a thing tends 
 to the center of gravity ; as, to weigh sugar ; to weigh 
 gold. 
 
 2. To be equivalent to in weight ; that is, accord- 
 ing to the Saxon .sense of the verb, to lift to an equi- 
 poise a weight on the other side of the fulcrum. 
 Thus, when a body balances a weight of tv.enty- 
 eight pounds avoirdupois, it lifts or bears it, and is 
 said to weigh so much. It weighs a quarter of a hun- 
 dred. 
 
 3. To raise : to lift ; as an anchor from the ground, 
 or any other body ; as, to weigh anchor ; to wct/'h an 
 old hulk. 
 
 4. To pay, allot, or take by weight. 
 
 They weighed for my pric« thirty pieces of silver. — Zech. xi. 
 
 5. To ponder in the mind ; to consider or examine 
 for the purpose of forming an opinion or coming to a 
 conclusion ; as, to weigh the advantages and disad- 
 vanUiges of a scheme. 
 
 Reg.ird not who it is which speakelh, but trei^A onlv what is 
 »ix>kcn. hooker. 
 
 6. To compare by the scales. 
 
 Here in nice balance truth with gold she weighs. Pope. 
 
 7. To regard ; to consider as worthy of notice. 
 
 1 ireigh not you. Shai. 
 To weigh down ; to overbalance. 
 2. To oppress with weight ; to depress. 
 WEIGH, (wa,) V. i. To have wsight ; as, to weigh 
 lighter or heavier. Brown. 
 
 2. To be considered as important; to have weight 
 in the intellectual balance. This argument weighs 
 with the considerate part of the community. 
 
 3. To bear heavily ; to press hard. 
 Cleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuif. 
 
 Which weighs upon the hi iH't. Skak. 
 
 To weigh doicn; to sink by its own weight. 
 WEIGH, (wa,) n. A certain quantity. [See Wev.] 
 WEIGH'.VBLE, a. That may be weighed. 
 WEIGH'AGE, 71. A duty or toll paid for weighing 
 
 merchandise. Bonder, 
 W£1GH'£D, (Wilde,) pp. Ex.amined by the scales ; 
 
 having the weight ascertained. 
 
 2. ConsiileretT. 
 
 3. o. Experienced: as, a young man not weighed 
 in state atfairs. [A'ot in use.] Bacon. 
 
 WEIGII'ER, (wa'er,; «. One who weighs. 
 
 2. .An otiicer whose duly is to weigh comintidities. 
 WEIGH'ING, (wa'ing,) ppr. Examining by scales; 
 considering. 
 
 WElGH'l.XG, 71. The act of ascertaining weight. 
 
 2. As much as is weighed at once ; as, a iceighing 
 of beef. 
 
 WEIGH'I\G-€aGE, 71. A cage in which small liv- 
 ing animals may be conveniently weighed. Ci/r. 
 
 WE1GH'I.\G-H0USE, 71. A building furnished with 
 a dock and other conveniences for weighing com- 
 modities and ascertaining the tunnage of boats to be 
 used on a canal. Cyc. 
 
 WEIGH'ING-.MA-CiriXE', (wi'ing nia-sheen',) «. A 
 machine for weighing heavy bodies, and particularly 
 wheel-carriages, at turnpike gales. [England.] Cyc. 
 2. A machine for weighing cattle, &.cl 
 
 WEIGHT, (wite,) n. [Sax. wMi Sw. vigt; Get. ge- 
 wieht. See Weigh.] 
 
 1. The quantity ot a body ascertained by the bal- 
 ance ; that property of bodies by which ihey tend 
 toward the center of the earth in a line perpendicu- 
 lar to its surface ; gravity. 
 
 In a strictly philosophical sense, weight is the measure 
 of the force of gravity, and not gravity itself ; but 
 the above is the popular use. The weight of a body 
 is in direct proportion to its quantity of matter. 
 
 S^'etcton. 
 
 2. .\ mass of iron, lead, brass, or other metal, to 
 be used for ascertaining the weight of other bodies; 
 as, a weight of an ounce, a pound, a quarter of a 
 hundred, &.c. The wcighui of nations are diflerent, 
 excejit those of England and the United States, which 
 are the same. 
 
 3. A standard of weight; as, troy weight; apothe- 
 caries* weight, &.C. 
 
 4. In 7iici:/iaiiii;.<, that which receives motion; op- 
 posed to the power which gives motion. 
 
 5. .\ ponderous mass ; something heavy. 
 
 .\ niriu leaps better w ith weights in his hands. iiacon. 
 
 6. Pressure ; burden ; as, the weight of grief ; 7ceight 
 of care ; weight of business ; weight of goyornment. 
 
 7. Importance; power; influence; etficacy; con- 
 sequence ; moment ; impressiveness ; as, an argu- 
 ment of great weight : a consideration of vast weight. 
 The dignity of a man's character adds weight to hit 
 Words. 
 
 WEIGHT'I-LY, (watc'-j) adv. Heavily ; ponderously. 
 2. With force or inipressiveness ; with moral 
 l>ower. 
 
 WglGHT'I-NESS, (wale'-,) n. Ponderousness; gravi- 
 ty ; heaviness. 
 
 2. Solidity; force; impressivcness ; power of con- 
 vincing ; as, the wnghtintts of an argument. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 3. Importance. Hayward. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MT.TE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 
WEL 
 
 WEIGH'l''LESt!, (wate'less,) a. Having no \V( i!;lil ; 
 li^ht. Unjdcii. 
 
 W^UJUT'Y, (wat'e,) a. Having great weiglit ; iu'iivy ; 
 Iioiiiif rtms ; as, a loeiglttij body. 
 
 i>. lni|Mirtant J fuicible; nionientoiis ; adapteil to 
 turn tile balance in the mind, or to convince ; as, 
 weiir/Uy reasons ; weiglity matters ; weighty consider- 
 ations or arguments. Shak. 
 
 3. Rigorous ; Bcvere ; as, our leeighlier judgment. 
 [A"o( lit use] Shak. 
 
 WicIR, 71. [Sax. wxr, wer ; T). waarrn, or wreren.] 
 
 1. A dam in a rivei, to stop and raise the water 
 for conducting it to a mill, t'ot taking lisli, tec. 
 
 2. A fence of staki^s or tu igs set in a stream for 
 taking fisli. [Sec also Wear.] 
 
 VVCIRU, (weerri,) n. A spell or charm. B'. Sent?, 
 VVkIRD, a. Skilled in witchcraft. [jVut iit itsr.] 
 
 S/uik. 
 
 WEIVE, for Waive. [JVot in use.] Ouwer. 
 
 WEL'A-WaY ; an exclamation expressive of grief or 
 sorrow, equivalent to Alas. It is a compound tif 
 Pax. wa, woe, and la, oh. The original is ma-ln, which 
 is doubtless the origin of our common exclamation, 
 O la, and to this ten, woe, is added. The true orthog- 
 raphy would be Walawa. But the word is, 1 be- 
 lieve, wholly obsolete. 
 
 WEL'eO.ME, (vvel'kum,) a. [Sax. ml-cuma ; well and 
 come; that is, your coming is pleasing to me.] 
 
 1. Received with gladness; admitted willingly to 
 the house, entertainment, and company j as, a wel- 
 come guest. 
 
 2. Producing gladness in its reception ; grateful ; 
 pleasing; as, a' wc/cojhp present ; ief/ct»;;if news. 
 
 3. Free to liave or enjoy gratuitously. Vou are 
 welcome to the use of my library. 
 
 To bid welcome ; to receive with professions of 
 kindness. Hacon. 
 WEL'tO.ME is used elliptically for you are welcome. 
 
 Welcomt, gre.it mpn.irch, to your own. Dry<!en. 
 WEL'eOME-TO-OUR-HOUSE, n. An herb. 
 WEL'eO.VlE, n. Salutation of a new comer. 
 
 Welcome ever smiles. ShaJt, 
 2. Kind reception of a guest or new comer. We 
 entered the house and found a ready welcome. 
 
 Truth finds an entrance and a welcome too. SoutJi, 
 WEL'eOME, V. t. [Sax. wilcumian.] 
 
 To salute a new comer with kindness ; or to re- 
 ceive and entertain hospitably, gratuitously, and 
 cheerfully. 
 
 Thus we salute thee with our early Bon^, 
 
 .4 nd teelcome thee, and wUh thee luu^. MUton. 
 
 WEI,'e01I-£D, (wel'kumd,) pp. Received with 
 
 gladness and kindness. 
 WEL'eO.ME-LY, ade. In a welcome manner. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 WEL'eOME-NESS, n. Gratefulness ; agreeableness ; 
 kind reception. Boyle. 
 
 WEL'eO.M-ER, n. One who s.ilutes or receives kind- 
 ly a new comer. Shak. 
 
 WEL'eO.M-ING, jipr. Saluting or receiving with 
 kindness a new coiner or guest. 
 
 WELD, ) 71. A plant used by dyers to give a yellow 
 
 W6LD, \ color, and sometimes called Dver's Weed. 
 It is much cultivated in Kent for the London dyers. 
 It is naturalized in some parts of (Jonnecticut. It is 
 the Reseda Luteola of the botanists. Cyc. 
 
 WELD, t). t. To wield. [Obs.] Spenser., 
 
 WELD, t>. t. [Sw. vdlla, to weld ; G. wellen, to join ; 
 D. loelUn, to well, to spring, to sodcr. ] 
 
 To unite or hammer into firm union, as two pieces 
 of iron, when heated almost to fusion. Ure. 
 
 WELD'ED,;>p. Forged or beat into union in an in- 
 tense heat. 
 
 WELD'ER, n. One who welds iron. 
 
 2. A manager ; an actual occuiianL [jVoi in use] 
 
 Swift. 
 
 WELD'ING, ppr. Uniting in an intense heat. 
 WELD'ING, n. The act or process of uniting iron by 
 intense heat. 
 
 WELD'LNG-HeAT, n. The heat necessary for weld- 
 ing irrtn bars. 
 
 WEL'F.^RE, n. [well and fare, a good going; G. 
 wotdfahrl ; D. wehaarl ; Sw. vaOart ; Dan. vc(fitrd.] 
 
 1. Exemption from misfortune, sickness, calamity, 
 or evil ; the enjoyment of health and the common 
 blessings of life; prosperity; happiness; applied U> 
 persons. 
 
 2. Exemption from any unusual evil or calamity ; 
 the enjoyment of peace and- prosperity, or the ordi- 
 nary blessings of society and civil government ; ap- 
 plied to states. « 
 
 WELK, r. i. [G. and D welken, to wither, to fade, to 
 decay ; primarily, to shrink or contract, as things in 
 drying, whence the Saxon weolc, a whilk or whelk, 
 a shell ; from its w rinkles.] 
 To decline ; to fade ; to decay ; to fall 
 When ruddy PiKTibus 'gitie to uetk in west. [Ob*. I Spenatr. 
 WELK, V. L To contract ; to shorten. 
 
 Now tad winter treUeed hath the d.-iy. Spemer. 
 [nis word is obsolete. But its signification has 
 keretqf'orc been misundxrstood.] 
 
 WEL 
 
 WELK'£D, (welkt,) pp. or a. Contracted into wrin- 
 kles or ridges. 
 
 Horns weUced and waved like the enridgrcd soa. Shak. 
 
 WEL'KIN, n. [Sax. wolc, wotccn, a cloud, the itir, 
 ether, the vault of heaven ; G. wolke, a cloud. Qvl. 
 Sax. wealcan, to roll, to full.] 
 The visible regions of the air; the vault of heaven. 
 
 Chaucer. Milton. 
 [This is obsolete, unless in poetry.] 
 Welkin eye, in Shakspeare, is interpreted by John- 
 son, a blue eye, from welkin, the sky ; by Todtl, a 
 rolling eye, from Sax. wealcan, to roll ; and by Eiitick, 
 a languishing eye. (See Welk.) It is obsolete, at 
 least in New England. 
 WRI.K'liXG, ;v)r. Fading; declining; contracting. 
 WELL, 71. [.Sax. well, a spring or fountain ; wellan, to 
 well, to boil or bubble, to spring, to rise ; D. wel, wel- 
 len, id, ; G. quelle, a spring ; quellrn, to spring, to is- 
 sue forth, to KUsh, to well, to swell ; wallrn, to swell. 
 In G. welle is a wave. On this word I suppose swell 
 to be formed.] 
 
 1. A spring; a fountain; the issuing of water 
 from the earth. 
 
 Bi'giii, tlien, sisters of the sacred uell. Milton. 
 [In this seniie, obsolete.] 
 
 2. A pit or cylindrical hole, sunk perpendicularly 
 into the earth to such a depth as to reach a supply of 
 water, anil walled with stone to prevent the earth 
 from caving in. 
 
 3. In ships, an inclosure in the middle of a ship's 
 hold, around the pumps from the bottom to the lower 
 deck, to preserve them fmin damage. Mar. Vict. 
 
 4. in a fishing- vessel, an apartment in the middle 
 of the hold, made tight at the sides, but liaving holes 
 perforateil in the bottom to let in fresh water for the 
 preservation of fish wliile they are transported to 
 marki^t. Mar. Vict. 
 
 5. In the military art, a hole or excavation in the 
 earth, in mining, from which run branches or gal- 
 leries. Cue. 
 
 WELL, «. 1. [Sax. wellan.] 
 
 To spring ; to issue forth, as water from the earth. 
 [Little used.] Spenser. Vrydcn. 
 
 WELL, V. t. To pour forth, f Obs.] Spenser. 
 
 WELL, n. [Sax. or well; G. wohl ; D. tccl ; Sw. 
 veil : Dan. vcl ; W. gwell, better ; gwella, to make 
 better, to mend, to improve ; Ann. guelluat; L. valeo, 
 to be strong ; Gr. 6Aof, whole, and nuXw, to be 
 well ; S.ins. bala, bali, strength. The primary sense 
 of valeo is, to strain, stretch, whence to advance, to 
 prevail, to gain, according to our vulgar phrase, to 
 get ahead, which coincides with prosjier, Gr. irnorre- 
 pw. I do not find well used in other languages as 
 an adjective, but it is so used in English. See 
 Weal.] 
 
 1. Being in health ; having a sound body, with a 
 regular performance of the natural and proper func- 
 tions of all the organs ; applied to animals ; as, a well 
 man ; the patient has recovered, and is perfectly 
 well. 
 
 While you are well, you may do much good. Taylor. 
 Is your father well ? — Gen. xliii. 
 
 2. Fortunate ; convenient ; advantageous ; happy. 
 It is well for us that we are sequestered so far from 
 the rest of the world. 
 
 It was well with us in Egypt. — Num. xL 
 
 3. Being in favor. 
 
 He was well witli Ilcnry tlic Fourtii. Drydcn. 
 WELL, ado. In a proper manner; justly; rightly; 
 not ill or wickedly. James ii. 
 
 If thou doeat not well, sin lieth at the door. — Gen. \v. 
 
 2. Skillfully ; with due art ; as, the work is well 
 done ; he writes well ; he rides well ; the plot is well 
 laid, and well executed. 
 
 3. Sufficiently ; abundantly. 
 
 Lot — beheld all the pfxin of Jordan, tlul it was well watered 
 every wherw — Gen. xiii. 
 
 4. Very much ; to a degree that gives pleasure. I 
 liked the entertainment well. 
 
 5. Favorably ; with praise. 
 
 Ail tlie world speaks well of you. Pope. 
 
 6. Conveniently ; suitably ; advantageously. This 
 is all the mind can well contain. I can not well at- 
 tend the meeting. 
 
 7. To a sufficient degree ; perfectly. I know not 
 well liow to execute this task. 
 
 8. Thoroughly ; fully. Let tho cloth be well 
 cleansed. Let the steel be well polished. 
 
 She looketh well to the ways of her household. — Prov. xxxi. 
 
 9. Fully ; adequately. 
 
 We are wU able to overcome it. — Num. xliL 
 
 10. Far ; as, to be well advanced in life. 
 
 .^s well as: together with ; not less than ; one as 
 much as the other ; as, a sickness long as well as se- 
 vere. London is the largest city in Europe, as well as 
 the principal banking city. 
 
 fVell enough ; in a moderate degree ; so as to give 
 satisfaction, or so as to require no alteration. 
 
 Well is him, seems to be elliptical for well is to him. 
 
 WEL 
 
 To be well off ; to be in a good condition, especially 
 as to property. 
 
 IVell is sometimes used elliptically for it is well, 
 and as an expression of satisfaction with what iios 
 been said or done ; and sometimes it is merely ex- 
 pletive. Wcll^ the work is done. IVcU, let us go. 
 H'ell, well, be it so. 
 
 Well is prefi.xed to many words, expressing what 
 is right, fit, laudable, or not defective ; as, well- 
 nfTected ; wc/Z-designed ; leeH-direcfed ; toc/tordcred ; 
 well-formed ; we^^mcaIlt ; tee/^minded ; ucU^eo- 
 soned ; wf/i-tasted. 
 
 WELL'A-DaY, alas, Johnson supposes to be a cor- 
 ruption of Welawav, which see. Shall. Gay. 
 
 WELI.r-Ae-eOU'TER-Ji;D, ( a. Fully furnished with 
 
 WELL-AC-eOU'TRAD, ( arms or dress. 
 
 WELL-AD-JIJST'A'D, a. Rightly adjusted, 
 
 WELL-AlM'AD, a. Rightly aimed. 
 
 WELI.-ANeiruR-£;D, a. Safely moored ; well es- 
 tablished. Mien. 
 
 WELI.-AP-POINT'ED, a. Fully furnished and 
 equippetl ; as, a well-appointr/l army. 
 
 WELL-AU-TIIEN'TIC-A-TED, a. Supported by 
 good authority. 
 
 WELL-UAL'ANC-£D, (-bal'anst,) a. Rightly bal- 
 anced. 
 
 WELL'BE-ING, 71. [well and being.] Welfare ; h.ap- 
 pine.ss ; prosperity ; as, virtue is essential to tho 
 well-being of men or of society. 
 
 WELL'-HE-LOV'iCD, (-be-luvd' tw-luv'ed,) a. Great- 
 ly beloved. Mark xii. 
 
 WELL'-IIORN, a. [well anA bom.] Born cf a noble 
 or respectable family ; not of mean birth. 
 
 IViUler. Vryden. 
 
 WELL'-BRED, a. [well and bred.] Educated to 
 polished manners ; polite. Ru.>cummon. 
 
 WELL'-BUILT, «. Built in a substantial maiiiu r. 
 
 VVELl^eO.M-PLEX'IO.\-£;D, a. Having a good com- 
 plexion. 
 
 VVELL-eON-DI"TIOX-£D, (-dish'uiid,) a. Being in 
 a good slate. 
 
 WELL-eOUCII'£D, (-koucht',) a. Couched in prop- 
 er terms. 
 
 WELL-Di; FI.X'KD, a. Truly defined, 
 WE1,L-DE-SCRIB'AD, a. Truly described, 
 WELL-DE-Vi.S'/';n, a. Rightly devised. 
 WELL-DI-GEST'ED, a. Fully digesteil. 
 WELL-DIS-CERN'>;D, a. RiL'htly discerned, 
 WELL-DIS-PaS'£D, a. Righlly disposed. 
 WELL'-DO-ER, 71. One who performs his moral and 
 social duties. 
 
 WELL'-DO-ING, 71, A doing well; performance of 
 duties. 
 
 WELL-DONE', exclam. [well and done.] A word of 
 praise ; bravely ; nobly ; in a right manner. 
 
 WELL'-DR.AiN, 71. [well and drain.] A drain or 
 vent for water, somewhat like a well or pit, serving 
 to discharge the water of wet land. Cyc. 
 
 WELL'-DR.\IN, 1-. f. To drain land by means of 
 wells or pits, which receive the water, and from 
 which it is discharged by machinery. Cyc. 
 
 WELL'-DRAWN, a. Truly drawn. 
 
 VVELL-DRESS'£D, (-drest',) a. Handsomely dressed. 
 
 WELL-ED'q-CA-TEU, a. Having a good educa- 
 tion. 
 
 WELL-ES-TAB'LIStI-£D, ( lisht,) a. Firmly estab- 
 lished. _ 
 
 WELL'FaRE is now written Welfare. 
 WELI>-F-\'VOR-f;D, a. Handsome; well forii)ed ; 
 
 beautiful ; pleasing to the eve. Gen. xxix. 
 WELL-FLa'VOR-£D, a. Having a high flavor. 
 WELL-FOIl,M'£D, a. Formed well. 
 WELL-FOUND'ED, a. Founded on good and valid 
 
 reasons, or on strong probabilities. 
 WELL-GROIJND'ED, a. [well and ground.] WeW 
 
 founded : having a solid ftjundntion. 
 WELL'-HEAD, (wel'lied,) «. [well a.ld head.] A 
 
 source, spring, or fountain. [Oii;>-.] Spenser. 
 WELL'-HoLE, 71. Ill a flight oj .stairs, the open 
 
 space in the middle, beyond the ends of the st.iirs. 
 
 Gwilt, 
 
 2. A cavity which receives a counterbalancing 
 weight in certain mechanical contrivances, and also 
 for other purposes. Buchanan. 
 
 WELL-HUS'BAND-ED, a. Husbanded properly. 
 
 WELL-LN-FOR.M'KD, a. Corrcctlv informed. 
 
 WELL-IN-STRUGT'ED, a. Rightly or fully in- 
 structed. 
 
 WELL-I.\-TEND'ED, a. Intended for a good pur- 
 pose, or with upright motives. 
 
 WELL-IN-TEN'TION-£D, a. Having upright in- 
 tentions or purpose. Milner. 
 
 WELL'-KNoWN, a. Fully known. 
 
 WELL-MAN'NER-£D, a. [acU aud manner.] Polite; 
 well-bred ; compl.tisant. Vryden. 
 
 WELL'-MeA.\-ER, 71. [weU and ni«an.] One whose 
 intention is good. Vrydrn. 
 
 WELL'-M£AN-ING, a. Having a good intention. 
 
 Killinirheek. 
 
 WELL'-MEANT, (-ment,) a. Rightly intended. 
 WELL-MET', eiclam. A term of salutation denoting 
 
 jov .at meeting. 
 WE'LI^.Mt.N'D'ED, a. [well and miTui.] Well di»- 
 
 posed ; having a good mind. 
 
 TONE, BJv'LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS, 
 
 1257 
 
WEN 
 
 WET 
 
 WHA 
 
 \ 
 
 VVELL-.MOR'AL-IZ-£D, a. Regulated bv good morals. 
 
 Mdner. 
 
 VVELL'-Na-TUR-£D, a. [well and naturetL] Good 
 natiired ; kind. Dniden. 
 
 WELL'-NlGH, adv. [well and 7!i>A.] Almost ; 
 ni'urlv. 
 
 H'ELL-OR'DER-^D, a. Rightly ordered. 
 U'ELL-l'^rN'T'ED, a. Painted well. 
 V\"ELL-POL'I-Cl-£D, (-pol'e-sid,) a. Having a good 
 policy. 
 
 \VELI^POL'ISH-£n, a. Hislily polished. 
 WELL'-READ, ( red,) o. Having e.xtensive reading. 
 \VEL[^REG'U-La-TED, a. Having good regula- 
 tions. 
 
 WELL'-ROOM, n. [well and roonu] In a boat, a 
 place in the bottom where the water is collected, 
 ;ind whence it is thrown out with a scoop. 
 WEIjL'-SET, a. Having go d symmetry of parta 
 WELL'-SET-TL£D, a. Fully settled: well mar- 
 ried. 
 
 WELL'-S[i\K-ER, w. One who digs wells. 
 WELL'-SPED, o. Having good success. 
 VVELL'-SPENT, o. [well and spent.] Spent or 
 
 passed in virtue ; as, a well-spent life ; well-spent 
 
 days. Pope. 
 WELL'-SPoK .EN, o. [well and spealc.] Speak/ng 
 
 well ; speaking with fitness or grace ; or speaking 
 
 kindly. 
 
 3. Spoken with propriety ; as, well-spoken words. 
 WELL'-SPRING, ,i. [locll and spring.] A source of 
 
 continual supply. Prov. xvi. 
 VVELI^8ToK'£b, a. Fully stored. 
 WELL'-SVVEEP. See Sweep. 
 WELL-TEM'PER-£D, a. Having a good temper. 
 WELL-Tl.M'fil), a. Done at a proper time. 
 WELL-TRaK\'£U, a. Correctly trained. 
 \VELL-TRI'£D, a. Having been fully tried. 
 
 Southeij. 
 
 VVELL'-WA-TER, n. [well and icater.] The w ater 
 that flows into a well from subterraneous springs; 
 water drawn from a well. 
 
 WELL-WILI/EK, n. [weU and will] One who 
 means kindly. Sidney. Hooker. 
 
 VVELL-WfSH', n. [well and icisA.] A wish of hap- 
 piness. .Addison. 
 
 WELL-WrSH'ER, n. [Supra.] One who wishes the 
 good of another. .Addison. 
 
 WELSH, a. [Sax. weallisc, from wealh, a foreigner ; 
 wrallian, to wander ; G. wdlsch, foreign, strange, 
 Celtic, Welsh I fi^ulscfie spracke, the Italian language, 
 that is, foreign or Celtic] 
 
 Pertaining to the Welsh nation. 
 
 WELSH, n. The language of Wales or of the Welsh. 
 9. The general name of the inhabitants of Wales. 
 The word signifies foreigners or wanderers, and was 
 given to this people by other nations, probably be- 
 cause they came from some distant country. The 
 Welsh call themselves Cymnj, in the plural, and a 
 Welshman Cymro, and their country Cijmru, of 
 which the adjective is Cymreig, and the name of 
 their language, Cymraeg. They are supposed to be 
 from the Cimbri of Jutland. Owen. 
 
 WELSH-RAB'BiT, n. [properly mish rare-bit.] 
 Cheese melted into a masu, and usually spread over 
 slices of toasted bread. 
 
 WELT, n. [W. gwald, from gwal, a fence, a wall; 
 gwaliaw, to inclose ; giraldti, to hem. See Wall.] 
 
 A small cord covered with cloth and sewed on 
 seams or borders to strengthen them. 
 
 WEL'I", V. t. To furnish with a welt ; to sew a welt 
 tm a seam or bord-jr. 
 
 WELT'EI), pp. or a. Furnishing with a welt. 
 
 WEL'TER, V. i. [Sax. irullan : Sw. villtra ; G. 
 walzen ; Dan. vj-Alcr ; allied probably to wallow, L. 
 voliito.] 
 
 To roll, as the body of an anim.-il ; but usually, to 
 roll or wallow in some foul matter; as, to welter in 
 blood or in filth. Dryden. 
 
 WEL'TER-Ia\G, ppr. Rolling ; wallowing ; as in 
 mire, blood, or other filthy matter. 
 
 WEM, n. [Sax.] A spot ; a scar. [Ofo.] Brcrewood. 
 
 WEM, V. t. [Sax. wemman.] 
 To corrupt. [Obs.] 
 
 WE.N, 71. [Sax. wcnn ; D. wen ; Arm. guennacn, a 
 wart.] 
 
 An encysted tumor which is movable, pulpy, and 
 often clastic to the touch. 
 WE.NCH, n. [Sax. wcncle. Qu. G. wenig, little.] 
 L A young woman. [fMxle used.] 
 
 Sidney. Donne. 
 
 2. A young woman of ill fame. Prior. 
 
 3. In Jlinerica, a black or colored female servant ; 
 a negress. 
 
 WE.NCH, v. i. To frequent the company of women 
 
 of ill fame. Mdison. 
 WEMMrElt, 71. A li wd man. Grew. 
 WE.S'CH'I.NG, ppr. Fri(iueiiting women of ill fame. 
 WEM), B. 1. [Sax. ircni/a/i.] 
 \. To go ; to pau to or from. 
 
 o. To turn round. [Obs.] [Weso and Wind are 
 from the same root.] 
 WE.N'.VEL, 71. A weancl. [Sec Weanel.] [Obs.] 
 WKN'.N'ISM, / a. [from wen.] Having the nature of 
 WE.V'NY, I n wen. 
 
 WENT, prf«. of the verb Wend. We now arrange 
 went in grammar as the preterit of go, but in origin it 
 has no connection with it. 
 
 WEPT, pret. and pp. of Weep. 
 
 When he had coine near, he beheUi the city, and wept over it. — 
 Lufce xtx. 
 
 WERE, (pron. wer, which, when prolonged, becomes 
 ■ware.) This is used as the imperfect tense plural of 
 be ; we were, you were, they were; and in some other 
 tenses. It is the Danish verb vicrer, to be, to exist, 
 Sw. vara, and in origin has no ctmiiection with be, 
 nor with was. It is united with be, to supply its 
 want of tenses, as went is with go. 
 
 WkRE, 71. A dam. [See Wear.] 
 
 WkRE'GILD, 71. [Sax. wer, man, and the estimated 
 value of a man, and gild, geld, money.] 
 
 Formerly, the price of a man's head ; a compensa- 
 tion paid for a man killed, partly to the king for the 
 loss of a subject, and partly to the lord of the vassal, 
 and partly to the next of kiu. It was paid by the 
 niurdfrer. Blaclcstone. 
 
 WER-Nk'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Werner, the Ger- 
 iian mineralogist and geologist who arranged min- 
 erals in classes, &c., according to their external char- 
 acters, and advocated the theory that the strata of 
 the earth's crust were formed by depositions from 
 water. 
 
 WER'NER-ITE, n. The same with Scaholite, 
 
 which see. Dana. 
 WERT, the second person singular of the subjunctive 
 
 imperfect tense of te. [See Were.] 
 WERTH, WORTH, in names, signifies a form, court, 
 
 or village, from Sax. weorthig. ^V^y Diet. 
 
 We'SIL, for Weasand. [J^'ot in xisc] 
 WES'LEY-,\N, a. Pertaining to Wcsleyanism. 
 WES'LEY-AN, n. One who adopts the principles of 
 
 Wesleyanism. 
 WES'LEY-.\N-ISM, n. Arminian Methodism; the 
 
 system of doctrines and church polity inculcated by 
 
 John Wesley. 
 
 WEST, 71. [Sax. west; D. and G. west; Dan. vest; 
 Bw'.vester; Fr. ouest. This word probably signifies 
 decline or fall, or departure ; as in L. oecidens, and 
 in other cases. In elements it coincides with waste.] 
 
 1. In strictness, that point of the horizon midway 
 between the north and south points, on the side, 
 where the heavenly bodies set; opposed to East, 
 which is the corresponding point on the side where 
 they rise. In a less strict sense, the region of the 
 hemisphere near this point. Thus we say, a star 
 sets in the west, a meteor appears in the west, a cloud 
 rises in the west. 
 
 2. A country situated in a region toward the sun- 
 setting, with respect to another. Thus, in the United 
 States, the inhabitants of the Atlantic States speak 
 of the inhabitants of Ohio, Kentucky, or Missouri, 
 and call them people of the west ; and fo^ierly, the 
 empire of Rome was called the empire of the IVest, 
 in opposition to the empire of the East, the seat of 
 which was Constantinople. 
 
 WEST, a. Being in a line toward the point in the 
 horizon midway between the north and south points, 
 on the side where the sun sets ; or, in a looser sense, 
 being in the region near the line of direction toward 
 that point, either on the earth or in the heavens. 
 Tliis sh.ilt be your tceet border. — Num. xxxiv. 
 2. Coming or moving from the west or western 
 region ; as, a west wind. 
 
 WE.ST, ado. To the western region ; at the west- 
 ward ; more westward ; as, Ireland lies west of 
 England. 
 
 WES'i', V. i. To pass to the west ; to set, as the sun. 
 [JW( in use.] Chaucer. 
 
 WEST'ER-ING, a. Passing to the west. [/ believe 
 not now used.] Milton. 
 
 WEST'ER-LY, a. Being toward the west ; situated 
 in the western region ; as, the westerly parts of Eng- 
 land. Oraunt. 
 2. Moving from the westward ; as, a westerly wind. 
 
 WEST'KR-LY, adv. Tending, going or moving to- 
 ward the west ; as, a man traveling westerly. 
 
 WEST'ERN, a. [west and Sax. a^rn, place.] 
 
 1. Being in the west, or in the region nearly in tjie 
 direction of west; being in that quarter where the 
 sun sets ; as, the western shore of France ; the west- 
 ern ocean. 
 
 2. Moving in a line to the part where the sun sets ; 
 as, the ship makes a western course. 
 
 WEST'ING, 71. Space or distance westward ; or de- 
 parture westward ; as, the westing and southing of a 
 ship. 
 
 WEST'WARD, aJy, [Sax, westweara ; west and weard, 
 L. versus.] 
 
 Toward the west ; as, to ride or sail westward. 
 WEST'WARD-LY, adv. In a direction toward the 
 
 west ; as, to j)ass westwardly. 
 WET, o. [Sax. i^(j'( ; Sw. rciia, Dan. va:de, moisture, 
 
 Gr. vtroi ; L. udus.] 
 
 1. Containing water; as, wet land, or a wet cloth ; 
 or having water or oilier liquid upon the surface ; as, 
 a wet table. H'et implies more water or liquid than 
 MuuT or Hi.'MiD. 
 
 2. Rainy ; as, wet weather ; a wet season. 
 
 WET, 71. Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity in 
 
 considerable degree. Wear thick shoes or pattens to 
 
 keep your feet from the weU 
 •2. Rainy weather ; foggy or misty weather. Swift. 
 WET, V. t. ; pret. and pp. Wet. But WETrED is 
 
 sometimes used. [Sax. wtetan; Sw. vdta; Dan. 
 
 vtzdcr/j 
 
 1. To fill or moisten with water or other liquid ; to 
 siirinkle or biiinectate ; to cause to have water or 
 other fluid adherent to the surface ; to dip or soak in 
 liquor ; as, to wet a sponge ; to wet the hands ; to wet 
 cloth. 
 
 Wet the thirsty earUi with falling showers. Alilton. 
 
 2. To moisten with drink. Walton. 
 WETIl'ER, n. [.Sax. wether or wedder In Dan. vteder 
 
 is a ram.] 
 
 A ram castrated. 
 
 WET'NESS, 71. The st,-ite of being wet, either by 
 being soaked or filled with liquor, or by having a 
 liquid adherent to the surface ; as, the wetness of 
 land ; the wetness of a cloth. It implies more water 
 or liquid than Humidness or Moisture. 
 
 2. A watery or moist slate of the atmosphere ; a 
 state of being rainy, foggy, or misty : as, the wetness 
 of weather or the season. 
 
 WET'-NURSEj 7i. A nurse who suckles a child, op 
 posed toa Dhv Nurse, who brings up children by hand 
 
 WET'TISH, a. Somewhat wet ; moist; humid. 
 
 WEX, V. t. or I. To grow ; to wax. [JVot to be used.] 
 [See Wax.] 
 
 WEY, (wa,) 71. [from weigh.] A certain quantity. 
 In England, a weigh of wool is tods, or 182 lbs. ; 
 a weigh of butter of cheese varies from 2 to 3 cwt. ; 
 a weigh of com or salt is 40 bushels ; a weigh of oats 
 or barley, 48 bushels, &c. McCulloch. Cyc. 
 
 Wk'ZAND, for VYeasand. [See the latter.] 
 
 A'ote In words beginning with wh, the letter A, 
 
 or aspirate, when both letters are pronounced, pre- 
 cedes the sound of w. Thus what, when, are pro- 
 nounced hwat, hwen. So they were- written by our 
 ancestors, and so they ought to be written still, as 
 they are by the Danes and Swedes. 
 
 WHACK, (hwak,) v. t. To strike. This is probably 
 the primary word on which is formed thwack. [See 
 Twit.] Whack is a vulgar word. 
 
 VYHaLE, (hwale,) 7i. [^ax. hwal, hwiel ; G. wallfiseh, 
 from wallen, to stir, agitate, or rove ; D. walvisch ; 
 Sw. and Dan. heal. This animal is named from 
 roundness, or from rolling; for in Dan. hvalt is 
 arched or vaulted ; hvieller, to arch or vault, D. 
 welven.] 
 
 The general name of an order of animals inhabit- 
 ing the ocean, arranged in zoology under the name 
 of Ccte or Cetacea. and belonging to the class Mam- 
 malia, in the Linnaean system. The Greenland 
 whale is of the genus Bala;na. When fully grown, 
 it is from fifty to sixty-five or seventy feet in length, 
 and from thirty to forty feet in its greatest circum- 
 ference. The whale furnishes us with oil, whale- 
 b(me, &c. [See Cachalot.] 
 
 WHaLE'-B6.-\T, 71. .\ long, narrow boat, sharp at 
 both ends, used by whalemen. 
 
 WHaLE'BoNE, 71. [ic/m/e and iriTic] Afirm, elastic 
 substance, taken from the upper jaw of the whale, 
 used as a stiflening in stays, fans, screens, &c. 
 
 WHaLE'-FISH-ER-Y, 71. The fishery or occupation 
 of taking whales. 
 
 WHaLE'MAN, 71. .K man employed in the whale- 
 fishery. 
 
 WHaL'ER, 71. A ship employed in the whale-fishery. 
 WH.^L'ING, 7t. The business of taking whales. 
 WHALL, ) 71. A greenish-white state of the eyes. 
 WHAUL, t [See Wall-Eve.] 
 
 WHALL'Y, a. Having greenish-white eyes. [See 
 Wall-Eve.] 
 
 WHaME, 7t. A species of fly, Tabanus, the burrel fly, 
 
 that annoys horses. 
 WHANG, 71. [Sax. tliwang.] 
 
 A leather thong. [JV"o£ 171 use.] 
 WHANG, r. U To beat [Mit in use, or local.] 
 
 Orosc. 
 
 WH.fkP, 71. A blow. [Vulgar.] [See Awhap.] 
 
 WH.\P'PER, (liwop'per,) 71. Something uncommonly 
 large of the kind. So thumper is connected with 
 thump, to strike with a heavy blow ; applied partic- 
 ularly to a bold lie. [yulgar.] 
 
 WHARF, (hworf,) 71. [Sax. hioarf, hweorf ; D. wrrfi 
 Dan. verf; Russ. vorph. In I>. werrcjt signifies to 
 raise or levy. In the plural, Wharks and Wharves 
 are both used.] 
 
 A perpendicular bank or mound of timber or stone 
 and earth, raised on the shore of a harbor, river, 
 canal, &c., or extending some distance into the 
 water, for the convenience of lading and unlading 
 ships and other vessels. The two longest wharfs ill 
 New England, are at Boston and at New Haven. 
 ..The latter is much the longest, extending into the 
 harbor about three quarters of a inilo. 
 
 WHARF, V. t. To guard or secure by a wiiarf or firm 
 wail of timber or stone ; as, the western bank of the 
 Connecticut is wharfcd at Hartford, to prevent the 
 river from wearing away the land. 
 
 WIIAKF'AGE, n. The fee or duty paid for the priv- 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK 
 
WHE 
 
 WHE 
 
 WlIE 
 
 ileae of usinR a wharf for loading or unloading goods, 
 timber, wood, itc. 
 
 WIIAUF'IiVC, 71. Whiirfa in genKnil. 
 
 VVllAltF'I.N-Gi:R, n. A man wlio lias tlie care of a 
 wiiaif, or tlic proprietor of a wharf. 
 
 WHAT, (hwt>t,) pronoun relative or substitute, [Sax. 
 haxtti Goth, aaiht ; D. louf; G. was; llan. and Sw. 
 hottd ; Scot, i/uhat ; L. quod, qniil. The Sax. Aific', 
 hwatj si^iHties brisk, lively, vigorous ; which shows 
 tliat this pronoun is the same word as wiglU, a living 
 being, from the root of the L. vivo, for vigo. (See 
 WioHT.) The Gothic A represents the Latin c in 
 vicius.] 
 
 1. That which. S.\y what you will, is the same as 
 say Unit which yon wilj, 
 
 2. Which part. Consider what is due to nature, 
 and what to art or lal>or. 
 
 :). IVhat is the siib-stitiitc for a sentence or clause 
 of a sentence. " I tell thee tnliiii, corporal, I could 
 tear her." Here what relates to the last clause, " I 
 could tear her ; " this is what I tell you. 
 
 4. IVhat is used as an adjective, of both genders, 
 often in specifying sorts or particulars. See what 
 colors this silk exhibits. 1 know wlnit qualities you 
 desire in a friend ; that is, I know the qualiliis which 
 you desire. 
 
 5. Wiut is much used in asking cpiestions. JVhat 
 sort of character is this.' If'hat poem is this IVhat 
 man is this we see C(uning 
 
 (). Ifhat time ; at the time or on the day when. 
 
 Wltal lime the morn niyst'-rioviB visioiw briii^i. Pope. 
 7. To how great a degree. 
 
 What ptinial jiidgx-s tire our love mid hate I Dryilen. 
 fe. Whatever. 
 
 Wholhei- it was lln: shormoiis of his forcsijlit, the Btrenjrth of hie 
 will — or what il wi\s. Bacon. 
 
 9. Some part, or some. " The year before, h<! had 
 so used the matter, that wfint by force, what by policy, 
 lie had taken from the Christians above thirty cas- 
 tles;" that is, he had taken above thirty castles, a 
 part or some by force, a part or some by policy ; or 
 what may be interpreted partly, KniiUci. 
 
 Sometimes ichnt has no verb to govern it, and it 
 must be considered as adverbially used. " H'hnt 
 with carrying apples and fuel, he liiids himself in a 
 hurry ; " that is, partly, in part. 
 
 10. What is sometimes used elliptically for what is 
 tills ? or how is this ? 
 
 What I coulil ye mil watch with me one hour ? — Matt. xxvi. 
 
 11. /f/ia£ is used interrogatively and elliptically, as 
 equivalent to what will be the consequence 1 What 
 will follow ? as in the phrase, what if I undertake this 
 business myself.' 
 
 tVhal though ; that is, grant this or that ; allow it to 
 be so. 
 
 IVhat ho; an exclamation of calling. 
 
 WH.\T, (hwot,) n. Fare; things; matter. [JVot in 
 use.] Spenser. 
 
 WH.\T-EV'ER, pron. [what and ever.] Heing this 
 or that ; being of one nature or another; being one 
 thing or another ; any thing that may be. IVhatcrer 
 is re.id, let it be read witli attention. Wliatccer 
 measure may be adopted, let it be with iliio caution. 
 Whatever yon do, let it be done with pruiliuice. 
 2. All that ; the whole that ; all particulars that. 
 
 At once time loith whaleuer creeps. Mitloii. 
 
 WH.\T-SO-EV'ER, a., compound of what, so, and 
 cprr, has the sense of whatever, and is less us;-tl than 
 the latter. Indeed, it is nearly obsolete. IVIialso, in 
 a like sense, is entirely obsolete. 
 
 WHRAl,, n. A pustule. [See Weal.] 
 
 WHEAT, (liweet,) n. [Sax. hwiete : Goth, hwit; Ice. 
 hveitrnu : G. weitzen ; Sw. hvete ; Dan. hcede ; D. weit. 
 an. Heb. non ; Syr. id.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Triticum, and the seed of the 
 plant, which furnishes a while flour for bread, and, 
 next to rice, is the grain most generally used by the 
 human race. Of this grain the varieties are numer- 
 ous, as red wheal, while wheat, balil wheat, bearded 
 wheat, winter wheat, summer wheat, &.c. 
 
 WHeAT'-BIKD, n. A bird that feeds on wheat. 
 
 yirginia, 
 
 WHEAT'-E.XR, n. A small bird, common in Europe, 
 the Saxicola (.Motacilla, I. inn.) cenanthe of Bech- 
 stein ; called also White-Tail and Fallow-Fi.nch. 
 Il IS allied to the stonechat and whincUat. P. Ojc. 
 
 WHeAT'^N, (hweet'n,) a. Made of wheal ; as, 
 wheaten bread. ArbuOtnot. Pope, 
 
 WHeAT'-FLY, n. A name given to several insects 
 injurious to wheal. It includes the Hessian-tiy, 
 wheat-moth, &c. F., C. Hcmck. 
 
 WHeAT'-.MOTH, n. An insect whose grubs devour 
 the grains of wheat, chiefly after it is harvested ; 
 probably the same as the Aiigournois moth. 
 
 E. C. Herriek. 
 
 WHgAT'-PLUM, n. A sort of plum. 
 
 WIIEE'DLE, (hwee'dl,) ti. t. [Qu. Gi yonTtvu, or 
 xojriAXu.] 
 To flatter ; to entice by soft words. 
 To learn Ibe unhicky art of laheediing fool*. DryUn. 
 
 WHEE'DLE, V. i. To flatter ; to coax. 
 
 WIIEE'OI.KI), pp. Flattered ; enticed ; coaxed. 
 WIIEE'DLING, ppr. Flattering; enticing by soft 
 worils. 
 
 WIIEK'DLI.NG, 71. The act of flattering or enticing. 
 
 WIIEEIi, n. [Sax. hiceul, liweohl, hwcofrl, hweoirul ; L). 
 wiel : Sw. hiul. This seems to have li'ir or llf for 
 its elements. Sec Syr. and Ar. No. IG, 17, C'lass 
 Cg.] 
 
 1. A circular frame of wood, iron, or other metal, 
 consisting of a nave or hub, into which are iiisertetl 
 spokes wliicli sust-iii a rim or felly ; the whole turn- 
 ing on an axis. The name is also given to a solid 
 circular or round pieccNif wood or metal, which re- 
 volves on an axis. The wheel and axle constitute 
 one i'( the mechanical powers. [See Axis, No. 4.] 
 
 2. A circular bmly. Shak. 
 
 3. A carriage that moves on wheels. Pope. 
 
 4. An iiistrunient for torturing criminals; as, an 
 examination made by the rack and the wheel. 
 
 Mdison. 
 
 5. A machine for .spinning thread of various 
 kinds. 
 
 Ci. Rotation ; revolution ; turn ; as, the vicissitude 
 and wheel of things. Soutlu 
 
 7. A turning about ; a compass. 
 
 He throws his fligllt in many an airy toheel. Millon. 
 
 8. In potlerij, a round board turned by a lathe in a 
 hori/.oiital position, on which the clay is shaped by 
 the hand. 
 
 9. A circular frame having handles on the periph- 
 ery, and connected by the tiller-ropes with the rud- 
 der, used for steering a ship. 
 
 WHr.I-,I.'-AN-I-MAI,, )n. One of a class of 
 
 WIIKHI-'-AN-l-MAI,'€Ur-E, ( animalcules, with 
 arms for Uiking their prey resembling wheels; a ro- 
 tifer. Brande. 
 
 WIlEEt,'-I!AR Ri")W, n. [wheel and barrow.] A 
 frame with a box, supported by one wheel, and 
 rollcil bv a single man. 
 
 WHEKL'-HOAT, n. [wheel xmA boat.] A boat with 
 wheels, to be used either on water or upon inclined 
 planes or railways. 
 
 WHEEL'-GAR-RIAGE, n. [wheel ani carriage,] A 
 carriage moved on wheels. 
 
 WHEEL'-RaCE, 71. The place in which a water- 
 wheel is fixed. Francis, 
 
 WHEEL'-SHaP-KD, (hwcel'slmpte,) a. [wheel and 
 shape.] In botany, rotate ; nionopetalous, expanding 
 into a flat bordi'r at top, with scarcely any lube ; as, 
 a wheel-shaped corol. Smith. 
 
 WIIEEL'WRlGHT,(hweel'rItc,)7i. [wheel and ionV/i(.l 
 A man whose occupation is to make wheels antl 
 wheel-carriages, as carts and wagons. 
 
 WHEEL, I'. <• To convey on wheels; as, to wheel a 
 load of hay or wood. 
 
 2. To put into a rotary motion ; to cause to turn 
 round. Millon, 
 
 WHEEL, I", t. To turn on an axis. Brntlcij, 
 
 2. To turn ; to move round ; as, a body of troops 
 wheel to the right or left. 
 
 3. To fetch a compass. 
 
 Then icheeling down U»c steep of he.ivcn he flies. Pojie, 
 
 4. To roll forward. 
 
 Thuoiler 
 
 Must wheel on the earth, devouring where il rolls. Millon. 
 WHEEL' AD, ji;7. Conveyed on wheels; turned; 
 
 rolled round. 
 WIIEKL'ER, 71. A maker of wheels. [Ob.-!.] 
 WIIKEL'I.N'G, ppr. Conveying on wheels or in a 
 
 wheel-carriage ; turning. 
 WHEEL'ING, 71. The act of conveying on whoels. 
 
 2. The act of passing rm wheels, or convenience 
 for passing on wheels. We say, it is gtwxl wheelinir, 
 or bad wheeling, according to the stale of the roads. 
 
 3. A turning or circular nioveinenl of troops em- 
 bodied. 
 
 WIIEEL'Y, a. Circular; suitable to rotation. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 WHEEZE, V. i. [Sax. hweosan ; Arm. chueia; Sw. 
 hes, hoarse ; Dan. hvinser ; Sw. hvdsa, to hiss, to 
 whiz ; Dan. kvaes, a whistling. Wheeze, whiz, and 
 probably whisper, are of one family, and accord with 
 the root of the L. fistula.] 
 
 To breathe hard and with an audible sound, as 
 persons affected with asthma. Dnjden, Swift, 
 
 WlIEEZ'IiNG, ppr. Breathing with dilficiilly and 
 noise. 
 
 WHEEZ'ING, 71. The act of breathing with diflicnlty 
 and niii.se. 
 
 WHELK, (liwelk,) n. A wrinkle ; inequality on the 
 surface ; protuberance ; a pustule. fSec Welk and 
 Weal.] 
 
 2. A inolliisk, the Biiccimim undatum, having a 
 shell univalvnlar, spirol, and gibbous, with an oval 
 aperture ending in a short canal or gutter. Whelks 
 are much used for food in England. 
 
 Linnwus. P. Cyc, 
 WIIELK'Y, o. Protuberant; embossed; rounded. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 WHELM, V, t, [Sax. ahwylfan; Goth, hulyan; Ice. 
 wilina or hmUma.] 
 
 1. To cover with water or other fluid ; to cover by 
 immersion in something th.it envelops on all sides ; 
 
 a.s, to whelm a person or a company in the seas ; to 
 whelm a caravan in sainl or dust. 
 
 2. To cover completely ; to immerse deeply ; to 
 overburden ; as, to whelm one in sorrows. 
 
 3. To throw over so as to cover. [«Vot used.] 
 
 Mortimer, 
 
 WHELM'KD, pp. Covered, as by being plunged or 
 immersed. 
 
 WIIELM'I.N'G, ppr. Covering, as by immersion. 
 WIIKLP, 71. [Dan. hvalp ; Sw. valp : D. welp. This 
 word coincides in elements with wolf, L. rulpes,] 
 
 1. The young of the canine species, and of sev- 
 eral other bi^.ists of prey ; a puppy ; a cub ; as, a 
 bear robbed of hei whelps ; lion's whelps, 
 
 2. A son ; in contempt, Shak. 
 
 3. A young man ; iii contempt. .^ddisun. 
 WHELP, II. i. To bring forth young, as the female of 
 
 the canine species and some other beasts of prey. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 WHEX, adv. [Goth, hwan ; Sax. hwicnne ; G. wann ; 
 D. wanneer ; L. qaando ; Gaelic, cuinne.] 
 
 1. At the time. We were present when General 
 La Favette embarked at Havre for New York. 
 
 JV. W. 
 
 2. At what time ; interrogatively. 
 
 Wlien shall these things be? — MmI. xxiv. 
 
 3. Which time. 
 
 I was adopted heir hy his consent ; 
 Since when, his oath is hroke. 
 
 4. After the time that. When the act is passed, 
 the public will be satisfied. 
 
 5. At what lime. 
 
 Kin^ may 
 
 Take their advantage when and how tliey list. Daniel. 
 Wlien as ; at the time when ; what lime. [06.<.] 
 When ae s^icred lijiit hei^.m to dawn. Anilon. 
 WHENCE, adv. [Sax. huianon,] 
 
 1. Frimi what place. 
 
 UTi^ncc and whnt art Uiou t Millon. 
 
 2. From whtit source. Whence shall wo derive 
 hope .' Whence conies this honor .' 
 
 Whence hath tiiia man this wisdom ? — Matt. xiii. 
 
 3. From which premises^ iirinciples, or facts. These 
 facts or principles are atlinitled, whence it follows that 
 judgment must be entered for the plaintifT. 
 
 4. How ; by what way or means. Mark xii. 
 
 5. In general, from which jierson, cause, place, 
 principle, or circumstance. 
 
 From whence may be consiilered as tautological, 
 /roi7i being implied in whence: but the use is well 
 authorized, antl in some cases the use of it seems to 
 give force or beauty to the phrase. We ascended 
 the mountain, from whence we took a view of the 
 beaiitit'til plains below. 
 
 Of wheiue is not now used. 
 WHENCE-SO-EV'ER, aitv. [whence, so, and tcer,] 
 From what place soever ; from wliat cause or source 
 soever. 
 
 Any idea, vhencetoeoer we have il. Locke, 
 
 WHENCE-EV'ER. See WHEnsoEVEn. 
 
 WHE.\-E\"ER, ai/e. [irAcn and ecrr.] At whatever 
 lime. Whenever you come, you will be kindly re- 
 ceived. 
 
 WIIEN-SO EV'ER. a. [when, so, and ever,] At what 
 time soever ; at whatever time. Loeke. 
 
 WHERE, (li wire,) adv, [Sax. hwwr ; Goth. Airar ; Sw. 
 Arur 1). iraar.] 
 
 1. .At which place or places. 
 
 She visited the place where first she was so happy. Sidney, 
 III all plao's where I reaini my name, 1 will come to thee and 1 
 will bless ihee. — Ex. XX. 
 
 2. At or in what place. 
 
 Adam, where art thou t — Gen. Ui. 
 
 3. At the pl.ace in which. 
 Where I thought the n'nmanl of my o^e 
 
 Should have been cherished by lier childlike duly. Shak, 
 
 4. Whither ; to what place, or from what place. 
 Where are you going .' W here are you from .' 
 
 [These uses of iWin-e arc ctuiiiiion, and the first 
 can not be condemned as vulgar.] 
 
 jjiiy where ; in any place. I sought the man, but 
 could not lind him any where, 
 
 J\''ole. — Where seems to have been originally a 
 noun, and was so used by Spensor. " He shall find 
 no where safe to him." In this sen.se, it is obsolete ; 
 yet it implies place, its original signification. 
 WHERI>A-BOUT', comp. [where and about.] Near 
 what place. Whereabout did you meet your friend? 
 
 2. Near which place. Shak, 
 
 3. Concerning which. 
 
 The object whereabout they arc conveivant. Hooker, 
 [VVhereabopts is also used.] 
 VVHERi:-AS', (hware-!ix',) eojnp. [where and as,\ 
 When in fact or truth ; implying opposition to some- 
 thing that precedes. 
 
 Are not those found to be the grcalest kaIoU, who are nwat 
 notni^iMuly ignorant f whereat true seal tllutdd always 
 begin with tnie knowledge. Spral. 
 
 2. The thing being so that ; considering that things 
 are so ; implying an admission of facts, sometimes 
 
 TuNE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1259 
 
WHE 
 
 followed by a different statement, and sometimes by 
 inferences or something consequent, as in the law 
 style, where a preamble introduces a law. 
 
 WTtereae wars Rie generally causes of poverty. Bacon, 
 
 3. Whereat; at which place. [Ods.l Spenser. 
 
 4. But on the contrary. [See No. 1.] Woodward. 
 WHERE AT', comp. [where and at.] At which. 
 
 ^STheTeal he was no leas an^ry and ashamed than desirous to 
 
 obey Zelmane. Sidney. 
 9. At what : mtcrrorratively. Whereat are you of- 
 fended .> 
 
 WilEllE-BY', comp. [where and by ] By which. 
 
 You take my life, 
 Wben you do take the means wh£rebtf I live. Shak, 
 
 2. By what ; interrogatively. 
 
 Mlierebi/ shall I know this ? — Luke i. 
 WlIEKE'FoRE, comp. [where and for.] For which 
 reason. 
 
 Mliere/ore, by tlieir fniits ye shall know them. — Matt. vii. 
 2. Why ; for wliat reason. 
 
 U7(iTe/ore didst lliou doubt ? — Matt. xiv. 
 WMERE-IX', covip. [where and in.] In which; in 
 which thing, time, respect, book, Sec. This is the 
 thing wherein you liave erred. > 
 2. In what. 
 Yet ye say, Wherein have we wearied him ? — Mai. ii. 
 WHERE-I.\-TO', comp. [wltere and irita.] Into 
 
 which. [Ohs.] Bacon. 
 WHERE'NESS, n. Ubiety; imperfect locality. 
 
 A point h nth no dimensions, but only a tehereneeSy and ia next 
 to notliin^. Grew, 
 
 [ This word is nut used^ nor has it any intelligible sig- 
 nijieation.] 
 
 WHERE-OF', comp. [where ani of .] Of which. We 
 are not guilty of the crime whereof we are accused. 
 
 2. Of what. Whereof was this house built ? 
 [Obs.] 
 
 How this world, when and wftereo/created. Ait/ton. 
 WIIERE-ON', camp, [tohere and on.] On which ; as, 
 Ihf ground whereon we tread. 
 9. On what. JKAovoh do we stand [Ois.l 
 WHERE'SO, comp. [06,9.] See Wheresoever. 
 WHERE SO EVER, comp. [where, so, and ever.] In 
 wliiit piace soever; in whatever place, or in any 
 place indefinitely. Seize the thief, wheresoever he 
 may be found. 
 
 [\Vherever is the preferable word.] 
 WHERE'THUOCGH, through which, is not in use. 
 WHERE-TO', comp. [where and to.] To which. 
 
 WJlcrelo we have already attained. — Phil. iii. 
 
 2. To what ; to what end. [Little used.] 
 WHERE-UN-TO', adv. The same as Whereto. 
 [Oh..] 
 
 WHERE-UP-ON', comp. Upon which. 
 
 The townsmen muttnicil and sent to Essex, whereupon he came 
 tliither. Clarendon. 
 W HER-EV'ER, co;np. [where and ever.] At whatever 
 place. 
 
 He can not hut love virtue, vhzrever it is. .Atterhury. 
 
 WHERE-WITH', comp. [where and with.] With 
 which. , 
 
 The love icherewiOt (hou hast loved me. — John xvii. 
 
 2. With what ; interrogatively. 
 
 lilieretrith shall I pave Israel t — Judaea vl. 
 
 WHERE-WIT H AL', comp. [See Withal.] [where, 
 with, and alt.] The same as Wherewith. 
 
 WIIER'RET, t). «. [G.wirren. Qti.] 
 
 To hurry; to trouble ; to tease ; to give a box on 
 the ear. 
 
 t/.o7v5, and not used in .America.] 
 ;R'UET, n. A box on the ear. [J^ot in use.] 
 Beaum. 4" Fl. 
 
 WHER'RY, n. [A different orthography of Ferry, 
 formed with a strong breathing, like whistle, from the 
 root of L. Jistala.] 
 
 1. A shallow, light boat, built very sharp at both 
 ends, for fast rowing or sailing, especially on tide 
 rivers. Ilebert. 
 
 The term has also been applied to some decked 
 vcoscia used in fishing, in dilicrent parts of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. Mar. Diet. 
 
 2. A lii]Uor made from the pulp of crabs, after the 
 verjuice isexprea.sed ; sometimes called Crab-Wheb- 
 BV. [Local.] 
 
 WHET, (hwet,) v. t. ; pret. and pp. Whetted or 
 Whet. [Sax. hwcllan; Sw. hvassa; Dan. hvas, 
 sharp ; hnedscr, to whet ; D. wetlen ; G. wetzrn.] 
 
 1. 'i'o rub for the purpose of sliarpening, as an 
 edge-tool ; to sharpen by attrition ; as, to whet a 
 scythe or an ax. 
 
 2. To provoke ; to excite ; to stimulate ; as, to whet 
 the appetite. 
 
 3. To provoke ; to make angry or acrimonious. 
 
 Binc< Caulut flrat did whet me agalnat Cesar, 
 
 I have not slept. StuUc. 
 
 To whet on, or whet forward ; to urge on ; to in"ti- 
 gatc. [Jt'ol used, nor proper.] Shak. 
 
 WHI 
 
 Will 
 
 WHET, n. The act of sharpening by friction, 
 i 2. Something that provokes or stimulates the ap- 
 petite ; as, sips, drams, and whets. Spectator. 
 
 WHETH'ER, ])ronoun or substitute. [Sa.\. hwather. 
 This word see'ms to be connected with wluit and the 
 L. vter, the latter not being aspirated. The sense 
 seems to be what, or which of two, referring either 
 to persons or to sentences.] 
 
 1. Which of two. 
 
 "iVhelher of them twain did the will of his father f — Matt. xil. 
 
 Here, wActAcr is a substitute for one of two, and sig- 
 nifies which; which of the two ; but in this sense it is 
 obsolete. 
 
 2. Which of two alternatives, expressed by a sen- 
 tence or the clause of a sentence, and followed by 
 or. " Resolve whether you will go or not ; " that is, 
 you will go or not go ; resolve which. 
 
 JVote. — In the latter use, which is now most com- 
 mon, whetlier is called an adverb. This is a mistake. 
 It is the same part of speech as in the former exam- 
 ple. The only difference is, that in the former ex- 
 ample it repre-sents or refers to a noun, and in the 
 latter to a sentence or clause. 
 
 WHETH'ER-ING, n. The retention of the after-birth 
 in cows. Gardner. 
 
 WHET'SToNE, n. [whet and stone.] A stone used 
 for sharpening edged instruments by friction. 
 
 WHET'SToNE-SLaTE, ) n. IS'ovaculite, a variety 
 
 WHET'-SLATE, j of slate used for sharp- 
 
 ening instruments of iron. The light-green colored 
 variety from the Levant is the most valuable, and is 
 called HoNESToNE. It should be kept in a damp 
 place, that it may not become too dry and hard. 
 
 WHET'TED, pp. Rubbed for sharpening; sharp- 
 ened ; provoked ; stimulated. 
 
 WHET'TER, n. He or that which whets or sharp- 
 ens. 
 
 WHET'TING, ppr. Rubbing for the purpose of mak- 
 ing sharp; sharpening; provoking; iuciting ; stim- 
 ulating. 
 
 WHEW'ER, n. Another name of the widgeon. [Lo- 
 cal/] 
 
 WHEY, (hwa,) n. [Sax. hwtcg: D. wei or hui.] 
 
 The serum or watery part of milk, separated from 
 the more thick orcoagulable part, particularly in the 
 processor making cheese. In this process, the thick 
 part is called curd, and the thin part whey. 
 WHEY'EY, (wha'e,) a. Partaking of whey ; resem- 
 bling whey. Bacon. 
 WHEY'ISH, a. Having the qualities of whev. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 WHEY'-TUB, n. A tub in which whey stands for 
 yielding cream, &c. Cyc. 
 
 WHICH, pron. [If this is from the Saxon hwilc or 
 hwylc, it is from the Gothic hwelciks, which coincides 
 with the Latin qualis ; D. welk, G. wclche, welcher, 
 Dan. hwilken, hwilket, Sw. hwilken. This is the prob- 
 able origin of the word, and its true sen.se is that of 
 the Latin quis, qualis, quicunque. In these senses it 
 occurs in all Saxon books. Its proper use was as a 
 pronoun of interrogation, " Hwylc man is of eow ? " 
 what man is thereof you.' Jl/af(. vii. 9. "Hwylc 
 is min niodor.'" who is my mother.' Jl/ai (c iii. 33. 
 Its use for who, Saxon hwa, as in Ihe Lord*s prayer, 
 " Our Father which art in heaven," is an improper 
 application of the word. In its original sense it is 
 used for all genders ; as, which man, which woman, 
 w/iic/i thing.' As an interrogative we still use it in 
 this manner. Its use for zcAo was of long continu- 
 ance, but is happily discontinued ; and our present 
 practice actyjrds with its original use in the Saxon.] 
 
 1. A pronoun or word of interrogation in all gen- 
 ders ; as, which man is it .' which woman was it ? 
 which is the house .' 
 
 2. In reference to things, or in the neuter gender, 
 it is n relative referring to something before men- 
 tioned ; as, " God rested on the seventh day from all 
 his work which he had made." Qen. ii. 2. In some 
 phrases, the relative may precede the noun to which 
 it refers. 
 
 3. Which, like other pronouns, may be used as a 
 substitute for another word or for a sentence. " We 
 are bound to obey all the divine commands, which 
 we can not do without divine aid." Here which is a 
 substitute for obey all Vie divine commands. The man 
 was said to he innocent, which he was not. Here 
 ■which is a substitute for innocent. 
 
 4. Thai w hich ; those which ; as, take which you 
 will. 
 
 The which, by the which, See, are obsolete. 
 WHICII-EV'ER, )pron. Whether one or thi* oth- 
 WHICH-SO-EV'ER, ( cr. WAtcAcucr road you take, 
 
 it will conduct you to town. 
 WHIFF, n. [W. firif, a whiff or puff, a hiss ; ^wijiaw, 
 to whiff, and ftwi/, a quick gust.] 
 
 ]. A sudden expulsion of air from the mouth; a 
 puff; as, the whiff' of a Smoker. 
 
 And seasons hid ir/if^s with imiXTtlnent jokes. Pope. 
 9. In ichthyology, a flat-fish of the turbot group, 
 Rhombus megastuina. Jardine's JVat. Lib. 
 
 WHIFF, r. t. To puff; to throw out In whiffs; to 
 
 ronsiime in whiffs. 
 WHIF'FLE, (whif'il,) v. L [D. wcifelm, to waver; 
 
 iweeren, to hover. This accords in sense with G 
 zweifdn, to duubt, which would .seem to be from 
 -wei, two, or its root. The G. has also schweifen, to rove 
 or wander, which seems to be allied to sweep. The 
 D. has also twyffelen, to doubt, from twee, two, or its 
 root ; Sw. tvijia, Dan. Ivivler, from the root of two. 
 Yet whiffle seems to be directly from whiff.] 
 
 To start, shift, and turn ; to change from one opin- 
 ion or course to another ; to use evasions ; to pre- 
 varicate ; to be fickle and unsteady. 
 
 A person of whijling and unsteady turn of mind, can not keep 
 close to a point of a controversy. Watu. 
 WHIF'FLE, V. t. To disperse with a puff; to scatter. 
 
 J\Iore. 
 
 WHIF'FLE, 71. .Anciently, a fife or small flute. 
 WHIF'FLE-TREE, ) n. The bar to which the traces 
 WHIP'PLE-TREE, j of a carriage are fastened for 
 draught. 
 
 WHIF'FLER, n. One who whiffles or frequently 
 changes his opinion or course; one who uses shifts 
 and evasions in argument. 
 
 2. A harbinger ; an officer who went before pro- 
 cessions to clear the way by blowing the horn or 
 trumpet. Toone. Shak. 
 
 3. A young man who goes before a company in 
 London on occasions of public solemnity. Cyc. 
 
 WHIF'FLIiN'G, ppr. Shifting and turning; prevari- 
 cating ; shuffling. 
 
 WHIF'FLING, n. Prevarication. 
 
 WHIG, (hwig,) n. [Sax. hwag. See Whey.] 
 
 Acidulated whey, sometimes mi.\ed with butter- 
 milk and sweet herbs ; used as a cooling beverage. 
 [Local] 
 
 WHIG, n. [Ash, in his Dictionary, informs us that 
 this word is from whiggam, a term used in Scotland 
 in driving horses ; icAi^^roraor, one who drives lior ies. 
 In 1648, a party of these people marched to Eilin- 
 burgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamilton ; 
 and hence the name of whig was given to the party 
 opposed to the court.] 
 
 One of a political party which had its origin in 
 England in the seventeenth century, in the reign of 
 Charles I. or II., when great contests existed respect- 
 ing the royal prerogatives and the rights of the peo- 
 ple. Those who supported the king in his high 
 claims were called tories, and the advocates of pop- 
 ular rights were called whigs. During the revolu- 
 tion in the United States, the friends and supporters 
 of the war and the principles of the revolution were 
 called whigs, and those who opposed them were 
 called tories and royalists. 
 
 Where, then, when lories scarce get clear. 
 
 Shall whigs and congresses appear f M^Fingal. 
 
 WHIG, a. Pertaining to or composed of whigs. 
 WHIG'GAR-CHY, n. Government by whigs. [CaiU.] 
 
 Swift. 
 
 WHIG'GER-Y, n. The principles of a whig. 
 
 WHIG'GISII, a. Pertaining to whigs ; partaking of 
 the principles of whigs. Swift. 
 
 WHIG'GKS.M, 71. The principles of a whig. Swifl. 
 
 WHILE, (hwile,) 71. [Sax. AwiVc; Goth. /(»Ci7a ; G. 
 well; D. wyl; time, while ; Dan. hvilc, Sw. hvila, re- 
 pose ; W. ^wyl, a turn, Ir. foil. See the verb.] 
 
 Time ; space of time, or continued duration. He 
 was some while in this country. One while wo 
 thought him innocent. 
 
 fFor(/i ichile ; worth the time which it requires ; 
 worth the time and pains ; hence, worth the ex- 
 pense. It is not always worth lohile for a man to pros- 
 ecute for small debts. 
 
 WHILE, adv. During the time that. While I wri»e, 
 
 2. As long as. [you sleep. 
 Use your memory, and you will sensibly experience a goduaj 
 
 improvement, while you lake can; not 10 overload it. Walti. 
 
 3. At the same time that. Pope. 
 WHILE, V. t. [W. fwy/iiw, to turn, to run a course, 
 
 to bustle ; Eth. waala, to pass the time, to 
 
 spend the day or life, to remain ; Amharic, id. ; Dan. 
 Ai>iier, Sw. Ai'ifa, to rest or repose ; It.foillim, to stay, 
 to rest, to tarty ; G. weilcn, venceilcn, to abide, to 
 stay ; D. verwylen, id. (iu. the identity of these 
 words.] 
 
 To while away, as time. In English, is to loiter ; or, 
 more generally, to cause time to pass away pleasant- 
 ly, without irksomtness; as, we while away lime in 
 amusements or diversitms. 
 
 Let ns white away Uiis life. Pope. 
 WHILE, V. i. To loiter. Spectator. 
 WHIL'gRE, adv. [while and ere.] A little while 
 ago. [ Obs.] 
 
 WIIIL'INC, ppr. Loitering; passing time agreeably, 
 
 without impatience or todiousnoss. , 
 WIMLK, 7t. A kill'.' 3f shell, or shell-fish. [See 
 
 Whelk.] 
 WHI'LOM, adv. [Sax. hwilon.] 
 
 Formerly ; once ; of old. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 WHILST, adv. 'I'he same as While, which se» 
 
 [Whiles is not used.] 
 WIUII, 71. [Ice. htoima : W. frnm, a brisk motion, « 
 
 turn ; finimiaw, lo move round briskly ; Sp. quiwerii, 
 
 a whini, a wild fancy, a scuflle.] 
 
 PATE, FAR, FAIX, WHiST. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 
 1260 
 
 / 
 
WHI 
 
 1. Properly, a sudden turn or start of the mind ; 
 a freak; a fancy ; a capricious notion. We say, 
 every man bus liis whims. [See Fbkak and Ua- 
 rnicE.j 
 
 All the tiiperfluous whimt relate. Sjiifl. 
 
 2. A low wit ; a cant word. Miiison. 
 
 3. A niacliine worked by horses for raising water 
 from the bottom of mines. 
 
 WIIIM'UREL., «. A bird closely allied to the curlew, 
 and resuinhlmi: it in its appearance and habits. 
 
 VVIUM'PEK, v.i. [G.wimmirn.] 
 
 To cry with a low, whining, broken voice ; as, a 
 child ichimpers. Locke. 
 
 Wlll.M'I'EK-ING, ppT. Crying with a low, broken 
 voice. 
 
 VVIIIM'PER-ING, n. [Supra.] A low, muttering cry. 
 VVHl.M'l'LKD, a. [A word used by Sliakspeare, per- 
 
 U:i\)!i a mistake for VVHiMrEnco.] 
 Distorted with crying. 
 WlIl.M'SEY, (hwim'ze,) n. [from icAim.] A whim ; 
 
 a freak ; a capricious notion ; as, the whitmeys of 
 
 poftS. 
 
 Mmi'i follies, wJiimttys, and inconslnncy, Sici/t. 
 
 WHIM'SI-CAL, a. Full of whims ; freakish ; having 
 odd fancies ; capricious. 
 
 My npi^libors call ine wliirruuul. Addison. 
 
 WniM'SI-eAL-LY, ad». [Supra.] In a whimsical 
 
 manner ; freakishlv. 
 Wlll.M'SI-eAL-XESS, ) n. [Supra.] Freakishness ; 
 VVlllM-$I-eAL'l-TY, ( whimsical disposition ; odd 
 
 temper. 
 
 WHIN, n. [In W. f iryn is a weed ; L. Ocnista spino- 
 sa.] 
 
 Gorse ; furze ; a plant of the genus Ulex. 
 
 Tusscr. Lee. 
 
 WHIX'-.^X, n. [ichin and ai.] An instrument used 
 for e.xtirpating whin from land. Cyc. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 WHIX'CilAT, n. A small singing-bird, a species of 
 warbler, the Saxicola rubctra, (Motacilla rubetra. 
 Linn.) It is common in Europe. Jardine. P. Cyc. 
 WHINE, (hwlne,) v. t. [Sax. wanian and ctranian ; 
 Goth, hwainon ; Dan. hriner. to whine, and to whin- 
 ny, as a horse ; Sw. hvina, to squeal or squeak j W. 
 agwyn, to complain ; L. hinnio, and qu. ffaiinio.] 
 
 To express murmurs by a plaintive cry ; to moan 
 with a puerile noise ; to murmur meanly. 
 
 'I'hf'v c:\me — with a ithiiting accent craving liberty. Sidney. 
 Tlii-li, if we ichine, look pale. Sluzi. 
 
 WHINE, n, A plaintive tone ; the nasal puerile tone 
 of mean complaint; mean or affected complaint. 
 
 WIIT.N'ER, n. One who whines. [Howe. 
 
 WIIIN'ING, ppr. or a. Expressing murmurs by a 
 nii'an, plaintive tone or cant. 
 
 WIITN'ING-LY, adr. In a whining manner. 
 
 WUIX'NY, f. i. [L. hinitio ; from the root o( whine.] 
 To utter the sound of a horse ; to neigh. 
 
 WHIN'NY, a. Abounding in whins. 
 
 WHIN'OCK, n. [G. weniir, small.] 
 
 The small pig of a litter. Jf. England. 
 
 WHIN'-STONE, n. [whin and stone; Scot, qultyn- 
 stane. ] 
 
 tVhin-stone, or rchin, is a provincial name given to 
 basaltic rocks, and applied by miners to any kind of 
 d.irk-colored and h.ard, unstr.itified rock, which re- 
 sists the point of the pick. Veins of dark basalt or 
 green-istone are frequently called whin-dykes. Cyc. 
 
 WHIN'Y.^RD, n. A sword ; in coiiIcm/)«. Hudibras. 
 
 WHIP, (hwip,) V. t. [Sa\. htceopan, to whip, and to 
 weep, that is, to vfhoop. or hoop ; D. wippen, to shake, 
 to move, or wag, to give the strappado ; zweepen, to 
 whip ; Dan. vippcr, to swing ; W. gwipiaw, to move 
 briskly, to whip; fwip, a quick flirt or turn. The 
 sense is well expressed by the Welsh, anil we say, a 
 man whips round a corner, when running he sudden- 
 ly turns. It seems to be allied to wipe and sweep, 
 and L. capulo, and implies a sweeping throw or 
 thrust.] 
 
 1. To strike with a lash or sweeping cord j as, to 
 rphip a horse. 
 
 2. To sew slightly. Gay. 
 
 3. To drive with lashes ; as, to whip a top. 
 
 4. To punish with the whip; as, to whip a va- 
 grant ; to whip one thirty-nine lashes ; to whip a per- 
 verse boy. 
 
 Who, for falie qnantiliet, wai vhipptd at achool. Dri/den. 
 
 5. To lash with sarcasm. 
 
 They would whip mc with their fine wits. Shak. 
 a. To strike ; to thrash ; to beat out, as grain, by 
 striking; as, to uiAtp wheat. Cyc 
 
 l^J^ot in use in the United States.] 
 
 F whip about, or round ; to wrap; to in wrap ; as, 
 to whip a line round a rod. , Mozon. 
 
 To whip about ; to draw nimbly ; to snatch ; as, to 
 whip out a sword or rapier from its sheath. 
 
 T whip from ; to take away suddenly. 
 
 To whip into ; to thrust in with a quick motion. 
 He whipped his hand into his pocket. 
 
 To whip up: to seize or take up with a quick mo- 
 tion. She whipped up the child and ran off. Among 
 seamen, to hoist with a whip or small tackle. 
 
 Win 
 
 WHIP, V. i. To move nimbly ; to start suddenly and 
 run, or to turn atid run ; a.-;, the hoy whipped away in 
 an instant ; he whiptied round the corner ; he whipped 
 into the house, antl was out of sight in a moment. 
 
 WHIP, 71. [S^ax. hweop.] 
 
 1. An instrument for driving horses or other teams, 
 or for correction, consisting of a lash tied to a handle 
 or rod. 
 
 2. A coachman, or driver of a carriage ; as, a good 
 whip. B. JVIsraeli. 
 
 3. In ships, a small tackle with a single rope, used 
 to hoist light bodies. Mar. Vict. 
 
 IVhip and spur ; with the utmost haste. 
 
 WHn*'-€ORD, 71. [whip and cord.] A kind of hard 
 twisted or braided cord, of wliich lushes have some- 
 times been made. Dryden. 
 
 WHIP'-GRAFT, f. «. [whip anil irruft.] To graft by 
 cutting the cion and stock in a sloping direction, so 
 as to fit each other, and by inserting a tongue on the 
 cion into a slit in the stock. 
 
 WHIP'-GRXFT-ING, 71. The act or practice of graft- 
 ing by cutting the cion and stock with a slope, to lit 
 each other, &c. Kncyc. 
 
 WHIP'-IIANI), n. [whip and hand.] Advantage over ; 
 as, he has the whip-hand of her. Drydcn. 
 
 WHIP'-LASH, 71. [whip and lash.] The lasii of a 
 whip. Tu!^scr. 
 
 WH1P'P£D, (hvvipt,) pp. Struck with a whip ; pun- 
 ished ; inwrappeil ; sewed slightly. 
 
 WHIP'PEK, 71. One who whips; particularly, an of- 
 licer who inflicts the penalty of legal whipping. 
 
 WIIIP'PER-IN, 71. Among huntsmen, one who keeps 
 the hounds from wandering, and whips tJiem in, if 
 necessary, to the line of chase. Hence, 
 
 2. In the British house of commons, one who enforces 
 party discipline among the supporters of the minis- 
 try, and urges their attendance on all questions of 
 importance to the governinait. 
 
 WIIIP'PER-SNAP'PER, n. A diminutive, insignifi- 
 cant person. Brochett. 
 
 WHIP'PING, ppr. Striking with a whip; punishing 
 with a whip ; inwrapping. 
 
 WHIP'PING, n. The act of striking with a whip, or 
 of punishing ; the state of being wliip'ped. 
 
 WHlP'PING-PoST, n. [irAippinu- and post.] A post 
 to which oftcnders are tied when whipped. 
 
 WHIP'PLE-TUEE, 71. [whip and tree; but qu. is it 
 not whiffle-tree ?] 
 
 The bar to which the traces or tugs of a harness 
 are fastened, and by which a carriage, a plow, a 
 harrow, or other implement, is drawn. Forby. 
 
 WHIP'p6-WIL, n. The popular name of an Ameri- 
 can bird, allied to the niglithawk and nightjar, so 
 called from its note or the sounds of its voice ; a spe- 
 cies of Caprimul<;us. [Not Wiiip-poqr-Will.] 
 
 WHIP'SAW, 77. [icAip and saw;.] A saw usually set 
 in a frame, for dividing timber lengthwise, and cora- 
 moiilv worked by two pcrstuis. 
 
 WHlP'STAFF.n. [Tr/iip and .s-ta/?:] In a bar by 
 
 which the rudder is turned. In small vessels, this 
 is called the Tiller. 
 
 WHIP'STER. 71. A nimble fellow. Prior. 
 
 WHIP'STITCII, V. U [whip and sliUh.] In agricul- 
 ture, to half-plow or to rafter land. This word, I be- 
 lieve, is not usied in America. The practice o( whip- 
 stitching resembles what is called in America ridg- 
 ing. 
 
 WHIP'-STOCK, 71. [whip and .Wocit.] The rod or 
 stall" to which the lash of a whip is fastened. 
 
 WHIPT, pp. of Whip ; sometimes used for Whipped. 
 
 WHIR, (hwur,) 1;. i. To whirl round with noise; to 
 fly with noise. 
 
 WHIR, r. f. To hurry. 
 
 WHIRL, (hwurl,) v. t. [Sax. hwyrfan ; D. werrelcn; 
 G. wirbeln, to whirl, to warble ; Dan. hvirveler, Sw. 
 hcirfta, to whirl, Dan. hvircelbccn, whirl-bone, verte- 
 bra J hvirvelsoe, whirl-sea, a whirlpool ; Sw. hvirfnel, 
 Ice. whirla, a whirl. We see that whirl and warble 
 are dialectical forms of the same word, and both 
 probably from the root of L. rerto and Eng. veer.] 
 To turn round rapidly ; to turn with velocity, 
 tie ukirU his fiwoni around without delay. Dryden. 
 WHIRL, V. i. To be turned round rapidly ; to move 
 round with velocity ; as, the whirling spindles of a 
 cotton machine or wheels of a coach. 
 
 The wooden engine Aics and whirls about* Dryden. 
 2. To move hastily. 
 
 But whirled away to ihun bU hateful light. Dryden. 
 WHIRL, 71. [G.wirbet; Dan. AcirrW.] 
 
 1. A turning with rapidity or velocity ; rapid rota- 
 tion or circumvolution ; quick gj ralion ; as, the whirl 
 of a top ; the whirl of a wheel ; the whirl of time ; 
 the icAirii of fancy. Creech. Pope. 
 
 2. Any thing that moves or is turned with velocity, 
 particularly on an axis or pivot. 
 
 3. A hook used in twisting. 
 
 4. In botany and conchology. See Whorl. 
 WHTRL'-BAT, 71. [icAiri and bat.] Any thing moved 
 
 with a whirl as preparatory for a blow, or to aug- 
 ment the force of it. Poeta use it for the ancient 
 cestus. 
 
 The whirl-hut and tht rapid nee ihall bo 
 Rcaerred for Ceaar. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 WHI 
 
 WIIIRL'-HLAST, 71. [whirl tini blasU] A whirling 
 blast of wind. Knlick. 
 
 WlllRL'-BoNE, 71. [i/-Air; and ionr.] The patella; 
 the cap of the knee ; the kiiee-|Kin. .linswortlt. 
 
 WHIUL'ED, pp. Turned round with vebw-.iy. 
 
 WHIRL'I-GIG, 71. [whirl and gig.] A toy which 
 children spin or whirl rounJ. Johnson. 
 
 2. In mUitary anlitjuilies, an instrument for punish- 
 ing petty offentiers, as sutlers, hniwliiig women, 6lc, ; 
 a kind of wooden cage turiiingon a pivot, in which the 
 offender was whirled round with great vclociiy. Cyr, 
 
 WHIRL'ING, ppr. Turning or moving round with 
 velocity. 
 
 WHIRL'ING-TA-I)LE, 71. A machine contrived for 
 representing several phenomena of centrifugal force, 
 liv civing hollies a rapid rotation. Brande. 
 
 WHIRL'PIT, n. .\ whirI|M)ol. [Mit iised.] 
 
 WHIRL'POOL, 71. [7«Air; and pool.] An eddy of 
 water ; a vortex or gulf where the water moves 
 round in a circle. In some cases, a whirl|K>iil draws 
 things to its center and absorbs them, as is the case 
 with the .Maelstrom off the coast of Norway. 
 
 WHIRL'WINI), 71. [whirl and icinrf.] A violent 
 wind moving in a circle round its axis. 
 
 W11IR'RI.\G, n. The sound of partridge's or pheas- 
 ant's wings. 
 
 .Vote. — H'hir is used by the cominnn p!-'ople in 
 New Englaiiil in an adverbial manner, to express the 
 rapid flight or the sound of any thing thrown. [See 
 Wiiin.] 
 
 WHISK, 71. [G. and D. wmh, a wisp.] 
 
 1. A small bunch of grass, straw, hair, or the like, 
 used for a brush ; lience, a brush or small besom. 
 
 2. Part of a woman's dress ; a kind of tippet. Child, 
 
 3. A small culinary instrument for whisking or nip- 
 idly agitating certain articles, as the whites of eggs, 
 &c. Boute. 
 
 WHISK, r, (. To sweep, brush, or agitate with a' 
 light, rapid motion. 
 2. To move with a quick, sweeping motion. 
 
 Hudibras, 
 
 WHISK, V. i. To move nimbly and with velocity. 
 
 Purchas. 
 
 WHISK'ER,7i. [from iflAii/;.] Long hair growing on 
 the human cheek. Pope. 
 
 VVHISK'ER-£D, a. Formed into whiskers ; furnished 
 with whiskers. 
 
 WH1.<K'ET, 71. A basket. [Local] 
 
 WHISK'ING, ppr. Brushing; sweeping along ; mov- 
 ing with velocity along the surface. 
 
 WHIS'KY, 71. [Ir. uisge, water, whence usijucbaugk ; 
 W. wysg, a stream. ] 
 
 1. A spirit distilled from grain. In the north of 
 England, the name is given to tlie spirit drawn from 
 barley. In the United States, whisky is generally 
 distilled from wiieat, rye, or maize, 
 
 2. A light carriage built for rapid motion. Rich. Dieu 
 WIII.S'PER, I', i. [Sax. Auispriun ,' Dan. hoisker ; Sw. 
 
 hcUka, to buzz, to whisper; G. flispern ; allied to 
 whistle, wheeze, and L. fistula. Tiie word seems, by 
 its sound, to be an oiioiiiatopy, as it expresses a sibi- 
 lant sound or breathing.] 
 
 1. To spenk with a low, hissing or sibilant voice. 
 It is ill manners to whisper in company. 
 
 The hollow, whispering breei*?. Utomson. 
 
 2. To speak with suspicion or timorous caution. 
 
 3. To plot secretly ; to devise mi^cliief. 
 
 AM dial lialc me ishisper together a^aiiiu ine. — P». xli. 
 WHIS'PER, r. t. To address in a low voice. He 
 whispers the man in the ear. 
 
 [But (his is elliptical I'or whispers to.] 
 
 2. To utter in a low, sibilant voice. He whispered 
 a word in my ear. 
 
 3. To prompt secretly ; as, he came to whisper 
 Wolsey. Shak. 
 
 WHLS'PER, 77. A low, soft, sibilant voice ; or words 
 uttered with such a voice. 
 
 The whisper can not give a tone. Bteon. 
 Soil whispers through ih' aSBcmbly wenu fjryden. 
 
 2. A cautious or timorous speech. 
 
 3. A hissing or buz/.ing sound. 
 WIIIS'PER-ED, pp. L'ltered in a low voice ; uttered 
 
 with siis|iicion or caution. 
 WHIS'PER-ER, n. One w ho w hispers. 
 
 2. A tattler ; one who tells secrct-s ; a conveyer of 
 intelligence secretly. Bacon. 
 
 3. A backbiter ; one who slanders secrtitly. Pm, 
 xvi. 
 
 WHIS'PER-I\G, ppr. or 0. Speaking in a low voice ; 
 telling secretly ; b.ackbiting. 
 
 .\ whLtprring gallery, or dome, is one in which 
 w hispers or feeble sounds are conveyed to a greater 
 distance than under ordinary circumstances. Brands. 
 
 WHIS'PER-I.NG, n. The act of speaking with a low 
 voice ; the telling of tales and e.xciting of suspi- 
 cions ; a backbiting. 
 
 WHIS'PER-ING-LY, adv. In a low voice. 
 
 WHIST, o. [Corn. AitHt, silence.] 
 
 Silent; mute; still; not speaking; not making ■ 
 noise. 
 
 The vindi with wonder whist, 
 
 Smoothly the walei* kiaed. AC/xon. 
 [This adjective, like some others, always follows 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 Ib8 
 
 BBBBB 
 
 1261 
 
WHI 
 
 its noun. We never say, whist wind ; but the wind 
 is whhit.] 
 
 Whist is used for be sUenL fVliist, whist, that is, be 
 xilent or stilL 
 
 WHIST, n. A game at cards, so called because it re- 
 quires silence or close attention. It is not, In Amer- 
 ica, pronounced whisk. 
 
 WHIST, r.t. To hush or silence. Spenser. 
 
 WHIS'TLE, (hwis'I,) v. i. [Sax. hwistlan ; Sw. hvis- 
 sla; Dan. hvidslcri L. fistula, a whistle; allied to 
 whisper.] 
 
 1. To utter a kind of musical sound, by pressing 
 the breath through a small orifice formed by contract- 
 ing the lips. 
 
 While Ihe plowman, near at hand, 
 
 WliisUes o'er the furrowed land. Milton. 
 
 Q. To make a sound with a small wind instrument. 
 
 3. To sound shrill, or like a pipe. 
 
 The wild winds whistle, antl the Ifillows roar. Pope. 
 
 WHIS'TLE, V. L To form, utter, or modulate by 
 whistling ; as, to whistle a tune or air. 
 
 2. To call by a whistle ; as, he whistled back his 
 dos. 
 
 WHIS'TLE, 71. [Sax. hwistle ; L. fistula.] ' 
 
 1. A small wind instrument. Bacon. 
 
 2. The sound made by a small wind instrument, 
 .t. Sound made by pressing the breath through a 
 
 small orifice of the lips. 
 
 4. The mouth ; the organ of whistling. [Vultrar.] 
 
 5. A small pipe, used by a boatswain to summon 
 the sailors to their duty ; the boatswain's call. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 6. The shrill sound of winds passing among trees 
 or through crevices, &c. 
 
 7. A call, such as sportsmen use to their dogs. 
 WHIS'TLKD, (hwis'ld,) pj). Sounded with a pipe; 
 
 uttered in a whistle. 
 WIIIS'TLE-FISH, H. A local name of a species of 
 
 the cod family, the Motella tricirrata, called the 
 
 Three-bearded Rockling or Sea-Loach. 
 
 Jardiiie^s Wi2(. Lib. 
 WHIS'TLER, n. One who whistles. 
 WHIS'TLING, ppr. or a. Uttering a musical sound 
 
 through a small orifice of the lips ; sounding with a 
 
 pipe; making a shrill sound, as wind. 
 WHIS'TL(.\'G-LY, ade. In a whistling manner. 
 WHIS'TLING, 71. A shrill sound of the lips or wind. 
 WHIST'LY, adv. Silently. 
 
 WHIT, 71. [Sax. wiht, a creature, also a thing, some- 
 thing, any thing. This is probably from the root of 
 L. vivo, victum.] 
 
 A point ; a jot ; the smallest part or particle imag- 
 inable. It is used without a preposition. He is not 
 a whit the wiser for e.vperience. 
 
 It does not me a whit displease. Cowley. 
 The regular construction would be by a whit, or in 
 a whit. In these phrases, o whit may be interpreted 
 bv in the least, in the smallest degree. 
 WlilTE, (hwite,) a. [Sax. hwit ; Sw. hvit ; Dan. hvid ; 
 D. wit; G. weii.-.-.] 
 
 1. Being of the color of pure snow ; snowy ; not 
 dark ; as, white paper ; a white skin. 
 
 2. Pale ; destitute of color in the cheeks, or of the 
 tinge of blood color ; as, ichite with fear. 
 
 3. Having the color of purity; pure; clean; free 
 from spot ; as, «/tt(c-robed innocence. 
 
 4. Gray ; as, white hair ; a venerable man, while 
 with age. 
 
 5. Pure; unblemiihed. 
 
 No whiter page than Addipon's remains. Pope. 
 
 6. In a scriptural sense, purified from sin ; sancti- 
 fied. Ps. li. 
 
 WHITE'-BAIT, 71. [white and bait.] A very small, 
 delicate fis^i of the herring kind, the Chipea alba. 
 
 WIIITE'-BkAM n. The common beam-tree of Eng- 
 land. P. Cue 
 
 WHITE'-BEaR, 71. [jcAit* and irar.] The bear that 
 iuhabiLs the polar regions, a large, fierce quadrui)i'd, 
 tif a white color. 
 
 WIIITE'-UOY, 71. A name given, in Ireland, to cer- 
 tain distiirbirs of tlie peace by night; »o called from 
 IIk^ culor of their clothes. 
 
 WHITE' I1RA.\T, 71. [whUe and brant.] A species 
 of the goose kind, Ihe Anser hyperboreus. C'l/c. 
 
 WHITE'-eA.M'PI-ON, n. [white and campion.] A 
 grassy-looking plant, Silcne stellata. 
 
 Tally. Loudon. 
 
 WHITE'-CEN'TAU RY, 71. An annual weed in 
 w<Kids and other pl.ices, the Centaiirea alba. It is 
 said to form llio basis of the famous Portland powder 
 for the gout. Cyc. 
 
 WIIITE'-CI.O'VER, 71. A small species of perennial 
 clover, bearing white flowers. It furnishes excellent 
 food for cattle and horses, as well as for the honey- 
 bee. 
 
 WHITE'-eOPTER, n. An alloy of copper, nickel, 
 and zinc, sometimes with a little iron ; German sil- 
 ver. Ure, 
 
 WHTTE'-eROP, n. A term applied in Englund to 
 crops of gram which los»: their green color or be- 
 come whih; in ripening, as wheat, rye, barley, and 
 oati. 
 
 WHI 
 
 WHiTE'-DAR'NEL, 71. A prolific and troublesome 
 
 weed growing among corn. Cyc. 
 WHITE'-]~:AR, In. A bird, the fallow-finch or wheat- 
 WIIITE'-TAIL, ^ ear. 
 
 WHiTE'-FaCE, ) 71. A white mark in the forehead 
 
 WHiTE'-BLaZE, i of a horse, descending almost 
 to the nose. Cyc. 
 
 WHiTE'-FILM, 71. A white film growing over the 
 eves of sheep and causing blindness. Cyc. 
 
 WHITE'-FISH, 71. A small fish, the Clupea Menha- 
 den, caught in immense quantities, and used for ma- 
 nuring land ou the southern border of Connecticut, 
 along the Sound. 
 
 2. A fish of the salmon family, belonging to the 
 genus Coregonus, found in the lakes of North Amer- 
 ica. Storer. 
 
 WHITE'-FOQT, n. A white mark on the foot of a 
 horse, between the fetlock and the coffin. Cue. 
 
 WHITE'-HORSE'-FISH, 71. In ichthyolornj, the Raia 
 aspera nostras of Willoughby, and the Raia fullonica 
 of LiuntBus. It has a rough, spiny back, and on the 
 tail are three rows of stroma s-piikes. It grows to the 
 size (tf the skate. Cyc. 
 
 WHITE'-LAND, »i. A nAne which the English give 
 to a tough, clayey soil, of a whitish hue when dry, 
 but blackish after rain. Cyc. 
 
 WHITE'-LEAD, (hwite'led,) n. A carbonate of lead, 
 nuich used in painting. It is prepared by exposing 
 shee.ts of lead to the fumes of an acid, usually vine- 
 gar, and suspending them in the air until the surface 
 becomes incrusted with a white coat, which is the 
 substance in question. Olmsted. 
 
 WHlTE'-LlM-J!D, a. Whitewashed, or plastered 
 with lime. 
 
 WHITE'-LlNE, 71. Among printers, a void space, 
 broader than usual, left between lines. Ciic. 
 
 WHITE'-LIV'ER-£D, a. [white and liver.] Having 
 a pale look ; feeble ; cowardly. 
 2. Envious ; malicious. 
 
 WHITE'-MAN"GA-NESE',n. An ore of manganese ; 
 carbonate i^f manganese. 
 
 WHITE'-Me.'VT, 71. [white ar\A meat.] Meats made 
 of milk, butter, cheese, ecgs, and the like. Spenser. 
 
 WHlTE'-POP'LAR, 71. A tree of the poplar kind, 
 sometimes called the Abele-Tree ; Populus alba. 
 It is one of the largest of European trees. 
 
 WIHTE'-POP'PY, ;i. A species of poppy, sometimes 
 cultivated for the ttpium which is obtained from its 
 juice by evaporation ; Papaver somniferum. 
 
 WHITE'-POT, 71. [white and pot.] A kind of food 
 made of milk, cream, eggs, sugar, &.C., baked in a 
 pot. King. 
 
 WHITE'-PRE-CIP'I-TATE, n. A compound of am- 
 monia and corrosive sublimate. It is a while, in- 
 soluble powder, much used in medicine as an exter- 
 nal application. It is sometimes called White Calx 
 OF Mercury. 
 
 WHiTE'-PY-Ri'TeS, 71. [while and pyrites ; Fr. suU 
 fure blanc] 
 
 A sulphuret of iron, of a pale bronze-yellow color, 
 occurring in prismatic cry.stal.s. Dana. 
 
 WHITE'-RENT, 71. [white and rent.] In Devon and 
 Cornwall, a rent or duty of eight pence, payable 
 yearly by every tinner to the duke of Cornwall, as 
 lord of the soil. Cyc. 
 
 WHITE'-SALT, n. Salt dried and calcined; decrep- 
 itated salt. 
 
 WHITE'STER, 71. A bleacher; a whitster. 
 
 WHITE'SToNIE, 71. A granite abounding in white 
 feldspar. Brande. 
 
 WllITE'-SWELL'ING, 71. [white and swelling.] A 
 term applied to a strumous inflammation of the syno- 
 vial membranes of the knee-joint, and also to a stru- 
 mous inflammation of the cancellar texture of the 
 end of the bone forming the knee-joint. The term 
 is also vulgarly a[)piied to a lingering chronic tumor, 
 of almost any kind. Tally. 
 
 WIII'I E'-TAIL, 71. A bird, the white-ear, a species 
 of .Molacill.i. 
 
 WIllTE'-THORN, 71. A species of thorn, called also 
 Hawthorn, of the genus Crata'gus. 
 
 WHI'l'E'TIIlloAT, 71. A small singing-bird that fre- 
 quents gardens and hedges, Sylvia cincrea, (.Motacil- 
 la Sylvia, Linn.) It is common in Europe. P. Cyc. 
 
 WIITTE'-VIT'RI-OL, 71. Sulphate of zinc. Brande. 
 
 Win TE'WASH, (hwite'wosh,) ». [xMte and wash.] 
 .\ wash or liquid cumposititm for whitening some- 
 thing ; a wash for making the skin fair. 
 
 2. A composition of lime and water, or of whiting, 
 size, and water, used for whitening the plaster of 
 walls, icr. 
 
 WHITE'U'ASH, 7J. (. To cover with a white liquid 
 compositiiui, as with limp and water, *ic. 
 
 2. To make white ; to give u fair external appear- 
 ance. 
 
 WllITE'WASH-ED, f-wosht,) pp. or a. Covered or 
 overspread with a wliite liquid composition. 
 
 WIHTE'VVASH ER, n. One who whitewnshos the 
 walls or pl.'tsterini! of apartments. 
 
 WIIITE'WASH-ING, ppr. Overspreading or wash- 
 ing with a while liquiil c<m)positiou. 
 
 WllTTE'WA-TER, 71. A disease of sheep, of a dan- 
 l!iT"iiH kind. Cyc. 
 
 WHITE'-WAX, 71. Blenched wax. 
 
 WHI 
 
 WHITE'-WI.N'E, 71. Any wine of a clear, transpar- 
 ent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, Sherry, 
 Lisbon, &c. ; opposed to wine of a deep-red color, 
 as Port and Burgundy. 
 
 WHITE'WQQD, 71. A species of timber-tree growing 
 in North America, the Liriodendron, or tulip-tree. 
 
 Mease. 
 
 The name of certain species of Bignonia. Lee. 
 WHITE, 71. One of the n.atural colors of bodies, but 
 not strictly a color, for it is said to be a composition 
 of all the colors; destitution of all stain or obscurity 
 on the surface ; whiteness. We say, bleached cloth 
 is of a good white ; attired in a robe of white. 
 
 2. A white spot or thing; the mark at which an 
 arrow is shot. Dryden. 
 
 While of tlte eye; that part of the ball of the eye 
 surrounding the iris or colored part. It owes its 
 whiteness to the tunica aJbuginea or adnata, a partial 
 covering of the fore part of the eye, formed by the 
 expansitm of the tendons of the muscles which 
 move the eyeball. Parr. 
 
 White of an egg; the albumen, or pellucid viscous 
 fluid, which surrounds the vitellus or yelk. Parr. 
 
 An analogous part in the seeds of plants is called 
 the albumen or white. It is a farinaceous, fleshy, or 
 horny substance, which makes up the chief bulk of 
 some seeds, as in gr.asses, corn, palms, and lilies, 
 never rising out of the grtmnd nor performing the 
 office of leaves, but destined solely to nourish the 
 germinating embryo, till its roots can perforin their 
 office. It is the perispermium of Jussieu. 
 
 Oartner. Smith. 
 [See also Spanish-White and Flabe-White.] 
 WHITE, V. t. To make white; to whiten ; to white- 
 wash ; as, whited sepulchers. Mark ix. Matt, xxiii. 
 WHlT'EO, pp. or a. Made white ; whitened. 
 WHITE'LY, adv. Coming near to while. [JVVt used.] 
 
 ShaJ:. 
 
 WHlT'£N, (hwlt'n,) v. U To make white ; to bleach ; 
 
 to blanch ; as, to whiten cloth. 
 WHIT'fiN, V. i. To grow white ; to turn or become 
 
 white. The hair whitens with age ; the sea whitens 
 
 with foam ; the trees in spring whiten with blossoms. 
 WHI T'EN-AD, pp. M.ade white; bleached. 
 WHlT'£N-EI{, 7i. One who bleaches or makes white. 
 WHITE'NESS, 71. Tiie stale of being while , white 
 
 color, or freedom from any darkness or obscurity oil 
 
 the surface. 
 
 2. Paleness ; want of a sanguineous tinge in the 
 face. Shal:. 
 
 3. Purity ; cleanness ; freedom from stain or blem- 
 ish. Dryden. 
 
 WHiT'ER, a. comp. More white. 
 WHITES, 71. The fluor albus, a disease of females. 
 WIIIT'EST, a. superl. Most white. 
 WHITH'ER, adv. [Sax. hicyder.] 
 
 1. To what place ; interrogatively. Whither goest 
 thou 
 
 Whither away so fast ? ShaJc. 
 
 2. To what place ; absolutely. 
 
 ] str.ived, I knew not whither. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. To which place ; relatively. 
 
 ^Vhi^he^, wlien as they came, they fell at words. Spenser. 
 
 4. To what point or degree. 
 
 5. Whithersoever. 
 WHITH-ER-SO-EV'ER, adv. [whither and soever.] 
 
 To whatever place. I will go whithersoever you 
 lead. 
 
 WHIT'ING, 71. [from while.] A sea-fish, allied to the 
 cod, the Merlangus vulgaris of Ciivier, and valued 
 on account of its delicacy and lightness as an article 
 of food. P. Ctjc. 
 
 2. Ground chalk, carefully cleaned from all stony 
 matter ; i^^panish white. Brande. 
 
 WHIT'ISII, a. [from white.] Somewhat white; 
 while in a moderate degree. Buttle. 
 
 WHIT'ISH-NESS, 71. [Supra.] The quality of be- 
 ing somewhat white. Btiijle. 
 
 WIIIT'LEATiI-ER,(hwit'lctfi-er,)7i. Leather dressed 
 with alum, salt, &.C., remarkable for its pliability and 
 toughness. 
 
 2. .\ name popularly given to a broad, tough, 
 white ligament on the neck of quadrupeds, whiqh 
 supports the weight of the head. Titlly. 
 WHIT'LoVV, 71. [Sax. htcit, white, and low, a flame. 
 Piironj'cbia, iiosologically.] 
 
 1. An inflammation commonly terminating in sup- 
 puration, and seated about the root of the hail of a 
 finger, or in the perio.«tenm, or in the bone of the last 
 joint. It is sometimes applied also to an inflamma- 
 tion of a tendon of a finiier. The nosological term, 
 Paronijchia, was originally confined to the first ap- 
 plicalitm, vi»., to a suppurative inflammation at the 
 root of Ihe nail, whicli is its elyinological import ; 
 but its application is now as much extended ns the 
 popular term whitloto. Tally. 
 
 2. In sheep, the whitlow is a disease of the feel, of 
 an inflammatory kind. It occurs round the hoof, 
 where an acrid matter is collected, which ought to 
 be discliarci'd. Cyc. 
 
 WmT'L<^W-(;RX.''S, n. Mountain k not-grass, a spe- 
 cies of Illeccbrum, (/. paronychia.) Cyc. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 
 
WHO 
 
 WHO 
 
 wic 
 
 2. A name given to certain lierbuccous plants of the 
 genu^i Drubn. Loudon. 
 
 The rac-lcaved tohitloic-grass is a species of Saxif- 
 rana. Lee. 
 VVIII'l''POUR, n. A sort of apple. 
 WIIIT'STKR, n. A wliitcner ; a bleacher. fO*'-] 
 VVIHT'SUL, ?i. A provincial name of milk, sour 
 
 milk, cliicse, cnrds, and butter. Carrw. 
 WIIIT'StJ.M, a. Observed at VVliilsuntidc. Shak. 
 
 WIIIT'SUN-TTnE, ( "■ L"'"'*' Sunday, and tide] 
 The seventh Sunday after Easter ; a festival of 
 tlie church in ccmiineuiuratiuii of the descent of tlie 
 Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost ; so called, it is 
 said, because, in the primitive church, those wlio had 
 been newly baptized appeared at church between 
 Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 
 
 Johnson. Cue. 
 
 VVHIT'TE.V-TREE, n. A sort of tree. JlinsicorUi. 
 VVHIT'TI.E, (hwit'tl,) n. [Sax. hwUel, hwtUe.] 
 
 1. A small pocket-knife. 
 
 [In this sense, I ttelieve, the word is not used in .Amer- 
 ica.] 
 
 2. A white dress for a woman ; a double blanket 
 worn by west countrywomen, in England, over the 
 shoulders, like a cloak. Diet. 
 
 [J^Tot used in the United Stnte.i.] 
 WIIIT'TLE, e.t. '1 'o pare or cut off the surface of a 
 thing with a small knife. Some persons have a 
 habit of lo/ii/f^r/i'.'', and are rarely seen without a pen- 
 knife in their hands for that purpose. 
 
 [ Thit is, I believe, the onlij use of this word in Ji'ew 
 England,] 
 
 2. To edge ; to sharpen. [JVot in use.] Hakewill. 
 WHIT' TLf.I), pp. Cut with a small knife. 
 WIMT'TLI-NG, p)<r. Cutting with a small knife. 
 VVIIIT'Y-lillOVV.V, a. Of a color between white 
 
 and brown. fLocul in Kn^'lnnd.] P'gse. 
 WHIZ, r. I. [It seems to be allied to Ai.ss.] To mnke 
 
 a humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball 
 
 flying through the air. 
 
 it flew, anil whizzing cut the liqiiiil way. Dryden. 
 
 WHIZ, n. A hissing sound. 
 
 WHIZ'ZING, ppr. or o. Making or denoting a hum- 
 ming or hissing sotind. 
 
 WllIZ'ZING-LY, arfc. With a whizzing sound. 
 
 WHO, (hoo,) pron. reiafii'P. [Sax. /iwa; I), wie : h.qui: 
 Fr. que ; It. chi : Sp. quien ; Ir. cia ; Uiiss. koi ; Pi'rs. 
 ki. HOto is undoubtedly a contracted word in Eng- 
 lish, as in Latin. See What and Wioht.] 
 
 1. Who is a pronoun relative, always referring to 
 persons. It forms whose in the genitive or possessive 
 case, answering to the L. cujits, and whom in the ob- 
 jective or accusative case. Who, ^chose and whom, 
 are in both numbers. Thus we say, the man or 
 woman who was with us ; the men or women who 
 were with us ; the men or women whom we saw. 
 
 2. Which of many. Are you satisfied who did the 
 mischief.' 
 
 3. It is much used in asking questions ; as, IVho 
 ami.' Jf/io art thou .' Jf/iu is this ? WAo are these .' 
 In this case, the purpose is to obtain the name or des- 
 ignation of the person or character. 
 
 4. It h.as sometimes a disjunctive sense. 
 
 ThTe (hull fll'it of kin^, and taho nipire ; 
 
 Who r.tll, uho viae, mho triumph,' who ilo monn. Dryden. 
 
 5. fVhose is of all genders. Whose book is this ? 
 
 The qnestton vhoM iolution I r'-quire. Drylen. 
 
 As who should say, elliptically for as one who should 
 say. Collier. 
 
 WHO EVER, pron. [who and erer.] Anyone with- 
 out exrejition ; any person whatever. The person 
 who trespasses shall be punished, irAurrfr he m;iy be. 
 
 WIIoI.E, (hole,) 0, [In Sax. walir, onwalrr, is whole, 
 sound, entire. In D. heel, geheel, has a like sense, 
 from the root of heal; G. heil ; Sw. hel; Dan. heel: 
 W. oil or holl ; Or. oX,i(, oi Xof ; Ir. uile. This seems 
 to be connected with heat, hale. Of this, the deriva- 
 tive wholesome is evidence. See Class Gl, No. 19, 31, 
 35.] 
 
 1. All ; total ; containing the total amount or num- 
 ber, or the entire thing i as, the wAo/e earth ; the whole 
 world ; the whole solar system ; the whole army ; the 
 whole nation. 
 
 2. Complete ; entire ; not defective or imperfect ; 
 as, a whule orange ; the egg is whole ; the vessel is 
 whole. 
 
 3. Unimpaired ; unbroken ; uninjured. 
 
 My hlK U jct iMot« in roc. — 2 S«ro. 1. 
 
 4. Sound ; not hurt or sick. 
 
 They thai ore ahol* need not a physIcUn. — Matt. il. 
 
 5. Restored to health and soundness; sound; 
 Well. 
 
 Thy fnilh hnth ramie th~ trhote. — Mark t. 
 Hi* hnnit wul reatoird whole. — Mark iii. 
 
 WHOLE, n. The entire thing ; the entire or total as- 
 senihlage of parts. The whole of religion is contained 
 in the short precept, " Love God with all your heart, 
 and your neighbor as yourself" 
 
 Kf ar God and kpep his commandmcnu, for tJitj is tlie whole duly 
 of llJin. — Ecclei. xii. 
 
 9. A system j a regular combination of parts. Pope. 
 
 WHOLE'HOOF-i-D, ( liooft,) a. Having on undi- 
 vided hoof. 
 
 WIIOLE'NESS, II. Entireness ; tot.ality ; the stato of 
 
 being whole, entire, or sound. 
 WIIOLE'S.vLE, n. [whole and sale.] Sale of goods 
 
 by the piece or large ipiaiitity, as distinguished from 
 
 Retail. Some traders sell either by wholesale or 
 
 retail. 
 2. The whole mass. 
 
 Some, from ranity or envy, despise a TaluaUe look, and throw 
 contempt upon it l>y wholesaie. WalU. 
 
 WHoLE'SSLE, (1. [Supra.] Thiying and selling by 
 the piece (^r quantity ; as, a wholesale mi rchant. 
 
 2. Pertaining to the trade by the piece or quantity ; 
 as, the wholesale price. 
 
 WHoLE'SO.ME, (hole'sum,) a. [whole and some; G. 
 heihtam.] 
 
 1. Tending to promote health ; favoring health ; 
 salubrious; as, wholesome air or diet; a wholesome 
 climate. 
 
 2. Sound ; contributing to the health of the mind ; 
 favorable to morals, religion, or prosperity ; as, 
 wholesome advice ; wholesome doctrines ; wholesome 
 truths. 
 
 3. Useful ; salutary ; conducive to public happi- 
 ness, virtue, or peace ; as, a wholesome law. 
 
 4. That utters sound words. 
 
 A wholesome lon^e is a tree of life. — Prov. xt. 
 
 5. Kindly ; pleasing ; as, a wholesome answer. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 WHoLE'SOME-LY, adv. In a wholesome or salutary 
 manner; saliibriouslv. 
 
 WIloLE'SO.ME-NESS, a. The quality of contribu- 
 ting to health ; salubrity ; as, the wholesomcness of 
 air or diet. 
 
 2. Salutarincss ; condticivencss to the health of the 
 mind or of the body politic ; as, the wholcsomencss of 
 doctrines or laws. 
 WlloL'LY, ai/e. Entirely; completely; perfectly. 
 
 Nor wholly overcome, nor wholly yield. Dryden. 
 2. Totally ; in all the parts or kinds. 
 
 They employed themselves wholly in domestic life. Addison. 
 
 WHOM, (boom,) pron. The objective of who, coin- 
 ciding with the L. gucm and quam. 
 
 Whom hiive 1 in heaven but thee i — Ps. Ixxiii. 
 
 WIIOM-SO-EV'ER, pron. [whom and soever.] Any 
 persim without exception. 
 
 WIIOO'BUIi, for Hubbub. [Xolinuse.] Shak. 
 
 WHOOP, (hoop,) 11. [This is the same as Ilooe, but 
 aspirated ; Goth, wopyan, to whoop, to call ; Sax. 
 hwroptin, to weep, and to whip. The sense is, to drive 
 out the voice.] 
 
 1. .\ shout of pursuit. Mduson. 
 
 2. A shout of war ; a particular cry of troops when 
 they rush to the attack. The Indians of America 
 are remarkable for their war whoop. 
 
 3. The bird called Ilooeoe or Urup*. 
 WHOOP, r. 1. To shout with a particular voice. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 WHOOP, V. t. To insult with shouts. Dryden. 
 WIlOOP'ING-eOUGII. See Hoopino-Cough. 
 WHOOT, (hoot,) V. i. See Hoot. 
 WHOP, n. [The vulgar pronunciation of whap, or 
 awhap.] 
 
 .\ sudden fall, or the suddenness of striking in a 
 fall. 
 
 WIK)P'PER, n. Any tiling uncommonly large; ap- 
 plied particularly to a monstrous he. F.,rby. 
 [Sometimes heard in Jimerica.] 
 
 WIloRE, (liorc,) n. [W. huran, from huriaw, to hire ; 
 Aiir, that which islixed or set. Aire, wages ; Sax. hor- 
 cwen, hore-woman ; Sw. hora, hor-kana ; Dan. hore, 
 horc-kone ; G. hure ; I), hocr, Hore would be more 
 accordant with the etymology of the word.] 
 
 A woman who pmctices unlawful commerce with 
 men, particularly one that does it for hire ; a harlot ; 
 a courtesan ; a concubine ; a prostitute. 
 
 WHollE, r. i. [Supra.] To have unlawful sexual 
 commerce ; to practice lewdness. 
 
 WHORE, r. t. To corrupt by lewd intercourse. 
 [Little used.] Conirrcre. 
 
 WlIoRE'DOM, (hore'dum,) n. Lewdness ; fornica- 
 tion J practice of unlawful commerce with the other 
 sex. It is applied to cither sex, and to any kind of 
 illicit commerce. 
 
 2. In Scripture, idol.atry ; the desertion of the 
 worship of the true God for the worship of idols. 
 
 Prophets. 
 
 WHoRE'MXS-TER, n. [Supra.] One who prac- 
 tices lewdness. 
 
 WllORE'MXS-TER-Ly, a. Having the character of 
 a whoreniaster. Shak. 
 
 WHORE'.MON"GER, n. The same as Whore.«as- 
 
 WHORE'SON, (bore'sun,) n. A bastard; a word 
 used t^rntraily in eontrmpt, Shak. 
 
 WHOR'Isn, o. Lewd J unchaste; addicted to unlaw- 
 ful sexual pleasures ; incontinent. 
 
 WHOR'ISH-LY, adr. In a lewd manner. 
 
 WHOR'ISH-NESS, n. The practice of lewdness ; the 
 character of a lewd woman. Hale. 
 
 WHORL, (hwurl,) n. In botxiny, an amingenieni of a 
 number of leaves or flowers around a stem, in llio 
 same plane with each other. Lindtry. 
 
 2. In conclwlogy, a volution or turn of the spire of 
 a univalve. Humble. 
 
 WHOKI,/0I), (hwurld,) a. Furnished with whorls. 
 
 WHOKT, (hwiirt,) n. The fruit of the whortlrberry ; 
 or the shrub. 
 
 WHOR'TLE-IJER-Ry, n. [Sax. heort bere, hart- 
 berry. The Germans call it heidel-brere, healhbcrry.] 
 A plant or shrub and its fruit, of the genus Vac- 
 ciniuni, called more commonly IlticKLEBEnnv, and 
 much esteemed for food. 
 
 WHOSE, (hooz,) pron. The possessive or genitive 
 case of Who or Which ; applied to persons or things. 
 We say, the person whose merits are known ; the 
 garment whose color is admired. 
 
 WHOSE SO EVER, pron. [whose and soever.] Of 
 any person whatever. John xx. 
 
 Wllh'SO, (lioo'so,) pron. Any person whatever. [Obs.] 
 
 WHO-.SO-L VER, pron. [mho, so, anii tver.] Anyone; 
 any person whatever. 
 
 WliosorinT will, let him lake of Ihe water of life freely. — ReT. 
 
 WIIUR, r. i. To pronounce the letter r with too much 
 
 force. 
 
 WIIUR, n. The sound of a body moving through the 
 
 air with velocity. [Sec Whib.] 
 WHURT, 71. A whortleberry or bilberry. [See 
 
 Whobt.] 
 
 WHV, atlv. [Sa.x. Aici, and for hwi, or for hwia, for 
 why. liwi, whig, coincides in elements with which. 
 So pourquoi, in French, is the same ; pour and L. 
 quid, quod: for what. The original phrase '\a for 
 what, for why.] 
 
 1. For what cause or reason, interrogatively. 
 
 Turn ye, turn ye, for why will ye die I — Jer. xxvii. 
 
 2. For which reason or cause, relatively. 
 
 No ffround of enmity, 
 my he should mean ine ill. Mllon. 
 
 3. For what reason or cause ; for which ; rela- 
 tively. 
 
 Turn the discourse ; I hiive a reason why 
 
 I would nut have you siieak so u-nderly. Dryden. 
 
 4. It is used sometimes emphatically, or rather as 
 an expletive. 
 
 If her chill heart I can not move, 
 
 Why, I'll enjoy the very love. Cowley. 
 
 WHVN'OT, 71. A cant word for violent and peremp- 
 tory procedure. Hiidtbras. 
 
 WI, from the Gothic weiha, signifies holy. It is found 
 in some names, as in Wibrrl, boly bright, or tright- 
 holy, eminent for sanctity ; Dan. vicr, to consecrate, 
 Sw. riga. 
 
 Wl€, WICK, a termination, denotes jurisdiction, as 
 in bailiwick. Its primary sense is a village or man- 
 sion, L. views, Sax. trie or wye : hence it occurs in 
 Berwick, liancich, J^'orwich, ic. It signifies also a 
 bay or a ca.stle. Oibson. 
 
 VYICK, n. [Sax. weoc ; Sw. reke, a wick or match; 
 Ir. biiaie. Ciu. from ticisting.] 
 
 A number of threads of cotton, or some similar sub- 
 stance, loosely twisted into a, string, round which 
 waxor tallow isappliedby means of melting and run- 
 ning in a mold, and thus forming a candle or torch. 
 
 VYICK'EI), a. [Sw. riAa, lo decline, to err, to devi- 
 ate, also to fold ; Sa\. wican, to recede, to slide, to 
 fall away ; wicclian, to vacillate, lo stumble. It 
 seems to be connected in origin with wag, and Sax. 
 wicca, witch. The primary sense is, to wind and 
 turn, or to depart, to fall away.] 
 
 1. Evil in principle or practice ; deviating from the 
 divine law ; addicted to vice ; sinful ; immoral. 
 This is a word of comprehensive signification, ex- 
 tending to every thing that is contrary to the moral 
 law, and both to iKrsons and actions. We say, a 
 wicked man, a wicked deed, wicked ways, wicked 
 lives, a wicked heart, wicked designs, wicked works. 
 
 No man was ever wicked wiUiout seen-t discontent. Kambter. 
 
 2. A word of slight blame ; as, the wicked urchin. 
 
 3. Cursed ; baneful ; pernicious ; as, wicked words, 
 words pernicious in their effecls. [06*'.] 
 
 [This last signification may throw some light on 
 the won! wiuh.] 
 
 The wicked: in Scripture, persons who live in sin ; 
 transgressors of the divine law ; all who are unrec- 
 onciled to God, unsanctilied, or iinpeiiitcni. 
 WICK'EI)-LY, nilc. In a manner or with motives 
 and designs contrary to the divine law ; viciously ; 
 corruptly ; immorally. 
 
 All that do wickedly shall he stnhble. — Mai. i». 
 
 I tuivo sinned, and I have done wickedly. — 2 Sahi. xxiv. 
 
 WICK'ED-NESS, n. Departure from the rules of the 
 divine law ; evil disposition or practices; iinmornli- 
 ly ; crime; sin; sinfulness; cornipt manners. 
 Wickedness generally signifies evil practices. 
 
 What wictedrwss is this that is done omonf you f — Judgrn ii. 
 
 But wickedness expresses also the corrupt dispoai- 
 tions of the heart. 
 
 Their Inward p\n is verr aickedntts. — Ps. t. 
 Ill heart, ye work *ncktdnsst. — Ps. iviii. 
 
 TCNE, DULL, UNITE AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CM as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 las' 
 
WID 
 
 WICK'EN, ) n. The Sorbus aucupari.i, moun- 
 
 WICK'EN-TREE, i tain-ash, ur roan-tree. Lee. 
 WICK'EU, a. [Dan. vien, probably contracted from 
 fiVf n. Tlie Eng. twig-, G. zweiir, D. twyg, are probably 
 formed on the simple word wio-, from the root of L. 
 vigrn, to grow. The word signifies a shoot.] 
 
 Made of twigs or osiers ; as, a wicker basket ; a 
 rcirkrr chair. Spciiscr, Peacliam. 
 
 WICK'ET, ji. [Fr. gTiichet ; W. gwiced, a little door, 
 from gwig, a narrow place, a corner.] 
 1. A small gate or door. 
 
 The wickety often opened, knew the key. Dryden. 
 9. A small gate by which the chamber of canal 
 locks is emptied. 
 3. A bar or rod used in playing cricket. 
 Wie'LIF-ITE, in. A follower of Wiclif, the Eng- 
 WICK'LIFF ITE, j lish reformer. 
 WIDE, a. [Sax. wid, wide; D. wyd; G. weit; Sw. 
 
 and Dan. vid ; Sans, vidi, breadth ; Ar. ,Xj badda, to 
 
 separate ; allied to void, divide, widow, Ir. feadk, &c. 
 See Class Bd, No.' 1.] 
 
 1. Broad ; having a greater considerable distance 
 or e.\tent between the sides; opposed to Nabi^ow ; 
 as, wide cloth ; a wide table ; a wide highway ; a 
 wide bed ; a iride hall or' entry. In this use, wide is 
 distinguished from ioitg, which refers to the e.xtent 
 or ilistaHce between the ends'. 
 
 2. Broad ; having a great extent each way ; as, a 
 ■wide plain ; the wide ocean. 
 
 3. Remote ; distant. This position is very wiWe from 
 the truth. Ifainmond. 
 
 4. Broad to a certain degree ; as, three feet wide. 
 VVTDE, adi\ At a distance ; far. His fame was spread 
 
 wide. 
 
 2. With great extent ; used chiefly in composition ; 
 as, jjiif/e-skirted meads ; widc-nnving swords ; wide- 
 wasting pestilence ; wirff-spreading evil. 
 
 WIDE'-BRaNCH-£D, (-brincht,) a. Having spread- 
 ing liranrhes. 
 
 WIDE'-SPREAD, ( spied,) a. Extending far. 
 
 WIDE'-SPREAD-ING, a. Spreading to a great extent 
 or distance. 
 
 WIDE'LY, adv. With great extent each way. The 
 gospel was widely disseminated by the apostles. 
 
 2. Very much ; to a great distance ; far. We dif- 
 fer widely in opinion. 
 W'lD'£iV, I'. !. To make wide or wider ; to extend in 
 breadth ; as, to widett a field ; to 7ciden a breach. 
 
 J^ule. — In jlmerica, lemales say, to widen a stock- 
 ing. 
 
 'WJD'EN, V. i. To grow wide or wider ; to enlarge ; 
 to extend itself. 
 
 And archea widen, nnd long aisles extent). Pope. 
 WTD' EN-ED, pp. Made wide or wider ; extended in 
 breadth. 
 
 WIDE'NESS, 71. Breadth ; width ; great extent be- 
 tween the sides ; as, the wideness of a room. 
 
 2. Large extent in all directions ; as, the jcideness 
 of the sea or ocean. 
 
 Win'£N-ING, ppr. Extending the distance between 
 the sides ; enlarging in all directions. 
 
 WIO'GEON, (wij'un,) n. A water-fowl of the duck 
 group, belonging to the genus Mareca of Stephens. 
 'I'he European species is the Mareca Penelope, the 
 American the M. Americana. The widgeons feed 
 on grasses or vegetables, somewhat in the manner 
 of geese. JVultall. Jardine. 
 
 WID'oW, TU [Sax. widew ; G. wittwe ; D. weduwe; 
 Dan. vidue ; L. i^idua ; Fr. veuve ; It. vedova ; Sp. 
 viiida; Sans, widhava ; Russ. vdova ; from the root 
 of wide, void. See Wior.] 
 
 A woman who has lost her husband by death. 
 Luke ii. 
 
 fVtdnir's thnmber^ in London, the apparel and fur- 
 niture of the bed-chamber of the widow of afreeman, 
 to which she is entitled. Cye. 
 WID'oW, V. t. To bereave of a husband ; but rarely 
 used except in the participle. Dryden. 
 
 2. To endow with a widow's right. [ C/Hu.s-«rt/.] 
 
 3. To strip of any thing good. Sliak. 
 
 Th*' wiflotced i«le in niuurriiii^. Dnjden, 
 
 WID'r)VV-BENC;iI,7i. [widow niu] bnich.j Sussex, 
 that share which a widow is allowetl of her hus- 
 band '» estate, besides her jointure. Cijc. 
 
 WIDTiW-liD, pp. or a. Bereaved of a husband by 
 death. 
 
 2. Deprived of some good ; stripped. 
 
 Tri-r» or tUeir ahrivcled IruiU 
 Are iBidotoed. Philipa. 
 
 WID'f)W-ER, n. A man who has lost his wife by 
 d'-aih 
 
 WID'OW-IIQQD, n. The slate of being a widow. 
 
 2. E-lalB nettled on n widow. [J^Tot in use.'\ Shak. 
 WII)T)W-injNT-ER, n. [widow and kunler.] One 
 who seeks or courts widows for u jointure or fiirtunc. 
 
 .^dduon. 
 
 * WID'nW-ING, ppr. Bereaving of a husband; de- 
 priving ; stripping. 
 WIDTiW-MaK-EK, 71. [widow and maker.] One 
 who makes widows by destroying lives. Shak. 
 
 WIL 
 
 WID'OW-WAIL, 71. In botany, a plant of the genus 
 Cneorum. Lee. 
 
 WIDTH, 71. [ffom wide ; G. weite ; D. wydte.] 
 
 Breadth; wideness; the extent of a thing from 
 side to side ; as, the width of cloth ; the width of a 
 door. Dryden. 
 
 WIeLD, (weeld,)B. «. [Sax. wealdan, waldan ! Goth. 
 ga-waldan, to govern ; wald, power, dominion ; Dan, 
 vmlde, power ; gevalt, force, authority ; Sw. vdlde, 
 power ; allied to L. valeo. Eng. well. The primary 
 sense of power and strength is, to stretch or strain. 
 This seems to be the Russ. vladyu, to rule, and wald 
 or vlad, in names, as IValdemir, Flademir.] 
 
 1. To use with full command or power, as a thing 
 not loo heavy for the holder ; to manage ; as, to 
 wield a sword ; to wield the scepter. 
 
 Part wield tlieir amis, part curb the foaming steed. Mittan, 
 
 2. To use or employ with the hand. 
 
 Nolliin^ but the influence of a civilized power covild induce a 
 savnge to wield a spade. 5. .S. Smith, 
 
 3. To handle ; in an ironical sense. 
 
 Base Hung^arian wi^jht, wilt thou the spigot wield 7 SJtal:. 
 To wield the scepter ; to govern with supreme com- 
 mand. 
 
 W^IELD'ED, pp. Used with command ; managed. 
 WIl'.LD'lNG, ppr. Using with power ; managing. 
 WiF.LD'LESS, a. Unmanageable. Spenser. 
 WlF.LD'Y, a. That may be wielded ; manageable. 
 WI'ER-Y, a. [from wire.'] Made of wire ; having 
 the properties of wire. It would be better written 
 
 WlHV. 
 
 2. [Sax. war, a pool.] Wet; marshy. [JVot in 
 iLie.] Skali. 
 WIFE, 7!.; pi. Wives. [Sax. wif; D. wyf: G. weib, 
 woman.] 
 
 I. The lawful consort of a man ; a woman who is 
 united to a man in the lawful bonds of wedlock; 
 the correlative of Husband. 
 
 Tlie liusband of one wi/e. — 1 Tim. iii. 
 
 Let every one of you in particular so love his wi/e even as him- 
 s' if, and let Uie wi/e see tliat slie reverence her husband. — 
 Epb. V. 
 
 9. A woman of low employment ; as, strawberry 
 wives. [JVnt in vse.] S/iak. 
 WiFE'HOOD, 71. State and character of a wife. 
 
 Bcaum. ^ Fl. 
 WTFE'LESS, a. Without a wife ; unmaiTied. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 WIG, in Saxon, signifies war. It is found in some 
 names. 
 
 WIG, 71. [G. week, wig, and week-butter, roll butter. 
 It would seem that the sense is a roll or twist inter- 
 woven.] 
 
 1. A covering for the head, consisting of hair in- 
 terwoven or united by a kind of net-work, formerly 
 much worn by men. 
 
 2. A sort of cake. [Ofts.] .^ins70ort-h. 
 WIG'GfTD, a. Having the head covered with a wig. 
 WIG'EON. See Widgeon. 
 
 WIGHT, (wite,) 71. [Sax. wiht, G. wicht, a living be- 
 ing, Goth, waiht ,■ L. victum, from vivo, to live, origi- 
 nally vign or vico, and probably allied to vigeo. 
 This, in the Celtic form, would be qiiic or qwig. Eng. 
 quick, alive ; and hence L. ^Jii, que, quid, quod, con- 
 tracted from quic, quiced, quoced: Scot, qukat. The 
 letter h, in the Gothic and Scottish, representing the 
 c of the Latin, proves the word to be tlius con- 
 tracted.] 
 
 A being ; a person. It is obsolete, except in irony 
 or burlestjue. [See Aught.] 
 
 The wisfit of all the world who loved thee best. Dryden. 
 
 WIGHT, (wIte,) a. [Sax. hwa:t.] 
 
 Swift; nimble. [OA.'.] Spenser. 
 
 [This seems to be a dialectical form of duicK.] 
 WIGHT'LY, atZi!. Swiftly ; nimbly. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 WIG'WAM, 71. An Indian cabin or but, so called in 
 Amirica. It is sutnetiines written Weekwam. 
 Mticken/.ie writes the Knisteneaux word wigicaum, 
 and the Algoni|uin wiguiwaum. Uuery, is this the 
 l^.v'icusl Vic, in Roman, was pronounced wic or 
 week. These words may have been derived from 
 one primitive root. 
 
 WILD, a. [Sax. wild ; D. and G. wild ; Sw. and Dan. 
 vild; W. gmyllt; connected with Sax. wealk, a trav- 
 eler, foreigner, or [lilgrim ; G. wdlsch, Celtic, Welsh ; 
 wallen, to rove, Sw, villa, f'drvilla. 'i'his sense is 
 obvious.] 
 
 1. Roving; wandering; inhabiting the forest or 
 open field ; hence, luit tamed or domesticated ; us, a 
 wd,d boar ; a w'dd ox ; a 7D'ild cat ; a wild bee. 
 
 2. Growing without culture; as, wild parsncp ; 
 w'lUI cherry ; wild tansy. Wild rice, a palatable and 
 nutritious food, grows spontaneously in the lakes and 
 ponds of the North West territory. J. Morse. 
 
 3. Desert ; not inhabited ; as, a wild forest. 
 
 JI/i7/ori. 
 
 4. Savage ; uncivilized ; not refined by culture ; 
 as, the wild natives of Africa or America. 
 
 .'i. 'I'urbulent ; IcinpeHiuous; irregular; as, a wild 
 
 tUUiUll. 
 
 Th*" wild winds howl. Addieon. 
 
 WIL 
 
 6. Licentious ; ungoverned ; as, wild passions. 
 
 Valor ^ywn wild by pride. Prior, 
 
 7. Inconstant ; mutable ; fickle. 
 
 Ill ttie rilling passion, there along 
 The wild are conntant, and tJie cunniDg known. Pop4, 
 
 8. Inordinate ; loose. 
 
 A fop well dressed, extravagant, and wild. Dryden. 
 
 9. Uncouth ; loose. 
 
 What are these 
 So withered, and so wild in their attire ? 
 
 ShaJt, 
 
 10. Irregular; disorderly; done without plan or 
 order ; as, to make wild work. Milton, 
 
 11. Not well digested ; not framed according to 
 the ordinary rules of reason ; not being within the 
 limits of probable practicability ; imaginary ; fanci- 
 ful ; as, a wdd project or scheme ; wild speculations. 
 
 12. Exposed to the wind and sea; as, a wild road- 
 stead. Mar, Diet, 
 
 13. Made or found in the forest ; as, wild honey, 
 fVild is prefixed to the names of many plants, to 
 
 distinguish them from such of the name as are cul- 
 tivated in gardens, as wild basil, wild parsnep, wild 
 carrot, wild olive, &c, 
 
 WILD, 71. A desert ; an uninhabited and uncultivated 
 tract or region ; a forest or sandy desert ; as, the 
 wilds of America ; tlie wilds of Africa ; the sandy 
 wilds of Arabia. 
 
 Then Libya first, of all her moisture drained, 
 
 Became a barren waste, a witd of sand. Add'ison. 
 
 W^LD'-B6AR, 71. An animal of the hog kind, (Sus- 
 crofa, Linna"us,) from which the domesticated 
 swine are descended. Wild boars have their lair in 
 solitary places in the depths of forests, and were 
 formerly held in high estimatiofl as beasts of chase, 
 
 WILD'-BORN, a. Born in a wild state. [P, Cyc, 
 
 WlLD'-CAT, 71. The cat which is supposed to be 
 the original stocjc of the domestic cat. It is said to 
 exist still in Europe. 
 2. In Jimer'ica, the Felis rufa. 
 
 WILD'-CHER'RY, n. A large American tree, the 
 Cerasus Virginiana, bearing a small astringent fruit 
 resembling a cherry. The wood is much used for 
 cabinet-work, being of a light red color, and a com- 
 pact texture. Browne's Sylva Amer. 
 
 WILD'-E?-£D, (-Ide,) a. Having eyes appearing 
 wild. 
 
 WILD'FiRE, 71. [wild and /re] A composition' of 
 Inflainniable materials. 
 
 Brimstone, pitch, wildfire, burn easily, and ar« hard to quench. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 2. A disease of sheep, attended with inflammation 
 of the skin ; a kind of erysipelas. Cyc. 
 
 WlLD'-FOWL, 71. [wild and fowl,] Fowls of the 
 forest, or nntnined. 
 
 WILD'-GOOSE, 71. [w'dd and goose,] An aquatic 
 fowl, of the genus Anser, a bird of passage. These 
 geese fly to the south in autumn, and return to the 
 north in the spring. The term wild-goose is promis- 
 cuously applied to various species of the goose kind 
 found wild in Britain. The wild-goose of North 
 America is tlie Anser Canadensis. 
 
 Jardine. J^uttall. 
 Wild-goose chase; the pursuit of something as un- 
 likely to be caught as the wild-goose. Skak. 
 
 WiLD'-HON-EY, (-hun-ne,) 71. [wild and honey.] 
 Honey th.tt is found in the forest, in hollow trees or 
 amiing rocks. 
 
 WILD'ING, 71. A wild crab-apple. Spenser, 
 9. A young tree that is wild, or growing without 
 cultivation. Scott, 
 
 WILD'-LAND, 71. [wild and land.] Land not culti- 
 v.ated, or in a state that renders it unfit fur cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 2. In America, fot^gst ; land not settled and culti- 
 vated: 
 
 WILD'-SERV-ICE, 71. A plant. Miller. 
 The wild-service is a tree of the genus Crata"gus, 
 (C. torininalis.) Lee. 
 WlLD'ER, a. More wild. 
 
 WIL'DER, f. L [Dan. I'iWrr, from rild, wild.] 
 
 To lose or cause to lose the way or track ; to puz- 
 zle with mazes or difficulties; to bewilder. 
 
 Long lost and wUdered in the marx) of fate. Pope. 
 
 WIL'DER-KD, pp. Lost in n pathless tract; puzzled. 
 
 WIL'DER-ING, ppr. Puzzling. 
 
 WIL'DER-NESS, 71. [from iciW.] A desert ; a tract 
 of land or region uncultivated and uninhabited by 
 human beings, whether a forest or a wide, barren 
 plain. In the United States, it is applied only to a 
 forest. In Scripture, it is applied fre(|tiently to the 
 deserts of Arabia. The Israelites wandered in the 
 wilderness forty years. 
 
 2. The ocean. 
 
 Thi^ watery wUdernest yields no supply. HaWer. 
 
 3. A state of disorder. [Mt in use.] Milton. 
 ■1. A wood in a garden resembling a forest. 
 
 WTLD'EST, n. Most wild. 
 
 WILl)'-IN'l)l-GO, 71. A plant, Raptisia tinrtoria, 
 growing in the woods, with a yellow flower, yield- 
 ing a small quantity of Indigo. 
 
 WILD'ING, 71. A wild, sour apple. Mortimer. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T,— METE, PRBY, — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQgK — 
 
 1264 
 
WIL 
 
 WILD'LY, orfii. Witlinut cultivation. Mure. 
 
 2. Without tnineness. 
 
 a. With disorder; with perturbation or distrnc- 
 tlon ; witli a fierce or roving look ; as, to start wildly 
 from one's seat ; to stare wdtUy. 
 
 4. VViiliout attention ; liredlessly. Shak. 
 
 5. Capriciously ; irrationally ; extravagantly. 
 Who \i '.hen? so wildly acptical aa to quesLioii whether the sun 
 
 will rise ill the cast i WWcinM, 
 
 6. Irregularly. 
 
 She, wildly wanton, weiira by niylit away 
 
 The Bi^'u of all our labor* done by day. DrytUn. 
 
 WILD'NESS, 71. Rudeness ; rough, uncultivated state ; 
 as, the wiUness of a forest or lieath. Prior. 
 
 il. Inordinate disposition to rove; irregularity of 
 manners ; as, the wildness of youth. SJiak. 
 
 3. Savageness ; brutality. Sidney 
 
 4. Savage state ; rudeness. 
 
 5. Uncultivated state ; as, the wHdness of land. 
 
 6. A wandering ; irregularity. 
 
 Delirium is but a short wildness of the imagiuallou. Wattt. 
 
 7. Alienation of mind. Shak. 
 
 8. State of being untamed. 
 
 9. The quality of being undisciplined, or not sub- 
 jected to method or rules. 
 
 Is lher« any dan^r that this discipline will tame too much lha 
 fiery spirit, the enchanting leilantrSt oiid magnificent irrejju- 
 larity of the orutor's gvnius ? H'irl. 
 
 WILD oATS, n. pi. A tall, oat-like kind of soft 
 grass ; the Holcus avenaceus. 
 
 To sow o/ic'.s- wild oafof, is to pass through a season 
 of wild and thoughtless dissipation; commonly ap- 
 plied to youth. HalUwM. 
 
 WILDS, 71. Among farmirs, the part of a plow by 
 which it is drawm [ioca(.] 
 
 WILE, 71. [Sa.\. wile ; Ice. wul; W.fel, fine, subtile.] 
 A trick or stratagem practiced for insnaring or de- 
 ception ; a sly, insidious artifice. 
 
 That ye may be able to stand agninst the teUes of the devil. — 
 Eph. vL 
 
 WILE, t). t. To deceive ; to beguile. [Little used.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 WTLI-Y, adv. [from wily.] By stratagem ; with in- 
 sidious art. Josh. ix. 
 
 WI'LI-NESS, 71. [from ici7y.] Cunning ; guile. 
 
 WILK, j 11. [G. wetken, to wither, or cause to with- 
 
 WIllLK, i er.] 
 
 A species of mollusk. [See Whelk.] 
 
 WILL, n. [Sa.\. willa : Goth, wilja ; V. wit, or wille ; 
 G. wille ; Sw. vitje ; Dan. villie ; W. ffieytl ; Ir. ail ; 
 Gr. ^ii\'\rj, counsel ; Slav, rolia. See the verb.] 
 
 1. That faculty of the mind by which we deter- 
 mine either to t)o or forbear an action ; the faculty 
 which is exercised in deciding, among two or more 
 objects, which we shall embrace or pursue. The 
 will is directed or influenced by the judgment. The 
 understanding or reason compares ditferent objects, 
 which operate as motives; the judgment determines 
 which is preferable, and the will decides which to 
 pursue. In other words, we reason with respect to 
 the v,ilue or importance of things ; we then judge 
 which is to bo preferred ; and we will to take the 
 most valuable. These are but different operations of 
 the mind, soul, or intellectual part of man. Great 
 disputes have existed respecting the freedom of the 
 wUl. 
 
 [ IViU is often quite a different thing from desire.] 
 A power over a man's subsistence amounts to a power over his 
 
 vnll. FeiUraltMtt Hamillon. 
 
 S. Choice ; determination. It is my will to prose- 
 cute the trespasser. 
 
 3. Choice ; discretion ; pleasure. 
 
 Go, then, the guilty al thy will chastise. Pope. 
 
 4. Command ; direction. 
 
 Our prayers should be acconling to the iriif of God. Law. 
 
 5. Disposition ; inclination ; desire. " What is 
 your will, sir.' " In this phmse, the word may also 
 signify determination, especially when addressed to 
 a superior. 
 
 6. Power ; arbitmry disposal. 
 
 Deliver me not over to the wilt of my enemi*^. — Ps. xxrii. 
 
 7. Divine determination ; moral purpose or coun- 
 sel. 
 
 Thy trill be done. Lord** Praytr. 
 
 8. Testament ; the disposition of a man's estate, 
 to take effect after his death. Wills are written or 
 nuncupative, that is, verbal. Blackstone. 
 
 Oood will : favor ; kindness. Shak. 
 
 2. Right intention. Phil. i. 
 
 JU will ; enmity ; unfriendliness. It expresses less 
 than malice. 
 
 To have one's will; to obtain what is desired. 
 wilt. To hold an estate at the will of another, 
 is to enjoy the possession at his pleasure, and be 
 liable to be ousted at any time by the lessor or pro- 
 prietor. 
 
 IFi/J-inVA-a-irusp ; Jack-with-a-lantem ; ignis fatu- 
 us ; a luminous appearance sometimes seen in the 
 air over moist ground, supposed to proceed from hy- 
 drogen gas. 
 
 WIL 
 
 WILL, V. t. [Sax. willan ; Goth, wityan ; I), willen ; G. 
 wolUn ; Sw. vilja ; Dan. ri//e; L. volo, telle; Gr. 6'ob- 
 Xofiut ; Fr. vouloir; It. vnlere. The sense is, to set, 
 or to set forward, to stretch forward. The sense is 
 well exprt^ssed by the L. prupono.] 
 
 I. To determine ; to decide in tlio mind that some- 
 thing shall bo done or forborne, iniplyiii); power to 
 carry the purpose into efl'ect. In this manner, God 
 wills whatever comes to pass. So in the style of 
 princes : " we will that execution be done." 
 
 A man that sits still is said to be at liberty, because he can walk 
 if he wills it. Locke. 
 
 2. To command ; to direct. 
 
 'Tis yourj, O queen I to teili 
 The work which duty bids nic to fullill. 
 
 Drydei 
 
 3. To be inclined or resolved to have. 
 
 There, then;, Hortcnsio, will you any wlf: t Shak. 
 
 4. To wish ; to desire. What will you .' 
 
 5. To dispose of estate and effects by testament. 
 
 6. It is sometimt^s equivalent to may br. Lut the 
 circumstances be what they will; that is, any cir- 
 cumstances, of whatever nature. 
 
 7. Wilt is used as an auxiliary verb, and a sign of 
 the future tense. When an auxiliary verb, the past 
 tense is would. It has different significations in dif- 
 ferent persons. 
 
 1. / will go, is a present promise to go ; and with 
 an emphasis tm will, it expresses determination. 
 
 2. Thou will go, you Will go, express foretelling ; 
 simply stating an event that is to come. 
 
 3. He will go, is also a foretelling. The use of will 
 in the plural is the same. IVe will, promises; ye will, 
 they wilt, foretell. 
 
 WILL'/CD, ;>;>. Determined ; resolved ; desired. 
 
 2. l)is|)osed of by will or testament. 
 WIL'LEiM-ITE, n. A mineral of resinous luster and 
 
 yellowish color. It is a silicate of zinc. 
 WILL'ER, 71. One who wills. 
 
 WILL'FJJL, a. [will and full.] Governed by the 
 will without yielding to reason; obstinate; stub- 
 born ; perverse ; inflexible ; as, a willful man. 
 2. Siubborn ; refractory ; as, a willful horse. 
 WILL'FJJL-LY, adc. ObsliiiaU-ly ; stubbornly. 
 2. Uy design ; with set purpose. 
 
 If we sin willfully after that we have received the knowledge of 
 the truth, tliere reinoineth no more sacrifice for sins. — 
 Ilcb. X. 
 
 WILL'FJJL-NESS, »t. Obstinacy ; stubbornness ; 
 perverseness. 
 
 Sins of prrsumplicn are such as prnccec! from pride, arrogance, 
 willfulnets, and haughtiness of men's hearts. Perkins. 
 
 WILL'ING, ppr. Determining ; resolving ; desiring. 
 
 2. Disposing of by will. 
 WILL'ING, a. [Sw. and Dan. ci/fiV.] 
 
 1. Free to do or grant ; having the mind inclined ; 
 disposed ; not averse. Let every man give, who is 
 able and willing. 
 
 2. Pleased ; desirous. 
 
 Felix, wilUng to show the Jews a pleasure. — ActA xxiT. 
 
 3. Ready ; prompt. 
 
 He stoopetl with weary wings and ijilUng feeU MilUtn. 
 
 4. Chosen ; received of choice or without reluc- 
 tance ; as, to be held in willing chains. 
 
 5. Spontaneous. 
 
 No spouts of blood run icilling from a tree. Dryden. 
 
 6. Consenting. JUilton. 
 WILL'L\G-HEXRT-ED, a. Well-disposed; having 
 
 a free heart. Ezoi. xxxv. 
 WILL'ING-LY, ade. With free will ; without reluc- 
 tance ; cheerfully. 
 2. By one's own choice. 
 
 The condition of that people is not so mur.h to bo envied as some 
 would wiUingly rvpn-senl il. Addison. 
 
 WILL'ING-NESS, n. Free choice or consent of the 
 will ; freedom from reluctance ; readiness of the 
 mind to do or forbear. 
 
 Sweet is the love that comes with willingness. Drydtn. 
 
 WIL'LOW, 71. [Sax. trrfiV; D. wilge; W. gwial, 
 twigs ; also, helig, L. io/ij.J 
 
 A tree of the genus Sali.x. There are many spe- 
 cies of willow, the wliite, the black, the purple or 
 red, the sallow, the broad-leaved willow, &c. A 
 species called the weeping willow, has long and slen- 
 der branches which droop and hang downward, tne 
 Salyx Babylonica. 
 
 WIL'LOW-/CD, a. Abounding with willows. CeWiiw. 
 
 WIL'LOW-GALL, n. A protuberance on the leaves 
 of willows. Cyc. 
 
 WIL'LOW-HERB, n. The purple loosestrife, a plant 
 of the genus Lythrum ; also, the yellow loosestrife, 
 of the genus Lysiniachia ; also, the French willow, of 
 the genus Epilobium. Lee. Cyc. 
 
 WIL'LOW-ISH, a. Like the color of the willow. 
 
 Walten. 
 
 WIL'LOW-TUFT-ED, a. Tufted with willows. 
 
 Ooldsmilh. 
 
 WIL'LOW-WEED, n. A weed growing on wet, 
 light lands, with a seed like buckwheat; the Polyg- 
 onum lapathifoliiiin. Ctic. 
 
 WIL'LOW-WOKT, 71. A plant MUler. 
 
 WIN 
 
 WIL'LOW-Y, a. Abounding with willows. Oray. 
 WIL'SO.ME, o. Ob>tinate; stubborn. 
 WILT, p. i. [G. and D. wclken, to fade, that is, to 
 shrink or withdraw.] 
 
 1'u begin to wither ; to lose freshness and become 
 flaccid, as a plant when exposed to great heat in a 
 dry day, or when first separated from its root. 
 
 This is a legitimate word, for w hich there is no 
 substitute in the language. It is not synonymous 
 with WiTHEn, as it expresses only the beginning of 
 withering. A wilted plant often revives and becomes 
 fresh ; not so a witlirrrd plant. It is often used in 
 Ihe United States, and in various parts of England. 
 
 Ihlloway. 
 
 WILT, 0. e. To cause to begin to wither; to make 
 llacciil ; as a green plant. 
 
 2. To ratine to languish ; to depress or destroy the 
 vigfir and energy of. 
 
 Desjiols have leilud tlie human ntce into slotji luid imbeei'ity. 
 
 DwighL 
 
 WILT'ED, pp. or a. Having become flaccid and lost 
 Its freshness, as a plant. 
 
 WILT'LNG, pj>r. Beginning to fade or wither 
 
 WI'LY, a. [Irtiiii^ irtjf.] Cunning; sly; usmg craft 
 or stratagem to accoiiiptish a purpose; mischievously 
 artful ; subtle ; as, a wily atlversary. 
 
 WIM'BLE, (wim'bl,) n. [W. guimbill, a gimlet; 
 ^wiminw, to move round briskly. See Whim. J 
 
 An instrument for bt>ring holes, turned by a han- 
 dle. 
 
 WliM'BLE, a. Active ; nimble. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 WI.M'BRF.L, 71. A bird of the curlew kind. [See 
 
 Whimhrel.] Cyc. 
 Wl.M'I'LE, (wim'pl,) 71. [G. wimpel, a pendant ; Dan. 
 
 vimpel ; W. gwetnpyl, a vail, a wimple ; Fr. guimpe, 
 
 a neck hanifkerchief.l 
 
 A hood or vail. [Ofts.] Is. 
 WIM'PLE, ». t. To draw down, .as a vail. [Olis.] 
 WIN, V. t.; pret. and pp. Won. [.Sax. wmnan, to 
 
 labor, to toil, to gain by labor, to win ; D. wmnen; G. 
 
 gewinnen ; Sw. vinna.] 
 
 1. To gain by success in competition or contest; 
 as, to win the prize in a gaiiie ; to win money ; to 
 win a battle, or to iciit a country. Battles are won by 
 superior strength or skill. 
 
 Who thus shall Canaan lein. iliUon. 
 
 2. To gain by solicitation or courtship. 
 
 3. To obtain ; to allure to kindness or compliance. 
 Thy virtue won me. fVin your enemy by kindness. 
 
 4. To gain by persuasion or influence ; as, an ora- 
 tor wins his audience by argument. The advocate 
 has won the jury. 
 
 Aud Mammon wins his way, when: scraplis liii^bt dcsp^iir. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 WIN, 17. i. To gain the victory. 
 
 Nor is it aui^hl but just 
 Th.at lie, who in debate of Lruth bath won, 
 Siiould win in arms. Milton. 
 
 To win upon ; to gain favor or influence ; as, to 
 win upon the heart or afivctions. Dryden. 
 2. I'o gain ground. 
 
 The rabble will in time win ujton power. ShaJc. 
 To win of; to be conqueror. Shak. 
 WINCE, 7\ i. [Fr. guincher, to twist; guingois, crook- 
 edness ; W. gwing ; gicingaw, to wriggle, to wince.] 
 
 1. To shrink, as from a blow or from pain ; to 
 start back. 
 
 I will not stir nor wince. Shak. 
 
 2. To kick or flounce when uneasy, or impatient 
 of a rider ; as, a hoRe winces. lludihras. 
 
 WlN'CfiR, 71. One that winces, shrinks, or kicks. 
 
 W'NCII, 71. [Sax. ifi7i« ; Fr. guincher, to twist.l 
 
 Th'; crank or handle by which the axis of ma- 
 '.hines is turned, as in the grindstone, &c. Also, an 
 instrument with which to turn or strain something 
 iorcibiy. This term has also been popularly applied 
 to 'he windla.ss. 
 
 W'NCH, r. i. To wince; to shrink; to kick with 
 impatience or uneasiness. [This is a more correct 
 orthography than Wince.] 
 
 WlN'CMl'.S-TEll-HUSH'KL, n. The original Eng- 
 lish stanilard measure of capacity, established by 
 Ilenrv' VII., and ordered to be kept in the town-Iiall 
 of Winchester. It contains 2150 cubic inches, and 
 is the one generally useil in the United .States. 
 
 ^V1N('1I'1NG, ( ppr. Flinching; shrinking; kick- 
 
 W.N'CINt;, i ing. 
 
 WIN'CO PIPE, 71. The vulgar name of a little flower, 
 that, when it opens in the morning, bodes a fair d.ay. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 This is probably the Anagallis arvensis, often 
 called the Pour Man's Barometer, one of the floriB 
 I orologicie, opening its flowers regularly in the 
 niurnwig, and closing them toward night, except 
 whjn there is much moisture in the atmosphere, 
 V hen it remains shut. Tully. Loudon. 
 
 WIND, 71. [Sax. icind ; D. and G. wind ; Sw. and Dan. 
 ximl; VC. peynt ; L. vcntws; It rente; Sp. vicnto ; 
 Fr. venL This word accords with L. rrnio, ventum, 
 untl the Teutonic wcndam. Eng. wenL The primary 
 sense is, to move. How, rush, or drive uloiig.J 
 
 I. Air in motion with any degree of velocity, in- 
 aefini'.ely ; a current of air. When the air moves 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IGNITE. _AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 159 
 
 H n R R B • 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 igh to say my prayera, I would 
 . Shak. 
 
 moderately, we call it a light wind, or a breeze ; 
 wlien with more velocity, we call it a fresh breeze ; 
 and when with violence, we call it a ^ale, Etorni, or 
 tempest. The word Gale is U5cd by the poets for a 
 moderate breeze, but seamen use it as equivalent to 
 Storm. 
 
 frmds are denominated from the point of compass 
 from which they blow ; as, a iiorUi wind ; an east 
 wind ; a south wind ; a went wind ; a soiUh-wea-t 
 wind, (Sec. 
 
 2. The four winds ; the cardinal points of tlie heav- 
 ens. 
 
 Come from the /our ititwZs, O breath, and breathe upon these 
 sLuu. — Ez-'k. xxxvii. 
 
 This sense of the word seems to have had its ori- 
 gin with the Orientals, as it was the practice of the 
 Hebrews to give to each of the four cardinal points 
 the name of wind. 
 
 3. direction of the wind from other points of the 
 compass than the cardinal, or any point of compass ; 
 as, a compass of eight winds. [ Obs.] Heylin. 
 
 4. Breath ; power of respiration. 
 
 If my wind were but long 
 repent. 
 
 5. Air in motion from any force or action ; as, the 
 wind of a cannon-ball ; the wind of a bellows. 
 
 6. Breath modulated by the organs or by an instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Their instniments were various in their kind, 
 
 Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind, Dryden. 
 
 7. Air impregnated with scent. 
 
 A pack of dog-fish had iiim in the wind. SJiak. 
 
 8. Any thing insignificant or liglit as wind. 
 Think not with leind or airy threats to awe. Tirdton. 
 
 9. Flatulence ; air generated in the stomach and 
 bowels ; as, to be troubled with wind. 
 
 10. The name given to a disease of sheep, in which 
 the intestines are distended with air, or rather atfect- 
 ed with a violent inflammation. It occurs imme- 
 diately after shearing. Cijc. 
 
 Down the wind ; d:;cayin!i ; declining ; in a state of 
 decay ; as, lie went down the wind. [JVof used.'\ 
 
 L'Estrange. 
 
 To taJ;e or have the wind; to gain or have the ad- 
 vantage. Bacon. 
 
 To talie wind, or to get wind; to be divulged ; to be- 
 come public. The story jfot wind, or took icind. 
 
 In the wind's ctje : in seamen's language, toward the 
 direct point fro;ii which the wind blows. 
 
 Between wind and water : denoting that part of a 
 ship's side or bottom which is frequently brought 
 above water by the rolling of the ship, or fluctuation 
 of the water's surface. 
 
 7*11 carry the wind, in th-e manege, is when a horse 
 tosses his nose as high as his ears. 
 
 Constant or perennial wind ; a wind tliat blows con- 
 stantly from one point of the compass, as the trade- 
 wind of the tropics. 
 
 Shiflini;, variable, or erratic winds, are such as are 
 changeable, now blowing from one point, and now 
 from another, and then ceasing altogether. 
 
 Staled, OT periodical wind; a wind that constantly 
 returns at a certain time, and blows steadily from 
 one pr.int fur a certain time. Such are the monsoons 
 ' 4n India, and land and sea breezes. 
 
 Trade wind. See in its place. 
 
 [In poetry, wind often rhymes with fnd; but the 
 common pronunciation is with i short, and so let it 
 continue.] 
 
 WIND V. t. ; pret and pp. Wol'no. [Sa.x. windan; G. 
 and D. wijulen ; from wind, or the same root.] 
 
 1. To blow ; to sound by blowing. 
 
 Wind th' shriU horn. Pope. 
 [The present notion of winding a horn is not so 
 much that of filling it with wind as of giving a pro- 
 longed and varied sound, like that described liy Mil- 
 ton when speaking of "a winding bout of linked 
 sweetness." Smart.] 
 
 2. To turn ; to move, or cause to turn. 
 
 To turn and win/i a fiery PegaAiis. Shai. 
 
 3. To turn round some fixed object ; to bind, or to 
 form into a ball or coil by turning ; as, to wind thread 
 on a s[i<>ol ; to wind thread into a ball ; to wind a rope 
 into a coil. 
 
 4. To introduce by insinuation The child winds 
 himself into my aflections. 
 
 They hnve hulc aru and dexlcritie* to uind in inch thin^ into 
 diMxturie. Ooo. o/I/ie 'J'onsut. 
 
 5. To change ; to vary. 
 
 Were our le^rlaliimre vr*t/-'d in the prince, he mi(;ht tMnd and 
 turn our coiutlttition ul hU pleakun'. A'tdifon. 
 
 6. To entwist ; to infold ; to encircle. Shak. 
 'To wind off ; to iinwinil. 
 
 To wind out : to extricate. Clarendon. 
 To wind up ; to bring to n small compass, as a ball 
 of thread. iMckc. 
 
 2. 'I'u bring in a conclusion or settlement ; as, to 
 wnd up one's afTairf*. 
 
 3. 'I'o put in a state of renovated or continued mo- 
 tion. 
 
 leemed to wiful him up for founeore yean. Dryden. 
 
 To wind up a clock, is to wind the cord by which 
 the weights are suspended round an axis or pin. 
 
 To wind up a watch, is to wind the spring round its 
 axis or pin. 
 
 4. To raise by degrees. 
 
 Thus they wound up his temper to a pitch. AU£rbury. 
 
 5. To straiten, as a string ; to put in tune. 
 
 Mind up the slackened strings of tliy lute. Waller. 
 
 6. To put in order for regular action. Sliak. 
 WIND, B. t. To nose ; to jierceive or follow by the 
 
 scent ; as, hounds wind an animal. 
 
 2. To ventilate ; to expose to the wind ; to win- 
 now. - 
 
 3. To drive [a horse] hard, so as to render scant 
 of wind i also, to rest [a horse,] in order to recover 
 wind. Smart. 
 
 To wind a ship, &c., is to turn it end for end, so 
 that the wind strikes it on the opposite side. 
 WIND, V. i. To turn ; to change. 
 
 So swifi your judgmenlg turn and wind. DryrUn. 
 
 2. To turn around something ; as, vines wind 
 around a pole. 
 
 3. To have a circular direction ; as, winding stairs. 
 
 4. To crook ; to bend. The road winds in various 
 places. 
 
 5. To move round ; as, a hare pursued turns and 
 winds. 
 
 To wind out ; to be extricated ; to escape. 
 
 Long laboring underneath, ere they could wind 
 
 Out of such prison. Millon. 
 
 WIND'AGE, n. [Sp. vicnto, wind, windage.] 
 
 The difference between tlie diameter of the bore 
 of a gun or other piece and that of a ball or shell. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 WIND'BOUND, a. [wind and bound.] Prevented 
 from sailing by a contrary wind. JiTar. Diet. 
 
 WIND'-Dia-£D, ( drlde,) a. Dried in the wind. 
 
 WIND'-DROP-SY, n. [wind and drnpsij.] A swell- 
 ing of the belly from wind in the intestines ; tympa- 
 nites. Coze. 
 
 W^ND'-EGG, 71. [wind and cn-J?.] An addle egg. 
 
 WlND'Ell, Ji. One who wind.i. 
 
 WIND'ER, V. t. To fan ; to clean grain with a fan. 
 [Local.] 
 
 WIND'ER-MEB, 7i. A bird of the genus Larus, or 
 
 gull kind. Cyc. 
 WIND'FALL, 71. [wind and fall.] Fruit blown off 
 
 the tree by wind. 
 2. An unexpected legacy, or other gain. 
 WIND'FALL-iW, (-fawln,) a. Blown down by the 
 
 wind. Drayton. 
 W'IND'-FLOW-ER, 71. [wind and flower.] A plant, 
 
 the anemone. 
 
 WIND'-FUR NACE, n. [wind and /uniacc] A fur- 
 nace in which the air is supplied by an artihcial cur- 
 rent, as from a bellows. 
 
 WIND'-GaGE, 71. [iriHd and ^ao-f.] An instrument 
 for ascertaining the velocity and force of wind. 
 
 WIiND'-GALL, 71. [wind and jralL] A soft tumor 
 on the fetlock joints of a horse. 
 
 WIIS'U'-GLTN, n. An air-gun ; a gun discharged by 
 the force of compressed air. 
 
 WIND'-HATCH, 7i. [wind and hnteh.] In mining, 
 the opening or place where the ore is taken out of 
 the earth. Cijc. 
 
 WIND'-HOV-ER, (-huv-er,) n. [iDtnd and hover.] A 
 species of hawk ; called also the Stasnel, but more 
 usually the Kestrel. Cyc. Jardine. 
 
 WIND'I-NESS, 71. [Irom windtj.] The state of be- 
 ing windy or tempestuous ; as, the windiness of the 
 weather or season. 
 
 2. Fullness of wind ; flatulence. Harvey. 
 
 3. Tendency to generate wind ; as, the windiness 
 of vegetables. 
 
 4. Tumor; puflincss. 
 
 WIND'ING, ppr. Turning; binding about ; bending. 
 2. a. Bending; twisting from a direct line or an 
 even surface. 
 
 WI.ND'ING, 71. A turn or turning; a bend; flexure; 
 
 meander ; as, the windings of a road or stream. 
 2. A call bv the boatswain's whistle. 
 WI.\D'ING-EN-GINE, n. An engine employed in 
 
 mining, to draw up buckets from a deep pit. Cyc. 
 WI.\D'ING-LY, Olio. In a winding or circuitous 
 
 form. 
 
 WI.ND'ING-SIIEET, 7i. [winding and sheet.] A 
 
 shee t in which a corpse is wrapped. Bacon. 
 WIND'ING-TACK'LE, (-tak'l,) n. [winding and 
 Incklii.] A tackle consisting of one fixed triple block, 
 and one double or triple movable block. Diet. 
 WIND'-IN'STKIJ-ME.NT, n. An instrument of mu- 
 sic played by wind, chiefly by the breath, as a flute, 
 a rlariimet, &c. Cyc. 
 WI.ND'LACE, j i;. i. To go warily to work ; to act 
 WI.N'D'LASS, i indirectly. Hammond 
 WlND'IjAS.'^, 71. [wind and lace. Qii.] A machine 
 for raising weights, consisting of a cylinder or roller 
 of timber, moving on its axis, and turned by a crank, 
 lever, or Hiinilar means, with a rope or chain nitachiul 
 to the weight. 
 
 2. .A handle by which any thing is turned. [Auf 
 in use.] Shak, 
 
 W'IN'DLE, 71. A spindle ; a kind of reel. 
 
 WIN'DLE STRAW, 71. A reed ; a stalk of grass. 
 [JVoT-t/i of England.] 
 
 WIND'LESS, a. Having no wind; wanting wind; 
 out of breath. [J\''ot in use.] Fairfaz. 
 
 WIND'-.MILL, 7L [wind and mill.] ,\ mill turned 
 by Ihe witid. .Mortimer. 
 
 WIN'DoW, 71. [Dan. vindue ; Sp. rentana, from the 
 same root as vrnta, sale, vent of goods. The word 
 in Spanish signifies also a nostril, that is, a passage. 
 Ventuja is advantage ; ventalla, a valve, and vcntulle, 
 a fan ; ventear, to blow. Hence we see that vent, L. 
 vendo, wind, fan, and van, Fr. avant, are all of one fam- 
 ily. So is also the li. fenestra, Fr. fenetre, D. vcnster, 
 G. fenster, Ir. fneog. The vulgar pronunciation is 
 windor, as if from the Welsh gwyntdor, wind-door.] 
 
 1. An opening in the wall of a building fur the ail- 
 inissitm of light, and of air when necessary. This 
 opening has a frame on the sides, in which are set 
 movable s.tshes, containing panes of glass. In the 
 United States, the sashes are made to rise and fall, 
 for the admission or exclusion of air. In France, 
 windows are shut with frames or sashes that open 
 and shut vertically, like the leaves of a folding door. 
 
 2. An aperture or opening. 
 
 A window Shalt thou make to the ark. — Qen. vi, 
 
 3. The frame or other thing that covers the aper- 
 ture. 
 
 4. An aperture ; or rather the clouds or water- 
 spouts. 
 
 The windows of heaven were opened. — Gen. vii. 
 
 5. Lattice or casement ; or the net-work of wire 
 used before the invention of glass. Judges v. 
 
 6. Lines crossing each other. 
 Till he has windai 
 
 WIN'DoW, V. U 
 
 1 his bread and butler. 
 
 King. 
 
 To furnish with windows. 
 
 Wutton. Pope, 
 
 2. To place at a window. [ Unusual.] Sluik, 
 
 3. To break into openings. [£7/ii<.--«a/.] Shak. 
 WIN'DoW-BLiND, 71. [window and blind.] A blind 
 
 to intercept the liglit of a window. Venetian iri«- 
 
 dow-blinds are now much used in the United States. 
 WIN'DoW-£D, pp. Furnished with windows. 
 WIN'DoW-FRa.ME, 71. [wind.w and frame.] The 
 
 frame of a window which receives and holds the 
 
 sashes. 
 
 Wl.N'DoW-GLSSS, 71. [window and glass.] Panes 
 
 of glass for windows. 
 WIN'DoW-SASlI, n. [window anA sash.] The sash 
 
 or light frame in which panes of glass are set for 
 
 windows. 
 
 WIN'DoW-Y, a. Having little crossings like the 
 
 sashes of a window. Donne. 
 WIND'PIPE, 11. [mind and pipe.] The passage for 
 
 the breath to and from the lungs ; the trachea. 
 WIND'-PUMP, 11. [wind and pump.] A pump moved 
 
 by wind, useful in draining lands. Cyc. 
 WIND'-RoDE, 71. A term used by seamen to signify 
 
 a ship when riding with wind and tide opposed to 
 
 each other, driven to the leeward of her anchor. 
 WIND'RoW, (win'ro,) ?i. [wind and raw.] A row 
 
 or line tif hay raked together for the purpose of being 
 
 rolled into cocks or heaps. 
 
 [ This is the only use of the word in AVio England.] 
 
 2. The green border of a field, dug up In order to 
 carry the earth on other land to rnentl it. [Eiig.]Cijc, 
 
 3. .\ row of peats set up for drying ; or a row of 
 pieces of turf, sod, or sward, cut in paring and burn- 
 ing. [Eng.] Cue. 
 
 WIND'-SaIL, 71. [wind and sail.] .\ wide tube or 
 funnel of canvas, used to convey a stream of air into 
 the lower apartments of a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 WIND'SEED, 71. A plant of the genus Arctotis. Lee. 
 
 WIND'SIIOCK, 71. [wind and shock.] A sort of bruise 
 or shiver In a tree. Cijc. 
 
 WIND'-TIGHT, (-tite,) a. [luiTKi and tight.] So 
 tight as to prevent the passing of wind. Jfull. 
 
 WIND'WARD, 71. [ifiiiii and imirrf.] Tlie point from 
 which the wind blows ; as, to ply to the windward. 
 
 WIND'WARD, a. [wind and ward.] lieiiiL' on the 
 side toward the point from which the wind blows ; 
 as, the irindward shrouds. 
 
 WI.ND'WARD, n./r. Toward the wind. 
 
 To lay an anchor at the tcindirard; to adopt previous 
 measures for success or security. 
 
 WIND'Y, a. Consisting of wind ; as, a windy tem- 
 pest. Shak. 
 
 2. Next the wind ; as, the windy side. Shiik. 
 
 3. Teiiipestiioiis ; boisterous ; as, windy weather. 
 
 4. Pufly ; flatulent ; abounding with wind. 
 
 Jirbuthnot. 
 
 5. Empty ; nirv ; ns, windy joy. .Villon 
 WI.VE, 71. [Sax. will ; 0. 7criii ;' I), wyn : Sw. an^l 
 
 Dan. rill ; W. girin ; Riiss. vino; L. vinuni ; It. nnd 
 Sp. vino ; Fr. ciii ; Ir.^on; Gr. oiiot; Eolic, Foiioii 
 
 Eth. wine ; Ileb. 1". This Oriental word 
 
 seems to be connected with |iy,a I'oiintuin, and njji, 
 annh, lo thrust, to press, or press out.] 
 
 1. The fermented juice of grapes ; as, the wine ol 
 the Madeira grape ; the wine of llurgiiiidy or ( l|Hirte 
 
 2. The Juice of certain fruits, prepared with sugar, 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, nQQK.— 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 suinclirnes witli spirits, &.C. ; as, currant loine; 
 goosL-bt'rry wine. 
 
 3. latu.xication. 
 
 Noah awoke from hi» mine. — Gen. ix, 
 
 4. Drinking. 
 
 Tlicy Unit Uirry long tit the win*. — Prov. xxiii. 
 Corn and mine, in Scripture, arc put for all kinds tif 
 nci essaries for subsistence. Ps. 
 
 Bread and wine, in tlie Lord'.< supper, arc symbols 
 of the boily and blood of Clirist. 
 \Vl.\i;'-l!Ill-KEK, n. One wlio drinks much wine; 
 
 a irrcut drinker. Prov. .xxiii. 
 VVT.\i;'-C.\SK, n. [wine and cask.] A cask in wliicli 
 
 wine is or has been kept. 
 WI.\E'-(;L.ii."'S, 71. [irine and ^/asi.] A small glass 
 
 in whicli wine is drank. 
 WINE'LliSS, a. Destitute of wine ; as, wineless life. 
 
 Sutift. 
 
 VVI\E'-.ME \?-TJRE, ( mezli'nr,) n. [Pee Me.\sure.] 
 The measure by which wines and other spirits are 
 sold, smaller than beer measure. 
 
 VVI.VE'-.MER-CHANT, 71. A merchant who deals in 
 wines. 
 
 U'l.">tE'-l*UESS, 71. [wine and press.] A place where 
 
 grapes are pressed. 
 WIXE'-STo.NE, 71. The deposit of crude tartar, or 
 
 araal, on the interior of wine-casks. Ure. 
 WING, 71. [Sax. i'fAwi/i^; Sw. and Dan. i inn-c. The 
 
 word signifies the side, end, or extremity.] 
 
 1. The limb of a fowl by which it flies, and under 
 which it protects its young. In a few species of 
 fowls, the wings do not enable them to fly ; as is the 
 case with the dodo, ostrich, great auk, and pen- 
 guin ; hut in the two former, the wings assist the 
 fowls in running. 
 
 2. Fitrurativrlii, care or protection. 
 
 3. The limb of an insect by which it flie.s. 
 
 4. In botanii, [h. ata,] a leaf-like appendage. 
 WiNos, pi., [L. al(t,] the two lateral petals of a 
 papilionaceous flower, which stand opposite to each 
 other, and immediately before the vexillum, and 
 which usually have tlie carina between them. 
 
 Tulhj. 
 
 5. Flight; passage by the wing; a.s, to be on the 
 wiii^ ; to take win^r. 
 
 6. Means of flying ; acceleration. Fear adds 
 win^s to flight. 
 
 7. Motive or incitement of flight. 
 
 Then fiery expedition be niy iri/i*. SJiok. 
 
 8. The flank or extreme body or part of an nriny. 
 
 I}njdcn. 
 
 9. .\ny side piece. Mortivtcr. 
 
 10. Ill i'lirrfcniiin-, a side-shoot. Cyc. 
 
 11. In architecture, a side building, less than the 
 main edifice. 
 
 1-J. In/or(i/!rHtio7i, \\>c longer sides of horn-works, 
 crown-works, S^c. Cyc. 
 
 13. In a Jirit, the ships on the extremities, when 
 ranged in a line, or when forming the two sides of a 
 triangle. 
 
 14. In a ship, the wings are those parts of the hold 
 and orlop deck which arc nearest the sides. 
 
 15. In Scripture, protection ; generally in the plu- 
 ral. Ps. Ixiii. F.J. xix. 
 
 On the wings qf the wind ; with the utmost velocity. 
 Ps. xviii. 
 
 WING, r. (. To furnish with wings ; to enable to fly 
 or to move with celerity. 
 
 Who heaves oUl ocean, and who wings the storms. Popt. 
 
 2. To supply with side bodies ; as, on either side 
 well wintred. Shak. 
 
 3. To transport by flight. 
 
 I, an ol'l turtle, 
 
 Will wing me to sonic with Te*l hoo^h. Shetk. 
 Rlge tlie ke«n aword, ami wing Ui' uncrrinsf ball. Trumbull. 
 
 To wins a flight ; to exert the power of flying. 
 WING'-CaSE, ) n. The case or shell which covers 
 WING'-SIIEI.Ij, j the wings of coleopterous insects, 
 
 as the beetle, &c. BootJi. 
 WING'KD, pp. Furnished with wings ; transported 
 
 bv flying. 
 
 WIi\(i-e8V'ER-ING, (-kuv'cr-,) a. Covering the 
 wings. 
 
 2. a. Having wings ; as, a winged fowl. Oen. i. 
 
 3. Swift ; ni|)id ; as, with winged haste. Shak. 
 
 4. Woniidetl ; hurt. 
 
 5. In botinuj, [Alatus. Alate is the term almost 
 always used,) furnished with a leaf-like append- 
 age. When stems are winced, the leaf-like ap- 
 pendage is commonly attached longitudinally to two 
 opposite sides. When fruits arc winged, the leaf- 
 like appendage may be attached to one side only, or 
 to two sides, or it may surround the fruit. Tullti. 
 
 6. In heraldrii, represented with wings, or having 
 wings of a ditferent color from the body. 
 
 7. Fanned with wings; swarming with birds. 
 
 jsniton. 
 
 WING'KD-PkA, 71. A plant. Milter. 
 WI.NG'-FOOT-En, a. [inng and fool.] Having 
 
 wings attached to the fei t ; as, wing-footed Mercury ; 
 
 hence, swift ; moving with rapidity j fleet. 
 
 Drayton, 
 
 WING'I.ES.'!, a. Having no wings ; not able to as- 
 cend <ir flv. 
 WINC'LET, n. A little wing. 
 WI.NG'-.SIIELI,. Six' Wing-Case. 
 WING'Y, a. Having wings; rapid ; as, wingy speed. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 WINK, V. i. [Sax. wincian ; D. wenken ! G. winken ; 
 Sw. vinka; Dan. vinker; W. gicing, a wink ; gicin- 
 gaw, to wriggle, to wink, to wince. fVinli and 
 wittce are radically one word.] 
 
 1. To shut the eyes quickly; to close the eyelids 
 with a quick motion. 
 
 They are not bliiul, tiul tlicy winJe. TUloUon. 
 
 2. To close and open the eyelids quickly. 
 
 3. To give a hint by a motion of the eyelids. 
 Wink at the footman to leave him without a plate. Siei/t. 
 
 4. To close the eyelids and exclude the light. 
 
 Or irini .as C0\var,l8 and afraid. Prior. 
 
 r>. To be dim ; as, a winking light. Dnjdcn. 
 To icink at ; to connive at ; to seem not to see ; to 
 tolerate ; to overlook, as something not perfectly 
 agreeable ; as, to wink at faults. Roscoyntnon. 
 WINK, 71. The act of closing the eyelids quickly. I 
 lay awake and could m t sleep a wink. 
 
 I could eclipse and cloud Uiem with a wink. Donne. 
 
 2. A hint given by shutting the eye with a signifi- 
 cant cast. Sw(ft. 
 WINK'ER, 71. One who winks. Pope. 
 
 2. A horse's blinder. Boolli. 
 WINK'ING, ppr. Shutting the eyes quickly ; shut- 
 ting and opening the eyelids quickly ; hinting by 
 closing the eve : conniving at ; overlooking. 
 WINK'ING-LY, adv. With the eye almost closed. 
 
 Pfac/(fl77t. 
 
 WIN'NER, Ji. [from win.] One who gains by suc- 
 cess in competition or contest. 
 
 WIN'NING, pjjr. [from icin.] Gaining by success in 
 competition or contest. 
 
 2. a. Attracting; adapted to gain favor; charm- 
 ing ; as, a winning address. 
 
 WIN'NING, n. The sum won or gained by success 
 in compi'tiiion or contest. 
 
 WIN'NING-LY, adr. In a winning manner. 
 
 WIN'NoW, V. t. [L. evanno, from vannus, a fan ; D. 
 and G. wannen ; from the root of fan and wind. The 
 Sax. has windwian, to wind.] 
 
 1. To separate and drive off the cliaff from grain 
 by means of wind. Gram is winnowed by a fan, or 
 by a machine, or by pouring it out of a vessel in a 
 current of air. 
 
 2. Til fan ; to beat as with v/ings. Milton. 
 
 3. To examine ; to sift for the purpose of sepa- 
 rating falsehood from truth. 
 
 Winnow well Uiis thouijht. Dryden. 
 
 4. To separate, as the bad from the good. Shak. 
 WIN'NoW, V. 1. To separate chatf from corn. 
 
 Winnow not with every wind. Eectus. 
 
 VVIN'NoW-Ji:D, pp. Separated from the chafl" by 
 
 wind ; sifted ; examined. 
 WIN'.\oW-ER, 71. One who winnows. 
 Wl N'NoW-ING, 71. The act of separating from chaff 
 
 bv wind. 
 
 Wl'N'NoAV-ING, ppr. Separating from the chaff by 
 
 wind ; examining. 
 WIN'SOME, (win'sum,) a. Cheerful ; merry. 
 WIN'TER, n. [Sax. G. D. Sw. and Dan. ; from icitk;, 
 
 or its root ; Goth. icinfTTis.] 
 
 1. The cold season of the year. Astronomically 
 considered, winter ctimmenccs in northern latitudes 
 when the sun enters Capricorn, or at the solstice 
 about the 21st of December, and ends at the equinox 
 in March ; but in ordinary discourse, the tltree win 
 ter months are December, January, and February 
 Our Saxon ancestors reckoned the years by winters ; 
 as, ten winters ; thirty winters. In tropical climates, 
 the rainy season takes the place of winter. In the 
 temperate and frigid climates, there is one winter 
 only in the year. 
 
 2. The part of a printing press which sustains the 
 carriage. 
 
 WI.VTER, r. 1. To pass the winter. He wintered in 
 
 Italy, ('atlle winter well on good fodder. 
 WIN'TER, r. I. To feed or manage during the win 
 
 ter. To winter young cattle on straw, is not prolila 
 
 ble. Delicate plants must be wintered under cover. 
 WIN'TER-AP'PLE, (-ap'pl,) 71. [winter and apple.] 
 
 An apple that keeps well in wintor. 
 WIN' TEIl-n.KR'LEY, n. [winter and barley.] A 
 
 kind of barley which is sowed in autumn. 
 WIN'TER-BE.\T-£N, a. [winter and beat.] Har 
 
 assed by the severe weather of winter. Spenser. 
 WIN'TER-BER'RY, 71. [winter and berry.] Alow 
 
 shrub of the genus Prinos. Loudon. Lee. 
 
 WIN'TER-BLOO.M, 71. [winter and bloom.] A plant 
 
 of the genus ,\7.alea. iff. 
 WIN'TER-CHER'RY, n. [winter and cherr,/.] A 
 
 plant of the genus Physalis, and its fruit, which is of 
 
 the size of a cherr^'. /,ff. Miller. 
 
 WIN'TER-CIT'RO'N, 71. [tointerand cilroii.] A sort 
 
 of pear. 
 
 WIR 
 
 WIN'TER-CRESS, n. [winter and creM.] A plant 
 
 of the genus Erysimum. 
 
 WIN'TEU-CROP, n. [winter and crop.] A crop 
 which will bear the winter, or which may be con- 
 verted into fodder during the winter. Cue. 
 
 WIN'TER-FAL'LOW, n. [winter and falloa.] 
 Ground that is fallowed in winli r. 
 
 WIN'TER-GXR'I)£.N, 71. [iri/ittr and ^'an/fn. | An 
 ornamental garden for winter. 
 
 WIN'TER-GREE.X, n. [irinfer and rrrfm.] A plant 
 of the genus Pyrola, useful as a vulnerary. AImi, a 
 name of plants of the geneni Chimapliila and Gaiil- 
 theria. Winter-green is used as a tonic and a-1riii- 
 gent. Cue. 
 
 WIN'TER-KILL, f. (. [iein(cr and Ai7/.] To kill by 
 means of the weather in winter ; as, to winter-kill 
 wheat or clover. America. 
 
 WIN'TER-KILL-£D, pp. Killed by the winter, as 
 grain. 
 
 WIN'TER-KILL-ING, ppr. Killing by the weather 
 in winter. 
 
 WIN'TER-LODGE, ) n. [winter and lodge.] 
 
 WIN'TER-I.ODG'MENT, j hi botany, the hyber- 
 nacle of a plant, which protects the embryo or future 
 shoot from injuries during the winter. It is either a 
 bud or a bull). Eneyc. 
 
 WIN'TER-PE.aR, 71. [winUr and pear.] Any pear 
 that keeps well in winter. 
 
 WIN'TER-aUAR'TERS, n. pi. [winter and ./uartfr.i.] 
 The quarters iif an army during the winter; a win- 
 ter residence or st.ition. 
 
 WIN'TER-RIG, V. t. [winter and rig.] To fallow 
 or till in winter. [LoeiU.] 
 
 WIN'TEU-SOL'STICE, (-sol'stis,) 71. [winter and 
 sulstice.] The sol.-^lice of the winter, wliich takes 
 place when the sun enters Capricorn, December 
 21st. 
 
 WIN'TER- CT), pp. or a. Kept through the winter 
 
 lived through tlie winter. 
 WIN'TER-I.N'G, ppr. Passing the winter; keeping 
 
 in winter. 
 
 WI.\'TER-LY,fl. Such ns is suitable to winter. [Lit- 
 tle used] Shak. 
 
 WIN'TER-Y, a. Suitable to winter ; brumal ; hy- 
 cmal ; cold ; stormy. Dnjden. 
 
 WI'NY, a. [from i^iiif.] Having the taste or quali- 
 ties of wine. Bacon. 
 
 WINZE, n. In mim'nir, a small shaft sunk from one 
 level to another for the purpose of ventilation. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 WIPE, r. t. [Sax. iripian.] 
 
 1. To rub with something soft for cleaning ; to 
 clean by rubbing; as, to wipe the hands or face with 
 a towel. Luke vii. 
 
 2. To strike off" gently. 
 
 Some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon. Hilton. 
 
 3. To cleanse from evil practices or abuses ; to 
 overturn and destroy what is foul and hateful. 
 
 1 will wipe Jerusalem as a man wipeth a di»h. — 'i Kin^ xxi. 
 
 4. To cheat ; to defraud. Spenser. 
 To wipe away ; to cleanse by rubbing or tersion ; 
 
 as, to wipe away a stain or reproach. 
 
 To wipe off; to clear away. Iflpe off this foul 
 stain ; tripe off the dust. 
 
 To wipe oat; to efface ; to obliterate. tVipe out the 
 blot. 
 
 WIPE, 71. The act of rubbing for the purpose of clean- 
 ing. 
 
 2. A blow ; a stroke. 
 
 3. A gibe ; a jeer ; a severe sarcasm. Swift, 
 
 4. A bird. [Sw. ti^a, the la|iwing.] Ainsaorth. 
 \\1P'£D, (wlpt,) pp. Rubbed for cleaning ; cleaned 
 
 by rubbing; cleared away ; effaced. 
 WiP'ER, n. One who wipes. 
 
 2. The instrument used for wiping. 
 
 3. In mills, a piece generally projecting from a hori- 
 zontal axle, for the purpose of raising stampers or 
 heavy pistons, and leaving them to fall by their own 
 weight. Brande. 
 
 WIP'I.XG, ppr. Rubbing with a cloth or other soft 
 
 thing for cleaning ; clearing away ; effacing. 
 WIRE, n. rsw. rir; Ice. wijr.] 
 
 A threat! of met.al; any metallic substance drawn 
 
 to an even thread. • 
 WIRE, r. (. To bind with wire ; to apply wire to, as 
 
 in buttling liquors. 
 WIRE'DRAW, V, t. [wire and draw.] To draw a 
 
 nit tal into wire, whir'j is done by drawing it through 
 
 a hole ill a plate of Koel. 
 
 2. To draw into length. ArbuthnoU 
 
 3. To draw by art or violence. 
 
 My sense has been inrt'lrawn into Uaspheiny. Dryden, 
 
 4. To tlraw or spin out to great length and tenuity, 
 as, to wiredraw an argument. 
 
 WIRE'DRAW-ER, 71. One who draws metal into 
 wire. Locke. 
 
 WIRE'DRAW-ING, ppr. Drawing a metal into 
 wire. 
 
 2. Drawing to a great length or fineness. 
 WIRE'DRAWN, pp. Drawn into wire ; drawn ont 
 
 to great li ngtli or fineness. 
 WIRE'GAl/'ZE, n. A texture of finely Interwoven 
 
 wire, resembling gauze. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJNITE.— AN"G£B, VI"CIOUS e as K; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TII as in THIS. 
 
 126" 
 
I 
 
 WIS 
 
 WIS 
 
 WIT 
 
 WIRE'-GRXTE, s. [wire and grate.] A grate or 
 contrivance of fine wire work to keep insects out of 
 vinf ries, hothouses, &c. Cxjc. 
 
 WJRE'-HEEL, n. [wire and hed.] A defect and 
 disease in the feet of a horse or otiier beast. Cyc. 
 
 WIRE'-PllLL'ER, n. One who pulls the wires, as of 
 a puppet ; hence, one who operates by secret means ; 
 an intrisuer. 
 
 VVIRE'-PIJLL'ING, n. The act of pulling the wires, 
 as of a puppet ; hence, secret influence or manage- 
 ment ; intrigue. 
 V\^RE'-WORJI, (-wurm,) n. [wire and worm.'] A 
 name given to the hirvse of various beetles, from 
 their slenJerness and uncommon hardness. They 
 destroy the roots of plants. 
 
 2. The American wiru-worm is a species of luli.s, 
 with numerous feet. E. C. Herridi. 
 
 WIR'Y, a. Made of wire ; like wire. 
 WIS, r. (. ; prct. Wist. [G. missCT! ; D. weeten ; Dan. 
 vider; Sw. veto. This is the Sax. witan, to wit.] 
 To think ; to suppose; to imagine. [Obs.] 
 
 Spetiser. 
 
 WIS'DOM, (wiz'dum,) n. [Sax. id. ; wise and dom ; 
 G. weisheitj (^wrsefiood i) D. wy^-lieid ; Sw. visUom and 
 vhhct; Dan. visdom or viisdom. (See Wise.) fVis- 
 dom, it seems, is from the Gothic dialect.] 
 
 1. The right use or exercise of knowledge 5 the 
 choice of laudable ends, and of the best means lo 
 accomplish them. This is wisdom in act, effect, or 
 practice. If wisdom is to be considered as a/acwty 
 of the mind, it is the faculty of discerning or judg- 
 ing what is most just, proper, and useful ; and if it 
 is to be considered as an acqniremcnt, it is the knowl- 
 edge and use of what is best, most just, most proper, 
 most conducive to prosperity or happiness. Wisdom 
 in the first sense, or practical wisdom, is nearly sy- 
 nonymous with Discretion. It differs somewhat 
 from Prudence in this respect; priirfc«cc is the ex- 
 ercise of sound judgment in avoiding evils ; wisdom 
 is the exercise of sound judgment either in avoiding 
 evils or attempting good. Prudence, then, is a spe- 
 cies, of which wisdom is the genus. 
 
 Wisdom ^incd by experience is of inestimable value. Scott. 
 
 It is hoped tliat our rulei« will act with dignity and wisdom; 
 lluu Ihoy will yield every thing to reason, and refuse every 
 tiling to force. Ames. 
 
 2. In Scripture, human learning ; erudition ; 
 knowledge of arts and sciences. 
 
 Moses was learned in all the uisdom of the Egyptians. — 
 Acts vii. 
 
 3. Quickness of intellect; readiness of apprehen- 
 sion ; dexterity in execution ; as, the wisdom of Be- 
 zaleel and Aholiab. Exod. xxxi. 
 
 4. Natural instinct and sagacity. Job xxxix. 
 
 5. In Scripture tJicology, wisdom is true religion ; 
 godliness ; piety ; the knowledge and fear of God, 
 and sincere and uniform obedience to his commands. 
 This is the wisdom which is from above. Ps. xc. 
 Job xxviii. 
 
 6. Profitable words or doctrine. Ps. xxxvii. 
 
 The wisdom of this world ; mere human erudition ; 
 or the carnal policy of men, their craft and artifices 
 in promoting their temporal interests; called also 
 Jlcshly wisdom. 1 Cor. ii. 2 Cor. i. 
 
 The wisdom of words ,* artificial or affected elo- 
 quence ; or learning displayed in teaching. 1 
 Cor. i. ii. 
 
 WISE, a. [Sax. wis, wise; G. weise; D. wys; Sw. 
 vis ; Dan. viis ; Sax. witsan, G. wissen, to know ; 
 Sans. vid. This, in Dutch, is weeten, to know, which 
 is the Goth, witan. Sax. witan. Eng. to wit, perhaps 
 Gr. n^co>. So that wv^e, wit, wcet, wot, are all from 
 one root, or dialectical forms of the same word ; Ir. 
 fois,fcas, knowledge; W. t^wys, tpoyz, Sans, widja, 
 intelligence. In general, the radical sense of know 
 is to reach or to hold, from extension, stretching. In 
 this case, it may be to show, to disclose, from a like 
 sense ; for in Sw. visa, Dan. viser, G. wciscn, D. 
 wysen, is to show. In this case, L. video, visum, which 
 seems to be connected with this word, may coincide 
 in origin with loi/le. Wistful, attentive, eager, is 
 from reaching forward.] 
 
 1. Properly, having Knowledge ; hence, having 
 the power of discerning and judging correctly, or of 
 discriminating between what is true and what is 
 false ; between what Is fit and proper and what is 
 improper ; as, a wise prince ; a wise niagistratt;. Sol- 
 omon was deemed the wisest man. Hut a man may 
 he speculatively nnti not practically wiso. Hence, 
 
 2. Discreel and jutlicioiis in the use or application 
 of knowledge; choosing laudable ends, anil llie best 
 means lo accomplish them. This is lo be practically 
 wise. Gfn. xli. 
 
 3. Skillful; dextrous. 
 
 They arc wU« to do evil, hut to do good they have no knowledge. 
 — Jcr. Iv. 
 
 4. Learned; knowing; as, the wise and the un- 
 wise. Rom. i. 
 
 .*). Skilled in arts, nclence, philosophy, or in magic 
 and divination. 3 Sam. xiv. 
 C. Godly ; pious. Prov. xili. 
 
 The Holy Hcrlpture*. which aro ahlc to make lliee vnte lo salva- 
 Uon.— ■^Tlm. III. 
 
 7. Skilled in hidden arts ; a sense somewhat ironical ; 
 as, the wise woman of Brainford. Shak. 
 
 8. Dictated or guided by wisdom ; containing 
 wisdom ; judicious ; well adapted to produce good 
 effi?cts ; applicable to things ; as, a wise saying ; a 
 wise scheme or pl.m ; wise conduct or management ; 
 a wise determination. 
 
 9. Becoming a wise man ; grave ; discreet ; as, 
 wise deportment. Milton. 
 
 WISE, n. [Sax. wise; G. weise; D. wys ; Sw. vis; 
 Dan. viis; Fr. guise ; It. guisa ; Arm. guis.] 
 JIanner; way of being or acting. 
 This song she sings in most commanding uise. Sidney. 
 In fiuest mB€. Sjienser. 
 
 In the foregoing form this wnrd is obsolete. The 
 use of it is now very limited. It is common in the 
 following phrases. 
 
 1. In any wise. 
 
 If he that sanctified the field will in any wige redeem it. — Lev. 
 Fret not thyself in any wise. — Ps. xxxvii. 
 
 2. On this wise. 
 
 On Vtis wise ye shall bless the children of Israel. — Num. vi. 
 
 3. ^11 no wise. 
 
 He shall in no wfae lose hia reward. — Matt. x. 
 It is used in composition, as in likewise, othencise, 
 lengthwise. Sec. By mistake, ways is often used for 
 it ; as, lengthways for lengthwise, 
 WTSE'A-€RE, (wize'a-ker,) n. [G. weise, wise, and 
 sagen, to say, G. weissager, a foreteller. Tlie proper 
 English word would be Wise-Sajer.] 
 
 One who makes pretensions to great wisdom ; 
 hence, in contempt, a simpleton ; a dunce. 
 WISE'-HES.RT-ED, a. [wise and heart.] Wise ; 
 
 knowing ; skillful. Eznd. xxviii. 
 WiSE'LING, n. One who pretends to be wise. 
 
 Donne. 
 
 WlSE'LY, adv. Pradently ; judiciously ; discreetly; 
 with wisdom. Prov. xvi. xxi. 
 2. Craftily ; with art or stratagem. 
 
 Let us de.al wisely with them. — Ex. i. 
 WISE'NESS, 7!. Wisdom. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 WISE'-SaY-ER,7!. [G. mci«, wise, and sa^cii, to say, 
 to tell ; weissager, a foreteller.] 
 
 1. A foreteller ; one who is noted for predicting 
 the weather. 
 
 2. One who makes pretensions to great wisdom ; 
 hence, in coitempt, a simpleton ; a dunce. 
 
 WISH, V. i. [Sax. wi'can ; Cimbric, oska. In all the 
 other Teutonic and Gothic dialects, the correspond- 
 ing word is written with n ; D. wenschen ; G. witn- 
 sclicn ; Dan. ojiskcr ; Sw. Unska. This is probably 
 the same word.] 
 
 1. To have a desire, or strong desire, either for 
 what is or is not supposed to be obtainable It usu- 
 ally expresses less tiian Long ; but sometimes it de- 
 notes to long or wish earnestly. We often wish for 
 what is not obtainable. 
 
 This is ae good on argument as an antiquary could wish for. 
 
 ^r6utAno(. 
 
 They have more than heart could wish. — Pa. Ixxiii. 
 I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper. — 3 John 2. 
 They cast four anchors cut of tlie stern, and wished for the day. 
 — Acts xxvii. 
 
 2. To be disposed or inclined ; as, to wish well to 
 another's affairs. Mdison. 
 
 3. It sometimes partakes of hope or fear. I wish 
 the event may prove fortunate, or less calamitous 
 than we apprehend. 
 
 WISH, V, t. To desire. I wish your prosperity. 
 
 Let them be driven backward, and put to shame, that wish me 
 evU. — Pa. xl. - 
 
 2. To long for; to desire eagerly or ardently. It 
 has this sense when expressed with emphasis. 
 
 3. To recommend by wishing. 
 
 I would not wish them to a fairer death. Shak. 
 
 4. To imprecate ; as, to wish curses on an enemy. 
 
 Skak. 
 
 5. To ask ; to e.xpress desire. Clarendon. 
 WISH, 71. Desire; sometimes eager desire. Job 
 
 xxxiii. 
 
 2. Desire expressed. Pope. 
 
 Bli3tere<l lie thy tongue 
 For such a wif.h. Shak. 
 
 3. Thing desired. He has his wi.'ih. 
 
 The (lilli-rence between wish and desire seems lo be, that desire 
 Ik directed to what is obtainable, and a wish may be tliiectcd 
 lo what is obtainable or not. Kames. 
 
 WIPH'KD, (wisht,) pp. Desired, or ardently desired. 
 WISH'ER, ji. One who desires ; one who expresses 
 
 a wish. Shak. 
 WISH'FJJL, a. Having desire, or ardent desire. 
 
 2. Showing desire ; as, wishful eyes. 
 
 3. Desirable; exciting wishes. [Bad,] Chapman. 
 WIHH'F(JI,-LY, adv. With desire or anient desire. 
 
 2. With the show of desiring. 
 WISII'ING, Ti/ir. Desiiing. 
 WISH'LY, adv. Acc.>ri!ing lo desire. 
 WISK'ET, 71. A basket. Jiinsworth. 
 WISP, n. [Dan. vLik, a wisp, n whisk ; vL^kcr, lo 
 whisk, lo rub or wipe ; G. and 1). wusch.] 
 
 A small bundle of straw or other like substance ; 
 as, a wisp of straw ; a wisp of hay ; a wisp of herbs. 
 
 Shak. Bacon. 
 
 WIST, pret. of Wis. [OAs.] 
 
 WIST'FIJL, a. [from wist. The sense is, stretching 
 or reaching toward.] Full of thoughts ; earnest ; 
 attentive. 
 
 Why — dost thou so wistful seem ? Gay. 
 WIST'FIJL-LY, adv. Attentively ; earnestly. 
 
 Hudibras. 
 
 WIS'TIT, n. The striated monkey, a small. South 
 American monkey, with sharp claws antl squirrel- 
 like habits ; the ouistiti of Buffon, Hapales Jacclius 
 
 of Illiger. Cuoier. 
 WIST'LY, adv. Earnestly. [OAs.] Slrnk. 
 WIS'TON-WISH, n. A rodent quadruped of Amer- 
 ica, the ])rairie-dog, whicli see. Pike. 
 
 WIT, V. i. [Sax. witan, Goth, witan, D. weeten, G. 
 Tcissen, to know ; Sans. tiii/. See Wise.] 
 
 To know. This verb is used only in the infini- 
 tive, to wit, namely, that is to say. [L. videlicet, i. e. 
 videre licet.] 
 
 WIT, 71. [Sax. wit or ge-wit ; G. witi ; Dan. vid. See 
 the verb and Wise.] 
 
 1. Primarily, tile intellect; the understanding or 
 mental powers. 
 
 Will puts in practice what the iril deviseth. Davits. 
 
 For wit and power their last endeavors bend 
 
 T' outshine each other. Dryden. 
 
 2. The association of ideas in a manner natural, 
 but unusual and striking, so as to produce surprise 
 joined with pleasure. Wit is defined 
 
 What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed. Pope. 
 
 Wit cons'sts in assembling, and putting together with quickness, 
 ideas in which can be found resemblance and congruity, by 
 which to make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in 
 the fancy. Locke, 
 
 Wit consists cliiefly in joining things by distant and fanciful 
 relations, which surprise us beatuse tliey are unexpected. 
 
 Kanies, 
 
 Willi a propriety of thoughts and words: or, in other terms, 
 (fiougfjts and words elegantly adapted to the subject. 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 3. The faculty of associating ideas in a new and 
 unexpected manner. 
 
 4. A man of genius ; as, the age of Addison 
 abounded with wits. 
 
 A tcil herself, Amelia weds a vjH. Young. 
 
 5. A man of fancy or wit. 
 
 Intemperate wits will spare nciUier friend nor foe. L'Estrangs, 
 
 6. Sense ; judgment. 
 
 He wants not wit the danger to decline. Dryden. 
 
 7. Faculty of the mind. SItak. 
 
 8. ff7L5, in (/ic plura/ /soundness of mind ; intt llecl 
 not disordered ; sound mind. No man in his wit<: 
 would venture on such an expedition. Have you lost 
 your wits ? Is he out of his wits? 
 
 9. Power of invention; contrivance; ingenuity 
 He was at his loits' end. Hooker. 
 
 WITCH, 71. [Sax. wicca. See Wicked.] 
 
 1. A woman who, by compact with the devil, 
 practices sorcery or enchantment. 
 
 2. A woman who is given to unlawfjil arts. 
 
 3. [Sax. Mic.] A winding, sinuous bank. [Obs.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 4. A piece of conioal paper which is placed in a 
 vessel of lard, and, being lighted, answers the pur- 
 pose of a taper. [Ciu. T/JtcA-.] [Local.] 
 
 WITCH, t). U To bewitch ; to fascinate ; to enchant. 
 
 I'll witch sweet ladies with my words and looks. Shak, 
 WITCH'CRXFT, »i. [wiUk and craft.] The prac- 
 tices of witches; sorcery; enchantments; inter- 
 course with the devil. Bacon. 
 2. Power more than natural. 
 
 He hath a teitchcra/i 
 Over the king in 's tongue. Shak, 
 
 WITCII'l^D, (witchl,) pp. Bewitched ; fascinated. 
 WITCH'-ELM, 71. A kind of elm, the Ulmiis inon- 
 
 tana, properly Wych-Elm. Loudon. 
 WITCH'ER-Y, 71. Sorcery ; enchantment. Milton. 
 
 2. Fascination. 
 WITCH'-HA-ZKl., 71. The Ilainamelis virginica, a 
 
 shrub which flowers in autumn, when its loaves are 
 
 falling. Lee. Bigelom. 
 
 2. The name has sometimes been given to the 
 
 witch-elm or wych-elm, the Uliniis montana. 
 WITCH'ING, a. Suited to enchantment or witch- 
 craft ; as, the witching time of night. Shak, 
 WITCH'ING, ;>;<i-. Fascinating; enchanting. 
 WIT'-CRACK-ER, 7i. [wit and cracker.] One who 
 
 breaks jests ; a joker. [JVuf in use.] Shak. 
 WIT'-CRXFT, 71. [wit and craft.] Contrivance; 
 
 invention. fOAs.| Camden. 
 WI'I'E, v. t. [Sax. icitan ; the root of twit.] 
 
 To reproach ; lo blame. [0A.«.] Spenser. 
 WTTE, 71. Blame ; reproach. [Ob.t.] 
 WITE'I.ESS, a. Blameless. [Obs.] Spenser. 
 WIT'E-NA-GE-MOTE', ji. [Sax. Mii(a7i, lo know, 
 
 and gemot, a meeting, a council.] 
 
 A meeting of wise men ; the national council or 
 
 legislature of England, in the days of the Saxons, 
 
 before the conquest. 
 WITH, prep. [Sax. with, near, or against ; Goth, ga 
 
 FATE, FAB, FALL, WllJS'V.— MRTK, Pn|{Y.— PINE, MARtNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
WIT 
 
 WIT 
 
 WIT 
 
 withan, to join. The primary sense is, to press, or 
 to meet, to unite ; hence, in composition, it denotes 
 opposition, us in wiUistand luid witlidraw ; hence 
 against, Sax. wit/icr, G. wider.] 
 
 1. By, noting cause, instnnnent, or means. We 
 are distressed wilit ptin ; wo are elevated willi joy. 
 With study men become learned and respectable. 
 Fire is extinguished with water. 
 
 2. On tlie side of; noting friendship or favor. 
 
 Kcar not, for 1 am with t\v'.c. — Gt-n. xxvl. 
 
 3. In opposition to ; in competition or contest ; as, 
 to struggle with adversity. The champions Inuglit 
 with each other an hour. lie will lie wiUi any man 
 living. 
 
 4. Noting comparison. The fact you mention 
 compares well with another I have witnessed. 
 
 5. In company. The gentlemen traveled with me 
 from Boston to Philadelphia. 
 
 C. In the society of. There is no living with such 
 neighbors. 
 
 7. In connection, or in appendage. lie gave me 
 the Bible, and with it the warmest expressions of af- 
 fection. 
 
 8. In mutual dealing or intercourse. 
 
 I will buy tcilA you, sell with you. Shak. 
 
 9. Noting confidence. I will trust you with the se- 
 cret. 
 
 10. In partnership. He shares the profits icith the 
 other partners. I will share with you the pleasures 
 and the pains. 
 
 11. Noting connection. 
 
 Nor twul our fortunes uttA your sinking; fate. Drydcix, 
 
 12. Immediately after. 
 
 With tliis he pointed to his fac«. Dryden, 
 
 13. Among. I left the assembly with the last. 
 Tragedy wo* originally, with the ancients, a piece of religious 
 
 worship. Ilyiner. 
 
 14. Upon. 
 
 Such argfuments bad invincible foice with those pagnn pliiloso. 
 pbcra. Addison, 
 
 15. In consent, noting parity of state. 
 See ! where on earth the flowery glories lie, 
 
 With her they flourished, and with her they die. Pope, 
 
 With and bij are closely allied in many of their 
 uses, and it is not easy to lay down a rule by which 
 their uses may be distinguished. It is observed by 
 Johnson that with seems rather to denote an instru- 
 ment, .ind by a cause ; as, he killed an enemy with 
 a sword, but he died bij an arrow. But this rule is 
 not always observed. 
 
 With, in composition, signifies sometimes opposi- 
 tion, privation ; or separation, departure. 
 WITH-AL', (with-aul',) ado. [with and all,] With 
 the rest j together with ; likewise ; at the same 
 time. 
 
 If you choose that, then I am yours xdlhaX, Shak, 
 
 How modest in exception, and witltal 
 
 How terrible in constant resolution 1 ShaJc, 
 
 2. It is sometimes used for with But the word is 
 not elegant, nor much used. 
 WITH'.\M-ITE, n. A variety of epidote, of a red 
 
 or yellow color, found in Scotland. Dana. 
 WITH-DRAW', t;. t, [with and draw,] To take 
 away what has been enjoyed ; to take from. [ With 
 here has the sense of contrary ; to withdraw is to 
 draw the contrary way. See With.] 
 
 It is impossible that God should withdmu his presence from any 
 thing. Hooker, 
 
 We say, to withdraip capital from a bank or stock 
 in trade ; to withdraw aid or assistance. 
 
 2. To take back ; to recall or retract ; as, to with- 
 draw charges. 
 
 3. To recall ; to cause to retire or leave ; to call 
 back or away. France has withdrawn her troops 
 from Spain. 
 
 WITII-DRAW', V, i. To retire ; to retreat ; to quit a 
 company or place. We withdrew from the company 
 at ten o'clock. 
 
 She from her husband soft withdrew, MUton, 
 
 WITH DRAWING, p;>r. Taking back ; recalling; 
 retiring. 
 
 WIf lI-I)RAW'ING-ROOM, n. A room behind an- 
 other room for retirement ; a drawing-room. 
 
 J\fortimer, 
 
 WITH-DRAW'MENT, j n. The act of withdrawing ; 
 WITII-URAW'AL, ( the act of Uiking back ; a 
 recalling. Ch, Obs, 
 
 Their wilhdmtement from the British and Foreign Bil)lc Society, 
 would tend to paralyze their exertions, S'irneon. 
 
 WITH-DRAWN', pp. of Withdraw. Recalled ; taken 
 bttck. 
 
 WrrUE, (with,) n. [Sax. withig; Sw.vidja; decide, 
 a willow ; L. vitis, vitcz.] 
 
 1. A willow twig. 
 
 2. A band consisting of a twig, or twigs twisted. 
 
 AT. Charles, 
 
 WITH'ED, (witht ) a. Bound with a withe. 
 WITII'ER, tJ. i. [W. (Tieii, dried, withered ; sraizoni, 
 to wither; Sax. gewUherod, withered ; li.fothadh.] 
 
 1. To fade ; to lose its native freshness ; to become 
 sapless ; to dry. 
 
 (t shall wither in all die leaves of her spring. — Eiek. xvii. 
 
 2. 'J'o waste ; to pine away ; as animal bodies ; 
 as, a withered hand. Matt. xii. 
 
 3. To lose or want animal moisture. 
 
 Now warm In love, now withering in the grave. Oryden, 
 WITII'ER,!'. t. To c.iuse to fade and become dry; 
 as, the sun wilhcrcth the grass. James i, 
 
 2. To cause to shrink, wrinkle, and decay, for 
 want of animal moisture. 
 
 Age can not wither her. Shak. 
 WITII'ER-B.\ND, 71. {withers and band.] Apieceof 
 iron laiti under a sadtlle near a horse's withers, to 
 strengthen the bow. Far, Diet. 
 
 WITH'EIl-i';i), pp. or a. Faded ; dried ; shrunk. 
 WIT H'ER-i-D-NESS, n. The state of being with- 
 ered. 
 
 WITU'ER-ING, ppr. Fading ; becoming dry. 
 WITH'ER-ING-LY, adv. In a manner tending to 
 
 wither, or cause to shrink. 
 WITH'ER ITE, n. In mineralogy, a native carbonate 
 
 of baryta first discovered by Dr. Withering. It is 
 
 white, gray, or yellow. Ure. Cyc. 
 
 WITH'ER-NAM, n. [Sax. wiUter, against, and naman, 
 
 to take.] 
 
 In law, a second or reciprocal writ or distress in 
 lien of a first distress which has been eloigned ; re- 
 prisal. Blackstone, 
 WITH'EKS, n. [This seems to signify a joining, 
 from the rot)t of wttA.] 
 
 The juncture of the shoulder-boncs of a horse, at 
 the bottom of the neck. Far, Diet, 
 
 WITH'ER-WKUNG, (-rung,) a. Injured or hurt in 
 
 the withers, as a horse. Cyc. 
 WlTH-llELl)', pret. and pp. of Withhold. 
 WITH'HoLD', V, t. ; pret. and pp. Withheld, [with 
 
 and hold.] 
 1. To h 
 
 old back ; to restrain ; to keep from ac- 
 
 Mlthhotd — your hasty han<l. 
 If our passions may be witfihetd. 
 
 Speneer. 
 KeUlewell. 
 
 9. To retain ; to keep back ; not to grant ; as, to 
 withhold assent to a proposition. The sun does not 
 withhold his light. 
 
 WITH-HoLD'£N, pp. The old participle of With- 
 hold ; now obsolete. We use Withheld. 
 
 WlTH-JIoLIVER, re. One that withholds. 
 
 WITH-HoLD'ING, ppr. Holding back ; restraining ; 
 retaining ; not granting. 
 
 WITH-HoLD'MENT, ii. Act of withholding. 
 
 WlTH-IN',pnp. [Sax. icilAinnan.] 
 
 1. In the inner part ; as, the space within the walls 
 of a house; a man contented and happy within him- 
 self. Tillotson. 
 
 2. In the limits or compitss of ; not beyond ; used 
 of place and time. The object is within my sight ; 
 within the knowledge of the present generation ; with- 
 in a month or a year. 
 
 3. Not reaching to any thing external. 
 
 Were every action concluded within itself. Locke. 
 
 4. In the compass of; not longer ago than. 
 
 M'ttliin these live hours Hastings lived 
 
 UntJiinCed. Shak. 
 
 5. Not Liter than ; ns, within five days from this 
 time, it will be fair weather. 
 
 6. In the reach of. 
 
 Both he and she arc still tetlAin my power. Dryden. 
 
 7. Not exceeding. Keep your expenses within 
 your income. 
 
 8. In the heart or confidence of. [Inelegant.] 
 
 9. In the house; in any inclosure. South. 
 WITH IN', adv. In the inner part ; inwardly ; inter- 
 nally. 
 
 The wound festers within, Carew, 
 
 2. In the mind. 
 
 Ills from within thy reason must prcrent. Dryden. 
 WITH-IN'SIDE, atlv, [within and side] In the in- 
 ner parts. [Bad,] Sharp, 
 WITH-OUT', prep, [Sax. withutan ; with and out,] 
 I. Not with ; as, without success. 
 
 3. In a state of destitution or absence from. 
 There is no living with thee nor witltout thee. Thtler, 
 
 3. In a state of not having, or of destitution. How 
 many live all their life without virtue, and witltout 
 peace of conscience ! 
 
 4. Beyond ; not within. 
 
 Eternity, before the world and alter, is without our reach. 
 
 Burnet, 
 
 5. Supposing the negation or omission of. 
 Without the separation of the two monarchies, the most advan- 
 
 tjigeous teriirs from the French nitut end in uur destruction. 
 
 Alison. 
 
 6. Independent of ; not by the use of. Men like 
 to live without labor. 
 
 Wise men will do it without a law. Bacon. 
 
 7. On the outside of; as, without the gate ; without 
 doors. 
 
 8. With exemption from. That event can not 
 happen without great damage to our interests. 
 
 9. Unless ; except. 
 
 Wit/tout, when it precetlcs a senlenco or member 
 of a sentence, has been i:alled a cimjunclion. This 
 is a mistake. " You will not enjoy health, without 
 you use much exercise." In this sentence, iciMuut 
 is a pre|M)sition still, but followed by a member of a 
 sentence, instead of a single noun. It has no pro(>- 
 erty of a connective or conjiiiirtitm, and docs not 
 fall within the definition. You will not enjoy health, 
 this fact following being removed, or not taking 
 place ; T/ou U.ST exercise. This use ti( without in nearly 
 superseded by unless antl except, among good writers 
 and speakers ; but is common in popular discourse 
 or parlance. 
 
 WITH-OUT', ad». Not on the inside ; not within. 
 These were from irilAoul the growing miseries. hJUton. 
 
 2. Out of doors. 
 
 3. Externally ; not in the mind. 
 
 U7l^(0ul were fighUngs, within were fears. —2 Cor. vii. 
 
 WITH-OUT'£N, for Withoutaw, the Saxon word, 
 
 is obsolete. Spenser. 
 WITH-STAND', ». t [with nnti stand. See Stakd.1 
 To oppose ; to resist, either Willi physical or montl 
 force ; as, to withstand the attack of troops ; to with- 
 stand eloquence or arguments. 
 
 When Peter was come to Antioch, I withttood him to his face. — 
 Gal. ii. 
 
 WITH-STAND'ER, n. One that opposes ; an oppo- 
 m nt ; a resistina power. Ralegh. 
 
 WITH-STANU'ING, ppr. Opposing-; making resist- 
 ance. 
 
 WIT II-STOOD', pp. Opposed; resisted. 
 WITH'-VIXE, In. A local name for the couch-grass. 
 WITII'-WI.NE, ( Cyc. 
 WITH'WIND, 71. A plant. [L. convolcultu.] 
 WITII'Y, n. [8a\. wtthig.^ 
 
 1. A large species of willow. Cyc. 
 
 2, A wilhe. Cook^s Voyage. 
 WITH'Y, a. Made of withes; like a withe ; flexible 
 
 and touch. 
 
 WlT'LEfiS, a. [wit and less.] Destitute of wit or 
 understanding; inconsiderate; wanting thought; 
 as, a witless swain ; witless youth. fhiiips. 
 
 2. Indiscreet ; not under the guidance of judg- 
 ment ; as, witless bravery. Shah. 
 
 WIT'LESS-LY, ado. Without the exercise of judg- 
 ment. 
 
 WIT'LESS-NESS. n. Want of judgment. Sandy*. 
 WIT'LING, 71. [dim. from wit.] A person who has 
 
 little wit or understanding ; a pretender to wit or 
 
 smartness. 
 
 A beau and witlinff perished in the throng. Pope. 
 
 WIT'NESS, n. [Sax. witnesse, from witan, to know.] 
 
 1. Testimony ; attestation of a fact or event. 
 
 If 1 bear witnese of myself, my wilnete is not true. — John r. 
 
 2. That which furnishes evidence or proof. 
 
 Laban s.-ud, This heap is a intnes* between me and dice this day. 
 
 — Gen. xxii. 
 
 3. A person xvho knows or sees any thing ; one 
 personally present ; as, he was witness ; be was an 
 eye-witness. 1 PeL v. 
 
 Upon niy lookin* round, I was witneee to appeannces which 
 filled me with melancholy and regret. Boh. Hall, 2, 349. 
 
 4. One who sees the e.xecution of an instniment, 
 and subscribes it for the purpose of confirming its 
 authenticity by his testimony. 
 
 5. One who gives testimony ; ns, the witnesses in 
 court agreed in all essential facts. 
 
 With a witness ; effectually ; to a great degree ; 
 wilh great force, so as to leave some mark as a tes- 
 timony behind. He struck with a witness. [JVot 
 elegant.] 
 
 WIT'NESS, r. U To see or know by personal pres- 
 ence. I witnessed the ceremonies in New York, with 
 which the ratification of the constitution was cele- 
 brated in 17S8. JV. W. 
 Every one has iftlnessetf the effects of the voltaic fluid. 
 
 Good, Led. X. 
 
 General Washington did not lire to irilness the restoration of 
 peace. Marihall, 
 
 This is but a faint sketch of the incalculable calamities and hoi^ 
 rors we must exp>'Ct, should we ever irilness the triumphs 
 of mmlern infidelity. Rob. H»U. 
 
 We have witneised all the varieties molded to such a perfect 
 accommo<l.-ition. Bridg. Treatise, 
 
 Ancr-'ls, that make thy church their care. 
 
 Shall witnest my devotion there. WatU, Pe, 138. 
 
 We have livid to witneis th\t surprising paradox. 
 
 Hannah More. 
 
 2. To attest; to give testimony to; to testify to 
 something. 
 
 Behold how manj thlngi they witnete against thee. — Mark xv. 
 
 3. To see the execution of an instrument, and 
 subscribe it for Ihe purpose of esUiblishing its authen- 
 ticity ; OS, to witness a bond or a deed. 
 
 In the imperative mode, see, in evidence or proof ; 
 as, witness the habeas corpus, tlie independent* of 
 judges, &.C. Jtmes, 429. 
 
 WIT'NESS, r. i. To bear testimony. 
 
 The men of Belial witneeted against him, even a(aimt Nabodi. 
 
 — 1 Kings XI.. 
 
 TONE, BIJLL, IJNITF.. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH na SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 159 • 
 
 1260 
 
WOE 
 
 WOM 
 
 WON 
 
 2. To give evidence. 
 
 7itiieS3 a^iiinst them. — 
 
 WIT'NESS-ED, (wit'nest,) pp. Seen in person ; tes- 
 tified i sul>scril)ed by persons present ; as, a deed 
 icitues.sed by two persons. 
 
 V\'IT'\ESS-ING, ppr. Seeing in person ; bearing tes- 
 timony ; giving evidence. 
 
 WIT'-SNAP-PER, n. [wU and snap.] One who af- 
 fects repartee. [Mit in use.] Shak. 
 
 WIT'-STXRV-£D, a. Barren of wit ; destitute of 
 genius. Kraniiner. 
 
 VVIT'TED, a. Having wit or understanding ; as, a 
 qiiick-?ci«e/i boy. 
 
 WIT'TI-CISM, n. [from wit.'] A sentence or phrase 
 which is affectedly witty ; a low kind of wit. 
 
 He is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticisms ; all 
 wliicli are Ijclow ilie Ji*«ity of h-froic verse. Addison. 
 
 WIT'TI-LY, arh. [from wit.] With wit; with a 
 delicate turn or phrase, or with an ingenious as.^oci- 
 alitm of ideas. Sitinctj. 
 2. Ingeniously ; cunningly ; artfully. 
 
 Who his own harm so taittily contrives. Dnjtlcn, 
 
 WIT'TI-NESS, n. [from witty.] The quality of 
 being witty. SprHser. 
 
 VVIT'TI.\G-LY, arfr. [See Wit.] Knowingly ; with 
 knowledge ; by design. 
 
 He knowingly and wittingly brought evil into the world. More. 
 
 WIT'TOL, 71. [Sax., from witan, to know.] 
 
 A man who knows his wife's infidelity and sub- 
 mits to it ; a tame cuckold. SImk. 
 
 WIT'TOL-LY, aJc. Like a tame cuckold. Siiak. 
 
 WIT'TY, a. [from wit.] Possessed of wit, full of 
 wit J as, a leitty poet. 
 
 2. Jutlicious ; ingenious ; inventive, 
 
 3. Sarcastic ; full of taunts 
 
 Honeycomb was unmercifully xcilly upon the women. 
 
 Spcctntor. 
 
 WIT'WALL, 71. A bird, the golden oriole j also, the 
 
 great spotted woodpecker. P. Cyc. 
 
 WIT'-WOR.M, (wurin,)n. [icii and worTTi.] One that 
 
 feeds on wit. [SVut in use] B. Jonaon. 
 
 WIYE, t). !. [from wifr.] To marry. [J\'u£ in use.] 
 WIVE. 1'. t. To match to a wife. Shak. 
 
 a. To take for a wife. [Aot in use] Shak. 
 \\T VE'HOOD, 77. Behavior becoming a wife. [ Obs.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 [It should be Wifehood.] 
 WIVE'LESS, a. Not having a wife. 
 
 _ [ll should be Wifeless.] 
 WIVE'LY, a. Pertaining to a wife. Sidney. 
 
 [It should be Wifely.] 
 WIV'ER, ( 71. A kind of heraldic dragon. 
 WiV'ER.V, i Tliynne. 
 WIVES, pi. of Wife. 
 
 WIZ'ARD, 71. [from wite.] A conjurer ; an en- 
 chanter ; a sorcerer. Lev. xx. 
 
 The wily wizard must be c:\iight. Dryden. 
 WIZ'.ARI), a. Enchanting; charming. Collins. 
 
 Q. Haunted by wizards. Miltmu 
 WIZ'E.V, V. i. [Sax. wisnian^ weosnian.] 
 
 To wither ; to dry. [Local.] 
 Wo.M), 71. [Sax. wad or wand; G. waid, wcid ; D. 
 weede; Fr. ^edc ; It. gundo. Qu. weed,] 
 
 A plant of the genus Isatis, formerly cultivated for 
 the use of dyers, but now chiefly supersedeil by in- 
 digo. The woad blue is a very deep blue, and is the 
 base of many other colors or shades of color. Woad 
 is first bruised in a mill, and then made into balls. 
 It grows wild in France, and along the coasts of the 
 Baltic. Cijc. 
 WoAD'-MILL, 71. A mill for bruising and prep.iring 
 woad. 
 
 WCDEN, 71. .\n Anglo-Saxon deity, supposed to 
 correspond to .Mercury of the ancients, from wliom 
 Wednesday derives its name. Brandt. 
 
 WOE, 71. [Sax. wa; L. va; Gr. ovat ; W. irieac ; G. 
 weh ; I), wee ; Sw, re] 
 
 1. Grief ; sorrow ; misery ; a heavy calamity. 
 
 One wot is past ; ftntl behold there come two woes more hcre- 
 
 ofo r.— B-v. ix. 
 Thfy weep each other's woe. Pope. 
 
 2. A curse. 
 
 Can there a woe or curB« in nil the itorei of wengthntx cfjuol 
 to the matifnity of such a pnicttce t South. 
 
 3. Woe is used in denunciation, and in exclama- 
 tions of sorrow. 
 
 Woe is me ; for I am undone. — Is. rl. 
 
 This is properly the Saxon ilativr, " woe is tn me." 
 
 " IVur wnrUi the day." This is al io the dative ; 
 woe be to the day ; .Sax. wnrtlian, weurtlian, or wyr- 
 than, to be, to become. 
 
 Woe is a noun, and if used as an adjective, it is 
 Improperly used. " Woe to you that arc rich." 
 " Woe to that man by whom the oni:nse Cometh;" 
 lhal is, misery, calamity, he or will be to him. 
 Wf)E'-BE-GONE,(-Bnwn,) o. [woe, be, and gone.] 
 Overwhelmed with woo ; immersed in grief and sor- 
 row. 
 
 8o i9oe-b«f on« was he with pains of love. F\iir/ax. 
 
 WoE'FyL, ( a. Sorrowful; distressed with grief or 
 Wo'I'lJL, \ calamity ; alilictcd. 
 
 How niruiy woeful widows left to bow 
 
 To sad disgrace I Daniel. 
 
 2. Sorrowful ; mournful ; full of distress ; as, 
 woeful d;ty. Jcr. xvii. 
 
 3. Bringing calamity, distress, or affliction ; as, a 
 worfnl event ; woeful want. 
 
 4. Wretched ; paltry. 
 
 What woeful slutr this madrigal would be I Pope. 
 WoE'FIJL-LY, ) adv. Sorrowfully ; mournfully ; in 
 Wo'FlJL-LY, \ a distressing manner. 
 
 2. Wretchedly ; extremely ; as, he will be woefully 
 d^'ceived. 
 
 wS'FuE-nIsI,^'!"- Misery; calamity. 
 WoE'-SHAK-£X, a. Shaken by woe. 
 WoE'SO.ME, (wo'suin,) a. Woeful. [Al/* in use.] 
 
 Langhiirne. 
 
 WOFT, for Waft. [j\~ot in use.] Sluik. 
 
 WoLU, ill Saxon, is the same as Wald and Weald, a 
 wood, sometimes, perhaps, a lawn or plain. Wald 
 siL'nilies, also, power, dominion, from zcaWan, to rule. 
 These words occur in names. 
 
 WOLF, (wulf,) 71. [Sax. wulf; G. and D. wolf; Sw. 
 It//.- Dan. ulv ; Rtiss. volk ; L. mtlpeSf a fox, the 
 same word differently applied. The Gr. is aAuirr/f.] 
 
 1. An animal of the genus Can is, a beast of prey 
 that kills sheep and other small domestic animals ; 
 called sometimes the Wild Dog. The wolf is crafty, 
 greedy, and ravenous. 
 
 2. A small white worm or maggot, which infests 
 granaries. Cyc. 
 
 3. An eating ulcer. Broicn, 
 WOLF'-DOG, »i. A dog of a large breed, kept to 
 
 guard sheep. Ticket, 
 
 2. A dog supposed to be bred between a dog and 
 a wolf. Johnson, 
 
 WOLF'-FISH, 77. A fish, the Anarrhichas lupus of 
 Linnteus ; a fierce, voracious fish of the northern 
 seas. This fish is called also Sea-Cat, Cat-Fish, 
 and Sea-Wolf. Jardine's JVat. LW. 
 
 WOLF'ISH, a. Like a wolf : having the qualities or 
 form of a wolf; as, a wolfish visage ; wolfish designs. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 WOLF'ISH-LY, adv. In a wolfish manner. Borrow. 
 
 WOlF'-NET, 71. A kind of net used in fishing, 
 which takes great numbers. Cyc. 
 
 WOL'FRAM, 71. In mineralo^j, an ore of tungsten. 
 Its color is generally a brownish or grayisli black. 
 It occurs massive and crystallized, and in concen- 
 tric, lamellar concretions. Cyc. 
 
 WOLF'S'-BaNE, 71. A poisonous plant of the genus 
 Aconitum ; aconite. 
 2. The winter aconite, or HelleboTUs hyemalis. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 WOLF'S'-€LAW, 7i. A cryptogamous plant of the ge- 
 nus Lvcopodmm, or cltibmoss kind. Lee. 
 
 WOLF'S'-.MILK, 71. An herb. JlinstDortA. 
 
 WOLF'S'-PeACH, 71. A plant of the genus Sola- 
 num, (Lycopersicum csculentum ;) the tomato or 
 love-apple. 
 
 WOL'LAS-TOX-ITE, 71. [from Dr. Wollaston.] A 
 
 variety of t_abiilar spar. Dona. 
 VVOL-VER-iCjN'E', ; 71. A carnivorous mammal, the 
 WOL-VER-INE', ( Giilo Luscus, a quadruped in- 
 liabiting the coasts of the Arctic Sea. It is some- 
 times called (iuicK-IlATCH, and Ht;DsoN's-BAV 
 Bear. 
 
 WOL-VER-INE', 71. A cant term given to an inhab- 
 itant of .Michigan. 
 
 WOL'VISII, a. More properly Wolfish, which see. 
 
 WOM'AN, 71. ; pi. Women. [A compound of womb 
 and man. It is the same word as L,. fxmina; the 
 Latins writing / for w. The plural, as written, 
 seems to be womb-men. But we pronounce it wiincn, 
 and .so it oiiclit to be written, for it is from the Saxon 
 wifmnn, wife-man.] 
 
 1. The female of the human race, grown to adult 
 years. 
 
 And the rib, which the Lord God had t:dien from tlie man, made 
 he a woman. — Gen. ii. 
 
 Women are soft, mild, pitiiul, and flexible. Shak. 
 
 We see every day womtn pf-rish with infamy, by having Ixron 
 too willing to set their tjeauty to show. Jtarrjiler, 
 
 J have observed among all nations Uial the women ornament 
 tliemselves more than the men ; that when-ver found, they 
 are tlie same kind, civil, obliging, humane, tender beings, 
 inclined to be gny and cheerful, amorous und modest. 
 
 Ledyard, 
 
 9. A female attendant or servant. Shak, 
 WOM'AN', 7'. (. To make pliant. Shnk. 
 W0.M'Ai\-/'.1l, a. Accompanied or united with a 
 
 wom.in. f.Vnf iisprf.] Shak. 
 WO.M'A.N-IIAT-ER, 71. [woman and hater,] One 
 
 who has an aversitm to the female sex. .Sicirt. 
 WOM'A.N-IIOOI), 71. (iromari and /!()«(/.] The state, 
 character, or collective qualities of a woman. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 WOM'AN tZE, V. t. To make effeminate. [M 
 
 used. ] 
 
 WO.M'AN-ISH, fl. Suitable to a womnn ; having the 
 quiililies of a woman ; fc^miiiinc; as, womanuih hab- 
 its ; womanish tears ; a womanish voice. 
 
 Unjdcn, Shak, 
 
 WOM'Ai\-lvL\D, 71. [tDoinannnikind.] The female 
 sex ; tile race of females of the human kind. 
 
 .dddisoiu 
 
 WOM'AN-LlKE, a. Like a woman. 
 WO.M'AN-LY, a. Becoming a woman; feminine; 
 
 as, womanly behavior. Arbathnot, 
 A bliisliing, womanly discovering grace. Danjie, 
 WO.M'.-\N-LY, adv. In the manner of a woman. 
 WO.MB, (wooin,) >i. [Sax. if(iw!< ; GulU.wamba; Sw. 
 
 vdinb; Dan. voin ; Scot, wame; G, wawpe, belly, a 
 
 dewlap ; D. wa?n,] 
 
 1. The uterus of a female ; that part where the 
 young of an animal is conceived and nourished till 
 its birth. Ctjc 
 
 2. The place where any thing is produced. 
 
 The womb of earlli tJie genial seed receives. Dryden, 
 
 3. Any large or deep cavity. Addison. 
 Womb of the mornintr; in Scripture, the clouds, 
 
 which distill dew ; supposed to be eiiiblejnatic of 
 the church bringing forth multitudes to Christ. 
 Ps. ex. 
 
 WOMB,B. t. To inclose ; to breed in secret. [.Vo( in 
 use.] Shak. 
 
 WOlf'BAT, 71. A marsupiate mammal, the Plias- 
 colomys Wombat, of the opossum family. It is 
 about the size of the badger. It inhabits New Hol- 
 land. 
 
 WO.MB'Y, (woom'y,) a. Capacious. [JVbt tn use.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 WOM'EN, (wiin'en,) 71.; pi, of Woman. But it is 
 supposed the word we pronounce is from Sua, wif- 
 man, and therefore should be written VVimex. 
 
 WON, (won,) pret, and pp, of Win ; as. victories won, 
 
 WON, (wuii,) ) c. ?. [Sax. wuiiian ; iG. wohnen ; D. 
 
 WoNE, j woonen, to dwell, to continue ; Ir. 
 
 fanaim.] 
 
 To dwell ; to abide. [Oft-i.] Its participle is re- 
 tained in wont, tliat is, waned, Milton, 
 WON, (wun,) 11. A dwelling. [Obs.] Spenser, 
 WON'DER, (wun'dor,) «. [Sax. icu/iJcr ; G. wander; 
 D. wonder: Sw. and Dan. under; qu. Gr. ihatfoi, to 
 show ; and hence a siglil ; or from the root of Sp. 
 espanto, a panic] 
 
 1. That emotion which is excited by novelty, or 
 the presenilation to the sight or mind of something 
 new, unusual, strange, great, extraortlinary, or not 
 well understixid ; something that arrests the at- 
 tentitm by its novelty, granileur, or inexplicaule- 
 ness. Wonder expresses less than astonishment, and 
 much less than amazement. It ditfers from admi- 
 ration in not being necessarily accompanied with 
 love, esteem, or approbtition, r.or direotetl to persons. 
 But wonder sometimes is nearly allied to astonish- 
 ment, and the exact extent of the meaning of such 
 words can hardly be graduated. 
 
 They were filled with wonder and amazement. — Acts iii. 
 Wonder is the ellect of novelty upon ignorance. John^n. 
 
 2. Cause of wonder; that which excites surprise; 
 a strange thing ; a prodigy. 
 
 To trv things oft, and never 
 
 I ; 
 
 s a wonder to many. — Ps. Ix 
 
 3. Any thing mentioned with surprise. 
 Babylon, the wonder of all tongues. Minion. 
 
 4. A miracle. Ezod, iii. 
 
 Wonders of the ictirld. The seven wonders of the 
 world were the Egyptian pyramids, the mausoleum 
 erected by Artemisia, the temple of Diana at Ejilie- 
 sus, the walls and hanging gartiens of liab\Io!i, the 
 Colossus at Rhodes, the statue of Jupiter Olynipius, 
 and the Pharos or watclitowerof Alexandria. 
 WON'DER, (wtin'der,) v. i. [Sax. wundrian.] 
 
 To be affected by surprise or admiration. 
 
 ] could not svilficienlly wonder at tlie intrepidity of th'^se diminu- 
 tive mortals. Sie\fl. 
 
 We cease to wonder at what we understand. Johnson. 
 
 WON'DER-ER, n. One who wonders. 
 WO.V'DER-FflL, a. Adapted to excite wonder or 
 
 admiration ; exciting surprise ; strange ; astonishing. 
 
 Job xlii. 
 
 WOiV''DER-F}JL-LY', adv. In a manner to excite 
 wonder or surprise. 
 
 1 win praise thee, for 1 am feaifuUy and wonderfully made — 
 Ps. cxxxix. 
 
 WON'DER-FIIL-NESS, 71. The state or quality of be- 
 ing wonderful. Sidney, 
 
 WO.N'UER-ING, ppr, or a. Indulging or feeling won- 
 der. Oen. x\iv. Lidic xxiv. 
 
 WON'DKU-ING-IA", adv. In a wondering manner. 
 
 VVO.N'DER-.MENT, 11. Surprise; aslonislinieiit ; u 
 wonderful appearance. [Vuhrar.] 
 
 WO.N"DER-STRlJCK,a. [wonder anA .■<truck,'\ Struck 
 with wonder, admiration, anil surprise. Jirijden, 
 
 WON'DEU-WORK'ING, ( wurk'ing,) a. Doing won- 
 ders or surprising thing.s. 
 
 WON'DROUS, a. Admirable; marvelous; such n« 
 m,ay excite surprise and astonishment ; strange. 
 That I may puhli«h with the voice of thanksgiving, and tell of all 
 thy wotidruus works. — Ps. xxvi. 
 
 WON'DUOUS, Bi/iJ. In a wonderful or surprising de- 
 gree ; as, a place wtmdrous deep ; you are wondrous 
 
 FATE, FAR, F/VLL, WH^T. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1270 
 
woo V 
 
 fair; wondrous fond iif peace. These plirasea of 
 Cowley, Dryilcii, and Pope, are adiiiissUilo only in 
 the hidirroiis ami hiiiicsqtit' stjic. 
 WON'DROUS-l.Y, adi: III a strange or wonderful 
 manner or degre<^ 
 
 ChlO'.' coliipI;iiiiR, ;iml toondrougly 's a^j^i-'ved. GlanvVle. 
 
 WON'T, a contraction of woll not, that is, 7r/V/ not. 
 
 WONT, (want,) a. [ Ifont is strictly tlic participle pas- 
 sive of won, iciiiif Sax, ipttnian, to dwell, to remain, 
 to endure, to exist, to consist; G.wohncn, D. wooncn. 
 But the D. has trrnncn, Sw. t>«iiia, Dan. virinir.r, to 
 accustom; Ir.fatiaim, to remain. In Enu'lisli, the 
 verb is obsolete ; hut we retain the participle in use, 
 and form it into a verb. See the verh.l 
 
 .Accustomed ; habituated ; using or aoin;! custom- 
 arily. 
 
 If Ihp on were wonf to push widi his honi. — Kx. xxl. 
 
 Tht-y wrri' toont (o spi-ak in oM li , aayuig. — 2 Sam. xx. 
 
 Stu Mjlt. xxvii. 15. I.iilto xxii. 39. 
 
 WONT, (wunt,) II. Custom ; habit ; use. [Ois.] 
 
 Siditrtf. JliwUer. 
 
 WONT, (wunt,) r. i. To be accustomed or habitu- 
 ated ; to be used. 
 
 A yrarly solt-mii ^ast she wont to ninlte. Spenser. 
 
 Wliorcwitll lit! irodt to soar BO high. 106#.] Waller, 
 
 WONT'ED, (wunl'ed,) pp. or a. Accustomed ; used. 
 
 Apiitl hia teorit£d weapon proved. Spenser. 
 
 2. Accustomed ; made familiar by use. 
 She was wonted to tlic place, unii would not remove. 
 
 EHran^e. 
 
 WONT'ED-NESS, (wunt'ed-,) n. The state of being 
 accustomed. Kins; Charles. 
 
 WONT'LESS, (wunt'less,) a. Unaccustomed ; un- 
 used. [Oi.--.] Spenser. 
 
 WOO, r. t. [Sax. wotran, whence aicogod, wooed.] 
 
 1. To court; to solicit in love. 
 
 My |troncl riv.il uiooet 
 Another partner to his throne and Iv-d. PhVipt. 
 Kach, like the Grecian artist, t0ooe< 
 The image he himself has wronght. Prior. 
 
 2. To court solicitously ; to invite with importunity. 
 
 Thee, chantress, oft the wnods anion<7, 
 
 I iroo to liear Illy even sori^. ilji/ton. 
 
 WOO, V. i. To cotirt ; to make love. Drydcn. 
 WQQI), a. [Sax. mul.'] 
 
 Mail; furious. [OAi.] Spenser. 
 WOOD, II. [Sax. viida, wudn ; D. icniid ; W. •riniii.] 
 
 1. A large and thick collection of trees ; a forest. 
 
 I.iarht tliick-ns, aiut the crow 
 Makes wing to tlic rooky wood. ShftJc. 
 
 2. The substance of trees ; the bard substance 
 which composes the body of a tree and its branches, 
 and which is covered by the bark. 
 
 3. Trees cut or sawed for the fir*, ffood is yet 
 the principal fuel in the United States. 
 
 4. Timber ; trees cut' for architectural purposes, 
 ."i. An idol. Hab. ii. 
 
 WOOD, r i. To supply or get supplies of wood. 
 
 WOOD'--^-^'E.M'0-NE, ?i. a plant. Anemone ncmo- 
 rosa. [See .Ane.mone.I 
 
 WOOD'-XNT, n. [irooi/ and nn(.] A large ant living 
 in "society in woods and forests, anil ronstrni'ting 
 lane nests. E. C. Jlcrrich. 
 
 WOQD'-ASH-ES, ii. pi. [trnnd and ashes.] The re- 
 ninins of burnt wood or |llan^s. 
 
 [This word is used in England to distinguish 
 these ashes from the remains of coal. In the United 
 States, where wood chicHy is burnt, the people usu- 
 ally say simply o-vAci. But as coal becomes more 
 used, the English distinction will be necessary.] 
 
 WOOD' BIND, ) ti. A name given \o the honey- 
 
 W()OD'liiNE, I suckle, a species of Caprifolitim 
 or l.oniceni. Lee. 
 
 WOOD'-BOU.VD, a. [irond and bound.] Encuin- 
 hei-ed with tall, woody hedgerows. 
 
 WOOD'CIIAT, n. A s|>ecies of butcher-bird or 
 shrike, Lanitis rufus. Jardine. 
 
 WOOD'CIIUCK, II. [tcood and Persian i:AuA-, a hog. 
 See Chi k.] 
 
 In AVw F.nirtand, the popular name of a rodent 
 mammal, a species of the .Marmot tribe of animals, 
 the .Arclotnys inonax. The grounti htig. It burrows 
 and is iliirmant in winter. 
 
 WOOD'eilOIR, (-kwire,) ii. Songsters in a wood. 
 
 W^(])l)'-€oAI., n. [wood niid coal.] Charcoal ; also, 
 lis!nite or brown coal. 
 
 WQOD'eoCK, n. heood and cock.] A bird of the 
 genus Scolopax of I.innieiis, allieil to the snipes, but 
 with a nuire robust bill. Two s|)ecies are known by 
 this name, and these are widely distribiiteil. Their 
 flesh is esteemed a delicacy. J^iittall. .fardinr. 
 
 WOOD'COCK SHELL, ii. A name given by Eng- 
 lish naturalists to th*- shells of certain mollusks tif 
 the genus .Murex, which have a very long lube with 
 or without spines. Rees's t'ljc. P. Ct)c. 
 
 WOOD'-CRAFT, n. Skill and practice in shooting 
 anil other sports in the woods. 
 
 WQOD'-eUT, II. .An engraving on wood. 
 
 W(50D'-eUT-TER. II. A person who cuts wood. 
 
 WOOD'-C I IT-TING, a. Cutting wood. 
 
 WOQIl'-eUT-TlNG, II. The act or employment of 
 cutting wt)od. 
 
 WOO 
 
 WOOD'-DRINK, n. [ujood and drink.] A decoction 
 or infusion of medicinal wouils. 
 
 WOOD'-Eeil'O. C-ek'o,) n. An echo from the wood. 
 
 WrtAD'ED, a. Supplied or Covered w ith wood : as, 
 lanil wooded and watered. JlrbuUmot. 
 
 WOOD'K.N, a. [from wood.] Matlc of wood ; con- 
 sisting of wood ; as, a wooden box ; a wooden leg ; a 
 wooden horse. ^ 
 2. Clumsy ; awkward. 
 
 When a IkjIiI man is put out of countenance, he makes ft very 
 ujoo'/fii lijrnre on it. Collier. 
 
 WOOD'-KN-fiRSV'ING, n. Xylography; the act or 
 art' of engraving on wood, or of cutting figures of 
 natural objects on wood. Cijc. 
 9. An engraving on wood. 
 
 WOOD'-FRET-TER, 71. [wood mii fret.] An insect 
 or worm that eats wood. Jlinsworth. 
 
 WOOIV-lloLE, II. [wood and hole] A place where 
 wtiotl is laid lip. Philips. 
 
 WOOD'-IIOUSE, n. [wood and house.] A house or 
 siu'd in which wood is deposited and slielteretl from 
 the weather. United Stales. 
 
 WQOD'ING, ppr. Getting or supplying with wood. 
 
 /r(i,vAiii^toii. 
 
 WOOD'-LAND, n. [wood and land.] Land covereil 
 with wootl, or land on which trees are suflered to 
 grow, either for fuel or timber. .America. 
 
 2. In Knitland, a soil which, from its humidity and 
 color, resembles the soil in woods. Ctjc. 
 
 WOOD'L,\UK, II. [moot/ anil /arA-.l A bird, a species 
 of lark, the Al.atrda arborea, which, like the sky- 
 lark, utters its notes while on the wing. 
 
 Jardinc^s J\''at. Lib. 
 
 WOOU'-LaY-ER, n. [wood and layer.] A young 
 oiik or other timber-plant, laid down in a hedge 
 among the white thorn or other plants u.sed in 
 hedges. Cwc. 
 
 WOOD'LESS, a. Destitute of wood. Mitford. 
 
 wOO'>'Li:SS-NESS, n. State of being destitute xif 
 wood. 
 
 WOOD'-LOCK, n. [wood and lode] In ship-building, 
 a piece of elm, close fitted and sneathetl with cop- 
 per, in the throating or score of the pintle, to keep 
 the rudder from rising. Cije. 
 
 WOOD'-LOUSE, n. [wood and louse.] An in.sect, 
 the' lllilli'ped. Diet. A"u(. Hist. 
 
 WOOD'M.A.N, 11. [wood and man.] A forest olficer, 
 appointed to take care of tlie king's wood. 
 
 England. 
 
 2. A sportsman ; a hunter. Milton. Pope. 
 
 .1. One who cuts down trees. 
 WOOD'-.MEIL, II. A coarse, hairy stulT m.ade of Ice- 
 laud wool, used to line the ports of ships of war. 
 
 Ctjc. 
 
 WOOD'-MTTE, n. [wood and mite.] A small insect 
 found in old wood. 
 
 WOOD'-.M0N"GER, (-mung'ger,) n. [wood and mon- 
 ger.] A wood-seller. 
 
 WOQD'-MoTE, n. [wood and mote] In England, 
 the ancient name of the forest court ; now the court 
 of aitacliineiit. Ci;c. 
 
 WOQD'NEriS, n. Anger ; madness ; rage. [Oii.] 
 
 Fisher. 
 
 WOOD'-.NTOIIT'SHaDE, n. A plant, Solanum Dul- 
 camara : woody nightshade. 
 WOOD'-NOTE, n. [wood and note.] Wild music. 
 
 Or sweetest Shaksp-ari', fancy's cliild, 
 
 Warlile his native tBood-noUi wild. Ttrdton. 
 
 WOflD'-NYMPIl, ( nimf,) n. [wood and nymph.] A 
 fabled godtless of the woods ; a tlryad. 
 
 'Die wooit.nijmphe deckoii with daisies trim. ^rcton. 
 
 ^\■OOI)'-OF'FEK-ING, n. Wood burnt on the altar. 
 A-/a. X. 
 
 WOOD'-o-PAL, n. A .ttriped variety of coarse opal, 
 having some resemblance to wood. Dana. 
 
 WOOU'PECK-ER, II. [wood ani peck.] A name of 
 numerous species of scansorial birds, of the genus 
 Picus, which have strong bills, and peck Uoles in the 
 wood or bark of trees, in pursuit of insects. 
 
 WOOD'-PIG'EON, (-pid'jun,) n. [wood and piVfoii.] 
 "fUe ring-dove, (Coluinba paliinibu.s.) Kil. Eneiic. 
 
 WOOD'-PC'CE-RO.N, n. [toood and piiecroii.]' A 
 small insect of a grayish color, having two hollow 
 horns on the hinder part of its body. It resembles 
 the puccron of the alder, but it penetrates into the 
 wooil. Ci,r. 
 
 WOOD'REEVE, n. [irooiZ and reere.] In England, 
 tile steward or overseer of a wotid. 
 
 WOOD'-ROCK, n. A compact variety of asbestos. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 WOOD'-ROOF, j II. [wood and roof i>r niff.] A plant 
 
 WO(^l)'-RUFF, i of the genus Asperula. Loudon. 
 
 WOOD'-SaGE, H. [wuorf and ,v«;rr.] ,\ plant found 
 in woods, Teucrium scorodonia, having the smell of 
 garlic. Loudon. 
 
 VVOOD'-S.\RE, n. A kind of froth seen on herbs. 
 
 Bocell. 
 
 WOOD'-SGREW, n. The ordinary screw made of 
 
 iron, for uniting pieces of wood. 
 WiX)D'-SkRE, II. The time when there is no sap in 
 
 a I r e. Tus.scr. 
 WOOD'-SIIOCK, n. The wejack, a quadniiwd of 
 
 the weasel kinti in North America. It is the Mus- 
 
 WOO 
 
 tela Canadensis of Linnaeus, a digitigrade carnivo- 
 rtius maninutl, sometimes calleil Pekan, OreiiocK, 
 Fisher Weasel, etc. It is found from Pennsylva- 
 nia to the Gre.at Slave I.aki^ and across the conti- 
 nent to the shores of the Pacific. 
 WOOD'-.«(?pT, II. [wood and sont.] Soot from burnt 
 wood, which has been found useful as a manure. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 WOOD'-SOK-REL, n. [wood and sorrel] A plant 
 
 of the genus Oxalis, having an acid t.aKte. Lee. 
 WOOD'-SPITE, n. [wood ntid .fpite.] A name given 
 
 in some parts of England to the green woodpecker. 
 WOOD'-STONE, 71. A striped variety of horn-.-ttine, 
 
 soini^wliat resembling wood in appearance. Dana. 
 Wf)QD'-TIN, It. A nodular variety of oxyd of tin, 
 
 of a brown color, found in Cornwall. Drande, 
 WOOD'WAKD, II. [wood anH ward.] An officer of 
 
 tfie" forest, whose duty is to guard the woiids. [I'.ng- 
 
 land.] Cue. 
 WOOD'-WASII, ) n. Names applied to dyer's 
 WOrtl)'-\VA.\, 5 broom, or dyer's weetl, Ge- 
 WOrtl)'-\VA.\-^;N, ) nista tinctoria. Cijc. Booth. 
 WOOD'WORK, II. That part of any structure 
 
 wliirli is wrought of wood. 
 Wf)OD'\V0R.M, {-wiirm,) n. [wood and worm.] A 
 
 worm that is bred in wtiod. .Johnson. 
 WOOD'Y, a. [from wood.] Abounding with wood ; 
 
 as, woody land; a woody region. 
 
 Secri-t shades 
 Of woody Ma's inmost {jrovc. AfCton. 
 
 2. Consisting of wood ; ligneous ; as, the woody 
 parts of plants. 
 
 3. Pertaining to woods ; sylvan ; as, irooify nynipbs. | 
 
 Spenser. I 
 
 Woody fiber consists of slender, membranous tubes 
 tai-.cring at each end, on the tissue of wtHid. 
 
 WOOD'Y-NIGIIT'SHaDE, II, A plant ; bittersweet ; 
 S'oianum Dulcamara ; originally from Europe, but 
 natiirali/.ed in North America, 
 
 WOO'ER, II. [from woo.] One who courts, or so- 
 licits in love. Bacon, 
 
 WOOF, 71. [Sax. weft, from wefan, to weave ; Sw. 
 rd/; Gr. i^.i.] 
 
 1. The threads that cross the warp inweaving; 
 the weft. Bacon. 
 
 2. Texture ; cloth ; as, a pall of softest woof. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 WOOF'Y, a. Having a close texture ; dense ; as, a 
 woofij cloud. Miss J. Baillie. 
 
 WOO'ING, ppr. [from woo.] Courting ; soliciting 
 in love. 
 
 WOO'ING-LY, ade. Enticingly; with persuasive- 
 ness ; so as to invite to stay. Shak. 
 
 WOOL, II. [Sa.x. wul; Q.'woUe: D. wol; Sw. ii« ; 
 Dan. uW; Itiiss. lo/iiu ; Basque, u/cu. (ill. Gr. umA.)«, 
 soft ; iotiA<s, down ; or L. vcllus, from rf//o, to pull 
 ofi-.) 
 
 1. That stifl species of hair which grows on sheep 
 and some other animals, which in fineness some- 
 times approaches to fur. The wonl generally signi- 
 fies the fleecy coat of the sheep, which constitutes a 
 most essential material of clothing in all cold and 
 temperate climates. 
 
 2. Short, thick hair. 
 
 3. In botany, a sort of pnbestu^ncr, or a clothing of 
 dense, curling hairs on the surface of certain plants. 
 
 .^Vnrfyii. 
 
 WOOL'-RALIj, 71. A ball or mass of wool found in 
 tile' stoinacli of sheep. Cyc. 
 
 WOOL'-eOiMB-ER, (-kom'cr,) n. One whose occu- 
 pation is tti comb wtiol. 
 
 WOOLD, V. t. [D. woeten, bnroelrn ; G. w»hlen.] 
 
 To wintl, particularly to wind a rope round a mast 
 or yard, when made of two or more pieces, at the 
 jilace where they are tisi.ed, for confining anil sup- 
 jiorting them. Mar. Diet. 
 
 WOOLD'ED, pp. Bound fast with ropes; wound 
 rou nd. 
 
 WOULD'ER, n. A stick used in woolding. 
 
 Mar. Diet 
 
 WOOI.D'ING, ppr. Binding ftist with ropes ; wind- 
 iiiir round. 
 
 WOOI.D'ING, n. The act of winding, as a rope 
 
 round a mast. 
 9. The rope tiseil for binding masts and spars. 
 WOOL'-DRIV-ER, ii. [wool and driver.] One who 
 
 buys woid and carries it to market. 
 WOOL'E.N, <i. Made of wool ; consisting of wool ; 
 
 as, woolen cloth. 
 
 3. Pertaining to wool ; as, leuo/rn manufactures. 
 WOOL'EN, II. Cloth made of wool. Pope. 
 W()6L'E.N-DRa-PER, n. One who deals in woolen 
 
 ctiods. 
 
 WOOL'FEL, n. [wool and fel, L. prilis.] 
 
 ' A skin with the wool ; a skin from which the 
 wool has not been sheared or pulled. Danes. 
 
 WOOL'-GATH-ER-ING, o. or n. A term applied to a 
 vagrant or idle exercise of the imagination, often 
 leading to a neglect of present objects. Burton. 
 
 WOOL'-GROW-ER, n. [wool and grow.) A person 
 who raises sheep for the production of wtxil. 
 
 WOOL'-GR0W-I.\G. o. Producing sheep and wool. 
 
 W(X)L'I-NESS, ju (from mooUy.] The state of be- 
 ing' woolly. 
 
 TONE, B^LL, qNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K : as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 1271 
 
WOR 
 
 WOOL'LY, a. Consisting of wool ; as, a woolly cov- 
 ering ; a woolly fleece. Dryden. 
 
 2. Resembling wool ; as, woolly hair. Shak. 
 
 3. Clothed with wool ; a?, woolly breeders. Shak. 
 
 4. In botany, clothed with a pubescence resembling 
 wool. Martyn. 
 
 VVOOL'LY-PAS'TI-NU.M, n. A name given in the 
 Eait Indies to a species of red orpiment or arsenic. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 VVOQL'PACK, 7!. [wool and pack.] A pack or bag 
 of wool. 
 
 2. Any thing bulky without weight. Clcavetand. 
 VVOOL'SACK, 71. [wool and sack.] A sack or bag of 
 wool. 
 
 2. The seat of the lord chancellor of Engl.and in 
 the house of lords, being a large, square bag of wool, 
 without back or arms, covered with red cloth. 
 
 Braiule. 
 
 VVOQL'-STa-PLE, 71. [wool and .itaplc] A city or 
 town where wool used to be brought to the king's 
 staple for s.ile. 
 
 WOOL'-STa-PLER, 71. One who deals in wool. 
 
 w66L'-TRaDE, 71. [wool and trade.] The trade in 
 wo'ol. 
 
 WOOL'WARD, adv. In wool. 
 
 To go woolward, was to wear woolen next the 
 skin, as a penance. Toone. Siiak. 
 
 \VOOL'-^\^.^■D-ER, 71. [wool and wind.] A person 
 employed to wind or make up wool into bundles to 
 be packed for sale. Cyc. 
 
 WOOP, n. A bird. 
 
 WOOS, 71. A plant ; a sea weed. 
 
 WOOTZ, 71. Indian steel, a metallic substance im- 
 ported from the East Indies ; valued as the material 
 of edge-tools. It has in combination a minute por- 
 tion of alumine and silica. Webster^s .Manual. 
 
 WORD, (wurd,) n. [J=ax. word or wyrd ; G. wort ; D. 
 woord ; Dan. and Sw. ord: Sans, wartha. This word 
 is probably the participle of a root in Br, and radi- 
 cally the same as L. rerbum ; Ir. abairun, to speak. 
 A word is that which is uttered or thrown out.] 
 
 1. An articulate or vocal sound, or a couibiu.ation 
 of articulate and vocal sounds, uttered by the human 
 voice, and by custom expressing an idea or ideas ; a 
 single component part of humaa speech or language. 
 Thus a in English is a word ; but few words consist 
 of one letter only. Most words consist of two or 
 more letters, as ^o, do, shall, called monosyllables, or 
 of two or more syllables, as honor, goodness, amia- 
 ble. 
 
 2. The letter or letters, written or printed, which 
 represent a sound or combination of sounds. 
 
 3. A short discourse. 
 
 Shiill I vouchsafe your worship a word or two f Shak. 
 
 4. Talk ; discourse. 
 
 Wliy sliauUI calamity be full of words ? Shak. 
 Be thy words severe. Drytlen. 
 
 5. Dispute ; verbal contention ; as, some words 
 grew between us. 
 
 6. Language ; living speech ; oral expression. 
 The me.ssage was delivereiJ by word of mouth. 
 
 7. Promise. He gave nie his word he would pay 
 me. 
 
 Obey thy parents ; keep thy word justly. Shak. 
 
 8. Signal; order; command. 
 
 Give the word throu;jh. Slink. 
 
 9. Account ; tidings ; message. Bffng nic wurd 
 what is the issue of the contest. 
 
 10. Declaration ; purpose expressed. 
 
 1 know you brave, and take you at your word. Dryden. 
 
 11. Declaration; affirmation. 
 
 1 desire not the reader should t^ike nty word. Dryden. 
 
 12. The Scripture ; divine revelation, or any part 
 of it. 1'his is called the word of Uo^ 
 
 13. Christ. John i. 
 
 14. A motto ; a short sentence ; a proverb. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 A good word; commendation ; favorable account. 
 
 And (jave tlie harinl'-aa fellow a good leord. Pope. 
 In word ; in declaration only. 
 
 Let OS not love in word only, neither in tongue ; but in deed and 
 in truth. — 1 John iii. 
 WORD, (wurd,) r. i. To dispute. [LiUle used.] 
 
 Rstrange. 
 
 WORD, (wurd,) r. (. To express in words. Take 
 care to word ideas with propriety. 
 
 The apoloffy for the kln^ is the lame, but wordid with ^atcr 
 def.-renci- to that great prince. Addison. 
 
 WORD'-CATCH-ER, ti. One who cavils at words. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 WORD'ED, pp. Expressed in words. 
 WORD'ER, 7u A speaker. [J^ot in use.'j Whitlock. 
 WORD'I-LY, ado. In a verbose or wortly manner. 
 WORD'I-NE.SH, 71. \Uim wordy.] The Hlatc or qiial- 
 
 iiy of abounding with words. A-^h, 
 WoHD'ING, ppr. Expressing in words. 
 WOllD'ING, n. The act of expressing in worils. 
 
 2. The manner of exiiresaing in words. The 
 
 wirrdinp of the ideafl is very judictoiifl. 
 WORD'IHH, o. Resjitcting words. [JVot u»frf.l 
 
 Sidney. 
 
 WOR 
 
 WORD'ISH-.VESS, 71. Manner of wording. [jVot 
 
 used.] 
 
 WORD'LESS, a. Not using words ; not speaking ; 
 
 silent. ' Shak. 
 
 WORD'Y, (wurd'e,) a. Using many words ; verbose ; 
 as, a wordy speaker ; a wordy orator. Spectator. 
 2. Containing many words ; full of words. 
 
 We need not lavish houre in wordy periods. Philips. 
 
 WoRE, pret. of Wear. He wore gloves. 
 Wore, pret of Wabe. They wore ship. 
 WORK, (wurk,) v. i. ; pret. and pp. Worked or 
 
 Wrought. [Sax. weorcan, wircan, wyrcan ; Goth. 
 
 waurkyan ; D. werken : G. wirken ; Sw. virka, verka ; 
 
 Dai\. virker ; Gr. £ft} ai^ofiai.l 
 
 1. In a general sense, to iiA^ve, or to move one way 
 and the other ; to perform , as in popular language 
 it is said, a mill or machine works well. 
 
 2. To labor ; to be occupied in performing manual 
 labor, whether severe or moderate. One man works 
 better than another ; one man works hard ; another 
 works lazily. 
 
 3. To be in action or motion ; as, the working of 
 the heart. Shak, 
 
 4. To act ; to carrj' on operations. 
 
 Our better pan remains 
 To work in close desi^. MilUm. 
 
 5. To operate ; to carry on business ; to be cus- 
 tomarily engaged or employed in. Some work in the 
 mines, others in the loom, others at the anvil. 
 
 Tliey that UJorfc in fine flax. — Is. xil. 
 
 6. To ferment ; as, unferniented liquors work vio- 
 lently in hot weather. 
 
 7. To operat-e ; to produce effects by action or in- 
 fluence. 
 
 All things work together for good to them that love God. — 
 Roin. viii. 
 
 This so wrought upon the child, tliat afterward he desired to be 
 taught. Locke. 
 
 8. To obtain by diligence. [Little used.] Slink. 
 
 9. To act or operate on the stomach and bowels, 
 as a cathartic. 
 
 10. To labor ; to strain ; to move heavily ; as, a 
 ship works in a tempest. 
 
 11. To be tossed or agitated. 
 
 Confused with working sands and rolling waves. Addison. 
 
 12. To enter by working ; as, to work into the 
 earth. 
 
 To work on ; to act on ; to influence. 
 To work up ; to make way. 
 
 Bo<ly shall up to spirit irort. JV/if(on. 
 
 To work to windward ; among seamen, to sail or ply 
 against the wind ; to beat. Mar. Diet. 
 
 WORK, (wurk,) v. t. To move ; to stir and mix ; as, 
 to work mortar. 
 
 2. To form by labor ; to mold, shape, or manufac- 
 ture ; as, to work wood or iron into a form desired, 
 or into a utensil ; to work cotton or wool into cloth. 
 
 3. To bring into any state by action. foul stream, 
 or new wine or cider, worlcs itself clear. 
 
 4. To influence by acting upon ; to manage ; to 
 lead. 
 
 And work your royal father to his ruin. Philips. 
 
 5. To make by action, labor, or violence. A stream 
 works a p.issage or a new channel. 
 
 Sidelong he t^orits his way. MUton. 
 
 6. To produce by action, labor, or exertion. 
 
 We might work any cflect — only by tbe.uuity of nature. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Each herb he knew, that works or good or ill. Harle. 
 
 7. To embroider; as, to Tcori muslin. 
 
 8. To direct the movements of, by adapting the 
 sails to the wind ; as, to work a ship. 
 
 9. To put to labor ; to exert. 
 
 H'orjt every nerve. Addison. 
 
 10. To cause to ferment, as liquor. 
 
 To work out ; to effect by labor and exertion. 
 M'orfc out your own salvation with fear aud trembling. — 
 riul. li. 
 
 2. To erase ; to efface. [Mot used.] 
 
 3. To solve, as a problem. 
 
 7^ work up : to raise ; to excite ; as, to work up the 
 passions to rage. 
 
 The sun, that ritlls his chariot o'er their heads, 
 
 Works up mure tire and color in their cheeks. Addison. 
 
 2. To expend in any work, as materials. They 
 have worked up all the stock. 
 
 To work double tides ; in the language of seamen, to 
 perform the labor of three days in two ; a phrase 
 taken from the practice of working by the night tide as 
 well as bif the dan. 
 
 To work into : to make way, or to insinuate ; as, to 
 tcor* one's self into favor or confldence. 
 
 To work a passage; among .'leamen, to pay for a 
 passage by doing duty on board of the ship. 
 WORK, (wurk,) n. [Sax. weorc ; D. and G. wcrk ; 
 Dan. and Sw. i^rrk ; Gr. epyof.] 
 
 1. Eabor ; employment; exertion of strength ; par- 
 ticularly in man, manual labor. 
 
 2. State of labor ; as, to be al work. 
 
 '•). Awkward performance. What work you make ! 
 
 WOR 
 
 4. That which is made or done ; as, good wort, or 
 bad work. Jifilton. 
 
 5. Embroidery ; flowers or figures wrought with 
 the needle. 
 
 6. Any fabric or manufacture. 
 
 7. The matter on which one is at work. In rising, 
 she dropped her work. 
 
 8. Action ; deed ; feat ; achievement ; as, the 
 works of bloody Mars. Pope. 
 
 9. Operation. 
 
 As to the composition or dissolution of mixed bodies, which is the 
 chief work of elements. Digby. 
 
 10. Effect ; that which proceeds from agency. 
 
 Fancy 
 
 Wild work produces ofi, and most in dreams. idHton. 
 
 11. Management ; treatment. Shak. 
 
 12. That which is produced by mental labor; a 
 composition ; a book ; as, the works of Addison. 
 
 13. IVurks, in the plural; walls, trenches, and the 
 like, made for fortifications. 
 
 14. In tlicology, moral duties, or external perform- 
 ances, as distinct from grace. 
 
 To set to work, i to employ ; to engage in any busi 
 To set on work ; \ ness. Hooker. 
 WORK'A-BLE, (wurk'a-bl,) o. Capable of being 
 worked, as a metal. Ure. 
 
 2. That can be worked, or that is worth working , 
 as, a workable mine. Hitchcock. Conybeare. 
 
 WORK'-B.-\G, 71. A lady's reticule, or bag for holding 
 work. 
 
 WORK'-DaY, 71. See Woukikg-Dat. 
 
 WORK'JJD, (wurkt,) pp. Moved ; labored ; performed ; 
 
 managed ; fermented. 
 WORK'ER, 71. One that works ; one that performs. 
 WORK'-FEL-LoW, 71. One engaged in the same 
 
 work with another. Rom. xvi. 
 WORK'-FoLK, 71. Persons that labor. [Obs.] 
 
 Beaum. S( Fl. 
 
 WORK'-HOUSE, ) 71. A house where anv man- 
 
 WORK'ING-HOUSE, ( ufacture is carried on. 
 
 2. Oenerally, a house in which idle and vicious 
 persons are confined to labor. 
 
 WORK'ING, (wurk'ing,) ppr. or a. Moving ; operat- 
 ing ; laboring ; fermenting. | 
 
 WORK'ING, 71. Motion ; the act of laboring. Shak. 
 
 2. Fermentation. Bacon. 
 
 3. Movement ; operation ; as, the icorA-mirj,- of fancy. 
 WORK'ING-DaY, 71. [work and datj.] A day on 
 
 which work is performed, as distinguished from the 
 Sabbath, festivals, &.c. 
 
 2. a. Plodding; hard-working; as, this working- 
 day world. Shak. 
 WORK'.M.\X, 71. [work and 77ia7i.] Any man em- 
 ployed in labor, whether in tillage or manufactures. 
 
 2. By way of eminence, a skillful artificer or la- 
 borer. 
 
 WORK'MAN-LIKE, (wurk'-,) a. Skillful ; well per- 
 ft)rmed. 
 
 WORK'.MAN-LY, (wurk'-,) a. Skillful ; well per- 
 formed. 
 
 WORK'MAN-L. (wurk'-,) adv. In a skillful man- 
 ner ; in a mani ir becoming a workman. Tusser. 
 
 WORK'MAN-SHiP, (wurk'-,) 71. Manufacture ; some- 
 thing made, particularly by manual labor. Exod. 
 xxxi. 
 
 2. That which is effected, made, or produced. 
 Eph. ii. 
 
 3. The skill of a workman ; or the execution or 
 manner of making any thing. The workmanship of 
 this cloth is admirable. 
 
 4. The art of working. Woodward. 
 WORK'-MAS-TER, (wurk'-,) n. [work and master.] 
 
 The performer of any work. Spenser. 
 
 WORK'SHOP, (wurk',) 71. [ifoW; and shop.] A shop 
 where any manufacture is carried on. 
 
 WORK'-Ta-BLE, (wurk'-,) 71. A small table, con- 
 taining drawers and other conveniences for ladies 
 in respect to their needlework. 
 
 WORK'-VVO.M-AN, (wurk'-,) 71. A woman who per- 
 forms any work, or one skilled in needlework. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 WORK'Y-DaY, n. [Corrupted from looriin^-iiay.] A 
 dav not the Sabbath. Shak. 
 
 WOULD, (wurld,) 71. [Sax. weorold, woruld ; D. 
 wacreld ; Sw. vcrld. This seems to be a compound 
 word, and probably is named from roundness, the 
 vault, but this is nut certain.] 
 
 1. The universe ; the whole system of created 
 globes or vast bodies of in.atter. 
 
 2. The earth ; the terraqueous globe ; sometimes 
 called the hirer world. 
 
 3. The heavens ; as when wo speak of the heav- 
 enly world, or upper world. 
 
 4. System of beings ; or the orbs which occupy 
 Rp,ace, and all the beings which inhabit them. 
 Hcb. xi. 
 
 Ooil — hath in these last days spoken to us by his Son, whom he 
 hath npnoint.-d heir of all things ; by whom »Uo be made llio 
 i»orW». — lleb. i. 
 
 There mnv be other worlds, where the InhabilanU have never 
 violated! their allegiance to their Almighty Soverrlirn. 
 
 If. fl. Spragut. 
 
 5. Present stale of existence ; as, while we are in 
 the world. 
 
 FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— MUTE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BTRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK — 
 
 1272 
 
WOR 
 
 C. A scculiir life. Uy the world we suiiifliines un- 
 diTsUiml the lliinKS of this worlil, its pU-nsurea and 
 interests. A preat part of inaiikinil are more anx- 
 ious to enjoy the tcurltl than to sectire divine favor. 
 
 7. Fubhc life or society ; as, banished from the 
 world. SJiak. 
 
 8. Business or trouble of life. 
 
 Kium this worM'WenrliHl fle«h. Shak. 
 
 9. A great multitude or quantity ; as, a world of 
 business ; a world of charms. MtUon. 
 
 10. Mankind ; people in general ; in an indcjinite 
 sense. Let the world see your fortitude. 
 
 Who«e Ui«po«iuon all the wrld well linowt. Shak. 
 
 11. Course of life. He begins the world with little 
 property, but with many friends. 
 
 12. Universal empire. 
 
 Tlii* lhroii*h the lvi»t jiiit vengeance hurlej, 
 
 AiiJ lost poor Antony the world. Prior. 
 
 13. The customs and manners of men ; the prac- 
 tice of life. .\ knowledge of the world is necessary 
 for a man of business ; it is essential to politeness. 
 
 14. All the world contains. 
 
 Had I a thousaud xoorld*. I would gire them all for one year 
 more to dcTote to God. Lais. 
 
 15. The principal nations or countries of the earth. 
 Alexander conquered the world. 
 
 Ifi. The Roman empire. Scripture. 
 
 17. A large tract of country ; a wide compass of 
 things. 
 
 I miwt descry new vorlds. Cotcley. 
 
 18. The inhabitants of the earth; the whole hu- 
 man race. John iii. 
 
 19. 'I'he cnrnni state or corruption of the earth ; as, 
 the present evil world; the course of this world. 
 Ottl. i. Epk. ii. 
 
 20. The ungodly part of the world. 
 
 1 pr\v not tor the uorM, but for them Uial tltou bast pvtn me. 
 — John XTu. 
 
 21. Time ; as in the phrase, world without end. 
 
 22. .K collection of wonders. [JW in ruse.] 
 lathe world; in possibility. All the precaution in 
 
 the world would not save him. 
 
 For (iH fA< worW; exactly. [L'dtle used.] Sidney. 
 2. For anv consideration. 
 WORLD'-HX"RD-£\-KD, f wurld'hird-nd,) a. Hard- 
 ened by the love of worldly things. 
 VVORLD'M-.N'ESS, II. [froniirorW.] A predominant 
 piission for obtaining the good things of this life ; 
 covetousness ; addictedness to gain and temporal 
 enji»ymenLs. 
 
 WORLD'LI.NG, n. A person whose soul is set upon 
 gaining teni|>oral possessions; one devoted to this 
 World and its enjoyments. 
 
 If we consider the expectations oi' futurity, the wortd'inz ffives 
 up the ar5\imenl. liogrrt. 
 
 WCRLD'LY, (wurld'le,) a. Secular; temporal; per- 
 taining to this world or life, in contradistinction to 
 the life to come ; as, wordly ple.isures ; wurLUy af- 
 fairs ; Worldly estate ; worldly honor ; worldly lusts, 
 rir. ii. 
 
 2. Devoted to this life and its enjoyments ; bent 
 on gain ; as, a worldly man ; a worldly mind. 
 
 3. Human; common; belonging to the world ; as, 
 worldUi actions; worldly m;ixiins. 
 
 VVORLD'LY, ode. With relation to this life. 
 
 Siihvertinj worldly strong and worldly \ 
 By uiiiply ivte-fk. 
 
 WORLD'LY-MIXD-ED, a. Devoted to the acquisi- 
 tion of property anri to temporal enjoyments. 
 
 WORLD'LV-.MT.\D-ED-.\ESS, n. A' predominating 
 love and pursuit of this world's goods, to the exclu- 
 sion of piety and attention to spiritual concerns. 
 2. State of being worldly-minded. 
 
 WOR.M, (wurm.) n. [Sax. wyrm : G. wurm : D. worm ; 
 Dan. onn ; Sw. id., a serpent. This word is probably 
 named from a winding motion, and the root of 
 swnrm.] 
 
 1. [n common tisage, any small, creeping anim.al, or 
 reptile, either entirely without feet, or with very 
 short ones, including a great variety of animals of 
 different classes and orders, viz., certain small ser- 
 pents, .IS the blind-worm or slow-worm ; the larvas 
 of insects, viz., grubs, caterpdiars, and maasots, as 
 the woori-wnrm, canker-worm, silk-worm, (the larva 
 of a moth, {PhaLma,) which spins the filaments of 
 which silk is made,) the gmh th.at injures com, 
 grass, tc, the worms that breed in putrid Hesh, the 
 bots in the stomach of horses, and many others ; 
 cerLain w ingless insects, as the glow-worm ; the in- 
 testin.il worms, or such as breed in the cavities and 
 organs of living animals, as the t.ipe-worm, the 
 round-worm, the fluke, &c. ; and numerous animals 
 found in the earth, ami in water, particularly in the 
 sea, as the eartli-wr>rin or lumbricus, the hair-worm 
 or gordius, the teredo, or worm that bores into the 
 bottom of ships, &.c. Hurm.--, in the plimil, in com- 
 mon usa»e, is used fur intestinal worms, or those 
 which breed in the stomach and bowels, particularly 
 the round and thread worms, {asearide.^ and oryu- 
 Ttdej,) which are often found there in great numbers ; 
 as We fay, a child has worm.i. 
 
 WOR 
 
 2. In zuolotry, the term yennei or worms has been 
 applied toditrereiit divisions of iiivertelinil animals, 
 by different naturnlisls. Liniixus's class of Serines 
 includes the following orders, viz., Intestina, in- 
 cluding the proper intestinal worms, the earth-worm, 
 the hair-worm, the teredo, and some other marine 
 worms ; Mollu^ea, including the slug, and numerous 
 soft animals inhabiting the water, particularly the 
 sea; Te.itacea, including all the proper shell-fish ; 
 Zuophyta, or compound animals, including corals, 
 polyp*'S, and sponges ; and Iiifiutoria, or simple 
 microscopic animalcules. His character of the class 
 is, spiracles obscure, jaws various, organs of sense 
 usually tentaciila, no brain, ears, nor nostrils, limbs 
 wanting, frequently hermaphrodite. This class in- 
 cludes all tlie invertebral animals, except the insects 
 and Crustacea. The term ycrmcs has been since 
 greatly limited, particularly by the French natural- 
 ists. Lamarck confined it to the intestinal worms, 
 and some others, whose organization is equ.ally 
 simple. The character of his class is, suboviparous, 
 body soft, highly reproductive, undergo no metamor- 
 phosis ; no eyes, nor articulated limbs, nor radiated 
 disposition of internal organs. /Annwus. Cyc. 
 
 3. ilcmorsc ; that which incessantly gnaws the 
 conscience ; that which torments. 
 
 Where tlieir worm dieth not, — Mark iz« 
 
 4. A being debased and despised. 
 
 1 ain a corn, and no man. — Ps. xiii. 
 
 5. A spiral instrument or iron screw, used for 
 drawing wads and cartridges from cannon or small 
 arms. 
 
 6. Something spiral, venniculated, or resembling 
 a worm, as the threads of a screw. Mozon. 
 
 7. Jn chemistry and distilleries, a spiral metallic 
 pipe placed in a tub of water, through which the 
 vapor p-asses in disiilhition, and in which it is cooled 
 and condens d. It is called also aScitre^TiNE. 
 
 8. A small worm-Iikc part situated beneath a dog's 
 tongue. Cyc. 
 
 WOR.M, (wurm,) r. t. To work slowly, gradually, 
 and secretly. 
 
 When ilebnlr-s and freltinj Jealousy 
 
 Di,l worm and work witiun you more and more, 
 
 Vour color faded. Herbert. 
 
 WORM, (wurm,) r. t. To expel or undermine by 
 slow and secret means. 
 
 They find tlienuelves wormed out of all power. 5i^:/r. 
 
 9. To cut something, called a worm, from under 
 the tongue of ;i dog. Cyc. 
 
 3. To draw the wad or cartridge from a gun ; to 
 clean by the worm. 
 
 4. To wintl a rope spirally round a cable, between 
 the strands ; or to wind a smaller rope with spun 
 yarn. jVar. DicL 
 
 To worm one's self into; to enter gradu;dly by arts 
 and insi^iuations ; as, to wonn one's self into favor. 
 VV0R.M'-F.AT-£N, (wunn'eet-n,) a. ficorm and ec?.] 
 Gnawed by worms; as, worm-eaten boards, planks, 
 or timber. 
 
 2. Old ; worthless. Ralegh. 
 WOR.M'f^D, pp. Cleared by a worm or screw. 
 WOR.M '-FENCE, n. A zigzag fence, made by placing 
 
 the ends of the rails upon each oilier ; sometimes 
 
 called a Stake Fesce. 
 WOR.M'-GRXSS, n. A plant of the genus Spigelia, 
 
 used as a vermifuge. 
 WOR.M'-HOLE, n. A hole made by the gnawing of a 
 
 worm. 
 
 WOR.M'ING, (wurm'ing)n. The act or operation of cut- 
 tins a wcirni-like ligament from under a dog's tongue. 
 
 WORM'ING, p/T. Entering by insinuation: drawing, 
 as a cartridge ; clearing, as a gun ; cutting out tlie 
 worm from under a dog's tongue. 
 
 WCRM'-LIKE, a. Resembling a worm ; spiral; ver- 
 micular. 
 
 WOR.M'-POW-DER, n. A powder used for expelling 
 worms frttm the stomach and intestines. 
 
 WOR.M'-SEEO, n. A seed which has the property of 
 expelling worms from the stomach, bowels, and in- 
 testines. It is said to be brought fruni Persia, and to 
 be the produce of a species of Artemisia. Cyc. 
 2. A plant of the senus Chenopodium. Lee. 
 
 WORM'-TI.\e-TL;RE, n. A tincture prepared from 
 earth-worms dried, pulverized, and mixed with oil of 
 tartar, spirit of wine, saffron, and castor. Cyc. 
 
 WORM'WQOD, n. [Sax. wermod ; G. wermnth.] 
 
 A plant, the .\rtemisia Absinthium. It has a bit- 
 ter, nauseous taste ; but it is stomachic and corrob- 
 orant. Cyc. 
 
 Tree-wormwood ; a speciesof Artemisia, with woody 
 stalks. Cyc. 
 
 WOR.M'Y, (wurm'e,)a. Containing a worm; abound- 
 ing with worms. 
 2. Earthy ; eroveling. 
 
 WoR.V, pp. of Wear ; as, a garment long worn. 
 
 WOR.N'-OUT, pp. or a. Consumed or rendered use- 
 less by wearing. 
 
 WOR'N'IL, n, A maggot that infests the backs of 
 cows. Derham. 
 
 WOR'RAL, n. An animal of the lizard kind, about 
 four feel long and eight inches broad, with a forked 
 
 WOR 
 
 tongue. It feeds on Hies, and ia harmless. It ii 
 found in EgypU Fococke. Cyc 
 
 WOll'RI-t'U, (wur'rid,) jip. [from worry. J Harassed; 
 fatigued. 
 
 WOR'RI-ER, n. [from trorry.] One that worries or 
 harasses. 
 
 VVOR'RY, (wur're,) r. t. [Sax. werig, malign, rexa- 
 tious ; weriffan, werian, to disturb, to lease, to harass, 
 to weary ; or Dan. urof, trouble, Sw. ora. The sense 
 of tearing does not properly beliinc to this word. It 
 may have that sense as secondary.] 
 
 1. To tease; to trouble; to haniss with importu- 
 nity, or with care and anxiety. Persons are ollen 
 worried with care and solicitude. 
 
 Let them rail. 
 
 And then worr^ one another at Uieir pleasure. Rvm. 
 Worry him cut uU he gives his cuiiseut. Swi/U 
 A church worried wiUi reTonnalion. South. 
 
 2. To fatigue ; to harass with labor ; a papular 
 sense of the word, 
 
 3. To harass by pursuit and barking; as, doga 
 teorrv sheep. 
 
 4. Yo tear ; to mangle with the teeth. 
 
 5. To vex ; to persecute brutally. 
 WOR'RY-ING, ppr. Teasing; troubling; harassing; 
 
 fatiguing ; tearing. 
 
 WOR'RY-LNG-LY, a<fr. Tcasingly ; harassingty. 
 
 WORSE, (wurse,) a. [Sax. wa;rse, wyrsc : Dan. cerre, 
 Sw. vdrre. This atljective has Ihe signification of 
 the comparative degree, and as bad has no compara- 
 tive and superlative, worse and worst are used in lieu 
 of them, although radically they have no relation to 
 bad.] 
 
 1. More evil ; more bad or ill ; more depraved and 
 corrupt ; in a moral sense. 
 
 r.vil men and seducers shall wax teorse and worse. — 3 I'im. Bi. 
 Thcie are men who term to believe th>.'y are not Uul while 
 anoUier can be found wortt. Rambler. 
 
 2. In a physical sense, in regard to health, more 
 sick. 
 
 She was nothing bettered, but rather grew tsorse. — M:\ric t. 
 
 3. More bad ; less perfect or good. This carriage 
 is worse for wear. 
 
 7Vic icorse ; the loss ; the disadvantage. 
 Judah was put to the worte before Israel. s— 2 Kings xiv. 
 2. Something less good. Think not the worse of 
 him for his enterprise. 
 WORSE, adv. Ill a in.anner more evil or bad 
 
 We wiil deal worse w ith thee than with them. — Gen. xix. 
 
 WORSE, to put to disadvantage, is not in use. [See 
 Worst.] Milton. 
 
 WORS'KN, r. (. To worse. [A"o« in itj«.] Milton. 
 
 WORS'ER, for Worse, is a vulgar word, and not used 
 in cotid writing or speaking. 
 
 WOR'SHIc", (wur'ship,) n. [Sax. weorthscirpe ; worth 
 and skip ; the state of worth or worthiness. See 
 
 WOHTK.I 
 
 1. Excellence of character; dignity; wortb ; 
 worthiness. 
 
 V.Xfin, bom of noble state. 
 And muckle worship in his native land. Spentrr. 
 
 In this sense, the word is nearly or quite obsolete ; 
 but hence, 
 
 2. A title of honor, used in addresses to certain 
 magistnites and others of respectable character. 
 
 My father desires vour t«»rsAip's company. Shak, 
 
 3. A term of ironical respect. A'opf. 
 
 4. Chicfiy and eminently, the act of p.aying divine 
 honors to the Supreme Ileing ; or the reverence and 
 homage paid to him in religious exercises, consisting 
 in adoration, confession, prayer, thanksgiving, and 
 the like. 
 
 The worship of God is an eminent part of religion. TV/otson. 
 Prayer is a chief part of relij^oos worship. TilloUon, 
 
 5. The homage paid to idols or false gods by pa- 
 gans ; as, the worship of Isis. 
 
 6. Honor ; respect ; civil deference. 
 
 Then ihalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at 
 meat with thee. — Luke xiv. 
 
 7. Idolatry of lovers ; obsequious or submissive re- 
 spect. - ShaJi, 
 
 WOR'SHIP, (wur'ship,) r. I, To adore ; to pay divine 
 honors to ; to reverence with supreme respect and 
 veneration. 
 
 Thou Shalt worship no other Gwi. — Ex. xxxiv. 
 
 Adore and isors.^jp Gud supreme. Milton. 
 
 2. To respect ; to honor ; lo treat with civil rever- 
 ence. 
 
 Nor worshiped with a waxen epitaph. Shak, 
 
 3. To honor with extravagant love and extreme 
 submission, as a lover. 
 
 With bended knees I daily worthip her. Cartw, 
 
 WOR'SHIP, r. t. To perform acts of adoration. 
 2. To perform religious service. 
 
 Onr fath-rs worshiped in this mountain. — John i» 
 W'OR'SHIP-KD, (wur'shipt,) pp. .Adored . treated 
 
 with divine honors ; treated with civil lespect 
 WOR'SlllP-ER, n. One who worships one who 
 pays divine honors to any being ; one who adores. 
 
 South. 
 
 TC.VE, BJiLL, i:.\ITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOi:S. — C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 160 
 
 CCCCC 
 
 1273 
 
WOR 
 
 WOU 
 
 WRA 
 
 WOR'SHIP-FIJL, a. Claiming respect; worthy of 
 lionur from iis charactLT or dignity. 
 
 Tills is toorship/ut society. SfjJc. 
 9. A term of respect, sometimes ironically. 
 W0R'?H1P Fl,L.-LY, a<ic. Respectfully. SItak. 
 WOirJ*HIP-ING. ppr. Adoring; pajing divine hon- 
 ors to; treating with supreme reverence; treating 
 with extreme submission. 
 WORST, (wurst,) a. [superl. of Worse, which see.] 
 
 1. Most bad ; most evil ; in a moral sense; as, the 
 wont man ; the worst sinner. 
 
 2. Most severe or dangerous ; most difficult to 
 heal ; as, the worst disease. 
 
 3. Most afflictive, pernicious, or calamitous; as, 
 the worst evil that can befall a state or an individual. 
 
 WORST, n. The most evil state ; in a moral sense. 
 
 2. The most severe or aggravated stale ; the hight ; 
 as, the disease is at the wtrt-st. 
 
 3. The most calamitous state. Be armed against 
 the worst. 
 
 WORS T, (wurst,) ». U To get the advantage over in 
 contest ; to defeat ; to overthrow. It is madness to 
 contend when we are sure to be worsted. 
 
 WORST' ED, (wurst'ed,) p/>. Defeated; overthrown. 
 
 WQRST'ED, (wust'ed,) n. [The origin of this word 
 is uncertain. It is usually supposed to take its name 
 from a town in England or in Flanders.] 
 
 Yarn made of wool drawn out into long filaments 
 by passing it, when oiled, through heated combs. It 
 is used for stockings and various other fine fabrics. 
 
 Ure. 
 
 WORST'ED, a. Consisting of worsted ; made of 
 
 worsted yarn ; as, worsted stockings. 
 WORT, (wurt,) n. [Sax. loyH ; G. wurz ; Sw. ort ; 
 
 Dan. urt: Fr. vert, verd ; from the root of L. vireo, to 
 
 grow ; riridis, green.] 
 
 1. A plant ; an herb ; now used chiefly or whol- 
 ly in compounds ; as in mugwort, licerwart, spleen- 
 wort. 
 
 2. A plant of the cabbage kind. 
 
 3. New beer unfermented, or in the act of ferment- 
 ation ; the sweet infusion of malt. Bacon. Cyc. 
 
 WOR'l'H, (wurth,) a termination, signifies a farm or 
 
 court ; as, in Wordsworth. 
 WORTH, (wurth,) i'. i. [Sax. weorthan, to be.] 
 
 This verb is now used only in the phrases, woe 
 
 trortA the day, woe worth, the man, &c., in which the 
 
 verb is in the imperative mode, and the noun in the 
 
 dative ; woe be to the day. 
 WORTH, (wurth,) 71. [Sax. weoth, wurth, wijrlh ; G. 
 
 werth ; D. waarde ; S w. vdrd ; Dan. rterd ; W. gwerth ; 
 
 L. rirtus, from the root of vireo. The primary sense 
 
 is strength.] 
 
 1. Value ; that quality of a thing which renders it 
 useful, or which will produce an equivalent good in 
 some other thing. The wortli of a day's labor may 
 be estimated in money, or in wheat. The worth of 
 labor is settled between the hirer and the hired. The 
 worth of commodities is usually the price they will 
 bring in market ; but price is not always worth. 
 
 2. Value of mental qualities ; excellence; virtue; 
 usefulness ; as, a man or magistrate of great worth. 
 
 As none but she, who in that court did dwell, 
 Could know stich worth, or trorth describe so well. Waller. 
 All iBorth consists ill doing good, and iu the disposition by which 
 it is done. Dwight. 
 
 3. Importance ; valuable qualities ; applied to 
 things; as, these things have since lo.st their worth. 
 
 WORTH, (wurth,) a. Equal in value to. Silver is 
 scarce -worth the labor of digging and refining. In 
 one country, a day's labor is wortA a dollar ; in an- 
 other, the same labor is not worth fifty cents. It is 
 wortii while to consider a subject well before we 
 come to a decision, 
 
 If your argfumenU produce no conviction, they are vorth noth- 
 ing to me. Btaitie 
 
 2. Deserving of; in a good or bad sense, but 
 chiefly in a good sense. The castle is worth defend- 
 ing. 
 
 To rei^ is worth ambition, though in hell. l^JUton. 
 This is life indeed, life worlA preserving. Addison. 
 
 3. Equal in possessions to; having estate to the 
 value of Most men are estimated by their neigh- 
 bors to be worth more than they are. A man worth a 
 hundred thousand dollars in the United States is 
 called rich ; hut not so in Ltindon or Paris. 
 
 Worthiest of blood ; an expression in law, denoting 
 the preference of sons to daughters in the descent of 
 estates. 
 
 WOR'THI-ER, a. eomp. More worthy. 
 WOR'THI-EST, a. superl. Most woithy. Borrow. 
 WOR'THI-LY, (wiir'lhe-lc,) orfi). In a manncrsuited 
 to; as, to walk worthily of our extraction. [Bad.] 
 
 Ray. 
 
 2. Deservedly ; according to merit. 
 
 You teonJiU)f iiicecei) not only to the houon of your nnceston, 
 but nUo to their virtues. Drydtn. 
 
 3. Justly ; not without cause. 
 
 I alTirm thiu some may very uwrl/iUy d- 
 
 WOR'TIII-NES.S, (wur'thc-neis,) 71. Desert ; merit. 
 
 Tl»e pmyer* which our Savior mailn were for his own wortlii. 
 n£tt occ/ pted. Hooker. 
 
 2. E.xcellence ; dignity ; virtue. 
 
 Who is sure he h«th a soul, unless 
 
 ll see, and judgv, nnd follow aorthineee ? Donnt. 
 
 3. Worth ; quality or state of deserving. Sidney. 
 WORTIl'LESS, a. Having no value; as, a worthless 
 
 garment ; a wortlile.^s ship. 
 
 2. Having no value of character or no virtue ; as, 
 a worthless man or woman. 
 
 3. Having no dignity or excellence ; as, a worthless 
 magistrate. 
 
 WORTH'LESS-LY, adv. In a worthless manner. 
 
 WORTH'LESS-NESS, n. Want of value ; want of 
 useful qualities ; as, the worthlessness of an old gar- 
 ment, or of barren land. 
 
 2. Want of excellence or dignity ; as, the wortli- 
 /ctsncss of a person. 
 
 WOR'THY, (xvur'the,) a. [G.wurdig; D. waardig ; 
 Sw. vdrdig/] 
 
 1. Deserving ; such as merits ; having worth or ex 
 celleiice ; equivalent ; with of before the thing de- 
 served. She h.is married a man worthy of her. 
 
 Thou art worthy of the sway. Slialc. 
 I am not worthy o/the least of all the mercies. — Gen. xxxii. 
 
 2. Possessing worth or excellence of qualities ; 
 virtuous ; estimable ; as, a wortJiy citizen ; a worthy 
 magistrate. 
 
 MUlon. 
 DavieB. 
 
 Happier thou mayst be, vtorlhier canst not be. 
 This worthy mind should worthy things embiace. 
 
 3. Suitable; having qualities suited to ; either in a 
 good or bad sense ; equal in value ; as, flowers worthy 
 of paradise. 
 
 4. Suitable to any thing bad. 
 
 The merciless Macdouald, 
 Worthy to be a rebel. Shak. 
 
 5. Deserving of ill ; as, things worthy of stripes. 
 Luke xii. 
 
 WOR'THY, (wur'the,) n. A man of eminent worth ; 
 a man distinguished for useful and estimable quali- 
 ties ; a man of valor ; a word much used in the plural; 
 as, the worthies of the church; political worthies; 
 military worthies. HohjJay. Milton. 
 
 WOR'THY, (wur'tfie,) v. t. To render worthy ; to ex- 
 alt. [JVof in MAC.] Shak. 
 
 WOT, V. i. [Originally Wat ; the preterit of Sax. 
 witan, to know, formerly used also in the present 
 tense.] 
 
 To know ; to be aware. [Oft^.] Spenser. 
 WOULD, (W9od, )pret. of Will. [G. wollen ; L. volo.] 
 ' Would is used as an auxiliary verb in conditional 
 forms of speech. " I would go if I could." This 
 form of expression denotes will or resolution, under a 
 condition or supposition. 
 
 You would go, j denote simply an event under a 
 
 He would go, \ condition or supposition. 
 
 The condition implied in would is not always ex- 
 pressed. "By pleasure and pain I would be under- 
 stood to mean what delights or molests us ; " that is, 
 if it should be asked what I mean by pleasure and 
 pain, I would thus explain what I wish to have un- 
 derstood. In this form of expression, which is very 
 common, there seems to be an implied allusion to an 
 inquiry, or to the supposition of something not ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 Would has the sense of wish or pray, particularly 
 in the phrases " would to God," " loould God we had 
 died in Egypt," " I would that you knew tvhat con- 
 flict I have ;" that is, I could wish such a thing, if 
 the wish could avail. Here also there is an implied 
 condition. 
 
 Would is used also for wish to do, or to have. What 
 
 woultlst tlioii What would he .' 
 WOULD'ING, (wud'ding,) n. Motion of desire. [JVo( 
 
 in use.] Hammond. 
 WOUND, (wound or woond,) ;u [Sax. Wiind; D.wond; 
 
 G. wunde ; W. gwanu, to thrust, to stab.] 
 
 1. A breach of the skin and flesh of an animal, or 
 of the bark and wood of a tree, or of the bark and 
 substance of other plants, caused by violence or ex- 
 ternal force. The self-healing power of living beings, 
 animal or vegetable, by which the parts separated in 
 wounds tend to unite and become sound, is a remark- 
 able proof of divine benevolence and wisdom. 
 
 2. Injury; hurt; as, a wound given to credit or 
 reputation. 
 
 [Walker condemns the pronunciation woond as a 
 " capricious novelty." It is certainly opposed to an 
 important princi[)le of our language, viz., that words 
 in ou, of Saxon origin, retain the regular Saxon sound 
 of oWy as sound, ground, found. Sec, while wortis de- 
 rived from the French have the sound of ou in that 
 language, as soup, group. Sec. It is very undesirable 
 to break in upon this rule, though woond is undoubt- 
 edly the fashionable pronunciation. — Kd.] 
 WOUND, (wound or woond,) r. t. To hurt by vio- 
 lence ; as, to wound the head or the arm ; to wound a 
 tree. 
 
 He was wounded fur our transgressions. — Is. liii. 
 
 WOUND, pret, and pp. of Wind. 
 WOUND'ED, p/). Hurt ; injured. 
 WOUND'ER, n. One that wounds. 
 WOIIND'ING, ppr. Hurting; injuring. 
 WOUND'ING, n. Hurt; injury. Ocn. iv. 
 
 WOUND'LESS, a. Free from hurt or injury. 
 WOU.\D'VV0RT, n. The name of several plants ; one 
 a species of Aciiillea ; another of the genus Stachys 
 or Hedgenettle ; another a species of Laserpitium ; 
 another a species of Sulidago; and another a species 
 of Senecio Cyc. 
 WOUND'Y, a. Excessive. [ Vulgar.] Oay. 
 WOVE, pret. of Weave, sometimes the participle. 
 WoV'£N, pp. or a. from Weave. 
 WOX, WOX'£N, for Waxed. [JVo« used.] 
 
 JVote — W before r is always silent. 
 WR-iCK, (rak,) n. [See Wreck.] A name given to 
 a marine plant, out of which kelp is made, and 
 which is also of great utility as a manure. It is 
 sometimes called Sea-Wrack or Sea-Wreck, and 
 Sea-Oak and Sea-Taxcle. It is the Fucus vesicu- 
 losus of Linn.TUs, a plant found on rocks left dry at 
 low water. The stalk runs along the middle of the 
 leaf, and is terminated by watery bladders. Cyc. 
 The grass-wrack is of the genus Zostera. Lee. 
 Wrack, and to wrack. See Wreck. 
 WRACK'FUL, a. Ruinous ; destructive. 
 WRaIN'-BoLT. See Wring-Bolt. 
 WRAITH, 71. An apparition of a person in his exact 
 likeness, seen before death or a little after. [Scot- 
 tish.] Jamieson, 
 WRAN"GLE, (rang'gl,) v. i. [from the root o( taring, 
 Sw. vriinga ; that is, to wring, to twist, to struggle, 
 to contend ; or it is from tne roo.t of ring, to sound.] 
 To dispute angrily ; to quarrel peevishly and nois- 
 ily ; to brawl ; to altercate. 
 
 For a score of kingdoms you should wrangle. S\ak. 
 He did not know what it was to wrangle ou indifferent points. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 WRAN"GLE, (rang'gl,) v. t. To involve in conten- 
 tion. [Liltle used.] Sanderson. 
 
 WRAN"GLE, (rang'gl,) 71. An angry dispute ; a noisy 
 quarrel. Swift. 
 
 WR.'\N"GLER, (rang'gler,) n. An angry disputant ; 
 one who disputes with heat or peevishness ; as, a 
 noisy, contentious wrangler. Watts. 
 
 Senior wrangler ; in the university of Cambridge, the 
 student who passes the best examination in the sen- 
 ate-house. Then follow the second, third, &c., wran- 
 glers. 
 
 WRAN"GLE-SOME, (rang'gl-sum,) a. Contentious; 
 
 quarrelsome. Moore. 
 WRAN"GLING, ppr. or a. Disputing or contending 
 
 angrilv. 
 
 WRAN''GLING, n. The act of disputing angrily. 
 WR.\P, (rap,; V. t. ; pret. and pp. Wrapped or Wrapt. 
 
 1. To tvind or fold together. John xx. 
 
 2. To involve ; to cover by tvinding something 
 round ; often with vp ; as, to wrap up a child in its 
 blanket ; wrap the body well with flannel in winter. 
 
 1, wrapt in mist 
 Of midnight vapor, glide obscure. Milton. 
 
 3. To involve ; to hide ; as, truth wrapt in tales. 
 
 4. To comprise ; to contain. 
 
 Leontine's young wife, in whom all his happiness was wrapped 
 up, died iu a few days after the death of her daughter. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 5. To involve totally. 
 
 Things reflected on in gross and transiently, are thought to tie 
 wrapped in impenetrabte obscurity. Locke. 
 
 6. To inolose. 
 
 7. To snatch up; to transport. [This is an error; 
 the true spelling is Rap or Rapt, from the verb ra- 
 
 pio.] 
 
 WRAP'PA6E, n. That which wraps. 
 
 WR APT,^°' ^"^"''^ I PP- ■^'''"""'^ ; ^"^^^^ ' '"<='°'«''- 
 WRAP'PER, 71. One that tvraps. 
 
 2. That in which any thing is wrapped or in- 
 closed. 
 
 3. A loose garment ; applied sometimes to a lady's 
 undress, and sometimes to a loose overcoat. 
 
 WRAP'PING, ppr. Winding; folding; involving; 
 inclosing. 
 
 2. a. Used or designed for wrapping or covering ; 
 as, wrapping paper. 
 
 WRAP'RAS-CAL, ji. An old cant term for a coarse 
 upper coat. Smart. 
 
 WRASSE, n. The English name of a number of fish- 
 es inhabiting the rocky parts of the coast, and be- 
 longing to the family Labrida;, (genus Labrus, I. inn.) 
 They are prickly-spined, hard-boned fishes, with ob- 
 long, scaly bodies, and a single dorsal fin. Many of 
 them present vivid colors. P. Cyc. 
 
 WRATH, (rith,) 71. [Sax. irratA, Kr<rfA ; Sw. and D. 
 vrede ; VV. irad, of which L. ira is a contraction ; Ar. 
 
 1 •'• \ .\ eratha; Gr. cpcQtj, to provoke. Class Rd,No. 
 36.] 
 
 1. Violent angei; ; vehement exasperation ; indig- 
 nation ; as, the wrath of Achilles. 
 
 When the wrath of Kinj Ahasuenis was appeaxd. — Esth. li. 
 
 O Lord — in wrath rvnieinbcr mercy. — Hab. iii. 
 
 2. The efl(?ct3 of nngor. Proe. xxvii. 
 
 3. The just punishment of an offense or crim^. 
 Rom. xiii. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — METE, PRgY.-PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1274 
 
Come toreak his Ions, whom bootl'*Rs ye complal 
 Anullicr'a wruii^ to wreak \i\n>fi (hjreoir. 
 
 WRE 
 
 Ood's wrath, in Scripture, is his holy and just in- 
 di'^untion nsninst sin. Rout. i. 
 
 WRATII'FIJL, (raitli'-,) a. Very ancry ; greatly in- 
 censed, i'lie king was very tcratltful. 
 
 12. Sprinj;ing from wrath, or expressing it ; as, 
 wrathful passions; a virathful countenance. 
 
 VVRA'ril'Flv'L-I-V, adu. With violent anger. Shale. 
 
 VVRXTH'Ft,iL-NESS, n. Vehement anger. 
 
 WKATH'I-LY, ado. Verv angrily. 
 
 VVIlATH'LEtfS, a. Free from anger. fTaller. 
 
 WKATH'Y, a. Very angry ; a colloquial tcord. 
 
 VVUAWL, (rawl,) v. i. [Sw. vrdla, to bawl.] 
 
 '1^0 cry as a cat, [JVot in use.] iipenser. 
 
 WRfi.\K, (reek,) v. t. [Sax. icrtscan, mrifccan ; D. 
 wreeken ; G. rdchcn ; perhaps allied to break. The 
 sense is, to drive or throw, to dash with violence. 
 
 See Ar. ^j^- Class Rg, No. 32, and No. 48.] 
 
 1. To execute ; to inflict; to hurl or drive; as, to 
 wreak vengeance on an enemy. 
 
 On iiic Id Death wrtak all his rago. Milton. 
 
 2. To revenge. 
 
 [_7'Aw hitter sense is nearhj or quite obsolete.] 
 WUk.AK, for Reck, to care, is a mistake. Shak. 
 VVRr;.'\K, «. Uevenge ; vengeance; furious p,ission. 
 
 [Ohs.} " Shak. SpeiL^er. 
 
 WRkAK'FIJL, 0. Revengeful ; angry. Shak. 
 WRk.AK'LKSS, a. Unrevcngeful ; weak. Shak. 
 VVIU;\TII, (reeth,) 7i. [Sax. wrtetlt, wreath. See 
 
 Writhe.) 
 
 1. Somuthing twisted or curled; as, a wrcatli of 
 flowers. Hence, 
 
 2. .\ garland ; a chaplet. 
 
 Nor wctir hia bnjws viilorious wreatha. Anon. 
 
 WRkATHE, e. U ; pret. WREiTHEO ; pp. Wreathed, 
 
 Wheathen. 
 
 1. To twist ; to convolve ; to wind one about an- 
 other ; as, to wreathe a garland of flowers. 
 
 2. To interweave; to entwine; as, chains of 
 wreathed work. 
 
 3. To encircle, as a garland. 
 
 The flowers Ihnl wreathe llic sparkling bowl. Prior. 
 
 4. To encircle as with a garland ; to dress in a gar- 
 land. 
 
 And with thy winding ivy wreathes her lance. Drydtn, 
 
 WREATHE, K. i. To be interwoven or entwined ; 
 as, a bower of wrealhiiiir trees. Dnjden. 
 
 WRSATU'EI), (reethd,) pp. or a. Twisted; en- 
 twj^iied ; interwoven. 
 
 WKk.ATH'ING, ppr. Twisting; entwining; encir- 
 cling. 
 
 WRRATH'LE.SS, a. Destitute of a wreath. 
 
 WKf.ATH'Y, (ree'the,) o. Twisted ; curled ; spiral ; 
 as, a wreathy spire, 
 
 WRECK, (rek,) «, [Dan. vrag, a wreck, sMptirreek; 
 Sw. era*, refuse; Sax. iprxc, wracca, an exile, a 
 wretch ; D. wrak, broken, a wreck. This word sig- 
 nifies properly tlmt which is cast, driven, or dashed, 
 or that which is broken 1 
 
 1. Destruction ; properly, the destruction of a ship 
 or vessel on the shore. Hence, 
 
 2. The ruins of a ship stranded ; a ship dashed 
 against rocks or land, and broken, or otherwise ren- 
 dered useless, by violence and fracture. 
 
 3. In law, goods, &c., which, after a shipwreck, 
 are cast upon the land by the sea. Bouvitr. 
 
 4. Dissolution by violence ; ruin ; destruction. 
 1'he wreck of matter and llic crush of worlds. Addison. 
 
 5. The remains of any Uiing ruined ; dead weeds 
 and grass. 
 
 6. In metalluriry, the vessel in which ores are 
 washed the third time. 
 
 7. Wreck, for Wreak, is less proper. [See also 
 Rack. ) 
 
 WRECK, r. L [Sw. rrilAo, to throw away.] 
 
 1. To strand ; to drive against the shore, or dash 
 against rocks, and break or destroy. The ship Dia- 
 mond of New York w;is wrecked on a rock in Cardi- 
 gan Bay, on the coast of Wales. 
 
 2. To ruin ; as, they irrfc* their own fortunes. 
 
 3. \Vbeck, for Wreak, is improper. Shak. 
 WRECK, r. i. To suffer wreck or ruin. Milton. 
 WRECK'iCD, (rekl,) pp. Dashed against the shore or 
 
 on rocks ; stranded and ruinetl. 
 
 WRECK'ER, n. One who seeks the wrecks of ships. 
 
 WRECK'FIJL, a. Causing wreck. 
 
 WRECK'ING, ppr. Stranding; tunning on rocks or 
 on shore ; ruining. 
 
 WRECK'-MAS-TER, n. A person appointed by law 
 to lake charge of goods, &c., thrown on shore aAer 
 a shipwreck. 
 
 WREN, (ren,) n. [Sw. wrenna: Ir. drean.'] 
 
 One of a group of small insessorial birds. Wrens 
 feed on insects, ic, and are often very familiar 
 with man. Accordins to Cuvier's armngeinent, the 
 common wrens are of the genus Troglodytes ; the 
 gold-cresled wrens of the gi nns Regiiliis. P. Cyc. 
 
 WRE 
 
 WRENCH, (rench,) ». r [G. cc rrc n*eii ; Ti.verwrin- 
 gen. SocWrimi;. (in. Ir./rfuiic. ] 
 
 1. To pull Willi a twist ; to wrest, twist, or force 
 by violence ; as, to wrench a sword from another's 
 hand. 
 
 2. To strain ; to sprain ; to distort. 
 
 Vou wrenched your fool ugiiinst a stone. Swi/t. 
 WRENCH, (rench,) n. A violent twist, or a pull with 
 twisting. 
 
 2. A sprain ; an injury by twisting; as in a joint. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 3. An instrument for screwing or unscrewing 
 iron work. 
 
 4. iNIeans of compulsion. [M>t used.] Bacon. 
 
 5. In tA«p/ura/, sleights ; subtilties. [Obs.] 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 WRENCH'£D, (rencht,) pp. Pulled with a twist ; 
 sprainetl. 
 
 WRENCII'ING, ppr. Pulling with a twist ; wresting 
 
 violently ; spraining. 
 WREST, (rest,) v. t. [Sax. wraistan ; G. reissen, to 
 
 wrest, to snatch or pull, to burst, to tear; Dan. 
 
 vrister. (ill. L. Testis, a rope.] 
 
 1. To twist or extort by violence ; to pull or force 
 from by violent wringing or twisting ; as, to wrest 
 an instrument from another's hands. 
 
 2. To take or force from by violence. The enemy 
 made a great ertbrt, and wrested the victory from 
 our bands. 
 
 But fite has wrested the confi*»»ion from mc. .Addtion. 
 
 3. To distort ; to turn from truth or twist from its 
 natural meaning by violence ; to pervert. 
 
 Wrest once the law to your anthorily. Shak. 
 Thou sh;ill nut i»re»( the jmlgiuent of the poor. — El. xxiii. 
 Which they tliat are unlearned and unstidde wrest, as ih- y do 
 also llie otJier scriptures, to their own deslrucuon. — 'i Pet. 
 
 WREST, (rest,) n. Distortion ; violent pulling and 
 twisting ; perversion. Honker. 
 
 2. Active or moving power. [JVot lucd.] Spenser. 
 
 3. An instrument to tune. 
 
 WREST'ED, pp. Pulled with twisting ; distorted ; 
 perverted. 
 
 WKEST'ER, n- One who wrests or perverts. 
 WREST'ING, ppr. Pulling with a twist ; distorting ; 
 perverting. 
 
 WRES'TLE, (res'l,) ti. i. [Sax. wrastlian or wraxlian ; 
 D. worstilen. If wrazlian is the true orthography, 
 this word belongs to Class Ug ; otherwise it is from 
 wrest.] 
 
 1. To strive with arms extended, as two men, who 
 seize each other by tin- collar and arms, each endeav- 
 oring to throw the other by tripping up his heels and 
 twitching him off his center. 
 
 Another, tiy a f;dl in wresUiitg, started the end of the clavicle 
 irom the sternuni. Wiseman. 
 
 2. To struggle; to strive ; to contend. 
 
 We wrestle not aguinst flesh and blood. — Eph. vi. 
 WRES'TLER, n. One who wrestles ; or one who is 
 
 skillful in wrestling. 
 WRES'TUNG, ppr. Striving to throw ; contending. 
 WRES'TLING, n. Strife; struggle; contention. 
 WRETCH, (retch,) ?i. [f^ax. wracca, one who is 
 
 driven ; an exile. See Wreck, and piy, Class Itg, 
 
 No. 48.] 
 
 1. A miserable person ; one sunk in the deepest 
 distress ; as, a forlorn wretch. 
 
 2. A wortliless mortal ; as, a contemptible wretch. 
 
 3. A person sunk in vice ; as, a profligate wretch. 
 
 4. It is sometimes used by way of slight or iron- 
 ical pity or contempt. 
 
 Poor wretch was never frighted so. Drayton. 
 
 5. It is sometimes used to express tenderness ; as 
 we sav, poor thing. 
 
 WRETCH'ED, a. Very miserable ; sunk into deep 
 affliction or distress, either from want, anxiety, or 
 grief. 
 
 The wretched find no friends. Dryden, 
 
 2. Calamitous; very afflicting; as, the wretched 
 condition of slaves in Algiers. 
 
 3. Worthless ; paltry ; very poor or mean ; as, a 
 wretched pt>em ; a wretched cabin. 
 
 4. Despicable ; hatefully vile and contemptible, 
 lie was giiiltv of wretched ingratitude. 
 
 WRETCH'ED-LY, adc. Most miserably ; very poor- 
 ly. The prisoners were wretcludly lodgetl. 
 
 2. Unhappily ; as, two w;irs wretchedly entered 
 upon. Clurendon. 
 
 3. Meanly ; despicably ; as, a discourse wretchedly 
 delivered. 
 
 WRETCH'ED-NESS, n. Extreme misery orunhappi- 
 ness, either from want or sorrow ; as, the wretched- 
 ness of poor mendicants. 
 
 We have, with the f-elin?, lost the very memorj of such wretch- 
 edness as our forefathers endur^. Ralegh. 
 The prwtif^al brought noUiing to bis father but his ni^H and 
 wretchedmss. Dwtght. 
 
 2. Meanness; despicableness ; as, the urre(<:A«dnM« 
 of a performance. 
 VVRETCH'I.ESS, for Reckless. ) 
 WRETCH'LESS-NESS, for Reck- > are improper. 
 
 LESSNE99, ) 
 
 WRI 
 
 WRIG, for Wrioole. [JVof in u-te.] 
 WIUG'GLE, (rig'gl,) v. i. [W. rhunlaw, to move 
 briskly ; D. wrifr^relen or wrviken.] 
 To move the boily to and fro with short motions. 
 
 Both he and liis succeuors woot<l olteo wriggle in Uieir seats, as 
 long OS the cushion lasted. Swi/l. 
 
 WRIG'GLE, (rig'gl,) v. t. To put into a quick, re- 
 ciprocating motion ; to introduce by a shifting mo- 
 tion. 
 
 Wriggling .\\\n body to recover 
 
 Uis s«-ut, and cist Ills hi^ht leg over. Hudibrat. 
 
 WRIG'GLER, n One who wriggles. 
 WRIG'GLI.NG, ppr. or a. Moving the body one way 
 
 and the other with quick turns. 
 WRIGHT, (rile,) n. [Sax. wnjiua; from the root of 
 
 work. ] 
 
 An artificer ; one whose occupation is some kind 
 of mechanical business; a workin"" a manufac- 
 turer. This word is now chiefly used in compounds, 
 as in shiptrriifht, wheelwritrhu 
 WRIN(i, (ring,) v. I.; pret. and pp. Wrinoed and 
 WRU^<^. The latter is chiefly iLsetl. [Sax. lorinfraii ; 
 G. rinfreii ; D. wriujren ; Dan. vmntrer ; Sw. vrttnga ; 
 Dan. rinser. Tln^ sense is, to strain.] 
 
 1. To twist ; to turn and strain with violence ; as, 
 to wnng clothes in wa.sliing 
 
 2. To squeeze ; to press ; to forrc by twisting ; aa, 
 to wrins water out of a wet garment. 
 
 3. To writhe ; as, to wring the body in pain. 
 
 4. To pinch. 
 
 The kin? began to find where his shoe did wring him. 
 
 [Obi.\ Bacon. 
 If he h.id not be^-n too much grieved and tffrung by an uneasy 
 
 and strait fi'rtune. [Obs.) (Brendan. 
 
 5. To distress; to press with pain. 
 
 Didst thou taste but half Uie griefs 
 That wring my soul, thou could«t not Ldk Uiu« coldly. 
 
 Additon, . 
 
 6. To distort ; to pervert. 
 
 How tiare these men diua igring die Scripturvs^ Whitgi/U. 
 
 7. To persecute with extortion. 
 
 These merchant adventurers have been often wronged and 
 wringed to the quick. Hayteard. 
 
 8. To bend or strain out of its position ; as, to 
 wring a mast. Mar. Diet. 
 
 To taring off: to force off or separate by wringing; 
 as, to wring ojf the head of a fowl. 
 
 To wring out ; to force out ; to squeeze out by 
 twisting ; as, to wring out dew or water. Judges vi. 
 
 2. To free from a liquor by wringing; as, to trriii^ 
 out clt»llies. 
 
 To wring from : to force from by violence ; to ex- 
 tort ; as, revenues wrung from the pot>r ; to wring 
 from one his rights ; to wring a secret from one. 
 WRING, ti. i. To writhe ; to twist ; as with anguish. 
 
 S/iak. 
 
 WRING, n. Action of anguish. Hall. 
 
 WRING'-UOLT, 71. [wring and boll.] A bolt used 
 by shipwrights, to bend anil secure the planks against 
 the timbers till they are fastened by bolts, spikes, and 
 tree-nails. Mar. Diet. 
 
 WRING'£D, (ringd,) pp. Twisted; pressed; dis- 
 tressed : extorted. 
 
 WRI.N'G'ER, n. One who wrings ; one that forces 
 water out of any thing by wringing. 
 
 WRING'ING, ppr. Twisting; writhing; extorting. 
 
 WRING'I.\G-WET, a. So wet as to require wring- 
 ing, or that water may be wrung out. 
 
 VVRING'-STaVES, ji. pi. Strong bars of wood used 
 in applying wring-bolts. Mar. Did. 
 
 WRINK'LE, (rink'l,) n. [Sax. wrinele; Sw. rynka: 
 Dan. rynke. This coincides with ring, a circle. 
 The Dutch write this word krinkle, and kriiig is 
 ring. The G. runic/ is probably of the same family, 
 formed on Rg; Ir. rang. If n is casual, the root 
 coincides with L. ruga, a wrinkle, and W. rhyj, a 
 furrow.] 
 
 1. A small ridge or prominence, or a furrow, 
 formed by the shrinking or contraction of any 
 smooth substance ; corrugation ; a crease ; as, 
 wrinkles ill the face or skin. 
 
 2. A fold or rumple in cloth. 
 
 3. Roughness; uneveiiness. 
 
 Not the lea^t wrinkle 10 tiefonn the sky. Drydsn. 
 WRINK'LE, (rink'l,) r. t. [Sax. wrindian; Sw. 
 rynka: Dan. rijnker.] 
 
 1. To contract into furrows and prominences ; to 
 corrugate ; as, to wrinkle the skin ; to wrinkle the 
 brow. 
 
 Her wrinkled form in bUck and white arrayed. Pop*. 
 
 2. To make rough or uneven. 
 
 A keen north wind, blowing dry, 
 
 Wrinkled the free of deluge, as decayed. MUm. 
 WRINK'LE, V. i. To shrink into furrows and ridgea. 
 WRINK'LED, (rink'ld,) pp. or o. Contracted into 
 
 riilges and furrows. 
 WRI.XK'LING, ppr. Shrinking; contracting into 
 
 furrows and ridges. 
 WRIST, (rist,) n. [Sax. wrist; allied probably to 
 
 wrest anil wrestle ; that is, a twist or junction.] 
 I. The joint by which the hand is united to the 
 
 arm. 
 
 TCNE, BJiLL, IGNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SIl ; TH as in TIUS. 
 
 127-. 
 
WRl 
 
 WRO 
 
 WYV 
 
 iL In the iiianefre, llie bridle wrist is thai of the 
 ;;.TValifr's left hand. Cijc. 
 WUIST'LET, 71. An elastic band worn by ladies 
 around the wrist, to confine the upper part of a 
 plove. 
 
 WKIST'BAND, 71. [wrist and band.] That band or 
 part of a shirt sleeve which covers the wrist. 
 
 WRIT, (ril,) 7(. [from write.] That which is written. 
 In tliis sense, writ is particularly applied to the 
 Scriptures, or books of the Old and New Testament ; 
 as, holy lorit ; sacred writ. 
 
 •2. In law, a precept issued from the proper au- 
 thority to the sheriff', his deputy, or other subordinate 
 otiicer, commanding him to perform some act, as to 
 summon a defendant into court to answer, and the 
 like. 
 
 In F.ii'rlanil, writs are issued from some court un- 
 der sealT In some of the United States, writs are 
 issued by any single judge or justice of the peace, 
 in the nauie and by the authority of the State. 
 
 In .lome of the United States, the writ, in a civil 
 suit, contains both the summons and the plaintiff's 
 declaration or cause of action set forth at large, and 
 a writ is eitlier a summons or an attachment. 
 
 Writs are oriirinal or jtidicia!. An original writ, in 
 England, is issued from the high court of chancery. 
 A judicial writ is issued by order of a court upon a 
 special occasion, during the pendency of the suit. 
 
 Writs are of various kinds ; as, writs of assiie, 
 writs of cfl/^iOA-, writs of dl-itringas, &lc. Shak. 
 
 3. A legal instrument. Shak. 
 WRIT, prct. of Write, is not now used. [See Write 
 and Wrote.] 
 
 WHITE, (lite,) V. t. ; pret. Wrote ; pp. Writ, Writ- 
 ten. [Sax. 7Dritan, awritan, gewritan ; Ice. ritaj 
 Golli. writs, a letter. The sense is, to scrape, to 
 scratch, to rub ; probably from the root of grate, and 
 L. rado.] 
 
 1. To form by a pen on paper or other material, or 
 by a graver cm wood or stone ; as, to write the char- 
 acters called letters ; to write figures. We write 
 characters on paper with pen and ink ; we write them 
 on stone with a graving tool. 
 
 2. To express by forming letters and words on 
 paper or stone ; as, to write a deed ; to write a bill 
 of divorcement. The ten commandments were 
 written with the finger of God on tables of stone. 
 Ezod. xxxi. 
 
 3. To engrave. [See the preceding definition.] 
 
 4. To impress durably. /PVifi: useful truths on the 
 
 5. To compose or produce, as an author, [heart. 
 
 6. To copy ; to transcribe. 
 
 7. To communicate by letter. 
 
 I chos^ to wriU the thing 1 durst not speak 
 
 To lier 1 luved. Prior. 
 
 WRITE, (rite.) u. 1. To perform the act of forming 
 characters, letters, or figures, as representatives of 
 sounds or ide.as. Learn to write when young. 
 
 2. 'l''o be employed as a clerk or an amanuensis. 
 A writes for B. D writes in one of the public ofiices. 
 
 3. To play the author ; as, he thinks, he speaks, 
 he writes, he sings. 
 
 4. To recite or relate in books. Josephus wrote of 
 the wars of the Jews. 
 
 5. To send letters. 
 
 He wrote for all the Jews concerning their freedom, Esdrat. 
 
 6. To call one's self; to be entitled; to use the 
 style of. 
 
 Those who be^n to vtriu themselves men, but thought it no 
 shitme to learn. 
 
 7. To compose; to frame or combine ideas and 
 express them in words. 
 
 They can vriu up to the dimity and character of their authon. 
 
 WRIT'ER, (rit'er,) ji. One who writes or has written. 
 
 2. An author. 
 
 3. A clerk or amanuensis. 
 
 Writer to the signet ; one of a class of lawyers in 
 Scotland, answering to the highest class of attorneys 
 in England. Brande. 
 
 Writer of the tallies ; fin officer of the exchequer of 
 England ; a clerl' to the auditor of the receipt, who 
 writes upon the tallies the whole of the tellers' bills. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 WRITHE, (rithe,) ». «. [Sax. writlian; Sw. vrida ; 
 Uan. vrider.] 
 
 1. To twist ; to distort. 
 
 Iler ini.uji she leriUnd. Dnjilen. 
 
 2. To twi»l with violence ; as, to writhe the body. 
 
 .Addison. 
 
 3. To wrest ; to distort ; to torture ; as, to writlie 
 words. [OAs.] Hooker. 
 
 WRrfHE, V. i. To twist; to be distorted ; as, to 
 writhe with agony. Addison. 
 
 WRFf H'£D, (rithd,) pp. Twisted ; distorted. 
 
 WRITH'ING, p;7r. Twisting; distorting. 
 
 WRITH'LE, (rith'l,) v. t. [from icritAe.] To wrin- 
 kle. rjVy£ 171 use.] Spenser, 
 
 WRIT'ING, ppr. Forming, as characters, with a 
 pen, style, or graver. 
 
 2. a. Used or intended for writing ; as, writing 
 paper. 
 
 WRIT'ING, 77. The act or art of forming letters and 
 characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material, 
 for the purpose of recording the ideas which chamc- 
 ters and words express, or of communicating them 
 to others by visible signs. We hardly know which 
 to admire most, the ingenuity or the utility of the art 
 of writintr. 
 
 2. Any thing written or expressed in letters; 
 hence, any legal instrument, as a deed, a receipt, a 
 bond, an agreement, &c. 
 
 3. A book ; any written composition ; a pamphlet ; 
 as, the writings tif Addison. 
 
 4. An inscription. Jo/m xix. 
 
 5. Writings, pi. ; conveyances of lands ; deeds ; or 
 any official papers. 
 
 WRIT'ING-BOQK, n. A book for practice in pen- 
 manship. 
 
 WRIT'ING-MXS-TER, 7i. One who teaches the art 
 of penmanship. 
 
 WKIT'ING-SGHOOL, n. A school for instruction in 
 penmanship. 
 
 WRIT'TA'N, pp. or a. Expressed in letters. 
 
 Written laws ; statutes ; laws enacted by the su- 
 preme power and recorded ; as contradistinguished 
 from unwritten or common law. 
 
 WRIZ'ZLKD, for Writhled. [JVoJ 771 use.] Spenser. 
 
 WRo'K£N, for Wreaked. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 
 
 WRONG, (rong,) a. [Sw. vrang; Dan. vrang; prop- 
 erly the participle of wring, Sw. vrdnga, Dan. i'7-«7t- 
 ger.] Literally, wrung, twisted, or turned from a 
 st.'aight line or even surface. Hence, 
 
 1. Not physically right; not fit or suitable; not 
 appropriate for use ; as, the tatotio- side of a garment. 
 You hold the book the wrong end uppermost. There 
 may be something wrung in the construction of a 
 watch or an edifice. 
 
 2. Not morally right ; that deviates from the line 
 of rectitude prescribed by God ; not just or equita- 
 ble ; not right or proper ; not legal ; erroneous ; as, 
 a wrong practice ; wrong ideas ; a wrong course of 
 life ; wrong measures ; wrong inclinations and de- 
 sires ; a wrong application of talents ; torong judg- 
 ment. Hab. i. 
 
 3. Erroneous ; not according to truth ; as, a wrong 
 statement. 
 
 WRONG, (rong,) 71. Whatever deviates from moral 
 rectitude ; any injury done to another ; a trespass ; a 
 violation of right. Wrongs are private or public. Pri- 
 vate wrongs are civil injuries, immediately affecting 
 individuals; public wrongs are crimes and misde- 
 meanors which affect the community. Blackstone. 
 
 Sarai sairl to Al'raham, My t^ron^ be on thee. — Gen. xvi. 
 
 Frienil, I do thee no wrong. — M:ilt. XX. 
 
 The olilig;iU"n to redrt-ss a torong, is at least as binding as that 
 of paying a debt. E. Everett. 
 
 WRONG, (rong,) ado. Not rightly ; amiss ; morally 
 ill ; erroneously. 
 
 Ten censure ifron^ for one lliat writes amiss. Pope. 
 WRONG, (rong,) ji. t. To injure ; to treat with in- 
 justice ; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some 
 act of justice from. We wrong a man when wo de- 
 fraud him, and when we trespass on his property. 
 We wrong a man when we neglect to pay him his 
 due. Philemon 18. 
 
 2. To do injustice to by imputation ; to impute evil 
 unjustly. If you suppose me capable of a base act, 
 you wrong me. 
 WRONG'-DO-ER, n. One who injures another or 
 does wrong. 
 2. In law, one who commits a tort or trespass. 
 
 Bouvicr. 
 
 WRONO'-DO-ING, 71. Evil or wicked act or action. 
 
 \VRON(;'KD, pp. Treated unjustly; injured. 
 
 WRON(J'ER, n. One who injures another. 
 
 WRONG'ElJIj, n. Injurious; unjust; as, a wrongful 
 taking of property ; wrongful dealing. 
 
 WRONG'FyL-LY, adv. Unjustly ; in a manner con- 
 trary to the moral law or to justice ; as, to accuse 
 one wrongfulXij ; to eulfer wrongfully. 
 
 WKONG'HEAD, (rong'hed,) 71. .\ person of a per- 
 verse understanding. 
 
 WRONG'HEAD-ED, a. [torong and head.] Wrong 
 in opinion or principle; having a perverse under- 
 standing ; perverse. 
 
 WRONG/tlEAD-ED-NESS, 71. Perverseness ; erro- 
 neousness. 
 
 WRONG'ING, ppr. Injuring; treating with injus- 
 tice. 
 
 WRONG'LESS-LY, adv. Without injury to any one. 
 [jyot used.] Sidney. 
 
 WRONG'LY, ai/B. In a wrong manner; unjustly; 
 amiss. He judges wrongly of my motives. 
 
 WKONG'NF^SS, 7!. Wrong dis[)Osition ; error. Butler. 
 
 WRONG'-Tl.Vl-£D, a. Done at an improper time. 
 
 WROTE, prct. of Write. He wrote a letter yester- 
 day. Heroilolus wrote his history more than two 
 thousand years ago. I 
 J^ote. — Wrote is not now used as the participle. i 
 
 WROTH, (ravvth,) a. [Sa.x. wriBtli, wrath. See | 
 Wrath.] t 
 Very angry ; much exasperated. ' 
 
 Cain was very viroth, and his countenance fell. — Gen. iv. 
 1 was wroth with my people. — Is. xlvii. 
 
 [jSh excellent word, and not obsolete, j 
 WROUGHT, (rawt,) pret. and pp. or a. from Work. I 
 [Sax. worhte, the pret. and pp. of wircan, weorcun, 
 to work.] 
 
 1. Worked ; formed by work or labor. 
 
 2. Effected ; performed. 
 
 Slie halh wrought a good work upon me. — Matt. xxvi. j 
 
 3. Effected ; produced. He wrought the public | 
 safety. A great change was wrought'in his mind. 
 
 This wrought the «[realest confusion in the unbelieving Jews. 
 
 Additon. 
 
 4. Used in labor. 
 
 The elders of thit city shall take a heifer that hath not been 
 wrought with. — Deut. jfxi. 
 
 5. Worked ; driven ; as, infection wrought out of 
 the body. [JVot used.] Bacon, 
 
 6. Actuated. 
 
 Vain Morat, by his own rashness wrought. Dryden. 
 
 7. Worked ; used ; labored in. The mine is still 
 
 8. Formed ; fitted. [wrought. 
 
 He that hath wrought us for the sclf.same thing is God. — 2 
 Cor, v. 
 
 9. Guided ; managed. [JVot used.] Milton. 
 
 10. Agitated ; disturbed. 
 
 My dull brain was wrought 
 With things forgot. Shak. 
 
 Wrought iron ; iron deprived of its carbon, usually 
 by the process called puddling, which see. Wrought 
 iron is tough, flexible, malleable, and ductile. 
 
 Wrought on or upon; influenced; prevailed on. 
 His mind was wrought upon by divine giace. 
 
 Wrought to or up to ; excited ; inflamed. Their 
 minds were wrought up to a violent passion. She 
 was wrought up to the tenderest emotions of pity. 
 WRUNG, (rung,) nret. and pp, of Wring. 
 WRY, (ri,) a, [Goth, wruicwa, or Dan. vrier, to twist, 
 contracted from vrider, Eng. to loritAe.] 
 
 1. Twisted ; turned to one side ; distorted ; as, a 
 7177*7/ neck ; a wry mouth. 
 
 2. Deviating from the right direction ; as, wry 
 words. 
 
 3. Wrested ; perverted ; as, to put a wry sense on 
 an author's words. Jltterbury. 
 
 WRV,7). i. To be writhed or distorted. [J^otused,] 
 WR9, 71. <. To distort ; to wrest. [Motused.] 
 WRY'NECK, 77. [imy and 7iec/>-.] A twisted or distort- 
 ed neck ; a deformity in which the neck is drawn 
 to one side, and at the same time somewhat forward. 
 
 Cijc. 
 
 2. A disease of the spasmodic kind in sheep, in 
 which the head is drawn to one side. Ci/c. ^ 
 
 3. In ornithology, a small bird of the eastern con- 
 tinent, resembling the woodpeckers, the Yunx tor- 
 quilla; so called from the singular manner in which, 
 when surprised, it turns its head over its shoulders. 
 
 Ed. t'naic. 
 
 WRV'NECK-J5D, (rl'nekt,)(j. Having a distorted n'eck. 
 WRS'NESS, 71. The state of being wry or distorted. 
 
 JI/011H£ll;£rHr. 
 
 WYCH'-EIjM, 71. A variety of the elm, or a peculiar 
 species, (Ulmus montnna,) which is said by some to 
 be only u variety of Ulnius cainpcstris, a native of 
 Europe. Cyc. 
 WVNI), 71. A narrow lane or alley. [Scot/isA.] 
 W?'VERN, 71. A kind of flying serpent, sometime! 
 represented in coats of arms. Biuhanan. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^T — METE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — 
 
 1276 
 
YAN 
 
 YAR 
 
 YAW 
 
 X. 
 
 XTHE twenty-fourth letter of the English alpha- 
 j bet, is borrowed from the Greek. In tlie middle 
 and at tlie end of words, it has tlic sound of As, as 
 in u>ai, Inx, luriiry. At the beginning of a word, it 
 lias precisely tlie sound of i. It is used as an initial 
 in a few words borrowed from the Greek. 
 
 As a numeral, X stands for 10. It represents one 
 V, which stands for 5, jitaced on the top of another. 
 VVIien laid horizontally, thus, X , it stands for 1000 j 
 and with a dash over it, thus, X, it stands for 10,000. 
 .■Xs an abbreciaiion, X. stands for ClirUt, as in Xn. 
 Cfiristian, Xiu. C/tristma,^. 
 XA.N'Tllie, a. [Gr. (uj 9o(, yellow.] 
 
 Tending toward a yellow color. 
 XAN'THie ACID, ?i. An acid consisting of bisul- 
 pliuret of carbon, water, and o.vyd of ethyl or ether. 
 
 Graham^ 
 
 XAN'Tni€ OX'YD, n. .\ brown substance compos- 
 ing a urinary calculus. Ora/iatiu 
 
 X.\N'THID, (zan'thid,) n. A term applied to a sup- 
 posed compound o{ lanthogcn with some basiliable or 
 acidiliable element. 
 
 XAN'THINE, (-thin,) n. The yellow dyeing matter 
 contained in madder. Ure. 
 
 XAN'THO-GEN, (zan'tho-jen,) n. [Gr. iai^Ooi, yel- 
 low, .and jivvato, to generate, from the yellow color 
 of its compounds.] 
 
 A supposed basifying and acidifying compound 
 principle, considered to be analogous to cyanogen, 
 and believed to consist of sulphur and carbon, 
 which, with certain metals, forms xanthids, and 
 
 with hydrogen forms xanthohydric acid, analogous 
 to cyanohydric acid. The above views, however, 
 in regard to these compounds, are not considered us 
 Wi ll established. 
 Xlc'BEC, (ze'bek,) n. A small, three-masted vessel, 
 used in the Me(iiterranean Sea. With a fair wind, 
 in good weather, it carries two large square sails ; 
 when close hauled, it carries large lateen sails. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 XE-NOD'O-eHY, (ze-nod'o-ke,) n. [Gr. (ff-jti.-x'a-] 
 Reception of strangers; hospitality. Cockeram. 
 
 XEN'O-TIME, n. [Gr. (ci"5, a stranger.] 
 
 A native phosphate of yttria, having a yellowish- 
 brown color. Dana. 
 
 XE-RO-eOL-LYR'I-UM, n. [Gr. ^npo;, dry, and 
 
 KoXXvOt'iV.] 
 
 A dry collyrium or eye-salve. Coxe. 
 XE-R6'DeS, n. Any tumor attended with dry- 
 ness. 
 
 XE-KO-Mt'RUM, n. [Gr. (rjouj, dry, and fivpov, 
 ointment.] 
 
 A dry omtment. Coze. 
 XE-ROIMI'A-GY, (ze-rofa-je,) n. [Gr. (ipoj, dry, 
 and ifiayM, to eat.] 
 
 The eating of dry meats, a sort of fast among the 
 primitive Christians. 
 XE-ROPH'TII AL-MY, (ze-rof'thal-me,) n. [Gr. irjpos, 
 dry, and o<fiOaXiita.] 
 
 A dry, reil soreness or itching of the eyes, without 
 swelling or a discharge of humors. 
 XE-Ro'TeS, (ze-ro't6z,) n. A dry habit or disposi- 
 tion. 
 
 XIPiri-AS, (zife-M,) 71. [Gr., from iifos, a sword.] 
 
 1. The sword-fish. In natural hUtory, the name 
 of a genus of fishes, to which the Xipliias Gladius, 
 or common sword-fish, belongs. 
 
 2. A comet shaped like a sword. 
 
 XIPII'OID, (ziroid,) a. [Gr. {ic//oj, a sword, and 
 £i(''K, likeness, i. e., sword-like.] 
 
 The xiphoid or en.<iform cartilage, is a small carti- 
 lage placed at the bottom of the breast-bone. 
 
 Cyc. Coze. 
 
 XV'I.ITE, n. [Gr. (uXoK, wood.] 
 
 A liquid which exists in commercial pyrnxylle 
 
 spirit. Graham. 
 Xt-LO-nAL'SA-MU.M, n. The wood of the balsam- 
 
 tr-e. 
 
 XV-LO-GRAPII'ie, o. Belonging to xylography, or 
 wood -en craving. 
 
 X?-LOG'RA-PHY, (zMog'ra-fe,) n. [Gr. (.Xoi/, • 
 wood, and yp.K^w, to engrave.] 
 
 VVood-cngraving ; the act or art of cirtting figures 
 in wood, in representation of natural objects. 
 
 XY-LOPH'A-GOUS, a. [Gr. (uAur, wood, and fayu, 
 to eat.] 
 Eating or feeding on wood. 
 
 XYST, (zist,) ) rr-. r i 
 
 XYS'TOS, (/.is'-,) j (■""■"S-] 
 
 In ancient architecture, along and open, or some- 
 times covered, court, with porticos, for athletic ex-- 
 ercises, as wrestling, running, &.c. Brandt. 
 
 XYS'TER, (zis'ter,) n. [Gr. {varpov, from (tiu, to 
 scrape.] 
 
 A surgeon's instrument for scraping bones. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YTHE twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet, 
 ; is taken from the Greek i'. At the beginning of 
 words, it is called an articulation or consonant, and 
 with some propriety, perhaps, as it brings the ro(tt of 
 the tongue in close contact with the lower part of the 
 palale,and nearly in the (Kisition to which the close g 
 brings it. Hence it has happened th.at in a great num- 
 ber of words, g has been changed into y, as the Sax. 
 gear into year, geornian into yearn, gyllan into yelt, 
 gealew into yellow. 
 
 In the middle and at the end of words, y is pre- 
 cisely the same as i. It is sounded as i long, when 
 accented, as in defy, rely; and as i short, when un- 
 accented, as in vanity, glory, syjtonyntous. TIlis lat- 
 ter sound is a vowel. At the beginning of words, y 
 answers to the German and Dutch j. 
 
 Y, as a numeral, stands for 150, and with a dash 
 over it, ?, for 150,000. 
 YACHT, (yot,) n. [D. jagt: G. jaclit, from jagen. It 
 is originally a boat drawn by horses.] 
 
 A light and elegantly furnished vessel, used either 
 for private parties of pleasure, or as a vessel of state 
 to convey princes, &c., from one place to another. 
 YACIIT'ER, n. One engaged in sailing a yacht. 
 YA(-HT'ING, (yot'ing,) n. Sailing on pleasure fct 
 
 cursions in a yachL 
 VA'GER. (yaw'ger,) n. [G. jdger, from jagen, to 
 chase.] 
 
 One belonging to a body of light infantry armed 
 with rifles. Brandt. 
 
 YA'HOO, 71. A name given by Swift, in one of his 
 imaginary voyages, to a race of brutes having the 
 form and all the degrading passions of man. They 
 are set in contrast with the Houyhnhnms, or horses 
 endowed with reason, and the wliule is designed as 
 a satire on our race. 
 
 YAK, 71. A ruminant mammal of the bovine tribe, 
 the Bos Poephagus, or Bison Poephagus ; a species 
 of ox, with cylindric horns curving outward, long, 
 pendent hair, and villous, horse-like tail ; the grunt- 
 ing ox of Pennant. This ox is found in Thibet. Ct^c. 
 
 YA.M, 71. A large, esculent tuber or root of various 
 climbing plants, of the genus Dioscorea, growing in 
 tropical climates, and forming, when roasted or 
 boiled, a wholesome, p.alatable, and nutritious food. 
 The yain sometimes grows to the length of three 
 feet, and weighs thirty pounds. Louden. 
 
 YAN'KEE, (yank'e,) 71. [A corrupt pronunciation of 
 the word English by the native Indians of America, 
 or more probably of the French word .Anglais.] 
 
 Heckeieelder. 
 
 The populai name fo» the citizens of New Eng- 
 land, but applied, among foreigners, to all the inhab- 
 itants of the United Stales indiscriminately. 
 
 YAN'O-LITE, 71. A mineral, called also Axisite, 
 whose cr> stals resemble an ax. Ure. 
 
 YAP, to bark, is not a legitimate word. 
 
 YS'PON or YA'PON, «. The cassine or South Sea 
 tea. 
 
 The Ilex Cassine or youpon, is a shrub growing in 
 the Southern States, used as a tea and a medicine. 
 
 Jifease. 
 
 YARD, n. [Sax. geard, gerd, gyrdf a rod, that is, a 
 shoot.] 
 
 1. A measure of three feet or thirty-sli inches. It 
 is just seven ninths of the Paris ell. 
 
 2. (Sax. gyrdan, to inclose ; Dan. gitrdt, a hedge, 
 an inclosiirc ; gierder, to hedge in, Sw. gdrda.] An 
 inclosiire ; usually, a small, inclosed place in front of 
 or around a house or barn. 1'he yard in front of a 
 house is called a Court, and sometimes a Court- 
 Yard. In the United States, a small yard is fenced 
 round a barn for confining cattle, and called Bab.v- 
 Yard or Cow-Yard. 
 
 3. In ships, a long, slender piece of timber, nearly 
 cylindrical, suspended upon the mast, by which a 
 sail is extended. 
 
 Yard of land; in old books, a certain quantity of 
 land, but different in different counties. In some 
 counties it was 15 acres, in others 20 or 24, and 
 even 40. 
 
 Dock-yard ; a place where ships are laid up. 
 Prison-yard ; primarily, an incla*»ure about a prison, 
 or att.ached to it. Hence liberty of the yard, is a lib- 
 erty granted to persons imprisoned for debt, of walk- 
 ing in the yard, or within any other limits prescribed 
 by law, on their giving bond not to go beyond those 
 limits. Unittd Statts. 
 
 YARD, r. t. To confine cattle to the yard ; as, to 
 yard cows. [^ funntr's reord.] 
 
 Y'ARD'-AR.\I, 71. [i/ard and orm.] Either half of a 
 ship's yard, from tiie center or mast to the end. 
 
 Ships are said to be yard-arm and yard-arm, when 
 so near as to touch, or interlock their yards. 
 
 YARD'-LAND, 71. See Yard of Lakd, under Yard. 
 
 YARD'STICK, 71. [yard and stick.] A stick three 
 feel in length, used as a measure of cloth, &c. 
 
 YARD'VV.^ND, n. [yard and wand.] A measure of 
 a yard ; now Yardstick. 
 
 YARE, a. [Sax. geanp, prepared ; from the root ef 
 gear. See Eager.] 
 
 Ready ; dextrous ; eager. [Obs.] Shak. 
 
 YXrE'l.V,adv. Readily ; dextrously ; skillfully. [Obs.] 
 
 Shak. 
 
 YARN, 71. [Sax. geam ; G. Ice. and Sw. gam ; D. 
 garen.] 
 
 1. Spun wool ; woolen thread ; but it is applied 
 also to other species of thread, as to cotton and linen. 
 
 2. In rope-making, one of the threads of which a 
 rope is composed. It is spun from hemp. 
 
 3. Among seamm, a story spun out by a sailor for 
 the amusement of his companions. [Low.] Marryat. 
 
 YARR, V. i. [Low L. hirrto ; Celtic, gar,\\'. gano, 
 rough.] 
 
 To growl or snarl, as a dog. [.Vof in use.] 
 
 Ainyieorth. 
 
 YAR'RISH, a. Having a rough, dr>' taste. [Local.] 
 YAR'RoW, 71. [Sax. gearwe ; Sp. yaro.] 
 
 A plant of the genus Achillea; the milfoil, or 
 
 plant of a thousand leaves. 
 YAT'A-GII.\N, n. A long, Turkish dagger. [See 
 
 Ataghan.] 
 
 YaTE, 71. A g^lte. Spenser. 
 
 [Still used in the north of England.] 
 YAULP, )v.i. To yelp ; to cry out like a child. 
 YAUP, j Jamieson. Broekett. 
 
 [Scottish, and sometimes used in jimerica-} 
 YAW, V. i. To rise in blisters, breakii.^ in white 
 froth, as cane-juice in the sugar-works [Qii. yea. 
 See Yew.] fKr.-f /;i<f;c«. 
 
 2. In Ttan'^afian, to steer wild, or out of ilie line 
 of her course, as a ship. Mar. Diet. 
 
 YAWL, 71. A small ship's boat, usually rowed by four 
 or six oars. 
 
 YAWL, r. 1. To cry out like a dog; usually pre 
 
 noundtd yowl. [See Yell.] 
 YAWN, 1'. L [Sax. ^eonan, gynian ; G. gtJtnen ; W. 
 
 agenu ; Gr. xatifui.] 
 
 1. To gape; to oscil.ate ; to have the mouth open 
 
 involuntarily through drowsiness or dullness. 
 
 The larr, ytlvrtin* drone. 
 
 Anil whii<; aliOve he ipendl his tnath, 
 
 The yawning audieoce noU bt- nealh. 
 
 TrumtulJ. 
 
 9. To open wide ; as, wide yawns the puff below, 
 3. To express desire by yawning ; as, to yavn for 
 
 fat livings. Hooker. 
 YAWN, 7u A gaping ; an involuntary opening of the 
 
 ihoutb from drowsiness ; oscitation. 
 
 One penon yawning in compAoy will produce a mnunroua 
 ^vn in nil presrnU Chipman. 
 
 2. An opening wide. JSddisoH. 
 YAWN'f.D, pp. Gaped ; opened wide. 
 
 TONE, BULL, IJMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; 9 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 
 
 160' 
 
 cccrr* 
 
 1277 
 
YEA 
 
 YEL 
 
 YES 
 
 VAWN'ING, ppr, or a. Gaping ; opening wide. 
 
 2. a. Sleepy ; drowsy ; dull. Sliak. 
 V AWN'ING, n. The act of gaping or opening wide, 
 y AVVN'ING-LY, aUc. In a yawning manner. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 tAWS, 71. [African yiw, a raspberry.] 
 
 A disease called by Good Rubula, from rubus, a 
 raspberry. It is characterized by cutaneous tumors, 
 numerous and successive ; gradually increasing from 
 specks to the size of a raspberry ; one, at length, 
 growing larger than the rest ; core a fungous excres- 
 cence; fever slight, and probably irritative merely. 
 It is commonly supposed to be contagious, and to oc- 
 cur but once during life; but both of these points 
 are doubtful. It is sometimes called Fhambcesia, a 
 barbarous name derived from the French framboise, 
 a raspberry. There are two varieties of this disease, 
 which differ considerably ; the one occurring in Af- 
 rica, the other in America. It is scarcely known in 
 Europe. Oood. 
 
 Y-€LAD', {e-klad',)pp. Clad. [This word and the 
 following retain the y, which is the remains of the 
 Saxon ge prefixed to verbs. But it is obsolete, ex- 
 cept in poetry, and perhaps in burlesque only.] 
 
 Y-eLEP'£D, (e-klept',) pp. of Sax. gc-clypian, depan, 
 to call. [See Yclad.] Called; named. It is obso- 
 lete, except in burlesjjue. 
 
 Y-DR.'VD', (e-drad',) pp. Dreaded. [Ofts.] Spenser. 
 
 YE, pron. [Sax. ge.] 
 
 The nominative plural of the second person, of 
 which thoti is the singular. But the two \w>rdshave 
 no radical connection. Ye is now used only in the 
 sacred and solemn style. In common discourse and 
 writing, you is exclusively used. 
 
 But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified. — 1 Cor. vi. 
 
 YEA, (ye or ya,) adv. [Sa.x. gea, gear,; G. D. and 
 Dan. •• Sw. jnia, to consent. Qu. G. brjaken, to af- 
 firm. Class Cg, No. 25, 26.] 
 
 1. Yes ; a word that expresses affirmation or as- 
 sent. Will you go.' Yea. It sometimes introduces a 
 subject, with the sense of indeed, verily, truly, it 
 is so. 
 
 Yea, hatii God said,, Ye shall not eal of every tree iu the gar- 
 don f— Gen. iii. 
 Let your comm'toication be yea, yea ; nay, nay. — Matt. v. 
 
 2. It sometimes enforces the sense of something 
 preceding ; not only so, but more. 
 
 Therein I do rejoice, yea, and wiU rejoice. — Phil. i. 
 
 3. In Scripture, it is used to denote certainty, con- 
 sistency, harmony, and stability. 
 
 All the promises of God io him i 
 2 Cor. I. 
 
 ; yea, and in him are amen. — 
 
 [In this use, the word may be considered a noun.] 
 Yea is used rarely except In the sacred and solemn 
 style. [See Yes.] 
 
 gIad'!"-'- C"*"-^ Spenser. 
 
 YE.\N, r. i, [Sax. cania?!.] 
 
 To bring forth young, as a goat or sheep ; to lamb. 
 
 [Obsolete or local.] 
 Yf.AN'BD, (yeend,) pp. Brought forth. 
 YlcA.N'LIN'G, 71, The young of sheep ; a Iamb. 
 
 I Obsolete or local.] „ 
 YkAR, Tt. [Sax. gear; G. jahr; D. jaar; Sw. ar ; 
 
 Dan. aar; iSans. jahran ; probably a course or circle ; 
 
 the root gar, ger, signifying to run.] 
 
 1. The space or period of time in which the sun 
 moves through the twelve signs of the ecliptic, or 
 whole circle, and returns to the same point. This is 
 the solar year, and the year in the strict and proper 
 sense of the word. It is called also the tropical or equi- 
 noctial year. This period comprehends what are called 
 the twelve calendar months, or 3G5 d.ays, 5 hours, 
 48 minutes, and 47 7-10 seconds. But in popular 
 tusage, the year consists of 3li5 days, and every 
 fourth year of 3C6; a day being added to February 
 on that year, on account of the excess above 365 
 days. 
 
 2. The time in which any planet completes a rev- 
 olution ; O-s, the year of Jupiter or of Saturn. 
 
 3. The time in which the fixed sUirs make a rev- 
 olution is called the Great Year. 
 
 4. Years, in the plural, is sometimes equivalent to 
 age or old age ; as, a man in years. 
 
 In popular language, year is often used for years. 
 The horse is ten wrar old. 
 
 Siilerral year ; the time in which the sun, depart- 
 ing from any fixed star, returns to the same. This 
 is 3C5 days, 6 liours, 9 minutes, and 9 6-10 seconds. 
 
 BaiUj. 
 
 JInomalistieai year ; the time that elapses from the 
 Bun'9 leaving its apogee or perigee, till it returns to it ; 
 which is 365 days, 6 hours, 14 minutes, nearly. 
 
 Baihj. 
 
 Civil yr^r ; the year which any nation has con- 
 trived for the computation of time. 
 
 Biaseitde or Uap year ; the year consisting of 3C6 
 days. 
 
 Lunar year, consists of 12 lunar months. 
 
 Limar aitronomirxil year, conmstsof 12 lunar synod- 
 tcnl nionthH, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minut/js, 30 
 ■econds. 
 
 Common, lunar year, consists of 12 lunar civil 
 months, or 354 days. 
 
 EmbolUmic or intercalary lunar year, consists of 13 
 lunar civil months, and contains 384 days. 
 
 Julian year, established by Julius Cesar, consists of 
 365 days, 6 hours. 
 
 Gregorian year, is the Julian year corrected, and is 
 the year now generally used in Europe. From the 
 difference between this and the Julian year arises 
 the distinction of Old and New Style. [See Style, 
 No. 12.] 
 
 Sabbatic year, among the Israelites, was every 
 seventh year, when their land was suffered to lie 
 untilled. Cyc. Encyc. 
 
 The civil or legal year, in England, formerly com- 
 menced on the 25th day of March. This practice 
 continued throughout the British dominions till the 
 year 1752. 
 
 Ye.AR'-BOOK, 71. [year and book.] A book con- 
 taining aiinual reports of cases adjudged in the 
 courts of England. 
 
 Ye.\R'£D, a. Containing years. [Jt'ot in use.] 
 
 B. Jonson. 
 
 Ye.\R'LING, 71. A young beast one year old, or in 
 
 the second year of his age. 
 YeAR'LING, a. Being a year old ; as, a yearling 
 
 heifer. 
 
 YeAR'LY, o. Annual; happening, accruing, or com- 
 ing every year ; as, a yearly rent or income. 
 
 2. Lasting a year ; as, a yearly plant. 
 
 3. Comprehending a year ; as, the yearly circuit or 
 revolution of the earth. 
 
 Yd.\R'LY, nrfr. Annually; once a year; as, blessings 
 
 yearly bestowed. 
 YE.'\RN, (yern,) v. i. [Sax. geomian, gienian, gyman, 
 
 earnian, to desire; to yearn; Sw.^^rna, willingly ; 
 
 Dan. gierne, G. gem, D. gaarne. The sense is, to 
 
 straiii, or stretch forwaiu. We have earnest from the 
 
 same root.] 
 
 1. To be strained ; to be pained or distressed ; to 
 suffer. 
 
 Palrtafr, he is dead. 
 And we must yearn therefore. ShaJc. 
 
 2. Usually, to long ; to fee! an earnest desire ; that 
 is, literally, to have a desire or iiiclination stretching 
 toward the object or end. 1 Kings iii. 
 
 Joseph made haste, for his lowelfl did yearTi upon hia brother. — 
 Gen. xUii. 
 
 Your mother's heart yeame toward you. Addison. 
 
 Anliclus, unable to control, 
 Spoke loud the language of hia yearning soul. Pope. 
 
 YEARN, (yern,) v. t. To pain ; to grieve ; to vex. 
 Siie laments for it, that it would 
 Yearn your heart to see it, Shak. 
 It yeams me not if men my garments wear. [Ois.J Shak. 
 
 YEARN'FJJL, a. Mournful ; distressing. [Obs.] 
 YEARN'ING, ppr. or o. Longing; having longing 
 desire. 
 
 YEARN'ING, n. Strong emotions of desire, tender- 
 ness, or pitv, 
 
 YEARN'ING-LY, adv. With yearning. 
 
 YeAST, (yeest,) ti. [Sax. gist, yeast, a guest, also a 
 storm ; yst, a storm ; G. gdsc/it, yeast, and gast, a 
 guest, gdscken, to foam or froth ; D. gist, yeast ; gis- 
 ten, to ferment. This coincides with gas and ghost. 
 The primary sense of the noun is wind, spirit, flatu- 
 lence, or froth, from rushing ; Ch. DDJ, to inflate. 
 Class Gs, No. 18.] 
 
 1. Barm ; the foam, froth, or flower, of beer or 
 other liquor in fermentation ; any preparation used 
 for raising dough for bread or cakes, and making it 
 light and puffy. 
 
 2. Spume or foam of water. [JVot in use.] Shak. 
 YeAST'Y, a. Frothy; foamy; spumy; like yeast. 
 YELK, 71. [Sax. gealcw, yellow ; G. gelb, yellow. See 
 
 Gold and Yellow.] 
 
 The yellow part of an egg ; the vitelliis. It is 
 sometimes written and pronounced Yolk, but Yelk 
 is the proper word. Yolk is a corruption. 
 YELL, r. i. [Sax. giellan, gyllan ; D. gillen ; Sw. 
 galla, to ring. It agrees in elements with Call.] 
 
 To cry out with a hideous noise ; to cry or scream 
 as with agony or horror. Savages yell most fright- 
 fiillv when they are rtishing to the first onset of 
 battle. 
 
 Nor the night raven, that still deadly yellt, Spemer. 
 YELL, Ji. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. 
 
 Their hideous yellt 
 Rend th.' d^.rk welkin. Philipt. 
 
 YELL' JCD, pp. Uttered hideous cries ; shrieked. 
 
 YELL'ING, ppr. or a. Uttering hideous outcries ; 
 shrieking; as, i/r/dnw monsters. Milton. 
 
 YELL'ING, n. The act of screaming hideously. 
 
 YEL' LOW, a. [Sax. gealew, yellow ; gcalla, gall ; G. 
 gelb ; I), geel ; Dan. o-tiiil ; Sw. goal, gul. Hence 
 gold, Dan. guld. 'J'he Fr. jaiine is the .same word, 
 contracted from jaiifnr, as it is written in the Nor- 
 man; It. giallo; Russ. jelknu, to become yellow; 
 jtltnie, yellow ; L. gathanus, (iu. gilvus. The root 
 is the Celtic gal, gcal, bright. (See Gold.) Class 
 Gl, No. 7.] 
 
 ISeiiig of a bright color; of the color of gold. 
 
 JVeteton. 
 
 YEL'LoW, 7!. A bright golden color, reflecting the 
 most light of any, after white. It is one of the sim- 
 ple or primitive colors. 
 
 YEL'LoW-BIRD, n. A small singing-bird of the 
 genus Carduelis of Brisson, common in the United 
 States. It is the Fringilla tristis of Linnteus. The 
 summer dress of the male is of a lemon yellow, with 
 the wings, tail, and fore part of the head black. The 
 female and the male, during the winter, are of a 
 brown olive color. fVilson. 
 
 YEL'LoW-BLOS'SOM-ED.a. Furnished or adorned 
 with yellow flowers. Goldsmitk. 
 
 YEL'LoW-BOY, 71. A gold coin. ! Vulgar.] 
 
 YEL'LoW-EAUTH, (-erth,) n. A" yellowish clay, 
 colored by iron. Ure. 
 
 YEL'LoW-Fe'VER, 71. .\ malignant febrile disease 
 of warm climates, which is often attended with yel- 
 lowness of the skin, of some shade between lemon- 
 yellow and the deepest orange-yellow, and often also 
 with wh.at is called black-vomit. 
 
 YEL'LoW-GoLDS, 71. A flower. B. .Jonson. 
 
 YEL'LoW-H.AlR-i!:D, a. Having yellow hair. 
 
 YEL'LoW-HA.M-MER, 71. A European bird of the 
 genus Emberiza ; also called the Yellow-Bunting. 
 Its principal colors are shades of gamboge, yellow, 
 and brown. Jardine. 
 
 YEL'LoW-ISH, a. Somewhat yellow ; as, amber is 
 of a yellowish color. Woodicard, 
 
 YEL'LoW-ISH-NESS, n. The quality of being some- 
 what vpIIow. Boiile. 
 
 YEL'LOW-NESS, n. The quality of being yellow; 
 as, the yellowness of an orange. 
 
 2. Jealousy. [JVut in use.] Shak. 
 
 YEL'LoWS, 71. A disease of the bile in horses, cat- 
 tle, and sheep, causing yellowness of eyes. 
 
 2. A disease of peach-trees in the United States, 
 causing them to produce abortive, yellow sprouts on 
 the trunk and limbs, and soon destroying them. 
 
 Prof. E. Ives. 
 
 YEL'LoW-THRoAT, 71. A small North American 
 singing-bird, of the genus Sylvia, a species of war- 
 bler. Peabody's Mass. Rep. 
 
 YELP, V. i. [Sax. gealpan, to bray ; Dan. gylper, to 
 croak.] 
 
 To bark, as a beagle-hound after his prey, or as 
 other dogs. 
 
 YELP'ING, ppr. Barking in a particular manner. 
 
 Ye'NITE, 71. A mineral of a black or brownish-black 
 color and sub-metallic luster, inclining to resinous, 
 occurring massive and in prismatic crystals. It con- 
 sists of oxyd of iron, lime, and silica, and is prop- 
 erly an ore of iron. It was first obtained at Elba, 
 and was called Jenite, in commemoration of the 
 battle of Jena. It is also trailed Lievrite, from its 
 discoverer. Dana. 
 
 YEo'i'^IAN, (yo'man.) ti. [Sax. gememie, common, Sw 
 gemen, Dan. gemeen. See Common.] 
 
 1. A common man, or one of the plebeians, of the 
 first or most respectable class ; a freeholder ; a man 
 free born. A yeoman in England is considered as 
 next in order to the gentry. The word is little used 
 in the United States, unless as a title in law pro- 
 ceedings and instruments, designating occupation, 
 and this only in particular States. But Yeomanry 
 is sometimes used. 
 
 2. An oflicer in the king's household, of a middle 
 rank between a gentleman and a groom. England. 
 
 3. In ships, an inferior officer under the boatswain, 
 gunner, or carpenters, charged with the stowage, 
 account, and distribution of the stores. 
 
 Mar. Diet. 
 
 4. Yeomen of the guard, are a body-guard of the 
 English .sovereign, consisting of 100 men, armed 
 with partisans, and habited in the costume of tlie 
 lOjh century. P. Cyc. 
 
 YEo'M AN-LIKE, (y5'man-,) a. Like yeomen. 
 YEo'MAN-LY, a. Pertaining to a yeoman. 
 YEo'MAN-RY, (yo'inan-re,) w. The collective body 
 
 of yeomen or freeholders. Thus the common people 
 
 in America are called the yeomanrif. 
 YERK, V. t. [This seems to be the lleb. and Ch. pli, 
 
 Eth. wnraha, to spit, that is, to thrust out. It 
 
 is the same as Jerk. Class Rg, No. 35.] 
 
 To throw or thrust with a sudden, smart spring; 
 as, horses yrrk their heels. Far. Diet. 
 
 YERK, n. A sudden or quick thrust or motion. 
 
 YERK'ING, ppr. Thrusting with a quick spring. 
 
 YERN. See Yearn. 
 
 YER'-NUT, ( n. An earfh-nut ; a pig-niit. 
 
 YA R'-NUT, I mibrahame. 
 
 YES, adv. [Sax. gise.] 
 
 A word which expresses affirmation or consent ; 
 opposed to No ; as, are you m.irricil, madam Yes. 
 
 ft is used, like Yea, to enforce, by repetition or ad- 
 dition, something which precedes. You have done 
 311 this ; yes, you have done more. 
 
 Yet, you deipise the man to btioks confined. Pope. 
 [Walker's pronunciation of this word as yis is now 
 considered vulgar, and no polite speaker, as Jnmie- 
 Bon remarks, would so pronounce it on his author- 
 itv.l 
 
 YEt^T. See Yeait. 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PRBV. — nNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF DQQK.— 
 
YIE 
 
 VES'TER, a. [G. gesUrn; D. gisteren ; Sox. ffystern; 
 L. kesternus.] 
 
 Last ; last past ; next before the present ; n^, yea- 
 ter sun. Dri/drn. 
 
 JVufe. — This is seldom used except in the coin- 
 potiiids which fuliow. 
 YES'TEll-DAY, n. [Sax. pyrstan-dtrg, pyrstcrlnic 
 daa. See Ybster.] 
 
 1. The day last past; the day next before the 
 present. 
 
 All our yttXtnhiyt have lighted fouU 
 
 The way to dusty denth. Skak. 
 We are hut of yMteniay, and know nothing. — Job Till, 
 
 2. Yesterday is used generally without a preposi- 
 tion ; as, I went to town yesterday. Yesterday we 
 received letters from our friends. In this case, a 
 preposition is understood ; as, on ijesterday, or during 
 yesterday. The word may be considered as adverb- 
 ially used. 
 
 YES'TEll.V, n. Relating to the day last past. 
 YES'TER-NIGHT, (-uile,)7i. [yesUr and night.] The 
 last night. 
 
 2. It is used without a preposition. My brother 
 arrived yesternight ; wliere on or during is under- 
 stood, but it may be considered as adverbially u.sed. 
 YEST'Y. See Yeasty. 
 
 YET, conj. [Sax. get, gyt ; Or. cti ; W. etto. It seems 
 to be from the root of the verb get.] 
 
 Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; however. I come 
 to you in the spirit of peace ; yet you will not receive 
 nie. 
 
 y<rf I »ny to yon, that Solomon, in all his glory, vfat not arrayed 
 like one of these. — Matt, vi, 
 
 YET, ado. Beside ; over and above. There is one 
 reason yet further to b,e alleged. 
 
 2. Still ; the stale remaining the same. 
 
 They alteat iacta they had heard while they were ytt heathens. 
 
 Adtluon. 
 
 3. At this time ; so soon. Is it lime to go ? Not 
 yet. 
 
 4. At least ; at all. 
 
 A man th'U would fonn a comparison between dulntilian'a 
 declanialions, if yet they are (^uintiliiin's. Baker. 
 
 5. It is prefixed to words denoting extension of 
 time or continuance. 
 
 A little longer ; yet a little longer. Dryden. 
 
 C. Still ; in a new degree. The crime becomes 
 yet blacker by the pretense of piety. 
 
 7. Even ; after all ; a kind of emphatical addition 
 to a negative. 
 
 Men may not too raahly beliete the confeisioas ot witches, nor 
 
 yet tlie evidence ug:unst tlicm. Bacon. 
 
 8. Hitherto. You have yet done nothing ; you 
 have a< yet done less than was expected. 
 
 YEV'KN, for GivEM, is nut in use. Spenser. 
 YEW, (yii,) n. [Sax. iic; W. yw or ywen; G. eibe or 
 
 eibenbaum ; D. ibenboom; Fr. \f.] 
 .An evergreen tree of the genus Taxus, allied to 
 
 the pines, valued for its wood or timber. The yew 
 
 frequently occurs in British churchyards. 
 YEW, V. i. To rise, as scum on tlie brine in boiling 
 
 nt the salt works. [See Yaw.I Cyc. 
 YEW'E.X, (yu'en,) a. Made of yew. Hubberd. 
 YEX, n. [Sax. geocsa. See Hiccough.] 
 
 .\ hiccough. {Little used,] 
 YEX, r. t. To hiccough. 
 
 YEZ'I-DEES, n. pi. A small nation bordering on 
 the Euphrates, whose religion is said to be a mixture 
 of the worship of the devil, with some of the doc- 
 trines of the Magi, Mohammedans, and Christians. 
 
 P. Cyc. 
 
 Y-FeRE', (e-fcre',) adv. Together. [JYot in use.] 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 YIELD, (yeeld,) v. t, ['Sax. gif.ldan,gildan, gyldan, to 
 render, to p,-iy. But the word seems to be directly 
 from the VV. gildiaw, to produce, to yield, to concede, 
 to contribute. The sense is obvious.] 
 
 1. To produce, as land, stock, or funds; to give 
 in return for labor, or as profit. Lands yield not 
 more than three per cent, annually ; houses yield 
 four or five per cent. Maize, on good land, yicldslwo 
 or three hundred fold. 
 
 2. To produce, in general. Most vegetable juices 
 yield a salt. 
 
 3. To afford ; to exhibit. The flowers in spring 
 yield a beautiful sight. 
 
 4. To allow ; to concede ; to admit to be true ; as, 
 to yirjd the point in debate. We yield that there is a 
 God. 
 
 5. To give, as claimed of right ; as, to yield due 
 honors ; to yield due praise. 
 
 6. To permit ; to grant. 
 
 Life is but air. 
 
 That yields a passage to the whistUug sword. Dryden. 
 
 7. To emit ; to give up. To yield the breath, is to 
 expire. 
 
 8. To resign ; to give up ; sometimes with up or 
 over : as, to yield up their own opinions. We yield 
 the place to our superiors. 
 
 9. To surrender ; sometimes with up ; as, to yield 
 a fortress to the enemy ; or to yield up a fortress. 
 
 TONE, BJ,'LL, U.MTE.— 
 
 YON 
 
 YIELD, V. i. To give up the contest ; to submit. 
 
 He siw the faintin* Grecians yield, Dryrltn. 
 
 2. To comply with ; as, I yirlded to his request. 
 
 .'1. To give way ; not to oppose. We rfudily yield 
 to the current of opinion; we yield to the customs 
 and fashions. 
 
 4. To give place, as inferior in rank or excellence. 
 They will yield to us in nothing. 
 Tell me in what more happy fu lils 
 
 The Ihlsllo springs, to wliich the lily yiel'U ? Pope. 
 YIELD, n. Amount yielded ; product ; applied par- 
 ticularly to products resulting iVom growth or culti- 
 vation. 
 
 YIkLD'A-BLE-NESS, n. Disposition to comply. [Jl 
 bad word, and not used.] 
 
 YIeLD'ANCE, n. Act of producing ; concession. 
 [JVot tuied.] I/all. 
 
 YIeLD'ED, pp. Produced; afforded; conceded; al- 
 lowed; resigned; surrendered. 
 
 YlKLD'ER, n. One who yields. 
 
 YIkLD'ING, ;)pr. Producing; affording; conceding; 
 resigning ; surrendering ; allowing. 
 
 2. a. Inclined to give way or comply ; flexible ; 
 accommodating; as, a yielding temper. 
 
 YIeL1)'1.\'G, 71. Act of producing ; act of surrender- 
 ing ; submission. Shak. 
 
 YIeLD'ING-LY, adv. With compliance. 
 
 YIeLD'ING-NESS, n. Disposition to comply ; quali- 
 ty of yielding. Paley. 
 
 YO'J.AN, n. In the East Indies, a measure or distance 
 of five miles. jf.viaf. Res. 
 
 Yoke, n. [Sax. ^foc or ioc ; V.juk; G.joch; Sw. ok; 
 Sans, yuga or yuj ; Pers. yigh, yoo; W. jau; Fr. 
 joug ; it. giogo : Sp. yugo; L. jugum ; Gr. ^^vyo^ ; 
 Slav. Riiss. igo : Ch. Syr. and Ar. Jv lug, to join, L. 
 jungo, Gr. {vyoM.] 
 
 1. A piece of timber, hollowed or made curving 
 near each end, and fitted with bows for receiving the 
 necks of oxen ; by which means two arc connected 
 for diawing. 
 
 2. A frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders 
 for carrying a pail, &c.. suspendeil on each sule. 
 
 3. A mark of servitude ; slavery ; bondage. 
 
 Our country sinks beneath tlie yoke, Shak, 
 
 4. A chain ; a link ; a bond of connection ; as, the 
 yoke of marriage. I>rydcn. 
 
 5. A couple; a pair; as, a yoAe of oxen. 
 
 6. Service. 
 
 My yoke is easy. — Malt, xi, 
 
 7. A frame at right angles to the head of a boat's 
 rudder, from the end of which are lines by which the 
 boat is steered. Totlcn. 
 
 Yoke, b. t. To put a yoke on ; to join in a yoke ; as, 
 to yoke oxen, or a pair of oxen. 
 
 2. To couple ; to join with another. 
 
 Casslus, you are yoked with a lamb. Shak, 
 
 3. To enslave ; to bring into bondage. Shali. 
 
 4. To restrain ; to confine. Libertines like nut to 
 be yoked in marriage. 
 
 The wonis and promises that yoke 
 
 The conqueror, are quickly broke. Hudibras. 
 YoK'ED, (ySkt,) pp. Confined in a yoke; joined; 
 
 coupled. 
 YoKE'-ELM, n. A tree. 
 
 YoKE'-FEt^LoW, j n. [yoke and fellow or ma'c '\ An 
 YoKE'MATE, ) a.ssociate or companion. 
 
 _ 2. A mate ; a fellow. Spectator. 
 YoK'ING,ppr. Putting a yoke on ; joining; coupling. 
 YOLD, for Yielded. [jVot in ujjc] Spenser. 
 YoLK, n. The yelk of an egg. [See Yei.k.] 
 
 2. The unctuous secretion from the skin of sheep, 
 consisting of a peculiar potash soap, which renders 
 the pile soft and pliable. Ure. 
 
 3. The vitcllus, a part of the seed of plants, so 
 named by Ga;rtner, from its supposed analogy to the 
 yelk of an egg. It is characterized as very firmly 
 and inseparably connected with the embryo, yet 
 never rising out of the integuments of the seed in 
 germination, but absorbed, like the albumen, (see 
 White and Perispesm,) for the nourishment of the 
 embryo. When the albumen is present, it is always 
 situated between it and the embryo. In the grasses 
 it forms a scale between the embryo and albumen. 
 It is considered by Smith as a subterraneous cotyle- 
 don. Cyc. Smitll, 
 
 YON, 1 a, [Sax. geond. This seems to be formed 
 YOND, > from gan, to go, or its root, and signi- 
 YON'DER, ) fies pr()|>erly;fone ; or it is from geonan, 
 to open ; whence distant. The G, jener, and D. gins, 
 gindcr, may be the same word, or from the same 
 root.] 
 
 Bemg at a distance within view. 
 
 YotvUr men are too many for an embassy. Baeon. 
 R»'ad thy lut in yon celestial si?n. MUton, 
 Yon flowery albon, yonder alleys green. Mtltan. 
 
 YON, \ adv. At a distance within view. When 
 YOND, > we use this word, we often point the 
 YON'DER, J band or direct the eye to the place or 
 object. 
 
 First and chief-'st, with thee brinf 
 
 Him that yon soars on golden wmg. Milton. 
 Yondtr are two apple.wuroen scoldmf . Arhufhnot, 
 
 YOU 
 
 YO.ND, a. Mad; furious, or aliriialed in iiiiiid ; lhal 
 is, ^one, wandering ; and allied to the preceding. 
 [ Obs. 1 Spenser. 
 
 Yo.N'K'ER, (yuuk'er,) n. A young fellow. 
 
 ;»'u/(fr Sciitl. 
 
 YORE, ade. [Sax. geara. It probably signifies past, 
 giinc, from the root of year.] 
 
 Long. [Ofrs.] Spenser, 
 Of yore ; of old time ; long ago ; as, in times or 
 days of ym. 
 
 fiul Satan now Is wiser than of yore. Pope. 
 
 YOO, (yu,) pron. [Sax. cou>, iu, iuch: G. euch ; Arm. 
 chuy : D. »■« or y«, thou. You has been considered 
 as in the plural only, and is so treated in the Saxon 
 grammar. But from the Belgic dialect, it appears 
 to be in the singular as well as the plural, ami our 
 universal popular usage, in applying it to a single 
 pi r.son with a verb in the singular number, is cor- 
 rect. Yourself is in the singular number.] 
 
 1. The pronniin of the second person, in the nomi- 
 native or objective case. In familiar language, it is 
 applied to an individual, as thou is in the solemn 
 style. In the plural, it is used in tlie solemn style in 
 the objective case. 
 
 In vain you ti^Il your parlinjr lover, 
 
 You wish fair winds may waft him over. Prior. 
 He that despiseth you, despiselh me, — Luke X. 
 
 2. You is used, like en in French, for any one. 
 This at a distance looks like a ruck ; but as you ap- 
 proach it, you see a liltle cabin. 
 
 YOUNG, (yung,) a. [."<ax. iong, geong ! G. jung ; D. 
 jong ; Sw. and Dan. ung ; Arm. yaouncq; W. icuanc; 
 Salts, yuwana ; \,. juocnis. Clu. Ch. Syr. Ileb. and 
 Sam. pJ'', t<i suck, or Goth, yuggs, young. The 
 Welsh makes the word a compound, and the origin 
 is not evident.] 
 
 1. Not having been long horn: being in the first- 
 part of life ; not old ; used of animals ; as, a young 
 child ; .1 young man ; a young fawn. 
 
 2. Being in the first part of growth ; as, a young 
 plant ; a young tree. 
 
 3. Ignorant ; weak ; or rather, having little expe- 
 rience. 
 
 Come, elder brother, thou'n too young in Uiis. Shak. 
 
 YOUNG, (yung,) n. The offspring of animals, either 
 a single animal, or offspring collectively. The cow 
 will take care of her young, as will the hen. An- 
 imals make provision for their young. 
 
 YOUN"GEIl, (yung'ger,) a. comp. Not so old as an- 
 other. A person of ninety years old is yomi'i'cr than 
 one of a hundred, though certainly not a young man, 
 nor in the first part of life. 
 
 YOUN"GEST, (yiiiig'gest,) a. superl. Having the 
 le.ast age. There are three persons living, the young- 
 est of whom is ninety years old. 
 
 YOUNG'ISII, (yung'ish,) a. Somewhat young. 
 
 Tatler. 
 
 YOUNG'LING, (yiing'ling,) n. [Sax. geongling,] 
 
 Any animal in the first part of life. I>ryden, 
 YOUNG'LY, (yung'le,) adv. Early in life. Shak, 
 
 2. Ignorantly ; weakly. [LitUe used,] 
 YOUNG'STER, (yung'ster,) n. A young person ; a 
 
 lad. [.^ colloquial word,] Shak, 
 YOUNGTH, for Yoi th, is not in use. Spenser, 
 YOUNK'EK, 71. Among seamen, a stripling in the 
 service. 
 
 YOuR, (yure,) a. pronoun, [from youi Sax. eoicer ; G. 
 eucr.l 
 
 1. Belonging to you ; equally applicable to both num- 
 bers : as, your father ; your heart ; your prince ; your 
 subjects. 
 
 2. It is used indefinitely. 
 
 Your meilalist and your critic are mucli nearer related ftian the 
 world imagine. Addieon. 
 
 3. Yours is used as a substitute for a noun in the 
 nominative or objective. Tiiis book is yours. 1 have 
 no pen ; give nie yours. My sword and yours are 
 kin. Shak. 
 
 YOOR-SELF', prnn. : pi. Yot-nsEi-vrs. [your and se{f.] 
 A word addetl to you, to express distinction emphat- 
 ically between you and other persons. This work 
 you must do your.telf; or you yourself must do it ; 
 that is, you and no other person. 
 Sumeiimes it is used without you. 
 
 Allow obedience, if youniltti an- uld. Shak. 
 
 It is used as the reciprocal pronoun. You love 
 only yourself ; you have brought this calamity on 
 yourselves ; be but yourselves. 
 YOOTH, (yuth,) n. [t^ax. iugiUA, iugoth„iogoth, get>- 
 gatli I Gi)\,\\, yusgs I G. jugend ; li. jougd.] 
 
 1. The part of life that succeeds to rliildluKid. In 
 a general sense, youth denotes the whole early part of 
 life, from infancy to manhood ; but it is not unusual 
 to ilivide the stages of life into infancy, childhood, 
 youth, and manhood. In this sense, Uie word can 
 have no plural. 
 
 Those who pi\ss their youtA in vice, are Justly condemned U 
 spend their age in lolly. UamiUer. 
 
 2. A young man. In this sense, it bas a plural. 
 
 Seven youthe from Athens yearly senu Dryden. 
 
 3. A young person, male or femsde. 
 
 127tl 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS e as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH a» in THIS. 
 
ZEA 
 
 ZEO 
 
 ZIM 
 
 4. Young persons, collectively. 
 
 It is lit to youth to read the beat auihort first. B. Jonson. 
 
 YOOTH'FyL, a. Young ; as, two youthful knights. 
 
 Drydcn, 
 
 2. Pertaining to the early part of life ; as, youthful 
 days ; yiiiuhful age. 
 
 3. Suitable to the first part of life; as, youthful 
 thoiiglils ; yotUltful sports. 
 
 4. Fresh ; vigorous ; as in vouth. Bentiaj. 
 YOCTH'FL I^LY, ado. In a youthful manner. 
 YOCTII'FijL-NESS, n. Fullness of youth. 
 YOOTH'LY, a. Young ; early in life. [Ofo.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 YOuTH'Y, a. Young. [Bad, and not used.] 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 Y-PIGHT', (e-plte',) a. Fixed, that is, pitched. [04s.] 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 YT'TRI-A. Tt. [So called from YUerby, a quarry in 
 Sweden.] 
 
 A metallic oiyd. It has the appearance of a fine. 
 
 white powder, without taste or smell. It is insolu- 
 ble in water, and does nut affect vegetable blues. It 
 combines with acids, and forms salts. Its metallic 
 h:ise is yttrium. It was discovered in 1794, by Pro- 
 fessor Gad'ilin, in a mineral found at Ytterby. The 
 metal of which it is an oxyd was first obtained by 
 VVoeliler in 1828. Cyc. Ure. Davy. 
 
 YT'TRI-OUS, a. Pertaining to yttria ; containing yt- 
 tria ; as, the 7/ttriou5 ovyd t»f columbiuin. Clcavclaitd. 
 
 YT'TRI-U.M, 71. The metallic base of yttria. It was 
 first obtained pure in 1828, by Woehler. Its texture 
 is scaly, its color grayish-black, and its luster perfect- 
 ly metallic. Its oxyd, called Yttria, was discovered 
 in 1794, by Professor Gadolin, in a mineral found at 
 Ytterby, in Sweden. 
 
 YT'TRO-Ce'RITE, n. A mineral occurring very 
 sparingly at Finbo and Brodbo, near Fahliin, imbed- 
 ded in quartz. Its color is violet-blue, inclining to 
 gray and white. It is sometimes wliite. It consists 
 of fluorid of calcium, fluorid of yttrium, and fluorid 
 of cerium. 
 
 YT'TRO-eO-LUM'BITE, i n. An ore of coliiinbitim 
 
 YT'TRO-TAN'TA-LITE, i and yttrium found in 
 Sweden. It occurs of yellow, brown, and black col 
 ors. Dana. 
 
 YUCK, V. i. To itch. [Local.] Oru^e. 
 
 YUFTS, 71. Russia leather, prepared from ox-hides in 
 a peculiar manner. Tuukc 
 
 YUG, i 71. In Uie mytholo^j of Indian an age ; one o( 
 
 YOG, j the ages into which the Hindoos divide the 
 dtir.ation or existence of the world. 
 
 Yu'LAN, 71. A beautiful flowering tree of China; 
 the Magnolia yulan, a tree of 30 or 40 feet in its na- 
 tive country, but, in European gardens, of not more 
 than 12 feet. Grosier. 
 
 YuLE, 7i. [Sa\.iule,geohol, gehul, eeol; Ann. gouel, 
 gouil, a feast ; VV. gwyty a holiday.] 
 
 The name anciently given to Christmas, or the 
 feast of the nativity of our Savior 
 
 YUX, 7!. A hiccough. [JVot used.] 
 
 YVX,v.i. To hiccough. [Obs.] 
 
 z. 
 
 ZTRE last letter of the English alphabet, is a sibil.ant 
 J articulation, and is merely a vocal s. It bears 
 the same relation to s as » does to /. With us it has 
 not a compound sound, nor is it a double consonant, 
 as in the Italian and German. It is as simple in its 
 sound as s. 
 
 As a numeral, Z stands for 2000, and with a dash 
 over it, Z, for2,000,000. It is pronounced lee. 
 Za'BA-ISM. See Sabianism. 
 
 ZACeilO, 71. The lowest part of the pedestal of a 
 column. 
 
 ZAF'FER, 71. Impure oxyd of cobalt. The residuum 
 of cobalt, after the sulphur, arsenic, and other vola- 
 tile matters have been expelled by calcination ; so 
 that it is a gray or dark-gray oxyd of cobalt, mixed 
 with a portion of silex. Cyc. 
 
 ZA.M'BO, 7!. The child of a mulatto and a negro, 
 also sometimes of an Indian and a negro. 
 
 Humboldt. 
 
 ZA'MI-A, 71. A genus of plants, possessing nearly 
 equal affinities with palms and tree-ferns, and bear- 
 ing heads of flowers like pine cones. P. Cyc. 
 
 Za'MITE, 71. A fossil plant of tlie genus Zamia. 
 
 Brande. 
 
 ZA'NY, 71. [It. lanni, a buffoon.] 
 
 A merry-andrew ; a buffoon. Pope. 
 
 Za'NY, r. t. To mimic. Beaum. S,- Fl. 
 
 Za'NY-ISM, 71. The state or character of a zany. 
 
 ZAPH'A-RA, 71. A mineral used by potters to pro- 
 duce a sky-color in their wares. 
 
 ZAP'OTE, 71. In Mexico, the general name of fruits 
 which are roundish and contain a hard stone. 
 
 ZAR'iN'ICH, (zir'nik,) 7i. [See Arsenic] A name 
 applied to tile native sulphurets of arsenic, sanda- 
 rach or realgar, and orpimeiit. Rces^s Cyc. 
 
 ZAX, II. An instrument for cutting slate. 
 
 ZA' YAT, 71. A Burman caravansary, or resting-place 
 fur travelers. 
 
 Ze'A, 71. In natural history, the generic name of 
 maize. Two species only of Zea are known, viz., 
 Zea Mays and Zea Caragua. The former is common 
 Indian corn ; the latter is quite different as respects 
 the ear and seeds. 
 Zeal, (zeel,) 71. [Gr. C'A"! ; L. zebus.] 
 
 Passionate ardor in the pursuit of any thing. Ex- 
 cessive zeal may rise to enthusiasm. In general, zeal 
 is an eagerness of desire to accomplish or obtain 
 some object, and it mny be manifested either in favor 
 of any person or thing, or in opposition to it, and in 
 a good or b.ad cause. 
 
 Zeal, tlie blind conductor of the will. Dn/tJen. 
 'Mi'-'y^iiave .1 xeal ol God, but not according to knowledge — 
 
 A zeal for lili^rty is 8om'"lim''ii .in cnir'Tn^-si to suhvorl, with 
 little care wiiat iltill be csiablulied. Juht^on. 
 
 ZRAL'I-ESS, a. Wanting zeal. Hammond. 
 
 ZEAIj'OT, (zrd'ot,) 71. One who engages warmly 
 in any l ausc, and pursues his olijpct with earnest- 
 ne-fj anil ardor. It is generally used in dispraise, or 
 applied to one whose ardor is intemperate and cen- 
 surable. The fury of iralola was one cause of the 
 desinii tion of Jeriuali in. K. Charles. 
 
 ZI'.A I.OT'lC AL, a. Ardently zealous. [htUlc used.] 
 
 ZIOAI/OUH, (zel'iis,) (1. Warmly engaged o{ ardent 
 in the piirHUit of an object. 
 
 it«-lnir SAved biinself, ht mny t>e xeatout in th^ uilrttlon of 
 tot.l,. La<c. 
 
 ZEAL'OtJS LY, (zel'u»-le,) adv. With passionate ar- 
 dor ; with eagerness. 
 
 U Is i<>w\ to be x«a/ou«/y aiTect^d nlwtys In a good tliiiif;. — 
 i». 
 
 ZEAL'OUS-NESS, (zel'us-ness,) 71. The quality of 
 being zealous ; zeal. 
 
 Zk'BRA, 71. A pachydermatous mammal, the Equus 
 Zebra, a quadruped of Southern Africa, nearly as 
 large as a horse, white, with numerous brownisti- 
 black bands, of greater or less intensity, and lighter 
 down the middle of each band. It is one of the six 
 species which constitute the genus to which the horse 
 belongs. 
 
 Ze'BU, 71. A ruminant mammal of the bovid tribe, 
 Irhe Taurus Indicus or Bos Indicus of the naturalists. 
 This bovine quadruped varies in size, from a large 
 mastiff-dog to a full-grown European bull. It is or- 
 dinarily furnished with a fatty excrescence or hump 
 on the shoulders, which has been said sometimes to 
 reach the weight of fifty pounds. It is found exten- 
 sively in India and also in Northern Africa. It is 
 often called the Indian Bull or Ox and Cow. 
 
 Ze'CHIN, (ze'kin,) 71. [It. zccchino.] An Italian gold 
 coin; usually written Sequin, which see. If named 
 from Zecha, the place where minted, this is the cor- 
 rect orthography. 
 
 ZECH'STeIN, 71. [Ger.] A magnesian limestone, 
 inferior in rel.ative position to the lias. Brande. 
 
 ZED, 7!. A name of the letter Z. Shak. 
 
 ZED'O-A-RY, 71. A medicinal root, belonging to Cur- 
 cuma Zedoaria, a plant growing in the East Indies, 
 whose leaves resemble those of ginger, only they 
 are hmger and broader. It comes in oblong pieces, 
 about the thickness of the little finger, and two or 
 t^liree inches in length. It is a warm stomachic. Cyc. 
 
 Ze'IN, 71. The gluten of maize ; a substance of a yel- 
 lowish color, soft, insipid, and elastic, procured from 
 the seeds of the Zea Mays, or Indian corn. It is said 
 to differ essentially from the gluten of wheat. 
 
 Qorham. 
 
 ZEM-IN-DSR', 71. [from :fm, Tf mm, land.] In India, 
 a feudatory or landholder under the government, with 
 the right of underletting tlie land and certain other 
 privileges, leading to much oppression. Malcom. 
 
 ZEM'IN-D.\-RY, 71. The jurisdiction of a zemin- 
 dar. 
 
 ZEND, 71. A language that formerly prevailed in 
 Persia. 
 
 ZENI)'A-VES-TA, 71. A sacred book of the Gutbers 
 or Parsees, ascribed to Zoroaster, and reverenced 
 as a bible, or sole rule of faith and practice. It is 
 often called Zend, by contraction. 
 
 ZF.'NITII, 71. [Fr. ; It. 2cni« ; Sp. zcnit or cenit. I 
 have not found the oriental original.] 
 
 That point in the visible celestial hemisphere 
 which is vertical to the spectator, and from which a 
 direct perpendicular line passing through the spec- 
 tator, and extendeil, would proceed to tile center of 
 the earth. It is opposed to Nadir. 
 
 ZE'NITH-SECT'tJR, n. An astronomical instru- 
 ment for measuring with great accuracy, the dis- 
 tances from the zenith of stars wliich pass near 
 that point. Brande. 
 
 Z£'0-LITE, 71. [Gr. t;tw, to boil, to foam, and XiUo;, 
 Ktonc.J 
 
 A mineral species in the early works on mineral- 
 ogy, but now subdivided into several, bolli on chem- 
 ical and crystallographic grounds. Some of them 
 arc Stilbitc, Natrolite, Apophyllite, Scolecite, Laii- 
 monite. The term is nttwused to ilesignate a lainily 
 including these and other hydrous silicates of alumina, 
 with some of the eartJu or alkalies. These spoi'ies are 
 most abundant in The cavities of ainygilaloitls, ba- 
 salts, and lavas, though occasionally found in granite 
 or gnt;iss. They are always sulmeiiiient in origin to 
 the formation of the containing rock. Dana. 
 
 ZE-0-LIT'I€, a. Pertaining to zeolite ; consisting of 
 
 zeolite, or resembling it. 
 ZE-O-LIT'I-FORM, a. Having the form of zeolite. 
 ZEPH'YR, (zef 'er,) 71. [L. zephyrus ; Gr. (,oti'iM(.] 
 The west wind ; and poetically, any soft, mild, 
 gentle breeze. The poets personify Zephyrus, and 
 make him the most mild anil gentle of all the sylvan 
 deities. Cyc. 
 Mild as when Zephyrug on Flora breathes. Milton. 
 
 ZEPH'Y-RUS, 71. [L.] The west wind or zephyr. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 ZER'DA,7i. [African.] A canine quadruped of Africa, 
 with large ears, belonging to the genus Megalotis of 
 Illiger. It bears some resemblance to the fox and 
 jackal, but is smaller. C. H. Smilli. 
 
 ZE'RO, 71. [It.] Cipher ; nothing. The point of a 
 thermometer trom which it is graduated. Zero, in 
 the thermometers of Celsius and Reaumur, is at the 
 point at which water congeals. The zero of Fahren- 
 heit's thermometer is fixed at the point at which the 
 mercury stands when immersed in a mixture of 
 snow and common salt. In Wedgwood's pyrome- 
 ter, the zero corresponds with 1077" on Fahrenheit's 
 scale. 
 
 ZEST, 71. [Pers. (jX«»j zistan, to peel. Class Sd.] 
 
 1. .\ piece of orange or lemon peel, used to give 
 flavor to liquor ; or the fine, thin oil that spurts out of 
 it when stpieezed ; also, the woody, thick skin quar- 
 tering the kernel of a walnut. Cyc. 
 
 2. Relish; something that gives a pleasant taste; 
 or the taste itself. 
 
 ZEST, V. t. To give a relish or flavor to ; to highten 
 
 taste or relish. 
 2. To cut the peel of an orange or lemon from top 
 
 to bottom into thin slips ; or to squeeze the peel over 
 
 the surface of any thing. Cyc 
 Ze'TA, ;i. a Greek letter, ^ or g, corresponding to 
 
 our 
 
 2. A little closet or chamber, with pipes running 
 along the walls, to convey into it fresh air, or warm 
 vapor, from below. Cyc. 
 
 ZE-TET'IC, a. [Gr. Ci/tim. to seek.] 
 
 That seeks ; that proceeds by inquiry. The zetetic 
 method, in mathematics, is that used in investigation, 
 or the solution of problems. (^Kui-c] Hutton. 
 
 ZE 'ne'l{-LA, 71. A small withdrawing room. 
 
 ZEuG'MA, (zug'ma,) 71. [Gr. ^tujjia, from :,ciiyi/\>a, 
 to join. See Yoke.) 
 
 A figure in grammar by which an adjective or 
 verb which agrees with a nearer woril, is, by way of 
 supplement, referred also to another more rtmiote. 
 Thus, ill Virgil, " Hie illius anna, hie currua fuit 
 where /iii«, wliii h agrees directly with currus, is re- 
 ferred also to arma. Cyc. 
 
 ZIB'ET, 71. [See Civet.] A digitigrade Carnivorous 
 mammal, the Viverra Zibetlia. This is a small quad- 
 ruped, somewhat resembling Ihe weasel. It inhabits 
 both India and Africa. It is distinct from the civet, 
 though nearly allied to it. 
 
 ZKJ'ZAG, a. Having short turns. 
 
 ZIG'ZAG, 71. Something that has short turns or 
 angles. 
 
 2. In architecture, a molding running in a zigzag 
 line. Off. Oloss. 
 
 ZIG'ZAG, r. I. To form with short turns. 
 ZIG'ZAti-GKO, p;). I'l rineil with short turns. 
 ZIG'ZAG GINti, ppr. Foriiiing ivith short lurnii. 
 ZIM'ENT WA'TER, or COP'PER WA'TER, li B 
 
 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK._ 
 
ZON 
 
 name given to water found in copper mines ; water 
 impregnated with copper. 
 ZI'MOME, 71. See ZvMoME. 
 
 ZINC, 71. [G. Sw. and Dan. -.i7i/>. The spelling Zink, 
 in accordance with tlie German, Swcdisli, and Da- 
 ni.ih, would be preferable.] 
 
 A metal of a brilliant white color, with a shade of 
 blue, and appearing as if conipo«'d of plates adher- 
 ing together. It is not brittle, but less malleable than 
 (Xipper. lead, or tin. When lieated, however, it is 
 malleable, and may be rolled into plates. Cijc, 
 
 ZIN-CIF'KR-OU.S, ) r . J T ^ 1 
 
 ZINUK-IF'ER-OUS, 1 «• L-/'™.] 
 
 Containing or ofTurding zinc ; as, zinciferous ore. 
 
 Journ. of Science, 
 
 ZINe'ODE, n. The positive pole of a galvanic bat- 
 tery. Graham. 
 
 ZINe'OUS, a. Pertaining to zinc, or to the positive 
 pole of a galvanic battery. Graham. 
 
 ZI.NXK'Y, a. Pertaining to zinc, or having its ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Suinf elTervi'sco with «cula, sonjc not, though soluble thpirin, as 
 
 to the zincky pint. Kirtean. 
 Thf zincky orva uri; said to be grayer than oilier ores. 
 
 ZINK'E.V-ITE, 71. [from M. Zi7itoi.] 
 
 A steel-gray ore of antimony and lead. Dana. 
 ZI'ON, n. A hill in Jerusalem, which, after the cap- 
 ture of that city, became the royal residence of Da- 
 vid and his successors. Hence, 
 2. The theocracy, or church of God. Kitto. 
 ZtR'eoN, 71. A mineral containing the earth zir- 
 conia and silica, occurring in stpiare prisms with 
 pyramidal terminations of a brown or gray color, 
 occasionally red, and often nearly transparent. Ilija- 
 cinOi is the red variety. Dana. 
 ZIU-Go'NI-.\, 71. An oxyd ot the metal zirconium, 
 discovered by Klaproth, in the year 1789, in the 
 lircnn of Ceylon, and subsequently in the hyacinth 
 of Expaily in France. It resembles aluminc in ai>- 
 pearaiice. It is so hard as to scratch glass. When 
 pure, it is a white powder. 
 ZIR'eO-NITE, 11. A variety of the zircon. 
 ZIR-eo'M-U.M, 71. The metallic basis of zirconia. 
 Berzelitis first obtained zirconium in 1894 ; but Davy 
 had previously rendered its existence quite probable. 
 It is commonly obtained in the form of a black pow- 
 ; der. Its metallic character is questioned by some. 
 I' ZIZ'EIi, 71. A rodent mammal, the Arctomys Citilliis. 
 I It is found in Russia anil Germany, and also in Asia. 
 1 1 It is the Si'sLiK, often called the Earless Marmot. 
 
 i I It is a small quadruped. 
 
 ii zoceo, . 
 
 ' ZO'GIjE, \n 'It. 2o«o!o ; from L. ioccui, a sock.] 
 
 i ZOe'Gti-I-O, ) 
 
 j A socle, which see. 
 
 p ZO'DI-AC, 71. [Fr. zodiaque ; It. and Sp. lodiaco; L. 
 jj zodiacus ; Gr. v'''f^f*'J^'*V", from ^ojof, an animal.] 
 
 1. A broad circle in the heavens, containing the 
 twelve signs through which the sun pa.sses in its 
 annual course. The center of this belt is the eclip- 
 tic, which is the path of the sun. It intersects the 
 equator at an angle of about twenty-three degrees and 
 twenty-eight minutes. This is called its obliquity. 
 
 2. .\ girdle.* MiUon. 
 ZO-DVAC-.M., a. Pertaining to the zodiac. 
 
 Zodiacal light ; a luminous track, of an elongated, 
 triangular tigiiri?, lying nearly in the ecliptic, its 
 base being on the horizon, and its npe.x at varying 
 alt tudes. In the evening, after twilight, it is in this 
 latitude most conspicuous from January to April, 
 and in the morning, before dawn, from September to 
 December. Its nature is unknown. E. C Hcrrick. 
 
 ZS'llXR, 71. [Ileb.] A Jewish book of cabalistic 
 commentaries on Scripture. Brande. 
 
 ZOIS'ITE, 71. [from Van ZoLi, its discoverer.] 
 
 A grayish variety of Epidote. Dana. 
 
 ZONE, II. [L. zona; Gr. ^wi/i).] 
 
 1. A girdle. 
 
 An embroiilered zone surrounds her wslst. Dryrlen. 
 
 2. In freonraphy, a division of the earth, with re- 
 spect to the temperature of dilTerent latiluiles. The 
 zones are five ; the torrid zone, extending from trop- 
 ic to tropic 46° 56', or 23° 28', on each side of the 
 equator ; two temperate or variable zones, situated 
 
 ZOO 
 
 between the tropics anil polar circles, and two frigid 
 zones, situated between the polar circles mid the 
 poles. 
 
 3. In natural history, a band or stripe running 
 round any object. Gardner. 
 
 4. Circuit ; circumference. Milton. 
 Ciliary zone; in a7iaf07/ii/, the black impression of 
 
 the ciliary processes on the vitreous humor of the 
 eye. Cyc. 
 
 ZON'£D, a. Wearing a zone. l'i,pc. 
 2. Having zones or concentric hands. 
 
 Zo.N'E'I-ESS, a. Not having a zone. 
 
 ZON'NAR, 77. A belt or girdle, which the Christians 
 and Jews in the Levant are obliged to wear, to dis- 
 tinguish them from the Mohammedans. Ci;e. 
 
 ZO-OG'RA-PHER, 7i. [Sec Zooouaphv.] One who 
 describes animals, their forms, and habits. 
 
 ZO-O-GRAPH'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to the descriii- 
 tion of animals, 
 
 ZO-OG'RA-PIIY, 71. [Gr. ^wor, an animal, and 
 ypaijxo, to describe.] 
 
 A description of animals, their forms, and habits. 
 [But ZooLOOY is generally used.] 
 
 ZO-OL'A-TRY, 71. [Gr. Cw/c and Xarocia.] 
 The worship of animals. 
 
 Zo'O-LITE, H. [Gr. ^ojav, an animal, and AiOof, 
 stone.] 
 
 An animal substance petrified or fossil. [JVot in 
 71.ST . ] Morin. 
 
 Z0-(1-L06'ie-.\L, o. [from zoUlnay.] Pertaining to 
 zuiilogv, or the science of animals. 
 
 ZO-O-LOG'ie-AL-LV, adv. According to the princi- 
 ples of zoology. Lawrence. 
 
 ZO-OL'O-GIST, 71. [from zootorry.] One who is well 
 versed in the natural history of animals, or who de- 
 scribes animals. 
 
 ZO-OL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. ^wn', an animal, and Xoyog, 
 discourse.] 
 
 That part of natural history which treats of the 
 structure, habits, classification, and habitatiiuis of 
 all animals, from man to the lowest of all the 
 ZO-ON'ie, a. [Gr. an aiiimaU [tribes. 
 
 Pertaining to animals ; obtained from animal sub- 
 stances. 
 
 ZO ON'O-MY, 71. [Gr. ^auv, an animal, and vofios, 
 law.] 
 
 The laws of animal life, or the science which 
 treats of the phenomena of animal life, their causes 
 and relations. Darwin. 
 ZO-OPII'A-GAN, 71. [Gr. ^uje, an animal, and fa)oi, 
 to eat.] 
 
 An animal that feeds on animal food ; a carnivo- 
 rous quadruped. 
 ZO-OPII' A-GOUS, (zo-ofa-gus,) a. [Gr. C,wav, an ani- 
 mal, and </>a) w, to eat.] 
 
 Feeiling on animals. Kirby. 
 Zo'O-PIIITE. See Zoophyte. 
 
 ZO-O PIlOR'ie, a. [Gr. ^tu i , an animal, and ipoptw, 
 to bear.] 
 
 The zodphoric column is one which supports the 
 figure of an animal. 
 
 ZO-OPH'O-Rt'S, 11. [Supra.] In ancient architecture, 
 the same with the Frieze in modern architecture ; a 
 part between the architrave and cornice ; so called 
 from the figures of animals carved upon it. Diet. 
 
 Zo'O PII?TE, n. [Gr. {uoj', an animal, and ^uroi', a 
 plant.] 
 
 A general term, applied to simple polyps, and com- 
 pound individuals consisting of many polyps unitpd 
 together, as in most corals. They often branch like 
 vegetation, and the polyps resemble flowers in form. 
 The term formerly included sponges and corallines, 
 in aililition to the above. Dana, 
 
 ZO-O-PIIYT'ie, a. Pertaining to zoophytes. 
 
 ZO-0-PHf-TO-LOft'ie--\L, a. Pertaining to zob- 
 phvtologv. 
 
 Z0-6-PIIV-T0L'0-C:Y, 71. [zoSphyte, and Gr. Aijoj, 
 discourse.] 
 
 The natural history of zotiphytes. Ed. Encyc. 
 
 ZO-0-TO.\l'ie-.\L., a. Pertaining to zootomy. 
 
 ZO-OT'O-MIST, 71. [See ZooTOMr.] One who dis- 
 sects the bodies of animals ; a comparative anato- 
 mist. 
 
 Zd-OT'O-MY, X. [Gr. ^wii', an animal, and -t/n-w, 
 to cut.] 
 
 ZYT 
 
 I 
 
 The anatomy of all animals ; the disscctiim of all 
 animals for the purpose of discovering their struc- 
 ture, the functions of their several parts, Uc. ZuUt- 
 omy is divided into antJiropotomy, or the anatomy of 
 man ; ornitliolomy, or the anatomy of birds ; ichthyot- 
 07717/, or the anatomy of fishes, &c. The anatomy of 
 brute animals, and more especially quadru|>eds, is 
 called CosiPARATivE Anatomt. 
 
 ZOR'II.., 71. A fetid animal, a mere variety of the 
 Memphitis Americana, or skunk, found In South 
 America. [In Sp. zorro is a foi, and zorillo the 
 whi lp of a lox.] Cyc. 
 
 ZOUNl)S. 71. An exclamation contracted from " God's 
 wounds;" formerly used as an oath, and an expres- 
 sion of anger or wonder. Smart, 
 
 ZUF'FO-LO, n. [It. zu/ulo, from zufolare, to hiss or 
 whistle, L. .mfflo.] 
 
 A little Htite or flageolet, especially that which is 
 used to teach birds. Busby. 
 
 ZO'MATE. Site Zvmate. 
 
 ZO'MIC. Sec ZvMic Acid. 
 
 ZU-.MO-LOG'ie-AL, a. [See Zumoloot.] Pertain- 
 ing to ziimology. 
 [This word should be written Ztmolooical.] 
 ZU-MOL'O -GIST, 11. One who is skilled in the fer- 
 mentation of liquors. 
 
 [This word should be written Zvmologht.] 
 ZU-iNlOI.'O-GY, 71. [Gr. Ovii, ferment, from {u/iou, 
 to ferment, and Xnyoi, discourse.] 
 
 .\ treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or the 
 doctrine of fermentation. Cyc. 
 (This word should be written Zymoloqt.] 
 ZII-.\l().M'E-TER, ( 71. [Gr. (f/iwiris, fernicntn- 
 ZU-.MO-SIM'E-TER, i tion, or ^v/iy, ferment, and 
 ptTiiiu^, to measure.] 
 
 An instrument proposed br Swammerd.nm for as- 
 certaining the degree of fermentatiim occasioned by 
 the mixture of ditfereiit liquids, and the degree of 
 heat which they acquire in fermentation. Cyc. 
 
 [These should be written Zvmosimeter and Zy- 
 mometer.] 
 
 ZUR'I.ITF,, 71. A newly-discovered Vesuvian min- 
 eral, wluise primitive form is a cube, or, according 
 to some authors, a rectangular prism. 
 
 Journ. of Science. 
 ZYG-O-DAe-TYL'ie, \ a. [Gr. Ci v-k,., to join, and 
 ZYG-O-DAC'TYL-OIIS, ( Ukti,\uu a finger.] 
 
 Having the toes disposed in pairs ; distinguishing 
 an order of birds which have the feet furnislii.d with 
 two toes before and two behind, as the parrot, wood- 
 pecker, &c. Partington. Ed. Encyc 
 ZYG-O-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. st"> /ifi, a joining.] 
 
 Pertaining to a bone of the head, called also os 
 jurrale, or cheek-bone, or to the bony arch under 
 which the temporal muscle passes. The term zy- 
 goma is applied both to the bone and the arch. 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 Zygomatic arch. See Zygomatic. 
 
 Zygomatic hone ; the cheek-bone. 
 
 Zyiromatic mu.scles : t\\'o muscles of the face, which 
 rise from the zygomatic bone, and are inserted into 
 the corner of tiie mouth. 
 
 Z.y somatic processes ; the processes of the temporal 
 and cheek-bones, which unite to form the zygomatic 
 arch. 
 
 Zygomatic suture ; the suture which joins the zyg- 
 omatic processes of the temporal and cheek bones. 
 
 Parr. 
 
 ZV'M.ATE, ) 71. A supposed compound of the imagi- 
 
 ZO'M.\TR, i nary zymic acitl with a base. As there 
 is no such acid, there can be no such salt. 
 
 ZV'Mie-AC'ID, i ,.„ . r„„.„, 1 
 
 ZO'Mie-AC'Iul i [Gr- C"/"!. ferment.] 
 
 A stip[M)sed peculiar acid obtained by the acetous 
 fermentation of vegetable substances. No such jie- 
 ciiliar acid exists. 
 
 ZV'MOMR, ) . ., 
 
 ZI'MOME, i " -"'"'-J 
 
 One of the supposed proximate principles of the 
 gluten of wheat. It is a tough substance, insoluble 
 in alcohol. There are doubts as respei ts the exist- 
 ence of zymome, as a truly distinct substance. 
 
 ZV-TIIEP'SA RY, 71. A brewerv, or brew-house. 
 
 ZY'TIIU.M, 71. [Gr. Ctoi, to boil j 
 
 A beverage : a liquor made fram malt and wheat. 
 
 TCNE, BfJLL, IGNITE.— 
 
 AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SIl ; TH as in THia 
 
TABLES 
 
 OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE NAMES, 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPEll NAMES, 
 
 AND 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 
 
 DESIGNED 
 
 TO EXHIBIT THE PRONUNCIATION OE EACH; 
 
 WITH EULES, ETC.; 
 
 PREPARED FOR 
 
 WEBSTER'S LARGER DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 
 
 N. POETEE, 
 
 PKOFESSOB IN YALE COLLBQB. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 PUBLISHED BY GEORGE AND CHARLES MERRIAM, 
 
 CORNER OF MAIN AND STATE STREETS. 
 1 8 54. 
 
 1283 
 
Enteked according to Act 
 By GEORGE AND 
 In the Clerk's Office op the 
 
 OF Congress, in the Year 1847 
 CHARLES MERRIAM, 
 District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 STEREOTYI'KD AT THE 
 BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Tiiii publishers of Webster's larger English Dictionary, desiring to append to it tables prepared expressly 
 for their edition, which should exhibit the correct pronunciation of Scriptural, Classical, and Modern Geographi- 
 cal Names, requested the subscriber to undertake the direction of the work. This service has been performed 
 in the following manner : — 
 
 The list of Scriptural Names added by Taylor to his edition of Calmet's " Dictionary of the Bible," has 
 been carefully collated with that prepared by Walker. In those cases in which the pronunciation of Walker 
 differs from Taylor's, Walker's method has been subjoined, or substituted in its place. The methods of Walker 
 and of Taylor generally coincide, and the authority of Taylor has been preferred to that of Walker in those 
 instanc«6 only in which Walker's is opposed by the best and the established usage. The words omitted by 
 Taylor have been added from Walker, and the table, in the number of names and in their pronunciation, is 
 substantially the same with that which usually accompanies Walke/'s " Key." 
 
 The table of Greek and Latin Proper Names contains all the classical names which are found in Walker's 
 tabic, together with such as are furnished in addition by Trollope, in his edition of Walker's " Key," and by 
 Thomas Swinburne Carr, in his " Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names." A few have also been taken from 
 Pauly's " Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquities," and from Freund's " Dictionary of the Latin Language." 
 
 This table has been revised by Professor Thacher, of Yale College. In conducting this revision, he found 
 it necessary to correct numerous errors, especially in the division of words into syllables, which, from errors of 
 the press, a confusion of principles, and a want of care in the application of the rules, have been accumulated 
 in other published tables of Proper Names. It will be seen, on noticing the changes which have been intro- 
 duced, that the aim has been to remove all inconsistencies in the application of the rules of pronunciation 
 which have been adopted by Walker in common with many others. 
 
 A few errors of accent have also been corrected, as more recent investigations have ascertained the quan- 
 tity of some words, which earlier lexicographers, guided only by the general rules of quantity, had given errone- 
 ously. 
 
 The pronunciation of these names is in all cases determined by the place of the accent, and by the forms 
 of the syllables which the accent determines. To attempt to indicate to the English ear the sounds of the 
 vowels by marks which in classical usage are employed to indicate their quantity, would only lead to con- 
 fusion, and cannot fail to be especially disadvantageous to students of the languages. The classical table is 
 accompanied by a few rules, designed to guide the scholar in settling those questions of pronunciation which 
 are not answered in the table itself These rules do not disagree with those adopted in Walker's "Key;" but, 
 in connection with the table, will guide to that pronunciation which is in vogue at the University of Oxford 
 and other learned schools. It is believed that these few rules will be found to be more convenient and useful 
 than the corresponding ones in Walker's " Key." , 
 
 161* 
 
 D D D D D 
 
 1285 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The same preference will be given, it is believed, to the rules abridged from Walker, which accompany the 
 Scripture Proper Names. ' ' 
 
 The Modern Geographical Names were mostly selected from Black's "General Atlas," (Edinburgh, 1846,) as | 
 being the latest and best authority. The design of the compiler was, primarily, to present the names of the j 
 countries, provinces, important towns, rivers, &c., on the continent of Europe and Spanish America, and to 
 indicate their pronunciation as perfectly as this can be represented by English sounds. As these names fre- 
 quently occur in books of all kinds, and occasion great perplexity to the reader and public speaker, and as 
 their pronunciation is conformed to that of the languages to which they belong, it was thought advisable to 
 prepare a copious list of words of this character, and to give them the chief place in the table. When these 
 words have been Anglicized, the Anglicized has been subjoined to the native pronunciation. 
 
 To these European names many others have been added of places in Great Britain and the United States, 
 in respect to the pronunciation of which, it was thought, information would be esteemed of any value, or 
 could be given with any exactness. In a few instances, a provincial, and what will be thought by some an 
 improper, method has been given. It was thought, however, to be- impossible and useless to attempt to fur- 
 nish a complete list of English and American names, with their pronunciation. The pronunciation of the great 
 majority of these names is familiar to all, and is never sought for in a dictionary, while that of a very large 
 number can hardly be considered as fixed. 
 
 A few names of places in other and ruder countries are given. There are two reasons, however, why it 
 was not thought expedient to swell the list with names of this character. They are, in most cases, the result 
 of an effort to represent native sounds by English spelling. If this representation is imperfect, it is of little 
 authority, and is liable to constant changes. If it is perfect, or nearly so, the pronunciation is indicated by 
 the name it.self. 
 
 The catalogue of European names was prepared by a gentleman familiar with the countries and the Ian- ' 
 guages in which the names occur ; and it is believed that the pronunciation and the accent are as well repre- 
 sented as the nature of the work and the means at hand would allow. No pains have been spared to render 
 this table as complete and convenient as any within reach of the public. 
 
 N. PORTER. 
 
 Yale College, August 10, 1847. 
 
 1:286 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
RULES ! 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 PllONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTUJiE PROPER NAMES. ^ 
 
 [ABRIDGED FROM WALKER'S KEY.] ! 
 
 1. In the pronunciation of the letters of the Hebrew proper 
 names, we find nearly the same rules prevail as in those of Greek 
 and Latin. Where the vowels end a syllable with the accent on 
 it, they have their long, open sound ; as, JVa'bal, Je'hu, Si'rach, 
 Go'shen, and Tu'hal. 
 
 2. When a consonant ends the syllable, the preceding vowel is 
 short; as, Sam'u-el, Lem'u-cl, Sim'e-oji, SoVo-mon, Suc'coth, Sijn'a- 
 gogue. 
 
 3. Every final i forming a distinct syllable, though unaccented, 
 has the long, open sound ; as, Jl'i, .l-ris'a-i. 
 
 4. Every unaccented i ending a syllable not final, is pronounced 
 like e ; as, Jl'ri-el, Ab'di-cl, pronounced ^i're-cl, M' de-el. 
 
 5. The vowels ai are sometimes pronounced in one syllable, and 
 sometimes in two ; as, Ben-ai'n/i, Hu'shai, Hii'rai, &.C. ; or, as 
 Sham'ma-i, Shash'a-i, Bcr-a-i'uh, &c., following in these, as in 
 most Hebrew proper names, the pronunciation of the Septuagint 
 version of tiie Bible. 
 
 6. Cli is pronounced like k ; as, Chcmosli, Enoch, &c., pronounced 
 Krwosh, Enol(, &ic. Chiruhim and Rachel seem to be perfectlj' 
 Anglicized, as the ch in these words is always heard as in the Eng- 
 lish words cheer, child, riches, &c. The same may be observed 
 of Cherub, signifying an order of angels ; but when it means a city 
 of the Babylonish empire, it ought to be pronounced Ke'riib. 
 
 7. Almost the only difference in the pronunciation of the He- 
 brew and the Greek and Latin proper names, is in the sound of 
 the g before e and i. In the last two languages, this consonant is 
 always soft before these vowels ; as, Gettius, GIppius, &c., pro- 
 nounced Jellius, Ji/ipius, &c. ; and in the first, it is liard ; as, Gera, 
 Gcrizim, Gideon, Gilgal, Megiddo, &c. This ditlerence is without 
 foundation in etymology ; for both g and c were always hard in the 
 Greek and Latin languages, as well as in the Hebrew; but the 
 latter language being studied so much less than the Greek and 
 Latin, it lias not undergone that change wiiich familiarity is sure 
 to produce in all languages. The solenm distance of this language 
 has not been able, however, to keep the letter c from sliding into s 
 before e and i, in the same manner as in the Greek and Latin. 
 Thus, though Gehazi, Gideon, &c., have the g hard, Cedrom, Ce- 
 dron, Cisai, and Cittern, have the c soft, as if written Sedrom, Se- 
 dron, &c. The same may be observed oi Igeubarim, Igcnt, JVagge, 
 Shiigc, Piigiel, with the g hard ; and Ocidelus, Ociiia, and Phara- 
 cion, with the c soft, like s. 
 
 8. Gentiles, as tliey are called, ending in ines and itcs, as Philis- 
 tineg, Hivites, IliUites, &c., being Anglicized in the translation of 
 the Bil)le, ate pronounced like furmatives of our own ; as, Philislins, 
 H'hilficldites, Jacobites, &c. 
 
 9. The unaccented termination ah, so frequent in Hebrew proper 
 names, ought to be pronounced like tlie a in father. The a in this 
 termination, however, frequently falls into tile indistinct sound 
 heard in the final a in Africa, JEtna, &c. ; nor can we easily per- 
 ceive any distinction in this respect between Elijah and Elisha ; 
 but tlie final h preserves the other vowels open, as Colhozch, Shi- 
 loh, &c., pronounced Colhozee, Shilo, &c. The diphtliong ci is 
 always pronounced like ec ; thus Sa-meVus is pronounced as if 
 written Sa-mee'us. But if the accent be on the ah, tiien the a 
 ought to be pronounced like the a in father ; as, Tah'c-ra, Tuh'pc- 
 nes, &c. 
 
 10. It maybe remarked, that there are several Hebrew proper 
 names, which, by passing through the Greek of the New Testa- 
 ment, have conformed to the Greek pronunciation ; such as .Qcel- 
 (lama, Genczarrth, llethjihage, &c., pronounced .1-sclUla-ma, Je- 
 nez'a-reth, lieth' pha-je, A c. Tliis is, in my opinion, inorc agreeable 
 to the general analogy of pronouncing these Hebrew-Greek words 
 than preserving the c and «■ hard. 
 
 J 288 
 
 Rules for the Quantity of the Vowels. 
 
 11. In dissyllables, with but one middle consonant, the first vowel 
 is accented and pronounced long; as, Ko'rah, Mo'loch. The same 
 analogy is observed in the penultimate of polysyllables ; as, Bal- 
 
 thd'sar. 
 
 12. When the accent is on the antepenultimate syllable, the 
 vowel is always short, except when followed by two vowels ; thus, 
 Je-hos'a-phat. The secondary accent has the same shortening 
 power when the primary accent is on the third and the secondary 
 on the first syllable ; as, Olh-o-nl'as. 
 
 Rules for placing the Accent on Hebrew Proper JVames. 
 
 13. The accent of Hebrew words cannot be better regulated than 
 by the laws of the Greek language. By this it is not intended that 
 every word which is Graicized in the Septuagint should be ac- 
 cented e.xactly according to the Greek rule of accentuation. For 
 many words, that are purely Greek, do, when they are Anglicized, 
 receive the Latin accentuation, instead of retaining the Greek. 
 When the Hebrew word has been Graecized iiito the same number 
 of syllables, we prefer the Latin accentuation to what may be called 
 our own. Thus we accent Cathua on the penult, since it comes to 
 us through the Greek Ku&:ivu, and because the Latins would have 
 placed the accent on tiiis syllable, and notwithstanding that the Eng- 
 lish ear would be better pleased with the antepenultimate accent. 
 But when the Hebrew word does not contain tlie same number of 
 syllables as the same word in the Greek, — as Mcs'u-buh, AJenc^iiu, 
 Id'u-el, '7(5ou;,'/o?, — it comes under our own analogy, and we place 
 the accent on the antepenultimate. 
 
 14. As we never accent a proper name from the Greek on the 
 last syllable, so, if the Greek word be accented on any other sylla- 
 ble, we seldom pay any regard to it, unless it coincide with the 
 Latin accent. Tlius the word Gcd-e'rah is accented on the penulti- 
 mate, because it is Griecized by I\Jiaa, though it is accented on 
 the antepenultimate, and this because the penultimate is long, and 
 the long penultimate in Latin always has the accent. 
 
 IT). All words ending in las and iah have the accent on the i, 
 without any foundation in the analogy of Greek and Latin pro- 
 nunciation, e.\cept the very vague reason that the Greek word has 
 the accent on this syllable. This reason is called vague, because 
 the Greek accent has no influence on words in acl, id, ial, Ac; 
 as, /ofiu//., 'Jiii^n\X, lU/.'iuX, x. T. I. Hence the impropriety of pro- 
 nouncing Mcssias with the accent on the first syllable. It is the il 
 broad, diphthongal sound of the English i, with the accent on it, | 
 which makes the word sound so much better in English than it 
 does in French, or even in the true ancient Greek pronunciation. 
 
 IG. The termination aim seems to attract tlie accent on the a 
 only in words of more than three syllables ; as E'/thraim, Miz'- . 
 raim, have tiie accent on the antepenultimate, but Ilorona'iiii, , 
 Ramalhu'im, &c., on the penultimate. This is the general rule ; 
 but if the Greek word have the penultimate long, the accent ought ' 
 to be on that syllable; as, PharvaHm, fl>u'nivlfi, A'C. , 
 
 17. Kcmucl,'Jemitel, JVemiiel, and other words of the same form, 
 having the same number of syllables as the Greek words into 
 which they are translated, ought to have the accent on the penul- 
 timate, as that syllable is long in Greek; but Emanuel, Samuel, 
 Lemuel, are irrecoverably accented on the antepenultimate, and 
 follow the analogy of the English accentuation. 
 
 18. It is plain from these observations, that the Hebrew accent 
 is regulated by a sort of compromise between this ancient language 
 and our own : and the best we can do is to form a kind of com- 
 pound ratio of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and English, and to let each 
 of these prevail as usage has permitted them. 
 
PEONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 The basis of the following Vocabulary is that of Taylor, in 
 " Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible." To this have been added 
 several hundred names from Walker. In the cases in which the 
 pronunciation of Walker differs from that of Taylor, that of 
 
 Walker is added or substituted in its place. The pronunri.ition 
 of Walker is not always to be preferred, nor is it followed in ac- 
 tual usage by the best authorities. The notation of the vowel 
 sounds may be consulted below. — En. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aalar 
 
 a'a-ldr 
 
 Achiacharus 
 
 dk-k'i-dk'a-Tiis 
 
 Aggeus 
 
 
 Aaron 
 
 a' roll 
 
 Acliim 
 
 S'kim 
 
 AgnotUtabor 
 
 dg-notli-td'bor 
 
 Altacuo 
 
 ab'a-cuc 
 
 Achimelech 
 
 a~kiin''i-lck 
 
 Agrippa 
 
 a-grip'pah 
 
 At>a(ia]i 
 
 db'a-dah 
 
 Acliior 
 
 a'k'i-oT 
 
 Agar 
 
 d'gur 
 
 Abaddon 
 
 u-bdd'ilvH 
 
 .Achiram 
 
 a-ki'mm 
 
 Ahab 
 
 d'liab 
 
 Abndiris 
 
 db-a-fil'as 
 
 Achish 
 
 S'ki.ih 
 
 Aharah 
 
 a-kdr'ah 
 
 Abn<;tlia 
 
 a-bng' thtih 
 
 Aclhtob 
 
 dk'i-tob 
 
 Abaral 
 
 a-hdr'al 
 
 Abal 
 
 a'bal 
 
 Achitophel 
 
 a-kit'o-fel 
 
 Ahasai 
 
 a-hds'a-i 
 
 Abana 
 
 db'a-nah 
 
 Acbmutlia 
 
 alc-in£'tfiah 
 
 Ahasbai 
 
 a-kds'ba-i 
 
 Abariiii 
 
 db'a-rim 
 
 Achor 
 
 d'kor 
 
 Atiasucrus 
 
 a-hds-ii-S'rus 
 
 A baron 
 
 db'a-ron 
 
 Acbsali 
 
 dk'sah 
 
 Ahava 
 
 a-hd'vak 
 
 Abba 
 
 db'bah 
 
 Achsliapli 
 
 dk'shaf 
 
 Ahaz 
 
 a'hai 
 
 Abda 
 
 db'dah 
 
 Acbzib 
 
 dk'iib 
 
 Ahazai 
 
 a-hdz'a-i 
 
 Abdias 
 
 db'dl'as 
 
 Acipha 
 
 ds''i-fah 
 
 Ahaziah 
 
 a-ha-zi'ah 
 
 Abdifl 
 
 db'di-el 
 
 Acitlio 
 
 ds''i-tbo 
 
 Ahban 
 
 Wt'ban 
 
 Abcdnego 
 
 a-bed' ne-go 
 
 .\cua 
 
 a-kft'a 
 
 Alii 
 
 d'til 
 
 Abel 
 
 d'bel 
 
 Adadah 
 
 dd'a-dah 
 
 Ahiah 
 
 a-hVah 
 
 Abel Maim 
 
 ii^bel m5Um 
 
 Adadczer 
 
 dd-dd-S' zcr 
 
 Ahiam 
 
 a-hVam 
 
 Abel Aleholath 
 
 Wbel mc~li5'lath 
 
 Adadrimmon 
 
 dd'dd-rim'mon 
 
 Abiezer 
 
 aM-i'zer 
 
 Abesan 
 
 db'be^an 
 
 Adaiah 
 
 dd-n-l'ah 
 
 Ahihiid 
 
 a-hl'ud 
 
 Abez 
 
 S'bez 
 
 Adalia 
 
 dd~a-lVa 
 
 Ahijah 
 
 a-hVjak 
 a-M'kan 
 
 Abiah 
 
 a-bl'ah 
 
 Adam 
 
 dd'am 
 
 Ahikam 
 
 Abialbon 
 
 a-b't-dl'bon 
 
 Adamah 
 
 dd'a-jiiah 
 
 Abllud 
 
 a-hVlud 
 
 Abiasapli 
 
 a-bi 'a-saf 
 
 .•\dami 
 
 dd'a-rni 
 
 Abimaaz 
 
 a-him'a-di 
 
 Abiatliar 
 
 a-bi'a-thar 
 
 .'\dasa 
 
 dd'a-sa 
 
 Ahiman 
 
 a-hVman 
 
 Abib 
 
 a'bib 
 
 Adatlia 
 
 dd'n-tha 
 
 Ahimelech 
 
 a-him'me-Uk 
 
 Abidah 
 
 a-bVdah 
 
 Adbeel 
 
 dd-bl'el 
 
 Abimotli 
 
 d'lii-moUi or a-hVtnoth 
 
 Abidan 
 
 db'i-dan 
 
 Addi 
 
 dd'di 
 
 Ahinadab 
 
 a-hin'a-dab 
 
 Abiel 
 
 db'i-el or a-bl'el 
 
 Ader 
 
 S'dcr 
 
 Aliinoam 
 
 a-hin'o-am 
 
 Abiezer 
 
 db-'i-iher 
 
 Adiel 
 
 dd'i-cl or H'di-el 
 
 Ahio 
 
 a-hVo 
 
 Abieziite 
 
 db-t-ei'rite 
 
 Ad Ida 
 
 dd''i-da 
 
 Ahira 
 
 a-hVrah 
 
 Abigail 
 
 db'i-iraU or db'i-gdl 
 
 -Adina 
 
 a-dt'nah 
 
 Aliiram 
 
 (t-hi'ram 
 
 Abihail 
 
 db't-hale 
 
 Aditha 
 
 dd'i-Uia 
 
 Aliiramitea 
 
 a-hVram-ites 
 
 Abihu 
 
 a-bVhu 
 
 .\dithaira 
 
 dd-i-tha'im 
 
 Ahisamach 
 
 a-hWa-mdk 
 
 Ahihud 
 
 a-bVhud 
 
 Adiai 
 
 dd-ld'i or dd'la-i 
 
 Aliishahur 
 
 a-hi shd'huT or a-hV- 
 
 Abijah 
 
 a-bl'jah 
 
 Admah 
 
 dd'mah 
 
 sha-kur 
 
 Abijam 
 
 a-bVjam 
 
 Admatha 
 
 ddhiia-tha 
 
 Abisham 
 
 a-hi'sham 
 
 Abilene 
 
 db-b'i-lif'ne 
 
 Adonai 
 
 dd'o-nd. 
 
 Abishar 
 
 a-hVihar 
 
 Abiniael 
 
 db-b'i-ma' cl 
 
 Adonias 
 
 dd-o-iti'a3 
 
 Abitob 
 
 a-hVlob 
 
 Abimelech 
 
 ab~im'mc lek 
 
 Adonibesek 
 
 a-don't-bS'tek 
 
 Abitophel 
 
 a-hit'o-fd 
 
 Abinadab 
 
 ab-m'a-ilab 
 
 Adonijah 
 
 dd~o-nt'jah 
 
 Abitub 
 
 a-ki'tub 
 
 Abinoam 
 
 ab-in'no-am 
 
 Adonikam 
 
 dd-o-ni'kam 
 
 Ahlab 
 
 dh'lah 
 
 Abirain 
 
 a-bi'ram 
 
 Adoniram 
 
 dd-o-jil'ram 
 
 Ahlai 
 
 dh'lS. 
 
 Abisei 
 
 ab-'i-sS'i 
 
 Adonis 
 
 a-du'iii3 
 
 Ahoali 
 
 a-hv'ah 
 
 Abisbag 
 
 db'b'i-shag or a-bi'shag 
 
 Adonizedek 
 
 a-dnn'i-z£'dek 
 
 Ahohite 
 
 a-hO'hite 
 
 Abisliai 
 
 ilb-bislia'i 
 
 Adora 
 
 a-dO'ra 
 
 Ahol.ih 
 
 a-hd'tak 
 
 Abishaliar 
 
 db-bt-sha'har 
 
 .\doraim 
 
 dd-o-rd'im 
 
 Aholbali 
 
 Or-huVbah 
 
 Abisbaloin 
 
 db-b'i-shd'lom 
 
 Adorani 
 
 a-dO'ram 
 
 Aholiab 
 
 a-hC 'It-ab 
 
 Abi^hua 
 
 db-bi-shn'afi 
 
 -Adrammelech 
 
 dd-rdm'me-ltk 
 
 Abolibah 
 
 a-huV i'bdi 
 
 Abishur 
 
 db'i-ghur 
 
 .Adramjttium 
 
 dd-ra-mW t'i-um 
 
 Aholibamah 
 
 a-ho-li-bd'mah or a-ho 
 
 Abisum 
 
 db'tsum 
 
 .Adria 
 
 a'dr'i-ah 
 
 lib'a-tnah 
 
 Abiial 
 
 db'i-tal 
 
 Adriel 
 
 d'dr't-cl 
 
 Ahumai 
 
 a-hv'tna-i 
 
 Abitub 
 
 db'i-lub 
 
 Adiul 
 
 a-dii'd 
 
 Ahuzam 
 
 a-hu'zatn 
 
 Abiiid 
 
 db'i-ud or a-bVud 
 
 Adullam 
 
 a-duVlam 
 
 Abuzzah 
 
 a-huz'zak 
 
 Abner 
 
 db'ner 
 
 Adummim 
 
 a-dum'mim 
 
 Ai 
 
 e'i 
 
 Abram 
 
 SL'bram 
 
 Aedias 
 
 a-c-dt'aa 
 
 Aiah 
 
 a-Vah 
 
 .\bsalom 
 
 ab'sa-lom 
 
 JEneas 
 
 e-nC'as 
 
 Aiath 
 
 a-i'ath 
 
 Abubug 
 
 a-bn'bus 
 
 yGtbiopia 
 
 e-Uii-o'p'i-a 
 
 Aijab 
 
 
 .Acaron 
 
 dk'a-ron 
 
 Agaba 
 
 dg'a-ba 
 
 Aijaleth Sbahur 
 
 dd'ja-leOt-shi'huT 
 
 Acatan 
 
 dk'a-tan 
 
 Agabus 
 
 de'a-bus 
 
 Ain 
 
 a'in 
 
 Accad 
 
 dk'kad 
 
 -A gag 
 
 
 Aiotb 
 
 a-Voth 
 
 Aceldama 
 
 a-ceVda-mah 
 
 Agagite 
 
 &'gag-Ue 
 
 Aims 
 
 a-Vrus 
 
 Achaia 
 
 a-ka'yah 
 
 Agnrenes 
 
 d^-a-renes^ 
 
 Ajah 
 
 a'jah 
 
 da'ja-Um 
 
 dk'kub 
 
 Achaichus 
 
 a-k&'t-kuj 
 
 Agate 
 
 ds'aU 
 
 Ajalon 
 
 Acban 
 
 S'kan 
 
 Agee 
 
 dg'c-e 
 
 Akkub 
 
 Akrabbim 
 Alammelech 
 Alamolh 
 Aleraa 
 Alemeth 
 .Alexandria 
 Aliah 
 Alian 
 
 Alleliijab 
 
 Allonbacbuth 
 Almodad 
 Almondiblatlialm 
 Almug 
 Alnathan 
 Aloth 
 Alpha 
 Alphetia 
 .Altaneiia 
 Altaschith 
 Altekon 
 Alvah 
 Alush 
 Amadathii9 
 Amal 
 .Anialda 
 .Amaluk 
 .Amalekites 
 Ainanali 
 Amariah 
 Amasa 
 .Amasai 
 Aiiiashai 
 .Aniashiab 
 Amatheia 
 .Amathis 
 Amaziah 
 .Amen 
 .Amethyst 
 Ami 
 
 .Aminadab 
 Amizabad 
 Amittni 
 Amniab 
 Ammi 
 Ammidioi 
 .Ammiel 
 .Ammishaddai 
 .Aminihud 
 Amniizabad 
 Ammonites 
 Ammonitess 
 Amok 
 Amorites 
 Amos 
 
 Amphipolis 
 Aniplias 
 Amraniitea 
 Amraphel 
 Amzi 
 Anab 
 Anah 
 Anaharath 
 Anaiah 
 Anak 
 
 dk rdb'bim 
 
 a-ldin' mt-Uk 
 
 dVa-moth 
 
 dl'e-ma 
 
 dVc-intlh 
 
 dl-ez-dn'dfi-a 
 
 a-lVah 
 
 a-l'i'an 
 
 al-Ie-tu'yah or al-le~lii' 
 jail 
 
 dl'lon-bak'ulh 
 ul~m5'dad 
 
 dl' wun-dib-la-lhd' im 
 
 dl'mntr 
 
 dl'na-Uian 
 
 a'lolh 
 
 dl'M 
 
 alfi'us 
 
 al-tU'itc'us 
 
 al-tds'kith 
 
 dVU-kon 
 
 dl'vali 
 
 d'lush 
 
 a-mdd' a-thu3 
 
 d'mal 
 
 a-mdl'dah 
 
 drn'a-lck 
 
 dtn'a-tek-Ues 
 
 a-vid'nah or dm'a-nali 
 
 drti-a~rV all 
 
 a-mu'sah or dm'asah 
 
 dm-a-sd'i or a-mds'a-i 
 
 dm-<i-shd'i 
 
 dm-a-AhVah 
 
 dm-a-t/iC'is 
 
 dm'a-lhis 
 
 dm-a-iVah 
 
 d'mcn 
 
 dm'c-thist 
 
 H'mi 
 
 a-miii' a-dab 
 
 a-miz'a-bad 
 
 a-mil'td or a-mit-Ul'i 
 
 d in' mah 
 
 dm'mt 
 
 ata-mid'i-oy 
 
 dm'm'i-el 
 
 d m-m'i 'Shdd'da-i 
 
 dm' mi-hud 
 
 dm-miz' a-bdd 
 
 dm' miin-itcs 
 
 dm-mon-V less 
 
 Q'mok 
 
 dm'o-rites 
 
 d'mcz or S'mot 
 
 dm^Jip' o-lis 
 
 dm'pli-as 
 
 dm'ram-iUi 
 
 dm'ra/el 
 
 dm'il 
 
 d'nab 
 
 d'nah 
 
 dn~a-hi'rath 
 
 dn-<i-Vah 
 
 O'nak 
 
 Fate, far, bdL — Wltc, help Flnt, marine. — Mte. — TOne, ifnile. — g as j; ch as sh. 
 
 D D D D D- 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Anakims 
 
 dn'a-kims 
 
 
 Arta xerxeg 
 
 'dr-tax-erz'es 
 
 Anainmelech 
 
 a-ndm'jne-lek 
 
 
 AneiTias 
 
 dr'te-mas 
 
 Aiiiiiii 
 
 dn-6'ni 
 
 
 Arubotb 
 
 dr'ra-both 
 
 Anaiiiah 
 
 dn-a-nt'ah 
 
 
 Am mall 
 
 a~ru'mah • 
 
 Ananias 
 
 dn-a-ni'as 
 
 
 Arvaditea 
 
 dr'vad-ites 
 
 Ananiel 
 
 a-n tm'i-el 
 
 
 Asa 
 
 a'sah 
 
 Anatli 
 
 d'nath 
 
 
 Asadias 
 
 ds-a-di'as 
 
 Anatliema 
 
 a-ndth' e-mah 
 
 
 Asanel 
 
 ds'a-el 
 
 Anatliotli 
 
 dn'a-thotk 
 
 
 Asa i ah 
 
 ds-a-l'ah 
 
 Andronicus 
 
 { an-dro-jti' kus or u/i* 
 
 
 Asana 
 
 ds'a-na 
 
 \ dron'i-kus 
 
 
 Asaph 
 
 a'saf 
 
 Anem 
 
 a'ncm 
 
 
 Asara 
 
 ds'a-ra 
 
 Ancs 
 
 a' lies 
 
 
 A sareel 
 
 ds-a-re'el or a-sar'e~cl 
 
 Anelh 
 
 d'netk 
 
 
 Asarclah 
 
 ds-a-re'lah 
 
 Anj.'tliotliite 
 
 I a-netW 0-th tie or du'eth- 
 ) o-thite 
 
 Asbazaretli 
 Ascalon 
 
 as-bdz'a-reth 
 ds'ka-ton 
 
 Aniani 
 
 a-nt'am 
 
 
 Asebia 
 
 ds-e-hVa 
 
 Anlilibanus 
 
 j dn-t'i~lib'a-nu3 or an-ti- 
 i li-bd'mis 
 
 Asenath 
 Aserar 
 
 ds'e-VMth 
 a^sl', ar 
 
 Antiocli 
 
 dn'ti-ok 
 
 
 Ashabiah 
 
 dsh-a bVah 
 
 Antiochis 
 
 an-tVo-kis 
 
 
 Ashael 
 
 ds'ha~el 
 
 Antiochus . 
 
 an-ti' o-kus 
 
 
 Ashan 
 
 u'shun 
 
 Antipas 
 
 dn'ti-pas 
 
 
 Ashbea 
 
 dsk'bc-ah 
 
 Antipater 
 
 dn-ti-pa'ter 
 
 
 Ashchenaz 
 
 dsh'ke-naz 
 
 Antipatris 
 
 1 dn-ti-pa'tris or dn-tip'- 
 \ a-tris 
 
 Ashdothites 
 AsheuA 
 
 ash' duth-ites 
 d'she~an 
 
 Antipha 
 
 dn't'i~fak 
 
 
 Asher 
 
 dsh'er 
 
 Aiiiothijah 
 
 dn-to-thi'iah 
 
 
 Ashima 
 
 dsh''i-mah 
 
 Antothite 
 
 dn'toUi-ite 
 
 
 Ashon 
 
 a'shon 
 
 Anub 
 
 d'nub 
 
 
 Ash pen az 
 
 dsh'pe-nax 
 
 Apclles 
 
 a-pH'les 
 
 
 Ashriel 
 
 dsh'r'i-el 
 
 Apliaraim 
 
 df-a-rd'ha 
 
 
 Ashtaroth 
 
 dsh'ta-^oth 
 
 Apliarsatlichites 
 
 a-f dr' sdth-kiics 
 a-fdr'sites 
 
 
 Aslitemoth 
 
 dsk'te^oih 
 
 Apharsites 
 
 
 Ashterathites 
 
 d sh-ter'ra-thiic3 
 
 A phek 
 
 a'fek 
 
 
 Astiuath 
 
 a-shu'ath 
 
 Aphekah 
 
 a-fe'kak 
 a-fer'e-ma 
 
 
 Ashur 
 
 dsh'ur 
 
 Aphereina 
 
 
 Ashurim 
 
 a-shu'rim 
 
 Aplierra 
 
 a-pr'ra 
 
 
 Ashurites 
 
 dsh'ar-ites 
 
 A |)l)iah 
 
 a~f\'ah 
 
 
 Asibias 
 
 as-i-bVas 
 
 Aplira 
 
 dfrafi 
 
 
 Askelon 
 
 ds'ke-lon 
 
 Aphsea 
 
 df'sez 
 
 
 Asmadai 
 
 ds'ma-dd 
 
 Apocalypse 
 
 Or-pok'a-lips 
 
 
 Asniaveth 
 
 as' ma-veth 
 
 Apocrypha 
 
 a-pok'r'i-fah 
 
 
 Asmoneans 
 
 aS'ino-ne' ans 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 dp-pol-l5'ni-a 
 
 
 Asnapper 
 
 as-ndp'per 
 
 A poll OS 
 
 a-pol'los 
 a-pol'yon 
 
 ap'p&'im or dp'pa-im 
 
 
 Asochis 
 
 a-so'kis 
 
 Apollyon 
 
 
 Aspalha 
 
 ds'pa-tliak 
 
 Ajjpaim 
 
 
 Aspharasus 
 
 as-fdr'a-sus 
 
 Apphia 
 
 df 'i'OJi or df-fVah 
 
 
 Asriel 
 
 ds're-cl 
 
 Apphus 
 
 df'flLS 
 
 dp'pi-i-fd'rum 
 
 
 Assal i moth 
 
 aS'Sdl'i-moth 
 
 Appii Forum 
 
 
 Assanias 
 
 ds-sor-nV as 
 
 A qui la 
 
 dk'qii il- lah ox dk-quiV lah 
 a' rah 
 
 Ass i deans 
 
 ds-si-dc'aiis 
 
 A la 
 
 Assir 
 
 as' sir 
 
 Arab 
 
 a'rab 
 
 
 Assos 
 
 ds'sos 
 
 Arabah 
 
 dr'ra-hah 
 
 
 Assyria 
 
 ds-sir't-a 
 
 Arabattine 
 
 dr-ra-bdt'i-ne 
 
 
 Astarte 
 
 as-tdr'ie 
 
 Arabia 
 
 a^a'bi-a 
 
 
 Asuppim 
 
 a-sup'pim 
 
 Arad 
 
 fl'rad 
 
 
 Asyncritua 
 
 a-sin'kr'i-tus 
 
 A radite 
 
 d'rad-ite 
 
 
 Atad 
 
 d'tad 
 
 Arab 
 
 a' rah 
 
 
 Atargatis 
 
 'a-tdr' g-a-tis 
 
 Aram 
 
 a' ram 
 
 
 Ataroth 
 
 dt' a-roth 
 
 Arainitess 
 
 a~rdm-VtC3 
 
 
 Athack 
 
 d'thak 
 
 Ararat 
 
 dr'a-rat 
 
 
 Athaiah 
 
 dth-a-Vah 
 
 Araunah 
 
 a-raw'nah 
 
 
 Athahah 
 
 dth-a-lVah 
 
 Arbab 
 
 dr'bah 
 
 
 Athariaa 
 
 dth-a-rVas 
 
 Arbatbile 
 
 tir'batk-ite 
 
 
 Athena 
 
 dth'ens 
 
 Arbattis 
 
 'dr-bdt'tis 
 
 
 Athenobius 
 
 dtJt-e-n5'bi-us 
 
 Arbite 
 
 dr'bite 
 
 
 Atblai 
 
 dth'lS. 
 
 Arbonai 
 
 dr-bd' n/jr-i 
 
 
 Attai 
 
 dt'td 
 
 ArclR'laus 
 
 dr-k'i-ld'iu 
 
 
 Attaliah 
 
 dt-tOr-lVah 
 
 Archestratus 
 
 dr-ken' trortus 
 
 
 Attharates 
 
 at-thdr' a-tes 
 
 Archevitea 
 
 dr'ke-vites 
 
 
 Augia 
 
 au'g'iHi 
 
 Archi 
 
 dr'kl 
 
 
 Augustus 
 
 au-giis'tus 
 
 Archiatarotb 
 
 dr-k'i-aV a-roth 
 
 
 Auranitiii 
 
 au-ra-nl'tis 
 
 Archippus 
 
 dr-kip'pii3 
 
 
 Auranus 
 
 au-rd'nus 
 
 Archites 
 
 dr'kitrs 
 
 
 Auteus 
 
 au-tS'us or au'tc-us 
 
 Arctiirua 
 
 drk-tn'rtis 
 
 
 Ava 
 
 d'vah 
 
 Arcli 
 
 
 
 A varan 
 
 dv'a-ran 
 
 Arelites 
 
 
 
 Aven 
 
 &'vm 
 
 Areopagite 
 
 dr-e-op'a-^Ue or S-re- 
 op'a-eiU 
 
 A vims 
 Avith 
 
 &'vims 
 Wvith 
 
 Areopagus 
 »• b 
 
 dr'L-op'a-irus or d-rt 
 op'a-gas 
 
 
 Azaelua 
 Azaliah 
 
 di-a-SUus 
 dz-a-Wah 
 
 Ares 
 
 6.'rei 
 
 
 Azaphion 
 
 a-i&'pki^n 
 
 Aretaa 
 
 a-re'tas 
 
 
 Azara 
 
 dz'a-ra 
 
 Arjiob 
 
 dr'sob 
 
 
 Azarecl 
 
 ui-a-rc'cl or a id're-rl 
 
 Aridiii 
 
 a-r'uVa-i 
 
 
 Azarlah 
 
 dz-a-rl'ah 
 
 Aridalha 
 
 n-rid' a-thah 
 
 
 Azariaa 
 
 dz~a-rVas 
 
 Arieh 
 
 a-r'i'efi 
 
 
 Azaz 
 
 d'laz 
 
 Ariel 
 
 ii'ri rl 
 
 
 Azazel 
 
 a-zd'zel 
 
 Ariinalhfa 
 
 dr' i-jnathS'ah 
 
 
 Aza/.iah 
 
 dz-a-zt'ah 
 
 Ariocb 
 
 a'fi-ok 
 
 
 Azbazarelh 
 
 dt-baz'a-rcth 
 
 AriKai 
 
 
 
 Azckah 
 
 a-iS'kah 
 
 Arislarchtia 
 
 ar-in-idr'kus 
 
 
 Azem 
 
 &'iem 
 
 ArinUibulus 
 
 ar-isAU'b^'lus or ar-is- 
 tob'u-lui* 
 
 Azepburiih 
 Azctaa 
 
 dz-ie-fu'rith 
 a-ze'tas 
 
 Armagf^ldon 
 
 'dr-ina-gid'don 
 dr-mC'ni-a 
 
 
 A z trad 
 
 dz'ffad 
 
 A riN''ii la 
 
 
 Aziel 
 
 a'a-ei 
 
 AriniMliudal 
 
 ar-mi-/ihdd'a-i 
 
 
 Aziza 
 
 a-iViah 
 
 Armoiil 
 
 dr-mri'ni 
 
 
 Azniavcth 
 
 dz'ma-vcth 
 
 Arnepher 
 
 dr nf'fsr or dr'nr-ftrr 
 u-rli'dl or dr'o'di 
 
 
 Azor 
 
 O'zor 
 
 A rod I 
 
 
 A/.oliiri 
 
 a-zH'tits 
 
 Arocr 
 
 a-rJS'rr 
 
 
 Azricl 
 
 di'ri-el 
 
 Arphaxitd 
 
 dr-fdz'ad 
 
 
 A/.rikam 
 
 az-rl'kam or Az'rl-kam 
 
 
 
 
 az'^'bah or a-zfi'bah 
 
 jl Fm,fttr, IfiU — MHii, kfl/i.— Pint, marinf. 
 
 Aziir 
 
 a' zur 
 
 Behemoth 
 
 b?'he-moth j 
 
 Azuran 
 
 dz'u-rati 
 
 Bekah 
 
 be'kak \ 
 
 Azymilcs 
 
 az't-mites 
 
 Bria 
 
 be'laJi I 
 
 Azzur 
 
 di'zur 
 
 Beiemus 
 Beigai 
 Belial 
 Belinaim 
 
 btl'e-mui 
 bt'l'ffa-i 
 
 be'li at or bc-l'i'al \ 
 ht-l'ma-im \ 
 
 
 
 Belshazzar 
 
 bei-shd Jar 
 
 
 Bellesbazzar 
 
 bel-te-shdi'ar } 
 
 
 Beiiaiah 
 
 ben-d'yah i 
 brn-dm' ml j 
 
 
 
 Beiiammi 
 
 Baal 
 
 bd'al 
 
 Beueberak 
 
 ben-rb'e-ruk 
 
 Baalah 
 
 ha'al-ah 
 
 Benejaakan 
 
 bhi-e-jd'a-kan 1 
 
 Baalath 
 Baai llamon 
 
 bd'al-ath 
 bu'al hdm'on 
 
 Benbadad 
 
 J ben-ftd'dad or ben'ha- j 
 ( dad 
 
 Baal Hanan 
 
 bd'al hdn'an 
 
 Beiibail 
 
 ben-ha'il 
 
 Baali 
 
 bd'al-'i or bd'al-l 
 
 Ben hanan 
 
 ben-ha'nan , 
 
 Baaiirn 
 
 bd'al-im 
 
 Beninu 
 
 btn-Vnu or ben'i-nu 
 
 Baal is 
 
 bd'al-is 
 
 Benjamin 
 
 ben'ja-min 
 
 Baanah 
 
 ba-d'nah or bd'a-na 
 
 Benjamite 
 
 ben'Ja-mite 
 
 Baanan 
 
 hd'a-nan 
 
 Beno 
 
 bS'no 1 
 
 Baanatli 
 
 ba-d'nath or bd'a-nath 
 
 Benoni 
 
 bhi-o'n'i or bc-no'iii j 
 
 Baanias 
 
 ba-a-ni' as 
 
 Benui 
 
 bhi-u'i ' 
 
 Baara 
 
 ba-d'rah or bd'a-rah 
 
 Benzoheth 
 
 b^n-zo'hcth { 
 
 Baaseiah 
 
 ba-a-si'ah 
 
 Bera 
 
 be' rah 
 
 Baasliali 
 
 ba-d'shah or bd'a-shah 
 
 Berachah 
 
 ber-d'kah or ber'a-kah \ i 
 
 Babel 
 
 bd'bel 
 
 Beracbiah 
 
 ber-a-kVah [ ' 
 
 Babylon 
 
 bdb'i-lon 
 
 Beraiah 
 
 ber-a-t'ah 
 
 Babylonians 
 
 bab-i-Wn'i-ana 
 
 Berea 
 
 be-re'a ' 
 
 Baca 
 
 bd'kah 
 
 Be red 
 
 be'red j 
 
 Baccliurus 
 
 bdk-ku'ras 
 
 Beri 
 
 be'ri j 
 
 BacliriUjs 
 
 bdk' rites 
 
 Beriah 
 
 bc-ri'ah j 
 
 Bachuth Allon 
 
 bdk'tith dVlon 
 
 Berites 
 
 bS' rites , 
 
 Ba^oas 
 
 b a- go' as 
 
 Berith 
 
 bc'ritii 1 
 
 Ba<:oi 
 
 bdg'o-i 
 
 Bernice 
 
 btr-nVce or ber'nicc 
 
 Baliarumite 
 
 ba-hd' rum-ite 
 
 Berodach 
 
 bc-ru'dak ' 
 
 Balmrini 
 
 ba-hft'rim 
 
 Berottiai 
 
 be-rd'thd or bir'o-tha i | 
 
 Bajitli 
 
 bdd'jitk or bd'jiih 
 
 Berotliath 
 
 be-rd'thath ) 
 
 Bakbakker 
 
 bdk-bak' kcr 
 
 Beryl 
 
 bh-'ril i 
 
 Bakbuk 
 
 hdk'buk 
 
 Berzelus 
 
 bfr-ze'lus i 
 
 Hakbukiah 
 
 bdk-buk-l'ah 
 
 Besai 
 
 be'sd 1 
 
 Balaam 
 
 bd'lam 
 
 Besodeiah 
 
 b^s-o-dVah ' 
 
 Baladan 
 
 bdl-d'dan or bdl'a-dan 
 
 Betah 
 
 be'tah 
 
 Balak 
 
 hd'lak 
 
 Beten 
 
 be'lcii : 
 
 Balamo 
 
 bdl'a-mo 
 
 Beth aba ra 
 
 beth-db'a-rah j 
 
 Balanus 
 
 bdl'a-nus 
 
 Bethanath 
 
 brUi'a-nath \ 
 
 Baltbasar 
 
 bal-tkd' sar 
 
 Bethanoth 
 
 btth'a-iiot/t ! 
 
 Bamotli 
 
 bu'moth 
 
 Betiiany 
 
 bHk'a-n'i j 
 
 Banaias 
 
 ban-a-i'as 
 
 Hetharabah 
 
 bHhdr'a-bak \ 
 
 Bani 
 
 ba'nl 
 
 Betharam 
 
 bHk'a-ram. 1 
 
 Banuas 
 
 bdn'i^-as 
 
 Belharbel 
 
 bHk'dr'bel \ 
 
 Barabbas 
 
 ba-rdb'bas 
 
 Belhaven 
 
 betk-d'ven j 
 
 Baracbel 
 
 bdr'a-kel 
 
 Bethazmaveth 
 
 bith-d-J ma-vetk j 
 
 Barachiah 
 
 bdr-a-kVah 
 
 Beihbaalnieon 
 
 bHk-bd'uI-mS'on , 
 
 Barak 
 
 bd'rak 
 
 Bethbarah 
 
 beth-bd'rah \ 
 
 Barcenor 
 
 bdr-cc'nor 
 
 Bethbasi 
 
 bHh'ba-si j 
 
 Barhumites 
 
 bdr-hii' mites 
 
 Bethbirei 
 
 beth-bir'e-i 
 
 Bariali 
 
 ba-rVaJi 
 
 Bethdagon 
 
 brth-dd' gon 
 
 Barjesus 
 
 bdr-je'sus 
 
 Bethdiblatbaim 
 
 bHh-dib-la-Uid' im 
 
 Barjonah 
 
 bdr-jo'iiaJi 
 
 Bethel 
 
 bHh'd 
 
 Barodis 
 
 ba-rd'dis 
 
 Bethemek 
 
 bt-th-e'mek M 
 
 Barsabas 
 Bartacus 
 
 bdr'sa-bas 
 bdr'Ui-kus 
 
 Bethesda 
 
 t brth-es'dah or bc-thts'- \ ' 
 
 i dak i i 
 
 Bartholomew 
 
 bdr-tli(d' o-mew 
 
 Bethezel 
 
 brth-e'zel 
 
 Bartiineus 
 
 { bdr-ti-me'us or bdr- 
 \ tim'e~iLs 
 
 Bethfrader 
 Belbgamul 
 
 bi-th-gd'dcr \ 
 btOi-gd' mid 
 
 Baruch 
 
 bd'ruk . 
 
 Betlihaccerini 
 
 btth kak'ce-Txm 
 
 Barzillai 
 
 bdr-zitUa-i 
 
 Bethharan 
 
 bi-th-hd'ran 
 
 Bascama 
 
 bda^ka-^ia 
 
 Bethhoglah 
 
 betli-ho^'lah 
 bi-di-ho'ron 
 
 Basban 
 
 bd' shall 
 
 Bfthhoron 
 
 Basliematli 
 
 bdsh'e-math 
 
 Bethjesimoth 
 
 bi-tli-j^s's'i-moth 
 
 Basmath 
 
 bds'maOL 
 
 Bethlebaolh 
 
 belh-Ub'a-oth 
 
 Bastai 
 
 bds'ta-i 
 
 Bethlehem 
 
 bi'th'le-hem t 
 
 Batane 
 
 bdVa-ne 
 
 Bethlomon 
 
 bfth-lo' mon j 
 
 Bathalotb 
 
 bdth'a-loth 
 
 Bethmaacah 
 
 btth-md'a-kak . 
 
 Batlirabbim 
 
 bath-rab' bim 
 
 Betbmarcaboth 
 
 bt-th-mdr' ka-both , 
 
 Batlistiebali 
 
 1 bdth-she'bah or bdth'- 
 
 Bethmeon 
 
 brt/i^mS'un 
 
 i she-bah 
 
 Bcthnimrah 
 
 btth-iiim'rah ' 
 
 Batbshua 
 
 bntk'shu-a 
 
 Bethoron 
 
 beth-u'ron 1 
 
 Bavai 
 
 bdv'a-i or ba-i'd'i 
 
 iiethpalet 
 
 beth-pd'kt \ 
 
 Bealiab 
 
 bf-a-li'ah 
 
 Bethpazzer 
 
 bt-th-pdi' zer \ 
 
 Bealotli 
 
 br-u'loth or be'a-loth 
 
 Bethpi'or 
 
 bith-p^'or 
 
 Bean 
 
 bc'an 
 
 Brlhphage 
 
 brlh-f<V gc or bi'th'fagc 
 bfth'-jVlct or heth'ff-let 
 
 H.bai 
 
 beb'a-i 
 
 Bethphelet 
 
 Bffhor 
 Bctboratli 
 
 bS'kcr 
 bc-kO' rath 
 
 In^thrabah 
 
 { bHIi-rd'bah or bHh'ra- 
 } bah 
 
 liocluiletli 
 B<>ibiiali 
 
 brk'ti-Iftli 
 bed-a-l'ak 
 
 Bethrehob 
 
 \ beth-rS'hob or bt-th'te- ! 
 \ hob 
 
 Bcdail 
 
 bS'dad 
 
 Bethrupha 
 
 brth'ra fa or beth-rd'fn 
 
 Bcdan 
 Bceliada 
 
 bS'dan 
 bc-tl-V a-dah 
 
 Belhsaida 
 
 I btth-sa'dahorbi'Ui-sQ'i- 
 \ da 
 
 lleelsariis 
 
 bc-i'V sa-rus 
 
 Bclhshean 
 
 bt-th'SbS'an 
 
 Bofltctbiniis 
 Bi'dzcbub 
 
 bc-cl-ti'-th' mils 
 be-H'ze-bub 
 
 Bi'thshemesh 
 
 { brt/i'slit^'mrsh or bt-th'- 
 \ sitf-mcsh 
 
 Brir 
 
 
 Bcthshemite 
 
 bi'th' shc-mite 
 
 lii'c-ra 
 
 br-S'rah 
 
 Hethshittali 
 
 bHh-shit'taii 
 
 Birnlim 
 
 be-rr'c-lim or bc-cr-S'lim 
 
 Bethsimos 
 
 j bitJi-sV mos or beOi'si- 
 
 Bccri 
 
 bc-S'rl 
 
 
 Bi-'erlabairoi 
 
 j bf 'erda-hn'roy or bC'cr- 
 ( la ha'i-roy 
 
 Bfthsura 
 
 bHh-sU'ra 
 
 Hcthtappua 
 
 beth-tdp'pii-ah 
 
 bi'th if'i'l or bc-thil'd 
 
 Beerotli 
 
 br-e'rath 
 
 BethucI 
 
 Bourslicba 
 
 ( he'er-shP'bnh or bc-rr'- 
 
 Bi-thitl 
 
 bl"tfiul 1 
 
 \ nhr-bah 
 
 Brlbutia 
 
 bi'th-tf n'a 1 
 
 Beusliterali 
 
 btt-esh' tc-raJi 
 
 Betoliuci 
 
 bc-td'lt-us 1 
 l! 
 
 II 
 
 mu. — TtXue, unite. — g h» ji Ik n» ah. 
 
pronunciation' of scripture proper names. 
 
 Itctomcstham 
 
 bet-0-mes'tfiajn 
 
 Cliaraathalur 
 
 kar-a-dth'a-lar 
 
 1 
 
 
 Eglah 
 
 fg'lah 
 
 Itotunini 
 
 hi't'o-nim 
 
 Cliaraca 
 
 kdr'a-ka 
 
 
 
 Ejilaim 
 
 f^-ld'iui or fg'ld-int 
 
 Bc-uluh 
 
 bti'lah or be^^'lah 
 
 Charashim 
 
 knr'a-sbim 
 
 
 Khi 
 
 e'hi 
 
 Ilc/ai 
 
 bS'iai 
 
 Charea 
 
 kd'rv-a 
 
 
 
 Kk rebel 
 
 ik're-bel 
 
 Br 7. alec! 
 
 bfz-a-ls'el or bci~dVecl 
 
 Charran 
 
 kur'ran 
 
 1) A n V It v: 1 1 
 
 dnh'arrh 
 
 Ekron 
 
 S'kron or fk'ron 
 
 hc/.v-k 
 
 be'zek 
 
 Chaseba 
 
 k(ls'f.'ba 
 
 Dabiia^hcth 
 
 diih'ba-.-<hrtli 
 
 Ekronitcs 
 
 fk'ron-itcs 
 
 ItiataH 
 
 bVa-tas 
 
 Chebar 
 
 ke.'bar 
 
 Dabrratli 
 
 dilh'r-rutU 
 
 Kladah 
 
 cl-d'dah or rVa-dah 
 
 Ittrliri 
 
 bik'rl 
 
 Chedcrlaomer 
 
 kt-d-cr-ld-Q'mcr 
 
 Dabria 
 
 dd'br'ia 
 
 i:iah 
 
 e'lah 
 
 
 bifr'ttia-na 
 
 Chclal 
 
 k^'lal 
 
 Darobi 
 
 dn-cb'bi 
 
 E'.amitea 
 
 Clam -it cs 
 
 
 biiT-vQ'i 
 
 Chelcias 
 
 kH'sh'i-as or krl'r.i as 
 
 DaddruH 
 
 dfj'l-dS'tts 
 
 K la sail 
 
 cl'&'snh or rl'a--»ih 
 
 Bilram 
 
 hil'e-am 
 
 Chelleh 
 
 kel'lek 
 
 Da [ion 
 
 lid' tr/iii 
 
 Klbethel 
 
 ei-bHh'd 
 
 Bil^ai 
 
 bil-ga'i 
 
 Clu'lui)ai 
 
 lic^hVbn. 
 
 Daisan 
 
 dd'san 
 
 Elcia 
 
 el'ci-a 
 
 Itiiiea 
 
 biwe-a 
 
 Clulubar 
 
 kf'-ln'bar 
 
 Dalaiah 
 
 ddf-U'l'ah 
 
 Kldaah 
 
 el^d&'ah or rl'da ah 
 
 Uinnui 
 
 bin'nU'i 
 
 Cheniarimi 
 
 kinn' (trims 
 
 Dalilah 
 
 dni'i'lnh 
 
 Klead 
 
 C'lc-ad 
 
 Bir/.avitli 
 
 bir-z&'vith or bir' zfk-vith 
 
 Clieniosli 
 
 kS'inosh 
 
 Dalinauutlia 
 
 dill inn-nil'Uiah 
 
 Eh'aleh 
 
 el-C'Q'lfh or f Ic H'hh 
 
 Bilhtah 
 
 bitk-Vah 
 
 Chcnaanali 
 
 kc nd'd-nuh 
 
 Dalmatia 
 
 di'il-ina'shi-a 
 
 Eleasah 
 
 H-e-d'nah or c-lC a .-mh 
 
 Bithron 
 
 bitk'ron 
 
 Clienani 
 
 khi'a-ni 
 
 Dalplion 
 
 diil'fun 
 
 Klea/.ar 
 
 el-c-Q'zar or r li-O'zur 
 
 Bilhyiiia 
 
 b'i-tkin'i-a 
 
 (^henaniali 
 
 khi-a-nVah 
 
 Daniaris 
 
 dd in'ii-ris 
 
 Kk'a/.urus 
 
 c-le-a-zn'rus 
 
 Bi/Jiithiah 
 
 biz-jo-thVah 
 
 Cliepliarliaani- 
 
 kC 'far-lia-d m'u-nd 
 
 Damascenes 
 
 dtint-ii-snns' 
 
 i:bloho 
 
 H-H'o-hc or el~c-lo'lir 
 
 Bi/.JniliJaJi 
 
 bii-joth'jah 
 bo-a-ner'gci 
 
 moiiai 
 
 DaniascuH 
 
 { dii-inds'kiis or da ih(i.h'~ 
 
 Kleph 
 
 E'lff 
 
 Iloanorgcs 
 
 Chepliirah 
 
 krf-Vrah 
 
 \ kus 
 
 I'^ieutherus 
 
 c-lcu'the rus 
 
 Boa/. 
 
 bd'az 
 
 Cheran 
 
 kS'ran 
 
 Danilcs 
 
 dd n'ifrs 
 
 Eb'U/.ai 
 
 cUcU'id'i 
 
 Bochcru 
 
 bok'cr-ru 
 
 Chereas 
 
 kS'rc-a^ 
 
 Danjaan 
 
 dau-'d'an 
 
 lOIha} nan 
 
 H-hd' na^ 
 
 Bochiiu 
 
 ba'kiin 
 
 Cherethinis 
 
 ker' cth-ims 
 
 Danobratit 
 
 dniJo-hrnth 
 
 Eli 
 
 e'n 
 
 Bosor 
 
 bo'ior 
 
 Chercthitcs 
 
 ki'r' ttk-itts 
 
 Dara 
 
 dn'rak 
 
 Kliab 
 
 c-lVab 
 
 Bo7X'Z 
 
 bO'zcz 
 
 Cher it h 
 
 kS'rith 
 
 Darda 
 
 dnr'dah 
 
 Kltada 
 
 c-lVa-dah 
 
 Bozrah 
 
 bo z' rah 
 
 Cherub (a city) 
 
 kS'rub 
 
 Darian 
 
 dd'r'i-an 
 
 Kliadun 
 
 cll'a-dun 
 
 Briiiandiiie 
 
 brifr'an-dine 
 
 Cherub (a spirit) 
 
 cher'ub 
 
 Darius 
 
 dur'i'us 
 
 Kliah 
 
 c-li'ah 
 
 Bnkki 
 
 buk'ki 
 
 Clierubim 
 
 chtr'n-bim 
 
 Darken 
 
 ddr'kon 
 
 Kliahba 
 
 c-Wnh-bah 
 
 Bui 
 
 bill (as dull) 
 
 Chesalon 
 
 krs'ft'lon 
 
 Datlian 
 
 dd'than 
 
 Khaka 
 
 c-li 'a-kah 
 
 Bnnal) 
 
 bn'nah 
 
 Chesed 
 
 kc'scd 
 
 Datheniah 
 
 ddth' e-nuih 
 
 Ktiakim 
 
 c.'lt'a-kim 
 
 Biiniii 
 
 bun' 111 
 
 CIn sulloth 
 
 ke-sul'loth 
 
 Debir 
 
 do'bcr 
 
 Kliali 
 
 e-li'a-li 
 
 Bii/.i 
 
 bil'zl 
 
 Cbezib 
 
 kS'iib 
 
 Deborah 
 
 dC'bo-rah or dt b'o raJi 
 
 Kliam 
 
 C'l'i'am 
 
 Hu/.itc 
 
 buz'ite 
 
 Chidon 
 
 kt'don 
 
 Decapoli 
 
 dc-kdp'o-li 
 
 Elias 
 
 c-li'as 
 
 
 
 Chileab 
 
 kil'c-ab 
 
 Decapolid 
 
 dr-kdp'o-lis 
 
 Kliasaph 
 
 c~lVa-saf 
 
 
 
 Chilion 
 
 ktl't-on or ki-lt'on 
 
 Dcdan 
 
 dS'daii 
 
 Kliashib 
 
 c-lVa-shib 
 
 
 n 
 
 Chilmad 
 
 kiVmad 
 
 Dedanim 
 
 ded-a'nim or di-d'a nim 
 
 Eliasis 
 
 c-li'a-sis 
 
 
 Chimham 
 
 kim'hain 
 
 Dehavites 
 
 \ d5'lia-vitcs or dc-hd'- 
 
 Eliathah 
 
 e-li'a-thah 
 
 
 Chinneretli 
 
 kin' er-cUi 
 
 \ vitfs 
 
 Eliazar 
 
 C-li-d'zar 
 
 
 
 Chios 
 
 kVos 
 
 Dekar 
 
 dS'har 
 
 Elidad 
 
 cAVdad 
 
 Carul 
 
 ka'bul 
 
 Chisleu 
 
 kis'lu 
 
 Dclaiah 
 
 dc~la-V ah 
 
 Eliel 
 
 a'li-r-l 
 
 Cados 
 
 ka'des 
 
 Chislon 
 
 ki.s'loii 
 
 Delilah 
 
 dH'i-laJi 
 
 Elienai 
 
 c-li-t'na-i 
 
 Cjpsar 
 
 ce'zar 
 
 Chisloth 
 
 kis'lofh 
 
 Demas 
 
 dS'mas 
 
 Eli.v.er 
 
 C'li-C'zcr 
 
 ('aiapliaif 
 
 kd'a-fas 
 
 Chisloth Tabor 
 
 kis'loth td'bor 
 
 Denietrius 
 
 d('~me'tr'i-us 
 
 Elihoreph 
 
 el-e-hd'ref 
 
 Catu 
 
 kain 
 
 Ctiittim 
 
 ckit'tim or kit'tim 
 
 Derbe 
 
 dcr'be 
 
 Klihu 
 
 C'lt'hxi 
 
 Caiimn 
 
 kQ'nan oxka-Vnan 
 
 Chiun 
 
 kVun 
 
 Deuel 
 
 dt'-i('(l or dc-fi'd 
 
 Elijah 
 
 C-lVja% 
 
 Cairites 
 
 kai' rites 
 
 Chloe 
 
 kld'e 
 
 Deuteronomy 
 
 dcu-trr-on'o-m'i 
 
 Elika 
 
 c-lVkaJt or H't-hah 
 
 Catah 
 
 ka'lak 
 
 Cliorashan 
 
 ko~rd'slian 
 
 Diana 
 
 di-d'nak 
 
 Elimclech 
 
 c-lim' c-lck 
 
 Calaniolalns 
 
 kftl-a-7noV {i-lus 
 
 L'norazin 
 
 ko~r&' tin 
 
 Diblaim 
 
 dib'ld'im or dibUd-im 
 
 Elim 
 
 £'liin 
 
 Calamus 
 
 kttVa-mus 
 
 Chosanieus 
 
 kos-a-mS'us 
 
 Diblath 
 
 dib'lath 
 
 Eliopnai 
 
 cl-'i-C'nd-i or e-lc-i' nd-i 
 
 Calcol 
 
 kiWkol 
 
 Cliozeba 
 
 ko-zS'bah 
 
 Dibon 
 
 di'bon 
 
 Elionas 
 
 p-li-d' nas 
 
 Caldces 
 
 kdl-dcci* 
 
 Chronicles 
 
 kron't'kles 
 
 Dibri 
 
 dib'ri 
 
 Eliphal 
 
 el'i-fal 
 
 Caleb 
 
 ka'leb 
 
 Chrysolite 
 
 kris' o-liie 
 
 Dibzahab 
 
 dib'ia-hab 
 
 Eliphaleh 
 
 e-lifa-lck 
 
 Calitas 
 
 kdVi~tas 
 
 Clirysoprasus 
 
 k ris-op 'rasiLS 
 
 Diurachm 
 
 dl'dram 
 
 lOliphalet 
 
 c-lifa-ht 
 
 Calnt'h 
 
 kdVnch 
 
 Chub 
 
 ktib 
 
 Didymus 
 
 did''i-mus 
 
 Eliphaz 
 
 H'Vi-faz or e IVfaz 
 
 Calvary 
 
 kdVva-fi 
 
 Chusa 
 
 kit' salt 
 
 Dilean 
 
 di'lc-an or dil'c-an 
 
 Eli^anis 
 
 cl-i-sm'us 
 
 Cainbysca 
 
 kdin-bi'scz 
 
 Chushan Risha- 
 
 kiish'an risk- a- Old' im 
 
 Dimon 
 
 dVmon 
 
 Eliseus 
 
 el'i-^S'us 
 
 Caiiioa 
 
 ku'mon 
 
 thaim 
 
 Dimonah 
 
 dl-mO'nah 
 
 Elisha 
 
 c-li'shah 
 
 Can a 
 
 ka'nah 
 
 Cilicia 
 
 cil-ish'i'a 
 
 Dinaites 
 
 dt'na-itrji 
 
 Elishama 
 
 e-lish'a-mak 
 
 Canaan 
 
 k(i'nan 
 
 Cinnereth 
 
 cin' ncT-€th 
 
 Dinhabah 
 
 din-hd'bah 
 
 Elishaphat 
 
 c-lith'a-fat 
 
 Canaan ites 
 
 ( ka' nan-ites or kdn'an~ 
 
 Cirania 
 
 cir'a-ma 
 
 Dionysius 
 
 dif-o-Tiish'i-iis 
 
 Elisheba 
 
 r-lish'f.-bah 
 
 \ itC3 
 
 Cisai 
 
 cis'sU'i 
 
 Diotrephes 
 
 ( di-ot're-fei or di-ot-rS'- 
 
 Elishua 
 
 el-'i'shu'ah 
 
 Canaanitish 
 
 kQ.~nan-V tish 
 
 Cilherus 
 
 ctth'e-rxLS 
 
 ( fc^ 
 
 Elisiiuus 
 
 €'lis''i-7nus 
 
 Candace 
 
 kan-dd'cc or kdn'da-ce 
 
 Clauda 
 
 klaw'dnk 
 
 Dishan 
 
 di'shan 
 
 Eliu 
 
 C-li'lf 
 
 i'anntfh 
 
 kdn'nrh 
 
 ('lau<lia 
 
 klaw' di-a 
 
 Dizahab 
 
 diz'za-hab 
 
 Eliud 
 
 c-lt'ud 
 
 Canticles 
 
 knn't'i-kcls 
 
 Claudius 
 
 klaw'di-us 
 
 Dodai 
 
 do'dd'i or dod'a-i 
 
 Eli/.aphan 
 
 c-tii'a-faa 
 
 Capernaum 
 
 ka-prr'na-um 
 
 Cleasa 
 
 kle-S.' sa 
 
 Dodanim 
 
 do-dd'nim or dod'a-nim 
 
 Elizur 
 
 c-li'zur 
 
 Capharsalama 
 
 knf-ar-sdV a-mah 
 
 Clement 
 
 klc'ment or kletn'cnt 
 
 Ood avail 
 
 do~<ld'vah or dod' a-vah 
 
 Elk an ah 
 
 cl-kd'nah or il'ka-nah 
 
 Caphrnalha 
 
 ka-fen'O'tka 
 
 (^leophas 
 
 klS'o-fas 
 
 Dudo 
 
 do' do 
 
 Elkosliite 
 
 H'ko-shile 
 
 Caphira 
 
 ka-fl'rah 
 
 Cloe 
 
 kl5'e 
 
 Docg 
 
 do'esr 
 
 Ellasar 
 
 H-ld'sar or H'lil-sar 
 
 Caphtor 
 
 kdftor 
 
 Cnidus 
 
 iit'd us 
 
 Dophkah 
 
 dof'kah 
 
 El mod am 
 
 i'l-md'dam or fl'mo-datn 
 
 Cnplitorim 
 
 kdftu-rim 
 
 Colhozeh 
 
 koWzch 
 
 Dorcas 
 
 dor'kas 
 
 Elnaam 
 
 H'na-am 
 
 Cappadocia 
 
 kdp-pa-do'sh'i-a 
 
 Collins 
 
 kol'ii'Us 
 
 Dorymencs 
 
 do-rim' e-nes 
 
 P^lnathan 
 
 el-nd'Uian or H'na-than 
 
 Carabasion 
 
 kdr-a-ba'z'i-on 
 
 Colossc 
 
 ko-los^se 
 
 Do:<itheus 
 
 do-s'i~thc'us 
 
 Eloi 
 
 rl'o~hl 
 
 Carbuncle 
 
 kdr'bu n-kel 
 
 Colossians 
 
 ko-tosh''i-ans 
 
 Dothaim 
 
 do-th&'im or do'tha-im 
 
 Elon 
 
 S'lon 
 
 Carcliamis 
 
 kdr'ka-mis 
 
 Coiianiah 
 
 ko~na-nVah 
 
 Dotlian 
 
 dd'than 
 
 Elon Bcthhanan 
 
 S'lon brth'ha-nan 
 
 (■arclieniish 
 
 kdr'ke-misk 
 
 Coniah 
 
 ko-nt'ah 
 
 Drachma 
 
 drdk'mah 
 
 Elonit('S 
 
 i'liin-itcs 
 
 Careali 
 
 ka-rC'ah 
 
 Corbe 
 
 kor'be 
 
 Drusilla 
 
 dril-jtiV lah 
 
 Eloth 
 
 Cloth 
 
 Carkas 
 
 kdr'kas 
 
 (^ore 
 
 kO're 
 
 Dumah 
 
 dn'mah 
 
 KIpaal 
 
 el-pd'al or fVpa-al 
 
 CarincI 
 
 kdr'mel 
 
 C'oos 
 
 kO'os 
 
 Dura 
 
 da' rah 
 
 Klpalrt 
 
 rl-pd'lrt or rl'pa-lrt 
 fl-pd'ran or el'pa-ran 
 
 Carmelite 
 
 kfir' mrl-ite 
 
 Ccirinlh 
 
 ko'rinth or kor'inth 
 
 
 
 Eli)aran 
 
 Carnielitesrt 
 
 kdr'm^l-i-tcss 
 
 Corinthians 
 
 ko-r i nth' i -ans 
 
 
 
 Eitekeh 
 
 ft-tS'keh or el'te-keh 
 
 Carmi 
 
 kdr'mJ 
 
 Cornelius 
 
 kor-nS'U-us 
 
 
 1j. 
 
 Eltekon 
 
 H'tfi-kon 
 
 Carnaim 
 
 kdr'na-im 
 
 Cosam 
 
 kd'zam 
 
 
 Ellolad 
 
 fl'tO'lad or iVto-lad 
 
 Carshena 
 
 kar-shC'na 
 
 Co/.bi 
 
 koz'b'i or koz'bi 
 
 
 Elul 
 
 c'lul 
 
 Casipliia 
 
 j kds-si-fl'ah or ka-^if^'i' 
 f ah 
 
 Cresccns 
 Crete 
 
 kres'ccHS 
 krite 
 
 K A N A S 
 
 S'a-tids 
 
 Eluzai 
 Ely ma is 
 
 c-lu'za-i 
 cl-'i-md' is 
 
 Cnsluim 
 
 kds-lii'im. 
 
 Cretes 
 
 krCtcs 
 
 Ebal 
 
 e'biil 
 
 El V mas 
 
 fl'i-jnas or e-li'nius 
 
 Cassia 
 
 kdith''i-a 
 
 Crclians 
 
 krS' sh'i -tins 
 
 Ebed Melech 
 
 { c'bcd niC'trk or c-brd'- 
 
 El'zabad 
 
 H'za-bad 
 
 Cattiuatli 
 
 ka-thft'ath 
 
 (^rispus 
 
 kris' pus 
 
 \ vic-lvk 
 
 Elzaphan 
 
 cl-zd'fan or eVza-fan 
 
 Ccdriin 
 
 cc'dron or kS'dron 
 
 Cubit 
 
 kh'bit 
 
 Ebenezer 
 
 eb-CH-S'zer 
 
 Emalciiel 
 
 e-tnal~kn'cl 
 
 Ceilan 
 
 cS'lan or cVlan 
 
 Cush 
 
 kiLsh 
 
 Eber 
 
 S'ber 
 
 Emanuel 
 
 
 Cfleniia 
 
 celc-mVa 
 
 Cushan Rislia- 
 
 kush'an rish-a-fhdt' im or 
 
 Ebiasaph 
 
 c-bV a-saf 
 
 Emims 
 
 S'mims 
 
 Cenrhrea 
 
 cen-lirC'ah 
 
 thaim 
 
 k^'shan rish-a-thd' im 
 
 Ebronah 
 
 cb-rd' nah or c-bro'uah 
 
 Enmiaus 
 
 em-ni&'uj or ern'ma-us 
 
 Cendebeus 
 
 ceti-dc-b^'us 
 
 Cnshi 
 
 kiish'i 
 
 Ecanus 
 
 c-kd ' It iw 
 
 Em mor 
 
 
 Cephas 
 
 cS'fas 
 
 Cuthah 
 
 kuOi'ah 
 
 Ecbatana 
 
 ck-bdt'a-na 
 
 Enam 
 
 
 Ct!sarea 
 
 ce.t-a-rS'ah 
 
 Cutheana 
 
 kiVOic-nns 
 
 Ecclesiastes 
 
 ck-kle-zC'ds'tcs 
 
 Eneas 
 
 c-ne'as or i'n0-as 
 
 ('liadias 
 
 kd 'di~as 
 
 Cypnis 
 
 cij'prus 
 aj-rS'ne 
 
 Ecclesia^ticus 
 
 ek-klt-ze-da' ti-kus 
 
 Eneglaini 
 
 fn-eff-l&'im 
 
 (Mialcedony 
 
 kdl'ce~do-ny 
 
 Cyrene 
 
 Edar 
 
 e'dar 
 
 Eneinessar 
 
 fn-e-mrs'gar 
 
 Chalcol 
 
 kdl'kol 
 
 Cyrenius 
 
 aj'TS'ni-us 
 
 Eden 
 
 e'den 
 
 Encnias 
 
 fi-nC'ni-as 
 
 Clialdea 
 
 kales' ah 
 
 Cyrurt 
 
 cy'rus 
 
 Edias 
 
 i'di-as 
 
 Engannim 
 
 en-gdn'nim 
 en-ffU'dl or hi'ge-dl 
 
 Chatnulion 
 
 ka-mS'li-on 
 
 Edom 
 
 i'dom 
 
 En^edi 
 
 CliancM 
 
 kd'ncz 
 
 
 
 Edomitcs 
 
 C'dom-Ues 
 
 Enhaddah 
 
 cn-hdd'dah 
 
 Ctiannuneas 
 
 kan-nu-7tS'as 
 
 
 
 Edrci 
 
 ed're-i 
 
 Enhakkore 
 
 en-hdk'ko-re 
 
 Fate, fdr, bdL — Mite, help. — Pine, marinr, — MZte. — 7Yin«, unite. — g as j; rA as sh. 
 
 1891 
 
PRONUNCIATlOiN OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Enhazor 
 
 en-ha'zor 
 
 Gabbatiia 
 
 Enmishp^t 
 
 CTi-viisli' 'pa.t 
 
 Gabrias 
 
 Enoch 
 
 
 Gabriel 
 
 Enrimmon 
 
 in-ri ni'mon 
 
 Gadara 
 
 
 en-ro'ffel 
 
 Gadarenes 
 
 Ensheinesh 
 
 , ^n-she mesh or (ii'shc- 
 ' mesh 
 
 Gaddes 
 Gaddi 
 
 EnttippuQti 
 
 cn~t dp ^pv,-o.h 
 
 Gaddiel 
 
 Epaphms 
 
 f p'tx-frds 
 
 Gadi 
 
 Epaphroditus 
 
 e-pdf-ro-di'tus 
 
 Gadites 
 
 Epcn^tus 
 
 €-pe-Tlc'tUS0T6-pt)l' &-ttlS 
 
 Gaius 
 
 Ephah 
 
 
 Galadad 
 
 Ephai 
 
 Galal 
 
 Epli6s Daniinini 
 
 c'fcs ddvi^miTn 
 c-fc' zfii-dus 
 
 Galatia 
 
 Ephcsians 
 
 Gnlbanum 
 
 Ephcsus 
 
 €f' fe-SlLS 
 
 Galeed 
 
 Ephlal 
 
 ef'lal 
 e'fiid 
 
 Gnl^ala 
 
 Ephod 
 
 Gahleans 
 
 Eph ph^tlia 
 
 tf' fu-tha.h 
 
 Galilee 
 
 Epliraitn 
 
 (J^Td-iiti or C 'Jra-iiii 
 
 Gallio 
 
 E pli ra i in itcs 
 
 
 Gaiiiacl 
 
 Eptiratali 
 
 
 GamaUel 
 
 Ephralh * 
 
 efralh 
 
 Ganimadims 
 
 Eplirathitcs 
 
 tj^ rotfir-itcs 
 
 Gamul 
 
 Ephron 
 
 e ' froii 
 
 Gareb 
 
 EpiciLTcaiis 
 
 Cp-C-}iXl^ Tl-^TtS 
 
 Garizin* 
 
 
 
 Gashmu 
 
 Eranitcs 
 
 c' rdn-ites 
 
 Gatani 
 
 Erastus 
 
 C^TUS tits 
 
 Galhlicpher 
 
 Erech 
 
 
 Gathriniiiion 
 
 E s a 1 as 
 
 cz-z(i^ yds or c-zfi' yas 
 
 Gaza 
 
 Esar Haddon 
 
 c^sQr hdd^ don 
 
 Gazabar 
 
 Esau 
 
 
 Gnzara 
 
 Esdr^loQ 
 
 €S-<lrB' loit 
 
 Gazathites 
 
 
 is^ C-hoTL 
 
 Gazera 
 
 Esf'brias 
 
 
 Gazez 
 
 Esek 
 
 
 Gazitcs 
 
 Eshbaal 
 
 ish-hu^ qJ, or fsh'bu-cU 
 
 Gazzain 
 
 Eshcol 
 
 
 Gebal 
 
 E^Iican 
 
 vsh^ c~^Ti or S^she-QTi 
 
 Geber 
 
 Eshkalon 
 
 
 Gebim 
 
 Eshtaol 
 
 
 Gedaliah 
 
 Eslitaulitcs 
 
 (sIl^ t-ti >D-li tcs 
 
 Geder 
 
 « li T iJ 1 »i r\ n 
 
 
 Qederah 
 
 Jjj 1 1 LC 1 il U 1 11 
 
 
 Gederathite 
 
 Esli 
 
 
 Gederite 
 
 I-' <: in n i o H 
 
 
 Gederoth 
 
 
 
 Gederothaim 
 
 E«rom 
 
 Ts'rurn 
 
 Gehazi 
 
 Esscncs 
 
 cs-sccjts^ or CS'SS^ fics 
 
 Geiiloth 
 
 Estliaol 
 
 
 Ge in alii 
 
 Esther 
 
 
 Gemariah 
 
 Etani 
 
 
 Genesareth 
 
 Et lianirn 
 
 
 Genesis 
 
 EUibaul 
 
 €th-bd.' oX or itli^ba-oX 
 
 Genezar 
 
 Ether 
 
 
 Genneu3 
 
 Ethiopia 
 
 £-tJii~S 'p'i-d 
 
 Gentiles 
 
 Ethnan 
 
 eth'nan 
 
 Genu bath 
 
 Euasibus 
 
 i^-ds't-biLS 
 
 Gera 
 
 Eubiilus 
 
 v-bii'liLs 
 
 Gerasa 
 
 Eunatban 
 
 nd-thun 
 
 Gergasene3 
 
 Eun ice 
 
 i^-ni^ se or i^^itisc 
 
 Gerg^shi 
 
 Euod ia3 
 
 1^-5 ' d'i-ds 
 
 Gergashites 
 
 Ell ph rates 
 
 i^-Jto. 'tcs 
 
 Gerizim 
 
 Eupulemus 
 
 T^~poV e-tnus 
 
 GerriEans 
 
 Euroclydon 
 
 •j^^Tuk' le~doTi 
 
 Gerrinians 
 
 Eutychus 
 
 t^'ti-kus 
 
 Gershoni 
 
 Eve 
 
 
 Geshem 
 
 Evi 
 
 e'vl 
 
 Geshuri 
 
 Evil ^Icrodach 
 
 e'vil Tnc-To^ddh 
 
 Geshuritea 
 
 Exodus 
 
 ex.' 0-dlti3 
 
 Geiher 
 
 Ezar 
 
 S'zdr 
 
 Getholias 
 
 Ezbai 
 
 
 Gethseinane 
 
 Ezechias 
 
 ei-c-hi' ds 
 
 Geuel 
 
 Ezekiss 
 
 Ci-C'ki' ds 
 
 Gezer 
 
 £zeki6l 
 
 e-zi'k'i-d 
 
 Gezerites 
 
 Ezel 
 
 
 Giah 
 
 Ezerias 
 
 iz-c-rVds 
 
 Gibbah 
 
 
 
 Gibbcthon 
 
 E/loa 
 
 c-il'on or I'z'i-on 
 
 Gibea 
 
 Ezion Gebcr 
 
 S'zi~on ffg'ber 
 
 Gibealh 
 
 Ezrahite 
 
 iz'ra-hilt 
 
 Gibeon 
 
 Ezriel 
 
 iz'r'i-cl 
 
 GihconitcB 
 
 f^f'/. ron i tcs 
 
 €Z^TOn-i tcs 
 
 Giblites 
 Giddalti 
 Giddcl 
 
 
 V 
 
 Gideon 
 
 
 Gi deoni 
 
 
 Gidom 
 Gier 
 
 Felix 
 
 fi'lix 
 
 Gihon 
 
 Fcstus 
 
 ffs'tus 
 
 
 Fortun >it us 
 
 J'oT-tvL-nd^ tils 
 
 Gilhcn 
 Gilead 
 G ilead ito 
 
 
 a 
 
 \J • 
 
 Gilgal 
 Giloh 
 Gilonito 
 Gimzo 
 
 QkAl, 
 
 
 Ginath 
 
 Goaah 
 
 gU'dsh 
 
 Giniii'tho 
 
 Gaba 
 
 gH'hd 
 gdb'a-rl 
 
 (iirgashiteg 
 
 Oabael 
 
 GirKniitc 
 
 Gabbal 
 
 gdb'bd or gdb'bar4 
 
 Giltuim 
 
 ffdb'ba-Uiak 
 
 ga'bri-as 
 
 ga'br'i~el 
 
 gdd'd-ra 
 
 gdd-d-reens' 
 
 gdd'dts 
 
 gdd'dy 
 
 gdd'di-el 
 
 ga'dl 
 
 gdd'ites 
 
 gu'ms 
 
 gdl a-ddd 
 
 ga'ldl 
 
 ga-la' sh'i~a 
 
 gaVbd-nam 
 
 gdt'e-cd 
 
 gd I' ga-la 
 
 gdl-ti-W ans 
 
 gdVl'i-lce 
 
 gdVl'i-o 
 
 gdm'a-cl 
 
 gn-nia'le~cl 
 
 gdm'md-dims 
 
 ga'mul 
 
 gu'reb 
 
 gdr''i-iim 
 
 gdsh'mciD 
 
 ga'tum 
 
 gdth-he'fer 
 
 gnth-rirn'mon 
 
 gd'zdh 
 
 gnz'd-bdr 
 
 ga-za'ra 
 
 ga ' zath-ites 
 
 gu-zc'ra 
 
 ga'zez 
 
 gdz'iies 
 
 gdz'idm t 
 
 ge'bdl 
 
 gc'ber 
 
 ge'bim 
 
 gtd-d-Wak 
 
 gVder 
 
 gc-de'rdh 
 
 gc-dc'rath-ite 
 
 gtd'e-rite 
 
 g€~de'roth 
 
 ge-dcT-oth^&'im 
 
 gc-ha'zl 
 
 gtV'i-loth 
 
 gc-rndl'ti 
 
 gem-a-ri'ah 
 
 gc-nes'd-rcUi 
 
 gcn'c-sis 
 
 ge-nc'zdr 
 
 gen'ne-us or gen-ne'us 
 gen'tVes 
 
 gen'u-bath OTge'nu-batk 
 
 ge'rdh 
 
 ger'd-sdh 
 
 ger-ga-seens' 
 
 gtr' gd-shi 
 
 gcr' gd-shites 
 
 ger're~zim 
 
 gfr-rc'ans 
 
 gir'rin-i-dTis 
 
 ger' shorn 
 
 ge'shem 
 
 gesh' ii-ri 
 
 gesh' ii-rites 
 
 ge'ther 
 
 geth-o- IV ds 
 
 gcth-stm'a-ne 
 
 ge-y.'cl 
 
 ge'zer 
 
 ge'zer-ites 
 
 gVdh 
 
 gib'bdh 
 
 gib'be-ihon 
 
 gib'c-dh 
 
 gib'c-dth 
 
 gib'c-on 
 
 gib'e-on-itcs 
 
 gib'litcs 
 
 gid-ddVtl 
 
 gid'dcl 
 
 gid'c-on 
 
 gid'C-0 'nl 
 
 gl'dom 
 
 gl'cr 
 
 gl'hon 
 
 gil-a-W or gil'd-ld 
 gil-bo'dh or gU'bo-ah 
 gil'c^ad 
 gil'e-ad-ite 
 
 gVlc-nite 
 
 gim'zo 
 
 gVnath 
 
 gin'ne-Oio 
 
 gir' tra-shilcs 
 
 gir'gn-siie 
 
 git-ttk'im or git'ta~im 
 
 Gittites 
 
 Gizonite 
 
 Gnidus 
 
 Goath 
 
 Golan 
 
 Golgotha 
 
 Goliah 
 
 Gomer 
 
 Gomorrah 
 
 Gopher 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Gothoniel 
 
 Gozan 
 
 Grecia 
 
 Greece 
 
 Gudgodah 
 
 Guni 
 
 Gunites 
 
 Gurbaal 
 
 gU'tites 
 
 gi'zo-nite 
 
 nVdus 
 
 g5 'atfi 
 
 go' tan 
 
 guV goth-dh 
 
 go-lVah 
 
 go'mcr 
 
 go-in or' rah 
 
 go'fer 
 
 go 'shcji 
 
 go-tlwn' i-cl 
 
 go'zan 
 
 gre'sk'i-a 
 
 grSece 
 
 gud' go-ddh 
 
 gu'ni 
 
 gii'nites 
 
 gur-ba'al 
 
 H. 
 
 IIaahashtabi 
 
 Ilabaiah 
 
 Habakkuk 
 
 Habaziniah 
 
 Habergeon 
 
 Ilabor 
 
 Hachaliah 
 
 Haclielah 
 
 Ilaclimoni 
 
 Hadad 
 
 Hadadezer 
 
 Hadad Rimraon 
 
 Hadar 
 
 Hadarezer 
 
 Hadashah 
 
 Hadassah 
 
 Hadattah 
 
 Hadid 
 
 Hadlai 
 
 Hadoram 
 
 Hadrach 
 
 Hagab 
 
 Hagabah 
 
 Hagai 
 
 Uagar 
 
 Hagarenes 
 
 Hagarites 
 
 Haggai 
 
 Haggeri 
 
 Haggi 
 
 Haggiah 
 
 Haggites 
 
 Haggith 
 
 Hai 
 
 Hakkatan 
 
 Hakkoz 
 
 Hakupha 
 
 Halac 
 
 Hali 
 
 Hallelujah 
 
 Halloesh 
 
 Haman 
 
 Hamath 
 
 Hani.athite 
 
 Hamath Zobah 
 
 Hameleth 
 
 Hainital 
 
 Hammedatha 
 
 Hamiuelech 
 
 Hammoleketh 
 
 Hamonah 
 
 Hamongog 
 
 Hamotlidor 
 
 Haniuel 
 
 Hamul 
 
 Hamutal 
 
 Hanameel 
 
 Hunan 
 
 Hananeel 
 
 Hanani 
 
 Hananiah 
 
 Hanes 
 
 Hanie) 
 
 Ilannathon 
 
 Ilanniel 
 
 llanoch 
 
 Hanochitcs 
 
 Hanun 
 
 Hapharaim 
 
 Ilara 
 
 Haradah 
 
 llaraiah 
 
 llararite 
 
 Ilatbunali 
 
 ha-a-hd^h' ta~T\ 
 hd~ba' yah 
 
 hab'a-kuk or ha-bdk'uk 
 
 hab-a-zi-nV ah 
 
 ha-ber' ge-on 
 
 hd'bor 
 
 hak~a-li'ah 
 
 hdk'e-laJi 
 
 hak-mo'ni or hak'mo-ni 
 
 kd'dad 
 
 had-ad-e'zcr 
 
 hu'ddd rim'mon 
 
 kd'dar 
 
 hdd-a-re'icr 
 
 hufL-d'iihak or Iidd'a- 
 
 shafi 
 ha~dd.^'sah 
 ha-ddt'tah 
 hd'did 
 hdd'la-i 
 ha-do'ram 
 fid'drak 
 hd'gab 
 hd^'a-bah 
 hdg'a-i 
 hd'gar 
 
 hdg-a-rcen$' or ha-ga- 
 
 recns' 
 ha'gar-itts 
 hag'ga-i 
 hdg'ge-^l 
 hdg'gl 
 hdg-gVah 
 hdg'gites 
 hdg'gith 
 hd'i 
 
 hdk'ka~tan 
 hdk'koz 
 
 haJi-ii'fah or ha-ku'fah 
 
 hd'lak 
 
 hdUi 
 
 hal-le-ln'yah or -^ah 
 
 Jial'lo'esh 
 
 hd' man 
 
 hd'math 
 
 hdm'ath-ite 
 
 hd'math zo'bah 
 
 hdm'e-leth 
 
 hdm'i-tal 
 
 hammed' a-thah 
 
 hdm'me-lek 
 
 hdm-md' le-keth or ham- 
 
 mol'e-keth 
 hdm-o'nah or hdm'o-nah. 
 hd'mon-gog 
 hd'molh^dor 
 kd-viii'el 
 hd'mid 
 hd-mil'Ud 
 hd-ndm'e-d 
 kd'nan 
 
 ha~ndfi'c-cl or hdn'nan- 
 
 e-el 
 ha-nd'ni 
 han-a-iiV ah 
 hd'ncz 
 hd'iii-al 
 hdn'na-thon 
 hdn'n'i-d 
 hd'nok 
 hu'nok-iU3 
 hd'nvn 
 haf-a-rS'im 
 hi'rah 
 hdr'a-dah 
 hdr-a-Vah 
 hd'ra-rite 
 
 har-ba'nak or hUr'bo- 
 nah 
 
 Hareph 
 
 Hareth 
 
 Harhaiah 
 
 Harhata 
 
 Harim 
 
 Hamepher 
 
 Harod 
 
 Haroeh 
 
 Harorite 
 
 Harosheth 
 
 Harslia 
 
 Harura 
 
 Harumaph 
 
 Haruphite 
 
 Haruz 
 
 Plasadiah 
 
 Hasenuah 
 
 Hashabiah 
 
 Hashabnah 
 
 Hashabniah 
 
 Hashbadana 
 
 Hashem 
 
 Hashmonah 
 
 Hashub 
 
 Hashubah 
 
 Hashum 
 
 Hashiipha 
 
 Hasseiiaah 
 
 Hasiipha 
 
 Hatach 
 
 Hatbath 
 
 Hatita 
 
 Hattaavah 
 
 Hattipha 
 
 Hauran 
 
 Havilah 
 
 Havoth Jair 
 
 Hazael 
 
 Hazaiah 
 
 Hazar Hatticon 
 
 Hazaroth 
 
 Hazel Elponi 
 
 Hazerim 
 
 Hazeroth 
 
 Hazezon 
 
 Haziel 
 
 Hazor 
 
 Hazubah 
 
 Heber 
 
 Heberites 
 
 Hebron 
 
 Hebronites 
 
 Hegai 
 
 Hege 
 
 Helah 
 
 Helcbiah 
 
 Heldai 
 
 Heleb 
 
 Helekites 
 
 Heleph 
 
 Helkai 
 
 Helkath Hazzu- 
 
 rim 
 Helkias 
 Helon 
 Heman 
 Hena 
 Henadad 
 Henoch 
 Heplier 
 Hoplierites 
 Hephzibah 
 III' res 
 Hennas 
 Hermes 
 Hermogenea 
 Hennonites 
 Heroil 
 Horudians 
 Herod ias 
 Herod ion 
 Hesed 
 Heslibon 
 Hezeki 
 Hezckiah 
 Hezion 
 Ilezir 
 Hezrai 
 Ilczrnn 
 Ilezronites 
 lliddui 
 Hiddekcl 
 Hiel 
 
 Hierapolis 
 
 Hiereel 
 
 Hieremoth 
 
 llierichis 
 
 Hierrnas 
 
 liiggaion 
 
 Hilen 
 
 Hilkiah 
 
 Hirah 
 
 Hiram 
 
 Ilircanus 
 
 hd'ref 
 ha'rcth 
 h'dr-ha-i'ah 
 
 har-hd'tah ai h'dr'ha-tah 
 hd'rim 
 
 hdr-ne'fer or hdr'nc-fer 
 
 fid'rod 
 
 kdr'o-eh 
 
 ha'ro-rite 
 
 hdr'o-sheth 
 
 hUr'shah 
 
 ha'rum 
 
 ha-rn'maf 
 
 /la-r-u'Jite 
 
 hd'ruz 
 
 hdz-a-tTi'ah 
 
 hdz-e-nu' all 
 
 hdsh-a-bVah 
 
 kdsh-db'nah 
 
 hd^liHib-nl' ah 
 
 hdshr-hdd' a-iuih 
 
 ha'shem 
 
 hdshr-mo' nah 
 
 hash'iib 
 
 hash Tf'bah 
 
 hdsh'um 
 
 ha-shu'fah 
 
 hassc-nd' ah 
 
 has-u'fah or ha-sft'fah 
 
 hS'tak 
 
 hd'tJuUh 
 
 hdt'i-tah 
 
 hat-td' a-vah 
 
 hdt't'i-fah or hat-tVfah 
 
 haio'ran 
 
 hdvl'i-lah 
 
 hd'voth jd'ir 
 
 hdz'a-d or ha-zd'd 
 
 lia-id'yah 
 
 hd'zar hdt't'i-kon 
 
 ha-zd'roth 
 
 ha'zd d-pd'n'i 
 
 haz-e'rim or ha-zl'rim 
 
 haz-e'roth or ha-zc'ruth 
 
 Itdz'c-zon 
 
 hd'zi-d 
 
 hd'zor 
 
 hdz'n-bah 
 
 hc'bcr 
 
 he'ber-ites 
 
 hi'bron 
 
 he'bran-ites 
 
 lie-gd'i or hig'or-i 
 
 hc^t— 
 
 he'lah 
 
 hH-kVah 
 
 hiVda-i 
 
 he' Id) 
 
 hc'lek~itC3 
 
 he'lcf 
 
 hiVka-i 
 
 hel'kath hdz'^-^im 
 
 hel-ki'as 
 
 he'lon 
 
 hc'man 
 
 he'nah 
 
 hen'a-dad 
 
 he'iiok 
 
 hc'fer 
 
 hc'fer-ites 
 
 hrfzi-bah 
 
 he' res 
 
 her'mas 
 
 her'mcs 
 
 hcr-mog'e-ites 
 
 her'moii-ites 
 
 her' rod 
 
 he-rO'di~ans 
 
 he-rO'tTi-as 
 
 he-ro'di-on 
 
 he'scd 
 
 hhh'bon 
 
 hez'e-kl 
 
 hei-e-ki'ah 
 
 hS'z'i-oji 
 
 hS'ier 
 
 hii'ra-i 
 
 hvz'ron 
 
 hez*ron-ites 
 
 hid'dd-i 
 
 hid'de-kel 
 
 hVd 
 
 hl-er-^dp'o-lis 
 
 ht-er'e-d 
 
 hl-er'c^otk 
 
 M-er-ri-e'lus 
 
 hi-er'mas 
 
 hig-gd'yon 
 
 hVlen 
 
 hU-kVah 
 
 hVrah 
 
 hVram 
 
 hir-k&'nus 
 
 Fate, far, bdl Mite, help. — Pliu, marine. — JVZte. — TCtu, unite. — ^ aajl ZA as th. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Hittites 
 
 htt'tita 
 
 Isiiites 
 
 Ilivitcs 
 
 M'vites 
 
 Itbai 
 
 Ili/.kijoli 
 
 hii-kl'jah 
 
 Itliamar 
 
 llobab 
 
 hi'bab 
 
 Itliiel 
 
 Ilodaiah 
 
 hod-a-Vah 
 
 Ubrenm 
 
 llodaviiili 
 
 hoiUa-vVah 
 
 Itbritcs 
 
 Iloilevali 
 
 hti'di'cak 
 
 Ittah Kazin 
 
 llddinli 
 
 lio-dl'ak 
 
 Ittai 
 
 Ilodijah 
 
 ho-dl'jah 
 
 hog'lah 
 
 hol-o-fer'nti 
 
 Itiiroa 
 
 II(>gl:ili 
 
 Ivah 
 
 Iloiofernes 
 
 Izi'har 
 
 ilnliiii 
 
 hS'lon 
 
 Izhar 
 
 Muniam 
 
 ho' mam 
 
 Izliarite 
 
 llophni 
 
 hofni 
 
 Izrahiah 
 
 iliiplira 
 
 hofrah 
 hO'ram 
 
 Izrahito 
 
 Iloiarn 
 
 Izraiah 
 
 Morhugidgad 
 
 hor-ra-gid' gad 
 
 I z reel 
 
 Mori 
 
 hO'rl 
 
 Izrites 
 
 lluiitns 
 
 hS'rims 
 
 
 llorites 
 
 ho'rit(3 
 
 
 Iloronaim 
 
 hor-o-n&'im 
 
 
 Iloronitcs 
 
 hor'ro-nites 
 
 
 Ilosah 
 
 hS'ioli 
 
 
 Ilosaiinah 
 
 ho~ian'nah 
 
 
 Ilosea 
 
 ho-zc'ah 
 
 Jaakam 
 
 Iloshniah 
 
 hosh-a-V ah 
 
 Jnnkobali 
 
 Iloslinma 
 
 hosk'a-malL 
 
 Jaala 
 
 Uoslica 
 
 ho-shc'a 
 
 Jaalam 
 
 Ilotham 
 
 hu'thaiii 
 
 Jaanui 
 
 llolliir 
 
 ho'Oiir 
 
 Jaartoragim 
 
 Hupbam 
 
 hu'fum 
 hn'fnin-ites 
 
 Jaasaiiia 
 
 Ilupbuiiiitea 
 
 Jaasau 
 
 Ilurai 
 
 hft'rS 
 
 Jaasiel 
 
 Hiishah 
 
 hu'shak 
 
 Jaazab 
 
 Hiisbai 
 
 hu'shO 
 
 Jaazaniali 
 
 Hnsbam 
 
 hfi'.iham 
 
 Jaaziah 
 
 Hushatliite 
 
 hu' shath-itt 
 
 Jaaziel 
 
 Hiisbubah 
 
 hu-shn'bah 
 
 Jabal 
 
 Huzoth 
 
 hit' loth 
 
 Jal)esli 
 
 Ilyduspea 
 
 hij-dds'pes 
 
 Jabi-z 
 
 Hyena 
 
 ktj-i'nah 
 
 Jabin 
 
 Hynieneus 
 
 htj-mm-i'ua 
 
 Jabnecl 
 
 Jaclian 
 Jachin 
 
 
 T 
 1 
 
 JacbinitC3 
 
 
 Jacinth 
 
 
 Jacobus 
 Jada 
 
 Ibleam 
 
 iVle-am 
 
 Jadati 
 
 Ibncinh 
 
 ib-nVah 
 
 Jaddua 
 
 Ibnijali 
 
 ib-nl'jah 
 
 Jadon 
 
 Ichabort 
 
 ik'a-bod 
 
 Jael 
 
 Iconium 
 
 i-kB'ni-um 
 
 Jasur 
 
 Idalali 
 
 i-d&'lah or id'a-laJi 
 
 Jabaleel 
 
 Idaliin 
 
 id'a-tan 
 
 Jahalelel 
 
 Iddo 
 
 id'do 
 
 Jahaz 
 
 Iducl 
 
 id'n-cl 
 
 Jabaza 
 
 Iditmxa 
 
 id-u-mi'tth 
 
 Jaliazael 
 
 Id 11 means 
 
 id-u-rnS'ans 
 
 Jaliaziah 
 
 I^al 
 
 ■'^f ,-r L 
 
 Jabaziel 
 
 I<:daliah 
 
 tg-da-lt'ah 
 
 Jabdai 
 
 Igeabariin 
 
 i^-e-ab'a-rim 
 
 Jahdiel 
 
 Igeal 
 
 iq-l'al or ig'e-al 
 
 Jahdo 
 
 lim 
 
 rim 
 
 Jahleelites 
 
 Ijon 
 
 Vjon 
 
 Jabliel 
 
 Ilai 
 
 Via 
 
 Jabmai 
 
 lllyricum 
 
 il-lyr''i-kum 
 
 Jabzeelitea 
 
 Iniinaniiel 
 
 im-man'ii-el 
 
 Jabzerah 
 
 Ipbedeiah 
 
 if-e-dl'ah 
 I'rah 
 
 Jahziel 
 
 Ira 
 
 Jair 
 
 I ram 
 
 i'ram 
 
 Jairitea 
 
 Iry 
 
 I'ry 
 
 Jairus 
 
 Irijah 
 
 i-Tl'jah 
 
 Jakan 
 
 Irnahasb 
 
 tr-nH'hash or ir'na-hash 
 
 Jakkim 
 
 Irpeel 
 
 ir-pc'el 
 
 Jalon 
 
 Irshemesh 
 
 irshl'mesh 
 
 Jambres 
 
 Iru 
 
 I'ru 
 
 Jambri 
 
 Isaac 
 
 Viak 
 
 Jamin 
 
 Isaiah 
 
 i-id'yoA 
 
 Jaminitcs 
 
 Iscah 
 
 xs'cah 
 
 Jamlech 
 
 Iscariot 
 
 is-kdr'r'i-ot 
 
 Jamnaan 
 
 Isdael 
 
 is'da-fl 
 
 Jamnia 
 
 Ishbi Benob 
 
 ( ish'bi bl'nob or isA-41'- 
 \ bc-nob 
 
 Jamnitea 
 Janna 
 
 Ishbosheth 
 
 1 idh-bS'sheUi or ish'ba- 
 \ shah 
 
 J an lies 
 Janoah 
 
 Ishi 
 
 Vshl 
 
 Janiim 
 
 Isbiah 
 
 ishl'ah 
 
 Japbeth 
 
 Ishijah 
 
 i~shl'jah 
 
 Japliiah 
 
 Isbmael 
 
 ish'ma-el 
 
 Japblet 
 
 Isbmaelites 
 
 ish'ma-tl-itts 
 
 Japhleti 
 
 Isb maiab 
 
 ( vsh-mS'yah or ish-ma- 
 1 I'ah 
 
 Japho 
 Jarah 
 
 Isbmerai 
 
 iith'me^H 
 
 Jareb 
 
 Isbod 
 
 Vshod 
 
 Jaresiah 
 
 Ishtiah 
 
 ish'if-ah 
 
 Jaroah 
 
 Ishuai 
 
 iah'i^-a 
 
 Jasael 
 
 Ismachiah 
 
 ts-nui-Ki aA 
 
 Jashein 
 
 Ismaiah 
 
 «-ma-i'oA 
 
 Jaslier 
 
 Israel 
 
 is'ra-el 
 
 Jasbobeam 
 
 UmeUtcs 
 
 Wra-et-ites 
 
 Jashub 
 
 Issachar 
 Istalcurua 
 
 u'sa-kar 
 is-tal-ku'rus 
 
 Jashubi Lehcm 
 
 Isui 
 
 U'n-i 
 
 Jasbubitea 
 
 ii'u'ites 
 
 itk'a-i 
 
 iUi'a-mar 
 
 ilh'i-el 
 
 Wt're-am 
 
 ith'rites 
 
 it'lah kd'lin 
 
 il'ta-i 
 
 it-u-rH'ah 
 
 I'vaJi 
 
 iz'c-har 
 
 ii'har 
 
 iz'har-ite 
 
 ii-ra~hVah 
 
 ii'ra-hite 
 
 iz-ra-l'ah 
 
 iz're-el 
 
 iz'ritea 
 
 J. 
 
 ia-dk'o-bah 
 jd-d'lah 
 ja-a'lam 
 jd-&'na 
 
 ja-ar-€-or' a-trhn 
 
 ja-ds-a-nVak 
 
 ia d'saw or jd'a-saw 
 
 ja-d's'i-cl 
 
 id-d'zah 
 
 ju-dz-ia-nV ah 
 
 ja-a-zVah 
 
 ja-d'zi-el 
 
 jd'bal 
 
 jd'besh 
 
 jd'bcz 
 
 ja'bin 
 
 jdb'nc-el 
 
 jd'kan 
 
 jd'kin 
 
 jd'kin-ites 
 
 jd' ninth 
 
 ja-ko'bu3 
 
 jd'dak 
 
 ja-dd'y. 
 
 jad-dxt'ah 
 
 jd'don 
 
 jd'cl 
 
 jd'irur 
 
 ja-ha'le-el 
 
 Ja-kdl'e-lel 
 
 jd'haz 
 
 ja-hd'iah 
 
 ja-ftaz-d'cl 
 
 ja-ka-zVah 
 
 ja-hdi'i-el 
 
 jdJi-dd'i or jdli'da-i 
 
 jcUt'di-el 
 
 jdh'do 
 
 jdJi'le-el-itCS 
 
 jdh'li-el 
 
 jdfi~jnd'i or jdli'ma~i 
 
 jdli' tc-el-iics 
 
 jdJi'ze-rah 
 
 jdJi'ii-el 
 
 j&'er 
 
 jd''i-rite3 
 
 jd'i-rus 
 
 jd'kan 
 
 jdk'kim 
 
 jd'lon 
 
 jdm'brcz 
 
 jdm'brX 
 
 jd'mhi 
 
 jd'min-iles 
 
 jdm'tek 
 
 jdm'na-an 
 
 jam' n't -a 
 
 jdm'nites 
 
 jdn'nah 
 
 jdn'nez 
 
 ja-nO'ah 
 
 j&'num 
 
 jd'fcth 
 
 ja-fVah 
 
 jdflH 
 
 jdf-lS'tl or jdflc-il 
 
 jd'fo 
 
 jd'rah 
 
 j&'Tcb 
 
 jdr-e-isVdk 
 
 ja-rO'ah 
 
 jds'a-tl 
 
 jd'shem 
 
 jd'sher 
 
 ja-shfi'be-am 
 
 jd'shub OTidsh^ub 
 )j&'shu-bl h'hem or 
 \ jd^h'u-hi Whcm 
 
 jd^h' ub-xies 
 
 Jasiel 
 
 ja'st-d 
 
 Jesher 
 
 Jason 
 
 jd'son 
 
 Jesbinion 
 
 Jasper 
 
 jas'pcr 
 
 Jcsbisbai 
 
 Jasubn3 
 
 ja-nft'buA 
 
 Jesbuhaiah 
 
 Jalliniol 
 
 jdUi'ni-cl 
 
 Jesbua 
 
 Jallir 
 
 jdt'ter 
 jU'ean 
 
 Jcshiii 
 
 Javan 
 
 Jeshurim 
 
 Jazer 
 
 ja'ier 
 
 Jesiah 
 
 Jazicl 
 
 ja'zi-d 
 jS'a-rim 
 
 Jesimiel 
 
 Jearim 
 
 Jesse 
 
 Jcateral 
 
 je-dt'e-rH 
 
 Jesua 
 
 Joberecbiub 
 
 jcb-er-rc-kl'ah 
 jl'hus 
 
 Jesui 
 
 Jebus 
 
 Jesus 
 
 Jebusi 
 
 jcbu'si 
 
 Jelher 
 
 Jebusites 
 
 jtb'u-site^ 
 
 Jetblah 
 
 Jecamiab 
 
 jrk-a-viV ah 
 
 Jelbro 
 
 Jecoliab 
 
 j^k-o-tl'ah 
 
 Jetur 
 
 Jeconiah 
 
 jfk-O'itl'ah 
 
 Jeuel 
 
 Jedaiah 
 
 jc-dd' yiiji 
 
 Jeush 
 
 Jediael 
 
 jtd'i-a'd 
 
 Jcuz 
 
 Jedidiab 
 
 jtd-'i'dt'ah 
 
 Jezaniah 
 
 Jcdiel 
 
 ji-d'i'd or jS'di-cl 
 
 Jezebel 
 
 Jedutbun 
 
 \jcd-^i'thun or jid'i^- 
 i (Ann 
 
 Jezclus 
 Jezer 
 
 Jeezer 
 
 je-e'zer 
 
 Jezirites 
 
 Jegar Sahadutha 
 
 je' gar sa-ha-du'ihah 
 
 Jcziah 
 
 Jebalcleel 
 
 \ je-hdV c-led or jc-hi'li- 
 > Ic-d 
 
 Jeziel 
 Jezliali 
 
 Jehalelel 
 
 jC'hdVe-ld 
 
 Jezoar 
 
 Jehaziel 
 
 je-hdz''{-el or jc-hd'z'i-d 
 
 Jezniliiah 
 
 Jebdeiah 
 
 jth-di'ah 
 
 Jezreel 
 
 Jebeiel 
 
 jc-hVd 
 
 Jezreelite 
 
 Jebezckel 
 
 jc-kiz'e-kd 
 
 Jezreelitesa 
 
 Jcliiah 
 
 je-hl'ah - 
 
 Jidlapli 
 
 Jebiel 
 
 jc-hVd 
 
 Jipbtali 
 
 Jebieli 
 
 jc-hVc~li 
 
 Jipbtbahcl 
 
 Jchisbai 
 
 jc-kUh'a-i 
 
 Jireth 
 
 Jebiskiali 
 
 jc-his-ki'ah 
 
 Joab 
 
 Jeboadah 
 
 jc-ho'O'dak 
 
 Joab 
 
 Jelioaddan 
 
 je-ho-dd'dan 
 
 Joahaz 
 
 Jeboabaz 
 
 jc-h5'a-haz 
 
 Joakini 
 
 Jclioash 
 
 jc-hd'a^h 
 
 Joanna 
 
 Jebohanan 
 
 Ijc^o hd'nan or jc-hd'- 
 \ ha jian 
 
 Joasb 
 Joatbam 
 
 Jeboiacbin 
 
 je-hoy'a~kin 
 
 Joazabdua 
 
 Jelioiada 
 
 je-hoy'a-dah 
 
 Job 
 
 Jeboiakim 
 
 je-hoy'a-kim 
 
 Juhab 
 
 Jeboiarib 
 
 je-lioy' a-^ib 
 
 Jocbebcd 
 
 Jebonadab 
 
 jc-hon' a-dab 
 
 Joed 
 
 Jehonatlian 
 
 je-hun'a~than 
 
 Joel 
 
 Jeboram 
 
 je-ho'ram 
 
 Joclab 
 
 Jebosbabeath 
 
 jc-ho-shdb' e-alh 
 
 Joezer 
 
 Jeboshapbat 
 
 jc-hosh' a-fat 
 
 JoRbeah 
 
 Jeliosbeba 
 
 jc~hosh' e-bah 
 
 JosU 
 
 Jelioshua 
 
 je-hosh'ii-ah 
 
 Joha 
 
 Jehovah 
 
 jc-ho'vah 
 
 Jobanan 
 
 Jebozabad 
 
 jt-hoz' Orbad 
 
 John 
 
 Jehozadak 
 
 jr-hoz'a-dak 
 
 Joiadah 
 
 Jebu 
 
 jc'hu 
 
 Joiakim 
 
 Jehubbah 
 
 jc-hub'bah 
 
 Joianb 
 
 Jebucal 
 
 jc-hu'kat or je'kn-kal 
 je-hii'dl 
 
 Jokdeam 
 
 Jehudi 
 
 Jokim 
 
 Jehudijah 
 
 jc-hur^i'jah 
 
 Jokmeam 
 
 Jehush 
 
 je'hush 
 
 Jokneam 
 
 Jeiel 
 
 je-t'd 
 
 Joksban 
 
 Jecabzecl 
 
 jc-kah'ze-el 
 
 Joktheel 
 
 Jekameam 
 
 jek-a-mS'am 
 
 Jonadab 
 
 Jekamiah 
 
 ji-k-a-mVah 
 
 Jonah 
 
 Jekiitbiel 
 
 i/i l-tilfh'J til 
 
 JC~h1l l/lt-CL 
 
 Jonan 
 
 Jemima 
 
 jc-mVmah or jhn'i-mah 
 
 Jonathan 
 
 Jcmiiel 
 
 j^m'u-d or jem-U'el 
 
 Jonath ElimRe 
 
 Jopbtbah 
 
 jffthah 
 
 chochim 
 
 Jepbunneh 
 
 jC'fun'nch 
 
 Joppa 
 
 Jerah 
 
 je'rah 
 
 Jorah 
 
 Jerahmeel 
 
 :jer-ah-mc'd or jc-rdJi'- 
 
 Jorai 
 
 \ mc-el 
 
 Joram 
 
 Jerabmeelites 
 
 je-rd/i'me-d-ita 
 
 Joribas 
 
 Jerechua 
 
 jt'r'e-kus 
 
 Jorkoam 
 
 Jcred 
 
 jl'rtd 
 
 Josabad 
 
 Jeremai 
 
 jrr'e-mS 
 
 Jusapbat 
 
 Jeremiah 
 
 jfr-e~ml'ah 
 
 Josaphias 
 
 Jeremoth 
 
 jtr'e-moth 
 
 Jose 
 
 Jeriati 
 
 jr-rl'ah 
 
 Josedech 
 
 Jcribai 
 
 jfr'i-ba 
 
 Joseel 
 
 Jericho 
 
 j^r't-ko 
 
 Joses 
 
 Jeriel 
 
 je-ri'd or jS'ri-d 
 
 Joshabad 
 
 Jcrijah 
 
 jer-rl'jah 
 
 Josbab 
 
 Jeriolh 
 
 jfr'i-oth 
 
 Josbaphat 
 
 Jeroboam 
 
 jrr-obo'am 
 
 Josbariah 
 
 JeroHon 
 
 jrr'o~don 
 
 Joshbekashah 
 
 Jcrobam 
 
 jf-r-O'ham or j^r'o-ham 
 
 Joshua 
 
 Jcrubbaal 
 
 \je-rub-b&'al or jc-rub'- 
 \ ba-al 
 
 Josiah 
 Josias 
 
 Jerubesbcth 
 
 1 je-rub-rsh' tlh or jc-rub'- 
 \ c-.fAciA 
 
 Josibiah 
 Josiphiah 
 
 Jeruel 
 
 jc-ru'd 
 
 Josiphus 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 je^ril'sa-Um 
 
 Jot hatha 
 
 Jeriisba 
 
 
 Jotham 
 
 Jesaiah 
 
 je-s&'yah 
 
 Jozabad 
 
 Jesliaiab 
 
 jcsh-a-Vah 
 
 Jozachar 
 
 Jeslianab 
 
 jrsh-&'nah 
 
 Jozadak 
 
 Jesharelah 
 
 je^h-dr' e-lah 
 
 Jiibal 
 
 Jesbebeab 
 
 je,-ih-fb'e-ab 
 
 Jucal 
 
 Jesbebeah 
 
 jcsA-fJ'e-oA 
 
 Judsa 
 
 je'sher 
 jfsh' i^on 
 jr-.ihish' a-i 
 jesh'O-ha-l'ah 
 je.sh'u-ah 
 jejth'u-i 
 jesh'ur-rvm 
 jC'sVah 
 jes-im'm'i'^d 
 jis'se 
 je^'i^-a 
 jeis'i^-i 
 jS'sus 
 je'thcr 
 jWi'lah 
 jSthro 
 jS'tur 
 jc'ii-cl 
 j&'ush 
 jS'uz 
 
 jeza-nVah 
 jez'e-bel 
 jc-iS'lvLS 
 jS'icr 
 jS'ier-ites 
 je-zVah 
 jS'zi-el 
 jcz-ll'ah 
 jH'o-ar 
 jcz-ra-hVah 
 jt-z' re-el 
 ji-z're-cl'iU 
 jtz'rc-el-i-te$$ 
 jid'laf 
 jiftflh 
 jifthah-el 
 ji'reth 
 jO'ab 
 jo' ah 
 
 jo-d'haz or jO'a-haz 
 jO'a-kim 
 jo-dn'nah 
 jQ'tish 
 
 jo-d'tham or jO'a-tham 
 jo-a-zdb'dus 
 jobe 
 jo'bab 
 juk'c-bcd 
 jQ'cd 
 jQ'd 
 jo-S'lah 
 jo-c'ier 
 
 jog-be' ah ox jog'be-di 
 joif'li 
 jd'hah 
 jo-hd'nan 
 jon 
 
 jotj'a-dah 
 joy'a-kim 
 joy'a-^b 
 
 jok-d£'am orjok^dc-am 
 
 jS'kim 
 
 jok-mS'am OT jok'me-am 
 jok'ne-am 
 juk'nhan 
 
 jok'thcel or jok'thcr-el 
 jon' a-dab 
 jO'nah 
 jo' nan 
 jon' a- than 
 
 " I jd'nath S'lim r»-kG'kim 
 
 jop'pah 
 jO'rah 
 j5'ra-i 
 jo 'ram 
 jor'i-bas 
 
 jor-kO'am or jor'ko-am 
 jos'a-bad 
 jos' a-fat 
 jos-a-fVas 
 ju'se 
 jos'e-dek 
 jd'se-el 
 jd'sez 
 josh' a-had 
 j5 'ifhah 
 josh' a-fat 
 josh-a-vl'ah 
 josh-hrk'a-sh^ 
 josh'u-a 
 josVah 
 jo-s\ 'as 
 jos-e-bVah 
 jos-e-fl'ah 
 josl'ftis 
 jot'ba-thak 
 jO'tham 
 joz'a-bad 
 joi'a-kar 
 joi'a-dak 
 jft'bal 
 jii'kal 
 jH-dl'ah 
 
 Fate J f dry boL — JilSts, help. — Pine, marine — J^te, — Tune, finite, — g as j; ch as sh. 
 
 162 
 
 1293 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Judali 
 
 ju'dah 
 jft'dith 
 
 Lebanah 
 
 leh'a-nah 
 
 
 Mablah 
 
 mdh'luh 
 
 Mel lieu 
 
 Vft-lTi-ku 
 
 Judith 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Itb'a-non 
 
 
 IMalili 
 
 indh'll 
 
 iAIemptus 
 Menuican 
 
 nihil' Jis 
 
 Julia 
 
 ju'ti-a 
 ju'ti-ua 
 ju'iii-a 
 
 Lebaoth 
 
 le-bd'otJt or leb'a 
 
 otk 
 
 iMablites 
 
 mah'lttcs 
 
 me-mft'kan 
 
 Julius 
 
 Lebbeus 
 
 leb'be'tLS 
 
 
 Mablon 
 
 mail' Ion 
 
 Menahem 
 
 men' a-hem 
 
 Junia 
 
 Lebonati 
 
 le-bo'nah 
 
 
 Mabol 
 
 vid'hol 
 
 Men an 
 
 me' nan 
 
 Jupiter 
 
 ju'pit-ter 
 
 Lecbah 
 
 le'knk 
 
 
 Maianeas 
 
 ma-an' e-as 
 
 Mene 
 
 mc'ne 
 
 Jusbabheshed 
 
 ju-shdh' he-shed 
 
 Lehabim 
 
 le-ha'bim or Wlta-bim 
 
 Makas 
 
 via' has 
 
 Menothai 
 
 viejt'o-thd. 
 
 
 Lehi 
 
 le'kl 
 
 
 Makheloth 
 
 mdk-he'loth 
 
 Meonenem 
 
 vic-on'e-nem 
 
 
 
 Lemuel 
 
 lem*Ti-el 
 
 
 Makkedab 
 
 vidk-ke'dah 
 
 Mephaath 
 
 vic-fd'ath or viefa-<ith 
 
 
 K. 
 
 Leshem 
 
 le'shem 
 
 
 Malachi 
 
 mdVa~ki 
 
 Mei)hibosheth 
 
 me-Jib' oshcth 
 
 
 Letushim 
 
 Ic-tu'shim 
 
 
 Malcham 
 
 indVkam 
 
 Merab 
 
 vie'rab 
 
 
 Leummim 
 
 le-um'mim 
 
 
 Malchiah 
 
 mdl'kVak 
 
 Meraiah * 
 
 mc-Ta-Vah 
 
 
 
 Levi 
 
 le'vi 
 
 
 Malcblel 
 
 mdl'k'i-el 
 
 Meraiotli 
 
 mc~rd'yotJi 
 
 Kabzeel 
 
 lidh'ie-el 
 
 Leviathan 
 
 le-vi'a-than 
 
 
 Malcbielites 
 
 vidV ki-eUites 
 
 Merari 
 
 mc-rd'rl or mer'a-ri 
 
 Kades 
 
 ha' del 
 
 Levites 
 
 Ic'vites 
 
 
 Malchijab 
 
 mal-ki'jali 
 mal-kVram 
 
 Merarites 
 
 mer' a-riUs 
 
 Kadesh Barnea 
 
 kd'desh bdr'ne~a 
 
 Leviticus 
 
 Ic-vit'i-kus 
 
 
 Malchiram 
 
 Meralliaiin 
 
 mer-a-thd'im 
 
 Kadiniel 
 
 kdd'm'i-el 
 
 Libni 
 
 lib'nl 
 
 
 Malcliishuali 
 
 mat-ki-sJiu'ah 
 
 Mercurius 
 
 virr-ku'ri-us 
 
 Kadmonites 
 
 kdd'mon-ites 
 
 Libnites 
 
 Ub'nites 
 
 
 Malchom 
 
 mdl'kom 
 
 Me red 
 
 mc'red 
 
 Kallai 
 
 kdl'la-i 
 
 Lign-aloes 
 
 Unc-dl'ocs 
 
 
 Malchus 
 
 vidVkus 
 
 Merenioth 
 
 mer're-motJi 
 
 Kanah 
 
 kd'nah 
 
 Ligure 
 
 IV gure 
 Uk'hi 
 
 
 Maleleel 
 
 mdl-lc-lc'cl 
 
 Meres 
 
 vic'rcz 
 
 Kareah 
 
 ka-rS'ah 
 
 Likhi 
 
 
 Mallotlii 
 
 mdl'lo~thi 
 
 Meribah 
 
 mer'i-hah 
 
 Karkaa 
 
 kdr-kd'ah or kdr'ka-ah 
 
 Linus 
 
 U'mts 
 
 
 Malluch 
 
 mdl'liik 
 
 Meribbaal 
 
 j mer i-bd'al or me-r'ib'- 
 
 Karnaim 
 
 kdr-nd'im or kdr'na-im 
 
 Loammi 
 
 lo-ani'mi 
 
 
 IMamaias 
 
 ma-v\d'yas 
 
 \ ba-al 
 
 Karta 
 
 kdr'tah 
 
 Lodebar 
 
 lo-dc'bar or lod'c 
 
 -bar 
 
 Maninitanainius 
 
 mdin'ni-ta-^ia'miLS 
 
 Merodachbala- 
 
 1 me rd' dak-lfdl' a-dun 
 
 Kedcmah 
 
 ked'e^ah 
 
 Lois 
 
 Wis 
 
 
 Mam re 
 
 mdm're 
 
 dan 
 
 Kodemolh 
 
 ked'e-moth 
 
 Lo Ruhdmah 
 
 lo ru-ba'mah 
 
 
 Manmcus 
 
 
 Merom 
 
 vi^'rom 
 
 Keder 
 
 ke'der 
 
 Lot an 
 
 lo'ian 
 
 
 Manaen 
 
 ma-na'en 
 
 Meronothite 
 
 me-ron' o-thite 
 
 Kebelathah 
 
 ke-heV a-thah 
 
 Lotliasubus 
 
 lotfi~a-su'bus 
 
 
 Manahath 
 
 mdn'a-hath 
 
 Meroz 
 
 mc'roz V 
 
 Keilah 
 
 kVlah 
 
 Lubim 
 
 lu'bim 
 
 
 IManaliem 
 
 ■man' a-hem 
 
 Mosech 
 
 jnc'sek 
 
 Kclaiah 
 
 ke-Wyah 
 
 Lucas 
 
 lu'kas 
 
 
 Manahethites 
 
 ma-udh' cth-itcs 
 
 Mesha 
 
 vie'shah 
 
 Kelita 
 
 keV'i-tah 
 
 Lucifer 
 
 lu'c'i-fcr 
 
 
 Manasseas 
 
 mnn-as-se'as 
 
 Meshech 
 
 mc'shek 
 
 Kelkathhazurim 
 
 kH'Jcathr-ha-zfi'rim 
 
 Lucius 
 
 In'sh'i-us 
 
 
 Manasseh 
 
 ina-nds'sch 
 
 Meshelemiah 
 
 VI esh-cl-c-mVali 
 
 ICeinuGl 
 
 k^Tfi' 1^-ei or kc-TTiTc'cl 
 
 
 lib'e-ah 
 
 
 AI (inn.ssitt'S 
 
 
 IMesliezabeel 
 
 VI ^sh-^z' a-b€-cl 
 
 Kenah 
 
 ks'nah 
 
 Lycaonia 
 
 hi-ka-5'n'i-a 
 
 
 Manhanaim 
 
 mdn-ha-na'im 
 
 Meshilamith 
 
 ( mesh-il'la-viith or mesh- 
 
 Kenaz 
 
 ke'nai 
 
 Lyccd 
 
 lik'kah 
 
 
 IManna 
 
 mdn'vak 
 
 \ il-ld'mitit 
 
 Kenites 
 
 ke'nites or ken'ites 
 
 Lydda 
 
 Ud'dah 
 
 
 Manoah 
 
 ma-no' ah 
 
 Meshobab 
 
 me-sho'bab 
 
 Kennizzitffs 
 
 ken' nii-zites 
 
 Lydia 
 
 Ud'i-a 
 
 
 Maoch 
 
 md'ok 
 
 Meshullam 
 
 vic-shid'lam 
 
 Keren Happuch 
 
 ker'en kdp'puk 
 
 Lysanias 
 
 lij-sa'n'i-ns 
 
 
 Maon 
 
 via'on 
 
 Mesobah 
 
 vies'o-bak 
 
 Kerioth 
 
 ker'i-oth 
 
 Lysias 
 
 ljsh''i-a3 
 
 
 Maonites 
 
 via'on-itcs 
 
 Mesobaite 
 
 ( mes-o-bd'ite or nte:i'o- 
 
 Keros 
 
 ke'rnz 
 
 Lystra 
 
 lis'tra 
 
 
 Marah 
 
 md'rah 
 
 l ba~ite 
 
 Keturah 
 
 ke-tu'rah 
 
 Kezia 
 Keziz 
 
 kc-zVah 
 kc'ziz 
 
 
 
 Maranatba 
 
 ( mdr-an-d'thak or vidr- 
 \ a-ndth'a 
 
 Messiah 
 Meterus 
 
 vies-sVah 
 vie-te'rus 
 
 Kibrotii Hattaa- 
 vali 
 
 1 kib'rotfi hat-td' a-v(ih 
 
 
 M. 
 
 Marcus 
 Mardocheus 
 
 m'dr'kus 
 vidr-do-ke' iLs 
 
 INIetheg Ammah 
 Methredath 
 
 me'thctr dm'mah 
 mttth'rc-dath 
 
 Kibzaim 
 
 kib-zd'im or kib'ia-im 
 
 
 jMaresliab 
 
 j mdr'e-shah or ma-rc'- 
 
 Methusael 
 
 Vic-thii'sa-el 
 
 Kidron 
 
 kid'ron or ki'druii 
 
 
 
 \ sha 
 
 Methusalah 
 
 vic-thn' sa-lali 
 
 Kinah 
 
 kVnah 
 
 Maacathi 
 
 ma-dk'a~t}ii 
 
 Marisa 
 
 ma-rVsah or mdr'i-sa 
 
 Meunim 
 
 mc-ii'7iim 
 
 Kirbaraseth 
 
 kir-hdr' a-seth 
 
 Maacbab 
 
 ma-a'kah or md'a-kah 
 
 Marsena 
 
 mdr-se'nah 
 
 Mezahab 
 
 mez'a-hab 
 
 ICirliaresb 
 
 ( kir-hd'resh or kir'ba- 
 
 Maacliathites 
 
 via-dk' a-thites 
 
 Marten a 
 
 vidr'te-na 
 
 Mianim 
 
 mi~d'nim 
 
 \ resh 
 
 Maadai 
 
 ma-dd'dd or via-a-dd'i 
 
 Masa 
 
 md'sak 
 
 Mibhar 
 
 mib'har 
 
 Kiriathaim 
 
 kir-e-a-thd'im 
 
 INIaailiah 
 
 ma-a-dVaJt 
 
 Mascliil 
 
 mds'kit 
 
 Mica 
 
 ml'kah 
 
 Kirioth 
 
 kir'e-oth 
 
 Maai 
 
 via-a'i 
 
 Maseloth 
 
 vids'c-loth 
 
 Micaiah 
 
 mi-ka'yah 
 
 Kirjath Aim 
 
 kcr'iatk S'im 
 
 Maaleh Acrabbim ma-d'lck ak-rdb'bim 
 
 Mashal 
 
 md'sbal 
 
 Micha 
 
 mVkah 
 
 Kirjath Arba 
 
 kcr'jath dr'bah 
 kcr'jalh d'rim 
 kcr'jath d'r'i-tts 
 kcr'jath bd'al 
 
 Maanai 
 
 md'a-n& 
 
 Masrekah 
 
 vids're-kah 
 
 Michael 
 
 mVka-el 
 
 Kirjath Arini 
 
 Maarath 
 
 ma-d'rath 
 
 Massah 
 
 mds'sah 
 
 Michaiah 
 
 mi-kd'yah 
 
 Kirjath Arius 
 
 Maaseiah 
 
 ma-a-si'ah 
 
 Massias 
 
 mass i' as 
 
 Michinash 
 
 viik'viash 
 
 Kirjath Baal 
 
 Maasiai 
 
 ma-a-sVd. 
 
 Mat red 
 
 vid'tred 
 
 Michmethah 
 
 mik'mc~tha/i 
 
 Kirjath Huzoth 
 
 kcr'jath hu'zotk 
 
 Maath 
 
 vid'ath 
 
 Matri 
 
 vid'tri 
 
 Michri 
 
 viik'rl 
 
 Kirjath Jearim 
 
 kcr'jath je' a-rim 
 kcr'jath san'nah 
 kcr'jath s^'fcr 
 
 Maaz 
 
 vid'az 
 
 Mattanah 
 
 vidt' ta-vah 
 
 Mich tarn 
 
 mik'tam 
 
 Kirjath Sannah 
 
 IMaaziah 
 
 via-a-zVah 
 
 IMattaniah 
 
 vidt-ta-nVah 
 
 Midian 
 
 viid'j-an 
 
 Kirjath Sepher 
 
 Mabdai 
 
 vidh'da-i 
 
 Mattatha 
 
 vidt'ta-thah 
 
 Midianites 
 
 mid''i-an~ites 
 
 Kisbi 
 
 kish'i 
 
 Macalon 
 
 vidk'a-lon 
 
 Mat tat hi as 
 
 mat'ta-tJii' as 
 
 Migdatel 
 
 viig'da-lcl 
 
 Kishion 
 
 kish'i-on 
 
 Maccabieus 
 
 mak-ka-be'us 
 
 Mattenai 
 
 mat-tc-na'i 
 
 Migron 
 
 miir'ron 
 
 vn'ja-min or viij'a-mm 
 
 Kishon 
 
 kV short 
 
 Maccabees 
 
 mdk'ka-bcez 
 
 Matthat 
 
 vidt'tbat 
 
 Mijamin 
 
 Kitron 
 
 kit'ron 
 
 Macedonia 
 
 vias-se-dd'ji'i-a 
 
 I\Iatthevv 
 
 vtdth'tbu 
 
 Mikloth 
 
 viik'loth 
 
 Koa 
 
 ko'ah 
 
 Macbbana 
 
 mdk-bd'na 
 
 Matthias 
 
 indVir-l'as 
 
 MikneiaU 
 
 mik-nVah 
 
 Kohath 
 
 kH'hath 
 
 Machbena 
 
 mdk-he'nah 
 
 Mattithrah 
 
 mdt-tith-V ah 
 
 Milalai 
 
 mil~a-ld'i 
 
 Kohatliites 
 
 kH' kath-it cs 
 
 Machbenai 
 
 vidh'bc-nd 
 
 Mazitias 
 
 mdi-i-ti'as 
 
 Milcah 
 
 mil'kah 
 
 Kolaiah 
 
 koUa-Vah 
 
 Macbbeloth 
 
 mak-hS'loth 
 
 Ma/:zaroth 
 
 mdz' ia~Toth 
 
 Miletum 
 
 mi-Wtum 
 
 Konih 
 
 ko'rah 
 
 Machi 
 
 md'kl 
 
 Meah 
 
 me'ah 
 
 Miletus 
 
 7ni-le'tiis 
 
 Korahites 
 
 kd'rah-ites 
 
 Machir 
 
 md'kir 
 
 Meani 
 
 me-d'ni 
 
 Miniamin 
 
 miji-ni'a-min 
 
 Koralliitcs 
 
 ka'rath-ite-s 
 
 Macbirites 
 
 md'kir-ites 
 
 Mearah 
 
 mc-d'rah 
 
 Minni 
 
 inin'nl 
 
 Kore 
 
 kd're 
 
 Machnadebai 
 
 mak-nn-dc'bd 
 
 Mebunai 
 
 mc-bu'nd 
 
 Miphkad 
 
 mifkad 
 
 Knrhitc 
 
 kor'hit.e 
 
 Machpelab 
 
 mak-pc'lah 
 
 Mecherath 
 
 mek'c-rath 
 
 Miriam 
 
 mir'i-am 
 
 Kushaiah 
 
 kuslt'd'yah 
 
 Madai 
 
 mdd'a-i 
 
 Mecheratliite 
 
 mek'e-rath-ite 
 
 Mirmah 
 
 mer 'mall 
 
 
 Mailiabun 
 
 ma-dl'a~bun 
 
 Medad 
 
 mc'dad 
 
 Misgab 
 IMishael 
 
 mis' (Tab 
 
 
 
 Madiah 
 
 ma-dVah 
 
 Medalah 
 
 vted'a-Iah 
 
 mJ-shd'cl 
 
 
 L. 
 
 .Madian 
 
 md'di-an 
 
 Medcbah 
 
 med'c-bah 
 
 Mishal 
 
 mVshal 
 
 
 .Madmannah 
 
 viatl-mdn'ttah 
 
 Medes 
 
 meeds 
 
 IMisliam 
 
 7m' sham 
 
 
 iMadiiienali 
 
 mad-mc'jiah 
 
 Media 
 
 vic'd'i-a 
 
 Misheal 
 
 vii'Shc'al 
 
 
 
 Madon 
 
 md' don 
 
 Median 
 
 me'd'i-an 
 
 Mishma 
 
 viish'mah 
 
 Laadah 
 
 la'a-dnh 
 
 Magdala 
 
 mdir'da-lah 
 
 Meed a 
 
 vie-S'da 
 
 Mishniannah 
 
 viish-mdn'nah 
 
 Laadan 
 
 la-d'dan or Id'a-dnn 
 
 Magdalen 
 
 vidtr'da-len 
 
 Mefjiddo 
 
 me-irid'do 
 
 Misliraites 
 
 7nisk' ra-ites 
 
 I/alian 
 
 la'ban 
 
 Magdalene 
 
 wdrr-da-lS'ne 
 
 Megiddon 
 
 vic-irid'don 
 
 Misnereth 
 
 mis-pc'reth 
 
 Ij-'ibana 
 
 ta-bd'nah or Idb'a-nah 
 
 Magdiel 
 
 mair-ds'cl or mdff'dc-cl 
 
 Mchah 
 
 vie-hd'U 
 
 Misrcnhoth Mniin viis're-futh vid'im 
 
 Lachish 
 
 Wkiih 
 
 Magog 
 
 mdJ iTOrr 
 
 Mehetabel 
 
 mc-bi-l'a-hcl 
 
 Mithrrdath 
 
 viith'rr-datJi 
 
 l^acunu.i 
 
 la-kil'nu» 
 
 Magor Missabib 
 
 m^'isor mis'sa-bib 
 
 Mehida 
 
 vic~hVdaJi 
 
 Milyieno 
 
 vni-'i-lc'ne 
 
 Lad 
 
 la'r.l 
 
 Magpiash 
 
 md^ripi-ash 
 
 Meliir 
 
 mS'hcr 
 
 ]\li/raiin 
 
 vnz^a'im or mii'ra-im 
 
 I>ahad 
 
 l&'had 
 
 Mahalah 
 
 via-hd'lah or md'ha-Jah 
 
 Meholathito 
 
 vie-hoV ath-ite 
 
 Mizar 
 
 mViar 
 
 Laliairoi 
 Laliman 
 
 la-ha'roy 
 Idh'man 
 
 Mahalaleel 
 
 ma-hdV a-leel or ma-hd'- 
 la-lrH 
 
 Mehujael 
 Mehnrnan 
 
 nc-hfi'ja-el 
 vic-hii^man 
 
 M nason 
 Moabites 
 
 nd'son 
 mo'ab-ites 
 
 Lahmi 
 
 IdJi'ml 
 
 Mabnii 
 
 ma-hd'll 
 
 Mehiiiiim 
 
 vie-hv' nivi 
 
 Moadiah 
 
 mo-a-dl'ah 
 
 I>niiih 
 
 la'iih 
 
 Malianaim 
 
 ma-ha-nd'im 
 
 Mcjarkon 
 
 vic-jdr'kon 
 
 Moladah 
 
 7nol'tt-dah 
 
 Lakiim 
 
 la'kum 
 
 Mabanc'lidan 
 
 via-bd'ncfi^dan 
 
 Mekonali 
 
 vic-kd'vah or viek'o-nnh 
 
 Molrch 
 
 vid'lek 
 
 I^aiiierli 
 
 la'mek 
 
 Mahan(tm 
 
 ma~hd'ncm or md'ha- 
 
 Melatiah 
 
 mrl-a-fl'ah 
 
 Molid 
 
 vid'lid 
 
 Laodicea 
 
 la-od-i-ct'aA 
 
 nem 
 
 MHchi 
 
 viH'kl 
 
 IMolorh 
 
 mO'lok 
 
 liaodir-f-'anfi 
 
 lO-od-'i-cf'aru 
 
 Maharai 
 
 mn-hdr'a-i 
 
 Melchiah 
 
 mcl-kVah 
 
 Mo()sias 
 
 mo-o-sf'as 
 
 Lapiduth 
 
 lip'i-dolh 
 
 Mahath 
 
 md' hath 
 
 Melrhiel 
 
 mH'k'i-d 
 
 Morashitc 
 
 mS'rash-ite 
 
 Ln.ica 
 
 la-aS'aA 
 
 Maliavitcs 
 
 md'/iU'Vitcs 
 
 MelchiHcdek 
 
 mrl-kh' te-dck 
 
 Morasthite 
 
 vio-rds'Uiitc 
 
 Lanbah 
 
 Id'ahah 
 
 Mahazloth 
 
 ma-hdi'i-oth or ma-hd'- 
 
 Melchishiiu 
 
 mcl-ki-shft'a 
 
 Mordecai 
 
 vwr'dc kd 
 
 Laf^liaron 
 
 la-i>ha'r<m 
 
 li-oth 
 
 M*-lea 
 
 vic-l^'ah 
 
 Moreli 
 
 vili ch 
 
 I^azarUK 
 Leah 
 
 Idt'a^rut 
 le'ah 
 
 Mahcr Hbalal 
 haslibaz 
 
 vtd'hcr shdVal h&sh'bai 
 
 MeI(Th 
 Melita 
 
 viC'lik 
 
 me-li'tah or mH'i-tJi 
 
 Moroshcth Gath J 
 
 7n0 rcsh-rth trafh or 
 mor csh-rtJi g<Uh 
 
 mdr'a-lah 
 
 Mesopotamia 
 
 FUle, fir, hdU — Mite, hilp, — Pint, marine, — JVttc. — Tttne, iinile. — g an j i Ih o» ah. 
 
 1294 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 ivioriQn 
 
 TWO"?"! (In 
 
 Ncrgal Sharczor 
 
 
 Papbos 
 Parad iso 
 
 pdr^ d~disc 
 
 Pirathon 
 
 pir^ a-thoit 
 pir'd-thon-Ue 
 
 Mosiillitrn 
 
 inos^V lotn 
 
 Ncri 
 
 nC'rl 
 
 Pi ratb(>n itG 
 
 M use ruli 
 
 iiio-s^r oh or luo-^S I'uh 
 
 Nciiab 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^}{ HUl^i 
 
 
 1H0 ICZ 
 
 vr*^rw 1 
 
 uv'ro 
 
 i^arniiisli la 
 
 ^'tdr^mdtift'tah 
 
 PiHidiab 
 
 pl'son 
 pi' t/ion 
 pl\'d dSt 
 
 puk ' C-TCUl 
 
 
 iiiosor^ oth or vto-sO' rotfi 
 
 IN ciiiancci 
 
 iie-tfidn C'd 
 
 Parint' nas 
 
 I tr' n *H<ts 
 
 
 Mosullamon 
 
 nio-sul^ tot-iiioH 
 
 ^ottiaiiiab 
 
 '"■f/r " " 
 
 Parnacb 
 
 i '' ]• 
 
 ^pQ'rosh 
 
 Pillion 
 
 
 VI ' zuh 
 
 Ncthin inis 
 
 iittJi m-iiHS 
 
 
 Pleiades 
 
 A I uppiin 
 
 inup pun 
 
 Notopbath itcs 
 Nt'ziah 
 
 ■ne-tof a-Uiitta 
 
 Pai'sliandattia 
 
 p(ii'-,sfidti^ dd-tfidfi 
 
 I^ochcretb 
 
 IVlushi 
 
 
 
 Part )i ians 
 
 pdr tfii'dus 
 
 PoUu.v 
 
 l^ri 
 
 piJ7l S/lt-tlS 
 
 IVIustiitos 
 
 mil'shites 
 
 Nr/ib 
 
 
 
 pUf 1^-d/l 
 
 
 Mtitliliibbcn 
 
 viuth-ldb'ben 
 
 N i c a n r 
 
 ""/"'' r 
 
 Parvaini 
 
 
 Porat lia 
 
 
 Myra 
 
 inl'rafi 
 
 Nicodciiiiis 
 
 
 Pasacb 
 
 ^ ; • 7 • 
 
 Portius Fcstus 
 
 ^'"^'1h " f t' 
 
 alysm 
 
 
 N irolaitaits 
 
 7ltfi~0-l(i Z'tdllS 
 
 Pasdaniniitn 
 
 ptlS-uam 7711771 
 
 Pi tt i nil 1 r 
 
 L (JlipjlUI 
 
 pot t-JdT 
 
 
 
 itik^ o-lds 
 
 Pasoab 
 
 
 Potiiihcra 
 
 ( pot-i-fS' rdfi or po t\fc- 
 
 
 
 Nic opolis 
 
 Ill'fiOp 0~li3 
 
 Pash u r 
 
 pdsft^ XtT 
 
 \ rtifi 
 
 
 
 IV i m ra 1 1 
 
 Passover 
 
 
 Pri'ica 
 
 
 
 IV 
 
 it iiiisiii 
 
 
 
 ^'idVtir'^ 
 
 Priscilla 
 
 
 
 ill 1 lie V 1,11 
 
 I ' tJ / 
 
 Patc'oli 
 
 ''a (Co*/" 
 
 Procborns 
 
 prok'o-rus 
 
 
 NiiiGvitcs 
 
 ' ' ' 't 
 . * ^ 
 
 Patlit'us 
 
 
 
 tol~C -TtlC' U3 
 
 
 
 
 7i i Sdtl 
 
 Pat h ros 
 
 pQ.'tliro3 
 
 Puali 
 
 
 Naam 
 
 na'am 
 
 N ii^roc b 
 
 
 Patbnisim 
 
 p(\ tfi-vii ^sttti 
 
 Piiblius 
 
 jnt^ti us 
 
 It (Ullllilll 
 
 TiQ,^ Q-7Tt(iJi or 'HQ~fl^ iikiJl 
 
 Noad tab 
 
 iio~db~(ll^ dli 
 
 Pat rob as 
 
 put^rH^bdS *'r pdV To-bds 
 
 Pudcns 
 
 pii'drjis 
 
 ^aniii tin 
 
 u-7)i&it or nii-(t mutt 
 
 Noah 
 
 no'afi 
 
 Pau 
 
 pa' fill 
 
 Piibitcs 
 
 
 NiUiinull) it OS 
 
 
 
 
 Tiffin he 1 
 
 
 Pill 
 
 •nil} f'»a /}iiIJ\ 
 pUl ^ilS UU((^ 
 
 
 lift il-Tilh 
 
 \(!bnb 
 
 7i o odd 
 
 Pitil 'I ll'/ II r 
 
 1 t.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 /. U I 
 
 ^prd 2//'^«ror/*ca iJi zur 
 
 I'll ft if AO 
 
 pu'non 
 
 aar.u 
 
 Hu a r5 
 
 Ntf'ab 
 
 
 Podaiab 
 
 pcd-a'ijaft 
 
 
 
 
 Nopli 
 
 noff 
 
 Pekab 
 
 pc'knfi 
 
 Put 
 
 pat (as 7iu() 
 
 iNaasiion 
 
 Tlfl •Qsh^ oti 
 
 Ndpbaii 
 
 no' fall 
 
 Pekabiah 
 
 pi-k-a-fiVafi 
 
 Puteoli 
 
 
 Wuat liiis 
 
 hQ o-thUfS 
 
 Notopliab 
 
 iio-lo^Jufi 
 
 
 
 I utiel 
 
 1/14 It-VL 
 
 Nabal 
 
 ti Q ' bol 
 
 ^ynipbas 
 
 nini^J'tiiS 
 
 Pelaiah 
 
 ^pel*a\'afi 
 
 
 W aba rind 
 
 iidb-it-il (tA 
 
 Pelaliab 
 
 p t" I'd- It 'fl/i 
 
 
 
 Nabatbt'ans 
 
 
 
 
 
 p^l-(i-ti' dJl 
 
 
 
 Nabitl ti itcs 
 
 jict hdtlt-itf'S 
 
 
 
 Pclcp 
 
 pi'leir 
 
 p^ Ictfl-ltCJi 
 
 pfl'o-nite 
 
 
 "D 
 It. 
 
 Nabutli 
 
 71 U Out ft 
 
 
 n 
 u. 
 
 Pelotb 
 
 
 Nat' 
 
 
 
 Poletbitos 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pt'Ionitc 
 
 
 
 Nadab 
 
 
 
 
 Peniel 
 
 
 n 
 
 Id A A M A H 
 
 &' ah 
 
 Nadiibatlia 
 
 txd'ilttb^ (t-thcL 
 
 O n A D I A f 1 
 
 o-tiii-u I ufi or ou-u-(ii Oil 
 
 r(jni iinan 
 
 ^jc'"!h^' h 
 
 Raain iaii 
 
 I' A 
 
 
 
 Obal 
 
 a' bill 
 
 Pt' nn i nail 
 
 It' ' i' I 
 
 Ilaanises 
 
 
 NaT) a hi 
 
 "If. - 
 
 VIILU UtlUIIl 
 
 hf<l S^dojji 
 
 P(*n tapol is 
 
 vcn td^^'o lis 
 ■ '* t 1- 
 
 pfjl ld'lU.nG 
 
 Kabbah 
 
 rdb'Tfth^^ 
 
 N'alialiol 
 
 nn-hti' Ti-cl 
 
 Obil 
 
 o'hil 
 
 Puntatoucb 
 
 Rabbi 
 
 rdb'bl 
 
 iXaliallal 
 
 
 
 o'botfi 
 
 Pentecost 
 
 pfii tc—kGstc 
 
 Ilabbon i 
 
 7'd b- bu'iil- 
 
 Nalialo] 
 
 71(1 ^ h(l-lol 
 
 Ociiiel 
 
 
 Ponucl 
 
 pcii-1^' cl OT p€^^l^^■' cl 
 
 Ilabsaces 
 
 Tdb Sd-C cs 
 
 
 7iu^huitt 
 
 Oc id^Ius 
 
 OS-l'liC ills 
 
 Peor 
 
 Rabsaris 
 
 
 IS aliainii n i 
 
 
 
 
 Pcrazi in 
 
 pff' d—ziid 
 
 Habshakch 
 
 vdff' sftd' fieJt 
 
 
 na-hdr'a-i 
 
 Ocrau 
 
 
 Pt' r 6 z L7 z z a 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 7iu^ flash 
 
 Odcd 
 
 /i'/i 1 
 
 Perga 
 
 p^i-'^trah" 
 
 
 
 N'lhbi' 
 
 ndft bl 
 
 OdoIIam 
 
 1 111 
 
 Pt*r2anios 
 
 per' >ra-mos 
 
 Rachel 
 
 T(i Ciiel 
 
 Nahor 
 
 ILQ. iior 
 
 Odonarktjs 
 
 od~oH-'(Xr^ fics 
 
 Perida 
 
 pc-ri ' dafi 
 
 jxautiiii 
 
 Tdd'dd-i 
 
 ^ aid us 
 
 Tia^ i-dus 
 
 C)lainus 
 
 oV d'lH US 
 
 1 orizziics 
 
 PtT tZ'ZltCS 
 
 Ra^aii 
 
 7"5'^flW 
 
 Nairn 
 
 
 Oly inpbas 
 
 
 
 w'/'\ 
 
 Ra^cs 
 
 ra f(cs 
 
 
 7ia.'in 
 
 Oiiiacr us 
 
 Otll-d~C T^US 
 
 r crutian 
 
 j)fr-T^ (iufi 
 
 Ragua 
 
 Tdg' i^-^fi 
 
 ^aiotti 
 
 71 Q ^yvtfi 
 
 
 
 Pt^tbabiali 
 
 p^tfi-d-fii^ dti 
 
 
 Tdsf^7^-el or Td-fffl' tl 
 
 
 
 in - ^- S 
 
 Pelbor 
 
 pS'tfior 
 
 Rahab 
 
 
 naomi 
 
 fl/I— v Uil or 7Iu &~7II1 
 
 
 
 Petliuel 
 
 petfi-1^' cl or pn-tfiu' d 
 pc-ul'lhd 
 
 
 
 j\api) isti 
 iS apliisi 
 
 
 
 
 Peultliai 
 
 
 
 
 
 o-7i.is's'i'mu3 
 
 l')ialduiu3 
 
 fal-<la'yus 
 
 I? n It If /in 
 
 vdfi' kod 
 
 N apb tba) i 
 
 Hiij iim-n 
 
 Oii6siptiorus 
 
 on- cstf^ o-Tits 
 
 Phalec 
 
 fa'lek 
 
 Ramah 
 
 vQ ' iiicih 
 
 Naplituiin 
 
 7l(i tll-llft 
 
 
 o-ni a* 
 
 Phalli 
 
 faVa 
 
 RaiTiatiiaini 
 
 rd~IH(ltfl~CL I7/I 
 
 ISarcissus 
 
 Ono 
 
 
 Phaltiel 
 
 faVli-el 
 
 R a mat b c m 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-71 T/ (IS 
 
 Plianuel 
 
 fan-n'cl OT fa-nu'el 
 fa'ro 
 
 
 
 Nallian 
 
 naHfian 
 
 
 
 Pliaraoh 
 
 Ramath Ijelii 
 
 
 Nathanacl 
 
 7i{i-tfitt H ^ a^cl 
 
 Onyx 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Pliaraoh Honlira fa'ro hof'rah 
 
 Ram at h Alispeb 
 
 r&'math Titis'pefi 
 
 ^ atiianias 
 
 7idtft'a-ni a* 
 
 Opbel 
 
 O'fcl 
 
 U Jir 
 
 Pharall)oni 
 
 \ far-a-thQ' lii or far-ath'- 
 
 Rameses 
 
 ra-mS'ses 
 
 Natliaii Alclcch 
 
 71 a I m 
 
 
 \ o-ni 
 
 Ramesis 
 
 ya tn e -sis 
 
 
 
 
 off'nl 
 
 Pharez 
 
 fa'rrz 
 
 Rainoth 
 
 T a' moth 
 
 
 71 a '"c* 
 
 I 'piiraii 
 
 off rah 
 
 Pharezites 
 
 fa' rci-ites 
 
 Ram iah 
 
 f fl-77l 1 ' dh 
 
 l\azarcnc 
 
 iidi-a-rhie' 
 
 
 
 Pharisees 
 
 fdr'i-seM 
 
 Raphael 
 
 
 Na^^a rotii 
 
 nd^a-^fth 
 
 Orion 
 
 
 Pharphar 
 
 fdr'fdr 
 fdr'zites 
 
 I? '1 r\h n \\ 
 
 hi 
 
 
 
 ( )rphali 
 
 
 Phar/.ites 
 
 Rapbann 
 
 rap/i d'ttn 
 
 Noali 
 
 h 
 • ' 
 
 Orlbosias 
 
 oT-t/to~si as 
 
 PhaseaU 
 
 fa-se'ah 
 
 R.iplui 
 
 "Tdtli ii-idds 
 
 Ncapolis 
 
 7ie-ap Pj*-^^ 
 
 Osaias 
 
 o—zci yds 
 
 Phehe 
 
 fl'be 
 
 Kaiii u niiis 
 
 LI trdl mil 
 
 
 (jsca3 
 
 o-ze ds 
 
 Phenice 
 
 fe-nVcr. or fc'nice 
 
 
 TC-&' I'fih or rc-fl-T'uA 
 
 Nobai 
 
 
 
 
 Phenicia 
 
 fe-nish't-a 
 
 R<*ba 
 
 '"^ k^hi J. 
 
 Ncbaloth 
 
 7lf-00 JOUK 
 
 Osbca 
 
 O SitC-fXtt 
 
 Pliiheseth 
 
 fib'e-setli 
 
 Rebt^kah 
 
 rc~ofK aft 
 
 Ncbnjottl 
 
 
 "f!,"}. , 
 
 Pliicol 
 
 rt'kol 
 
 lleehal) 
 
 
 Ncbatlat 
 
 nc~bdV lat. 
 
 Otbniel 
 
 Oi/i 7lZ'€l 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 fl-a-deVf'i-a 
 
 RechabitL'3 
 
 
 Net. at 
 
 7i5 
 
 
 
 Pliilarches 
 
 ft-lrir'kes 
 
 I7t>>>li 'ill 
 
 rS'kufi 
 
 
 
 O/ias 
 
 iVas 
 
 Philemon 
 
 f-Wmon 
 
 Rcelaiah 
 
 re -el - ' ti A 
 
 ^ cbiicbadnczxar 
 
 ... . , 
 
 OzicI 
 
 6'ii-tl 
 
 Philetua 
 
 f-ie'tiLS 
 Jil'lip 
 
 Reelia9 
 
 re-el -Ids 
 
 NTi'ViM di'iil riiv7n ■* 
 
 " b k<i^^'^'^^^ 
 
 Ozni 
 
 ol'ni 
 
 Philip 
 
 Reesaia9 
 
 re e~s ti i/ ds 
 
 Nobuc basban 
 
 
 Oz n itcs 
 
 
 i*hilippi 
 
 Jil-lip'pi 
 Jil-lis'a-a 
 
 Regein 
 
 
 (Vi'bii cliodonosor 
 
 I b ukod n' 
 
 Ozora 
 
 0-^0 ra 
 
 Philislia 
 
 Regeni !\Ielck 
 
 I ^\'^^r*^ k^T 
 \ r i^rm in r ■ or 
 
 N I** b 1 1 ?^a ra d a n 
 
 nebtizdr'a dan 
 
 
 
 Phili-'lim 
 
 fit'tis'f.im 
 
 / n ffejtt TtiC leK 
 
 
 nS'ko 
 
 
 
 I'hilistineg 
 
 Jil-ltji'tiiis 
 
 Kt'n aniail 
 
 re-fia-bl'ah 
 
 NfTodan 
 
 
 
 
 Philologiis 
 
 Jii'lol'o-iruS 
 
 i\( iitiii 
 
 rS'hob 
 
 Noiirilnah 
 
 "*flNa bJ'ah 
 
 
 P. 
 
 I'hilonieter 
 
 fl-o-me'tcr 
 fii'iie-as 
 
 Rehnboani 
 
 re-fio-bd' dm 
 
 
 ne-€ ml'as 
 
 
 Phinchas 
 
 RtholHtth 
 
 rS' ho-botfi or re-hu'bolh 
 
 \f"IIU>tll 
 
 71 f f^^'i-ixotM 
 
 
 Phi son 
 
 fi'son 
 
 Rehum 
 
 rS'hitin 
 
 N t'ht'lani itc 
 
 nc-ftfV d-TitiiM 
 
 
 
 Phlcnon 
 
 flfs'on or fll'gon 
 
 Rei 
 
 rS'i 
 
 NVhmn 
 
 jic-ftC'tni^ dft 
 
 Pa ARii 
 
 p&'a-rS. 
 
 PhrvRia 
 
 friilj'i-a 
 
 Rekim 
 
 ri'kim 
 
 
 
 I*ad an \ ram 
 
 
 Phubah 
 
 fWbah 
 
 Remaliah 
 
 rem-a-t}'ah 
 
 
 
 
 ^ u' "'^ I > R'tr' I 
 
 Phiid 
 
 
 Remclb 
 
 rc'meth 
 
 
 TiC i-el 
 
 rilglcl 
 
 Phurah 
 
 fu'rdfi 
 
 Keinmon Methoarrrm'moji melh-d'ar 
 
 
 Tii' kfb 
 
 I tlllilLll iiiOtlU 
 
 pu fidtii ino do 
 
 Phut 
 
 flit (as TXMf) 
 
 Remphan 
 
 rem' fan 
 
 
 Ttc-kO ^ doJt 
 
 Pai 
 
 Phygclliis 
 
 fy-S^rl'liLs 
 
 Rephacl 
 
 re'fa-el 
 
 .Nemiiel 
 
 nem-if'el 
 
 Palal 
 
 
 Phylacleriea 
 
 fn-ldk'tr -reel 
 
 Repliaiah 
 
 re-f3'yah or refa-Vah 
 re-fs'tm 
 
 .N'oiiiui'litrs 
 
 7iem-ii'ei'ite3 
 
 Palestina 
 
 pat-es-tl'nah 
 pdl'es-line 
 
 Pihahiroth 
 
 pi-fta-til'roth 
 
 Rephaim 
 
 
 
 Palestine 
 
 Pilate 
 
 pVlat 
 pil'dash 
 
 Rephidim 
 
 re-fid'im Ot rif'i-dim 
 rl'sen 
 
 Ni'phishcsim 
 
 ■ne-Ji-iti' esim 
 
 Pallu 
 
 pdVlfi 
 
 Pildash 
 
 Resen 
 
 Ni:|iliili(iali 
 
 nef-tha'ah or nifOuh^ 
 
 Palhiites 
 
 pdVlu-xtes 
 
 Pilelha 
 
 pil'e-tfiah 
 
 
 
 Ni'plitiiiiii 
 
 7tepfi'tu-im 
 
 Palti 
 
 pdl'a 
 
 Piltai 
 
 pil'ta 
 pl'Twrt 
 
 Reuben 
 
 rQ'brn 
 
 Ni^phiisiin 
 
 Ttr-fii'sim 
 
 Paltiel 
 
 pdUi'el or paVVi~tl 
 
 Piiion 
 
 Rcuel 
 
 re-ii'fl 
 
 Nemis 
 
 7i5're-u.? 
 
 Pamphylia 
 
 pdm-JU'i-d 
 
 Pirani 
 
 pVrdTn 
 
 Rpumah 
 
 
 FaUyfdOr, bit — MfU, help. — Pine, marine Mle. — TOne, i(nite g as j ; ill 03 sh. 
 
 i29f> 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Rezeph 
 
 rc'zef 
 
 Scythopolitans 
 
 sith-o-poV i-taiis 
 
 Sheinaiah 
 
 slihn-a-l'ak 
 
 Sinim 
 
 st'iiiin 
 
 Rezia 
 
 re-it'ah 
 
 Seba 
 
 se'bak 
 
 Shemariah 
 
 shem-a-^Vak 
 
 Sinitea 
 
 sut'itcs 
 
 Rezon 
 
 rc'zon 
 
 Sebat 
 
 se'bat 
 
 Shemebcr 
 
 { :ihem-e'bcr or slihn'fi 
 
 Sion 
 
 si' on 
 
 Uhegium 
 
 re's:'i-um 
 
 Secacah 
 
 se-kd'kah or Sek'a-kah 
 
 \ ber 
 
 Siphmoth 
 
 sif'moth 
 
 Kliesa 
 
 re' sail 
 
 Sechenias 
 
 st'k-e-nV as 
 
 Shemida 
 
 she-mi'dah 
 
 Sippai 
 
 sip'pd 
 
 Rhoda 
 
 ro'dcJi 
 
 Secim 
 
 se'kit 
 
 Sheminith 
 
 shem''i-nith 
 
 Sirach 
 
 si'rak 
 
 Rhodes 
 
 rodz 
 
 Secundus 
 
 se~kun'dii3 
 
 Shemir 
 
 shc'mer 
 
 Sirion 
 
 sir'j-on 
 
 Rliodocus 
 
 rod'o-kus 
 
 Sedecias 
 
 sed-e~cVas 
 
 Shemiraraoth 
 
 sltc-mir'a-moth 
 
 Sisamai 
 
 sis-dm'a-i 
 
 Ribai 
 
 Ti'ba 
 
 Segub 
 
 se'g'ub 
 
 Shemuel 
 
 she'mu-el or she-mu'cl 
 
 Sisera 
 
 sis'e-rah 
 
 Riinmon Parez 
 
 rim' moil pa'rez 
 
 Seir 
 
 se'ir 
 
 Shenazar 
 
 she-nd'zar 
 
 Sisinnes 
 
 si-sin'nes 
 
 Ripliath 
 
 rV filth 
 
 Seirath 
 
 se'ir-ath 
 
 Shenir 
 
 she'ner 
 
 Sivan 
 
 si'van 
 
 Rofelira 
 
 
 Selah 
 
 se'lak 
 
 Shephatiah 
 
 shef-a-tl'ah 
 
 Smyrna 
 
 smir'nah 
 
 Rohgah 
 Roimus 
 
 ro ' s^iih 
 rd'i~mus 
 
 Sela Hammah 
 Lekotli 
 
 1 sc^tdk IidTfi^jTi&k Ic^kotfi 
 
 Shephi 
 Shephuphan 
 
 she'fi 
 she-fu'fan 
 
 Sochoh 
 Sodi 
 
 s6'ko 
 sd'dl 
 
 Roiiiamti Ezer 
 
 ro-maiii'ti S'ler 
 
 Seled 
 
 se'lcd 
 
 Sherah 
 
 she'rah 
 
 Sodom 
 
 sod'om 
 
 Rufiis 
 
 ru'ftis 
 
 Selemias 
 
 sil-e-mVas 
 
 Sherebiah 
 
 sh^r-c-bVah 
 
 Sodoma 
 
 sod'o-ma 
 
 Riiliatnah 
 
 ru'lid'mah or ru'ha-mah 
 
 Seleucia 
 
 se-lu'sh'i~a 
 
 Sheresh 
 
 she'resh 
 
 Sodomitea 
 
 sod'om-ites 
 
 Rusticuj 
 
 rus't't-kus 
 
 Semacliiah 
 
 s^m-a-kl'ah 
 
 Sherezer 
 
 she-re' zer 
 
 Solomon 
 
 sol'o-mon 
 
 Ruth 
 
 rootli 
 
 Seniaiah 
 
 sem-a-Vak 
 
 Sheshacb 
 
 shiS'shak 
 
 Sopater 
 
 sop'a-ter 
 
 
 
 Semei 
 
 sem'e-i 
 
 Sheshai 
 
 she 'ska 
 
 Sophereth 
 
 so-fe'reth or sofe-^etk 
 
 
 
 Semelleus 
 
 sc-uit'l'le-us 
 
 Sheslian 
 
 she'shan 
 
 Sorek 
 
 so'rek 
 
 
 
 Senaah 
 
 se-nd'ak or sen'a-ah 
 
 Sheslibazzar 
 
 shf.ih^bdz'zar 
 
 Sosthenes 
 
 sos'tc-nes or sos'the~ncs 
 
 
 
 Senir 
 
 se'ner 
 
 Sliethar 
 
 she'thar 
 
 Sotai 
 
 so'ta-i 
 
 
 o. 
 
 Sennacherib 
 
 sen-iidk^e-rib 
 
 Shethar Boznai 
 
 shc'thar boz'na-i 
 
 Stachya 
 
 std'kes or std'kis 
 
 
 
 Senua 
 
 sen^^-ah 
 
 Shibboleth 
 
 shib'bo-leth 
 
 Stacte 
 
 stdk'fe 
 
 
 
 Seorim 
 
 sc-o'rim 
 
 Shicron 
 
 shi'kron 
 
 Stephanas 
 
 sti-fa-nas 
 
 Sabacthani 
 
 sa-huk-tha' n1 
 
 Sepliar 
 
 se'far 
 
 Shiggaion 
 
 shis'ga'yon 
 
 Suah 
 
 su'ak 
 
 Sabaoth 
 
 sah-a'ath or sdb'a-oth 
 
 Sepharad 
 
 sefa-rad 
 
 Shihon 
 
 shi'hon 
 
 Subai 
 
 su'ba-i 
 
 Sabatus 
 
 sab'a-tus 
 
 Sepharvaiin 
 
 sef-ar-vd'im 
 
 Shihor Libnah 
 
 sM'lior Ub'nah 
 
 Succoth Benoth 
 
 suk'koth bc'noth 
 
 Sabbatheus 
 
 sub-ba-the'us 
 
 Sepharvites 
 
 se'far-vites 
 
 Shiihim 
 
 shi-Vkim 
 
 Suchaathites 
 
 suk'a-a-thites 
 
 Sabbeus 
 
 sab-be' us 
 
 Sephela 
 
 sff'fe-lah or sef-feUak 
 
 Shilemites 
 
 shit'lem-ites 
 
 Sudias 
 
 su'di-as 
 
 Sabdeus 
 
 sab-de'iis 
 
 Serah 
 
 se'rah 
 
 Shilhi 
 
 shU'lii 
 
 Sukkiima 
 
 suk' k'i-ims 
 
 Sabdi 
 
 sab' ill 
 
 Serai ah 
 
 ser-a-t'ah 
 
 Shiloah 
 
 shi-lo'ah 
 
 Susa 
 
 sf't'sah 
 
 Sabeans 
 
 sa-be'ans 
 
 Seraphim 
 
 ser'ra-Jtm 
 
 Shiloh 
 
 sIiVlo 
 
 Susanchites 
 
 su' san-kitrs 
 
 Sabtechah 
 
 sdb'te-kah 
 
 Sered 
 
 sc'rcd 
 
 Shiloni 
 
 sh'i-ld'm 
 
 Susannah 
 
 su-sdn^naU 
 
 Sacar 
 
 sa'kah 
 
 Sergiiis 
 
 ser'g'i-tL3 
 
 Shilonites 
 
 sht-ld'nites 
 
 Susi 
 
 sft'sl 
 
 Sackbut 
 
 sdk'hut 
 
 Serug 
 
 se'rug 
 
 Shilshah 
 
 shil'shak 
 
 Sycamine 
 
 s'ik'a-mine 
 
 Sadamias 
 
 sad-a-mVas 
 
 Sether 
 
 se'ther 
 
 Shimea 
 
 shim fah or shim'e-ah 
 
 Sycene 
 
 si-sc'ac 
 
 Saddeus 
 
 sad-de'us 
 
 Shaalabbin 
 
 sha-aUdb'bin 
 
 Shimeath 
 
 sh'tm'e-ath 
 
 Sychar 
 
 sVkar 
 
 Sadducees 
 
 sdd'du-cei 
 
 Shaalbim 
 
 ska-dl'blm 
 
 Shimeathites 
 
 shim' e-atk'ites 
 
 Syelus 
 
 si-c'lns 
 
 Sadoc 
 
 sa'dok 
 
 Shaalbonite 
 
 sha-dl'boii'iie 
 
 Shimei 
 
 shim'e~i 
 
 Syene 
 
 si-e'ne 
 
 Snhadutha 
 
 sa-ha-du't)iah 
 
 Shaaph 
 
 shd'af 
 
 Shimeon 
 
 shim'e-on 
 
 Syntiche 
 
 sin't'i-ke 
 
 Salah 
 
 sa'lufi 
 
 Shaaraim 
 
 sha-a-rd' im 
 
 Shimi 
 
 skl'ml 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 sir'a-kase 
 
 Salamis 
 
 sdl'a-mis 
 
 Shaashsaz 
 
 sha~dsh' trai 
 
 Shimites 
 
 shirn'itcs 
 
 Syria 
 
 sir'i-a 
 
 Salasadai 
 
 sdl-a-sdd'a~i 
 
 Shabbethai 
 
 shab~bHk'a-i 
 
 Shimon 
 
 shi'mon 
 
 Syrion 
 
 sir' i- on 
 
 Salathiel 
 
 sa-lfi'thi-cl 
 
 Shachia 
 
 shak-Vah 
 
 Shiinrath 
 
 shim'rath 
 
 Syrophenicia 
 
 sl-ro-fi-7tish''t-a 
 
 Salcah 
 
 sdl'kah 
 
 Shaddai 
 
 shdd'da-i 
 
 Shimri 
 
 shim'ri 
 
 
 Salem 
 
 sa'lem 
 
 Shadrach 
 
 skd'drak 
 
 Shimronitea 
 
 shim'ron-ites 
 
 
 
 Sallai 
 
 sdl'hi-i 
 
 Shage 
 
 shd'a-c 
 
 Sbimshai 
 
 shim'sha 
 
 
 
 Salhimus 
 
 sal-lu'mus 
 
 Shahazimatli 
 
 sha-kdz''i~matU 
 
 Sbinab 
 
 shi'nab 
 
 
 m 
 
 T. 
 
 Salmoni 
 
 sal-mo' n'i 
 
 Shale in 
 
 shd'lcin 
 
 Sbinar 
 
 sht'nar 
 
 
 Salome 
 
 sa-ld'me 
 
 Sbalisha 
 
 shdV'i-sliah 
 
 Shipbi 
 
 shV/l 
 
 
 Samael 
 
 sdm'a-el 
 
 Shallecheth 
 
 shdl'lc-keth 
 
 Shiphrah 
 
 shif'rah. 
 
 
 
 Saniaias 
 
 sa-ind'ijas 
 
 Shalimn 
 
 skdl'lum 
 
 Shiphtan 
 
 shif'tan 
 
 Taanac Shiloh 
 
 ta-a'nak shl'loh 
 
 Samaria 
 
 sa-mu'r'i~a 
 
 Shalmai 
 
 shdVma or shaVvia-l 
 
 Shisha 
 
 shVshdh 
 
 Tabbaoth 
 
 tdb'ba-oth 
 
 Samaritan 
 
 sa-mdr'i-tan 
 
 Shalmanezer 
 
 skdh-ma-nS'ier 
 
 Shisbak 
 
 shi'shak 
 
 Taheal 
 
 ta~be'al 
 
 Samatus 
 
 sdin'a-ULs 
 
 Shamariah 
 
 shdm-a-rV ah 
 
 Shitrai 
 
 shit'rd 
 
 Tabeel 
 
 td'br-el 
 
 Sameiiis 
 
 sa-me.'yus 
 
 Shamgar 
 
 sham' gar 
 
 Shiza 
 
 shl'zah 
 
 Tabelliua 
 
 ta-bH'l'i-us 
 
 Samgar Nebo 
 
 sdm'isar ne'bo 
 
 Shamir 
 
 shd'mer 
 
 Shoa 
 
 sho'ak 
 
 Taberah 
 
 ta-bc'rah or tdb'e-rah 
 
 Samlah 
 
 sdm'lak 
 
 Shammai 
 
 shdm'ma-i 
 
 Shoab 
 
 sho'fib 
 
 Tabitha 
 
 tdb''i-thah 
 
 Samos 
 
 sa'mns 
 
 Sliammua 
 
 sham-mu'ah 
 
 Shobab 
 
 shB'bab 
 
 Tabor 
 
 td'bor 
 
 Samotbracia 
 
 sdm-u-thrd.' sKi-a 
 
 Shamsherai 
 
 shdm-she~rd' i 
 
 Shobach 
 
 sho'bak[ 
 
 Tabrimon 
 
 tdh'r'i-mon 
 
 Sarnp^ameg 
 
 sdtrijt'sa-mes 
 
 Shaphan 
 
 shd'fan 
 
 Shobal 
 
 sliS'bal 
 
 Tachmonite 
 
 tdk'mo-nite 
 
 Saimiel 
 
 sdm'u~el 
 
 Shaphat 
 
 ska' fat 
 
 Sliobai 
 
 shn-ba'i or shS'ba-i 
 
 Tahan 
 
 td'han 
 
 Sanabassarua 
 
 san-a-bds'sa-rus 
 
 Shapher 
 
 skd'frr 
 
 Shochob 
 
 sho'kob 
 
 Tahapanea 
 
 ta-hdp'a-nSs 
 
 Sanasib 
 
 sdn'a-sib 
 
 Sharai 
 
 sha-rd'i or skdr'a-i 
 
 Shoco 
 
 sho'ko 
 
 Tahaphanea 
 
 ta-hdf'a-mSs 
 
 Sariballat 
 
 saa-bdl'lat 
 
 Sharaim 
 
 sha-ru'im 
 
 Shophach 
 
 shd'fak 
 
 Tall penes 
 
 tdh'pe-ncs 
 
 oaiiJieQiim 
 
 ( san-hc'drim or sdit'he- 
 
 Sharar 
 
 shd'rar 
 
 Shophan 
 
 shd'fan 
 
 Talirea 
 
 t'dJi're-ah 
 
 \ drim 
 
 Sharezer 
 
 sha-re'zer 
 
 Shoshannini 
 
 sho-shdn'nim 
 
 Tahtim Hodahi 
 
 tdJt'tim hod'shl 
 
 Sansannah 
 
 san-sdii'nak 
 
 Sharmaim 
 
 shdr'ma-im 
 
 Shua 
 
 shu'ah 
 
 Talitba curai 
 
 tdl'e-tfiah ku'ml 
 
 Saph 
 
 sdf 
 
 Sharon 
 
 shd'ron or shdr'on 
 
 Shual 
 
 shu'al 
 
 Talmai 
 
 tdl'md 
 
 Saphatias 
 
 sdf-a-tVas 
 
 Sharonite 
 
 shd'ron-ite 
 
 Shubael 
 
 shu'ba~el 
 
 Tamar 
 
 td'inar 
 
 Saphir 
 
 sdf 'fir 
 
 Shariihen 
 
 sha-rn'hen 
 
 Shuhamitea 
 
 sliu'ham-iies 
 
 Tammuz 
 
 tdm'inuz 
 
 Kappliira 
 
 saf ft'rah 
 
 Shashai 
 
 shdsh'a-i 
 
 Shuhites 
 
 shu'hites 
 
 Tanach 
 
 td'nak 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 sdf [fire 
 
 Shashak 
 
 shd'shak 
 
 Shulamite 
 
 shu'lam-ite 
 
 Tanhumetli 
 
 tan-hii'mcth or tdn'hu- 
 
 Sarabiaa 
 
 sar-a-hVaa 
 
 Shaul 
 
 shd'ul 
 
 Shumathites 
 
 shu' malh-itc8 
 
 mcth 
 
 Saraii 
 
 8 a' rah 
 
 Shauliteg 
 
 shd'ul-ites 
 
 Sbunamite 
 
 shn'nam-ite 
 
 Taphath 
 
 td'fath 
 
 Sarai 
 
 sd'rd 
 
 Shauslia 
 
 sha-u'sha 
 
 Sliunem 
 
 sku'nem 
 
 Tappiiah 
 
 tdp'pu-ah 
 
 Saraiah 
 
 sdr-a-Vah 
 
 Shaveh 
 
 shd'vch 
 
 Shuni 
 
 shn'nl 
 
 Tarah 
 
 id' rah 
 
 Saraias 
 
 sa^a-i'as 
 
 Shea! 
 
 skc'al 
 
 Shunitea 
 
 shu'nitcs 
 
 Taralah 
 
 idr'a-tah 
 
 Saramael 
 
 sa-rnm'a-cl 
 
 Shealtiel 
 
 she-dVt'i-el 
 
 Shupham 
 
 shu'fam 
 
 shu' shall £'duth 
 
 Tarea 
 
 td're-ah 
 
 Saramel 
 
 sdr'a-meL 
 
 Sheariah 
 
 shc-a-rVah 
 
 Shushan Eduth 
 
 Tarpolitea 
 
 tdr^pcl-ites 
 
 Saraph 
 
 sQ'raf 
 
 sar-ked' o-nu3 
 
 SJiear Jashub 
 
 skP'ar ji'shub 
 
 Shuthalitea 
 
 shu'tJial-ites 
 
 Tarshish 
 
 tdr'skish 
 
 Sarcliedonug 
 
 Shebah 
 
 skc'bnh 
 
 Shuthelah 
 
 shu'the-lah 
 
 Tarshisi 
 
 tar-shi'si 
 
 Sardine 
 
 sdr'dine 
 
 Hhebarn 
 
 she' bam 
 
 Sia 
 
 sl'ah 
 
 'J'atnai 
 
 tdt'na-i 
 
 Sardia 
 
 sdr'dis 
 
 Shebaniah 
 
 shrb-a-m' ah 
 
 Siaha 
 
 si-a'hak 
 
 Tcbah 
 
 tc'bah 
 
 Sard ilea 
 
 adr'ditcs 
 
 Shebarim 
 
 shrb'a-rbn 
 
 Sibbechai 
 
 sib'bc-ka 
 
 Tcbaliah 
 
 teb-a-li'ah 
 
 Sardiua 
 
 s'dr'di-us 
 
 Sheber 
 
 skS'bcr 
 
 Sibboleth 
 
 sib'bo-lctk 
 
 Tebelh 
 
 tS'bctk 
 
 Sardonyx 
 
 sfir-dO'niz OT s'dr'donAz 
 
 Shebnah 
 
 shrb'nah 
 
 Sibraim 
 
 sib-rd'im or sib'ra-im 
 
 T(:ha|)hneheg 
 
 tC'hdf ne-hc-8 
 
 Sarea 
 
 8d'rc-a 
 
 Shultiiel 
 
 sheb't^-el 
 
 Sichem 
 
 si'knn 
 
 'IVhiniiah 
 
 tc-fiin'nah 
 
 Sarepta 
 
 sa-rrp'tak 
 
 Shecaniah 
 
 skek-a-ni'ah 
 
 Sidon 
 
 sTdoti 
 
 'IVkel 
 
 Wkel 
 
 Sar^oti 
 
 siir'gon 
 
 Shechcm 
 
 shc'kem 
 
 Sigionotli 
 
 s'i-irV o-noth 
 
 Tekoah 
 
 te-kd'ah 
 
 Sarid 
 
 sQ'rid 
 
 ShechiiiaJi 
 
 shek'i-nak or shc-kVnah 
 
 Sihon 
 
 sThon 
 
 Tekoites 
 
 te-kO'ites 
 
 Sarotl)! 
 
 sa-rd'tkl 
 
 Shftdrur 
 
 shed'e-ur 
 
 Silas 
 
 sTIas 
 
 Tehibid 
 
 tcl-d'bib or teVa-bib 
 
 Sarseliim 
 
 tdr-H^'kim 
 
 SlK'liariah 
 
 she-ha-rl'ah 
 
 Siloah 
 
 sil'o-ah 
 
 Ti'lah 
 
 tS'lah 
 
 Sariich 
 
 bQ 'rule 
 
 ShcIaiiitrH 
 
 shi^'/an~itfs 
 
 Siloaa 
 
 sil'o-as 
 
 Tchihim 
 
 te-lQ'im 
 
 Satan 
 
 sfl'tan 
 
 Sbehiiiiah 
 
 shd-r iiti'aJi 
 
 Siloe 
 
 siVo-e 
 
 'l\:lassar 
 
 tC'lds'sar 
 
 Sathrabaznea 
 
 sdOi-ra-hdi'nes 
 
 Sbeloph 
 
 skS'lrf 
 
 Silla 
 
 sil'lak 
 
 Tehmi 
 
 tC'lcm 
 
 Snthrabouzanei 
 
 sath-ra-bott-i&'nes 
 
 HhcleHh 
 
 sha'lesk 
 
 Silvanua 
 
 sil-va'nu3 
 
 Telharesha 
 
 tel-ha-rS'sha 
 
 Saul 
 
 $awl 
 
 Hhnlnmi 
 
 shp.-Wml 
 
 Simalcue 
 
 si-mal^ed'e 
 
 Tclharsa 
 
 tcl-hdr'sah 
 
 Savarnn 
 
 sdn'a-ran 
 
 Sholoinnth 
 
 shH' o-moth 
 
 Simeon 
 
 sim'c-on 
 
 Telmclah 
 
 tel-mP'lah or teVme lah 
 
 Savias 
 
 afl'v'i-as 
 
 Hh(>hiiniel 
 
 she-lfi' mi-el 
 
 Simeonitea 
 
 sini' e-on-Ues 
 
 Tenia 
 
 t-S'mah 
 
 Hceva 
 
 aS'rah 
 
 54h(*niaah 
 
 shhn'aah 
 
 Simon 
 
 sl'moa 
 
 Tern an 
 
 tf'man 
 
 Hcylliiani 
 
 siUi'i-ans 
 
 Kliemah 
 
 abS'mak 
 
 Sinai 
 
 *J'na or st'na-i 
 
 Tenia ni 
 
 tein'a-7il 
 
 Faie,f 'dr bdt. — Mile, help. — Pine, marine JVflfc. — Tflne, ^nite. — ^ asj; ih aa th. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Temn.nites 
 
 tShnan~ite3 
 
 Trypliena 
 
 trl'fS'nah 
 
 Terah 
 
 te'rah 
 
 Tryphosa 
 
 trl'fQ'sah 
 
 Teraphini 
 
 
 Tubal Cain 
 
 tft'bal kUn 
 
 Teresh 
 
 tS'rCsh 
 
 Tubieni 
 
 tu-bl'e 111 
 
 Terlius 
 
 
 'I'vchic.is 
 
 tik'i-kus 
 
 'I'tTtulliis 
 
 ter-tul'lus 
 
 Tyraiinus 
 
 tij-rdn' ntis 
 
 Telrarch 
 
 tet'rdrk or tSUriirk 
 
 Ty re 
 
 tir 
 
 'I'liaiKlcus 
 
 thud-US ' us 
 
 Tyrus 
 
 tVnis 
 
 I'liaiiinatbci 
 
 thdfn' Hd-thfi 
 
 
 Tiiam 
 
 tho-'rah 
 
 
 
 'J'litjcoe 
 
 Vie-kd'e 
 
 
 
 'J'liclasser 
 
 the~lds'$cr 
 
 
 T] 
 
 Tlielersaa 
 
 
 
 'J'lit'ocaiius 
 
 the-ok'a-niLs 
 
 
 'I'heotiotus 
 
 thc-od' o-tus 
 
 
 
 Theopliilus 
 
 Utc-of'f'i-lns 
 
 UCAL 
 
 il'hal 
 
 'I'lif riiu'lc'lh 
 
 thi'r' mc-lfth 
 
 Uel 
 
 
 'J*li6Ssu)onicu 
 
 thcs-^-lo-iu' kuh 
 
 Uhii 
 
 y-'la-i 
 
 'J'Il(;il(|aS 
 
 thu'das 
 
 Ulain 
 
 
 'riiiiniiathati 
 
 thim-na'thah 
 
 Ulla 
 
 ul'lah 
 
 'j'dtjiiioi 
 
 thoin'o-i 
 
 IJnniiali 
 
 um'mah 
 
 'J'lirasfas 
 
 ihrase'as 
 
 Unni 
 
 un'ni 
 
 Thyalira 
 
 thi-a-tt'rah 
 
 Ujjiiarsin 
 
 y.-fdr'sin 
 
 1'ibcrias 
 
 ii'bS'ri-as 
 
 Uphaz 
 
 
 'i'ibni 
 
 tib'nl 
 
 Urbane 
 
 ur'ba-ne 
 
 Tida! 
 
 tVdal 
 
 Uri 
 
 Tl'ri 
 
 'j'ikvah 
 
 tik'vuJt 
 
 Uriah 
 
 l^-Tl'dh 
 
 Tihm 
 
 tl'lon 
 
 Uriel 
 
 tl'r'i-cl 
 
 Tiiiielus 
 
 ti~iiiS' Ins 
 
 Urijah 
 
 1^-ri'jah 
 
 Tiiiieus 
 
 ti-mS'us 
 
 Uriin 
 
 T^'rim 
 
 Tiinna 
 
 tim'tid 
 
 Ulliai 
 
 t('tha-i 
 T^'ia-i 
 
 Tiiiiiiah 
 
 tim'n'dh 
 
 Uzai 
 
 'I'iiMiiatliali 
 
 tini' na-thah 
 
 Uzal 
 
 ^'zat 
 
 'I'imnath Hcrcs 
 
 thn'nath h^'res 
 
 Uz/.ah 
 
 uz'zah 
 
 Tiinon 
 
 ti'vion 
 
 Uzzen SberaJi 
 
 uz'icn shS'rah 
 
 'I'itDolheus 
 
 ti-vio'tJi't-iis 
 
 Uzzi 
 
 ui'ii 
 
 Tiphsah 
 
 tif'sak 
 
 Uzziah 
 
 ui-zVah 
 
 Tiras 
 
 O'ras 
 
 U/.ziel 
 
 uz-zVel 
 
 Tiratliiles 
 
 tt'rat/i-itf-s 
 
 Uzzitlites 
 
 uz-zV el-itcs 
 
 Tiihakah 
 
 tir-hS.' knh 
 
 
 
 'J^irlianah 
 
 tir-hoi^ nah 
 
 
 
 Tiria 
 
 
 
 
 'I'irshatlia 
 
 tir' sha-th'dr 
 
 
 V • 
 
 'I'islibite 
 
 tish'bite 
 
 
 Titus 
 
 
 
 'I'i/.ite 
 
 tl ' z i/c 
 
 
 
 Toah 
 
 to' ah 
 
 Va JE9ATHA 
 
 va-jes'a-Uiah 
 
 1'oniialt 
 
 
 Vaniah 
 
 va-nVali 
 
 'J'obiah 
 
 to-bl'ah 
 
 Vashni 
 
 vdsh'ni 
 
 Tobias 
 
 to-bl'ds 
 
 Vasliti 
 
 vdsh'ti 
 
 Tnbiel 
 
 tO'b'i~el 
 
 V opbsi 
 
 vnf si 
 
 Tubijah 
 
 to-bl^joJi 
 
 
 
 '!'( ichpn 
 
 
 
 
 T'lgarinah 
 
 tO'trdr'mah 
 
 
 
 I'ltllU 
 
 to' ha 
 
 
 Y 
 
 Tdi 
 
 to' i 
 
 
 Ti.Ia 
 
 to'lah , 
 
 
 Tolad 
 
 td'Iad 
 
 
 
 1*0) banes 
 
 tol' babies 
 
 Xanthicus 
 
 idn'thi-ktis 
 
 Tolniai 
 
 tol'ma 
 
 Xeneaa 
 
 
 Tophe! 
 
 t&'fel 
 tb'fct 
 
 Xerolybe 
 
 le-rol'i-be 
 
 Topliet 
 
 Xeropliagia 
 
 ze^o-pkS'ji-a 
 lu'tus 
 
 Trachinitig 
 
 trak-o-nVtis 
 
 Xystua 
 
 Trogylliiim 
 
 tro-^l'te-um 
 
 
 
 Prophimus 
 
 trofi-rnvs 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zelotea 
 
 ze-ta'tls 
 
 
 
 Zelzah 
 
 zil'zak 
 
 
 z. 
 
 Zoinaraim 
 
 zim-a-^&'im 
 
 
 
 Zeinarile 
 
 zem'a^Ue 
 
 
 
 Zcinirali 
 
 ze-ml'rah 
 
 Zaanaim 
 
 za-a-iiQ'im 
 
 Zcnan 
 
 zS'nan 
 
 Zaiinaii 
 
 lii'a-natl 
 
 Zen as 
 
 zi'»a3 
 
 Znunannim 
 
 la-a-iidn'nvn 
 
 Zeorim 
 
 ze-or'im 
 
 Zaavaii 
 
 lu'a-i'an 
 
 Zeplmniah 
 
 itf-a-nVak 
 
 Zabail 
 
 la'bad 
 
 Zepliath 
 
 zl'fatA 
 zif'a-tkak 
 
 Zabadxans 
 
 lab-a-d^'ans 
 
 Zepliatbah 
 
 Zabadaia^i 
 
 lab-a-da'yas 
 
 Zo|)lion 
 
 tl'fon 
 
 Zabbai 
 
 zdb'ba 
 
 Zephonitcs 
 
 lifon-ilu 
 
 Zubdeua 
 
 zab-dS'us 
 
 Zerali 
 
 zt'rak 
 
 Zabdi 
 
 zib'tll 
 
 Zcraliiah 
 
 zer^a-hVah 
 
 Zabdiel 
 
 zib'iTi-el 
 
 Zeraia 
 
 zfr-a-Va 
 
 Znbina 
 
 ztib-bVnah or za-bVnali 
 
 Zcreda 
 
 zer'c-dah 
 
 Zabulon 
 
 zdb'u-lon 
 
 Zeredallia 
 
 zt^fd'a-iliah 
 
 Znccai 
 
 zdk'ka-i 
 
 Zcrereth 
 
 zt-^l'reth 
 
 Zaccheua 
 
 zak-kS'us 
 
 Zcrosli 
 
 zS'rc^h 
 
 Zaccu 
 
 zdk'ku 
 
 Zeror 
 
 zS'ror 
 
 Zarharinli 
 
 tdk-a-rl'ah 
 
 Zoruali 
 
 ze-rH'ah 
 
 Zaclicr 
 
 za'ker 
 
 Zenibbabcl 
 
 zt-rub'ba-btl 
 
 Zadok 
 
 za'dok 
 
 Zeruiali 
 
 zir-uA'ah 
 
 Zaham 
 
 ili'ham 
 
 Zervjali 
 
 ztr-vVah 
 
 Zair 
 
 zS'ir 
 
 Zetliam 
 
 zl'Vtam 
 
 Zaiaph 
 
 za'laf 
 
 Zetlio 
 
 zC'tho 
 
 Zaiiiioiiah 
 
 zaUmd' nah 
 
 Zia 
 
 zVah 
 
 Zulnitinnali 
 
 zal~inuu'nah 
 
 Ziba 
 
 zl'bah 
 
 Zamzummims 
 
 zam-xum' mims 
 
 Zibeon 
 
 zib't-on 
 
 Zanoali 
 
 ian-5'ah 
 
 Zibiah 
 
 zibA'ah 
 
 Zaphnath 
 Paaiieah 
 
 I 'df'natl C A 
 j - J " * pa-a-n a 
 
 Zibion 
 Zicbri 
 
 zib''i~on 
 zik'ri 
 
 Zaphon 
 
 zU'fon 
 
 Zidkijah 
 
 zid-kVjak 
 
 Zaracca 
 
 zAr'a-ce3 
 
 Zidoii 
 
 zl'dan 
 
 Zarali 
 
 z&'raJi 
 
 Zidunians 
 
 zi-dS'ni-ans 
 
 Zaraias 
 
 zar-a-Vas 
 
 Ziba 
 
 zi'hak 
 
 Zareali 
 
 za-rl'ah 
 
 Zilthai 
 
 ziVUia 
 
 Zareatliilcs 
 
 za're-ath'ites 
 
 Ziinri 
 
 zim'rl 
 
 Zared 
 
 zU'red 
 
 Ziiia 
 
 zl'nah 
 
 Zarephath 
 
 zdr'e-fath 
 
 Ziph 
 
 
 Zaretan 
 
 zdr'e-taa 
 
 Zipliah 
 
 zVfah 
 
 Zaretli Sbahar 
 
 za'reth sha'har 
 
 Ziphion 
 
 ztf'i-on 
 
 Zarhites 
 
 z'dr'hilcs 
 
 Zipliites 
 
 zi files 
 
 Zartanali 
 
 z'dr-td'nah 
 
 Ziphron 
 
 zif'ron 
 
 Zathui 
 
 za-thu'i 
 
 Zipporah 
 
 zip-pQ'rah 
 zit/i'ri 
 
 Zattliu 
 
 zdt'thil 
 
 Zithri 
 
 Zaza 
 
 za'zak 
 
 Zi/.a 
 
 iI'ioA 
 
 Zebadiah 
 
 zeb-a-dl'ah 
 
 Zuan 
 
 zS'an 
 
 Zebah 
 
 ze^bah 
 
 Zoar 
 
 zO'ar 
 
 Zcbaim 
 
 ze-ba'im 
 
 Zobeba 
 
 zo-bS'bafi 
 
 Zebedee 
 
 leb'be-dee 
 
 Zohelelh 
 
 zO'he-leUi 
 
 Zebina 
 
 ze-bl'nah 
 
 Zonaras 
 
 zon'a-rtLS 
 
 Zeboira 
 
 ze-bo'hn 
 
 Zophah 
 
 zd'fah 
 zd'Ja 
 
 Zebuda 
 
 le-bu'dak 
 
 Zophai 
 
 Zebul 
 
 zl'bui (as dull) 
 
 Zupbim 
 
 zd'Jim 
 
 Zebu Ion 
 
 zeb'u-lun 
 
 Ztirah 
 
 zO'raA 
 
 Zcbulonitcg 
 
 
 Zorathites 
 
 zO'raUi-iies 
 
 Zt^chariah 
 
 zck-a-^V all 
 
 Zoreah 
 
 zo-ri'ah 
 
 Zedah 
 
 zi'dak 
 
 Zorites 
 
 zB'rites 
 
 Zcdekiab 
 
 zed-e-kt'ah 
 
 Zorobabel 
 
 zo-roya-bei 
 
 Zeeb 
 
 zl'eb 
 
 Zuar 
 
 jfl'nr 
 
 Zelah 
 
 zl'lah 
 
 Ztiriel 
 
 zn'ri-el 
 
 Zelek 
 
 zl'lck 
 
 Zuri Shaddai 
 
 ifl'rl shdd'a- i 
 
 Zelophehnd 
 
 ze-lO'fi-had 
 
 Zuzims 
 
 zfi'zims 
 
 163 
 
 Fate, far, bit — MlU, kelp — Fine, matini. — JVBte. — 7\Jne, unite. --i as j ; ik as ah. 
 
 ££E£E 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 1299 
 
RULES 
 
 / FOR 
 
 PRONOUNCING THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS 
 
 OF 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PEOPEE NAMES. 
 
 It will be perceived by a glance at the following table, that the 
 indicated accentuation of the words, and their separation into sylla- 
 bles, prevent the necessity of inserting any thing hereto guide to a 
 correct pronunciation, except the rules for the sounds of the vow- 
 els and consonants. 
 
 In settling the place of the primary accent, which is the first 
 and most important point in the pronunciation of a word, the 
 aim, of course, has been to follow the ancient and simple rules, 
 which direct, that, in words of two syllables, the penult be ac- 
 cented, and in words of more than two syllables, that the penult be 
 accented if long in quantity, if not, the antepenult. The words 
 have been divided into syllables, in accordance with the commonly 
 received rules on that subject. The rules that follow have been 
 derived, in the main, from Walker. Sometimes the language of 
 Grant, or some other grammarian, has been preferred. 
 
 Rules for the Vowels. 
 
 1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, o, and u, 
 at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the long English sound ; 
 as, Ca'to, Ce'crops, Di'do, So'lon, Cu'mcB, Me-lis'sa, Mo-los'sus, 
 Tu-Un'gi ; in which words the final vowels of the first syllables 
 have the same sound as the corresponding vowels in the first syl- 
 lables of the English words pa'per, cc'dar, si'lent, co'lon, du'ty. 
 
 2. ^, ending an unaccented syllable, has the sound of a in fa'thcr ; 
 as, Ga-bi'na, A-re'ne, pronounced Gah-bi'na, M-re'ne. 
 
 3. /, ending a final syllable, or preceding an accented vowel, 
 has the long sound ; as, I-u'li. 
 
 In all other cases, i, ending an unaccented syllable, is pronounced 
 like e; as, Fa'bi-i, Ho-ra'ti-i, pronounced Fa'be-i, Ho-ra'tc-i. 
 
 4. Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 
 
 5. JE and (c are pronounced as e would be in the same situation. 
 
 6. If a syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the short Eng- 
 lish sound ; as, BaVbus, Del'phi, Cin'na, Mos'chus, Tus'cus, in 
 
 which the vowels have the same sounds as in the English words 
 man'ner, sel'dom, din'ner, scoffer, mus'ler. 
 
 Exception. — E, in final es, is pronounced as in the familiar 
 proper name An'des. 
 
 Rules for the Consonants. 
 
 1. C, before e, i, y, ce, and ce, is pronounced like s ; before a, o, 
 and M, and before consonants, like k ; as, Ce'a, Cic'e-ro, Cij'prus, 
 Cm'sar, Cm'li-a, Ca'to, Co'cles, Cu'mcR. 
 
 2. G, before c, i, y, (b, a, or another g followed by e, has the 
 sound ofj; before a, a, and u, and before consonants other than g, 
 as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the English words guve, 
 gone ; as, Ge'lo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gm'us, Jlg'ger, Ga'bi-i, Gor'gi-tis, 
 Sa-gun'tum. 
 
 3. Ch has the sound of k, except when preceding a mute con- 
 sonant at the beginning of a word, when they are silent ; as, 
 Chtho'ni-a, pronounced Tho'ni-a. 
 
 4. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and ew, preceded immedi- 
 ately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, change into 
 sh and zh. But when the accent falls on the first of the vowels 
 following, the consonant does not change into sh or zh, but pre- 
 serves its pure sound ; as, Mil-ti'a-dcs, &c. T, in the termination 
 tion, also retains its original sound ; as, Tlie-o-do'ti-on. 
 
 5. S has, in general, the sound of s in this. 
 
 Final s, preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z. 
 
 6. Initial x has the sound of z. 
 
 7. Initial ph, before a mute, is silent ; as, Phthi'a, pronounced 
 Thi'a. Initial p, before s, is silent ; as, Psy'che, pronounced Sy'ke. 
 Initial p, before t, is silent ; as, Ptol-e-ma'us, pronounced Tol-e-mm'us. 
 
 8. At the beginning of Greek words we frequently find the un- 
 combinable consonants mn, tm, &c. ; as, Mne-mos'y-ne, Tmo'lus, &c. 
 These are to be pronounced with the first consonant mute, as if 
 written J^e-mos'y-ne, Mo'lus, &c. 
 
 1300 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULAJIY 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES 
 
 TiiK words in tlie following tabic to which a * is prefixed are 
 taken from " The Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names," &c., 
 by Thomas Swinburne Carr. 
 
 Those to which a t is prefixed are such as Trollope has added 
 to his edition of Walker's Key. 
 
 Those marked with a t are taken from Freund's " Wortcrbuch 
 der lateinischen Sprache." 
 
 Those marked with a IT are taken from Pauly's " Rcal-Encyclopa- 
 die der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft." 
 
 Those to which no mark is prefixed are found in the list usually 
 published with Walker's Key. 
 
 It will be observed, by any who may compare this table witii 
 those of Walker and Trollope, that many changes in the division 
 of words for pronunciation have been introduced ; but it is be- 
 lieved that these changes are all required by a consistent applica- 
 tion of the rules of classical pronunciation, as tliey are generally 
 received. 
 
 A. 
 
 A'ba, and A'b.e 
 
 A-boMu3 
 
 Ac-a-tban'tu3 
 
 A-chil-lei-en'sea 
 
 ♦A-cro'a-tli<i3 
 
 Ad-i-marrtiis 
 
 iTy-fl'lo, or A*el lu 
 
 Ali'a-a 
 
 A-bon-i-tei'chos 
 
 *Ac'a ton 
 
 *Ach-il-le'i3 
 
 *Ac-ro-ce-raii'ni-a 
 
 Ad-i-iiie'tc 
 
 ^-e'l:i, or |^-e'tca 
 
 Ab'ji-ba 
 
 Ab-o-ra'ca 
 
 fAc'ca Lau-rcn'ti-a 
 
 A-chilMes 
 
 Ac-ro-ce-rau'ni-um 
 
 Ad-me'ta 
 
 itl-e'ti-a3 
 
 *A-bac'c-na 
 
 *Ab'o-ras 
 
 Ac'ci-a 
 
 Ach-il-le'ura 
 
 *Ac-ro-ce-re'te3 
 
 Ad-nie'lu3 
 
 yE'ga 
 
 Ab-a-ce'ne 
 
 Ab-o-rig'i-nes 
 
 Ac'ci-la 
 
 A-cbil'leu3 
 
 *A-croc'o-nitB 
 
 *A-do'ne-us, or *Ad- 
 
 JE'gvi 
 
 tA-bs'a 
 
 A-bor'ra3 
 
 Ac'ci-U3 
 
 *Ach-il-li'de3 
 
 Ac-ro-co-rin'thU3 
 
 o-ne'u3 
 
 
 Ab'a-ga 
 
 *Ab'o-ti3 
 
 fAc'co 
 
 A-chi'vi 
 
 *A-cro'ma 
 
 A-do'ni-a 
 
 i^5-ga:'on 
 
 *A-bao'a-ru9 
 
 Ab-ra-da'tas 
 
 Ac'cu-a 
 
 Ach-la-d!E'u3 
 
 A'cron 
 
 A-don'i-cu3 
 
 itl-gaj'uin 
 
 f .\b'a-ia 
 
 Ab-ra-da't63 
 
 
 * Ac h'o-la 
 
 * A"Crop'a-tho3 
 
 A~tlo'n id 
 
 ^3-gaj'u3 
 
 Ab'a-lus 
 
 ♦.\-bra'ha-mus 
 
 Ac-e-di'ci 
 
 Acli-o-la'i, or f .Acli-o- 
 
 Ac-ro-pa'to3 
 
 Ad-ra-myt'ti-um 
 
 /E-ga'le-os 
 
 A-ba'na 
 
 A-bren'ti-U3 
 
 Ar.'e-la 
 
 a'li 
 
 A-crop'o-li3 
 
 A-dra'na 
 
 ^-ga'le-um 
 
 A-han'tes 
 
 A-broc'o-ma3 
 
 *Ac'e-Ie 
 
 Ach-o-lo'e 
 
 ♦.Ac-ro-re'a 
 
 *A-dra'ne 
 
 /E'gan 
 
 Ab-an-ti'a-de3 
 
 Ab-ro-di-iB'tU3 
 
 tAc'e-ltim 
 
 *A-cho're-ua 
 
 *Ac-ro-re'i 
 
 A-dra'num 
 
 iE'gas 
 
 A-ban'ti-as 
 
 fA'bron 
 
 *A-ceph'a-li 
 
 *.\-cho'ru3 
 
 Ac'ro-ta 
 
 A-dras'ta 
 
 
 A-ban'ti-das 
 
 A-bro'ni-us 
 
 Ac-€-ra'tu3 
 
 Ach-radi'na 
 
 A-crot'a-tU3 
 
 A-dras'ti-a, or f Ad- 
 
 iT;-ge'a3, or *i1i'gc-a3 
 
 A-ban'tia 
 
 A-bron'y-cu3 
 
 A-cer'bas 
 
 *Ach'ra-do3 
 
 *Ac-ro-tho'i 
 
 ras-ti'a 
 
 /E-ge'le-on 
 
 Ab-ar-ba're-a 
 
 Ab'ro-ta 
 
 Ac-e-ri'na 
 
 Ac-i-cho'ri-u9 
 
 *Ac-ro-tho'on 
 
 *Ad-ras-ti'i Cam'pi 
 
 */E-gc'li 
 
 Ab'a-ri 
 
 A-brot'o-num 
 
 A-cer'roe 
 
 Ac-i-da'li-a 
 
 Ac-roth'o-03 
 
 *Ad-ra3-ti'ne 
 
 iE-ge'ri-a 
 
 A-b:ir'i-mon 
 
 tA'brii3 
 
 Ac-er-sec'o-mes 
 
 Ac-i-da'sa 
 
 *Ac-ro-tho'um 
 
 A-dras'tu3 
 
 yE-ges'ta 
 
 Ab'a-ris 
 
 A-bryp'o-li3 
 Ab-se'us 
 
 A'ce3 
 
 *A-ci'la 
 
 Ac'ta 
 
 ♦A-dre'ne 
 
 iE-ge'ua 
 
 A-ba'ru3 
 
 A-ce'si-a 
 
 A-cil'i-a 
 
 Ac-te'a 
 
 A'dri-a 
 
 jE-gi'a-le 
 
 A'bas 
 
 Ab-sin'lbi-i 
 
 Ac-e-si'nes 
 
 Ac-i-lig'e-na 
 A-cil'i-us 
 
 Ac-tffi'on 
 
 A-dri-an-op'o-lis 
 
 ^-gi-a'le-»3 
 
 A-ba'sa 
 
 Ab'so-riis 
 
 Ac-e-9i'nu3 
 
 Ac-tiE'us 
 
 A-dri-a'nuin 
 
 jE-gi-a'li-a 
 
 *Ab'a-sa 
 
 tAb-syr'ti-dC3 
 
 A-ce'si-U3 
 
 A-cil'Ia 
 
 Ac'te 
 
 A-dri-a'nu3 
 
 j'Egi'a-lu3 
 
 Ab a-si'lia 
 
 Ab-syr't03 
 
 A-ces'ta 
 
 *Ac-iii-di'nus, and 
 
 Ac'ti-a 
 
 A-dri-at'i-cum 
 
 */E-gic'o-res 
 
 Abms-se'na 
 
 Ab-syr'tu3 
 
 A-ces'tes 
 
 *A-cin'di-nu3 
 
 Ac'tia 
 
 Ad-ri-me'tum 
 
 jE-gi'des 
 
 Ab-as-se'ni 
 
 *Ab'u-la 
 
 A-ces'ti-iim 
 
 A'cia 
 
 Ac-ti3'a-ne3 
 
 Ad-u-at'i-ci 
 
 ^-pi'la, or *.'Eg'i-la 
 
 A- bas'sus 
 
 Ab-u-li'tes 
 
 A-ce3-to-do'ru3 
 
 Ac'mon 
 
 Ac'ti-um 
 
 *A-du'la 
 
 yE-gil'i-a 
 
 AD'a-to3 
 
 tA'bus 
 
 Ac-«s-tor'i-de3 
 
 Ac-mon'i-de3 
 
 Ac'ti-U3 
 
 ♦A-du'las 
 
 *yEs'i-lips 
 
 Ab-(la-lon'i-mu3 
 
 Ab-y-de'ni 
 
 A-ce'te3 
 
 *Ac-cE-me't!B 
 
 Ac'tor 
 
 *A-du'li9 
 
 >t;-gjm'i-u3 
 
 Ab-de'ra 
 
 .•\b-y-de'nu3 
 
 Ach-a-by'to3 
 
 A-cre'tea 
 
 Ac-tor'i-dc3 
 
 *Ad-u-li'ton 
 
 ^K-i-ino'rus, or 
 
 Ab-de'ri-a 
 
 A-by'di 
 
 A-choe'a 
 
 ♦Ac-o-ly'ti 
 
 Ac-to'ris 
 
 A-dyr-nia-ehi'da;, or 
 *Ad-yr-mach'i-diB 
 
 *jE-gini'o-ru3 
 
 Ab-de-ri'te3 
 
 A-by'do3 
 
 A-cha:'i 
 
 A-co'nffi 
 
 *Ac'to-ri3 
 
 *^-gim'u-rus 
 
 Ab-dc'ru3 
 
 A-by'du3 
 Ab'y-la 
 
 A-ch!E'i-um 
 
 *Ac'o-ntB 
 
 tA-cu'le o 
 
 JE'a. 
 
 yE-gi'na 
 
 A-be'a-ta; 
 
 A-cha;m'e-nes 
 
 A-con'le3 
 
 A-cu'phi3 
 
 yK-a-ce'a 
 
 yEg-i-ne'ta 
 iEg-i-ne'te3 
 .'l-;-gi'o-cbu3 
 
 *A-be-a'tc6 
 
 Ab'y-lon 
 
 Ach-iB-me'ni-a 
 
 A-con'te-u3 
 
 A-cu-si-la'iia 
 
 ^-ac'i-das 
 
 A-bel'la 
 
 Ab-ys-si'iii 
 
 .\ch-a;-men'i-de3 
 
 A-con'ti-us 
 
 A-cii'ti-cu3 
 
 ^•'-ac'i-des 
 
 tAb-fl-la'ni 
 
 Ab-ys-sin'i-a 
 
 A-cha!'u3 
 
 ♦.Ac-on-tob'o-Ii 
 
 *A-cy'ru3 
 
 *^-a-ci'»tn 
 
 *if;'gi-on 
 
 tAb-cl-li'num 
 
 Ac-a-cal'lis 
 
 A-cha'i-a 
 
 A-con-to-bu'lu3 
 
 *Ac'y-tu3 
 
 ./li'a-cus 
 
 A^gi'paii, or *JF,s'i- 
 
 Ab-el-li'niis 
 
 Ac-a-ce'si-um 
 
 *.\-cha'i3 
 
 A-co'ris 
 
 A'da 
 
 JE'st 
 
 pan 
 
 *A-be'lii3 
 
 A-ca'ci-us 
 
 Ach'a-ra 
 
 Ac'o-ru3 
 
 A-d!E'U3 
 
 JE-Bi'a 
 
 *yEg-i-pa'ncs 
 
 t-^b'e-lux 
 
 tAc'a-cus 
 
 .Ach-a-ren'se3 
 
 A 'era 
 
 Ad-a-man-tie'a 
 
 ^-a-iiie'ne 
 
 iK-gi'ra 
 
 A-ben'da 
 
 Ac-a-de'mi-a 
 
 A-char'na! 
 
 Ac-ra-di'na 
 
 Ad'a-mas 
 
 jfl-an-te'mii 
 
 yE-gir-o-cs'sa 
 
 *Ab-e3-sa'lon 
 
 Ac-a-de'mus 
 
 A-clia'te3 
 
 A'crtB 
 
 Ad-a-mas'tU3 
 
 i^'>an'ti-dcs 
 
 /E'gis 
 
 Ab'ga-rU3, or A-bag'a- 
 
 *A-cffin'i-tu3 
 
 .\ch-c-Io'i-dc9 
 
 A-crte'a 
 
 *A-da'mu3 
 
 ^C-an'li9 
 
 /E-gis'thii9 
 
 ru3 
 
 Ac-a-lan'dru3 
 
 Ach-e-lo'ri-uiii 
 
 A-crajph'ni-a 
 
 fAd'a-na 
 
 >E'aa 
 
 jE-gi'tum 
 
 A'bi-a 
 
 A-cal'le 
 
 Ach-c-lo'us 
 
 Ac-ra-gal-li'daj 
 
 A-das'pi-i 
 
 yiC'n-tU3 
 
 .lU'gi-um 
 
 A'bi-i ^ 
 
 Ac-a-mar'chis 
 
 *A-cho'li)3 
 
 Ac'ra-ga3 
 
 Ad'a-tha 
 
 jt'.cli-mac'o-ras 
 
 JF.g'le 
 
 Ab'i-la 
 
 Ac'a-mas 
 
 *A-che'ra3 
 
 A-cra'tus 
 
 Ad-de-pha'gi-a 
 
 if;ch'mi3 
 
 iEg'les 
 
 A-bis'a-res 
 
 A-camp'sia 
 
 A-cher'du3 
 
 tA'cri-ffl 
 
 Ad'dii-a 
 
 ..tl-dep'sum 
 
 >Eg-le'te3 
 
 A-bis'a ris 
 
 A-can'tha 
 
 A-cher'i-mi 
 
 A'cri-a3 
 
 A-dcl'pbi-us 
 A-de'mon 
 
 ^-des'sa 
 
 jfig'lo-gc 
 yE-gob'o-bi9 
 
 Ab-i-son'te« 
 
 •A-can'thi-ne 
 
 *Ach'e-ro % 
 
 Ac-ri-doph'a-gi 
 A-cri'on 
 
 iE-dic'u-la 
 
 •.V-hle'rus 
 
 A-can'thu3 
 
 Ach'e-ron 
 
 *A-deph'a-Eii9 
 A'des, or ifa'des 
 
 ♦^d'i-la 
 
 A;-goc'e-ro9 
 
 A-hle'te3 
 
 Ac'a-»a 
 
 Ach-c-ron'ti-a 
 
 A-cris'e-us 
 
 iG-di'les 
 
 iE'gon 
 
 fAb'no ba 
 
 A-ca'ri-a 
 
 Ach-e-ru'si-a 
 
 Ac-ris-i-o'ne 
 
 Ad-gan-dcs'tri-us 
 
 ♦jB-di'lis 
 
 •iE-go'nc 
 
 ♦Ab'no-bi 
 
 *Ac-ar-na'nes 
 
 Ach-e-ru'si-a3 
 
 A-cris-i-o-ne'u3 
 
 Ad-her'bal 
 
 *^d'i-hi3 
 
 *^g-o-ne'a 
 
 A-bob'ri-ca 
 
 Ac-ar-na'ni-a 
 
 A-che'tiis 
 
 A-cri3-i-o-ni'a-de8 
 
 Ad-her'ba3 
 
 ^■dip'aus 
 
 •^go'nes 
 
 A-bo'biis 
 
 A-car'na3 
 
 •A-chi'las 
 
 t A<n3'i-a3 
 
 *A-di-a-be'nc 
 
 jG'doii 
 
 ^g-o-sa'g(E 
 
 A-ba)c'ri-tU'» 
 
 A-cas'ta 
 
 Achiria3 
 
 A-cri'taa 
 
 A-di-an'te 
 
 •■A-e-do'nis 
 
 ^2-<>s-p<)t'a-m(i!i 
 
 Ab-o-ki'ni 
 
 A-tas'tu3 
 
 Ach-il-le'a 
 
 Ac-ro-a'thon 
 
 A-di-at'o-rix 
 
 ^d'u-i, or Iled'u-i 
 
 iE-gos'lbc-na 
 
 1G:< ' E E E E E • 1301 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 *^g'y-la 
 
 ^g-y-pa'nes 
 
 iE-gyp'su3 
 
 fiE-gyp'ta 
 
 ^-gyp'ti-i 
 
 jE-gyp'ti-um 
 
 iE-gyp'tU3 
 
 /E'li a 
 
 iE-li a'nus 
 
 jE'Ii-us, and ^'li-a 
 
 jE-lu'rus 
 
 tYE-ma'thi-a 
 
 yE-mil'l-a 
 
 vEm-il-i-a'nus 
 
 iE-mil'i-us 
 
 jEm-nes'tus 
 
 ir*^-ino'na 
 ^-mo'ni-a 
 ^-mon'i-des 
 *^m'o-ni3 
 
 .lE-myl'i-a 
 
 ^m-yl-i-a'nus 
 
 ^-myl'i-i 
 
 iE-myl'i-us 
 
 ^-na'ri-a 
 
 t^-na'si-us 
 
 ^-ne'a, or f^E-ne'i-a 
 
 M-ne'a-ix 
 
 ^-ne'a-des 
 
 ^-ne'as 
 
 jE-ne'i-a 
 
 jE-ne'i-des 
 
 *jE-ne-i'de3 
 
 ■^-ne'is, and *^'ne-is 
 
 .^-nes-i-de'mus 
 
 ^-ne'6i-u3 
 
 jE-ne'tus 
 
 iE'ni-a 
 
 ^-ni'a-cu3 
 
 *^n'i-ciis 
 
 *jE-ni'die 
 
 jE-ni'o-chi 
 
 o-bar'bU3 
 ^n'o-cle3 
 jE'nos 
 jE'num 
 t^'nus 
 ^-ny'ra 
 ^-o'li-a 
 
 /E-0'li-!B 
 
 ^ol'i-da 
 
 yE-oI'i-des 
 
 >E'o-li3 
 
 jE'o-lu3 
 
 *^-o'iie3 
 
 >E-o'ra 
 
 ^pa'li-us 
 
 •E-pe'a 
 
 ^p'u-Io 
 
 i*:'py 
 
 vEp'y-tiis 
 
 ^-qiia'iia 
 
 .E'qui 
 
 ^-<luic'o-Ii 
 
 i'Eq-ui-me'li-uni 
 
 iE'ri-as 
 
 ^r'o-pe 
 
 *A-er'o-pe 
 
 ^r'o-pus 
 
 *A-er'o-pUB 
 
 *vEs'a-cos 
 
 iEs'a-ciia 
 
 *iE-sa'ge-a 
 
 ^-sa'pus 
 
 JE'sat, or JE-sii'ms 
 *jE-sa'ru3, and ^s'a- 
 
 riis 
 iEs'chi-nes 
 ^s'chi-ron 
 yEs'cliri-on 
 ^E-i-chy-li'dcs 
 iE^'cliy-lua 
 ^^9-cii-la'i>i-iis 
 /E-sc'piis 
 A'-ner'ni-a 
 JE-»\'on 
 lE'son 
 iE-son'i-dca 
 *yE8-o-pe'u» 
 Al-Ho'pus 
 >En'lri-a 
 Vl'n'ii-a 
 tiEn'u-la 
 
 •iEn'll-l£B 
 
 /Ivny'e-tCB 
 
 ♦>E-»y'mo 
 
 •i^'N-ym-ne'to) 
 
 iHit-yin-nc'teg 
 
 iE-Hym'nu» 
 
 •iEth'a-le 
 
 ^-thal'i-des 
 
 *^tli-a-li'a 
 
 *jE-tha'li-03 
 
 *.<E-thi'ce3 
 
 *^th'i-cu3 
 
 t^iE-thi'on 
 
 *^-tl]i'o-pe3 
 
 vE-thi-o'pi-a 
 
 ^tll'li-U3 
 
 yE'thon 
 ^'thra 
 >E-tliu'sa 
 vE'ti-a 
 
 7E'ti-on, or E-e'ti-on 
 
 *^-ti-o-iie'a 
 
 *^-ti'tes 
 
 ^'ti-us 
 
 *A-e'ti-ii3 
 
 yEt'na 
 
 *yE-to'li 
 
 iE-to'li-a 
 
 ^E-to'lus 
 
 *A-ex-o'ne 
 
 A'fer 
 
 A-fra'ni-a 
 
 A-fra'ni-u3 
 
 Af'ri-ca 
 
 Af-ri-ca'nii3 
 
 Af vi-cuin 
 
 *Af'ri-CTi3 
 
 *Ag'a-bu3 
 
 *A-gac'Iy-tu3 
 
 A-ga-gri-a'iiE 
 
 Ag-a-las'ses 
 
 A-gal'la 
 
 *Ag'a-ine 
 
 *Ag-a-nie'de 
 
 Ag-a-me'des 
 
 Ag-a-mem'non 
 
 Ag-amem-no'iii-u3 
 
 Ag-a-me'tor 
 
 A-gam'ma-tiB 
 
 Ag-ain-nes'tor 
 
 *Ag'a-inus 
 
 Ag-a-nip'pe 
 
 *Ag-a-nip-pe'us 
 
 A-gan'za-ga 
 
 *Ag'a-pE 
 
 Ag-a-pe'nor 
 
 *Ag-a-pe'tu3 
 
 tA'gar 
 
 Ag-a-re'ni 
 
 Ag-a-ris'ta 
 
 A-gas'i-cle3 
 
 *A-ga'so 
 
 A-gas'sffi 
 
 A-gas'the-nes 
 
 A-gas'thU3 
 
 A-gas'tro-phU3 
 
 fAg'a-sus 
 
 Ag'a-tha 
 
 Ag-atli-ar'chi-das 
 
 Ag-atli-ar'clii-de3 
 
 Ag-athar'clms 
 
 *Ag'a-tlii Dffiin'o-nis 
 
 *Ag-a-thi'a 
 
 A-ga'tlii-as 
 
 *Ag-a-thi'nu3 
 
 Ag'a-tlio 
 
 Ag-a-tho-cle'a 
 
 A-gath'o-cIes 
 
 Ag'a-tlion 
 
 Ag-a-tlio-ny'mus 
 
 *Ag-a-tlion'y-mu3 
 
 *A-galli'o-pu3 
 
 Ag-a-thos'llie-nc3 
 
 Ag-a-thyr'num 
 
 Ag-a-tliyr'si 
 
 fAg-a-thy'rus 
 
 A-gau'i 
 
 A-ga've 
 
 A-ga'vu3 
 
 *Ag-bat'a-na 
 
 Ag-des'ti3 
 
 A-ge-e'na 
 
 *Ag-c-la'das 
 
 Ag-e-las'tug 
 
 Ag-e-la'us 
 
 ♦Ag-e-le'a 
 
 •Ag'c-les 
 
 A-gcti'a-tha 
 
 Ag-eii-di'cum 
 
 A-ge'nor 
 
 Ag-c-nor'i-do8 
 
 Ag-e-ri'niia 
 
 Ag-c-san'der 
 
 A-ge'si-as 
 
 *A-gC8-l-da'mu8 
 
 A-ges-i-la'iiH 
 
 Ag-e-Bip'o-lin 
 
 Ag-e-»iH'tra-ta 
 
 Ag-c His'tra-luB 
 
 •A-ge'lor 
 
 *A-ge'tii» 
 
 *Ag-ge'nua 
 
 1302 
 
 Ag-gram'mes 
 
 Ag-gri'ii;E 
 
 tAgg-tbyl'lus 
 
 Ag'i-da; 
 
 Ag-i-la'U3 
 
 A'gi3 
 
 Ag-la'i-a 
 
 Ag-la-o-ni'ce 
 
 Ag-Ia'o-pe 
 
 *Ag-la'o-pe3 
 
 Ag-la-o-piia;'iia 
 
 Ag-la'o-phon 
 
 Ag-la-os'tlie-ne3 
 
 Ag-lau'ro3 
 
 Ag-la'us 
 
 *Ag'la-u3 
 
 Ag'na 
 
 Ag'no 
 
 Ag-nod'i-ce 
 
 Ag'non 
 
 *Ag-no-iii'a 
 
 Ag-non'i-des 
 
 *Ag-no'te3 
 
 *Ag-notli'o-ta; 
 
 Ag-o-na'li-a, and 
 
 A-go'ni-a 
 A-go'iies 
 Ag'o-ni3 
 *A-go'ni3 
 A-go'iii-u3 
 *A-go'nu3 
 *Ag'o-ra 
 Ag-o-rac'ri-tti3 
 Ag-o-rffi'a 
 Ag-o-ra'ni3 
 Ag-o-ran'o-ml 
 *Ag-o-re'su3 
 A'gra 
 tA-gra;'a 
 
 A-gra'i, or fA-gren'- 
 
 Ag'ra-gas [ses 
 
 A-grau'le 
 
 A-grau'li-a 
 
 A-grau'los 
 
 A-grau-o-ni'tffi 
 
 A-gri-a'nes 
 
 A-gric'o-la 
 
 Ag-ri-gen'tum 
 
 A-grin'i-um 
 
 *A-gri'o-do3 
 
 A-gri-o'ni-a 
 
 A-gri'o-pas 
 
 A-gri'o-pe 
 
 *A-gri-oph'a-gi 
 
 A-grip'pa 
 
 *Ag-rip-pe'um 
 
 Ag-iip-pi'na 
 
 A-gris'o-po 
 
 A'gri-U3 
 
 Ag'ro-la3 
 
 A'gron 
 
 A-gro'tas 
 
 A-grot'e-ra 
 
 tA-gyi'e-U3 
 
 A-gyl'e-U3 
 
 A-gyl'Ia 
 
 Ag-yl-l!E'U3 
 
 A-gyr'i-um, and 
 
 A-gyr'i-u3 
 A-gyr'tes 
 A-gy'rU3 
 A-ha'la 
 Ai-do'ne-us 
 *A-i'la 
 A-im'y-Iu3 
 Ai'us Lo-cu'ti-u8 
 A'jax 
 
 Al-a-ban'da 
 fAl-a-baii'di, or fAl-a- 
 
 baii-den'scs 
 *Al-a-ban'di-cu3 
 Al'a-bu3 
 A-lic'a 
 A-la!'i 
 A-lai'sa 
 fA-Iaj'sus 
 A-lai'tis 
 Al-a-go'ni-a 
 A-la'la 
 
 Al-al-com'c-niB 
 A-la'li-a, or fAl'a-lis 
 Al-a-ma'nc3 
 IfAl-a-ina'ni, or Al-a- 
 
 man'iii 
 Al-e-inan'ni, or ITAl- 
 
 le-man'ni 
 A la'iii 
 Al'a-rcs 
 Al-a-ri'cus 
 AI-a-ro'di-1 
 A-las'tor 
 *A-la»'lo-rcs 
 t A-lau'daj 
 tAl'a-zon 
 *A-la'i!on 
 *AI-a-zo'nes 
 
 fAl'ba Lon'ga 
 Al'ba Syl'vi-us 
 tAl-ba'ni, or Al-ben'- 
 . se3 
 
 Al-ba'ni-a 
 
 Al-ba'iius 
 
 tAI'bi-a Te-run'ti-a 
 
 Al-bi'ci 
 
 Al-bi-e't!E 
 
 tAl-bi-gau'num 
 
 Al-bi'ni 
 
 Al-bi-no-va'niis 
 
 Al-bin-te-me'li-um 
 
 AI-bi'nu3 
 
 Al'bi-on 
 
 *Al-bi'o-nc3 
 
 tAl'bis 
 
 Al'bi-iis 
 
 Al-bu-cil'Ia 
 
 Al'bu-Ia 
 
 *Al-bu'iia 
 
 Al-bu'iie-a 
 
 Al-biir'nus 
 
 Al'btis Pa'gus 
 
 Al-bu'ti-us 
 
 *Al-cain'e-tus 
 
 A1-C!e'us 
 
 Al-cam'e-nes 
 
 Al-can'der 
 
 Al-can'dre 
 
 Al-ca'nor 
 
 Al-catli'o-e 
 
 Al-catli'o-U3 
 
 Al'ce 
 
 Al-ce'nor 
 
 Al-ces'te or Al-ces'tia 
 
 Al'ce-tas 
 
 Al'chi-das 
 
 Al-chim'a-chu3 
 
 Al-ci-bi'a-des 
 
 *Al-ci'd£e 
 
 Al-cid'a-ma3 
 
 Al-ci-da-me'a 
 
 AI-ci-dam'i-da3 
 
 Al-cid'a-mu3 
 
 *Al-ci-da'mu3 
 
 Al-ci'das 
 
 Al-ci'des 
 
 Al-cid'i-ce 
 
 *Al-cid'o-cu3 
 
 Al-cim'e-de 
 
 Al-cim'e-don 
 
 Al-cim'e-nes 
 
 *Al-cira'o-u3 
 
 Al'ci-mus 
 
 Al-cin'o-e 
 
 Al'ci-nor 
 
 Al-c)n'o-U3 
 
 *Al'ci-nus 
 
 Al-ci-o'ne-ii3 
 
 Al'ci-phron 
 
 Al-cip'pe 
 
 Al-cip'pu3 
 
 Al'cis 
 
 Al-citli'o-e 
 
 Alc-miE'on 
 
 Alc-ni!E-on'i-dffi 
 
 Alc'man 
 
 Alc-me'na 
 
 fAl'con 
 
 *Al'co-ne 
 
 Al-cy'o-na 
 
 Al-cy'o-ne 
 
 Al-cy-o'ne-u3 
 
 Al-des'cu3 
 
 Al-du'a-bis 
 
 A'le-a 
 
 A-le'bas 
 
 A-le'bi-on 
 
 A-lec'to 
 
 A-lec'tor 
 
 A-lcc'try-on 
 
 A-Iec'tus 
 
 *A-le'i 
 
 A-lu'i-us Cain'pii3 
 
 Al-e-maii'ni 
 
 *AI-c-ina'nus 
 
 A-le'inoii 
 
 A)-e-inoii'i-de3 
 
 Al-c-inu'si 
 
 A'lens 
 
 A'le-on 
 
 *A-Ie'ri3 
 
 f A-le'sa or fA-laj'sa 
 A-le'so 
 
 A-le'si-a, or A-le.x'i-a 
 
 A-Io'si-mn 
 
 ♦A-le'su3 
 
 A-le'tes 
 
 A-le'tlies 
 
 A-le'llii-a 
 
 A-Iet'i-das 
 
 ♦A-le'tis 
 
 tAl e-tri-na'lc» 
 
 j Al e-tri-non'sD» 
 
 A-le'lrl-uin 
 
 A-le'tum 
 
 Al-eu-a'dte 
 
 *A-leu'a-da! 
 
 A-Ie'us 
 
 *A'le-u3 
 
 A'lex 
 
 A-Iex-a-me'nu3 
 Al-ex-an'der 
 Al-ex-an'dra 
 *Al-ex-an'dii-a, (a 
 
 woman) 
 *Al-«x-an-dri'a, (o 
 
 city) 
 Al-ex-an'dri-dc3 
 Al-ex-an-dri'na 
 Al-ex-an-drop'o-lis 
 Al-ex-a'nor 
 Al-ex-ar'clms 
 A-lex'as 
 A-lex'i-a 
 AI-ex-ic'a-cu3 
 Al-ex-i'nu3 
 A-lex'i-o 
 fA-lex'i-on 
 AI-ex-ip'pu3 
 Al-ex-ir'a-es 
 Al-ex-ir'ho-e 
 A-Iex'i3 
 A-Iex'on 
 Al-fa-ter'na 
 Al-fe'nu3 
 Al'gi-dum 
 *Al-go'num 
 A-li-ac'mon 
 A-li-ar'tiim 
 A-li-ar'tU3 
 Al'i-cis 
 A-li-e'nus 
 Al'i-fe, or fA-li'fa 
 Al-i-Ia;'i 
 Al-i-men'tu3 
 *A-lim'e-nus 
 A-Iin'dte 
 Al-in-do'i-a 
 *A-li'phai 
 *Al-i-pha'nu3 
 Al-i-phe'ri-a, or *A)-i- 
 
 phe'ra 
 *Al-i-phe'ru3 
 Al-ir-ro'thi-u3 
 *Al-i-son'ti-a 
 *A-li'sum 
 Al-Ie'di-U3 
 Al'li-a 
 Al-li-e'no3 
 *Al-li'fiE 
 Al-lob'ro-ges 
 Al-lo-bry'ge3 
 *Al-lo-phy'lua 
 Al-lot'ri-ges 
 Al-Iu'ti-U3 
 *Al-me'ne 
 tAl'mo 
 fAl'mon 
 ♦Al-mo'pes 
 *AI-my-ro'de 
 A-lo'a 
 
 tA-lo'a3, or fA-lo'ia 
 
 Al-o-e'us 
 
 *A-lo'e-u3 
 
 Al-o-i'dcE, or Al-o-i'- 
 des 
 
 A-lo'ne, or f A-Io'na 
 
 *A-lo'ni3 
 
 Al'o-pe 
 
 *A-lop'e-ca 
 
 A-Iop'e-ce 
 
 A-Iop'e-ces 
 
 *A-lo[)-e-con-ne'su3 
 
 A-lo'pi-u3 
 
 *A-lo'rus 
 
 A'los 
 
 A-io'tia 
 
 Al-pe'ims 
 
 AI'|)oa 
 
 Al-phe'a 
 
 Al-pbe'i-a 
 
 Al-plie'nor 
 
 Al-pbo'nus 
 
 Al-pbo-si-ba)'a 
 
 Al-plie-si-boe'us 
 
 Al-pbo'us 
 
 Al-pbi'on 
 
 Al'phi-iis 
 
 Al-pi'nu3 
 
 Al'pis 
 
 •Al-po'mi3 
 
 Al'mis 
 Al-tbiR'a 
 Al-DiiL-m'c-nos 
 ♦Al tho'pua 
 Al ti'iium 
 Al'tis 
 fAI'tus 
 A-lun'ti-um 
 
 A'lus, or Al'u-us 
 
 A-ly-at'tea 
 
 Al'y-ba 
 
 *AI-y-bi'da 
 
 Al-y-cee'a 
 
 AI-y-c£e'us 
 
 fAl'y-mon, or *A-ly'- 
 
 mon 
 *A-ly'pu3 
 A-lys'sus 
 Al-yx-oth'o e 
 *Al-y-ze'a 
 A-mad'o-ci 
 A-niad'o-cu3 
 Am'a-ge 
 Am-al-thffi'a 
 Am-al-the'iim 
 Am'a-na, or tAm'a- 
 
 nu3 
 fA-man'dus 
 *A-man'i-ciE 
 A-maa'tes, or Am-an- 
 
 ti'ni 
 
 A-ma'nus, or fO-ma'- 
 
 nu3 
 A-inar'a-cu3 
 A-mar'di 
 A-mar'tU3 
 Am-a-ryl'lis 
 Am-a-ryn'ce-iis 
 tAm-a-ryn-thi'a 
 Am-a-ryn'tbus 
 fAm-a-rys'i-a 
 A'nias 
 *Ani-a-se'a 
 Am-a-se'nu3 
 A-ma'si-a 
 A-ma'sis 
 A-nias'tris 
 A-nias'trus 
 A-ma'ta 
 Am-a-tbe'a 
 tArn-a-the'i 
 Ain'a-tliu3, or *A-ma'- 
 
 thus 
 A-max-am-pe'us 
 *A-niax-an-ti'a 
 A-max'i-a 
 Ain-ax-i'ta 
 *Ain-ax-o'bi-i 
 Am-a-ze'nes, or 
 
 fMaz'e-nes 
 JA-ma'zon 
 A-maz'o-ne3 
 Am-a-zo'ni-a 
 *Am-a-zon'i-cu3 
 Am-a-zonM-de3 
 Am-a-zo'ni-iim 
 Ani-a-zo'ni-us 
 Am-bar'ri 
 
 *Am-bar-va'Ies Hos'- 
 
 ti-iE 
 Ani-bar-va'li-a 
 *Am-ba't;E 
 Am'be-nu3 
 Am-bi-a-li'te3 
 Am-bi-a'mim 
 Am-bi-a-ti'num 
 *Ani-bi-bar'e-ti 
 *Ain-bi'cii3 
 Am-bi-ga'tu8 
 fAm-bi-o'rix, or Am- 
 
 bi'o-rix 
 Am'bla-da 
 Am-bra'ci-a 
 Am-bra'ci-us 
 Ani'bri 
 *Ain-bro'dax 
 Am-bro'nes 
 Ani-bro'si-a 
 Am-bro'si-u3 
 Am-bry'on 
 Ain-brys'sii3 
 tAin-bii-ba'jie 
 Ain-bul'li 
 *Ani'bu-li 
 Am'e-les 
 Ain-e-na'nus 
 Am-e-ni'de3 
 A-iiien'o-cles 
 *Ain-e-no'phi3 
 A-iiie'ri-a 
 A-mes'tra-tus 
 A-ines'tri3 
 *A-ini-a'nua 
 Ain-i-cloi'ua 
 A-nii'cIas 
 A-mic'taa 
 A-mi'da 
 A-mil'car 
 Ani'i-loa 
 A-miin'o-nc, or 
 
 A-myin'o-no 
 A-min'e-a, or Am- 
 
 min'o-a 
 A-min'i-as 
 
 A-min'i-us 
 
 A-min'o-cles 
 
 Ani-i-se'na 
 
 fAm-i-si'a 
 
 A-mis'i-as 
 
 A-mis'saa 
 
 A-mi'sum, or A-mi'- 
 sus 
 
 Am-i-ter'num 
 Am-i-tha'oii , or Am-y- 
 
 tlia'on 
 Am-ma'lo 
 Am-nii-a'nu3 
 tAm-mo-chos'tos 
 Am'mon, or Ham'- 
 
 mon 
 Am-mo'ni-a 
 Am-mo'ni-i 
 Am-mo'ni-us 
 Am-ino'the-a 
 *Am-nem'o-ne3 
 Ani'ni-a3 
 Am-ni'su3 
 *Am-ni'tea 
 Am-OB-bai'us 
 Ara-o-me'tii3 
 •*Am-om-phar'e-tus 
 A'mor 
 A-mor'ges 
 A-mor'gos 
 Am'pe-lus 
 Am-pe-lu'si-a 
 Am-phe'a 
 Am-phi-a-la'U3 
 *Am-phi'a-his 
 Am-phi'a-nax 
 tAm-phi-a-ra'i-de3 
 Am-[)bi-a-ra'us 
 *Am-phi-ar-a-e'um 
 Am-piii-cle'a 
 Am-phic'ra-tes 
 Aiii-phic'ty-on 
 tAm-phic-ty'o-nes 
 Ani-pbid'a-mu3 
 *Am-phid'o-li 
 Am-piii-dro'ini-a 
 Am-phi-ge'ni-a, or 
 
 Am-phi-ge-ni'a 
 Am-pliil'o-chus 
 Ani-phil'y-tus 
 Ani-phim'a-chu3 
 Am-phiin'e-don 
 Am-phin'o-me 
 A*m-phin'o-mU3 
 Am-pbi'on 
 *Am-phip'a-gu3 
 Am-phip'o-le3 
 Am-phip'o-Ii3 
 Ain-phip'y-ro3 
 Am-plii-re'tus 
 Am-phir'o-e 
 Ain'phi3 
 *Ani-phi'sa 
 Am-phis-ba;'na 
 Am-phis'sa 
 Am-pbis-se'ne 
 Ain-pliis'su3 
 Am-phis'the-nes 
 Am-pbis-ti'de3 
 Ain-phis'tra-tus 
 *Am-plii'sus 
 Am-phit'e-a 
 *Am-phi-the-a'tnim 
 Am-piiilh'e-inis 
 Aiii-pbith'o-e 
 Am-phi-tri'te 
 Am-phit'ry-on 
 Ain-phit-ry-o-ni'a-dcs 
 Ani'phi-tiis 
 *Ain-pbi'u3 
 Ain-pbot'e-rus 
 Am-pliry'.sus 
 *Ani'py-cu3 
 Aiiip'sa-ga 
 Aiiip'sa-gas 
 *Am-pyc'i-dc3 
 Ani-pys'i-des 
 Ain'pyx 
 Am-sanc'tus 
 A-mu'li-us 
 A-iny'cbi 
 *Am'y-cliB 
 HA-my'cliE 
 tAm-y-clic'ua 
 *A-my'cla8 
 *Am-y-cli'des 
 Am'y-ois 
 Ain'y-<lon 
 Am-y-mo'ne 
 A-niyn'lna 
 A-myn-ti-a'niiB 
 A-myii'tor 
 •Am-y-ri'cu9 Caiii'- 
 
 piis 
 A-niy'ris 
 A-niyr'l-in 
 
 ■4 
 
PRONUiNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Am'y-rii3 
 A-mys'tis 
 Ain-y-tlia'on 
 fAiii-y tlia-o'iii-us 
 Aiii'y-tis 
 *A-nab'a-sis 
 *A-iiab'ii-l!c 
 tAii-a-ce'i-ji 
 Aii'a-ces, or f A-iiac'- 
 les 
 
 An-a-cliar'sis 
 A-iia'ci-um, or *Aii-a- 
 
 ci'titn 
 *Aii-a-cle'tU3 
 A-na'crc-on 
 An-ac-to'ri-a, or An- 
 
 ac-to'ri-iini 
 fAn-ac-to'h-o 
 *A-iiac'to-riiiii 
 An-a-dy-om'o-iie 
 A-nag'ni-a 
 Au-a-gy-ron'tum 
 *A-nag'y-ru9 
 An-a-i'tis 
 tAn-a-iii'as 
 Aa'a-plie 
 Aii-a-pl)lys'tu3 
 t A-iia'pi-us 
 A-iia'pu3 
 ♦A-iiar'gy-ri 
 A-nar'tLS 
 A'na3 
 
 *A-iialli'e-m& 
 
 A-iiat'o-Ie 
 
 A-naii'chi-das 
 
 A-naii'rus 
 
 A-nau'si3 
 
 A'nax 
 
 An-ax-ag'o-ras 
 
 An-a.v-aii'der 
 
 An-ax-an'dri-des 
 
 An-ax-ar'clius 
 
 Aii-ax-ar'e-to 
 
 Aii-ax-o'nor 
 
 A-nax'i-as 
 
 An-ax-ib'i-a 
 
 An-ax-ic'ra-tos 
 
 tAn-ax-iil'a-inus, or 
 
 1f*A-nax-i-da'iiiu3 
 A-nax'i-Ias, or A-nax- 
 
 i-la'us 
 An-ax-il'i-des 
 A-nax-i-maii'der 
 An-ax-im'e-ncs 
 An-ax-ip'o-li3 
 An-ax-ip'pu3 
 Ari-ax-ir'riio-e 
 A-nax'ia 
 A-nax'o 
 An-ca;'U3 
 An-ca-li'tes 
 An-ca'ri-u3 
 *An-clia'ie3 
 Aii-clia'ri-a 
 An-cha'ri-U9 
 *An-cha'te3 
 An-cliem'o-lU3 
 An-clie-si'tes 
 An-ches'mus 
 An-chi'a-la, or Aii- 
 
 chi'a-le 
 •An-chi-a-li'a 
 An-chi'a-Ius 
 An-chi-mo'li-U9 
 An-chin'o-e 
 fAn-clii'sa 
 fAn-clii'se 
 An-chi'ses 
 An-chis'i-a 
 An-clii-si'a-de3 
 An'cho-c 
 tAnch'o-ra 
 An-chu'ru3 
 An-ci'le 
 
 An'con, or An-co'iia 
 
 An'cus Mar'li-us 
 
 An-cy'le 
 
 fAn-cy'ra 
 
 An-cy'ra 
 
 *An-cy'ron 
 
 An'da 
 
 *An-dah'a-Ii3 
 
 An-dab'a-tiB 
 
 •An-da'na 
 
 An-da'ni-a 
 
 An-de-ca'vi-a 
 
 *An-de-ga'vum 
 
 •An-de'ra 
 
 An'des, or f An-de- 
 
 ca'o-ne3 
 An-doc'i-des 
 An-dom'a-lis 
 An-dr;e'inon 
 An-dra-ga'thi-U3 
 An-drag'a-thu9 
 An-drag'o-ras 
 
 An-drain'y-Ies 
 
 An-dro'as 
 
 *Aii'drc-a3 
 
 *An'drc-us 
 
 •Aii-drc'iiion 
 
 *An'dri-a 
 
 Aii'dri-clu3 
 
 An'drion 
 
 An-dri3'cus 
 
 An-dro'bi-119 
 
 An-dro-cle'a 
 
 t An-dro'ol(!3 
 
 An'dro-clos 
 
 An-dro-cli'de3 
 
 An-dro'cIu3 
 
 An-dro-cy'de3 
 
 An-drod'a-imis 
 
 t Aii-dro'dus 
 
 An-dro'ge-03 
 
 An-dro'ge-u3 
 
 An-drog'y-n.T 
 
 *An-driig'y-iiii3 
 
 An-droin'a-clic 
 
 An-dro ma-chi'du; 
 
 An-drom'a-cliu3 
 
 An-droiii'a-da3 
 
 An-droiii'e-da 
 
 *An-droni'e-dc9 
 
 An'droii 
 
 An-dro-ni'cns 
 
 An-dropli'a-iri 
 
 An-dro- poiii 'pus 
 
 An'dros 
 
 An-dros'the-nc3 
 
 An-dro'ti-on 
 
 Aii-e-lon'ti3 
 
 An-e-moTi-a 
 
 An-e-mo'sa 
 
 An-e-ras'tu3 
 
 *A-ne'tor 
 
 An-fin'o-inus, or fAm- 
 
 phin'o-nius 
 *An'ga-ri 
 An-ge'Ii-a 
 An-gc'li-on 
 An'ge-lU3 
 An-gi'te3 
 tAng'li 
 fAn-gli'a 
 An'grus 
 An-gru-it'i-a 
 A'ni-a 
 An-i-ce'tU8 
 A-nic'i-a 
 A-nic'i-um 
 A-nic'i-u3 Gal'liis 
 *A-ni'gro3 
 An'i-grus 
 A'ni-o, A'ni-en 
 *An'i-sus 
 Aii-i-tor'gis 
 A'ni-U3 
 An'na 
 
 tAn'na Coni-nc'na 
 
 An-ni-a'nu3 
 
 An'ni-bal 
 
 An'iii-bi 
 
 An-nic'e-ri3 
 
 *An-ni-cho'ri 
 
 tAn'ni-u3 Scap'u-la 
 
 *A-no'IU3 
 
 An'non, or Han'no 
 
 ♦An'o-nu3 
 
 An-o-ps'a 
 
 An'ser 
 
 An-si-ba'ri-a 
 
 An-te'a 
 
 An-ta;'a3 
 
 fAn-tiE-op'o-lis 
 
 An-tffl'u3 
 
 An-tag'o-ras 
 
 An-tal'ci-das 
 
 An-tan'der 
 
 An-tan'dro3 
 
 *An-te'a 
 
 An-tei'u3 
 
 An-tem'iiiB 
 
 An-te'nor 
 
 An-te-nor'i-defl 
 
 An-tcr-bro'gi-us 
 
 An'te-ro3 
 
 *An'te-ru3 
 
 An-the'a 
 
 An'thc-as, or fAii- 
 
 the'as 
 An-the'don 
 An-llie'la 
 An'the-mis 
 An'lhc-mon 
 An'the-mus 
 An-the-niu'si-a 
 An-the'ne 
 An-ther'mu3 
 *An-the'ru9 
 An'tlie3 
 
 An-Uies-pho'ri-a 
 
 An-thes-te'ri-a 
 
 An-tlie'u3 
 
 Aii-lhi'a 
 
 Aii-llii'as, or »Aii'tlii- 
 :is 
 
 *Aii'llii-na! 
 Aii'tlii-uiii 
 An'tlii-U3 
 Aii'llio 
 An-tlio'rc3 
 Aii-llira'ci-a 
 An-tliro-pi'nu3 
 *An-tliro-po-nior-plii'- 
 ta: 
 
 An-tliro-poph'a-gi 
 Aii-thyl'la 
 An-ti-a-ni'ra 
 An'ti-as 
 
 *An-ti-bac-clii'us 
 
 *Aii-tic'a-iii3 
 
 *An-tic'a-to 
 
 *An-ticli'tlio-niH 
 
 *Aii-tic-i-no'lis 
 
 An-ti-cle'a 
 
 An'ti-cles 
 
 An-ti-cli'dcs 
 
 An-tic'ra-gii9 
 
 Aii-tic'ra-te3 
 
 An-tic'y-'''i 
 
 An-tid'o-mus 
 
 An-tid'o-tu3 
 
 An-tig'e-ne3 
 
 An-ti-gcn'i-tla3 
 
 *An-ti-gc-ni'da3 
 
 An-tig'o-na 
 
 An-lig'o-ne 
 
 JAii-ti-go-nc'a 
 
 An-ti-go'ni-a 
 
 *An-ti-go-ni'a 
 
 An-tig'o-iiu3 
 
 An-til'co 
 
 An-ti-lib'a-ini3 
 
 An-til'o-clms 
 
 An-tiin'a-clui3 
 
 Aii-tim'e-nes 
 
 fAn-tin'o-e 
 
 *Au-tin-o-e'a 
 
 Aii-ti-iioe'i-a 
 
 An-ti-nop'o-lis 
 
 An-tiii'o-us 
 
 Aii-ti-o'chi-a, or *An- 
 
 ti-o-chi'a 
 An-ti'o-chi3 
 An-ti'o-chus 
 *An-ti'o-pa 
 An-ti'o-po 
 Aii-ti-o'ru3 
 tAn-ti-pa'ro3 
 *An-tip'a-ro3 
 An-tip'a-tcr 
 An-ti-pa'tri-a 
 *An-ti-pa-tri'a 
 An-ti-pat'ri-das 
 An-tip'a-tris 
 An-tipli'a-ne3 
 An-tipli'a-te3 
 An-tiph'i-lu3 
 An'ti-phon 
 An-tiph'o-nu3 
 An'ti-plius 
 *An-tip'o-de3 
 An-ti-pa3'nu3 
 An-tip'o-li3 
 *An-tir'rlii-uni 
 •Aii-tir'rho-dos 
 An-tis'sa 
 An-tis'tlie-ne3 
 An-tis'ti-u9 
 An-tith'e-us 
 An'ti-um 
 An-tom'e-nes 
 An-to'ni-a 
 An-to'ni-i 
 An-to-ni'na 
 An-to-ni'iiu3 
 An-to-ni-op'o-lis 
 An-to'ni-u3 
 An-tor'i-des 
 A-nu'bi3 
 Anx'i-us 
 Anx'ur 
 *Anx'u-ru3 
 An'y-ta 
 An'y-tu3 
 An-za'be 
 fA-ob'ri-ca, or 
 
 t A-hob'ri-ca 
 A-ol'li-U3 
 A'on 
 A'o-ne3 
 t A-o'ni-a 
 fA-on'i-des 
 A-o'ris 
 
 A-or'no3, or fA-or'nis 
 
 t A-or'8i 
 
 *A-o'ru» 
 
 A-o'ti 
 
 *A-o'U3 
 
 A-pa'i-tiB 
 A-pa'iiia 
 A-pii'me 
 
 Ap-a-ine'a, or Ap a- 
 
 ini'a 
 *Ap-a-inc'no 
 A-par'iii 
 Ap-a-tu'ri-a 
 A-po-au'ros 
 *A-pe-li-o'tes 
 A-pel'la » 
 A-pel'le3 
 *Ap-el-le'ti3 
 A-pel'li-coii 
 Ap-fn-ni'iiU3 
 A'pcr 
 
 *Ap-e-ran-ti'a 
 Ap-e-ro'pi-a 
 Ap'c-siis, tAp'u-s;is, 
 
 or t Ap'e-san-les 
 Apli'a-ca 
 *Apli'a-co 
 A-pliaj'a 
 A'phar 
 Apli-a-rc'tU3 
 Apli-a-rc'us 
 ♦A-plia're-u3 
 A'plias 
 A-pliel'las 
 Aph'e-sa3 
 Aph'e-tiD 
 * A-plic'tor 
 
 Apli'i-das, or *A-plii'- 
 
 das 
 A-pliid'na 
 A-phid'iui3 
 *Aph-ii(;'um 
 Apii-oc-he'tU3 
 A-phri'ces 
 *Apli-io-dis'c-u3 
 A|)li-ro-dis'i-a 
 tApli-ro-dis'i-a3 
 Apli-ro-di'sum 
 Apli-ro-di'te, or *Aph- 
 
 ro-di'la 
 tApli-ro-di-top'o-Ii3 
 A-|)liy'te, or f A-pliy'- 
 
 tia 
 A'pi-a 
 A-pi-a'nii3 
 Ap-i-ca'ta 
 A-pic'i-u3 
 A-pid'a-nus 
 *A-pid'o-nes 
 Ap'i-na, or fA'pi-iiae 
 A-pi'o-la, or fA-pi'o-lte 
 A'pi-on 
 A'pi3 
 A-pit'i-u3 
 *A-poc'o-pa 
 *Ai>-o-do'li 
 A-pol-li-na'rc3 
 A-pol-li-na'ri3 
 Ap-ol-liii'e-us 
 A|)-oI-lin'i-de3 
 A-pol'U-ui3 
 A-pol'lo 
 Ap-ol-loc'ra-te3 
 A-pol-lo-do'ru3 
 Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 
 A-pol-lo-ni'a-des 
 Ap-ol-lo'ni-as 
 Ap-ol-Ion'i-des 
 Ap-ol-lo'ni-us 
 Ap-ol-Ioph'a-ncs 
 *A-pol'ly-on 
 A-po-iny-i'o3 
 A-po-ni-a'na 
 A-po'ni-u3 
 Ap'o-nu3 
 Ap-03-tro'plii-a 
 Ap-o-the-o'si3 
 Ap-pi'a-des 
 Ap-pi-a'nns 
 Ap'pi-a Vi'a 
 Ap'pi-i Fo'rum 
 Ap'pi-U3 
 Ap'pu-la 
 
 A'pri-es, or A'pri-us 
 Ap-sin'thi-i 
 Ap'si-nus 
 tAp'sii3 
 Ap'te-ra 
 Ap-u-le'i-a 
 Ap-u-le'i-u9 
 A-pu'li-a 
 •Ap'u-lus 
 Ap-u-scid'a-mu9 
 *Ap'y-ri 
 A-<iua'ri-U9 
 •Aq'iii-la 
 Aq-ui-la'ri-a 
 Aq-ui-le'i-a, or f Aq- 
 ui-le'gi-a 
 
 A-qiiil'i-u3 
 
 A-<|iiil'li-a 
 
 Aq'iii lo 
 
 A<i-iii-l(i'ni a 
 
 *A-iiMi'nas 
 
 A iiiiiii'i 113 
 
 A-qiii'iiiitn 
 
 Aq-ui-ta'ni-a 
 
 *Aq-ui-taii'i-cu9 
 
 *Aq'ui-tes 
 
 A'ra 
 
 Ar-a-bar'chu3 
 *Ar'a-bc3 
 A-ra'bi-a 
 A-rab'i-cti3 
 Ar'a-bis, or Ar'bis 
 A'rabs, or Ar';i-liii3 
 A-rai-.'c;i, or A-ri-r'- 
 c.i 
 
 A-racli'iic 
 *Ar-arIi-ne'a 
 Ar-a-clio'si-a 
 Ar-a-cho'ta;, or Ar-a- 
 
 clio'ti 
 A-rac'tbi-a3 
 Ar-a-cil'liim 
 Ar-a-co'si-i 
 Ar-a-cyn'lhU3 
 Ar'a-du3 
 A'ra; 
 
 *Ar-a-plii'a 
 
 A'rar 
 
 *Ar'a-ri3 
 
 Ar'a-ru3 
 
 *Ar-a-te'ii3 
 
 Ar-a-thyr'e-a 
 
 A-ra'tu9 
 
 *A-rau'ri-cU3 
 
 *A-ra'vus 
 
 *Ar-ax-c'nu9 
 
 A-rax'e3 
 
 Ar-ba'ces, or Ar'ba- 
 ces 
 
 Ar-be'la, or Ar'bc-la 
 
 *Ar-be'lus 
 
 Ar'bis 
 
 Ar-bo-ca'la 
 
 *Ar-bo'na 
 
 Ar-bus'cu-Ia 
 
 *Ar'ca-de3 
 
 Ar-ca'di-a 
 
 Ar-ca'di-us 
 
 Ar ca'num 
 
 Ar'cas 
 
 tAr'ce 
 
 Ar'cc-na 
 
 Ar'ccns 
 
 *Ar-ces'i-Ias 
 
 Ar-ces-i-la'u3 
 
 Ar-co'si-us 
 
 Ar-chffi'a 
 
 Ar-cliiE'a-nax 
 
 Ar-cha;-at'i-da3 
 
 Ar-chag'a-thu3 
 
 Ar-clian'der 
 
 Ar-chan'dro3 
 
 Ar'clie 
 
 *Ar-clicd'i-cu3 
 Ar-cheg'e-tes 
 Ar-che-la'u9 
 Ar-chem'a-cliU3 
 Ar-chem'o-ru3, or 
 
 0-pliel'te3 
 Ar-ciiep'o-lis 
 Ar-chep-tol'e-mu3 
 Ar-clics'tra-lii3 
 Ar-che-ti'inu3 
 Ar-che'ti-u3 
 Ar'chi-a 
 Ar'chi-a3 
 Ar-clil-bi'a-de3 
 Ar-chib'i-us 
 *Ar-chid'a-mas 
 Ar-clii-da'ini-a 
 *Ar-chi-da-nii'a 
 Ar-clii-da'mus, or Ar- 
 
 chid'a-mu3 
 Ar'clii-das 
 Ar-cbi-de'mU3 
 Ar-clii-de'ii3 
 Ar-chid'i-um 
 Ar-clii-gal'Mis 
 Archig'c-nc3 
 Ar-chil'o-chus 
 Ar-chi-mc'dc3 
 Ar-chi'nu9 
 Ar-chi-pcl'a-giis 
 Ar-chip'o-lis 
 Ar-chip'pc 
 Ar-chip'pus 
 Ar-chi'tis 
 Ar'chon 
 Ar-chon'tes 
 Ar'chy-lu3 
 Ar-chy'tas 
 ♦.\r-cit'e-nen9 
 
 Arc-ti'nu3 
 
 Arc-topli'y-lax 
 
 Arc'tos 
 
 Arc-tu'ii9 
 
 Arc-tii'ru3 
 
 Ar'da-1»3 
 
 Ar da'iii-a 
 
 Ar-dax-a'nu3 
 
 Ar'de-a 
 
 Ar-de-a'tcs 
 
 Ar dc-ric'ca 
 
 Ar-di-ic'i 
 
 Ar-dis'ciis 
 
 *Ar'dii-iiK 
 
 Ar-ild'nc-a 
 
 tAr-du'a 
 
 Ar-dii-cii'na 
 
 Ar-dii-i'ii<! 
 
 Ar-dy-«n'si'3 
 
 Ar'dy9 
 
 A're 
 
 A-ri!'a 
 
 A-rc-ac'i-du! 
 
 A-re'a3 
 
 ♦A-rc'gon 
 
 A-reg'<>-iiis 
 
 *Ar'e-la3 
 
 Ar-e-Ia'tnm 
 
 *Ar-e-la'lu3 
 
 A-rel'li-iis 
 
 Ar-e-mor'i-ca 
 
 tA-re'na, or fA-re'iia; 
 
 *A-re'no 
 
 A-reii'a-cum 
 
 A-re-o-pa-gi'ta; 
 
 A-re-i>p'a-giis 
 
 *A-re'os 
 
 t A're3 
 
 A-res'ta; 
 
 A-rcs'lha nas 
 
 A-res'tor 
 
 Ar-es-tor'i-dt;s 
 
 Ar'e-ta 
 
 Ar-e-ta;'iis 
 
 Ar-e-ta'lo3 
 
 Ar-e-tapli'i-la 
 
 *Ar'e-ta3 
 
 A-rc'te 
 
 *Ar'e-te 
 
 A-re'te3 
 
 *Ar'e-thon 
 
 Ar-e-tliu'sa 
 
 tAr-e-ti'ni 
 
 Ar-e-ti'nuin 
 
 Ar'e-lii3 
 
 *A-re'tu3 
 
 A're-113 
 
 Ar-ga!'u3 
 
 Ar'ga-Iiis 
 
 *Ar-gan-tlio'na 
 
 *Ar-gan-tlio-ui'um 
 
 Ar-gath'o-na 
 
 Ar-ga-llio'ni-u3 
 
 Ar'ge 
 
 Ar-ge'a 
 
 Ar-ge-a'tliiB 
 
 Ar-gcn'nuin 
 
 Ar'ges 
 
 Ar-ges'lra-tu9 
 
 Ar-ge'ug 
 
 Ar'gi 
 
 Ar-gi'a 
 
 Ar'gi-a3 
 
 Ar-gi-le'timi 
 
 Ar-gil'i-us 
 
 Ar-gil'lu3 
 
 Ar'gi-Iu3 
 
 *Ar-gi'nM3 
 
 Ar-gi-nu'sie 
 
 Ar-gi'o-pe 
 
 Ar-gi-pbon'loi 
 
 Ar-gip'pi-i 
 
 ♦Ar-gilli'c-a 
 
 Ar-gi'va 
 
 Ar-gi'vi 
 
 *Ar-gi'vu3 
 
 Ar'gi-U3 
 
 Ar'go 
 
 *Ar-go'da 
 
 Ar-goIM-cus 
 
 Ar'go-lis 
 
 Ar'gon 
 
 Ar-go-nau'tE 
 
 Ar'go3 
 
 Ar-go'u9 
 
 Ar'giis 
 
 Ar-gyn'ni3 
 
 tAr-gyn'nu3 
 
 Ar-py'ra 
 
 Ar-gy-ras'pi-de> 
 
 Ar'gy-re 
 
 Ar-gyr'i-pa 
 
 ♦Ar-gy-ri'pa 
 
 *Ar-gy-roj b-li9 
 
 A'ri-a 
 
 A-ri-ad'ne 
 
 A-ri-<E'u9 
 A-ri-am'nes 
 A-ri-a'ni, or A-ri-e'ni 
 A-ri-an'laa 
 ♦A-ri-a-ra-the'a 
 A-ri-a-ra'tlics 
 *A-ri-as'nie-nii3 
 Ar-ib-ba:'u8 
 *Ar'i-bes 
 A-ric'i-a 
 Ar-i-ci'na 
 Ar-i-du:'u3 
 A-ri-e'nia 
 *A-ri'c-ti9 
 Ar-i-ga;'uin 
 ♦Ar-ig-nu'tu3 
 A-ri'i 
 Ar'i-ina 
 Ar-i iiias'pl 
 Ar-i-iiias'pi-as 
 Ar-i-iiias'tha; 
 ♦Ar-i-ina-lhe'a 
 Ar-i-ma'zes 
 Ar'i-mi 
 A-riiii'i-num 
 A-rini'i-nus 
 Ar-im-plia;'i 
 Ar'i-mus 
 *Ar'i-ne3 
 A-ri-o-bar-za'nes 
 A-ri-o-irian'des 
 A-ri-o-iiiar'dii3 
 A-ri-o-iiie'de3 
 A-ri'on 
 A-ri-o-vis'tU3 
 *Ar-i-pi'tlie3 
 A'ri3 
 A-ris'ba 
 Ar-i3-ta;n'e-tu9 
 Ar-is-ta!'um 
 Ar-is-tiE'u3 
 Ar-i3-tag'o-ra3 
 Ar-is-taii'der 
 Ar-is-tan'dro3 
 Ar-is-lar'clie 
 Ar-is-tar'chu3 
 A-ris-ta-za'nes 
 A-ris'te-as 
 A-ris'tc-ra; 
 A-ris'te-u3 
 A-ris'the-ne3 
 A-ris'lhus 
 Ar-is-ti'bu3 
 Ar-is-ti'de3 
 Ar-i3-til'lu3 
 Ar-is-tip'pu3 
 A-ris'li-u3 
 fA-ris'to, or A-ris'- 
 ton 
 
 A-ris-»o-bu'la 
 
 A-ris-to-bu'lu3 
 
 A-ris-to-cle'a 
 
 A-ris'to-cles 
 
 A-ris-to-cli'des 
 
 Ar-is-toc'ra-tes 
 
 Ar-is-to'cre-on 
 
 Ar-is-toc'ri-tui 
 
 *A-ris-to-da'ma 
 
 A-ris-to-de'mu3 
 
 Ar-is-tog'e-nC3 
 
 A-ris-to-gi'ton 
 
 A-ris-to-la'us 
 
 Ar-is-tom'a-chc 
 
 Ar-is-toin'a-cliU3 
 
 A-ris-to-me'dca 
 
 Ar is-tom'c-nes 
 
 A-ris-to-nau'ta; 
 
 A-ris-to-ni'cu3 
 
 Ar-is-lon'i-<le3 
 
 ♦Ar-i3-ton'o-U3 
 
 A-ris'to-nu3 
 
 Ar-is-ton'y-mu3 
 
 Ar-is-toph'a-nes 
 
 A-ris-to-phi-li'du3 
 
 A-ris'to-phon 
 
 *A-ris-to-phy'li 
 
 A-ris'tor 
 
 Ar-is-tor'i-des 
 
 Ar-is-tot'e-lc3 
 
 A-ris-t()-ti'mu9 
 
 Ar-is-tox'c-nu9 
 
 A-ris'tii9 
 
 Ar-is-tyl'lu3 
 
 A'ri-iis, {the heretic) 
 
 ♦A-ri 'iis, or Ar'i-aa 
 
 *A-ri'u3 
 
 *A-ri'i 
 
 •Ar'nie-ne 
 
 Ar'me-ne3 
 
 Ar-mc'ni-a 
 
 Ar-mcn-ta'ri-us 
 
 Ar-mil'la-tus 
 
 Ar-mi-lu3'tri-uin 
 
 Ar-min'i-us 
 
 Ar-mor'i-ca! 
 
 •Ar-mor'i-cus 
 

 PRONUNCIATION OF 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 ■ ■ — 
 
 *Ar'mo-zon 
 
 
 As-tc-ru'si-us 
 
 A*/ 
 
 At ro-po3 
 
 . . . 
 Av-cn-ti nus 
 
 ifai' uus 
 
 Bau'li 
 
 Ar'ne 
 
 A~ru 'c-ris 
 
 A.s-tiii'o-niG 
 
 
 A-ver'nus, or A-vcv'- 
 
 '^Kai-ce'a 
 
 Ba' vi-u8 
 
 Ar'ni 
 
 
 As-ti'o-chus 
 
 *At-tac o-r® 
 
 na 
 
 Ba-Io-a're3 
 
 *Bav'o-ta 
 
 fAr-ni-en'sis 
 
 A-run ii-us 
 
 
 '*At-ta-Ii'u 
 
 A-ves'ta 
 
 Ba-le'tus 
 
 Baz-a-en'tes 
 
 Ar-nu'bi-us 
 
 *Ar-u-pi'nuiii 
 
 As-ivnj a 
 
 ^t-ta'li-a 
 
 A-vid-i-e'nus 
 
 *B€iI-is-be'ga 
 Ba-Iis'ia 
 
 Ba-za'ri-a 
 
 Ar'nus 
 
 Ar-u-pi It us 
 
 As-ti'uj'us 
 
 At'ta-lus 
 
 A-vid'i-us Cas'si-us 
 
 *Be-a'trix 
 
 Ar'o-a 
 
 ^"^"^^ !/ 
 
 A^^'f'^ 
 
 At-tar'ras 
 
 A-vi-e'nu3 
 
 Ba'Ii-us 
 
 Be'bi-us 
 
 *Ar'o-e 
 
 A r- VI 1 ^-gus 
 
 A^'tu'ra 
 
 t At-t(*g'u-a 
 
 *A-vi'tu3 
 
 Hal-Ion'oti 
 
 Be-bri'a-cum 
 
 Ar'o-ina 
 
 Ar-vis'i-uiii J or Ar-vi - 
 
 
 At-te'i-us Cap'i-to 
 
 A'vi-uni 
 
 Bal-veii'ti-U3 
 
 Beb'ry-ce 
 
 *A-ro'ma 
 
 
 As'tu-res 
 
 Af/tf ^ 
 
 Ax'e-nus 
 
 *Bal'y-ra 
 
 Beb'ry-ceSj and Be- 
 
 *A-roin'a-ta 
 
 /\.-ry— an qcs 
 
 *As-tu'ri-cu3 
 
 At tins 
 
 Ax-i'o-chus 
 
 Bal 'y-ras 
 
 bryc'i-i 
 
 fA-rom'a-tuin 
 
 Ar'y-bas 
 
 As-t V 'a-g6 
 
 
 Ax-i'on 
 
 *Bain-b3''ce 
 
 Be-bryc'i-a 
 
 *Ar'o-toe 
 
 Ar-yp-tffi us 
 
 As-ty 'a-jrti3 
 
 At tl-CUS 
 
 Ax-i-o-ni'cu3 
 
 *Ba-inu'rtE 
 
 *Be-chi'res 
 
 *Ar-o-te'res 
 
 f A-ryx a-ta 
 
 As-ty a-lus 
 
 At-ti-(ia'tt.'3 
 
 *Ax-i-o'ttC 
 
 Bam-u-ru'jE 
 
 *Be-chi'ri 
 
 *A-rot're-bK 
 
 A-san'd^r 
 
 As-ty 'a-iiax 
 
 At'ti-la 
 
 Ax-i-o'le-a 
 
 *Ba-ni-u'b(E 
 
 *Bel'a-te9 
 
 Ar'pa-ni 
 
 As-ba-iTiG^a 
 
 *As-ty-cra-tc'a 
 
 At-til'i-us 
 
 Ax-i-o'tlie-a 
 
 Ban'ti-K 
 
 Bel-e-mi'na 
 
 Ar^pi 
 
 As-bt?s'ti£j OT As-bys'- 
 
 As-ty- c ra' t i-a 
 As-tyd'a-inas 
 
 At-ti'nas 
 
 f Ax'is 
 
 Ban'ti-us 
 
 *Bel'e-nu3 
 
 *Ar'pi-nas 
 
 A ^/K T 
 
 At'ti-us Pe-!ig'nus 
 
 Ax'i-us 
 
 Baph'y-rus 
 
 Bel-e-phan' tes 
 
 Ar-pi'miin 
 
 As DO~lHS 
 
 As-ty-da-nii'a 
 
 At-u-at'i-ci 
 
 *A\'o-na 
 
 Bap'tcB 
 
 Bel'e-sis 
 
 *Ar'qui-tus 
 
 ^ As-bo^tus 
 
 As'ty-lus 
 
 
 *Ax-o'nes, (a people) 
 
 *Bar'a-do 
 
 Bel 'gee 
 Bel'gi-ca 
 
 *Ar-ra-bo'na 
 
 A*^^"^W U 
 
 As-ty m-e-d u 'sa 
 
 ^ /A L u-rus 
 
 *Ax'o-nes, (^tablets) 
 
 Ba-rie'i 
 
 *Ar-ra-chi'on 
 
 As-cai a-pnii3 
 
 As-ty n'o-me 
 
 A-ty'a-dtE 
 
 Ax'ur, ayid Anx'ur 
 
 Bar'a-thrum 
 
 Bel'gi-um 
 
 Ar-r®'i 
 
 As'ca-Iou 
 
 As-ty n'o-mi 
 
 A'lys 
 
 Ax'us 
 
 Bar'ba-ri 
 
 Bel'gi-us 
 
 *Ar-re'chi 
 
 As -Ca ' n i-a 
 
 As-ty n 'o-u s 
 
 *Au-cha'ts 
 
 *A-zain'o-ra 
 
 Bar-ba'ri-a 
 
 *Be'li-a3 
 
 Ar-rha-bae'us 
 
 A s-*c a ' n i— II s 
 
 ^s-ty 'o-chCj or As-ty- 
 
 *Au-de'ra 
 
 A'zan 
 
 *Bar-ba'tus 
 
 JBe-Ii'des, simr, (^male 
 
 Ar'ri-a 
 
 ^ As'c llG-tU3 
 
 o-chi'a 
 
 Au-fe'i-a A'qua 
 Au-fi-de'na 
 
 *A-za'ni 
 
 Bar-bos'the-nes 
 
 desc. of Selus) 
 
 Ar-ri-a'nus 
 
 * As-cbc'uin 
 
 As-ty-pa-iffi'a 
 
 *A-ze'ca 
 
 Bar-bytii'a-ce 
 
 JBe'lis, pL Bel'i-des, 
 
 Ar'ri-us, or A^ri-us 
 
 
 As-ty pli 'i-J us 
 
 Au -fid 'i-a 
 
 *A-zi'de3 
 
 Bar'ca 
 
 (fern. desc. of Selus) 
 
 Ar-run'ti-us 
 
 As-clG pi-a 
 
 f As-ty 'ra 
 
 Au-fid'i-us 
 
 *A-zi'Iis 
 
 Bar-cte'i, or Bar-ci'- 
 
 Be-lis'a-ma 
 
 Ar-sa'bes 
 
 *As-cIe-pi'a 
 
 *As'ly-ron 
 
 Au'fi-du3 
 
 A-zi'ris 
 
 tEB 
 
 Bel-i-sa'ri-us 
 
 Ar'sa-ces, or Ar-sa'- 
 
 As-clc-pi'a-dos 
 
 As-ty Von 
 
 ^^[^^ 
 
 Az'o-nax 
 
 Bar'ce 
 
 Bel-is-li'da 
 
 ces 
 
 As -c 1 tJ-p i-o-d o ' ru s 
 
 As'y-cliis 
 
 Au'ge, ana Au-ge'a 
 Au'ga-rus 
 
 A-zo'rus 
 
 Bar'cha 
 
 Bel'i-tfE 
 
 Ar-sa'ci-a 
 
 As-clc-pi-o-do'tus 
 
 
 A-Zo'tU3 
 
 *Bar'ci-no 
 
 *BeI-Iag'i-nes 
 
 Ar-sac'i-dcB 
 
 *As-clG-pi-od'{>-tus 
 
 A-syl'lus 
 
 Au'ge-a? 
 *Au-gi'as 
 
 
 *Bar-ci'nus 
 
 Bel-ler'o-phon 
 
 Ar-sam'e-nes 
 
 As-cIb' pi-US 
 
 *A-syn'cri-tus 
 
 
 Bar-dae'i 
 
 Bel-le'ru3 
 
 Ar-sain'e-tes 
 
 As-clG-la'ri— on 
 
 A-tab'u-lu3 
 
 Au'gi-aSj ajid Au'gc- 
 
 
 *Bar-da'ne3 
 
 *Bel'le-rus 
 
 Ar-sam-o-sa'ta 
 
 A c'^liic 
 
 At-a-by 'ris 
 
 A • t 
 
 T) 
 
 n. 
 
 Bar'di 
 
 Bel-Ii-e'nus 
 
 *Ar-sa-mos'a-la 
 
 As-co'li-a 
 
 *A-tab'y-ris' 
 
 Au gl-lfl3 
 
 1 Bar-di'ne 
 
 Bel-lo'na 
 
 Ar-sa'nes 
 
 As-co'ni~us La'bc-o 
 
 At-a-by-ri'tG 
 
 Au-gi'nu3 
 
 r><ir-uyriis 
 
 Bel-Io-na'ri-i 
 
 Ar-sa'ni-as 
 
 As 'era 
 
 At'a-ce 
 
 Au'gu-rG3 
 
 
 Ba-re'a 
 
 Bel-lov'a-ci 
 
 Ar-se'na 
 
 As'cu-ium 
 
 f At'a-ces 
 
 Au-gus'ta 
 
 — 
 
 Ua-dil'i-its 
 
 *oa're-a 
 
 *Bel-Io-o-va'cum 
 
 Ar'ses 
 
 As'dru-bal 
 
 At-a-lan'ta 
 
 Au-gus-ta'l i-a 
 
 uau'i-ius 
 
 Ba're-as So-ra'iuis 
 
 Bel-lo-ve'sus 
 
 *Ar-se'sa 
 
 
 *At-a-ly'da 
 
 Au-gus-ti'nus 
 
 r>nl-i/.. Inn 
 
 baD'y-ion 
 
 Ba'fes 
 
 Be'Ion 
 
 Ar'si-a 
 
 A-sel li-o 
 
 At-a-ran'tes 
 
 *Au-gus-to-nein'e- 
 
 Bab-y-lo'ni-a 
 
 ■*Bar'go-se 
 
 *Bel'phe-gor 
 
 Ar-si-dffi'ua 
 
 *A-se'us 
 
 A-tar'be-chis 
 
 tuni 
 
 Bab-y-lo'ni-i 
 
 Bar-gu'si-i 
 
 Be'ltis 
 
 Ar-sin'o-e 
 
 A'si-a 
 
 A-tar'ga-tis 
 
 Au-gus'tu-Ius 
 
 Ba-byr'sa 
 
 Ba-ri'ne 
 
 *Beni-bi'na 
 
 fAr-si'tes 
 
 *A-si-ag'e-ne3 
 
 A-tar'ne-a 
 
 Au-gus'tus 
 
 Ba-byt'a-ce 
 
 *Bar'i-sas 
 
 Be-na'cus 
 
 Ar-ta-ba'nus 
 
 A-si-at^i-cus 
 
 A'tas, and A'tha3 
 
 Au-Ies'tes 
 
 Bac-a-ba'sus 
 
 Ba-ris'ses 
 
 *Ben-di-di'a 
 
 f Ar-ta-ba-za'ncs, or 
 
 *A-si-a-ge'les 
 
 A 'tax 
 
 Au-Ic'tes 
 
 Bac'chEB 
 
 Ba'ri-uin 
 
 Ben-did'i-ura 
 
 t Ar-tain'e-nes 
 
 A-si'las 
 
 A'te 
 
 Au'lis 
 
 *Bac-cha'naI 
 
 Bar'nu-us 
 
 Ben'dis 
 
 Ar-ta-ba'zus 
 
 ^.'\-Sr lUS 
 
 A-tel'Ia 
 
 *Au-lo-crc'nc 
 
 Bac-c ha-na'Ii-a 
 
 Bar-si'nCj and Bar-se'- 
 
 Ben-e-did'i-um 
 
 Ar'ta-bri, or Ar-ta- 
 
 As'i-na, or As'i-nc 
 
 At'e-na 
 
 Au'Ion 
 
 Bac-chan'tes 
 
 
 Ben-e-ven'tum 
 
 bri'ta; 
 
 As-i-na'ri-a 
 
 At-e-no-ma'nis 
 
 Au-lo ni-U3 
 
 * Bac-cht'is 
 
 Bar-za-cn tcs 
 
 Ben-the-sic'y-ine 
 
 Ar-ta-cie'as 
 
 As-i-na ri-us 
 
 *A-ter'ga-tis 
 
 AuOus 
 
 * Bac-che'u3 
 
 Bar-za'ncs 
 
 Be-pol-i-ta'iiu9 
 
 Ar-ta-cffi'na 
 
 As'i-ncs 
 
 Alh-a-ma'nes 
 
 A ^ ^^f\ • 
 
 Bac'cJii 
 
 * Ba-sc'ra 
 
 Ber'bi-cffi 
 
 Ar'ta-ce 
 
 A-sin'i-us Gal'lus 
 
 Ath'a-inas 
 
 A u-i'c li-a 
 
 Bac-ciii'a-diE 
 
 £> js-i-ic a 
 
 Ber-e-cyn'thi-a 
 
 Ar-ta-ce'ne 
 
 A si -us 
 
 Ath-a-man-ti'a-des 
 
 Au-TG-Ii-a nu3 
 
 *Bac-chi'das 
 
 *Bas-i-li a 
 
 |Ber «-cyn'lhu3 
 
 Ar-ta'ci-a 
 
 As-na us 
 
 Alh-a-na'si-U3 
 
 A u-rc'l i-us 
 
 Bac'chi-dcs 
 
 Bas-i-li'dcG 
 
 Ber-«-ni'ce 
 
 Ar-tai'i 
 
 A-so'phis 
 
 *A-than'a-ti 
 
 Au-re o-lus 
 
 Bac'chis, or jBa'lus 
 
 Bas-i-li'de3 
 
 Bw-e-ni'cis 
 
 *Ar-ta-ge'ra3 
 
 A-so pi -a 
 
 Ath a-nis 
 
 Au-ri ga 
 
 Bac'chi-iim 
 
 *Bas-i-Ii'i 
 
 *Bef'gi-ne 
 
 Ar-tag'e-ras, or f Ar- 
 
 As-o-pi'a-d63 
 
 A'tlic-as 
 
 Au-rin i-a 
 
 *Bac-chi'uni 
 
 Ba-sil-i-o-pot'a-iTio3, 
 
 Ber'gi-on 
 
 tag-i-cer'ta 
 
 A-so'pis 
 
 A-the'na 
 
 Au-ro'ra 
 
 *Baochi'us, (^metrical) 
 
 or *Ba-siI-i-o-pot a- 
 
 Ber-gis'la-ni 
 
 Ar-ta-ger'sea 
 
 A-so'pu3 
 
 A-the'niE 
 
 Au-run'ci 
 
 Bac'clii-us 
 
 
 *Ber'go-nium 
 
 Ar-ta'nes 
 
 * As-pal-a-thi'a 
 
 Ath-e-ncE'a 
 
 A u-run-cu-Ie'i-us 
 
 Bac'chus 
 
 lias i-lis 
 
 Be'ris, and Ba'ris 
 
 *Ar-ta'o-zug 
 
 As-pani'i-t?ires 
 
 Ath-e-naj'um 
 
 Aus-chi's£e 
 
 Bac-cliyl'i-des 
 
 Ba-sil'i-iiSj (a person) 
 
 Ber'nii-us 
 
 *Ar-ta-pa'nu3 
 
 As-pa-ra'gi-um 
 
 Ath-e-nte'us 
 
 Aus'ci 
 
 *Ba-ce'Iu3 
 
 *Bas-i-li'uSj ^a river) 
 
 Ber'o-e 
 
 Ar-la-plier'ne3 
 
 As-pa'si-a 
 
 Ath-e-nag'o-ras 
 
 Au'seTj or Au'se-ris 
 
 Ba-ce'nis 
 
 Bas'i -lus 
 
 Be-ra'a 
 
 Ar-ta'tiis 
 
 As-pa-si 'rus 
 
 Alb-e-na'is 
 
 Au'ses 
 
 Ba'cis 
 
 Bas'saB 
 
 Ber-o-ni'cc 
 
 Ar-Ui-vas'des 
 
 As-pa'si-us 
 
 A-lhe'ni-on 
 
 Au'son 
 
 *Bac'o-ni3 
 
 Bas-sa'ni-a 
 
 Be-ro'sus 
 
 Ar-tax'a, or Ar-tax'i- 
 
 As-pas'tcs 
 
 A-then'o-cles 
 
 *Au'so-nes 
 
 Bac'tra 
 
 Bas-sa rc-us 
 
 Ber-rh(E'a 
 
 as 
 
 * As-pa-lli c'sis 
 
 A-lhen-o-do'ru3 
 
 Au-so'ni-a 
 
 Bac'trij and Bac-tri-a'- 
 
 |Bas-sar'i-dG3 
 
 ♦Be-ryb'ra-ceg 
 
 t Ar-tax'a-res 
 
 As-pa-llii'nt?3 
 
 A'the-os 
 
 *Au-son'i-da0 
 
 ni 
 
 Bas'sa-ris 
 
 Ber'y-tu3 
 
 * Ar-lax-as'a-ta 
 
 As-pf?n'du9 
 
 Ath'e-sis 
 
 Au-so'ni-us 
 
 Bac-tri-a'na, or Bac'- 
 
 Bas'sus Au-fid'i-us 
 
 *Be-ry'tus 
 
 Ar-tax'a-ta 
 
 *As-plial-ti'tcs Tja'- 
 
 *AtIi'm(>-niim 
 
 Aus'pi-ces 
 
 tri-a 
 
 Bas-tar'naj, and Bas- 
 
 *Bes'a-ra 
 
 Ar-tax-erx'es 
 
 cus 
 
 A'thos 
 
 *Aus-ta-ge'na 
 
 Bac'tros 
 
 ter'n*B 
 
 *Bes'a-ro 
 
 Ar-tax'i-as 
 
 As'pis 
 
 *A-tho'ug 
 
 Aus'ter 
 
 fBa-cun'ti-us 
 
 Bas'ti-a 
 
 Be-sid'i-ffi 
 
 Ar-la-yc'tes 
 
 As-ple'don 
 
 *A-thruI'Ia 
 
 Aus-te'si-on 
 
 Bad'a-ca 
 
 
 Be-sip'po 
 
 Ar-ta-yn'ta 
 
 As-po-re U9 
 
 A-thy m'bra 
 
 Au-ta-ni'ti3 
 
 Ba di-a 
 
 *IIat-a-no'c 11113 
 
 Bes'si 
 
 Ar-ta-yn'tcs 
 
 As'sa 
 
 *Atli'y-ra3 
 
 Au-to-bu'Ius, or At-a- 
 
 *Bad-i-cho'ra 
 
 Ba-ta'vi 
 
 Bes'sus 
 
 *Ar'te-ina3 
 
 As-sa-hi'nu3 
 
 A'ti-a 
 
 bu'lus 
 
 Ba'di-us 
 
 Ba-ta'vi-a 
 
 Bes'ti-a 
 
 Ar-teni-ba'res 
 
 As-sar'a-cu3 
 
 A -til 'i-a 
 
 *Au-toc'a-ne3 
 
 Bad-u-hen'ncB 
 
 *Ba-ta'vuSj or Bat'a- 
 
 *Bes-yn-ge'li 
 *Be-tar'ino-ne3 
 
 Ar-tem-i-do'ru9 
 
 *As-se'ra 
 
 A-tiI'i-u9 
 
 Au-toch'tho-nes 
 
 Ba;'bi-U9 
 
 
 Ar'Uj-mis 
 
 As-se-ri'ni 
 
 A-til'la 
 
 Au'to-cles 
 
 *Bre-so'la 
 
 i>a iiios 
 
 tBet'a-9i 
 
 Ar-te-mis'i-a 
 
 * AS-St*'tiU3 
 
 A-ti'na 
 
 Au-toc'ra-tes 
 
 *BcB-tIio'ron 
 
 Buth'y-clcs 
 
 *Be-tho'ron 
 
 Ar-lo-inis'i-urn 
 
 ■f As-so'rus 
 
 A-ti'nas 
 
 Au-to-cre'ne 
 
 BK'tis 
 
 Ba-thyl'lus 
 
 *Bet'i-ra 
 
 Ar-le-rni'ta 
 
 As'sos 
 
 A-tin'i-a 
 
 *Au-toI'e-inU3 
 
 Bic'ton 
 
 Ba-ti'a, or Ba'li-a 
 
 Bc'tis 
 
 Ar'Uj-rnon 
 
 *As-su-c'ru3 
 
 At-lan'tes 
 
 Au-tol'o-lffi 
 
 * Bag-a-da'o-nes 
 
 Ba-ti-a tus 
 
 Be-tu'ri-a 
 
 fAr-le-iiio'na 
 
 As-syr'i-a 
 
 At-lan-ti'a-des 
 
 *Au-lol'o-lc3 
 
 *Ba-g*:'sus 
 
 *Ba-ti-e'a 
 
 Bi'a 
 
 Ar-lc'na v 
 
 As'ta 
 
 At-Ian'ti-des 
 
 Au-lol'y-cus 
 
 Ba-gis'ta-ine 
 
 Ba-ti'na, and Bnn-ti'- 
 
 Bi-a'nor 
 
 Arth^ni 11^4 
 
 f As-tab'o-ras 
 
 At'las 
 
 Au-toin'a-te 
 
 *Ba-gis'ta-na 
 
 iia 
 
 Bi'as 
 
 Ar-tini'pa-sa 
 
 As-la-cce'ni 
 
 *At'ino-ni 
 
 Ati-tom'e-ilon 
 
 Ba-gis'ta-nes 
 
 *Bat'i-na 
 
 Bi-bac'u-Uis 
 
 |Ar lo-bar-za'nes, or 
 
 As'ta-cus 
 
 A-tos'sa 
 
 Au-to-me-du'sa 
 
 Ba-go'as, and Ba-go'- 
 
 Ba'tis 
 
 Bib'a-ga 
 
 t Ar-lo-bar'za-nea 
 
 * As-ta^ge'ni 
 
 At'ra-cc9 
 
 Au-toin'e-nea 
 
 sas 
 
 Ba'to 
 
 Bib'li-a, and Btl'li-a 
 
 Ar loch'mcs 
 
 As'ta-pa 
 
 At-ra-myt'ti-um 
 
 Au-lom'o-li 
 
 Bag-o-da'res 
 
 Ba'tou 
 
 fliib'Ii-na 
 
 Ar-to'na 
 
 As'ta-pus 
 
 At'ra-pe3 
 
 Au-ton'o-e 
 
 Ba-gopli'a-nes 
 *Ba-go'u3 
 
 Bat-ra-clio-iiiy-o-iiia'- 
 
 Bib-li'na 
 
 Ar-to'ni-ii8 
 
 As-lar'te 
 
 A'irax 
 
 *Au-ton'o-u« 
 
 chi-a 
 
 Bib'lis, or Bi'blis 
 
 Ar-lon'tf?a 
 
 *AH-tcl'6*bo 
 
 At ro ba'lro 
 
 Au-toph-ra-da'lo3 
 
 Bag'ra-da 
 
 *Bat'ra-cliu3 
 
 Bib'lus, or Bi'blus 
 
 *Ar-to-!ro'ciifi 
 Ar-tnx'a-ro8 
 
 Afi'tcr 
 
 Al rc-ba'lcB 
 
 *An-tri'cum 
 
 Bai'o) 
 
 *Bat'ta-ru3 
 
 Bi-brac'lo 
 
 AH-lcVi-a 
 
 A-lro'ni 
 
 Au-trig'o-ncs 
 
 Ba'Ia 
 
 liat-ti'a-doa 
 
 Bib'u-Ius 
 
 Ar-tii'ri-UH 
 
 A»-le'ri-on, or As te'- 
 
 A'tre-us 
 
 f Au-tu'ra 
 
 Ba-la'crufl 
 
 Bat'tis 
 
 Bi'crs 
 
 Ar-tj 'lies 
 
 ri-u3 
 
 A-tri'dtc 
 
 Aux-<''Hi-a 
 
 Bal a-na'griB 
 
 Bat'tiis 
 
 Bi'con 
 
 Ar-t> n'i-a 
 
 ♦As'le-ris 
 
 A-lri'dcs 
 
 *Aux'i-mon 
 
 Ba-la'nus 
 
 llai'u-Ium 
 
 Bi-ct)r'ni-ger 
 
 Ar-lyn'to-na 
 
 
 A-tro'ni-U8 
 
 Av-a-ri'cum 
 
 Bu-la'ri 
 
 Bal'u-lua 
 
 Bi-cor'nis 
 
 Ar'u-oc 
 
 As-ier-o-paj'ui* 
 
 At-ro-pa-lo'ne 
 
 *A-var'i-cu9 
 
 *BaI'a-ni3 
 
 Ba-tvIMufl 
 
 * Bi-©' pill 
 
 Ar-va'les, or fAm-bar- 
 
 A»-ier'o-pe, or •A*-ter- 
 
 At-ro-pa'ti-a 
 
 *Av'n-scs 
 
 Bal-blt'lus 
 
 Baii^bo 
 
 Hi for'niia 
 
 va'les 
 
 o-pie'a 
 
 *A-trop'a tu8 
 
 A-vel'la 
 
 Bal4)i'nU8 
 
 Bau'cia 
 
 ISi'lrona 
 
 mi 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Dil'hili.^ 
 
 Bo-vil'la; 
 
 Bii-si'ris 
 
 Cie-ra'tiLs 
 
 Cal-lid'ro-iiiu3 
 
 Can-di'o-pe 
 
 Ca-ri'niB 
 
 Bi iiiii'ttT 
 
 *Eirat:'a-ra 
 
 Bii'ta 
 
 Caj'rc, or Caj'res 
 
 Cal-li-ge'tii3 
 
 Ca'nens 
 
 Car'i-iio 
 
 Bin'gt-uui 
 
 *llr:ir ca'ti 
 
 Bii'(o-o 
 
 CaT'e-sii 
 
 *Cal -li-gi'tus 
 
 Can-e-pbo'ri-a 
 
 Ca-ri'iiu9 
 
 Bi'oii 
 
 Bracli-iiia'nes 
 
 Bu'tes 
 
 *('ffir'i-te3 
 
 Cal-liiii'a-clms 
 
 Can'c-thuin 
 
 ♦C.i-ri'on 
 
 •Bi-o-nc'ua 
 
 *Bracli-iiia'ni 
 
 *Bii'tlio-c 
 
 Cai'sar 
 
 Cal-lim'c-<lon 
 
 Ca-nic-u-la'rc3 Di'cs 
 
 Ca-ris'sa-num 
 
 Bir'rli«3 
 
 Braj'si-a 
 
 Bn-tliro'tum 
 
 Ca!3-a-re'a 
 
 Cal-lim'c-le3 
 
 Ca-nid'i-a 
 
 Ca-ris'tum 
 
 Bi-sal't!B 
 
 Bran-chi'a-de3 
 
 tBu-tliro'tu3 
 
 *CiE-sa'tc-U3 
 
 *Cal-li-ni'cu3 
 
 Ca-nid'i-us 
 
 ''Car-ma'ni 
 
 Bi-sal'tes 
 
 Bian'cliida: 
 
 Ba-tbvr'e-u3 
 
 Ca!-sa'ri-on 
 
 Cal-li'nu3 
 
 Ca-nin-e-fa'te9 
 
 Car-nia'nia 
 
 Bi-sal'tis 
 
 tBran'clius 
 
 Bti-to'a 
 
 CiE-sa-ro-du'iuim 
 
 ♦C'ol-li-o-do'ru3 
 
 Ca-iiin'i-U9 
 
 Car-ma'nor 
 
 Bi-saii'tho 
 
 Bran-cliyl'li-des 
 
 ♦Hu'to-nes 
 
 tCa;s-a-rom'gii3 
 
 ■"Cal-li'o-paa 
 
 Ca-nis'ti-us 
 
 (^ar'me 
 
 Bis'ton 
 
 Bra<si-a! 
 
 Bii-tor'i-dea 
 
 Cffi-se'na 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe 
 
 Ca'iii-U3 
 
 Car-me'Iu9 
 
 *Bis'to-nes 
 
 Bras'i-dag 
 
 Bu'los 
 
 CiB-sen'ni-us 
 
 Cal-li-pa-ti'ra 
 
 Can'no! 
 
 Car-tnen'ta, and Car- 
 
 tBis-to'ni-a 
 
 Bras-i-de';-a 
 
 Bu-tiiii'tum 
 
 Cie'si-a 
 
 Cal'li-pliuii 
 
 *Ca-no'bU3 
 
 mcn'tis 
 
 Bis'to-nis 
 
 fBras'i-las 
 
 Bii'tus 
 
 Cffi'si-us 
 
 Cal'li-phron 
 
 Ca-nop'i-cum 
 
 Car-men-ta'lC3 
 
 *Dis-to'ni3 
 
 Braii're 
 
 *(iii'zy-ge3 
 
 Cie'so 
 
 Cal-lip'i-da! 
 
 C;i-no'pu3 
 
 Car-men-ta'li.s 
 
 Bi'tliiis 
 
 Brau'ron 
 
 Bii-zy'gf 3 
 
 O-so'ni-a 
 
 Cal-lip'o-lis 
 
 *Can'ta-ber 
 
 Car'mi-dcs 
 
 Bith'y-ffi 
 
 Bren'ni, and Breu'ni 
 
 Byb-ie'si-a, and By- 
 
 Ca;-so'ni-u9 
 
 Cal'li-pus, or fCa-lip'- 
 
 Caii'la-bra 
 
 Car'na, and Car-din'- 
 
 Bi-tliyn'i-a 
 
 *Bren'ni-cu3 
 
 bas'si-a 
 
 CiEt'o-brix 
 
 piis 
 
 Can'ta-l)ri 
 
 c-a 
 
 *Bi-tliy'ni 
 Bit'i-a3 
 
 Brcn'niis 
 
 Byb'li-a 
 Byb'li-i 
 *Ity'bli3 
 
 Ca;t'u-lum 
 
 Cal-lip'y-ges, or ♦Cal- 
 
 Can-ta'bri-a 
 
 Car-na'si-U9 
 
 Bren'tlio 
 
 <^a;'yx 
 
 i-py'ges 
 
 Can-t.VbriiB 
 
 Car-ne'.i-des 
 
 Bi'luii 
 
 Bres'ci-a 
 
 Ca-ga'co 
 
 Cal-lir'lio-o 
 
 •Can-tlia-rol'e-tliron 
 
 Car-iic'i-a 
 
 Bil-u-i'tii9 
 
 Bret'ti-i 
 
 Byl-li'o-ne3 
 
 Ca-i-ci'iiU9 
 
 Cal-lis'te 
 
 Can'tha-ru3 
 
 fCar'ne-us 
 
 Bi-tiiii'ttiin 
 
 Bri-a're-U3 
 
 Byr'iliU3 
 
 Ca-i'ciis 
 
 Cal-lis-te'i-a, or *Cal- 
 
 ■►Can-the'la 
 
 Car'ni-on 
 
 *Bi-tu'ri-cum 
 
 Bri'as 
 
 Byr'sa 
 
 Ca-i-e'ta 
 
 lis-ti'a 
 
 Can'tliu3 
 
 *Car'no-nc'3 
 
 *Bi-tu'ri-ge9 
 
 Bri-gan'tes 
 
 By-7.a'ci-um 
 
 *Ca'i-pl]a9 
 
 Cal-li3'tlie-ne9 
 
 Can'ti-um 
 
 Car'nu9 
 
 *Bil'u-rix 
 
 Brig-an-ti'nU3 
 
 By/. aii-ti'a-cu3 
 
 Ca'i-ns, and Ca'i-a 
 *Ca-je'ta 
 
 Cal-lis'to 
 
 Can-u-le'i-a 
 
 Car-nu'te3 
 
 Bi/.'i-a 
 
 tBri-gan'ti-um 
 
 *Hy-^an'ti-on 
 
 Cal-lis-to-ni'cus 
 
 Can-u-le'i-U9 
 
 ♦Car-nu'tum 
 
 *Bi-zo'ne 
 
 tBri-les'su3 
 
 By-7.aii'ti-uin 
 
 C.al'a-ber 
 
 Cal-Iis'tra-tu9 
 
 Ca-iiu'li-a 
 
 ■•Car-os-ce'ni 
 
 BliE'na 
 
 Bri'nio 
 
 By'zaa 
 
 Ca-Ia'bri-a 
 
 Cal-lix'c-na 
 
 Ca-nu'si-um 
 
 Car-pa'9i-a, and Car- 
 
 BIs'si-i 
 
 fBri'iia 
 
 By-7.e'nus 
 
 Cal'.i-brus 
 
 Cal-lix'e-uu9 
 
 Ca-nu'si-U3 
 
 pa'si-uni 
 
 Blx'siJS 
 
 Bri-se'is 
 
 By/.'e-res 
 
 Cal-a-giir-ril'a-iii 
 
 Ca'lon 
 
 Ca-mi'ti-U9 
 
 *Car'pa-te9 
 
 Blan-cle-no'na 
 
 Bri'ses 
 
 *By-/.e're9 
 
 tCal-a-giir-ri-ta'ni 
 
 *Cal'o-pU3 
 
 Ca-pa'nc-us 
 
 Car'pa-tbii9 
 
 Blan-du'si-a 
 
 Bri-se'tis 
 
 By'zes 
 
 •Cal-a-gu'ris 
 
 Ca'lor 
 
 C.a-pel'Ia 
 
 ♦Car-pe'ia 
 
 Blas-to-plioB-ni'ces 
 
 Bri-taii'ni 
 
 Byz'i-a 
 
 Ca-lag'u-ti3 
 Cal'a-is 
 
 Ual'pe 
 
 Ca-pe'na 
 Ca-pc'nas 
 
 Car'pi-a 
 
 ♦Ble'my-sc 
 
 Bri-tan'iii-a 
 
 "►Cafpe-tMS 
 
 ■►Car-pi'a 
 
 Blem'my-es 
 
 nri-tan'ni-ciis 
 
 
 C;U'aiiii3 
 
 Cal-pliiir'ni a 
 
 Ca-pe'ni 
 
 Car'pi3 
 
 Rln-ni'iia 
 
 Brit-()-inar'ti3 
 
 
 Cal-a-ini'siB 
 
 Cal-phiir'iii-U9 
 
 Ca'per 
 
 Car'po 
 
 BIU'i-113 
 
 Bril-o-iiia'rus 
 
 
 (Tal'a-inos 
 
 Cal-pur'ni-a 
 
 Ca-pe'ttig 
 *Cap'e-tu3 
 
 Car-poph'o-ra 
 
 Blu'ci-um 
 
 Brjt'i>-ne3 
 
 c 
 
 Cal'a-mus 
 
 Cal-u-sid'i-U3 
 
 Car-popli'o-ru3 
 
 tBo-ad-i-ce'a 
 
 *Brit'o-nes, or Bri-to'- 
 
 
 Ca-la'nu3 
 
 Cal-u'si-um 
 
 Ca-pba're-us 
 
 C.ar'ra;, and Car'rhae 
 
 Bo-a-dic'e-a 
 
 nes 
 
 
 Cal'a-on 
 
 CaI'vi-a 
 
 *Ca-phc'ri3 
 
 Car-ri-na'te3 
 
 Bo'ie, and Bo'e-a 
 
 Brix-el'lum 
 
 Ca-an'thus 
 
 •Ca-laph'a-tPS 
 Cal'.a-ris 
 
 Cal-vi'na 
 
 *Ca-pliy'!E 
 
 Car-ru'ca 
 
 Bo-a'gri-iis 
 
 Brix'i-a 
 
 Cab'a-des 
 
 *Cal-vi'nuS 
 
 ♦Capli'yMj 
 
 Car-se'o-!i 
 
 *Bob-o-ne'a 
 
 *Bri.x'i-no 
 
 tCab'a-la 
 
 *i;,i-la'rus 
 
 Cal-vis'i-u3 
 
 Ca'pi-o 
 
 Car-ta'li-aa 
 
 Bo-ca'li-as 
 
 Bri'zo 
 
 Cab'a-les 
 
 *Cal'a-te3 
 
 tCal'vus 
 
 tCa-pis'-sa 
 
 "•■Car'ta-re 
 
 Boc'car 
 
 Br()C-u-be'lu3 
 
 *Ca-ba'li-i 
 
 Cal-a-tha'na 
 
 Cal'y-be, or fCa-by'Ie 
 
 Cal-y-cad'nu3 
 
 Cal'y-ce 
 
 Cap-is-se'ne 
 
 Car-te'i-a 
 
 Boc'clio-ris 
 
 Bro'ini-us 
 
 Cab-a-li'nus 
 
 Ca-la'tlii-oii 
 
 Cap'i-lo 
 
 *Car'te-nu3 
 
 Boc'clius 
 
 Bru'niiis 
 
 *C,i-ba'lis 
 
 Cal'a-thus 
 
 Cap-i-to-li'mi3 
 
 Car-tbic'a 
 
 Bo-dii-ag-na'tus 
 
 fBron'gus 
 
 *Ca-bal'l.i-ca 
 
 Ca-la'ti-a 
 
 Ca-Iyd'i-iim 
 
 Cap-i-to'li-um 
 
 Car-tliag-i-ni-cn'scs 
 
 B(i-dii'ni 
 
 Bron'tea 
 
 Cab-al-li'mim 
 
 Ca-la'ti-!B 
 
 Ca-lyd'na 
 
 *Cap-n()b'a-tse 
 
 Car-tlia'po 
 
 B(E-be'i3 
 
 Bron-ti'nus 
 
 *Cab-al-li'nu3 
 
 *Ca-laii're-a 
 
 Cal'y-don 
 
 *Cap-pad'o-cc3 
 
 *Car-lha'lo 
 
 BcB'bi-a 
 
 Bru'lL'-as 
 
 Ca-bal'li-o 
 
 Cal-aii-re'a, and Cal- 
 
 Cal-y-do'nis 
 
 Cap-pa-do'ci-a 
 
 Car'tlia-sis 
 
 •Bo^e-dro'ini-a 
 
 Bro'tbe-118 
 
 Ca-bar'ni 
 
 aii-ri'a 
 
 Cal-y-do'ni-U9 
 
 Cap'pa-dox 
 
 *Car-the'a 
 
 B(B-or-o-bis'la9 
 
 Briic'te-ri 
 
 Ca-bar'no9 
 
 Ca-la'vi-i 
 
 C.a-lym'ne 
 
 Ca-pra'ri-a 
 
 Car-vil'i-u9 
 
 Bos-o-lar'chae 
 
 F!rii-ma'li-a 
 
 Ca-bas'su3 
 
 Ca-la'vi us 
 
 Ca-lyn'da 
 
 Ca'pre-a; 
 
 Ca'rus 
 
 •Boe-o'ti 
 
 Brun-du'si-um 
 
 ♦Ca-be'les 
 
 Cal'bis 
 
 Ca-lyp'so 
 
 Cap-ri-cor'nus 
 
 Ca'ry-a 
 *Ca'ry-tB 
 
 BoB-o'ti-a 
 
 Br»-Iid'i-U3 
 
 *Ca-be'sus 
 
 fCal-ca'gus 
 
 tCa-iiia-lo-dii'num 
 
 Cap-ri-fic-i-a'li9 
 
 Boe-o'tn3 
 
 Bru'ti-i, or tBrut'ti-i 
 
 Ca-bi'ra 
 
 Cal'ce 
 
 Ca-man'ti-um 
 
 Capri'ma 
 
 Ca-ry-a't.-E 
 
 Bo-e'tlii-U9 
 
 Bni'tu-lus 
 
 Ca-bi'ri 
 
 Cal'clias 
 
 tCa-mar'a-cuin 
 
 Ca-prip'e-des 
 
 JCa-ry-at'i-dc5, pi. 
 C;a-ry-a'li3 
 
 *Bo-e'thus 
 
 Brii'tus 
 
 Ca-bir'i-a 
 
 Cal-clie-do'ni-n 
 
 Cain-a-ri'na 
 
 Ca'pri-as 
 
 B<)'e-tu3 
 
 Bry'as 
 
 Ca-hii'ra 
 
 Cal-cliin'i-a 
 
 *Cam-a-ri'tiB 
 
 Ca'pri-ii3 
 
 *Ca-ry'o-ne3 
 
 Bo'e-u9 
 
 Bry-ax'is 
 
 Cab'u-rus 
 
 CaI'diis Ca,''li-iis 
 
 Caiii-bau'lcs 
 
 Cap-ro-ti'na 
 Ca'prus 
 
 *Car-ys-te'u3 
 
 Bn'ges 
 
 Bry'ce 
 
 (;a'ca 
 
 Ca'le, Ca'Iis, or fCa- 
 
 Cani'bc3 
 
 Ca-rys'ti-U9 
 
 Bo'sud 
 
 Bry'ges 
 
 Cach'.n-Iea 
 
 le'nijm 
 
 Cam'bre 
 
 Cap'sa 
 
 Ca-rys'tu3 
 Ca'ry-um 
 
 Ho'gus 
 
 Bry'gi 
 
 *Cac-o-da;in'o-nes 
 
 *Ca-led'o-nes 
 
 Cani-bu'iii-i 
 
 Cap'sa-go 
 
 Bo'i-i 
 
 *Brys'e-a 
 ♦Brys'e-(B 
 
 C.i'ciis 
 
 Cal-e-(lo'ni-a 
 
 Caiiiby'se3 
 Cam-e-la'ni 
 
 Cai)'u-a 
 
 *Ca-sa'lo 
 
 Bo-juc'a-lus 
 
 Bo'la 
 
 Ca-cu'thi9 
 
 tCa-Ien'tuin 
 
 Ca'pys 
 
 Cas'ca 
 
 *Bry-sc'(E 
 
 Ca-cyp'a-ris 
 
 Ca-le'nU3 
 
 Cani-e-li'tEE 
 
 Ca'pys Sil'vi-us 
 
 Cas-cel'li-us 
 
 Bi.l'be 
 
 Bu-ba-ce'ne 
 
 Ca'di 
 
 *Ca-le'tU3 
 
 Cam'p-ra 
 
 tCar 
 
 Ca9-i-li'iiuin 
 
 ♦Biil-be'ne 
 
 Bii-ba'ce3 
 
 Cad-me'a 
 
 Ca'les 
 
 *Caiii-e-ra'cum 
 
 Car-a-Iiac'tra 
 
 Ca-si'na, or Ca-«i'- 
 
 Biil-hi-ti'num 
 
 Bii'ba-ris 
 
 Cad-iiie'is 
 
 Ca-le'3i-u3 
 
 Caiii-e-ri'num, and 
 
 Car'a-bis 
 
 nuin 
 
 Bol'gi-113 
 
 Bii-bas-ti'a-cua 
 
 Cad'iiius 
 
 Ca-Ie't.-B 
 
 Ca-nier'Ii-um 
 
 Car-a-cal'la 
 
 *Cas'i-na 
 
 Bo-Ii'iia 
 
 tBii-ba3'ti3 
 
 Ca'dra 
 
 *Cal'e-ti 
 
 Cain-(;-ri'riu3 
 
 Ca-rac.'a,tc9 
 
 Ca'si-n3 
 
 Bul-i-nic'us 
 
 Bii'ba-su3 
 
 ♦Cad 're-ma 
 
 *Ca!'e-tor 
 
 Ca-mer'te3 
 
 Ca-rac'ta-cu3 
 
 *Cas'me-na 
 
 Bo-Iis'sti9 
 
 Bii'biin 
 
 Ca-dii'ce-u3 
 
 *Ca-le'tor 
 
 Ca-!iiil'la 
 
 Ca'rtc 
 
 Cas'ine-na 
 
 Bol-la'iiU3 
 
 Bii-cepli'a-la 
 
 Ca-dur'ci 
 
 Ca'lex 
 
 Ca-mil'li, and Ca-mil'- 
 
 Ca-ra'ii9 
 
 Cas-mil'la 
 
 Bo'lus 
 
 Bu-cepli'a-lus 
 
 Ca-dus'ci 
 
 Ca-li-ad'no 
 
 lic 
 
 Car'a-lis 
 
 Cas-pe'ri-a 
 
 B<i-iiii-€n'sc9 
 
 *Bu'che-ta 
 
 *Ca-du'si 
 
 Cal-i-ce'ni 
 
 Ca-mil'lus 
 
 ♦Car-a-ina'lu3 
 
 Ca.s-per'u-!a 
 
 Bo-inil'car 
 
 Bii-col'i-ca 
 
 Cad'y-tis 
 
 Ca-lid'i-ii3 
 
 Ca-mi'ro 
 
 fCa-ram'bri 
 
 Cas-pi-a'na 
 
 Boni-o-ni'cffl 
 
 Bii-col'i-cum 
 
 Ca;'a 
 
 Ca-lig'ii-la 
 
 Ca-nii'rus, and Ca-nii'- 
 
 *Ca-ran'to-nu9 
 
 C.as'pi-i 
 
 Bo-iio'iii-a 
 
 Bii-co'li-on 
 
 Cic-ce'ti-us 
 
 tCa-lip'e-de9 
 Cal'i-pu3 
 
 ra 
 
 Car'a-iius 
 
 *Ca3-pi'ra 
 
 Bo-rio'9i-U3 
 
 Bu'co-lii3 
 
 CiK'ci-a3 
 
 Cam-is-sa'res 
 
 Ca-rau'si-u3 
 
 Cas'pi-uin Ma'ra 
 
 •B(Mi3'ii-ra 
 
 *Bmle'a 
 
 C.-e-cil'i-a 
 
 Ca'Iis 
 
 Cani'iria 
 
 Car'bo 
 
 Cas-san-da'ne 
 
 Bo-o-sii'ra 
 
 *Bu-de'um 
 
 Ca"-cil-i-a'nus 
 
 Cal-la!3'clirus 
 
 Cii-niaj'na; 
 
 ♦Car-bo'nes 
 
 Cas-san'der 
 
 Bo-<»'les 
 
 Bu'di-i, or Bu-di'nl 
 
 Ca;-cil'i-i 
 
 Cal-la'i-ci 
 
 Cani'pa'na Lex 
 
 •Car'bu-la 
 
 Cas-9an'dra 
 
 Bo-o'tu9, or B(S-o'tus 
 
 *Bii-do'ri3 
 
 CiB-cil'i-us 
 
 *Cal-la'i-nua 
 
 Caiii-pa'ni-a 
 
 Car-che'don 
 
 (Cas-saii-dre'a 
 
 Bo're-a 
 
 Bii-du'ruin 
 
 C;cc'i-lu3 
 
 Cul'Ius 
 
 *Cam-pa'nu3 
 
 Car-ci'mi9 
 
 *Cas-saii-dri'a 
 
 Bo-re'a-des 
 
 •Bii'ge-nes 
 
 Ca?-ci'na Tus'cus 
 
 Cal-la-te'bU9 
 
 Caiii-|)as'pe, or fPan- 
 
 *Car'ci-iiU3 
 
 Cas-sati'dri-a 
 
 Bo're-as 
 
 Bu'lis 
 
 Ca;c'ii-biiin 
 
 tCal'lo 
 
 cas'te 
 
 Car-da'ces 
 
 Cas'si-a 
 
 Bo-re-as'mi 
 
 Biil-la'ti-us 
 
 *Ca;c'ii-bu3 
 
 Cal-le'ni 
 
 Caiii'pe 
 
 »Car-da-ine'ne 
 
 f Ca9-8i-odo'rn9 
 
 *B(>-re'oii 
 
 *Biil-li'o-ne3 
 
 C^c'ii-lu3 
 
 Cal-le-te'ri-a 
 
 *Cam'pe-sus 
 Caiiip'sa 
 
 Car-dam'y-Ie 
 
 Cas-si'o-pe, or Cas ai- 
 
 Bo're-u3 
 
 Bu'iie-a 
 
 Cs-dic'i-us 
 
 Cal'li-a 
 
 *Car-de'sU9 
 
 o-pe'a 
 
 Bor'ge3 
 
 *Bii-ni'ma 
 
 *Ca;d'i-<:u3 
 
 CaMi'a-de9 
 
 Cani'pu3 Mar'ti-us 
 
 Car'di-a 
 
 •Cas-eil'c-ra 
 
 Bor-go'di 
 •Bo-ri'nu3 
 
 *Bii-no-me'a 
 
 Ca-'li-a 
 
 *Cal-li-a-ni'ra 
 
 Caiii-u-lo-gi'nu9 
 
 *Car'du-ffi 
 
 Ca3-9i-tcr'i-dc!i 
 
 Bii'nti3 
 
 *C'a;l'i-nus 
 
 *Cal-li'a-ru3 
 
 Ca'na 
 
 Car-du'clii 
 
 Cas'si-U3 
 
 Bor'nos 
 
 Bii'pa-Ius 
 
 C(E'li-U3 
 
 Cal'li-a3 
 
 Can'a-ce 
 
 •Car-dy'tU9 
 
 Ca-i-si-ve-lau'nuj 
 
 Bor-sip'pa 
 
 Bu'pha-gU3 
 Bu-pho'ni-a 
 Bii-pra'3i-uin 
 
 Ca;m'a-ro 
 
 Cal-lib'i-us 
 
 Caii'a-cho 
 
 Ca'reg 
 
 *Ca9-8o'pe 
 
 Bo'rus 
 
 Cie'ae, or fCffi-nop'o- 
 
 Cal-U-ce'ru3 
 
 Can'a-chU9 
 
 Car'e-sa 
 
 Cas-so'ti3 
 
 Bo-rys'the-nea 
 
 Ii3 
 
 Cal-licli'o-ru9 
 
 Ca'nie 
 
 ♦Ca-re'su9 
 
 Cas-lab'a-la 
 
 Bos'pho-rus, or *Bos'- 
 
 Bu'ra or fBu'ris 
 
 Cffi'ne-iis 
 
 Cal'li-cles 
 
 tCa-na'ri-a 
 
 Ca-rc9'su9 
 
 Caii'ta-bu9 
 
 po-rus 
 
 Bu-m'i-cus 
 
 *Ca;-ni'de3 
 
 Cal-li-co-lo'na 
 
 C.i-na'ri-i 
 
 Car-fin'i-a 
 
 Cas-ta'li-a, or Cas-ta'- 
 
 *Bos-lre'nus 
 
 *Biir-dig'a-la 
 
 CEii'i-des 
 
 *Cal-li-c<i-lo'ne 
 
 Can 'a-thun 
 
 Ca'ri-a 
 
 Ii-u3 Fons 
 
 •Bo-tro'dus 
 
 Biir'rhu3 
 
 Ca;-iii'na 
 
 Cal-lic'ra-les 
 
 Can'da-ce 
 
 Ca'ri-a3 
 
 •Ca.s'ta-lis 
 
 B«t'ti-a 
 
 Bur'sa 
 
 
 Cal-li-crat'i-das 
 
 Caii-da'vl-a 
 
 Ca-ri'a-to 
 
 Cas-la'ne-a 
 
 Bol-ti-ffi'is 
 
 Bur'si-a 
 
 Cie-not'ro-pffl 
 
 •Cal-Ii-dani'a-tea 
 
 Can-dau'les 
 
 tCa-ril'la 
 Ca-ri'na 
 
 tCa9-tbe'ne9 
 
 Bo-vi-a'num 
 
 Bu'sa 
 
 Cae'pi-o 
 
 Cal-Iid'i-U3 
 
 •Can-di'o-ni 
 
 Ca3-ti-a-ni'ra 
 
 t 
 
 161 
 
PROiNUNCIATION OF 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER N 
 
 AMES. 
 
 *Ca?-to'lU3 
 
 Cel'e-res 
 
 Cer-ci'na, or Cer-cin'- 
 
 Cha-ma'ni, and Cha- 
 
 Chi'ron 
 
 Cin'ci-a 
 
 Cle-on'y-mus 
 *Cle'o-pa3 
 
 Cas'tor and Pol'lm 
 
 Cf I'etium 
 
 na 
 
 nia'vi 
 
 Chil'o-ne 
 
 Cin-ciii-na'tu3 
 
 *Cas'to-res, pL 
 
 Ce'le-us 
 
 '^«r-cin'i-um 
 
 Cha'iie 
 
 *Clii-to'ne 
 
 Cin'ci-u3 
 
 Cie-op'a-ter 
 
 Cas-tra'ti-u3 
 
 Ct^l'iiius 
 
 Cer'ci-U3 
 
 Clia'on 
 
 tChil'ri-um 
 
 Cin'e-as 
 
 Cle-(ip'a tra 
 
 *Cas'tri-cu3 
 
 Cel'o-ns 
 
 Cer-co'pe3 
 
 Cha'o-nea 
 
 Chlo'e 
 
 Ci-iie'si-as 
 
 Cle-op'a-lris 
 Cle-oph'a-ne3 
 
 Cas'tu-lo 
 
 Cel'sus 
 
 Cer'cops 
 
 Clia-o'ni-a, and Cha-o- 
 
 Chk>'re-ua 
 
 Cin'e-thon 
 
 *Cat-€i-ba'neg 
 
 Cel'l* 
 
 Cer'cy-on, or Cer-cy'- 
 
 ni'tis 
 
 Clilo'ria 
 
 Ciii'ga 
 
 CIe-o-phaii'thu3 
 
 *Cat-a-clo'the3 
 
 *Certi-h(T 
 
 (viies 
 
 Cha'os 
 
 Clilo'rus 
 
 Cin-get'o-rix 
 
 Cle'o-phes 
 
 Cat-a-dii'pa 
 
 *CeI-ti-Le're3 
 
 *Cer-cy'on 
 
 *Char-ac-mo'ba 
 
 Clin-a-ri'na 
 
 tCin'gu-Ia-ni 
 
 Cle-oph'o-Iu3 
 Cle'o-phon 
 
 *Cat-a-du'pi 
 
 Cel-ti-be'ri 
 
 *Cer-cypii'a-liE 
 
 *Char-a-co'ma 
 
 Clio-as'pes 
 
 Cin'gu-lura 
 
 *Cat-a-ke-kau 'nie-ne 
 
 Cel'li-ca 
 
 Cer-cy'ra, or Cor-cy'- 
 
 Char'a-dra 
 
 *Clio'a-tr£e 
 
 Cin-i-a'la 
 
 Cle-o-pby'lu3 
 
 Cal-a-men'te-les 
 
 Cel'ti-ci 
 
 ra 
 
 Char'a-dros 
 
 Cbo'bus 
 
 Ci-nirh'i-i 
 
 CIe-o-poin'pu3 
 
 Cat'a-na 
 
 Cel-lil'lu3 
 
 *Cer-do'u3 
 
 tCiia-ra'dra3 
 
 Cli(Er'a-de3 
 
 Cin'na 
 
 Cle-(ip-tol'e-mu3 
 
 *Ca-ta'o-nes 
 
 *Cel- to-f a)'a-tas 
 Cel to'ri-i 
 
 Cer-dyl'i-ura 
 
 *Cliar'a-drus 
 
 *ChOB're-!E 
 
 Cin'na-don 
 
 Cle'o-pu3 
 
 Cat-a-o'ni-a 
 
 Ce-re-a'Ii-a 
 
 Clia-ra^'a-das 
 
 Ch(Er'i-lus 
 
 Cin'na-mus 
 
 Cle-o'ra 
 
 *Ca-taph'ry-ge3 
 
 Cel-los'ty-thiE 
 
 Ce'res 
 
 Char-an-diE'i 
 
 *Cho!-on-ti'chus 
 
 Cin-ni'a-na 
 
 Cle-os'tra-tua 
 
 Cat n-rac'ta 
 
 tCe'ma 
 
 Ce-res'su3 
 
 Cha'rax 
 
 Chon'ni-das 
 
 Cinx'i-a 
 
 Cle-ox'e-nu3 
 
 Cat-a-rac'tes 
 
 Cein'me- nus 
 
 Cer'e-tiE 
 
 Cha-rax'es, and Clia- 
 
 *Cho-nii'phis 
 
 Ci'nyps, and Cin'y- 
 
 Clep'sy-dra 
 
 *Ca-tar'rliy-tus 
 
 *Cemp'!-i 
 
 *Ce-re'te3 
 
 rax'u3 
 
 *Cho-ra'gus 
 
 phu3 
 
 Cle'ri 
 
 Cat'e-ne3 
 
 ITCen'a-brim, or Gen'- 
 
 Ce-ri-a'li3 
 
 Cha'res 
 
 Cho-ras'mi 
 
 Cin'y-ra3 
 
 Cles'i-de3 
 
 Ca-tliffi'a 
 
 a-buin 
 
 Ce'ri-i 
 
 Cbar'i-cleg 
 
 Cho-rin'e-us 
 
 Ci'os 
 
 Cle'ta 
 
 Catli'a-ri 
 
 Ce-nffi'um 
 
 fCe-ril'li 
 
 Cbar-i-cli'des 
 
 Clio-roB'bu3 
 
 *Ci-pe'ru3 
 
 *Clet-a-be'ni 
 
 Ca'ti-a 
 
 Cen'chre-as 
 
 Ce-ril'lum 
 
 Char'i-clo 
 
 Chi>r-om-na;'i 
 
 Cip'pii3 
 
 CIib'a-nu3 
 
 Ca-ti-e'na 
 
 Cen'chrfl-is 
 
 Ce-rin'thus 
 
 Char-i-de'mua 
 
 *Chor'o-ne 
 
 *Cir-cse'um 
 
 Cli-de'nms 
 
 Ca-ti-e'nus 
 
 Cen'chreua 
 
 *Cer'i-tes 
 
 Cliar'i-la 
 
 Chos'ro-es 
 
 Cir'ce 
 
 tCli'max 
 
 Cat-i-li'na 
 
 *Cen-clire'ii3 
 
 Cer-ma'nu3 
 
 Char-i-la'ua, and Cha- 
 
 Chie'mes 
 
 Cir-cen'ses Lu'di 
 
 Clim'e-nus 
 
 fCa-til'i-us 
 
 Cen'chri-U3 
 
 Cer'ne 
 
 ril'lU3 
 
 Chrem'e-tes 
 
 Cir'ci-iis 
 
 Cli'nas 
 
 Ca-til'li 
 
 Ce-nes'pn-iis 
 
 Cer'nea 
 
 Clia-ri'ni, and Ca-ri'- 
 
 Clires'i-phon 
 
 Cir'cus 
 
 Clin'i-as 
 
 Ca-til'l«s, or Cat'i-lus 
 
 Ce-ne'ti-um 
 
 Ce'ron 
 
 ni 
 
 Chre3-plion'te3 
 
 Ci'ris 
 
 Cli-nip'pi-de3 
 
 Ca-ti'na, or *Cat'i-na 
 
 Ce'ne-U3 
 
 Cer-o-pas'se-das 
 
 Cha'ria 
 
 Clires'tu3 
 
 Cir-rs'a-tum 
 
 Cli'nus 
 
 Ca'ti-U3 
 
 Cen-i-iiiag'ni 
 
 Ce-ros'su3 
 
 Clia-ris'i-a 
 
 Chro'ini-a 
 
 Cir'rha, and Cyr'rha 
 
 Cii'o 
 
 Cat-i'zi 
 
 Ce-ni'na 
 
 Cer'phe-res 
 
 Cliar'i-te3 
 
 Cliro'mi-os 
 
 Cir'tha, and Cir'ta 
 
 Cli-silh'e-ra 
 
 Ca'to 
 
 *Ce-ni'neg 
 
 tCer-re-ta'ni 
 
 Char'i-ton 
 
 Chro'mi3 
 
 Cis-al-pi'na Gal'li-a 
 
 Ciis'the-nes 
 
 Ca'tre-U3 
 
 Cen-o-ma'ni 
 
 Cer-rhte'i 
 
 tCliar'ma-daa 
 
 Chro'mi-u3 
 
 Cis'pa - 
 
 Cli'tffi 
 
 Cai'ta 
 
 Ce'noii 
 
 Cer-so-blep'tea 
 
 Char'ine, and Car'rae 
 
 Cliro'ni-us 
 
 Cis'sa 
 
 Cli-tar'chus 
 
 Cat'ti 
 
 Cen-so're3 
 
 Cer'ti-ma 
 
 Char'mi-daa 
 
 Cliro'nos 
 
 Cis'se-i3 
 
 Cli'te 
 
 Cal-u-Ii-a'na 
 
 Cen-so-ri'nus 
 
 Cer-to'ni-um 
 
 Char'mi-des 
 
 Ghry'a-sus 
 Chry'sa, and Chry'se 
 
 Cis-se'us 
 
 Cli-ter'ni-a 
 
 Ca-tiil'lus 
 
 Cen'su3 
 
 Cer-va'ri-u3 
 
 Char-mi'nus 
 
 Cis'si-a 
 
 Clit-fl-de'miis 
 
 Cat'u-!us 
 
 Cen-ta-re'tU3 
 
 *Cer'vi-ii3 
 
 Char-iiii'o-ne 
 
 Chrys'a-me 
 
 Cis'si-ae 
 
 Cli-tom'a-chus 
 
 tCa-tu'ri-ge3 
 
 Cen-taii'ri 
 
 t*Ce-ry'ce3 
 
 Char'inis 
 
 Cbry-san'tas 
 
 Cis'si-dea 
 
 Cli-ton'y-mu3 
 
 Caii'ca-sus 
 
 *Ceii-taii'ri-cu3 
 
 Ce-ryc'i-us 
 
 Cliar-mos'y-na 
 
 Chry-san'tlii-U3 
 
 Cis-soBs'sa 
 
 Clit'o-phon 
 
 *Ca-u'ci 
 
 Cen-tau'rus 
 
 Cer-y-mi'ca 
 
 Char'mo-las 
 
 Chry-san'ti3 
 
 fCis-so-es'sa 
 
 Cli'tor 
 
 Caii'con 
 
 *Cen-liin'a-nus 
 
 *Cer-y-ne'a 
 
 Char'mus 
 
 Chry-sa'or 
 
 Cis'sua 
 
 Ch-to'ri-a 
 
 *Caii-co'nes 
 
 Cen-lob'ri-ca 
 
 Cer-y-ni'te3 
 
 Clia'ron 
 
 *Chrys'a-or 
 
 Cis-su'sa 
 
 Cli-tiiin'nus 
 
 Caii'co-ne3 
 
 Ceii'to-res 
 
 Ce-sel'li-u3 
 
 Cha-ron'das 
 
 Chrys-a-o're-us 
 
 Cis-te'niE 
 
 Cli'tus 
 
 Caii'di, and Cau'di- 
 
 Cen-tor'i-pa, or fCen- 
 
 Ce-?en'iii-a 
 
 Char-o-ne'a 
 
 Cliry-sa'o-ris 
 
 *Cis-lhe'ne 
 
 *Clo-a'ca 
 
 11 m 
 
 lii'ri-pa 
 *Cen-tii'ri-pe 
 
 Ces'ti-U3 
 
 Clia-ro'ni-um 
 
 Chry'sas 
 
 *Cis-to-bo'ci 
 
 Clo-a-ci'na 
 
 *Cau-di'nus 
 
 Ces-ln'iia 
 
 Cha'rops, and Char'o- 
 
 *Chry-sas'pi-de3 
 
 Ci-thffi'ron 
 
 Clo-an'thus 
 
 Cau-lo'ni-a 
 
 Cen-tri'les 
 
 Ces-tri'nus 
 
 pes 
 
 Chry-se'is 
 
 Cith-a-ris'ta 
 
 Clo'di-a 
 
 tCau'ni-i 
 
 tCen-tro'ne3 
 Cen-tro'ni-U3 
 
 *Ce-te'i 
 
 *Char'o-pus 
 
 Chry-ser'iiiU3 
 
 *Ci-the'la3 
 
 Clo'di-U3 
 
 Cau'ni-us 
 
 Ce'tes 
 
 Cha-ryb'dis 
 
 *Clirys'e-ru3 
 
 *Cith'e-ron 
 
 CIcc'li-a 
 
 Cau'nu3 
 
 Cen-tiiin'vi-ri 
 
 Ce-the'gu3 
 
 *Chat'ra-mi9 
 
 Chry'ses 
 
 Cit'i-um 
 
 CltB'li-GB 
 
 Cau'ros 
 
 Cen-tu'ri-a 
 
 Ce'ti-i 
 
 Cliau'bi, arid Chau'ci 
 
 Cliry-sip'pe 
 
 Ci'us 
 
 Cks'Ii-ug 
 
 Caii'rus 
 
 Ce'os, and Ce'a 
 
 Ce'ti-U3 
 
 Cliau'la 
 
 Chry-sip'pus 
 Chry'sis 
 
 Ci-vi'lis 
 
 Clo'nas 
 
 Ca'us 
 
 Cepl]'a-Ias 
 
 Ce'to 
 
 Cliau'ru3 
 
 Ciz'y-cum, or fCyz'i- 
 
 Clon'di-cu3 
 
 tCiv'a-res 
 
 Ceph-a-le'di-on 
 
 Ce'us, and Ck'us 
 
 *Cbav'o-ne3 
 
 Chrys-o-as'pi-de3 
 
 CU3 
 
 Clo'ni-a 
 
 Cav-a-ril'lii9 
 
 Ce-phal'len 
 
 Ce'yx 
 
 *Clia-y'ci 
 
 *Cliry-soc'e-ro3 
 *Chrys'o-cher 
 
 Cla'de-U3 
 
 CIo'ni-u3 
 
 Cav-a-ri'uus 
 
 Ceph-a-le'na, and 
 
 *Clia-be'ru3 
 
 *Clia-ze'iie 
 
 Cla'iies 
 
 Clo'tlio 
 
 Ca'vi-i 
 
 Ceph-al-le'ni-a 
 
 Cha'be3 
 
 tChe'a 
 Che'lE 
 
 Chry-sog'o-nus 
 
 Cla'nis 
 
 Clii-a-ci'na 
 
 Ca-y'ci, or Chau'ci 
 
 *Cepli-al-le'ni 
 Cepli'a-lo 
 
 Clia-bi'nus 
 
 Chrys-o-la'us 
 
 Cla'ni-us, or fCla'nis 
 
 Clu-en'ti-u3 
 
 Ca-y'cu3 
 
 tCi)a-bo'ru3 
 
 Clie'les 
 
 *Chrys-o-lo'ra3 
 
 *C'la-ra'nus 
 
 Chi'pe-a, and C.yp'e-a 
 
 Ca-ys'ter, or Ca-ys'- 
 
 Ceph-a-l(B'dis, and 
 
 Cha'bri-a 
 
 Chel-i-do'ni-a 
 
 tCliry-son'di-um 
 
 Cla'rus, or fCla'ros 
 
 Chi'si-a 
 
 trus 
 
 Cepli-a lu'di-um 
 
 Clia'bri-a3 
 
 Cliel-i-do'ni-a: 
 
 Chry-sop'o-tis 
 
 Clas-tid'i-um 
 
 Chi-si'iii Fon'te3 
 
 *Caz'e-ca 
 
 Cepli'a-lon 
 
 *Cha'bry-i3 
 
 Che-lid'o-ni3 
 
 Chry-sor'rho-a", or 
 
 Clau'di-a 
 
 Clu-si'o-Iura 
 
 Ce'a, Ce'os, or Cos 
 
 Ceph-a-lot'o-mi 
 
 CliE-an'i-t!E 
 
 *Clie-lid-o-ni'sum 
 
 Chry-sor'rho-as 
 
 Clau'di-iE A'quffi 
 
 Clu'si-uin 
 
 Ce'a-des 
 
 Ceph'a-lu3 
 
 *CliiB're-a 
 
 Cliel'o-iie 
 
 *Chry-sos'to-inii3 
 
 Clau-di-a'nu3 
 
 CUi'si-u3 
 
 tCe'ba 
 
 *Ce-plie'i3 
 Ce-phe'nes 
 
 Chffi're-a3 
 
 Cliel'o-ni3 
 
 *Chry-sotli'e-mi3 
 
 Clau-di-op'o-li3 
 
 Clu'vi-a 
 
 Ceb-al-li'nus 
 
 CbEBr-e-de'mu9 
 
 Chel-o-noph'a-gi 
 
 Chryx'us 
 Chtho'ni-a 
 
 Claii'di-U3 
 
 Clu'vi-iis Ru'fu3 
 
 Ceb-a-ren'sea 
 
 Ce'phe-113 
 
 Chffi-re'inon 
 
 Chel-y-do'ri-a 
 
 Clau'sus 
 
 Clym'e-ne 
 
 Ce'bes 
 
 Ce-pliis'i-a 
 
 Clisr'e-phon 
 Chffi-res'tra-ta 
 
 Clieni'mis 
 
 Chllio'ni-us 
 
 Cla-vi-e'nus 
 
 *Clym-e-ne'i-des 
 
 Ce'brcn 
 
 Ceph-i-si'a-des 
 
 Clie'na 
 
 *ClithQn-o-phy'le 
 
 Clav'i-ger 
 
 Clyiii'e-nug 
 
 Ce-bre'ni-a 
 
 Ce-phis-i-do'rus 
 
 Chas rin'tliu9 
 
 Clie'niE 
 
 *Ci-a-gi'si 
 
 Cla-zom'e-n£e, and 
 
 Cly-son'y-mus 
 
 *Ce-bre'ni8 
 
 Ce-pbis'i-on 
 
 Clia'-rip'pu3 
 
 Clie'ni-on 
 
 tCib'a-l!E 
 
 Cla-zom'e-na 
 
 Cly-son-y-mu'sa 
 
 Ce-bri'o-nes 
 
 Cepli-i-sod'&'tu3 
 
 Chffi'ro 
 
 Che'iii-U3 
 
 Cib-a-ri'tis 
 
 Cle'a-das 
 
 Clyt-eiti-nes'tra 
 Clyl'i-a, or Clyt'i-e 
 
 tCe'brus 
 
 Ce-phi'sus, or Ce- 
 piiis'siis 
 
 Cbter-o-ne'a, and 
 
 *Che'o-pes 
 
 *Ci-bo'tu3 
 
 *Cle-a:r'e-ta 
 
 Cec'i-das 
 
 Cher-ro-ne'a 
 
 Che'ops, and Che-os'- 
 
 Cib'y-ra 
 
 Cle-an'der 
 
 Clyt'i-us 
 Cly'tus 
 
 Ce-cil'i-us 
 
 Cc'pliren 
 
 Ce'pi-o, or jCa'pi-o 
 
 Clia-lEe'on 
 
 pes 
 
 Cic'e-ro 
 
 Cle-an'dri-das 
 
 fCe-ci'na 
 
 Chal-cis'a 
 
 Clie'phren 
 
 tCich'y-ris 
 
 Cle-an'thes 
 
 Cna-ca'di-um 
 
 Cec'i-na 
 
 Ce'pi-on 
 
 Chal'ce-a 
 
 Cher-e-inoc'ra-tea 
 
 Cic'o-iie3 
 
 Clc-ar'chus 
 
 Cnac'a-lis 
 
 Ce-cin'i!a 
 
 Ccr'a-ca 
 
 *ChaIce'a 
 
 Clie-ris'o-phu3 
 
 Ci-cu'ta 
 
 Cle-ar'i-des 
 
 *Cnac'a-!u9 
 
 Ce-cro'pi-a 
 
 Ce-rac'a-tes 
 
 Chal-ce'Jon, and Chal- 
 
 Cher'o-plion 
 
 *Cic-y-ne'tbu8 
 
 CIe'inen3 
 
 Cria'gi-a 
 
 Ce-crop'i-dffl 
 
 Ce-ratn'bus 
 
 ce-<Jo'ni-a 
 
 Cher'si-as 
 
 *CiI'i-ce3 
 
 Cle'o 
 
 Cnc'rrr.is 
 
 *Cec'ro-pi3 
 
 Cer-a-nii'cu9 
 
 *Chal-cet'o-re3 
 
 Cher-sid'a-maa 
 
 Ci-lic'i-a, and Ci-lis'sa 
 
 Cle'o-bi3 
 
 Cno'u?, or Cr.s'us 
 
 Ce'crops 
 
 Ce-ra'ini-um 
 
 Clia!-ci-do'ne 
 
 Cher'si-pho 
 
 Ci'lix 
 
 Cle-o-bu'Ia 
 
 Cni-din'i-uni 
 
 *Ce-cryph-a-le'a 
 
 Cer'a-inus 
 
 Chal-ci-den'sea 
 
 tCher'si-phron 
 
 Cil'la 
 
 Cle-ob-u-li'na 
 
 Cni'dus, or Gni'dus 
 
 Ce'don 
 
 Ce'ras 
 
 Clial-cid'e-ua 
 
 *Clier-so'na 
 
 Cil'les 
 
 Cle-o-bu'hi9 
 
 Cno'pus 
 
 *Ce-dre'a 
 
 Cer'a-sus 
 
 Chal-cid'i-ca 
 
 Cher-so-ne'siis, or 
 
 Cil'lii3 
 
 Cle-o-cha're3 
 
 Cnos'si-a 
 
 Cc-dre-a'tia 
 
 Cer'a-la 
 
 Chal-cid'i-cu3 
 
 Cher-ro-ne'sua 
 
 Cil'iii-U3 
 
 Cle-o-cha'ri-a 
 
 jCnos'sus 
 
 Ce-dru'si-i 
 
 *Ce-ra'thus 
 
 "■Chal-ci-ffi'cua 
 
 Che-rus'ci 
 
 Ci'lo 
 
 Cle-o-difi'us 
 
 Cno'sus 
 
 Cec'lu-sa 
 
 *Ce-ra'ton 
 
 Chal-ci'o-pe 
 
 Cliidii.i;'i 
 
 Cim'ber 
 
 Cle-od'a-mii3 
 
 Co-a-nia'ni 
 
 Ce'i 
 
 Ce-ra'tus 
 
 Chal'cis 
 
 *Clii-do'rii3 
 
 Ciin-be'ri-ua 
 
 Cle-o-de'mus 
 
 Co-as'triE, and Co-ac'- 
 
 C<!)'a.don 
 
 Ce-rau'ni-a 
 
 »Chal-ci'te3 
 
 Chil-i-ar'chua 
 
 Cim'bri 
 
 Cle-o-do'ra 
 
 tra^ 
 
 Ccl'a-diis 
 
 Ce-rau'ni-i 
 
 Chal-ci'ti3 
 
 Chil'i-us, and Chil'e- 
 
 Cim'bri-cum 
 
 Clo-o-dox'a 
 
 Cob'a-re3 
 
 Ce-laj'nas, c jCe-le'- 
 
 Ce-rau'nii9 
 
 Chat 'co-don 
 
 U3 
 
 *Cim'brl-cu3 
 
 Cle-og'e-nea 
 
 Coc'a-Ui3 
 
 iie 
 
 Ce-rau'si-u9 
 
 Clial'con 
 
 Chi'lo 
 
 Cim'i-iuis 
 
 Cle-o-la'us 
 
 Coc-ce'i-ua 
 
 Ce-lffi'no 
 
 fCcr'ba-lus 
 
 Chal'cua 
 
 Clii-lo'nia 
 
 Cini-nie'ri-i 
 
 Cle-oin'a-rhus 
 
 Coc-cyg'i-ua 
 
 •Ce'le-t6 
 
 Cer-be'ri-on 
 
 Clial-dic'a 
 
 Chi-nia;'ra 
 
 Ciiii'me-ri3 
 
 Cle-o-inan'tC3 
 
 Co'cb'8 
 
 Ce-le'i-a, and Ce'la 
 
 Ccr'be-rus 
 
 Chal-die'i 
 
 C'bim'a-rua 
 
 •Cini-me'ri-um 
 
 Cle-om'bro-tua 
 
 *Ooc li-tcs 
 
 Cel-c-la'tcs 
 
 Ccr'ca-pliiis 
 
 Cha-lc8'tra 
 
 *Cbini'e-ra 
 
 Ci-nio'li3, and Ci-no'- 
 
 Cle-o-me'di>3 
 
 Coc'ti-ir, and Col'ti-ffi 
 
 Co-leii'dra:, Ce-lcn'- 
 
 Cer-ca-io'ium 
 
 ♦Chnl'c-to8 
 
 Chi me'ri-iim 
 
 lis 
 
 Cle-oiu'e-ne3 
 
 Co-cy'tug 
 
 driii, and Ce-len'de- 
 
 Ci-r-ce'ia 
 
 Chal-o-ni'tis 
 
 Cbi-niii'a-ra 
 
 Ci-mo'lua 
 
 Cle'on 
 
 j"(Jo-(lu'niis Si'nu9 
 
 rln 
 
 Cer-ce'ne 
 
 Cbal'y-bes, and Cal'y- 
 
 Chi'on 
 
 Ci'inoii 
 
 Cle-o'ntE, and Cle'o-na 
 
 Co-doin'a-nua 
 
 Ce-lc'ne-in 
 
 Ccr-cea'leB 
 
 bf'B 
 
 Cbi'o-ne 
 
 Ci-iiu;'lhon, or Ci-no'- 
 
 Cle-o'no 
 
 Cod'ri-da; 
 
 Ce-leii'na, or Ce-la;'- 
 
 *Cer'ce-la) 
 
 tClinl'y-bon 
 
 Chi-on'o-des 
 
 thiin 
 
 Clu-o-ni'ca 
 
 Co-drop'o-lis 
 
 na 
 
 Cer'ci-dc< 
 
 (;hul-y-bo-ni'tii 
 ♦Cha'lyb* 
 
 Chi'o-nia 
 
 ♦Ciii'M-rn 
 
 Cle-o-ni'cua 
 
 Co'drua 
 
 Co'ler 
 
 Cer'ci-i 
 
 Chi'os 
 
 Ci-nar'u-daa 
 
 Cle-on'nia 
 
 CcB-cil'i-ui 
 
 130fi 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 ('m IiilV'-la; 
 tCu;'lc 
 
 Ccel e-syr'i-a, and 
 
 Ca-I-o-sjr'i-a 
 C<E'li-a 
 Coel-i-ob'ri-ga 
 Cce'li-us 
 CcB'liis 
 Cce'nua 
 Ocer'a-nus 
 Co'es 
 ♦Ctps'y-ra 
 Cie'us 
 Cug'a-mus 
 CoiT-i-dii'iius 
 Co'lii-bus 
 Co'hors 
 *Col-a-cc'a 
 Co-lic'niis 
 *Co-lan'co-nim 
 Co-la.v'a-is 
 Co-l.i\'es 
 Col'clii 
 
 Col'cliis, and Col'clloa 
 
 Co-lrii'da 
 
 Co'li-as 
 
 C(il-la'ti-a 
 
 CuMa-ti'nus 
 
 Col-li'iia 
 
 Cul-lii'ci-a 
 
 Co'Io 
 
 Co-lo'niE 
 
 Co-lo'ne 
 
 tCo-lo'ni-a 
 
 Civlo'nos 
 
 Col'o-piion 
 
 Co-Ios'se, and Co-los'- 
 
 sis 
 
 Co-Ios's»9 
 
 fCo-lo'tt'S 
 
 Col'pe 
 
 •Col-the'ne 
 
 fCol-u-hra'ri-a 
 
 Co-liim'ba 
 
 Col-ii-incl'la 
 
 tCo liii .'r". Her'cu-Iis 
 
 Co-lii'thu* 
 
 Co-lyl'ms 
 
 Coin-a-ge'na 
 
 Coni-a-se'ni 
 
 Co-ma'na 
 
 Cii-ma'ni-a 
 
 fCo-m^i're-a 
 
 (;oin'a-ri 
 
 Com'a-riis 
 
 Cn-iiias'lii3 
 
 *Co-iiia'ta 
 
 Coni-ha'bus 
 
 Coiii'be 
 
 Com'bi 
 
 Com-bre'a 
 
 Coin'bu-tis 
 
 *Co-ine'(lffi 
 
 Co-me'tes 
 
 Com'e-tho 
 
 C(>-inin'i-U3 
 
 Co-iiiit'i-a 
 
 Co'iiii-iis 
 
 *Coin-nia-j;e'nu3 
 
 Coiii'iiiu-dU3 
 
 Co'nion 
 
 Coin-|)i-ta'li-a 
 
 *Uom-plu'tiim 
 
 CiiiMp'sa-tu3 
 
 Com-pii'sa 
 
 tCo'inuin 
 
 Co'nins 
 
 Con'ca-ni 
 
 Con-ci>r'(li-a 
 
 Ci>n'da-lii3 
 
 Con'da-te 
 
 ir*Con-da'to 
 
 tCon-di-vic'niim 
 
 Con-do-cha'tes 
 
 (^on-d rii'si 
 
 C'on-<tyl'i-a 
 
 *Con-dy'lU3 
 
 Co'ne 
 
 Con-e-to-dii'nus, and 
 
 tCot-ii-a'tU3 
 Con-f»'ci-U3 
 Con-ge'du3 
 tCo-ni'a-ci 
 Ci>'ni-i 
 
 tCo-nim'bri-ca 
 
 Cnn-i-8al'tu» 
 
 Co-nis'ci 
 
 Coii-ni'das 
 
 Co'iion ■ 
 
 •Co-n*/pe 
 
 •Coii-o-pe'iim 
 
 *Co-iu>'(M*-um 
 
 Cun-seii'tes 
 
 Con-sen'ti-a 
 
 Con-sid'i-us 
 
 Con-si-li'num 
 
 CiHi'staii!) 
 
 <'(in-slaii'li-a 
 
 ♦Coii-slaii-ti'a, (a city) 
 
 Con-stan-ti'na 
 
 Con-slan-ti-nop'o-lis 
 
 C'on-stan-li'mi3 
 
 Con-stan'ti-U3 
 
 tCon'sii-les 
 
 Coii'sus 
 
 Con-syg'na 
 
 Co!i-la-des'diis 
 
 ♦Con-to po-ri'a 
 
 Cnntii'bi-a 
 
 ♦Co'niis Con-col'o-rU3 
 
 *Con've-ii!e 
 
 Co'on 
 
 Co'os, Cos, Ce'a, and 
 
 Co 
 Co'pns 
 *Cop'a-i3 
 Co'phaa 
 Co-plion'tis 
 Co'pi-a 
 Co-pil'lus 
 Co-po'iu-U3 
 Cop'ra-tes 
 Co'prc-113 
 
 Cop'tus, or Cop'tos 
 Co'ra 
 
 Cor-a-ce'si-um, or 
 Cor-a-cen'si-um 
 Cor-a-co-na'siis 
 *Cor-a-co-ne'su3 
 Co-ral'e-ta, 
 *Co-ra'li 
 Co-ral'li 
 Co-ra'nus 
 Co'ras 
 Co'rax 
 Co-ra\'i 
 Cor'be-iis 
 
 Cor'bis and fOr'su-a 
 O r'bii lo 
 •Cor'ro-ba 
 *Cor'co-ra3 
 Cor-cy'ra 
 Cor'du-ba 
 Cor-du-e'ne 
 *(;or-dy'la 
 Co' re 
 Co-res'su3 
 Cor'e-sii3 
 *C<>-re'su3 
 Cor'e-tas 
 Cor-fin'i-um 
 -Co'ri-a 
 *C(i-ri'a 
 Co-rin'e-uin 
 Co-rin'na 
 Co-rni'nns 
 Co-rin'thii3 
 Co-ri-o-la'nus 
 Co-ri'o-li, and Co-ri- 
 
 ol'la 
 Co-ris'sii3 
 *Co-ri'tha 
 Cor'i-tns 
 Cor'ina-sa 
 Cor'ning 
 Cor-ne'li-a 
 Cor-ne'li-i 
 Cor-nic'ii-Iiim 
 Cor-ni-fic'i-us 
 Cor'ni-ger 
 Cor-nu'tiis 
 Co-r(E'bu3 
 Co-ro'na 
 Cor-o-ne'a 
 fCo-ro'ni-a 
 *Cor-o-ni'de9 
 Co-ro'ni9 
 Co-ron'ta 
 Coro'nu3 
 *Co-ro'pe 
 Cor-rha'gi-um 
 *Cor-se'a 
 Cor'si 
 Cor'si-a 
 Cor'si-ca 
 Cor'so-te 
 fCor-su'ra 
 tCor-to'na 
 C'or-to'nse 
 •Cor-ty'na 
 CoMin-ca'nus 
 Co'rii3 
 Cur-vi'nus 
 Cor-y-bnn'tes 
 Cor'y-has 
 Cor-y-bas'sa 
 Cor'y-bii3 
 Co-ryc'i-a 
 Cci-n c'i-de3 
 Co-ryc'i-iis 
 Cor'y-cU3 
 
 *Co-ry'cii3 
 Cor'y-don 
 
 Cor'y-la, or ('or-y-le'- 
 um 
 
 Co-ryin'bi-fer 
 Cor'yna 
 
 Cor-y-ae'ta, or Cor-y- 
 
 ne'tps 
 Cor-y-pba'si-uni 
 tCor'y-plie 
 *Co-ry'tlia 
 Cor-y-tlien'scs 
 Cor'ythus 
 Co-ry'tu3 
 Cos 
 
 Co'sa, Cos'sa, Co'ste 
 
 Cos-co'iii-U3 
 
 Co-sin'ga3 
 
 Co'sis 
 
 Cos'inus 
 
 Cos'se-a 
 
 Cos'sus 
 
 Cos-su'ti-i 
 
 *Cos-t()-bo'cl 
 
 Cos-tobcB'i 
 
 Co-sy'ra 
 
 Co'tes, or Cot'te3 
 
 Co'ilion 
 
 Co-tlio'ne-a 
 
 *Cot-i-nu'5a 
 
 Cot'i-so 
 
 Cot'ta 
 
 Cot'ti-!e Al'pcs 
 
 Cot-to'nis 
 
 Cot'tus 
 
 Co-ty-as'iini 
 
 *Co-ty-a-i'o)i 
 
 Col-y-lLE'us 
 
 Co-tyl'i-u3 
 
 Co-ty'o-ra 
 
 *Co-ty'o-m3 
 
 Co'tys 
 
 •Co-ty'to 
 
 Co-tyt'to 
 
 Cra'gu3 
 
 Crani-bn'sa 
 
 *Cram'bu-lis 
 
 *Cran 'a-e 
 
 Craii'a-i 
 
 Crnn'a-pe3 
 
 Criin'a-U3 
 
 Cra'ne 
 
 *Cra-ne'a 
 
 Cra-iie'um 
 
 Cra'ni-i 
 
 Cra'non, or Cran'non 
 
 Craii'tor 
 
 *Crap'a-thii3 
 
 fCras'si-pes 
 
 Cras-sit'i-ii3 
 
 Cras'siis 
 
 Cr;is-li'n!i3 
 
 1I*Cras'ti-nu3 
 
 Crat'a-is 
 
 Cra-ta;'u3 
 
 Cra'ter 
 
 Crat'e-rus 
 
 Cia'tes 
 
 Crat-es-i-cle'a 
 
 Crut-e-sip'o-lis 
 
 Crat-e-si|i'pi-das 
 
 tCra'le-ii3 
 
 Cra-te'vas 
 
 Cra'tliis 
 
 Cra-ti'nu3 
 
 Cra-lip'pu3 
 
 Cral'y-lu3 
 
 Craii'si-!E 
 
 Craii'3i3 
 
 Cra-ux'i-das 
 
 Crein'e-ra 
 
 Crein'i-de3 
 
 Crein'ma 
 
 ♦Cre'my-on 
 
 Crein'niy-on, or 
 
 Crom'iny-on 
 Creni'ni, or Crcra'nos 
 Cre-nio'na 
 Crc-mn'ti-ii9 
 *Cre-na'cus 
 Cre'on 
 
 Cre-on-li'a-des 
 
 Cre-oph'i-liis 
 
 *Cre-o-phy'Iu3 
 
 *Cri'-o-po'lus 
 
 Cre-pe'riii3 
 
 *Crepli-a-ge-ne'tus 
 
 Crcs 
 
 Cre'sa, or Cres'sa 
 
 tCres'sas 
 
 Cre'si-119 
 
 Cres-phon'tes 
 
 Cres'si-us 
 
 Cres'ton 
 
 •Crps-to'ne 
 
 Cre'sua 
 
 Crc'la 
 
 Cre'tic-us 
 
 Crc'io 
 
 Cre'te-a 
 
 Cre'tcs 
 
 Cre'to-ii3 
 
 Cre'the-i3 
 
 Cre'Ihe-us 
 
 ♦Cre-thi'des 
 
 *Cre'thon 
 
 Creth'o-na 
 
 Cret'i-cu3 
 
 Cre-u'sa 
 
 Cre-ii'si3 
 
 Cri'a-siis 
 
 Cri-nip'pu8 
 
 Cri'ni3 
 
 Cri-ni'sus, or Cri-mi'- 
 
 SU9 
 
 Cri'no 
 
 *Cri-o'a 
 
 Cri'son 
 
 Cris-pi'na 
 
 Cris-pi'nus 
 
 Crit'a-la 
 
 tCri-tlie'i3 
 
 Cri-llio'te 
 
 Crit'i-as 
 
 Cri'to 
 
 CrU-o-hu'lu3 
 
 tCril-o-de'inu3 
 
 Crit-op-na'tus 
 
 Crit-o-la'iis 
 
 *Cri'u-Me-to'pon 
 
 Cri'iis 
 
 Cro-bi'a-lu3 
 
 Crob'y-zi 
 
 Croc'a-le 
 
 Cro'ce-a; 
 
 *Croc-<i-di'lon 
 
 Croc-o-di-lop'o-lis 
 
 Cro'ciis 
 
 *Croc-y-le'a 
 
 Cra'sus 
 
 Oro-i'tes 
 
 Cro'nii 
 
 fCro-nii'tis 
 
 Croni'iny-on 
 
 Croin'iia 
 
 Cro'niu3 
 
 Cro'ni-a 
 
 Cron'i-de3 
 
 Cro'ni-iim 
 
 Cro'plii 
 
 Cros-sai'a 
 
 *Crot'a-le 
 
 CrQt'a-lu3 
 
 Cro'lon 
 
 Cro-to'na 
 
 fCrot-o-ni'a-tae 
 
 *Cro-to-ni-a'ta 
 
 Crol-o-ni'a-tis 
 
 Cro-to'pi-as 
 
 Cro-to'pus 
 
 fCro'tiis 
 
 Cru'nos 
 
 Cni'sis 
 
 Criis-tn-me'ri 
 
 *Crtis-tu'me-ri 
 
 Crus-lu-nie'ri-a, or 
 
 Crus tii-nie'ri-ura 
 Crns-lii-ini'niim 
 Crus tii'nii-iim, Crus- 
 
 tu'niis, and Crus- 
 
 tur-ne'ni-u3 
 Cry'nis 
 *Cryp-te'a 
 Cte'a-tus 
 Cteni'e-ne 
 Cte'no3 
 Cte'si-aa 
 Cte-sib'i-us 
 Ctes'i-cles 
 Cte-sil'o-chus 
 Ctes'i-plion 
 Cte-si|>'pus 
 Ctiin'e-ne 
 *Cii'c»-fa9 
 Cu'la-ro 
 
 Cu'nia, or Cu'nite 
 
 Cii-nax'a 
 
 *Cu-ni'na 
 
 Cu-pa'vo 
 
 C»-pcn'tu3 
 
 Cu-pi'do 
 
 Cii-pi-en'ni-us 
 
 Cu're3 
 
 Cu-re'tes 
 
 Cii-rc'tis 
 
 Cu'ri-a 
 
 Cu-ri-a'ti-i 
 
 Uu'ri-o 
 
 ♦Cii-ri-o'ne3 
 
 Cu-ri-o-sol'i-ta 
 
 Cii'ri-iini 
 
 Cu'ri-U3 Der.-ta'tus 
 
 Ciir'ti-a 
 
 <;iir-tiriii3 
 
 Cur^li-«s 
 
 Cu-ra'li9 
 
 Ciis-sffi'i 
 
 fCu'siis 
 
 Cu-til'i-um 
 
 Cy-ani-o-so'rus 
 
 Cy'a-ne 
 
 Cy-a'ne-<B 
 
 ♦Cy-a'nc-e, or Cy-a'- 
 
 ne-a 
 Cy-a'ne-iis 
 Cy-a-nip'pe 
 Cy-a-nip'pU3 
 Cy-a-rax'es, or Cy- 
 
 ax'a-rcs 
 *Cyh'a-le 
 Cy-be'he 
 
 *Cy-be'la, and Cyb'c- 
 la 
 
 Cyb'e-lc 
 
 Cyb'e-lU3 
 
 Cyb'i-ra 
 
 tCy-bis'tri-a 
 
 Cy-ce'si-um 
 
 Cycli're-U3 
 
 *Cyc'la-des 
 
 *Cy-ciob'o-ni8 
 
 *Cy-clo-pa;-di'a 
 
 Cy-clo'pes 
 
 *Cyc lo-pe'u3 
 
 Cvc'nus 
 
 Cy'da 
 
 fCy'das 
 
 Cyd'i-a3 
 
 *Cyd'i mo9 
 
 Cy-dip'po 
 
 Cyd'niia 
 
 Cy'don 
 
 *Cyd-o-ne'a 
 
 *Cy-do'ne3 
 
 *Cyd-i>-ne'ua 
 
 Cy -do'ni-a 
 
 *Cy-do'ni-u3 
 
 Cyd'ra-ra 
 
 *Cy-drc'lu3 
 
 Cyd-ro-la'us 
 
 Cyc'nua 
 
 Cyl'a-bii3 
 
 fCyl-bi-a'ni 
 
 Cyl'i-ces 
 
 Cy-lin'diis 
 
 Cyl-lab'a-ri3 
 
 Cyria-ru3 
 
 Cyl'len 
 
 Cyl-lu'ne 
 
 Cyl le-ne'i-na 
 
 *Cyl-le-ne'u3 
 
 Cyl-lyr'i-i 
 
 Cy'lon 
 
 *Cyl-o-ni'iim 
 Cy'ma, or Cy'miE 
 *Cy-ine'lu3 
 *Cym'i-nu3 
 Cy-mod'o-co 
 Cy-inod-o-ce'a 
 Cy-niodo-ce'as 
 Cy'nie, or Cy'mo 
 *Cy-mo'lu3, or Ci- 
 
 ino'lus 
 Cyin-o-po-Ii'a 
 Cy-motli'o-e 
 Cyn-ffi-fii'rus 
 Cy-nie'ihi-uin 
 Cy-na'ne 
 Cy-na'pes 
 Cyn'a-ra 
 Cy-nax'a 
 Cyn'e-a3 
 *Cy-neg'p-t;n 
 *Cyn-e-gi'rus 
 Cy-ne'si-i, or Cyn'e- 
 
 ts 
 
 *Cy-ne'ttB 
 
 •Cyn-e-te'a 
 
 Cyn-e-tliU3'sa 
 
 Cyn'i-a 
 
 Cyn'i-ci 
 
 *Cyii'i-cii3 
 
 Cy-nis'ca 
 
 Cy'no 
 
 Cyn-o-ceph'a-lc 
 
 Cyn-o-ceph'a-li 
 
 Cyn-o-phon'tis 
 
 *Cy-nop'o-lis 
 
 Cy-nor'ta3 
 
 Cy-nor'ti-on 
 
 Cy'nos 
 
 Cyn-ivsar'ges 
 
 Cyn-us-se'ma 
 
 Cvn-i>-sii'ra 
 
 Cyn'iMi-a 
 
 Cyn'ibi-us 
 
 Cyn'tliiis 
 
 Cyn-u-ren'ses 
 
 Cy'niis 
 
 Cj p-a-ris'si, or Cyp-B- 
 
 ris'ai-a 
 Cyp-a-ris'»us 
 Cypli'a-ra 
 Cy|)-ri-a'nus 
 Cy'priis 
 *Cyp-sp'la 
 Cy|)-sc-l'i de3 
 Cyp'se-Iii3 
 Cy-rau'iii3 
 Cy're 
 
 Cyr-c-na'i-ca 
 
 Cyr-e-na'i-ci 
 
 Cy-re'no 
 
 *Cy-res'clia-ta 
 
 Cy-ri'a-de3 
 
 Cy-ril'IU3 
 
 Cy-ri'nu9 
 
 Cyr'ne 
 
 Cyr'nu3 
 
 *Cy-ro-pa;-di'a 
 
 Cyr-rie'i 
 
 Cyr'rlia-dte 
 
 Cyr'rlics 
 
 fCyr-rlies'ti-ca 
 
 Cyr'rlids 
 
 Cyr-ri-a'na 
 
 tCy-ro|>'o-li3 
 
 Cyr-si'bis 
 
 *Cyr'si-liis 
 
 *Cyr-to'na 
 
 Cy'ru3 
 
 Cy'ta 
 
 Cy-ta:'i3 
 
 Cy-the'ra 
 
 Cyth-e-raj'a, or Cytli- 
 
 c-re'a 
 Cyih'c-ris 
 *Cy-the'ri3 
 Cy-the're-U3 
 Cy-the'ri-U3 
 Cy-the'ron 
 Cy-the'run 
 CyUi'e-rus 
 Cyth'no3 
 Cy-tin'e-ura 
 Cyl-i3-so'ru3 
 *Cy-to'ri-u9 
 Cy-to'nis 
 Cyz-i-ce'ni 
 Cy/,'i-ciim 
 Cyz'i-cus 
 
 Da'je, or Da'h^ 
 
 Da'ci, or Da'csB 
 
 Da'ci-a 
 
 tUa'ci-U3 
 
 Dac'ty-li 
 
 l)ad'i-ca! 
 
 *Ua-du'chu9 
 
 Da'd'a-la 
 
 *D(Ed-a-le'a 
 
 PiE-da'li-on 
 
 Dwd'a-lus 
 
 D;e'mori 
 
 *I)a;:n'o-nes 
 
 *UiEra'o-nuin 
 
 Da'i 
 
 Da'i-clcs 
 
 tDa'i-dc3 
 
 Da'i^is 
 
 Da-iin'a-rhus 
 
 Da-im'e-ne3 
 
 Da'i-phrou 
 
 Ua-i'ra 
 
 Dal'di-a 
 
 *Dal'ma-ltB 
 
 Dal-ma'ti-3 
 
 Dal-nia'li-n3 
 
 tDal'nii-um 
 
 Dam-a-ce'lus 
 
 Dani'a-li3 
 
 *Da-fnar'c-tus 
 
 Da'mas 
 
 Dam-as-ce'na 
 
 *Dam-as cc'ne 
 
 Da-mas'ci-us 
 
 Da-inas'ciis 
 
 *Da-nia'si-a 
 
 Dam-a-sic'lhon 
 
 Dam-a-sip'pns 
 
 Dani-a-sis'ira-tiis 
 
 •Uam-a-si-lhy'inu9 
 
 Dam-a-silh'y-nu3 
 
 •Dam-a-si'ton 
 
 Da-ina-i'tes 
 
 •Dain'a-siis 
 
 *l)a'nie-a3 
 
 Da'mi-a 
 
 I Da-niip'pus 
 Da'ntis 
 
 fDani-no'ni-i, or 
 tDtiin no'iii i 
 Uarn'no-rix 
 Da'nio 
 l)ain'o-clc9 
 Da-inoc'ra-le3 
 I)a-inoc'ri-ta 
 Da-nioc'ri-tu3 
 *L)a-moni'c-lc3 ; 
 na'mon 
 
 *l)ani-o-ni'ciis i 
 
 nain-o-phnn'tiis j 
 
 Da-niopli'i-la 
 
 UaiMopli'i-lu3 I 
 
 Dain'o-plion 
 
 Ua-mos'tra-lus 
 
 Da-inox'e-nus , 
 
 Da-niyr'i-as 1 
 
 Da'na 
 
 Daii'a-e 
 
 Dan'a-i 
 I Da-iia'i-de3 
 I Dan'a-la 
 I Uan'a-U3 
 
 Daii'da-ri, or Dan- 
 dar'i-da; 
 
 Dan 'don 
 
 l).a-nu'bi-us 
 
 Da'o-chiis 
 I *Da'o-n(:3 
 
 Uaph'nx 
 I *Daph-ne'iis 
 
 Daph'ne 
 
 l)apli-ni'-pho'ri-a 
 
 I)apli'ni3 
 
 Dapb'iHis 
 
 Uar'a-ba 
 i *Dar'a-bes 
 ; t'Jar-an-ta'si-a 
 
 I)a'raps 
 
 Dar'da-ni 
 ' Uar-da'ni-a 
 
 Dar-dan'i-des 
 I Dar'da-ni3 
 ' Dar'da-nu3 
 
 *r)a-rc'i-um 
 
 Da'res 
 
 l)a-re'ti3 
 
 *Da-re'u3, or Da-ri'us 
 
 Da-ri'a 
 j Da-ri'a-vc3 
 
 *Da-ri'cus 
 
 Da-ri'tiE 
 
 Das'con 
 
 *Das-cy-le'>im 
 
 *Das-cy-li'ti3 
 
 Das'cy-lus 
 
 Da'se-a 
 ' Da'si-U3 
 
 I Das-sar'e-ta;, or Das- 
 
 sa-ri'tffi 
 , Das-sa-rc'ni, or Das- 
 I sa-ril'i-i 
 ' Dat'a-mes 
 I Dat-a-plier'nes 
 
 Da'tis 
 j Da'tos, or Da'lon 
 
 Dau'lis 
 
 Dau'ni 
 . Daii'ni-a 
 
 Dau'niin 
 I Dau'ri-fer, or Dau'ri- | 
 
 I 863 I 
 
 i Dav'a-ra 
 1 *Dcb'o-rus 
 
 *l)ec-a-du'chi 
 
 *De-cap'o lis 
 
 De-ceb'a-lu3 
 I *Dec-e-le'a 
 
 De-ce'le-iim 
 
 *Dec-e-li'cum 
 ' I)ec'e-lus 
 I De-ceni'vi-ri 
 I De-ce'li-a 
 I *l)e-ci-a'tum 
 I De-cid'i-us c^ax'a 
 I *Dtc'i-miis 
 
 De-cin'c-us 
 
 De'ci-us 
 
 *Dec'u-nia 
 
 *Oec-ii-ma'tra 
 
 De-cii'ri-<) ' 
 
 Ded-i-tam'c-nes | 
 
 De-ic'o-on 
 
 De-id-a-nii'a 
 
 1T*De-iI'e-on 
 
 Df-il'o-chus 
 
 Dc-im'a-chus 
 
 •Dc-i'o-ces 
 
 De-i'o-cbU3 
 
 De-i'o-ne 
 
 I)t»-i-o'nc-us 
 
 I>e-i-o-pe'i-a 
 
 •De-i-ol'a-ru3 
 
 1307 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Pe-iph'o-be 
 Ue-ipli'o-bus 
 De'i-phon 
 De-i-plion'te3 
 De-ip'y-le 
 De-ip'y-l"s 
 De-ip'y-rus 
 Dej-fi-ni'ra 
 *Diy 'o-ces 
 De-jnt'a-rus 
 Del'don 
 ne'li-a 
 De-li':i-de3 
 De'li-iim 
 Df'li-iis 
 Del-ma'ti-us 
 Del-njin'i-um 
 De'los 
 Del'phi 
 Del'plii-nis 
 Del-pliin'i-a 
 Del-iitiin'i-iim 
 Del'plmsi 
 Del-pliy'ne 
 Di'l'ta 
 *DeI-to'ton 
 Dem'a-des 
 De-ma!n'e-tiis 
 De-inas'o-ras 
 Dem-a-ra'ta 
 Dem-a-ra'tus 
 De-mar'cfius 
 Dem-a-re'ta 
 Dem-a-ris'te 
 fDe-ma'tri-a 
 De'ine-a 
 *De-me'ter 
 De-me'tri-a 
 •De-me'tri-as 
 De-me'tri-u3 
 De'mo 
 
 Dem-o-a-nas'sa 
 
 Dem-o-ce'des 
 
 De-moch'a-res 
 
 Dem'o-cles 
 
 De-moc'(i-on 
 
 De-inoc'ra-les 
 
 De-moc'ri-tus 
 
 De-inod'i-ce 
 
 De-mod'o-cus 
 
 *Dem-o-do'nis 
 
 De-mo'le-on 
 
 De-mo'le-u3 
 
 De'mon 
 
 Deni-o-nas'sa 
 
 De-mo'nax 
 
 Dem-o-ni'ca 
 
 Dem-o-ni'cu9 
 
 Dem-o-phan'uis 
 
 De-inoph'i-lus 
 
 Dem'o-phoii 
 
 Deiiiopli'o-on 
 
 De-mop'o-lis 
 
 De'inos 
 
 De-tnos'the-nes 
 De-inos'tra4u3 
 *De-mn'cliu3 
 Dem'y-lu3 
 *Den-se-le't» 
 De-od'a-tu3 
 De-o'ia 
 tDcr'be 
 Der'bi-ce3 
 ITDer'bi-ces 
 *Der-bi'ce3 
 Der'ce 
 *Der-cc'bi-i 
 Der-cen'nus 
 Der'ce-to, or Uer'ce- 
 ti9 
 
 Der-cyl'li-das 
 
 Der-cyl'lus 
 
 *DBr'cy-lo3 
 
 Dcr'cy-nus 
 
 Der-Fae'i 
 
 tDer-tho'na 
 
 be-rii-si-ai'i 
 
 ♦Dca'p<>-ta 
 
 *De-sii'da-ba 
 
 Dcu-ca'li-on 
 
 l)eii-ce'ti-ii3 
 
 Dcii'do-rix 
 
 *Dcii-ri'o-pu3 
 
 •Dcv'o-na 
 
 Dcx-am'e-no 
 
 Dex am'e-nus 
 
 Dex-ip'piia 
 
 Dex-iili'c-a 
 
 Dex'i-U3 
 
 Di'a 
 
 Di-ac-ope'iia 
 
 •Dl-a-crc-'a 
 
 •pi'a-crin 
 
 DI-ac-lor'l-de3 
 
 *Ui-adu'mo-iiiii 
 
 Di-a-du-me-ni-a'nu3 
 Di-a!'u9 
 
 Di'a-gon, or Di'a- 
 
 gura 
 tDi-a-gon'das 
 Di-ag'o-ras 
 Di-a'li3 
 Di-al'lus 
 
 Di-a-mas-ti-go'sis 
 
 Di-a'na 
 
 Di-:iii'a-sa 
 
 tDi-a'ni-um 
 
 *Di-aph'a-nes 
 
 Di-a'si-a 
 
 tDib'i-o 
 
 Di-cas'a 
 
 *Di-ca;-ar-che'us 
 *Di-ciE-ar-clu'a 
 Dicffi'u3 
 Di'ce 
 
 Dic-e-ar'chU3 
 Di-ce'ne-us 
 Dic'o-inas 
 Dic'te 
 
 Dic-tam'num, or Dic- 
 
 tyii'na * 
 Dic-ta'tor 
 Dic-tid-i-en'ses 
 Dic-tyn'na 
 Dic'tys 
 Did'i-ug 
 Di'do 
 Did'y-ma 
 Did-y-in!E'u3 
 Did-y-ma'on 
 Did'y-me 
 Did'y-mum 
 Did'y-mus 
 Di-eii'e-ces 
 Di-es'pi-ter 
 *Di-ge'na 
 Di-gen'ti-a 
 *Di-fe'ri 
 Dig'iiia 
 *Di-i-po-Ii'a 
 Di'i 
 
 Di-mas'su3 
 
 Di-nar'clms 
 
 *Din'dy-nia 
 
 *Din-dy-ine'iio 
 
 Din'dy-mu3 
 
 Din'i-a 
 
 Din'i-as 
 
 Din'i-che 
 
 Di-noch'a-res 
 
 Di-noc'ra-tes 
 
 Di-nod'o-chii3 
 
 *Din-o-gc-ti'a 
 
 Di-nol'o-chas 
 
 Di-nom'e-nes 
 
 Di'non 
 
 Di-nos'the-nes 
 
 Di-nos'tra-tus 
 
 *Di-o-c!ES-a-re'a 
 
 Di-o-cle'a 
 
 Di'o-cles 
 
 Di-o-cle-ti-a'nua 
 
 Di-o-do'rii9 
 
 Di-o'e-tas 
 
 Di-og'e-ne3 
 
 Di-o-ge'ni-a 
 
 Di-og'e-ini3 
 
 Di-og-ne'tu3 
 
 *Di-o-me'a 
 
 Di-o-rae'da 
 
 *Di-om-e-de'a 
 
 *l)i-om-e-de'ffi 
 
 Di-o-me'des 
 
 Di-o-me'don 
 
 *Di-o'mus 
 
 ni'on 
 
 Dl-o-na;'a 
 
 Di-o'ne 
 
 *Di-on-y-sc'ua 
 
 Di-o-nyu'i-a 
 
 Di-o-ny-si'a-dc3 
 
 Di-o-nys'i-a3 
 
 Di-o-nys'i-dc3 
 
 Di-o-ny3-i-o-do'rua 
 
 Di-o-ny3'i-on 
 
 Di-o ny-»ip'o-li3 
 
 Di-o-nys'i-us 
 
 *Di-o-ny'sua 
 
 Di-4|ph'a-nea 
 
 Di-o-phan'tua 
 
 Di-o-pas'nua 
 
 •Di-o-pl'les, or ♦l)i-o- 
 
 pi'thea 
 Di-on'o-lia 
 nUj'rca 
 Di-o-ryc'tiia 
 Di-os-cor'i-do« 
 •r)i-o«'c()-ruiu 
 Dl-us'co-rua 
 DI-o«-cu'rl 
 Di-oa'pa-ge 
 
 Di-os'po-li3 
 
 Di-o-ti'me 
 
 Di-o-ti'mii3 
 
 Di-ot're-phea 
 
 Di-ox-ip'pe 
 
 Di-ox-ip'pu3 
 
 Di-p^'cB 
 
 Diph'i-las 
 
 Dipl]'i-Iu3 
 
 Di-phor'i-das 
 
 *Diph'ry-ge3 
 
 Di-poe'naB 
 
 tDip'o-lis 
 
 llip'sas 
 
 *Dip'y-lum 
 
 Di'ra; 
 
 Dii'ce 
 
 Dir-cen'na 
 
 Dir'plii-a 
 
 tDir-pby'i-a 
 
 Dis-cor'dia 
 
 *Dis'co-rum 
 
 *Dis'o-ra 
 
 Dith-y-ram'biis 
 
 *Dit-i-o'ne3 
 
 Dit'ta-ni 
 
 fDi'um 
 
 Div-i-ti'a-cu3 
 
 tDiv-o-du'rum 
 
 *Div'o-na 
 
 Di'vus Fid'i-W3 
 
 Di-yl'lus 
 
 *Di-ze'ru9 
 
 Do-be'res 
 
 *Do-be'ru3 
 
 *Doc'i-Iis 
 
 *Doc-i-me'um 
 
 *Doc'i-mu3 
 
 Do'cle-a 
 
 Do-do'na 
 
 Dod-o-nie'ua 
 
 Do-do'ne 
 
 Do-don'i-de3 
 
 *Do'i-i 
 
 Dol-a-bel'la 
 
 Ddl-i-cha'on 
 
 Dol'i-che 
 
 *DoI'i-cbo3 
 
 *Do-li'on 
 
 *Do-Ii'o-ne3 
 
 *Do-li'o-ni3 
 
 Do'li-us 
 
 Dol-o-me'na 
 
 *Dtil-o-me'ne 
 
 Do'lon 
 
 Do-lon'ci 
 
 Doi'o-pe3 
 
 Do lo'plii-on 
 
 Do-lo'pi-a 
 
 *Dol-o-pi'on 
 
 Do'lop3 
 
 *Doin-i-du'ca 
 
 Donii-du'cua 
 
 Do-inin'i-ca 
 
 Do-mit'i-a 
 
 Do-mit-i-a'nu3 
 
 Do-mi-til'la 
 
 Do-niit'i-us 
 
 *Dom-iiot'i-nnra 
 
 *Dom-not'i-nu3 
 
 Do-na'tii3 
 
 Don-i-la'u3 
 
 Do-nn'ca 
 
 Do-ny'sa 
 
 Do-rac'te 
 
 *Dor-ce'a 
 
 Do're3 
 
 tDo'ri 
 
 *Dor'i-ca 
 
 Dor'i-cus 
 
 *Dor'i-da3 
 
 Do-ri-en'sea 
 
 fDo-ri-e'us 
 
 Dor'i-la3 
 
 Dor-i-Ia'u3 
 
 Do'ri-on 
 
 Do'ria 
 
 I)o-ris'cu3 
 
 Do'ri-um 
 
 IJo'ri-ua 
 
 *I)o-ros'to-lura 
 
 I)o-ros'to-rum 
 
 Dor-sen'nua 
 
 IJor'so 
 
 Do'riin 
 
 Do-ry'a-su8 
 
 Uo-ry'clus 
 
 Dor-y-lai'um, or Dor- 
 
 y-la;'ua 
 Dor'y-las 
 I)or-y-la'ua 
 *Do-ryph'o-rl 
 Do-rys'suB 
 Dos'ci 
 tDo-ai'o-daa 
 Do-al'a-dei 
 
 *Do-sith'e-us 
 
 Do-se'iius 
 
 tDo'soii 
 
 I5ot'a-da3 
 
 Do'to 
 
 Do'tU3 
 
 Dox-an'der 
 
 ITDiac'a-non, orDrac'- 
 
 o-non 
 Dra-ca'iius 
 *Drac'a-nus 
 Dia'co 
 
 Dra-con'ti-des 
 
 *Drac'o-num 
 
 Dra'cus 
 
 *Draiio'nu3 
 
 Dran'ce3 
 
 Dran-ai-a'na 
 
 Dran-gi'na 
 
 Dra'pes 
 
 Dre|>'a-na, or Drep'a- 
 
 num 
 Driin'a-chu3 
 *Dri-od'o-ne3 
 Dri-op'i-de3 
 I)ri'o3 
 Dro'i 
 
 *Dro-mach'e-tus 
 
 Dr0-II1!E'U3 
 
 Prop'i-ci 
 Dro'pi-on 
 
 Dni-en'ti-us, or Diu- 
 
 en'ti-a 
 *Dru-ge'ri 
 Dru'ge-ri 
 Dru'i-dtE 
 Dru-sil'la Liv'i-a 
 Dru'so 
 Dru'sus 
 Dry'a-des 
 Dry-an-ti'a-des, or 
 
 Dry-an'ti-des 
 *Dry-an-ti'des 
 Dry-mffi'a 
 Dry'mo 
 *Dry-mo'de3 
 Drj''inii3 
 *Diy-nEm'e-tum 
 Dry'o-pe 
 Dry-o-pe'i-a 
 Dry'o-pe3 
 
 Dry'o-pi3, or Dry-op'i- 
 
 da 
 Dry'op3 
 Dryp'e-tis 
 tDu'bis 
 tDu'bri3 
 Du-ce'ti-U3 
 Du-il'li-a 
 Du-il'li-us Ne'pos 
 Du-lich'i-um 
 *nii.Iop'o-li3 
 Dum'no-rix 
 Du'nai 
 *Du'ra-nu3 
 Dii-ra'ti-U3 
 *Du'ra-lo 
 Dii'ri-ug 
 
 *Du-ro-cor'to-rum 
 
 Dii-ro'ni-a 
 
 Du-um'vi-ri 
 
 Dy-a-gon'das 
 
 Dy-ar-den'sea 
 
 Dy'miE 
 
 Dy-mffi'i 
 
 Dy'nias 
 
 Dym'nua 
 
 Dy-nam'e-ne 
 
 *Dy-iias'te 
 
 Dy'ras 
 
 Dy-ras'pe3 
 
 tIJy'ri3 
 
 *Dy-ra'chi-uin 
 
 Dy-8au'le3 
 
 Dys-ci-ne'tu3 
 
 Dy-so'rum 
 
 *I)y-so'ru3 
 
 Dys-pon'ti-i 
 
 E. 
 
 E'a-«e« 
 
 E-a'nua 
 
 E-ar'i-nus 
 
 E-n'ai-utn 
 
 Eb'do-nie 
 
 *Eb'a-da 
 
 tR'bon 
 
 tEb'o-ra 
 
 E-bor'a-cum 
 
 TIEb-o-ra'cum 
 
 *Eb'o-ruin 
 
 *Eb-ro-i'ce3 
 
 tE-hu'dae 
 
 *Eb'u-ra 
 
 *Eb'ii-ro 
 
 Eli-u-ro'nes 
 
 *Eb u-ro-vi'ces 
 
 Eb'ii-sii3 
 
 Ec-a-me'da 
 
 Ec-bat'a-na 
 
 Ec-e-chir'i-a, or Es-e- 
 
 kir'i-a 
 tE-ce'tra 
 *E-clie'te 
 E-chcc'ra-tes, or 
 
 E-kek'ra-te3 
 *Ecb'e-da; 
 Ecb-e-da'mi-a 
 1T*Ecli-e-da-mi'a 
 E-cliel'a tus 
 E-cliel'ta 
 Ecli 'e-lus 
 E-cbem'bro-tu3 
 E-che'iiion 
 Ech'e-inii3 
 Ecli-e-ne'us 
 Ech'e-phron 
 E-chep'o-li3 
 *Ech-e-po'lu3 
 E-ches'tra-tu3 
 *Ech'e-t!a 
 *Ech'e-tra 
 *Ech'e-tus 
 E-cb ev-e-then 'sea 
 E-cbid'na 
 Ech-i-do'ni3 
 E-chin'a-des 
 E-clii'iion 
 E-clii'niis 
 Ecli-i-nus'sa 
 E-chi'on 
 E-chi-on'i-des 
 E-chi-o'ni-us 
 *E'clii-us 
 *E'cho 
 tEc-no'mo3 
 E-des'sa, or E-de'sa 
 E-dis'sa 
 E'don 
 *E-do'ne3 
 *Ed'o-ne3 
 E-do'ni 
 *E-dii'sa 
 E-dyl'i-u3 
 E-e'ti-on 
 *E-ga'le-03 
 E-gel'i-du3 
 E-ge'ri-a 
 E-ges-a-re'tu3 
 Eg-e-si'nu3 
 E-ges'ta 
 *E-ge'ta 
 Eg-na'ti-a 
 Eg-na'ti-us 
 E-i'on 
 E-i'o nea 
 
 E-i-o'ne-us, or E-jo'- 
 
 ne-us 
 *E-i-7,e'liis 
 EI-a-bon'ta3 
 E-ls'a 
 E-te'u3 
 
 *E-ls-u-ti'ciiu3 
 El-a-ga-ba'lu3, or El- 
 
 a-gab'a lus 
 *E-Ia'i3 
 El-a-i'tea 
 E-la'i-ii3 
 El-a-phe-bo'li-a 
 El-a-phi-ie'a 
 El'a-phii3 
 EI-ap-to'ni-u3 
 E-la'ra 
 El-a-te'a 
 E-la'tU3 
 *EI'a-tiis 
 E-la'vei 
 E'lc-a 
 E-le-a'te3 
 E-lcc'tra 
 E-lec'tra; 
 E-lec'tri-dea 
 E-lec'try-on 
 *EI-e-gi'a 
 E-le'i 
 EI-c-lo'ii3 
 E'leon 
 E-Ie-on'tuin 
 *EI-e-plian'ti-iio 
 El-e-pban'tis 
 El-e-pbnntopli'a-gi 
 *El-0|)ban-lo-tlif'r;L' 
 EI-e-phc'n(ir 
 EI-o-po'ru3 
 •El-oii-chi'n 
 J2'le-U8 
 El-eu-sln'i-a 
 
 *El-eii-si'nu3 
 
 E-leu'sis 
 
 E-leii'ther 
 
 E-leu'the-rE 
 
 El-eii-the'ri-a 
 
 E-leii-tber-o-cil'i-cPs 
 
 *E-leu-tbe-ro-la-co'iies 
 
 *E-leii'the-ru9 
 
 E-leu'tlio 
 
 tE-leii'tbe-ro3 
 
 E-!ic'i-us 
 
 E-li-en'sis, or E-li'a- 
 ' ca 
 El-i-nie'a 
 El-i-pha'si-i 
 E'lis 
 *E-fi'sa 
 E-lis'sa 
 E-Iis'sii3 
 *E-lo'ne 
 El-Io'pi-a 
 E-lo'ru3 
 E'los 
 El-pe'nor 
 El-pi-ni'ce 
 El-u-i'na 
 El'y-ces 
 El-y-ina'i3 
 El'y-mi 
 El'y-mus 
 El'y-ru3 
 *Ei'y-sa 
 E-lys'i-um 
 E-ina'tbi-a 
 E-ma'thi-on 
 Em'ba-tum 
 Eiii-bn-li'ma 
 E-mer'i-ta 
 
 E-mes'sa, or E-mis'sa 
 
 E-riio'da, or E-ino'dus 
 
 *E-iiio'di 
 
 Em-ped'o-cle3 
 
 *Eni'pe-diis 
 
 Em pe-ra*mus 
 
 Einpo'clus 
 
 Eni-po'ri-a 
 
 tEin-po'ii-iE 
 
 Ein-pii'sa 
 
 *Em-pyr'i-um 
 
 *E-iiiEs'i-mu3 
 
 En-cel'a-dus 
 
 *En-chai'le-!E 
 
 En'de-is 
 
 En-de'ra 
 
 *Eii-de'rum 
 
 En-dyin'i-on 
 
 E-ne'ti 
 
 *En'e-ti 
 
 *En-gon'a-si3 
 
 En-gy'um 
 
 E-ni-en'ses 
 
 E-ni-o'pe-U3 
 
 E-ni'pe-u3 
 
 E-nis'pe 
 
 En'na 
 
 En'ni-a 
 
 En'ni-U3 
 
 En'no-miia 
 
 Eii-no3-i-gaB'u3 
 
 En'o-pe 
 
 E'nops 
 
 E'll03 
 
 En-o-sic'thon 
 
 E-not-o-cce't8B 
 
 En-tel'la 
 
 En-tel'lu3 
 
 E-iiy-a'li-ua 
 
 E-ny'o 
 
 E'o-ne 
 
 E'03 
 E-0'U3 
 
 *E-pa!n'c-tiia 
 
 E-pa'gria 
 
 E-pain-i-non'daa 
 
 *Ep-an-te'li-i 
 
 E-papb-ro-di'tU3 
 
 Ep'a-phus 
 
 Ep-as-iiac'tus 
 
 E-peb'o-lii3 
 
 E-pe'i 
 
 *Ep-c-tri'mi 
 
 Epe'us 
 
 *E-phe'bi 
 
 Epb'c-sua 
 
 Eph'e-tffi 
 
 Epb-i-al'tea 
 
 Eph'o-ri 
 
 Eph'o-rire 
 
 *Epli'ra-ta 
 
 Epli'y-ra 
 
 ♦Eph'y-ro 
 
 *Ep-i-ca'rua 
 
 Ep-i-cas'te 
 
 Ep-i-cer'l-de» 
 
 Ep-l-clia'l-dB. 
 
 E-picb'a-ris 
 
 Ep-i-char'mua 
 
 Ep'i-clea 
 
 Ep-i-cli'des 
 
 *Ep-ic-rie-mid'i-i 
 
 E-pic'ra-tes 
 
 *Ep-i-cie'ne 
 
 Ep-ic-te'tua 
 
 *Ep-i-cu-re'i 
 
 Ep-i-cu'ru3 
 
 E-pic'y-<les 
 
 *Ep-i-cy-di'des 
 
 *Ep-i-dani-ne'u3 
 
 Ep-i-dani'ntis 
 
 Epi-ilaph'ne 
 
 E-pi-dau'ri-a 
 
 Ep-i-dau'ru3 
 
 tE-pid'i-uin 
 
 E-pid'i-us 
 
 En-i-do'ta; 
 
 *E-pid'o-tus 
 
 E-pig'e-nes 
 
 E-pig'e-u3 
 
 E-pig'o-iii 
 
 Epig'o-nu3 
 
 tEp-i-gra'ne-a 
 
 E-pi'i, or E-pe'i 
 
 E-pil'a-ris 
 
 E|>-i-niel'i-de3 
 
 E-pim'e-nes 
 
 Ep-i-men'i-de3 
 
 Ep-i-me'the-us 
 
 Ep-i-nie'tlii3 
 
 E-pi'o-chus 
 
 E-pi'o-ne 
 
 fEp-i-pha'ne-a 
 
 iEp-i-pba-ne'a 
 *JEp-i-pba-ni'a 
 l-pipb'a-nes 
 Ep-i-pha'ni-ua 
 tE-pip'o-l!B 
 E-pi'ru3 
 tE-pis-co-pi'um 
 E-pis'tro-pbu3 
 E-pit'a-des 
 *Ep-i.tbe'ras 
 *Ep'i-t03 
 E'pi-uin 
 Ep'o-na 
 *E-pon'y-mu3 
 *E-po'pe 
 E-po'pe-ug 
 Ep-o-red'o-rix 
 Ep'u-lo 
 E-pyt'i-deg 
 Ep'y-tu3 
 Eq-ua-jus'ta 
 E-quic'o-lu3 
 *E-qiiir'i-a 
 *Eq'iii-te3 
 Eq-no-tu'ti-cum 
 Er'a-con 
 E-ra'a 
 Er-a-se'nus 
 *Er-a-3i'nu3 
 Er-a-sip'pus 
 Er-a-si3'tra-tU3 
 Er'a-to 
 
 Er-a-tos'the-ne3 
 
 Er-a-tos'tra-tu3 
 
 E-ra'tu9 
 
 Er-bes'su3 
 
 fEr-cbi'a 
 
 Er'e-biis 
 
 *Er-ech-the'um 
 
 E-rech'the-U3 
 
 *Er-ech-tbi'da 
 
 E-rech'lhi-dea 
 
 E-rem'bi 
 
 E-re'mu3 
 
 Er-e-ne'a 
 
 E-res'sa 
 
 E-re'sus 
 
 *Er'c-siis, or E-res'sua 
 
 E-re'tri-a 
 
 E-re'tiim 
 
 Er-eu-tha'li-on 
 
 Er'ga-ne 
 
 *Er-gaii'i-ca 
 
 Er-gen'na 
 
 Er'gi-aa 
 
 Er-gi'nii3 
 
 Er-gin'im3 
 
 Er-i-b<E'a 
 
 *Er-i-b<i'lea 
 
 »Er-i-ca'tca 
 
 *Er-i-ce'B 
 
 Er-i-ce'tea 
 
 E-ricb't!io 
 
 Er-icb-lbo'nl-iia 
 
 Er-i-cin'i-uin 
 
 Er-i-c»'sa 
 
 E-rid'a-niia 
 
 *Er-is-du'pu» 
 
 E-rig'o-iie 
 
 tE-riK-o-ne'l-ui 
 
 E-rig'onus 
 
 1308 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Er-i-cy'us 
 
 K-ril'liid 
 
 K-riii'deg 
 
 •K-rin'e-os 
 
 E-rin'iia 
 
 K-riii'nys 
 
 K-ri'o-nia 
 
 E-ri|ili'a-ni9 
 
 E-riph'i-das 
 
 Er-i-plij'le 
 
 E'ris 
 
 Er-i-sicli'thon 
 Er'i-tluis 
 E-rix'o 
 E-ro'clmg 
 
 E-ro'pus, and Mt'o- 
 
 pas 
 E'ros 
 
 E-ros'tra-lus 
 •E-ro'ti-a 
 Er-ru'ca 
 ICr'se 
 Erx'i-as 
 tE-ry'a-Ius 
 E-ryb'i-iim 
 Er-y-ci'na 
 Er-y-inai>'thl9 
 Er-y-maii'tliu8 
 Er'y-iiias 
 E-ryin'iia 
 E-ryiii'iie-us 
 Er'y-iiins 
 •Er-ys-the'a 
 Er-y-the'a 
 *Er-y-tlii'a 
 Er-y-llii'ni 
 fEr-y-tliai'um 
 Er'y-thra 
 I *E-rytli-ra-bo'lus 
 Er'y-thne 
 Er'y-thras 
 E-rytli'ri-on 
 E-rytli'ros 
 E'ryx 
 E-ryx'o 
 E-ser'iui3 
 
 Es-qiiil'i-o;, and Es- 
 
 qiii-li'nu3 
 Es-sed'o-nes 
 Es'se-nes 
 Es'sn-i 
 tEs-ti-a!-o'ti9 
 Es-ti-ai'a 
 Es'u-la 
 E-te-ar'clius 
 E-te'o-tle3 
 E-te'o-clii9 
 El-e-o-cre'tx 
 E-te'u-nes 
 E-te-o'iie-us 
 E-te-o-ii i 'cu3 
 *E-te-o'nu3 
 E-te'si-se 
 IMIia'li-oii 
 E-the'le-iim 
 *E-tlie'lus 
 E-ilie'mon 
 Elh'o-da 
 E'ti-as 
 E'tis 
 
 E-lrii'ri-a 
 
 tE-lnis'ci 
 
 El'y-lus 
 
 Eu'ba-ees 
 
 Eu-ba'lii3 
 
 Eii'bi-u3 
 
 Eu-b<E'a 
 
 Eii-bo'i-cus 
 
 Eti'bo-te 
 
 Eii'bo-tes 
 
 Eii-bu'l(! 
 
 Eii-bu'li-des 
 
 Eu-bu'lu3 
 
 Eu-ce'rus 
 
 Eii-che'nor 
 
 Eii'chi-des 
 
 Eu-ch'dc3 
 
 Eii'clus 
 
 Eu'cra-te 
 
 Eu'cra-te3 
 
 Eu'cri-tiis 
 
 Eiic-te'mon 
 
 Euc-tre'si-i 
 
 Eu-dx'inoii 
 
 Eii-dam'i-das 
 
 Eu'da-muB, or *Eu- 
 
 da'nius 
 Eii-de'inus 
 Eu-do'ci-a 
 Eu-d»c'i-mus 
 EiMlo'ra 
 Eu-do'ru3 
 Eu-dox'i-a 
 Eu-dox'us 
 •Eii-«l-ge'a 
 Eu-e-mer'i-da3 
 
 *Eu-<'s'pe-ris 
 
 Eii-Ra'ne-i 
 
 Eii-ge'ni-a 
 
 tEu-ge'ni-iim 
 
 Eii-Rc'ni-U9 
 
 Eii'geon 
 
 *Eii-gi'a 
 
 Eii-hem'e-nis 
 
 »En'liy-dra 
 
 Ell 'by-drum 
 
 Eii'by-U3 
 
 Eii-liiii'e-no 
 
 Eii-ma'chi-us 
 
 Eii-ina!'u3 
 
 *Eii-ina'ras 
 
 *Eu-ine'ce3 
 
 Eii-ine'des 
 
 Eii-mu'lis 
 
 tEu-ine'lu3, (son of 
 
 Eii'nie-lus 
 Eu'iiie-nes 
 
 Eii-nie'ni-a, (a female) 
 *Eii-ine-ni'a, (a citij) 
 Eii-ineii'i-des 
 Eii-me-nid'i a 
 Eii-nie'ni-u3 
 Eu-niol'pe 
 Eii-mol'pi-dB 
 Eu-rtiol'pu3 
 En-mon'i-des 
 *Eu'iie-03 
 Eu-niE'iia 
 Eii-iia'pi-us 
 *Eu-ni'ce 
 *Eu-no'ini-a 
 Eii'no-inii3 
 *Eu-nii'chU3 
 Eii'nus 
 »Eii'o-diis 
 tEii-on'y-mo3 
 Eu'o-ras 
 Eii-pa'gi-um 
 Eu-pal'a-mon 
 *Eii-pal'a-nrio3 
 Eii-pal'a-mus 
 Eu'pa-tor 
 Eu-pa-to'ri-a 
 *Eu-pat'o-ri3 
 Eiipei'thes 
 Eu'pha-es 
 Eu-pban'tus 
 Eii-phe'me 
 Eu-pbe'mns 
 Eu-pbor'bii3 
 En-pbr>'ri-on 
 tEu-phra'nor 
 .Eii-pbra'tes 
 Eii'phron 
 Eu-pliros'y-ne 
 *Eu-pi'thos 
 Eu-pliE'a, or Eu-p)oe'a 
 Eii'po-lis 
 *Eu-po'lu3 
 Eii-poni'pus 
 Eu-ri-a-iias'sa 
 Eu-rip'i-des 
 Eii-ri'pus 
 *Eii-ro-a(|'ui-lo 
 *Eu-r<ic'ly-don 
 Eii-ro'mu3 
 *Eu-roii'o-tu3 
 Eu-ro'pa 
 Eii-ro-ps'u3 
 Eu'rops 
 *Eii-ro'pu3 
 Eu-ri)'ias 
 Eu-ro'to 
 *Eu-ro'U3 
 Eu'rus 
 Eu-ry'a-Ie 
 Eu-ry'a-lii3 
 Eu-ryb'a-tcs 
 Eu-ryb'i-a 
 Eii-ry-bi'a-<]c3 
 Eu-ryb'i-U3 
 *Eu-ryb'o-lu3 
 Eu-ry-cle'a 
 Eu'ry-cle3 
 Eu-ry-cli'des 
 Eu-ryc'ra-te3 
 Eu-ry-crat'i-da3 
 Eu-ryd'a-mas 
 Eii-ryd 'a-me 
 Eu-ry-dam'i-das 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce 
 *Eu-ry-e'lus 
 Eu-ry-ga'ni-a 
 •Eu-ryl'c-on 
 Eii-ryI'o-chu9 
 Eu-ryin'a-chus 
 Eii-rym'e-de 
 Eu-rym'e-don 
 Eu-rym'e-ne3 
 Eu-ryn'o-me 
 Eu-ryn'o-mu3 
 
 Eii-ry'o-ne 
 
 Eu'ry-pon 
 
 •Eii-ry-pon'ti-diB 
 
 Eu-ryp'y-le 
 
 Eii-ryp'y-lu9 
 
 Eu-rys'tbe-nes 
 
 Eii-rys-tben'i-dx 
 
 Eii-rys'tbe-us 
 
 Eii'ry-te 
 
 Eu-ryt'e-B 
 
 Eii-ryt'c-Ie 
 
 tEu-ry-the'itiis 
 
 Eii-rytb'i-on, and Eu- 
 
 rvt'i-on 
 Eii'ry-tia 
 Eii'ry-tus 
 *Eii'sc-bc9 
 
 *Eii-se'bi-a, (a woman) 
 *Eu-se-bi'a, (o city 
 near ML Taurus) 
 Eii-se'bi-113 
 *En-sem'a-ta 
 Eii'se-pii9 
 Eii-sta'tbi-us 
 Eii-sto'li-a 
 Eti-sto'li-u9 
 Eii-ta;'a 
 Eii-tel'i-da3 
 Eu-ter'pe 
 Eii-tba'li-a 
 Eii-lba'Ii-us 
 *Eii-tlic'nE 
 Eii-tbyc'ra-tC9 
 Eu-tby-de'inu3 
 Eii-thy'iTiii3 
 *Eii-thyn'o-us 
 Eci-trap'e-lu9 
 *Eii-tre'si3 
 Eu-tro'pi-a 
 Eii-tro'pi-u9 
 Eu'ty-cbes 
 Eii-tych'i-do 
 Eti-tycb'i-de3 
 *Eu'ty-cbu3 
 Eiix-an'tbi-u3 
 Eux'e-nu3 
 Eiix-i'niis Pon'tu3 
 *Etix-ip'pe 
 *Eiix-yn'tbe-tus 
 E-vad'ne 
 Ev'a-ges 
 *Ev'a-gon 
 Evag'o-ra3 
 E-vag'o-re 
 E'van 
 E-van'der 
 E-van'ge-Iu3 
 Ev-an-Ror'i-de9 
 E-van'tbe3 
 E-var'cbu3 
 E'va3 
 E'vax 
 E-vel'thon 
 E-veni'e-ru9 
 *E-ve'nor 
 E-ve'mi3 
 Ev-e-phe'nu3 
 Ev'e-res 
 E-ver'ge-tiB 
 E-ver'getes 
 tEv-es-per'i des 
 E-vip'pe 
 E-vip'pn3 
 Ex-a'di-U9 
 Ex-te'thes 
 Ex-ag'o-nu9 
 *Ex-om'a-t(e 
 Ex-om'a-tra 
 *Ex-quil'i-a 
 
 tF*-Bi'RI-A 
 
 Fab'a-ri3 
 
 Fa'bi-a 
 
 Fa-bi-a'ni 
 
 Fa'bi-i 
 
 Fa'bi-U9 
 
 Fab-ra-to'ri-a 
 
 Fa-bric'i-u9 
 
 Fa-btil'la 
 
 tFn-ccl'i-na 
 
 *Fac-e-li'na 
 
 Fa'dug 
 
 FiEs'u-Im 
 
 Fnl-cid'i-a 
 
 tFa-Ie'ri-a 
 
 Fa-Ie'ri-i 
 
 Fal-€-ri'na 
 
 Fa-ler'nu9 
 
 Fa-lis'ci 
 
 Fa-lis'cu3 
 
 Fa'iiia 
 
 Fnii'ni-a 
 
 Fan'ni-i 
 
 Fari'ni 113 
 
 Fnr'fa-rii3 
 
 *Far'si-na 
 
 Fas'cc-lis 
 
 Fas-cel'li-na 
 
 *Fa-tic'a-nus 
 
 Faii-cu'la 
 
 Fau'la 
 
 Fau'na 
 
 Faii-na'li-a 
 
 Faii'ni 
 
 Faii'iui9 
 
 Faiis'ta 
 
 Faus-ti'na 
 
 •Faus-ti'nus 
 
 Faiis'ii-tas 
 
 Faiis'tii-lu9 
 
 Faiis'lii3 
 
 Fa-ven'ti-a 
 
 Fa-ve'ri-a 
 
 Fa'vo 
 
 tFav-o-ri'nug 
 
 Feb'ru-a 
 
 Fe-ci-a'le9 
 
 Fel'gi-nas 
 
 »Fe-lic'i-ta3 
 
 *Fel'si-na 
 
 Fen-es-tel'la 
 
 tFen'ni 
 
 Fe-ra'Ii-a 
 
 Fer-cn-li'mim 
 
 Fe-reii'tum, or fFo- 
 
 ren'tiim 
 Fe-re'tri-u3 
 Fe-ro'ni-a 
 Ffs-cen'ni-a 
 *Fes-cen-ni'nu3 
 tFes'cii-l!B 
 Fes'tu9 
 Fi-bre'nu3 
 Fi-ciil'ne-a 
 Fi-de'na, or Fi-de'na; 
 t*Fid-e-na'tC3 
 Fi-den'ti-a 
 *Fi(l-cn-ti'nu3 
 Fi'des 
 Fi-dic'u-lE 
 Fiin'bri-a 
 Fir'ini-iis 
 Fis-cel'lus 
 Flac'ciis 
 Fla-cfl'li-a 
 Fla-cil'la 
 Fla-cil'la ^'li-a 
 *Klan)'i-tie9 
 Fla-niin'i-a 
 Fla-inin'i-us, or Flam- 
 
 i-ni'nu9 
 Fla'vi-a 
 FPa-vi-a'num 
 *Fla-vi'na. 
 Fla-viii'i-a 
 Fla-vi-ob'ri-ga 
 Fla'vi-us 
 *Fla-vo'na 
 Flo'ra 
 Flo-ra'li-a 
 *Flo-ra'li3 
 tFlo-ren'ti-a 
 Flo-ri-a'nU3 
 Flo'rus 
 Flu-o'iii-a 
 Fo'li-a 
 *Fon-la'nu3 
 Fon-te'i-a 
 
 Fon-tc'i-us Cap'i-to 
 
 For'ini-iE 
 
 For-mi-a'num 
 
 For'nax 
 
 For-tu'na 
 
 For'u-li 
 
 Fo'nim Ap'pi-i 
 
 Frnn'ci 
 
 Fre-gel'Ia 
 
 Fre-go'na! 
 
 Fren-Ia'ni 
 
 Frig'i-du9 
 
 Fris'i i 
 
 Fron'ti-nus 
 
 *Fron-ti'nii9 
 
 Fron'to 
 
 Fru'si-no 
 
 Fu-ci'na 
 
 Fu-ci'llug 
 
 t*Fii'ci-niis 
 
 Fii-fid'i-ii3 
 
 Fii'li iis Cem'i-nus 
 
 tFii-go'li-a 
 
 Fiil-gi-na'te3 
 
 Fiil-gi'nii3 
 
 Fiirii-num, and Fiil- 
 Ful'vi-a fgi'nuai 
 Ful'vi-us 
 
 Fiin-da'r.u9 
 
 Fiin'di 
 
 Fu'ri-a 
 
 Fii'ri-m 
 
 Fii'ri-i 
 
 Fu-ri'na 
 
 Fii--i'n!B 
 
 Fu'ri-ii9 
 
 Fur'ni-us 
 
 Fiis'cus 
 
 *Fiis-ci'na 
 
 Fu'si-a 
 
 Fu'si-us 
 
 G. 
 
 Gab'a-lk3 
 *Gab'a lii3 
 *Gab'a-ru9 
 *Gab'a-za 
 
 Ga-be'iio, and Ga-bi- 
 
 e'ne 
 Ga-bi-e'nU3 
 Ga'bi-i 
 Ga-bi'na 
 Ga-bin'i-a 
 Ga-biii-i-a'nU9 
 Ga-bin'i-us 
 *Ga-bi'nu9 
 *Gad'a-ra 
 
 Ga'des, and fGa-di'ra 
 
 Gad-i-ta'iius 
 
 GiB-sa'to; 
 
 *Gffi-tu'li 
 
 Ga?-tii'li-a 
 
 Ga;-tu'li-cu9 
 
 Ga-la'bri-i 
 
 G;d-ac-toph'a-gi 
 
 Ga-lE'sii3 
 
 Ga-lan'tbig 
 
 Gal'a-ta 
 
 Gal'a-tffl 
 
 Gal-a-tae'a, and Gal-a- 
 
 llia.''a 
 *Gal-ate'a 
 Ga-la'ti-a 
 Ga-lax'i-a 
 Gal'ba 
 *Garbii-]a 
 Ga-le'nu3 
 Ga-le'o-lffl 
 *Ga-le-o'tsB 
 Ga-le'ri-a 
 Ga-Ie'ri-U3 
 Ga-le'su3 
 Gal-i-liE'a 
 Ga-liii-thi-a'di-a 
 Gal'li 
 Gal'li-a 
 Gal-li-ca'nus 
 *Gal-lic'i-nus 
 *Gnl'li-cus 
 Gal-li-c'nu9 
 Gal-li-na'ri-a 
 Gal-lip'o-lis 
 *Gal-li'ta 
 Gal-lo-gra'ci-n 
 Gal-lo'ni-ii3 
 Gal'bis 
 Ga-inax'us 
 *Gain-bre'um 
 Ga-nie'li-a 
 Gan-da-ri'tas 
 Gan'ga-ina 
 Gan-gar'i-d:e 
 *Gan-gar'i-de8 
 Gan'ges 
 *Gan-ge'ti3 
 Gan-nas'cus 
 Gan-y-me'de 
 Gan-y-itifi'deg 
 *Ga-riEl'i-ciim 
 Gar-a-man'teg 
 Gar a-man'tis 
 Gar'a-ma3 
 Gar'a-tas 
 Ga-re'a-taj 
 Ga-re-ath'y-ra 
 Gar-ga'nU3 
 Gar-ga'pbi-a 
 Gar'ga-ra 
 *Gar-gar'i-diB 
 Gar'ea-ris 
 
 !Gar'ga-ras 
 •Gar-gel'tU9 
 !ar-Rit'ti-U3 
 Ga-ril'i-U3 
 *Ga-ri'tes 
 Ga-rum'na 
 Gas'tron 
 •Ga'lhe-tB 
 Ga-the'a-las 
 
 t*Gaii-ga-int''!a 
 
 Gaii'liis, or Gau'lc-on 
 
 "•Gau-ra'nus 
 
 Gaii'rii3 
 
 Ga'iis, or Ga'o9 
 
 *Ga-zo'ru9 
 
 Ge bcn'na 
 
 *Gc-dro'si 
 
 Gc-dro'si-a 
 
 Ge-ga'ni-i 
 
 Ge'la 
 
 Ge-Ia'nor 
 
 G.l'li-a 
 
 Gel'li a3 
 
 Gel'li-113 
 
 Gc'lo, or Ce'lon 
 
 »Gfl'o-i 
 
 t*Ge-bi'i 
 
 Gel'ivncg, or Ge-Io'ni 
 
 Gc'lo3 
 
 ♦Gein'i-ni 
 
 Ge-iniii'i-u3 
 
 Geni'i-nns 
 
 *Ge-ini'im9 
 
 Ge-iia'bimi 
 
 Ge-iiau'ni 
 
 *Gc-ne'te9 
 
 Ge-iie'va 
 
 *Geii'e-va 
 
 ITGe-ne'va, or TTGe- 
 
 na'va 
 Ge-ni'su3 
 Ge'iii-us 
 *Gen-na'i-des 
 ♦Gc-iio'ui 
 Gen'se-ric 
 Gen'li-ii3 
 Geii'u-a 
 Ge-nii'ci-ii3 
 ITGe-nu'rug 
 Ge-nii'su3 
 t*Gen'ii-sii9 
 Ge-iiii'li-a 
 *Gen'y-sii3 
 *Ge-om'o-ri 
 Ge-or'gi-ca 
 Ge-pby'ra 
 Ge-pbyr'!B-i 
 *Gepb-y-nB'i 
 *Ge-pliy'rcg 
 *Geph-y-ro'te 
 *Gfi)'i-da; 
 Ge-ra;s'lii3 
 *Ger-a-ne'a 
 Ge-ra'ni-a 
 Ge-ran'thrae 
 •Ger'a-sa 
 ♦Ge re'a 
 Ge-rcs'ti-cug 
 Ger'gi-tbum 
 Ger-iio'bi-a 
 Ge'ri-on 
 Gcr-nia'ni-a 
 'Ger-iiiaii-i-ci'a 
 Ger-iiian'i-cu9 
 Gernia'iii-i 
 *Ger-ina'mis 
 *Gtr-mi-te'ug 
 Gc-ron'tbriE 
 Ger'rliie 
 
 Ge'rus, onii Ger'rhug 
 Ge'ry-on, and Ge-ry'- 
 
 o-nea 
 *Ge-siili'o-ug • 
 Ges'sa-tie 
 tGea-so-ri'a cum 
 Ges'so3 
 Ges'sug 
 Ge'ta 
 Ge'tae 
 
 *Ge-lho9'y-iie 
 
 *Getb sem'a-ni 
 
 *Get'i-cus 
 
 Ge-tu'li-a 
 
 Gi-gan'tcs 
 
 •Gig-aii-te'ug 
 
 Gi-gar'tum 
 
 Gi'gis 
 
 •Gi-go'nus 
 
 Gil'do 
 
 Gil'lo 
 
 Gin-da'nc9 
 
 Giii'des 
 
 Gin'ge 
 
 Gin-gu'num 
 
 Gip'pi-U9 
 
 Gis'co 
 
 Gla-di-a-to'ri-1 Lu'di 
 
 »Glaii-<lo-ine'rum 
 
 Gla'iiia 
 
 Gla'num 
 
 Glaph'y-rc, and 
 
 Glaph'y-ra 
 Glaph'y-rus 
 Glaii'ce 
 Glau'ci-a 
 
 Glaii-f tp'pc 
 
 (*Ltii-rip'pu3 
 
 Glaii'roii 
 
 Glaii-ruii'o-me 
 
 Glau-co'pis 
 
 Glaii'ciis 
 
 Gbaii'ti-ag 
 
 Gli'con 
 
 Glis'sag 
 
 Glyc'e-ni 
 
 Gly-ce'ri-um 
 
 Gly'con 
 
 Glym'pei 
 
 Giia'ti-a 
 
 Giii'diis 
 
 Gnos'si a, or Gnos'nia 
 
 Giior'siis 
 
 Gob-a-iiit'i-o 
 
 Gd'bar 
 
 Goh'a-res 
 
 Go'bry-as 
 
 Giil'gi 
 
 *Goiii'o-ra 
 
 Gdin'pbi 
 
 Gci-na'las 
 
 G(i-iii'a-de3 
 
 Gu-iiip'pus 
 
 Goii'iii 
 
 Go-niBs'sa 
 
 Go-iiiis'sa 
 
 Gor-di-a'nus 
 
 ♦Gor-di-c'um 
 
 *Gi>r-di-ii-co'mon 
 
 Gur'di-um 
 
 Gor'di-us 
 
 *Gor-<li-ii-ti'chug 
 
 Gor-ga'sus 
 
 Gor'ge 
 
 G(>r'gi-a« 
 
 Gor'go 
 
 Gor'go-nc9 
 
 *Gor-go'iie-ii3 
 
 Gor-go'ni-a 
 
 G(>r-g(i'iii-us 
 
 Gor-goph'o-no 
 
 Gor-gopli'o-ra 
 
 *Gor-go'pi3 
 
 Gor'gus 
 
 Gor-gylb'i-OB 
 
 Gor'tii-!e 
 
 Gor'tyii, Gor'tys, or 
 
 Gor ty'na 
 Gor-tyn'i-a 
 *G()-tbo'nc9 
 ITGo'thi 
 Got'tlii 
 Grac'cbus 
 Gra-di'vu3 
 Grie'ci 
 Grffi'ci-a 
 Grie'ci-a Mng'na 
 Grffi-ci'nus 
 *Gr8:-cos'ta-sis 
 Gra;'cii3 
 Gra'i-iis 
 *Gra-jii'ge-n!E 
 Gra-iii'cus 
 Gra'iii-iis 
 *Gra-te'ie In'su-lx 
 Gra'li-E 
 Gra-li-a'nus 
 Gra-tid'i-a 
 Gra'ti-on 
 Gra'ti-U9 
 Gra'vi-i 
 Gra-vis'cs 
 Gra'vi-us 
 Gre-go'ri-us 
 Grrn'nes 
 •Gro-nc'a 
 Gros'pbus 
 Grjl'lus 
 Gry-ne'um 
 Gry-ne'u3 
 Gry-iii'um 
 *Gy'a-ra 
 
 Gy'a-rus, and Gy'a-Toa 
 
 Gy'as 
 
 Gy-gffi'u3 
 
 Gy'ge 
 
 Gy'ges, or Gy'es 
 
 *Gyl-a-cc'a 
 
 Gy-lip'pu9 
 
 Gyin-na'si-a 
 
 Gym-na'si-um 
 
 Gyn-nt* 'si-IE 
 
 Gym'ne-leg 
 
 *Gym-nc'lei 
 
 •Gym no-pai-di'a 
 
 Gym-nns-u-phis'tie 
 
 Gy-niE'cf-a-s 
 
 Gy-iia--co-tbce'nas 
 
 Gyn'des 
 
 *Gyr-to'na 
 
 Gy-tbe'um 
 
 164 
 
 FFFFF 
 
 1309 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 H. 
 
 Ha-dri-a-nop'o-Iis 
 Ha-dri-a'nus 
 Ha-dri-at'i-cum 
 *Hai]-y-le'uin 
 Hffi'mon 
 Hae-mo'ni-a 
 *HoEm'o-nis 
 Hee'iiius 
 Ha'ges 
 Hag-nag'&-ra 
 Hag'iio 
 
 Ha-lai'sus, and Ha-le'- 
 
 sus 
 Hal'a-Ia 
 Hal-cy'o-ne 
 tHa-len'tum 
 t*Hal'e-sa 
 JHa-le'sa 
 Ha-le'si-ug 
 *Ha-le'sus 
 Ha'li-a 
 Ha-li-ac'mon 
 *Ha-li-ac'e-lua 
 Ha-Ii-ar'tiis 
 *Hal-i-car-nas'se-u3 
 Hal-i-car-nas'sus 
 Ha-lic'y-se 
 Ha-li'e-is 
 Hii-lim'e-de 
 Hal-ir-rho'ti-iis 
 Hal-i-ther'sus 
 *Ha-li'uin 
 Ha'Ii-iis 
 •Hal-i-zo'nes 
 *Hal-ino'ne3 
 Hal'mus 
 Ilal-my-des'su3 
 *Hal'my-ris 
 *Hal-my-ro'tes 
 *Ha-lo'a 
 Ha-loc'ra-tea 
 Ha-l(i'ne 
 Hal-on-ne'sus 
 Ua-lo'ti-a 
 Haio'tus 
 Ha'lus 
 Ha-ly-ae'lus 
 Ha-ly-at'tes 
 tHa-ly'cus 
 Ha'lys 
 Ha-lyzT-a 
 Haiii-a-dry'a-des 
 *Ha-inad'r>-as 
 »Ham-ar-lo'lU3 
 Ha-max'i-a 
 *Ha-niax'i-tU3 
 *Ham-ax-o'bi-i 
 Ha-inil'car 
 II:i-iriil'lu3 
 llani'inon 
 Ilan'ni-bal 
 Har'ca-lo 
 llar-ma-te'li-a 
 Har'ma-tris 
 *Har'iiia-tu3 
 *Har-men-o-pu'lu3 
 Har-mu'di-u3 
 Ilar-ino'ni-a 
 Har-nion'i-deg 
 *Har-irios'y-ni 
 *llar'iii()-7.on 
 *llar-|>a'j;i-a 
 *Har-|)ag'i-des 
 llar'pa-Kiis 
 Har-pal'i-ce 
 Har-pa'll-on 
 Ilar'pa-liis 
 llar-pal'y-ce 
 Har-pal'y-cus 
 Ilar'|ia-sa 
 Hiir'pa-aiis 
 Har-pcic'ra-tes 
 ♦liar -py'i-a 
 Har-py'i-a^ 
 tHar'ii-des 
 *Ila-ru'dc» 
 Ila-nis'pcx 
 •Has-liy'lo 
 Ifas'drii-bal 
 Ila-le'ri-ii8 
 Hniis'ta-nca 
 ♦lle-au-lon-tl-mo-ni'- 
 
 me-no» 
 Hrli'ilo-lo 
 *llcb'du-me 
 He'be 
 tle-he'mM 
 •Hrh'ri-niis 
 •Hu-bri)iii'n Eiim 
 *Ilc-bruin'a-nuii 
 
 He'brus 
 
 *He-bu'de3 
 
 Hec'a-le 
 
 Ilec-a-le'si-a 
 
 Hec-a-me'de 
 
 tHec'a-tffi 
 
 Hec-a-tiE'u3 
 
 Hec'a-te 
 
 Hec-a-te'si-a 
 
 tHec'a-to 
 
 Hec-a-tora-bo'i-a 
 
 Hec-a-tom-plio'ni-a 
 
 Hec-a-toni'po-lis 
 
 Hec-a-tom'py-bis 
 
 ♦Ilec-a-loiii'py-lus 
 
 »Hec-a-ton-iie'si 
 
 *Hec-te'nE 
 
 Hec'lor 
 
 Hec'ii-ba 
 
 *Hec'y-ta 
 
 Hed'i-la 
 
 fHed-o-nffi'um 
 
 *Hed'u-e3 
 
 Hfid'ii-i 
 
 *Hed'y-lus 
 
 He-dyiii'e-les 
 
 He-gel 'o-clius 
 
 He-ge'nion 
 
 Heg-e-si'a-nax 
 
 He-ge'si-as 
 
 Heg-e-sil'o-chus 
 
 Heg-e-sin'o-us 
 
 Heg-e-si'mis 
 
 Heg-e-sip'pus 
 
 Heg-e-sip'y-le 
 
 Heg-e-sis'tra-tus 
 
 Heg-e-syp'e-le 
 
 Heg-e-tor'i-des 
 
 Hei'e-na 
 
 He-le'iii-a 
 
 *Hel-e-ni'u3 
 
 He-le'nor 
 
 Hel'e-nus 
 
 *He'le-on 
 
 He-ler'ni Lu'cus 
 
 tHe'les, or tHa'les 
 
 *He'li-a 
 
 He-li'a-des 
 
 He-li-as't£e 
 
 Hel-i-ca'on 
 
 Hel'i-ce 
 
 Hel'i-con 
 
 Hel-i-co-ni'a-des 
 
 Hel-i-co'ni3 
 
 *Hel-i-nie'na 
 
 *Heri-iniis 
 
 He-li-o-do'rus 
 
 He-li-o-gab'a-ltis 
 
 *He-li-o-ga-ba'lus 
 
 He-li-op'o-lis 
 
 He-lis'son 
 
 *He-li'um 
 
 He'li-us 
 
 He-Iix'us 
 
 *Hel']a-da 
 
 Hel-lan'i-ce 
 
 Hel-laii'i-cus 
 
 Htl-la-noc'ra-te3 
 
 *Hel-la-iiod'i-CE 
 
 Hel'las 
 
 Hcl'Ie 
 
 Hel'len 
 
 Hel-le'nes 
 
 Hel-les-pon'tus 
 
 *IIel'lo-pe3 
 
 Hel-Io'pi-a 
 
 Hel-lo'ti-a 
 
 He-lo'ris 
 
 Ile-lo'runi, and 
 
 He-lo'rus 
 He'ioa 
 
 He-lo'ta;, and Ilc-lo'tes 
 
 He'lum 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-a 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-i 
 
 ♦llel-ve'tum 
 
 Hel'vi-a 
 
 tllel-vid'i-a 
 
 llel'vi-i 
 
 tHel-vil'lum 
 
 Mel vi'na 
 
 Hel'vi-us Cin'na 
 
 Hel'y-iniis 
 
 Ile-ma'ilii-on 
 
 *liein-e -r(ts-co-pi'um 
 
 •llc-iiiic'y-nes 
 
 Ilc-milh'c-a 
 
 ♦He-ino'dua 
 
 lle'nion 
 ■^•llo-mii'na 
 
 lle'iiiiis 
 . llcn'c-ti 
 
 He-ni'o-chl 
 
 •Mc-ni-<>-chi'tt 
 ! })K-pliH!!i'li-a 
 ' *ilcpti-ii:i)-ti'a 
 
 fHepli-a's-li'a-des 
 
 Iie-plia;s'ti-i 
 
 He-i)liiEs'ti-o 
 
 He-pliips'ti-on 
 
 Hei)-ta-pho'no3 
 
 Hep-tap'o-lis 
 
 *He|)-tap'o-rus 
 
 Hep-tap'y-los 
 
 *Hep-ta-yd'a-ta 
 
 He'ia 
 
 Her-a-cle'a 
 
 Her-a-cle'i-a 
 
 *Her'a-cIes 
 
 He-rac'le-um 
 
 He-rac-Ie-o'tes 
 
 Her-a-cIi'd!E 
 
 Her-a-cli'des 
 
 Her-a-cli'di3 
 
 Her-a-cli'tu3 
 
 He-rac'li-u3 
 
 *Her-a-cU'u3 
 
 He-rie'a 
 
 He-ra'um 
 
 *Her-be'sus 
 
 Her-bes'sua 
 
 fHer-bi'ta 
 
 Her-ce'i-us 
 
 *Her-ce'U3 
 
 Her-cii-la'ne-um 
 
 *Her-cu-la'ne-us 
 
 Her'cLi-les 
 
 Her-cu'le-um 
 
 Her-cii'le-U3 
 
 Her-cy'na 
 
 Her-cyn'i-a 
 
 *Her-cyn'i-us 
 
 Hei-do'ni-a 
 
 Her-d(i'ni-us 
 
 He're-a 
 
 *He-re'a 
 
 He-ren'ni-us Se-ne'- 
 
 ci-o 
 He're-us 
 He-ril'lu3 
 Her'i-liis 
 
 *He-ri'us, and *He'ri- 
 us 
 
 Her'ma-chus 
 
 Her'iiice 
 
 Her-iiiiE'a 
 
 Her-iii8B'um 
 
 Her-mag'o-ras 
 
 fHer man'di-ca 
 
 Her-nian-du'ri 
 
 Her-nian'ni 
 
 Her-niapli-ro-di'tus 
 
 fHer'mas 
 
 Her-ma-the'ua 
 
 Her-me'as 
 
 Her-nie'i-as 
 
 Her'mes 
 
 Her-nie-si'a-nax 
 
 Her-mi'as 
 
 iler-miii'i-U3 
 
 Her-mi'o-iie 
 
 *Uer-iiii'o-ne3 
 
 Her-mi-o'ni-ie 
 
 Her-mi-oii'i-cus Si'nu3 
 
 *Her-nii'o-nis 
 
 Her-inip'pu3 
 
 *Hei-ino cop'i-dse 
 
 Her-inoc'ra-tes 
 
 Her-mo-do'ru9 
 
 Iler-niog'e-nes 
 
 Her-mo-la'u3 
 
 *Uer-itio'nax 
 
 *ller-inoii'do-ri 
 
 tHer-mop'o-lis 
 
 Her-ino-ti'mii9 
 
 Iler-iiiun-du'ri 
 
 Her'inu3 
 
 Iler'iii-ci 
 
 He'ro 
 
 Hc-ro'des 
 
 Ile-ro-di-a'nu3 
 
 Ilc-rod'i-cus 
 
 *Her-o-di'um 
 
 IIc-rod'o-tu3 
 
 ♦Iler-o-dii'lus 
 
 lier'o-es 
 
 t*He-r()'e8 
 
 He-ru'ia 
 
 Ile'ron 
 
 Ile-ropli'i-Ia 
 
 *He-r<iph'i-le 
 
 lle-rt)|>li'i-lns 
 
 llcros'tra-lus 
 
 ller'pa 
 
 ller'se 
 
 Iler-Hil'i-a 
 
 llur'ltia, and Iler'ta 
 
 Il«r'ii-li 
 
 •IIer'u-lii9 
 
 Ile-Biu'iiiin 
 
 He-«i'o-dus 
 
 He-8i'o-iie 
 
 *He-si'o-nes 
 
 Hes-pe'ri-a 
 
 Hes-per'i-des 
 
 Hes'pe-ris 
 
 tHes-pe-ri'tis 
 
 Hes'pf-ru3 
 
 Hcs'ti-a 
 
 fHes-ti'a 
 
 Hes-ti-te'a 
 
 *Hes-ti-o'nes 
 
 He'sus 
 
 He-syrh'i-a 
 
 He-sycli'i-us 
 
 He-tric'u-luin 
 
 He-tru'ri-a 
 
 Ileii-rip'pa 
 
 Hex-ap'y-luin 
 
 f Hi-ar'bas, or I ar'bas 
 
 Hi-ber'ni-a, and Hy- 
 
 ber'iii-a 
 *Hi-be'rus 
 Hi-briI'des 
 H ic-e-la'on 
 1T*Hic'e-tas 
 Hi-emp'sal 
 'i*Hi'e-va, {an island) 
 1I*Hi-e'ra, or I-ffi'ra, (a 
 
 prrson) 
 1T*Hi-e-ra-ro'ine 
 Hi-e-iap'o-lis 
 Hi'e-iax 
 *Hi'e-ri 
 *Hi-er'i-cliU3 
 Hi'e-io 
 
 Hi-e-ro-cc'pi-a 
 
 *Hi-e-ro-cc'pi3 
 
 Hi-er'o-cles 
 
 * Hi-e-ro-c£es-a-re'a 
 
 *Hi-e-ro-du'li 
 
 H:-e-ro-du'lum 
 
 *Hi-€-ro-ke'ryx 
 
 fHi-er-oni-iie'mon 
 
 *Hi-er-oin-neni'o-ne3 
 
 Fli-e-ro-ne'sos 
 
 Hi-e-nm'i-ca (Lex) 
 
 *Hi-e-ro-tii'cae 
 
 Hi-er-o-ni'ce3 
 
 Hi-e-ron'i-cus 
 
 Hi-e-ron'y-mu3 
 
 Hi-e-ropli'i-Iu3 
 
 Hi-e-ro-sory-ina 
 
 *Hi-gi'nus 
 
 HIg-na'ti-a Vi'a 
 
 Hi-la'ri-a 
 
 Hi-Ia'ri-U3 
 
 *Hi-man-top'o-de3 
 
 Hi-iiiel'la 
 
 Hiin'e-ra 
 
 Hi-mil'co 
 
 Hip-pag'o-ra3 
 
 *Hip-pag're-tu3 
 
 Hip-pal'ei-inus 
 
 Hip'pa-Iu9 
 
 Hip-par'clii-a 
 
 Hip-par'chU3 
 
 IIip-pa-ri'nu3 
 
 Hip-pa'ri-oii 
 
 *Hip'pa-ri3 
 
 Ilip'pa-sii3 
 
 IIip'pe-U3 
 
 Hip'|)i 
 
 Ilip'pi-a 
 
 Ilip'pi-aa 
 
 Hip'pis 
 
 llip'pi-U3 
 
 Hip'po 
 
 Hip-pob'o-te9 
 
 *Hip-pob'o-tuin 
 
 Ilip-pob'o-tus 
 
 Hip-po-cen-tau'ri 
 
 *Hip-po-co'me 
 
 Hip-poc'o-on 
 
 Hip-po-co-iys'tes 
 
 fHip-poc'ra-lo 
 
 Ilil>-poc'ra-tc3 
 
 Hip-po-cra'li-a 
 
 llip-po-cre'ne 
 
 lllp-pod'a-ma3 
 
 Hip-p()d'a-ine,anrf Ilip- 
 
 po-da-nii'a 
 IIip-p(nl'a-mu3 
 llip-pi>d'i-co 
 ♦llip-po-do'riis 
 llip-pod'ro-ma3 
 Ilip'pii-la 
 llip-pol'o-cbiis 
 Hip-|K)l'y-te 
 Ilip-|)ory-tn3 
 llip-|iuiii'a-cliU3 
 HIp-poiD'e-don 
 tlli|>-pciiii-c-du'8a 
 llip-piuri'e-no 
 Hip-p<iiii'o-iie9 
 Hj|)-pii-iii(>l'gi I 
 Mip'pon, and Hip'po 
 Hip-po'iia I 
 
 t*nip-po'nax 
 Hip-pu-ni'a-Ies 
 
 *Hip pf>-Ilj'cU3 
 
 Hip-po'ni-um 
 Hip-pon'o-iis 
 *Hip-popb'a-gi 
 Hip-pop'o-des 
 Hip-pos*tra-tu3 
 Hip-pot'a-des 
 Hip'po-tas, or Hip'po- 
 tes 
 
 Hip-poth'o-e 
 
 Hip-pntb'o-on 
 
 Hip-poth-o-on'tis 
 
 Hip poth'o-U3 
 
 llip-po'ti-on 
 
 *Hip-po-tox'o-tffi 
 
 Ilip-pu'ris 
 
 *Hippu'rus 
 
 Hip'piis 
 
 Hip'si-des 
 
 Hi'ia 
 
 Hir-pi'ni 
 
 Hir-pi'jius 
 
 Hir'li-a (Lex) 
 
 Hir'ti-us Aii'lu3 
 
 Hir'tiis 
 
 His'lion 
 
 tHis'pa-li3 
 
 His-pa'ni-a 
 
 *Uis-pa'iiu3 
 
 His-pel'lum 
 
 His'|>o 
 
 His-pul'la 
 
 His-tas'pes 
 
 Hls'ter Pa-cu'vi-us 
 
 His-li-ie'a 
 
 His-ti-ae'o-tis 
 
 His-ti-ffi'us 
 
 His'tri-a 
 
 Ho'di-us 
 
 *Hol-mi'um 
 
 Hol'o-cron 
 
 *Hom-e-re'ii3 
 
 *Ho-iiier'i-dK 
 
 t Hn-ine-ro-inas'tix 
 
 * Ho-ine-ro-mas-ti'ges 
 Ho-nie'ru3 
 *Ho-mi'lB 
 Honi'o-le 
 Ho-nio'le-a 
 Hoiii-o-lip'pus 
 Hoin-o-lo'i-des 
 Ho-inon-a-den'se3 
 *Hom-o-ti'mi 
 fHo'nor 
 Ho-no'ri-us 
 *Ho-ple'tes 
 
 Hu'ra 
 
 Ho-rac'i-lae 
 
 Ho'ra 
 
 Hor-a-pol'Io 
 f Ho-ra'ti-a 
 H(>-ra'ti-u3 
 Hor'ci-as 
 *Ho-ri'zon 
 Hor-inis'da3 
 H()r-ra'lU3 
 tHor'ta 
 Hor-ten'si-a 
 Hor-ten'si-us 
 Hor-ti'num 
 Hor-to'na 
 Ho'rus 
 Hos-til'i-a 
 Hos-til'i-u3 
 Him-ne-h'cus 
 fHun'iii, or Hun-ni'a- 
 de3 
 
 Hy-a-cin'tlii-a 
 
 Hy-a-cin'tbu3 
 
 Hy'a-de3 
 
 Hy-ag'nis 
 
 Hy'a-la 
 
 *Hy'a-le 
 
 *ny-a-ine'a 
 
 *Hy-aiii-pe'a 
 
 Hy-am'po-lis 
 
 Hy-aii'tbes 
 
 Hy-an'tiH 
 
 *Hy-a-po'a 
 
 Hy-ar'bi-ta 
 
 *Hy-ar-bi'ta 
 
 Ilv'aa 
 
 ♦ Ilyb'e-Ia 
 Ily'bla 
 
 Hy-bro'aa, or Ilyb're- 
 us 
 
 Ily-bri'a-nes 
 
 llyc'cara 
 
 Ily'da, and Hy'do 
 
 Hyd'a-ra 
 
 Hy-dar'nca 
 
 Hy-das'pea 
 
 Hy'dra 
 
 Hy-dra'ini-o 
 
 Hyd-ra-o'tes 
 
 *Hvd're-a 
 
 ♦Hy-ilre'la 
 
 Hy-d rucli'o-us 
 
 Hy-dro-pho'ri-a 
 
 Hy'drus 
 
 Hy-dru'sa 
 
 Hy'e-la 
 
 *Hy'c-le 
 
 Hy-emp'sal 
 
 Hy-et'tiis 
 
 *Hy-ge'a 
 
 Hy-ge'i-a 
 
 Hy-gi'a-na 
 
 Hy-gi'nus 
 
 Hy'la 
 
 Hy-Iac'i-des 
 
 Hy-lac'lor 
 
 Hy'lcB 
 
 *Hy-le'a 
 
 Hy-lic'us 
 
 Hy'la3 
 
 Hy'lax 
 
 Hyl'i-a3 
 
 Hyl-la'i-cus 
 
 Hyl'lus 
 
 Hy-lon'o-me 
 
 Hy-lopli'a-gi 
 
 Hyin-e-iiiE'us, and 
 
 Hy'inen 
 Hy-niet'tus 
 *Hy-o'pe 
 Hy-pse'pa 
 Hy-piE'si-a 
 Hyp'a-nis 
 Hyp-a-ri'nu3 
 *Hyp'a-ta 
 Hy-pa'tea 
 Hyp'a-lha 
 *IIyp'a-tus 
 Hy-pe'nor 
 Hyp-e-ra'on 
 *Hy-per'ba-tU3 
 Hy-per'bi-us 
 Hyp-er-bo're-i 
 Hy-pe're-a, and Hy- 
 
 pe'ri-a 
 Hyp-e-re'si-a 
 *Hyp-e-ri'a 
 Hy-per'i-de3 
 Hy-pe-ri'on 
 Hyji-e-ri'on 
 Hyp-erni-nes'tra 
 Hy-per'o-chii3 
 Hyp-er-ocli'i-de3 
 Hy-pbie'us 
 *Hypli-an-te'on 
 *Hyp-o-tbe'ha3 
 *Hyp-o-the'C!E 
 Hyp'sa 
 Hy|)-se'a 
 *Hyp-se'la 
 Hyp-se'nor 
 Hyp-se'iis 
 Hyp-si cra-te'a 
 Hyp-sic'ra-te3 
 Hy|)-sip'y-Ie 
 Hyr-ca'iii-a 
 Hyr ca'num Ma're 
 Hyr-ca'iius 
 Hyr'i-a 
 *Hyr'i-e 
 
 Hy-ri'e-us, and Hyr'e- 
 us 
 
 Hyr-mi'na 
 *nyr-mi'ne 
 Hyr'ne-to, and Hyr'ne- 
 cbo 
 
 Hyr-nith'i-um 
 Hyr'ta-cu3 
 Hys'i-a 
 Hys'pa 
 
 Hys'sus, uiiii Hyf '3i 
 
 Hys-tas'pe3 
 
 Hys-ti-e'u3 
 
 I. 
 
 I'a 
 
 I-ar'chus 
 
 l-a'der 
 
 I-a-lc'miis 
 
 *I-nI'ine-nu8 
 
 I-al'y-sus 
 
 I am 'be 
 
 I-ajii'bli-cua 
 
 I-aiii'c-nu8 
 
 I-ani'i-die 
 
 I-a-iii'ra 
 
 I-aii'llie 
 
 I-aii'Uie-n 
 
 •I-on-ilio'a 
 
 *I-a'on 
 
 *I-a'o-nes 
 
 I-ap-e-roii'i-des 
 
 I-a-pet'i-dea 
 
 fl-ap e-ti-onM-de8 
 
 I-ap'e-tus 
 
 I-a'pis 
 
 *I-ap'o-deg 
 
 tl-a-pyd'l-a 
 
 *I-a-py'ges 
 
 I-a-pyg'i-a 
 
 I-a'pyx 
 
 I-ar'bas 
 
 *I-ar-bi'ta 
 
 I-ar'ctias, and Jar'- 
 
 chas 
 I-ar'da-nus 
 I-as'i-des 
 
 I-a'si-oii, and I-a'si-us 
 
 *I-a'si3 
 
 I'a-sus 
 
 *I-ax-ain'a-ta 
 
 tl ax'ar-te3 
 
 I-he'ri 
 
 I-be'ri-a 
 
 *I-ber'i-cU3 
 
 I-be'rus 
 
 I'bi 
 
 rbi3 
 
 Ib'y-cU3 
 
 I-ca'ri-a 
 
 I-ca'ri-u3 
 
 Ic'a-ru3 
 
 Ic'ci-U3 
 
 Ic'e-los 
 
 *Ic'e-lu3 
 
 I-cc'ni 
 
 Ic'e-ta3 
 
 Ich'iiiB 
 
 *Ich-nob'a-les 
 
 Ich-nu'sa 
 
 Ich-o-nu'phis 
 
 Ich-tliy-oph'a-gi 
 
 Icli'tiiy3 
 
 I-Cil'i-U3 
 
 Ic'i-us 
 
 tl-c(i'ni-um 
 
 I 'cos 
 
 Ic-ti'niis 
 
 tlc-u-lis'ma 
 
 I'da 
 
 l-d.-e'a 
 
 I-da!'u3 
 
 tl-da'lis, or *Id'a-)is 
 
 Iri'a-bis 
 
 Id-an-thyr'sus 
 
 I-dar'nea 
 
 I'das 
 
 Id'e-a 
 
 *l-de'ra 
 
 I-des'sa 
 
 tl'dex 
 
 fl-dis-ta-vi'sus 
 [d'liion 
 I-diiiii'e-ne 
 1-doiii-e-ne'us, or 
 tl-di)iii'e-neu3 
 I-d(i'llie-a 
 1-dri'e-us 
 I-du'be-da 
 
 I-d(i'iiie,attd Id-u-mo'a 
 
 I-dy'a 
 
 1-dy'i-a 
 
 I- e'tiE 
 Ig'e-ni 
 Ig-na'ti-u3 
 *lg-ne'te9 
 fl-gu'vi um 
 
 II- a-i'ra 
 Il'ha 
 
 *ll-e-a'te9 
 
 Il-e-ca'o-nes, and 11-6- 
 
 ca-o-nen'se3 
 I-Ier'da 
 *ll-cr-ge'tes 
 Il'i-a, or Rhe'a 
 I-Ii'n-ci Lu'di 
 I-li'a-ciis 
 
 I- li'a-des 
 Il'i-as 
 fll-i-cn'sea 
 Il'i-on 
 r-li'one 
 
 II- i-ii'iie-u9, or tI-'''o- 
 neii3 
 
 I-lis'siia 
 
 I- litli y-i'a, or »Il-lhy'- 
 i-a 
 
 Il'i-iim, or Il'i-on 
 •Il-Iib'a-nus 
 
 II- lib'e-ris 
 Il-li[.'.-.a 
 Il-li-tiir'gia 
 H-lyr'i-ciiin. Il'Iy-ris, 
 
 and ll-lyr'i-a 
 H-lyr'i-cus Si'nu« 
 
 1310 
 
 i 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 II lyr'i-us 
 
 ll'ii-a 
 
 I'liix 
 
 *ll-ur-ge'a 
 I-lyr'gia 
 
 I-iii.in-u-en'ti-us 
 
 *l-inii'on 
 
 Iin'n-us 
 
 Iiii'l)n-rn3 
 
 Iin-brae'wies 
 
 Im-liras'i-dc3 
 
 Iin'l>ra-su3 
 
 Irn'l>re-ii3 
 
 Iiii'l)ri-ii9 
 
 Iiii-briv'i-um 
 
 Im'liros 
 
 *liii'u-la 
 
 Iii'a-clii 
 
 I-na'clii-a 
 
 I-nacli'i-d(E 
 
 l-nach'i-des 
 
 I-na'chi-iiin 
 
 In'a-cliii3 
 
 I-nain'a-ines 
 
 I-nar'i-me 
 
 Iii'a-ru3 
 
 In-ci-ta'tii3 
 
 In-da-tliyr'sus 
 
 Iii'di-n 
 
 fln-dib'i-lis 
 
 *lll'di-CU9 
 
 In-dig'e-tea 
 
 * I n-d l-ge'tcs, (apeople) 
 
 In-dis'e-ti 
 
 In'diis 
 
 ♦lii-gmv'o-ncs 
 
 *[ii-iie'sa 
 
 I'no 
 
 I-no'a 
 
 I-no'ims 
 
 I-?io're3 
 
 Ino'tis 
 
 In'siibrcs 
 
 tln-su'bri-n 
 
 tin-ta-ine'li-um 
 
 iiiui-|)bf r'nes 
 
 [ii-te-raiii'na 
 
 [ii-t«r-ca'li-a 
 
 Ill'll-lis 
 
 I-ny'cus 
 
 I'o 
 
 I-ob'a-tes,oii<; Jo-ba'tes 
 
 i'o-hes 
 
 I-<vla'i-a 
 
 I'o-las, or I-o-la'us 
 
 I-ol'clio9 
 
 I'o-le 
 
 *l-ii'luin 
 
 I'on 
 
 I-o'ne 
 
 I-o'iie3 
 
 l-o'ni-a 
 
 *l-on'i-cus 
 
 I-o'pas 
 
 I'cvpe, and Jop'pa 
 
 l'o-ph(in 
 
 *I-o'pi3 
 
 I'os 
 
 *l-o-tapli'a-ta 
 
 Ip'e-pie 
 
 Ipli'i-a-nas'sa 
 
 Iph'i-cliis, or Iph'i-cles 
 
 l-phic'ra-les 
 
 *Iph-i-crat'i-de9 
 
 *lph-i-da-ini'a 
 
 I-pbid'a-riiii3 
 
 Iph-i-de-ini'a 
 
 Iph-i-pe-iii'a 
 
 Iph-i-me-di'a 
 
 I-pbim'e-don 
 
 Ipli-i-iiie-du'sa 
 
 Iphin'o-e 
 
 l-pbin'o-us 
 
 I'pbis 
 
 I-pliil'i-on 
 
 [pb'i-tii3 
 
 Iph'tlii-ine 
 
 I|>-st''a 
 
 tIp'sU3 
 
 I'ra 
 
 *l-rn'i3 
 
 *Ir-a-phi-o'te3 
 
 Ir-*-niB'u3 
 
 I-re'ne 
 
 I-re'su3 
 
 I'ris 
 
 I'rus 
 
 *I-sa'cua 
 
 Is'a-da3 
 
 l-se'a 
 
 l-s.'B'llS 
 
 Is'a-imis 
 I-san'der 
 l$a'pi3 
 
 I'sar, and Is'a-ra 
 I'sar, and I-s(e'u9 
 
 l-sar'chiis 
 
 I-saii'ri-a 
 
 I-sau'ii-cu9 
 
 I-saii'rii9 
 
 Is-che'iii-a 
 
 Is-cho-la'iis 
 
 *ls-chnin'a-rhe 
 
 Is-chop'o-lis 
 
 *Is-chy'ra9 
 
 Is-com'a-chus 
 
 Is-de-ger'des 
 
 *[-se'a 
 
 *r-9e'pu3 
 
 Is'i-a 
 
 *I-si'a-ci 
 
 *I-si'a-di3 
 
 Is-i-du'ru3 
 
 I 'sis 
 
 *Is-iiia-e'la 
 
 Is'iiia-riis,a«<i Is'ina-ra 
 
 Is-iiic'ne 
 
 Is-int''ni-a9 
 
 Is-men'i-dC9 
 
 Isine'niis 
 
 I-soc'ra-teg 
 
 Is'sa 
 
 Is'se 
 
 *ls-se'don 
 
 *ls-sed'o-nc9 
 
 Is'siis 
 
 •Is-t*v'o-nes 
 Is'ter, and Is'trU9 
 Isth'iiii-a 
 
 lstll'llli-U9 
 Istll'llUIS 
 
 Is-li-iL"'o-ti3 
 
 *ls-to'iie 
 
 Is'tri-3 
 
 Is-trop'o-lis 
 
 I'sus 
 
 *It'a-li 
 
 l-ta'li-a 
 
 I-tal'i-ca 
 
 l-tal'i-cu9 
 
 It'a-lus 
 
 I-tar'gris 
 
 It'e-a 
 
 I-teiii'a-les 
 
 Itli'a-ca 
 
 fltli-a-ce'si-te 
 
 l-tlu)h'a-lu3 
 
 I-ihu'ine 
 
 Ith-o-ina'i-a 
 
 *lIh-«-ina'ta3 
 
 tl-lhoin'a-tcs 
 
 *l llni'iiie 
 
 I-tllu'lllU3 
 
 *[-tho'iie 
 
 *Illi-u-re'i 
 
 llli-v-|)bal'lus 
 
 I-to'ni-a 
 
 1-to'ntis 
 
 *lt'o-iiim 
 
 tit'a-na 
 
 It-u-ra;'a 
 
 1-m'rum 
 
 It'y-liis 
 
 It-y-ra;'i 
 
 I'lys 
 
 *l-u-le'u3 
 
 *I-ii-li'a-cum 
 
 I-u'Iiis 
 
 Ix-ib'a-tiE 
 
 I.\-i'on 
 
 *l.v-i-o'ne-U3 
 
 Ix-i-oii'i-des 
 
 J. 
 
 ♦Ja-co'rus 
 *Jad'e-ra 
 
 *Jain'ni-a,(>r*Jain-ni'a 
 
 Ja-nic'u-lum 
 
 ♦Ja-no'ca 
 
 Ja'niis 
 
 Ja-pet'i-deg 
 
 Jnp'e-tu3 
 
 Jar'clias 
 
 Ja'son 
 
 *Jaz'y-gc9 
 
 Jen'i-su9 
 
 Je'ra 
 
 ■fJer'no 
 
 je-ru'mils, and 
 Je-ron'y-mus 
 Je-ni'sa-lem 
 *Je'su3 
 Jo-ba'tes 
 Jo-cas'ta 
 Jop'pa 
 Jor-da'nes 
 •Jor'da-ne3 
 
 Jor-nan'des 
 Jo-se'phus, Fla'vi-us 
 Jo-vi-a'iins 
 
 *Jo-Vi'llU3 
 
 ♦Jo'za 
 
 Ju'ha 
 
 Jii-da-'a 
 
 Jii-gn'lis 
 
 Jii-gan'tC9 
 
 Ju-ga'ri-u9 
 
 Ju-gur'tlia 
 
 Ju'li-a 
 
 Jii-li'a-des 
 
 Ju-li-a'nu3 
 
 Jti'ti-i 
 
 *Jii-li-o -ho'na 
 Jii-li-o-nia'gu8 
 Jii-li-op'o-lis 
 Jii'lis 
 
 Jii'li-us Cic'sar 
 
 Jii'iii-a 
 
 Jii'no 
 
 Juno-na'Ii-a 
 Jii-no'ne9 
 Jii-no'ni-a 
 Jii-no'nis 
 Jii'pi-tcr 
 *Ju'ra 
 Jiis-ti'niis 
 Jii-ltir'na 
 Ju-ve-na'lis 
 Jii-ven'tas 
 Ju-vcr'na, or 
 Hi-ber'ni-a 
 
 L. 
 
 La-an^der 
 
 I,a-ar'cliu3 
 
 Lab'a-ri3 
 
 *Lab'a-rug 
 
 I^ab'da 
 
 tl>ab-dac'i-de3 
 
 Lab'da-cus 
 
 Lab'da-Ion 
 
 Ija'be-o 
 
 La-be'ri-H9 
 
 *La-be'ru3 
 
 La-bi'ci 
 
 La-bi'cuin 
 
 *La-bi'cus 
 
 La-lii-e'iius 
 
 Lab-i-ne'tU9 
 
 La-bo'bi-ii3 
 
 La-bi)b'ri-gi 
 
 *Lab-o-ri'ni 
 
 *La-bo'tas 
 
 La-bra'de-u3 
 
 t La 'broil 
 
 *La-by'ca3 
 
 Lab-y-rin'thus 
 
 La-cie'iia -, 
 
 Lac-e-dffi'mon 
 
 *Lac-e-dK-mon'i cus 
 
 Lac-c-da'-nio'ni-i, or 
 
 Lac-e-diein'o-ne9 
 fLac-e dc-ino'iii-us 
 La-cer'ta 
 fLac-e-ta'ni-a 
 liBcb'a-res 
 La'clie9 
 Lacli'e-sis 
 Lac'i-das 
 tLac'i-de9 
 La-ciii'i-a 
 La-ctii-i-en'si3 
 La-cin'i-um 
 Lac'riion 
 La'co 
 
 La-cob'ri-ga 
 *La-co'nes, pi. 
 La-co'ni-a, and 
 
 La-con'i-ca 
 Lac'ra-tes 
 I.ac'rines 
 Lac-taii'ti-ii9 
 Lac'ter 
 Lac'y-des 
 JLac'y-des 
 *L.a-cy'dc3 
 Lac'y-du3 
 La'da3 
 La'de 
 La'des 
 fLad-o-ce'a 
 La'don 
 *L,a-e'a 
 Lx'lapg 
 La!'li-a 
 LiB-li-a'nus 
 La;'li-ii9 
 
 Laj'na, and Le-CD'na 
 
 Lie'nas 
 Lie'iic-iis 
 La-'pa Mag'na 
 La-er'lrs 
 '*La-<^r-ti'a-rtp9 
 La-rr'li-us, Di-og'e- 
 nes 
 
 *La!s-try'gon 
 
 La?-stryg'o-ncs 
 
 Lai'ta 
 
 Laj-to'ri-a (Lex) 
 
 La,-'CU9 
 
 La;'vi 
 
 La'-vi'nii9 
 
 La-ga'ri-a 
 
 ■►La-ge'us 
 
 La'gi-a 
 
 Lag'i-des 
 
 "►La-giii'i-a, (in Caria) 
 •Lag-i-ni'a,(in Bithijn- 
 
 ia) 
 La'gijs 
 La-gii'sa 
 La-gy'ra 
 l>a-i'a-des 
 I/a'i-a3 
 La' is 
 La'i-iig 
 Lal'a-pe 
 La-las'sis 
 Lain'a-chus 
 La-iiiariiion 
 *Laiii-be'ca 
 Laiii-hra'ni 
 Laiii'brus 
 La'iiii-a 
 
 La-nii'a-cum Bel'lum 
 La'ini-a! 
 
 La'mi-a* ^E-li'us 
 
 La-iiii'ru3 
 
 Lam'pe-do 
 
 ■*Laiii-pe'li-a,((Z,/rma/c) 
 ♦Lam-pe-ti'a, (a city) 
 *Lam-pe-li'uin 
 Lam'pe-to, and 
 
 *lj:iiM-pe'do 
 *Lam'|)e-liis 
 ♦Lain-iie'us, Lam-pi'a 
 Lnin'poii, Lam'pos, or 
 
 Laiii'piis 
 Lam -po-ne'a, 
 
 Lain po'iii-a, and 
 
 Lain-po'iii-um 
 Lan)-|)o'ni-iis 
 Lani-prid'i-us iE'li-iis 
 Lam'pro-cles 
 Laiii'prus 
 Laiiip'sa-cus, and 
 
 Lanip'sa-cliuin 
 Lain|>-te'ri-a 
 Laiii'pua 
 La'iiMis 
 *Lam'y-ra 
 *Laiii'y-ro3 
 Lani'y-riis 
 La- iins'sa 
 Laii'ce-a 
 *Lan-ce'a 
 Lan'ci-a 
 Laii'di 
 Laii'gi-a 
 ■►Lan-gi'a 
 Lan-go-bar'di 
 La-iui'vi-uni 
 La-«-bo'tas, or Lab'o- 
 
 tas 
 La-oc'o-on 
 La-od'a-iiias 
 f*La-od-a-iiii'a 
 La-o-da'iiii-a 
 La-od'i-ce 
 La-od-i-cc'a 
 La-odi-ce'ne 
 La-od'o-chii3 
 La-og'o-iui3 
 I-ia-og'o-rus 
 La-«g'o-re 
 La-o-ine-di'a 
 La-oiii'e-don 
 *La-oin-e-don-te'ii3 
 La-oin-e-don-ti'a-diB 
 *La-<>m-c-don-li'a-de8 
 *La-orn-e-dun'ti-U3 
 *La-on'i-cu3 
 La-on'o-ine 
 La-on-o-me'ne 
 La-oth'o-e 
 La'o-u9 
 Lap'a-thus 
 '►La-[)e'llius 
 Lapli'ri-a 
 •La-phy'ra 
 La-phys'ti-um 
 Lapid'e-i 
 La-pid'e-us 
 Lap'i-Uiie 
 
 Lap-i-tlia!'uDi 
 
 Lap'i-tlio 
 
 Lap'i-tliuii 
 
 La'ra, or La-ran'da 
 
 La-reti'ti-a, and 
 
 Lau-rcn'ti-a 
 La'res 
 Lar'ga 
 Lar'giis 
 La-ri'dcs 
 La.ri'na 
 La-ri'niim 
 La-ris'sa 
 La ris'sug 
 La'ri-us 
 Lar'ixiH 
 La-ro'ni-a 
 fLars To-liim'ni-us 
 l.ar'ti-iis, Fla'vi-us 
 Lar-to-lit-t'a-ni 
 Liir'va! 
 La-rym'na 
 La-rys'i-um 
 Las si-a 
 
 Las'siis, or La'sus 
 Las'tlie-nt's 
 Las-tlie-iii'a 
 Lat'a-giis 
 
 U-it e-ra'nus Plaii'tus 
 
 La-tc'ri-iim 
 
 *Latli'ii-ru3 
 
 La-ti-a'Ii3 
 
 La-ii-a'ris 
 
 La-ti'iii 
 
 La-tin'i-ns 
 
 La-ti'iius 
 
 La'ti-iiin 
 
 La'ti-»s 
 
 Lat'miis 
 
 La-to'i-a 
 
 tLa-to'bi-Us 
 
 fLa-tob'ri-gi 
 
 La-Io'is 
 
 *Lat'o-i3 
 
 La-Ui'na 
 
 La-top'o-lis 
 
 *Lat-o-re'a 
 
 La-to'us 
 
 La'tre-U3 
 
 fLa-tu'nii-a:, or 
 
 tLa-to'ini-iE 
 tLau-da'iiii a 
 Laii-du'ni-a 
 Laii-fel'la 
 Laii'ra 
 
 tLau-re'a-ciim 
 
 Lau-ren-ta'li-a 
 
 Laii-reii'tes A'gri 
 
 Laii-ren'ti-a 
 
 Lau-run-ti'ni 
 
 Lau-reii'ti-iia 
 
 Lau-reii'tum 
 
 ■►Lau-re'o- us 
 
 Laii'ri-on, or Lau-ri'on 
 
 Lau'ron 
 
 fLa'us 
 
 La'us Pom-pe'i-a 
 
 Lau'sus 
 
 Laii'li-um 
 
 La-ver'iia 
 
 tLa-ver'iii-ura 
 
 La-vi-a'na 
 
 La-vin'i-a 
 
 La-viii'i-iim, or 
 
 La-vi'iium 
 *Laz'a-ni3 
 Le'a-des 
 Le-iE'i 
 Le-ie'na 
 Le-aii'der 
 Le-an'dre 
 Le-an'dri-as 
 *Le-an'dri-U3 
 Lc-ar'clms 
 Leb-a-de'a 
 *Leb-a-di'a 
 Leb'e-dus,or Lcb'e-dos 
 Le-be'na 
 Le-bin'thos, and 
 
 Le-byii'tlio9 
 Lc-clia;'um 
 Lec'tum 
 Lec'y-Uius 
 Le'da 
 Le-dse'a 
 Le'dus 
 Le'gi-o 
 Le'i-tus 
 Le'laps 
 Lel'e-ges 
 Le'lex 
 Le-inan'nus 
 *Le-ina'nu9 
 Leiii'nus 
 Le-iiio'vi-l 
 •Leni-o-vi ces 
 
 I.*ni'ii-res 
 Le-inu'ri-a, and 
 Lijii-ii-ra'li-a 
 Lc-iia''u9 
 Lcii'tu-lus 
 Le'o 
 
 ♦Le-ob'o-teg 
 
 Le-o-ra'di-a 
 
 *Lc-och'a-re8 
 
 Le-o-co'ri-(in 
 
 Le-oc'ra-te9 
 
 Lo-od'a-ina9 
 
 Le-od'o-cu9 
 
 Lc-og'o-ras 
 
 Le'oii 
 
 Lc-o'na 
 
 Le-n-na'tu9 
 
 *Le-on'i-da 
 
 Le-on'i-das 
 
 *Le-on'ti-f hug 
 
 Le-on'ti-uni, and 
 
 Lu-on-ti'iii 
 *Lc-oii-to-ccph'a-I« 
 Le-(m-lo-c*'pli'a-Iu9 
 Le-oii'toii, or 
 
 Le-on l(ip'o-lig 
 Le-<m-tyib'i-de3 
 *Lc-ojdi'<)-ra 
 *l<c'o-pliron 
 *Le-op're-pes 
 ■►Le-o-prrp'i-des 
 Le'os 
 
 Le-os'the-nes 
 
 Le-o-tycli'i-de8 
 
 Le-piiyr'i-um 
 
 Lep'i-da 
 
 Lep'i-diis 
 
 Le-pi'iius 
 
 LK-poii'ti-i 
 
 Le'pre-os 
 
 Le'pri-um 
 
 Lep'ti-ues 
 
 Lep'tis 
 
 Le'ri-a 
 
 Le-ri'iia 
 
 Ler'na 
 
 L<;'ro 
 
 Le'ros 
 
 *Les-bo-ni'cu3 
 
 Les'bos 
 
 *Les-l)o'ug 
 
 Les'bus, or Les'bos 
 
 Les'clies 
 
 Les-tryg'o-nes 
 
 *Les'u-ra 
 
 Le-ta'num 
 
 Le-tlia;'ug 
 
 Le'tlie 
 
 Le'tus 
 
 Leu'ca 
 
 *Leu-ca'dl-a 
 
 Leu-ca'iii 
 
 Leu'cas 
 
 Leu-ca'si-on 
 
 Leu-cas'pig 
 
 Leu-ca'les ■ 
 
 Leu'ce 
 
 Leu'ci 
 
 Leu-cip'pe 
 
 Leu cip'pi-des 
 
 Leu-cip'pus 
 
 *Leu-co-gc'i 
 
 Leu'c{)-Ia 
 
 Leu'con 
 
 Leu-co'ne 
 
 Leu-co'neg 
 
 ♦Leu-con'i-cu 
 
 Leu-con'o-e 
 
 *Leu-con'o-t« 
 
 Leu-C(ip'e-lra 
 
 *Leu-co-pbry'ne 
 
 Lcu'co-pliryg 
 
 Leu<op'o-li9 
 
 Leu 'cos 
 
 Leu-co'si-a 
 
 *Leu-cos'y-ri 
 
 Leu-co-syV'i-i 
 
 Leu-colJi'o-c, or 
 
 Leu-co'Hit-a 
 Leuc'ira 
 Leuc'lriiin 
 Leu'cus 
 Leu-cy-a'ni-as 
 Leu-tych'i-des 
 Le-va'na 
 Le-vi'iiu9 
 Lex-o'vi-i 
 *Lib'a-n!E 
 Li-ba'ni-U9 
 Lib'a-nug 
 Lib-en-ti'na 
 Li'ber 
 Lib'e-ra 
 Lib-e-ra'li-a 
 Li-ber'tas 
 Li-be'lbra 
 
 Li-bt'lli'ri-deii 
 
 Lib'i-ci. or Li-be ci-l 
 
 Lib-i-ii'iia 
 
 Li'bo 
 
 Li'bnn 
 
 ♦Li-bon'o-tus 
 
 Lib-u-plicc-iu'rcs 
 
 Li'bri 
 
 Libs 
 
 Li-bur'na 
 
 LiJ>ur*iii-a 
 
 Li-bur'ni-des 
 
 Li-I>ur'iiuni Ma're 
 
 Li-bur'iiu3 
 
 Lib'y-a 
 
 Lib'y-ciim Ma're 
 Lili'y-cus, and 
 
 Li-byii'lis 
 Li'bys 
 Li-bys'sa 
 •Lih-ys-si'nug 
 Lic'a-tes 
 Li'clia 
 •Licli'a-des 
 tLi-clia'dfS 
 Ijj'chas 
 Li'clies 
 Li-ciii'i-a 
 Li-ciii'i-u9 
 •Lic'i 11U3 
 Li-ci'iiu3 
 Li-cyin'ni-us 
 Li'de 
 
 Li-ga'ri-U8 
 
 Li-ge'a 
 
 Li'ger 
 
 Li'gcr, or Lig'e-ris 
 Lig'tHras 
 
 Lig'u-reg • 
 Li-gu'ri-ii 
 Lig-u-ri'nus 
 Li'gus 
 
 fLi-gus'ti-cum Ma're i 
 
 Lig'y-es 
 
 Li-gyr'guin 
 
 Li-la''a 
 
 Lil-y-lia-'iim 
 
 •Lil'y-be ' 
 
 Li-iiia>'a 
 
 Li-Mie'iii-a 
 
 *Li-nie'ra 
 
 Liin'nu; 
 
 Lini-iia''um 
 
 LiiM-na-lid'i-a 
 
 Liui-ni'a-ce 
 
 *Lini-ni'a-des 
 
 Liiu-iii-u'tie I 
 
 Liui-nu'ni-a 
 
 *Liin-no-re'a ' 
 
 Li'iiion I 
 
 *Li-ino'ne 
 
 tLi-uiu'iium 
 
 tLi-»iy'ra 
 
 Lin-ca'si-i 
 
 *Lin'di-'is 
 
 tLiu'duin 
 
 Lin'dua 
 
 Liii'go-nes 
 
 *Lin-goii'i-cus 
 
 Liu-ter'na Pa'lus 
 
 Lin-ter'iium 
 
 Li'nus 
 
 Li'O'des 
 
 Lip'a-ra 
 
 *Lip'a-re 
 
 *Lip a-re'u3 
 
 Lip'a-ris 
 
 Liph'lii m 
 
 Lip-o-do'rus 
 
 Li-quen'ti-a 
 
 Lir-ra''u3 
 
 Li-ri'o-pe 
 
 Li'ris 
 
 Li-sin'i-as 
 
 Lis'son 
 
 Lis'sus 
 
 Lis'la 
 
 Lit'a-brum 
 
 Lit'a-na 
 
 Li tav'i cus 
 
 Li-ler'iium 
 
 Litii-o-bo'li-a 
 
 Li'thrus 
 
 Li-thu'bi-um ' 
 
 Li-lu'bi-um 
 
 Lit-y-er'sas 
 
 Liv'i-a Dru-sil'la 
 
 Li-vil'la 
 
 Liv-i-ne'i-ui 
 
 Liv'i-H9 
 
 fLix'us 
 
 Lo'bon 
 
 Lo'ce-U9 
 
 Lo'cha 
 
 *Lo-cha'ga« 
 
 Lo'cbi-ai 
 
 nn 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 *Loc'o-2us 
 
 L o'cri 
 
 Lo'cria 
 
 Lo-cus'ta 
 
 Lo-cn'ti-us 
 
 *Lo -si'um 
 
 Lol'li-a Pau-U'na 
 
 Lol-li-a'nu3 
 
 Lcil'li-iis 
 
 Lon-di'niim 
 
 Lon-ga-re'nus 
 
 Lon-jim'a-nus 
 
 Loii-gi'nus 
 
 Lon-go-bar'di 
 
 *Lon-go'ne 
 
 Lon'gu-la 
 
 Li)n-gun'li-ca 
 
 tLoii'KUS 
 
 Lor'di 
 
 Lor'y-nia 
 
 lio'tis, or Lo'to3 
 
 L«o-U)pU'a-Ei 
 
 Lo'iis, or A'o-us 
 
 *Lox'i-a3 
 
 Lu'a 
 
 Lii'ca 
 
 Lu'ca-piis 
 
 Lii-ca'ni 
 
 Lu-ca'ni-a 
 
 *Lu-c:in'i-cus 
 
 Lu-ca'iii-ua 
 
 Lii-ca'nus 
 
 Lu-ca'ri-a, or Lu-ce'- 
 
 ri-a 
 Luc-ce'i-u3 
 Lu'ce-res 
 Lii-ce'ri-a 
 tA.u-ce'ri-us 
 Lu-ce'li-us 
 Ln'ci-a 
 Lu-ci-a'nii3 
 Lu'ci-fer 
 Lu-cil'i-u» 
 Lu-cil'la 
 Lu-ci'iia 
 *Lu-ci'o-lu9 
 Lii'ci-us 
 Lu-cre'ti-a 
 I.ii-cret'i-lia 
 Lii-cre'ti-HS 
 Lu-cri'iiiim 
 Lii-cri'nii3 
 Lnc-tri'ti-us 
 Lti-ciiI'Ie-a 
 tLu-ciil'li Ilor'ti 
 Lii-cul'lus 
 Lii'cii-mo 
 Lii'ciis 
 Lug-dii'num 
 liii'iia 
 Lii'pa 
 Lu-per'cal 
 I.ii-prr-caTi-a 
 Lii-per'ci 
 Lu-p r'ciis 
 Lii'pi-as, or Lu'pi-a 
 *Lii-po-ilu'iium 
 Lti'pns 
 Lii-si-ia'ni-a 
 *L.ii-si-ta'nus 
 Lil-sn'nes 
 Liis'tri-cus 
 L(i-ta'ti-iis 
 I.ii-te'ri-u3 
 Lii-te'tia 
 Lii-to'ri-U3 
 Lv-a'n9 
 I.y'liaa 
 *Ly bii'tiis 
 I,yb y a, or Ly-bis'sa 
 Lyc'a-lias 
 I-yc-a-bu'lus 
 Ly-cjp'a 
 Ly-csB'iim 
 Ly-cie'us 
 lA'-C'iiii'hea 
 *l«yc-aiii-be'us 
 Ly-ca'un 
 l.yc-a-o'ni-a 
 ♦Ly-ca'u-nes 
 Ly'cas 
 I^y-cau'le 
 Ly-c:w'tum 
 I>y-c.'u'tua 
 I*y'ce 
 ♦Lyc'e-ju 
 I.y'cc» 
 Ly-cc'um 
 *Lv-cc'ii» 
 l/Vclr-ni'ilet 
 l.yrb-iii'du* 
 l.yc'i-a 
 l.)c'i-<laii 
 f<y-ciiii'ni 
 Ly-ciiii ni-« 
 Ly-cii'ctu 
 
 *Ly-ci'us, (Kpifi.) 
 
 *Lyc'i-us, adj. 
 
 *Lyc'o-a 
 
 Lyc-o-me'des 
 
 Ly'con 
 
 Ly-co'ne 
 
 *Ly-co'pe3 
 
 Lyc'o-pliron 
 
 Ly-cop'o-li3 
 
 Ly-co'pu3 
 
 fLyc-o-re'a 
 
 tLyc-o-re'u9 
 
 Ly-co'ri-aa 
 
 Ly-co'ris 
 
 Ly-cor'inas 
 
 Ly-cor'tas 
 
 *Ly-cos'tlie-ne 
 
 Lyc-o-su'ra 
 
 *Ly-co'tas 
 
 »Lyc-o-ze'a 
 
 Lyc'tiis 
 
 Ly-cur'gi-d£s 
 
 *Lyc-ur-gi'des 
 
 Ly-cur'gus 
 
 Ly'cu3 
 
 Ly'de 
 
 Lyd'i-a 
 
 I.yd'i-as 
 
 Lyd'i-us 
 
 Ly'dus 
 
 Lyg'da-mig, or Lyg'- 
 
 da-mus 
 Lyg'i-i 
 
 tLyg-o-des'ma 
 
 Ly'giis 
 
 Ly-tni're 
 
 *Lyni'i-re 
 
 Ly'inax 
 
 Lyn-ces'tJE 
 
 Lyn-ces'tes 
 
 Lyn-ces'ti-us 
 
 Lyn-ce'u3 
 
 tLyn'ccus 
 
 Lyn-ci'des 
 
 Lyn'cus, Lyn-CE'U3, 
 
 or Lyni 
 Lyr'cs 
 Lyr-Cffi'us 
 Lyr-ce'a . 
 *Lyr-ci'us 
 Lyr'cus 
 *Lyr'i-ce 
 Lyr-nes'su3 
 *Lyr'o-pe 
 Ly-san'der 
 Ly-san'dra 
 Ly-sa'ni-as 
 Ly'se 
 Ly-si'a-des 
 Lys-i-a-na3'sa 
 Ly-si'a-nai 
 Lys'i-as 
 Lys'i clea 
 Ly-sid'i-ce 
 Ly-sim'a-clie 
 Lys-i-ma'chi-a 
 J*Ly-sim-a-chi'a 
 Lys-i-mach'i-des 
 Ly-sim'a-cliu3 
 Lys-i-ine'li-a 
 *Lys-i-me-Ii'a 
 Ly-sin'i>-e 
 Lj'-sip'pe 
 Ly-sip'pus 
 Ly'si3 
 
 Ly-sis'tra-tiis 
 
 *hy9-i-thi'des 
 
 Ly-sitli'o-U3 
 
 I,y'so 
 
 tl-ys'tra 
 
 I,y-t<B'a 
 
 *L,yx-c'a 
 
 Ly-za'iii-as 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma'car 
 
 *Mac-a-re'i9 
 
 Ma-ca're-ii3 
 
 Ma-ca'ri-a 
 
 Mac'a-ri9 
 
 *Mac'a-ron 
 
 •Ma-car'ta-tus 
 
 Ma-tcd'nm 
 
 Mac'e-do 
 
 Mac-c-(bi'ni-a 
 
 Mac-r-doii'i-cuB 
 
 Ma-cpl'la 
 
 Ma'cer /H-myl'i-us 
 
 •Ma-re'ris 
 
 •Mac'e-tE 
 
 Ma-cliae'ra 
 
 *.Ma-cliag'e-ni 
 
 Ma-clian'i-das 
 
 JIa-clia'on 
 
 *Ma-cha'o-ne3 
 
 *-Ma-rhe'r'j3 
 
 Ma'cra 
 
 Ma-cri-a'nU3 
 
 Ma-cri'nus 
 
 *Mac'ri-tu3 
 
 Ma'cro 
 
 Ma-cro'bi-i 
 
 Ma-cro'bi-us 
 
 Mac'ro-cliir 
 
 Ma-cro'nes 
 
 *Mac-ron-ti'chus 
 
 * M ac-ro p-o- 50 ' n e s 
 
 *.Mac-ry-ne'a 
 
 Mac-to'ri-um 
 
 Mac-u-Iu'nus 
 
 fMa-dau'ra 
 
 Ma-des'te3 
 
 Ma-de'tes 
 
 *Ma-dre'ni 
 
 t.Mad-u-at'e-ni 
 
 Ma'dy-es 
 
 JlK-an'der 
 
 Mffi-aii'dri-a 
 
 Ma!-ce'na3 
 
 Ma;'di 
 
 *M<E-dob-i-thy'ul 
 
 Sl£E'li-US 
 
 Maem-ac-te'ri-a 
 
 M!Eii'a-de3 
 
 MiBn'a-Ia 
 
 Maen'a-lus 
 
 MiE'ni-us 
 
 *Mffin-o-bo'ra 
 
 *M.'E-nom'e-na 
 
 Ma'non 
 
 }Ia;'niis 
 
 Ms-o'ni-a 
 
 *.M;e'o-ne3 • 
 
 Mffi-on'i-dffi 
 
 Ma;-oii'i-<ie3 
 
 MK'o-ni3 
 
 MEB-O'tffi 
 *.M£E-Ot'i-CUS 
 
 *Ma-ot'i-de3 
 
 Mse-o'tis Pa'Ius 
 
 Mae'si-a Syl'va 
 
 *SIa!-so'li 
 
 *M;Et'o-na 
 
 Mffi'vi-a 
 
 Mse'vi-us 
 
 Ma'gas 
 
 *Mag-do'lus 
 
 Ma-geJ'!a 
 
 Mag'e-tn 
 
 Ma'gi 
 
 *Ma'gi-a 
 
 Ma'gi-us 
 
 Mag'na Gne'ci-a 
 
 Mag-nen'ti-us 
 
 Mag'ties 
 
 Mag-ne'si-a 
 
 *Mag-ne'te3 
 
 Ma'go 
 
 Ma'gon 
 
 Mag-on-ti'a-cum 
 Ma'giis 
 Ma-her'bal 
 Sla'i-a 
 *.Mai-ii'ma 
 *Mai'u-ina3 
 Ma-jes'ta3 
 Ma-jor'ca 
 Ma-jo-ri-a'nu3 
 f.Mak'a-reus 
 *.Mal'a-ca, or Mal'a- 
 clia 
 
 ♦Mal-ach-be'Iiis 
 
 Ma'la Fur-tu'iia 
 
 ♦Mardii-on 
 
 Ma-le'a, or *Ma'le-a 
 
 *.Ma-le'ba 
 
 ♦iMa-le'o3 
 
 t.Mal-e-ven'tum 
 
 Mal'ho, or Ma'tlio 
 
 Ma'li-a 
 
 Ma'li-i 
 
 Ma'li3 
 
 Mal'le-a, or Mal'li-a 
 
 Mal'li-U9 
 
 *Mal-l<)ph'o-ra 
 
 tMal-Io-plio'ra 
 
 Mal'lo3 
 
 *^Ta-Io'de9 
 
 >tal'ihi-nii3 
 
 *MaI-lhi'nu8 
 
 *Ma-hi'ca 
 
 Mnl-va'na 
 
 Mnma'iia 
 
 Ma incr'cii* 
 
 Ma-rncr'lhes 
 
 Mam-er-ti'na 
 
 >Iani-«r-ti'ni 
 
 *Mam-er-ti'nus 
 
 Ma-mil'i-a (Lex) 
 
 Ma-niil'i-i 
 
 Ma-ind'i-us 
 
 Mani-mee'a 
 
 Mam-ine'a 
 
 *Mani-mo'nas 
 
 *Ma-inu-ri a'nus 
 
 Ma-inu'ri-us 
 
 Ma-niur'ra 
 
 *Ma-nEe'thon 
 
 Ma-iias'ta-bal 
 
 Man-ci'nus 
 
 Man-da'ne 
 
 Man-da'nes 
 
 Man-de'la 
 
 Man-do'ni-U3 1 
 
 Alan'dro-^les 
 
 Man-droc'li-das 
 
 Man'dron 
 
 Man-du'bi-i 
 
 Mil ii-du-bra'ti-u3 
 
 fMan-du'ri-a 
 
 *Man'e-ro3 
 
 Ma'nes 
 
 *Man'e-tho 
 
 Ma-ne'tlio 
 
 Ma'ni-a 
 
 Ma-nil' i-a (Lex) 
 
 Ma-nil'i-us 
 
 Man'i-mi 
 
 Man'li-a (Lex) 
 
 Man'li-U3 Tor-qua'tus 
 
 Maii'nus 
 
 Man-siie'tus 
 
 *Man-te'um 
 
 Man-ti-ne'a 
 
 Man-ti-ne'u3 
 
 Maii'ti-us 
 
 Man'to 
 
 Man'tu-a 
 
 I>Iar-a-can'da 
 
 Mar'a-tlia 
 
 Mar'a-thon 
 
 Mar'a-tlios 
 
 *Mar'a-tlms 
 
 Mar-cel'la 
 
 Mar-cel-li'nus, Ain- 
 
 mi-a'nus 
 Mar-cel'lus 
 Mar'ci-a 
 Mar-ci-n'na 
 Mar-ci-a-nop'o-li3 
 Mar-ci-a'ims 
 *Mar'ci-on 
 *!(lar-ci'ta 
 Mar'ci-us Sa-hi'nu3 
 *Mar-com'a-ni 
 Mar-co-iiian'ni 
 *Mar-coni'e-re3 
 JIar'cus 
 Mar'ili 
 Mar'di-a 
 *Mar'do-nes 
 Mar-do'ni-us 
 Mar'dus 
 
 *.Ma're-a, or Ma-re-o'- 
 tis 
 
 *Ma-re ot'i-cus 
 ♦Mar-ga-ri'ta 
 Mar-gin 'i-a, and Mar- 
 
 gi-a'ni-a 
 Mar-gi'tes 
 Ma'ri-a (Lex) 
 *Ma-ri'a 
 Ma-ri'a-ba 
 Ma-ri-am'ne 
 Ma-ri-a'nae Fos'se 
 *.Ma-ri-an-dy'ni 
 Ma-ri-an-dy'num 
 Ma-ri-a'nui 
 Ma-ri'ca 
 Ma-ri'ci 
 Mar'i-cii3 
 Ma-ri'na 
 Ma-ri'nu9 
 Mii'ri-on 
 Ma'ri:^ 
 Maris'sa 
 Mar'i-su9 
 Mar-ri'ta (Lex) 
 ♦Ma-rit'i-ma 
 Ma'ri-us 
 Mar'ina-cus 
 Mar-ina-rcn'ses 
 Mar-mar'i-ca 
 Mar-iiiar'i-dffi 
 Mar-ina'ri-on 
 Ma'ro 
 
 Mar-o-bu'du-l 
 
 Ma'ron 
 
 Mar-o-nn'a 
 
 Mar-pf 'si-a 
 
 Mar-pea'sa 
 
 Mor-pe'Biu 
 
 Mar'res 
 *Mar-ru'bi-i 
 Mar-rn-ci'ni 
 Mar-ni'vi-uni, or Mar- 
 
 ru'bi-uin 
 Mars 
 
 Mar-sa;'u3 
 Mar'sa-la 
 Mar'se 
 Jlar'si 
 Mar-sig'ni 
 *Mars'pi-ter 
 Mar-sy'a-ba 
 *Jlar'sy-as 
 jMar'tlia 
 Mar'ti-a 
 Mar-ti-a'li3 
 Mar-ti-a'nu3 
 *.Mar-tig'e-na 
 Mar-ti'na 
 Mar-tin-i-a'nus 
 Mar'ti-us 
 Ma-nil'lus 
 Mas-!E-syl'i-i 
 *Mas-ce'zel 
 *Mas'cli-on 
 *Mas-i-gi'ton 
 Mas-i-nis'sa 
 Mas'sa 
 Mas'sa-ga 
 Mas-sag'e-tae 
 Mas-sa'na 
 Mas-sa'ni 
 Mas'si-ciis 
 Mas-sil'i-a 
 Mas-sy'la 
 *Mas sy'li 
 *Mas-s)I'i-a 
 *Mas-syl'i-us 
 *Mas-lram'e-la 
 Ma-sii'ri-us 
 *Ma thi'on 
 Ma'tlio 
 Ma-li-e'ni 
 Ma-ti'nus 
 JIa-tis'co 
 Ma-tra'Ii-a 
 *Ma'tre-as 
 *Mat'ro-na, (a river) 
 Ma-tro'iia 
 Mat-ro-na'Ii-a 
 Mat-ti'a-ci 
 *.Ma-tu'ce-t!E 
 Ma-tu'ta 
 *.Mat-u-ti'nus 
 Mnu'ri 
 *Mau'ri-cus 
 iMaii-ri-ta'ni-a 
 Mau'rus 
 fMaii-rii'si-a 
 Maii-ru'si-i 
 *Mau-so-le'um 
 .*.Maii-so'li 
 Mau-so'lu3 
 Ma'vors 
 Ma-vor'ti-a 
 .Max-en'ti-u3 
 *Max-e'rse 
 Max-i-inil-i-a'na 
 Max-iin-i-a'nus 
 Max-i-mi'iiu9 
 Max'i-iim3 
 Maz'a-ca 
 *Maz'a-ce3 
 Ma-za'ces 
 Mazs'iis 
 Ma-za'res 
 *Ma/.'a-res 
 Maz'e-ras 
 
 Ma-zi'ces, anrf Ma-zy'- 
 
 gcs 
 *Me'aru3 
 
 Mc-Cffi'nas,or JIe-c(E'- 
 nas 
 
 *Mcc-CB-na'tes, (p/.) 
 
 Me-cha'iie-iis 
 
 Me-cis'le-u3 
 
 Mec'ri-da 
 
 Me-de'a 
 
 * Jle'dc-on 
 
 Me-des-i-cas'le 
 
 Me'di-a 
 
 Me'di-as 
 
 Med'i-cu9 
 
 Me-di-o-la'num 
 
 *Me-di'o-liim 
 
 Me-di-o-ma-tri'ces, or 
 
 Me-di-o-malri'ci 
 ♦Me'di-on 
 Me-di-ox'ii-mi 
 Med i-tri'na 
 Me dii'a-ciis, «r Me- 
 
 dii'a-ciis 
 Medo-bilh'y-ni 
 Me-dob'ri-ja 
 Mu'don 
 
 Me-don'ti-a3 
 
 *Mt-do're3 
 
 Sled-ii-a'na 
 
 ♦Mtd'ii li 
 
 »Me-dul'li-a 
 
 Med-ul-li'na 
 
 Me'dus 
 
 ?>Ie-du'sa 
 
 Me-gab'i-zi 
 
 *Meg-a-by'£i 
 
 Meg-a-by'zu3 
 
 Meg'a-cles 
 
 Me-gac'li-des 
 
 Me-g£e'ra 
 
 Me-ga']e 
 
 Me-ga'le-as 
 
 Meg-a-Ie'si-a 
 
 Me-ga'li-a 
 
 Meg-a-lop't>-li3 
 
 Meg-a-iiie'de 
 
 Meg-a-ni'ra 
 
 Meg-a-pen'tlies 
 
 Meg'a-ra 
 
 *Meg'a-reiis, or Me- 
 
 ga're-us 
 *Meg-a-re'us, adj. 
 Meg'a-ris 
 Me-gar'sus 
 Me-gas'tlie-ne9 
 *JIeg-a-ti'chu3 
 Me'ges 
 Me-gil'Ia 
 Me-gis'ta 
 Me-gis'ti-a 
 fMe-gis'ti-as 
 Me-liE'nce 
 *MeI-am-pe'a 
 Me-Iain'pus 
 Jlel am-py'ges 
 *Mel-ani-p> 'giis 
 Me'la, Poin-po'ni-U3 
 t.Mel-an-cli;e'tcs 
 Mel-an-chla)'ni 
 Me-lan'chru3 
 Mel'a-ne 
 *Mel'a-Des 
 Mel'a-neiis 
 JIe-la'ne-ii3 
 *Me-la'ni-a 
 Me-lan'i-da 
 ^le-la'ni-on 
 Mel-a-nip'pe 
 5Iel-a-nip'pi-de3 
 Mel-a-iiip'pu3 
 Mel-a-no'pus 
 Mel a-ni)s'y-ri 
 Mel-aii'tlii-i 
 *Me-lan'thi-on 
 Me-lan'thi-us 
 Me-laii'lho 
 Jle-lan'tlms 
 Me'las 
 
 *Mel-com'a-ni 
 
 Me-le-a'ger 
 
 *Me-le'a-ger 
 
 Me-le-ag'ri-de3 
 
 Mel-e-saii'der 
 
 Me'les 
 
 Mel'e-se 
 
 Mel-e-sig'e-ne3, or 
 
 Mel-e-sig'e-ua 
 *Mere-te 
 Me'li-a 
 *Me-lib'o-cu9 
 tMel-i-boe'a 
 Mel-i-bcr'u3 
 Mel-i-ccr'ta 
 *Mel'i-chus 
 *Me'li-e 
 Mel-i-Rii'ni9 
 Me-li'na 
 *Mei'i-nu3 
 Me-li'sa 
 *Mel'i-se 
 Me-Iis'sa 
 Mc-lis'sus 
 Mel'i-ta, or Mel'i-te 
 *Mel-i-te'iia 
 Mel-i-tc'no 
 ♦iMel'i to 
 Mcl'i-tus 
 Me'li-ii3 
 Mel-ix-an'drii3 
 fMel'la An-nffi'us 
 Me-lob'o-si9 
 Me'Ion 
 Mc'los 
 Mol'pi-B 
 Mel-pom'c-ne 
 Me-inac'c-ni 
 Mem'ini-a Siil-pit'i-a 
 Mciii'ini-U3 
 Mcin'noii 
 *.Meni'no-ne9 
 •Mem-no-ni'iim 
 •Meni-no'iii-us 
 
 Mem'phig 
 
 *Meiii-plii'te3 
 
 Meni-plii'tis 
 
 Me'iia, or Me'ne3 
 
 Me-nal'cas 
 
 Me-nal'ri-da3 
 
 Men-a-lip'pe 
 
 Men-a-lip'pU3 
 
 Me-nan'der 
 
 *Men-an-dre'U3 
 
 *Men'a-pi 
 
 Me-na'pi-i 
 
 Men'a-pi3 
 
 Me'nas 
 
 Meii-che're9 
 
 Men'de3 
 
 Me-ne'cles 
 
 Men-e-cli'de3 
 
 *Men-e-co'lu3 
 
 Me-nec'ra-te3 
 
 Men-e-de'inu9 
 
 Me-neg'e-tas 
 
 Meii-e-la' i-a 
 
 *Men-»-la-i'a 
 
 Men-e-la'us 
 
 Me-ne'iii-us A-grip'pa 
 
 Men'e-piiron 
 
 Me'nes 
 
 Men-es-the'i Por'tus 
 Me-iies'tlie-us, 
 
 Mnes'tlie-us, or 
 
 Me-nes'te-iis 
 Me-iies'tlii-us 
 Men'e-tas 
 Me-nip'pa 
 Me-nip'pi-des 
 Me-nip'pus 
 Me'ni-us 
 Men'nis 
 Me-nod'o-tU3 
 Me-noi'ce-us 
 Me-noi'tes 
 *Meii-cE-ti'a-des 
 Me-niE'ti-U3 
 Me'non 
 Me-noph'i-lus 
 Meii'ta, or Min'the 
 Men'tes 
 Meii-tis'sa 
 Meii'to 
 Men'tor 
 
 *Jlon'to-re3 1 
 
 •Me-nyl'lus 
 
 *Me-phi'ti3 
 
 Me'ra 
 
 Me'ra, or Moe'ra 
 
 *Mer-ce-di'iiu3 
 
 Mer-cu'ri-us 
 
 Me-ri'o-nes 
 
 Mer'iiie-ros 
 
 Mer'ine-ni3 
 
 Merm'na-dsB 
 
 *Mer'iiio-da3 
 
 Mer'o-e 
 
 Mer'o-pe 
 
 *Mer'o-pi3 
 
 Me'rops 
 
 Me'ros 
 
 Mer'ii-Ia, Cor-ne'li-U3 
 
 Me-sali'a-tes 
 
 Me-sa'bi-U3 
 
 Me-sa'pi-a 
 
 Me-sau'l)i-ii3 
 
 Me-seiii'bri-a 
 
 Me-se'ne 
 
 *Me-sob'o-a 
 
 Mes-o-nie'de3 
 
 Mesu-po-ta'iiii-a 
 
 ♦Mes-sab'a-lie 
 
 Mes-sa'la 
 
 Mes-sa-li'na Va-le'ri-a 
 Mes-sa-li'iius, M. Va- 
 
 Ic'ri-iis 
 Mes-sa'na 
 Mes-sa'pi-a 
 *.Mes-sa'pu9 
 Mes'sa-tis 
 Mes'se 
 Mes-se'i3 
 
 Mes-se'nc, or Mes-se'- 
 na 
 
 Mes-sc'ni-a 
 
 •Mcs'o-a 
 
 »Mes-so'gi9 
 
 Mes'tor 
 
 Me-su'la 
 
 Mct'a-bii9 
 
 Melagit'ni-a 
 
 *Met'a-g(m 
 
 »Met-a-inor-plio'sl9 
 
 Mct-a-ni'ra 
 
 *iMet-a-pon-li'ni 
 
 Met-a-pon'liim 
 
 Met-n-pon'lU9 
 
 Me-tau'ru9 
 
 •Me-le'Ii9 1 
 
 .1 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 .Me-t»!l'la 
 
 .Mitli-ri-da'tis 
 
 Mos'clia 
 
 My-ro'nu3 
 
 *Ne-an-dri'a 
 
 •Nic'e-a 
 
 N(ir'li-a 
 
 Mf-tcl'li 
 
 Mitli-ro-liiir-za'ncs 
 
 
 Myr'rlia 
 
 No-aii'thes 
 
 Nic-e-pho'ri-um 
 
 *Niis-<>-co-nil'uin 
 
 ♦Me-teini>-sy-cho'sis 
 *Mct-t--re'a 
 
 Mit-y-le'ne 
 
 Mos'chi-on 
 
 *Myr'rlii-nug 
 
 *Ne-a|)'a-phos 
 
 Nic-<?-pho'ri-u3 
 Ni-ceph'o-ru3 
 
 *Nos'o-ra 
 
 Mit-y-Ie'n<E 
 
 *Mos-clio-pu'lu9 
 
 Myr'si-Iiis 
 
 Ne-ap o-Iis 
 
 No'tlius 
 
 *Metlt'ii-na 
 
 Mi'lys 
 
 Mds'cIius 
 
 Myr'si-nus 
 
 Ne-ar'cliua 
 
 Ni'cer 
 
 No-ti'um 
 
 Mt^-tliar'ina 
 
 Mi-zai'i 
 
 Mo-sel'la 
 
 Myr'sus 
 
 Ne-bro'dea 
 
 *Ni-cer'a-tU9 ' 
 
 'No'tufl 
 
 Me thi'on 
 
 IMna-sal'ces 
 
 Mo'ses 
 
 Myr'ta-Ie 
 
 Ne-broph'o-no3 
 
 *Nic'c-ro9 
 
 No-va'ri-a 
 
 Me-tho'di-us 
 
 •Mna'se-aa 
 
 Mo-sycli'lu9 
 
 Myr'te-a 
 
 *Ne-bropli'o-nus 
 
 Ni-ce'tas 
 
 No-va'lus 
 
 I\le-Tho'ne 
 
 Mnas'i-cles 
 
 Mos-y-ntc'ci 
 
 Myr'ti-lus 
 Myr'tis 
 
 *Neb'u-ia 
 
 Nic-e-te'rl-a 
 
 *Nov-cni-pa'pi 
 
 ♦Melli'o-ra 
 
 Mnn-sip'pi-das 
 
 *.Mo-sy'ni 
 
 Ne'clios 
 
 Nic'i-a 
 
 ♦Nov-eni-pop'u-lis 
 
 Me-tliyd'ri-um 
 Me-tiiyin'na 
 
 Mna-sip'pu3 
 
 IMo-tlio'ne 
 
 Myr-to'iim Ma're 
 
 *Nc-crop'o-Iia 
 
 Nic'i^s 
 
 *No-vem'sl-lc3 
 
 Mna-sitli'e-U3 
 
 *iM(i-ti-e'nl 
 
 Myr-tnn'ti-iim 
 
 Nec-ta-ne'bus, and 
 
 Ni-cip'pe 
 
 *Nov'c-ni3 
 
 Me-ti-a-(lu'sa 
 
 Mna'soii 
 
 I\lo-ty'a 
 
 Myr-tii'sa 
 
 Nec-tan'a-bi3 
 
 Ni-cip'pus 
 
 fNo-ve'si-um 
 
 Me-til'i-a Lex 
 
 fMna-sy'lus 
 
 *iM(i'y-ses 
 
 My-9cel'lus 
 
 *Nec-ti-be'reg 
 
 Ni'co 
 
 No-vi-o-du'num 
 
 Me-ti!'i-i 
 
 Mna-syr'i-um 
 
 Mu-ci-a'mis 
 
 Mys'i-a 
 
 Nc-cys'i-a 
 
 *Nic-o-bu'lus 
 
 No-vi-<iin'a-guni 
 
 *Me-liMis 
 
 *.Mnc-mi'um 
 
 Mu'ci-U9 
 
 My-so-ma-ced'o-ne3 
 My'soii 
 
 No'is 
 
 Ni-cocli'a-rcg 
 
 No-vi-oin'a-gua 
 
 Me-til'i-us 
 
 Mne'inon 
 
 IMii'cra; 
 
 *Ne-i'ta5 
 
 Nic'o-cles 
 
 fNo'vi-uin 
 
 Me-ti'o-chus 
 
 Mne-inos'y-ne 
 
 ■Mul'ci-ber 
 
 Mys'teg 
 
 Ne'Ic-U3 
 
 Ni-coc'ra-tcs 
 
 No'vi-u3 Pris'cus 
 
 Me'ti-on 
 
 Wne-sar'chiis 
 
 Mii-lu'cha 
 
 Mytli'e CU3 
 
 *Nc-U'de9 
 
 Ni-co'cre-on 
 
 •Nov-o-co'uiuin 
 
 IMe'lis 
 
 *Mnes-i-bu'lu3 
 
 Mul'vi-us Pons 
 
 Myt-i-le'ne 
 My'us 
 
 Ne'lo 
 
 *Nic-o-da'niu9 
 
 ♦N(>-voni'a-gu8 
 
 Me-tis'cua 
 
 Mne-sid'a-inus 
 
 Mum'ini-iis 
 
 Ne-ina;'a, (^gamcs) 
 
 Nic-o-de'niu3 
 
 Nox 
 
 Me'ti-us 
 
 ♦Mnes-i-da'mus, or 
 
 Mu-nn'ti-u3 
 
 *Ne-nie'a, or Ne'ine-a, 
 
 Nic-o-do'ru3 
 
 Nu-ce'ri-a 
 
 Me-tce'ci-a 
 
 ♦Mnes-i-de'inu9 
 
 Mtiii'da 
 
 
 {Unon) 
 
 Ni-cod'ro-inus 
 
 Nu-itli'o-nes 
 
 
 Mnes-I-Ia'us 
 
 Mti-ni't(ig 
 
 
 Ne-nie-si-a'nu0 
 
 Nic-o-Ia'u3 
 
 Nu'nia Mar'ti-ua 
 
 Met'o-pe 
 
 Mne-sini'a-chs 
 
 Mu-nycli'i-a 
 
 AT 
 
 NKin'e-si3 
 
 *Ni-co'le-03 
 
 Nu'ma Poni-pil'i-ua 
 
 *Me-to'pe 
 ♦Met'o-res 
 
 Mne-sim'a-chiis 
 
 Mu-nycli'i-tB 
 Mu-ri''na 
 
 Ne- nie'si-us 
 
 Ni-com'a-cha 
 
 Nu-nia'na 
 
 *Mne-sitli'e-ii9 
 
 Nem'e-tea 
 
 Ni-coin'a-chna 
 
 Nu-man'ti-a 
 
 Mc'tra 
 
 Mnes'ter 
 
 i\Iur'cM9 
 
 
 Ne-iue'ug 
 
 Nic-o-me'des 
 
 Nii-man-ti'na 
 
 tMet-m-gyr'ta 
 
 Miies'the-us 
 
 Mii-re'tiis 
 
 NAB-AR-ZA'NEi 
 
 Nein-o-ra'li-a 
 
 t*Nic-o-me-di'a 
 
 *Nu-nian'li'nu8 
 
 ♦iMe-tro'a 
 
 ISliies'ti-a 
 
 Mur-gaii'ti-a 
 
 Nab-a-tliffi'a 
 
 Ne-iTiog'su9 
 
 Nic-o-me'di-a 
 
 Nu-ina'nus Uem'u-lua 
 
 Mc-tro'bi-us 
 
 Mnes'tra 
 
 *M»r-ra'nii9 
 
 *Nab'a-tiiC3 
 
 Ne-o-bu'le 
 
 Ni'con 
 
 Nu'iiie-ncs 
 
 Met'ro-cles 
 
 Mne'vis 
 
 Sliir-rlie'iiua 
 
 Na'bis 
 
 Ne-o-ca;3-a-re'a 
 
 Ni-co'ni-a 
 
 Nu-me'ni-a, or Ne-o- 
 
 Met-ro-do'ru3 
 
 Mo-a-plier'nes 
 
 Mur'ti-a 
 
 *Nac'o-le 
 
 Ne-ocli'a-bis 
 
 Ni-coph'a-nea 
 
 me'ui-a 
 
 Me-troph'a-nes 
 
 •Mo-cor'e-ta; 
 
 MU9 
 
 *Nac'o-iie 
 
 Ne'o-clcg 
 
 Nic'o-phron 
 
 Nu-ine'iii-u3 
 
 Me-trop'o-Iis 
 
 Mo-des'tus 
 
 Mii'sa An-to'ni-us 
 
 Na-dag'a-ra 
 
 *Ne-o-cli'de9 
 
 Ni-cop'(>-li3 
 
 tNu-nie'ri-i 
 
 Met'ti-us 
 
 Mo'di-a 
 
 Mu'sa: 
 
 Na;'iii-a 
 
 *Ne-o-co'ru3 
 
 Ni-co9'tra-ta 
 
 Nu-uic-ri-a'nus 
 
 J Mei'tus Cur'ti-us 
 
 *Mod'o-nus 
 
 Mn-ste'us 
 
 *Nffi'vi-a 
 
 Ne-og'e-nes 
 
 Ni-cos'tra-tU3 
 
 Nu-nic'ri-us 
 
 f iMe-tuMum 
 
 M(E'ci-a 
 
 *Mu-sag'e-te9 
 
 Na;'vi-ii3 
 
 ♦Ne-oni'a-gu3 
 
 Nic-o-tc'lc a 
 
 *Nu-inic'i-U9 
 
 Me-va'ni-a 
 
 McB'nus 
 
 *Mu-se'a 
 
 NlEV'o-lu3 
 
 *Ne-o-me'ni-a 
 
 *Nic-o-te-le'a 
 
 Nu-ini'cu3 
 
 Me'vi-iis 
 
 M(E'di 
 
 ♦.Mu-sc'um 
 
 *Na-ge'ri 
 
 Ne-oni'o-ri3 
 
 Ni-cot'e-les 
 
 Nu'mi-da 
 
 Me-zen 'ti-us 
 
 McB'on 
 
 Mii-so'ni-u9 Ru'fus 
 
 Na-liar'va-li 
 
 Ne'on 
 
 Ni'ger 
 
 •Nu'nii-diB 
 
 *MUi-co'rus 
 
 M(B-on'i-des 
 
 Miis-te'la 
 
 Na-i'a-de3 
 
 Ne-on-ti'cho3 
 
 Ni-gid'i-u3 Fig'u-his 
 
 Nn-niid'i-a 
 
 *Mic-co-tro'gus 
 
 Mas'ra 
 
 fMu'ta 
 
 tNai'a-des 
 
 *Ne-on-ti'clius 
 
 *Ni-gre'te3 
 
 Nu-inid'i-ua 
 
 Mi-ce'a 
 
 MoB-rag'e-tes 
 
 iMii-thuI'lu3 
 
 *Na'i-a3 
 
 *Ne'o-phron 
 
 Ni-gri't!B 
 
 fNu-iula'tro 
 
 *M i-ce'Ia 
 
 IMcB'ris 
 
 Mu'ti-a 
 
 *Na'i-cu3 
 
 Ne-op-tol'e-mus 
 
 *Ni-la'mon 
 
 Nu'iiii-tor 
 
 Mi-cip'sa 
 
 M(E'si-a 
 
 tiVIu-ti'ca 
 
 Na'is 
 
 Ne'o-ri3 
 
 Nil'e-us 
 
 Nu-ini-to'ri-us 
 
 *Mic'i-le 
 
 *iMo-siin'ti-a 
 Mo-Ry'ni 
 
 Mii-til'i-a 
 
 fNa-ig'sug, or Nes'sus 
 
 *Ne-o'the-us 
 
 *Ni-li'a-cu9 
 
 Nu-nio'ni-u3 
 
 Mi-cy'thii9 
 
 I\Iu'ti-na 
 
 *Nam-ne'te3 
 
 Ne'pe 
 
 *Ni-lo'ti3 
 
 Nun-co'rc-ua 
 
 *Mi(t-a-i'on 
 
 Mo-le'i-a 
 
 Mu-ti'na 
 
 Na-pa;'iB 
 
 *Nep'e-te 
 
 Ni'liis 
 
 Nun'di-iia 
 
 Mi 'das 
 
 *Mo-li'a 
 
 Mu-ti'nes 
 
 *Na-pt;'t8 
 
 Ne-pha'li-a 
 
 *Nin'i-ve 
 
 Nur'sffl 
 
 Mid'e-a 
 
 fMo-li'on 
 
 Mu-ci'nu9 
 
 Na-pa'ta 
 
 Neph'e-Ie, *Neph-e- 
 
 Nin'i-ag 
 
 Nur'sci-a 
 
 Mid-e'a 
 
 Mo-Ii'o-ne 
 
 Mu'ti-U3 
 
 *Na-pe'gii3 
 
 le'jg 
 
 Nin'ni-us 
 
 Nur'si-a 
 
 •Mi'e-za 
 
 MoMo 
 
 Rlu-tu'nus 
 
 Napli'i-lu3 
 
 Neph-«-ri'tes 
 
 *Nin'o-e 
 
 Nu'tri-a 
 
 Mi-la'ni-on 
 
 Mo-loe'is 
 
 Mu-tusViB 
 
 Nar 
 
 Ne'plius 
 Ne'pi-a 
 
 Ni'nus 
 
 Nyc-te'is 
 
 Mi-le'si-i 
 
 Mo-lor'chus 
 
 t JIu-ze'ri3 
 
 Nar'bn 
 
 Nin'y-as 
 
 fNyc-te'li-a 
 
 Mi-le'si-us 
 
 Mo-los'si 
 
 My-a'giiis, or My'o- 
 
 ♦Nar-bo'na 
 
 Ne'po3 
 
 Ni'o-be 
 
 Nyc-tc'li-us 
 
 Mi-le'ti-a 
 
 Alo-los'si-a, or Mo- 
 
 des 
 
 Nar-bo-nen'8i» 
 
 Ne-po-ti-a'nu3 
 
 Ni-phs'ua 
 
 Nyc'tc-H3 
 
 Mi-le'ti-um 
 
 los'sis 
 
 Myc'a-le 
 
 Nar-c!B'u3 
 
 Ntp'thys 
 
 Ni-plia'tes 
 
 *Nyc'li-lus 
 
 N'yc-tim'c-n3 
 
 Nyc'li-nius 
 
 Mi-le'tu3 
 
 Mo-lo3'sii9 
 
 Myc-a-les'gus 
 
 •fNar-ce'a 
 
 Nep-tu'ni-a 
 
 Ni'phe 
 
 Mil'l-as 
 
 MoUpa'd:-a 
 
 My-ce'iis 
 
 Nar-cis'sus 
 
 *Nep-tu-ni'ne 
 
 Nir'e-U8 
 
 Mil'i-chus 
 
 IMol'pU9 
 
 Myc-e-ri'nu3 
 
 Nar'ga-ra 
 
 Nep-lu'ni-mn 
 Nep-tu'ni-u3 
 
 Ni'sa 
 
 Nym-bffi'uin > 
 
 Mi-Ii'nu3 
 
 Alo'lu3 
 
 Myc-i-ber'na 
 
 Na-ris'ci 
 
 Ni-sffi'a 
 
 Nytu'pha; 
 
 Mil-i-o'ni-a 
 
 *Mol-y-cre'um 
 
 Myc'i-llius 
 
 Nar'ni-a, or Nar'na 
 
 Nep-tu'uu3 
 
 Ni-siE'e 
 
 Nyin-plia!'um 
 
 *Mil-iz-i-ge'ri3 
 
 *Mo-lyc'ri-a 
 
 My'con 
 
 Nar'ses 
 
 Ne-re'i-dc3 
 
 Ni-se'i-a 
 
 Nyni-pliir'u3 
 
 Mi'io 
 
 Mo-lyc'ri-on 
 
 Jlyc'o-ne, or fMyc'o- 
 
 Nar-tJie'cis 
 
 *Ne-re'ig, or *Ne're-is 
 
 Nis'i-bis 
 
 Nyiii-|ihid'i-iis 
 Nyni'phis 
 
 Mi-Io'ni-us 
 
 *Mo-Iy'ru9 
 
 no3 
 
 Na-ryc'i-a 
 
 Ne-re'i-u3 
 
 *Ni-so'pe 
 
 iViii-ci'a-Ges 
 
 Mo-mem'phi3 
 
 My'don 
 
 ♦Nas'.i-mon 
 
 Ne're-U3 
 
 Ni'sus 
 
 Nyni-plio-do'nis 
 Nym-plio-lf p'tca 
 *Nyiu-pliiiin'a-ne8 
 
 M il'to 
 
 Mo'niU9 
 
 My-ec'pho-ris 
 
 Nas-a-mo'nefl 
 
 fNe-ri-e'ne 
 
 Ni-sy'ros 
 
 Mil'vi-U3 
 
 Mo'nri 
 
 My-e'nus 
 
 Nas'ci-o, or Na'ti-o 
 
 Ne-ri'ne 
 
 ♦Ni-sy'rus 
 
 Mil'y-Hs 
 
 *ivit)n'a-cni 
 
 ♦Myc'a-l6 
 
 *Na-si'ca 
 
 Ner'i-phu3 
 *i\e-ri'tffi 
 
 Ni-te'tis 
 
 NynrplKiM 
 
 Mi-iiialMo-nes 
 
 *Mon-a-chi'um 
 
 IMyg'doii 
 
 Na-sid-i-e'nu8 
 
 *Nil-i-ob'ri-geB 
 
 Nyp'si-iig 
 
 Mi'iiias 
 
 M(>-na'se3 
 
 *iMyg'clo-ne9 
 
 Na-sid'i-UB 
 
 Ner'i-to3 
 
 Ni-to'cria 
 
 Ny'sa, or Xyi'»a 
 
 *Miin-ne'du9 
 
 ♦Mo-ne'se3 
 
 Myg-ilo'ni-a 
 
 Na'so 
 
 Ne'ri-U3 
 
 \it'ri-a 
 
 .\y-sa;'u9 
 Ny'sas 
 *Ny-se'um 
 Ny-se'i-um 
 
 M iiii-ner'nius 
 
 Mo-ne'su9 
 
 Myg'do-iitis 
 
 Nas'sug, or Na'sus 
 
 Ne'ro 
 
 fNi-va'ri-a 
 No'ag 
 
 Miii'ci-ii3 
 
 Mo-ne'la 
 
 tMyg-do'nus 
 ]\Iy-i'a-gr(i8 
 
 Nas'u-a 
 
 Ne-ro'ni-a 
 
 Min'da-nis 
 
 *M(in'i-ca 
 
 Na-ta'li-a 
 
 Ner-to-brig'i-a 
 
 Noc'nion 
 
 Mi-ne'i-des 
 
 Mon'i-ma 
 
 My-las'sa 
 
 Na-ta'li3 
 
 Ner'ti-liim 
 
 Noc-li-lu'ca 
 
 Ny-si'a-dea 
 Nys'i-* Por't* 
 
 Mi-iier'va 
 
 M011M-111U3 
 
 My'le, or My'Ias 
 
 Nat'ta 
 
 Ner'va Coc-ce'i-us 
 
 *No-di'uug 
 
 JMin-<;r-va'Ii-a 
 
 *M(>n-o-dac'ty-Im 
 Moii'(mIu3 
 
 My'les 
 
 Naii'bo lus 
 
 Ner'vi-i 
 
 *N<i-<:'mon 
 
 ♦Nys'i-aa 
 *Ny-sig'e-na 
 
 Min'i-o 
 
 My-lit'ta 
 
 Nau'cles 
 
 Ne-sa;'a 
 
 Nd'la 
 
 Mi»-iice'i 
 
 Mo-iice'cus 
 
 *Myii'd:)-ne» 
 
 Myn'du3 
 
 My'iies 
 
 Nau'cra-tes 
 
 *Ne-si'des 
 
 *N()-la'nus 
 
 Ny-si'r09 
 
 Mi-iiu'a 
 
 Mo-ii(>'le-u3 
 
 Nau'cra-tis 
 
 Ne-sini'a-chui 
 
 Noui'a-des 
 
 tNys'i-ua 
 
 Mi-iio'is 
 
 *Mon'o-mu9 
 
 ♦Naii-cy'des 
 
 Ne-3i-o'pe 
 
 No'niE 
 
 Nya'sa 
 
 
 Mo-noph'a-pe 
 
 Myn'i-ai 
 
 Naii'lo-chu3 
 
 Ne'sis 
 
 Nom-cn-ta'nui 
 
 IMin-o-lau'rui 
 
 Mo-iioph'i-lu9 
 
 *My'o-nes 
 
 Nau-pac'tus, or Nau- 
 
 Ne-so'pe 
 
 Nu-nien'tuin 
 
 
 M in 'the 
 
 *iMo-no3'ce-Ii 
 
 *My-o-ne'sus 
 
 pac'tum 
 
 *Nes'|>e-t03 
 
 No'ini-i 
 
 
 Miii-tur'ntE 
 
 *Mo-no-the-li't» 
 
 My-o'ni-a 
 
 Nau'pli-a 
 
 Nau-pli'a-des 
 
 Nau'pli-us 
 
 *Nes-so'ni3 
 
 •No-iiii'on 
 
 0. 
 
 Mi-iiii'tl-a 
 
 Mon-ta'nus 
 
 tMy'ra 
 *Myr'a-ce« 
 
 Nes'sus 
 
 No'mi-u3 
 
 Mi-iiu'ti-us Au-gu-ri'- 
 
 Mon'y-f hus 
 Rlon'y-mua 
 
 Nes'to-cle3 
 
 *No-nu)ph'y-Iai 
 
 nii9 
 
 •Myr'ge-ta! 
 *My-ri'ca 
 
 tNau-por'tus 
 
 Nes'tur 
 
 •No-molli'e-t!E 
 
 
 Min'y-iE 
 
 RIo'phig 
 
 Nau'ra 
 
 *Nes-tor'i-de8 
 
 •Non-a-cri'nu8 
 
 ♦O-a'bi-oji 
 
 Mtti'y-a3 
 
 Mup'si-iim 
 
 *My-ri'cc 
 
 Nau-«ic'a-a 
 
 Nes-to'ri-u3 
 
 *Non'.i-cri9 
 
 O-ar'ses 
 
 iMiii'y-cuB 
 
 Mop-so'pi-a 
 
 My-ri'cu3 
 
 *NaH-«ic'a-e 
 
 Nes'tus, or Nes'sua 
 
 No-iia'crig 
 
 0'a-ru9 
 
 Mi-ny'i-a 
 
 *Mop's»>-pu9 
 
 My-ri'na 
 
 Nau'si-clea 
 
 Ne'tum 
 
 1 No-na'cria 
 
 •O'a-sea 
 
 M in'y-tus 
 
 •Mop-sn-es'li-a 
 Mop'su9 
 
 J*iMy-ri'nus, (l^ith. ^ 
 
 Nau-siin'e-nes 
 
 Ne'u-ri 
 
 No'ni-u3 
 
 O'a-sia 
 
 Mir'a-ces 
 
 Apollo) 
 *Myr'i-nu3, (a man) 
 
 •Nau-si-ni'cu9 
 
 Ni-cffi'a 
 
 Non'ni-UB 
 
 O-ax'es 
 
 •Mis'ce-ni 
 
 ft!(>r-gan'ti-um 
 
 Nau-sitli'o-e 
 
 *Ni-cn;n'c-tui 
 
 Non'nua 
 
 O-ax'us 
 
 Mi-se'nuin 
 
 *.Mor-Ke'te9 
 
 Myr'ioD 
 
 Naii-sitli'o-u9 
 
 Ni-cag'o-ra» 
 
 tNo'nus 
 
 No'pi-n, or Ci-no'pi-a 
 
 •Ob'ti-da 
 
 Mi-se'mi9 
 
 *iMar-j-me'no 
 
 *iMyr-i-on'y-ma 
 
 Nau'les 
 
 Ni-caii'der 
 
 •Oli'ri-mo 
 
 * IS-£e'tC3 
 
 
 *Myr-Ie'a 
 
 Na'va 
 
 Ni-ca'nor 
 
 No'ra 
 
 ♦Ob'se-qijpns 
 
 Mr-silli'e-iis 
 
 M(ir-i-la3'gus 
 
 Myr-mcc'i-des 
 *iMyr-iiie'ci-iim 
 
 Na'vi-U3 Ac'ti-ua 
 
 Ni-car'chu8 
 
 No'rax 
 
 Ob-uI-tru'ni-ti9 
 
 tMitli-ra-cen'sei 
 
 Mo'ri-ii9 
 
 Na.t'og 
 
 •Ni-car'e-te 
 
 Nor'ba 
 
 0-ca U--a, or 0-«a'l:-« 
 
 iMiili-ra-da'tes 
 
 Mur'phe-Ui 
 
 Myr-iiild'o-nes 
 My'ron 
 
 Ne-fe'ra 
 
 Nic-ar-tlii'de» 
 
 N(>r-ha'nu9 
 
 O-ce'a-na 
 
 Mi'lfiraa 
 
 More 
 
 Ne-a!'thu9 
 
 Ni-ca'tor 
 
 •No-ric'i-l 
 
 O-ce-aii'i-des, nnd 
 
 Mi-thre'nP8 
 
 Mo'ry* 
 
 M>-ro-ni-a'nns 
 
 Ne-al'cea 
 
 •Ni-cat'o-ris 
 
 Nor'i-cum 
 
 0-ce-a-nit'i-de« 
 
 Mith-ri-da'te« 
 
 Mo'sa 
 
 My-ron'i-de« 
 
 Ne-al'i-c€i 
 
 Ni'ce 
 
 Nor-tbip'pua 
 
 •0-ce-an-i'ti8 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 V F F F r - 
 
 
 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 l> ce'a-nus 
 
 () ce'i-a 
 
 ♦Oce'lis 
 
 O-c.el'lus 
 
 ♦Oc'e-lum 
 
 O'chn 
 
 »0-f lir-'ni-us 
 
 O-clie'si-us 
 
 *Ocli'ro-na 
 
 O'chus 
 
 *Och-y-ro'ma 
 
 Oc'nus 
 
 *0-co'lum 
 
 *0-cric'o-la 
 
 O-cric'u-lum 
 
 O-crid'i-on 
 
 O-cris'i-a 
 
 Oc-t;i-cil'Ii-us 
 
 Oc-ta'vi-a 
 
 Oc-ta-vi-a'nu3 
 
 Oc-ta'vi-us 
 
 fOc-to-ge'sa 
 
 Oc-tol'o-plfum 
 
 O-cy'a-lus 
 
 0-cy|)'e-le 
 
 O-i yr'o-e 
 
 Od-e-na'tU3 
 
 O-des'sug 
 
 *0-de'um 
 
 O-di'nus 
 
 O-di'tes 
 
 *0-do'a-cer 
 
 Od-o-a'cer 
 
 *0-do'ca ' 
 
 Od-o-man'ti 
 
 Od'o-nes 
 
 Od'ry-SE 
 
 O-dys'se-a 
 
 *Od-ys-se'a 
 
 *Od-ys-se'um 
 
 CE-ag'a-rus, anrf CE'a- 
 
 ser 
 *CE'a-prus 
 
 ffi-an'tliffijond CE-an'- 
 
 thi-a 
 *a:-an-the'a 
 OE'a.v 
 CE-lia'li-a 
 CEh'a-lus 
 OSh'a-res 
 *CE-bo'ta9 
 CE-cha'li-a 
 CE'cle-ua 
 (E-cli'deg 
 OEc-u-iiie'ni-us 
 CEd-i-po'di-a 
 *CEd-i-po-di'ou 
 a:;d'i-pus 
 CE'ine 
 aj-naii'llifji 
 CE'ne 
 ffi'ne-a 
 *ai-ne-o'ne 
 Q3'ne-us 
 CEni'des 
 Oiii'o-e 
 CG-nom'a-iis 
 Cr;'non 
 CE-no'na 
 CE-no'ue 
 OJ-no'pi-a 
 CE-nop'i-des 
 OD-nii'pi-oii 
 t*CE-no'lfi 
 CE-no'lri-a 
 aC-no'lrus 
 OC-mi'sffi 
 ai'o-nU3 
 CEr'o-e 
 •ai-sy'm« 
 CE'ta 
 
 dii'y-liis, or (Et'j 
 
 111 in 
 O-fel'lus 
 OTi 
 
 Og-<lol'a-pis 
 
 Os-do'rus 
 
 *Og'e-no» 
 
 fO-Rlo'sa 
 
 Op'nii us 
 
 Og'o-a 
 
 •O-go'a 
 
 O-jiil'ni-a 
 
 Og'y-ges 
 
 O-cyg'i-a 
 
 *<1-KyK'i-diB 
 
 0(!'y-rl3 
 
 O-ir'iK-ua 
 
 O-il'eiia 
 
 O-i-li'dcl 
 
 Ol'a-ne 
 
 O-lu'iius 
 
 Ol'ba, or Ol'bUf 
 
 •OI-l.e'lil« 
 
 Ol'bia 
 
 Ol ni-ui 
 
 I Ol-chin'i-uni 
 O-ie'a-ros, or Ol'i-ros 
 O-le'a-truin 
 O'len 
 *01'e-iios 
 
 Ol'e-nus, or Ol'e- 
 nuin 
 
 0- le-o'ru3 
 *Ore-rug 
 Ol'ga-sys 
 
 01- i-gyr'tis 
 O-liii'i-Ee 
 
 0- lin'thus 
 
 *OI-i-si'po, *01-i-sip'- 
 pn, or *0-Iys'si-po 
 
 01- i-tin'gi 
 *0-li'zoa 
 Ol'li-us 
 Ol-lov'i-co 
 Ol'ini-ffi 
 Ol'mi-us 
 *01-mi'tis 
 *01-mo'nes 
 Ol-o-pliyx'us 
 *OI'o-rus 
 *01-ym-pe'ne 
 0-lyni'|)e-um 
 0-lyr\'pi-a 
 *01-yni-pi'a-de3 
 O-Iyra'pi-as 
 *0-Iym'pi-cu3 
 *0-lym-pi-e'um 
 0-lym-pi-o-do'rU9 
 *0-lyni-pi-o-ni'ces 
 O-Iyni'pi-us 
 
 0- Iyin'pu3 
 
 01- ym-pu'sa 
 O-Iyii'thus 
 O-ly'ras 
 O-ly'zon 
 0-ma'ri-u3 
 Oin'bi 
 Oni'bri 
 *Om'bri-ci 
 *Om'bri-os 
 *Om-bro'nes 
 Om'o-le 
 Om-o-plia'gi-a 
 *On)'plia-ce 
 Om'plia-le 
 Om'plm-los 
 tOm'phis 
 
 0-na;'um, or O-se'ne- 
 
 um 
 *On'a-ger 
 O-na'rus 
 D-nas'i-mus 
 0-na'ta3 
 *Oii-ce'uin 
 On-ches'tus 
 *On'cho-e 
 O-ne'i-on 
 On-e-sic'ri-tug 
 O-nes'i-mus 
 On-e-sip'pus 
 O-ne'si-us 
 Oii-e-tor'i-des 
 O'ni-iim 
 *0-ni'on 
 *0-ni'um 
 On'o-ba 
 *On-o-cho'nu3 
 On-o-niac'ri-tu3 
 On-o-mar'chus 
 On-o-inas-tor'i-des 
 On-o-mas'tijs 
 On'o-plias, or On'o- 
 
 pliis 
 On-o-san'der 
 *0-niiK'na-lhu8 
 ♦O-ny'ihes 
 O-pa'li-a 
 *0-pel'i-cii8 
 O-phe'as 
 O-plie'las 
 O-pliKl'tes 
 O-plieii'sis 
 O'phi-a 
 O-phi'a-des 
 O'plii-as 
 •O-plii-o'des 
 *0-phi-og'c-n« 
 O-plii'oii 
 *0-phi'o-ne8 
 O-phi-o'ne-ua 
 tO'phi3 
 *Opli-i-te'a 
 •O -plii'tea 
 *0-phi-u'cliii« 
 
 O'plli-IH 
 
 O-pbi-ii'iin 
 
 *0-plil<>'iie< 
 
 'Dpli-ry-ne'uni 
 
 Op'i-cl 
 
 O-pig'e-na 
 
 O-pil'i-uB 
 
 1314 
 
 *0-pi'ina Sp(i'Ii-a 
 *0-piin-i-a'mi3 
 O-piiii'i-us 
 O'pis 
 
 *Op-is-thoc'o-inEe 
 
 Op'i-ter 
 
 Op-i-ter-gi'ni 
 
 O-pi'tes 
 
 *Op'o-i3 
 
 *0-po'pe-u3 
 
 *0-por'i-mi3 
 
 Op'pi-a 
 
 Op-pi-a'nu3 
 
 Op-pid'i-u9 
 
 Op'pi-U3 
 
 tops 
 
 Op-ta'tus 
 
 Op'ti-mus 
 
 *0-piin'ti-a 
 
 O'pus 
 
 O'ra 
 
 O-rac'u-lum 
 
 O-ra'a 
 
 Or'a-sus 
 
 Or-he'lu9 
 
 Or-bil'i-us 
 
 Or-bo'na 
 
 Or'ca-des 
 
 Or-cba'Iis 
 
 Or'cha-mu3 
 
 *Or-chis-te'ne 
 
 Or-cliom'e-niis, or Or- 
 
 clioiii'e-nuiii 
 *Or-chom'e-no3 
 *Or-ci'nU3 
 Or'cus 
 Or-cyn'i-a 
 Or-des'sus 
 *Or-do-vi'ces 
 O-re'a-des 
 O're-as 
 *0're-os 
 *Or-e-sit'ro-phu3 
 O-res'tffi 
 0-res'te3 
 O-res'te-ura 
 Or-es-ti'dae 
 *Or-es-ti'des, and 
 
 *0-res'ti-de3 
 Or-es-tiria 
 Or'e-tae 
 Or-e-ta'ni 
 Or-e-til'i-a 
 O-re'iim 
 *0're-u3 
 Or'ga, or Or'gas 
 *Or'ga-na 
 Or-ges'sum 
 Or-get'o-rix 
 Or'gi-a 
 O-rib'a-sus 
 *Or'i-co3 
 
 Or'i-cum, or Or'i-cus 
 
 O'ri-ens 
 
 Or'i-gen 
 
 *0-rig'e-ne8 
 
 O-ri'go 
 
 *0-ri'ne 
 
 O-ri'nus 
 
 0-ri-ob'a-te3 
 
 O-ri'on 
 
 0-ris'sn3 
 
 Or-i-sul'Ia Liv'i-a 
 
 O-ri'tsB 
 
 *0-rilh'i-as 
 
 0-rilh-y-i'a 
 
 »Or-i-thy'o3 
 
 O-ril'i-aa 
 
 0-ri-iin'du3 
 
 *0-ri'iis 
 
 Or'me-nus 
 
 *Or'mc-no3 
 
 Or'ne-a 
 
 *Or'ne-SB 
 
 Or'ne-u3 
 
 *Or-ne'u3 
 
 Or-ni'tlion 
 
 Or'iii-tu3 
 
 Or-nos'pa-dea 
 
 Or-nyt'i-on 
 
 tOr-o-an'da 
 
 *Or'o-ba 
 
 O-ni'bi-a 
 
 O-ro'bi-i 
 
 ♦Or'o-bis 
 
 O-ro'dea 
 
 0-ra)'tea 
 
 O-ruiii'e-don 
 
 O-roii'taa 
 
 O-ron'tes 
 
 •Or-on-te'iie 
 
 Or-u-plic-r'noa 
 
 O-rii'piiB 
 
 •Or'o-Ka 
 
 0-ro'»i-ua 
 
 •0-ri)«'pt'-da 
 
 Or'phe-us, or Or'- 
 
 pluMis 
 *Or'plii-tus 
 Or-sed'i-ce 
 Or-se'is 
 Or-sil'Ius 
 Or-sil'o-chu3 
 Or-si'nes 
 Or-sip'pus 
 Or'ta-Ius 
 Or-thffi'a 
 Or-thag'o-ras 
 Or'tlie 
 Or'tbi-a 
 *Or-tho'si3 
 Or'tlirus 
 *Or-to'iia 
 Or-tyg'i-a 
 Or-tyg'i-u3 
 O'rus 
 
 O-ry-an'der 
 
 O-ry'us 
 
 O'ryx 
 
 tO-sa'ces 
 
 Os-cho-pho'ri-a 
 
 Os'ci 
 
 Os'ci-us 
 
 Os'cus 
 
 tO'si 
 
 0-sin'i-U3 
 
 O-si'ris 
 
 0-si3'mi-i 
 
 Os'pha-giis 
 
 Os-rho-c'ne 
 
 Os'sa 
 
 Os-te-o'des 
 
 Os'ti-a 
 
 *Os-ti-o'ne3 
 
 Os-to'ri-u3 
 
 Os-tra-ci'ne 
 
 Os-trog'o-thi 
 
 Os-y-man'dy-as 
 
 *Ot'a-ce3 
 
 Ot-a-cil'i-U3 
 
 O-ta'nes 
 
 Oth'ma-rus 
 
 O'tho, M. Sal'¥i-U3 
 
 *0-tliro'mi3 
 
 *0-thry'a-des 
 
 Oth-ry-o'ne-U3 
 
 O'thrys 
 
 *0-thrys'i-U3 
 
 O'tre-us 
 
 0-tr(E'da 
 
 *Ot-ryii-ti'des 
 
 *Ot-to-roc'o-rse 
 
 O'tus 
 
 O'tys 
 
 0-vid'i-n3 
 
 O-vin'i-a (Lex) 
 
 0-vin'i-us 
 
 Ox-ar'tes, and *Ox'a- 
 
 tres 
 Ox-a'thre3 
 *Ox-i'!e 
 Ox-id'a-tes 
 Ox'i-mes 
 Ox-i'o-ii3e 
 Ox'U3 
 Ox-y'a-re3 
 Ox-y-ca'nu3 
 Ox-yd'ra-c£e 
 Ox'y-lus 
 *Ox-y-ne'a 
 *Ox-y-o'pum 
 Ox-yn'thes 
 Ox-yp'o-ru9 
 Ox-y-ryn-clii'ta 
 Ox-y-ryn'cliu3 
 0-zi'ne3 
 
 Oz'o-lE, or Oz'o-li 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa-ca-ti-a'nus 
 
 Pac'ci-U3 
 
 Pa'ches 
 
 Pa-clii'nii3 
 
 *Pa-c hy'nua 
 
 Pa-co'ni-U3 
 
 Pac'o-rus 
 
 •Pac'li-a 
 
 Pac-to'lua 
 
 Piic'ty-aa 
 
 Pac'ly-ea 
 
 Pa-cii'vi-ua 
 
 Pa-da.''i 
 
 *Pii-di-'i 
 
 Pad'u-a 
 
 Pa'diis 
 
 Pa-du'aa 
 
 Pie'an 
 
 *Pre-a'nes 
 
 *I';('-(Jar'c-lus 
 
 Pfe'di-us 
 
 Pa!-ma'ni 
 
 Pa? 'on 
 
 PiB'o-nes 
 
 Pa!-o'iii-a 
 
 PiK-on'i-des 
 
 *P!E'o-pliB 
 
 Pk'os 
 
 PiE'sOS 
 
 PEs'tiim 
 Pas-to'vi-um 
 PiE'tiis Ca;-cin'na 
 *Pa-ga'ni 
 
 Pag'a-sffi, or Pag'a-sa 
 
 Pag'a-sus 
 
 fPa'grffi 
 
 Pa'giis 
 
 Pa-la'ci-um, or Pa-la'- 
 
 ti-um 
 Pa-l;E'a 
 Pa-liE-ap'o-li3 
 *Pa-la;b'y-blus 
 Pa-la;'nion, or fPal'e- 
 
 inon 
 Pa-Ie'mon 
 Pa-Iffip'a-phos 
 *Pa-lieph-ar-sa'lu3 
 Pa-la'ph'a-tus 
 Pa-liEp'o-lis 
 Pa-Ia;s'te 
 Pal-»3-ti'na 
 Pal-a;s-ti'nu3 
 *Pa-lffit'y-ru3 
 Pal-a-nie'de3 
 Pa-lan'ti-a 
 Pa-lan'ti-um 
 Pal-a-ti'nus 
 *Pa-Ie'a 
 
 Pa'Ie-is, or Pa'Iffi 
 Pa'les 
 
 Pal-fii'ri-us Su'ra 
 
 *Pa-lib'o-tlira 
 
 *Pa-li'ce 
 
 Pa-li'ci, or Pa-lis'ci 
 
 Pa-lil'i-a 
 
 *Pa-li'lis 
 
 *Pa-lin'dro-mo3 
 
 Pal-i-nu'rus 
 
 Pal-i-sco'riim, or Pal- 
 
 i-co'riim 
 tPa-li-u'ru3 
 *Pal-lac'o-pa3 
 Pal'Ia-de3 
 Pal-la'di-ura 
 Pal-la'di-113 
 Pal-lan-te'um 
 Pal-Ian'ti-as 
 Pal-lan'ti-des 
 Pal-lan'ti-on 
 Pal'las 
 Pal-le'ne 
 Pal 'ma 
 tPal'me 
 Pal-mi 'so3 
 Pal-my'ra 
 *Pal'pe-tus 
 Pal -pliu'riu3 
 ■fPal-uin-bi'num 
 Pam'me-ne3 
 Pain'inon 
 Pam'pa 
 Parri'phi-Ius 
 Pain'pho3 
 Pani'pby-la 
 Pain-pbvl'i-a 
 *Pain-piiy'li3 
 Pan 
 
 Pan-a-ce'a 
 
 *Pan'a-cra 
 
 Pa-na;'ti-u3 
 
 Pan'a-res 
 
 *Pa-nar'e-tU3 
 
 Pan-a-ris'to 
 
 Pan-atli-e-na!'a 
 
 Pan-cli.T'a, Pan-che'a, 
 
 or Pan-cha'i-a 
 *Pan'che-a 
 *Pan-cia'li-um 
 Paii'.la 
 Pan'da-ma 
 Pan-da'ri-a 
 Paii'da-riis 
 tPan-da-la'ri-a 
 Pan'da-tes 
 tPan-de'ml-a 
 Pan-de'iniis 
 fPiin-di'a 
 »Paiidi'on 
 *Paii-di'ci-nis 
 ■•Pnii-do-clii'ura 
 Pan-do'ra 
 Paii-do'si-a 
 Paii'ilru-soa 
 •Pa'ne-a» 
 
 *Pa-neg'y-ris 
 
 *Paii'e-lus 
 
 *Pan'e-miis, (river) 
 
 *Pa-iie'mus, (man) 
 
 Pan'e-nus, or Pa-na;'- 
 nus 
 
 Pan-gK'us 
 
 *Pan-liel-le'nes 
 
 *Pa'ni-a 
 
 Pa-ni'a-si3 
 
 *Pan-i-ge'ri3 
 
 Pa-ni-o'ni-um 
 
 Pa'ni-us 
 
 Pan-no'ni-a 
 
 *Paii'no-ne3 
 
 Pan-oni-pliffi'ii3 
 
 Pan'o-pe, or Pan-O- 
 pe 'a 
 
 *Pa-no'pe-ffi 
 
 Pan'o-pes 
 
 Pa-no'pe-u3 
 
 Pa-no'pi-on 
 
 *Pan'o-pis 
 
 Pa-nop'o-lis 
 
 fPa-nop'tes 
 
 Pa-nor'mus 
 
 Pan'sa 
 
 *Pan-t,'En'e-tus 
 
 *Pan-tag'a-thu3 
 
 *Pan-ta'gi-a 
 
 Pan-tag-nos'tU3 
 
 Panta'gy-a3 
 
 Pan-ta'le-on 
 
 Pan-tau'chu3 
 
 Pan'te-U3 
 
 Pan-the'a 
 
 Pan'tlie-on, or*Pan- 
 
 the'on 
 Pan'the-us, or Pan'- 
 
 thus 
 
 Paii-thi-ca-piE'um 
 
 Pan'tlii-de3 
 
 Pan-tlio'i-<ies 
 
 *Pan'lho-iis 
 
 Pan-:ic'a-pe3 
 
 Paii-til'i-iis 
 
 *Pan-tol'a-bu3 
 
 Pa-ny'a-si3 
 
 Pa-iiy'a-sus 
 
 Pa-pse'us 
 
 Pa-pha'ges 
 
 Pa'phi-a 
 
 *Pa'phi-u3 
 
 *Papli'la-gnn 
 
 Papli-la-go'ni-a 
 
 Pa'phos 
 
 Pa'phiis 
 
 Pa-pi-a'niis 
 
 Pa'pi-as 
 
 Pa-pin-i-a'nii3 
 
 Pa-pin'i-us 
 
 Pa-pir'i-a 
 
 Pa-pir'i-us 
 
 Pap'pu3 
 
 Pa-pyr'i-iI9 
 
 Par-a-bys'ton 
 
 *Par-a-chel-o-i't!E 
 
 *Par-a-cli'tus, or Par- 
 
 a-cle'tiis 
 *Pa-rai'ly-tus 
 Par-a-di'su9 
 Pa-ra;t'a-c:E 
 *Par-iE-t(i'ni-i 
 Par-a!-to'ni-um 
 Par'a-Ii 
 
 *Par-a-li-pom'- 
 
 e-na 
 Par'a-lus 
 *Par-a-po-ta'mi-a 
 Pa-ra'si-a 
 Pa-ra'si-us 
 Par'cai 
 *P3r'c-dri 
 Pa-reii-ta'li-a 
 *Pa-ret'ro-ne3 
 Pa'ris 
 
 Pa-ris'a-dcs 
 
 Pa-ris'i-i 
 
 Par'i-su3 
 
 Pa'ri-um 
 
 *Pa'ii-u9 
 
 Par'nia 
 
 *Par'iiie-na3 
 
 Par-iiu'n'i-de3 
 
 Par-iiie'nio 
 
 •Par'inc-no 
 
 *Par-na'8U3 
 
 Par-nas'su3 
 
 Par'nes 
 
 Par-nes'sua 
 
 Par'ni 
 
 Pa'ron 
 
 •Par-o-pam'i-BUi 
 
 Par-o-re'i-a 
 
 Pa'ros 
 
 Par-rlia'si-a 
 
 *Par'rha-;;is 
 
 Par-rlia'si-iia 
 
 Par-tha-niis'i-ris 
 
 Par-llia'on 
 
 Par-tlie'ni-a 
 
 Par-the'ni-oe, and Par- 
 
 tbe'ni-i 
 Par-the'ni-a3 
 *Par-llien'i-ce 
 Par-llie'ni-on 
 Par-the'ni-iis 
 Par'tbe-non 
 Par-then-o-pE'ii3 
 Par-then'o-pe 
 Par'thi-a 
 tPar-thi'ni 
 Par-thy-e'ne 
 *Pa-ry'a-dre3 
 Pa-rj's'a-des 
 Par-y-sa'ti3 
 Pa-sar'ga-da 
 *Pa-sar'ga-dE 
 Pa'se-as 
 Pas'i-cles 
 Pa-sic'ra-tes 
 *Pas-i-pe'da 
 Pa-sipli'a-e 
 *Pa-siph'i-le 
 Pa-sitli'e-a 
 *Pa-sith'o-e 
 Pa-sit'i-gris 
 Pas'sa-ron 
 *Pas-se-ri'nu3 
 Jas-si-e'niis 
 Pas'sus 
 *Pat'a-ge 
 *Pat'a-lU3 
 Pat'a-ra 
 '*Pat-a-vi'nu3 
 Pa-ta'vi-iim 
 *Pa-te'rsE 
 Pa-ter'cu-lii3 
 Pa-tiz'i-llies 
 *Pat-i-zi'the3 
 Pat'nios 
 Pa'trE 
 Pa'tro 
 *Pat'ro-ba3 
 Pa-tro'cles 
 Pa-tro'cli 
 Pat-ro-cli'des 
 Pa-tro'cliis 
 *Pat'ro-clu3 
 Pa'iron 
 
 Pat'ro-us, or *Pa-tro' 
 us 
 
 Pa-tiil'ci-us 
 
 Pau'la 
 
 Paii-li'na 
 
 Pau-li'niis 
 
 Paii'lus JE-myi i-us 
 
 Paii-sa'ni-as 
 
 Pau'si-as 
 
 *Pau-si-U'pon 
 
 Pa'vor 
 
 Pax 
 
 Pax'03 
 
 Pe'as 
 
 Pe-da'ci-a 
 
 Pe-da;'us 
 
 Pe-da'ni 
 
 Pe-da'ni-U3 
 
 tPrd'a-sa 
 
 Ped'a-sus 
 
 Pi'-di'a-dis 
 
 Pe-di-a'nus 
 
 Pe'di-as 
 
 Pe'di-us Blie'sus 
 
 Pc'do 
 
 Pe'diim 
 
 tPe'gJB 
 
 Pe-gas'i-dea 
 
 Pi-g"a-si3 
 
 Peg'a-su9 
 
 *Pe-la'gi-U3 
 
 Pcl'a-gon 
 
 •Pe-lag'o-nes 
 
 Pe-lar'ge 
 
 Pe-las'gi 
 
 Pe-las'gi-a, or tP«-la»- 
 
 gi-o'li3 
 Pe-las'gus 
 *Pel'a-le3 
 »Pc-le'ce3 
 *Pe-len'do-ne3 
 Pel-e-thro'ni-i 
 •Pe-let'ro-nea 
 Pe'lf-U3 
 Pe-li'n-de3 
 Pe'li-»8 
 Pf-li'de9 
 Pe-lig'ni 
 Pe-lip'nus 
 Pel-i-nm'iira 
 P('l-i-nu:'u8 
 
r 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Pe'li-um 
 
 Pcl'hi 
 
 I'el-la'na! 
 
 PiH-le'ne 
 
 *l*el'o-po 
 1 I'cl-o-|)e';i, or Pel-o- 
 pi'a 
 
 P<l-o-pe'i-a 
 
 *Pel-o-pc'us 
 
 Pe-lop'i-das 
 
 *Pe-lc>'pi-iis 
 
 Pfl-opon-iie'sus 
 
 Pe'Iops 
 
 Pr'lcir 
 
 Pelo'ri-a 
 I Pe-lo'rum, > r Pc-Io'- 
 rus 
 
 Pe-lii'si-iim 
 
 Pi'-im'tcs 
 
 P<'ii-(iii'li-iini 
 
 Pe-ne'i-n, or Pe'ne-is 
 
 Pe-ne'is, [Sckittcr and 
 FaccwtatL] 
 
 *Pe-ne'i-us 
 
 *Pe-ne'le-U9 
 
 Pe-ne'li-us 
 
 Pt'-nel'o-pu 
 
 Pe'ne-iis, or Pe-ne'us 
 
 Prn'i-das 
 
 Pon-tap'o-lis 
 
 *Pi;n-tap'y-loii 
 
 ♦Peii-ta'tliluin 
 
 *Peii te-(lac'tj -Ion 
 
 *IVii't<-.|f 
 I tP'-ii-tt'l'i-cii^ 
 I iVn-lhe-si-Ie'a 
 
 Plll'lllK-llS 
 
 *Pcn-tlii'(les 
 
 Ptn'lhi-liis 
 
 Pfii'lliy-liis 
 
 Pep-a-ri:'llios 
 
 I'e-phre'ilo 
 
 Pe-ra;'a 
 
 P(*r-a-sip'pu3 
 
 *Pir'a-tii3 
 
 Per-co'pe 
 
 *P<r-co'si-a 
 
 Per-ca'si-U3 
 
 Pcr-co'te 
 
 Per-dic'cas 
 
 Pcr'ilix 
 
 Pe-ren'na 
 
 Pe-reii'ni3 
 
 Pl'tb-hs, or Pe'reiis 
 
 Pcr'ga 
 
 *Pcr-ga'me-iis 
 
 PiT'pa-iiius 
 
 *Pcr'ga-SB 
 
 Per'ge 
 I Per'giis 
 
 Pe-ri-an'der 
 
 Pc-ri-ar'clius 
 
 Pei-i-lice'a 
 
 *Pe-rib'o-liis 
 
 Per-i-bo'mi-us 
 
 Per'i-cles 
 
 Per-i-(-lyni'e-nus 
 
 Pe-rid'i-a 
 
 •Pur-i-di'a 
 
 Pe-ri-e-ge'tes 
 
 Pe-ri-e'res 
 
 Pe-rig'e-nea 
 
 Pe-rig'<>-nc 
 
 Per-i-la'us 
 
 PtT-i-le'us 
 
 Pe-ril'la 
 
 *Pe-ririi-us 
 
 Pc-ril'lus 
 
 Per-i-ine'de 
 
 Per-i-ine'Ia 
 
 *Per-i-iiie'le 
 
 *Per-i-iiieI'i-dea 
 
 Pe-rin'thii9 
 
 Por-i-pa-tct'i-ci 
 
 *Pe-rip'a-tiis 
 
 Pe-ripii'a-rifs 
 
 Per'i-phas 
 
 Pc-riph'a-tiis 
 
 Per-i-plio'inu3 
 
 *Per-i-phe'tes 
 
 Per-i-ptio-rc'las 
 
 Pc-risndes 
 
 *Pe-ris'te-re 
 
 Pe-ris'tlie-iies 
 
 *Per-i-sty'liiin 
 
 *Pe-ris'ty-luin 
 ! Pe-rit'a-nu3 
 1 Per'i-taa 
 
 Per-i-io'ni-um 
 
 PtT-nies'sus 
 
 Pe'ro, or f Pe-ro'ne 
 
 Pcr'o-e 
 
 Pcr'o-la 
 j iV-r-pen'na 
 
 l'er-|x.'-re'ne 
 j Per-plio-re'lus 
 
 Per-ran'tlips 
 
 Pir-rliie'bi-a 
 
 Per'sa, or Pur-se'is 
 
 Pcr'siB 
 
 Ptr-siE'tis 
 
 P(rr-se'c 
 
 Pcr-seph'o-no 
 
 Per-scp'o-lis 
 
 Pcr'ses 
 
 Pcr'se-iis 
 
 PiT'si-a 
 
 Pcr'sis 
 
 Per'si-iis Flac'ciis 
 
 Pi-r'ti-nax 
 
 Pt'-ni'si-a 
 
 ♦Per-ii-si'niis 
 
 Pcs-ccii'iii-us 
 
 I'ls-si'niis 
 
 *Pit'a-lo 
 
 Pi'-ta'li-a 
 
 Pil'a-l\i9 
 
 Pe-tc'li-a 
 
 Pit-e-li'niis 
 
 *Pe'te-on 
 
 Pe'te-iis 
 
 Pe-tll'l-a 
 
 Pe-til'i-i 
 
 Pctil'i-iis 
 
 Pcl-o-si'ris 
 
 Pe'tra 
 
 Pe-trie'a 
 
 Pc-tre-i'iis 
 
 Pi'-tri'niim 
 
 Pe-trti'iii-a 
 
 Pi -lri>'iii-ii3 
 
 Pt't'ti-iis 
 
 Pfii'ce 
 
 *Peu-cx'd'a-nos 
 Peu-cps'U'S 
 Peii-ce'ti-a 
 ♦Peii-re'li-i 
 Peu-ci'ni 
 Peu-co-la'u3 
 Pt'.x-o-du'ru3 
 PlKi;'a 
 •Plia!-a'ce3 
 Pha"-a'ci-a 
 Phffi'nx 
 PliaNl'i-inus 
 Phie'dtiii 
 Plue'dra 
 PliiE'dri-a 
 Plis'drus 
 Plia'd'y-ma 
 Plw-ninn'o-e 
 ♦Plifp-iiag'o-ro 
 .*Pliie-nai'e-te 
 Pliaiiwi-re'le 
 PlKb'iii-as 
 Plia-n'iia 
 Pliain'nis 
 *Pha;n-o-me'ris 
 Pliie-oc'o-ines 
 PliJiis'a-na 
 Phms'tuni 
 *Pha'e-tl)on 
 *Plia-e-thon-te'iis 
 *Plia-e-tlioii'li-u3 
 Plia'e-ton 
 Plia-e-ton-ti'a-des 
 Plia-e-tu'sa 
 Pliie'us 
 Pha-ge'si-a 
 *Plia'i-iins 
 fPhal-a-cri'ne 
 Pha'iiB 
 i'lia-he'cMs 
 Plia-la?'si-a 
 Plia-lan'lhu9 
 *Plia-la'ra 
 Plial'a-ris 
 Phal'a riis 
 *IMia-la'ru3 
 Phal'cidon 
 Pha'le-as 
 Plia-lc're-us 
 Plia-le'ri-a 
 Plia-le'ri3 
 
 Pha-le'ron, or Phal'e- 
 
 nim 
 Plm-le'nis 
 Pha'li-as 
 Phal'li-ca 
 •Pha-lo're 
 Plia-lys'i-113 
 *Pliain-e-no'phi9 
 •Pha-iia'cf9 
 Pha-na''n3 
 *Pha-nag'o-ni 
 Plian-ara'a 
 Pha'iias 
 *Pha-na'tC9 
 Plia'ncs 
 *l'lia'ni-uni 
 Phan'tM"le3 
 Phan-o-de'niu3 
 
 *Phari'o-lis 
 
 IMiaii-ta'.si-a 
 
 Plia'iius 
 
 Plia'oii 
 
 Pha'ia 
 
 Plia-rac'i-dos 
 
 Plia'ra!, or Piio'ra! 
 
 *Pliar'a-o 
 
 Plia-ras'ma-ncs 
 
 Plia'rax 
 
 *Pliar-be'Iiis 
 
 *Pli!ir-cc'dun 
 
 Pba'iis 
 
 *Plia'ii-u» 
 
 Phar-me-cu'sa 
 
 Pliar-iia-ba'/.us 
 
 Pliar-na'cc 
 
 Pliar-na'cc-a 
 
 Pliar-na'ces 
 
 *Pliar-iia'ci-a 
 
 Pbar-iia-pa'te3 
 
 Phar-nas'pca 
 
 Phar'iiiis 
 
 Plia'ros 
 
 Phar-sa'li-a 
 
 *Phai-sa'liis 
 
 Ptiai'te 
 
 Plia'riis 
 
 Plia-rii'si-i, or Pliau- 
 
 rii'si-i 
 Pliar'y-biis 
 Pba-ryc'a-don 
 Pbar'y-g<' 
 *IMias-a-e'lis 
 Pha-se'lis 
 Pha-ii-a'na 
 Pha'si-as 
 Plia'sis 
 Plias'siis 
 Pliaii'da 
 Phav-o-ri'ims 
 Pha-yl'liis 
 Plio'a, or Pbe'i-a 
 Phe-ca'diiin 
 *Piit*-gf 'a 
 
 Phii'ge-us, or Plilc'ge- 
 
 11 s 
 Phcl'Ii-a 
 Phel'lo-e 
 Phel'liis 
 *Plif'iiii-n: 
 Plu-'ini-us 
 Phe-mon'o-o 
 *Pllen-e-be'tliis 
 Phc-nu'iiin 
 Plie-ne'us, (a man) 
 *Plie'ne-us, (o lalie) 
 PliL'riE 
 Plie-ra'u3 
 Plifi-rau'les 
 Plie-re'cliis 
 Phtr-rec'ra-tes 
 *PIier-t'-cy'a-dtc 
 Pher-e-cy'dc'S 
 Plar-en-da'it'S 
 Plier-c-ni'ce 
 tPhc-repli'a-te 
 Phe'res 
 Pliu-ie'ti-a3 
 Pher-e-ti'ina 
 Phir'l-nuin 
 tPlie-ri'num 
 Phe'ron 
 Pbi'a-le 
 
 Pbi-a'li-a, or Plii-ga'- 
 
 ll-a 
 Phi'a-lns 
 *Plii-ce'on 
 Pliic'o-res 
 Pliid'i-as 
 Phid'i-le 
 Phi-dip'pi-de3 
 Plii-dit'i-a 
 *Pbi-d<>'las 
 Plii'don 
 Phid'y-le 
 •■Phig-a-lc'a 
 Phi-ga'le-i 
 Phi'bi 
 
 Pbil-a-dnl'phi-R 
 
 *Phil-a-d.l-plii'a ' 
 
 Ptiil-;i-di:l'pliU3 
 
 Phi'hp 
 
 Phi-l:e'ni 
 
 Phi-la;'u3 
 
 *Phi-la'fnon 
 
 Pliilam'nion 
 
 Pbi-lar'chus 
 
 *Phi-lar'e-tii3 
 
 •Phi-lar'gy-riis 
 
 •Phil'e-as 
 
 Phi-le'mon 
 
 Plii-le'no 
 
 Phi-le'ri3 
 
 Phil'e-ros 
 
 Phi-le'si-us 
 
 Pliil-e-ta>'rii9 
 Plii-le'las 
 hi-lc'li-us 
 Iiil'i-da3 
 Phil'i -dis 
 Plii-lin'na 
 
 Plli-Ii'llll!) 
 
 Plii-lip'po-i 
 
 *Pln!-ip-pc'ii3 
 
 Plii-lip'pi 
 
 Phi iip'pi-dos 
 
 I'liil ip-pop'c-Iis 
 
 Plii-lip'pus 
 
 Pill lir>'ciis 
 
 ♦Pliilis-li'dc3 
 
 ♦Plii-lis'ti-o 
 
 I'liilis'ti-oil 
 
 Phi-lis'lus 
 
 Pbil'lo 
 
 Plii'lo 
 
 tPliil-o-bcE-o'lna 
 
 IMii-loch'o-rus 
 
 Phil'o-cles 
 
 Piii-loc'ra-tes 
 
 Pliil-iic-te'les 
 
 Pliil-o-cy'prus 
 
 Pliil-o-da-nie'a 
 
 Pliil-o-de'mus 
 
 Phi-Iiid'i-cc 
 
 *Pllil-()-dll'IU3 
 
 Phil-o-la'us 
 
 Phi liil'o-giis 
 
 Plii-loin'a-c}ie 
 
 Plii-Iiim'liro-tu3 
 
 Pliil-ii-nic'di-a 
 
 Phil-o-ni(5'ilii3 
 
 Pliil-o-tno'la 
 
 Pliil-o-inc'liis 
 
 *Plii!-o-iiit;'tor 
 
 *Pliil-o-iim'su3 
 
 Phi'Iori 
 
 Plii-lon'i-des 
 
 Phil'o-nis 
 
 Phi-Ion 'o-e 
 
 Phi-Ion'o-iiie 
 
 Phi-lon'o-mu9 
 
 IMiil'o-niis 
 
 Phi-bip'a-tor 
 
 tPhi-lo'phi-on 
 
 Phil'o-phron 
 
 Phil-o-pa-'men 
 
 *Phi-Iop'o-nu3 
 
 *Plnl-o-ro'nms 
 
 *Phil-o-stcpli'a-nu9 
 
 Phi-Ius'tra-tiis 
 
 Phi-lo'tas 
 
 Phi-lol'e-ra 
 
 *Plii-Io'tlie-a 
 
 *Pliil-o-tiie'ru3 
 
 *Pliil-o-ti'inu3 
 
 Phi-lo'lia 
 
 Plii-liix'e-mi3 
 
 Philyl'li-U9 
 
 Pliil'y-ra 
 
 Pliil'y-ro3 
 
 Plii-Iyr'i-des 
 
 *Plii-ne'uin 
 
 Pbin'e-<is, Phi-ne'- 
 
 us, a/lj, 
 *Phi-ni'de3 
 Phiii'ta 
 Pliiii'ti-a 
 Plii»'li-a3 
 Plila 
 
 Phleg'e-las 
 
 Pblfg'e-tlion 
 
 Plili;'gi-a3 
 
 Plile'gon 
 
 Phk-'gra 
 
 Phle'gy-a, Pble'gy-ffi 
 
 Phlr'gy-as 
 
 Phli'aa 
 
 Phli-n'si-a 
 
 Pliii'iis 
 
 PhlcE'u3 
 
 ♦PliUi'gi-us 
 
 Plui-be'tor 
 
 tPho'li03 
 
 Pli<i-ca;'a 
 
 *Plio-ca'i-cu3 
 
 ♦Phoc'a-is 
 
 Plio-ren'ses, and 
 
 Phoc'i-ri 
 Plio-cil'i-dc9 
 I*lio'ci-on 
 Pho'ci3 
 
 Pllo'CII3 
 
 Plio-cyl'i-doa 
 
 Plia''be 
 
 tPlKP-he'iim 
 
 •PlirB.hi''u3 
 
 Phn>h'i-da9 
 
 Phip-big'a-na 
 
 Pb(p'bus 
 
 l*li(E'inu3 
 
 Plios-ui'co, or 
 
 PhcB-nic'i-a 
 *Pliii!-ni'ce3 
 PhiE-nic'e-iis 
 I'h(B-iiic'i-ilfis 
 Pha!-iii'cu9 
 Ph(Eii-i-cti'9a 
 PhiE-nis'sa 
 PhtB'nix 
 *PlKB'te-uin 
 Pliiil'o-e 
 Plio'liis 
 *Pli<)-mo'tIii3 
 Phor'bas 
 
 Phor'ciis, or riior'c)3 
 
 *Plior-ry'iiis 
 
 Phoi'iiii-o 
 
 Plior'ini.s 
 
 Pho-ro'nc-us 
 
 *Phor-o-n<;'iis, adj 
 
 ♦Plior-o-iii'dai 
 
 Pho-ro'nis 
 
 Plid-ro'iii-um 
 
 *Plios'pho-ru3 
 
 Pho-ti'nug 
 
 Plio'ti-us 
 
 Pliox'iis 
 
 Pliia-a'tes 
 
 Pliia-at'i-ce9 
 
 Plira-da'te9 
 
 t I'll ra-gan 'die 
 
 Plira lia'tes 
 
 Plirn nic'a-tes 
 
 Plira-or'tcs 
 
 Phras'i-cles 
 
 Pliia3'i-inii3 
 
 Plira'si-U3 
 
 Plirat-a-plier'iie9 
 
 ♦Phre-gc'iia 
 
 Pliri-a-pa'u-ii3 
 
 *Pliric'i-on 
 
 Phrix'iis 
 
 Plir<in'i-iiia 
 
 Phroii'tis 
 
 *Pliru-guii-di'o-nc9 
 
 Plirii'ri 
 
 Pliry'ges 
 
 Pliryg'i-a 
 
 *Pliryg'i-u3 
 
 Phry'iie 
 
 Pliryn'i-cu9 
 
 Pliry'ni9 
 
 Pliry'no 
 
 *I'liryx'e-ii3 
 
 Phryx'iis 
 
 Phtlii'a 
 
 Plithi-o'ti3 
 
 Phy'a 
 
 ♦Phy-a'ceg 
 
 Pliy'cus 
 
 *l'hvg'e-la 
 
 Phyi'a-ce 
 
 ♦Pliyl-a-ce'iis 
 
 Pliyi'a-cu9 
 
 Phv-lar'clius 
 
 Phy'las 
 
 Pliy'le 
 
 Pli) IV-i3 
 
 Pliy-lL''ii9 
 
 *Piiv-li'de9 
 
 Phvl'i-ra 
 
 Phyl'la 
 
 Pliyl-la'li-a 
 
 PlivI-le'i-113 
 
 PJiyl'lis 
 
 Phyl'li-119 
 
 Ph\l-lud'o-ce 
 
 Phyl'los 
 
 Phyl'his 
 
 Phy-roiii'a-cliU9 
 
 Pliys-ctl'la 
 
 Pliys'co-a 
 
 Phys'con 
 
 Ptiys'co9 
 
 Phys'cu3 
 
 •l'liy9-i-og-no'mon 
 
 Pliy-tal'i-des 
 
 Phyt'a-lii3 
 
 *Piiy-te'iim 
 
 Phy'ton 
 
 Phyx'i-uni 
 
 Pi'a, or Pi-a'li-a 
 
 Pi'a-sii3 
 
 Pi-ce'iii 
 
 Pi-cen'li-a 
 
 Ptc-cn-li'ni 
 
 Pi-ce'num 
 
 Pi'rra 
 
 Pic'la;, or Pic'ti 
 
 Pic-ta'vi, or Pic'lo-ne3 
 
 Pic-ta'vi-iim 
 
 *Pic'io-iies 
 
 Pic'lor 
 
 Pi'riis 
 
 Pi dii'riis 
 
 Pid'v-te3 
 
 •Pi-dy'tes 
 
 Pi'e-lii3 
 Pi'c-ra 
 Pi-e'ri-a 
 Pi-er'i-des 
 Pi'f-ri3 
 Pi'c-rus 
 Pi'e-tas 
 Pi'grt'3 
 •Pi-la'lii3 
 *Pi-le'sii9 
 ♦!*i-l(i'ni3 
 Pi-liim'nu9 
 Piiti'pla 
 *Piin-ple'a 
 Pim-plti'i-dcs, or 
 tPini-ple'a-de9 
 Pini-pra'iia 
 Piii'a-rc 
 Pi-iia'ri-us 
 *Pin'a-rii3 
 Piii'da-riis 
 Piii'da-sii9 
 Pin de-nis'siiH 
 Pin'cliis 
 
 tPill'gll3 
 PlIl'lKl 
 
 Piii'thi-a3 
 tPi'o-ne 
 Pio'ni-a 
 *Pi'(i-nis 
 
 Pi-ric'u9, or Pi-ra;'e- 
 
 119 
 
 Pi-re'ne 
 
 *Pi-ri'ciis 
 
 Pi-rith'o-us 
 
 *Pi-r()'inis 
 
 Pi'rus 
 
 TPi-riis'tiE 
 
 Pi'sa 
 
 Pi'sa? 
 
 Pi-s;e'us 
 
 Pi-san'dcr 
 
 •Pi-sa'n«s 
 
 Pi-sa'tfs, or Pi-s,-c'i 
 
 Pi-saii'rus 
 
 Pi-se'nor 
 
 Pis'e-iis 
 
 Pis'i-a3 
 
 *Pis'i-diB 
 
 Pi-sid'i-a 
 
 Pi-sid'i-ce 
 
 Pi'sis 
 
 Pis-is-trat'i-da; 
 
 Pis-is-lrat'i-deg 
 
 Pi-sis'tra-tiis 
 
 Pi'so, so'ne3, pU] 
 
 Pi-!?o'lli3 
 
 I'is'si-ru3 
 
 Pis'tor 
 
 Pi'siis 
 
 Pi-siiih'ne3 
 
 Pit'a-ne 
 
 *Pi-tlit;'con Col'pos 
 
 Pitli-t-cu'sa 
 
 •Pitli-e-cu'sa; 
 
 Pitli'e-iis 
 
 Pi'llio 
 
 Pith-o-Ia'us 
 
 Pi-tho'le-on 
 
 Pi'llum 
 
 Pi'thys 
 
 Pil'la-cu3 
 
 Pit'lhe-a 
 
 Pit-the'i9 
 
 Pit-llie'ii3 
 
 Pii-ii-a'ni-ii9 
 
 Pit-u-la'hi 
 
 Pil-y-a-'a 
 
 l'il-y-as'sii9 
 
 Pit-y-o-ne'siis 
 
 tPit'y-ii9 
 
 Pit-y-u'sa 
 
 Pla-ccn'ti-a 
 
 Pla-rr(l-<'-i-a'iiii3 
 
 Pla-cid'i-a 
 
 Pla-ii(l'i-U9 
 
 Pla-iia'si-a 
 
 Plaii-ci'na 
 
 I'lan'ciis 
 
 I'la-tai'a 
 
 Pla-ta^'iE 
 
 •Plal'a-ge 
 
 •Plat-anio'dcs 
 
 I*la-ta'ni-ii8 
 
 *Plal'a-nu9 
 
 •Pla-ic'a 
 
 *Pla-te'E 
 
 Pla'to 
 
 *Pla-ton'i-r,i 
 
 Plaii'ti-n (Lex) 
 
 Plaii-ti-a'iiu9 
 
 Plaii-Iil'la 
 
 Plan'li-U9 
 
 Plati'tiis 
 
 f Pla'vis 
 
 •PItb-is-ci'tum 
 
 Plci'a-de», or Plr-i'u- 
 
 dvs 
 ♦Ple'l-as 
 Plei'o-ne 
 Pleni-niyr'i-iini 
 Pli*m'nc-ns 
 tPlcii-iiio'si-i 
 Plcu-ra'tus 
 Pleii'ron 
 Plex-aii're 
 Pli'X-ip'piis 
 
 Plill'i-IIM 
 
 Pliii-tlii'ne 
 
 •Plin'tlii-ne 
 
 I*lif>-tar'clni3 
 
 Pli.s'tha-nus 
 
 Plis'tlie-nes 
 
 Pli.t-ti'niis 
 
 Plis to'a-nax, or Plis- 
 
 to'iiax 
 Pli'i-to-ni'ccg 
 ♦Plis-to-ni'cii9 
 I'Ici'tic 
 •l'l(i-tlic'a 
 Plo-ti'na 
 I*l<it-i-nop'o-Ii3 
 Pl()-ti'nii3 
 Phi'li-us 
 Plii-lar'cliU8 
 Plu'ti-a 
 Plu'to 
 
 Plu-to'ni-um 
 
 Plu'Uis 
 
 Plu'vi-us 
 
 Plyn-te'ri-a 
 
 •Piicb'c-bis 
 
 Pnig'c-us 
 
 tPiiyx 
 
 Pii-lilic'i-U9 
 
 *Pod-a-le'a 
 
 Pod-a-lir'i-us 
 
 Po-dar'co 
 
 Po-(lar'ce3 
 
 Po-da'rea 
 
 Po-dar'ge 
 
 P(vdar'gu3 
 
 P(r'a3 
 
 Prcc'i-le 
 
 •P<Km'e-ni4 
 
 PfE'ni 
 
 *P(tn'i-cu3 
 
 Pa*'on 
 
 P(E-o'ni-a 
 
 Pfp'itg 
 
 Po'gon 
 
 Pii'la 
 
 Pol-c-nu)-cra'ti-a 
 
 Pid'e-inon 
 
 Po-lf'iior 
 
 Po'li-as 
 
 fPo-lj-ci'a 
 
 *P(i-li-c'um 
 
 *Po'li-eus 
 
 Po-li-or-ce'tes 
 
 Po-lis'ma 
 
 Po-lis'lra-lU3 
 
 •Pol-i-te'a 
 
 Po-li'tc9 
 
 P(il-i-to'ri-»iii 
 I'ol-lrn'ti-a 
 P(il-lin'e-a 
 Pul'li-o 
 Pol '1 19 
 
 Pul'li-us Fe'Iix 
 Pul-lii'ti-a 
 
 Pol'liix • ; 
 
 tPoI'lis ' 
 Pii'his : 
 Pti-Iii9'ca I 
 P(>-ly-ii'-mon'i-de9 
 Po-ly-a;'nu9 
 
 *P<i-ly-a-ra'tii9 i 
 P(v-ly-ar'chiis | 
 »Piil-y-be'te9 
 IVi-ljii'i-das 
 
 Pit-I> b'i-us, or Pol'y- . 
 
 bii9 I 
 I*ol-y-hfE'a 
 Pul-y-b(p'te3 
 Pol-y-bo'les 
 *P<>-lyli'i>-tmn 
 •Pul'y-hus 
 Pnl-y-ca'on 
 Piil-y-car'pus 
 Pol-y-ras'le 
 Polych'a-re» 
 Pol-y-clf'a 
 
 Pol-ycli-'tus 
 
 Po-lyc'ra-tes I 
 Pol-y-rre'ln, i>r Pol-y. j 
 
 cri'ln I 
 
 Pi>-lyc'ri-tiis | 
 
 Po-lyc'Inr I 
 Pill V ila''mon 
 
 Pu-lyd a-nias J 
 
 I3I> 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 PoI-y-(!riin'na 
 
 Pol-ynlec'tes 
 
 IVl y-deu-ce'a 
 
 Pol-y-ilo'ra 
 
 Pol-y-(lo'ru3 
 
 Pol-y-si'ton 
 
 Po-lyg'i-us 
 
 Pol-yii-no'ttis 
 
 Pivlys'ii-niis 
 
 Pi)-ly-liym'iii-a, or Po- 
 lyiii'ni-a 
 
 Pi>-I\ -iil'i-113 
 I *Po-ly-i'(lu3 
 I Pol-y-la'us 
 j Po-lym'e nes 
 i Pol-y-me'iie 
 
 Po-iym'e-don 
 
 Pol-y-ine'la 
 
 Pdl-yni-nes'tes 
 
 Pul-ytri-nes'tor 
 
 Pol-y-ni'ces 
 
 Po-lvn'o-e 
 1] P(il'y-iii!s 
 ' j Piil-y-pe'inon 
 
 i t Pi:l-y-|>fT'cll(in 
 
 i| Pol-y-|)lie'iniis 
 i Pol-y-i)tiim'tes 
 !l Pory-p'U"'>'i 
 
 Pol-y-poe'tes 
 
 *Pory-ren 
 
 *Pol-y-stepl)'a-nus 
 
 Po-lys'tra-tU3 
 ; Pol-y-tecli'nus 
 I 'Po-ly'les 
 ! Pol-y-ti-me'tus 
 '! *Pol-y-ti'mus 
 
 Pi>-lyt'i-on 
 I Pi>-lyt'ro-pu3 
 I Po-lyx'e-na » 
 • Pn-lyx'e-nus 
 
 Po-ly.\'o 
 1 Pul-y-ze'lus 
 ! Poiii-ax-a;'tlires 
 : Pu-iiiu'ti-a, or Po-ine'» 
 i 
 
 I Pom-e-ti'na 
 
 ; Po-iiio'na 
 
 [ Poiii-jie'i-rt 
 
 I Poin-pe-i-a'niis 
 
 [ Poiii-pe'i-i, or Poiii- 
 
 p.;'i-uni 
 j Poiii-pe-i-op'o-Iis 
 
 Pimi-pe'i-iib 
 
 Foiii'pff-loii, or Pom- 
 I pe-lo.'na 
 ] Poiii-pil'i-a 
 
 Pom-pil'i-u3 Nu'ma 
 
 Pt)in-pi'his 
 
 Pom-pis'cus 
 
 Poni-po'iii-a 
 
 Poin-po'iii-Hs 
 
 Poiii-pn-si-a'niis 
 
 Ponip-ti'iia 
 
 Pomp-ti'ne 
 
 Pciiiip-ti'iiiis 
 
 Pom'pi's 
 i Pon'ti-a 
 i Poii'ti-cum Ma're 
 ' Pim'ti-cus 
 ' Pon-ti'na 
 
 Pon-ti'mis 
 
 Pim'ti-U3 
 
 *Poii-to-po-ri'a 
 
 Poh'tiis 
 
 Pon'tus E\i-xi'niis 
 Po-pJ'i-us Ls'iias 
 Po-plic'o-la 
 Pop-pai'a Sa-bi'na 
 
 P(l|>-pK'll3 
 
 Po|>-ii-lo'ni-a 
 
 *Por'a-la 
 
 Por'ci-a 
 
 Por'ci-u3 
 
 *P()r-(Io-se-Ie'ne 
 
 Po-red'o-rax 
 
 Pinri'na 
 
 Por-<>-se-le'ne 
 
 Pnr-[iliyr'i-on 
 
 Por-|iliyr'i-ii3 
 
 *Pur-pliy-rog-cn-ni'- 
 
 1113 
 
 Por'ri-ma 
 
 Por-Kcn'na, or Por'se- 
 , nn 
 
 IPor'ti-a, and Por'ti-us 
 Port'mos 
 Pur-liiin-na'li-a 
 Piir-liiin'niu 
 ♦Pi>r-tu'nu8 
 P(i'rus 
 •P<>-Kid'e-on 
 P(>-»i'des 
 Pos-i-de'um 
 Po-»<i'don 
 _ Pus-i-dii'ni-a 
 Pual-du'ni-us 
 
 Pii'si-o 
 
 tPos si-do'ni-um 
 
 Pos-tliu'rni-a 
 
 Pos-<liii'mi-u3 
 
 *Post'hu-mus 
 
 Pos-tu'mi-ua 
 
 Post-ver'ta 
 
 Po-wm'i-des 
 
 Pot'a-mon 
 
 *Pot'a-mus 
 
 Po-tlii'nus 
 
 Pll'tllOS 
 
 Pot-i-dse'a 
 
 Po-ti'na 
 
 P(i-tit'i-us 
 
 *P(jt-iii'a-de3 
 
 Pot'iii-a; 
 
 Piac'ti-mn 
 
 Pra;'ci-a 
 
 Pra-nes'te 
 
 *Pra?n-es-ti'ni 
 
 Prffi'sits 
 
 Prffis'ti 
 
 Pra'tor 
 
 Pra;-to'ri-ii3 
 
 Prffi-tu'ti-tim 
 
 *Prain'iii-uni, or 
 
 Pram-ni'ura, adj. 
 tPra'si-i 
 *Pras'i-nus 
 Prat'i-nas 
 Prax-a"'o-raa 
 Pra.x'i-as 
 *Prax-i-bii'lU9 
 Prax-id'a-mas 
 Prax-id'i-ce 
 Prax'i-la 
 Prax-iph'a-nes 
 Prax'is 
 Prax-it'e-Ies 
 Prax-itli'e-a 
 tPre'li-us 
 *Pres-byt-e-ri'um, 
 
 (diimicUe for priest) 
 *Pr(.s-by-te'ri-iim, 
 
 (sacerdotal order) 
 Pre-u'ge-nes 
 Piex-as'pea 
 Pri-am'i-des 
 Pri'a-mus 
 Pri-a'pua 
 Pri-e'ne 
 Pri'ma 
 
 *Prim-i-pi'Iu9 
 
 *Pri'o-la 
 
 Pri'on 
 
 *Pri-o-no'tus 
 
 *Pris-ci-a'nuj 
 
 Pris-cil'la 
 
 Pris'cus 
 
 Pris'tis 
 
 Pri-ver'num 
 
 Pri-ver'ims 
 
 Pro'ba 
 
 Pro'bus, M. 
 
 Pro'cas 
 
 Proch'o-rus 
 
 Procli'y ta 
 
 Pro-cil'i-u3 
 
 Pru-cil'Ia 
 
 Pro-cil'lu3 
 
 Pro'cle-a 
 
 Pro'cles 
 
 Pro-cli'da; 
 
 Proc'iie 
 
 Proc-cm-nc'sus 
 
 Proco'pi-iis 
 
 Pro'cris 
 
 Pr(M!ru3'tes 
 
 Proc'u-la 
 
 Proc-u-le'i-us 
 
 *Proc-u-li'iia 
 
 Proc'ii-lus 
 
 Pro'cy-on 
 
 Prod'i-cus 
 
 *Prod'ro-mus 
 
 *Pro'e-dri 
 
 Pro-cr'na 
 
 Prfet'i-des 
 
 Pr<E'tU3 
 
 Prog'ne 
 Pro-la'us 
 Pnim'a-cliiis 
 Prii-inaili'i-das 
 Pro-ina'llii-on 
 Proni'e-don 
 Priim-e-nit'a 
 Pro-nie'lhe-i 
 Pro-me'lhe-ua 
 Pro-me'thiH, and 
 Proin-e-llii'dc« 
 Prom'c-thu9 
 Proin'u-liis 
 Pro-nap'i-de« 
 •Pro-na'um 
 Pro'naz 
 
 I Pron'o-e 
 I Proii'o-inus 
 I PronVt-iis 
 
 Pron'u-ba 
 
 Pro-per'ti-u9 
 
 *Pro-plie'ta 
 
 Pro-poet'i-des 
 
 Pro-pon'tis 
 
 Prop-y-le'a 
 
 Priis-cliys'ti-us 
 
 *Pros-e-le'ni 
 
 *Pro-sel'y-tus 
 
 Pro-ser'pi-na 
 
 *Pro-so'pi3 
 
 fPros-o-pi'tes 
 
 Pros-o-pi'tis 
 
 Pro-sym'na 
 
 Pro-tag'o-ras 
 
 Prot-a-gor'i-des 
 
 Pro'te-i Co-luiii'iiaB 
 
 Pro-tes-i-la'us 
 
 Pro'te-us 
 
 Pro'the-ua 
 
 Proth-o-e'nor 
 
 Proth'o-U3 
 
 Pro'to 
 
 Prot-o-ge-ne'a 
 
 Pro-tog'e-ne3 
 
 Prol-o-ge-iii'a 
 
 Pr(il-o-medi'a 
 
 Prot-o-me-du'sa 
 
 *Pro-tot'y-pon 
 
 *Prot-ry-ge'a 
 
 Prox'e-nu3 
 
 Pru-den'ti-u9 
 
 Prum'ni-des 
 
 Pru'sa 
 
 Prii-sae'us 
 
 Prii'si-a3 
 
 *Pryni-ne'si-a 
 
 Pryni'no 
 
 Pryt'a-nes 
 
 Pryt-a-iie'um 
 
 Pryl'a-nis 
 
 Psani'a-the 
 
 Psain'a-thos 
 
 Psain-me-ni'tus 
 
 Psam-met'i-chua 
 
 Psain'mis 
 
 Psa'phis 
 
 Psa'plio 
 
 *Pse-bo'a 
 
 Pse'caa 
 
 *Pse-ne'rus 
 
 *Pseu-di>-ce'li3 
 
 *Pseu-do-inan-ti'a 
 
 *Pseu-dos'to-ma 
 
 *P3it'ta-ce 
 
 *Psit'ta-cu3 
 
 Pso'phia 
 
 Psy'clie 
 
 *Psy-clio-man-te'um 
 
 Psy'chrus 
 
 Psyl'li 
 
 *Psyt-ta-Ii'a 
 
 *Pte'le-os 
 
 Pte'le-um 
 
 *Pter'e-la3 
 
 Pter-e-la'u3 
 
 Pte'ri-a 
 
 *Pte'ri-on 
 
 *Pto-clii'iim 
 
 Ptol-e-der'ina 
 
 Ptol-€-in!e'iiiti 
 
 Ptol-e-niiE'ua 
 
 Pt(il-e-ma'i3 
 
 Ptol'y-cus 
 
 I'to'iis 
 
 Piih-lic'i-n (Lex) 
 
 Pub-lic'i-U3 
 
 Pcib-lic'o-la 
 
 Piib'li-113 
 
 *Pii-di'ca 
 
 Pul-clic'ri-a 
 
 Piil'cbruiu 
 
 tPul'lus 
 
 Pu'iii-cum Bel'lum 
 
 Pu'pi-us 
 
 Pu-pi-c'nu9 
 
 Pup'pi-U9 
 
 Pu-te'o-li 
 
 Py-a-iiep'si-a 
 
 Pyd'ria 
 
 Pyg'e-la 
 
 Pyg-inie'i 
 
 tPyg-niiB'on 
 
 Pyg-iiia'li-on 
 
 Pyl'a-des 
 
 Py'lie 
 
 Py-la^in'e-nes 
 
 Py-lag'o-rm 
 
 Py-lag'o-ra» 
 
 Py-la'on 
 
 Py-lar'go 
 
 Py-lar'tei 
 
 Py'las 
 
 Py-le'ne 
 
 Pyl'e-us 
 
 *Pyl'i-u3 
 
 ,Pyl'le-on 
 
 Py'lo 
 
 Py'los 
 
 Py'lu3 
 
 *Pyin'a-tus 
 
 Py'ra 
 
 Py-rac'mon 
 Py-rac'ni03 
 Py-rKch'mes 
 *Py-ra!'eus, or Py^ra'- 
 us 
 
 *Py-ram'i-des 
 
 Pyr'a-mus 
 
 *Pyr'a-su3 
 
 *Py-re'i-cus 
 
 P)T-e-na!'i 
 
 Pyr-e-niE'us 
 
 Py-re'ne 
 
 *Py-re'tU3 
 
 *Pyr'e-tU9 
 
 Pyr'gi 
 
 Pyr'gi-on 
 
 Pyr'go 
 
 Pyr-got'e-les 
 
 Pyr'giis 
 
 Py-rip'pe 
 
 Py'ro 
 
 tPyr'o-des 
 
 *Pyr'o-ei3 
 
 *Pyr-o-ge'ri 
 
 Pyr'o-i3 
 
 Py-ro'ni-a 
 
 *Py-ro-phleg'e-thon 
 
 Pyr'rlia 
 
 Pyr'rhi-a3 
 
 Pyr'rhi-ca 
 
 Pyr'rhi-cus 
 
 Pyr'rhi-d<E 
 
 Pyr'rlio 
 
 Pyr'rhus 
 
 *Pyr'ri-cIia 
 
 Pys'te 
 
 *Py-tliKn'e-tus 
 
 Py-th.ig'o-ras 
 
 *Pyth-a-go-re'i 
 
 *Py-than'ge-lu3 
 
 Pytli-a-ra'tus 
 
 Pytli'e-a3 
 
 Py'thes 
 
 Pylh'e-U3 
 
 Pyth'i-a 
 
 Pyth'i-a3 
 
 Pyth'i-on 
 
 *Pyth-i-o-ni'ce 
 
 *Pyth-i-o-ni'ces 
 
 Pyth'i-iim 
 
 Pylh'i-ua 
 
 Py'tlio 
 
 Pythoch'a-ria 
 
 Pylh'o-cleg 
 
 *Pyth-o-de'lii9 
 
 Pylh-o-do'rua 
 
 Pyth-o-Ia'ua 
 
 Py'tlion 
 
 *Py-tlio'ne3 
 
 Pyth-o-ni'ce 
 
 *Py-tlion'i-ci 
 
 *Pytli-o-ni'cu3 
 
 Pytli-o-nis'sa 
 
 Pyt'na 
 
 Pyt'ta-lu9 
 
 *Pyx-ag'a-thU9 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qua-der'na 
 aua'di 
 *(iua-dra'ta 
 diia-dra'tus 
 Ciuad'ri-frons, or 
 
 tiuad'ri-ceiM 
 Clua!9-to'rc3 
 Uiia'ri 
 Clua'ri-U9 
 Ciuer'ccna 
 (iui-e't«3 
 Ciuinc-li-a'nua 
 Qiiinc-til'i-a 
 auiiic'li-us, T. 
 tUuin'da 
 Ciuiii-deccm'vi-ri 
 Cluin-qiia'irl-a 
 •Cluin'qiia-trus 
 Ciuin-qiKm-na'los 
 *Ciuiii-iiiiev'i-ri 
 *Uiiin-til'i-a 
 Cliiin-til-i-a'nus 
 *Uiiin-tl'lis 
 Quin-tiPi-us Va'nu 
 
 Qiiin-til'la 
 
 Cliiin-til'lus 
 
 Ciuiii'(i-U3 
 
 (iuiii'lus, or Quinc'ti- 
 11 s 
 
 duin'tus Cur'ti-us 
 
 Q.uir-i-na'ii-a 
 
 Qiiir-i-na'lis 
 
 Ciui-ri'nus 
 
 Q.ui-ri'te3 
 
 Ra-bir'i-U5 
 
 Ra-cil'i-a 
 
 RjE-sa'ces 
 
 Ra-mi'ses 
 
 Ram'nes 
 
 Raii'da 
 
 *Ra-plia'ne-iE 
 
 Ra'po 
 
 Ra-scip'o-li3 
 
 *Ra-tu'ine-na 
 
 Rau-ra'ci, or Rau-ri'ci 
 
 Ra-ven'na 
 
 *Rav-en-na'te3 
 
 Rav'o-la 
 
 Re-a'te 
 
 Re-dic'u-lus 
 
 Red'o-nea 
 
 Re-gil'la 
 
 Re-gil-li-a'nus 
 
 Re-gil'liia 
 
 *Re-gi'na 
 
 fRe-gi'iium 
 
 Reg'u-lu3 
 
 Re'mi 
 
 Rem'u-Iu3 
 
 Re-mu'ri-a 
 
 Re'inu3 
 
 Re'siis 
 
 tRe-ti'na 
 
 Re-u-dig'ni 
 
 tRha 
 
 *Rhab-du'chi 
 
 *Rlia-ce'lu3 
 
 Rha'ci-a 
 
 Rha'ci-us 
 
 *Rha-co'te3 
 
 Rha-co'ti3 
 
 Rhad-a-nian'tliii3 
 
 Rliad-a-mis'tus 
 
 *Rhad'i-ne 
 
 Rha'di-us 
 
 *RI)a!3'e-na 
 
 Rhffi'te-um 
 
 Rhae'ti, or Rs'ti 
 
 Rliae'ti-a 
 
 *Rha-ge'a 
 
 *Rlia-me'lu3 
 
 Rham-nen'sea 
 
 Rliam'iies 
 
 Rhain-3i-iii'tu9 
 
 Rham'nus 
 
 *Rbain-nu'si-a 
 
 Rha'ni3 
 
 *Rha-phe'a 
 
 *Rliap-so'di 
 
 *Rlia'ri-ua 
 
 Rlia'roa 
 
 *Rlias-cii'po-li3 
 
 Rhas-cu'po-ria 
 
 *Rha-to'U9 
 
 Rlie'a 
 
 Rhe'bas, or Rbe'bus 
 
 Rhed'o-ne3 
 
 Rhe'gi-um 
 
 Rlie-gus'ci 
 
 Rlie'mi 
 
 Rhe'ne 
 
 *Rhe-ne'a 
 
 Rlie'ni 
 
 Rlic'nii3 
 
 Rlie-o-mi'tres 
 
 Rlie'su3 
 
 Rliet'i-co 
 
 Rhe-tiig'e-nes ■ 
 
 Rlic-u'nus 
 
 Rhex-e'nor 
 
 Rhex-ib'i-ua 
 
 Rlii-a'iiiia 
 
 Rhid'a-go 
 
 Rhi-mol'a-cle« 
 
 ♦Rhi-noc-o-lu'ra 
 
 Khi'on 
 
 Rhi'pha, or Rhi'phe 
 
 Rhi -phiR'i 
 
 Rhi-pliui'ua 
 
 Rhi'um 
 
 ♦llho-be'a 
 
 •Rliod'a-his 
 
 Rliod'a-nu.i 
 
 I Rho'de 
 
 Rlio'di-a 
 I *Rlio'dl-i 
 
 Rlmd-o gy'ne, or 
 Rliod o-gii'ue 
 
 Rliod'o-pe, or Rtio- 
 do'pia 
 
 Rlia'du3 
 
 Rliffi'bus 
 
 Rlice'cus 
 
 Rlire-le'um 
 
 Riire'tiis 
 
 *Rboni-bi'tes 
 
 Rho-sa'cea 
 
 Rho'sua 
 
 Rhox-a'na, or Rox-a'- 
 
 na 
 Rhox-a'ni 
 Rliu-te'ni, and Ru- 
 
 tlie'iii 
 Rliyn'da-cu3 
 Rliyn'lhon 
 Rby'piB 
 *Rhyt'i-U3 
 *Ric'i-mei 
 *Rin-gi-be'ii 
 Ri-pha;M 
 Ri-phe'ua 
 *Ri(l-He-be'lu3 
 *RM['a-mE 
 Rix-aiii'a-ris 
 Ro-bi'go, or Ru-bi'go 
 Rod-e-ri'cua 
 Ro'ina 
 Ro-ina'ni 
 Ro-nia'nus 
 Ri>-iiiil'i-u3 
 Roin'u-la 
 Ro-niu'li-dje 
 Rom'u-lus 
 Ro'iiuis 
 Ros'ci-ua 
 Ro-sil'la-nu9 
 Ro'si-u3 
 Ro-tom'a-gua 
 Rox-a'na 
 Rox-o-la'ni 
 Ru-bel'li-us 
 Rii'bi 
 Ru'bi-con 
 Ru-bi-e'nus Lap'pa 
 Ru-bi'go 
 Rii'bra Sax'a 
 *Ru-bre'nua 
 Ru'bri-U3 
 Ru'di-se 
 Ru'fa; 
 Ruf-fi'nU3 
 Ruf'fu3 
 Ru-fil'lu3 
 Ru-fi'nii3 
 
 *Rll'fi-U3 
 
 Ru'fu3 
 
 Ru'gi-i 
 
 *Ru'mi-na 
 
 Ru'mi-nii3 
 
 Run-ci'na 
 
 Ru-pil'i-U3 
 
 *Rus'ci-no 
 
 Rus'ci-na 
 
 Rus-co'ni-a 
 
 Ru-sel'la 
 
 Rns'pi-na 
 
 Rus'ti-cU9 
 
 Rri-te'ni 
 
 *Ku-ihe'ni 
 
 Ru'ti-Ia 
 
 Ru'ti-lu3 
 
 Ru-tH'i-ua Ru'fua 
 
 Rii'lu-ba 
 
 Rii'tu-biia 
 
 Rii'tu-li 
 
 Ru'tu-piE 
 
 Ru-lii-pi'nus 
 
 Sab'a-chus, or Snb'a- 
 
 cou 
 Sa'biB 
 fSa-bffi'l 
 Sa-ba'ta 
 fSa-ba'tha 
 *8ab'a-lliai 
 fSa-ba'tra 
 Sa-ba'zi-us 
 Sab'bas 
 Stt-bel'la 
 Sa-bel'li 
 f.'^a-bel'lui 
 •Sa-bid'l-ui 
 
 S;i-bi'iia 
 
 Sa-bi'ni 
 
 Sa-bin-i-a'nus 
 
 Sa-bi'nu3 Au'lus 
 
 *Sa-bi'ra 
 
 Sa'bis 
 
 *Sa-bo'ci 
 
 *Sa-bo'tba 
 
 Sab'ra-Cffi 
 
 Sab'ra-ta 
 
 Sa-bri'iia 
 
 Sab'u-ra 
 
 Sah-u-ra'nus 
 
 Sa'biis 
 
 Sac'a-daa 
 
 Sa'cai 
 
 *Sac-a-pe'ne 
 Sa'cer 
 
 *Sacli-a-li'tiB 
 
 Sach-a-li'te3 
 
 Sa-cra'ni 
 
 Sa-cra'tor 
 
 Sa-crat'i-vir 
 
 *Sac'ro-ne 
 
 Sad'a-le3 
 
 Sa'dus 
 
 Sa-dy-a'tes 
 
 *S;eg-i-ine'riis 
 
 *Saet'a-be3 
 
 fSag-a-las'sua 
 
 Sag'a-na 
 
 Sag'a-ri3 
 
 Sa-git'ta 
 
 Sa-gun'tum, or Sa- 
 
 gun'tii3 
 *Sag-un-ti'uus 
 Sa'is 
 *Sa-i'ts 
 Sa'la 
 
 *Sa-la'ci-a 
 
 Sal'a-con 
 
 *Sal-a-gi'sa 
 
 Sa!-a-niin'i-a 
 
 Sal'a-mis 
 
 Sa]-a-ini'na 
 
 fSa-lam'ti-ca 
 
 Sa-la'pi-a, or Sa-la'- 
 
 pis 
 Sal'a-ra 
 fSa-lar'i-ca 
 Sa-las'ci 
 Sa-le'i-u3 
 Sa-\e'ni 
 Sal-en-ti'ni 
 Sa-ler'imtn 
 Sal-ga'ne-us, or Sal- " 
 
 ga'ne-a 
 tSa'li-a 
 *Sa-Ii-a'ri3 
 Sa'li-i 
 Sal-i-na'tor 
 Sa'li-iia 
 Sal-lus'ti-us 
 Sal'ina-cia 
 Sal-ntio'ne 
 Sal-mo'ne-ua 
 *Sal-mo'nis 
 Sal'miis 
 Sal-iny-des'su9 
 Sa'lo 
 Sa-lo'me 
 *Sal'o-mon 
 Sa'lon 
 
 Sa-lo'na, or Sa-lo'- 
 
 nas 
 *Sal-o-ne'a 
 Sal-o-ni'na 
 Sal-o-ni'nu3 
 Sa-lo'ni-us 
 *Sal-pi'iias 
 Sal'pi3 
 *Sal-tii-a're9 
 Sal'vi-an 
 Sal-vid-i-e'nu9 
 Sal'vi-us 
 *Sa'ly-e3 
 Sa-ma'ri-a 
 *Saii)-a-ri'a 
 *Sam-a-ri'ta 
 *Saiii'a-t!E 
 Sam-bu'lo3 
 tSniii'bus 
 Sa'me,. or Sa'mos 
 ♦Sa-iiie'ai 
 ^a'fiii-a 
 ♦Sa'ini-us 
 Sam-ni'taj 
 Sain-ni'tea 
 Saiii'iii-iiin 
 tSain-o-cho-nl'tes 
 *Sa-ini)n'i cua 
 Sa-nio'iii-uiii 
 Sa'mos 
 Sa-inus'a-ta 
 Sam-o-thra'ce, or 
 
 Sain-o-thra'ci-A 
 
 13i6 
 
PROiNUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 *Sam-o-tlira'ce3 
 
 ♦Sa-iiiyl'i-a 
 
 Su'im 
 
 Saii'a-os 
 
 San-cho-ni'a-thon 
 
 Saii-da'ce 
 
 *Siin-dn-li-o'tis 
 
 San-(la'li-um 
 
 San'da-nis 
 
 San'ila-nus 
 
 San-di'on 
 
 *Saii-(lo'ces 
 
 Saii-dro-cot'tus 
 
 San'ga-la 
 
 San-ijii'ri-us, or San'- 
 
 ga-ris 
 Saii-guin'i-us 
 San-nyr'i-on 
 Saii'tu-nes, and San'- 
 
 In-na; 
 *San-t()n'i-cu3 
 *Sa-i/re 
 *Sa-oc'o-ra» 
 Sa'on 
 *Sa-o'te9 
 
 Sa-[)te'i, or Sa-phs'i 
 *Sapl»'a-ru9 
 tSap-i-re'ne 
 *Sa-pi'res 
 Sa'por 
 t-a-po'res 
 Sap'pho 
 *Siip-pho'us 
 Sap'ti-ne 
 Sar-a-ce'ne 
 *!?ar-a-cc'ni 
 Sa-rac'o-ri 
 *t^ar-a-nic'ne 
 Sa-raii'ges 
 Sar-a-pa'ni 
 Sar'a-pus 
 Sar'a-sa 
 Sa-ras'pa-des 
 *Sa-ra'vns 
 &ar-da-na-pa'lus 
 *Sar-de'ne 
 Sar'di 
 Sar'di-ca 
 Sar-din'i-a 
 Sar'dis, or Sar'des 
 *Sar'do-ne3 
 Sar-don'i-cus 
 •Sar'do-nyx 
 j •Sar-dop'a-tris 
 
 I Sar'dus 
 
 Sa-ri-as'ter 
 1 *Sar'ina-l» 
 
 Sar-ma'ti-a 
 
 Sar-men'tus 
 
 Sar'ni-U3 
 
 Sa'ron 
 
 Sa ron'i-cu3 Si'nus 
 
 *S<a-ro'nis 
 
 Sar-pe'don 
 
 tSar'ra 
 
 *Sar-ra'nU9 
 
 *Sar'ra-pi3 
 
 Sar-ras'te3 
 
 tSars 
 
 Sar'si-na 
 
 Sar-san'da 
 
 Sa'son 
 
 *Sas'o-nes 
 
 *Sas'i-na 
 
 •Sat-a-g>-'tiB 
 
 »Sat'a-na3 
 
 Sa-las'pes 
 
 Sa'ti-se 
 
 Sat-i-bar-za'nes 
 Sa-tic'u-la, and Sa- 
 
 tic'u-Ius 
 Sa'tis 
 
 *Sa-tra'i-d« 
 
 *J3at-ra-pe'a 
 
 Sat-ra-pe'ni 
 
 •Sat'ra-pes 
 
 Sa-tri'cum 
 
 Sa-trop'a-ces 
 
 Sat'u-ra 
 
 Sat-u-re'i-um, or Sa- 
 
 tu're-ura 
 Sat-u-re'i-us 
 Sat-ur-na'li-a 
 Sa-tur'ni-a 
 Sat-ur-ni'nm 
 Sa-tur'ni-us 
 Sa-tur'nu3 
 Sal'u-rum 
 Sat'y-ri 
 Sal'y-ru3 
 
 Saii-fe'i-u9 Tro'|u« 
 Saii-rom'a-le 
 Sau'rus 
 Sav'e-ra 
 
 Sa'vo, or Sa-vo'na 
 
 Sa'vu3 
 
 *Sa.x'o-ne3 
 
 Sa/.'i-che3 
 
 Scie'a 
 
 Scie'va 
 
 Scwv'o-Ia 
 
 Scal'pi-iim 
 
 Sca-inan'der 
 
 Sca-nian'dri-ui 
 
 Scan-da'ri-a 
 
 •Scan-de'a 
 
 Scan-di-na'vi-a 
 
 Scaii-til'la 
 
 Scap-tes'y-le 
 
 Scap'ti-a 
 
 Scap'Ii-U9 
 
 Scap'u-la 
 
 Scar'di-i 
 
 *Scar-phe'a 
 
 Scar-phi'a, or Scar'phe 
 
 Scau'rua 
 
 Sced'a-sus 
 
 Scel-e-ra'tus 
 
 »Sce-iii'tffl 
 
 Sche'di a, or Ske'di-a 
 
 Sche'di-U3 
 
 Sche'ri-a 
 
 *ticliCE-ne'is 
 
 Scli<B'iie-us 
 
 SchOB'nus, or Sche'no 
 
 ♦Sci-ap'o-dcs 
 
 Sci'a tliis, or Si'a-this 
 
 Sci'a-Ihos 
 
 Sci'dro3 
 
 Scil'lii3 
 
 Sci'nis 
 
 Scin'llii 
 
 Sci-o'ne 
 
 Sci-pi'a-dsE 
 
 *Sci-pi'a-des 
 
 Scip'i-o 
 
 Sci'ra 
 
 Sci-ra'di-um 
 
 Sci'ras 
 
 Sci'ron 
 
 *Sci-ron'i-des 
 
 Sci'rus 
 
 *Scol'o-ti 
 
 Sco'lus 
 
 Scom'brus 
 
 See' pas 
 
 ♦Scop'e-l03 
 
 Sco'pi-um 
 
 Scor-dis'ci, and Scor- 
 
 dis'cas 
 Sco-ti'nus 
 Sco-tus'sa 
 Scri-bo'ni-a 
 Scri-bo-ni-a'nus 
 Scri-bo'ni-U3 
 ♦Scyl'a-ce 
 Scyl-a-ce'um 
 Scy'lai 
 Scyl'Ia 
 Scyl-lE'ura 
 Scyl'li-a3 
 Scyl'lis 
 Scyl'lus 
 Scy-lu'ru3 
 Scyp'pi-um 
 Scy'ras 
 *Scy-ri'a-dei 
 Scy'ros 
 fScyr'pi-um 
 •Scyt'a-le 
 Scy'ths 
 •Scy-tlie'ni 
 Scy'thes, or Scy'tha 
 Scyth'i-a 
 Scyth'i-de3 
 Scy-Ilii'nu3 
 Scy'thon 
 Scy-ihop'o-li3 
 Se-has'ta 
 *Seb-as-le'a 
 *Sel)-as-te'ni 
 Se-lias'li-a 
 ♦Seb-as-top'o-lis 
 *Seb'e-da 
 Seb-en-ny'tus 
 *Se-be'this 
 •Se-be'tos 
 Se-be'tu3 
 
 Se-bu-si-a'ni, or Se- 
 
 pi-si-a'ni 
 ♦Stec'e-la 
 Sec-ta'nus 
 *Se-dig'i-tus 
 Sed-i-ta'ni, or Sed-en- 
 
 la'ni 
 Se-du'ni 
 Sedu'si-i 
 Se-ges'ta 
 Se-gea'lea 
 tSe-ge'ti-a 
 
 Seg'ni 
 Sc-pob'ri-ga 
 Seg'o-iiax 
 Se-pon'ti-a, or Se- 
 
 gun'ti-a 
 &eg-on-ti'a-ci 
 Se-go'vi-a 
 Se-gun'ti-iim 
 Se-gu-si-a'ni 
 fSe-gii'si-o 
 Se-ja'nii3 ^E'li-us 
 *SK-i-sach-ttii'a 
 Se'i-us Stra'bo 
 *Sel-do'iiius 
 Se-lem'nu3 
 t^e-le'ne 
 
 Sel-eu-ce'na, or Se- 
 
 leu'cis 
 Se-4eu'ci-a 
 •■Sel-cu-ci'a 
 Se-leu'ci-dffi 
 Se-leu'cis 
 *Se-leii-co-be'lu9 
 Se-le»'cus 
 Sel'ge 
 Sc-lim'nus 
 Se-li'nuns, or Sc-li'- 
 
 nus 
 *Se'li-iis 
 Sel-la'si-a 
 Sel-le'i3 
 Sel'li 
 
 Se-lym'bri-a 
 Seni'e-Ie 
 *Seni-en-ti'nus 
 *Se-inid'e-i 
 Sem-i-ger-ma'ni 
 Sem-i-giin'tu3 
 Se-inir'a-inis 
 St'ni'iio-ne3 
 *Sein-no'the-i 
 Se-nio'nes 
 Sein-o-sanc'tus 
 Sem-pro'iii-a 
 Seni-pro'ni-U3 
 Se-iiiu'ri-um 
 Sc'na 
 *Se-na'tor 
 Se-na'tus 
 Sen'iia, or Se'na 
 Sen'e-ca 
 tSe'ni-a 
 Sen'o-nes 
 *Se-iio'nes 
 Scn'ti-U3 
 *Se'pi-a3 
 tSe'pi-U3 
 *Se-pla'si-a 
 *Sep-teni'pe-da 
 *Sep-tein'lri-o 
 Sep-te'ri-on 
 Sep-tim'i-u3 
 Sep-ti-mu-le'i-u8 
 Sep'y-ra 
 Seq'ua-na 
 Seq'ua-ni 
 *Se-quan'i-cus 
 Se-quin'i-us 
 *Sc-ra'pe9 
 *Ser-a-pe'um 
 Se-ra'pi-o 
 *Se-ra'pi-on 
 Se-ra'pi3 
 Se'res 
 Ser-bo'nis 
 Se-re'iia 
 Se-re-ni-a'nui 
 Se-re'nu3 
 Ser-ges'tu3 
 Ser'gi-a 
 Ser-gi'o-lu3 
 Ser'gi-us 
 *Ser'i-cii3 
 Se-ri'phus 
 Ser'my-la 
 Se'roii 
 Ser-ra'nus 
 *Ser-re'um 
 Ser-to'ri-u3 
 Ser-V(E'u3 
 Ser-vi-a'nu3 
 Ser-vil'i-a 
 Ser-vil-i-a'nus 
 Ser-vil'i-u9 
 Ser'vi us Tul'li-ut 
 ♦Ses-a-me'ni 
 *Ses'a-mum 
 Ses'a-ra 
 *Se3-a-re'thus 
 *Se9-o-os'tris, or 8e- 
 
 80S'tri3 
 
 Ses'ti-U3 
 
 Ses'tos, or Ses'tui 
 Se-su'vi-i 
 
 Pet'K-bi3 ! 
 I Se'tbon I 
 
 Se'li-a 
 feu'Ihes 
 Se-vc'ra 
 Se-ve-ri-a'nus 
 Se-ve'ru3 
 tSe'vo 
 Sex'ti-a 
 Sex-lil'i-a 
 »Sex-ti'li8 
 Scx-til'i-us 
 Sex'ti-U9 
 Sex'tus 
 Si-bi'ni 
 »Sib'o-tes 
 Si-bur'ti-us 
 Si-byl'laj 
 »Sib-yl-li'nu» 
 Si'ca 
 
 Si-cam'bri, or Sy- 
 
 gaiii'bri 
 Si-ca'ni 
 Si-ca'ni-a 
 *Si-ca'nus 
 *Sic'a-iiu3 
 Sic'e-lis, or Si-cel'i- 
 de3 
 
 *Si-ce'mus, and Si- 
 
 ce'nia 
 *Si-ce'nu8 
 Si-cha;'u3 
 Si-cil'i-a 
 
 Si-cin'i-n3 Den-t^tui 
 Si-ci'nu3 
 *Sic'o-ri3 
 Sic'o-rus 
 Sic'uli 
 *Sic'u-Ius 
 Sic'y-on 
 Sic-y-o'ni-a 
 •Sid-a-ce'De 
 Si'de 
 *Si-de'le 
 *Si-de'ne 
 Side'ro 
 Sid-i-ci'num 
 Si'don 
 *Si-do'ne3 
 
 *Sid'o-nis, or Si-do'nis 
 Si-do'ni-U3 
 Si'ga 
 
 Si-g.-E'um, or Si-ge'um 
 Sig'ni-a 
 ♦Sig-ni'nus 
 Sig-o-ves'su3 
 Sig'u-nae, Si-gy'ni, or 
 
 Si-gyn'iiiE 
 Si'la, or Sy'la 
 *Si-Ia'i 
 
 Si-la'na Ju'li-a 
 Si-Ia'iius 
 Sil'a-ru3 
 Si-le'iii 
 Si-le'Dus 
 Sil-i-ccn'se 
 Sil'i us I-tal'i-cus 
 Sil'plii-um 
 tSil'pi-a 
 Sil-va'nu3 
 *Si-nian'ge-lu3 
 Sim-briv'i-us, or Sim- 
 
 bni'vi-us 
 ♦Si-me'na 
 Si-ine'thus, or Sy- 
 
 nie'thU3 
 Sini'i-lse 
 Sim'i-lis 
 Sim'nii-as 
 Si'ino 
 *Sim'o-ei3 
 Siiii'o-is 
 Sini-o-i9'i-U3 
 Si'mon 
 Si-mon'i-des 
 Sim-plic'i-us 
 Siin'u-lu3 
 Si'niiis 
 Siiii'y-ra 
 tSin'da! 
 Sin'di 
 •Si-ne'ra 
 Siii-gn!'i 
 *Sin-gii-lo'ne» 
 tSin'gu3 
 Si'ni3 
 Sin'na-ces 
 Sin'na-cha 
 Sin'o-e 
 Si'non 
 Si-no' pe 
 Si-no'pe-ui 
 Sin'o-rix 
 tSin-ti'ce 
 Sin'ti-i 
 Sin-u-es'sa 
 I *Sin-ii-es-sa'nUii 
 I ♦Si-o'pe 
 
 Sipli'no3 
 
 Si-poii'liim, or Si'puB 
 Sip'y-luiu, and Bip'y- 
 
 lU9 
 
 fSir'bo 
 
 •Sir-bo'nis 
 
 •Si-red'o-ne« 
 
 Si-re'nes 
 
 Si'ris 
 
 Sir'i-ii9 
 
 Sir'ini-um 
 
 *Si-ro'niii9 
 
 *Sir-o-paB'o-ne« 
 
 *Sis'a-pon 
 
 Si-saiii'nes 
 
 Sis'a-plio 
 
 *Sis'a-ra 
 
 tSi3-ci'a 
 
 Sis'e-nes 
 
 Si-3en'iia 
 
 Sis-i-gam'bis, or Sis- 
 
 y-ganiMtia 
 Sis-o-cos'lug 
 Si9'y-pbu3 
 Sital'ces 
 *f!i-th»'ni 
 Sitli'ni-dc3 
 Si'thoii 
 *Sllli'ri-ne3 
 »Sitli'o-ni9 
 Si-tlio'ni-a 
 Sit'i-iis 
 Sit'o-nes 
 *Sit-te-be'ris 
 *Si7.'y-g<>9 
 tSma-rag'du3 
 Sme'nus 
 Siner'dis 
 Smi'lax 
 Smi'lis 
 
 Smin-dyr'i-des 
 
 Sinin'Ilie-U9 
 
 Sinyr'na 
 
 So-a'na 
 
 So-an'da 
 
 So-a'nes 
 
 Soc'ra-te9 
 
 ♦Sod'o-ina 
 
 S(E'ini-a9 
 
 Siig-di-a'na 
 
 Sog-di-a'nu9 
 
 *So-la'nu9 
 
 *Sol'e-nu3 
 
 tSo-li'niu9 
 
 *So-li'iing 
 
 *Sol-le'um 
 
 Sol'o-e, or So'li 
 
 SD-l(E'i3 
 
 So' I on 
 
 So-lo'ni-um 
 
 So' I us 
 
 fSol'va 
 
 *Sol-y-ge'a 
 
 Sol'y-nia, and Sol'y- 
 
 *Sol'y-mi 
 
 Som'nus 
 
 Son'chis 
 
 Son-ti'ates 
 
 Sop'a-ter 
 
 So'pbax 
 
 So-phe'ne 
 
 *So-ph!Eii'e-tua^ 
 
 *So'phi-a 
 
 Soph'o-cle9 
 
 Suph-o-nis'ba 
 
 So phron 
 
 •Soph'ro-na 
 
 So-phro'ni-a 
 
 So-phron'i-cu3 
 
 Sopli-ro-nis'cus 
 
 *So-phro'ni-u3 
 
 So-phros'y-ne 
 
 *So-pi'the3 
 
 Sop'o-li9 
 
 So'ra 
 
 So-rac'tes, and So- 
 me 'te 
 So-ra'nu3 
 *Sor'di-ce 
 So'rex 
 So-rit'i-a 
 So':ii-a Gal'la 
 So-3ib'i-u3 
 Sos'i-cleg 
 So-sic'ra-tes 
 So-sig'e-nes 
 So'9i-i 
 
 S09'i'lu3 
 
 So-sip'a-ter 
 •So-sip'o-Iia 
 
 So-sig'tra-tui 
 •So-siih'e-us 
 So'si-u9 
 tSo8'pi-ta 
 
 Sos'fhe-nc9 
 
 S()s'lrn-IU9 
 
 *Si)s'xe-tra 
 
 Sol'a-de3 
 
 So'tir 
 
 *So-te're3 
 
 So-te'ri-a 
 
 So-ter'i-cu« 
 
 So'tlii9 
 
 tSu-ti-a'tes 
 
 So'ti-i)n 
 
 ■►So-ti'ra 
 
 So'ti-u9 
 
 S(l'U9 
 
 *Sox'o-tte 
 
 Soz'o-nien 
 
 *So-zoin'e-nus 
 
 Spa'co 
 
 »Spal'e-thra 
 
 *Spar-ga-pi'thes 
 
 Ppar'ta 
 
 Spar'ta CU3 
 
 Spar'tiE, or Spar'ti 
 
 Spar-ta'ni, or Spar-ti- 
 
 a'lie 
 *Spar-ta'nu8 
 Sp.ir-li-a'nu9 
 *:Spar-to'lua 
 *Spat'a-le 
 Sp«'rlii-a 
 Spcn'di-U9 
 Speii'don 
 *Sper-chi'a 
 Sper-clii'us 
 Sper-ina-toph'a-gi 
 Speu-sip'pii3 
 Sphac-tfi'ri-iB 
 *Sphe-ce'a 
 Spiic'rus 
 Sphinx 
 Splio'dri-as 
 Sphra-pid'i-uin 
 Spi-cil'lu9 
 Spin'llia-rus 
 Spin'tlier 
 Spi'o 
 
 Spi-lain'e-neg 
 
 Spi-iliub'a-te3 
 
 Spith-ri-da'tes 
 
 Spo-le'li-uni 
 
 *S|K)-le'tum 
 
 Spor'a-de9 
 
 Spu-ri'na 
 
 Spu'ri-U9 
 
 Sta-be'ri-u3 
 
 Sta'bi-iB 
 
 *Stab'u-lum 
 
 Sta-gi'ra 
 
 Sta'i-U3 
 
 *Slain'e-ne 
 
 Staph'y-lu3 
 
 Sta-san'der 
 
 Sta-sil'e-U3 
 
 tSta-le'nus 
 
 Sta-til'i-a 
 
 Sta-tiri-us 
 
 Stai'i-ns 
 
 Sta-li'ra 
 
 Sta'ti-U3 
 
 Sla-se'a3 
 
 Sta-sic'ra-le3 
 
 Sta'tor 
 
 *Steg'a-no3 
 
 Stel-la'tcs 
 
 Stel'li-o 
 
 Ste'na 
 
 Sten-o-b(E'a 
 
 Ste-noc'ra-leJ 
 
 Sten'tor 
 
 *Sten'lo-ri9 
 
 *Sten-y-cle'nu 
 
 Steph'a-na 
 
 Stepb'a-nu3 
 
 Ster'o-pe 
 
 Sier'o-pes 
 
 Ster-9ich'o-ni( 
 
 Ster-tin'i-us 
 
 Ste-sag'o-ras 
 
 *Ste-9ich'o-rui 
 
 Sie9-i-cle'a 
 
 tSte9-i-le'u8 
 
 Ste9-i-le'u9 
 
 Ste-sim'bro-tus 
 
 •Slhen-e-la'i-Ua» 
 
 Slhen'e-le 
 
 Sthen'e-lus 
 
 Sthe'nis 
 
 Sthe'no 
 
 Sthen-o-boe'a 
 
 Stil'he, or Stil'bl-a 
 
 Stil'i-cho 
 
 Stil'po 
 
 Slim'i-con 
 
 Siiph'i-lu3 
 
 •Sti-n'tae 
 
 Sto-b<e'us 
 
 Sifpch'a-dea 
 
 Sto'i-ci 
 
 •Sio'i-cus 
 
 Stra'bo 
 
 Strn-uir'chas 
 
 •Sini-Ui'gu3 
 
 Stra'to, or Stra'ton 
 
 Slral'o-cleg 
 
 *Slrat-<)-cli'a 
 
 Strat-o-ni'ce 
 
 *Stra-ton-i-ce'a 
 
 Stral-o-ni'cus 
 
 *:^tri)-go'la 
 
 Stron'cy-le 
 
 Stroph'a-ile8 
 
 Sir()'phi-U3 
 
 *Slni-lhi'a 
 
 Slru-tliiiph'a-gl 
 
 Stm'thu9 
 
 Stry'ina 
 
 Slrym'no 
 
 Siry'mon 
 
 ♦Stryiii'o-nis 
 
 *Styp'i-u9 ^ 
 
 Slyg'ne 
 
 *Sly-l(tb'a-tes 
 
 Styni-pha'li-a, or 
 
 Styin-pba'lis 
 *Styin'piia-li3 
 Styni-plia'lus 
 Sty'ra 
 Sty'ru8 
 Styx 
 *Su-a'da 
 *Su-ag'e-la 
 tSu-a'iia 
 Su-ar-do'nM 
 *Sub-al-pi'nus 
 Su-ba'tri-i 
 *Sub'la-cum 
 Su-blic'i-<)9 
 tSub-nion-to'ri-um 
 Su'bo-ta 
 *Su-bu'ra 
 Su-bur'ra 
 Sii'cro 
 *Su-de'ti 
 •Su-e'bU8 
 Su-es'sa 
 *Su-es-«a'nu8 
 *Su-«9-si-o'ncg 
 Sues'9o-ne9, or JSu- 
 
 es-so'ne9 
 S»e-to'niu8 
 Sue'vi 
 t*Su-e'vi 
 Sue'vi-U9 
 
 •Sne'vus, or }Su-e'- 
 
 VU3 
 
 Suf-fe'nu3 
 *Suf-fe'te9 
 Suf-fe'ti-U9, or Su- 
 
 fe'ti-uB 
 Sui'daa 
 *Su'i-<las 
 •Su-il-la're8 
 Su-il'i-us 
 Su-i'o-nes 
 Sul'chi 
 Sul'ci-us 
 tSul'ga 
 
 Siil'mo, or SuI'mo-na 
 
 Sul-pit'i-a 
 Sul-pit'i-us, or Sul- 
 
 pic'i-ii3 
 Sum-ma'nu8 
 Su'ni-ci 
 Su'ni-de3 
 Su'ni-uin 
 •Su-od'o-na 
 Su-o-ve-tau-ril'i-a 
 Su'i>e-rum Ma're 
 Su'm /C-inyl'i-u« 
 Su-re'na 
 *Su-re'na» 
 tSu'ri-um 
 Sur-ren'lum 
 Su'ru3 
 Su'sa 
 Su'sa-na 
 Su-sa'ri-on 
 Su-si-a'na, or Su'sil 
 fSu'lhul 
 Su'tn lira 
 Sy-a'gni3 
 Syb'a-ris 
 Syb-a-ri'ta 
 •Syb'e-ru8 
 •Svb'o-ta 
 Sy'b'o-lns 
 S\ -cin'nus 
 Sy'e-<lra 
 Sy'e-ne 
 Sy e-ne'si-ui 
 Sy-«-ni'le9 
 •Sy-en'ne-9i3 
 
 165" 
 
 ni7 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Sy-le'a 
 
 Tan'a-quil 
 
 Te-'i-os 
 
 Ter-pan'dcr 
 
 The-od'a-mas, or Thi- 
 
 *Tbdi'do-tns 
 
 *Tih-iir-ti'nus 
 
 *t-y-le'um 
 
 Ta-ne'tum 
 
 Te'i-uni 
 
 Terj)-sicb'o-re 
 
 od'a-inas 
 
 TI)ou'lU, or Teu'tliis 
 
 Ti-bnr'ti-us 
 
 Syl'e-us 
 
 tTa'nis 
 
 *Tc'i-U3 
 
 Terp-sic'ra-te 
 
 *Tlie-<i-da'mu3 
 
 Tlii'a 
 
 Ti-bur'tus 
 
 *Sy-li'(>-ne9 
 
 Tan-tal'i-des 
 
 tTe'la 
 Tel'a-mon 
 
 Ter'ra 
 
 *Tlie-tKl'a-tus 
 
 *Thi-al-!e'la 
 
 tTi'cliis 
 
 Syl'Ia 
 
 Taii'la-his 
 
 Ter-ra-ci'na 
 
 Tlie-o-dec'tes 
 
 TIn'as 
 
 Tich'i-u3 
 
 Pyl'lis 
 
 Ta-nu'si-us Ger'mi- 
 
 Tel-a-nio-ni'a-des 
 
 Ter-ra-3id'i-U3 
 
 fTbe-o-do'nis 
 Tlie-o-do'ra 
 
 Tbiin'bron 
 
 Tic'i-da 
 
 Syl'()-es 
 Syl'o-son 
 
 nus 
 
 Tel-chi'nes 
 
 Ter'ti-a 
 
 Thi-od'a-mas 
 
 Ti-ci'nus, (o riritr) 
 
 *Ta-o'ca, Ta o'ci 
 
 Tel-cbin'i-a 
 
 Ter'ti-iis 
 
 Tlie-o-do-re'tii3 
 
 tThir-mid'i-a 
 
 *Tic'i-nus, (a man) 
 
 Py!-va'iius 
 
 Ta'pbi-a; 
 
 Tel-chin'i-us 
 
 Ter-tul-li-a'nu3 
 
 *The-o-do-ri'cu3 
 
 This'be 
 
 Tid'i-us 
 
 Syl'vi-a 
 Syl'vi-us 
 Sy'ma, or Sy'me 
 *Syin'bo-la 
 
 *Ta'phi-i 
 
 Tel'chis 
 
 Te'thys 
 
 Tlie-o-do-ri'tus 
 
 Tliis'i-as 
 
 Ti-es'sa 
 
 Ta'phi-iis, or Ta-phi- 
 as'sus 
 
 Te'le-a 
 
 *'J'i.t-ra-co'mum 
 
 Tbe-o-dt/rus 
 
 This'o-a 
 
 t*Ti fa'la 
 I'i-ier'nuni 
 
 *Tcl'e-ba 
 
 *Tet-ra-go'nis / 
 
 Tbe-o-do'si-us 
 
 *Tiio-an-te'u3 
 
 *Tap'o-ri 
 
 Te-lc'b'o-as 
 
 Te-trap'o-li3 
 
 Tbe-od'o-ta 
 
 Tbo-an'ti-um 
 
 Tig'a-sis 
 
 *8ym-bo-lo'rum 
 
 *Tap-o-si'ris 
 
 Te-k-b'o-a;, or Te-Ieb'- 
 
 Tet'ri-cus 
 
 Tlie-o-do'ti-on 
 
 Tlio'as 
 
 Tig-el-li'nns 
 
 Syin'bo-lum 
 
 Ta-prob'a-ne 
 
 Tap'sus 
 
 Ta|)'y-ri 
 
 o-es 
 
 Teu'cer 
 
 The-od'o-tiis 
 
 Tli.i'e 
 
 Ti-gel'li-iis 
 
 Sym'ina-chus 
 
 Tel-e-bo'i-des 
 
 *Teu-cl)i'ra 
 
 *Tbe-o-riu'lu3 
 
 Tlio'his 
 
 Ti-gra'r.ts 
 
 Syni-pleK'a-des 
 
 Te-le'clcs, or Te-le' 
 
 Teu'cri 
 
 *Tbe-()-gi'Ion 
 
 Th(un'y-ris 
 
 Tig-:!in-o-tcr'ta 
 
 *t>ym-ple'gas 
 
 Tar'a-nis 
 
 clus 
 
 Teu'cri-a 
 
 The-og-ne'tes 
 
 Tb(in 
 
 Ti'grcd 
 
 Sy'nius 
 
 Ta'ias 
 
 Tel-e-cli'des 
 
 Tenc'te-ri 
 
 The-(ig'nis 
 
 Tlio'nis 
 
 Ti'gris 
 
 Syn-cel'lus 
 
 Ta-ras'co 
 
 Te-Ieg'o-nus 
 
 *'l'eii-me'sos 
 
 Tbe-oMi-nes'tus 
 
 *Tho-ni'te3 
 
 Tig-n-ri'ni 
 
 Syn'ee-Ius 
 
 Tar-ax-ip'pus 
 
 Te-Iem'a-clius 
 
 Tt'ii-mes'sus 
 
 The'on 
 
 Tho'iin 
 
 Til-a-tiE'i 
 
 *Syn'e-dri 
 
 Tar-bel'li 
 
 Tel'e-nius 
 
 *Teu-o'clii3 
 
 The'on O-che'ma 
 
 Tiio'o-sa 
 
 tTiI-a-vtmp'tU3 
 
 *Syn-e-phe'bi 
 
 *Tar-bel'li-cu3 
 
 Tel-e-plias'sa 
 
 Teu'ta 
 
 *The-{)'na!i and -"Tue- 
 
 'J'ho-o'tps 
 
 tTil-plius'su3 
 Ti-nia;'a 
 
 Sy-ne'si-us 
 
 Tar-che'ti-us 
 
 Tel'e-phus 
 
 Ten ta'mi-as, or Teu'- 
 
 o-ni'cu5 
 
 'J'lio-ra'ni-us 
 
 *Syn'ha-lu9 
 
 *Tar'chi-a 
 
 Te-le'si-a 
 
 ta-mis 
 
 Tlie-on'o-* 
 
 Tho'rax 
 
 *Ti-nuEn'e-tu3 
 
 *Syn'na-da 
 
 Tar'chon 
 
 Te-le?'i-clas 
 
 Ten'ta-mus 
 
 The'o-pe 
 
 Tho'ri-a (Lex) 
 
 Ti-nise'us 
 
 Syn-na-lax'is 
 
 *Tar-ction-dim't>-tU3 
 
 Te-les'i-cles 
 
 Teu'tas, or Teu-ta'tes 
 
 The-oph a-ne 
 TI.e-opli'a-nes 
 
 Thc.r'nax 
 
 Ti-mag'e-nes 
 
 Syn'nas 
 
 *Tar-en-ti'niis 
 
 Te-le-sil'la 
 
 Teii'thras 
 
 Tbor'sus 
 
 *Tiin-a-ge'te3 
 
 Syn'ni3 
 
 Ta-ren'tuin, or Ta- 
 
 Tel-e-sin'i-cus 
 
 *Teu-thro'ne 
 
 Tlie-o ]i]ia'ni-a 
 
 fl'both 
 
 Ti-niHg'o-ra3 
 
 *Syn'no on 
 
 ren'tiis 
 
 Tel-e-si'nus 
 
 Teu-loin'a-tus 
 
 *The-opli-a-ni'a 
 
 Tbo'iis 
 
 Ti-man'dra 
 
 *Syn'o-ilU3 
 
 *Tar-i-clie'a 
 
 Tel-L'-sip'piis 
 
 Tcn'to-ni, pnd m eu'to- 
 
 *l^be-oph'i-Ia 
 
 Thra'ce 
 
 Ti-nian'dri-des 
 
 Sy-no'pe 
 
 *Ta-ricli'e-a 
 
 Te-les'plio-iui3 
 
 nes 
 
 The-opli'i-Ius 
 
 'J'ijra'ces 
 
 *Ti-nian'ge-lus 
 
 Syn'iy-che 
 
 Tar'naj 
 
 Tel-e-stag'o-ros 
 
 *Teu-ton'i-cus 
 
 The-o-pliras'tus 
 
 Tbra'ci-a 
 
 Ti-niau'lhes 
 
 Sy-phae'um 
 
 Tar'pa 
 
 Te-Ies'tas 
 
 Tlia-ben'na 
 
 Tlie-o-pliy-lac'tus 
 
 Tlirac'i-dos 
 
 Ti-niar'cliiia 
 
 Sy'phax 
 
 Tar-pe'i-a 
 
 Te-les'tes 
 
 *Thac'co-na 
 
 Tlie-o-poi'e-nius 
 
 Tlira'cis 
 
 Tini-a-re'la 
 
 Syr'a-ces 
 
 Tar-pe'i-us 
 
 Te-les'to 
 
 Tlia'is 
 
 Tiie-o-poni'pus 
 
 Tlira'se-as 
 
 'I'i-ina'si-nn 
 
 Syr-a-co'si-a 
 
 Tar-qiiin'i-a 
 Tar-<iuln'i-i 
 Tar-qUMi'i-us 
 
 Tel'e-thiis 
 
 Tba'Ia 
 
 *l^he-op'ro-pus 
 
 Thra-sid'e-u8 
 
 Tim-a-sUli'e-U8 
 
 Syr-a-cu'ss 
 Syr'i-a 
 
 Te-le-tliu'sa 
 
 Tlial'a-me, or Tlial'a- 
 
 *Tbe-o'ris 
 
 Tlira'si-us 
 
 Ti-ma'vus 
 
 Te-Ieu'ri-as 
 
 
 Tlie-o'ri-tis 
 
 Thra'so 
 
 *Tiin'e-a3 
 
 Sy'rinx 
 
 Tar-qiiit'i-us 
 
 fTe-leii'te 
 Te-leu'ti-a3 
 
 *Tlia-las'si-o 
 
 The-o-ti'nms 
 
 Thras-y-bu'lHs 
 
 Ti-nie'si-us 
 
 '*Syr'ii)a-tffl 
 
 Tar'qiii-lus 
 
 Tha-las'si-U3 
 
 The-ox'e-na 
 
 Tliras-y-da,''u3 
 
 Ti-niocli'a-ri3 
 
 *Pyr-ne'tho 
 
 Tar-raci'na 
 
 *Tel'i-nu3 
 
 Tba'le3 
 
 Tbe-ox-e'ni-a 
 
 Tbra-syl'lus 
 
 Tiin-o-cle'a 
 
 *Syr-o-cil'i-ces 
 
 Tar'ra-co 
 
 Tel-le'ne 
 
 Tha-les'tri-a, or Tha- 
 
 The-ox-e'ni-u3 
 
 Thra-syni'a-cl)us 
 
 *Tim'o-cles 
 
 *Syr-o-me'di-a 
 
 Tar-rii'ti-U3 
 
 Tel'les 
 
 les'tris 
 
 Tbe'ra 
 
 Tliras-y-nie'des 
 
 Ti-nioc'ra-tes 
 
 Syr-o-pliCE'nix 
 
 Tar'sa 
 
 Tel'li-as 
 
 Tha-Ie'tes 
 
 Tbe-ram'bu3 
 
 *Thras-y-nie'nus 
 
 Ti-mo'cre-on 
 
 Syr-o-plice-ni'ces 
 
 Tar'si-us 
 
 Tel'Iis 
 
 *Tba-le'us 
 
 The-rani'e-nes 
 
 Tlire-ic'i-u3 
 
 Tim-«-de'mu3 
 
 Sy'ros 
 
 Tar'sus, or Tar'so3 
 
 TpI'IU3 
 
 Tlia-li'a 
 
 Tlie-rap'ne, or Te- 
 
 "i'lire-is'sa 
 
 Tini-o-la'u3 
 
 Syr'tes 
 Sy'rus 
 
 *Tar-tar'i-nu3 
 
 *Tel'me-ra 
 
 *Tha'li-us 
 
 rap'ne 
 
 Tlirpp-sip'pas 
 Thri-an»'btis 
 
 Ti-ino'Je-on 
 
 Tar'ta-rus 
 
 Tel-mes'sus, or Tel- 
 
 fThal'lo 
 Thal'pi-U3 
 
 The'ras 
 
 Ti-mo'liis 
 
 Sys-i-gam'bis 
 
 *Tar-te'sus 
 
 mis'sus 
 
 *Tlie-rid'a-mas 
 
 Tiiro'iii-um 
 
 Ti-nioni'a-chus 
 
 Sy-sim'e-tbres 
 
 Tar-tes'sus 
 
 Te'lon 
 
 fTliani'u-da 
 
 The-rim'a-chus 
 
 Tbry'iin 
 Tbry'us 
 
 Ti'inon 
 
 Sys'i-nas 
 
 Ta-run'ti-us 
 
 Tel-thu'sa 
 
 Thani'y-ras 
 
 *Tber'i-nus 
 
 *Ti-nio'nax 
 
 Sy'thas 
 
 fTa'rus 
 
 Te'lys 
 Te-tna'the-a 
 
 Tbani'y-ri3 
 
 The-iip'pi-das 
 
 Tbu-cyd'i-des 
 
 Ti iniiph'a-nes 
 
 ■fTar-vis'i-uin 
 
 *Tlian'a-tus 
 
 Ther'i-la3 
 
 Thu-is'to ■ 
 
 Ti-nio'the-us 
 
 
 Tas-ge'ti-us 
 
 *Teni'bri-um 
 
 Thap'sa-cu3 
 
 Tlier'nia 
 
 Thu'le 
 
 Ti-mox'e-nus 
 
 
 *Tas'si-to 
 
 *Tem-e-ni'a 
 
 Thar-ge'li-a 
 
 Tber-nio'don 
 
 Tbu'ri-!E, or Thu'ri- 
 
 Tin'cis 
 
 m 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta'ti-an 
 
 Tem-e-ni'tes 
 
 *Thar-gib'u-lu3 
 
 Ther-niop'y-l!E 
 
 uni 
 
 tTin'i-a 
 
 Ta-ti-en'ses 
 
 Te-me'ni-um 
 
 Tba-ri'a-des 
 
 fTiier'nmm 
 Ther'inus 
 
 t*Thn-ri'nu3 
 
 Ti'pha 
 
 *Ta'ti-i 
 
 *Tem'e-nos 
 
 Tba'ri)ps 
 
 Tlius'ci-a 
 
 Ti'phys 
 
 Tipli'y-sa 
 
 Ti-re'si-a3 
 
 
 Ta'ti-us 
 
 Tem'e-nu3 
 
 Tha'si-us, or Thra'si- 
 
 Tlie-rod'a-nias 
 
 Thy'a 
 
 Ta-au'tes 
 
 Tat'ta 
 
 Tem-e-rin'da 
 
 us 
 
 Tbe'ron 
 
 Tliy'a-des 
 
 *Tab'a-nu8 
 
 *Tau-chi'ra 
 
 Tem'e-sa, or Tem'e-se 
 
 Tha'sos 
 
 Tber-pan'der 
 
 *Thy-a-nii'a 
 
 Tir-i-ba'ses 
 
 *T:i-be'iii 
 
 Tau-laii'ti-i 
 
 *Tem'i-su3 
 
 Tlia'sus 
 
 Ther-san'der 
 
 Tliy'a-niis 
 Tby'a-na 
 
 Tir-i-da'te3 
 
 tTa'bor 
 
 Tau'nus 
 
 *Teiri-mi'ce9 
 
 *Tliau-ma'ci-a 
 
 Ther-sil'o-chn3 
 
 Ti'ris 
 
 Tab'ra-ca 
 
 Tau-ra'ni-a 
 
 Teiii'iies 
 
 Thau-nian'ti-as, and. 
 
 Tlier-sip'pu3 
 
 Tliy-a-li'ra 
 
 Ti'ro 
 
 tTa-bii'da 
 
 Taii-ran'tes 
 
 Tein'iios 
 
 'J'bau-nian'tis 
 
 Ther-si'tes 
 
 Tliy-bar'ui 
 
 Ti-ryn'thi-a 
 
 Ta-biir'nu3 
 
 Tau'ri 
 
 Tern'pe 
 
 Thau'nias 
 
 Thes-bi'te3 
 
 Thy-es'ta 
 
 Ti-ryn'llm3 
 
 fTa-ca'pe 
 
 *Taii ri'a 
 
 *Ttm'pe-a 
 
 Thau-ina'si-U3 
 
 *TI)e-se'a 
 
 Thy-es'tes 
 
 Ti-sa;'nm 
 
 *Tac-a-pho'ris 
 
 Tau'ri-ca Cher-so-ne'- 
 
 *Tencli-te'ri 
 
 Tbe'a 
 
 The-se'i-dtE 
 
 *Thy-es-te'u3 
 
 Ti-sag'o-ras 
 
 t'l'ac-a-tii'a 
 
 sus 
 
 fTe'iie-a 
 
 *The-8e-te'tu3 
 
 The-se'is 
 
 *Thy'i-as 
 
 Ti-sani'e-ne3 
 
 Tac-fa-ri'nas 
 
 Tau'ri-ca 
 
 *Te-ne'ffi 
 
 Tbe-ag'e-nes 
 
 *Tbe-se'um 
 
 Thyin'bra 
 
 *Ti-sam'e-nu3 
 
 Ta-champ'so 
 *Tacli'(>-ri 
 
 Tau-ri'ni 
 
 Ten'e-dos 
 
 Tbe-a'ges 
 
 Tbe'se-ns, The'seus 
 
 Tbyn)-bra;'u9 
 
 Ti-san'dru3 
 
 'J'au-ris'ci 
 
 *'J'cn'e-ru3 
 
 Tiie-a'no 
 
 Tlie-si'dffi 
 
 *Tiiyni'bri-a 
 
 Tisar'cbus 
 
 Ta'chos, or Ta'chus 
 
 Tau'ri-um 
 
 Te'nes 
 
 Tlip-a'niini 
 
 The-si'des 
 
 Thyni'bri3 
 
 tTis'dra 
 
 Tac'i-ta 
 
 ♦Tau'ri-us 
 
 TLn'e-sis 
 
 Tlie-ar'i-da3 
 
 'Thes inoph'o-ra 
 Tlies-in"-|ib(>'ri-a 
 
 Thyni'bron 
 
 Ti-si'a-rus 
 
 Tac'i-tiis 
 
 *Tau-rob'a lu3 
 
 *Te-ne'um 
 
 T)ie-ai'nu3 
 
 Tbyni'e-le 
 
 Tis'i-as 
 
 »Tac'o-la 
 
 *Tau'ro-is 
 
 Ten'nes 
 
 'J'lie-a-te'les 
 
 Thes-molii'e-tffi 
 
 Tliy-mi'a-ttiis 
 
 *Ti-sini'a-nes 
 
 Ta;'di-a 
 
 *Taii-rom'e-nos 
 
 Te'noa 
 
 The'ba; 
 
 *Tbes'<)-a 
 
 Tliy-nuich'a-re3 
 Tby-ni(p'tes 
 
 Ti-siph'o-ne 
 Ti-sipb'o-nus 
 
 •T»-dif'6-ra 
 
 Taii-ro-min'i-iim 
 
 'J'cn'ty-ra, (in F.gijpt) 
 Ten ty'ra, or *Ti ni- 
 
 Theb'a-is 
 
 *Tljes-pe'a 
 
 *T«n'a-ros 
 
 *'l'au-ri)-p()-li'a 
 *Taii-rop'(>-lu8 
 
 *Tbe-ba'nU3 
 
 Tlies-pi'a 
 Tties-pi'a-dae 
 
 Tby-od'amas 
 
 *Tis'o-bis 
 
 Ta!n'a-rus 
 
 py'ra, (in Thrace) 
 Tc'os or Te'i-03 
 
 The'be 
 
 Tby-o'nc 
 
 tTis'sa 
 
 TfiB'iii-a9 
 
 *Tau-rii'bu-laB 
 
 *Theg-a-nu'sa 
 
 Tbes-pi'a-de3 
 
 Tby-o'ne-U3 
 Tby'o-tes 
 
 Tis-sam'e-nu3 
 
 *Ta-c'pa 
 
 Taii'rus 
 
 Tc-re'don 
 
 Tlic'i-a 
 
 Tlies'pia; 
 
 Tis-sapher'nea 
 Ti-tje'a 
 
 Ta'ges 
 
 Tax'i la 
 
 Tc-rcn'tia 
 
 T!ip'i-as 
 
 Tlies'pis 
 
 Tby're 
 Tliyr'e-a 
 
 Ta-go'ni-ii9 
 
 *Tax'i-li 
 
 Tr-rc n-li-a'niis 
 
 *'J'h(l-a-i'ra 
 
 Tlies'pi-us, or Thes'ti- 
 
 Ti'tan, or Ti-ta'nus 
 
 Ta'eus 
 
 Tax'i-lus, or Tax'i-lcs 
 
 Te-ren'ti-us I'ub'li-iis 
 
 Tbel-e-phas'sa 
 *'l'hrl-f-si'nu3 
 
 n3 
 
 *Thyr-c-a'li3 
 Thyr'f-ns 
 
 Tit'a iia 
 
 Ta-la'^i-us 
 
 Tax-i-iiiaq'ui-his 
 
 Tr-ren'His 
 
 *Thes-pro'ti 
 
 'J'i-ta'ncs 
 
 Tara-iis 
 
 ']'a-yg'e-tc, or Ta-y- 
 
 Tf'rous 
 
 *Tbel'i ne 
 
 Thes-pro'ti-a 
 'J"hcs-pro'tu3 
 
 ♦Thyr'i-des 
 
 *Tit-a-ne'u3 
 
 Ta-la'y-ra 
 
 gi'ta 
 
 *T( r geni'i-nus 
 
 'J'liel-pu'sa 
 
 Tbyr'i-on 
 Tliyr-sag'e-tO! 
 
 Ti ta'ni-a 
 
 Tal'e-tiim 
 
 Ta-yg'e-tus, or Ta- 
 
 Tcr-gL-s'ic, and Tcr- 
 
 'I'lirlxi'on 
 
 Tlies-sa'li-a 
 
 Ti-tan'i-de3 
 
 Tal-lhyb'i-us 
 
 yg'e-ta 
 Te-a'iiiiin 
 
 gcs'tiini 
 
 'J'lit'I-xi'o-pe 
 
 Tlics-sa'li-on 
 
 *'i hyr-sag'e-te8 
 
 Thy.s'so3 
 
 'J'by'ns 
 
 fTi-ta'nns, (a giant) 
 
 Ta'liis 
 
 Tc'ri-as 
 
 Theui'o-niis 
 
 Tlies-sa-li'ii-Ies 
 
 fTit'a-nus, (a river) 
 Tit-a-re'si-ua 
 
 Tain'a-rus 
 
 Te'a riis 
 
 'J'cr i ba'zus 
 
 'J'he-inc'si-on 
 
 Tbes-sa-loni'ca 
 
 Ta-ma'se-ii^ — ■ 
 
 Tc a'tc-B, *Te-a'tc, or 
 
 'J'c rid'a-e 
 
 'I'be'niis 
 
 Tbes'sa-Ui3 
 
 *Ti-a'ra 
 
 Til-a-re'su3 
 
 •Tain'e-sis 
 
 Te-ge'a-le 
 
 'lYr-i-<la'tea 
 
 The-niis'cy-ra 
 
 'l'lies'ia-lu3 
 
 'J'i'a-sa 
 
 Tit'e-nu3 
 
 Ta-me'si» 
 
 tTc'chcs 
 
 'J'or'i-giim 
 
 'I'lieni'i-son 
 
 Tbes'le 
 
 Tib-a-re'nl 
 
 Tith-e-nid'i-a 
 
 Ta'ino8 
 
 Terh-ine»'»a 
 
 *Tf-ri'na 
 
 Tbc-niis'la 
 
 'i'hes'li-a 
 
 Ti-be'ri-as 
 
 Ti-tlio'nus 
 
 7'aiii'pi-u8 
 
 Tech'na-tia 
 
 Tcr-intn'ti-a 
 
 Tlie-niis'li-u8 
 
 Tbes-ti'a-diB, and 
 
 Tib-c-ri'nus 
 
 »Ti-tlii)'re-a 
 
 Taiii'y-ras 
 
 Tec'titiniiH 
 Tec-Ml'a-ge8, or Tec- 
 
 *Ter'ine-ra 
 
 Tlie-niis'to-cle8 
 
 Thes-ti'tt-des 
 
 Tib'e-ris 
 
 Ti-iliraua'tes 
 
 Tam'y-ris 
 
 'J'cr'ine-nis 
 
 Theni-i-st(>g'e-ne> 
 
 Thes'tias 
 
 Ti-be'ri-u8 
 
 Tit'ia 
 
 Tan'ngra 
 
 ton'a-gffi 
 
 Tfr-fnt;'sti8 
 
 Thc-o-clr'a 
 
 •Thcs-li-di'um 
 
 ♦Ti-bc'rus 
 
 Tii-i-a'na 
 
 •Tnii-a-(;re'u», or 
 
 *Ti'c'lonax 
 
 Tf r-ini-fia'Ii-a 
 
 Tbfc'<»-rlf3 
 
 Tlies'ti-ns 
 
 Ti-be'si3 
 
 Til-i-a'niis 
 
 •Tan-n-gruj'iKi 
 
 Tr'ge-a, or Tc-gn;'a 
 
 Tcr-ini-na'lia 
 
 Tbe'o-clus 
 
 Tbes'lor 
 
 ♦Tib-i-se'nus 
 
 •Tit'i-ea 
 
 Tan'a-gniH, or Tan'a- 
 
 ♦'I'c-gc-a'lcs 
 
 Tcr'nii-niis 
 
 'l'be-<>-cIyni'e-nus 
 *Tlit!-oc'Iy-tua 
 
 Thps'ty-lia 
 
 ♦Tib'n-la 
 
 Tit'i-i 
 
 ger 
 
 'J'fg'u-Ia 
 
 Tcr'fni-(iii3, or Tcr- 
 
 •Thes'ty-lus 
 
 Ti-bul'lu8 
 
 Ti-tin'i-us 
 
 Tan'a>bi 
 
 Teg'y-ra 
 
 IDC8'bU8 
 
 Tlie-oc'ri-lus 
 
 Tbe'tis 
 
 Ti'biir 
 
 Til'i-U8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Ti-tnr'nuis 
 •Tit-tlie'um 
 Tl-tii'ri-u3 
 Ti'tus 
 'J'il'y-rus 
 Til'y-us 
 Tli?-i)(il'e-inu3 
 Tma'riis 
 'J^iio'lus 
 *Tocli'a-ri 
 To-ga'ta 
 t'ro-le'turti 
 *Tol-is-to'bi-l 
 Tol'mi-de3 
 *Tol'o-plion 
 To-lo'sa 
 To-liun'nus 
 Tr"u3 
 'I'l'-moe'iim 
 Toin'a-ru9 
 Toin'i-sa 
 *To-mi'tte 
 *Tom'o-ri, or ♦To- 
 rn ii'ri 
 To'inos, or To'mis 
 T('ii'y-ri3 
 ♦Ton-do'ta 
 To' ne-a 
 T(in-(;il'li-ii3 
 *To-iii'a 
 To-[>a'zo3 
 *T(»-pa'zus 
 Top'i-ris, or Top'rus 
 *Tt)r'e-tie 
 Tor'i-iii 
 To-rii'ne 
 Tor-qiia'ta 
 T(ir-fiiia'lu9 
 Tdr'tor 
 To'riis 
 Tor'y-ne 
 ♦Tory'ne 
 Tox-a-rid'i-a 
 Tox'e-us 
 Tox-ic'ra-te 
 *Tux'i-Ii 
 *To-yg'e-ni 
 Tra'bc-a 
 Tiach'a-lus 
 Tia'cha3 
 *Tra-clie'a 
 Tra-cliiii'i-a 
 Tracli-o-ni'ti9 
 ♦Tia-goe'di-a 
 Tra'giis 
 Traj-a-nop'o-Iis 
 Tra-ja'mis 
 Tnil'Ics 
 
 *Tian3-aI-pi'nii3 
 
 *'l"rans-pa-da'im3 
 
 Trans-tib-er-i'na 
 
 *Trans-tib-e-ri'im3 
 
 *Trap'e-za 
 
 *Trap'e-zon 
 
 Tra-pe'zus 
 
 *Trap'e-zns 
 
 *Tra-plie'a 
 
 *Tras-i-me'nu9 
 
 Tra-siil'lu3 
 
 fTro'ba 
 
 Tre-ba'ti-U3 
 
 Tre-bel-li-a'nus 
 
 Tre-bel-Ii-c'nus 
 
 Tre-bcl'li-U3 
 
 Tre'bi-a 
 
 Tre'bi-us 
 
 Tre-bo'ni-a (Lex) 
 
 Tre-bo'ni-u3 
 
 Treb'u-la 
 
 Tre'ru3 
 
 *Tres'vi-ri 
 
 Trev'e-ri 
 
 Tri-a'ri-a 
 
 'J'ri-a'ri-us 
 
 •JVi-bal'li 
 
 'J'rib'o-ci 
 
 Tri-bu'ni 
 
 tTri-cas'ses 
 
 Tric-as-ti'ni 
 
 Tric'cie 
 
 ♦Trich'i-nas 
 
 *Tri-cho'ni3 
 
 Tri-cla'ri-a 
 
 *Tric-o-lo'ni 
 
 •Tri-cor'y-thus 
 
 *Tri-cra'na 
 
 Tri-cre'na 
 
 tTri-don'tum 
 
 •Tri-e'res 
 
 Tri-e-ter'i-ca 
 
 *Tri-«--le'ris 
 
 Trif-o-li'iiug 
 
 t'l'ri-gem'i-ni 
 
 •'If i-go'nuin 
 
 *Tri-go'nti3 
 
 Tri-na'ci i-a, or Triri'a- 
 
 *Tri-iie'iiie-is [cri3 
 
 'I'liii-o-ban'tes 
 
 Tri-oc'a-la, or Tri'o-c la 
 
 *Tri'o-dU3 
 
 *'rri-o'iios 
 
 Tri'o-pas, or Tri'ops 
 
 *'rri-o-p<!'i-ii3 
 
 Tri-phiI'lis 
 
 Tri-plii'lus 
 
 Tri-pbyl'i a 
 
 *Tri-ptiy'li3 
 
 *Trip'o-di 
 
 Trip'o-Ii3 
 
 Trip-tol'e-mu3 
 
 'I'riq'uc-tra 
 
 Tris-nie-gis'tus 
 
 *'l'ii-te'a 
 
 Tiit'i-a 
 
 Trit-o-ge-ni'a 
 
 'I'ri'ton 
 
 *'rri-t(i'ijes 
 
 Tn-to'nis 
 
 *Tri-to'mis 
 
 Tri-uiu'vi-ri 
 
 Tri-viii'tuiii 
 
 Triv'i-a 
 
 Triv'i-a,' An'trum 
 
 Triv'i-ie Lu'cua 
 
 Tri-vi'cum 
 
 'l'ri>'a-de3 
 
 '1^-o'as 
 
 Troch'a-ri 
 
 'I'rocli'o-is 
 
 Tioe-ze'ne 
 
 Trog'i-liis 
 
 Trog-Uid'y-ta; 
 
 ♦Troglod'y-tes 
 
 Tro'gu3 I'om-pe'i-us 
 
 Tro'ja 
 
 Tro'i-Ins 
 
 ♦Tro-ju'gc-na: 
 
 Troni-eii-ii'na 
 
 Troph'i-niiis 
 
 Tro-plio'in-u3 
 
 Tros 
 
 *Tros'su-li 
 Tros'su-liim 
 Trot'i-liim 
 Tru-en'tum, or Tru- 
 
 en-ti'niiin 
 *Tryg-o-da!in'o-ncs 
 Trypli'e-ru3 
 Tryph-i-ii-do'ru9 
 Try'phon 
 Try-pho'sa 
 Tu'be-ro 
 Tiic'ci-a 
 *Tuc-cit'o-ra 
 Tu'ci-a 
 
 Tii'der, or Tu-der'ti-a 
 Tu'dri 
 
 Tii-gi'ni, or Tu-ge'iii 
 
 Tii-gu-ri'nu3 
 
 Tu-is'lo 
 
 Tu-lin'gi 
 
 Tul'la 
 
 Tul'li-a 
 
 *Tul-li-a'num 
 
 Tul-li'o-Ia 
 
 Tul'li-ii3 
 
 Tiil'lus Hos-til'i-u9 
 
 Tii-ne'ta, or Tu'nis 
 
 Tuii'gri 
 
 Tu-ra'ni-U3 
 
 Tiir'bo 
 
 Tiir-de-ta'ni 
 
 *Tiir'du-Ii 
 
 Tu-re'si3 
 
 *Tu-ri-a'so 
 
 Tu'ri-U3 
 
 Tiir'nu3 
 
 Tu'ro-nes 
 
 Tu'ro-ni, (a people of 
 Qaul) 
 
 ♦Tu-ro'ni, (a people of 
 
 Oermanij) 
 Tur'pi-o 
 Tu-riil'li-ii3 
 Tus-ca'ni-a, and 
 
 Tus'ci-a 
 Tus'ci 
 
 Tus-c'i-la'num 
 
 Tus'cu-Ium 
 
 Tus'cu3 
 
 'I'll 'la 
 
 •Tu-ta'nus 
 
 •Tii'iho-a 
 
 Tii'ti-a 
 
 Tii-ti-ca'nui 
 
 Tii'li-ciim 
 
 *Tu-tu-li'na 
 
 Ty'a-na 
 
 Ty-a'nc-u», ur 1'y-a- 
 
 I'y-a-iii'tis [iiin'us 
 
 Ty'bris 
 
 'I'y'biir 
 
 'I'y'clie 
 
 'I'ycli'i-cua 
 
 'I'ycli'i-us 
 
 Ty'de 
 
 Tyd'e-u9 
 
 Ty-di'de3 
 
 Ty-e'nis 
 
 t'l'y'l03 
 
 Tyiii'ber 
 
 'J'y-mo'lu3 
 
 Tyiii-pa'ni-a 
 
 'J'yiii-plue'i 
 
 Tyn-iiar'i-des 
 
 Tyn'da-ri3 
 
 Tyii'da-ru3 
 
 ']'yti'ni-clius 
 
 Ty-phni'iis, or Ty'- 
 
 pbiin 
 *1'y-plK)'e-u3 
 *']'ypIi-o-o'u3 
 *Ty-ph(>'iiis 
 *Tyr-an-gi'taj 
 fTy-raii'iii-on 
 Ty-ran'mis 
 Ty'ras, or Ty'ra 
 Ty'res 
 Tyr-i-da'te3 
 Tyr'i-i 
 Ty-ri'o-tes 
 *'ryr'i-us 
 Ty'ro 
 
 Ty-rog'ly-phua 
 Ty'ros 
 
 Tyr-rhe'i-diD, 
 
 Ty r-rlie'i-des 
 Tyr-rhe'ni 
 'J'yr-rhe'mim 
 Tyr-rlif '11113 
 Tyr'rhe-iis 
 Tyr-rhi'da; 
 *Tyr-so'ta 
 Tyr'sis 
 Tyr-ta;'iis 
 Ty'rus, or Ty'ros 
 Tys'i-as 
 *Tzac'o-nes 
 
 u. 
 
 U'bi-i 
 
 U-cal'e-gon 
 
 IT'cu-bis 
 
 UTbiis 
 
 U-fen-ti'na 
 
 Ul-pi-a'nus 
 
 U'lu-briB 
 
 U-lys'ses 
 
 Uni'ber 
 
 Um'bra 
 
 *Uiii-bre'nu3 
 
 Uin'bri-a 
 
 Uin-brig'i-U3 
 
 Um'bro 
 
 Uii'ca 
 
 Un'chiE 
 
 Un-de-cem'vi-ri 
 
 U-nel'li 
 
 Uiix'i-a 
 
 tU'pi3 
 
 *Up-sa'lum 
 
 *U-ra'ca 
 
 *U-ra'gua 
 
 U-ra'iii-a 
 
 U-ra'ni-i, or U-ri'l 
 U'ra-nus 
 Ur-bic'u-a 
 Ur'bi-cii3 
 *U-re'iim 
 •Ur'ge-num 
 U'ri-a 
 ♦U-ri'on 
 U'ri-tes 
 Ur-sid'i-113 
 *Ur-si'nu3 
 Us-ca'iia 
 *Us'ce-niim 
 U-sip'e-te3,orI7-s)p'i-ci 
 Us'pi-i 
 Us-ti'ca 
 tUs'li-cas 
 U'li-ca 
 *Ux'a-ma 
 Ux-an'tia 
 In^l-lo-du'num 
 Ux'i-i 
 Ux-is'a-ma 
 U'zi-ta, or tU-zi'ta 
 
 V. 
 
 fVAc'CA 
 
 Vac-cuj'i 
 
 Va-cii'iia 
 
 *Va-dav'e-ro 
 
 *Vad-i-ino'iii3 
 
 Va'ga 
 
 Vag-c-dru'sa 
 
 Va-gel'li-us 
 
 Va-ge'iii 
 
 ■•Va-ge'sus 
 
 *Va'lia-lis 
 
 *Va-i'cu3 
 
 Va'la 
 
 •Val-a-nii'ru3 
 
 Va'Iciis 
 
 Va-Ien'ti-a 
 
 Va-lf ii-tin-i-a'nii9 
 
 *Val-rii-ti'iiu3 
 
 Va-lc'ri-a 
 
 Va-le-ri-a'nua 
 
 Va-le'ri-us 
 
 Val'c-rii9 
 
 Val'gi-113 
 
 *Val-lt'b'a-iia 
 
 * Vaii'da-li 
 Van-da'li-i 
 Van-gi'o-iica 
 Van'iii-U3 
 Va-ra'nea 
 Var-doj'i 
 Va'ri-a 
 
 * Var'i-cu3 
 Va-ri'ni, or Va-ris'ti 
 Va'ri-us 
 
 Var'ro 
 
 Va'ru3 
 
 ♦Va-sa'ta; 
 
 f*Vas'co-ne9 
 
 Vat-i-ca'iiu3 
 
 Va-ti-e'ini3 
 
 Va-tin'iu3 
 
 ♦Va-tre' 11113 
 
 *Ve-clii're9 
 
 Vcc'ti-iis 
 
 *Vec-to'ne3 
 
 Ve'di-iis Pol'li-o 
 
 Ve-ge'ti-u3 
 
 Ve'i-a 
 
 Ve-i-a'nus 
 
 Ve-i-eii'te3 
 
 Vc-i-cii'to 
 
 Ve'i-i 
 
 Vej'o-vi3 
 
 Vc-Ia'brum 
 
 Ve-la'crum 
 
 Vc-Ia'iii-U3 
 
 *Vel'e-da 
 
 Ve'li-a 
 
 *Ve-lib'o-ri 
 
 Vel'i-ca 
 
 Vf-li'na 
 
 Ve-Ii'iium 
 
 Ve-Ii-o-cas'si 
 
 Vel-i-tcr'na, Vc-Ii'triE, 
 
 or *Vel'i-triB 
 *Vel'i-tcs 
 tVe-li'trm 
 Vel'la-ri 
 Verie-da 
 
 Vel-Ie'i-U3 Pa-ter'cu- 
 Itis 
 
 Ve-na'fnim 
 
 * Ven'e-dtf 
 Ven'e-di 
 Veii'e-li 
 Ven'e-ti 
 Ve-iie'ti-a 
 Veii'e-tu3 
 Ve-iiil'i-a 
 *Ven-iio'ne3 
 Ve-no'nes 
 Ve-no'niiH 
 Ven-tid'i-u9 
 Veii'ti 
 
 Vcn-u-Ie'i-ufl 
 tVe-iiii'lus 
 *Vfn'u-lus 
 Ve'nus 
 
 Ve-nu'si-a, or Ve-nir 
 
 si-um 
 •Vc-pi'cii3 
 Vc-ra'gri 
 Ve-ra'ni-a 
 Ve-ra'ni-u3 
 Ver-big'e-nua 
 Vcr-cel'lm 
 Ver-cin-get'o-rii 
 Ve-re'na 
 *Ve-rc'lum 
 
 Vrr-gas-i-laii'inis 
 
 Vfr-gfl'lus 
 
 V,r-gil'i-a 
 
 VLr-giri-!c 
 
 ViT-giii'i-ua 
 
 V'>r'gi-ii in 
 
 •Ver-gob're-tus 
 
 Vui'i-las 
 
 \'cr-o-doc'ti-iis 
 
 Vcr-o-inaii'dii-i 
 
 Ve-ru'iia 
 
 Ve-ro'ne3 
 
 Ver-o-ni'ca 
 
 Ver-rc-gi'iium 
 
 Vcr'res 
 
 Vcr'ri-tus 
 
 Vfi'ii-ii3 
 
 Vcr-ni'go 
 
 * Ver'ta-giis 
 Ver'ti-co 
 Ver-ti-cor'di-a 
 Vcr-tis'cns 
 Vtr-tuin'mis 
 Ver-u-la'nu9 
 Vc'riis 
 
 * Ves'a-gii3 
 Ves'bi-us, or Ve-su'- 
 
 bi-us 
 Ves-ci-a'mim 
 Ves-cii-la'ri-ua 
 *Ve-se'vus 
 Vcs-pa-si-a'iiu9 
 Ves'e-ri3 
 
 Ve-se'vi-us, and Vc- 
 
 se'vii3 
 Ves'ta 
 Ves-la'Ie3 
 Ves-ta'li a 
 ♦Ves-ta'lis 
 Ves-tic'i-ua 
 V<-s-lil'i-u9 
 Ves-til'la 
 Ves-li'iii 
 Vcs-ti'iius 
 Ves'ii-lu3 
 Vf-sii'vi-u3 
 *Vfs'vi-u3 
 Vct'ti-us 
 
 Vet-to'ne?, or »e-to'- 
 
 nea 
 Vct-u-lo'ni-a 
 Ve-tu'ri-a 
 Vc-tii'ri-ua 
 Ve'tus 
 Vi-a'drus 
 ♦Vi-a'lia 
 Vi-bid'i-a 
 Vi-bid'i-ua 
 Vib'i-ua 
 •Vib-i-o'nca 
 Vi'bo 
 
 Vib-u-le'nu3 
 Vi-bul'li-us 
 Vi'ca Po'la 
 V;-cel'li-u3 
 Vi-ceii'ta, or Vi-cc'- 
 
 ti-a 
 Vic'tor 
 Vic-to'ri-a 
 Vic-to-ri'na 
 Vic-to-ri'nua 
 Vic-to'ri-u3 
 Vic-tuin'vi-e 
 Vi-en'na 
 Vil'li-a (Lex) 
 Vil'li-us 
 Vini-i-na'lis 
 Vin-ceii'li-us 
 Viii'ci-113 
 Vin-da'li-u3 
 Vin-<1el'i-ci 
 Vin-dc-mi-a'tor 
 *Vin-dein'i-tor 
 Vin'dex Ju'li-ua 
 Viii-dic'i-113 
 Vin-do-iiis'sa 
 Vi-nic'i-u3 
 Vi-nid'i-us 
 Vin'i-113 
 Vir.'iii-us 
 Vip-sa'ni-a 
 
 * Vi-ra'go 
 Vir'bi-us 
 •Vir-dii'ma-rua 
 Vir-gil'i-113 
 Vir-gin'i-a 
 v^ir-gin'i-ua 
 Vir-i-a'tliu3 
 Vir-i-dmn'a-rua 
 t*Vir-i-pla'ca 
 Vir'ro 
 Vir'tua 
 Vi-sci"ii-U3 
 Vi-»:'lU8 
 
 tVis'tii la 
 
 Vi-siir'gjs 
 
 Vi-tel'h-a 
 
 Vi-tel'li-us 
 
 Vit'i-a 
 
 ♦Vi-iis'a-tor 
 
 Vil'ri ciia 
 
 Vl-tru'vi-ua 
 
 Vit'u-la 
 
 Vo-co'iii-a (Lex) 
 
 Vo-co'ni-us 
 
 Vo-con'ti-a 
 
 Vog'e-sii3 
 
 Vol-a-gin'i-u3 
 
 Vo-la'iia 
 
 Vo-lan'diira 
 
 Vul-a-ter'ia 
 
 Vol'ca;, or Vol'ga; 
 
 *Vol'e-sii3 
 
 Vo-log'e-ses 
 
 Vo-log'e-su3 
 
 Vol'scens 
 
 Vol'sci, or Vol'ci 
 
 Viil-siih'i-uiu 
 
 Vol-lin'i-a 
 
 tVo-luiii'na, and Vo- 
 
 luin'iiiis 
 Vo-liini'iitn Fa'iiuin 
 Vo-luiii'iii-a 
 Vo-luiii'iiiii3 
 Vo-liim'iius 
 Vo-lup'tas, and Vo- 
 
 lu'pi-a 
 Vol-u-se'nua 
 Vo-lu-si-a'nu3 
 Vo-Iu'si-u3 
 Vol'u-su3 
 Vo'liii 
 Voina'niis 
 Vo-no'iics 
 Vo-pi3'cii3 
 Vo-ra'iius 
 
 J*Vos'c-gU3, or *Vo- 
 
 ae'giis 
 Vo-ti-e'iiiis 
 Vul-ca-na'li-a 
 Vul-ca'ni 
 Vul-ca'iiiiis 
 Vul-ca'mia 
 Viil-ca'ti-u3 
 Vu l-si'num 
 Vul'so 
 JVul'tiir 
 Viil-tLi-re'i-U3 
 Vul-tiir'iiiim 
 V'iil-tiir'iiu3 
 tVul-tur'ti-u3 
 
 X. 
 
 Xan'the 
 
 Xan'thi 
 
 Xaii'tlii-a 
 
 *Xan'tlii-a3 
 
 Xaii'llii-ca 
 
 Xan-tliip'pe 
 
 Xaii-lliip'pu3 
 
 Xaii'ttio 
 
 •Xaii-tlio-pu'lu3 
 
 Xaii'llius 
 
 Xan'ti-cle3 
 
 Xan-lip'pe 
 
 Xan-tip'pu3 
 
 Xc-nag'o-raa 
 
 Xe-iiar'clma 
 
 tXen'a-le3 
 
 Xfii 'e-tii3 
 
 Xe'iie-us 
 
 Xu-iii'a-des 
 
 Xu'ni-ii3 
 
 Xen-o-cle'a 
 
 Xeii'o-cIc3 
 
 Xeii-o-cli'des 
 
 Xc-noc'ra-tL's 
 
 Xt:-iiod'a-iiius 
 
 ♦Xcn-<>-da'niiis, or 
 
 Xen-<i-du'iiiu3 
 Xe-nod'i-ce 
 Xe-nod'o chu3 
 Xcn-o-do'ru3 
 tXc-nod'o-tea 
 Xe-nod'(vtiis 
 Xe-noph'ane3 
 Xe-m>pli'i-lii3 
 Xin'o-phcin 
 Xen-o-ph(in-ti'u3 
 Xen-o-pi-llii'a 
 *Xer-o-lib'y-a 
 •Xerx-t'ne 
 Xerx'ea 
 
 Xriix'ra 
 
 ♦Xi iiic'nn 
 
 *Xi plic'ne 
 
 Xii'tliiia 
 
 Xy'i:liU3 
 
 Xyii'i-as 
 
 Xyiwi-icli'i-a 
 
 •Xyp'e-le 
 
 •Xys'ti-cl 
 
 z. 
 
 Za- ba'tus 
 
 Zah di-co'no 
 
 Za-bir'iia 
 
 Zab'ii-lu3 
 
 •Zac'o-rii3 
 
 Za-cyn'tliu9 
 
 Za-grie'ua 
 
 Za'grus 
 
 '/.al'n-lca 
 
 Zu-leu'cua 
 
 Za'iiia, or Zag'ma 
 
 Za'iiiL*-i3 
 
 Za-iiii)lx'ia 
 
 Zan'cle 
 
 Zaii'llje-nP9 
 
 Zan'llii-clea 
 
 Za'rax 
 
 Zar-bi-e'niia 
 
 *Zar-do'ce3 
 
 *Zar'e-l!E 
 
 Za-ri-as'pes 
 
 *Zar-maii-o-che'gaa 
 
 Za'llies 
 
 •Za-ve'cea 
 
 Ze-bi'iia 
 
 »Ze-i-le'um 
 
 Ze'la, or Ze'li-a 
 
 *Zc-lo'a 
 
 Ze'lcs 
 
 Zc-lot'y-pe 
 
 Zc'lus 
 
 Ze'no 
 
 Ze-no'bl-a 
 
 tZe-no'hi-i 
 
 Zcn'o-clea 
 
 Zf ii-i>-rli'dc3 
 
 Zcn-o-di>Vu3 
 
 Zen-o-do'ti-a 
 
 Ze-iiiid'o-tiia 
 
 Zu-nnpli'a-nca 
 
 *Zcii-o-po-sj'don 
 
 Ze-notli'e-niis 
 
 Ze-phyr'i-um 
 
 Zeph'y-nim 
 
 Zeph'y-ru3 
 
 Ze-ryn'tlius 
 
 Ze'lhiis, or Ze'tus 
 
 Zeii-gi-ta'na 
 
 Zeiig'ina 
 
 Ze'us ' 
 
 '/ciix-id'a-miia 
 
 *Zeiix-i-da'njua 
 
 Zcux'i-daa 
 
 Zeiix-ip'pe 
 
 Zi-ux'is 
 
 Zciix'o 
 
 Zi-gi'ra 
 
 •Zic'la 
 
 Zil'i-a, or Ze'lia 
 
 Ziiiia'ra 
 
 Zi-iny'ri 
 
 '/i-iib'e-ria 
 
 Zi-pa;'ie9 
 
 Zi'tlm 
 
 Zriiil'a-cP9 
 
 *Z<>-di'a-cU3 
 
 Zo'l-lll3 
 
 Zo-ip'pns 
 
 •Zo-i-le'um 
 
 Zo'iia 
 
 Zon'a-raa 
 
 Ziipli'urua 
 
 Zo-pyr'i-o 
 
 Zu-pyr'i-on 
 
 Z(ip'y-rii9 
 
 Zdr-o-as'ier 
 
 Zcir-o-as-tre'u9 
 
 Zus'i-mua 
 
 Zos'i-ne 
 
 Zos-te'ri-a 
 
 Zu-tliraiia'tea 
 
 Zy-gan'lea 
 
 Zyg'e-na 
 
 Zyg'i-a 
 
 •Zyg'i-i 
 
 Zy-pi'in'e-Ia 
 
 Zy-gop'o-liii 
 
 Zy-gri'le 
 
 131!) 
 
fl 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 16f> 
 
 1321 
 
BRIEF RULES 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 1. Vowels. 
 
 .4, ah, long and short, (marked a.) 
 
 ai, as e in there, when followed by e, re, rs, ts, s, and when it 
 has the circumflex, thus, ai, (^.) 
 When in the middle or at the end of words, it has the sound 
 of the open acute 6 (e.) 
 au has the sound of o, (o.) 
 E has three sounds : — 
 i as the English vowel a in fate, (e.) 
 i and i are similar to the e in there, (e.) 
 E, not accented, is either, 
 
 (1.) open acute, as e in the English words met, ebb, when it 
 is followed, in the same syllable, by a consonant that is 
 pronounced, or when the following sj-llable begins with 
 
 X, («;) 
 
 (2.) guttural, and like e in her at the end of monosyllables, 
 or the first syllable of polysyllables, (6';) or, 
 
 (3.) is entirely mute at the end of polysyllables. It is like 
 the second e in there, and generally serves to length- 
 en or open the preceding vnwel. In other places, 
 wnere it is more perceptible, it is like the e in battery 
 or over ; and even then the French suppress it as often 
 as they can, especially when the preceding or following 
 syllable has a full sound. — Rem. Es, not accented, in 
 polysyllables, is silent. 
 Ei has the sound of e in there, (("«•) 
 Eu has three sounds : — 
 
 (1.) long and close. This sound has no standard in Eng- 
 lish, but it may be obtained by pressing the lips a little 
 forward, in such a manner as to leave to the breath a 
 narrower passage than for the e in over, and by dwell- 
 ing longer upon it, (eu.) 
 
 (2 ) short, somewhat more open than e in over, (e«.) 
 
 (3.) long and open, by opening the lips somewhat wider 
 and in a more circular form than for the e in over, and 
 by protracting the sound, (eu.) 
 / is long, as in the English word marline, and sliort, as in 
 
 fig, ?•) 
 O has three sounds : — 
 
 (1.) long and open, as in the English word robe, (d.) 
 (2.) short, as in rob, (o.) 
 (3.) long and broad, (o.) 
 oi as wa. 
 
 ou has two sounds, — long, as in mom!; short, as in good, 
 (no.) 
 
 U has two sounds, — long, as in vae, (li ;) short, as in but, (u.) 
 
 There is no standard for these sounds in English. To form the 
 first, observe the situation of the tongue in pronouncing the Eng- 
 lish letter a. It widens itself into the cheeks, so that it touches 
 the first grinders. VVIien the tongue is in this situation, advance 
 both lips a little forward, shutting them at the same time in such a 
 manner as to leave a narrow, oval passage to the breath. This 
 movement will lightly press the tongue between the grinders, and 
 its tip against the fore teeth of the inferior jaw, and thus let the 
 breath pass, which is necessary to emit the sound of the French u. 
 The short sound is formed by dwelling less upon it. 
 
 2. CoXSONANTS. 
 
 Divisio.v OK Syllables. — When syllables in any word are 
 separated by a single or compound consonant, that consonant is to 
 be spelled and articulated with the following vowel, and not with 
 the preceding one. By several consonants which cannot form a 
 compound consonant, the first must be spel.ed with the preceding, 
 and the remainder with the succeeding, simple or compound vowel. 
 
 Compound consonants are the following : — bl, br, eh, cl, chr, cr, 
 '^'"i .^1 /''i ^'i £■'■) ^'i ^i*! i") (when liquid,) ph, phi, phr, pi, pr, 
 rh, se, scr, si, sm, sti, sp, st, sr, th, thl, tr, tl, vr. 
 
 The French syllables are divided into masculine and feminine 
 syllables, the latter being those that contain e mute. 
 
 Ge.veral Rule. — Every masculine syllable before another 
 masculine syllable is short, so that the accent lies upon the last 
 syllable that is pronounced. 
 
 B has the same sound as in English. 
 C has, 
 
 (1.) the sound of English i before a, a, u, and before con- 
 sonants ; 
 
 (2.) the sound of hard s before e, i, y, and before the hard 
 vowels, a, o, u, when with a cedilla, (f .) 
 c, before q and c, and after a nasal sound, is always silent. 
 ch has the sound of sA, and followed by a consonant, it is like k. 
 At the end, it sounds like k. 
 D is like English d. It is sounded at the end of words, unless 
 
 followed by s or preceded by r or n. 
 f is like English/. 
 G has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) the sound ot g in go, before a, o, u. 
 (2.) the sound oi s in pleasure before e, i, y. 
 
 The hard D- is rendered soft before a, o, u, by inserting the 
 letter e between g and a, o, u. The e after the g is then 
 not to be sounded, but is considered as a mark to show 
 that the g must be pronounced soft. 
 The soft g, on the other hand, is rendered hard before 
 e, i, y, by writing the letter ?/ between g and e, i, y. 
 Therefore the u that is immediately after the g must 
 not be sounded, but is to be considered as a sign that^ 
 must be articulated hard. 
 gn is pronounced like ni in onion, minion, (final gne, repre- 
 sented in the table ny.) 
 Final g is silent except in the noun bourg, and in nouns ter- 
 minating in berg, where it has the sound of A'. 
 H is either aspirated or silent. 
 
 Remark. — When h is deemed aspirate, it only communicates to 
 the vowel the properties of a consonant; that is to say, wiien the 
 preceding word ends with a vowel, that vowel is never suppressed ; 
 if it ends with a consonant, that consonant is never connected with 
 the vowel that follows. 
 
 J has always the sound of z in azure, or s in pleasure. 
 
 L has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) It is like the English I. 
 
 (2.) It is liquid, like / in brilliant. 
 
 N. B. — The modern pronunciation, however, lets the I entirelj 
 disappear, and substitutes a long i sound (1, tf) for it. 
 
 Exception. — All nouns in ville are not liquid. 
 
 1322 
 
BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 //, ill, prect'di'd by anollicr vowt-l, are always li(iuid, in which 
 caso, ^7, ill, are compound consonauls, the i bcliiir con- 
 sidered as a mere sign to make the / liquid ; therefore 
 the i must not be con\bined with the preceding vowel, 
 whicii preserves its natural sound. 
 
 y'' I when not nasal, are like the English to, n. 
 
 VI, a, preceded in the same syllabic by a vowel, are always 
 nasal, utilcss followed by a syllable tliat begins with a 
 vowel or h mute, in which case, m and ji resume their 
 natural sound. 
 
 Nas.\l Sound. — An exact standard for the nasal sound is not 
 to be found in tlie English pronuiieiation. HoweviT, something 
 like it is found in the sound of en in r.ncore. But if, in pronoun- 
 cing tiiese sounds, the tongue shouhl once touch llu? roof of the 
 mouth, the Frencli nasal sound wtjuld be ruined. 
 
 Tliere are four nasal sounds : — 
 
 em, am 
 en, an 
 
 ■ Qllg, or Ong. 
 
 im. 
 
 aim, - ' r 
 
 ain, y-iing. un, V £ting. 
 
 eini, 
 ein, 
 o-in, J 
 
 P is like the same letter in the English language. 
 
 Q, except in a few word.-s, is always followed by u, and these two 
 
 letters together nave the sound of English k in king. 
 It is much more rolled than the English r. At tlie end of a 
 word it is always pronounced, when preceded by a, i, 
 o, u, y, and their compounds, 
 r, preceded by e in polysyllables, is silent, and in this case the 
 e has the acute sound e. In monosyllables, the r is 
 pronounced, and the e has a more open sound, resem- 
 bling S. 
 rh is like r. 
 6' has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) the soft of rose, please, between two vowels and fol- 
 lowing b. 
 
 (2.) the hard sound of sister, in the beginning, and in the 
 middle of a word, when preceded or followed by a con- 
 sonant. 
 
 Final 5 is silent, with a few exceptions. 
 T has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) soft, like c in cedar, civil, in the syllable tion, unless 
 
 preceded by s or x, in which case the t is hard. 
 (2.) hard, like t in til, in all other cases 
 th has the single sound oft hard. 
 t, St, ct, final, are silent. 
 
 V is like English v. 
 
 X, (1.) is like gs in all words beginning in z or ex, followed by 
 a vowel or the letter h. 
 (2.) like k in words beginning in exee, exci, exs. 
 (3.) like ss, in ^ix, Mx la Chapelle, Jluxerre, .luxonne, Brux- 
 
 elles, Luxeuil, and some few others. 
 (4.) like ks in all other cases. 
 Final x is silent. 
 Z is like z in zone. 
 
 Final z is silent. 
 
 Y is like single French but like double i between two vowels. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 
 1. Vowels. 
 
 A is sounded as ah in English, (ft.) 
 E has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) the open, as in the English word fair, (e and c.) 
 
 (2.) close, as in the word pain, (c ) 
 / is sounded like te in English. 
 has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) the open o; (2.) the close 6. 
 U is sounded like on. 
 
 N. B. — When these vowels are at the end of words, marked 
 with an accent, they have a quick and sharp sound. 
 
 2. Co.N'.SON.WTS. 
 li is like the same letter in English. 
 
 C is like li before a, u, u. Followed by the vowels r, i, it is pro- 
 nounced like cli in the words cherry, chilly, 
 cc followed by e, i, is pronounced like tch in the English word 
 
 viulck. • 
 cla, cid, ciu, are pronounced cha, cho, clioo. 
 ch, followed by r, i, is pronounced like English k. 
 D and Fare like the English </ and /. 
 
 G is like the English g in go, when followed by a, o, u. Fol- 
 lowed by the vowels c, i, it is like j in English, or like 
 g in the words gciu, ginger. 
 
 gg, followed by c, i, is pronounced like ilg in the English word 
 
 Irulgc. 
 
 gh, followed by c, i, has the sound of n- in go. 
 
 gl, followed by ', and in all words in which i is followed by 
 
 another vowel, is pronounced like II in hrilliant. 
 
 But in all words in which gl is followed by a consonant, 
 
 it is pronounced like gl in glimvicr. 
 gn, followed by a, c, i, o, u, is somewhat like the English ni in 
 
 onitm, minion, 
 gia, giri, giu, are pronounced Wke ja, jo, joo. 
 gua, guc, gui, are like gwa, gicci, gieee, in language, languci, 
 
 languid. 
 
 H has no sound. It is only used to denote the hard sound of the 
 
 consonants c, g, before the vowels c, i. 
 J is considered a vowel. It is used instead of ii at the end of 
 
 words, and sounds like ee in the English word/ce, each 
 
 e being distinctly pronounced. 
 L, M, A', and are like the corresponding English letters. 
 ^. ^"(i, (jvi, qui, yuti, are pronounced like gua, que, qui, quo, in 
 
 the English words quality, question, quibble, quote ; the 
 
 vowels a, e, i, o, adhering to their proper pronunciation, 
 
 as stated above. 
 
 R, in the beginning of words, or in the middle when it begins a 
 syllable, is like r in the words ruin, marine. At the end 
 of words, or when it ends a syllable, or preceded by 
 another consonant, or doubled, it has a rolling sound. 
 
 S, in the beginning of words, preceded or followed by another 
 consonant, or when doubled, is pronounced sharp, like 
 sister. Betwee»,* two vowels, and in the last syllable of 
 all substantive and adjective nouns that end in ese, uso, 
 vsa, it is pronounced like s in the English word rose. 
 In the last syllable of all adjective nouns in oso, osa, s 
 preserves its sharp sound. 
 sc, followed by e, i, is pronounced like sh in shell, 
 sch, followed by e, t, is pronounced like sk. 
 scid, sci6, sciii, are like sha, sho, shoo. 
 
 T is always hard, and 
 
 V hke the English r. 
 
 jy and X are not found in the Italian alphabet. 
 
 Z. General Rule. — In the beginning of words, or when sin- 
 gle, it is like ds in the English word Windsor. When preceded by 
 a consonant, or when followed by two vowels, or when doubled, 
 it is pronounced sharp, like ts in the word benefits. 
 
 Remark. — Italian words are pronounced exactly as they are 
 written, there being no silent letter, except h. Every vowel al- 
 ways preserves its proper sound, independently of the consonants 
 which accompany it. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 1. VOWEI.S. 
 
 A. This letter is pronounced as ah in English, {(I.) 
 
 E is pronounced as a in the alphabet in English, (e.) except be- 
 fore n, r, s, z, in which case it is more open, as in the 
 English word care. 
 
 I is pronounced as e in English. It is long when under the 
 acute accent, (f.) 
 
 is generally pronounced as in English. It is, however, neces- 
 sary to observe, that it is sometimes open, (o,) sometimes 
 close, (5,) and sometimes long, (6.) 
 
 It is open in words of one syllable, when it is not im- 
 mediately followed by another vowel, and before n and 
 r at the end of a syllable ; at the end of a word, when it 
 is accented. It is long whenever it is immediately fol- 
 lowed by another vowel. 
 
 1323 
 
BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 I is pronounced oo. 
 
 N. B. — From this rule must be excepted the syllables gw, g'ni, 
 que, qui, in which the u is not sounded, unless the u has two dots 
 over it, (tt.) 
 
 Y. This letter is sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant. 
 
 It is a vowel when it is preceded by another vowel, 
 making with it a diphthong; and then 
 ay and ey are like i, (t;) 
 oy and uy, like oi. 
 
 In almost every other case, it is a consonant. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 B, in the beginning of a word, is always pronounced as in Eng- 
 lish. In the middle of a word, between two vowels, b 
 is softened into nearly a v. 
 
 C has the sound of th in English, as in the word pitli, before c 
 and i ; and the sound of ^ before a, o, u. 
 Formerly the c with the cedilla (f) was used to soften 
 the c before a, o, u. The letter 2, however, has now 
 been substituted for it. 
 Double cr, followed by e, i. Tiie first c is hard, the second 
 soft. 
 
 ch. These two letters are pronounced as in English in the 
 word check. 
 
 D is pronounced, in the beginning of a word, as in English ; but 
 when the (/ is between two vowels, it is as soft as the 
 th in the words though, the. It is pronounced lisping at 
 the end of a word. 
 
 F is pronounced as in English. 
 
 G is pronounced as in English before a, o, u. It is guttural be- 
 fore e, i, (o-.) Before n, it has the English pronuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 For the syllables gue, gui, see the vowel U. 
 [I is mute, and only lightly aspirated before vc. The letter A 
 has been retained in many words, though not pro- 
 nounced, and in several it has taken the place of the 
 letter /, formerly used. 
 th. The Academy suppresses h after t, and instead of ph uses/. 
 J is guttural before all tlie vowels, [g, ch.) 
 L is pronounced as in English. 
 
 U. When // occurs in a word, it is liquid, and pronounced as 
 in tlie words brilliant, seraglio, William. 
 M and JN"" are pronounced as in English. 
 
 n, having this mark, (',«,) which the Spaniards call 7i with 
 tilde, (tTl'de,) has the same sound as n in ojiion, viinion. 
 P and Q are pronounced as in English. 
 
 As to the syllables que, qui, look for the vowel U. 
 
 N. B. — Q is changed into c in all words whore it is followed by 
 ua, MO, ue, ui, (tile u in the latter two preserving its natural 
 sound.) 
 
 R, in the beginning and middle of words, is pronounced a little 
 stronger tlian in English ; but double r is much stronger 
 than the English rr. 
 
 S IB always pronounced hard, like double s, even between two 
 vowels. 
 
 T is always hard. 
 
 l^. The Spaniards often confound the sound of this letter with 
 that oft; but tlie Academy disapproves of it, and rec- 
 ommends tliat it should be pronounced as in English. 
 
 X is ])ronounced as s wlu n followed by a consonant ; and it is 
 liglitly sounded 5 when followed by ce, ci. It is pro- 
 nounced like ks between two vowels. In a few words 
 ending in x, it is guttural. 
 
 N. B. — X was formerly used as a guttural, (unless the following 
 vowel had the circumflex accent;) but j is now used instead before 
 a, o, u, and g bel'ore c and i. 
 
 Z IB only used now before «, o, 7(, and is pronounced like the c 
 before < and i. It is always pronounced lisping after 
 a vowel. 
 
 The pronunciation of Spanish by the Mexicans is different from 
 that by the Spaniards: — 
 
 (I.) They pronounce the liquid U like the modern French pro- 
 nunciation long ce. 
 (2.) They pronounce b and n interchangeably. 
 (:j.) They substitute, in general, the s sound for the th sound. 
 
 PORTUGUESE. 
 I. Vowels. 
 
 The vowels are the same as in the Spanish language. 
 
 JIo, the o having a deep sound, nearly 00, is somewhat like oung. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 The consonants, with the following exceptions, are like the 
 English : — 
 
 C. g is like the same French letter. 
 
 ch is like English sh. 
 G is like the French g. 
 
 11 is always silent, and serves only, when immediately preceded 
 
 by / or n, to make these letters liquid. 
 J is like the corresponding French letter. 
 
 M and jY are like the same English letters, but have sometime.': 
 a nasal sound. 
 
 Q is like the French, being always accompanied by a silent u. 
 R is like the Spanish, rolling. 
 X is like English sh. 
 
 GERMAN. 
 1. Vowels. 
 
 A has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) long, (a,) as in the English word half. 
 (2.) short, [fl,) which has no corresponding sound in English. 
 ae, OT d. (1.) long, as the sound between ?t«/HC and care ; (2.) 
 
 short, nearly like c in the word reiit. 
 ai and ay sound broader than the English i in kite, 
 au approaches the sound of the English ou in our, loud, 
 aeu or (tu has nearly the same sound as the English oi. 
 E has three sounds : — 
 
 (1.) long; 1st, the close or acute sound («), the French e 
 fcrmd. 2d, the open sound, («;,) the c ouvcrt of the 
 French. 
 
 (2.) short, ((',) nearly like e in the word help. 
 (3.) obscure in all unaccented syllables, like a in the Eng- 
 lish word sofa, except before liquids, where it sounds 
 like c in tlie last svll ible of the word heaven, 
 ei, or cy, are like i iw fine, kind, 
 eu is similar to oi, oy, in boil, toil, joint. 
 I has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) long, as in mete, (}'.) 
 (2.) short, nearly as i in pin, fig, (;'■) 
 ie is like long i, (f.) 
 is, (1.) long, as in bone, (o;) (2.) short, (o,) as in got. 
 oe, 0. (1.) long, French ri) ; (2.) short, French eu. 
 oi, oy, are like the English oi, oy. 
 U has two sounds : — 
 
 (1.) long, (00,) as in to, do, move, prove. 
 (2.) short, (00,) resembling u in bull, full, bushel. 
 Tic, U. (1.) long French li ; (2.) short French u. 
 N. B. — Aa, 00, cc, are pronounced as a single long a, o, e. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 B is like the English b. But when it ends a syllable, or stands next 
 to the final consonant or consonants, not being liquids, 
 or the consonants, it approximates to the sound of p. 
 
 C before (I, o, u, au, and before a consonant, is pronounced like /c. 
 
 Before the other vowels, with a few exceptions, it is likens. 
 
 D is like the English d. But at the end of a syllable, it approxi- 
 mates to the sound of t. 
 
 F is like English /. 
 
 G, in the beginning of a syllable, is always like g in the English 
 word go. After «, o, u, e, i, ft, a, 11, 1, r, it has a peculiar 
 lingual sound, somewhat solter than the guttural ch. 
 (See Ch.) 
 
 When preceded by w, g- (except in derivative and com- 
 pound words) has the sound of a gentle 
 //, in the beginning of a word or syllable, is aspirated, as in the 
 English words hare, hold. Between two vowels, the 
 aspiration is less strong, and sometimes hardly per- 
 ceptible. At any other place than in the *^-ginning of 
 a word or a syllable, h is mute, and indicates then the 
 length of the preceding vowel. 
 th is pronounced as a single t. 
 
BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 J is pronounced as y, and always followed by a vowel. 
 K is like Englisii k. 
 
 L, -V, jV, and P, are like the corresponding English letters. 
 
 Q is always joined with a. It has the sound /.ir, but is uttered 
 
 shorter than in English. 
 R is sounded stronger than in English. 
 
 S is always like z, e.xcept before a consonant and at the end of a 
 word or syllable, where it is pronounced sharp. It is 
 also pronounced like 2 between two vowels and after a 
 liquid. 
 
 T is like English t. Before i and a following vowel, t is pro- 
 nounced like is. But when s precedes /, t keeps its 
 proper sound. 
 
 V is always like/. 
 
 /f is like V. The jc in final ow is always silent. 
 X is like ks. 
 Z is like ts. 
 
 3. Compound Consonants. 
 
 Ch is always guttural when preceded by a vowel, or a vowel and 
 a liquid. C/i, in the beginning of a word, followed by 
 a, «, u, or a consonant, is like k. 
 
 Chs, in primitive words, is like ks. 
 
 Sell, in primitive words, is like sh. , 
 
 Gn and Kn. Both the g and k are hard. 
 
 P/i is like /. 
 
 Sz is like hissing s. 
 
 Tz doubles the sound of 2. 
 
 Spelli.sg. — When two vowels are divided by a single or com- 
 pound consonant, that consonant is spelled and articulated with the 
 second vowel ; by more than one consonant, all but the last single 
 or compound consonant belong to the first vowel. 
 
 DUTCH. 
 
 1. Vowels. 
 .4 has two sounds, like the German a. 
 I are pronounced like long a. 
 
 E has the three sounds of the German e. 
 
 ec is like long open e. 
 / has the two German t sounds. 
 
 ie is like the German ic. 
 O has the two German sounds. 
 
 00 is long o. 
 
 oe is pronounced as 00. 
 J7 has the two French u sounds. 
 
 ui resembles the English oi in boy. 
 Y, or sometimes spelt ij, is equivalent to the German ci, eij, or 
 the English long i sound. 
 
 2. Co.NSON.tNTS. 
 
 The consonants are the same as the German, except the follow- 
 ing ones : — 
 
 G is always strong guttural, unless spelt gh, which is like g in 
 the English word go, or at the end of a word preceded by n. 
 Sch is not pronounced as sh, but as sk. 
 
 SWEDISH. 
 
 1 1 There are nine vowels, a, e, i, o, u, y, o, a, («,) fl, (as;) and it is 
 ' to be remarked, that they are never found compound. 
 
 1. Vowels. 
 
 ji is like the German a. 
 a is long 0, (6.) 
 
 <I (<e) is like the German fl, (ts.) 
 E has two different pronunciations : — 
 
 (1.) long, (the close and acute sound of the German c, — e,) 
 in the beginning of words, where c makes a sj-llable by 
 itself, and at the end of a syllable or a word, as also in 
 all syllables that have the tonic accent, and in all 
 words terminating in het. 
 (2.) like ts, or German e short, when it precedes the conso- 
 nants/, /, wi, n, r, s. 
 
 I is like the German i. 
 
 O. (I.) O is like a deep 00, in the beginning of words, when it 
 is a syllable by itself, and at the end of a syllable or a 
 word. 
 
 (2.) It is like a long o, when it is immediately followed by 
 one of the consonants /, I, vi, n, t, s, t, and before 
 double consonants. 
 <E (/)) is like the corresponding German letter. 
 U has almost always a sound like that of l-po combined, 
 y is like the French u. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 The consonants are the same as the English, with the following 
 modifications : — 
 
 G, before a, o, n, a, is always hard, as in the English word go, 
 and also before c, when it is pronounced like ne. 
 Before i, y, te, w, and before the close and acute e, it is 
 like the English y ; but the retains its hard sound 
 when the acute c terminates the syllable. See J. 
 gjo, ffju, has, in common pronunciation, the sound of yo, ygq. 
 
 II is always aspirated, e.\cept before v and j, where it is silent, 
 
 and in ch, which is pronounced like k. 
 J is like the English ij. In all those words where j is changed 
 
 into g, that g has a verv slight guttural sound. 
 K is hard before a, o, u, a, and e, (having tlie sound of ce,) and 
 
 before c acute, terminating the syllable or word. 
 k, before the vowels /, y, tc, iz, and c acute, is pronounced as 
 
 if there were Swedish j between /.■ and the vowel. 
 In common pronunciation, A: before the mentioned vowels, 
 
 and kj before a, o, u, a, sound like English ch. 
 L, beginning a word, and followed by y, is almost silent, the y alone 
 
 being pronounced, with a slight liquid sound before it. 
 S is like English s. When followed bj' /.-, it is like sk English, 
 
 in all those cases where k has its hard sound ; but like 
 
 sh (or French ch, or Gorman scli) when k is followed 
 
 by i, y, ec, cc, and e acute, or when followed by j and 
 
 any of the hard vowels. 
 T is always hard. 
 tj, followed by a vowel, has, in common language, a sound 
 
 like English ch, hul much softer; stj, followed by a 
 
 vowel, like sh. 
 
 DANISH. 
 I. Vowels. 
 
 The Danish language has eight vowels : — a, e, i, o, v, y, n, (d,) 
 <p, (<E.) There is but one combined vowel that changes pronuncia- 
 tion. The doubling of the other vowels, which hardly takes place 
 except with e, i, u, indicates onl)' the length of the syllable. 
 
 The diphthongs are ai, ei, oi, <l>i, ((ei,) au, cu, 011, ui. These make 
 two distinct sounds, pronounced by a single emission of the voice. 
 .1 has the two sounds of German a, (d.) 
 
 aa is pronounced long 0, (u ;) ae (a) is like the corresponding 
 German ac. 
 
 ai is similar to the German ni, (t ;) au is like the German au. 
 E has the three German sounds : — * 
 c is mute after a vowel, which it then lengthens ; 
 
 (1.) at the end of substantives terminating in i, when they 
 
 derive from the Latin in ; 
 (2.) at the end of the infinitive of verbs af\er a vowel, (e 
 being the proper termination of the infinitive of all verbs ;) 
 (3.) at the end of adjectives that terminate in a vowel, under 
 the inflection ; 
 
 (4.) in the middle of sotne words, after a long vowel, to dis- 
 tinguish two words, which without thee would have the 
 same orthography, though the vowels have a different 
 length in pronunciation. 
 ce. The vowels e, i, u, are doubled in the middle of mono- 
 syllables, to indicate the e, i, u, long, except before the 
 consonants b, d, g, r, p. 
 ci is like the German ei. 
 ev is like the German cu. 
 I is like the German /. 
 
 ii. See cc. 
 is like the German o. 
 oi, ipi, or (ri, resemble the English oi. 
 ffi (^) is like the German a. 
 ou is like the English ou. 
 
 KiG' 
 
 G G G C. C. 
 
BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 U is like the German 
 
 vi reseiiililes u Frencli. 
 y is like French u. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 The consonants are like the Englisli, willi the iolluwing excep- 
 tions : — 
 
 D is not sounded after a consonant ; and this omission is ob- 
 served even wlien, by addition, the il passes into the 
 following syllable.' 
 After a vowel, d is pron;>unced like Ih. 
 
 G is pronounced slightly ijuttural after a vowel, and when it 
 terminates the syllable. 
 Preceded by n, it gives a certain nasal sound to the n, 
 without the g being distinctly pronounced. 
 
 // is always aspirate, and only mute before r> andj. 
 
 ^ is like the English y. 
 
 R is like the German r. 
 
 V is sometimes found after «, in wliich cases it lakes the place of 
 the vowel (/, and combim s with the preceding vowel. 
 ty is actually no Uanish consonant, but borrowed from the 
 German language, and is only employed in words bor- 
 rowed from tliis language. It has the sound of v. 
 
 NORWEGIAN. 
 
 The written language being the same as the Danish, the Nor- 
 wegian pronunciation differs chiefly from the Danish in the fol- 
 lowing instances : — 
 
 D is always like the English d. 
 
 G is always hard. 
 
 O is like the same Swedish vowel. 
 
 HUNGARIAN. 
 I. Vowels. 
 
 accented (f.') has always the long a sound in father, (a ;) un- 
 accented, has the French short o sound. 
 E accented (6) resembles the e indicated in the following list 
 by e ; unaccented, it has the German short sound in 
 
 help. 
 
 I has the two German i sounds. 
 
 accented (d) has a long and deep o sound, (o ;) unaccented, 
 has the two sounds of morn, lut. 
 If (i5) has the two sounds of the corresponding German letter. 
 U accented (ti) lias the deep and full sound of the Swedish let- 
 ter o ; unaccented, like English oo. 
 ur, or U, has the two sounds of the German, !/c, (il.) 
 Y, when a vowel, has the sound of the Hungarian t. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 The consonants are like the English, with the following e.x- 
 
 ceptions : — 
 C is always joined with some other consonant. 
 
 cs is like ch. 
 
 cz is like ts. 
 
 D is like English d. Followed by j or y, is like d and a gentle 
 aspiration, nearly like the Italian gg followed by a 
 vowel. 
 
 O is always hard, like g in the English word go. 
 gh is like a simph! g. 
 g, followed by j or y, is like dj, dy. 
 
 II is always aspirate. 
 
 J is like English c, unless preceded by d,g, t. (See these letters.) 
 /{ is like the German r. 
 .S' is like English 
 
 KZ is like ss. 
 7' and til are always hard. 
 
 Is is like the English rli. 
 
 Iz is like ts. 
 
 tj and ty is like t followed by a gentle aspiration, nearly like 
 the Italian cc followed by a vowel, though the ])ro- 
 nunciation does not sound as sharp. 
 
 Zs is like the French j. 
 
 Y is almost always a consonant. (See dy,gy, ty.) Immediately 
 preceded by I and n, it serves to make these letters 
 liquid, corresponding to the Spanisli //, ii, as in bril- 
 liant, onto?!,. 
 
 POLISH. 
 
 1. VOWKLS. 
 
 «4 has the two sounds of the German a. 
 
 E accented (t?) has the German long a sound ; unaccented, the 
 
 German short c sound. 
 / corresponds to the German i. 
 
 accented is like English oo ; unaccented, like long o, (o.) 
 
 V is like the German u. 
 
 Y is like the German short i. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 B is alwa3-s hard. 
 
 C is like the German c. 
 
 ch like the German ch. 
 
 cz like the English ch. 
 D, F, and G, are always hard. 
 // is always aspirate. 
 J is like the Germany. 
 
 K, L, M, jV, P, like the corresponding English letters ; but n 
 
 accented (?(') is like the Spanish n. 
 R is like the German r. 
 
 S is always sharp.' S accented (s ) has a sound of s mixed with 
 German j. 
 
 sc, both accented, (s'c',) resembles sts. 
 
 sz is like English sh. 
 T is always hard. 
 IV is like the German w. 
 
 Z is like English z. Z, with a point over it, (:,) is like French 
 j; and z with an acc(;nt, (z',) which has no exact 
 equivalent in English, resembles somewhat the z. 
 
 WELSH. 
 
 The consonants are divided into mutes and semivowels, and 
 again into labials, dentals, and palatals. 
 
 The vowels are of two kinds — the immutable and the mutable. 
 
 The mutable vowels are, a, e, o, io ; the vowels that suffer no 
 change, i, u, y. 
 
 The consonants, under the class of mutes, are b, p, c, g, d, t. 
 
 The semivowels are vocal and aspirated. 
 
 Vocal semivowels, z, x, I, m, n, r; and the aspirates, f, ng, ngh, 
 f, h, th. 
 
 L, m, n, r, are also distinguished by the name of liquids. 
 The consonants may be thus classed -. — 
 
 Labials. Dentals. Palatals. 
 
 b, v, f, m, p, mh. | d, z, n, t, th, nh, s. | c, <;, ngh, g, ng, h, 11, 1, r. 
 
 There are various combinations of the vowels in the Welsh, 
 forming diphthongs, triphthongs, and others, to the extent, in some 
 cases, of six coming together. 
 
 All the vowels preserve their own primitive sounds under every 
 circumstance of combination, without any deviation. So, there- 
 fore, whatever number come together, the sounds to be expressed 
 are those of all such combined vowels, but rapidly passed over. 
 There are instances of six vowels coming together, requiring so 
 many quick inflections of the voice to express them. 
 
 The following is a list of the common combinations of the 
 vowels : — 
 
 
 aa 
 
 ea 
 
 
 'y 
 
 ow 
 
 uy 
 
 wy 
 
 
 
 
 ae 
 
 ei 
 
 ia 
 
 oa 
 
 ua 
 
 wa 
 
 ya 
 
 
 
 
 ai 
 
 eo 
 
 ie 
 
 oe 
 
 ue 
 
 we 
 
 ye 
 
 
 
 
 aw 
 
 eu 
 
 io 
 
 oi 
 
 uo 
 
 wi 
 
 yo 
 
 
 
 
 ay 
 
 ew 
 
 iw 
 
 ou 
 
 uw 
 
 wo 
 
 y w 
 
 
 
 aea aia 
 
 ana 
 
 awa 
 
 awy 
 
 cia cuo 
 
 ewy 
 
 iau 
 
 ieu 
 
 wao 
 
 wei 
 
 aeo aie 
 
 aue 
 
 awe 
 
 eai 
 
 eio ewa 
 
 iae 
 
 iaw 
 
 oea 
 
 wai 
 
 wiw 
 
 aew aio 
 
 auo 
 
 awo 
 
 eaw 
 
 eua ewi 
 
 mi 
 
 lei 
 
 cia 
 
 waw 
 
 wyw 
 
 1326 
 
BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAdIX 
 
 1. VoWKLS. 
 
 ./, (^1.) short or upcii <;, in iitiui, b(ii\ as, irliiss. 
 
 (2.) long, or tl, is llio same sounJ cxUMidcil, as in care, dare. 
 E, (1.) short, as in ritcn, beil , fervent. 
 
 (2.) long, or 6, as the French f, as in mime. 
 I, (1.) long, as in street, keep ' 
 
 (2.) short, as in kini;, sing. 
 0, (1.) long, or (I, as in llie words imtc, Iwne, irune. 
 
 ("i.) short, as in <;o, no, trot, nut, lot, from. 
 U has the sound of English u in hasij, and oft as in sin, tliin, lice. 
 /r, (1.) is sounded as oo in jrood, hood; and as u in the word full. 
 
 (2.) long, or w, has the sound of oo in mood, rood. 
 Y, (1.) has the sound of ?(, as in the words ran, turn, and oft as 
 in first. 
 
 (2.) long, or ij, is sounded like the English y in Sunday, and 
 is like the Welsh u, or less open than the y short. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 The names of the consonants were anciently formed by sounding 
 the vowel t after all of them ; but in the present popular mode, the 
 following are exceptions to that rule, and they begin their sounds 
 with e, c, f, z, v,f, IT, ng, ngh, h, II, I, m, n, r, s. 
 
 The sounds (»f the consonants, like the vowels, are preserved in- 
 variably in all their combinations. The sounds of the letters must 
 be considered as the perfect standard of the pronunciation of the 
 VVelsJi language. 
 
 (.\.) Labial Sounds. 
 
 The letters h, v,f, m, p, have the same sound as in English. 
 
 The mutation of the p, denoted by mh, is a kind of aspirated m, 
 whose power may be found by uniting the sound of to, in the word 
 am, to It, in the word here, by a quick pronunciation of the phrase 
 I am here. 
 
 ( I!.) Dental Sou?ids. 
 
 Tlie d, n, s, are the same as the corresponding English letters. 
 
 The z, which is a mutation of d, has the soil or flat sound of th, 
 as in the words thus, neither. 
 
 Tlir t has the sound of English t in not, ten, to, but does not 
 take the sound of s in any case. 
 
 The th, which is a mutation of t, has always the sharp and hard 
 sound of English tk, in the words thank, both, nothing. 
 
 The 7ih, another mutation of t, is a sort of aspirated n, whose 
 power is perceivable in the word inherent. 
 
 (c.) Palatal Sounds. 
 
 The k, I, n, r, are similar to the same English letters. 
 Tlie c is always sounded like English 
 
 Tlie f, (or ch,) being a mutation of c, is a sound which has no 
 standard in English, but is the same as the ch of the German, or 
 the / of the Greek. 
 
 It is produced by the contact of the tongue and the palate about 
 the eighth of an inch farther back than when k is expressed. 
 
 The ngh is another modification of c, the power of which may be 
 made out in the word JVoltingham, by suspending the breath on 
 the letter i, instead of the proper division of the word. 
 
 The g is always like the English hard g, as in go, gicc, again, 
 leg, peg. 
 
 The II is a sound peculiar to the Welsh ; but the Spanish II 
 iipproaches very near to it. The sound is produced by touching 
 the palate with the tongue, about an eighth of an inch farther back 
 than when I is articulated. 
 
 The accentuation of all words is known by one general rule; 
 tliat is, such as consist of several syllables have the accent on 
 the penultima, and upon every second syllable backwards. The 
 same principle is applied to several monosyllables corhing together, 
 by accenting every second word to the last but one inclusively. 
 
 CJARLIC. 
 
 The Gaelic language has live vowels and thirteen consoiinn's 
 I. VoWKI.S. 
 
 .'1 is sounded as m the Knglrsh word.s /;(///, IkiIi ; Ijiit bi l'ure dli 
 
 and gli, it has often the sound of the diphthong ui>. 
 K represents two dilierent sounds : — 
 
 (1.) tliat of tlie Greek t, or in in the English word bear. 
 
 (2.) that of a in ciirr. 
 I is like cc in ICiiglisli. 
 
 has the ditlei eiit sniiiuls ot' biinc, innrn, lot. 
 U is like 00 in moon, fool. 
 
 The vowels are divided into broad, a, o, «, and small, e, i. 
 
 In a word of two or more .syllables, if the former ends with a 
 broad vowel, the next svUable must begin with a broad vowel ; if 
 with a small vowel, with a suiall, though these inserted vowels 
 are never pronounced. I}ut in compound words, this rule may 
 often be properly dispensed with. 
 
 All the vowels are either long or short. When lonif, they are 
 generally accented. 
 
 In all the syllables of polysyllables, except the first, the vowels 
 have a short and obscure sound, as in the English words sun, 
 bird, mother : and the broad, and sometimes the small, are used 
 for one another. 
 
 There are thirteen diphthongs, which are either proper or im- 
 proper. 
 
 Jlo and eu are improper, representing simple sounds", the former 
 of which is only attainable by the ear ; the latter is like that of the 
 Greek t, (epsilon.) All the other diphthongs are proper, the 
 sound of each of the vov.'els being more or less heard. In i/-, ui, ei, 
 oi, io, ia, ua, ui, the last vowel, and in ia, io, iu, the first vowel, is 
 but faintly sounded. 
 
 There are five triphthongs, aoi, col, iai, iui, uai. They are pro- 
 nounced like the diphthongs ao, co, ia, iu, va, with the addition 
 of a short t. They are all long, and never occur but in mono- 
 syllables, or the first syllable of polysyllables. 
 
 2. COiN'SO.NANTS. 
 
 The consonants are, b, c, d,f, g, h, I, m, n, p, r, s, t. 
 Consonants are mutable or immutable. 
 
 Mutable are such as, by having an h subjoined to them, either 
 alter or lose their usual sound, vi?.., A, r, d,f, g, m, p, s, t. 
 
 Immutable are such as are never aspirated, or have an h sub- 
 joined to them, viz., the liciuids /, n, r. 
 
 After a short vowel or diphthong, the consonants are generally 
 pronounced as when written double in English. 
 
 A consonant standing alone is sounded as if it were the initial 
 letter of the following word, if it begins with a vowel, or as the 
 final letter of the preceding word, if it ends with a vowel. 
 
 Bh and vih have the sound of v in English. Mh, in the middle 
 or end of polysyllables, is either silent or stands for a 
 gentle aspiration. 
 C is alwa3's sounded as English />. Ch has the sound of the 
 
 Greek /, or of gk in lough, as the Irish pronounce it. 
 Dh and gh, in tiie beginning of words, are commonly sounded 
 like the English consonant y. In the middle or end of 
 words, they arc often silent, or have the sound of a 
 Fit is silent. [fiiint aspiration. 
 
 G is always sounded as in the English words get, good. 
 Pit has the sound of English /. 
 
 before or after a broad vowel in the same syllable, is as in 
 English. But when immediately before or after a 
 small vowel, it has the sound oi' sit. S, in the beginning 
 of words, when preceded by the article with t inter- 
 vening, is silent. 
 Sh and th, in thi? beginning of words, have the sound of h alone. 
 Th, after a lonir vowel, diphthong, or triphthong, is nearly 
 silent; but after a short vowel or diphthong, it has the 
 force of a rapid aspiration. 
 The immutable consonants /, n, r, when initials of words, not 
 connected with others in a sentence, have a soft double sound, to 
 be learned onlj' by the ear. But whenever the order of construc- 
 tion requires that the mutable consonants should be aspirated, the 
 immutable lose their double sound, and are pronounced nearly as 
 in English. 
 
 When the consonants /, v, r, have their double sound in the 
 middle or end of words, they are written double. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TABLE. 
 
 Jn the preparation of the following table, the compiler has aimed 
 at the utmost possible simplicity. For this reason, he has employed 
 in his key as small a number of English sounds as was possible, 
 and has preferred to refer most of the sounds in the several lan- 
 guages to their nearest English equivalents, rather than to intro- 
 duce a separate notation and key for each language To do the 
 last, would have been to destroy the simplicity, and, in a great 
 measure, to defeat the object, of the table, which was designed 
 for easy reference, by all classes of readers. It will be sufficient, 
 once for all, to observe, that certain sounds in several of the lan- 
 guages of Europe can be but imperfectly represented by the Eng- 
 j lisli letters and syllables which are given as their equivalents. 
 The Swedish u is represented by the English ou or the French u. 
 The Danish g final, not preceded by n, corresponds nearly to the 
 English h guttural. The Dutch mj, uij, is represented by the 
 English oi. In the German, a is indicated by the English a in 
 
 far; g and ch are maiKed as gutturals; 0, a, and 11, ue, corre- 
 spond to the French eu and «; ai is indicated by i long; ev. by the 
 English oi. The Polish z has no corresponding English sound. 
 The Spanish g soft and j differ from the German c/t guttural in 
 being pronounced also from the palate. In the French, u has no 
 corresponding English sound ; cu is nearly like the u in the Eng- 
 lish spur ; m and n nasal are indicated by ng, but tlie sound of g 
 should not be heard in the pronunciation; I mouilli final is in- 
 dicated by hj, gne final by ny ; in both these cases, the sound of y 
 consonant being added to that of the I and n, as in brilliant and 
 mignonette ; oi is also expressed by wa, a being sounded as in far, 
 except oin, in which a is sounded as in bat. In all names not 
 English, ch at the end of syllables not guttural is tch. 
 
 The several countries are indicated by the following abbrevia- 
 tions : — 
 
 Af. Africa." 
 
 As Asia. 
 
 Austr Austrian Dominions. 
 
 Austr. As Australasia. 
 
 Austral i Australia and New 
 
 f South Wales. 
 
 Brnz Brazil. 
 
 Can Canada. 
 
 Ch China. 
 
 Den Denmark. 
 
 East. IsL Eastern Islands. 
 
 Eg Eg>pt. 
 
 £ng England. 
 
 Fr France. 
 
 Ger. Germany. 
 
 Gr Greece. 
 
 Hind Illndostan. 
 
 Ind East Indies. 
 
 Ir Ireland. 
 
 It Italy. 
 
 Jap Japan. 
 
 Me.T Alcxico. 
 
 N. Am North America. 
 
 ( Netherlands, Holland and 
 
 < IklL'ium. 
 
 N. S Nova Scotia. 
 
 r New Zealand, Western 
 N. Zeal s Australia, Van Die- 
 
 C men's Land. 
 
 Pal Palestine. 
 
 pgjj ( Peninsula, Spain and 
 
 ( Portugal, 
 pgj. ( Persia, Cabool, Beloo- 
 
 ( chistan, Bokhara. 
 
 Port Portugal. 
 
 Pruss Prussia. 
 
 R. Russian Empire. 
 
 g ( South and Central 
 
 I America. 
 
 Scot. Scotland. 
 
 S. Isl Sandwich Islands. 
 
 ( Scandinavian Peninsu- 
 Sc. Pen < la, Sweden and 
 
 C Norway. 
 
 Sic Sicily. 
 
 Soc. Isl Society Islands. 
 
 Sp. Spain. 
 
 Switz Switzerland. 
 
 Syr. Syria. 
 
 rpyj. ( Turkey, Asiatic and 
 
 ( European. 
 
 U. S United States. 
 
 W. Ind.' West Indies. 
 
 b bay. 
 
 e cape. 
 
 CO. ey. county. 
 
 distr. district. 
 
 dep department. 
 
 ft fort. 
 
 e- gu'f- 
 
 h harbor. 
 
 isl. island. 
 
 I. lake. 
 
 miss, sttt, missionary station. 
 
 mL mountain. 
 
 pr province. 
 
 pt. port and point 
 
 r river. 
 
 St Btrait. 
 
 L tower. 
 
 vaL valley. 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aaoti, (Den ) 
 Aach, (Ger.) r. 
 Aiigeriip, (Den.) 
 Anibek, (Den.) 
 Aiilborc, (Den.) 
 A.ilsiind, (Sc. Pen ) 
 Atir, (Ger.) r. 
 Aar, (Switz.) r. 
 Aarberg, (Sivitz.) 
 A:irbiirj;, (Swilz.) 
 Aarcaii, (bwitz.) 
 Aarliuti!), (Den.) 
 Aariip, (Den.) 
 Aarwiingen, (Svvitz.) 
 Abhakan 
 Abbaye, (Switz.) 
 Abbeville, (Fr.) 
 Abbeville, (U. S.) 
 Abenberg, (Ger.) 
 Abensbiirg, (Ger.) 
 Aberdeen, (Scot.) c. 
 Abergavenny, (Scot.) 
 Abervrach, (Fr.) A. 
 Aberystwiih 
 Abingdon, (U. S.) 
 Abla, (Pen.) 
 Ahlasserdam, (Ncth.) 
 Ablis, (Fr.) 
 Abo, (&.) 
 AI)onilie, (Pwitz.) 
 Aboukir, (Eg ) 
 Abrets, les, (Fr.) 
 Abruzzo, (ft.) 
 Abvigo, (Svvitz.) 
 Abyssinia, (Af.) 
 Acadia 
 
 Acndie, (Can.) 
 Acaponela, (Mex.) 
 Acapiilco, (Jiex.) 
 Acarnania, (Gr.) 
 Ac.ailan, (.'lex.) 
 Accuniuli, (It.) 
 Acehedo, (Pen.) 
 Acerenza, (It.) 
 Aceriia, (ft.) 
 Acerra, (It.) 
 Ach, (Ger.) 
 
 Acha, Sierra de, (Me.T.) 
 Achaia, (Gr.) 
 Aclierinps, (Ger.) 
 Acliern, (Ger.) 
 Aciorolii, dell, (It.) 
 Aci Ueale, (It.) 
 Acinas, (Pen.) 
 Acoina, (.Mex.) 
 Actpia Sparta, (Pen.) 
 Acipii, (Pen.) 
 Acijn 
 
 Acrtf, (Pal.) 
 Acul.iia, (Mex.) 
 Adalia, ( I'nr.) 
 Adainello, (It.) mU 
 Adaniuz, (Pen.) 
 Adana. (Tiir.) 
 Adda, (It.) r. 
 Adel, ( Af.) 
 Adelsberg, (Aiistr.) 
 Adelslieim, (Ger.) 
 Aden, (As.) 
 Adige, (It.) r. 
 Adirunl.ack 
 Adii r, (.\iistr.) r. 
 Adiill", (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Bl'brk 
 erbori 
 
 Ur 
 
 ar 
 
 dr'Jfrf 
 
 cir'vclnj-m 
 
 db-ba-kdn' 
 
 d-bC 
 
 'db'v'ile 
 
 db'be-vUU 
 
 &*bfn-bh-§ 
 
 &'bh\s-b<3i}r^ 
 
 db'er-deen 
 
 db-er-ga-ven'vy 
 
 dbr-vrdic' 
 
 db-cr-yst-w'iVi' 
 
 db'ing-don 
 
 d'bta 
 
 db'ldsser-dam 
 
 d-bW 
 
 B'biig 
 
 d-bona-di' 
 
 d-bQQ-kir' 
 
 Ir td-bra' 
 
 dbrpgdi'io 
 
 db-v'i'^o 
 
 db-y.i-sin''i-a 
 
 a-kd'di-a 
 
 d-kd-di' 
 
 d-kd-pd-ne'ta 
 
 Wi-d-pffl'ko 
 
 d-kdr-nd' ni-a or a-k'drnli'- 
 
 dkdt'lan 
 
 dk-kQQ-mtjQ'li 
 
 dtht-be'do 
 
 d che-ren'dza 
 
 d-cher'iia 
 
 d'Chir'ra 
 
 dik 
 
 s'i-er'ra df d'cha 
 a-kd'ya 
 dlh-tr-ings' 
 df.Vrrn 
 
 dfU d-ck'i-o-rO'lo 
 d'elii rr-d'le 
 a-lht'iids 
 d-ku'ma 
 
 ilk'kgif-a fp'dr'ta 
 dk'ki 
 
 dks 
 dltr> 
 
 d-k^Q-!d'pa 
 
 d-da'ti-a or a-dd'Ci-a 
 
 d-dd-meVlo 
 
 d-dd-mQQth' 
 
 d'dd-na 
 
 dd'da 
 
 a'del or d'del 
 d-drUbtr^' 
 d'dels-ltlme 
 d'dm or a'den 
 a'di-tlge 
 dd-ifi-ron'lak 
 Wl'lrr ' 
 d'riolf 
 
 Adorf, (Ger.) 
 Adra,(Pen.) 
 Adrin, (It.) 
 Adrianople, (Tur.) 
 Adriatic, (ll.) 
 iEgean 
 
 Aclberg, (Anstr.) 
 Aeroe, (Den.) isl. 
 Aerschot, (Netli.) 
 Aerscn, (Keth.) 
 Aesch, (Switz.) 
 JF.tua, (It.) mt. 
 Afferden, (Netli.) 
 
 Afghanistan, (Per.) 
 
 Afoninska, (R.) 
 Africa 
 
 Agatha, S. (Austr.) 
 Agers. (Den.) isl. 
 Agerskuv, (Den.) 
 Aggebye, (Den.) 
 Agger, (Den.) 
 Aggerbuiis, (Sc. Pen.) 
 .^gincourt, (Fr.) 
 Aglie, (It.) 
 Agniini, (It.) 
 Agoa de Paco, (Pen.) 
 Agoa de Peixes, (IVn.) 
 Agoas de .Moilra, (Pen.) 
 Agordo, (It.) 
 Agra, (Ind.) 
 Agrain, (Austr.) 
 Agri, (It.) r. 
 Agna, (Mex.) 
 Agiiajn, (Me.T.) 
 Agiialiilco, (.Mex.) 
 Agua Niieva, (Mex.) 
 Agiias Calientes, (Mex.) 
 Agiido, (Pen.) 
 Agiiiur, (Pen.) 
 Aguila Point, (Pen.) 
 Aguilar e Canipo, (Pen.) 
 .Aguil.as, dft los, (Pen.) 
 Ahaus, (Ger.) 
 Ahrnedabnd, (Hind.) 
 Ahinednuggnr, (Hind.) 
 .Mirensboek, f Den.) 
 Aibiiug, ((Jer.) 
 Aich, (Ger.) 
 Aiihstadl, (Ger.) 
 Aiehach, (Ger.) 
 Aigle, (Switz.) 
 Aigle, (Fr.) 
 
 Aigrefeuille, (Fr.) 
 
 Aigueperse. (Fr.) 
 Ain, Dep. of, (Fr.) 
 Aina, (Pen.) 
 Aire, (Fr.) 
 Aisne, Dep. of, (Fr.) 
 Aisne, (Fr.) r. 
 Aiterbach, (Ger.) r. 
 Aitrach, (Ger.) 
 Aix, (Fr.) 
 
 Aix la CliapcUe, (Ger.) 
 Ajaccio, Qt-) 
 Ajaccio, Gulf of, (It.) 
 Aj.isahiek 
 Ajo, (Pen.) 
 Akasyto, (Austr.) 
 .Akbarmbad, (Hind.) 
 Akernian, (R.) 
 Akieva, (R.) 
 
 a'dcrf 
 
 d'dra 
 
 d'drt-a or S'dfi-a 
 dd-^i d-ni'pl 
 dd-rt-dUik 
 e-jS'an 
 di'brr^ 
 
 dr'skqt 
 dr'sen 
 
 et'ita 
 
 df-fer'den 
 ( af-gd' nis-t)tn.' or if-ga- 
 \ nts'tan 
 
 d-fS-nins'ka 
 
 dfri-iia 
 
 d-;d'td 
 
 d'l^frz 
 
 d'ger-.ikdcc' 
 
 di''ge-bu,i 
 
 dg'ger 
 
 dg' gfT-h<!<)et' 
 
 d-gang-kqijr' 
 
 dl'yi-s 
 
 dn-y<)(^'n'i 
 
 it-gS 'a </; p'd'kn 
 
 d-gd'a de pTlhdf 
 
 d-gu'dui df mO il'ra 
 
 dgnr'do 
 
 U'gra 
 
 d'grqm or O'grqm 
 
 d'gr'i 
 
 d'g<)Q-a 
 
 d-g<i<)-d'fho 
 
 d-g<jQ-d-tQ>;l'ko 
 
 d'gq<f-d n(}Q-e'va 
 
 d'g<i()-as kd-li-tn'tesse 
 
 d-rw'dB 
 
 d-gi-dri 
 
 n-gi'la 
 
 d-g'i-ldr' f kdm'po 
 de Iqs d-gi'lds 
 d'hougc 
 
 d/im-meil-a-hdd' 
 dhw -med-TiHg' gur 
 dft' rens-b^k' 
 t'bling 
 
 If A' • 
 
 IWstUt 
 I'e-bdlk' 
 G-gl- 
 a-gV 
 
 I a-gr'-fett-l' or a-irr'. 
 
 I /<<>!/:' 
 
 Sg-perct 
 
 eng 
 
 d'i'na 
 
 air 
 
 Snt 
 
 {lie 
 
 Vter-bdlh 
 
 I'trdlh 
 
 See 
 
 Sks'ld shd-peW 
 
 d-ydlch'i-S 
 
 d-ydtch'i-0 
 
 d-jd.f-se-t{}i^k' 
 
 aVAo 
 
 d-kdsh'to 
 
 ak-bdr-ra-bdd' 
 
 O'krr-mdn 
 
 d'kte-ca 
 
 Akknim, (N'cth.) 
 Aksai, (R.) r. 
 Aksenska, (R.) 
 Ala, (Austr.) 
 Alabama, (U. S.) 
 Alacranes, (Mex.) ist, 
 Alachua, IV. S.) 
 Alagon, (Pcn.l 
 Alagon, (Pen.) r. 
 Alais, (Fr.) 
 AInIo, (R.) 
 Alameua, (Pen.) 
 Alamilla, (Mex.) 
 Alaniillo, (Pen.) 
 Alimomocho, (.Mex.) 
 Alamora, (Pen.) 
 Aland, (R.) isl. 
 Alaoliehr 
 
 Ala Orillo del Rio, (Mex.) j 
 
 Alassio, (It.) 
 Alataniaha, (U. S.) 
 Alaymos, los, (Me.x.) 
 Alb, (Ger.) r. 
 Alba, (It.) 
 
 Alba de Tormes, (Pen.) 
 Alba Longa, (It.) 
 Albacete, (Pen.) 
 Alban, (Fr.) 
 Albania, (Tur.) 
 Albano, (It.) 
 Albans, (Eng.) 
 Albany, (U. S.) 
 Albarracin, (Pen.) 
 Albatana, (Pen.) 
 .Mb.itera, (Pen.) 
 Albegna, (It.) -. 
 Albemarle, (U. S.) 
 Albena, (Ger.) r. 
 Albenga, (It.) 
 .\lberea, (Pen.) 
 Alberclie, (Pen.) r. 
 Albergaria, (Pen.) 
 Alberoni, (It.) 
 Albert, (Fr.) 
 Albertns, (Fr.) 
 Alberti, (Anstr.) 
 Albidona, (It.) 
 .Mbinen, (Switz.) 
 Albinona, (It.) 
 Albo, (It.) mt. 
 Alboz, (Pen.) 
 Albrcojos, los, (Mex.) 
 Albuera, (Pen.) 
 Albufera de Valencia, (Pen.) 
 Albula, (Switz.) r. 
 Albuquerque, (.Mex. tc. Pen.) 
 Alhurno, (It.) ml. 
 Alcala, (Pen.) 
 Alcala le Real, (Pen.) 
 Alcala de Guidara, (Pen.) 
 
 Alcala de los Gazules, (Pen.) 
 
 Alcaniz, (Pen.) 
 Alcantara, (Pen.) 
 Alcantarilla, (Pen.) 
 Alcantaro, (It.) r. 
 AlcareZ, (Pen.) 
 Alcazar de S. Juan, (Pen.) 
 Alcino, (It.) mt. 
 Alcira, (Pen.) 
 Alcobara, (i*en.) 
 Alcobendas, (Pen,) 
 
 Uk'krQ^ 
 dk'sS 
 dJi-sens'ka 
 d'la 
 
 dl-a-bd'ma 
 
 d-ld-krd'nean 
 
 a-ldch'u-^ 
 
 d'ld'gnn 
 
 d'ld~:^nn 
 
 d-la' 
 
 d-ld'lo 
 
 d-ld-me'da 
 
 d-ld-m'i'ya or d-td-m'lt'ya 
 
 drld-viiVyo 
 
 d-ld-md-mu'cha 
 
 d-ld-mO'Ta 
 
 D'lind 
 
 d'la B-ril'ya (B-ri'ija) dfl 
 
 r'i'o 
 d-ldj'st-o 
 
 los d-ll'mo.i 
 
 il'p 
 
 di'ba 
 
 dl'ba de tnr'messe 
 
 cil'ba tini'ga 
 
 dl-bd-fhi'ie 
 
 dt-bdngi 
 
 dt-ba'n'i-a 
 
 iil-bd'no 
 
 (tVbans 
 
 (il'ba-ny 
 
 al-bdr-rd'Oiin 
 
 dl-hd-ta'na 
 
 dl-bd-te'ra 
 
 di'ben'ya 
 
 dl-be-mdrV 
 
 iU'bt-na 
 
 dl-ben'ga 
 
 dl-be-r^'a 
 
 id-brr-the 
 
 bl-ber-gd-^Va 
 
 dt-he-ru'n'i 
 
 iil-brhr' 
 
 dl-btr-tds' 
 
 dl-ber'ti 
 
 dl-b'i-dB'na 
 
 dl-b'i'jirn 
 
 dJ-bi-ni'na 
 
 dl'bo 
 
 dt-bqth' 
 
 los al-brt-S'lhos 
 
 dl~b^Q-e'ra 
 
 dl-bff'J>.ra it vit4in'lM'i-<i 
 
 al-bf-if-kfr'kt 
 dl-bij^r' no 
 Ul-kd-ld' 
 
 dl-kd-ld' le r{-«." 
 dl kd-ld' de gt-dd'ra 
 dt'kd-ta' dz Iqs ga'tki}fu 
 
 lesse 
 di'kd-nitJi 
 dl-kdn-la' ra 
 Ul-lidn-td-ril'ia 
 d' kdn-td'ro 
 dl-kd'rrt/l 
 
 dl-kd-OiOr' d( tdn U^'ltH 
 
 'dl-cki'no 
 dl-thi'ra 
 ol-kB-bd'ka 
 dl-ki-brn'uds 
 
 Fate,fdT,fqU, uih(ft, bat. Vlte, prey, hrlp, thlre, httr.— Pine, marine, bird, fig V"B(«, dSve, miive, u></lf, Jrppi, lord, —Tfine, bull, \(nite Fr. long vfie; Fr. short bit, — 
 
 Fr. long A and short A, nearly as in spur Final ty, French I mouUli. — tn"ger, vi"doiis. — ^ as « in pleasure ; § and Ik guttural ; ny liquid ; (Jt as in pitk. 
 
 167 
 
 1329 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Alcolea, (Pfn.) 
 Alcoy, (Plii.) 
 Alcoy, (P.'M.) r. 
 Aldca <;:ilk'i;a, (Pen.) 
 Allien PoiitL', (Peii.) 
 Allien D.ivila, (Pen.) 
 Aliteii Nueva, (Pen.) 
 Aldcnaii, (Ger.) 
 Alderney, (Fr.) isl. 
 Aldingen, ((ler.) 
 AlSlo, (Pen.) 
 Aleksanilruosk, (R.) 
 Aleksandrooka, (R.) 
 Aleksievsk, (R.) 
 Aleksieevka, (R.) 
 Aleksin, (R.) 
 Aleksopal, (R.) 
 Alencoii, (Fr.) 
 Alentejo, (Pi^n.) 
 Aleppo, ('I ur.) 
 Aleria, (h.) t. 
 Alessandria, (It.) 
 Alessanilni, (.\s.) isL 
 Ali-t, (Fr.) 
 Aleur, (Nctli.) 
 Aleutian, Ul. 
 Alexandria, (Eg.) 
 A}exandroii, (R.) 
 Alexandrooka, (R.) 
 Alexievka, (R.) 
 Alfajarin, (Pen.) 
 Alfainl)ra,(Pen.) 
 Alf,-ld, (GtT.) 
 Alferevka, (R.) 
 Allidena, (It.) 
 Alfontes, (Pen ) 
 Alfsta, (Sc. Pen ) 
 Algajola, (It.) 
 Algarve, (Pirn.) 
 -Algeciras, (Pen.) 
 Algliero, (It.) 
 .Alziers, (Af.) 
 Algonquin-i, (Can.) 
 Alliauia, (Pen.) 
 Alliandri, (Pen.) 
 .Mibnnar. ( Viistr.) 
 Alicante, (Pen.) 
 Alicata, (It.) 
 Alicndi, (It.) isl. 
 Alife, (It.) 
 Alingsas, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Aljezur, (Pen.) 
 Alkieva, (R.) 
 Alkma.ar, (.N'eth.) 
 All Fall), (Aiistr.) 
 Allahabad, (Ind.) 
 Allaines, (Fr.) 
 Allainan, (Switz.) 
 Alle, (Switx.) 
 Alleghany, (U. S.) 
 Allendorf, (Ger.) 
 Allensteig, (Ger.) 
 Allcnstein, (Ger.) 
 Aller, (Ger.) r. 
 Allerup, (Den.) 
 Allia, (It.) r. 
 Allier, (Fr.) dep. 
 Alloa, (Scot.) 
 Allone, (Fr.) 
 Allschuwyler, (Switz.) 
 Allsladt, (Pr«9.) 
 Alinadrones, (Pen.) 
 AIniagro, (Pen.) 
 Alinanza, (Pen.) 
 Alinanzor, (Pen.) r. 
 AInianzora, (Pen.) r. 
 Almarez, (Pen.) 
 Almazarron, (Pen.) 
 Almeira, Gulf of, (Pen.) 
 Alinenara, (Pen.) 
 Alinendolara, (It.) 
 Alineria, Gulf of, (Pen.) 
 Almerode, (Ger.) 
 Almtteva, (It.) 
 Almuzafe:!, (Pen.) 
 
 Alnwick, (Kng.) 
 
 Alonzo, (Pen.) 
 Alora, (Pc'i.) 
 Alp, (Swi./.,) 
 Alpeilriz, (Pen.) 
 Alpera, (l'' n.) 
 Alpbach, f-Uviiz.) 
 Alplion, (Ai tli.) 
 Alpes, liowor, (Fr.) dep. 
 AlpeH, Upper, (Fr.) dep. 
 Alpl, (It.) M'. 
 Alps, (Ger. VViirtemburg) 
 Alpiijarran, (.Mox.) 
 Alsace, (Fr.) 
 Aluhjerg, (Den.) 
 Alpieii (l)cn.) i/>(. 
 Al-fr lrt, (Ger.) 
 Alscug, (He. Pen.) 
 
 dl-kS-le'a 
 
 al-ko'i 
 
 iil-fio'i 
 
 dl-ile'a gat-le'ga 
 dlr-tle'a I on-te 
 dt-tle'a dd-vVla 
 dl-de'a vQQt'va 
 aLde-noa' 
 
 dl-dir-nS' or dl'der-ney 
 
 dl-ding'in 
 
 d-le'do 
 
 d-lek-sdn-dr^Qsk' 
 
 d-t^ksdn-drQi^'ka 
 
 d'leks'iev^k' 
 
 d-Uk-sie-iv'ka 
 
 d-l^k'sin 
 
 d-t^k'so-pdl 
 
 d-ldng-song' or al^en'son 
 
 d-Un-te'£fio 
 
 d-Up'po or aUip'po 
 
 d-le'r'i-a 
 
 d-les'Sdn' dr'i-a 
 
 d-lis-sdii'dro 
 
 d-W 
 
 d-mr' 
 
 al-o'sli'i-an 
 
 dl-ez-dn' dri-a 
 
 't^^ex-dn'drQQ 
 
 d-Hz-dll-drqq'ka 
 
 d-lfx-i^c'ka 
 
 dl-fd-ckd'rin 
 
 dl-fdm'brd 
 
 dl'fM 
 
 dl-fe-rew'ka 
 
 dl-f'i-de'na 
 
 dl-fon'iesse 
 
 Wf'sta 
 
 dl-gd-yo'la 
 
 dl-gdr've 
 
 dl-lki-Oii'rda 
 
 dl-ge'ro 
 
 al-jcers' 
 
 dl-gon'quin or dng-gon'- 
 
 dl-yd'ma - [quin 
 
 dt-ydn'dra 
 
 dlr-'i-bQi^-ndr' 
 
 d-li-kdn'U 
 
 d-l'i-kd'ta 
 
 d'l'i-kt^g'di 
 
 d-li'fe 
 
 d-Ung's5se 
 
 dl-che-ihi^Qr' 
 
 dl-k'ien'a 
 
 dlk'mdr 
 
 dll fd'lQQ 
 
 dUd-hi-bdd> 
 
 d-lUnc' 
 
 dl'ld-mdn' 
 
 dl'le 
 
 dUle-gha'ny 
 
 dJ'Un-dorf 
 
 dl'len-sii^' 
 
 dl'Un-stine' 
 
 dl'Ur 
 
 dl-le^QQp' 
 
 U'ti-d 
 
 dl-ti-e' 
 
 dl'ld-a 
 
 dl-lone' 
 
 dl-slu/Q-vVUr 
 
 al'stdt 
 
 dl-md-dr5'nessa 
 
 dl^d'trro 
 
 dl-mdiL'tha 
 
 dl'Mdn'tkor 
 
 dl-mdn-tlib'ra 
 
 dl-md'rHh 
 
 dl-md-tlidr'ron 
 
 dl-me'i'ra 
 
 dl^e-nd'ra 
 
 dl-mi-n-d^-ld'ra 
 
 dUmi'r'i-a 
 
 dl-me-T5'de 
 
 dl-me-tf'va 
 
 dUmqif-lhd'fcsse 
 j din'wiek, sometimei 
 ( dn'nUi 
 
 dlon'so 
 
 d-ib'ra 
 
 dip 
 
 U-pt'drHth 
 
 dl~pz'ra 
 
 dlp'bdlk 
 
 aVfen 
 
 dip 
 
 dip 
 
 dl'pi 
 
 dips 
 
 Iti-pQQ-ihdr'rdt 
 
 dl-Kdce' 
 
 aU-tnjer^' 
 
 dl'sen 
 
 Hh'fHl 
 
 dl'tkfof 
 
 Alstetten, (Switz.) 
 Altamaha, (U. S.) 
 Altamura, (It.) 
 Altels, (Switz.) 
 Altai, (As.) 
 Allt-n, (.Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Alten, (Switz.) 
 Altenburg, (Ger.) 
 Aitenfeld, (Ger.) 
 Altengard, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Altenkirclien, (Ger.) 
 Altensteig, (Ger.) 
 Altingli.iusen, (Switz.) 
 AltUircli, (Fr.) 
 Alto, (It.) mt. 
 Altona, (Den.) 
 Alumiera, (It.) 
 Alva, (Pen.) 
 Alvarado, (Mex.) 
 Alvarado, (Mex.) r. 
 Alvito, (Pen.) 
 Alz, (Ger.) r. 
 Alzoniie, (Fr.) 
 Amager, (Den.) isl. 
 Ainal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Amazon, (S. Am.) 
 Ainaraiite, (Pen.) 
 Amatlan, (Mex.) 
 Aniberg, (Ger.) 
 Ambert, (Fr.) 
 Ambleteuse, (Fr.) 
 Amboy, (U. S.) 
 Amhoyna, (Eastern Isl.) 
 Ambrieres, (Fr.) 
 Amcland, (Neth.) isl. 
 America 
 
 Aniersfort, (Neth.) 
 Ainersstol, (Neth.) 
 Amhara, (Af.) 
 Amherst, (U. S.) 
 Amiens, (Fr.) 
 Amieva, (Pen ) 
 Aminabad, (Mex.) 
 Amite, (U. S.) 
 Amlwch, (Eng.) 
 Ammer, (Ger.) I. 
 Ainmer, (Ger.) r. 
 Amnion St. Gallen, (Switz.) 
 Ammonoosnck 
 Amoor, (As.) 
 Ampilley, (Fr.) 
 Amretsir, (Hind.) 
 Amposla, (Pen.) 
 Amsieg, (Switz.) 
 Amsterdam, (Neth.) 
 Anadnlia, (Tiir.) 
 Anagada de Fuera, (Mex.) 
 Anahtiac, (Mex.) 
 Anahuac, (!Me.x.) mt. 
 Anatolia, (.As.) 
 Anclam, (Prus.) 
 Ancona, (It.) 
 Ancy le Franc, (Fr.) 
 Andalusia, (Pen.) 
 Andance, (Fr.) 
 Andefinpen, (Switz.) 
 Anderm.-.tt, (Switz.) 
 Andernach, (Ger.) 
 Andeux, (Fr.) 
 Andes, (S. Am.) 
 Andorno, (It.) 
 Andorra, (Pen.) 
 Andover, (U. S.) 
 Andreasberg, (Ger.) 
 Andrews, St. 
 Andro, (Gr.) 
 Androscoggin, (U. S.) 
 Angilsk, (R.) 
 Angerlo, (Ifcth.) 
 Angerman, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Angermunde, (Prus.) 
 
 Angillon, (Fr.) j 
 
 Anglesey, (Eng.) 
 Angora, (As.) 
 Angostura, (S. Am.) 
 Angouleme, (Fr.) 
 Angoiimois, (Fr.) 
 .Angra, (Af.) 
 Angreville, ^Fr.) 
 Angula, (Al.) 
 Angiira, (Tur.) 
 Anhalt, (Ger.) 
 Anholt, (Den.) i.d. 
 Anholtbye, (Den.) 
 Anialarra, (Pen.) mt. 
 Aninas, (Mex.) r. 
 Anio, (It.) r. 
 Anjou, (Fr.) 
 
 Ankennes, (Sr. Pen.) mt. 
 Annapolis, (Nova Scotia) 
 Annonay, (Fr.) 
 Anpen, (Nelh.) 
 Aospacli, (Ger.) 
 
 cd-sti't'tt-n 
 
 dl-ta-ma-hnw' 
 
 dlr-td-niQg'ra 
 
 dl'teU 
 
 dl-td'i 
 
 dl'trii 
 
 dl'ten 
 
 dlU^n-b^f^r^ 
 
 dl'ten-feW 
 
 dVtin-gord' 
 
 dl-t^n-kir'ihen 
 
 dl-ten-sit^' 
 
 dVling-kou'sen 
 
 alt'liirlh 
 
 dl'to 
 
 dl'td-na. 
 
 d-l<iq-mi-e'ra 
 
 dl'va 
 
 dl~vd~rd'do 
 
 dl-vd-rd'do 
 
 dl-v'i'to 
 
 aits 
 
 dl-iSn' 
 
 d'md-ger 
 
 5'mdl 
 
 dm'd-thon or dm'a~ion 
 
 d-md-rdn'te 
 
 d-mdl'ldn 
 
 dm'bfr^ 
 
 Ung'behr 
 
 diig-bl't^se 
 
 din'boy 
 
 am-boy'na 
 
 drig~br'i-ire' 
 
 d'jne-ldnt 
 
 a-viir'i-ka 
 
 d' m^rs-fdrV 
 
 d'mer-.itoW 
 
 dm~hd'rd 
 
 dm'herst 
 
 d-m'i-ang' 
 
 d-m'i-e'va 
 
 d-m'i'nd-bdd' 
 
 dm-'ite' 
 
 dm'lQQk 
 
 dm'mer 
 
 drn'mer 
 
 dm'mqn sdnkV gdVlen 
 
 dm-^non-(jQ' suck 
 
 d-mQQr' 
 
 dng-p'il-yS' 
 
 din-ret-s'ir^ 
 
 dm-pqs'ta 
 
 dm's'i^ 
 
 dm' st^r-ddm 
 
 dn-a-du' I't-a 
 
 d-nd-gd' da defQQ-e'ra 
 
 dhid-Q(j~dk* 
 
 d'nd-fQ-dk' 
 
 d-nd-to'ti-a or dn-a~t5'li-a 
 
 dn'kldm 
 
 dn-ko'ita 
 
 dng-cV ii frdng' 
 
 dn-dd-li^^'.^i-a 
 
 dng-ddtigce' 
 
 dn'dK-fing-en 
 
 dn-der-^ndt' 
 
 da-dfr-ndlh,' 
 
 dng-d^' 
 
 dn'dez 
 
 dn-dor'no 
 
 dn~dqr'ra 
 
 dn'du-ver 
 
 dn-dn'ds-bir^ 
 
 dn'drQQZ 
 
 'dn'dro 
 
 dii-dros-kog' gin 
 
 dn'ffilsk 
 
 dn'ger-l5 
 
 dng' ir-mdn' 
 
 dng'er-mxin'dt 
 
 dJiff-g'i-<iTig or Ang-g'il- 
 
 yq-ng' 
 dn'gl-s^y 
 dn-gO'ra 
 'dn-gis-l<}<i'ra 
 dng-gQQ-lSmc' 
 diig-ggQ-mrca' 
 dn'gra 
 Ung-gr-viW 
 dn' gqq-la 
 dn-g<j<)'ra 
 dn'hdlt 
 dn'holt 
 dn'h'nlt-hu' 
 ti-7tt-d-ldr'ra 
 d-n'i'nds 
 d'n'i-o 
 dnff-gvQ' 
 dn'kt-nOsc' 
 
 an-na'po-Usse or dn-n<t/j'- 
 dn-vo-na' [po-lis 
 dn'prn 
 Uns'i-pdlh 
 
 .Antino, (It ) 
 .Antrim, (Ir.) 
 Antwerp, (Neth.) 
 .Anzicci, (Af ) 
 .Apailies, (Me,\'.) 
 Apfldoorn, (Netii.) 
 Apen, (Ger ) 
 Apennines, (It.) 
 Apenradc, (Uen.) 
 Apenrade, (Den.) g. 
 .Appalachicola, (U. S.) 
 Appelsclie, (Neth.) 
 Appeltiirn, (Meth.) 
 Appenzoll, (Switz.) 
 Appia Via, (It.) 
 Appomattox, (U. S.) 
 Aquafreddo, (It.) 
 Aquana, (IL) 
 Aquaverde, (Me.x.) 
 Aqnila, (Pen.) 
 Arabia, (As.) 
 Aracan, (Eastern Isl.) 
 Aragoii, (Pen.) 
 Aragon, (Pen.) r. 
 Aragona, (It.) 
 Aral, (As.) 
 Aran, (Fr.) 
 Aranda, (Pen.) 
 Arandon, (Fr.) 
 Arangos, (Austr.) 
 Aranjiiez, (Pen.) 
 Ararat, mf. 
 Aras, (R.) 
 Aras, (R.) r. 
 Aran, (Switz.) 
 Arboga, (Sc. Pen ; isl 
 Arbois, (Fr.) 
 Arboleda, (Mex.) c. 
 Arbos, (Pen.) 
 Arc, (Switz.) 
 
 Arcachan, Bassin de (Fr.) 
 Arcadia, (Cor.) 
 Arcadia, Gulf of 
 Archangel, (R.) 
 Archangelsk, (R.) 
 Archipelago, (Tur.) 
 Arcuenta, (It.) nt. 
 Arco, (It.) r. 
 Arcoli, (It.) 
 ArcDS, (Pen.) 
 Arcos, los, (Pen. &. Mex.) 
 Arcot, (Hind.) . 
 Ardara, (R.) 
 Ardato, (R.) 
 Ardeche, (Fr.) dep. 
 Ardennes, (Fr.) dep. 
 Ardctz, (Switz.) 
 Ardobevo, (R.) 
 Ardoz, (Pen.) 
 Ardres, (Fr.) 
 Arelina, (R.) 
 Arega, (Pen.) 
 Arena, (It.) r. 
 Aren.as, (Pen.) 
 Aren.is, (Mex.) e. 
 Arendal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Arendonk, (Neth.) 
 Arensburg, (R.) 
 Arenswalde, (Prus.) 
 Arequipa, (S. Am.) 
 Areskutan, (Sc. Pen.) mt. 
 Arevalo, (Pen.) 
 Arezzo, (It.) 
 Arganila, (Pen.) 
 Argen, (Ger.) r. 
 Argent, (Fr.) 
 Argen ta, (It.) 
 Argentaro, (It.) mt. 
 Argentat, (Fr.) 
 Argentenil, (Fr.) 
 Argenton, (I- r.) 
 Argiiisuelas, (Pen.) 
 .Argyle, (Scot.) 
 Ariano, (It.) 
 Arica 
 
 Arignano, (It.) 
 Arispe, (Mex.) 
 Aristovo, (R.) 
 Arizona, (Mex.) 
 .Arjes, (Pen.) 
 Arjonilla, (Pen.) 
 Arkansas, (U. S.) 
 Aries, (Fr.) 
 Arleslieim, fSwitz.) 
 Arlinsk, (R.) 
 Armagh, (Ir.) 
 Armenia, (R. & Tur.) 
 Armilio, (ll.) mt 
 Armuno, (Pen.) 
 Arnau, (.Austr.) 
 Arnay le Due, (Fr.) 
 Arnemniden, (Neth.) 
 Arnheim, (Neth.) 
 Ariio, (It.) r. 
 
 dn-t'i'uo 
 dit'trim 
 
 diit'werp or dnt'verp 
 
 un-th'i'ko 
 
 d-pd'ckesse 
 
 dp' pH-dHni' 
 
 d'phi 
 
 dp'pen-nines 
 
 d-pht-rd'd^ 
 
 d-pen-rd'de 
 
 dp-pa-ldk-'i~k6'la 
 
 dp' ptls-ske 
 
 dp'pH~tf}Qm' 
 
 dp'peit-tsi'l' 
 
 dp'p'i-a v'i'a 
 
 dp'po-vidt'tox 
 
 d'kwd-fred'do 
 
 d-kmd'iia 
 
 d-k<^^-d-v€r'ds 
 
 d'ki-la 
 
 a-rd'bi-a 
 
 d'rd-kdn 
 
 dr'd-ffK^ or d'rd-gqn 
 
 dr'a-gon or d'rd-gqn 
 
 d'rd-go'na 
 
 d'ral 
 
 d~rdn^' 
 
 U-rdn'da 
 
 d-rdng-dong' 
 
 d-rdn'gqs 
 
 d'rdn~ih(}Q' elk 
 
 d'rd-Tdl or dr'a-rit 
 
 d'rds 
 
 d'rds 
 
 dWou 
 
 dr-bo ga 
 
 dr-bwa' 
 
 dr-bo-le'da 
 
 dr'bos 
 
 drk 
 
 bd.i-sdng' ddr-kd-shdng' 
 J ar-ka'di-a or 
 ( ar-ka'di~a 
 
 dr'lhdng-H or drk'0.ne-^el 
 
 dr'lUdair-eUk 
 
 dr-k'i-peV a-go 
 
 dr-kQQ-tn'ta 
 
 dr'kn 
 
 dr'ko-ti 
 
 dr'kos 
 
 Ids dr'kQs 
 
 dr-kot' 
 
 dr-fld'ra 
 
 dr-dd'td 
 
 dr-drsh' 
 
 dr-dlne' 
 
 dr'dets 
 
 dr-do-be'vo 
 
 dr'ddth 
 
 dr-dr' 
 
 d-re-f'i'na 
 
 d-^e'ga 
 
 d-re'na 
 
 d-re'iids 
 
 d-re'nds 
 
 d'ren-dahV 
 
 d-ren-dqnk' 
 
 d' rens-b^^^ 
 
 d'rens-vdl'd^ 
 
 d^e-k'i'pa 
 
 d'ris-ku'tdn 
 
 d-re'vd-lo 
 
 d-ret'so 
 
 dr-gdn'da 
 
 dr'gen 
 
 dr-gdng' 
 
 dr-jen'ta 
 
 tir-jm-td'ro 
 
 dr-gdng-ta/ 
 
 dr-^dng-te-'i' or dr'gdng- 
 
 dr-gdng-tqng' [tily 
 
 dr'g'i-sQ^g'lds 
 
 dr-gyle' 
 
 d-T'i-d'no 
 
 d-Ti'ka 
 
 d-r'in-yd'no 
 
 d-^'is'pe 
 
 d-rts-tu'vo 
 
 a-ri-tlib' (sO') 7ia 
 
 dr'^kesse 
 
 dr-Vio-itil'ya 
 
 dr-kdn'saa or dr'kan-tga 
 
 drlo 
 
 ar'les-hJme' 
 
 dr-linsk 
 
 dr'magh 
 
 dr-mt'n'i-A 
 
 dr-mVti-o 
 
 dr-mtf^'iio 
 
 dr'jtiiu 
 
 Ur'nd It duk 
 
 Ar'ne-^oi' den 
 
 dm'Mme 
 
 Ur'no 
 
 FIUe,faT,faU,iih«il, bit. — MlU,pTty,k^,thlTt,kitr. — Plni, marine, h%rd,fig.—MZU, ddve, Tnidie, Iqrd. — TUne, bull, 7{nile. — Fi. long oft«; Fr. thort bit — 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Arnoiild, (Fr.) 
 Ainstaili, ((ier.) 
 Arnstt'iii, (Ger.) 
 Arcuistouk, (U. S.) 
 Arpajon, (Fr.) 
 Aipino, (II.) 
 Arqucs, ( Fr.) 
 Arras, (Fr.) 
 Arreau, (Fr.) 
 Arriege, (Fr.) dep 
 Arrone, (It.) r. 
 Arsk, (11.) 
 Arlcliadiiisk, (R.) 
 Artegjia, (ll.) 
 Arleii.ay, (Fr.) 
 Ailli, (Switz.) 
 Artois, I Fr.) 
 Ariiela, (Pen.) 
 Arundel, (U. S.) 
 Arve, (It.) r. 
 Arvika, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ascatlan, (Me.x.) 
 AschaflTenbiir!;, (Ger.) 
 .^.■icliberf, (DfU.) 
 Asclierslelicn, (Prus.) 
 .Ascoli, (It.) 
 Asciitney 
 Ase\e, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Asliantee, (.Vf.) 
 .^sluabula, (US) 
 Asia , 
 .\siiiara, (II.) ^. 
 .\siiiara, (It.) Ul 
 Askersnnd, (Sc. Pen.^ 
 Aspclaer, (N'elli.) 
 Asjicren, (iVelli.) 
 Assam, (1ml.) 
 Assen, (Netli.) 
 Astarah, fR.) 
 Astern bad 
 Asti, (It.) 
 Asth-y, (Mei.) r. 
 Astrakhan 
 Asturias, (Pen.) 
 Atarania 
 
 Atatlatica, (Mex.) 
 Atcliafalaya, (U. S.) 
 Atchitska 
 
 Athapescow, (U. S.) 
 Athens, (Gr.) 
 Athlune 
 Atlantic, or.. 
 Atlas, (Af.) mU 
 Attica, (Gr.) 
 Atui 
 
 AuhanrlKEUil, (Fr.) 
 Aiibe, (Fr.) rff;;. 
 Anbe, (Fr.) r. 
 Aubigiiv, (Fr.) 
 Ancle, ('Fr.) liep. 
 .^udierne, (Fr.) 
 Ane, (Ger.) r. 
 Ancrbach, (Ger.) 
 Ange, (Fr.) 
 Augsburg, (Ger.) 
 Augusta, (U. S.) » 
 Aula, Ldiver, (Ger!) 
 Aulne, (Fr.) r. 
 Ault, iFr.) 
 Auuiale, (Fr.) 
 Aumetz, (Fr.) 
 AuniDUt, ?f>.) 
 Aunis, (Fr.) 
 Aurungab.ad, (Hind.) 
 Austcrlitz, (Ger. Neth.) 
 Australasia 
 Australia 
 
 Austria, Oesterreich, (Ger.) 
 Autauga, (U. S.) 
 Auvergne, (Fr.) 
 Auxerre, (Fr.) 
 Auxon, (Fr.) 
 Auxonne, (Fr.) 
 Aveyron, (Fr.) dep. 
 Avciiino, (It.) 
 Averno, (It.) 1. 
 Avesues, (Fr.) 
 Avignon, (Fr.) 
 Avila, (Pen.) 
 Avranches, (Fr.) 
 Avrv, (Switz.) 
 Axel, (Neth.) 
 Ayaniunte, (Pen.) 
 Ayasonl<H)k, (.^s.) 
 Ayr, (Scot.) co. 
 Ayrshire, (Scot.) 
 Azov, (R.) 
 Azov, (R.) s. 
 Azores 
 
 Azuaga, (Pen.) 
 
 Urn',\lat 
 Hni'fitltic 
 iirrQif^i' tool: 
 
 Ur-p't'no 
 
 drk 
 
 dr-ra' 
 
 dr-ru' 
 
 dr^'i-Sge' 
 
 dr-rS'n£ 
 
 Ursk 
 
 art' chd-dinsk 
 dr-Un'va 
 dr-te-na' 
 art 
 
 dr-twa' 
 
 d-rfg-e'la 
 
 dr'un-dH 
 
 dr've 
 
 dr-v'i'ka 
 
 ds-kdt'ldn 
 
 dsh-.iliaf/in-bffr§ 
 
 ash'b^r^ 
 
 dsh'shrrs-Wben 
 
 df'ko-ti 
 
 ds kut'mj 
 
 d'ae-le 
 
 a-.iUdii'tl 
 
 dsh-ta-bu'ta 
 
 d'slu-a 
 
 ds'l-ud'ra 
 
 d-.-ii-na'ra 
 
 dti'ker-i-st^i^nd' 
 
 ds'pe-lallr' 
 
 ds'pe-r^it 
 
 ds'dain 
 
 ds'stii 
 
 as-td'rah 
 
 as-ter-a-bttd' 
 
 ds'ti 
 
 ust'n 
 
 Ua'trd-llidn' or as-tra 
 
 ds-t^Q'ri-ds [< 
 
 dird-kd'ma 
 
 d-tat-lou'ka 
 
 dck-a-fa-Wa 
 
 ach-itis'ka 
 
 dth-a-ptA'ko 
 
 dth'en^ 
 
 ath-l&nc' 
 
 at-ldn'tik 
 
 ttt'las 
 
 dt'ti-ka 
 
 a-tQf'i 
 
 o-banff-sh^-V 
 
 Bba 
 
 Bbe 
 
 O-bin-yV 
 Sde 
 
 6-di-hmt' 
 ou'f 
 
 oii'er-bdc/i' 
 Oge 
 
 ouks'bij(^^ 
 
 au-frils'ta 
 
 ou'la 
 
 Sue 
 
 5 
 
 v-mdl' 
 0-meti' 
 
 B-ni' 
 
 o~run^' a-bad' 
 
 a us-tral~& 'sh'i-a 
 
 aus-tr&'ti~a 
 
 A'.itrr-rllh' 
 
 au-tau'ira 
 
 u-vtrity' 
 
 os-nire' 
 
 d-vd-ron^ 
 d'vrl-li'no 
 d-vir'no 
 dvene' 
 
 d-v't'la 
 d'vrditffih' 
 d-vrV 
 dk'si 
 
 a'yd-mSn'<£ 
 
 d'ljdsff-lffk' 
 
 air 
 
 air'sk'ire 
 
 d'lgv 
 
 d'lov 
 
 e-:dres' 
 
 'd-thff-d'ga 
 
 hin' 
 
 B. 
 
 BAAnDWVK, (Nctli.) 
 Babelinandeb, (or -del,) (Ar. 
 Babinsk, (U.) 
 Babinovitclii, (R.) 
 Dabiocora, (iMcx.) 
 Babispe, (.Mex.) 
 Babocsa, ( Austr.) 
 Bacalar, (Mex.) 
 Baccara, Plain of, (Eg.) 
 liarcliiglone, (It.) 
 Hachanuclii, (.Mex.) 
 Baclintatchagovsk, (R.) 
 Bacovicza, (Austr.) 
 Bacs, (Af.) 
 Badagry, (Af.) 
 Badajos, (Af.) 
 Radalona, (Pen.) 
 Baden, ((Jer. Switz.) 
 Baden Weilcr, (Ger.) 
 Baeza, (Pen.) 
 Bagajo, (Pen.) 
 Bagdad, (Tur.) 
 Bagdat, (R.) 
 Uagcs, (Fr.) 
 
 Bagneres de Bigorrc, (Fr.) 
 Bagneres ile Luchon, (Fr.) 
 Bagnols, (Fr.) 
 Bagrnioli, (It.) 
 Balianns, i.4. 
 Bahar, (.Austr.) 
 Bahiii, (Braz.) pr. 
 Bahia, c. or San Salvador, 
 Bahireh, (Eg.) 
 Bahlow, (Ger.) 
 Bniern, or Bavaria, (Ger.) 
 Baikal, (As.) 
 Bailleul, (Fr.) 
 Bain, (Fr.) 
 Baita, (iMe.x.) 
 naja, (It.) 
 Bakel, (Neth.) 
 Bakonver VVald, (Austr.) 
 Bala, (Austr.) 
 Balaghauts, (Hind.) 
 Balaieue, (.Switz.) 
 Balakna, (R.) 
 Balasore, (Hind.) 
 BaLiton, (Austr.) I. 
 Balbec or Baalbcc, (Syr.) 
 Balbigny, (Fr.) 
 Baldeker, (Switz.) /. 
 Baifurosh, (Per.) 
 Balici, (It.) r. 
 Balize,>Mex.) t. k. r. 
 Balk, (Friesland, \etli.) 
 Balkan, (Tur.) mL 
 Balki, (R.) 
 Balligrod, (.\ustr.) 
 Ballinaslof, (Ir.) 
 Ballon d'Alsace, (Fr.) 
 Bally Shannon, (Ir.) 
 Bahnonte, (Pen.) 
 Balok Stein, (Uen.) 
 Balta, (R.) 
 Baltruni, (Ger.) isl. 
 Balzers, (Switz.) 
 Bamberg, (Ger.) 
 Hambook, r Af ) 
 Bana, la, (Pen.) 
 Banevcid, (iNcth.) 
 Bantr, iir Bamlf, (Scot.) 
 Bantr, (Scot.) co. 
 Banfv Hunyad, (Austr.) 
 Bang'kok, (As.) 
 Baubalnia, (.Austr.) 
 Bannat, (Austr.) 
 Barineltes, les, (Fr.) 
 Banovcze, (Austr.) 
 Bansacli, (Ger.) r. 
 Bapaiiine, (Fr.) 
 Bar, (R.) 
 
 Barhadocs, (W. Ind.) 
 
 Barilla, (Mex.) 
 
 Bar le Due, (Fr.) 
 
 Bar sur Aiibe, (Fr.) 
 
 Bar sur Seine, (Fr.) 
 
 Baran, (R.) 
 
 Baranow, (.Vustr.) 
 
 Baranyavar, (Austr.) 
 
 Baraque, la, (Fr.) 
 
 Baraques, (Fr.) 
 
 Baratto Points, (It.) 
 1 Barm, (.\u.str.) 
 ' Barhary, (Af ) 
 
 Barbastro, (Pen.) 
 
 Barbezieux, (Fr.) 
 
 Barbimne, {i r.) 
 
 Barbud», (\V. Ind.) 
 
 liana, (Pen.) 
 
 bdrdholke 
 ) ba'bel-mdn'del 
 bd'biivik 
 bd-b't-no~v{t'cht 
 bd-b'i-O'kO'ra 
 bd-bi.i'pf 
 bd-ho'cha 
 bd-kd-tdr' 
 bd!i-kd'rd 
 bdk-ki-glS'n; 
 bd-ehd-nq()' ch'i 
 b'dcli-mdlcli-d-govsk' 
 bd-ko-vi'cUa 
 bach 
 
 ba-tldff'ry 
 
 bd-dd-lhtitW 
 
 bd-dd-lb'na 
 
 bd'den 
 
 bd'din vVltr 
 
 bd-e'tha 
 
 bd-gd'iho 
 
 bag-dad' 
 
 bdg'ddl 
 
 bd^e 
 
 bdn-y^re' d^ b'i-gbre' 
 
 bdn-ydrc' dd lU-:<fwng' 
 
 bdn-yuV 
 
 bd:i->j<!<}-!>'ti 
 
 ba-h'^'iiiai 
 
 bd-hdr> 
 
 bd-hi'a 
 
 bd-h'i'a 
 
 bd-hi'rtli 
 
 bd'lo 
 
 bi'ern 
 
 bVkal 
 
 bd-'i-euV or bdl^jedl' 
 
 bang 
 
 b'l'ta 
 
 bd'yd 
 
 ba'kel 
 
 bd-kon'ycr v'dlt 
 bd'la 
 
 bdUa-ghauis 
 
 ba-ieg 
 
 bd-ldk'na 
 
 bnl'a-sBrc 
 
 bd'la-tnn 
 
 bdl-hrk' or bd-dJ'bek 
 
 bdL-bi'n-yi' 
 
 bdl'de-ker 
 
 bal-fa-rusfi' 
 
 bd-ti'chi 
 
 bd-li'the (or se) 
 
 balk 
 
 bdl-kdn' 
 
 bdl-ki 
 
 bdl'Ci-grZd 
 
 bdl-liit-tL-i-loc' 
 
 bdl-lqng' ddl-s'dcc' 
 
 bal'ly shdu'iion 
 
 bdl' moti-te 
 
 bd'lnck stlm 
 
 bdV'ta 
 
 bdl'tr(!i)m 
 
 bdll'srrs 
 
 bdm'bi'r^ 
 
 bam-bQt^k 
 
 Id bd'iia 
 
 bd'ne-frlt 
 
 bdinf 
 
 baiif 
 
 bdrijj h^^n'ydd 
 
 bang-kok' 
 
 bdn-hdl'ma 
 
 b'an'ndt 
 
 le bdn-n&te 
 
 bd-ntfv'che 
 
 bdii'zafh 
 
 bd-pume' 
 
 bar 
 
 bdr-bS'dSz 
 
 bd-r'il'ya or bi^Vya 
 
 Idr /<< duk 
 
 bar silr obe 
 
 bdr sur s&M 
 
 bd'rdn 
 
 ba'rd-no 
 
 bd'rdn-yd'vdr 
 
 Id bd-rdke' 
 
 bd-rdke' 
 
 bd-rdt'to 
 
 bd'roii 
 
 bdr'ba-ry 
 
 bdr-bds'tro 
 
 bdr-hei'i-^' 
 
 bdr-buiie' 
 
 bdr-bQg' da 
 
 bd-rt 'a 
 
 Barcarotta, ( Pen.) 
 
 liarcelUm, (I'cn.) 
 
 Barcelona, (Pen.) 
 
 Earccluncito, (Fr.) 
 
 Rarco, el, (Pen.) 
 
 liardi, (It.) 
 
 Bareges, (Fr.) 
 
 Baren, (Neth. 4. Ger.) 
 
 Barfleur, (Fr.) 
 
 Bargen, (Switz.) 
 
 Bar le Due, (Fr.) 
 
 Bari, (It. & Pen ) 
 
 Barletla, (It.) 
 
 Barneville, (Fr.) 
 
 Bamot, (Netli.) 
 
 Barnstorf, (Ger.) 
 
 Barunch, (Hind.) 
 
 Barocero, (II.) mU 
 
 Barota, (Austr.) 
 
 Barra d'.\rcna, (Mex.) 
 .Barra del Torilo, (Mex.) 
 
 Barra de Istapa 
 
 Barra Nova, (Pen.) 
 
 Barracas, (Pen.) 
 
 Barrc, la, (Fr.) 
 
 Barrenie, (Fr.) 
 
 Barrosa, (Pen.) 
 
 Barthelemey, (Fr.) 
 
 Baruth, (Prus.) 
 
 Bas, (Fr.) isl. 
 
 Baslo, (Switz.) 
 
 Basilicata, (It.) 
 
 Basques, Radc dcs, (Fr.) 
 
 B.assano, (It.) 
 
 Bassarova, (R.) 
 
 Basserstorf, (Switz.) 
 
 Bassora, (Tur.) 
 
 Bastia, (It ) 
 
 Bastide de Seron, (Fr.) 
 
 Bastogne, (.Neth.) 
 
 BaUik, (Eastern Isl.) 
 
 Batal Patchinsk, (R.) 
 
 Batavia, (Austr.i. & Braz.) 
 
 Bateal, (.\Iex.) 
 
 Bath, (Neth. & Hungary, 
 Austr.) 
 
 Rathurst, (Austral.) 
 
 Baton Rouge, (U. S.) 
 
 Batonya, (.Austr.) 
 
 Batourinsk, (R.) 
 
 Batrina, (Austr.) 
 
 Battaglia, (It.) 
 
 Baturin, (U-) 
 
 Bauge, (Fr.) 
 
 Bauma, (Switz.) 
 
 Baunie les Dames, (Fr.) 
 
 Bausset, le, (Fr.) 
 
 Bautcrseni, (Neth.) 
 
 Bautzen, (Ger.) 
 
 Bavaria, or Baiern, (Ger.) 
 
 Bavay, (Fr.) 
 
 Baxem, (Neth.) 
 
 Bayarid, (Arm.) 
 
 Bayeux, (Fr.) 
 
 Bayona, (Pen.) 
 
 Bayona, (Mex.) r. 
 
 B.iyonne, (Fr.) 
 
 Bayonne, (.Mex.) 
 
 Bayonne, (Fr.) 6. 
 
 Bayonoo, (.Mex.) 
 
 Bavreutli, (Ger.) 
 
 Bazage, la, (Fr.) 
 
 Bazagona, (Pen.) 
 
 Beard, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaufort, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaugency, (Fr.) 
 
 Beauharnois, (Can.) 
 
 Beaujnlais, (Fr.) 
 
 Ueaulieu, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaunies, les, (Fr ) 
 
 Beaunietz, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaumont le Chetif, (Fr.) 
 
 Beauniinit le Vicomte, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaumont Lcini.nquc, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaupre.au, (Fr.) 
 
 Beauvais, (Fr.) 
 
 Beaiivoir, (Fr.) 
 
 Bechin, I. Austr.) 
 
 Bedfordshire, (Eng.) 
 
 Beiirrtti, (Switz.) b. 
 
 Bedrelto, (Swilz.) 
 
 Beeder, (Hind.) 
 
 Beek, (.Neth.) 
 
 Beets, (.Nelh.) 
 
 Behrend, (Prus.) 
 i Beira, (Pen.) 
 
 Bejapoor, (Hind.) 
 I Belfort, (Fr.) 
 [ Belgium 
 1 Belgrade, (Tur.) 
 i Belicbei, (R.) 
 j Belin, (Fr.) 
 
 Belitz, (Prus.) 
 I Bella, la, (IL) 
 
 bdr-kd-^nt'ta 
 
 bdi-tUH' yoi 
 
 bdr-tlir li'na 
 
 bar-cz-lB-iiitt' 
 
 it bdr'ko 
 
 bdr'di 
 
 bd-r^ge 
 
 bd'ren 
 
 bdr-fli&r' 
 
 bdr' gin 
 
 bdr'ii duk 
 
 bd'ri 
 
 bdr-lit'la 
 
 bdrn-vile' 
 
 bdr-iiO' 
 
 bdm'slorf 
 
 bdrUk'' 
 
 bd-rB'cht-TO 
 
 bd-rO'ta 
 
 bdr'ra dd-rf'va 
 
 bdr'ra dil tCr'do 
 
 bar'ra df 'i.i-td'pa 
 
 bur'ra uG'ra 
 
 bar'rd-kiU 
 
 Id bdre 
 
 bdr-rtmc 
 
 bdr-rO'sa 
 
 bdr-ts-lt-mH' (or mi') 
 
 bd'rgfl 
 
 bd 
 
 bd':fl, Eng. bale 
 bd-ii-li-hu'ta 
 rddr de bdsk 
 bds-sa'iio 
 bdS'Sd-rO'ra 
 bdii'Aer.-i-f''rr 
 bd.s'.ia-ni ' 
 « 
 
 bds-tidc' sc~njng' 
 
 bds-tviiy' 
 
 ba'taJie 
 
 ba'tal pdt'cltin.^k 
 
 bd-t.d'vi-a 
 
 bd-toM' 
 
 I bdte 
 
 bd'tliurst 
 
 bd'ton^ rQQge 
 
 bd-tqicya 
 
 hd-tuu-rinsk' 
 
 bd-Vr'i'na 
 
 bat-tdl'ya 
 
 bd-tu-r'in' 
 
 boge 
 
 bon'ma 
 
 bdme le ddme 
 
 l6 bOif-nt' 
 
 bou'lrr-sein 
 
 bout'lsen 
 
 ba-vd'r'i-a 
 
 bd-rd' 
 
 bak'sim 
 
 tl'o-rid' 
 
 bd-yA' 
 
 bd-iiO'tia 
 
 bd-yu' till 
 
 bfi-y5ne' 
 
 bd-ydn'i.Q 
 
 bd'fjGiie' 
 
 bd-yun'no 
 
 bi'rvit 
 
 Id bd-zdge' 
 
 bd-thu~gO'na 
 
 be-aUr° 
 
 bu-fur' 
 
 bB-gdng-s'i' 
 
 bO-har-iiwa' 
 
 bS-go-la' 
 
 b5-l:-ou.' 
 
 le bume 
 
 bo-metz' 
 
 ba-mong' M shc-^if 
 
 bo-mtjng' tif v'i-knngt 
 
 bo-mqu^' lo-mak«' 
 
 bo~pr5' 
 
 bo-r£' 
 
 bo-vwdr' 
 
 be-lhin' 
 
 brd'fard'sh'ire 
 
 bt-drH'ti 
 
 bi-drit'to 
 
 bet'dcr 
 
 bake 
 
 bats 
 
 blh'rint 
 
 bVra 
 
 be'jii-poor' 
 bel-jZre.' 
 brVg'i-um 
 bfl' grade 
 bri'ue b1 
 belling' 
 bt'liti 
 Id hel'la 
 
 Ft long A and short nearly as in spur. — Final ty, French { mouille 9ii"ger, vi"cious g as « in pleasure ; » and Ih guttural ; iiy liquid ; fJI as in piik. 
 
 1331 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Brilaiio. (U.) 
 Bellavista, (It.) c. 
 Belle AIU;iiii;e, (Neth.) 
 Belle Eloile, (Kr.) 
 Belle Isle, (Fr.) 
 BKlleclmse, (Can.) 
 Ecllegarcle, (Kr.) 
 Belleville, (Fr.) 
 B.llevne, (Fr.) 
 Bellicourt, (Fr.) 
 Bellinae, (Den.) 
 Bt-llinzona, (Switz.) 
 Bello, (It.) ml.. 
 Belltiiiese, (It.) 
 Belliino, (ft.) 
 B.^lnicz, (Pe7i.) 
 Uelriiiinl, iFr.) 
 BoliiKinte, (Pen.) 
 Beliiochi.sian, (Per.) 
 B..-hir.nlo, (Pen.) 
 Bflp, (.Switz.) 
 
 Belt, Great and Little, (Den, 
 Benihe/.a, (Pen.) r. 
 Beniliibre, (Pen.) 
 Benalva, (Pen.) 
 Benameji, (Pen.) 
 Benarez, (Hind.) 
 Benaudet, (Fr.) b. 
 Benavente, (Pen.) 
 Benavento, (It.) 
 Bender, (R.) 
 Benjial, (Ind.) 
 Benin, (Af.) 
 Beninguet, (Fr.) isl. 
 Benito, Don, (Pen.) 
 Benkeii, (Switz.) 
 Bennebrock, (Neth.) 
 Benoitville, (Fr.) 
 Bentheim, (Ger.) 
 •Bentsclien, (Priis.) 
 Ber, Kleine, (Austr.) 
 Berar, (Hind.) 
 Berat, (Tur.) 
 Beraun, (Hind.) r. 
 Berberirio, (!t.) 
 Berda, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Bi!rda, (R.) 
 Bere, (Switr.) 
 Berenbach, (Ger.) 
 Berssina, (R.) 
 Berg, (Switz. Sz. Ger.) 
 Berga, (Pen.) 
 Berpanio, (It.) 
 Bergedorf, (Den.) 
 liarifen, iGer. Neth. Sc. Pen. 
 Bsrjien-iip-Zoom, (Netii.) 
 Ber?6re, la, (Fr.) 
 Berssclieliook, (Neth.) 
 Beriklei, (R.) 
 Beringen, (Neth.) 
 Berislav, (R.) 
 Berkel, (Neth.) r. 
 Berki, (Austr.) 
 Berkshire, (En?.) 
 Bcrlikum, (Neth.) 
 Berlin, (Priis.) 
 Berling.is, (Pen.) isl. 
 Bern, (Switz.) 
 Bernalda, (It.) 
 Bernard, (bwitz.) 
 Bernau, (Ger.) 
 Bernicourt, (Fr.) 
 Bernst-idt, (Ger.) 
 Bernstein, (Ger.) 
 Bcrre, (Fr.) I. 
 Berri, (Fr.) 
 Berschis, (Switz.) 
 Bersova, (Anstr.) 
 Berlhicr, (Can.) 
 Bertischwyl, (Switz.) 
 Bertogne, (.\eth.) 
 Berum, (Neth.) 
 Berwick, (Scot.) co. 
 Kcry au Dac, (Fr.) 
 Bcsancon, (Fr.) 
 Bessarabia, (R.) 
 BcsscI, (Nttli.) 
 BpKScm, (Neth.) 
 BesHlerc dc Lif, Ic, (Fr.) 
 Be»t, (Neth.) 
 Betanzos, (Pen.) 
 Bethon, (Fr.) 
 Bethune, (Fr.) 
 BettivissKii, (Switz.) 
 Beltona, (It.) 
 Betz, (Neth.) 
 Beiigen, (Neth.) 
 Bciilhen, (Pnis.) 
 Bevclund, North and South, 
 
 (Neth.) 
 Bcvcreii, (Neth.) 
 BcverH, (Switz.) 
 Bevfrwyk, (Noth.) 
 Bevilagua, (lu) 
 
 bi'l-ld'no 
 heVld-pis'ta 
 hil at-l'i'dn^ce' 
 brl e-twdle' 
 brl tie 
 brUsltdse' 
 
 brl-v'ile' 
 
 beUvM 
 
 bel-li-ciJQr' 
 
 bei'liu'^'^e 
 
 b^i^tiiL'dzd'na 
 
 bH'ln 
 
 bel'tf}Q~ne'ze 
 hel-lQQ'no 
 bH-mfth' 
 b?l-mong' 
 bfl-moii'tf; 
 be-lQQ-chis-tdn^ 
 be-lo-rd'do 
 bHp 
 ) belt 
 bim-be't?ia 
 bein-b'i'lrK 
 be-ncl'ra 
 be'nd~me-Zh'i 
 btii-d'rcz 
 
 be-nd-i:hi'te 
 
 b^-nd-ven*to 
 
 beil'dtr 
 
 ben-gdV 
 
 ben-'in' 
 
 be-ndng' ituSl 
 
 don he-n'i'lo 
 
 bhi^'ken 
 
 ben'ne-br5k' 
 
 be~nwd-v'iW 
 
 bent'hiine 
 
 bent'shtn 
 
 klt'ne behr' 
 
 bf-rdr' 
 
 be-^at' 
 
 bs'roun 
 
 ber~be-r'i'no 
 
 ber' da 
 
 btr'da 
 
 be' re 
 
 be'ren-bdih' 
 be-r^-zVna 
 bfri 
 her'f^a 
 ber'trd-mo 
 b^r' <re-dnrj' 
 ) ber' gen 
 ber' gen-up~zOm 
 Id ber-g§fe' 
 berg'ske'-kSke' 
 be'ri-kli 
 be'ring-in 
 be-ria'ldv 
 ber'hel 
 ber' la 
 burk'sKire 
 ber'H-kQQm 
 ber-l'ine' 
 ber-lin' gds 
 bern 
 
 bir-nnl'da 
 
 ber'udrd 
 
 ber'nau 
 
 ber-ni~CQi)r' 
 
 brrn'sldt 
 
 bern'stine 
 
 bSr 
 
 ber-rV 
 
 ber'sfiirS 
 
 ber-s5'va 
 
 ber-Ci-e' 
 
 ber'tish-vilt 
 
 ber-iqnij' 
 
 be'rqqm 
 
 ber'rick 
 
 be ri' bdlt' 
 
 be-sdng-son^' 
 
 bfs-sd^d'bi-a 
 
 bes'sel 
 
 bis'aem 
 
 li bia-ii-tre' dt tif> 
 bi.-:l 
 
 be-tdn'tJiQi/ 
 
 bi-loiig' 
 
 bif-thnc' 
 
 betrl'i-vi^'iien 
 
 bft-tl'na 
 
 beta 
 
 boi'gen 
 
 boi'ten 
 
 I be'v^-lunt 
 
 bc'vi-rin 
 be' vers 
 b^'ver-vlhe 
 bt-^'i-ld' gwa 
 
 Beyra, (Pint.) 
 Beysagdly, (li.) 
 Beyrodt, or Beirut, (.\3.) 
 Beziers, (Fr.) 
 Bhatfong, (Hind.) 
 Bliotan, (Inil.) 
 Bhiirlpoor, (Hind.) 
 Biafra, (Af.) 
 Bialystok, (R.) 
 Blanco, (It. &; Gr.) e 
 Bi.isca, (Switz.) 
 Biasco, (It.) 
 Bilibieiio, (It.) 
 Bibboiia, (It.) 
 Biberac, (Fr.) 
 Biberach,'(Ger.) 
 Biberist, (Switz.) 
 Bidart, (Fr.) 
 Biecz, (Austr.) 
 Biehia, (Switz.) 
 Biel Gorod, (R.) 
 Bielaia Tserkov, (R.'l 
 Bielefeld, (Ger.) 
 Biella, (It.) 
 Bielo, (R ) I. 
 Bielo Ozer(v(R.) 
 Bieloe More, (R.) 
 Bielokalitvensk, (R.) 
 Bielotch, (R.) 
 Bielovodsk, (R.) 
 Bielsk, (R.) 
 Bienne, (Switz.) /. 
 Bienveiiida, (Pen.) 
 Bierbye, (Den.) 
 Bierna, (R.) 
 Biessen, (Neth.) 
 Biesverskov, (Den.) 
 Biferno, (It.) r. 
 Bignasco, (Switz.) 
 Biauglia, (It.) /. 
 Bikity, (.'iustr.) 
 Bilbao, (Pen.) 
 Biliarsk, (R.) 
 Bille, (Den.) r. 
 Billesborg, (Den.) 
 Bilson, (Neth.) 
 Bilten, (Switz.) 
 Biltsy, (R.) 
 Bilzberg, (Switz.) 
 Binasca, (It.) 
 Bin gen, (Ger.) 
 Binnen, (Ger.) I. 
 Binnenbuttel, (Ger.) 
 Bionville, (Fr.) 
 Biobio, (S. Am.) r. 
 Bircarcara, (It.) 
 Eirdaan, (Neth.) 
 Biri, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Birkenfeld, (Ger.) 
 Birket-el-Manot, (Eg.) 
 Birmah 
 
 Birnliach, (Ger.) 
 Birnbaum, (Ger.) 
 Biron, (Fr.) 
 Bironico, (Switz.) 
 Birse, (Switz.) r. 
 Birsk, (R.) 
 Biscay, (Pen.) 
 Bischofistein, (Ger.) 
 Bischcfsburg, (Ger.) 
 Bischofswerda, (Ger.) 
 Biscliofszell, (Switz.) 
 Bi.iignano, (It.) 
 Bissone, (Switz.) 
 Bistritizn, (Austr.) 
 Bistritzora, (Austr.) 
 Bisztra, (Austr.) 
 Biszica, (Austr.) 
 Bitesch, (Austr.) 
 Bivers, (Neth.) 
 Bizesc, (R.) 
 Bjorko, (R.) 
 Bjorkon, (Sc. Pen.) hi. 
 Bjorna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bjorneborg, (R.) 
 Bjornliolin, (Den.) 
 Bjornoer, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Blaavand'a Hook, (Den.) 
 Black Forrest, (Ger.) 
 Bladel, (Neth.) 
 Blain, (Fr ) 
 Blainville, (Fr.) 
 niamont, (Fr.) 
 Blaiic, le, (Fr.) mL 
 Blanca, (Pen.) 
 Manco, (Pen.) e 
 Blankenberg, (Neth. & Ger. 
 Blaiikeiiburg, (Ger.) 
 Hlankenhain, (Ger.) 
 BInnkenheiiii, (Ger.) 
 BlankenHtein, (Ger.) 
 Blayc, (Fr.) 
 Bledas, (Pen.) isl. 
 Bleeguin, (Neth.) 
 
 bl'ra or ha'ra 
 
 bey-sd-irO'bj 
 
 bi-rt}QV or b\-riit' 
 
 be-ii-e' 
 
 bdt-gojig' 
 
 bu'taii 
 
 bQQrt^Qor' 
 
 b'i-d'fra 
 
 b'id-lU'tqk 
 
 b'i-dn'ko 
 
 b'i-ds'ka 
 
 bi-d.i'ko 
 
 bib'b'i-e'no 
 
 bib~bb'na 
 
 b'i-b'e-rdk' 
 
 b'i'be-rdlh 
 
 b'i'be^Ut 
 
 b'i-d'dr 
 
 hi' etch 
 
 bi'la 
 
 biel gd'rnd 
 
 b'iel-d'ya Uer'kov 
 
 bi'le-felt 
 
 b'i-H'la 
 
 b'ie'lo 
 
 b'ie'lo 5'ze-ro 
 
 bie'loe m6're 
 
 b'ie~lo-kd-lit'vensk 
 
 bie-loUh' ' 
 
 b'ie'lo-vodsk' 
 
 ii-c/s/i' 
 
 b'i-Sne' 
 
 b'i-en've-n'i'da 
 b'ir'hu. 
 b'i-er'na 
 b'i'sen 
 
 b'ice'vers-k5ve 
 
 b'i-fer'no 
 
 bin-yds'ko 
 
 b'i-gQQl'ya 
 
 bi-ki'ti 
 
 b'il-bd'o 
 
 b'il-ydrsk' 
 
 bil'le 
 
 bil'les-bor^ 
 
 biVson 
 
 b'il'tin 
 
 bilt'sy 
 
 b]lUs'ber§ 
 
 b'i-nds'ka 
 
 bitig'en 
 
 bin'nin 
 
 bin'nen-bn^t'tel 
 
 b'i-ong-v'ih' 
 
 b'i'o~b'i-o 
 
 bir~kdr-kd' ra 
 
 bir'ddne 
 
 ii'ri 
 
 bir'ken-feli' 
 
 b'ir' ket-eb^an-qqV 
 
 bur'ma 
 
 birn'bd^h 
 
 birn-boum' 
 
 b'i-rniig' 
 
 b'i~ro'ni-ko 
 
 bir'ze 
 
 bink 
 
 bis'kaij 
 
 btsh'shofstlne' 
 
 bUh'shu fs-bQ^r^ 
 
 bisk'sfto fs'Ver'da 
 
 bish'shnfs-lsil' 
 
 bi-zin^ja'no 
 
 bis'sSne 
 
 bis-tr'i-t'i'tsa 
 
 bi^-trit-U5'ra 
 
 bitch'tra 
 
 bt-chi'ka 
 
 bVlesh 
 
 bi-vrre' 
 
 b'i'Uich 
 
 byiftir'ko 
 
 ty^r'kon 
 
 byetir'na 
 
 bymtr'ne-borg 
 
 byeiir' ne-llQlm 
 
 byeur-neu'er 
 
 bWvdnd 
 
 bUck 
 
 bld'dil 
 
 bldng-v'iW 
 bid inong' 
 li bld'ng' 
 bidn'kd 
 bidn'ko 
 ) bldn"ken-bfrl 
 bldn"kat-bQ^^ 
 hUln"ken-h}nt 
 bldn"krn-hlmi 
 bldii"kcn-slinc 
 
 bin 
 
 bls'das 
 bls'gfvm 
 
 Blegno, (Switz.) val. 
 Bleiswyk, (Neih.) 
 Blenheim, or Blendheiro, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 Blevb.ich, (Switz.) 
 Bligh, (Australia) 
 Blois, (Fr.) 
 Bludenz, (.\ustr.) 
 Blue Mountains, (Australia, 
 
 Austral. VV. Ind. Eng. N. 
 
 Am.) 
 
 Blytterswyk, (Neth.) 
 Boback, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bober, (Prus.) r. 
 Bobcrsbere, (Prus.) 
 Bobina, (R.) 
 Bobr, (R.) 
 Bobrinetz, (R.) 
 Robrouisk, (R.) 
 Bobiouska, (R.) 
 Bobrov, (R.) 
 Bobty, (U.) 
 Bocage, (Fr.) 
 Bocclieta Pass, (It.) 
 Bochnia, (Austr.) 
 Bocliolz, (Neth.) 
 Bockelo, (Neth.) 
 Boco, (It.) c. 
 Boda, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bodal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bodago, (.Mex.) 
 Bodenburg, (Ger.) 
 Bodensee, (Ger.) 
 Bodrog, (Austr.) r. 
 Boehiiien, or Bohemia, 
 
 (Austr.) 
 BcEotia, (Gr.) 
 Boeuf 
 
 Bogato, (R.) 
 Eogensee, (Den.) 
 Bogognano, (It.) 
 Bogorodsk, (R.) 
 Bogoroditsk, (R.) 
 Bogoroslan, (R.) 
 Bogota 
 
 Bohernia, or Boehmcn, 
 
 (Austr.) 
 Bohorodezany, (Austr.) 
 Bois le Dun, (Neth.) 
 Boissy S. Leger, (Fr.) 
 Boisne, (Fr.) 
 Boisseuil, (Fr.) • 
 Boitzen, (Den.) 
 Boizenburg, (Ger.) 
 Bojador, (Af.) c. 
 Bojano, (It.) 
 Bokenlin, (Den.) 
 Bokhara, (Tur.) 
 Bocowiec, (Prus.) 
 Bol Solechinki, (R.) 
 Boladore, (It.) 
 Bolivar, (Mex.) 
 Bolivia, (S. Am.) 
 Bolmen, (Sc. Pen.) I 
 Bologna, (Ger.) 
 Bolognese, (It.) 
 Bolsas, (Mex.) r. 
 Bolsena, (It.) 
 Holsena, (It.) I. 
 Uoltigen, (Switz.) 
 Boniba, (It.) 
 Bombay, (Ind.) 
 Bonieni, (R.) 
 Boinmal, (Neth.) 
 Boniniel, (Neth.) 
 liommel Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bommeloe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bonacco, (Mex.) 
 Bonaventure, (Can.) 
 
 Bonboillon, (Fr.) 
 
 Boncbamp, (Kr.) 
 Bonelles, 
 Bonete, (Pen.) 
 Bonifacio, (it.) 
 Bonifacio, Strait of, (It.) 
 Bonilla, (Pen.) 
 Bonita, (Mex.) 
 Bonne, (Fr.) 
 Bonniaipie, (Fr.) 
 Bonniercs, (iV.) 
 Bonny, (Fr.) 
 Bono, (It.) 
 Bonorva, (it.) 
 Bonpas, (l-r.) 
 Bonsai nt, (Neth.) 
 Boraga, (Austr.) 
 lioraas, (Sc. Pen.) 
 liorclioradorf, (Prus.) 
 Iliirdes, (Fr.) 
 Horgholm, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Borgo, (Swiiz.) r. 
 Borgoforle, (It.) 
 Borgsjo, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 bleit'tjo 
 bltce'vike 
 
 bleit'liime or blent' h^me 
 
 blVbdlk 
 
 bli 
 
 blwa 
 
 bl<j(j'dent9 
 
 I bl(ji) moun'taim 
 
 blit'ters-vike 
 
 bi'bdk 
 
 bO'ber 
 
 b^'bers-ber^ 
 
 bo-b'i'nd 
 
 bBbr 
 
 bo-br'i'nett 
 
 bo'brour-uk 
 
 bo-briuts'ka 
 
 bb'broo 
 
 bob'ty 
 
 bo-kdge 
 
 bok'ke'ta 
 
 bolh'ji'i-a 
 
 bolh'hdts 
 
 bqk'ke-lo 
 
 •bo'ko 
 
 bo'da 
 
 ba'ddhl 
 
 bo-dd'go 
 
 b&'den-btjqr^ 
 
 bS'den-ze 
 
 bS'droS-' 
 
 I beu.'mcn 
 
 bS-n'sh'i~a 
 
 buff 
 
 bo-^d'to 
 
 hd'gen-te 
 
 b5-goii-yd'no 
 
 b5' gu-rqiisk' 
 
 b5-go-ro' ditsk 
 
 bO-go^qs'ldn 
 
 bo-g6'ta 
 
 I bo-hS'm'i a 
 
 bH-hd-rS-dc-skU'nt 
 bwa li dUk 
 btBdssV sang le-gi' 
 bwdne 
 
 bwdt-s^-'i or bads-s^ly 
 
 boit'tsen 
 
 boit'tsen-boqr^ 
 
 bd-jd-dure' 
 
 b5-i-d'no 
 
 bo'ken-l'ine 
 
 bqk-hd'ra 
 
 bo-kQ-vyeis' 
 
 bol sb-lc-cbin'ki 
 
 bd-ld-do're 
 
 bS-li-vdr'' 
 
 bo-ti'vi-a 
 
 bql'men 
 
 bo-lqn'ijd or bo-lqng'ntt 
 
 bO-lon-^je'se. 
 
 bol'sd* ' 
 
 bql-se'na 
 
 bgl-se'na 
 
 bql-ti'gm 
 
 bqm'ba 
 
 bqm~bay' 
 
 bS'me-n'{ 
 
 bqm'mdl 
 
 bqm'viel 
 
 bqm'mcl fybrd 
 
 bqm'ineU^' 
 
 bo-iidk'ko 
 
 bqti' d-vdng-t^re 
 ( bqng-bb 'i-qng' or bQng' 
 I bqt-yqng' 
 
 bqng-fhdug' 
 
 bq-itSle' 
 
 bo-ve'le 
 
 bS-ni-f d'tcho 
 
 bS-ni-f d'tcho 
 
 bo-nil'ya 
 
 bb'ni-ta 
 
 bone 
 
 bl-ni-dke' 
 
 bS-ni-ire' 
 
 bo-ni' 
 
 ba'no 
 
 bo-nor'va 
 
 bqng-pd' 
 
 bqng-sAng' 
 
 bo-rd'ga 
 
 bo-rbse' 
 
 bqr'lhnrs-dnrf^ 
 
 bqrde 
 
 bqrg'hqlm' 
 
 bqr'go 
 
 bqr'gS-fqr'tc 
 
 bqrg'sh^ 
 
 Fait, fdr,f fill, viluit, bit.— MlU,jyrttj, help, thtre,hifr. — Plne,marine, btrd,fig. — JVSU, dSise, TiU)ve,viflf,b<iqk, Iqrd. — nne, bjfll, ijiiite. — Fr. long i)ft« ; Fr. abort iil(. 
 
 1333 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Ilorisnv, (R.) 
 Hiiri/.islidwn. (Pius.) 
 Hdrkiilo, (Neth.) 
 Ilorkiiin, (.Will.) 
 liornieo, (Vr.) 
 Hdiinida, (It.) r. 
 Korniio, (ll.) 
 liornhert'iiin, (Neth.) 
 Home, (Nt'tli.) 
 liiiriieo, (biistern Isl.) 
 lionilioiiii, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Iliiriioii, (.^f.) 
 Hdioiliiio, (R.) 
 Iliiros !5elies, (Austr.) 
 liorovitciii, (U.) 
 Horovsk, (11.) 
 Borre(;aaril, (Den.) 
 liorrev, (Aiistr.) 
 Horsele, (.\etli.) 
 IJoisk, (It.) 
 Bos, (Atistr.) 
 liosa, (It.) 
 l!(i.-iCO, (Switz.) 
 Boscone, (It.) 
 Buskain, (Nctli.) 
 Boskuop , 
 Bosnia, (Tiir.) 
 Bosplioriis, (Tiir.) 
 Bostrop, (Oeii.) 
 Bosweyl, (Swit/..)- 
 Bos/.orinenv, (.'\ustr.) 
 notliiiia. Gulf of, (R.) 
 Bothnia, N.&. W. (Sc. Pen.) 
 Bottaro, (It.) isl. 
 Botte, (It.) Lsl. 
 Botzen, (.4ustr.) 
 Boucliain, (Fr.) 
 Bouclieressc, (Fr.) 
 Bouiiri, (Switz.) 
 Bouilly, (Fr.) 
 Houlofnc, (Fr.) 
 Bourbon I.ancy, (Fr.) 
 Bourbon Vendee, (Fr.) 
 Bourbonnoi.-;, (Fr.) 
 Bourhourg, (Kr.) 
 Bourdeaux, (Fr.) 
 Bourdonniere, la, (Fr.) 
 Bonrdonnaye, (Fr.) 
 Bourg, (Switz.) 
 Bourg d'Un, le, (Fr.) 
 Bourganeuf, (Fr.) 
 Bourges, (Fr.) 
 Bourgneuf, (Fr.) 
 Bourgoin, (t r.) 
 Boussac, (Fr.) 
 Bouvignois, (Xetb.) 
 Boveda, (Pen.) 
 Bovcdo, la, (Pen.) 
 Boveret, (Switz.) 
 Bovprnier, (Switz.) 
 Boviano, (It.) 
 Hovino, (It.) 
 Boxnicer, (Netli.) 
 Boxtel, (Ncth.) 
 Bozeiigen, (Switz.) 
 Braade, (Den.) 
 Brabant, N. & S. (Netli.) 
 Braccianno, (It.) 
 Bracciano, (It.) 
 Br.id, (Austr.) 
 Braderiip, (Den.) 
 Br.icschaet, (Neth.) 
 Brahma Pootra, (.As.) r. 
 Brahestad, (R.) 
 Braine, (Fr.) 
 
 Braine le Compte, (Ncth.; 
 Brakenheim, (Oer.) 
 Brain. (Den.) r. 
 Braniois, (Switz.) 
 Brainon, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 Branisclie, (Gcr.) 
 Bratnstedt, (Den ) 
 Branca Nova, (It.) 
 Brancaleone, (It.) 
 Brandi'is, (Austr.) 
 Brandenburg, (Prus.) 
 Brando, (It.) 
 Brannen, (Switz.) 
 Bransk, (R.) 
 Br.askari 
 
 Bratbjerg, (Den.) 
 Brannau, (.\ustr.) 
 Braunsberg, (Prus.) 
 Brazil 
 
 Brazza, (Austr.) !., isU 
 Brechin, (Scot.) 
 Brecknockshire, (Eng.) 
 Breda, (Neth.) 
 Bredevoord, (Netli.) 
 Brec, (Neth.) 
 Brcgeiiz, (Austr.) 
 Bre;;lio, (It.) 
 Breisarh, Old, (Gcr.) 
 Breiniiigegaard, (Den.) 
 
 bd'risnp 
 
 bO'ri-xhl.i-liO'va 
 
 bor'k<!<f-lo 
 
 bijr'k^Qni 
 
 bqr-mt-O' 
 
 bnr-mi'da 
 
 bqr'm'i-o 
 
 born' bir-gqqm 
 
 bor'ne 
 
 bor'iis-o 
 
 born-finlrn* 
 
 bor-ii^Q' 
 
 bu-rf-ili'no 
 
 bd'ro^ nit'hrsse 
 
 bB-TO-vit' cU'i 
 
 bo-rqvsk' 
 
 bqr're-gurd 
 
 bor'reo 
 
 bnr'se-t^ 
 
 bqrsk 
 
 bns 
 
 bo'sa 
 
 bos'ko 
 
 biys-kG'n^ 
 
 bqs'kam 
 
 bos-kSpe' 
 
 bg.i'n'i-a 
 
 bos'fo-rm 
 
 bqn'trop 
 
 bqs'vile 
 
 bq'sliqr-jne-n'i 
 
 bntfi'ni-a 
 
 botJl*n'i-a 
 
 bot-td'ro 
 
 bnt'te 
 
 bqt'sen 
 
 bfj(}-sh&ng^ 
 
 bQgslid-risse' 
 
 b^Q-dr'i' 
 
 bf^jV or bffl-y'f' 
 bQQ-lgny' 
 
 bQi^r-bqni;' I'dng-s'i' 
 bQQr-bqntr' vdng~d^' 
 bQQr-bqn-nwa' 
 bgQr-bQgH 
 b^Qr-dij' 
 
 Id b<i<)r-dqn-n'i-Crt' 
 bQi^dqn-nd' 
 
 le b<i(fr-dAng' 
 
 bQQr-ffd-n^hj' 
 
 bqtjTge' 
 
 btjQr-n^f 
 
 bf^Qr-gicdng' 
 
 bifQS-sdJc' 
 
 bqg-vin-ySa' 
 
 bo-ve'da 
 
 Id bo-ve'do 
 
 bd-vg-re' 
 
 b5-ver-n'i-e' 
 
 bu-v'i-d'no 
 
 bd-vi'no 
 
 boti'mere 
 
 bqks'tei 
 
 bS'tsing-in 
 
 brS'de 
 
 brd'bdnt 
 
 brdt-ch'dn'no 
 
 brdt-chd'no 
 
 brdd 
 
 brd'dp-^Qgp 
 brd'skatc 
 brd'ma pgg'tra 
 brd'fie-stdt 
 brain 
 
 brain lif eqngte' 
 
 brd'kcn-lume 
 
 briim 
 
 brd-mwa* 
 
 brd'mon 
 
 brdm'sht 
 
 brdm'sUt 
 
 brdn'ka nd'va 
 
 brdn'kdle-6'ne 
 
 brdnl'ice 
 
 brdn'din-bggr§ 
 
 brdn'do 
 
 brdn'nen 
 
 brdnsk 
 
 brds-ka^n 
 
 brdl'byer^ 
 
 brau'nou 
 
 brouns'ber^ 
 
 bra-iil' or bra-itV 
 
 brdt'sa 
 
 brrlh'in 
 
 breck'nocksh'ire 
 bre-da' 
 bre'de-fSrd 
 bre 
 
 brt'ginia 
 brfl'yo 
 bri'ialli 
 brVm'Hge-gOrd' 
 
 Bremen, (Gcr.) 
 Breiiierliafen, (Ger.) 
 Brenievoide, (Gcr.) 
 Brendegaard, (Den.) 
 Breno, (It. & Switz.) 
 Brenlo d'Alba, (It.) 
 Brescia, (It.) 
 Bresciano, (It.) 
 Brcscon, Ft. dc, (Fr.) 
 Breskens, (Nctli.) 
 Breslaii, (Prus.) 
 Bressc, (Fr.) 
 Brest, (Fr.) 
 Bretapne, (Fr.) 
 Breteuil, (Fr ) 
 Breuil, le, (Fr.) 
 Bievine, (Switz.) 
 Breznicze, (Austr.) 
 Brezno Banyn, (Austr.) 
 Brian^on, (Fr.) 
 Brie, (Fr.) 
 Brielle, (Neth.) 
 Brienz, (Switz.) 
 Brienz, (Swilz.) 7. 
 Urienne le Chat, (Fr.) 
 Brigels, (Switz.) 
 Brignolles, (Fr.) 
 Briudisi, (It.) 
 Brion, (Fr.) 
 Brione, (Fr.) 
 Brisago, (Switz.) 
 Britannia 
 Britanny, (Fr.) 
 Brives, (Fr.) 
 Brix, (Fr.) 
 Brixen, (.Austr.) 
 Brohy, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Brocca, della, (It.) 
 Brockel, (Ger.) 
 Brockcn, (Ger.) 
 Brockhuiszen, (Neth.) 
 Brody, (Austr.) 
 Brodslev, (Den.) 
 Broglio, (Switz.) 
 Broinherg, (Prus.) 
 Bromley, (Eng.) 
 Bron, (Fr.) 
 Bronkhorst, (Neth.) 
 Bronnit/.i, (R.) 
 Broto, (Pen.) 
 Brouwershaven, (Neth.) 
 B 10 vary, (R.) 
 Bruges, (Fr.) 
 Brugiasco, (Switz.) 
 Brunecken, (.\ustr.) 
 Brunn, (Au>tr.) 
 Brunswick. ; i'.rnun- 
 
 sciuvi'ig, , (';.T.) 
 Bruqiiieiv, la, (Fr.) 
 Brnsa, (Tur.) 
 Brusknw, (Prus.) 
 
 brS'men 
 
 br&'inrr-hd'fen 
 
 bre'mi-fir'dt 
 
 brfn'dz-gorde 
 
 bre'no 
 
 brht'to ddl'ba 
 brt'sha 
 brp-s/td'no 
 f&r dd brts-kong' 
 bred'kens 
 bres'lou 
 br^.-ise 
 br^st 
 br'f-tdny' 
 
 brf-t^-'t or brf-ti'Hty' 
 
 le brd!l-'i or li bn^ty 
 
 br^-v'ine' 
 
 bregh-nt'che 
 
 br^s'no bgnhjo 
 
 br'i-dng-song' 
 
 bri 
 
 bri-tle' 
 
 br'i'cnts 
 
 bri'rnts 
 
 bfi-lne' lit slia 
 
 brVgels 
 
 brin-yOW 
 
 brin'dis'i 
 
 bri-ong' 
 
 bri -One' 
 
 br'i-id'go 
 
 bri-tdn'i-a 
 
 brit'tan-ny 
 
 brice 
 
 bri 
 
 brik'srn 
 brS'bU 
 
 del' la brok'ka 
 
 brgk'kel 
 
 brgk'ken 
 
 brok'lioi'sen 
 
 brgdlh 
 
 brOde'sldve 
 
 hrql'yo 
 
 brnm' bir^ 
 
 brum'ley 
 
 brqng 
 
 brqngk'hgrst 
 bron-nit'ii 
 bri' to 
 
 brou'ers-hd'fen 
 
 br6'Dd-ry 
 
 bril^e 
 
 brgg-djds'ko 
 brgg'nik-ken 
 briln 
 
 j bi-uns'wili or broun'shvl§ 
 
 Id brii-k'i-trc' 
 brgg'sa 
 brggs'ko 
 
 Brussels, [Bruxellcs,] (Neth.) ints'aeis or bruseV 
 
 Briisztura, (Austr.) 
 Brzesc, (Austr.) 
 Brzezany, (Austr.) 
 Brzozovv, (Austr.) 
 Brziichowice, (Austr.) 
 Bublitz, (Prus.) 
 Bucellas, (Pen.) 
 Buchs, (Switz.) 
 Burkow, (Prus.) 
 Biida, or Ofen, (Austr.) 
 Buda, (R.) isl. 
 Budamer, (Austr.) 
 Boodendikghof, (R.) 
 Budweis, (Austr.) 
 Budwilz, (Austr.) 
 Budzanow, (Austr.) 
 Buena Vista, (.Mex.) 
 Buenos Ayres, (S. Am.) 
 BtitTalora Pass, (Switz.) 
 Biihler, (Switz.) 
 Biihlerthal, (Ger.) 
 Bukaria, Little. (As.) 
 Bukke Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Biikowina, (Austr.) 
 Bulgaria, ('I'lir.) 
 Bumiissa, (Austr.) 
 
 brggs-tgg'ra 
 br^-ietcfi' 
 br'-zhe-ibd-ni 
 br*-zlt5sh5 
 br'-tligg-iliB-t'i'tie 
 bgg'bliL^ 
 bgg-tMl'yas 
 bggk3 
 bgg'kS 
 bgg'da, i'fin 
 bgg'da 
 bgg'dd-mere 
 bgg-drn-dik' ghbf 
 bggt'vice 
 bggt'viis 
 bggt'ia'no 
 bgg-e'na v'Is'ta 
 bgg-e'ngs j'rwjc 
 bggf-f d-iS'ra 
 bgg'ler 
 bgg'lfr-tWd 
 bgg-ka' (or ka') r'i-a 
 bngk'ke-fijOrd 
 bgg~k5-v'i' na 
 bggl-gd' (or gd') r'i-a 
 bgg-mds'sa 
 
 Buna Bradden Head, (Scot.) bft'na brdd'dm hid 
 
 Buntzlaii, (Prus.) 
 Burbapucna, (Pen.) 
 Buren, (Switz.) 
 Biirg, (Den. t Neth.) 
 Biirgdorf, (Switz.) 
 Burghausen, (Ger.) 
 Burgia, (It.) 
 Burgos, (Pen.) 
 Burgundf, (Fr.) 
 Burica, (^iex.) 
 Bursa, (Tur.) 
 Biirsztyn, (Austr.) 
 BurzlalT, (Prus.) 
 Busca, (It.) 
 Bussem, (Neth.) 
 
 bggnts'loiL 
 bggr-hd-gs'na 
 bite'ren 
 bggr$ 
 bggri'dnrf 
 bggr^-liou'zm 
 bggrd'ja 
 bqgr'gosst 
 bur-gun'dy 
 bgg-ri'ka 
 bggr'sa 
 bggrs'nne 
 bgqrls'ldf 
 bggs'ka 
 bggs'sem 
 
 Eiisserarh, (Switz.) 
 I!u.ssi, (Switz.) 
 Bussl^i'f, la, (Fr.) 
 Bycn, (Den.) u/. 
 
 bngi'ti-^dlh 
 
 btiasf 
 
 Id biis-d'i-ire* 
 
 biic'cn 
 
 c. 
 
 Cabanes, (Pen.) 
 Calianes, les, (Fr.) 
 Cabarras, (tj. S.) 
 Cabello, (Mex.) 
 Caliiolo, (Switz.) 
 Cabool, «r Cabul, (.As.) 
 Cabovillano, (Pen.) 
 Cabra, (Pen.) 
 Cabra, r. 
 
 Cabras, (Pen. t ft.) 
 Cabras, Sierra de las, (Pen 
 Cabrera, (Pen.) isl. 
 Cabriac, (Fr.) 
 Cabul, or Cabool, (.\3.) 
 Cabiilistan, (As.) 
 Cacalutta, (Mex.) 
 Caceie.";, (Pen.) 
 Cadauj.ic, (Fr.) 
 Cadenazza, (Swilz.) 
 Cadcreite, (Me.x.) 
 Cadiz, (Pen.) 
 Cadsand, (Neth.) 
 Caen, (Fr.) 
 Cacrmartlicn, (Wales) 
 Cagli, (It.) 
 
 Cagliari. (it.) 
 Cagny, (ih.) 
 Cahir, (Ir.) 
 
 Cahors, (Fr.) 
 Cairo, (It. & Eg.) 
 Caithness, (Scot.) 
 C.ajurichi, (Mex.) 
 Cala, Ras el, (It.) 
 Gala, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Calabria, Citra, (It.) 
 
 Calabria, Ultra, (It.) 
 Calaturia. (It.) 
 Calais, (Fr.) 
 t'alais, ( Fr.) drp. 
 Calaiiiocha, (Pen.) 
 Calan<la, (Pen.) 
 Cala.sparra, (Pen.) 
 CalaUib.ilotta, (It.) 
 Cal.atalialotta, (It.) r. 
 Cal.itavatuta, (It.) 
 Caici, (It.) 
 Calcasieu, (V. S?.) 
 CalcutUi, (Ind.) 
 Calderon, Point, (Pen.) 
 Calenberg, (Ger.) 
 Calicut, (Iml.) 
 California, (.V. Am.) 
 Calipso,.(ll.) 
 Callands Oog, (Ncth.) 
 Callao, (Pen.) 
 Callunborg, (Den.) 
 Calore, (It.) r. 
 Caltagir.uie, (Sic.) 
 Calva, (It.) wt. 
 Calvados (Fr.)<if;). 
 Calvados, Kocks of, (Fr.) 
 Calzadilla (Pen.) 
 Caiualoa, (Mex.) 
 Cainbe, la, (Fr.) 
 Cainliodia, i liid.) 
 Caiubray, (I'r.) 
 Cambre'sis le Chat, (Fr.) 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Cambridgeshire, (Eng.) 
 Camenz, (Ger.) 
 Caniillare, rit.) (. 
 Cammin, (Prus.) 
 Cainogask, (Switz.) 
 Campagna, (It.) 
 Campana, (Pen.) r. 
 Campufia, la, (Pen.) 
 Cainpnnella, (It.) c. 
 Cainpeche, ( Mex.) 
 Campcl, (Switz.) 
 Campiglla, (It.) 
 Cainpoforinio, (It.) 
 Campo Rosso, (.Austr.) 
 Camporaghena, (It.) mL 
 Campos Ancos, (Pen.) 
 Canada, (S. Am.) 
 Canada, la, (Mex.) 
 Canada, del Iloyo, (Pen.) 
 Canajoharrie, (U. S.) 
 Canandaigua, {V. S.) 
 Canara, (Ind.) 
 Candaliar, (Ind.) 
 Candrla, (Mex.) 
 Cangas de Onis, (Pen.) 
 
 kd-bd'nestto 
 /£ kd-bdne' 
 ka-bdr' ra,t 
 
 kd-brl'yo or kd-br'yc 
 kd-bi O'lo 
 kd-bi/gV 
 kd-bb-v'il-yd'no 
 kd'bra 
 kd'bra 
 kd'brds 
 ) s'i-rr'ra de Ids kd'brd.' 
 kd-bre'ra 
 kd-br'i-dJ:' 
 kd-bgqV 
 kii-bggl-is-tdn' 
 kd'hd-lggt' la 
 kd' the-re.'ist 
 kd-dO -^dJi' 
 kd-dt-ndl' sa 
 kddr.-rVtf. 
 kd'diin. Eng. kd'dii 
 lidt'idiU 
 kdng 
 
 kifr-jHdr'then 
 kal'yt 
 kaX-yd'fi 
 kdn-y'i' 
 
 kdtt'ltifr or kare 
 kd-ire' 
 
 kd-'i'ro or /.I'm 
 kdUi'nejis 
 kd-Utgg-r'i' (Jii 
 rds el kd'ta 
 kd'la 
 
 Skd-ld'br'i-a cki'tra, Eng. 
 ka-l&'bri-a 
 kd-ld'bri-a ggl'lra 
 kd-ld-fgg'rt-a 
 kd-ia', > „„„ , .„. 
 kd-l6'] I " 
 ka'td'inH'c/ia 
 hd-ldn'da 
 kct-l(is-pdr'ra 
 kd4d-id-I/d'lot'ta 
 ka-ld-fd-bd-ht'ta 
 kd-ld-ta-cd'tQ^'ra 
 kal'chi 
 
 kal'ka~slicu or kuVka-s,'iru 
 
 kal-kut'ta or kal kij^t'ta 
 
 kdVdr-rqn 
 
 ka'Ieti'brr^ 
 
 kal-i-kul' 
 
 kdl-'i-for'nt-a 
 
 kd-tiji'so 
 
 kal'Iduts GZh 
 
 kai-ya'o 
 
 kdlit^Qn-ior^ 
 
 kd'ld're 
 
 kai-td-fi-rO'ni 
 
 kal'va 
 
 kal-vifflos 
 
 kdi-vd'ftas 
 
 kdl-thd-^rtVya 
 
 kd-ma-lO'a 
 
 la kan<[b 
 
 kdin- fur kdm-) bO'tTi-a 
 
 kdnir-bru' 
 
 kdns-br*-i'i' U >Aa 
 
 k3m'hrtilj(! 
 
 kdm' bruljesh'irit 
 
 ka'mtitts 
 
 kd-m'il-ld'ri 
 
 kdm-m'ine' 
 
 kd' mo- frd.sk 
 
 kam-piiit' ya 
 
 kdm-pdn' ijil 
 
 Id kam-jtdn' tja 
 
 kdm-jid'itrl'la 
 
 kaut-pr'che^ Eng. ^am pV- 
 
 kdm' pel [cJi'i 
 
 kdm-ptl'ii't'-a 
 
 kdm 'p o-fqr'm i -o 
 
 kdm'po ro.v'ifl 
 
 kdm-p(t-rd'srf'na 
 
 kdm'po.-i dn'kut 
 
 kdn'a-da 
 
 Id ka'nd-da 
 
 kd')td-<ia dfl 6'yo 
 
 kdn-a-j6 hnr'ri 
 
 kdn-an-dd'g-iea 
 
 kd'nd-ra 
 
 kdn-iia-kOr* 
 
 kdn'df-ta I 
 kdn'ffd d{ O'n'isse 
 
 Fr. long ^ and short *u, nearly as in 5pur. — Final Itfy French I mouUle. — AH,"ger^vi"cious. — g ^is s \n pleasure ; ^ and ffutlunil i ny, liquid; fft as in pitJk. 
 
 167 
 
 HHHHH 
 
 1333 
 
PROiNUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Cannes, (Fr.) 
 Cam), dHl, (Pen.) 
 Cansiadt, ((Jer.) 
 Cantal, (Fr.) dep. 
 Cantarca, (It.) I. 
 Cantire, or Kintyre, (Scot.) 
 Cantotnank, (Austr.) 
 Canton, (As.) 
 Cantos, Fuente de, (Pen.) 
 Caparrosa, (Pen.) 
 Cape Breton, (Can.) isl. 
 Capel, (Den.) isl. 
 Capella, (It.) mt. 
 Capelle, la, (Fr.) 
 Capena, (It.) 
 Capitanata, (It.) 
 Capo di Cagliari, (It.) 
 Capo di Gallo, (It.) 
 Capo di Ponte, (It.) 
 Capo di Sassari, (It.) 
 Cappacio, (It.) 
 Caprer.a, (It.) isl. 
 Capri, (It.) isl. 
 Captieux, (Fr.) 
 Capua, (It.) 
 Caputo Rock, (Pen.) 
 Caracas, (S. Am.) 
 Carainania, (Tur.) 
 Carapelia, (It.) r. 
 Carapelle, (It.) 
 Carapipi, (It.) 
 Caratasca, (Jle.v.) I. 
 Caravaca, (Pen.) 
 Carboni, (It.) 
 Carbonara, (ft.) c. 
 Carcagente, (Pen.) 
 CarcHstillo, (Pen.) 
 Carcans, (Fr.) /. 
 Carcassonne, (Fr.) 
 .Carcelles, (Switz.) 
 Cardenosa, (Pen.) 
 Cardigan, (Eng.) 
 Cardiganshire, (Eng.) 
 Cardinale, fit.) 
 Cardona, (Pen.) 
 Cardosa, el, (Pen.) 
 Carigliano, (It.) r. 
 Carinthia, or Ka;rnthen, i 
 (Aiistr.) i 
 Carizal, el, (Mex.) 
 Carl Johanstad, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Carleton, (Can.) 
 Carlo, Fort, (It.) 
 Carlopago, (Austr.) 
 Carlow, (Ir.) co. 
 Carlowitz, f Austr.) 
 Carlsbad, (Au.str.) 
 Carlsburg, (Austr. & Gar.) 
 Carlshanm, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Carlscrona, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Carlslund, (ben.) 
 Carlsruhe, (Ger.) 
 
 Carlsladt, (Sc. Pen. & Austr.) kdrl'stiii 
 
 kdnne 
 dH kd'tio 
 hdii'sldt 
 kdnir-ial' 
 kdti-tdr'ka 
 han-tire' 
 kdn'to-mdngk' 
 kdn-ton' 
 
 fQQ~en'le de kdn'toa 
 kd-pdr-ro-sa 
 bre-tqng' or brit'on 
 kd'pel 
 kd-pH'la 
 Id kd-pele' 
 kd-pe'na 
 kd-p'i-td-n'd'ta 
 ka'po di kdUyd'r'i 
 kd'po d'i gal'lo 
 ka'pu d'i pon'U 
 kd'po di sds-sd'r'i 
 kdp-pd' clii-o 
 kd-pre'ra 
 kd'pri 
 kdp-si~ew' 
 ka'pQQ-a 
 kd-pQq'to 
 
 kd-rak'ds or kS-rdk'(U 
 kdr-a-md' lii-a 
 kd'rd'pH'la 
 kd'rd-pel'le 
 kd'rd'p'i'p'i 
 kd'rd'tds'ka 
 kd'rd-od'ka 
 kdr-bd'u'i 
 kdr'bo-Jid'ra 
 kdr'kd-^fieit'te 
 kdr-kds-til' I/O 
 kdr-kdng' 
 kdr-kds-son' 
 kdr-sele' 
 kdr'Ue-nd'sa 
 kdr' di~ga:l 
 kdr'di-tran-skzre 
 kdr-di-nd'le 
 kdr-do'na 
 el kdr-du'sa 
 kd-r'iV yi~d-no 
 
 I ka-rin'tlCi-a or kem'tin 
 
 el ka-ri-tKdl or -sdl 
 kdrl yo-hdii'stdd 
 kdrl'ton 
 kdr'lo 
 
 kdr'lo-pd'go 
 kdr' low 
 kdr'lo-cits 
 kdrWbdt 
 kdrls'bQQT^ 
 kdrWlLdini 
 kdrU-kro'na 
 kdrU-l{}<jud' 
 karU-ri^Q' he 
 
 Carinagnola, (It.) 
 Carniel, (Pal.) mU 
 Carmen, (Mex.) isL 
 Carmona, (Pen.) - 
 Carnatic, (Ind.) 
 Carniola, (Austr.) 
 Carolina, (U. S.) 
 Caroniana, Fort, (ft.) 
 Carpatliiaii, (Austr.) mt. 
 Carpentaria, (Austral.) 
 Carrara, (It.) 
 Carreira, (Pen.) 
 Carrlso, (.Me;:.) 
 Cartago, (Mex.) 
 Carvin, (Fr.) 
 Casa del Cuervo, (Pen.) 
 Casa de Serra, (Pen.) 
 Casaccia, (Switz.) 
 Casal Maggiorc, (It.) 
 CiLsale, (It.) 
 
 kar-mdn-y6' la 
 kdr'mel 
 kdr'men 
 kdr-vtO'na 
 
 kar-na't'ik or kar-ndt'ik 
 
 kdr-n'i-O'la 
 
 kar-o-li' (or IV) na 
 
 kd-ro-md' na 
 
 kar-pd' tKi-nn 
 
 kdr-pht~ta'ri-a 
 
 kar-ra'ra 
 
 kdr-rl'ra 
 
 kdr-r'i'.io 
 
 kdr-td'go 
 
 kdr-cang' 
 
 kd'sa dH ktjq-ir'vo 
 
 kd'sa de str'ra 
 
 kd-idl' clii-a 
 
 ka-idl' mdd-g'i-S'rt 
 
 kd-ia'le 
 
 Cas.isde IJ(m Antonio, (Pen.)/ca'iaf de don fin-tO'n'i-o 
 
 CasJiS del Puerto, (Pen.) 
 Cartas Grandefi, (Mex.) 
 Ca.«avieja, (Pen.) 
 Casbin, (Pen.) 
 CaJicanlcn, (Pen.) 
 Cnflcia, (It.) 
 Cn^cio, Point 
 CaHhel, (Ir.) 
 Ca.sliinere, (As.) 
 Caspian Sea, (As.) 
 CanHa, (It.) 
 Cartsel, (Ger.) 
 CaM.tia via, (It.) 
 Ca.itagnclU>, (It.) t. 
 CaHtiignola, (It.) 
 CaHtanuebi, (Mex.) 
 CiiDlel a Mare, (It.) 
 CaHicI a Mare, (It.) g. 
 CanK.l Dorra, (It.) 
 Caiitrl Fninca, (IL) 
 
 ka'sas del pr^Q-i'r'to 
 kri'nas grdii'dease 
 kd'.-id-vi-s'llui 
 kds-biae' 
 ka.-i'kdn'Usse 
 ka'aki-a 
 kd'alii-o 
 kAik'd 
 kAiik-mSrt* 
 kdd'pi-an 
 kd^'tia 
 
 kd.i'afl 
 
 kda'si-a v'i'a 
 kdii-tdn-^irt'to 
 kdjt-taid yo-la 
 kds-td-nQQ-z'la 
 kd.i-lrl' d md'rt 
 kdj) let' d md'rt 
 kilM-trl' da'ri-a 
 kdji-lfV frdn'ka 
 
 Caslel Girt-lfo, (It.) 
 Castcliiau de iWedoc, (Fr.) 
 C.asttfhiaiidary, (Fr.) 
 Castel Novo di Monte, (It.) 
 Ca.stel Vetrano,'(lt.) 
 Castel Volturno, (It.) 
 Ca.stigIione, (It.) 
 Castiglione Fiorente, (It.) 
 Castillo de los Guardias, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Castillon, (Fr.) 
 Castine, (U. S.) 
 Castre, (Netli.) 
 Castres, (Fr.) 
 Castril, Sierra de, (Pen.) 
 Castrillo, (Pen ) 
 Castro, (Pen. & It.) 
 Castro Giovanni, (It.) 
 Castua, (Austr.) 
 Casza. (Austr.) isl. 
 Cataljoola, (U. S.) 
 Catalano, (It.) 
 Catalonisi, (Pen.) 
 Cataniarca, (Am.) 
 Catania, (It.) 
 Catania, (It.) g. 
 Catanzaro, (It.) 
 Catarroja, (Pen.) 
 Cati, (Pen.) 
 Catta.-augiis, (U. S.) 
 Cattaro, (Austr.) 
 Cattegat, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Cattenburg, (Austr.) 
 Caucasus, (II.) 
 Caucasus, (R.) mt. 
 Caussade, (Fr.) 
 Cavado, (Pen.) r. 
 Cavalaire, (Fr.) 
 Cavalerie, la, (Fr.) 
 Cavallo, (It.) c. 
 Cavallo, (It.) isl. 
 Cavan, (Ir.) co. 
 Cavignac, (Fr.) 
 Cavoli, (It.) isl. 
 Cavria, (Au.str.) 
 Cayo, (Mex.) 
 Cayuga, (U. S.) 
 Cazenovia, (V. S.) 
 Ceciano, (It.) 
 Cecilia, (It.) r. 
 Celano, (It.) 
 Celano, (It.) I. 
 Celebes 
 
 Celigny, (Switz.) 
 Celle, (Ger.) 
 Cellette, (Fr.) 
 Cellino, (It ) 
 Cenelos, (Me.x.) 
 Cenis, rit.) mt. 
 Censo di Falcone, (It.) 
 Cento, (It.) 
 Cephalonia, (It.) 
 Ceppo, (It.) r. 
 Cerentino, (Switz.) 
 Cerignola, (It.) 
 Cerigo, (Gr.) 
 Cerisv, (Fr.) 
 •ernay, (Fr.) 
 Cerreto, (It.) 
 Cerro Colbrado, (Mex.) 
 Cerro Gorda, (.Mex.) 
 
 Cerro de S. Claro, (Mex.) | 
 
 Cerros, (Mex.) isl. 
 Cervaro, (It.) r. 
 Cesano, (It.) 
 Cesareo Port, (It.) 
 Ces(me, (It.) r. 
 Cette, (Fr.) 
 Ceva, (It.) 
 Ceylon, (Ind.) 
 Cliaam, (Neth.) 
 Cliabariclia, (K.) 
 Chabarina, (R.) 
 Chabouois, (Fr.) 
 Chahonrsk, (R.) 
 Chagre, (S. Am.) 
 ChafToy, (Fr.) 
 Cliagny, (Fr.) 
 Cliagouta, (U.) r. 
 Cliagovarsk, (R.) 
 Cliadly, (Fr.) 
 Cliaisedien, la, (Fr.) 
 Chak Ooulak, (R.) 
 Clialam, (Fr.) 
 Challut, (Fr.) 
 Cbalonne, (Fr.) 
 Chalons sur Marne, (Fr.) 
 Clialons sur Soane, (Fr.) 
 Cliama, (Mex.) 
 Cliamarga, (.Mex.) 
 Chainbercl, ( Fr.) 
 Cliainliiry, (Fr.) 
 CliaiiibroiH, (Fr.) 
 
 kd.t-tel' grQ-el'fo 
 kas~lel-u6' dc jiie-dqk' 
 kds-ti'l'iiQ-ddr-ri' 
 kds-tH' no'vo d'i inon'te 
 kds-tH' ve-trd'no 
 kds-trl' vql-t^Qv' no 
 kds-til-yo'ne 
 kds-t'il~yo'jte f'i-c-ren'te 
 
 Skds-t'il'yo de los g^Q-dr'- 
 di-ds 
 
 k'ds-t'i-iynng' or kds-t'il- 
 kds-t'iiie' [yon fr' 
 
 kdstr" 
 kdstr" 
 
 s'i~er'ra de k'ds-tr'iV 
 
 kds-tr'il'yo 
 
 kds'tro 
 
 kds'tro j'i-o-vdn'n'i 
 
 kds'tgq-a 
 
 kds'sa 
 
 kdt-a-hQQ'la 
 
 kd-td-la' no 
 
 kd-ta-l6' n'i-a 
 
 kd-td-mdr'ka 
 
 kd-td'n'i~a or ka~t&'n'i-a 
 
 kd-td'iii-a or ka-td'ni-a 
 
 kd-tdrid-zd'ro 
 
 kd-tdr-ro'iiia 
 
 kd'ti 
 
 kdt-td-rau'gu3 
 
 kdt-td'ro 
 
 kdt'te-gdt 
 
 kdt'teiv-bQQr^ 
 
 kau'kd-SQQs or kau'kd-sris 
 
 kau.' kdzsQQs or kau'kd-sus 
 
 kds-sdile' 
 
 kd-va'do 
 
 kd-vd-lSre' 
 
 Id kd-nal-rV 
 
 kd-val'lo 
 
 kdval'lo 
 
 kdv'an 
 
 kd-vin-y'dk^ 
 
 kd-v5'li 
 
 kd-or'i'a 
 
 ka'yo 
 
 kd-yQQ'ga 
 
 kdi~cii-d' v'i-a 
 
 che-cki-d' no 
 
 che~clii' na 
 
 che-la'no 
 
 che-ld'no 
 
 cH'e-bees 
 
 ce-l'-in-yV 
 
 UH'le 
 
 cel4He' 
 
 ektl-li'no 
 
 tfie- (or se-) ne'los 
 
 che'n'isse or ce~n'i' 
 
 chht'zo d'i f dl-k5'ne 
 
 chen'to 
 
 chr-f'd-lo'n'i-a 
 
 chtp'po 
 
 cht-rht-t'i'no 
 
 che-r'in'yo-la 
 
 cker'i-go 
 
 ce-r'i-s'i' 
 
 cer-na' 
 
 cfth'-re'to 
 
 thrr' (or sfr') ro kql-brd'do 
 tti^r' (or ser') ro gnr'da 
 tUer' (or sir') ro de sdn 
 
 lild'ro 
 tJirr' (or sir') roa 
 chir-va'ro 
 che-id' no 
 che-ld-re'o 
 ebe-io'ne 
 citte 
 che'va 
 
 cil-One' or e'i'lon 
 ilialiin 
 
 chd-bd-r'i'cha 
 
 ckd-bd-ri'na 
 
 shd-bo~nwa' 
 
 cha'bunrsk 
 
 skd-gr' 
 
 shdf-fwa' 
 
 shdn-y'i' 
 
 chd-gou'ta 
 
 chd' go-vdrsk 
 
 skd-i-y'i' or shiU-yt' 
 
 Id shdse-di-ifii 
 
 chdk boit'lak 
 
 shd-ldng' 
 
 shdl-le' 
 
 shd-liine' _ 
 shd-lqng' siir rname 
 shd-tqng' sUr sOkn 
 chd'ma 
 chd-mdr' ga 
 skdnif-hre' 
 skdHir.br'i' 
 shdng-tirwa 
 
 Chanibry, (Fr.) 
 Cliampaigne, (Fr.) 
 
 Cliamouny, (Switz.) 
 
 Cliamplain, (Can.) 
 Champoton, (.Mex.) 
 Chapala, (Mex.) 
 Chanceaux, (Fr.) 
 Chantenay, (Fr.) 
 Chantenov, (Fr.) 
 Chapelle,'la, (Fr.) 
 Chapelle Royale, (Fr.) 
 Charente, (Fr.) dep. 
 Charente, Lower, (Fr.) dep. 
 Charenton, (Fr.) 
 Charite, la, (Fr.) 
 Charki, (R.) 
 Cliarlatskoi, (R.) 
 Cliarleniont, (Fr.) 
 Charleroi, (iVeth.) 
 Cliarlottenbcrg, (Prus.) 
 Charlevoix, (U. S.) 
 Charines, (Fr.) 
 Charmey, (Switz.) 
 Charny, (Switz.) 
 CliaroUes, (Fr.) 
 Cliarot, (Fr.) 
 Charriore, (Fr.) 
 Chars, (Fr.) 
 Chartres, (Fr.) 
 Chasseral, (Switz.) jKf. 
 Chasseron, (Switz.) ?nt. 
 Chat la Valierc, rFr.) 
 Chat Ligny, (Fr.; 
 Chalahooche, (IJ. S.) r. 
 Chataignerave, (Fr.) 
 Chatauque, (U. S.) 
 Chateaubourg, (Fr.) 
 Chateaubriant, (Fr.) 
 Chateau Cambresis, (Fr.) 
 Chateau Cliinon, (Fr.) 
 Chateau Loir, (Fr.) 
 Cliateaulin, (Fr.) 
 Chateauneuf, (Fr.) 
 Chateauroux, (Fr.) 
 Chateau Renault, (Fr.) 
 Chateau Salins, (Fr.) 
 Chateau Tliierry, (Fr.) 
 Chatelet, (Neth.) 
 Chatellerault, (Fr.) 
 Chatellier, (Fr.) 
 
 Chatillon, (Fr.)* 
 
 Chatillon en Bazois, (Fr.) 
 Chatillon sur Loire, (Fr.) 
 Chatillon sur Loing, (Fr.) 
 Chatillon sur Indre, (Fr.) 
 Chatillon sur Seine, (Fr.) 
 Cliatre, la, 
 Chatsk, (R.) 
 Chaudenay, (Fr.) 
 Chaudiere, (IJ. S.) 
 Chaumont, (Fr.) 
 Cliaussee, la, (Fr.) 
 Chaux de Fonils, (.Switz.) 
 Chaux du Milieu, (Switz.) 
 Chavignon, (Fr.) 
 Chechkieev, (R.) 
 Cheki, (R.) 
 Cheles, (Pen.) 
 Chelmsford, (Eng.) 
 Clielsea, (Eng.) 
 Cheltenham, (Eng.) 
 Chemille, (Fr.) 
 Chemnitz, ((Jer.) 
 Chenmng, (U. S.) 
 Chenango, (U. S.) 
 Chenisegorsk, fit.) 
 Clienkoursk, (R.) 
 Cliepovska, (R.) 
 Cher, (Fr.) dep. 
 Clieran, (It.) r. 
 Cherbourg, (Fr.) 
 Chermonlanc Glacier, 
 
 (Switz.) 
 Cherokee, (U. S.) 
 Cherso, (Austr.) isl. 
 Chertsey, (Eng.) 
 Chesapeake 
 Chesscaux, (Switz ) 
 Chetchkova, (11.) 
 Clietiniaches, (U. S.) 
 Chevagnes le Roy, (Fr.) 
 Chevenceau, (Fr.) 
 Clieveney, (Switz.) 
 ('lieviot, (Scot.) mt. 
 Chiana, Marsh of, (It.) 
 Chiaro, (It.) mt. 
 Cliiavari, (It.) 
 Chiavenna, or Cicvcn, (It.) 
 Chicapee, or Chicopee, ( U. S. 
 (;hicago, (U. S.) 
 Chichester, (Eng.) 
 Cliichis, (Mex.) 
 
 shdng-br'i' 
 
 shdng-pdinj' 
 ( skd-mff-n't'. Eng. slid- 
 \ in<j<j' ny 
 
 shdiig-pldng'j Eng. chdm- 
 
 chdin-pd'tqii Iptdne' 
 
 ehd-pa'la 
 
 sfidng-so' 
 
 •iUdngt-na* 
 
 ekdngt^nwa 
 
 Id skd-pHe 
 
 sh'd-peU rw'dMj'dM' 
 
 shd-rdngt' 
 
 shd-rdngt' 
 
 shd-rdng-tqng' 
 
 Id shd-r'i~te' 
 
 chdr'k'i 
 
 ckdr-ldls'koi 
 
 shdrl-mqng' 
 
 shdrl-rioa' 
 
 shdr-lyl'teii-ber^ 
 
 shdrle-voy' 
 
 shdrm 
 
 skdr-md.' 
 
 shdr~n'i' 
 
 shd-roW 
 
 shd-ro 
 
 shdr^'i-Hrcf 
 
 shdr 
 
 skartr' 
 
 s/ias-se-rfU' 
 
 slids-rqng 
 
 shd Id im-l'i~Sre' 
 
 sfid iin-y'i' 
 
 chdl-a-hQQ'che 
 
 shd-tdny~rd' 
 
 cha-turo' que 
 
 shd-to-bQQT 
 
 slid-td-bri~'dng' 
 
 sltd-tu' kdng-br-zi' 
 
 siLd-tb' slii-uqug' 
 
 skd-tO' liodr 
 
 shdrl5-ldng' 
 
 shd-to-ndtif 
 
 sha-t5-rqt}' 
 
 shd-to' re-TtH' 
 
 shd-tu' sd-ldiig^ 
 
 skd-tO' li-e-rV 
 
 shdl-la' 
 
 ska-tel-rd' 
 
 shd-til-ti-e' 
 
 \ slid-til-yqng' or skd-t'i-'i- 
 I yong' ' 
 
 skd-t/l-ynng' dng bd-zwa 
 
 shd-til-yqiig' stir liodr 
 
 skd-t'il-yqng' stir lindng 
 
 sUd-til-yqitg' siir dn-dr' 
 
 shd-til-yong' siir sane 
 
 Id slidtr'' 
 
 clidLik 
 
 $k5de-n&' 
 
 sfio-d'i-Src' 
 
 shQ-mong' 
 
 Id sks's-se' 
 
 sh5 de f5ng 
 
 shO dit jn'i-Ti-ed, 
 
 shd-r'in-yong' 
 
 chick' kycev 
 
 che'ki 
 
 cfie'lesse 
 
 cliimz'ford 
 
 chil'sy 
 
 chil'ten-kam or chelt'num 
 she-mi-i' or sh^-m'ily' 
 Zkim'nUs 
 she-mung' 
 she-nan' go 
 che-ni'se-gqrsk 
 chin-kuursk' 
 che-pqv~ska 
 shire 
 ke-rdn' 
 shere-b^qr' 
 
 shSre-mong-tdhn' gl'd- 
 
 s'i-e' 
 chir-o-kec' 
 kir'so 
 chis'st 
 chis'a-pCaJct 
 shes-s6' 
 chitcli'lio-va 
 shit-'i-mdsh' 
 sht-vdny' la rioa 
 she-vdngsH' 
 shive-nd' 
 chiv'i-ot 
 ki-d'na 
 ki-d'ro 
 k'i-i-vd'ri 
 k'i-d-vin'na 
 
 )chil^o-pee' or chik'o-pee 
 sh'i-kffin'go 
 chick' es-tcr 
 clii'ck'is 
 
 Fate, fdr, full, lektfl, biL — Mite, prey , help, Utlre, HHr. — Pine, marine, bUd,fig. — JVBte, dive, mUve, wqlf, bqqk, lord. — Tilne, bull, t;«t(c. — Fr. long vtle ; Fr. short »ii<.— 
 
 1334 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Chicot, (U. S.) 
 Cliienti, (It.) 
 Chievres, (Netli.) 
 Clii^iofrna, (Svvilz,) 
 (Jliihiialiu.'i, (Mcx.) 
 Chili, (S. Am.) 
 Chilicnthe, (IJ. S.) 
 Chilpnriziiign, (Mex.) 
 Chiltepeniie, (iMe.v.) 
 Chimalapan, ?.Mcx.) 
 Chimalipa, (Mex.) 
 Chiinborazo, (S. Am.) 
 China, f As.) 
 Chiiii\ndpRa, (Mex.) 
 Chinese Empire 
 Chinun, ( Fr.) 
 Cliiny, (Neth.) 
 Chippenham, (Eng.) 
 Chippeway, (U. S.) 
 Chinivv, ( Austr.) 
 Chiiisa, (It.) 
 Chiiisano, (It.) 
 Chinsi, (It.) 
 Chlinit/.a, (Aiistr.) 
 ChlisclbiirK, (II.) 
 Clilov, (R.) 
 ChUimctz, (Aiistr.) 
 Chodziesen, (Pr.) 
 Chokchinsk, (It.) 
 Chdimoghory, (R.) 
 Choliila, (Mex.) 
 Chorbi<}W, (Pr.) 
 Chorostkow, (Aiistr.) 
 Chotzen, (Aiistr.) 
 Clioues, (En::.) 
 Christbiir!:, (Pr.) 
 Christiania, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Cliristiansanil, (Sc. IVn.) 
 Christiansfeld, (Den.) 
 Christiansoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Chiistianstadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Christinehainn, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Cliristinestadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Christoval, (Mex.) 
 <.;hiiquisaca, (S. Am.) 
 Cieszanow, (Austr.) 
 Cilicia, (.\s.) 
 Cilician Gates 
 Cimores, (Pen. J 
 Cimbriihanin, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Cimiti, (It.) c. 
 Ciinnne, (It.) 
 Cincinnati, (U. S.) 
 Ciney, (Neth.) 
 Cinlra, (Pen.) 
 Circassia, (R.) 
 Cirencester, (Corn., Eiig.) 
 Citta Nuova, (It.) 
 Citta Vecchia, (It.) 
 Citt.adella, (It.) 
 Ciiidad Real, (Mex.) 
 Ciudari Rodrigo, (Pen.) 
 Ciiiiladela, (Pen.) 
 Cinrana, (Pen.) 
 Civita Vecchia, (It.) 
 Clahheeck, (Neth.) 
 Cladow, (Ger.) 
 Clagpiifiirt, (Austr.) 
 Claiborne, (V. S.) 
 Clan, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Clape, la, (Fr.) 
 Clara, Sa, (Pen.) 
 Clareno, (Switz.) 
 Claro, (Switz.) 
 Clausenburg, (Austr.) 
 Claiisholm, (Uen.) 
 Cl.iiisthal, (Ger.) 
 Clavtte, la, (Fr.) 
 Clei'mont, (Fr.) 
 Cli-mentino, (It.) 
 Clermont, (Fr.) 
 Clermont de Lodeve, (Fr.) 
 Clermont en Argonne, (Fr.) 
 Clermont Fcrrand, (Fr.) 
 Cieven, or Chiavenna, (It.) 
 Cleves, (Ger.) 
 Cleves und Berg, (Ger.) 
 Cliss.i, (Aiistr.) 
 Clithcroc, (Eng.) 
 Clogher, (Ir.) 
 Cloghnakillv, (Ir.) 
 Chisone, (It.) r. 
 Cniin Germana, (Austr.) 
 Cobadonga, (Pen.) 
 Ccblentz, (Ger.) 
 Cobiirc, (Ger.) 
 Cochin, (Hind.) 
 Coclois, (Fr.) 
 Coco, (Mex.) 
 Cocomaricopas, (Mel.) 
 Cocon.ato, (It.) 
 Coilacavallo, (IL) c 
 Cognac, (Fr.) 
 
 slii'ko 
 c/n-rn't'i 
 
 k'id-^on'ya 
 ch'i-QQa'QQd 
 ch'i'li 
 
 chiUi-kcin' e 
 
 cjtil-pdn-tlltn' (or sin'} ga 
 
 eh't-md-ld' pdn 
 ch'i-vid-ti* pa 
 chim-bo-rd' so 
 chi'v.a 
 
 ch'i-ndn-d^'ga 
 chz-nSsc' 
 
 slii-ni' 
 
 chip'num 
 
 chip'pe-ioQy 
 
 ihi'rS 
 
 k'i-<jQ'ia 
 
 k'i-Q<f'zi 
 
 lliH-nU'sa 
 
 IhlV icUbQi^r^ 
 
 cklon 
 
 thl(i(/'mits 
 
 Ikqt'tsi-zen 
 
 ehqk-cli'insk' 
 
 chql-m6tr-k6-Ty 
 
 cho-lQq'ld 
 
 Ihqr'bro 
 
 Ihb-Tosl'ko 
 
 Ihqt'sm 
 
 koiDz 
 
 krist'bi}tyr^ 
 
 krist'i-dUt't-a 
 
 kr'i'sti-dkn-sdnd' 
 
 kri'fli-dkn.i-fitt 
 
 kri'st.'i-dJtns-^ 
 i kri'sti-dhn-stdt or kri- 
 ' sftdfm-stdi 
 
 kfi-stt'iie-ltdmn 
 
 kr'ist'i'ne-xtat 
 
 kfis-td-v'dl' 
 
 chfg-k'i-sd'ka 
 
 ts'i-shd'no 
 
 c'i-lish't-a 
 
 c'i-lish'an 
 
 tKirn'bresse 
 
 cim'bris-hdmn 
 
 chi-mi'Vi 
 
 ch'i-mdht^ 
 
 ctn-cin-nit'l 
 
 c'i-nS' 
 
 tKin'tra 
 
 c'ir-kds'si-a or cir-kis'- 
 
 sis'e-trr [sh'i-a 
 
 ch'il-id' nnq-G'va 
 
 chit-td' vrU'ki-a 
 
 chit-td'dH'la . 
 
 m- (or si ) (/(f-ddd' n-dl' 
 
 tfii-qQ-ddft* rd-dr'i'go 
 
 tKi-qq~ddUU-ta 
 
 thi-qif-rd'Tia 
 
 ch'i'v'i-ta vik'k'i-a 
 
 ktab'baife 
 
 kld'do 
 
 kid' <ren-fqi^i 
 
 kta' borne 
 
 kldhn 
 
 Id kidpe 
 
 stin'tn kld'ra 
 
 kld-re'no 
 
 kld'ro 
 
 klou'zfit-bqqr^ 
 
 klov3-kolm' 
 
 klmut'tdlU 
 
 Id klile 
 
 kU-mgnff' 
 
 klr-mrn-t'i'no 
 
 kl^re-mqntr' 
 
 klSre-mqnt;' d'i IC-dine' 
 
 klere-mqng' dn dr-irdnc' 
 
 klSrc-mqng' fir-rdrtg 
 
 ch'i-r'rfn 
 
 kte'vcsse 
 
 kle'vesse qqnt bir§ 
 
 kl'is'sa 
 
 klM'cr-0 
 
 klo^'hiT 
 
 klq^-na-kiVty 
 
 klqq-zd'nf 
 
 knqq'a [rfr-md'na 
 
 kQ-bd-dqn'ga 
 
 kd'blents 
 
 kQ'bQQT^ 
 
 k^-ch'ine^ 
 kS-klwa' 
 kS'ko 
 
 kS'kd-md-rt-kB'pdt 
 
 kO-kO-nd'to 
 
 kS'dd-kd-v<U'lo 
 
 kqn-ydk' 
 
 Cogdilo Point, (Pen.) 
 Cotpiinas, (It.) r. 
 Coignires, (Fr.) 
 Coinihra, (Pen.) 
 Colberg, (Pr.) 
 CoUmrn, (Neth.) 
 Col de Cabres, (Fr.) vit. 
 Colditz, (Ger.) 
 Coleggio, (ll.) 
 Coligny, (Switz.) 
 Collalto, (It.) 
 Colianzo, (Pen.) 
 Coliares, (Pen.) 
 Colima, (Mex.) 
 Coliniies, (Mex.) 
 Colloroe, fSw.) 
 Colinar, (Fr.) 
 Colnett, (Mex.) c. 
 Cologne, or Kceln, (Ger.) 
 Colombia 
 
 Colorado, rS. Am.) r. 
 Colorados Point, (.Mex.) 
 Colorna, (It.) 
 Cohimbretes, (Pen.) is/. 
 Comaron, (Austr.) 
 Comayagna, (S. Am.) 
 Combeau Fontaine, (Fr.) 
 Coinbrondes, (Fr.) 
 Comero, (It.) mt. 
 Cnmino, (It.) 
 Conio, (It.) 
 Como, (It.) 
 Coinorin, (Hind.) 
 Coniporta, (Pen.) 
 Coiiipostella, (Pcj.) 
 Concontayna, (Pen.) 
 
 Concepcion, (Chili, Am.) 
 
 Concise, (Switz.) 
 Concordia, ( It.) 
 Condi, la, (Fr.) 
 Conegliano, (It.) 
 Congaree, (U. S.) 
 Congleton, (Eng.) 
 Congo, (Af.) 
 Coni, (It.) 
 Connaught, (Ir.) 
 Conn.mx, (Fr.) 
 Connecticut, (U. S.) 
 Connemara, (Ir.) 
 Cuni|iiista, la, (Pen.) 
 Constance, or Constanz, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 Constance, (Switz.) 
 Constance, (Switz.) I. 
 Constantinople, [Stara- 
 
 bool,] (Tur.) 
 Conza, (It.) 
 Coos, (Cr. S.) 
 Cooshatchie, (U. S.) 
 Copenhagen, [Kjobnhavn,] 
 
 (Den.) 
 Copiapo, (S. Am.) 
 Coquet, (Eng.) 
 Coquille, la, rFr.) 
 Cnquinibo, (S. Am.) 
 Corbeil, (Fr.) 
 Corbiire, (Switz.) 
 Cordillera, (Brazil,) mt. 
 Cordouan, (Fr.) t. 
 Cordova, or Hinojosa, (Pen, 
 Corea, (.^s.) 
 Corella, (Pen.) 
 Corfu, (Gr.) isl. 
 Corgemont, (Switz.) 
 Coria, (Pen.) 
 Corinth, (Gr.) 
 Corinthia, (Gr.) 
 Corioli, (It.) 
 Cork, (Ir.) CO. 
 Cormeillcs, (Fr.) 
 Cornellana, (Pen.) 
 Cornia, (It.) r. 
 Corno, (It.) mt. 
 Cornwall, (Eng.) 
 Coronata, (Austr.) is/. 
 Corps, (Fr.) 
 
 Coral lie Almaguer, (Pen.) 
 Corrize, (f'r.) dq>. 
 Corsica, (Fr.) isl. 
 Corso, (It.) c. 
 Corsoer, (Uen.) 
 Corte Figueira, (Pen.) 
 Cortes, (Pen.) 
 Corunna, (Pen.) 
 Corzola, (Austr.) isL 
 Coscia, (It.) isl. 
 Coselitz, 'Prus.) 
 Coshocton, (U. S.) 
 Coslin, (Prus.) 
 Cosse, le Nivier, (Pr.) 
 Cosseir, (Af.) 
 Cossonex, (Switz.) 
 Cotanes, (Pen.) 
 
 kti-frqVyo 
 
 ka-kwVndJ 
 
 htodn-vSre' 
 
 kS-im'bra 
 
 ki'l'biT^ 
 
 kut'bqqrn 
 
 kni de kabr' 
 
 knl'ilits 
 
 kO-lfd'j'i-o 
 
 kS-lin-yt' 
 
 knl-ldl'to 
 
 kS-li-dn't7!o 
 
 kO-ii-d'rRsse 
 
 kO-Wvia 
 
 kS-ti' mi-tsse 
 
 ka'lS-rAi 
 
 knl-mdri 
 
 kql'net 
 
 ku-lumj', k<<iiln, Eng. kS- 
 
 ko-lom'bi-a [ISnc' 
 
 kO-lb-rd'do 
 
 k5-l5-rd'dos 
 
 k5-lqr'na 
 
 kd-lqqm-bre'tesss 
 
 kd-md-roii' 
 
 ko-md-y'd' mod 
 
 kqntr-bo* fong-t&nt^ 
 
 kqniT-brqng-dc' 
 
 kO'inf-ro 
 
 ku-m'i'no 
 
 A'o 'mo 
 
 kO'mo 
 
 kqm'o-rin 
 
 kqm-pqr'ta 
 
 kqm-p5s-tH'ya 
 
 kqn-th^n-tVna 
 I kon-lhrp-tTii-qn' , Eng. 
 \ kon-sfp'skun 
 
 kqng-c'isd 
 
 kqn-kqr' di-a 
 
 Id kqufr-de' 
 
 kS-nel'ijd-no 
 
 kon" gd-ree' 
 
 kon~gl'ton 
 
 kon'go 
 
 ka'ni 
 
 knn'naict 
 
 kqn-Tio' 
 
 kon-nW'i-kut 
 
 knn-ne-md'ra 
 
 Id kqn-k'is'ta 
 
 I kqn-stdnts 
 
 kqn-stdnts or kdng-stdngs' 
 
 kqn-stdnts or kdng-stantrs' 
 I kon-sian-li-no'pU or sldm- 
 i iwi 
 
 knnd'za 
 
 ku'os 
 
 kqqs-hatch'y 
 
 j ko-pen-ha' gen 
 
 ko-p'i-d-pd' 
 kok'el 
 
 Id kS-kt-i' or kB-kily' 
 k'-k'im'bo 
 
 kqr-he-'i or kqr-b{ly 
 kqr-b'i-lrc' 
 kqr-diVvf-ra 
 kqr-dqq-dng' 
 ,) kqr-dh'va 
 kH-re'a 
 kB^H'ya 
 kqr'fyQ 
 k5r£^e-mong* 
 ko'r'i-a 
 kor'inth 
 kB^n'th'i-a 
 kB-rt-6'ti 
 kqrk 
 
 kqr-me-i' or kor-mfly' 
 
 kqr-nel-yd'na 
 
 kqr'n'i-a 
 
 kqr'no 
 
 kqm'wall 
 
 kd-rS-nd'ta 
 
 kdhr 
 
 kS-rdV ie, iU-m'd-ffir' 
 
 kqr^he' 
 
 kqr's'i-ka 
 
 kqr'so 
 
 kqr-zfii'er 
 
 kqr'te fi-gVra 
 
 kqr'tesse 
 
 kO-rqq'na 
 
 kqrd'i5-la 
 
 ko'sh'ia 
 
 k5'ze-!ils 
 
 kos-hok'ton 
 
 kms-l'ine' 
 
 kShsse le ni-v'i-i' 
 
 kossfre' 
 
 kqs'.fd-nex 
 
 k5-td'nesse 
 
 katf dBre 
 kOtr. diie nOhr 
 kilt'lrn 
 
 kO-tii-pdi'i or ko-to-pd' lli'l 
 knt' bqq.<.-ie 
 kqt'triiis 
 
 kqq-yi' or kqqUy'i' 
 
 C3lc d'Or, (Fr.) dr-p. 
 Cutes du Nord, (Fr.) dtp, 
 Cothen, (Prus.) 
 Colopaxi, (S. Am.) 
 Cottliiis, (Prus.) 
 Cottens, (Switz.) 
 Couilly, (Fr.) 
 
 Coulanges tiiir Yonne, (Fr.) kqq-ldng^e sir i-One 
 
 CuU|iois, le, (Fr.) lit kqq-pwa' 
 
 Coiir Chcvemy, (Fr.) kqqr .ihtce-mi' 
 
 Courgenay, (Switz.) kqi)rge-na' 
 
 Coiirland, or Kurland, (R.) kqqr'ldnt 
 
 Coventry, (Eng.) kuo'en^ry 
 
 Covington, (Eng.) kuv'ing-ton 
 
 Cowes, (Eng.) kouz 
 
 Coynn, (Pen.) koi'na 
 
 Cozzolina, (It.) knt-zB-ti'na 
 Cracow, or Krakow, (Austr.) iTd'/io or kr'd-kqqf 
 
 Cran, (Switz.) 
 Crana, (Switz.) 
 Craon, (Fr.) 
 Crasto, (Pen.) 
 Cremona, (It.) 
 CresccntiHo, (It.) 
 Cressy, (Fr.) 
 Creuse, (Fr.) dep. 
 Crimea, (R.) 
 C'rimilschaii, (Ger.) 
 Crissier, (Switz.) 
 Cro.atia, (Aiistr. & Tur.) 
 Croisettes, (Switz.) 
 Croisy la llaye, (Fr.) 
 Croix, (Switz.) 
 Croix Verte, (Fr.) 
 Cronstadt, (R.) 
 Croupii-re, (Fr.) 
 Crustumeriuin, (IL) 
 
 krdne 
 krd'na 
 krd-qng 
 krds'to 
 kr^-mB'na 
 kreshrn-t'i'no 
 kris-sV 
 krtHiae 
 kri!me~a 
 kr'i'mit-ahou 
 kris-si-e' 
 
 krd-d'li-a or kri-i'sha 
 
 krwd-z6tc 
 krmd-zi' Id ha 
 krtpa 
 
 krwa vtrte 
 krdnc'stdt 
 krqq-pi-Sre 
 krqq-dtqq^nc'r'i-qqm 
 
 Cruz de Mudela, Sta. (Pen.) adn'ta krqqttl de rnqq-dglla 
 
 Cruz, Sa, (Pen.) 
 Csaba, (Austr.) 
 Csalm, (Austr.) 
 Cseffa, (Austr.) 
 Csege, (Austr.) 
 Csesztreg, (.^uslr.) 
 Csongrad, (.-\ustr.) 
 Csorna Kapuvar, (Austr.) 
 Csosmond, (Austr.) 
 Csuesa, (Austr.) 
 Cuba, (Pen.) 
 Cucole, (It.) mt. 
 Cudazzoni, (It.) mt, 
 Cucn<;a, (Pen.) 
 Cuerva, (Pen ) 
 Cuevas, las, (Pen.) 
 Cnlla, (Pen.) 
 Cully, (Switz.) 
 Culm, (Austr.) pr. 
 Culinscc, (Prus.) 
 Cumbach, (Ger.) 
 Cumberland, (Eng.) 
 Cunitz, (Ger.) 
 
 sdn'ta krqqtli 
 chOb'bO 
 chidm 
 cheffa 
 ef't'gi 
 chhs'tre^ 
 chqn-grdd' 
 chqr'na kd'pqq^dr' 
 rJiqa-mqnd 
 cliqq-i'sa 
 kqq'ha 
 kqq'kB-U 
 kqq-ddt-zS'n't 
 kqq-rn'sa 
 kqq-er'va 
 Ids kqq-e'v'ds 
 
 knql'ya'- 
 
 kul-li', ku-y'i', or kul-y'i' 
 kqqlm 
 kqqlm'ze 
 kqqvi'bdlh 
 kum'ber-land 
 kqq'niLs 
 
 Cun.|ao, or Cura^oa, (W. | ft,j.,p,,,a'o, Jtu-ra-sS' 
 
 Curdistan, or KoordistaD, j t,tr^i,.t^„, 
 
 Cures, (It.) 
 Curicatore, (It.) 
 Curische Nehrung, (Pru.s.) 
 Curische Half, (Pruii.) 
 
 Cusset, (Fr.) 
 Cussy, (Fr.) 
 Custrin, (Prus.) 
 Cutigliiina, (It.) 
 Cutro, (It.) 
 Cuxhaven, (Ger.) 
 Cuvahoga, (U. S.) 
 Cyilenia, (Gr.) 
 Czakova, (Austr.) 
 Czakvar, (Austr.) 
 Czarnikow, (Prus.) 
 Czarnowo, (Prus.) 
 Czarskoselo, (R.) 
 Czaslau, (Austr.) 
 Czempin, (Prus.) 
 Czenstechau, (R.) 
 Czepedlak, (Austr.) 
 Czernahora, (.\ustr.) 
 Czernowice, (Austr.) 
 Czichen, (Pnis.) 
 Czirknicz, (Austr.) 
 Czortkow, (Austr.) 
 Czueza, (Austr.) 
 
 knq'resse 
 kqq~r't-kd't5'ri 
 kqq'r'i~she n^-rqqngh 
 kqq'ft-sht haf 
 kus-si' 
 ktis-sV 
 kiis-tr'ine' 
 kqq-til-yd'na 
 kqq'tro 
 kqqz'hd-fin 
 ki-a-h6'ga 
 sil-lc'n'i-a 
 tsd-kd'ca 
 tsak'vdr 
 chdHn'i-kqqf 
 ehdr~nqq-vo 
 chdrski' si-Ui 
 tsds'lou 
 ehhn-p'ine' 
 ckenstf'lhou 
 Ut-pid'ldk 
 tser-nd-Ud'ra 
 tschi^r-nO-v'it'si 
 ch'i'lhen 
 ts'irk'nit3 
 chqrt'kqqf 
 ehqq'ctM 
 
 D. 
 
 Dabek, (Prus.) 
 Dacca, (Hind.) 
 Dadizeel, (.N'eth.) 
 D.aelen, (Neth.) 
 Daenemark, or Denmark 
 Dagerhort, (R.) 
 
 da'bfr 
 
 dak'ka 
 
 da'di-ztU 
 
 dd'len 
 
 dS'nt-mirk, din'mltrk 
 dd' grr-hqrt 
 
 Fr. long fii and short »u, nearly as in spur. — Final ly, French / mouiUe. — An" ger, vi"cious. — as s in pleasure ; * and Ih guttural ; ny liquid ; tX as in pith. 
 
 1335 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Dajliestan, (R.) 
 I):iSo, (R.) inl. 
 DahlKii, (Ger.) 
 Dahomey, (Af.) 
 Dakota, (U. S.) 
 Dal, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Dalluirgh, (Scot.) 
 Dalby, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dalecarlia, or Dalama, 
 
 (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dalen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dalfors, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ualhmisie, (U. S.) 
 Dalriiatia, or Dalmazien. 
 
 (Ai:str.) 
 Diilnacardocli, (Scot.) 
 Dalpp, (Switz.) 
 Dr.Uon, (Enp.) 
 Dalya, ( Aiistr.) 
 Dai'ziel, (Scot.) 
 Damascus, (Tiir.) 
 Damaun, (Per.) 
 Daniel, (Fr.) 
 Damietta, (Eg.) 
 Damm, (Priis.) 
 Damm, (Priis.) /. 
 Danimartin, (fr.) 
 Uamine, (Nctli. & Ger.) 
 Dainpier's Archipelago, 
 
 Group, and Strait, 
 
 (Austral.) 
 Dainsdorf, (Den.) 
 Damsig, (Den.) 
 Dnniviile, (Fr.) 
 Daiihiiry, (U. S.) 
 Danilov. (il.) 
 Danilovka, (R.) 
 Dankov, (R.) 
 Dannemarie, (Fr.) 
 ■ Dannemoine, (Fr.) 
 Dantsic, vr Danzig, (Prus.) 
 Danube, or Donau, (Ger.) 
 Daoudputra, (End.) 
 Darda, (Austr.) 
 Dardanelles, or Hellespont, ) 
 
 Strait, (Tur.) j 
 Darfo, ((t.) 
 
 Darfour, or Darfiir, (Af.) 
 
 Dargal, (.\ustralia,) mU 
 
 Dariel, Pass of, (R.) 
 
 Darien, (S. Am.) 
 
 Darmstadt, [Hessen,] (Ger.) 
 
 Daroca, (Pen.) 
 
 Dartmoor F<irest, (Eng.) 
 
 Darluch, (Pen.) c. 
 
 Darwar, (Hind.) 
 
 Dauphine, (Fr.) 
 
 Daverdisse, (iNeth.) 
 
 Davidov, (R.) 
 
 Dayara, (Af.) mt. 
 
 Dax, (Fr.) 
 
 De Bilt, (Neth.) 
 
 De Brack, (Neth.) 
 
 De Chats, (Can.) I. 
 
 De Haai, (Xeth.) 
 
 De Ham. (\eth.) 
 
 De Haulij, (Neth.) 
 
 De Hond, or Western ) 
 
 Scheldt, (Neth.) j 
 De Hiiiise, (.N'etii.) 
 De Kruis Sclians, (Neth.) 
 De K'Jinder, (Neth.) r. 
 De Manren, (iN'eth.) 
 De Meden, (Neth.) 
 De Painpel, (Neth.) 
 De Pol, (Neth.) 
 De Witt's Land, (Austral.) 
 Dead Sea, or Uahr Lut, j 
 
 (Pal.) j 
 Duba, (Pen.) 
 Debretzin, (Austr.) 
 Deccan, (Ind.) 
 Dechkin, (R.) 
 Deda, (Austr.) 
 Dee Meeder, (Neth.) 
 Deelz, (Prus.) 
 Deinhof, (Ger.) 
 Delaware, (N. Am.) 
 Delden, (Neth.) 
 Delderbroek, (.Veth.) 
 Dckiiiara, (It.) 
 Delen, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Delflno Cnstel, (It.) 
 Delft, (Neth.) 
 Delgada Point, (Mei.) 
 Delhi, rind.) 
 Delilscli, (Pru3.) 
 Delos, (Gr.) 
 DcNpcrc, (Switz.) 
 Delta, ( Eg.) 
 Delvino (Auotr.) 
 Dciiiarara, (S. Am.) 
 Demo, (.Ni-th.) r. 
 DerMiiin, ( Aiintr.) 
 
 dd' ghes-t'dn' 
 
 dd'tro 
 
 ddJi'Un 
 ddli' hn-tnay 
 da-ku'ta 
 ddhl 
 
 dqt'bitrg 
 ddt'bii 
 
 dd-le-kir'lt-a or dd'Vdr- 
 
 na 
 dd'len 
 ddVfnrs 
 ddl-hQQ' zy 
 
 ddl-wa'sU'i-a or dal-mS'- 
 
 ts'i-en 
 ddl-na-kdr'doch 
 ddi'pe 
 daVton 
 
 dd'ti-a or d'dVya 
 
 dal'zeel 
 
 dti-mds'kzis 
 
 dor-tnaini' 
 
 dd~ms' 
 
 dd-ini-et'ta 
 
 dd:n 
 
 ddm 
 
 ddm-m'dr-tdn^' 
 ddm'jiic 
 
 dam'peer 
 
 ddms'dorf 
 
 ddm'sig 
 
 ddnS'V'iW 
 
 ddivber-re 
 
 dd'n'i-lov 
 
 d,d-ni'lov'ka 
 
 ddn'kov 
 
 ddii-md-rV 
 
 ddn-mwdne' 
 
 ddiL'tsilh 
 
 ddn'T^i/e or dOhiou 
 
 dd-QQd-ygg'tra 
 
 ddr'da 
 
 ddr-dS-nelli' 
 
 ddr'fo 
 
 ddr'fqijr 
 
 ddr' gal 
 
 dd'r'i-il 
 
 dd'r'i-cn 
 
 ddrm'stdt 
 
 dd-ro'hn 
 
 ddrOmtjfjr 
 
 ddr'tQ^tch 
 
 ddr'war 
 
 do-f'i^ej 
 
 dd'fer-dis' St 
 
 dd'v'i-dov 
 
 dd'ijd-ra 
 
 ddz 
 
 de bill 
 
 de brdck 
 
 de' shd 
 
 de hdlh 
 
 de hdm 
 
 de hoii'le 
 
 de kont 
 
 de hQQjt'se 
 de krois skdns 
 de kohi'dt'r 
 de md'r^n 
 de me'dhi 
 de pdiii'pel 
 de pol 
 de vita 
 
 bdr ItiV 
 
 de'ba 
 
 de' brft-ts'ine' 
 
 dek'kan 
 
 detch-kin' 
 
 de'da 
 
 dt me'der 
 
 det3 
 
 dine'hof 
 deVa-^are 
 
 del'din 
 
 del'der-brQQk 
 
 dz-le-7fid'ra 
 
 de'ien 
 
 del-fi'no 
 
 delft 
 
 d^l^rr'd'da 
 
 drl'm or diVM 
 
 di'liuh 
 
 dt'los 
 
 dfU'pirlh 
 
 dH'ta 
 
 del-vl'no 
 
 dem-ii-rd'ra 
 
 d^'mer 
 
 drm'n't-a 
 
 Den Berg, (Neth.) 
 Den Ilitzert, (Neth.) 
 Den Hoek, (.\eth.) 
 DenhiL'li, (Ir.) ■ 
 Denbighshire, (Eng.) 
 Dender, (Neth.) r. 
 Denia, (Pen.) 
 Denklingen, (Ger.) 
 Denmark, or Danemark 
 Dennevitz, (Prus.) 
 Dennoksenye, (Austr.) 
 Dent de Rlidi, (Switz.) mt. 
 Dent de Morele, (Switz.) mt. 
 Dento, (Austr.) 
 Deptford, (Eng.) 
 Derevaragli, (Ir.) 
 Der Teers, (Netli.) 
 Dernis, (Austr.) 
 Derpt, (R.) 
 Ders, (Austr.) 
 Derval, (Fr.) 
 Dervvent, (Eng.) 
 Derzow, (Prus.) 
 Desaguadero, (!?. Am.) 
 Desconocida Point, (Mex.) 
 Desha, (U. S.) 
 Desidcrada, (W. Ind.) isl. 
 Des iMoines, (U. S.) 
 Desna, (R.) r. 
 Dessau, (Prus.) 
 Detmold, (Ger.) 
 Detroit, (U S.) 
 Dettelbach, (Ger.) 
 Dettingen, (Ger. & Switz.) 
 Deux Fonts, or Zwey- ) 
 bruecken, (Ger.) ( 
 Deva, (Austr.) 
 Develiers, (Switz.) 
 Deventer, (Neth.) 
 Devizes 
 
 Devon, (New Zealand) 
 Devon, North, [Barrow's ) 
 Strait,] (N. Am.) ( 
 Dezna, (Austr.) 
 Dharwp.i, (Hind.) 
 Dherbierts, (Fr.) 
 Dhuy, (Netii.) 
 Diablerctz, (Switz.) 
 Diarbekir, (Tur.) 
 Diamante, (ft.) 
 Diatkovo, (R.) 
 Dibeja, (It.) 
 Dikkebusch, (Neth.) 
 Diekirch, (Neth.) 
 Diromnno, (It.) 
 Die, (Fr.) 
 Die Clus, (Ger.) 
 Diebo'dsau, (Switz.) 
 Dieffelt, (Ger.) 
 Diego, (Alex.) 
 
 Diemens Land, Van, ) 
 (New Zealand) \ 
 Diepenheim, (Neth.) 
 Diepholz, (Ger.) 
 Dieppe, (Fr.) 
 Diesbach, (Switz.) 
 Diessen, ((Jer. &, Switz.) 
 Diest, (Neth.) 
 Dieu, (Fr.) is!. 
 Diciilonard, (Fr.) 
 Dievenbrug, (Neth.) 
 Diozma, (I'en.) 
 Dignac, (Fr.) 
 Dignato, (Austr.) 
 Digne, (Fr.) 
 Digny, (Fr.) 
 Digoin, (Fr.) 
 Dijou, (Fr.) 
 Diknau iMjot, (Af.) 
 Dilleuburg, (Ger.) 
 Dillengen, (Ger.) 
 Dinaburg, (R.) 
 Dinan, (i"r.) 
 Dinaut, (Neth.) 
 Dingelfangen, (Ger.) 
 Dingelstadt, (Prus.) 
 Dinkelsbuhl, (G.-r.) 
 Dinne Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dino, (II.) ivi. 
 Dintenheim, (Ger ) 
 Dinwiddle, (U. S.) 
 Dios Gyor, (Austr.) 
 Dioukova, (R.) 
 Diourinen, (R.) 
 Dipach, (Neth.) 
 Dippcldswald, (Ger.) 
 Dirkshorn, f Neth.) 
 Dirschau, (Prus.) 
 Discliingen, (Gnr.) 
 Disna, (R.) 
 Distaino, (Gr.) 
 Distriana, ( Pen.) 
 Dill, (lnd.)./>. ic isl. 
 Divoitsu, (Austr.) 
 
 dine bi'r^k 
 
 dSne hit'zirt 
 
 dSite hfjtjk 
 
 dhi'be 
 
 den'be-sh'ire 
 
 din'dir 
 
 de'n'i-a 
 
 denk'Un-gen 
 
 dhi'mdrk 
 
 dhi'ne-vits 
 
 dhi'nok-sen'ye 
 
 ddng dc vii-dV 
 
 ddn^T de m5-r^le' 
 
 dhi'io 
 
 det'fiird 
 
 d^r-e-va-rdgh' 
 
 der tehrs 
 
 der'nis 
 
 derpt 
 
 ders 
 
 dir-vW ■ 
 
 dtr'tcejit 
 
 dert'so 
 
 des-d-crw'd-da'ro 
 
 des'kd-no-iJii' (or si') da 
 
 dc.ili-d' 
 
 de's'i-de-r'd'da 
 
 dd-mohif 
 
 des'nd 
 
 des'sou 
 
 det'molt 
 
 Fr. de-trwH 
 
 dft'tH-bdlh 
 
 det't'in-gen 
 
 d^-peng' or tsiel-brxick' - 
 
 en 
 de'va 
 de~ve~l'i-e 
 de'vhi~ttr 
 dc-vVzat 
 dev'on 
 
 div'on 
 
 desh'na 
 d'ldr-icdr' 
 der-b't-ire' 
 dot 
 
 di'dbl-rHz' 
 
 di-dr-bek-'ir' or di-dr-bekr 
 
 d'i'd-mdnUe 
 
 d'i-dt-kd'vo 
 
 dt-be''i-a 
 
 dik'ke-bQQsk^ 
 
 djk'kirlh 
 
 di-ko-Tiid'no 
 
 di 
 
 d'i kl<)<)s 
 d'i' boltr-zou 
 diffHt 
 di-e'go 
 
 v 'dn d'i'mins Idnd' 
 
 di'pen-hlme 
 
 d'ip'kults 
 
 d'i-ep' 
 
 dis'bdih 
 
 d'is'sen 
 
 d'ist 
 
 d'i-eu, 
 
 di-eii'lo-v'dre' 
 d'i'fen-brQqZh' 
 d'i-eth'rna 
 d'iii-jf'dk' 
 
 d'in-yd'to or dM'nd'to 
 
 d'iiKj 
 
 divyy'i' 
 
 d'i-irij-dng' 
 
 d'ik-nait mjdt 
 
 dit'leii'bQQr^ 
 
 djl'leii-g^n 
 
 d'i'ndnhQgr^ 
 
 di-ndng' 
 
 di-iiO' 
 
 ding* el-fan tr^in 
 diiig'H-stdl' 
 diiik'Hs-b<;nV 
 din'ne f'i-ord 
 di'vo 
 
 din'tfn-lilme 
 
 din-tcjd'dij 
 
 di'os jor 
 
 dyou-ki'va 
 
 dvotcr'mtn 
 
 d'i'pdlh 
 
 dip'pHt^-v'dW 
 
 dirLi'liorne 
 
 d'ir'shoit 
 
 di' Mng-in 
 
 d'is'va 
 
 dis-td'mo 
 
 dis-tri-d'na 
 
 di-d 
 
 di- vdji'ta 
 
 I Dixmude, (Neth.) 
 Djavat, (R.) 
 Djura, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dmitriev, (R.) 
 Dmitrievsk, (R.) 
 Dmitrievskoe, (R.) 
 Dmitroy, (R.) 
 Dnieper, (R.) 
 Dniester, (R.) 
 Doab, (Ind.) 
 Dobberan, (Ger.) 
 Dobbertin, (Ger.) 
 Dobrianka, (R.) 
 Dobrokoz, (Austr.) 
 Dobroinil, (Austr.) 
 Dobrzyce, (Prus.) 
 Dockchitsy, (R.) 
 Doeblitz, (Ger.) 
 Doesburg, (Neth.) 
 Doetinchem, (Neth.) 
 Dogliani, (It.) 
 Dognacska, (Austr.) 
 Dole, (Switz.) mt. 
 Dolgelly, (Ir.) 
 Dolghinov, (H.) 
 DolgovkSj (R.) 
 Dolina, (Austr.) 
 Doljitska, (R.) 
 Dolores, (Mex.) 
 Dolores, los, (Mex.) 
 Dolsk, (Prus.) 
 Dolstadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Doltzig, (Prus.) 
 Domanovitchi, (R.) 
 Domau, (Prus.) 
 Dombresson, (Switz.) 
 Jlombroka, (Austr.) 
 Combrovilza, (R.) 
 Donibrowsk, (R.) 
 Domburg, (Neth.) 
 Domdidier, (Switz.) 
 Domfront, (Fr.) 
 Domo d'Ossola, (It.) 
 Domremy, (Fr.) 
 Donmsnoas, (It.) 
 Don, (R.) r. 
 Donaghadee, (Ir.) 
 Donau, or Danube, (Ger.) 
 Donaueschingen, (Ger.) 
 Donauwerth, (Ger.) 
 Doncos, (Pen.) 
 Donegal, (Ir.) • 
 Donga, (Af.) 
 Donga, ( Af.) rat. 
 Dongin, (Switz.) 
 Donaola, (Af.) 
 Donjurn, (Neth.) 
 Don Kossacks, (R.) 
 Donnatto, (It.) 
 Donnersberg, or Mt. Ton- 
 
 nere, (Ger.) 
 Doiiska, (R.) 
 Donzeiiac, (Fr.) 
 Donzere, (Fr.) 
 Doom, (Neth.) 
 Doornspyk, (Neth.) 
 Dora Baitea, (It.) r. 
 Dora Riparia, (It.) r. 
 Dorat, le, (Fr.) 
 Dorchester, (Can.) 
 Diirdogne, (I r.) dep. 
 Dordrecht, (Neth.) 
 Dorfli, (Switz.) 
 Dorgali, (It.) 
 Dormaiis, (Fr.) 
 Dorna, (Austr.) 
 Domes, (Pen.) 
 Dornoch, (Scot.) 
 Dorpat, or Doerpt, (R.) 
 Dorset, (New Zeal.and) 
 Dorsetshire, (Eng.) 
 Dorsgaden, (Den.) 
 Dorsten, (Neth.) 
 Dort, (Neth.) 
 Dos Aguas, (Pen.) 
 Dos Barios, (Pen.) 
 Dosterland, (Netlr.) 
 Dotis, (Austr.) 
 Dotra, (Austr.) 
 Douarnenez, (Fr.) 
 Douay, (Fr.) 
 Doubrka, (Austr.) 
 Doubrovka, (It.) 
 Doubrovsk, (R.) 
 Doulis, (Fr.) r. 
 Doubs, (Fr.) dep. 
 Dou*, (Fr.) 
 Dnukovehina, (R.) 
 Doiilens, (Fr.) 
 Dniilevant, (Fr.) 
 Dounstin, (R.) 
 Dournovsk, (II.) 
 Doiiro, (IVn.Jr. 
 Doiivniioi, (II.) 
 
 diz'mQQ'de 
 
 djd'vdt 
 
 dju'ra 
 
 dm'i'trf-ev 
 
 dm'i'tr'i-evsk' 
 
 dm'i'tr'i-ev'skd^ 
 
 dm'i'trny 
 
 dn'ie'per 
 
 da'ies'ter 
 
 do'db 
 
 dob-be-T'dn' 
 dob-ber-t'in' 
 do-br'i-dn'ka 
 da'brS-kqz' 
 _ do' br5-miiV 
 dSbr-sliit'se 
 dock-ck'il' sy 
 dilt'blits 
 dq<}s' bt)<yr^ 
 dijQ-tin'lhem 
 dol'yd-n'i 
 dog-ndtch'ka 
 dd'le 
 
 dol-geth'hj 
 
 dql-gh'i'nov 
 
 dol~gqv'ka 
 
 do-ti'na 
 
 dqlMts'kd 
 
 dO'ld'resse 
 
 Igs do-l5'resse 
 
 doUk 
 
 dol'stnt 
 
 dolt'tsi^ 
 
 do-md-no'vit'tch'i 
 dd'rnou 
 
 doug-bresse-song 
 
 ddm'brd'ka 
 
 ddm-brd-vit'za 
 
 dom-bro^k' 
 
 dome'bQQr^ 
 
 dong~d'i~d'i-e 
 
 dnng-fron^' 
 
 dd'md dos'.^d-la 
 
 dong-rc-vt'i' 
 
 dd'mgqs^no'ds 
 
 don 
 
 dun-a-Zhd-dec' 
 r. do-non 
 
 do'nou-e'sking-en 
 
 do'nou-virte' 
 
 don'kos 
 
 dqn-e-gaV 
 
 ddn'ga 
 
 doit'ga 
 
 don'jo 
 
 don' go-la 
 
 dqn'yQQm 
 
 don kos-sdcks' 
 
 don-ndt'to 
 ) dqn-ncrs'ber^ or mbng 
 \ tqn-nSrc' 
 
 ddns'ka 
 
 dqng-ze-ndk' 
 
 dqng-z'drc' 
 
 dohm 
 
 dohrn'.^pVcc 
 
 dq'ra bdl~te'a 
 
 dq'ra ri-pd'r'i-a 
 
 I'e dd^a' 
 
 dqr'ckes-ter 
 
 d.or-dony' 
 
 dnrt'relkt 
 
 d'orfti 
 
 ddv-gd'fi 
 
 dor-mdng 
 
 dqr'na 
 
 dor'nesse 
 
 dor-nuk' 
 
 dor'pdt or dqrpt 
 
 dqr'sct 
 
 dqr'set-sh'ire 
 
 ddhrs'gd-den 
 
 dnr'sten 
 
 dort 
 
 dos d'lr^i^-ds 
 
 dos bd-r'i'os 
 
 dOs'ter-ldnt' 
 
 dS'tis 
 
 dO'trd 
 
 d^Q-dm-ns' 
 
 df(>-B.' 
 
 d<f<}br'ka 
 
 dou-brgo'ka 
 
 dou-brntisk' 
 
 dQQbi 
 
 dQQbz 
 
 dw-e' 
 
 dou-k3-v{-h'i'na 
 
 dgo-ldiig' 
 
 dQif-le-vdng' 
 
 donn-.ttiu' 
 
 doiir-novsk' 
 
 dt^f^'ro 
 
 don'vd-noi 
 
 Fair,/ttr,fifU,tpluit,idU — MlU, prty,hilp, thire,hi!r. — Plne,marine, bird, fig. — JVete, dSve, mVve,u>ttf, 6(iff*. lQrd. — TVne, bull, ynitc — Fr. long i)ft«; Fr. short but. — 
 
 1X36 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Douve, (Fr.) r. 
 Dovre, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Uovre Field, (Sc. Pen ) 
 Dowlatiibad, (Hind ) 
 Down, (Ir.) co. 
 Doyel, (Fr.) 
 Draaby, (Oen.) 
 Dragoncella, (It.) 
 Dra^oncra, (Pen.) isl. 
 Draston, (Neth.) 
 Drasuignan, (Fr ) 
 Drambiirg, (Prus.) 
 Dranimuii, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dranze, (It.) r. 
 Drausen, (Prus.) /. 
 Drave, (Austr.) r. 
 Draxliolm, (Den.) 
 Dri'isen, (Prus.) 
 Drensteinfiirtli, (Ger.) 
 Drenthe, (Ncth.) 
 Drepko, (Prus.) 
 Dresden, (Ger.) 
 Dn u.x, (Fr.) 
 Drewitz, (Prus.) 
 Drevoe, (Den.) isl. 
 Dribiirda, (Neth.) 
 Drillo, (It.) r. 
 Drissa, (li.) 
 Driltneeste, (Ger.) 
 Drul)akka, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Drogp, (Prus.) r. 
 Droslieda, (Ir.) 
 Dniitwich, (Eng.) 
 Drome, (Fr.) r. 
 Drouie, (Fr.) dep. 
 Dronipierre, (Swit/..) 
 Drontheini, or Trondhjcin, 
 
 (Sc. Pen.) 
 Drosendorf, (Austr.) 
 Drosselber;:, (Den.) 
 Drossen, (Prus.) 
 Drouc, (Fr.) 
 Drngoac, (Fr.) 
 Druling-n, (Fr.) 
 Druininon C.istle, (Netli.) 
 Druminond, (Can.) 
 Drusenheim, (Fr.) 
 Duhdendorf, (Svvitz.) 
 Dubicza, (Austr.) 
 Dubiecko, (Austr.) 
 Dublin, (Ir.) 
 Duluivac, (Austr.) 
 Dubrovka, (K.) 
 Dubuque, (U. S.) 
 Dubusknro, (R.) 
 Ducali, (It.) c. 
 Duckcrow, (Prus.) 
 Dudeldorf, (Ger.) 
 Dudzeele, (Neth.) 
 Duejra, (It.) 
 Duerne, (Fr.) 
 Duffel, (.\etli.) 
 Dugato, (It.) 
 Duida, (S. .\m.) mt. 
 Duina, (Ausir.) c. 
 Duiveland, (.\'eth.) 
 Duiven, (Ni tli.) 
 Dukella, (Af.) 
 Dukia, (Austr.) 
 Dulce, (.Me)c.) & Z. 
 Dulwich, (Kng.) 
 Duinbcrtonsliire, (Scot.) 
 Duinel, (Fr.) isl. 
 Duniel, (Ger.) r. 
 Dumfries, (Scot.) co. 
 Dun, (Fr.) 
 Dundal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Dundalk, (Ir.) 
 Dundas, (Can.) 
 Dundee, (Scot.) 
 Dunderstadt, (Ger.) 
 Duiigannon, (Ir.) 
 Dunkirk, or Dunkirchcn, 
 
 (Fr.) 
 
 Dunnamaragh, (Ir.) 
 Durango, (Mex. & Pen.) 
 Duranno, (It.) 
 Durasno, (Mex.) 
 Durbuv, (Neth.) 
 Durdat, (Fr.) 
 Durham, (Eng. Can.) 
 Durlach, (Ger.) 
 Dusseldorf, (Ger.) 
 Dussen, (Neth.) 
 Duszno, (Prus.) 
 Dvina, (R.) r. 
 Dyle, (Neth.) 
 Dynapoor, (Hind.) 
 Dyxrenroth, (Switz.) 
 
 M'cra 
 iia'vrd fihU 
 dou' likrta-bcUi' 
 down 
 do-i/c' 
 drO'tiu 
 
 drd* trtjn-chrVla 
 
 drd-ffO-nf'ra 
 
 drdih'ton 
 
 drd-irh'in-y'dn' 
 
 dr'dm'bQi)r^ 
 
 drdni'mt'it 
 
 drdnd'ze 
 
 drou'zen 
 
 drdve 
 
 drdz-holm' 
 
 drVim 
 
 drhi'^^tlne-f^^rt' 
 
 drhi'te 
 
 drfp'ko 
 
 drGs'den or drei'den 
 
 drcu 
 
 drf'rits 
 
 drt'eu. 
 
 dr'l-bffr'da 
 
 drit'lo 
 
 dr'is'sa 
 
 drit'ge'stt 
 
 drS-idk'ka 
 
 drG'tre 
 
 droh'hc-da 
 
 droit' itch 
 
 drdme 
 
 drdme 
 
 drnnir-p'i-Src' 
 dront'hime 
 
 drS'zen-dorf 
 
 dros'sH-brr^ 
 
 drnsUen 
 
 drQQ-e' 
 
 dru-sdk' 
 
 dr(i(i'lin!;-m 
 
 drQftm' mnn 
 
 drurn-mon'r' 
 
 drQQ'zen-himf. 
 
 dt}ijb' drn-dorf 
 
 d^Q-b'it'cha 
 
 dQQ-b'i-e'ko 
 
 dub'lin 
 
 dQf-bd r'dk' 
 
 du-brqv'ka 
 
 du-b()<jk' or dti-bflqut' 
 
 du-biis-ku'ro-' 
 
 di/if-kd'ti 
 
 dQ^k' ke-ro 
 
 d<)()' dfl-dorf 
 
 di}q-Vra 
 
 dii-im' 
 
 dQvfftl 
 
 dfQ-gd'to 
 
 dff-i'da 
 
 dff-'i'na 
 
 doi'fe-ldnt 
 
 doi'fen 
 
 di^Q-keVya 
 
 di}i}'kla 
 
 dQQl'tKt (or »5) 
 did'itch 
 
 ditm'bfr-ton-sh'ire 
 du-mH' 
 di^q'mH 
 dnm-fretctf 
 dfima 
 diin'ddhl 
 dan-dalk' 
 dAnrrda' 
 dun-dee' 
 dt^qn'der-st'dt 
 dun-tran'non 
 \ dAn-kirk' or diin'ktr- 
 
 dun' na-md-rdgh' 
 
 di^q-rdn'jro 
 
 dQQ-rdnhto 
 
 dQQ-rds'no 
 
 d<^Qr'boi 
 
 diir-da' 
 
 dur'ham 
 
 dQQr'ldih 
 
 dus' sfl'dorf 
 
 dus'sen 
 
 dgi^h'no 
 
 diD'i'na 
 
 dtle 
 
 dy-na-pQQr* 
 diz'rin-rSU 
 
 E. 
 
 East India 
 F.auze, (Fr.) 
 F.bbelvkke, (Den.) 
 Ebeltoft, (Den.) 
 Ebeltofl, (Den.) ^. 
 Eberbach, (Ger.) 
 Ehei-sfeld, (Ger.) 
 Ebersvvalde, (Ger.) 
 Ebesfalva, (.^ustr.) 
 Ebis, (Switz.) 
 Ebrach, (Ger.) 
 Ehrach liurg, (Ger.) 
 Ebrach Kauhe, (Ger.) 
 Ebrach Reiche, (Ger.) r. 
 Ebro, (Pen.) 
 
 Ebsambul, (A.f.) 
 
 Eccica, (It.) isl. 
 Eccli'sfechan, (Scot.) 
 Echten, (Neth.) 
 Erhtern.ich, (Neth.) 
 Ecija, (Pen.) 
 Eckartsberg, (Prus.) 
 Eckernforde, (Den.) 
 Eckernforde Haven, (Den.) 
 Ecknmhl, ur Eggmubl, (Ger. 
 Eclcjse, (Fr.) 
 Eoonioy, (Er.) 
 Ecouis, (Fr.) 
 Ecri hou Rocks, (Fr.) 
 Ecuador, or Equator, (S. 
 
 Am.) 
 F.dam, (Neth.) 
 Ede, (Neth.) 
 Edeforssen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Edcl's Land, (Austral.) 
 Edenhall, (Eng.) 
 Eder, (Ger.) r. 
 Edgecomb 
 Ediatsk, (R.) 
 Edinbursrli, (Scot) 
 Edir, (Tur.) 
 Edisto, (U. S.) 
 Eduinia, (Pal.) 
 Eeldc, (Neth.) 
 Eelde Til, (Neth.) 
 Eeni TU, (Neth.) 
 Eerdcn, (Neth.) 
 Eerzel, (Neth.) 
 Elat, (Af.) 
 Etferden, (Austr.) 
 Egelshofen. (Switz.) 
 Egcniark, (Den.) 
 Eger, (Ger. & Austr.) 
 Eger, (Austr.) r. 
 Egeri, (Switz.) 
 Egeri, (Switz.) I. 
 Egerlingen, (Switz.) 
 Egerslieim, (Fr.) 
 Egersund, (.Sc. Pen.) 
 Egerberg, (.Switz.) 
 Eggcn, (Switz.) 
 Eggiweiler, (Switz.) 
 Eulecht, (U.) 
 Egletons, (Fr.) 
 Egniond.aan Zee, (Neth.) 
 Egmont-binnen, (Neth.) 
 Egmont, or Taranaki, 
 
 (New Zealand) mt, 
 Egypt 
 
 Ehrenbreitstein, (Ger.) 
 Ehrenburg, (Ger.) 
 Ehrendingen, (Switz.) 
 Eibenstock, (Ger.) 
 Eichstadt, (Get.) 
 Eiderstadt, (Den.) 
 Eila, (R.) ml. 
 Einansau, (R.) r. 
 Eindhoven, (.Neth.) 
 Einersdal, (be. Pen.) 
 Einsiedeln, (Switz.) 
 Eisach, (Austr.) r. 
 Eisbach, (Ger.) 
 Eisenach, (Ger.) 
 Eiscndorf, (Ger.) 
 Eiskoe, (R.) 
 Eislebcn, (Ger.) 
 Eixen, (Prus.) 
 Ek.aterinburg, (R.) 
 Ekaterinigorad, (R.) 
 Ekaterininsk, (R.) 
 Ekaterinoslav, (R.) 
 Ekerberga, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ekcsjo, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ekotrovska, (R.) 
 Elatma 
 
 El Plan, (Pen.; 
 El VVah, or Great Oasis, 
 (Eg.) 
 
 yi'ji-a 
 
 eb'bf.-lik'kf 
 
 H'bei-lojl 
 
 e'be'.-tofl 
 
 i'ber-ba^h 
 
 S'bers-fclt 
 
 I'bers-vdl'de 
 
 t'biss-fdX'ia 
 
 e'bis 
 
 (-brd^h 
 
 fi-brdlh bijQr^ 
 
 t-brd?k rou'he 
 
 e-brdlk rl'lht 
 
 e'bro 
 
 ( cb-sdm'b()<)l or ib-sAm- 
 
 \ hoi' 
 
 ef'ch'i-ka 
 ek-kVs-fnii'an 
 elh'ten 
 ick'trr-ndik 
 e-tHi'lUa 
 ik'kdrts-bh-^ 
 ek' kern-fAr' dt 
 ek'kfm-ffiir'd{ 
 ) ek'mdhi 
 e-kldzc' 
 g-Afl-mtca' 
 £-*•??-■*' 
 e-kre-^f' 
 
 j ek-icd-dOrc' 
 
 e'ddm 
 I'dr 
 
 t'df-fnrs'sin 
 
 e'dcU 
 
 C'den-hall 
 
 e'dir 
 
 ffkum 
 
 e-di-dlsk' 
 
 id'in-bur^O or ed'in-bur§ 
 
 e'dir 
 
 ed'is-to 
 
 e-dii<f' mi-a 
 
 ei'de 
 
 ei'de til 
 
 tmr. til 
 
 ^r'dcn 
 
 (r'zcl 
 
 t'fdt 
 
 fffi-r-drn 
 
 e'lrels-h^'fen 
 
 e'trf.mdrk 
 
 e'cier 
 
 e'ge-r* 
 
 i'gt-r'i 
 
 e'irer-ltntr-en 
 
 e'grrS'/ilme 
 
 e' ghr-zi^Qnd 
 
 f'trrr-btr^ 
 
 eg'gcn 
 
 if' tr'i-vVlcr 
 
 fiT-lilht 
 
 (•rl'tonir 
 
 f?h-mOn'ddJin-ie 
 
 elh'inqnt-b'in' nin 
 
 I elh'mnnt or td-rd-nd'k'i 
 e'jipt 
 
 S'rrn-brtte-stlne' 
 
 C'rfn-b^Qr^ 
 
 e'ren-dinrr-hi 
 
 I'bhi-stok 
 
 Wi'stdl 
 
 i'der-stdt 
 
 I'la 
 
 Vndn-zou 
 
 Int'kO-frn 
 
 Vners-ddhl 
 
 In'zi-diln 
 
 I'zdlk 
 
 Is'bdlk 
 
 i'zf-ndlk 
 
 I'zen-dorf 
 
 Is-kdh ' 
 
 is'lS-ben 
 
 ik'sen 
 
 e-kdt'e-yin-hf^^' 
 
 e-kdt-t-rin-i-gd'rad 
 
 t-kd'tt-rin-'insk' 
 
 t-kdt-e-r'i nns'ldv 
 
 ^.kfr-btr' ga 
 
 {'kt-shA 
 
 i-kd-trov'ska 
 
 e-ldt'ma 
 
 el pldn 
 
 I eladA' 
 
 El Wall el Ghurbi, or 
 
 Lesser Oasis, (Eg.) 
 Elateah, (Gr.) mt. 
 Elba, (It.) «/. 
 Elbe, or Elb, (Ger.) r. 
 Elbcrfeld, (Ger.) 
 Elheu, (Fr.) 
 Elbing, (Prus.) 
 Elbrouz, (R.) wf. 
 Elbur, (Per.) mt. 
 Elburg, (Nelh.) 
 Elchanca, (U.) 
 Elche, (Pen.) 
 Elchingen, (Ger.) 
 Elda, (Pen.) 
 Elde, (Ger.) r. 
 Elden, (Neth.) 
 Elenovsk, (R.) 
 Eletot, (Fr.) 
 Eleusis, (Gr.) h. 
 Eleiithera, (W. Ind.) isl. 
 Elfkarloby, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Elfros, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Elfvedal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Elga, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Elgg, (Switz.) 
 
 Elgin, or Morayshire, (Scot.) elf^'in 
 
 I H wdh' il ghur'n 
 
 C-ld-ti'a 
 iVba 
 
 el'bt or ill 
 
 il'ber-fiU 
 
 il'bet 
 
 il'bing 
 
 iVbroui 
 
 H'bAr 
 
 el'btufr^ 
 
 il-chitn'ka 
 
 el'chc 
 
 il'l/iing-in 
 
 fl'dd 
 
 il'dt 
 
 el'dm 
 
 e'le-nnrsk 
 
 l-l't-to' 
 
 e-lfi'sis 
 
 el-fl'thera 
 
 elf kdr-ti-bi' 
 
 elfroze 
 
 ei'et-dM 
 
 il'ga 
 
 Elis, (Gr.) 
 Elizavetpol, (R.) 
 Ellada, (Gr.) r. 
 Ellingegaard, (Den.) 
 Elhvangim, (Ger.) 
 Elm, (Ger.) 
 Elovaika, (R.) 
 Elp, (Nelh.) 
 Elpidio, (It.) 
 Elsa, (It.) r. 
 Eliant, (Fr.) 
 Elsinore, or Ilelsingoer, 
 
 (Den.) 
 Elspeel, (Neth.) 
 Elstcr, (Prus.) r. 
 El.-iterwarda, (Prus.) 
 Elvedal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 EIz, (Neth.) r. 
 Elzach, (Ger.) 
 Elze, (Ger.) 
 Ematsbach, (Ger.) 
 Embn, (As.) g. 
 Emba, ? As.) r. 
 Embrach, (Neth.) 
 Embrun, (Fr.) 
 Emd, (Switz.) 
 Emden, (Ger.) 
 Euieln, (Ger.) 
 Emnien, (Switz. k Neth.) 
 
 EniHii (•'•) 
 Ems, (Ger. Neth.) 
 Enara, (R.) 
 
 Encanizado de Murcia, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Endel.avc, (Den.' isl. 
 Endovirhtcha, (R.) 
 
 e'lit 
 eti-tU-vit'pol 
 et Id' da 
 el'ling-t-gtrdt 
 eVwdng-en 
 elm 
 
 e-lo-vdt'ka 
 Hp 
 
 il-pi'di-o 
 
 il'sa 
 
 H-sdng' 
 
 I el's'i-Tidre, hil-sir.g Air' 
 
 il'spde 
 eVsler 
 
 el'strr-rdr'da 
 
 elfddU 
 
 ells 
 
 il'tsd^h 
 el'lsf 
 
 e'mdts-bd!k 
 
 em'ba 
 
 em'ba 
 
 em'brd^h 
 
 dngbrAng' 
 
 emd 
 
 em'den 
 
 e'mHn 
 
 em'mrn 
 
 em'pd-ti 
 
 ems 
 
 e-nd'ra 
 I en'kd-n'i-tlld'da rf{ m^^'- 
 j tJti-a 
 
 en'de-ld're 
 
 en-do -rjrJtt'rha 
 
 Endraclit's Land, (Austral.) ehn'drdfhts Idnt 
 Eiieanizado de Mucir, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Eneboe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Eneda, (Switz.) 
 Engelberg, (.Switz.) 
 Engt lliartzell, (Au.<tr.) 
 Engelholin, Sc. Pen.) 
 Engen, (Ger.) 
 Enger, (Ger.) 
 Enghien, (Neth.) 
 England 
 Enguera, Pen.) 
 Enkhuizen, (.Neth.) 
 Enkoping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ennctbubl, (Switz.) 
 Enniscorihy, (Ir.) 
 Eimiskillen, (Ir.) 
 Enns, (Austr.) r. 
 Eiui, (R.) 
 Enontekeis, (R.) 
 Enter, (Neth.) 
 Eritlibiich, (Switz.) 
 Entr.iaas, (Pen.) 
 Entragues, (Fr.) 
 
 ie'ne-d-n'iAlid'do dj rnQQ- 
 ' IKir' 
 e'ne bo 
 i-ni'da 
 eng-el-brr^ 
 en<r-el'hdrt'tsiV 
 eng-rl'hOlm' 
 eufr'en 
 eng'rr 
 dug' gf-Ang 
 ing' gland 
 tn-ge'ra 
 enk'hoi-zm 
 ehn-ehA'ping 
 fn'net'b^Ql 
 en-nis-knr'thy 
 en-nis-kiVlen 
 ens 
 i'no 
 
 e-nnn'te-klse 
 en'ter 
 
 int'tibi^h 
 en-trd'das 
 dnt-trdg' 
 
 Entre Douro e Minho, (Pen.) en'tre dn<j'ro j miin'ya 
 Entre Rins, (S. Am.) ' ' 
 
 Eiitrec.asieaux, d', (N. 
 
 Zeal.) ch. 
 Entrev.uix, d', (Fr.) 
 Envike, (Austr.) 
 Enz, (Ger. Neth.) 
 Ep.iuvillers, (Switz.) 
 Epe, (Neth.) 
 Epemay, (Fr.) 
 Epernon, (Fr.) 
 Epidauros, (Gr.) 
 Epidauros Limera, (Gr.) 
 Epila, (Pen.) 
 Epinal, (Fr.) 
 Epinc, (Fr.) 
 
 rn'tri ri'os 
 ddngtr'kds-to' 
 
 in'y'i-k^ 
 ents 
 
 e-pS-Ti-i-ye' or (-pS-e'i/'yj 
 
 i'pe 
 
 i-pir-nS.' 
 
 e-pfr-nqng' 
 
 e-pi-dau'ros 
 
 e-p'i-dou'rot ti-m^'ra 
 
 t' pi-la 
 
 t-pi-ndl' 
 
 t-pitu 
 
 Ft. long A and short ed, nearly as in spur. — Pinal ly, French / mouiUe tn"ger, vi"eu>us. — ^ as « in pltasurt ; ^ and Ih guttural ; ny liquid ; tX as in pith. 
 
 168 
 
 ![ H H H H' 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Equator, or Ecuador, j 
 (Ccntr. Am.) j 
 
 Er, (Fr.) 
 
 Er.1, (11.) r. 
 
 Erasmo, Fort, (It.) 
 
 Erlia Spina, (It.) 
 
 Erbach, (Ger.) 
 
 Ercole, (It.) isl. 
 
 Erek, (Aiistr.) 
 
 Eretria, (Gr.) 
 
 Erfa, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Erfurt, (Prus.) 
 
 Eria, (It.) r. 
 
 Ericeyra, (Pen.) 
 
 Erick, (Switz.) 
 
 Erigiie, (Fr.) 
 
 Erivan, (R.) 
 
 Erivelde, (Neth.) 
 
 Erlaa, (R.) 
 
 Eriach, (Switz.) 
 
 Erl.it', (Aiistr.) r. 
 
 Erlau, (Austr.) 
 
 Eriau, (Austr.) r. 
 
 Eriangen, (Ger.) 
 
 Erlhacli, (Ger.) 
 
 Erieiibacli, (S'.vitz.) 
 
 Ermatingen, (Switz.) 
 
 Errnelo, (Neth.) 
 
 Erne, Longli, (Ir.) 
 
 Ernee, (Fr.) 
 
 Err, (Austr.) r. 
 
 Erschweiler, (Switz.) 
 
 Ervedeira (Pen.) 
 
 Erviilers, (Fr.) 
 
 Ervy, (Fr.) 
 
 Erz Gebirge, (Austr.) 
 
 Erzen, (Ger.) 
 
 Erzeroom, (Tur.) 
 
 Escaciilles, (Fr.) 
 
 Escalao, (Pen.) 
 
 Escaro, (It.) 
 
 Escli, (Neth.) 
 
 Esche, (Switz.) 
 
 EscheMes, les, (Fr.) 
 
 E^cherhausen, (Ger.) 
 
 Escholzmatt, (Switz.) 
 
 Escombrera, (Pen.) isl. 
 
 Escorial, el, (Pen.) 
 
 Eseucho, (Pen.) 
 
 Esens, (Ger.) 
 
 Esgiiiva, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Eslioot, (Af.) 
 
 Esino, (It.) r. 
 
 E-ikilstuna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Esne, (Eg.) 
 
 Esnon, (Fr.) 
 
 Espalion, (Fr.) 
 
 Espabnador, (Pen.) isl. 
 
 E^panillo, (Pen.) 
 
 Espinar, (Pen.) 
 
 Espinosa, (Pen.) 
 
 Espinosa del Rey, (Pen.) 
 
 Espirito .Santo, or Victoria, 
 (liraz.) 
 
 E^piriiu Santo, Tierra del, 
 (Austral.) 
 
 Espiritu Santo, (Mcx.) *. 
 
 Ksporlas, (Pen.) 
 
 Esquimaux, (N. .\m.) I. 
 
 Esseck, (Austr.) 
 
 Essel, (Ger.) 
 
 Essen, (Ger. & Neth.) 
 
 Essequibo, (S. Am.) 
 
 Essera, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Essertines, (Switz.) 
 
 Essex, (Eng. & Can.) 
 
 Essone, (Fr.) 
 
 Estafort, (Fr.) 
 
 Estagle, (Fr.) 
 
 Estain, (Fr.) 
 
 Este, (It.) 
 
 F.stflla, (Pen.) 
 
 Estepa, (Pen.) 
 
 Estepar, (Pen.) 
 
 Estcpona, (Pen.) 
 
 Estivareillcs, (Fr.) 
 
 Estrella, la, (Pen.) 
 Eslrellc, (Fr.) 
 Estrcllos, (.Mex.) 
 Eatremoz, (Pen.) 
 Entremadura, (Port., Pen.) 
 E»trernadura, (Sp., Pen.) 
 Estrica, Fort, (Pen.) 
 Etampes, (Fr.) 
 Etangs, (Fr.) 
 Elaples, (Fr.) 
 Etnulicrs, (Fr.) 
 Etay, (Fr.) 
 Etchemin, (N. Am.) 
 Etna, (It.) ml. 
 Etolfi, (.Veth.) 
 Euilia, (Gr.) 
 Etowah, (IJ. 8.) 
 
 e-kwd'tqr 
 
 er 
 
 e'ra 
 
 e-rds'mo 
 
 er'bdlh. 
 
 er'ko-le 
 
 e'rek 
 
 e-^e'tr'i-a 
 
 ir'fa 
 
 er'fgqrt 
 
 eh'i-a 
 
 e-r'i-tht'ra 
 
 e'rik 
 
 e-^'iny' 
 
 f-ri-fel'de 
 
 er'la 
 
 ^r'ldch 
 
 er'ldf 
 
 er'lou 
 
 er'lou 
 
 fr'tdnff~en 
 
 irVbdlh 
 
 er'len-bdZh 
 
 er' md-ting-en 
 
 er'vie-lo 
 
 Inlh im 
 
 ir-nc' 
 
 er 
 
 trsh'm-ltr 
 er~ve-dl'ra 
 
 ir-v'i-i-yt' or ir-v'il-ye' 
 ir-v'i' 
 
 erts ^^-h'ir'ge 
 
 er'tshi 
 
 erz-rggm' 
 
 es-kd-kUe' 
 
 es-kd-ld'o 
 
 is-kd'ro 
 
 esk 
 
 ish'e 
 
 le ze-shH' 
 
 e'sfur-hou'zen 
 
 e'sliolLi-mdt 
 
 es-kom-bre-ra 
 
 H ts-ko'r'i-dl 
 
 es-kftf'cko 
 
 e'zens 
 
 es-^'i'i^a 
 
 es/i'QQt 
 
 e-s'i'no 
 
 es'kils-tQQ'na 
 
 es-ne' 
 
 es~yd-l'i-nnfr' 
 
 es'pdl-md-ddr' 
 
 es-pd-niVyo 
 
 es-p'i-vdr^ 
 
 €s-p'i~no'sa 
 
 es-p'i-nd'sa dH rJ 
 
 es-p'i'r'i-to sdn'to 
 
 t'i-er'ra del es-p'i'fi-t<)tj 
 
 sdn'io 
 es-p'i'r'i-tgt} sdn'to 
 es-por'lds 
 es'k'i-wo 
 es'sek 
 fs'sd 
 es'sen 
 es-se-k'i'bo 
 es'se-ra 
 is-sfr-t'ine' 
 fs'sex 
 es'SOne 
 es-td-fSre 
 es-tdgV 
 es-tdiig' 
 is'te 
 es-tel'ya 
 es-U'pa 
 es-te-pdr' 
 fS't.f-p^'na 
 
 fs-t'i-vd-re-'i or is-t'i-vd- 
 
 rHy 
 Id fs-tril'ya 
 eS'trHe 
 
 eS'treVyos or is-tr^-i-yos 
 
 es'trs^Qth' 
 
 hi'tr^-md-dijg'ra 
 
 is'lrl-md-dgg'ra 
 
 ii-trVka 
 
 t-tdnf>a' 
 
 t-ldnu' 
 
 e-tdpi' 
 
 e-ta-H-s' 
 
 £-(«' 
 
 etck'min 
 
 it'na 
 
 t-Mt 
 
 t-ia'tt-a 
 
 coui. kl'to-aah 
 
 Etre, (Fr.) 
 Etrechy, (Fr.) 
 Etretat, (Fr.) 
 Etreux Landernat, (Fr.) 
 Elruria, (It.) 
 Ellisweiler, (Switz.) 
 Ettlebrnck, (.\eth.) 
 Etzthaler Fecher, Great, ( 
 (Austr.) ! 
 Eu, (Fr.) 
 Euboea, (Gr.) 
 Eufemia, St. (It.) 
 Eufemia, (It.) g. 
 Eulalia, Sta, (Pen.) 
 Eulau, (Ger.) 
 
 Eupatoria, or Kazlov, (U.) 
 
 Eupel, (Austr.) r. 
 
 Euphemia, Sta, (Pen.) 
 
 Euphrates, (As.) 
 
 Eure, (Fr.) r. 
 
 Eure, (Fr.) dq>. 
 
 Eure and Loire, (Fr.) dep. 
 
 Europa, (Pen.) b. 
 
 Europa, (Pen.) pt. 
 
 Europe 
 
 Eurytania, (Gr ) 
 Eutin, (Den.) 
 Evanovsk, (R.) 
 Eve, (R.) 
 Evenagh, (Ir.) 
 Everdinghe, (Neth.) 
 Evolena, (Switz.) 
 Evora, (Pen.) 
 Evoramonte, (Pen.) 
 Evreux, (Fr.) 
 Eyalet, (Tur.) 
 Eyder, (Den.) r. 
 Eyiau, (Prus.) 
 Eymontiers, (Fr.) 
 Ezcaray, (Pen.) 
 Ezcrska, (R.) 
 
 etr' 
 
 e-tr'd-shV 
 e-tre-ta' 
 
 e-tr^ IdntT-der-na' 
 f-trQn'fi-a 
 H'tis-vi'ler 
 H'lt-brqqk 
 
 its'ld'Ur fe-Vur 
 
 il-bt'a 
 e-nn-f^'m'i-a 
 
 sdn'ia e-Q^ld't'i~a 
 oi'lou 
 
 oi' pd-to' fi-ay kdz'lov 
 oi'pel 
 
 sdn'td e-QQ-fe'm'i-a 
 
 H-fra'tez 
 
 Are 
 
 Sirt 
 
 Are, brdr 
 
 e-QQ-ru'pa 
 
 e-QQ-ro'pa 
 
 tl'ropc 
 
 u-r'iAu'ni-a 
 
 ci-t'inc' 
 
 e'vd-uovsk' 
 
 e-ve 
 
 e-ve-Ttdffk' 
 e'ver-ding-e 
 e-VQ-le'na 
 e-vd'ra 
 
 e-vo^d-mon'te 
 
 e-vrA' 
 
 i-yd'let 
 
 V'der 
 
 I'lou 
 
 5-inong-t'i-e' 
 
 etJl-kd-rl' 
 
 e-zers'ka 
 
 F. 
 
 Faabobo, (Den.) 
 Faarup, (Den.) 
 Fabregues, (Fr.) 
 Fabriano, (It.) 
 Faemundsjo, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Faenza, (It.) 
 Fagaras, (Austr.) 
 Fabllieim, (Ger.) 
 Fahlun, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Fahmenbach Burg, (Ger.) 
 Fahrsand, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Fahrtoft, (Den.) 
 Faioom, (Eg.) pr. 
 Palaise, (Fr.) 
 Falco, (It.) 
 Falconara, (It.) 
 Falcone, (It.) 
 Falkenberg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Falkenstein, (Ger.) 
 Falkirk, (Scot.) 
 Falkland, (Fifeshire, Scot.) 
 Falkland, (S. Am.) isl. 
 Falkoeping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Fall, (Switz.) 
 Fallfors, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Falsterbo, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Falster, (Den.) isl. 
 Falu, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Falu, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Falun, [Fahlun,] (Sc. Pen.) 
 Falun, copper nunes, (Sc. i 
 Pen.) ! 
 Falvaterra, (It.) 
 Falmagosta, (Tur.) 
 Fan.ari, (Tur.) c. 
 Fanari, (Gr.) mt. 
 Fanjeaux, fFr.) 
 Fano, (It. Gr.) 
 Fanoe, (Den.) isl. 
 Fantvannes, (Fr.) 
 Fanum, (It.) 
 Faou, le, (Fr.) 
 Faouct, le, (Fr.) 
 Faraga, (It.) 
 Farara, (It.) 
 Faratissa Wells, (Af.) 
 Faro, (Pen.) 
 Faroe, (Sc. Pen.) iil. 
 Farquhar'3 Isl. (Austral.) 
 Farrarese, (It.) 
 Fars, or Farsistnn, (Per.) 
 Fas, or Fez, (Af.) 
 Fatiannvo, (It.) 
 Faucarmont, (Fr.) 
 Fauquemberg, (Fr.) 
 I Fauquier, (V. H.) 
 
 fo'bor§ 
 fo'rtjlip 
 fd-briir' 
 f d-br'i-d'no 
 fd' mQijnd-shea 
 f d-end'za 
 fd-ird'r'ds 
 fdhl'hlme 
 fd'lQQn 
 
 f d'mi'n-hdZh bii<)r§ 
 
 fdr'sdnd 
 
 fdr'lnft 
 
 fi-f<mi' 
 
 fa-laze' 
 
 fdl'ko 
 
 fdl-ko-nd'ra 
 
 fdl-ko'ne 
 
 fdl'khi-berg 
 
 fdVkeii-stlne 
 
 faVkirk 
 
 faxik'land 
 
 faiik'land 
 
 fdl'ckiUl-ping 
 
 fal 
 
 fdl'fqrs 
 
 fdl'ster-bo 
 
 fdl'stir 
 
 fd'lQf 
 
 fd'lni) 
 fd'lQon 
 '■fd'lfija 
 
 fdVvd-ter'ra 
 
 fdl-md-gds'ta 
 
 fd-iid'ri 
 
 fd-nd'ri 
 
 fdilir-shij' 
 
 fd'no^ 
 f d'neii 
 fdntr-vdne' 
 fd'iiffm 
 
 li'fd-w' 
 
 Ufd-ijQ-e' 
 
 fd-rd'ja 
 
 fd^d'ra 
 
 fd-rd-tU'sa 
 
 fd'ro 
 
 fd'rmi or fd'rS 
 
 f dr'k<)Q-dr 
 
 fdr-:-d-rt-ze 
 
 f drs, f dr-s'is-tdn' 
 
 fds or fit 
 
 fd-ll-tl-'iB'vo 
 
 f^'Kfi,t iniiiig' 
 
 flS-kdr.g-bfrk' 
 
 f{{\L-kire' 
 
 Fauvilln, (Fr.) 
 Fauvillers, (N'eth.) 
 Faviguana, (It.) isl. 
 Favone, (It.) pt. 
 Fav, le, (Fr.) 
 Fayde Billot, (Fr.) 
 Fayetteville, (U. S.) 
 Fecamp, (Fr.) 
 Faderovka, (R.) 
 Fedotovo, (R.) 
 Feerwert, (Neth.) 
 Fchraltorf, (Switz.) 
 Fchrbelin, (Prus.) 
 Fekete Ugy, (Austr.) 
 Peldkirch, (.-Vustr.) 
 Feldsherg, (Switz.) 
 Fclegyhaza, (Austr.) 
 Felicudi, (It.) isl. 
 Felines, (Fr.) 
 Fi-lizzano, (It.) 
 Fellin, (R.) 
 Felsobanya, (Austr.) 
 Feltz, (Neth.) 
 Femeren, (Den.) isl. 
 Femeren Sound, (Den.) 
 Femina, (It.) isl. 
 Fenestrella, (It.) 
 Feodosia, or Kaffa, (R.) 
 Ferden, (Switz.) 
 Fere Champenoise, (Fr.) 
 Fere, la, (Fr.) 
 Fering, (Austr.) 
 Fermanagh, (Ir.) co. 
 Fermo, (It.) 
 Ferrara, (It. Switz.) 
 Ferrato, (It. Switz.) 
 Ferreira, (Pen.) 
 Ferrex Valley, (Switz.) 
 Ferriere, la, (Switz.) 
 Ferrieres, (Neth.) 
 Ferro de Vacas, (Pen.) 
 FerroB, (Den.) isl. 
 Ferru, (It.) mt. 
 Ferte sur .\ube, la, (Fr.) 
 Fert^ Bernard, la, (Fr.) 
 Ferte sous Jouarre, la,'(Fr. 
 Ferte Senneterre, la, (rr.) 
 Fetieux, (Fr.) 
 Fettrona, (It.) 
 Feuchtwangen, (Ger.) 
 Feuillat, (Fr.) 
 Fcuillee, (Fr.) . 
 Fours, (Fr.) 
 Fez, or Fas, (Af.) 
 Fezzan, (Af.) pr. 
 Fianona Gemino, (Austr.) 
 Fiascone, (It.) mt. 
 Fichtel, or Fichtelgebirge, 
 
 (Ger.) mt. 
 Fichtel Naab, (Ger.) r. 
 Fidesd, (Austr.) 
 Fiel, (Den.) I. 
 Fiesole, (It.) 
 Fifeshire, (Scot.) 
 Figari, c. 
 Figueira, (Pen.) 
 Figueira dos Cavalieiros, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Figucra, (Pen.) 
 Figueras, (Pen.) 
 Fiji 
 
 Filefjeld, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Filletta, (It.) 
 Filonovsk, (R.) 
 Fils and Rems, (Ger.) 
 Finale, (It.) 
 Finana, (Pen.) 
 Finestra, (It.) c. 
 Finhault, (Switz.) 
 Finingia, (N. Zeal.) 
 Finisterre, (Fr.) dep. 
 Finisticrra, (Pen.) 
 Finland, (R.) 
 Finland, (K.) g. 
 Finmark, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Finstcr Aarhorn, (Switz.) 
 Finzino, (It.) r. 
 Fioro, (It.) T. 
 
 Firenze, or Florence, (It.) 
 Fioronziila, (It.) 
 Firenzuola, (It.) 
 Fisibach, (Switz.) 
 Fismes, (Fr.) 
 Fitte, la, (Fr.) 
 Fitton, (Can.) mt. 
 Fiume, (Austr.) 
 Fiumicino, (It.) 
 Fix, (Fr.) 
 Fixe, (Neth.) 
 Flaccy, (Fr.) 
 Fli>dd, (Den.) 
 Fladiitrand, (Den.) 
 Flagstadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Flagstadcie, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 
 f S-v'ile' 
 
 fo-vi-'i-ye' or fd-v'il-ys' 
 fd-vi-ggf-d'iia 
 fd-vS'ne 
 le fa 
 
 fade h'il-yi' or b'i-'i-y5' 
 
 fn'H-^nl 
 
 ft-kdii'gi 
 
 fe-de-rnv'ka 
 
 fe-do-tQ'vo 
 
 fehr'vi'rt 
 
 fehr'dl'tnrf 
 
 fehr'be-tine' 
 
 fe-kt'ie i)fdj 
 
 fHt'kirlh. 
 
 felts'ber^ 
 
 fe'ledg-hd'ia 
 
 ft-li-k<)i}'di 
 
 fe-l'ine' 
 
 fe-tit-sd'no 
 
 fil-l'in' 
 
 fH-sko-b5n'yo 
 
 fills 
 
 ft'mern 
 
 ftt'mhn 
 
 fe'mi-na 
 
 fe'nes-trfl'la 
 
 fe-o-dO'si-a 
 
 fer'drn 
 
 f^re shdngp-ntodze' 
 
 Id fere 
 
 fe'ring 
 
 firmd'na^ 
 
 fer'mo 
 
 fir-rd'ra 
 
 fer-rd'to 
 
 fir-rVra 
 
 fi'r'rez 
 
 Id fir-r'i-^re' 
 fir-r'i-Sre' 
 fir'ro de vd'k'ds 
 fer'rA 
 fir^QQ' 
 
 Id fir-te' sitr obt 
 Id f^r-te' ber-ndre' 
 ) Id fir-te' sQt) sIiQQ-dre 
 Id fir-te' sen-tire' 
 
 fe-si-ifip 
 
 fit-trd'na 
 
 foiiht'vdng-en 
 
 feh-'i-ya or fAl-ya' 
 
 fA-i-ye 01 fAb-ye 
 
 .fAr 
 
 /« 
 
 fiz-zdn' 
 
 f 'i-d-no'na je-mi'no 
 fi-ds-ko'ne 
 
 I filh'til ge-bir'gt 
 fiWtel ndbe 
 fi'deshd 
 file 
 
 f'i-e'so-le 
 
 flfc'sk'ire 
 
 fi-gd'ri 
 
 f'i-gVra 
 \ f'i-gVra dos kd-vd-l'i-l - 
 ) rns 
 
 f'i-ge'ra 
 
 f'i-ge'r'ds 
 
 /'-}' 
 
 fi'le-fi-iU 
 
 fit-let'ta 
 
 f'i'ld-novsk' 
 
 fils, rents 
 
 fi-nd'le 
 
 f'i-nd'na 
 
 f'i-nes'tra 
 
 fi-no' 
 
 f'i-n'in'ji-a 
 
 f'i-n'is-t&re' 
 
 ft-n'is-t'i-er'ra 
 
 fin'ldnd 
 
 fin'ldnd 
 
 fin'vidrk 
 
 fin'ster dhr'hom 
 
 find-z'i'no 
 
 fi-B'ro 
 
 f'i-rhid'ze 
 
 f'i-S-renil'iB-la 
 
 f'i-rend-z(}Q-0'la 
 
 f'i'z'i-bdlh 
 
 f'ime 
 
 Id file 
 
 fil'ton 
 
 fi-m'mt 
 
 f'i-qO-M-ch'i'no 
 
 ft 
 
 fi.^ 
 
 fd-sa' 
 
 fdd 
 
 fidd'strdnd 
 
 fldg'stdt 
 
 fldg'sta;,<i>' 
 
 Fau,fdr,f(iU,iBluft, bit. — Wile, prty, hUp, thirt, hUr. — Pine, mar'int, bird, fig. — M)U, dSoe, TnUve, wglf, bpok, Igrd. — rftne, bifll, unite. — Fr. long vttei Fr. short bit.— 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Fliikkec, or Ilaringvlict, 
 
 (.Ncih.) r. 
 Fhiniimville, (Fr.) 
 Flanders, or Flandre, (Netll 
 Flanders, East and IVest, 
 
 (Neth.) 
 Flavia, (It.) t. 
 Flavijiny, (Fr.) 
 Flavion, (Neth.) 
 Flcclic, la, (Fr.) 
 Flekki:fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Flensbors, (l)en.) 
 Fleron, (Nctli.) 
 Flers, (Fr.) 
 Flescli, (Switz.) 
 Fleurc, (Fr.) 
 Fleuriir, (Nfth.) 
 Flintshire, (Eng.) 
 Flix, (Pen.) 
 Flixecoiirt, (Fr.) 
 Floda, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Flogny, (Fr.) 
 Florae, (Fr.) 
 Florie, (Neth.) 
 Florence, or Firen/.e, (It.) 
 Florenville, (Netli.) 
 Flores, or Brazo:! de Dios, 
 
 (Mex.) 
 Florida, (U. S. & Mex.) 
 Floris, (East. Isl.) st. 
 Florrenne, (Neth.) 
 Flinns, (Switz.) 
 Flushing!, or Vlissingen, 
 
 (Neth.) 
 Fhivaniia, (U. S.) 
 Foelir, or Fiwhrde, (Den.) 
 Foemoe, (Den.) isl. 
 Fogsia, (it.) 
 Foslia, (It.) r. 
 Foix, (Fr.) 
 Fokien, (Ch.) 
 Foldea, (.Vustr.) 
 Folding, (Den.) 
 Foldva, (.\ustr.) 
 Fiildvar, ( Austr.) 
 Foligno, (It.) 
 Fominska, (R.) 
 Foininskeii, (R.) 
 Fonari, (It.) 
 Fondi, (It.) 
 Fondo, (Austr.) 
 Fonelos, (Pen.) 
 Foiigtcheou, (Ch.) 
 Fonsfca, or Ampala, (!\Iex.) 
 Fontaine I'Eveqiie, (Neth.) 
 Fontainehleau, (Fr.) 
 Fontarabia, or Fuentatabia, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Font.ana', (It.)^ 
 Fonte Coherta, (Pen.) 
 Fontenaille, (Neth.) 
 Fontenay, (Fr.) 
 Fontenoy, (Neth.) 
 Fontiroux, (Fr.) 
 Fontiveros, (Pen.) 
 Foolah, or Foulah, (Af.) 
 Fora, (Den.) is/. 
 Ford Sand Isle, (Den.) 
 Forestan, (R.) 
 Fore/., (Fr.) 
 Fortar, (Scot.) co. 
 Forges, (Fr.) 
 Forli, (It.) 
 Forlimpopoli, (It.) 
 Forniari, (It.) 
 
 Formazza Valley, (Switz.) 
 Formosa, (R.) 
 Fornos, fPen.) 
 Forro, (Austr.) 
 Fors, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Forslieda, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Forsyth, (U. S.) 
 Fort Iiouis, (Fr.) 
 Fortanete, (Pen.) 
 Fortore, (It.) r. 
 Fossano, (It.) 
 Fossa .\ 11 ova, (It.) 
 Fosse, (Neth.) 
 Fos.se, la, (Fr.) 
 Fotschiel, (Switz.) 
 Fougerais, la, (Fr.) 
 Fougeres, (Fr.) 
 FougeroUes, (Fr.) 
 Fonrche, la, (U. S.) 
 Foux, la, (Fr.) 
 Fowey, or Foway, (Eng.) 
 Foy, St., le Grande, (Fr.) 
 Foyers, (Scot.) 
 Foyle, Lough, (Ir.) 
 Fraiture, (Neth.) 
 Frameries, (.\eth.) 
 Franca, la, (Pen.) 
 Fnincavella, (ILJ 
 France 
 
 I fldk'kt 
 
 fid-mAil^-viW 
 )fian'dtrsy Jldngdr 
 
 j fidii'dtrs 
 
 ftd'vi-a 
 
 fid-v'in-y'i' 
 
 fid-v'i-ong' 
 
 Id fiashe 
 
 flrk'U-fi-drd 
 
 fieiin'iigr^ 
 
 fte-rung' 
 
 Jlrrc 
 
 ftfsli 
 
 fifitre 
 
 fl^-ri-e' 
 
 flint'sh'ire 
 
 Jli.-, 
 
 fliks-kgfr' 
 
 jlo'da 
 
 fldn-vi' 
 
 flu-rdli' 
 
 fiO-re' 
 
 J!i>'rfiiec,fi-rend'zs 
 
 Jld-rdng-v'ifs' 
 > Jiu'rrsse, brd'this de 
 \ di'us 
 
 flur'i-da 
 
 fiS'ris 
 
 JiO-rSne' 
 
 I fiiish'ing 
 
 fiu-van'na 
 f,%r, Mr'de 
 fitl'mm 
 fod'ga 
 f^l'ya 
 fwa 
 fo'kcen 
 fnl-df'a 
 fol'ding 
 fohl'va 
 fiM'vdr 
 jZ-lin'yo 
 fo-miiis'ka 
 J^-miiici'keu. 
 f5-tid'r'i 
 fon'di 
 fSn'do 
 fd-ne'los 
 Jong tch^^' 
 iT.fan-se'kn 
 fqitg~t&iu* It v&ke 
 fqng-line-blo' 
 
 j fqn-ld-rd'b'i-a 
 
 fSn-ld'tia 
 
 fSn'u kO'bfr'ta 
 
 fqngl-nd-'i or fongt-ndly 
 
 fnngt-ud^ 
 
 fqngt-uica' 
 
 ffyng-t't-r^Q' 
 
 jin-ti'a-TOS 
 
 fd'ra 
 
 ford sdnd 
 
 fd-rfs'tdn 
 
 fo-re' 
 
 fqr'fdr 
 
 Jorge 
 
 for-ti' 
 
 for-tlm-pQ' pQ-ti 
 
 for-md'Ti 
 
 for-mdt' sa 
 
 f5r-mo'sa 
 
 Jtir'nos 
 
 fSr'ro 
 
 fqrs 
 
 fqrs-he'da 
 
 fqr-.nlhe' 
 
 fhr lf<f-t 
 
 for-td-nr'ts 
 
 fdr-t6're 
 
 Jtis-sd'uo 
 
 fos'sa n<jq-Q'va 
 
 fSsse 
 
 Id JZsse 
 
 fm'shile 
 
 Id fvo?e-rll' 
 
 ffO-gtre 
 
 fffge-mW 
 
 Id fyfrshe 
 
 ldfq„ 
 
 foy 
 
 sing faa X'i gr'dngd 
 fl'erz 
 
 lolh foil 
 frd-ttlre' 
 
 frdm-rV 
 
 'd frdn'ka 
 frdn-kd-vH'la 
 frdnre or frdngi 
 
 Franrhe Conipte, (Fr.) frdngsh kimtj-te' 
 
 Friinkcnilial, (Uer.) fran"krn-'tale 
 
 Franronia, (tier.) frnn-ko'n'i-a 
 
 Frankenliurg, (Ger.) frdng'krn-b^Qr^ 
 
 Frankenliausen, (tJer.) frdnir'krn-hou'zm 
 
 Frankenstein, (tier.) frdng'khi-stlne 
 
 Frankfort (-furt) on the i^^ , .. , 
 
 Maine, (am Main,) (Ger.) j /'•<*''i''''/w' 
 Frankfort (-furt) on the 
 Oder, (an dcr Oder,) 
 (Prus.) 
 Fninklin, (Can.) /. 
 Franks, .Mt. of the, (Pal.) 
 Fninqneyra, (Pen.) 
 
 frdngk'fijqrl dn dtr G'der 
 
 Frasca, (It ) c. 
 Frascati, (It.) 
 Fra.sno, el, (Pen.) 
 Franenburg, (R.) 
 Franenfeld, (Switz.) 
 Freeh ilia, (Pen.) 
 Fredeburg, (Ger.) 
 Fredensborg, (Den.) 
 
 Fredericia, (Den.) 
 
 Fredericksberg, (Den.) 
 Fredericksburg, (Don.) 
 Fredericksdal, (Den.) 
 Frederickshamn, (R.) 
 Frederickstadt, (Den.) 
 Frejiis, (Fr.) 
 Frenna, (It.) 
 Freswick, (Scot.) 
 Freyberg, (Ger.) 
 Frevburg, (Ger.) 
 
 Frnystadt, (Ger. Prus. .Austr.) fri'stdt' 
 
 frank' tin 
 frdnk-t 
 fi-dn-kVra 
 frds'ka 
 frds-kd'a 
 el frds'no 
 frou'hi-bQQT^ 
 frou'en-ffW 
 fre-ch'il'ya 
 fre'de-bQ<)r^ 
 frS'Utns-bnr^ 
 \fre'de-ri'Csi-a ox frl-de- 
 j rit'sha 
 fri'de~riks-ber^' 
 fre' de-riks-bqr^ 
 frS'de-riks-ddle 
 frS'de-rllis-kdmn 
 frS'd'e-riks-stdt 
 fre-jtiQce' 
 fren'na 
 frrz'ik 
 frVbi'r^ 
 frl'bf<)r^ 
 
 Frias, (Pen.) ffi'ru 
 
 Fribonrg, (Switz.) fri-bfor' 
 
 Fridau, (.Austr.) fri'dou. 
 
 Friderichshafen, or Buc- )/■••/, u. 
 
 horn, (Ger.) \fr,>de.r^lhs-hd'fcr, 
 
 Fricdherg, (Ger.) frid'hrr^ 
 
 Friedburg, (Ger.) fr)d'b()()r^ 
 
 Friedland, (Prus.) frid'tdnt 
 
 Friedericlisruda, (Prus.) fri'de-rillis-rO'da 
 
 Friesland, (.Neth.) fris'ldnt 
 
 Friesland, East, (Ger.) fris'ldnt 
 
 Frisange, (Neth.) fri'sdnsh 
 
 Frische Hart", (Prus.) frish'e hdf 
 
 Frisclie Nehrung, (Prus.) frisb'e ne-r^Qng 
 
 Fritzlar, (Ger.) frits' fdr' 
 
 Friuli, (It.) fr-i-^g'it 
 
 Frodinsham, (Eng.) frqd'ing-um 
 
 Frodsham, ( Eng.) frods'um 
 
 Froidmont, (Fr.) fncd mnng' 
 
 Frontenac, (Can.) frongl-ndk' 
 
 FrueVmarck, (Den.) frft}' er-mdrk 
 
 Fruges, (Fr.) frtige 
 
 Freienwalde, (Prus.) frt'en-rdVde 
 Fiiego, Terra del, (S. Am.) tir'ra del fyg-e'go 
 
 Fiienibillido, (Pen.) fQ^em-hil-yi'Jo 
 
 Fnencaliente, (Pen.) f<!Q-en'kd-U-rn'le 
 
 Fuentabrada, (Pen.) fyo-en'ld brd'da 
 
 Fuentarabia, or Fontara- ) ■ 
 
 bia, (Pen.) ^fya-en'td-rd'ht-a 
 
 Fuente del Fresno, (Pen.) ffif-rn'te del fris'no 
 
 Fuente, de la, (Pen.) de id fifif-hi'te 
 
 Fuente P.alniera, (Pen.) fyg-en'te pdl-iiie'ra 
 
 Fuente del .Maestre, (Pen.) fw-en'te del md-e'strt 
 
 Fuente Lapena, (Pen.) 
 Fiientepelayo, (Pen.) 
 Fuenterable, (Pen.) 
 Fuentes, (Pen.) 
 Fuentes de la Compana, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Fuhrberz, (Ger.) 
 Fuhu, (R.) 
 Fulniicino, (It.) 
 Fulda, (Ger.) 
 Fulda, (Ger.) r. 
 Fuldera, (Switz.) 
 Fullonica, (It.) 
 Funehal, isl. 
 Funen, (Den.) isl. 
 Furianda, (Pen.) 
 Furnes, (.\eth.) 
 Furruckabad, (Hind.) 
 Furstcnaii, (Prus.) 
 F^urstenbnrg, (Ger.) 
 Fnrstenfeld, (Ger.) 
 Furstenwald, (Ger.) 
 Furth, (Ger.) 
 Fusina, (It.) 
 Futter, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 
 f^Q-en'te Id-pe'na 
 fng-en'te-pe-ld'yo 
 fi}<}-en'te-rd'ble 
 ffQ-rn'tesse 
 } fW-en'tesse de Id kOm- 
 ) pdn'ya 
 f<}i}r'ber§ 
 fvf'hoo 
 f</(}l-mi-chi'no 
 fyfl'da 
 fijql'da 
 f<)<}l'de^a 
 f(/()l-l8'ni-ka 
 fyfn-shdl' 
 fxi'nen 
 fOQ-ri-dn'da 
 fiirn 
 
 fiir-rttk-d-bdd' 
 
 fttr'ste-noil 
 
 ftlr'sten-bg(^^ 
 
 fhr'sten-frlt 
 
 f^ir'sten-vdll 
 
 furt 
 
 /(jj-ij'na 
 /fpt'ter 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabaruj, (Can.) b. 
 Gahella, (Tnr.) 
 Gahia, (Pen.) 
 Gahn do Girao, (Af.) 
 Gaboon, (Af.) r. 
 
 gH-hd'rus 
 
 gd-bel'la 
 
 gd'b'i-a 
 
 gd'ho dojt-ra'o 
 gd~bQQn' 
 
 Gabrovo, (Gr.) inf. 
 (iai'huii Nor, ( Ind.) 
 Gadaniis, (.Af.) 
 GKdebu.scll, I .Mecklenburg 
 
 ."cliwerin,] (Ger.) 
 (;a< ta, (It.) 
 Gaeta, (It.) 
 Gal'or, (Ind.) 
 Gage Roads, (N. Zeal.) 
 Gajies, (Fr.) 
 Gaggiano, (It.) 
 Gaghitsk, (K.) 
 Gagliano, (It.) 
 Gabon, (East. Isl.) 
 Gahyba, (Hraz.) /. 
 Gaian. (Eg.) 
 Gaidriinisi, (Gr.) 
 Gaidnri, (Gr.) 
 Gaih, (Per.) 
 Gaillac, (Fr.) 
 Gair Loch, (Scot.) 
 Gairden, (Scot.) r. 
 Gaishofen, (Ger.) 
 Gai.sliorn, (Ger.) 
 Gaisin, (R.) 
 Gala Water, (Scot.) 
 Galapagos, isl. 
 G.il.isliiels, (Scot.) 
 Galatz, (Tur.) 
 Galaxidi, (Gr.) 
 Gal»ia, (U. S.) 
 Galera, (Austral.) isl. 
 Galibon, (Eg.) 
 Galicia anil Lodomir, or 
 Kalanon Lodomir, 
 (Austr.) 
 Galinara, (It.) Ul. 
 Galin.az, (.S. Ain.) r. 
 Galitch, (I!.) 
 Gallego, (Pen.) r. 
 Gallegos, (S. .\m.) r. 
 Gallen, St. (Switz.) 
 Gallen, St., Canton, (Switz.) idnkt gdl'lin 
 Galli, (It.) isl. gdl'li 
 Gallicia, (Pen.)pr. gcd-ti'lhi-a 
 Gallipoli, (It. & Tur.) gal-li'pO-H 
 Gallo, (It.) c. gal'lo 
 Galong, (Ch.) 4. ga'lbng 
 Galtee, (Ir.) 711!. gdl'tee 
 Galveston, (Mex.) *. gdl'res-ton 
 Gahvay, (Ir.) gal'iray 
 Gambia, [Ua Heama,] ( Af.) r. gdm'bi-a 
 Gambler, (Austral. & Aus- ) . 
 
 tralia)V.7. \gam'b,cr 
 Gambler, (Australia) mt. 
 
 gd-br6'vo 
 gu'c/tiin nOr 
 ga-da'inis 
 
 I gd'de-bgfsh 
 
 gd-e'ta 
 gd-e'ia 
 gd'fijr 
 gdge 
 gdgc 
 
 gdd'gd'no 
 gd' ghilsk 
 gdl-yd'no 
 gd'bdn 
 gd-i'ba 
 gd'i-dn 
 gd-tdrC-rii'si 
 gd-'i-dur't 
 gd'ik 
 
 gd-Vak' or gdl-ydk' 
 |«r lolh 
 gSr'den 
 gls'bO-fen 
 gis'bqm 
 gd-'i-s'in' 
 gU'la aa'ter 
 gd-ld-pd' gvs < 
 gdl-d-sheels' 
 gd-lati' 
 gd-ldx-Viti 
 gd-le'na 
 gd'le-ra 
 gd-Ci'btin 
 
 gd-ti'Ui-a lO'dd mir' 
 
 gU-lt-iiU'ra 
 gd-li-ndlH' 
 gd'lilch 
 gdl-ye'go 
 gdl-ye'gos 
 idnklffdi'len 
 
 Igot 
 
 Gamtoos, ( Af.) r. 
 Gandeli, vV'ell of, (Tur.) 
 Gandia, (Pen.) 
 Gandolfo Castle, (It.) 
 
 gdm'b'ier 
 gdm'tnqs 
 gdn-de'l'i 
 gdn'ffi-a 
 gan-ilOlfo 
 Ganges, nr Gunga, (Ind.) r. gdn'jlz 
 Gangud, (R.^ c. gdn'giid 
 Canning, (Ch.) gdn-nin^' 
 Ganspacli, (Ger.) gdn'spdlh 
 Gara, (.Austr.) fS'ro 
 Garape, (S. .Am.) r. gd-rd'pe 
 Garhanup, (N. Zeal.) I. gdr bd'nup 
 Garbieh, (Eg.) gdr'bi-ek 
 Garcias, (Pen.) gdr'lh'i as 
 
 Gard, (Fr.) dtp. gdr 
 Garda, (It.) /. gdr' da 
 
 Garden, (Prus.) I. gdr'den 
 Gare Loch Cottage, (Scot.) gdre lolh 
 Garcep Ky, or Yellow R. ) , 
 (Af.) \g<i''-tepky 
 
 Gareep Nu, or Black R.(Af.) gd'reep nS 
 Garee|), or Orange R. (.Af.) gd'reep 
 
 gd're-p'ine 
 gdr-gd'no 
 gdr' grave 
 gdr' net 
 gdr'ni-gel 
 
 j hSU gd-rSnc' 
 
 gdr-rdgh 
 
 Gareepine Walls, (.Af.) 
 Gargano, (It.) mt. 
 Gargrave, (Eng.) 
 Garnet, (Af.) b. 
 Garnigel B.aths, (Switz.) 
 Garonne, Upper, (Haute 
 
 Garonne,] (Fr.) dip. 
 Garragh, (Ir.) 
 
 Garrangnra, (Australia) mt gdr-rdn-goo'ra 
 Garrocli, (Scot.) gdr-rolh 
 Garrows, (Ind.) gdr'ruws 
 Garshuisen, (Neth.) gdrs'hoi-zin 
 Garvagh, (Ir) gdr-vdgh 
 Gnrvan, (Ir.) isl. gor'van 
 Garz, (Prus.) gdris 
 Gascony, [Gascogne,] (Fr.) gds-kSny' 
 Caspar Isla, (East. Isl.) gds'pdr is'la 
 Caspar, (East. Isl.) st. gds'pdr 
 Gaspe, (Can.) disU 
 Gatineau, (Can.) r. 
 Gaucher, Pert la, (Fr.) 
 Gauen, (Switz.) 
 Gauts, Eastern and West- 
 ern, (Ind.) 
 Gavalas, (fir.) 
 Gavata, (Tnr.) c. 
 Gaviarra, (Pen.) ml. 
 Gavio, (It. mt. 
 
 gdsp 
 gd-Uni' 
 fer Id gO-shs' 
 gou'eti 
 
 gd-rd'lda 
 gd-cd'ta 
 gd-T't'dr'ra 
 gd'v'i-o 
 
 Fr. long lA and short «u, nearly as in .<;>ur. — Final ly, French / mauii/c. — An" ger, ni"ciowi. g as s in pleasure ; * and i!A guttural ; iiy liquid; th a.s in ;iit/i. 
 
 t33fl 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Oayali, (Ind.) 
 (Javiir. fliiil.) r. 
 (5eauga,'(U. S.) 
 (Hehel el Besheur, (Tur.) 
 Geer, (Af.) c. 
 Geel, (Netli.) 
 Gefle, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Gefle, (Sc. Pen.) dist. 
 Gebgin-well, (Per.) 
 Geialingen, (Ger.) 
 Gelderland, [Geldern,] 
 
 (NVtli.) pr. 
 Geneniuiden, (Netli.) 
 Geneseo, (U. S.) 
 Genessee, (U. S.) 
 Geneva, (U. S. &. Switz.) 
 Geneve, [Genf,] (Switz.) 
 Geneve, Canton, Switz.) 
 Genevieve, (U. S.) 
 Genevre, (It.) mU 
 Genlis, (Fr.) 
 Genoa, (It.) 
 
 Gent or Ghent, (Neth.) 
 Gentilly, (L. Can.) 
 George, (Af.) di.it. 
 Georgenburg, (Priis.) 
 Georgia, (R.) 
 Georgia, (U. P. & R.) 
 Georgievsk, (R.) 
 Gera, [Ren.ss,] (Ger.) 
 Geran, Great, (Ger.) 
 Gerdoha, (Af.) mt. 
 Germany, Gerinania, 
 
 Deutscliland, 
 Germain, St. (Fr.) 
 Gemia, ancient capita! of 
 
 Fezzan, (Af.) 
 Gerinano, (It.) 
 Gerolsiein, (Ger.) 
 Gerona, (Pen.) 
 Gers, CFr.) drp. 
 Gertruidenburg, (Xetli.) 
 Ge.T, (Fr.) 
 
 GharendiJ, Well of, (Eg.) 
 Gtiarian, (Af.) mt. 
 Ghazeepoor, (Ind.) 
 Ghenneh, (Ea.) 
 Ghent, or Gent, (.Veth.) 
 Ghenvartsov, (R.) 
 Ghil, (Per.) 
 Gillian, (Per.) 
 Ghiiiaik, (As.) 
 Ghizeh, (Eg.) 
 Ghor, el, (Eg.) 
 Ghonsghiir, (Ind.) 
 Gliieznonclia, (R.) 
 Giblo, (Australia) mt. 
 Gibraltar, (Pen.) 
 Gibraltar, (Pen.) st. 
 Giedscr, (Den.)fl. 
 Giep, (Af.) r. 
 Giessen, (Ger.) 
 Giland, (Ind.) r. 
 Gilolo, (Ind.) 
 Gimont, (Fr.) 
 Gioia, (It.) 
 Gioja, (It.) g. 
 Giorsiov, (Den.) 
 Giour Jebel, (Eg.) 
 Giovi, (It.) ml. 
 Gird Koh, (Per.) 
 Girrileness Light, (Scot.) 
 Girgeh, (Eg.) 
 Girnar, (Ind.) mt. 
 Gironde, (Fr.) <Jqi. 
 Gjat, (R.) 
 Gladsmiiir, (Scot.) 
 
 gd'yah 
 
 ge-bil el bf-sh^r 
 
 geer 
 
 thele 
 
 ye fie 
 
 ysf'k 
 
 geb' gdn-wel 
 gis-ling' in 
 
 I gH'dir-ldnd 
 
 jen-ese'o 
 jin-c-see' 
 jc-nc'va 
 ^e-ueve'j genf 
 
 jen-e-veeve 
 
 je-ne'vre 
 
 gdng-li' 
 
 je-n6'a and jen'o-a 
 ^ent 
 
 gdng-t'il-yV or gdng-t'i-yV 
 
 jqrge 
 
 ge-or'gen~bQ^r§ 
 
 ge-gr'g'i-a 
 
 jor'ji-a 
 
 gt-or' g'i-evsU 
 
 ge'ra 
 
 ge'rou 
 
 ger-do'ba 
 t jer' ina~n>j, ger-md'n'i-a, 
 i doich'ldnt 
 
 sang gdr-mang' 
 
 jer-md'no 
 ge'rol-stine 
 llte-^d'na 
 
 ?'-ere 
 hcr-troV dhl-bi^Qr^ 
 gez 
 
 gkd-rhi'dil 
 
 ghd'r'i-an. 
 
 ghd-zee-pQ^' 
 
 gheii'nck 
 
 gent 
 
 ghen-vdrt'sov 
 
 gliil 
 
 gh'i'hm 
 
 glii'ti-d-ilt 
 
 gh'i'zek 
 
 el ghor' 
 
 gWs'gl^r 
 
 gh'i-ez-nou'Zha 
 
 ihi'hlo 
 
 Ik'ib-raVtar or ji-brgl'tdr 
 
 Ikib-Tdl'ldr 
 
 g'id'ser 
 
 gcep 
 
 g'is'sin 
 
 g'i'lang 
 
 g'i-lo'lo 
 
 g'i-msng' 
 
 jS'i-a 
 
 j5''i-a 
 
 g'i-6r^'lcv 
 
 g'i-our' je'bSl 
 
 jd'v'i 
 
 gird kdh 
 
 gir'dle-nes8 
 
 gir'geh 
 
 g'ir'ndr 
 
 g'i-rongd' 
 
 jdt 
 
 gUid-i' mitrr. 
 
 Glainorgan.«hire, (S. Wales) glam-or' gan-sKirt 
 
 Glanitz, (Ger.) 
 Glanz, (Aiislr.) 
 Claris, (Sviritz.) 
 Glarii.i, (Switz.) 
 Glariis, Canton, (Switz.) 
 Glasgow, (Scot. N. Scotia) 
 Glalta, (Tiir.) 
 
 Glatz, [Klodah-ko,] (Prus.) 
 Glau, (Ger.) r. 
 Glauchau, (Ger.) 
 Glazov, (11.) 
 Glcisdorf, (Anstr.) 
 GJer'acardoch, (Scot.) 
 Glcnade, (Ir.) /. 
 Olenamadda, (Ir.) 
 Glcnavy, (Ir.) 
 Glencairn, (Scot.) 
 Glenorcliy, (Scot.) 
 Glinii, (Anstr.) 
 Giindon, (PriiH.) 
 Gliigau, f PriLS.) din. 
 Glogaii, Great, (Priis.) fl. 
 Glummen, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Glo!«a, (Gr.) 
 Gliiiice8tcr, (Eng.) 
 Gloiiccat«r>hire, (Eng.) 
 
 gld'nits 
 gldnts 
 gld'rx^ 
 
 glA'rq^s (or -rY.t) 
 
 gld'rt^^s (or -rig) 
 
 gld.-i'gO 
 
 gidt'td 
 
 gldts 
 
 glou 
 
 glou'lkou 
 
 gld'iTiv 
 
 glis'doyf 
 
 glen~a-kdr'dalh 
 
 gUn-Udc' 
 
 glrn-a-nidd'da 
 
 glin-d'vij 
 
 gUn-karrne' 
 
 gUn-or'lhy 
 
 gli'va 
 
 glin'don 
 
 glO'gou 
 
 glS'gou 
 
 glOn'na 
 ghit'ter 
 glQd' ter-ahire 
 
 1 Gloveler, (Switz.) 
 Gluckstad, (Den.) 
 Gniunden, (Austr.) 
 Gnesen, (Prus.) 
 Gnief kowo, (Prus.) 
 Goa, (Ind.) 
 Gobi, (As.) dcs. 
 Gocli, (Ger.) 
 Godavery, (Ind.) 
 Goddelsheim, (Ger.) 
 Godlinse, (Neth.) 
 Godolio, (Austr.) 
 Goedereede, (Nelh.) 
 Goellaiid, (Den.) isl. 
 Goerz, (.Vnstr.) 
 Goes, (Neth.) 
 Gogna, (It.) r. 
 Gogosclii, (Tur.) 
 Goliriicii, (Ger.) 
 Goito, (It.) 
 Golconda, (Ind.) 
 Gold Coast, (Af.) 
 Goldastchelsk, (R.) 
 Goldbeck, (Ger.) 
 Goldburg, (Ger.) 
 Goldberg, (Prus.) 
 Goldingen, (R.) 
 Golegao, (Pen.) 
 Golo, (It.) r. 
 Golsen, (Prus.) 
 Golubinska, (R.) 
 Golzow, (Prus.l 
 Goniera, (Canary Isl.) 
 Gomez Farias, (Mex.) 
 Gomez Velasco, (Pen.) 
 Gomniern, (Prus.) 
 Gondar, (Af.) 
 Gondrecourt, (Fr.) 
 Gondrin, (Fr.) 
 Gonzalo, Don, (Pen.) 
 Gonzalo, (Mex.) pt. 
 Goochland, (U. S.) 
 Goor, (Neth.) 
 Gora, (Ger.) 
 Gorbatov, (R.) 
 Gurdola, (Switz.) 
 Gorgt)nzola, (It.) 
 Goriatcliinskoi, (K.) 
 Goriontchki, (R.) 
 Gorjdy, (R.) 
 Gorkonetska, (R.; 
 Gorkum, (Neth.) 
 Gorlitz, (Prus.) 
 Goroditch, (R.) 
 Gorodnia, (R.) 
 Gorodok, (R.) 
 Gorochov, (R.) 
 Gorredyk, (Netli.) 
 Gorsel, (Neth.) 
 Gortel, (Neth.) 
 Gortynius, (Gr.) 
 Gortz, (Austr.) 
 Goslar, (Ger.) 
 Goslina, (Prus.) 
 Gospich, (Austr.) 
 Gossau, (bvvitz.) 
 Gossia, (It.) 
 Gostyczyn, (Prus.) 
 Gotaland, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Gotha, (Ger.) 
 Gothard, St. (Switz.) mt. 
 Gothland, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 Gothem, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Gotschec, (Austr.) 
 Gotschka, (Austr.) 
 Gotheborg, [Gottcnborg,] 
 
 (Sc. Pen.) 
 Goltingen, (Ger.) 
 Goltska Sands, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Gottswalde, (Prus.) 
 Gouda, (Nctli.) 
 Gouderak, (Nctli.) 
 Gouja, (Pen.) 
 Gouriev, (R.) 
 Gourievsk, (R.) 
 Gour, Ruins of, (Ind.) 
 Govino, (Gr.) 
 Gownagh, (Ir.) 
 Gowripntnam, (Ind.) 
 (Jozo, (It.) 
 
 Grabbenvorst, (Neth.) 
 Graben, (Neth.) 
 Grabow, (Ger.) 
 Gracharz, (Austr.) 
 Grachenicza, (Austr.) 
 Gradiska, N. ("Austr.) 
 Graditza, (Gr.) 
 Gradizza, (Gr.) 
 Graefenberg, (Ger.) 
 fJrafenburg, (<«er.) 
 Grafenthal, (Ger.) 
 Grafenworth, (Ger.) 
 Graigiii^nemaragh, (Ir.) 
 Grain Coast, (Af.) 
 
 gWve-ler 
 
 g!uk''stdt 
 
 gmun'dcn 
 
 gne'zen 
 
 gntfkQg'vo 
 
 gS'a 
 
 gO'b-i 
 
 golli 
 
 go-dd've-ry 
 
 gqt'dels-hime 
 
 got'lin-se 
 
 gd~d6'l'i-o 
 
 gQQ'de^^e'de 
 
 geuVldnd 
 
 gtnirts 
 
 gOn'ija ■ 
 
 go~gos'eh'i 
 
 go' risk 
 
 go-Vto 
 
 gol'kon'da 
 
 gold kost 
 
 goV dds-tchilsk 
 
 gqWbek 
 
 golt'bggr^ 
 
 gqlt'ber^ 
 
 goL'ding-en 
 
 gb-le~gd'o 
 
 gb'lo 
 
 gol'zen 
 
 go-liib-ins'ka 
 
 goWso 
 
 gd^ne'ra 
 
 gS-metn (-mes) f d-r'i'as 
 
 go-metH (-nies) ve-lds'ko 
 
 gqm' mem 
 
 gqn'ddr 
 
 gqngdr-kQQr' 
 
 gqng-drdng' 
 
 don gon-thd'lo 
 
 gon-thd' {-sd') to 
 
 ggQtck'land 
 
 gor 
 
 go'ra 
 
 gor-bd'tov 
 
 gor'd6~la 
 
 gdr-gdnd'zo-la 
 
 gO-r'i-dt-chins'koi 
 
 go-r'i-oulcfi'k'i 
 
 gorj'dy 
 
 gor-ko-ri~ets'ka 
 
 gor'k^Qm 
 
 geur'lits 
 
 gd-ro-ditch' 
 
 go-Todhii-a 
 
 gd^d-dok' 
 
 go-rQ'f.lu)v 
 
 gor-re-dlke 
 
 gqr'scl 
 
 gor'tel 
 
 gor-tu'ni-us 
 
 ff^rts 
 
 gos'ldr 
 
 gos-l'i'va 
 
 ggs'pilk 
 
 gus'sou 
 
 gos's'i-a 
 
 gos-tVcliin 
 
 yik'td-ld'nd 
 
 gS'ta 
 
 idnkt gqt'hdrt 
 
 gqt'ldnd 
 
 gi'lcm 
 
 got's/iets 
 
 g5tsk'ka 
 
 j yA'te-bnrg 
 
 geut'ting-en 
 
 y^Wka 
 
 gqWvdl'de 
 
 gou'da 
 
 gou'dt-T'dJ: 
 
 go-^Q'l/ia 
 
 gau'r'i-ev 
 
 gou'r't-ivsk 
 
 gour 
 
 gS-v'i'no 
 
 gow-n'dgh' 
 
 gow-r'i-pdt'natn 
 
 gOd'zo 
 
 grdh' ben-fqrsl 
 
 gtd'bcH 
 
 grd'bO 
 
 grd'f.hdrLi 
 
 grd-fhe-nt'cha 
 
 grd-dis'ka 
 
 grd-dit'ia 
 
 grd-dii'za 
 
 grQ' fcn-ber^ 
 
 grd'fen-bQQr^ 
 
 grd'fen-tdlp. 
 
 grd'fin-vqrt 
 
 grSge-ne-ma-rdgh' 
 
 grUn hli.it 
 
 Giainville, (Fr.) 
 Grajanejos, (Pen.) 
 Gram, (Den.) 
 Grain, (Den.) r. 
 Grammoni, (Neth.) 
 Grammos, (Tur.) mt. 
 Grampsbergcn, (Neth.) 
 Granitzow, (Prus.) 
 
 Gran, [Eszlergom,] (Austr.) grd/i 
 Gran, (Anstr.) r. 
 Grana, (It.) r. 
 Granada, (Pen.) 
 Granadillo, (Pen.) 
 Grand Pre, (Fr.) 
 Gnindval, (Switz.) 
 Granger, (U. S.) 
 Grauichen, (Switz.) 
 Granja, la, (Pen.) 
 Grantham, (Eng.) 
 Granville, (Fr.) 
 Grasse, (Fr.) 
 Gratchevsk, (R.) 
 Grate m, (Neth.) 
 Gratia, Pt. Delia, (Gr.) 
 Gratz, (Austr. Prus.) 
 Graubundcn ( dten) or Les 
 
 Grisons, (Switz.) 
 Graudentz, (Prus.) 
 Grauzelle, Grau de, (Fr.) 
 Grave, (Neth.) 
 Gravesend, (Eng.) 
 Gravina, (It.) 
 Gravone, (It.) r. 
 Grazalena, (Pen.) 
 Great Britain 
 Greece 
 Greenland 
 Greenock, (Scot.) 
 Greenwich, (Eng.) 
 Greifen, (Switz.) 
 Greifen, (Switz.) I. 
 Grciffeiiburg, (.'\iistr.) 
 Grieffenhagen, (Prus.) 
 Greis, (Den.) 
 Greitz, (Ger.) 
 Grenada, isl. 
 Grenade, (Fr.) 
 Grenchen, (Switz.) 
 Grendstrup, (Den.) 
 Grenoble, (Fr.) 
 Greussen, (Ger.) 
 Grevelingen, (Netli.) 
 Grevismuhlen, (Ger.) ' 
 Grez, les, (Fr.) 
 Griazovetz, (R.) 
 Greiffiwald, (Prus.) 
 Grigorevska, (R.) 
 Grimaud, (Fr.) g. 
 Grimis-ois, (Switz.) 
 Grimsell Pass, (Switz.) 
 
 grdng-v'tle' 
 
 grd-ilid-ne'Zhos 
 
 gram 
 
 grdm 
 
 grdm-vib'n'i 
 grdmhnos 
 grdmps'ber~gen 
 grdmt'so 
 
 Grinsted, [Jutland,] (Den.) grin'sted 
 Griguas, (Af.) 
 Gris Nez, (Fr.) c. 
 Grisola, (It.) 
 
 Grisons, les, [Graubunden 
 
 or -dten,] largest canton 
 
 in Switz. 
 Grisselhamn, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Grodno, (Tur.) 
 Grodno, (R.) 
 Groesholm, (Den.) isl. 
 Groi.x, (Fr.) isl. 
 Groningen, (Ger. Neth.) 
 Groot Zundert, (Neth.) 
 Groote Keet, (Netli.) 
 Groposii, (.\ustr.) inf. 
 Grossetto, (It.) 
 Gross Wardeiii, [Hang 
 
 Nagy Varad,] (Austr.) 
 Grube, (Den.) 
 Grubenhagen, (Ger.) 
 Grudek, (Austr.) 
 Grunberg, (Prus.) 
 Grutamaiin 
 
 Griitii, or Rutli, (Switz.) 
 Griiyeres, (Switz.) 
 Gsteig, (Switz.) 
 Guadalaviar, (Pen.) r. 
 Guadalaxara, or Guada- 
 lajara, (Pen.) 
 Guadalemar, (Pen.) r. 
 Guadalerza, (Pen.) 
 Giiadalijorcc, ( Pen.) r. 
 Guadalmez, (Pen.) r. 
 Guudnlon, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Guadalquivir, (Pen.) f. 
 
 gran 
 grd'na 
 
 grd-nd'da or gra-nd'da 
 grd-nd-d'iVyo 
 grdng pre 
 grdn^-vdl' 
 grdn^jer 
 grd'ni-lken 
 Id grdn'llia 
 grant' um 
 grdng-v'iie' 
 grds 
 
 grdt'ckevsk 
 gra'tcm 
 del' la grd'ti-a 
 grdts 
 
 grou-bun' din (-ten) 
 
 grou'dents 
 gro d'^ grO-zile' 
 grd'fS 
 grdces'end 
 grd-o'i'na 
 grd-vo'ne 
 grd-thd-le'na 
 great brft'an 
 greece 
 green'land 
 green'uk 
 grin'idje 
 gri'fen 
 grVfen 
 grVfen-b<ji)Ti 
 gr'i-fin-hd' gen 
 gris 
 grils 
 gro-na'da 
 gre-ndde' 
 greii'llien 
 grtnd'strggp 
 gre-no-ble' 
 grots' sen 
 gre'fe-lin^~en 
 gre-vis^n u'lin 
 le gre 
 
 gri-d'z5^eti 
 grifs'v'dlt 
 gr'i-go-revs'ka 
 gr'i-mo' 
 
 gr'i-m'i'zwa' A, 
 grim'zcl 
 
 gri'g(fQ-as 
 gri ne' 
 gr'i'zd-ta 
 
 le gr'i-iong' 
 
 gris'sel-hdmn 
 grdd'no 
 grod'no 
 grdhs-liolm' 
 grwa 
 
 grO- (gr^-) ning'in 
 grdte ZQ^'dirt 
 grO'te kete 
 gro-pd'zQQ 
 gros-set'to 
 \ grOs-vdr-dlne nodj rd'- 
 I rod 
 gr(}</'be 
 
 gr<)Q'bin-hd' gin 
 grifi)'dek 
 gr{m'ber§ 
 gr<^<)' td^mdn 
 grtit'n 
 grii-'i-ySre' 
 gstlS 
 
 g<)(f-d-dd'ld-vi-dr' 
 
 I giQ-d-dd-ld-lhd'ra 
 
 gQi^d-dd'le-mdr' 
 go<rd-dd-ler't1in 
 g<)f>-d-dd-l:t-!kar'tK{ 
 gQQ-d'ddl^neth' 
 gQQ-d'dd-lGn 
 i goif-d-ddl-k'i-Vlr', Eng. 
 I gau-dHipiiv'er 
 1 ff^O'd-dd'tf^t^'pCj Eng. 
 
 Guadalupe, (W. Ind.) 
 
 Guadalupe, [ Radajos ] (Pen.) gQQ-d-dd-t^j'pr bd-dd'Uot 
 
 gau~da-lQm}c' 
 4-loo'oe h 
 
 iiadamelhita, (Pen., 
 Guadarama, (Pen.) r. 
 (Juadarinena, (Pen.) r. 
 Guadarranm, (Pen.) 
 
 gt}t}-d-dd-mel.yd'ta 
 gQQ-d-dd-rd'ma 
 g<jQ-d-ddr'me-na 
 gQ^d-ddr^d' ma 
 
 I Fate, fdr, full, vhifl, bit. — Mile, prty, klip, tMre, hUr. — Plne,vMr(ne, b\rd,fig. — W>te, ddne, ml)ve,iBflf, bffk, lord.— Tnne, bull, ^nitf. — Tt. long ufie; Pr. short but.— 
 
 mo 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Ciii:uliana, (Pen.) r. 
 Gtiudiutn, (I'en.) r. 
 (iuadiola, (I'en.) r. 
 Giiadix, (I'en.) 
 Giiajuco, (.Mex.) 
 Giialan, (Mc.x.) 
 OiiaUlo, (It.) 
 (Juanabai, (Mes.) r. 
 Guanazunto, or Guanax- 
 
 iiato, (.Mex.) 
 Guarda, (Switz. Pen.) 
 Giiardalui, (Af.) 
 Guardamar, (I'en.) 
 Gnardia Altiera, (lu) 
 (Jiiahsaniey, (.Mex.) 
 Giiastalla, (II.) 
 Guatiiiiala, (Mex.) 
 Giiatla, (Mex.) 
 Guayaquil, (S. .\ni.) 
 GnavMias, (Alex.) 
 Guli'bio, 
 Giilien, (J'nis.) 
 Giidar, (P.-n.) 
 Giidina, la, (Pen.) 
 Guduni, (Den.) 
 Guclders, Giielilei'land, 
 
 [seeGelderland,] (Netli.) 
 Guerct, (Fr.) 
 Guernsey, (Fr.) is/. 
 Guesselard, (Fr.) 
 Gug);isberg, (Switz.) 
 Gujilielma, (It.) 
 Guiana, Guyana, Ouayana 
 Guienne, (Fr.) t'urm.^r. 
 Guigiies, ( Fr.) 
 Gui»uela, (Pen.) r. 
 Guiniaraens, (Pen.) 
 Guinea, (Af.) 
 Guinchay la Cliap, (Fr.) 
 Guines, (Fr.) 
 Guiolle, la,(Fr ) 
 Guipuzcoa, (Pen.) 
 Gtiisanilo, (Pen.) 
 Guisborougn, (Eng.) 
 Guise, (Fr.) 
 Gnjerat, (Ind.) 
 Guliopoli, (It.) 
 Gulzinv, (Prus.) 
 Guinbeschen, (Switz.) 
 Guiniel de Miirco, (Pen.) 
 Guminen, (Switz.) 
 Gummerup, (Den.) 
 Gulirau, (Prus.) 
 Gundelflngen, (Ger.) 
 (Jundel-bye, (Den.) 
 Gunderup, (Den.) 
 Gunza, or Ganges, find.} r. 
 Gunnebye, (Sc. Pen.; 
 Gunz, (Ger.) r. 
 (Junzburj;, (Ger.) 
 Gurdi/.zolu, (It.) 
 Guria^Iiaua, (It.) 
 Gurkleld, (Austr.) 
 Gurrebye, (Den.) 
 Gurskoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Gurivan, (R.) 
 Gustaf Adolpli, (U.) 
 Gustafsvern, (II.) 
 Gustrow, (Ger.) 
 Guta, (Austr.) 
 Guttes Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Gnttin<;en, (Switz.) 
 Giit/.merow, (Prus.) 
 Guyandotte, (U. S.) 
 Giiyaquil, (S. Am.) 
 Gw:ill, (Switz.) 
 Gwozdziec, (Austr.) 
 Gyllinge, (Den.) 
 Gzudin, (Austr.) 
 
 i'P{>-a-(f/-d'na 
 ^(iq-d-di-d'ta 
 
 gijt)-d-^h<jQ' ko 
 irgQ-d'laii 
 
 rrtjQ-dV do 
 
 gQi^'d-nd-b'd''i 
 ' g(}i}-d-nd- {-lli<iQ) iTiQtf- 
 I (-i??) d'to 
 
 gQQ-dr'da 
 
 gQQ-di^da-fyt^-'i' 
 
 gQ^-dr-dd-mar' 
 
 g<)i)-dr' di-a dl f i-t'ra 
 
 g^^d-r't-xd-mi' 
 
 gff-d.i-tdl'la 
 
 g<)f-d-li-md'la 
 
 gf^q-dt'ta 
 
 gW-l-d-kiV 
 
 g^Q-l'mds 
 
 gQi/b'bi-o 
 
 /ri^Q'ddr' 
 Id g<;(i-di'na 
 
 giVders, gil'der-ldnt 
 gf-re' 
 
 geni-s&'. Eng. gem'zy 
 gfs-ldr' 
 
 gQ^l-ytV ma 
 
 g'i-d'na or g'i-yd'na 
 
 g'i-ciie' 
 
 giny 
 
 g'i-ge'la 
 
 g'i'rHd-rd-flls' 
 
 g'i-ne'a or gtn'a 
 
 gfng-sha' Id sha 
 
 gine 
 
 Id gi-Sle' 
 
 g'i-pfftti'kS-a 
 
 g'i-sdn'do 
 
 giz'bo~ro 
 
 gVV-ize 
 
 giiyfi-rtU 
 
 gqq-Vi'Q'pQ-ti 
 
 gul'tso 
 
 gQQin'besh-rn, 
 
 gq^m'i-H' de mqr'ko 
 
 g(jQ-mi'nin 
 
 gqqm' mt-ri)Qp 
 
 g<jQ'ron 
 
 g(}t}n' dH'fing' in 
 gQ(fn'dH-b\i 
 gQ^n'de-roQp 
 gun'ga, ^dn'jSt 
 g(}tpi' ne-btl 
 gunU 
 
 gunts'bfiyr^ 
 
 gf^Qr-d'iV so-lo 
 
 gqQ-ri-dl-yd'na 
 
 gWk'felt^ 
 
 gQqr're-bn 
 
 gQQrsli'eti 
 
 gur'i'Vdn 
 
 giis'idf a'dolf 
 
 gus'tdfii-vini 
 
 giis'trd 
 
 gW'la 
 
 gqqVtes f i~drd 
 
 gqot' ling-en 
 
 gnts'me-ro 
 
 gl'an-dot 
 
 gt-a-kil' 
 
 gTdl 
 
 gvosltdsh'i-iU 
 
 gul'ling-e 
 
 gshg^-dine' 
 
 H. 
 
 IIaar, or H\(!LE, (Netli.) 
 Haarlem, Il.ierleni, Har- 
 lem, (Neth.) 
 Hoase, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Habana, or Havana 
 
 Hacienda, (.Mex.) 
 Haddington, or East Lo- 
 thian, (Scot.) CO. 
 H.idersleben, (Den.) 
 Iladerup, (Den.) 
 Iladramaut, (Ar.) 
 H.ierlebeke, (Neth.) 
 Haerlcm, (U. S.) 
 Ilaff, Great, (Prus.) 
 H.aff, Little, (Prus.) 
 Hafvcroe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Hagdanger, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 hdi 
 I hdr'lim 
 hd'ie 
 
 I hd-bd' (-cii lUi, Eng. ha- 
 
 \ vdn'na 
 hd-tKi- (si-) in'da 
 
 j had' ding-ten 
 
 hd'ders-Wbin 
 
 hd'de-rq^ 
 
 had-ra-mdt.t' 
 
 hdr'lebe'kt 
 
 hdr'iem 
 
 hdf 
 
 hdf 
 
 hd'r^-reti 
 hdg'ddng-ir 
 
 hd'iren 
 hd'gf-n5 
 dd Idhdg 
 
 hdg. Eng. 
 
 hag 
 
 llagen, (Ger. Den.) 
 llagenow, (Ger.) 
 Hague, de la, (Fr.) 
 Hague, [S'Gravenhaag,] i 
 (Neth.) ' 
 Ilaguenau, (Fr.) 
 Ilalia, (Af.) 
 Ilalin, (Ger.) 
 Ilain, [Sonnne,] (Fr.) 
 Ilainault, (Netli.) 
 Iliijvpuor, (Ind.) 
 Ilala, (Per. Ind.) mt. 
 Ilalberstadi, (Prus.) 
 Ilaldensleben, (Prns.) 
 llalilenstein, (."^wit/.) 
 Ilaldiniand, (Can.) 
 Ilaleui, (.Will.) 
 Ilalicz, (Austr.) 
 Halifax, (N. Scotia) 
 llalkier, (Den.) 
 Hall, (Neth. Ger.) 
 Ilalland, (Sc. Pi n.) 
 Iliillaud's .As, (Sc. Pen.) mt. 
 Ilalle, (Prus.) 
 Ilalli.well, (i;. S.) 
 Ilalmstadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Halsted, (Den.) 
 Haltorp, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Halvan, (.Austr.) 
 Hamburg, (-burgli,) (Ger.) 
 Hamein, (Ger.) 
 Hanini, (Ger.) 
 Ilamnie, (Neth. Sc. Pen.) 
 Ilaiiinierdal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ilauimerstein, (Prus.) 
 Ilanan, (Ger.) 
 Ilangtclieou, (Cli.) 
 Ilangtcbeouloii, (Cli.) 
 Hannover, (Ger.) 
 Ilaiisted, (Den.) 
 Hants, (N. Scotia) 
 Haialdsby, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ilarbiirg, (Ger.) 
 
 Hardanger Fjeld, (Sc. Pen.) hdr'dang-er f i-eld 
 Ilarilaiiger Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) hdr'ddng-ir fi-brd 
 
 U<r-no' 
 hd'hd 
 hdltn 
 hang 
 
 ha-Ho' 
 
 hd-jy-pijQr' 
 hd'ld 
 
 hdl'bfr-stai' 
 hal'drn.t-11'ben 
 hdi'densthie' 
 hdl-dimdng' 
 hd'lcm 
 hd'lich 
 hiiV'i-fdz 
 hdVk'i-ir 
 hdl 
 
 hdVldnd 
 hdl'Idnds 63 
 hal'U 
 
 com. kol'lu-H 
 hdlm'sttU 
 hdl'stfd 
 hdl'tnrp 
 hdVvdn 
 
 hdm'b<)(/T§, Eng. hdm'bcrg 
 lid'meln 
 kdm 
 hdin'me 
 ham'mfr-ddl' 
 hdm' inir-sVlne 
 hd'nou, 
 Jidng-chijQ' 
 ha ng-ch QQ-fgQ 
 hdn-no'fir 
 hdn'slU 
 Hants 
 
 hd'rdlds-bu 
 hdr'bQQr^ 
 
 Ilardenberg, (Neth.) 
 Hardenwyk, (Neth.) 
 Hare, (Can.) isl. 
 Hareidland, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Harrteur, (Fr.) 
 Ilaringsvliet, or Flakkee, ( 
 
 (.\eth.) r. ! 
 Ilarkebriiecke, (Ger.) 
 Harle, (Den.) 
 Harleinmer Meer, (Neth.) 
 Harlingen, (Neth.) 
 Haro, (Pen.) 
 Haronifa, (Austr.) 
 Ilartberg, (Austr.) 
 Hartbeini, (Ger.) 
 Ilartz, (Ger.) 
 Hartz, (Ger.) mt. 
 Harwich, (Eng.) 
 H;isli, (Switz.) 
 Hassan, Ben All, Tomb of, 1 
 
 (Tur.) 
 Hass Berg, (Ger.) 
 Ilasselt, (Neth.) 
 Hassli, (bwitz.) val. 
 Hastrup, (Den.) 
 Ilauhoiirdin, (Fr.) 
 Hansen, (Ger.) 
 
 hdr'den-ber^ 
 hdr'dht-vtke 
 hare 
 
 hd'rlde-ldnd 
 hdr-Jli<hr' 
 
 hd'rings-ji'itc 
 
 hdr'ke-hrUk'ke 
 hdr'le 
 
 hdr'lem-mtr mrhr 
 
 hdr'ling-en 
 
 a'ro 
 
 ?td-T!^m'fa 
 
 hdrt'b^r^ 
 
 hdrt'hime 
 
 hdrts 
 
 hdrts 
 
 hdr'ridge 
 
 hds'ti 
 
 bin dnti hds'sdn 
 
 h'ds bir^ 
 hds'selt 
 hds'sli 
 hds'trQQp 
 ha-bQQr-dang' 
 hou'zen 
 
 Havanna, Havana, or Habana Ad-i:d'na or ha-vdn'na 
 
 Havel, (Ger.) r. 
 Havelburg, (Ger.) 
 Havre de Grlcc, (Fr.) 
 Hlvre, (Fr.) 
 Hawaii 
 Ilayger, (Ger.) 
 Haynichen, (Ger.) 
 Hayons, les, (Fr.) 
 Hayti, or Haiti 
 Ilazebroiick, (Fr.) 
 
 Ilebecourt, (I' r.) 
 
 Hebrides, nr West. Isl. (Scot.) hrb-ri'dlz 
 
 hd'fd 
 hd'fel-bijqr^ 
 hdvr d'ti grdsse 
 hdvr 
 
 hd-jcd'i-i 
 hVgir 
 hVni-ihin 
 h hd-'i-yong' 
 hd-i'ti, ii&'li 
 dzc-brgqk' 
 ebc-cQqr' 
 
 llcchcmin, (Ger.) 
 Hcchingen, (Ger.) 
 Hecia, (Icel.) mt. 
 Iledegaard, (Den.) 
 Hedenfors, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Iledingen, (Neth.) 
 Hedemora, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ilednaes, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Hcerenberg, (Neth.) 
 Hcerlein, (Neth.) 
 Heerle, (Neth.) 
 Hcesch, (Neth.) 
 Hegisland, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Heidelheck, (Ger.) 
 Heidelberg, (Ger.) 
 Ileiden Naab, (Ger.) r. 
 Heidenbnrg, (Ger.) 
 Heidenhcim, (Ger.) 
 Ileilbronn, (Ger.) 
 
 hilh^e-m'in' 
 helh'ing-en 
 he'kla or hik'la 
 he'de-gdrd 
 hf'din-fors 
 hf'ding-in 
 kf'de-mijQ'ra 
 hed'ndst 
 ht'ren-bir^ 
 her'Um 
 hrr'le 
 hfsk' 
 he'vis-ldnd 
 hVdil-hik 
 M'de!-bir? 
 hl'din-ndSe 
 hVdin-bqtfr^ 
 hl'drn-hlme 
 htle'bron 
 
 Heiligenhafen, (Den.) 
 Heiligenst.'idt, (Prus.) 
 Heiiiie, (Ger.; r. 
 Hela, (Prus.) 
 lleldeii, (Ni lh.) 
 Holder, (Neth.) 
 
 Helena, St. (Eng.) ial. 
 
 Ileligdland, or Helgoland, 
 
 (Don.) isl. 
 Ilellefors, ^Sc. Pen.) 
 Hellospont, or Dardanelles, 
 
 (Tur.) St. 
 Ilollevoetsluis, (Neth.) 
 Holligsne, (Den.) 
 Ill liiilireclit, (Ger.) 
 Ik'linburg, (Ger.) 
 Hel^iugoer, or Elsinore, 
 
 (Don.) 
 Helsiiigliorg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ilelsiiiufurs, (K.)U 
 Ilelvoliyn, (Eng.) 
 Iloniinosjoe, (Den.) 
 Ilongei-sberg, (Ger.) 
 Ilenkart, (Switz.) 
 Iluiiki'Iiini, (Neth.) 
 Ilonl.ipen, (U. S.) 
 Heniiebon, (Fr.) 
 Henrico, (U. S.) 
 Ilensival, (Neth.) 
 Herat, (Per.) 
 Herault, (Fr.) drp. 
 Horbolslieiin, (Ger.) 
 Ilordiil, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Herefordshire, (Eng.) 
 Herenienu, (Switz.) 
 Iltrencia, (Pen.) 
 Herunthals, (Neth.) 
 Herkcnbusch, (Neth.) 
 llermagor, (.Austr.) 
 Ilerinanas, dos, (Pen.) 
 Hernianshurg, (Ger.) 
 Ilerinanstadi, (Austr.) 
 Hermosa, Villa, (Pen.) 
 Ileriiatn, (Pen.) 
 Hcrniiig>liolni, (Den.) 
 Hernocsand, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Heron, (Neth.) 
 Hoirera, (Pen.) 
 Ilerres, (Pen.) 
 Ilcrrnhuth, ((Jer.) 
 Hertfordshire, (Eng.) 
 Ilerve, (Neth.) 
 Hery, le, (Fr.) 
 Herzberg, (Ger.) 
 Herzegovina, (Tur.) 
 Herzele, (Neth.) 
 Hesdin, (Fr.) 
 Hosmedga.ard, (Den.) 
 Hessen Cassel, (Ger.) 
 Hessen Darmstadt, (Ger.) 
 Hessen Homburg, (Ger.) 
 Hesseloc, (Den.) isl. 
 Het Dorp, (Notli.) 
 Ilet Loo, (.Neth.) 
 Het Zand, (Neth.) 
 Heval, (Eng.) tnt. 
 Ilevnau, (Prus.) 
 Hevno, (Neth.) 
 Iljalteriip, (Den.) 
 Iljardeniaal, (Den.) 
 Iljarup, (Den.) 
 Iljeliu, (Don.) i.-.'. 
 Hjolinar, Iljelmaren, (Sc. 
 
 Pen.) /. 
 Hjcliiieland, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Iljoliiistadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 llicres, (Fr.) 
 Iliersac, (Fr.) 
 Highlands 
 
 Iliguera, (Pen.) / 
 lligiiera, la, 
 lliguora, de la, 
 Hililburgh.-iuson, (Ger.) 
 Ilildesheim, (Ger.) 
 Hilels, (Af.) 
 Hillah, (Tur.) 
 Himalaya, (Ind.) ml. 
 Hindocn, (fc. Pen.) ijl. 
 Hindoo Coosh 
 Hindoos tan 
 Hingham, (U. S.) 
 
 hl'll-gfnhd'fin 
 
 M'ii-genstdt 
 
 hVmt 
 
 hs'la 
 
 hii'dm 
 
 hil'dir 
 
 J sdn^ (or tSint) hi'lf-na or 
 
 ( ht-lt'na 
 
 ) hi'U-gS-ldnd' or hil'gO- 
 { Idnd 
 hil'ltfors 
 
 j hil'lis pont 
 
 hrl'l(-fyqt-$loi3' 
 hil'ligs-eXi 
 hrlm'brilht 
 hilm'bqqr^ 
 
 \ hil'sing'^r 
 
 hfVsing-bqrg 
 
 hiVsing-fQra 
 
 hil-veVlin 
 
 him' mQ-si-Al 
 
 hinn' i.rs-bir^ 
 
 henk'drt 
 
 Mnk'f-lqqm 
 
 hin-lO'itrn 
 
 ine-bang' 
 
 hin'ri-ko 
 
 hin'/ti-fdl 
 
 hir-dt' 
 
 i-rd' 
 
 hir'bnh-hlm( 
 her'd'dl 
 
 here'furd-sh'irs 
 
 Sre-mif-iiu' 
 
 e-rin'iM-a 
 
 hf'rin-tdls 
 
 hir'kin-bqo^k 
 
 hir-ind-gOr' 
 
 dos ir-^id'tids 
 
 hir'mdn.t-bqqr^ 
 
 hir' man-slat 
 
 v'iVya ir-mO'sa 
 
 ir'ndni 
 
 hir'nings-holni 
 
 hir'nt^-sdiid 
 
 t-rong' 
 
 ir-rz'ra 
 
 er'riss 
 
 hirn-hq^lt 
 
 hurt'furd-shire 
 
 ir-vt' 
 
 li he-rt' 
 
 hirts'bir^ 
 
 hir-zi-gO^'i'na 
 
 hir-ze'te 
 
 is-ddng' 
 
 hc.te'm&Je-gSrd 
 
 his'sen kds'sct 
 
 his'sen ddrm'st'dt 
 
 his'sen hom'bq^^ 
 
 his'sit-ea 
 
 hel dorp 
 
 hn lo 
 
 het zdnt 
 
 hiv'al 
 
 Al'nou 
 
 M'no 
 
 y'dl'le-r^ 
 ydr'de-mole 
 yd'rqgp 
 yilm 
 
 I yil'mdr {-in) 
 
 yil'me-ldnd 
 yihn'stdt 
 i-Sre' 
 ■i-ere-sW:' 
 
 com. in Scot, ket'landi 
 
 i-ge'ra 
 
 Id i-gi'ra 
 
 de Id i-ge'ra 
 
 hilt'bqqr$-hou'tin 
 
 hil'dis-hlme 
 
 h'i'lils 
 
 hil'lah 
 
 h'i-md-ld'ya or him-a-iVa 
 hind'Aen 
 h'in'doo kq^sh 
 hin'dqqs-tdn or hin-d^fa- 
 
 ing'i 
 
 Hinojosa, or Cordova, (Pen.) 'i-nO-ihO'sa 
 Hinter Rhein, (Swilz.) hin'tir rlne 
 
 Hjorine, (Den.) 
 Ilirscliberg, (Prus.) 
 Hirschliolin, (Den.) 
 Hirson, (Fr.) 
 Ilirtzholmen, (Den.) isl, 
 Ilispaniola, (\V. Ind.) 
 Ilitzkirch, (Swilz.) 
 Iloang Ho, or Yellow R. ( A».)A8'dii^ hO 
 Hobroe, (Den.) hS'bri 
 Hoch, (.Austr.) hslh 
 
 [Un' 
 
 yA-ring 
 hirsh'ber^ 
 hirsh'hQlm 
 'ir-song' 
 hirts' hql-min 
 is-pan-'i-O'la 
 hits'kirlh 
 
 Fr. long ^ and short m, nearly as in spur. — Final ly, French / mouUle. — M'ger, vi"cious. — ^ as j in pleasure ; |- and ?A guttural ; ay liquid ; (A as in pith. 
 
 168* 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Horh Vogel, (Ger.) 
 Hocliiioif, (SSwitz. Ger.) 
 Hoclisti'tt, (Ger.) 
 Hochsietien, (SwitE.) 
 Hoedie, (Fr.) i.</. 
 Hiiensbrock, (N'eth.) 
 lloephulzen, (Neth.) 
 Hoevelaken, (N'eth.) 
 Hoir, (Ger. .4ustr.) 
 Hoffweiler, (Switz.) 
 Hofiager, (Den.) 
 Holienlmkow, (Priis.) 
 Hdlien Friedberc, (Prus.) 
 Holieiiliiiden, (Ger.) 
 Holienstein, (Prus.) 
 Holien Zia/., (Prus.) 
 HolienzoUern, (Ger.) 
 Hojiand, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Holbeck, (Den.) 
 Holcar, (Ind.) 
 Hollabrunn, (Austr.) 
 Holland 
 
 Holland's Diep, (Neth.; 
 Hollum, (Neth. At Ger.) 
 Holin, (Den.) 
 Holniedal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Holinen, (Sc. Pen.) ul. 
 Hiihnestrand, (Sc. Pen.) 
 H(.linland, (Di'n.) Ul. 
 llcilstpliroe, (Den.) 
 Holstein, (Den.) 
 Holstenborg, (Den.) 
 Holyhead, (Wales) 
 Hdlzapfel, (Ger.) 
 Holzheini, (Ger.) 
 Honiberg, (Ger.) 
 Hombourg, (Fr.) 
 Hombiirg, (Ger.) 
 Homona, (Austr.) 
 Ho-nan, (Ch.) 
 Hc.ndsliolindyk, (Neth.) 
 Honduras, (Ilex.) 
 Honeoye, (U. S.) 
 Hontleur, (Fr.) 
 Honrubia, (Pen.) 
 Hontanaya, (Pen.) 
 Hooge .Mierde, (Neth.) 
 Hoogerheide, (Neth.) 
 Hoog Haalen, (Neth.) 
 Hoogstraten, (Neth.) 
 Hoorn, (Neth.) 
 Hopital, (Switz.) 
 Hopitalet, (Fr.) 
 Horcajo, (Pen.) 
 Kormiiias, (Pen.) isl. 
 Hornachos, (Pen.) 
 Hornafvan, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Hnrnberg, (Ger.) 
 Hornburg, (Ger. &, Pras.) 
 Hornillo, (Pen.) 
 Flornli, (Switz.) 
 Hornos, (Pen.) 
 Hornussen, (Switz.) 
 Horodcnka, (Austr.) 
 Hcirsen, (Den.) 
 Hnrsen's Fjord, (Den.) 
 Horst, (Neth. & Den.) 
 Horzgerode, (Prus.) 
 Hospital del Obispo, (Pen.) 
 Hospital, [Mt. St. Gothard,] 
 
 (Switz.) 
 Hosseloe, (Den.) isl. 
 Hostouiilz, (.^ustr.) 
 Hoszninez, (Austr.) 
 HotelK-rie, (Fr.) UL 
 Hoiiat, (Fr.) isl. 
 Hoiidan, (Fr.) 
 Iloudelainconrt, (Fr.) 
 Hou-nan, (Ch.) 
 Hoiiniiang, (East. Isl.) 
 Houpe, (Ch.) 
 Himsatonic, (IJ. S.) 
 Howick, (Ung.) 
 Hoya, (Ger.) 
 Hoyhainbrc, (Pen.) e. 
 Hoz, (Pen.) 
 nndiirh, (Austr.) 
 Hiidvicksvall, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Hu.-bla, (Pen.) r. 
 Hnrhiia, (Pen.) 
 Htielva, (Pen.) 
 Hnen, or Hveen, (Den.) «I. 
 Huereal, (Pen.) 
 Fluercalovera, (Pen.) 
 Hiiertti, (Pen.) 
 Huertao, de la«, (Pen.) 
 Hue.ica, (Pen.) 
 HiieHcar, (Pen.) 
 Hnisi^eau, (Fr.) 
 Hukango, (Fr.) 
 Hiilnie, (Ger.) r, 
 Hiinihria, de, (Pnn.) 
 Hiiniinitige Land, (Ocn.) 
 Hiiniora, (Austr.) 
 
 hd!h fu'^rfl 
 hoch'dorf 
 ltdfh'sirt 
 ksili-stet-tin 
 
 h^i^ns' hrnk 
 h<^o[i' hiil-zhi 
 h<}<)' fe4d-ken 
 hnf 
 
 hnf'vi-ltr 
 
 ho'hfn-bt)^'ko 
 ko'hen-fr'itt' ber§ 
 ho' htn-iin' den 
 hS'htn-stlne 
 ha'hhi tsi'ats 
 ho'lihi-UoVUm 
 hoi'tdnd 
 hnl'b^ck- 
 hoVkdr 
 hol'ld-J^qn 
 hql'ldiid 
 hoVldnts dipe 
 
 hol'me-ddl 
 
 lioVmrn 
 
 hqV mf-strdiid 
 
 kqlm'ldnd 
 
 hql'stfl-brO 
 
 hot'^ttne 
 
 hol'sten-bnr§ 
 
 hoV'i-hed 
 
 hqlts'dp-fil 
 
 holts'ktme 
 
 hom'brr^ 
 
 honir-bQQr 
 
 hqni' bf^<yrg 
 
 kd-md'na 
 
 ho-nnn 
 
 koiuh'kglm-dike 
 , on-dQQ'rds 
 huii'i-oij 
 
 on-rt^q'b'i-a 
 
 on-td-nd-ya 
 
 hd-lke m'ir'di 
 
 liB-lber-kt'de 
 
 hSlli hd'len 
 
 hSlhsird'tex 
 
 horn 
 
 S-pi-tdl' 
 
 S-p'i-td-le' 
 
 6r-hd'lho 
 
 dr-mi' irds 
 
 vr-na'ikos 
 
 hor' nd-vdn 
 
 horn' bh-^ 
 
 horn' bgQr^ 
 
 Qr-n'iV ijo 
 
 horn'li 
 
 dr'nos 
 
 hor-HQ^s-sen 
 ho-ro-denk'a 
 hnr'sen 
 
 hor'sens f'iOrd 
 horst 
 
 horLt'^e-rS'de 
 os-p'i-tdt' dd o-b'is'po 
 
 j hOs-pi-tdV 
 
 hos'sel-t*tl 
 hosh'to-m'ils 
 
 a-til-ri' 
 
 tfij-ddn^ 
 
 <^Qd-tdn<T-kQQr 
 
 hou-Jidn 
 
 h'u'ou-dng 
 
 houpe 
 
 hQQ-sa-ton' ik 
 
 hb'ick 
 
 hO'ya 
 
 oi-dm'bre 
 
 hm 
 
 rd'dish 
 
 hSd'ciks-vdl 
 
 Qf-e'hla 
 
 QQ-H'va 
 
 Vt-t-rf-dl' 
 
 f^fr-kd-lB-vt'ra 
 
 ^Q-fr'Ui 
 
 de ld.1 f<}-ir'tds 
 
 ^Q-rnu'lia 
 
 m-h'kdr 
 
 i-is-ti' 
 
 i-kangth 
 
 hffl'mt 
 
 hqqm'ininff-e Idnd 
 h^i^mU'ra 
 
 Hundshoved, (Den.) 
 Hungary, (.\ustr.) 
 Hunue, (Den.) 
 Hunnetorp, (Den.) 
 Huntingdonsliire, (Eng.) 
 Hurdwar, (Ind.) 
 Husuni, (Den.) 
 Hutweiler, (Switz.) 
 Hvalp Sound, (Den.) 
 Hyderab.id, (Ind.) 
 Hyllestad, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 hQQnds' ho-v^d 
 
 huitg' tra~nj 
 
 hggn'ne 
 
 hq^n'ne-torp 
 
 hun'tinir-don-ih'ire 
 
 burd'War' 
 
 hQQt'vi-lir 
 vdlp 
 
 hy-df.-rd-bdd' 
 hil'te-stdd 
 
 I. 
 
 Iablonovo, (R.) 
 lasotin, (R.) 
 lakinivara, (R.) 
 lalta, (R.) 
 lamburg, (R.) 
 lanipol, (K.) 
 lanichki, (R.) 
 lanicliut, (Fr.) 
 lanisia, (R.) 
 lancovacz, (Austr.) 
 lunolouk, (R.) 
 lantchourino, (R.) 
 laransk, (K.) 
 larensk, (R.) 
 laroslavi, (R.) 
 laryniovo, (R.) 
 lav'childina, (R.) 
 Ibach, (Switz.) 
 Ibbenbuhren, (Ger.) 
 Ibeas, (Pen.) 
 Iceland, (Den.) 
 Idanha, (Pen.) 
 Iderstrup, (Den.) 
 Idice, (It.) r. 
 Idre, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Idria, (Austr.) 
 Idro, (It.) 
 lebedevsk, (R.) 
 lefreniov, (R.) 
 legorievsk, (R.) 
 lekateridonar, (R.) 
 lekaterinbourg, (R.) 
 lekaterinoslav, (R.) 
 lelatoni, (R.) 
 lenotaevsk, (R.) 
 lereininka, (R.) 
 lerne, (Den.) 
 levlouchina, (R.) 
 Igal, (Austr.) 
 Igen, (Den.) 
 Ighafer, (R.) 
 Iglau, (.\ustr.) 
 lulau, (Austr.) r. 
 Iglesias, (It.) 
 Iglo, (Austr.) 
 Igney, (Fr.) 
 Igualada, (Pen.) 
 lidensahni, (R.) 
 Ijeniska. (R.) 
 Ijima, (Pv.) r. 
 Ijo, (R.) 
 Ikalis, (R.) 
 Ikervar, (.Austr.) 
 11 Horst, (Neth.) 
 Ilanz, (Switz.) 
 Ilek, (R.) r. 
 Ilicha, (R.) r. 
 Ilinka, (R.) 
 Ilianesa, (.Austr.) 
 Illasi, (It.) 
 Ille, (Fr.) 
 
 Hie and Vilaine, (Fr.) dep. 
 Iller, (Ger.) r. 
 Hlgau, (Switz.) 
 Illinois, (U. S.) 
 Illkirchen, (Fr.) 
 Illora, (Pen.) 
 Illovaitsk, (K ) 
 Illovlinska, (R.) 
 Illvria, (Austr.) 
 Ili'n, (Ger.) r. 
 Ilnien, (R.) 
 Ilnien, (R.) 
 Ilmenau, (Ger.) 
 Ilinenau, (Gi r.) r. 
 Ilsenhach, (Ger.) 
 Hz, (Austr.) 
 llz, (Ger.) r. 
 llzhofi n, (Ger.) 
 Ilzstadt, (Ger.) 
 luia, (Mex.) I. 
 Hiiandrn, (R.) I. 
 luibro, (Tur.) isL 
 Hneretia, (It.) 
 hnnien^ladt, (Ger.) 
 Hnula, (It.) 
 
 'id-bl5~no'vo 
 
 'id-go-t'in' 
 
 'id-kim-vd'ra 
 
 'i-dl'ta 
 
 ydm'bQQr^ 
 
 'idin'pOl 
 
 td-nich'k'i 
 
 'i-d-ni-shU^ 
 
 td-n'i's'i-a 
 
 ydn'ko-vdtch 
 
 'id'nd-luiik 
 
 'idut~c/t€w-r'i'no 
 
 'id'rdn.-;k 
 
 '{d'reni,-k 
 
 'id-ros-ld'v'i 
 
 'id~ry-mo'vo 
 
 'idv-iliil-di'na 
 
 'i'bd^h 
 
 ib'ben-bqg'ren 
 
 'i-be'ds 
 
 Ice'ldnd 
 
 'i-uiin'ys 
 
 'i'der-strq^ 
 
 ■i-di'che 
 
 ■i'dre 
 
 'i'dfi-a 
 
 •i'dro 
 
 'ie'be-devsk 
 
 re-fre'n'i-ov 
 
 'ie-go'r'i-evsk 
 
 'ie-kd-te-r'i-dd'ndr 
 
 'ie-kd-t e' r'tn-bour^ 
 
 'ie-kd~te-r'i-nos'ldv 
 
 'ie'td'tum 
 
 'ie-no~td-evsk' 
 
 'ie-re-m'in'ka 
 
 'ier'ne 
 
 'iiv-lou-lh'i'na 
 
 ■i-gdl' 
 
 'V gen 
 
 'iS'hd-fir 
 
 'i'glou 
 
 ■i'gUu 
 
 'i-gle'si-tu 
 
 t'glo 
 
 'in-yd' 
 
 'i-gQQ~d-ld'da 
 
 y'i-den-sdl'mi 
 
 'i-jeins'ka 
 
 'i-j'i'ma 
 
 ■i'jo 
 
 i-kd'tis 
 
 'i-ker'vdr 
 
 'il horst 
 
 Vldnta 
 
 ■i'lek 
 
 'iA'i'cha 
 
 ■iliii'ka 
 
 'il'td-ne'sa 
 
 tt-ld'si 
 
 tie 
 
 'He, v'i4llne' 
 
 il'Ur 
 
 iVgou 
 
 il-ti-nni' (or -nqis') 
 
 il-kir''ihen 
 
 'il-ld'ra 
 
 ■iVl5-vd-itik 
 
 'it-lOv-lins'ka 
 
 il-tir'i-'a 
 
 itin 
 
 il'tnen 
 
 jl'men 
 
 }l'ms~n(tu 
 
 il'nie-noii 
 
 il'ien-bdlh 
 
 ills 
 
 ills 
 
 'ills'liB-fen 
 
 ilts'stdt 
 
 'i'ma 
 
 'i-mdn'dra 
 
 'im'bro 
 
 'i^iC-re't'i-a 
 
 im'men-stdt 
 
 'i-niO'la 
 
 Iniosclii, (Austr.) 
 Inisl, (Austr.) 
 Inares, (.Austr.) 
 Inca, (Pen.) 
 Incisa, (It.) 
 Indal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Indal, (Sc. Pen.) t. 
 Inden, (Switz.) 
 India 
 
 Indiana, (U S.) 
 Indies 
 
 Indre, (Fr.) r. 
 Indre, (Fr.) dep. 
 Indre and Loire, (Fr.) dep. 
 Ingen, (Nelli.) 
 Ingistore, (.Austr.) 
 Ingolstadt, (Bavaria, Ger.) 
 Ingrande, (Fr.) 
 Ingweiler, (Ger.) 
 Iniesta, (Pen.) 
 Inn, (Austr. Ger.) r. 
 Innichen, (Austr.) 
 Innistrahul, (Neth.) isl. 
 Innspruck, (Austr.) 
 Inowraclaw, (Prus.) 
 Insara, (R.) 
 Insterburg, (Prus.) 
 Interlaken, (Switz.) 
 Inverary, (Scot.) 
 Inverlochy, (Scot.) 
 Inverness, (Scot.) 
 lona, (Scot.) 
 Ionian Isl. 
 lora, (R.) r. 
 loroisi, (R.) 
 louchnov, (R.) 
 louksieevsk, (R.) 
 lourlev, (R.) 
 louronia, (R.) 
 Iowa, (U. S.) 
 Ips, (.Austr.) r. 
 Ipswich, (Eng. & U. S.) 
 Irakajenii, (Per.) 
 Irati, (Pen.) r. 
 Ireland 
 Irgiz, (R.) r. 
 Irkoutsk, (As.) 
 Iroquois 
 
 Irrawaddv, (As.) 
 Irtish, (R.) 
 Iruecha, (Pen.) 
 Inirzan, (Pen.> 
 Isalka, (R.) 
 Isar, (Ger.) 
 
 Isar, or Isser, (Ger.) r. 
 Isbaiktchi, (R.) 
 Ischia, (It.) isl. 
 Ischim, Steppe of, (As.) 
 Isenheini, (Fr.) 
 Iser, (Austr.) r. 
 Iserable, (Switz.) 
 Iseran, (it.) mt. 
 Isere, (rr.) dep. 
 Isernia, (It.) 
 Isidoro, (Mex.) 
 Isigny, (Fr.) 
 Isili, (lu) 
 Islamabad 
 Isle, (Fr.) 
 
 Isle, I' [Vaud,] (Switi.) 
 Isleta, (Mex.) 
 Islington, (Eng.) 
 Ismail, (R.) 
 Isni, (Ger.) 
 Isola, (It.) 
 Isola Sacra, (It.) 
 Ispahan, (Per.) 
 Isque, (Fr.) 
 Isselliorst, (Ger.) 
 Issen, (Ger.) r. 
 Isser, or Isar, (Ger.) r. 
 Issert, (Switz.) 
 Isserhufen, (Ger.) 
 Issoire, (Fr.) 
 Issudun, (Fr.) 
 Istcholiui, (R.) 
 Isto, (Austr.) isl. 
 Istria, (Austr.) 
 Istria, Capo d', (Austr.) 
 Italy 
 
 Itauia, (Gr.) mu 
 Ilhaka, (Gr.) 
 Ithume, (Gr.) mL 
 Itri, (It.) 
 
 Itzelioe, [Holstein,] (Den.) 
 lussy, (Switz.) 
 Ivanich, (Austr.) 
 Ivankov, (K.) 
 Ivanovskoc, (R.) 
 Iveroe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ivi^n, (Pen.) 
 Ivi(;n, (Pen.) isl. 
 Ivnry Const, (Af.) 
 Ivrea, (It.) 
 
 'i-vtos'ki 
 im.-it 
 
 'in :a 
 
 'in-ch'i'za 
 
 'in'ddl 
 
 'in'ddl 
 
 in'den 
 
 'in'ja 
 
 in-di-d'na 
 
 iii'jez 
 
 eugdr' 
 
 engdr' 
 
 engdr'y litdr 
 
 'in-ihen 
 
 'iu-jis-tO're 
 
 'ing' gql-stdl 
 
 eng-grdngd' 
 
 ing-m'ler 
 
 'i-n'i-is'ta 
 
 inn 
 
 in'ni-then 
 
 iii-i'is'trd-haU 
 
 in'sprQQk 
 
 'i-no-rd'kla 
 
 in-sd'ra 
 
 in'ster-bqQT^ 
 
 in'ter-ld'ktn 
 
 in-ver~d'ry 
 
 in-ver-lqih'y 
 
 in-ver-ness' 
 
 'i~5'na 
 
 t-B 'lii-au 
 
 iB'ra 
 
 'i5-roi's'i 
 
 'iouZh'nov 
 
 iouk'sie-evsk 
 
 'iour'Uv 
 
 'iou-TB'ma 
 
 t'o-wa 
 
 ips 
 
 ips'rcich or ip'sidg 
 
 'i-rd-kd-je'm'i 
 
 i-rd'H 
 
 ire'lnnd 
 
 ir'gii 
 
 'ir-kfQtsk' 
 
 ir-o-<juois' or ir^kwit' 
 
 ir-ra-wdd' dy 
 
 'ir-tish' 
 
 i-rQqe'cha 
 
 'i-rgQr'thdn 
 
 'i-sal'ka 
 
 'i'sdr 
 
 'i'sdr or is'sir 
 
 is-bd-ikt'ch'i 
 
 'is'k'i-a 
 
 'is'ch'im 
 
 'i'len-htme 
 
 'i'ser 
 
 i-sf-rd'ble 
 
 i-se'rdn 
 
 i-sSre' 
 
 'i-ser^n'i-a 
 
 l-s'i-dB'ro 
 
 'i-iin-AjV 
 
 'i-s'i'ti 
 
 is-ldin-a-bitd' 
 
 tie 
 
 tile 
 
 'is-le'ta 
 
 is'ling-ton 
 
 is'md-'tl 
 
 is'n'i 
 
 'i-sB'la 
 
 'i-sB'la sd'kra 
 
 <s-pa-hdn' 
 
 'isk 
 
 is'sfl-hqrst 
 is'sen 
 
 is'scr or i'sdr 
 is'sert 
 
 is-ser-hQf'/en 
 
 'is's7cdr 
 
 'is'sii-df^ng' 
 
 'ist-dtqV no 
 
 'is'to 
 
 is'tri-a 
 
 kd'po dis'tr'i-c 
 
 il'a-hj 
 
 'i-td'ma 
 
 Vlhd-ka 
 
 'i-thB'ms 
 
 i'lri 
 
 il'se-ho 
 
 iils^V 
 
 i-vd'nilh 
 
 'i-vdn'kov 
 
 'i-vd-nqvs'kB 
 
 Vve-rA 
 
 'i-v'i'aa 
 
 'i-vi'sa 
 
 i'l'o-ry kBst 
 
 i-vrc'a 
 
 FllU,fltr,f(tU,iBlufL, tiL—MlU, prtv, help, Mrt, hUr. -~ Pine, mariae, bird, fig.— MZtc, dOve, mSve, wqlf, bqqk, iQrd.—TUnt, bull, v»ite. — Fr. long i)fi«; Fr. short iu(.— 
 
 1342 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Ivry, (Fr.) 
 Ixiir, (R.) 
 Izacliicli, (Austr.) 
 I/.l>iiisk, (R.) 
 l/.hitclif, (K.) 
 1,(11.) 
 
 I/.iouin, (li 
 
 lzi>tin;i, f 11.) 
 Izvaig, (R.) 
 
 i-vrV 
 
 iz'dr 
 
 'i-iUfh-tlh 
 
 ■ti'binsic 
 
 iz-bil-clis 
 
 'i-ii'Oam' 
 
 'i-zd-Cf'na 
 
 J. 
 
 Jabilok, (Pen.) r. 
 Jablunitza, (Austr.) 
 Jablon'ow, (.Austr.) 
 Jabron, (Fr.) 
 Jaca, (Pen.) 
 Jacobstaiit, (R.) 
 Jacobstat, (R.) 
 Jaclowice, (Austr.) 
 Jadraque, (Pen.) 
 Jaen, (Pen.) 
 Jaera, (I'en.) 
 Jaffa, (Pal.) 
 Jad'iiaiiaiam, (As.) 
 Jago, Si. [Santijago,] (Pen.) 
 Jassl, (Ger.) 
 Ja«st, (Ger.) r. 
 Jagstberg, (Ger.) 
 Jaik, (R.) r. 
 Jako, (Austr.) 
 Jalacinpa, (Me.i!.) 
 Jalain, (Fr.) 
 Jalapa, (Mex.) 
 Jales, (Pen.) 
 Jalons, (Fr.) 
 Jalowice, (Austr.) 
 Jamaica, isl. 
 Jainnit?:, (Aiistr.) 
 Jamthaler, (Austr.) mt. 
 Jainund, (Prus.) I. 
 Janaro, (It.) r. 
 Jandula, f Pen.) r. 
 Janovv, (Austr.) 
 Japan, [Nijihon, by the J 
 Japanese] j 
 Jaraicejo, (Pen.) 
 Jarama, (Pen.) r. 
 Jard, la, (Fr.) 
 Jarnac, (Fr.) 
 Jaslo, (Austr.) 
 Jassogne, (Netli.) 
 Jastrow, (Wus.) 
 Jas7. Apathi, (.\ustr.) 
 Jaska, (Austr.) 
 Jaroslau, (Austr.) r. 
 Jassy, (Tur.) 
 Jas/.bereng, f .\ustr.) 
 Jnuer, (Prus.; 
 Java, isL 
 Jaulnais, (Fr.) 
 Jauran, (f r.) 
 Javinal, (.Me.t.) 
 Jean d'Angelv, St. (Fr.) 
 Jean de Luz, St. (Fr.) 
 Jedburgh, (Scot.) 
 Jees, (Per.) 
 Jeeen, (Den.) hU 
 Jeka, (U.) 
 Jelling, (Den.) 
 Jelmsoe, (Sc. Pen.) ui 
 Jclstein, (Ger.) 
 Jeltcha, (K.) 
 Jena, (Ger.) 
 Jenatz, (Switz.) 
 Jenisberg, (Switz.) 
 Jerez de la Frontera, (Pen.) 
 Jerisiarvi, (Pen.) 
 Jersey, (Fr.) isl. 
 Jesjogi, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Jcssberg, (Ger.) 
 Jettendal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Jevnagcr, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Jeyp<ior, (Hind.) 
 Je/.erana, (.•\ustr.) 
 Jezewo, (Prus.) 
 Jezierna, (Austr.) 
 Jimenado, (Pen.) 
 Jinzo, (Pen.) 
 Jirdra, (R.) 
 Jitoniir, (R.) 
 Joannes, (Braz.) isL 
 Jodar, (Pen.) 
 Johannisberg, (Prus.) 
 Jalianniswerden, (Den.) 
 Johure, (East. Isl.) 
 Joignv, (Fr.) 
 Joinville, (Fr.) 
 Jolan, (Pen.) r. 
 Jolbos, (Mex.) isl. 
 Joenkjoeping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Iha'bd-ldn 
 
 'id-bld-n'it'sa 
 
 yd-blO'm^qf 
 
 slid brdiiff' 
 
 llid'ka 
 
 yd'knb-stdt 
 
 yd'k'qb-tdt 
 
 'td-klO-v'it'se 
 
 Ihd-dra'ke 
 
 iltd'^n 
 
 Ihd-e'ra 
 
 jaffli or ydffa 
 
 jdjf-iia'im-tdni' 
 
 sdn ikd'go 
 
 ydS-st 
 
 yd^st 
 
 Vd$st'ber^ 
 
 'jd-tk' 
 
 yd'ko 
 
 ihd-ld-tntn' (-«■<«') ga 
 shd-lanir' 
 Ihd-ld'pa 
 Ihd'less 
 xhd-!dnff' 
 vd-lo-v'it'si 
 jd-md'ka 
 ydm'nits 
 ydm'td-ler 
 yd'mi}Qnd 
 'i-d-nd'ro 
 Ihdn-dQQ'la 
 yd'HQdf 
 
 ja-pdii\ nipk-on' 
 
 Ikd-rd-i-tne'lko 
 Ihd-rd'jna 
 Id shdr 
 shdr-ndk' 
 yds'lo 
 
 yds'tro 
 
 yds d-pd't'i 
 
 yds'ka 
 
 ydr^osA'&o 
 
 yds'sy 
 
 yOs-be-reng' 
 
 ynu'er 
 
 jd'vd 
 
 shdl-nd' 
 
 sho-rdntr' 
 
 Ihd-vi-ndV 
 
 sAnir shdiifr rfd^ifTs/t-fi' 
 
 sdn^ shdnir dit luz 
 
 yd'buTg or jid'bo-^o 
 
 jres 
 
 yt'gen 
 
 jt'ka 
 
 ytl'Unir 
 
 yrlms'A 
 
 yH'stlne 
 
 jeWcha 
 
 ye'tia 
 
 ijt'ndts 
 
 ye'nis-ber} 
 
 hie-rftK de Id frdn-te'ra 
 
 Ihe-r'i-s'i-dr'v'i 
 
 shfr-sd' or jer'zy 
 
 yhs-yo'y'i 
 
 yes'ber^ 
 
 yH'ten-ddl 
 
 yfvn' (or yen') d-gir 
 
 jt'poor 
 
 ye-tse-rd'na 
 
 ye-tAe'vo 
 
 'ied-z'i-er' na 
 
 lh'{-me-nd'do 
 
 ik'in'tflo 
 
 fir'dra 
 
 shS- (or IhS-) dn'niss 
 
 IM-ddr' 
 
 yS-hdn'nis-her^ 
 
 yB-hdit' nis-virdm 
 
 j5-hure 
 
 shtPdn~yV 
 
 shirdn^-v'iW 
 
 ihli'ldn 
 
 l/inl'bos 
 
 yt^n-ch^'pinir 
 
 Jonzac, (Fr.) 
 Jordanow, (.Austr.) 
 Jorquera, (Pen.) 
 JcirulK), (Mex.) 
 Josseliu, (Fr.) 
 Jime, (Fr.) 
 Jouey, (Fr.) 
 Joursa, (R.) r. 
 Joycuse, (Fr.) 
 Juan do Ulua, San, (Mex.) 
 Jucar, (Pen.) r. 
 Judenbacli, (Ger.) 
 Judenburg, (.\ustr.) 
 Jugon, (Fr.) 
 Juist, (Netli.) isl. 
 Jukkasjarvi, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Jukogorska, (U.) 
 Julelia, (Prus.) 
 Julianaliede, (Den.) 
 Juliers, [Juelicli,] (Ger.) , 
 Juliersberg, or Juelicliburg, 
 
 (Prus.) 
 Julimes, (Jfex.) 
 Jumilla, (Pen.) 
 Juinnie, (Ger.) r. 
 Jungbunzlaw, (Austr.) 
 Junefrau, (Switz.) mt. 
 Juniata, (V. S.) 
 Junkerslior, (Prus.) 
 Jupille, (Netli.) 
 Jura, (Fr.) dep. 
 Jura, (Switz.) mt. 
 Justedal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Jutland, [Jylland,] (Den.) 
 Jypoor, (ind.) 
 
 shGntr-zdk' 
 ySr'i/d iifQf 
 chdr-k^'ra 
 
 llio-TijQl'yo or lliOrTfQi'yo 
 
 shOssc-lditfr' 
 
 s/tQ(}-a' 
 jnur'sa 
 shtrd-yt^se 
 
 sdn lliQff'dn Qi}-li^i^a 
 
 i/iQQ-kdr' 
 
 yt}(]' den-b'dch 
 
 ij^r/Jin-bwri 
 
 ehu-gdng' 
 
 yoist 
 
 yuk'kds^'dr'v'i 
 ja.~k5-<Tors'ka 
 y^Q'le-ka 
 yt/if-li-d'tid-ke'de 
 . sUii-lie, yii'lilk 
 
 !s/iii-tie-ber^, yii'liik- 
 brr^ 
 }hi)Q~ti'mess 
 fhifQ-m'il'ya 
 yQQiil'm^ 
 yQt^nir'lKjijns'lav 
 yQQnZ'frou. 
 ju-n'i dt'a 
 y(>fjjik' ers-hof 
 shU-pi-i or shi-p'ilyi 
 shii'ra 
 
 yiis'te-ddl 
 
 yut'ldnt 
 
 ji'pwr 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaabak, (Per.) 
 Kaarup, (Den.) 
 Ka.as, (Den.) 
 Kaastrup, (Den.) 
 Kaba, (Austr.) 
 Kabakos, (Tur.) b. 
 Kabasdah, (R.) 
 Kabna, (Austr.) 
 Kachin, (R.) 
 Kachira, (R.) 
 Kacliovka, (R.) 
 Kadelburg, (Switz.) 
 Kady, (R.) 
 Kaedekircben, (Ger.) 
 Kaerntlicn, or Oarinthia, 
 
 (Austr.) 
 Kaffa, (ir Feodosia, (R.) 
 Kafferland, (Af.) 
 Kairwan, (.\f.) 
 Kaisarieh, (Tur.) 
 Kaiserslautern, (Ger.) 
 Kaiserstubl, (Switz.) 
 Kaitaia, (New Zeal.) 
 Kajenisk, (R.) 
 K.ajska, (R.) 
 Kakalova, (R.) 
 Kakinda, (Austr.) 
 Kakunjeva, (.Austt." 
 Kalaicka, (R.) 
 Kalalavsk, (R.) 
 Kalamazoo, (LT. S.) 
 Kalnnon Lodomir, or Gali- 
 
 cia and Lodomir, (Austr.) 
 K.alantchak, (R.) 
 Kalaratch, (R.) 
 Kalgalakclia, (R.) 
 Kalinsk, (R.) 
 Kalisz, (R.) 
 Kalitva, (R.) 
 Kalix, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kalix, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Kalla, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kalleboe Sound, (Den.) 
 Kallerup, (Den.) 
 Kallmo, (Sc. Pen.) 
 K.alln, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kalln, (Sc. Pen.) .'. 
 Kalmar, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kalnach, (Switz.) 
 Kalo, (R.) 
 Kalooga, (R.) 
 Kalpatsk, (R.) 
 Kalsching, (.Austr.) 
 Kaltbrunn, (Switz.) 
 Kalusz, (Austr.) 
 Kalvari, (R ) 
 Kalvas, (R.) 
 Kama, (R.) r. 
 Kam.irovka, (Austr.) 
 Kainenitz, (.Austr.) 
 Kamenka, (R.) 
 Knmencka, (R.) 
 
 kaa'ban 
 kd'rQ(ip 
 kSs 
 
 kO'stri^Qp 
 
 kd'ba 
 
 kd-hd'kns 
 
 kd'hds'dah 
 
 kdb'na 
 
 kd-cliin' 
 
 kd-ck'i'ra 
 
 kd~?hov'ka 
 
 kd' il fl-bi}i)r^ 
 
 kd'dy 
 
 ku'de-k'ir'Zhen 
 kern' ten 
 kdffa 
 
 kdffer-lAnd 
 
 kair~wdn' 
 
 ki'sar-'i'eh 
 
 kt'zers-lou'tem 
 
 ki'zer-stQijl 
 
 kdi-td'ia 
 
 kd'jemsk 
 
 kdj'ska 
 
 kd-kd-lo'va 
 
 kd-kin'da 
 
 kd-k^Qn^/e'va 
 
 kd-ld-'ie'ka 
 
 kd-ld-liosk' 
 
 kdl-a-vui-i^q' 
 
 kd'ld-nSn tS'dd-m'ir 
 
 kd-ldnt' chdk 
 
 kd'ld-rdtch 
 
 UAl-sd-ldli'cha 
 
 kd'tinsk 
 
 kd'lxsz 
 
 kd-Ut'va 
 
 kd'l'ix 
 
 kd'l'ix 
 
 kdV'la 
 
 kdl'le-ba 
 
 kdVU-rgf^ 
 
 kdl'mo 
 
 kdln 
 
 kdin 
 
 kdVmdT 
 
 kdl'ndlk 
 
 kd'lo 
 
 kd-lQi]'ffa 
 
 kdVpdLik 
 
 kdl'shimr 
 
 kdlt'brQQn 
 
 kd'lffQss 
 
 kdl-vd'ri 
 
 kdl'vds 
 
 kd'ma 
 
 kd^d-rqv'ka 
 kd'mf-nits 
 kd-'Sen'ka 
 Jrd-mf-nS'to 
 
 Kamienitz, (R.) 
 Kiunionka, (Austr.) 
 KaniuKMiiic, (It.) /. 
 Kamnitz, (.Austr.) 
 Karuoe, (Sc. P. ii.) i.il. 
 Kamiioraska, (t'au.) 
 Kauip, (.\etli.) 
 Kaiupen, (.Nelh. Den.) 
 Kaniperlierg, (.Nelli.) 
 Kamperveen, (Netli.) 
 Kamtscliatka, (As.) 
 Kamycbin, fR.) 
 Kanawha, (U. S.) 
 Kandahar, (.As.) 
 Kauilalaska, (R.) 
 Kandalaska, (R.) g. 
 Kanisa, (.Austr.) 
 Kanisa, (Jrcat, (Austr.) 
 Kanisa Kis, (.Austr.) 
 Kanisa /enilia,^L) 
 Kannalaiid, ( Af^ 
 Kannotta, (It.) 
 Kanova, (R.) 
 Kansuli, (Ch.) 
 Kapcllen, (Switz.) 
 Kappel, (Den.) 
 Karaliach, (R.) 
 Karaliissan, (Tur.) 
 Karakoolau, ( II.) r. 
 Karalitskoi, (R.) 
 Karasch, (Austr.) r. 
 Karasjoki, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Karasjoki, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Karatavly, (R.) 
 Karatchev, (R.) 
 Karatsjaur, (Sc. Pen.) I, 
 Karin, (Austr.) 
 Kjrinska, (K.) 
 Karkiecvoi, (R.) 
 Karlburg, (Austr.) 
 Karleby Ganda, (R.) 
 Karlshavcn, (Ger.) 
 Karlstadt, (Ger.) 
 Kariinda, (R.) 
 Karotcha, (R.) 
 Karotyfalva, (Austr.) 
 Karova, (R.) 
 Karpelska, (R.) 
 Karup, (Den.) 
 Karystos, (Gr.) 
 Kaschau, (Austr.) 
 Kasimov, (R.) 
 Kaskaskia, (U. S.) 
 K.iskinova, (R.) 
 K.islansk, (R.) 
 Kassieliec, (Prus.) 
 Katahdin, (U. S.) mL 
 Katchalinsk, fR.) 
 K.aleluikov, (R.) 
 Kaieluoi, (R.) 
 Katrine, Loch, (Scot.) 
 Katwyk, (.\etli.) 
 Katz, (Prus.) 
 Katzbach, (Prus.) r 
 Kauderstcg, (Switz.) 
 K.aiifungen, (Ger.) 
 Kaukalin, (U. S.) 
 Kaysersche. (Ger.) 
 Kazan, (R.) 
 K.izarma, (R.) 
 Kazbek, (R.) mf. 
 Kecskemet, (.Austr.) 
 Kefa, (R.) 
 Kchl, (Ger.) 
 Keialjord, fSc. Pen.) 
 Keighlv, (Lng.) 
 Ktlat, (As.) 
 Kellinghnsen, (Den.) 
 Kemi, (R.) 
 Keniliz, (Prus.) 
 Kempe, (Den.) 
 Kempen, (Ger. Prus.) 
 Keiuplen, (Ger.) 
 Kengisbruk, (R.) 
 Kennebec, (U. S.) 
 Kenncbunk, (U. S.) 
 Kent, (Eng. Can.) 
 Kentucky 
 Kenzingen, (Ger.) 
 Keokuck, (U. S.) 
 Keppel, (Neth.) 
 Ker, (.Austr.) 
 Keras, (R.) 
 Kerensk, (R ) 
 Kerenzern, (Switz.) 
 Kergout, fFr.) 
 Kernau, (Ger.) r. 
 Kerovicc, f Austr.) 
 Kerry, (Ir.) co. 
 Keswick, (Eng.) 
 KeLskeniet, or Keiskemet, 
 
 (Austr.) 
 Kewaunee, (U. S.) 
 Ke.xhoIm, (K.) 
 
 kd-niie'iilti 
 
 kd-mion'kn 
 
 kdin-iiie-tliy 
 
 kdm'iiiVt 
 
 kd'mei, 
 
 kd-mQ^-rds'ka 
 
 kdmp 
 
 kdm'prn 
 
 kdm'per-ber^ 
 
 kdm'peT'Jine 
 
 kdm-cltdt'ka or kdm-skdt'- 
 
 kd-my-chin' \ka 
 
 ka-n^w'tut 
 
 kdn^-hdr' 
 
 kdn-dd-lds'ka 
 
 kdn-ddrlds' ka 
 
 kd-ni'za 
 
 kd-ni'ia 
 
 kd-ni'za k'ia 
 
 kd-nVza zem'ti-a 
 
 kdn-nd'lAml 
 
 kdn-not'ta 
 
 kd-n6'vd 
 
 kdn'guh 
 
 kd-pel'len 
 
 kdp'pel 
 
 ka'rd-bdlh 
 
 kd-rd-liis-sttn' 
 
 kd-rd-kQij'ldn 
 
 kd-rd-liu'koi 
 
 kd'rdL-ih 
 
 kd-rds-yS'kt 
 
 kd-rdj-yO'k'i 
 
 kd-rd-tdv'ly 
 
 kd-raV clieo 
 
 kd'rdt,s-your 
 
 kd-rtn' 
 
 kd-rina'ka 
 
 kdr-k't-ets'voi 
 
 kdrVbQQr^ 
 
 kdr'U-bu 
 
 kdrts''hd-fin 
 
 kdrl'stdL 
 
 kd-ron'da 
 
 kd-rnt'cha 
 
 kd-roljfcU'va 
 
 kd-ru ea 
 
 kdr-peU'ka 
 
 kd'rQQp 
 
 kd-rt/shos 
 
 kd'shou 
 
 kd's'i-mov 
 
 kds-ka.t'ki-a 
 
 kdx-ki-nd'va 
 
 kdu'ldnsk 
 
 kds's'i-tits 
 
 kat-dh'din 
 
 kdt'did-iinsk 
 
 kd-lel'ni-kov 
 
 kd'tel'noi 
 
 Mb k&'tftne 
 
 kdt'Tikt 
 
 kdts 
 
 koLi'bdih 
 
 kou'Jer-st^^ 
 
 kou'fyqng-en 
 
 knu'kit'Un 
 
 kt'zer-sSe 
 
 kd'zdn 
 
 kd-zdr'ma 
 
 kdz'brk 
 
 kettlt-kem-mSU' 
 
 kr'fa 
 IM 
 
 kVd-fiBrd 
 
 keeth'ii 
 
 ke-ldt' 
 
 kel'lintr-hi}t)'zcn 
 
 kr'mi 
 
 krm'lits 
 
 kem'pe 
 
 k em* pen 
 
 kemp'ten 
 
 keng'i.t-brg^k 
 
 ken-nr-bek' 
 
 ken-Tie-bunk* 
 
 kent 
 
 ken-tuck''i 
 
 ken'tsing-in 
 
 ki'o'kuck 
 
 kep'pil 
 
 ker 
 
 kt'rds 
 
 ker'en^k 
 
 k^-ren'tsim 
 
 ker-g<>Q' 
 
 ker'jioa 
 
 kt-rd-Vitt' 
 
 ker'ry 
 
 kes'ick 
 
 I kets-ke-mBtt' 
 
 kt-rcaw'net 
 kix'bqlm 
 
 I'r. long ift and short mi, nearly as in spur. — Final ly, French I mouilli 9n"ger, vi"ciou^ — g as j in pleamre , ^ and ih puttur:' : ny liquid ; tK ns In pith. 
 
 1343 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Kezdi Vasarhelv, (Austr.) 
 Kliandeisli, (Iiid.) 
 Kliaiisk Khodrook, (R.) 
 Kliarkovv, or better Char- 
 
 kovv, (R.) 
 Kliarsookool, or better Char- 
 
 sookool, (R.) r. • 
 Kherson, or better Clierson, 
 
 (R.) 
 
 Khin-gan, or Cliin-gan, 
 (As.) mt. 
 
 Khojend, (As.) 
 
 Khokand, (As.) 
 
 Kholm, or Cholm, (R.) 
 
 Kholmogorsk, or Cholmo- 
 gorsk, (R.) 
 
 Kliolyvan, (As.) 
 
 Khoozistan, (Per.) 
 
 Khorassan, (Per.) 
 
 Khorel, or Chorel, (R.) 
 
 Khotoiitchi, or Chotoutehi, 
 (R) 
 
 Khov, (Per.) 
 
 Klivalinsk, rR.) 
 
 Kjallenip, (Den.) 
 
 Kiang Si, (East. Isl.) 
 
 Kiang-se, (Ch.) 
 
 Kiangsu, (Ch.) 
 
 Kiarivo, (R.) 
 
 Kiaskowo, (Austr.) 
 
 Kiciiinev, (R.) 
 
 Kickapoo, (U. S.) 
 
 Kiddelia, (R.) 
 
 Kiel, (Den.) 
 
 Kieldal, (Den.) 
 
 Kielfjord, (Den.) 
 
 Kienburg, (Switz.) 
 
 Kiesen, (Switz.) 
 
 Kiev, (R.) 
 
 Kilbiirg, (Ger.) 
 
 Kildare, (Ir.) cn. 
 
 Kildina, (R.) isl. 
 
 Kilia, (R.) 
 
 Kilia, (Tnr.) ft. 
 
 Kili<in, (Gr.) isl. 
 
 Kilkenny, (ir.) eo. 
 
 Killarney, (Ir.) 
 
 Killingsvando, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 KilTnar.'iork, (Sent.) 
 
 Kihnes, (R.) 
 
 Kiltis, (R.) 
 
 Kilva, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Kitnmerow, (Ger.) I. 
 
 Kincardine, (Ir.) cn. 
 
 Kindberg, (.'\iistr.) 
 
 Kini-rhina, (R.) 
 
 Kinelsk, (R.) 
 
 King, (.Australia) 
 
 Kinnardy, (Scot.) 
 
 Kinross, (Scot.) co. 
 
 Kjnsalp, (Scot.) 
 
 Kint;-n, (Priis.) 
 
 Kiiitore, (Scot.) 
 
 Kintyre, (Scot.) 
 
 Kinzig, (Ger.) 
 
 Kinzig, (Git.) r. 
 
 Kiowav, (T. S.) 
 
 Kireiidbriglit, (Scot.) 
 
 Kirkaldv, or Kerkaudi, 
 (Scot.) 
 
 Kjohing, (Den.) 
 
 Kjocbnhaun, or Copenha- 
 gen, (Den.) < 
 
 Kjoebsta<i, (Den.) 
 
 Kjopge, (Den.) 
 
 Kjoege, (Den.) b. 
 
 Kjoeriip, (Den.) 
 
 Kjolme, (R.) t. 
 
 Kiralv, (Austr.) 
 
 Kirtierg, (Ger.) 
 
 Kirchberg, (Ger. Austr. i 
 Switz.) I 
 
 Kirclidorf, (Switz.. Ger.) 
 
 Kircliangel, (Ger.) 
 I Kirchinskoi, (R.) 
 
 Kirchliad.arh, (Switz.) 
 
 Kirjiiiis, Great Kordc, (As.) 
 
 KIrjatch, (R.) 
 
 Kirkcudbright, (Scot.) 
 
 Kjrkebye, (Den.) * 
 
 Kiruian, (Per.) 
 
 Kirn, (Ger.) 
 
 Kirriemuir, (Scot.) 
 
 Kirsanov, (R.) 
 
 Kirti hanv, (R.) 
 
 Ki^falud,' (Austr.) 
 
 Kislwnauku, (tj. S.) 
 
 KiBkimincl.as, (U. 8.) 
 
 Kintraiid, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Kiltatinnv, (U. S.) 
 
 Kiltila, (R.) 
 
 Kilzka, (U.) 
 
 KinkoH, (R.) 
 
 Kiztl Agatch, (R.) 
 
 Ues'd'i v'd-shdr-helj' 
 kdn-dlsh' 
 
 I Zhdr'ko 
 
 ' Zhdr-sQQ-kQf^V 
 
 ■ Iher-sdn' 
 
 I lliin-g'dn 
 
 k5-jend' 
 
 kho-kdnd' 
 
 itiqlm 
 
 I Ihol-md-gorsk' 
 
 khd-ly'vdn 
 JcQQ-zis-tda' 
 khd-rds'sdn 
 Ikd-rel^ 
 
 ' ih5-tow ch'i 
 
 koy 
 
 Zki}Q-d'li7isk 
 
 k'i-dl'h-r^i^p 
 
 kmng s'i 
 
 k'iang-se 
 
 k'iantT-su 
 
 ki-d-ri'vo 
 
 k'i~ds-k^f)'vo 
 
 kick-i'ncv 
 
 kik-d-ifi<i<)' 
 
 kid-de'l'i-a 
 
 k'ile 
 
 k'ieVddl 
 
 kile'fnrd 
 
 k'ine'btjt^r^ 
 
 k'i'iin 
 
 Kiev 
 
 k0bt)t/r§ 
 
 kil-dSre' 
 
 k'il-di'na 
 
 k'i'li-a 
 
 ki'ti-a 
 
 k'i'l'i-on 
 
 kiUken'ny 
 
 kil-ldr'mj 
 
 kil'liags-vdn'do 
 
 kil-mdr'nock 
 
 kiVmes 
 
 kil'tis 
 
 kil'va 
 
 kim'me-r5 
 
 kin-e.dr'd'ine 
 
 kint'bi'r^ 
 
 k'i-ne-ch'i'na 
 
 k'ihietsl: 
 
 king 
 
 kin-ndr'dy 
 
 kin-ross' 
 
 kin-sale' 
 
 kin'ten 
 
 kin-tore' 
 
 kin-tyre' 
 
 kin'tsi^ 
 
 kin'tsi^ 
 
 kVn-way 
 
 ker-kfg'bfi 
 
 kir-knVdy, ker-kau'tti 
 
 ki^'bhtg 
 
 k'i^bn' (or kiinib') houn 
 
 k'iidih'stdd 
 
 kiSl'se 
 
 k'i(fl> 'g-e 
 
 k'iiUl'ri)^ 
 
 k'iol'me 
 
 hi'rahj 
 
 kir'ber^ 
 
 kirZh'ber^ 
 
 kirfh'dqrf 
 
 kirfJi'dtiff-H 
 
 kirch-ins'koi 
 
 kirlk'ti-H-dd^.h 
 
 ker-^ia 
 
 kir'jiiuh 
 
 ker-kfg'brt 
 
 kir'ke-bU 
 
 kir-mdn' 
 
 kirn 
 
 ker-r'f-miirc' 
 kir-sd' nov 
 kirt'chd-ny 
 ki.i-f d'lQQd 
 kish-wiia'hu 
 kis-k1-min'e-tas 
 kis'trdnd 
 kit ta-tin'vy 
 kil-ti'ia 
 liiti'kn 
 kiiS-kMs' 
 ki'iil d-aduh 
 
 Kizil Irinak, (Tur.) r. 
 Kizliar, (R.) 
 Kizylsk, (R.) 
 Klanyecz, (Austr.) 
 Klas, (Switz.) 
 Klattau, (Austr.) 
 Klaus, (Austr.) 
 Klausen, (Austr.) 
 Klausenburg, (Austr.) 
 Klein Berg, (Austr.) 
 Klein Drienen, (Neth.) 
 Kleine Keet, (Neth.) 
 Kleisevatz, (Austr.) 
 Klenak, (Austr.) 
 Klenovka, (R.) 
 Kleptow, (Prus.) 
 Klesnau, (Prus.) 
 Kliazina, (R.) r. 
 Kliniovitchvi, (R.) 
 Klinovo, (R.) 
 Klopaniki, (R.) 
 Kloppenburg, (Ger.) 
 Klossow, (Prus.) 
 Kldsters, (Switz.) 
 Klotcn, (Switz.) 
 Kninja, (R.) 
 Kni.ajeva, (R.) 
 Kniaz, (R.) /. 
 Kniserstahi, (Switz.) 
 Knistineaux, (Can.) 
 Knock, Ft. de, (Neth.) 
 Knockniahon, (Ir.) 
 Knorkmaledawn, (Ir.) mt. 
 Knonau. (Switz.) 
 Knuds Iloved, (Den.) 
 Knudstrup, (Den.) 
 Kobberup, (Den.) 
 Koben, (Prus.) 
 Kobra, (R.) 
 Kobrin, (R.) 
 Kobyliaki, (R.) 
 Kociieiin, (Ger.) 
 Kochel, (Ger.) 
 Kocher, (Ger.) 
 Kocher, (Ger.) r. 
 Kodiazinska, (R.) 
 Kodnia, (R.) 
 Kodos, (R.) ft. 
 Koedyk, (Neth.) 
 Koenie, (Ger.) 
 Koeniggraetz, (Austr.) 
 Koenigs, (Ger.) /. 
 Koenigsberg, (Prus.) 
 Koenigshof, (Ger.) 
 Koenigshofen, (Ger.) 
 Koenigstein, (Ger.) 
 Koenigswinter, (Ger.) 
 Kneverden, (Neth.) 
 Kohistan, (Per.) 
 Kohlberg, (Ger.) 
 Knkou, (R.) 
 Kollierg, (Den.) ft. 
 Kolby, (Den.) 
 Kolding, (Den.) 
 Koldozero, (R.) I. 
 Koliiarn, (R.) mt. 
 Kolin, (Austr.) 
 Kiilind .Sound, (Den.) 
 Kolkengen, (Neth.) 
 Koiki, (R.) 
 Kologriv, (R.) 
 Kmln, »r Cologne, (Ger.) 
 Kcilinoovatka, (R.) 
 Kolokvtliia, (Gr.) 
 Kotokythia, (Gr.) g. 
 Kolomea, (Austr.) 
 Kolva, (R.) r. 
 Kninarova, (R.) 
 Komlos, (Austr.) 
 Koinlos, Tot, ( Austr.) 
 Komogovina, (Au«>tr.) 
 Konetska, (R.) 
 Kongelt", (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kongsberg, (Sr. Pen.) 
 Kononova, (Austr.) 
 Konotop, (R.) 
 Konstantinograd, (R.) 
 Konstantinova, (H.) 
 Konstantinovsk, (It.) 
 Konstanz, ((Jer.) 
 Koordistan, (Per.) 
 Kootanai, or Kootanye, 
 
 (U.S.) 
 Kopchik, (R.) 
 Koping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kopreinitz, (Austr.) 
 Kora, (R.) 
 Korana, (Austr.) r. 
 Koras, (Auslr.) 
 Kordofan, (Af.) 
 Korenlcza, (Austr.) 
 Kornenberg, (Austr.) 
 Koro, (Austr.) 
 Koros, (Austr.) 
 
 kiz-V 'ir-mdli' 
 kiz'l'idr 
 k't'iytsk 
 kldn'yets 
 kids 
 kidt'tou. 
 kloits 
 klou'zen 
 klou' zi'n-bQQr^ 
 kline b^r^ 
 kllne dr'i'nen 
 kli'ne kate 
 kli-ze-vdts 
 kle'ndk 
 kle-nov'ka 
 klep'tS 
 kUs'nou 
 kli-dz'ma 
 kl'i^O-vitch'v'i 
 kt'i-no'ro 
 klo-pd-n't'lii 
 klnp'pen-bf^tjr^ 
 klos'sd 
 klds'tfrs 
 kid' ten 
 k'n'i-ti'ja 
 k'n'i-d-jf-va 
 k^n'i-dz 
 k'n'i'zer-stdle 
 k^nis-t'i-nd' 
 die k'nok 
 knock'mn-bon 
 knoek-mdle'daion 
 k'jio'nnu 
 li'itf^t^ds ho'ved 
 k^nQQ(t'strQ(^ 
 kqb'be-^t^Qp 
 ko'ben 
 ko'bra 
 ko-bfin' 
 kd-by-tid'k'i 
 ko'Sklme 
 k'o'mi 
 kq'lher 
 kg'lher 
 kd-d'id-zins'ket 
 kqd'ma 
 kd'dos 
 kijQ'dlke 
 
 k^'ni^-gr^tse 
 kt^'ni^s 
 k^'ni^s-ber^ 
 k^'n'i^s-hqf 
 k^'ni^s-kd'fen 
 kt^'iii^s-stlne 
 k^'ni$s-inn'ter 
 kqq'ver-di'n 
 kO'h'i-stdn' 
 kohPber^ 
 ko'kou 
 kqt'ber^ 
 kql'bil 
 kqWing 
 kql-db' ze-ro 
 kql'gdrn 
 kt)-l'in' 
 ko'lind 
 kolk'eng-en 
 k'ql'ki 
 ko-ld-gr'iv' 
 kmiln 
 
 kql-Tni^i)-vdt'ka 
 ko-W-k'i'tfi'i-a 
 kS-lo-kCtni-a 
 k(^-l5-7ne'a 
 kol'va 
 
 k5-md-r5'va 
 kqm'lns ' 
 tqt kqm'los 
 kfi-ind-gS-v'i'na 
 kd-iiets'ka 
 kong'elf 
 kbitgs'ber^ 
 kH-vH-jiu'va 
 kQ'iiO-tnp 
 
 kqn'stdn-t'i-vii-irrdd' 
 kqn-stdu-t'i-tid' ra 
 kqn'stdn-t'i-nqvsk' 
 kon'sldnts 
 
 kqqr' dbi-tan or kQQr-diS' 
 
 kQQ-t'd-nl' 
 
 [ta?i' 
 
 kop'eliik 
 
 cht^'ping 
 
 kH-^/rl'nits 
 
 kO'ra 
 
 kS-rd'na 
 
 kS'rds 
 
 knr'da-f dn or kor-dH-f dii' 
 
 kO-rc-v'i'cha 
 
 kQr'nhi-bir^ 
 
 kli'ro 
 
 kB'ros 
 
 Koros, (Austr.) r. 
 Koros Fehes, (Austr.) r. 
 Koros Fekete, f Austr.) r. 
 Koros Sebes, (Austr.) r. 
 Knrrostellevo, (Austr.) 
 Korsberga, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kors Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Korsnaes, (R.) 
 Korsvig, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Korva, (R.) 
 Kosinsk, (R.) 
 Kostainicza, (.\ustr.) 
 Kostanitz, (Austr.) 
 Kosternitz, (Prus.) 
 Kostova, (R.) 
 Kostroma, (R.) 
 Kosva, (R.) r. 
 Kosveiisk, (R.) 
 Koszenice, (R.) 
 Kosztara, (Austr.) 
 Kotlovka, (R.) 
 Kotzing, (^Jer.) 
 Koubnn, (R.) /. & r. 
 Koubinsk, (Pv.) ;. 
 Koucliewanda, (R.) 
 Kouchilev, (R.) 
 Koucliouktchkoi, (R.) 
 Kouda, (R.) 
 Koudekerke, (Neth.) 
 Kouderkerk, (Neth.) 
 Koulinsk, (R.) 
 Koiilioi, (R.) r. 
 Kouma, (R.) rr. & r. 
 Kouniia, (R.)" 
 Kour, (R.) r. 
 Kourianovska, (R.) 
 Kourilovka, (R.) 
 Kourinsk, (R.) 
 Koursk, or Kuorsk, (R.) 
 Kouvachi, (R.) 
 Kouzinitchi, (R.) 
 Kovdozero, (It.) I. 
 Kovrov, (R.) 
 Kozelsk, (R.) 
 Kozlinsk, (R.) 
 Kozlov, (R.) 
 Kosniodemiansk, (R.) 
 Krabdendyk, (Neth.) 
 
 ko'ros 
 
 kd'ros fe'hes 
 
 kd'ros fe-ke'tt 
 
 ko'ros se'besse 
 
 knr-rqs-tel-le'vo 
 
 kqrs-ber' ga 
 
 kors' fiord 
 
 kqrs'jlds 
 
 kqrs'v'i§ 
 
 kqr'va 
 
 kS-sinsk' 
 
 kqs-tl-n'i'eha 
 
 kqs'td-njtjt 
 
 kos'ter-nits 
 
 kqs-to'va 
 
 kqs-tro'ma 
 
 kqs'va 
 
 kqs-vhisk' 
 
 kd-she-n'i'tse 
 
 kqs2-td'ra 
 
 kqt-lqv'ka 
 
 kqt's'ng 
 
 kou'b-in 
 
 kou'binsk 
 
 kou-che-vdn'da 
 
 kou-ctii-Uv' 
 
 kou-chouktck'koi 
 
 kou'da 
 
 kou'de-ker-ke 
 
 kou'der-kerk 
 
 kou'lin-sk 
 
 koii'ii-oi 
 
 kou'ma 
 
 kou'm'i-a 
 
 kour 
 
 kou-r'id-nqvs'ka 
 
 kou-r'i-lqv'ka 
 
 koic'rittsk 
 
 koursk 
 
 kou-vd'ch'i 
 
 kou-z'i-nit'ch'i 
 
 kqv-do'ze-ro 
 
 ko'vrdv 
 
 kd'zehk 
 
 kqz'linsk 
 
 koz'hv 
 
 kos-mo-de'm'i-dnsk 
 krtib'den-dlke 
 
 Krakow, or Cracow, (.Austr.) /ira'ipp/ 
 
 Krajova, (Austr.) 
 Kranichfeldt, (Ger.) 
 Kranowitz, (Pptis.) 
 Krasnoslobolsk, (R.) 
 Krautheini, (Ger.) 
 Kreig, (Ger.) r. 
 Krenienetz, (R.) 
 Kreninitz, (R.) 
 Krestzi, (R.) 
 Kreutzberg, (Prus.) 
 Kreutzburg, (Prus.) 
 Kreuznach, (Ger.) 
 Krimpen, (Neth.) 
 Krogdahl, (Den.) 
 Krolov.', (Prus.) 
 Kroinau, (Austr.) 
 Kronach, (Ger.) 
 Kronberg, (Den.) 
 Kronenburg, (R.) 
 Kronobi, (R.) 
 Kropsniolde, (Neth.) 
 Kroscienko, (.'Vustr.) 
 Krurnenau, (Switz.) 
 Krykova, (R.) 
 Krylov, (R.) 
 Kubin, (.\ustr.) 
 Kublis, (Switz.) 
 Kuesnacht, (Switz.) 
 Kuessel, (Ger.) 
 Kuessen, (Prus.) 
 Kuestrin, (Prus.) 
 Kufstein, (Austr.) 
 Kuhrdorf, (Ger.) 
 Kuhstedt, (Ger.) 
 Kuik, (Neth.) 
 Kuikel, Great, (Austr.) r. 
 Kuilenburg, (Nctli.) 
 Kuinder, (Netli.) 
 Kukel, (Austr.) r. 
 Kukeniz, (Den.) 
 Kukullovar, (Austr.) 
 Kulebye, (Den.) 
 Kulikow, (Austr.) 
 Kulkoun Isles, (East. Isl.) 
 Kulin, (Switz.) 
 Kulpa, (Austr.) r. 
 Kuindiui, (Ind.) 
 Kunielsbach, (<Jer.) 
 Kuniiljensk, (R.) 
 Kunimer, (Ger.) 
 Kiinich, (Austr.) 
 Kunpolung, (.\ustr.) 
 Kunzelau, rGcr.) 
 Kuopis, (R.) 
 Kuppenheim, (Ger.) 
 
 krd-jb'va 
 kra' nick-felt 
 krd' itb-vits 
 kraa-nos-td'bolsh ' 
 krovt'hime 
 krt^ 
 
 kre'me-nits 
 
 krem'mtz 
 
 krhht'ii 
 
 kroits'ber§ 
 
 kroits' bQQr^ 
 
 kroits'ndSk 
 
 kriri'pen 
 
 kr'dS'ddhl 
 
 kro'lO or krd'l^Qf 
 
 krq'mou 
 
 krd'ndUl 
 
 krdn'ber^ 
 
 krb'ni'n-b(}Qr^ 
 
 kro-nb'b'i 
 
 krqps'wnl'de 
 
 kri-clii-en'ko 
 
 krqq'me-tiou 
 
 kry-k5'va 
 
 kry'lov 
 
 ki^Q-b'ine' 
 
 ki^Q'blis 
 
 kiis'ndlkt 
 
 kiis'sH 
 
 kils'sen 
 
 kiis-tfine' 
 
 kQgf'stine 
 
 kqt^'dqrf 
 
 kQf'stet 
 
 koik 
 
 koi'kel 
 
 koi'len-bQQr^ 
 
 koin'der 
 
 kQf'kel 
 
 kQQ'ke-nits 
 
 kQv'kqQt-lD-vdr 
 
 kfi/'te-bil 
 
 kaq'lt-kO (Jio?/) 
 
 kul'koun 
 
 k(jql'pa 
 
 knm'don 
 
 kQt?'mels-bd?h 
 
 kU'mil-jensk 
 
 k^qvt'tner 
 
 kqQ'niZh 
 
 kQQU'pb-l^t^ng 
 
 k^Qti'fsr-lou 
 
 ku-5'jiis 
 
 kqqp'pen-Mmt 
 
 FllU,fdr,faU,iehqt,bAt.—Mltt, prey, help, tMre,kitr. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — J^Tate, ddve, mSve,vi<)lf, bfpk, Iqrd — 7ttn«, bull, ifni«e. — Fr. long ofte; Fr. short ftSf.— j 
 
 " 1344 ~ 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Kurlnnd, or Couriimd, (U.) 
 Ktirr:iv:ira, (Sc. Fell.) 
 Kurtli, (Aiistr.) 
 Kuru, (.\ustr.) 
 Ktistala, (R.) 
 Kulaiych, (Tiir ) 
 Kulliui, (I'riis.) 
 Kiitiio, (R.) 
 Kiitsani, (.iustr.; 
 Kyiiienecaril, (K.) 
 Kyritz, (I'riia.) 
 Kyvcl, (Den.) 
 
 kiLr-rd I'U'ra 
 
 k^rt 
 
 kt}t)'roo 
 
 kus-td'la 
 
 kt^Q-tl'yeh 
 
 k(^t}l'lou 
 
 kut'no 
 
 k<}i/t-sd' n'i 
 
 ku'me-nf-f^uni' 
 
 k'i'n'ts 
 
 lid' in 
 
 L. 
 
 hi, (It.) val. 
 Lnalaiiil, (Den.) isl. 
 Laapersciorf, (Switz ) 
 Laaren, (Netli.) 
 Laas, (Austr.) 
 Laa.'itnip, (Den.) 
 Laax, (Pwitz.) 
 Laba, (R.) r. 
 Lababan, (Fr.) 
 Labcr, (<5»'r.) r 
 Laliiau, (Pnis.) . 
 Labiriini, (It.) 
 Labiiiska, (R.) 
 
 Lahisrbin, (Pnis.) 
 Labrador, (\. Am. 
 Lacarre, (Fr.) 
 
 En;:.) 
 
 I.accadives 
 Lacedenxinia, (C-t.) 
 Lacedogna, (It.) 
 Lachi n, (Suit/..) 
 t.a Clienaye, (N. Am.) 
 Lachlaii, ( Australia) 
 Lackawnnnock, or Lack- j 
 awnnna, (U. S.) j 
 Lackawaxen, fU. S.) 
 Lacko^ ( Aiistr.) 
 Laconia, (Gr.) 
 Lacovie, (VV. Ind.) mt. 
 Lacuna, la, (Pen.) 
 Ladeliind, (Den.) 
 Ladoga, (U.) 
 Ladoga, (R.) /. 
 Ladrone, (East. Isl.) 
 Laerskdv, (Den.) 
 Laga, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Lasartas, (.Me.\.) 
 Lagartas, (.Me.x.) r. 
 Lage .'Mierde, (N'olli.) 
 Lagni, (It.) r. 
 Lagniire, (Fr.) 
 Lagny, (Fr.) 
 Lagoaca, (Pen.) 
 Lagos, (Pen. & .Mex.) 
 Lagosta, (.Vustr.) Ul. 
 Lagow, (Priis.) 
 La Grande Chartreuse, (Fr.) 
 Laguna, ( Jlex.) 
 Lagunilla, (Mex.) 
 Lahaina, (Sandw Isl.) 
 Lahn, (Ger.) r. 
 Laholni, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Laliore, (As.) 
 Lahr, (Oer.) 
 Laigncs, (Fr.) 
 Lajella, (It.) 
 Laka, (.Austr.) r. 
 Lalsk, (R.) 
 Lanibach, (.Austr.) 
 Laniballe, (Fr.) 
 Lambert Scliagen, (Netli.) 
 Lanibrein, (Switz ) 
 Lainego, (Pen ) 
 Lamina, ^Den.) g. 
 Lamitz, Kirclien, (Ger.) 
 Lammerniuir, (Scot.) 
 Lanioile, (U. S.) 
 Lamone, (It.) r. 
 Lanipcijer<ka, (R.) 
 Lampung, (East. Isl.) 
 Lana, ( Austr.) 
 Lanakala, (R.) 
 Lanark, (Scot.) 
 Lanrasliire, (Eng.) 
 Lancaster, (Eng.) b. 
 Lancat, (.\ustr.) 
 L,anciano, (It.) 
 Landau, (Ger.) 
 Landcck, (Priis.) 
 Landenburg, (Ger.) 
 Landreneau, (Fr.) 
 Landeron, (Switz.) 
 Landes, (Kr.) dr/i. 
 Landivizinn, (Fr.) 
 Landrecies, (Fr.) 
 Landsberg, (Ger. Prus.) 
 
 la 
 
 IS'ldnd 
 Id'pers-dorf 
 Id'rhi 
 Ids 
 
 ms 
 Id'ha 
 
 Id-hd-bdn"' 
 
 Id'ber 
 
 Id'bi-ou 
 
 Id-b'i'k^am 
 
 Id-liius'ku 
 
 Id-h'i-sh'iitp ' 
 
 Id-hrd-UOr' or Idb-rS-dor' 
 
 Id-kdr' 
 
 Idk'ka-dives 
 
 lds~e-tlc~m5' ii'i-a 
 
 Id-rht-tldn'ya 
 
 Id'fhin 
 
 Id sh'^-nd-it' 
 
 Idch'ldn 
 
 Idk-a-trdn'nork or Idk-d- 
 
 icdn' na 
 Idk-a-icd.t'en 
 Idk'ko 
 td-kO'n'i-a 
 Id-kd-ri' , 
 Id Id-kqtj'na 
 td'df-Ii^QHd 
 Id-ili'^a 
 
 Id-drS'ne 
 
 idrs'kove 
 
 Id'aa 
 
 Id-sdr'tns 
 
 Id-jdr'tds 
 
 Id'ge m ire' it 
 
 Idn'y'i 
 
 Idn-y'i-^re' 
 
 Idn-ifi' 
 
 Id-iO-d'ka 
 
 Id' tros 
 
 Id-gqs'ta 
 
 Id'si 
 
 ld~grdnftd tihdr-trt^ze' 
 
 td~!TQt^'ua 
 
 Id-iTQ^-n'tl'ya 
 
 ld-ln'»a 
 
 IdJin 
 
 Id'hnlm 
 
 Id-hHrc' 
 
 Idhr 
 
 liny 
 
 Id-i-eVla 
 
 Id'ka 
 
 Idlsk 
 
 Idm'bdih 
 
 Idnrr-hdW 
 
 Idm'bt-rt skd'gen 
 
 Idn^r-brdng' 
 
 Id-Tite'iro 
 
 Id-m'i'ne 
 
 Id'miU, kir'Zhin 
 
 Idm'mer-mttr' 
 
 Id-jnoite' 
 
 Id-mo'ne 
 
 Idm-pO-jrrs'ka 
 
 Idm'pqug 
 
 Id'na 
 
 Id-nd'kd-la 
 
 Idn'ark 
 
 ldn'ka.<~sli'ire' 
 
 Idn'kas-ter 
 
 Idn'kdt 
 
 Idn-chd'no 
 
 Idn'doa 
 
 Idn'dfk 
 
 Idn* drn-bQQr^ 
 
 Idnfrdr^-no' 
 
 Idng-di-rSng' 
 
 Idnrrd 
 
 IdnfT-di-v't'-zi-dng' 
 
 Idntrdr-si' 
 
 Idnts'ber^ 
 
 Landscrona, (Austr.) 
 I.andsliut, (Ger. Prus.) 
 Landsjarl", (Sc. Pen.) 
 Laiiilskruna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Landstuld, (Ger.) 
 Langeais, (Fr.) 
 Langefidd, (Ger.) 
 Langeland, (Den.) i.-7. 
 Langelot, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Langeii, (Ger.) 
 Langenaes, (.'^c. Pen.^ 
 Langenali, (Di n.) i..7. 
 Iiungenau, (Prus.) 
 Lang Fjeld, (Sc. Pen.) mt. 
 Langcns;ilza, (Prus.) 
 Langenthal, (Switz.) 
 Langliemari'g, (Netli.) 
 Langliolt, (Ger.) 
 Langnau, (Switz.) 
 Langoon, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 Langogne, (Fr.) 
 Langon, (Fr.) 
 Langres, (Fr.) 
 Languedoc, (Fr.) 
 Laiijaron, (Pen.) 
 Lanii, (Ger.) 
 Lannilis, (Fr.) 
 Lannion, (Fr.) 
 Lanladilla, (Pen.) 
 Lanuviiini, (It.) 
 Lanveau, frr.) 
 Laon, ( Fr.) 
 L.aos, (East. Isl.) 
 Lapatitchi, (R.) 
 Lapinska, ( R.) 
 Lapland, (R.) r. 
 La Plata, (S. Am.) 
 Lapos, (.\ustr.) r. 
 Lappo, (R.) 
 Laragnc, (Fr.) 
 Lardoza, fPen.) 
 L.aredo, (Pen.) 
 Lareto, (Switz.) 
 Largentiire, (Fr.) 
 Lari, (It.) 
 Larice, (.\. Zeal.) 
 Larino, (It.) 
 Larissa, (Tur.) 
 Laristan, (Per.) 
 I-arrika 
 Laron, (Pen.) 
 Laroumo, (Pen.) 
 Larres, (Pen.) 
 Larigucs, (Fr.) 
 Larnika, (Tur.) 
 Larwald, (Ger.) 
 La Salle, (U. S.) 
 Lasclle, (Fr.) 
 Lashult, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lassahn, (Prus.) 
 Lastra, (It.) 
 Lastre.^, (Pen.) 
 L.ataclity, (R.) 
 Latakia, (Tur.) 
 Latcha, (R.) /. 
 Latchkovo, (R.) 
 Laterina, (It.) 
 Latoreza, (.■\ustr.) r. 
 Lattaja, (It.) 
 Lauban, (Prus.) 
 Lauenburg, (Den. Pruii.) 
 Laufen, (Switz.) 
 Lauferbacb, (Ger.) 
 Laukischken, (Prus.) 
 Launoy, (Fr.) 
 Laupersweiler, (Switz.) 
 Laupo, (Switz.) 
 Laurentum, (It.) 
 Lauriuin, (It.) 
 Laurvlg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lausanne, (Switz.) 
 Lauter, (Swilz.) 
 Lauter, (Ger.) r. 
 Lauterburg, (Ger.) 
 Lauter Rrunnen, (Switz.) 
 Lautres, (Fr.) 
 Lauwer Zee, (N'ctli.) 
 Laval, (Fr.) 
 Lnvandara, (It.) r. 
 Lavaos, (Pen.) 
 Lavardec, (Fr.) 
 Lavello, (It.) 
 Lavelsk, (R.) 
 Lavcntina, (Switz.) rat. 
 Lavertczza, (Switz.) 
 Laveur, (Fr.) 
 Lavin, (Switz.) 
 Lavinium, (It.) 
 Lavizzara, (Switz. 1 val. 
 Lavoncnurt, (Fr.) 
 Lawrence, St. (Can.) r. 
 Lavbach, (Austr.) 
 Lave, (Fr.) 
 
 Lays Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Idnti-krO' na 
 Idnt.i' hi^ut 
 Idiid.i' ytirf 
 Idnds-krO' na 
 Idnt'.stf^ol 
 
 IdifyHrlt 
 
 Idua'r-ldiul 
 
 Idnir'r-lot 
 
 Idng'in' 
 
 Idnif'e-nQs 
 
 Idng'c-iia 
 
 Idng'f-voit 
 
 Idug f ifld 
 
 ldiiir-ni-idl't.-i:i 
 
 Idni^-ni-tdle' 
 
 Idn g-e-md'rfih 
 
 lanif'llqll 
 
 Idn:^' ntiH 
 
 Iduir-ijuny' 
 
 ldn"tring 
 
 ldn>rr 
 
 ldn;r-dik' 
 
 Idn-lhd'ron 
 
 Ida 
 
 Idii-iti-W 
 
 Idn-n'idng 
 
 Idntd-ttil'ya 
 
 Id'iiQQ'v'i-QQm 
 
 Idng-vH' 
 
 Idng 
 
 Id'os 
 
 Idpd-til'cht 
 Id-pins'ka 
 
 Idp'ldnd or Idp-ldnd 
 
 Id pld'la 
 
 Id'pos 
 
 Idp'po 
 
 Id-rdm/ 
 
 Idr-dd'tha 
 
 Id-rf'do 
 
 Id-r't'to 
 
 Idr-^dng-t'i-Srr.' 
 
 la'fi 
 
 Id'r'ice 
 
 Id-rVno 
 
 Id-rl.^'.-a 
 
 Id-ris'tdn 
 
 Idr'r'i'ka 
 
 Id'ron 
 
 ld~rQQ'mo 
 
 idr're.sse 
 
 Id-ris' 
 
 idr'n'i'ka 
 
 Idr'vdlt 
 
 Id sdlte 
 
 la-itlc' 
 
 lds'h(j(}li 
 
 Ids-sdkii' 
 
 Ids'tra 
 
 Ids'trfsse 
 
 Id-tdrh'ly 
 
 Idt-a-k'i'a 
 
 Idt'cha 
 
 Idlch-kZ'vo 
 
 Id-te-fi'na 
 
 Id-td-red'ia 
 
 Idt-td'i-a 
 
 loii'bdn 
 
 lou' en-bggr^ 
 
 lou'frn 
 
 lou'fer-bdlh 
 
 lou' kishr-ken 
 
 lo-nwa 
 
 lou'pirs-vVler 
 lou'po 
 
 lou-rhi'tQQm 
 
 lou'r'i-gQm 
 
 lour'v'ig 
 
 IS-sdnc' 
 
 lou'ter 
 
 lou'ter 
 
 lou'trr-bgQr^ 
 lon'tir brQgn'nin 
 ICtr 
 
 loxt'ver ze 
 
 Id-vdl' 
 
 Id-vdn-dd'ra 
 
 Id-cd'os 
 
 Id-vdr-drk' 
 
 Id-vrVlo 
 
 Id'tuLk 
 
 Id-rat-t'i' na 
 
 Id-vfr-tit'sa 
 
 ld-rt!lir' 
 
 Id-r'in' or Id-ring' 
 
 Id-v'i'n'i-gQm 
 
 Id-c'U-sd'ra 
 
 ld-v5ni^-kggr' 
 
 law'rrnce 
 
 ll'bdih 
 
 la 
 
 Ba f iSrd 
 
 Laza, (Pen.) 
 
 Leamington, (Eng.) 
 
 Lean, (.\etll.) 
 
 Lelia, (Prus.) 
 
 Lebanon, (Pal.) ml. 
 
 L' biagsk, (R.) 
 
 Li brija, (Pen.) 
 
 LebrilLi, (Pen.) 
 
 Lecce, (It.) 
 
 Ij<cciii, (It.) 
 
 Lecco, (It.) 
 
 Lech, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Leek, (\i tli.)r. 
 
 I.erti.ure, (Fi.) 
 
 (/■d:iM;i, (P. II.) 
 
 1, ' ilesiim, (Pen.) 
 
 Leeds, ( r.112.) 
 
 I.ei nde, (Neth.) 
 
 L>er, (Ger.) 
 
 Leeraii, (Swif^. 
 
 Leerdam, (N'eBt) 
 
 Leersuin, (.N'elli.) 
 
 Leeuwarden, (Netli.) 
 
 Leeiiweii, (.\ctli.) 
 
 Leeuwiii's or Lion's Land, 
 
 (Austral.) 
 Lefsina, (Priis.) 
 Legancs, (Pen.) 
 Legaiiger, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lege, (Fr.) 
 Leggia, (Switz.) 
 Leghorn, /(. Livorno, Fr. 
 
 Livourne, (It.) 
 Legnano, (It.) 
 Legiias, (Pen.) 
 Lehata, (Austr.) 
 Leiiherg, (Ger.) 
 Lehe, (Ger.) 
 Lehen, (Prus.) 
 Lebentze, (.^iistr.) 
 Leibnitz, (Ger.) 
 Leicester, (Eng.) 
 Ijeicestershire, (Eng.) 
 Leignitz, (Prus.) 
 Leiniuiden, (Nelh.) 
 Leine, (Ger.) 
 Leinroden. (Ger.) 
 Leinster, (Ir.) mt. 
 Leinz, (Austr.) 
 Leipnik, (Austr.) 
 Leipzig, or Leipsic, (Ger.) 
 Leira, (Pen.) 
 Leith, (Scot.) 
 Leilrim, (Ir.) cn. 
 Leitzen, (.\iistr.) 
 Lejah, El, (Pal.) 
 Lekcha, (IL) I. 
 Lekuia, (R.) 
 Lekoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Leksanil, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lellingen, (Neth. Ger.) 
 Lcman, (It.) (. 
 Leman, Lae, or Lenianiis, 
 
 (Switz.) 
 Lcniherg, (.\ustr.) 
 Lemkendiirf, (Prus.) 
 Leniriier, (.Vein.) 
 Lemno, or Lemnos, (Tur.) 
 Lemvig, (Den.) 
 Ijcnawee, (U. S.) 
 Lenbovska, (R.) 
 Leude'ra, (It.) 
 Lendinara, (It.) 
 I.rngnau, (Swilz.) 
 Lenhoefila, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lenkoran, (R.) 
 Lenkzi, (Prii«.) 
 Lenuard, (N. Zeal.) ml. 
 Lenne, (Ger.) r. 
 Lens, (.Neth.) 
 Lenss, (Swilz.) 
 Lente, (Neth.) 
 Lenticvo, (U.) 
 Lenlini, (It.) 
 Lenzen, (Prus.) 
 Lenz, (Switz.) 
 Eenzenhof, (H.) 
 Leobschutz, (Prus.) 
 Leognne, (\V. Ind.) 
 Leominster, (l-ji!;.) 
 Leon, (Pen. tL .Mex.) 
 Leon, (Pen.) isl. 
 Lconarda, (It.) r. 
 Leone, (It. & Swilz.) ml. 
 Leonessa, (II.) 
 Leopiddshafen, (Ger.) 
 Leopoldstadt, (Aiislr.) 
 Lepanto, (Gr.) st. 
 Lepanto, (Gr.) g. 
 Lepel, (R.) 
 Lepsenv, (.Xnstr.) 
 I.,erdal,'(Sc. Pen.) 
 I>eria, (It.) 
 Lerida, (Pen.) 
 
 td'lJla 
 
 Um'mg-ton 
 
 lo " 
 
 U'ba 
 
 Itb'a-non 
 
 le-bi-dtfsk' 
 
 le-bfi'llia 
 
 le-bril'ya 
 
 IH'cht 
 
 IH'cbo 
 
 Uk'Jio 
 
 Irih 
 
 Uric 
 
 lek-tQQr' 
 It-fid' na 
 U-drs'via 
 mtU 
 
 U en'dr or li'rn-df 
 
 Ir'fr 
 
 Irfir'mu 
 
 hhr'iidm 
 
 Ioi-V(tr'drn 
 lot' V hi 
 
 I loi'rins 
 
 If' trdnfr-rr 
 
 ih.^he 
 
 Ird'^a 
 
 I ^t'fQrn^ Enp, Irir-Jwrn' or 
 [ le^'/ior/ty Kr. li-rg^me' 
 
 Un-yd'no 
 
 h'S<}<}'ds 
 
 U'hd'ta 
 
 U/t'b^r^ 
 
 U'he 
 
 le'hrn 
 
 It'hhit-sf 
 
 lip' nits 
 
 les'trr 
 
 It^s'trr-.^b'irC 
 
 n^'viLt 
 
 ll-moi'drn 
 
 li'n^ 
 
 llnc-ro'drn 
 
 li'tt'stcr or lin'iiUr 
 
 lints 
 
 tip' nik 
 
 np-Ui^ 
 
 IVra 
 
 leetk 
 
 Ice' trim 
 
 It'tshi 
 
 el le'jdJi 
 
 IfkUha 
 
 Uk'ma 
 
 lek'(^ 
 
 Uk'sdnd 
 
 Ir-Vlina-hi 
 
 U-mdn' 
 
 I U'mdHy Idf Ifi'md-iir.^s 
 
 Ihn'ber^ 
 
 Um'kf.n-dqrf 
 
 lein'mer 
 
 lem'noy Um'nos 
 
 Ihn'vi^ 
 
 Iht'ii'trefi 
 
 Un-bo}js'ka 
 
 Ihi'dr-ra 
 
 len-di-nU'ra 
 
 len^'wH 
 
 hhn-h^v'da 
 
 ti-fi ko'rdn 
 
 Ifiik't^i 
 
 Un'nard 
 
 I hi' tie 
 
 I his 
 
 Ihi'te 
 
 len-t'i-f'vo 
 
 Un-tVni 
 
 Ihi'tsin, 
 
 lents 
 
 Ihi' tsht~hof 
 Inp'shuts 
 
 Irm'jiter 
 tt-on' 
 
 le-o-ndr'da 
 h-o'ne 
 le~q-n rs'.m 
 If'^-p ijids-h d 'fen 
 
 6-pold-stdt 
 If-pdii 'to 
 U-pdn'to 
 I? pel 
 Up~shhty 
 Ifr'ddl ' 
 U'r'i-a 
 le-ri'da 
 
 Ft. long rfii and short «u, nearly as in fipur. — Final hjy French I moitiU6 M' ger ^ vi"cious.^ g as s in pleasure; ^ and guttural ; ny liquid ; as in pi/A. 
 
 169 
 
 I nil 
 
 i:i45 
 
FRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Lerkcnbur);, (Den.) 
 Leniia, (Pen.) 
 Lerwick, (>^cot.) 
 Lesboin, (Fr.) 
 Los Biii3, (Switz.) 
 Lfisifine, (Fr.) 
 Lesina, (II.) 
 Lesmalmgo, (Scot ) 
 I.'!s)tn3nt, (Fr.) 
 Lesperon, (Fr.) 
 Lcssina, (Aiistr.) isl. 
 LsssinKlie, (Netli.) 
 Le.'J.siniies, (Nerh.) 
 Lessoe, (Den.) 
 Leszinow, (Austr.) 
 Letacliniki, (R.) 
 Lotala, (K.) 
 Li-u-llons, (Fr.) 
 Letiti liev, (R.) 
 Letric.n, (I'en.) 
 Lette, (Ger.) 
 Lette, (Fr.) r. 
 Lctterkennv, (Ir.) 
 Lettin, (R.) 
 Leiica, Cape di, (It.) 
 Leuk, (Switz.) 
 Leuker, (Switz.) 
 Leiissen, (Netli.) 
 Lenten lierg, (Ger.) 
 Leuveniim, (Netli.) 
 Leuzingen, (Switz.) 
 Levanger, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Levano, (It.) 
 Levanso, (It.) isl. 
 Levant 
 Levet, (Fr.) 
 Levier, (Fr.) 
 Levigneu, (Fr.) 
 Levrou.\, (Fr.) 
 Lewes, (Enj.) 
 Leyden, (Neth.) 
 Leyc, (Ger.) 
 Leypa, (Austr.) 
 Lezardriaux, (Fr.) 
 Libau, (R.) 
 Libanns, (Tiir.) mt 
 Libentz, (Anstr.) 
 Liboiirne, (Fr.) 
 Liburnia 
 Libya 
 
 Lichtenan, (Ger.) 
 Liclitenfels, (Ger.) 
 Licbtensteig, (Switz.) 
 Lichtenvoorde, (Netli.) 
 Licbtevelde, (Neth.) 
 Licodia, (ft.) 
 Licosa, (It.) 
 Lida, (R.) 
 Liddcs, (Switz.) 
 Liddisilale, (Scot.) 
 Lidkoeping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lido, (Ir.) ft. 
 Lidoviang, (R.) 
 Liel)enwaldc, (Prus.) 
 Lieberosc, (Prus.) 
 Liege, (Neth.) 
 Licr, (Neth.) 
 Jjiesopilotrh, (R.) 
 Licssel, (Neth.) 
 Liestal, (Switz.) 
 Lietha, (R.) 
 Lien, (Switz.) 
 LitTr'y, (Ir.) 
 liiffre, (Fr.) 
 
 Litbinil, or Livonia, (R.) 
 Lisif.-lfingon, (Switz.) 
 Lignii^rea, (Fr.) 
 Ligneville, (Fr.) 
 Ligny, (Fr.) 
 
 Liiin, or Liim Fjord, (Den.) 
 Likor.hkino, (R.) 
 Lille, (Fr.) 
 Lillers, (Fr.) 
 Lillcsand, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lillo, (Neth.) ft. 
 Ijiina, (S. Am.) 
 Lima, Porta de, (Pen.) 
 Lima, (Pen.) r. 
 Liman, (Tnr.) 
 Limari, Volcano, (S. Am.) 
 Lirnato, (It.) t. 
 Limbourg, (Neth.) 
 Limbnrg, (Ger.) 
 Limerick, (Ir.) co. 
 I Limeuil, (Fr.) 
 LiminEO, ( R.) 
 Liminat, (Switz.) r 
 LimoeeH, (Fr.) 
 LimouHin, (Kr.) 
 Limoiix, f Fr.) 
 I^imiro, (It.) c. 
 Lincoln, (I'-ng. tc Cnn.) 
 I.inrrilnsbire, (Kng.) 
 Lindaii, (Ger.) 
 
 Ih-'ken-hijfjr^ 
 Ur' ma 
 Itr'rik 
 le-bang' 
 le bwa 
 
 le-zi'ns. 
 le^i-md-h'i' ^3 
 le-miiii^' 
 
 Ifs-s'i'iia 
 
 Us'siniT-hs 
 
 li's'siite 
 
 Ug's'i-nt^i^f (-nu) 
 
 It-ldth-ni'k'i 
 
 It-ld'ta 
 
 Ic-tel-lonerf 
 
 U-til'chev 
 
 le-tr'i'litu^ 
 
 IH'te ^ 
 
 let'te 
 
 let-tfr-k^ii' ny 
 let-tin' 
 
 k'd'pfi d'i U-^Q'ka 
 
 laik ' 
 
 loi'ker 
 
 hn'ten-ber^ 
 Ivi'ft-nQQia 
 hi't^ijiir-en 
 
 h-vd'no 
 
 [e-vdn'so 
 
 U-cdnt' 
 
 le-ve' 
 
 le-vi-e' 
 
 I'i-v'in-ydil' 
 
 le-vrff' 
 
 lu'is 
 
 IVdbi 
 
 We 
 
 li'pa 
 
 le-zdr-Jfi 5' 
 
 I'i'bou 
 
 li-bd'ntts 
 
 li*bents 
 
 I'i-bQQrn' 
 
 li-bQi^'ni-a 
 
 I'i'b'i-a 
 
 liWte-nott 
 
 iiWtfn-ffU 
 
 t'fk'l^n-stl} 
 
 Iirh'lh:-for'tte 
 
 luJi'lr-fri'de 
 
 li~ku'(/i-a 
 
 I'i-kd'sa 
 
 li'da 
 
 lU'drss". 
 
 tid'dii-iJtih 
 
 Tid-cht^'pin^ 
 
 ti'do 
 
 h-dd-vi-d'iir' 
 li'bhl-vdV d^ 
 I'i'be-rd'ie 
 li'llie 
 I'i-er' 
 
 l'i-e-sd'p'i~lutch 
 
 I'is'.tH 
 
 ti'stdl 
 
 ti'tn 
 
 tiiti 
 
 I'ffj 
 
 Itfr 
 
 tife'ldnt 
 
 I'i-ir'i'fH-fIng' tti 
 
 liity-v'ile 
 I'in-y'i 
 n. Hme. fi-Srd 
 l'i~kOch-k'i'no 
 tile 
 
 ti-i-f or TO-yrJ 
 
 Wle-sdnd 
 
 lll'lo 
 
 I'i'ma or ITma 
 pilr'la de It' ma 
 li'ma 
 I'i'mdii 
 
 Vi-ind'r'i v'A-ha'no 
 
 ll-md'to 
 
 lAll(r-bQQr' 
 
 Um'bi)ifr5 
 
 Um'rr-ick 
 
 D^ntth-t or li ini^iihj' 
 
 t1-ini»<r'o 
 
 Um'mdt 
 
 li~mfi^e' 
 
 t1-intjQ-zAn^' 
 
 U-7ni}t}' 
 
 H-vd'ro 
 
 link'ua 
 
 Unk'iin-gk'ire 
 
 lin'dou 
 
 Linde, (Ger.) 
 Linden, (Ger.) 
 Lindernp, (Den.) 
 Lindesnaes, (Sc. .Pen.) 
 Lindholni, (Den.) 
 Lingen, (Ger.) 
 Linkoping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Linlithgow, (Scot.) co. 
 Linola, (Pen.) 
 Liiisbiir;;, (Ger.) 
 Linl2i-n, [ Xcth.) 
 Liiitiial, vSu iiz.) 
 Lint/., ( Au-tr. Ger.) 
 Linz, (Ger.) 
 Lion, (Fr.) 
 
 Lion d'Angers, lo, (Fr.) 
 Lipari, (It.) isl. 
 Lipetsk, (R.) 
 Lipovacz, (.\ustr.) 
 Lipowica, (.\nstr.) 
 Lipiiti, (Austr.) 
 Lippi-, (Gor.) )•. 
 Lippe Detmold, (Ger.) 
 Lip|ie ScliauTnlinrg, (Ger.) 
 Lippsprug, (Ger.) 
 Lippstadt, (Ger.) 
 Liri, (It.) r. 
 Liria, (Pen.) 
 Lisbon, (Pen.) 
 Lisca-bianca, (It.) 
 Liscia, (It.) 
 Li.sieu.\, (Fr.) 
 Lisko, (Austr.) 
 Liskor, (.Austr.) 
 Lissa, (Pros.) 
 Lissa, (Austr.) isl. 
 Lisse, (Neth.) 
 Lithuania 
 Litin, (R.) 
 Litiz, (U. S.) 
 Littau, (Switz.) 
 Livensk, (R.) 
 Livenza, (It.) r. 
 Liverut, (Fr.) 
 Liverpool, (Enj.) 
 Livonia, or Litland, (R.) j-. 
 Livi.i MO, or Leshorn, (It.) 
 Ljil-;iii, (Sc. I'en.) r. 
 Liusin^/dal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Llandatr, (Eng.) 
 Llanelly, (Eng.) 
 Llanaadock, (Eng.) 
 LlanL'owfr, ( Eng.) 
 Llano-, fS. \in.) 
 Llaii"., d. Chaco, (S. Am.) 
 Llaiii.s de Manso, (S. Ani.) 
 LI iiirwst, (Eng.) 
 LI iiiwrlid, (ICng.) 
 Llcna Sacia, (Pen.) 
 Llerena, (Pen.) 
 Llinas, (Pen.) 
 Llosa del Obispo, (Pen.) 
 Llout<k, (R.) 
 LoaoL'er, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Loaniiiri, (Af.) 
 Loango, (Af.) 
 Loano, (It.) 
 Loarre, (Pen.) 
 Lolian, (Ger.) 
 Loben.stein, (Ger ) 
 Lobiska, (R.) 
 Lobnrg, (Ger.) 
 Locarno, (Switz.) 
 T,ochaber, (Scot.) 
 Loch Leven, (Scot.) 
 Loch Lomond, (Scot.) 
 Lochem, (Neth.) 
 Loclies, (Fr.) 
 Lochnisen, (Neth.) 
 Locknitz, (Prus.) 
 Lode, (Switz.) 
 Locmaria, (Fr.) 
 Locmine, (Fr.) 
 I.,odfeve, (Fr.) 
 Lodi, (It.) 
 I^domir, (Austr.) 
 Loenen, (Neth.) 
 Lolloden, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lofer, (Anstr.) 
 Lofodon, (Sc. Pen.) i^l. 
 Logo, la, (Fr.) 
 Loges, Grand, (Fr.) 
 Loges, Petit, (Fr.) 
 Logi.s, Nenf, (Fr.) 
 Logrono, (Pen.) 
 Lohto, (R.) 
 Loir, (Fr.) r. 
 Loir and (Iher, (Fr.) dep. 
 Loire, (l-'r ) drp. 
 Loire, (Fr.) r. 
 Loiret, (Fr.) dep. 
 Ix>ilz, (Prus.) 
 Loja, or Lova, (Pen.) 
 Lnjano, (It.) 
 
 Im'de 
 
 lin'den 
 
 liu'de-rQnp 
 
 liii'des-nas 
 
 lind'holm 
 
 Ung'fn 
 
 riil-ckAl'pxn^ 
 
 liii-litW (TOW or UWlitb-'roW 
 
 li-r,h'ur 
 
 liii^'hotjr^ 
 
 lirU'Skhi 
 
 lin'tdle 
 
 lints 
 
 I'int^- 
 
 h-o„ol 
 
 /e li-oilfr ddv(r-ae 
 
 li-pd'ri or lip'u-r'i 
 
 li'pet^k 
 
 ti-pb~vdfs' 
 
 li-pd-v'i'ka 
 
 lip' pa 
 
 Up'pe 
 
 lil>'l>e di't'mqlt 
 lif'pe shoum'b^^r^ 
 
 liji'stdt 
 
 ti'r'i 
 
 l'i'ri~a 
 
 I'is'boit, Eng. lis'bon 
 
 lis'ha-bi-dn'ka 
 
 tVsh'i-a 
 
 I'i-'z'i-eu.^ 
 
 tis'ko 
 
 tis'kor 
 
 lis'sa 
 
 lis'sa 
 
 lis'.-:e 
 
 litU-u-'d'ni'a 
 
 li-t'in' 
 
 Itt'its 
 
 iii'tOlL 
 
 l'i-ven$k^ 
 
 li-vend'za 
 
 liv-ro' 
 
 liv' er-pool 
 
 li-vd'ni-a 
 
 I'i-vbr'no 
 
 lyh' (i/fi') zdn 
 
 /i/fts' (i/fti') me-ddl 
 
 Idn-diif' 
 
 ldn~el'ly 
 
 Idn'ffa-dok' 
 
 Idn-von'tr 
 
 l id' ft OS 
 
 lid'iios de Ihd'ko 
 
 lid'uos de mdn'so 
 
 Idii'r'st 
 
 lan'ar~tid 
 
 I'ie'na sd'kra 
 
 I'ie-re'na 
 
 I'i-'i'na^ 
 
 tio'sa d.H 5-b'is'po 
 
 l'i'(;t}tik' 
 
 lo' dufr-er 
 
 lO-dii'tri'r'i 
 
 lO-dn'ffO 
 
 lo-d'no 
 
 lo-dr're 
 
 lo'bou 
 
 lifti'ben-sCine 
 
 U-bis'ka 
 
 Id'b^QrS^ 
 
 in-kdr'vo 
 
 loT.h-d'brr 
 
 lo^h lev'ftl 
 
 loTh Wviond 
 
 I6'lhhn 
 
 lUfhe 
 
 lB-?bni'zen 
 tok'nits 
 
 fm ■ 
 
 Ink-^'d-rVa 
 lok-m'ine' 
 ib-dSve' 
 lo'di 
 
 Id^ln-m'ir' 
 iQQ'nen 
 lof-f!>'de)i 
 lo'fer 
 ISfri'den 
 Id I5ge 
 /rrdnu la§;e 
 p'e-t'i' lo^e 
 la-i'i' 
 tO-frrO'uo 
 ISli'lo 
 twdr 
 
 Iwdr^ shrr 
 
 lad 
 
 Imdr 
 
 Iwd^fi' 
 
 lolls 
 
 Wfhit 
 
 IB-td'no 
 
 Lokeren, (Neth.) 
 Lochvitsa, (R.) 
 Lolin, (Switz.) 
 Lolle, (Austr.) 
 Lomhardy, (It.) 
 Lonibovskoi, (K.) isl. 
 Lommatzsch, (Ger.) 
 Lonuueii, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Lomcmd, (Scot.) 
 Loniza, (R.) 
 L(mato, (It.) 
 London, (Eng.) 
 Londonderry, (Ir.) 
 Lonii.arome, (It.) 
 Longchanips, (Fr.) 
 Lon;;eau, (Fr.) 
 Longford, Vlr.) co. 
 Longue, (Fr.) 
 Longueiros, (Pen.) 
 Lonjumeau, (Fr.) 
 Louny, (Fr.) 
 Lons le Saulnier, (Fr.) 
 Loochristy, (Neth.) 
 Loon, (Fr.) 
 Loosdiiizen, (Neth.) 
 Lootenlmlle, (.Neth.) 
 Lopridinska, (R.) 
 Loptjw, (Prus.) 
 Ijoppen, isl. 
 
 Lora del Rio Alcolea, (Pen.) 
 Lorca, (Pen.) 
 Loreh, (Ger.) 
 Lorenzana, (Neth.) 
 Lorenzana, (Pen.) 
 Lorenzo, (It.) t. 
 Loreto, (It.) 
 Loretto, (Me.\.) 
 Lorgues, (Fr.) 
 Lorio, (It.) 
 Loriol, (Fr.) 
 Lorraine, (Fr.) 
 Lossini, (It.) isl. 
 Lot and Garonne, (Fr.) dep. 
 Lot, (Fr.) dep. 
 Lotier, (Fr.) 
 Lothian, (Scot.) 
 Loltnni, (Neth.) 
 Louaille, (Fr.) 
 Loudinska, (R.) 
 Louga, (1!.) 
 Louirlilioiviucli, (Eng.) 
 Louilhn a, (Ir.) ■ 
 Lbuuh Erne, ( Ir.) 
 Lonsili iNc iL'li, (Ir.) 
 Louis, St. (I'. .^.) 
 Louisiana, ( V. S.) 
 Lonja, (Austr.) r. 
 Louch, (K.) 
 Lounovsk, (R.) 
 Lonpiac, (Fr.) 
 Lourdes, (Fr ) 
 Louri.stan, (Per.) 
 Louronx, le, (Fr.) 
 Lourtier, (Switz.) 
 Louta, (R.) r. 
 Louth, (Ir.) CO. 
 Lonveigne, (Neth.) 
 Louvigne dn Desert, (Fr.) 
 Lovo, (Austr.) 
 Lovrana, (Austr.) 
 Lowenberg, (Prii.s.) 
 Lowinsk, (R.) 
 Lowisa 
 
 Lowositz, (Au.str.) 
 Loxa, or Loja, (Pen.) 
 Lozere, (Fr.) mt. 
 Lozere, (Fr.) ilrp. 
 Lozovka, (R.) 
 Loz Verknia, (R.) 
 Lnarca, (Pen.) 
 Luhasz, (Prns.) 
 Lnbben, (Prus.) 
 Lnbeck, (Ger.) 
 Lubeii, (Ger.) 
 Luhiewo, (Prus.) 
 Lublin, (R.) 
 Luhlinilz, (Prns.) 
 Lulilo, (Austr.) 
 Lne, (Fr.) 
 Lue, le, (Fr.) 
 Lne en Diois, (Fr.) 
 Lucca, (It.) 
 Lucicnsteig, (Switz.) 
 Lnccna, (Pen.) 
 Luccnay I'Eveque, (Fr.) 
 Lucerano, ( II.) 
 Luchow, ((ier.) 
 Luchy, (An>lr.) 
 Lurkaw, (I'rus ) 
 Lucknovv, (Hind.) 
 Lucy les Itoia, (Fr.) 
 Lndbrerk, (Anstr.) 
 Lude, le, (Fr.; 
 Lndenschei<l, (Ger.) 
 
 lS'ke.ren 
 lolh-r'it'sa 
 U-lm' 
 lol'le 
 
 loiii'bar-dy 
 
 loiit'bdv'skoi 
 
 lum'indtsh 
 
 Iqm'mea 
 
 lu'mond 
 
 lorn' za 
 
 la-nd'to 
 
 lun'd'n 
 
 liiii'don-der'ry 
 
 Iqii-^d-rd'me 
 
 lon^r-shdiig' 
 
 Ion IT -is' 
 
 lonrr'furd 
 
 long 
 
 Iqn-irt'TOS 
 
 loniT'SkiL-mo' 
 
 Idn-ni' 
 
 loiitr /e" s5-n'ie' 
 
 Id-kris't'i 
 
 lo-ong 
 
 los-doi'zen 
 
 lo'trn-hdl'le 
 
 lo'pd-dins'ka 
 
 lO'pB 
 
 Inp'pfin 
 
 lo'rd del fi'o dl-kS-le'a 
 
 lur'ka 
 
 Mil 
 
 lo-rend-id'na 
 
 lo-ren-fhd'na 
 
 lo-rend'zo 
 
 Id-re'to 
 
 lo^it'to 
 
 Iqrg 
 
 lo'ri~o 
 
 lo-rt'uV 
 
 lor-rdne' 
 
 los-s'i'n'i 
 
 lo, gd-rSne' 
 
 lo-l'ie 
 
 Id'tk'i-an 
 
 Iqt'tQi^m 
 
 IqQ-d-'i or l<}f-Sly' 
 loii-dins'ka 
 lou' ga 
 
 hif bur-reh * 
 
 Iqh-rd' 
 
 lo^h'ern 
 
 loVi-ne' 
 
 li^i^'is or /qp'Y 
 
 li^Q-i-z'i-dn'a 
 
 laq'ya 
 
 I'ouih 
 
 hiu'ndl'sk 
 
 iQQ-p'i-dk' 
 
 IqQvd 
 
 loii-r'is'tan 
 
 !<< l<!q-r(>q' 
 
 lqqr.fit' 
 
 lon'ta 
 
 loutk 
 
 li^Q-vhty' 
 
 IqQ-viny' dn de-zer 
 
 lo'vo 
 
 lo-vrd'na 
 
 lifil'ven-ber§ 
 
 Id'v'insk 
 
 15- v'i'za 
 Id'rS-iit-s 
 lo'fha ' 
 
 16- i^re' 
 lo-zere' 
 l5-zov'ka 
 loz verk'n'i-a 
 lf)i)- dr'ka 
 iQQ'bdsk 
 If^Qb'ben 
 lu'bek 
 lii'ben 
 li;(^-bie't!o 
 luh-lin' 
 h^^'bt'i-nits 
 li}(f'Ho 
 
 III 
 
 Ir Iti. 
 
 lil dnir tn-irn' 
 Ink'ka 
 
 li^^'tsi-en-sfig' 
 
 l(jf-tfie'nil 
 
 iQQs-na le-rCke' 
 
 loQ-rhe-rd'no 
 
 It^f^'ibo 
 
 li^fjk'kon 
 Ittck-now' 
 W-.i'i' le bwa 
 l()i)d'brek 
 If tdd 
 
 iQQ'd^n-shtd 
 
 Fr.te. fdr, f„ll, whql, bdt Mite, prey, hilp, thtre, Mr Pint, marint, bird, fig. — mtc, dSim, mUne, wQlf, b(,^, lord, — TOnr, bijlt, ^mte. — Pr.Jnn)? ph ei Fr . fhort bit. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 I.iidrr, (OiT.) r. 
 Liiil.-nip, ( Drn.) 
 LiiiiliAv, (I'nis.) r. 
 l>iulu'i;;sliiir;!, {(5er.) 
 Liuhvigsliitil, (ficr.) 
 Liietry, (Switz.) 
 Luftti,ii, (Oer.) 
 LiutterberB, (Gcr.) 
 I.iict/.i'n', (Priis.) 
 Liie/.ciis, (Switz.) 
 Ltinanii, 
 Liijiano, (It.) I. 
 Jm'^k, (Pi ll. It.) 
 l-in."!", (Aiislr.) 
 I-iiiiips, (I'r.) 
 Luiro, (I{.) 
 Liiisjrin.'i, (I'l ii.) 
 LiilcS, (.^r. Pi-ii.) 
 I'tiniliin, (Fr.) 
 LiiiiiliriTiis, (Pt'ii.) 
 Iiiiiiiinn, (Swil/..) 
 IjiMiil, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Uiiiilhcck, (Dm.) 
 
 lilMlill)) C, (l)l'II.) 
 
 I<>iiiil<'ii, ( l)i'ii.) 
 I'liiiilijiiaicl, (Den.) 
 I'liiii'liiirg, ((icr.) 
 I.iinol la Vill«, (Fr.) 
 I>iiJiriiliiiri;li, (.Nov.! ticotia) 
 I-iiiu villf, (Fr ) 
 Liiiiji rn, (Switz.) 
 I.uii'.'witz, (CIcr.) 
 I.iiiiliTon, (\clli.) 
 I.npala, Serra de, (.AT.) 
 IjiiItiiiR', (It.) tnt. 
 I.iiputu, (It.) m(. 
 I'ii|)i)\v, (Priis.) 
 I'lipp, (Pru.-i.) )•. 
 I.uptinv, (Prii>".) 
 I'urhc, Paso de, (S. Am.) 
 I'lire, (Fr.) 
 I.ii-irliiiigi'n, (Switz.) 
 I'ii<i!;nan, (Fr.) 
 I'lisino, (Priis.) 
 I' lssac, (Fr.) 
 I. Ill Tine, (It.) 
 Lntlioni, (Switz.) 
 l'iiti<l)iirs, (Switz.) 
 Liitke Gast, (Netli.) 
 '•nvino, (It.) 
 ljti.\en:bonr*:, (Xetli.) 
 I'li.vciiil, (Fr.) 
 L.uzerclie.«, (Fr.) 
 I'lizorn, (8» itz.) 
 Liizern, (Switz.) /. 
 I>ir/.crnc, (U. S.) 
 Luzon, (Pen.) 
 l.iizv, (Fr.) 
 Lv, (Xetli.) r. 
 Lvakoiira, (Or.) mt. 
 Lyft, (D^n.) 
 [-yL'iiiii Kloster, (Den.) 
 Lykuiliina, (Or.) nit. 
 Lymaiiow, (.Aiistr.) 
 Lyiiiliara, (It.) mt. 
 Ia iidrl<ee, (Den.) 
 I.ynsaas, (Den.) 
 Lynjliyc, (Den.) 
 I.j nplal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 I'Voe, ( Den.) isl. 
 i-yon, (Fr.) 
 Lyonnois, (Fr.) 
 Lyons, (Fr.) <r. 
 I'vse Fjord, (Sc. (kn.) 
 I.yss, (Switz.) 
 I..ystriii>, (Den.) 
 
 l^inj'lo 
 
 IS-tri' 
 
 IHt'tfn 
 
 liii'ter-be-r^ 
 
 lilt'L-scn 
 
 Iti'Uina 
 
 'w'S'> 
 
 lU'tllc' 
 
 lu-'i'ro 
 loQ-'i-s't-a'tia 
 
 lot^n'fifn 
 
 lii-nH' Id vile 
 lunc-c'ile' 
 
 AVr'rrt (If l^Q pd'ta 
 iQo-pu'iie 
 
 In^'po 
 
 hip 
 
 pd'so de If^Qr'bf 
 Id re 
 
 li/f'shing-in 
 
 lii-i'in-ydn g' 
 
 IfQ-s'i'no 
 
 lus-sdk' 
 
 iQQ-te-ri'ii^ 
 
 li}f}t'tern 
 
 iQQ'ti^-bijQr^ 
 
 liit'ke gdjst 
 
 h^-v'i'no 
 
 litfc-sdng-bQor' 
 
 or ta-sifhhj 
 ltt-iersh> 
 
 lu-icrn^ 
 lni)-th5ne' 
 ib-ii' 
 II 
 
 lii-d-kiiQ'ra 
 Itifl 
 
 Ui' irf^tfm klo'sUr 
 lYt-kO-di' jtui 
 ti'md-no (-Hnft/*) 
 liin-bd'ra 
 Inn'ilel-ze 
 Ittn'tros 
 litHt^'bil 
 liinir'ddl 
 
 I i- on it' 
 lion-titna' 
 ti-fln<r' 
 tiiUe /"iOrd 
 lis 
 
 lii'strQQp 
 
 M. 
 
 M.tAKCM, (.Nftll.) 
 
 Maaruin, (Den.) 
 Maasevek, (Ni th.) 
 Maasland, (.\'oth.) 
 Maasoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Macao, (liid.) 
 .M.accarese, (It.) 
 .Macedonia 
 M.ichede, (Pen.) 
 Machias, (I!. S.) 
 Macliicliato, (Pen.) 
 M.ackinaw, oncf .Michili- J 
 niackinac, (17. S.) j 
 .Maclean, (l\ S.) 
 .Maconih, (U. S.) 
 .Ma^on, (Fr.) 
 .Macon, (U. S.) 
 Macotera, (Pen.) 
 .Macoupin, (U. S.) 
 Macplii rson, f Aii.-itralin,) ml. 
 Jlacqnarie, (.\ustralia) 
 
 md'ren 
 
 md'zt-ek 
 mds'lditt 
 
 ind-kn'o 
 
 t!fdk-kd-re'zf 
 
 niii.-t-e-dv' ii'i-a 
 
 md'Chr'dc 
 
 match-r'as 
 
 md-ch'i-chd'ko 
 
 mack'i-naw 
 
 vtak-tanc* 
 
 ma-k(^^m' 
 
 nidsdng^ 
 
 mfi'kon 
 
 ird-kd-ie'ra 
 
 ma-kQQ'pin 
 
 nidk-frr' son 
 
 mdk-kQQ-d-r'i'i 
 
 Madagascar, (At".) isl. 
 .Madalkn.i, (It.) isl. 
 .Madawasca, (I'. .S.) 
 .Mailaras, (Austr.) 
 .Maddalena, (It.) 
 .Madeira 
 
 •Madeira, (Af.) isl. 
 Madrano, (Switz.) 
 Madras, (Ind.) 
 Madre de Dios, (S. .\ni.) isl, 
 •Madrid, (Pen.) 
 .Madridejos, ( Pi n.) 
 .Madrijial, (Pen.) 
 .Madrisali jo, (Pen.) 
 Madris, (Pen. Switz.) 
 Madris, (Switz.) ;•. 
 Madronero, (Pen.) 
 .Madura, (Inil.) 
 •Madura, (Austral.) isl. 
 Madura, (East. Isl.) si. 
 Maelir ^n, or .Moravia, ( 
 (Austr.) i 
 Maclla, (Pen.) 
 iMaelslroein, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Maesniel. (.N'eth.) 
 •Maestro, Arcs del, (Pen.) 
 •Maeslriclit, (.Nelli.) 
 Maj;adiuo, (Switz.) 
 Mapis, (Pi ll.) 
 .Masazeno, (It.) 
 .Maddalena, (Pen.) 
 •Maudebui;;, (Prus.) 
 .Majellaii, (S. .Am.) st. 
 M;\'ic\l\ mg, (Den.) 
 iSlair^ia, (Swiiz.) 
 Mat'iiiore, (It.) /. 
 •Maiiliano, Mt.) 
 •Ma^nac, (!• r.) 
 •Maunisi, (It.) 
 .Maijnor, (Sc. Pen.) 
 •Magny, (Fr.) 
 .Magoias, (It.) r. 
 •Masra, (It.) r. 
 •MauTii, (Pen.) 
 lMalllbur^', (Pru.s.) 
 •Malion, (Pen.) 
 Malionin;;, (U. S.) 
 Mahora, (Pen.) 
 •Maliratta, (Ind.) 
 Malircnburi;, (.Austr.) 
 Mailleray, (Fr.) 
 •Mailly, (Fr.) 
 Maina, (U.) 
 iMainburnhcim, (Gcr.) 
 Maine, (Fr.) 
 
 •Maine and Loire, (Fr.i dqt. 
 .Maine and Tauber, (Ger.) 
 Maine, Lower, (Gcr.) 
 •Maine Rothcr, (Gcr.) r. 
 .Maine Weiss, (Ger.) r. 
 .^lainhardt, (Ger.) 
 .Maison, Ncuve, (Fr.) 
 Majadas, las, (Pen.) 
 Majesa, (It.) c 
 Majorca, (Pen.) iil. 
 Makarcv, (R.) 
 .Makariev, (R.) 
 Makarovo, (R.) 
 •M.ikasanas Plains, (.\f.) 
 Maclinovak, (R.) 
 •Makkinger, (Netli.) 
 .Makkuin, (.\etli.) 
 Make, (Aiistr.) 
 Makri, (Tur.) t. 
 •Malab.ar, (Ind.) 
 .Malaczka, (.Austr.) 
 .Maladeia, (Pen.) ml. 
 .Maladetta, or JIaudit, (Fr.) ) 
 mt, j 
 Malaga, (Pen.) 
 Malagon, (Pen.) 
 •Malaia Zenilia, (R.) 
 •Malans, (Switz.) 
 Malaren, (Sc. Pen.) /. 
 Malaliera, (Pen.) 
 .Mala.x, (K.) 
 Malav, (F.ast. Isl.) prn. 
 Malazzo, (It.) 
 Malborget, (.Austr.) 
 Maldeglien, (.N'etli.) 
 •Malilen, (.V. th.) 
 Maldive, (Ind.) i.sl. 
 Maldiventre, (It.) u.1. 
 .Male, or Maldivas, (Ind.) ii/. 
 iMalcsco, (Switz.) r. 
 •Malesherbcs, (Fr.) 
 .Maletroil, (Fr.) 
 •Malevo, (Gr.) mt. 
 Malguenac, (Fr.) 
 Malhan, (As.) mL 
 Maliclieva, (R.) 
 Malij.ay, (Fr.) 
 Malilla, (Sc. Pen.) 
 M.alines, or .Mechlin, (Netli.) 
 
 md-dd-^ds'kdr 
 
 md-ildl-l^'ua 
 
 mad -a-ieds'ka 
 
 vid-dn'rds 
 
 mdd-dd~te'na 
 
 iiid-dVray Eng. mti-dO'ra 
 
 or vta-dce'ra 
 md-'l ra' no 
 
 ma'drfLt^ Eng. ma-drtis' 
 
 md'dr^ di di'vs 
 
 md-tlr'id' or mdd'rid 
 
 md-dr'i-ih'lhos 
 
 jnd-flr'i-gdl' 
 
 vid-dr'i-gd-U'iho 
 
 vid'dr'i.i 
 
 vtd'dr'is 
 
 md'dru-nf'rtf 
 
 md-dh'ra or miid'^i rn 
 
 inO'ri'il 
 
 md-rl'ija 
 
 mdt'str^m 
 
 miis'n'ile 
 
 d'rt.-i del md-e.s'lre 
 
 mds'triiht 
 
 md-ird-tl'i' no 
 
 md'ird-i 
 
 md-trd-dzt' lu} 
 
 tnds-dd Ir'ini 
 
 Vld^'de-bfjQr^ 
 
 md'fhel-ndn' 
 
 ind' ijel-tiring 
 
 vidjl' ga 
 
 jndd'^d're 
 
 vtdl'ijd-no 
 
 indn-ydW 
 
 vidn-yi'zi 
 
 mdng'nor 
 
 mdn-yV 
 
 md-gO'rds 
 
 md'gra 
 
 rnd'gro 
 
 mdl b^Qr^ 
 
 vid'oiiy Eng. md-hOne' or 
 vid-hS'ning [^mdOnt' 
 vid'd'ra 
 mdh-T'dl'ta 
 md'ren-bQ^r^ 
 vtd-ie-r&' or indt-ye~ra' 
 md-'i-yi or mdl-y'i' 
 vil'na 
 
 mine-bciirn' hi me 
 viQne 
 
 mane, Ijc'dr 
 vttnc, tou'ber 
 mine 
 
 mine rS'ter 
 
 mine vis 
 
 mtne'hdrt 
 
 ntfhve ma-zonrr' 
 
 /<i< md-lhd'dds 
 
 md-i-ye'za 
 
 md-lhor'ka 
 
 vtd-kd'rev 
 
 md-kd'r'i-eo 
 
 md-kd-rG' vo 
 
 md-kdsd'nds 
 
 md£h-n5'i'dk 
 
 mdk'king~er 
 
 vi'dk'kgqm 
 
 md'ko 
 
 md'kr'i 
 
 md-ld-b'dr\ Eng. rnri/'a-ftar 
 md-ldts' {-Idch') ka 
 ntd-ld-de'ta 
 
 md-ld-deL'ta, in5-di' 
 
 md'ld-ga, Eng. mal'a-ga 
 
 ind'ld'gon 
 
 md-ld'ia zem'ti-a 
 
 indddng' 
 
 mcL'ld-Ten 
 
 ni d-ld-t'i-e'ra 
 
 md'Idx 
 
 vid'lay 
 
 ntd-ltit'zo 
 
 vidl-bur' irit 
 
 vidlt-e' :;rn 
 
 mfU'drn 
 
 mdl'dii-e 
 
 mal-di-vhi'tre 
 
 md'le or mal-di'cda 
 
 ind-Us'ko 
 
 malc-terbe' 
 
 mat-e.triDa' 
 
 md-ls'vo 
 
 malg-ndk' 
 
 mdl'Mn 
 
 md-ti-ehe' ca 
 
 md'ti-^a' 
 
 md-lil'la 
 
 md-tine' mrlh-tin' 
 
 Malilsk, (R.) 
 .Malliiria, la, (Pen.) 
 •Maliiiaisoii, (Nelli.) 
 .Maliiikoping, (.\elli.) 
 Malinne, (Sc. Pen.) 
 •Malnivscli, (11.) 
 .Malo,'(It.) 
 
 :MaliiarcliaiiKelsk, (It.) 
 •Malojaroslavets, (R.) 
 •Malpira, (It^) 
 •Mais, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Miil.st. ad, (Den.) 
 •Malstruiii, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Malta, (It. Af.) 
 Malters, (Switz.) 
 Malvaglia, (Switz.) 
 Malwa, (Ind.) 
 .Maniadyscli, (11.) 
 •Maiiiai, (R.) 
 .Main.in.iieck, (Hw S.) 
 .\ia(nari>sa, ( Pen.) 
 Maniern, (.'^witz.) 
 Maniers, (Fr.) 
 .Maiiiore, (S. Am ) /. 
 •Manacor, (Pen.) 
 Manati, (•Mex.) 
 Manaviiiik, (U. S.) 
 •Maiiciia, (Pen.) 
 -Mancha Real, (Pen.) 
 .Manclie, (Fr.) ./.■/.. 
 .M.iiiclie.sler, (\V. Ind.) 
 :\laiiilas, (It.) 
 .\hindersclieid, (Ger.) 
 Mandingo, (Af.) 
 .Mnndoe, (Den.) isl. 
 Mandrigalejo, (Pen.) 
 .Maneroo, (.Australia) 
 -Manfrediinia, (II.) 
 •Manfrici, (It.) 
 Mangderai, (Ea.st. Isl.) st. 
 •Mangcroe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Manhassett, (_IJ. S.) 
 Manhattan, (IJ. S.) 
 .Manlieiin, (Ger.) 
 Maniago, (It.) 
 Maniesa, (Pen.) 
 Manichina, (R.) 
 •ManiUia, (Pen.) 
 Manilla, (East. Isl.) 
 Mannedorf, (Swilz.) 
 •Mannersdiirf, (Austr.) 
 Mannu, (It.) c. 
 iManosque, (Fr.) 
 Mans, ie, (Fr.) 
 Mansleld, (I'rus.) 
 Mansilla, (Pen.) 
 •Mansoura, (Eg.) 
 Mantelo, (Gr.) c. 
 .Mantcrn, (Austr.) 
 .ManU's, (Fr.) 
 Mantinea, (Gr.) 
 Mantry, (Fr.) 
 •Mantsala, (R.) 
 •Mantua, (It.) 
 iManzanal, Pen.) 
 Manzanares, (Pen.) 
 •Manzanilla, (Pen.) 
 •Maon, Wilderness of, (Pal.) 
 •Majiiini, TMcx.) 
 Mapiiiii, Bolson de, (.^le.x.) 
 •'Macpieda, (Pen.) 
 •Mar, (Pen.) c. 
 Marahooty Wells, (Af.) 
 •Maracaiho, (S. .Am.) 
 .Maracaiho, or Venezuela, j 
 (S. Am.) g. j 
 M.aranclion, (Pen.) 
 iMaranhani, (liraz.) 
 Marano, (It.) 
 .Manins, (Fr.) 
 Marargiu, (It.) r. 
 Marasca, (Anstr.) 
 .Maravs, (Ea.st. Isl.) 
 .Maratea, (It.) 
 •Marathon, (Gr.) 
 Marbach, (Ger. Switz.) 
 M.arbella, (Pen.) 
 •Marburg, (Ger. Austr.) 
 March, ur Morava, (Austr.) r, 
 •Marche, (Fr.) 
 Marchena, (Pen.) 
 •Marciano, (It.' mt. 
 •Marcillac, (Fr.) 
 •Marecchia, (R. It.) 
 •Marengo, (It.) 
 •Mareiincs, (Fr.) 
 .Mareuil, (Fr.) 
 •Margarita, (S. .Am.) isl. 
 •Margitta, (.Austr.) 
 .M.irgolles, (Pen.) 
 .Maria, (Pen.) 
 Maria, (.N'eth.) fl. 
 .Maria, Sa. (It.) isl. 
 Maria Kis, (.Austr.) 
 
 md'tiudc 
 
 Id mfil-y(t'na 
 
 nitd-aifi-'.ong' 
 
 matm'cht^.ping 
 
 indl'nieU 
 
 mal'miUh 
 
 via' to 
 
 md'l?l-dr-ih'dn' getjik 
 
 md' lH-jd-roaAd'vrtd 
 
 mid-pi'ka 
 
 vidljt 
 
 vidl'gtrd 
 
 vi'it't'trtfilm 
 
 indl'ta 
 
 mdl'tcrs 
 
 indl vdl'ya 
 
 ma'lira 
 
 lud md'dish 
 
 nid'mdi 
 
 ma-mdr'0'iifck 
 
 nid-md-rO'^a 
 
 md'mrrn 
 
 md-mrr' 
 
 md-inO're 
 
 nid-^id-kor' 
 
 md-nd'ti 
 
 man a-yttnk' 
 
 vuln'rka 
 
 uidn'clia 
 
 nidnirsh 
 
 vidn'che.-i-tcr 
 
 indn'dds 
 
 mdn'dcr-shli 
 
 tnan-tlin' go 
 
 jndn'dni 
 
 mdn-dri- gd-l^' llio 
 
 md'nr-rQt} 
 
 tndn-f re-do' n'i-a 
 
 nidn fr't'ctl'i 
 
 m(in<r'de'rd-i 
 
 vidng'er-^ 
 
 mrtn-hns'srtt 
 
 mari'hdt'tan 
 
 ntdn'hhne 
 
 md-n't-d'go 
 
 vid-n'i-e'sa 
 
 md.n'i-lh'i'na 
 
 vid-n'it'ya 
 
 md-n'il'ya 
 
 man' ne-dqrf 
 
 mfin' ners-dorf 
 
 indn-ngQ' 
 
 vtd-nosk' 
 
 1^ mdng' 
 
 indns'felt 
 
 indn-sil'ya 
 
 vtan-.tou'ra 
 
 mdn'te-io 
 
 mdn'trrn 
 
 mdngl 
 
 indn-t'i^e'a 
 
 mdng-trV 
 
 mdnt-sd'la 
 
 mdn't^^-a 
 
 mdnlhd-ndl' 
 
 mdn'thd-nd're^ 
 
 mdn-lhd-nil' ya 
 
 md'on 
 
 md-p'i'm'i 
 
 md-pi'm'i 
 
 md-ke'da 
 
 mdr 
 
 vid-rd'bi)Q'ty 
 md-rdkd-i'bo 
 md-rd-kd-Vbo, te-ne-tJi^^ 
 
 e'la 
 md-rdn'e/um 
 md-rdn~ydm' 
 ind-rd'no 
 md-rdng' 
 md-rdr-iQt}' 
 vid-r'ds'ka 
 md-rdss' 
 md-rd-te'a 
 md'rd.thon 
 mdr'bdfh 
 mdr-bel'ya 
 mdr'b^QT^ 
 mdrlh, mO-rd'va 
 mdrsk 
 mdi^ehe'na 
 nidr-ehd'no 
 
 mdr-si-'idk or mdr-sll-ydk' 
 
 md-relc'k'i-a 
 
 md-rrn' go 
 
 md-rSne' 
 
 md-ri-'i or mU-rtly' 
 
 mdr-rrd-r'i'ta 
 
 mdr-j'it'ta 
 
 mdr-irdl'les 
 
 md-r't 'a 
 
 md-r'i'a 
 
 sdn'ta md-n'a 
 
 md r'i'a k'ij 
 
 Fr. long A and short mi, nearly as in .«pur Final ly, French / mouille. — 1n"ger, vi"ciaus g as s in pleasure; * and Ik guttural ; ny liquid ; lH ns in pitX. 
 
 1347 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Maria. Sta. (Pen.) 
 -Alariaser, (Di n.) 
 Manager Fjord, (Den.) 
 Mariana, (Pen.) 
 Marianne, (As.) isl. 
 Mariensec, (Prus.) 
 Marie Galanle, (W. Ind.) isl. 
 Marieljoe, (Den.) 
 Mariefred, (Den.) 
 Marieliolni, (Den.) 
 Manemalene, (Den.) 
 Marienl)ur<r, (Pnis. K. Ger ) 
 Marienwcriler, (Prus.) 
 Marie.'^tad, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Marietta, (IT. S.) 
 Marinha, (Pen.) 
 Marino, (It.) 
 M.iritinie Alps, (It.) 
 .Maritinio, (It.) 
 Marlien, (Netti.) isl. 
 Marliova, (R.) 
 Mnrknwiec, (Prus.) 
 Markt, {Su itz.) 
 i\!:iiktlirrit, (Gi^r.) 
 IM.irIf, (i-'r.) 
 Rliulnw, ((,'cr.) 
 M:tiU . ;S\\ It/.) 
 M:r„Mn,!r, (Fr.) 
 ManiR-ntaila, Buira, (Pen.) 
 Warrnirolo, (It.) 
 Mannora, (Tnr.) isl. 
 Jlarmora, Sea of, (Tur.) 
 Mariiay, (Fr.) 
 iMarne, (Den.) 
 Marne, (Fr.) r. 
 iMarne, (Fr.) dep. 
 Marne, Upper, (Fr.) dep. 
 -Maro, (It.) mt. 
 .Marocco, (Af.) 
 Marogsio, (It.) 
 .Maroniono, (It.) 
 Maros, (.■liistr.) 
 Marostica, (It.) 
 Marozalto, (.•iustr.) 
 Marqnardstein, (Ger.) 
 Marquesas 
 Marquion, (Fr.) 
 Marquise, (Tr.) 
 Marsa, la, (II.) 
 Marsa Scala, (It.) 
 Marsa Stimcco, (It.) 
 Marsala, (It.) 
 Marscliina, (Austr.) 
 
 Marseille, (Fr.) 
 
 Marsir.o Nuovo, (It.) 
 Marstetten, (Switz.) 
 Marstrand, (Sc. Pen.) L4. 
 Marta, (It.) r. 
 .Martendyl<, (Neth.) 
 Martigao, (Pen.) 
 Martigrip, (Fr.) 
 Maiti;;ny, (Switz.) 
 Maninii'iiic, (W. hid.) 
 Martinlongo, rPen.) 
 Martinov, (K.) 
 Martinsbruck, (Switz.) 
 Marton, (Aiistr.) 
 Martos, (Pen.) 
 Martros, (Fr.) 
 Marum, (iMi tli.) 
 Marvao, (Pen.) 
 Marvejois, (Fr.) 
 Marwar, Hnd.) 
 Marza ei Fi>rrio, (It.) 
 Masaccio, (It.) 
 Masalovka, (li.) 
 Mascali, (It.) 
 M.aschwanden, (Switz.) 
 iMascoijta, (U. S.) 
 Maslay Ic Roy, (Fr.) 
 M.asone, (It.) r. 
 Massa, (It.) 
 Massafrn, (It.) 
 Ma.i?ay, (Fr.) 
 Ma.s,senino, (It.) 
 Ma.ssAre, (Fr.) 
 .Mruisuccio, (Switz.) mt. 
 Ma-mlijiatani, (Hind.) 
 JIasta, (R.) r. 
 Matagalpa, (.Mcx.) 
 Matamoras (.Mc.\.) 
 MatanillaReef, (W. Ind.) 
 MatJinzn.s, (W. Ind.) 
 M.aUipan, (Or.) 
 MataporKuera, (Pen.) 
 Mataro, (I'en.) 
 .M.ilauro, (R. It.) 
 Mathnra, (Hind.) 
 .Matiaijua, (Mex.) t. 
 .Malina, (.>fex.) r. 
 MaloUintaH, (Af.) 
 Matt, (Hwilz.) 
 Malta, (Australia,) mt. 
 
 sdu'ta vid-r'i'a 
 jn d-ri~d' frer 
 vtd-ri~d' rrer f idrd 
 md-r'i-d'na 
 md-r'i-dn'ne 
 md-ri'en~ie 
 md~rV gd-Vdngt* 
 md-rVe-bo 
 vtd-r'i'e-frSd 
 md-ri't~lioJm 
 vtd'ri'e-md4e'r}e 
 
 md-ri'hi-Vt'r'dt'r 
 md-r'i'e-stdd 
 md-r'i-H'ta 
 Vld-r'in'ya 
 md-r'i'iio 
 md-r'i-ti' mfi 
 vtd-r'i ;no 
 mdr'ken 
 mdr-kd'va 
 ntdr-kd'vi-ets 
 vidrht 
 vtdrkt'bntt 
 mdr-te' 
 nidr'to 
 •mdr-l'i' 
 wdr-mdnsd 
 vtdr-mhi-td' da 
 vidr-in'i-rd'lo 
 mdr-mo'ra 
 vidr-mo' ra 
 vidr-na' 
 vidr'ne 
 vidrtl 
 mdrn 
 vidrJl 
 md'TO 
 vid-rok'ko 
 rnd-rod'jn 
 vid-ro-vio' no 
 vid'ros 
 md-rds't'i-ka 
 vid-rod-zdVto 
 mdr'tjudrt-stliie 
 viur-ku' SOS 
 indr-ki-ong' 
 vidr-kjz' 
 mdr'sa 
 vidr'sd skd'la 
 vidr'sd sfii-ruk'ko 
 mdr-sd'la 
 vidr-ski' Tia 
 j mdr-se-'i' or mdr-si'hf. 
 \ Eng. mdr-sdlrs' 
 mdr'si-ko lii^Q-o'vo 
 mdr'stet-ten 
 mdr' strdad 
 mdr'ta 
 mdr'ten-dlk 
 mdr-ti-gd'o 
 mdr-tliuf 
 vidr-tin-yi' 
 vidr-ttn-'ik' 
 mdr~tjH-lqu'ga 
 wdr-tihtoD 
 mdr'tins-bruk 
 mdr'ton 
 vidr'ttis 
 vidr'tros 
 vid'vQQm 
 mdr-vd'o 
 vidrv-jwa' 
 mdr'irar 
 
 mdr'dza el for'no 
 md-idt'cho 
 md-sd-lm'ka 
 md.i-kd'ii 
 mdsh'vdn-den 
 mas'k(>(}'ta 
 mdi la U rwa 
 vid-sii'jie 
 vidi'sa 
 mds sd'fra 
 vids sH' 
 miLi-se-rd'no 
 VI dj sire' 
 mdssQ^f'cho 
 vids-sQQ-li-jm-tam' 
 m'ds'ia 
 md-ld-ifdVpa 
 md-td-md'rds 
 md-td-iiiVrja 
 md tdii'inOii (-sds) 
 mdt-a-paii' 
 md~td-p(>r' ge-^a 
 ind-ld'ro 
 ind-tou'ro 
 jndt'tjQ-ra 
 md-ti'd' ff(fQ-a 
 md-li'iia 
 md-m-tijn'taa 
 mm 
 mdt'ta 
 
 Mattamiscontis, (IT. S.) 
 Maltaii, (l^ast. Isl.) 
 Mattapulsett, (U. S.) 
 Mattapiinv, (U. H:) 
 Matteawan, (U. S.) 
 Mattila, (R.) 
 Matto Grosso, (Draz.) 
 Mattula, (Af.) 
 Maubert Fontaine, (Fr.) 
 Maubeuge, (Fr.) 
 Mauboiirguet, (Fr.) 
 .Maui, (S. Isl.) 
 
 mdt-ta-mis-kij n'tis 
 mdt'ta a 
 vidtr-tii-poi'sH 
 mdt-tdp'o-ny 
 mat-te-7Dan' 
 mdt't'i-la 
 mdt'tu gros'so 
 vidt'tO'la 
 
 ino-ber' fong-tdne' 
 vio-b('h^e 
 vto-b^Qr-gii-e' 
 mou'i 
 
 .Maulbiijun, (-hrnnn,) (Ger.) mnid'brnn (^-brgijn) 
 
 Maul.-. fS. Aiii.) mnii'le ' 
 
 Mauiiir: , i !', SJ 7iian-mee' 
 
 Main , ( Svvit/.) viimr 
 
 Maur. (II. S.) mo'r'c-pa 
 
 Mauntuis, (\V. Ind.) inau-rish'i-us 
 
 M auii/.zwi, (Port. It.) mou-nVs'i-o 
 
 iMauii., (It.) mt. iriou'ro 
 
 IMaunui, i Fr.) vw-rong' 
 
 Maurs, (l''r.) mure 
 
 .Mautli, (.\ustr.) muul 
 
 Mauves, (Fr.) viooe 
 
 Mauvesin, (Fr.) indvc-sdng' 
 
 May, (Fr.) ma 
 .May, (Scot.) is-;. & lighthoiise md 
 
 MayiTiiie, (Fr.) dep. ma-ien' 
 
 Slayenne, r. ma-ihi' 
 Mayn, nr .Maine, (Ger.) r. mine {mdnc) 
 
 Maynontli, (Ir.) mmj-nQglk' 
 
 Mayo, (Ir.) en. md'o 
 
 May(ir, (.\us;r.) md'yor 
 
 Mayor, (Pen.) isl. md'yor 
 
 Mayorga, (Pen.) md-vor'ga 
 
 .Mazanileran, (Per.) md-'tMii' de-rdn 
 
 .M.-izapil, (.\le,\.) md-tUd' (-sd') pil 
 
 Mazappa, (Af.) md-tTidp' {-idp') pa 
 
 Mazatlin, (.Me.x.) md-tndt' {-sat') tin 
 
 iMazzara, (It.) mdt-sd'ra 
 
 Meatli, East, (Ir.) co. meeth 
 
 .Meath, West, (Ir.) co. meeth 
 
 .Meau.\, (Fr.) mo 
 
 .Mecca, (Per.) mek'ka 
 Mechlin, or Malines, (Austr.) 7«ctt.-/yn' 
 
 Mecklenburg Scliwerin, ) mek' lin-bqQr^ shwe- 
 
 (Ger.) j Tin' 
 Mecklenburg Strelitz, (Ger.) viek'len-bfQr^ stre'lita 
 
 Medak, (Austr.) me'ddk 
 
 Medas, (Pen.) isl. m'e'dds 
 
 .Medenblik, (Netll.) me'dni-blik 
 
 .Medljord, (Sc. Pen.) med'f idril 
 
 Mcduyes, (.Austr.) med'dges 
 
 iMediano, (Pen.) me-d'i-d'no 
 
 Medina, (Pen.) me-di'na 
 
 Medina Sidonia, (Pen.) mc-ili'na si-do'ni-a 
 
 Medina de Rio Seco, (Pen.) me-di'na de ri'o se'ko 
 Medina, (Ar.) 
 Medinilla, (Pen.) 
 Mediterranean, sea 
 Medveditsa, (11.) r. 
 Medves lirock, (Austr.) 
 Medviedova, (R.) 
 Medynsk, (R.) 
 Meerle, (NVtli.) 
 Meersliurg, (Cer.) 
 Meersc n, (iVclli.) 
 Mees, li-s, (Fr.) 
 Meg.-uilii-, (Can.) 
 Meiiautic, (Cm.) I. 
 Megara, (Gr.) 
 Meggelem, (Netli.) 
 Meggen, (Switz.) 
 Megra Ferba, (It.) 
 Meliadia, (.\ustr.) 
 Mcliedia, or Africa 
 ■Melilsack, (Pru.s.) 
 ■Mi liun, (Fr.) 
 Meienburg, (Prus.) 
 .Meiensdorf, (Den.) 
 .Meillan, (Fr.) 
 i\Ii3iningen, (Ger.) 
 Alei.ssau, (Austr.) 
 Meissen, ((ier.) 
 Mejares, (Pen.) r. 
 Media, (R.) 
 Mekka, (As.) 
 Melada, (Au.str.) isl. 
 Melano, (Switz.) 
 IMclbourne 
 .Melrose, (Scot.) 
 Melencze, (.Austr.) 
 Mclenki, (It.) 
 Melentevska, (R.) 
 Melfa, (It.) 
 Melgago, (Pen.) 
 iMelgar, (Pen.) 
 Melice, (Switz.) 
 Melides, (Pen.) 
 .Mel ilia, (It.) 
 Mi lissa, (It.) 
 Melito, (It.) 
 Mella, (It.) r. 
 Molle, (Fr.) 
 
 me-di'na or me-dl'na 
 
 me-^ti-n'iVya 
 
 med-'i-ter-rd' nc-an 
 
 med-ve-dit'sa 
 
 vied'ves brnk 
 
 med-v'ie-do'va 
 
 me'dijnsk 
 
 mer'le 
 
 vters'bQQr^ 
 
 mer'sen 
 
 le me 
 
 me-gdn't'ik 
 
 me-gdn't'ik 
 
 me-gd'ra 
 
 meg'ge-lem 
 
 meg' gen 
 
 me'gra fvr'ba 
 
 me-hd'd'i-a 
 
 me-he' di-a 
 
 mel'zdk 
 
 me-b^ng' 
 
 7nl'en-bqQr^ 
 
 vtVens-dor) 
 
 mi'-'idng^ or mel-ydng' 
 
 vil' iiuig-cn 
 
 mls'sou 
 
 viis'sen 
 
 me-fhd'ress 
 
 me'fha 
 
 vti'k'ka 
 
 me-Ui'da 
 
 me-ld'no 
 
 viei-bqQrne' 
 
 mel-rOse' 
 
 me-len'che 
 
 me-len'k't 
 
 vie-Un-t^v'ska 
 
 met' fa 
 
 viel-gd' go 
 
 mit-gdr' 
 
 me-liss' 
 
 me-li'des 
 
 ine-lil'la 
 
 mc-l'is'sa 
 
 me-li'to 
 
 meVta 
 
 mil 
 
 Melle, della, (It.) c. 
 Mellen, (Switz.) * 
 Mellendorf, (Ger.) 
 Mellingen, (Switz.) 
 Melnik, (Austr.) 
 Meloe, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 Meloine, (Fr.) isL 
 iMelora, (It.) isl. 
 Melts, (Switz.) 
 Menibrio, (Pen.) 
 Membroles, la, (Fr.) 
 iMeniel, (Prus.) 
 Meuiel, or ,\ii-inen, (R.) r. 
 iMenipliis, Ruins of, (Eg.) 
 Meniplireiu.i;;iig, (U. S.) 
 Menaggi.), (It.) 
 Menan, Great and Little, 
 
 (U. S.) 
 Mendavia, (Pen.) 
 .Mendoza, (S. Am.) 
 Meneliould, (Fr.) 
 .Menet, (Fr.) 
 .Menil Grand, (Nelli.) 
 Menil, le, (Fr.) 
 .Menileglise, (.\etb.) 
 .Menin, (Netli.) 
 -Menjibar, (Pen.) 
 i\Iennonictnie, (IJ. S.) 
 Jlenouf, (Eg.) 
 Mentano, (It.) 
 Mentone/ (It.) 
 Menzelinsk, (1!.) 
 Jleppel, (Netll.) 
 Meppen, (Ger.) 
 Slequinenza, (Pen.) 
 Mer, (Fr.) 
 Meran, (Austr.) 
 Mercalo, (It.) 
 Mercei del Oro, (Me.t.) 
 Mercliault, (Neth.) 
 MerccEur, (Fr.) 
 Mercopaly, (Austr.) 
 iNIer de Glace, (Switz.) 
 Mereda, (Pen.) 
 Merekbem, (Neth.) 
 Merey, (Fr.) 
 Merida, (Pen.) 
 Merille, (Pen.) 
 IMerionetlishire, (Eng.) 
 Merishausen, (Switz.) 
 Mernientau, (U. S.) 
 Meroe, (Af.) 
 Merrimack, (U. S.) 
 Mersburg, (Prus.) 
 Mersche^ (Neth.) 
 Mertola, (Pen.) 
 iNIeru 
 
 Mescala, (Mex.) 
 Meseritsen, (Austr.) 
 Meshed, (Per.) 
 Messenia, (Gr.) 
 Messina, (It.) 
 Messina, (It.) st. 
 Messines, (Neth.) 
 Messingeweer, (Netli.) 
 Mestchovsk, (R.) 
 Mesterhazn, (.Austr.) 
 Meteren, (Neth.) 
 Metijah. Plain of, (Af.) 
 Metso, (R.) 
 Mettau, (Switz.) 
 Meiirthe, (Fr.) dep. 
 Meurthe, (Fr.) r. 
 Meuse, (Fr.) dep. 
 Meiise, (Fr.) r. 
 Mewar, (Ind.) 
 i\Ie.\ico 
 
 Mexico, (Mex.) b. or 
 Mexilles, (Fr.) 
 Meyd, (Neth.) 
 IMeyenfcld, (Switz.) 
 Meykircli, (Switz.) 
 M6ze, (Fr.) 
 Meziire, le, (Fr.) 
 Mezo Tclead, (Austr.) 
 Mezo Tur, (Austr.) 
 Mezipiila, (Pen.) 
 IMiiico, (Jap.) 
 Miajadas, (Pen.) 
 iMialiiiatlan, (Mex.) 
 Miami 
 
 Micabbn, (It.) 
 .Michigan, (V. S.) 
 Michoacan, (Mex.) 
 Middelrode, (Netll.) 
 IMiddelbeers, (Neth.) 
 iNliddelbiirg, (Neth.) 
 Middlebury, fU. S.) 
 Middlesex, (Enj. Can. W. < 
 1ml.) i 
 Midland, (Can.) dist. 
 Mielec, (Austr.) 
 Mier, (Mex.) 
 Miescisko, (Prus.) 
 
 dei'ta mel'te 
 inet'len 
 mel'tetj-florf 
 mel'ling-en 
 mel'nlk 
 me'tcit 
 me-twdne' 
 me-ld'i-a 
 metts 
 mem'br'i-o 
 Id mdng-brCte' 
 mi' met 
 
 jnS'inH^ nie'inen 
 mem'fiss 
 m hn-fre-tnd'gog 
 me-ndd' go 
 
 j me-ndn' 
 
 men-dd'v'i-a 
 mrn-do'tha 
 me-ne-h^g' 
 me-ne' 
 
 grdiig me-n'il' 
 le me-nil' 
 
 i-!e 
 me-nanu 
 men'ilt'i-bdr 
 men-nqin'o-nee 
 me'notif 
 men-td'no 
 men-td'ne 
 men-ze-li-nsk' 
 mep'pel 
 viep'pen 
 me-ki-nen'tKa 
 mer 
 vte'rdn 
 mer-kd'lo 
 
 mer-thel' {-seV) del o'ro 
 
 mer-stio' 
 
 mer-keilr' 
 
 mer'kd-pdty 
 
 mer de glass 
 
 vie-re'da 
 
 me'rek-liem 
 
 me-rd' 
 
 vie-r'i'da 
 
 vie-r'il'ye 
 
 mer''i-o-netli-.s/tire 
 
 me-ris-hou' zen 
 
 mer-men-td' » 
 
 me-ro 
 
 mer'ri-vtdk 
 
 mers'bQ^r^ 
 
 mers'ke 
 
 mer'ld-la 
 
 me-Tu' 
 
 me.s-kd'ta 
 
 me' ze-rit'zen • 
 
 viesh'ed 
 
 mes-se'v'i-a 
 
 mes-st'na 
 
 vies-s'i'na 
 
 mes-s'ine' 
 
 vies' sill g-e-velir' 
 
 vtest' cftqvsk 
 
 vies'ter-hd-sa 
 
 vte'te-ren 
 
 me-t'i'jak 
 
 viet'so 
 
 met'tou 
 
 mi%rt 
 
 vif^ilrt 
 
 vi^ze ^ 
 
 mi^ze 
 
 vie-wdr' 
 
 viex'i-ko, Sp, meh'ZJii-ko 
 
 mez'i-ko 
 
 mek-s'ite 
 
 m'lte 
 
 vn' en-felt 
 mi-k'iri/i 
 vidze 
 
 Id me-z'i-^re' 
 
 vie'so te'le-dd 
 
 vie'so ^(i(ir 
 
 7iiet?i'lii-la 
 
 vi'i-d'ko 
 
 m'i-d-Vid'dds 
 
 vii-dl-mdt'ldn 
 
 vii-am't 
 
 m'i-kttb'ba 
 
 mish-'i-gdit' or mttch'i-gan 
 
 m'i-ehii-d-kdn' 
 
 vlid-det-rU'd^ 
 
 miit'del-beJtrs 
 
 miii'dH-bf}Qr^ 
 
 mid'dl-ber-ry 
 
 mid'dl-se.t 
 
 mid'land 
 
 m'i'lets 
 
 vi'i'er 
 
 viish-Viish'ko 
 
 Fau, far, fyll, teluit, bdt — MIU, prey, help, Uilre, hihr. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — JVflte, dSve, viSve, Kflf, bqqk, lord. — Tilnc, bull, unite. — Fr. long vtte ; 
 
 Fr. short bilt. — 
 
 1348 
 
PROiNUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Michnlevks, (R.) 
 Mii;f;Kirri), (It.) b. 
 Mili.-\ty, (Austr.) 
 Mijas, (Pen.) 
 Mikiinovcze, (Austr.) 
 Mil, (Neth.) 
 Milat-ro, (Pen.) 
 Milan, ft. Milano, (It.) 
 Milazzi>, (It.) 
 Milbury, (IJ. S.) 
 Mileta, (It.) 
 
 Milfontcs, Villaiiova de, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 .Milicia, (It.) 
 Militscli, (Prii.=.) 
 Millesimo, (It.) 
 .Miltcnberg, (Ci-r.) 
 Miltscliini, (.Austr.) 
 Miln'niikic, (U. ^.) 
 Mina, (Af.) r. 
 Mina.-i, Post of, (R.) 
 Minas Gcraes, (Uraz.) 
 Mindfl, (Ger.) r. 
 .Miniicn, (Gtr.) 
 Minervino, f^It.) 
 Mine.sota, (U. S.) 
 .Minclanilla, (Pen.) 
 Min<:r^a, (U.) 
 MinynSes, (Fr.) Ul. 
 Minieh, (E;;.) 
 Minieres, (Fr.) 
 Miniittaree, (U. S.) 
 Minorca, (Pen.) id. 
 Minsk, (R.) 
 Minska, (R.) 
 Minto, (.\. Zeal.) 
 iMjoesen (Sc. Pen.) Z. 
 Mir, (R.) 
 Mira, (Pen.) 
 Mimbella, (It.) 
 Miranibeau, (Fr.) 
 Miranda, (Pen.) 
 Miranda, (Fr.) 
 Mirandella, (Pen.) 
 Jlirandola, (IL) 
 Miras del Caniino, (Pen.) 
 Mirebean, (Fr.) 
 Mirgorod, (R.) 
 Miropolie, (R.) 
 Misa, (It.) r. 
 Misacna, (It.) 
 Mishawaka, (IJ. S.) 
 Misocco, (J^wit/..) cat. 
 Missioned, (S. Am.) 
 Missisinewa, (U. S.) 
 Missisque, (U. !>.) 
 Mississaguas, (Can.). 
 Mississippi, (U. S.) 
 Missolonghi, (Gr.) 
 Missouri, (U. S.) 
 Missouri, (.Me.x.) ral. 
 Mistek, (Austr.) 
 Mistelbacli, (Austr.) 
 Mistepec, (Mejc.) 
 Mitau, (R.) 
 Milrovi/., (.\ustr.) 
 .Mittel Frariken, (Ger.) 
 Mitten walde, (Priis.) 
 Mittweyda, (Ger.) 
 Mlinsk, (Prus.) 
 Moab, Plains of, (Pal.) 
 Moanalua, (Sandw. Isl.) 
 Moboglidinsk, (R.) 
 Mochkova, (II.) 
 Mocho, (.S. Am.) mt. 
 Mochok, (R.) 
 Mockelby, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Mocordo, (Mei.) 
 Modane, (It.) 
 Miidderweice, (Prus.) 
 Modena, (It.) 
 .Modern, (Austr.) 
 Moedas, (Pen.) 
 Moen, (Den.) isL 
 Moes, (.Austr.) 
 Moesa, (Switz.) r. 
 Mojadore, (Af . 
 .Moghilev, (R.) 
 .Mogilicza Post, (Tur.) 
 .Mi)i;uer, (Pen.) 
 Miihacz, (.Austr.) 
 .Mobawk, (U. S.) 
 Mcihli, (Switz.) 
 Miiifctta, (It.) 
 .Moirans, (Fr.) 
 Moisdon, (Fr.) 
 Mdissac, (Pr.) 
 MoiscUes, (Fr.) 
 Moita, (Pen.) 
 Mojaisk, (R.) 
 .Mokau, (N. Zeal.) 
 Mokcbansk, (R.) 
 .Mokrani, (R.) 
 Mokuola, (Sandw. Isl.) 
 
 mi-fhd-Ui'ak' 
 
 m'id-i^icir'ro 
 
 mi-hdtj 
 
 mt'chds 
 
 mi-kd-iiov'chf 
 
 mil 
 
 vi'i-ld'frro 
 
 m'i'lnn or m'i-lan' ^ It. mi- 
 viildt'so [Id' no 
 
 vtiVbu-rtj 
 in'i-lf'ia 
 
 iv'il-iid-n5'va ilf mil-fon'- 
 th 
 mi-ti'eha 
 vii'Uuh 
 in'il-'tt' si-mo 
 miVtfn-bir^ 
 milt'ilhim 
 inil-icau'kie 
 m'i'tta 
 m'i'nds 
 m'i'nds 
 min'dtl 
 min'dhi 
 in'i-fur~v'i' no 
 mi'n-e~sO'ta 
 min-gld-n'iVya 
 min-trreU'i~a 
 mdji>r-^dre' 
 m'i'it'i-rk 
 mi-nt-Sre' 
 vun-nr-tdr' ret 
 m'i-nOr'ka 
 Viifisk 
 miris'ka 
 mill* to 
 vt'iy^'sen 
 m'ir 
 rnVra 
 
 mi-Td-beVla 
 
 m'i-rdniT-bo' 
 
 m'i-rdn'da 
 
 mi-rdntrdc' 
 
 mi^du-dethja 
 
 m'i-Tdn'do-la 
 
 m'i'rd.'i dH kd^m'i'no 
 
 vi'ire-bd' 
 
 viir'trd-rod 
 
 m'i-ro'pO-iie 
 
 mi' za 
 
 m'i-idii'ya 
 
 mi.ili-a-wa'ka 
 
 vii-iik'ko 
 
 m'is-s'i-S'nis 
 
 miji-si-:/''i-neti>-a 
 
 mis-sis'que 
 
 m'is-sis-sd'^<}<^.<ls 
 
 mis-sissip^pi 
 
 misso-hii' ff'i 
 
 mis-s^^'r'i 
 
 m'is'lrk 
 
 misUrt-bd^h 
 
 viis'te-pek 
 
 m'i'toH 
 
 vii-trd'v'is 
 
 mit'tel frdnk'in 
 
 mil'trn-vdl'de 
 
 mil-vl'da 
 
 m'lin^k 
 
 md'db 
 
 mO-d-nd-iQQ'a 
 
 m&'bSijh-dinsk 
 
 mOcA-ko'ca 
 
 mO'cho 
 
 vi5 'ckdk 
 
 mqk'krl-bu 
 
 mu-kdr'do 
 
 mC-dd'ne 
 
 mnd'der-vi-tse 
 
 md-de'na or mo-di'na 
 
 mO 'd^rn 
 
 md-e'dds 
 
 m^n 
 
 mAs 
 
 moa-d-dore' 
 mS^ irh'i-lrv 
 mB-jl-Cis'sa 
 
 mu'hdss 
 
 md'hawk 
 
 ludh'li 
 
 mH-'i-frl'ta 
 
 micd-rdn^' 
 
 mwd-dHnir' 
 
 mwdsdk^ 
 
 mwd-'Mc' 
 
 mO-'i'ta 
 
 m5'jdisk 
 
 md'kou 
 
 mdk*chdn3k 
 
 mS-krd'n'i 
 
 mS-k^Q-C'ta 
 
 Mola, (It.) 
 Molaud, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Molar, el, (Pen.) 
 Molara, (It.) i.-/. 
 Moldaii, (.Austr.) r. 
 Molilavia, (Tur.) 
 .Moldova, Austr.) 
 Molino, (Fr.) iW. 
 .Moleto, (It.) t. 
 Molevo, (Gr.) mt, 
 Molina, (Pen.) 
 Moliterno, (It.) 
 Mnlk, (Austr.) 
 Molkweren, (Nctli.) 
 Mollerusa, (Pen.) 
 Molodetchno, (R.) 
 Mologa, (li.) 
 Molokai, (Sandw. Isl.) 
 .Molokini, (Sandsv. Isl.) 
 Molsee, (Den.) 
 Molucca Passage, (As.) 
 Molivitz, (Prus.) 
 Molwolde, (.\etli.) 
 Molykut, (.Au.str.) 
 Miuiibuoy, (Pen.) 
 Monachi, (It.) isl. 
 Monacisso, (It.) 
 .Monaco, (It.) 
 Monadnock, (IT. S.) 
 .Monaglian, (Ir.) co. 
 Mouast Douvanei, (R.) 
 Monastcrzyska, (.Austr.) 
 Jlonastvricha, (R.) 
 Monberte, (Fr.) 
 Moncao, (Pen.) 
 Moncoutour, (Fr.) 
 .Moncorvo Torrede, (Pen.) 
 .Monruq, (Fr.) 
 .Mundego, (Pen.) c 
 Mondorir, (Neth.) 
 Monilovi, (It.) 
 Alondragone, (It.) 
 .Moiidsee, (.Austr.) 
 .Moneva, (Pen.) 
 Monfiirte, (Pen.) 
 Monforte de Lemas, (Pen.) 
 Monges, los, (S. Am.) isl. 
 Mongolia, (As.) 
 Moniteau, (U. S.) 
 Monkowarsk, (Prus.) 
 Monlong, (Fr.) 
 Monmouthshire, (Eng.) 
 Monnikendam, (Xt th.) 
 Monongahela, (U. S.) 
 Monovar, (Pen.) 
 .■\I(mreal, (Pen.) 
 .Honrcale, (It.) 
 Monrejeau, (Fr.) 
 MoHs, (Neth.) 
 Monserrat, (Pen.) 
 .Monsterls, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Mont d'.Aspe, (Fr.) 
 Mont liillari, (Fr.) 
 Jlont Blanc, (Switz. & It.) 
 Mont Ccnis, (Fr.) 
 Mont Dauphin, (Fr.) 
 Mont D6sir, (Fr.) 
 Mont Genevre, (Fr.) 
 Mont Louis, (Fr.) 
 Mont Marault, (Fr.) 
 Mont de Marsan, (Fr.) 
 .Mont St. Michel, (Fr.) 
 Mont Mezene, (Fr.) 
 Mont d'Or, (Fr.) 
 .Mont Perdu, (Fr.) 
 Mont Salvy, (Fr.) 
 Montagny, (Switz.) 
 Mont.aigu, (Fr.) 
 Montalban, (Pen.) 
 Montalcgre, (Pen.) 
 Montalto, (It.) 
 Monialvao, (Pen.) 
 Montanches, (Pen.) 
 Montargis, (Fr.) 
 Montastrue, (Fr.]^ 
 Montauban, (Fr.) 
 Montcalm, (U. S.) 
 Monldidier, (Fr.) 
 Monte, (Pen.) r. 
 .Monte Canii>ell, (Pen.) 
 Monte Figo, (Pen.) 
 .Monte Santo, (It. 4c Tur.) c. 
 .Monte Santo, (Tur.) mt. 
 .Monte Video, (S. Am.) 
 Monteagudo, (Pen.) 
 .Montealegre, (Pen.) 
 Monlebello, (It.) 
 Monlechiaro, (It.) 
 Monlecristo, (It.) isL 
 Montenegro, ("Pur.) 
 Montereau, (Fr.) 
 Monterrey, (.Max.) b. 
 Monlcsi, (IL) 
 Montesoro, (It.) 
 
 mo'la 
 mO'ld'ld 
 el mi Idr" 
 mO-ld'ra 
 mql'dou 
 
 mOl-dO'va 
 
 7iiS-tiiie' 
 
 mO-le'to 
 
 mO-U'vo 
 
 Md-ti'na 
 
 md-tt-ter'no 
 
 molk 
 
 motk-vf'rrn 
 
 m6ly-rt>Q'sa 
 
 mu-lO-dttch'ito 
 
 mO-lu'^ra 
 
 mO'ld-kt' 
 
 viu-lO-k'i' n'i 
 
 miiVzt 
 
 mu-lffk'ka 
 
 mijl'vit^ 
 
 mnl-vnl'd^ 
 
 mgly'kq^t 
 
 mOm-b^Q-oi' 
 
 mO-nd'k'i 
 
 TP.Q-nd-ch'is'so 
 
 mH'iid'ko 
 
 mn-ndtl'nock 
 
 mqu'a-gan 
 
 vi'j'iidst dou-vd'nei 
 
 mu-nd.-<-'ttr'S'is'ka 
 
 vid-nds-lt/-rV£ha 
 
 vioug-brrV 
 
 m5n~kd'o 
 
 m6nrr-k5n^-tot>r' 
 
 vi0n-k5r'ro tor-re'de 
 
 m'mn-kuk' 
 
 mUn-de'no 
 
 mqn'dorf 
 
 vt5n-dli'r'i 
 
 mt^n-drd-go'ne 
 
 moud'zt 
 
 md-ne'ra 
 
 mdn-fST'te 
 
 v\5n-f^r'tp de It'm'ds 
 
 Iqs mGn'ihess 
 
 viOn-trO'ti-a 
 
 mori-'i-tO' 
 
 mdu'kO-vdrsk 
 
 mtintr-lOng' 
 
 mon'muth-sh'ire 
 
 ■mdn'n'i-ktn-ddm' 
 
 mo-non-ga-kS'ta 
 
 md-nd-vdr' 
 
 vi5ii-re-dl' 
 
 mtjn-r^-d'U 
 
 vt5nir-re-shli' 
 
 mqns 
 
 mon'str-rdU 
 mun-ste-THs' 
 montr ddsp 
 
 moiifr bi-yd-rV or b'il-yd- 
 
 montr bldng [rV 
 
 mon^ se-ni* 
 
 mon^ dd-fdn^' 
 
 monsi de-z'ir' 
 
 mon^ Si-n^tr' 
 
 moniT li)Q-'i' 
 
 mon^ md-rO' 
 
 mong mdr-sdng' 
 
 mong sdntr m'i-shtl' 
 
 mong me-iSne' 
 
 mong dOre 
 
 mong per-dfl' 
 
 mong sdl-vV 
 
 mong-tdn-yi' 
 
 mong-tH-gii' 
 
 mon-tdl-bdn' 
 
 mon-td-h* gre 
 
 mdn-tdl'to 
 
 mQntdJ-rd'o 
 
 mdn-tdn'rhis 
 
 mong-tdr-gV 
 
 mong-tds-trfl' 
 
 mong~o-bdng' m 
 
 monl-kdm' 
 
 mong-di-di-e' 
 
 mOn'te 
 
 mSn'tc kdm'pely 
 
 vion'te f'i'go 
 
 mOn'te sdn'to 
 
 mOn'te sdn'to 
 
 mSn'te v'i'dr-o 
 
 mUn-te-d-gQQ' do 
 
 mOn-te-d-le'grg 
 
 mCn-te-bH'lo 
 
 mdn-te-ki-d'ro 
 
 mdn-te-kr'is'to 
 
 mOn-tf-ne'gro 
 
 mong-te-rd' 
 
 mdn-tir'rl (or -rfl) 
 
 mSn-tf'zi 
 
 m&n-tf-s5*ro 
 
 .MoMtfnu^on, f. Switz.) 
 .Mouifoort, /.\eth.) 
 Montfort, (.Nelli.) 
 .Miniigomeryshirc, (Eng.) 
 .Miintlial, (Sw itz.) 
 .Moiillie.x, (Switz.) 
 Monlijo, (Pen.) 
 .Montillo, (Pen.) 
 .Montmiircnci. (Can.) 
 .Montpclier, (U. S.) 
 .Monlpellier, (Fr.) 
 .Montreal, (("an.) 
 Monlreu, (Switz.) ' 
 
 Miintreun, (Fr.) 
 
 Moorshcdabad, (Ilinil.) 
 Moosbcuren, (Ger.) 
 Mnipiis, (.Mex.) 
 .Mora, (Pen.) 
 .Mora, (Sc. Pen.) 
 .Mciraleda, (Pen.) 
 .Morali ja, (Pen.) 
 .Morales, (Niex.) 
 Morat (Switz.) /. 
 .Moratalla, (Pen.) 
 .Moravia, or Machran, 
 
 (Austr.) 
 .Morbihan, (Fr.) dep. 
 .Morchansk, (R.) 
 Moreau, (IJ. S.) 
 .Morel, (Switz.) 
 .Miirt lla, (Pen.) 
 Moretta, (It.) 
 .Moreuil, (Fr.) 
 .Morgarlen, (Switz.) 
 Morjegorsk, (R.) 
 .Mcirjuvetz, (R.) isl. 
 Morlaix, (Fr.) 
 Moron, (Pen.) 
 .Morro di Porco, (It.) c 
 .Mortagne, (Fr.) 
 Mortorii, (It.) i.7. 
 .Mosburg, (Ger.) 
 Moschel, (Ger.) 
 .Mosciska, (.Austr.) 
 Moscow, (R.) 
 .Moselle, (Fr.) r. 
 Moselle, (Fr.) dtp. 
 Mosieu, (R.) 
 Mosievsk, (R.) 
 .Moskoenes, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 Mosnocz, (Austr.) 
 Mosquito, (U. S.) 
 ,Mo!M, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Mos9» >ska, (R.) 
 Mosskirch, (<»<;r.) 
 Mosteyro, (Pen.) 
 Mosul, (Tur.) 
 .Motagua, (Mex.) r. 
 Moting, (.Austr.) 
 Motka, (I!.) r. 
 Motril, (Pen.) 
 Motta, (It.) 
 .Molte, la, (Fr.) 
 .Motte .Arcliard, la, (Fr.) 
 Motte Beauvron, la, (Fr.) 
 .Mottola, (lU) 
 .Mduki Kaksi, (R.) 
 .Moulins, (Fr.) 
 .Moull, (Fr.) 
 .Mount Annan, (Scot.) 
 .Mount Bellexv, (Ir.) 
 .Mount Benger, (Scot.) 
 .Moura, (Pen.) 
 .Mourao, (Pen.) 
 Mourom, (R.) 
 Mourseele, (Neth.) 
 Moutier, (Switz.) 
 Moutier, la, (Fr.) 
 Moutiers. (Fr.) 
 .Mouzon, (Fr.) 
 Moxacar, (Pen.) 
 .Moxsaco, (Pen.) 
 Moya, (Pen.) 
 MoVamcnsing, (U. S.)^ 
 .Mozambique, (.Af.) isU 
 .Mozdek, (R.) 
 .Mozyr 
 
 MucbamicI, (Pen.) 
 Mucia, la, (Pen.) 
 Mufaluti, (It.) 
 Mug;i, la, (Pen.) 
 Mugden, (Switz.) 
 Mugem, (Pen.) 
 Mugeres, (.Me.x.) isl. 
 .Muglitz, (.Austr.) 
 Muhlburg, (Ger.) 
 Muhldorf, (Ger.) 
 Muhlen, (Switz.) 
 Muhlenbach, (Austr.) 
 Muhlhauscn, (Prus.) 
 Muhlstedt, (Ger.) 
 Muiden, (.Nith.) 
 .Muirkirk, (Neth.) 
 
 mang'fd-sung* 
 
 vitint fUrt 
 
 inong'fQre' 
 
 mont-gum' e-ry-tkirt 
 
 mijn'tdle 
 
 mqn'teks 
 
 m&n-t'i'fko 
 
 mOn-t'lVyo 
 
 mong-nili-rdng's'i 
 
 niont~pf'tt-er 
 
 moHg-pet-li'^' 
 
 miin-tre-dl' 
 
 vwng-tr/il' 
 
 SmuH'r-tri'i' or mong- 
 trAly' 
 motrr-.^he.da-bdd* 
 mCs-boi'ren 
 mO'kis 
 mO'ra 
 
 mu-rd-l^'ita 
 vio-rd-l^' ilia 
 fn6-rdUes 
 ntO'rdt or gtd-rd' 
 viO-ra-tdi'ya 
 
 imS-rH'ci-a or mO^d'- 
 rl-a 
 mdr-b'i-dng' 
 mqr'ehdnsk 
 mo-rd' 
 m5-rel' 
 md-rel'ya 
 m6-ret*ta 
 
 mH-rffi or mO-r^ly' 
 
 vtor-gdr'ten 
 
 mSr'je-gortk 
 
 mgr-jS'veti 
 
 mOrUd' 
 
 mO'r&n 
 
 viGr'ro di pOr'ko 
 
 mor-tdnif' 
 
 mSr-ti'ri-i 
 
 mOs'b<;^r^ 
 
 mq'shel 
 
 viOt-lsi.ih'ka 
 
 mos'ku (mnj'Ap^f) 
 
 ml-zllei 
 
 mS-zile' 
 
 vii-sieu' 
 
 mO-s'ievsk' 
 
 mos'kt^-nQs 
 
 mush'nnss 
 
 mos-k'i'td 
 
 VIOSS 
 
 mos'sel-ska 
 mqss'k'irch 
 mOs-tt'ro 
 
 Vtd-SQ^l' 
 
 mS-ta'g^Qa 
 
 m5'ting 
 
 mOt'ka 
 
 mO-tril' 
 
 mot'ta 
 
 Id m&te 
 
 Id mOte dr-shdr* 
 
 Id mDte bO-vrong' 
 
 mdl'td-la 
 
 mou' k'i kdk-s't 
 
 m^Q-fdng' 
 
 m<yQl 
 
 dn'nan 
 
 brt-lew' 
 
 bin'^er 
 
 mfji/ra 
 
 mQQ-rd'o 
 
 mou'rom 
 
 m<ipr'i£-/j 
 
 m^ti-e' 
 
 Id mfo^i-e' 
 
 m(if-fi-j' 
 
 m<!<f-zong' 
 
 mO-lhd'kdr 
 
 mSk-sd'ko 
 
 viO'ya 
 
 moi/-d-men'sing 
 mO-idng-itkc' or mS-Uidm- 
 mSz'dek [*<'*{ 
 mH'zyr 
 
 mQ<f-chd'm'i-el 
 
 Id m<iQ~t'la 
 
 m^^fd-lO't'i 
 
 Id m^g'ga 
 
 mqg^'den 
 
 mgQ-fhem' 
 
 mgg'H{-rrss 
 
 mgg^'lits 
 
 mftt'bggr^ 
 
 mdl'dgrf 
 
 mft'/ra 
 
 mO'lrn-bdlk 
 
 mdl-kou'zcA 
 
 m(>l'.<let 
 
 moi'd^n 
 
 moir'k'irk 
 
 Fr. long A and short eu, nearly as in spur. — Final ly, French I mouUU. — in" ger, vi"cioas. ^ as « in pleasure ; § and Ih guttural ; ny \u\nid ; U in pitA. 
 
 169* 
 
 mil 
 
 134i) 
 
PRONUNCIATlOiN OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Mukram, (IVr.) 
 iMiilu, (Pen.) 
 Mullicas, (U. S.) 
 Miilzen, (Prus.) 
 Muiiiis, (Pen.) 
 Munchaltoif, (Swilz.) 
 Munciiberg, (Ger.) 
 Munchen, or Munich, TGer.) 
 iMuncliengrati, (Austr.) 
 Miinchmunster, (Ger.) 
 Munclnveiler, (Switz.) 
 Mtindelstrup, (Den.) 
 Mundo, (R.) r. 
 iMuiieraj (Pen.) 
 Munich, or Munchen, (Ger.) 
 Miinilischvveiler, (Switz.) 
 Muiisingen, (Switz.) 
 Minister, (Switz. & Ger.) 
 Munsterber-;, (Pru.s.) 
 Miionio, (R.) r. 
 Miionioniska, (R.) 
 -Muotla, (Switz.) 
 Murat, (Fr. &, Switz.) 
 Muravera, ( It^ 
 Murca, (Pen.) 
 Murcia, (Pen.) 
 Mnret, (Fr.) 
 Murg, (Switz.) 
 Murg, (Ger.) r. 
 Muri, (Switz.) 
 Murmansk, (R.) mU 
 Muro, (It.) 
 Murout^ee, (Af.) 
 Murten, (Switz.) 
 Murliialcn, (Swiiz.) 
 Murviedro, (Pen.) 
 Muscat, (Ar.) 
 Muschaken, (Prus.) 
 Muschau, (Austr.) 
 Muscina, (Ausir.) 
 Muscogee, (U. S.) 
 Musingen, (Switz.) 
 Mu-;kau, (Prus.) 
 Muskingum, (U. S.) 
 Musson, (Netli.) 
 Mussuniali, (It.) 
 Muttera, (It.) 
 Mutterstadl, (Ger.) 
 Muy, le, (Fr.) 
 Muzillac, (Fr.) 
 Mysore, (Intl.) 
 
 ndi'krdiii 
 
 inal'l'i-ftas 
 viQQl'taen 
 
 muH^k-dV tqrf 
 
 viunlh' ber^ 
 
 mun'i/ien 
 
 mun'llteii-irrats 
 
 jn u H Ih- Hi ua'sier 
 
 miinch-tn'lt'r 
 
 7nQQn' dH-atrg^'P 
 
 muii'do 
 
 m<}<}' ne-ra 
 
 inu'n'ik 
 
 mQg' n'i-lish-vi 'Ur 
 
 mQQii-zing'tn 
 
 m an^ster 
 
 mfui'ster-ber^ 
 
 vm-o' n'i-o 
 
 in u-d-n'i-o-n'is'ka 
 
 IIIQQ-Ot'ta 
 
 ma-r'd' 
 inQQ-rd-ve'ra 
 viQQr'ka 
 itiQQr'tH'i-a 
 in ii-re' 
 
 mur' mdnsk 
 
 niQt^'ro 
 
 viu-rout'see 
 
 viQQr'thi 
 
 mQQr'td-lhi 
 
 TiiQi^r-v'i-e'dro 
 
 vius-cdt' 
 
 mnQUhd ken 
 
 mQQ-ch'i'na 
 
 m \is-kd 'jee 
 
 viQQ'zing-ea 
 
 mi^t^s'kuiL 
 
 iitus-king-'um 
 
 inus-song' 
 
 mQQS-;>(JQ-md'l'i 
 
 rriQQt'te-ra 
 mQ(jt' ter-^tdt 
 le miii 
 
 viu-zi-ydk' or mii-zil-ydk' 
 my-sore' 
 
 N. 
 
 Naab, (Gi-r.) r. 
 N:iarden, (Xctli.) 
 Naas, (Ir.) 
 Nabaja, (Mex.) r. 
 Nabloiis, or Nabiilus, (Syr.) 
 Narlies, (U.) 
 Nachod, (Austr.) 
 Nacosdoclies, New and j 
 
 Old, (Me.\.) I 
 Nacori, (Mt!x.) 
 Nadaco, (iMex.) 
 Nadvoitzka, (it.) 
 Naf. ls, (.Switz.) 
 Najtansk, (11.) 
 Nanora, (Pen.) 
 Naatirrsk, (R.) 
 Naf;[itior, (Ind.) 
 Na^y Almas, (.\iistr.) 
 Na;;y liccskerk, (Austr.) 
 Nagy Karuly, (Austr.) 
 Nasy Koros, (Austr.) 
 Nasy Varad, or Grnsa i 
 
 Wardeiti, (Austr.) j 
 Nairybanga, (.\ustr.) 
 Nalianioura, (.\».) 
 Nahant, (U. S.) 
 Nahr, (Ger.) r. 
 Nairn, (Scot.) 
 Naitravutty (Ind.) 
 Najac, (Fr.) 
 Nakel, (PrUB.) 
 Nartii:hivan, (R.) 
 Narliitclievan, (II.) 
 Nakskov (Oen.) 
 Nalda, (Pen.) 
 
 Nania(;ualand, Great, (Af.) 
 Naui:i(|ui|ia, (.Mex.) 
 Naniiire, (Mcx.) 
 Naniiszto, ( Aiiatr.) 
 Nain[iont, (I''r.) 
 Naniur, (Neth.) 
 NanaddrfjH, (Mex.) 
 Nanas, (AuMtr.) 
 Nanawale, (Sandw. IkI.) 
 Nancaxaki, (Jap.) 
 Nankin, (Cli.) 
 
 ndbt 
 
 ndr'ditn 
 
 nace 
 
 na-ha'cha 
 
 nd'cfti-sse 
 nd'Viod 
 
 nd-hotr-ilo'^eas 
 
 nd'lid'r'i 
 
 nd-ild'ko 
 
 ndd-voiti'ka 
 
 na'fi'ls 
 
 nd-trdiisk' 
 
 nd'lU^-^a 
 
 nd' grrsk 
 
 nodj dl'wdt 
 nndj h^ch'krrk 
 iwdj kd-rolij' 
 nodj ko'ros 
 nodj vd'rnd 
 
 nodj-hdn'ga 
 
 nd-'ltd-mQQ'ra 
 
 nd-hdnO 
 
 niire 
 
 nSrn 
 
 nS-lrd^vut'ty 
 
 nd-shdJi' 
 
 nd'kH 
 
 ndlh-tr.k'i' v'dn 
 ndlh-itch' e-vdn 
 ndk'skdvc 
 ndl'da 
 
 nd-md'iTQQ-d-lditd 
 
 nd-md-ki' pa 
 
 ndm'brc 
 
 nd-mi.i'to 
 
 ndnir-prmg' 
 
 nd miirc' 
 
 iid-iid-dO'r(S3C 
 
 nd'nfls 
 
 nd-nd-wd'lit 
 
 ndni^-ira^sd'h'i 
 
 nan-kin' 
 
 .\annay, (Fr.) 
 .\aijtes, (Fr.) 
 iVantuckot, (U. S.) 
 i\ao, de la, (I'cu.) ' 
 Naohvyk, (Netli.) 
 .N'api, (Switz.) mt. 
 Napier, (Australia,) mt. 
 Naples, or Napoli, (It.) 
 Napouocli, (U. S.) 
 Napoule, (Fr.) i;. 
 Narboiiiir', (Fr.) 
 Nard(., (It.) 
 Narenla, ( Atislr.) r. 
 Narki'ubv, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Narni, (U.) 
 Naro, (It.) r. 
 Narol, (Austr.) 
 Nurragauset, (U. S.) 
 Narraguagus, (U. S.) 
 Narrenbacli, (Switz.) 
 Narva, (K.) 
 Nashawn, (U. S.) 
 Naslma, (U. S.) 
 Nasbville, (U. S.) 
 Naso, (It.) 
 Nassau, (Ger.) 
 Nassoge, (Netli.) 
 Nastctten, (Ger.) 
 Nastvig, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Natawasauga, (U. S.) 
 Natdiaug, (U. S.) 
 Natchituches, (U. S.) 
 Naters, (Switz.) 
 Nattavare, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Nauders, (Austr.) 
 Naugarten, (Prus.) 
 Naugatuck, (U. S.) 
 NauMiburg, (Prus.) 
 Nauplia, (Gr.) g. 
 Nauvoo, (U. S.) 
 Nava, (Pen.) 
 Nava de Coca, (Pen.) 
 Navacerado, (Pen.) 
 Navaliermosa, (Pen.) 
 Navaboa, (Me.t.) 
 Navailles, (Fr.) 
 Navalacruz, (Pen.) 
 Navalcarnt^ra, (Pen.) 
 Navabnanzario, (Pen.) 
 NavalpiiKi, (Pen.) 
 NavaniKj, (I Jr.) 
 Navarr.'i, (Pen.) 
 Navarre and Ucarn, (Fr.) 
 Navarreins, (Fr.) 
 Navas, (Pen.) 
 Navasdta, (.\le.\.) r. 
 Nav.'ita, (Pell.) 
 Navidad, I'mte de, (.Me,\.) 
 Naville, (Switz.) 
 iXavinki, (II.) 
 NaVdbik, (R.) c. 
 Naxia, (.Mex.) 
 Nazareth, (Nclli.) 
 Nazaid, (Swit/..) 
 Neagli, Lougli, (Ir.) 
 Neant, (Fr.) 
 Ncbel, (Den.) 
 Neberlingen, (Ger.) 
 Nebo, (Pal.) mt. 
 Neclies, (LT. S.) 
 Neckar, (Ger.) 
 .Meckar Elz, (Ger.) 
 Neckar, Lower, Middle, 
 
 and Upper, (Ger.) 
 Neckar, r. 
 
 Ned Thomas, (Mex.) 
 Neder Brakel, (Neth.) 
 Needen, (Neth.) 
 Neer, (Neth.) 
 NeeraiE, (l)en.) 
 Neflen, (Switz.) 
 Negino, (R.) 
 Ntgres, les, (Fr.) 
 Negrete, (Pen.) c. 
 Negrillo, (Me.x.) 
 Nei4.cnburg, (Prus.) 
 Neisse, (Prus.) 
 Neisse, (Prus.) r. 
 Nellingeii, (Ger.) 
 Neinahaw, (U. S.) 
 Neniethi, (Austr.) 
 Nemirov, (11.) 
 Ncmiscau, (U. S.) 
 Nemours, (Fr.) 
 Nenagli, (Ir.) 
 Nenloille, (Neth.) 
 Neon, (Switz.) 
 Neosho, (U. a.) 
 Nepaiil, (Ind.) 
 Nepiiinuceno, (Mcx.) 
 Neponset, (U. 8.) 
 Nera, (Austr.) r. 
 Nerac, (Fr.) 
 NereHia, (AuKtr.) 
 
 itan-nd' 
 
 ndngt 
 
 ndii.-tuk'et 
 
 d^ Id nd'o 
 
 na-ot'vike 
 
 it a' pi 
 
 nd'pier 
 
 nd'p^ts, iia' pb-ti 
 ndp'o-iutk 
 
 ndr-hoitc' 
 
 nar'du 
 
 nd-riidia 
 
 jidr'ktn-bu- 
 
 ndr'n'i 
 
 nd'ro 
 
 nd'rol 
 
 ndr-rd-gan' .-id 
 
 ndr-rd~^wa' gits 
 
 ndr'reiL-bdlk 
 
 ndr'va 
 
 ndsh-awn' 
 
 ndsU'QQd 
 
 ndslt'vil 
 
 na'io 
 
 nds'sou 
 
 ndj-sd^e' 
 
 na' tittt-t.tn 
 
 udst'vig 
 
 iidt~d-wd-saii' ga 
 
 ndtch'aiig 
 
 ndtch-'i-totch' es 
 
 nd'ters 
 
 ndt-td-vd're 
 
 nuu'ders 
 
 nuu-gdr'ten 
 
 nan' ga-tuck 
 
 noum' bQijr^ 
 
 noii'pli-a 
 
 iid'va 
 
 nd'va de kd'ka 
 jid-cd-tht-ra' do 
 na'vd-er-moUa 
 nd-vd-d'a 
 
 nd-cd-V or nd-vdly' 
 nd'Vd'ld-krQijtTi' 
 nd- vdU kar-ne'ra 
 nd'VaV mdn-thd' no 
 na-vdl-p'i' no 
 vd'Vd-ri'uo 
 nd-vdr'ra 
 7(a-rdr', bi^-dr' 
 nd-vdr~rdng' 
 
 lid' DOS 
 
 nd-vd-sd'ta 
 
 nd-vd'ta /«; 
 
 por'te de nd-v'i-ddd' 
 
 nd-v'ilc' 
 
 nd-viii'ki 
 
 na'vQ-lOk 
 
 nd'ik'i-a 
 
 ndi'd-reth 
 
 nd-dzd'ro 
 
 lo^k nu' 
 
 jie-ang' 
 
 ne'bH 
 
 nc'b^r-l'ing' in 
 n^'bo 
 nefr.k'Sz 
 nek'dr 
 nik'dr ilts 
 
 I nek'dr 
 
 nek'dr 
 
 ned tO'vtax 
 
 ve'der bra'kei 
 
 nS'tUn 
 
 n^rc 
 
 n^rc'o 
 
 nefthi 
 
 ne-g'i'no 
 
 le nSgr' 
 
 ne-gre'te 
 
 nt~gr'il'yo or ne-gr'i'yo 
 
 nt'den-bQQr^ 
 
 nls'se 
 
 nU'ae 
 
 nel'ling-en 
 
 ne-niaio'hato 
 
 ne-jne't'{ 
 
 ne'm'1-rOv' 
 
 nC-mis'kau 
 
 ne~mt)<jr' 
 
 nc-nd' 
 
 ndng-fdly' or ndng fd i 
 
 ne-Gng' 
 
 n£'o-sh6 
 
 ne-qumV 
 
 nf-pl)-mf<}-tltf;' (-.<£') no 
 
 ue-pon'net 
 
 ve'ra 
 
 ne-rdk' 
 
 .\erj:., (IVn.) 
 Neniii), (Pen.) 
 Neroiules, (Fr.) 
 Nertchinsk, (As.) 
 Nesberg, (Den.) 
 Nescopeck, (U. .?.) 
 Nesliaiiiiiiy, (U. S.) 
 Neslianock, (U. S.) 
 Ncsslau, (Switz.) 
 Nesteri, (R.) 
 Nesteiova, (R.) 
 Nesvij, (R.) 
 Netherlands 
 Nether Stowev, (i;ii!.'.) 
 Neto, (It.) r. 
 Nettiinii, (it.) 
 Netz, (Prus.) r. 
 Neuberg, (.Austr.) 
 Neurliah'l, (Switz.) 
 .\eurli:il. I, (-wilz.) (. 
 
 X<.-«>'l"rf. (.-•«-!/..) 
 NeucnlmrL', (rni--.) 
 Neuf Urisaeh, (Fr.) 
 Neufehiteau, (Fr. & Neth.) 
 Neurehitel, (Fr.) 
 Neugedeyn, (Aiislr.) 
 Neiiiiaiis, (Austr.) 
 Neuhausen, (Switz.) 
 Nenille Pierre, (Fr.) 
 Neukirch, (Switz.) 
 Neumark, (Prus.) 
 Neumarkt, (Austr.) 
 Neusiedler, (.\ustr.) (. 
 Neusiedel, (Austr.) 
 NeiLstadt, (Ger. Prus. 6c j 
 Austr.) j 
 Neustaedtel, (Prus. & Austr. 
 Neustadtz, (,'Viistr.) 
 Nculra, (Austr.) 
 Neutra, (Austr.) r. 
 Neuvie, (Fr.) 
 Neiiville, (Switz.) 
 Neuwedel, (Prus.) 
 Neva, (R.) 
 
 Nevada, la Sierra, (Pen.) 
 Nevel, (R.) 
 Nevers, (Fr.) 
 Neville, (Mex.) 
 Nevinna, (R.) 
 New Asselt, (Neth.) 
 Newberry, ur Newbury, i 
 CU. S.) • I 
 
 New Brunswick, (Can.) 
 Newcastle, (Eng.) 
 New Echota, (U. S.) 
 New Fane, (U. S.) 
 New Granada, (S. .\n\.) 
 New Mexico, (Mex.) 
 New Orleans, (U. S.) 
 New Paltz, (U. S.) 
 New Shoal, (Mex.) 
 Newent, (Eng.) 
 New Koclielle, (U. S.) 
 Nexel, (Den.) isL 
 Nc.xoe, (Den.) 
 Ngateruaniii, (N. Zeal.) 
 Ni Karleby, (R.) 
 Niagara, (Can.) 
 Nianguin, (East. Isl.) 
 Nicaragua, (Mex.) 
 Nicaragua, (Mex.) L 
 Nice, or Nizza, (It.) 
 Nicobar, (As.) 
 Nicolaasga, (Netli.) 
 Nicouiedia, (7'ur.) 
 Nicolet, (Can.) 
 Nicoya, (iMex.) g. 
 Nider Kerschcn, (Neth.) 
 Nieder Baiern, (Ocr.) 
 Niedersffld, (Ger.) 
 Niedcrwald, (Swiiz.) 
 Niederweiler, (Swiiz.) 
 Nienien, (U.) r. 
 Niemirow, (Austr.) 
 Nienhcrg, ((ier.) 
 Nienhuic, (Neth.) 
 Nieswile, (Neth.) 
 Nieuport, (Nelh.) 
 Nieuwenooin, (Neth.) 
 Nieuwersluis, (^Neth.) 
 Nieuw[)Oort, (Neth.) 
 Nicuwveld Hergen, (Af.) 
 Nievre, (Fr.) dep. 
 Niger, or (iuorra, (Af.) 
 Niiliau, (Sandw. Isl.) 
 Nikidsburg, (Austr.) 
 Nikolsk, (U.) 
 Nikoiidlis, (Tur.) 
 Nikouliiu), ^K.) 
 Nile Hahrnil, (Kg.) 
 Nilghrrry, (lud.) ml. 
 Ninons (Neth.) 
 Niokta, (II.) 
 NiouH, (Fr.) 
 
 mr'llia 
 
 ntr'iti'O 
 
 ne-rongd' 
 
 ner'trk'insk 
 
 HQfi'bvr^ 
 
 nes-ko' prk 
 
 Hfs-sham'i-ny 
 
 n ts'shd-nok 
 
 ne.i'lou 
 
 nrs'te-r'i 
 
 nes-te~ro'ca 
 
 nts'v'ij 
 
 iii-tTi' rr-lamU 
 
 netk'e.r atO'y 
 
 ne'to 
 
 ntt.^- 
 
 noi'brr^ 
 
 vni-ahd-iH' Of nm-sihh fi l' 
 
 noi-shd'tiV or neit-shd-ii V 
 
 noi'dqrf 
 
 noi' fn-bq(yr^ 
 
 jich hr'i-z'dlif 
 
 uek-shd-W 
 
 n(^'shd-UO 
 
 noi' ge-dtne' 
 
 noi'liuiLs 
 
 voi'huu'ten 4gt 
 
 vdil'i or pi-ere' 
 
 noi'kir^.k 
 
 lun' mark 
 
 jiid'indrkt 
 
 vol' iid'ler 
 
 voi'a'i-dtl 
 
 noi'stdt 
 
 )noi'std-ttl 
 noi'stdts- 
 noi'tra 
 voi'tra 
 
 neh-rj!e' 
 
 iiui've'dil 
 
 rte'ra 
 
 Id s'l-er'rd ne-vti'dd 
 ii^-rere' 
 
 jie-vtlr\ Tte~v'ii'yr or ue- 
 
 nui ds'sHi 
 
 nu'ber^y 
 
 nu brunz'ik 
 nn'kas-s''l 
 nit e-tchd't'd 
 nu fane 
 nu grd-nd'da 
 nu me'lh'i-ko 
 nu or'le-dnz 
 nu paltz 
 nit A-hoal 
 nu'hit 
 nu rdshH' 
 nek's el 
 nfks'clil 
 
 ngd'te-ru-d-nu-'i 
 nu kdr'le-hu 
 
 n'i-d' gd-ra or ni-dg'a-ra 
 
 n'i-dn-gn'in 
 
 n'i'kd-rd'gQ^a 
 
 n'i'kd-rd'gQ^a 
 
 n'ise 
 
 nik-o-b'dr' 
 
 ni'kd-lds' ga 
 
 n'i-kd-mS'di-d 
 
 ni~k5-le' 
 
 n't-kd'ija 
 
 ni'dtr ki'rs'ken 
 
 n'i'dfir bl'ern 
 
 n'i'ders-frlt 
 
 n'i'der-vdlt 
 
 n'i'der-vVUr 
 
 vie-nu'ro (-r^if/) 
 
 ni' hi-ber^ 
 
 ni' hi-hoik 
 
 niS'i^VIe 
 
 n at' port 
 
 noi' rt^-n'nn 
 
 7ioi'ri^r-^l<>is 
 
 iioi'port 
 
 uoi'felt bi^r'ghi 
 
 n'i-hcr' 
 
 nl'jrr 
 
 n'i-'i-hou' 
 
 ni' kols-bqqr^ 
 
 ni'kdhk 
 
 ni-kqp'o-lis 
 
 ui-k'iii-li'no 
 
 v'llc hdr-nil 
 
 viV ghrr-ry 
 
 n'i-nOre' 
 
 nyOk'ta 
 
 ni-Ong' 
 
 i FUlCyf artfully wl'<ft, bdU — MiUy prgiy, hilp^ iMrt^ Mr. — Plne^ marine, b\rdyfig,~JsrQte, d9ve, 7?ifft)e, ioq^, bQQk, Iqrd. —Tnne^ bjtU, ^iiiic — Fr. long vHe; Fr. short fcut.— 
 
 I3.S0 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Niorl, (Fr.) 
 Nipliiin, 
 
 Nipissihg, (N. Am.; 
 Nisliiii lPiitiina, (U. S.) 
 .Nisi, (It.) 
 
 NHliayuna, (U. S.) 
 Nissci'lal, (fc. Pun.) 
 Nissila, 
 
 Nissiinj, { Hi'ii.) 
 Nissiini KjunI, (I) .11.) 
 Nislelrode, (Nctli.) 
 Nisiie Point, (Can.) 
 Niulu, (Saiidw. Isl.) 
 Nivelles, (.Nctli.) 
 Nivernois, f I'r.) 
 Niza, (Pen.) 
 Ni/.al.ad, (1!.) 
 Nizam, (Ind.) 
 NizainpaCam, (Ind.) 
 Nizil), (Syr.) 
 Nizmow, (Aiistr.) 
 Nizsra, (Anstr.) 
 Nizza, or Nice, Qt.) 
 Njiirunda, (.'^c. Pen.) 
 Nohle .Mt. (Swilz.) 
 Ni)l)l()sli)ka, (K.) 
 Nobrc, la, (I'r.) 
 Nocera, (It.) 
 Nod, (Switz.) 
 Nods, (Swit/..) 
 Not', ' Fr.) 
 Nogent, (Fr.) 
 Nogcnt snr Seine, (Fr.) 
 Nojjiiora PalliTesa, (Pen.) r. 
 No^nera, (Pen.) r. 
 .Noireniont, ( Fr.) 
 Noirelalilc, (Fr.) 
 Niiirinont, (Switz.) 
 Noirniuntier, (Swiiz.) 
 N..ja, (It.) 
 Noli, (11.) 
 .\olin>li, 
 .N'oniao, (Pen.) 
 Nonihre de Dius, (.'*!e\.) 
 .Nona, '.\nstr.) 
 .N'onanconrt, (Fr.) 
 Xonant, (Fr.) 
 Noord llorp, (Netli.) 
 Noord Dyk, (N.tli.) 
 .\(«ird!iroi!k, (Neth.) 
 N.iotdur|>, (Xetll.) 
 Nora, (He. Pen.) 
 .\iirliers, (Su. Pen.) 
 .Vorcia, (It.) 
 .Nord, (Fr.) <lri>. 
 .N'l.rilal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ni>rdl)orjj, (Den.) 
 .Nordhye, (Uen.) 
 .\ord/nliroc, (Den.) 
 Nordtield, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Nurdlian^en, (Prus.) 
 Nordiand, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Nurdnialinge, (Sc. Pen.) 
 .Nordslrand, (Den.) isl. 
 Nordwyk, (.Netli.) 
 Norenbnrjr, (Prus.) 
 Norfolk, (Can. & Eng.) 
 Norges, (Fr.) 
 Noriili, (Neth.) 
 Nurre Vasborg, (Den.) 
 Norregaard, (Den.) 
 Norridgewock, (U. S.) 
 Norrkoeping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Norrlelge, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Norte, del, (.Mex.) 
 Northumberland, (Eng. i 
 Can. Australia) j 
 Nortong, (Den.) 
 Nornp, (Den.) 
 Norwalk, m. S.) 
 Norway, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Norwich, (U. S.) 
 Notaro, (II.) 
 Noto, (It.) 
 Nolo Antico, (It.) 
 Notozero, (K.) 
 Nottinghamshire, (Eng.) 
 Nouan, (Fr.) 
 Nouan Ic Fnzilier, (Fr.) 
 Noucha. (R.) 
 Nonvelle, la, rFr.) 
 Nouvion, (Fr.) 
 Nova, (Pen.) 
 Novallo, (Pen.) 
 Novalmoral, (Pen.) 
 .\o\';»niiesto, (R.) 
 .Nova Scdtia, (N. Am.) 
 Novara, (It.) 
 .\ovei;no, (It.) mt. 
 Novelda, (Pen.) 
 .Novensk, (R.) 
 Noventa, (It.) 
 .\4iV!:orod, (R.) 
 Nuvi, (U.) 
 
 n'i-Sre' 
 
 iii.'lh-nc-ba-tii'lta 
 liVii 
 
 nis'st-ddic' 
 
 lih*s(jiytll ftjQrd 
 
 lils'trl-ri'iie 
 
 nt-M' 
 
 "''-9P''«9 
 
 nt-cSlr' 
 
 n'i-ver-nwa' 
 
 ni'thtt 
 
 n'i'id'htid 
 
 ni'zfim 
 
 it'i-zdin'pa-tdm 
 ii'i'zib 
 
 n'i.t/i'mo (-inflft/") 
 
 n'i'sfira 
 
 nit'za 
 
 nyu-rqQn'da 
 
 n6-hlD-iilu'kix 
 
 Id iiSbr 
 
 no'cke-ra 
 
 vod 
 
 nod J 
 
 nO 
 
 nu'^diiir Atr sane 
 
 itS-^re'ra pdl-ye-r^'sa 
 
 nO-j^t'ra 
 
 nrcdr-iHunir' 
 
 nwdr-td!)V 
 
 jiindr-moiiirf 
 
 itu'iia 
 nO'li 
 no-litisk' 
 nS-;iid'o 
 
 n5ia'bre dt^ di'o.-i 
 n5'na 
 
 nG~itdiiir' 
 nurd dorp 
 nOrd dike 
 nurd'brQ^k 
 nute'dorp 
 
 nbr'brrg 
 
 nDr'tckti 
 
 nure 
 
 nor'ddle 
 
 nord' bgr§ 
 
 nord'bu 
 
 nqr'den-br5 
 
 nOrd'fiiHd 
 
 nnrl-hou'zen 
 
 nqrd'ldnd 
 
 nord'md'rirt^ e 
 
 nqrd'tttrdnd 
 
 nnrt'vlkc 
 
 nd'ren-b^^r^ 
 
 nnr'fok 
 
 nGr.^he 
 
 vqr're vih'bqr^ 
 nqr're-aQrde 
 ■nqr-ruiy uk 
 nqr-ch^'ping 
 vqr-teVye 
 del ndr'te 
 
 I nor-lkum'ber-ldnd 
 
 nor'tong 
 
 nd'rQQp 
 
 nor'icqk 
 
 nqr'tcS 
 
 Com. nor'ridje 
 
 no'td'ro 
 
 nS'to 
 
 nO'to iiti-t'i'ko 
 nS-t5'ze-ro 
 ■nut'tinrr-hamsh'ire 
 rxjif-dng' 
 
 nnQ-ditif' 1(1 fn-t't-U-t' 
 
 nou'fha 
 
 Id n^Q-v^Ie' 
 
 nt^Q-v'iqng' 
 
 itb'va 
 
 nS-vdl'vo 
 
 nO-vdl'mB^dt' 
 
 nO-vd-mtjeci'to 
 
 nO'va skO'sh'i-a 
 
 nO-vd'ra 
 
 nO-ren'yo 
 
 nS-vel'da 
 
 nu'veitsk 
 
 nO-veiiUa 
 
 nQv' gd-rod 
 
 nQ'c'i 
 
 Noville, (Neth.) 
 Novo Rielitsa, ili.) 
 Novogrodek, (R.) 
 Novoselitsa, (U.) 
 Novo Tcherkask, (R.) 
 Nowawei.i, (Priis.) 
 
 Noive Mia.slow, (Austr.) 
 
 Nowysaiidek, (Austr.) 
 
 Noya, (Pen.) 
 
 Noyer, (Fr.) 
 
 Noyer, le, (Fr.) 
 
 Noyon, (Fr.) 
 
 Nueces, (Mev.) 
 
 Nuenbrach, (Den.) 
 
 Nueva, (Pen.) 
 
 Nueva Leon, (Me.\.) 
 
 Xufenen, (Switz.) 
 
 Nuggur,(Ind.) 
 
 .N'uits, (Fr.) 
 
 Nulegan, (IJ. S.) 
 
 Nules, (Pen.) 
 
 Nnllize, (Fr.) 
 
 Nnlvi, (It.) 
 
 IVumspcet, (Neth.) 
 
 Nuinen, (.Neth.) 
 
 Nuovo, (It.) 
 
 .Nuovo, (It.) c. 
 
 Niira, (It.) 
 
 Nura, (It.) r. 
 
 Nnralleo, (It.) 
 
 Nuremberg, or Nuernberg, 
 
 (Oer.) 
 Nurlingcn, (Gcr.l 
 Nurmansljecr, (Per.) 
 Nurmi's, (R.) 
 
 Nuernberg, cr Nuremberg, 
 (Ger.) 
 
 Nurva StetThest, (.\ustr.) 
 Nusairiyeli, (Syr.) 
 Nus|)lingen, (Ger.) 
 Nusti'ru|i, (Den.) 
 Nutrias, (Me.\.) 
 Nuyts, (Fr.) 
 Nv.ack, (U. S.) 
 Nyby, (Sc. Pi n.) 
 Nyeborg, (Den.) 
 Nyebye, (Di'n.) 
 Nyegaard, (Den.) 
 Nvekiuebing, (Den.) 
 Nykerk, (Neth.) 
 Nykoeping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Nyon, (Switz.) 
 Nvslott, (R.) ■ 
 Nystad, (R.) 
 Nyszas, (Tur.) 
 Nyvir Batos, (Austr.) 
 
 nd-v'ile' 
 
 nCt'vo bij^-tit'sa 
 n6'vo-irr5'dek 
 nO'vSst-itt'sa 
 nC'iu} tcher'kdsk 
 n^>' vii-vls 
 \ n&'ve midi'tO or /j^^'wff 
 
 nO-v'i-.idn'drk 
 
 uO'tja 
 
 nO-ij^' 
 
 Id itO-ijc' 
 
 nwU-yqvg' 
 
 v^o^'ihesse (sfsse) 
 
 nu'en-brdik 
 
 ntjfte'va le-One' 
 
 vt^t^'fe-nhi 
 
 liutr' g'^r 
 
 iiit-'i' 
 
 nul'e-gan 
 
 nQQ'lisse 
 
 n ill-l'izc' 
 
 nt^<;l'v'f 
 
 7i<^(^m' spSte 
 
 ni,(j'meii 
 
 nQQ-0'i'o 
 
 itcQ-d'eo 
 
 nQQ-rdt-le'o 
 
 I uq(^'rem-ber^ 
 
 v^Qr'Ung-^il 
 liur' iiian-sUecr 
 
 I itHrn'ber^ 
 
 nQQr'va slejf'ht'tiht 
 nfi-sik-fi' iji 
 n(i^ii' pting-eii 
 
 7H^(^s' te-TQQp 
 
 Hon-tr'i'as 
 
 vit'i 
 
 vi'ak 
 
 nti'bii 
 
 nii'bor^ 
 
 nil'bii 
 
 nd'gurde 
 
 liu-kii^'biiig 
 
 nVkerk 
 
 nii-chvh'ping 
 
 vSi-Ong 
 
 nii'slot 
 
 nu'stdil 
 
 ny'is'sds 
 
 ny'i'v'ir bd'tos 
 
 0. 
 
 Oahu, (S. Isl.) 
 
 Oasis, Great, Lesser, and 
 
 Western, (Eg.) 
 0.i.\aca, (Mex.) 
 Ob Furen, (Switz.) 
 Obenberg, (.\ustr.) 
 Ober Itaiern, (Ger.) 
 Ober Franken, ((;. r.) 
 Ober Saclisen, (Switz.) 
 Oberlangen, (Ger.) 
 Oberniki, (Prus.) 
 Ober Pfalz, and Regcns- 
 
 herg, (Ger.) 
 Oberstein, (Ger.) 
 Ot)ertin, (Austr.) 
 Oberwald, (Switz.) 
 Oborweiler, (.Switz.) 
 Obidos, (Pen.) 
 Obidos, Lago de, (Pen.) 
 Obodovka, (R.) 
 Obra, (Prus.) r. 
 Obricsii, (Austr.) 
 Obrovaszo, (Austr.) 
 Ocana, (Pen.) 
 Orana, Porto de, (S. Am.) 
 Occia, (It.) r. 
 Occoquaw, (U. S.) 
 Oceanica 
 Oceola, (U. S.) 
 Ochiltree, (Scot.) 
 Ochmiani, (R.) 
 Och.senfurth, (Ger.) 
 Ochten, (Neth.) 
 Ocker, (Ger.) r. 
 Ocmulgee, (U. S.) 
 Ocoa, (\V. Ind.) b. 
 Oconee, (U. S.) 
 Ocosioga, (Mex.) 
 Ocraroke, (U. S.) 
 Ocroni, (Mcx.) 
 
 nd'hqi) 
 
 • S-H'sis 
 
 6'd-^ha'kn 
 Op fyg'ren 
 u'beit'brr^ 
 H'ber bVcrn 
 u'ber frdiik'en 
 O'ber zdk'sen 
 u'her-ldng' en 
 O'ber-n'i'k'i 
 
 i U'ber pf dJts, r£'gens- 
 
 B'brr-sttnc 
 
 u'ber-t'ine 
 
 6'ber-vdlt' 
 
 o'ber-vi'ter 
 
 S-b't'dos 
 
 Id' go de O-b'i'do.-i 
 
 v-bd-dov'ka 
 
 Q'bra 
 
 a' brisk 
 
 u-brO-v'ds'sQ 
 
 0-kd'na 
 
 pSr'to de H-kU'nn 
 
 vt'tcha 
 
 ok'kO-kwaw 
 
 G-sht-dii''i-kd 
 
 e-se-S'la 
 
 5-kil'tree 
 
 6tch-m'i-d'n'i 
 
 oz'en-fQQrt' 
 
 olh'ten 
 
 ok'ker 
 
 vk-mulg'ee 
 
 5- ka'a 
 u-kO'nee 
 d-kb-^t-d'^ra 
 ok'rn kOke 
 
 6- krO'ni 
 
 Ocsod, (/Viistr.) 
 Octinarsuin, (Neth.) 
 Oddain, (Den.) 
 Oddi n, (Sc. Pen.) 
 tideniira, (Pen.) 
 Odeiise, (Den.) 
 Odcrberg, (Pnis.) 
 Odor, (Prus.) r. 
 Odesei.\a», (Pen.) 
 Odessa, (R.) 
 Odiel, (Pen.) r. 
 Odivar, (Pen.) r. 
 Odoorn, (Neth.) 
 Oebringen, (Ger.) 
 Ocdenburg, (.\nslr.) 
 Ociras, (Pen.) r. 
 Oeland, (Sc. Pen.) isl. 
 Oels, (Prus.) 
 Oesel, (R.) isl. 
 Oetting, (Ger.) 
 Ol'anlo, (It.) r, 
 Ol'en, or liuda, (Austr.) 
 Ollenlierg, (Ger.) 
 Otl'erdal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 OlVer Kali.v, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ol'ver Hogdal, (Sc. Pen.l 
 Ogeechee, (L'. S.) 
 Oglethorpe, (U. S.) 
 Ogliastro, (It.) 
 Ogliastro, (It.j mt. 
 Oglio, (It.) r. 
 Ogogmi, (It.) 
 Ohiau, (Ger.) 
 Ohof, (Ger.) 
 Oiat, (R.) r. 
 Oignon, (Fr.) r. 
 Oise, (Fr.) dep. 
 Oisc, (Fr.) r. 
 Ojo de Agua, (Mex.) 
 Ojo Caliente, (Mex.) 
 Ojos Orientales, (.Mex.) 
 Ojos de la Yunia, (.Mex.) 
 Oka, (R.) r. 
 Ochansk, (R.) 
 Okhotsk, (As.) 
 Okkenbroek, (Neth.) 
 Olaa, (S. Isl.) 
 Olalla, Sta, (Pen.) 
 Olant, (Den.) isl. 
 01 irques, (Fr.) 
 Olchansk, (R.) 
 Oldehoorn, (.Neth.) 
 Oldedyk, (Ger.) 
 Oldelemuier, (Neth.) 
 Olden, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Oldenbroek, (.Neth.) 
 Oldenburg, (Ger. &. Den.) 
 Oldenzaal, (Xetli.) 
 Oldesloh. (Den.) 
 Olento, (It.) r. 
 Oliron, (Fr.) 
 Oleron, (Fr.) Ljl. 
 Oletta, (It.) 
 Oletzko, (Prus.) 
 Olginate, (It.) 
 Oliana, (Pen.) 
 Oliena, (It.) 
 Olimojn, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Olitta, (R.) 
 Oliva, (Prus. Pen.) 
 Olivares, (Pen.) 
 Olivcnza, (Pen.) 
 Olivone, (Switz.) 
 Olchonen, (R.) 
 Olla, (Switz.) 
 Ollendorf, (Ger.) 
 Olleria, (Pen.) 
 Olmedilla, (Pen.) 
 Olmedo, (Pen.) 
 Olmeto, (It.) 
 Olmi, (lu) 
 Olmutz, (Austr.) 
 Olonelz, (U.) 
 Olschar, (Austr.) 
 Olst, (Neth.) 
 Olstead, (Den.) 
 Olslvkkc, (Den.) 
 Ohialu, (S. Isl.) 
 Olnla del Rio, (Pen.) 
 Olvera, (Pen.) 
 Olvmpus, (Per. Tur.) nt^ 
 Oiiiahaw, (U. S.) 
 Oman, (As.) 
 Oman^s, (Pen.) 
 Ombria, (It.) • 
 Ombrone, (It.) r. 
 Omeano, (It.) 
 Omessn, (It.) 
 Ometeque, (.Mex.) 
 Ommen, (.Neth.) 
 Oiuoa, (.Nlex.) 
 Onioc, (Den.) i.-/. 
 OinonvdUj (Fr.) 
 OnitH>mpanoosuc 
 
 otch'qd 
 
 ukt mdr-SQipn 
 
 qd'ddm 
 
 od'den 
 
 &-ile-mi'ra 
 
 O'den-iiz 
 
 6'der-ber^ 
 
 O'der 
 
 6-dt-s1'ihaa 
 
 0-iles'sa 
 
 6-dt-et' 
 
 O-di-vdr' 
 
 O'dGriie 
 
 ^' bring-en 
 
 ^'deri-b^^r^ 
 
 e-l'rds 
 
 A'Idnd 
 
 (J is 
 
 eii'sel 
 
 Al'ting 
 
 a-fdii'to 
 
 6' fen 
 
 qf-fen-ber§ 
 
 qffrr-dalc 
 
 O'rer ka'lii 
 
 O'ver hbg'ddle 
 
 O-gcc'tchce 
 
 og'le-thqrpe 
 
 6l-yds'lro 
 
 6l-yds'tro 
 
 Ol'yo 
 
 0-gbn'yu 
 
 5' toil 
 
 O'ho f 
 
 D'ydl 
 
 Gn-ynng* 
 
 vdte or odie 
 
 wd<e or od.*c 
 
 O'iho de d' gi^t>a 
 
 a'iho kd-U-rH'te 
 
 ahos b-fi-en-td'tiise 
 
 O'ihos de Id iiQ^ii'ta 
 
 u'ka 
 
 Bfkdnsk' 
 
 0- ihoLsk' 
 uk'krn-brQ^k 
 
 1- ld'd 
 
 sdn'ta b-ldl'tia 
 
 O'ldnt 
 
 0-lark' 
 
 Ol'tclidnsk 
 
 vl'de-horne 
 
 dl'dl-dlke 
 
 at'de-lern'mer 
 
 bl'den 
 
 ol'den-brbk' 
 
 vl'den~bQ^r^ 
 
 Ol'den-zalc' 
 
 Ijl'desse4d' 
 
 O'leti'to 
 
 6-lt-rdng' 
 
 d-le-rOng' 
 
 o-lel'ta 
 
 5- leLs'ko 
 61-ji-na'ti 
 O-tt-d'na 
 
 6- li-ti'na 
 0-U-mO'y^Q 
 6-tit'ta 
 B-ti'ra 
 o-ti-vd'resse 
 G-ti-cen'tlla 
 
 0- ti-vi'ne 
 
 01- lho'nin 
 5l'la 
 
 ql-len-dnrf 
 
 Ol-yf'ri-a 
 
 Gl-me-dil'ya 
 
 bl-me'dii 
 
 dl-me'lo 
 
 Sl'mt 
 
 ql'miits 
 
 B'lB-netz' 
 
 nl-shdr' 
 
 oht 
 
 ql'.iltd 
 
 nl-stik'ki 
 
 6-lt^Q-d'lvQ 
 
 b'll^i^rda del r'i'o 
 
 Ol-re'ra 
 
 bMw'pits 
 
 om'a-litiw 
 
 O-mnn 
 
 6-md'nds 
 
 Bm'bri-a 
 
 0in-br5'ns 
 
 S-mc'd-na 
 
 b-meysa 
 
 0-me-t('k^ 
 
 Bm'men 
 
 O-mO'a 
 
 Bm'A 
 
 B-mBng-v'iW 
 om-pqin-pa-n^'snk 
 
 Fr. lung ^ and short e&, nearly ns in spur. — Final bj, French / mouilte. — An"geT, vVdous. — g as « in pleasure; ^ and Ih smtural ; ny liquid ; th as in pitK. 
 
 i:!5i 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL -NAMES. 
 
 Onabas, (^lex.) 
 Ondarroa, (Fen.) 
 Oiiilava, (Austr.) r 
 Oneia, (R.) 
 Oiieaa, (R.) 
 Oiieira, (R ) I. & r. 
 Oneclia, (It.) 
 Oneida, (U. S.) 
 Oneonta, (U. S ) 
 Onod, (Austr.) 
 Onondaga, (U. S.) 
 Ontario, (U. P.) 
 Onteniente, (Pen.) 
 Ooltgenspladt, (Netli.) 
 Oonalaslika, (As.) isl. 
 Oordegheni, (Neth.) 
 Oorfa, (Tur.) 
 Oostcamp, (Xetli.) 
 Oostcr Blokkcr, (IS'eth.) 
 Oostcr Leek, (Netli.) 
 Oostcrliesselt, (Neth.) 
 Oosterliout, (Netli.) 
 Oosternieer, (Netli.) 
 Oosterwohle, (Netli.) 
 Oostenvyk, (Netli.) 
 Oostliiiisen, (Netli.) 
 Oo>tinahorn, (Neth.) 
 Opdal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Oprlousas, (U. S.) 
 Opliir, (East. Isl.) mt. 
 Oploo, (Neth.) 
 Opoe/jio, (R.) 
 Oporto, (Pen.) 
 Oposura, (Mex.) 
 Oppa, (Prus.) r. 
 Oppeln, (Prus.) 
 Oppenheim, (Ger.) 
 Oppcrdoes, (Neth.) 
 Oppido, (It.) 
 Opstad, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Opwych, (Neth.) 
 Opyiien, (Netli.) 
 Oqiiawka, (U. S.) 
 Orabovirza, (Austr.) 
 Orada, (Pen.) 
 Orange, (Fr.) 
 Orani, (It.) 
 
 Oranienbaum, (R. & Ger.) 
 Oranienburg, (Prus.) r. 
 Orba, (It.) r. 
 Orbe, (Switz.) 
 Orbe, (Switz.) r. 
 Orbeval, (Fr.) 
 Orbey, (Fr.) 
 Orliitello, (It.) 
 Orbve, (Den.) 
 Orca, (It.) T. 
 Orcha, (R.) 
 Orchamps, (Fr.) 
 Orciano, (It.) 
 Ordona, (It.) 
 Ordiina, (Pen.) 
 Ore, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Oerebro, (Se. Pen.) 
 Oerecrund, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Oeresund, (.Sr. Pen.) 
 Oreenn, (U. S.) 
 Orellana, (Pen.) 
 Orenburg, (R.) 
 Orgarraja, (Pen.) 
 Orgialo, (It.) 
 Orniano,_(It.) 
 Orson, (Fr.) 
 Oria, (Pen. It.) 
 Orient, (Fr.) 
 Oriiiny, (Fr.) 
 Oribiiela, (Pi n.) 
 Orini.itila, (R.) 
 Orinoco, (S. Am.) 
 Oriskany, (U. S.) 
 Orissa, (Pen.) 
 Oristagno, (It.) 
 Oristano, fit.) 
 Orizaba, (Mex.) 
 Orjiba, (Pen.) 
 Orkcl, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Orlamunde, (Ger.) 
 Orlando, (It.) c. 
 Orlcannois, (Fr.) 
 Orlfeann, (Fr.) 
 Orliana, (Can.) isi 
 Orloir, (Prus.) 
 Orlov, (R.) 
 Orinsjue, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Onniis, (-niuz,) (Per.) 
 Ornaso, (It.) 
 Orne, (Fr.) drf. 
 Orne, (Fr.) r. 
 Oro Ilcrnina, fSwitz.) mt. 
 Oronwo, (8. Am.) 
 Oronten, (Syr.) 
 OriHiiniah, or irrmiah, (Per. 
 Oroix'iia, (Pen.) 
 Oroxbaza, (Auiitr.) 
 
 d-v'd'bfis 
 oii-ildr-To'a 
 dn-dd'va 
 o~ne'tra 
 
 5-tie'fra 
 
 d-ni'Vya 
 
 o-iii'fia 
 
 d-nc-on'ta 
 
 ohiGil 
 
 on-ov-dint' ga 
 
 oH-ta'r'i-o 
 
 on-tp-in-eii'te 
 
 olt'lhhis-pldl 
 
 ^Q-iid-td<h'!i-a 
 
 or'de-g^m 
 
 Qnr'fa 
 
 o.^t'kdmp 
 
 5.<t'er hlqh'ker 
 
 imt' er-hes' sHt 
 
 ost' yr-jTiere 
 ost'er-vol'de 
 ost' er-rV:c 
 ost/ hoi' zrn 
 dst'vid'horne 
 up'ddle 
 
 v'f'ire 
 dp'lo 
 
 d-po-ez'710 
 
 o-por'to 
 
 o-pQ'SQQ'ra 
 
 op'pa 
 
 op'peln 
 
 gp'phi-Jilvie 
 
 qp' prr~dQt^s 
 
 qp-p'i'do 
 
 np'sf-dd 
 
 op'vllh 
 
 op-Vn^n 
 
 o-quaw'kd 
 
 d-rd-b5~v'it'clia 
 
 o-rd'da 
 
 o-rdnn-sk' 
 
 o-rd'n'i 
 
 o-r'd' n'i-^it-houm' 
 
 o-r'd-ni-in-hqnr^ 
 
 or'ba 
 
 or'be 
 
 or'bg 
 
 crb-vdV 
 
 or~ba' 
 
 or-b'i-tel'lo 
 
 or'bti 
 
 or'ka 
 
 or'tclut 
 
 or-i-hdtiff' 
 
 or-tcbd'no 
 
 or-dd'na 
 
 or-dQQ'na 
 
 o'rt 
 
 ^We-bro' 
 ^'rf-gr<^l^nd' 
 
 qr'c-iron or 5're-gun. 
 
 o-rrl-yd'ua 
 
 0' r^n-bi^or^ 
 
 or-irdr-rd'iha 
 
 or~jd'lo 
 
 ur-jd'no 
 
 or~troiig' 
 
 6'ri-a 
 
 5- rV-dn<T' 
 
 5'r'i-b^Q-f'Ia 
 d'rt-md-t'i'la 
 o-ft-no'ko 
 
 0- ri.'i'ka-ny 
 
 1- r'i.i-tdn'yo 
 0-ris-td'iio 
 
 6- ri-lhd' {-sd') ba 
 5r-lh'i'ba 
 
 Sr'kH 
 
 Or-td-m^'Qll'de 
 
 Or-hln'da 
 
 6r-lfi-dn-jtwa' 
 
 Cr-l'r'dnir' 
 
 Br-lt-d'na 
 
 Sr'Inf 
 
 tir'lqv 
 
 or' milt 
 6r-nd'zo 
 Orne 
 Orne 
 
 &'ro bf-r-n'i'na 
 6-ron-o'ko 
 ti-rqn'tf.z 
 ) ^Q^qq'm't-ah 
 
 B-ria-hd'ta 
 
 Oroszi, (Au.str.) 
 Orsay,(Fr.) 
 Orsieres, (Switz.) 
 Orsk, (R.) 
 Orsova, (.Austr.) 
 Orsova, (It.) mt. 
 OrteEal, (Pen.) c. 
 Ortelsbiirg, (Prus.) 
 Ortcnburi:, (Ger.) 
 Ottilia, (Pen.) 
 Ortler, (It.) mt. 
 Ortona, (It.) 
 Orviepann, (It.) 
 Orvieto, (It.) 
 Orzinovi, (It.) 
 Orzio, (It.) 
 Osa, (R.) 
 
 Osa de la Vega, la, (Pen.) 
 0.sage, (U. S.) 
 Osch, (Netli.) 
 Oschatz, (Ger.) 
 Oschiri, (It.) 
 Osen, (.Sc. Pen.) 
 Osilo, (It.) 
 Osima, (As.) isl. 
 Osma, (Pen.) 
 Osnabrueck, (Ger.) 
 Osnabiirg. (Ger.) 
 OsoL'iia, (Switz.) 
 Osoli, (Mex.) 
 Osopo, (It.) fl. 
 Osperin, (Neth.) 
 Oi!sa, (Prus.) r. 
 Ossendrecht, (Neth.) 
 Ossenisse, (Neth.) 
 Ossipee, (U. S.) 
 Ostachkov, (R.) 
 Oste, (Ger.) r. 
 Ostelsheim, (Ger.) 
 O.stende, (Neth.) 
 Oster, (R.) 
 Osterburg, (Prus.) 
 Osterbye, (Den.) 
 Ostergarn, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ostergarnsholni, (Sc. Pen. 
 Osterode, (Prus. &. Ger.) 
 Ostersund, (Sr. Pen.) 
 Osterwyk, (Prus.) 
 Ostia, (It.) 
 Ostiaks, (As.) 
 Ostiano, 
 
 Ostlaiul. (.N th.) 
 Ostritz, (Gi:r.) 
 Ostrometzo, (Prus.) 
 Ostrovizza, (Austr.) 
 Ostula, (Mex.) 
 Osuna, (Pen.) 
 Oswegatchie, (U. S.) 
 Oswego, (U. S.) 
 Oszlan, (Austr.) 
 Otaheite, or Tahiti, (Soc. 
 
 Isl.) 
 Otar, (R.) 
 Otopakov, (R.) 
 Otranto, (It.) 
 Otsego, (U. S.) 
 Otta, (It.) 
 Ottawa, (Can.) 
 Ottawa, (Can.) co. 
 Ottawa, (Can.) r. 
 Ottenbach, (Switz.) 
 Ottenhavn, (Ger.) 
 Otteriidorf, (Ger.) 
 Ottobeiiren, (Ger.) 
 Ottochatz, (Austr.) 
 Ouachita, (U. S.) 
 Oucha, (R.) 
 Ouchamir, (R.) 
 Oudc, (Ind.) 
 Oiide Mardum, (Netli.) 
 Oudega, (.Veth.) 
 Oiideholtwoude, (Netli.) 
 Oudenarde, (Neth.) 
 Oiidenbusrh, (Neth.) 
 Oiidcnburg, (Netli.) 
 Oudenhorst, (Nelh.) 
 Ouderkerk, (Neth.) 
 Oudewater, (Neth.) 
 Oiidon, (Switz.) 
 Oufa, (R.) 
 Oiifa, (R.) r. 
 Ouglilch, (R.) 
 Oiigor, (R.) 
 Ouinson, (Fr.) 
 Ouisconsin, (U. S.) 
 Oiij, (R.) r. 
 Ouclita, (R.) r. 
 Oiilrliy, Ic Chatel, (Fr.) 
 Oulino, (R.) 
 Online, (Vr.) 
 Our, (.Nelh.) r. 
 Oiiral, or ITral, (R.) mt. 
 Ouralsk, (R.) 
 Ourdabad, (R.) 
 
 d-rds's'i 
 or-sa' 
 or-si-ere' 
 orsk 
 dr-so'va 
 dr-so'va 
 dr'te-gdl' 
 qr'tels-bi^t^r^ 
 qr'ten-bqi^r^ 
 dr-t'H'ya 
 Ort'Ur 
 or-td'na 
 dr'v'i-e-pd'no 
 dr-v'i-e'to 
 (jr'dzi-vd'v'i 
 or'di'i-O 
 o'sa 
 
 Id o'sa de Id re'ga 
 o'sdje 
 qsk 
 
 0' shots 
 os-k'i'r'i 
 o'sen 
 o-si'lo 
 o-s'i'via 
 ds'ma 
 os'nd-bruk 
 ds'iid-bqi^r^ 
 d-son'ya 
 5-sd'ti 
 5-sS'po 
 os-pe-r'ine' 
 qs'sa 
 
 os'sen-dre^ht' 
 os'se-n'is'se 
 qs's'i'pee 
 ost-dtch'kov 
 os'te 
 
 os'tels-klme 
 os~thi'de 
 os'ter 
 
 os't^r-bqqr^ 
 5s'ter-bii 
 5s'ter-gdm 
 ) os'ter-frdriis-hqim.' 
 Os'fe-rd'de 
 5s'ter-si^i^7id' 
 Os'ter-vJke 
 ds'ti-a 
 os'ti-dJcs 
 os-t'i-d'no 
 Sst'ldnd 
 os'tfits 
 os-tro^ft'so 
 os-tro -v'i'sha 
 os'tqq-la 
 
 oS'We-gatch'y 
 os-we'go 
 os'ldn 
 
 I o-ta-hite', td'h'i't'i 
 
 5-tdri 
 o-tS-pd'kov 
 5-trdn'to 
 ot-sS'go 
 dt'ta 
 
 I ot'td-ica or ol'ta-wS 
 
 qt'ten-bdth 
 ql'ten-hine' 
 qt'thn-dorf 
 qt't6-boi'ren 
 qt'td-fkdts 
 ppd- (7cd-) shit'ta 
 ou'cha 
 ou'chd-vtir' 
 ou'de 
 
 oii'de mdr'dq^n 
 ou-de' ga 
 ou'de-hqit'vou'de 
 ou'tle-nar'de 
 ou'dhl'bi^ti.^c' 
 oit'dht'bQQr^ 
 ou'dfii-horst 
 ou'der-kfrk' 
 ou'de-vd'ter 
 m-ding' 
 ou'fa 
 oii'fa 
 ou' glitch 
 ou'gur 
 t^Q-dng-sGng' 
 p(i£s- {mis-) kun'sin 
 
 Ollj 
 
 oulh'ta 
 
 Wl-.ilii' Ve sliO^tiV 
 ou-tt'no 
 fQine 
 VV 
 
 oil' (pp') ral 
 ou'ralsk 
 our-dd-bdd' 
 
 Ourdal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ourte, (Nelh.) r. 
 Oiisa, (R.) 
 Ousa, (R.) r. 
 Oust Pojog, (R.) 
 Oust Svsolsk, (R.) 
 Oust Tsylemska, (R.) 
 Oust Zaiieha, (R.) 
 Ou Zouer le Marclie, (Fr.) 
 Ovar, (Pen.) 
 Ovelgnne, (Den.) 
 Over Flakkee, (Neth.) 
 Overbye, (Den.) 
 Overn, (Den.) 
 Overyssel, (Neth.) 
 Oviedo, (Pen.) 
 Owasco, (U. S.) 
 Owego, (U. p.) 
 Owhyhee, or Hawaii, 
 
 (Sandw. Isl.) 
 Oxebve, (Den.) 
 O.xenlieede, (Den.) 
 (ixenvadt, (Den.) 
 Oxenvaiig. (Di n.) 
 Oxfordshire, (Gng.) 
 Oxnaes, (Sc. Pen.) isi. 
 Oxstede, (Ger.) 
 Oye, (Fr ) 
 Oyestreham, (Fr.) 
 Ozark, (U. S.) mt. 
 Ozerki, (R.) 
 Ozernoi, (R.) 
 Ozersk, (R.) 
 Ozieri, (It.) 
 Ozinovo, (R.) 
 Ozora, (Austr.) 
 
 our' d file 
 tjortc 
 ou'sil 
 ou'.^a 
 
 oust po'jog 
 
 oust .-'t'solsk 
 
 oust ts'i'lhits'ka 
 
 oust zd-li'^ha 
 
 W iC9-£' 'e mdrsh 
 
 o-vdr' 
 
 o'viU'jdne' 
 
 5'ver fldlc'ke 
 
 o'ver-bH 
 
 5'vem 
 
 o'ver-is'sel 
 
 a-vi-e'do 
 
 D-wds'ko 
 
 o-ire'go 
 
 o-whl'hcc, hdr-wd'i''i 
 ox'bu 
 
 qi'en-hejde 
 
 oz'en-rddt' 
 
 qr.'en-vdng 
 
 ox'ford-sh'ire 
 
 qz'nasc 
 
 qz-stt'de 
 
 wa 
 
 tcdtr^-Ung' 
 
 o-idr'i' 
 
 o~zer'k'i 
 
 o'ler-noi 
 
 d'zersk 
 
 d-dzi-e'r'i 
 
 o'li-jio'no 
 
 d-dzd'ra 
 
 P. 
 
 Paar, (Ger.1 r. 
 Paaslov, (Neth.) 
 Pabilonis, (It.) 
 Pabtfdorf, (Ger.) 
 Pacaudidre, la, (Fr.) 
 Pacaraina, Sierra, (S. Am.) 
 Pacheco, (Pen.) 
 Pacliuca, (.Mex.) 
 Pacimoni, (S. Am.) r. 
 Pacolet, (U. S.) * 
 Pacuri, (Braz.) 
 Pacy, (Fr.) 
 Padansk, (R.) 
 Padenghe, (It.) 
 Paderborn, (Ger.) 
 Padrin, (It.) 
 Padron, el, (It.) 
 Padua, (It.) 
 Paducah, (IT. S.) 
 Paganico, (It.) 
 Paganka, (R.) 
 Pagliaio, (It.) 
 Pago, (.Austr.) isl. 
 PahaquarrA', (U. S.) 
 Paillasse, (Fr.) 
 Paimbceuf, (Fr.) 
 Painipol, (Fr.) 
 Paisley, (Scot.) 
 Pajares, (Pen.) 
 Pajaion, (Pen.) 
 Pajeplolijii, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Pachomochka, (R.) 
 Pakracz, (.Austr.) 
 Paks, (Austr.) 
 Palace. (It.) 
 Palacio, (Pen.) 
 Palafurgell, (Pen.) 
 Palamos, (Ger.) 
 Palancia, (Pen.) r. 
 Palanka, (R.) 
 Palanza, (It.) 
 Palatinate, or Pfalz, (Ger.) 
 Palazza, (It.) 
 Palazziiolo, (It.) 
 Palegiano, (It.) 
 Pnlena, (It.) 
 Paleiicia, (Pen.) 
 Palenquc, or Cullmacan, j 
 (Mex.) i 
 Palermo, (It.) 
 
 Palestine, or Pala>ttina, j 
 
 Palestrina, (It.) 
 Palia, (K.) 
 Palipoito, (It.) ft. 
 Palisades, (IJ. S.) 
 Palisae, la, (Fr.) 
 Palissons, (I' r.) 
 Palizeiil, (Neth.) 
 Palk, (Iiiil.) St. 
 Palma, (Pen.) 
 
 pdre 
 
 pds'Iqv 
 pd-b'i-'6'n'is 
 pdbs'dqrf 
 Id pd-ko-d'i-tre' 
 s'i-er'ra pd-kd-rVna 
 pd~ehe'ko 
 pd rliQi^'ka 
 pd-iJt'i-mo'n'i 
 paii'o-let 
 pd-ki^Q'ri 
 pd-s'i' 
 pd'ddnsk 
 pd'den'ge 
 pd'der-bqrnt 
 pd-dr'i'a 
 el pd-<lrdn' 
 
 pd'dfQ-n, Eng. pad'tf-a 
 pa-du'kdli 
 pd-gd-jii'lco 
 pd-gdn'ka 
 pdl-xjd'ro 
 pd'go 
 
 pd-hd-qnar'ry 
 pdl-yds' or pd-'i-'ds' 
 ping-b^ilf 
 pdng-pQV 
 pdze'lep 
 ]id-ihd resse 
 pd~i^bd-r5n' 
 pd'iie-plS'yqt) 
 pd-Vi5-mqtch'ka 
 pd'krdtch 
 pUks 
 pd-ld'che 
 pd-ld'th'i-o 
 pd'td-fyfr-gH 
 pd-ld'mos 
 pd-ldn'Va-a 
 pd-ldn'ka 
 pd-ldn'dta 
 pd-liit't-nnte, pfdli 
 pd-ldt'dza 
 pd-ldl-dzff-B'lo 
 pd-!e-jd'no 
 pd-le'na 
 pd'lni'tk'i-a 
 
 I pd-len'kr, kg<}l-<iifd'kdn 
 
 pd-lir'mo 
 I pdl'es-tlne 
 pd-Us-tfi'na 
 pd'l'i-a 
 pd'tt-ptr'to 
 pAV'i-sade^ 
 Id pd tis' 
 pd-tis-sing' 
 pd-Vi-zm' 
 pdlk 
 pdl'ma 
 
 Fau,fitT,ffiU,vihql, hdL—MtU,prty,hflp,tlttre,hl!r. — Pine, mttr'lne,btrd, fig.— JVOte, dSve, mt>ve,iiiflf, bffk,lQrd.—nne, bull, ^mte. — Fr. long stle; Fr. short b!it.— 
 IIV2" " 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Palma, (Pen.) b 
 Palma, ([t.) 
 Palmaiiov:!, jit.) 
 PHlmar, (S. Am.) 
 Palriiariu, (It.) isl. 
 Palinarcila, (It.) isl. 
 Palmas, (It.) n-. 
 Palineira, (Pen.) 
 Palinilla.'^, (Mex.) 
 Paliiio, (.Mex.) c. 
 Palmyra, (U. S.) 
 Palo, (Pen. It.) 
 Palo Sto, (S. Am.) 
 Palos, (Pfii.) 
 Palota, (Austr.) 
 Pamer, (As.) 
 Paiiiiers, (l'"r.) 
 Pamlico, (U. S.) 
 Pampas, (S. Am.) 
 Pampas, (S. Am.) r. 
 Pumpeliiiia, (Pen.) 
 Pampicnv, (hvvitz.) 
 Pampola,' (R.) 
 Paniunky, (U. S.) 
 Panad, (Austr.) 
 Panama, (S. Am.) 
 Panama, (S. .\m.) g. 
 Panaris, (It.) inl. 
 Panaro, (It.) r. 
 Pnncas, (Pen.) 
 Pancsova, (Austr.) 
 Pandeiros de Rai.xe, (Braz.) 
 Pando, (lira/..) 
 Paneas, (Pal.) 
 Panfoii, (Fr.) 
 Pankov, (Prus.) 
 Panly, (Fr.) 
 Panoyos, (Pen.) 
 Pantellaria, (It.) isl. 
 Panuco, (.\Ie.\.) 
 Paula, (It.) (. 
 Paoli, (U. S.) 
 Pajia, (Austr.) 
 Papagayo, (.\lc.t.) i. 
 Paphlagonia 
 Papanila, (.Met.) 
 Papas, (S. Am.) 
 Papendaal, (Neth.) 
 Papendreclit, (Neth.) 
 Pappenheim, (Ger.) 
 Papua, (Austral.) 
 Para, (Itraz.) » 
 Para, (liraz.) r. 
 Paracuellos, (Pen.) 
 Paradas, (Pen.) 
 Paradella, (Pen.) 
 Paragu.ay, (IJraz.) 
 Paraliyba, (Craz.) 
 Paramarilm, (S. Am.) 
 Paramo, (Pen.) 
 Paramos, (Pen.) 
 P.iranapia, (S. Am.) 
 Paran, Desert of, (Pal. Eg.) 
 Parantis, (Fr.) 
 Pa ray, (Fr.) 
 Parcliim, (Ger.) 
 Parcliwitz, (Prus.) 
 Pardo, el, (Pen.) 
 Paredes, (Pen.) 
 Parillaa, (Pen.) 
 Paris, (Fr.) 
 Parkstettin, (Ger.) 
 Parlanna, (It.) 
 Parma, (It.) 
 Parne, (Fr.) 
 Parnes, (Gr.) mt. 
 Parsippany, (U. S.) 
 Part.-ilobo, (Pen.) 
 Parthia 
 
 Pasargo, (Prus.) r. 
 Pascagoula, (U. S.) 
 Pascwalk, (Prus.) 
 Paskack, (U. S.) 
 Paskuma, (K.) 
 Paso de Vera, (S. Am.) 
 Paso del Caliallo, (Me.\.) 
 Paso del Norte, (.Vlex.) 
 Pa.so Gmnde, (S Am.) 
 Pasquerin, (.Mef.) 
 Pasquotank, (U. S.) 
 Pass.adumkea?, (U. S.) 
 Passage, (Pen.) 
 Pas.saic, (U. S.) 
 Passamaquoddy, (U. S.) 
 Passaro, Cape, (It.) L 
 Passau, (Ger. Den.) 
 Passenlieim, (Prus.) 
 Passo di Gu.ilette, (It.) 
 Passyunk, (U. S.) 
 P;LSMmsic, (U. S.) 
 P.1S7.10, (Au.str.) 
 P.itada, (It.) 
 Patagonia, (S. Am.) 
 Patapsco, (U. S.) 
 
 piiVma 
 
 pal' ma 
 
 pal' md-nu' va 
 
 pdl-mdr' 
 
 pal-tad' r'i -a 
 
 pdl-md^rO'la 
 
 pitl'mds 
 
 pdl~7iii'ra 
 
 pdl-m'il'yds or pdl-m'i'yds 
 
 pdt'ma 
 
 pdl-ml'rd 
 
 pd'lo 
 
 sdit'to pd'lo 
 
 pd'los 
 
 pd'lO'ta 
 
 pd-m^r' 
 
 pd-m'i~e' 
 
 piUn'l'i-ko 
 
 pdm'p'ds 
 
 pdm'pds 
 
 pdin-{ie-lQ(^' na 
 
 pdnir-p'in'tji' 
 
 pdm'po-la 
 
 pd-munk'y 
 
 pd-ndil' 
 
 pd-nd'ind' 
 
 pd-nd-md' 
 
 pd-na'ri-a 
 
 pd-nd'ro 
 
 pdii'kdg 
 
 pdit-tc/t5'va 
 
 pdn-tlVros de bi'ihe 
 
 pdn'do 
 
 pd'ne~iU 
 
 pdna-fQQ' 
 
 pdn'ko (-kfof) 
 
 pdlt/r-l'i' 
 
 pd-nQ'yofi 
 
 pdn-til-ld' r'i-a 
 
 pd-nqij'ko 
 
 pd'S-la or pd-S'la 
 
 pd-d'li 
 
 pd'pa 
 
 pd'pd-frd'ljo 
 
 pd-Jld-^O' ni-a 
 
 pd-pdnt la 
 
 pd'pds 
 
 pd' pen-d'dlc' 
 
 pd'pe.n-drHht' 
 
 pdp' pin-hlme' 
 
 pd'pqqa 
 
 pd'ra 
 
 pd'ra 
 
 pd-rd'kQq-fl'yos 
 
 pd^d'dds 
 
 pd-rd-del'ya 
 
 pd-rd' iTQQl or pdr'd-^cQ' 
 pd-rd-'i'ba 
 
 par-a-mdr'i-bo or pd-rd- 
 
 pd-rd'mo \md-ri'bo 
 
 pd-rd'mos 
 
 pd-rd-nd' ff^Qa 
 
 pd-rdji' 
 
 pd-rdng-ti' 
 
 pd-rd 
 
 pdr'lkim 
 
 pdrih'vits 
 
 el pdr'dn 
 
 pdrf'desse 
 
 pd-r'il'yds 
 
 pd-r'i', com. par'is 
 
 pdrk' slet-tine' 
 
 pdr-ldn'na 
 
 pdr'ma 
 
 pdrne 
 
 pdr'nesse 
 
 par-sip' pa-ny 
 
 pdr-td-ld'bo 
 
 pdr'thi-a 
 
 pd-zdr'go 
 
 pds-kd-rrqQ'la 
 
 pd'ie-vdlk 
 
 pas-kdk' 
 
 pds-kqQ'ma 
 
 pa'so de ve'ra 
 
 pd'so d'H kd-bdV (-»«') yo 
 
 pd'so del nOr'te 
 
 pd'sn grdn'd^ 
 
 pd.f-k^-r'i n' 
 
 pds-quo-tdnk' 
 
 pds-sa-dun'ke^ 
 
 pdS'Sd'lh^ 
 
 pds-sd'ik 
 
 pds-sd m-a-kwod'dy 
 
 pds-sd'ro 
 
 pds'sou. 
 
 pds'sen-Mme' 
 
 pds'so di g^Q-d-let'ti 
 
 pds-y-unk^ 
 
 ptl-sum'sik 
 
 pds'to 
 
 pd-ta'da 
 
 pd-td-g!i'ni-a 
 
 pa-tdp'sko 
 
 Palchogue, lU. S.) 
 Paterno, (It.) 
 Patna, (llind.) 
 Patoka, (U. S.) 
 Patras, (Gr.; 
 Patria, (It.) (. 
 Patriinoniu di San Pietro, 
 (It.) 
 
 P.ittcnsen, (Ger.) 
 Pattawatoniies, (U. P.) 
 Patti, (It.) g. 
 Patuxent, (U ff.) 
 Pat/.quaro, (.Mex.) 
 Pau, (Fr.) 
 Paules, (Pen.) 
 Pauvre, (Fr.) 
 Pavtrne Peterlingen, 
 
 (Sivitz.) 
 Pavia, (It.) 
 
 Pavia, (.-Mentejo,) (Pen.) 
 Pawcatuck, (0. S.) 
 Pawnee, (U. S.) 
 I'awtuxet, (U. S.) 
 Paymago, (Pen.) 
 I'aypoton, (Mex.) 
 Pa/., la, (California,) (Met.) 
 Paz, la, or Pueblo Nucvo, 
 
 fS. Am.) 
 Peban, (.Mex.) 
 Peclitcliana Kopani, (K.) 
 Pecora, (It.) c. 
 Pecs, (Austr.) 
 Pccsvar, (.Vustr.) 
 Pecnris, (Mex.) 
 Pedernales, (S. .\m.) 
 Pedorosk, (U.) 
 Pedraza, (Pen.) 
 Pi dro Bluff, (Pen.) 
 Pedro, Don, (Pen.) 
 Pedro, S. (Pen.) 
 Pedroneras, (Pen.) 
 Pedrosa, (Pen.) 
 Pedrosa, el, (Pen.) 
 Peebleshiro, (Scot.) 
 Peel, The, (Neth.) 
 Peer, (Neth.) 
 Peese, (Neth.) 
 Peest, (Prus.) 
 Pegal.ajar, (Pen.) 
 Pegnitz, (Ger.) r. 
 Pegu, (As.) 
 Peillac, (Fr.) 
 Peiin, (Austr.) 
 Peisern, (Prus.) 
 Peist, (Switz.) 
 Peitz, (Prus.) 
 Pekatonica, (U. S.) 
 Pekin, or Peking, (Ch.) 
 Peko, (R.) 
 Pelaccia, (It.) 
 Pelegosa, (It.) isl. 
 Pelerine, la, (Fr.) 
 Pelleroso, (Pen.) 
 Pollina, (Switz.) val. 
 IVIIouaille, (Fr.) 
 Peloponnesus, (Gr.) 
 Pelosa, (It.) isl. 
 Peloso, (It.) mt. 
 Pelsocz, (Austr.) 
 Pemadumcook, (U. S.) 
 Pembrokeshire, (Eng.) 
 Pena de Aravi, (Pen.) 
 Pcnagolosa, (Pen.) mt. 
 Penalva, (Pen.) 
 Penaniacor, (Pen.) 
 Penaranda, (Pen.) 
 Penarroya, (Pen.) 
 Penas de S. Pedro, (Pen.) 
 Penkina, (If.) 
 Pennila, (R.) 
 Pennsvlvania, (tJ. S.) 
 Penobscot. (U. S.) 
 Pensacola,' (U. S.) 
 Pentacotali, (Pen.) 
 Peniieljis, (.Mex.) 
 Penza, (Pen.) 
 Penzance. (Kng.) 
 Peoria, (IJ. S.) 
 Peqnannock, (U. S.) 
 Pequawket, (U. S.) 
 Pequot, (U. S.) 
 Pera, (Tur.) 
 Pera, (Pen.) c. 
 Peraca, (Pal.) 
 Pcrales, (Pen ) 
 Peralvillo, (Pen.) 
 Perclie, (Fr.) 
 Perdido, (Pen.) m^ 
 Pcrdigao, (Pen.) 
 Perdiguera, (Pen.) 
 Perelada, (Pen.) 
 Perello, (Pen.) 
 Pergamos, or Pergamus, 
 
 (Tur.) 
 
 pdtch-0^' 
 pii-ter'no * 
 pdt'tia 
 pa-tO'kil 
 
 pd-tra.^' or p/t-trds' 
 pd'lri-a 
 
 pd-lr'i-mO'M-o di adn 
 
 p'i-t'tro 
 pdi'trn-zen ' 
 pal-a-wi^t' allies 
 pdl'Ci 
 pa-lux'ent 
 
 path- {-pds-) kQf-U'ro 
 pu 
 
 poll lesse 
 pOvr 
 
 pd-vfr'ne pe'ter-ling'in 
 
 pd'p'l-a 
 
 pa'vi-n (d-lin-ti'iho) 
 patp'ku-tuk 
 paw-»rc' 
 piiw iHz'et 
 p'l-md' ijo 
 pl'pO-IGn' 
 Id pdth (!)«.<) 
 
 j Id pdth (pds) 
 
 pe-bdti' 
 
 petch-tchd'iia kl^-pd'n'i 
 pf-ko'ra 
 petck 
 pHch-v'dr^ 
 pt-kw'rin 
 pe'drr-nd'lisse 
 pe~do-rqsk' 
 pt-drd'tfia 
 jir'dro blQnf 
 dOn pe'dro 
 sdn pe'dro 
 pf-drO-ne'rdi 
 pe-drQ 'sa 
 el pe-dru'sa 
 pp,e-'bles-sh'ire 
 pile 
 pire 
 p^-'se 
 pcste 
 
 pe-ird-ld-ihdT' 
 peng'nitji 
 
 pel- (/'i !-) ydli' 
 ptme 
 pt'iern 
 piste 
 pits 
 
 pek-a-ton'i-ka 
 pS-kiti' 
 pt'ko 
 pi-ldl'tcha 
 pe-le-gH'sa 
 Id pe-le-r'inc' 
 pel-ye-rO'so 
 pel-'l'i'na 
 
 pel-lQQ-d-'i or pel-lQi^dly' 
 pel'o-pon-nes'sus 
 pS-tO' a 
 pp-le'so 
 pet'soteh 
 pem-a-dum'kQoh 
 pem'brQt^k-sh'trc 
 pe'na rfg d-rd'v'i 
 pe'nd-gd-l5'sa 
 pe-itdl'ra 
 pe' nd-md-kor' 
 pt-nd-rdn'da 
 pZ-ndr-rO'ya 
 pp'nds de sdn pe'dro 
 peii-ki'na 
 phi-n't'la 
 ppii-sil'V&'iii-a 
 pe-unb' skot 
 pen-sa-kd'ld 
 pe It' td-kO-ta' 
 pe-ni^Q-e'lds 
 pen'tha 
 ppn-zdns* 
 pc-O'ri-d 
 pc-quan'nock 
 pe-riiiaie'ket 
 pS'guot 
 pe'ra 
 pe'ra 
 pS-rd-e'a 
 pe-rd'Usse- 
 pe^dUvH'yo 
 persh 
 p^r-di'do 
 per-di-trd'o 
 per-di-ge'ra 
 pe-r{-ta'da 
 pz-rrl'yo 
 
 I pir-gd' mo3 (-m^^j) 
 
 Pergola, (It.) 
 Pergoulia, (U.) 
 Peri, (It.) 
 
 Perilimiacn, (Can.) r. 
 Periers, (Fr.) 
 Ptrigueux, (Fr.) 
 Perijn, Sierra, (S. Am.) 
 Perinas, (R.) 
 Perchina, (U.) 
 Perlas, Archipelago de las, 
 
 (a Am.) 
 Perleherg, (Pnis.) 
 Perlom, (K.) 
 Perm, (R.) 
 Pernanibuco, (Uraz.) 
 Pernau, (R.) 
 Pcrnes, (Fr.) 
 Peron, (.\ustr. As. N. 
 
 Zeal.) ml. 
 Pcronne, (Fr.) 
 Perosa, (It.) 
 Perousc, la, (As.) st. 
 Perpignan, {i r.) 
 Perquimans, (U. S.) 
 Perret, (Fr.) 
 Perroman, (Switz.) 
 Persal, (Switz.) 
 Persanle, (Prus.) r. 
 Perse|>oli3, Ruins of, (Per.) 
 Persia 
 
 Perthshire, (Scot.) 
 Pertuis, (Switz.) 
 Peru, (A. Am.) 
 Peru, Upper, or Bolivia, (.S. 
 Am.) 
 
 Peruagua^u, (Braz.) r. 
 Perucha, (Pen.) 
 Perugia, (It.) 
 Perugia, (It.) 
 Perugino, (It.) 
 Peruwetz, (Neth.) 
 Pes, (R.) 
 Pesa, (It.) r. 
 Pegadas, (Pen.) 
 Pesaro, (It.) 
 Pescara, (It.) 
 Pescara, (It.) r. 
 Peschici, (It.) 
 Pesehiera, (It.) 
 Pescia, (It.) 
 Pe.scina, (It.) 
 Pese Puerto, (Ind.) 
 Peshawer, (As.) 
 Pcsquera, (Pen.) 
 Pesth, (Austr.) 
 Petatlan, (.Me.x.) 
 Pc-tclie-lec, (A.s.) g 
 Petchora, (U.) r. 
 Peten, (Mex.) 
 Petepan, (Mex.) 
 Petersburg, or Pcterburg, 
 (R.) 
 
 Petershansen, (Ger.) 
 Petcrsliock, (Neth.) 
 Peterwardein, (Austr.) 
 Peterzell, (Switz.) 
 Petignac, (Fr.) 
 Petite Nation, (Can.) r. 
 Petra, f As.) isl. 
 Petra, Ruins of, (Eg.) 
 Pelricova, (R.) 
 Petrikau, (R.) 
 Petrinia, (Austr.) 
 Petrizza, (It.) 
 Petrola, (Pen.) 
 Petrosa, (It.) isl. 
 Petrova, (Austr.) 
 Petrovo, (R.) 
 Petschow, (Ger.) 
 Pettau, (Austr.) 
 Pevales, (Pen.) 
 Pewaukie, (U. S.) 
 Peyrat, (Fr.) 
 Peyrolles, (Fr.) 
 Peyruis, (Fr.) 
 Peyriisse, (Fr.) 
 Peza, (R.) r. 
 Pfatf, (Switz.) /. 
 PfatTenhofen, (Ger.) 
 Pfaffenkirchen, (Ger.) 
 Pfalfikon, (Switz.) 
 Pfart'nan, (Switz.) 
 Pfalz, or Palatinate, (Ger.) 
 Pfalzarafenweiler, (Ger.) 
 Pfetfers, (Switz.) 
 Pfoling, (Ger.) 
 Pforzheim, (Ger.) 
 Pfreimbt, (Ger.) 
 Pfreimbt, (Ger.) r. 
 Pfrim, ((;er.) r. 
 Pfara, (Eg.) 
 
 Pfaraoh, Ruins of, (Fez,) 
 (Af.) 
 
 Philadelphi.i, (U. S.) 
 
 prr-gd'la 
 
 prr-gou'ba 
 
 pt'rl 
 
 pe-ri-bO-nd'ka 
 
 pe-ri-s' 
 
 pe-Tl-gdh' 
 
 si-ir'ra ps-r'i'lha 
 
 pr-r'i'nds 
 
 per-lh'i'na 
 I Ur-M-pt'td-gS dt Idj 
 \ per'lds 
 
 per'lt-ber§ 
 
 pfr'lOm 
 
 perm 
 
 per-ndm-btjq'ko 
 
 ppr'nou 
 
 ptrne 
 
 j pt-r5ng' or pC'ron 
 
 pe^dnc' 
 
 pe-rO'ia 
 
 Id ps-rQQze' 
 
 p^r-p'in-ydng' 
 
 prr-ffuitn'ati4 
 
 per-ri^ 
 
 per'r6-mdn' 
 
 per-nOl' 
 
 per-zdn'tl 
 
 per-se'pS-tIs 
 
 per'a'is 
 
 perth'sh'irt 
 
 prr-tS-i' 
 
 pi-rQQ' 
 
 j pe-rQ(i', bS-tt'v'i-a 
 
 pi'rfif-d-gQf-d'sff 
 
 pe-r<ji)' tcha 
 
 perqt/'ja. 
 
 Vt-'^Wjd 
 
 pe-rQQ-j'i'vo 
 
 Ti'rqQ-oili' 
 
 pfsse 
 
 pe'ia 
 
 pe-sd'dda 
 
 pe-zd'ro 
 
 pessc-kd'rd 
 
 pesse-kd'rd 
 
 pesse-k'i'tch'i 
 
 pesse-k'i-^'ra 
 
 pe'slii-a 
 
 pt-shi'na 
 
 pe'sS pff-ir'to 
 
 pesk-onr' 
 
 pesse-ke'ra 
 
 pesht, Eng. pht 
 
 pe-tdl'ldii 
 
 pC'tche-lee' 
 
 pil-tchu'ra 
 
 pe-ten' 
 
 pe-te-pdn' 
 \ pe'lers- (-ter-) bqgr^. Eng. 
 J pl'ters-bifr^ 
 
 p^ters-hoa'xen 
 
 pe'ters-hnk 
 
 pi-ter-tdr-dlne' 
 
 pr'ler-lsH' 
 
 pe-t'in-ydk' 
 
 pe-tite nds'i^ng^ 
 
 pe'tra 
 
 pe'tra 
 
 pe-tri-kS'va 
 
 pe-tri-kou' 
 
 pe-lri'n'i-a 
 
 pe-tr'it'dia 
 
 pe-lrd'la 
 
 pe-trO'za 
 
 pe-tro'va 
 
 pe-trO'vo 
 
 pet'tcho 
 
 pet'toa 
 
 p^-vd'Usse 
 
 pc-traa'kit 
 
 pO-ra' 
 
 pa-rdte' 
 
 pd rii-i' 
 
 pa-risse' 
 
 PC -a 
 
 pfdf 
 
 pfdfrrn-hB'fen 
 pfiifpn-kie'lhiTi 
 pf dffi-kon 
 pfdfnoa ' 
 pfdiLi 
 
 pfdl'lsd-rd-fin-rl 'lir 
 
 Pfifflrs 
 
 pfS'ling 
 
 pf'jrts'hlme 
 
 pfrlmht 
 
 pfrtmbt 
 
 p/r'ima 
 
 pfd'ra 
 
 I pf d'rd-o 
 
 phil-a-deV ph'i-a 
 
 Fr. long A and short mi, nearly as in spur. — Final /y, French I mouiUi In" ger, vi"cioas g as » in pleasure: § and Ih guttural ; ny liquid ; Ul as in pith. 
 
 170 
 
 1353 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 PhilippeviUc, (Neth.) 
 PI'ilipiiine 
 
 Pliilippine Isl. (East. Isl.) 
 Plrilipixjlis, or Pliilipiwpo- 
 
 lis, (Tur.) 
 Philipsburg, (Ger.) 
 Philipstadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Philipsllial, (Ger.) 
 Philip, (Australia,) 
 Philip, (Australia,) isl, 
 Phiiopliska, (R.) 
 Phiiizand Eiiz, (Ger.) 
 Piiocis, (Gr.) 
 
 Plicenice, or Pl'CBnicia, (Pal.)/«n'!-s 
 
 fi-tipe-v'ile' 
 
 I f 't-Cip-p'i'ie' oTJ'il'ip-pine 
 
 I f'i-rip'pS-tis or ft-lip- 
 \ pO'pu-Tis 
 
 f'iUips-bQ^^ 
 
 fi'Hps-stal 
 
 fi'lips-tiile 
 
 fVUp 
 
 fi'lip 
 
 fi-lnfs'ka 
 
 fin'tsdnt elite 
 
 fb'cis 
 
 Phrj- 
 Piaiaiiia, (R.) 1. 
 Piaiiezzo, (Switz.) 
 Pianosa, (It.) isl. 
 Piaiiby Serra, (Braz.) 
 Piaubv, (Braz.) 
 Piave, (It.) r. 
 Piavozero, (R.) I. 
 Piazza, (It.) 
 Pic du Midi, (Fr. Pen.) 
 Picardy, (Fr.) 
 Picenzji, (It.) 
 Picieriio, (It.) 
 Picota, (Pen.) 
 Picquigny, (Fr.) 
 Pictoii, (Can.) 
 Piedmont, (It.) 
 Piedralmena, (Pen.) 
 Piedrshita, (Pen.) 
 Piedras Point, (Mex.) 
 Plelis, (R.) 
 Pielis, (R.) I. 
 Pierre liufnere, (Fr.) 
 Pierre Ecrite, (Fr.) 
 Pierrelatte, (Fr.) 
 Pierse, (Fr.) 
 Pietra, (it.) 
 Piftra Nera, (It.) 
 Pietra, (It.) r. 
 Pietra Santa, (IL) 
 Pietro, (It.) 
 Pieve, (Netli.) 
 Piia, (It.) 
 Pilate, (Switz.) 
 Pilgram, (Austr.) 
 Pillaii, (Priis.) 
 Pilsen, (Austr.) 
 Pilsno, (.Austr.) 
 Pina, (Pen.) 
 Pinarello Point, (It.) 
 Pinczchelv, (Austr.) 
 Pindus, Chain of, (Gr.) 
 Pindus, (Tur.) mt. 
 Pinega, (R.) 
 Pinega, (R.) r. 
 Piner'olo, (It.) 
 Piney, (Fr.) 
 PiDgucnto, (Austr.) 
 Pinheira, (Pen.) 
 Pinheiro, (Pen.) 
 Pinneberg, (Den.) 
 Pino, (It.) 
 Pinos, (Mex.) 
 Pinos del Rey, (Pen.) 
 Pinotepa, (Me.t.) 
 Pjnsk, (R.) 
 Pintlala, (tJ. S.) 
 Piombino, (It.) 
 Piou, (Switz.) 
 Piorrowo, (Pru3.) 
 Piperno, (It.) 
 Pi<|ua, (U. S.) 
 Pirna, (Ger.) 
 Pisa, Ruins of, (Gr.) 
 Pisa, (It.) 
 Pisano, (It.) 
 Pisapejunov.a, (Mex.) r. 
 Piscataqua, (U. S.) 
 Piscataquis, (U. S.) 
 Piscatawav, fU. S.) 
 Pisciolta, (It.) 
 Piseco, (U. .S.) 
 Pisscn, (R.) 
 Pissevache, (Switz.) 
 Pistoja, (It.) 
 Pisuerga, (Pen.) r. 
 Pit<"?i, (Sc. Pen.) 
 PiteU, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Pitiairano, (It.) 
 Pitifliano, (It.) 
 PuriM, (Pi=n.) 
 Pi'.tiMiween, (Nelh.) 
 Pizziglieltone, (lU) 
 Plaff'/yen, (iSwitz.) 
 Plan, (Austr.) 
 
 frig'i-a 
 p'i-d-yd'n'i-a 
 p'i~d-7iet'tzo 
 p'i-d-no'za 
 p'i-o'b'i sir'ra 
 p'i-d'b'i 
 p'i-d've 
 p'i-d-vo'ze-^o 
 p'i-dt'dza 
 p'ik dii m'i'di 
 p'i-kdr-di' 
 p'i-tchin'dza 
 pi-tch'iir''',io 
 p'i-ko'ta 
 p'iU-k'in-yV 
 pik-lq<)' 
 
 pi-e-mdng' , com. peed'- 
 
 p'i~e' drd-bQQ-e'na [mont 
 
 p'i-e-drd-'i'ta 
 
 p'i-e'drds 
 
 pye'l'is 
 
 pije'tis 
 
 pi-Ire' buf-fi-tn' 
 
 p'i-ire' e-kr'ite' 
 
 pi-ire'ldte 
 
 pi-irse' 
 
 p'i-e'tra 
 
 p'i-e'tra ne'ra 
 
 p'i-t'tra 
 
 p'i-e'tra sdn'ta 
 
 pi-t'tro 
 
 p'i-ive' 
 
 p'i'Ia 
 
 pi-ld'te 
 
 p'il'grdm 
 
 pil'luu 
 
 pil'zen 
 
 pils'no 
 
 p'i'na 
 
 p'i-nd-rH'lo 
 pintch'ihrhj 
 pin'dQQs {-dus) 
 pin'dt)QS i^-4iLs) 
 p'i-ne' ga 
 p'i-i\c' ga 
 pt-nt-^5'10 
 p'i-nd' 
 
 p'in-gQQtn'to 
 
 p'in-^i-ra 
 
 pin-yi^o 
 
 pirJne-ber^ 
 
 p'i'no 
 
 pVnos 
 
 p'i'nos del rl 
 
 p'i-nd-U'pa 
 
 pinsk 
 
 pint-ld'ld 
 
 p'i-om-b'i'no 
 
 pi-5'ta 
 
 pi-Sr-ro'eo 
 
 p'i-per'no 
 
 p'i'mia 
 
 pirna 
 
 p't'sa 
 
 p'i'ta 
 
 p'i-zd'no 
 
 pi' sd pe-fhf^jii'va 
 pig-kd''a-qua 
 pis-kit' a-quis 
 pi3-kdt'a-tcay 
 p'i-sltdt'ta 
 pis'e-ko 
 yis'jiiii 
 p'is^dsh' 
 pis-ld'i-a 
 p'{-iQ(^er'^a 
 p'i'lS-o 
 p'i'te-o 
 p'i-t'i-'d-nd'no 
 p'i-t'il^jd'no 
 p'i'trinse 
 pit'tfn-vCne' 
 pit-dzi-gil-Ui'nt 
 pldfft-in 
 pldnt 
 
 Plana "or Tabarca, (Pen.) ill. pld'na, td-hdr'ka 
 Plaiinhcnoit, (Neth.) pldngsh-mca' 
 Plnqueniine, (LJ. 8.) pldk-mine' 
 Pla-H hman, (Prus.) pld-ih'mdn 
 Planencia, (Pen.) 
 
 pld-Krn'th'i-a 
 
 Plata, (Pen.) c. 
 Plata, la, (S. Am.) 
 Plata, Rio de la, (S. Am.) 
 Platana, (Pen.) , 
 Plataiii, (It.) r. 
 Platanilla, (Mex.) 
 Platta, (Switz.) 
 Plau, (Ger.) 
 Plau, (Ger.) /. 
 Pleigne, (Switz.) 
 Plencia, (Pen.) 
 Pleska, (R.) 
 Plibiscken, (Prus.) 
 Ploen, (Den.) I. 
 Plomb de Cantal, (Fr.) mt. 
 PInmbieres, (Fr.) 
 Plonval, (Fr.) 
 Plouay, (Fr.) 
 Piuckemin, (U. S.) 
 Plume, la, (Fr.) 
 Po della Folle, (It.) 
 Po della Maestra, Qlt.) 
 Po di Fossone, (It.) 
 Po di Goro, (It.) 
 Po di Levante, (It.) 
 Po di Volano, (It.) 
 Po, .Mouths of, (It.) r. 
 Pobla, (Pen.) 
 Pocahontas, (U. S.) 
 Pocasset, (U. S.) 
 Pochutla, (Mex.) 
 Pocomoke, (U. S.) 
 Pocotalico, (U. S.) 
 Pocska, (Austr.) 
 Podelsk, (R.) 
 Podolia, (R.) 
 Poel, (Ger.) isl. 
 Pogstall, (Austr.) 
 Poissine, (Switz.) 
 Poitiers, (Fr.) 
 Poitou, (Fr.) 
 Poix, (Fr.) 
 Pojana, (Austr.) 
 Pokrzydow, (Prus.) 
 Pola, (Austr.) 
 Pola, Cape Sta, (Pen.) 
 Poland, (R.) 
 Polarra, (Pen.) 
 Polchinki, (R.) 
 Polesina, (It.) 
 Policastro, fit.) g. 
 Policzka, (Austr.) 
 Polignano, (It.) 
 Poligny, (Fr.) 
 Polkevitz, (Prus.) 
 Pollenza, (Pen.) b. 
 PoUina, (It.) mU 
 Polnitz, (Ger.) 
 Polonina, (Austr.) 
 Polovino, (R.) 
 Polsbrokedam, (Neth.) 
 Poltava, (R.) 
 Polynesia 
 Polzin, (Prus.) 
 Pomba, (Af.) *. 
 Pomerania, or Pommem, 
 
 (Prus.) 
 Pomieczyn, (Prus.) 
 Pommem, or Pomerania, 
 
 (Prus.) 
 Porno, (It.) isL 
 Pomosdin, (R.) 
 Pompeii, Ruins of, (It.; 
 Pompejano, (It.) 
 Pondicherrv, (Ind.) 
 Pont, (Switz.) 
 Pont i Marque, (Fr.) 
 Pont k Mousson, (Vt.) 
 Pont au Heaux, (tr.) 
 Pont Andemer, (Fr.) 
 Pont au .Mur, (Fr.) 
 Pont Charra, (Fr.) 
 Pont Chateau, (Fr.) 
 Pont Croix, (Fr.) 
 Pont d'Ain, (Fr.) 
 Pont de I'.Arche, (Fr.) 
 Pont Rosseau, (Fr.) 
 Pont St. Prix, (Fr.) 
 Pont sur Yonne, (Fr.) 
 Ponta da Cruz, (Af.) 
 Ponta da Galera, (Af.) 
 Ponta do Sol, (Af.) 
 Pontarlier, (Fr.) 
 Pontchartrnin, (U. S.) 
 Ponte, (It. Switz.) 
 Ponte Corvo, (It.) 
 Ponte Tresa, (Switz.) 
 Pontevcdra, (Pen.) 
 Pontevedra Rla, (Pen.) 
 Pontiac, (U. 3.) 
 Pontine Marshes, (It.) 
 Pontlavllle, (Switz.) 
 Pontons, (Fr.) 
 Pontotoc, (U. S.) 
 
 pld'ta 
 
 Id pld'ta 
 
 ri'o de Id pld'ta 
 
 pld-tdn'ija 
 
 ptd-td'ni 
 
 pld-td-niV (-niT) ya 
 
 pldt'ta 
 
 p!uu 
 
 ploa 
 
 piny 
 
 plat'th'i-a 
 
 plisse'ka 
 
 pli'bis-ken 
 
 plAne 
 
 plong di kdng-tdl' 
 
 plong-b'iSre' 
 
 plong-vaV 
 
 plQQ-5.' 
 
 pluk'&-min 
 
 Id plitme 
 
 pS dil'la fol'le 
 
 po deVla md-essc'tra 
 
 pS di fts-so'ne 
 
 p5 d'i cro'ro 
 
 pd d'i le-vdn'te 
 
 po dl vD-ld'no 
 
 po 
 
 po'bla 
 
 pd-ka-lion'ta3 
 
 po-kds'set 
 
 po-tchQQt'la 
 
 pqk'o-mokc 
 
 pok-o-taV'i-ko 
 
 pqtck'ka 
 
 po'deUk 
 
 po-do'ti-a 
 
 p^le 
 
 pog'stdl 
 
 pwds-s'ine^ 
 
 pwd-t'i-e' 
 
 pw'd-tqo^ 
 
 pwd 
 
 po-'i-'d'na 
 
 pokr-sh'i'do 
 
 po'la 
 
 po'la 
 
 po'ldnd 
 
 po-ldr'ra 
 
 pgl-tc/t'in'k'i 
 
 po-le-z'i-na 
 
 pd-ti-kds'tro 
 
 po-Titch'ka 
 
 po-l'in-y'd'no 
 
 pd-tin-y'i' 
 
 pnl'ke-vits 
 
 pdl-yen'tha 
 
 pdl-l'i'na 
 
 pol'nits 
 
 pd-ld-n'i'na 
 
 po-lo-v'i'jio 
 
 pols'brd-ke-d'dm' 
 
 pdl-td'va 
 
 pol-'i-ne' sh'i'H 
 
 pgl-tsine' 
 
 pdm'ba 
 
 j pom-er-d'n'i-a 
 
 po-m'i-tch'ine' 
 j pom'mim 
 
 pd'mo 
 
 pd^Qs-dint* 
 
 pam-pe'y'i 
 
 pom-pe-'i&'no 
 
 pm-d'i-shir'ry 
 
 pong 
 
 pung td mitrk 
 pong td inQQs-sSng' 
 pdng to bo 
 pong tdngd-merc' 
 p5ng to Trtftrc 
 pSng shar-ra' 
 pong sitd-to' 
 pong krwd' 
 pOng dang 
 pOng de Idrsh' 
 pong rSs-sO' 
 pOng sang pr'i 
 pong siir ydne 
 porvta. da krQQth 
 pon'ta da gd-l^'ra 
 pun'ta do sOl 
 pong-tdr-H-e' 
 pontch-dr-trdne' 
 pon'i'e 
 
 pGn'ie kHr^vo 
 
 pOii'le trc'za 
 
 pSn'ts-ve'dra 
 
 pSn'le-ve'dra r'I'a 
 
 pon'ti-ak 
 
 pnn'tine 
 
 pbng-ld-v'ile 
 
 pling'tUng' 
 
 pon'to-tnk 
 
 Ponza, (It.) isl. 
 Poonah, (Ind.) 
 Popadia, (Austr.) 
 Popayau, (."!. Am.) 
 Popoii, (It.) 
 Poppenbuettel, (Drn.) 
 PiKiuetanock, (U. S.) 
 Poquonuck, (U. S.) 
 Porcarizza, (It.) 
 Porcuna, (Pen.) 
 Porquerolles, (Fr.) isl. 
 Porri Rocks, (It.) 
 Porsal Rocks, (Fr.) 
 Porsange, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Port au Prince, (\V. Ind.) 
 Porte Fermo, (It.) 
 Port Royal, (Fr. W. Ind.) 
 Port S. Marie, (Fr.) 
 Portuelos, (Mex.) 
 Portaguesa, (S. Am.) r. 
 Portalban, (Switz.) 
 Portalegre, (Braz. Pen.) 
 Portimao, (Pen.) 
 Portneuf, (Can.) 
 Porto Alegre, (Braz.) 
 Portobello, (S. Am.) 
 Porto Calvo, (Braz.) 
 Porto d'Anzo, (It.) 
 Porto da Cruz, (Af.) 
 
 pon'dza 
 
 p^Q'udh 
 
 po-pa'd'i-a 
 
 po-pa'ydn 
 
 pd'pS-li 
 
 pop'prn-bSt'tH 
 
 pQ-q\ie-tdn' ok 
 
 pd-quqn'ok 
 
 pbr-kd-TiV dza 
 
 por-kQQ'na 
 
 pork-rote' 
 
 por'r'i 
 
 por-s'dl' 
 
 por'sdng-e 
 
 pdre'to-prdngstf Com. 
 pdr'te fer'mo [prince 
 pore rtcd-ydle', coi^. roy'- 
 pore sang md-r'i' C'"*' 
 pSr-tf<!-e'los 
 por-td-ge'sa 
 pSr'tal-bdn' 
 pdr-td-le' mre 
 por-t'i-md^o 
 porc-neiif 
 por'to d-le'gre 
 por'to-bH'yo 
 por'to kal'vo 
 por'to ddn'dzo 
 por'to dd krQQth 
 
 [yal 
 
 Porto da Ribeira da Janella, j porta dd r'i-bt'ra dd IhO- 
 
 (Af.) j nel'ya 
 
 Porto da Serra da Agoa, (Af.)p5rto dd sir'ra dd d'gd-a 
 
 Porto Fino, (It.) 
 Porto Greco, (It.) 
 Porto Real, (Pen.) • 
 Portorico 
 
 Porto Santo, (Af.) 
 Porto Vecchio, (It.) 
 Porto Vecchio, (It.) g. 
 Portugal, (Pen.) 
 Portugalete, (Pen.) 
 Posada, (IL) 
 Posadas, (Pen.) 
 Poschiavo, (Switz.) /. 
 Posen, (Prus.) 
 Posteberg, (Austr.) 
 Postel, (Neth.) 
 Poteau, le, (Fr.) 
 Potenza, (It.) r. 
 Pothier, (Can.) I. 
 Potomac, (U. S.) 
 Potosi, (Mex. & Peru) 
 Potosi Cerro del Mine, 
 
 (Mex.) 
 Potsdam, (Prus.) 
 Pouance, (Fr.) 
 Poucheux, (Fr.) 
 Poughkeepsie, (U. S.) 
 Pouilly, (Fr.) 
 Pourcieux, (Fr.) 
 Pouzat, le, (Fr.) 
 Povoa, (Pen.) 
 Poyais, (Mex.) 
 Pozo Estrecho, (Pen.) 
 Pozoblanco, (Pen.) 
 Prada, (Ger.) 
 Pradelles, (Fr.) 
 Pradilla, (Pen.) 
 Praestoe, (Den.) 
 Praga, (R.) 
 Prague, (Austr.) 
 Prairie, la, (Can.) 
 Prasas, (It.) isl. 
 Pratica, (It.) 
 
 Prats de Llasanes, (Pen.) 
 Pr.ausnilz, (Prus.) 
 Prautov, (Fr.) 
 Pri S.'Didier, (It.) 
 Predmir, (Austr.) 
 Preetz, (Den.) 
 Pregaro, (It.) 
 Pregel, (Prus.) r. 
 Prcmuda, (Austr.) isl. 
 Prenzlow, (Prus.) 
 Presburg, (Austr.) 
 Presentation, la, (Can.) 
 Prettigau, (Switz.) 
 Pretzel, (Ger.) 
 
 Preuszen, or Prussia, (Ger.) prois'sfn 
 
 por'to f'i'no 
 por'to gre'ko 
 por'to re-dl' 
 por'to-r't'ko 
 por'to sdn'to 
 por'to vek'k'i-o 
 por'to vek'k'i-o 
 port'ti-gal 
 por-tf(^gd-le'ts 
 pd-za'da 
 po-sd'dds 
 po-sfi'i-d'vo 
 po'zen 
 
 pos' (posh') te-ber^ 
 pd'stH 
 Iff po-to' 
 po-ten'dza 
 pd-ti-e' 
 po-to'm'dk 
 /iS-ta'si 
 ) pS-to's'i titer' (sir') ro del 
 \ m'i'ne 
 pqts'ddm 
 PQ^dng-se' 
 Pff-sh^' 
 po-kip'see 
 
 PQQ-'i-y'i' or p<fQl-tfi' 
 
 le pqt}-za' 
 po-vo'a 
 po-yis' 
 
 po'tho esse-tre'cho 
 po'tho-bldn'ko 
 prd'da 
 pr d-d etc' 
 pr'd-ilil'ya 
 prist' A 
 prd'ga 
 
 prdg or pr'd§ 
 Id pra-r'i' 
 prd'zds 
 prd't'i-ka 
 
 prdl de ly'd-s'd'nisse 
 prous'nits 
 prd-tica' 
 
 pre sang di-di-i' 
 pred-m'ire' 
 prets 
 pre-gd'ro 
 prc'gH 
 pre-inQQ'da 
 prints'lo 
 
 prisse' (prish') bQQr^ 
 Id pre-zdng-td-s'iong^ 
 prit't't-goa 
 pri'tsil 
 
 Priinavera, (Braz.) r. 
 Principato Cilra, (It.) 
 Principato Ultra, (It.) 
 Principe, (Mex.) 
 Pritschwitz, (Ger.) 
 Pritzig, f Prus.) 
 Pritzwalk, (Prus.) 
 Probencio, (Pen.) 
 Procida, (It.) L4. 
 Prona, (Austr.) 
 Propriano, (It.) 
 Protor, (Prus.) 
 Proler, (Prus.) b. 
 Provence, (Switz. Fr.) 
 Provcnzale, (It.) 
 
 pr'i-md-Be'ra 
 pr'in-tch'i-pd'to tck'i'tra 
 pr'tn-tchi-pd'to f^'tra 
 pr'in'th'i- (-s'i-) pe 
 pritch'vits 
 prit'tsi^ 
 prits'cdlk 
 prO-bin'th'i-o 
 pr5-ck'i'da 
 prS'na 
 pri-pr'i-d' no 
 prO'tir 
 prB'fir 
 prti'Vdngse 
 prO-vhi-dzd'li 
 
 Fau,/<lr,fyU,V)luH,bdt. — Meu,prty,hHp, tktre, klhr. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — MU,ddve, mUve, w<)lf,b<itik, lQrd. — T<int, bull, iinUe. — Tr. long rft«; Fr. short tilt. — 
 
 1354 
 
PRONUiNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 l*r<ivon/.a!c, (Pen.) 
 I'riiviileiitiules, (W. InJ.) 
 
 I'rtiiu'lli, (It.) r. 
 Prussia, or Preuszen, (Gor.) 
 Priiszka, (Austr.) 
 Piicniiillii, rS. Am.) 
 Pucliow, (Austr.) 
 P»(lasi.irvi, (It.) 
 Pucbia Cazalla, (Pen.) 
 Puebla, la, (.Me.\. &, Pen.) 
 Purbia lie Fadrique, (Pen.) 
 Puebla <le Turnea, (Pen.) 
 Puebla de Uoilrigu, (Pen.) 
 Puebla Niicva, ur Paz, (S. 
 
 Am.) 
 Pueblo, el, (S. Am.) 
 Puente del ArzobUpo, (Pen 
 Piu rci), (Mex.) r. 
 Puerta.s, (F'eu.) 
 I'uerlci, (Pen.) 
 PuorU) de la Mala Muger, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 
 Puerto Principe, (VV. Ind.) 
 Puis, (Kr.) 
 Puiseux, (Fr.) 
 PulasUi, (U. S.) 
 Pulciano, (It.) int. 
 Pnlly, (Sivitz.) 
 Pultiisk, (Austr.) 
 Puna, (S. Isl.) 
 Puiialiou, (S. Isl.) 
 Punsoteapue, (Ij, S.) 
 Punjaub, (hid.) 
 Punto Uesc iioeida, (W. 
 
 Iiid.) 
 Purcliena, (Pen.) 
 Puricues, (Nle.\.) 
 Puntic.ition, la, (.Mex. S. 
 
 Am.) 
 
 Purisima, la, (.Mex.) 
 Purissima, la, (.Mex.) 
 Purmerend, (.\elli.) 
 P*ispoki, (Auslr.) 
 Puszta, (.Austr.) 
 Putignanu, ([t.) 
 Putnok, (Austr.) 
 Putten, (Neth.) 
 Putllitz, (Pru.s.) 
 Putzilor, (.\ustr.) 
 Puy de Dome, (Fr.) dep. 
 Puy Guillaunie, (Fr.) 
 Puy, le, (Fr.) 
 Puzzuoli, (II.) 
 Pyaam, (.\etli.) 
 Pylos, (Gr.) 
 Pymatunins, {}'!• SO 
 Fyrenees, East, (Ff.) dep. 
 Pyrenees, Lower, (Fr.) rfep. 
 Pyrenees, Upper, (Fr.) dep. 
 Pyreneos, (Braz.) mL 
 Pyrgos, (Gr.) wit. 
 Pyritz, (Prus.) 
 Pyssanitzen, (Prus.) 
 
 prl^-vhi'tKa'le 
 prO-tH-drn-Uii- (-si-) d'- 
 
 Usse or prd-D'i-dditis-tii- 
 pr^^-u^t'l'i [dZt;' 
 
 prfQs'lM 
 pt}(f-kd-iiiV ya 
 
 pfQ-dd-sl-dr'v'i 
 pQq-^'bla kd-lhdl'ya 
 Id pi^<ye'bla 
 pqQ-r'bla de fd~dr't'ke 
 pQQ-e'bta de t6r-ne'a 
 ptjij-e'bta de rO-dr't'tra 
 
 j pQt-i'bui nnf-i'va 
 
 H p^^e'blo 
 ,) pijQ-en'te del dr-thO-b'is'po 
 p^Q-er'ko 
 pijQ-er'tds 
 pQ^-er'ta 
 
 ipqQ-er'to de Id md'la 7n(>9- 
 
 p^i^ er'to pr'iu'tJii- (-*•'^-) pe 
 pu-'i' 
 pii-'i-iA' 
 pfi-lds'ki 
 PQ^l-tclii-d' no 
 pultt' 
 
 pq<)'iia 
 pi)Q-Hd~hvii' 
 
 pun:r~iro-t'iirc' 
 puil-jiliib' 
 
 ipQQn'tti dr^se-k5-n6-th'i'- 
 (..1') ,/u 
 
 ) Id poQ-ri-f 't'kd-thi- { si-) 
 \ on' 
 Id pgt^-r'i'.s'i-jna 
 Id piji^-rta'a'i-ma 
 
 pijQS-pQ'Ui 
 
 pQQu'ta 
 p<^Q~tin-y'd'no 
 p^Qt'iiqk 
 pgr^t'l^a 
 p<jgt'lits 
 pQQt's'i-lor 
 pit-i' de itOme 
 pn-V yGme' or ^if- 
 Ic pa-t' [ijGme' 
 pQot.-diQQ-6'l'i 
 pi'dJtm 
 pi' Ins 
 
 pim-a-tu'ning 
 
 I p'i-r?-ne', Eng. pir'e-nSz 
 
 pi^e~ne'os 
 per'ffos 
 pi'rjUt 
 
 p'is'sd-JtWsen 
 
 Q. 
 
 (iuACKEsnnt'EcK, (Ger.) 
 Quaderna, (It.) 
 Quasues, (S. Am.) mt. 
 Qualsund, (Sc. Pen.) 
 auaranta, (It.) 
 Uunrantauia, (Pal.) mt. 
 Quarnebeck, (Prus.) 
 Cluarnerolo, (Austr.) ch. 
 Quarto, (S. Am.) r. 
 Uuartu, (It.) 
 Cluascliin, (Pnis.) 
 Quassel, (Ger.) 
 auatre Bras, (.\etli.) 
 Quebec, (Can.) 
 Quebec, (Can.) di<t. 
 Quedali, (East. Isl.) 
 Quedlinburf!, (Prus.) 
 Uueeche, (U. S.) 
 Queicli, (Ger.) r. 
 Quemada, (Pen.) 
 Queretaro, (Mex.) 
 (Juerfurt, (Prus.) 
 Querinda, (Af.) isU 
 Querndrup, (Den.; 
 Quero, (It.) 
 Quesne, (Fr.) 
 ciuetobo, (S. .Am.) r 
 Quetteliou, (Fr.) 
 Queuille, la, (Fr.) 
 Quiberon, (Fr.) 
 Uuibo, (S. Am.) Uil. 
 Quirkborn, (Den.) 
 Uuilimari, (s. Am.) r. 
 
 kwdk'ken-bruk 
 ktcd-der^na 
 kijtj-d' rresse 
 
 kwd-rtin' ta 
 
 ktod-rdn-td'n'i-a 
 
 ktcdr'ne-beke 
 
 kwdr-tie-rS'lo 
 
 kwdr'to 
 
 hcdr-toQ' 
 
 kwd-sh'ine' 
 
 kwds'^el 
 
 kdtr bra' 
 
 k:el-bik' 
 
 kwl-bek' 
 
 kedah' 
 
 kiced'liil-b^Qr^ 
 
 kirc'tche 
 
 kicUh 
 
 ke-md'da 
 
 ke-rr-td'ro 
 
 kirer'fq^t 
 
 ke-r'in'da 
 
 kwem'drf^ 
 
 kire'ro 
 
 kS?ie 
 
 ke-td'bo 
 
 kute-nq' 
 
 Id kifiUy' or kA-i' 
 
 ki-be-rOngI 
 
 ki'bo 
 
 kteik'bijrn 
 
 ki'ti-ma-rV 
 
 auilla, (Mex.) 
 Uuilmas, (Pi ll.) 
 Uuiiiisdal, (t-c. Pen.) r. 
 Uuiiinebaus, (U. S.) 
 Utiiiinipiac, (U. S.) 
 Uuintana, (Pi ii.) 
 Uuiiilanar, (Pen.) 
 Uuinten, (Switz.) 
 Uiiipar, (Pen.) r. 
 (luilo, (S -Am.) 
 CiuoKe, (U.S.) 
 Uuoregnnn, (.\etli.) 
 (iuorra, (Af.) 
 
 k'i'ya or k'il'ya 
 
 k'U'md.-t 
 
 kw'i'nis-ddW 
 
 kioCii-ue-buitf^' 
 
 kwiit'Hip''i-dk 
 
 k'in-td'iHi 
 
 ktn-td-iidr' 
 
 kwin'ten 
 
 ki-pdri 
 
 ki'to 
 
 kwQffue 
 
 k&-reu-y^ng' 
 
 kicor'ra 
 
 R. 
 
 R.iAn, (Austr.) 
 Uaab, (Austr.) r. 
 Ii;uilijerg, (Den.) 
 Itaalle, (iN'etb.) 
 Ilabriiiera, (Pen.) 
 Kabbuto, (It.) 
 Itabbi, (It.) r. 
 Kabi.zee, (.\etli.) 
 Itaclies, (Fr.) 
 liacme, (U. S.) 
 Kaciiiiitz, (.Austr.) 
 Kada, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Kadebiirs, (Ger.) 
 Uadciilortli, ((Jer.) 
 Uadkersburg, (Austr.) 
 Kadiiorshire, (En;;.) 
 Kadoe, (Sc. Pen.) UL 
 UadoKast, (G. r.) 
 Uadollzell, (Ger.) 
 Uadoiii, (K.) 
 
 Kadoiuzyl, (R. .Austr.) 
 Uadomyst, (Austr.) 
 Kadi>na, (Pen.) 
 Uadiiiiia, (R.) 
 Uadmvitz, (Pnis.) 
 Kadsse, (.\elli.) 
 Kadstadt, (.Auslr.) 
 Iladynmo, (Austr.) 
 Ragaz, (Switz.) 
 Racusa, (.Austr.) 
 Ralide, (Ger.) 
 Ralideii, (Ger.) 
 Railway, (U. S.) 
 Rajpootana, (Ind.) 
 Rakolaks, (R.) 
 Rakos, (Austr.) 
 Rab ich, (U. S.) 
 Ramah, (Af.) misi. eta, 
 Ramapno, (U. S.) 
 Uambia, (Pen.) 
 Ilanibouillet, (Fr.) 
 Ramillies, (Neth.) 
 Ramla, (It.) 
 Kaiiisele, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ranisen, (Switz.) 
 Ranapungern, (R.) 
 Ranees, (.Switz.) 
 Ranclierio, la, (.Mex.) 
 Raiiclio, (iMex.) 
 Ranro, (S. Am.) L 
 Randa, (Switz.) 
 Randas.so, (It.) 
 Randers, (Den.) 
 Raiiders fjord, (Den.) • 
 Raiiea, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ranea, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 RaiiKonn, (Ind.) 
 Raniczow, (Austr.) 
 Rausel, The, f Nclll.) 
 Rami, (Austr.) 
 Ranuzzi, rit.) 
 Ranzaii, (Den.) 
 Raon I'Etape, (Fr.) 
 Rapallo, (It.) 
 Rapila, (Pen.) 
 Rapola, (It.) 
 Rapos, (Austr.) r. 
 Rappahannock, (tJ. S.) 
 Rappersweiler, (Switz.) 
 Raritan, ( U. -S.) 
 Raron, (Switz.) 
 Kasaciilm, (It.) c 
 Raschow, (Prus.) 
 Rasicerbi Point, (It.) 
 Rasqiicra, (Pen.) 
 Rastadt, (Ger.) 
 Rastede, (Ger.) 
 Rastekais, (Sc. Pen.) mt. 
 Ratcha, (R.) 
 Ralhenaii, (Pnis.) 
 Ratisbon, or Regensberg, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 Ralone.in, (Fr.) 
 Ratt.in, (Mei.) uj. 
 
 rdbe 
 rdbe 
 
 r6'bter§ 
 
 rdhVfe 
 
 rd'bd-nf'ra 
 
 rdb-bd'to 
 
 Tdb'bi 
 
 ra'bD-it' 
 
 rdshe 
 
 ra-eine' 
 
 rd'kO-nits' 
 
 rd'da 
 
 rd'de-bqqr§ 
 
 rd'den-fqrt 
 
 rdt'ker.t-b^Qr§ 
 
 rdd' iior-shtre 
 
 rd'd^ 
 
 Td'd^-trd^-t 
 
 Td'dnlf-lsil 
 
 rd'dUm 
 
 rd'dOni-zih 
 
 rd'dO-mislit 
 
 rd~tl5'na 
 
 rd-d^'n'i~a 
 
 rd'dO-vit3 
 
 rat'tse 
 
 riUsidt 
 
 Td-dim'no 
 
 rd'gdts 
 
 T'd-g<j(jiia 
 
 rd'de 
 
 Td'ien 
 
 rah' tea 
 
 rdj-pQQ-td'na 
 
 rd'kO-ldlcs 
 
 rd'kos 
 
 ra'te 
 
 rd'mah 
 
 ra-ina-p6' 
 
 rdm'bla 
 
 rdng-btjQ-'i^je' or rdng- 
 
 rd-m'it-yi' [ifp'-ys' 
 
 rdm'la 
 
 rdm'$e-le 
 
 rdm'sen 
 
 rd'/td pf^g'irn 
 rdngse 
 
 Id rdu-che-r'i'o 
 
 rdn'cho 
 
 rdn'ko 
 
 Tdn'da 
 
 rdn-dds'so 
 
 rdn'ders 
 
 Tdn'drrs fiOrd 
 
 rd'ne-a 
 
 rd'ne-a 
 
 Tang-g<fi)n' 
 
 rd-tt'i'cfto 
 
 rdn'zel 
 
 rd-in^Q' 
 
 rd-nfft'dii 
 
 rdnt'sou 
 
 rdhng' le tdpe' 
 
 Td-pdl'lo 
 
 Td-pi'ta 
 
 rd-pO'la 
 
 rd'pos 
 
 rdp-pa-hdn'nnek 
 
 rdp'persli-vt'ler 
 
 rdr'i-tan 
 
 rd-r6nfr' 
 
 rd'zd-k fQlm' 
 
 rdsh'o 
 
 rd-zi-jer'bl 
 
 rd.s-ke'ra 
 
 rdi'tat 
 
 rds-le'de 
 
 rdi'te-kis 
 
 rdt'tcha 
 
 rd'te-nou 
 
 I rd'ttji-bon 
 
 Td-l9-nS' 
 rat-tan' 
 
 Ratzebiihr, (Pnis.) 
 Ratzi-buri:, (Den.) 
 Raven, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Knveiiiia, (It.) 
 Raveiisburd, fGer.) 
 Raveiislein, (Nelli.) 
 Raviiu Gora, (Austr.) 
 lUiwn, (Auslr.) 
 Rnweiler Pass, (Switz.) 
 Raycza, (Au.str.) 
 Raynliam, (V. S.) 
 Razes, (Fr.) 
 Razvaliiiji, (11.) 
 R4, (Fr.) i^l. 
 Reading, (Eng. t U. S.) 
 Real, Porto, (Uraz.) 
 Ueale, (It.) mt. 
 Kcalego, (iMex.) 
 Realiiiuiit, (Fr.) 
 Rebolossa, (Pen.) 
 Recco, (It.) 
 
 Recherche, Archipelago of I 
 the, (Austral.) j 
 
 Ri cojne, (Netli.) 
 
 Recoiisse, (Fr.) 
 
 Red. .11, (Fr.) 
 
 Redniidela, (Pen.) 
 
 Redi^iido, (Pen.) 
 
 Redoiido, (S. .Am.) mt. 
 
 Reekbergen. (N'elli.) 
 
 Reer, (Den.) isl. 
 
 Rcest, (Nelh.) r. 
 
 Reetz, (Prus.) 
 
 Refugio, (.Me.v.) 
 
 Refugio, el, (.Mex.) 
 
 Rega, (Pros.) r. 
 
 Regalbulo, (It.) 
 
 Regeii, (Ger.) 
 
 Regenweisze, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Regensberg, or Rutisbon, j 
 ((;er.) i 
 
 Regi iisperg, (Switz ) 
 
 Reggio, (It.) 
 
 Reliiia, (I'rus.) 
 
 Reholidtli, (U. S.) 
 
 Reirhciiau, > Switz.) 
 
 Reichriibach, (Switz. Ger. I 
 Prus.) i 
 
 Reichenberg, (.Austr.) 
 
 Rcichenstein, (Prus.) 
 
 Reichshofen, (Fr.) 
 
 Reifnitz, (.Auslr.) 
 
 Reigolzweiler, (Switz.) 
 
 Reinwa.sser, (Prus.) 
 
 Reisenhiirg, (Prus.) 
 
 Reisniarkt, (Auslr.) 
 
 Reiss, (Ger.) 
 
 Rekkem, (.Nelh.) 
 
 Rema, ((ir.) c. 
 
 Reiuele, (.Austr.) 
 
 Reiiiich, (N'eth.) 
 
 Reiiiireiiiont, (Fr.) 
 
 Reiiimatli, (Ger.) 
 
 Remus, (Switz.) 
 
 Renius.at, f Fr.) 
 
 Renn, (Gr.) c. 
 
 Rcnac, (Fr.) 
 
 Renaii, (Switz.) 
 
 Renco, (It.) r. 
 
 Rendek, (Austr.) 
 
 Reiidsburg, (Den.) 
 
 Renesse, (Neth.) 
 
 Reninglie, (Neth.) 
 
 Renligcn, (Switz.) 
 
 Rennen, (R.) 
 
 Rennes, (P r.) 
 
 Reno, (It.) r. 
 
 Rensselaer, (U. S.) 
 
 Renswoiide, (Xelh.) 
 
 Rfiolie, la, (Fr.) 
 
 Reparata, (It.) 
 
 Reqiiena, (Pen.) 
 
 Requilcgo, (Pen.) 
 
 Ress Ness, (Den.) 
 
 Reuben, (Pal.) 
 
 Reuch, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Reuss, (Ger.) 
 
 Reuss, (Switz.) r. 
 
 Reiithlingen, (Ger.) 
 
 Revel, (R.) 
 
 Revellata, (It.) c. 
 
 Revigiiy, rj-r.) 
 
 Kevilla, (Pen. Me.x.) 
 
 Riy, le, (Fr.) ' 
 
 Rev, Villa Nova del, (Braz.) 
 
 Reyr„s, (Mex. 8. Am.) 
 
 Reyes, (Mex.) r. 
 
 Rheda, (Ger.) 
 
 Rheenen, (Ni th.) 
 
 Rheiins, (Fr.) 
 
 Rhein, or Rhine, (Pnis. ) 
 
 Nelh.) i 
 Rhein, or Rhine, (Prus. ) 
 
 Nelh. Ger.) r. ( 
 
 rdt's^-bogr 
 
 rdi'»e-bQQr§ 
 
 ra'ren 
 
 Td-vfn'na 
 
 ra'vefui-bn^^ 
 
 rd' veii-ntiitt 
 
 rdii'ita gO'ra 
 
 ra'va 
 
 rd-vVler 
 
 rVtcha 
 
 rSne'ltam 
 
 raze 
 
 rdz-vdl-ni'ji 
 rt 
 
 ri'd'd'tng 
 
 pOr'tv re-dl' 
 
 re-d'le 
 
 re-dle'ea 
 
 re-ai'Wtiiiff' 
 
 re-bG-lOft'na 
 
 rek'ko 
 
 rif^shirsh' 
 
 rt-kOny' 
 
 re-kqqs' 
 
 re-dhng' 
 
 re-flQit'd^-la 
 
 re-dHn'dij 
 
 re-ilOit'do 
 
 rSk'ber'ffen 
 
 rirc 
 
 riste 
 
 ret) 
 
 re/QQ' Ih'i-o 
 el r^-fi^ff' 
 re'^a 
 
 re-gal'tiQ^-lo 
 
 T^' irrit 
 
 r^-iieH-vAg' 
 
 ri' ffriui-ber^ 
 
 ri' gens-per^ 
 red' jo 
 re'titi 
 re-hO'botA 
 rV fbe-Hoa 
 
 rriken-idlk 
 
 rV fhen-berj^ 
 
 rt'ilien-.illne 
 
 rilbs'lid'fen 
 
 rtfc'uits 
 
 rV goit.^-vl'ler 
 
 rine-vdi'ser 
 
 rl'zeii-bQQr^ 
 
 rls'mcrkt 
 
 rU 
 
 rek'kem 
 
 re'iiia 
 
 re-me'te 
 
 re'mi^h 
 
 re-mire-mOiig' 
 
 rrm'wdte 
 
 re'mf^Q.i or r^-^i 
 
 re-mu-za' 
 
 rt'na 
 
 re-ndkf 
 
 re'noa 
 
 reii'ko 
 
 ren'dSke 
 
 remU'bQ^^ 
 
 rl!-ue,-ise' 
 
 re'ning-f 
 
 reii'lf-gen 
 
 ren'nen 
 
 rine 
 
 re'no 
 
 rensel-ltrt' 
 
 reiu'eou-de. 
 
 Id rt-S ti' ' 
 
 ri-pd-^d'ta 
 
 rt-ke'na 
 
 re-ki-li'go 
 
 reuse niUst 
 
 ril'beti 
 
 Toilh 
 
 roiss 
 
 roi.t.1 
 
 roit' ling-en 
 
 re'nel 
 
 re-veUld'ta 
 
 re-v'in-y'i' 
 
 re-v'tl'va or rf-c'rt ya 
 
 Id re-i' or rt 
 
 v'il'ya nd'va del rl 
 
 re'y^gi!e 
 
 rt'yejse 
 
 re' da 
 
 r^'nen 
 
 rdngne or rltns 
 rJne 
 
 Fl long A and short cu., ne.-irly as in spur — Final ly, French I mouiUi Ant'gery Bi'ciuiu g as x in pleasure ; § and M guttural , itjf liquid ; Ul a« in pitX, 
 
 13?i5 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Rlipinrnll, (Switz.) 
 Klieinaii, (Switz.) 
 Rlirine, (Ger.) 
 Rheinek, (Switz.) 
 Rheinfelden, (Switz.) 
 Rheinthal, (Switz.) 
 Rtieinwald, (Switz.) 
 Rfiin, Lower, (Ft.) dep. 
 Rliin, Upper, (Fr.) dep. 
 Rhine, or Rliein, (Neth.) r. 
 Rhine, (Bavarian,) (Ger.) 
 Rhine, Lower, Grand 
 
 Duchy of, (Ger.) 
 Rhodes, or jRhodus, (Tur.) 
 
 is;. ' 
 
 Rhone, (Fr.) dep. 
 Rhone, fJouths of ihe. , 
 (Fr.)r. 
 
 Rhone, Mouths of Uie, , 
 (Fr.) dep. i 
 Ria Arosa, (Pen.) 
 Ria Retanzes, (Pen.) 
 Ria Miiros y Nova, (Pen.) 
 Ria Vigo, (Peu.) 
 Riace, (It.) 
 Uiano, (It.) 
 Riazan, (R.) 
 Ribadavia, (Pen.) 
 Rihadeo, (Pen.) 
 Ribas, (Pen.) 
 Ribay, Is, (Fr.) 
 Ribe, (Den.) 
 Rihecourt, (Fr.) 
 Ribera, (It.) 
 Ribnilz, (Ger.) 
 Richeiieu, (Can.) 
 Ricbtenberg, (Pnis.) 
 Richtensweiler, (Switz.) 
 Ricote, (Pen.) 
 Rideau, (Can.) /. 
 Rieso, rPen.) 
 Kiel, (Xeth.) 
 Riera, (Mex.) 
 Riesengebirge, (Austr.) 
 Rieti, (It.) 
 Rieii|)evrou.\, (Fr.) 
 Riga, (R.) 
 Risliibera, (Switz.) 
 Rill !, (Fr.) r. 
 Rilvas, (Pen.) 
 Rinia Stombatls, (Austr.) 
 Rimini, (It.) 
 Rirn:)iiski, (Can.) 
 Riniouski, (Can.) 
 Riniout, (Fr.) 
 Rinip i, (Ger.) 
 Rinaldo, (It.) ist. 
 Rinuerliriick, (Neth.) 
 Rinskjoebing Fjord, (Den.) 
 Rincoes, (U. S.) 
 Rinpsager, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ringvahlsoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Rinne, (iN'etli.) 
 Rinsiiniageest, (Neth.) 
 Uio Grande do Norte, (Braz.) 
 Rio Janeiro, (Braz.) 
 Rio .\egro, (Braz.) 
 Rio Tigre, (.Mex.) 
 Hiocabado, (Pen.) 
 Riocorlin, (Pen.) 
 Rioja, (Pen. & S. Am.) 
 Rinlobos, (Pen.) 
 Rioni, (R.) r. 
 Riposto, (It.) 
 Risliniie, (Den.) 
 Ritzebnttel, (Ger.) 
 Riv.i, (It.) 
 Rivalgo, (It.) 
 Riviere a Jacques, (U. S.) 
 Rivoli, (It.) 
 Uiianoke, (U. S.) 
 Robbe Sand, (Neth.) 
 Kobechics, (Neth.) 
 Robigr-n, (Switz.) 
 Robillante, (It.) 
 Rohlnda, (Pen.) 
 Roc SI. .\ndro, Ic, (Fr.) 
 Rocn, (Pen.) c. 
 Rocn, la, (Pen.) 
 Rocca Conimdo, (It.) 
 Korea Inip"riale, (It.) 
 Uucra I'artida, (.Mex.) ial. 
 Roccella, (It.) 
 Roche, la, (Fr. .\eih.) 
 Rorlicrhoiiart, (Fr.) 
 Rochefort, (Fr. & Neth.) 
 Riiclieroiicaiili, (.Switz.) I. 
 Ri.chelle, la, (Fr.) 
 Rocheinaiire, (Fr.) 
 Rochetln, la, (It.) 
 Kockawav, (l). S.) 
 Kockbridi.'.-, (U. t^.) 
 RiK'kenhaiii'en, (Ger.) 
 Roda, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 rhtc'fdl 
 
 rVnou 
 
 rlne 
 
 rVnek 
 
 rtne'fiUdin 
 
 Ttiu'tdle 
 
 rinc'vdlt 
 
 rang 
 
 rang 
 
 rlna 
 
 nne 
 
 I rlne 
 
 I rddcs 
 rone 
 I r5ne 
 
 j rdne 
 
 ri'a d-ro'sa 
 
 r'i'a re-tdn'lhos 
 
 ri'a mQQ'ros 'i nd'ya 
 
 r'i'a v'i'go 
 
 ri-it'tehi 
 
 ri-a'no' 
 
 r'i-d'iSH 
 
 r'i-bd'dd-oVa 
 
 ri-bd-de'o 
 
 r'i'bds 
 
 li ri-ba' 
 
 r'i'be 
 
 Tibe-liQip^ 
 
 r'i-be'ra 
 
 ri.p'nits 
 
 r'i-shi-liA' 
 
 riih'ten-berS- 
 
 riWtens-vVlir 
 
 r'i-kO'te 
 
 ri'dS' ' 
 
 ri-e'go 
 
 rile 
 
 r'i-e'ra 
 
 ri'ien-ge-bir'a-^ 
 
 ri-e'ti 
 
 riA-pB-rt>f' 
 
 r'i'ga or r^'ga 
 
 Ti'g'i-ber§ 
 
 rile 
 
 ril'vUs 
 
 r'i'ma stSm'biiU 
 
 r'i'm'i-n'i 
 
 ri^lQCts'k'i 
 
 T'i-ntQQs' k'i 
 
 r'i-mQQ' 
 
 rim'pa 
 
 ri-ndl'Jo 
 
 ring' er-brtih 
 
 ring'kiA-bingh f iOrd 
 
 rin' giies 
 
 rings'd-ger 
 
 ring'vdtds-A 
 
 rin'ne 
 
 rin' .^Qiyind-g&ste' 
 
 r'i'o grdn'd^ Ud nor'ts 
 
 r'i'o Zhd-nVro 
 
 r'i'o ne'gro 
 
 r'i'o t'i'gre 
 
 ri'5-kd'bd'do 
 
 r'i'd-kor'bo 
 
 r'i-5'iha 
 
 fi'S-lu'bos 
 
 ri-5'n'i 
 
 r'i-pSs'to 
 
 ris'Ung-e 
 
 rit'se-bSl'til 
 
 r'i'va 
 
 r'i-r'dl'go 
 
 ri-vi-M 'd jak 
 
 ri'vi-ti 
 
 rS'nOke 
 
 rob' be sdnd 
 
 ribe sh'i' 
 
 rO'b'i-gen 
 
 rS-b'il-ldn'le 
 
 ro-bh'da 
 
 lii rOk sang dng-drS' 
 
 ra'kii 
 
 Id rS'ka 
 
 rUk'ka kSn-trS'do 
 
 rOk'ka 'im-pi-r'i-d'l^ 
 
 rOk'ka pdr-t'i'da 
 
 rbt-tehrVla 
 
 Id rBihc 
 
 rO.sh^-nhQn-dre' 
 
 rBihe-fure' ■ 
 
 rBahc-ftfif-ko' 
 
 Id rB-.ikfl' 
 
 rOnfte-mdre* 
 
 Id rt-kH'ta 
 
 rol;' a-ipay 
 
 rgk'bridge 
 
 rnk'ken-km'iin 
 
 rl'da 
 
 Rodome, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Roekel, (Neth.) 
 Roer, (Neth.) r. 
 Roeskilde, (Den.) 
 Rogaguala, (S. Am.) U 
 RogL'enberg, (Swilz.) 
 Roggeveld, .Agter, (Af.) 
 Roggeveld, Bergen, (Af.) 
 Roggeveld, Karro, (.\r) 
 Roggeveld, Klein, (.\f.) 
 Roggeveld, Middel, (Af.) 
 Rogliano, (It.) 
 Rohan, (Fr.) 
 Rohilcund, (Ind.) 
 Rohrbach, (Switz.) 
 Rohrlirunn, (Ger.) 
 Kokitza:i, (Austr.) 
 Rokko Point, (It.) 
 Rolde, (Neth.) 
 Rolduc, (Neth.) 
 ,Bolgesbuttel, ('Ger.) 
 Rolle, (Switz.) 
 Rom, (Den.) isl. 
 Roma, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Roma, or Rome, (It.) 
 Romagna, (It.) 
 Romagnano, (It.) 
 Romala, (Tur.) 
 Romamniotiers, (Switz.) 
 Romanel, (Switz.) 
 Romanov, (R.) 
 Romanova, (R.) 
 Romans, (Fr.) 
 Rome, or Roma, (It.) 
 Romishorn, (Switz.) 
 Roniont, (Switz.) 
 Romorantin, (Fr.) 
 Romos, (Switz.) 
 Romsdal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ronbo, (R.) /. 
 Roncas, (Pen.) 
 Roncesvalles, (Pen.) 
 Ronciglione, (It.) 
 Ronco, (It.) 
 Roncq, (Fr.) 
 Ronda, (Pen.) 
 Rondout, (U. S.) 
 Ronkebye, (Den.) 
 Ronne, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ronneliy, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ronquillo, el, (Pen.) 
 Roode Kruis, (Neth.) 
 Roon, (Neth.) 
 Ropezyce, (Austr.) 
 Roquefort, (Fr.) 
 Roquetas, (Pen.) 
 Roqnevaire, (Fr.) 
 Roeraas, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Rosa de Castilla, (Wei.) 
 Rosa, (It.) isl. 
 Rosa Monte, (It.) 
 Rosario, (It.) 
 Rosario, el, (Me.x.) 
 Rosario, (Mex.) r. 
 Rosart, (Neth.) 
 Rosas, (Pen.) g. 
 Roscommon, (Ir.) co. 
 Rosenau, (.\ustr.) 
 Rosenberg, (.\ustr. Prus. 
 
 Ger.) 
 Uosenburg, (Prus.) 
 Rosendal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Rosenheim, (Ger.) 
 Rosenholm, (Den.) 
 Rosetta, (Eg.) 
 Rcisi, (It.) mL 
 Rosignol, (Can.) L 
 Rosla, (Ger.) r. 
 Rossa, (Switz.) 
 Kossano, (It.) 
 Rossbach, (Prus.) 
 Rossignol, (Neth.) 
 Rossiniire, (Switz.) 
 Ross (shire,) and Cromarty, 
 
 (Scot.) 
 Rostock, (Ger.) 
 Rota, (Pen.) 
 Hotels, (Switz.) 
 Roth, (Ger. Switz.) 
 Rothaus, (Ger.) 
 Rothenbach, (Ger.) 
 Rothenberg, (Prus.) 
 Rothenbrunn, (Switz.) 
 Rothenbnrg, (Ger.) 
 Rdlhenihurm, (Switz.) 
 Rolondo, (It.) 
 Rotondo, (II.) ml. 
 Riitterdam, (Neth.) 
 Rottum, (Neth.) 
 Kouen, (Fr.) 
 Rouge, (Fr.) 
 Rouilliac, (Fr.) 
 RoulanH, (Fr.) 
 Rousillon, (Fr.) 
 
 rdk'kH 
 rgor 
 
 rd's'kil-de 
 
 rS'gd-gQq-'d'la 
 
 rog' gen-ber^ 
 
 dc/t'ter rog' ge-ftW 
 
 ber'gin rov' ge-fiW 
 
 kdr'ro rqg'gt-frW 
 
 kltne rogige-feW 
 
 viid'dH rog' ge-feW 
 
 rdl-yd'no 
 
 rS-dng' 
 
 r5-h!l-kund' 
 
 Tore'bdlh. 
 
 rOre'brqqn 
 
 ro'kit-sdn' 
 
 rok'lo 
 
 rgl'de 
 
 role-duk' 
 
 rgl'gtsse-biit'tH 
 
 rol'le 
 
 rome 
 
 rd'ma 
 
 ro'ma 
 
 ro-m'dn'ya 
 
 rd-mdn-y'd'no 
 
 ro~md'Ia 
 
 ro-mdm-mo-ti'Sl 
 
 rd^d-nH' 
 
 ro-md'nov 
 
 rd^td-no'va 
 
 ro-mdng 
 
 rome 
 
 rB'mis-home' 
 
 rd^tBng' 
 
 rB-mB-rdng-ldng' 
 
 rB'mos 
 
 rqms'ddle 
 
 rgn'bo 
 
 rdn'kds 
 
 rBn'tJiesse-r'dl'yesse 
 
 rdn-Uh'it^B'ne 
 
 rdn'ko 
 
 rongk 
 
 rBn'da 
 
 ron-douV 
 
 rqnk'e-bii 
 
 ron'ne 
 
 ron'ne-hii 
 
 el rBn-k'il'yo 
 
 ro'de krois 
 
 rone 
 
 ro'pe-sh'i'ts^ 
 
 rBk-fSre' 
 
 ro-ke'tds 
 
 rBke-vdre' 
 
 rt^r'Bs 
 
 rS'sa de kd-sfil'ya or k'd- 
 
 rB'za \_sfi'ya 
 
 rd'za mBn'te 
 
 r6-zd'r'i-o 
 
 el rG-sd'r'i-o 
 
 rB-s'd'r'i-o 
 
 rB-zdre* 
 
 rB'sds 
 
 ros'kom-mon 
 rB'ie-nou 
 
 ' rB'zen-ber§ 
 
 ro'zen-b<;(jr^ 
 
 rB'zen-ddle^ 
 
 rB'ien-hime^ 
 
 rB'zen-holm' 
 
 rB-sH'ta 
 
 rB'z'i 
 
 vB-z'in-yBV 
 
 rqs'la 
 
 rBs'sa 
 
 vBs-s'd'no 
 
 ros'bdlh 
 
 rBs-sin-yBl' 
 
 rds-s'i-ni-ire' 
 
 krom'ar~ty 
 
 ro.i'lok 
 rS'la 
 rB'tels 
 rote 
 
 rBte'hous 
 
 rO' ti-n-h'dih 
 
 rO'trn-ber^ 
 
 rB'ih}-brQQn' 
 
 rB'ten-b^t^^ 
 
 rB't^n-tf>Qrm' 
 
 rB-tdn'do 
 
 rO-tBn'do 
 
 rqt'ler-ddmf 
 
 rgt'tQQta 
 
 rw-dng' 
 
 rwxe 
 
 r^gl-ydk or rQ^'i-ydk' 
 rgQ-ldng 
 
 rifg-iit- (-iV-) yBng' 
 
 Rousses, les, (Fr.) 
 Rouville, (Can.) 
 Rovauemi, (R.) 
 Hoveen, (Neth.) 
 Roverbella, (It.) 
 Roveredo, (.Austr. Switz., 
 Rovigno, (Austr.) 
 Rovigo, (It.) 
 Roville, (Fr.) 
 Roxburgh, (Scot.) co. 
 Roxen, (Pen.) I. 
 Roxo, (.Mex.) c 
 Rova, (It.) r. 
 R;)'ve, (Fr.) 
 Rozaiis, (Fr.) 
 Rozas, las, (Pen.) 
 Rozendaal, (Neth.) 
 Rozuelo, (Pen.) 
 Rubano, (Psii.) 
 Rubcnstein, (Prus.) 
 Rubielos. (Pen.) 
 Rubiera,'(lt.) 
 Rucello, (It.) 
 Rucine, (It.) 
 Ruckv, (.Austr.) 
 Rudkjobing, (Den.) 
 Rudolstadt, (Ger.) 
 Rueda, (Pen.) 
 Rueda de I'.Amirante, (Pen 
 Ruegno, fit.) 
 Ruelle, (Fr.) * 
 Ruexas, Ca.sto de, (Pen.) 
 Rugen, (Prus.) isl. 
 Rugenwakle, (Prus.) 
 Ruggisberg, (Switz.) 
 Rugiero, (It.) 
 Ruiir, (Ger.) r. 
 Ruiiwardeii, (Ger.) 
 Ruighuizum, (Neth.) 
 Ruinas, (.Me.x.) 
 Ruinerwold, fNeth.) 
 Rum. (.Austr.) 
 Runia, (Austr.) 
 Rumberg, (.Austr.) 
 Runiilla, (Tur.) 
 Rumiij n, (Switz.) 
 Rummei^burg, (Prus.) 
 Runafer, (K.) 
 Runen, (Neth.) 
 Ruoti, (It.) 
 Rupelmonde, (Neth.) 
 Rusi, (.Austr.) 
 Russ, (Prus.) 
 Russ, (Prus.) r." 
 Russia, Asiatic 
 Russia, European 
 Russian Territory, (N. Am. 
 Russoczyn, (Prus.) 
 Russweiler, (Switz.) 
 Ruti, (Switz.) 
 Rutli, or Grutli, (Switz.) 
 Ruvis, (Switz.) 
 Ruvo, (It.) 
 Ruysselede, (Neth.) 
 Rykevorsel, (.Neth.) 
 Rynarzewo, (Prus.) 
 Rys, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Rysbergen, (Neth.) 
 Ryssen, (Neth.) 
 Ryswyk, (Neth.) 
 
 le rws 
 r^Q-vilc' 
 ru-od-ne'm'i 
 r5 vSnc' 
 rB-vir-bH'ln 
 rd-ve-re'do 
 ro-v'in'yo 
 rB-vt'go 
 ro-v'ile' 
 Toz'burah 
 rglli^M 
 rd'lfio 
 rd'ya 
 rwd 
 
 TO-z'dng' 
 Ids rb'th'ds 
 r3-zen~ddle' 
 rB-thQQ-e'lo 
 r^^bd'no 
 rqif'brn-stjne' 
 rQQ-b'i-e'los 
 r^'^bi-e'ra 
 rQQ~tchrl'lo 
 rQQ-tch'i'ne 
 rtjck'k'i 
 
 rtld'ki^'bingh 
 rQQ' dnls-sidl 
 rQQ-e'da 
 .) r^Q-e'da de Id m'i-rdn'tg 
 
 rf}Q-rn'yo 
 ru-&lc' 
 
 kds'to de rQQ-e'Zhda 
 rii'gr'n 
 rd'gen-v'dl'de 
 rf<!g'gis-ber§ 
 r<fQ-ji-e'ro 
 
 rgg'tdr-den 
 roi^'fioi'zggm 
 rgg-'i'nds 
 rui'ner-vold' 
 rggm 
 rgg'ma 
 rggm'ber^ 
 rgg-tn'il'la 
 rggrn'ii-gen 
 rggm' tnr'U-bggr^ 
 rgg-nd'ver 
 rgg'ntn 
 rgg-5'l'i 
 rgg'pel-mgn'de 
 rgg'zi 
 rggs 
 rggs 
 
 rggs'sh'ia or rus'sh'ia 
 rgQs'shia or rn^'sh'ia 
 ) rggs'sh'iau or rus'sh'ian 
 rgQs-sgtck-'ine' 
 rggs'vi'ler 
 rgg't'i 
 rilt'ti 
 rgg'vis 
 rgg'vo 
 
 rois'sel-le'd^ 
 ri'ke-fBr'sH 
 r'i' ndr-z^'vo 
 rus 
 
 rts'ber'gen 
 rls'sen 
 rU'vlke 
 
 s. 
 
 Saaksumhuise.n, (Neth.) 
 Saal, (Ger.) r. 
 Saala, (Ger.) r. 
 Saalburg, (Ger.) 
 Saale, f Prus.) r. 
 S-ialfeld, (Prus. Ger.) 
 Saane, or Sarine, (Switz.) r. 
 Saancn, (Switz.) 
 Saarbruck, (Ger.) 
 Saarburg, (Ger.) 
 Saariarvi, (R.) 
 S.aarlouis, (Ger.) 
 Saas, (Switz.) 
 Sabana, (S. .Am.) 
 Sabanoui, (Mex.) 
 Sabbianetta, (It.) 
 S.abine, (Mex.) (. & r. 
 Sabioncella, (.Austr.) 
 Saliium, (It.) 
 Sable, (Fr.) 
 Sables d'Olonne, (Fr.) 
 Sabroso, (Pen.) 
 Sacandnga, (U. S.) 
 Sucarapp.i, (ll. S.) 
 Sacntecolucu, (Mex.) 
 Sncco, (It.) 
 Sacco, (It.) r. 
 
 s'ake'sggm-hoi'ihi 
 
 Idle 
 
 id'/ii 
 
 idle'bggr^ 
 
 id'le 
 
 zd'e'felt 
 
 zd'ns 
 
 zd'nen 
 
 zdre'bruk 
 
 xdre'bggr^ 
 
 sd-r'i-dr'v'i 
 
 sdre-tg^'t' 
 
 ids 
 
 sd-bd' (-vd') ua 
 
 sd-bdn~k^g-'{' 
 
 sdbbi-d-nel'ta 
 
 fd bi'ne, Eng. sa-i'iiu' 
 
 sd-b'i-Bn-tchel'la 
 
 sa'b'i-g^m 
 
 sdid 
 
 sabl dS-lBne' 
 
 sd-brb'fo 
 
 sdkai-dd' ga 
 
 sd-kd-rdp'pa 
 
 sd-kd'tc-kB Igf'ko 
 
 sdk'ko 
 
 sdk'ko 
 
 Fau,far,f(tU,v>hql, bdl. — Mile, prey, kelp, thtre.liifr. — nne,mar'ine, bird, fig. — MZte, dSve, milve,viflf,bfQk, iQri.— TSlae, bull, tfnite, — Fr. longo&e; Fr. short bSL — 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Sarconex, (Swiiz.) 
 
 Saccilou, (Pen.) 
 
 Racer, (It.) 
 
 Saceniela, (Pen.) 
 
 Snclisen, or Sa.xony, (Ger. j 
 
 Prus.) 1 
 Saclisen-.Mtcnburg, (Ger.) 
 Saclisen-Cuburg-Gollia, i 
 
 (Ger.) I 
 Sacliscnhnusen, (Ger.) 
 Sachsen-Meiningen, (Ger.) 
 S.iclisen-VVeinmr, (Ger.) 
 Sacile, (It.) 
 Saco, (tJ. S.) 
 Sacramento, (Mox.) 
 Sado, (Pen.) r. 
 Sadogura, (Auslr.) 
 Saeby, (Den.) 
 Sacn|;erliausen, (Prus.) 
 Safi, (It.) 
 Saglialicn, (As.) 
 Saginaw, (0. S.) 
 Sagone, (It.) g. 
 Sagra, (Pen.) mt. 
 Sagnenay, (Can.) 
 Saguntum, (Pen.) 
 Saguria, (An.str.) 
 Sahara, (Af.) 
 Salil, (Den.) 
 Said, (Eg.) 
 Saignes, (Fr.) 
 Saillon, (Switz.) 
 Sailly de la Soinnie, (Fr.) 
 St. Afriqne, (I'Y.) 
 St. Agreve, (Fr.) 
 St. Alberto, (It.) 
 St. .^lessio, (It.) 
 St. Amand, (Fr.) 
 St. Anians, (Fr.) 
 St. Ainantes, (Neth.) 
 St. Anibroi.\, (Fr.) 
 St. Amour, (Fr.) 
 St. Ana, (Mex.) 
 St. Andeul, le liourg, (Fr.) 
 St. Andiol, (Fr.) 
 St. Andr6, (Fr.) 
 St. Andrea, (lu) c. & id. 
 St. Aiigelo, (It.) 
 St. Antioco, (It.) Ul. 
 St. Antonio, (Mex. Pen.) 
 St. Antonio de la Huerta, i 
 
 (Mex.), ! 
 St. Antonio, (Mex.) r. 
 St. Antoniu.s, (Neth.) 
 St. Arriould, (Fr.) 
 St. Aubin, (Fr. & Switz.) 
 St. Aurica, (It.) r. 
 St. Avertin, (Fr.) 
 St. Avit, (Fr.) 
 St. Avoid, (Fr.) 
 St Barbara, (Pen. Mex.) 
 St, Bartoloine, (Pen.) 
 St. Hartolomeo, (It.) 
 St. Benedetto, (II.) 
 St. Hcnedicto, (Mex.) 
 St. Bencvento, (lu) 
 St. Benin, (Fr.) 
 St. Benito, (.Mex.) is\. 
 St. Bernard, (It. Switz.) m(. 
 St. Bern.irdo, (Mex.) b. 
 St. Ulain, (Fr.) 
 St. Blaise, (Switz.) 
 St. Bla.s, (Mex.) p^ 
 St. Blasien, (Ger.) 
 St. Braix, (Switz.) 
 St. Branchier, (Switz.) 
 St. Bras, (Pen.) 
 St. Braz, (Pen.) 
 St. Brice, (Fr.) 
 St. Brieuc, (Fr.) h. 
 St. Bris, (Fr.) 
 St. Buenaventura, (Mex.) 
 St. Calais, (Fr.) 
 St. Canat, (Fr.) 
 St. Carlos, (.Mex.) 
 St. Carlos del Monterrey, , 
 
 (.Mex.) 
 St. Catalina, (Mex.) is/. 
 St. Calharina, (Braz.) 
 St. Catharine, (S. Am.) 
 St. Celoui, (Pen.) 
 St. Chamand, (Fr.) 
 St. Chamond, (Fr.) 
 St. Chinian, (Fr.) 
 St. Clair, (Fr.) 
 St. Clemens, (Den.) 
 St. Clemcnte, f.Mex.) isl. 
 St, CIcuiente Volcano, (S. 
 
 Am.) 
 St. Cloud, (Fr.) 
 et. Coloma, (Pen.) 
 St. Ciilombe, (Fr.) 
 SL Croce, (It.) 
 St, Croix, (Switz.) 
 
 sd-llif-ilSn' 
 
 sd-tcher' 
 
 sd-ther'nt-la 
 
 tdli'sm, siz'o-ny 
 
 z'dk'sen dl'tiii bQgr^ 
 
 iWi'sin Ui'bqijT^ gS'ta 
 
 idk'ien-hou'iin 
 z'dJi'shi viVning-en 
 itik' sen-vV mdr 
 sd'chi-l^ 
 aif'ko 
 
 sd-Urd-mhi'to 
 sd'tio 
 
 sd-ilH-gtjtj'ra 
 sH'bii 
 
 idii^'er-hou'iin 
 sd'fi 
 
 sag-ka'ii-en 
 
 sAg'i-naw 
 
 sd-gH'nf 
 
 sd'gra 
 
 sdg-nB' 
 
 sd-g^fn't^Qm 
 
 sd-gQ</'fi-a 
 
 sa hd'ra 
 
 Idle 
 
 sa-'id' 
 
 sany' 
 
 sdl^jOng' or sd'i-ijSug' 
 
 sdl-yi (itfi-i/Y) di Id sBme' 
 
 ^dng td-ffike' 
 
 sang td-gr6ve' 
 
 fdn dl-ber'to 
 
 sdit d-les'si-o 
 
 sang td-mdiig^ 
 
 sang td-mdng' 
 
 sang td-mdngV 
 
 sang tdng-brwd' 
 
 sdng td-mt^qr' 
 
 sdn'ta d'na 
 
 sang tdng-de-5l€' bgqr 
 
 sang tdng-di'dW 
 
 sang tdng-dre' 
 
 sdn dn-dre'a 
 
 sdn dn'}fi-lo 
 
 sdn dn-U-5'ko 
 
 sdn dn-tS'ni-o 
 
 sdn dn-lO'n'i-e de Id f p- 
 
 sdn dn-t^'n'i-o 
 zdiikt dn-td'»'i-qqs 
 Sling tfir-nqi)' 
 sang t^-bnng' 
 sdn on'r'i-ka 
 sang td-vir-tdng* 
 sang td-v'i' 
 sang td'Vo' 
 sdn bdr-bd'ra 
 sdn bdr-td't5-me' 
 sdn bdr-tO-ld-me'o 
 sdn be'ne-dft'to 
 sdn be-ne~d'ik'to 
 sdn be-ne-vin'to 
 sdng be-ndng' 
 sdn be-n'i'to 
 sdng ber-ndre' 
 sdn ber-ndr'do 
 sdng bldng 
 sdng bt&ze 
 sdn bids 
 zdnkt bld'zi-ln 
 sdng brd 
 sdng brdng'Sh'i-e' 
 sdn brds v 
 sdn brdfJi 
 sdng br'is^e 
 sdng br'i-^' 
 sdng br'i 
 
 sdn b^Qe-nd-ven-tQg'ra 
 sdng kd-la' 
 sdng kd-na' 
 sdn kdr'hs 
 
 sdn kdr'tos del mUnAir- 
 rV 
 
 sdn kd-t'drVi'nn 
 sdn kd-td-fihia 
 sdn kdrtd-r'i'ne 
 sdn tJie-lO'n'i 
 sdng shd-7ndng' 
 sdng shd-mOng' 
 sdng shi-n'i-dng* 
 sdng kl&re 
 idnkt kle'mens 
 sdn kle-men'ti 
 
 sdn kle-men'te vSUtd'no 
 
 sdng klqQ 
 
 sdn ki-lS'jna 
 
 sdng kO-IOngb' 
 
 sdn krO'che 
 
 sdng krwd 
 
 St. Cruz, (Pen. Mex. S. Am.) 
 St. Dalniazii (It.) 
 St. Dalruazzio, (It.) 
 St. Denis, (Fr. Switz.) 
 St. Didier, (Fr.) 
 St. Diego, (.Mex.) 
 St. Dizier, (Fr.) 
 St. Domiauo 
 
 St. Domingo, (Braz. Mex. ) 
 
 S. Am.) j 
 St. Domingo de la Calzado, j 
 
 (Pen.) 
 
 St. Domingo, or Ilayti, (VV. ) 
 
 Ind.) j 
 St. Doi)|jno, (It.) 
 St. Dunha, (It.) 
 .^t. Eleazorio, (.Mex.) 
 St. Elena, (I'tn. S. Am.) 
 St. Elisabetta, (It.) 
 St. Endre, (Austr.) 
 St. Erga, (It.) 
 St. Esprit, Pont, (Fr.) 
 St. Etienne, (Fr.) 
 St. Eulnlii', (Pen.) 
 St. Eustatius, (VV. Ind.) i.tl. 
 St. F6, (S. Am.) 
 St. Felices cl Chico, (Pen.) 
 St. Felipe, f.Mex.) 
 St. Fcrnanao, (Mex. Pen.) 
 St. Fernando, silver mines, / 
 
 (S. Am.) i 
 St. Fioreuza, (It.) 
 St. Florent, (Fr.) 
 St. Florentin, (Fr.) 
 St. Flour, (Fr.) 
 St. Fons, (Fr.) 
 St. Francisco, (Mex.) 
 St. Francisco, (Mex.) r. 
 SL Francisco de la Silla, ) 
 
 (Mex.) ! 
 St, Francisco Xavier, j 
 
 (Mex.) i 
 Si. Francoi.s, (Can.) 
 St. Gabriel, (Mex.) 
 St. Gallen, (Switz.) 
 St. Gauriens, (Fr.) 
 St. G.auitier, (Fr.) 
 St. (^nevieve, (Fr.) 
 St. Genis, (Fr.) 
 St. George, (S. Am.) 
 St. Georges, (Fr.) 
 St. Gerand, (Fr.) 
 St. Gerard, (Fr.) 
 St. Gerniam, (Fr.) 
 St. Germain en Loziro, ) 
 
 (I'r-) i 
 St. Gerinam Lambron, j 
 
 St. Germain sur Seine, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Geronino, (Mex.) isi. 
 
 St. Giacomo, (Switz.) 
 
 St. Giles, (.Neth.) 
 
 St. Gilles, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Gioinfiore, (It.) 
 
 St. Giorgio, (It.) 
 
 St. Giovaui, (It.) 
 
 St. Giovanni, <It.) 
 
 St. (Jiovanni di Sallaro, (It.) 
 
 St. Giraldo, (Pen.) 
 
 St, Girons, 'Fr.) 
 
 .'^I. Giuliano, (It.) 
 
 St. Goar, (Ger.) 
 
 St. Gothard, (Switz.) mt. 
 
 St. (;uisto, (It.) 
 
 St. Gvargv, (.Austr.) 
 
 St. Ilcereiibrock, (Neth.) 
 
 St. Helena, (Af.) is!. 
 
 St. Helena 'I ounara, (It.) 
 
 St. Ilclene, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Helier, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Ilermite, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Ililaire, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Hubert, (Neth.) 
 
 St. Ilyacinthc, (Can.) 
 
 St. Ilypolite, (Fr.) 
 
 St. lago, (VV. Ind.) 
 
 St. Ignacio, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Inier, (Switz.) 
 
 St. Ines, ()Iex.) 
 
 .St. Jacob, (.\elh.) 
 
 St. Jacques, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Jean, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Jean d'.\ngelv, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Jean Dav, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Jean de Gard, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Jean Pied de Port, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Joaninho, (Pen.) 
 
 St. Joao, (Pen.) 
 
 St. Joao de Foz, (Pen.) 
 
 St. Jo.ao de Sines, (Pt'h.) 
 
 St. Joaquim, (.Mex.) 
 
 SL Johan, (Den. Austr.) 
 
 Sl Johann, (Auslr.) 
 
 SL Jooris VVeert, (Neth.) 
 
 sdn'ta krQQth 
 
 sdn'ta ddl-md'dzo 
 
 sdn'ta ddUmdi'z'i-c 
 
 sdng de-nV 
 
 sdng d'l-iti-e' 
 
 sdn di-e'go 
 
 sdng d'i-z'i~e' 
 
 sdn dO-m'i-d'no 
 
 sdn (sdng) dS-m'in'go 
 
 sdn d^-m'in'go de Id kdl- 
 thd'do 
 
 sdint dH-min' go^ hQ'ti 
 
 sdn dO-n'i'no 
 
 sdn'ta dOn'na 
 
 sdn e-le-d-tK3' (-.sS') r'i o 
 
 sdn e-Ie'na 
 
 sdn e-ft sd-bit'ta 
 
 sdn en'dre 
 
 sdnkt ir'ga 
 
 sdng t^ssc-pr'i' 
 
 sdng te-ti lne' 
 
 sdn'ta e-qo-ld'li-s 
 
 ^-st^l'slt^-tlS 
 
 sdn'ta /g 
 
 sdn fi^'tt'thesse il tch'i'ko 
 sdng fs-lipc' 
 sdn fir-ndn'do 
 
 sdn fir-ndn'do 
 
 sdn fi-d-rfn'dza 
 sung JlS-rdng' 
 sdng Jld-rdng-tdng' 
 sdng Jlqqr 
 sdng fOng 
 
 sdn frdn-tnts' (-sis') ko 
 sdn frdn-tKis' (-sis') ko 
 >dn frdn-tll is' (-sij.') ko 
 
 de Id stl'ya {s'i'ya) 
 sdn frdn-tliis' (sis') ko 
 
 Ikd-v'i-ir' 
 sdng frdng-swW 
 sdn gd'bri-H 
 idnkl gdl'len 
 sdng gS-ddng' 
 sdng gO-'i-ti-e' 
 sdng she-ne-v'i-Sve' 
 sdng ske~n i' 
 sdn lUe-Qr'ihe 
 sdng shurs/ie 
 sdng she-rdng 
 sdng she-rdre' 
 sdng shrr-mdng' 
 sdng sher-mdng' dng M- 
 
 zere' 
 
 sdng shrr-mdng' Idng- 
 brdng' 
 
 sdng shej^wdng' silr sQne 
 
 sdn lhe-r&-n'i' no 
 
 sdn ji-d-kB'mo 
 
 sdng gile 
 
 sdng gihj (gi-'i) 
 
 sdn jifj-'in'f 'i-O'rs 
 
 sdn jiOr'jio 
 
 sdn jiS-vd'n'i 
 
 sdn j'iO-vdn'n'i 
 
 sdn jH-rdn'ni di s'dl-ld'ro 
 
 sdn {h'i-rdl'do 
 
 sdng g'f-rdng' 
 
 sdn jiqq-l'i-d'no 
 
 zdnkt go'dr 
 
 zdnkt gnt'lidrt 
 
 sdn gwis'to 
 
 jdrj 
 
 zdnkt he'ren-broh' 
 
 sdn'ta e'le-na or hit-S'na 
 
 sdn'ta e'le-na tSn-nd'ra 
 
 sdng tf-lSnr.' 
 
 sdng te-ti-e' 
 
 sdng ter-m'ite' 
 
 sdng t'i-ldre' 
 
 sdng tn-ber' 
 
 sdng ti-d-snngt' 
 
 sdng t'i-pG-titc' 
 
 sdn ihd'go 
 
 sdn ig-nd'tn i- {-si-) o 
 
 sdng t'i-n'i-e' 
 
 sdn'ta 'i'nesse 
 
 zdnkt yd'knb 
 
 sdng shdk 
 
 sdng shdng 
 
 sdng skdng ddngsh-ti' 
 
 sdng skdng da ' 
 
 sdng shdng de gdr 
 
 sdng shdng p'ie dH pOre 
 
 sdn lh6-d-nin'o 
 
 sdn IhO-d'o 
 
 sdn IM-d'o de fdlTi 
 
 sdn Ihd-d'o de si'nesse 
 
 sdn IhO-d'kim 
 
 zdnkt y5-hdn' 
 
 zdnkt yS-hdn' 
 
 zdnkt yO'ris verte 
 
 SL Jorge, (Pen.) 
 St. Jorgo de OUucIio, (Mex.) 
 St. Jose, (.Mex.) 
 St. Joac de Pn inas, (Mex.) 
 St. Jo.se de Tanioalipan, \ 
 
 (Mex.) i 
 SL Josef, (.Mex.) 
 St. Jouan, (Fr.) 
 St. Jouin, (Fr.) 
 St. Juan, (.Mex.) 
 Sl. Juan Baptism, (Mex.) 
 St. Juan liaptisia, (.Mex.) mt. 
 Sl. Juan de Nicaragua, ) 
 
 (Mex.) i 
 Sl Juan de Ulna, (.Mex.) 
 .St. Juanico, (Mex.) isl. 
 SL Julias, (Pen.) Jl. 
 St. Julien, (J'r.) 
 St. Julien du Vuurvantcs, j 
 
 (!•>•) i 
 St. Julien lo Chap, (Fr.) 
 St. Just, (Fr.) 
 SL Justa, (It.) 
 St. Kirali, (.Austr.) 
 St. Konstantiniiv, (R.) 
 St. Lambert, (Fr.) 
 St. Larv, (Fr.) 
 SL Latiier, (Fr.) 
 St. Laurent, (Fr.) 
 St. Lazaro, (Mex.) e. 
 St. Leo, (IL) 
 
 St. Leonardo, (It. & Pen.) 
 St. Leonlinrd, (Switz.) 
 St. Leonovo, (U.) 
 St. Lo, (Fr.) 
 St. Lorenzo, (Mew) 
 St. Lorenzo, (IL) 
 St. Louis, (Fr. Af.) 
 SL Louis, (U. .S.) 
 .St. Lucar de Uarameda, ( 
 
 (Pen.) i 
 St. Lucar de Guadiana, ( 
 
 (Pen.) i 
 St. Lucar la Mayor, (Pen.) 
 St. Lucas, (Neth.) c. 
 St. Lucin, (.Mex.) 
 St. Lucida, (It.) 
 St. Luis, (.Mex.) 
 SL Luiz, (.Mex.) 
 St. Lussurgiu, (It.) 
 SL Maarten, (Neth.) 
 St. Maddalena, (It.) 
 Sl Maertens, (.\elh.) 
 SL r'agno, (It.) 
 St. M<k'o, (Fr.) 
 SL Marano, (It.l 
 SL Marc, (Fr. VV. Ind.) 
 St. Marco, (It.) 
 SL Marcos, (Pen.) 
 St. Margarida, (Pen.) 
 St. Margarita, (.Mex.) isl. 
 St. .Maria, (.Mex.) 
 St. Maria de la Cliarcas, ) 
 
 (Mex.) i 
 SL Maria del Oro, (^lex.) 
 Sl Maria di Lcuca, (iL) 
 SL Maria, (Switz.) 
 St. Maria Monte, (IL) 
 St. Marie, (Fr.) 
 St. .M.arino, (It.) 
 St. .Marten, (.■Vuslr.) 
 St. Martensdvk, (.N'etli.) 
 SL Martin, (Fr.) 
 SL Martin d'Estre.lux, (Fr.) 
 St. Martin de Montalban, 1 
 
 (Pen.) i 
 Sl Martin, (Austr. Switz.) 
 St. Mateo, (Pen.) 
 St. Matthieu, (Fr.) 
 St. Maurice, ((,'an.) 
 SL Maurice, (It.) 
 St. .Maurice, (Fr. Switz.) 
 SL Mauro, (It.) 
 Sl Maxencc, Font de, (Fr.) 
 St. Melain, (Fr.) 
 St. Merino, (It.) 
 SL Michel, (Fr.) 
 Sl Miguel, (Mex. Pen.) 
 St. .Migulita, (Mex.) 
 SL Miklos, (Austr.) 
 St. Moritz, (Switz.) 
 SL Nazaire, (Fr.) 
 SL Nicolo, (IL) 
 St. Nicolaia, (K.) 
 SL Oedenrode, (.Neth.) 
 St. Olava, (Pen.) 
 Sl Onier, (Fr.) 
 SL Oresle, (It.) 
 Sl. Pablo, (Pen. Mex.) 
 St. Palais, (Fr.) 
 Sl Pardoux, (Fr.) 
 St. Paul Cap de Joux, (Fr.) 
 Sl Paul de Fenouillet, j 
 
 (Fr.) i 
 
 adn ehQr'H^ 
 
 sdn fhOr'lh^ tie 0-ldn'tcho 
 sdn lh6'sf 
 
 sdn Ihd' prf'mHs 
 sdn IhQ'n^ td'mO-d-li- 
 
 pdn' 
 sdn ihU'sff 
 sdntr nhgQ-d/tfr' 
 adriff !th(fQ-dnir' 
 sdn lh<}(/-da' 
 sdn lh()tf-dn' bdp-t'i.i'ta 
 ^dn ?fiifQ-dn' bdp-ti.i'ta 
 sdn fAfl^-drt' n'i-kd rd'- 
 
 jTQfi a 
 
 sdn ih^Q-dn' de ^^'l^Q-a 
 
 sdn lh(}i>-d-nV ko 
 
 sdn ifiQ^'li-ds 
 
 sdng shit-i'idn^' 
 
 sdnfT sfiu--lidng' du v^qT' 
 
 vdnt^t' 
 sdnir shu'lidng' Id ahd 
 sdntr shujit 
 sdn'ta i^ns'ta 
 xdnkt ki'ra 
 
 zdnkt k6n-Kldn-ti'n6v' 
 
 sdnir Uin^-bfr' 
 
 snnaf Id-ri' 
 
 hdn'^ Itit-ti-i; 
 
 sdng l5-rdng' 
 
 sdn Id'tTid' {-ad-) 
 
 sda le'o 
 
 sdn It-H-ndr'do 
 
 zdnkt h'On-hdrt 
 
 zdnkt le-5-nG'vo 
 
 sdng to 
 
 sdn l6-rrn'tho (-so) 
 sdn lu-ren'dzo 
 sdng l^Q-'i' 
 sQutt Iqq'ui 
 
 sdn iQQ'kdr de h'd-r'd-m^*- 
 
 da 
 
 sdn iQQ'kdr de g^^'d^i' 
 d'ua 
 
 sdn !oQ'kfir Id md-yHr' 
 idnkt l<}(}'k<Li 
 sdn'ta l^'fi'tTti- {-si-) a 
 sdn'ta IqQ-ch'i'da 
 
 sdn tQQ'tS 
 
 siin iQ^'tt'i (-'is) 
 sdn fQ<^s-s(j{ir-jQg' 
 zdnkt mdrc'trn 
 sdn'ta mdd-tid-U'jta 
 zdnkt mare'triis 
 sdn'to mdn'tjo 
 sdng tnd'lo 
 sdn ind-ra'no 
 sdng mark 
 sdn nidr'ko 
 sdn mdr'kos 
 sdn'ta indr-gd^'i'da 
 sdn'ta mar-ird-ri'tii 
 sdn'ta md-r'i'a 
 sdn'ta nid-ri'a de Id cH'dr'' 
 kds 
 
 sdn'ta md-r'i'a dH 5'ro 
 
 san'ta md-r'i'a iCi /<-pp'Jfco 
 
 zdnkt md r'i'a 
 
 sdn'ta md-r'i'a tndn'tt 
 
 sdng vid-r'i' 
 
 sdn md-ri'no 
 
 zdnkt mdr'tf-iL 
 
 zankt mdr'tfns-dlke 
 
 sdn<r mdr-idng' 
 
 sdng mdr-tdnir' di*<.^e tre-d' 
 
 sdn mdr-t'in' de mUn-tcU- 
 
 bdn' 
 zdnkt mdr't'ine 
 sdn ind'tf'o 
 sdng mdt-t'i-^' 
 sdng m6-r'isse' 
 sdn mou'r'i-che 
 sdng mO-r'isse' 
 sdn mou'ro 
 
 fUng dt* sdng md-sdngs* 
 
 sdng me-idng' 
 
 sdn me-r'i'jio 
 
 sdng jn'i-jth^l' 
 
 sdn m'i'gf}<}-f} 
 
 sdn m'i-gQi^h'ta 
 
 zdnkt mi'klo.^ 
 
 zdnJit mO'rit^ 
 
 sdng nd-zdre' 
 
 sdn n'i'kO-lo 
 
 zdnkt ni-kG-ld'ya 
 
 zdnkt ^Q'den-rt'd^ 
 
 sdn'ta 0-id'ya 
 
 sdng 5-mfr' 
 
 sdn O-rfsse'ti 
 
 sdn pd'blo 
 
 sdng pd-ld' 
 
 sdng pdr-d^Q' 
 
 sdng pule kdp dd sh^^ 
 
 sdng pCle rfif /f-HOP'-yC 
 
 Fr. long ifii and short «i, nearly as in spur. — Final iy, French I mouUlc. — An"ger^ vi"eious. ^g^as in pleasure ; ^ and Ih RUttuml ; ny liquid ; tn as in pith. 
 
 170* 
 
 J J J J .1 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Sr. Paiirvel's Polder, (Neth.) 
 
 St. Pavo, (Pen.) 
 
 St. Pe, (Kr.) 
 
 St. Pedro, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Pedro, (Mex.) b. Sc. r. 
 
 St. Pere i Vy, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Peter, (Auslr.) . 
 
 St. Petersburg, (R.) j 
 
 St. Piero, (It.) 
 
 St. Pierre, (Can.) 
 
 St. Pierre de la Fage, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Pierre. (Switz. \V. Ind.) 
 
 St. Pol, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Pol de Leon, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Pourcain, (Fr.) 
 
 St. auirico, (It.) 
 
 St. Rafael, (Me.\.) 
 
 St. Rafael, (iMex.) r. 
 
 St. Remo, (It.) 
 
 St. Remy, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Remain, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Rome, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Rome de Cemon, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Rosa, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Rosa, (Mex.) isl. 
 
 St. Rosario, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Saha, (Me.x.) 
 
 St. Saba, (Mex.) is!. 
 
 St. Salvador, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Saphorin, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Sauveur, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Sebastian, (Pen. Mex.'' 
 
 St. Sebastiao, (Pen.) 
 
 St. Seine, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Sever, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Severina, (It.) 
 
 St. Silvestre, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Stefano, (It.) 
 
 St. Tiiiebault, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Tomas, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Tommaso, (It.) b. 
 
 St. Ursanne, (Switz.) 
 
 St. Vilier, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Veit, (Austr.) 
 
 St. Ver Tchirska 
 
 St. Vincent, (Australia, Fr.) 
 
 St. Vincente, (Mex.) 
 
 St. Vito, (It.) 
 
 St. Viviens, (Fr.) 
 
 St. Xavier del Bac, (Mex.) 
 
 .Saintes, (Fr.) 
 
 Saintong"', (Fr.) 
 
 Sajo St. Peter, (Austr.) 
 
 Sala, (It. Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Salama, (Mex.) 
 
 Salamanca, (Pen. Mex.) 
 
 Salamon, (Austr.) 
 
 Salandrella, (It.) 
 
 Salas, (Pen.) 
 
 Salbris, (Fr.) 
 
 Salerno, (It.) 
 
 Salerno, (It.) g. 
 
 Salicctto, (It.) 
 
 Salina, (It.) 
 
 Salinas, (Pen.) 
 
 Salinas de Oricliuela, (Pen.) 
 
 Salinello, (It.) r. 
 
 Salino, (It.) r. 
 
 Salo, (It.) 
 
 Sakibrena, (Pen.) 
 
 Salona, (Gr.) mt. 
 
 Salonica, (Tur.) 
 
 Salpi, (It.) 
 
 Sal[ii, (It.) I. 
 
 Salsadella, (Pen.) 
 
 Salso, (It.) r. 
 
 Salsola, (It.) r. 
 
 Salta, (S. Am.) 
 
 Saltilla, (Mex.) 
 
 Saltillo, (Mex.) 
 
 Saltino, (It.) 
 
 Salto Ganobo, (Pen.) 
 
 Saltza, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Saltzburc, (Austr. Ger.) 
 
 Saliizzo, (It.) 
 
 Saluz/.ola, (It.) 
 
 Salvador, (S. Am.) 
 
 Salvatcrra, (Pen.) 
 
 Salvatierra, (Pen.) 
 
 Sal/.a, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Salzwedel, (Prus.) 
 
 Samara, (R.) 
 
 Samara, (R.) r. 
 
 SamaranR, (East. Isl.) 
 
 Samarcand, f As.) 
 
 Samaria, (Pnl.) 
 
 SainaHsi, ( ft.) 
 
 Sambre, (Neth.) r. 
 
 Snmpnyo, (Pen.) 
 
 Samre, (Fr.) 
 
 Sam!«ie, (Den.) i*?. 
 
 Pan Monifirio, (It.) 
 
 San Hoy, (Pen.) 
 
 idiikt pour'vels pou'dcr 
 
 sail pd'ijo 
 
 saii>r pe 
 
 sail pt'iiro 
 
 s'dii pe'dro 
 
 sd ntr pere d v'i 
 
 zdnkt pt'ter 
 
 zdiikl {saint) pe'ters-bci^^ 
 
 or saint pS'iers~ber^ 
 silit p'i-e'ro 
 sang pi-erc' 
 sang pi-Ire' d'g Id fdge 
 sang p't~ire' 
 sang p&le 
 
 sang pole de le-Sng' 
 sang pQQr-sdng' 
 sail kw'i-r'i'ko 
 sdii rd'fd-H 
 sdn rd'fd-il 
 sdn re' mo 
 sang re-mi' 
 sang rd-mdng' 
 sang Tome 
 
 sang r5iiie dH ser-jiSng' 
 
 sdii'ta rd'sa 
 
 sdii'ta ro'sa 
 
 sdn ro-sd'r'i-o 
 
 sdn'ta sd'ha 
 
 sdn'ta sd'ha 
 
 sdn sdt-vd-dC>r' 
 
 sang sd-fU-rang' 
 
 sang su-v^r' 
 
 sdn se-bds-t'i-dn' 
 
 sdn se-bds-t'i-d' 
 
 sang sane 
 
 sang se-ver' 
 
 sdn'ta se-ve-r'i'na 
 
 sang s'il-vSstr' 
 
 sda ste-f d'no 
 
 sang ti-bo' 
 
 sdn to'mds 
 
 sdn toin-vid'so 
 
 sang tUr-sdne' 
 
 sting v'i-Vi-e' 
 
 zdnkt vite 
 
 vtr tch'irs'ka 
 
 sang vdng-sdng' 
 
 sdn v'in-theii' (-sen') te 
 
 sdn v'i'to 
 
 sang vi-v'i-dng' 
 
 sdn Ihd-v'i'tr dtl bdfc 
 
 sdngt 
 
 Sdng-t5ngsh' 
 
 sd'yo idiikt pe'ter 
 
 sd'la 
 
 sd-ld'mrL 
 
 s'd-ld-vidn'ka 
 
 zd'ld-mon 
 
 sd-ldn-driVla 
 
 sd'lds 
 
 sdl-brV 
 
 sdr-Ur'no 
 
 s'd-ler'no 
 
 sd-l'i-chH'to 
 
 sd-l'i'va 
 
 sd-l'i'nds 
 
 sd-li'nds rff d-r'i'ch^Q-e'la 
 
 sd-t'i-nH'io 
 
 sd-lt'no 
 
 sd'lo 
 
 s'dA6-bre'na 
 
 s'd-l5'na 
 
 sd-lc'n'i-ka 
 
 sdl'p'i 
 
 s'dl'p'i 
 
 sdl'sd-dH'ya 
 s'dl'so 
 sdl'sB-la 
 sdl'ta 
 
 sdl-tiVija or sdl-t'i'ija 
 
 sdl't'iJ'yo or sal-t'i'yo 
 
 sdl-t'i'no 
 
 sal'to gd-nS'bo 
 
 zdlt'sa 
 
 zdlts'b(!fr§ 
 
 sd-lQ<Tt.'zo 
 
 sd-l^ql'zd-la 
 
 sial-va-<l6re' 
 
 eiil'Vd-ter'ra 
 
 adl-vd-fi-ir'ra 
 
 liU'Ua 
 
 tUlt.'s' vt-dil 
 
 sd-md'ra 
 
 sd-ind'ra 
 
 adm-a^dng' 
 
 adin'ar-kdnd 
 
 sd-mQ'ri-a 
 
 s'drmds's'i 
 
 sitm'bre or adngbr 
 
 sdm-pd'yo 
 
 adngr 
 
 zdm'zf^ 
 
 sdn bb-n'i'fd'ch'io 
 sdn biii 
 
 .San Clernenti-, (Pen.) 
 San Ildefonso, (Pen.) 
 San Juan, (S. Am.) 
 San Luis, (S. Am.) 
 San Luis Potosi', (Mex.) 
 San, (Auslr.) r. 
 Saucerre, (Fr.) 
 Sanctispiritus, (Pen.) 
 Sandager, (Den.) ^ 
 Saiidersleben, (Den.) 
 Sandeweer, (Neth.) 
 Sandoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sandusky, (U. S.) 
 Sandwich, (Eng. Ac U. S.) 
 Sangamon, (U. S.) 
 Sangonera, (Pen.) r. 
 Sangro, (It.) 
 Sangro, (It.) r. 
 Sanguesa, (Pen.) 
 Sangulian, (Scot.) 
 Sanneo, (It.) 
 Sannikeda, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Saiisego, (Austr.) isl, 
 Sauta Ana, (Pen.) 
 Santa Cruz, (W. Ind.) mt. 
 Santa Fe, (Mex. S. Am. ) 
 
 Pen.) i 
 Santa Manza, (It.) 
 Santa Manza, (It.) g 
 Santa Rosa, (Alex.) isl. 
 Santander, (Ind. .Mex. Pen.) 
 Santarem, (Pen.) 
 Santerno, (It.) r. 
 Santhofen, (Ger.) 
 Santiago, (Pen. S. .\m. Mex.) 
 Santillana, (Mex.) 
 Santomera, (Pen.) 
 Santona, (Pen.) 
 Santos, los, (Pen.) 
 Saone, Upper, (Fr.) dep. 
 Saone and Loir, (Fr.) dep. 
 Saragosa, (Pen.) 
 Saranac, (U, S.) 
 Saransk, (U.) 
 Saratoga, (U. S.) 
 Saratov, (R.) 
 Sarcoxie, (U. S.) 
 Sardas, (Pen.) 
 Sardara, (It.) 
 Sardinia, (It.) isl 
 Sardis, (Tur.) 
 Sargans, (Switr.) 
 Sarinas, (.\ustr.) 
 Sarmatia 
 Sarnen, (Switz.) 
 Sarnen, (Switz.) I. 
 Sarno, Ot.) 
 Saros, (Tur.) g. 
 Sarrbourg, (Fr.) 
 Sarrebruck, (Fr.) 
 Sartlie, (Fr.) dep. &. r. 
 Sartilly, (Fr.) 
 Sassari, (It.) 
 Satara, (Ind.) 
 Satorallya Ujely, (Austr.) 
 Sau, or Save, (Austr.) r. 
 Saugatuc, (U. S.) 
 Saugerties, i U. S.) 
 Sauley, (Switz.) 
 Sau It de Nouailles, (Fr.) 
 Saut du Donbs, (Switz.) 
 S.autour, (Neth.) 
 Sauveterre, (Fr.) 
 Sauze, Ai, (Me.x.) 
 Savalletro, (It.) 
 Savanna de la Mar, I 
 
 [llayti,] (W. Ind.) ( 
 Savanna la Mar and liar- j 
 
 bor, (W . Ind.) ( 
 Savannah, (U. S.) 
 Save, or Sau, (.\ustr.) r. 
 Savena, (It.) 
 Saverne, (Fr.) 
 Savigne, (Fr.) 
 Savio, (it.) r, 
 Savona, (It.) 
 Saxkjobing, (Den.) 
 Saxony, or Sachsen, (Ger. ( 
 
 Prus.) i 
 Sayaniun, (Tur.) mr. 
 Scagliosa Monte, (It.) 
 Scala, (It.) 
 Scala, la, (It.) 
 Scalcsta, (Switz.) 
 Scanderoon, (As.) 
 Scantic, (U. S.) 
 Scardona, (Austr.) 
 Si bafThau^'en, (Swilz.) 
 SriKigliticokP, (IT. S.) 
 Srlirernda, (Neth.) 
 Srh-ldi', Kast, (Ni^tll.) 
 Schelde, West, or De Ilond, ) 
 
 (Neth.) i 
 Schel.lt, (NHh.) 
 
 sdn kle-iaeii'te 
 
 sdn 'it-de-fun'so 
 
 sdn ^.hnt^-dii' 
 
 sdn l^Q' isse 
 
 sdn l^Q''isse pS-tO's'i 
 
 idii 
 
 sdng-sSre' 
 
 sdnk-t'is-p'i'r'i-t^QS 
 
 zdnd'd-ger 
 
 zdn'ders-lS'ben 
 
 sdn'de-vehr 
 
 idn-ilA' 
 
 sdn-dus'ky 
 
 sdnd'wich or sdnd'idge 
 
 sdng'ga-mun 
 
 sdii-g5-ne'ra 
 
 sdn' gro 
 
 sdn'gro 
 
 sdn-ge'sa 
 
 sdnk'en 
 
 sdn'ne-o 
 
 zdiMi'i-ke'da 
 
 sdn-se' go 
 
 sdn'ta d'na 
 
 sdn'ta kr^Qth or kr^<)3 
 
 sdn'ta fe 
 
 sdn'ta mdn'dia 
 sdn'ta tndii'dza 
 sdn'ta rd'sa 
 sdn-tdii'd^r 
 sdn-td'rem 
 sdii-tir'no 
 zdnt'fiS-fin 
 sdit-t'i-d' go 
 
 sdii-t'il-yd'na or sdn-t'i- 
 
 sdn-l6-me'ra [yd'na 
 
 sdn-t5'na 
 
 los sdii'tos 
 
 s5ne 
 
 sone, hcdre 
 
 sd-rd-g5'sa 
 
 sdr'a-ndk 
 
 sd'rdiisk 
 
 sdr-a-tD'ga 
 
 sd-rd-tov' 
 
 sdr-knx'ie 
 
 sdr'dds 
 
 sdr-dd'ra 
 
 sdr-di'n'i-a 
 
 sdr'd'is 
 
 zdr'gdna 
 
 sdr'mds 
 
 sdr^mS'sh'i-a 
 
 zdr'nhi 
 
 zdr'nen 
 
 sdr'no 
 
 sd'ros 
 
 sdre-bi^^t 
 
 sdre-bruk' 
 
 sdrte 
 
 sdr-til-yV or sdr-t'i-yV 
 
 sds-sd'r'i 
 
 sd-td'ra 
 
 sd-tO^dl'ya (^(^^ely' 
 zou 
 
 sau' ga-tuk 
 
 sau'ger-tSSz 
 
 sd-ld' 
 
 sS dg nff-iSy' or nffd-'t 
 
 s5 du dQQbi 
 
 tS-tQfr' 
 
 s5ve-tlrc' 
 
 d''i sou'tUe (-se) 
 
 sd-vdl-le'tro 
 
 s'drv'dn'na d'i I'd mdr 
 
 sd-vdn'na Id mdr 
 
 sd-vdn'niilt 
 
 zd've 
 
 sd-ve'na 
 
 sd-v«rn' 
 
 sd-v'inyi 
 
 sd'v'i-o 
 
 sd-v6'na 
 
 sdks'ktiHi'bing 
 
 sdz'o-ny 
 
 sd-yd'men 
 
 skd.l-yd'sa mOn'li 
 
 ikd'la 
 
 Id skd'ta 
 
 skd-lrsfte'ta 
 
 skdn-der-Q^n' 
 
 skdn'tik 
 
 skdr-dO'na 
 
 sbdf-hou'zen 
 
 skdgh't'i-koke 
 
 sk^m'da 
 
 skH'dt 
 
 skH'dr, dl Mnd 
 skelt 
 
 Schenectady, (U. S.) 
 Scherziiigt'n, (Switz.) 
 Scheschuwa, (Prus.) r. 
 Sclieveningen, (N'elh.) 
 Schiedam, (Neth.) 
 Schierniunnik, (Neth.) isl. 
 Scliiu/.uarh, (Switz.) 
 Schiovonia, (It.) 
 Schiuschiu, (It.) mt. 
 Schlent, (Den.) 
 Schlent, (Den.) /. 
 Schlesien, or Silesia, 
 
 (Austr. Prus.) 
 Schleswig, or Sleswick, 
 
 (Den.) 
 Schlosser, (U. S.) 
 Schmallenburg, (Ger.) 
 Schnialkalden, (Ger.) 
 Schneeberg, (.-Vustr.) 
 Schodac, (U. S.) 
 Schoenberg, (.\ustr.) 
 Sclioenberg, (Prus.) 
 Schoeningen, (Ger.) 
 Schoftland, (Switz.) 
 Schoharie, (U. S.) 
 Sclioodic, (W. S.) 
 Schoolev, (U. S.) 
 Sclioolte, (Neth.) 
 Schouwen, (Neth.) 
 Schroon, (U. S.) 
 Scliubelbach, (Switz.) 
 Schuiienburg, (Neth.) 
 Schuyler, (U. S.) 
 Schuylkill, (U. S.) 
 Schwabach, (Ger.) 
 Scliwaben, or Suahia, (Ger. 
 Schwartzburg, (Ger.) 
 Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 
 Schwartzburg-Sondershau- 
 
 sen, (Ger.) 
 Schwarza, (Ger.) r. 
 Schwarzach, (Ger.) r. 
 Schwarzwald, (Ger.) 
 Scliwedt, (Prus.) 
 Schweidnitz, (Prus.) 
 Scliweiz, or Switzerland 
 Schwerin, (Ger.) 
 Schwiebas, (Prus.) 
 Schwyz, (Switz.) 
 Sciarra Point, (It.) 
 Scindia, (Ind.) 
 Scinosa, (It.) 
 Scio, (Gr.) 
 Scioto, (U. S.) 
 Scituate, (U. S.) 
 Selavonia, or Schlavonien, 
 
 (Auslr.) 
 Sconondoah, (U. S.) 
 Scorna, (Austr.) 
 Scotland 
 Sculetta, (It.) 
 Scutari, (Tur.) 
 Scylla, (It.) 
 Scythia 
 
 Seaconnet, (U. S.) 
 Sebasticook, (U. S.) 
 Sebec, (U. S.) 
 Seca, la, (Pen.) 
 Sedan, (Fr.) 
 Seedorf, (Switz. Ger.) 
 Seehausen, (Prus.) 
 Seekonk, (U. S.) 
 Segarra, la, (Pen.) 
 Segeberg, (Den.) 
 Segues Pass, (Switz.) 
 Sego, (R. . 
 
 Segovia, (Pen. Mex.) 
 Segre, (Pen.) r. 
 Segua, (Pen.) 
 Scgura, (Pen.) 
 Selimutler, (Ger.) r. 
 Seine, (Fr.) dep. 
 Seine, Lower, (Fr ) dep. 
 Seine and Marne, (Fr.) dep. 
 Seine and Oise, (Fr.) dep. 
 Seine, (Fr.)r. 
 Selaya, (Pen.) 
 Sele, (It.) r. 
 Selitska, (R.) 
 Si lkirk, (.Scot.) 
 Sella, (Pen.) c. 
 Selzach, (Switz.) 
 Semja, (K.) 
 Semlln, (Austr.) 
 Semmaria, (It.) 
 Sompacb, (Switz.) 
 Sempach, (Switz.) /. 
 Pemiir, (Fr.) 
 Seneca, (U. S.) 
 Senegal, (Af.) r. 
 Scnegambia, (Af.) 
 Senio, (It.) r. 
 Senlis, (Fr.) 
 
 sken-ek'ta-dy 
 
 sher't..iing-en 
 
 ske-sln^io'-va 
 
 ske've-uing-en 
 
 sk'i'ddin 
 
 sk'ire'm5n-n'ik 
 
 skints'ndlli 
 
 sk'i-6-v5'n'i-a 
 
 sk'i-^Qs-sk'i-^g' 
 
 sldent 
 
 shUnt 
 
 j shle'z'i-ea 
 
 I shle.i'vi§ 
 
 shlos'ser 
 
 shmdl'len-bQQr§ 
 
 shmdl-kdl'den 
 
 shne'ber^ 
 
 sk&'dak 
 
 sli^ne'ber^ 
 
 sh^ne'ber^ 
 
 sh^'ning^en 
 
 shqft'idnt 
 
 slib-kdr'ie 
 
 skotj'dik 
 
 skqq'ly 
 
 skQQl'te 
 
 skou'ven 
 
 skrQQn 
 
 shQQ'b^l-bd^k 
 
 skui'leu-b(^:Qr^ 
 
 skVUr 
 
 skWkil 
 
 shiDd'bdlh 
 ) shwd'ben^ s^<}d'b'i-a 
 
 skindrts'bi^Qrg 
 } shwdrts'b^^r^ r^Q'dOl- 
 i Stat 
 
 ) skwdrU'bQqr^ zdn'deri' 
 ) huu'zen 
 
 shwdrt'sa 
 
 shicdr'tsdlh 
 
 shwdrts'vdlt 
 
 sfiwedt 
 
 shwU'nits 
 
 shwltse 
 
 shwe-r'int' 
 
 shw'i'b'ds 
 
 shwits 
 
 sh'i-dr'ra 
 
 sh'in'di-a , 
 
 sht-nH'sa 
 
 s'i'o or sh'i'o 
 
 si-B'to 
 
 sit'ii-ate 
 I skld-K5'n'i-a, sldd-vS-n'i- 
 j en 
 
 sko-non'do-ah 
 
 skdr'na 
 
 skot'land 
 
 skqQ-lH'ta 
 
 skfjQ-td'ri 
 
 sh'il'la 
 
 sith't-a 
 
 se-kon'net 
 
 se-bds't'i-kQQk 
 
 se'bek 
 
 Id se'ka 
 
 se-it'diig' 
 
 ze'dorf 
 
 ze'hou-zen 
 
 see'konk 
 
 Id se-gdr'ra 
 
 z^'ge-bir^ 
 
 sdiiy 
 
 se'go 
 
 sr-gd'v'i-a 
 
 se'gre 
 
 se'gQQ-a 
 
 se-gQf'ra 
 
 zek'mQQt'Ur 
 
 sQne 
 
 sine 
 
 sdiic^ mdmc 
 sdiie^ icdse 
 sdnc 
 se-ld'ya 
 se'fe 
 
 sp-tils'ka 
 
 sH'kirk 
 
 sH'ya 
 
 zeV'tsdlh 
 
 sem'ja 
 
 zemtine' 
 
 sim-md'r'i-a 
 
 zfm'pdi'h 
 
 zMpdf.k 
 
 sf^-mdrc' 
 
 shi'e-kd 
 
 sen-e-gdV 
 
 aen-e-gdin ot-a 
 
 at'n'i-o 
 
 tdng-ti' 
 
 Fau,fdr,fyU,ii>h<it, biL — MlUfprey, help, Mre, hUr. — Pliu, marine, btrd,fi/r. — j\nu, dOve, mUve, v><)tf, b^k, lord. — Tane,b]tU,%nilt. — Fi.\ont tOe; Fr. short iilfc — 
 
 13.58 
 
PRONUiNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Sennniir, (Af.) 
 Senile, (Nctli.) r. 
 SciMiwalil, (Switz.) 
 Seiilier, If, (Switz.) 
 Se|mlcro de Si ipioii, (Pen.) 
 Seruincoiirt, (Kr.) 
 Seraiiipore, (-poor,) (Ind.) 
 Per.ivallf, (It.) 
 Serdao, '^en.) 
 Sereil, (Austr.) r. 
 Serecliova, (R.) 
 Seriiigapntam, (Hind.) 
 Serle, (Australia,) mt. 
 Seriniers, (Fr.) 
 Sermoise, (Fr.) 
 Seriiano, (It.) 
 Sernon la Doire, (Fr.) 
 Serpa, (Pen.) 
 Serpciitaria, (It.) is/. 
 Serpiiucliov, (R.) 
 Serrieres, (Fr.) 
 SertiK, (Switz.) 
 Serveretle, (Fr.) 
 Servia, fTiir.) 
 Sery, (Netli.) 
 Ses'ia, (It.) r. 
 Sesto Calende, (It.) 
 Sesto Varese, (It.) 
 Sesiri, (It.) 
 
 Sestri di Levante, (It.) 
 
 Petiiukct, (U. S.) 
 
 i"et«cli, (Austr.) 
 
 Settimu, (It.) 
 
 SetHbal, (Pen.) 
 
 Selvk, (."^ustr.) 
 
 Severac, le Chateau, (Fr.) 
 
 Sevilla, (Pen.) 
 
 Sevres, (Fr.) 
 
 Sevres Deux, (Fr.) dep. 
 
 Pcwestan, (Per.) 
 
 .Sezeziirowa, (.\iistr.) 
 
 Sferra Cavallo, (It.) c. 
 
 Sliamokin, (U. S.) 
 
 Shandaken, {U. S.) 
 
 Shannon, (Ir.) 
 
 Sliarkieh, (Ee.) 
 
 Sharon, Plain of, (Pal.) 
 
 Shawnee, (U. S.) 
 
 Shetioyean, (U. S.) 
 
 Sheerness, (Eng.) 
 
 Slielbourne, (Can.) 
 
 Shelliihs, (Af.) 
 
 Shelocta, (U. S.) 
 
 Shenandoah, (U. S.) 
 
 Shenango, (U. S.) 
 
 Sherhrooke, (Can.) 
 
 Shesheqnin, f U. S.) 
 
 Shetncket, (U. S.) 
 
 Shiawnssee, (U. S.) 
 
 Shirar, (Per.) 
 
 ShcKi, (AC.) 
 
 Shoomla, (Tur.) 
 
 Shoshonee, (U. S.) 
 
 Shragna, (Af.) 
 
 Shropshire, (Eng.) 
 
 Siak, (E,ast. Isl.) 
 
 Siam, (As.) 
 
 Siberia, (As.) 
 
 Sihilla, (It.) mt. 
 
 Sichein, (Neth.) 
 
 Sicily, (It.) isL 
 
 Sid, (.\u9lr.) 
 
 Siddeburen. (Xeth.1 
 
 Sidensjoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Siderno, (It.) 
 
 Sidra, (Af.) g. 
 
 Siebenlingen, (.\ustr.) 
 
 Siena, (IL) 
 
 Sienne, (Fr.) r. 
 
 Sierra de Estrella, (Pen.) 
 
 Sierra .Madre, (Mex.) 
 
 Sierra de los Minibres, ) 
 
 (.Mex.) i 
 Sierra de Monchique, (Pen.) 
 Sierra Nevada, (Pen.) 
 Siete Carreras, (Pen.) 
 Sigmaringen, [Uolienzol- ) 
 
 lern,] (Gcr.) J 
 Signaii, (Ger. ) 
 Sigrisweiler, ^witz.) 
 Sigtuna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sigiiantanejo, (.Mex.) 
 Siguenza, (Pen.) 
 Sigueyro, (Pen.) 
 Siklo, (Austr.) 
 Siklos, (Austr.) 
 Silbodal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Silde Rivet, (Den.) isl 
 Silden, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Silesia, arSchlesien, (Austr.) 
 Siliqua, (It.) 
 Siljan, (Sr. Pen.) 1. 
 Sillen , (Fr.) 
 Silora, (11.) r. 
 
 scn-ndclr 
 
 zftt'iif or sSne 
 
 len'cdlt 
 
 li siin^-n-e' 
 
 sf-ptft^t'kro lie sV]ti-u:i 
 
 srT-dm-p6re' 
 se-rd-rdt'le 
 ser-dH'o 
 se'red 
 
 st^e-lhS'va 
 ser-infr' ga-pa-tHm' 
 ser'lt 
 ser-m'i-e' 
 ser-mwdse^ 
 ser-n'd'no 
 ser-nUng Id dwdre 
 ser'pa 
 
 sir-pin-td'Ti-a 
 
 str-pou'i/tov 
 
 sfr-rt-Sre' 
 
 zer'ti^ 
 
 sirve^ritte' 
 
 se'U-a 
 
 sess'to kd Un'de 
 s ess' to vd-re'ze 
 sess'tri 
 
 sess'tfi di le-viin't{ 
 
 se-tau'ket 
 
 zetsk 
 
 sit-fi-m^Q' 
 setjk 
 
 se-ve-rdk' li shd-td' 
 
 se-t'il'ya 
 
 s'Srr 
 
 s&vr dfii 
 
 se-wes~tan' 
 
 she-se-sQQ~ru'ra 
 
 sfer'ra kd-vdl'lo 
 
 skd-md'kin 
 
 shan-dd'ken 
 
 shdn'non 
 
 shdr'k'i-eh 
 
 shdr'on 
 
 shaw-»ee' 
 
 slie-boi'gan 
 
 shSr-nhs' 
 
 shel' bQQrne 
 
 shel'lehs 
 
 she-lok'ta 
 
 shin-dn-dS'dh 
 
 she-It an g' go 
 
 sh'f*r'brQt}ke 
 
 shesh' e~kxDin 
 
 she-tuk'et 
 
 sht-a-ttns'set 
 
 slii-rdr'' 
 
 shS'a 
 
 sfiQQm'ld 
 
 shosh'o-nee 
 
 shrdg'na 
 
 shrfw' shirt 
 
 si-ak' 
 
 st'am 
 
 si-bC'rt-a 
 
 s'i-biVla 
 
 z'i'lhem 
 
 sis'i-ly 
 
 sU 
 
 z'id'de-bQ^'ren 
 zi'dhi-shA 
 s'i-der'no 
 s't'dra 
 
 z'i*ben-ling-in 
 
 s'i-e'na 
 
 s'i-Sne' 
 
 s'i-er'ra de fsse-tr^l'ya 
 s'i-er'ra md'dre 
 s'i-er'ra de los mim'- 
 
 bresse 
 s'i-er'ra de m6n-eh'i'ks 
 s'i-er'ra ne-vd'da 
 s'i-t'tz kdr-re'rds 
 
 zt^'md-ring'in 
 
 zimg'nmi 
 
 z'i' gr'is-vi'ler 
 
 *.'?-'??'"<• 
 
 s'i'g^Q-dn-td-ne'Vio 
 
 s'i-geti'tHa 
 
 s'i'ifVro 
 
 s'i'klo 
 
 s'i'klos 
 
 z'il'bSd'dle' 
 
 t'il'de 
 
 z'iVden 
 
 si-ll'si-a 
 
 siTi-kwd 
 
 s'll'tidrt 
 
 sil-'ri' 
 
 si-lS'ra 
 
 Sils, (Swilz.) 
 Silser, (.-Jwitz.) L 
 MiiNili, (Eg.) 
 Silvano, (It.) 
 Silvaplann, (Switz.) 
 Silveini.s, (Pen.) 
 Silvi, (It.) 
 Siniand, (Austr.) 
 Siinbach, (tier.) 
 Simbirsk, (R.) 
 Simeon, (Pal.) 
 Simione, (It.) 
 Simlyana, (.Vuslr.) 
 Simnien, (Swiiz.) r. 
 Sinimern, (Ger.) 
 Simplon, (bwitz.) 
 Siniplon, Route du, (Switz.) 
 Sinai, (Pal. Eg.) mt. 
 Sinai, (I'.il. Eg.) pen. 
 Sinalva, (.Mex.) 
 Sinalva, (.Mex.) r. 
 Sinde, (Per. Ind.) 
 Singapore, (-poor,) (Ind.) 
 Sinigaglia, (It.) 
 Sinneniah(Uiing, (U. S.) 
 Sinnour, Plain of, (Eg.; 
 Sioiit, (Eg.) 
 Sioux, (U. S.) 
 Sippican, (U. S.) 
 Sirante, (Pen.) 
 SirianI, (R.) 
 Sisal, (.Mex.) 
 .Sisarga, (Pen.) isl. 
 Sissach, (Switz.) 
 Sissigen, (Switz.) 
 Sittard, (Neth.) 
 Sitte Aguas, (Pen.) 
 Siverier, (.Switz.) 
 Skagen, (Den.< c. 
 Skagstol, (Sc. Pen.) mt. 
 Skamproy, (Neth.) 
 Skanderherg, (Den.) 
 Skfine, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Skara, fSc. Pen.) 
 Skarsta, (Sc. Pen.) 
 SkellefteS, (Sc. Pen.) 
 SkellcfteS, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Skeneateles, (tJ. S.) 
 Skibberreen, (Ir.) 
 Skippack, (U. S.) 
 Skoefde, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Skog, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Skoliapa, (R.) 
 Skowhegsin, (U. S.) 
 Skye, (ScoU) 
 Slagelse, (Den.) 
 Sleen, (Neth.) 
 
 SIcswick, or Schleswig, ) 
 (Uen.) i 
 Sligo, (Ir.) CO. 
 Slooten, (Neth.) 
 Slvkenbiirg, (Neth.) 
 SriiSland, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Smolensk, (R.) 
 Smyrna, (Tur.) 
 Snoehattan, (Sc. Pen.) mt, 
 Snmvden, (Eng.) 
 Soana, (It.) mt. 
 Sobrades, (Pen.) 
 Sobrado, (Pen.) 
 Sobral, (Pen.) 
 Sobreira Forinoza, (Pen.) 
 Soconusco, (.Mex.) 
 Socorro, (Mex.) isl. 
 Socuellamos, (Pen.) 
 Soederhainn, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Soederkjoping, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Soedertelge, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Soest, (Ger.) 
 Sogne Fjelil, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sogne Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sogneual, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Soignes, (N'lth.) 
 Soinnies, Forest of, (Neth.) 
 Soissons, (Fr.) 
 Solanillos, (Pen.) 
 Soleure, (Switz.) 
 So'ingen, (Ger.) 
 Solola, (.Mex.) 
 Solvitsborg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Solway, (Scot.) 
 •Soinbrete, (Me.x.) 
 Soinbrief, (Neth.) 
 .Soineren, (Netli.) 
 Somers, (U. S.) 
 Somerset, (Af. N. Am.) 
 Somersetshire, (Eng.) 
 Somme, (Fr.) dep. 
 Somme, (Fr.) 
 Somme Velo, (Fr.) 
 Sominelsdyk, (Neth.) 
 Sonimen, (Sc. Pen.) L 
 Soinmieres, (Fr.) 
 Sonderborg, (Den.) 
 
 ii7< 
 
 zil':er 
 
 sii'si-li 
 
 sit-rd'no 
 
 sii'rd-fld'ita 
 
 s'il-el'rds 
 
 s'tt'r'i 
 
 zi'mdnd 
 
 zim'hdch 
 
 s'im'birsk 
 
 s'i'me-On 
 
 s'i-m'i-v'ne 
 
 s'ini'rid'na 
 
 z'im'men 
 
 z'im'mern 
 
 sdng-ptOng' 
 
 r^^t du sdng-plSng' 
 
 sJ'nd 
 
 si'nd 
 
 s'i-ndl'va 
 
 si-ndl'va 
 
 sin'ds 
 
 sing'g'd-pHre^ 
 
 s'i-n'r-gdl'ya 
 
 sin'»c-md-h5'ninff 
 
 sin-n^Qr' 
 
 Si-qqU 
 
 com. si)i} 
 
 sip'p'ikan 
 
 si-rdn'te 
 
 s'i-r'i-d'n'i 
 
 s'i-sdl' 
 
 s'i-sdr' tra 
 
 zis's'i-gen 
 
 sit'tdrd 
 
 sit'te d'gqi}-il3 
 
 s'i-ve-r'i-e' 
 
 skd'ghi 
 
 skdg'stale 
 
 skdnl'proi 
 
 skdn' der-ber^ 
 
 shu'ne 
 
 skd'ra 
 
 skdrs'ta 
 
 skyellef-te'o 
 
 skijel-lef-te'o 
 
 sken'e-dt'e-les 
 
 skib'ber-reen* 
 
 skip'pak 
 
 skyedfde 
 
 sk<)<>^ 
 
 skb-i't-d'pa 
 
 skow'hc-gdn 
 
 sky 
 
 sld'giUze' 
 sUne 
 
 sles'tcik 
 
 slVgo 
 
 sla'ten 
 
 sli'ken-h<)<jr§ 
 
 smd'ldnd 
 
 smd'lensk 
 
 sm'^r'na 
 
 sn^'hdt'tdn 
 
 snO'den 
 
 sD-d'tia 
 
 s/j-brd'desse 
 
 so-brd'do 
 
 eH-brdl' 
 
 su-brl'ra f5r-mO't?la 
 
 S'i-kS-nf)Qs'ko 
 s5-k5r'ro 
 sd-kQ<}-el-yd'mo3 
 zi^'der-h'dmn 
 
 Wr- (-Ay^') chA'ping 
 z/tl' der-tiV ye 
 z'iste 
 
 zOng'ne field 
 
 z5ng'ne fidrd 
 
 z5ng'ne-^dle 
 
 sicdny 
 
 siedn-y'i' 
 
 sirds-sOng* 
 
 s<i-ld-n'il'yos 
 
 sd-lAre' 
 
 zS'ting-en 
 
 sS'lo-la 
 
 zql'vits-borg 
 
 sol'icay 
 
 sOtn-ltre'te 
 
 sung-bri-ef 
 
 sS'mnrn 
 
 sum'ers 
 
 sum'er-sft 
 
 sum'eT^set-sh'tre 
 
 sdme 
 
 sOme 
 
 sdme ve'lo 
 som' mels-dtkt' 
 idm'men 
 sd-m'i-^re' 
 zon'der-bor^ 
 
 Sondershausen, [ScUwarz- 
 
 burg,) (Ger.) 
 Sondersleben, (Gtr.) 
 Soncgueras, (.Mux.) 
 Soneja, (Pen.) 
 Simnenburg, (Pru«.) 
 Sonora, (.Mex.) 
 Sonsonale, (Mex.) 
 Sonvillier, (Switz.) 
 Soodan, (Af.) 
 Soorab.aya, (Ind.) 
 Sopello,'(It.) 
 Sophienbi-rg, (Ger.) 
 Sorbas, (I'eu.) 
 Sorgiie, (Fr.) r. 
 Soria, (Pen.) 
 Soroe, (Den. Sc. Pen.) 
 Sorrento, (It.) 
 Sorsele, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sorsjoen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sorso, (It.) 
 Sortes, (Pen.) 
 Sorup, (Den.) 
 Sospello, (It.) 
 Sostri, (It.) 
 Sote Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sotode la Marina, (.^Ie.x.) 
 Sotres, (Pen.) 
 Sotteghem, (.Neth.) 
 Soubes, (Fr.) 
 Sou-choo, (Ch.) 
 Souchons, (Fr.) 
 Soucirac, (Fr.) 
 Souheg!in, (U. S.) 
 Souillac, (Fr.) 
 Souilly, (Fr.) 
 Soiilaines, (Fr.) 
 Souloni, (Fr.) 
 Soulvache, (Fr.) 
 Sourbes, (Fr.) 
 Sources, los, (Mex.) 
 Souterraine, la, (Fr.) 
 Southampton, (Eng.) 
 Soutlibury, (U. S.) 
 Southinglon, (U. S.) 
 Southwark, (Eng.) 
 Southwick, (ir. S.) 
 Sovry, (Fr.) 
 Soyhiere, (Switz.) 
 Spa, (Nclh.) 
 Spada, (Tur.) c. 
 Spadicinto, (Pen.) 
 Spain, Sp. Espana, Fr. Es- 
 
 pagne 
 Spakenburg, (Neth.) 
 Spalatro, (Austr.) 
 Spanberg, (Austr.) 
 Spanbroek, (Neth.) 
 Spandaii, (Prus.) 
 Spangenberg, (Ger.) 
 Spannam, (Neth.) 
 Sparre, le, (Fr.) 
 Sparta, (Gr.) 
 Spartiniento, (It.) e, 
 Spartivento, (It.) e. 
 Spas of Kissengen and 
 
 Bocklct, (Ger.) 
 Spati, (Gr.) r. 
 Speicher, (Switz.) 
 Speier, or Speyer, (Ger.) 
 Speierb.ich, (Ger.) r. 
 Spenicz, (.\iistr.) 
 Sperlonga, (It.) 
 Spetzia, (Gr.) isL 
 Spey, (Scot.) 
 Speyer, or Speier, (Ger.) 
 Spezzia, (It.) 
 .'^piez, (Switz.) 
 Spigno, (It.) 
 Spina, (It.) pL 
 Spineto, (It.) 
 .Spipeliaede, (Neth.) 
 Spirding. (Prus.) /. 
 Spirel)ach, or S|>eierbach, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 Spiridione, (Gr.) 
 Spiritii Santo, (U. S.) b. 
 Spilzhergen, (R.) 
 Splugen, (Switz.) 
 Spliigen, (It.) mt. 
 Spolelo, (It.) 
 Spoorndonk, (Neth.) 
 Spree, (Prus.) r. 
 Spremberg, (Pnis.) 
 Spressiano, (It.) 
 .Springliirsch, (Den.) 
 Sproe, (Den.) isl. 
 Sprottau, (Prus.) 
 Spmndel, (.Neth.) 
 Spulico, (It.) c 
 S()uam, (U. S.) 
 Sqiiillace, (It.) g. 
 Stahijotten, (Prus.) 
 Stade, (Ger.) 
 
 i zda'dtrs-livu'zen, 
 ) shwdrts'bfy^^ 
 
 zOn'deru'lt'ben 
 
 86-ne-ge'rds 
 
 aO-ne'iha 
 
 ifl/i'/i^fi-Appr* 
 
 stl-nd'ra 
 
 sufi'sd-nd't^ 
 
 eing-ol-li-e' 
 
 SQQ-ddn' 
 
 SQif-rd-bVa 
 
 sO-pel'lo 
 
 tO-f'i' en-beT§ 
 
 sur'bds 
 
 sOrg 
 
 sU'r'i-a 
 
 zU'rSl 
 
 edr^en'to 
 
 siir'se-t^ 
 
 snr'sh^nt 
 
 sHr'so 
 
 sor'tesse 
 
 s6'rQt>p 
 
 sd^-pel'lo 
 
 sQs'tr'f 
 
 s6'te /'tSrd 
 
 t6'to ds Id md-r'i'na 
 
 sO'tresse 
 
 snt'te-gem 
 
 6()i)be 
 
 sou'ch^Q 
 
 SQQ-skbng' 
 
 si}<}-s'i-rdk' 
 
 si'U-hS' gan 
 
 s<}ft-ydk' or tifQi-ySk' 
 
 SQfl-yi' or »pf<-y<' 
 
 sQQ-lane' 
 
 SQi^lO-n'i' 
 
 sfqt-cdshe' 
 
 sijQrbe 
 
 I5s so^'tKisse (-sisse) 
 
 Id SQi}-trr-r&ne' 
 
 suth-)idmp'ton 
 
 south'bu-ry 
 
 suth'ing-ton 
 
 suth'ark 
 
 com. sDutK'ik 
 
 sS-tri' 
 
 swd-'i-Sre' 
 
 spd, Eng. spaw 
 
 spd'da 
 
 spd-ditKin'to 
 j spdne, Sp. esse-pdn'ya, Fr. 
 j isse-pdny' 
 
 spd'ken-bQ^r^ 
 
 spd'ld'tro 
 
 spdn'ber^ 
 
 spdn' br<)<jk 
 
 spdn'dou 
 
 spdng' en-bir^ 
 
 i^dn'ndm 
 
 Ic spdrre 
 
 sp'dr'ta 
 
 spdr-t'i-mfn'to 
 
 spdr-t'i-rea'to 
 
 I spOs, kis'seng-en, b^k'Ut 
 
 sp'd'ti 
 
 spl'lher 
 
 spVer 
 
 spVer-biSe\ 
 
 spe'nitck 
 
 sper-lSn'ga 
 
 spet'z'i-^i 
 
 sp'a 
 
 spl'er 
 
 spil'dz'i-a 
 
 spits 
 
 sp'in'yo 
 
 sp'i'na 
 
 sp'i-ve'to 
 
 rpiprl-pd'dt 
 
 spir'ding 
 
 j .'pV er-b'dlk 
 
 spi-r'i-dtS'nt 
 
 spi'r i-tQQ sdn'to 
 
 spits'ber-gen 
 
 splt}Q'geJi 
 
 splf}Q'gfn 
 
 spO-le'to 
 
 spOrne'dojik 
 
 spre 
 
 sprem'berg 
 
 spres-s'i-ixno 
 
 spring'hirsh 
 
 sprfil 
 
 sprot'tou 
 
 spr^i^n'dfl 
 
 sp^Q'lt-ko 
 
 sou am 
 
 tkv^l-la'eht 
 
 ta'dt 
 
 Ft. long A and short mi, nearly as in .«7>Mr. — Final ly, French I mouitli 9n"ger, vi"cious. — g- as s in pleasure; ^ and JA guttural ; »y liquiil ; tX as in ;7iiA. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Stadolitza, (R.) 
 
 StadlbfTL', (Ger.) 
 
 Stndtliafieii, (Ger.) 
 
 Slaeden, (.\etli.) 
 
 Stafa, (Switz.) 
 
 Slaflel, (Ger.) /. 
 
 Staffeld, (Pius.) 
 
 Staffora, (It.) r. 
 
 Staftbrdsliire, (Eng.) 
 
 Stalamata, (Gr.) c. 
 
 Stalden, (Switz.) 
 
 Stamhoiil, or Constanti- 
 nople, (Tur.) 
 
 Stamfen, (Aiistr.) 
 
 Staniheim, (Switz.) 
 
 Staniphane, (Gr.) isl. 
 
 Standia, (Tiir.) isl. 
 
 Stanki, (11.) 
 
 Stano, (Gr.) mt. 
 
 Stanovdi, (As.) mt. 
 
 Stanstead, (Can.) 
 
 Ptantzia, (Per.) 
 
 Stanz, (Switz.) 
 
 Staphorst, (Neth.) 
 
 Staramara, (.■Viistr.) 
 
 Stare iMiastovv, (.\ustr.) 
 
 Star^ard, (Prus.) 
 
 Stanicca, (tJ. S.) 
 
 Starit/.a, (K.) 
 
 Start, (.\ustra1.) 
 
 Stamp, (Den.) 
 
 Staten Isl. (U. S.) 
 
 Stauhacli, (Switz.) 
 
 Staunton, (U. S.) 
 
 Stavanger, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Stavenliagen, (Ger.) 
 
 Stavros, (Tur.) 
 
 Steenbergen, (Neth.) 
 
 Steengade, (Den.) 
 
 Steenwyk, (Neth.) 
 
 Stefano, (It.) wt. 
 
 Stefanos, (Tur.) c. 
 
 Stegtenhorst, (Neth.) 
 
 Steicrmark, or Styria, 
 (Austr.) 
 
 Stein, (Neth. Ger. Switz.) 
 
 Steinn manger, (Austr.) 
 
 Steinfort, (Netli.) 
 
 Stftinfiirth, (Ger.) 
 
 Steinweiss, (Ger.) 
 
 Stella, (It.) r. 
 
 Stellenbosch, (Af.) 
 
 Stenbidskjarra, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Steplianswertli, (Neth.) 
 
 Sternberg, ^ Austr. Prus. 
 Ger.) 
 
 Stettin, (Prus.) 
 
 Steuben, (U. S.) 
 
 Steyer, (Austr.) 
 
 Stia, (It.) 
 
 Slibingen, (Switz.) 
 Stjerna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Stigliano, (It.) 
 Stillwater, (U. S.) 
 Stilo Point, (It.) 
 Stirling, (Scot.) co. 
 Stoboresti, (Tur.) 
 Stocken, (Ger.) 
 Stockhausen, (Ger.) 
 Stockholm, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Stockemark, (Den.) 
 Stolatz, (Tur.) 
 Stolbcrg, (Prus.) 
 Stoipe, (Prus. Den.) 
 Stoipe, (Prus.) r. 
 Stongoli, (It.) 
 Stonne, (I>.) 
 SlGCr, (Den.) r. 
 Stora, r Af.) g. 
 Stora Omen, (Sc. Pen.) L 
 SU)rafvan, (Sc. Pen.) (. 
 Storbacken, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Storsjoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Storsjoen, (Sc. Pen.) /. 
 Storta, la, (It.) 
 Stoulers Gat, (Neth.) 
 Straahe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Strabane, (U. 8.) 
 Strakoiiilz, (Austr.) 
 Stralen, (Ger.) 
 Stralsnnd, (Prus.) 
 Rtrandhuus, (Den.) 
 Strannier, (Scot.) 
 Strasbourg, or Strasburg, 
 
 (•••r.) 
 Straabnrg, (Prud.) 
 Strar-kirchen, (Gor.) 
 8lra<«, (AiiKtr.) 
 StralcM, (Gr.) 
 Slrauliing, (Ser.) 
 SIrausburg, (Pnis.) 
 Sirechonetz, (Auatr.) 
 Hiree, (Nctli.) 
 Strega, (Ger.) 
 
 std-do-Ut'za 
 
 siat'ber^ 
 
 stiit-hd' gin 
 
 ita'den 
 
 sid'fa 
 
 staffil 
 
 stdffett 
 
 stdf-fo'ra 
 
 stdfford-sh'irt 
 
 std'ld-ynd'ta 
 
 stdVdin 
 
 I st'dm-hqQl' 
 
 st'dm'fm 
 
 stdm'htme 
 
 stdm-fd'ne 
 
 stdn'di-a 
 
 stdn'ki 
 
 std'no 
 
 std'nS-voi 
 
 stdti'xted 
 
 stdnt'zi-a 
 
 st'dnts 
 
 stdforst 
 
 std'rd-md^rd 
 
 std're m'i-'ds'to 
 
 stdr'gdrt 
 
 sta-ruk'ka 
 
 std-fit'ia 
 
 stdrt 
 
 std'rQi^p 
 
 Stat' en 
 
 stou'hdch. 
 
 stdjt'ton 
 
 std'vdng-ir 
 
 std'ven-hd'gen 
 
 std'vro.'i 
 
 st^ne'ber-gin 
 
 stene'gd~de 
 
 stene'vlkc 
 
 sle-fd'no 
 
 stt-fd'nos 
 
 ste^'ten-horst 
 
 I stVer-vidrk, stVfi-a 
 
 stlne 
 
 stV nd-mdng* ir 
 stlnc'fqrt 
 stlne' fQqrt 
 stlne' vice 
 steVla 
 
 steVUn-hqsk 
 
 stene-b'iils-chdr'ra 
 
 ste'fdns-vtrt 
 
 * stern'berg 
 
 stet-t'ine' 
 com. sti^-bin' 
 stVir 
 st't'a 
 
 st'i'bing-in 
 
 sherhia 
 
 st'il-yd'no 
 
 stiU'wa-ter 
 
 si'i'lo " 
 
 st'^r'ling 
 
 sto-hd-res't'i 
 
 stnk'en 
 
 stok-hnu'iin 
 
 stqk'holm 
 
 sfok'he-mdrk 
 
 st'o-ldlz' 
 
 stol'ber^ 
 
 stqVve 
 
 stol'pe 
 
 stdn'gS-tt 
 
 sfine 
 
 slt<iir 
 
 sto'ra 
 
 st^'ra Qi}'min 
 
 stOre-d'vin 
 
 stort'hdl:' ken 
 
 stiire-.sh&' 
 
 stdre-sh^ne' 
 
 Id stor'ta 
 
 stott'tirs ffdt 
 
 strS'l/e 
 
 strd-bhne' 
 
 strd-kO-nibi' 
 
 strd'len 
 
 strdle^zQQni' or .strdte'ztj^nt 
 
 strdnt'hQt^a 
 
 strdn'rawr 
 
 I atr'ds-bijt^' ^ slrds'bqqr^ 
 strdg'bt^QT^ 
 strd.i-kir' Ikin 
 ttrds 
 strd'tns 
 atrou'bing 
 gtrmis'bQi^r^ 
 tire' IhS-niU 
 strl 
 ttrt'ga 
 
 I Slrehla, (Ger.) 
 Strelitz, (Ger.) 
 Strik-a-poor, (Per.) ✓ 
 Stroe, (Neth.) 
 Strogonova, (As.) rr. 
 Strolnatz, or Grotzka, (Tur. 
 Stroem, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Strou)boli, (It.) isl. 
 Stroemstadt, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Stry, (Austr.) r. 
 Stryszow, (Austr.) 
 Stubbekjoebing, (Den.) 
 Stuhhveiszenburg, or 
 
 Syckes Fcjervar, (Austr.) 
 Stuifzand, (Nelh.) 
 Stuolovitchi, (R.) 
 Stura, (It.) r. 
 
 Stutgard, or Stuttirart, (Ger. 
 Stuyvesant, (U. S.) 
 Stype, (Neth.) 
 Styria, or Steiermark, 
 
 "(Austr.) 
 Siianca, (Mex.) 
 Suances, (Pen.) 
 Suarez, (S. Am.) r. 
 Suarnro, (S. Am.) 
 Suabia, or Scliwaben, (Ger. 
 Subhiano, (It.) 
 Subiaco, (It.) 
 Suchenthal, (.\ustr.) 
 Sucio, (S. Am.) r. 
 Suckasunny, (U. S.) 
 Suckow, (Prus.) 
 Sucumbio, (S. Am.) 
 Suczawa, (Austr.) 
 Suedoog, (Den.) 
 Sudrata Plain, (Af.) 
 Sueca, (Pen.) 
 Suecadana, (East. Isl.) 
 Suenderwall, (Den.) 
 Sues, (Swilz.) 
 Suessenheim, (Neth.) 
 Suevre, (Fr.) 
 Suez, (Eg.) 
 Suez, (Eg.) g. 
 Suez, (Eg.) isth. 
 Suffolk, (Eng.) 
 Sugachi, (S. Am.) r. 
 Suhr, (Switz.) 
 Suippe, (Fr.) 
 
 Sulen, Outer, (Sc. Pen.) tsl. 
 Sulgen, (Switz.) 
 Suliman, (Per.) mt. 
 Sulingen, (Ger.) 
 Sulifehiia, (Sc. Pen.) mt. 
 Sulmona, (It.) 
 Sulpice, (Switz.) 
 Suiz, (Ger.) 
 Sulzbach, (Ger.) 
 Sulzbacher, (Austr.) 
 Sulzburg, (Ger.) 
 Sumatra, (East. Isl.) isl. 
 Sumbawa, (Austral.) isl. 
 Sumbilla, (Pen.) 
 Suniidoro, (Braz.) r. 
 Sumiswald, (Switz.) 
 Sumjacz, (Austr,) 
 Summatino, (It.) 
 Sunapee, (U. S.) 
 Sunda, (Austral.) st. 
 Sundal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sundbye, (Den.) 
 Sundsvall, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sungora, (East. Isl.) 
 Supa, (S. Am.) r. 
 Superga, (It.) 
 Sural, (Hind.) 
 Sure, (Neth.) r. 
 Surenen Pass, (Switz.) 
 Surgcres, (Fr.) 
 Surig, (Neth.) 
 Surigao, (Ea.st. Isl.) isU 
 Surinam, (Braz.) r. 
 Surrein, ^witz.) 
 Surrey, (Eng.) 
 Snr-see, (.Switz.) 
 Susa, (It.) 
 Suse, (Af.) 
 Susquehanna, (U. S.) 
 Sussex, (Eng.) 
 Snsten Pass, (Switz.) 
 Sutherland, (Eng.) 
 Suvaiki, (R.) 
 Suvcro, (It.) c. 
 Suvcrs, (Switz.) 
 Suwanne, (IJ. S.) r. 
 Svanecke, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Svanliulm, (Den.) 
 Svartia, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Svartsjoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Svcahorg, (R.) 
 Svenilliorg, (Den.) 
 Hven<njark, (Den.) 
 Sviaijsk, (R.) 
 
 stre'la 
 stre'lits 
 strik~a-pi^Qr^ 
 strfQ 
 
 stro~<j5~vo'va 
 ) stroVndlz, grStz'ka 
 strtfiime 
 strOm'bo-l'i 
 str^m'stdt 
 stfi 
 stris'so 
 
 sttjnb 'be-k'i^ 'H'^? 
 I stQ^l-vis' sen~bi^i^r^ 
 
 stotfzdnt 
 st(jQ-o-lo~vit'chi 
 stt^Q'ra 
 ) st<j<)t'gdrt 
 stl've-sani 
 stt'pe 
 
 I st'i'r'i-a 
 
 SQQ~dn'ka 
 s<^t}-dn't?iesse 
 SQQ-d'yetJl (-resse) 
 SQQ-d-rQQ'ro 
 ) sicd'b'i-a 
 SQQ-b'i-d' no 
 sQ^-b'i-d'ko 
 ZQg'lhht-tdle' 
 s<)<}'tTii- (-s'i-) 
 suk-a-sun'ny 
 zgg'ko 
 
 s(^Q-kQQm'b'i-o 
 
 s(}Q-ckd'va 
 
 siid'og 
 
 sQQ-drd'ta 
 
 SQt)-e'ka 
 
 s<}Q-e-kd-dd'na 
 
 zun' dir-vdV 
 
 ifts 
 
 zHs'sen-khne' 
 swSvr 
 
 ^ sQg'ez and sfg-ez' 
 
 siif'fok 
 sgQ-gd'ch'i 
 ZQQre 
 sw'ip 
 
 ou'ter sqq'Un 
 
 zgtjV gen 
 
 sgQ-l'i-mdn' 
 
 iQij'ling'en 
 
 SQQ-ii-fH'ma 
 
 sggl-md'na 
 
 stil-p'iu' 
 
 IQQltS 
 
 zgqlts'bdZh 
 
 zi}Qlts'bdlk-ir 
 
 ZfQlts' (zults') b<)<)r§ 
 
 sgg-md'tra 
 
 SQQm-ba'ica 
 
 s^t?m~bil'ya 
 
 sg(ymi-d6' ro 
 
 ZQQ'mis-vdW 
 
 shgQm'ii'dtch 
 
 sQfm-md-li'no 
 
 sun'a-pee 
 
 sgpn'da 
 
 min'ddle 
 
 SQQnd'bd 
 
 SQgnds'vdl 
 
 siQn-go'ra 
 
 sqq'pa 
 
 stjQ-per'ga 
 
 SQQ-rdt' 
 
 zgg're or sdre 
 
 zgg-re'nen 
 
 su.r~g6rt 
 
 sgn'riS^ 
 
 sgQ-ri-gd'o 
 
 sgO-ri-ndm' or SQQ-r'i-ndm' 
 
 sir^dng' 
 
 s'dr'rij 
 
 ZQQr'ze or sdr'zs 
 
 SQij'za 
 
 sgg'se 
 
 SJts-qiie-hdn'na 
 
 sus'siiz 
 
 iQQs'ten 
 
 suth'er-land 
 
 su-vdVk'i 
 
 sgg-ve'ro 
 
 su.-v(re 
 
 su-wtf'nre 
 
 swd'ne-k^ 
 
 swdne'finhn or swdne-holm' 
 
 swdrt'bx 
 
 sjodri'sh^ 
 
 sjre'd'bnrg 
 
 swend'bor^ 
 
 sicens'mdrk 
 
 sieidtjsk 
 
 Sviatoi, (K.) i.-7. 
 Svinoe, (R.) I. 
 Swabia, Suabia, nr Schwa- 
 ben, (Ger.) 
 Swalmen, (Neth.) 
 Swansea, (Eng.) 
 Sweden, or Sverige 
 Swellendam, (.4.f.) 
 Swieneinuende, (Prus.) 
 Swigtcler, (Neth.) 
 Switzerland, die Schweiz 
 Syl Faellen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Sylvan, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Syracu.se, (U. S.) 
 Syria 
 
 Szada, (.Austr.) 
 Szakal, (Austr.) 
 Szalonia, (Austr.) 
 Szaresia, (Austr.) 
 Szarvas, (Austr.) 
 Szaszvaros, (.Austr.) 
 Szatymatz, (Austr.) 
 Szczurowice, (.Austr.) 
 Szegedin, (Austr.) 
 Szekefalva, (Austr.) 
 Szekes Fejervar, or Stuhl- 
 
 weiszenl)urg, (Austr.) 
 Szereda Zik, (Austr.) 
 Szeszuppe, (Prus.) r. 
 Szikszo, (Austr.) 
 SzoJcefalva, (Austr.) 
 Szolnok, (.Austr.) 
 Szroda, (Prus.) 
 Szurul, (Austr.) 
 Szuszko, (Austr.) 
 
 swid'toi 
 swi-n^ 
 
 I s(Cd'bi-a 
 
 swdl'men 
 
 swan'sed 
 
 swe'deUf sver'ye 
 
 swiVUn-ddm' 
 
 sw'i've-mun'de 
 
 sici^'te-Ur 
 
 swit'zer-ldndj dS shwtts 
 
 sill fal'len 
 
 sul'vdn 
 
 sir'd'kuse or sVrd-kyis9 
 
 sir'i-d 
 
 s'd'da 
 
 sd'hdl 
 
 sd-lb'n'i-a 
 
 sd-re' shi-a 
 
 sor'vdsh 
 
 s6s~vd'rosh 
 
 sotj'mots 
 
 stchgg^O-v'i'tst 
 
 se-ge-d'ine' 
 
 se-ke-fol'va 
 
 j se'kesh fe-yir'vdr 
 
 se-re'da z'ik 
 she-shggp'pe 
 sik'so 
 
 so~ke-fol'va 
 
 sol'ndk 
 
 skro'da 
 
 sgg'rggl 
 
 sggs'ko 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta, EsatJA DE, (S. Am.) 
 Taarlo, (Neth.) 
 Taars, (Den.) 
 Taasinge, (Den.) isl. 
 Tabacal, (S. Am.) 
 Tabahuetto, (Mex.) 
 Tabarca, (Af.) 
 Tabarca, ur Plana, (Pen.) isl. 
 Tabarieh, (Syr.) 
 Tabasco, (Mex.) 
 Tabernas, (Pen.) 
 Tabita, (It.) 
 Tablas, (East. Isl.) isl. 
 Tableau, le, (Can.) 
 Taboca, (Braz.) r. 
 Taboleiro, (Braz.) 
 Tabor, (Austr.) 
 Tabor, (Pal.) mt. 
 Tabriz, (Per.) 
 Tacoara, (Hraz.) r. 
 Tadousac, (Can.) 
 Tafalamah, (Af.) 
 Taffalva, (Pen.) 
 Tatfers, (Switz.) 
 Tafflelt, (Af.) 
 Tagerschen, (Switz.) 
 Tagbkanic, (U. S.) 
 Tagliamento, (It.) r. 
 Tagouiago, (Pen.) isl. 
 Tagus, Sp. Tajo, (Pen.) r. 
 Tahiti, or Otaheite, (Soc. ) 
 Isl.) i 
 
 Tailiemontier, (Fr.) j 
 
 Tallies, (Neth.) 
 Takanova, (.Austral.) 
 Takina, (As.) 
 Talabo, (East. Isl.) c 
 Talamone, (It.) 
 Talant, (Fr.) 
 Talanti, (Gr.) ck. 
 Talava, (It.) r. 
 Talavera, (Pen.) 
 Talavera de Puna, (S. Am.) 
 Talavera de la Ueyna, (Pen.) 
 Talavera la Real, (Pen.) 
 Talavera Viej.i, (Pen.) 
 Talbot, (U. S.) 
 Talcahuano, (.S. Am.) 
 Taliaferro, (U. S.) 
 Tal Kans, (Ger.) 
 Talladega, (U. S.) 
 Tallahassee, (U. S.) 
 Tallahatchie, (U. S.) 
 Tallapoosa, (U. S.) 
 Tallara, (Pen.) 
 Tallas.sce, (U. S.) 
 Talmaz, (It.) c. 
 Ta-lou-che, (East. Isl.) 
 Talvig, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tanialarneque, (S. Am.) 
 Tamaineo, (Pen.) 
 
 esse'ka d« ta 
 
 tdre'lo 
 
 torse 
 
 td'sing-e 
 
 td'bd-kdl' 
 
 td-bd-gg-H'to 
 
 td-bdr'ka 
 
 td-bdr'ka, pld'na 
 
 td-bd-r'i' eh 
 
 td-bis'ko 
 
 td-ber'nds 
 
 td-b'i'ta 
 
 td'blds 
 
 le td-bto' 
 
 td-b5'ka 
 
 td-bo-Wro 
 
 td'bor 
 
 td'bor or tS'bor 
 
 td-briz' 
 
 td-kd-d'ra 
 
 td-dgg-zWi' 
 
 td'fd-ld'm^ 
 
 tdf-fdl'va ' 
 
 tdffers 
 
 tdflelt 
 
 td'ger-shin 
 
 tdqh-knn'ik 
 
 tdl-yd-jnen'to 
 
 td' gb-md' go 
 
 ta'gus, Sp. td'lho 
 
 td-Ki'ti, 6-ta-hile' 
 tiHy-mdng-tt-e' or td'i- 
 
 mong-t'i-e' 
 tdhj or Ml 
 td-kd-no'va 
 td-ki'na 
 td-id'bo 
 td-ld-mU'vi 
 td-ldng 
 td-ldn'fi 
 td-ld'va 
 td-ld-ve'ra 
 td-ld-vi'ra de pgg'na 
 td-ld-ve'ra de Id rl'na 
 td-ld-ve'ra Id re-dV 
 td-ld-ve'ra v'i~e'lha 
 tal'bot' 
 tdl-kd-gg-d'no 
 vulg. tol'c-ver 
 tdl kdns 
 tttl-ld-di'ga 
 tat-id-has'seK 
 tnl-ld-hdteh'ie 
 tdl-ld-iigg'sa 
 tdl-yd'ra 
 tal-ids'sce 
 tdl-mndz' 
 td-liin'clis 
 tdi'vi} 
 
 td-md'ld-mt'kj 
 td-md-mi'o 
 
 Fau,f<tr,ftfU,v>hqt, bdt.—MtU, prey, hilp, thtre, hifr. — Fine, marine, bird, fig. — JVBte, dSve, mdve,v>glf, bggk,lQTd.—Tf>ne, bull, i(ni(e. — Fr. long rfte; Fr. short 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Taiiintidim, (IJraz.) 
 Tiuiiaimya, (tf. Am.) r. 
 TiiiiKiqiin, (U. S.) 
 Tuinai wa, (U. S.) 
 Tnnmsi, (Aiislr.) 
 Tiimniilipas, (Mex.) 
 Taiiiliacli, (Gcr.) 
 Turnl>elaii, (F)iist. Isl.) ist. 
 Taiiibo, (S. Am.) 
 Tanil>uUiiinba, (S. Am.) 
 Tambov, (R.) 
 Tnmega, (Pen.) r. 
 Tamcrl'ors, (R.) 
 Tamiagiia, (.Mex.) 
 Tntiiis(|iie, (.S. Am.) 
 Tamlaglu, (Ir.) 
 Tampa, or Espiritu Santo, 
 
 (IJ. S.)*. 
 Tampico, (Mex.) 
 Tampico Bar, (Mcx.) 
 Tampico, (.Mex.) fL 
 Tamurejo, (Pen.) 
 Tan, (Gor.) 
 Tana, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tana Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Taiiajra, (It.) 
 Tanakeken, (East. Isl.) isl. 
 Tanasserim, (As.) 
 Tancha Porta, or Sable 
 
 Point, (U. S.) 
 Tancitaro, (Mex.) 
 Tancos, (Pen.) 
 Tangerniuemle, (Prus.) 
 Tangier, (Af.) 
 Tanjore, (Ilind.) 
 Tanna, (tier.) 
 Taniim, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Taormina, (It.) 
 T.aos, (Mex.) 
 Tapacari, (S. Am.) 
 Tapacures, (S. Am.) r. 
 Tapajos, or Toyapos, 
 
 (Uraz.) r. 
 Tapanuilcba, (S. Am.) 
 Tapera, (Braz.) 
 Tapian, (Prus.) 
 Tapio Szele," (.\ustr.) 
 Tapira, (S. Am.) mt. 
 Tapolera, (II.) 
 Tapole/.a, (.Viistr.) 
 Tappaliannock, (U. S.) 
 Tappaiiooh, (East. Isl.) 
 Taquestrele, (Mex.) 
 Taranaki, (\. Zeal.) 
 T;irancon, (Pen.) 
 Taranciiena, (Pen.) 
 Taranto, (It.) 
 Tararua, (N. Zeal.) " 
 Tarascon, (Fr.) 
 Tarasp, (Switz.) 
 Taravilki, (Pen.) 
 Tarazona, (Pen.) 
 Tarhes, (Fr.) 
 Tarcbiurola, (It.) 
 Tarekheim, (Ger.) 
 Targovitsa, (R.) 
 Tarifa, (Pen.) 
 Tnrija Rio, (S. Am.) 
 Tarn, (Fr.) dep. 
 Tarn et Garonne, (Fr.) dep. 
 Tarna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Taroocz, (Austr.) 
 Tarnocora, (Austr.) 
 Tarnow, (Ger.) 
 Tarnowitz, (Prus.) 
 Taro, (It.) 
 Taro, (It.) r. 
 Tarragona, (Pen.) 
 Tarsus, (Tnr.) 
 Tartanedo, (Pen.) 
 Tartary, (As.) 
 Tartigo, (Can.) r. 
 Tascii, (Switz.) 
 Taschendorf, (Ger.) 
 Tasco, (.Mex.) 
 Tasijoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tatnall, (U. S.) 
 Tatra, (Austr.) mU 
 Tauber, (Ger.) r. 
 Taunton, (U. S.) 
 Tanrida, (K.) 
 Tauroa, (N. Zeal.) 
 Tauruo, ( I'ur.) mU 
 Tausz, (Austr.) 
 Tauves, (Fr.) 
 Tavajiga, (R.) 
 Tavannes, (Switr,.) 
 Tavastclius, (R.) 
 Tavende, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Taverne, (Switz.) 
 Tavemes, les, (Fr.) 
 Taviano, (It.) 
 Tavier, (Neth.) 
 Pavignano, (It.) r. 
 
 Id-mdn'dQQ-a 
 
 td-ind-pd'ya 
 
 tdta-d' qua 
 
 tdm-dr'wa 
 
 td-ind'zi 
 
 td-mon'i'i-pdM 
 
 tdm'bdlh 
 
 tdm-be-ldn' 
 
 tdm'bo 
 
 tdm'bO-bdin'ba 
 
 tdm'bov 
 
 td-mi'^ga 
 
 td' mir~fors' 
 
 td-mt-d' nqQ-a 
 
 td-m'is'ke 
 
 tam-ldirht' 
 } tdm'pUf eise-p'i'r'i-tQQ 
 ) sdn'to 
 
 tdm-p'i'ko 
 
 tdm-pi'ko bdr 
 
 tdm-p'i'ko 
 
 tdn 
 td'na 
 
 td'na f'iOrd 
 td-nd'<rra 
 td-nd-ke'ken 
 (d-7icts'A-£-rim 
 
 j tdn'cha pSr'ta 
 
 tdn-lhi- (-*•<-) td'r» 
 tdn'koit 
 
 tdn^'er-miin'dt 
 
 tan-jeer' 
 
 tdn-jSre' 
 
 tdn'ita 
 
 td'nf}^ 
 
 td'ir-m't'na 
 
 td'os 
 
 td'pd-kd'ri 
 td'pd-kQf'resse 
 
 I td-pd'iltos, tS-yd'po$ 
 
 td-pd-kWcha 
 
 td-pe'ra 
 
 td'pi-ou 
 
 td'pi-o se'lt 
 
 td-p'i'ra 
 
 td-pH-le'ra 
 
 td-p&-le'sa 
 
 tdp-pd-hdn'nok 
 
 tdp-pd-rnjQ' 
 
 (d'tf.tse-frf'/e 
 
 td-rd-nd'k'i 
 
 td'rdn-kOn' 
 
 td-rdn-kfo-c'na 
 
 td-rdn'lo 
 
 td-rd-r^Q'a 
 
 td-rds-king' 
 
 td'rd-fi> 
 
 td'rd-v'iVya 
 
 td'rd-tn6''na 
 
 tdrbs 
 
 tdr-ki-iJt'rS-Ui 
 td'rek-hlme 
 tdr-gS-vit'ia 
 td-ri'fa ' 
 td-Yi'lha Ti'o 
 tdmg 
 
 tdrng' e gd-rOnt' 
 
 tdr'na 
 
 tdr'niteh 
 
 tdr'ni-gS'ra 
 
 tdr'no 
 
 tdr'nS-vits' 
 
 td'ro 
 
 td'ro 
 
 tdr'rd-gS'na 
 
 tdr'sQQs 
 
 tdr'ld-ne'do 
 
 tdr'ta-ry 
 
 tdr'ti-go 
 
 tdsh 
 
 tdjh' in-ttirf 
 
 tds'ko 
 
 Id'ahA 
 
 tat'nall 
 
 td'tra 
 
 tou'bir 
 
 (dn'lon ^ 
 
 tou-r'i'da 
 
 tou-rO'a 
 
 tau'rQQi 
 
 tous 
 
 live 
 
 t'd-vdn'ga 
 
 td-vdn^ 
 
 td-vda't^-hQQ9 
 
 td'ven-dt 
 
 td-verne' 
 
 le td-vem' 
 
 td-vi-d'no 
 
 cd-vi-e' 
 
 td-tin-yd'no 
 
 Tavira, (Pen.) 
 Tavolara, (It.) isl. 
 Tawe, ((;er.) 
 Tavvitawi, (East. Isl.) iti. 
 Tazewell, (U. S.) 
 Tcliablar, (Tur.) c. 
 Tcliala, (R.) 
 Tclianonia, (R.) 
 Tclierkask, (R.) 
 Tcliernigov, (R.) 
 Tcliernowitz, (Austr.) 
 Tcbiprovatz, (Tur.) 
 Trliirkakema, (K.) 
 Tcliocunna, (IJ. S.) 
 Tchula, (U. S.) 
 Teckleiiburg, (Ger.) 
 Tecolotlan, (Mex.) 
 Tccoman, (IMex.) 
 Tecumseli, (U. S.) 
 Tedia, (Af.) 
 Teentlial, (Switz.) 
 Tecstrup, (Den.) 
 Tefalene, (Af.) c. 
 Tegelen, (Neth.) 
 Tegualema, (S. Am.) 
 Tegueco, (Mex.) 
 Tegnisate, (.Mex.) 
 Teheran, (Per.) 
 Tehuacan, (Mex.) 
 Teliuantepec, (.Me.x.) 
 Teliyantepec, (.Mex.) b. 
 Teiguniuulh, (Eng.) 
 Teining, (Ger.) 
 Teinitz, (Austr.) 
 Teipan, (Mcx.) 
 Teisz, (.\ustr.) r. 
 Tcixido, (Pen.) 
 Tejada, Sierra, (Pen.) 
 Tekeri, (It.) /. 
 Tekia, (Gr.) /t. 
 Telclianka, (R.) 
 Telek Tis, (Austr.) 
 Teles, (Au.slr.) 
 Telese, (It.) 
 Tclessad, (Af.) 
 Teletlirus, (Gr.) mt 
 Telgt, (Ger.) 
 Tellico, ( U. S.) 
 Tellin, (Neth.) 
 Tcllingsted, (Den.) 
 Tfmascaltepec, (Mex.) 
 Tcnibia, (Af.) 
 Temblcque, (Pen.) 
 Teniegua, ('I'ur.) 
 Temerin, (Austr.) 
 Tenics, (.\ustr.) r. 
 Temesvar, (Austr.) 
 Tcmpe, (Tur.) 
 Tempelburg, (Prus.) 
 Teuipio, (IL) 
 Teniploux, (Neth.) 
 Teni-sena, (Af.) 
 Tenasserim, (Ind.) 
 Tenda, Col de, (It.) 
 Tendra, (Ger.) is/. 
 Tendre, (Switz.) mt 
 Tenerife, (Colombia,) (3. 
 
 Am.) 
 Tenerifle, (Af.) isU 
 Teniia, (It.) r. 
 Tennessee, (U. S.) 
 Tenoxtitlan, (Mex.) 
 Tenpisque, (.Mex.) r. 
 Tensift, or Morocco, (Af.) r, 
 Tentigny, (Netli.) 
 Tentschbroil, (Austr.) 
 Tepeaca, (Mex.) 
 Tepic, (Mex.) 
 Tepoa, (Mex.) 
 Teposcolula, (Mex.) 
 Teposlitlan, (Mex.) 
 Tcipiila, (Mex.) 
 Ter, f Pen.) r 
 Ter Ileide, (Neth.) 
 Ter Schelling, (Netb.) isU 
 Tera, (Pen.) r. 
 Teramo, (It.) 
 Teran, (Pen.) 
 Terbleit, (Neth.) 
 Tercero, (S. .Am.) r. 
 Terebes, (.Vustr.) 
 Teregovacr, (Austr.) 
 Terena, (Pen.) 
 Terera d'Oliveira, (Pen.) 
 Teresa, (Pen.) 
 Teresa, (Braz.) fl 
 Terhappel, (Neth.) 
 Terjan, Plain of, (Tur.) 
 Tennes, les, (Fr.) 
 Termini, (It.) 
 Terminos, (Mex.) /. 
 Terino, (It.) r. 
 Termoli, (It.) 
 Terneuse, (Neth.) 
 
 td-vi'ra 
 
 td-vd4d'ra 
 
 td'vt 
 
 ta'i-ld'i 
 
 tdi'wel 
 
 tehd-bldr' 
 
 iehd'la 
 
 tchd-nu'ma 
 
 tchir'kdsk 
 
 tcher'n'i-gov 
 
 tsker'nd-viLs 
 
 tshi'prO-i^dtz 
 
 tsb'ir'kd-kr'rna 
 
 tcho-kiin' »a 
 
 tehQQ'la 
 
 tek'ien-b(}f)r^ 
 
 tt-ka-ldt'ldn 
 
 te'kO-mdn' 
 
 te-kum'sek 
 
 ted'la 
 
 tene'tdle 
 
 te'strQQp 
 
 te'fd-l{'ns 
 
 ts'^e-len 
 
 td-gi)Q-a-ls' ma 
 
 te-ge'ko 
 
 ti-g^-sd'ts 
 
 tih-he-rdn' 
 
 ts-fif-d'kdn 
 
 te-ff-dn'te-pck' 
 
 tr-ydn' tP-pik' 
 
 com. tin'muth 
 
 tl'ning 
 
 (I'm'ti 
 
 ti'p'dn 
 
 tJ-m'do 
 
 si-ir'ra ti-Hid'da 
 
 te'ke-fi 
 
 te'kla 
 
 tfl-ckdn'ka 
 
 te'lek tish 
 
 tt'lish' 
 
 te-le'ie 
 
 tc-tes-sdd' 
 
 te-le'tlirfQi 
 
 ielit 
 
 tel'H-ko 
 
 tel-tinc' 
 
 tiVliiig-stfd 
 
 ti-md-i-kdV te-pik 
 
 tim'b'i-a 
 
 tem-ble'he 
 
 te-me'g^^-n 
 
 ti-me-r'iiie' 
 
 tr'misli 
 
 t£-mish-vdr' 
 
 thn'pe 
 
 tem'peUb^Qr^ 
 thn'pi-o 
 tdn^-plqq' 
 tewse-na 
 ihi-ds' acr-xm 
 km de tin'da 
 ten'dra 
 Idngdr 
 
 \ tt-n£T-i'ft 
 
 te-ne-r'ife' 
 
 ten'na 
 
 ten-nes-see' 
 
 te-nd[h~tit-ldn' 
 
 tin-pid'ki 
 
 thi'sift 
 
 tdng-tin'v'i 
 
 tintsh'brOtt 
 
 te-pe-a'ka 
 
 tsptk' 
 
 tt-pS'a 
 
 te-pds-kd'l^9-la 
 
 t('pis-lit-lda' 
 
 te-ki'la 
 
 ter 
 
 tir kVds 
 
 ter skel'ling 
 
 te'ra 
 
 te-rd'mo 
 
 tf.-rdn' 
 
 ter-bllte' 
 
 ter-the' (-ȣ') ro 
 
 ti-re'besk 
 
 te-re-gO-vd'er 
 
 t{-re'na 
 
 te-r^'ra dS-ti-vVra 
 
 t^-re'sa 
 
 tt-re'sa 
 
 ttr-'hdp'pH 
 
 tir-jdn' 
 
 It terme 
 
 tir'mi-nt 
 
 th"mt'no9 
 
 ter'mo 
 
 ter'mi-ti 
 
 ter-nA-e' 
 
 Terni, (It.) 
 
 Terra del Fuego, (S. Am.) 
 Terra di liari, (It.) 
 Terra di Lavora, (It.) 
 Terra di Otraiito, (It.) 
 Terra Nova, (It.) 
 Terracina, (It.) 
 Terralba, (It.) 
 Tcrrana, Maria de, (It.) 
 
 Terrebois St. Audr6, (Can.) tire-bwd' tang tdng-dri' 
 
 Terrebonne, (Can.) 
 
 Terrible, (Switz.) mt. 
 
 Terricciola, (It.) 
 
 Terrida, (Eg.) 
 
 Tersh, (R.) r. 
 
 Tcrwalde, rNetb.) 
 
 Tosclien, (.Austr.) 
 
 Teschendorf, (Prus.) 
 
 Te-ssin, (Switz.) 
 
 Testigos, (S. Am.) isL 
 
 Tetala, (.\le\.) • 
 
 Tete de Mort, (U. S.) 
 
 Teuchern, (Prus.) 
 
 Teufclsbruecke, (Switz.) 
 
 Teufen, (Switz.) 
 
 Teufl'elen, (Switz.) 
 
 Teulada, (It.) e. 
 
 Teuscliiiitz, (Ger.) 
 
 Tevego, (Braz.) 
 
 Teverone, (It.) r. 
 
 Texaman, (.Mex.) 
 
 Texaua, (U. S.) 
 
 Texas, (U.S.) 
 
 Te.vel, (Neth.) isL 
 
 Tezcuco, (.Mex.) 
 
 Thalkirch, (Switz.) 
 
 Thalheim, (Switz.) 
 
 Thames, (Eng.) 
 
 Thamsbrueck, (Prus.) 
 
 Thaso, (Tur.) i.v(. 
 
 Thebald, Desert of, (Eg.) 
 
 Thebes, (Eg ) 
 
 Thebes, (Gr.) 
 
 Thei.ss, or Tisza, (Austr.) 
 
 Tlielpusa, (Gr.) 
 
 Theiion, (Fr.) 
 
 Theodosia, (It.) 
 
 Thera, (Gr.) W. 
 
 Theresiaiiopel, (.Austr.) 
 
 Thessalia, (Tur.) 
 
 Theux, (Neth.) 
 
 Thibault, (It.) 
 
 Thibet, or Tibet, (As.) 
 
 Thiel, (Neth.) 
 
 Thielt, fNeth.) 
 
 Thieracnern, (Switz.) 
 
 Thierache Forest, (Netli.) 
 
 Thiers, (Fr.) 
 
 Thil, le Chat, (Fr.) 
 
 Thioiiville, (Fr.) 
 
 Thivicrs, (Fr.) 
 
 Tholen, (Neth.) 
 
 Thomar, (Pen.) 
 
 Thoinaschovatz, (.Austr.) 
 
 Thone, (Ger.) 
 
 Tliorda, (Austr.) 
 
 Thorigny, (Fr.) 
 
 Thorn, (Neth. Prus.) 
 
 Thorout, (Neth.) 
 
 Tliouars, (Fr.) 
 
 Tliree Rivers, or Trols Ri- 
 vieres, (Can.) 
 
 Throniiim, (Gr.) 
 
 Tliueringen, Fr. Thurgo- 
 vie, (Ger.) 
 
 Thum, (Ger.) 
 
 Thun, (Switz.) 
 
 Tliur, (Switz.) r. 
 
 Thurgau, (Switz.) 
 
 Thuringer Wald, (Ger.) 
 
 Tiandijari, (Sc. Pen.) L 
 
 Tiber, IL Tevere, (It.) 
 
 Tibet, or Thibet, (As.) 
 
 Tibiquari-guaza, (S. Am.) 
 isl. 
 
 Tiburon, (Mcx.) isl. 
 Ticino, (It.) 
 Ticonderoga, (U. S.) 
 Tidone, (It.) r. 
 Tiefens, (Prus.) 
 Tieh, el. Desert of, ' Eg.) 
 
 tfr'iil 
 
 trr'rd del fiJQ-i'go 
 ter'ra di bd'r'i 
 tfr'ra di Id-rd'ra 
 ter'ra di S-lrdn'to 
 ter'ra nS'va 
 ter'rd-cki'ita 
 ier-rdt'ba 
 
 md-r'i'a d^ t^r-rd'na 
 
 tSre-boiie' 
 ter-rtbl' 
 trr-rtt'lckS-ta 
 trr^'i'da 
 1er:ih 
 ter-rdl'dt 
 te.ih'in 
 thh' en-dor/ 
 tts-.ilTu' ' 
 tes-t'l'gos 
 te-td'la 
 ttte de mBrt 
 toi'lhim 
 toi'feU-bruk'kt 
 tm'/en 
 toi'ffln V 
 le-<jif-td'da 
 toisk'nits 
 tt-i^e'go 
 te-ce-rO'ne 
 te-lkd-mdn' 
 lii d'na 
 
 ti'lkds or tii'at 
 teks'il 
 
 (tesse-) k^g'ko 
 tale'kirlh 
 idle'hlme 
 com. temi 
 tdms'bruk 
 tJld'so 
 tne-ba'id 
 inibes ' 
 the'besse 
 (Ice, ti.i'sa 
 tliel-p^if'sa 
 ti-nSng' 
 te-O-dd'e't-a 
 tht'ra 
 
 te-r'-zi-d-nS'pil 
 thessa'l'i-a 
 
 fi-bV 
 tib'et 
 tile 
 tilie 
 
 t'ire'd-fhern 
 
 tire'd-lht 
 
 fi-Sre' 
 
 t il tit sha 
 
 nSng-vile' 
 
 ti-ci-e' 
 
 t&'len 
 
 t5-mdr' 
 
 t^j-indsh'&-vdu' 
 
 ti'nt 
 
 IBr'da 
 
 ta-rin'yi 
 
 tSrne 
 
 td-rfQ' 
 
 tQf-dre' 
 
 I tnod r'i-v'i-trt' 
 
 t?ir5' n'i-^^m 
 [ tU'riii'i-en, Fr. tir-gO- 
 i vie' 
 
 t^Qme 
 
 tQQHt 
 
 t^Qre 
 tQQr'gou 
 iu'ring-er vdlt 
 t'i-dn'di-yd'r'i 
 tVbrr, It. l£'Bt-''t 
 (liiVt 
 
 ti-bi-k()f-d'fi-gi}Q->i't1la 
 
 f-aa) 
 Ci-bfg-rOn' 
 ti-ehi'no 
 tl-kvn-der-O'ga 
 fi-di'nt 
 t'i'fens 
 el Ci'eh 
 
 Tien'a del Fuego, (i^. Am.) isl. ti-er'ra del /f9-t't» 
 
 Tiesa, (.Mex.) 
 Tietar, (Pen.) r. 
 Tiflis, (k.) 
 
 Tigre, Lago del, (S. Am.) 
 Tigre, (iMe.x.) r. 
 Tigris, (Tur.) r. 
 Tilapa, (Mox.) 
 TilburR, (Neth.) 
 Tillires, (Fr.) 
 Tilligte, (.Neth.) 
 Tilly, (Fr.) 
 Tilsit, (Prus.) 
 
 t'i-e.'sa 
 ti-e-tdr' 
 ti'flis 
 
 Id' go del n'grt 
 
 ti'eris 
 ti-ld'pa 
 lH'bv</Tf 
 
 fH-yjMoj m-ytrt' 
 til'lilh-ts 
 (il-yV or ffi-yi' 
 til'-.it 
 
 Fr. long A and short m, nearly as in spur Final ly, French I mouilli. — in"ger, vi"cioiLs. — g aa s ia pleasure ; ^ and M guttural ; ny liquid ; (A as in piM. 
 
 TtT 
 
 J .? J • 
 
 I3B1 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 riinbucto, or Toiiibucto, 
 
 CAf.) 
 Timea, (It.) r. 
 Tiitiolus, (Tur ) mt. 
 Timor, (East Isl.) st. 
 Timpab.iches. (Mex.) 
 Tingelslail, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tiniciim, (U. S.) 
 TiiKiso, (Pen.) c. 
 TiiUo, (Pen.) r. 
 Tin/.i n, ^Switz.) 
 Tioga, (U. S.) 
 Tipiiiiiicho, (Jle.T.) 
 Tippecanoe, (U. S.) 
 Tipperary, (ir.) co 
 TipperarV, (Ir.) 
 Tirara, (it.) 
 Tirlemont, (Netli.) 
 Tirone, (It.) (. 
 Tirsclieiireit, (Ger.) 
 Tiraii (It.) r. 
 Tisted, (Den.) 
 Tisza Furea, (Aiistr.) 
 Titicaca, (S. Am.) /. 
 Tivoli, (It.) 
 Tizzano Point, (It) 
 Tjakelvas, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 Tjoering, (Den.) 
 Tjoern, (.Sc. Pen.) Ul. 
 Tjoerneberg, (Den.) i.si. 
 Tlapa, (Me.v.) 
 TIascala, (iVe.'i.) 
 Toballo, (It.) 
 Tobarra, (Pen.) 
 Tobehanna, (U. S.) 
 Tobiqiie, (Can.) r. 
 Tobolsk, (As.) 
 Tocco, (It.) 
 Todal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Todars, (It.) 
 Todi, (It.) 
 
 Todos Santos, (Ilex.) 
 Todtenau, (Ger.) 
 Toenningen, (Den.) 
 Toeplitz, (Austr.) 
 Toeppingen, (Ger.) 
 Toipahna, (Mex.) 
 Tokay, (Austr.) 
 Toko-labo, (N. Zeal.) Aarior 
 Tola, Desert of, (Aii.) 
 Tolapampa, (S. Am.) 
 Toledo, (Pen.) 
 Tolentino, (II.) 
 Tolgen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tolhuis, (Neth.) 
 Tolinia, (S. Am.) 
 Tolima Volcano, (S. Am.) 
 Tolna, (Austr.) 
 Tolosa, (Pen.) 
 Tolsager, (Den.) 
 Toluca, (Mex.) 
 Tolzt, (Ger.) 
 Tomaszau, (R.) 
 Tomatlan, (Mex.) 
 Tornbigbee, or Torabeek- 
 
 bee, (U. S.) 
 Tom6, (Fr.) ial. 
 Tomini, (East. Isl.) g. 
 Tomo, (S. Am.) r. 
 Tonal, (It.) 
 Tonala, (Mex.) 
 Tonawanda, (U. S.) 
 Toncado, (Pen.) 
 Tonder, (Den.) 
 Tongo, (East. Isl.) 
 Tongres, (Netli.) 
 Tonnara, (It.) 
 Tonneins, (Fr.) 
 Tonnerre, (Fr.) 
 Tonnin, (Ger.) 
 Tonquin, (As.) 
 Tonsbere, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Toorkistan, (.\a.) 
 Toorkuiania, (Per.) 
 Toorsbcfz, (Per.) 
 Top.iufalva, (Austr.) 
 Topayor, Rio, (Hraz.) 
 Topolias, (Gr.) U 
 Topoly^, (Austr.) 
 Topool, (East. Isl.) u(. 
 Tor, (Pen.) 
 Torbay, (Eng.) 
 Torbel, (Switz.) 
 Torcini, (It.) 
 'i'orcsa, (Austr.) 
 Tordendorf, (Ger.) 
 Tordera, (Pen.) 
 Tordi sillas (Pen.) 
 Tordillo, (S. Am.) I. 
 Torefors, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Torello, (It.) 
 Torga, (Pnn.) 
 Torgau, (Prua.) 
 Torkan, (R.) 
 
 I tim-buk'to 
 
 ti-me'a. 
 ti' md-lQQs 
 ti'mor 
 
 tim-pd-b'd' chhsa 
 tin^' H-stdt 
 tin'i-ktim 
 t'i-n5'so 
 tin'to 
 tin'tspn 
 ti-o' fra 
 li-pi-md'cho 
 tip-pc-kd-n^Q' 
 tip-pe-rd'ry 
 tip-pc-rd'ry 
 ti-rd'ra 
 lirle-mOng' 
 (i-rS'ne 
 
 t'tr'si* 
 t'i'strd 
 
 ti-ti-kd'kd 
 li'vo-tt 
 /■'it-dzd'no 
 jd'kel-vds 
 t'ify'rinrr 
 
 t'iettr'ne-htr^ 
 tld'pd 
 tlds'kd-la 
 tS-bdl'lo 
 td-hdr'ra 
 to-be.-htin'na 
 td-bike' 
 to-bnlsk' 
 tok'ko 
 to' dale 
 tS'ddrs 
 to'di 
 
 to'dos sdn'tos 
 t5'tni-au 
 t^n'ninrr-en 
 l^p'lits" 
 t^p'ping-en 
 toi-pd' QQ-a 
 td-kV 
 to'kd-ld'bo 
 to'la 
 
 to'ld-p'dm'pa 
 to-Ie'do 
 to-lhi-ti'no 
 tqVyen 
 tol'liois 
 td-t'i'wa 
 
 td-Vi'ma vSl-kd'no 
 toVna 
 
 tols'd-irer 
 tB-ln^'ka 
 tollst 
 t5-md-<'so 
 td~mdt'ldn 
 
 I tom-biir'be 
 td-me' 
 to-vi'i'n'i 
 to'mo 
 K-ndV 
 td-nd'la 
 ton-a-wan' d'd 
 ton-kd'do 
 ton'der 
 
 tqntrr 
 tOn^d'ra 
 tZii'-ndnrr' 
 
 tSn-n'ine' 
 tSn-kin' 
 t6ns'bir^ 
 tffr-kis-t'dn' 
 tQ<jrk-m'd'ni~a 
 ti}(}r.i'hH 
 tlipou-fdi'va 
 r'i'o ta-pd-y5r' 
 tS-pH'li-da 
 tS-prjl'ya 
 t^'pi^gi' 
 tSr 
 
 tor-bay' 
 tiir'bil 
 tbr-tchi'ii 
 tor'tcka 
 tnr'dfn-dQrf 
 tdr-d^'ra 
 ttir-dt-.i'il'yd) 
 tlir-iftl'yo 
 td'rtfnrs' 
 ttl^el'io 
 tQr'ga 
 tor'ffou 
 tQr-kltn' 
 
 Torma, (R.) 
 
 Tormaleo, (Pen.) 
 
 Tormes, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Tornau, (Ger.) 
 
 Tornavacus, (Pen.) ' 
 
 Tornaya, (Austr.) 
 
 Tornea, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Tornea, (R.) 
 
 Tornea, (Sc. Pen.) I. 
 
 Torneafors Foundery, (Sc. 
 Pen.) 
 
 Tornella, (Pen.) 
 
 Tornese, (Gr. ) c. tc caxtle 
 
 Torni, (Switz.) 
 
 Tornos, ' Pen.) 
 
 Tore, (Pen.) 
 
 Toro, (It.) isl. 
 
 Toro, (S. Am.) /. 
 
 Toroczko, (Austr.) 
 
 Torok, (Austr.) 
 
 Torok Becse, (Austr.) 
 
 Torpa, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Torquemada, (Pen.) 
 
 Torr, (Sc. Pen.) /. 
 
 Torralba, (Pen.) 
 
 Torrao, (Pen.) 
 
 Torrberg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Torre Rossa, (It.) 
 
 Torrebianca, (Pen.) 
 
 Torrecilla, (Pen.) 
 
 Torrejoncillo (Pen.) 
 
 Torremoclial, (Pen.) 
 
 Torrenate, (Mex.) 
 
 Torrenueva, (Pen.) 
 
 Torres de Orcas, (Pen.) 
 
 Torres, (Austral.) isU 
 
 Torres Vedras, (Pen.) 
 
 Torrestro, (Pen.) 
 
 Torri, (It.) 
 
 Torrijos, (Pen.) 
 Torrubia, (Pen.) 
 Torsas, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Torsken, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Torsted, (Den.) 
 Tortola, (Pen.) 
 Tortoles, (Pen.) 
 Tortoli, (It.) 
 Tortona, (It.) 
 Tortosa, (Pen.) 
 Tortuga, (S. Am.) ill. 
 Torviscan, (Pen.) 
 Tosens, (Austr.) 
 Toss, (Switz.) 
 Toss, (Switz.) r. 
 Tossa, (Pen.) 
 Tost, (Prus.) 
 Tostes, (Fr.) 
 Totana, (Pen.) 
 Tilth Vavard, (Austr.) 
 Totonacapan, (Mex.) 
 Totora, (S. Am.) 
 Tourques, (Fr.) 
 Toukoulan, (As.) mt. 
 Toul, (Fr.) 
 Toula, (R.) 
 Toulon, (Fr.) 
 Toulouse, (Fr.) 
 Tour du Pin, la, (Fr.) 
 Tour, la Blanche, (Fr.) 
 Touraine, (Fr.) 
 Touriers, (Fr.) 
 Tournay, (Fr. & Neth.) 
 Tourniquet, (Fr.) 
 Tournon, (Fr.) 
 Touron, (East. Isl.) 
 Tourouvre, (Fr.) 
 Tours, (Fr.) ■ 
 Towamensing, (U. S.) 
 Towanda, (U. S.) 
 Tracadie, (Can.) 
 Tracadie Lagoon, (Can.) 
 Trachenburg, (Prus.) 
 Traen, (Austr.) r. 
 
 Trafalgar, (Pen.) c. 
 
 Trafeya, (Austr.) 
 Tragaccte, (Pen.) 
 Tragoso, (It.) 
 Traiskirchen. (Austr.) 
 Traniclan, (Switz.) 
 Tranbacli, (Switz.) 
 Tninen, (Sc. Pen.) isL 
 
 Tranqucbar, (Ind.) 
 
 Transylvania, Transylva- ( 
 nicn, or Siebenbuergen, } 
 Erdely Orszag J 
 
 Trapa, (Pen.) 
 Trapanl, (II.) 
 Trapano, (Tur.) c 
 Trapes, (Fr.) 
 Trarbach, ((Jer.) 
 Trascn, (Austr.) r. 
 
 tqr'jna 
 
 tor-vid-lt' 
 
 tor'viesse 
 
 tqr'nou 
 
 tqr-iid-vd'kQft 
 
 tqr-nd'ya 
 
 tqr'7ie-o 
 
 tqr'ne-o 
 
 tor'ne-o 
 
 j tqr'nt-S-fqri 
 
 tqr-nH'ya 
 
 tdr~ne'se 
 
 tqr-nV 
 
 tdr'nos 
 
 td'ro 
 
 td'ro 
 
 td'ro 
 
 ta-rdtch'ko 
 tS'rdk 
 
 tS'rSk bit'sB 
 tor' pa 
 
 tor-ke-mU'da 
 tqr 
 
 tdr^dVba 
 
 tor~rd'o 
 
 tSr'ber^ 
 
 tdr're rSs'sa 
 
 tOr're-b'i-dn'ka 
 
 tdr're-ttiil'ya 
 
 tdr're-lhon-tnU'yo 
 
 tdr're-md-ckdl' 
 
 tSr're-nd'le 
 
 t5r're-n<^i)-e'vn 
 
 tdr'rfsse de Or'kds 
 
 tdr'resse 
 
 tor'resse ve'dr'ds 
 
 tor-resse'tro 
 
 tir'ri 
 
 tdr^'i'ihos 
 
 tor-rq^'bi-a 
 
 tdrs'oce 
 
 tore'sken 
 
 tore'sted 
 
 tor-to'la or tBr'tH-Ia 
 
 tdr-td'lesse 
 
 tOr'td-ti 
 
 tor-td'na 
 
 tSr-to'sa 
 
 f5r-t<j(^'ga 
 
 tdr'v'is-kdn' 
 
 tG'zins 
 
 tos 
 
 tos 
 
 tds'sa 
 
 tdst 
 
 tdfte 
 
 td-td'na 
 
 tqt-vd'vdrd 
 
 tb't5-nd-kd-pdn' 
 
 td-tO'ra 
 
 tfQk 
 
 tim'kou-ldii' 
 
 tl)Ql 
 
 tou'la 
 
 tVV-lSng' 
 
 tQQ-lifqse' 
 
 Id tQt/r di ping 
 
 Id bldngshe t^fjr 
 
 tQQ^dne' 
 
 tfQ-ri-e' 
 
 tQ(fr-nS' 
 
 tf}Qr-ni-ke' 
 
 tffr-nSng' 
 
 tmi'rdn 
 
 t^Q^QQvr* 
 
 tijQr 
 
 tow-d-mttn'sing 
 tow-an'da 
 trd-icd-di' 
 Ird-kd-di' ld-g()t)n' 
 trdW en.-bQ(ir§ 
 trd'en 
 
 trdf-AVgar, trd-fdl'gdr, 
 
 or trd f dl-gdr' 
 trdfe'ya 
 trd-gd-tne'te 
 trd-gb'so 
 trls-kir'^ken 
 trd'mH-ldn' 
 trdnc'bdlh 
 trd'ufn 
 
 trdu-que-bdr' or trdrt-ke- 
 bdr' 
 
 trdn-tnjl-vWn'i-a cr trdn- 
 sil-vd'n'i-a (-nY-^n,) lY- 
 ben-bur'gen, ir'dety 
 Gre'sdg 
 
 trd'pa 
 
 trd-pd'n't 
 
 trd-pd'no 
 
 trdpe 
 
 Irdr'bdlh 
 
 Ird'ifn 
 
 I Tras OS Monies, (Pen.) 
 t Trau, (Austr.) 
 Traun, Falls of, (Austr.) 
 Traunstein, (Ger.) 
 Travancore, (Ind.) 
 Travasos, (Pen.) 
 Trave, (Ger.) r. 
 Travemuendc, (Ger.) 
 Travers, (Switz.) 
 Travis, (U. S.) 
 Tre Ponti, (It.) t. 
 Tre Santi, (It.) 
 Trebbin, (Prus.) 
 Trebia, (It.) r. 
 Trebisacche, (It.) 
 Trehizond, (Tur.) 
 Trelinitz, (Prus.) 
 Trebujena, (Pen.) 
 Treen, (Den.) r. 
 Treglie, le, (It.) 
 Treib, (Switz.) 
 Treillieres, (Fr.) 
 Treis, (Ger.) 
 Treiscliam, (Ger., 
 Trementine, (Fr.) 
 Tremiti, (It.) isl 
 Trende Espinos, (S. Am.) 
 Trent, (Austr. Den.) 
 Trentino, (It.) r. 
 Treptow, (Prus.) 
 Tres Barras, (Braz.) 
 Tres Colunas, (As.) isl. 
 Tres Jlontes, Peninsula de 
 
 (S. Am.) 
 Tres Portos, (Draz.) 
 Tresbes, (Fr.) 
 Treuenbriezen, (Ger.) 
 Treves, or Trier, (Ger.) 
 Trevi, (It.) 
 Treviglio, (It.) 
 Trevignano, (It.) 
 Treviso, (It.) 
 Trevoux, (Fr.) 
 Tri Sinara, (Gr.) mt. 
 Triagons, iFr.) 
 Triangeros, (Pen.) 
 Tricherie, ^Fr.) 
 Trichinopoly, (Hind.) 
 Trichonia, (Gr.) 
 Triel, (Fr.) 
 Trient, (Switz.) r. 
 Trier, m- Treve3,.(Gcr.) 
 Trieste, (Austr.)* 
 Trigno, (It.) r. 
 Trigomano, (Gr.) 
 Trigueros, (Pen.) 
 Trikala, (Tur. It.) 
 Trinadad, (Cuba,) (W. Ind 
 Trinadad, (Guatimala,) 
 
 (Mex.) 
 Tnncomalee, (Ind.) 
 Trindelen Point, (Den.) 
 Trinidad, (Mex. S. Am. 
 
 Braz.) 
 
 Trinidad, Real de la, (Mei, 
 Trinitie, la, (W. Ind.) 
 Trino, (It.) 
 Trionto Point, (It.) 
 Triou, (Fr.) 
 Triphylia, (Gr.) 
 Tripoli, (Af. East. Isl.) 
 Tripoli Vecchi, (Af.) 
 Tripolis, (Tur. Gr.) 
 Trivento, (It.) 
 Trochteltingen, (Ger.) 
 Trodda, (Pen.) isl. 
 Trois Pistolles, (Can.) 
 Troja, (It.) 
 Troldtoft, (Den.) 
 Trolhaetta, Falls of, (Sc. 
 Pen.) 
 
 Tronimoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tromsoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tronaes, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Trond, St. (Neth.) 
 Trons, (Switz.) 
 Trondhjem, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tronto, (It.) r. 
 Tropea, (It.) 
 Troppau, (Austr.) 
 Troyes, (Fr.) 
 Tmn, (Fr.) 
 Trunz, (Prus.) 
 Truxillo, (Mex.) 
 Tryggevelde, (Don.) 
 Tsareva, (R.) 
 Tschaknthurm, (Austr.) 
 IVchapina, (Switz.) 
 Tschierf, (Switz.) 
 Tu.at, or Twat, (Af.) 
 Tnat, Oasis of, (Af.) 
 Tuban, (Ea-st. Isl.) 
 Tubbus, (Per.) 
 Tuebingen, (Ger.) 
 
 trds OS mdn'tessc 
 Irou 
 troun 
 
 troun'stlne 
 trdv-dn-kOre' 
 trd-vd'sos 
 trd've 
 
 trd^e-min'dg 
 trd-ver' 
 trdv'ia 
 trt pSn't't 
 tre sdn'ti 
 Ireb-b'ine' 
 tre'b'i-a 
 tri-bi-sdk'ke 
 treb'i-iond 
 treb'nits 
 trt-bi^Q-lke'na 
 trene 
 le trH'ys 
 trip 
 
 tril-yi-erel or tri-i-ytre' 
 tris 
 
 trVshdm 
 tre~vidng't'ine' 
 tre-mi'ti 
 tren'de is-jii'no» 
 treitt 
 
 tren-tVno 
 trep'to 
 
 tresse bdr'r'ds 
 trisse ko-lgi/nds 
 , ) pe-ntn-sQg'la d§ tresse 
 j mdn'tt'sse 
 tresse pdr'tos 
 tribe 
 
 troi'in-br'i'tsin 
 trSve 
 tre'v'i 
 tre-v'il'yo 
 tre-v'in-yd'no 
 tre-v'i'io 
 tre-VQQ' 
 tri s'i-nd'ra 
 tri-d-gSng' 
 tr'i-dn-lke'ros 
 tr'ish-rV 
 trik-in-op'o-ln 
 tri-US' (-kd') ni-a 
 tri-iV 
 tr'i-enV 
 tr'i'er 
 
 tri-est'e or tr'i-ht' 
 trin'yo 
 tr'i-gb^d'tio 
 tr'i-ge'ros 
 tr'i-icd'la 
 .) tfi-nd-ddd' 
 
 j tr'i-nd^d'dd' 
 
 trin^-kO-mS-lee' 
 t>~iwdeln 
 
 j tri-ni-ddd' 
 
 .) rt-dl' de Id tri-n i-ddd' 
 Id tri-ni-ti' 
 tr'i'no 
 tri-On'to 
 tri-f9' 
 tri-fy'ti-a 
 tri'pS-ti 
 tfi'pS ti vek'ki 
 trVpi-lis 
 tri-ven'to 
 trolh-tii-fing'in 
 trBd'da 
 tnod pis-tilt' 
 trO'ya 
 trqld'tojt 
 
 I troUhit'ta 
 
 trom'mdh 
 troms'dil 
 trd'ndse 
 sang trOng 
 trGng 
 trond'yim 
 trOn'to 
 tri-pt'a 
 trop'pou 
 trwd 
 tring 
 trqq^its 
 
 trff-lhil' t-lkn') yo 
 trig'st-M'dt 
 tsd-rc'va 
 tthd'kd-tQijrm' 
 tshd-pi'na 
 tsh'irfe 
 tu-it', twit 
 tu-dt', twit 
 tS-bdn' 
 tiib'bUs 
 tu'bing-fn 
 
 Fate, far, fifll,iBhift, bit. — Mete, prsy, hilp, Ihire, hir. — rine, marine, bird, fig. — JVZte, dace, miive, v)i)lf, hgok, lqrd.—Tf>ne, bull, iinite. — Fr. long rfte ; Fr. short hvU 
 
 1Wi2 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Tiihoc, (East. Isl.) 
 
 Tiibiirbo, (Af.) 
 
 Tuckiihoe, (IT. S.) 
 
 Tuckasag;i, (U. S.) / 
 
 Tiicumnii, (S. Am.) 
 
 Tudcla, (Pen.) 
 
 Tuilcla de Douro, (Pen.) 
 
 Tiicfclsbriicke, Teiifels- • 
 brucke, or L)cvil*s bridge, 
 (SivKz.) ' 
 
 Tiiejar, (Pen.) 
 
 Tupla, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Tuil, (N*th.) 
 
 TuilU", la, (It.) 
 
 Tula, (Mex.) 
 
 Tula, (Mex.) r. 
 
 Tule, (Mex.) 
 
 Tiinanuire, (Ir.) 
 
 Tulle, (Fr.) 
 
 TuMiiis, (Fr.) 
 
 Tullstorp, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Tulutepiique, (Mc.x.) 
 
 Tumbarli, (Cer.) 
 
 Tuna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Tunbridge, (Eng.) 
 
 Tunis, (Af.) 
 
 Tunkhannock, (U. S.) 
 
 Tunkovitchi, (R.) 
 
 Tupiico, (Mex.) 
 
 Tupinanibaiamas, (Braz.) 
 isl. &. T. 
 
 Turbentlial, (Svvitz.) 
 
 Turco, (Gr.) mf. 
 
 Turienzd, (Pen.) 
 
 Turin, (ft.) 
 
 Turka, (Au?tr.) 
 
 Turkestan, (As.) 
 
 Turkey, (Eur. As.) 
 
 Turkoinania, (As.) 
 
 Turn, (Ncth.) 
 
 Tursi, (It.) 
 
 Tiirturano, (It.) 
 
 Turves, (Fr.) 
 
 Turvo, (Braz.) r. 
 
 Tuscahonia, (IJ. S.) 
 
 Tuscaloosa, (U. S.) 
 
 Tuscany, (Etruria,) (It.) 
 
 Tuscarawas, (U. S.) 
 Tuscarora, (U. S.) 
 Tuscumbia, (U. S.) 
 Tusillo, (It.) 
 Tuslund, (Den.) 
 Tuspan, (Me.x.) 
 Tved, (Den.) 
 Tvede, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tvenstrup, (Den.) 
 Tver, (R.) 
 Twame, (Switz.) 
 Tvvello, (Neth.) 
 Tvviss, (N. Zeal.) 
 Twyzel, (Neth.) 
 Tyeberg, (Den.) 
 Tymochtee, (U. S.) 
 Tyrnaii, (.^ustr.) 
 Tyrol, (Austr.) 
 Tyrone, (Ir.) 
 Tys Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Tzapoteca. (Me.x.) 
 Tzum, (Neth.) 
 
 ti-hok' 
 tu-biir'bo 
 tuk'a-hot 
 txili-d'Hii' fra 
 
 tOQ-ile'la 
 
 tQf-df'la lie dijQ'ro 
 
 toi'feU-bruli' ks 
 
 ti}Q-e-!kdr' 
 tng-e'ta 
 tu-W 
 lit tfo-tl'ts 
 tQQ'ta 
 tijtf'la 
 t<i()'lf 
 
 tul-td-mHre' 
 tSl 
 
 tlil-ldng' 
 tl)Ql'storp 
 tQty-lQQ'tf-pS'k^ 
 
 tun'briilje 
 (<i(>'nY.< or tn'nis 
 tunk-/t^n'nok 
 tQon' kO-vW ck'i 
 tQQ-p'il'ko 
 
 j tQQ'p'i-n'dm-b'd-r'd'm'ds 
 
 t^Qr'bhi-tdte' 
 tQqr'ko 
 tQQ-r'i-fn'tfio 
 tu-rin', Fr. tu-rinir, It. 
 tqifr'ka [tS-r'i'no 
 tt^t^'kf-stdn' 
 tur'key 
 
 ti}gr-kl>-md'ni-a 
 
 twr-tQQ-rd' no 
 ttlrve 
 
 tu.-i-kd-kO'ma 
 tits-kd-lf^Q'.^a 
 ( tus'kd-nii. It. tSs-kd'na, 
 I etrfQ'r'i-a 
 tus-kd-ra'tcas 
 tus-kd-rd'rii 
 tus-kum'b'i-a 
 tfi/sil'lo 
 tQQs'lfQnd 
 UjQS-pdn' 
 tujede 
 twe'de 
 twen'strQQp 
 licere 
 tiod'ms 
 tail'to 
 tieis 
 tioi'iH 
 tii'berS- 
 fl^ok'te 
 tir'nou 
 
 t'i-rSW, Eng. tyr'ol 
 ti-rSntJ 
 tfis f 'lSrde 
 Lid- (tnd-) pD-ts'ka 
 
 u. 
 
 U Kharoeh, (Eg.) 
 Uacosi Ville, (Mex.) 
 Uasituba, (Braz.) 
 Ubeda, (Pen.) 
 Ubrique, (Pen.) 
 Uchau, (Fr.) 
 Uchee, (U. S.) 
 Ucheten, (Neth.) 
 Uchte, (Ger.) 
 Uckerniuende, (Plus.) 
 Udbina, (Austr.) 
 U<lbye, (Den.) 
 Udde, (Neth.) 
 Uildevalla, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Uddjaur. (Sc. Pen.) 
 Udcn, (Neth.) 
 Udine, (It.) 
 Udvar, (Sc. Pen.) 
 LTdvarhely, (Austr.) 
 Ueberling, (Ger.) 
 Ueberslorf, (Switz.) 
 Uebigau, (Pnis.) 
 Ueti rsen, (Den.) 
 Uffenheim, (Ger.) 
 tJgalino, (Mex.) 
 Ugg. lbolle, (Den ) 
 Ugliano, (Austr.) isl. 
 
 ^ khdr'geh 
 
 qQd~k6'si 
 
 QQd-s'i-tgg'ba 
 
 tjq-be'da 
 
 ^br'i'ki 
 
 u-sM' 
 
 fQ'chi-tin 
 Vflfi'te 
 
 qQ'ker-mSn'dc 
 qgd-bVna 
 Oqd'bti 
 Vqd'df 
 
 Qgd'de-vdl'la 
 
 qgd'dyour 
 
 QQ'den 
 
 QQ'di-ne or qif-iti'nt 
 
 Qqd'vdr 
 
 QQd'vdr-hily' 
 
 ii'ber-linsr 
 
 H'bers-torf 
 
 ii'bi-goit' 
 
 H'ter-zen 
 
 tvf'frn-htme 
 
 qO-^d-Vi* no 
 
 Qq^'Ufl-bol'le 
 
 qQ-^d'no 
 
 Ugra, (Austr.) 
 Uhist, (Prus.) 
 Ubiingen, (Ger.) 
 Ubnow, (AuHtr.) 
 Uiden Anwen, /Neth.) 
 Uied Salvator, (It.) 
 Uitdani, (Neth.) 
 Uitenhage, (Af.) 
 Ujest, (Prua.) 
 Ujhely, (Austr.) 
 Ujijar, (Pen.) 
 Ujvaros, (Austr.) 
 Ukraine, or Ukrainn, (R.) 
 Ulbe, (.\ustr.) isl. 
 Ulbjerg, (Den.) 
 Uldecoua, (Pen.) 
 Ulduni, (Den.) 
 UleS, (Pen.) 
 UleS, (R.) ;. 
 UleSborg, (R.) 
 Ulfors, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ulla, (It.) r. 
 Ullerslov, (Den.) 
 Ullerup, (Den.) 
 Ulni, (Ger.) 
 
 Ulrikehanin, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Ulriclistein, (Ger.) 
 Ulster, (Ir.) 
 Ulstrup, (Den.) 
 Uluk Tag, (As.) mt. 
 Uinbagog, (U. S.) 
 Uinbrail Pass, (Switz.) , 
 UmcS, (Sc. Pen.) 
 UmeR, (Sc. Pen.) r. 
 Umstadt, (Ger.) 
 Uuitrask, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Unadilla, (U. S.) 
 Uncliales, (S. Am.) J}. 
 Underbye, (Deti.) 
 Underland, (Den.) 
 Undersvik, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Underup, (Den.) 
 Underweiler, (Switz.) 
 United States, (N. Am.) 
 Unna, (Ger.) 
 Unsersellen, (Ger.) 
 Unstnith, (Prus.) r. 
 Unter Franken, (Ger.) 
 Unier Vas, (Svvitz.) 
 Unlerbacli, (Switz.) 
 Unterschachen, (Switz.) 
 Unterseen, (Svvitz.) 
 Unterwalden, (Switz.) 
 Uonio Morto, Point, (It.) 
 Upoln, (S. Isl.) 
 Upsala, or Upsal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Urach, (Ger.) 
 Ural, (As.) r. 
 Ural, or Onral, (R.) mt. 
 Uranienburg, (Den.) 
 Urban iao, (It.) 
 Urbanna, (II. S.) 
 Urbino, (it.) 
 Urbuo, (Per.) 
 Urdache, (Fr.) 
 Ures, or Sonora, (Mex.) r. 
 Uri, (Switz. Mex.) 
 Urique, (Mex.) 
 Uriqiiillo, (Mex.) 
 Urk, (Neth.) isl. 
 Unnond, (Ncth.) 
 Urnaschen, (Svvitz.) 
 Urnen, (Switz.) 
 Urszad, (Austr.) 
 Uniara, (I'.raz.) r. 
 Urubuguara, (Braz.) 
 Uruguay, or Banda Ori- ( 
 ental, (Braz.) ( 
 Usclades, (Fr.) 
 Uscz, (Prus.) 
 Uscdom, (Prus.) 
 Uselbach, (Ger.) r. 
 Ushant, (Fr.) isl. 
 Usingen, (Ger.) 
 Usinovsk, (R.) 
 Usiar, (Ger.) 
 Ussel, (Fr.) 
 Ustica, (It.) isl. 
 Ust-Urt, (As.) 
 Usuniasinta, (.Mex.) r. 
 Utah, (U. S.) 
 Utica, (U. S.) 
 Utiel, (Pen.i 
 Utila, (Mex.) isl. 
 Uto, (Sc. Pen.) isL 
 Utrecht, (Neth.) 
 Utrera, (Pen.) 
 Utstrup, (Den.) 
 Utweiler, (Switz.) 
 Uwchlan, (U. S.) 
 Uzerche, (Fr.) 
 Uzd<, (Fr.) 
 Uznach, (Switz.) 
 Uzweiler, (Switz.) 
 
 QQ'hist 
 
 QQ'liitff-en 
 9P'ho 
 
 oi'dhi dn'vSne 
 QQ-'ied' siU-vd'tor 
 oit'dam 
 oi'tenhd' ge 
 W'fiest 
 QQ'Vtlelil 
 W-lhiihdr' 
 Qqi-t^d'rvs 
 
 T(-kranr', qf-krdl'na 
 
 Qql'be 
 
 QqVbt. er^ 
 
 qqt'dek^'na 
 
 qql'dfifjjn 
 
 fQ'lS-o 
 
 VV'tt-S-borg 
 
 qqt'fftrs 
 
 ffl'la 
 
 qql'trrs-ldv' 
 
 qql'le-rQQp 
 
 tjqbn 
 
 Qqt-r'i'kf-hdmn' 
 Qql'rilli-tttne' 
 ul'.-st'rr 
 Qgl'slrQqp 
 qil'lqQh tdtr 
 
 Anir-brd-V {-brdly) 
 
 Qq'me-o 
 
 qQ'me-o 
 
 qqm'stdt 
 
 tlQin' Irtish 
 
 %-nd-<lil'la 
 
 Qqti-rbd'U.tse 
 
 qqn'drr-bit' 
 
 qqn'di'r-ldnt' 
 
 gQu' d^rs-v'ikc' 
 
 gqn'dfi-rr.fip 
 
 gi)ii'di'r-cVUr 
 
 if-nit'cd stales 
 
 qgn'na 
 
 Qqn'z^r-ieVlen 
 Qnn'.-itrQQt 
 QQii'ter frdiOi'en 
 (i-n'i-e' vdi 
 (jgn'ter-bdfh 
 <}Qn' ter-stidlh' en 
 qgn'ter-ztne' 
 q<jn' ter-vdl' den 
 QQ-S'rno m6rHo 
 tg-pd'lw 
 qgp-.-id'lay up'sal 
 ijij'rd^ii 
 QQ-rdV 
 W-rdl' 
 
 QQ-rd' n'i-hi-bQqr^' 
 
 qQr-bd-ni-d'o 
 
 ur-bdn'ita 
 
 Qgr-b'i'no 
 
 i)Qr-bq<)' 
 
 dr-ddshc' 
 
 qq'ressCy s5-n5'ra 
 
 rn'ri 
 
 QQ'ri-ke 
 
 <!Q-ri-kil' {-kii') yo 
 QQrk 
 
 qqr'mqnd 
 
 QQre' iidsh' in 
 
 QQr'iien 
 
 ^Qrs'sdd 
 
 QQ-rQQ-d'ra 
 
 qQ-rqQ-bQQ-!fqQ-a'ra 
 
 QQ-^ltlSW'^y Eng. i^-ru- 
 
 guayl 
 ds-kldde' 
 qq-itch 
 Qq'ie-dqm 
 Qf'zil-bdlh 
 u-skdn^ 
 <jQ'ii»^-en 
 Qg-s'i-novsk' 
 QQs'ldr 
 ils-seV 
 qQs'ti'ka 
 tist-tiHe 
 
 V<>-sijg-md-sin'la 
 
 ^'lah 
 
 ^'^^-ka 
 
 ff-t'i-el' 
 
 (IQ'ti-la 
 
 W'lo 
 
 qg'trefht. Eng. n'trikt 
 Qq-tre'ra 
 
 QQt'strQqp 
 
 qgt-vi'ler 
 
 i/Qqk'lan 
 
 (i-zersh 
 
 ti-zBce 
 
 qqts'ndch 
 
 QQts'vi'ler 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaivclskte, (Den.) 
 
 Vaagsoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vaaltcen, (Neth.) 
 Vaarsaae, (Den.) 
 Vacaria, (Braz.) 
 Vacasansa, (U. S.) 
 Vacasansa, (U. S.) b. 
 Vacca, (It.) isl. 
 Vado, (It.) 
 Vad<)V.skoc, (R.) 
 Vaga, (R.) r. 
 Vaida, f Austr.) 
 Vaida Ilunyad, (Austr.) 
 Vailly, (Fr.) 
 Vaison, (Fr.) 
 Val de Bagne, (.Switz.) 
 Val de Juzo, (Pen.) 
 Val de Rhone, (Svvitz.) 
 Val de Penas, (Pen.) 
 Val di Diinone, (It.) 
 Val di Mazzara, (It.) 
 Val di Nnto, (It.) 
 Valais, (It.) 
 
 Valais, or Wallis, (Svvitz.) 
 Valan<;ay, (Fr.) 
 Valazote, (Pen.) 
 Valcour, (U. S.) 
 Valdeazores, (Pen.) 
 Val de Caballeros, (Pen.) 
 Valdelacasa, (Pen.) 
 Valdeinaqueda, (Pen.) 
 Valdi inoro, (Pen.) 
 Valdepasso, (Pen.) 
 Vnldepielago, (Pen.) 
 Valdesantiago, (Pen.) 
 Valdestillas, (Pen.) 
 Valdivia, (Chili) 
 Valeggio, (It.) 
 Valen<ja, (Braz.) 
 Valen^a do Minlio, (Pen.) 
 Valence, (Fr.) 
 Valencia, or Valentia, (Pen 
 Valencia de Alcantara, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Veragua, (W. Ind.) 
 Valenciennes, (Fr.) 
 Valendas, (Svvitz.) 
 Valeni, (Tur.) 
 Valentano, (It.) 
 Valentine, (Fr.) 
 Valenza, (It.) 
 Valetta, (It.) 
 Valgarana, (It.) 
 Valhalla, ((Jer.) 
 Valines, (I'r.) 
 Vuljesara, (Austr.) 
 Valladolid, (Pen. Mex.) 
 Valle Fertil, (S. Am.) 
 Valle, le, (Fr.) 
 Valle, Rio del, (S. Am.) 
 Vallegio, (It.) 
 Vallensved, (Den.) 
 Valles, (.Mex.) 
 Vallenisi, (Tur.) 
 Vallo, (It.) 
 Valniaseda, (Pen.) 
 Valmojado, (Pen.) 
 Valognes, (Fr.) 
 Valona, (Tur.) 
 Valona, (Tur.) g. 
 Valone, (It.) 
 Valparaiso, (Chili) 
 Valsequillo, (Pen.) 
 Valteline, (It.) 
 Valtellina, (It.) 
 Valvasore, (It.) 
 Valverda, (Pen.) 
 Van, (Tur.) 
 
 Vancouver's Isl. (N. Am.) 
 Vandalia, (U. S.) 
 Van Diemen's Land, 
 
 (Austral.) 
 Vannen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vannes, (Fr.) 
 Vans, les, (Fr.) 
 Vansburg, (Prus.) 
 Var, (Fr.) dep. 
 Var, (It.) r. 
 Vara, (It) r. 
 Varallo, (It.) 
 
 Varanger Fjord, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Varano, (It.) 
 Varnno, (IL) /. 
 Varchniin, (Prys.) 
 Vardoehuus, (.Sc. Pen.) 
 Varen, (Svvitz.) 
 Varenne, (Fr.) r. 
 Varennes, (Fr.) 
 Varick, (U. S.) 
 
 vS'iU-bH' 
 vde'sA 
 vcue'tcne 
 vQre'so 
 
 vd-kU'rl-a ^ 
 
 Tak-a-siii'»a 
 
 vdk-a-ain'aa 
 
 vdk'ka 
 
 vd'do 
 
 vd'dqvak-A' 
 
 vd'^a 
 
 vd-i'da 
 
 vd-Vda hqqn'ydd 
 vd-'i-yV (tr val-yV 
 vQ-zonis' 
 
 val di^ bdttij 9 
 rdl de lhui/tl\o 
 val d<* rtS/ie 
 vdl de pen'yds 
 vdl di di-ma'ns 
 vdl di mdt^dzd'ra 
 vdl di iiO'to 
 vd-la' 
 
 vd-la', vdlTis 
 
 va-idn<r-..a' 
 
 vd-ld-tno'le 
 vnl'kqijr 
 
 vol' de-dtTiU'resse 
 val' de-ka-bdt' ye-ros 
 val'de~la-ka'.-a 
 vai'de-ind-kt'da 
 Val'de-mC'ro 
 vol' de-pas\<;o 
 vdl'de p'i-e-td' go 
 val'de-san -ti-a'gs 
 vdl'de-stil'yds 
 vdl-di'vi-a 
 vd-led'^o 
 vd-len'sa 
 
 vd-teii'-ia du mUi'yo 
 
 va-ldntrsr 
 ) vd-leti'tKi-a 
 ) vd-Un'thi-a dc dl kdn 
 i td'ra 
 
 ve-rd' frqq-a 
 
 vd-ldnir-si-ine' 
 
 vd-len'dds 
 
 vd-le'iii 
 
 vd-len-td'no 
 
 vd-ldnir-rtne' 
 
 vd-lhi'dza 
 
 vd'let'la 
 
 vdl-ird-rd'na 
 
 vdl-hdl'la 
 
 vd-tine' 
 
 vat-ys-sd'ra 
 
 vdl'yd-tld-lid' 
 
 vdl'yt fer-til' 
 vale 
 
 r'i'o del vdl'yi 
 
 vdl-U'dgn 
 
 vdl'len-swed 
 
 vdt'yesse 
 
 vdl-le-iii'st 
 
 vdl'lo 
 
 vdl'md-se'da 
 
 vdlhnO'lhd'do 
 
 vd4dny' 
 
 vd-lO'na 
 
 vd-l5'na 
 
 vd-lO'ne 
 
 vdl-pd^\' so 
 
 caX'se-kiVyo 
 
 vdl-te-Ti'ne 
 
 val-lU-ti'na 
 
 vdt-cd-.iB'ri 
 
 vdl-vir'da 
 
 van 
 
 tdn-kqq'ter 
 vAn-dH'ti-d 
 
 I rdn di'mens Idml 
 
 Tdn'nln 
 
 vdn * 
 
 It vdnff 
 
 vdns'bqqr^ 
 
 rdr 
 
 vdr 
 
 td'ra 
 
 vd-rdl'lo 
 
 vd-rdn^'er f tOrd 
 
 vd-rd'no 
 
 vd-rd'no 
 
 vdr^h-mine' 
 
 vdr' dfy-hqqs' 
 
 vd'ren 
 
 vd-r^ue' 
 
 vd-r^ne' 
 
 vdr'ick 
 
 Fr. long A and short «», nearly aa in spur. — Final ly, French { mouiUi. — Jin" ger, vi"cioas ^ as s in pleasure; ^ and Ik guttural ; ny liquid ; tJI aa in pilk. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Variii. (Austr.) 
 Varinas, (S. Am.) 
 Varna, (U. S.) 
 Vas Kon, (Aiistr.) 
 Vasa, (R.) 
 Vasilevka, (R.) 
 Vasilika, (Gr.) 
 Vasqiiez, (Austral.) isl 
 V.issy, (Fr.) 
 Vasto d'Amnuine, (It.) 
 Vataka, (Gr.) b. 
 Vattis, (^witz.) 
 VaubaCDUit, (Fr.) 
 Vaiihadon, (Fr.) 
 Vaiieluse, (Fr.) dep. 
 Valid, or Waadt, (Switz.) 
 Vaudreiiil, (Can.) 
 Valid rey, (Fr.) 
 Vaulion, (^witz.) 
 Vaiivrier, (Svvitz.) 
 Veccliiol Point, (It.) 
 Veftt, (Netli.) r. 
 Vechta, (Ger.) 
 Veczk, (Austr.) 
 Vedelslior?, (Den.) 
 Veendam, (rieth.) 
 Veenendaal, (Netli.) 
 Veer, (Neth.) 
 Veere, (Neth.) 
 Vega, la, (W. Ind. Pen ) 
 Vega de Supia, (S. Am.) 
 Vega de Tera, (Pen.) 
 Vegalomoso, (Pen.) 
 Vegesack, (Ger.) 
 Veglia, (Aiistr.) isl. 
 Veile, (Den.) 
 Veiros, (Pen.) 
 Veirum, (Den.) 
 Vejer, (Pen.) 
 Velaine, (Fr.) 
 Velan, (Switz.) 
 Velas Point, (Mex.) 
 Velasco, (U. S.) 
 Velasquez, (Me.i.) 
 Velden, (Ger.) 
 Veldlioren, (Netli.) 
 Veletre, (It.) 
 Velez Blanco, (Pen.) 
 Velez de Bendudalla, (Pen.) 
 Velez Malaga, (Pen.) 
 Velez Rubio, (Pen.) 
 Vellia Barra, (Braz ) 
 Veiha, Cnbella da, (Braz.) b. 
 Vellias, (Braz.) r. 
 Vellio, (Pen.) 
 Velilla, (Pen.) 
 Velillas, (Pen.) 
 Velinco, (It.) r. 
 Valines, (Fr.) 
 Velkermarkt, (Austr.) 
 Vellin, (Neth.) 
 Veloinela, (Gr.) mt. 
 Velp, (Neth.) 
 Velpke, (Ger.) 
 Velsique, (Neth.) 
 Vclva, (R.) r. 
 Venidalen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vemeiro, (Pen.) 
 Ven, (Den.) Ul. 
 Venafro, (It.) 
 VeniLsqiie, (Pen.) 
 Venda Nova, (Pen.) 
 Vendue, (Fr.) dep. 
 Venden, (R.) 
 Vendeuil, (Fr.) 
 Vendola, (Austral.) isl. 
 Vendome, (Fr.) 
 Venezia, or Venice, (It.) 
 
 Venezuela, (S. Am.) j 
 
 Venhuisen, (Neth.) 
 Veni Valley, (Switz.) 
 Venice, or Venezia, (It.) 
 Veiilo, (Neth.) 
 Venloi>, (Neth.) 
 Vennergaard, (Den.) 
 Venosa, (It.) 
 Veiita de la Giiia, (Pen.) 
 Venta de f". Liicia, (Pen.) 
 Ventc la Fucnte, (Pen.) 
 Ventaillac, (Fr.) 
 I VcntcH, Grande, (Fr.) 
 Vcntilegiic, (It.) g. 
 Ventilla, la, (S. Ain.) 
 Venzone, (It.) 
 Vera, (Pen.) 
 Vera Cruz, (Mex.) 
 Vi'raggia, (It.) 
 Vcrberie, (Fr.) 
 Verbier, (rtwitz.) 
 Vercelli, (It.) 
 Verde, (VV. Ind.) e. 
 Verde, (Mex. 8. Am.) r. 
 Verden, (Ger.) 
 
 va-rtne' 
 vd-r'i'iids 
 vdr'iia 
 vds kon 
 vd'sa 
 
 vd-s'i-lev'ka 
 vd'S'i'li-ka 
 vds'ltetU 
 vds-sV 
 
 vds'to ddm-^d'n^ 
 vd-td'ka 
 vdt't'is 
 v5-bd-k<}or' 
 vt}-bd~dong' 
 vd~lduze' 
 v5, 7Jdte 
 vd-dr^ly' 
 vB-dra' 
 vo-l'i-ons* 
 vd-vr'i-e' 
 vek'ki-Sl 
 villit 
 vilk'ta\ 
 vetclik^ 
 vl'dfk-bor§ 
 vSne'ddni 
 v§'neii-ddle 
 vfre 
 ve're 
 Id ve'ga 
 
 ve'ga de s(}i}'pi-a 
 ve' ga de te'ra 
 ve-ad-lQ-rnQ'so 
 vS'gc-idk 
 veVya 
 vVte 
 vi'ros 
 vt'rQgm 
 ve-iher' 
 ve-ldne' 
 .re-tdng' 
 ve'lds 
 ve-ldi'ko 
 
 ve-lds'kith (-kisse) 
 fH'din 
 vUt'kd-ren 
 ve~le'tre 
 ve'lHh hldn'ko 
 ve'letH de ben-d(jQ~ddI'ya 
 ve't^tJl vid'ld-ga 
 ve'letii rqtj'b'i-o 
 veVya bdr'ra 
 kd'bH'ya da vel'ya 
 viVyds 
 vH'yo 
 ve-l'il'ya 
 ve-liVyds 
 ve-l'in'ko 
 ve-l'ine' 
 fU'ker-m'drlct 
 vH-l'ine' 
 ve-US-mt'la 
 velp 
 filp'ke 
 vel-s'ike' 
 vel'va 
 vem^dd'Un 
 ve-mi'ro 
 vene 
 
 ve-nd'fro 
 ve-n'ds'ke 
 vm'da nd'va 
 vdng-de' 
 ven'den 
 
 vdng-dAly' (-d^V) 
 vhi'd5-la 
 vdng-ddmc' 
 ve-ne' di'i-a 
 I ve-ne-tTlQi}-e'la, Eng. ven- 
 \ e-ZQQ-S'la 
 ven'hoi-iin 
 
 ven'iss 
 ven'to 
 ven'lo 
 
 ven'ner-gOrde 
 ve-nd'sa 
 vin'ta de Id gVa 
 vin'ta de sdn'ta li^Q't?l'{-a 
 ve.n'ie Id ft;Q en'tz 
 vdng'-tal' (-Idi') ydk 
 grdngde vdngte 
 vfn'ti-l^' ge 
 Id ven-Cil'ya 
 ven-diB'n^ 
 ve'ra 
 
 vz'ra krijifth (krgoa) 
 vs-rdd'cka 
 ver-brV 
 vtr-b'i-f' 
 vrr-ehH'l'i 
 viridt (vtrde) 
 vir'dt 
 fir'din. 
 
 Verdo, (It.) mt. 
 Verdun, (Pen.) 
 Verdun, (Fr.) 
 Vere, (\V. Ind.) 
 Verga, (Af.) c. 
 Vergennes, (V. S.) 
 Verin, (Pen.) 
 Verlaine, (Neth.) 
 Vermanton, (Fr.) 
 Vermelho, (Braz.) r. 
 Vermont, (U. S.) 
 Vernamn, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vernet Bas, le, (Fr.) 
 Verneuil, (Fr.) 
 Verneuse, (Fr.) 
 Vernon, (Fr.) 
 Vernou.v, (Fr.) 
 Verocze, (Austr.) 
 Verona, (It.) 
 Verplanck, (U. S.) 
 Verrieres, (Switz.) 
 Verrua, (It.) 
 
 Versailles, (Fr.) 
 
 Verseignes, (Fr.) 
 Versentino, (It.) 
 Versoix, (Switz.) 
 Vert Galant, le, (Fr.) 
 Verviers, (Neth.) 
 Vervins, (Fr.) 
 Vescia, (Switz.) 
 Vescovato, (It.) 
 Vesebye, (Den.) 
 Vesin, (Neth.) 
 Vesle, (Fr.) r. 
 Vesoul, (Fr.) 
 Vessaux, (Fr.) 
 Vest Fjorden, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vestvig, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vesuvius, It. Vesuvio, (It.) 
 vtt. 
 
 Vetroz, (Switz.) 
 
 Veue, (Fr.) 
 
 Veurdre, la, (Fr.) 
 
 Veuves, (Fr.) 
 
 Vevay, (IJ. .S.) 
 
 Vevey, (Switz.) 
 
 Viana, (Pen.) 
 
 Viantn, (Neth.) 
 
 Viar, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Viareggio, (It.) 
 
 Viarouge, (Fr.) 
 
 Viatka, (R.) r. 
 
 Viborg, or VViborg, (Den.) 
 
 Vibro, (Den.) 
 
 Vic, (Pen.) 
 
 Vic le Fesq, (Fr.) 
 
 Vic sur Losse, (Fr.) 
 
 Vicchio, (It.) 
 
 Vicencio Villa, (S. Am.) 
 
 Vicentino, (It.) 
 
 Vicenza, (It.) 
 
 Viciosas, (Mex.) isl. 
 
 Vic o, (It.) 
 
 Vico Soprano, (Switz.) 
 Vicolosano, (Pen.) 
 Vidigueira, (Pen.) 
 Viilio, (Pen.) c. 
 Vidreras, (Pen.) 
 Viechtach, (Ger.) 
 Viechtag, (Ger.) 
 Vieille, la, (Can.) I. 
 Vieille, Ville la, (Fr.) 
 Vieira, (Pen.) 
 Vieja Villa, (S. Am.) 
 Viejas Guardias, (Pen.) 
 Viejo Porto, (S. Am.) 
 Viejo Porto, ?S. Am.) r. 
 Vii 1 S.alm, (Neth.) 
 Vienna, or VVien, (Austr.) 
 ViennSj (Fr.) dep. 
 Viennois, (Fr.) 
 Viersoe, (Den.) 
 Vierzon, (Fr.) 
 Viesti, (It.) 
 Vieux Boucau, (Fr.) 
 Vifvild, (Den.) 
 Vigevano, (It.) 
 Vignano, (It.) 
 Vignola, (It.) 
 Vigo, (Pen.) 
 Vigo Ria, (Pen.) 
 Vigten, (Sc. Pen.) i.«I. 
 Vihiers, (Fr.) 
 Viibye, (Den.) 
 Viig, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vilacastin, (Pen.) 
 Vilagos, (Austr.) 
 Vilaine, (Fr.) r. 
 Vilalla, (H. Am.) 
 Vilarchao, (Pen.) 
 Vilcatiainba, (H. Am.) 
 Viligiidino, (Pen.) 
 Villa Bella, (Braz.) 
 
 ver'do 
 
 ver~dQt}n' 
 
 ver-d^ng' 
 
 ve're or v6r6 
 
 ver'ga 
 
 ver-dgens' 
 
 ve-r'in' 
 
 ver-ldine' 
 
 ver-mdng-tBng^ 
 
 ver-meV yo 
 
 ver-mont' 
 
 ver-nd'ino 
 
 ver-Jie ba 
 ver-nt^Uf or uer-nAi' 
 vir-n^ie' 
 vir-nOng' 
 vir-nf^' 
 ve-rd'che 
 ve~ro'na 
 ver-ptdnk' 
 ver~ri-tre' 
 ver~rQQ'a 
 
 ver-sdly' or virsdV, Eng. 
 
 ver-sdles' 
 ver-seny' 
 ver-seii-tVno 
 ver-sicd' 
 le vere gd-ldng' 
 ver-v'i-e' 
 ver-vdng' 
 ve'sli'i-a 
 ves-kd-vd'to 
 vS'se-bd 
 
 ve-sine or vising' 
 
 vile 
 
 ve-zq<)V 
 
 vessesO' 
 
 vest fidr'den 
 
 vest'v'ig 
 ) vc-su'v'i-uSf It. ve-zqg'- 
 ) v'i-o 
 
 ve-troi' 
 
 reft 
 
 Id v^rdr' 
 
 vehve 
 
 ve-vS' 
 
 ve-vd' 
 
 v'i-d'na 
 
 vi-d'nen 
 
 v'i-dr' 
 
 v'i'd-red' go 
 
 v'i-d-r(;<jge* 
 
 v'i-dl'ka 
 
 v'i'bqr^ 
 
 v'i'bro 
 
 v'ik 
 
 v'ik If* fesk 
 v'ik sfir Wee 
 v'ik'k'i-o 
 
 v'i-tfien't?ij-o v'Wya 
 v'i-chhl~tVno 
 v'i-ch^n'dza 
 v'i-tJi'i- (-si-) O'sds 
 v'i'ko 
 
 v'i'ko s5-prd'no 
 
 vVko-l5-sd'no 
 
 vi'ii-gl'ra 
 
 v'i'd'i-o 
 
 v'i-dr e'r'ds 
 
 v'ifh.e'tdlh 
 
 vWie'td^ 
 
 Id v'i-ily' (-f Y') 
 
 v'ite Id v'i-ily' (-f'i') 
 
 v'i-Vra 
 
 vi~t'fka v'il'ya 
 
 v'i-e'tkds g<}Qdr' d'i-da 
 
 v'i-e'lho 
 
 v'i-e'lho 
 
 v'iel'sdlm 
 
 ri-en';id, vine 
 
 v'i-ine' 
 
 v'i-en-nwa' 
 
 v'ire'stfil 
 
 v'i-er-zqng' 
 
 v'i-essc't'i 
 
 v'i-dti' bff-kU' 
 
 vi'f'ilde 
 
 v'i-je^d'no 
 
 v'tn-yd'no 
 
 v'in'yd-la 
 
 v'i'go 
 
 v'i'go r'i'a 
 
 v'ig'ten 
 
 vi-'i-t' 
 
 v'i'bd 
 
 v'ig 
 
 vi'ld-k'ds-tM 
 v'i-ld'gos 
 v'i'ldnc' 
 v'i-ldl'ya 
 vi-ldr-chd'o 
 v'il-kd'bdm' ba 
 v'i'l'i-gfQ-di'no 
 vil'la biVla 
 
 Villa Blaiica, (Pen.) vtl'ya btdii'ka 
 
 Villa Boa, or Goyaz, (Braz.) vit'ija bu'a, g5-ydlK 
 
 Villa de Frades, (Pen.) 
 Villa de Rey, (Pen.) 
 Villa de Sta Cruz, (Af.) 
 Villa Flor, (Pen.) 
 Villa Franca, (Pen.) 
 Villa Franca, (It.) 
 Villa Maria, (Braz.) 
 Villa Nova da Rainha, 
 -(Braz.) 
 
 Villa Real, (Pen. S. Am.) 
 Villa Rica, (S. Am.) 
 Villa Verde, (Braz.) 
 Villabrazara, (Pen.) 
 Villach, (Austr.) 
 Vill.acidro, (It.) 
 Villafennosa, (Pen.) 
 Vill.afranca, (Pen.) 
 Villafianca, (It.) 
 Villafranca de los Abujas, 
 
 (Pen.) 
 Villafruela, (Pen.) 
 Villagrusa, (Pen.) 
 Villaharta, (Pen.) 
 Villahermosa, (Mex.) 
 Villajoyosa, (Pen.) 
 Villalaco, (Pen.) 
 Villalar, (Pen.) 
 Villalba, (Pen.X 
 Vilhilpardo, (Pen.) 
 Villamanan, (Pen.) 
 Villamaurique, (Pen.) 
 Villaniejor, (Pen.) 
 Villaniiel, (Pen.) 
 Villainorchante, (Pen.) 
 Villamoros, (Pen.) 
 Villanova, (It.) 
 Villanubia, (Pen.) 
 Villanueva, (Mex. Pen.) 
 
 vil'ya de fra'desse 
 v'il'ya de rl 
 vil'ya de sdn'ta kr^QtJl 
 vil'ya Jlnrf' 
 v'il'ya frdn'ka 
 vil'la frdn'ka 
 v'il'ya vid-r'i'a 
 
 j v'il'ya nO'va dd rln'ya 
 
 v'il'ya re~dl' 
 v'il'ya ri'ka 
 v'il'ya ver'de 
 v'il'ya-brd-thd'ra 
 v'il'ldih 
 v'il'ta-ch'i'dro 
 vil'ya-fer~mB'sa 
 v'il'ya-frdn'ka 
 vil'la-frdn'ka 
 ) v'iV ya-fran' ka de los 
 i d-b(i<)'lhds 
 v'll'ya-frfti-e'la 
 vtl'yd~gr(^t}'sa 
 v'il'yd-dr'ta 
 v'il' yd-^r-mo'sa 
 v'il' yd-iho-yo' sa 
 vil'yd-ld'ko 
 vil'yd'ldr' 
 v'il-yal'ba 
 v'il-yal-pdr' do 
 vil'yd-md-ndn' 
 v'iV yd-mou-r'i' ke 
 v'il'yd-me-ZliQr' 
 v'il'yd-m'i-el' 
 vil'yd-wor-chdn'ig 
 v'il'yd'ViO' ro$ 
 vil'ld-nu' rd 
 viV ya-n<jij' bla 
 v'il'yd-ni^ij'e'na 
 
 Villanueva del Diique, (Pen.) v'il'yd-utjQ-e'va del dgq'ke 
 
 Villaodrid, (Pen.) 
 Villapadierna, (Pen.) 
 Villapuzzu, (It.) 
 Villar, (Pen.) 
 Villar, el, (Pen.) 
 Villar de Frades, fPen.) 
 Villar de Ganas, (Pen.) 
 Villarabledo, (Pen.) 
 Villard, (Fr.) 
 Villareal, (Pen.) 
 
 V'iV yd-o-dr'id' 
 viV yd-pd'di-er'na 
 vil'ld-pQi^t-dzQQ' 
 v'il-yar' 
 el v'il-ydr' 
 
 v'il-ydr' de fr'd'dessc 
 v'il-ydr' de gdn'yds 
 v'il'yd-^-d-ble'do 
 v'il-yare' or v'i'i-'dre' 
 v'il'ya-re-aV 
 
 Villarica Volcano, (S. Am.) vil'yd-ri'ka vCl-kd'no 
 
 Villarino, (Pen.^ 
 Villarios, (It.) 
 Villarodrigo, (Pen.) 
 Villarrobexo, (Pen.) 
 Villars, (Switz.) 
 
 Villars Bocage, (Fr.) 
 
 Villarta, (Pen.) 
 Villarzel, (Switz.) 
 Villasipliz, (Pen.) 
 Villatoro, (Pen.) 
 Villavanez, (Pen.) 
 Villaviciosa, (Pen.) 
 Villcanas, (Pen.) 
 Ville Contal, (Fr.) 
 Ville Dieu, (Fr.) 
 Villeau Briin, le, (Fr.) 
 Villedieu, (Fr.) 
 Villefaux, (Fr.) 
 Villefort, (Fr.) 
 Villefranche, (Fr.) 
 Villel, (Pen.) 
 Villeinpui, (Fr.) 
 Villena, (Pen.) 
 Villeneuve, (Switz.) 
 Villcneuve, (Fr.) 
 Villeneuve la Giiiard, (Fr.) v'tle-nAvc' Id g'i-drc' 
 Villeneuve I'Arcbeveque, j „.,.,,.„^,,,, ia,,n-veke' 
 
 Villeneuve le Roy, (Fr.) v'ile-ndiive' I'd ncd 
 Villeneuve d'Agen, (Fr.) ifile.-7i<)hve' dd-gdng' 
 Villeneuve de Marsan, (Fr.) v'ile-n^ve' die mdr-sdng' 
 
 v'il-yd-ri'no 
 V'iV la-r'i' OS 
 viVyd-rd -dr'i'go 
 v'iVydr-rQ-be'lho 
 v'il-ydre' or v'i'i-dre' 
 I v'il-ydre' {v'i'i-dre') bO- 
 1 kage 
 vil-ydr'ta 
 v'il-'ldr-tsH' 
 v'iVyd-s'i-ptitIi 
 viVyd-tG'ro 
 viVyd-vd-nelh' 
 viVyd-v'i-lKi-6'sa 
 vil-kd'nds 
 v'ile kuiig-t'dV 
 vile d'i^' 
 le v'i-la' br^ng 
 vile-d'i^' 
 vtle-fB' 
 vile-fare' 
 v'ile-frdngshe 
 v'il-yH' 
 vi-ldna-pd'i' 
 vil-ye'^na 
 v'ilt-n^vc' 
 v'ite-n^ve' 
 
 Villestrup, (Den.) 
 Villeta, (S. Am.) 
 Villimpenta, (It.) 
 Villingen, (Ger.) 
 Villinanstrand, (R.) 
 Villo do Bispo, (Pen.) 
 Villoslada, (Pen.) 
 Villstrup, (Den.) 
 Vihnar, (Ger.) 
 Vilna, (R.) 
 Viloyo, (S. Am.) 
 Vils Sound, (Den.) 
 Vilvestre, (Pen.) 
 Vimeiro, (Pen.) 
 Vimontier, (Fr.) 
 Vinaros, (Pen.) 
 Vinay, (Fr.) 
 Vinrennes, (Fr.) 
 Vinceiines, (U. S.) 
 Vincenzo, (It.) 
 
 V'iV te-strijQp 
 v'il-ye'ta 
 vil-lim-pen'ta 
 fiVlin-gen 
 viVmdn-str'dnd 
 v'iVyo do bis'po 
 viV'yBs-ld'da 
 v'iVstrqt^p 
 v'iVm'dr 
 v'iVna 
 v'i-l6'yo 
 vils sound 
 v'il-vfssc' trg 
 v'i-mVro 
 v't-mBng-ti-i' 
 v'i-nd'ros 
 vi-nd' 
 vdng-sitine' 
 vin-cens' 
 v'in-chM izo 
 
 Fate, for, /(jU, iBhifL, bit. — MtU, prey, hilp, tkire, htr. — Pine, Tnar'ine, l/lrd, fig. — MZte, dSve, rnUve, afff, bffic, Igrd. — Tnnti, ball, y.nitt — Fr. long tiOe ; Fr. short biu — 
 
 1364 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Vincz, ( Aiistr.) 
 Vinkthek, (Den.) 
 Vinilebve, (Den.) 
 Viiidicari, (It.) 
 Viiido, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vinge, (Den. Sc. Pen.) 
 Viiinits.n, (R.) 
 Viniin, (Fr.) 
 VintimiKlia, (U.) 
 Viniiesa,.(Pcn.) 
 Vipperow, (Ger.) 
 Vi<iiies, (Svvitz.) 
 Virc, (Kr.) 
 Vireux, (S'witz.) 
 Virffini;), (U. S.) 
 Virlinssbi'ck, (.Neth.) 
 VirneburiT, (Ger.) 
 Virion, (.\fth.) 
 Vishorg, (Den.) 
 Visbve, (Den.) 
 Viscardo, (Gr.) c. 
 Visdal, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vise, (.Veth.) 
 Visekerke, (.N'eUi.) 
 Viserum, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Visillo, (Pen.) 
 Viso, el, (Pen.) 
 Visp, (Swtlz.) 
 Visp, (Stt'itz.) r. 
 Visselbovede, (Ger.) 
 Visso, (It.) 
 Vissdje, (Switz.) 
 Vistula, (Ger.) r. 
 
 Viterbo, (It.) 
 Vitoria, (Pen. 
 Vitray, (h'r.) 
 
 Vitre, (Fr.) 
 Vitry, (Fr.) 
 Vitry siir .Mame, (Fr.) 
 Vitteaw.x, (Fr.) 
 Vittoria, (Me.x.) 
 Vilzi, ('i'lir.) mt. 
 Vivaros, (.-\iistr.) 
 Vivepnis, (.\eth.) 
 Viver, (Pen.) 
 Vivero, (Pen.) 
 Viveriip, (Den.) 
 Viviers, (Fr.) 
 Vivonne, (Fr.) 
 Vivoras, (S. Am.) I. 
 Vizzini, (It.) 
 Vlaardinecn, (Xeth.) 
 Vladikauk.is, (R.) 
 Vladimir, (R.) 
 Vlanden, (NVth.) 
 Vlieland, f.N'eth.) 
 Vlodorp, (Xeth.) 
 Voerhier?, (Den.) 
 Viierdalsiiren, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vosel Sand, (.Will.) 
 Vopelsberz, (Ger.) mt 
 Vogel.-idcirf, (Prus.) 
 Vdt'hera, (It.) 
 VoL'ojna, (It.) 
 Vosshagen, (Prus.) 
 Vohring, (Ger.) 
 Voisage, (Fr.) 
 Vokii, (.Aii.str.) r. 
 Voiels, (Fr.) 
 Volga, or Wolga, (K.) r 
 Volgara, (Tiir.) 
 Volhynia, (R. i 
 Vollfge, (Switz.) 
 Vollenlioven, (Xeth.) 
 Vollezeels, (Neth.) 
 Volo, (Gr.) ff. 
 Volone, (Fr.) 
 Volta, (It.) 
 Volterra, (It.) 
 Voltri, (It.) 
 Voltiirna, (It.) r. 
 Voorburg, f.N'eth.) 
 Voorden, (Neth.) 
 Voorn, (Xeth.) 
 Voors, (.Neth.) 
 ' Voorthuizen, (Xeth.) 
 Voray, (Fr.) 
 Vori ppe, (Fr.) 
 Vor2t< n, (Xeth.) 
 Vorjednder, (Sc. Pen.) mt 
 Vornez, (R.) 
 Voronov, (R.) c 
 Vorwalde, (CJer.) 
 Vorwcrk, (Ger.) 
 V'osges, (Fr.) dep. 
 Vosgc.<, (Fr.) ml. 
 Vossevangen, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Vuiilgara, (Gr.) mt 
 Voulte, la, (Fr.) 
 Vouziers, (Fr.) 
 Vrana, or Ivarina, (Tur.) 
 Vreden, (Ger.) 
 Vreile, (Den.) 
 Vries, (Xeth.) 
 
 VtflUh 
 
 v'liik't-btk 
 
 vin'Jt-b(t 
 
 rsin-ttl-kd'ri 
 
 v'in'do 
 
 v'ing'e 
 
 v'in-n'it'sa 
 
 v'i-ndnir' 
 
 vin'ti-mtl'ya 
 
 v'ip'pf-ro 
 
 vike 
 
 v'ire 
 
 vl-rA' 
 
 v^r-irin''ia 
 
 v'ir'linira-bfk 
 
 fir'ne-bQQr§ 
 
 v'ir-tSns' 
 
 v'is'bqr^ 
 
 v'is'bh 
 
 v'is-kUr'do 
 
 vWddle 
 
 vVsi 
 
 v'i'se-kfr'ks 
 
 v'i-s'il'yo 
 H v'i'so 
 v'isp 
 v'isp 
 
 v'is'sil-httve'di 
 
 v'is'so 
 
 vis-sad' 
 
 r'is'tfo-la 
 
 v'l-tir'bo 
 
 v'i-ta'ri-a 
 
 vi-tra' 
 
 vitr' 
 
 ri-tri' 
 
 vi-trV siir mdmt 
 
 vU-ti' 
 
 vit-td'ri-a 
 
 rit'ii 
 
 v'i-td'ros 
 
 v'i-vin'y'l 
 
 rY'cer 
 
 v'i're-ro 
 
 v'iVi-e' 
 v'i-vdne' 
 v'i-vi'rds 
 v'it-dzi'ni 
 rtdre'din^-en 
 tld'di-kou'kds 
 vld'iti-m'ire or vld-<ti-mire' 
 Tldn'din 
 vti'/dnd 
 vld'dorp 
 fAre'biir^ 
 fitlre'ildhS'rin 
 rS'irrt sdnd 
 f^' g^ls-ber^' 
 fS'gfts-dqrf' 
 vd-tre'ra 
 vo-trOn'ya 
 fS$s' hd' gm 
 fo'ring 
 vwd-zdge' 
 fl'ko 
 
 vwd ^ 
 
 vqVga 
 
 vgl-frd'ra 
 
 vgt-hi'n'i-a 
 
 vol-lige 
 
 vut'leti^hS'ven 
 
 vol'le-zSles 
 
 ti'lS 
 
 tO-ISne' 
 
 voi'ta 
 
 vql-ter'ra 
 
 rqt'tri 
 
 vql-tQ<^'na 
 
 v5re'bQ^§ 
 
 vdrt'den 
 
 rSme 
 
 vdrtr-hoi'tin 
 
 rO-rd' 
 
 v5-rep' 
 
 vOr^'ten 
 
 rSre'ije-d^'der 
 
 rflr'/ifi 
 
 r5'r0-ngt> 
 
 jTSre'rdl-ds 
 
 f^re'terk 
 
 vdge 
 
 rqs'sf-Tdng^in 
 Id cpf/te 
 
 vra'Tia, i-td-rVna 
 
 frS'den 
 
 rrI7{ 
 
 Vriezcn Veen, (Neth.) 
 Vrig.sta, (.Sc. Pen.) 
 Vrin, (Switz.) 
 Vrin, 1 Switz.) I. 
 Viiarens, (Switz.) 
 Viichin, (,Aii.'!tr.) 
 Viika, (Austr.) 
 Vukovar, (.■\iistr.) 
 Viilgan, (Ger.) 
 Viillen, (Ger.) 
 Vumitorio, (Rraz.) 
 Viirenn, (Xeth.) 
 
 vri'ifn vine 
 
 vr'lg'sta 
 fr'int 
 frtne 
 fqtj-d*rens 
 
 V(^g'ka 
 
 ri)Q-kd-vdr' 
 
 ffQl'gdn 
 
 VQ^m'i-tQ'r'i-9 
 VQ^'ren 
 
 Waag, (Austr.) r. 
 Waagen, (Sc. Pen.) isL 
 Waal, (Ger.) 
 Waalwyk, (Neth.) 
 Wabash, (IJ. S.) r. 
 Wabern, (Ger.) 
 Wachenroth 
 Wachu.sett, (U. S.) 
 VVacooclicc, (V. S.) 
 W.acousta, (U. S.) 
 Wadcn, The, (Neth.) 
 Wadstena, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wacrghen, (Xeth.) 
 Wacrschoot, (.Xeth.) 
 Waesmuenstcr, (Neth.) 
 Wagenening, (Xeth.) 
 Warram, (.Austr.) 
 Wah el Dakkel, (Eg.) 
 Wah el Karceh, (Eg.) 
 Wahlen, (Ger. & Switz.) 
 Wahlsas.sen, (Ger.) 
 Wahlstadt, (Ger.) 
 Waisenhard, (Ger.) 
 Waitzen, (.Austr.) 
 Walachia, or Wallachia, 
 
 T^ir. Iflak, (Tur.) 
 Walchen, (Ger.) /. 
 
 Walcheren, (Neth.) 
 
 Walchweiler, (Switz.) 
 Walcourt, (Xeth.) 
 Wald, (Switz.) 
 Wald.au, (Prus.) 
 Waldpck, (Ger.) 
 Walden, (Ger.) 
 Waldenhurg, (Switz.) 
 Waldheim, (Ger.) 
 Waldkirch, (Switz.) 
 Waldniuenchen, (Ger.) 
 Waldsee, (Ger.) 
 Waldshut, (Ger.) 
 Waldstalt, (Switz.) 
 Walkringen, (Switz.) 
 Walla Walla, (N. Am.) 
 Wallo, (Ger.) 
 Wallenfels, (Ger.) 
 Wallenst.idt, (Switz.) 
 Wallenstadt, (Switz.) I. 
 Wallkill, (U. S.) 
 Wallingford, (U. S.) 
 Walloomsack, (U. S.) 
 Walloosliiok, or St. Johns, 
 
 ((.'an.) r. 
 Walpertsweiler, (Switz.) 
 Walpole, (U. S.) 
 Walsrode, (Ger.) 
 Waltersdorf, (Prus.) 
 Waltershausen, (Ger.) 
 Wallham, (U. S.) 
 Wanahglaiigen, (Pnis.) 
 Wandschow, (Prus.) 
 Wangen, (Switz.) 
 Wangerin, (Prus.) 
 VVanroy, (Xeth.) 
 Wansiedel, (Ger.) 
 Wansuin, (Xeth.) 
 Wansleben, (Prus.) 
 Wapahkonetta, (U. 9.) 
 Wapistanisroii, (U. S.) r. 
 Warasdin, (.\ustr.) 
 VVarberg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Warein, (Xeth.) 
 Waren, (Ger.) 
 Warez, (.Austr.) 
 Warneniuende, (Ger.) 
 Waratowaha, (tan.) r. 
 Warsaw, Fr. \ arsovie, 
 
 Pol. Warszawa, (R.) 
 Warta, (R.) 
 Wartenherg, (Prus.) 
 Wartenbiirg, (Prus.) 
 Wartha, (Prus.) 
 Wartha, (Prus.) r. 
 Warwickshire, (Eng.) 
 Wasen, (Switz.) 
 
 tB'gen 
 vdte 
 
 vdte'vlke 
 
 wa'basli 
 
 vd'bfrne 
 
 Tdlh' en-r&U/ 
 
 vd'Chqq'set 
 
 v&-k<jq'chee 
 
 wH-kous'ta 
 
 rd'den 
 
 vdtl-stf'na 
 
 vdre'gen 
 
 vdre'skOte 
 
 vds-mUn'ster 
 
 vd-§e-ne'ni*g 
 
 vd'grdm 
 
 tenk el ddk'kel 
 
 vqh et kdr'g'^h 
 
 rd'ten 
 
 vdle'zds-sen 
 
 vdle'stdi 
 
 tt'zen-hdrl' 
 
 vU'Uen 
 
 j legl-la'kf-a, if-lWce' 
 
 vdl'fkin 
 I vdl'lhrme. Eng. todl'kcr- 
 I en 
 
 rdlih'vl-th- 
 
 vdVkqijr (-kffrt) 
 
 Tdlt 
 
 vdl'dou 
 
 vdl'dik 
 
 vdl'di-n 
 
 vdl'den-bQijr§ 
 
 vd't'hime 
 
 vdll'kirlh 
 
 valt'mun'lhen 
 
 rd't':;' 
 
 rdUs'hr)ft' 
 
 vdlt'stdt' 
 
 vdlk'ring'en 
 
 vdl'le 
 
 vdl'len-fiW 
 
 vdl'Un-stdt 
 
 rdl'len-stdt 
 
 wall'kiU 
 
 waVting-ford 
 
 wql-lijQm' sak 
 
 j Wdl-lQQS't<)(lk 
 
 v'dl'prrts-vVler 
 
 teaipHle 
 
 Tals'rO'de 
 
 vd!'tfrs-dqrf 
 
 vol' Irrs-huu' zen 
 
 vql'Lkum or icqWum 
 
 vd'n'd-glou' gen 
 
 vdnt's/io 
 
 vdnir'en 
 
 Tdng-e-r'ine' 
 
 vdn-ncd' 
 
 vdn'z'i-del 
 
 vdn'sQ^Tn 
 
 vdns-lS'ben 
 
 wq-pah-kd-net'ta 
 
 leq-pU-Uin-is-kou 
 
 rd-rds- (-rdsA-) dint' 
 
 Tdr'berg 
 
 vd'rem 
 
 vd'ren 
 
 vd'resse 
 
 rdr'nf-mftn'de 
 
 ita-rq-lfi-wfl'hq 
 
 j vdr-sB-vi', vdr-tkd'ta 
 
 vOr'ta 
 
 vdr'ten-iirl 
 vdr'ten-bg^f 
 vdr'ta 
 tdr'ta 
 
 war'rik-sh'ire 
 vd'zen 
 
 Washita, (formerly, Oua- 
 chita,) (U. S.) 
 
 Washtenaw, (U. S.) 
 
 Wa.sserburg, (Ger.) 
 
 Wiissoiia.ar, (Neth.) 
 
 Wastijaur, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Wasiingen, (Ger.) 
 
 Watala, (R.) 
 
 Watauga, (U. S.) 
 
 Wnterford, (Ir.) co. 
 
 Wateringc, (Neth.) 
 
 Waterloo, (.Neth.) 
 
 VVatervlirt, (U. S.) 
 
 Watccnweiler, (Switz.) 
 
 Wattweiler, (Switz.) 
 
 Waupan, (U.S.) 
 
 Wavignies, (Fr.) 
 
 Wavrc, (Xeth.) 
 
 Wawa, (.Mex.) r. 
 
 Wavagainack, (Can.) 1. 
 
 Wcdel, (Den.) 
 
 Wedelbrok, (Den.) 
 
 Wednesbury, (Eng.) 
 
 Weener, (Ger.) 
 
 Weerdinger, (Xeth.) 
 
 Wecrt, (Xeth.) 
 
 Weesp, (.Neth.) 
 
 Weggis, (Switz.) 
 
 Wegrow, (R.) 
 
 Wegscheid, (Ger.) 
 
 Wehlau, (Prus.) 
 
 Weibye, (Den.) 
 
 Weida, (Pru.s.) r. 
 
 Wciden, (Ger.) 
 
 Weidenliurg, (Ger.) 
 
 VVeikerdorf, (Austr.) 
 
 Weikersheim, (Ger.) 
 
 Weil, (Wyl,) (Switz.) 
 
 Weila, (VVvla,) (Switz.) 
 
 VVeilburg, (Ger.) 
 
 Weilheim, (Ger.) 
 
 Weimar, (Ger.) 
 
 Weinheiin, (Ger.) 
 
 Weinsperg, (Ger.) 
 
 Weischau, (.Auslr.) 
 
 Weisclieiil'eld, (Ger.) 
 
 Weisen, (Ger.) 
 
 VVeiskurchen, (Austr.) 
 
 VVeissenburg, (Switz. Sl 
 Ger.) 
 
 Weisscnstcin, (S»vitz.) 
 Weisshorn, (Switz.) 
 Wcisthugen, (Switz.) 
 Wei'el, (Austr.) 
 Wcixv'burg, (Austr.) 
 Wekennuende, (Ger.) 
 Welle, (Ger.) 
 Wellmich, (Ger ) 
 Welna, (Prus.) r 
 Welsbillich, (Ger.i 
 Welschrono, (Switz.) 
 Welsee, (Den.) 
 Welsem, (.Neth.) 
 VVeltem, (Neth.) 
 Wendenbuettel, (Ger.) 
 Wendessen, (Ger.) 
 VVendlingcii, (Ger.) 
 Wener, (Sc. Pen.) /. 
 VVenersberl, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wencrsborg, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wenigerode, (Switr..) 
 Weniiigen, (Switz.) 
 Werbcn, (Prus.) 
 Werdenberg, (Switz.) 
 Werfen, (.Austr.) 
 Weringen, (Ger.) 
 Werne, (Ger.) 
 Wernitz, (Ger.) r. 
 Werra, (Ger.) r. 
 Werschitz, (.Austr.) 
 Wertach, (Ger.) r. 
 Wcrth, (Ger.) 
 VVesel, (Ger.) 
 Wesen, (Switz.) 
 Wesenberg, (R.) 
 We.senburg, (Ger.) 
 ^Vesendorf, (Ger.) 
 Weser, (Gor.) 
 Weser, (Ger.) r. 
 Weslingburen, (Den.) 
 Wessein, (Xeth.) 
 Wessetin, (Austr.) 
 West Indies 
 Westi ras, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Westerdorf, (.Neth.) 
 Wcsterliolt, (Ger.) 
 Westervelde, (Xeth.) 
 Westervik, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Westheim, (Ger.) 
 Westland, (Xeth.) 
 Westmoreland, (Eng.) 
 Westphalia, Westphalcn, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 Westrum, (Ger.) 
 
 j Uflsk'i-tit 
 
 vq.ih'te-nav) 
 
 vaii'ser-bi}(/r^ 
 
 rd-i'sfS-ndre' 
 
 Tds' t'i-yourt 
 
 vd'zi)<}Hg-in 
 
 vd-td'la 
 
 leq-tau' ga 
 
 vq'ler-ford 
 
 vd'te-riiiff-i 
 
 vd'i'er-ld' 
 
 w'ater-vleet 
 
 vdl'trn-cVlir 
 
 rdt'rl'l&r 
 
 wau'pan 
 
 vd-v'in-yV 
 
 rdcr 
 
 Qifd'na 
 
 icay-ag'e-mick 
 
 ri'dil 
 
 vCdel-brBke 
 
 venz'ber-ry 
 
 rt'ner 
 
 vfre'ding-er 
 
 rfrte 
 
 rrg'gts 
 
 re' gro 
 
 r'e^'.Md 
 
 ve'lou 
 
 Ti'bSt 
 
 tl'da 
 
 vX'den 
 
 vVden-blj^r^ 
 
 vVker-ditrf 
 
 vl'krr.-i-him^ 
 
 die 
 
 vVla 
 
 vlU'bQ^r^^ 
 
 vtl*''h'tme 
 
 tl'mdr 
 
 rine'htne 
 
 vlnes'per^ 
 
 rl'shou 
 
 vl' .sken-felt 
 
 vi'zen 
 
 tls'kfifr'lhin 
 
 I rli'.«fn-A{)prf 
 
 vis'sen-stln^ 
 
 vJ.^'hqme 
 
 vist'kg^'gen 
 
 vik'sel 
 
 T}k'sH-bQi^^ 
 
 vS'ker-miin'di 
 
 ril'le 
 
 vel'm'i^h 
 
 veVna 
 
 veU'bil'lilh 
 
 vrl-shri'iio or tiU-krn'no 
 
 vel'se 
 
 rrl'sem 
 
 vel'tem 
 
 ren'den-bSlt'tit 
 
 ven-des'sen 
 
 vend'ling-en 
 
 vS'ner, Eng. wt'nir 
 
 vi'ners-berg 
 
 vi'ners-bqrg 
 
 vt'n'i-ge-r&'di 
 
 re'ning-en 
 
 ver'ben 
 
 Ter'drn-i/er^ 
 
 ver'fen 
 
 wer'ing-in 
 
 ver'ne 
 
 ver'mts 
 
 rer'ra 
 
 ver'shits 
 
 rer'taih 
 
 rerte 
 
 ri'zel. Eng. wa'ut 
 vS'zen 
 
 vt'zen-bh'^ j 
 
 ti'zen-bQQT^ 
 
 rS'zen-dqrf^ 
 
 vt'zer, £ng. wl'itr 
 
 rt'zrr 
 
 res'Ung-bQ^'rin 
 
 ves'sem 
 
 ves-se-nne' 
 
 icfst in'jes 
 
 ves'te-rCse' 
 
 res' er-dqr/^ 
 
 ves'lrr-hnlt' 
 
 res'ler^el'dt 
 rejt'trr-cike' 
 rest'hlme 
 rfst'ldnl 
 wesl' more-ldnd 
 
 [ aest phS'ti-a, viit-fU'ltn 
 
 vist'r^efm 
 
 Fr. long A and short mi, nearly as in spur Final ly, French / mouille In" ger, vi"dous. — g as » in pleasnre; ^ and Ih guttural ; By liquid ; U as in pitA. 
 
 1365 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Westrup, (Neth.) 
 Wetter, (Ger.) 
 VVetterliorn, fSwitz.) 
 VVettern, or vVettcr, (Sc. j 
 Pen.) L I 
 
 Wettesjarvi, (Sc. Pen.) | 
 
 Wettin, (Ger.) 
 Wetuinpka, (U. S.) 
 VVetzlar, (Ger.) 
 Wexford, (Ir.) co. 
 Wexjoe, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wey, (Switz.) 
 VVeyda, (Ger.) 
 Whamel, (Neth.) 
 White Sea, or Binloe More, ( 
 
 (R.) ! 
 
 Wi.-ischim, (Austr.) 
 Wicomico, (U. S.) 
 Wiconisco, (U. S.) 
 Widau, (Den.) r. 
 Widavva, (R.) 
 Wiecht, (Neth.) 
 VViedlisbach, (Switz.) 
 Wiefeis, (Ger.) 
 Wieliczka, (Austr.) 
 Wieruszow, (R.) 
 Wiesbaden, or Wisbaden, 1 
 
 (Ger.) i 
 Wiesen, (Switz.) 
 Wiesensteia, (Ger.) 
 Wight, (Eng.) isl. 
 Wigton, (Sci)t.) CO. 
 Wika, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wildbad, (Ger.) 
 Wildenschari n, (Den.) 
 Wildhaus, (Switz.) 
 Wildungen, (Ger.) 
 Wilhelmstcin, (Ger.) 
 Wilhelinsthal, ?Ger.) 
 Wilkesbarre, (0. S.) 
 Willaminette, or Wallah- j 
 
 niutte, (.\. Am.) j 
 Willemstad, (Neth.) 
 Willenburg, (Priis.) 
 Willimanset, (U. S.) 
 Willimanlic, (U. S.) 
 Willuhmen, (Priis.) 
 Wilna, or Vilna, (R.) 
 Wilnis, (Neth.) 
 Wilsdurf, (Ger.) 
 Wilsnack, (Priis.) 
 Wilster, (Den.) 
 Wilt, (Neth.) 
 Wiltshire, (Eng.) 
 Witninis, (Switz.) 
 Wimnu rhy, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Windisch Felstritz, (.\nstr.) 
 Windischgarten, (.iustr.) 
 Windischgraetz, (.Austr.) 
 Windsbach, (Ger.) 
 Windsheim, (Ger.) 
 Wiiiigen, (Switz.) 
 Winnebago, (Can.) I. 
 Winneperween, (Neth.) 
 Winnipeg, (N. Am.) /. 
 
 Winnipi.seogee, (U. S.) Z. j 
 
 Winnweiler, (Ger.) 
 Winsen, (Ger.) 
 Winsum, (Neth.) 
 Winter Berg, (Af.) mL 
 Winter Bergen, (Af.) 
 Winterberg, (Austr.) 
 Wintersingp, (Switz.) 
 Winterweiler, (Neth.) 
 Winlerthur, (Switz.) 
 Winterneld, i, Af.) 
 Wiodawa, (Austr.) 
 Wippcr, (Ger.) r. 
 Wipperfurth, (Ger.) 
 Wirithjaur, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wirmo, (R.) 
 Wirsitz, (Prus.) 
 ^Wirtemberg, or Wuertem- 
 
 berg, (Ger.) 
 Wirtheim, (Ger.) 
 Wisbaden, or Wiesbaden, 
 
 (Ger.) 
 Wisby, (.Sc. Pen.) 
 Wisciisset, (ir. 8.) 
 Wischwill, (Prus.) 
 Wiscoiiisco, (U. H.) 
 Wisconsin, or Wiskonsan, 
 
 (IJ. S.) 
 Winlok, (Austr.) r. 
 Wisloka, (AtiHtr.) r. 
 Wismal, (Austr.) 
 Winmar, (Ger.) 
 Wlsowitz, (Austr.) 
 Wissek, (PruH.) 
 Wissembourg, (Fr.) 
 Wissen, (Ger.) 
 Wiszkow, (R.) 
 
 vest'r^Qp 
 
 vit'ter 
 
 vet'ter-kome 
 
 I vet'teniy vet'ter 
 
 1 vit'tfsse-y'dr'v'i or vit'te- 
 I shdr'v'i 
 
 vH-t'int' 
 
 we-rump'ka 
 
 vets'tdr 
 
 to fx' ford 
 
 vek'shA 
 
 vl 
 
 vi'da 
 vd'mel 
 
 bie'lde md'rs 
 
 v'i-dsh''ini 
 w'i-kom't-ko 
 UJ'i-kon-is'ko 
 v'i'dou 
 v'i-dd'va 
 
 vid'lis-hdW 
 vi'fHs 
 vt-litch'ka 
 v'i-r<^Q'sko 
 
 v'is'bd-den 
 
 r'i'z^n 
 vi'zen-stt§ 
 wite 
 
 v'i'ka 
 vilt'bdt 
 
 v'il'den-shd're.n 
 vVt'hous 
 v'iV dQQn^-hl 
 v'il'helm-stine' 
 v'il'hetmS'tdle' 
 wilks'bar-re 
 
 wit-ldm'met 
 
 v'iVUm-st'dV 
 vit'I^n-b^Qr^ 
 icil-ii-mdn'.^H 
 wil-li-mdji'tik 
 vil-tijQ'men 
 viVna 
 viVnis 
 vils'dQqrf 
 rils'ndli 
 vit'ster 
 vilt 
 
 TCitt'sh'ire 
 v'i'm'i-nis 
 vim'mer-bU 
 vin'disk fel'strits 
 ■cinUlish-iTdr' ten 
 vin'dish-irrdtse 
 Tints'bd^h 
 vints'hime 
 v'i'ji't-ireii 
 v^in-ne-ba' ^0 
 vin'ne-p^r-vene' 
 win'n'i-pf^ 
 t win-ni-pii-e-G' s^e, vulg. 
 ( iniH-iit-pi^-sok ke 
 vin'vVttr 
 vin'ifji 
 
 vin'ttr bfr^ 
 vin'ter ber'gen 
 vin'Ur~ber§ 
 vin't^r-iintr'e 
 vin'tfr-vl'ler 
 vin'ter-tQQr' 
 Via'ter-ni'U 
 v'i-S-dd'va 
 vip'per 
 vip'ptr-fg^rt 
 vVriUyour' 
 v'ir'mo 
 vir'zit3 
 
 j vir'tim-ber§ 
 
 virt'hlme 
 j vWbd-din 
 vis'bit 
 wis-kdn'sH 
 vink'vil 
 itiS'kO-nis'ko 
 
 I iDis-kon'sin {-sdn) 
 
 vU'hk 
 via-lO'ka 
 vis'm'dl 
 vin'mdr 
 
 vis'afk 
 
 v'i9-8dng-b^f/r' 
 vM'ko (-kfff) 
 
 Wittelsbach, (Ger.) 
 Witten, (Neth.) 
 Wittenberg, (Prus.) 
 Wittenburg, (Ger.) 
 Wittewicrum, (Neth.) 
 Wittingen, (Neth.) 
 Wittlich, (Neth.) 
 Wittmund, (Neth.) 
 Wittnau, (Switz.) 
 Wittstock, (Prus.) 
 Witzendorf, fGer.) 
 Witzenhausew, (Ger.) 
 Witzhafen, (Den.) 
 Wodden, (Den.) 
 Wodnian, (.Austr.) 
 Woelz, (Austr.) 
 Woerden, (Netli.) 
 Wiihlau, (Prus.) 
 Wohlen, (Switz.) 
 Wolcott, (U. S.) 
 Wolfenbuettel, (Ger.) 
 Wolfenschiess, (Switz.) 
 Wolfersdyk, (Neth.) 
 Woltren, (Ger.) 
 Wolfratshausen, (Ger.) 
 Wolfsberg, (Austr.) 
 Wolfsburg, (Ger.) 
 Wolfshagen, (Ger.) 
 Wolfshausen, (Ger.) 
 Wolgang, (Switz.) 
 Wolgast, (Prus.) 
 Wolka, (Prus.) 
 VVollin, (Prus.) 
 Wollisholten, (Switz.) 
 Wolniar, (R.) 
 Wohnirstadt, (Prns.) 
 Wolsgo, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Woluwe, (Neth.) 
 Wolvertham, (Neth.) 
 Wonimels, (Neth.) 
 Wongrowitz, (Pnis.) 
 Woolwich, (Eng.) 
 VVorb, (Switz.) 
 Worbis, (Prus.) 
 \Vorcester, (Eng.) 
 Worcestershire, (Eng.) 
 Wordingborg, (Prus.) 
 VV^orgl, (Austr.) 
 Workum, (Neth.) 
 Wornidit, (Prus.) 
 Wornihont, (Fr.) 
 Worms, (Ger.) 
 Worth, (Ger.) 
 Wossegau, (Prus.) 
 Wottersen, (Den.) 
 Woudrichem, (Neth.) 
 Woxna, (Sc. Pen.) 
 Wreschen, (Prus.) 
 Wrietzin, (Prus.) 
 Wuniine, (Ger.) r. 
 Wuren, (Switz.) 
 Wureweiler, (Switz.) 
 Wurin, (Ger.) /. 
 Wurmansquick, (Ger.) 
 Wuertemberg, or Wirtem- 
 
 berg, (Ger.) 
 Wuerzburg, or Wuertz- 
 
 burg, (Ger.) 
 Wurzen, (Ger.) 
 Wust, (Prus.) 
 Wusterhausen, (Prus.) 
 Wustrow, (Ger.) 
 Wutach, (Ger.) r. 
 VVutzin, (Prus.) 
 VVyalusing, (U. S.) 
 Wyk by Duurstede, (Neth.) 
 Wyoming, (U. S.) 
 Wytgaard, (Neth.) 
 Wythe, (U. S.) 
 
 vit'tels'bd^h 
 
 vit'tfn 
 
 vit'tfii-ber^ 
 
 vit't^n-b<^^^ 
 
 vit'U-v'i'rijQm 
 
 vit'ting-in 
 
 vit'lilh 
 
 vit'mQfnt 
 
 vit'nou 
 
 vWstqk 
 
 vit'srn-dqrf 
 
 vit'sen-hou'lhl 
 
 vits'bd'ftn 
 
 vgd'den 
 
 vqd'n'i~'dn 
 
 vAlts 
 
 vore'den 
 
 vd'hu 
 
 vo'thi 
 
 wt^Ql'kut 
 
 vol'fen-bdt'tH 
 
 vol'fen-shia 
 
 vol'ftrs-dike* 
 
 vqlffhl 
 
 vqlfrdbt-hou'iin 
 
 vqlfs'btr^ 
 
 vqlfs'bnor^ 
 
 vqlfs' hd' irin 
 
 vqifs' hoi? zen 
 
 vol' gdngh 
 
 vql's'dst 
 
 vqt'ka 
 
 vql-l'ine' 
 
 vql'lis-hqVten 
 
 vql'mdr 
 
 rqV mirst'dt 
 
 rqls'go 
 
 vqVver-tdm 
 
 vqm'mels 
 
 vnn' erd-vits' 
 
 WQi/Vitch 
 
 vqrb 
 
 vqr'bis 
 
 WQQnt' er-sh'ire 
 
 vqr'dingh~bqr^ 
 
 vqrtri 
 
 vqr'k<)fm 
 
 vqrm'dit 
 
 vor~wqng' 
 
 vqrms 
 
 vqrte 
 
 vqs' se-gou^ 
 
 vqt'Ur-zen 
 
 von'driZh-em 
 
 vuks'na 
 
 vresh'en 
 
 vr'i-ts'ine' 
 
 vqtjm'me 
 
 VQQ'rin 
 
 VQQ'r^-vl'ler 
 
 rpflrm 
 
 VQqr' mdns-kwik' 
 vitr'tem-ber^ 
 
 vtlrts'bQ^r^ 
 vgQr'tsen 
 
 VQQSt 
 
 VQQ'ster-hou' z^n 
 VQi^'stro 
 
 VQQ'tdlh 
 
 VQQ-ts'tne' 
 
 ui-a-lf^Q'sing 
 
 vikc bi dQQrUtS-d^ 
 
 zcy-O'ming 
 
 vlte'gdrde 
 
 witlie 
 
 X. 
 
 Xaoua, (Port. W. Ind.) 
 
 Xala, (Mejc.) 
 
 Xalana. (Mex.) 
 
 Xalayo, (W. Ind.) 
 
 Xanten, (Ger.) 
 
 Xativa San Felipe, (Pen.) 
 
 Xavier, (S. Am.) 
 
 Xeberos, (S. Am.) 
 
 Xenia, (U. S.) 
 
 Xenil, or Jenil, (Pen.) r. 
 
 Xeres, (Pen.) 
 
 Xeres de la Frontera, (Pen.) 
 Xero Nisi, (Gr.) 
 Xcrtigny, (Fr.) 
 Xexui, (S. Am.) r. 
 Xilo Kastro, (Gr.) 
 Ximari, (S. Am.) 
 Xiinena, (Pen.) 
 
 Ibd'gQQ-a 
 Ihd'la 
 llid-td'pa 
 fhd-ld'yo (,-Wyo) 
 ksdn'ten 
 
 llid-lt'ra sdn ft-l'i'ps 
 
 fhd'v'i-i'r 
 
 Ibt-hf'rox 
 
 zViii-a 
 
 Ibr-ml' 
 
 fh^'resse 
 
 fke'ressf. d£ Id frOn-ti'ra 
 ihi'ro jii's'i 
 gs^r-tin-yV 
 
 Ih'i'lo kds'tro 
 
 Ihi-md'ri 
 
 Ik't-mt'na 
 
 Ximenado, (Pen.) 
 Ximenes, (S. Am.) 
 Ximiltepeque, (Me.t.) 
 Xinju, or Xingu, (Braz.) r. 
 Xipajapa, (S. Am.) 
 Xitiquaro, (Mex.) 
 Xivara, (S. Am.) r 
 Xucar, (Pen.) r. 
 Xuguiriama, (S. Am.) r. 
 Xurunia, (S. Am.) r. 
 
 ih'i-wt-nd'do 
 
 ih'i-me' nis^e 
 
 IhVm'il-te-pe'ke 
 
 sh'in'gni} or Ih'in'fh^ 
 
 Ih'i-pd-lhd'pa 
 
 Ih'i-t'i-kQQ-d'ro 
 
 ih'i-vd'ra 
 
 lhQi}-kdr' 
 
 lki)Q-g'i-r'i-d'ina 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yadkin, (U. S.) 
 
 Yaik, or Ural, (R.) r. 
 
 Yamaska, (Can.) 
 
 Yambari, (S. Am.) r. 
 
 Yameos, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yamparaes, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yana, (As.) r. 
 
 Yanatilda, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yao, (S. Am.) r. 
 
 Yapa, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yarkand, (As.) r. 
 
 Yary, (Braz.) r. 
 
 Yauca, (S. Am.) r. 
 
 Yaugueda, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yazoo, (U. S.) 
 
 Yberg, (Switz.) 
 
 Ybicuy, (S. Am.) 
 
 Ycari, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yebenes, (Pen.) 
 
 Yecla, (Pen.) 
 
 Yelames, (Pen.) 
 
 Yemen, (Ar.) 
 
 Yenisei, (As.) r. 
 
 Yerbabaena, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yerd, (Per.) 
 
 Yezd, (Per.) 
 
 YfTnioc, (Fr.) 
 
 Yic, (Braz.) r. 
 
 Yija, (R.) 
 
 V lleberg, (Den.) 
 
 Ylst, (iNeth.) 
 
 Yrnassa, (S. Am.) r. 
 
 Yrnonville, (Fr.) 
 
 Yorallo, (S. Am.) 
 
 Yonne, (Fr.) dep. 
 
 Yonne, (Fr.) rt 
 
 Yopez, (.Mex.) r. 
 
 York, (Eng.) 
 
 Yorkshire, (Eng.) 
 
 Youghiogheny, (U. S.) 
 
 Youta, or Salt Lake, (Mex.) 
 
 Youtas, (Alex.) 
 
 Ypene, (Braz.) 
 
 Ypoa, (Braz.) I. 
 
 Ypres, or Y'pern, (Neth.) 
 
 Ypreville, (Fr.) 
 
 Ypsilanti, (U. S.) 
 
 Ysendyke, (Neth.) 
 
 Y'ssel, (Neth.) r. 
 
 Ysselmond, (Neth.) 
 
 Ysselsten, (Neth.) 
 
 Yssengeaux, (Fr.) 
 
 Ystad, (Sc. Pen.) 
 
 Y'ucatan, (Mex.) 
 
 Ytin Nan, (East. Isl.) 
 
 Yunta, la, (Pen.) 
 
 Yverdun, (Switz.) 
 
 Yvetot, (Fr.) 
 
 Yvi, St. (Fr.) 
 
 Yvorne, (Switz.) 
 
 Yvre, (Fr.) 
 
 Yvri, (Fr.) 
 
 ydd'kin 
 
 ylke 
 
 yd-inds'ka 
 ydm-bd'r'i 
 yd'jne-os 
 ydm-pd-rd' esse 
 yd'na 
 
 yd-nd~t'iVda 
 
 yd'o 
 
 yd'pa 
 
 ydr'kdnd 
 
 yd'r'i 
 
 you'ka 
 
 you-ge'da 
 
 yd-iQ<}' 
 
 'i'ber^ 
 
 e'b'i-koi 
 
 'i-kd'r'i 
 
 ye-be'nesse 
 
 ye'kJa 
 
 ye-ld'messe 
 
 yem'en 
 
 yfn~'i-se''i 
 
 yer-bd-bd-i'na 
 
 yerd 
 
 yezd 
 
 if-ni-Sk' 
 
 y'ik 
 
 yi'ja 
 
 arie-berS 
 list' ^ 
 
 'ir-7t'ds'sa 
 
 ir-ndn^-viW 
 
 y5-kdl'yo 
 
 yone 
 
 yone 
 
 yO'peth {-pesse) 
 york 
 
 yqrk'sh'ire 
 
 yoh-kd-g&'ny 
 
 ynu'ta 
 
 you'tds 
 
 i-pe'ns 
 
 t-p5'a 
 
 'ipr, I'pern 
 
 'ipr-vile' 
 
 ip-.<i4dn'ti 
 
 i' sen-dike' 
 
 Js'sel 
 
 is' sH-mond' 
 
 Is'set-stene' 
 
 'is-sdng-gQ' 
 
 Wstdd 
 
 yQQ-kd-tdn' 
 
 ?/ppn ndn 
 
 Id yQQii'ta 
 
 t-ver-d^ng' 
 
 'ive-W 
 
 sang ti-v'i' 
 
 'i-v6nu' 
 
 'ivr 
 
 i-vrV 
 
 Z. 
 
 Z\AMSLAG, (Neth.) 
 Zaandam, (Neth.) 
 Zabbar, (It.) 
 Zahorovia, (R.) 
 Zaborska, (R.) 
 Zacatecas, (Mex.) 
 Zacatula, (Mex.) 
 Zacualipan, (Mex.) 
 Zatllirana, (It.) c. 
 Zafra, (Pen.) 
 Zafrilla, rPen.) 
 Zagora, ( I'ur.) 
 Zagora, (fir.) mf. 
 Zagrivotchna, (R.) 
 Zagyra, (Austr.) r. 
 Zacharievska, (R.) 
 Zalamea, (Pen.) 
 Zolamea la Real, (Pen.) 
 
 idme'sld^ 
 
 zdnr'ddm 
 
 dzdb bdr' 
 
 zd-bO~rS'v'{-a 
 
 zd'bors'ka 
 
 tnd'(sd-) kdte'kds 
 
 tnd- [sd-) kd-lijij'la 
 
 t?id' l^a') kQQ-d-li~pitn' 
 
 didf-fd-rd'na 
 
 tha'fra 
 
 ttid-friVya 
 
 id-gG'ra 
 
 zd-g&'ra 
 
 zd-gr'i-vqtch'na 
 
 sd-g'i'ra or sdj'ra 
 
 z&~ihd-r'i-evs'ka 
 
 tKd-ld-me'a 
 
 tnd4d-mt'a Id rc-lU' 
 
 fau,fdr,ffiU, lelu^, bit. — MlU, prty, hilp, thtre, hUr. — Pine, marine, b\rd,fig. — Vate, dSve, m)lvt,tBqlf, bqijk, lqrd. — Tfline, bull, ^ni'te. — Fr. long vtte; Ft. short bSu — 
 
 1366 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Zalallinn, (Aiistr.) 
 Zaiiiszckz) ky, (Austr.) 
 Zaiosee, ( Aiislr.) 
 Zaiiiba, (VV. I;icl.) J. 
 Zaiiibiijal, (Pen.) 
 Zaiiiora, (Pun. iMex.) 
 Zaiidpuort, (Npth.) 
 ZaniivDort, (Nctli.) 
 ZaiiKuibiir, (Af.) 
 ZaiiiKine, (tt.) isl. 
 Zaninv, (Priis.) 
 Zante, (Gr.) U. 
 Zanzibar, (Af.) 
 Zaoiiefa, (Ii.) 
 Z.i[)ote, (.Mex.) 
 Zara, (Austr.) 
 Zarben, (Prus.) 
 Zaren de Fuera, (W. Ind.) 
 Zarisco, (Aiislr.) 
 Zarruela, (Pen.) 
 Zartin, (Ger.) 
 Zatten, (Prus.) 
 Zauditz, (Prus.) 
 Zavista, (Gr.) mt, 
 Zboro, (Austr.) 
 Zborow, (Austr.) 
 Zealand, (Neth.) 
 Zealand, or Sjaelland, 
 
 (Den.) ixl. 
 Zechlin, (Prus.) 
 Zeeland, (Netli.) 
 Zegveld, (Neth.) 
 Zebdeji, (Prus.) 
 Zehlentefeld, (Prus.) 
 Zeiblitz, (Prus.) 
 Zeidenik, (Prus.) 
 Zeillem, (Ger.) 
 Zeitz, (Prus.) 
 Zelaya, (Mex.) 
 Zele, (Netli.) 
 Zelhem, (Neth.) 
 Zelle, (Ger. Switz.) 
 Zelline, (It.) r. 
 Zelt, (Ger.) 
 Zemliansk, (R.) 
 Zeneta, (Pen.) 
 Zeng, or Scgna, (Austr.) 
 Zenta, (Austr.) 
 Zerbst, (Prus.) 
 Zerellera, la, (Pen.) 
 Zerczal Porto, (Pen.) 
 Zerf, (Ger.) 
 Zerkow, (Prus.) 
 Zerro, (Gr.) r. 
 Zesch, (Neth.) 
 Zeteleka, (Austr.) 
 Zeuenroda, (Ger.) 
 
 sd-ldt'ua 
 sdl(Li'sek-si'ki 
 
 ttidm' (sdm') ba 
 
 tTtdin-bQQ-fhdl' 
 
 tJtd- (sd-) mS'ra 
 
 zditiJ'pdrte 
 
 idnd'fortc 
 
 idn-g'i-bdr' 
 
 dzdn-nO'ne 
 
 tid'iio 
 
 zSn'fj 
 
 lan-U-bdr 
 
 dzd-O-nt'fa 
 
 m- (SO-) pO'ts 
 
 sd'ra 
 
 Lidr'bfn 
 
 tJid- (sd-) ren' rf£ f<)<^t'ra 
 
 sd-r'is'ko 
 
 thdr-r^Q-e'la 
 
 tsdr'thi 
 
 tsdl'tiii 
 
 tsou'dits 
 
 id-v'is'ta 
 
 sbO'ro 
 
 sbS'ro (-rQv) 
 le'ldnd 
 
 I a'ldnd, siSVlitni 
 
 tselktine' 
 
 le'ldnd 
 
 te^'feld 
 
 tse'd^n 
 
 tsi'lin-ti-felt' 
 
 tsibe'lits 
 
 tit'de-nik 
 
 tslls 
 
 tKe- (s£-) Id'ya 
 ze'le 
 zel'kem 
 tsil'le 
 
 tsfU 
 
 lem-l'i-dnsk' 
 tHe-ne'ta 
 shi^i sen'ya 
 sen'ta 
 tsfrbst 
 
 Id tJle-Tfl'y^-ra 
 
 tne-re-lJldi' 
 
 Uerf 
 
 tser'ko 
 
 ler'ro 
 
 lesk 
 
 se-te-lt'ka 
 tsoi'in-rO'da 
 
 Zi.-ven, ((Jcr.) 
 Zevenaar, (Neth.) 
 Zcvenbcrgen, (Neth.) 
 Zhitomir, or Zitciniirz, (R.) 
 Zibarasz, (.Austr.) 
 Zicavo, (It.) 
 Zichidorr, (Austr.) 
 Zicker, (Prus.) 
 Zickhuscn, (Ger.) 
 Ziebingen, (Prus.) 
 Ziegenhayn, (Ger.) 
 Ziegenkals, (Prus.) 
 Ziegcnruck, (Prus,) 
 Zielent/.ig, (Prus.) 
 Zirrikzee, (Neth.) 
 Zierniki, (Prus.) 
 Ziesar, (Prus.) 
 Ziest, (Neth.) 
 Zie/.a, (Pen.) 
 Zilab, (.Xustr.) 
 Zillis, (Neth.) 
 Zimerwald, (Switz.) 
 Zinimetshausen, (Ger.) 
 Zinal, (Switz.) 
 Zingst, (Prus.) isl. 
 Ziph, VVilderness of, (Pal.) 
 Zirez, (Austr.) 
 Zirknitz, (Austr.) 
 Zirl, (Austr.) 
 Zittau, (Ger.) 
 Zizers, (Switz.) 
 ZIoczow, (.\ustr.) 
 Zinygrod, (.Austr.) 
 Znaim, (Austr.) 
 Zneisten, (Switz.) 
 Znin, (Prus.) 
 Znudacao, (S. Am.) 
 Zobern, (Ger.) 
 Zobten, (Priis.) 
 Zocco, (Pen.) 
 Zoelmonile, (Xcth.) 
 Zoest, (Neth.) 
 Zocterwoude, (Neth.) 
 Zofingen, (Switz.) 
 Zogenweil, (Ger.) 
 Zogno, (It.) 
 Zogria, (Gr.) isl. 
 Zolhuus, (Ger.) 
 Zollenspeiker, (Den.) 
 Zoinbor, (Austr.) 
 Zonnebeke, (Neth.) 
 Zorge, (Ger.) 
 Zorita, (Pen.) 
 Zorneling, (Ger.) 
 Zottscamp, (^Neth.) 
 Zsambok, (Austr.) 
 Zsarnovia, (Austr.) 
 
 zS' ctn-dre' 
 
 zf'vhi-ber' tffn 
 
 zi'tD-mtre, aki-tH'nUrah 
 
 s'i' bd-rdase' 
 
 dii-kd'vo 
 
 Uilk'i-dqrf 
 
 tsik'ir 
 
 tsik-ki^Q'zfn 
 
 Wi' binir-fn 
 
 tsf'trhi-kJiie 
 
 tsi' frfn-kats 
 
 tsi'trht-rfj^k 
 
 ts'i-lrnt'si^ 
 
 z'i'rik-ze' 
 
 sh'irt-ni'ki 
 
 shi-sdr' 
 
 z'istc 
 
 m-c'tna 
 
 si-Id' 
 lil'lis 
 
 isVmer-vHtt' 
 
 Lsiin'mits-hou'ziii 
 
 dii-ndl' 
 
 U'irttrst 
 
 ti/ or zJfe 
 
 s'i'resse 
 
 sirk'nita 
 
 sirl 
 
 isit'lou 
 
 U'i'lsirs 
 
 alS'tso 
 
 sm'i'grod 
 
 sntmc 
 
 tsnVstin 
 
 sfinlne 
 
 siiQ^dd-kWo 
 
 tsO'bim 
 
 tsSb'tAn 
 
 tUBk'ko 
 
 ZQQt'in5n-ds 
 
 z<}<)'ter-vou'ds 
 
 tsO'ffiiir-en 
 
 tsO'gen-v7U 
 
 dzQn'yo 
 
 z^ffri-a 
 
 tSVl'/lQQS 
 
 ■rUn-spl'ker 
 ^oin'bor 
 zon'hs-be'kt 
 sgr-ge 
 ttib-rt'ta 
 tsgr'nt-ling 
 zQU'kdmp 
 sdm'bqk 
 sdr~n8'vi~a 
 
 Zscho, (Ger.) 
 Zsolna, (Austr.) 
 Zubiiigen, (<ipr.) 
 ZucliPiio, (W. Ind.) 
 Zuellicliau, (Prus.) 
 Ziu-lpich, (Prus.) 
 Zuelz, (Pnis.) 
 Zuera, (Pen.) 
 Zufrc, (Pen.) 
 Zug, (Switz.) 
 Zug, (.Switz.) i. 
 Zug iler Ru.sspn, (Switz.) 
 Zui<l Laren, (Neth.) 
 Zuiddi.rp, (.\elh.) 
 Zuider Zee, (.Neth.) 
 Zuidwoldc, (Neth.) 
 Zuilichcm, (Netli.) 
 Zujar, (Pi n.) r. 
 Znkau, (Prus.) 
 Zuluctzin, (Austr.) 
 Zula Lagua, (.\ustr.) 
 Zulcli, ((;cr.) 
 
 Zulia, or Sulia, (S. Am.) r, 
 Zuniaya, (Pen.) 
 Zunniti, (hwitz.) 
 Zuri, (Austr.) isl. 
 Zuerich, (Switz.) 
 Zuerich, (Switz.) t 
 Zusani, (Ger.) r. 
 Zusmarsuausen, (Ger ) 
 Zutiilicn, (Neth.) 
 Zuurbmk, (Af.) 
 Zuure Hay, (Af.) 
 Zuure Ilerg, (Af.) r. 
 Zuure Herg, (Af.) 
 Zuz, (Switz.) 
 Zwartdoon, (.Af.) r. 
 Zwarte Ruggens, (Af.) 
 Zwarte Shi's, (Neth.) 
 Zwartklip, or Oorlog's 
 
 Kloof, (Af.) r. 
 Zwartland, (Af.) 
 Zwcihausen, (Ger.) 
 Zwettel, (Austr.) 
 Zweybruecken, or Deux 
 
 Ponts, (Ger.) 
 Zweyzinimen, (Switz.) 
 Zwickau, (Ger.) 
 ZwicI, (Ger.) 
 Zwinder, (Neth.) 
 Zwingenbiirg, (Austr.) 
 Zwittau, (Austr.) 
 Zwittau, (Austr.) r. 
 Zwolle, (Neth.) 
 Zwyndrecht, (Neth.) 
 Zydaczow, (Austr.) 
 Zydowo, (Prus.) 
 
 laho 
 SQl'na 
 
 Uftif'bing-^n 
 
 "l(*9" (••'VP-) chf'no 
 
 tsdl'ltlh-ou 
 
 tsiil'pilh 
 
 U(tlu' 
 
 tllQQ-t'ra 
 
 tKi)t)'frt 
 
 dfr Tffa'tin 
 
 zuid td'ren 
 
 Zoid'dqrp 
 
 zoi'der Z{ 
 
 zotd'vol'dg 
 
 zoi'lilk-tm 
 
 tllt^lhdr' 
 
 tsff'kou 
 
 sQQ-t^Qk-ts'ine' 
 
 dzff'la Id'gfQ-a 
 
 Liffllk 
 
 thw' (j?(>') ti-a 
 
 tsQQ-md'ya 
 
 diqQ-mQ(j' ti 
 
 dzQQ'r'i 
 
 tsil'rilh 
 
 tsfi'rilh 
 
 tsQQ-zdm' 
 
 tii/fs'mdra-hou'zin 
 
 ZQQr'brdke 
 ZQQ're bl 
 ZQQ're bir^ 
 zw'rl berg 
 tstts 
 
 ztBdrte'dHne 
 zwdr'ti TQfg'gint 
 zwdr'ls sh'ia 
 
 zwdrU'ktip, Ore'lq§a4dllfe 
 
 ZKdrte'ldnd 
 tswi'/tou'zin 
 tswH'Ul 
 
 ^ tswVbrdk'kin 
 
 tswl'Uim'min 
 
 tswik'kou 
 
 tsw'ile 
 
 zwin'der 
 
 tswing' in-hir^ 
 
 tswit'tou 
 
 tsuit'tou 
 
 zwql'le 
 
 iwtnt'drilht 
 
 ii-dd'tso (-fjjr) 
 
 shi-dO'vo 
 
 \ 
 
 Ft. long ^ and short mi, nearly as in spur.— Final ly. Trench I mmilU. —Jtn"i;tr, vi"cioiu>. — ^ aa s in pleasure; ^ and guttural ; nj liquid ; t» an In pith. 
 
 "if^o/'^wmW of Pnge»^ 14*3. 
 
I 
 
TESTIMONIALS CONTINUED. 
 
 Wkbster's Quarto Dictionary Unabridged. — In the unanimous 
 judgment of the leading literary press of Great Britain and the United 
 States, Webster's Dictionary is the most learned, the most comprehen- 
 sive, and the most complete work of the kind in the English language ; 
 containing all that is excellent in Dr. Johnson's great work, with nu- 
 merous philological corrections, more concise and accurate definitions, 
 in many instances, and the addition of some sixteen thousand words 
 — these additions consisting for the most part of terras used in the va- 
 rious departments of science and tlie arts, in commerce, manufactures, 
 merchandize, and the liberal professions. — Journal of Education for 
 Upper Canada, Toronto, January, 1849. 
 
 Our purpose is simply to recommend the present edition of it, (Web- 
 ster's Quarto Dictionary,") with its copious additions to the text, as a 
 highly valuable publication. Great labor has been bestowed upon it, 
 and all the alterations and articles that have been added, so far as we 
 have noticed them, are great improvements. We hope that it will 
 obtain a wide and profitable circulation. — North American Revieio, Ja?i- 
 xtary, 1848. 
 
 I regard this book as the most successful effort — the best published 
 American book up to this time. — James Brown, Esg.,frm of Little 
 Sj Brown, of Boston, February, 1848. 
 
 All young persons should have a standard Dictionary at their elbows ; 
 and while you are about it, get the best : that Dictionary is Noah Web- 
 ster's, the great work unabridged. If you are too poor, save the 
 amount from ofl' your back, to put it into your head. — Phrenological 
 Jourtuil. 
 
 Dr. Webster's great work is the best Dictionary of the English lan- 
 guage. — London Morning Chronicle. 
 
 There is no Dictionary but this of Webster's that can be adopted as a 
 standard. We cannot refrain from expressing a hope that our brethren 
 of the type — the printers and editors of newspapers especially — will 
 adopt the ortliography of Dr. Webster. In this respect, the printers of 
 the present day have no standard. It is time they had. — Boston 
 Courier, December 30, 1847. 
 
 This is the complete Webster ; ani perhaps the only cotnplete Diction- 
 ary of the English language. — Philadelphia United States Gazette. 
 
 My judgment and feelings are most heartily and permanently en- 
 gaged in doing all that I can to make Webster the standard wherever 
 the English is spoken, as it deserves to be, must be, is, and will be. — 
 Professor Stotve. 
 
 While this Dictionary is the most complete work of the kind that 
 any nation can boast of, it is also one of the cheapest books ever printed 
 in this country. — Neio York State District School Journal. 
 
 The principles of orthography adopted are such, on the whole, as are 
 either allowed by good use, or are fast working their way into favor. 
 The objections which have been felt and expressed against Webster's 
 Dictionary, we think, have been fairly removed by the corrections of 
 Professor Goodrich. 
 
 In all otlier respects, it has never had a rival. In the completeness of 
 the vocabulary, the fullness and precision of its definitions, its learned 
 solution of the true source of words, and its apt and copious authori- 
 ties, it is a work of amazing labor and scholarship, which has made 
 English lexicography an entirely new thing. « » • * * 
 By far the cheapest, most beautiful, and most useful lexicon of our lan- 
 guage that can be. obtained. — Biblical Repository, January, 1848. 
 
 The publishers of this work would call the attention of School Com- 
 mittees, Teachers, and others interested in the subject of education, to 
 the following suggestions from William Russell, Esq., author of " Les- 
 sons in Elocution," " The American Elocutionist," and also of a series 
 of School Headers, etc. It is believed that no volume can be placed in 
 a District School Library, that will be of so great service to teacher and 
 pupils, as a copy of the new edition of Webster's Quarto Dictionary. 
 
 Extract from a Lecture addressed to a Teachers' Institute by William 
 Russell. 
 
 " The edition of Dr. Webster's Dictionary, revised by Professor 
 Goodrich, I would earnestly recommend to the attcntiofn of all teachers 
 who arc desirous of becoming fully qualified to give instruction in the 
 English language. The copious information which that work embodies 
 on all topics connected with etymology, — tlie extreme exactness, as 
 well a.s the number, extent, and fullness of the definitions which it fur- 
 nishes to every important word, render it a mine of philological wealth 
 to instructors. The volume is, in fact, the teacher's encyclopaidia, as 
 well as lexicon, for daily reference. Could a copy of it be provided, as 
 the permanent property of every district school, tlie effect, as regards 
 the improvement of instruction, would be deeply and extensively felt, in 
 the increased skill Of the teacher, and the higher attainments of his 
 pupilR, in the nio^t important part of education — the acquisition of an 
 adequate knowledge and proper use of our own language." 
 
 The publishers liave received an order, from the city autliorities of New 
 York, for forty-se . "ii copies of tlie work, to be placed in forty-seven 
 o* the public scliools of the city, for the use of teachers and pupils. — 
 Spri/uifield Rejiuhlican. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Public Instruction of St. Louis, March 
 13, 1849, — 
 
 "Resolved, That a copy of Webster's Unabridged Quarto Dictionary be 
 placed upon the desk of each teacher in the grammar department of 
 the St. Louis public schools, as a book of reference for teachers and 
 pupils." 
 
 As an American, I am proud of the work. It is gratifying to see that 
 it gives such universal satisfaction. I shall recommend it as the stan- 
 dard in the public schools of this state. 
 
 THOMAS H. BENTON, Jr., 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction in Iowa. 
 
 The etymological part surpasses any thing that has been done for the 
 English language by any earlier laborers in the same field. — George 
 Bancroft. 
 
 The American who cherishes the honor of the literature of his coun- 
 try, may with good reason be proud of this Dictionary, and regard 
 with ardent enthusiasm every effort to give it additional value and a 
 more extended circulation. The fact that such a work has been pro- 
 duced in this country, a work which can be sent to the mother country 
 as a Thesaurus in that common language which unites the mother and 
 the daughter land, more valuable than any which England has produced, 
 with all her leisure, her libraries, and her means of research, is fitted to, 
 give us a just pride in the past, and an ardent hope for the future. The 
 author of the original now sleeps with the dead ; but it was his rare 
 fortune to hear, while living, from the lips of the excellent Chancellor 
 Kent, the following words of eulogy. — Literary World, December 11, 
 1847. 
 
 The following beautiful eulogy on Noah Webster, Esq., is from the 
 Anniversary Address delivered before the Connecticut Alpha pf the Phi 
 Beta Kappa Society, by the late Chancellor Kent, of New York : — 
 
 "For nearly half a century, 'amidst obstacles and toils, disappoint- 
 ments and infirmities,' he has nobly sustained his courage ; and by 
 means of his extraordinary skill and industry in the investigation of 
 languages, he will transmit his name to the latest posterity. It will 
 dwell on the tongues of infants, as soon as they have learned to lisp their 
 earliest lessons. It will be stamped on our American literature, and be 
 carried with it over every part of this mighty continent. It will be 
 honored by three hundred millions of people ; for that is the number 
 which, it is computed, will, in some future age, occupy the wide space of 
 territory stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from 
 the torrid to the arctic regions. The American Dictio?mry of the Eng- 
 lish Langtcage is a work of profound investigation, and does infinite 
 honor to the philological learning and general literature of this coun- 
 try. Happy the man who can thus honorably identify his name with 
 the existence of our vernacular tongue. There is no other way in which 
 mortal man could more efl'ectually secure immortality beneath the skies. 
 Obelisks, arches, and triumphal monuments seem to be as transient as 
 the bubble of military reputation. No work of art can withstand the 
 incessant strokes of Time, ^e unrivaled Parthenon, glowing in polished 
 marble, and which, for more than two thousand years, continued 
 from the summit of the citadel of Athens to cast its broad splendors 
 across the plains below, and along the coasts and head-lands of Attica, 
 is now crvimbling to ruins, after being despoiled of its most exquisite 
 materials by savage war and heartless man. Even the Pyramids of 
 Egypt, whose origin is hidden in the deepest recesses of antiquity, and 
 which have always stood in awe-inspiring solitude and grandeur, are 
 now annoyed by the depredations of curiosity, and greatly corroded by 
 the elements, and gradually sinking under the encroaching sands of the 
 desert. This Dictionary, and the language which it embodies, will also 
 perish ; but it will not be with the gorgeous palaces. It vnW go with the 
 solemn temples, and the great globe itself! " 
 
 One of the most important contributions ever made to a sound Amer- 
 ican literature — the most complete work of the kind that any nation 
 can boast of. * • What distinguishes this Dictionary above all 
 others is the thoroughness and accuracy of its definitions ; and this is 
 the leading feature of such a work. This is a department of learning 
 which is singularly difficult ; and very few excel in it. It requires un- 
 common clearness and comprehensiveness of intellect. Definitions 
 often lose their point by being overburdened with words. Dr. Webster 
 was wonderfully happy in the use of language. And his definitions are 
 models of condensation and purity ; and the careful study of them, as 
 an intellectual exercise, may safely be recommended to the young, 
 especially, as an important means of advancement in knowledge. 
 There is great fullness, too, in this work, in the defining of words ; and 
 in this respect it might be called an Encyclopocdia, presenting substan- 
 tially the circle of the sciences. 
 
 In regard to Promtiwiation, we feel perfectly satisfied that this 
 revision places that subject on a truer ground than any other work of 
 the kind. The system of pronouncing conforms to a pure and manly 
 taste, adapted to the character of the language, and is far removed 
 from all affectation and mere fashion. * • It is now, as we fully 
 believe, in this revision, brought down to the true circumstances of the 
 community in all respects. And we hope it will find its way rapidly, 
 not only to the schools and the study, but to the parlor, the counting- 
 room, and to the cvery-day purposes of life. — lion. William B. Cal- 
 hoim, December, 1847. 
 
TESTIMONIALS CONTINUED. 
 
 Lettkk fkom Du. Dick. — Perhaps no foreign writer has been more 
 generally read, on this side the Atlantic, for the last twenty years 
 than Dr. Thomas Dick. About twenty years ago, E. & O. Mcrriam 
 published, at Brookfield, several editions of Dick's " Christian Philoso- 
 pher," " Philosophy of Religion, " and " Philosophy of a Future State 
 Some six or eight valuable works have since issued from Dr. Dick's pen, 
 which have been republished here, and have had an extensive and con 
 slant sale. One house in Philadelphia publish fen different works of 
 this author, and it may well be questioned whether any modern writer 
 in the language, on the other side the water, has circulated in this 
 country so large a number of volumes. 
 
 From such a man it is gratifying to receive a testimonial to Amer- 
 ican art and learning. The following letter was received by Messrs. 
 G. & C. Merriam, of this town, in acknowledgment of the receipt of a 
 copy of " Webster's Dictionary," by Dr. Dick, and does honor alike to 
 the writer, and the gentlemen to whom it is directed. — Springfield 
 Republican. 
 
 Brouohty Ferry, near Dundee, Sept. 12, 1849 
 
 Messrs. O. & C. Merriam. Gentlemen : I received from Mr. Wiley, 
 Aldine Chambers, London, your very valuable and highly acceptable 
 present of " Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language," 
 for wliich I return you my grateful acknowledgments ; and as it will 
 always be in my study for reference, it will constantly remind me of 
 your kindness and liberality. 
 
 This Dictionary is, undoubtedly, the most complete Dictionary of the 
 EnffHih latiyvage that has eve)- been published, and aops will "elapse 
 before any other dictionary of that language will be required. It is, in 
 every respect, far superior to the folio editions of Johnson's Dictionary. 
 The introductory matter, on the origin and progress of language, 
 etymology, the changes of the English language, and other topics, 
 contains an immense muss of useful information, which must have cost 
 the author a very great degree of labor and research. The pronunciation 
 of Scriptural, Classical, and Geographical names, forms a most valuable 
 appendi.K to the Dictionary, and cannot be too highly appreciated. 
 
 As to the external appearance of the copy which you sent, it could not 
 have been more elegantlv and tastefully adorned, although it had been 
 intended to be presented to her majesty. Queen Victoria. Its binding 
 has been much admired by every person who has seen it, and reflects 
 great honor on the taste and ingenuity of the bookbinder. 
 
 I trust you will receive a proper remuneration for the risk incurred in 
 publishing such a large and important volume, which contains a quan- 
 tity of letter press greater than almost any other single volume in my 
 possession. 1 presume it has an extensive sale. 
 
 Wishing you all happiness and prosperity, and with many thanks for 
 your invaluable present, I ain, gentlemen. 
 
 Your much obliged and humble servant, 
 
 [LL. D., of Scotland, author of 
 " Christian Philosopher," &c.] 
 " I find it an invalaablc vade mecum.'' 
 
 " Etymological part stirpasses any thitu/ thai has been done for the Eng- 
 lish Language by any earlier laborers in the same field." 
 
 " Every scholar knows its value." 
 
 [Author of " Ferdinand and Isabella," " Conquest of Mexico," &c.] 
 It is acknowledged, both in this country and in America, to be the 
 most copious and most excellent at present in circulation. Dr. Web- 
 ster spent thirty years on his Dictionary, ten of which were devoted to 
 the etymological department alone, and he has accordingly thrown 
 much additional light on the origin and primarv sense of words, and on 
 the affinities between the English and many otLer languages. — /.vii/or 
 f>f the iMndon Imperial Dictionary. 
 
 The iiKsT AND MOST useful Dictionary of tiii: Ekoliiui Lan- 
 OUAOE ever published. — London Timet. 
 
 " Its reputation is widely extended. I doubt not this cditiqn has re- 
 ceived essential improvements from the able hands it has paued 
 through." 
 
 [LL. D., President of Harvard University.] 
 "A very valuable work — the book is full of learning — a necessity 
 
 TO EVERY educated MAN. 
 
 " The most useful Dictionary of the language.' 
 
 " So far as I know, there is a unanimity of opinion that Webster's is the 
 BESX DEFINING Dictionary in the English language. I assure you it 
 will give me pleasure, as far as I have the opportunity and ability, to recom- 
 mend to all students, AND ESPECIALLY ALL THOSE WHO ARE MAINLY DE- 
 PENDENT ON sp.lf-culture ok self-educatio.n, to keep a copy of 
 
 this work by their side A3 A KAND-llOOK." 
 
 "Accurate and reliable in giving a just exhibition of the lan- 
 guage." 
 
 [Late Speaker U. S. House of Representatives, and now U. S. Senator 
 from Massachusetts.] 
 " The most accurate and reliable Dictionary of the Language." 
 
 [Chancellor N. York University.] 
 
 '^C^ 
 
 [Governor of Massachusetts.] 
 Dr. Webster has entered more deeply into etvmological researches, 
 and with, greater success, than any of his predecessors in the same 
 vocation. • • Indeed, on this ground, he stands not only unrivaled, 
 but alone. — North American Review. 
 
 Normal School of the Stale of New York 
 "Resolved, unanimously. That Webster's Quarto Dictionary be the 
 Standard in the New York State Normal School." 
 
 WM. U. CAMPBELL, Clerk Ex. Com. 
 
 Albany, March 12, 1850. 
 
 Academies of Uie Slate of New I'or/t. 
 
 At a meeting of the Regents, held at the Capitol, .\lbany, Feb. U, 1850, 
 
 " Resolved, unanimously. That the new edhion of Wcbsiter's Dictionary 
 in Quarto, edited bv Professor Chaunccy A. Goodrich, and^>ublished by 
 G. & C. Merriam, Springfield, Mass., be recommended to be purchased 
 for the Libraries of Academies under the visitation of the Kccents." 
 [About 1.50 in number.] A true copy. T. ROMEY.N BECK. 
 
 We venture to say that there is no Dictionary in the English lan- 
 guage which combines so many advantages, with such economy of price, 
 beauty of execution, compactness and clearness, as this Quarto cditioa 
 of Webster. — New York Observer, December 4, 1817. 
 
 AVe rejoice that the public award is strongly ratifying our long-cher- 
 shed conviction, that Noah Webster was decidedly the best lexicog- 
 rapher who has treated of the F.nglish language. •' • Emphatically 
 the Dictionary of our language. — New York Tribunf, December!, 1847. 
 
 In its admirable definitions, its accurate philology, its copiousness, 
 good sense, and completeness, it is fast receiving the jud^nient of the 
 learned world, that it has no equal. — New York Evamtlut, Dtetmbtr 
 9, 1847. .